{"id": "pubmed23n0018_0", "title": "Medical examination of torture victims applying for refugee status.", "content": "Torture is being increasingly reported. Canada provides a refuge for some of the victims. The medical evidence may be sufficient to give an applicant refugee status. Protocols are presented for the use of physicians in examining applicants for refugee status, and a series of cases is reported in which these protocols were followed.", "contents": "Medical examination of torture victims applying for refugee status. Torture is being increasingly reported. Canada provides a refuge for some of the victims. The medical evidence may be sufficient to give an applicant refugee status. Protocols are presented for the use of physicians in examining applicants for refugee status, and a series of cases is reported in which these protocols were followed.", "PMID": 519593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1", "title": "[Renal and perinephritic abscesses in children].", "content": "One child with a pure perinephric abscess and three with renal abscesses, one of which had perinephric extension, are described. All presented with a long course of subacute infection leading to localizing symptoms or signs in the flank. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiologic examination. All the abscesses were surgically drained at various intervals after diagnosis, while the patients were receiving antibiotic therapy. Salvage of renal function was possible in all cases. A rational approach to the diagnosis and management of such abscesses is emphasized.", "contents": "[Renal and perinephritic abscesses in children]. One child with a pure perinephric abscess and three with renal abscesses, one of which had perinephric extension, are described. All presented with a long course of subacute infection leading to localizing symptoms or signs in the flank. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiologic examination. All the abscesses were surgically drained at various intervals after diagnosis, while the patients were receiving antibiotic therapy. Salvage of renal function was possible in all cases. A rational approach to the diagnosis and management of such abscesses is emphasized.", "PMID": 519594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2", "title": "Successful management of quadruplet pregnancy in a perinatal unit.", "content": "A case of quadruplet pregnancy is outlined and the management is described to demonstrate the application of monitoring and therapeutic procedures currently available for a multifetal pregnancy. Recording of the nonstressed fetal heart rate, ultrasound monitoring and glucocorticoid stimulation of pulmonary biochemical maturity were done. A successful outcome was achieved with a combined obstetric-neonatal approach and the experience of a perinatal unit.", "contents": "Successful management of quadruplet pregnancy in a perinatal unit. A case of quadruplet pregnancy is outlined and the management is described to demonstrate the application of monitoring and therapeutic procedures currently available for a multifetal pregnancy. Recording of the nonstressed fetal heart rate, ultrasound monitoring and glucocorticoid stimulation of pulmonary biochemical maturity were done. A successful outcome was achieved with a combined obstetric-neonatal approach and the experience of a perinatal unit.", "PMID": 519612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3", "title": "A review of Providencia bacteremia in a general hospital, with a comment on patterns of antimicrobial sensitivity and use.", "content": "Six cases of Providencia bacteremia occurring between 1969 and 1978 were reviewed. These cases represented 3% of the gram-negative bacteremias occurring at one hospital. All six cases of Providencia bacteremia were secondary to urinary tract infection with P. stuartii, and in most the infection developed only shortly before the onset of bacteremia; in three cases the bacteremia developed immediately following manipulation of the urinary tract. Patients with long-standing Providencia infections did not acquire bacteremia. The signs and symptoms of Providencia bacteremia were typical of those of septicemia except that vascular collapse was not a prominent feature, occurring in only one patient. The mortality was 33%. All the Providencia strains cultured from the bloodstream were susceptible to gentamicin, although the frequency of gentamicin resistance increased from roughly 10% to 50% during the period studied; the increase in gentamicin use over this period was more gradual. Also noted was a decrease in resistance to ampicillin that paralleled a decrease in ampicillin use. All the Providencia strains were susceptible to amikacin.", "contents": "A review of Providencia bacteremia in a general hospital, with a comment on patterns of antimicrobial sensitivity and use. Six cases of Providencia bacteremia occurring between 1969 and 1978 were reviewed. These cases represented 3% of the gram-negative bacteremias occurring at one hospital. All six cases of Providencia bacteremia were secondary to urinary tract infection with P. stuartii, and in most the infection developed only shortly before the onset of bacteremia; in three cases the bacteremia developed immediately following manipulation of the urinary tract. Patients with long-standing Providencia infections did not acquire bacteremia. The signs and symptoms of Providencia bacteremia were typical of those of septicemia except that vascular collapse was not a prominent feature, occurring in only one patient. The mortality was 33%. All the Providencia strains cultured from the bloodstream were susceptible to gentamicin, although the frequency of gentamicin resistance increased from roughly 10% to 50% during the period studied; the increase in gentamicin use over this period was more gradual. Also noted was a decrease in resistance to ampicillin that paralleled a decrease in ampicillin use. All the Providencia strains were susceptible to amikacin.", "PMID": 519613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4", "title": "Epidemic of mumps in a partially immune population.", "content": "The incidence of mumps in vaccinated and nonvaccinated schoolchildren was studied after a recent epidemic. Information was collected by telephone interviews with the parents and a review of the physicians' records. The vaccine appeared to be effective, for the incidence of mumps in the 145 vaccinated children--5.5%, or 8 cases--was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than the incidence in the 350 children considered susceptible to infection--21.7%, or 76 cases. The percentage of children who had been immunized decreased with increasing age, and acquisition of immunity through natural infection had the reverse trend; thus, the proportions of children susceptible to infection in each age group were about the same, and the age-specific attack rates were similar. Although the mothers were accurate in indicating absence of vaccination, they incorrectly indicated vaccination of their children 43.0% of the time; this error in reporting could influence vaccine administration in older children. Our findings suggest that mumps vaccination may substitute for natural illness in immunizing populations, and that more extensive use of the vaccine over a broader age range is required to prevent similar epidemics in the future.", "contents": "Epidemic of mumps in a partially immune population. The incidence of mumps in vaccinated and nonvaccinated schoolchildren was studied after a recent epidemic. Information was collected by telephone interviews with the parents and a review of the physicians' records. The vaccine appeared to be effective, for the incidence of mumps in the 145 vaccinated children--5.5%, or 8 cases--was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than the incidence in the 350 children considered susceptible to infection--21.7%, or 76 cases. The percentage of children who had been immunized decreased with increasing age, and acquisition of immunity through natural infection had the reverse trend; thus, the proportions of children susceptible to infection in each age group were about the same, and the age-specific attack rates were similar. Although the mothers were accurate in indicating absence of vaccination, they incorrectly indicated vaccination of their children 43.0% of the time; this error in reporting could influence vaccine administration in older children. Our findings suggest that mumps vaccination may substitute for natural illness in immunizing populations, and that more extensive use of the vaccine over a broader age range is required to prevent similar epidemics in the future.", "PMID": 519614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5", "title": "Role of psychiatry in the phenomenon of cults.", "content": "Religious cults and particularly their attraction for young people are receiving increased attention. There is currently considerable controversy about the role of governmental bodies in understanding and regulating cults and their effect on members. Regardless of their effect on the members of the cult or movement, particularly new members who are often adolescents, membership in a cult produces severe familial tensions. The cult members often develop opinions and modes of behaviour so diametrically different from their families of origin that psychiatrists are often consulted with the view to understand, treat and correct what is seen as behavioural aberration by the families. The phenomenon of religious cults does not seem to be of a passing nature and it is therefore imperative that psychiatrists have a comprehensive and clear a knowledge of the concepts and activities of cults, their seeming effects on young people and their families, and some of the reactions they have caused in society.", "contents": "Role of psychiatry in the phenomenon of cults. Religious cults and particularly their attraction for young people are receiving increased attention. There is currently considerable controversy about the role of governmental bodies in understanding and regulating cults and their effect on members. Regardless of their effect on the members of the cult or movement, particularly new members who are often adolescents, membership in a cult produces severe familial tensions. The cult members often develop opinions and modes of behaviour so diametrically different from their families of origin that psychiatrists are often consulted with the view to understand, treat and correct what is seen as behavioural aberration by the families. The phenomenon of religious cults does not seem to be of a passing nature and it is therefore imperative that psychiatrists have a comprehensive and clear a knowledge of the concepts and activities of cults, their seeming effects on young people and their families, and some of the reactions they have caused in society.", "PMID": 519625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6", "title": "Relationship between abortion and child abuse.", "content": "Although permissive abortion has been advocated on the grounds it will reduce the prevalence of child abuse and infanticide, there is no evidence to prove it has. There is a growing concern that it may have contributed to the problem. This article outlines eight possible methods whereby an increasing rate of abortion will lead to an increasing rate of abuse. There is evidence that an abortion results in depression which hinders mother-infant bonding in a subsequent pregnancy. An abortion of the first pregnancy may interrupt the developing bonding mechanism and interfere with the ability to bond to the next infant. If the hypothesis is correct, medicine by endorsing abortion on request may be jeopardizing the safety and care of a large number of children.", "contents": "Relationship between abortion and child abuse. Although permissive abortion has been advocated on the grounds it will reduce the prevalence of child abuse and infanticide, there is no evidence to prove it has. There is a growing concern that it may have contributed to the problem. This article outlines eight possible methods whereby an increasing rate of abortion will lead to an increasing rate of abuse. There is evidence that an abortion results in depression which hinders mother-infant bonding in a subsequent pregnancy. An abortion of the first pregnancy may interrupt the developing bonding mechanism and interfere with the ability to bond to the next infant. If the hypothesis is correct, medicine by endorsing abortion on request may be jeopardizing the safety and care of a large number of children.", "PMID": 519627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7", "title": "Family studies and changing concepts of personality development.", "content": "Many of the most significant changes in concepts of personality development and maldevelopment derive simply from belated appreciation that the child grows up in a family; and that the child requires considerable positive input from those who raise him to grow into a reasonably integrated person. Only recently have psychiatrists and psychoanalysts begun to focus on the influence of the family transactions throughout the formative years. The paper briefly presents the requisites a family must provide to assure the integrated development of its offspring and groups them under four headings: the parental nurturant functions that change with each phase of the offspring's development; the influence of the dynamic organization of the family on the offspring's intrapsychic structure, affecting self-boundaries, gender identity, superego directives, and so forth; conveying through family transactions the basic social roles and societal institutions to the child; transmitting the instrumental techniques of the culture, and particularly its language with its system of meanings and logic upon which virtually all ego functioning depends. The paper considers the evidence that the \"choice of the neurosis\" -- or more correctly, the choice of the psychiatric syndrome -- does not depend only upon fixation at various phases of pre-genital development, but also, and perhaps primarily, upon the panphasic influence of the intrafamilial environment. It is of particular importance to recognize that there is a very direct relationship between the family transactions, the separation-individuation process, bounary formation, the attainment of various degrees of object constancy, problems of splitting, superego directives, and what can be conscious and what need be repressed into the unconscious. The failure to recognize the import of the family has interfered with the formation of an integrated developmental theory that can unite various aspects of the developmental process that have remained more or less isolated from one another -- drive theory, object relations, ego psychology, separation-individuation, and cognitive development. Finally the question is raised if in providing guidance to parents we have been amiss in not focusing on such matters as who the parents are, how they relate to one another as well as to the child, the values they communicate by their behaviour -- matters that are fundamental and to which almost all else is secondary, but about which relatively little has been said or taught.", "contents": "Family studies and changing concepts of personality development. Many of the most significant changes in concepts of personality development and maldevelopment derive simply from belated appreciation that the child grows up in a family; and that the child requires considerable positive input from those who raise him to grow into a reasonably integrated person. Only recently have psychiatrists and psychoanalysts begun to focus on the influence of the family transactions throughout the formative years. The paper briefly presents the requisites a family must provide to assure the integrated development of its offspring and groups them under four headings: the parental nurturant functions that change with each phase of the offspring's development; the influence of the dynamic organization of the family on the offspring's intrapsychic structure, affecting self-boundaries, gender identity, superego directives, and so forth; conveying through family transactions the basic social roles and societal institutions to the child; transmitting the instrumental techniques of the culture, and particularly its language with its system of meanings and logic upon which virtually all ego functioning depends. The paper considers the evidence that the \"choice of the neurosis\" -- or more correctly, the choice of the psychiatric syndrome -- does not depend only upon fixation at various phases of pre-genital development, but also, and perhaps primarily, upon the panphasic influence of the intrafamilial environment. It is of particular importance to recognize that there is a very direct relationship between the family transactions, the separation-individuation process, bounary formation, the attainment of various degrees of object constancy, problems of splitting, superego directives, and what can be conscious and what need be repressed into the unconscious. The failure to recognize the import of the family has interfered with the formation of an integrated developmental theory that can unite various aspects of the developmental process that have remained more or less isolated from one another -- drive theory, object relations, ego psychology, separation-individuation, and cognitive development. Finally the question is raised if in providing guidance to parents we have been amiss in not focusing on such matters as who the parents are, how they relate to one another as well as to the child, the values they communicate by their behaviour -- matters that are fundamental and to which almost all else is secondary, but about which relatively little has been said or taught.", "PMID": 519628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8", "title": "[The \"bad mother\" to the vulnerability of the parent child relationship].", "content": "This paper summarizes the results of a longitudinal study on young asthmatic children and particularly on the mother-child relationship in this illness: At both observation times--14 to 30 months and 4 to 6 years--the majority of the children appeaed to be developing in a very adequate manner, both in the area of autonomy and opposition. Similarly, in most situations, the mothers appeared quite adequate in the face of their child's illness, and mother-child relationships, generally, seemed harmonious. However, a certain vulnerability in the area of opposition was more marked in a few cases, more frequently between 4-6 years than between 14-30 months. The author attempts a brief history of the development of the concept of the \"bad mother\" who has become a scapegoat not only in childhood asthma but also in many illnesses encountered in child psychiatry. In questioning the role which may have been played by dynamic theories in this evolution, psychoanalytic writings are reviewed (for example, S. Freud, M. Klein, Spitz, Brody) and it is hypothesized that psychoanalytic theory has had more of a catalytic than a causal influence in relation with a strong tendency in our culture to the eclosion of negative attitudes toward the mother in her relationship with her child. The emphasis placed by North American culture on the nuclear family, the hypertrophy of the maternal function coupled with a paternal role much reduced in time, as well as the almost complete disappearance of maternal substitutes, have all probably greatly influenced the development of this concept of the \"bad mother\". The author notes however, that happily, in recent years some child development theories insist on the concept of mother-child interaction and on the mutual role that mother and child have on one another in their exchanges. A review is made of the work of Sander, Bowlby, Schaffer, Lewis and Rosenblum which demonstrates this new trend. The author also studies the question of vulnerability within parent-child relationships, leading to the appearance of child psychopathology, and discusses the development of methods which could help in its early detection. Recent attempts in this direction are reviewed, particularly those of Broussard, Gray et al., L\u00e9zine. The importance of Thomas and Chess' work is particularly underlined, which emphasizes the specific interaction between the temperamental characteristics of the child and the parents' specific responses to them, at all levels of development. More recent studies by Brazelton et al. and by Korner are also reviewed, suggesting a very early interaction between mother and child. The author concludes by briefly developing the preventive implications of these works and stressing the importance of closely following the efforts made at pre- and post-natal levels which may have much influence in the early prevention of psychopathology in parent-child relationships.", "contents": "[The \"bad mother\" to the vulnerability of the parent child relationship]. This paper summarizes the results of a longitudinal study on young asthmatic children and particularly on the mother-child relationship in this illness: At both observation times--14 to 30 months and 4 to 6 years--the majority of the children appeaed to be developing in a very adequate manner, both in the area of autonomy and opposition. Similarly, in most situations, the mothers appeared quite adequate in the face of their child's illness, and mother-child relationships, generally, seemed harmonious. However, a certain vulnerability in the area of opposition was more marked in a few cases, more frequently between 4-6 years than between 14-30 months. The author attempts a brief history of the development of the concept of the \"bad mother\" who has become a scapegoat not only in childhood asthma but also in many illnesses encountered in child psychiatry. In questioning the role which may have been played by dynamic theories in this evolution, psychoanalytic writings are reviewed (for example, S. Freud, M. Klein, Spitz, Brody) and it is hypothesized that psychoanalytic theory has had more of a catalytic than a causal influence in relation with a strong tendency in our culture to the eclosion of negative attitudes toward the mother in her relationship with her child. The emphasis placed by North American culture on the nuclear family, the hypertrophy of the maternal function coupled with a paternal role much reduced in time, as well as the almost complete disappearance of maternal substitutes, have all probably greatly influenced the development of this concept of the \"bad mother\". The author notes however, that happily, in recent years some child development theories insist on the concept of mother-child interaction and on the mutual role that mother and child have on one another in their exchanges. A review is made of the work of Sander, Bowlby, Schaffer, Lewis and Rosenblum which demonstrates this new trend. The author also studies the question of vulnerability within parent-child relationships, leading to the appearance of child psychopathology, and discusses the development of methods which could help in its early detection. Recent attempts in this direction are reviewed, particularly those of Broussard, Gray et al., L\u00e9zine. The importance of Thomas and Chess' work is particularly underlined, which emphasizes the specific interaction between the temperamental characteristics of the child and the parents' specific responses to them, at all levels of development. More recent studies by Brazelton et al. and by Korner are also reviewed, suggesting a very early interaction between mother and child. The author concludes by briefly developing the preventive implications of these works and stressing the importance of closely following the efforts made at pre- and post-natal levels which may have much influence in the early prevention of psychopathology in parent-child relationships.", "PMID": 519629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9", "title": "Psychopharmacology education in psychiatry.", "content": "This study has documented resident dissatisfaction with education in psychopharmacology in one large university and has proposed several solutions. These include: - increased awareness of standards of knowledge necessary for a consultant. - the establishment of a central educative office of clinical psychopharmacology to encourage dissemination of selected literature and to facilitate residents' research under supervision. - recognition that not all staff should be considered capable to provide psychopharmacology supervision and that each hospital should have a designated psychiatrist with special expertise in psychopharmacology. - developing study groups for the purpose of teaching critical evaluation of the literature. - increasing encouragement for residents' participating in clinical research - awareness of residents' difficulties in learning \"emotional illness, rejection of biological therapies, and knowing what is expected or not suited to psychiatry\" and appropriate actions to alter these. - increased use of audio aids, self-teaching manuals and journals to augment lectures and texts. - increased emphasis on training selected senior residents in how to teach.", "contents": "Psychopharmacology education in psychiatry. This study has documented resident dissatisfaction with education in psychopharmacology in one large university and has proposed several solutions. These include: - increased awareness of standards of knowledge necessary for a consultant. - the establishment of a central educative office of clinical psychopharmacology to encourage dissemination of selected literature and to facilitate residents' research under supervision. - recognition that not all staff should be considered capable to provide psychopharmacology supervision and that each hospital should have a designated psychiatrist with special expertise in psychopharmacology. - developing study groups for the purpose of teaching critical evaluation of the literature. - increasing encouragement for residents' participating in clinical research - awareness of residents' difficulties in learning \"emotional illness, rejection of biological therapies, and knowing what is expected or not suited to psychiatry\" and appropriate actions to alter these. - increased use of audio aids, self-teaching manuals and journals to augment lectures and texts. - increased emphasis on training selected senior residents in how to teach.", "PMID": 519630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10", "title": "Beginning psychoanalysis of a 16 year old autistic girl: the first three months.", "content": "This clinical report attempts to show some aspects of the first three months of analysis with a 16 year old autistic girl with some conceptualization of the technical difficulties of instituting psychoanalysis with such a patient, as well as some conceptualizations of the material itself.", "contents": "Beginning psychoanalysis of a 16 year old autistic girl: the first three months. This clinical report attempts to show some aspects of the first three months of analysis with a 16 year old autistic girl with some conceptualization of the technical difficulties of instituting psychoanalysis with such a patient, as well as some conceptualizations of the material itself.", "PMID": 519631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11", "title": "Evidence of brain dopamine deficiency in schizophrenia.", "content": "It is proposed that the increased dopamine function suggested by the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a dopaminergic postsynaptic receptor supersensitivity resulting from a dopamine deficiency. In support of this, three double-blind controlled studies conducted on drugs which alter brain dopaminergic activity in a manner different from that of classic neuroleptics are reported. 1) alpha-methyldopa-neuroleptic interaction proved efficacious for schizophrenic positive symptoms but only on a short-term basis. 2) Rubidium improved negative symptoms rapidly, and in contrast has a late onset of action on positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 3) Tryptophan-benserazide was efficacious in controlling both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia (although less so than chlorpromazine). It is concluded that currently accepted modes of pharmacological therapy (classical neuroleptics) are in the short-term controlling the dopamine supersensitivity secondary to a deficiency, but contributing in the long-term to increase the dopamine deficiency, and so exacerbate the supersensitivity. More effective forms of treatment may involve the use of agents which alter dopamine activity without inducing dopamine supersensitivity.", "contents": "Evidence of brain dopamine deficiency in schizophrenia. It is proposed that the increased dopamine function suggested by the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a dopaminergic postsynaptic receptor supersensitivity resulting from a dopamine deficiency. In support of this, three double-blind controlled studies conducted on drugs which alter brain dopaminergic activity in a manner different from that of classic neuroleptics are reported. 1) alpha-methyldopa-neuroleptic interaction proved efficacious for schizophrenic positive symptoms but only on a short-term basis. 2) Rubidium improved negative symptoms rapidly, and in contrast has a late onset of action on positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 3) Tryptophan-benserazide was efficacious in controlling both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia (although less so than chlorpromazine). It is concluded that currently accepted modes of pharmacological therapy (classical neuroleptics) are in the short-term controlling the dopamine supersensitivity secondary to a deficiency, but contributing in the long-term to increase the dopamine deficiency, and so exacerbate the supersensitivity. More effective forms of treatment may involve the use of agents which alter dopamine activity without inducing dopamine supersensitivity.", "PMID": 519632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_12", "title": "10 year survey of pretrial examinations in Saskatchewan.", "content": "The results of a survey of pretrial examination cases admitted to the provincial psychiatric hospital in Saskatchewan from 1966 to 1975 are reported. The demographic and psychiatric data and data from the psychiatric reports to the Court are analyzed. Some deficiencies noted in the reports to the Court are discussed and some remedial measures are suggested.", "contents": "10 year survey of pretrial examinations in Saskatchewan. The results of a survey of pretrial examination cases admitted to the provincial psychiatric hospital in Saskatchewan from 1966 to 1975 are reported. The demographic and psychiatric data and data from the psychiatric reports to the Court are analyzed. Some deficiencies noted in the reports to the Court are discussed and some remedial measures are suggested.", "PMID": 519634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_13", "title": "Psychosexual aspects of the panic-fear personality types in asthma.", "content": "Numerous earlier studies have demonstrated the close relationship between MMPI Panic-Fear categories and various medical outcome measures in asthma. The present study relates MMPI Panic-Fear categories to psychosexual development. Specifically, High Panic-Fear patients demonstrate oral preoccupations, Low Panic-Fear patients demonstrate anal preoccupations, while Moderate Panic-Fear patients do not demonstrate pre-Oedipal preoccupations. Thus, MMPI Panic-Fear categories, useful in predicting medical outcome measures, have now been related to developmental levels, with the explanatory power of developmental concepts as well as their implications for psychological treatment.", "contents": "Psychosexual aspects of the panic-fear personality types in asthma. Numerous earlier studies have demonstrated the close relationship between MMPI Panic-Fear categories and various medical outcome measures in asthma. The present study relates MMPI Panic-Fear categories to psychosexual development. Specifically, High Panic-Fear patients demonstrate oral preoccupations, Low Panic-Fear patients demonstrate anal preoccupations, while Moderate Panic-Fear patients do not demonstrate pre-Oedipal preoccupations. Thus, MMPI Panic-Fear categories, useful in predicting medical outcome measures, have now been related to developmental levels, with the explanatory power of developmental concepts as well as their implications for psychological treatment.", "PMID": 519641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_14", "title": "Psychiatric implications of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS).", "content": "The mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS) is an infrequent outcome of mitral valve prolapse, a common and usually benign structural abnormality. Psychiatric patients often present with symptoms indistinguishable from MVPS, knowledge of which is thus essential for differential diagnosis. Even when prolapse of the mitral valve is detected, the symptoms may be variously determined by both physical and emotional factors. Four illustrative case histories are presented.", "contents": "Psychiatric implications of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS). The mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS) is an infrequent outcome of mitral valve prolapse, a common and usually benign structural abnormality. Psychiatric patients often present with symptoms indistinguishable from MVPS, knowledge of which is thus essential for differential diagnosis. Even when prolapse of the mitral valve is detected, the symptoms may be variously determined by both physical and emotional factors. Four illustrative case histories are presented.", "PMID": 519642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_15", "title": "Studies of the psychosocial adjustment of the hearing-impaired: I. Adolescents and their families a pilot study.", "content": "There is a general pessimistic view found in the literature that defends a hypothesis that the consequences of a severe hearing impairment on psychosocial development aare many and severe. This pilot study of 20 adolescents who had experienced a profound hearing impairment from birth had the purpose of clarifying this issue. The findings of the study were not compatible with such pessimism. It is concluded that the teaching of an oral means of communication which facilitates education within a mainstreamed system, is compatible with good psychosocial adjustment. To confirm this optimism and to delineate the variables in good development, further study employing comparison groups is needed.", "contents": "Studies of the psychosocial adjustment of the hearing-impaired: I. Adolescents and their families a pilot study. There is a general pessimistic view found in the literature that defends a hypothesis that the consequences of a severe hearing impairment on psychosocial development aare many and severe. This pilot study of 20 adolescents who had experienced a profound hearing impairment from birth had the purpose of clarifying this issue. The findings of the study were not compatible with such pessimism. It is concluded that the teaching of an oral means of communication which facilitates education within a mainstreamed system, is compatible with good psychosocial adjustment. To confirm this optimism and to delineate the variables in good development, further study employing comparison groups is needed.", "PMID": 519643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_16", "title": "The referring therapist's expectations of inpatient treatment: some atypical variants.", "content": "The authors examined, over a three month period, modes of referral for inpatient treatment to a general psychiatric institute. What became apparent were several unconscious or unexpressed motivators in the therapist's referral which were noted as \"unusual\" or \"atypical\". These were identified and quantified into a list of atypical variations of the standard referral, which is presented, together with a description of each, and illustrative case material. The authors note there is a practical relevance to this, in that for each atypical variant there are pitfalls and potential for mismanagement, which if not recognized could well lead to a deleterious outcome for the patient and the therapists involved.", "contents": "The referring therapist's expectations of inpatient treatment: some atypical variants. The authors examined, over a three month period, modes of referral for inpatient treatment to a general psychiatric institute. What became apparent were several unconscious or unexpressed motivators in the therapist's referral which were noted as \"unusual\" or \"atypical\". These were identified and quantified into a list of atypical variations of the standard referral, which is presented, together with a description of each, and illustrative case material. The authors note there is a practical relevance to this, in that for each atypical variant there are pitfalls and potential for mismanagement, which if not recognized could well lead to a deleterious outcome for the patient and the therapists involved.", "PMID": 519644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_17", "title": "Therapeutic milieu: a dynamic approach.", "content": "This paper deals with the establishment of a therapeutic milieu in an acute care general hospital setting. The rationale and structure are defined, and dynamic considerations are elaborated. Conclusions are drawn from our experience suggesting that the therapeutic milieu is a viable and a more effective treatment delivery system than that provided by conventional inpatient units.", "contents": "Therapeutic milieu: a dynamic approach. This paper deals with the establishment of a therapeutic milieu in an acute care general hospital setting. The rationale and structure are defined, and dynamic considerations are elaborated. Conclusions are drawn from our experience suggesting that the therapeutic milieu is a viable and a more effective treatment delivery system than that provided by conventional inpatient units.", "PMID": 519645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_18", "title": "The man who became angry once: a study of overcontrolled hostility.", "content": "Recent developments in the study of violent behaviour have led social scientists to examine the concept of Overcontrolled Hostility. This case report describes the history of an overcontrolled individual who was examined in a Maximum Security Hospital after having shot his wife. The presentation of this case includes a brief theoretical perspective, as well as the results of psychiatric and psychological examinations.", "contents": "The man who became angry once: a study of overcontrolled hostility. Recent developments in the study of violent behaviour have led social scientists to examine the concept of Overcontrolled Hostility. This case report describes the history of an overcontrolled individual who was examined in a Maximum Security Hospital after having shot his wife. The presentation of this case includes a brief theoretical perspective, as well as the results of psychiatric and psychological examinations.", "PMID": 519646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_19", "title": "Re-examination of the clinical mental status examination.", "content": "The traditional \"mental status examination\", as taught in medical school, is critically reviewed. The disparity between what is practised and what is preached, is outlined. Specific tests alleged to give information about mental function are discussed, and their clinical utility is found to be debatable. It is concluded that the reliability and validity of the mental status examination would be well worth testing. Alternatively, more use should be made of standardized tests which are now in the hands of clinical psychologists.", "contents": "Re-examination of the clinical mental status examination. The traditional \"mental status examination\", as taught in medical school, is critically reviewed. The disparity between what is practised and what is preached, is outlined. Specific tests alleged to give information about mental function are discussed, and their clinical utility is found to be debatable. It is concluded that the reliability and validity of the mental status examination would be well worth testing. Alternatively, more use should be made of standardized tests which are now in the hands of clinical psychologists.", "PMID": 519647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_20", "title": "Determination of the absolute configuration of mono-saccharides in complex carbohydrates by capillary G.L.C.", "content": "The absolute configuration of neutral monosaccharides, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars, and uronic acids can be determined by capillary g.l.c. on SE-30 after glycosidation with (-)-2-butanol and protection of the remaining polar groups. The method is illustrated by application to mixtures of the constituent sugars of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 57, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, mucus glycoproteins, and the methylated, acidic polysaccharide from the coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner.", "contents": "Determination of the absolute configuration of mono-saccharides in complex carbohydrates by capillary G.L.C. The absolute configuration of neutral monosaccharides, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars, and uronic acids can be determined by capillary g.l.c. on SE-30 after glycosidation with (-)-2-butanol and protection of the remaining polar groups. The method is illustrated by application to mixtures of the constituent sugars of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 57, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, mucus glycoproteins, and the methylated, acidic polysaccharide from the coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner.", "PMID": 519653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_21", "title": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 6-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside.", "content": "Crystalline 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranose octaacetate was synthesized by condensation of tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide (3) with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranose. 6-O-alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranose octaacetate was prepared by condensation of 3 with 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-alpha-D-mannopyranose. Fusion of each mannobiosyl octaacetate with p-nitrophenol was followed by deacetylation, to give the corresponding p-nitrophenyl (1 to 2) and (1 to 6)-alpha-D-mannobioside.", "contents": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 6-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Crystalline 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranose octaacetate was synthesized by condensation of tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide (3) with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranose. 6-O-alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranose octaacetate was prepared by condensation of 3 with 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-alpha-D-mannopyranose. Fusion of each mannobiosyl octaacetate with p-nitrophenol was followed by deacetylation, to give the corresponding p-nitrophenyl (1 to 2) and (1 to 6)-alpha-D-mannobioside.", "PMID": 519654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_22", "title": "Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K-type 63.", "content": "Structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K type 63 by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and uronic acid degradation showed the repeating unit to consist of leads to 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 to 3)-alpha-D-GalpA-(1 TO 3)-ALpha-L-Fucp(1 to. This structure is identical to that of Escherichia coli serotype K-42 capsular polysaccharide. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of the original and modified polysaccharide are consistent with the foregoing structure.", "contents": "Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K-type 63. Structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K type 63 by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and uronic acid degradation showed the repeating unit to consist of leads to 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 to 3)-alpha-D-GalpA-(1 TO 3)-ALpha-L-Fucp(1 to. This structure is identical to that of Escherichia coli serotype K-42 capsular polysaccharide. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of the original and modified polysaccharide are consistent with the foregoing structure.", "PMID": 519655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_23", "title": "[Synthese of 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)cytosine and 1-(2,5-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)cytosine, and their phosphates. Specificity of an mammalian (rat) ribonucleotide-reductase].", "content": "Mild, acidic hydrolysis of 3-O-benzoyl-1,2,:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allofuranose gave a diol that was selectively benzoylated at O-6 in high yield by intermediate conversion to the stannylene derivative. The 3,6-dibenzoate was converted to the 5-O-tosyl derivative and thence to a mixture of iodides, which were reduced with tributylstannane to 3,6-di-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-ribo-hexofuranose (6). Acetolysis gave an anomeric mixture of diacetates, which, when treated with N-acetylbis(trimethylsilyl)cytosine gave the protected nucleoside, which was deprotected to free \"homocytidine\", 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)cytosine  (11), by alklaine methanolysis. This was N-acetylated and then treated with acetone to give a protected nucleoside, which was labelled by oxidation to the aldehyde, reduction with sodium borotritide, and deprotection. Acidic methanolysis of 6 gave a mixture of methyl 2,6- and 3,6-di-O-benzoylfuranosides, the hydroxyl groups of which were treated by the tetrachloromethane-triphenylphosphine reagent to give the 2-chloro-2-deoxy (21) and 3-chloro-3-deoxy derivatives. Reduction of 21 gave methyl 3,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,5-dideoxy-D-erythro-furanoside, further transformed in 1-(2,5-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)cytosine mixed with the alpha anomer. Phosphates and diphosphates of the nucleosides were prepared by extensions of known methods. The phosphate and the diphosphate of 11 act neither as substrates nor as inhibitors of a ribonucleotide-reductase from rat asicites tumor.", "contents": "[Synthese of 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)cytosine and 1-(2,5-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)cytosine, and their phosphates. Specificity of an mammalian (rat) ribonucleotide-reductase]. Mild, acidic hydrolysis of 3-O-benzoyl-1,2,:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allofuranose gave a diol that was selectively benzoylated at O-6 in high yield by intermediate conversion to the stannylene derivative. The 3,6-dibenzoate was converted to the 5-O-tosyl derivative and thence to a mixture of iodides, which were reduced with tributylstannane to 3,6-di-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-ribo-hexofuranose (6). Acetolysis gave an anomeric mixture of diacetates, which, when treated with N-acetylbis(trimethylsilyl)cytosine gave the protected nucleoside, which was deprotected to free \"homocytidine\", 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)cytosine  (11), by alklaine methanolysis. This was N-acetylated and then treated with acetone to give a protected nucleoside, which was labelled by oxidation to the aldehyde, reduction with sodium borotritide, and deprotection. Acidic methanolysis of 6 gave a mixture of methyl 2,6- and 3,6-di-O-benzoylfuranosides, the hydroxyl groups of which were treated by the tetrachloromethane-triphenylphosphine reagent to give the 2-chloro-2-deoxy (21) and 3-chloro-3-deoxy derivatives. Reduction of 21 gave methyl 3,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,5-dideoxy-D-erythro-furanoside, further transformed in 1-(2,5-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)cytosine mixed with the alpha anomer. Phosphates and diphosphates of the nucleosides were prepared by extensions of known methods. The phosphate and the diphosphate of 11 act neither as substrates nor as inhibitors of a ribonucleotide-reductase from rat asicites tumor.", "PMID": 519657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_24", "title": "Sub-mitochondrial and sub-microsomal distribution of creatine kinase in guinea pig myocardium.", "content": "Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were isolated from guinea pig myocardium by differential pelleting. The mitochondrial fraction was subjected to analytical subfractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the gradient fractions assayed for marker enzymes for the various mitochondrial compartments, viz outer membrane (monoamine oxidase), intermembranous space (adenylate kinase), inner membrane (Mg2+-dependent ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase) and mitochondrial matrix (malate dehydrogenase), and for creatine kinase. Both creatine kinase and adenylate kinase were released by suspending the mitochondria in 50 mmol . litre-1 sodium phosphate buffer. Sonication or disruption with the detergent, digitonin released the adenylate kinase but the creatine kinase remained associated with the inner membranes. Subsequent salt treatment desorbed the creatine kinase from these membranes. It is concluded that creatine kinase is located to the outer aspect of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Analytical subfractionation of the microsomal fraction clearly resolved markers for the sarcolemma (5'-nucleotidase), outer mitochondrial membrane (monoamine oxidase) and endoplasmic reticulum (neutral alpha-glucosidase and RNA). Creatine kinase was localised in the endoplasmic reticulum particularly the smooth membranes.", "contents": "Sub-mitochondrial and sub-microsomal distribution of creatine kinase in guinea pig myocardium. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were isolated from guinea pig myocardium by differential pelleting. The mitochondrial fraction was subjected to analytical subfractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the gradient fractions assayed for marker enzymes for the various mitochondrial compartments, viz outer membrane (monoamine oxidase), intermembranous space (adenylate kinase), inner membrane (Mg2+-dependent ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase) and mitochondrial matrix (malate dehydrogenase), and for creatine kinase. Both creatine kinase and adenylate kinase were released by suspending the mitochondria in 50 mmol . litre-1 sodium phosphate buffer. Sonication or disruption with the detergent, digitonin released the adenylate kinase but the creatine kinase remained associated with the inner membranes. Subsequent salt treatment desorbed the creatine kinase from these membranes. It is concluded that creatine kinase is located to the outer aspect of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Analytical subfractionation of the microsomal fraction clearly resolved markers for the sarcolemma (5'-nucleotidase), outer mitochondrial membrane (monoamine oxidase) and endoplasmic reticulum (neutral alpha-glucosidase and RNA). Creatine kinase was localised in the endoplasmic reticulum particularly the smooth membranes.", "PMID": 519658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_25", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts III: functional deficiencies in interstitial glycoproteins.", "content": "Extracellular and surface bound Ca is essential to excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in mammalian cardiac muscle. In intact hearts from cardiomyopathic hamster with congestive heart failure, a concomitant decrease in the Ca content of a superficial pool was associated with the reduced contractility. Ca binding to cardiac sarcolemmal ghosts prepared from these hearts revealed two binding sites by Scatchard plot. In normal hamsters, the low affinity site had a capacity of 114 nmol Ca.mg-1 protein, a KD of 1.5 mmol . litre-1 and was sensitive to neuraminidase treatment but not to 100 mmol . litre-1 Na, K, or Li, Ca binding in vitro approached a 1:1 relationship with the sialic acid content of the ghosts, 159 nmol . mg-1 protein. The activity of the enzyme responsible for glycosidically linking sialic acid to interstitial and sarcolemmal glycoproteins, sialyltransferase, was reduced from 1.80 to 0.41 pmol . mg-1 protein in the myopathic hearts. We suggest the functional defect in the hamster cardiomyopathy is a reduction in sialyltransferase activity leading to the deficiency in surface sialic acid residues. As a consequence, contractility is reduced, but Ca influx is increased. Reflex sympathetic activity increases Ca influx resulting in \"Ca overload\" and eventual cellular necrosis.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts III: functional deficiencies in interstitial glycoproteins. Extracellular and surface bound Ca is essential to excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in mammalian cardiac muscle. In intact hearts from cardiomyopathic hamster with congestive heart failure, a concomitant decrease in the Ca content of a superficial pool was associated with the reduced contractility. Ca binding to cardiac sarcolemmal ghosts prepared from these hearts revealed two binding sites by Scatchard plot. In normal hamsters, the low affinity site had a capacity of 114 nmol Ca.mg-1 protein, a KD of 1.5 mmol . litre-1 and was sensitive to neuraminidase treatment but not to 100 mmol . litre-1 Na, K, or Li, Ca binding in vitro approached a 1:1 relationship with the sialic acid content of the ghosts, 159 nmol . mg-1 protein. The activity of the enzyme responsible for glycosidically linking sialic acid to interstitial and sarcolemmal glycoproteins, sialyltransferase, was reduced from 1.80 to 0.41 pmol . mg-1 protein in the myopathic hearts. We suggest the functional defect in the hamster cardiomyopathy is a reduction in sialyltransferase activity leading to the deficiency in surface sialic acid residues. As a consequence, contractility is reduced, but Ca influx is increased. Reflex sympathetic activity increases Ca influx resulting in \"Ca overload\" and eventual cellular necrosis.", "PMID": 519659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_26", "title": "Estimation of circulatory parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Significance for calculation of enzymatic infarct size.", "content": "Estimation of infarct size from enzyme activities in plasma or serum presupposes known values of circulatory parameters such as the extravascular distribution volume Ve and the permeability constant P for the transport of enzyme between intravascular volume Vi and Ve. In man, parameter values are used that are extrapolated either from values found in the dog or from turnover studies of non-myocardial proteins. Large systematic errors can be introduced in this way, as demonstrated in this study. It is shown that by simultaneous determination of two different enzymes in the same patient, estimates of circulatory parameters are obtained. The method is applied to creatine kinase (CK) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) plasma activities in 36 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The following results are obtained: 1. Exchange of enzyme between Vi and Ve is much slower and clearance of CK is much faster than presently assumed in the literature. 2. Release of CK and HBDH into the circulation is proportional to the amounts of these enzymes present in the myocardium. This finding is supported by data on early enzyme release. 3. Quantitation of HBDH release needs a two-compartment model, while for CK a one-compartment model can be used in good approximation. 4. Release of CK and HBDH after AMI continues up to 96 hours. 5. Using obtained parameter values, a simulated model demonstrates that estimation of clearance rates of CK from exponential fits on plasma levels results in large errors. This may explain recent conflicting results in validation of enzymatic estimates of infarct size.", "contents": "Estimation of circulatory parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Significance for calculation of enzymatic infarct size. Estimation of infarct size from enzyme activities in plasma or serum presupposes known values of circulatory parameters such as the extravascular distribution volume Ve and the permeability constant P for the transport of enzyme between intravascular volume Vi and Ve. In man, parameter values are used that are extrapolated either from values found in the dog or from turnover studies of non-myocardial proteins. Large systematic errors can be introduced in this way, as demonstrated in this study. It is shown that by simultaneous determination of two different enzymes in the same patient, estimates of circulatory parameters are obtained. The method is applied to creatine kinase (CK) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) plasma activities in 36 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The following results are obtained: 1. Exchange of enzyme between Vi and Ve is much slower and clearance of CK is much faster than presently assumed in the literature. 2. Release of CK and HBDH into the circulation is proportional to the amounts of these enzymes present in the myocardium. This finding is supported by data on early enzyme release. 3. Quantitation of HBDH release needs a two-compartment model, while for CK a one-compartment model can be used in good approximation. 4. Release of CK and HBDH after AMI continues up to 96 hours. 5. Using obtained parameter values, a simulated model demonstrates that estimation of clearance rates of CK from exponential fits on plasma levels results in large errors. This may explain recent conflicting results in validation of enzymatic estimates of infarct size.", "PMID": 519660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_27", "title": "Prophylaxis of ventricular fibrillation after acute experimental coronary occlusion by chronic beta-adrenoceptor blockade with atenolol.", "content": "Acute occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery were performed in open-chest dogs. A control group (n = 19) was compared with three groups (total n = 17) pretreated once daily with different doses of the cardioselective beta-blocking drug atenolol (ICI 66 082) given by mouth for 5 days. Only animals without coronary collateral vessels were examined, having a mortality rate of 100% in the control group. Arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation during the first 30 min after coronary occlusion showed a biphasic distribution in time (phase 1a and 1b). A lower degree of beta-adrenoceptor blockade reduced the incidence of arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation in phase 1a, but fibrillation occurred in all animals during phase 1b. A higher dose of the beta-blocking drug protected the animals from ventricular fibrillation, and arrhythmias in phase 1a were greatly reduced. At all times the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the group pretreated with atenolol was significantly higher than in the control group. In both groups a significant decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold was found only during phase 1a. The greater sensitivity of phase 1a arrhythmias to beta-blockade and the lack of a decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold during phase 1b might indicate differences in the genesis of arrhythmias and fibrillation in phases 1a and 1b.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of ventricular fibrillation after acute experimental coronary occlusion by chronic beta-adrenoceptor blockade with atenolol. Acute occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery were performed in open-chest dogs. A control group (n = 19) was compared with three groups (total n = 17) pretreated once daily with different doses of the cardioselective beta-blocking drug atenolol (ICI 66 082) given by mouth for 5 days. Only animals without coronary collateral vessels were examined, having a mortality rate of 100% in the control group. Arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation during the first 30 min after coronary occlusion showed a biphasic distribution in time (phase 1a and 1b). A lower degree of beta-adrenoceptor blockade reduced the incidence of arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation in phase 1a, but fibrillation occurred in all animals during phase 1b. A higher dose of the beta-blocking drug protected the animals from ventricular fibrillation, and arrhythmias in phase 1a were greatly reduced. At all times the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the group pretreated with atenolol was significantly higher than in the control group. In both groups a significant decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold was found only during phase 1a. The greater sensitivity of phase 1a arrhythmias to beta-blockade and the lack of a decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold during phase 1b might indicate differences in the genesis of arrhythmias and fibrillation in phases 1a and 1b.", "PMID": 519661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_28", "title": "An in vivo study of the total occlusion method for the analysis of forward and backward pressure waves.", "content": "The arterial pressure wave, Pm, is composed of a forward travelling wave, Pf, and a backward travelling wave, Pb, resulting from partial reflection of PI at the peripheral beds. The magnitude of Pb depends on the degree of vasoconstriction. Total occlusion of the vessel distal to the pressure measurement site results in a wave which is equal to 2Pf. Subtraction of the derived Pf wave from Pm gives Pb, provided there is no re-reflection of Pb by proximal discontinuities. To test the validity of this total occlusion method for the determination of the components of Pm, measurements were carried out in an anaesthetised dog and the results compared with the method of Westerhof et al., (1972). The measurements were made at three arterial sites: 1. in the aorta just proximal to the junction of the renal artery; 2. at the termination of the aorta; and 3. in the femoral artery. The magnitude of Pb was varied by the infusion of vasoactive drugs. There was good agreement between the two methods at site 1 but at the other two sites the agreement was less good. It is shown that this is the result of re-reflection of the backward travelling waves produced by the occlusion at the aortic termination and the renal artery junction.", "contents": "An in vivo study of the total occlusion method for the analysis of forward and backward pressure waves. The arterial pressure wave, Pm, is composed of a forward travelling wave, Pf, and a backward travelling wave, Pb, resulting from partial reflection of PI at the peripheral beds. The magnitude of Pb depends on the degree of vasoconstriction. Total occlusion of the vessel distal to the pressure measurement site results in a wave which is equal to 2Pf. Subtraction of the derived Pf wave from Pm gives Pb, provided there is no re-reflection of Pb by proximal discontinuities. To test the validity of this total occlusion method for the determination of the components of Pm, measurements were carried out in an anaesthetised dog and the results compared with the method of Westerhof et al., (1972). The measurements were made at three arterial sites: 1. in the aorta just proximal to the junction of the renal artery; 2. at the termination of the aorta; and 3. in the femoral artery. The magnitude of Pb was varied by the infusion of vasoactive drugs. There was good agreement between the two methods at site 1 but at the other two sites the agreement was less good. It is shown that this is the result of re-reflection of the backward travelling waves produced by the occlusion at the aortic termination and the renal artery junction.", "PMID": 519662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_29", "title": "A chronically implantable catheter-tip micromanometer (JSI 0400) that can be calibrated after implantation.", "content": "This paper describes a catheter-tip micromanometer for chronic left ventricular pressure measurements which can be calibrated in the animal after implantation. The calibration curves are linear, both in vitro and in vivo. Good zero-stability is reached after 1 week of implantation. The duration of function of the device is 3 to 6 months.", "contents": "A chronically implantable catheter-tip micromanometer (JSI 0400) that can be calibrated after implantation. This paper describes a catheter-tip micromanometer for chronic left ventricular pressure measurements which can be calibrated in the animal after implantation. The calibration curves are linear, both in vitro and in vivo. Good zero-stability is reached after 1 week of implantation. The duration of function of the device is 3 to 6 months.", "PMID": 519663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_30", "title": "Flow in the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry and theoretical flow analysis have been combined to improve the knowledge and understanding of aortic velocity profiles and wall shear. From the theoretical point of view, particular aspects of the flow were developed, concerning the vorticity in the aorta, the interior velocity distribution, the boundary layer, the flow after separation and the effects of the branches. The experimental approach was performed on dogs, using pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter providing real-time acquisition of the instantaneous velocity distribution along vascular diameters and perivascular probes designed for bidimensional measurement of velocity distribution. The good agreement found between theory and the experimental velocity profiles has led to comparison of the assessments of axial shear. The peak of the measured shear agrees well with the calculated one; the largest observed shear, obtained at the level of the initial part of the descending thoracic aorta, varies from 4.5 Pa to 7.5 Pa depending on the cardiac output. Finally initial attempts have been made to correlate atheromatous wall lesion localisation with the flow and shear variation.", "contents": "Flow in the thoracic aorta. Pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry and theoretical flow analysis have been combined to improve the knowledge and understanding of aortic velocity profiles and wall shear. From the theoretical point of view, particular aspects of the flow were developed, concerning the vorticity in the aorta, the interior velocity distribution, the boundary layer, the flow after separation and the effects of the branches. The experimental approach was performed on dogs, using pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter providing real-time acquisition of the instantaneous velocity distribution along vascular diameters and perivascular probes designed for bidimensional measurement of velocity distribution. The good agreement found between theory and the experimental velocity profiles has led to comparison of the assessments of axial shear. The peak of the measured shear agrees well with the calculated one; the largest observed shear, obtained at the level of the initial part of the descending thoracic aorta, varies from 4.5 Pa to 7.5 Pa depending on the cardiac output. Finally initial attempts have been made to correlate atheromatous wall lesion localisation with the flow and shear variation.", "PMID": 519664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_31", "title": "Cardiac consequences and treatment of disopyramide intoxication: experimental evaluation in dogs.", "content": "A slow (1.18 mumol.kg-1.mm-1) intravenous infusion of disopyramide (mol.wt 339) was given to 8 adult Beagle dogs. An initial phase of slow decline in cardiac output and broadening of the QRS complex on the ECG, with systolic blood pressure maintained above 13.5 kPa (100 mmHg), was followed by a phase of rapid circulatory failure without a correspondingly dramatic change in ECG appearances. Underventilation and cardiac arrhythmias were observed only in the agonal phase after several minutes of circulatory arrest. They were not therefore the primary cause of death, which was due to failure of myocardial contractility. Three positively inotropic drugs (isoprenaline, dopamine, and glucagon) are shown to be capable of restoring the failing circulation, provided they are given before the phase of complete circulatory standstill. In this respect isoprenaline appears superior to dopamine and glucagon.", "contents": "Cardiac consequences and treatment of disopyramide intoxication: experimental evaluation in dogs. A slow (1.18 mumol.kg-1.mm-1) intravenous infusion of disopyramide (mol.wt 339) was given to 8 adult Beagle dogs. An initial phase of slow decline in cardiac output and broadening of the QRS complex on the ECG, with systolic blood pressure maintained above 13.5 kPa (100 mmHg), was followed by a phase of rapid circulatory failure without a correspondingly dramatic change in ECG appearances. Underventilation and cardiac arrhythmias were observed only in the agonal phase after several minutes of circulatory arrest. They were not therefore the primary cause of death, which was due to failure of myocardial contractility. Three positively inotropic drugs (isoprenaline, dopamine, and glucagon) are shown to be capable of restoring the failing circulation, provided they are given before the phase of complete circulatory standstill. In this respect isoprenaline appears superior to dopamine and glucagon.", "PMID": 519665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_32", "title": "Regional 99m technetium diphosphonate uptake in experimental dog heart infarct: relation to duration and severity of ischaemia.", "content": "Regional uptake of 99mTechnetium diphosphonate was compared with regional myocardial blood flow 6, 12 and 24 h after the onset of myocardial infarction in dogs, and with regional creatine kinase depletion 24 h after the onset. Uptake of the imaging agent increased from 6 to 24 h, but no consistent relationship could be demonstrated between regional myocardial blood flow and regional uptake of the diphosphonate nor between uptake and regional creatine kinase depletion at the centre or border of the infarct. In addition, inappropriately high levels of 99m Technetium uptake could be demonstrated in the epicardial layer of the normal tissue surrounding the infarct. We conclude that diphosphonate uptake is not quantitatively related to the severity of ischaemia, and that use of this substance for imaging may over-estimate myocardial infarct size.", "contents": "Regional 99m technetium diphosphonate uptake in experimental dog heart infarct: relation to duration and severity of ischaemia. Regional uptake of 99mTechnetium diphosphonate was compared with regional myocardial blood flow 6, 12 and 24 h after the onset of myocardial infarction in dogs, and with regional creatine kinase depletion 24 h after the onset. Uptake of the imaging agent increased from 6 to 24 h, but no consistent relationship could be demonstrated between regional myocardial blood flow and regional uptake of the diphosphonate nor between uptake and regional creatine kinase depletion at the centre or border of the infarct. In addition, inappropriately high levels of 99m Technetium uptake could be demonstrated in the epicardial layer of the normal tissue surrounding the infarct. We conclude that diphosphonate uptake is not quantitatively related to the severity of ischaemia, and that use of this substance for imaging may over-estimate myocardial infarct size.", "PMID": 519666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_33", "title": "Reliability of the maximum derivatives of left ventricular pressure and internal diameter as indices of the inotropic state of the depressed myocardium.", "content": "The effects of inotropic stimulation and increases in end-diastolic diameter, aortic pressure, left ventricular end diameter size, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate on maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax) and diameter (dD/dtmax) were studied in eight dogs. Responses were studied in the normal conscious state, during myocardial depression due to high doses of pentobarbital or propranolol, and after bilateral cardiac sympathectomy. In all states studied, both dP/dtmax and dD/dtmax were substantially augmented by inotropic stimulation with isoprenaline and were less influenced by changes in end-diastolic diameter, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. It is concluded that both indices are highly sensitive to the contractile state of the left ventricle and relatively insensitive to haemodynamic alterations in both normal and depressed hearts.", "contents": "Reliability of the maximum derivatives of left ventricular pressure and internal diameter as indices of the inotropic state of the depressed myocardium. The effects of inotropic stimulation and increases in end-diastolic diameter, aortic pressure, left ventricular end diameter size, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate on maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax) and diameter (dD/dtmax) were studied in eight dogs. Responses were studied in the normal conscious state, during myocardial depression due to high doses of pentobarbital or propranolol, and after bilateral cardiac sympathectomy. In all states studied, both dP/dtmax and dD/dtmax were substantially augmented by inotropic stimulation with isoprenaline and were less influenced by changes in end-diastolic diameter, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. It is concluded that both indices are highly sensitive to the contractile state of the left ventricle and relatively insensitive to haemodynamic alterations in both normal and depressed hearts.", "PMID": 519668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_34", "title": "Measurement of haemolysis in patients with prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Haemolysis following prosthetic heart valve insertion can be precisely and sensitively measured by means of a 59Fe ferrokinetic technique. Results obtained in a small series of patients with either Starr-Edwards or Brunwald-Cutter valve replacement are presented.", "contents": "Measurement of haemolysis in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Haemolysis following prosthetic heart valve insertion can be precisely and sensitively measured by means of a 59Fe ferrokinetic technique. Results obtained in a small series of patients with either Starr-Edwards or Brunwald-Cutter valve replacement are presented.", "PMID": 519669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_35", "title": "Nonobstructive coarctation.", "content": "Roentgenographic studies, including plain chest roentgenography, thoracic aortography, and coronary angiography, were performed in seven adult patients with nonobstructive coarctation, a congenital deformity of the upper thoracic aorta. The chest roentgenographic findings were compared with those of ten patients with obstructive coarctation studied during the same period. A great similarity was found in the morphology and associated lesions of these two conditions, which supports the idea that nonobstructive and obstructive coarctation are stages of the same disease. Patients with nonobstructive coarctation had a more prominent aortic arch, and the indentation in the thoracic aorta was higher than in patients with obstructive coarctation. In addition, patients with nonobstructive coarctation had no rib notching on plain chest roentgenograms. Angiographic evaluation in patients with nonobstructive disease demonstrated the anatomic lesion, the absence of collateral circulation, and the commonly associated anomalies of the aortic valve.", "contents": "Nonobstructive coarctation. Roentgenographic studies, including plain chest roentgenography, thoracic aortography, and coronary angiography, were performed in seven adult patients with nonobstructive coarctation, a congenital deformity of the upper thoracic aorta. The chest roentgenographic findings were compared with those of ten patients with obstructive coarctation studied during the same period. A great similarity was found in the morphology and associated lesions of these two conditions, which supports the idea that nonobstructive and obstructive coarctation are stages of the same disease. Patients with nonobstructive coarctation had a more prominent aortic arch, and the indentation in the thoracic aorta was higher than in patients with obstructive coarctation. In addition, patients with nonobstructive coarctation had no rib notching on plain chest roentgenograms. Angiographic evaluation in patients with nonobstructive disease demonstrated the anatomic lesion, the absence of collateral circulation, and the commonly associated anomalies of the aortic valve.", "PMID": 519670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_36", "title": "\"Balloon valvulotomy\" of congenital pulmonary valve stenosis with tricuspid valve insufficiency.", "content": "The rare congenital anomaly of pulmonary valve stenosis and massive tricuspid valve insufficiency with intact ventricular septum is a lethal condition without reported survival after attempted treatment. In a neonate suffering from this syndrome, the pulmonary valve stenosis was relieved by rupturing the fused valve with a balloon catheter introduced transvenously. The desperate condition of the patient quickly improved after this procedure, with subsequent disappearance of the tricuspid valve incompetence. Balloon rupturing of fused valves at angiography may represent a therapeutic alternative in cases in which surgical valvulotomy is associated with a high mortality.", "contents": "\"Balloon valvulotomy\" of congenital pulmonary valve stenosis with tricuspid valve insufficiency. The rare congenital anomaly of pulmonary valve stenosis and massive tricuspid valve insufficiency with intact ventricular septum is a lethal condition without reported survival after attempted treatment. In a neonate suffering from this syndrome, the pulmonary valve stenosis was relieved by rupturing the fused valve with a balloon catheter introduced transvenously. The desperate condition of the patient quickly improved after this procedure, with subsequent disappearance of the tricuspid valve incompetence. Balloon rupturing of fused valves at angiography may represent a therapeutic alternative in cases in which surgical valvulotomy is associated with a high mortality.", "PMID": 519671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_37", "title": "Collateral circulation in stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery.", "content": "The abdominal angiograms of 381 patients were critically reexamined for the existence of collateral circulation in cases of renal artery stenosis or occlusion. Typical renal artery stenosis was found in 39 patients; among these, 17 had a collateral circulation, which was extrarenal in 15 and intrarenal in two. Collateral circulation involving the lumbar arteries was most common. In two patients a collateral circulation was established via the inferior mesenteric artery.", "contents": "Collateral circulation in stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery. The abdominal angiograms of 381 patients were critically reexamined for the existence of collateral circulation in cases of renal artery stenosis or occlusion. Typical renal artery stenosis was found in 39 patients; among these, 17 had a collateral circulation, which was extrarenal in 15 and intrarenal in two. Collateral circulation involving the lumbar arteries was most common. In two patients a collateral circulation was established via the inferior mesenteric artery.", "PMID": 519672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_38", "title": "Aneurysm of a persistent sciatic artery.", "content": "Angiographic examination in a patient with sciatic-like pain on the right side and a firm, pulsatile, non-tender mass in the right buttock revealed a large sciatic artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully resected at surgery. The primitive sciatic artery is the main arterial supply to the lower extremities in the 9-mm embryo. Its persistence, while very rare, is of clinical significance because of the tendency for aneurysms to develop in the artery. Surgical resection is indicated in sciatic artery aneurysms because of the danger of rupture or embolic occlusion of arteries distal to the aneurysm.", "contents": "Aneurysm of a persistent sciatic artery. Angiographic examination in a patient with sciatic-like pain on the right side and a firm, pulsatile, non-tender mass in the right buttock revealed a large sciatic artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully resected at surgery. The primitive sciatic artery is the main arterial supply to the lower extremities in the 9-mm embryo. Its persistence, while very rare, is of clinical significance because of the tendency for aneurysms to develop in the artery. Surgical resection is indicated in sciatic artery aneurysms because of the danger of rupture or embolic occlusion of arteries distal to the aneurysm.", "PMID": 519673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_39", "title": "Spontaneous intermittent reversal of blood flow in intrahepatic portal vein branches in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The intrahepatic portal venous flow in cirrhosis of the liver was evaluated by percutaneous transhepatic portography and hepatic arteriography. Spontaneous reversal of flow in segmental portal vein branches was documented. Changes in hepatic arterial inflow and portal venous pressure may result in intermittent changes in the direction of flow in segmental portal venous branches within the cirrhotic liver. Segmental reversal of blood flow seems to be the precursor of total hepatofugal portal flow.", "contents": "Spontaneous intermittent reversal of blood flow in intrahepatic portal vein branches in cirrhosis of the liver. The intrahepatic portal venous flow in cirrhosis of the liver was evaluated by percutaneous transhepatic portography and hepatic arteriography. Spontaneous reversal of flow in segmental portal vein branches was documented. Changes in hepatic arterial inflow and portal venous pressure may result in intermittent changes in the direction of flow in segmental portal venous branches within the cirrhotic liver. Segmental reversal of blood flow seems to be the precursor of total hepatofugal portal flow.", "PMID": 519674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_40", "title": "On the progenitor cell migration velocity.", "content": "An attempt is presented to extract cell kinetic information from histomorphological features. It is applicable to rapidly proliferating tissues like the intestinal epithelium. Each replicating tissue has an origin where cells are formed and a periphery toward which cells migrate. The migration path along which they move is denominated as tissue radius on which all cell positions are mapped. Cell migration on the radius is associated with cell proliferation at tissue origin. Each mitosis there is associated with the displacement of all cells distal to it by one cell position. The more mitoses positioned between a cell and tissue origin, the greater its migration velocity. It is possible therefore to derive the cell migration velocity v(x) from the cumulative mitotic distribution on the radius, N(x). v(x) = N(x)/tm (tm = mitotic time). In this form v(x) represents also cell production at any point on the radius and may serve for the computation of other cell kinetic parameters like generation time. These arguments are illustrated on the rat incisor tooth inner enamel epithelium which has been studied in the normal and rapidly erupting tooth.", "contents": "On the progenitor cell migration velocity. An attempt is presented to extract cell kinetic information from histomorphological features. It is applicable to rapidly proliferating tissues like the intestinal epithelium. Each replicating tissue has an origin where cells are formed and a periphery toward which cells migrate. The migration path along which they move is denominated as tissue radius on which all cell positions are mapped. Cell migration on the radius is associated with cell proliferation at tissue origin. Each mitosis there is associated with the displacement of all cells distal to it by one cell position. The more mitoses positioned between a cell and tissue origin, the greater its migration velocity. It is possible therefore to derive the cell migration velocity v(x) from the cumulative mitotic distribution on the radius, N(x). v(x) = N(x)/tm (tm = mitotic time). In this form v(x) represents also cell production at any point on the radius and may serve for the computation of other cell kinetic parameters like generation time. These arguments are illustrated on the rat incisor tooth inner enamel epithelium which has been studied in the normal and rapidly erupting tooth.", "PMID": 519695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_41", "title": "Testosterone-induced cell proliferation in the accessory sex glands of mice at various times after castration.", "content": "The proliferative response to testosterone in the accessory sex glands (seminal vesicle and coagulating gland) of castrated pale Balb/c mice has been examined by pulse and continuous thymidine-labelling experiments, and by the fraction of labelled mitoses technique. Progressive reductions in cellularity followed castration, and by varying the time elapsing between castration and the initiation of testosterone treatment, it was clear that the size of the response depended upon the number of cells in the tissue, relative to the normal complement. Interpretation of FLM data was difficult in periods where proliferative rates changed rapidly. We have attempted to explain the cell kinetic events by postulating a G0 compartment, form which cells are stimulated to enter the proliferative cycle before subsequently returning to an out of cycle state. It was thought unlikely that substantial changes in cell cycle time occurred. In both the accessory sex glands, the overall form of the continuous thymidine labelling curves showed that most proliferative cells entered DNA synthesis in a shorter time after stimulation at 14 days after castration than they did at 3 days after castration. The data were not consistent with cells moving deeper into G0 with time after castration. In the seminal vesicle almost all epithelial cells were potentially proliferative by 3 days after castration. In the coagulating gland only 30% were potentially proliferative at 3 days, increasing to 85% at 14 days after castration. However, such proportional increases represented much smaller changes in terms of absolute numbers of cells, because of a concomitant decline in cellularity from 3 to 14 days after castration.", "contents": "Testosterone-induced cell proliferation in the accessory sex glands of mice at various times after castration. The proliferative response to testosterone in the accessory sex glands (seminal vesicle and coagulating gland) of castrated pale Balb/c mice has been examined by pulse and continuous thymidine-labelling experiments, and by the fraction of labelled mitoses technique. Progressive reductions in cellularity followed castration, and by varying the time elapsing between castration and the initiation of testosterone treatment, it was clear that the size of the response depended upon the number of cells in the tissue, relative to the normal complement. Interpretation of FLM data was difficult in periods where proliferative rates changed rapidly. We have attempted to explain the cell kinetic events by postulating a G0 compartment, form which cells are stimulated to enter the proliferative cycle before subsequently returning to an out of cycle state. It was thought unlikely that substantial changes in cell cycle time occurred. In both the accessory sex glands, the overall form of the continuous thymidine labelling curves showed that most proliferative cells entered DNA synthesis in a shorter time after stimulation at 14 days after castration than they did at 3 days after castration. The data were not consistent with cells moving deeper into G0 with time after castration. In the seminal vesicle almost all epithelial cells were potentially proliferative by 3 days after castration. In the coagulating gland only 30% were potentially proliferative at 3 days, increasing to 85% at 14 days after castration. However, such proportional increases represented much smaller changes in terms of absolute numbers of cells, because of a concomitant decline in cellularity from 3 to 14 days after castration.", "PMID": 519696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_42", "title": "Differential lethal effects of both cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea on jejunal crypt cells and testosterone-stimulated accessory sex glands.", "content": "DNA-synthesizing cells from mouse jejunal crypts and accessory sex glands respond differently to the DNA synthesis inhibitors cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea. A single injection of either agent brought about a rapid inhibition of thymidine labelling in both the tissues. Whilst both agents had a lethal effect upon the majority of S-phase cells in the crypts, only a minority of S-phase cells in the accessory sex glands showed evidence of necrosis. These differences are considered in the context of possible physiological differences between continually dividing cells and putative G0 cells. The accessory sex glands are normally quiescent proliferative tissues. They were stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis and later mitosis by testosterone propionate injections, commencing three days after castration. Cytosine arabinoside was the more effective cytocidal agent in the accessory sex glands, and when two injections were scheduled so as to affect a large number of DNA-synthesizing cells, a compensatory hyperplasia was evoked. In the coagulating gland, this compensatory response involved the proliferation of many cells which, in the absence of cytotoxic perturbation, would be non-proliferatie (Q cells).", "contents": "Differential lethal effects of both cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea on jejunal crypt cells and testosterone-stimulated accessory sex glands. DNA-synthesizing cells from mouse jejunal crypts and accessory sex glands respond differently to the DNA synthesis inhibitors cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea. A single injection of either agent brought about a rapid inhibition of thymidine labelling in both the tissues. Whilst both agents had a lethal effect upon the majority of S-phase cells in the crypts, only a minority of S-phase cells in the accessory sex glands showed evidence of necrosis. These differences are considered in the context of possible physiological differences between continually dividing cells and putative G0 cells. The accessory sex glands are normally quiescent proliferative tissues. They were stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis and later mitosis by testosterone propionate injections, commencing three days after castration. Cytosine arabinoside was the more effective cytocidal agent in the accessory sex glands, and when two injections were scheduled so as to affect a large number of DNA-synthesizing cells, a compensatory hyperplasia was evoked. In the coagulating gland, this compensatory response involved the proliferation of many cells which, in the absence of cytotoxic perturbation, would be non-proliferatie (Q cells).", "PMID": 519697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_43", "title": "Growth kinetics of a rat mammary tumour transplanted into immune-suppressed mice.", "content": "The growth kinetics of a transplanted rat mammary tumour and its xenografts in immune-suppressed mice were studied using the technique of labelled mitoses. Growth of the tumour in rats was regular and uniform but when transplanted into mice the growth of the implants was irregular and generally slower. The second passage tumours in mice showed rapid and regular growth with a volume doubling time approximately half that for the tumours in the rat. Values for the G1 phase duration, intermitotic time and growth fraction were greater for the tumours in the mouse although the data for the first passage in mice were difficult to interpret. The kinetic changes between the rat and mouse hosts primarily reflect a large and variable amount of cell loss from the first passage xenografts in the mouse, with adaptation by the second passage towards reduced cell loss.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of a rat mammary tumour transplanted into immune-suppressed mice. The growth kinetics of a transplanted rat mammary tumour and its xenografts in immune-suppressed mice were studied using the technique of labelled mitoses. Growth of the tumour in rats was regular and uniform but when transplanted into mice the growth of the implants was irregular and generally slower. The second passage tumours in mice showed rapid and regular growth with a volume doubling time approximately half that for the tumours in the rat. Values for the G1 phase duration, intermitotic time and growth fraction were greater for the tumours in the mouse although the data for the first passage in mice were difficult to interpret. The kinetic changes between the rat and mouse hosts primarily reflect a large and variable amount of cell loss from the first passage xenografts in the mouse, with adaptation by the second passage towards reduced cell loss.", "PMID": 519698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_44", "title": "Correlation between cell size and position within the division cycle in suspension cultures of Chang liver cells.", "content": "Chang liver cells from exponentially growing suspension cultures have been separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Determinations of the protein content per cell showed that the fractionation procedure resulted in good separation of cells of different size. On the other hand, the DNA content of individual cells from the fractions, as determined cytofluorimetrically, indicated considerable heterogeneity in the size of cells from the same stage of the division cycle. On the basis of earlier results on intermitotic growth and the variation in the length of the cell cycle in homogeneous cell populations, a mathematical model has been constructed and tested using a computer program. The present results on the size distribution of cells from the different stages of the mitotic cycle are consistent with a regeneration of size heterogeneity in each cell generation, as a result of the dispersion of intermitotic times. The variation in cell cycle times may be related to a probabilistic event in the G1 period. In the mathematical model it was necessary to include a mechanism by which the regeneration of abnormally large cells is prevented. The experimental data are compatible with a gradually increasing inhibition of growth in cells larger than a certain size (circa 400 pg protein per cell).", "contents": "Correlation between cell size and position within the division cycle in suspension cultures of Chang liver cells. Chang liver cells from exponentially growing suspension cultures have been separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Determinations of the protein content per cell showed that the fractionation procedure resulted in good separation of cells of different size. On the other hand, the DNA content of individual cells from the fractions, as determined cytofluorimetrically, indicated considerable heterogeneity in the size of cells from the same stage of the division cycle. On the basis of earlier results on intermitotic growth and the variation in the length of the cell cycle in homogeneous cell populations, a mathematical model has been constructed and tested using a computer program. The present results on the size distribution of cells from the different stages of the mitotic cycle are consistent with a regeneration of size heterogeneity in each cell generation, as a result of the dispersion of intermitotic times. The variation in cell cycle times may be related to a probabilistic event in the G1 period. In the mathematical model it was necessary to include a mechanism by which the regeneration of abnormally large cells is prevented. The experimental data are compatible with a gradually increasing inhibition of growth in cells larger than a certain size (circa 400 pg protein per cell).", "PMID": 519699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_45", "title": "Cell proliferation of carcinoma in Bilharzial bladder: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The rate of cell production in thirty-five cases of carcinoma in Bilharzial bladder was evaluated from the labelling index after in vitro incubation with [3H]TdR. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in this series and had a median LI of 8.0% which corresponds to a potential doubling time of 5.9 days. In squamous cell tumours the LI increased with the histological grade. Transitional cell tumours had a somewhat greater LI. In all histological types the LI was significantly greater in the deep infiltrating parts of the tumour than in the superficial parts. The discrepancy between the estimated potential doubling time and the growth rate normally attributed to such tumours suggests the existence of an extensive cell loss factor. Areas of focal or diffuse mucosal hyperplasia were associated with increased LI.", "contents": "Cell proliferation of carcinoma in Bilharzial bladder: an autoradiographic study. The rate of cell production in thirty-five cases of carcinoma in Bilharzial bladder was evaluated from the labelling index after in vitro incubation with [3H]TdR. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in this series and had a median LI of 8.0% which corresponds to a potential doubling time of 5.9 days. In squamous cell tumours the LI increased with the histological grade. Transitional cell tumours had a somewhat greater LI. In all histological types the LI was significantly greater in the deep infiltrating parts of the tumour than in the superficial parts. The discrepancy between the estimated potential doubling time and the growth rate normally attributed to such tumours suggests the existence of an extensive cell loss factor. Areas of focal or diffuse mucosal hyperplasia were associated with increased LI.", "PMID": 519700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_46", "title": "Particle-induced erythropoietin-independent effects of erythroid precursor cells in murine bone marrow.", "content": "A possible regulatory action of phagocytic cells on erythropoiesis was investigated by infusion of inert polystyrene latex particles (LAT). LAT appeared to induce changes in the femoral content of erythroid progenitor cells. These changes were most pronounced in primitive erythroid progenitor cells (BFUe) and appeared to be gradually damped in more differentiated populations (CFUe and erythroblasts). LAT did not influence granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc). The effects of LAT could not be attributed to changes in the systemic erythropoietin (EP) concentration. Administration of dexamethason nullified the effect of low doses of LAT, suggesting that phagocytosis of the particles is essential to the observed effects. Erythroid burst formation was previously found to be dependent on a bone marrow associated activity, termed BFA (burst feeder activity). BFA acts as an in vitro inducer of EP-responsiveness in BFUe. In this study it was found that LAT-induced changes in femoral erythroid progenitor cell content were characteristically preceded by corresponding changes in BFA. It was concluded that BFA-associated cells probably play a role in vivo in the early differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. The present data are interpreted as direct in vivo evidence supporting a two-step regulatory model operating in erythropoiesis and provide evidence that phagocytic cells are a component of the erythroid haemopoietic inductive micro-environment.", "contents": "Particle-induced erythropoietin-independent effects of erythroid precursor cells in murine bone marrow. A possible regulatory action of phagocytic cells on erythropoiesis was investigated by infusion of inert polystyrene latex particles (LAT). LAT appeared to induce changes in the femoral content of erythroid progenitor cells. These changes were most pronounced in primitive erythroid progenitor cells (BFUe) and appeared to be gradually damped in more differentiated populations (CFUe and erythroblasts). LAT did not influence granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc). The effects of LAT could not be attributed to changes in the systemic erythropoietin (EP) concentration. Administration of dexamethason nullified the effect of low doses of LAT, suggesting that phagocytosis of the particles is essential to the observed effects. Erythroid burst formation was previously found to be dependent on a bone marrow associated activity, termed BFA (burst feeder activity). BFA acts as an in vitro inducer of EP-responsiveness in BFUe. In this study it was found that LAT-induced changes in femoral erythroid progenitor cell content were characteristically preceded by corresponding changes in BFA. It was concluded that BFA-associated cells probably play a role in vivo in the early differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. The present data are interpreted as direct in vivo evidence supporting a two-step regulatory model operating in erythropoiesis and provide evidence that phagocytic cells are a component of the erythroid haemopoietic inductive micro-environment.", "PMID": 519701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_47", "title": "A mathematical model of thrombopoiesis in rats.", "content": "A mathematical model of thrombopoiesis in rats is presented. This has four compartments; stem cells, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes and thrombopoietin. A high thrombopoietin concentration influences bone marrow proliferation in three ways. Firstly the stem cells are stimulated and a slow increase in megakaryocyte number follows. Secondly there are additional endomitoses in the (early) megakaryocytes resulting in an increase in megakaryocyte volume. Thirdly the megakaryocyte maturation time is shortened. The parameters of the model are determined from experimental values for the normal, maximum and minimum proliferation rates, maturation times and destruction rates. The model is tested by comparing simulated results for acute and chronic thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis with experimental curves from the literature. The model and data agree within the limits of experimental error. Not all of the thrombopoietic regulatory system is known yet, so some important alternative hypotheses are investigated and compared with the model. Several hypotheses have been excluded in this way.", "contents": "A mathematical model of thrombopoiesis in rats. A mathematical model of thrombopoiesis in rats is presented. This has four compartments; stem cells, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes and thrombopoietin. A high thrombopoietin concentration influences bone marrow proliferation in three ways. Firstly the stem cells are stimulated and a slow increase in megakaryocyte number follows. Secondly there are additional endomitoses in the (early) megakaryocytes resulting in an increase in megakaryocyte volume. Thirdly the megakaryocyte maturation time is shortened. The parameters of the model are determined from experimental values for the normal, maximum and minimum proliferation rates, maturation times and destruction rates. The model is tested by comparing simulated results for acute and chronic thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis with experimental curves from the literature. The model and data agree within the limits of experimental error. Not all of the thrombopoietic regulatory system is known yet, so some important alternative hypotheses are investigated and compared with the model. Several hypotheses have been excluded in this way.", "PMID": 519702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_48", "title": "The mineralization processes in teleost fish scales.", "content": "In Teleost fish scales, growth and mineralization are continuous. Different mineralization processes can be distinguished. The external layer of the scale is the first to be mineralized and may be classified as the initial calcifying structure of the scale. The initial calcification loci are matrix vesicles of cellular origin always observed during the formation of this layer. This mineralization process takes place progressively, closely following the elaboration of the organic matrix in the scale periphery. The outer limiting and internal layers of the scale are developed after the external layer has been formed. A mineral substance is deposited without the mediation of matrix vesicles, but in contact with the previously mineralized external layer. This type of mineralization is called subsequential. However, the mineralization of the outer limiting layer closely follows the secretion of a collagen-free organic matrix and is thus different from the mineralization of the internal layer in which the calcification front remains remote from the collagen matrix surface and corresponds to a delayed mineralization process. The isolated calcifications (Mandl's corpuscles) which develop in the unmineralized laminae of the internal layer are mineralized in the absence of matrix vesicles and without making contact with a pre-existing calcified tissue, probably by a heterogeneous nucleation of the collagen fibrils.", "contents": "The mineralization processes in teleost fish scales. In Teleost fish scales, growth and mineralization are continuous. Different mineralization processes can be distinguished. The external layer of the scale is the first to be mineralized and may be classified as the initial calcifying structure of the scale. The initial calcification loci are matrix vesicles of cellular origin always observed during the formation of this layer. This mineralization process takes place progressively, closely following the elaboration of the organic matrix in the scale periphery. The outer limiting and internal layers of the scale are developed after the external layer has been formed. A mineral substance is deposited without the mediation of matrix vesicles, but in contact with the previously mineralized external layer. This type of mineralization is called subsequential. However, the mineralization of the outer limiting layer closely follows the secretion of a collagen-free organic matrix and is thus different from the mineralization of the internal layer in which the calcification front remains remote from the collagen matrix surface and corresponds to a delayed mineralization process. The isolated calcifications (Mandl's corpuscles) which develop in the unmineralized laminae of the internal layer are mineralized in the absence of matrix vesicles and without making contact with a pre-existing calcified tissue, probably by a heterogeneous nucleation of the collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 519703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_49", "title": "Keratinization of fish skin with special reference to the catfish Bagarius bagarius.", "content": "Histochemical reactions indicating keratinization have previously been demonstrated in parts of the epidermis of Bagarius bagarius. Fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy have now confirmed these results. Elevated areas of the epidermis are capped by a layer of dead cells with altered contents. On the outer aspect of these cells a dense layer, 18 nm thick, beneath the plasma membrane corresponds to the resistant envelope found in keratinized cells in tetrapod vertebrates. In Bagarius this layer does not extend to all faces of the keratinized cells, but a similar envelope has been detected in two other sites of piscine keratinized epidermis investigated, namely in the breeding tubercles of Phoxinus phoxinus and in the teeth of Lampetral fluviatilis. In the elevated areas of Bagarius-epidermis, the epithelial cells undergo progressive changes in cytoplasmic organization as they ;ecome more superficial. The second tier from the surface is sealed by tight junctions and is separated from the overlying keratinized cells by a sub-corneal space resembling that found in keratinized amphibian epidermis. Histochemical evidence of a high lipid content in the outer layers of the epidermis correlates with the presence of lipid inclusions and lamellated membranous profiles in the material studied by electron microscopy. Histochemical results show that the fin skin of Blennius pholis is not keratinized, but secretes a cuticle, histochemically reactive for both proteins and glycoproteins.", "contents": "Keratinization of fish skin with special reference to the catfish Bagarius bagarius. Histochemical reactions indicating keratinization have previously been demonstrated in parts of the epidermis of Bagarius bagarius. Fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy have now confirmed these results. Elevated areas of the epidermis are capped by a layer of dead cells with altered contents. On the outer aspect of these cells a dense layer, 18 nm thick, beneath the plasma membrane corresponds to the resistant envelope found in keratinized cells in tetrapod vertebrates. In Bagarius this layer does not extend to all faces of the keratinized cells, but a similar envelope has been detected in two other sites of piscine keratinized epidermis investigated, namely in the breeding tubercles of Phoxinus phoxinus and in the teeth of Lampetral fluviatilis. In the elevated areas of Bagarius-epidermis, the epithelial cells undergo progressive changes in cytoplasmic organization as they ;ecome more superficial. The second tier from the surface is sealed by tight junctions and is separated from the overlying keratinized cells by a sub-corneal space resembling that found in keratinized amphibian epidermis. Histochemical evidence of a high lipid content in the outer layers of the epidermis correlates with the presence of lipid inclusions and lamellated membranous profiles in the material studied by electron microscopy. Histochemical results show that the fin skin of Blennius pholis is not keratinized, but secretes a cuticle, histochemically reactive for both proteins and glycoproteins.", "PMID": 519704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_50", "title": "Age as a factor in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced plasticity in the hypothalamus.", "content": "The question of age as a possible factor influencing the regenerative response of catecholaminergic varicosities in the hypothalamus was investigated in the supraoptic commissure and the paraventricular, periventricular, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei of rats that had received intraventricular injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine when they were (1) neonates, (2) young adults, or (3) senescent adults. After post-neurotoxin survival for 4, 21, 56, or 180 days, the animals were perfused, and the hypothalamic tissue sections were cut and processed using a glyoxylic acid method for localizing catecholamines. Four days following neurotoxin administration, counts of fluorescent varicosities showed a significant loss of catecholamine varicosities in each of the four areas. Subsequently, at least partial restoration of numbers of catecholamine varicosities occurred in all hypothalamic areas in all three age groups. It is concluded that, following selective lesions induced by the neurotoxin 6-OH-DA, catecholamine varicosities were restored both in immature and mature groups. According to the evidence obtained experimentally, the rate of restoration was greater in the neonate group, whereas the percentage restoration attained varies according to the hypothalamic area studied and the age of the animal.", "contents": "Age as a factor in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced plasticity in the hypothalamus. The question of age as a possible factor influencing the regenerative response of catecholaminergic varicosities in the hypothalamus was investigated in the supraoptic commissure and the paraventricular, periventricular, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei of rats that had received intraventricular injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine when they were (1) neonates, (2) young adults, or (3) senescent adults. After post-neurotoxin survival for 4, 21, 56, or 180 days, the animals were perfused, and the hypothalamic tissue sections were cut and processed using a glyoxylic acid method for localizing catecholamines. Four days following neurotoxin administration, counts of fluorescent varicosities showed a significant loss of catecholamine varicosities in each of the four areas. Subsequently, at least partial restoration of numbers of catecholamine varicosities occurred in all hypothalamic areas in all three age groups. It is concluded that, following selective lesions induced by the neurotoxin 6-OH-DA, catecholamine varicosities were restored both in immature and mature groups. According to the evidence obtained experimentally, the rate of restoration was greater in the neonate group, whereas the percentage restoration attained varies according to the hypothalamic area studied and the age of the animal.", "PMID": 519705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_51", "title": "Cytochemistry and freeze-fracture of membranes isolated from the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.).", "content": "Membranes were isolated from the main electric organ of Electrophorus electricus and studied by means of cytochemistry and freeze-fracture. The membrane fractions consisted of vesicles inside-in as determined by localization of anionic sites using colloidal iron and cationized ferritin particles. The anionic sites were not homogeneously distributed on the surface of the vesicle. Freeze-fracture showed the presence of intramembranous particles associated with either protoplasmic (P) or extracellular (E) faces of the membrane. Regions of the membrane without particles were observed. The results are discussed in relation to the existence of association between intramembranous particles and membrane receptors.", "contents": "Cytochemistry and freeze-fracture of membranes isolated from the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.). Membranes were isolated from the main electric organ of Electrophorus electricus and studied by means of cytochemistry and freeze-fracture. The membrane fractions consisted of vesicles inside-in as determined by localization of anionic sites using colloidal iron and cationized ferritin particles. The anionic sites were not homogeneously distributed on the surface of the vesicle. Freeze-fracture showed the presence of intramembranous particles associated with either protoplasmic (P) or extracellular (E) faces of the membrane. Regions of the membrane without particles were observed. The results are discussed in relation to the existence of association between intramembranous particles and membrane receptors.", "PMID": 519706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_52", "title": "Effect of methallibure (ICI 33,828) on the pituitary-gonad and the pituitary-thyroid axes of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Daudin).", "content": "The effect of methallibure (ICI 33,828) on the pituitary-gonad and the pituitary-thyroid axes of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes veriscolor was studied. Following administration of methallibure B2 (FSH) and B3 (ICSH) cells of the pars distalis exhibited significant alterations with concomitant changes in the seminiferous tubules, and in the interstitial cells and epididymis respectively. B1 (TSH) cells exhibited conspicuous hypertrophy and degranulation which was reflected in dramatic changes in thyroid morphology. The caudally localized acidophilic A1 (PRL) cells also showed hypertrophy, hyperplasia and intense granulation. The rostrally located A2 (STH) acidophils and the B4 (ACTH) cells were unaffected by the treatment. The possible model of action of this drug is discussed in the light of available literature.", "contents": "Effect of methallibure (ICI 33,828) on the pituitary-gonad and the pituitary-thyroid axes of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Daudin). The effect of methallibure (ICI 33,828) on the pituitary-gonad and the pituitary-thyroid axes of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes veriscolor was studied. Following administration of methallibure B2 (FSH) and B3 (ICSH) cells of the pars distalis exhibited significant alterations with concomitant changes in the seminiferous tubules, and in the interstitial cells and epididymis respectively. B1 (TSH) cells exhibited conspicuous hypertrophy and degranulation which was reflected in dramatic changes in thyroid morphology. The caudally localized acidophilic A1 (PRL) cells also showed hypertrophy, hyperplasia and intense granulation. The rostrally located A2 (STH) acidophils and the B4 (ACTH) cells were unaffected by the treatment. The possible model of action of this drug is discussed in the light of available literature.", "PMID": 519707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_53", "title": "Distribution and orientation of microtubules in milk secreting epithelial cells of rat mammary gland.", "content": "Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of mid-lactation rat mammary gland demonstrated that cytoplasmic microtubules were present in nearly all secretory epithelial cells examined. Most microtubules were oriented perpendicular to the apical membrane and were found in the apical and medial portions of the cell cytoplasm. There was no statistical difference between the number of microtubules associated with vesicles and the number that were not. Most vesicles which were in contact with microtubules were small (50 to 150 nm), appeared electron lucent and located in a supra-Golgi complex position. Many of these vesicles were seen to be aligned along the axis of longitudinally sectioned microtubules oriented perpendicular to the apical plasma membrane. As measured by a colchicine binding assay, the total tubulin content of mammary tissue from mid-lactation rats was about 107 micrograms/100 mg wet weight. Approximately 19% of the total tubulin was in polymerized form. This study provides evidence that microtubules may be involved in guiding transport of small secretory vesicles to the apical regions of cells for exocytosis.", "contents": "Distribution and orientation of microtubules in milk secreting epithelial cells of rat mammary gland. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of mid-lactation rat mammary gland demonstrated that cytoplasmic microtubules were present in nearly all secretory epithelial cells examined. Most microtubules were oriented perpendicular to the apical membrane and were found in the apical and medial portions of the cell cytoplasm. There was no statistical difference between the number of microtubules associated with vesicles and the number that were not. Most vesicles which were in contact with microtubules were small (50 to 150 nm), appeared electron lucent and located in a supra-Golgi complex position. Many of these vesicles were seen to be aligned along the axis of longitudinally sectioned microtubules oriented perpendicular to the apical plasma membrane. As measured by a colchicine binding assay, the total tubulin content of mammary tissue from mid-lactation rats was about 107 micrograms/100 mg wet weight. Approximately 19% of the total tubulin was in polymerized form. This study provides evidence that microtubules may be involved in guiding transport of small secretory vesicles to the apical regions of cells for exocytosis.", "PMID": 519708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_54", "title": "The culture of tissue from the ovary of the goldfish Carassius auratus.", "content": "Small pieces of ovarian tissue derived from immature goldfish have been maintained in culture periods of up to three months. The progress of the culture was monitored by light and electron microscopy and showed that although degenerative changes occurred in the large oocytes the small oocytes and oogonia survived for the duration of the culture. Quantitative studies indicate that both oogonia and small oocytes increase in number during the first three weeks of culture and observations from experiments using 3H-thymidine support the idea that a limited proliferation can occur using the relatively simple technique described.", "contents": "The culture of tissue from the ovary of the goldfish Carassius auratus. Small pieces of ovarian tissue derived from immature goldfish have been maintained in culture periods of up to three months. The progress of the culture was monitored by light and electron microscopy and showed that although degenerative changes occurred in the large oocytes the small oocytes and oogonia survived for the duration of the culture. Quantitative studies indicate that both oogonia and small oocytes increase in number during the first three weeks of culture and observations from experiments using 3H-thymidine support the idea that a limited proliferation can occur using the relatively simple technique described.", "PMID": 519709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_55", "title": "Incorporation of L-(3H)-fucose into glycoproteins of the adrenal gland of mice. Light microscope radioautographic study on semi-thin sections.", "content": "To study the biosynthesis and intracellular migration of glycoproteins in the adrenal gland, adult mice were injected intravenously with L-(3H)-fucose and killed from 10 min to 14 days after injection. Semi-thin sections of the adrenal glands were then processed for radioautography. Incorporation of labeled fucose occurred in the steroid-secreting cells of the three zones of the cortex as well as in the adrenalin (A) and noradrenalin (NA) cells of the medulla. At short intervals after injection, the main site of incorporation was the paranuclear region of the cells, suggesting uptake by the Golgi apparatus. Subsequently, labeled glycoproteins migrated from the paranuclear region to other cell sites. The labeling pattern observed in the adrenocortical parenchyme strongly suggests that the glycoproteins are transferred to lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and the cell coat (glycocalyx). Counts of silver grains clearly indicate that these glycoproteins undergo renewal. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the radioautographs also suggest that glycoproteins, acting as intracellular carriers of steroids, may be released to the extracellular environment together with the hormones. Most of the glycoproteins synthesized by the A and NA cells of the adrenal medulla seem to be transferred to secretion granules in which they may play some role in the cytophysiology of these structures. It is likely that glycoproteins are released from the cells during exocytosis of secretory granules.", "contents": "Incorporation of L-(3H)-fucose into glycoproteins of the adrenal gland of mice. Light microscope radioautographic study on semi-thin sections. To study the biosynthesis and intracellular migration of glycoproteins in the adrenal gland, adult mice were injected intravenously with L-(3H)-fucose and killed from 10 min to 14 days after injection. Semi-thin sections of the adrenal glands were then processed for radioautography. Incorporation of labeled fucose occurred in the steroid-secreting cells of the three zones of the cortex as well as in the adrenalin (A) and noradrenalin (NA) cells of the medulla. At short intervals after injection, the main site of incorporation was the paranuclear region of the cells, suggesting uptake by the Golgi apparatus. Subsequently, labeled glycoproteins migrated from the paranuclear region to other cell sites. The labeling pattern observed in the adrenocortical parenchyme strongly suggests that the glycoproteins are transferred to lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and the cell coat (glycocalyx). Counts of silver grains clearly indicate that these glycoproteins undergo renewal. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the radioautographs also suggest that glycoproteins, acting as intracellular carriers of steroids, may be released to the extracellular environment together with the hormones. Most of the glycoproteins synthesized by the A and NA cells of the adrenal medulla seem to be transferred to secretion granules in which they may play some role in the cytophysiology of these structures. It is likely that glycoproteins are released from the cells during exocytosis of secretory granules.", "PMID": 519710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_56", "title": "Seasonal changes in the reproductive system of the female white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, in captivity and in the field. 2. The incubation patch.", "content": "The ventral apterium of free-living female White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) becomes an incubation patch during the breeding season. At this time, it loses its feathers, increases in wet and defatted dry weight, and undergoes marked histological alterations. At times of year other than the breeding season, the apterium consists of a low squamous epidermis and a thin, poorly vascularized dermis of dense connective tissue. The dermis is separated from subcutaneous tissue by an internal elastic lamina. During the breeding season, the epidermis is a proliferative, stratified squamous epithelium with well-defined basal, intermediate, transitional, and cornified layers; and the dermis consists of a superficial layer of collagen and a deep layer of highly vascular areolar connective tissue, noticeably edematous and mildly inflamed. Blood vessels are frequently in large groups in the center of the dermis. Edema and hypervascularity are most pronounced during incubation, but the epidermis is best developed during egg-laying. The apterium reverts to its basal state after the incubation period. Captive females, which do not breed, do not develop incubation patches. Estrogen is apparently responsible for feather loss and collagen synthesis. It and other unidentified hormones (probably prolactin and/or androgens produce the hypervascularity, edema, and epidermal growth.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the reproductive system of the female white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, in captivity and in the field. 2. The incubation patch. The ventral apterium of free-living female White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) becomes an incubation patch during the breeding season. At this time, it loses its feathers, increases in wet and defatted dry weight, and undergoes marked histological alterations. At times of year other than the breeding season, the apterium consists of a low squamous epidermis and a thin, poorly vascularized dermis of dense connective tissue. The dermis is separated from subcutaneous tissue by an internal elastic lamina. During the breeding season, the epidermis is a proliferative, stratified squamous epithelium with well-defined basal, intermediate, transitional, and cornified layers; and the dermis consists of a superficial layer of collagen and a deep layer of highly vascular areolar connective tissue, noticeably edematous and mildly inflamed. Blood vessels are frequently in large groups in the center of the dermis. Edema and hypervascularity are most pronounced during incubation, but the epidermis is best developed during egg-laying. The apterium reverts to its basal state after the incubation period. Captive females, which do not breed, do not develop incubation patches. Estrogen is apparently responsible for feather loss and collagen synthesis. It and other unidentified hormones (probably prolactin and/or androgens produce the hypervascularity, edema, and epidermal growth.", "PMID": 519711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_57", "title": "A study of cells present in peripheral lymph of pigs with special reference to a type of cell resembling the Langerhans cell.", "content": "Large mononuclear cells with long, actively moving cytoplasmic veils were observed in lymph coming from the skin. The enzyme histochemistry and ultrastructure of these cells suggested that they are related to epidermal Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells in the lymph node. It has been reported that Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells play a role in contact hypersensitivity by taking up antigen and presenting it to thymus-dependent lymphocytes, and it is likely that the veiled cells in the lymph are also involved. After skin-painting with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB), the veiled cells in lymph coming from the site of painting became more active and were observed contacting other cells present in the lymph; many large cellular aggregates were found. Since neutrophilic leucocytes and mononuclear phagocytes were the predominating cell types in this lymph, there was no evidence for a massive recruitment of immunocompetent lymphocytes at the site of painting. Neonatally thymectomized pigs do not develop allergic reactivity to DNFB. It is of interest that the number of veiled cells and their ability to form large cellular aggregates was not affected in these animals. Therefore, it is unlikely that the defect in responsiveness can be attributed to a failure in the function of veiled cells.", "contents": "A study of cells present in peripheral lymph of pigs with special reference to a type of cell resembling the Langerhans cell. Large mononuclear cells with long, actively moving cytoplasmic veils were observed in lymph coming from the skin. The enzyme histochemistry and ultrastructure of these cells suggested that they are related to epidermal Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells in the lymph node. It has been reported that Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells play a role in contact hypersensitivity by taking up antigen and presenting it to thymus-dependent lymphocytes, and it is likely that the veiled cells in the lymph are also involved. After skin-painting with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB), the veiled cells in lymph coming from the site of painting became more active and were observed contacting other cells present in the lymph; many large cellular aggregates were found. Since neutrophilic leucocytes and mononuclear phagocytes were the predominating cell types in this lymph, there was no evidence for a massive recruitment of immunocompetent lymphocytes at the site of painting. Neonatally thymectomized pigs do not develop allergic reactivity to DNFB. It is of interest that the number of veiled cells and their ability to form large cellular aggregates was not affected in these animals. Therefore, it is unlikely that the defect in responsiveness can be attributed to a failure in the function of veiled cells.", "PMID": 519712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_58", "title": "The collagen of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.", "content": "Nerves and ganglia from a variety of fish, amphibian, reptilian and mammalian species were studied by optical and electron microscopy. Observations using the Picrosirius-polarization method strongly suggest that two different types of collagen fibers are present in the connective tissues of nerves and ganglia. Electron microscopy of nerves and ganglia showed the presence of two different collagen fibril populations, distinguishable on the basis of diameter, located in different compartments of these structures. Thicker fibrils are present in nerve and ganglionic epineurium. Thinner fibrils are present in the endoneurium, surrounding nerve fibers and ganglionic cells, and between the concentric layers of perineurial cells. These results were consistently observed in all species studied and very probably represent a general phenomenon in vertebrates.", "contents": "The collagen of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. Nerves and ganglia from a variety of fish, amphibian, reptilian and mammalian species were studied by optical and electron microscopy. Observations using the Picrosirius-polarization method strongly suggest that two different types of collagen fibers are present in the connective tissues of nerves and ganglia. Electron microscopy of nerves and ganglia showed the presence of two different collagen fibril populations, distinguishable on the basis of diameter, located in different compartments of these structures. Thicker fibrils are present in nerve and ganglionic epineurium. Thinner fibrils are present in the endoneurium, surrounding nerve fibers and ganglionic cells, and between the concentric layers of perineurial cells. These results were consistently observed in all species studied and very probably represent a general phenomenon in vertebrates.", "PMID": 519713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_59", "title": "Fine structure of sensory tubes on the antennule of Conchoecia spinirostris (Ostracoda, Crustacea). A new type of sensillum in crustaceans.", "content": "In addition to setae, the first antennae of Conchoecia spinirostris also bear soft sensory tubes (female: 4 tubes + 1 seta; male: 2 tubes + 3 setae). These tubes were examined electron microscopically. Each tube is divided into 4 regions: the stem, the bulbous region, the main region, and the tip. A tube contains 40--60 multiciliated dendrites, some hypodermal cells, and nonneuronal cells, and it has a specialized cuticle. Each dendrite develops within the tube, on the terminal 5--8 micron of its inner dendritic segment, approx. 25 cilia in a 9 X 2 + 0 pattern, whose rootlets are absent or only poorly developed. Each cilium splits up into 9 ramifications which extend into the tip. These ramifications partly take a spirallike course and form a ring in the distal main part beneath the cuticle. Their membranes often dilate into spindleshaped swellings. In the center of the middle and distal parts of the main region approx. 7 dendrites without cilia are located, one of them reaches into the tip. The poreless cuticle is extremely delicate and electron lucid. In contrast to the cuticle of the setae it is elastic and soft. Special substructures are described. The tubes are completely covered by a filamentous surface coat. Because of the structure and the thin walled nature of the cuticle, permeability for dissolved substances is assumed. The ciliary ramifications are likely to represent the receptive apparatus. The sensory tubes are interpreted as chemoreceptors. They can best be compared with the chemoreceptors of certain crustaceans, but differ strongly from the types of sensilla found in insects.", "contents": "Fine structure of sensory tubes on the antennule of Conchoecia spinirostris (Ostracoda, Crustacea). A new type of sensillum in crustaceans. In addition to setae, the first antennae of Conchoecia spinirostris also bear soft sensory tubes (female: 4 tubes + 1 seta; male: 2 tubes + 3 setae). These tubes were examined electron microscopically. Each tube is divided into 4 regions: the stem, the bulbous region, the main region, and the tip. A tube contains 40--60 multiciliated dendrites, some hypodermal cells, and nonneuronal cells, and it has a specialized cuticle. Each dendrite develops within the tube, on the terminal 5--8 micron of its inner dendritic segment, approx. 25 cilia in a 9 X 2 + 0 pattern, whose rootlets are absent or only poorly developed. Each cilium splits up into 9 ramifications which extend into the tip. These ramifications partly take a spirallike course and form a ring in the distal main part beneath the cuticle. Their membranes often dilate into spindleshaped swellings. In the center of the middle and distal parts of the main region approx. 7 dendrites without cilia are located, one of them reaches into the tip. The poreless cuticle is extremely delicate and electron lucid. In contrast to the cuticle of the setae it is elastic and soft. Special substructures are described. The tubes are completely covered by a filamentous surface coat. Because of the structure and the thin walled nature of the cuticle, permeability for dissolved substances is assumed. The ciliary ramifications are likely to represent the receptive apparatus. The sensory tubes are interpreted as chemoreceptors. They can best be compared with the chemoreceptors of certain crustaceans, but differ strongly from the types of sensilla found in insects.", "PMID": 519714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_60", "title": "Stereological analyses of the structure of mitochondria in pigeon skeletal muscle.", "content": "The mitochondria in type-I and -II muscle fibres in the pectoralis major muscle of the pigeon (Columba livia) have been analysed using stereological techniques not previously applied in muscle biology. Mitochondrial volume fractions (VV) were estimated in different regions of each type of muscle fibre using randomly orientated sampling sectors within fibre profiles. These sectors were sub-divided into smaller sampling regions to provide accurate data on the intracellular distribution of mitochondria. Estimates of the external surface densities of mitochondria per unit volume of fibre, SV total surface, and also the densities of mitochondrial cristae, SV total cristae, were obtained using a specific technique derived for analysing anisotropic structures (Saltykov, 1958). The relative amounts of the random and orientated mitochondrial membranes were also estimated. Significant differences were found to exist between the different types of muscle fibres and considerable though constant variations in the intracellular arrangement of mitochondria were also found.", "contents": "Stereological analyses of the structure of mitochondria in pigeon skeletal muscle. The mitochondria in type-I and -II muscle fibres in the pectoralis major muscle of the pigeon (Columba livia) have been analysed using stereological techniques not previously applied in muscle biology. Mitochondrial volume fractions (VV) were estimated in different regions of each type of muscle fibre using randomly orientated sampling sectors within fibre profiles. These sectors were sub-divided into smaller sampling regions to provide accurate data on the intracellular distribution of mitochondria. Estimates of the external surface densities of mitochondria per unit volume of fibre, SV total surface, and also the densities of mitochondrial cristae, SV total cristae, were obtained using a specific technique derived for analysing anisotropic structures (Saltykov, 1958). The relative amounts of the random and orientated mitochondrial membranes were also estimated. Significant differences were found to exist between the different types of muscle fibres and considerable though constant variations in the intracellular arrangement of mitochondria were also found.", "PMID": 519715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_61", "title": "The fine structure of ventral prostatic secretory epithelial cells in older rats.", "content": "The ventral prostatic secretory epithelial cells in older rats were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cells vary in height in different parts of the same organ, and ultrastructurally they show the presence of a developed secretory apparatus such as well-developed Golgi body and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. They also show signs of a depressed secretory activity, involving occasional emiocytosis of apical secretory vacuoles and a paucity of condensing vacuoles in the Golgi region and above it. Further, they are characterized by the frequent occurrence of supra and paranuclear pleomorphic lysosomes.", "contents": "The fine structure of ventral prostatic secretory epithelial cells in older rats. The ventral prostatic secretory epithelial cells in older rats were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cells vary in height in different parts of the same organ, and ultrastructurally they show the presence of a developed secretory apparatus such as well-developed Golgi body and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. They also show signs of a depressed secretory activity, involving occasional emiocytosis of apical secretory vacuoles and a paucity of condensing vacuoles in the Golgi region and above it. Further, they are characterized by the frequent occurrence of supra and paranuclear pleomorphic lysosomes.", "PMID": 519717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_62", "title": "Synaptic terminal parameters in unanesthetized rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The ultrastructure of synapses from the molecular layer of parietal cortex was examined in two groups of unanesthetized rats. Rats of the first group were killed by stunning across the back of the neck, and those of the second group by the introduction of fixative through a preimplanted carotid artery cannula. Comparison of synapses from the two groups revealed that the distribution of synaptic types was the same. A larger percentage of synapses of the cannulated group has vesicle attachment sites than did those of the stunned group. The area and perimeter of the presynaptic terminals were significantly larger in synapses from the cannulated group, although the equivalent length of the postsynaptic thickening was less. The mean value for synaptic curvature was greater in the cannulated group, although over 80% of synapses in both groups had positive curvatures. No significant differences were found between the groups for the relationships between presynaptic terminal area and synaptic vesicle number, and between postsynaptic thickening length and synaptic curvature. Membrane recycling is suggested as a mechanism of accounting for the differences. The preponderance of postively-curved synapses in unanesthetized material may indicate a preponderance of functioning synapses.", "contents": "Synaptic terminal parameters in unanesthetized rat cerebral cortex. The ultrastructure of synapses from the molecular layer of parietal cortex was examined in two groups of unanesthetized rats. Rats of the first group were killed by stunning across the back of the neck, and those of the second group by the introduction of fixative through a preimplanted carotid artery cannula. Comparison of synapses from the two groups revealed that the distribution of synaptic types was the same. A larger percentage of synapses of the cannulated group has vesicle attachment sites than did those of the stunned group. The area and perimeter of the presynaptic terminals were significantly larger in synapses from the cannulated group, although the equivalent length of the postsynaptic thickening was less. The mean value for synaptic curvature was greater in the cannulated group, although over 80% of synapses in both groups had positive curvatures. No significant differences were found between the groups for the relationships between presynaptic terminal area and synaptic vesicle number, and between postsynaptic thickening length and synaptic curvature. Membrane recycling is suggested as a mechanism of accounting for the differences. The preponderance of postively-curved synapses in unanesthetized material may indicate a preponderance of functioning synapses.", "PMID": 519718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_63", "title": "Fusion of erythrolysosomes in epithelial cells of the sheep placenta.", "content": "In trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta the breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes was studied at the ultrastructural level. It was found that the formation of complex erythrolysosomes containing from two to several erythrocytes as a result of fusion of erythrolysosomes within the epithelial cells was a common occurrence when the epithelial cells engulfed a large number of erythrocytes. The erythrocytes enclosed in complex erythrolysosomes appear to be either in the same or in different stages of hemolysis. In the process of breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes five successive stages of hemolysis could be distinguished. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the complex erythrolysosomes and appeared to be located in the angular interspaces between the erythrocytes and the lysosomal membrane. The fragmentation of complex erythrolysosomes with formation of small hemoglobin-containing lysosomes also occurred. The fusion of erythrolysosomes with formation of complex erythrolysosomes can be considered as an additional mechanism in the process of erythrocyte breakdown in the epithelial cells of the sheep placenta.", "contents": "Fusion of erythrolysosomes in epithelial cells of the sheep placenta. In trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta the breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes was studied at the ultrastructural level. It was found that the formation of complex erythrolysosomes containing from two to several erythrocytes as a result of fusion of erythrolysosomes within the epithelial cells was a common occurrence when the epithelial cells engulfed a large number of erythrocytes. The erythrocytes enclosed in complex erythrolysosomes appear to be either in the same or in different stages of hemolysis. In the process of breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes five successive stages of hemolysis could be distinguished. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the complex erythrolysosomes and appeared to be located in the angular interspaces between the erythrocytes and the lysosomal membrane. The fragmentation of complex erythrolysosomes with formation of small hemoglobin-containing lysosomes also occurred. The fusion of erythrolysosomes with formation of complex erythrolysosomes can be considered as an additional mechanism in the process of erythrocyte breakdown in the epithelial cells of the sheep placenta.", "PMID": 519719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_64", "title": "Transplantation experiments with the fat body of Calliphora: a morphometric study of induced ultrastructural changes.", "content": "Transplantation of fragments of the anterior fat body lobe of 4 day old feeding stage larvae into one day older hosts, which are at the end of feeding, leads to precocious induction of ultrastructural changes in the transplanted cells of the fat body. These changes include alterations in the mean relative and absolute areas of mitochndria, protein granules, lipid droplets and vacuoles. The extent of intracellular changes induced in the transplants depends on the physiological condition of the host. This confirms that alterations in the internal environment at termination of feeding induce prematamorphic changes in cells of the fat body.", "contents": "Transplantation experiments with the fat body of Calliphora: a morphometric study of induced ultrastructural changes. Transplantation of fragments of the anterior fat body lobe of 4 day old feeding stage larvae into one day older hosts, which are at the end of feeding, leads to precocious induction of ultrastructural changes in the transplanted cells of the fat body. These changes include alterations in the mean relative and absolute areas of mitochndria, protein granules, lipid droplets and vacuoles. The extent of intracellular changes induced in the transplants depends on the physiological condition of the host. This confirms that alterations in the internal environment at termination of feeding induce prematamorphic changes in cells of the fat body.", "PMID": 519721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_65", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on radular tooth formation in the snails Helix pomatia L. and Limax flavus L. (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora).", "content": "The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on radular tooth formation in the snails Helix pomatia L. and Limax flavus L. (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.", "PMID": 519722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_66", "title": "Morphological and functional study of the effect of isoproterenol on salivary gland cells.", "content": "The cellular mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional alterations produced in salivary glands by isoproterenol (ISP) were investigated. Postnatal rats were injected with ISP, and alterations in the structure and protein components of the submandibular glands were determined. Normal age-dependent protein patterns detected by electrophoresis are attributed to the biochemical and functional differentiation of proacinar and acinar secretory cells and correlate with structural changes in these cells. Structural changes induced by ISP involve the acinar cells without detectably altering terminal tubule cells. In addition, synthesis of a specific protein by the glands is enhanced by ISP treatment. By comparing protein patterns in the submandibular glands of control and treated rats, it was concluded that ISP increases synthesis of a specific salivary protein normally produced by proacinar cells during a limited period of glandular development. These results suggest that a neurally mediated regulaotry mechanism that becomes altered by ISP plays a role in normal salivary gland development.", "contents": "Morphological and functional study of the effect of isoproterenol on salivary gland cells. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional alterations produced in salivary glands by isoproterenol (ISP) were investigated. Postnatal rats were injected with ISP, and alterations in the structure and protein components of the submandibular glands were determined. Normal age-dependent protein patterns detected by electrophoresis are attributed to the biochemical and functional differentiation of proacinar and acinar secretory cells and correlate with structural changes in these cells. Structural changes induced by ISP involve the acinar cells without detectably altering terminal tubule cells. In addition, synthesis of a specific protein by the glands is enhanced by ISP treatment. By comparing protein patterns in the submandibular glands of control and treated rats, it was concluded that ISP increases synthesis of a specific salivary protein normally produced by proacinar cells during a limited period of glandular development. These results suggest that a neurally mediated regulaotry mechanism that becomes altered by ISP plays a role in normal salivary gland development.", "PMID": 519724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_67", "title": "Structural alterations in proliferating, remodeling, and regressing tooth pulp arterioles.", "content": "In the continuously growing upper incisor of 100 g rats about 25 arterioles arise from an artery outside the tooth and pass through the apical foramen to run parallel to one another in the central part of the pulp, each supplying a well-defined sector of the migrating odontoblast layer. The arterioles pass through a cycle of proliferation, growth, remodeling, regression and decay, phase displaced in relation to each other. Proliferative and degenerative processes occur in the arteriole wall throughout the cycle, but vary considerably in intensity at different phases. Proliferation takes place by mitosis in the endothelium and the innermost smooth muscle cells. The degenerative process consists of reduction in size of smooth muscle cells by partial autodigestion and by cell death. When the odontoblasts reach the incisal extremity of the tooth, they die, and the associated regressed arteriole disappears. The system of pulpal arterioles has remarkable spatio-temporal features and each of its vessels appears to be in a state of sensitive structural equilibrium.", "contents": "Structural alterations in proliferating, remodeling, and regressing tooth pulp arterioles. In the continuously growing upper incisor of 100 g rats about 25 arterioles arise from an artery outside the tooth and pass through the apical foramen to run parallel to one another in the central part of the pulp, each supplying a well-defined sector of the migrating odontoblast layer. The arterioles pass through a cycle of proliferation, growth, remodeling, regression and decay, phase displaced in relation to each other. Proliferative and degenerative processes occur in the arteriole wall throughout the cycle, but vary considerably in intensity at different phases. Proliferation takes place by mitosis in the endothelium and the innermost smooth muscle cells. The degenerative process consists of reduction in size of smooth muscle cells by partial autodigestion and by cell death. When the odontoblasts reach the incisal extremity of the tooth, they die, and the associated regressed arteriole disappears. The system of pulpal arterioles has remarkable spatio-temporal features and each of its vessels appears to be in a state of sensitive structural equilibrium.", "PMID": 519725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_68", "title": "The surface connected canalicular system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes: its fine structure and three-dimensional architecture.", "content": "The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.", "contents": "The surface connected canalicular system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes: its fine structure and three-dimensional architecture. The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.", "PMID": 519726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_69", "title": "Effects of stimulation and rest on the ultrastructure of the excitatory neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria L.", "content": "The terminals of the fast axon on extensor tibiae muscle fibres of Locusta were examined in untreated nerve-muscle preparations and in preparations stimulated electrically at frequencies varying from 0.5 to 100 Hz. The ultrastructure of the terminals in preparations stimulated at the lower range of these frequencies, which induce twitch contractions of the muscles, is similar to that of the controls. Stimulation at the higher frequencies induced tetanic muscle responses and rapid fatigue of the muscles after which they would not respond again to high frequency stimulation for about 1 h. This loss and recovery of the responses of the muscles is correlated with changes in the ultrastructural appearance of the terminals, in particular in the number and shape of the synaptic vesicles. The ultrastructure of these \"recovering\" axon terminals closely resembles that of the controls.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation and rest on the ultrastructure of the excitatory neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria L. The terminals of the fast axon on extensor tibiae muscle fibres of Locusta were examined in untreated nerve-muscle preparations and in preparations stimulated electrically at frequencies varying from 0.5 to 100 Hz. The ultrastructure of the terminals in preparations stimulated at the lower range of these frequencies, which induce twitch contractions of the muscles, is similar to that of the controls. Stimulation at the higher frequencies induced tetanic muscle responses and rapid fatigue of the muscles after which they would not respond again to high frequency stimulation for about 1 h. This loss and recovery of the responses of the muscles is correlated with changes in the ultrastructural appearance of the terminals, in particular in the number and shape of the synaptic vesicles. The ultrastructure of these \"recovering\" axon terminals closely resembles that of the controls.", "PMID": 519727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_70", "title": "Changes in the distribution and size of synaptic vesicles in neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria after stimulation and rest.", "content": "The distribution and size of synaptic vesicles in excitatory terminals of the extensor tibiae muscle were determined after stimulation at frequencies varying from 0.5 to 100 Hz and after subsequent rest. Only in preparations stimulated at the higher frequencies do these parameters differ from those in the controls. The synaptic vesicles in the nonsynaptic areas of these terminals are depleted in number, and the remaining vesicles are reduced in size. These effects are reversed after a 1 h rest.", "contents": "Changes in the distribution and size of synaptic vesicles in neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria after stimulation and rest. The distribution and size of synaptic vesicles in excitatory terminals of the extensor tibiae muscle were determined after stimulation at frequencies varying from 0.5 to 100 Hz and after subsequent rest. Only in preparations stimulated at the higher frequencies do these parameters differ from those in the controls. The synaptic vesicles in the nonsynaptic areas of these terminals are depleted in number, and the remaining vesicles are reduced in size. These effects are reversed after a 1 h rest.", "PMID": 519728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_71", "title": "Glutamate uptake after stimulation-induced depletion of vesicle numbers in neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria L.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity at branches and terminals of the fast axon in extensor tibiae muscle incubated in the radiolabelled putative neurotransmitter L-glutamate was determined by electron microscopic autoradiography. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of silver grains at the axon branches and terminals in preparations stimulated at a low frequency shows that most of the radioactivity is present in the glial cells. In preparations stimulated to the point of fatigue substantial radioactivity is present in both the glial cells and the axoplasm of the terminals. It is suggested that the uptake of L-glutamate into the axoplasm of the terminals is correlated with the depletion and recovery of vesicle numbers after stimulation.", "contents": "Glutamate uptake after stimulation-induced depletion of vesicle numbers in neuromuscular junctions of Locusta migratoria L. The distribution of radioactivity at branches and terminals of the fast axon in extensor tibiae muscle incubated in the radiolabelled putative neurotransmitter L-glutamate was determined by electron microscopic autoradiography. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of silver grains at the axon branches and terminals in preparations stimulated at a low frequency shows that most of the radioactivity is present in the glial cells. In preparations stimulated to the point of fatigue substantial radioactivity is present in both the glial cells and the axoplasm of the terminals. It is suggested that the uptake of L-glutamate into the axoplasm of the terminals is correlated with the depletion and recovery of vesicle numbers after stimulation.", "PMID": 519729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_72", "title": "In vitro differentiation of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of guinea pigs.", "content": "The development of neurophysin-oxytocin and neurophysin-vasopressin containing neurons of the guinea pig was studied in vitro. Supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei were explanted from guinea pig foetuses at the 40th day of gestation and cultured in Maximov slides for nearly fifty days. The cultures were observed daily under a phase-contrast microscope. Explants were fixed every five days for observation with the electron microscope. At the time of explantation, magnocellular neurons were still immature. They acquired the morphologic characteristics of mature neurons, with axosomatic synapses, after about 10 days in vitro. After 15-20 days in vitro, they contained in addition neurosecretory granules (NSG), first in the Golgi region, then also dispersed in the cytoplasm. In the oldest culture (45-50 days), signs of granulolysis were regularly found. It appears that magnocellular neurosecretory neurons are able to differentiate in vitro from a primitive state in the absence of specific stimulation.", "contents": "In vitro differentiation of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of guinea pigs. The development of neurophysin-oxytocin and neurophysin-vasopressin containing neurons of the guinea pig was studied in vitro. Supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei were explanted from guinea pig foetuses at the 40th day of gestation and cultured in Maximov slides for nearly fifty days. The cultures were observed daily under a phase-contrast microscope. Explants were fixed every five days for observation with the electron microscope. At the time of explantation, magnocellular neurons were still immature. They acquired the morphologic characteristics of mature neurons, with axosomatic synapses, after about 10 days in vitro. After 15-20 days in vitro, they contained in addition neurosecretory granules (NSG), first in the Golgi region, then also dispersed in the cytoplasm. In the oldest culture (45-50 days), signs of granulolysis were regularly found. It appears that magnocellular neurosecretory neurons are able to differentiate in vitro from a primitive state in the absence of specific stimulation.", "PMID": 519730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_73", "title": "Ultrastructural development of the neurohemal organ joined to the ecdysial gland after imaginal moulting in the male isopod Sphaeroma serratum Fab. (Crustacea Flabellifera).", "content": "The present ultrastructural study deals with the lateral cephalic nerve plexus of Sphaeroma serratum, a neurohemal organ joined to the Y organ (ecdysial gland). This plexus acts as a storage centre for neurosecretory products from two sources: the two autochtonous cells (plexus cells) within the plexus itself, and the neurosecretory cells in various parts of the central nervous system, particulary the \"mandibular ganglion\" (A-cells). In prepuberal animals, plexus cells and subesophageal A-cells produce neurosecretory granules of two types measuring 1550 +/- 50 A and 1570 +/- 40 A respectively. Five categories of axon terminals were distinguished in the plexus. The granules found in two of these terminal types are believed to come from the plexus cells and from the \"mandibular ganglion\" A-cells. Cessation of production of neurosee plexus with concomitant depletion and disappearance of different granule categories. The first axon terminals affected by this process are the two categories containing granules originating in the plexus and \"mandibular ganglion\" A-cells. Degeneration of the ecdysial gland in male Sphaeroma serratum might be connected with the cessation of granule formation in these two types of cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of the neurohemal organ joined to the ecdysial gland after imaginal moulting in the male isopod Sphaeroma serratum Fab. (Crustacea Flabellifera). The present ultrastructural study deals with the lateral cephalic nerve plexus of Sphaeroma serratum, a neurohemal organ joined to the Y organ (ecdysial gland). This plexus acts as a storage centre for neurosecretory products from two sources: the two autochtonous cells (plexus cells) within the plexus itself, and the neurosecretory cells in various parts of the central nervous system, particulary the \"mandibular ganglion\" (A-cells). In prepuberal animals, plexus cells and subesophageal A-cells produce neurosecretory granules of two types measuring 1550 +/- 50 A and 1570 +/- 40 A respectively. Five categories of axon terminals were distinguished in the plexus. The granules found in two of these terminal types are believed to come from the plexus cells and from the \"mandibular ganglion\" A-cells. Cessation of production of neurosee plexus with concomitant depletion and disappearance of different granule categories. The first axon terminals affected by this process are the two categories containing granules originating in the plexus and \"mandibular ganglion\" A-cells. Degeneration of the ecdysial gland in male Sphaeroma serratum might be connected with the cessation of granule formation in these two types of cell.", "PMID": 519731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_74", "title": "Ontogeny and distribution of certain oendocrine cells in the human fetal large intestine. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies.", "content": "In 9 fetuses, 9 to 24 weeks-old, the occurrence and relative distribution of argentaffin cells, as well as of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF), glucagon-like polypeptide (GLI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P (SP) were studied in five segments of the colon (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectosigmoid). For each colonic segment, data concerned with the occurrence of endocrine cells were expressed either as mean absolute numbers of specific cells per entire mucosal section, or as cell densities per mm3 of mucosa after calculation of the mucosal volume of the sections. Argentaffin, GLI, SRIF and PP immunoreactive cells are all present in relatively large numbers, scattered along the entire length of the colonic mucosa as early as the 9th-10th week of gestation, whereas substance P-containing cells occur sporadically and first appear during the 4th-17th week. Until the 20th week, with progressing embryonic development, an increase was determined in absolute numbers per section of all types of endocrine cells in all segments of the colon. This observation is clearly related to the general growth of the colonic mucosa, since cell densities per mm3 of mucosa do not greatly change or even decrease during gestation. However, it is possible that densities of argentaffin, GLI and BPP cells increase in the appendix around the 14th-17th week of gestation. Between 20th and 24th weeks, absolute numbers of cells per section remain stable or slightly increase, while cell densities tend rather to decrease in all segments. These data demonstrate that some endocrine cells are present very early in the human fetal colon, but their functional significance remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Ontogeny and distribution of certain oendocrine cells in the human fetal large intestine. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies. In 9 fetuses, 9 to 24 weeks-old, the occurrence and relative distribution of argentaffin cells, as well as of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF), glucagon-like polypeptide (GLI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P (SP) were studied in five segments of the colon (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectosigmoid). For each colonic segment, data concerned with the occurrence of endocrine cells were expressed either as mean absolute numbers of specific cells per entire mucosal section, or as cell densities per mm3 of mucosa after calculation of the mucosal volume of the sections. Argentaffin, GLI, SRIF and PP immunoreactive cells are all present in relatively large numbers, scattered along the entire length of the colonic mucosa as early as the 9th-10th week of gestation, whereas substance P-containing cells occur sporadically and first appear during the 4th-17th week. Until the 20th week, with progressing embryonic development, an increase was determined in absolute numbers per section of all types of endocrine cells in all segments of the colon. This observation is clearly related to the general growth of the colonic mucosa, since cell densities per mm3 of mucosa do not greatly change or even decrease during gestation. However, it is possible that densities of argentaffin, GLI and BPP cells increase in the appendix around the 14th-17th week of gestation. Between 20th and 24th weeks, absolute numbers of cells per section remain stable or slightly increase, while cell densities tend rather to decrease in all segments. These data demonstrate that some endocrine cells are present very early in the human fetal colon, but their functional significance remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 519732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_75", "title": "Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of aphids. I. Coeloconic and placoid sensilla.", "content": "An electron microscopical study was made of the coeloconic and placoid sensilla on the antennae of the aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, and Pemphigus bursarius. Scanning electron microscopy revealed some variation in morphology which may be functionally important but is more likely to reflect the evolution of these species. The placoid sensilla were shown by tranwo or three neurons is surrounded by two ensheathing cells. The ciliary regions of the dendrites pass through a vacuole into a cavity between an outer and an inner cuticle where they may be connected to the dendritic branches although such connections were no seen. Small pores (8 nm diameter) partially penetrate the cuticle implying that these sensilla have an olfactory function. They are suggested to be important in host selection by alate aphids. The coeloconic sensilla are poreless pegs with nonsensory cuticular projections at their tips. The distal portions of their dendrites contain densely packed microtubules and the cellular arrangement of the sensila is similar to that of the placoid sensilla. It is suggest that they may function as thermoreceptors.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of aphids. I. Coeloconic and placoid sensilla. An electron microscopical study was made of the coeloconic and placoid sensilla on the antennae of the aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, and Pemphigus bursarius. Scanning electron microscopy revealed some variation in morphology which may be functionally important but is more likely to reflect the evolution of these species. The placoid sensilla were shown by tranwo or three neurons is surrounded by two ensheathing cells. The ciliary regions of the dendrites pass through a vacuole into a cavity between an outer and an inner cuticle where they may be connected to the dendritic branches although such connections were no seen. Small pores (8 nm diameter) partially penetrate the cuticle implying that these sensilla have an olfactory function. They are suggested to be important in host selection by alate aphids. The coeloconic sensilla are poreless pegs with nonsensory cuticular projections at their tips. The distal portions of their dendrites contain densely packed microtubules and the cellular arrangement of the sensila is similar to that of the placoid sensilla. It is suggest that they may function as thermoreceptors.", "PMID": 519733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_76", "title": "Normal and experimentally induced lysosomal activity in the larval fat body of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated by EM-cytochemistry in 4 day old third instar larvae of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen, but not in younger stages. During larval development, the activity increased, reaching a maximum at the onset of pupariation. The reaction product was localized in Golgi vesicles and sacculi, in vacuoles and in protein granules of varying size and composition, confirming the autophagic character of the protein granules. Throughout larval development, the reaction product was restricted to membrane-bound structures and no indications of \"free\" cytoplasmic activity that might be related to cytolysis were found. Enzyme activity could be evoked by transplanting inactive fat body lobes into host larvae of a later developmental stage. High enzyme activity was induced in these transplants within 18 h. The sites of activity were roughly the same, but a portion of the activity in the transplants was found in the vacuoles. The induction could be inhibited by cyclohexamide.", "contents": "Normal and experimentally induced lysosomal activity in the larval fat body of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated by EM-cytochemistry in 4 day old third instar larvae of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen, but not in younger stages. During larval development, the activity increased, reaching a maximum at the onset of pupariation. The reaction product was localized in Golgi vesicles and sacculi, in vacuoles and in protein granules of varying size and composition, confirming the autophagic character of the protein granules. Throughout larval development, the reaction product was restricted to membrane-bound structures and no indications of \"free\" cytoplasmic activity that might be related to cytolysis were found. Enzyme activity could be evoked by transplanting inactive fat body lobes into host larvae of a later developmental stage. High enzyme activity was induced in these transplants within 18 h. The sites of activity were roughly the same, but a portion of the activity in the transplants was found in the vacuoles. The induction could be inhibited by cyclohexamide.", "PMID": 519734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_77", "title": "Quantitative radioautographic light and electron microscopic analysis of the localization of monoamines in the median eminence of the rat. I. Catecholamines.", "content": "By means of light and electron microscopic radioautography a quantitative study of the regional distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of the rat was carried out. One hour after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine the highest radioautographic reaction was recorded in the external zone, especially in the lateral palisade zone where many neurosecretory terminals are separated from the basal lamina of the portal pericapillary space by a glial \"cuff\". This area showed the highest percentage (52%) of labelled catecholamine containing neurosecretory terminals as well as the maximal silver grain density per one terminal. In the medial palisade zone where direct neurovascular contacts with the capillary loops prevail, only 27 per cent of neurosecretory terminals were found to harbour tritiated dopamine. On the average 35 per cent of neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence of the rat contain catecholamines (both dopamine and noradrenaline). Pretreatment of animals with recretory terminals as well as grain density over terminals were decreased in both the medial and lateral palisade zones, although to a lesser degree in the latter. The site of origin of catecholamine fibers as well as the mode of catecholamine action at the level of the median eminence are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative radioautographic light and electron microscopic analysis of the localization of monoamines in the median eminence of the rat. I. Catecholamines. By means of light and electron microscopic radioautography a quantitative study of the regional distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of the rat was carried out. One hour after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine the highest radioautographic reaction was recorded in the external zone, especially in the lateral palisade zone where many neurosecretory terminals are separated from the basal lamina of the portal pericapillary space by a glial \"cuff\". This area showed the highest percentage (52%) of labelled catecholamine containing neurosecretory terminals as well as the maximal silver grain density per one terminal. In the medial palisade zone where direct neurovascular contacts with the capillary loops prevail, only 27 per cent of neurosecretory terminals were found to harbour tritiated dopamine. On the average 35 per cent of neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence of the rat contain catecholamines (both dopamine and noradrenaline). Pretreatment of animals with recretory terminals as well as grain density over terminals were decreased in both the medial and lateral palisade zones, although to a lesser degree in the latter. The site of origin of catecholamine fibers as well as the mode of catecholamine action at the level of the median eminence are discussed.", "PMID": 519735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_78", "title": "The osteoclast-endothelium interface during bone resorption in the femurs of young rabbits.", "content": "The morphological between the osteoclasts at the endosteal surface of two-week-old rabbit femurs and the endothelium of vascular channels of the bone marrow was examined. Light microscopy revealed that 85% of the osteoclasts make direct contact with the endothelial cells. The ultrastructure of this osteoclast-endothelium interface shows that the osteoclast has specialized processes which reach towards the endothelial cells coming into proximity with them. On rare occasions, specialized junctions between these processes and the endothelial cells are noted.", "contents": "The osteoclast-endothelium interface during bone resorption in the femurs of young rabbits. The morphological between the osteoclasts at the endosteal surface of two-week-old rabbit femurs and the endothelium of vascular channels of the bone marrow was examined. Light microscopy revealed that 85% of the osteoclasts make direct contact with the endothelial cells. The ultrastructure of this osteoclast-endothelium interface shows that the osteoclast has specialized processes which reach towards the endothelial cells coming into proximity with them. On rare occasions, specialized junctions between these processes and the endothelial cells are noted.", "PMID": 519736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_79", "title": "In vivo production of the nucleolar channel system in post menopausal endometrium.", "content": "Endometrial biopsies from seven postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy have been examined for the presence of the unique nuclear structure, the nucleolar channel system. Its identification in five of the patients has demonstrated that the nucleolar channel system can be produced by an appropriate oestrogen and progestagen treatment and is not otherwise dependent on ovulation.", "contents": "In vivo production of the nucleolar channel system in post menopausal endometrium. Endometrial biopsies from seven postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy have been examined for the presence of the unique nuclear structure, the nucleolar channel system. Its identification in five of the patients has demonstrated that the nucleolar channel system can be produced by an appropriate oestrogen and progestagen treatment and is not otherwise dependent on ovulation.", "PMID": 519737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_80", "title": "A new and unusual type of transport vesicle.", "content": "The adventitial cells surrounding the spermatheca of the reproductive system of Sonorella santaritana (Mollusa: Gastropoda) appear to have an unusual system of vesicles. Electron micrographs of the membranes forming these vesicles show that they have multiple openings to the cell's exterior and that each opening has \"pore complex\". In addition, secondary vesicles appear to be generated by the primary vesicles. Evidence is presented suggesting that these vesicles represent a previously unreported membrane transport system.", "contents": "A new and unusual type of transport vesicle. The adventitial cells surrounding the spermatheca of the reproductive system of Sonorella santaritana (Mollusa: Gastropoda) appear to have an unusual system of vesicles. Electron micrographs of the membranes forming these vesicles show that they have multiple openings to the cell's exterior and that each opening has \"pore complex\". In addition, secondary vesicles appear to be generated by the primary vesicles. Evidence is presented suggesting that these vesicles represent a previously unreported membrane transport system.", "PMID": 519738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_81", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for disuse atrophy in insect skeletal muscle.", "content": "The changes which occur in the ultrastruct of the mesothoracic retractor unguis muscle of the cockroach Periplaneta americana as a result of disuse are described. Breakdown of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are all marked, this degeneration only being apparent 9 weeks after the operation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for disuse atrophy in insect skeletal muscle. The changes which occur in the ultrastruct of the mesothoracic retractor unguis muscle of the cockroach Periplaneta americana as a result of disuse are described. Breakdown of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are all marked, this degeneration only being apparent 9 weeks after the operation.", "PMID": 519739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_82", "title": "Separation of RNA transcription and processing activities from X. laevis germinal vesicles.", "content": "A procedure suitable for en masse preparation of germinal vesicles (GV) from X.laevis oocytes (Scalenghe et al., 1978) has been adapted for studies of transcription. Extracts from GV contain activities for transcription of tRNA genes and for processing the transcription product. The two activities have been separated by column chromatography. One fraction allows synthesis of tRNA precursor molecules in the presence of X.laevis RNA polymerase III. Another fraction contains the activity that cuts and splices those precursors which contain an intervening sequence. Transcription occurs faithfully on linear DNA fragments.", "contents": "Separation of RNA transcription and processing activities from X. laevis germinal vesicles. A procedure suitable for en masse preparation of germinal vesicles (GV) from X.laevis oocytes (Scalenghe et al., 1978) has been adapted for studies of transcription. Extracts from GV contain activities for transcription of tRNA genes and for processing the transcription product. The two activities have been separated by column chromatography. One fraction allows synthesis of tRNA precursor molecules in the presence of X.laevis RNA polymerase III. Another fraction contains the activity that cuts and splices those precursors which contain an intervening sequence. Transcription occurs faithfully on linear DNA fragments.", "PMID": 519751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_83", "title": "Fibronectin: a chromatin-associated protein?", "content": "We have previously reported that chromatin preparations from human cultured fibroblasts contain a single homologous serum protein. In this paper we present evidence, based on immunological identity and physicochemical properties, that this serum protein is fibronectin. Furthermore, using a radioimmunoassay system, we have estimated that fibronectin represents about 0.7% of the total protein in both chromatin preparations and whole fibroblasts. Using a nitrocellulose filter assay system, we also show that fibronectin is a DNA-binding protein having an equilibrium constant of 4.6 x 10(-6) M. Equilibrium competition experiments have demonstrated that fibronectin has the ability to differentiate among nucleotides, indicating that fibronectin-DNA interaction is at least partially specific, and that a minimum polymer length of 12-18 nucleotides is required for effective binding to occur. Fibronectin has been isolated readily from plasma using DNA-affinity chromatography. We do not have direct evidence that fibronectin is an actual nonhistone chromosomal protein, but fibronectin is a DNA-binding protein (at least under in vitro assay conditions) and appears to be a normal constituent of chromatin as chromatin is currently isolated from cell nuclei.", "contents": "Fibronectin: a chromatin-associated protein? We have previously reported that chromatin preparations from human cultured fibroblasts contain a single homologous serum protein. In this paper we present evidence, based on immunological identity and physicochemical properties, that this serum protein is fibronectin. Furthermore, using a radioimmunoassay system, we have estimated that fibronectin represents about 0.7% of the total protein in both chromatin preparations and whole fibroblasts. Using a nitrocellulose filter assay system, we also show that fibronectin is a DNA-binding protein having an equilibrium constant of 4.6 x 10(-6) M. Equilibrium competition experiments have demonstrated that fibronectin has the ability to differentiate among nucleotides, indicating that fibronectin-DNA interaction is at least partially specific, and that a minimum polymer length of 12-18 nucleotides is required for effective binding to occur. Fibronectin has been isolated readily from plasma using DNA-affinity chromatography. We do not have direct evidence that fibronectin is an actual nonhistone chromosomal protein, but fibronectin is a DNA-binding protein (at least under in vitro assay conditions) and appears to be a normal constituent of chromatin as chromatin is currently isolated from cell nuclei.", "PMID": 519752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_84", "title": "Purification and characterization of regenerating mouse L929 karyoplasts.", "content": "Within 72-96 hr after preparation, about 10% of the karyoplasts made from mouse L929 cells regenerated to reform whole viable cells. As soon as 30 hr after preparation, however, nearly all of the remaining 90% of karyoplasts were dead. By separating living and dead karyoplasts at 30 hr, therefore, that fraction destined to complete regeneration was effectively purified. Complete separation was accomplished by sedimentation through Ficoll-paque (Pharmacia), a patented preparation originally developed for the separation of monocytes from whole blood. With the addition of this technique to the previously reported purification scheme for karyoplasts, various biochemical and morphological studies were attempted. Of particular importance are results indicating that karyoplasts that regenerate do not initially contain any more cytoplasm than the average karyoplasts in a preparation--that is, about 10% of the cytoplasm within a whole cell. Electron microscopy of karyoplasts immediately after preparation indicated an unequal partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles at the time of enucleation. For example, karyoplasts initially contain about 11.4% of the mitochondrial volume of whole cells, but only 2.9% of the Golgi apparatus. The size of the karyoplasts and the volume occupied by a variety of organelles was followed throughout the process of regeneration. Although there was an approximately linear increase in the diameter of regenerating karyoplasts, there appeared not to be a simple concordant increase in the volume occupied by all cellular organelles. An extensive investigation was performed to determine whether or not karyoplasts contained centrioles. Immediately after enucleation, 15,000 random thin sections through karyoplasts, which represented about 100 complete bodies, were examined for the presence or absence of centrioles. No centrioles were observed. Examination of the cytoplasts revealed that they contained a sufficient number of centrioles to account for all of the centrioles that were present in the whole cells before enucleation. Centrioles were first detected in karyoplasts in 24 hr after preparation, about the same time that karyoplasts regained the ability to adhere to the surface of tissue culture dishes. At this time, however, the average karyoplast had less than one centriole. By 72 hr, the regenerated karyoplasts had approximately the same number of centrioles as whole cells.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of regenerating mouse L929 karyoplasts. Within 72-96 hr after preparation, about 10% of the karyoplasts made from mouse L929 cells regenerated to reform whole viable cells. As soon as 30 hr after preparation, however, nearly all of the remaining 90% of karyoplasts were dead. By separating living and dead karyoplasts at 30 hr, therefore, that fraction destined to complete regeneration was effectively purified. Complete separation was accomplished by sedimentation through Ficoll-paque (Pharmacia), a patented preparation originally developed for the separation of monocytes from whole blood. With the addition of this technique to the previously reported purification scheme for karyoplasts, various biochemical and morphological studies were attempted. Of particular importance are results indicating that karyoplasts that regenerate do not initially contain any more cytoplasm than the average karyoplasts in a preparation--that is, about 10% of the cytoplasm within a whole cell. Electron microscopy of karyoplasts immediately after preparation indicated an unequal partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles at the time of enucleation. For example, karyoplasts initially contain about 11.4% of the mitochondrial volume of whole cells, but only 2.9% of the Golgi apparatus. The size of the karyoplasts and the volume occupied by a variety of organelles was followed throughout the process of regeneration. Although there was an approximately linear increase in the diameter of regenerating karyoplasts, there appeared not to be a simple concordant increase in the volume occupied by all cellular organelles. An extensive investigation was performed to determine whether or not karyoplasts contained centrioles. Immediately after enucleation, 15,000 random thin sections through karyoplasts, which represented about 100 complete bodies, were examined for the presence or absence of centrioles. No centrioles were observed. Examination of the cytoplasts revealed that they contained a sufficient number of centrioles to account for all of the centrioles that were present in the whole cells before enucleation. Centrioles were first detected in karyoplasts in 24 hr after preparation, about the same time that karyoplasts regained the ability to adhere to the surface of tissue culture dishes. At this time, however, the average karyoplast had less than one centriole. By 72 hr, the regenerated karyoplasts had approximately the same number of centrioles as whole cells.", "PMID": 519753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_85", "title": "The effect of avian retroviruses on limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro.", "content": "Mesenchymal cells isolated from stage 24 embryonic chicken limb buds were infected with the temperature-sensitive transformation mutants of Rous sarcoma virus tsNY68, tsNY10 and tsLA25 at the nonpermissive temperature for transformation (41 degrees C). Virus infection greatly inhibited subsequent limb bud chondrogenesis under nontransforming conditions, as indicated by a reduction in the rate of 35SO4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans. The inhibition of chondrogenesis was directly related to the percentage of cells infected with tsNY68 at 41 degrees C. The observed inhibition of chondrogenesis was independent of src gene expression since this effect was also caused by many viruses which lack the src gene, including the leukosis viruses RAV-1, RAV-2 and MAV-2(0); the src deletion mutant RSVtd107; and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses REV-T and SNV. Infection of mesenchymal cells with tsNY68 under nontransforming conditions did not cause changes in parameters such as the rate of thymidine incorporation, total cell DNA and total cell protein. Infection with tsNY68 at 41 degrees C resulted in altered kinetics of 35SO4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans and a corresponding reduction in 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans extracted from the cell layer. There were no apparent quantitative effects on the rate of accumulation of proteoglycans in the culture medium. The proteoglycans extracted from the cells and the collected medium of tsNY68-infected cultures were smaller than those of uninfected cultures, as shown by agarose gel chromatography.", "contents": "The effect of avian retroviruses on limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro. Mesenchymal cells isolated from stage 24 embryonic chicken limb buds were infected with the temperature-sensitive transformation mutants of Rous sarcoma virus tsNY68, tsNY10 and tsLA25 at the nonpermissive temperature for transformation (41 degrees C). Virus infection greatly inhibited subsequent limb bud chondrogenesis under nontransforming conditions, as indicated by a reduction in the rate of 35SO4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans. The inhibition of chondrogenesis was directly related to the percentage of cells infected with tsNY68 at 41 degrees C. The observed inhibition of chondrogenesis was independent of src gene expression since this effect was also caused by many viruses which lack the src gene, including the leukosis viruses RAV-1, RAV-2 and MAV-2(0); the src deletion mutant RSVtd107; and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses REV-T and SNV. Infection of mesenchymal cells with tsNY68 under nontransforming conditions did not cause changes in parameters such as the rate of thymidine incorporation, total cell DNA and total cell protein. Infection with tsNY68 at 41 degrees C resulted in altered kinetics of 35SO4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans and a corresponding reduction in 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans extracted from the cell layer. There were no apparent quantitative effects on the rate of accumulation of proteoglycans in the culture medium. The proteoglycans extracted from the cells and the collected medium of tsNY68-infected cultures were smaller than those of uninfected cultures, as shown by agarose gel chromatography.", "PMID": 519754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_86", "title": "Tumor antigens of human Ad5 in transformed cells and in cells infected with transformation-defective host-range mutants.", "content": "We have studied the polypeptides associated with the expression of the transforming region of the Ad5 genome by immunoprecipitating antigens (using the double antibody and protein A-Sepharose techniques) from cells infected with wild-type (wt) Ad5 or transformation-defective host range (hr) mutants and from cells transformed by Ad5. Three different antisera were used: P antiserum specific for early viral products (Russell et al., 1967) and two different hamster tumor antisera. Immunoprecipitation of antigens from wt-infected KB cells followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of precipitated proteins revealed that a major polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 58,000 was detected with all three antisera and with both the double antibody and the protein A-Sepharose techniques, while P antiserum also precipitated polypeptides of molecular weights 72,000, 67,000 and 44,000, which probably represent the DNA binding protein and related polypeptides, respectively. With the double antibody technique, in addition to the proteins mentioned above, P antiserum and the hamster tumor antisera precipitated a 10,500 dalton polypeptide which was not detected when the protein A-Sepharose procedure was used. Using either the double antibody or the protein A-Sepharose technique, we found that hr mutants from complementation group II failed to induce the synthesis of the 58,000 dalton protein, whereas mutants from complementation group I produced normal or near normal amounts. Using the double antibody technique, we found that the 10,500 dalton protein was absent or made in reduced amounts by group I mutants. A 58,000 dalton protein was detected in a number of different Ad5-transformed cell lines, including the 293 human line, the 14b hamster line and several transformed rat cell lines. This observation and the fact that transformation negative group II mutants fail to induce the synthesis of a 58,000 dalton polypeptide suggest that this protein is one of the Ad5-specific products necessary for cell transformation.", "contents": "Tumor antigens of human Ad5 in transformed cells and in cells infected with transformation-defective host-range mutants. We have studied the polypeptides associated with the expression of the transforming region of the Ad5 genome by immunoprecipitating antigens (using the double antibody and protein A-Sepharose techniques) from cells infected with wild-type (wt) Ad5 or transformation-defective host range (hr) mutants and from cells transformed by Ad5. Three different antisera were used: P antiserum specific for early viral products (Russell et al., 1967) and two different hamster tumor antisera. Immunoprecipitation of antigens from wt-infected KB cells followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of precipitated proteins revealed that a major polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 58,000 was detected with all three antisera and with both the double antibody and the protein A-Sepharose techniques, while P antiserum also precipitated polypeptides of molecular weights 72,000, 67,000 and 44,000, which probably represent the DNA binding protein and related polypeptides, respectively. With the double antibody technique, in addition to the proteins mentioned above, P antiserum and the hamster tumor antisera precipitated a 10,500 dalton polypeptide which was not detected when the protein A-Sepharose procedure was used. Using either the double antibody or the protein A-Sepharose technique, we found that hr mutants from complementation group II failed to induce the synthesis of the 58,000 dalton protein, whereas mutants from complementation group I produced normal or near normal amounts. Using the double antibody technique, we found that the 10,500 dalton protein was absent or made in reduced amounts by group I mutants. A 58,000 dalton protein was detected in a number of different Ad5-transformed cell lines, including the 293 human line, the 14b hamster line and several transformed rat cell lines. This observation and the fact that transformation negative group II mutants fail to induce the synthesis of a 58,000 dalton polypeptide suggest that this protein is one of the Ad5-specific products necessary for cell transformation.", "PMID": 519755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_87", "title": "Molecular structure and flanking nucleotide sequences of the natural chicken ovomucoid gene.", "content": "Five independent clones containing the natural chicken ovomucoid gene have been isolated from a chicken gene library. One of these clones, CL21, contains the complete ovomucoid gene and includes more than 3 kb of DNA sequences flanking both termini of the gene. Restriction endonuclease mapping, electron microscopy and direct DNA sequencing analyses of this clone have revealed that the ovomucoid gene is 5.6 kb long and codes for a messenger RNA of 821 nucleotides. The structural gene sequence coding Ifor the mature messenger RNA is split into at least eight segments by a minimum of seven intervening sequences of various sizes. The shortest structural gene segment is only 20 nucleotides long. All seven intervening sequences are located within the peptide coding region of the gene, and the sequences at the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the mRNA are not interrupted by intervening sequences. The DNA sequences of the regions flanking the 5' and 3' termini of the gene have been determined. Thirty nucleotides before the start of the messenger RNA coding sequence is the heptanucleotide TATATAT, which is also present in a similar location relative to the chicken ovalbumin gene and other unique sequence eucaryotic genes. This sequence resembles that of the Pribnow box in procaryotic genes where a promoter function has been implicated. Seven nucleotides past the 3' end of the gene is the tetranucleotide TTGT, a sequence found to be present at identical locations as either TTTT or TTGT in other eucaryotic genes that have been sequenced. These conserved DNA sequences flanking eucaryotic genes may serve some regulator function in the expression of these genes.", "contents": "Molecular structure and flanking nucleotide sequences of the natural chicken ovomucoid gene. Five independent clones containing the natural chicken ovomucoid gene have been isolated from a chicken gene library. One of these clones, CL21, contains the complete ovomucoid gene and includes more than 3 kb of DNA sequences flanking both termini of the gene. Restriction endonuclease mapping, electron microscopy and direct DNA sequencing analyses of this clone have revealed that the ovomucoid gene is 5.6 kb long and codes for a messenger RNA of 821 nucleotides. The structural gene sequence coding Ifor the mature messenger RNA is split into at least eight segments by a minimum of seven intervening sequences of various sizes. The shortest structural gene segment is only 20 nucleotides long. All seven intervening sequences are located within the peptide coding region of the gene, and the sequences at the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the mRNA are not interrupted by intervening sequences. The DNA sequences of the regions flanking the 5' and 3' termini of the gene have been determined. Thirty nucleotides before the start of the messenger RNA coding sequence is the heptanucleotide TATATAT, which is also present in a similar location relative to the chicken ovalbumin gene and other unique sequence eucaryotic genes. This sequence resembles that of the Pribnow box in procaryotic genes where a promoter function has been implicated. Seven nucleotides past the 3' end of the gene is the tetranucleotide TTGT, a sequence found to be present at identical locations as either TTTT or TTGT in other eucaryotic genes that have been sequenced. These conserved DNA sequences flanking eucaryotic genes may serve some regulator function in the expression of these genes.", "PMID": 519756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_88", "title": "Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): polarity and gene organization.", "content": "We have analyzed the histone genes from the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Examination of native DNA from individuals reveals four major Eco RI restriction endonuclease histone gene DNA fragments which have been labeled A (6.0 kb), B (4.1 kb), C (3.1kb) and D (1.2 kb). The fragments A, B and C have been cloned into E. coli plasmids (pLpA, pLpB and pLpC). These histone gene fragments display length and sequence heterogeneity in different individuals. The plasmid pLpA contains the coding regions for H1, H4, H2B and H3 histones, and we determined that the DNA fragment D is tandem to A in native DNA and that it contains the H2A gene. The plasmids pLpB and pLpC contain the histone genes H2A-H1-H4 and H2B-H3, respectively, and together contain the sequences for the five major histones. Restriction analysis of native L. pictus DNA reveals that B and C are tandem to each other but not intermingled with the A--D-type repeat units, and are thus in separate clusters with a repeat length of 7.2 kb. Since the two cluster types do not segregate, they are not alleles. Hybridization of histone mRNA to exonuclease III-digested linear DNA demonstrated an identical polarity of the histone genes in the A--D- and B--C-type repeat units. This result revealed that the L. pictus histone genes have a polarity which is the same as other sea urchin histone genes examined to date--that is, 3' H1-H4-H2B-H3-H2A 5'. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the cloned segments indicate that considerable sequence heterogeneity exists between the two types of histone gene repeat units.", "contents": "Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): polarity and gene organization. We have analyzed the histone genes from the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Examination of native DNA from individuals reveals four major Eco RI restriction endonuclease histone gene DNA fragments which have been labeled A (6.0 kb), B (4.1 kb), C (3.1kb) and D (1.2 kb). The fragments A, B and C have been cloned into E. coli plasmids (pLpA, pLpB and pLpC). These histone gene fragments display length and sequence heterogeneity in different individuals. The plasmid pLpA contains the coding regions for H1, H4, H2B and H3 histones, and we determined that the DNA fragment D is tandem to A in native DNA and that it contains the H2A gene. The plasmids pLpB and pLpC contain the histone genes H2A-H1-H4 and H2B-H3, respectively, and together contain the sequences for the five major histones. Restriction analysis of native L. pictus DNA reveals that B and C are tandem to each other but not intermingled with the A--D-type repeat units, and are thus in separate clusters with a repeat length of 7.2 kb. Since the two cluster types do not segregate, they are not alleles. Hybridization of histone mRNA to exonuclease III-digested linear DNA demonstrated an identical polarity of the histone genes in the A--D- and B--C-type repeat units. This result revealed that the L. pictus histone genes have a polarity which is the same as other sea urchin histone genes examined to date--that is, 3' H1-H4-H2B-H3-H2A 5'. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the cloned segments indicate that considerable sequence heterogeneity exists between the two types of histone gene repeat units.", "PMID": 519757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_89", "title": "Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): mapping of homologies in coding and spacer DNA.", "content": "The linear arrangement and lengths of the spacers and coding regions in the two nonallelic histone gene variant clusters of L. pictus are remarkably homologous by R loop analysis and are similar in general topography to the histone gene repeat units of other sea urchins examined to date. No interventing sequences were detected. The coding regions of these two histone gene variants share considerable sequence homology; however, there are areas of nonhomology in every spacer region and the lengths of the nonhomologous spacers between the H2A and H1 genes are not the same for the two repeat unit classes (inter-gene heterogeneity). Combining length measurements obtained with both R loops and heteroduplexes suggests that the DNA sequences of the analogous leader regions for the two H1 mRNAs are nonhomologous. Similar observations were made for the H4 leader sequences, as well as the trailer region on H2B. S. purpuratus spacer DNA segments share little sequence homology with L. pictus; however, the analgous coding (and possibly flanking) regions have conserved their sequences. The various coding and spacer regions within a repeat unit do not share DNA sequences. Thus certain areas in the sea urchin histone gene repeat units have been highly conserved during evolution, while other areas have been allowed to undergo considerable sequence change not only between species but within a species.", "contents": "Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): mapping of homologies in coding and spacer DNA. The linear arrangement and lengths of the spacers and coding regions in the two nonallelic histone gene variant clusters of L. pictus are remarkably homologous by R loop analysis and are similar in general topography to the histone gene repeat units of other sea urchins examined to date. No interventing sequences were detected. The coding regions of these two histone gene variants share considerable sequence homology; however, there are areas of nonhomology in every spacer region and the lengths of the nonhomologous spacers between the H2A and H1 genes are not the same for the two repeat unit classes (inter-gene heterogeneity). Combining length measurements obtained with both R loops and heteroduplexes suggests that the DNA sequences of the analogous leader regions for the two H1 mRNAs are nonhomologous. Similar observations were made for the H4 leader sequences, as well as the trailer region on H2B. S. purpuratus spacer DNA segments share little sequence homology with L. pictus; however, the analgous coding (and possibly flanking) regions have conserved their sequences. The various coding and spacer regions within a repeat unit do not share DNA sequences. Thus certain areas in the sea urchin histone gene repeat units have been highly conserved during evolution, while other areas have been allowed to undergo considerable sequence change not only between species but within a species.", "PMID": 519758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_90", "title": "The evolution and sequence comparison of two recently diverged mouse chromosomal beta--globin genes.", "content": "We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a cloned mouse beta--globinminor gene and compared it to the closely related sequence of the betamajor gene. These two genes differ by nine amino acids and presumably evolved from a common ancestral gene as recently as 50 million years ago. Since these genes are closely linked and coordinately expressed, they provide an especially favorable opportunity to assess selection and mutation as these processes affect genes under similar constraints. We find that evolution has preserved these two genes in two short segments of DNA which include their immediately adjacent flanking regions. These regions presumably encode functions that are necessary for proper globin gene expression. In contrast, the more distal flanking sequences and major segments of the long intervening sequences have diverged much more sharply. The homology pattern in these genes also provides considerable insight into the mechanisms by which less constrained nucleotide sequences diverge rapidly. Change in such regions apparently occurs less by point mutation than by insertion, deletion and duplication of relatively short segments of the genome.", "contents": "The evolution and sequence comparison of two recently diverged mouse chromosomal beta--globin genes. We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a cloned mouse beta--globinminor gene and compared it to the closely related sequence of the betamajor gene. These two genes differ by nine amino acids and presumably evolved from a common ancestral gene as recently as 50 million years ago. Since these genes are closely linked and coordinately expressed, they provide an especially favorable opportunity to assess selection and mutation as these processes affect genes under similar constraints. We find that evolution has preserved these two genes in two short segments of DNA which include their immediately adjacent flanking regions. These regions presumably encode functions that are necessary for proper globin gene expression. In contrast, the more distal flanking sequences and major segments of the long intervening sequences have diverged much more sharply. The homology pattern in these genes also provides considerable insight into the mechanisms by which less constrained nucleotide sequences diverge rapidly. Change in such regions apparently occurs less by point mutation than by insertion, deletion and duplication of relatively short segments of the genome.", "PMID": 519759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_91", "title": "The complete sequence of a chromosomal mouse alpha--globin gene reveals elements conserved throughout vertebrate evolution.", "content": "The mammalian alpha- and beta--globin genes are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral sequence by a duplication event that occurred over 500 million years ago. We have now determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a cloned mouse alpha--globin gene, including regions that flank and interrupt the coding sequence, and have compared this sequence with the sequences of the two mouse beta--globin genes (Konkel, Tilghman and Leder, 1978; Konkel, Maizel and Leder, 1979). Like the two beta genes, the alpha gene is interrupted by two intervening sequences at precisely homologous positions, suggesting that these interruptions were present and have been preserved throughout vertebrate evolution. While the alpha and beta genes conserve considerable (approximately 55%) sequence homology in their coding regions, this homology--with certain interesting exceptions--is lost in the highly divergent flanking and intervening sequences. These exceptions are short preserved sequences positioned in such a way that they might encode signals for transcriptional initiation, poly(A) addition and RNA splicing. Furthermore, a comparison of the recently divererged beta genes and the long separate alpha gene allows us to distinguish two clearly different modes of nucleotide sequence change in evolution: a fast mode which is characterized by drastic sequence alterations involving deletions and insertions, and a slow mode which preserves sequence homology to a large extent and involves mainly point mutations.", "contents": "The complete sequence of a chromosomal mouse alpha--globin gene reveals elements conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. The mammalian alpha- and beta--globin genes are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral sequence by a duplication event that occurred over 500 million years ago. We have now determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a cloned mouse alpha--globin gene, including regions that flank and interrupt the coding sequence, and have compared this sequence with the sequences of the two mouse beta--globin genes (Konkel, Tilghman and Leder, 1978; Konkel, Maizel and Leder, 1979). Like the two beta genes, the alpha gene is interrupted by two intervening sequences at precisely homologous positions, suggesting that these interruptions were present and have been preserved throughout vertebrate evolution. While the alpha and beta genes conserve considerable (approximately 55%) sequence homology in their coding regions, this homology--with certain interesting exceptions--is lost in the highly divergent flanking and intervening sequences. These exceptions are short preserved sequences positioned in such a way that they might encode signals for transcriptional initiation, poly(A) addition and RNA splicing. Furthermore, a comparison of the recently divererged beta genes and the long separate alpha gene allows us to distinguish two clearly different modes of nucleotide sequence change in evolution: a fast mode which is characterized by drastic sequence alterations involving deletions and insertions, and a slow mode which preserves sequence homology to a large extent and involves mainly point mutations.", "PMID": 519760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_92", "title": "Patchwork structure of a bovine satellite DNA.", "content": "According to a previous restriction nuclease analysis, bovine 1.706 satellite DNA (density 1.706 g/cm3 in CsCl) is organized in an unusual structure of superimposed long- and short-range repeats (Streeck and Zachau, 1978). We have now determined the nucleotide sequence of this satellite DNA in both cloned fragments and fragments from the total satellite DNA. Each long-range repeat unit (about 2350 bp) is divided into four segments. Each segment consists of different variants of a basic 23 bp sequence which is itself composed of a dodecanucleotide and a related undecanucleotide. A total of 2400 nucleotides have been sequenced. Detailed analysis of the sequence divergence reveals that both the overall extent of divergence and the frequency of base changes at individual positions of the 23 bp repeats are characteristically different in the various segments. Preferentially methylated sites and a high incidence of symmetry elements are found. In two of the four segments, 22 of 23 bp of the prototype sequence are included in six overlapping elements of dyad symmetry and in a palindrome. A scheme for the evolution of the satellite DNA from a basic dodecanucleotide is proposed which is based on the different degrees of divergence for the various repeats superimposed in this satellite DNA.", "contents": "Patchwork structure of a bovine satellite DNA. According to a previous restriction nuclease analysis, bovine 1.706 satellite DNA (density 1.706 g/cm3 in CsCl) is organized in an unusual structure of superimposed long- and short-range repeats (Streeck and Zachau, 1978). We have now determined the nucleotide sequence of this satellite DNA in both cloned fragments and fragments from the total satellite DNA. Each long-range repeat unit (about 2350 bp) is divided into four segments. Each segment consists of different variants of a basic 23 bp sequence which is itself composed of a dodecanucleotide and a related undecanucleotide. A total of 2400 nucleotides have been sequenced. Detailed analysis of the sequence divergence reveals that both the overall extent of divergence and the frequency of base changes at individual positions of the 23 bp repeats are characteristically different in the various segments. Preferentially methylated sites and a high incidence of symmetry elements are found. In two of the four segments, 22 of 23 bp of the prototype sequence are included in six overlapping elements of dyad symmetry and in a palindrome. A scheme for the evolution of the satellite DNA from a basic dodecanucleotide is proposed which is based on the different degrees of divergence for the various repeats superimposed in this satellite DNA.", "PMID": 519761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_93", "title": "Nonrandom chromosome changes involving the Ig gene-carrying chromosomes 12 and 6 in pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas.", "content": "The karyotypes of pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas were studied by G banding. Only primary tumors or early passage generations were analyzed. In contrast to murine T cell leukemias that showed a regular trisomy of chromosome 15, all plasmacytomas showed a consistent translocation of the distal part of chromosome 15 to either chromosome 6 [rcpT(6;15)] or 12 [T(12;15)]. The specific breakpoints were at 6C, 15D3/E ro D2/3 and 12F2. Early passage generations often showed a mixed population with two different translocations, suggesting polyclonal origin. Considered together with the known karyotypic features of murine and human lymphomas, these findings support the theory that the nonrandom chromosomal changes in lymphoproliferative malignancies are associated with the type of the target cell, rather than with the etiological agent. Moreover, the involvement of the chromosomes known to carry the heavy chain (12) and the light chain (6) determinants, respectively, raises the question of whether the translocations may be related to the DNA level rearrangements known to occur during the differentiation of normal plasma cells.", "contents": "Nonrandom chromosome changes involving the Ig gene-carrying chromosomes 12 and 6 in pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas. The karyotypes of pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas were studied by G banding. Only primary tumors or early passage generations were analyzed. In contrast to murine T cell leukemias that showed a regular trisomy of chromosome 15, all plasmacytomas showed a consistent translocation of the distal part of chromosome 15 to either chromosome 6 [rcpT(6;15)] or 12 [T(12;15)]. The specific breakpoints were at 6C, 15D3/E ro D2/3 and 12F2. Early passage generations often showed a mixed population with two different translocations, suggesting polyclonal origin. Considered together with the known karyotypic features of murine and human lymphomas, these findings support the theory that the nonrandom chromosomal changes in lymphoproliferative malignancies are associated with the type of the target cell, rather than with the etiological agent. Moreover, the involvement of the chromosomes known to carry the heavy chain (12) and the light chain (6) determinants, respectively, raises the question of whether the translocations may be related to the DNA level rearrangements known to occur during the differentiation of normal plasma cells.", "PMID": 519762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_94", "title": "A study of protein phosphorylation in shape change and Ca++-dependent serotonin release by blood platelets.", "content": "Upon treatment with agents such as thrombin, collagen or concanavalin A, blood platelets change shape, secrete serotonin and phosphorylate two proteins having molecular weights of approximately 20,000 and 40,000. We have analyzed the relationship of this protein phosphorylation to shape change and release aided by the fact that while shape change occurs independently of extracellular calcium, release of serotonin displays a rather strict calcium requirement. Under limited calcium conditions, where virtually no serotonin release occurs, (Con A)-stimulated phosphorylation is uninhibited. Divalent cations (Mg++, Co++ and Zn++) also inhibit release but not phosphorylation. The microtubule effectors colchicine and D2O show concomitant effects on release and phosphorylation, indicating a microtubule involvement prior to phosphorylation. Papaverine inhibits release and phosphorylation while not strongly influencing shape change, suggesting that shape change does not require phosphorylation. We therefore conclude that phosphorylation of these proteins takes place after shape change but prior to release, and although it may be required for secretion to occur, the two processes are easily separated. Thus phosphorylation of these proteins is not likely to be an integral component of the release mechanism.", "contents": "A study of protein phosphorylation in shape change and Ca++-dependent serotonin release by blood platelets. Upon treatment with agents such as thrombin, collagen or concanavalin A, blood platelets change shape, secrete serotonin and phosphorylate two proteins having molecular weights of approximately 20,000 and 40,000. We have analyzed the relationship of this protein phosphorylation to shape change and release aided by the fact that while shape change occurs independently of extracellular calcium, release of serotonin displays a rather strict calcium requirement. Under limited calcium conditions, where virtually no serotonin release occurs, (Con A)-stimulated phosphorylation is uninhibited. Divalent cations (Mg++, Co++ and Zn++) also inhibit release but not phosphorylation. The microtubule effectors colchicine and D2O show concomitant effects on release and phosphorylation, indicating a microtubule involvement prior to phosphorylation. Papaverine inhibits release and phosphorylation while not strongly influencing shape change, suggesting that shape change does not require phosphorylation. We therefore conclude that phosphorylation of these proteins takes place after shape change but prior to release, and although it may be required for secretion to occur, the two processes are easily separated. Thus phosphorylation of these proteins is not likely to be an integral component of the release mechanism.", "PMID": 519763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_95", "title": "A phase relationship associates tRNA structural gene sequences with nucleosome cores.", "content": "DNA (760 bp) isolated from nucleosome tetramers of staphylococcal nuclease-digested chicken embryo chromatin was highly enriched for tRNA genes and subsequently cloned in E. coli chi 1776. The location of genes coding for chicken embryo tRNALys, tRNAPhe and tRNAiMet within the cloned nucleosome tetramer DNA was determined using restriction endonucleases for which single cleavage sites could be predicted from the respective tRNA base sequence. All our tRNA genes reside nonrandomly at four locations on nucleosome tetramer DNA. The spacing between the tRNA gene locations is approximately 190 bp, similar to the DNA repeat length of chicken embryo chromatin. The four tRNA gene locations were also defined in noncloned nucleosome tetramer DNA highly enriched for tRNA genes. The majority of genes coding for tRNALys, tRNAPhe and tRNAiMet, respectively, are located in equal proportion 40-45, 230, 420 and 610 bp distant from the 5' end of the tRNA-identical strand. Thus the tRNA structural gene sequences all appear to begin about 20 bp \"inside\" the nucleosome core. As observed with nucleosomal DNA not enriched for tRNA genes, the phase relationship between tRNA genes and nucleosome location is maintained over a distance of 4-6 subsequent nucleosomes. A cloned molecule of nucleosomal DNA containing both a tRNALys gene and a tRNAiMet gene in the same polarity reveals that a phase adjustment might be necessary for the nucleosomes between these two tRNA genes in chicken embryo chromatin.", "contents": "A phase relationship associates tRNA structural gene sequences with nucleosome cores. DNA (760 bp) isolated from nucleosome tetramers of staphylococcal nuclease-digested chicken embryo chromatin was highly enriched for tRNA genes and subsequently cloned in E. coli chi 1776. The location of genes coding for chicken embryo tRNALys, tRNAPhe and tRNAiMet within the cloned nucleosome tetramer DNA was determined using restriction endonucleases for which single cleavage sites could be predicted from the respective tRNA base sequence. All our tRNA genes reside nonrandomly at four locations on nucleosome tetramer DNA. The spacing between the tRNA gene locations is approximately 190 bp, similar to the DNA repeat length of chicken embryo chromatin. The four tRNA gene locations were also defined in noncloned nucleosome tetramer DNA highly enriched for tRNA genes. The majority of genes coding for tRNALys, tRNAPhe and tRNAiMet, respectively, are located in equal proportion 40-45, 230, 420 and 610 bp distant from the 5' end of the tRNA-identical strand. Thus the tRNA structural gene sequences all appear to begin about 20 bp \"inside\" the nucleosome core. As observed with nucleosomal DNA not enriched for tRNA genes, the phase relationship between tRNA genes and nucleosome location is maintained over a distance of 4-6 subsequent nucleosomes. A cloned molecule of nucleosomal DNA containing both a tRNALys gene and a tRNAiMet gene in the same polarity reveals that a phase adjustment might be necessary for the nucleosomes between these two tRNA genes in chicken embryo chromatin.", "PMID": 519765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_96", "title": "The primary transcription product of a silkworm alanine tRNA gene: identification of in vitro sites of initiation, termination and processing.", "content": "A 13.5 Kb fragment of Bombyx mori DNA containing a single tRNA2Ala gene has been cloned, and transcribed in vitro with Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts. The primary transcription product of the tRNA2Ala gene has been isolated and shown to possess an unprocessed triphosphorylated 5' terminus. Products resulting from processing of this transcript have also been isolated and characterized. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of this cloned alanine tRNA gene and its primary transcript shows that transcription initiates three nucleotides away from the mature tRNA2Ala 5' end and terminates in a U cluster 22 nucleotides beyond the last encoded 3' nucleotide of the mature species. Sequence determination of the products of in vitro maturation shows that in contrast to the tRNA processing mechanism characteristic of procaryotes, the extra 3'-nucleotides in this silkworm tRNA precursor are removed by a single endonucleolytic cleavage.", "contents": "The primary transcription product of a silkworm alanine tRNA gene: identification of in vitro sites of initiation, termination and processing. A 13.5 Kb fragment of Bombyx mori DNA containing a single tRNA2Ala gene has been cloned, and transcribed in vitro with Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts. The primary transcription product of the tRNA2Ala gene has been isolated and shown to possess an unprocessed triphosphorylated 5' terminus. Products resulting from processing of this transcript have also been isolated and characterized. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of this cloned alanine tRNA gene and its primary transcript shows that transcription initiates three nucleotides away from the mature tRNA2Ala 5' end and terminates in a U cluster 22 nucleotides beyond the last encoded 3' nucleotide of the mature species. Sequence determination of the products of in vitro maturation shows that in contrast to the tRNA processing mechanism characteristic of procaryotes, the extra 3'-nucleotides in this silkworm tRNA precursor are removed by a single endonucleolytic cleavage.", "PMID": 519766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_97", "title": "Isolation of yeast histone genes H2A and H2B.", "content": "Analysis of cloned sequences for yeast histone genes H2A and H2B reveals that there are only two copies of this pair of genes within the haploid yeast genome. Within each copy, the genes for H2A and H2B are separated by approximately 700 bp of spacer DNA. The two copies are separated from one another in the yeast genome by a minimum distance of 35-60 kb. Sequence homology between the two copies is restricted to the genes for H2A and H2B; the spacer DNA between the genes is nonhomologous. In both copies, the genes for H2A and H2B are divergently transcribed. In addition, both plasmids code for other nonhistone proteins. Sequences coding for histones H3 and H4 have not been detected in the immediate vicinity of the genes for H2A and H2B.", "contents": "Isolation of yeast histone genes H2A and H2B. Analysis of cloned sequences for yeast histone genes H2A and H2B reveals that there are only two copies of this pair of genes within the haploid yeast genome. Within each copy, the genes for H2A and H2B are separated by approximately 700 bp of spacer DNA. The two copies are separated from one another in the yeast genome by a minimum distance of 35-60 kb. Sequence homology between the two copies is restricted to the genes for H2A and H2B; the spacer DNA between the genes is nonhomologous. In both copies, the genes for H2A and H2B are divergently transcribed. In addition, both plasmids code for other nonhistone proteins. Sequences coding for histones H3 and H4 have not been detected in the immediate vicinity of the genes for H2A and H2B.", "PMID": 519767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_98", "title": "The linkage arrangement of four rabbit beta-like globin genes.", "content": "Four different regions of rabbit beta-like globin gene sequences designated beta 1, beta 2, beta 3 and beta 4 were identified in a set of clones isolated from a bacteriophage lambda library of chromosomal DNA fragments (Maniatis et al., 1978). Restriction mapping and blot hybridization (Southern, 1975) studies indicate that a subset of these clones containing beta 1 and beta 2 hybridizes to an adult beta-globin cDNA clone (Maniatis et al., 1976) more efficiently than to a human gamma-globin cDNA clone (Wilson et al., 1978), while another subset containing beta 3 and beta 4 displays the converse hybridization specificity. beta 1 was identified as the adult beta-globin gene, while beta 2, beta 3 and beta 4 have not been identified with any known rabbit globin polypeptides. Cross-hybridization and transcriptional orientation experiments indicate that the set of beta-like gene clones contains overlapping restriction fragments encompassing 44 kb of rabbit chromosomal DNA. In addition, all four genes have the same transcriptional orientation and are arranged in the order 5'-beta 4-beta 3-beta 2-beta 1-3'.", "contents": "The linkage arrangement of four rabbit beta-like globin genes. Four different regions of rabbit beta-like globin gene sequences designated beta 1, beta 2, beta 3 and beta 4 were identified in a set of clones isolated from a bacteriophage lambda library of chromosomal DNA fragments (Maniatis et al., 1978). Restriction mapping and blot hybridization (Southern, 1975) studies indicate that a subset of these clones containing beta 1 and beta 2 hybridizes to an adult beta-globin cDNA clone (Maniatis et al., 1976) more efficiently than to a human gamma-globin cDNA clone (Wilson et al., 1978), while another subset containing beta 3 and beta 4 displays the converse hybridization specificity. beta 1 was identified as the adult beta-globin gene, while beta 2, beta 3 and beta 4 have not been identified with any known rabbit globin polypeptides. Cross-hybridization and transcriptional orientation experiments indicate that the set of beta-like gene clones contains overlapping restriction fragments encompassing 44 kb of rabbit chromosomal DNA. In addition, all four genes have the same transcriptional orientation and are arranged in the order 5'-beta 4-beta 3-beta 2-beta 1-3'.", "PMID": 519768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_99", "title": "The structure and transcription of four linked rabbit beta-like globin genes.", "content": "Rabbit chromosomal DNA contains a cluster of four linked beta-like globin genes arranged in the orientation 5'-beta 4-(8kb)-beta 3-(5 kb)-beta 2-(7-kb)-beta 1-3'. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of gene beta 1 confirms that this gene corresponds to the second type of two common co-dominant alleles encoding the adult beta-globin chain. With the exception of two nucleotide substitutions in the large intervening sequence (intron), the intron and flanking sequences are identical with the nucleotide sequence of the first type determined by Weissmann et al. (1979). A 14S polyadenylated transcript containing large intron sequences (possibly a mRNA precursor) is detected in the bone marrow cells of anemic rabbits. Gene beta 2 has limited sequence homology to adult and embryonic beta-globin probes and lacks a detectable mRNA transcript in the erythropoietic tissues examined. It contains at least one intervening sequence analogous to the large intron in gene beta 1. Genes beta 3 and beta 4 both contain an intron of 0.8 kb. Partial DNA sequence analysis indicates that the large intron in beta 4 is located between codons for amino acids lysine and leucine in an analogous position to that of the large intron in beta 1. In addition, a second smaller intron interrupts the 5' coding sequences of gene beta 4. Both genes beta 3 and beta 4 are transcribed in embryonic globin-producing cells. Their DNA sequence homology is limited, however, to a segment of approximately 0.2 kb located on the 5' side of the large intron.", "contents": "The structure and transcription of four linked rabbit beta-like globin genes. Rabbit chromosomal DNA contains a cluster of four linked beta-like globin genes arranged in the orientation 5'-beta 4-(8kb)-beta 3-(5 kb)-beta 2-(7-kb)-beta 1-3'. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of gene beta 1 confirms that this gene corresponds to the second type of two common co-dominant alleles encoding the adult beta-globin chain. With the exception of two nucleotide substitutions in the large intervening sequence (intron), the intron and flanking sequences are identical with the nucleotide sequence of the first type determined by Weissmann et al. (1979). A 14S polyadenylated transcript containing large intron sequences (possibly a mRNA precursor) is detected in the bone marrow cells of anemic rabbits. Gene beta 2 has limited sequence homology to adult and embryonic beta-globin probes and lacks a detectable mRNA transcript in the erythropoietic tissues examined. It contains at least one intervening sequence analogous to the large intron in gene beta 1. Genes beta 3 and beta 4 both contain an intron of 0.8 kb. Partial DNA sequence analysis indicates that the large intron in beta 4 is located between codons for amino acids lysine and leucine in an analogous position to that of the large intron in beta 1. In addition, a second smaller intron interrupts the 5' coding sequences of gene beta 4. Both genes beta 3 and beta 4 are transcribed in embryonic globin-producing cells. Their DNA sequence homology is limited, however, to a segment of approximately 0.2 kb located on the 5' side of the large intron.", "PMID": 519769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_100", "title": "Use of a cDNA library for studies on evolution and developmental expression of the chorion multigene families.", "content": "A cDNA library has been constructed from an RNA preparation highly enriched in silkmoth chorion mRNAs. Many distinct clones have been identified from this library using a stepwise procedure: scoring for infrequent hexanucleotide restriction enzyme recognition sequences; detailed characterization with restriction enzymes that recognize relatively frequent tetranucleotide sequences; probing the arrangement of the corresponding sequences in chromosomal DNA by the Southern procedure; and detailed cross-hybridization analysis. Unique clones, as well as two classes of distinct but related clones, were revealed by hybridization. The cross-hybridization analysis was greatly facilitated by a newly developed, semiquantitative dot hybridization procedure. The same procedure made it feasible to conveniently estimate the relative abundance of several different sequences in an mRNA mixture. Cloned sequences which scored as relatively abundant in total chorion mRNA were tested with stage-specific chorion mRNA at a very stringent criterion of hybridization. They were thus characterized as early, middle or late sequences with respect to development. The characterized cDNA clones can now be used as probes for studying the evolution, chromosomal organization and regulated developmental expression of the chorion multigene families.", "contents": "Use of a cDNA library for studies on evolution and developmental expression of the chorion multigene families. A cDNA library has been constructed from an RNA preparation highly enriched in silkmoth chorion mRNAs. Many distinct clones have been identified from this library using a stepwise procedure: scoring for infrequent hexanucleotide restriction enzyme recognition sequences; detailed characterization with restriction enzymes that recognize relatively frequent tetranucleotide sequences; probing the arrangement of the corresponding sequences in chromosomal DNA by the Southern procedure; and detailed cross-hybridization analysis. Unique clones, as well as two classes of distinct but related clones, were revealed by hybridization. The cross-hybridization analysis was greatly facilitated by a newly developed, semiquantitative dot hybridization procedure. The same procedure made it feasible to conveniently estimate the relative abundance of several different sequences in an mRNA mixture. Cloned sequences which scored as relatively abundant in total chorion mRNA were tested with stage-specific chorion mRNA at a very stringent criterion of hybridization. They were thus characterized as early, middle or late sequences with respect to development. The characterized cDNA clones can now be used as probes for studying the evolution, chromosomal organization and regulated developmental expression of the chorion multigene families.", "PMID": 519770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_101", "title": "Evolution of two major chorion multigene families as inferred from cloned cDNA and protein sequences.", "content": "Complete or partial sequences are reported from six chorion cDNA clones of the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus. The proteins encoded belong to the two major chorion protein classes, A and B, each of which is encoded by a multigene family. The sequence comparisons define some major features of the families and suggest how these genes may be evolving. Deletions and insertions might be involved in expanding or contracting internally repetitive regions. Sequence divergence is localized, thus defining sequence domains of distinct evolutionary properties and presumably distinct functions.", "contents": "Evolution of two major chorion multigene families as inferred from cloned cDNA and protein sequences. Complete or partial sequences are reported from six chorion cDNA clones of the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus. The proteins encoded belong to the two major chorion protein classes, A and B, each of which is encoded by a multigene family. The sequence comparisons define some major features of the families and suggest how these genes may be evolving. Deletions and insertions might be involved in expanding or contracting internally repetitive regions. Sequence divergence is localized, thus defining sequence domains of distinct evolutionary properties and presumably distinct functions.", "PMID": 519771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_102", "title": "Complex population of nonpolyadenylated messenger RNA in mouse brain.", "content": "The complexity of nonadenylated mRNA [poly(A)-mRNA] has been determined by hybridization with single-copy DNA (scDNA) and cDNA. Our results show that poly(A)- and poly(A)+ mRNA are essentially nonoverlapping (nonhomologous) sequence populations of similar complexity. The sum of the complexities of poly(A)+ mRNA and poly(A)- mRNA is equal to that of total polysomal RNA or total mRNA, or the equivalent of approximately 1.7 x 10(5) different sequences 1.5 kb in length. Poly(A)- mRNA, isolated from polysomal RNA by benzoylated cellulose chromatography, hybridized with 3.6% of the scDNA, corresponding to a complexity of 7.8 x 10(4) different 1.5 kb sequences. The equivalent of only one adenosine tract of approximately 20 nucleotides per 100 poly(A)- mRNA molecules 1.5 kb in size was observed by hybridization with poly(U). cDNA was transcribed from poly(A)- mRNA using random oligonucleotides as primers. Only 1-2% of the single-copy fraction of this cDNA was hybridized using poly(A)+ mRNA as a driver. These results show that poly(A)- mRNA shares few sequences with poly(A)+ mRNA and thus constitutes a separate, complex class of messenger RNA. These measurements preclude the presence of a complex class of bimorphic mRNAs [that is, species present in both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- forms] in brain polysomes.", "contents": "Complex population of nonpolyadenylated messenger RNA in mouse brain. The complexity of nonadenylated mRNA [poly(A)-mRNA] has been determined by hybridization with single-copy DNA (scDNA) and cDNA. Our results show that poly(A)- and poly(A)+ mRNA are essentially nonoverlapping (nonhomologous) sequence populations of similar complexity. The sum of the complexities of poly(A)+ mRNA and poly(A)- mRNA is equal to that of total polysomal RNA or total mRNA, or the equivalent of approximately 1.7 x 10(5) different sequences 1.5 kb in length. Poly(A)- mRNA, isolated from polysomal RNA by benzoylated cellulose chromatography, hybridized with 3.6% of the scDNA, corresponding to a complexity of 7.8 x 10(4) different 1.5 kb sequences. The equivalent of only one adenosine tract of approximately 20 nucleotides per 100 poly(A)- mRNA molecules 1.5 kb in size was observed by hybridization with poly(U). cDNA was transcribed from poly(A)- mRNA using random oligonucleotides as primers. Only 1-2% of the single-copy fraction of this cDNA was hybridized using poly(A)+ mRNA as a driver. These results show that poly(A)- mRNA shares few sequences with poly(A)+ mRNA and thus constitutes a separate, complex class of messenger RNA. These measurements preclude the presence of a complex class of bimorphic mRNAs [that is, species present in both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- forms] in brain polysomes.", "PMID": 519772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_103", "title": "A mutation which alters initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase III on the Ad5 chromosome.", "content": "Mutant dl 309 is a viable Ad5 deletion mutant. Whereas wild-type Ad5-infected HeLa cells contain two VAI RNA species [VAI(A) and VAI(G)] which differ by three nucleotides at their 5' ends, dl 309-infected HeLa cells contain VAI(G) but no VAI(A) RNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that dl 309 lacks two base pairs which precede the 5' end of VAI(A) by 22 nucleotides. Since the 5' ends of VAI RNAs are not processed, the 309 deletion serves to identify a portion of the sequence required for RNA polymerase III initiation. Since dl 309 grows as well as wild-type Ad5 in HeLa cells, the VAI(A) species is not essential for viral growth in these cells.", "contents": "A mutation which alters initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase III on the Ad5 chromosome. Mutant dl 309 is a viable Ad5 deletion mutant. Whereas wild-type Ad5-infected HeLa cells contain two VAI RNA species [VAI(A) and VAI(G)] which differ by three nucleotides at their 5' ends, dl 309-infected HeLa cells contain VAI(G) but no VAI(A) RNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that dl 309 lacks two base pairs which precede the 5' end of VAI(A) by 22 nucleotides. Since the 5' ends of VAI RNAs are not processed, the 309 deletion serves to identify a portion of the sequence required for RNA polymerase III initiation. Since dl 309 grows as well as wild-type Ad5 in HeLa cells, the VAI(A) species is not essential for viral growth in these cells.", "PMID": 519773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_104", "title": "International activities of the Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute.", "content": "International collaborative activities of the Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, U.S.A., have a long-standing history, and in recent years have expanded to such an extent that an Office of International Treatment Research has been created. The scope of these activities encompasses three areas: 1) participation in International Collaborative Agreements with official national research entities, 2)direct NCI-supported projects, and 3) miscellaneous, less formalized programs. These are described and specific recent contributions are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the importance of international collaboration and exchange of information in searching for new drugs and in maximizing progress in cancer treatment.", "contents": "International activities of the Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute. International collaborative activities of the Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, U.S.A., have a long-standing history, and in recent years have expanded to such an extent that an Office of International Treatment Research has been created. The scope of these activities encompasses three areas: 1) participation in International Collaborative Agreements with official national research entities, 2)direct NCI-supported projects, and 3) miscellaneous, less formalized programs. These are described and specific recent contributions are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the importance of international collaboration and exchange of information in searching for new drugs and in maximizing progress in cancer treatment.", "PMID": 519830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_105", "title": "The dilemma of estrogen receptors and the response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A problem of comparability analysis.", "content": "The question of whether estrogen receptor assay predicts for chemotherapy response and, if so, how, is currently controversial. Two papers have recently appeared with widely differing results. Both papers use retrospective analysis and are so heterogeneous as regards assay criteria for positivity, prognostic variable and drugs used that they cannot in truth be meaningfully compared. Resolution of the question will probably have to await prospectively designed trials.", "contents": "The dilemma of estrogen receptors and the response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A problem of comparability analysis. The question of whether estrogen receptor assay predicts for chemotherapy response and, if so, how, is currently controversial. Two papers have recently appeared with widely differing results. Both papers use retrospective analysis and are so heterogeneous as regards assay criteria for positivity, prognostic variable and drugs used that they cannot in truth be meaningfully compared. Resolution of the question will probably have to await prospectively designed trials.", "PMID": 519831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_106", "title": "Measuring the quality of medical care: a beginning.", "content": "Quality of medical care is fundamental; however, the recognition of quality is a complex task. The Patterns of Care Study is examining radiotherapeutic care in cancer throughout the United States, using a new methodology which can be applied to other medical disciplines. The system is described and illustrated as applied to the management of carcinoma of the cervix. Considerable variations in treatment have been identified. These variations can be studied and, where necessary, modified by appropriate educational programs; thus, the quality of medical care can be improved.", "contents": "Measuring the quality of medical care: a beginning. Quality of medical care is fundamental; however, the recognition of quality is a complex task. The Patterns of Care Study is examining radiotherapeutic care in cancer throughout the United States, using a new methodology which can be applied to other medical disciplines. The system is described and illustrated as applied to the management of carcinoma of the cervix. Considerable variations in treatment have been identified. These variations can be studied and, where necessary, modified by appropriate educational programs; thus, the quality of medical care can be improved.", "PMID": 519832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_107", "title": "[A systematic approach to the study of violence in hockey].", "content": "All across Canada, numerous studies every year are being terminated prematurely or simply stored without recognition. Perceived non-significance and a silent and timid approach are among the factors which contribute to the lack of attention to the author's conclusions and recommendations. Therefore the \"Comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9tude sur la violence au hockey amateur au Qu\u00e9bec\" (CEVH) decided upon a systematic approach to get the interest of specialists and the general public during the entire duration of the investigation. As such, the recommendations were supported by scientific data as well as by public opinion. This approach (POLITICAL TACTIC) resulted in the implementation of more than 80% of the 78 recommendations in less than 6 months after the presentation of the Report. This very season in Quebec amateur hockey, fundamental changes occured.", "contents": "[A systematic approach to the study of violence in hockey]. All across Canada, numerous studies every year are being terminated prematurely or simply stored without recognition. Perceived non-significance and a silent and timid approach are among the factors which contribute to the lack of attention to the author's conclusions and recommendations. Therefore the \"Comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9tude sur la violence au hockey amateur au Qu\u00e9bec\" (CEVH) decided upon a systematic approach to get the interest of specialists and the general public during the entire duration of the investigation. As such, the recommendations were supported by scientific data as well as by public opinion. This approach (POLITICAL TACTIC) resulted in the implementation of more than 80% of the 78 recommendations in less than 6 months after the presentation of the Report. This very season in Quebec amateur hockey, fundamental changes occured.", "PMID": 519836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_108", "title": "The role and allergenic importance of storage mites in house dust and other environments.", "content": "Skin tests were performed on 210 patients with house dust allergy and bronchial asthma or perennial rhinitis using extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and of four storage mites most commonly found in house dust in the United Kingdom--Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus (formerly Glycyphagus) destructor and Glycyphagus domesticus. The results of the skin tests were related to certain occupations and living conditions of the patients which could have exposed them to storage mites and some patients were included because their environment seemed especially likely to expose them to these species in order to assess the importance of these conditions. D. pteronyssinus was the most potent of the mite allergens and provoked the largest number of positive tests but a proportion of the storage mite species gave skin reactions which were larger or as large as those of D. pteronyssinus. No significant statistical correlation was found between reactions to D. pteronyssinus and any storage mite but highly significant correlations were found between some storage species. The frequency and strength of reactions to these species were unexpectedly high in view of their irregular occurrence and relative scarcity in house dust. It is suggested that sensitisation to these species occurs through exposure either to localised sources of infestation overlook during the random collection of floor or bedding dust or to infested materials encountered at work or other activities or to infested food or bedding of certain domestic pets. It is concluded that allergy to storage mites is more important and widespread that hitherto realised and is a considerable occupational hazard in farming communities and to those in occupations handling infested materials. Storage mites may also be important allergens for those living in very damp houses where the growth of moulds may encourage the development of Glycyphagus domesticus or other mites.", "contents": "The role and allergenic importance of storage mites in house dust and other environments. Skin tests were performed on 210 patients with house dust allergy and bronchial asthma or perennial rhinitis using extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and of four storage mites most commonly found in house dust in the United Kingdom--Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus (formerly Glycyphagus) destructor and Glycyphagus domesticus. The results of the skin tests were related to certain occupations and living conditions of the patients which could have exposed them to storage mites and some patients were included because their environment seemed especially likely to expose them to these species in order to assess the importance of these conditions. D. pteronyssinus was the most potent of the mite allergens and provoked the largest number of positive tests but a proportion of the storage mite species gave skin reactions which were larger or as large as those of D. pteronyssinus. No significant statistical correlation was found between reactions to D. pteronyssinus and any storage mite but highly significant correlations were found between some storage species. The frequency and strength of reactions to these species were unexpectedly high in view of their irregular occurrence and relative scarcity in house dust. It is suggested that sensitisation to these species occurs through exposure either to localised sources of infestation overlook during the random collection of floor or bedding dust or to infested materials encountered at work or other activities or to infested food or bedding of certain domestic pets. It is concluded that allergy to storage mites is more important and widespread that hitherto realised and is a considerable occupational hazard in farming communities and to those in occupations handling infested materials. Storage mites may also be important allergens for those living in very damp houses where the growth of moulds may encourage the development of Glycyphagus domesticus or other mites.", "PMID": 519837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_109", "title": "Comparison of histamine bronchial challenges with the Wright nebulizer and the dosimeter.", "content": "In twenty adult asthmatics studied in a stable state, histamine bronchial challenges were carried out at one-week intervals with the Wright nebulizer and with the dosimeter-DeVilbiss apparatus. Dose-response curves were analysed for sensitivity, defined as the minimal histamine dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20), and for reactivity, defined as the slope of the dose-response curve once the reaction starts to occur. A significant relationship (r=0.80) was found for the sensitivity obtained with the two nebulizers. PC20 was indeed reproducible within a two folds concentration of histamine in sixteen of the twenty patients. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) was found in the reactivity to the two different apparatus, reactivity being greater with the Wright nebulizer in twelve out of fifteen patients so tested. Sensitivity and reactivity showed a borderline relationship (r=0.47) with the Wright nebulizer but not with the dosimeter. A significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was found to exist between the initial FEV1 (in % of the predicted value) and the observed sensitivity and reactivity as assessed with the Wright nebulizer, but not as assessed with the dosimeter. We conclude that histamine bronchial challenges with the Wright nebulizer and with the dosimeter yield reproducible results if the threshold of a 20% fall in FEV1 is taken as positive. However, the two methods produce different results in terms of reactivity.", "contents": "Comparison of histamine bronchial challenges with the Wright nebulizer and the dosimeter. In twenty adult asthmatics studied in a stable state, histamine bronchial challenges were carried out at one-week intervals with the Wright nebulizer and with the dosimeter-DeVilbiss apparatus. Dose-response curves were analysed for sensitivity, defined as the minimal histamine dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20), and for reactivity, defined as the slope of the dose-response curve once the reaction starts to occur. A significant relationship (r=0.80) was found for the sensitivity obtained with the two nebulizers. PC20 was indeed reproducible within a two folds concentration of histamine in sixteen of the twenty patients. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) was found in the reactivity to the two different apparatus, reactivity being greater with the Wright nebulizer in twelve out of fifteen patients so tested. Sensitivity and reactivity showed a borderline relationship (r=0.47) with the Wright nebulizer but not with the dosimeter. A significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was found to exist between the initial FEV1 (in % of the predicted value) and the observed sensitivity and reactivity as assessed with the Wright nebulizer, but not as assessed with the dosimeter. We conclude that histamine bronchial challenges with the Wright nebulizer and with the dosimeter yield reproducible results if the threshold of a 20% fall in FEV1 is taken as positive. However, the two methods produce different results in terms of reactivity.", "PMID": 519838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_110", "title": "Acute bronchoconstriction caused by Beclovent and not Vanceril.", "content": "A 24-year-old asthmatic patient reported acute wheezing immediately after using an aerosol of beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent). She was hospitalised for bronchial challenges. Immediate bronchoconstriction was shown after two puffs of this aerosol and after inhalation of the placebo containing all the products of the aerosol less the beclomethasone. Another brand of beclomethasone aerosol, Vanceril, did not produce any reaction. Since the contents of these two beclomethasone aerosols are similar, the authors suggest that rubber or plastic derivative(s) present in the metering valve might have been responsible for the reaction.", "contents": "Acute bronchoconstriction caused by Beclovent and not Vanceril. A 24-year-old asthmatic patient reported acute wheezing immediately after using an aerosol of beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent). She was hospitalised for bronchial challenges. Immediate bronchoconstriction was shown after two puffs of this aerosol and after inhalation of the placebo containing all the products of the aerosol less the beclomethasone. Another brand of beclomethasone aerosol, Vanceril, did not produce any reaction. Since the contents of these two beclomethasone aerosols are similar, the authors suggest that rubber or plastic derivative(s) present in the metering valve might have been responsible for the reaction.", "PMID": 519839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_111", "title": "Activity units for allergen extracts.", "content": "The two present systems of units for the strength of allergen extracts, Noon and p.n.u. are both unsatisfactory. A new activity unit, based on skin prick in humans, is described, and its relationship to in vitro tests is explored. Potency limits for provocation materials used for skin prick tests are suggested.", "contents": "Activity units for allergen extracts. The two present systems of units for the strength of allergen extracts, Noon and p.n.u. are both unsatisfactory. A new activity unit, based on skin prick in humans, is described, and its relationship to in vitro tests is explored. Potency limits for provocation materials used for skin prick tests are suggested.", "PMID": 519840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_112", "title": "IgG4: a possible mediator of anaphylaxis in a haemophiliac patient.", "content": "Immunological investigations have been carried out on a haemophiliac patient who had developed severe anaphylaxis to bovine factor VII administration. Results have shown that the development of anaphylaxis in this patient was associated with a sudden increase in total and specific IgG4 antibodies. The significance of this observation is discussed in relation to current evidence suggesting the involvement of IgG4 antibodies in some anaphylactic conditions.", "contents": "IgG4: a possible mediator of anaphylaxis in a haemophiliac patient. Immunological investigations have been carried out on a haemophiliac patient who had developed severe anaphylaxis to bovine factor VII administration. Results have shown that the development of anaphylaxis in this patient was associated with a sudden increase in total and specific IgG4 antibodies. The significance of this observation is discussed in relation to current evidence suggesting the involvement of IgG4 antibodies in some anaphylactic conditions.", "PMID": 519841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_113", "title": "An examination of the role of vitamin E in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "The effect of vitamin E on erythrocyte glutathione stability was studied both in vitro and in vivo on subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The results suggest that lipid membrane peroxidation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes, which has been postulated to occur under conditions of oxidative stress, does not result in significant depletion of erythrocyte reduced glutathione pools. Vitamin E supplementation in these individuals was shown to have little or no effect on the response of their erythrocytes to oxidative stress.", "contents": "An examination of the role of vitamin E in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The effect of vitamin E on erythrocyte glutathione stability was studied both in vitro and in vivo on subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The results suggest that lipid membrane peroxidation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes, which has been postulated to occur under conditions of oxidative stress, does not result in significant depletion of erythrocyte reduced glutathione pools. Vitamin E supplementation in these individuals was shown to have little or no effect on the response of their erythrocytes to oxidative stress.", "PMID": 519843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_114", "title": "Methemoglobin reductase: inactivation and protection against inactivation during disc gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Methemoglobin reductase was found to be inactivated during electrophoresis on ammonium persulfate polymerized polyacrylamide gels. Hemoglobin in various states of ligation offers protection from inactivation. Thiols such as dithiothreitol also offer protection but the effect due to hemoglobin is not provided by its sulfhydryl groups.", "contents": "Methemoglobin reductase: inactivation and protection against inactivation during disc gel electrophoresis. Methemoglobin reductase was found to be inactivated during electrophoresis on ammonium persulfate polymerized polyacrylamide gels. Hemoglobin in various states of ligation offers protection from inactivation. Thiols such as dithiothreitol also offer protection but the effect due to hemoglobin is not provided by its sulfhydryl groups.", "PMID": 519844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_115", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of HB CC-alpha-thalassemia.", "content": "Routine laboratory investigations of hemoglobinopathies include Hb electrophoresis for abnormal hemoglobins, determination of Hb A2 (alpha 2 delta 2) for beta-thalassemia traits, staining for Hb H (beta 4) inclusions for alpha-thalassemia traits and estimation of Hb F (alpha 2 lambda 2) for the presence of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin genes (HPFH). Frequently, analytical column chromatography and alpha/beta hemoglobin chain synthesis are used in the studies of more complicated hemoglobinopathies. This communication outlines the procedures used in this laboratory for the diagnosis of a case of Hb CC-alpha-thalassemia.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of HB CC-alpha-thalassemia. Routine laboratory investigations of hemoglobinopathies include Hb electrophoresis for abnormal hemoglobins, determination of Hb A2 (alpha 2 delta 2) for beta-thalassemia traits, staining for Hb H (beta 4) inclusions for alpha-thalassemia traits and estimation of Hb F (alpha 2 lambda 2) for the presence of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin genes (HPFH). Frequently, analytical column chromatography and alpha/beta hemoglobin chain synthesis are used in the studies of more complicated hemoglobinopathies. This communication outlines the procedures used in this laboratory for the diagnosis of a case of Hb CC-alpha-thalassemia.", "PMID": 519845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_116", "title": "Evaluation of the Beckman Creatinine Analyzer 2.", "content": "The Beckman Creatinine Analyzer 2 was evaluated in our laboratory. This new instrument determines creatinine by a Jaffe rate method and utilizes an optical detection system which measures the rate of change in absorbance at 520 nm 25.6 seconds after sample introduction. The linearity of the instrument was verified up to creatinine concentrations of 24 mg/dl. Recovery averaged 92% from serum and 97% from urine. Comparison studies using serum specimens were made against a manual, non-kinetic Jaffe method and a Technicon SMA 12/60. Urine comparisons were made against the manual method. All comparisons indicate the Beckman analyzer yields lower creatinine values due to the minimization of interferences from non-creatinine chromogens. No significant change in these correlations was observed with elevated bilirubin concentrations (greater than 10 mg/dl) or with lipemic specimens (triglycerides up to 3390 mg/dl). Both within-day and day-to-day precision were shown to be within the stated manufacturer's specifications for both sera and urine specimens.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Beckman Creatinine Analyzer 2. The Beckman Creatinine Analyzer 2 was evaluated in our laboratory. This new instrument determines creatinine by a Jaffe rate method and utilizes an optical detection system which measures the rate of change in absorbance at 520 nm 25.6 seconds after sample introduction. The linearity of the instrument was verified up to creatinine concentrations of 24 mg/dl. Recovery averaged 92% from serum and 97% from urine. Comparison studies using serum specimens were made against a manual, non-kinetic Jaffe method and a Technicon SMA 12/60. Urine comparisons were made against the manual method. All comparisons indicate the Beckman analyzer yields lower creatinine values due to the minimization of interferences from non-creatinine chromogens. No significant change in these correlations was observed with elevated bilirubin concentrations (greater than 10 mg/dl) or with lipemic specimens (triglycerides up to 3390 mg/dl). Both within-day and day-to-day precision were shown to be within the stated manufacturer's specifications for both sera and urine specimens.", "PMID": 519846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_117", "title": "Review of Metabolic Screening Program of Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia. 1971--1977.", "content": "1. Between 1971 to 1977, 74,521 urines, collected on filter paper and mailed in, were screened by the Metabolic Screening Program of the Children's Hospital. These represented 45.9% of live births in B.C. hospitals were the program has been available. The mean age of the infants was 4.4 weeks. Urines were examined by chromatography with ethyl acetate-pyridine-water for sugars. 1423 (2.13%) had an abnormal pattern necessitating a repeat urine card. A persistent abnormality was noted in 167 (0.22%) and from these a liquid urine sample was obtained for two dimensional amino acid chromatography and/or a repeat sugar chromatography. 2. In 47 (0.06%) of these a definite metabolic abnormality was confirmed. These included cases of Iminoglycinuria (8), Hartnup trait (4), Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (2), Histidinemia (1), Cystathioninuria (5), Argininosuccinic aciduria (1), Maple Syrup Urine Disease (1), Diabetes Mellitus (1), Renal glycosuria (1) and Persistent galactosuria (3). 201 infants had a slight increase of cystine and/or lysine, and 19 of these were documented to be heterozygous for cystinuria.", "contents": "Review of Metabolic Screening Program of Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia. 1971--1977. 1. Between 1971 to 1977, 74,521 urines, collected on filter paper and mailed in, were screened by the Metabolic Screening Program of the Children's Hospital. These represented 45.9% of live births in B.C. hospitals were the program has been available. The mean age of the infants was 4.4 weeks. Urines were examined by chromatography with ethyl acetate-pyridine-water for sugars. 1423 (2.13%) had an abnormal pattern necessitating a repeat urine card. A persistent abnormality was noted in 167 (0.22%) and from these a liquid urine sample was obtained for two dimensional amino acid chromatography and/or a repeat sugar chromatography. 2. In 47 (0.06%) of these a definite metabolic abnormality was confirmed. These included cases of Iminoglycinuria (8), Hartnup trait (4), Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (2), Histidinemia (1), Cystathioninuria (5), Argininosuccinic aciduria (1), Maple Syrup Urine Disease (1), Diabetes Mellitus (1), Renal glycosuria (1) and Persistent galactosuria (3). 201 infants had a slight increase of cystine and/or lysine, and 19 of these were documented to be heterozygous for cystinuria.", "PMID": 519848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_118", "title": "Observed range of assay values for plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid levels in infants and children aged 3 months to 10 years.", "content": "From data collected at the Children's Hospital, Vancouver, during a two year period, 1976 - 1977, we have determined a range of values for children aged 3 months to 6 years for 24 plasma amino acids and for children aged 3 months to 10 years for 18 cerebrospinal fluid amino acids. A total of 26 plasma and 21 cerebrospinal fluid samples were accepted for our reference population. Six of the children in the plasma group were also in the cerebrospinal fluid group, making a total of 39 children in the study.", "contents": "Observed range of assay values for plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid levels in infants and children aged 3 months to 10 years. From data collected at the Children's Hospital, Vancouver, during a two year period, 1976 - 1977, we have determined a range of values for children aged 3 months to 6 years for 24 plasma amino acids and for children aged 3 months to 10 years for 18 cerebrospinal fluid amino acids. A total of 26 plasma and 21 cerebrospinal fluid samples were accepted for our reference population. Six of the children in the plasma group were also in the cerebrospinal fluid group, making a total of 39 children in the study.", "PMID": 519849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_119", "title": "Assay of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on the GEMSAEC analyser.", "content": "A procedure for the assay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) in erythrocytes on the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer using a modification of Beutler's procedure is described. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is corrected for the contributing activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) by using a two-cuvet system in which the activity of the sample incubated with 6-phosphogluconic acid is subtracted from the activity produced in the presence of the combined substrates, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconic acid. An overlay program on the GEMSAEC computer for calculation of results, and the use of a yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase control which is stable frozen in dilute solution are discussed.", "contents": "Assay of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on the GEMSAEC analyser. A procedure for the assay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) in erythrocytes on the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer using a modification of Beutler's procedure is described. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is corrected for the contributing activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) by using a two-cuvet system in which the activity of the sample incubated with 6-phosphogluconic acid is subtracted from the activity produced in the presence of the combined substrates, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconic acid. An overlay program on the GEMSAEC computer for calculation of results, and the use of a yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase control which is stable frozen in dilute solution are discussed.", "PMID": 519850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_120", "title": "The qualitative analysis of renal calculi with the polarising microscope.", "content": "The crystallographic method of Prien and Frondel for the qualitative analysis of renal calculi has been employed for seventeen years. The method was supplemented by occasional chemical tests. Advantages of the crystallographic method over other procedures are the ability to identify specific minerals even in trace amounts, the capability to analyse very small stones, and the rapidity with which analyses can be performed. Data are presented for 1653 calculi.", "contents": "The qualitative analysis of renal calculi with the polarising microscope. The crystallographic method of Prien and Frondel for the qualitative analysis of renal calculi has been employed for seventeen years. The method was supplemented by occasional chemical tests. Advantages of the crystallographic method over other procedures are the ability to identify specific minerals even in trace amounts, the capability to analyse very small stones, and the rapidity with which analyses can be performed. Data are presented for 1653 calculi.", "PMID": 519851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_121", "title": "Sensitive in vivo assay of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system with a small intravenous dose of heptadeutero L-phenylalanine using high pressure liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography/mass fragmentography.", "content": "A method is described which allows the in vivo determination of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system in atypical and classical phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine-d7 is administered i.v. (0.030 g/kg body weight) within 10 min. Tyrosine-d6 in plasma is measured from 30 to 240 min post load by using a computerized capillary gas chromatography/mass fragmentography system. In two patients with hyperphenylalaninemia, the residual activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system was 15.7 and 3.7% of the normal, in two phenylketonurics 1.5 and 0.3% respectively. The in vivo figures correspond well to the in vitro assay of the residual activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase in needle liver biopsy material.", "contents": "Sensitive in vivo assay of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system with a small intravenous dose of heptadeutero L-phenylalanine using high pressure liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography/mass fragmentography. A method is described which allows the in vivo determination of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system in atypical and classical phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine-d7 is administered i.v. (0.030 g/kg body weight) within 10 min. Tyrosine-d6 in plasma is measured from 30 to 240 min post load by using a computerized capillary gas chromatography/mass fragmentography system. In two patients with hyperphenylalaninemia, the residual activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system was 15.7 and 3.7% of the normal, in two phenylketonurics 1.5 and 0.3% respectively. The in vivo figures correspond well to the in vitro assay of the residual activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase in needle liver biopsy material.", "PMID": 519859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_122", "title": "The role of common urinary constituents in the precipitation of ammonium acid urate.", "content": "A high proportion of the inhibitory activity shown by urine toward precipitation of ammonium acid urate is ultrafilterable and most of this can be accounted for by the common, low molecular weight components of urine. The individual inhibitory effects of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, citric acid, hippuric acid, creatinine and urea upon the precipitation of ammonium acid urate have been quantified in an aqueous test system.", "contents": "The role of common urinary constituents in the precipitation of ammonium acid urate. A high proportion of the inhibitory activity shown by urine toward precipitation of ammonium acid urate is ultrafilterable and most of this can be accounted for by the common, low molecular weight components of urine. The individual inhibitory effects of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, citric acid, hippuric acid, creatinine and urea upon the precipitation of ammonium acid urate have been quantified in an aqueous test system.", "PMID": 519860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_123", "title": "Halothane interference with pO2 measurements and a method of inhibiting its effects.", "content": "The oxygen electrode of a blood-gas analyser (Instrumentation Laboratories Inc. Model 313) responded to halothane, the peak of the response being reached some 30-90 min after exposure. The effect was reduced about ten-fold by placing a silicone-rubber membrane over the polypropylene membrane of the oxygen electrode.", "contents": "Halothane interference with pO2 measurements and a method of inhibiting its effects. The oxygen electrode of a blood-gas analyser (Instrumentation Laboratories Inc. Model 313) responded to halothane, the peak of the response being reached some 30-90 min after exposure. The effect was reduced about ten-fold by placing a silicone-rubber membrane over the polypropylene membrane of the oxygen electrode.", "PMID": 519861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_124", "title": "Identification of a collagen-like antigen different from C1Q component of complement in serum.", "content": "The problem of the proportions of hydroxyproline proteins in serum linked to collagen and to the C1Q component of complement was examined. The C1Q component from human and bovine serum, and acid soluble calf skin collagen were purified. Antibodies to soluble collagen were prepared. With these antibodies we found by immunoelectrophoresis that in serum two distinct antigens exist: one reacts with antiserum to C1Q and the other reacts with antiserum to collagen. The collagen-like antigen may be precipitated by sodium chloride 4.3 mol/1.", "contents": "Identification of a collagen-like antigen different from C1Q component of complement in serum. The problem of the proportions of hydroxyproline proteins in serum linked to collagen and to the C1Q component of complement was examined. The C1Q component from human and bovine serum, and acid soluble calf skin collagen were purified. Antibodies to soluble collagen were prepared. With these antibodies we found by immunoelectrophoresis that in serum two distinct antigens exist: one reacts with antiserum to C1Q and the other reacts with antiserum to collagen. The collagen-like antigen may be precipitated by sodium chloride 4.3 mol/1.", "PMID": 519862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_125", "title": "Quantitation of organic acids in amniotic fluid by gas chromatography.", "content": "The concentrations of 13 major organic acids in normal human amniotic fluid have been determined by gas chromatography. Each acid showed a large range and an irregular frequency distribution.", "contents": "Quantitation of organic acids in amniotic fluid by gas chromatography. The concentrations of 13 major organic acids in normal human amniotic fluid have been determined by gas chromatography. Each acid showed a large range and an irregular frequency distribution.", "PMID": 519863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_126", "title": "An easy procedure for determination of molar activity (or specific activity) of bile acids in bile.", "content": "An easy procedure is described for determination of the molar activity of the major bile acids, labelled with 14C, in bile. The procedure involves initial enzymatic hydrolysis, by which the amino acid moieties are removed from the glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids by means of choloylglycine hydrolase, followed by thin-layer chromatographic separation of the unconjugated bile acids, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Then the bile acids are eluted from the individual silica gel spots concerned. Finally, determination of the radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting and of the amount of substance by an enzymatic method using 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is performed in the eluates. The method requires only a small volume of sample and allows of separate determination of the molar activity of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, labelled with the same isotope, in the same sample.", "contents": "An easy procedure for determination of molar activity (or specific activity) of bile acids in bile. An easy procedure is described for determination of the molar activity of the major bile acids, labelled with 14C, in bile. The procedure involves initial enzymatic hydrolysis, by which the amino acid moieties are removed from the glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids by means of choloylglycine hydrolase, followed by thin-layer chromatographic separation of the unconjugated bile acids, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Then the bile acids are eluted from the individual silica gel spots concerned. Finally, determination of the radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting and of the amount of substance by an enzymatic method using 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is performed in the eluates. The method requires only a small volume of sample and allows of separate determination of the molar activity of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, labelled with the same isotope, in the same sample.", "PMID": 519864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_127", "title": "Potential methodological errors in the application of equilibrium dialysis to the determination of \"free\" and \"bound\" plasma tryptophan.", "content": "The application of equilibrium dialysis to the determination of the \"free\", i.e. non-albumin bound fraction of human plasma or serum tryptophan has been re-examined. A potentially serious error in the application of this method is outlined and the necessary correction and some precautionary measures are discussed.", "contents": "Potential methodological errors in the application of equilibrium dialysis to the determination of \"free\" and \"bound\" plasma tryptophan. The application of equilibrium dialysis to the determination of the \"free\", i.e. non-albumin bound fraction of human plasma or serum tryptophan has been re-examined. A potentially serious error in the application of this method is outlined and the necessary correction and some precautionary measures are discussed.", "PMID": 519865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_128", "title": "Plasma normetanephrine measurements for detection of pheochromocytoma in patients with hypertension.", "content": "We describe a simple and specific radioenzymatic assay for measurement of total plasma normetanephrine (NMN), which is an extension of a previously developed procedure for measuring of urinary NMN. Plasma NMN is deconjugated by acid hydrolysis at pH 1.0 and boiled for 20 min. The assay is based on the conversion of NMN to its N-methylated, tritiated derivative metanephrine (3H-MN), utilizing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-[3H]methionine. The assay is rapid, sensitive and results can be obtained in less than 4 h. Many antihypertensive drugs tested did not interfere with the assay. This assay could be used for detection of pheochromocytomas in patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Plasma normetanephrine measurements for detection of pheochromocytoma in patients with hypertension. We describe a simple and specific radioenzymatic assay for measurement of total plasma normetanephrine (NMN), which is an extension of a previously developed procedure for measuring of urinary NMN. Plasma NMN is deconjugated by acid hydrolysis at pH 1.0 and boiled for 20 min. The assay is based on the conversion of NMN to its N-methylated, tritiated derivative metanephrine (3H-MN), utilizing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-[3H]methionine. The assay is rapid, sensitive and results can be obtained in less than 4 h. Many antihypertensive drugs tested did not interfere with the assay. This assay could be used for detection of pheochromocytomas in patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 519866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_129", "title": "Modification of the normal postural changes in plasma renin activity by the application of positive pressure to the legs.", "content": "In six normal male subjects plasma renin activity (PRA) rose progressively on standing over a 2 hour period. PRA fell to basal levels after a further 2 hours of recumbency. The rate of rise of PRA on standing was largely abolised following the application of an anti-gravity ('G') suit. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure (BP) heart rate (HR) and packed cell volume (PCV) suggest that it is the fall in effective blood volume which elicits the stimuli to renin release during changes in posture.", "contents": "Modification of the normal postural changes in plasma renin activity by the application of positive pressure to the legs. In six normal male subjects plasma renin activity (PRA) rose progressively on standing over a 2 hour period. PRA fell to basal levels after a further 2 hours of recumbency. The rate of rise of PRA on standing was largely abolised following the application of an anti-gravity ('G') suit. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure (BP) heart rate (HR) and packed cell volume (PCV) suggest that it is the fall in effective blood volume which elicits the stimuli to renin release during changes in posture.", "PMID": 519867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_130", "title": "Seminal plasma levels of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in azoospermic patients.", "content": "Testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been measured in seminal plasma of sixteen azoospermic patients with tubular damage (germinal cell arrest or Sertoli cell only syndrome) and five patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin. In both groups T values were not significantly different from controls, while DHT was significantly lower in patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin.", "contents": "Seminal plasma levels of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in azoospermic patients. Testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been measured in seminal plasma of sixteen azoospermic patients with tubular damage (germinal cell arrest or Sertoli cell only syndrome) and five patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin. In both groups T values were not significantly different from controls, while DHT was significantly lower in patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin.", "PMID": 519868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_131", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone from deoxycorticosterone by human adrenal glands removed from patients with hypercorticism.", "content": "The biosynthesis of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) was studied by in vitro incubations of human adrenals resected from patients with Cushing's syndrome, using deoxycorticosterone as precursor. 18-OH-DOC synthesis was similar in adrenals from normal subjects and in those derived from patients with different types of Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma). The in vitro addition of o,p'-DDD (5 x 10(-3) M) to an adrenocortical carcinoma incubation did not alter 18-OH-DOC biosynthesis. By contrast, treatment of the patient with o,p'-DDD prior to adrenalectomy resulted in a low production of 18-OH-DOC in vitro but only when cortisol synthesis was drastically decreased.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone from deoxycorticosterone by human adrenal glands removed from patients with hypercorticism. The biosynthesis of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) was studied by in vitro incubations of human adrenals resected from patients with Cushing's syndrome, using deoxycorticosterone as precursor. 18-OH-DOC synthesis was similar in adrenals from normal subjects and in those derived from patients with different types of Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma). The in vitro addition of o,p'-DDD (5 x 10(-3) M) to an adrenocortical carcinoma incubation did not alter 18-OH-DOC biosynthesis. By contrast, treatment of the patient with o,p'-DDD prior to adrenalectomy resulted in a low production of 18-OH-DOC in vitro but only when cortisol synthesis was drastically decreased.", "PMID": 519871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_132", "title": "Ectopic pituitary adenomas.", "content": "We report here four cases representing different forms of ectopic pituitary adenomas localized: (1) in the nasal cavity, (2) in the sphenodial sinus, (3) on the sphenoidal wing and (4) on the petrous temporal bone. Ectopic pituitary adenomas may probably occur in extrasellar pituitary tissue deposited along the route of fetal development or as a result of intracranial dissemination of adenomatous cells during operation. It is assumed that in some cases ectopic pituitary tissue may retain endocrine function leading to a sustained pituitary function even after a radical hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Ectopic pituitary adenomas. We report here four cases representing different forms of ectopic pituitary adenomas localized: (1) in the nasal cavity, (2) in the sphenodial sinus, (3) on the sphenoidal wing and (4) on the petrous temporal bone. Ectopic pituitary adenomas may probably occur in extrasellar pituitary tissue deposited along the route of fetal development or as a result of intracranial dissemination of adenomatous cells during operation. It is assumed that in some cases ectopic pituitary tissue may retain endocrine function leading to a sustained pituitary function even after a radical hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 519872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_133", "title": "Metoclopramide induced growth hormone release in hypogonadal males.", "content": "The growth hormone (GH) response to 10 mg intravenous metoclopramide (MCP) ('Maxolon'--Beecham Laboratories) was determined in ten hypogonadal adult males. All the subjects responded with a peak growth hormone level greater than 14 mU/l within 1 hour of administration of MCP. Seven normal adult males did not respond to MCP administration. It is concluded that MCP stimulation may be a useful test for both prolactin and growth hormone reserve in hypogonadal males.", "contents": "Metoclopramide induced growth hormone release in hypogonadal males. The growth hormone (GH) response to 10 mg intravenous metoclopramide (MCP) ('Maxolon'--Beecham Laboratories) was determined in ten hypogonadal adult males. All the subjects responded with a peak growth hormone level greater than 14 mU/l within 1 hour of administration of MCP. Seven normal adult males did not respond to MCP administration. It is concluded that MCP stimulation may be a useful test for both prolactin and growth hormone reserve in hypogonadal males.", "PMID": 519873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_134", "title": "Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on 47calcium absorption in post-menopausal osteoporosis.", "content": "Measurement of 47Calcium absorption was performed on eleven women with post-menopausal osteoporosis. The study was repeated after 10 days treatment with 1 microgram daily of 1,25(OH)2D3. These patients showed a statistically significant improvement of fractional calcium absorption that was inversely correlated to the basal values. The prompt improvement of the intestinal calcium transport in post-menopausal osteoporotic women, a few days after the administration of physiological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, suggests that these patients synthesize inappropriately small amounts of 1,25(OH)2D3 because of their oestrogen deficiency. This could be an important pathogenetic factor in post-menopausal osteoporosis, as the efficiency of the adaptation of calcium absorption to low calcium intakes is dependent on 1,25(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on 47calcium absorption in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Measurement of 47Calcium absorption was performed on eleven women with post-menopausal osteoporosis. The study was repeated after 10 days treatment with 1 microgram daily of 1,25(OH)2D3. These patients showed a statistically significant improvement of fractional calcium absorption that was inversely correlated to the basal values. The prompt improvement of the intestinal calcium transport in post-menopausal osteoporotic women, a few days after the administration of physiological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, suggests that these patients synthesize inappropriately small amounts of 1,25(OH)2D3 because of their oestrogen deficiency. This could be an important pathogenetic factor in post-menopausal osteoporosis, as the efficiency of the adaptation of calcium absorption to low calcium intakes is dependent on 1,25(OH)2D3.", "PMID": 519874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_135", "title": "Immunoreactive somatomedin B in acromegaly and in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Serum somatomedin B was measured by radioimmunoassay in forty-seven normal subjects, twenty-nine patients with acromegaly before and twenty-four after treatment, and eighteen patients with Turner's syndrome. Somatomedin B levels were significantly elevated in untreated acromegaly and in Turner's syndrome compared with the control group; they decreased following treatment of acromegaly. Because of the overlap between the groups, little information could be obtained from single somatomedin B estimations, which could, therefore, not replace dynamic tests of growth hormone secretion. No correlation between growth hormone and somatomedin B in acromegaly was detected; however, somatomedin B appeared to be related to the insulin response during the oral glucose tolerance test. In Turner's syndrome, no relationship between somatomedin B and insulin production, urinary oestrogen excretion, growth hormone secretion, gonadotrophin levels, age or height was found. The reason for the raised somatomedin B levels in Turner's syndrome remains at present unknown.", "contents": "Immunoreactive somatomedin B in acromegaly and in Turner's syndrome. Serum somatomedin B was measured by radioimmunoassay in forty-seven normal subjects, twenty-nine patients with acromegaly before and twenty-four after treatment, and eighteen patients with Turner's syndrome. Somatomedin B levels were significantly elevated in untreated acromegaly and in Turner's syndrome compared with the control group; they decreased following treatment of acromegaly. Because of the overlap between the groups, little information could be obtained from single somatomedin B estimations, which could, therefore, not replace dynamic tests of growth hormone secretion. No correlation between growth hormone and somatomedin B in acromegaly was detected; however, somatomedin B appeared to be related to the insulin response during the oral glucose tolerance test. In Turner's syndrome, no relationship between somatomedin B and insulin production, urinary oestrogen excretion, growth hormone secretion, gonadotrophin levels, age or height was found. The reason for the raised somatomedin B levels in Turner's syndrome remains at present unknown.", "PMID": 519875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_136", "title": "Cimetidine induced prolactin (PRL) release in thyroid disease.", "content": "Effects of acute intravenous administration of cimetidine on serum levels or PRL, TSH, LH and FSH were investigated in six healthy euthyroid, five hypothyroid and five hyperthyroid patients. Cimetidine failed to alter serum TSH levels in the hypothyroid patients. There was no change in LH and FSH levels except in two euthyroid subjects in whom significant rise in LH occurred. However, in all subjects, whether euthyroid, hypo- or hyperthyroid, the serum PRL concentration increased two to three fold above basal levels. The peak levels of serum PRL occurred at 15 min following the drug administration. The response was not blunted in the older age group. We conclude that unlike the TRH-mediated PRL release, the cimetidine-induced PRL release is independent of the levels of thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Cimetidine induced prolactin (PRL) release in thyroid disease. Effects of acute intravenous administration of cimetidine on serum levels or PRL, TSH, LH and FSH were investigated in six healthy euthyroid, five hypothyroid and five hyperthyroid patients. Cimetidine failed to alter serum TSH levels in the hypothyroid patients. There was no change in LH and FSH levels except in two euthyroid subjects in whom significant rise in LH occurred. However, in all subjects, whether euthyroid, hypo- or hyperthyroid, the serum PRL concentration increased two to three fold above basal levels. The peak levels of serum PRL occurred at 15 min following the drug administration. The response was not blunted in the older age group. We conclude that unlike the TRH-mediated PRL release, the cimetidine-induced PRL release is independent of the levels of thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 519876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_137", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of oligospermia: a double blind study.", "content": "A double blind controlled study of bromocriptine treatment of oligospermia was carried out. Out of fifty-one men who originally volunteered to the study there were forty who took the drug for 12 weeks as requested. All the partners of these men had failed to conceive, and in each case the pretreatment sperm count had been below 40 million/ml on two or several occasions. The pretreatment serum prolactin concentrations were similar in patients given bromocriptine (N = 20) and placebo (N = 20). There were three men in either group whose pretreatment serum prolactin concentration was in excess of 30 micrograms/l, the highest value being 96 micrograms/l. While bromocriptine effectively decreased the serum prolactin concentration, it had no significant effect over placebo on sperm volume, motility and morphology. In the bromocriptine group, sperm count increased to or above 40 million/ml in five out of twenty men, while in the placebo group this occurred in nine out of twenty patients. The plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels increased slightly during treatment in both groups, but no significant difference was observed between bromocriptine and placebo treated patients. One wife of a bromocriptine-treated man and two wives of placebo-treated men became pregnant during treatment. In this study bromocriptine was no more effective than placebo in the treatment of oligospermia.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of oligospermia: a double blind study. A double blind controlled study of bromocriptine treatment of oligospermia was carried out. Out of fifty-one men who originally volunteered to the study there were forty who took the drug for 12 weeks as requested. All the partners of these men had failed to conceive, and in each case the pretreatment sperm count had been below 40 million/ml on two or several occasions. The pretreatment serum prolactin concentrations were similar in patients given bromocriptine (N = 20) and placebo (N = 20). There were three men in either group whose pretreatment serum prolactin concentration was in excess of 30 micrograms/l, the highest value being 96 micrograms/l. While bromocriptine effectively decreased the serum prolactin concentration, it had no significant effect over placebo on sperm volume, motility and morphology. In the bromocriptine group, sperm count increased to or above 40 million/ml in five out of twenty men, while in the placebo group this occurred in nine out of twenty patients. The plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels increased slightly during treatment in both groups, but no significant difference was observed between bromocriptine and placebo treated patients. One wife of a bromocriptine-treated man and two wives of placebo-treated men became pregnant during treatment. In this study bromocriptine was no more effective than placebo in the treatment of oligospermia.", "PMID": 519877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_138", "title": "Heterogeneity in adrenal steroidogenesis in normal men and women.", "content": "Adrenal steroidogenesis has been studied in vivo in normal men and women. Serum levels of nine steroids on the biosynthetic pathway (the delta 5 3-beta-hydroxysteroids, pregnenolone (Pe), 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (17Pe), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol (Adiol), and their delta 4 3-keto counterparts, progesterone (Po), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17Po), androstenedione (Adione), and testosterone (T)) as well as cortisol were measured during adrenal suppression and stimulation. This study demonstrates a marked heterogeneity in adrenal steroid responses between different subjects in the normal population. Thus, in three subjects ACTH stimulation from a dexamethasone-suppressed state resulted in a far greater increment of 17Po than in the other nineteen normal subjects. These three individuals (designated Type 2 responders) may have a partial deficiency of 21-hydroxylase activity. In the remaining nineteen subjects (designated as Type 1 responders) the women had a greater increment of Adiol (P less than 0.05) and a lower increment of Po (P less than 0.01) than the men, suggesting that adrenal 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity may be slightly lower in women than men.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in adrenal steroidogenesis in normal men and women. Adrenal steroidogenesis has been studied in vivo in normal men and women. Serum levels of nine steroids on the biosynthetic pathway (the delta 5 3-beta-hydroxysteroids, pregnenolone (Pe), 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (17Pe), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol (Adiol), and their delta 4 3-keto counterparts, progesterone (Po), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17Po), androstenedione (Adione), and testosterone (T)) as well as cortisol were measured during adrenal suppression and stimulation. This study demonstrates a marked heterogeneity in adrenal steroid responses between different subjects in the normal population. Thus, in three subjects ACTH stimulation from a dexamethasone-suppressed state resulted in a far greater increment of 17Po than in the other nineteen normal subjects. These three individuals (designated Type 2 responders) may have a partial deficiency of 21-hydroxylase activity. In the remaining nineteen subjects (designated as Type 1 responders) the women had a greater increment of Adiol (P less than 0.05) and a lower increment of Po (P less than 0.01) than the men, suggesting that adrenal 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity may be slightly lower in women than men.", "PMID": 519878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_139", "title": "Glucagon metabolism in normal subjects and in cirrhotic patients before and after portasystemic venous shunt surgery.", "content": "The effect of portasystemic shunt surgery on basal immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and t 1/2 for glucagon decay, and basal systemic delivery rate (BSDR) of glucagon was investigated in paired studies in ten cirrhotic subjects. The degree of hepatocellular dysfunction and extent of portasystemic venous shunting was also recorded. Basal IRG levels were highest in the post-shunt (mean +/- SEM, 382 +/- 73 pg/ml) as compared to the pre-shunt (213 +/- 27 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) cirrhotic and control (53 +/- 13 pg/ml; P less than 0.005) groups. The MCR of glucagon was similar in control (13.0 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min) and pre-shunt cirrhotic patients (13.3 +/- 1.7 ml/kg/min) but was significantly (P less than 0.02) decreased in the post-shunt cirrhotics (7.6 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min). The t 1/2 for glucagon decay was similar in the control and cirrhotic groups. The BSDR, an estimate of pancreatic A cell secretion, was increased four-fold (P less than 0.01) in the pre-shunt (3042 +/- 454 pg/kg/min) and post-shunt (2518 +/- 535 pg/kg/min) cirrhotic groups, as compared to controls (750 +/- 244 pg/kg/min). It is concluded that (a) in the presence of cirrhosis, the magnitude of portasystemic shunting is important in determining the degree of hyperglucagonaemia; (b) in preshunt cirrhotics raised basal IRG levels are principally due to A cell hypersecretion of glucagon whereas in post-shunt cirrhotics riased IRG levels reflect both A cell hypersecretion and delayed clearance of glucagon; and (c) acute shunting of splanchnic venous blood away from the liver reduces the clearance of glucagon, suggesting that, in man, the liver contributes to the clearance of circulating glucagon.", "contents": "Glucagon metabolism in normal subjects and in cirrhotic patients before and after portasystemic venous shunt surgery. The effect of portasystemic shunt surgery on basal immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and t 1/2 for glucagon decay, and basal systemic delivery rate (BSDR) of glucagon was investigated in paired studies in ten cirrhotic subjects. The degree of hepatocellular dysfunction and extent of portasystemic venous shunting was also recorded. Basal IRG levels were highest in the post-shunt (mean +/- SEM, 382 +/- 73 pg/ml) as compared to the pre-shunt (213 +/- 27 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) cirrhotic and control (53 +/- 13 pg/ml; P less than 0.005) groups. The MCR of glucagon was similar in control (13.0 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min) and pre-shunt cirrhotic patients (13.3 +/- 1.7 ml/kg/min) but was significantly (P less than 0.02) decreased in the post-shunt cirrhotics (7.6 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min). The t 1/2 for glucagon decay was similar in the control and cirrhotic groups. The BSDR, an estimate of pancreatic A cell secretion, was increased four-fold (P less than 0.01) in the pre-shunt (3042 +/- 454 pg/kg/min) and post-shunt (2518 +/- 535 pg/kg/min) cirrhotic groups, as compared to controls (750 +/- 244 pg/kg/min). It is concluded that (a) in the presence of cirrhosis, the magnitude of portasystemic shunting is important in determining the degree of hyperglucagonaemia; (b) in preshunt cirrhotics raised basal IRG levels are principally due to A cell hypersecretion of glucagon whereas in post-shunt cirrhotics riased IRG levels reflect both A cell hypersecretion and delayed clearance of glucagon; and (c) acute shunting of splanchnic venous blood away from the liver reduces the clearance of glucagon, suggesting that, in man, the liver contributes to the clearance of circulating glucagon.", "PMID": 519879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_140", "title": "Twenty-four hour profiles of circulating androgens and oestrogens in male puberty with and without gynaecomastia.", "content": "The possible mechanisms involved in the development of transient gynaecomastia during male puberty have been investigated by studying 24 h profiles of circulating androstenedione (Ao) and testosterone (T) and their oestrogen pairs oestrone (E1) and oestradiol(E2), in eight boys with simple delayed puberty, eleven boys with pubertal gynaecomastia (three of whom were re-tested after its spontaneous resolution), and two normal adult men. No differences were observed between the 24h T and Ao profiles of pubertal boys with or without gynaecomastia; we confirmed that the initial T rise was nocturnal, associated with sleep. Late in puberty daytime T levels also rise. A small rise in 24 h Ao was seen, but this was not closely related to the stage of puberty. The major new finding was that E2 and to a lesser extent E1 levels are high relative to T for prolonged periods of the afternoon and evening (when T levels are lowest) in male puberty. A frequent finding, seen only in boys with gynaecomastia and one who later developed it, was of elevated and markedly fluctuating levels of plasma E2, and an absolute increase in the area under the 24 h E2 profile and between the E2 and T profiles. These fell towards normal in three boys who were re-tested after resolution of gynaecomastia. In a minority of subjects T and E2 were quite closely correlated, suggesting that in them rapid aromatization of T was occurring within or outside the testis. We conclude that normal male puberty is associated with relative oestrogen dominance particulary in the daytime. In boys with gynaecomastia there is in addition often an absolute elevation of E2 with or without E1, while 24 h T levels are submaximal. Normal men probably require sustained adult circulating T levels to prevent their oestrogens from stimulating breast development.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour profiles of circulating androgens and oestrogens in male puberty with and without gynaecomastia. The possible mechanisms involved in the development of transient gynaecomastia during male puberty have been investigated by studying 24 h profiles of circulating androstenedione (Ao) and testosterone (T) and their oestrogen pairs oestrone (E1) and oestradiol(E2), in eight boys with simple delayed puberty, eleven boys with pubertal gynaecomastia (three of whom were re-tested after its spontaneous resolution), and two normal adult men. No differences were observed between the 24h T and Ao profiles of pubertal boys with or without gynaecomastia; we confirmed that the initial T rise was nocturnal, associated with sleep. Late in puberty daytime T levels also rise. A small rise in 24 h Ao was seen, but this was not closely related to the stage of puberty. The major new finding was that E2 and to a lesser extent E1 levels are high relative to T for prolonged periods of the afternoon and evening (when T levels are lowest) in male puberty. A frequent finding, seen only in boys with gynaecomastia and one who later developed it, was of elevated and markedly fluctuating levels of plasma E2, and an absolute increase in the area under the 24 h E2 profile and between the E2 and T profiles. These fell towards normal in three boys who were re-tested after resolution of gynaecomastia. In a minority of subjects T and E2 were quite closely correlated, suggesting that in them rapid aromatization of T was occurring within or outside the testis. We conclude that normal male puberty is associated with relative oestrogen dominance particulary in the daytime. In boys with gynaecomastia there is in addition often an absolute elevation of E2 with or without E1, while 24 h T levels are submaximal. Normal men probably require sustained adult circulating T levels to prevent their oestrogens from stimulating breast development.", "PMID": 519882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_141", "title": "Linkage analysis using heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria.", "content": "This linkage investigation was undertaken utilizing an improved method for phenylketonuria (PKU) heterozygote detection. This method is based on studies of semi-fasting, noon-time, blood specimens obtained from 85 obligate heterozgotes and 45 controls who were neither pregnant nor on birth control medication. The best separation between heterozygotes and normals was achieved with a discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The theoretical overlap area between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls, based on the above function, was between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls, based on the above function, was 3.75%. In 19 obligate heterozygotes and 13 controls who were either pregnant or on birth control medication, the best separation was achieved with a discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The theoretical overlap area was 8.23%. These equations identified heterozygotes with sufficient accuracy to permit efficient genetic linkage analysis. We were unable to demonstrate genetic linkage between the PKU locus and 15 common blood, serum, and urinary markers. All but loose linkage (theta greater than 0.3) was excluded for Rh, ABO, Gc, Kidd, and AP. Moderate linkage exclusion (theta less than 0.2) was shown for PGM, Duffy,  Hp, MNS, HL--A, and Kell. Close linkage (theta less than 0.1) was excluded for Amy2, 6PGD, P, and ADA. We were unable to find linkage heterogeneity between the Amish and non-Amish populations.", "contents": "Linkage analysis using heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria. This linkage investigation was undertaken utilizing an improved method for phenylketonuria (PKU) heterozygote detection. This method is based on studies of semi-fasting, noon-time, blood specimens obtained from 85 obligate heterozgotes and 45 controls who were neither pregnant nor on birth control medication. The best separation between heterozygotes and normals was achieved with a discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The theoretical overlap area between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls, based on the above function, was between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls, based on the above function, was 3.75%. In 19 obligate heterozygotes and 13 controls who were either pregnant or on birth control medication, the best separation was achieved with a discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The theoretical overlap area was 8.23%. These equations identified heterozygotes with sufficient accuracy to permit efficient genetic linkage analysis. We were unable to demonstrate genetic linkage between the PKU locus and 15 common blood, serum, and urinary markers. All but loose linkage (theta greater than 0.3) was excluded for Rh, ABO, Gc, Kidd, and AP. Moderate linkage exclusion (theta less than 0.2) was shown for PGM, Duffy,  Hp, MNS, HL--A, and Kell. Close linkage (theta less than 0.1) was excluded for Amy2, 6PGD, P, and ADA. We were unable to find linkage heterogeneity between the Amish and non-Amish populations.", "PMID": 519892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_142", "title": "Familial cardiomyopathy. Autosomally, dominantly inherited congestive cardiomyopathy with two cases of septal hypertrophy in one family.", "content": "A family with inherited congestive cardiomyopathy is presented. The diagnosis is based on clinical, morphological and laboratory evaluations. The first observed sign of the disease is arrhythmia and/or conduction defects. The onset of symptoms of pump failure is in adult life, and affected persons die within several years. Three persons have died suddenly. Septal hypertrophy was present in two affected persons. The mode of transmission is probably autosomal dominant. The recognition of arrhythmia as an early sign of the disease offers the opportunity of an early diagnosis.", "contents": "Familial cardiomyopathy. Autosomally, dominantly inherited congestive cardiomyopathy with two cases of septal hypertrophy in one family. A family with inherited congestive cardiomyopathy is presented. The diagnosis is based on clinical, morphological and laboratory evaluations. The first observed sign of the disease is arrhythmia and/or conduction defects. The onset of symptoms of pump failure is in adult life, and affected persons die within several years. Three persons have died suddenly. Septal hypertrophy was present in two affected persons. The mode of transmission is probably autosomal dominant. The recognition of arrhythmia as an early sign of the disease offers the opportunity of an early diagnosis.", "PMID": 519893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_143", "title": "Familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnostic approach and analysis of twelve families.", "content": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is generally recognized as a sporadic malformation with little or no risk of recurrence. A family with three affected individuals in two generations is presented. In addition, new prenatal diagnostic techniques including ultrasonography and amniography are discussed. A comparison of associated physical characteristics in isolated versus twelve familial cases of diaphragmatic hernia is presented. In the familial group, there was a higher incidence of affected males (M:F ratio = 2.1 versus 0.67), a higher incidence of bilateral defects (20% versus 3%) and a lower incidence of additional life-threatening malforamtions 3.6% versus 47%). Analysis of available pedigree data favors multifactorial inheritance with a high male: female sex ratio as the most probable mode of transmission.", "contents": "Familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnostic approach and analysis of twelve families. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is generally recognized as a sporadic malformation with little or no risk of recurrence. A family with three affected individuals in two generations is presented. In addition, new prenatal diagnostic techniques including ultrasonography and amniography are discussed. A comparison of associated physical characteristics in isolated versus twelve familial cases of diaphragmatic hernia is presented. In the familial group, there was a higher incidence of affected males (M:F ratio = 2.1 versus 0.67), a higher incidence of bilateral defects (20% versus 3%) and a lower incidence of additional life-threatening malforamtions 3.6% versus 47%). Analysis of available pedigree data favors multifactorial inheritance with a high male: female sex ratio as the most probable mode of transmission.", "PMID": 519894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_144", "title": "A reciprocal translocation (X;11) in a female with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "A 24-year-old female patient was referred for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Endocrine studies showed elevated gonadotropins, consistent with gonadal failure. At laparoscopy, a normal nulligravid uterus, normal fallopian tubes, and bilateral streak gonads were observed. Histologic studies showed that the left gonad consisted entirely of fibrous tissue, confirming the presence of streak gonads. Chromosome banding studies of peripheral blood and cultures of tissue from the left gonad demonstrated a 46,X,rcp(X;11)(q22;q13) karyotype. A review of reports of X-autosome reciprocal translocations indicated that abnormal gonadal development is associated with break-points in the mid-region of the long arm of the X chromosome.", "contents": "A reciprocal translocation (X;11) in a female with gonadal dysgenesis. A 24-year-old female patient was referred for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Endocrine studies showed elevated gonadotropins, consistent with gonadal failure. At laparoscopy, a normal nulligravid uterus, normal fallopian tubes, and bilateral streak gonads were observed. Histologic studies showed that the left gonad consisted entirely of fibrous tissue, confirming the presence of streak gonads. Chromosome banding studies of peripheral blood and cultures of tissue from the left gonad demonstrated a 46,X,rcp(X;11)(q22;q13) karyotype. A review of reports of X-autosome reciprocal translocations indicated that abnormal gonadal development is associated with break-points in the mid-region of the long arm of the X chromosome.", "PMID": 519895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_145", "title": "The Aarskog (facio-digito-genital) syndrome.", "content": "A kindred with the Aarskog Syndrome (facio-digito-genital syndrome) is presented. The favorable outcome of this syndrome in terms of final height, intelligence and life expectancy is emphasized. It is pointed out that cleft lip and cleft pastic dermatoglyphic pattern includes simian creases and distal axial tiriradii. The pedigree analysis from 14 known kindreds strongly suggests an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. It is noteworthy that the female carriers frequently showed varying and milder expression of the syndrome, especially in their facies and hands.", "contents": "The Aarskog (facio-digito-genital) syndrome. A kindred with the Aarskog Syndrome (facio-digito-genital syndrome) is presented. The favorable outcome of this syndrome in terms of final height, intelligence and life expectancy is emphasized. It is pointed out that cleft lip and cleft pastic dermatoglyphic pattern includes simian creases and distal axial tiriradii. The pedigree analysis from 14 known kindreds strongly suggests an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. It is noteworthy that the female carriers frequently showed varying and milder expression of the syndrome, especially in their facies and hands.", "PMID": 519896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_146", "title": "Retinal manifestations in familial juvenile nephronophthisis.", "content": "Three families affected by juvenile nephronophthisis are described and genetically analyzed. The extrarenal manifestations of the disease include retinal findings such as congenital Leber amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa and sector retinitis pigmentosa. Autosomal recessive transmission and the wide phenotypic spectrum are discussed. The variability in the retinal findings is explained by the presence of a pleiotropic gene with variable expressivity.", "contents": "Retinal manifestations in familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Three families affected by juvenile nephronophthisis are described and genetically analyzed. The extrarenal manifestations of the disease include retinal findings such as congenital Leber amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa and sector retinitis pigmentosa. Autosomal recessive transmission and the wide phenotypic spectrum are discussed. The variability in the retinal findings is explained by the presence of a pleiotropic gene with variable expressivity.", "PMID": 519897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_147", "title": "Healthy female carriers of a gene for the Alport syndrome: importance for genetic counseling.", "content": "Of 305 female obligatory carriers of a gene for the Alport syndrome identified in the literature, 37 (12.1%) had no clinical or laboratory signs or symptoms (renal, audiometric, ophthalmological) of disease. The prevalence of unaffected female obligatory carriers appeared not to vary according to age or to the severity of the illness in male members of any pedigree. Normal clinical or laboratory data for any female liable for the Alport syndrome must thus be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Healthy female carriers of a gene for the Alport syndrome: importance for genetic counseling. Of 305 female obligatory carriers of a gene for the Alport syndrome identified in the literature, 37 (12.1%) had no clinical or laboratory signs or symptoms (renal, audiometric, ophthalmological) of disease. The prevalence of unaffected female obligatory carriers appeared not to vary according to age or to the severity of the illness in male members of any pedigree. Normal clinical or laboratory data for any female liable for the Alport syndrome must thus be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 519898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_148", "title": "Genetic basis of acquired C4 deficiency.", "content": "A study of the family of a patient who had an SLE-like syndrome and an extremely low serum C4 revealed an inheritance of C4 types and HLA region markers which indicated that the patient had 60--70% of \"normal\" C4 level prior to the onset of disease. Thus the extremely low C4 level during her disease may result from a combination of genetically determined low normal C4 and increased consumption/hyposynthesis secondary to her SLE.", "contents": "Genetic basis of acquired C4 deficiency. A study of the family of a patient who had an SLE-like syndrome and an extremely low serum C4 revealed an inheritance of C4 types and HLA region markers which indicated that the patient had 60--70% of \"normal\" C4 level prior to the onset of disease. Thus the extremely low C4 level during her disease may result from a combination of genetically determined low normal C4 and increased consumption/hyposynthesis secondary to her SLE.", "PMID": 519900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_149", "title": "An autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome of facial asymmetry, esotropia, amblyopia, and submucous cleft palate (Bencze syndrome).", "content": "This is the second report of a dominantly inherited syndrome of facial asymmetry, esotropia, and amblyopia (Bencze syndrome). The phenotypic spectrum is expanded to include submucous cleft palate. The observation for the first time of male-to-male transmission seems to confirm an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The facial asymmetry in this family was mild and did not require surgical intervention. With the exception of one patient who had other abnormalities, intelligence was normal.", "contents": "An autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome of facial asymmetry, esotropia, amblyopia, and submucous cleft palate (Bencze syndrome). This is the second report of a dominantly inherited syndrome of facial asymmetry, esotropia, and amblyopia (Bencze syndrome). The phenotypic spectrum is expanded to include submucous cleft palate. The observation for the first time of male-to-male transmission seems to confirm an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The facial asymmetry in this family was mild and did not require surgical intervention. With the exception of one patient who had other abnormalities, intelligence was normal.", "PMID": 519901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_150", "title": "Phenotypic variation in two patients with a ring chromosome 22.", "content": "Two severely mentally retarded patients with a ring chromosome 22 presented with disparate phenotypes: one patient manifested only minimal dysmorphic features, whereas the other had a distinctive pattern of anomalies consisting of an abnormal skull configuration with mild maxillary hypoplasia, a large nose, thick full lips, a protruding tongue, lymphedema, hypotonia and an unsteady gait. The findings in these and previously reported patients indicate that a ring chromosome 22 is usually associated with moderate to severe mental retardation, with a range of dysplastic features from mild and nonspecific to more marked and distinctive.", "contents": "Phenotypic variation in two patients with a ring chromosome 22. Two severely mentally retarded patients with a ring chromosome 22 presented with disparate phenotypes: one patient manifested only minimal dysmorphic features, whereas the other had a distinctive pattern of anomalies consisting of an abnormal skull configuration with mild maxillary hypoplasia, a large nose, thick full lips, a protruding tongue, lymphedema, hypotonia and an unsteady gait. The findings in these and previously reported patients indicate that a ring chromosome 22 is usually associated with moderate to severe mental retardation, with a range of dysplastic features from mild and nonspecific to more marked and distinctive.", "PMID": 519902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_151", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of galactosaemia in six pregnancies -- possible complications with rare alleles of the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase locus.", "content": "We describe our experience in prenatal diagnosis of six foetuses at risk for galactosaemia. In one family the parents were both shown to be double heterozygotes at the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase (Gal-PUT) locus, the mother having a Duarte/Los Angeles and the father a Duarte/galactosaemia genotype. The foetus (and an older brother previously thought to have classical galactosaemia) was also a Duarte/galactosaemia double heterozygote. In the other five families, the parents and three foetuses were heterozygous carriers of the galactosaemia gene, one of the foetuses had galactosaemia, and one was homozygous for the normal gene. It is concluded that by a combination of family studies and assay of cultured amniotic cell Gal-PUT, accurate prediction of the foetal Gal-PUT genotype is now possible.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of galactosaemia in six pregnancies -- possible complications with rare alleles of the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase locus. We describe our experience in prenatal diagnosis of six foetuses at risk for galactosaemia. In one family the parents were both shown to be double heterozygotes at the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase (Gal-PUT) locus, the mother having a Duarte/Los Angeles and the father a Duarte/galactosaemia genotype. The foetus (and an older brother previously thought to have classical galactosaemia) was also a Duarte/galactosaemia double heterozygote. In the other five families, the parents and three foetuses were heterozygous carriers of the galactosaemia gene, one of the foetuses had galactosaemia, and one was homozygous for the normal gene. It is concluded that by a combination of family studies and assay of cultured amniotic cell Gal-PUT, accurate prediction of the foetal Gal-PUT genotype is now possible.", "PMID": 519903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_152", "title": "Neuraminidase deficiency in the original patient with the Goldberg syndrome.", "content": "Homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts from a non-ambulatory, 20-year-old male with cherry-red spots, corneal clouding, seizures, mental retardation, dysostosis multiplex, dwarfism, coarse facies and loss of vision, originally described by Goldberg et al. (1971), have diminished neuraminidase activity and an excess of neuraminic acid-rich compounds. Specifically, these cells have 2-17% normal neuraminidase when measured with 2-(3' methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-neuramin-lactose and fetuin. Activities of 12 other lysosomal enzymes were either at or above the range of normal control fibroblasts. Total neuraminic acid concentration was 44.3 nmol/mg protein versus an average control value of 14.2. It is concluded that the Goldberg syndrome should be considered, along with mucolipidosis I and the cherry-red spot -- myoclonus syndrome, as resulting from a primary neuraminidase deficiency.", "contents": "Neuraminidase deficiency in the original patient with the Goldberg syndrome. Homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts from a non-ambulatory, 20-year-old male with cherry-red spots, corneal clouding, seizures, mental retardation, dysostosis multiplex, dwarfism, coarse facies and loss of vision, originally described by Goldberg et al. (1971), have diminished neuraminidase activity and an excess of neuraminic acid-rich compounds. Specifically, these cells have 2-17% normal neuraminidase when measured with 2-(3' methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-neuramin-lactose and fetuin. Activities of 12 other lysosomal enzymes were either at or above the range of normal control fibroblasts. Total neuraminic acid concentration was 44.3 nmol/mg protein versus an average control value of 14.2. It is concluded that the Goldberg syndrome should be considered, along with mucolipidosis I and the cherry-red spot -- myoclonus syndrome, as resulting from a primary neuraminidase deficiency.", "PMID": 519904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_153", "title": "Inheritance of microtia and aural atresia in a family with five affected members.", "content": "Only a few reports of congenital meatal atresia and microtia have been published. Dominant as well as recessive inheritance has been suggested. We report a family with five affected members in two generations. An irregularly dominant transmission seems to be the most likely explanation.", "contents": "Inheritance of microtia and aural atresia in a family with five affected members. Only a few reports of congenital meatal atresia and microtia have been published. Dominant as well as recessive inheritance has been suggested. We report a family with five affected members in two generations. An irregularly dominant transmission seems to be the most likely explanation.", "PMID": 519905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_154", "title": "A distinct variant of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "Two unrelated males presented a distinct syndrome, consisting mainly of mental retardation, short stature, wrinkled facies, curly and fine hair, scanty eyebrows and eyelashes, telecanthus, periodontitis, hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility and fragility of the skin, multiple nevi, papiraceous scars, bruisability, varicose veins, pectus excavatum, winged scapulae, pes planus and bilateral cryptorchidism. Since some features were typical of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), the clinical data were analyzed comparatively with the different types of EDS. The individualization of a distinct variant is concluded. Increased paternal age at the birth of both cases suggests a de novo dominant mutation.", "contents": "A distinct variant of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Two unrelated males presented a distinct syndrome, consisting mainly of mental retardation, short stature, wrinkled facies, curly and fine hair, scanty eyebrows and eyelashes, telecanthus, periodontitis, hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility and fragility of the skin, multiple nevi, papiraceous scars, bruisability, varicose veins, pectus excavatum, winged scapulae, pes planus and bilateral cryptorchidism. Since some features were typical of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), the clinical data were analyzed comparatively with the different types of EDS. The individualization of a distinct variant is concluded. Increased paternal age at the birth of both cases suggests a de novo dominant mutation.", "PMID": 519906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_155", "title": "Fanconi's anaemia associated with haemophilia A.", "content": "Fanconi's anaemia and haemophilia A are born inherited diseases creating haemostatic defects. The association of these two rare diseases in one patient is described. The patient's haemophilia was studied with a newly developed immunological technique determining the plasma antigen associated with Factor VIII activity, and was found to be a genetic variant of moderately severe haemophilia A. It was not possible to demonstrate a common bone marrow defect or a common immunological or genetical background of the two diseases. The double haemostatic defect created, i.e. Factor VIII deficiency and thrombocytopenia, resulted in only a slight increase in bleeding tendency. A favourable result was obtained with corticosteroid and androgenic treatment.", "contents": "Fanconi's anaemia associated with haemophilia A. Fanconi's anaemia and haemophilia A are born inherited diseases creating haemostatic defects. The association of these two rare diseases in one patient is described. The patient's haemophilia was studied with a newly developed immunological technique determining the plasma antigen associated with Factor VIII activity, and was found to be a genetic variant of moderately severe haemophilia A. It was not possible to demonstrate a common bone marrow defect or a common immunological or genetical background of the two diseases. The double haemostatic defect created, i.e. Factor VIII deficiency and thrombocytopenia, resulted in only a slight increase in bleeding tendency. A favourable result was obtained with corticosteroid and androgenic treatment.", "PMID": 519907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_156", "title": "Left atrial type B receptor response during hypothermia in dogs.", "content": "1. The response of left atrial type B receptors to hypothermia and its effect on the V-wave pressure-receptor activity relationship was studied in ten anaesthetized and thoracotomized dogs. Hypothermia was produced by surface cooling of the animal. 2. With the drop in the body temperature there was a corresponding fall in the peak frequency of discharge. Reduction in the number of impulses per cardiac cycle and the average resting activity of these receptors became significant only when body temperature fell below 31 degrees C. The Q10 for these receptors is about 2.5, i.e., similar to that for the other mechanoreceptors and consistent with the view that these receptors are in parellel with the muscle fibres. 3. The V-wave pressure-receptor activity relationships were not altered by acute hypothermia.", "contents": "Left atrial type B receptor response during hypothermia in dogs. 1. The response of left atrial type B receptors to hypothermia and its effect on the V-wave pressure-receptor activity relationship was studied in ten anaesthetized and thoracotomized dogs. Hypothermia was produced by surface cooling of the animal. 2. With the drop in the body temperature there was a corresponding fall in the peak frequency of discharge. Reduction in the number of impulses per cardiac cycle and the average resting activity of these receptors became significant only when body temperature fell below 31 degrees C. The Q10 for these receptors is about 2.5, i.e., similar to that for the other mechanoreceptors and consistent with the view that these receptors are in parellel with the muscle fibres. 3. The V-wave pressure-receptor activity relationships were not altered by acute hypothermia.", "PMID": 519908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_157", "title": "Properties of inactive renin in human plasma.", "content": "1. \"Inactive\" renin in human plasma can be revealed by pH 3.3- or cold-mediated activation and in normal plasma represented 76% of the \"total\" renin. 2. Pregnancy plasma contained considerably more \"inactive\" renin and consisted of 93% of \"total\" renin. 3. \"Active\" renin in normal plasma had an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 compared with 60,000 for \"active\" renin in pregnancy plasma by gel filtration. 4. \"Inactive\" renin in pregnancy plasma also had an apparent molecular weight of 60,000, while in normal plasma there were two peaks of inactive renin at 62,000 and 46,000. 5. After affinity chromatography of a protein preparation from pregnancy plasma on Concanavalin A-Sepharose activation by pH 3.3 could no longer be produced, suggesting that the activating factor had been removed, as would occur if it were not a glycoprotein. When pepsinogen, in a concentration similar to that found in plasma, was added prior to dialysis to pH 3.3 activation was restored. 6. Ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated that at pH 8.4 \"inactive\" renin bore slightly less negative charges than \"active\" renin. 7. \"Inactive\" renin in human plasma therefore appears to be a larger molecular weight species than the \"active\" renin in normal plasma and is capable of activation during treatment to pH 3.3 or cold with no apparent alteration in size. The results suggest an important role of pepsin (after conversion from pepsinogen) in the activation of \"inactive\" renin during dialysis at pH 3.3.", "contents": "Properties of inactive renin in human plasma. 1. \"Inactive\" renin in human plasma can be revealed by pH 3.3- or cold-mediated activation and in normal plasma represented 76% of the \"total\" renin. 2. Pregnancy plasma contained considerably more \"inactive\" renin and consisted of 93% of \"total\" renin. 3. \"Active\" renin in normal plasma had an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 compared with 60,000 for \"active\" renin in pregnancy plasma by gel filtration. 4. \"Inactive\" renin in pregnancy plasma also had an apparent molecular weight of 60,000, while in normal plasma there were two peaks of inactive renin at 62,000 and 46,000. 5. After affinity chromatography of a protein preparation from pregnancy plasma on Concanavalin A-Sepharose activation by pH 3.3 could no longer be produced, suggesting that the activating factor had been removed, as would occur if it were not a glycoprotein. When pepsinogen, in a concentration similar to that found in plasma, was added prior to dialysis to pH 3.3 activation was restored. 6. Ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated that at pH 8.4 \"inactive\" renin bore slightly less negative charges than \"active\" renin. 7. \"Inactive\" renin in human plasma therefore appears to be a larger molecular weight species than the \"active\" renin in normal plasma and is capable of activation during treatment to pH 3.3 or cold with no apparent alteration in size. The results suggest an important role of pepsin (after conversion from pepsinogen) in the activation of \"inactive\" renin during dialysis at pH 3.3.", "PMID": 519909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_158", "title": "The isolated lung strip and single open tracheal ring: a convenient combination for characterizing Schultz Dale anaphylactic contractions in the peripheral and central airways of the guinea-pig.", "content": "1. The use of the isolated lung strip and single open tracheal ring for studying Schultz Dale anaphylactic contractions in both the peripheral and central airways is described. 2. This method is particularly relevant to studies of anaphylaxis because many preparations may be obtained from a single sensitized animal. 3. Isolated preparations from control guinea-pigs did not respond to ovalbumin, whereas the lung strip and trachea taken from guinea-pigs sensitized to ovalbumin, contracted markedly to that antigen. 4. The peripheral and central airways from sensitized animals responded in the same way to antigen challenge.", "contents": "The isolated lung strip and single open tracheal ring: a convenient combination for characterizing Schultz Dale anaphylactic contractions in the peripheral and central airways of the guinea-pig. 1. The use of the isolated lung strip and single open tracheal ring for studying Schultz Dale anaphylactic contractions in both the peripheral and central airways is described. 2. This method is particularly relevant to studies of anaphylaxis because many preparations may be obtained from a single sensitized animal. 3. Isolated preparations from control guinea-pigs did not respond to ovalbumin, whereas the lung strip and trachea taken from guinea-pigs sensitized to ovalbumin, contracted markedly to that antigen. 4. The peripheral and central airways from sensitized animals responded in the same way to antigen challenge.", "PMID": 519910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_159", "title": "Dopamine and the enhanced renal response to aldosterone in the rat on a high potassium diet.", "content": "1. The enhanced renal response to aldosterone observed in rats on a high potassium diet is reduced by the administration of either haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocker, or carbidopa, a peripheral blocker of dopa decarboxylase. This suggests that one peripheral action of dopamine is to modulate the action of aldosterone on the kidney. 2. No difference in urinary dopamine excretion after an 18 h fast was found in rats that had been either on a control diet or a high potassium diet. Both groups of rats responded by a similar elevation after an acute potassium load. This suggests that dopaminergic mediation of the enhanced response to aldosterone in rats on a chronic high potassium diet is not detectable by changes in urinary dopamine excretion.", "contents": "Dopamine and the enhanced renal response to aldosterone in the rat on a high potassium diet. 1. The enhanced renal response to aldosterone observed in rats on a high potassium diet is reduced by the administration of either haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocker, or carbidopa, a peripheral blocker of dopa decarboxylase. This suggests that one peripheral action of dopamine is to modulate the action of aldosterone on the kidney. 2. No difference in urinary dopamine excretion after an 18 h fast was found in rats that had been either on a control diet or a high potassium diet. Both groups of rats responded by a similar elevation after an acute potassium load. This suggests that dopaminergic mediation of the enhanced response to aldosterone in rats on a chronic high potassium diet is not detectable by changes in urinary dopamine excretion.", "PMID": 519911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_160", "title": "Embryonic and early fetal loss.", "content": "Embryonic and early fetal loss occurs in approximately one out of two pregnancies. Although this rate might appear unreasonably high, it is borne out by several types of studies and further confirmed by careful animal study. It now appears that karyotype deviation is common in early abortuses and probably underlies the high rate of gross abnormality seen in this group. In addition, environmental factors (radiation, smoking, anesthetics, and previous therapeutic abortion) may contribute to this wastage. Study and analysis of the abortus have allowed identification of a number of new embryonic and fetal syndromes. Careful description and classification combined with continued monitoring of abortuses shows promise both as an adjunct to reproductive counseling and as an important defense against teratogenic exposure. It is through this study that the etiology and ultimately the control of preventable pregnancy wastage will be understood and implemented.", "contents": "Embryonic and early fetal loss. Embryonic and early fetal loss occurs in approximately one out of two pregnancies. Although this rate might appear unreasonably high, it is borne out by several types of studies and further confirmed by careful animal study. It now appears that karyotype deviation is common in early abortuses and probably underlies the high rate of gross abnormality seen in this group. In addition, environmental factors (radiation, smoking, anesthetics, and previous therapeutic abortion) may contribute to this wastage. Study and analysis of the abortus have allowed identification of a number of new embryonic and fetal syndromes. Careful description and classification combined with continued monitoring of abortuses shows promise both as an adjunct to reproductive counseling and as an important defense against teratogenic exposure. It is through this study that the etiology and ultimately the control of preventable pregnancy wastage will be understood and implemented.", "PMID": 519933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_161", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects.", "content": "We have reviewed the current status of prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal indications and for neural tube defects. The number of pregnancies monitored will increase as greater resources become available and as public education about genetics increases. The methodology has proved to be a powerful means of preventing the birth of individuals with significant genetic defects, thereby sparing both parents and society from the burdens produced by such disorders. In the future, it is likely to be even more effective.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects. We have reviewed the current status of prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal indications and for neural tube defects. The number of pregnancies monitored will increase as greater resources become available and as public education about genetics increases. The methodology has proved to be a powerful means of preventing the birth of individuals with significant genetic defects, thereby sparing both parents and society from the burdens produced by such disorders. In the future, it is likely to be even more effective.", "PMID": 519934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_162", "title": "Dose-dependent elimination kinetics of theophylline.", "content": "There are an increasing number of clinical and experimental studies appearing in the literature suggesting that the elimination kinetics of theophylline may be dose-dependent in man. Evidence of nonlinearity includes observations that steady-state serum theophylline concentrations may increase disproportionately with increases in dose and that the elimination half-life of theophylline after multiple doses is longer than after single doses. Theophylline is apparently eliminated by parallel Michaelis-Menten and first-order kinetics. Although no specific studies of theophylline metabolism have been carried out to determine the causes of nonlinearity, it would appear that 1-demethylation of theophylline is a potentially saturable metabolic pathway. Dietary methylxanthines or their metabolites may influence the rate of elimination of theophylline and contribute to the causes of nonlinearity. Until the elimination kinetics of theophylline have been studied in more detail as a function of dose, it would seem prudent to increase doses of theophylline cautiously to minimise the risks of adverse side effects which might be associated with unexpected accumulation of theophylline.", "contents": "Dose-dependent elimination kinetics of theophylline. There are an increasing number of clinical and experimental studies appearing in the literature suggesting that the elimination kinetics of theophylline may be dose-dependent in man. Evidence of nonlinearity includes observations that steady-state serum theophylline concentrations may increase disproportionately with increases in dose and that the elimination half-life of theophylline after multiple doses is longer than after single doses. Theophylline is apparently eliminated by parallel Michaelis-Menten and first-order kinetics. Although no specific studies of theophylline metabolism have been carried out to determine the causes of nonlinearity, it would appear that 1-demethylation of theophylline is a potentially saturable metabolic pathway. Dietary methylxanthines or their metabolites may influence the rate of elimination of theophylline and contribute to the causes of nonlinearity. Until the elimination kinetics of theophylline have been studied in more detail as a function of dose, it would seem prudent to increase doses of theophylline cautiously to minimise the risks of adverse side effects which might be associated with unexpected accumulation of theophylline.", "PMID": 519931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_163", "title": "Hypothesis for the individualisation of drug dosage.", "content": "Computer simulations based on the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol and theophylline in patients, indicate a very strong correlation (r = 0.988 for chloramphenicol and r = 0.971 for theophylline) between log maintenance dose required to achieve a desired average drug concentration in serum at steady-state, and the drug concentration in serum 6 hours after an initial test dose administered by constant rate intravenous infusion over 0.5h. Accordingly, we have developed a nomogram to predict individual daily dosing requirements for these drugs in uncomplicated patients from a single serum assay following an initial dose. Within defined limits, predictions made with the nomogram are essentially equivalent to those made by iraditional pharmacokinetic methods which require substantially more drug concentration-time data following a test dose. Predictions based on the nomogram are relatively unaffected by small but typical errors in magnitude of the test dose, infusion time, sampling time and assay. Protocols for the administration of the test dose other than described, e.g. administration of an oral theophylline solution, may be equally useful for dosage predictions. In principle, this approach should apply to other drugs.", "contents": "Hypothesis for the individualisation of drug dosage. Computer simulations based on the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol and theophylline in patients, indicate a very strong correlation (r = 0.988 for chloramphenicol and r = 0.971 for theophylline) between log maintenance dose required to achieve a desired average drug concentration in serum at steady-state, and the drug concentration in serum 6 hours after an initial test dose administered by constant rate intravenous infusion over 0.5h. Accordingly, we have developed a nomogram to predict individual daily dosing requirements for these drugs in uncomplicated patients from a single serum assay following an initial dose. Within defined limits, predictions made with the nomogram are essentially equivalent to those made by iraditional pharmacokinetic methods which require substantially more drug concentration-time data following a test dose. Predictions based on the nomogram are relatively unaffected by small but typical errors in magnitude of the test dose, infusion time, sampling time and assay. Protocols for the administration of the test dose other than described, e.g. administration of an oral theophylline solution, may be equally useful for dosage predictions. In principle, this approach should apply to other drugs.", "PMID": 519932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_164", "title": "Bacterial control in the burn wound.", "content": "The goal in the treatment of septic burn wounds, as in any infection, is to reestablish the normal balance between the bacteria and the host defense. This is readily done by controlling the numerical level of bacteria while expending all efforts to remove irreversibly damaged tissue and obtaining a closed wound by autograft with the patient's own skin as rapidly as possible.", "contents": "Bacterial control in the burn wound. The goal in the treatment of septic burn wounds, as in any infection, is to reestablish the normal balance between the bacteria and the host defense. This is readily done by controlling the numerical level of bacteria while expending all efforts to remove irreversibly damaged tissue and obtaining a closed wound by autograft with the patient's own skin as rapidly as possible.", "PMID": 519938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_165", "title": "Infections following surgery for head and neck cancer.", "content": "Cancer of the head and neck area disturbs the balance between the bacterial organisms of the area and the host-defense mechanisms. The very nature of treatment of this cancer predisposes patients to infection. An awareness of the multiplicity of factors that lead to these complications and the understanding of the various defense mechanisms of the host provide the basis for a rational approach to the successful treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Infections following surgery for head and neck cancer. Cancer of the head and neck area disturbs the balance between the bacterial organisms of the area and the host-defense mechanisms. The very nature of treatment of this cancer predisposes patients to infection. An awareness of the multiplicity of factors that lead to these complications and the understanding of the various defense mechanisms of the host provide the basis for a rational approach to the successful treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 519939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_166", "title": "Difficult wounds: radiation wounds.", "content": "In an era of modern radiotherapy, problems associated with the indiscriminate treatment of benign disease have largely disappeared. Skin sparing effects of super voltage radiation equipment make the problems previously seen with orthovoltage equipment less frequent. Vigilance on the part of the workers in the field, in general, protects from the disasters that befell Thomas Edison's laboratory assistant. Despite these modern advances, the reconstructive surgeon often faces problems of managing acute local radiation injury from accident following planned therapeutic radiation or the ulcerations and breakdowns seen months or years after radiation therapy. The single most serious hazard to surgery in radiated tissue is the lodgment of bacteria in this tissue rendered avascular by the radiation and secondary necrosis from the infection itself. The principles of management are no different from those used for other chronic granulating wounds: local wound care, appropriate topical antibacterial therapy, systemic antibiotics during the perioperative period and, most importantly, adequate soft tissue coverage.", "contents": "Difficult wounds: radiation wounds. In an era of modern radiotherapy, problems associated with the indiscriminate treatment of benign disease have largely disappeared. Skin sparing effects of super voltage radiation equipment make the problems previously seen with orthovoltage equipment less frequent. Vigilance on the part of the workers in the field, in general, protects from the disasters that befell Thomas Edison's laboratory assistant. Despite these modern advances, the reconstructive surgeon often faces problems of managing acute local radiation injury from accident following planned therapeutic radiation or the ulcerations and breakdowns seen months or years after radiation therapy. The single most serious hazard to surgery in radiated tissue is the lodgment of bacteria in this tissue rendered avascular by the radiation and secondary necrosis from the infection itself. The principles of management are no different from those used for other chronic granulating wounds: local wound care, appropriate topical antibacterial therapy, systemic antibiotics during the perioperative period and, most importantly, adequate soft tissue coverage.", "PMID": 519941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_167", "title": "The use of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Antibiotics are potent preventive and therapeutic agents. However, they do not render humans germ-free. The incidence of infection in most operations has changed little in the decades since antibiotics have been available. These drugs should be used with therapeutic precision with recognition of their limitations and, as pointed out in this article, their dangers. \"Shoot with a rifle--not a shotgun.\"", "contents": "The use of antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics are potent preventive and therapeutic agents. However, they do not render humans germ-free. The incidence of infection in most operations has changed little in the decades since antibiotics have been available. These drugs should be used with therapeutic precision with recognition of their limitations and, as pointed out in this article, their dangers. \"Shoot with a rifle--not a shotgun.\"", "PMID": 519942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_168", "title": "Maxillofacial infections.", "content": "Maxillofacial infections, either surgical or nonsurgical, are relatively infrequent, probably because of the excellent regional blood supply. Established infections are usually recognized early owing to the obvious signs of infection and the early symptoms. Fortunately, most infections respond to the penicillin group of antibiotics. However, spread of maxillofacial infections may be disastrous, not only locally and regionally but possibly even systemically. There is always a chance of a lethal complication from a maxillofacial infection.", "contents": "Maxillofacial infections. Maxillofacial infections, either surgical or nonsurgical, are relatively infrequent, probably because of the excellent regional blood supply. Established infections are usually recognized early owing to the obvious signs of infection and the early symptoms. Fortunately, most infections respond to the penicillin group of antibiotics. However, spread of maxillofacial infections may be disastrous, not only locally and regionally but possibly even systemically. There is always a chance of a lethal complication from a maxillofacial infection.", "PMID": 519943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_169", "title": "Carbon dioxide equilibration in canine lungs during rebreathing and acute alkalosis.", "content": "1. The left lower lobe of the lungs of six anaesthetized dogs were isolated by the introduction of a bronchial cannula at thoracotomy. Catheters were introduced into the main pulmonary artery and a vein draining the isolated lobe. 2. Blood-gas pressures and pH were measured across the isolated lobe and compared with gas pressures in alveolar samples from the lobe. 3. When the isolated lobe was allowed to reach gaseous equilibrium with pulmonary arterial blood for 30 min, there was no significant difference between alveolar and pulmonary venous PCO2. Mean values of whole-blood base excess were similar in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood. 4. After injection of 20 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution into a peripheral vein, PCO2, pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrations rose in the mixed venous blood. There was no change of whole-blood base excess across the lung, indicating that HCO3-, as distinct from dissolved CO2, did not enter lung tissue in measurable amounts. 5. No systematic alveolar-pulmonary venous PCO2 differences were demonstrated in this preparation other than those explicable by maldistribution of lobar blood flow.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide equilibration in canine lungs during rebreathing and acute alkalosis. 1. The left lower lobe of the lungs of six anaesthetized dogs were isolated by the introduction of a bronchial cannula at thoracotomy. Catheters were introduced into the main pulmonary artery and a vein draining the isolated lobe. 2. Blood-gas pressures and pH were measured across the isolated lobe and compared with gas pressures in alveolar samples from the lobe. 3. When the isolated lobe was allowed to reach gaseous equilibrium with pulmonary arterial blood for 30 min, there was no significant difference between alveolar and pulmonary venous PCO2. Mean values of whole-blood base excess were similar in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood. 4. After injection of 20 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution into a peripheral vein, PCO2, pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrations rose in the mixed venous blood. There was no change of whole-blood base excess across the lung, indicating that HCO3-, as distinct from dissolved CO2, did not enter lung tissue in measurable amounts. 5. No systematic alveolar-pulmonary venous PCO2 differences were demonstrated in this preparation other than those explicable by maldistribution of lobar blood flow.", "PMID": 519944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_170", "title": "Changes in arterial blood gases during and after a period of oxygen breathing in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure and in patients with asthma.", "content": "1. Ten patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (group 1) and eight patients with asthma (group 2) breathed pure O2 from an MC mask for 60 min. Blood gases were measured during this period and for the subsequent 45 min. 2. In mine of ten patients in group 1 and in all eight patients in group 2 arterial O2 tension (Pa,O2) fell to values lower than had been obtained before O2 was given. 3. These undershoots in Pa,O2 are unrelated to changing CO2 stores or to hypoventilation, and are more likely due to persistence of altered ventilation-perfusion ratios associated with O2 breathing. 4. Magnitude of the undershoots is usually small, and periods of less than 15 min of O2 are unlikely to be harmful.", "contents": "Changes in arterial blood gases during and after a period of oxygen breathing in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure and in patients with asthma. 1. Ten patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (group 1) and eight patients with asthma (group 2) breathed pure O2 from an MC mask for 60 min. Blood gases were measured during this period and for the subsequent 45 min. 2. In mine of ten patients in group 1 and in all eight patients in group 2 arterial O2 tension (Pa,O2) fell to values lower than had been obtained before O2 was given. 3. These undershoots in Pa,O2 are unrelated to changing CO2 stores or to hypoventilation, and are more likely due to persistence of altered ventilation-perfusion ratios associated with O2 breathing. 4. Magnitude of the undershoots is usually small, and periods of less than 15 min of O2 are unlikely to be harmful.", "PMID": 519945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_171", "title": "Effect of isoprenaline on the plasma concentrations of angiotensin III in rats.", "content": "1. A new column-chromatographic method is described for the simple and reproducible determination of the concentration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II (angiotensin III) in rat plasma. 2. The method uses the different abilities of the ion-exchange resins Dowex 1 (X8) and Bio Rex 70 to bind angiotensin II and angiotensin III. Under the conditions used, Bio Rex 70 binds only angiotensin III. Angiotensin II and its hexapeptide metabolite [des-Asp1,des-Arg2]angiotensin II pass the resin with the effluent. Dowex 1 (X8) binds angiotensin II and the hexapeptide metabolite, whereas it does not extract angiotensin III. It does not separate angiotensin II from the hexapeptide. Therefore the sum of both peptides is expressed as angiotensin II-like activity. The ratio of the concentrations, angiotensin II/hexapeptide, was 5:1. 3. In normal rats the plasma concentration of angiotensin III was 20 fmol/ml (SD 15; n = 8), and angiotensin II-like activity was 60 fmol/ml (SD 35; n = 8). 4. The beta-sympathomimetic amine isoprenaline caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma angiotensin III and angiotensin II-like activities. 5. Under the conditions studied angiotensin III contributed approximately 25% to the total amount of angiotensins in plasma.", "contents": "Effect of isoprenaline on the plasma concentrations of angiotensin III in rats. 1. A new column-chromatographic method is described for the simple and reproducible determination of the concentration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II (angiotensin III) in rat plasma. 2. The method uses the different abilities of the ion-exchange resins Dowex 1 (X8) and Bio Rex 70 to bind angiotensin II and angiotensin III. Under the conditions used, Bio Rex 70 binds only angiotensin III. Angiotensin II and its hexapeptide metabolite [des-Asp1,des-Arg2]angiotensin II pass the resin with the effluent. Dowex 1 (X8) binds angiotensin II and the hexapeptide metabolite, whereas it does not extract angiotensin III. It does not separate angiotensin II from the hexapeptide. Therefore the sum of both peptides is expressed as angiotensin II-like activity. The ratio of the concentrations, angiotensin II/hexapeptide, was 5:1. 3. In normal rats the plasma concentration of angiotensin III was 20 fmol/ml (SD 15; n = 8), and angiotensin II-like activity was 60 fmol/ml (SD 35; n = 8). 4. The beta-sympathomimetic amine isoprenaline caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma angiotensin III and angiotensin II-like activities. 5. Under the conditions studied angiotensin III contributed approximately 25% to the total amount of angiotensins in plasma.", "PMID": 519947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_172", "title": "Dissociation in the excretion of different aldosterone metabolites and unmetabolized ('free') aldosterone in hypertension.", "content": "1. The determination of aldosterone-18-glucuronide (pH 1-labile aldosterone) was complemented by concomitant measurements of free urinary aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone in 307 patients, most of whom were hypertensive. In 38 cases (12.3%) the normal, aldosterone-18-glucuronide concentration was clinically misleading, but increased free aldosterone and/or tetrahydroaldosterone values suggested the presence of hyperaldosteronism, which in many of these cases was confirmed by elevated excretion of the possible major aldosterone precursor 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B). 2. Of 224 patients with essential hypertension and normal or low plasma renin activity 18 had an elevated free aldosterone and/or tetrahydroaldosterone excretion without increased aldosterone-18-glucuronide. These cases may represent early or pre-symptomatic forms of primary hyperaldosteronism. In other cases, particularly when tetrahydroaldosterone was increased alone, abnormalities of aldosterone metabolism were suspected. 3. In two out of 15 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, aldosterone-18-glucuronide values were frequently found to be normal, although elevations were noted in other variables. However, no relation to the morphological abnormality (adenoma versus hyperplasia) was seen.", "contents": "Dissociation in the excretion of different aldosterone metabolites and unmetabolized ('free') aldosterone in hypertension. 1. The determination of aldosterone-18-glucuronide (pH 1-labile aldosterone) was complemented by concomitant measurements of free urinary aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone in 307 patients, most of whom were hypertensive. In 38 cases (12.3%) the normal, aldosterone-18-glucuronide concentration was clinically misleading, but increased free aldosterone and/or tetrahydroaldosterone values suggested the presence of hyperaldosteronism, which in many of these cases was confirmed by elevated excretion of the possible major aldosterone precursor 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B). 2. Of 224 patients with essential hypertension and normal or low plasma renin activity 18 had an elevated free aldosterone and/or tetrahydroaldosterone excretion without increased aldosterone-18-glucuronide. These cases may represent early or pre-symptomatic forms of primary hyperaldosteronism. In other cases, particularly when tetrahydroaldosterone was increased alone, abnormalities of aldosterone metabolism were suspected. 3. In two out of 15 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, aldosterone-18-glucuronide values were frequently found to be normal, although elevations were noted in other variables. However, no relation to the morphological abnormality (adenoma versus hyperplasia) was seen.", "PMID": 519948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_173", "title": "Effect of ouabain in therapeutic concentrations on K+ exchange and contraction of human and rabbit myocardium.", "content": "1. Experiments were undertakn on strips of human atrial and ventricular muscle, on right ventricular rabbit papillary muscles and on the rabbit interventricular septum. 2. In all preparations an increase of developed tension after 30 min exposure to ouabain was apparent only at or above a concentration of 10(-7) mol/l (73 micrograms/l). 3. In the rabbit septum there was a net loss of potassium on exposure to ouabain if the concentration was greater than 10(-7) mol/l. There was no net loss, or gain, of potassium at lower concentrations. Loss of potassium, indicating inhibition of the sodium pump, could not be dissociated from the positive inotropic effect of ouabain. 4. The greater sensitivity to ouabain of human myocardium in vivo (10(-8) mol/l) than in vitro (10(-7) mol/l) may be due to cellular changes occurring in isolated preparations.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain in therapeutic concentrations on K+ exchange and contraction of human and rabbit myocardium. 1. Experiments were undertakn on strips of human atrial and ventricular muscle, on right ventricular rabbit papillary muscles and on the rabbit interventricular septum. 2. In all preparations an increase of developed tension after 30 min exposure to ouabain was apparent only at or above a concentration of 10(-7) mol/l (73 micrograms/l). 3. In the rabbit septum there was a net loss of potassium on exposure to ouabain if the concentration was greater than 10(-7) mol/l. There was no net loss, or gain, of potassium at lower concentrations. Loss of potassium, indicating inhibition of the sodium pump, could not be dissociated from the positive inotropic effect of ouabain. 4. The greater sensitivity to ouabain of human myocardium in vivo (10(-8) mol/l) than in vitro (10(-7) mol/l) may be due to cellular changes occurring in isolated preparations.", "PMID": 519949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_174", "title": "Are mineralocorticoid receptors present in human renal adenocarcinoma?", "content": "1. The presence of high-affinity sites for [3H]-aldosterone was shown in the normal human renal tissue. 2. [3H]Aldosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding were studied in human renal adenocarcinoma and in uninvolved external cortex, in 22 patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal adenocarcinoma. Tissue incubations were performed with either [3H]aldosterone (5 x 10(-10) mol/l; 5 x 10(-9) mol/l in the presence of unlabelled glucocorticoids) or [3H]dexamethasone (5 x 10(-9) mol/l). 3. Cytosol [3H]aldosterone binding was six- to seven-fold lower (P less than 0.001) in neoplastic than normal tissue. [3H]Dexamethasone binding was about twofold higher in neoplastic than in normal tissue. This difference was not significant. 4. Nuclear uptake experiments showed that, both in cytosol fractions and nuclei, [3H]aldosterone binding was lower in adenocarcinoma than in normal cortex. 5. The very low binding of [3H]aldosterone suggests that mineralocorticoid receptors are absent in renal adenocarcinoma, an hypothesis in line with the proximal origin of these tumours.", "contents": "Are mineralocorticoid receptors present in human renal adenocarcinoma? 1. The presence of high-affinity sites for [3H]-aldosterone was shown in the normal human renal tissue. 2. [3H]Aldosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding were studied in human renal adenocarcinoma and in uninvolved external cortex, in 22 patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal adenocarcinoma. Tissue incubations were performed with either [3H]aldosterone (5 x 10(-10) mol/l; 5 x 10(-9) mol/l in the presence of unlabelled glucocorticoids) or [3H]dexamethasone (5 x 10(-9) mol/l). 3. Cytosol [3H]aldosterone binding was six- to seven-fold lower (P less than 0.001) in neoplastic than normal tissue. [3H]Dexamethasone binding was about twofold higher in neoplastic than in normal tissue. This difference was not significant. 4. Nuclear uptake experiments showed that, both in cytosol fractions and nuclei, [3H]aldosterone binding was lower in adenocarcinoma than in normal cortex. 5. The very low binding of [3H]aldosterone suggests that mineralocorticoid receptors are absent in renal adenocarcinoma, an hypothesis in line with the proximal origin of these tumours.", "PMID": 519950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_175", "title": "Distribution of circulating immunoreactive components of parathyroid hormone in normal subjects and in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the role of the kidney and of the serum calcium concentration.", "content": "1. The distribution of intact parathyroid hormone-(1-84) [PTH-(1-84)] and of its COOH-terminal fragments was determined in human serum by column chromatography. In addition to PTH-(1-84) (peak I), COOH-terminal fragments having molecular weights of approximately 4000-7000 (peak II) and immunoreactive components co-eluting with human PTH-(1-12) (peak III) were observed. 2. Mean concentrations of intact PTH-(-84) and of its COOH-terminal fragments were significantly raised in chronic renal failure as compared with those of normal subjects. Mean amounts of peak II were higher in patients with chronic renal insufficiency than in nutritional vitamin D deficiency, in pseudohypoparathyroidism and in primary hyperparathyroidism, despite comparable amounts of PTH-(1-84). 3. In chronic renal failure as well as in a group of patients with vitamin D deficiency, pseudohypoparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism and in controls, significant linear relations were found between the serum concentrations of calcium and log (peak II/peak I). Our findings suggest that the conversion of intact PTH-(1-84) into COOH-terminal fragments by the parathyroid glands (resulting in a raised secretion of fragments) and/or in peripheral organs may be directly related to the serum concentration of calcium. However, the degradation of the fragments may also be suppressed in a calcium-dependent manner.", "contents": "Distribution of circulating immunoreactive components of parathyroid hormone in normal subjects and in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the role of the kidney and of the serum calcium concentration. 1. The distribution of intact parathyroid hormone-(1-84) [PTH-(1-84)] and of its COOH-terminal fragments was determined in human serum by column chromatography. In addition to PTH-(1-84) (peak I), COOH-terminal fragments having molecular weights of approximately 4000-7000 (peak II) and immunoreactive components co-eluting with human PTH-(1-12) (peak III) were observed. 2. Mean concentrations of intact PTH-(-84) and of its COOH-terminal fragments were significantly raised in chronic renal failure as compared with those of normal subjects. Mean amounts of peak II were higher in patients with chronic renal insufficiency than in nutritional vitamin D deficiency, in pseudohypoparathyroidism and in primary hyperparathyroidism, despite comparable amounts of PTH-(1-84). 3. In chronic renal failure as well as in a group of patients with vitamin D deficiency, pseudohypoparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism and in controls, significant linear relations were found between the serum concentrations of calcium and log (peak II/peak I). Our findings suggest that the conversion of intact PTH-(1-84) into COOH-terminal fragments by the parathyroid glands (resulting in a raised secretion of fragments) and/or in peripheral organs may be directly related to the serum concentration of calcium. However, the degradation of the fragments may also be suppressed in a calcium-dependent manner.", "PMID": 519952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_176", "title": "Study of the oligosaccharide units from mucus glycoproteins of meconium from normal infants and from cases of cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus.", "content": "1. The mucus glycoproteins in meconium from normal infants and from infants having cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus have been studied. 2. Whereas normal meconium contained about 50% protein-bound carbohydrate, the meconium from cystic fibrosis contained only about 10%. 3. Glycopolypeptides were prepared from the mucus of glycoproteins. The oligosaccharide units from this material were released and fractionated. The fractions ranged widely in size and composition. 4. The fractions from cystic fibrosis specimens had a significantly higher content of fucose than those from normal specimens.", "contents": "Study of the oligosaccharide units from mucus glycoproteins of meconium from normal infants and from cases of cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus. 1. The mucus glycoproteins in meconium from normal infants and from infants having cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus have been studied. 2. Whereas normal meconium contained about 50% protein-bound carbohydrate, the meconium from cystic fibrosis contained only about 10%. 3. Glycopolypeptides were prepared from the mucus of glycoproteins. The oligosaccharide units from this material were released and fractionated. The fractions ranged widely in size and composition. 4. The fractions from cystic fibrosis specimens had a significantly higher content of fucose than those from normal specimens.", "PMID": 519953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_177", "title": "Lactoferrin turnover in man.", "content": "1. The turnover of 125I-labelled lactoferrin was measured in ten adults. Simultaneous organ radioactivity counting was performed. 2. Ferrokinetic studies were performed in three adults after the intravenous injection of [59Fe]lactoferrin. 3. Lactoferrin was rapidly eliminated from the plasma with a mean fractional catabolic rate of 5.7/day. Apolactoferrin (one subject) was eliminated at a slower rate (fractional catabolic rate 1.22/day). 4. Of the administered 125I label 99% was recovered in the urine, as free iodine, within the first 24 h. In the 59Fe studies no appreciable activity was found in the urine. 5. Organ radioactivity counting showed that lactoferrin was rapidly taken up by the liver and spleen. In the 125I studies the rapid excretion of free 125I suggested catabolism at these sites. In the 59Fe studies, the radioactivity persisted in the liver and spleen for several weeks and was slowly transferred to the bone marrow before appearing in circulating erythrocytes. 6. From the values of fractional catabolic rate, plasma lactoferrin, neutrophil lactoferrin and plasma volume, a 'derived neutrophil turnover' was calculated for each subject. The mean value was 8 x 10(8) neutrophils/day. This is about 1% the value obtained from the actual measurement of labelled cells. It is postulated that this 'derived value' represents only that portion of neutrophil turnover accounted for by intravascular senescence.", "contents": "Lactoferrin turnover in man. 1. The turnover of 125I-labelled lactoferrin was measured in ten adults. Simultaneous organ radioactivity counting was performed. 2. Ferrokinetic studies were performed in three adults after the intravenous injection of [59Fe]lactoferrin. 3. Lactoferrin was rapidly eliminated from the plasma with a mean fractional catabolic rate of 5.7/day. Apolactoferrin (one subject) was eliminated at a slower rate (fractional catabolic rate 1.22/day). 4. Of the administered 125I label 99% was recovered in the urine, as free iodine, within the first 24 h. In the 59Fe studies no appreciable activity was found in the urine. 5. Organ radioactivity counting showed that lactoferrin was rapidly taken up by the liver and spleen. In the 125I studies the rapid excretion of free 125I suggested catabolism at these sites. In the 59Fe studies, the radioactivity persisted in the liver and spleen for several weeks and was slowly transferred to the bone marrow before appearing in circulating erythrocytes. 6. From the values of fractional catabolic rate, plasma lactoferrin, neutrophil lactoferrin and plasma volume, a 'derived neutrophil turnover' was calculated for each subject. The mean value was 8 x 10(8) neutrophils/day. This is about 1% the value obtained from the actual measurement of labelled cells. It is postulated that this 'derived value' represents only that portion of neutrophil turnover accounted for by intravascular senescence.", "PMID": 519954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_178", "title": "Studies on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly hypertensive patients with an angiotensin II antagonist.", "content": "1. To characterize the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly hypertensive patients, an angiotensin II antagonist, [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, was infused into individuals 60 years old and older with and without hypertension. 2. After infusion of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II in all of the elderly patients and subjects an agonistic pressor response was observed that was greater than in middle-aged hypertensive patients. 3. Pre-infusion plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive and normotensive elderly groups were suppressed in comparison with those in middle-aged hypertensive subjects. The increased agonistic effects of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II infusion on blood pressure in the elderly are presumably due to their hyporeninaemia. 4. The angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly essential hypertensive patients is suppressed and is presumably not responsible for their elevated blood pressures.", "contents": "Studies on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly hypertensive patients with an angiotensin II antagonist. 1. To characterize the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly hypertensive patients, an angiotensin II antagonist, [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, was infused into individuals 60 years old and older with and without hypertension. 2. After infusion of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II in all of the elderly patients and subjects an agonistic pressor response was observed that was greater than in middle-aged hypertensive patients. 3. Pre-infusion plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive and normotensive elderly groups were suppressed in comparison with those in middle-aged hypertensive subjects. The increased agonistic effects of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II infusion on blood pressure in the elderly are presumably due to their hyporeninaemia. 4. The angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly essential hypertensive patients is suppressed and is presumably not responsible for their elevated blood pressures.", "PMID": 519955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_179", "title": "Effect of propranolol on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in man.", "content": "1. The effect of a single oral dose of propranolol on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia has been studied in five healthy subjects. 2. Propranolol produced a small but significant reduction in the slope of the ventilation/end-tidal PCO2 regression line. 3. Propranolol did not significantly change vital capacity or forced expiratory volume in 1 s.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in man. 1. The effect of a single oral dose of propranolol on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia has been studied in five healthy subjects. 2. Propranolol produced a small but significant reduction in the slope of the ventilation/end-tidal PCO2 regression line. 3. Propranolol did not significantly change vital capacity or forced expiratory volume in 1 s.", "PMID": 519956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_180", "title": "Effect of general anaesthesia on renal haemodynamics in the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of sodium pentobarbital and Inactin anaesthesia on renal haemodynamics in the rat was evaluated with radioactive microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter. 2. Both anaesthetic agents caused substantial decrements in total renal blood flow (sodium pentobarbital, -34%; Inactin, -24%) compared with unanaesthetized animals. 3. Measurements of renal function obtained in rats anaesthetized with either of these anaesthetic agents should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Effect of general anaesthesia on renal haemodynamics in the rat. 1. The effect of sodium pentobarbital and Inactin anaesthesia on renal haemodynamics in the rat was evaluated with radioactive microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter. 2. Both anaesthetic agents caused substantial decrements in total renal blood flow (sodium pentobarbital, -34%; Inactin, -24%) compared with unanaesthetized animals. 3. Measurements of renal function obtained in rats anaesthetized with either of these anaesthetic agents should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 519957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_181", "title": "Mathematical analysis of the diagnostic relevance of clinical findings.", "content": "1. The process of diagnosis by elimination in terms of probabilities is analysed mathematically. 2. A piece of evidence which is only associated with a small number of differential diagnoses is of particular importance. 3. To deal with a differential diagnosis, a feature is required which occurs commonly in a postulated diagnosis but rarely in its rivals, irrespective of its frequency in those already discriminated against. 4. By using this analysis, inadequate evidence may be identified, new tests developed, and their effectiveness assessed in a logical and efficient way. 5. The approach is illustrated by considering the differential diagnosis of localized right lower quadrant abdominal pain.", "contents": "Mathematical analysis of the diagnostic relevance of clinical findings. 1. The process of diagnosis by elimination in terms of probabilities is analysed mathematically. 2. A piece of evidence which is only associated with a small number of differential diagnoses is of particular importance. 3. To deal with a differential diagnosis, a feature is required which occurs commonly in a postulated diagnosis but rarely in its rivals, irrespective of its frequency in those already discriminated against. 4. By using this analysis, inadequate evidence may be identified, new tests developed, and their effectiveness assessed in a logical and efficient way. 5. The approach is illustrated by considering the differential diagnosis of localized right lower quadrant abdominal pain.", "PMID": 519958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_182", "title": "Clonidine and sympathetic activity during sleep.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and electroencephalographic variables were measured simultaneously during sleep in five healthy males before and after slow-release clonidine (300 micrograms orally) or placebo. 2. The blood pressure fall during sleep correlated significantly with the depth of sleep. 3. Clonidine significantly reduced systolic blood pressure during sleep and profoundly reduced total paradoxical sleep duration. 4. Plasma noradrenaline declined progressively during the sleep period and concentrations were significantly lower after clonidine compared with placebo.", "contents": "Clonidine and sympathetic activity during sleep. 1. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and electroencephalographic variables were measured simultaneously during sleep in five healthy males before and after slow-release clonidine (300 micrograms orally) or placebo. 2. The blood pressure fall during sleep correlated significantly with the depth of sleep. 3. Clonidine significantly reduced systolic blood pressure during sleep and profoundly reduced total paradoxical sleep duration. 4. Plasma noradrenaline declined progressively during the sleep period and concentrations were significantly lower after clonidine compared with placebo.", "PMID": 519960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_183", "title": "Impairment of flow in routine gravity-fed intravenous infusions to surgical patients.", "content": "1. Gravity-fed intravenous infusions were studied in patients by using continuous flow recording and a new resistance-measuring method. 2. A common, though preventable, cause of reduced flow was the gradual deformation of the plastic tubing under the regulator clamp. 3. In many cases there was some constriction of the cannulated vein and in a few this constriction was severe enough to seriously impair the infusion. The severity of the constriction varied periodically. 4. There was no evidence of troble due to a generally raised pressure in the arm veins nor was clotting in the cannula a serious problem. 5. A simple test is described which may be found useful clinically for assessing the difficult infusion.", "contents": "Impairment of flow in routine gravity-fed intravenous infusions to surgical patients. 1. Gravity-fed intravenous infusions were studied in patients by using continuous flow recording and a new resistance-measuring method. 2. A common, though preventable, cause of reduced flow was the gradual deformation of the plastic tubing under the regulator clamp. 3. In many cases there was some constriction of the cannulated vein and in a few this constriction was severe enough to seriously impair the infusion. The severity of the constriction varied periodically. 4. There was no evidence of troble due to a generally raised pressure in the arm veins nor was clotting in the cannula a serious problem. 5. A simple test is described which may be found useful clinically for assessing the difficult infusion.", "PMID": 519961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_184", "title": "Release of dipeptide hydrolase activities from rat small intestine perfused in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "1. Hydrolase activities against three dipeptides were measured in mucosal cytoplasm in unperfused intestines and in mucosal cytoplasm, luminal effluents and serosal secretions after perfusion in vitro and in vivo for 1 h. Intestines in vitro were preparted both from anaesthetized rats and from freshly killed rats. 2. Only 0.6--1.9% of the initial cytoplasmic activity was recovered in the luminal effluent when intestines in vitro were prepared from anaesthetized rats. Recoveries in luminal effluents were similar (1.3--3.3%) during perfusion in vivo. 3. Losses of dipeptidases into the luminal effluent were four to eight times greater when intestines in vitro were prepared from freshly killed animals. 4. Similar losses of dipeptidases into the secretion on to the serosal surface were observed: they too were much greater when intestines were prepared from freshly killed animals. 5. Small losses of mucosal DNA during perfusion were also observed; however, losses of cytoplasmic peptidases were consistently slightly greater. 6. Enzyme loss therefore probably occurs both by sloughing of whole cells and by a more specific process which is greatly influenced by experimental procedure. Caution is necessary in the interpretation of peptide transport experiments in vitro, although the possibility that intraluminal hydrolysis is of physiological significance must not be excluded.", "contents": "Release of dipeptide hydrolase activities from rat small intestine perfused in vitro and in vivo. 1. Hydrolase activities against three dipeptides were measured in mucosal cytoplasm in unperfused intestines and in mucosal cytoplasm, luminal effluents and serosal secretions after perfusion in vitro and in vivo for 1 h. Intestines in vitro were preparted both from anaesthetized rats and from freshly killed rats. 2. Only 0.6--1.9% of the initial cytoplasmic activity was recovered in the luminal effluent when intestines in vitro were prepared from anaesthetized rats. Recoveries in luminal effluents were similar (1.3--3.3%) during perfusion in vivo. 3. Losses of dipeptidases into the luminal effluent were four to eight times greater when intestines in vitro were prepared from freshly killed animals. 4. Similar losses of dipeptidases into the secretion on to the serosal surface were observed: they too were much greater when intestines were prepared from freshly killed animals. 5. Small losses of mucosal DNA during perfusion were also observed; however, losses of cytoplasmic peptidases were consistently slightly greater. 6. Enzyme loss therefore probably occurs both by sloughing of whole cells and by a more specific process which is greatly influenced by experimental procedure. Caution is necessary in the interpretation of peptide transport experiments in vitro, although the possibility that intraluminal hydrolysis is of physiological significance must not be excluded.", "PMID": 519962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_185", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations at different vascular sites during rest and isometric and dynamic exercise.", "content": "1. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from femoral artery and vein, pulmonary artery and antecubital vein at rest and during isometric and dynamic exercise in six patients during cardiac catheterization and plasma noradrenaline was measured radioenzymatically. 2. Analysis of variance indicated that differences between vascular sites were not significant, whereas differences between patients (P less than 0.001) and differences between activities (P less than 0.001) were significant. 3. Mean systemic arterial concentrations tended to be lower than pulmonary arterial concentrations during each activity, although the difference was not significant. 4. We conclude that forearm venous plasma noradrenaline concentrations are representative of those from other sites.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations at different vascular sites during rest and isometric and dynamic exercise. 1. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from femoral artery and vein, pulmonary artery and antecubital vein at rest and during isometric and dynamic exercise in six patients during cardiac catheterization and plasma noradrenaline was measured radioenzymatically. 2. Analysis of variance indicated that differences between vascular sites were not significant, whereas differences between patients (P less than 0.001) and differences between activities (P less than 0.001) were significant. 3. Mean systemic arterial concentrations tended to be lower than pulmonary arterial concentrations during each activity, although the difference was not significant. 4. We conclude that forearm venous plasma noradrenaline concentrations are representative of those from other sites.", "PMID": 519963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_186", "title": "CT scanning in the diagnosis of orbital disease.", "content": "The application of CT scanning to the diagnosis of orbital disease is considered in the context of the general differential diagnosis of unilateral exophthalmos. The advantages of using a body scanner for orbital diagnosis are stressed, coupled with the high resolution facility available with the EMI CT 5005 machine. In addition to orbital space-occupying lesions and dysthyroid disease, secondary involvement of the orbit by paranasal sinus and middle fossa pathology is described, and the value of CT considered in respect to these lesions. The relationship of CT to other modalities of orbital investigation is discussed and their current place in orbital diagnosis evaluated.", "contents": "CT scanning in the diagnosis of orbital disease. The application of CT scanning to the diagnosis of orbital disease is considered in the context of the general differential diagnosis of unilateral exophthalmos. The advantages of using a body scanner for orbital diagnosis are stressed, coupled with the high resolution facility available with the EMI CT 5005 machine. In addition to orbital space-occupying lesions and dysthyroid disease, secondary involvement of the orbit by paranasal sinus and middle fossa pathology is described, and the value of CT considered in respect to these lesions. The relationship of CT to other modalities of orbital investigation is discussed and their current place in orbital diagnosis evaluated.", "PMID": 519977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_187", "title": "Orbital syndromes--CT analysis of 100 cases.", "content": "100 cases of orbital syndromes, primary or secondary, are reviewed after CT analysis and compared with the results of plain and angiographic conventional examinations. First, the technique and normal results are described. Primary orbital syndromes (45 cases) originating in the orbit form three subgroups--tumors of the eyeball, tumors limited to the orbit and tumors of the orbit with bone lesions, with or without extra-orbital extension. Secondary orbital syndromes (55 cases) spreading to the orbit contain malignant tumors (36 cases) of which 25 are epitheliomas and benign tumors, the most frequent being meningiomas. For ocular and orbital tumors, CT allows the diagnosis of a mass and sometimes the pathological diagnosis (endocrine exophtalmos, inflammatory pseudotumors, varicose ophthalmic veins). For all other orbital tumors CT is important in determining the volume, relationships and extension, and does so better than carotid angiography or orbital phlebography. In secondary orbital syndromes, and particularly in facial malignant tumors and in meningiomas, CT is of great interest in the pretherapeutic evaluation of a tumor. It shows its volume and extension toward the face and orbital cavities, the pterygo-maxillary fossa (so important in determining the operability), the infra-temporal fossa and the endocranium, often without resorting to complementary investigational procedures which are much more aggressive. After histological diagnosis, CT allows the establishment of a therapeutic program.", "contents": "Orbital syndromes--CT analysis of 100 cases. 100 cases of orbital syndromes, primary or secondary, are reviewed after CT analysis and compared with the results of plain and angiographic conventional examinations. First, the technique and normal results are described. Primary orbital syndromes (45 cases) originating in the orbit form three subgroups--tumors of the eyeball, tumors limited to the orbit and tumors of the orbit with bone lesions, with or without extra-orbital extension. Secondary orbital syndromes (55 cases) spreading to the orbit contain malignant tumors (36 cases) of which 25 are epitheliomas and benign tumors, the most frequent being meningiomas. For ocular and orbital tumors, CT allows the diagnosis of a mass and sometimes the pathological diagnosis (endocrine exophtalmos, inflammatory pseudotumors, varicose ophthalmic veins). For all other orbital tumors CT is important in determining the volume, relationships and extension, and does so better than carotid angiography or orbital phlebography. In secondary orbital syndromes, and particularly in facial malignant tumors and in meningiomas, CT is of great interest in the pretherapeutic evaluation of a tumor. It shows its volume and extension toward the face and orbital cavities, the pterygo-maxillary fossa (so important in determining the operability), the infra-temporal fossa and the endocranium, often without resorting to complementary investigational procedures which are much more aggressive. After histological diagnosis, CT allows the establishment of a therapeutic program.", "PMID": 519978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_188", "title": "Orbital trauma evaluation by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomographic scans are useful for the evaluation of orbital trauma because they provide visualization of fractures, soft tissue damage, and embedded foreign bodies. Six cases are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of these studies in the evaluation of patients with a variety of injuries. By using both coronal and axial computed tomographic scans, orbital details can be studied with three-dimensional accuracy.", "contents": "Orbital trauma evaluation by computed tomography. Computed tomographic scans are useful for the evaluation of orbital trauma because they provide visualization of fractures, soft tissue damage, and embedded foreign bodies. Six cases are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of these studies in the evaluation of patients with a variety of injuries. By using both coronal and axial computed tomographic scans, orbital details can be studied with three-dimensional accuracy.", "PMID": 519979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_189", "title": "Advantages of a fourth generation CT scanner in the management of patients with orbital mass lesions.", "content": "This presentation demonstrates the advantages of a fourth generation CT scanner in prognosis and localization of orbital space taking lesions, including its use as a localization guide for fine needle aspiration biopsy. It also provides an accurate means of follow-up of orbital lesions which have been either left in situ, partially excised, or excised. Six patients with difficult orbital problems of various types have been described to demonstrate how this high resolution CT scanner was utilized to improve the recognition and management of these problems.", "contents": "Advantages of a fourth generation CT scanner in the management of patients with orbital mass lesions. This presentation demonstrates the advantages of a fourth generation CT scanner in prognosis and localization of orbital space taking lesions, including its use as a localization guide for fine needle aspiration biopsy. It also provides an accurate means of follow-up of orbital lesions which have been either left in situ, partially excised, or excised. Six patients with difficult orbital problems of various types have been described to demonstrate how this high resolution CT scanner was utilized to improve the recognition and management of these problems.", "PMID": 519980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_190", "title": "Direct coronal computed tomography of the orbits employing a dedicated head scanner.", "content": "A number of articles have been written on the topic of orbital computed tomography (CT), most of which have emphasized transaxial sections. Recently, especially since whole body scanners have become widely distributed, numerous articles have been written on coronal sections of the orbits. This article discusses the method of obtaining coronal CT sections of the orbits employing a dedicated head scanner and demonstrates the results that can be obtained employing this technique.", "contents": "Direct coronal computed tomography of the orbits employing a dedicated head scanner. A number of articles have been written on the topic of orbital computed tomography (CT), most of which have emphasized transaxial sections. Recently, especially since whole body scanners have become widely distributed, numerous articles have been written on coronal sections of the orbits. This article discusses the method of obtaining coronal CT sections of the orbits employing a dedicated head scanner and demonstrates the results that can be obtained employing this technique.", "PMID": 519981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_191", "title": "Computed tomography of the visual pathways.", "content": "Many articles have discussed the anatomy and pathology of the orbits. Although this area is exquisitely visualized via computed tomography, the bulk of the visual apparatus lies behind the optic canal. A variety of pathologic conditions will manifest themselves by changes in the visual fields. This article demonstrates the normal anatomy of the visual pathways within the brain by CT scanning and correlates various changes that cause visual field defects.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the visual pathways. Many articles have discussed the anatomy and pathology of the orbits. Although this area is exquisitely visualized via computed tomography, the bulk of the visual apparatus lies behind the optic canal. A variety of pathologic conditions will manifest themselves by changes in the visual fields. This article demonstrates the normal anatomy of the visual pathways within the brain by CT scanning and correlates various changes that cause visual field defects.", "PMID": 519982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_192", "title": "Long-term survival of subacute cardiac rupture with tamponade in acute myocardial infarction, without surgical intervention (the role of pericardiocentesis).", "content": "Four patients are described with cardiac tamponade caused by subacute cardiac rupture in acute myocardial infarction with long-term survival of two of them. Three patients were treated by pericardiocentesis. Clinical signs and symptoms and diagnostic problems are discussed stressing the need for a well-trained team of workers of the Coronary Care Units aware of the possibility of this event and ready to cope with its therapeutical demands--both surgical and conservative--by pericardiocentesis which is a small number of patients can be life-saving.", "contents": "Long-term survival of subacute cardiac rupture with tamponade in acute myocardial infarction, without surgical intervention (the role of pericardiocentesis). Four patients are described with cardiac tamponade caused by subacute cardiac rupture in acute myocardial infarction with long-term survival of two of them. Three patients were treated by pericardiocentesis. Clinical signs and symptoms and diagnostic problems are discussed stressing the need for a well-trained team of workers of the Coronary Care Units aware of the possibility of this event and ready to cope with its therapeutical demands--both surgical and conservative--by pericardiocentesis which is a small number of patients can be life-saving.", "PMID": 519997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_193", "title": "Changes in the pacemaker function of the sinus node after closure of atrial septal defect. Temporary and stable iatrogenic sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "The alterations in the clinical symptoms and the pacemaker function of the sinus node following open heart operation were studied in 26 patients suffering from atrial septal defect. The most characteristic electrophysiological change was the prolongation of the sinus node recovery time as consequence of surgical repair of the atrial septal defect. The clinical symptoms of the sick sinus syndrome could be detected in all 26 cases after the open heart surgery. In 16 patients the symptoms of iatrogenic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were only transitory, while in 10 patients a stable iatrogenic SSS developed after the operation. In the basis of these data the pathological mechanism of the iatrogenic SSS is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the pacemaker function of the sinus node after closure of atrial septal defect. Temporary and stable iatrogenic sick sinus syndrome. The alterations in the clinical symptoms and the pacemaker function of the sinus node following open heart operation were studied in 26 patients suffering from atrial septal defect. The most characteristic electrophysiological change was the prolongation of the sinus node recovery time as consequence of surgical repair of the atrial septal defect. The clinical symptoms of the sick sinus syndrome could be detected in all 26 cases after the open heart surgery. In 16 patients the symptoms of iatrogenic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were only transitory, while in 10 patients a stable iatrogenic SSS developed after the operation. In the basis of these data the pathological mechanism of the iatrogenic SSS is discussed.", "PMID": 519998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_194", "title": "[A-wave in calibrated apex cardiogram in hypertension. Studies during rest and after exertion].", "content": "Apexcardiographic examinations were carried out of 86 hypertensive patients without clinically manifest heart failure. The amplitude of the wave a (or the per cent fraction of the wave a of the total amplitude) and the maximal rate of wave rise, df/dta were statistically significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in normal subjects. The findings are interpreted as a manifestation of an increased left ventricular rigidity and of an increased atrial contractility in hypertensive patients. No correlation was found between the apexcardiographic indicators checked and the indicators of the cardiac pump function. In 46 hypertensive patients, in addition, a dynamic exercise test was performed (50 W for 6 min); 1 minute after cessation of exercise an apexcardiogram was recorded. An increase in the a/T quotient (greater than or equal to 5%) was found in 20; a decrease (=5%), in 10; and no change (less than +/- 5%), in 16 hypertensive patients. The postexercise apexcardiographic changes had no correlations with haemodynamic changes occurring during exercise.", "contents": "[A-wave in calibrated apex cardiogram in hypertension. Studies during rest and after exertion]. Apexcardiographic examinations were carried out of 86 hypertensive patients without clinically manifest heart failure. The amplitude of the wave a (or the per cent fraction of the wave a of the total amplitude) and the maximal rate of wave rise, df/dta were statistically significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in normal subjects. The findings are interpreted as a manifestation of an increased left ventricular rigidity and of an increased atrial contractility in hypertensive patients. No correlation was found between the apexcardiographic indicators checked and the indicators of the cardiac pump function. In 46 hypertensive patients, in addition, a dynamic exercise test was performed (50 W for 6 min); 1 minute after cessation of exercise an apexcardiogram was recorded. An increase in the a/T quotient (greater than or equal to 5%) was found in 20; a decrease (=5%), in 10; and no change (less than +/- 5%), in 16 hypertensive patients. The postexercise apexcardiographic changes had no correlations with haemodynamic changes occurring during exercise.", "PMID": 519999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_195", "title": "Methods for assessment of arterial pressure levels in 7-11 year old boys.", "content": "In 1016 boys of 7-11 years of age, practically healthy, the maximal and minimal arterial pressure values were recorded, and the normal limits were calculated with the aid of the percentile method. By multiple regression analysis the correlations were investigated between the arterial pressure level on the one hand and the proband's age, height, body mass, and the mass-height index on the other hand. Of the factors influencing the arterial pressure level, the main role is played by the height and mass-height index; the effect of age is a minor one. An analysis of partial correlations showed that in boys of equal height and body mass values the age had only a very slight effect on the arterial pressure level. For each age category the regression coefficients were calculated for determination of the arterial pressure level corresponding to the boys' height and body mass. The effects of these factors, however, vary among age categories.", "contents": "Methods for assessment of arterial pressure levels in 7-11 year old boys. In 1016 boys of 7-11 years of age, practically healthy, the maximal and minimal arterial pressure values were recorded, and the normal limits were calculated with the aid of the percentile method. By multiple regression analysis the correlations were investigated between the arterial pressure level on the one hand and the proband's age, height, body mass, and the mass-height index on the other hand. Of the factors influencing the arterial pressure level, the main role is played by the height and mass-height index; the effect of age is a minor one. An analysis of partial correlations showed that in boys of equal height and body mass values the age had only a very slight effect on the arterial pressure level. For each age category the regression coefficients were calculated for determination of the arterial pressure level corresponding to the boys' height and body mass. The effects of these factors, however, vary among age categories.", "PMID": 520000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_196", "title": "Size of arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog femoral circulation.", "content": "Radioactive plastic microspheres 50 and 200 micra in diameter labeled with Ytterbium169 were used to study distribution in the femoral circulation of living dogs under general anaesthesia. Shunting was demonstrated because radioactivity was detected in the lungs after intraarterial injection of 50 micra microspheres. When the size of the microspheres injected was 200 micra no radioactivity was detected over the lungs. This indicates that the arteriovenous anastomoses are smaller than 200 micra, they are probably located in the skin because there was less radioactivity in the skin after intrafemoral injection of the 50 micra microspheres than when the injected microspheres were 200 micra in diameter.", "contents": "Size of arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog femoral circulation. Radioactive plastic microspheres 50 and 200 micra in diameter labeled with Ytterbium169 were used to study distribution in the femoral circulation of living dogs under general anaesthesia. Shunting was demonstrated because radioactivity was detected in the lungs after intraarterial injection of 50 micra microspheres. When the size of the microspheres injected was 200 micra no radioactivity was detected over the lungs. This indicates that the arteriovenous anastomoses are smaller than 200 micra, they are probably located in the skin because there was less radioactivity in the skin after intrafemoral injection of the 50 micra microspheres than when the injected microspheres were 200 micra in diameter.", "PMID": 520001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_197", "title": "The sympatho-adrenal system and sulfhydryl groups in the heart in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 59 sexually mature male chinchilla rabbits, and in control sham-operated animals, there were compared the indicators characterizing the functional state of the heart and the levels of catecholamines and of SH groups in experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligating the descending branch of the left coronary artery. Phasic shifts were found in the heart adrenergic regulation, dependent on the stage of infarction. In all animals in the acute stage of myocardial infarction the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system was enhanced. In an extensive transmural infarction and in cases with a lethal outcome the levels of total and protein-bound noradrenaline were lowered. The course and prognosis of experimental myocardial infarction were dependent on the degree of disturbance of formation of complexes of noradrenaline with adrenoreceptor structures, caused by decreases in the levels of noradrenaline and sulphydryl groups.", "contents": "The sympatho-adrenal system and sulfhydryl groups in the heart in experimental myocardial infarction. In 59 sexually mature male chinchilla rabbits, and in control sham-operated animals, there were compared the indicators characterizing the functional state of the heart and the levels of catecholamines and of SH groups in experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligating the descending branch of the left coronary artery. Phasic shifts were found in the heart adrenergic regulation, dependent on the stage of infarction. In all animals in the acute stage of myocardial infarction the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system was enhanced. In an extensive transmural infarction and in cases with a lethal outcome the levels of total and protein-bound noradrenaline were lowered. The course and prognosis of experimental myocardial infarction were dependent on the degree of disturbance of formation of complexes of noradrenaline with adrenoreceptor structures, caused by decreases in the levels of noradrenaline and sulphydryl groups.", "PMID": 520002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_198", "title": "Stereotypes of mental illness: a comparison with ethnic stereotypes.", "content": "This paper draws on empirical and theoretical studies to argue that popular and professional conceptions of mental illness share specific traits with ethnic stereotypes: (1) they are exaggerated and serve to erect a qualitative boundary where none objectively exists: (2) they are maintained through selective perception, rationalization, and sanctions; (3) they help to erect the \"thresholds,' i.e., the criteria, for crossing or recrossing the boundary; (4) they serve to define relations, including those of power, between groups; (5) because they perform these important cognitive and conative functions, they persist despite a flow of personnel across them and despite repeated demonstrations of their inaccuracy. They cannot be expected to change until the actual relations between groups change.", "contents": "Stereotypes of mental illness: a comparison with ethnic stereotypes. This paper draws on empirical and theoretical studies to argue that popular and professional conceptions of mental illness share specific traits with ethnic stereotypes: (1) they are exaggerated and serve to erect a qualitative boundary where none objectively exists: (2) they are maintained through selective perception, rationalization, and sanctions; (3) they help to erect the \"thresholds,' i.e., the criteria, for crossing or recrossing the boundary; (4) they serve to define relations, including those of power, between groups; (5) because they perform these important cognitive and conative functions, they persist despite a flow of personnel across them and despite repeated demonstrations of their inaccuracy. They cannot be expected to change until the actual relations between groups change.", "PMID": 520017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_199", "title": "Taijin Kyofusho: diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry.", "content": "Taijin Kyofusho or 'anthrophobia' is a Japanese culture-specific disgnostic label for the presenting problems of various fear reactions in interpersonal situations. The starting point of the present study was accumulating studies on Japanese cases of Taijin Kyofusho and the assertion in Japanese psychiatry that the symptom complex called Taijin kyofusho is Japanese culture-bound. In light of previous works on culture-bound disorders, the present study examines whether or not American mental health professionals could diagnose Japanese case descriptions of Taijin Kyofusho and what kinds of labels they applied to these Japanese cases. The results showed that American judges were able to diagnose Japanese cases nearly as well as American cases. However, there were considerable variability and inconsistency in their judgments of both the Japanese and American cases. The rate of disgnostic agreement dropped considerable as judges were asked to proceed from broad categories to specific categories. American judges grouped the Japanese cases of Taijin Kyofusho into a number of heterogeneous categories using labels such as paranoid schizophrenia, paranoid personality, phobic neurosis, and anxiety neurosis, among others. These results are discussed in terms of psychopathological diagnostic criteria and present conceptualization of culture-bound disorders, value judgments of mental health professionals, and the social contexts in which Taijin Kyofusho reactions occur.", "contents": "Taijin Kyofusho: diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry. Taijin Kyofusho or 'anthrophobia' is a Japanese culture-specific disgnostic label for the presenting problems of various fear reactions in interpersonal situations. The starting point of the present study was accumulating studies on Japanese cases of Taijin Kyofusho and the assertion in Japanese psychiatry that the symptom complex called Taijin kyofusho is Japanese culture-bound. In light of previous works on culture-bound disorders, the present study examines whether or not American mental health professionals could diagnose Japanese case descriptions of Taijin Kyofusho and what kinds of labels they applied to these Japanese cases. The results showed that American judges were able to diagnose Japanese cases nearly as well as American cases. However, there were considerable variability and inconsistency in their judgments of both the Japanese and American cases. The rate of disgnostic agreement dropped considerable as judges were asked to proceed from broad categories to specific categories. American judges grouped the Japanese cases of Taijin Kyofusho into a number of heterogeneous categories using labels such as paranoid schizophrenia, paranoid personality, phobic neurosis, and anxiety neurosis, among others. These results are discussed in terms of psychopathological diagnostic criteria and present conceptualization of culture-bound disorders, value judgments of mental health professionals, and the social contexts in which Taijin Kyofusho reactions occur.", "PMID": 520018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_200", "title": "Hutterite belief in evil eye: beyond paranoia and towards a general theory of invidia.", "content": "Most studies of 'evil eye' link economic and political inequality to the fear of appropriation of property while tying envy (invidia) to paranoia. In both psychiatric and anthropological studies of evil eye, explanation of the phenomenon is problematic because the data are retroductive - involving a rationalization of the part of the patient or informant in terms of either delusions or world-view respectively. In this paper the connection between invidia and paranoia is questioned by grounding the analysis of Hutterian beliefs in evil eye in social interaction rather than retroductive explanation. In the case of the Hutterities it is envy itself which is feared and linked to high anxiety levels and sometimes to anxiety attacks or even depression.", "contents": "Hutterite belief in evil eye: beyond paranoia and towards a general theory of invidia. Most studies of 'evil eye' link economic and political inequality to the fear of appropriation of property while tying envy (invidia) to paranoia. In both psychiatric and anthropological studies of evil eye, explanation of the phenomenon is problematic because the data are retroductive - involving a rationalization of the part of the patient or informant in terms of either delusions or world-view respectively. In this paper the connection between invidia and paranoia is questioned by grounding the analysis of Hutterian beliefs in evil eye in social interaction rather than retroductive explanation. In the case of the Hutterities it is envy itself which is feared and linked to high anxiety levels and sometimes to anxiety attacks or even depression.", "PMID": 520019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_201", "title": "An explication of 'wind illness' in northern Thailand.", "content": "'Wind illness' is a very common complaint among the Northern Thai, yet is rarely recognized by Thai physicians trained in biomedicine. Persons most susceptible to 'wind illness' are adult women who have ever borne a child. Consequently, data were obtained from 415 everparous women, 43% of whom reported ever having had 'wind illness' and 57%. never having had it. In addition, 20 individuals who had ever had the syndrome were followed for case study, and 13 indigenous healers who traditionally treat clients suffering 'wind illness' were interviewed. Their perceptions of the etiology, symptomatology and treatment of 'wind illness' are reported in Part I. Part II is an attempt to define 'wind illness' in terms of biomedicine and as a consequence of fertility. Part III synthesized the emic and etic accounts with explanations for the perdurance of 'wind illness' despite the advances of biomedicine and the recent fertility decline in Northern Thailand.", "contents": "An explication of 'wind illness' in northern Thailand. 'Wind illness' is a very common complaint among the Northern Thai, yet is rarely recognized by Thai physicians trained in biomedicine. Persons most susceptible to 'wind illness' are adult women who have ever borne a child. Consequently, data were obtained from 415 everparous women, 43% of whom reported ever having had 'wind illness' and 57%. never having had it. In addition, 20 individuals who had ever had the syndrome were followed for case study, and 13 indigenous healers who traditionally treat clients suffering 'wind illness' were interviewed. Their perceptions of the etiology, symptomatology and treatment of 'wind illness' are reported in Part I. Part II is an attempt to define 'wind illness' in terms of biomedicine and as a consequence of fertility. Part III synthesized the emic and etic accounts with explanations for the perdurance of 'wind illness' despite the advances of biomedicine and the recent fertility decline in Northern Thailand.", "PMID": 520020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_202", "title": "Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry.", "content": "Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to \"excessive worry' or \"broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.", "contents": "Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to \"excessive worry' or \"broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.", "PMID": 520021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_203", "title": "Clonidine in hypertension: a 6-year review.", "content": "A study of the use of clonidine in the treatment of patients with hypertension, both in hospital and in the community, during a period of 6 years is reported. Seventy-eight patients (42 males and 36 females) with hypertension were studied during this period both in terms of their immediate response to introduction of clonidine and also the effect of maintenance treatment for periods varying between 2 and 6 years. During the period of study, the hypertension was well controlled in 51 (65.4%) patients. In the remaining 27 patients, clonidine treatment was stopped for a variety of reasons but, despite this, the drug provided effective treatment for period of up to 4 years. Nineteen patients died in the course of the study, but in all these cases the blood pressure remained under adequate control. The clinical response to treatment and the incidence of side-effects are described.", "contents": "Clonidine in hypertension: a 6-year review. A study of the use of clonidine in the treatment of patients with hypertension, both in hospital and in the community, during a period of 6 years is reported. Seventy-eight patients (42 males and 36 females) with hypertension were studied during this period both in terms of their immediate response to introduction of clonidine and also the effect of maintenance treatment for periods varying between 2 and 6 years. During the period of study, the hypertension was well controlled in 51 (65.4%) patients. In the remaining 27 patients, clonidine treatment was stopped for a variety of reasons but, despite this, the drug provided effective treatment for period of up to 4 years. Nineteen patients died in the course of the study, but in all these cases the blood pressure remained under adequate control. The clinical response to treatment and the incidence of side-effects are described.", "PMID": 520022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_204", "title": "Use of a povidone-iodine alcoholic solution in the treatment of herpes genitalis: a preliminary study.", "content": "A preliminary evaluation was carried out in 23 patients with herpes genitalis to assess the effectiveness of a 10% alcoholic povidone-iodine solution applied twice daily for up to 14 days. Clinical diagnosis was supported by positive herpes simplex virus culture in 14 patients. The lesions cleared after an average of 8.9 days' treatment in 8 males presenting with herpes genitalis for the first time, and in 6.1 days in 9 males with recurrent infection, 6 of whom had shown no apparent improvement on other therapies. The 4 female patients presenting with herpes genitalis for the first time all showed substantial improvement or complete remission within 7 days, and the lesions in the 2 women with recurrent infection cleared within the same period. In view of these satisfactory findings, a double-blind controlled study of povidone-iodine is now being undertaken.", "contents": "Use of a povidone-iodine alcoholic solution in the treatment of herpes genitalis: a preliminary study. A preliminary evaluation was carried out in 23 patients with herpes genitalis to assess the effectiveness of a 10% alcoholic povidone-iodine solution applied twice daily for up to 14 days. Clinical diagnosis was supported by positive herpes simplex virus culture in 14 patients. The lesions cleared after an average of 8.9 days' treatment in 8 males presenting with herpes genitalis for the first time, and in 6.1 days in 9 males with recurrent infection, 6 of whom had shown no apparent improvement on other therapies. The 4 female patients presenting with herpes genitalis for the first time all showed substantial improvement or complete remission within 7 days, and the lesions in the 2 women with recurrent infection cleared within the same period. In view of these satisfactory findings, a double-blind controlled study of povidone-iodine is now being undertaken.", "PMID": 520023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_205", "title": "Two-years' study with a combination of pindolol and clopamide ('Viskaldix') in patients with moderate hypertension.", "content": "A study was carried out to evaluate the long-term effects and side-effects of a combination product containing the beta-blocker pindolol (10 mg) and the diuretic clopamide (5 mg) in 15 patients with moderate hypertension. All patients completed the 2-years' study. The dose of the combination was increased until blood pressure normalized or a maximum dose of 3 tablets (equivalent to 30 mg pindolol and 15 mg clopamide) daily was reached. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded monthly and detailed medical examinations were done regularly throughout the study. A mean dose of 2 tablets of the combination product (20 mg pindolol and 10 mg clopamide) produced a significant reduction in blood pressure. In all but 1 patient, blood pressure control was achieved and maintained. No tolerance developed. Heart volume showed a marked decrease. No side-effects of clinical importance were noted.", "contents": "Two-years' study with a combination of pindolol and clopamide ('Viskaldix') in patients with moderate hypertension. A study was carried out to evaluate the long-term effects and side-effects of a combination product containing the beta-blocker pindolol (10 mg) and the diuretic clopamide (5 mg) in 15 patients with moderate hypertension. All patients completed the 2-years' study. The dose of the combination was increased until blood pressure normalized or a maximum dose of 3 tablets (equivalent to 30 mg pindolol and 15 mg clopamide) daily was reached. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded monthly and detailed medical examinations were done regularly throughout the study. A mean dose of 2 tablets of the combination product (20 mg pindolol and 10 mg clopamide) produced a significant reduction in blood pressure. In all but 1 patient, blood pressure control was achieved and maintained. No tolerance developed. Heart volume showed a marked decrease. No side-effects of clinical importance were noted.", "PMID": 520024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_206", "title": "Stopping phenformin treatment in a diabetic clinic.", "content": "Phenformin was stopped in 35 patients attending a diabetic clinic. In 4 patients where phenformin alone had been used, subsequent diabetic control was easily maintained with diet or a sulphonylurea. Thirty-one patients had been taking phenformin with a sulphonylurea and 17 (55%) later required insulin. Larger doses of a sulphonylurea were usually needed in the other patients. It is suggested that metformin is probably the biguanide of choice now and should be considered in carefully selected diabetics.", "contents": "Stopping phenformin treatment in a diabetic clinic. Phenformin was stopped in 35 patients attending a diabetic clinic. In 4 patients where phenformin alone had been used, subsequent diabetic control was easily maintained with diet or a sulphonylurea. Thirty-one patients had been taking phenformin with a sulphonylurea and 17 (55%) later required insulin. Larger doses of a sulphonylurea were usually needed in the other patients. It is suggested that metformin is probably the biguanide of choice now and should be considered in carefully selected diabetics.", "PMID": 520025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_207", "title": "Intra-incisional cephaloridine: a comparison of two methods of administration.", "content": "Serum cephaloridine concentrations were measured in the immediate post-operative period in 23 patients who had received a prophylactic dose of 1 g of the drug into the wound at the end of operation. Eleven patients received the antibiotic as a powder and 12 as a solution. The serum concentrations were higher, though not significantly so, in the group receiving powder, and this is thought to be due to the lesser amount of spillage and loss into dressings when the antibiotic is given in this form.", "contents": "Intra-incisional cephaloridine: a comparison of two methods of administration. Serum cephaloridine concentrations were measured in the immediate post-operative period in 23 patients who had received a prophylactic dose of 1 g of the drug into the wound at the end of operation. Eleven patients received the antibiotic as a powder and 12 as a solution. The serum concentrations were higher, though not significantly so, in the group receiving powder, and this is thought to be due to the lesser amount of spillage and loss into dressings when the antibiotic is given in this form.", "PMID": 520026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_208", "title": "Raynaud's phenomenon in hypertensive dialysis patients taking a sustained-release propranolol formulation.", "content": "Five dialysis patients with residual hypertension were treated with a new sustained-release formulation of propranolol (160 mg per capsule) in a dosage of 1 to 2 capsules per day. Four of these patients developed persistent cold, numb, blue and clumsy fingers. The symptoms resolved when the drug was withdrawn.", "contents": "Raynaud's phenomenon in hypertensive dialysis patients taking a sustained-release propranolol formulation. Five dialysis patients with residual hypertension were treated with a new sustained-release formulation of propranolol (160 mg per capsule) in a dosage of 1 to 2 capsules per day. Four of these patients developed persistent cold, numb, blue and clumsy fingers. The symptoms resolved when the drug was withdrawn.", "PMID": 520027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_209", "title": "Cefuroxime in post-operative chest infections.", "content": "Forty patients with post-operative chest infection were treated with cefuroxime, the majority receiving 750 mg intramuscularly 3-times daily for a mean period of 6.5 days. The results showed that 36 (90%) responded successfully and required no further antibiotic therapy. The mean time to improvement or cure was 3.6 days, and treatment was generally well tolerated.", "contents": "Cefuroxime in post-operative chest infections. Forty patients with post-operative chest infection were treated with cefuroxime, the majority receiving 750 mg intramuscularly 3-times daily for a mean period of 6.5 days. The results showed that 36 (90%) responded successfully and required no further antibiotic therapy. The mean time to improvement or cure was 3.6 days, and treatment was generally well tolerated.", "PMID": 520028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_210", "title": "The effect of chlormethiazole on serum gonadotrophins and testosterone in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Serum gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) and testosterone concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay in 7 male chronic alcoholics on admission and following treatment with chlormethiazole for 6 days. Individual and mean values of serum LH and FSH were within normal limits both before and after treatment, but serum testosterone concentrations were found to be slightly higher than normal on both occasions. Chlormethiazole does not seem to have any effect on serum gonadotrophins or testosterone. It is further suggested that chlormethiazole does not interfere with the hypothalamic releasing factors for pituitary gonadotrophins and that it has no direct effect on testicular endocrine functions.", "contents": "The effect of chlormethiazole on serum gonadotrophins and testosterone in chronic alcoholics. Serum gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) and testosterone concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay in 7 male chronic alcoholics on admission and following treatment with chlormethiazole for 6 days. Individual and mean values of serum LH and FSH were within normal limits both before and after treatment, but serum testosterone concentrations were found to be slightly higher than normal on both occasions. Chlormethiazole does not seem to have any effect on serum gonadotrophins or testosterone. It is further suggested that chlormethiazole does not interfere with the hypothalamic releasing factors for pituitary gonadotrophins and that it has no direct effect on testicular endocrine functions.", "PMID": 520029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_211", "title": "Cowden's disease.", "content": "Cowden's disease, a rare genodermatosis, is associated with characteristic cutaneous and oral lesions: papillomas, verrucous papules, and acral keratoses. Various internal anomalies involving the breast, thyroid, and gastrointestinal, reproductive, and skeletal systems are also seen in patients with this syndrome complex. Twelve of the thirty-two reported patients have been subject to cancers, most commonly of the breast. The characteristic skin and oral lesions make possible an early diagnosis of this disease and permit close follow-up of these patients for the development of any internal disease.", "contents": "Cowden's disease. Cowden's disease, a rare genodermatosis, is associated with characteristic cutaneous and oral lesions: papillomas, verrucous papules, and acral keratoses. Various internal anomalies involving the breast, thyroid, and gastrointestinal, reproductive, and skeletal systems are also seen in patients with this syndrome complex. Twelve of the thirty-two reported patients have been subject to cancers, most commonly of the breast. The characteristic skin and oral lesions make possible an early diagnosis of this disease and permit close follow-up of these patients for the development of any internal disease.", "PMID": 520031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_212", "title": "Topical chemotherapy of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Mycosis fungoides is a T-cell lymphoma which is often localized to the skin in the early stages. Untreated, the process eventually progresses through eczematous, plaque, and tumor stages to systemic involvement. Its course, however, is unpredictable. Topical chemotherapy is effective in early stages of mycosis fungoides. Possibly prognostic benefits can occur from the early use of these agents. Nitrogen mustard and BCNU, both alkylating agents, have been used topically to control the disease. A dermatitis may develop in persons treated with nitrogen mustard but systemic side-effects are rare. However, BCNU may rarely lead to marrow depression when used topically. The use of these agents in mycosis fungoides is discussed herein.", "contents": "Topical chemotherapy of mycosis fungoides. Mycosis fungoides is a T-cell lymphoma which is often localized to the skin in the early stages. Untreated, the process eventually progresses through eczematous, plaque, and tumor stages to systemic involvement. Its course, however, is unpredictable. Topical chemotherapy is effective in early stages of mycosis fungoides. Possibly prognostic benefits can occur from the early use of these agents. Nitrogen mustard and BCNU, both alkylating agents, have been used topically to control the disease. A dermatitis may develop in persons treated with nitrogen mustard but systemic side-effects are rare. However, BCNU may rarely lead to marrow depression when used topically. The use of these agents in mycosis fungoides is discussed herein.", "PMID": 520032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_213", "title": "Scleromyxedema.", "content": "Scleromyxedema (also known as lichen myxedematosus or papular mucinosis) is a rare cutaneous disorder characterized by lichenoid waxy papules, sclerosis, and a characteristic paraproteinemia. Rarely, if ever, is there systemic involvement. The cause and pathogenesis remain a mystery, however, a recent report has linked a serum factor with fibroblast proliferation in the skin. Treatment is often ineffective, although systemic melphalan may lead to improvement in 50 to 60 percent of patients. Morbidity and mortality due to melphalan used in the treatment of scleromyxedema have been reported, therefore, this therapy should be reserved for only the most extreme cases, if at all.", "contents": "Scleromyxedema. Scleromyxedema (also known as lichen myxedematosus or papular mucinosis) is a rare cutaneous disorder characterized by lichenoid waxy papules, sclerosis, and a characteristic paraproteinemia. Rarely, if ever, is there systemic involvement. The cause and pathogenesis remain a mystery, however, a recent report has linked a serum factor with fibroblast proliferation in the skin. Treatment is often ineffective, although systemic melphalan may lead to improvement in 50 to 60 percent of patients. Morbidity and mortality due to melphalan used in the treatment of scleromyxedema have been reported, therefore, this therapy should be reserved for only the most extreme cases, if at all.", "PMID": 520033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_214", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic illness defined and classified according to strict criteria of the American Rheumatism Association. Cutaneous disease may complicate RA or the drugs used in its treatment. Cutaneous vasculitis is potentially a prognostic factor in patients with RA. Controversy exists regarding the role of corticosteroids in the development of rheumatoid vasculitis. Two illustrative cases of RA with cutaneous complications are presented and the joint and cutaneous manifestations are reviewed herein.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic illness defined and classified according to strict criteria of the American Rheumatism Association. Cutaneous disease may complicate RA or the drugs used in its treatment. Cutaneous vasculitis is potentially a prognostic factor in patients with RA. Controversy exists regarding the role of corticosteroids in the development of rheumatoid vasculitis. Two illustrative cases of RA with cutaneous complications are presented and the joint and cutaneous manifestations are reviewed herein.", "PMID": 520034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_215", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis.", "content": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a disorder characterized by the sudden onset of widespread erythema and tenderness of the skin with rapid progression to desquamation of sheets of epidermis, resembling scalding. Although the clinical picture is similar in many instances, toxic epidermal necrolysis is subdivided into two main clinicopathologic types, those due to staphylococcal infections, and the nonstaphylococcal variant. It occurs as the result of a number of causes, including specific exfoliative toxin-producing staphylococci, drugs, vaccines, and the graft vs. host reaction. Differentiation of these types is important, both for therapeutic and prognostic reasons.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a disorder characterized by the sudden onset of widespread erythema and tenderness of the skin with rapid progression to desquamation of sheets of epidermis, resembling scalding. Although the clinical picture is similar in many instances, toxic epidermal necrolysis is subdivided into two main clinicopathologic types, those due to staphylococcal infections, and the nonstaphylococcal variant. It occurs as the result of a number of causes, including specific exfoliative toxin-producing staphylococci, drugs, vaccines, and the graft vs. host reaction. Differentiation of these types is important, both for therapeutic and prognostic reasons.", "PMID": 520035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_216", "title": "Keratoacanthoma of the glans penis.", "content": "A patient with a solitary keratoacanthoma of the glans penis is presented. Since this area is devoid of hair, this keratoacanthoma could not have arisen from a hair follicle as has been suggested as the cause of keratoacanthoma. Keratoacanthoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of rapidly growing keratotic tumors of the glans penis. Correct diagnosis of this tumor may save patients from needless mutilating surgery of the penis.", "contents": "Keratoacanthoma of the glans penis. A patient with a solitary keratoacanthoma of the glans penis is presented. Since this area is devoid of hair, this keratoacanthoma could not have arisen from a hair follicle as has been suggested as the cause of keratoacanthoma. Keratoacanthoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of rapidly growing keratotic tumors of the glans penis. Correct diagnosis of this tumor may save patients from needless mutilating surgery of the penis.", "PMID": 520038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_217", "title": "Oligosymptomatic Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.", "content": "A patient with cheilitis granulomatosa and sialopenia is presented herein as a variant of the oligosymptomatic type of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Evidence is presented to support its possible neurotrophic origin.", "contents": "Oligosymptomatic Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. A patient with cheilitis granulomatosa and sialopenia is presented herein as a variant of the oligosymptomatic type of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Evidence is presented to support its possible neurotrophic origin.", "PMID": 520040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_218", "title": "Alcohol availability and alcohol-related casualties in Michigan 1968-1976.", "content": "In summary alcohol availability changed throughout the 1969--1976 time period with a particularly major change caused by the 18-year-old legal drinking age (1972) and increases in the numbers and hours-of-operation of on-premise consumption establishments. Eighteen to 20-year-olds experienced increases of at least 4600 additonal traffic crashes associated with alcohol of which at least 89 involved one or more fatalities in the 1972-1975 time period. Associated with the increase in crash involvement, draught beer consumption in Michigan dramatically increased. In the absence of any convincing explanations to the contrary, we consider these conservative analyses to be compelling evidence of the role of alcohol availability in the  social etiology of alcohol-related traffic casualties.", "contents": "Alcohol availability and alcohol-related casualties in Michigan 1968-1976. In summary alcohol availability changed throughout the 1969--1976 time period with a particularly major change caused by the 18-year-old legal drinking age (1972) and increases in the numbers and hours-of-operation of on-premise consumption establishments. Eighteen to 20-year-olds experienced increases of at least 4600 additonal traffic crashes associated with alcohol of which at least 89 involved one or more fatalities in the 1972-1975 time period. Associated with the increase in crash involvement, draught beer consumption in Michigan dramatically increased. In the absence of any convincing explanations to the contrary, we consider these conservative analyses to be compelling evidence of the role of alcohol availability in the  social etiology of alcohol-related traffic casualties.", "PMID": 520060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_219", "title": "Cephalexin therapy for infections complicated by age and concurrent diseases. A study in general practice.", "content": "A broad spectrum antibiotic, cephalexin, was used to treat 64 patients in whom the problems of age, underlying conditions and multiple drug therapy could adversely affect the outcome of antibiotic treatment. The majority of patients were given the antibiotic for a lower respiratory tract infection. Treatment was successful in 50 patients after 5 days, and in a further 3 after 10 days. In 25 patients another antibiotic had been used unsuccessfully to treat infection: 19 of these patients responded to cephalexin therapy. Minor gastro-intestinal side effects were reported in 4 patients.", "contents": "Cephalexin therapy for infections complicated by age and concurrent diseases. A study in general practice. A broad spectrum antibiotic, cephalexin, was used to treat 64 patients in whom the problems of age, underlying conditions and multiple drug therapy could adversely affect the outcome of antibiotic treatment. The majority of patients were given the antibiotic for a lower respiratory tract infection. Treatment was successful in 50 patients after 5 days, and in a further 3 after 10 days. In 25 patients another antibiotic had been used unsuccessfully to treat infection: 19 of these patients responded to cephalexin therapy. Minor gastro-intestinal side effects were reported in 4 patients.", "PMID": 520078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_220", "title": "Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment.", "content": "11 registered thyphoid carriers were treated by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin + probenecid in our department. On the basis of our observations (mean observation period was more than 1 year), all our patients can be considered recovered (cure rate = 100%).", "contents": "Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment. 11 registered thyphoid carriers were treated by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin + probenecid in our department. On the basis of our observations (mean observation period was more than 1 year), all our patients can be considered recovered (cure rate = 100%).", "PMID": 520079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_221", "title": "[Arteriomesenteric duodenal compression].", "content": "Arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum is a rare lesion seen in abdominal surgery. By vascular compression passage is blocked in the lower part of the duodenum. Two forms are described, an inborn and an acquired one, both of which result from a decrease in the aortomesenterial angle. While the acute form of disease causes a complete occlusion, clinically shown as ileus, the chronic intermittent form presents an uncharacteristic upper abdominal complex of symptoms. The diagnostic procedure is an X-ray passage series of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Final diagnostic assurance should be assumed by angiographical determination of the superior mesenteric artery and its angle of branching from the aorta. Retrocolic duodenojejunostomy has proved to be the most satisfactory surgical treatment for this lesion. Our studies demonstrate the value of surgical treatment of arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum in 14 cases.", "contents": "[Arteriomesenteric duodenal compression]. Arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum is a rare lesion seen in abdominal surgery. By vascular compression passage is blocked in the lower part of the duodenum. Two forms are described, an inborn and an acquired one, both of which result from a decrease in the aortomesenterial angle. While the acute form of disease causes a complete occlusion, clinically shown as ileus, the chronic intermittent form presents an uncharacteristic upper abdominal complex of symptoms. The diagnostic procedure is an X-ray passage series of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Final diagnostic assurance should be assumed by angiographical determination of the superior mesenteric artery and its angle of branching from the aorta. Retrocolic duodenojejunostomy has proved to be the most satisfactory surgical treatment for this lesion. Our studies demonstrate the value of surgical treatment of arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum in 14 cases.", "PMID": 520081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_222", "title": "[Effect of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of burns in rats; the collagen treatment of large superficial excision wounds].", "content": "In an animal experiment study the effect of collagen sponge treatment on skin wounds was examined. In a test for defense mechanism, the bandage material was accepted without any disturbance of the surrounding tissue. It could also be removed without any damage to the wound area while renewing the covering bandage. In contrast to the controls, there was a statistically significant difference in the decreasing wound area. No tract formation of the wound edges was observed in the experimental group, and histologically the wounds showed an earlier fiber formation with functional orientation toward the wound surface. The advantages of treatment using collagen instead of inert material include better compatibility, a positive cosmetic effect, and a stimulation of wound healing without the necessity of a two-stage transplantation.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of burns in rats; the collagen treatment of large superficial excision wounds]. In an animal experiment study the effect of collagen sponge treatment on skin wounds was examined. In a test for defense mechanism, the bandage material was accepted without any disturbance of the surrounding tissue. It could also be removed without any damage to the wound area while renewing the covering bandage. In contrast to the controls, there was a statistically significant difference in the decreasing wound area. No tract formation of the wound edges was observed in the experimental group, and histologically the wounds showed an earlier fiber formation with functional orientation toward the wound surface. The advantages of treatment using collagen instead of inert material include better compatibility, a positive cosmetic effect, and a stimulation of wound healing without the necessity of a two-stage transplantation.", "PMID": 520082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_223", "title": "Circadian influence on the immunization of mice with live Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and subsequent challenge with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.", "content": "Non-specific immunostimulation with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) is of current interest in the treatment of cancer. The main objective of the series of experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the influence the host's circadian system has on a. the stimulation of the immune system with BCG and b. the subsequent efficiency of that stimulated immune system against the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC). There was a circadian rhythm in the length of survival time in non-immunized mice challenged with the EAC. Mice receiving an EAC challenge during the middle of the light period survived significantly longer than those challenged with the EAC around the time of transition from dark to light. Mice immunized with BCG and challenged with EAC also demonstrated a circadian rhythm in the length of survival 30 days after EAC challenge with 86% survivors in the mice treated at 10(00) and 60% survivors in the mice treated at 07(00). The same relationship was also observed 70 and 80 days after EAC challenge. Eighty days after EAC challenge, a circadian rhythm was apparent in the frequency of solid tumors at the site of the initial EAC injection. The highest incidence of solid tumors occurred at 13(00). A circadian rhythm was found in the increase in body weight between the first and second BCG or saline injections. Rectal temperatures recorded on the 8th, 12th and 16th day after EAC challenge were characterized by circadian rhythmicity. In the mice without development of ascites, the peak temperature consistently occurred at 01(00). In the mice with ascites there was a phase advance in the rectal temperature rhythm of 3 h so that the peak in the rhythm consistently occurred at 22(00). In the mice with ascites a further finding was an increasing hypothermia as the ascites continued to develop; however, this hypothermia was not detectable during the time of the peak (10(00)) in the temperature rhythm. The mice which did not die by the 80th day after EAC challenge were challenged again with 5.0 x 10(6) EAC cells, and during the next 46 days circadian variations were observed in the numbers of mice which survived. Similar changes were observed during an additional 46 days after a third EAC challenge of 41.5 x 10(6) cells.", "contents": "Circadian influence on the immunization of mice with live Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and subsequent challenge with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Non-specific immunostimulation with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) is of current interest in the treatment of cancer. The main objective of the series of experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the influence the host's circadian system has on a. the stimulation of the immune system with BCG and b. the subsequent efficiency of that stimulated immune system against the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC). There was a circadian rhythm in the length of survival time in non-immunized mice challenged with the EAC. Mice receiving an EAC challenge during the middle of the light period survived significantly longer than those challenged with the EAC around the time of transition from dark to light. Mice immunized with BCG and challenged with EAC also demonstrated a circadian rhythm in the length of survival 30 days after EAC challenge with 86% survivors in the mice treated at 10(00) and 60% survivors in the mice treated at 07(00). The same relationship was also observed 70 and 80 days after EAC challenge. Eighty days after EAC challenge, a circadian rhythm was apparent in the frequency of solid tumors at the site of the initial EAC injection. The highest incidence of solid tumors occurred at 13(00). A circadian rhythm was found in the increase in body weight between the first and second BCG or saline injections. Rectal temperatures recorded on the 8th, 12th and 16th day after EAC challenge were characterized by circadian rhythmicity. In the mice without development of ascites, the peak temperature consistently occurred at 01(00). In the mice with ascites there was a phase advance in the rectal temperature rhythm of 3 h so that the peak in the rhythm consistently occurred at 22(00). In the mice with ascites a further finding was an increasing hypothermia as the ascites continued to develop; however, this hypothermia was not detectable during the time of the peak (10(00)) in the temperature rhythm. The mice which did not die by the 80th day after EAC challenge were challenged again with 5.0 x 10(6) EAC cells, and during the next 46 days circadian variations were observed in the numbers of mice which survived. Similar changes were observed during an additional 46 days after a third EAC challenge of 41.5 x 10(6) cells.", "PMID": 520096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_224", "title": "The effects of ibuprofen, indomethacin, aspirin, naproxen, and placebo on the gastric mucosa of normal volunteers: a gastroscopic and photographic study.", "content": "The effects of various nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the gastric mucosa were endoscopically evaluated in 40 normal volunteers. Eight groups, each containing five subjects were designed: aspirin (3600 mg/d); placebo; ibuprofen (1600 mg/d); ibuprofen (2400 mg/d); indomethacin (100 mg/d); indomethacin (150 mg/d); naproxen (500 mg/d); and naproxen (750 mg/d). All volunteers took medication for seven days and gastroscopy was carried out on day one and day eight. All findings were documented by photography. Severe gastric mucosal injury occurred with aspirin (P less than 0.05), both doses of indomethacin, and the higher dose of naproxen. Lesser changes were seen with the lower dose of naproxen, both doses of ibuprofen and placebo. The higher doses of ibuprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen caused a greater degree of gastric mucosal injury, but statistical significance was achieved only with naproxen (P less than 0.01). Subjective gastrointestinal complaints generally correlated with endoscopic pathology; however, nine volunteers had evidence of severe injury to the gastric mucosa with no symptomatology. This was confined to the patients on indomethacin, naproxen, and ibuprofen. Aspirin patients all had some degree of symptomatology but to a lesser degree than expected in view of the endoscopic findings.", "contents": "The effects of ibuprofen, indomethacin, aspirin, naproxen, and placebo on the gastric mucosa of normal volunteers: a gastroscopic and photographic study. The effects of various nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the gastric mucosa were endoscopically evaluated in 40 normal volunteers. Eight groups, each containing five subjects were designed: aspirin (3600 mg/d); placebo; ibuprofen (1600 mg/d); ibuprofen (2400 mg/d); indomethacin (100 mg/d); indomethacin (150 mg/d); naproxen (500 mg/d); and naproxen (750 mg/d). All volunteers took medication for seven days and gastroscopy was carried out on day one and day eight. All findings were documented by photography. Severe gastric mucosal injury occurred with aspirin (P less than 0.05), both doses of indomethacin, and the higher dose of naproxen. Lesser changes were seen with the lower dose of naproxen, both doses of ibuprofen and placebo. The higher doses of ibuprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen caused a greater degree of gastric mucosal injury, but statistical significance was achieved only with naproxen (P less than 0.01). Subjective gastrointestinal complaints generally correlated with endoscopic pathology; however, nine volunteers had evidence of severe injury to the gastric mucosa with no symptomatology. This was confined to the patients on indomethacin, naproxen, and ibuprofen. Aspirin patients all had some degree of symptomatology but to a lesser degree than expected in view of the endoscopic findings.", "PMID": 520100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_225", "title": "The SGOT/SGPT ratio--an indicator of alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The SGOT/SGPT ratio is significantly elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis (2.85 +/- 0.2) compared with patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis (1.74 +/- 0.2), chronic hepatitis (1.3 +/- 0.17), obstructive jaundice (0.81 +/- 0.06) and viral hepatitis (0.74 +/- 0.07). An SGOT/SGPT ratio greater than 2 is highly suggestive of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. It occurs in 70% of these patients compared with 26% of patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis, 8% with chronic hepatitis, 4% with viral hepatitis and none with obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "The SGOT/SGPT ratio--an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. The SGOT/SGPT ratio is significantly elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis (2.85 +/- 0.2) compared with patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis (1.74 +/- 0.2), chronic hepatitis (1.3 +/- 0.17), obstructive jaundice (0.81 +/- 0.06) and viral hepatitis (0.74 +/- 0.07). An SGOT/SGPT ratio greater than 2 is highly suggestive of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. It occurs in 70% of these patients compared with 26% of patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis, 8% with chronic hepatitis, 4% with viral hepatitis and none with obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 520102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_226", "title": "Influence of portacaval anastomosis on serum and biliary unsulfated bile acid composition in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Serum and biliary unsulfated bile acids were studied using a gas chromatographic method in 8 patients before and 2 months after portacaval anastomosis. Total serum bile acids were 21.6 +/- 3.6 mumol/liter before and 68.0 +/- 8.6 mumol/liter after surgery (P less than 0.005). Cholic acid rose from 26.5 +/- 3.4% to 33.8 +/- 4.8% (P less than 0.02) of the total serum bile acids, while chenodeoxycholic acid decreased from 67.9 +/- 4.1% to 60.8 +/- 4.3% (P less than 0.05). The relative concentration of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in bile increased slightly but not significantly after surgery, while deoxycholate fell from 8.5 +/- 1.7% to 2.1 +/- 0.6%. (1) in cirrhosis the serum and biliary bile acid composition are markedly different, the cholic-chenodeoxycholic ratio being much lower in serum than in bile; (2) after portacaval anastomosis serum and biliary bile acid patterns tend to become similar; (3) percent biliary deoxycholate decreases significantly after surgery.", "contents": "Influence of portacaval anastomosis on serum and biliary unsulfated bile acid composition in patients with liver cirrhosis. Serum and biliary unsulfated bile acids were studied using a gas chromatographic method in 8 patients before and 2 months after portacaval anastomosis. Total serum bile acids were 21.6 +/- 3.6 mumol/liter before and 68.0 +/- 8.6 mumol/liter after surgery (P less than 0.005). Cholic acid rose from 26.5 +/- 3.4% to 33.8 +/- 4.8% (P less than 0.02) of the total serum bile acids, while chenodeoxycholic acid decreased from 67.9 +/- 4.1% to 60.8 +/- 4.3% (P less than 0.05). The relative concentration of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in bile increased slightly but not significantly after surgery, while deoxycholate fell from 8.5 +/- 1.7% to 2.1 +/- 0.6%. (1) in cirrhosis the serum and biliary bile acid composition are markedly different, the cholic-chenodeoxycholic ratio being much lower in serum than in bile; (2) after portacaval anastomosis serum and biliary bile acid patterns tend to become similar; (3) percent biliary deoxycholate decreases significantly after surgery.", "PMID": 520101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_227", "title": "An attempt to establish a model for the rhythmic phenomena affecting the growth or sporulation of certain fungi.", "content": "A simple two-variable mathematical model is proposed, able to acount for periodic variations relating to growth in Podospora anserina and fructification in Aspergillus niger. This basic model is open to generalization.", "contents": "An attempt to establish a model for the rhythmic phenomena affecting the growth or sporulation of certain fungi. A simple two-variable mathematical model is proposed, able to acount for periodic variations relating to growth in Podospora anserina and fructification in Aspergillus niger. This basic model is open to generalization.", "PMID": 520098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_228", "title": "Pulmonary aspiration as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux: a diagnostic approach.", "content": "A radioisotope scintiscanning technique that can document pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients with gastroesophageal reflux is described. Six patients with suspected nocturnal aspiration from reflux were studied. Three of the six had positive lung scans 8 hr after intragastric placement of 10 mCi of technetium 99m sulfur colloid. Overnight intraesophageal pH monitoring revealed prolonged episodes of GE reflux in those with positive scans. These preliminary observations suggest that this scintigraphic technique may be an effective method for documenting pulmonary symptoms as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Pulmonary aspiration as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux: a diagnostic approach. A radioisotope scintiscanning technique that can document pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients with gastroesophageal reflux is described. Six patients with suspected nocturnal aspiration from reflux were studied. Three of the six had positive lung scans 8 hr after intragastric placement of 10 mCi of technetium 99m sulfur colloid. Overnight intraesophageal pH monitoring revealed prolonged episodes of GE reflux in those with positive scans. These preliminary observations suggest that this scintigraphic technique may be an effective method for documenting pulmonary symptoms as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 520103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_229", "title": "Chronochemotherapy: L 1210 leukemia and beyond.", "content": "In cancer and other therapeutic research, an interpretation of median survival times can and should take cure into account. With this qualification, an analysis of recently published data provides further statistically significant evidence in favor of cancer chronotherapy as compared to homeostatic therapy.", "contents": "Chronochemotherapy: L 1210 leukemia and beyond. In cancer and other therapeutic research, an interpretation of median survival times can and should take cure into account. With this qualification, an analysis of recently published data provides further statistically significant evidence in favor of cancer chronotherapy as compared to homeostatic therapy.", "PMID": 520097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_230", "title": "Evaluation of electrofulguration in control of bleeding of experimental gastric ulcers.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of electrofulguration for control of bleeding from standard canine experimental gastric ulcers was studied. At settings of 2, 5, and 8 on a Valleylab SSE-3 generator, 0.5-sec applications provided effective hemostasis. However, a setting of 2 required an excessive number of applications. Settings of 5 and 8 showed deep injury to the muscularis externa when examined histologically. In an attempt to reduce the depth of injury, a more easily ionizable gas mixture of 50% argon gas and 50% CO2 was compared to CO2 alone. At a generator setting of 5 with 0.5-sec applications the argon-CO2 mixture produced slightly less deep injury than CO2 alone, but the difference was not significant. Although electrofulguration was effective in stopping bleeding in these experiments, the tissue injury was unpredictable and deep.", "contents": "Evaluation of electrofulguration in control of bleeding of experimental gastric ulcers. The safety and efficacy of electrofulguration for control of bleeding from standard canine experimental gastric ulcers was studied. At settings of 2, 5, and 8 on a Valleylab SSE-3 generator, 0.5-sec applications provided effective hemostasis. However, a setting of 2 required an excessive number of applications. Settings of 5 and 8 showed deep injury to the muscularis externa when examined histologically. In an attempt to reduce the depth of injury, a more easily ionizable gas mixture of 50% argon gas and 50% CO2 was compared to CO2 alone. At a generator setting of 5 with 0.5-sec applications the argon-CO2 mixture produced slightly less deep injury than CO2 alone, but the difference was not significant. Although electrofulguration was effective in stopping bleeding in these experiments, the tissue injury was unpredictable and deep.", "PMID": 520104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_231", "title": "Percutaneously placed biliary stents in the management of malignant biliary obstruction.", "content": "The management of malignant obstruction of the biliary tree is difficult and often unsuccessful. Advances in the technique of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization have made possible the nonoperative internal drainage of obstructed lesions. We report successful decompression of ten patients with unresectable biliary neoplasms using percutaneously placed internal biliary stents.", "contents": "Percutaneously placed biliary stents in the management of malignant biliary obstruction. The management of malignant obstruction of the biliary tree is difficult and often unsuccessful. Advances in the technique of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization have made possible the nonoperative internal drainage of obstructed lesions. We report successful decompression of ten patients with unresectable biliary neoplasms using percutaneously placed internal biliary stents.", "PMID": 520105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_232", "title": "Toward a chronopsy: part II. A thermopsy revealing asymmetrical circadian variation in surface temperature of human female breasts and related studies.", "content": "A thermorhythmometric analysis was carried out on data from a patient who underwent a prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy, subsequently to a preoperative mammogram revealing clustered small calcifications in the left breast. The patient self-measured surface temperature of each breast, above and below the nipple, at intervals of 75 +/- 10 min for 59 h while awake. In one location of each breast, the recording thermistor-probe was insulated for 21.5 h while other probe locations remained uninsulated. The overall rhythm-adjusted average surface temperature and the extent of predictable circadian variation differed with statistical significance when the two breasts were compared. The left breast exhibited a higher rhythm-adjusted mean temperature and a lower extent of predictable circadian variation, as compared to the contralateral breast. The interbreast differences of surface temperature also demonstrated a statistically significant rhythm. A review on results of rhythmometry of breast temperature was also carried out. The thermorhythmometric findings here reported must not necessarily be regarded as indicative of cancer; they may be found in non-cancerous subjects and may or may not reflect early pathology. The objective of this publication is to suggest that non-invasive mammary thermorhythmometry may complement clinical histopathology. This subject may exemplify a new principle awaiting scrutiny with much more extensive sampling and much longer follow-up, namely that chronopathology including chronoprotopathology, alongside established diagnostic procedures, may provide an indication for prophylactic intervention.", "contents": "Toward a chronopsy: part II. A thermopsy revealing asymmetrical circadian variation in surface temperature of human female breasts and related studies. A thermorhythmometric analysis was carried out on data from a patient who underwent a prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy, subsequently to a preoperative mammogram revealing clustered small calcifications in the left breast. The patient self-measured surface temperature of each breast, above and below the nipple, at intervals of 75 +/- 10 min for 59 h while awake. In one location of each breast, the recording thermistor-probe was insulated for 21.5 h while other probe locations remained uninsulated. The overall rhythm-adjusted average surface temperature and the extent of predictable circadian variation differed with statistical significance when the two breasts were compared. The left breast exhibited a higher rhythm-adjusted mean temperature and a lower extent of predictable circadian variation, as compared to the contralateral breast. The interbreast differences of surface temperature also demonstrated a statistically significant rhythm. A review on results of rhythmometry of breast temperature was also carried out. The thermorhythmometric findings here reported must not necessarily be regarded as indicative of cancer; they may be found in non-cancerous subjects and may or may not reflect early pathology. The objective of this publication is to suggest that non-invasive mammary thermorhythmometry may complement clinical histopathology. This subject may exemplify a new principle awaiting scrutiny with much more extensive sampling and much longer follow-up, namely that chronopathology including chronoprotopathology, alongside established diagnostic procedures, may provide an indication for prophylactic intervention.", "PMID": 520099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_233", "title": "Clinical and manometric findings in benign peptic strictures of the esophagus.", "content": "To determine the possible factors that may contribute to the development of peptic stricture of the esophagus, clinical and manometric features were compared in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and those with peptic strictures of the esophagus. Patients with stricture were older and had a longer duration of heartburn than patients without a stricture. Most importantly, patients with stricture had a more marked decrease in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, 4.9 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, than patients without a stricture, 7.5 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.01. The LES pressure in all patients with stricture was below 8 mm Hg, and did not overlap with normal values. Patients with stricture had either a nonspecific motor abnormality of aperistalsis (64%), compared to patients with symptomatic reflux (32%), P less than 0.05. Thus, peptic stricture of the esophagus is commonly associated with a long duration of reflux symptoms in patients with a very low LES pressure and esophageal motor disorder.", "contents": "Clinical and manometric findings in benign peptic strictures of the esophagus. To determine the possible factors that may contribute to the development of peptic stricture of the esophagus, clinical and manometric features were compared in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and those with peptic strictures of the esophagus. Patients with stricture were older and had a longer duration of heartburn than patients without a stricture. Most importantly, patients with stricture had a more marked decrease in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, 4.9 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, than patients without a stricture, 7.5 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.01. The LES pressure in all patients with stricture was below 8 mm Hg, and did not overlap with normal values. Patients with stricture had either a nonspecific motor abnormality of aperistalsis (64%), compared to patients with symptomatic reflux (32%), P less than 0.05. Thus, peptic stricture of the esophagus is commonly associated with a long duration of reflux symptoms in patients with a very low LES pressure and esophageal motor disorder.", "PMID": 520106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_234", "title": "Pancreatic polypeptide response in patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "We studied the plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a meal in patients with pancreatitis and attempted to correlate the PP increment with the degree of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Control subjects and patients with recurrent pancreatitis showed significant mean increase (P less than 0.05) in plasma PP concentration in response to food. By contrast chronic pancreatitis patients had no significant increase in plasma PP. However, some subjects with normal pancreatic had no response and some patients with chronic pancreatitis did show a response. In addition, no correlation was observed between the PP response and pancreatic exocrine secretion. We conclude that the PP response to a meal has only limited value in the detection of pancreatic destruction.", "contents": "Pancreatic polypeptide response in patients with chronic pancreatitis. We studied the plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a meal in patients with pancreatitis and attempted to correlate the PP increment with the degree of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Control subjects and patients with recurrent pancreatitis showed significant mean increase (P less than 0.05) in plasma PP concentration in response to food. By contrast chronic pancreatitis patients had no significant increase in plasma PP. However, some subjects with normal pancreatic had no response and some patients with chronic pancreatitis did show a response. In addition, no correlation was observed between the PP response and pancreatic exocrine secretion. We conclude that the PP response to a meal has only limited value in the detection of pancreatic destruction.", "PMID": 520107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_235", "title": "Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging in acute pancreatitis with suspected complicating abscess.", "content": "Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging is described in two cases of acute pancreatitis. The study correctly anticipated the absence in one case, and the presence in the other, of complicating abscesses.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging in acute pancreatitis with suspected complicating abscess. Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging is described in two cases of acute pancreatitis. The study correctly anticipated the absence in one case, and the presence in the other, of complicating abscesses.", "PMID": 520109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_236", "title": "Primary histiocytic lymphoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma represents the most common primary malignant lesion of the esophagus (1). The initial manifestation of lymphosarcoma infrequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, and in one large series, there were no lymphosarcomas presenting in the esophagus (2). In the case described below, a primary histiocytic lymphoma (large cell lymphoma) was discovered in the distal esophagus.", "contents": "Primary histiocytic lymphoma of the esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma represents the most common primary malignant lesion of the esophagus (1). The initial manifestation of lymphosarcoma infrequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, and in one large series, there were no lymphosarcomas presenting in the esophagus (2). In the case described below, a primary histiocytic lymphoma (large cell lymphoma) was discovered in the distal esophagus.", "PMID": 520110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_237", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis (asymptomatic and latent form) and multiple gastric ulcers.", "content": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis (asymptomatic and latent form) was diagnosed in a 67-year-old male during laparotomy for a gastric ulcer. The gastrectomy specimen revealed multiple chronic ulcers with healing in the form of villous mucosal hyperplasia. The pathological diagnosis of congenital hepatic fibrosis and similar hamartomatous lesions is discussed. A possible relationship between congenital hepatic fibrosis and gastroduodenal ulceration is envisaged.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis (asymptomatic and latent form) and multiple gastric ulcers. Congenital hepatic fibrosis (asymptomatic and latent form) was diagnosed in a 67-year-old male during laparotomy for a gastric ulcer. The gastrectomy specimen revealed multiple chronic ulcers with healing in the form of villous mucosal hyperplasia. The pathological diagnosis of congenital hepatic fibrosis and similar hamartomatous lesions is discussed. A possible relationship between congenital hepatic fibrosis and gastroduodenal ulceration is envisaged.", "PMID": 520111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_238", "title": "Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study.", "content": "This report examines prospectively, in the Framingham cohort, the relation of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance to each of the cardiovascular sequelae, taking into account age, sex, and associated cardiovascular risk factors. The incidence of cardiovascular disease, as well as the levels of cardiovascular risk factors, were found to be higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic men and women. The relative impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, or stroke incidence was the same in men and women, but for cardiovascular mortality and cardiac failure the impact is greater for women. Present evidence suggests that alleviation of associated cardiovascular risk factors is the most promising course in reducing cardiovascular sequelae in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. This report examines prospectively, in the Framingham cohort, the relation of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance to each of the cardiovascular sequelae, taking into account age, sex, and associated cardiovascular risk factors. The incidence of cardiovascular disease, as well as the levels of cardiovascular risk factors, were found to be higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic men and women. The relative impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, or stroke incidence was the same in men and women, but for cardiovascular mortality and cardiac failure the impact is greater for women. Present evidence suggests that alleviation of associated cardiovascular risk factors is the most promising course in reducing cardiovascular sequelae in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 520114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_239", "title": "Epidemiology of diabetes and its macrovascular manifestations in Pacific populations: the medical effects of social progress.", "content": "Worldwide diabetes epidemiology studies have shown quite marked differences in diabetes prevalence rates between ethnic groups. This pattern holds true in the Pacific region and provides unique opportunities for comparative studies. Diabetes is rare in Melanesians, and also in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian Aboriginals who retain their traditional life-style. High prevalence rates of insulin-independent diabetes have been demonstrated in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian aboriginals who have adopted a Western life-style. Along with the Pima Indians, the Micronesian population of Nauru have the highest diabetes prevalence yet reported--40% of people aged 20 yr and over. As diabetes is rare in traditional living Polynesians and Micronesians, yet high in westernized populations of these ethnic groups, it appears these people may have a \"diabetic genotype\" that is unmasked by the change in life-style. Obesity, a high caloric Western diet, and reduced physical activity may be the major precipitating factors. Bimodality of glucose tolerance distributions has been demonstrated in both westernized Polynesians and Micronesians. The frequency distributions of both fasting and 2-h postload glucose levels allow separation of these populations into normal and hyperglycemic groups. The optimal cut-off levels between the two groups were a fasting plasma glucose congruent to 140 mg/dl and a 2-h level of congruent 20 mg/dl. These findings provide a valid basis for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to be based on the above levels. Only sparse information exists on the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in these populations. However, there is clear evidence that they are occurring and they are similar in nature to the complications seen in Caucasian diabetic patients. Coronary artery disease is not yet a major problem in Pacific Islanders although most of the major risk factors are not present in urbanized communities. However, with increasing westernization, and given more time for the pathologic process of atheroma to develop, it can be expected that coronary artery disease will become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Polynesians, Micronesians, and the Australian aboriginal.", "contents": "Epidemiology of diabetes and its macrovascular manifestations in Pacific populations: the medical effects of social progress. Worldwide diabetes epidemiology studies have shown quite marked differences in diabetes prevalence rates between ethnic groups. This pattern holds true in the Pacific region and provides unique opportunities for comparative studies. Diabetes is rare in Melanesians, and also in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian Aboriginals who retain their traditional life-style. High prevalence rates of insulin-independent diabetes have been demonstrated in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian aboriginals who have adopted a Western life-style. Along with the Pima Indians, the Micronesian population of Nauru have the highest diabetes prevalence yet reported--40% of people aged 20 yr and over. As diabetes is rare in traditional living Polynesians and Micronesians, yet high in westernized populations of these ethnic groups, it appears these people may have a \"diabetic genotype\" that is unmasked by the change in life-style. Obesity, a high caloric Western diet, and reduced physical activity may be the major precipitating factors. Bimodality of glucose tolerance distributions has been demonstrated in both westernized Polynesians and Micronesians. The frequency distributions of both fasting and 2-h postload glucose levels allow separation of these populations into normal and hyperglycemic groups. The optimal cut-off levels between the two groups were a fasting plasma glucose congruent to 140 mg/dl and a 2-h level of congruent 20 mg/dl. These findings provide a valid basis for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to be based on the above levels. Only sparse information exists on the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in these populations. However, there is clear evidence that they are occurring and they are similar in nature to the complications seen in Caucasian diabetic patients. Coronary artery disease is not yet a major problem in Pacific Islanders although most of the major risk factors are not present in urbanized communities. However, with increasing westernization, and given more time for the pathologic process of atheroma to develop, it can be expected that coronary artery disease will become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Polynesians, Micronesians, and the Australian aboriginal.", "PMID": 520118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_240", "title": "Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations.", "content": "In the 1966 study of the population of Busselton, Australia, blood sugar and serum insulin levels were measured one hour after an oral glucose load, in addition to the conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The six-year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the 12-yr mortality from CHD and from all cardiovascular diseases is described in relation to the initial baseline variables measured using the upper 20th percentile values (age-specific and sex-specific) to define the risk ratios. In younger subjects (ages less than 60 yr), elevated blood pressure levels for both sexes (risk ratios from 2.9 to 5.2) and elevated serum cholesterol concentrations for males (risk ratios from 3.0 to 3.3) were strong predictors of cardiovascular risk. In men aged 60 to 69 yr, those with upper range one-hour serum insulin concentrations showed marked associations with the six-year incidence of CHD, the 12-yr mortality from CHD, and the 12-yr mortality from all cardiovascular diseases (risk ratios were 2.0, 2.3, and 2.4, respectively). The relationship of elevated serum insulin and cardiovascular mortality persisted when males of all ages were analyzed, and it appeared to be independent of the other major risk factors. In females, no association between serum insulin and CHD or cardiovascular disease could be found. Although the age and sex specific upper 20th percentile values for one-hour blood sugar concentrations showed a low grade association in patients with subsequent cardiovascular disease end points, more noticeable risk ratios were demonstrated at the higher blood sugar level of 200 mg/100 ml or greater (in the age group 60 yr and over, risk ratios were 2.2 in males and 2.6 in females.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. In the 1966 study of the population of Busselton, Australia, blood sugar and serum insulin levels were measured one hour after an oral glucose load, in addition to the conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The six-year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the 12-yr mortality from CHD and from all cardiovascular diseases is described in relation to the initial baseline variables measured using the upper 20th percentile values (age-specific and sex-specific) to define the risk ratios. In younger subjects (ages less than 60 yr), elevated blood pressure levels for both sexes (risk ratios from 2.9 to 5.2) and elevated serum cholesterol concentrations for males (risk ratios from 3.0 to 3.3) were strong predictors of cardiovascular risk. In men aged 60 to 69 yr, those with upper range one-hour serum insulin concentrations showed marked associations with the six-year incidence of CHD, the 12-yr mortality from CHD, and the 12-yr mortality from all cardiovascular diseases (risk ratios were 2.0, 2.3, and 2.4, respectively). The relationship of elevated serum insulin and cardiovascular mortality persisted when males of all ages were analyzed, and it appeared to be independent of the other major risk factors. In females, no association between serum insulin and CHD or cardiovascular disease could be found. Although the age and sex specific upper 20th percentile values for one-hour blood sugar concentrations showed a low grade association in patients with subsequent cardiovascular disease end points, more noticeable risk ratios were demonstrated at the higher blood sugar level of 200 mg/100 ml or greater (in the age group 60 yr and over, risk ratios were 2.2 in males and 2.6 in females.", "PMID": 520119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_241", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Denmark in the years 1970--1976 was 13.3 per 100,000 in the age group 0--29 yr. This incidence is almost identical to that found in 1924 in Denmark in the same age group. The prevalence of insulin-consumers is 3.2 per 1,000. Comparison is made with incidence and prevalence data from other studies of Caucasian populations.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Denmark in the years 1970--1976 was 13.3 per 100,000 in the age group 0--29 yr. This incidence is almost identical to that found in 1924 in Denmark in the same age group. The prevalence of insulin-consumers is 3.2 per 1,000. Comparison is made with incidence and prevalence data from other studies of Caucasian populations.", "PMID": 520115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_242", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications in Japanese migrants on the Island of Hawaii.", "content": "Japanese migrants and their offspring on the island of Hawaii and Japanese living in Hiroshima were examined for diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications. the same methods and investigators were used in both locations. Death certificates of Japanese and Caucasians dying on the island during the past 26 yr were analyzed. Diabetes, defined as a venous serum glucose concentration of at least 200 mg/dl 2 h after a 50-g oral glucose load, was significantly more common in the Hawaiian Japanese than in the Hiroshima Japanese subjects. This suggests that diabetes is more prevalent in Japanese in Hawaii than in Japan, although lack of knowledge about the total population of Japanese migrants in Hawaii makes this generalization uncertain. The proportion of deaths attributed to diabetes was much higher in Japanese migrants and their offspring in Hawaii than in Japan. During the 1950s, the proportional death rate from diabetes was about half as large in Japanese Hawaiians as in Caucasian Hawaiians, but it increased to become 1.6 times the Caucasian rate during the 1970s. A nutritional study revealed that the total caloric intake was similar in Japanese in Hawaii and Hiroshima, although the estimated level of physical activity was less in the Hawaiian subjects. Consumption of animal fat and simple carbohydrates (sucrose and fructose) were at least twice as high in Hawaiian as in Hiroshima Japanese. Conversely, Hiroshima Japanese consumed about twice the amount of complex carbohydrate as the Hawaiian Japanese. These observations support the hypothesis that a high fat, high simple carbohydrate, low complex carbohydrate diet and/or reduced levels of physical activity increase risk of diabetes. The proportion of deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease was higher in both diabetic and nondiabetic Japanese Hawaiians than in diabetic subjects in Japan. The rates were similar for Japanese and Caucasians in Hawaii. There was no evidence of an environmental influence on the development of microangiopathy (retinopathy) in diabetes, as the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (stratified for diabetes duration) was similar in Japanese subjects in Hawaii and in Japan, and it was similar to previous reports from England. On the other hand, diabetes alone did not appear to account for the greater prevalence of macroangiopathy in Hawaiian Japanese than in Hiroshima. Thus environmental factors, possibly including diet, appear to be involved in the development of macrovascular complications of diabetes.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications in Japanese migrants on the Island of Hawaii. Japanese migrants and their offspring on the island of Hawaii and Japanese living in Hiroshima were examined for diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications. the same methods and investigators were used in both locations. Death certificates of Japanese and Caucasians dying on the island during the past 26 yr were analyzed. Diabetes, defined as a venous serum glucose concentration of at least 200 mg/dl 2 h after a 50-g oral glucose load, was significantly more common in the Hawaiian Japanese than in the Hiroshima Japanese subjects. This suggests that diabetes is more prevalent in Japanese in Hawaii than in Japan, although lack of knowledge about the total population of Japanese migrants in Hawaii makes this generalization uncertain. The proportion of deaths attributed to diabetes was much higher in Japanese migrants and their offspring in Hawaii than in Japan. During the 1950s, the proportional death rate from diabetes was about half as large in Japanese Hawaiians as in Caucasian Hawaiians, but it increased to become 1.6 times the Caucasian rate during the 1970s. A nutritional study revealed that the total caloric intake was similar in Japanese in Hawaii and Hiroshima, although the estimated level of physical activity was less in the Hawaiian subjects. Consumption of animal fat and simple carbohydrates (sucrose and fructose) were at least twice as high in Hawaiian as in Hiroshima Japanese. Conversely, Hiroshima Japanese consumed about twice the amount of complex carbohydrate as the Hawaiian Japanese. These observations support the hypothesis that a high fat, high simple carbohydrate, low complex carbohydrate diet and/or reduced levels of physical activity increase risk of diabetes. The proportion of deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease was higher in both diabetic and nondiabetic Japanese Hawaiians than in diabetic subjects in Japan. The rates were similar for Japanese and Caucasians in Hawaii. There was no evidence of an environmental influence on the development of microangiopathy (retinopathy) in diabetes, as the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (stratified for diabetes duration) was similar in Japanese subjects in Hawaii and in Japan, and it was similar to previous reports from England. On the other hand, diabetes alone did not appear to account for the greater prevalence of macroangiopathy in Hawaiian Japanese than in Hiroshima. Thus environmental factors, possibly including diet, appear to be involved in the development of macrovascular complications of diabetes.", "PMID": 520120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_243", "title": "Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two population studies in Finland.", "content": "The relationship of glucose tolerance to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been investigated in two cohorts of Finnish men: 3267 men ages 40--59 yr from the Social Insurance Institution's (SII) Coronary Heart Disease Study and 1059 men ages 30--59 yr from the Helsinki Policemen Study. The relationship of plasma insulin level to the incidence of CHD was also investigated in the Helsinki Policemen Study. An oral glucose lead of 60, 75, or 90 g according to body surface area was used in both studies. In the SII Study, plasma glucose was determined from venous blood samples taken 1 h after glucose load. In the Helsinki Policemen Study, blood glucose was determined from venous blood samples taken at 0, 1, and 2 h, and at a 5-yr reexamination, plasma insulin was measured during OGTT at 0, 1, 2 h. In the SII Study cohort, the 4-yr mortality from CHD and the 4-yr incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) did not show a definite relationship to 1-h postload plasma glucose. In the Helsinki Policemen Study cohort, the 5-yr incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD (CHD death and nonfatal MI) was significantly related to high 1-h postload blood glucose level but not to fasting or 2-h postload blood glucose levels. 10-yr mortality from CHD was significantly higher in the top quintile of fasting and 1- and 2-h postload blood glucose levels, as was the incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD. However, in multivariate analyses including age, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and smoking, the blood glucose variables showed no statistically significant independent contribution in predicted risk of CHD. Univariate analyses by quintiles of plasma insulin levels measured at the 5-yr reexamination showed that the incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD during the subsequent 5 yr was significantly higher in the top quintiles of fasting and 1-h and 2-h postload plasma insulin than in the combined lower quintiles. Multivariate analyses showed that the value of high 1-h or 2-h postload plasma insulin level for predicting CHD risk was independent of other risk factors, including blood glucose levels during OGTT.", "contents": "Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two population studies in Finland. The relationship of glucose tolerance to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been investigated in two cohorts of Finnish men: 3267 men ages 40--59 yr from the Social Insurance Institution's (SII) Coronary Heart Disease Study and 1059 men ages 30--59 yr from the Helsinki Policemen Study. The relationship of plasma insulin level to the incidence of CHD was also investigated in the Helsinki Policemen Study. An oral glucose lead of 60, 75, or 90 g according to body surface area was used in both studies. In the SII Study, plasma glucose was determined from venous blood samples taken 1 h after glucose load. In the Helsinki Policemen Study, blood glucose was determined from venous blood samples taken at 0, 1, and 2 h, and at a 5-yr reexamination, plasma insulin was measured during OGTT at 0, 1, 2 h. In the SII Study cohort, the 4-yr mortality from CHD and the 4-yr incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) did not show a definite relationship to 1-h postload plasma glucose. In the Helsinki Policemen Study cohort, the 5-yr incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD (CHD death and nonfatal MI) was significantly related to high 1-h postload blood glucose level but not to fasting or 2-h postload blood glucose levels. 10-yr mortality from CHD was significantly higher in the top quintile of fasting and 1- and 2-h postload blood glucose levels, as was the incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD. However, in multivariate analyses including age, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and smoking, the blood glucose variables showed no statistically significant independent contribution in predicted risk of CHD. Univariate analyses by quintiles of plasma insulin levels measured at the 5-yr reexamination showed that the incidence of \"hard criteria\" CHD during the subsequent 5 yr was significantly higher in the top quintiles of fasting and 1-h and 2-h postload plasma insulin than in the combined lower quintiles. Multivariate analyses showed that the value of high 1-h or 2-h postload plasma insulin level for predicting CHD risk was independent of other risk factors, including blood glucose levels during OGTT.", "PMID": 520116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_244", "title": "Prevalence of major vascular complications at the initial visit among Japanese diabetic patients.", "content": "The frequencies of retinopathy, proteinuria, hypertension, and electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in 2025 diabetic subjects new to our clinic in Tokyo were analyzed in relation to status at initial visit with respect to age, estimated duration of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose. Frequency and severity of retinopathy increased markedly with duration of diabetes. A relationship was found between retinopathy at first visit and level of blood glucose at that time. Proteinuria also clearly increased with duration; its frequency was generally higher in older age groups. Frequency of hypertension increased with age up to 60 yr, but there was no association between prevalence of hypertension and duration of diabetes. ECG abnormalities also increased with age, although serious abnormalities were rare even in older subjects. Hypertension and ECG abnormalities were not more common in those with higher initial blood glucose values, and the frequencies of these aberrations did not increase with the duration of diabetes. ECG abnormalities were more common among hypertensives, especially in younger age groups. Despite the clear effect of degree and duration of hyperglycemia on microvascular complications, there was no evidence of a direct effect of hyperglycemia on macrovascular abnormalities in this study.", "contents": "Prevalence of major vascular complications at the initial visit among Japanese diabetic patients. The frequencies of retinopathy, proteinuria, hypertension, and electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in 2025 diabetic subjects new to our clinic in Tokyo were analyzed in relation to status at initial visit with respect to age, estimated duration of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose. Frequency and severity of retinopathy increased markedly with duration of diabetes. A relationship was found between retinopathy at first visit and level of blood glucose at that time. Proteinuria also clearly increased with duration; its frequency was generally higher in older age groups. Frequency of hypertension increased with age up to 60 yr, but there was no association between prevalence of hypertension and duration of diabetes. ECG abnormalities also increased with age, although serious abnormalities were rare even in older subjects. Hypertension and ECG abnormalities were not more common in those with higher initial blood glucose values, and the frequencies of these aberrations did not increase with the duration of diabetes. ECG abnormalities were more common among hypertensives, especially in younger age groups. Despite the clear effect of degree and duration of hyperglycemia on microvascular complications, there was no evidence of a direct effect of hyperglycemia on macrovascular abnormalities in this study.", "PMID": 520121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_245", "title": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 1. General description.", "content": "A general description of the multinational study under the auspices of the World Health Organization is presented. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of vascular disease in representative samples of diabetic subjects of different ethnic and cultural habitus. Standardized methods of investigation were devised. Fourteen centers participated, and the data collected so far indicate that the characteristics of the populations studied varied as to age composition, adiposity, cigarette smoking, treatment, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes. Thus, taking these factors into consideration and while awaiting completion of the data, conclusions must be drawn with reserve.", "contents": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 1. General description. A general description of the multinational study under the auspices of the World Health Organization is presented. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of vascular disease in representative samples of diabetic subjects of different ethnic and cultural habitus. Standardized methods of investigation were devised. Fourteen centers participated, and the data collected so far indicate that the characteristics of the populations studied varied as to age composition, adiposity, cigarette smoking, treatment, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes. Thus, taking these factors into consideration and while awaiting completion of the data, conclusions must be drawn with reserve.", "PMID": 520122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_246", "title": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 2. Macrovascular disease prevalence.", "content": "14 national groups have collaborated under WHO auspices to select, from local defined populations of individuals with clinical diabetes, groups of approximately 500 within the age range 35--55 yr stratified by age, sex, and known duration of diabetes. In each center, the selected patients were submitted to a standardized study protocol, which included systematic inquiry (WHO questionnaire) for the presence of symptoms of angina pectoris, history of myocardial infarction, presence of intermittent claudication, and cigarette smoking history. Examination included standard biometry, blood pressure measurement, 12-lead (centrally Minnesota coded) electrocardiography, and central laboratory measurement of serum cholesterol and creatine. Ophthalmoscopic and urinary examinations were also included. The prevalence of arterial disease symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities show very large variation between countries, the lowest rates generally being found in the Oriental samples and the highest in the European. \"Risk factors\" for arterial disease (blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking) also vary widely between diabetic groups. Although data are not yet complete, these differences appear unlikely to explain the variation in the atherosclerotic morbidity observed. Diabetic women were at least as vulnerable to arterial disease as diabetic men. A high prevalence of nonspecific abnormalities of the repolarization phase of the ECG was found, even in groups where ischemic abnormalities were rare. The origin of these is uncertain; they may represent variable local changes or possibly diabetic cardiomyopathy. This preliminary report confirms and quantifies previous indications that the impact of atherosclerotic disease on persons with diabetes varies considerably between national groups, in broad terms, running parallel with the variations in prevalence in the populations in general and suggesting that cultural and/or ethnic factors are more important determinants of atherosclerosis in diabetic individuals than is the diabetic state per se.", "contents": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 2. Macrovascular disease prevalence. 14 national groups have collaborated under WHO auspices to select, from local defined populations of individuals with clinical diabetes, groups of approximately 500 within the age range 35--55 yr stratified by age, sex, and known duration of diabetes. In each center, the selected patients were submitted to a standardized study protocol, which included systematic inquiry (WHO questionnaire) for the presence of symptoms of angina pectoris, history of myocardial infarction, presence of intermittent claudication, and cigarette smoking history. Examination included standard biometry, blood pressure measurement, 12-lead (centrally Minnesota coded) electrocardiography, and central laboratory measurement of serum cholesterol and creatine. Ophthalmoscopic and urinary examinations were also included. The prevalence of arterial disease symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities show very large variation between countries, the lowest rates generally being found in the Oriental samples and the highest in the European. \"Risk factors\" for arterial disease (blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking) also vary widely between diabetic groups. Although data are not yet complete, these differences appear unlikely to explain the variation in the atherosclerotic morbidity observed. Diabetic women were at least as vulnerable to arterial disease as diabetic men. A high prevalence of nonspecific abnormalities of the repolarization phase of the ECG was found, even in groups where ischemic abnormalities were rare. The origin of these is uncertain; they may represent variable local changes or possibly diabetic cardiomyopathy. This preliminary report confirms and quantifies previous indications that the impact of atherosclerotic disease on persons with diabetes varies considerably between national groups, in broad terms, running parallel with the variations in prevalence in the populations in general and suggesting that cultural and/or ethnic factors are more important determinants of atherosclerosis in diabetic individuals than is the diabetic state per se.", "PMID": 520123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_247", "title": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 3. Microvascular disease.", "content": "A preliminary comparison and analysis of microvascular disease was performed in 14 stratified samples of diabetic subjects. Microvascular disease was assessed by estimating visual disabilities, by standardized examination of the optic fundus by direct ophthalmoscopy, by estimating proteinuria, and by measuring the serum creatinine concentration. Visual impairment by questionnaire positive varied considerably between centers, probably due to cultural differences in interpretation of the questions. Physician-assessed visual disability also yielded considerable differences in frequency; however, the frequency differences were unrelated to those observed for macrovascular disease. Retinopathy--the sum of all components--was related to duration of diabetes in each participating center. The apparent frequency of proteinuria varied considerably between centers. In general, the frequency of retinopathy was related to the level of systolic blood pressure, but there was no systematic association with cigarette smoking.", "contents": "The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: 3. Microvascular disease. A preliminary comparison and analysis of microvascular disease was performed in 14 stratified samples of diabetic subjects. Microvascular disease was assessed by estimating visual disabilities, by standardized examination of the optic fundus by direct ophthalmoscopy, by estimating proteinuria, and by measuring the serum creatinine concentration. Visual impairment by questionnaire positive varied considerably between centers, probably due to cultural differences in interpretation of the questions. Physician-assessed visual disability also yielded considerable differences in frequency; however, the frequency differences were unrelated to those observed for macrovascular disease. Retinopathy--the sum of all components--was related to duration of diabetes in each participating center. The apparent frequency of proteinuria varied considerably between centers. In general, the frequency of retinopathy was related to the level of systolic blood pressure, but there was no systematic association with cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 520124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_248", "title": "Studies of the HLA system and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The relationship between the HLA system and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is reviewed. Data compiled by the HLA and Disease Registry reveal that HLA-B8 and/or Dw3 are associated with IDDM in all populations studied so far, but further population studies in non-Caucasian populations should be performed. In Caucasians, HLA-Dw2 renders protection against IDDM while HLA-Dw3 and Dw4 are associated with susceptibility to IDDM. The exact mode of inheritance of susceptibility to IDDM remains to be established. Involvement of at least two genes is likely. Heterogeneity of IDDM is highly possible and should be a matter of major interest in diabetes research.", "contents": "Studies of the HLA system and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the HLA system and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is reviewed. Data compiled by the HLA and Disease Registry reveal that HLA-B8 and/or Dw3 are associated with IDDM in all populations studied so far, but further population studies in non-Caucasian populations should be performed. In Caucasians, HLA-Dw2 renders protection against IDDM while HLA-Dw3 and Dw4 are associated with susceptibility to IDDM. The exact mode of inheritance of susceptibility to IDDM remains to be established. Involvement of at least two genes is likely. Heterogeneity of IDDM is highly possible and should be a matter of major interest in diabetes research.", "PMID": 520125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_249", "title": "Standardization of definition, classification, and reporting in diabetes-related epidemiologic studies.", "content": "This working paper reviews some advantages and disadvantages of various alternative definitions and classification schemes. Certain of these alternatives were discussed by an international group of experts on the epidemiology of diabetes. It was recommended by the conferees that the following terms not be used as standard descriptors in epidemiologic reports: juvenile diabetes, juvenile-type diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), latent diabetes, subclinical diabetes, clinical diabetes, chemical diabetes, and J-type (Jamaica) diabetes. Alternative ways of describing these conditions were offered. Some, but not all, conferees favored abandonment or modification of the terms \"secondary diabetes\" and \"pancreatic diabetes.\" Two alternate approaches are described in classification. One is designed to classify all types of cases in a single scheme. In this system each case is described by indices that include etiology and special etiologic concomitants, fatness, severity, type of treatment, and, if present, special or peculiar manifestations, and morbidity. This system makes it possible to classify all cases by mutually exclusive categories. A disadvantage of this scheme is that the number of combinations of classifying indices and subindices is great. Another approach is to classify cases by syndromes, using in each class a mixture of indices (e.g., etiology, severity, fatness, etc.). The conferees failed to reach a consensus in the specifics of this approach. There was considerable disagreement on how certain terms should be defined, whether they should be used, and on the degree of need for specific definitions. These designations included the terms \"insulin-dependent,\" \"idiopathic,\" \"insulin-requiring,\" and \"ketosis-prone.\" The conferees agreed that in either of the two approaches to classification, the prime indices should be those that can be ascertained by ordinary clinical methods. Much progress could be accomplished, even in the absence of international standardized definitions and classification systems, provided that authors keep in mind the need to describe the major characteristics of their cases and define the sense in which they use terms such as insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone, obese, etc.", "contents": "Standardization of definition, classification, and reporting in diabetes-related epidemiologic studies. This working paper reviews some advantages and disadvantages of various alternative definitions and classification schemes. Certain of these alternatives were discussed by an international group of experts on the epidemiology of diabetes. It was recommended by the conferees that the following terms not be used as standard descriptors in epidemiologic reports: juvenile diabetes, juvenile-type diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), latent diabetes, subclinical diabetes, clinical diabetes, chemical diabetes, and J-type (Jamaica) diabetes. Alternative ways of describing these conditions were offered. Some, but not all, conferees favored abandonment or modification of the terms \"secondary diabetes\" and \"pancreatic diabetes.\" Two alternate approaches are described in classification. One is designed to classify all types of cases in a single scheme. In this system each case is described by indices that include etiology and special etiologic concomitants, fatness, severity, type of treatment, and, if present, special or peculiar manifestations, and morbidity. This system makes it possible to classify all cases by mutually exclusive categories. A disadvantage of this scheme is that the number of combinations of classifying indices and subindices is great. Another approach is to classify cases by syndromes, using in each class a mixture of indices (e.g., etiology, severity, fatness, etc.). The conferees failed to reach a consensus in the specifics of this approach. There was considerable disagreement on how certain terms should be defined, whether they should be used, and on the degree of need for specific definitions. These designations included the terms \"insulin-dependent,\" \"idiopathic,\" \"insulin-requiring,\" and \"ketosis-prone.\" The conferees agreed that in either of the two approaches to classification, the prime indices should be those that can be ascertained by ordinary clinical methods. Much progress could be accomplished, even in the absence of international standardized definitions and classification systems, provided that authors keep in mind the need to describe the major characteristics of their cases and define the sense in which they use terms such as insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone, obese, etc.", "PMID": 520132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_250", "title": "Contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions measured in patients with high refractive error with emphasis on aphakia: I. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "Recently, alterations in contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions of patients with high refractive errors have been noted. For example, this seems to be a common finding in aphakia. In some measure the observed alterations are due to the effect of the corrective lens and the optics of the eyes. These optical effects (in addition to blur) must be factored out in order to determine whether residual effects on the visual system remain. The argument is applicable to photographs of sine wave fringes as well as devices designed to produce interference patterns directly on the retina. A simple means for largely correcting these lens effects is discussed.", "contents": "Contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions measured in patients with high refractive error with emphasis on aphakia: I. Theoretical considerations. Recently, alterations in contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions of patients with high refractive errors have been noted. For example, this seems to be a common finding in aphakia. In some measure the observed alterations are due to the effect of the corrective lens and the optics of the eyes. These optical effects (in addition to blur) must be factored out in order to determine whether residual effects on the visual system remain. The argument is applicable to photographs of sine wave fringes as well as devices designed to produce interference patterns directly on the retina. A simple means for largely correcting these lens effects is discussed.", "PMID": 520138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_251", "title": "Prevalence and course of diabetes modified by fasting blood glucose levels: implications for diagnostic criteria.", "content": "Data from the epidemiologic survey in Sudbury, Massachusetts, demonstrate that the prevalence of new cases of diabetes, based on the USPHS criteria for the standard 3-h oral glucose tolerance test as originally published, was 0.7%. If a fasting blood sugar greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl had been required for those USPH diagnoses, the prevalence would have fallen to 0.28%. Further, if a peak serum insulin level of less than or greater than 60 microM/ml had been required, the original prevalence rate would have dropped to 0.02%. Data from a prospeh criteria for diabetes indicate by life table analyses that 41% show further deterioration of carbohydrate control over the first 13 yr of the study when the fasting blood sugar was less than 110 mg/dl in the initial diagnostic test and 82% when the fasting blood sugar was greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl. The relationship of fasting blood glucose to later decompensation proved to be a continuous one without evidence of a threshold effect. The implications of both of these studies for diagnostic criteria, particularly recent proposals, is discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence and course of diabetes modified by fasting blood glucose levels: implications for diagnostic criteria. Data from the epidemiologic survey in Sudbury, Massachusetts, demonstrate that the prevalence of new cases of diabetes, based on the USPHS criteria for the standard 3-h oral glucose tolerance test as originally published, was 0.7%. If a fasting blood sugar greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl had been required for those USPH diagnoses, the prevalence would have fallen to 0.28%. Further, if a peak serum insulin level of less than or greater than 60 microM/ml had been required, the original prevalence rate would have dropped to 0.02%. Data from a prospeh criteria for diabetes indicate by life table analyses that 41% show further deterioration of carbohydrate control over the first 13 yr of the study when the fasting blood sugar was less than 110 mg/dl in the initial diagnostic test and 82% when the fasting blood sugar was greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl. The relationship of fasting blood glucose to later decompensation proved to be a continuous one without evidence of a threshold effect. The implications of both of these studies for diagnostic criteria, particularly recent proposals, is discussed.", "PMID": 520134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_252", "title": "Contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions measured in patients with high refractive error with emphasis on aphakia: II. Determinations of patients.", "content": "Measurements of Constrast Sensitivity Functions (CSF) were made on normal observers made artificially highly ametropic with spectacle lenses (with high back vertex) distance in order to determine the effect of retinal image size alterations upon CSF measures. While not an exact model for high ametropia per se, this experiment served to familiarize the experimenters with problems associated with the task. Image size alterations occur normally in aphakic patients and highly myopic patients. As a clinical trial, a series of aphakic observers were tested using an interferometric acuity device. CSF measures were made with the patient's spectacle corrections in place and again with correcting contact lenses substituted. The contact lenses reduce induced image size alterations in these cases. The use of contact lenses in such measures allows differentiation between artifactual low frequency fall off in aphakia due to lens effects and possible low frequency fall-off due to other causes.", "contents": "Contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions measured in patients with high refractive error with emphasis on aphakia: II. Determinations of patients. Measurements of Constrast Sensitivity Functions (CSF) were made on normal observers made artificially highly ametropic with spectacle lenses (with high back vertex) distance in order to determine the effect of retinal image size alterations upon CSF measures. While not an exact model for high ametropia per se, this experiment served to familiarize the experimenters with problems associated with the task. Image size alterations occur normally in aphakic patients and highly myopic patients. As a clinical trial, a series of aphakic observers were tested using an interferometric acuity device. CSF measures were made with the patient's spectacle corrections in place and again with correcting contact lenses substituted. The contact lenses reduce induced image size alterations in these cases. The use of contact lenses in such measures allows differentiation between artifactual low frequency fall off in aphakia due to lens effects and possible low frequency fall-off due to other causes.", "PMID": 520139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_253", "title": "What is normal binocular vision?", "content": "The vergence position of the eyes is determined by the near fixation-accommodation-miosis synkinesis and the fusion mechanism. The contribution of both systems was analysed in 30 normal subjects and 16 subjects with abnormal binocular vision. Prism fixation disparity curves were determined in three different experimental situations: the routine method according to Ogle, a method to stimulate the synkinetic convergence (Experiment I, with one fixation point as sole binocular stimulus) and a method to stimulate the fusion mechanism (Experiment II, with random dot stereograms). Experiment I produced flat curves and Experiment II steep curves. The mean diameter of the horizontal Panum area was 5 minutes of arc in Experiment I and 2 degrees in Experiment II. On the basis of these findings, it was postulated that the synkinetic system operates in the absence of fixation disparity and the fusion system in the presence of fixation disparity. In Experiment II, esodisparities of 100 minutes of arc occur in a number of normal subjects. The dividing line between normal and abnormal binocular vision therefore is blurred. Normal persons can display disparities, the order of magnitude of which is equal to that of the angle of squint in micro-strabismus.", "contents": "What is normal binocular vision? The vergence position of the eyes is determined by the near fixation-accommodation-miosis synkinesis and the fusion mechanism. The contribution of both systems was analysed in 30 normal subjects and 16 subjects with abnormal binocular vision. Prism fixation disparity curves were determined in three different experimental situations: the routine method according to Ogle, a method to stimulate the synkinetic convergence (Experiment I, with one fixation point as sole binocular stimulus) and a method to stimulate the fusion mechanism (Experiment II, with random dot stereograms). Experiment I produced flat curves and Experiment II steep curves. The mean diameter of the horizontal Panum area was 5 minutes of arc in Experiment I and 2 degrees in Experiment II. On the basis of these findings, it was postulated that the synkinetic system operates in the absence of fixation disparity and the fusion system in the presence of fixation disparity. In Experiment II, esodisparities of 100 minutes of arc occur in a number of normal subjects. The dividing line between normal and abnormal binocular vision therefore is blurred. Normal persons can display disparities, the order of magnitude of which is equal to that of the angle of squint in micro-strabismus.", "PMID": 520140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_254", "title": "Risk factors other than hyperglycemia in diabetic macrovascular disease.", "content": "A five-year prospective follow-up study was done on 10,000 adult males in Israel. The end-points of diabetes mellitus--clinical and unrecognized myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, sudden death, and hypertension--were examined. The incidence rates rise with age and vary significantly by areas of birth, with the Middle Eastern and North African subjects having the highest incidence of diabetes but the lowest cardiovascular rates. A developmental medical model based on a historical-societal perspective is proposed to explain these findings. The major factors found on multivariate analysis in the development of diabetes mellitus are compared with those of the other cardiovascular end-points mentioned above. The similarities and differences between these risk factors are discussed, and I conclude that the prevention or alleviation of diabetic macrovascular disease needs a multifactorial approach against the major risk factors of the macrovascular complications as well as those related to diabetes, in the individual, family, and community.", "contents": "Risk factors other than hyperglycemia in diabetic macrovascular disease. A five-year prospective follow-up study was done on 10,000 adult males in Israel. The end-points of diabetes mellitus--clinical and unrecognized myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, sudden death, and hypertension--were examined. The incidence rates rise with age and vary significantly by areas of birth, with the Middle Eastern and North African subjects having the highest incidence of diabetes but the lowest cardiovascular rates. A developmental medical model based on a historical-societal perspective is proposed to explain these findings. The major factors found on multivariate analysis in the development of diabetes mellitus are compared with those of the other cardiovascular end-points mentioned above. The similarities and differences between these risk factors are discussed, and I conclude that the prevention or alleviation of diabetic macrovascular disease needs a multifactorial approach against the major risk factors of the macrovascular complications as well as those related to diabetes, in the individual, family, and community.", "PMID": 520133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_255", "title": "Oculographic automatic perimetry in glaucoma visual field screening: a clinical study--preliminary results in glaucoma patients.", "content": "An automatic method for visual field screening using oculographic potentials have been evaluated on 12 eyes of 65 glaucoma patients. The oculographic perimeter records, plotting the central 22 degrees of the visual field, have been compared with Armaly's manual selective perimetry performed by the Goldman Perimeter. In spite of different testing standards of both methods, equivalent pathological field defects were demonstrated in 72% of the eyes following the first examination. Successive plottings with the automatic method improved the results considerably. The method has proved to be a reliable objective automatic test. Further development is suggested through which the procedure might be useful for glaucoma screening in the future.", "contents": "Oculographic automatic perimetry in glaucoma visual field screening: a clinical study--preliminary results in glaucoma patients. An automatic method for visual field screening using oculographic potentials have been evaluated on 12 eyes of 65 glaucoma patients. The oculographic perimeter records, plotting the central 22 degrees of the visual field, have been compared with Armaly's manual selective perimetry performed by the Goldman Perimeter. In spite of different testing standards of both methods, equivalent pathological field defects were demonstrated in 72% of the eyes following the first examination. Successive plottings with the automatic method improved the results considerably. The method has proved to be a reliable objective automatic test. Further development is suggested through which the procedure might be useful for glaucoma screening in the future.", "PMID": 520141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_256", "title": "[Personality dependence in drug dependence].", "content": "Is drug dependence more likely to establish itself in persons whose personality structure is already characterized by a psychological dependence which can be looked at from two aspects: cognitive field dependence and emotional dependence? Three groups of 21 subjects each, multiple drug users, users of cannabis and non-users, are studied with the expectation that the first group is more psychologically dependent than the second one, the latter being in turn more dependent than the group of non-users. The situation is not so simple. Hard-drug users appear to be more active than users of cannabis, whereas non-users are even more dynamic individuals. However, in such a study the duration of consumption exercise an important influence because, in this regard, different personality profiles of the two drug-using groups come into play, the users of cannabis presenting a more incoherent picture. The multiple drug addict selected from his natural environment seems to acquire, through his prolonged consumption, a greater perceptual independence and emotional maturity owing to the clandestine nature of his habit, and a more acute and articulate general way of functioning in order to avoid mishaps.", "contents": "[Personality dependence in drug dependence]. Is drug dependence more likely to establish itself in persons whose personality structure is already characterized by a psychological dependence which can be looked at from two aspects: cognitive field dependence and emotional dependence? Three groups of 21 subjects each, multiple drug users, users of cannabis and non-users, are studied with the expectation that the first group is more psychologically dependent than the second one, the latter being in turn more dependent than the group of non-users. The situation is not so simple. Hard-drug users appear to be more active than users of cannabis, whereas non-users are even more dynamic individuals. However, in such a study the duration of consumption exercise an important influence because, in this regard, different personality profiles of the two drug-using groups come into play, the users of cannabis presenting a more incoherent picture. The multiple drug addict selected from his natural environment seems to acquire, through his prolonged consumption, a greater perceptual independence and emotional maturity owing to the clandestine nature of his habit, and a more acute and articulate general way of functioning in order to avoid mishaps.", "PMID": 520146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_257", "title": "[Prognosis of alcoholic delirium (author's transl)].", "content": "296 cases of delirium tremens treated in 1958-69 were analysed retrospectively. Forty-one patients died in delirium or shortly thereafter. In 72 by now dead patients cirrhosis of the liver was the most common cause of death. Of 68 patients re-examinated, 12 were now teetotallers and six had markedly reduced there intake. Fifty patients had continued drinking and most of them had signs of liver failure, one had hypertension and one also had a polyneuropathy. Those who were abstaining, as well as the patients with a favourable course,and most of them were married. Although the acute death-rate of delirium has been markedly reduced since the introduction of clomethiazole treatment, it remains high after discharge. In almost half of those who were still drinking there had been a slide downwards in their social status. Delirium tremens is almost always precipitated by alcohol withdrawal.", "contents": "[Prognosis of alcoholic delirium (author's transl)]. 296 cases of delirium tremens treated in 1958-69 were analysed retrospectively. Forty-one patients died in delirium or shortly thereafter. In 72 by now dead patients cirrhosis of the liver was the most common cause of death. Of 68 patients re-examinated, 12 were now teetotallers and six had markedly reduced there intake. Fifty patients had continued drinking and most of them had signs of liver failure, one had hypertension and one also had a polyneuropathy. Those who were abstaining, as well as the patients with a favourable course,and most of them were married. Although the acute death-rate of delirium has been markedly reduced since the introduction of clomethiazole treatment, it remains high after discharge. In almost half of those who were still drinking there had been a slide downwards in their social status. Delirium tremens is almost always precipitated by alcohol withdrawal.", "PMID": 520153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_258", "title": "[Liver changes in giant-cell arteritis: temporal arteritis and rheumatic polymyalgia (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver changes were demonstrated in six elderly patients with giant-cell arteritis (temporal arteritis, three with polymyalgia). Histologically there was fatty infiltration in four and pericentral congestion in five, star-cell nodules in one and non-specific hepatitis in one. Bromsulphalein test was abnormal in all, but rapidly became normal as the arteritis was successfully treated with corticoids. The pathogenesis of the liver changes is unclear. The authors' observations and published reports suggest that they are typical of giant-cell arteritis; it is of importance in the diagnosis of underlying disease.", "contents": "[Liver changes in giant-cell arteritis: temporal arteritis and rheumatic polymyalgia (author's transl)]. Liver changes were demonstrated in six elderly patients with giant-cell arteritis (temporal arteritis, three with polymyalgia). Histologically there was fatty infiltration in four and pericentral congestion in five, star-cell nodules in one and non-specific hepatitis in one. Bromsulphalein test was abnormal in all, but rapidly became normal as the arteritis was successfully treated with corticoids. The pathogenesis of the liver changes is unclear. The authors' observations and published reports suggest that they are typical of giant-cell arteritis; it is of importance in the diagnosis of underlying disease.", "PMID": 520154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_259", "title": "[Effect of dihydroergotamine on pulmonary perfusion in acceleration stress (author's transl)].", "content": "An orthostatic circulatory load of varying degree (1-4 G) can be simulated by means of a human centrifuge. This results in a partial shifting of the intrathoracic blood volume into the capacity vessels of the lower extremity. In the pulmonary region, this is associated with a decrease in perfusion from the apical to the basal segments, which can be demonstrated by double nuclide perfusion scintigraphy. The degree of change in pulmonary perfusion was determined quantitatively in 26 volunteers by perfusion scintigraphy before and during acceleration, and the influence of dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot) was studied. The results show that the redistribution of the polmonary blood volume into the lower parts of the body can be largely prevented by Dihydergot. Pulmonary perfusion remains almost unchanged, compared with the initial value, up to an acceleration stress of 3 G, following intravenous injection of 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine. After oral administration (6 mg/d over 12 days), this applies to 1 and 2 G. Hence, dihydroergotamine represents, so to say, a \"pharmacological anti-G suit\".", "contents": "[Effect of dihydroergotamine on pulmonary perfusion in acceleration stress (author's transl)]. An orthostatic circulatory load of varying degree (1-4 G) can be simulated by means of a human centrifuge. This results in a partial shifting of the intrathoracic blood volume into the capacity vessels of the lower extremity. In the pulmonary region, this is associated with a decrease in perfusion from the apical to the basal segments, which can be demonstrated by double nuclide perfusion scintigraphy. The degree of change in pulmonary perfusion was determined quantitatively in 26 volunteers by perfusion scintigraphy before and during acceleration, and the influence of dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot) was studied. The results show that the redistribution of the polmonary blood volume into the lower parts of the body can be largely prevented by Dihydergot. Pulmonary perfusion remains almost unchanged, compared with the initial value, up to an acceleration stress of 3 G, following intravenous injection of 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine. After oral administration (6 mg/d over 12 days), this applies to 1 and 2 G. Hence, dihydroergotamine represents, so to say, a \"pharmacological anti-G suit\".", "PMID": 520155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_260", "title": "[Sulprostone, a new prostaglandin E2 derivative (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulprostone, a new synthetic prostaglandin E2 derivative, was used for interruption of pregnancy in 479 patients with different lengths of pregnancy. Systemic forms of administration (i.v. and i.m.) were superior to non-systemic ones (intraamnial, extraamnial). In comparison with prostaglandins used up to now this substance is characterised by a higher rate of success and clearly reduced systemic side effects. As a consequence of these results a new clinical concept of artificial abortion with prostaglandins using sulprostone is presented: 1. i.m. application for induction of early abortion before the 6th week of pregnancy and for softening of the cervix up to the 12th week of pregnancy. 2. i.v. drip of termination of intact and disturbed pregnancies beyond the first trimenon.", "contents": "[Sulprostone, a new prostaglandin E2 derivative (author's transl)]. Sulprostone, a new synthetic prostaglandin E2 derivative, was used for interruption of pregnancy in 479 patients with different lengths of pregnancy. Systemic forms of administration (i.v. and i.m.) were superior to non-systemic ones (intraamnial, extraamnial). In comparison with prostaglandins used up to now this substance is characterised by a higher rate of success and clearly reduced systemic side effects. As a consequence of these results a new clinical concept of artificial abortion with prostaglandins using sulprostone is presented: 1. i.m. application for induction of early abortion before the 6th week of pregnancy and for softening of the cervix up to the 12th week of pregnancy. 2. i.v. drip of termination of intact and disturbed pregnancies beyond the first trimenon.", "PMID": 520164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_261", "title": "[Treatment of renal osteopathy with 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal osteopathy was investigated in a total of 132 patients in 26 dialysis centres. Various doses were used, the average being 4000-6000 IU/day. In 32 patients a daily dose of 6000-9000 IU was used. The average individual duration of treatment was 276 days with a maximum of 910 days. Histologically there was an improvement in the renal osteopathy in 55.9% of evaluable cases (n = 34) and in 25.3% there was no deterioration. Radiographically these results were found in 21% and in 70.5% of evaluable cases (n = 105). Serum calcium increased in 46.6% of cases (n = 131), remained the same in 32.8% and decreased in 20.6%. The changes in alkaline phosphatase were similar : it dropped in 42.1% of patients, remained the same in 28.1% and rose in 29.8%. Immunoreactive parathormone which was invariably raised at the beginning of treatment (n = 36), fell in 25.0%, remained the same in 44.4% and rose further in 30.6%. The clinical symptoms of renal osteopathy which had been present in 57 patients improved in 51.0%, remained the same in 46.0% and deteriorated in 3.0%. Signs of intolerance and side effects were rare. Severe hypercalcaemia did not occur.", "contents": "[Treatment of renal osteopathy with 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol (author's transl)]. The influence of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal osteopathy was investigated in a total of 132 patients in 26 dialysis centres. Various doses were used, the average being 4000-6000 IU/day. In 32 patients a daily dose of 6000-9000 IU was used. The average individual duration of treatment was 276 days with a maximum of 910 days. Histologically there was an improvement in the renal osteopathy in 55.9% of evaluable cases (n = 34) and in 25.3% there was no deterioration. Radiographically these results were found in 21% and in 70.5% of evaluable cases (n = 105). Serum calcium increased in 46.6% of cases (n = 131), remained the same in 32.8% and decreased in 20.6%. The changes in alkaline phosphatase were similar : it dropped in 42.1% of patients, remained the same in 28.1% and rose in 29.8%. Immunoreactive parathormone which was invariably raised at the beginning of treatment (n = 36), fell in 25.0%, remained the same in 44.4% and rose further in 30.6%. The clinical symptoms of renal osteopathy which had been present in 57 patients improved in 51.0%, remained the same in 46.0% and deteriorated in 3.0%. Signs of intolerance and side effects were rare. Severe hypercalcaemia did not occur.", "PMID": 520165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_262", "title": "[Treatment of dopamine-dependent shock with triiodothyronine: prelimary results (author's transl)].", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) was administered to 11 patients in septic shock. In all there occurred an increase in arterial blood pressure within 24 hours, the rise in systolic pressure being 34 +/- 4.2 mm Hg, of diastolic 14 +/- 8.2 mm Hg, corresponding to a rise in mean arterial pressure of 25 +/- 6.1 mm Hg. Haemodynamic studies in four patients suggest that the action of T3 is mediated via beta-sympathomimetic channels.", "contents": "[Treatment of dopamine-dependent shock with triiodothyronine: prelimary results (author's transl)]. Triiodothyronine (T3) was administered to 11 patients in septic shock. In all there occurred an increase in arterial blood pressure within 24 hours, the rise in systolic pressure being 34 +/- 4.2 mm Hg, of diastolic 14 +/- 8.2 mm Hg, corresponding to a rise in mean arterial pressure of 25 +/- 6.1 mm Hg. Haemodynamic studies in four patients suggest that the action of T3 is mediated via beta-sympathomimetic channels.", "PMID": 520166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_263", "title": "[Treatment of myasthenia gravis with plasmapheresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine out of eleven severely ill patients with myasthenia gravis could be markedly improved by a combination of immunosuppressive drug therapy and plasmapheresis, two patients however suffered grave complications. The effectiveness of plasma exchange underlines the importance of plasma factors in the pathomechanism of myasthenic functional disturbance. Treatment with plasmapheresis may be regarded as a supportive measure of immunosuppressive drug therapy. However, the considerable risk and high technical requirements limit the indication to severe forms of the disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of myasthenia gravis with plasmapheresis (author's transl)]. Nine out of eleven severely ill patients with myasthenia gravis could be markedly improved by a combination of immunosuppressive drug therapy and plasmapheresis, two patients however suffered grave complications. The effectiveness of plasma exchange underlines the importance of plasma factors in the pathomechanism of myasthenic functional disturbance. Treatment with plasmapheresis may be regarded as a supportive measure of immunosuppressive drug therapy. However, the considerable risk and high technical requirements limit the indication to severe forms of the disease.", "PMID": 520174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_264", "title": "[Improvement of growth-hormone stimulation with l-dopa/l-carbidopa by simultaneous administration of propranolol (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of simultaneous administration of 250 mg L-dopa + 25 mg L-carbidopa (Nacom) and 1 mg propranolol/kg body weight (maximal dose 40 mg propranolol) on growth-hormone secretion was tested in 96 children with growth retardation. The results were compared with those in a group of children that had been receiving only L-dopa and L-carbidopa. The additional administration of propranolol reduced the number of children unresponsive to adequate growth-hormone stimulation from 16% to 9.5%. There was no significant difference in mean maximal growth-hormone level between both groups, but the addition of propranolol caused a more long-lasting rise in serum growth hormone levels. Some of the children who previously had failed to have a satisfactory rise in growth-hormone level after L-dopa and L-carbidopa showed satisfactory stimulation when propranolol was added. Since only three blood samples need be taken (0, 45 and 90 minutes) and no significant side effects were noted, the combined treatment is suitable for out-patient use.", "contents": "[Improvement of growth-hormone stimulation with l-dopa/l-carbidopa by simultaneous administration of propranolol (author's transl)]. The effect of simultaneous administration of 250 mg L-dopa + 25 mg L-carbidopa (Nacom) and 1 mg propranolol/kg body weight (maximal dose 40 mg propranolol) on growth-hormone secretion was tested in 96 children with growth retardation. The results were compared with those in a group of children that had been receiving only L-dopa and L-carbidopa. The additional administration of propranolol reduced the number of children unresponsive to adequate growth-hormone stimulation from 16% to 9.5%. There was no significant difference in mean maximal growth-hormone level between both groups, but the addition of propranolol caused a more long-lasting rise in serum growth hormone levels. Some of the children who previously had failed to have a satisfactory rise in growth-hormone level after L-dopa and L-carbidopa showed satisfactory stimulation when propranolol was added. Since only three blood samples need be taken (0, 45 and 90 minutes) and no significant side effects were noted, the combined treatment is suitable for out-patient use.", "PMID": 520175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_265", "title": "[Hypochlorhydria in acute gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "After swallowing a non-sterilised pH electrode a 25-year-old medical student developed an influenza-like illness followed by hypo- and achlorhydria for several weeks, acute leukocyte-gastrititis, and epithelial defects of the antrum. This possibly represents an infectious disease which can be transmitted by contaminated electrodes or probes.", "contents": "[Hypochlorhydria in acute gastritis (author's transl)]. After swallowing a non-sterilised pH electrode a 25-year-old medical student developed an influenza-like illness followed by hypo- and achlorhydria for several weeks, acute leukocyte-gastrititis, and epithelial defects of the antrum. This possibly represents an infectious disease which can be transmitted by contaminated electrodes or probes.", "PMID": 520176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_266", "title": "[Paget's osteodystrophia deformans. Occurrence, clinical aspects and complications].", "content": "33 monostotic and 27 polyostotic manifestations were found in 60 patients with Paget's disease of bone, 30 of whom were females (mean age 65.7 years) and 30 males (mean age 62.8 years). Pelvis, right tibia, lumbar spine, skull and sacrum were most commonly affected. Alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was raised in 95%, and in 88% hydroxyproline excretion in urine was increased. Due to the variable primary osseous or secondary arthrogenic complaints four groups could be distinguished among the monostotic cases. In polyostotic forms only some of the affected bones caused symptoms, whereas the other locations were only detected radiographically. The indication for calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease can only be made after in-patient investigation and evaluation of skeletal involvement, activity of the disease, complaints and assessment of complications actually present or to be expected according to the pattern of involvement. Under these conditions this form of treatment appeared indicated in 41 of 60 patients.", "contents": "[Paget's osteodystrophia deformans. Occurrence, clinical aspects and complications]. 33 monostotic and 27 polyostotic manifestations were found in 60 patients with Paget's disease of bone, 30 of whom were females (mean age 65.7 years) and 30 males (mean age 62.8 years). Pelvis, right tibia, lumbar spine, skull and sacrum were most commonly affected. Alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was raised in 95%, and in 88% hydroxyproline excretion in urine was increased. Due to the variable primary osseous or secondary arthrogenic complaints four groups could be distinguished among the monostotic cases. In polyostotic forms only some of the affected bones caused symptoms, whereas the other locations were only detected radiographically. The indication for calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease can only be made after in-patient investigation and evaluation of skeletal involvement, activity of the disease, complaints and assessment of complications actually present or to be expected according to the pattern of involvement. Under these conditions this form of treatment appeared indicated in 41 of 60 patients.", "PMID": 520181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_267", "title": "[The spread of tuberculosis among infants and small children in the G.F.R. (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the interruption of routine BCG immunisation for the first time for 3 decades the current tuberculosis risk for unprotected infants and small children could be assessed locally and nation-wide. Nearly all of the 1,190,714 children born during 2 years between 1975 and 1977 were unprotected. Out of these 469 children had to be admitted up to the beginning of 1978 due to tuberculosis. The number of recognised cases of tuberculosis was thus considerably higher than the expected figures which in this country as a consequence of insufficient notification are used when decisions are necessary. Patients treated on an out-patient basis are not included in these figures and the children were all under 6, maximum age 34 months. In addition no less than 35 generalised and a further 180 more complicated cases of childhood tuberculosis were seen despite unlimited diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "[The spread of tuberculosis among infants and small children in the G.F.R. (author's transl)]. Due to the interruption of routine BCG immunisation for the first time for 3 decades the current tuberculosis risk for unprotected infants and small children could be assessed locally and nation-wide. Nearly all of the 1,190,714 children born during 2 years between 1975 and 1977 were unprotected. Out of these 469 children had to be admitted up to the beginning of 1978 due to tuberculosis. The number of recognised cases of tuberculosis was thus considerably higher than the expected figures which in this country as a consequence of insufficient notification are used when decisions are necessary. Patients treated on an out-patient basis are not included in these figures and the children were all under 6, maximum age 34 months. In addition no less than 35 generalised and a further 180 more complicated cases of childhood tuberculosis were seen despite unlimited diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 520182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_268", "title": "[Cimetidine for treatment of stress-induced ulcer haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "After gastroscopic demonstration of a definite source of bleeding (gastric or duodenal erosions or ulcers) 56 stress patients were treated with 1,200 mg cimetidine intravenously per day (constant infusion or 200 mg intravenously 4-hourly) in an open prospective study. Not considering 2 false indications because of arterial arrosion 46 patients were treated successfully with cimetidine. Bleeding could not be arrested in 7 cases and 2 of these succumbed, one of them despite repeated operations. In one patient bleeding was arrested; however, operation was necessary in the end due to perforation. Cimetidine has proved to be of value in conservative treatment of stress induced ulcer haemorrhage and is used increasingly prophylactically.", "contents": "[Cimetidine for treatment of stress-induced ulcer haemorrhage (author's transl)]. After gastroscopic demonstration of a definite source of bleeding (gastric or duodenal erosions or ulcers) 56 stress patients were treated with 1,200 mg cimetidine intravenously per day (constant infusion or 200 mg intravenously 4-hourly) in an open prospective study. Not considering 2 false indications because of arterial arrosion 46 patients were treated successfully with cimetidine. Bleeding could not be arrested in 7 cases and 2 of these succumbed, one of them despite repeated operations. In one patient bleeding was arrested; however, operation was necessary in the end due to perforation. Cimetidine has proved to be of value in conservative treatment of stress induced ulcer haemorrhage and is used increasingly prophylactically.", "PMID": 520183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_269", "title": "[An attempt to analyze the state of gastric cancer control in the German Democratic Republic (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from the records of the county cancer control offices, an attempt is made to analyze the quality of detection and treatment of gastric cancer in the G.D.R. Possibilities and results of curative treatment strongly depend upon the extent of the disease and the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis. During the period of observation (Berlin 1955--1974, county K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen 1960--1974), the proportion of elderly patients (65-yrs.) increased, stage distribution remained about the same, the rate of curative operations increased a little. When comparing the situation in the capital Berlin with the district Erfurt, the city of Dresden and the rural county K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen, it can be demonstrated that the quality of diagnosis and treatment in Berlin is somewhat better then in the other teritories.", "contents": "[An attempt to analyze the state of gastric cancer control in the German Democratic Republic (author's transl)]. Starting from the records of the county cancer control offices, an attempt is made to analyze the quality of detection and treatment of gastric cancer in the G.D.R. Possibilities and results of curative treatment strongly depend upon the extent of the disease and the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis. During the period of observation (Berlin 1955--1974, county K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen 1960--1974), the proportion of elderly patients (65-yrs.) increased, stage distribution remained about the same, the rate of curative operations increased a little. When comparing the situation in the capital Berlin with the district Erfurt, the city of Dresden and the rural county K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen, it can be demonstrated that the quality of diagnosis and treatment in Berlin is somewhat better then in the other teritories.", "PMID": 520268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_270", "title": "[The influence of food-supply to the concentration of blood ammonia (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been determined of 70 liver-healthy probands the ammonia concentration of capillary blood after poor on protein respectively rich on proteine food in 30 minutes distances. It comes in both groups to a spontaneous ascent the concentration of ammonia. The highest ammonia concentration depends on the content of protein which has been taken through food and the descent also variable quick. For it amount to the waiting period of food on the determination of blood ammonia after in frontly poor on protein food 90 minutes and after in frontly rich on protein food three hours. The statements have been secured statisticaly by means of U-test.", "contents": "[The influence of food-supply to the concentration of blood ammonia (author's transl)]. It has been determined of 70 liver-healthy probands the ammonia concentration of capillary blood after poor on protein respectively rich on proteine food in 30 minutes distances. It comes in both groups to a spontaneous ascent the concentration of ammonia. The highest ammonia concentration depends on the content of protein which has been taken through food and the descent also variable quick. For it amount to the waiting period of food on the determination of blood ammonia after in frontly poor on protein food 90 minutes and after in frontly rich on protein food three hours. The statements have been secured statisticaly by means of U-test.", "PMID": 520270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_271", "title": "[Fatty acid metabolism in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) (author's transl)].", "content": "The fatty acid spectra of cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions separated by thin-layer chromatography were analyzed by gas chromatography in the sera of 252 patients with primary HLP (with 53 cases of type IIa, 48 cases of type IIb, and 151 cases of type IV) and 60 healthy persons. Showing significantly increased values in the cholesterol ester fraction for HLP of types IIa and IIb as well as in the triglyceride fraction for HLP of types IIb and IV were palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosatrienic acid. Significantly reduced percentages were obtained for linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenic acid in the same fractions for these types. Possible causes include disturbances of the fatty acid metabolism in the liver, increased selective reesterification of fatty acids of the lipolytic process, and partially altered LCAT activity.", "contents": "[Fatty acid metabolism in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) (author's transl)]. The fatty acid spectra of cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions separated by thin-layer chromatography were analyzed by gas chromatography in the sera of 252 patients with primary HLP (with 53 cases of type IIa, 48 cases of type IIb, and 151 cases of type IV) and 60 healthy persons. Showing significantly increased values in the cholesterol ester fraction for HLP of types IIa and IIb as well as in the triglyceride fraction for HLP of types IIb and IV were palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosatrienic acid. Significantly reduced percentages were obtained for linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenic acid in the same fractions for these types. Possible causes include disturbances of the fatty acid metabolism in the liver, increased selective reesterification of fatty acids of the lipolytic process, and partially altered LCAT activity.", "PMID": 520271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_272", "title": "[Pregnanediol and pregnanetriol levels in the urine of rats after thymectomy].", "content": "The authors examined arterial blood pressure and excretion of pregnanetriol and pregnanediol in urine of adult male rats of Westar strain under normal conditions and after thymectomy. There was an elevation of arterial blood pressure after 45th day of thymectomy. Excretion of pregnanediol was increased on the 30th day, but that of pregnanetriol on the 60th day after removal of the gland. The increased excretion of both progesterone metabolites was connected with increased renal function, which probably played pathogenic role in postthymectomized hypertensive reaction.", "contents": "[Pregnanediol and pregnanetriol levels in the urine of rats after thymectomy]. The authors examined arterial blood pressure and excretion of pregnanetriol and pregnanediol in urine of adult male rats of Westar strain under normal conditions and after thymectomy. There was an elevation of arterial blood pressure after 45th day of thymectomy. Excretion of pregnanediol was increased on the 30th day, but that of pregnanetriol on the 60th day after removal of the gland. The increased excretion of both progesterone metabolites was connected with increased renal function, which probably played pathogenic role in postthymectomized hypertensive reaction.", "PMID": 520272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_273", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of the pressor substance, 5,8-dimethoxy-trans-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (1b), after intravenous use].", "content": "The authors investigated the pharmacokinetics of the pressor substance 5,8-dimetoxy-trans-2-/2-hydroxyethyl/-amino-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaline hydrochloride (1b), which possessed strong pressor action. Blood concentrations after venous administration in a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight were determined by means of exctration spectrofluorometric method. The data complied with the biexponential equation, meeting the requirements of an open two-compartment model. There was a quick elimination of the substance from the central compartment, which correlated also with the data for quick disappearances of the effect on the arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of the pressor substance, 5,8-dimethoxy-trans-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (1b), after intravenous use]. The authors investigated the pharmacokinetics of the pressor substance 5,8-dimetoxy-trans-2-/2-hydroxyethyl/-amino-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaline hydrochloride (1b), which possessed strong pressor action. Blood concentrations after venous administration in a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight were determined by means of exctration spectrofluorometric method. The data complied with the biexponential equation, meeting the requirements of an open two-compartment model. There was a quick elimination of the substance from the central compartment, which correlated also with the data for quick disappearances of the effect on the arterial pressure.", "PMID": 520273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_274", "title": "[Experimental studies of the changes in the wall of the large intestine and in the parenchymatous organs in stasis of the large intestine].", "content": "The authors carried out experimental studies on 23 dogs to examine changes, which occurred in the wall of the anastomosed ileum and the large intestine as well as in some organs after performing traversed anastomoses. The results were evaluated on the basis of clinico-experimental observations, on the changes in laboratory indices (complete blood picture, proteinogram, ionogram, blood urea and cholesterol), in microflora and in bioelectrical, activity. They examined ionic absorption in the large intestine excluded from the passage. An analysis was made on the pathologo-histological finding in the colon, anastomised ileum, liver and spleen, kidneys, heart, pancreas. The authors come to conclusions, useful to the physicians performing large intestine surgery.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the changes in the wall of the large intestine and in the parenchymatous organs in stasis of the large intestine]. The authors carried out experimental studies on 23 dogs to examine changes, which occurred in the wall of the anastomosed ileum and the large intestine as well as in some organs after performing traversed anastomoses. The results were evaluated on the basis of clinico-experimental observations, on the changes in laboratory indices (complete blood picture, proteinogram, ionogram, blood urea and cholesterol), in microflora and in bioelectrical, activity. They examined ionic absorption in the large intestine excluded from the passage. An analysis was made on the pathologo-histological finding in the colon, anastomised ileum, liver and spleen, kidneys, heart, pancreas. The authors come to conclusions, useful to the physicians performing large intestine surgery.", "PMID": 520275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_275", "title": "[New method for the quantitative determination of antidiuretic hormone in the plasma].", "content": "Having in mind that ADH affects reapsorption of osmoticaly free water the authors examined urine diuresis together with its osmolality in 85 recipient rats. The animals endured water loading of 5% of their body weight by means of stomach lavages twice at 45 minutes intervals for a period of 3 days. Vena jugularis was cannulated under narcosis with heparinized polyethylene catheter, which was attached to the skull by means of a special socle. The training water loading continued two more days, after which AD activity or a standard solution of ADH was tested. Urine was collected every 15 minutes for a period of 120 minutes and its volume and osmolatily was determined. 0.2 ml of saline, standard or plasma, prepared for removal of nonspecific antidiuretic activity was administered on the 30th minute of the second water loading. There was a linear dependence between osmolality of urine and the administered amount of ADH. A standard curve of the ratio osmolality/microunits of ADH was prepared. The values of osmolality, obtained during administration of plasma were compared with those of the standard curve and the amount of ADH was determined in microunits. The method assures quantitative determination of ADH in values pover 10 microunits, which are obtained in animals after experimental affects and in some diseases of persons.", "contents": "[New method for the quantitative determination of antidiuretic hormone in the plasma]. Having in mind that ADH affects reapsorption of osmoticaly free water the authors examined urine diuresis together with its osmolality in 85 recipient rats. The animals endured water loading of 5% of their body weight by means of stomach lavages twice at 45 minutes intervals for a period of 3 days. Vena jugularis was cannulated under narcosis with heparinized polyethylene catheter, which was attached to the skull by means of a special socle. The training water loading continued two more days, after which AD activity or a standard solution of ADH was tested. Urine was collected every 15 minutes for a period of 120 minutes and its volume and osmolatily was determined. 0.2 ml of saline, standard or plasma, prepared for removal of nonspecific antidiuretic activity was administered on the 30th minute of the second water loading. There was a linear dependence between osmolality of urine and the administered amount of ADH. A standard curve of the ratio osmolality/microunits of ADH was prepared. The values of osmolality, obtained during administration of plasma were compared with those of the standard curve and the amount of ADH was determined in microunits. The method assures quantitative determination of ADH in values pover 10 microunits, which are obtained in animals after experimental affects and in some diseases of persons.", "PMID": 520276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_276", "title": "Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by calcium ions and their protection of steroid hydroxylase activity from peroxidative damage.", "content": "Lipid peroxidation of adrenocortical mitochondria and microsomes was greatly stimulated by addition of 1.0 mM or less ferric ions. In the presence of NADPH-yielding system, the formation of corticosterone from endogeneous cholesterol and exogeneous deoxycorticosterone was inhibited as the concentrations of iron increased. Of interest is the fact that 0.5 mM ferric ion-mediated lipid peroxidation was completely abroagated upon addition of 2 mM calcium ions. Accordingly, protected from the peroxidative damage.", "contents": "Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by calcium ions and their protection of steroid hydroxylase activity from peroxidative damage. Lipid peroxidation of adrenocortical mitochondria and microsomes was greatly stimulated by addition of 1.0 mM or less ferric ions. In the presence of NADPH-yielding system, the formation of corticosterone from endogeneous cholesterol and exogeneous deoxycorticosterone was inhibited as the concentrations of iron increased. Of interest is the fact that 0.5 mM ferric ion-mediated lipid peroxidation was completely abroagated upon addition of 2 mM calcium ions. Accordingly, protected from the peroxidative damage.", "PMID": 520277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_277", "title": "Decrease of estrogen receptors induced by 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in cultured rabbit endometrial cells.", "content": "A whole cell technique to measure estradiol receptors in cultured rabbit endometrial cells is described. The estradiol receptors measured appear to be composed of at least two components: one component has high affinity but low capacity, while the other component has low affinity but high capacity. Using the assay, the effects of estradiol and progesterone pretreatment were examined on the estradiol receptor levels. It was found that both of the hormones decreased the number of estrogen receptors in the cultured cells. The finding that estradiol decreased its own receptors was unexpected and its possible relevance is discussed.", "contents": "Decrease of estrogen receptors induced by 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in cultured rabbit endometrial cells. A whole cell technique to measure estradiol receptors in cultured rabbit endometrial cells is described. The estradiol receptors measured appear to be composed of at least two components: one component has high affinity but low capacity, while the other component has low affinity but high capacity. Using the assay, the effects of estradiol and progesterone pretreatment were examined on the estradiol receptor levels. It was found that both of the hormones decreased the number of estrogen receptors in the cultured cells. The finding that estradiol decreased its own receptors was unexpected and its possible relevance is discussed.", "PMID": 520278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_278", "title": "A sensitive, convenient radioimmunoassay procedure which demonstrates that serum hTSH is suppressed below the normal range in thyrotoxic patients.", "content": "A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay procedures for the measurement of serum hTSH is described which permits delineation of the entire range of values in normal subjects (0.5-4.5 microU/ml). The procedure involves the concentration of hTSH from serum by adsorption to concanavalin A covalently bound to 4B Sepharose, Lactoperoxidase iodination of hTSH, and disequilibrium assay conditions. This method utilizes commonly available radioimmunoassay materials and is convenient to perform. Our results with this assay show that patients with thyrotoxicosis of a variety of etiologies have serum hTSH levels suppressed well below the normal range.", "contents": "A sensitive, convenient radioimmunoassay procedure which demonstrates that serum hTSH is suppressed below the normal range in thyrotoxic patients. A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay procedures for the measurement of serum hTSH is described which permits delineation of the entire range of values in normal subjects (0.5-4.5 microU/ml). The procedure involves the concentration of hTSH from serum by adsorption to concanavalin A covalently bound to 4B Sepharose, Lactoperoxidase iodination of hTSH, and disequilibrium assay conditions. This method utilizes commonly available radioimmunoassay materials and is convenient to perform. Our results with this assay show that patients with thyrotoxicosis of a variety of etiologies have serum hTSH levels suppressed well below the normal range.", "PMID": 520279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_279", "title": "Purification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) by affinity chromatography on agarose-hydrazide-GTP.", "content": "The cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP; EC 4.1.1.32) from rat liver was purified by a procedure involving affinity chromatography on agarose-hydrazide-GTP. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is retained quantitatively by the affinity medium in the presence of manganese and can be specifically eluted by a pulse of GTP. On the contrary, no binding to agarose-hydrazide-GTP occurs in the absence of manganese. This suggests that the affinity of the enzyme for GTP is enhanced by prior interaction with manganese. A combination of several conventional purification steps followed by affinity chromatography provides pure phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in good yields. The final specific activity is 19 U/mg protein. The enzyme migrates as a single polypeptide of molecular weight 70,600 during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Purification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) by affinity chromatography on agarose-hydrazide-GTP. The cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP; EC 4.1.1.32) from rat liver was purified by a procedure involving affinity chromatography on agarose-hydrazide-GTP. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is retained quantitatively by the affinity medium in the presence of manganese and can be specifically eluted by a pulse of GTP. On the contrary, no binding to agarose-hydrazide-GTP occurs in the absence of manganese. This suggests that the affinity of the enzyme for GTP is enhanced by prior interaction with manganese. A combination of several conventional purification steps followed by affinity chromatography provides pure phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in good yields. The final specific activity is 19 U/mg protein. The enzyme migrates as a single polypeptide of molecular weight 70,600 during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 520280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_280", "title": "On the mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase release from skeletal muscle in relation to the control of cell volume.", "content": "The mechanism of enzyme release from isolated skeletal muscle was illustrated by the study of the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In hypotonic media of different composition but of same tonicity the increase of LDH permeability was triggered at the same range of relative osmolality R (0.45 less than R less than 0.55), although the swelling in the respective media showed appreciable differences. The kinetics of muscle swelling showed that a deviation from the theoretically computed swelling curve to lower values of swelling was connected with an increased LDH permeability. The reduction of swelling was ATP- and Ca2+ and/or Mg2-dependent. It is concluded that swelling of cells generally precedes the leakage of soluble enzymes, and the cross-linking of filaments at the sarcoplasmic side of the sarcolemma under appropriate conditions can counteract swelling, thereby blebbing off the cell membrane from the filament meshwork. In the course of this process, sufficiently large membrane lesions are produced through which macromolecules may escape into the extracellular space.", "contents": "On the mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase release from skeletal muscle in relation to the control of cell volume. The mechanism of enzyme release from isolated skeletal muscle was illustrated by the study of the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In hypotonic media of different composition but of same tonicity the increase of LDH permeability was triggered at the same range of relative osmolality R (0.45 less than R less than 0.55), although the swelling in the respective media showed appreciable differences. The kinetics of muscle swelling showed that a deviation from the theoretically computed swelling curve to lower values of swelling was connected with an increased LDH permeability. The reduction of swelling was ATP- and Ca2+ and/or Mg2-dependent. It is concluded that swelling of cells generally precedes the leakage of soluble enzymes, and the cross-linking of filaments at the sarcoplasmic side of the sarcolemma under appropriate conditions can counteract swelling, thereby blebbing off the cell membrane from the filament meshwork. In the course of this process, sufficiently large membrane lesions are produced through which macromolecules may escape into the extracellular space.", "PMID": 520281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_281", "title": "Transient 45Ca uptake and release in isolated rat-liver cells during recovery from deenergized states.", "content": "1. Aerobic incubation of isolated rat liver cells--after dilution from the anaerobic stock suspension--transiently brings about a state, during which a reversible calcium uptake can be observed on addition of a respiratory substrate. Uptake varies greatly and can reach more than 50 nmol/mg protein, but declines to zero on prolonged preincubation, especially at higher temperature. Repeated additions of succinate or 3-hydroxybutyrate evoke new calcium transients. If ATP is simultaneously added, if greatly potentiates succinate-initiated reversible uptake. 2. If rotenone is present during the preincubation phase, calcium transients are strongly enhanced. Uptake is blocked by uncouplers and respiratory inhibitors, indicating the involvement of mitochondria. 3. Calcium uptake is not accompanied by increased oxygen consumption. The actual respiration cannot account sufficiently for the energy need of calcium uptake. Participation of cytoplasmic ATP is likely, as inhibitors of adenine nucleotide translocase affect uptake. 4. Lanthanum enhances calcium uptake in contrast to its action on mitochondria. 5. Pulse-labeling experiments indicate that the calcium taken up is removed from a rapidly exchangeable calcium pool by withdrawal into the mitochondria as a deep compartment. 6. Calcium uptake is accelerated either by increasing the phosphate level or by high temperature. It is prolonged by low temperature, high pH or high ATP concentration. Calcium release accelerates with increasing temperature, decreasing pH and a further rise in phosphate concentration. 7. The dependency on phosphate and temperature reveals a delicately poised equilibrium of uptake and release. At ambient temperature, phosphate increases uptake up to a concentration of 0.5 mM. Higher concentrations accelerate both uptake and release. At lower temperature, the accelerating effect on uptake predominates. A temperature shift during incubation results in adaptation of the calcium equilibrium to the new temperature, i.e. release of calcium at high temperature, uptake at low temperature. 8. Oxidizing metabolites inhibit succinate-stimulated calcium uptake and promote release of previously accumulated calcium. An increased sensitivity to phosphate is established. 9. With respect to isolated mitochondria, isolated liver cells appear to be a more realistic model for studying the physiological mechanism of mitochondrial calcium release, since compartmental constraints and regulations are maintained.", "contents": "Transient 45Ca uptake and release in isolated rat-liver cells during recovery from deenergized states. 1. Aerobic incubation of isolated rat liver cells--after dilution from the anaerobic stock suspension--transiently brings about a state, during which a reversible calcium uptake can be observed on addition of a respiratory substrate. Uptake varies greatly and can reach more than 50 nmol/mg protein, but declines to zero on prolonged preincubation, especially at higher temperature. Repeated additions of succinate or 3-hydroxybutyrate evoke new calcium transients. If ATP is simultaneously added, if greatly potentiates succinate-initiated reversible uptake. 2. If rotenone is present during the preincubation phase, calcium transients are strongly enhanced. Uptake is blocked by uncouplers and respiratory inhibitors, indicating the involvement of mitochondria. 3. Calcium uptake is not accompanied by increased oxygen consumption. The actual respiration cannot account sufficiently for the energy need of calcium uptake. Participation of cytoplasmic ATP is likely, as inhibitors of adenine nucleotide translocase affect uptake. 4. Lanthanum enhances calcium uptake in contrast to its action on mitochondria. 5. Pulse-labeling experiments indicate that the calcium taken up is removed from a rapidly exchangeable calcium pool by withdrawal into the mitochondria as a deep compartment. 6. Calcium uptake is accelerated either by increasing the phosphate level or by high temperature. It is prolonged by low temperature, high pH or high ATP concentration. Calcium release accelerates with increasing temperature, decreasing pH and a further rise in phosphate concentration. 7. The dependency on phosphate and temperature reveals a delicately poised equilibrium of uptake and release. At ambient temperature, phosphate increases uptake up to a concentration of 0.5 mM. Higher concentrations accelerate both uptake and release. At lower temperature, the accelerating effect on uptake predominates. A temperature shift during incubation results in adaptation of the calcium equilibrium to the new temperature, i.e. release of calcium at high temperature, uptake at low temperature. 8. Oxidizing metabolites inhibit succinate-stimulated calcium uptake and promote release of previously accumulated calcium. An increased sensitivity to phosphate is established. 9. With respect to isolated mitochondria, isolated liver cells appear to be a more realistic model for studying the physiological mechanism of mitochondrial calcium release, since compartmental constraints and regulations are maintained.", "PMID": 520303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_282", "title": "Thyroid hormones and neurotubule assembly in vitro during brain development.", "content": "A new model has been used to evaluate the effects of thyroid hormones on brain development. This model is based on the assumption that the major effect of thyroid hormones is in regulating the rate of neurite growth of the rat brain at early stages of postnatal development. Microtubules were chosen as markers of neurite growth. We tested, therefore, whether the rate of microtubule assembly in vitro is under thyroid hormone control. The following results were obtained: The rate of tubulin assembly into microtubules in vitro seems to be thyroid hormone dependent: (a) in 15-day-old hypothyroid rats the rates of tubulin assembly in vitro are low, comparable to those levels found in normal rats on day 3; (b) normal rates of assembly in vitro are restored upon addition of very small amounts of microtubule fragments which act as nucleating centers in the process of microtubule formation; (c) addition of microtubule-associated proteins to a hypothyroid preparation restores maximal assembly rates; similar results were obtained on adding one of the microtubule-associated proteins (purified tau protein); (d) physiological amounts of thyroid hormones completely restore normal assembly rates provided that they are administered very early after birth; (e) the ability of tubulin to assemble maximally does not seem to be permanently impaired, since normal assembly rates are spontaneously restored when hypothyroidism is maintained until an adult stage; (f) normal microtubule assembly is observed when hypothyroidism is produced at an adult stage. The model which may be constructed from these results implies that thyroid hormones are required briefly after birth to accelerate the rate of microtubule assembly thus allowing intensive neurite growth during the critical period of brain development.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and neurotubule assembly in vitro during brain development. A new model has been used to evaluate the effects of thyroid hormones on brain development. This model is based on the assumption that the major effect of thyroid hormones is in regulating the rate of neurite growth of the rat brain at early stages of postnatal development. Microtubules were chosen as markers of neurite growth. We tested, therefore, whether the rate of microtubule assembly in vitro is under thyroid hormone control. The following results were obtained: The rate of tubulin assembly into microtubules in vitro seems to be thyroid hormone dependent: (a) in 15-day-old hypothyroid rats the rates of tubulin assembly in vitro are low, comparable to those levels found in normal rats on day 3; (b) normal rates of assembly in vitro are restored upon addition of very small amounts of microtubule fragments which act as nucleating centers in the process of microtubule formation; (c) addition of microtubule-associated proteins to a hypothyroid preparation restores maximal assembly rates; similar results were obtained on adding one of the microtubule-associated proteins (purified tau protein); (d) physiological amounts of thyroid hormones completely restore normal assembly rates provided that they are administered very early after birth; (e) the ability of tubulin to assemble maximally does not seem to be permanently impaired, since normal assembly rates are spontaneously restored when hypothyroidism is maintained until an adult stage; (f) normal microtubule assembly is observed when hypothyroidism is produced at an adult stage. The model which may be constructed from these results implies that thyroid hormones are required briefly after birth to accelerate the rate of microtubule assembly thus allowing intensive neurite growth during the critical period of brain development.", "PMID": 520304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_283", "title": "Preferential interstrand cross-linking of DNA rich in guanine and cytosine by cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "Two native DNAs differing in G + C content were bound equally with the antitumour drug cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 at increasing Pt/P ratios. Resulting changes in their ultraviolet absorption spectra show equal fractional decreases in the initially different values of A250/A270 for the two DNAs, and less prominent bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts for DNA richer in G + C. Changes in the absorbance (A260) observed before and after subjecting the DNA samples to the conditions of denaturation (with alkali) and renaturation, indicate the following effects of the platinum binding. Maximum renaturation occurs at 50% lower Pt/P ratio of 0.03 for Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA (72% G + C) than 0.06 for salmon sperm DNA (41% G + C) and is maintained at higher Pt/P ratios. Interstrand cross-links that facilitate renaturation, cause an incomplete melting of DNA so that the platinum-DNA complex at pH 12.5 has a reduced absorbance. This effect is more evident for the platinum complex with DNA richer in G + C due to more interstrand cross-links. Platinum-induced destabilisation of DNA, shown by its hyperchromicity at the pre-melting state (pH 6--7, 25 degrees C) and also by a lowering of the pH corresponding to the mid-point of its melting, is less evident for DNA richer in G + C.", "contents": "Preferential interstrand cross-linking of DNA rich in guanine and cytosine by cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Two native DNAs differing in G + C content were bound equally with the antitumour drug cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 at increasing Pt/P ratios. Resulting changes in their ultraviolet absorption spectra show equal fractional decreases in the initially different values of A250/A270 for the two DNAs, and less prominent bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts for DNA richer in G + C. Changes in the absorbance (A260) observed before and after subjecting the DNA samples to the conditions of denaturation (with alkali) and renaturation, indicate the following effects of the platinum binding. Maximum renaturation occurs at 50% lower Pt/P ratio of 0.03 for Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA (72% G + C) than 0.06 for salmon sperm DNA (41% G + C) and is maintained at higher Pt/P ratios. Interstrand cross-links that facilitate renaturation, cause an incomplete melting of DNA so that the platinum-DNA complex at pH 12.5 has a reduced absorbance. This effect is more evident for the platinum complex with DNA richer in G + C due to more interstrand cross-links. Platinum-induced destabilisation of DNA, shown by its hyperchromicity at the pre-melting state (pH 6--7, 25 degrees C) and also by a lowering of the pH corresponding to the mid-point of its melting, is less evident for DNA richer in G + C.", "PMID": 520305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_284", "title": "Characterization of lipids from chloroplast envelopes.", "content": "The major neutral, glycolipids and phospholipids from envelopes of spinach chloroplasts were analyzed with respect to proportions, positional distribution and pairing of fatty acids. All specificities in the diacylglycerol portions of lipids known from previous analyses of lipids from whole leaves were also found in envelope lipids. Diacylglycerols and galactolipids share a common diacylglycerol portion. The only exception is digalactosyl diacylglycerol, which contains 18:3/16:0 but lacks 18:3/16:3 species reverting the distribution in other galactolipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol are distinct from the galactolipids, because each one has a unique diacylglycerol profile. The diacylglycerol species present in phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids or free diacylglycerols do not provide evidence for a biogenetic relation between phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids at the level of envelopes.", "contents": "Characterization of lipids from chloroplast envelopes. The major neutral, glycolipids and phospholipids from envelopes of spinach chloroplasts were analyzed with respect to proportions, positional distribution and pairing of fatty acids. All specificities in the diacylglycerol portions of lipids known from previous analyses of lipids from whole leaves were also found in envelope lipids. Diacylglycerols and galactolipids share a common diacylglycerol portion. The only exception is digalactosyl diacylglycerol, which contains 18:3/16:0 but lacks 18:3/16:3 species reverting the distribution in other galactolipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol are distinct from the galactolipids, because each one has a unique diacylglycerol profile. The diacylglycerol species present in phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids or free diacylglycerols do not provide evidence for a biogenetic relation between phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids at the level of envelopes.", "PMID": 520307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_285", "title": "Induction of interferon in HeLa cells of a protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA.", "content": "Treatment of HeLa cells with human fibroblast interferon results in increased levels of latent protein kinase activity that can be activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The protein kinase activity in extracts of interferon-treated cells is assayed by two methods: (a) inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and (b) phosphorylation of two polypeptides of Mr 72000 (P1) and 38000 (the eIF-2 alpha subunit of initiation factor 2). When extracts of interferon-treated cells are fractionated by centrifugation at 150000 x g, the protein kinase activity is found in the pellet fraction. The kinase is maximally activated by 0.1 micrograms/ml poly(I) . poly(C). An increase in protein kinase activity is detected after 8 h of treatment with 100 units interferon/ml or after a 17-h treatment with 12.5 units/ml or greater interferon concentrations. Therefore, the kinase activity increases as a function of both time of treatment and interferon concentration. Addition of actinomycin D to cells during interferon treatment prevents this increase. The protein kinase activity decreases gradually over three days when interferon-treated cells are subsequently grown in the absence of interferon.", "contents": "Induction of interferon in HeLa cells of a protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA. Treatment of HeLa cells with human fibroblast interferon results in increased levels of latent protein kinase activity that can be activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The protein kinase activity in extracts of interferon-treated cells is assayed by two methods: (a) inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and (b) phosphorylation of two polypeptides of Mr 72000 (P1) and 38000 (the eIF-2 alpha subunit of initiation factor 2). When extracts of interferon-treated cells are fractionated by centrifugation at 150000 x g, the protein kinase activity is found in the pellet fraction. The kinase is maximally activated by 0.1 micrograms/ml poly(I) . poly(C). An increase in protein kinase activity is detected after 8 h of treatment with 100 units interferon/ml or after a 17-h treatment with 12.5 units/ml or greater interferon concentrations. Therefore, the kinase activity increases as a function of both time of treatment and interferon concentration. Addition of actinomycin D to cells during interferon treatment prevents this increase. The protein kinase activity decreases gradually over three days when interferon-treated cells are subsequently grown in the absence of interferon.", "PMID": 520308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_286", "title": "Sequestration and turnover of guinea-pig milk proteins and chicken ovalbumin in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "The stability and distribution of proteins within the living cell can be studied using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Microinjection of messenger RNAs and secretory proteins, followed by cell fractionation, shows that transfer of ovalbumin and milk proteins across intracellular membranes of the oocyte only occurs during their synthesis. Thus milk protein primary translation products, made in the wheat germ cell-free system, when injected into oocytes remain in the cytosol and are not recovered within membrane vesicles. Such miscompartmentalized primary milk proteins are rapidly degraded (t 1/2 0.6 +/- 0.1 h). In contrast, processed milk proteins, extracted from oocytes injected with mammary gland RNA, are relatively stable when introduced into the cytosolic compartment (t 1/2 alpha-lactalbumin 20 +/- 8 h, casein A 6 h, casein B 4 h, casein C 8.3 h). The primary ovalbumin product is also stable (t 1/2 22 +/- 9 h). Indirect evidence that rapid degradation of miscompartmentalized milk protein primary translation products may occur in vivo was obtained by the injection of massive amounts of ovalbumin and milk protein mRNA. Under these conditions there is no accumulation of primary milk protein translation products, but a polypeptide resembling the unglycosylated ovalbium wheat germ primary product can be detected in the cytosol. Only the glyclosylated forms of ovalbumin are found in the oocyte membrane vesicle fraction. We discuss the roles played by the presence of detachable signal sequences and the absence of secondary modifications in determining the rate of degradation of primary translation products within the cytosol.", "contents": "Sequestration and turnover of guinea-pig milk proteins and chicken ovalbumin in Xenopus oocytes. The stability and distribution of proteins within the living cell can be studied using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Microinjection of messenger RNAs and secretory proteins, followed by cell fractionation, shows that transfer of ovalbumin and milk proteins across intracellular membranes of the oocyte only occurs during their synthesis. Thus milk protein primary translation products, made in the wheat germ cell-free system, when injected into oocytes remain in the cytosol and are not recovered within membrane vesicles. Such miscompartmentalized primary milk proteins are rapidly degraded (t 1/2 0.6 +/- 0.1 h). In contrast, processed milk proteins, extracted from oocytes injected with mammary gland RNA, are relatively stable when introduced into the cytosolic compartment (t 1/2 alpha-lactalbumin 20 +/- 8 h, casein A 6 h, casein B 4 h, casein C 8.3 h). The primary ovalbumin product is also stable (t 1/2 22 +/- 9 h). Indirect evidence that rapid degradation of miscompartmentalized milk protein primary translation products may occur in vivo was obtained by the injection of massive amounts of ovalbumin and milk protein mRNA. Under these conditions there is no accumulation of primary milk protein translation products, but a polypeptide resembling the unglycosylated ovalbium wheat germ primary product can be detected in the cytosol. Only the glyclosylated forms of ovalbumin are found in the oocyte membrane vesicle fraction. We discuss the roles played by the presence of detachable signal sequences and the absence of secondary modifications in determining the rate of degradation of primary translation products within the cytosol.", "PMID": 520309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_287", "title": "Glycosulphatase from Pseudomonas carrageenovora. Purification and some properties.", "content": "A glycosulphatase present in the soluble fraction of disrupted Pseudomonas carrageenovora has been purified 500-fold by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. By dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme is practically homogeneous and has a molecular weight of 55 000. Conditions of optimal sodium chloride concentration and pH at 25 degrees C were 0.25--0.50 mol dm-3 and pH 7.0 respectively. The purified enzyme was inhibited by inorganic phosphate. Preparation is described of neocarrabiose 4-O-[35S]sulphate and neocarratetraose 4-O-[35S]sulphate from labelled Chondrus crispus. The purified glycosulphatase is active against both these substrates although only one of the two sulphate esters in the tetrasaccharide is hydrolysed. Analysis of the reaction products was by gel filtration, electrophoresis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results are consistent with the products of desulphation being respectively neocarrabiose and neocarratetraose 4-O-monosulphate with the sulphate ester proximal to the reducing end [3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose 4-O-sulphate].", "contents": "Glycosulphatase from Pseudomonas carrageenovora. Purification and some properties. A glycosulphatase present in the soluble fraction of disrupted Pseudomonas carrageenovora has been purified 500-fold by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. By dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme is practically homogeneous and has a molecular weight of 55 000. Conditions of optimal sodium chloride concentration and pH at 25 degrees C were 0.25--0.50 mol dm-3 and pH 7.0 respectively. The purified enzyme was inhibited by inorganic phosphate. Preparation is described of neocarrabiose 4-O-[35S]sulphate and neocarratetraose 4-O-[35S]sulphate from labelled Chondrus crispus. The purified glycosulphatase is active against both these substrates although only one of the two sulphate esters in the tetrasaccharide is hydrolysed. Analysis of the reaction products was by gel filtration, electrophoresis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results are consistent with the products of desulphation being respectively neocarrabiose and neocarratetraose 4-O-monosulphate with the sulphate ester proximal to the reducing end [3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose 4-O-sulphate].", "PMID": 520310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_288", "title": "Differences in the interactions of liver alcohol dehydrogenases with probes binding into the substrate pocket.", "content": "The interactions of three groups of probes (berberine alkaloids, tricyclic psychopharmaca and acridine derivatives) with isoenzymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and with rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been examined. These compounds inhibit the activity of the EE isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase but differ in their behaviour towards the steroid-active enzymes (i.e. the ES isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrognase and alcohol dehydrogenase from rat liver): psychopharmaca inhibit, acridines activate and berberines do not bind. The ligands differ also in their influence on the modification of the EE isoenzyme by iodoacetate. Polarities (expressed as Kosower's Z values) of the respective binding sites on the EE isoenzyme were estimated from optical properties of bound probes. Berberines bind into a very hydrophobic area of the enzyme molecule, the binding site for psychopharmaca is moderately hydrophobic and that for acridines is rather polar. Steric arrangements of the binding sites are also discussed. The data presented confirm the existence of three distinct binding sites for these ligands in the substrate pocket of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Differences in the interactions of liver alcohol dehydrogenases with probes binding into the substrate pocket. The interactions of three groups of probes (berberine alkaloids, tricyclic psychopharmaca and acridine derivatives) with isoenzymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and with rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been examined. These compounds inhibit the activity of the EE isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase but differ in their behaviour towards the steroid-active enzymes (i.e. the ES isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrognase and alcohol dehydrogenase from rat liver): psychopharmaca inhibit, acridines activate and berberines do not bind. The ligands differ also in their influence on the modification of the EE isoenzyme by iodoacetate. Polarities (expressed as Kosower's Z values) of the respective binding sites on the EE isoenzyme were estimated from optical properties of bound probes. Berberines bind into a very hydrophobic area of the enzyme molecule, the binding site for psychopharmaca is moderately hydrophobic and that for acridines is rather polar. Steric arrangements of the binding sites are also discussed. The data presented confirm the existence of three distinct binding sites for these ligands in the substrate pocket of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 520311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_289", "title": "Polyamine synthesis in mammalian tissues. Isolation and characterization of spermine synthase from bovine brain.", "content": "Spermine synthase, a propylamine transferase, which catalyses the biosynthesis of spermine from S-methyladenosylhomocystemine and spermidine has been purified to an apparent homogeneity (about 6000-fold) from bovine brain using spermine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation was free from S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase activities. The molecular Stokes radius of the enzyme was calculated to be 4.16 nm. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 88 000, composing of two subunits of equal size. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0 and an acidic isoelectric point at pH 5.10. The apparent Km values for S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine was 0.6 microM and about 60 microM for spermidine. The enzyme showed strict specificity to spermidine as the propylamine acceptor. Both the reaction products, spermine and 5'-methylthioadenosine inhibited the enzyme activity, methylthioadenosine being a powerful competitive inhibitor with respect to S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine (Ki value of about 0.3 microM). Putrescine also inhibited competitively with respect to spermidine (Ki value of about 1.7 mM). Spermine synthase had no requirements for metal or other cofactors.", "contents": "Polyamine synthesis in mammalian tissues. Isolation and characterization of spermine synthase from bovine brain. Spermine synthase, a propylamine transferase, which catalyses the biosynthesis of spermine from S-methyladenosylhomocystemine and spermidine has been purified to an apparent homogeneity (about 6000-fold) from bovine brain using spermine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation was free from S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase activities. The molecular Stokes radius of the enzyme was calculated to be 4.16 nm. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 88 000, composing of two subunits of equal size. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0 and an acidic isoelectric point at pH 5.10. The apparent Km values for S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine was 0.6 microM and about 60 microM for spermidine. The enzyme showed strict specificity to spermidine as the propylamine acceptor. Both the reaction products, spermine and 5'-methylthioadenosine inhibited the enzyme activity, methylthioadenosine being a powerful competitive inhibitor with respect to S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine (Ki value of about 0.3 microM). Putrescine also inhibited competitively with respect to spermidine (Ki value of about 1.7 mM). Spermine synthase had no requirements for metal or other cofactors.", "PMID": 520313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_290", "title": "X-ray studies of the binding of Cibacron blue F3GA to liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "The binding of Cibacron F3GA to orthorhombic crystals of liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been studied to 0.37-nm resolution. Similarities in the binding of this dye were found for rings B, C and D with the binding of the coenzyme NAD+. However, ring A of the dye and the nicotinamide ribose part of the coenzyme are quite differently bound to the enzyme.", "contents": "X-ray studies of the binding of Cibacron blue F3GA to liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The binding of Cibacron F3GA to orthorhombic crystals of liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been studied to 0.37-nm resolution. Similarities in the binding of this dye were found for rings B, C and D with the binding of the coenzyme NAD+. However, ring A of the dye and the nicotinamide ribose part of the coenzyme are quite differently bound to the enzyme.", "PMID": 520314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_291", "title": "Structure of a new saponin: chrysantellin A from Chrysanthellum procumbens Rich.", "content": "A new saponin has been isolated from a tropical plant Chrysantellum procumbens Rich. which is thought to be useful in the therapy of digestive troubles. The structure of this saponin was determined by chemical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The aglycone moiety is a triterpene, echinocystic acid; D-glucose, D-xylose and L-rhamnose are carbohydrate components. The structure of saponin was established as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl [L-rhamnopyranosyl-(alpha 1 leads to 3)-D-xylopyranosyl-)beta 1 leads to 4)-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(alpha 1 leads to 2)-D-xylopyranosyl]-(alpha 1 leads to 28)-echinocystyl. The name, chrysantellin A, is proposed for this new saponin.", "contents": "Structure of a new saponin: chrysantellin A from Chrysanthellum procumbens Rich. A new saponin has been isolated from a tropical plant Chrysantellum procumbens Rich. which is thought to be useful in the therapy of digestive troubles. The structure of this saponin was determined by chemical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The aglycone moiety is a triterpene, echinocystic acid; D-glucose, D-xylose and L-rhamnose are carbohydrate components. The structure of saponin was established as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl [L-rhamnopyranosyl-(alpha 1 leads to 3)-D-xylopyranosyl-)beta 1 leads to 4)-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(alpha 1 leads to 2)-D-xylopyranosyl]-(alpha 1 leads to 28)-echinocystyl. The name, chrysantellin A, is proposed for this new saponin.", "PMID": 520315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_292", "title": "The specificity of the S1 and S2 subsites of elastase.", "content": "Esters of tetrapeptides of the general formula ethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-alanyl-X-Y where either X or Y was an alanine residue were synthesised and their cleavage by elastase studied. It was found that variation of the alcohol moiety between methyl, cyclohexyl and nitrophenyl residues had no effect on the catalytic rate constant for cleavage of ethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-dialanyl-alanine esters demonstrating that acylation is much faster than deacylation for this system and also that non-productive binding is not kinetically significant. The effect of changing the amino acid residue in position X was small compared with that of change in position Y. The presence of valine and serine residues in position Y produced the highest specificity constant but the highest catalytic rate constant was found for a leucine residue in this position. The results are discussed in terms of the binding of the substrate to the enzyme.", "contents": "The specificity of the S1 and S2 subsites of elastase. Esters of tetrapeptides of the general formula ethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-alanyl-X-Y where either X or Y was an alanine residue were synthesised and their cleavage by elastase studied. It was found that variation of the alcohol moiety between methyl, cyclohexyl and nitrophenyl residues had no effect on the catalytic rate constant for cleavage of ethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-dialanyl-alanine esters demonstrating that acylation is much faster than deacylation for this system and also that non-productive binding is not kinetically significant. The effect of changing the amino acid residue in position X was small compared with that of change in position Y. The presence of valine and serine residues in position Y produced the highest specificity constant but the highest catalytic rate constant was found for a leucine residue in this position. The results are discussed in terms of the binding of the substrate to the enzyme.", "PMID": 520316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_293", "title": "The primary structure of the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus strain VRU. A hypothesis on the occurrence of two conformations in the assembly of the protein shell.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the coat protein of strain VRU of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is reported. The strain is morphologically different from all other AMV strains as it contains large amounts of unusually long virus particles. This is caused by structural differences in the coat protein chain. The amino acid sequence has mainly been established by the characterization of peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide and digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin or Staphylococcus aureus protease. The major sequencing technique used was the dansyl-Edman procedure. The VRU coat protein consists of 219 amino acid residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 24056. Compared to the coat protein of strain 425 [Van Beynum et al. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 72, 63-78], 15 amino acid substitutions were localized. Most of them have a conservative character and may be explained by single-point mutations. A correction is given for the AMV 425 coat protein: Asn-216 was shown to be Asp-216. The prediction of the secondary structure for the two viral coat proteins was not significantly influenced by the various amino acid substitutions except for the region containing residues 65-100. This led us to the hypothesis that the AMV coat protein may occur in two different conformations favouring its incorporation into either a pentagonal or hexagonal quasi-equivalent position in the lattice of the protein shell. The substitutions in the above-mentioned region of the VRU coat protein may have caused a strong preference for the hexagonal lattice conformation. The model is supported by preliminary sequence data of the same coat protein region in AMV 15/64, a strain morphologically intermediate between 425 and VRU.", "contents": "The primary structure of the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus strain VRU. A hypothesis on the occurrence of two conformations in the assembly of the protein shell. The complete primary structure of the coat protein of strain VRU of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is reported. The strain is morphologically different from all other AMV strains as it contains large amounts of unusually long virus particles. This is caused by structural differences in the coat protein chain. The amino acid sequence has mainly been established by the characterization of peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide and digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin or Staphylococcus aureus protease. The major sequencing technique used was the dansyl-Edman procedure. The VRU coat protein consists of 219 amino acid residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 24056. Compared to the coat protein of strain 425 [Van Beynum et al. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 72, 63-78], 15 amino acid substitutions were localized. Most of them have a conservative character and may be explained by single-point mutations. A correction is given for the AMV 425 coat protein: Asn-216 was shown to be Asp-216. The prediction of the secondary structure for the two viral coat proteins was not significantly influenced by the various amino acid substitutions except for the region containing residues 65-100. This led us to the hypothesis that the AMV coat protein may occur in two different conformations favouring its incorporation into either a pentagonal or hexagonal quasi-equivalent position in the lattice of the protein shell. The substitutions in the above-mentioned region of the VRU coat protein may have caused a strong preference for the hexagonal lattice conformation. The model is supported by preliminary sequence data of the same coat protein region in AMV 15/64, a strain morphologically intermediate between 425 and VRU.", "PMID": 520317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_294", "title": "Pattern of protein phosphorylation in intact stimulated cells: thyrotropin and dog thyroid.", "content": "Two-dimensional, high-resolution electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell has been adapted to the analysis of thyroid phosphorylated proteins. Proteins were extracted from dog thyroid slices which had been incubated in the presence of [32P]phosphate with thyrotropin or with different agents which enhance the intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP. About 350 phosphorylated polypeptides have been separated. Thyrotropin stimulates the phosphorylation of at least eight of these polypeptides. An increase in the phosphorylation of the same polypeptides was observed was observed when dog thyroid slices were incubated with dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, cholera toxin or prostaglandin E1 instead of thyrotropin. Our results confirm that most of dog thyroid protein phosphorylation is independent of cyclic AMP. They offer a first link between the action of cyclic AMP on protein kinase and the physiological effects of thyrotropin. They strongly substantiate the hypothesis that most thyrotropin effects are mediated by cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Pattern of protein phosphorylation in intact stimulated cells: thyrotropin and dog thyroid. Two-dimensional, high-resolution electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell has been adapted to the analysis of thyroid phosphorylated proteins. Proteins were extracted from dog thyroid slices which had been incubated in the presence of [32P]phosphate with thyrotropin or with different agents which enhance the intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP. About 350 phosphorylated polypeptides have been separated. Thyrotropin stimulates the phosphorylation of at least eight of these polypeptides. An increase in the phosphorylation of the same polypeptides was observed was observed when dog thyroid slices were incubated with dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, cholera toxin or prostaglandin E1 instead of thyrotropin. Our results confirm that most of dog thyroid protein phosphorylation is independent of cyclic AMP. They offer a first link between the action of cyclic AMP on protein kinase and the physiological effects of thyrotropin. They strongly substantiate the hypothesis that most thyrotropin effects are mediated by cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 520319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_295", "title": "1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the porcine-pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor at 270 MHz.", "content": "The pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor from porcine pancreas has been investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 270 MHz. The presence of a number of slowly exchanging labile protons indicates that the protein is highly globular. Of the two tyrosyl rings, one is free-rotating and solvent-exposed while the other one is hindered in its mobility and buried in the interior of the protein. A lineshape analysis of the temperature dependence of aromatic resonances gave the dynamic parameters for activation of ring mobility. The inhibitor exhibits at least three well-resolved high-field ring-current-shifted methyl resonances. Form II of the inhibitor, that lacks the first four residues, has been compared with the intact form I. No detectable differences were found between the spectra of I and II, which indicates that the presence of the N-terminal tetrapeptide does not appreciably affect the overall conformation of the protein.", "contents": "1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the porcine-pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor at 270 MHz. The pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor from porcine pancreas has been investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 270 MHz. The presence of a number of slowly exchanging labile protons indicates that the protein is highly globular. Of the two tyrosyl rings, one is free-rotating and solvent-exposed while the other one is hindered in its mobility and buried in the interior of the protein. A lineshape analysis of the temperature dependence of aromatic resonances gave the dynamic parameters for activation of ring mobility. The inhibitor exhibits at least three well-resolved high-field ring-current-shifted methyl resonances. Form II of the inhibitor, that lacks the first four residues, has been compared with the intact form I. No detectable differences were found between the spectra of I and II, which indicates that the presence of the N-terminal tetrapeptide does not appreciably affect the overall conformation of the protein.", "PMID": 520321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_296", "title": "Genes and mRNAs coding for zein polypeptides in Zea mays.", "content": "Zein messenger RNAs from maize endosperm were purified by successive oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions revealed the presence of two size classes of zein messenger RNAs of Mr 3.5 x 10(5) and 4.10 x 10(5). The mRNA was shown to synthesize the major zein polypeptides, to have a base composition characteristic of a poly(A)-containing RNA and to be transcribed by reverse transcriptase into complementary DNA. The r0t1/2 of the hybridization curve of cDNA hybridized to an excess of mRNA was shown to be 7 x 10(-2) M . s indicating that about 15 non-cross-hybridizing sequences are present in the zein mRNA preparations. The kinetics of cDNA annealing with an excess of maize DNA from 2 n cells suggest a ten-times reiteration of each mRNA sequence. This result is confirmed from saturation experiments, where in cDNA excess to DNA, the number of zein genes per haploid maize genome was estimated as about 120 copies. Similar experiments carried out on DNA from normal and mutant endosperms (3n cells) indicate the absence of large amplifications or deletions of zein genes in the tissue devoted to zein synthesis.", "contents": "Genes and mRNAs coding for zein polypeptides in Zea mays. Zein messenger RNAs from maize endosperm were purified by successive oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions revealed the presence of two size classes of zein messenger RNAs of Mr 3.5 x 10(5) and 4.10 x 10(5). The mRNA was shown to synthesize the major zein polypeptides, to have a base composition characteristic of a poly(A)-containing RNA and to be transcribed by reverse transcriptase into complementary DNA. The r0t1/2 of the hybridization curve of cDNA hybridized to an excess of mRNA was shown to be 7 x 10(-2) M . s indicating that about 15 non-cross-hybridizing sequences are present in the zein mRNA preparations. The kinetics of cDNA annealing with an excess of maize DNA from 2 n cells suggest a ten-times reiteration of each mRNA sequence. This result is confirmed from saturation experiments, where in cDNA excess to DNA, the number of zein genes per haploid maize genome was estimated as about 120 copies. Similar experiments carried out on DNA from normal and mutant endosperms (3n cells) indicate the absence of large amplifications or deletions of zein genes in the tissue devoted to zein synthesis.", "PMID": 520323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_297", "title": "Effects of amphiphiles on structure and activity of human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Detergents above their critical micellar concentration dissociate the aggregated forms of pure acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocyte membranes to a 6.5-S form, the protomer. This form is active only in presence of amphiphiles. 1. Uncharged (Triton X-100, Tweens, beta-D-octylglycoside), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and zwitterionic (lysophosphatidylcholine) detergents or bile salts (sodium cholate, deoxycholate) stabilize the 6.5-S enzyme at concentrations well below their critical micellar concentration. 2. Total erythrocyte lipids fully sustain catalytic activity of the 6.5-S form. 3. Protein-protein interactions stabilize the activity of the 6.5-S form of acetylcholinesterase. Above a critical acetylcholinesterase concentration (2.5 microgram/ml) enzyme activity no longer depends on the presence of an amphiphile as reaggregation to multiple molecular forms occurs. It is concluded that human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase is fully active only if the enzyme can undergo hydrophobic interactions with amphiphiles such as detergents, lipids or proteins.", "contents": "Effects of amphiphiles on structure and activity of human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase. Detergents above their critical micellar concentration dissociate the aggregated forms of pure acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocyte membranes to a 6.5-S form, the protomer. This form is active only in presence of amphiphiles. 1. Uncharged (Triton X-100, Tweens, beta-D-octylglycoside), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and zwitterionic (lysophosphatidylcholine) detergents or bile salts (sodium cholate, deoxycholate) stabilize the 6.5-S enzyme at concentrations well below their critical micellar concentration. 2. Total erythrocyte lipids fully sustain catalytic activity of the 6.5-S form. 3. Protein-protein interactions stabilize the activity of the 6.5-S form of acetylcholinesterase. Above a critical acetylcholinesterase concentration (2.5 microgram/ml) enzyme activity no longer depends on the presence of an amphiphile as reaggregation to multiple molecular forms occurs. It is concluded that human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase is fully active only if the enzyme can undergo hydrophobic interactions with amphiphiles such as detergents, lipids or proteins.", "PMID": 520324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_298", "title": "The protein-chromophore bond in B phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Radiosulfur labeling experiments.", "content": "Red algae of the species Porphyridium cruentum were grown in a minimum sulfate medium containing 35SO42-. 35S-labeled phycoerythrin was extracted. B Phycoerythrin, b phycoerythrin and R phycocyanin could be separated from other proteins by using a carrier-free electrophoresis on columns. The final ratio A545/A280 of B phycoerythrin thus obtained was greater than or equal to 5. 35S-labeled B phycoerythrin was digested proteolytically with trypsin and pepsin. The resulting 35S-containing bilipeptides were separated by isoelectric focusing. Zones of enhanced chromophore concentration always showed an enhanced radioactivity. Peptide fractions with a low molar ratio sulfur/chromophore (1.1-1.8) were purified to remove sucrose and the carrier ampholyte. A modified, optimized Edman degradation followed. A butylacetate-soluble, red Edman product was obtained that contained most of the chromophore and the bulk of the radioactivity. This product was purified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The main spot of the chromatogram was subjected to acidic hydrolysis. The major part of the radioactivity in the hydrolysate cochromatographed with cysteine. That proves cysteine to be the binding amino acid in all cases investigated.", "contents": "The protein-chromophore bond in B phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Radiosulfur labeling experiments. Red algae of the species Porphyridium cruentum were grown in a minimum sulfate medium containing 35SO42-. 35S-labeled phycoerythrin was extracted. B Phycoerythrin, b phycoerythrin and R phycocyanin could be separated from other proteins by using a carrier-free electrophoresis on columns. The final ratio A545/A280 of B phycoerythrin thus obtained was greater than or equal to 5. 35S-labeled B phycoerythrin was digested proteolytically with trypsin and pepsin. The resulting 35S-containing bilipeptides were separated by isoelectric focusing. Zones of enhanced chromophore concentration always showed an enhanced radioactivity. Peptide fractions with a low molar ratio sulfur/chromophore (1.1-1.8) were purified to remove sucrose and the carrier ampholyte. A modified, optimized Edman degradation followed. A butylacetate-soluble, red Edman product was obtained that contained most of the chromophore and the bulk of the radioactivity. This product was purified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The main spot of the chromatogram was subjected to acidic hydrolysis. The major part of the radioactivity in the hydrolysate cochromatographed with cysteine. That proves cysteine to be the binding amino acid in all cases investigated.", "PMID": 520325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_299", "title": "3H-actinomycin D binding to ultrathin section of plastic-embedded Locusta migratoria testicular tubules. Improvement of the technique and further characterization of the reaction.", "content": "Semi-thin and ultrathin sections of locust testes have been incubated in 3H-actinomycin D solution and submitted to radioautography. The improved technical conditions described allow the reproducible obtainment of cell radioautographs with a moderate nuclear labelling and a very low nonspecific background which are usable for semi-quantitative results. Extraction with enzymes (DNase, RNase, pronase) or concentrated salt solution have been carried out before 3H-Actinomycin D treatment in order to characterize the reaction. The semi-quantitative results obtained at the light microscope level suggest that, in relation to the structural and chemical changes which occur in chromatin during spermiogenesis, some proteins may be easily hydrolysed in early spermatids. In ultrathin sections of spermatocytes the X chromosome is heavily \"stained\" with 3H-Actinomycin D, while 3H-uridine is not incorporated into the sex chromatin. These results are discussed in the light of current ideas on the constitution of active chromatin.", "contents": "3H-actinomycin D binding to ultrathin section of plastic-embedded Locusta migratoria testicular tubules. Improvement of the technique and further characterization of the reaction. Semi-thin and ultrathin sections of locust testes have been incubated in 3H-actinomycin D solution and submitted to radioautography. The improved technical conditions described allow the reproducible obtainment of cell radioautographs with a moderate nuclear labelling and a very low nonspecific background which are usable for semi-quantitative results. Extraction with enzymes (DNase, RNase, pronase) or concentrated salt solution have been carried out before 3H-Actinomycin D treatment in order to characterize the reaction. The semi-quantitative results obtained at the light microscope level suggest that, in relation to the structural and chemical changes which occur in chromatin during spermiogenesis, some proteins may be easily hydrolysed in early spermatids. In ultrathin sections of spermatocytes the X chromosome is heavily \"stained\" with 3H-Actinomycin D, while 3H-uridine is not incorporated into the sex chromatin. These results are discussed in the light of current ideas on the constitution of active chromatin.", "PMID": 520326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_300", "title": "Plasmalemma invaginations, contraction and locomotion in normal and caffeine-treated protoplasmic drops of Physarum.", "content": "The de novo formation of plasmalemma invaginations and vacuoles of light microscopic dimension in protoplasmic drops at different age-stages was studied quantitatively by applying morphometric methods and marker techniques. The study includes: i) the normal morphogenetic development to a drop age of 1 hour, ii) the influence of caffeine treatment, and iii) the effects of removal of this drug. In untreated drops, formation of invaginations and vacuoles is accomplished within 10 to 15 min. By application of 5 mM caffeine, the formation of plasmalemma invaginations is inhibited for 20 to 30 min. The onset of oscillating contraction activity is delayed, but not hindered by the drug. Drug removal 20 min after drop generation leads to an immediate initiation of plasmalemma infolding. Although caffeine does not hinder initiation of normal contraction activity, the locomotory ability of the drop is blocked if the drug is not removed from the drop and the substrate. Thus, caffeine uncouples motive force generation from locomotion in all plasmodial stages of Physarum. The cellular sites of drug action are discussed.", "contents": "Plasmalemma invaginations, contraction and locomotion in normal and caffeine-treated protoplasmic drops of Physarum. The de novo formation of plasmalemma invaginations and vacuoles of light microscopic dimension in protoplasmic drops at different age-stages was studied quantitatively by applying morphometric methods and marker techniques. The study includes: i) the normal morphogenetic development to a drop age of 1 hour, ii) the influence of caffeine treatment, and iii) the effects of removal of this drug. In untreated drops, formation of invaginations and vacuoles is accomplished within 10 to 15 min. By application of 5 mM caffeine, the formation of plasmalemma invaginations is inhibited for 20 to 30 min. The onset of oscillating contraction activity is delayed, but not hindered by the drug. Drug removal 20 min after drop generation leads to an immediate initiation of plasmalemma infolding. Although caffeine does not hinder initiation of normal contraction activity, the locomotory ability of the drop is blocked if the drug is not removed from the drop and the substrate. Thus, caffeine uncouples motive force generation from locomotion in all plasmodial stages of Physarum. The cellular sites of drug action are discussed.", "PMID": 520328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_301", "title": "[Hopper-crystal-growth, basis of test morphogenesis in Patellina corrugata Williamson (Foraminifera, Protozoa) (author's transl)].", "content": "During the growth of Patellina corrugata's test platelike structures are formed showing typical characters of Hopper-crystals. These features indicate conditions of test development comparable to inorganic skeletal crystal growth. The whole test therefore can be regarded as a skeletal crystal (Hopper-crystal). Skeletal crystal growth is considered to be the basis of morphogenesis in the single-crystal test of Patellina.", "contents": "[Hopper-crystal-growth, basis of test morphogenesis in Patellina corrugata Williamson (Foraminifera, Protozoa) (author's transl)]. During the growth of Patellina corrugata's test platelike structures are formed showing typical characters of Hopper-crystals. These features indicate conditions of test development comparable to inorganic skeletal crystal growth. The whole test therefore can be regarded as a skeletal crystal (Hopper-crystal). Skeletal crystal growth is considered to be the basis of morphogenesis in the single-crystal test of Patellina.", "PMID": 520329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_302", "title": "Carbon tetrachloride induced proliferation of tight junctions in the rat liver as revealed by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Application of carbon tetrachloride produced a progressive proliferation of tight junctions in the rat liver. This system proved to be rapid and highly reproducable and affords the opportunity for tracing the fate of tight junctions in freeze-fracture replicas, facilitating investigations on their formation and function. Beginning on day one carbon tetrachloride treatments resulted in the progressive loosening and fragmentation of the junctional meshwork. After three to four days the membrane outside the zonulae occludentes was extensively filled with proliferated discrete junctional elements often forming complex configurations. From the fifth day on the zonulae occludentes were restricted again predominantly around the bile canaliculus margins. But the junctional meshwork of the zonulae occludentes remained loosened in comparison to those in the control rats. It could be shown that tight junction proliferation on the lateral surface of the plasmalemma occurred both through de novo formation from discrete centers of growth by addition of intramembranous particles and through reorganization of preexistent junctional strands of the fragmented zonulae occludentes bodies. Whereas the large gap junctions close associated with the zonulae occludentes remained more or less unaffected during the experiments, small gap junctions increased in number after five days and were located at the margin or in the tight junction domain. It is assumed that the degeneration of the tight junctions served as a pool for intramembranous particles which form the gap junctions. The results of these observations are discussed in relation to those obtained in other systems.", "contents": "Carbon tetrachloride induced proliferation of tight junctions in the rat liver as revealed by freeze-fracturing. Application of carbon tetrachloride produced a progressive proliferation of tight junctions in the rat liver. This system proved to be rapid and highly reproducable and affords the opportunity for tracing the fate of tight junctions in freeze-fracture replicas, facilitating investigations on their formation and function. Beginning on day one carbon tetrachloride treatments resulted in the progressive loosening and fragmentation of the junctional meshwork. After three to four days the membrane outside the zonulae occludentes was extensively filled with proliferated discrete junctional elements often forming complex configurations. From the fifth day on the zonulae occludentes were restricted again predominantly around the bile canaliculus margins. But the junctional meshwork of the zonulae occludentes remained loosened in comparison to those in the control rats. It could be shown that tight junction proliferation on the lateral surface of the plasmalemma occurred both through de novo formation from discrete centers of growth by addition of intramembranous particles and through reorganization of preexistent junctional strands of the fragmented zonulae occludentes bodies. Whereas the large gap junctions close associated with the zonulae occludentes remained more or less unaffected during the experiments, small gap junctions increased in number after five days and were located at the margin or in the tight junction domain. It is assumed that the degeneration of the tight junctions served as a pool for intramembranous particles which form the gap junctions. The results of these observations are discussed in relation to those obtained in other systems.", "PMID": 520330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_303", "title": "Comparison of the ultrastructure of adrenaline and noradrenaline storage granules of bovine adrenal medulla.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the membranes of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) granules of the bovine adrenal medulla (Terland, O., T. Flatmark, and H. Kryvi, Biochim, Biophys. Acta 553, 460--468 (1979)) was analyzed by transmission, negative staining and freeze-etch electron microscopy. The two types of storage granules can be distinguished mainly by two morphological criteria: (a) The NA-granules have a more electron dense matrix core than the A-granules, (b) the NA-granules revealed less asymmetry in the distribution of intramembrane particles (nPF:nEF = 4,5:1) than the A-granules (nPF:nEF = 9:1). Thus, the trilaminar structure, negative staining pattern and size distribution of the intramembrane particles of the two fracture faces on freeze-etch electron microscopy were very similar for the two types of granules. Freeze-etching revealed a wide range of the particle size distribution for both fracture faces in both types of granules, with an average diameter of 12.6 +/- 2.7 nm (A-granules) and 10.2 +/- 2.8 nm (NA-granules) for the E-fracture faces and 11.4 +/- 2.7 nm (A-granules) and 9.8 +/- 2.4 nm (NA-granules) for the P-fracture faces. Some of the particles on the P-fracture face (outer surface of the membrane) revealed a subunit structure, most clearly seen in the specimens of NA-granules. Morhpometric analyses of sectioned bovine adrenal medulla revealed that the chromaffin granules on an average account for approx. 13.5% of the cytoplasmic volume in the total population of chromaffin cells.", "contents": "Comparison of the ultrastructure of adrenaline and noradrenaline storage granules of bovine adrenal medulla. The ultrastructure of the membranes of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) granules of the bovine adrenal medulla (Terland, O., T. Flatmark, and H. Kryvi, Biochim, Biophys. Acta 553, 460--468 (1979)) was analyzed by transmission, negative staining and freeze-etch electron microscopy. The two types of storage granules can be distinguished mainly by two morphological criteria: (a) The NA-granules have a more electron dense matrix core than the A-granules, (b) the NA-granules revealed less asymmetry in the distribution of intramembrane particles (nPF:nEF = 4,5:1) than the A-granules (nPF:nEF = 9:1). Thus, the trilaminar structure, negative staining pattern and size distribution of the intramembrane particles of the two fracture faces on freeze-etch electron microscopy were very similar for the two types of granules. Freeze-etching revealed a wide range of the particle size distribution for both fracture faces in both types of granules, with an average diameter of 12.6 +/- 2.7 nm (A-granules) and 10.2 +/- 2.8 nm (NA-granules) for the E-fracture faces and 11.4 +/- 2.7 nm (A-granules) and 9.8 +/- 2.4 nm (NA-granules) for the P-fracture faces. Some of the particles on the P-fracture face (outer surface of the membrane) revealed a subunit structure, most clearly seen in the specimens of NA-granules. Morhpometric analyses of sectioned bovine adrenal medulla revealed that the chromaffin granules on an average account for approx. 13.5% of the cytoplasmic volume in the total population of chromaffin cells.", "PMID": 520331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_304", "title": "Nucleolar fibrillar centers in mouse spermatid nucleoli.", "content": "The nucleoli of young spermatids of mice are described. They exhibit a very special shape resembling a \"padlock\" in which three different areas can be distinguished: (a) a compact zone corresponding to the fibrillar component, (b) the granular component and (c) a fibrillar center of low density. Fibrillar and granular components usually appear segregated. This nucleolus has been reconstructed based on serial sectioning. When the silver impregnation technique is employed, both fibrillar and granular components show a positive reaction, although the fibrillar center is free of granules. The morphology of the fibrillar center seems to be similar to that reported in other cells. The possibility that these fibrillar centers correspond to the nucleolar organizer is discussed.", "contents": "Nucleolar fibrillar centers in mouse spermatid nucleoli. The nucleoli of young spermatids of mice are described. They exhibit a very special shape resembling a \"padlock\" in which three different areas can be distinguished: (a) a compact zone corresponding to the fibrillar component, (b) the granular component and (c) a fibrillar center of low density. Fibrillar and granular components usually appear segregated. This nucleolus has been reconstructed based on serial sectioning. When the silver impregnation technique is employed, both fibrillar and granular components show a positive reaction, although the fibrillar center is free of granules. The morphology of the fibrillar center seems to be similar to that reported in other cells. The possibility that these fibrillar centers correspond to the nucleolar organizer is discussed.", "PMID": 520334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_305", "title": "Lamellar bodies at the cell periphery of human muscle fibers.", "content": "The cytochemical and ultrastructural features of lamellar bodies in human skeletal muscle fibers were studied using tannic acid-glutaraldehyde, ruthenium red-glutaraldehyde fixation methods, conventional electron microscopy and the freeze fracture technique. The lamellar bodies consisted of concentric lamellae with a regular spacing of 6.5 +/- 0.2 nm. These structures were found preferentially at the cell periphery closely associated with the plasma membrane, near the nuclear poles and in the space between muscle fiber and satellite cell. The cytochemical and ultrastructural features of the lamellar bodies suggest they are largely composed of phospholipid. It is possible that these structures are involved in muscle membrane maintenance.", "contents": "Lamellar bodies at the cell periphery of human muscle fibers. The cytochemical and ultrastructural features of lamellar bodies in human skeletal muscle fibers were studied using tannic acid-glutaraldehyde, ruthenium red-glutaraldehyde fixation methods, conventional electron microscopy and the freeze fracture technique. The lamellar bodies consisted of concentric lamellae with a regular spacing of 6.5 +/- 0.2 nm. These structures were found preferentially at the cell periphery closely associated with the plasma membrane, near the nuclear poles and in the space between muscle fiber and satellite cell. The cytochemical and ultrastructural features of the lamellar bodies suggest they are largely composed of phospholipid. It is possible that these structures are involved in muscle membrane maintenance.", "PMID": 520335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_306", "title": "Ultrastructure and evolution of a sperm: phylogenetic implications of altered motile machinery in Ophryotrocha puerilis spermatozoon.", "content": "Modifications to the mitochondria and flagellum of the Ophryotrocha spermatozoon render it immotile. The sperm may represent an evolutionary unstable intermediate between flagellate and aflagellate sperm types.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and evolution of a sperm: phylogenetic implications of altered motile machinery in Ophryotrocha puerilis spermatozoon. Modifications to the mitochondria and flagellum of the Ophryotrocha spermatozoon render it immotile. The sperm may represent an evolutionary unstable intermediate between flagellate and aflagellate sperm types.", "PMID": 520336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_307", "title": "A morphometric analysis of microtubules in relation to the inhibition of lysosome movement caused by colchicine.", "content": "Colchicine was administered intraperitoneally to rats in doses which are known to inhibit the basal migration of lysosomes in uterine epithelial cells. The fractional volume of microtubules in the cells was then measured by morphometry. Colchicine at 0.10 mg/kg reduced the microtubule content of the cells from 0.22% down to 0.15%, and 1.0 mg/kg reduced microtubule content to 0.03%. Microtubules were essentially absent from the cells after colchicine doses of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. The microtubule content of uterine epithelial cells thus decreased in the colchicine dose range from about 0.10 to 1.0 mg/kg, the same dose range in which an inhibition of lysosome migration has been observed. These results support the suggestion that microtubules are necessary for the basal migration of lysosomes in uterine epithelial cells. In addition, colchicine at 1.0 mg/kg caused a redistribution of the Golgi complex and a class of electron-transparent, 130 to 450 nm vesicles. These organelles were restricted to the apical halves of the cells in untreated rats, but they were dispersed throughout the cells after drug treatment. The change in the position of the organelles may be caused by a loss of cytoskeletal function of the microtubules.", "contents": "A morphometric analysis of microtubules in relation to the inhibition of lysosome movement caused by colchicine. Colchicine was administered intraperitoneally to rats in doses which are known to inhibit the basal migration of lysosomes in uterine epithelial cells. The fractional volume of microtubules in the cells was then measured by morphometry. Colchicine at 0.10 mg/kg reduced the microtubule content of the cells from 0.22% down to 0.15%, and 1.0 mg/kg reduced microtubule content to 0.03%. Microtubules were essentially absent from the cells after colchicine doses of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. The microtubule content of uterine epithelial cells thus decreased in the colchicine dose range from about 0.10 to 1.0 mg/kg, the same dose range in which an inhibition of lysosome migration has been observed. These results support the suggestion that microtubules are necessary for the basal migration of lysosomes in uterine epithelial cells. In addition, colchicine at 1.0 mg/kg caused a redistribution of the Golgi complex and a class of electron-transparent, 130 to 450 nm vesicles. These organelles were restricted to the apical halves of the cells in untreated rats, but they were dispersed throughout the cells after drug treatment. The change in the position of the organelles may be caused by a loss of cytoskeletal function of the microtubules.", "PMID": 520337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_308", "title": "Radio-isotope bone scanning in suspected osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "The usefulness of radio-isotope bone scanning in suspected osteomyelitis has been widely acclaimed. Fourteen children had rectilinear bone scans performed three hours after injection of Tc99m methylene diphosphonate. A diagnostic accuracy of 56% was achieved, which is lower than in other series. The reasons for this are discussed and the value of bone scanning in the evaluation of osteomyelitis is questioned.", "contents": "Radio-isotope bone scanning in suspected osteomyelitis in children. The usefulness of radio-isotope bone scanning in suspected osteomyelitis has been widely acclaimed. Fourteen children had rectilinear bone scans performed three hours after injection of Tc99m methylene diphosphonate. A diagnostic accuracy of 56% was achieved, which is lower than in other series. The reasons for this are discussed and the value of bone scanning in the evaluation of osteomyelitis is questioned.", "PMID": 520338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_309", "title": "113mIn-tripolyphosphate: a new radiopharmaceutical for bone scanning.", "content": "A compound was synthetized, which by X-Ray diffraction studies proved to be hexahydrated sodium tripolyphosphate. By means of in vitro procedures, it was demonstrated that this compound was able to complex trivalent cations, and that 113mIn could be completely incorporated to it. In vivo studies in rats, and scans performed with this new radiopharmaceutical in humans showed its highly selective accumulation in metastasic bone tumors.", "contents": "113mIn-tripolyphosphate: a new radiopharmaceutical for bone scanning. A compound was synthetized, which by X-Ray diffraction studies proved to be hexahydrated sodium tripolyphosphate. By means of in vitro procedures, it was demonstrated that this compound was able to complex trivalent cations, and that 113mIn could be completely incorporated to it. In vivo studies in rats, and scans performed with this new radiopharmaceutical in humans showed its highly selective accumulation in metastasic bone tumors.", "PMID": 520339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_310", "title": "A single tracer method for background subtraction in 197HgCl2 renal uptake measurements.", "content": "The 197HgCl2 renal uptake was measured in 70 patients in order to study the degree of the background activity and to determine the best correction method. The deduction of background activity was made: a) From a concentric perirenal region of interest with no additional correction. b) Using a double tracer technique with colloid 99mTc, subtracting consecutively the liver and spleen activity and the residual background. Comparison of the results revealed: a) The correction of background activity significantly altered the uptake estimations, and thus must include both the liver and spleen activity, and the residual background. b) The choice of a median region of interest for the residual background evaluation led to a systematic error. c) The assessment of background activity, based upon a perirenal region of interest provided a sufficiently precise and reliable correction of the total background, while avoiding the inconveniences associated with the double tracer method.", "contents": "A single tracer method for background subtraction in 197HgCl2 renal uptake measurements. The 197HgCl2 renal uptake was measured in 70 patients in order to study the degree of the background activity and to determine the best correction method. The deduction of background activity was made: a) From a concentric perirenal region of interest with no additional correction. b) Using a double tracer technique with colloid 99mTc, subtracting consecutively the liver and spleen activity and the residual background. Comparison of the results revealed: a) The correction of background activity significantly altered the uptake estimations, and thus must include both the liver and spleen activity, and the residual background. b) The choice of a median region of interest for the residual background evaluation led to a systematic error. c) The assessment of background activity, based upon a perirenal region of interest provided a sufficiently precise and reliable correction of the total background, while avoiding the inconveniences associated with the double tracer method.", "PMID": 520340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_311", "title": "Calculation of net renal uptake curves without use of a blood pool agent.", "content": "The usual method of generating net Hippuran renal uptake curves involves the administration of a blood pool agent. Two techniques are presented which permit the determination of net renal uptake curves from data intrinsic to the Hippuran study. This reduced the complexity of the procedure, as well as reducing its cost and decreasing the radiation exposure. The new procedures were tested in 9 patients and showed excellent correlation with the blood pool agent technique.", "contents": "Calculation of net renal uptake curves without use of a blood pool agent. The usual method of generating net Hippuran renal uptake curves involves the administration of a blood pool agent. Two techniques are presented which permit the determination of net renal uptake curves from data intrinsic to the Hippuran study. This reduced the complexity of the procedure, as well as reducing its cost and decreasing the radiation exposure. The new procedures were tested in 9 patients and showed excellent correlation with the blood pool agent technique.", "PMID": 520341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_312", "title": "The application of radioactive labeled leucocytes for the proof of inflammations.", "content": "The methods we have tested are reliable for the labeling of granulocytes and monocytes as well as with colloidal substances and with soluble 99mTc-phytate. Supravital colorations and electronmicroscopic pictures do not show any damage of the cells caused by the labeling procedures. In the clinical application after the reinjection of the labeled granulocytes and monocytes, inflammations in the abdomen and in the bone could be proved and localized exactly. A final evaluation of the described methods and its differentiation from other diagnostic possibilities will only be possible after further investigations.", "contents": "The application of radioactive labeled leucocytes for the proof of inflammations. The methods we have tested are reliable for the labeling of granulocytes and monocytes as well as with colloidal substances and with soluble 99mTc-phytate. Supravital colorations and electronmicroscopic pictures do not show any damage of the cells caused by the labeling procedures. In the clinical application after the reinjection of the labeled granulocytes and monocytes, inflammations in the abdomen and in the bone could be proved and localized exactly. A final evaluation of the described methods and its differentiation from other diagnostic possibilities will only be possible after further investigations.", "PMID": 520344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_313", "title": "Comparison of two different biliary agents in healthy subjects and in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The kinetics of the iminodiacetic acids, dimethyl and diethyl IDA were studied in patients without and with liver disease. Diethyl IDA seems to be superior to dimethyl IDA in its diagnostic usefulness. It shows lower urinary excretion and a faster liver uptake, leading to more pronounced differences in liver peak time and in liver elimination half time and to faster visualisation of the gall bladder in patients with liver disease. The enterohepatic reabsorption is negligible as shown by enteral administration of the radiopharmaceutical and monitoring blood activity. Therefore it is not necessary to correct time activity curves of the liver for the IDA secreted into the gastrointestinal system. The most valuable diagnostic information with this substances may be gained in investigations on cholecystectomized patients with cholestasis.", "contents": "Comparison of two different biliary agents in healthy subjects and in patients with liver disease. The kinetics of the iminodiacetic acids, dimethyl and diethyl IDA were studied in patients without and with liver disease. Diethyl IDA seems to be superior to dimethyl IDA in its diagnostic usefulness. It shows lower urinary excretion and a faster liver uptake, leading to more pronounced differences in liver peak time and in liver elimination half time and to faster visualisation of the gall bladder in patients with liver disease. The enterohepatic reabsorption is negligible as shown by enteral administration of the radiopharmaceutical and monitoring blood activity. Therefore it is not necessary to correct time activity curves of the liver for the IDA secreted into the gastrointestinal system. The most valuable diagnostic information with this substances may be gained in investigations on cholecystectomized patients with cholestasis.", "PMID": 520345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_314", "title": "The stability and distribution of Tc-HIDA in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Tc-HIDA is a promising new agent for imaging the biliary system. In this study radiochromatography on paper or Sephadex G25 gel has been used to measure the proportions of TcHIDA, 'hydrolysed Tc' and pertechnetate in solutions from a commercial kit (CIS TCK 15) and in body fluids from patients and rats receiving this radiopharmaceutical. The tissue distribution in male and female rats has shown the radiopharmaceutical to be rapidly removed from the blood by the liver and then excreted via the intestines. There appears to be a sex difference in the uptake in the kidneys and in the urinary excretion in both rats and patients.", "contents": "The stability and distribution of Tc-HIDA in vivo and in vitro. Tc-HIDA is a promising new agent for imaging the biliary system. In this study radiochromatography on paper or Sephadex G25 gel has been used to measure the proportions of TcHIDA, 'hydrolysed Tc' and pertechnetate in solutions from a commercial kit (CIS TCK 15) and in body fluids from patients and rats receiving this radiopharmaceutical. The tissue distribution in male and female rats has shown the radiopharmaceutical to be rapidly removed from the blood by the liver and then excreted via the intestines. There appears to be a sex difference in the uptake in the kidneys and in the urinary excretion in both rats and patients.", "PMID": 520346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_315", "title": "Quality control of colloid and particulate 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "A procedure for the radiochemical purity control of colloid and particulate 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals is described. The proposed technique is based on the use of two chromatograms, using in both, 15% H3PO4 as solvent and impregnated glass fiber media (Gelman ITLC type SG) as stationary phase. A pretreatment of the radiopharmaceutical with 6 N NaOH is involved prior to one chromatographic run. The procedure is fast and the different species (free pertechnetate, 99mTc-Sn-colloid and labeled 99mTc) in a 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical can be determined accurately and with reliability.", "contents": "Quality control of colloid and particulate 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. A procedure for the radiochemical purity control of colloid and particulate 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals is described. The proposed technique is based on the use of two chromatograms, using in both, 15% H3PO4 as solvent and impregnated glass fiber media (Gelman ITLC type SG) as stationary phase. A pretreatment of the radiopharmaceutical with 6 N NaOH is involved prior to one chromatographic run. The procedure is fast and the different species (free pertechnetate, 99mTc-Sn-colloid and labeled 99mTc) in a 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical can be determined accurately and with reliability.", "PMID": 520347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_316", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of lactate dehydrogenase, H forms.", "content": "Antisera to H4-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were elicited in rabbits, against both human (h) and porcine (p) isoenzymes. 125I-labelled H4-LDH was prepared by electrolytic iodination. A simple and fast procedure (1-h incubation for clinical assays) was set up by using polyethylene glycol for the bound-free separation. The results obtained in the antiserum characterization indicated that the heterologous homotetramer, M4 was completely discriminated in the porcine system, while a weak cross-reaction with human antisera resulted. In both cases, for the hybrid forms, a cross-reactivity level related to the stoichiometric contents of the H-subunit in the tetramers was observed. The H4-LDH from other species was found to be much more effectively disinguished in the porcine than in the human system. The assay for human LDH was further validated in terms of analytical suitability and clinical response. For healthy subjects the mean concentration was 0.46+/-19 micrograms/ml (mean+/-SD). Patients with acute myocardial infarction had levels ranging from 1.2 to 5.9 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of lactate dehydrogenase, H forms. Antisera to H4-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were elicited in rabbits, against both human (h) and porcine (p) isoenzymes. 125I-labelled H4-LDH was prepared by electrolytic iodination. A simple and fast procedure (1-h incubation for clinical assays) was set up by using polyethylene glycol for the bound-free separation. The results obtained in the antiserum characterization indicated that the heterologous homotetramer, M4 was completely discriminated in the porcine system, while a weak cross-reaction with human antisera resulted. In both cases, for the hybrid forms, a cross-reactivity level related to the stoichiometric contents of the H-subunit in the tetramers was observed. The H4-LDH from other species was found to be much more effectively disinguished in the porcine than in the human system. The assay for human LDH was further validated in terms of analytical suitability and clinical response. For healthy subjects the mean concentration was 0.46+/-19 micrograms/ml (mean+/-SD). Patients with acute myocardial infarction had levels ranging from 1.2 to 5.9 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 520348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_317", "title": "Results of regular study on radionuclidic purity of 99mTc obtained from 99Mo--99mTc generators.", "content": "A total of 39 99mTc eluates obtained from 9 99Mo--99mTc generators delivered by The Radiochemical Centre Amersham during one year was studied with regard to their radionuclide purity. Using a Ge(Li) spectrometer the contaminants 60Co, 103Ru, 131I, 134Cs, 140Ba, 140La and 188Re were found in 99mTc-eluates with average levels ranging from 2.9 X 10(-3) to 2.8 X 10(-1) per cent of 99mTc activity. The additional total body absorbed dose caused by these contaminants, as calculated from their average content in 99mTc eluates, was less than 1% of the dose due to 99mTc pertechnetate.", "contents": "Results of regular study on radionuclidic purity of 99mTc obtained from 99Mo--99mTc generators. A total of 39 99mTc eluates obtained from 9 99Mo--99mTc generators delivered by The Radiochemical Centre Amersham during one year was studied with regard to their radionuclide purity. Using a Ge(Li) spectrometer the contaminants 60Co, 103Ru, 131I, 134Cs, 140Ba, 140La and 188Re were found in 99mTc-eluates with average levels ranging from 2.9 X 10(-3) to 2.8 X 10(-1) per cent of 99mTc activity. The additional total body absorbed dose caused by these contaminants, as calculated from their average content in 99mTc eluates, was less than 1% of the dose due to 99mTc pertechnetate.", "PMID": 520349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_318", "title": "Radiation exposure due to 99mTc and 131I manipulated in syringes.", "content": "Dose rates around and at the surface of disposable polypropylene syringes of 1 and 2 ml volume filled with 99mTc and 131I solutions were determined by thermoluminescence dosimetry. Data for the efficacy of 0.5 and 1 mm lead shielding of 99mTc and for the dose contribution due to beta- -radiation from 131I are given.", "contents": "Radiation exposure due to 99mTc and 131I manipulated in syringes. Dose rates around and at the surface of disposable polypropylene syringes of 1 and 2 ml volume filled with 99mTc and 131I solutions were determined by thermoluminescence dosimetry. Data for the efficacy of 0.5 and 1 mm lead shielding of 99mTc and for the dose contribution due to beta- -radiation from 131I are given.", "PMID": 520350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_319", "title": "Camera aperture to optimize data collection in nuclear medicine.", "content": "Collection of data with a large field of view camera can cause problems when a small organ like the heart is to be imaged, especially when high activity is used. A simple, inexpensive mask is described that solves most of these problems.", "contents": "Camera aperture to optimize data collection in nuclear medicine. Collection of data with a large field of view camera can cause problems when a small organ like the heart is to be imaged, especially when high activity is used. A simple, inexpensive mask is described that solves most of these problems.", "PMID": 520351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_320", "title": "Relationship between blood flow and radiostrontium uptake in the healing bone fracture.", "content": "The healing of a diaphyseal tibia fracture was followed in the rat. Callus formation, blood flow and Sr-85 uptake were assessed by a ratio comparison of the fractured to the contralateral side. No correlation was found between blood flow and Sr-85 deposition in the callus and the adjacent bone of the same extremity. It is concluded that the deposition of a radiopharmaceutical in bone is primarily related to the presence of calcifiable organic bone matrix and only secondarily to the bone formation rate and to variations in the local blood flow.", "contents": "Relationship between blood flow and radiostrontium uptake in the healing bone fracture. The healing of a diaphyseal tibia fracture was followed in the rat. Callus formation, blood flow and Sr-85 uptake were assessed by a ratio comparison of the fractured to the contralateral side. No correlation was found between blood flow and Sr-85 deposition in the callus and the adjacent bone of the same extremity. It is concluded that the deposition of a radiopharmaceutical in bone is primarily related to the presence of calcifiable organic bone matrix and only secondarily to the bone formation rate and to variations in the local blood flow.", "PMID": 520354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_321", "title": "Tumoral calcinosis: accumulation of bone-seeking tracers in the calcium deposits.", "content": "Rapid and preferential uptake of 47 calcium 87m Strontium by the multinodular calcareous masses was seen in a patient with tumoral calcinosis. Using 87m Strontium, scintigraphic imaging of the tumors was achieved, while the skeleton was barely visible. More intense accumulation of 87m Sr. in one tumor suggested a higher rate of calcium depostion. This was in agreement with the observation that this tumor showed less tendency to decrease in size during calcium and phosphorus deprivation therapy. Quantitative measurements of the uptake of bone seeking tracers by the tumors may be of value in estimating calcium turnover in the calcified masses.", "contents": "Tumoral calcinosis: accumulation of bone-seeking tracers in the calcium deposits. Rapid and preferential uptake of 47 calcium 87m Strontium by the multinodular calcareous masses was seen in a patient with tumoral calcinosis. Using 87m Strontium, scintigraphic imaging of the tumors was achieved, while the skeleton was barely visible. More intense accumulation of 87m Sr. in one tumor suggested a higher rate of calcium depostion. This was in agreement with the observation that this tumor showed less tendency to decrease in size during calcium and phosphorus deprivation therapy. Quantitative measurements of the uptake of bone seeking tracers by the tumors may be of value in estimating calcium turnover in the calcified masses.", "PMID": 520355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_322", "title": "The short-term fixation of radiopharmaceuticals in bone.", "content": "The relationship between local blood flow and bone clearance of 18 F, 32 P-P (orthophosphate), 32 P-PPi (pyrophosphate), 45 Ca, 85 Sr, 99mTc- and 113 Sn-EHDP was evaluated in the non-adult rat. During one single blood passage nearly 100% of 18 F was extracted in the femoral diaphysis, the extraction efficiency for the other radiopharmaceuticals was about 40%. Blood flow and bone clearance was higher and the extraction efficiency lower in the distal femoral epiphysis including the growth plate. The short-term bone uptake of 32 P-P was lowered considerably by the simultaneous application of inactive orthophosphate, whereas the bone uptake of 32 P-PPi was not suppressed. It is suggested that the rapid deposition of radiopharmaceuticals in bone is not caused by an ionic exchange process on crystal surfaces of already existing mineral but is due to an ionic exchange during the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the calcifying bone matrix. Only 18 F is exchanged with hydroxyl groups of already precipitated hydroxyapatite, whereas the calcium and phosphate ions in the precipitated hydroxyapatite are not further accessible to an exchange process.", "contents": "The short-term fixation of radiopharmaceuticals in bone. The relationship between local blood flow and bone clearance of 18 F, 32 P-P (orthophosphate), 32 P-PPi (pyrophosphate), 45 Ca, 85 Sr, 99mTc- and 113 Sn-EHDP was evaluated in the non-adult rat. During one single blood passage nearly 100% of 18 F was extracted in the femoral diaphysis, the extraction efficiency for the other radiopharmaceuticals was about 40%. Blood flow and bone clearance was higher and the extraction efficiency lower in the distal femoral epiphysis including the growth plate. The short-term bone uptake of 32 P-P was lowered considerably by the simultaneous application of inactive orthophosphate, whereas the bone uptake of 32 P-PPi was not suppressed. It is suggested that the rapid deposition of radiopharmaceuticals in bone is not caused by an ionic exchange process on crystal surfaces of already existing mineral but is due to an ionic exchange during the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the calcifying bone matrix. Only 18 F is exchanged with hydroxyl groups of already precipitated hydroxyapatite, whereas the calcium and phosphate ions in the precipitated hydroxyapatite are not further accessible to an exchange process.", "PMID": 520356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_323", "title": "A rabbit model to study the biokinetics of radiopharmaceuticals in bone.", "content": "A technique is described using the rabbit as the 'animal model' to measure the rate of extraction of the bone-seeking agent, technetium labelled ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (99Tcm-EHDP) following constant-rate infusion into the femoral nutrient artery. The extraction is shown to be approximately linear for a period of 60 min. Washout of the tracer from bone was followed for a further 60 min period and graphical analysis shows that each curve could be resolved into two distinct exponential functions. The 2-h residue of 99Tcm-EHDP in bone has been examined and is found to be dependent upon its route of administration. A high residue (43.7 +/- 5.1%) results when the infusate is delivered directly into the nutrient artery and the single muscular branch is tied off. Retrograde infusion via the femoral artery results in a lower residue (7.8 +/- 2.3%). The close correlation of these results in the rabbit with our previous findings in the dog suggested that the rabbit model described can be used to study the kinetics of other radiopharmaceuticals during their passage through bone.", "contents": "A rabbit model to study the biokinetics of radiopharmaceuticals in bone. A technique is described using the rabbit as the 'animal model' to measure the rate of extraction of the bone-seeking agent, technetium labelled ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (99Tcm-EHDP) following constant-rate infusion into the femoral nutrient artery. The extraction is shown to be approximately linear for a period of 60 min. Washout of the tracer from bone was followed for a further 60 min period and graphical analysis shows that each curve could be resolved into two distinct exponential functions. The 2-h residue of 99Tcm-EHDP in bone has been examined and is found to be dependent upon its route of administration. A high residue (43.7 +/- 5.1%) results when the infusate is delivered directly into the nutrient artery and the single muscular branch is tied off. Retrograde infusion via the femoral artery results in a lower residue (7.8 +/- 2.3%). The close correlation of these results in the rabbit with our previous findings in the dog suggested that the rabbit model described can be used to study the kinetics of other radiopharmaceuticals during their passage through bone.", "PMID": 520357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_324", "title": "Absorbed dose estimation of some 99mTc-hepatobiliary agents.", "content": "The absorbed dose estimates of several organs after administration in humans of six new hepatobiliary agents (five 99mTc-Pyridoxal amino acid complexes and the 99mTc-HIDA) are presented in comparison with 131I-Rose-Bengal. The results indicated that the radiation doses absorbed by the total body and gonads as well as by the critical organ (upper part of the large intestine) are significantly lower than those of Rose Bengal. Therefore, the new 99mTc-agents can be safely applied to humans.", "contents": "Absorbed dose estimation of some 99mTc-hepatobiliary agents. The absorbed dose estimates of several organs after administration in humans of six new hepatobiliary agents (five 99mTc-Pyridoxal amino acid complexes and the 99mTc-HIDA) are presented in comparison with 131I-Rose-Bengal. The results indicated that the radiation doses absorbed by the total body and gonads as well as by the critical organ (upper part of the large intestine) are significantly lower than those of Rose Bengal. Therefore, the new 99mTc-agents can be safely applied to humans.", "PMID": 520358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_325", "title": "Synthesis of five new 99mTc-HIDA isomers and comparison with 99mTc-HIDA.", "content": "Five new HIDA-compounds were synthesized, labelled with 99mTc and compared with 99mTc-(2,6-dimethyl)HIDA viz. (N-2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid by means of TLC and biodistribution studies on rabbits. The computerized method used by Britton and Brown during renal studies was successfully adapted to study the biodistribution of these agents.", "contents": "Synthesis of five new 99mTc-HIDA isomers and comparison with 99mTc-HIDA. Five new HIDA-compounds were synthesized, labelled with 99mTc and compared with 99mTc-(2,6-dimethyl)HIDA viz. (N-2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid by means of TLC and biodistribution studies on rabbits. The computerized method used by Britton and Brown during renal studies was successfully adapted to study the biodistribution of these agents.", "PMID": 520359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_326", "title": "Adrenal scintigraphy with 131I-19-iodochlesterol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome associated with adrenal tumor.", "content": "Seven patients with Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenocortical tumors were studied using 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The diagnosis of all cases were verified histologically. In three cases with adenoma the uptake of the tracer was in the tumor only, while the two patients with adrenocortical carcinoma failed to show adrenal accumulation of the labelled compound. In two patients there was a hyperplasia-like scintigraphic pattern, while the stimulation and suppression biochemical tests suggested adrenal tumor. One of these cases was verified as a mixed form (adenoma plus hyperplasia), and the tumor bearing gland was significantly larger on the scan which helped the preoperative localization. In the other case, verified as bilateral multiple adrenocortical adenomas, the autonomus function of both adrenals was proved by dexamethasone suppression scanning. It seens reasonable to use the latter as an adunctive diagnostic procedure in patients where there is a discrepancy between the standart scintiscan and the biochemical indexes of adrenal hyperfunction.", "contents": "Adrenal scintigraphy with 131I-19-iodochlesterol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome associated with adrenal tumor. Seven patients with Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenocortical tumors were studied using 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The diagnosis of all cases were verified histologically. In three cases with adenoma the uptake of the tracer was in the tumor only, while the two patients with adrenocortical carcinoma failed to show adrenal accumulation of the labelled compound. In two patients there was a hyperplasia-like scintigraphic pattern, while the stimulation and suppression biochemical tests suggested adrenal tumor. One of these cases was verified as a mixed form (adenoma plus hyperplasia), and the tumor bearing gland was significantly larger on the scan which helped the preoperative localization. In the other case, verified as bilateral multiple adrenocortical adenomas, the autonomus function of both adrenals was proved by dexamethasone suppression scanning. It seens reasonable to use the latter as an adunctive diagnostic procedure in patients where there is a discrepancy between the standart scintiscan and the biochemical indexes of adrenal hyperfunction.", "PMID": 520360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_327", "title": "Dose dependent uptake of 125I-toluidine blue of 75Se-selenomethionine in the parathyroids of rabbits.", "content": "Different dosages of 125I-toluidine blue and 75Se-selenomethionine were injected intravenously into rabbits, and the concentration of radioactivity was measured in the parathyroids and surrounding tissues. The response of i.v. injected glucagon was also determined. It was found that 0.16 mg 125I-toluidine blue gave a concentration ratio of parathyroid/thyroid and parathyroid/muscle which was significantly higher than both lower and higher doses at 1 minute after i.v. injection of the labelled dye. Glucagon had little or no effect on the uptake of 125I-toluidine blue and 75Se-selenomethionine.", "contents": "Dose dependent uptake of 125I-toluidine blue of 75Se-selenomethionine in the parathyroids of rabbits. Different dosages of 125I-toluidine blue and 75Se-selenomethionine were injected intravenously into rabbits, and the concentration of radioactivity was measured in the parathyroids and surrounding tissues. The response of i.v. injected glucagon was also determined. It was found that 0.16 mg 125I-toluidine blue gave a concentration ratio of parathyroid/thyroid and parathyroid/muscle which was significantly higher than both lower and higher doses at 1 minute after i.v. injection of the labelled dye. Glucagon had little or no effect on the uptake of 125I-toluidine blue and 75Se-selenomethionine.", "PMID": 520361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_328", "title": "Transverse CAT of the myocardium with 201 T1.", "content": "A new computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scanner (J&P Tomoscanner) which enables the transverse section viewing of any organ labelled by one of the monophotonic gamma-ray emitting racers commonly used in Nuclear Medicine, has been recently commercialized. Its abilities in visualising the 201 T1 labelled myocardium are evaluated with normal hearts and patients with documented infarctions. Positive results have been obtained, allowing an interesting approach to the estimation of the anatomical extent of necrosis.", "contents": "Transverse CAT of the myocardium with 201 T1. A new computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scanner (J&P Tomoscanner) which enables the transverse section viewing of any organ labelled by one of the monophotonic gamma-ray emitting racers commonly used in Nuclear Medicine, has been recently commercialized. Its abilities in visualising the 201 T1 labelled myocardium are evaluated with normal hearts and patients with documented infarctions. Positive results have been obtained, allowing an interesting approach to the estimation of the anatomical extent of necrosis.", "PMID": 520362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_329", "title": "RIA system programming by means of kinetic parameters.", "content": "Insulin-125I antibody reaction was optimized by physical-chemical parameters. After the activation energies Ea and Ed for association and dissociation, respectively were calculated from the experimental data, the theoretical values of the reaction rate constants ka and kd were determined as well as equilibrium constants K. By means of the empirical formulae, the approximate incubation time for the RIA kit and maximal percent of insulin-125I binding to antibody (%B) in relation to temperature were computed. The proposed method may be applied to the new antigen-binder systems preparation (new antibodies, shortening of the incubation time, temperature changes, influence of different ions and kind of buffer).", "contents": "RIA system programming by means of kinetic parameters. Insulin-125I antibody reaction was optimized by physical-chemical parameters. After the activation energies Ea and Ed for association and dissociation, respectively were calculated from the experimental data, the theoretical values of the reaction rate constants ka and kd were determined as well as equilibrium constants K. By means of the empirical formulae, the approximate incubation time for the RIA kit and maximal percent of insulin-125I binding to antibody (%B) in relation to temperature were computed. The proposed method may be applied to the new antigen-binder systems preparation (new antibodies, shortening of the incubation time, temperature changes, influence of different ions and kind of buffer).", "PMID": 520363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_330", "title": "Calculation of residence time distributions of intravascular radioactive tracers in fields of external registration.", "content": "Because of the physiological significance of the mean velocity of blood flow, indicator dispersion models are of special interest and possess practical relevance, if biological and extraneous variables can be altered. The variables being considered are flow characteristics of the streaming blood, tracer distribution at the entrance into the flow system, and the area in which impulses are collected to form the time-activity curve. Using a simplified version of the general convective diffusion equation (diffusion model) in which the diffusion constant D includes all propagation and mixing of the tracer, a simple numerical method can be applied. The method is used to determine influences of injection and changed regions of interest on the time-activity curve and the following parameters: appearance times, peak times, mean circulation times, and the times of the first inflection points. For this purpose, the range of D was determined in 14 patients by applying experimental data to the model. The calculations on the variables show, that the advantage of this method is its applicability to any experimental case by simply adapting the input data to the recordings.", "contents": "Calculation of residence time distributions of intravascular radioactive tracers in fields of external registration. Because of the physiological significance of the mean velocity of blood flow, indicator dispersion models are of special interest and possess practical relevance, if biological and extraneous variables can be altered. The variables being considered are flow characteristics of the streaming blood, tracer distribution at the entrance into the flow system, and the area in which impulses are collected to form the time-activity curve. Using a simplified version of the general convective diffusion equation (diffusion model) in which the diffusion constant D includes all propagation and mixing of the tracer, a simple numerical method can be applied. The method is used to determine influences of injection and changed regions of interest on the time-activity curve and the following parameters: appearance times, peak times, mean circulation times, and the times of the first inflection points. For this purpose, the range of D was determined in 14 patients by applying experimental data to the model. The calculations on the variables show, that the advantage of this method is its applicability to any experimental case by simply adapting the input data to the recordings.", "PMID": 520364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_331", "title": "Sensitometry of films for nuclear medicine.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of characteristic curves for films used in nuclear medicine imaging. Such characteristic curves are presented for a number of commercially available film types and their significance is discussed.", "contents": "Sensitometry of films for nuclear medicine. A method is described for the determination of characteristic curves for films used in nuclear medicine imaging. Such characteristic curves are presented for a number of commercially available film types and their significance is discussed.", "PMID": 520365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_332", "title": "Exostoses induced by 224Ra (ThX) in children.", "content": "Exostoses are benign cartilaginous tumors of bone. They can occur naturally or be induced by radiation therapy during the time of skeletal growth. We have observed exostoses in 28 of 218 children given repeated injections of radioactive bone-seeking 224Ra. The younger the age at irradiation, the higher the incidence of exostoses. Boys are more susceptible than girls. To our knowledge, none of these radiation-induced exostoses have become malignant, although 36 of these children have developed bone sarcomas elsewhere in the skeleton.", "contents": "Exostoses induced by 224Ra (ThX) in children. Exostoses are benign cartilaginous tumors of bone. They can occur naturally or be induced by radiation therapy during the time of skeletal growth. We have observed exostoses in 28 of 218 children given repeated injections of radioactive bone-seeking 224Ra. The younger the age at irradiation, the higher the incidence of exostoses. Boys are more susceptible than girls. To our knowledge, none of these radiation-induced exostoses have become malignant, although 36 of these children have developed bone sarcomas elsewhere in the skeleton.", "PMID": 520366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_333", "title": "Dubin-Johnson syndrome in a neonate.", "content": "We described the clinical and biochemical findings in a 32 day-old boy with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Only two other patients diagnosed as having the Dubin-Johnson syndrome during neonatal period have been reported in the literature. The ratio of urinary coproporphyrin isomer I of our patient was 97% and that of his parents were carrier level, confirming that increased urinary excretion of coproporphyrin isomer I is of diagnostic value in neonates with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "contents": "Dubin-Johnson syndrome in a neonate. We described the clinical and biochemical findings in a 32 day-old boy with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Only two other patients diagnosed as having the Dubin-Johnson syndrome during neonatal period have been reported in the literature. The ratio of urinary coproporphyrin isomer I of our patient was 97% and that of his parents were carrier level, confirming that increased urinary excretion of coproporphyrin isomer I is of diagnostic value in neonates with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "PMID": 520367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_334", "title": "Anxiety and depression in young and middle aged hypertensive and normotensive subjects.", "content": "This study examined the effects of essential hypertension on measures of anxiety and depression for two age groups of hypertensive (free from hypertension-related pathology and/or cardiovascular disease) and normotensive subjects. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher State Anxiety scores and Zung Depression scores than did normotensive subjects. These differences between the blood pressure groups were due largely to the scores of the younger hypertensive subjects. The results of the present study are consistent with previous results from our laboratory that have found that younger hypertensives differed (relative to controls) from middle aged hypertensives on measures, such as, symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index and WAIS Performance scores. The results of the present study were discussed within the context of age associated differences in response to hypertension and factors that might account for these differences.", "contents": "Anxiety and depression in young and middle aged hypertensive and normotensive subjects. This study examined the effects of essential hypertension on measures of anxiety and depression for two age groups of hypertensive (free from hypertension-related pathology and/or cardiovascular disease) and normotensive subjects. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher State Anxiety scores and Zung Depression scores than did normotensive subjects. These differences between the blood pressure groups were due largely to the scores of the younger hypertensive subjects. The results of the present study are consistent with previous results from our laboratory that have found that younger hypertensives differed (relative to controls) from middle aged hypertensives on measures, such as, symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index and WAIS Performance scores. The results of the present study were discussed within the context of age associated differences in response to hypertension and factors that might account for these differences.", "PMID": 520372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_335", "title": "Comprehension and memory of prose materials by young and old adults.", "content": "Twenty-seven young (X- = 27.3 years) and twenty-seven old (X- = 67.7 years) female volunteers participated in a study of the effect of vocabulary level upon memory and comprehension of prose materials. Comprehension was measured by presenting five multiple choice questions simultaneously with half of the prose passages. Memory was measured with the rest of the materials by presenting questions only after a passage was completed and removed from sight. The results indicated that age-related differences varied inversely with vocabulary levels but did not interact with type of task. No significant differences were found between age groups at the highest vocabulary level. The parallel findings for the two tasks suggest that inadequate comprehension represents one major factor underlying age-related differences in the retention of meaningful materials. A second memory task, not dependent upon accuracy of comprehension, indicated age-related differences at all vocabulary levels. This suggests that old adults may also hve deficits in the ability to maintain in store and/or retrieve meaningful materials.", "contents": "Comprehension and memory of prose materials by young and old adults. Twenty-seven young (X- = 27.3 years) and twenty-seven old (X- = 67.7 years) female volunteers participated in a study of the effect of vocabulary level upon memory and comprehension of prose materials. Comprehension was measured by presenting five multiple choice questions simultaneously with half of the prose passages. Memory was measured with the rest of the materials by presenting questions only after a passage was completed and removed from sight. The results indicated that age-related differences varied inversely with vocabulary levels but did not interact with type of task. No significant differences were found between age groups at the highest vocabulary level. The parallel findings for the two tasks suggest that inadequate comprehension represents one major factor underlying age-related differences in the retention of meaningful materials. A second memory task, not dependent upon accuracy of comprehension, indicated age-related differences at all vocabulary levels. This suggests that old adults may also hve deficits in the ability to maintain in store and/or retrieve meaningful materials.", "PMID": 520373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_336", "title": "Future time perspective in later adulthood: review and research directions.", "content": "The degree of experimental and quantitative detail which can be imposed on older adults' temporal experiences remains a significant area for investigation. This paper surveys material related to this general area of study, taking primarily a psychological focus. Review of this literature suggests that while a basic future time orientation is not significantly affected in later life, older adults are at-risk of developing a less extended and less full personal future. However, research has been almost exclusively cross-sectional,, and our empirical knowledge concerning the functional impact of such changes, should they occur, is minimal. In addition, although several correlates of older adults' future time perspective have been reported, normative directions of causal relationship have not been determined. Consequently, while much of our data are varied, interesting, and insightful, they are at present difficult to organize or apply. Research should be pursued on several fronts, including prospective designs, the use of time perspective as a predictor and outcome variable, model development, and close association with temporal concepts in social gerontology.", "contents": "Future time perspective in later adulthood: review and research directions. The degree of experimental and quantitative detail which can be imposed on older adults' temporal experiences remains a significant area for investigation. This paper surveys material related to this general area of study, taking primarily a psychological focus. Review of this literature suggests that while a basic future time orientation is not significantly affected in later life, older adults are at-risk of developing a less extended and less full personal future. However, research has been almost exclusively cross-sectional,, and our empirical knowledge concerning the functional impact of such changes, should they occur, is minimal. In addition, although several correlates of older adults' future time perspective have been reported, normative directions of causal relationship have not been determined. Consequently, while much of our data are varied, interesting, and insightful, they are at present difficult to organize or apply. Research should be pursued on several fronts, including prospective designs, the use of time perspective as a predictor and outcome variable, model development, and close association with temporal concepts in social gerontology.", "PMID": 520374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_337", "title": "Q-technique methodology in the study of healthy aged men: Part I.", "content": "The paper describes the application of the Q-technique to the study of healthy aged men. The research is an NIMH project, and the Q-technique was performed on the initial study done in 1957 (47 Ss across 550 variables). The paper focuses on clusters of interdisciplinary relationships which contained biological and cognitive influences. Twenty-eight out of the 64 clusters fell within this category. This first paper concentrates on methodological precedures and issues, and also presents 6 clusters of output derived from the first two Q-factors. The remaining 22 clusters will be described in subsequent papers.", "contents": "Q-technique methodology in the study of healthy aged men: Part I. The paper describes the application of the Q-technique to the study of healthy aged men. The research is an NIMH project, and the Q-technique was performed on the initial study done in 1957 (47 Ss across 550 variables). The paper focuses on clusters of interdisciplinary relationships which contained biological and cognitive influences. Twenty-eight out of the 64 clusters fell within this category. This first paper concentrates on methodological precedures and issues, and also presents 6 clusters of output derived from the first two Q-factors. The remaining 22 clusters will be described in subsequent papers.", "PMID": 520375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_338", "title": "Measurement of self-concept and self-esteem in older people: state of the art.", "content": "Self-concept and self-esteem instruments used in gerontological research were reviewed. Instruments were found to vary substantially in their conceptualization of self-concept and/or self-esteem as well as in the amount of attention given to assessing their psychometric properties. The assumptions made about the relationship of age to self-concept and/or self-esteem also varied. More careful attention to selection, construction, interpretation, and continued validation of instruments is recommended. Several instruments are particularly recommended for further use in gerontological research.", "contents": "Measurement of self-concept and self-esteem in older people: state of the art. Self-concept and self-esteem instruments used in gerontological research were reviewed. Instruments were found to vary substantially in their conceptualization of self-concept and/or self-esteem as well as in the amount of attention given to assessing their psychometric properties. The assumptions made about the relationship of age to self-concept and/or self-esteem also varied. More careful attention to selection, construction, interpretation, and continued validation of instruments is recommended. Several instruments are particularly recommended for further use in gerontological research.", "PMID": 520376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_339", "title": "Formal education and intellectual functioning in the immigrant Cuban elderly.", "content": "Formal educational experience during childhood and adolescence is an important modifier of intellectual functioning in North American elderly populations. The culture-independence of this relationship was examined with 31 immigrant Cuban elderly men and women who received their education in Cuba. The amount of formal education was significantly related to performance on measures of classification, combinatorial analysis (males only), hypothesis testing, and matrices. An index of fluid intelligence (matrices) also was significantly related to performance on the classification and hypothesis testing tasks. All participants conserved both liquid and mass, thus showing no regression on these two concerete operational tasks.", "contents": "Formal education and intellectual functioning in the immigrant Cuban elderly. Formal educational experience during childhood and adolescence is an important modifier of intellectual functioning in North American elderly populations. The culture-independence of this relationship was examined with 31 immigrant Cuban elderly men and women who received their education in Cuba. The amount of formal education was significantly related to performance on measures of classification, combinatorial analysis (males only), hypothesis testing, and matrices. An index of fluid intelligence (matrices) also was significantly related to performance on the classification and hypothesis testing tasks. All participants conserved both liquid and mass, thus showing no regression on these two concerete operational tasks.", "PMID": 520377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_340", "title": "Effects of word frequency on adult age differences in word memory span.", "content": "The present study tested the hypothesis that the age deficits in memory span commonly found in elderly adults are attributable, at least in part, to elaborative rehearsal processes. The test required an analysis of age differences between young and elderly adult subjects in word span for list types varying in word frequency. Significant age deficits were found for all list types, with the magnitude of the deficit increasing as the frequency of intrastring items increased. The pattern of this interaction indicated the involvement of a decreased proficiency in elaborative rehearsal with increasing age as a contributor to the age deficit in word span.", "contents": "Effects of word frequency on adult age differences in word memory span. The present study tested the hypothesis that the age deficits in memory span commonly found in elderly adults are attributable, at least in part, to elaborative rehearsal processes. The test required an analysis of age differences between young and elderly adult subjects in word span for list types varying in word frequency. Significant age deficits were found for all list types, with the magnitude of the deficit increasing as the frequency of intrastring items increased. The pattern of this interaction indicated the involvement of a decreased proficiency in elaborative rehearsal with increasing age as a contributor to the age deficit in word span.", "PMID": 520378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_341", "title": "Minority women's attitudes about aging.", "content": "Many factors combine to make middle age a critical period with respect to views about aging. To examine the effects of culture, background, and familial characteristics on attitudes toward old age, 304 middle-aged women from Black, Cuban, American Indian, Chicano, and white cultures were studied. A stepwise multiple regression analysis examined the contribution of each variable in the prediction of attitudes toward old age. Attitude toward death, attitude toward family, and church affiliation were found to be important predictors of attitude toward old age. Thus, clinicians dealing with middle-aged women having negative attitudes or fears about aging and old age in general may need to examine family dynamics as well as views about death and dying for possible problems. Where religion is already an integral part of a client's life, perhaps clinicians could use this orientation for added support.", "contents": "Minority women's attitudes about aging. Many factors combine to make middle age a critical period with respect to views about aging. To examine the effects of culture, background, and familial characteristics on attitudes toward old age, 304 middle-aged women from Black, Cuban, American Indian, Chicano, and white cultures were studied. A stepwise multiple regression analysis examined the contribution of each variable in the prediction of attitudes toward old age. Attitude toward death, attitude toward family, and church affiliation were found to be important predictors of attitude toward old age. Thus, clinicians dealing with middle-aged women having negative attitudes or fears about aging and old age in general may need to examine family dynamics as well as views about death and dying for possible problems. Where religion is already an integral part of a client's life, perhaps clinicians could use this orientation for added support.", "PMID": 520379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_342", "title": "Information feedback, reaction time and error rates in young and old subjects.", "content": "Reaction times and error rates in a letter classification task were examined in two groups of subjects, one with a mean age of 20.7 years, the other with a mean age of 63.6 years, under conditions where specific feedback regarding the speed and accuracy of performance on each trial either was or was not provided. Feedback produced a speed-accuracy trade-off for younger subjects. This finding offers no support for the position that feedback results in a general improvement in performance. Older subjects did not show a speed-accuracy trade-off. Rather, feedback resulted in trends toward both longer reaction times and higher error rates. These results are interpreted as showing that feedback has a phasic alerting effect in the younger subjects, but not in the older subjects.", "contents": "Information feedback, reaction time and error rates in young and old subjects. Reaction times and error rates in a letter classification task were examined in two groups of subjects, one with a mean age of 20.7 years, the other with a mean age of 63.6 years, under conditions where specific feedback regarding the speed and accuracy of performance on each trial either was or was not provided. Feedback produced a speed-accuracy trade-off for younger subjects. This finding offers no support for the position that feedback results in a general improvement in performance. Older subjects did not show a speed-accuracy trade-off. Rather, feedback resulted in trends toward both longer reaction times and higher error rates. These results are interpreted as showing that feedback has a phasic alerting effect in the younger subjects, but not in the older subjects.", "PMID": 520380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_343", "title": "Age, sex, and hemisphrere asymmetry differences induced by a concurrent memory processing task.", "content": "Subjects in three age groups matched simultaneously presented pairs of visual words or geometric shape stimuli as belonging in a \"same\" or \"different\" category. No age effects were observed unless subjects were also required to repeat the sequence of the last three \"same-different\" responses immediately following each trial. Cerebral asymmetry effects were expected for the word and shape dimensions, but were not observed. Asymmetry effects for the same-different dimensions were noted and allowed inference regarding serial and parallel processing effects. When required to repeat the sequence of past responses following each trial, older males showed an increase in time to make the same judgments. Older females showed increased right vs left visual field processing times when required to repeat the sequence of same-different responses following each trial.", "contents": "Age, sex, and hemisphrere asymmetry differences induced by a concurrent memory processing task. Subjects in three age groups matched simultaneously presented pairs of visual words or geometric shape stimuli as belonging in a \"same\" or \"different\" category. No age effects were observed unless subjects were also required to repeat the sequence of the last three \"same-different\" responses immediately following each trial. Cerebral asymmetry effects were expected for the word and shape dimensions, but were not observed. Asymmetry effects for the same-different dimensions were noted and allowed inference regarding serial and parallel processing effects. When required to repeat the sequence of past responses following each trial, older males showed an increase in time to make the same judgments. Older females showed increased right vs left visual field processing times when required to repeat the sequence of same-different responses following each trial.", "PMID": 520381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_344", "title": "Intellectual and personality differences between community-living and institutionalized older adult females.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate simultaneously differences between normal institutionalized older adults and community-living older adults with respect to intelligence/cognitive test performance and personality. Participants were 25 community-living females (M age = 72.9 yrs, SD = 6.34) and 25 institutionalized females (M age = 80.0 yrs, SD = 6.46). Intellectual/cognitive ability was assessed by the WAIS, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Form L-M), Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices; personality was assessed by the Hand Test, a projective technique. Several multivariate analyses (discriminant analysis) were conducted. Results suggested that even when controlling for age and level of education, institutionalization appears to be associated with intellectual/cognitive as well as personality deficits. The findings were discussed in terms of the potential implications for the professional working with institutionalized older adults.", "contents": "Intellectual and personality differences between community-living and institutionalized older adult females. The purpose of the present study was to investigate simultaneously differences between normal institutionalized older adults and community-living older adults with respect to intelligence/cognitive test performance and personality. Participants were 25 community-living females (M age = 72.9 yrs, SD = 6.34) and 25 institutionalized females (M age = 80.0 yrs, SD = 6.46). Intellectual/cognitive ability was assessed by the WAIS, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Form L-M), Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices; personality was assessed by the Hand Test, a projective technique. Several multivariate analyses (discriminant analysis) were conducted. Results suggested that even when controlling for age and level of education, institutionalization appears to be associated with intellectual/cognitive as well as personality deficits. The findings were discussed in terms of the potential implications for the professional working with institutionalized older adults.", "PMID": 520382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_345", "title": "Dimensional preferences in middle and old age.", "content": "Dimensional preferences in 40 middle-aged (M = 41.62 years) and 40 elderly (M = 72.22 years) females were assessed using a dimensional choice task. Significant age differences in reaction times of choice but not in number of dimensional choices were obtained. There was a perfect rank-order correspondence between the two age groups in dimensional choices with form being the most preferred and color the least preferred perceptual dimension.", "contents": "Dimensional preferences in middle and old age. Dimensional preferences in 40 middle-aged (M = 41.62 years) and 40 elderly (M = 72.22 years) females were assessed using a dimensional choice task. Significant age differences in reaction times of choice but not in number of dimensional choices were obtained. There was a perfect rank-order correspondence between the two age groups in dimensional choices with form being the most preferred and color the least preferred perceptual dimension.", "PMID": 520383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_346", "title": "Stimulus persistence and age.", "content": "Stimulus persistence theory states that the effects of stimulation are longer lasting in the nervous system of the old person than the younger one. This concept and its relation to perceptual functioning and age was examined via two perceptual aftereffect tasks, the Spiral and the Waterfall. Twenty-four elderly adults (mean age = 65.5) and twenty-four young adults (mean age = 24.8) were each exposed to both stimulus displays, at four exposure durations: 45, 60, 90, and 120 seconds. Following the offset of each display, the duration of any apparent motion aftereffect was recorded. Although on the basis of stimulus persistence theory it was expected that the elderly would exhibit longer mean aftereffects than the young, no support for this hypothesis was noted. Possible explanations of these results and their relation to previous findings, in terms of fatigue effects and sample characteristics, are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulus persistence and age. Stimulus persistence theory states that the effects of stimulation are longer lasting in the nervous system of the old person than the younger one. This concept and its relation to perceptual functioning and age was examined via two perceptual aftereffect tasks, the Spiral and the Waterfall. Twenty-four elderly adults (mean age = 65.5) and twenty-four young adults (mean age = 24.8) were each exposed to both stimulus displays, at four exposure durations: 45, 60, 90, and 120 seconds. Following the offset of each display, the duration of any apparent motion aftereffect was recorded. Although on the basis of stimulus persistence theory it was expected that the elderly would exhibit longer mean aftereffects than the young, no support for this hypothesis was noted. Possible explanations of these results and their relation to previous findings, in terms of fatigue effects and sample characteristics, are discussed.", "PMID": 520384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_347", "title": "EEG alpha slowing, refractory period, and reaction time in aging.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine if a model accounting for reaction time (RT) on the basis of the EEG alpha rhythm and refractory period (RP) could predict RT in young and old adult subjects. Ten male university undergraduates and ten community residing males over  the age of 65 had resting EEG recorded at right and left occipital sites. Mean alpha frequency was 1.2 Hz slower in old subjects. RT and RP were assessed in a warned  RT paradigm. Sixty-four trials of each of a 50, 100, 250, and 500 msec inter-stimulus interval (ISI) were presented in random order. The model was useful in predicting the magnitude of the age difference in RT and the difference in RT between the 50 and 100 msec ISI. However, old subjects were not disproportionately slowed at the 100 msec ISI as the model would predict and all RTs were underestimated. Thus, while a model using EEG alpha period and RP to predict age differences in RT has some weaknesses, it is useful enough to warrant additional examination.", "contents": "EEG alpha slowing, refractory period, and reaction time in aging. The present study was undertaken to determine if a model accounting for reaction time (RT) on the basis of the EEG alpha rhythm and refractory period (RP) could predict RT in young and old adult subjects. Ten male university undergraduates and ten community residing males over  the age of 65 had resting EEG recorded at right and left occipital sites. Mean alpha frequency was 1.2 Hz slower in old subjects. RT and RP were assessed in a warned  RT paradigm. Sixty-four trials of each of a 50, 100, 250, and 500 msec inter-stimulus interval (ISI) were presented in random order. The model was useful in predicting the magnitude of the age difference in RT and the difference in RT between the 50 and 100 msec ISI. However, old subjects were not disproportionately slowed at the 100 msec ISI as the model would predict and all RTs were underestimated. Thus, while a model using EEG alpha period and RP to predict age differences in RT has some weaknesses, it is useful enough to warrant additional examination.", "PMID": 520385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_348", "title": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on serum prolactin in non-psychotic organic brain syndrome of the elderly.", "content": "A compound of ergot alkaloids (Hydergine-Sandoz) or placebo was given to sixty elderly nursing home patients with non-psychotic organic brain syndrome. Subsequent to 12 weeks of treatment, the mean serum prolactin of the drug was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. No correlation was found between changes in prolactin and changes in behavior using Sandoz Assessment of Clinical Status Rating Form-Geriatric [SCAG]. It may be that a higher dose of Hydergine with an accompanying greater drop in prolactin would be required to observe this effect.", "contents": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on serum prolactin in non-psychotic organic brain syndrome of the elderly. A compound of ergot alkaloids (Hydergine-Sandoz) or placebo was given to sixty elderly nursing home patients with non-psychotic organic brain syndrome. Subsequent to 12 weeks of treatment, the mean serum prolactin of the drug was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. No correlation was found between changes in prolactin and changes in behavior using Sandoz Assessment of Clinical Status Rating Form-Geriatric [SCAG]. It may be that a higher dose of Hydergine with an accompanying greater drop in prolactin would be required to observe this effect.", "PMID": 520386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_349", "title": "Relationship of age and hypertension to neuropsychological test performance.", "content": "Young adult (X- = 29) and middle aged (X- =50) hypertensive and normotensive subjects were compared with respect to seven neuropsychological test scores derived from tests on the Halstead-Reitan battery. Age main effects, with inferior performance for the middle aged subjects, were observed for the localization and time portions of the Tactile Performance Test (TPT) and for the Trail Making A test. The multivariate age effect was significant for the composite of seven scores. A multivariate blood pressure main effect was obtained and main effect blood pressure was significant for the category test; hypertensives made more errors than normotensives. A blood pressure by age interaction was observed for finger tapping scores and the TPT-Memory scores with larger differences between hypertensives and normotensives for the younger than for the middle aged group. Results were discussed in terms of previous studies of age and hypertension with the WAIS, the Primary Mental Abilities Test and serial reaction time measures. The poor prediction of hypertensive status from individual neuropsychological test scores was emphasized and readers were cautioned not to conclude that essential hypertensives, as a group, can be characterized as brain damaged.", "contents": "Relationship of age and hypertension to neuropsychological test performance. Young adult (X- = 29) and middle aged (X- =50) hypertensive and normotensive subjects were compared with respect to seven neuropsychological test scores derived from tests on the Halstead-Reitan battery. Age main effects, with inferior performance for the middle aged subjects, were observed for the localization and time portions of the Tactile Performance Test (TPT) and for the Trail Making A test. The multivariate age effect was significant for the composite of seven scores. A multivariate blood pressure main effect was obtained and main effect blood pressure was significant for the category test; hypertensives made more errors than normotensives. A blood pressure by age interaction was observed for finger tapping scores and the TPT-Memory scores with larger differences between hypertensives and normotensives for the younger than for the middle aged group. Results were discussed in terms of previous studies of age and hypertension with the WAIS, the Primary Mental Abilities Test and serial reaction time measures. The poor prediction of hypertensive status from individual neuropsychological test scores was emphasized and readers were cautioned not to conclude that essential hypertensives, as a group, can be characterized as brain damaged.", "PMID": 520387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_350", "title": "Age dependent changes in the sperm population and fertility in the male rat.", "content": "The entire reproductive tract was devoid of spermatozoa during the first 42 days of life. The first appearance of spermatozoa was detected in the caput epididymidis of 45-day old rats and in the cauda epididymidis of 52-day or older rats. The number of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract increased with age. The sperm population reached its maximum in the caput epididymidis by day-72 and in the caud epididymidis by day-100. These high levels were maintained beyond 450 days of age. Fifty-two day old male rats failed to impregnate the female. Although male rats of 62-500 days were able to sire litters, the peak reproductive period was found to be between days 100-270, during which the number of young per litter ranged between 11-16. Towards advanced age the litter size dropped to 8. The lower fertility in the males of advanced age might be due to a lower proportion of fertile spermatozoa, a change in the physiology of epididymis or an altered sperm transport in the reproductive tract.", "contents": "Age dependent changes in the sperm population and fertility in the male rat. The entire reproductive tract was devoid of spermatozoa during the first 42 days of life. The first appearance of spermatozoa was detected in the caput epididymidis of 45-day old rats and in the cauda epididymidis of 52-day or older rats. The number of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract increased with age. The sperm population reached its maximum in the caput epididymidis by day-72 and in the caud epididymidis by day-100. These high levels were maintained beyond 450 days of age. Fifty-two day old male rats failed to impregnate the female. Although male rats of 62-500 days were able to sire litters, the peak reproductive period was found to be between days 100-270, during which the number of young per litter ranged between 11-16. Towards advanced age the litter size dropped to 8. The lower fertility in the males of advanced age might be due to a lower proportion of fertile spermatozoa, a change in the physiology of epididymis or an altered sperm transport in the reproductive tract.", "PMID": 520388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_351", "title": "A questionnaire assessment of age differences in retention of recent and remote events.", "content": "Age-related differences in memory for recently and remotely dated events have been evaluated through questionnaire assessment. Results from previous studies employing the technique differ in the analysis of retrieval of recent and remote events. In attempting to reconcile extant results from the literature, the following study employed a group of healthy males ranging in age from 26 to 69. The results showed: 1. The elderly exhibited no impairment of the ability to remember recent colloquial events. 2. The elderly's surprisingly accurate recall of remote events was not a product of selective and frequent rehearsal.", "contents": "A questionnaire assessment of age differences in retention of recent and remote events. Age-related differences in memory for recently and remotely dated events have been evaluated through questionnaire assessment. Results from previous studies employing the technique differ in the analysis of retrieval of recent and remote events. In attempting to reconcile extant results from the literature, the following study employed a group of healthy males ranging in age from 26 to 69. The results showed: 1. The elderly exhibited no impairment of the ability to remember recent colloquial events. 2. The elderly's surprisingly accurate recall of remote events was not a product of selective and frequent rehearsal.", "PMID": 520389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_352", "title": "Age differences in dark-interval threshold across the life-span.", "content": "The threshold for the dark interval between two flashes was used to examine differences in stimulus persistence in 72 subjects aged 20 to 79 years. The data were then combined with results from two previous studies involving children and adolescents; thus, a cross sectional, adult, life-span view of differences in the dark-interval threshold was presented. Results showed that during childhood and adolescence there is a decline in stimulus persistence as a result of decreased receptor sensitivity. In adulthood, however, the dark-interval threshold remains fairly stable until the 70s where it increases significantly. Two possible explanations for this increase in stimulus persistence in old age are discussed.", "contents": "Age differences in dark-interval threshold across the life-span. The threshold for the dark interval between two flashes was used to examine differences in stimulus persistence in 72 subjects aged 20 to 79 years. The data were then combined with results from two previous studies involving children and adolescents; thus, a cross sectional, adult, life-span view of differences in the dark-interval threshold was presented. Results showed that during childhood and adolescence there is a decline in stimulus persistence as a result of decreased receptor sensitivity. In adulthood, however, the dark-interval threshold remains fairly stable until the 70s where it increases significantly. Two possible explanations for this increase in stimulus persistence in old age are discussed.", "PMID": 520390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_353", "title": "A brief note on a preliminary study of life satisfaction for male university faculty of differing chronological ages.", "content": "Male faculty of a large southeastern university were surveyed in order to determine the relationship between life satisfaction and chronological age for a relatively homogeneous population. It was found that satisfaction increased linearly with age for this group. However, the relationship was so slight it was suggested that differences in chronological age did not account for a meaningful amount of the variance in life satisfaction. This is consistent with results obtained for larger segments of the population. Suggestions for further research are provided.", "contents": "A brief note on a preliminary study of life satisfaction for male university faculty of differing chronological ages. Male faculty of a large southeastern university were surveyed in order to determine the relationship between life satisfaction and chronological age for a relatively homogeneous population. It was found that satisfaction increased linearly with age for this group. However, the relationship was so slight it was suggested that differences in chronological age did not account for a meaningful amount of the variance in life satisfaction. This is consistent with results obtained for larger segments of the population. Suggestions for further research are provided.", "PMID": 520391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_354", "title": "Effects of labetalol and propranolol on blood pressure at rest and during isometric and dynamic exercise.", "content": "The influence of intravenous labetalol and propranolol on the blood pressure response to isometric and dynamic exercise was examined in a double blind study in eight, young, normotensive volunteers. Effects were recorded after propranolol 7.5, 15 and 30 mg i. v., and after labetalol 30, 60 and 120 mg i. v. In control experiments saline was administered. Mean blood pressure rose with successive handgrip tests following saline and propranolol, but not after labetalol, and the difference was significant. The total dose of each drug produced the same reduction in heart rate during sub-maximal bicycle exercise. The exercise-induced systolic blood pressure response did not differ between the drugs.", "contents": "Effects of labetalol and propranolol on blood pressure at rest and during isometric and dynamic exercise. The influence of intravenous labetalol and propranolol on the blood pressure response to isometric and dynamic exercise was examined in a double blind study in eight, young, normotensive volunteers. Effects were recorded after propranolol 7.5, 15 and 30 mg i. v., and after labetalol 30, 60 and 120 mg i. v. In control experiments saline was administered. Mean blood pressure rose with successive handgrip tests following saline and propranolol, but not after labetalol, and the difference was significant. The total dose of each drug produced the same reduction in heart rate during sub-maximal bicycle exercise. The exercise-induced systolic blood pressure response did not differ between the drugs.", "PMID": 520397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_355", "title": "Effect of oral labetalol on plasma catecholamines, renin and aldosterone in patients with severe arterial hypertension.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure and plasma catecholamines, renin activity and aldosterone concentration in 12 patients with severe essential hypertension were studied before and after combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockage induced by oral labetalol treatment for 2 months. Furosemide in a fixed dose was employed as a basic antihypertensive agent throughout the study. Blood pressure was adequately controlled in only 6 patients. Mean body weight increased by 1.8 kg and there was a rise in body weight which was inversely correlated with the fall in standing mean blood pressure. The mean plasma noradrenaline concentration decreased from 0.30 to 0.20 ng/ml, whereas plasma adrenaline did not change significantly. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration varied greatly, but the mean values did not change significantly. Change in body weight was correlated inversely with changes in plasma noradrenaline and renin. The results suggest that labetalol, through its combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking action, induces a rise in body weight, probably due to sodium and fluid retention, which partly counterbalances the antihypertensive effect of labetalol, and partly modifies both renin and sympathetic nervous activity.", "contents": "Effect of oral labetalol on plasma catecholamines, renin and aldosterone in patients with severe arterial hypertension. Arterial blood pressure and plasma catecholamines, renin activity and aldosterone concentration in 12 patients with severe essential hypertension were studied before and after combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockage induced by oral labetalol treatment for 2 months. Furosemide in a fixed dose was employed as a basic antihypertensive agent throughout the study. Blood pressure was adequately controlled in only 6 patients. Mean body weight increased by 1.8 kg and there was a rise in body weight which was inversely correlated with the fall in standing mean blood pressure. The mean plasma noradrenaline concentration decreased from 0.30 to 0.20 ng/ml, whereas plasma adrenaline did not change significantly. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration varied greatly, but the mean values did not change significantly. Change in body weight was correlated inversely with changes in plasma noradrenaline and renin. The results suggest that labetalol, through its combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking action, induces a rise in body weight, probably due to sodium and fluid retention, which partly counterbalances the antihypertensive effect of labetalol, and partly modifies both renin and sympathetic nervous activity.", "PMID": 520398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_356", "title": "Food-induced reduction in bioavailability of atenolol.", "content": "The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker atenolol was assessed by measurement of its single-dose kinetics in ten healthy volunteers, who took 100 mg both in the fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Food intake significantly shortened the time to reach peak concentration (2.7 h vs 1.5 h), but caused a significant reduction in AUC values, the mean decrease being 20%. The elimination half-life was unaffected. Atenolol, which is relatively hydrophilic, is incompletely absorbed in the fasting state, and escapes first-pass metabolism. The present findings indicate that food intake causes further impairment of its absorption, even though the absorption rate may initially be enhanced. This contrasts with previous observations on the more lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blockers propranolol and metoprolol.", "contents": "Food-induced reduction in bioavailability of atenolol. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker atenolol was assessed by measurement of its single-dose kinetics in ten healthy volunteers, who took 100 mg both in the fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Food intake significantly shortened the time to reach peak concentration (2.7 h vs 1.5 h), but caused a significant reduction in AUC values, the mean decrease being 20%. The elimination half-life was unaffected. Atenolol, which is relatively hydrophilic, is incompletely absorbed in the fasting state, and escapes first-pass metabolism. The present findings indicate that food intake causes further impairment of its absorption, even though the absorption rate may initially be enhanced. This contrasts with previous observations on the more lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blockers propranolol and metoprolol.", "PMID": 520399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_357", "title": "Multicompartment pharmacokinetics of netilmicin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of netilmicin (NM) was studied in 6 healthy volunteers. Elimination of the drug was followed in serum and urine for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. NM concentrations were measured with a modified radioenzymatic assay. A three compartment open model was employed to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Following the rapid initial distribution, biphasic elimination with half lives of 1.99 (t 1/2 beta) and 36.89 h (t 1/2 gamma) was demonstrated. Measurable amounts of NM were excreted in the urine for up to 72 h. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of 0.68 l/kg was 3 to 4 times larger than previously reported for this antibiotic. NM plasma clearance was 91 ml/min and the renal clearance was 67 ml/min. The data indicate that on repetitive dosing the amount of drug in the body would be considerably underestimated if the prolonged terminal elimination phase were not taken into account. During prolonged treatment, accumulation of NM in renal and other tissues is likely to occur, as has been described for other aminoglycosides. The possible consequences of this pharmacokinetic behaviour are discussed.", "contents": "Multicompartment pharmacokinetics of netilmicin. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of netilmicin (NM) was studied in 6 healthy volunteers. Elimination of the drug was followed in serum and urine for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. NM concentrations were measured with a modified radioenzymatic assay. A three compartment open model was employed to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Following the rapid initial distribution, biphasic elimination with half lives of 1.99 (t 1/2 beta) and 36.89 h (t 1/2 gamma) was demonstrated. Measurable amounts of NM were excreted in the urine for up to 72 h. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of 0.68 l/kg was 3 to 4 times larger than previously reported for this antibiotic. NM plasma clearance was 91 ml/min and the renal clearance was 67 ml/min. The data indicate that on repetitive dosing the amount of drug in the body would be considerably underestimated if the prolonged terminal elimination phase were not taken into account. During prolonged treatment, accumulation of NM in renal and other tissues is likely to occur, as has been described for other aminoglycosides. The possible consequences of this pharmacokinetic behaviour are discussed.", "PMID": 520400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_358", "title": "The binding of gitoxin to human plasma proteins.", "content": "The binding of gitoxin, digitoxin and digoxin to human plasma proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium dialysis. At concentrations in the range of therapeutic plasma levels, protein binding amounted, respectively, to 85, 92 and 20%, the last two values being consistent with data reported in the literature. The affinity of purified human albumin was not significantly different for the three cardiac glycosides tested. No other protein than albumin was found to bind gitoxin in human plasma.", "contents": "The binding of gitoxin to human plasma proteins. The binding of gitoxin, digitoxin and digoxin to human plasma proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium dialysis. At concentrations in the range of therapeutic plasma levels, protein binding amounted, respectively, to 85, 92 and 20%, the last two values being consistent with data reported in the literature. The affinity of purified human albumin was not significantly different for the three cardiac glycosides tested. No other protein than albumin was found to bind gitoxin in human plasma.", "PMID": 520402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_359", "title": "Bioavailability of oral testosterone in males.", "content": "Twenty-six male volunteers received a single oral dose of testosterone as free crystals or as the undecanoate ester. The latter was given either in crystalline form or in arachis oil. All preparations were tested three times in the same individual, whilst fasting on 2 days and on one day together with a breakfast rich in fat. Serum testosterone concentration was measured at intervals for up to 6--24 h after the dose. A significant and reproducible rise in serum testosterone level was found after ingestion of free testosterone. Testosterone esterified with undecylenic acid was only effective when administered in arachis oil. The meal increased the bioavailability of the ester, but had hardly any effect on that of the free hormone. It is concluded that bioavailability of oral testosterone can be improved by pharmaceutical means to an extent sufficient to produce adequate blood levels in substitution therapy.", "contents": "Bioavailability of oral testosterone in males. Twenty-six male volunteers received a single oral dose of testosterone as free crystals or as the undecanoate ester. The latter was given either in crystalline form or in arachis oil. All preparations were tested three times in the same individual, whilst fasting on 2 days and on one day together with a breakfast rich in fat. Serum testosterone concentration was measured at intervals for up to 6--24 h after the dose. A significant and reproducible rise in serum testosterone level was found after ingestion of free testosterone. Testosterone esterified with undecylenic acid was only effective when administered in arachis oil. The meal increased the bioavailability of the ester, but had hardly any effect on that of the free hormone. It is concluded that bioavailability of oral testosterone can be improved by pharmaceutical means to an extent sufficient to produce adequate blood levels in substitution therapy.", "PMID": 520403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_360", "title": "Method of estimating the disposition of drugs in the Danish population by sampling reimbursed prescriptions.", "content": "A method by which for a small cost it is possible to obtain a quantitative expression for the utilization, disposition and cost of drugs in a Danish county of 500,000 inhabitants. The procedure makes it possible to follow reimbursed preparations, i. e., drugs considered essential for the treatment of diseases. The sale, in D kr., of reimbursed preparations to individuals comprises about 80% of the sale of preparations requiring prescription. And in turn the sale of the latter amounts to 80% of total drug sales to single subjects. The method is based on systematic utilization of all the information available on each prescription; concepts of 'Entry Parameters', 'Calculated Units' and 'Derived Units' was discussed; the 'units' concern frequency of prescription and age- and sex specific dose-frequencies (weight units or defined daily doses -- DDD's). The possibility of creating a base for calculation of the frequency of certain diseases and of side-effects of drugs is mentioned, and examples of the application of the method to certain categories of patients and to certain drugs are given. From limitations of the method it is concluded that it should be considered as a supplement to other complete methods for the study of drug consumption.", "contents": "Method of estimating the disposition of drugs in the Danish population by sampling reimbursed prescriptions. A method by which for a small cost it is possible to obtain a quantitative expression for the utilization, disposition and cost of drugs in a Danish county of 500,000 inhabitants. The procedure makes it possible to follow reimbursed preparations, i. e., drugs considered essential for the treatment of diseases. The sale, in D kr., of reimbursed preparations to individuals comprises about 80% of the sale of preparations requiring prescription. And in turn the sale of the latter amounts to 80% of total drug sales to single subjects. The method is based on systematic utilization of all the information available on each prescription; concepts of 'Entry Parameters', 'Calculated Units' and 'Derived Units' was discussed; the 'units' concern frequency of prescription and age- and sex specific dose-frequencies (weight units or defined daily doses -- DDD's). The possibility of creating a base for calculation of the frequency of certain diseases and of side-effects of drugs is mentioned, and examples of the application of the method to certain categories of patients and to certain drugs are given. From limitations of the method it is concluded that it should be considered as a supplement to other complete methods for the study of drug consumption.", "PMID": 520405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_361", "title": "Cytotoxicity of human mononuclear cells against chicken and human red blood cells, induced by treatment of the effector cells with phospholipase C.", "content": "Human mononuclear cells from peripheral blood which were treated with phospholipase C (PLC), became cytotoxic against human or chicken red blood cells. PLC-induced cellular cytotoxicity against human red blood cells was further analyzed and compared to anti-D-mediated, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), using the same target cells. ADCC, but not cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells, was inhibited by free IgG. In addition, iodoacetate strongly enhanced PLC-induced cytotoxicity, but blocked ADCC completely. Addition of fetal calf serum or human AB serum impaired PLC-induced cytotoxicity. A similar inhibition was found by adding lecithin liposomes suggesting that the inhibitory effect of sera was also due to their phospholipid content. The data show that cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells can be clearly distinguished from cellular cytotoxicity, occurring spontaneously or induced by target cell antibodies. We favor the notion that cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells against human erythrocytes is due to the action of PLC, adsorbed to the effector cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of human mononuclear cells against chicken and human red blood cells, induced by treatment of the effector cells with phospholipase C. Human mononuclear cells from peripheral blood which were treated with phospholipase C (PLC), became cytotoxic against human or chicken red blood cells. PLC-induced cellular cytotoxicity against human red blood cells was further analyzed and compared to anti-D-mediated, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), using the same target cells. ADCC, but not cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells, was inhibited by free IgG. In addition, iodoacetate strongly enhanced PLC-induced cytotoxicity, but blocked ADCC completely. Addition of fetal calf serum or human AB serum impaired PLC-induced cytotoxicity. A similar inhibition was found by adding lecithin liposomes suggesting that the inhibitory effect of sera was also due to their phospholipid content. The data show that cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells can be clearly distinguished from cellular cytotoxicity, occurring spontaneously or induced by target cell antibodies. We favor the notion that cytotoxicity of PLC-treated effector cells against human erythrocytes is due to the action of PLC, adsorbed to the effector cells.", "PMID": 520407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_362", "title": "Regulation of tumor growth and antibody clone expression by antigen and anti-idiotype antibody ligands with specificity for receptor-binding sites.", "content": "Dextran ligands, modified to increase epitope reactivity with receptors, were more effective in suppressing BALB/c mouse plasmacytomas MOPC 104 E and J-558, which bind alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran and have an idiotype (Id) in the common, than autoantibody (Ab) against the Id unique to each of the proteins secreted by the two tumors (the (IdI). BALC/c immunized with 104 E myeloma protein and expressing an antibody response to the 104 E IdI exhibited a specific, anti-104 E IdI transplantation resistance to lethal grafts of 104 E, but not J-558, tumors notwithstanding the shared common Id and similar ability to bind alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran. This autoantibody did not prevent modulation of the 104 E tumor to variant forms or the growth of the variants. On challenge with alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran, the immunized mice expressing the anti-104 C IdI responses failed to express the 104 D IdI-like antibody clone present in the normal, anti-alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran antibody repertoire. Passive, iso-anti-104 E IdI antibody had a transitory suppressive effect on the normal, 104 E IdI-like antibody clone but failed to circumvent 104 E tumor growth. It is apparent that the greater effectiveness of ligands strongly reactive in a nonphysiological manner with the tumor receptors lies in the stabilization of the tumor load without inducing variant escape or a disturbance of the immune network, and that receptor expression and malignancy state are not necessarily co-extensive functions.", "contents": "Regulation of tumor growth and antibody clone expression by antigen and anti-idiotype antibody ligands with specificity for receptor-binding sites. Dextran ligands, modified to increase epitope reactivity with receptors, were more effective in suppressing BALB/c mouse plasmacytomas MOPC 104 E and J-558, which bind alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran and have an idiotype (Id) in the common, than autoantibody (Ab) against the Id unique to each of the proteins secreted by the two tumors (the (IdI). BALC/c immunized with 104 E myeloma protein and expressing an antibody response to the 104 E IdI exhibited a specific, anti-104 E IdI transplantation resistance to lethal grafts of 104 E, but not J-558, tumors notwithstanding the shared common Id and similar ability to bind alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran. This autoantibody did not prevent modulation of the 104 E tumor to variant forms or the growth of the variants. On challenge with alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran, the immunized mice expressing the anti-104 C IdI responses failed to express the 104 D IdI-like antibody clone present in the normal, anti-alpha (1 leads to 3) dextran antibody repertoire. Passive, iso-anti-104 E IdI antibody had a transitory suppressive effect on the normal, 104 E IdI-like antibody clone but failed to circumvent 104 E tumor growth. It is apparent that the greater effectiveness of ligands strongly reactive in a nonphysiological manner with the tumor receptors lies in the stabilization of the tumor load without inducing variant escape or a disturbance of the immune network, and that receptor expression and malignancy state are not necessarily co-extensive functions.", "PMID": 520408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_363", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on the isolated pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "In pregnant rat myometrium, isoproterenol (10(-8) M) inhibited spontaneous contractions without causing hyperpolarization. Isoproterenol (10(-6) M) relaxed the depolarized muscle without affecting the membrane potential. The presence of 80 mM Na+ did not affect the degree of high-K+ depolarization. It was also without any influence on the effects of isoproterenol on the depolarized uterus. The results are consistent with the concept that hyperpolarization is not a prerequisite for beta-adrenoceptor induced relaxation of uterine smooth muscle.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on the isolated pregnant rat myometrium. In pregnant rat myometrium, isoproterenol (10(-8) M) inhibited spontaneous contractions without causing hyperpolarization. Isoproterenol (10(-6) M) relaxed the depolarized muscle without affecting the membrane potential. The presence of 80 mM Na+ did not affect the degree of high-K+ depolarization. It was also without any influence on the effects of isoproterenol on the depolarized uterus. The results are consistent with the concept that hyperpolarization is not a prerequisite for beta-adrenoceptor induced relaxation of uterine smooth muscle.", "PMID": 520410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_364", "title": "Glycine stimulates the spontaneous release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine in rat striatal slices.", "content": "Glycine (5 X 10(-5) M) stimulated the spontaneous release of 3H-DA continuously synthesized from 3H-tyrosine in striatal slices. This effect was calcium-dependent and significantly reduced in the presence of strychnine (10(-5) M). The glycine-evoked release of 3H-DA was no longer seen in the presence of tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-7) M).", "contents": "Glycine stimulates the spontaneous release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine in rat striatal slices. Glycine (5 X 10(-5) M) stimulated the spontaneous release of 3H-DA continuously synthesized from 3H-tyrosine in striatal slices. This effect was calcium-dependent and significantly reduced in the presence of strychnine (10(-5) M). The glycine-evoked release of 3H-DA was no longer seen in the presence of tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-7) M).", "PMID": 520411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_365", "title": "Antagonism by d,1-propranolol of imipramine effects in mice.", "content": "Three agents with known or suspected antidepressant activity, imipramine, salbutamol and dexamphetamine, were active in animal tests predictive of an antidepressant effect in man: antagonism of the hypothermia induced by reserpine, by oxotremorine or by a high dose of apomorphine, and the potentiation of the yohimbine-induced toxicity. These effects were antagonized by d,1-propranolol, suggesting that the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors could be a common mechanism underlying their effects. These results agree with the noradrenergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of affective disorders.", "contents": "Antagonism by d,1-propranolol of imipramine effects in mice. Three agents with known or suspected antidepressant activity, imipramine, salbutamol and dexamphetamine, were active in animal tests predictive of an antidepressant effect in man: antagonism of the hypothermia induced by reserpine, by oxotremorine or by a high dose of apomorphine, and the potentiation of the yohimbine-induced toxicity. These effects were antagonized by d,1-propranolol, suggesting that the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors could be a common mechanism underlying their effects. These results agree with the noradrenergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of affective disorders.", "PMID": 520412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_366", "title": "The effect of verapamil on the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat in vivo.", "content": "The effects of verapamil on the force of contraction of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the cat were examined in vivo. The rapid intra-arterial administration of verapamil (100-800 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in the contractile force of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles stimulated supramaximally via their nerves. Verapamil also potentiated twitch tension in d-tubocurarine-treated, directly stimulated soleus preparations. This agent had no effect, however, on the contractile force of 14- to 16-day chronically denervated, directly stimulated soleus muscle. Verapamil (400 microgram/kg, i.a.) also produced a significant increase in muscle action potential duration while having no effect on amplitudes, rise times or resting membrane potential. It is concluded that verapamil acts directly on innervated skeletal muscle to increase muscle force and it is suggested that the probable site of action is at the muscle membrane.", "contents": "The effect of verapamil on the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat in vivo. The effects of verapamil on the force of contraction of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the cat were examined in vivo. The rapid intra-arterial administration of verapamil (100-800 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in the contractile force of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles stimulated supramaximally via their nerves. Verapamil also potentiated twitch tension in d-tubocurarine-treated, directly stimulated soleus preparations. This agent had no effect, however, on the contractile force of 14- to 16-day chronically denervated, directly stimulated soleus muscle. Verapamil (400 microgram/kg, i.a.) also produced a significant increase in muscle action potential duration while having no effect on amplitudes, rise times or resting membrane potential. It is concluded that verapamil acts directly on innervated skeletal muscle to increase muscle force and it is suggested that the probable site of action is at the muscle membrane.", "PMID": 520414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_367", "title": "Effects of clonidine and chlorpromazine on a sympathetic-cholinergic reflex.", "content": "Intravenous administration of clonidine and chlorpromazine resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the amplitude of reflexly evoked electrodermal responses in intact and spinal cats. Yohimbine pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the effects of clonidine but not chlorpromazine in both preparations. These findings confirm and expand previous observations that both clonidine and chlorpromazine inhibit the amplitude of centrally evoked responses in this sympathetic-cholinergic system. In addition, both drugs appeared to have a spinal site of action. The antagonism of the effects of clonidine by yohimbine suggests that the mechanism of the action of clonidine may be a result of activation of central inhibitory alpha-adrenergic receptors. The failure of yohimbine to antagonize the effects of chlorpromazine suggests that clonidine and chlorpromazine may depress these sympathetic reflexes by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine and chlorpromazine on a sympathetic-cholinergic reflex. Intravenous administration of clonidine and chlorpromazine resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the amplitude of reflexly evoked electrodermal responses in intact and spinal cats. Yohimbine pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the effects of clonidine but not chlorpromazine in both preparations. These findings confirm and expand previous observations that both clonidine and chlorpromazine inhibit the amplitude of centrally evoked responses in this sympathetic-cholinergic system. In addition, both drugs appeared to have a spinal site of action. The antagonism of the effects of clonidine by yohimbine suggests that the mechanism of the action of clonidine may be a result of activation of central inhibitory alpha-adrenergic receptors. The failure of yohimbine to antagonize the effects of chlorpromazine suggests that clonidine and chlorpromazine may depress these sympathetic reflexes by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 520415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_368", "title": "Antimyoclonic action of clonazepam: the role of serotonin.", "content": "Clonazepam (5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro 2H-1,4 benzodiazepin-2-one) (2 mg/kg) reduced a p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus in mice by 50%. This antimyoclonic action of clonazepam was counteracted by the serotonin (5-HT) receptor blockers methysergide, metergoline and cinnanserin and potentiated by the 5-HT uptake inhibitors fluoxetine and chlorimipramine. Clonazepam (4 mg/kg) reduced plasma tryptophan by 27%, but had no effect on brain tryptopham, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HT synthesis and 3H-5-HT receptor binding. Clonazepam (10(-5) M) inhibited brain synaptosomal 3H-5-HT uptake by 23% and increased 3H-5-HT release by 24%. However, 2-8 mg/kg of clonazepam administered intraperitoneally had no effect on 5-HT uptake or release. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists (muscimol, acetylenic GABA, amino-oxyacetic acid) and the GABA antagonists bicuculline and isoniazid had no effect on p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus. Furthermore, bicuculline did not counteract the antimyoclonic effect of clonazepam. We suggest that the antimyoclonic action of clonazepam is mediated by enhancement of serotonergic rather than GABAergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Antimyoclonic action of clonazepam: the role of serotonin. Clonazepam (5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro 2H-1,4 benzodiazepin-2-one) (2 mg/kg) reduced a p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus in mice by 50%. This antimyoclonic action of clonazepam was counteracted by the serotonin (5-HT) receptor blockers methysergide, metergoline and cinnanserin and potentiated by the 5-HT uptake inhibitors fluoxetine and chlorimipramine. Clonazepam (4 mg/kg) reduced plasma tryptophan by 27%, but had no effect on brain tryptopham, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HT synthesis and 3H-5-HT receptor binding. Clonazepam (10(-5) M) inhibited brain synaptosomal 3H-5-HT uptake by 23% and increased 3H-5-HT release by 24%. However, 2-8 mg/kg of clonazepam administered intraperitoneally had no effect on 5-HT uptake or release. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists (muscimol, acetylenic GABA, amino-oxyacetic acid) and the GABA antagonists bicuculline and isoniazid had no effect on p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus. Furthermore, bicuculline did not counteract the antimyoclonic effect of clonazepam. We suggest that the antimyoclonic action of clonazepam is mediated by enhancement of serotonergic rather than GABAergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 520416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_369", "title": "Species variation in dopamine receptor binding.", "content": "Binding of 3H-spiroperidol, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene) associated with dopamine receptors has been evaluated in corpus striatal membranes of calf, rat and human brains. Substantial species differences are apparent for numberous agonists and antagonists in competing for receptor binding. In general, dopamine receptor antagonists are more potent in rat and agonists more potent in calf. In competing for 3H-spiroperidol binding sulpiride, molindone and metaclopramide show the most pronounced species differences, being 3--10 times more potent in rat and human than in calf. In all three species agonists compete for 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients less than one while antagonists inhibit 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients of about 1.0. Conversely, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN binding in all three species is inhibited by antagonists with Hill coefficients less than 1.0 while agonists display Hill coefficients of about 1.0. In general agonists are more potent in competing for binding of 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN than 3H-spiroperidol. However, a small component of dopamine, apomorphine and ADTN inhibition of 3H-spiroperidol binding displays very high affinity (IC50 about 1 nM). In human amygdala 3H-spiroperidol appears to label serotonin receptors predominantly.", "contents": "Species variation in dopamine receptor binding. Binding of 3H-spiroperidol, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene) associated with dopamine receptors has been evaluated in corpus striatal membranes of calf, rat and human brains. Substantial species differences are apparent for numberous agonists and antagonists in competing for receptor binding. In general, dopamine receptor antagonists are more potent in rat and agonists more potent in calf. In competing for 3H-spiroperidol binding sulpiride, molindone and metaclopramide show the most pronounced species differences, being 3--10 times more potent in rat and human than in calf. In all three species agonists compete for 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients less than one while antagonists inhibit 3H-spiroperidol binding with Hill coefficients of about 1.0. Conversely, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN binding in all three species is inhibited by antagonists with Hill coefficients less than 1.0 while agonists display Hill coefficients of about 1.0. In general agonists are more potent in competing for binding of 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN than 3H-spiroperidol. However, a small component of dopamine, apomorphine and ADTN inhibition of 3H-spiroperidol binding displays very high affinity (IC50 about 1 nM). In human amygdala 3H-spiroperidol appears to label serotonin receptors predominantly.", "PMID": 520417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_370", "title": "Antagonism of cholecystokinin-like peptides by opioid peptides, morphine or tetrodotoxin.", "content": "Morphine, beta-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, and Leu-enkephalin antagonized intestinal actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), caerulein, and pentagastrin in a manner partly suggesting physiologically competitive antagonism. Further, these acidic peptides (CCK-8, caerulein, pentagastrin) were much more sensitive to the actions of opioids than was angiotensin. Tetrodotoxin also caused changes in the concentration-effect curves, but these were different from the shifts due to the opioids and differentiated between CCK-8, caerulein, and pentagastrin. Naloxone did not modify the response to CCK-8 and caerulein, but completely abolished the antagonistic influence of the opioids. The potencies of morphine and the opioid peptides as antagonists of CCK-8, were of nearly the same order of magnitude. This and the presence in gut and brain of both CCK-like and opioid peptides suggests the hypothesis that these two groups of peptides interact on both myenteric and central nervous system receptors, and thus are directly involved in the regulation of both intestinal motility and satiety.", "contents": "Antagonism of cholecystokinin-like peptides by opioid peptides, morphine or tetrodotoxin. Morphine, beta-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, and Leu-enkephalin antagonized intestinal actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), caerulein, and pentagastrin in a manner partly suggesting physiologically competitive antagonism. Further, these acidic peptides (CCK-8, caerulein, pentagastrin) were much more sensitive to the actions of opioids than was angiotensin. Tetrodotoxin also caused changes in the concentration-effect curves, but these were different from the shifts due to the opioids and differentiated between CCK-8, caerulein, and pentagastrin. Naloxone did not modify the response to CCK-8 and caerulein, but completely abolished the antagonistic influence of the opioids. The potencies of morphine and the opioid peptides as antagonists of CCK-8, were of nearly the same order of magnitude. This and the presence in gut and brain of both CCK-like and opioid peptides suggests the hypothesis that these two groups of peptides interact on both myenteric and central nervous system receptors, and thus are directly involved in the regulation of both intestinal motility and satiety.", "PMID": 520418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_371", "title": "Animal maturity influences prostaglandin effects on gallbladder fluid transport and smooth muscle.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) A, E and F compounds applied serosally inhibited net fluid absorption and increased intraluminal pressure in guinea-pig isolated gallbladder. The inhibition was dose-dependent for a given animal body weight but sensitivity varied inversely with animal body weight; relative potencies were PGE2 greater than F2alpha greater than A1. In heavier animals the inhibition was preceded by an apparent increase in fluid absorption, due to fluid extrusion following muscle contraction. Net fluid secretion was observed at higher concentrations of PGE2 or F2alpha in lighter animals. Mucosally applied PGs less potently inhibited absorption, with relative potencies of PGE2 greater than A1 greater than F2beta greater than F2alpha. The spasmogenic effect was estimated by measuring intraluminal pressure (PGE2 greater than F2alpha greater than A1).", "contents": "Animal maturity influences prostaglandin effects on gallbladder fluid transport and smooth muscle. Prostaglandin (PG) A, E and F compounds applied serosally inhibited net fluid absorption and increased intraluminal pressure in guinea-pig isolated gallbladder. The inhibition was dose-dependent for a given animal body weight but sensitivity varied inversely with animal body weight; relative potencies were PGE2 greater than F2alpha greater than A1. In heavier animals the inhibition was preceded by an apparent increase in fluid absorption, due to fluid extrusion following muscle contraction. Net fluid secretion was observed at higher concentrations of PGE2 or F2alpha in lighter animals. Mucosally applied PGs less potently inhibited absorption, with relative potencies of PGE2 greater than A1 greater than F2beta greater than F2alpha. The spasmogenic effect was estimated by measuring intraluminal pressure (PGE2 greater than F2alpha greater than A1).", "PMID": 520419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_372", "title": "Effects of L-glutamic acid and kainic acid on central cardiovascular control.", "content": "L-Glutamic acid and kainic acid injected into the cisterna magna of dogs, produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate. In contrast, intravenous injection of both compounds was ineffective. The hypertension was probably due to an increase in sympathetic tone as guanethidine prevented the rise in blood pressure induced by central administration of L-glutamic acid and kainic acid. Kainic acid was 1 000 fold more potent than L-glutamic acid.", "contents": "Effects of L-glutamic acid and kainic acid on central cardiovascular control. L-Glutamic acid and kainic acid injected into the cisterna magna of dogs, produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate. In contrast, intravenous injection of both compounds was ineffective. The hypertension was probably due to an increase in sympathetic tone as guanethidine prevented the rise in blood pressure induced by central administration of L-glutamic acid and kainic acid. Kainic acid was 1 000 fold more potent than L-glutamic acid.", "PMID": 520420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_373", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of splanchnic mechanoreceptors on the activity of purkinje cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Climbing and mossy fibre activity in Purkinje cells of cat cerebellum (vermis part of lobules V and VI) were recorded by means of extracellular microelectrodes. Responses were obtained by stimulation of different types of mechanoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal tract: muscular receptors connected with C fibres, peritoneal movement receptors connected with A gamma delta or B fibres, Pacinian corpuscules connected with A beta fivres. The characteristics of the splanchnic fibre projections on this cerebellar area were defined. Splanchno-somatic, splanchno-visceral, and splanchno-cortical convergences were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of splanchnic mechanoreceptors on the activity of purkinje cells (author's transl)]. Climbing and mossy fibre activity in Purkinje cells of cat cerebellum (vermis part of lobules V and VI) were recorded by means of extracellular microelectrodes. Responses were obtained by stimulation of different types of mechanoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal tract: muscular receptors connected with C fibres, peritoneal movement receptors connected with A gamma delta or B fibres, Pacinian corpuscules connected with A beta fivres. The characteristics of the splanchnic fibre projections on this cerebellar area were defined. Splanchno-somatic, splanchno-visceral, and splanchno-cortical convergences were demonstrated.", "PMID": 520436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_374", "title": "Anatomtic and physiologic development of the photoreceptor of the kitten.", "content": "The postnatal development of the photoreceptor of the cat was studied using physiological and anatomical methods. The late receptor potential (LRP) was recorded in vitro and the threshold and maximum amplitude determined. The same specimens used in the electrophysiological studies were then prepared for microscopy, and rod cell outer and inner segment length and diameter, photoreceptor density, and inter-receptor distance were determined. A small LRP was first recorded at 9--10 days, but only at very high stimulus intensities. Thereafter, there was a rapid decrease in the threshold and an increase in the amplitude of the LRP. The threshold reached adult values at 17--18 days, while the amplitude of the LRP was adultlike at 23--26 days. Of the anatomical parameters examined, inter-receptor spacing and rod cell diameters seem to be most clearly associated, respectively, with the attainment of adult LRP threshold and amplitude. Outer segment length was adult-like at 35--43 days of age and thus postdated physiological maturity of the photoreceptor. These observations suggest that the surface area of the rod cell outer segment tips is more critical in the development of the adult LRP than is the number of discs in the outer segment. In addition, changes over time in the mean diameter and length of rod cell inner segments follows the pattern of ontogenetic changes in LRP amplitude. These findings imply a close relationship during ontogeny between the metabolic functions of the inner segment and phototransduction at the outer segment disc.", "contents": "Anatomtic and physiologic development of the photoreceptor of the kitten. The postnatal development of the photoreceptor of the cat was studied using physiological and anatomical methods. The late receptor potential (LRP) was recorded in vitro and the threshold and maximum amplitude determined. The same specimens used in the electrophysiological studies were then prepared for microscopy, and rod cell outer and inner segment length and diameter, photoreceptor density, and inter-receptor distance were determined. A small LRP was first recorded at 9--10 days, but only at very high stimulus intensities. Thereafter, there was a rapid decrease in the threshold and an increase in the amplitude of the LRP. The threshold reached adult values at 17--18 days, while the amplitude of the LRP was adultlike at 23--26 days. Of the anatomical parameters examined, inter-receptor spacing and rod cell diameters seem to be most clearly associated, respectively, with the attainment of adult LRP threshold and amplitude. Outer segment length was adult-like at 35--43 days of age and thus postdated physiological maturity of the photoreceptor. These observations suggest that the surface area of the rod cell outer segment tips is more critical in the development of the adult LRP than is the number of discs in the outer segment. In addition, changes over time in the mean diameter and length of rod cell inner segments follows the pattern of ontogenetic changes in LRP amplitude. These findings imply a close relationship during ontogeny between the metabolic functions of the inner segment and phototransduction at the outer segment disc.", "PMID": 520437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_375", "title": "Visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, and the cortical magnification factor.", "content": "This study shows that photopic contrast sensitivity and resolution can be predicted by means of simple functions derived by using the cortical magnification factor M as a scale factor of mapping from the visual field into the striate cortex. We measured the minimum contrast required for discriminating the direction of movement or orientation of sinusoidal gratings, or for detecting them in central and peripheral vision. No qualitative differences were found between central and peripheral vision, and almost all quantitative differences observed could be removed by means of a size compensation derived from M. The results indicated specifically that (1) visual patterns can be made equally visible if they are scaled so that their calculated cortical representations become equivalent; (2) contrast sensitivity follows the same power function of the cortical area stimulated by a grating at any eccentricity; (3) area and squared spatial frequency are reciprocally related as determinants of contrast sensitivity; and (4) acuity and resolution are directly proportional to M, and the minimum angle of resolution is directly proportional to M-1. The power law of spatial summation expressed in (2) and (3) suggests the existence of a central integrator that pools the activity of cortical neurons. This summation mechanism makes the number of potentially activated visual cells the most important determinant of visibility and contrast sensitivity. The functional homogeneity of image processing across the visual field observed here agrees with the assumed anatomical and physiological uniformity of the visual cortex.", "contents": "Visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, and the cortical magnification factor. This study shows that photopic contrast sensitivity and resolution can be predicted by means of simple functions derived by using the cortical magnification factor M as a scale factor of mapping from the visual field into the striate cortex. We measured the minimum contrast required for discriminating the direction of movement or orientation of sinusoidal gratings, or for detecting them in central and peripheral vision. No qualitative differences were found between central and peripheral vision, and almost all quantitative differences observed could be removed by means of a size compensation derived from M. The results indicated specifically that (1) visual patterns can be made equally visible if they are scaled so that their calculated cortical representations become equivalent; (2) contrast sensitivity follows the same power function of the cortical area stimulated by a grating at any eccentricity; (3) area and squared spatial frequency are reciprocally related as determinants of contrast sensitivity; and (4) acuity and resolution are directly proportional to M, and the minimum angle of resolution is directly proportional to M-1. The power law of spatial summation expressed in (2) and (3) suggests the existence of a central integrator that pools the activity of cortical neurons. This summation mechanism makes the number of potentially activated visual cells the most important determinant of visibility and contrast sensitivity. The functional homogeneity of image processing across the visual field observed here agrees with the assumed anatomical and physiological uniformity of the visual cortex.", "PMID": 520438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_376", "title": "An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor.", "content": "Comparisons of the published data on the density D of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells and on the cortical magnification factor M indicated that M2 is directly proportional to D in primates. Therefore, the human M can be estimated for the principal meridians of the visual field from the density-distribution of retinal ganglion cells and from the density of the centralmost cones. Using the previously published empirical data, we estimated the values of the human M and express the values in four simple equations that can be used for finding the value of M for any location of the visual field. The monocular values of M are not radially symmetric. These analytically expressed values of M make it possible to predict contrast sensitivity and resolution for any location of the visual field. We measured contrast sensitivity functions at 25 different locations and found that the functions could be made similar by scaling the retinal dimensions of test gratings by the inverse values of M. Visual acuity and resolution could be predicted accurately for all retinal locations by means of a single constant multiplier of the estimated M. The results indicate that the functional and structural properties of the visual system are very closely and similarly related across the whole retina. Visual acuity, e.g., bears the same optimal relation to the density of sampling executed by retinal ganglion cells at all locations of the visual fields.", "contents": "An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor. Comparisons of the published data on the density D of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells and on the cortical magnification factor M indicated that M2 is directly proportional to D in primates. Therefore, the human M can be estimated for the principal meridians of the visual field from the density-distribution of retinal ganglion cells and from the density of the centralmost cones. Using the previously published empirical data, we estimated the values of the human M and express the values in four simple equations that can be used for finding the value of M for any location of the visual field. The monocular values of M are not radially symmetric. These analytically expressed values of M make it possible to predict contrast sensitivity and resolution for any location of the visual field. We measured contrast sensitivity functions at 25 different locations and found that the functions could be made similar by scaling the retinal dimensions of test gratings by the inverse values of M. Visual acuity and resolution could be predicted accurately for all retinal locations by means of a single constant multiplier of the estimated M. The results indicate that the functional and structural properties of the visual system are very closely and similarly related across the whole retina. Visual acuity, e.g., bears the same optimal relation to the density of sampling executed by retinal ganglion cells at all locations of the visual fields.", "PMID": 520439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_377", "title": "Correlations among climbing fiber responses of nearby cerebellar Purkinje cells in the immature rat.", "content": "Correlations between pairs of spontaneous climbing fiber responses (CFRs) recorded from couples of nearby Purkinje cells (PCs) were studied in immature rats by using cross-correlograms between CFR pairs, and compaired to those in adult animals. Correlations were found as early as day 3. Some days later, on PN days 7--9, these correlations were higher than in the adult. In most cases, this was apparently not due to the multiple innervation of PC by climbing fibers (CFs) which normally occurs during this immature stage since: 1) temporal relationships between the paired CFRs varied by more than 30 ms and 2) thresholds for pairs of graded CFRs and additional components of the responses evoked in the 2 PCs by juxtafastigial or olivary stimulation were different. Synchronizing mechanisms were therefore likely to be already located at the olivary level. However, in 3 couples of multiply innervated PCs whose spontaneous CF activities were highly correlated, stimulation experiments revealed a common innervation of the 2 cells by branches of the same CF. In multiply innervated cells, spontaneous responses mediated through distinct CFs were also synchronized, suggesting that these fibers originate from neighboring neurons of the inferior olive. Finally, in 7 to 9-day-old rats, correlations among CFR pairs were much more restricted in the longitudinal axis of the folium than in the transverse one. On the whole, the present study indicates that correlations among CFRs of nearby PCs exist as soon as CF-PC synapses are established and the latter are already organized in sagittal strips at early stages of development.", "contents": "Correlations among climbing fiber responses of nearby cerebellar Purkinje cells in the immature rat. Correlations between pairs of spontaneous climbing fiber responses (CFRs) recorded from couples of nearby Purkinje cells (PCs) were studied in immature rats by using cross-correlograms between CFR pairs, and compaired to those in adult animals. Correlations were found as early as day 3. Some days later, on PN days 7--9, these correlations were higher than in the adult. In most cases, this was apparently not due to the multiple innervation of PC by climbing fibers (CFs) which normally occurs during this immature stage since: 1) temporal relationships between the paired CFRs varied by more than 30 ms and 2) thresholds for pairs of graded CFRs and additional components of the responses evoked in the 2 PCs by juxtafastigial or olivary stimulation were different. Synchronizing mechanisms were therefore likely to be already located at the olivary level. However, in 3 couples of multiply innervated PCs whose spontaneous CF activities were highly correlated, stimulation experiments revealed a common innervation of the 2 cells by branches of the same CF. In multiply innervated cells, spontaneous responses mediated through distinct CFs were also synchronized, suggesting that these fibers originate from neighboring neurons of the inferior olive. Finally, in 7 to 9-day-old rats, correlations among CFR pairs were much more restricted in the longitudinal axis of the folium than in the transverse one. On the whole, the present study indicates that correlations among CFRs of nearby PCs exist as soon as CF-PC synapses are established and the latter are already organized in sagittal strips at early stages of development.", "PMID": 520440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_378", "title": "Apparent movement and appearance of periodic stripes during eye movements across a stroboscopically illuminated random dot pattern.", "content": "When the eyes follow a small target moving across a stationary random dot pattern illuminated stroboscopically at 3--45 flashes . s-1, the structure of the random dot pattern is seen as moving in the direction of the eye pursuit movements (sigma-movement). At flash frequencies above 9.5 flashes . s-1, periodic stripes oriented perpendicularly to the direction of the pursuit eye movements appear and are also seen as moving in the direction of the eye pursuit movement. The period Ps of the apparent stripes depended on the flash frequency fs and the angular speed of the eyes Ve: Formula: see text. Apparent sigma-movement and apparent stripes were also seen when eye pursuit movements were initiated outside of the random dot pattern and they continued autonomously without a moving target across the pattern. The angular velocity of the sigma-pursuit movement across the random dot pattern depended on the flash frequency and the angular velocity of the initiating target. With the eyes stationary but a moving random dot pattern, the apparent stripes also appeared at flash frequencies fs greater than or equal to 9.5 flashes . s-1. Eq. (1) was valid when Ve was replaced by the target angular velocity Vs (k = 1).", "contents": "Apparent movement and appearance of periodic stripes during eye movements across a stroboscopically illuminated random dot pattern. When the eyes follow a small target moving across a stationary random dot pattern illuminated stroboscopically at 3--45 flashes . s-1, the structure of the random dot pattern is seen as moving in the direction of the eye pursuit movements (sigma-movement). At flash frequencies above 9.5 flashes . s-1, periodic stripes oriented perpendicularly to the direction of the pursuit eye movements appear and are also seen as moving in the direction of the eye pursuit movement. The period Ps of the apparent stripes depended on the flash frequency fs and the angular speed of the eyes Ve: Formula: see text. Apparent sigma-movement and apparent stripes were also seen when eye pursuit movements were initiated outside of the random dot pattern and they continued autonomously without a moving target across the pattern. The angular velocity of the sigma-pursuit movement across the random dot pattern depended on the flash frequency and the angular velocity of the initiating target. With the eyes stationary but a moving random dot pattern, the apparent stripes also appeared at flash frequencies fs greater than or equal to 9.5 flashes . s-1. Eq. (1) was valid when Ve was replaced by the target angular velocity Vs (k = 1).", "PMID": 520441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_379", "title": "Brain-pineal nervous connections in the rat: an ultrastructure study following habenular lesion.", "content": "The neural connections of the pineal gland with the central nervous system (CNS) were studied in rats by stereotaxic lesioning followed by electron microscopic determination of nerve terminal degeneration. Electrolytic lesions were placed in the right medial habenular nucleus and after 3--14 days survival, the animals were prepared for electron microscopy. Control animals contained nerve terminals with 40--60 nm dense core vesicles located in the perivascular space of the pineal and in the intraparenchymal area. In the lesioned animals many electron-lucent degenerating nerve terminals could be observed intermingled with normal nerve terminals in the perivascular spaces. These degenerating terminals were often swollen and contained one side of the terminal. Both normal and degenerating nerve terminals were also observed in the parenchyma between the pinealocytes. The present findings indicate that nerve fibers from the habenular area actually terminate in the rat pineal gland.", "contents": "Brain-pineal nervous connections in the rat: an ultrastructure study following habenular lesion. The neural connections of the pineal gland with the central nervous system (CNS) were studied in rats by stereotaxic lesioning followed by electron microscopic determination of nerve terminal degeneration. Electrolytic lesions were placed in the right medial habenular nucleus and after 3--14 days survival, the animals were prepared for electron microscopy. Control animals contained nerve terminals with 40--60 nm dense core vesicles located in the perivascular space of the pineal and in the intraparenchymal area. In the lesioned animals many electron-lucent degenerating nerve terminals could be observed intermingled with normal nerve terminals in the perivascular spaces. These degenerating terminals were often swollen and contained one side of the terminal. Both normal and degenerating nerve terminals were also observed in the parenchyma between the pinealocytes. The present findings indicate that nerve fibers from the habenular area actually terminate in the rat pineal gland.", "PMID": 520442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_380", "title": "An analysis of the variability of unit activity in the cat's visual cortex.", "content": "The spontaneous firing of single units in the cat's visual cortex, and their responses to repeated presentations of a constant visual stimulus, have been analysed quantitatively. Although the responses of most cells showed some habituation to the stimulus, this was less extensive than the fluctuations in responsiveness which occurred from one set of presentations to the next, over the course of several minutes. Fluctuations occurred largely independently in both the spontaneous and the stimulus-evoked firing of the cell. This suggests that separate mechanisms determine spontaneous and evoked firing. Quantitative estimates of the reliability (the reciprocal of the variability) of responses were higher if the peak firing rate of the cell was measured, rather than the total number of spikes fired by the cell. Thus, peak firing rate is more likely than total spike count to be the signal of biological significance.", "contents": "An analysis of the variability of unit activity in the cat's visual cortex. The spontaneous firing of single units in the cat's visual cortex, and their responses to repeated presentations of a constant visual stimulus, have been analysed quantitatively. Although the responses of most cells showed some habituation to the stimulus, this was less extensive than the fluctuations in responsiveness which occurred from one set of presentations to the next, over the course of several minutes. Fluctuations occurred largely independently in both the spontaneous and the stimulus-evoked firing of the cell. This suggests that separate mechanisms determine spontaneous and evoked firing. Quantitative estimates of the reliability (the reciprocal of the variability) of responses were higher if the peak firing rate of the cell was measured, rather than the total number of spikes fired by the cell. Thus, peak firing rate is more likely than total spike count to be the signal of biological significance.", "PMID": 520443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_381", "title": "Interstitiospinal action on forelimb, hindlimb, and back motoneurons.", "content": "Responses of motoneurons supplying muscles of the forelimbs, hindlimbs, and back to stimulation of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) were recorded intracellularly in cats under chloralose anesthesia. Stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral INC evoked predominantly excitatory postsynaptic potentials in these motoneurons. Response latencies and properties of responses to multiple shock stimuli indicated that the responses were evoked by a di- or polysynaptic pathway. Stimulation of the anterior MLF (P2), which should have activated the entire interstitiospinal tract, but few reticulospinal or vestibulospinal fibers, evoked only polysynaptic responses. These results indicate that the INC does not establish direct synaptic connections with limb and back motoneurons.", "contents": "Interstitiospinal action on forelimb, hindlimb, and back motoneurons. Responses of motoneurons supplying muscles of the forelimbs, hindlimbs, and back to stimulation of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) were recorded intracellularly in cats under chloralose anesthesia. Stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral INC evoked predominantly excitatory postsynaptic potentials in these motoneurons. Response latencies and properties of responses to multiple shock stimuli indicated that the responses were evoked by a di- or polysynaptic pathway. Stimulation of the anterior MLF (P2), which should have activated the entire interstitiospinal tract, but few reticulospinal or vestibulospinal fibers, evoked only polysynaptic responses. These results indicate that the INC does not establish direct synaptic connections with limb and back motoneurons.", "PMID": 520444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_382", "title": "14C-deoxyglucose mapping of orientation subunits in the cats visual cortical areas.", "content": "The orientation domain in the cortical visual areas of anesthetized cats has been investigated by employing the 14C-deoxyglucose technique (Sokoloff et al., 1977). Orientation subunits (OS) are seen in the first (V1), the second (V2) and the third visual area (V3) as well as in the visual areas of the suprasylvian sulcus. In the latter regions OS are less elaborated than in V1, V2, and V3. The OS are continuous through all cortical layers; in V1 however, only weak label is detected in layer 4C. In V1, V2, and V3 the width of the OS is about 0.4 mm and the average distance between two OS centers is 0.9 mm. The spatial pattern of the OS seems to be more regular in the visual field periphery than in regions representing the vertical meridian.", "contents": "14C-deoxyglucose mapping of orientation subunits in the cats visual cortical areas. The orientation domain in the cortical visual areas of anesthetized cats has been investigated by employing the 14C-deoxyglucose technique (Sokoloff et al., 1977). Orientation subunits (OS) are seen in the first (V1), the second (V2) and the third visual area (V3) as well as in the visual areas of the suprasylvian sulcus. In the latter regions OS are less elaborated than in V1, V2, and V3. The OS are continuous through all cortical layers; in V1 however, only weak label is detected in layer 4C. In V1, V2, and V3 the width of the OS is about 0.4 mm and the average distance between two OS centers is 0.9 mm. The spatial pattern of the OS seems to be more regular in the visual field periphery than in regions representing the vertical meridian.", "PMID": 520445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_383", "title": "Deformed optic nerves in coisogenic albino and pigmented C57BL/6J--c2j mice.", "content": "The incidence of deformed optic nerve (DON) in C57 BL/6J--c2J mice is similar to that of a pigmented substrain of Long-Evans rats and much less than that of an albino substrain of Sprague Dawley rats. C57BL/6J--c2J albinos have no more DON than do coisogenic black mice. This suggests that albinism is not a factor in DON and that observed DON in Sprague Dawley rats are strain or substrain characteristics.", "contents": "Deformed optic nerves in coisogenic albino and pigmented C57BL/6J--c2j mice. The incidence of deformed optic nerve (DON) in C57 BL/6J--c2J mice is similar to that of a pigmented substrain of Long-Evans rats and much less than that of an albino substrain of Sprague Dawley rats. C57BL/6J--c2J albinos have no more DON than do coisogenic black mice. This suggests that albinism is not a factor in DON and that observed DON in Sprague Dawley rats are strain or substrain characteristics.", "PMID": 520446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_384", "title": "The diversity of marine sterols and the role of algal bio-masses; from facts to hypothesis.", "content": "Modern analytical methods have revealed the great variety of marine sterols, which possess many different side chains and unsaturation patterns. Such biochemical transformations require well-defined mechanistic pathways, and there must be some 'Raison d'Etre' for a situation which has withstood evolution and adaptive changes. However, in this area, insufficient and sometimes not very substantial experimental work has made it difficult to see correlations, and hence to form a solid hypothesis. A review is now presented in which the molecules dissolved in sea water, or found in marine organisms are considered with particular reference to algal production, and to the bio-ecological significance of the main sterols.", "contents": "The diversity of marine sterols and the role of algal bio-masses; from facts to hypothesis. Modern analytical methods have revealed the great variety of marine sterols, which possess many different side chains and unsaturation patterns. Such biochemical transformations require well-defined mechanistic pathways, and there must be some 'Raison d'Etre' for a situation which has withstood evolution and adaptive changes. However, in this area, insufficient and sometimes not very substantial experimental work has made it difficult to see correlations, and hence to form a solid hypothesis. A review is now presented in which the molecules dissolved in sea water, or found in marine organisms are considered with particular reference to algal production, and to the bio-ecological significance of the main sterols.", "PMID": 520448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_385", "title": "Substance P afferents from the habenula innervate the dorsal raphe nucleus.", "content": "The lateral habenula nuclei of the diencephalon innervate the median and dorsal raphe nuclei of the brainstem. Habenula lesions lead to decreased substance P levels in the dorsal but not median raphe within 24 hours. From this data, we propose a peptidergic innervation of the dorsal raphe nucleus by the habenula nuclei.", "contents": "Substance P afferents from the habenula innervate the dorsal raphe nucleus. The lateral habenula nuclei of the diencephalon innervate the median and dorsal raphe nuclei of the brainstem. Habenula lesions lead to decreased substance P levels in the dorsal but not median raphe within 24 hours. From this data, we propose a peptidergic innervation of the dorsal raphe nucleus by the habenula nuclei.", "PMID": 520447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_386", "title": "Concerning the anchoring of acetylcholinesterase in biomembranes.", "content": "Highly purified acetylcholinesterases from various sources do not contain hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, indicating the absence of a collagenlike 'tail'. The enzymes examined are therefore bound to the membrane in a different way compared with acetylcholinesterase isolated from electric organ.", "contents": "Concerning the anchoring of acetylcholinesterase in biomembranes. Highly purified acetylcholinesterases from various sources do not contain hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, indicating the absence of a collagenlike 'tail'. The enzymes examined are therefore bound to the membrane in a different way compared with acetylcholinesterase isolated from electric organ.", "PMID": 520449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_387", "title": "Causes of artificially high blood glucose values in experiments with diabetic rats and mice.", "content": "Unusually high blood sugar values may be caused by the slightest contamination of the blood obtained after puncture of the tail vein by diabetic urine, that has dried onto the tails of the animals. This can be avoided by collecting blood that is allowed to drip from the severed tip of the tail or by carefully cleaning the tail before puncturing the tail vein.", "contents": "Causes of artificially high blood glucose values in experiments with diabetic rats and mice. Unusually high blood sugar values may be caused by the slightest contamination of the blood obtained after puncture of the tail vein by diabetic urine, that has dried onto the tails of the animals. This can be avoided by collecting blood that is allowed to drip from the severed tip of the tail or by carefully cleaning the tail before puncturing the tail vein.", "PMID": 520450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_388", "title": "Purification of an L-fucose binding lectin from Ulex europeus by affinity column chromatography.", "content": "An L-fucose binding lectin from Ulex europeus was purified by affinity column chromatography using an L-fucose-starch complex. The lectin thus purified had a mol. wt of 60,000, and consisted of 2 glycoprotein subunits with mol. wt 29,000 and 31,000, respectively.", "contents": "Purification of an L-fucose binding lectin from Ulex europeus by affinity column chromatography. An L-fucose binding lectin from Ulex europeus was purified by affinity column chromatography using an L-fucose-starch complex. The lectin thus purified had a mol. wt of 60,000, and consisted of 2 glycoprotein subunits with mol. wt 29,000 and 31,000, respectively.", "PMID": 520451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_389", "title": "Effect of the ionic strength on the kinetic properties of the mitochondrial L-malate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Increase of the ionic strength inhibits the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial MDH, reduces substrate inhibition and decreases the affinity of the substrates for the enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of the ionic strength on the kinetic properties of the mitochondrial L-malate dehydrogenase. Increase of the ionic strength inhibits the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial MDH, reduces substrate inhibition and decreases the affinity of the substrates for the enzyme.", "PMID": 520452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_390", "title": "Reduction in dietary vitamin E prevents onset of hypertension in developing spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Reduction in dietary vitamin E intake in developing spontaneously hypertensive rats abolished the onset of hypertension which is normally evident by 3 months of age.", "contents": "Reduction in dietary vitamin E prevents onset of hypertension in developing spontaneously hypertensive rats. Reduction in dietary vitamin E intake in developing spontaneously hypertensive rats abolished the onset of hypertension which is normally evident by 3 months of age.", "PMID": 520453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_391", "title": "The importance of the terminal hemi-acetal group for the ionophoric properties of nigericin.", "content": "Opening of the terminal hemi-acetal in dihydronigericin drastically reduces the ionophoric properties of nigericin and dehydroxymethylnigericin with 6 intact heterocycles. This is shown by 2 complementary methods, first with a liquid membrane electrode system, secondly by testing their ionophoric activities in rat liver mitochondria.", "contents": "The importance of the terminal hemi-acetal group for the ionophoric properties of nigericin. Opening of the terminal hemi-acetal in dihydronigericin drastically reduces the ionophoric properties of nigericin and dehydroxymethylnigericin with 6 intact heterocycles. This is shown by 2 complementary methods, first with a liquid membrane electrode system, secondly by testing their ionophoric activities in rat liver mitochondria.", "PMID": 520454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_392", "title": "[Spontaneous and induced quadriradial figures on swinechromosomes in lymphocyte cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "In chromosome preparations from swine lymphocyte cultures, quadriradial figures and homolog associations were seen only of chromosome 10 and at a low frequency. The frequency of quadriradial figures was substantially increased by mitomycin C treatment, whereby 26.2% of the quadriradials were formed from the same chromosome pair with the number 10.", "contents": "[Spontaneous and induced quadriradial figures on swinechromosomes in lymphocyte cultures (author's transl)]. In chromosome preparations from swine lymphocyte cultures, quadriradial figures and homolog associations were seen only of chromosome 10 and at a low frequency. The frequency of quadriradial figures was substantially increased by mitomycin C treatment, whereby 26.2% of the quadriradials were formed from the same chromosome pair with the number 10.", "PMID": 520455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_393", "title": "5-Methylangelicin: a new highly photosensitizing angular furocoumarin.", "content": "5-Methylangelicin, a new highly photosensitizing angular furocoumarin, was studied in 2 different biological systems, the T2 phage and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; in comparison with angelicin, the parent compound, it was several times more active.", "contents": "5-Methylangelicin: a new highly photosensitizing angular furocoumarin. 5-Methylangelicin, a new highly photosensitizing angular furocoumarin, was studied in 2 different biological systems, the T2 phage and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; in comparison with angelicin, the parent compound, it was several times more active.", "PMID": 520456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_394", "title": "Regeneration induced in the forelimbs by treatment with vitamin A in the froglets of Rana breviceps.", "content": "Young froglets Rana breviceps do not possess the power to regenerate forelimbs after amputation through metacarpals. However, 5 min immersion of limb stumps in an oily solution of 150,000 IU vitamin A palmitate immediately after amputation, and once on each of the 3 subsequent days, induced definite though hypomorphic regeneration in 100% cases.", "contents": "Regeneration induced in the forelimbs by treatment with vitamin A in the froglets of Rana breviceps. Young froglets Rana breviceps do not possess the power to regenerate forelimbs after amputation through metacarpals. However, 5 min immersion of limb stumps in an oily solution of 150,000 IU vitamin A palmitate immediately after amputation, and once on each of the 3 subsequent days, induced definite though hypomorphic regeneration in 100% cases.", "PMID": 520457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_395", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro effects of colchicine and its derivative colchiceine on chondrocyte morphology and function.", "content": "Colchiceine is a colchicine-metabolite which has been reported to inhibit axonal transport although not binding to brain tubulin. In the present study, colchiceine was shown not to depolymerize cytoplasmic microtubules, nor to mimic other effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of cultured chondrocytes. In addition, the synthesis of proteoglycans was inhibited by colchicine but slightly stimulated by colchiceine. These results support the idea that the disturbances in cultured chondrocytes caused by colchicine are specifically related to a loss of cytoplasmic microtubules.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro effects of colchicine and its derivative colchiceine on chondrocyte morphology and function. Colchiceine is a colchicine-metabolite which has been reported to inhibit axonal transport although not binding to brain tubulin. In the present study, colchiceine was shown not to depolymerize cytoplasmic microtubules, nor to mimic other effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of cultured chondrocytes. In addition, the synthesis of proteoglycans was inhibited by colchicine but slightly stimulated by colchiceine. These results support the idea that the disturbances in cultured chondrocytes caused by colchicine are specifically related to a loss of cytoplasmic microtubules.", "PMID": 520458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_396", "title": "Selective enrichment technique for isolation of methanol-utilizing yeasts.", "content": "A simple, selective enrichment technique was developed for isolation of methanol-utilizing yeasts by supplementing gentamicin or tetracycline in the medium.", "contents": "Selective enrichment technique for isolation of methanol-utilizing yeasts. A simple, selective enrichment technique was developed for isolation of methanol-utilizing yeasts by supplementing gentamicin or tetracycline in the medium.", "PMID": 520459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_397", "title": "Cell size and cell division of the anterior pituitary: time course in the growing rat.", "content": "Pituitary cells increase their numbers more than 3-fold during the 1st 10 days of life while maintaining the same cell size ratios. In the 25-day-old animal, the rate of cell division slows and there is a slight increase in the number of large cells. An increase in adult weight is attributed to hyperplasia and a shift to a population of larger cells.", "contents": "Cell size and cell division of the anterior pituitary: time course in the growing rat. Pituitary cells increase their numbers more than 3-fold during the 1st 10 days of life while maintaining the same cell size ratios. In the 25-day-old animal, the rate of cell division slows and there is a slight increase in the number of large cells. An increase in adult weight is attributed to hyperplasia and a shift to a population of larger cells.", "PMID": 520460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_398", "title": "Lymphocytes, but not cancer cells are able to penetrate into the rat embryo yolk sac wall.", "content": "Normal rat lymphocytes and cells of 2 highly invasive tumors, the L5222 rat leukemia and the VW rabbit carcinoma, were inoculated in vitro on the mesothelial surface of the visceral wall of the rat embryo yolk sac. After 48 h, lymphocytes, without any damage being inflicted on the mesothelial cells, had penetrated deeply into the yolk sac wall, whereas both kinds of cancer cells had destroyed the mesothelial cells, but not advanced beyond the basal lamina.", "contents": "Lymphocytes, but not cancer cells are able to penetrate into the rat embryo yolk sac wall. Normal rat lymphocytes and cells of 2 highly invasive tumors, the L5222 rat leukemia and the VW rabbit carcinoma, were inoculated in vitro on the mesothelial surface of the visceral wall of the rat embryo yolk sac. After 48 h, lymphocytes, without any damage being inflicted on the mesothelial cells, had penetrated deeply into the yolk sac wall, whereas both kinds of cancer cells had destroyed the mesothelial cells, but not advanced beyond the basal lamina.", "PMID": 520461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_399", "title": "Sarcomere shortening and tension development during 'isometric' tetanus of muscle.", "content": "Laser diffraction and tension measurements from frog muscle during isometric tetanus reveal that the sarcomeres contract more rapidly than tension develops.", "contents": "Sarcomere shortening and tension development during 'isometric' tetanus of muscle. Laser diffraction and tension measurements from frog muscle during isometric tetanus reveal that the sarcomeres contract more rapidly than tension develops.", "PMID": 520462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_400", "title": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis and cryoultramicrotomy of unstained myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum, in situ and fragmented.", "content": "Myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum of cats in situ and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) were analysed using X-ray microanalysis, cryoultramicrotomy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. 2 types of FSR vesicles can be distinguished morphologically and by their different elemental composition especially by different Ca loading. The Ca content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum can also be detected in situ.", "contents": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis and cryoultramicrotomy of unstained myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum, in situ and fragmented. Myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum of cats in situ and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) were analysed using X-ray microanalysis, cryoultramicrotomy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. 2 types of FSR vesicles can be distinguished morphologically and by their different elemental composition especially by different Ca loading. The Ca content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum can also be detected in situ.", "PMID": 520463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_401", "title": "Regularly firing neurones in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "The spontaneous discharge of some suprachiasmatic neurones in vivo and in vitro was found to exhibit a very constant interspike interval. In vivo these cells were comparatively rare and appeared to be mutually coupled. The findings are discussed in relation to coupled oscillator theories of circadian rhythm generation.", "contents": "Regularly firing neurones in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. The spontaneous discharge of some suprachiasmatic neurones in vivo and in vitro was found to exhibit a very constant interspike interval. In vivo these cells were comparatively rare and appeared to be mutually coupled. The findings are discussed in relation to coupled oscillator theories of circadian rhythm generation.", "PMID": 520464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_402", "title": "High shortening velocity of isolated single arterial muscle cells.", "content": "Surprisingly high shortening velocities (less than 200 msec contraction-relaxation cycles) were found in isolated vascular muscle cells cultured from rat or chick aorta. All of the small fraction cells with such quick contractions had membrane excitation by short duration spikes, rather than the slower graded depolarization of the other cells which produced 20-fold slower contractions.", "contents": "High shortening velocity of isolated single arterial muscle cells. Surprisingly high shortening velocities (less than 200 msec contraction-relaxation cycles) were found in isolated vascular muscle cells cultured from rat or chick aorta. All of the small fraction cells with such quick contractions had membrane excitation by short duration spikes, rather than the slower graded depolarization of the other cells which produced 20-fold slower contractions.", "PMID": 520465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_403", "title": "Hepatic blood flow in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Hepatic blood flow was monitored in cats during myocardial ischemia (MI). Increased plasma CPK activity, the S-T segment of the electrocardiogram, and hepatic flow was reduced by 5 h to 40% of control. The results suggest that MI can influence organs distant from the original ischemic episode.", "contents": "Hepatic blood flow in acute myocardial ischemia. Hepatic blood flow was monitored in cats during myocardial ischemia (MI). Increased plasma CPK activity, the S-T segment of the electrocardiogram, and hepatic flow was reduced by 5 h to 40% of control. The results suggest that MI can influence organs distant from the original ischemic episode.", "PMID": 520466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_404", "title": "Fine structural correlations between the muscle pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and experimental Ca-Mg deficient rats.", "content": "Nonspecific myofibrillar changes such as streaming of the Z-line, formation of rod-like structures, satellitosis, proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei and papillary projection of the sarcolemma were recognized as a disorganization of the muscle itself. In addition, fine structural pathology in ALS specimens showed characteristically a pig-tail formation - 'Zopfformation' - which has been considered to have a neurogenic origin.", "contents": "Fine structural correlations between the muscle pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and experimental Ca-Mg deficient rats. Nonspecific myofibrillar changes such as streaming of the Z-line, formation of rod-like structures, satellitosis, proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei and papillary projection of the sarcolemma were recognized as a disorganization of the muscle itself. In addition, fine structural pathology in ALS specimens showed characteristically a pig-tail formation - 'Zopfformation' - which has been considered to have a neurogenic origin.", "PMID": 520467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_405", "title": "Acute stress reduces the sensitivity of the vasculature to sympathetic control.", "content": "Vascular smooth muscle from rabbits subjected to acute severe stress exhibits decreased sensitivity to sympathetic regulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of isolated vascular segments resulted in a similar subsensitivity as did exposure to norepinephrine (NE) but not histamine. Periodic contraction of these segments caused an increase in their maximum ability to contract independent of the constrictor procedure used. These results suggest that the increase in sympathetically mediated NE release that occurs in stress and some other pathological conditions may result in a blunting of neural control and possibly resistance to certain therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Acute stress reduces the sensitivity of the vasculature to sympathetic control. Vascular smooth muscle from rabbits subjected to acute severe stress exhibits decreased sensitivity to sympathetic regulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of isolated vascular segments resulted in a similar subsensitivity as did exposure to norepinephrine (NE) but not histamine. Periodic contraction of these segments caused an increase in their maximum ability to contract independent of the constrictor procedure used. These results suggest that the increase in sympathetically mediated NE release that occurs in stress and some other pathological conditions may result in a blunting of neural control and possibly resistance to certain therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 520468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_406", "title": "Selective destruction of intestinal nervous elements by local application of benzalkonium solution in the rat.", "content": "Intestinal aganglionosis produced by serosal application of 0.1% benzalkonium solution to the colon of the rat was studied electronmicroscopically, and it was concluded that a higher susceptibility to the agent and a lower recovering ability of the nerve elements might be responsible for the phenomenon.", "contents": "Selective destruction of intestinal nervous elements by local application of benzalkonium solution in the rat. Intestinal aganglionosis produced by serosal application of 0.1% benzalkonium solution to the colon of the rat was studied electronmicroscopically, and it was concluded that a higher susceptibility to the agent and a lower recovering ability of the nerve elements might be responsible for the phenomenon.", "PMID": 520469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_407", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone in uterine flushings of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The concentration of progesterone as determined by radioimmunoassay varied in accordance with the phase of ovarian activity.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone in uterine flushings of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The concentration of progesterone as determined by radioimmunoassay varied in accordance with the phase of ovarian activity.", "PMID": 520470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_408", "title": "In vitro esterification of plant sterols by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat.", "content": "The in vitro esterification of plant sterols, beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat was studied in the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Campesterol esterification was highest, followed by sitosterol and stigmasterol irrespective of the type of fatty acid. Both campesterol and sitosterol esterification was greater with unsaturated fatty acids than with saturated fatty acids.", "contents": "In vitro esterification of plant sterols by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat. The in vitro esterification of plant sterols, beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat was studied in the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Campesterol esterification was highest, followed by sitosterol and stigmasterol irrespective of the type of fatty acid. Both campesterol and sitosterol esterification was greater with unsaturated fatty acids than with saturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 520471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_409", "title": "Isometric relaxation in rat myocardium: load dependence and influence of caffeine.", "content": "When caffeine plus calcium is added to the perfusing medium, isometric relaxation of rat myocardium is no longer affected by length changes occurring during the twitch. The dependence of isometric relaxation on the initial muscle length is still present and more pronounced after caffeine addition.", "contents": "Isometric relaxation in rat myocardium: load dependence and influence of caffeine. When caffeine plus calcium is added to the perfusing medium, isometric relaxation of rat myocardium is no longer affected by length changes occurring during the twitch. The dependence of isometric relaxation on the initial muscle length is still present and more pronounced after caffeine addition.", "PMID": 520472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_410", "title": "Effect of hormones on adenyl cyclase activity of rabbit mammary gland in vitro.", "content": "Ovarian hormones namely beta-estradiol and progesterone were observed to stimulate the activity of adenyl cyclase of the mammary gland from pregnant rabbit in vitro, unlike the lactating tissue where it was inhibited. On the other hand, non-ovarian hormones like hydrocortisone, prolactin and insulin did not have a similar effect on this enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of hormones on adenyl cyclase activity of rabbit mammary gland in vitro. Ovarian hormones namely beta-estradiol and progesterone were observed to stimulate the activity of adenyl cyclase of the mammary gland from pregnant rabbit in vitro, unlike the lactating tissue where it was inhibited. On the other hand, non-ovarian hormones like hydrocortisone, prolactin and insulin did not have a similar effect on this enzyme.", "PMID": 520473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_411", "title": "Stereoselectivity of a radioimmunoassay for the insecticide S-bioallethrin.", "content": "The stereoselectivity of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) system using an S-bioallethrin specific antiserum was studied by observing the abilities of the 8 allethrin isomers and other selected compounds to compete with a radiolabelled S-bioallethrin tyramine derivative for antibody binding sites. The results demonstrate the feasibility of RIA as a rapid, sensitive and steroselective residue technique for compounds difficult to analyze by classical methods.", "contents": "Stereoselectivity of a radioimmunoassay for the insecticide S-bioallethrin. The stereoselectivity of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) system using an S-bioallethrin specific antiserum was studied by observing the abilities of the 8 allethrin isomers and other selected compounds to compete with a radiolabelled S-bioallethrin tyramine derivative for antibody binding sites. The results demonstrate the feasibility of RIA as a rapid, sensitive and steroselective residue technique for compounds difficult to analyze by classical methods.", "PMID": 520474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_412", "title": "Effect of hydroxydopamine on the morphine-induced reduction in brain acetylcholine turnover.", "content": "Morphine reduced brain acetylcholine turnover in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated rats and mice. Morphine probably has a direct effect on cholinergic neurons rather than modifying acetylcholine indirectly through catecholamine neurons. Acetylcholine is not directly involved in morphine's antinociceptive action in the mouse but it could be implicated in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxydopamine on the morphine-induced reduction in brain acetylcholine turnover. Morphine reduced brain acetylcholine turnover in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated rats and mice. Morphine probably has a direct effect on cholinergic neurons rather than modifying acetylcholine indirectly through catecholamine neurons. Acetylcholine is not directly involved in morphine's antinociceptive action in the mouse but it could be implicated in the rat.", "PMID": 520475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_413", "title": "Hepatic silver binding protein (Ag BP) from sparrow (Passer domesticus).", "content": "A silver binding protein (Ag BP) has been identified in the liver of sparrows administered a tracer dose of 110mAg. The protein as purified by gel-filtration shows a major absorption maximum at 260 nm and a minor one at 225 nm. It has a mol.wt of 9500 daltons and is stable when exposed to high temperature (64 degrees C for 15 min) as well as to acidic pH (2.2).", "contents": "Hepatic silver binding protein (Ag BP) from sparrow (Passer domesticus). A silver binding protein (Ag BP) has been identified in the liver of sparrows administered a tracer dose of 110mAg. The protein as purified by gel-filtration shows a major absorption maximum at 260 nm and a minor one at 225 nm. It has a mol.wt of 9500 daltons and is stable when exposed to high temperature (64 degrees C for 15 min) as well as to acidic pH (2.2).", "PMID": 520476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_414", "title": "Modification by levo-propranolol of tremors induced by harmine in mice.", "content": "It has been recently reported that the levo isomer of propranolol possesses anti-serotonin properties in animals. Since harmine-induced behavioural changes in mice are reported to be mediated through central serotonergic receptors, an attempt was made to test whether 1-propranolol would also modify harmine-induced responses by virtue of its anti-serotonergic or anti-adrenergic property. The results indicated that l- and dl-propranolol inhibited central serotonin receptor mediated responses to harmine in mice, a finding that is analogous to other recent observations.", "contents": "Modification by levo-propranolol of tremors induced by harmine in mice. It has been recently reported that the levo isomer of propranolol possesses anti-serotonin properties in animals. Since harmine-induced behavioural changes in mice are reported to be mediated through central serotonergic receptors, an attempt was made to test whether 1-propranolol would also modify harmine-induced responses by virtue of its anti-serotonergic or anti-adrenergic property. The results indicated that l- and dl-propranolol inhibited central serotonin receptor mediated responses to harmine in mice, a finding that is analogous to other recent observations.", "PMID": 520477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_415", "title": "Modification of radiation-induced spleen weight changes in mice by 2-mercaptopropionylglycine.", "content": "It was found that the MPG partially protects the spleen against weight loss due to radiation, and exaggerates the compensatory reaction in the tissue during recovery. It is also concluded that MPG protects the stem cells in the spleen, which helps to restore the peripheral blood by extramedullary erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Modification of radiation-induced spleen weight changes in mice by 2-mercaptopropionylglycine. It was found that the MPG partially protects the spleen against weight loss due to radiation, and exaggerates the compensatory reaction in the tissue during recovery. It is also concluded that MPG protects the stem cells in the spleen, which helps to restore the peripheral blood by extramedullary erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 520478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_416", "title": "Preliminary observations concerning the effect of dopamine on uranyl nitrate induced renal failure.", "content": "Dopamine infusion, when commenced 24 h after the insult, was ineffective in modifying the course of uranyl nitrate induced renal failure in rabbits.", "contents": "Preliminary observations concerning the effect of dopamine on uranyl nitrate induced renal failure. Dopamine infusion, when commenced 24 h after the insult, was ineffective in modifying the course of uranyl nitrate induced renal failure in rabbits.", "PMID": 520479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_417", "title": "Thioridazine and EKG anomalies.", "content": "Acute i.v. infusion but not daily oral administration of thioridazine-HCl in the dog produced EKG anomalies similar to those reported in psychiatric patients taking this drug. Lack of EKG effects after thioridazine-5-sulfoxide infusion and presence of anomalies after thioridazine at equivalent doses suggests further evaluation of the relationship between reported plasma levels of thioridazine and its ring-sulfoxide in association with EKG changes.", "contents": "Thioridazine and EKG anomalies. Acute i.v. infusion but not daily oral administration of thioridazine-HCl in the dog produced EKG anomalies similar to those reported in psychiatric patients taking this drug. Lack of EKG effects after thioridazine-5-sulfoxide infusion and presence of anomalies after thioridazine at equivalent doses suggests further evaluation of the relationship between reported plasma levels of thioridazine and its ring-sulfoxide in association with EKG changes.", "PMID": 520480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_418", "title": "Effect of organophosphate pesticide Sumithion (Fenitrothion) on some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in a freshwater fish, Sarotherodon (Tilapia) mossambicus (Peters).", "content": "A lethal (Lc50/48 h - 6 mg/l) concentration of the organophosphate (OP) pesticide Sumithion increased blood glucose levels and phosphorylase activity, but hepatic glycogen registered a fall which indicated that the observed hyperglycemia was due to breakdown of hepatic glycogen.", "contents": "Effect of organophosphate pesticide Sumithion (Fenitrothion) on some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in a freshwater fish, Sarotherodon (Tilapia) mossambicus (Peters). A lethal (Lc50/48 h - 6 mg/l) concentration of the organophosphate (OP) pesticide Sumithion increased blood glucose levels and phosphorylase activity, but hepatic glycogen registered a fall which indicated that the observed hyperglycemia was due to breakdown of hepatic glycogen.", "PMID": 520481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_419", "title": "Failure to identify 'thrombocytolysin' (a spasmogenic factor released from platelets immunoreaction) with anaphylatoxin.", "content": "Horse platelets release an unidentified smooth muscle contracting substance after lysis by antiserum and complement. Since the active factor (thrombocytolysin) does not produce tachyphylactic response of the guinea-pig ileum it seems that it is not related to anaphylatoxins.", "contents": "Failure to identify 'thrombocytolysin' (a spasmogenic factor released from platelets immunoreaction) with anaphylatoxin. Horse platelets release an unidentified smooth muscle contracting substance after lysis by antiserum and complement. Since the active factor (thrombocytolysin) does not produce tachyphylactic response of the guinea-pig ileum it seems that it is not related to anaphylatoxins.", "PMID": 520482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_420", "title": "Cytochalasin D is able to mimic the effects of phalloidin on the rat liver.", "content": "Cytochalasin D induces a strong potassium release in the isolated perfused rat liver and leads to vacuolization of the liver parenchymal cells. These effects are similar to the action of phalloidin on the rat liver. Since phalloidin and cytochalasin act in a different way on microfilaments, it is suggested that any disturbance of the function of microfilaments can induce these effects.", "contents": "Cytochalasin D is able to mimic the effects of phalloidin on the rat liver. Cytochalasin D induces a strong potassium release in the isolated perfused rat liver and leads to vacuolization of the liver parenchymal cells. These effects are similar to the action of phalloidin on the rat liver. Since phalloidin and cytochalasin act in a different way on microfilaments, it is suggested that any disturbance of the function of microfilaments can induce these effects.", "PMID": 520483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_421", "title": "Does an excess in liver proline increase the accumulation of collagen induced by carbon tetrachloride?", "content": "A 20-fold, diet-induced increase in liver proline does not result in an increased accumulation of hydroxyproline following chronic carbon tetrachloride administration.", "contents": "Does an excess in liver proline increase the accumulation of collagen induced by carbon tetrachloride? A 20-fold, diet-induced increase in liver proline does not result in an increased accumulation of hydroxyproline following chronic carbon tetrachloride administration.", "PMID": 520484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_422", "title": "An insect acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from compound eyes of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera).", "content": "The presence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in the compound eyes of adult Triatoma infestans was demonstrated. The inhibitory activity was localized in the ocular pigments separated by disc gel electrophoresis. The inhibitor was selective against insect acetylcholinesterase, reversible, noncompetitive and heart stable.", "contents": "An insect acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from compound eyes of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera). The presence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in the compound eyes of adult Triatoma infestans was demonstrated. The inhibitory activity was localized in the ocular pigments separated by disc gel electrophoresis. The inhibitor was selective against insect acetylcholinesterase, reversible, noncompetitive and heart stable.", "PMID": 520485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_423", "title": "Time courses and refractoriness of enhanced vascular permeability induced by histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in synovialis of the rat.", "content": "Enhanced vascular permeability induced in synovialis of the rat by histamine and serotonin lasts 5-15 min and that induced by bradykinin less than 5 min. Synovialis of the rat becomes refractory to the permeability effects of repeated doses of each of these substances in the hour following initial application.", "contents": "Time courses and refractoriness of enhanced vascular permeability induced by histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in synovialis of the rat. Enhanced vascular permeability induced in synovialis of the rat by histamine and serotonin lasts 5-15 min and that induced by bradykinin less than 5 min. Synovialis of the rat becomes refractory to the permeability effects of repeated doses of each of these substances in the hour following initial application.", "PMID": 520486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_424", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of Morris hepatoma cells reversely transformed by ginsenosides.", "content": "Ginsenosides, which were extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, induced well the development of subcellular organelles in cultured Morris hepatoma cells (MH1C1).", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of Morris hepatoma cells reversely transformed by ginsenosides. Ginsenosides, which were extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, induced well the development of subcellular organelles in cultured Morris hepatoma cells (MH1C1).", "PMID": 520487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_425", "title": "The effects of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol on the rat preimplantation embryos.", "content": "Actinomycin D and chloramphenicol, injected in the rat on day 3 or 4 of gestation, induce embryolethality and embryotoxicity. These effects are revealed on day 5 of pregnancy by reduced number of blastocysts and by decrease of mean blastomeres number.", "contents": "The effects of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol on the rat preimplantation embryos. Actinomycin D and chloramphenicol, injected in the rat on day 3 or 4 of gestation, induce embryolethality and embryotoxicity. These effects are revealed on day 5 of pregnancy by reduced number of blastocysts and by decrease of mean blastomeres number.", "PMID": 520488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_426", "title": "Oxygen permeability of the chorion in relation to diapause termination in Bombyx eggs.", "content": "Oxygen permeability of the chorion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was measured in relation to embryonic diapause. It did not change appreciably when the eggs were freed from diapause by being kept under long chilling. This finding suggests that the increase in oxygen permeability of the chorion is not a pre-requisite for the termination of the diapause and resynthesis of glycogen from 2 polyols.", "contents": "Oxygen permeability of the chorion in relation to diapause termination in Bombyx eggs. Oxygen permeability of the chorion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was measured in relation to embryonic diapause. It did not change appreciably when the eggs were freed from diapause by being kept under long chilling. This finding suggests that the increase in oxygen permeability of the chorion is not a pre-requisite for the termination of the diapause and resynthesis of glycogen from 2 polyols.", "PMID": 520489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_427", "title": "Neogenesis of functional hair follicles in adult mouse skin selectively induced by tumour-promoting phorbol esters.", "content": "Neogenesis of functional hair follicles in the tail skin of adult mice can quantitatively be demonstrated after long-term treatment with tumour-promoting phorbol esters. The ability to induce the formation of new hair follicles correlates with the hyperplasiogenic and tumour-promoting capacity of the phorbol esters. Hyperplasiogenic but nonpromoting phorbol esters do not lead to the formation of new hair follicles.", "contents": "Neogenesis of functional hair follicles in adult mouse skin selectively induced by tumour-promoting phorbol esters. Neogenesis of functional hair follicles in the tail skin of adult mice can quantitatively be demonstrated after long-term treatment with tumour-promoting phorbol esters. The ability to induce the formation of new hair follicles correlates with the hyperplasiogenic and tumour-promoting capacity of the phorbol esters. Hyperplasiogenic but nonpromoting phorbol esters do not lead to the formation of new hair follicles.", "PMID": 520490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_428", "title": "Experimental formation of podocytes in the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule.", "content": "A metaplastic transformation of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule into podocytes is described in glomerular cysts induced by postnatal injection of methylprednisolone acetate to rabbits. Both the anomalous location of podocytes and their utility for the study of the biology of the cells are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental formation of podocytes in the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule. A metaplastic transformation of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule into podocytes is described in glomerular cysts induced by postnatal injection of methylprednisolone acetate to rabbits. Both the anomalous location of podocytes and their utility for the study of the biology of the cells are discussed.", "PMID": 520491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_429", "title": "Elimination and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by Xenopus laevis and other amphibians.", "content": "The elimination of (14C)-DMN after i.p. injection into Xenopus was measured, as was the metabolism in vitro of (14C)-DMN by liver from Xenopus and 9 other amphibian species. In view of its rapid elimination from the body and low rate of metabolism by Xenopus liver in vitro, DMN is unlikely to be toxic or carcinogenic in Xenopus.", "contents": "Elimination and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by Xenopus laevis and other amphibians. The elimination of (14C)-DMN after i.p. injection into Xenopus was measured, as was the metabolism in vitro of (14C)-DMN by liver from Xenopus and 9 other amphibian species. In view of its rapid elimination from the body and low rate of metabolism by Xenopus liver in vitro, DMN is unlikely to be toxic or carcinogenic in Xenopus.", "PMID": 520492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_430", "title": "Chromatin fluorescence by pyronin staining.", "content": "Human, chicken and mouse cells from different tissues show a bright red-orange fluorescence of the chromatin after staining with pyronin Y. The possibility that intercalation of the dye into double helical nucleic acids accounts for this fluorescence pattern is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Chromatin fluorescence by pyronin staining. Human, chicken and mouse cells from different tissues show a bright red-orange fluorescence of the chromatin after staining with pyronin Y. The possibility that intercalation of the dye into double helical nucleic acids accounts for this fluorescence pattern is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 520493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_431", "title": "Divalent cation-phospholipid complexes and tumor growth inhibition.", "content": "Growth inhibition of DS sarcomas provoked by calcitonin treatment is accompanied by an increase of calcium and magnesium in the phospholipid fraction. Changes in tumor cell membrane characteristics reflected in ionic or molecular transport modifications seem to be involved in the growth impairment phenomenon.", "contents": "Divalent cation-phospholipid complexes and tumor growth inhibition. Growth inhibition of DS sarcomas provoked by calcitonin treatment is accompanied by an increase of calcium and magnesium in the phospholipid fraction. Changes in tumor cell membrane characteristics reflected in ionic or molecular transport modifications seem to be involved in the growth impairment phenomenon.", "PMID": 520494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_432", "title": "Effect of testosterone and 17-beta estradiol on limb regeneration in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Gonadectomy, or injections of testosterone or 17-beta estradiol, had no apparent effect on the rate of regeneration or histological appearance of limb regenerates in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Neither promotion, nor inhibition of limb regeneration was observed.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone and 17-beta estradiol on limb regeneration in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Gonadectomy, or injections of testosterone or 17-beta estradiol, had no apparent effect on the rate of regeneration or histological appearance of limb regenerates in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Neither promotion, nor inhibition of limb regeneration was observed.", "PMID": 520495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_433", "title": "Intraperitoneal growth pattern of murine teratocarcinomas.", "content": "Ascitic teratocarcinomas showed a unique growth pattern, suggesting size regulation in the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic 129/Sv mice.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal growth pattern of murine teratocarcinomas. Ascitic teratocarcinomas showed a unique growth pattern, suggesting size regulation in the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic 129/Sv mice.", "PMID": 520496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_434", "title": "Chemotaxis is not a special case of haptotaxis.", "content": "Serum peptides containing classical anaphylatoxin (CAT) produce marked chemotatic orientation of human neutrophil granulocytes without modifying cell attachment to the substratum. Furthermore gradients of adhesion produced with gammaglobulins fail to induce morphological orientation of neutrophils. The results suggest that chemotaxis is not a special case of haptotaxis.", "contents": "Chemotaxis is not a special case of haptotaxis. Serum peptides containing classical anaphylatoxin (CAT) produce marked chemotatic orientation of human neutrophil granulocytes without modifying cell attachment to the substratum. Furthermore gradients of adhesion produced with gammaglobulins fail to induce morphological orientation of neutrophils. The results suggest that chemotaxis is not a special case of haptotaxis.", "PMID": 520497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_435", "title": "Increased incidence of lymphomas in survivors of the host-versus-graft syndrome.", "content": "When (SB)F1 spleen cells were injected into perinatal parental B strain mice a lethal runting syndrome was induced. The survivors showed a significantly increased incidence of lymphomas in old age. The tumors occurred much later and less frequently than in the reverse reaction, B leads to (SB)F1 GVHD.", "contents": "Increased incidence of lymphomas in survivors of the host-versus-graft syndrome. When (SB)F1 spleen cells were injected into perinatal parental B strain mice a lethal runting syndrome was induced. The survivors showed a significantly increased incidence of lymphomas in old age. The tumors occurred much later and less frequently than in the reverse reaction, B leads to (SB)F1 GVHD.", "PMID": 520498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_436", "title": "Permeability of fresh and stored human erthrocytes to glycerol and its acylated derivatives.", "content": "The effect of copper ions on the permeation of glycerol and its mono-, di-, and triacetate derivatives was studied in fresh and stored erythrocytes. Permeability was unchanged with storage. Acylated glycerols permeate the cells mainly by non-facilitated mechanism, as their transport is almost unaffected by copper ions.", "contents": "Permeability of fresh and stored human erthrocytes to glycerol and its acylated derivatives. The effect of copper ions on the permeation of glycerol and its mono-, di-, and triacetate derivatives was studied in fresh and stored erythrocytes. Permeability was unchanged with storage. Acylated glycerols permeate the cells mainly by non-facilitated mechanism, as their transport is almost unaffected by copper ions.", "PMID": 520499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_437", "title": "The boar-pheromone steroid identified in vegetables.", "content": "The steroid 5 a-androst-16-en-3-one, known as a boar pheromone, was identified in parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and celery (Apium graveolens). Concentrations are in the range of 8 ng/g plant.", "contents": "The boar-pheromone steroid identified in vegetables. The steroid 5 a-androst-16-en-3-one, known as a boar pheromone, was identified in parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and celery (Apium graveolens). Concentrations are in the range of 8 ng/g plant.", "PMID": 520500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_438", "title": "Two novel prolactin release-inhibiting 8 alpha-amino-ergolines.", "content": "Prolactin secretion inhibition and changes in striatal dopamine metabolism in rats were compared after the administration of 8 alpha-amino-ergoline CH 29-717 and 2 derivates. CQ 32-084 was similar to but less potent than CH 29-717, while 32-085, the l-methyl derivative, showed delayed dopaminomimetic effects.", "contents": "Two novel prolactin release-inhibiting 8 alpha-amino-ergolines. Prolactin secretion inhibition and changes in striatal dopamine metabolism in rats were compared after the administration of 8 alpha-amino-ergoline CH 29-717 and 2 derivates. CQ 32-084 was similar to but less potent than CH 29-717, while 32-085, the l-methyl derivative, showed delayed dopaminomimetic effects.", "PMID": 520501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_439", "title": "Effect of orchidectomy and estradiol on acetylcholinesterase activity in rat brain areas and adenohypophysis.", "content": "Orchidectomy plus estradiol administration decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat cerebral cortex and mesencephalon, while in the amygdala it was increased. In the adenohypophysis, orchidectomy increased enzyme activity, but subsequent estradiol treatment decreased it. The hypothalamus did not respond to either manipulation.", "contents": "Effect of orchidectomy and estradiol on acetylcholinesterase activity in rat brain areas and adenohypophysis. Orchidectomy plus estradiol administration decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat cerebral cortex and mesencephalon, while in the amygdala it was increased. In the adenohypophysis, orchidectomy increased enzyme activity, but subsequent estradiol treatment decreased it. The hypothalamus did not respond to either manipulation.", "PMID": 520502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_440", "title": "Effects of sham-pinealectomy, performed under white and red light, on the melatonin content of rat pineal glands.", "content": "Sham-pinealectomy, performed under different light conditons in newborn and adult rats, is followed by changes of pineal activity resulting in variations of melatonin content. The pineal glands of rats sham-operated under white light produce significantly less melatonin. In contrast, glands of rats operated on under red light show a melatonin content corresponding to that of intact rats. This result implies that normal white light causes a disturbance in melatonin production by a non-retinal pathway.", "contents": "Effects of sham-pinealectomy, performed under white and red light, on the melatonin content of rat pineal glands. Sham-pinealectomy, performed under different light conditons in newborn and adult rats, is followed by changes of pineal activity resulting in variations of melatonin content. The pineal glands of rats sham-operated under white light produce significantly less melatonin. In contrast, glands of rats operated on under red light show a melatonin content corresponding to that of intact rats. This result implies that normal white light causes a disturbance in melatonin production by a non-retinal pathway.", "PMID": 520503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_441", "title": "Determination of acetaldehyde in human blood.", "content": "A method for the determination of acetaldehyde in human plasma by headspace gas chromatography is described. Chloralhydrate, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, is immediately added to the blood sample to prevent a rapid disappearance of acetaldehyde in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Determination of acetaldehyde in human blood. A method for the determination of acetaldehyde in human plasma by headspace gas chromatography is described. Chloralhydrate, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, is immediately added to the blood sample to prevent a rapid disappearance of acetaldehyde in the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 520504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_442", "title": "The collagen substratum influences in vitro hatching and attachment of the mouse blastocyst in a serumless medium.", "content": "When a serumless medium is used for the in vitro growth and development of post-blastocyst mouse embryos, a collagen substratum causes a delay in the hatching from the zona pellucida. However, the collagen substratum is essential for blastocyst attachment and trophoblast cell outgrowth after hatching has taken place.", "contents": "The collagen substratum influences in vitro hatching and attachment of the mouse blastocyst in a serumless medium. When a serumless medium is used for the in vitro growth and development of post-blastocyst mouse embryos, a collagen substratum causes a delay in the hatching from the zona pellucida. However, the collagen substratum is essential for blastocyst attachment and trophoblast cell outgrowth after hatching has taken place.", "PMID": 520505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_443", "title": "Services, policies and costs in U.S. abortion facilities.", "content": "Most hospital providers, in contrast to clinics, do not offer outpatient abortion services, abortion or contraceptive counseling or contraceptive prescriptions, and many require parental consent up to age 18. Many have limitations on the number of abortions, physician consultation requirements, have long waits for service and relatively high costs.", "contents": "Services, policies and costs in U.S. abortion facilities. Most hospital providers, in contrast to clinics, do not offer outpatient abortion services, abortion or contraceptive counseling or contraceptive prescriptions, and many require parental consent up to age 18. Many have limitations on the number of abortions, physician consultation requirements, have long waits for service and relatively high costs.", "PMID": 520508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_444", "title": "[Transformation of cortical functional systems during the process of motor habit formation and disruption].", "content": "Specific cortical functional systems with synphasic and coherent activities were revealed in the left hemisphere as reflecting the motor program by means of the topical specifics. Diminishing of the activity synchronous character in the precentral and prefrontal areas and its increasing in the precentral and parietal inferior areas occurred in the course of motor automatization, i.e. during reduction of conscious control over movements and promotion of the intrinsic feed--back.", "contents": "[Transformation of cortical functional systems during the process of motor habit formation and disruption]. Specific cortical functional systems with synphasic and coherent activities were revealed in the left hemisphere as reflecting the motor program by means of the topical specifics. Diminishing of the activity synchronous character in the precentral and prefrontal areas and its increasing in the precentral and parietal inferior areas occurred in the course of motor automatization, i.e. during reduction of conscious control over movements and promotion of the intrinsic feed--back.", "PMID": 520608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_445", "title": "[Changes in the bodies of trained and untrained subjects working to capacity and having different degrees of motivation].", "content": "In conditions of enhanced motivation trained subjects performed a greater work and untrained ones--a lesser work than under ordinary motivation. The most stable parameters in regard to working to capacity were as follows: heart rate, minute respiratory volume, amount of oxygen consumption, amount of exhaled CO2, energy expenditure, and oxygen pulse. The data obtained show that untrained subjects under ordinary and, particularly, enhanced motivation for working to capacity are able to mobilize a lesser amount of the organism's physiological reserves than trained people.", "contents": "[Changes in the bodies of trained and untrained subjects working to capacity and having different degrees of motivation]. In conditions of enhanced motivation trained subjects performed a greater work and untrained ones--a lesser work than under ordinary motivation. The most stable parameters in regard to working to capacity were as follows: heart rate, minute respiratory volume, amount of oxygen consumption, amount of exhaled CO2, energy expenditure, and oxygen pulse. The data obtained show that untrained subjects under ordinary and, particularly, enhanced motivation for working to capacity are able to mobilize a lesser amount of the organism's physiological reserves than trained people.", "PMID": 520611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_446", "title": "[Stress and fatigue].", "content": "Investigations into fatigue are very important for development of labour and sports physiology. Many occupations in modern industry do not often show apparent fatigue. This is the reason for the interest shown for occupational strain sgudies. Occupational strain has proved to have laws of optimum. In some occupational situations work is performed at a different than the optimum, level. It is important to take into consideration general and local strain as well as specific and unspecific components of strain. The fatigue level is a significant sign characterizing the occupational strain.", "contents": "[Stress and fatigue]. Investigations into fatigue are very important for development of labour and sports physiology. Many occupations in modern industry do not often show apparent fatigue. This is the reason for the interest shown for occupational strain sgudies. Occupational strain has proved to have laws of optimum. In some occupational situations work is performed at a different than the optimum, level. It is important to take into consideration general and local strain as well as specific and unspecific components of strain. The fatigue level is a significant sign characterizing the occupational strain.", "PMID": 520612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_447", "title": "[Respiratory responses to different human movements].", "content": "Respiratory responses to different movements and postures become stabilized according to the respiratory-energy demands of the optimal way for task solution. Passive pedalling entails diminishing of electrical activity, the respiratory reactions at that being significantly higher than at resting but lower as compared to active work. With no circumstantial (sporting) stimuli, the increase of respiratory responses to muscular relaxation in the course of pedalling was as significant as the cardiac outflow volume. Maximal and minimal values of the blood pressure did not change. The circumstantial conditioned stimuli enhanced the respiratory responces both at resting and during passive pedalling.", "contents": "[Respiratory responses to different human movements]. Respiratory responses to different movements and postures become stabilized according to the respiratory-energy demands of the optimal way for task solution. Passive pedalling entails diminishing of electrical activity, the respiratory reactions at that being significantly higher than at resting but lower as compared to active work. With no circumstantial (sporting) stimuli, the increase of respiratory responses to muscular relaxation in the course of pedalling was as significant as the cardiac outflow volume. Maximal and minimal values of the blood pressure did not change. The circumstantial conditioned stimuli enhanced the respiratory responces both at resting and during passive pedalling.", "PMID": 520615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_448", "title": "[Participation of glucocorticoids in development and provisions for work capacity].", "content": "Physical working capacity of the adrenalectomized Wistar rats can be augmented to some extent by training. This is not accompanied by increased unspecific resistance or augmented content of liver glycogen. The trained adrenalectomized rats revealed heart hypertrophy and increased activity of Mg2+-activated actomyosine ATPase in myocardium. After the training the physical worcing capacity was lower in adrenalectomized rats than in thyroidectomized ones. The 5-day administration of hydrocortisone failed to increase swimming time in adrenalectomized rats provided a high dose of progesterone was injected simultaneously. This can be due to the competition between progesterone and glucocorticoids for the glucocorticoid cytoplasmic receptor sites. The data obtained suggest that the effect of glucocorticoids on the physical working capacity is associated with their action on the adaptive protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Participation of glucocorticoids in development and provisions for work capacity]. Physical working capacity of the adrenalectomized Wistar rats can be augmented to some extent by training. This is not accompanied by increased unspecific resistance or augmented content of liver glycogen. The trained adrenalectomized rats revealed heart hypertrophy and increased activity of Mg2+-activated actomyosine ATPase in myocardium. After the training the physical worcing capacity was lower in adrenalectomized rats than in thyroidectomized ones. The 5-day administration of hydrocortisone failed to increase swimming time in adrenalectomized rats provided a high dose of progesterone was injected simultaneously. This can be due to the competition between progesterone and glucocorticoids for the glucocorticoid cytoplasmic receptor sites. The data obtained suggest that the effect of glucocorticoids on the physical working capacity is associated with their action on the adaptive protein synthesis.", "PMID": 520617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_449", "title": "[Dissociation and consolidation of a motor habit in different emotional states].", "content": "Complex motor habit (swimming in breast stroke style) revealed dissociation of the inner (electromyography) and ambient (chronogram of swimming) structure in conditions of emotional tension and fatigue. Some emotional states, however, induced consolidation of the habit due to the range of sportsmen and their psychological readiness for competition. The variety of emotional states seems to induce a variety of effects on the inner and ambient structures of the formed motor habit.", "contents": "[Dissociation and consolidation of a motor habit in different emotional states]. Complex motor habit (swimming in breast stroke style) revealed dissociation of the inner (electromyography) and ambient (chronogram of swimming) structure in conditions of emotional tension and fatigue. Some emotional states, however, induced consolidation of the habit due to the range of sportsmen and their psychological readiness for competition. The variety of emotional states seems to induce a variety of effects on the inner and ambient structures of the formed motor habit.", "PMID": 520618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_450", "title": "[Changes in motor neuron excitability during the organization of voluntary movements].", "content": "In healthy subjects, H-testing revealed no specific changes of motoneuron excitability during the latency period of voluntary motor activity of movement agonist whereas the H-reflex was augmented prior to movements triggered by a sound signal, the augmentation being the result of the sound activating effect mainly (startle--response). Sharp augmentation of the H-reflex occurs at the beginning of agonist voluntary activation due to interaction between the reflex and the voluntary muscular activities (interaction of peripheral and supraspinal effects on the motoneurons).", "contents": "[Changes in motor neuron excitability during the organization of voluntary movements]. In healthy subjects, H-testing revealed no specific changes of motoneuron excitability during the latency period of voluntary motor activity of movement agonist whereas the H-reflex was augmented prior to movements triggered by a sound signal, the augmentation being the result of the sound activating effect mainly (startle--response). Sharp augmentation of the H-reflex occurs at the beginning of agonist voluntary activation due to interaction between the reflex and the voluntary muscular activities (interaction of peripheral and supraspinal effects on the motoneurons).", "PMID": 520619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_451", "title": "[Studies on radioimmunoassays of TSH subunits (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems for the determination of TSH subunits were carried out. Standard TSH supplied from MRC and standard TSH subunits from Calbiochem were identified to be highly purified by gel filtrations through a Sephadex G-100 column. Antibodies of TSH subunits supplied from Calbiochem bound to standard TSH subunits but not to other pituitary hormones except for TSH. Cross reactivity of anti TSH-alpha antibody to standard TSH was 0.000082, and that of TSH-beta to standard TSH was 0.000011. As the standard curve of each subunit and the displacement curve by TSH were parallel in each assay system, serum levels of TSH subunits were computed by the subtraction of the amount of TSH subunits which was overestimated by the cross reaction with native TSH in this assay system. Cross reactivity of anti TSH-alpha antibody to TSH-beta was 0.001, and that of anti TSH-beta antibody to TSH-alpha was 0.002. But in clinical studies, one TSH subunit was not greatly affected by the determination of another TSH subunit. Utilizing these standard TSH subunits, antibodies of TSH subunits and 125I-labelled TSH subunits obtained by the chloramine-T method, the RIA systems for measurement of serum TSH subunits levels without an extraction procedure were developed. In each RIA system of TSH subunit, a good dose response curve was observed in the range from 0.2 to 50 ng/ml of TSH subunits. Recovery and reproducibility of each RIA system were satisfactory. The serum levels of TSH subunits in 13 normal subjects, 12 patients with primary hypothyroidism and 7 patients with hyperthyroidism were determined by the RIA of TSH subunits. In 13 normal subjects, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from an undetectable level (U.D.: less than 0.2 ng/ml) to 0.3 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta varied from an undetectable level (U.D.: less than 0.2 ng/ml) to 0.8 ng/ml. In 12 patients with primary hypothyroidism, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from U.D. to 4.9 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta varied from U.D. to 13.6 ng/ml. In 7 patients with hyperthyroidism, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from U.D. to 4.3 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta were ranged U.D. From the above data, it is suggested that the direct RIA of serum TSH subunits is a useful tool for studying the roles of TSH subunits in peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Studies on radioimmunoassays of TSH subunits (author's transl)]. In order to establish radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems for the determination of TSH subunits were carried out. Standard TSH supplied from MRC and standard TSH subunits from Calbiochem were identified to be highly purified by gel filtrations through a Sephadex G-100 column. Antibodies of TSH subunits supplied from Calbiochem bound to standard TSH subunits but not to other pituitary hormones except for TSH. Cross reactivity of anti TSH-alpha antibody to standard TSH was 0.000082, and that of TSH-beta to standard TSH was 0.000011. As the standard curve of each subunit and the displacement curve by TSH were parallel in each assay system, serum levels of TSH subunits were computed by the subtraction of the amount of TSH subunits which was overestimated by the cross reaction with native TSH in this assay system. Cross reactivity of anti TSH-alpha antibody to TSH-beta was 0.001, and that of anti TSH-beta antibody to TSH-alpha was 0.002. But in clinical studies, one TSH subunit was not greatly affected by the determination of another TSH subunit. Utilizing these standard TSH subunits, antibodies of TSH subunits and 125I-labelled TSH subunits obtained by the chloramine-T method, the RIA systems for measurement of serum TSH subunits levels without an extraction procedure were developed. In each RIA system of TSH subunit, a good dose response curve was observed in the range from 0.2 to 50 ng/ml of TSH subunits. Recovery and reproducibility of each RIA system were satisfactory. The serum levels of TSH subunits in 13 normal subjects, 12 patients with primary hypothyroidism and 7 patients with hyperthyroidism were determined by the RIA of TSH subunits. In 13 normal subjects, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from an undetectable level (U.D.: less than 0.2 ng/ml) to 0.3 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta varied from an undetectable level (U.D.: less than 0.2 ng/ml) to 0.8 ng/ml. In 12 patients with primary hypothyroidism, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from U.D. to 4.9 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta varied from U.D. to 13.6 ng/ml. In 7 patients with hyperthyroidism, serum levels of TSH-alpha varied from U.D. to 4.3 ng/ml, and those of TSH-beta were ranged U.D. From the above data, it is suggested that the direct RIA of serum TSH subunits is a useful tool for studying the roles of TSH subunits in peripheral blood.", "PMID": 520625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_452", "title": "[Early detection of congenital hypothyroidism by TSH radioimmunoassay using filter paper blood samples (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been reported that mental retardation due to congenital hypothyroidism can be prevented by early detection and early adequate replacement therapy. We have developed a radioimmunoassay for TSH using the dried blood spot and have started screening for newborn congenital hypothyroidism using a part of sample of the inborn metabolic error screening. (1) The dried blood spot TSH of 61,000 newborn infants was assayed in the first half of our screening and that of 74,505 newborn infants was assayed in the latter half of our screening. As a result, although we were not able to detect any cases in the first screening, we were able to detect 9 cases of congenital hypothyroidism in the latter screening. From the results obtained through our investigation of the thyroid function of these 9 infants, we confirmed that mild hypothyroidism can be better detected by the screening of TSH. (2) As to the program of the screening, we chose from the latter half of our screening all the samples in which TSH concentrations contained above 3 percent of each assay and were remeasured on the next assay. (3) As we confirmed that the sensitivity of measurement was increased at very low concentrations, when the volume of antibodies, radioisotopes and eluates used for each assay were decreased, we measured TSH successfully using two 3 mm discs. (4) As we can perform very simple screening by the 3 mm disc method, we are changing the screening method from that with 10 mm disc to one with two 3 mm discs. We intend to extend our screening, and will make every effort to prevent mental retardation due to congenital hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Early detection of congenital hypothyroidism by TSH radioimmunoassay using filter paper blood samples (author's transl)]. It has been reported that mental retardation due to congenital hypothyroidism can be prevented by early detection and early adequate replacement therapy. We have developed a radioimmunoassay for TSH using the dried blood spot and have started screening for newborn congenital hypothyroidism using a part of sample of the inborn metabolic error screening. (1) The dried blood spot TSH of 61,000 newborn infants was assayed in the first half of our screening and that of 74,505 newborn infants was assayed in the latter half of our screening. As a result, although we were not able to detect any cases in the first screening, we were able to detect 9 cases of congenital hypothyroidism in the latter screening. From the results obtained through our investigation of the thyroid function of these 9 infants, we confirmed that mild hypothyroidism can be better detected by the screening of TSH. (2) As to the program of the screening, we chose from the latter half of our screening all the samples in which TSH concentrations contained above 3 percent of each assay and were remeasured on the next assay. (3) As we confirmed that the sensitivity of measurement was increased at very low concentrations, when the volume of antibodies, radioisotopes and eluates used for each assay were decreased, we measured TSH successfully using two 3 mm discs. (4) As we can perform very simple screening by the 3 mm disc method, we are changing the screening method from that with 10 mm disc to one with two 3 mm discs. We intend to extend our screening, and will make every effort to prevent mental retardation due to congenital hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 520628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_453", "title": "Food security -- an insurance approach.", "content": "An adequate standard of nutrition at national and individual level is a basic -- and not wholly altruistic -- objective for mankind. Its ingredients are food production and distribution. Of these the latter is currently considered the more limiting, but fluctuations in the former -- over various geographical and time scales -- can be the overriding factor when national supplies are critical. Under these conditions the automatic operations of a legal mandatory food support system -- free from political strings or connotations of welfare -- would be advantageous. A system for providing a measure of food security, using insurance principles and based on a compromise between international stockpiling and direct financial subventions, is outlined in a recent publication of the International Food Policy Research Institute. Essentially it is a means by which the international community could contribute to the food security of food deficit, developing countries without having to create large buffer stocks and stabilize world grain prices. Extracts from this publication are given below.", "contents": "Food security -- an insurance approach. An adequate standard of nutrition at national and individual level is a basic -- and not wholly altruistic -- objective for mankind. Its ingredients are food production and distribution. Of these the latter is currently considered the more limiting, but fluctuations in the former -- over various geographical and time scales -- can be the overriding factor when national supplies are critical. Under these conditions the automatic operations of a legal mandatory food support system -- free from political strings or connotations of welfare -- would be advantageous. A system for providing a measure of food security, using insurance principles and based on a compromise between international stockpiling and direct financial subventions, is outlined in a recent publication of the International Food Policy Research Institute. Essentially it is a means by which the international community could contribute to the food security of food deficit, developing countries without having to create large buffer stocks and stabilize world grain prices. Extracts from this publication are given below.", "PMID": 520632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_454", "title": "The food situation and the child -- an overview.", "content": "World food production has increased in this decade by an estimated 2.5% per annum, but it is probable that up to 200 million children -- a quarter of those in the developing countries -- suffer from undernutrition. Expansion of food production alone is not likely to remedy the situation -- improved distribution at international, national and even family level is also required. The latter can be assisted by suitable development planning and food policy measures.", "contents": "The food situation and the child -- an overview. World food production has increased in this decade by an estimated 2.5% per annum, but it is probable that up to 200 million children -- a quarter of those in the developing countries -- suffer from undernutrition. Expansion of food production alone is not likely to remedy the situation -- improved distribution at international, national and even family level is also required. The latter can be assisted by suitable development planning and food policy measures.", "PMID": 520635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_455", "title": "Reproductive goals and achieved fertility: a fifteen-year perspective.", "content": "A measure of underlying family size preference obtained for a sample of Detroit married women in 1962 is related to their fertility over a 15-year follow-up period. The data represent completed fertility. The I-scale preference measure used differs from the conventional single-valued statement of number of children wanted; it is a more fine-grained measure reflecting the respondent's utility for children as evidenced by her entire preference order. The scales are found to be consistently predictive of fertility over the 15-year prospective period, net of other variables usually associated with differential fertility. The results for the just-married sample, in which preferences and expectations are not confounded with the number of children already born, are particularly striking, with underlying preference much better than expected family size as a predictor of fertility over the entire reproductive cycle. The question of prediction for continuous and discontinuous marriages is discussed.", "contents": "Reproductive goals and achieved fertility: a fifteen-year perspective. A measure of underlying family size preference obtained for a sample of Detroit married women in 1962 is related to their fertility over a 15-year follow-up period. The data represent completed fertility. The I-scale preference measure used differs from the conventional single-valued statement of number of children wanted; it is a more fine-grained measure reflecting the respondent's utility for children as evidenced by her entire preference order. The scales are found to be consistently predictive of fertility over the 15-year prospective period, net of other variables usually associated with differential fertility. The results for the just-married sample, in which preferences and expectations are not confounded with the number of children already born, are particularly striking, with underlying preference much better than expected family size as a predictor of fertility over the entire reproductive cycle. The question of prediction for continuous and discontinuous marriages is discussed.", "PMID": 520637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_456", "title": "Change in worker/nonworker ratios for women.", "content": "Effects of age, birth year, and observation year on work behavior are estimated by minimum logit chi-square regression, using data from Current Population Surveys. Most of the observation-year effect is captured by indicators of the business cycle. Further, a model which permits the cycle effects to vary by age is preferred over any additive model. The ratio for young women is most depressed relative to that for older women when times are \"good\".", "contents": "Change in worker/nonworker ratios for women. Effects of age, birth year, and observation year on work behavior are estimated by minimum logit chi-square regression, using data from Current Population Surveys. Most of the observation-year effect is captured by indicators of the business cycle. Further, a model which permits the cycle effects to vary by age is preferred over any additive model. The ratio for young women is most depressed relative to that for older women when times are \"good\".", "PMID": 520638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_457", "title": "Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in United States urbanized areas.", "content": "Residential segregation among Spanish Americans, whites and blacks is measured in the 29 largest U.S. urbanized areas. Results show that Spanish Americans are much less segregated from whites than are blacks and are less concentrated within central cities. Spanish-white segregation also tends to be much lower in suburbs than in central cities, while back-white segregation is maintained at a high level in both areas. Segregation of Spanish Americans from whites is found to decline with generations spent in the United States. Finally, the relative proportion of Spanish who live in a central city and the relative number of Spanish who are foreign stock, are both highly related, across urbanized areas, to variations in the level of Spanish-white segregation.", "contents": "Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in United States urbanized areas. Residential segregation among Spanish Americans, whites and blacks is measured in the 29 largest U.S. urbanized areas. Results show that Spanish Americans are much less segregated from whites than are blacks and are less concentrated within central cities. Spanish-white segregation also tends to be much lower in suburbs than in central cities, while back-white segregation is maintained at a high level in both areas. Segregation of Spanish Americans from whites is found to decline with generations spent in the United States. Finally, the relative proportion of Spanish who live in a central city and the relative number of Spanish who are foreign stock, are both highly related, across urbanized areas, to variations in the level of Spanish-white segregation.", "PMID": 520640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_458", "title": "Residential preferences, community satisfaction, and the intention to move.", "content": "This paper explores the role of size of place residential preference in the evolution of the intention to move out of the present community using data from the March 1974 NORC Amalgam Survey. People who prefer to live in a community having different size or location characteristics than their present residence are five times more likely to intend to move than those who have attained their preferred type of residence. Within these two groups, however, the particular configuration of current and preferred residence has no significant effect on the likelihood of intending to move. This finding justifies the creation of a simple dichotomous variable, preference status, contrasting these two groups. Community satisfaction and preference status are highly interrelated and each has an independent effect on intentions to move. Moreover, the effect of preference status on mobility intentions is somewhat larger than that for community satisfaction, indicating that residential preference plays a significant role in the decision-making process regarding migration.", "contents": "Residential preferences, community satisfaction, and the intention to move. This paper explores the role of size of place residential preference in the evolution of the intention to move out of the present community using data from the March 1974 NORC Amalgam Survey. People who prefer to live in a community having different size or location characteristics than their present residence are five times more likely to intend to move than those who have attained their preferred type of residence. Within these two groups, however, the particular configuration of current and preferred residence has no significant effect on the likelihood of intending to move. This finding justifies the creation of a simple dichotomous variable, preference status, contrasting these two groups. Community satisfaction and preference status are highly interrelated and each has an independent effect on intentions to move. Moreover, the effect of preference status on mobility intentions is somewhat larger than that for community satisfaction, indicating that residential preference plays a significant role in the decision-making process regarding migration.", "PMID": 520641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_459", "title": "A time series approach to forecasting Australian total live-births.", "content": "The relationship between classical demographic deterministic forecasting models, stochastic structural econometric models and time series models is discussed. Final equation autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models for Australian total live-births are constructed. Particular attention is given to the problem of transforming the time series to stationarity (and Gaussianity) and the properties of the forecasts are analyzed. Final form transfer function models linking births to females in the reproductive age groups are also constructed and a comparison of actual forecast performance using the various models is made. Long-run future forecasts are generated and compared with available projections based on the deterministic cohort model after which some policy implications of the analysis are considered.", "contents": "A time series approach to forecasting Australian total live-births. The relationship between classical demographic deterministic forecasting models, stochastic structural econometric models and time series models is discussed. Final equation autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models for Australian total live-births are constructed. Particular attention is given to the problem of transforming the time series to stationarity (and Gaussianity) and the properties of the forecasts are analyzed. Final form transfer function models linking births to females in the reproductive age groups are also constructed and a comparison of actual forecast performance using the various models is made. Long-run future forecasts are generated and compared with available projections based on the deterministic cohort model after which some policy implications of the analysis are considered.", "PMID": 520642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_460", "title": "Effects of thymus grafts in nude mice transplated with human malignant tumors.", "content": "The effect of neonatal thymus grafts implanted in nude mice previously transplanted with three different human malignant tumors - an adenocarcinoma of the colon, a malignant melanoma and a Burkitt's lymphoma - were studied. In all immunologically reconstituted animals tumord were rejected. Tumor rejection stated 2-3 weeks after thymus implantation, and was completed after 30-6 weeks. Histological examination of lymphoid tissues showed a correlation between immunological reconstitution and tumor rejection. The rejection process showed a characteristic histologic picture with 3 phases - an early, an intermediate and a late phase - these were similar in the three tumor types examined. The possible mechanisms of reconstitution and tumor rejection are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of thymus grafts in nude mice transplated with human malignant tumors. The effect of neonatal thymus grafts implanted in nude mice previously transplanted with three different human malignant tumors - an adenocarcinoma of the colon, a malignant melanoma and a Burkitt's lymphoma - were studied. In all immunologically reconstituted animals tumord were rejected. Tumor rejection stated 2-3 weeks after thymus implantation, and was completed after 30-6 weeks. Histological examination of lymphoid tissues showed a correlation between immunological reconstitution and tumor rejection. The rejection process showed a characteristic histologic picture with 3 phases - an early, an intermediate and a late phase - these were similar in the three tumor types examined. The possible mechanisms of reconstitution and tumor rejection are discussed.", "PMID": 520648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_461", "title": "Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice. Role of susceptibility to natural killer cells.", "content": "The athymic nude mouse is a useful animal model for assaying the neoplastic growth potential in vivo of animal cells transformed in vitro. Despite the demonstrated absence of thymus-dependent immunological functions, however, the nude mouse has now been shown to reject transplants of certain highly malignant heterologous tumors. In addition, a few transformed mammalian cell lines that exhibit all or most of the cellular phenotypes usually associated with malignancy fail to grow as tumors when injected into nude mice. In a continuing study to identify the in vitro phenotypes associated with tumor-forming ability in vivo, we investigated the role of cellular susceptibility to the naturally occurring, thymus-independent lymphocytes (natural killer or NK cells) in determining tumor induction by animal cells in nude mice. A representative collection of animal cells (ranging from normal human diploid cell strains to highly tumorigenic clonal cell lines, either transformed in vitro or derived from experimental tumors) was tested to see if the ability of cells to form tumors is consistently correlated with their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis measured in vitro with splenic leukocytes from nude mice. If the physiological role of the NK cells in vivo were to recognize, and possibly to destroy, incipient tumor cells in situ, a direct association between cellular tumorigenicity and susceptibility to NK activity, might be expected. If, on the other hand, the formation of growing tumors by animal cells in nude mice depended on their ability to escape the cytolytic activity of NK cells, cellular tumorigenicity would be associated with cellular resistance to NK cells. Results obtained in this study failed to confirm either of these associations. Thus, cellular suscepbibility to NK cells, at least as determined by direct cytotoxicity assay in vitro, is not a useful predictive indicator of cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice.", "contents": "Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice. Role of susceptibility to natural killer cells. The athymic nude mouse is a useful animal model for assaying the neoplastic growth potential in vivo of animal cells transformed in vitro. Despite the demonstrated absence of thymus-dependent immunological functions, however, the nude mouse has now been shown to reject transplants of certain highly malignant heterologous tumors. In addition, a few transformed mammalian cell lines that exhibit all or most of the cellular phenotypes usually associated with malignancy fail to grow as tumors when injected into nude mice. In a continuing study to identify the in vitro phenotypes associated with tumor-forming ability in vivo, we investigated the role of cellular susceptibility to the naturally occurring, thymus-independent lymphocytes (natural killer or NK cells) in determining tumor induction by animal cells in nude mice. A representative collection of animal cells (ranging from normal human diploid cell strains to highly tumorigenic clonal cell lines, either transformed in vitro or derived from experimental tumors) was tested to see if the ability of cells to form tumors is consistently correlated with their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis measured in vitro with splenic leukocytes from nude mice. If the physiological role of the NK cells in vivo were to recognize, and possibly to destroy, incipient tumor cells in situ, a direct association between cellular tumorigenicity and susceptibility to NK activity, might be expected. If, on the other hand, the formation of growing tumors by animal cells in nude mice depended on their ability to escape the cytolytic activity of NK cells, cellular tumorigenicity would be associated with cellular resistance to NK cells. Results obtained in this study failed to confirm either of these associations. Thus, cellular suscepbibility to NK cells, at least as determined by direct cytotoxicity assay in vitro, is not a useful predictive indicator of cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice.", "PMID": 520649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_462", "title": "Induction of macrophage lysosomal enzyme secretion by agents acting at the plasma membrane.", "content": "Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were shown to secrete the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (N-ac-Glu) in response to IgG-Sepharose and some other non-endocytosable particles without substantial release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase. The interaction with IgG-Sepharose was studied in some detail, and was shown to be time- and dose-dependent, and to leave the cells viable. Ovalbumin and glycine insolubilised on Sepharose did not induce secretion. By means of several control experiments, it was demonstrated that the IgG-Sepharose exerted its effects directly on the plasma membrane. Thus, normal macrophages can secrete in response to certain agents which act solely on the plasma membrane. This mechanism of induction of secretion is probably quite distinct from those previously established, which involve secretion during phagocytosis, during intracellular storage of phagocytosed materials or during pharmacological intervention by cytochalasin B.", "contents": "Induction of macrophage lysosomal enzyme secretion by agents acting at the plasma membrane. Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were shown to secrete the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (N-ac-Glu) in response to IgG-Sepharose and some other non-endocytosable particles without substantial release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase. The interaction with IgG-Sepharose was studied in some detail, and was shown to be time- and dose-dependent, and to leave the cells viable. Ovalbumin and glycine insolubilised on Sepharose did not induce secretion. By means of several control experiments, it was demonstrated that the IgG-Sepharose exerted its effects directly on the plasma membrane. Thus, normal macrophages can secrete in response to certain agents which act solely on the plasma membrane. This mechanism of induction of secretion is probably quite distinct from those previously established, which involve secretion during phagocytosis, during intracellular storage of phagocytosed materials or during pharmacological intervention by cytochalasin B.", "PMID": 520650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_463", "title": "In vitro effect of D-isoascorbic acid and betaine hydrate alone and in combination on normal and malignant cells.", "content": "D-Isoascorbic acid, an isomer of vitamin C, and betaine hydrate (quaternary amine) were found to inhibit mitoses of sarcoma 37, Ehrlich carcinoma, and L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. However, the combined effect of these compounds produced a greater inhibitory activity than when either was administered individually.", "contents": "In vitro effect of D-isoascorbic acid and betaine hydrate alone and in combination on normal and malignant cells. D-Isoascorbic acid, an isomer of vitamin C, and betaine hydrate (quaternary amine) were found to inhibit mitoses of sarcoma 37, Ehrlich carcinoma, and L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. However, the combined effect of these compounds produced a greater inhibitory activity than when either was administered individually.", "PMID": 520651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_464", "title": "Piroxicam in the treatment of acute gout: a multicentre open study in general practice.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with acute gout were treated with piroxicam (40 mg daily for 5 days) in a multicentre general practitioner study. Pain relief was noticeable within 4 hours of the first dose and thereafter proceeded steadily, together with the early relief of other symptoms associated with acute gout. The prompt relief of symptoms was accompanied by a fall in serum uric acid. Piroxicam was well tolerated, eight experiencing side-effects that were mainly mild and gastro-intestinal in nature. The drug seems to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of acute gout.", "contents": "Piroxicam in the treatment of acute gout: a multicentre open study in general practice. Twenty-nine patients with acute gout were treated with piroxicam (40 mg daily for 5 days) in a multicentre general practitioner study. Pain relief was noticeable within 4 hours of the first dose and thereafter proceeded steadily, together with the early relief of other symptoms associated with acute gout. The prompt relief of symptoms was accompanied by a fall in serum uric acid. Piroxicam was well tolerated, eight experiencing side-effects that were mainly mild and gastro-intestinal in nature. The drug seems to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of acute gout.", "PMID": 520653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_465", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of intravenous indoramin hydrochloride in man.", "content": "Haemodynamic effects of intravenous indoramin (5-20 mg) were measured in ten healthy volunteers. Slight falls in arterial and central venous blood pressures were noted but no significant changes in heart rate, right atrial pressure, cardiac output or derived values occurred, except for a fall in peripheral vascular resistance in three cases. An increase in skin blood flow to the feet was observed. An attempt was made to determine the mechanisms of these responses and it was concluded that the drug was an alpha adrenoceptor blocking agent which appeared to act preferentially on those receptors controlling blood flow to the skin of extremities.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of intravenous indoramin hydrochloride in man. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous indoramin (5-20 mg) were measured in ten healthy volunteers. Slight falls in arterial and central venous blood pressures were noted but no significant changes in heart rate, right atrial pressure, cardiac output or derived values occurred, except for a fall in peripheral vascular resistance in three cases. An increase in skin blood flow to the feet was observed. An attempt was made to determine the mechanisms of these responses and it was concluded that the drug was an alpha adrenoceptor blocking agent which appeared to act preferentially on those receptors controlling blood flow to the skin of extremities.", "PMID": 520654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_466", "title": "A multicentre study examining the substitution of Trasidrex for the free combination of Slow-Trasicor and Navidrex-K.", "content": "A multicentre, open study of general practice patients with essential hypertension who were currently being treated with oxprenolol and cyclopenthiazide was undertaken in which the patients were transferred to Trasidrex for 12 weeks. Weight, blood pressure, heart rate and side-effects were assessed pre-trial and at 4-week intervals. A global assessment was also made at the same time intervals. The mean serum potassium remained virtually unchanged after 12 weeks treatment with Trasidrex. Blood pressure control was marginally improved during the study and it is thought possible that better patient compliance might explain this. Trasidrex was tolerated equally as well as the free combination.", "contents": "A multicentre study examining the substitution of Trasidrex for the free combination of Slow-Trasicor and Navidrex-K. A multicentre, open study of general practice patients with essential hypertension who were currently being treated with oxprenolol and cyclopenthiazide was undertaken in which the patients were transferred to Trasidrex for 12 weeks. Weight, blood pressure, heart rate and side-effects were assessed pre-trial and at 4-week intervals. A global assessment was also made at the same time intervals. The mean serum potassium remained virtually unchanged after 12 weeks treatment with Trasidrex. Blood pressure control was marginally improved during the study and it is thought possible that better patient compliance might explain this. Trasidrex was tolerated equally as well as the free combination.", "PMID": 520655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_467", "title": "Amoxycillin for parenteral use: a pharmacological and clinical evaluation.", "content": "Pharmacological studies with intramuscular amoxycillin and intramuscular ampicillin were carried out in ten patients. Serum, urine levels, urinary recovery and renal clearance of intramuscular amoxycillin were similar to intramuscular ampicillin and to oral amoxycillin. The time to peak serum concentration was later for amoxycillin. Sputum levels were higher for amoxycillin. Amoxycillin intramuscularly was more painful than ampicillin in eleven out of thirty patients. The clinical response, evaluated in twenty-five patients was good and similar to ampicillin in our experience.", "contents": "Amoxycillin for parenteral use: a pharmacological and clinical evaluation. Pharmacological studies with intramuscular amoxycillin and intramuscular ampicillin were carried out in ten patients. Serum, urine levels, urinary recovery and renal clearance of intramuscular amoxycillin were similar to intramuscular ampicillin and to oral amoxycillin. The time to peak serum concentration was later for amoxycillin. Sputum levels were higher for amoxycillin. Amoxycillin intramuscularly was more painful than ampicillin in eleven out of thirty patients. The clinical response, evaluated in twenty-five patients was good and similar to ampicillin in our experience.", "PMID": 520656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_468", "title": "Clinical evaluation of amoxycillin in the treatment of syphilis.", "content": "Following demonstration of in vitro activity of amoxycillin against Treponema pallidum, a clinical research group was set up to study the effects of amoxycillin against various stages of syphilitic infection in men. A total of eighty-nine cases, fifteen primary, twenty-nine secondary, thirty late and fifteen adult congenital patients have been investigated. One hundred per cent effectiveness was recorded for primary and secondary syphilis; 66.7% for late syphilis and 60% success for adult congenital syphilis. In 10.4% of cases there was a transient elevation of SGOT and SGPT although it is not certain whether this was a reaction to the drug itself. There were three incidences of drug-related rash and two other minor side-effects. Amoxycillin is thus a safe and effective oral agent for the treatment of all stages of syphilis in man.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of amoxycillin in the treatment of syphilis. Following demonstration of in vitro activity of amoxycillin against Treponema pallidum, a clinical research group was set up to study the effects of amoxycillin against various stages of syphilitic infection in men. A total of eighty-nine cases, fifteen primary, twenty-nine secondary, thirty late and fifteen adult congenital patients have been investigated. One hundred per cent effectiveness was recorded for primary and secondary syphilis; 66.7% for late syphilis and 60% success for adult congenital syphilis. In 10.4% of cases there was a transient elevation of SGOT and SGPT although it is not certain whether this was a reaction to the drug itself. There were three incidences of drug-related rash and two other minor side-effects. Amoxycillin is thus a safe and effective oral agent for the treatment of all stages of syphilis in man.", "PMID": 520657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_469", "title": "The symptomatic treatment of heartburn and dyspepsia with Liquid Gaviscon: a multicentre general practitioner study.", "content": "In a multicentre open study, Liquid Gaviscon was shown to give effective relief of heartburn and dyspepsia in over 82% of patients. Symptomatic relief was obtained during the day and at night-time and the treatment was as effective whether the patients had a short (0-4 weeks) or long (more than 1 year) history of problems.", "contents": "The symptomatic treatment of heartburn and dyspepsia with Liquid Gaviscon: a multicentre general practitioner study. In a multicentre open study, Liquid Gaviscon was shown to give effective relief of heartburn and dyspepsia in over 82% of patients. Symptomatic relief was obtained during the day and at night-time and the treatment was as effective whether the patients had a short (0-4 weeks) or long (more than 1 year) history of problems.", "PMID": 520658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_470", "title": "The incidence of dipyrone-induced agranulocytosis in Greece during 1975.", "content": "A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in Greece during 1975 to assess the incidence of agranulocytosis following treatment with dipyrone. Twenty-four cases of agranulocytosis were reported, of which fifteen were possibly associated with medication. If all fifteen cases are attributed to dipyrone, the incidence of agranulocytosis following treatment with this drug lies between one case in every 133,000 and one case in every 466,000 treatments.", "contents": "The incidence of dipyrone-induced agranulocytosis in Greece during 1975. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in Greece during 1975 to assess the incidence of agranulocytosis following treatment with dipyrone. Twenty-four cases of agranulocytosis were reported, of which fifteen were possibly associated with medication. If all fifteen cases are attributed to dipyrone, the incidence of agranulocytosis following treatment with this drug lies between one case in every 133,000 and one case in every 466,000 treatments.", "PMID": 520659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_471", "title": "The treatment of atrophic vaginal conditions with Ortho-Gynest: a pilot study.", "content": "A clinical study was undertaken, in twenty-four patients with atrophic vaginal changes, to assess the efficacy and the acceptability of treatment with Ortho-Gynesi vaginal suppositories, which have as their active constituent the naturally occurring substance oestriol. A regenerative effect on the vaginal epithelium could be objectively demonstrated by an increase in the proportion of superficial cells following treatment. Changes in the vaginal epithelium were accompanied by a diminution in the incidence of infection and inflammation. Subjective complaints such as dyspareunia, pruritus and kraurosis vulvae, which could also be ascribed to a relative oestrogen deficiency, responded well to treatment.", "contents": "The treatment of atrophic vaginal conditions with Ortho-Gynest: a pilot study. A clinical study was undertaken, in twenty-four patients with atrophic vaginal changes, to assess the efficacy and the acceptability of treatment with Ortho-Gynesi vaginal suppositories, which have as their active constituent the naturally occurring substance oestriol. A regenerative effect on the vaginal epithelium could be objectively demonstrated by an increase in the proportion of superficial cells following treatment. Changes in the vaginal epithelium were accompanied by a diminution in the incidence of infection and inflammation. Subjective complaints such as dyspareunia, pruritus and kraurosis vulvae, which could also be ascribed to a relative oestrogen deficiency, responded well to treatment.", "PMID": 520660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_472", "title": "Study of 'Vivalan' in geriatric patients suffering from depression.", "content": "Twenty elderly depressed patients were entered into a study of Vivalan (viloxazine; 150-200 mg daily). Significant falls in Hamilton and Zung ratings occurred by Day 7 of treatment and further significant improvements were noted over the following 2 weeks. These changes were also reflected in global assessments. Headache was reported in six patients and nausea in three. Vivalan had no significant effect upon blood pressure and absence of anticholinergic side-effects proved an advantage in the treatment of elderly patients with depressive illness.", "contents": "Study of 'Vivalan' in geriatric patients suffering from depression. Twenty elderly depressed patients were entered into a study of Vivalan (viloxazine; 150-200 mg daily). Significant falls in Hamilton and Zung ratings occurred by Day 7 of treatment and further significant improvements were noted over the following 2 weeks. These changes were also reflected in global assessments. Headache was reported in six patients and nausea in three. Vivalan had no significant effect upon blood pressure and absence of anticholinergic side-effects proved an advantage in the treatment of elderly patients with depressive illness.", "PMID": 520661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_473", "title": "Activation of the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus.", "content": "The influence of several parameters on the kinetics of activation of the progesterone receptor in the cytosol of rabbit uterus is described. The estimation of the proportion of activated receptor is based on the differential affinity of the activated and non-activated forms of the receptor for phosphocellulose. Under appropriate conditions binding to phosphocellulose can be used as a test of activation and gives results similar to those obtained with DNA--cellulose, or isolated cell nuclei. The kinetics of receptor activation is temperature-dependent and compatible with a first-order reaction at all temperatures tested. The thermodynamic activation energy of this reaction is 67.8 kcal mol-1. The progesterone receptor can be activated to various extents by increased ionic strength or by dilution of the cytosol with buffers of low ionic strength, and in all cases the activation follows apparent first order kinetics. At a concentration of 0.4 M NaCl, 70--80% of the receptor can be converted into the activated form. The activated and non-activated forms of the receptor appear to be in equilibrium. Salt-activated and heat-activated receptor can be transformed to a non-activated form by decreasing either the salt concentration, or the temperature of incubation. The rate of dissociation of the steroid from the activated form of the receptor is indistinguishable from that observed with the non-activated form, but the activated receptor is more thermolabile. Upon centrifugation on sucrose gradients there are no major differences in the sedimentation behaviour of the two forms of the receptor.", "contents": "Activation of the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus. The influence of several parameters on the kinetics of activation of the progesterone receptor in the cytosol of rabbit uterus is described. The estimation of the proportion of activated receptor is based on the differential affinity of the activated and non-activated forms of the receptor for phosphocellulose. Under appropriate conditions binding to phosphocellulose can be used as a test of activation and gives results similar to those obtained with DNA--cellulose, or isolated cell nuclei. The kinetics of receptor activation is temperature-dependent and compatible with a first-order reaction at all temperatures tested. The thermodynamic activation energy of this reaction is 67.8 kcal mol-1. The progesterone receptor can be activated to various extents by increased ionic strength or by dilution of the cytosol with buffers of low ionic strength, and in all cases the activation follows apparent first order kinetics. At a concentration of 0.4 M NaCl, 70--80% of the receptor can be converted into the activated form. The activated and non-activated forms of the receptor appear to be in equilibrium. Salt-activated and heat-activated receptor can be transformed to a non-activated form by decreasing either the salt concentration, or the temperature of incubation. The rate of dissociation of the steroid from the activated form of the receptor is indistinguishable from that observed with the non-activated form, but the activated receptor is more thermolabile. Upon centrifugation on sucrose gradients there are no major differences in the sedimentation behaviour of the two forms of the receptor.", "PMID": 520662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_474", "title": "Experiences with pertussis vaccination in GDR.", "content": "Because of a high pertussis morbidity, compulsory vaccination with DPT-vaccine was started in GDR in 1964. The performing of vaccination for many years has led to a 60--100 fold decrease of morbidity. The well established system of medical care for mothers and babies and the high percent of children who spend their day in nurseries and kindergardens enables satisfying control of the vaccinees. The observed side reactions give no reason to abandon the DPT-Vaccination.", "contents": "Experiences with pertussis vaccination in GDR. Because of a high pertussis morbidity, compulsory vaccination with DPT-vaccine was started in GDR in 1964. The performing of vaccination for many years has led to a 60--100 fold decrease of morbidity. The well established system of medical care for mothers and babies and the high percent of children who spend their day in nurseries and kindergardens enables satisfying control of the vaccinees. The observed side reactions give no reason to abandon the DPT-Vaccination.", "PMID": 520663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_475", "title": "BCG vaccination of neonates, infants, schoolchildren and adolescents. Part I: Dose finding studies with BCG strain 1331 Copenhagen.", "content": "A BCG vaccine prepared from strain 1331 Copenhagen was given to newborns and infants in four logarithmically decreasing doses (expressed in VU = viable units): 25 X 10(4), 11 X 10(4), 5 X 10 (4), and 2.2 X 10(4). The efficacy of the vaccine was determined through the conversion rate (tuberculin skin test) with 2 and 10 T. U. of RT 23, AND 10 AND 50 I. U. of GT (Hoechst). The results indicated that the conversion rate is a function of the dose of VU of the vaccine, as well as of the units of tuberculin used for testing.", "contents": "BCG vaccination of neonates, infants, schoolchildren and adolescents. Part I: Dose finding studies with BCG strain 1331 Copenhagen. A BCG vaccine prepared from strain 1331 Copenhagen was given to newborns and infants in four logarithmically decreasing doses (expressed in VU = viable units): 25 X 10(4), 11 X 10(4), 5 X 10 (4), and 2.2 X 10(4). The efficacy of the vaccine was determined through the conversion rate (tuberculin skin test) with 2 and 10 T. U. of RT 23, AND 10 AND 50 I. U. of GT (Hoechst). The results indicated that the conversion rate is a function of the dose of VU of the vaccine, as well as of the units of tuberculin used for testing.", "PMID": 520664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_476", "title": "BCG vaccination of neonates, infants, schoolchildren and adolescents. Part II: Safety of a vaccine with strain 1331 Copenhagen.", "content": "The safety of the vaccine could be assessed by three different investigations: a) During the dose finding study (part I) the vaccine showed good safety in all concentrations employed concerning reactions at the site of injection; palpable lymph node enlargement was common. There was one case of suppurative lymphadenitis amond the 262 children who were given the vaccine in the highest concentration (25 X 10(4) VU). b) Subsequent trials in the course of 21 months, when high risk persons could be vaccinated, revealed a rate of this complication in the 1:1,000 range, no case was reported among older persons. c) After the official approval of the vaccine (10 - 30 X 10(4) VU/ml) in the FRG 1 supp. lymphadenitis among 5,000 vaccinated newborns can be calculated.", "contents": "BCG vaccination of neonates, infants, schoolchildren and adolescents. Part II: Safety of a vaccine with strain 1331 Copenhagen. The safety of the vaccine could be assessed by three different investigations: a) During the dose finding study (part I) the vaccine showed good safety in all concentrations employed concerning reactions at the site of injection; palpable lymph node enlargement was common. There was one case of suppurative lymphadenitis amond the 262 children who were given the vaccine in the highest concentration (25 X 10(4) VU). b) Subsequent trials in the course of 21 months, when high risk persons could be vaccinated, revealed a rate of this complication in the 1:1,000 range, no case was reported among older persons. c) After the official approval of the vaccine (10 - 30 X 10(4) VU/ml) in the FRG 1 supp. lymphadenitis among 5,000 vaccinated newborns can be calculated.", "PMID": 520665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_477", "title": "Poliomyelitis vaccination benefits--versus risk.", "content": "Paralytic poliomyelitis is a constantly rising problem in the developing world. It may take an insiduous endemic \"infantile paralysis\" behaviour exacting a high toll in the first few years of life, as in Ghana or Burma but on the other hand it may take the form of sudden extensive outbreaks of paralytic disease as in Argentina, Mexico or Malaysia. The developed world has controlled the disease by effectively immunizing a very high proportion of their populations, but those who have not been vaccinated are at risk even in countries with very high coverage, as has been noted in the Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America, etc. There is no reason to have a crippled paralytic child (or adult). Both the live and killed vaccines have been repeatedly shown to be safe and effective. The minute risk incidental to vaccination is more than one hundredfold smaller than the risk from the disease, not only in the developing world but in the developed world as well. Therefore, the question of which vaccine to use is of far less relevance than of how to increase effective coverage with any available vaccine. This does not mean that vaccine control should be relaxed. A health respect should be maintained for the polioviruses used as vaccine sources and great care must be exercised by those undertaking the manufacture or the administration of vaccine.", "contents": "Poliomyelitis vaccination benefits--versus risk. Paralytic poliomyelitis is a constantly rising problem in the developing world. It may take an insiduous endemic \"infantile paralysis\" behaviour exacting a high toll in the first few years of life, as in Ghana or Burma but on the other hand it may take the form of sudden extensive outbreaks of paralytic disease as in Argentina, Mexico or Malaysia. The developed world has controlled the disease by effectively immunizing a very high proportion of their populations, but those who have not been vaccinated are at risk even in countries with very high coverage, as has been noted in the Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America, etc. There is no reason to have a crippled paralytic child (or adult). Both the live and killed vaccines have been repeatedly shown to be safe and effective. The minute risk incidental to vaccination is more than one hundredfold smaller than the risk from the disease, not only in the developing world but in the developed world as well. Therefore, the question of which vaccine to use is of far less relevance than of how to increase effective coverage with any available vaccine. This does not mean that vaccine control should be relaxed. A health respect should be maintained for the polioviruses used as vaccine sources and great care must be exercised by those undertaking the manufacture or the administration of vaccine.", "PMID": 520666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_478", "title": "Benefits of immunization versus risk factors in tetanus.", "content": "The risk of tetanus is universal, but it depends on numerous factors (socio-economic, environmental and biological) which combine to determine the force of infection. Tetanus is a murderous and costly disease. Its morbidity has greatly regressed in industrialized countries (less than 1 case per 100,000, involving mainly aged persons). On the contrary, developing countries are still severely affected (10 to 50 cases per 100,000, involving mainly neonates and children). Tetanus vaccine is one of the most effective, best tolerated and least expensive vaccines. Vaccination is the main weapon for starting disease control in developing countries, and the only way of eradicating tetanus in developed countries. Whatever the socio-economic level may be, some evaluations show that immunization cost is approximately equal to avoided treatment and seroprevention expenditures. The essential benefit of vaccination is the prevention of death, suffering and disability.", "contents": "Benefits of immunization versus risk factors in tetanus. The risk of tetanus is universal, but it depends on numerous factors (socio-economic, environmental and biological) which combine to determine the force of infection. Tetanus is a murderous and costly disease. Its morbidity has greatly regressed in industrialized countries (less than 1 case per 100,000, involving mainly aged persons). On the contrary, developing countries are still severely affected (10 to 50 cases per 100,000, involving mainly neonates and children). Tetanus vaccine is one of the most effective, best tolerated and least expensive vaccines. Vaccination is the main weapon for starting disease control in developing countries, and the only way of eradicating tetanus in developed countries. Whatever the socio-economic level may be, some evaluations show that immunization cost is approximately equal to avoided treatment and seroprevention expenditures. The essential benefit of vaccination is the prevention of death, suffering and disability.", "PMID": 520667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_479", "title": "Convulsions following oral polio immunisation.", "content": "Since the introduction of oral polio vaccine in 1962, 30 cases of convulsions were registered within 30 days after the immunisation in Hamburg. 29 further cases from the surroundings came also to our attention. The majority of these cases occurred within 8 days after the vaccination (44 cases), afterwards only single cases were recorded. 33 patients were males, 24 females (2 cases sex unknown). The majority of the patients had the postvaccinal convulsions between 7 to 36 months of age, a characteristic period for febrile convulsions. 28 patients showed a course typical for febrile convulsions. In some cases intercurrent infections (pneumonia, otitis media purulenta) could also explain the nerval reactions. In 11 cases encephalopathy or encephalitis (1 case due to mumps) had been diagnoses. 8 patients suffered later from a convulsive disorder. Between 1964 and 1974 165,000 children born in Hamburg, were immunised thrice with OPV. In this period 19 convulsions and 3 permanent convulsive disorders were observed (1 case per 8,600 vaccinees; 1 convulsive disorder per 55,000 vaccinees).", "contents": "Convulsions following oral polio immunisation. Since the introduction of oral polio vaccine in 1962, 30 cases of convulsions were registered within 30 days after the immunisation in Hamburg. 29 further cases from the surroundings came also to our attention. The majority of these cases occurred within 8 days after the vaccination (44 cases), afterwards only single cases were recorded. 33 patients were males, 24 females (2 cases sex unknown). The majority of the patients had the postvaccinal convulsions between 7 to 36 months of age, a characteristic period for febrile convulsions. 28 patients showed a course typical for febrile convulsions. In some cases intercurrent infections (pneumonia, otitis media purulenta) could also explain the nerval reactions. In 11 cases encephalopathy or encephalitis (1 case due to mumps) had been diagnoses. 8 patients suffered later from a convulsive disorder. Between 1964 and 1974 165,000 children born in Hamburg, were immunised thrice with OPV. In this period 19 convulsions and 3 permanent convulsive disorders were observed (1 case per 8,600 vaccinees; 1 convulsive disorder per 55,000 vaccinees).", "PMID": 520668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_480", "title": "Mono- and polyneuritis after tetanus vaccination (1970--1977).", "content": "Due to the similarity of symptoms, 22 cases of mono- and polyneuritis after tetanus vaccination from our own records covering the years 1970--1977, as well as 6 additional cases taken from existing literature, are being analyzed. As expected, the number of male vaccinees exceede that of female vaccinees, the former being younger than the latter and women generally received less previous tetanus vaccination than men. Three out of four cases occurred during the summer season. The interval between vaccination and the first symptoms was shorter in mononeuritis than in polyneuritis. The prognosis of most cases was benign, irrespective of age, sex and tetanus vaccination history. Cases with delayed recovery only occurred during the summer months. In cases of polyneuritis it seems that the longer the interval between vaccination and the first symptoms, the slower the recovery. It has to be emphasized that the discussed cases of neuritis have to be viewed as extremely rare complications due to tetanus vaccine.", "contents": "Mono- and polyneuritis after tetanus vaccination (1970--1977). Due to the similarity of symptoms, 22 cases of mono- and polyneuritis after tetanus vaccination from our own records covering the years 1970--1977, as well as 6 additional cases taken from existing literature, are being analyzed. As expected, the number of male vaccinees exceede that of female vaccinees, the former being younger than the latter and women generally received less previous tetanus vaccination than men. Three out of four cases occurred during the summer season. The interval between vaccination and the first symptoms was shorter in mononeuritis than in polyneuritis. The prognosis of most cases was benign, irrespective of age, sex and tetanus vaccination history. Cases with delayed recovery only occurred during the summer months. In cases of polyneuritis it seems that the longer the interval between vaccination and the first symptoms, the slower the recovery. It has to be emphasized that the discussed cases of neuritis have to be viewed as extremely rare complications due to tetanus vaccine.", "PMID": 520671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_481", "title": "Measles and mumps immunization: benefit versus risk factors.", "content": "Measles and mumps are universal diseases that affect more than 90% of the population of most countries of the world. During the prevaccine era about 98% of young adults had serologic evidence of past measles infection. Although mumps infection was less prevalent, about 90% of persons were infected before they reached their 20th birthday. Before vaccines were available, measles and mumps were inevitable infections of childhood. Therefore, an assessment of the benefits and risks of immunization to prevent these diseases must also consider the consequences of naturally acquired measles and mumps infections.", "contents": "Measles and mumps immunization: benefit versus risk factors. Measles and mumps are universal diseases that affect more than 90% of the population of most countries of the world. During the prevaccine era about 98% of young adults had serologic evidence of past measles infection. Although mumps infection was less prevalent, about 90% of persons were infected before they reached their 20th birthday. Before vaccines were available, measles and mumps were inevitable infections of childhood. Therefore, an assessment of the benefits and risks of immunization to prevent these diseases must also consider the consequences of naturally acquired measles and mumps infections.", "PMID": 520672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_482", "title": "Neurological complications following measles vaccination.", "content": "In Hamburg 18 cases of neurological complications following vaccination with live measles virus vaccine (including 2 cases of abortive encephalopathy) have been observed between 1971--1978. A causal connection was assumed in 14 cases, that means an incidence of 1 neurological complication per 2,500 vaccinees and an incidence of 1 abortive encephalopathy per 17,650 vaccinees. These results differ from studies of various countries which used the same vaccine strain (Schwarz). Clinical symptoms, age distribution and incubation period are demonstrated. The prognosis seems to be good; the risk of vaccination compared to the risk following original measles is between 1:10 (convulsions) and 1:18 (encephalopathy).", "contents": "Neurological complications following measles vaccination. In Hamburg 18 cases of neurological complications following vaccination with live measles virus vaccine (including 2 cases of abortive encephalopathy) have been observed between 1971--1978. A causal connection was assumed in 14 cases, that means an incidence of 1 neurological complication per 2,500 vaccinees and an incidence of 1 abortive encephalopathy per 17,650 vaccinees. These results differ from studies of various countries which used the same vaccine strain (Schwarz). Clinical symptoms, age distribution and incubation period are demonstrated. The prognosis seems to be good; the risk of vaccination compared to the risk following original measles is between 1:10 (convulsions) and 1:18 (encephalopathy).", "PMID": 520673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_483", "title": "Vaccine induced mumps-like diseases.", "content": "Sixteen cases of parotitis and 2 cases of diabetes mellitus after mumps vaccination have been reported since the introduction of the live attenuated mumps vaccine in the F. R. Germany in the fall of 1976. Due to the post-vaccination incubation of 7 to 10 days, support is given to the assumption that these cases are vaccine induced and not coincidental wild virus infections. The diabetes mellitus cases, however, are too few to be included in this rational.", "contents": "Vaccine induced mumps-like diseases. Sixteen cases of parotitis and 2 cases of diabetes mellitus after mumps vaccination have been reported since the introduction of the live attenuated mumps vaccine in the F. R. Germany in the fall of 1976. Due to the post-vaccination incubation of 7 to 10 days, support is given to the assumption that these cases are vaccine induced and not coincidental wild virus infections. The diabetes mellitus cases, however, are too few to be included in this rational.", "PMID": 520674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_484", "title": "Farewell to smallpox vaccination.", "content": "Man's first attempt to immunize susceptibles against smallpox infection was by variolation, a practice which could be traced back several thousand years. The attempt obviously failed to control the disease until Jenner discovered the effectiveness of cowpox vaccine during the late 18th century. However, it took an additional 180 years until the current smallpox vaccine--a modification of Jenner's vaccine--became fully effective, in terms of quality and usage during the global smallpox eradication campaign. The campaign appears to be on the threshold of success, which could well mean extinction of one of the most dangerous pathogens from the natural environment. If this is verified, we may say farewell to routine smallpox vaccination. The paper discusses different measures taken to ensure the quality and the use of smallpox vaccine in the best possible manner during the eradication campaign and, on its completion, the fate of smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "Farewell to smallpox vaccination. Man's first attempt to immunize susceptibles against smallpox infection was by variolation, a practice which could be traced back several thousand years. The attempt obviously failed to control the disease until Jenner discovered the effectiveness of cowpox vaccine during the late 18th century. However, it took an additional 180 years until the current smallpox vaccine--a modification of Jenner's vaccine--became fully effective, in terms of quality and usage during the global smallpox eradication campaign. The campaign appears to be on the threshold of success, which could well mean extinction of one of the most dangerous pathogens from the natural environment. If this is verified, we may say farewell to routine smallpox vaccination. The paper discusses different measures taken to ensure the quality and the use of smallpox vaccine in the best possible manner during the eradication campaign and, on its completion, the fate of smallpox vaccination.", "PMID": 520675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_485", "title": "Benefit versus risk factors in prophylactic vaccination against rabies.", "content": "A reliable evaluation of the universally adopted post-exposure prophylactic treatment against rabies, initiated by Louis Pasteur, became feasible only sixty years after its world-wide application. Accumulated observations and data during that period revealed that vaccines currently used for that purpose were neither safe nor dependable in inducing protection against the invariably fatal disease. Thirty years of individual and internationally collaborative research has resulted in the discovery of a new type of vaccine and the adoption of a simple treatment procedure that is now confirmed to be both safe and practically with no failure in protection of man against rabies.", "contents": "Benefit versus risk factors in prophylactic vaccination against rabies. A reliable evaluation of the universally adopted post-exposure prophylactic treatment against rabies, initiated by Louis Pasteur, became feasible only sixty years after its world-wide application. Accumulated observations and data during that period revealed that vaccines currently used for that purpose were neither safe nor dependable in inducing protection against the invariably fatal disease. Thirty years of individual and internationally collaborative research has resulted in the discovery of a new type of vaccine and the adoption of a simple treatment procedure that is now confirmed to be both safe and practically with no failure in protection of man against rabies.", "PMID": 520677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_486", "title": "Vaccination against rubella in Britain: benefits and risks.", "content": "The benefits and risks of rubella vaccine differ with the programme of vaccination adopted. Programmes in which vaccine is primarily administered to girls aged 11 to 13 years are slow in achieving effects on the incidence of congenital rubella because of the 10 year delay between vaccination and peak child-bearing. In Britain an increase in the percentage of women rubella antibody seropositive and a fall in the numbers of pregnancies terminated for rubella have occurred following the introduction of vaccination for 13 year old girls in 1970. The majority of women will continue to be protected by the sturdy immunity elicited by natural infection occurring before vaccination. Programmes which vaccinate boys and girls before school entry aim to shield pregnant women from infection and are more rapid in effects. However, in such populations immunity becomes predominantly vaccine induced, while vaccination at an earlier age requires the immunity to be more durable. In general, reactions to rubella vaccine increase with the age of the vaccine. Nevertheless, there are few significant reactions to vaccine and for the individual vaccinee the risks of vaccination are low.", "contents": "Vaccination against rubella in Britain: benefits and risks. The benefits and risks of rubella vaccine differ with the programme of vaccination adopted. Programmes in which vaccine is primarily administered to girls aged 11 to 13 years are slow in achieving effects on the incidence of congenital rubella because of the 10 year delay between vaccination and peak child-bearing. In Britain an increase in the percentage of women rubella antibody seropositive and a fall in the numbers of pregnancies terminated for rubella have occurred following the introduction of vaccination for 13 year old girls in 1970. The majority of women will continue to be protected by the sturdy immunity elicited by natural infection occurring before vaccination. Programmes which vaccinate boys and girls before school entry aim to shield pregnant women from infection and are more rapid in effects. However, in such populations immunity becomes predominantly vaccine induced, while vaccination at an earlier age requires the immunity to be more durable. In general, reactions to rubella vaccine increase with the age of the vaccine. Nevertheless, there are few significant reactions to vaccine and for the individual vaccinee the risks of vaccination are low.", "PMID": 520680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_487", "title": "Success and failure of a rubella immunization programme.", "content": "A Rubella control programme was started in 1973 in Israel and aimed at: 1) the yearly immunization of all school girls aged 12; and (2) the rapid immunization of females 12 years old from the communal settlements. Both HEP77DE5 and Wistar RA 27/3 (WI-38) strains were used. A 5 year follow-up showed: (a) a vaccination coverage of 95%; (b) a seroconversion rate which approached 100% with persistent protective G. M.-antibody values; (c) about 15% of the females of childbearing age in the general population were devoid of Rubella HI antibody. During 1978 an extensive Rubella epidemic occurred in the general population 15-20% of whom were in the age group 15-44, whilst in the communal settlements no cases were observed in vaccinated people of the same age group.", "contents": "Success and failure of a rubella immunization programme. A Rubella control programme was started in 1973 in Israel and aimed at: 1) the yearly immunization of all school girls aged 12; and (2) the rapid immunization of females 12 years old from the communal settlements. Both HEP77DE5 and Wistar RA 27/3 (WI-38) strains were used. A 5 year follow-up showed: (a) a vaccination coverage of 95%; (b) a seroconversion rate which approached 100% with persistent protective G. M.-antibody values; (c) about 15% of the females of childbearing age in the general population were devoid of Rubella HI antibody. During 1978 an extensive Rubella epidemic occurred in the general population 15-20% of whom were in the age group 15-44, whilst in the communal settlements no cases were observed in vaccinated people of the same age group.", "PMID": 520682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_488", "title": "Persistence of antibody titers after vaccination with rubella virus vaccine (\"Cendehill\" strain).", "content": "In 1967-1968 a trial of \"Cendehill strain\" rubella vaccine was initiated in a group of 3 to 22 year-old prescreened seronegative girls, most being between 8 and 16 years of age. Sera from the vaccinees were taken at regular intervals during a period of 8 to 10 years. The evolution of the antibodies was followed over this period. No antibody titer change was observed in 75 to 78% of the sera. A four fold increase was shown in 6 to 10% and a four fold decrease in 15% of the vaccinees. All sera still showed a positive titer at the end of the period. The importance of these results for the final objective of rubella vaccination will be discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of antibody titers after vaccination with rubella virus vaccine (\"Cendehill\" strain). In 1967-1968 a trial of \"Cendehill strain\" rubella vaccine was initiated in a group of 3 to 22 year-old prescreened seronegative girls, most being between 8 and 16 years of age. Sera from the vaccinees were taken at regular intervals during a period of 8 to 10 years. The evolution of the antibodies was followed over this period. No antibody titer change was observed in 75 to 78% of the sera. A four fold increase was shown in 6 to 10% and a four fold decrease in 15% of the vaccinees. All sera still showed a positive titer at the end of the period. The importance of these results for the final objective of rubella vaccination will be discussed.", "PMID": 520683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_489", "title": "Immunization aginast tetanus with aluminium free-versus aluminium contain triple vaccine.", "content": "In order to discover if elimination of aluminium from the very effective triple vaccine gives an unsatisfactory immunity against tetanus, the following investigation has been performed. 47 children were immunized in 1968 and 1969 during the first year of life with 3 injections of aluminium free triple vaccine given with an interval of 4--6 weeks. The vaccine contained 10 Lf tetanus toxoid per dose. 8 years later, during 1976 and 1977, they were given boosters containing aluminium adsorbed Td with 4 Lf tetanus toxoid. The above mentioned group was compared with 29 children immunized in the 1950's in the same way but with aluminium adsorbed triple vaccine (13--19 Lf tetanus toxoid per dose). The booster with DT given 6 to 7 years later contained 8 Lf aluminium adsorbed tetanus toxoid. The serum content of tetanus antitoxin was determined before and after the booster. The result showed that the tetanus immunity was very satisfactory even though the basic immunization was performed with aluminium free triple vaccine.", "contents": "Immunization aginast tetanus with aluminium free-versus aluminium contain triple vaccine. In order to discover if elimination of aluminium from the very effective triple vaccine gives an unsatisfactory immunity against tetanus, the following investigation has been performed. 47 children were immunized in 1968 and 1969 during the first year of life with 3 injections of aluminium free triple vaccine given with an interval of 4--6 weeks. The vaccine contained 10 Lf tetanus toxoid per dose. 8 years later, during 1976 and 1977, they were given boosters containing aluminium adsorbed Td with 4 Lf tetanus toxoid. The above mentioned group was compared with 29 children immunized in the 1950's in the same way but with aluminium adsorbed triple vaccine (13--19 Lf tetanus toxoid per dose). The booster with DT given 6 to 7 years later contained 8 Lf aluminium adsorbed tetanus toxoid. The serum content of tetanus antitoxin was determined before and after the booster. The result showed that the tetanus immunity was very satisfactory even though the basic immunization was performed with aluminium free triple vaccine.", "PMID": 520684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_490", "title": "Legal/ethical aspects of vaccinations.", "content": "Vaccinations have been and are a most successful instrument of preventive medicine. After the development of a vaccine, a few ethical and legal questions arise. Since field trials should be performed in those age groups which shall be protected--can children give an \"informed consent\"? Should the vaccination be compulsory or should it be recommended by public health authorities? Should there be a compensation for injuries related to immunisation? The possibility to develop new vaccines and the readiness of the population to cooperate in vaccination campaigns depends very much on a clear solution of those questions.", "contents": "Legal/ethical aspects of vaccinations. Vaccinations have been and are a most successful instrument of preventive medicine. After the development of a vaccine, a few ethical and legal questions arise. Since field trials should be performed in those age groups which shall be protected--can children give an \"informed consent\"? Should the vaccination be compulsory or should it be recommended by public health authorities? Should there be a compensation for injuries related to immunisation? The possibility to develop new vaccines and the readiness of the population to cooperate in vaccination campaigns depends very much on a clear solution of those questions.", "PMID": 520685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_491", "title": "Benefits and risks of immunization against pertussis.", "content": "The benefit of pertussis vaccine in the control of pertussis is described in relation to the changes in incidence of pertussis during the past thirty years in the U. K. The current large epidemic of pertussis since November 1977 followed a decline in the acceptance of pertussis vaccine (DTP) from an average level of 70 to 80% of children in different areas in 1973 to less than 40% in 1976. The hazards of vaccine range from minor local to systemic (febrile) reactions. Convulsions, infantile spasms and more serious neurological illnesses have been described following inoculation. Serious neurological illnesses have been reported retrospectively and their causation in relation to pertussis vaccine inoculations is doubtful. They do not differ from similar illnesses in children of the same age which have developed without relationship to inoculations. Prospective studies of reactions in recently inoculated children are described. A national study of encephalopathy in babies and infants admitted to hospital in Great Britain is now taking place. Public acceptance of vaccine is hindered by publicity concerning the risks of vaccine and the need exists for improved health education concerning the merit of immunization.", "contents": "Benefits and risks of immunization against pertussis. The benefit of pertussis vaccine in the control of pertussis is described in relation to the changes in incidence of pertussis during the past thirty years in the U. K. The current large epidemic of pertussis since November 1977 followed a decline in the acceptance of pertussis vaccine (DTP) from an average level of 70 to 80% of children in different areas in 1973 to less than 40% in 1976. The hazards of vaccine range from minor local to systemic (febrile) reactions. Convulsions, infantile spasms and more serious neurological illnesses have been described following inoculation. Serious neurological illnesses have been reported retrospectively and their causation in relation to pertussis vaccine inoculations is doubtful. They do not differ from similar illnesses in children of the same age which have developed without relationship to inoculations. Prospective studies of reactions in recently inoculated children are described. A national study of encephalopathy in babies and infants admitted to hospital in Great Britain is now taking place. Public acceptance of vaccine is hindered by publicity concerning the risks of vaccine and the need exists for improved health education concerning the merit of immunization.", "PMID": 520687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_492", "title": "Changes of risk and benefit in immunization against pertussis and tuberculosis.", "content": "In the case of infectious diseases with decreasing morbidity and mortality, the beneficial effects of vaccination should be reevaluated regularly with the help of special formulae. This procedure can be simplified by calculation of the epidemiologic trend and the so-called borderline risk Rlim, meaning the borderline number of complications when risks of the disease and risks of vaccination are equal. This method allows to estimate when the vaccination against a certain disease will lose its beneficial effect. A follow-up of the mortality of whooping cough in Austria leads to the conclusion that vaccination against whooping cough has lost its justification. In case of BCG vaccination the borderline mortality is not yet reached in Austria, although tuberculosis mortality and the number of prevented cases have decreased already to a very low level.", "contents": "Changes of risk and benefit in immunization against pertussis and tuberculosis. In the case of infectious diseases with decreasing morbidity and mortality, the beneficial effects of vaccination should be reevaluated regularly with the help of special formulae. This procedure can be simplified by calculation of the epidemiologic trend and the so-called borderline risk Rlim, meaning the borderline number of complications when risks of the disease and risks of vaccination are equal. This method allows to estimate when the vaccination against a certain disease will lose its beneficial effect. A follow-up of the mortality of whooping cough in Austria leads to the conclusion that vaccination against whooping cough has lost its justification. In case of BCG vaccination the borderline mortality is not yet reached in Austria, although tuberculosis mortality and the number of prevented cases have decreased already to a very low level.", "PMID": 520688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_493", "title": "Adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination.", "content": "During 1970 to 1977 adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination were reported for 149 persons, 56% male and 44% female. Their symptoms permitted to divide the vaccinees into 2 groups, the first with more severe (S) and the second with other symptoms (O). No differences were observed in age and sex among the two groups. The interval between vaccination and appearance of first symptoms was longer for the O than for the S group. While less than one quarter of the reactions in the O group occurred after primovaccination, more than half of the S side effects were seen after the first vaccination. Further analysis of the S group revealed that all but two of their symptoms (fever and encephalopatht) corresponded to the hypoglycaemic syndrome. The consequences hereof are discussed with regard to prevention and therapy.", "contents": "Adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination. During 1970 to 1977 adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination were reported for 149 persons, 56% male and 44% female. Their symptoms permitted to divide the vaccinees into 2 groups, the first with more severe (S) and the second with other symptoms (O). No differences were observed in age and sex among the two groups. The interval between vaccination and appearance of first symptoms was longer for the O than for the S group. While less than one quarter of the reactions in the O group occurred after primovaccination, more than half of the S side effects were seen after the first vaccination. Further analysis of the S group revealed that all but two of their symptoms (fever and encephalopatht) corresponded to the hypoglycaemic syndrome. The consequences hereof are discussed with regard to prevention and therapy.", "PMID": 520690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_494", "title": "Developmental changes in normal cranial measurements by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) scans were examined for 89 selected patients in an attempt to establish normal values at various ages for longitudinal and transverse diameters of the brain, the greatest distance between the right and left sides of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the width of the lateral ventricles in the region of the caudate nuclei, and the greatest width of the third ventricle. The patients' ages ranged from less than one year to over 40 years. These measurements and their ratios to one another are reported. The cerebral longitudinal fissure, Sylvian fissure and subarachnoid space were evident to some degree below the age of two years, especially below the age of one year, and again above the age of 40 years. The cortical sulcus was occasionally found to have a width of less than 1.9mm below the age of one year and above the age of 40 years.", "contents": "Developmental changes in normal cranial measurements by computed tomography. Computed tomography (CT) scans were examined for 89 selected patients in an attempt to establish normal values at various ages for longitudinal and transverse diameters of the brain, the greatest distance between the right and left sides of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the width of the lateral ventricles in the region of the caudate nuclei, and the greatest width of the third ventricle. The patients' ages ranged from less than one year to over 40 years. These measurements and their ratios to one another are reported. The cerebral longitudinal fissure, Sylvian fissure and subarachnoid space were evident to some degree below the age of two years, especially below the age of one year, and again above the age of 40 years. The cortical sulcus was occasionally found to have a width of less than 1.9mm below the age of one year and above the age of 40 years.", "PMID": 520691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_495", "title": "Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. II: Marriage, parenthood and sexual indifference.", "content": "One-hundred unselected children with clinical and EEG evidence of temporal lobe seizures were followed into adult life. Data related to marriage and reproduction are analysed. Female survivors, if not totally handicapped, are nearly all married; surviving males who are not totally handicapped more often remain single. Early remission of seizures in males is associated with marriage: seizures continuing through adolescence are associated with sexual appetitive indifference. The female probands have produced children at a rate three times greater than the male probands. The findings have implications for understanding the development of male secual appetite. The epidemiology and genetics of these forms of seizures must take account of much greater fitness on the distaff side of the pedigree. The likelihood of marriage and parenthood would appear to rest on a few biological factors usually recognisable before the end of childhood.", "contents": "Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. II: Marriage, parenthood and sexual indifference. One-hundred unselected children with clinical and EEG evidence of temporal lobe seizures were followed into adult life. Data related to marriage and reproduction are analysed. Female survivors, if not totally handicapped, are nearly all married; surviving males who are not totally handicapped more often remain single. Early remission of seizures in males is associated with marriage: seizures continuing through adolescence are associated with sexual appetitive indifference. The female probands have produced children at a rate three times greater than the male probands. The findings have implications for understanding the development of male secual appetite. The epidemiology and genetics of these forms of seizures must take account of much greater fitness on the distaff side of the pedigree. The likelihood of marriage and parenthood would appear to rest on a few biological factors usually recognisable before the end of childhood.", "PMID": 520692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_496", "title": "Basilar migraine in childhood.", "content": "The incidence and different presentations of basilar migraine are described in a series of 132 children (80 boys, 52 girls) presenting with recurring headache considered to be migraine. Basilar migraine occurred in 29 children, and a further 18 had minor symptoms compatible with but not diagnostic of this form. The course was most often benign, with infrequent, fragmentary attacks and little disability. Rarely, attacks were both severe and frequent, but even then the clinical pattern and outcome usually followed a similar course. Only two children (with the youngest ages at onset) have serious disability, with mental slowing and (in one) permanent neurological sequelae. The relationship between basilar migraine and the syndrome of alternating hemiplegia of infancy is discussed. Because of the limited present knowledge, it is suggested that rigid definitions of migraine should be avoided.", "contents": "Basilar migraine in childhood. The incidence and different presentations of basilar migraine are described in a series of 132 children (80 boys, 52 girls) presenting with recurring headache considered to be migraine. Basilar migraine occurred in 29 children, and a further 18 had minor symptoms compatible with but not diagnostic of this form. The course was most often benign, with infrequent, fragmentary attacks and little disability. Rarely, attacks were both severe and frequent, but even then the clinical pattern and outcome usually followed a similar course. Only two children (with the youngest ages at onset) have serious disability, with mental slowing and (in one) permanent neurological sequelae. The relationship between basilar migraine and the syndrome of alternating hemiplegia of infancy is discussed. Because of the limited present knowledge, it is suggested that rigid definitions of migraine should be avoided.", "PMID": 520693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_497", "title": "Effects of maternal drinking on neonate state regulation.", "content": "Sleep-awake state distribution during inter-feed intervals over a 24-hour period on the third day of life was investigated by means of a continuous non-intrusive bassinet sleep monitor. 31 infants were studied: 14 born to mothers who drank heavily throughout pregnancy (group A), eight whose mothers modified their heavy drinking (group B) and nine whose mothers never were heavy drinkers (group C). Over the 24-hour period, group A infants slept less than those in group B. In comparison with group C, group A infants had a larger proportion of quiet sleep episodes interrupted by awake or unclassified epochs, and were more restless, with more frequent major body movements. These pilot observations suggest that heavy maternal consumption of alcohol, when continued throughout pregnancy, is associated with a disturbance of sleep-awake state distribution. Successful therapy of heavy drinking during pregnancy may improve the physiological competence of the newborn to regulate sleep-awake states and facilitate interaction between mother and infant.", "contents": "Effects of maternal drinking on neonate state regulation. Sleep-awake state distribution during inter-feed intervals over a 24-hour period on the third day of life was investigated by means of a continuous non-intrusive bassinet sleep monitor. 31 infants were studied: 14 born to mothers who drank heavily throughout pregnancy (group A), eight whose mothers modified their heavy drinking (group B) and nine whose mothers never were heavy drinkers (group C). Over the 24-hour period, group A infants slept less than those in group B. In comparison with group C, group A infants had a larger proportion of quiet sleep episodes interrupted by awake or unclassified epochs, and were more restless, with more frequent major body movements. These pilot observations suggest that heavy maternal consumption of alcohol, when continued throughout pregnancy, is associated with a disturbance of sleep-awake state distribution. Successful therapy of heavy drinking during pregnancy may improve the physiological competence of the newborn to regulate sleep-awake states and facilitate interaction between mother and infant.", "PMID": 520694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_498", "title": "Incidence and effect of traumatic lumbar puncture in the neonate.", "content": "The incidence of non-traumatic, traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures in 181 neonates was similar whether a needle with a stylet, a butterfly needle without stylet, or a standard venipuncture needle without stylet was used. Comparison of 20 lumbar puncture pairs in 17 patients showed that traumatic lumbar puncture does not result in a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis between two and 13 days after initial traumatic lumbar puncture.", "contents": "Incidence and effect of traumatic lumbar puncture in the neonate. The incidence of non-traumatic, traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures in 181 neonates was similar whether a needle with a stylet, a butterfly needle without stylet, or a standard venipuncture needle without stylet was used. Comparison of 20 lumbar puncture pairs in 17 patients showed that traumatic lumbar puncture does not result in a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis between two and 13 days after initial traumatic lumbar puncture.", "PMID": 520695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_499", "title": "Development of flexion pyramidal signs in preterm infants.", "content": "Forty-two babies (20 boys, 22 girls) with birthweights from 800g to 2000g and gestational ages between 25 and 40 weeks were followed-up for several weeks with developmental tests and a conventional neurological examination. Here, only the flexion pyramidal signs are evaluated, i. e. downward flexion of the toes after percussion over the base of the metatarsals (Rossolimo's sign) and of the cuboid bone (Mendel-Bechterew's sign). These reflexes are signs of severe upper motor neuron lesion in children and adults, but also appear in normal newborns and disappear again until the 12th week of life. This study shows that the early response of FPS is  abduction of the toes and extension of the great toe from the 25th up to the 34th to 36th gestational weeks, when it becomes the normal downward flexion of all toes. This developmental course seems to be the same in healthy preterm babies and in small-for-dates babies.", "contents": "Development of flexion pyramidal signs in preterm infants. Forty-two babies (20 boys, 22 girls) with birthweights from 800g to 2000g and gestational ages between 25 and 40 weeks were followed-up for several weeks with developmental tests and a conventional neurological examination. Here, only the flexion pyramidal signs are evaluated, i. e. downward flexion of the toes after percussion over the base of the metatarsals (Rossolimo's sign) and of the cuboid bone (Mendel-Bechterew's sign). These reflexes are signs of severe upper motor neuron lesion in children and adults, but also appear in normal newborns and disappear again until the 12th week of life. This study shows that the early response of FPS is  abduction of the toes and extension of the great toe from the 25th up to the 34th to 36th gestational weeks, when it becomes the normal downward flexion of all toes. This developmental course seems to be the same in healthy preterm babies and in small-for-dates babies.", "PMID": 520696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_500", "title": "Developmental progression in play behavior of children between nine and thirty months: II: Spontaneous play and language development.", "content": "The relationship between play behavior displayed in a structured play situation and language development was studied cross-sectionally in 85 children at eight age--evels between nine and 30 months. There were no correlations between types of play behavior, in particular functional play (appropriate use of objects on the child's own body), representational play (appropriate use of objects on a doll or another person), or symbolic play (substitution of present objects for absent ones) and speech measures such as total number of words and of vocalizations, number of different words and different vocalizations, and number of sentences. Identification of objects upon verbal request was not related to any type of play behavior, but comprehension of verbal requests for functional or representational play was postively correlated with the display of functional or representational play. The children did not respond to verbal requests for functional or representational play unless these types of play behavior were part of their spontaneous play repertoire. Understanding of prepositions seemed to be related to spatial concepts expressed in play behavior, such as container play or arranging chairs around a table and setting the table.", "contents": "Developmental progression in play behavior of children between nine and thirty months: II: Spontaneous play and language development. The relationship between play behavior displayed in a structured play situation and language development was studied cross-sectionally in 85 children at eight age--evels between nine and 30 months. There were no correlations between types of play behavior, in particular functional play (appropriate use of objects on the child's own body), representational play (appropriate use of objects on a doll or another person), or symbolic play (substitution of present objects for absent ones) and speech measures such as total number of words and of vocalizations, number of different words and different vocalizations, and number of sentences. Identification of objects upon verbal request was not related to any type of play behavior, but comprehension of verbal requests for functional or representational play was postively correlated with the display of functional or representational play. The children did not respond to verbal requests for functional or representational play unless these types of play behavior were part of their spontaneous play repertoire. Understanding of prepositions seemed to be related to spatial concepts expressed in play behavior, such as container play or arranging chairs around a table and setting the table.", "PMID": 520697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_501", "title": "Independence of reading and spelling in backward and normal readers.", "content": "To investigate how backward readers spell and the connections between their spelling and their reading, a large group of backward readers and a comparable group of normal readers were given the same words to read and spell. The two skills were surprisingly separate in both groups, in that the children could read words which they did not spell and spell words which they did not read, although the discrepancy was greater in the backward readers. Further analysis suggested that both groups used a phonological cues in spelling more than in reading. This suggestion was supported in a second experiment, in which encouragement to use phonological cues changed the children's reading patterns.", "contents": "Independence of reading and spelling in backward and normal readers. To investigate how backward readers spell and the connections between their spelling and their reading, a large group of backward readers and a comparable group of normal readers were given the same words to read and spell. The two skills were surprisingly separate in both groups, in that the children could read words which they did not spell and spell words which they did not read, although the discrepancy was greater in the backward readers. Further analysis suggested that both groups used a phonological cues in spelling more than in reading. This suggestion was supported in a second experiment, in which encouragement to use phonological cues changed the children's reading patterns.", "PMID": 520698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_502", "title": "A comparison of hand growth in elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia and the United States.", "content": "Studies have been made of the growth patterns of hands of elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia (1707 children) and in the United States (1641 children). This paper compares the results of these studies and summarizes the patterns of growth for both hands of boys and girls aged from five to 12 years. The results indicate that the United States children generally have shorter and wider hands than their Czech counterparts. In both countries, boys have wider hands than girls, although there is evidence that at ages 11 and 12 years the girls' hands are longer. Growth spurts in both width and length measurements are apparent in children's hands in both countries, but the spurt often occurs at an earlier age in Czech children. Awareness of these general patterns of hand growth should be of assistance to the hand surgeon.", "contents": "A comparison of hand growth in elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia and the United States. Studies have been made of the growth patterns of hands of elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia (1707 children) and in the United States (1641 children). This paper compares the results of these studies and summarizes the patterns of growth for both hands of boys and girls aged from five to 12 years. The results indicate that the United States children generally have shorter and wider hands than their Czech counterparts. In both countries, boys have wider hands than girls, although there is evidence that at ages 11 and 12 years the girls' hands are longer. Growth spurts in both width and length measurements are apparent in children's hands in both countries, but the spurt often occurs at an earlier age in Czech children. Awareness of these general patterns of hand growth should be of assistance to the hand surgeon.", "PMID": 520699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_503", "title": "Vertical hydrocephalus: report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of 'vertical' hydrocephalus are described, characterised by absence of the bones of the skull vault, progressive vertical soft-tissue growth of the head, and normal occipito-frontal head circumference. The management of the condition by ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is discussed, and a theory proposed as to the causation of this unusual condition.", "contents": "Vertical hydrocephalus: report of three cases. Three cases of 'vertical' hydrocephalus are described, characterised by absence of the bones of the skull vault, progressive vertical soft-tissue growth of the head, and normal occipito-frontal head circumference. The management of the condition by ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is discussed, and a theory proposed as to the causation of this unusual condition.", "PMID": 520700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_504", "title": "An epidemiological study of cerebral palsy in Western Australia, 1956-1975. I: Changes in total incidence of cerebral palsy and associated factors.", "content": "Patterns in the incidence of cerebral palsy are described over a 20-year period in Western Australia. The incidence rose to a peak between 1966 and 1970, then fell again. This pattern was particularly marked in the spastic syndromes and was seen in both sexes, in each maternal age and parity group, in each IQ group, in both multiple and single births, and in infants born in metropolitan (but not rural) areas. Improvement was more marked in heavier than in lighter infants. Since 1968 the male rate has fallen more quickly than that for females. The risk of cerebral palsy with high maternal age declined, but it remained high in relation to high parities. There were marked reductions in the proportions of older and higher-parity mothers in Western Australia over the study period, and in the proportion of multiple births. There was also a shift toward heavier babies from 1968 to 1975. Social-class information was not available. The data indicate that factors in addition to changes in perinatal care were operating to improve neonatal outcome in terms of long-term handicap in Western Australia.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of cerebral palsy in Western Australia, 1956-1975. I: Changes in total incidence of cerebral palsy and associated factors. Patterns in the incidence of cerebral palsy are described over a 20-year period in Western Australia. The incidence rose to a peak between 1966 and 1970, then fell again. This pattern was particularly marked in the spastic syndromes and was seen in both sexes, in each maternal age and parity group, in each IQ group, in both multiple and single births, and in infants born in metropolitan (but not rural) areas. Improvement was more marked in heavier than in lighter infants. Since 1968 the male rate has fallen more quickly than that for females. The risk of cerebral palsy with high maternal age declined, but it remained high in relation to high parities. There were marked reductions in the proportions of older and higher-parity mothers in Western Australia over the study period, and in the proportion of multiple births. There was also a shift toward heavier babies from 1968 to 1975. Social-class information was not available. The data indicate that factors in addition to changes in perinatal care were operating to improve neonatal outcome in terms of long-term handicap in Western Australia.", "PMID": 520707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_505", "title": "Baroreceptors in preterm infants: their relationship to maturity and disease.", "content": "Using passive tipping to a 45 degrees head-up position, an attempt was made to elicit reflex vasoconstriction in 13 non-distressed preterm infants and 27 infants with hyaline membrane disease, all between 26 and 38 weeks gestation. An increase in vascular tone associated with a significant reduction in peripheral blood-flow was found in 11 of the 13 non-distressed infants, while the same response was lacking in 23 of the 27 distressed infants. No infant demonstrated significant tachycardia with tilting, and the non-distressed infants failed to maintain their mean aortic blood-pressure during tilting. The results suggest that reflex control of vascular tone is present in non-distressed infants as early as 26 weeks gestation, but not in infats with hyaline membrane disease, possibly because of a maximal increase in vascular tone as a response to illness. This is indicated by the findings of significantly higher resting peripheral vascular resistance and lower peripheral blood-flow in infants with this diesease.", "contents": "Baroreceptors in preterm infants: their relationship to maturity and disease. Using passive tipping to a 45 degrees head-up position, an attempt was made to elicit reflex vasoconstriction in 13 non-distressed preterm infants and 27 infants with hyaline membrane disease, all between 26 and 38 weeks gestation. An increase in vascular tone associated with a significant reduction in peripheral blood-flow was found in 11 of the 13 non-distressed infants, while the same response was lacking in 23 of the 27 distressed infants. No infant demonstrated significant tachycardia with tilting, and the non-distressed infants failed to maintain their mean aortic blood-pressure during tilting. The results suggest that reflex control of vascular tone is present in non-distressed infants as early as 26 weeks gestation, but not in infats with hyaline membrane disease, possibly because of a maximal increase in vascular tone as a response to illness. This is indicated by the findings of significantly higher resting peripheral vascular resistance and lower peripheral blood-flow in infants with this diesease.", "PMID": 520708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_506", "title": "The response of neonates to intra-uterine sounds.", "content": "Playing prerecorded intra-uterine sounds to newborns reportedly soothes the babies. This study investigates this claim, particularly because of its promise for identifying neonates with severe hearing losses. 60 babies, up to eight days old, were observed individually under two conditions. In one, activity was rated on the Brazelton scale before and during presentation of intra-uterine sounds. In another, similar ratings were made but no sounds presented. The results indicate that intra-uterine sounds calm 90 per cent of babies who are fussy or crying but have no evident effect on babies who are awake but merely alert or who are slightly drowsy. These findings are discussed and improvements in procedure are suggested for use of intra-uterine sounds in routine screening for severe neonatal hearing loss.", "contents": "The response of neonates to intra-uterine sounds. Playing prerecorded intra-uterine sounds to newborns reportedly soothes the babies. This study investigates this claim, particularly because of its promise for identifying neonates with severe hearing losses. 60 babies, up to eight days old, were observed individually under two conditions. In one, activity was rated on the Brazelton scale before and during presentation of intra-uterine sounds. In another, similar ratings were made but no sounds presented. The results indicate that intra-uterine sounds calm 90 per cent of babies who are fussy or crying but have no evident effect on babies who are awake but merely alert or who are slightly drowsy. These findings are discussed and improvements in procedure are suggested for use of intra-uterine sounds in routine screening for severe neonatal hearing loss.", "PMID": 520709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_507", "title": "Changes in clinical presentation of term infants with intracranial hemorrhage.", "content": "The clinical course and outcome of eight term infants with intracranial hemorrhage are reported. Before computerized tomography became available, term infants with intracranial hemorrhage were usually diagnosed only at autopsy and the hemorrhage was associated with a trauamtic birth or severe asphyxia. In contrast, since the availability of computerized tomography, term infants with a diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhave have a non-traumatic delivery, present with seizures, and survive.", "contents": "Changes in clinical presentation of term infants with intracranial hemorrhage. The clinical course and outcome of eight term infants with intracranial hemorrhage are reported. Before computerized tomography became available, term infants with intracranial hemorrhage were usually diagnosed only at autopsy and the hemorrhage was associated with a trauamtic birth or severe asphyxia. In contrast, since the availability of computerized tomography, term infants with a diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhave have a non-traumatic delivery, present with seizures, and survive.", "PMID": 520710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_508", "title": "Gait electromyography in normal and spastic children, with special reference to quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles.", "content": "Telemetered gait electromyography was used to investigate gait patterns and the phasic behavior of the quadriceps femoris and medial hamstring muscles in 26 normal children and 32 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The average child with spastic cerebral palsy was found to have a shorter stance phase than the normal, but the cadence, while more variable, was nearly the same as normal. The spastic muscles typically exhibited prolonged phasic activity or a dysphasic pattern. Most of the patients with spastic hamstrings also had spastic quadriceps, suggesting that over-weakening the hamstrings may produce an unwanted genu recurvatum or hyperextended knee gait. Care must be taken to balance hamstring spasticity with quadriceps spasticity. A final result with slight knee flexion is preferable to hyperextension.", "contents": "Gait electromyography in normal and spastic children, with special reference to quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles. Telemetered gait electromyography was used to investigate gait patterns and the phasic behavior of the quadriceps femoris and medial hamstring muscles in 26 normal children and 32 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The average child with spastic cerebral palsy was found to have a shorter stance phase than the normal, but the cadence, while more variable, was nearly the same as normal. The spastic muscles typically exhibited prolonged phasic activity or a dysphasic pattern. Most of the patients with spastic hamstrings also had spastic quadriceps, suggesting that over-weakening the hamstrings may produce an unwanted genu recurvatum or hyperextended knee gait. Care must be taken to balance hamstring spasticity with quadriceps spasticity. A final result with slight knee flexion is preferable to hyperextension.", "PMID": 520711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_509", "title": "Natural history of the dislocated hip in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "A review was made of 88 adult institutionalized patients with spastic cerebral palsy and contractural deformity of the hips. 21 were untreated for dislocated hip, and 11 of these suffered from hip pain. The degree of pain was directly related to neurological maturity and to the coexistence of athetosis and spasticity. Decubitus ulcers and perineal care problems were more associated with contractures than with dislocation alone. It is concluded that dislocation and subluxation should be prevented by surgical means, but that surgical treatment of the already dislocated hip should be reserved for the neurologically mature and athetoid patient.", "contents": "Natural history of the dislocated hip in spastic cerebral palsy. A review was made of 88 adult institutionalized patients with spastic cerebral palsy and contractural deformity of the hips. 21 were untreated for dislocated hip, and 11 of these suffered from hip pain. The degree of pain was directly related to neurological maturity and to the coexistence of athetosis and spasticity. Decubitus ulcers and perineal care problems were more associated with contractures than with dislocation alone. It is concluded that dislocation and subluxation should be prevented by surgical means, but that surgical treatment of the already dislocated hip should be reserved for the neurologically mature and athetoid patient.", "PMID": 520712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_510", "title": "Long-term use and discontinuation of methylphenidate with hyperactive children.", "content": "The long-term effects of methylphenidate on the behavior and academic functioning of hyperactive children are described. 36 children having a positive response to methylphenidate entered a three-year follow-up study in which they were closely monitored physically, behaviorally and psychometrically. During this period 13 children spontaneously discontinued medication: there were no statistically significant differences between them and the children who continued medication in terms of age, IQ or ratings at initial interview. The greatest improvement in performance occurred in the early months of treatment, but was only partially maintained during long-term therapy and little further change occurred after medication was discontinued. The findings indicate that sustained improvement is related to factors other than continued medication, and they suggest that drug therapy should be regarded as a short-term intervention until more positive social and school behavior can be established.", "contents": "Long-term use and discontinuation of methylphenidate with hyperactive children. The long-term effects of methylphenidate on the behavior and academic functioning of hyperactive children are described. 36 children having a positive response to methylphenidate entered a three-year follow-up study in which they were closely monitored physically, behaviorally and psychometrically. During this period 13 children spontaneously discontinued medication: there were no statistically significant differences between them and the children who continued medication in terms of age, IQ or ratings at initial interview. The greatest improvement in performance occurred in the early months of treatment, but was only partially maintained during long-term therapy and little further change occurred after medication was discontinued. The findings indicate that sustained improvement is related to factors other than continued medication, and they suggest that drug therapy should be regarded as a short-term intervention until more positive social and school behavior can be established.", "PMID": 520713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_511", "title": "Differentiating minimal brain dysfunction and temperament.", "content": "After referral to a pediatric neurologist for problems in behavior and learning, 61 children aged from three to seven years were assigned to one of four diagnostic groups: (1) minimal brain dysfunction (MBD); (2) hyperactivity; (3) learning disability; and (4) other criteria. Their temperament profiles were determined by the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. The disproportionately large number of children with more difficult temperament diagnoses in the referred population indicates that teachers and physicians may have mininterpreted a less adaptive behavioral style as evidence of neurological dysfunction. Those diagnosed clinically as having MBD were less adaptable, less persistent, more active and more negative than the control population. This suggests that MBD overlaps with difficult temperament. Children in the other three groups were temperamentally similar to the MBD group, which raises doubt about the advisability of diagnosing MBD on the basis of behavior alone. A comprehensive neurobehavioral profile is necessary to separate clearly the various factors contributing to problems in school performance.", "contents": "Differentiating minimal brain dysfunction and temperament. After referral to a pediatric neurologist for problems in behavior and learning, 61 children aged from three to seven years were assigned to one of four diagnostic groups: (1) minimal brain dysfunction (MBD); (2) hyperactivity; (3) learning disability; and (4) other criteria. Their temperament profiles were determined by the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. The disproportionately large number of children with more difficult temperament diagnoses in the referred population indicates that teachers and physicians may have mininterpreted a less adaptive behavioral style as evidence of neurological dysfunction. Those diagnosed clinically as having MBD were less adaptable, less persistent, more active and more negative than the control population. This suggests that MBD overlaps with difficult temperament. Children in the other three groups were temperamentally similar to the MBD group, which raises doubt about the advisability of diagnosing MBD on the basis of behavior alone. A comprehensive neurobehavioral profile is necessary to separate clearly the various factors contributing to problems in school performance.", "PMID": 520714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_512", "title": "Training physicians in communication skills.", "content": "Communication skills are a vital part of physicians' activities, so it is important that they receive appropriate training and experience in these skills, particularly as they relate to emotionally difficult situations such as dealing with death or severe disability. Experience in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, has demonstrated that videotaped simulated interviews, with immediate play-back, may be an effective method. The videotapes showed that there were frequent errors in communication.", "contents": "Training physicians in communication skills. Communication skills are a vital part of physicians' activities, so it is important that they receive appropriate training and experience in these skills, particularly as they relate to emotionally difficult situations such as dealing with death or severe disability. Experience in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, has demonstrated that videotaped simulated interviews, with immediate play-back, may be an effective method. The videotapes showed that there were frequent errors in communication.", "PMID": 520715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_513", "title": "The connection between different verbal difficulties in a backward reader.", "content": "The case is reported of a body of normal intelligence who is backward in reading and had associated difficulties in verbal expression, auditory sequential memory and visual association. The major problem seemed to be an inability to recall appropriate words. To aid efficient retrieval, words of personal interest were used, which were made tangible by means of plastic script letters. Progress had been made with these methods and it is suggested that remediation may be misdirected if the primary language retrieval problem is overlooked in such cases.", "contents": "The connection between different verbal difficulties in a backward reader. The case is reported of a body of normal intelligence who is backward in reading and had associated difficulties in verbal expression, auditory sequential memory and visual association. The major problem seemed to be an inability to recall appropriate words. To aid efficient retrieval, words of personal interest were used, which were made tangible by means of plastic script letters. Progress had been made with these methods and it is suggested that remediation may be misdirected if the primary language retrieval problem is overlooked in such cases.", "PMID": 520716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_514", "title": "Problems in the behavioural treatment of self-injury in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The results are described of a behavioural programme designed to modify self-injurious behaviour of a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The treatment combined extinction of the injurious behaviour and reinforcement of alternative behaviour, and was successful in the controlled hospital environment. However, an attempt to teach the parents to continue the treatment at home failed. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between organic and environmental factors in maintaining the injurious behaviour, and the importance of analysing both the behaviour itself and the factors (including familial) maintaining it. It is suggested that parents should be advised about management of behavioural problems at an early age.", "contents": "Problems in the behavioural treatment of self-injury in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The results are described of a behavioural programme designed to modify self-injurious behaviour of a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The treatment combined extinction of the injurious behaviour and reinforcement of alternative behaviour, and was successful in the controlled hospital environment. However, an attempt to teach the parents to continue the treatment at home failed. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between organic and environmental factors in maintaining the injurious behaviour, and the importance of analysing both the behaviour itself and the factors (including familial) maintaining it. It is suggested that parents should be advised about management of behavioural problems at an early age.", "PMID": 520717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_515", "title": "Paroxysmal hemipareses in childhood.", "content": "The authors report three patients suffering since infancy from transient attacks of paresis. The flaccid pareses most frequently affect the extremities in a hemiplegic fashion, but occasionally there is monoparesis or quadriparesis. The laterality and degree of the paresis are variable. Conciousness is always preserved, and in two cases attacks were preceded by ocular motor disturbances (skew deviation, nystagmoid jerks and conjugate deviations). Exceptionally, the transient hemiparesis may be preceded by a grand mal epileptic fit, though they are more likely to appear sporadically and independently of the paretic changes. In the interparoxysmal periods the children showed pronounced hypotonia, hyperkinetic extrapyramidal features and oligophrenia. Neuroradiological procedures have excluded brain anomalies of vascular or other aetiology and simple biochemical analyses were negative. EMG during paretic periods have revealed central motor neuron lesions, while EEG demonstrated non-specific paroxysmal features. A brain-stem dysfunction in the aetiology is postulated.", "contents": "Paroxysmal hemipareses in childhood. The authors report three patients suffering since infancy from transient attacks of paresis. The flaccid pareses most frequently affect the extremities in a hemiplegic fashion, but occasionally there is monoparesis or quadriparesis. The laterality and degree of the paresis are variable. Conciousness is always preserved, and in two cases attacks were preceded by ocular motor disturbances (skew deviation, nystagmoid jerks and conjugate deviations). Exceptionally, the transient hemiparesis may be preceded by a grand mal epileptic fit, though they are more likely to appear sporadically and independently of the paretic changes. In the interparoxysmal periods the children showed pronounced hypotonia, hyperkinetic extrapyramidal features and oligophrenia. Neuroradiological procedures have excluded brain anomalies of vascular or other aetiology and simple biochemical analyses were negative. EMG during paretic periods have revealed central motor neuron lesions, while EEG demonstrated non-specific paroxysmal features. A brain-stem dysfunction in the aetiology is postulated.", "PMID": 520718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_516", "title": "[Atrial myxoma. Clinical, diagnostic, surgical and pathological features of 13 subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, surgical and pathological features of 13 patients (3 males, 10 females) with cardiac myxoma are reported. Eleven masses were situated in the left atrium and 2 in the right one. The incidence of signs and symptoms usually ascribed to cardiac myxoma is evaluated. Particular emphasis is given to embolization phenomenon which occurred in 3 patients with villous-surfaced tumors. The results of phonocardiographic, echocardiographic and isotopic angioscintigraphic examination are illustrated and the use of these incruent investigations is highly recommanded. Final diagnosis may be achieved by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Successful surgical excision was carried out in 12 patients. Structural profile of atrial myxoma is discussed. Particular attention is given to the surface of the tumors (smooth or villous), to the pseudovascular structures on the light microscopy and to the endotelial like features, together with secretory activity of the myxoma cells, on the electron microscopy. The morphologic findings support the neoplastic origin of the myxoma. The distinction between embolization and malignant metastasis is underlined.", "contents": "[Atrial myxoma. Clinical, diagnostic, surgical and pathological features of 13 subjects (author's transl)]. The clinical, surgical and pathological features of 13 patients (3 males, 10 females) with cardiac myxoma are reported. Eleven masses were situated in the left atrium and 2 in the right one. The incidence of signs and symptoms usually ascribed to cardiac myxoma is evaluated. Particular emphasis is given to embolization phenomenon which occurred in 3 patients with villous-surfaced tumors. The results of phonocardiographic, echocardiographic and isotopic angioscintigraphic examination are illustrated and the use of these incruent investigations is highly recommanded. Final diagnosis may be achieved by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Successful surgical excision was carried out in 12 patients. Structural profile of atrial myxoma is discussed. Particular attention is given to the surface of the tumors (smooth or villous), to the pseudovascular structures on the light microscopy and to the endotelial like features, together with secretory activity of the myxoma cells, on the electron microscopy. The morphologic findings support the neoplastic origin of the myxoma. The distinction between embolization and malignant metastasis is underlined.", "PMID": 520729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_517", "title": "[Ebstein's malformation. Report of 9 cases surgically treated (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients with Ebstein's malformation have undergone surgical repair since 1971. Their ages ranged from 10 to 49 years. Two patients were in functional class II and six in III. Dysrhythmias were indicators for operation in the remaining patient. All patients underwent prosthetic valve replacement. Other procedures included atrial septal defect closure in eight and plication of the atrialized ventricular segment in four cases. Three patients died during the postoperative period. Three patients died during the postoperative period. Functional classification improved in five of the six operative survivors. The multiple aspects of the clinical features, the different surgical management and the variability of results are explained by the wide range of morphologic and functional aspects of the malformation.", "contents": "[Ebstein's malformation. Report of 9 cases surgically treated (author's transl)]. Nine patients with Ebstein's malformation have undergone surgical repair since 1971. Their ages ranged from 10 to 49 years. Two patients were in functional class II and six in III. Dysrhythmias were indicators for operation in the remaining patient. All patients underwent prosthetic valve replacement. Other procedures included atrial septal defect closure in eight and plication of the atrialized ventricular segment in four cases. Three patients died during the postoperative period. Three patients died during the postoperative period. Functional classification improved in five of the six operative survivors. The multiple aspects of the clinical features, the different surgical management and the variability of results are explained by the wide range of morphologic and functional aspects of the malformation.", "PMID": 520730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_518", "title": "[Surgical treatment through embolectomy of embolism of the superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present four cases of embolism of the superior mesenteric artery treated surgically, with satisfactory results, through embolectomy with Fogarty's catheter. The Authors affirm the necessity of always following this type of intervention, given its simplicity and the high rate of mortality of non treated embolism. Some anatomical and physio-pathological considerations are remembered and diagnostic and surgical promptness are recommended.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment through embolectomy of embolism of the superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)]. The Authors present four cases of embolism of the superior mesenteric artery treated surgically, with satisfactory results, through embolectomy with Fogarty's catheter. The Authors affirm the necessity of always following this type of intervention, given its simplicity and the high rate of mortality of non treated embolism. Some anatomical and physio-pathological considerations are remembered and diagnostic and surgical promptness are recommended.", "PMID": 520731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_519", "title": "[Verapamil and torsade de pointe (author's transl)].", "content": "A long QT syndrome is described, followed by \"torsade de pointe\" that is ascribed to an hypopotassemia in a patient submitted to administration of prenylamine, vincamine, digitalis and furosemide. The efficacy of verapamil i.v. is related.", "contents": "[Verapamil and torsade de pointe (author's transl)]. A long QT syndrome is described, followed by \"torsade de pointe\" that is ascribed to an hypopotassemia in a patient submitted to administration of prenylamine, vincamine, digitalis and furosemide. The efficacy of verapamil i.v. is related.", "PMID": 520732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_520", "title": "[Diagnostic use of myocardial scintiscanning with thallium-201 in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Myocardial scintigraphy shows to have diagnostic ability after latest proposal to use Thallium-201. Thus we verified its iconographic effectiveness in 10 normal subjects and 25 patients with myocardial infarction variously localized. In both groups we obtained adequate and expressive results: the former showed omogeneous images and continuous outlines, whereas the latter showed \"cold areas\" in agreement with the localization provided by electrocardiography. The further utilization of myocardial imaging with Thallium-201 in 2 patients with prior infarction, in whom present ecg is equivocal, provided scintigraphic evidence of prior necrotic lesion. This emphasizes diagnostic sensitivity of myocardial scintigraphy with Thallium-201 encouraging its use in those patients in whom electrocardiography is not able to give its usual diagnostic contribution.", "contents": "[Diagnostic use of myocardial scintiscanning with thallium-201 in myocardial infarct]. Myocardial scintigraphy shows to have diagnostic ability after latest proposal to use Thallium-201. Thus we verified its iconographic effectiveness in 10 normal subjects and 25 patients with myocardial infarction variously localized. In both groups we obtained adequate and expressive results: the former showed omogeneous images and continuous outlines, whereas the latter showed \"cold areas\" in agreement with the localization provided by electrocardiography. The further utilization of myocardial imaging with Thallium-201 in 2 patients with prior infarction, in whom present ecg is equivocal, provided scintigraphic evidence of prior necrotic lesion. This emphasizes diagnostic sensitivity of myocardial scintigraphy with Thallium-201 encouraging its use in those patients in whom electrocardiography is not able to give its usual diagnostic contribution.", "PMID": 520745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_521", "title": "[Clinical and hemodynamic effects of disopyramide phosphate administered i.v. in cardiopathic subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic action of disopyramide (1.5 mg/Kg) administered i.v. as a bolus was assessed in 30 patients with ischemic heart disease and different arrhythmias. In 75% of supraventricular parossistic tachycardia and in 75% of parossistic atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia was interrupted within few minutes from drug injection; in 90% with premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and in 100% of ventricular tachycardia, disopyramide was capable to interrupt the arrhythmias. The hemodynamic effects of the same dose of disopyramide were evaluated in other 17 patients, 9 of which in I-II class NYHA and 8 in III-IV class. We used STI's as parameters of cardiac performance. In all patients following the injection of disopyramide, a significant increase of PEP, ICT and PEP/LVET ratio and a significant decrease of LVETc were observed. Thus, the disopyramide impaired cardiac performance and its effect appeared more evident in patients in III-IV class NYHA. In conclusion, disopyramide showed to be effective in interrupting different arrhythmias; however, its depressant action on cardiac performance suggests that caution should be used in patients with severely impaired myocardial function.", "contents": "[Clinical and hemodynamic effects of disopyramide phosphate administered i.v. in cardiopathic subjects (author's transl)]. The antiarrhythmic action of disopyramide (1.5 mg/Kg) administered i.v. as a bolus was assessed in 30 patients with ischemic heart disease and different arrhythmias. In 75% of supraventricular parossistic tachycardia and in 75% of parossistic atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia was interrupted within few minutes from drug injection; in 90% with premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and in 100% of ventricular tachycardia, disopyramide was capable to interrupt the arrhythmias. The hemodynamic effects of the same dose of disopyramide were evaluated in other 17 patients, 9 of which in I-II class NYHA and 8 in III-IV class. We used STI's as parameters of cardiac performance. In all patients following the injection of disopyramide, a significant increase of PEP, ICT and PEP/LVET ratio and a significant decrease of LVETc were observed. Thus, the disopyramide impaired cardiac performance and its effect appeared more evident in patients in III-IV class NYHA. In conclusion, disopyramide showed to be effective in interrupting different arrhythmias; however, its depressant action on cardiac performance suggests that caution should be used in patients with severely impaired myocardial function.", "PMID": 520746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_522", "title": "[Massive pulmonary thromboembolism: medical or surgical treatment?].", "content": "Anticoagulant-thrombolytic therapy and surgery, remain the topics of recent advances in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. The Authors have treated 3 patients with anticoagulant-thrombolytic therapy, and 14 patients with pulmonary embolectomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. By this experience, they suggest an indication for medical or surgical treatment for pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "[Massive pulmonary thromboembolism: medical or surgical treatment?]. Anticoagulant-thrombolytic therapy and surgery, remain the topics of recent advances in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. The Authors have treated 3 patients with anticoagulant-thrombolytic therapy, and 14 patients with pulmonary embolectomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. By this experience, they suggest an indication for medical or surgical treatment for pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 520747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_523", "title": "Characteristics of two cell lines (TE-1 and TE-2) derived from human squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Two epithelial cell lines (TE-1 and TE-2) have been established from a well or poorly differentiated human squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. TE-1 has been subcultured 120 times during 2 years and 10 months, and TE-2, 50 times for almost 2 years. Cultured cells grew as isolated and piled-up colonies of epithelial cells. The average doubling time of the TE-1 cell line was 60 hr and that of TE-2, 72 hr. Distinctive marker chromosomes and a male karyotype were present in TE-1, but no marker chromosomes were seen in TE-2. Scanning electron microscopic examinations of both TE-1 and TE-2 confirmed the presence of desmosomes and interdigitated microvilli. Transmission electron micrographs of TE-1 showed the presence of abundant cell organelles, and a few organelles were found in the scanty cytoplasm of TE-2. There was a marked difference in the cell organelles between TE-1 and TE-2. Heterotransplantation of the cultured TE-1 and TE-2 cells produced tumors, the histological appearance of which was similar to that of the original ones. The carcinoembryonic antigen level of the medium in the confluent culture of TE-2 was 270 ng/10(6) cells. In the cytoplasm of TE-1 cells the number of paracrystals, which were produced by treatment with vinblastine sulfate, increased by the addition of cholera toxin to the medium.", "contents": "Characteristics of two cell lines (TE-1 and TE-2) derived from human squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Two epithelial cell lines (TE-1 and TE-2) have been established from a well or poorly differentiated human squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. TE-1 has been subcultured 120 times during 2 years and 10 months, and TE-2, 50 times for almost 2 years. Cultured cells grew as isolated and piled-up colonies of epithelial cells. The average doubling time of the TE-1 cell line was 60 hr and that of TE-2, 72 hr. Distinctive marker chromosomes and a male karyotype were present in TE-1, but no marker chromosomes were seen in TE-2. Scanning electron microscopic examinations of both TE-1 and TE-2 confirmed the presence of desmosomes and interdigitated microvilli. Transmission electron micrographs of TE-1 showed the presence of abundant cell organelles, and a few organelles were found in the scanty cytoplasm of TE-2. There was a marked difference in the cell organelles between TE-1 and TE-2. Heterotransplantation of the cultured TE-1 and TE-2 cells produced tumors, the histological appearance of which was similar to that of the original ones. The carcinoembryonic antigen level of the medium in the confluent culture of TE-2 was 270 ng/10(6) cells. In the cytoplasm of TE-1 cells the number of paracrystals, which were produced by treatment with vinblastine sulfate, increased by the addition of cholera toxin to the medium.", "PMID": 520749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_524", "title": "Cytotoxic, cell agglutinating, and syncytium forming effect of purified lectins from Ricinus communis on cultured cells.", "content": "The toxicity of lectins from castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), ricin-D, ricin-E, and castor bean hemagglutinin, was investigated on five cultured cell lines. The differential effect of their constituent polypeptide chains was also investigated using these cell lines. Ricin-D, ricin-E, and castor bean hemagglutinin (CBH) possessed cytoagglutinating activity and cytotoxic activity to all five cell lines. These lectins showed the strongest toxicity to L5178Y cells, which are leukemic cells. The toxic activity of ricin-D was stronger than that of CBH in all cell lines. The constituent polypebtide chains of ricin-D and CBH were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and designated as isoleucine chain and alanine chain denoted by their N-terminal amino acids. Only alanine chain of ricin-D was toxic to cells grown in vitro, whereas isoleucine chain of ricin-D and alanine chain of CBH were not toxic to the cells. Moreover, it was found that both lectins caused syncytium formation in NIH3T3 cells infected with Moloney leukemia virus and this cell fusion activity was shown to be exclusively associated with the alanine chain. Cytotoxic, cell agglutinating, and syncytium forming effect of the lectins is due to binding of the alanine chain of ricin-D to galactose-like residues of the membrane constituents of these cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic, cell agglutinating, and syncytium forming effect of purified lectins from Ricinus communis on cultured cells. The toxicity of lectins from castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), ricin-D, ricin-E, and castor bean hemagglutinin, was investigated on five cultured cell lines. The differential effect of their constituent polypeptide chains was also investigated using these cell lines. Ricin-D, ricin-E, and castor bean hemagglutinin (CBH) possessed cytoagglutinating activity and cytotoxic activity to all five cell lines. These lectins showed the strongest toxicity to L5178Y cells, which are leukemic cells. The toxic activity of ricin-D was stronger than that of CBH in all cell lines. The constituent polypebtide chains of ricin-D and CBH were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and designated as isoleucine chain and alanine chain denoted by their N-terminal amino acids. Only alanine chain of ricin-D was toxic to cells grown in vitro, whereas isoleucine chain of ricin-D and alanine chain of CBH were not toxic to the cells. Moreover, it was found that both lectins caused syncytium formation in NIH3T3 cells infected with Moloney leukemia virus and this cell fusion activity was shown to be exclusively associated with the alanine chain. Cytotoxic, cell agglutinating, and syncytium forming effect of the lectins is due to binding of the alanine chain of ricin-D to galactose-like residues of the membrane constituents of these cells.", "PMID": 520750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_525", "title": "Radio-iron uptake of rat hepatoma.", "content": "Iron uptake rate of the tumor tissues of the rat liver was compared with that of the nontumor tissues of the same rat liver. Ferric[59Fe] citrate was injected to rats bearing hepatoma induced by the administration of diethylnitrosamine. The tumor and nontumor tissues were enucleated from the liver and radioactivity (cpm/10 mg tissue) of the individual tissue was calculated to estimate the iron uptake rate of the tissue. Eleven rats were finally available for the study. Population mean of radioactivity of the tumor group was larger than that of the nontumor group when examined 6 hr after the injection, so far as the specimens of both groups were sufficient in number, more than 19. The variance of radioactivity of the tumor group was always larger than that of the nontumor group, probably in part due to cytological and histological varieties of the tumor tissues. These results suggest that the tumor tissues can take up more iron than the nontumor tissues.", "contents": "Radio-iron uptake of rat hepatoma. Iron uptake rate of the tumor tissues of the rat liver was compared with that of the nontumor tissues of the same rat liver. Ferric[59Fe] citrate was injected to rats bearing hepatoma induced by the administration of diethylnitrosamine. The tumor and nontumor tissues were enucleated from the liver and radioactivity (cpm/10 mg tissue) of the individual tissue was calculated to estimate the iron uptake rate of the tissue. Eleven rats were finally available for the study. Population mean of radioactivity of the tumor group was larger than that of the nontumor group when examined 6 hr after the injection, so far as the specimens of both groups were sufficient in number, more than 19. The variance of radioactivity of the tumor group was always larger than that of the nontumor group, probably in part due to cytological and histological varieties of the tumor tissues. These results suggest that the tumor tissues can take up more iron than the nontumor tissues.", "PMID": 520751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_526", "title": "Role of tumor thromboplastin in the mode of distribution of metastatic foci in the lung.", "content": "Crude tumor cell extract from rat ascites hepatoma AH130 revealed a high thromboplastic activity. Intravenous injection of the extract caused widespread thrombus formation in the capillaries, arterioles, and arteries of the lung. Intravenous inoculation of AH130 after an injection of the tumor cell extract produced metastatic foci in the larger arteries, compared with the case injected with only AH130 which developed metastatic foci mainly in and around the alveolar septa. These results suggest the role of tumor thromboplastin material in the mode of distribution of metastatic foci in the lung.", "contents": "Role of tumor thromboplastin in the mode of distribution of metastatic foci in the lung. Crude tumor cell extract from rat ascites hepatoma AH130 revealed a high thromboplastic activity. Intravenous injection of the extract caused widespread thrombus formation in the capillaries, arterioles, and arteries of the lung. Intravenous inoculation of AH130 after an injection of the tumor cell extract produced metastatic foci in the larger arteries, compared with the case injected with only AH130 which developed metastatic foci mainly in and around the alveolar septa. These results suggest the role of tumor thromboplastin material in the mode of distribution of metastatic foci in the lung.", "PMID": 520753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_527", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on induction of liver and lung tumors by dimethylnitrosamine in newborn mice.", "content": "The effect of phenobarbital on simultaneous induction of liver and lung tumors was examined in inbred DDD mice. Group 1 of newborn mice received a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and after weaning they were given 0.05% phenobarbital solution to drink. Group 2 received an injection of DMN like Group 1 but were then given normal water. Group 3 were injected ip with 0.9% NaCl solution and then given phenobarbital solution to drink as in Group 1, and Group 4 were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution like Group 3, and then given tap water to drink. The animals were examined 16 weeks after birth. In Group 1, 27 of 35 mice (77%) had liver tumor and 15 (43%) had lung tumor. In Group 2, 8 of 24 mice (33%) had liver tumor and 16 (67%) had lung tumor. Animals in Groups 3 and 4 did not develop tumors. The difference in the incidences of liver tumor, but not lung tumor, in Groups 1 and 2 was statistically significant (P less than 0.01); that is, a promoting effect of phenobarbital was observed in induction of liver tumor, but not lung tumor.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on induction of liver and lung tumors by dimethylnitrosamine in newborn mice. The effect of phenobarbital on simultaneous induction of liver and lung tumors was examined in inbred DDD mice. Group 1 of newborn mice received a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and after weaning they were given 0.05% phenobarbital solution to drink. Group 2 received an injection of DMN like Group 1 but were then given normal water. Group 3 were injected ip with 0.9% NaCl solution and then given phenobarbital solution to drink as in Group 1, and Group 4 were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution like Group 3, and then given tap water to drink. The animals were examined 16 weeks after birth. In Group 1, 27 of 35 mice (77%) had liver tumor and 15 (43%) had lung tumor. In Group 2, 8 of 24 mice (33%) had liver tumor and 16 (67%) had lung tumor. Animals in Groups 3 and 4 did not develop tumors. The difference in the incidences of liver tumor, but not lung tumor, in Groups 1 and 2 was statistically significant (P less than 0.01); that is, a promoting effect of phenobarbital was observed in induction of liver tumor, but not lung tumor.", "PMID": 520754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_528", "title": "Histopathological changes induced in the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice treated simultaneously with 2-naph-thylamine and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The effect of 2-naphthylamine and cyclophosphamide on the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice was investigated. The bladder mucosa of mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone for 40 weeks showed diffuse hyperplasia. Oral administration of 2-naphthylamine for 40 weeks plus injections of cyclophosphamide produced bladder carcinomas in 30.8 approximately 35.7% of all animals, associated with downward growth of the bladder epithelium. All the bladder carcinomas were of the transitional cell type and most of them contained pseudoglandular areas. Hepatomas seemed to develop in higher incidence in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine plus cyclophosphamide than in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone. Most of the hepatomas were solitary and showed a trabecular pattern. Cyclophosphamide seemed to have a summative or promoting effect on carcinogenesis of the bladder mucosa and liver induced by 2-naphthylamine in female BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Histopathological changes induced in the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice treated simultaneously with 2-naph-thylamine and cyclophosphamide. The effect of 2-naphthylamine and cyclophosphamide on the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice was investigated. The bladder mucosa of mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone for 40 weeks showed diffuse hyperplasia. Oral administration of 2-naphthylamine for 40 weeks plus injections of cyclophosphamide produced bladder carcinomas in 30.8 approximately 35.7% of all animals, associated with downward growth of the bladder epithelium. All the bladder carcinomas were of the transitional cell type and most of them contained pseudoglandular areas. Hepatomas seemed to develop in higher incidence in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine plus cyclophosphamide than in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone. Most of the hepatomas were solitary and showed a trabecular pattern. Cyclophosphamide seemed to have a summative or promoting effect on carcinogenesis of the bladder mucosa and liver induced by 2-naphthylamine in female BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 520755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_529", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of N-ethyl- and N-amyl-N-nitrosourethans on female Donryu rats.", "content": "Carcinogenic effect of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourethan (ENUR) and N-amyl-N-nitrosourethan (ANUR) was examined by continuous oral administration or topical application to female Donruy rats. Oral administration of 100 ppm solution of ENUR induced 100% of tumors in the forestomach, 46%, 80%, 71%, and 51% in the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, duodenum, and liver, respectively. On the other hand, the incidence of forestomach tumors was 78%, that of oral cavity and pharynx, and esophagus was 93% and 98%, respectively, in rats given 400 ppm suspension of ANUR. In addition, topical application of ENUR induced tumors of the skin as well as tumors of the forestomach and liver.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of N-ethyl- and N-amyl-N-nitrosourethans on female Donryu rats. Carcinogenic effect of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourethan (ENUR) and N-amyl-N-nitrosourethan (ANUR) was examined by continuous oral administration or topical application to female Donruy rats. Oral administration of 100 ppm solution of ENUR induced 100% of tumors in the forestomach, 46%, 80%, 71%, and 51% in the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, duodenum, and liver, respectively. On the other hand, the incidence of forestomach tumors was 78%, that of oral cavity and pharynx, and esophagus was 93% and 98%, respectively, in rats given 400 ppm suspension of ANUR. In addition, topical application of ENUR induced tumors of the skin as well as tumors of the forestomach and liver.", "PMID": 520756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_530", "title": "Suppressive factor against macrophage phagocytosis produced by cultured sarcoma-180 cells.", "content": "A soluble factor which suppresses phagocytic ability of macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as latex particles, was found in the culture supernatant of sarcoma-180 cells. This factor was stable to heating at 56 degrees for 30 min and had a molecular weight of more than 10,000. Supernatant from normal spleen cell culture also showed some antiphagocytic activity but it was considerably lower than that of sarcoma-180 cell culture.", "contents": "Suppressive factor against macrophage phagocytosis produced by cultured sarcoma-180 cells. A soluble factor which suppresses phagocytic ability of macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as latex particles, was found in the culture supernatant of sarcoma-180 cells. This factor was stable to heating at 56 degrees for 30 min and had a molecular weight of more than 10,000. Supernatant from normal spleen cell culture also showed some antiphagocytic activity but it was considerably lower than that of sarcoma-180 cell culture.", "PMID": 520757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_531", "title": "In vitro cultivation of human testicular embryonal carcinoma and establishment of a new cell line.", "content": "Tissues from the surgical specimen of 7 patients with testicular embryonal carcinoma were cultivated in vitro. Among 7 primary cultures, initial growth of tumor cells was observed in 5 cases. One of them was successfully subcultured and a cell line, designated NEC-8, has been established. NEC-8 cells grow as a flat epithelial colony densely packed with polygonal cells and gradually pile up at the center of the colony. Ultrastructure of NEC-8 cell revealed desmosomes and microvilli at the cell membrane. The cytoplasm was characteristically rich in glycogen granules which corresponded with strong PAS reaction. The chromosome number of NEC-8 cells at passage 3 showed wide distribution from 70 to 183, with a mode of 85 to 88. Histology of the heterotransplant of NEC-8 cells into the hamster cheek pouch was that of adenocarcinoma resembling a part of the histology of the original tumor.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of human testicular embryonal carcinoma and establishment of a new cell line. Tissues from the surgical specimen of 7 patients with testicular embryonal carcinoma were cultivated in vitro. Among 7 primary cultures, initial growth of tumor cells was observed in 5 cases. One of them was successfully subcultured and a cell line, designated NEC-8, has been established. NEC-8 cells grow as a flat epithelial colony densely packed with polygonal cells and gradually pile up at the center of the colony. Ultrastructure of NEC-8 cell revealed desmosomes and microvilli at the cell membrane. The cytoplasm was characteristically rich in glycogen granules which corresponded with strong PAS reaction. The chromosome number of NEC-8 cells at passage 3 showed wide distribution from 70 to 183, with a mode of 85 to 88. Histology of the heterotransplant of NEC-8 cells into the hamster cheek pouch was that of adenocarcinoma resembling a part of the histology of the original tumor.", "PMID": 520758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_532", "title": "Effect of immunochemotherapy with OK-432 and yeast cell wall on the activities of peritoneal macrophages of mice.", "content": "The effect of chemotherapy combined with immunostimulants on the activities of macrophages in mice was studied. The number of macrophages and exudate cells in the peritoneal cavity increased 3 days after ip injection with mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil together with OK-432 or yeast cell wall and decreased to normal level after 9 days, while the number of the cells remained decreased in mice receiving multi-drugs alone. Acid phosphatase activity of the macrophages of mice was elevated after the simultaneous injection of yeast cell wall and OK-432, and high activity was preserved in the macrophages of mice receiving yeast cell wall even after 9 days. Spreading of these cells was also enhanced. Macrophage activities examined by these assays were maximal in every respect 6 days after combination therapy. Cytostatic activity of the cells was strengthened after 6 days by combined use of OK-432 or yeast cell wall. Role of the activated macrophages in combination therapy was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of immunochemotherapy with OK-432 and yeast cell wall on the activities of peritoneal macrophages of mice. The effect of chemotherapy combined with immunostimulants on the activities of macrophages in mice was studied. The number of macrophages and exudate cells in the peritoneal cavity increased 3 days after ip injection with mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil together with OK-432 or yeast cell wall and decreased to normal level after 9 days, while the number of the cells remained decreased in mice receiving multi-drugs alone. Acid phosphatase activity of the macrophages of mice was elevated after the simultaneous injection of yeast cell wall and OK-432, and high activity was preserved in the macrophages of mice receiving yeast cell wall even after 9 days. Spreading of these cells was also enhanced. Macrophage activities examined by these assays were maximal in every respect 6 days after combination therapy. Cytostatic activity of the cells was strengthened after 6 days by combined use of OK-432 or yeast cell wall. Role of the activated macrophages in combination therapy was discussed.", "PMID": 520759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_533", "title": "Correlation between lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and results of chemo-immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "The effect of chemo-immunotherapy on lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was investigated in patients with advanced cancer. Patients received OK-432, a streptococcal preparation, intratumorally and additional systemic MFC (mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside) chemotherapy intravenously. Patients with high lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens at the beginning of treatment were more responsive to chemo-immunotherapy than those with low responsiveness. Furthermore, lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA was maintained at a high level throughout the treatment. In contrast, patients with initially depressed lymphocyte responsiveness maintained low responsiveness throughout the treatment. A significant increase of inhibitory activity of the serum was observed in patients with poor results of treatment. From these results, it seems reasonable to conclude that the response to chemo-immunotherapy might be predicted by in-vitro lymphocyte responsiveness.", "contents": "Correlation between lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and results of chemo-immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. The effect of chemo-immunotherapy on lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was investigated in patients with advanced cancer. Patients received OK-432, a streptococcal preparation, intratumorally and additional systemic MFC (mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside) chemotherapy intravenously. Patients with high lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens at the beginning of treatment were more responsive to chemo-immunotherapy than those with low responsiveness. Furthermore, lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA was maintained at a high level throughout the treatment. In contrast, patients with initially depressed lymphocyte responsiveness maintained low responsiveness throughout the treatment. A significant increase of inhibitory activity of the serum was observed in patients with poor results of treatment. From these results, it seems reasonable to conclude that the response to chemo-immunotherapy might be predicted by in-vitro lymphocyte responsiveness.", "PMID": 520761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_534", "title": "Synergistic effect of vitamin A and fusidic acid on Hela cells in vitro.", "content": "Examinations were made to see if various vitamin A compounds, including retinol, retinal, retinol palmitate, retinol acetate, and retinoic acid, enhance the action of fusidic acid, an antibiotic and inhibitor of protein synthesis, on human carcinoma HeLa cells in vitro. Among these vitamins, retinal and retinol were found to potentiate strongly the effect of fusidic acid on HeLa cells. In this system, however, retinol palmitate, retinoic acid, and retinol acetate in 10 approximately 20 microgram/ml concentration were not found to enhance the effect of fusidic acid significantly.", "contents": "Synergistic effect of vitamin A and fusidic acid on Hela cells in vitro. Examinations were made to see if various vitamin A compounds, including retinol, retinal, retinol palmitate, retinol acetate, and retinoic acid, enhance the action of fusidic acid, an antibiotic and inhibitor of protein synthesis, on human carcinoma HeLa cells in vitro. Among these vitamins, retinal and retinol were found to potentiate strongly the effect of fusidic acid on HeLa cells. In this system, however, retinol palmitate, retinoic acid, and retinol acetate in 10 approximately 20 microgram/ml concentration were not found to enhance the effect of fusidic acid significantly.", "PMID": 520762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_535", "title": "Conversion of 7-ketolithocholic acid to ursodeoxycholic acid by human intestinal anaerobic microorganisms: interchangeability of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "Chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were incubated with human intestinal bacteria (source: 4 healthy males) at 37 degrees C for 72 hours in an anerobic condition. The bile acids of the products in culture medium were identified by three independent methods, thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and GLC-mass spectrometry. Lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were observed in the culture of chenodeoxycholic acid. Lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were observed in the culture of ursodeoxycholic acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were produced from 7-ketolithocholic acid. These data may suggest that chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid are interconvertible via 7-ketolithocholic acid by the mixed culture of human intestinal microorganisms under an anaerobic condition.", "contents": "Conversion of 7-ketolithocholic acid to ursodeoxycholic acid by human intestinal anaerobic microorganisms: interchangeability of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were incubated with human intestinal bacteria (source: 4 healthy males) at 37 degrees C for 72 hours in an anerobic condition. The bile acids of the products in culture medium were identified by three independent methods, thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and GLC-mass spectrometry. Lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were observed in the culture of chenodeoxycholic acid. Lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid were observed in the culture of ursodeoxycholic acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were produced from 7-ketolithocholic acid. These data may suggest that chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid are interconvertible via 7-ketolithocholic acid by the mixed culture of human intestinal microorganisms under an anaerobic condition.", "PMID": 520764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_536", "title": "Clinicopathological study of juvenile polyp.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of juvenile polyp were investigated for the clinical and pathological findings. This type polyps occured frequently in the first decade with male predominance. Melena and bloody stool were found in all cases, prolapse of the polyps in 28%, and spontaneous amputation in 9.4%. The duration of symptoms were usually within 6 months. The polyps were found frequently in the rectum and sigmoid colon, about 75%. One case of juvenile polyposis in a 12 years-old male was found. The size of the polyps was usually within 2 cm in diameter and the majority of the polyps were pedunculated. Polypectomy was performed for all cases and additional partial resection for 2 cases with multiple polyps and polyposis. Recurrence and malignant transformation were not found. It should be considered that these are at least two types of histogenesis for the so-called juvenile polyp like as hamartomatous and inflammatory.", "contents": "Clinicopathological study of juvenile polyp. Thirty-two cases of juvenile polyp were investigated for the clinical and pathological findings. This type polyps occured frequently in the first decade with male predominance. Melena and bloody stool were found in all cases, prolapse of the polyps in 28%, and spontaneous amputation in 9.4%. The duration of symptoms were usually within 6 months. The polyps were found frequently in the rectum and sigmoid colon, about 75%. One case of juvenile polyposis in a 12 years-old male was found. The size of the polyps was usually within 2 cm in diameter and the majority of the polyps were pedunculated. Polypectomy was performed for all cases and additional partial resection for 2 cases with multiple polyps and polyposis. Recurrence and malignant transformation were not found. It should be considered that these are at least two types of histogenesis for the so-called juvenile polyp like as hamartomatous and inflammatory.", "PMID": 520765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_537", "title": "Clinical investigation of serum deoxyribonuclease: II. Clinical studies of serum deoxyribonuclease activity in pancreatic disease.", "content": "Serum Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) of normal persons and of patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, or other malignant diseases was determined with (32P) DNA as substrate. Serum DNase activity was much lower in patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other malignant diseases than in control subjects, and serum DNase activity was almost normal in patients with Diabetes Mellitus. There was no correlation between serum DNase and serum amylase, but there was a good correlation between serum DNase and DNase I output in duodenal juice. There was an inverse correlation between serum DNase and serum RNase. These results imply that in the diagnosis of possible pancreatic disorders serum DNase may be a good indicator and thus may be useful for the detection of malignant diseases.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of serum deoxyribonuclease: II. Clinical studies of serum deoxyribonuclease activity in pancreatic disease. Serum Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) of normal persons and of patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, or other malignant diseases was determined with (32P) DNA as substrate. Serum DNase activity was much lower in patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other malignant diseases than in control subjects, and serum DNase activity was almost normal in patients with Diabetes Mellitus. There was no correlation between serum DNase and serum amylase, but there was a good correlation between serum DNase and DNase I output in duodenal juice. There was an inverse correlation between serum DNase and serum RNase. These results imply that in the diagnosis of possible pancreatic disorders serum DNase may be a good indicator and thus may be useful for the detection of malignant diseases.", "PMID": 520766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_538", "title": "Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. A case report and analytical review of 23 other cases reported in Japan.", "content": "A case study is presented of a 57-year-old male who showed typical clinical features of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Numerous polypoid lesions were found in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon and rectum accompanied with characteristic ectodermal changes. Tests indicated a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. Intestinal lactase deficiency was demonstrated by the lactose tolerance test. Scanning electronmicroscopy of the gastric and colonic mucosa revealed prominent secretion of mucoid substances and distortion in the gastric pits and colonic crypts. These abnormal findings were interpreted as having a direct relationship to the loss of protein into the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. A case report and analytical review of 23 other cases reported in Japan. A case study is presented of a 57-year-old male who showed typical clinical features of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Numerous polypoid lesions were found in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon and rectum accompanied with characteristic ectodermal changes. Tests indicated a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. Intestinal lactase deficiency was demonstrated by the lactose tolerance test. Scanning electronmicroscopy of the gastric and colonic mucosa revealed prominent secretion of mucoid substances and distortion in the gastric pits and colonic crypts. These abnormal findings were interpreted as having a direct relationship to the loss of protein into the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 520767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_539", "title": "Clinical use of glucagon and insulin in therapy of fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "We have reported 5 cases of fulminant hepatic failure who were treated with a combination of glucagon and insulin. Marked improvement of hepatic coma was characteristically noted in all cases.", "contents": "Clinical use of glucagon and insulin in therapy of fulminant hepatic failure. We have reported 5 cases of fulminant hepatic failure who were treated with a combination of glucagon and insulin. Marked improvement of hepatic coma was characteristically noted in all cases.", "PMID": 520769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_540", "title": "Analysis of pure pancreatic juice in patients with chronic alcoholism.", "content": "To elucidate early biochemical changes of pancreatic juice and their reversibility in chronic alcoholics, pure pancreatic juice was collected from 23 chronic alcoholics by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1 U/kg) and for 10 minutes after CCK-PZ injection (Boots, 1 U/kg). Volume, bicarbonate concentration, protein concentration and three hydrolases were determined. Following results were obtained. (1) Five patients showed hypersecretory state. Four of the five patients showed hyperconcentration of protein. (2) Seventeen patients showed hyposecretory state. Lipase secretion was most frequently affected (94%). Maximal bicarbonate concentration was the next to be affected (82%). Amylase and chymotrypsinogen secretion were less frequently affected (65%). Flow rate was least frequently affected (24%). (3) It was suggested that exocrine dysfunction in chronic alcoholics is reversible in an early stage and that sequence of events with advancement of the stage is hypersecretion, hyperconcentration of protein, normalization of water secretion with a decrease in lipase secretion and maximal bicarbonate concentration, a decrease in amylase and chymotrypsinogen output, and finally a decrease in flow rate.", "contents": "Analysis of pure pancreatic juice in patients with chronic alcoholism. To elucidate early biochemical changes of pancreatic juice and their reversibility in chronic alcoholics, pure pancreatic juice was collected from 23 chronic alcoholics by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1 U/kg) and for 10 minutes after CCK-PZ injection (Boots, 1 U/kg). Volume, bicarbonate concentration, protein concentration and three hydrolases were determined. Following results were obtained. (1) Five patients showed hypersecretory state. Four of the five patients showed hyperconcentration of protein. (2) Seventeen patients showed hyposecretory state. Lipase secretion was most frequently affected (94%). Maximal bicarbonate concentration was the next to be affected (82%). Amylase and chymotrypsinogen secretion were less frequently affected (65%). Flow rate was least frequently affected (24%). (3) It was suggested that exocrine dysfunction in chronic alcoholics is reversible in an early stage and that sequence of events with advancement of the stage is hypersecretion, hyperconcentration of protein, normalization of water secretion with a decrease in lipase secretion and maximal bicarbonate concentration, a decrease in amylase and chymotrypsinogen output, and finally a decrease in flow rate.", "PMID": 520770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_541", "title": "Studies on pancreatic duct system. II Comparative study of histological features, and three-dimensional reconstruction of pancreatic ducts.", "content": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of pancreatic ducts were made from specimens of pancreases from chronic pancreatic injury dogs following adjuvant injection, one patient with chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis, and 2 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The ductal alterations of alcoholic pancreatitis showed more apparent changes than those of non-alcoholic pancreatitis. The lesions in experiment such as uneven surface, irregular dilatation, tortuosity, and anastomosis, resembled to those of alocholic calcifying pancreatitis. Although gross appearance of the reconstructed ducts in advanced cases of experimental pancreatic injury revealed some resemblance to that of alcoholic calcifying pancreatitis, histologically, the epithelial changes of the former were different from those of the latter. Thus we concluded that more complicated factors than those considered in experiment play a role in combination in the pathogenesis of bead-like dilatation of the pancreatic ducts of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Studies on pancreatic duct system. II Comparative study of histological features, and three-dimensional reconstruction of pancreatic ducts. Three-dimensional reconstruction of pancreatic ducts were made from specimens of pancreases from chronic pancreatic injury dogs following adjuvant injection, one patient with chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis, and 2 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The ductal alterations of alcoholic pancreatitis showed more apparent changes than those of non-alcoholic pancreatitis. The lesions in experiment such as uneven surface, irregular dilatation, tortuosity, and anastomosis, resembled to those of alocholic calcifying pancreatitis. Although gross appearance of the reconstructed ducts in advanced cases of experimental pancreatic injury revealed some resemblance to that of alcoholic calcifying pancreatitis, histologically, the epithelial changes of the former were different from those of the latter. Thus we concluded that more complicated factors than those considered in experiment play a role in combination in the pathogenesis of bead-like dilatation of the pancreatic ducts of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 520772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_542", "title": "[Long-term observations on use-effectiveness of copper-IUD's (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-term observation of the use-effectiveness and safety of 745 Copper-IUD's has demonstrated: 1) The pregnancy rate decreases distinctly after 2 years; until now no pregnancy has been observed after 4 years continuous use. 2) The endometrium responds first with an inflammatory reaction, later it shows signs of deficient secretion, but after a longer period seems to become normal again. 3) Contamination of IUD's begins early, mostly with bacteria of vaginal origin, later the number of sterile IUD's increases. -- A septic abortion after pregnancy with an IUD in situ has not occurred amongst our cases. 4) The rate of copper elution continues steadily, but in spite of demonstrable corrosion there is no obse-vable decrease of contraceptive effectiveness. Copper-IUD's can remain as long as 5 years in situ, if no untoward side effects (pain, bleeding, infection) occur. It may be advisable to remove them after that period as corrosion may affect devices at present commercially available.", "contents": "[Long-term observations on use-effectiveness of copper-IUD's (author's transl)]. Long-term observation of the use-effectiveness and safety of 745 Copper-IUD's has demonstrated: 1) The pregnancy rate decreases distinctly after 2 years; until now no pregnancy has been observed after 4 years continuous use. 2) The endometrium responds first with an inflammatory reaction, later it shows signs of deficient secretion, but after a longer period seems to become normal again. 3) Contamination of IUD's begins early, mostly with bacteria of vaginal origin, later the number of sterile IUD's increases. -- A septic abortion after pregnancy with an IUD in situ has not occurred amongst our cases. 4) The rate of copper elution continues steadily, but in spite of demonstrable corrosion there is no obse-vable decrease of contraceptive effectiveness. Copper-IUD's can remain as long as 5 years in situ, if no untoward side effects (pain, bleeding, infection) occur. It may be advisable to remove them after that period as corrosion may affect devices at present commercially available.", "PMID": 520774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_543", "title": "[Emergency cerclage. Definition, technical procedure and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 27 cases on emergency cerclage. Six infants survived. Among these were four with birth weights over 2500 grams. The high abortion rate of 59% and the high perinatal mortality of the live born infants (5 of 11) make it imperative to be highly selective in this procedure. In emergency cerclage during labor or maternal pyrexia is contraindicated. Local and systemic antibiotic profolaxsis is recommended. Proposals for the definition technique and post-operative care in cases of emergency cerclage are discussed.", "contents": "[Emergency cerclage. Definition, technical procedure and prognosis (author's transl)]. Report on 27 cases on emergency cerclage. Six infants survived. Among these were four with birth weights over 2500 grams. The high abortion rate of 59% and the high perinatal mortality of the live born infants (5 of 11) make it imperative to be highly selective in this procedure. In emergency cerclage during labor or maternal pyrexia is contraindicated. Local and systemic antibiotic profolaxsis is recommended. Proposals for the definition technique and post-operative care in cases of emergency cerclage are discussed.", "PMID": 520775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_544", "title": "[Early and late complications after tubal ligations with the tupla-clip (author's transl)].", "content": "Following three years of the use of the tupla-clip we were able to send questionnaires to 115 women. The mean age was 33 years with 2--3 children. 57% of the tubal sterilizations were done for medical reasons, 7% for social reasons and 56% for personal reasons. 15% of the sterilizations were done concommitant to pregnancy. Among 243 tupla-clip sterilizations 2 pregnancies occured as early complications. The 115 women were asked regarding somatic complaints, psychic side effects, and social difficulties. The personal evaluation of this sterilization method was reported as good by 68%, doubtful by 26%, and negative by 6% of the patients. Technically this method of tubal sterilization is secure, fast, and the complication rate is low.", "contents": "[Early and late complications after tubal ligations with the tupla-clip (author's transl)]. Following three years of the use of the tupla-clip we were able to send questionnaires to 115 women. The mean age was 33 years with 2--3 children. 57% of the tubal sterilizations were done for medical reasons, 7% for social reasons and 56% for personal reasons. 15% of the sterilizations were done concommitant to pregnancy. Among 243 tupla-clip sterilizations 2 pregnancies occured as early complications. The 115 women were asked regarding somatic complaints, psychic side effects, and social difficulties. The personal evaluation of this sterilization method was reported as good by 68%, doubtful by 26%, and negative by 6% of the patients. Technically this method of tubal sterilization is secure, fast, and the complication rate is low.", "PMID": 520777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_545", "title": "[Caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics far outweigh the few disadvantages. The perinatal mortality of premature infants is reduced under caudal anaesthesia. Breech deliveries are easier under caudal anaesthesia. In these cases regional anaesthesia is considered an obstetrical indication. It is possible to carry out all vaginal and abdominal procedures with this anaesthesia. The elimination of pain during labor and delivery permits a more intensive experience of labor and delivery for the mother under caudal anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)]. The advantages of caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics far outweigh the few disadvantages. The perinatal mortality of premature infants is reduced under caudal anaesthesia. Breech deliveries are easier under caudal anaesthesia. In these cases regional anaesthesia is considered an obstetrical indication. It is possible to carry out all vaginal and abdominal procedures with this anaesthesia. The elimination of pain during labor and delivery permits a more intensive experience of labor and delivery for the mother under caudal anaesthesia.", "PMID": 520778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_546", "title": "[Partial \"rooming-in\"--a model from the I department of gynecology and obstetrics, university of Vienna (author's transl)].", "content": "A model of a modified \"rooming-in\" is presented, which enables a longer and more intensive contact between mother and child. Mobile transport-baskets as used also for example in supermarkets etc. enabled us to perform this system of a partial \"rooming-in\" without any architectural modifications in our clinic and therefore with very low costs. In spite of all these limitations the effect of this \"rooming-in\" is sufficient. We proved this statement by an inquiry which showed the result, that partial \"rooming-in\" is preferred a total \"rooming-in\" by about 75% of our maternity patients.", "contents": "[Partial \"rooming-in\"--a model from the I department of gynecology and obstetrics, university of Vienna (author's transl)]. A model of a modified \"rooming-in\" is presented, which enables a longer and more intensive contact between mother and child. Mobile transport-baskets as used also for example in supermarkets etc. enabled us to perform this system of a partial \"rooming-in\" without any architectural modifications in our clinic and therefore with very low costs. In spite of all these limitations the effect of this \"rooming-in\" is sufficient. We proved this statement by an inquiry which showed the result, that partial \"rooming-in\" is preferred a total \"rooming-in\" by about 75% of our maternity patients.", "PMID": 520779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_547", "title": "[The operated adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a total of 1092 women operated because of cervical carcinoma, 4.8% had an adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Compared with patients with squamous cell carcinoma, there was no difference in signs and clinical pattern with those patients who had adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Treatment results, too, corresponded with those of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "[The operated adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. Out of a total of 1092 women operated because of cervical carcinoma, 4.8% had an adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Compared with patients with squamous cell carcinoma, there was no difference in signs and clinical pattern with those patients who had adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Treatment results, too, corresponded with those of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 520780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_548", "title": "[Prophylactic oophorectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The controversy of prophylactic oophorectomy is discussed. The literature is reviewed and the personal observations of the last 20 years are described. The following conclusions are drawn: The operative risk is not increased by oophorectomy. Hysterectomy does not diminish the function of the remaining ovaries. Pathology of the ovaris is not influenced by hysterectomy. The incidence of ovarian cancer is the same in patients following hysterectomy at it is in patient's without hysterectomy. A review of our cases showed that 700 prophylactic oophorectomies are necessary to prevent one case of ovarian cancer. The later occurence of menopause is an argument against prophylactic oophorectomy prior to age 55.", "contents": "[Prophylactic oophorectomy (author's transl)]. The controversy of prophylactic oophorectomy is discussed. The literature is reviewed and the personal observations of the last 20 years are described. The following conclusions are drawn: The operative risk is not increased by oophorectomy. Hysterectomy does not diminish the function of the remaining ovaries. Pathology of the ovaris is not influenced by hysterectomy. The incidence of ovarian cancer is the same in patients following hysterectomy at it is in patient's without hysterectomy. A review of our cases showed that 700 prophylactic oophorectomies are necessary to prevent one case of ovarian cancer. The later occurence of menopause is an argument against prophylactic oophorectomy prior to age 55.", "PMID": 520781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_549", "title": "[Is increase of the population a moral value? [author's transl)].", "content": "There is no complementary action of the partial competition between economic, demographic and rational factors in free capitalistic societies. Natural increase of the population means an increase of economic and cultural vitality for a state but can also mean a weakening. Increase of the population is in itself no normal value. Modern technology has forced man into a new life cycle by confronting him with ecologic, economic, and demographic limits to growth. Man reacts by decreasing the birth rate or by discontinuing procreation completely. The responsibility for the reproductive behavior can only be taken over by the state as long as this responsibility is in agreement with the private interest of the person. Demographic and social politics should nd. In questions of reproductive behaviour the decision of the individual and his possibility for individual action should be supreme.", "contents": "[Is increase of the population a moral value? [author's transl)]. There is no complementary action of the partial competition between economic, demographic and rational factors in free capitalistic societies. Natural increase of the population means an increase of economic and cultural vitality for a state but can also mean a weakening. Increase of the population is in itself no normal value. Modern technology has forced man into a new life cycle by confronting him with ecologic, economic, and demographic limits to growth. Man reacts by decreasing the birth rate or by discontinuing procreation completely. The responsibility for the reproductive behavior can only be taken over by the state as long as this responsibility is in agreement with the private interest of the person. Demographic and social politics should nd. In questions of reproductive behaviour the decision of the individual and his possibility for individual action should be supreme.", "PMID": 520782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_550", "title": "[The so-called massive edema of the ovary. A case report and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of massive ovarian edema is reported in addition to other 20 cases published in the literature. A 17-year-old nulligravida girl had severe abdominal pain of 2 hours' duration. On laparotomy, the right ovary was enlarged and oophorectomy was performed. The ovary measured 5 x 7 cm. The external surface was gray and blue. Cut surfaces showed a soft, watery brown and yellow tissue without distinct tumoral mass. Microscopically, there was a diffuse interstitial edema of the ovarian stroma, a dilatation of lymphatic and venous channels with preservation of ovarian structures. The cause of massive ovarian edema remains unclear. The most probable explanation is partial torsion, possibly recurrent, of the mesovarium with an impairment of the lymphatic and venous drainage. Since this nonneoplastic lesion occurs in children and young women, it should be recognized at the time of laparotomy and treated conservatively.", "contents": "[The so-called massive edema of the ovary. A case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. One case of massive ovarian edema is reported in addition to other 20 cases published in the literature. A 17-year-old nulligravida girl had severe abdominal pain of 2 hours' duration. On laparotomy, the right ovary was enlarged and oophorectomy was performed. The ovary measured 5 x 7 cm. The external surface was gray and blue. Cut surfaces showed a soft, watery brown and yellow tissue without distinct tumoral mass. Microscopically, there was a diffuse interstitial edema of the ovarian stroma, a dilatation of lymphatic and venous channels with preservation of ovarian structures. The cause of massive ovarian edema remains unclear. The most probable explanation is partial torsion, possibly recurrent, of the mesovarium with an impairment of the lymphatic and venous drainage. Since this nonneoplastic lesion occurs in children and young women, it should be recognized at the time of laparotomy and treated conservatively.", "PMID": 520783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_551", "title": "[The influence of epidural anestesia of the incidence of vaginal operative deliveries. Study of 6,110 deliveries with 4.590 epidrual anesthesias (author's transl)].", "content": "6,110 labors and deliveries are reviewed. 4,590 were done under epidural anaesthesia. The incidence of vaginal operative deliveries was not increased by epidural anaesthesia. The technique, complications and advantage of epidural anaesthesia are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of epidural anestesia of the incidence of vaginal operative deliveries. Study of 6,110 deliveries with 4.590 epidrual anesthesias (author's transl)]. 6,110 labors and deliveries are reviewed. 4,590 were done under epidural anaesthesia. The incidence of vaginal operative deliveries was not increased by epidural anaesthesia. The technique, complications and advantage of epidural anaesthesia are discussed.", "PMID": 520784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_552", "title": "[The bacterial contamination of epidural catheters with areobe and anaerobe germs in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Following anaesthesia the tips of 105 epidural catheters were investigated for aerobe and anaerobe bacteria. In one case aerobe germs (staphycoccus epidermidis) and in three cases anaerobe germs (propioni-bacteria were isolated. In two further cases aerobic growth was suspected but not confirmed in sub-cultures. The contamination rate was therefore 0.9% aerobe and 4.8% by anaerobe bacteria. Even in the face of a clinically uncomplicated course the presence of bacteria on the catheter tip is considered to be a potential risk for infection. As a preventive measure the skin disinfection procedure was changed and the disinfectant is left for sic minutes instead of three minutes.", "contents": "[The bacterial contamination of epidural catheters with areobe and anaerobe germs in obstetrics (author's transl)]. Following anaesthesia the tips of 105 epidural catheters were investigated for aerobe and anaerobe bacteria. In one case aerobe germs (staphycoccus epidermidis) and in three cases anaerobe germs (propioni-bacteria were isolated. In two further cases aerobic growth was suspected but not confirmed in sub-cultures. The contamination rate was therefore 0.9% aerobe and 4.8% by anaerobe bacteria. Even in the face of a clinically uncomplicated course the presence of bacteria on the catheter tip is considered to be a potential risk for infection. As a preventive measure the skin disinfection procedure was changed and the disinfectant is left for sic minutes instead of three minutes.", "PMID": 520786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_553", "title": "[Fulminant course of a granulosacell carcinoma in a young woman (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes the clinical course of a non-hormone-producing granulosacell carcinoma in a 21 year old woman, and reviews the recent clinical literature.", "contents": "[Fulminant course of a granulosacell carcinoma in a young woman (author's transl)]. The article describes the clinical course of a non-hormone-producing granulosacell carcinoma in a 21 year old woman, and reviews the recent clinical literature.", "PMID": 520788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_554", "title": "[Preoperative administration of antacids to prevent Mendelson's syndrome in pregnant women receiving general anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative administration of 15 mls of the antacid Andursil to women undergoing surgical procedures in GA during pregnancy does reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonitis (Mendelson-Syndrome) from 1:3,5 to 1:15,5. The data show that the number of risk patients is increased in early stages of pregnancy and--surprisingly--in patients undergoing elective surgery. Pains and costs of prophylactic antacids are negligible. Neonates of LSCS patients receiving an antacid are not at an increased risk. As a conclusion the prophylactic administration of oral antacids to all pregnant women having a GA is recommended.", "contents": "[Preoperative administration of antacids to prevent Mendelson's syndrome in pregnant women receiving general anesthesia (author's transl)]. Preoperative administration of 15 mls of the antacid Andursil to women undergoing surgical procedures in GA during pregnancy does reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonitis (Mendelson-Syndrome) from 1:3,5 to 1:15,5. The data show that the number of risk patients is increased in early stages of pregnancy and--surprisingly--in patients undergoing elective surgery. Pains and costs of prophylactic antacids are negligible. Neonates of LSCS patients receiving an antacid are not at an increased risk. As a conclusion the prophylactic administration of oral antacids to all pregnant women having a GA is recommended.", "PMID": 520789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_555", "title": "[The relationship of maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia].", "content": "The records of 2,671 pregnancies were reviewed regarding maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is significantly more frequent in maternal obesity. Correlation between excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is only found for the signs of edema and hypertension. Edema and excessive weight gain in pregnancy are related to each other, since edema frequently induces the excessive weight gain. Overall, maternal obesity perior to pregnancy is much more important in the development of pre-eclampsia than excessive weight gain during pregnancy.", "contents": "[The relationship of maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia]. The records of 2,671 pregnancies were reviewed regarding maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is significantly more frequent in maternal obesity. Correlation between excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is only found for the signs of edema and hypertension. Edema and excessive weight gain in pregnancy are related to each other, since edema frequently induces the excessive weight gain. Overall, maternal obesity perior to pregnancy is much more important in the development of pre-eclampsia than excessive weight gain during pregnancy.", "PMID": 520790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_556", "title": "[Carcinoma of the breast and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast which was detected during pregnancy or during the breast feeding is discussed. Personal cases are described and the literature is reviewed. The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast following complete treatment is investigated when the prognosis may be influenced by a pregnancy. In contra-distinction to the older view the prognosis is only worsened when the axillary lymph nodes show cancer. Without spread to the axillary lymph nodes there is no difference in the survival rates. In cases with complete treatment for carcinoma of the breast the pregnancy appeared to have a favorable influence on the prognosis. In our own few cases axillary lymph nodes in pregnant women worsened the prognosis more than in non-pregnant women.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the breast and pregnancy (author's transl)]. The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast which was detected during pregnancy or during the breast feeding is discussed. Personal cases are described and the literature is reviewed. The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast following complete treatment is investigated when the prognosis may be influenced by a pregnancy. In contra-distinction to the older view the prognosis is only worsened when the axillary lymph nodes show cancer. Without spread to the axillary lymph nodes there is no difference in the survival rates. In cases with complete treatment for carcinoma of the breast the pregnancy appeared to have a favorable influence on the prognosis. In our own few cases axillary lymph nodes in pregnant women worsened the prognosis more than in non-pregnant women.", "PMID": 520791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_557", "title": "Hyperkinetic impulse disorder: a developmental defect of motivation.", "content": "An integrated, testable, bio-psychological theory which proposes that hyperkinetic impulse disorder (H.I.D.) is determined interactively by polygenically inherited and environmental factors is presented and examined in the light of the literature. The theory holds that H.I.D. is a developmental disorder of intrinsic motivation, characterized by poor appreciation of the contingencies between behavior and environmental events. Characteristics of H.I.D. children, including apparent overactivity, impulsivity, impersistence, inattention, and underachievement in academic and social skills, are accounted for, and implications for treatment and management are spelled out.", "contents": "Hyperkinetic impulse disorder: a developmental defect of motivation. An integrated, testable, bio-psychological theory which proposes that hyperkinetic impulse disorder (H.I.D.) is determined interactively by polygenically inherited and environmental factors is presented and examined in the light of the literature. The theory holds that H.I.D. is a developmental disorder of intrinsic motivation, characterized by poor appreciation of the contingencies between behavior and environmental events. Characteristics of H.I.D. children, including apparent overactivity, impulsivity, impersistence, inattention, and underachievement in academic and social skills, are accounted for, and implications for treatment and management are spelled out.", "PMID": 520819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_558", "title": "A critique of research in psychoanalytic theory.", "content": "The relationship between psychoanalytic theory and the experimental method is examined, with particular reference to the empirical studies on the oral and anal phases of development. The deficiencies in the design and conceptualization of many studies are discussed, as well as confusions in the writing of psychoanalytic theory. A central issue in bringing the experimental method to psychoanalytic theory is the question: What is being tested? A list of all projective and objective tests used to assess orality and anality is provided.", "contents": "A critique of research in psychoanalytic theory. The relationship between psychoanalytic theory and the experimental method is examined, with particular reference to the empirical studies on the oral and anal phases of development. The deficiencies in the design and conceptualization of many studies are discussed, as well as confusions in the writing of psychoanalytic theory. A central issue in bringing the experimental method to psychoanalytic theory is the question: What is being tested? A list of all projective and objective tests used to assess orality and anality is provided.", "PMID": 520820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_559", "title": "An enrichment for temperature-sensitive mutants in Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "The parameters for the killing of Tetrahymena by 5-bromodeoxyuridine(BUdR) and near-ultraviolet light have been determined. Significant preferential killing by UV of cells that have incorporated BUdR was obtained when the cells were irradiated in a nonnutrient buffer. UV alone was found to be toxic to cells irradiated in growth medium. Mutants defective in division at a restrictive temperature were isolated from mutagenized cultures that had been treated with BUdR and UV and from mutagenized cultures that had no such treatment. Results indicate that the number of temperature sensitive (ts) growth mutants can be increase five to six times using the BUdR/UV treatment. Data are presented that indicate differences in the frequency of occurrence of various types of ts mutants, with and without enrichment. A mutant that immediately stopped macromolecular synthesis and cell division upon being placed at the restrictive temperature was more resistant to BUdR/UV treatment than wild type by 1000-fold. Using the above techniques, BUdR-resistant mutants altered in the phosphorylation of thymidine have been isolated.", "contents": "An enrichment for temperature-sensitive mutants in Tetrahymena thermophila. The parameters for the killing of Tetrahymena by 5-bromodeoxyuridine(BUdR) and near-ultraviolet light have been determined. Significant preferential killing by UV of cells that have incorporated BUdR was obtained when the cells were irradiated in a nonnutrient buffer. UV alone was found to be toxic to cells irradiated in growth medium. Mutants defective in division at a restrictive temperature were isolated from mutagenized cultures that had been treated with BUdR and UV and from mutagenized cultures that had no such treatment. Results indicate that the number of temperature sensitive (ts) growth mutants can be increase five to six times using the BUdR/UV treatment. Data are presented that indicate differences in the frequency of occurrence of various types of ts mutants, with and without enrichment. A mutant that immediately stopped macromolecular synthesis and cell division upon being placed at the restrictive temperature was more resistant to BUdR/UV treatment than wild type by 1000-fold. Using the above techniques, BUdR-resistant mutants altered in the phosphorylation of thymidine have been isolated.", "PMID": 520821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_560", "title": "The Ah locus: biochemical basis for genetic differences in brain tumor formation in mice.", "content": "Allelic differences at the Ah locus are showen to exist in the mouse brain. This finding probably explains inbred mouse strain differences in polycyclic hydrocarbon tumorigenesis of the brain described more than 35 years ago and may be important in understanding the etiology of genetic differences in certain human intracranial neoplasms.", "contents": "The Ah locus: biochemical basis for genetic differences in brain tumor formation in mice. Allelic differences at the Ah locus are showen to exist in the mouse brain. This finding probably explains inbred mouse strain differences in polycyclic hydrocarbon tumorigenesis of the brain described more than 35 years ago and may be important in understanding the etiology of genetic differences in certain human intracranial neoplasms.", "PMID": 520822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_561", "title": "Child psychiatry-pediatrics consultation-liaison services in the hospital setting: a review.", "content": "The historical background of the child psychiatry-pediatrics consultation and liaison field is summarized. Two recent national surveys of consultation and liaison programs are presented; one survey was sent to departments of pediatrics, while the other covered divisions of child psychiatry. The development of a multidisciplinary, multidepartmental consultation and liaison group in a children's hospital is described and offered as a possible paradigm. Finally, the author discusses the problems revealed by the surveys and offers some possible solutions.", "contents": "Child psychiatry-pediatrics consultation-liaison services in the hospital setting: a review. The historical background of the child psychiatry-pediatrics consultation and liaison field is summarized. Two recent national surveys of consultation and liaison programs are presented; one survey was sent to departments of pediatrics, while the other covered divisions of child psychiatry. The development of a multidisciplinary, multidepartmental consultation and liaison group in a children's hospital is described and offered as a possible paradigm. Finally, the author discusses the problems revealed by the surveys and offers some possible solutions.", "PMID": 520823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_562", "title": "Psychology interns on a consultation-liaison service.", "content": "This paper develops a rationale for training psychology interns on a consultation-liaison service to deal with the psychologic problems of medically ill patients and to work with their health care providers. General and specific goals are delineated to summarize training objectives for these interns at the end of three and six months on the service. The overall objective of the service in offering such a program is to train psychologists to feel competent and comfortable in meeting the psychologic needs of the medically ill. The service seeks to train psychologists primarily as clinicians and secondarily as researchers in the health care area.", "contents": "Psychology interns on a consultation-liaison service. This paper develops a rationale for training psychology interns on a consultation-liaison service to deal with the psychologic problems of medically ill patients and to work with their health care providers. General and specific goals are delineated to summarize training objectives for these interns at the end of three and six months on the service. The overall objective of the service in offering such a program is to train psychologists to feel competent and comfortable in meeting the psychologic needs of the medically ill. The service seeks to train psychologists primarily as clinicians and secondarily as researchers in the health care area.", "PMID": 520824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_563", "title": "Alcoholism consultation and general hospital psychiatry.", "content": "The author explores the relationship between consultation-liaison psychiatry and alcoholism as it presents in the general hospital. He discusses cases that illustrate specific problems, reviews the studies of alcoholism prevalence in the medical and surgical services of general hospitals, and emphasizes the liaison and consultation roles of the general hospital psychiatrist around alcoholism diagnosis, management, and treatment referral.", "contents": "Alcoholism consultation and general hospital psychiatry. The author explores the relationship between consultation-liaison psychiatry and alcoholism as it presents in the general hospital. He discusses cases that illustrate specific problems, reviews the studies of alcoholism prevalence in the medical and surgical services of general hospitals, and emphasizes the liaison and consultation roles of the general hospital psychiatrist around alcoholism diagnosis, management, and treatment referral.", "PMID": 520825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_564", "title": "The house officer and the dying patient: attitudes, experiences, and needs.", "content": "A survey of house staff who care for dying patients was conducted at a large medical center and demonstrated that house officers are aware of their discomfort in dealing with dying patients and their families but believe they do not avoid them. They strongly agreed with the use of the \"no code' designation and believed the quality of life was the most important factor in making that decision. The house officer who has concerns about a dying patient is most likely to talk with another house officer. The survey highlights the needs of house staff for experienced resource people and informal programs dealing with the care of dying patients.", "contents": "The house officer and the dying patient: attitudes, experiences, and needs. A survey of house staff who care for dying patients was conducted at a large medical center and demonstrated that house officers are aware of their discomfort in dealing with dying patients and their families but believe they do not avoid them. They strongly agreed with the use of the \"no code' designation and believed the quality of life was the most important factor in making that decision. The house officer who has concerns about a dying patient is most likely to talk with another house officer. The survey highlights the needs of house staff for experienced resource people and informal programs dealing with the care of dying patients.", "PMID": 520826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_565", "title": "Current attitudes of medical students and house staff toward terminal illness.", "content": "A survey questionnaire about attitudes toward terminal illness was administered to all medical students, interns, and all medical, surgical, and psychiatric residents at the Downstate Medical Center. The majority of students and new physicians surveyed reported that patients with terminal illness should be told their diagnosis--a reversal of attitudes as compared with those revealed by studies done before 1970. Most of the respondents also expressed the view that they would want to be told of their own fatal illness. The attitudes at different levels in medical school, internship, and residency did not differ significantly despite the differences in formal education and clinical experience of the respondents. Implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis on the need to teach an individualized approach to the dying patient.", "contents": "Current attitudes of medical students and house staff toward terminal illness. A survey questionnaire about attitudes toward terminal illness was administered to all medical students, interns, and all medical, surgical, and psychiatric residents at the Downstate Medical Center. The majority of students and new physicians surveyed reported that patients with terminal illness should be told their diagnosis--a reversal of attitudes as compared with those revealed by studies done before 1970. Most of the respondents also expressed the view that they would want to be told of their own fatal illness. The attitudes at different levels in medical school, internship, and residency did not differ significantly despite the differences in formal education and clinical experience of the respondents. Implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis on the need to teach an individualized approach to the dying patient.", "PMID": 520827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_566", "title": "With the eyes of the mind: autoscopic phenomena in the hospital setting.", "content": "Autoscopy is a rare syndrome in which a person hallucinates a vision of himself, while retaining insight into the unreality of the phenomenon. Although a number of illnesses are associated with autoscopy, the most common causes are stress and fatigue. The medical, psychiatric, literary, and historical contributions to the understanding of autoscopy are reviewed and three recent cases presented. It is emphasized that illness, injury, and hospitalization are important precipitants of the syndrome, particularly in persons with highly developed visual memories.", "contents": "With the eyes of the mind: autoscopic phenomena in the hospital setting. Autoscopy is a rare syndrome in which a person hallucinates a vision of himself, while retaining insight into the unreality of the phenomenon. Although a number of illnesses are associated with autoscopy, the most common causes are stress and fatigue. The medical, psychiatric, literary, and historical contributions to the understanding of autoscopy are reviewed and three recent cases presented. It is emphasized that illness, injury, and hospitalization are important precipitants of the syndrome, particularly in persons with highly developed visual memories.", "PMID": 520828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_567", "title": "Humanizing the student--cadaver encounter.", "content": "In a recently accredited medical school, the curriculum, which emphasizes the psychologic and social aspects of disease, includes innovative features aimed toward training students to provide humanistic health care in underserved areas. As part of this curriculum, an educational experiment was designed to explore issues concerning the medical student's first exposure to a cadaver. The authors describe the experiment as it evolved over a three-year period, and they discuss its value based on student evaluation and faculty opinion.", "contents": "Humanizing the student--cadaver encounter. In a recently accredited medical school, the curriculum, which emphasizes the psychologic and social aspects of disease, includes innovative features aimed toward training students to provide humanistic health care in underserved areas. As part of this curriculum, an educational experiment was designed to explore issues concerning the medical student's first exposure to a cadaver. The authors describe the experiment as it evolved over a three-year period, and they discuss its value based on student evaluation and faculty opinion.", "PMID": 520829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_568", "title": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: III. Conclusion-oriented research.", "content": "This paper reviews the purposes and methodologic requirements of conclusion-oriented research for evaluating outcomes of consultation-liaison (C-L) teaching in psychiatry. Requirements for replicating educational methods and outcomes, and for demonstrating cause-effect relationships between program inputs and program outcomes include: careful definition of educational methods; selection of valid and reliable outcome measures; and use of sound experimental designs. Barriers to meeting these methodologic criteria in C-L settings are identified, and methods for overcoming them are suggested. In addition, useful guidelines are provided for the educator wishing to conduct conclusion-oriented C-L research to determine teaching effectiveness.", "contents": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: III. Conclusion-oriented research. This paper reviews the purposes and methodologic requirements of conclusion-oriented research for evaluating outcomes of consultation-liaison (C-L) teaching in psychiatry. Requirements for replicating educational methods and outcomes, and for demonstrating cause-effect relationships between program inputs and program outcomes include: careful definition of educational methods; selection of valid and reliable outcome measures; and use of sound experimental designs. Barriers to meeting these methodologic criteria in C-L settings are identified, and methods for overcoming them are suggested. In addition, useful guidelines are provided for the educator wishing to conduct conclusion-oriented C-L research to determine teaching effectiveness.", "PMID": 520830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_569", "title": "Cognition and the disease process: genesis, maintenance, and treatment.", "content": "The present paper is directed toward the conceptualization of disease states and their management from the cognitive point of view. The role of cognitive sytlesand self-statements in the pathogenesis of disease and the execution of coping styles is presented. A review of the literature on the cognitive treatment of medical disorders has documented the utility of such approaches with several medical problems, but a need for more rigorous empirical efficacy remains. The necessity of analyzing the coping processes elicited by specific disease states is viewed as essential to the understanding of the patient and the design of intervention strategies. Finally, a cognitive analysis of patient compliance to treatment regimens is presented.", "contents": "Cognition and the disease process: genesis, maintenance, and treatment. The present paper is directed toward the conceptualization of disease states and their management from the cognitive point of view. The role of cognitive sytlesand self-statements in the pathogenesis of disease and the execution of coping styles is presented. A review of the literature on the cognitive treatment of medical disorders has documented the utility of such approaches with several medical problems, but a need for more rigorous empirical efficacy remains. The necessity of analyzing the coping processes elicited by specific disease states is viewed as essential to the understanding of the patient and the design of intervention strategies. Finally, a cognitive analysis of patient compliance to treatment regimens is presented.", "PMID": 520831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_570", "title": "Refusal of treatment: suicide or competent choice.", "content": "Increasingly, patients are exercising the right to refuse treatment. Patients who have been chronically ill or those who consider themselves terminally ill are most apt to do so. Accordingly, liaison psychiatrists are asked to determine whether refusal of treatment is an act of suicide or a competent choice. This is difficult to assess in the absence of delirium or overt psychosis. It is suggested that the dynamics and affective tones of the patients' reaction to the health care system as well as to family and friends are of major significance in this determination. The actual process of exploring these areas with patients making this choice is often therapeutic in restoring the patients' sense of control or authenticity. Often this process enables them to continue treatment and avoid the impulsive interpersonal anger that characterized the suicidal act.", "contents": "Refusal of treatment: suicide or competent choice. Increasingly, patients are exercising the right to refuse treatment. Patients who have been chronically ill or those who consider themselves terminally ill are most apt to do so. Accordingly, liaison psychiatrists are asked to determine whether refusal of treatment is an act of suicide or a competent choice. This is difficult to assess in the absence of delirium or overt psychosis. It is suggested that the dynamics and affective tones of the patients' reaction to the health care system as well as to family and friends are of major significance in this determination. The actual process of exploring these areas with patients making this choice is often therapeutic in restoring the patients' sense of control or authenticity. Often this process enables them to continue treatment and avoid the impulsive interpersonal anger that characterized the suicidal act.", "PMID": 520832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_571", "title": "Cognitive impairment associated with acute or chronic disease.", "content": "Cognitive impairment in connection with acute or chronic disease may complicate the disgnosis, management and treatment of general hospital inpatients. Consulting psychiatrists may be called upon to evaluate cognitive and intellectual impairment associated with organic brain syndromes versus psychiatric disorders due to other causes. To assist the psychiatrist in formulating a differential diagnosis, the standard mental status examination and various objective neuropsychologic tests can be used. In addition, the author suggests a method of cognitive measurement using content and form analysis of five-minute speech samples. Impaired cognitive function may be caused or exacerbated by conditions such as alcohol abuse or psychoactive drug abuse which may not be revealed by the patient during the history taking.", "contents": "Cognitive impairment associated with acute or chronic disease. Cognitive impairment in connection with acute or chronic disease may complicate the disgnosis, management and treatment of general hospital inpatients. Consulting psychiatrists may be called upon to evaluate cognitive and intellectual impairment associated with organic brain syndromes versus psychiatric disorders due to other causes. To assist the psychiatrist in formulating a differential diagnosis, the standard mental status examination and various objective neuropsychologic tests can be used. In addition, the author suggests a method of cognitive measurement using content and form analysis of five-minute speech samples. Impaired cognitive function may be caused or exacerbated by conditions such as alcohol abuse or psychoactive drug abuse which may not be revealed by the patient during the history taking.", "PMID": 520833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_572", "title": "Conservation-withdrawal versus depression.", "content": "Conservation-withdrawal should be included in the differential diagnosis of the withdrawn, apathetic medical patient. The clinician's awareness of the conservation-withdrawal phenomenon can avert the unnecessary use of psychotropic medications and avoid the alienation that arises between the patient and his primary physician when an unwarranted psychiatric diagnosis is applied. Recognizing the distinction between conservation-withdrawal and clinical depression permits the primary physician to utilize his own skills in supporting his patient.", "contents": "Conservation-withdrawal versus depression. Conservation-withdrawal should be included in the differential diagnosis of the withdrawn, apathetic medical patient. The clinician's awareness of the conservation-withdrawal phenomenon can avert the unnecessary use of psychotropic medications and avoid the alienation that arises between the patient and his primary physician when an unwarranted psychiatric diagnosis is applied. Recognizing the distinction between conservation-withdrawal and clinical depression permits the primary physician to utilize his own skills in supporting his patient.", "PMID": 520834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_573", "title": "[Mutagenic alterations of antibody biosynthesis].", "content": "The investigations of changes of antibody affinities were carried out with 182 immuned CBA mice under the influence of the mutagens. The mice were injected with ethylene imine and its derivatives, 6-azauridine, cyanurchloride, theobromine, glyoxal, at a dose of 100 mg/kg 2 days before, simultaneously and in 2 and 5 days after the immunization. The indices of the functional affinity of antibodies (the mean constant of true association, the standard free energy, the concentration of the hapten binding sites, the heterogeneity index, the level of IgG and its Fab- and Fc-fragments) were determined within 5, 10 and 20 days. Three groups of changes of antibody affinities in immuned mice were observed under the influence of mutagens: a) disassotiative changes with acute fall of affinities; b) erase changes; c) variable changes with discrete and corrective displacement of some affinities indices. Analysis of the data obtained suggests the existence of two forms of the mutagen immunodepression: 1) real immunodepression with a parallel fall of primary and secondary indices of antigen-intibody interaction; and 2) functional immunodepression with a fall of secondary indices. Polyfunctionality of the inhibition effect of alkyl mutagens is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Mutagenic alterations of antibody biosynthesis]. The investigations of changes of antibody affinities were carried out with 182 immuned CBA mice under the influence of the mutagens. The mice were injected with ethylene imine and its derivatives, 6-azauridine, cyanurchloride, theobromine, glyoxal, at a dose of 100 mg/kg 2 days before, simultaneously and in 2 and 5 days after the immunization. The indices of the functional affinity of antibodies (the mean constant of true association, the standard free energy, the concentration of the hapten binding sites, the heterogeneity index, the level of IgG and its Fab- and Fc-fragments) were determined within 5, 10 and 20 days. Three groups of changes of antibody affinities in immuned mice were observed under the influence of mutagens: a) disassotiative changes with acute fall of affinities; b) erase changes; c) variable changes with discrete and corrective displacement of some affinities indices. Analysis of the data obtained suggests the existence of two forms of the mutagen immunodepression: 1) real immunodepression with a parallel fall of primary and secondary indices of antigen-intibody interaction; and 2) functional immunodepression with a fall of secondary indices. Polyfunctionality of the inhibition effect of alkyl mutagens is demonstrated.", "PMID": 520835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_574", "title": "[Population genetics approach to the problem of the nonspecific biological resistance of the human body. I. Statement of the problem and basis for the approach. Distribution parameters of anthropometric markers of normal and ill newborn infants and nurslings].", "content": "Distributions of two metrical characters-the weight and the body length at birth are considered in several groups of healthy, diseased and dead newborns and infants. Significant differences in statistical parameters of these distributions (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) are demonstrated for normal and malformated children. The increased number of children with minimal deviations from the mean values of characters (adaptive norm) is observed among healthy newborns, while in groups of diseased and dead children the frequency of individuals with extreme (especially low) values is increased. The principle of classification of individuals based simultaneously on two characteris is suggested and the problem of \"average phenotype\" classification by the number of characters is discussed.", "contents": "[Population genetics approach to the problem of the nonspecific biological resistance of the human body. I. Statement of the problem and basis for the approach. Distribution parameters of anthropometric markers of normal and ill newborn infants and nurslings]. Distributions of two metrical characters-the weight and the body length at birth are considered in several groups of healthy, diseased and dead newborns and infants. Significant differences in statistical parameters of these distributions (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) are demonstrated for normal and malformated children. The increased number of children with minimal deviations from the mean values of characters (adaptive norm) is observed among healthy newborns, while in groups of diseased and dead children the frequency of individuals with extreme (especially low) values is increased. The principle of classification of individuals based simultaneously on two characteris is suggested and the problem of \"average phenotype\" classification by the number of characters is discussed.", "PMID": 520837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_575", "title": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the indigenous population of northern Siberia, the Nganasans (Tavginians) of Ta\u012dmir].", "content": "Demographic data of genetic interest were studied in presently living population in comparison with preseding generations of Nganasans. Decrease of sex ratio in the whole population has been revealed along with the reduction of reproductive and, possibly, effective size. The number and variance of livebirths per female were 7.29 and 9.86 respectively. Crow' index of the opportunity for selection (I) and its components (Im and If) were estimated. I was found to be 1.17, whereas Im and If--1.56 and 0.18 respectively. Linear pattern of settling in the past as well as the type of migration between adjoining subpopulations depended on culture and economy of arctic reindeer hunters as well as landscape character.", "contents": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the indigenous population of northern Siberia, the Nganasans (Tavginians) of Ta\u012dmir]. Demographic data of genetic interest were studied in presently living population in comparison with preseding generations of Nganasans. Decrease of sex ratio in the whole population has been revealed along with the reduction of reproductive and, possibly, effective size. The number and variance of livebirths per female were 7.29 and 9.86 respectively. Crow' index of the opportunity for selection (I) and its components (Im and If) were estimated. I was found to be 1.17, whereas Im and If--1.56 and 0.18 respectively. Linear pattern of settling in the past as well as the type of migration between adjoining subpopulations depended on culture and economy of arctic reindeer hunters as well as landscape character.", "PMID": 520838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_576", "title": "The pathology of flexor tendon repair.", "content": "This paper discusses the problems of failure after tendon repair. For a long time the subject has been dominated by the problem of adhesion formation. Recent work has shown that this is not inevitable, and consideration of other factors, particularly the nutrition of tendon tissue is leading to the possibilities of other methods of treatment.", "contents": "The pathology of flexor tendon repair. This paper discusses the problems of failure after tendon repair. For a long time the subject has been dominated by the problem of adhesion formation. Recent work has shown that this is not inevitable, and consideration of other factors, particularly the nutrition of tendon tissue is leading to the possibilities of other methods of treatment.", "PMID": 520866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_577", "title": "The pattern of joint involvement in hands with arthritis at the base of the thumb.", "content": "A study of the incidence and grading of osteoarthritis in all the other thirty-two joints in the hands of twenty-one patients with osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.", "contents": "The pattern of joint involvement in hands with arthritis at the base of the thumb. A study of the incidence and grading of osteoarthritis in all the other thirty-two joints in the hands of twenty-one patients with osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.", "PMID": 520867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_578", "title": "Causes of locking metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and its non-operative treatment.", "content": "The non-operative method of reduction of locking metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb is described, and illustrated by four case reports. Experimental studies in the hands of a fresh cadaver are also described. Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb can be produced by slight external forces, insufficient to damage strong tissues. Incarceration of the sesamoid bone is anatomically impossible, but incarceration of the proximal portion of the volar plate is believed to be the true cause. This incarceration can be reduced easily by our non-operative method along with intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics.", "contents": "Causes of locking metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and its non-operative treatment. The non-operative method of reduction of locking metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb is described, and illustrated by four case reports. Experimental studies in the hands of a fresh cadaver are also described. Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb can be produced by slight external forces, insufficient to damage strong tissues. Incarceration of the sesamoid bone is anatomically impossible, but incarceration of the proximal portion of the volar plate is believed to be the true cause. This incarceration can be reduced easily by our non-operative method along with intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics.", "PMID": 520868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_579", "title": "Injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers.", "content": "A consecutive group of ninety-three patients with ninety-six affected joints, have been reviewed retrospectively to provide information regarding the incidence and longer term effects of injuries to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The patients have been grouped according to the severity of the injury, judged clinically and radiologically. From this review it would appear that these injuries are somewhat less common than is suggested in the literature. The severity of the trauma would seem to influence the result in that some thirty per cent with dislocation or fracture-dislocation did badly and of these forty-three per cent had open injuries. Some experimental work on fresh cadavers, to investigate the damage to the ligaments in the more common dorsal dislocation, has been included. From our findings, suggestions have been made regarding the treatment of these injuries.", "contents": "Injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. A consecutive group of ninety-three patients with ninety-six affected joints, have been reviewed retrospectively to provide information regarding the incidence and longer term effects of injuries to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The patients have been grouped according to the severity of the injury, judged clinically and radiologically. From this review it would appear that these injuries are somewhat less common than is suggested in the literature. The severity of the trauma would seem to influence the result in that some thirty per cent with dislocation or fracture-dislocation did badly and of these forty-three per cent had open injuries. Some experimental work on fresh cadavers, to investigate the damage to the ligaments in the more common dorsal dislocation, has been included. From our findings, suggestions have been made regarding the treatment of these injuries.", "PMID": 520869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_580", "title": "Clinodactyly. A review of a series of cases.", "content": "A review of 50 patients with clinodactyly is presented in which six patients required surgery for a combination of functional and cosmetic problems. It is suggested that patients with a delta phalanx at the proximal phalangeal level should have a reversed wedge osteotomy early, while those with brachymesophalangism requiring surgery have a closing wedge osteotomy performed late. Delta phalanges in the triphalangeal thumb should be excised early and the joint reconstructed. An ulnar abduction deformity was noted in a minority of patients with clinodactyly. This deformity is relieved when the clinodactyly is corrected.", "contents": "Clinodactyly. A review of a series of cases. A review of 50 patients with clinodactyly is presented in which six patients required surgery for a combination of functional and cosmetic problems. It is suggested that patients with a delta phalanx at the proximal phalangeal level should have a reversed wedge osteotomy early, while those with brachymesophalangism requiring surgery have a closing wedge osteotomy performed late. Delta phalanges in the triphalangeal thumb should be excised early and the joint reconstructed. An ulnar abduction deformity was noted in a minority of patients with clinodactyly. This deformity is relieved when the clinodactyly is corrected.", "PMID": 520870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_581", "title": "Habitual extensor tendon dislocation.", "content": "Dislocated tendons are frequently seen in the rheumatoid hand. Habitual dislocation is rare. Five patients, all sero-negative with this problem, are described. The causation of the deformity and its treatment is discussed in relation to other cases reported in the literature. An extensor loop operation is recommended.", "contents": "Habitual extensor tendon dislocation. Dislocated tendons are frequently seen in the rheumatoid hand. Habitual dislocation is rare. Five patients, all sero-negative with this problem, are described. The causation of the deformity and its treatment is discussed in relation to other cases reported in the literature. An extensor loop operation is recommended.", "PMID": 520872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_582", "title": "Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus--a crush injury.", "content": "It is suggested that rupture of a previously normal tendon of extensor pollicis longus after Colles fracture may be due in some cases to crushing of the tendon between the styloid process of the third metacarpal and the dorsal tubercle of the radius, when the wrist is forced into extreme extension.", "contents": "Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus--a crush injury. It is suggested that rupture of a previously normal tendon of extensor pollicis longus after Colles fracture may be due in some cases to crushing of the tendon between the styloid process of the third metacarpal and the dorsal tubercle of the radius, when the wrist is forced into extreme extension.", "PMID": 520873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_583", "title": "Stenosing tenovaginitis affecting the tendon of extensor digiti minimi at the wrist.", "content": "We report a patient with stenosing tenovaginitis affecting the sheath of the tendon of extensor digiti minimi. The similarities to typical de Quervain's disease are discussed.", "contents": "Stenosing tenovaginitis affecting the tendon of extensor digiti minimi at the wrist. We report a patient with stenosing tenovaginitis affecting the sheath of the tendon of extensor digiti minimi. The similarities to typical de Quervain's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 520874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_584", "title": "Thumb reconstruction after amputation at the interphalangeal joint by gradual lengthening of the proximal phalanx. A case report.", "content": "A case of thumb amputation at the interphalangeal joint and reconstruction by gradual lengthening of the proximal phalanx is described. As a result of the treatment the amputation stump was lengthened 2cms which means a 70 per cent increase of the original length of the proximal phalanx. The quality of sensibility of the stump has been preserved.", "contents": "Thumb reconstruction after amputation at the interphalangeal joint by gradual lengthening of the proximal phalanx. A case report. A case of thumb amputation at the interphalangeal joint and reconstruction by gradual lengthening of the proximal phalanx is described. As a result of the treatment the amputation stump was lengthened 2cms which means a 70 per cent increase of the original length of the proximal phalanx. The quality of sensibility of the stump has been preserved.", "PMID": 520875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_585", "title": "A new pattern of needle for microsurgical repair of nerves.", "content": "This paper describes the design for a microsurgical stainless steel atraumatic needle for primary suture of small peripheral nerves in which the epineurium is friable. The needle (manufactured by Dixey Instruments, U.K.) is curved with a spearshaped point and a small cutting edge on the concave surface. The rest of the body of the needle is round. We have found with histological evidence that there is an improvement in accuracy of suture placement on previously used needles in experimental and clinical microsurgery of peripheral nerves.", "contents": "A new pattern of needle for microsurgical repair of nerves. This paper describes the design for a microsurgical stainless steel atraumatic needle for primary suture of small peripheral nerves in which the epineurium is friable. The needle (manufactured by Dixey Instruments, U.K.) is curved with a spearshaped point and a small cutting edge on the concave surface. The rest of the body of the needle is round. We have found with histological evidence that there is an improvement in accuracy of suture placement on previously used needles in experimental and clinical microsurgery of peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 520876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_586", "title": "The effect of intermittent pneumatic compression on the hand after fasciectomy.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients undergoing surgery for Dupuytren's contracture were included in a fully randomised, matched, prospective trial to evaluate the effect of intermittent compression on the post-operative hand. The study revealed a definite improvement in the treated, over the control patients. There was a distinct decrease in oedema with almost immediate return to normal hand function in the group treated by compression. Other benefits accrued from the earlier subsidence of pain in treated hands requiring reduced or no analgesia and from the earlier expression of fluid discharge from the wound thus preventing haematoma formation and the consequent ills.", "contents": "The effect of intermittent pneumatic compression on the hand after fasciectomy. Thirty-nine patients undergoing surgery for Dupuytren's contracture were included in a fully randomised, matched, prospective trial to evaluate the effect of intermittent compression on the post-operative hand. The study revealed a definite improvement in the treated, over the control patients. There was a distinct decrease in oedema with almost immediate return to normal hand function in the group treated by compression. Other benefits accrued from the earlier subsidence of pain in treated hands requiring reduced or no analgesia and from the earlier expression of fluid discharge from the wound thus preventing haematoma formation and the consequent ills.", "PMID": 520877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_587", "title": "Isolated pathological fracture of the capitate bone. A case report.", "content": "Isolated fracture of the capitate bone is rare, but an isolated pathological fracture due to leprosy has not been previously reported. Although varying degrees of trauma is implied to be associated with fractures, this case illustrates a pathological fracture of the capitate apparently due solely to a specific disease. Fracture has occurred without a history of trauma and there has been no displacement of the fragments on x-rays over a period exceeding ten years even though it has been subjected to unrestricted activities by the patient who has clinically inactive disease.", "contents": "Isolated pathological fracture of the capitate bone. A case report. Isolated fracture of the capitate bone is rare, but an isolated pathological fracture due to leprosy has not been previously reported. Although varying degrees of trauma is implied to be associated with fractures, this case illustrates a pathological fracture of the capitate apparently due solely to a specific disease. Fracture has occurred without a history of trauma and there has been no displacement of the fragments on x-rays over a period exceeding ten years even though it has been subjected to unrestricted activities by the patient who has clinically inactive disease.", "PMID": 520878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_588", "title": "Interpositional microvascular vein grafting.", "content": "The application of interpositional microvascular vein grafting in replantation surgery, a detailed account of the technique developed and utilised in the microvascular research and training laboratory, and clinical experience with this technique are described. Vein grafting is of particular value to eliminate tension in anastomoses, bridge vascular defects, and has made feasible the salvage of severe crushing and avulsion amputation in the hand.", "contents": "Interpositional microvascular vein grafting. The application of interpositional microvascular vein grafting in replantation surgery, a detailed account of the technique developed and utilised in the microvascular research and training laboratory, and clinical experience with this technique are described. Vein grafting is of particular value to eliminate tension in anastomoses, bridge vascular defects, and has made feasible the salvage of severe crushing and avulsion amputation in the hand.", "PMID": 520879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_589", "title": "A mechanised microirrigation system.", "content": "A mechanised microirrigation system for microvascular surgery, which is operated by a foot pedal, utilises a large sterile reservoir, and allows control of flow rate and volume, has been designed for use in the laboratory and operating room.", "contents": "A mechanised microirrigation system. A mechanised microirrigation system for microvascular surgery, which is operated by a foot pedal, utilises a large sterile reservoir, and allows control of flow rate and volume, has been designed for use in the laboratory and operating room.", "PMID": 520880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_590", "title": "A case of epilepsia cursiva whose running fits were precipitated by psychogenic factors.", "content": "We presented a case of epilepsia cursiva starting with generalized convulsion, then developing as the patient grew older, into frequent attacks of psychomotor seizures including running fits, in which psychogenic causes may have played a vital role in precipitating the seizures.", "contents": "A case of epilepsia cursiva whose running fits were precipitated by psychogenic factors. We presented a case of epilepsia cursiva starting with generalized convulsion, then developing as the patient grew older, into frequent attacks of psychomotor seizures including running fits, in which psychogenic causes may have played a vital role in precipitating the seizures.", "PMID": 520939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_591", "title": "Epilepsy above 70 years of age--four cases with spike and wave complex.", "content": "The authors have reported clinical features, EEG and CT findings of four cases with senile genuine epilepsy, with late onset after 50 years of age. One of these was similar to the case of petit mal status episodes with myoclonous in a woman of 77 years, which Terzano et al. reported in 1978. Three of our cases were non-focal major epilepsy. We confirmed the existence of primarily generalized epilepsy, occurring late in life. At present, with only a few reports of senile epilepsy with spike and wave complex being available, we should make further efforts to obtain well-defined features of senile genuine epilepsy.", "contents": "Epilepsy above 70 years of age--four cases with spike and wave complex. The authors have reported clinical features, EEG and CT findings of four cases with senile genuine epilepsy, with late onset after 50 years of age. One of these was similar to the case of petit mal status episodes with myoclonous in a woman of 77 years, which Terzano et al. reported in 1978. Three of our cases were non-focal major epilepsy. We confirmed the existence of primarily generalized epilepsy, occurring late in life. At present, with only a few reports of senile epilepsy with spike and wave complex being available, we should make further efforts to obtain well-defined features of senile genuine epilepsy.", "PMID": 520941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_592", "title": "A case of prolonged confusion after temporal lobe psychomotor status.", "content": "A 36-year-old man with prolonged confusion developed after psychomotor status was reported. He had no past history of epileptic seizures or psychotic disorders. The status continued for 20 hours, and twilight state and a slight fever lasted for about 10 days. Thereafter gross impairment of memory and disorientation became remarkable, and, in addition, strong psychic and autonomic disturbances developed, such as visual and auditory hallucinations, excessive excitement, disturbance of sleep, polyphagia, polydypsia, polyuria and hyperhidrosis. The CT scan, carotide angiography, CSF examination, and complement fixation tests for viruses were all within normal limits. The EEGs showed a slowing of the background activity, 0.6--0.8 Hz periodic high voltage wave discharges and random spikes in each temporal area. The clinical symptoms and EEG findings gradually improved without remarkable damage.", "contents": "A case of prolonged confusion after temporal lobe psychomotor status. A 36-year-old man with prolonged confusion developed after psychomotor status was reported. He had no past history of epileptic seizures or psychotic disorders. The status continued for 20 hours, and twilight state and a slight fever lasted for about 10 days. Thereafter gross impairment of memory and disorientation became remarkable, and, in addition, strong psychic and autonomic disturbances developed, such as visual and auditory hallucinations, excessive excitement, disturbance of sleep, polyphagia, polydypsia, polyuria and hyperhidrosis. The CT scan, carotide angiography, CSF examination, and complement fixation tests for viruses were all within normal limits. The EEGs showed a slowing of the background activity, 0.6--0.8 Hz periodic high voltage wave discharges and random spikes in each temporal area. The clinical symptoms and EEG findings gradually improved without remarkable damage.", "PMID": 520942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_593", "title": "Electroencephalographic study of status epilepticus.", "content": "The authors have reported EEG findings during attacks of status epilepticus and clinical symptoms in four cases which were considered as temporal lobe status or its marginal group.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic study of status epilepticus. The authors have reported EEG findings during attacks of status epilepticus and clinical symptoms in four cases which were considered as temporal lobe status or its marginal group.", "PMID": 520943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_594", "title": "Serum levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital in epileptic patients treated with mixture antiepileptic tablets, Comital-L or Hydantol-F.", "content": "Serum levels of both phenytoin and phenobarbital were determined by homogenous enzyme immunoassay in 59 epileptic patients treated chronically with either Comital-L or Hydantol-F tablets. The majority of the patients receiving Comital-L tablets showed low serum levels of phenytoin and high serum levels of phenobarbital, while patients treated with the usual daily dosage of Hydantol-F tablets showed adequate therapeutic serum levels of both phenytoin and phenobarbital. From the results obtained, the dose ratio of phenobarbital to phenytoin in Comital-L tablet seemed inappropriate to obtain adequate therapeutic serum levels of both drugs simultaneously. Since the dosage of each anticonvulsant drug used concurrently should be established individually, the use of such fixed-dosage mixture tablets of antiepileptic drugs as Comital-L or Hydantol-F in daily clinical practice should be reconsidered from the viewpoint of serum level monitoring of antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Serum levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital in epileptic patients treated with mixture antiepileptic tablets, Comital-L or Hydantol-F. Serum levels of both phenytoin and phenobarbital were determined by homogenous enzyme immunoassay in 59 epileptic patients treated chronically with either Comital-L or Hydantol-F tablets. The majority of the patients receiving Comital-L tablets showed low serum levels of phenytoin and high serum levels of phenobarbital, while patients treated with the usual daily dosage of Hydantol-F tablets showed adequate therapeutic serum levels of both phenytoin and phenobarbital. From the results obtained, the dose ratio of phenobarbital to phenytoin in Comital-L tablet seemed inappropriate to obtain adequate therapeutic serum levels of both drugs simultaneously. Since the dosage of each anticonvulsant drug used concurrently should be established individually, the use of such fixed-dosage mixture tablets of antiepileptic drugs as Comital-L or Hydantol-F in daily clinical practice should be reconsidered from the viewpoint of serum level monitoring of antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 520947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_595", "title": "Status epilepticus in childhood: a retrospective study of initial convulsive status and subsequent epilepsies.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out on 261 patients with various epilepsies who had undergone convulsive status epilepticus prior to the subsequent onset of epileptic seizures. 1. Convulsive status epilepticus was found more in partial epilepsy and secondary generalized epilepsy at about the same rate, and evidently less in primary generalized epilepsy. On the average, three-fourths commenced their convulsive disorders with initial status epilepticus. 2. There were free intervals of years following initial status and preceding subsequent epilepsy. The interval was evidently shorter, less than two years, in a majority of patients with secondary generalized epilepsy, whereas the interval was mostly longer, more than six years, in patients with partial epilepsy. 3. The permanent deficient sequelae resulting from initial status were most closely associated with secondary generalized epilepsy. This was also exemplified by the higher rate of atrophic change on CCT. On the contrary, such permanent sequelae were less marked in partial epilepsy especially of complex seizure. 4. It was concluded that secondary generalized epilepsy resulted in cases with more severe brain damage within a relatively shorter interval, whereas complex partial seizure resulted from less severe damage with an obviously longer interval following convulsive status epilepticus.", "contents": "Status epilepticus in childhood: a retrospective study of initial convulsive status and subsequent epilepsies. A retrospective study was carried out on 261 patients with various epilepsies who had undergone convulsive status epilepticus prior to the subsequent onset of epileptic seizures. 1. Convulsive status epilepticus was found more in partial epilepsy and secondary generalized epilepsy at about the same rate, and evidently less in primary generalized epilepsy. On the average, three-fourths commenced their convulsive disorders with initial status epilepticus. 2. There were free intervals of years following initial status and preceding subsequent epilepsy. The interval was evidently shorter, less than two years, in a majority of patients with secondary generalized epilepsy, whereas the interval was mostly longer, more than six years, in patients with partial epilepsy. 3. The permanent deficient sequelae resulting from initial status were most closely associated with secondary generalized epilepsy. This was also exemplified by the higher rate of atrophic change on CCT. On the contrary, such permanent sequelae were less marked in partial epilepsy especially of complex seizure. 4. It was concluded that secondary generalized epilepsy resulted in cases with more severe brain damage within a relatively shorter interval, whereas complex partial seizure resulted from less severe damage with an obviously longer interval following convulsive status epilepticus.", "PMID": 520950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_596", "title": "Psychomotor status: case reports and proposal for classification.", "content": "Two cases with psychomotor status were reported. Case 1 is considered to have been seized with subjective seizure status which lasted 10 hours. Case 2 most likely suffered the typical psychomotor status which satisfies all of Heintel's criteria. The relationship between ictal patterns and EEG recordings was discussed and the classification proposed.", "contents": "Psychomotor status: case reports and proposal for classification. Two cases with psychomotor status were reported. Case 1 is considered to have been seized with subjective seizure status which lasted 10 hours. Case 2 most likely suffered the typical psychomotor status which satisfies all of Heintel's criteria. The relationship between ictal patterns and EEG recordings was discussed and the classification proposed.", "PMID": 520952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_597", "title": "Congenital malformation among infants of epileptic mothers treated during pregnancy--the report of a collaborative study group in Japan.", "content": "A multi-institutional collaborative study was conducted on the risk of congenital abnormalities among infants of pregnant epileptics. The 902 pregnancies collected by July, 1977, were divided into the treated group, the non-treated group and the unknown group. The malformation rates among live births of the first and the second groups were 11.5% and 2.3%, respectively; however, it was estimated that the rate would have been 6.75% among the treated group if trimethadione-treatment had been avoided. The effects of maternal background and antiepileptic treatment were analyzed fully in connection with the possibility of congenital malformation.", "contents": "Congenital malformation among infants of epileptic mothers treated during pregnancy--the report of a collaborative study group in Japan. A multi-institutional collaborative study was conducted on the risk of congenital abnormalities among infants of pregnant epileptics. The 902 pregnancies collected by July, 1977, were divided into the treated group, the non-treated group and the unknown group. The malformation rates among live births of the first and the second groups were 11.5% and 2.3%, respectively; however, it was estimated that the rate would have been 6.75% among the treated group if trimethadione-treatment had been avoided. The effects of maternal background and antiepileptic treatment were analyzed fully in connection with the possibility of congenital malformation.", "PMID": 520954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_598", "title": "Teratogenic risks of antiepileptic drugs in respect to the type of epilepsy.", "content": "The incidence of malformations and/or miscarriage-stillbirths was unequivocally higher in offsprings born to mothers with secondary generalized epilepsy or complex partial seizures. Although it was difficult to separate the possible role played by antiepileptic drugs from that of predisposed severity of epilepsy, the teratogenic risks due to medication appeared to be more plausible. Polypharmacy and overdose regimen should be avoided by all means especially during the earlier period of pregnancy.", "contents": "Teratogenic risks of antiepileptic drugs in respect to the type of epilepsy. The incidence of malformations and/or miscarriage-stillbirths was unequivocally higher in offsprings born to mothers with secondary generalized epilepsy or complex partial seizures. Although it was difficult to separate the possible role played by antiepileptic drugs from that of predisposed severity of epilepsy, the teratogenic risks due to medication appeared to be more plausible. Polypharmacy and overdose regimen should be avoided by all means especially during the earlier period of pregnancy.", "PMID": 520955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_599", "title": "Medicosocial aspect of people with epilepsy in Japan--a survey from standpoint of epilepsy center.", "content": "Medicosocial aspects of 2,000 patients with epilepsy were outlined on the basis of international classification of epilepsies and epileptic seizures. 1. The incidence of secondary generalized epilepsy was higher compared with that reported previously. It was possible that we have been dealing with rather intractable epilepsy. Non-convulsive epileptic seizures should be treated as intensively as convulsive attacks. 2. Contrary to primary generalized epilepsy, secondary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy, a part of which was complex partial seizures, were more prone to be associated with psychological difficulties. 3. The rate of normal mentality was apparently proportional to the actual ease of employment among adult patients. Fortunately, the general attitude of education toward younger people with epilepsy was seemingly generous. However, the marital status of both sexes was far from satisfactory. The stigma might have been felt more by adult patients than younger ones. 4. It appeared to be conceivable that two-thirds of the people with epilepsy are treatable to a certain extent by adequate regimens while one-tenth are obliged to stay in residential centers for a lengthy period of time. Thus, various rehabilitation activities are indicated for one-fourth of the patient population. Actual strategy for rehabilitation of epileptics should be individually designed in accordance with the natural history of each epilepsy.", "contents": "Medicosocial aspect of people with epilepsy in Japan--a survey from standpoint of epilepsy center. Medicosocial aspects of 2,000 patients with epilepsy were outlined on the basis of international classification of epilepsies and epileptic seizures. 1. The incidence of secondary generalized epilepsy was higher compared with that reported previously. It was possible that we have been dealing with rather intractable epilepsy. Non-convulsive epileptic seizures should be treated as intensively as convulsive attacks. 2. Contrary to primary generalized epilepsy, secondary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy, a part of which was complex partial seizures, were more prone to be associated with psychological difficulties. 3. The rate of normal mentality was apparently proportional to the actual ease of employment among adult patients. Fortunately, the general attitude of education toward younger people with epilepsy was seemingly generous. However, the marital status of both sexes was far from satisfactory. The stigma might have been felt more by adult patients than younger ones. 4. It appeared to be conceivable that two-thirds of the people with epilepsy are treatable to a certain extent by adequate regimens while one-tenth are obliged to stay in residential centers for a lengthy period of time. Thus, various rehabilitation activities are indicated for one-fourth of the patient population. Actual strategy for rehabilitation of epileptics should be individually designed in accordance with the natural history of each epilepsy.", "PMID": 520958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_600", "title": "Therapy and prognosis of status convulsivus in childhood.", "content": "The record of 67 cases under 15 years of age who were hospitalized during status convulsivus from 1975 to 1978, the 348 cases who visited the hospital for the first time with epilepsy (Oct. 1977 to Sept. 1978) and the 32 cases who were hospitalized during status epilepticus from 1969 to 1974 and who are being followed up as outpatients were studied. The frequency of status epilepticus was 8% among epileptic children. There was no difference in the frequency of incidence between male and female. Patients with mental retardation, however, were revealed to have status epilepticus twice to three times more frequently as compared to cases without mental retardation. The major seizure types of status epilepticus in childhood were generalized tonic clonic convulsion and unilateral clonic convulsion. In 25% of the cases, status epilepticus was the first ictal manifestation. The major cause of status convulsivus was epilepsy, followed by encephalitis and encephalopathy, but cases due to brain tumor were rare. The drug of first choice for status convulsivus is diazepam. If there is any difficulty in controlling status convulsivus with diazepam, it may be worthwhile to consider what the problem is, causes of status convulsivus, seizure type, or basic disease of the patient. The effective dose of diazepam was within the range of 0.3--0.5 mg/kg. When the effect is not sufficient, the dose of diazepam should be increased to 1 mg/kg while watching the general condition of the patient. Factors affecting the prognosis of status convulsivus were its cause, duration, onset age and effectiveness of therapy during the acute stage. The frequency of cases who suffered disability after status epilepticus was 56%. (transient disability 43%, permanent disability 13%) The most frequent type of transient disability was hemiplegia. Most epileptic children who had repetitive status convulsivus revealed psychomotor retardation before first status. Factors which cause repetitive status seem to be hemispheric brain damage or diffuse corticocentrencephalic damage.", "contents": "Therapy and prognosis of status convulsivus in childhood. The record of 67 cases under 15 years of age who were hospitalized during status convulsivus from 1975 to 1978, the 348 cases who visited the hospital for the first time with epilepsy (Oct. 1977 to Sept. 1978) and the 32 cases who were hospitalized during status epilepticus from 1969 to 1974 and who are being followed up as outpatients were studied. The frequency of status epilepticus was 8% among epileptic children. There was no difference in the frequency of incidence between male and female. Patients with mental retardation, however, were revealed to have status epilepticus twice to three times more frequently as compared to cases without mental retardation. The major seizure types of status epilepticus in childhood were generalized tonic clonic convulsion and unilateral clonic convulsion. In 25% of the cases, status epilepticus was the first ictal manifestation. The major cause of status convulsivus was epilepsy, followed by encephalitis and encephalopathy, but cases due to brain tumor were rare. The drug of first choice for status convulsivus is diazepam. If there is any difficulty in controlling status convulsivus with diazepam, it may be worthwhile to consider what the problem is, causes of status convulsivus, seizure type, or basic disease of the patient. The effective dose of diazepam was within the range of 0.3--0.5 mg/kg. When the effect is not sufficient, the dose of diazepam should be increased to 1 mg/kg while watching the general condition of the patient. Factors affecting the prognosis of status convulsivus were its cause, duration, onset age and effectiveness of therapy during the acute stage. The frequency of cases who suffered disability after status epilepticus was 56%. (transient disability 43%, permanent disability 13%) The most frequent type of transient disability was hemiplegia. Most epileptic children who had repetitive status convulsivus revealed psychomotor retardation before first status. Factors which cause repetitive status seem to be hemispheric brain damage or diffuse corticocentrencephalic damage.", "PMID": 520966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_601", "title": "[Surgical therapy of arterial occlusions. Indication and results of revascularization in 5370 peripheral arteriosclerotic occlusions].", "content": "The results of 5370 revascularizations in peripheral arteriosclerotic occlusive diseases are reported. The operative mortality in 532 carotis interna desobliterations with ischaemia stage II was 2.3%. In stage I of 98 prophylactic operations we lost no patient. Instead of the transthoracic reconstruction we now prefer the extrathoracic bypass because of the lower risk involved. The abdominal aortic aneurysm always is an indication for resection because of the danger of rupture. In cases of 100 operated patients with aneurysm we had a mortality rate in the elective stage of 5.3%, in stage of covered rupture of 47.1% and in ruptured aneurysm 85.7%. The complications in vascular reconstruction of the lower extremity are low. The mortality rate after implantation of aortic bifemoral prosthesis is 3.7%, after an unilateral aortic-femoral prosthesis 2.8% and after all operations below the inguinal ligament 1.0%. Also the femoro-tibial occlusions could be revascularized in bypass-technique with a risk of 1.5% and good early results of 90.3%.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of arterial occlusions. Indication and results of revascularization in 5370 peripheral arteriosclerotic occlusions]. The results of 5370 revascularizations in peripheral arteriosclerotic occlusive diseases are reported. The operative mortality in 532 carotis interna desobliterations with ischaemia stage II was 2.3%. In stage I of 98 prophylactic operations we lost no patient. Instead of the transthoracic reconstruction we now prefer the extrathoracic bypass because of the lower risk involved. The abdominal aortic aneurysm always is an indication for resection because of the danger of rupture. In cases of 100 operated patients with aneurysm we had a mortality rate in the elective stage of 5.3%, in stage of covered rupture of 47.1% and in ruptured aneurysm 85.7%. The complications in vascular reconstruction of the lower extremity are low. The mortality rate after implantation of aortic bifemoral prosthesis is 3.7%, after an unilateral aortic-femoral prosthesis 2.8% and after all operations below the inguinal ligament 1.0%. Also the femoro-tibial occlusions could be revascularized in bypass-technique with a risk of 1.5% and good early results of 90.3%.", "PMID": 520987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_602", "title": "[Chemotherapy of bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "Prognosis of bronchial carcinoma remains poor despite improved early diagnosis and campaigns of informing the public about the risk factors. In the majority of histological entities chemotherapy cannot change this situation. However, in case of oat cell carcinoma a high rate of responders together with prolongation of survival rate can be achieved by chemotherapy. The best results are obtained with combined chemotherapy and early radiation therapy.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of bronchial carcinoma]. Prognosis of bronchial carcinoma remains poor despite improved early diagnosis and campaigns of informing the public about the risk factors. In the majority of histological entities chemotherapy cannot change this situation. However, in case of oat cell carcinoma a high rate of responders together with prolongation of survival rate can be achieved by chemotherapy. The best results are obtained with combined chemotherapy and early radiation therapy.", "PMID": 520988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_603", "title": "[New aspects of conventional tomography with special reference to automatic exposure control].", "content": "Automatic exposure control in tomography requires control of dose output whereas in survey technique dose is controlled. Automatic exposure not only facilitates work load but also improves image quality by balancing regions of differing density. High control-frequency and -sensibility are essential requirements; otherwise unsatisfactory findings i.e. erraneous images may result in particular when the time for a tomographic cycle is short. These high requirements exceed the performance margin of conventional automatic exposure control systems in which dose control is achieved by control of tube heat. A combined tube-current- and voltage-control with regard to primary voltage phase as used in units designed lately serves all routine use needs and delivers high quality tomograms.", "contents": "[New aspects of conventional tomography with special reference to automatic exposure control]. Automatic exposure control in tomography requires control of dose output whereas in survey technique dose is controlled. Automatic exposure not only facilitates work load but also improves image quality by balancing regions of differing density. High control-frequency and -sensibility are essential requirements; otherwise unsatisfactory findings i.e. erraneous images may result in particular when the time for a tomographic cycle is short. These high requirements exceed the performance margin of conventional automatic exposure control systems in which dose control is achieved by control of tube heat. A combined tube-current- and voltage-control with regard to primary voltage phase as used in units designed lately serves all routine use needs and delivers high quality tomograms.", "PMID": 520989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_604", "title": "[Therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa and IIb with etiroxate-HCl. Dose-response comparison].", "content": "In the clinical study presented etiroxate hydrochloride was shown to have a pronounced cholesterol-lowering effect. The percentage decrease of cholesterol values during treatment with 40 mg daily was significantly greater than that during 20 mg daily. The mean decrease was 41.2% in patients with initial cholesterol values greater than 350 mg/100 ml and 25.9% in those with initial values less than 350 mg/100 ml. However, it must be emphasized that 20 mg daily also produced a mean decrease in the serum cholesterol values of more than 20%. With initial values below 350 mg/100 ml the difference in the cholesterol decrease between the two dosage groups is not therapeutically relevant. Therefore treatment in patients with hypercholesterolaemia or type IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia should begin with 20 mg daily. The results suggest that raising the dose to 40 mg daily is only appropriate when a satisfactory decrease in serum cholesterol cannot be achieved with 20 mg daily. The preparation does not consistently lower the triglycerides, but in some cases the effect is very pronounced. A careful diagnosis must be made before administering etiroxate hydrochloride and continuous medical supervision and checks for side-effects are necessary throughout treatment.", "contents": "[Therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa and IIb with etiroxate-HCl. Dose-response comparison]. In the clinical study presented etiroxate hydrochloride was shown to have a pronounced cholesterol-lowering effect. The percentage decrease of cholesterol values during treatment with 40 mg daily was significantly greater than that during 20 mg daily. The mean decrease was 41.2% in patients with initial cholesterol values greater than 350 mg/100 ml and 25.9% in those with initial values less than 350 mg/100 ml. However, it must be emphasized that 20 mg daily also produced a mean decrease in the serum cholesterol values of more than 20%. With initial values below 350 mg/100 ml the difference in the cholesterol decrease between the two dosage groups is not therapeutically relevant. Therefore treatment in patients with hypercholesterolaemia or type IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia should begin with 20 mg daily. The results suggest that raising the dose to 40 mg daily is only appropriate when a satisfactory decrease in serum cholesterol cannot be achieved with 20 mg daily. The preparation does not consistently lower the triglycerides, but in some cases the effect is very pronounced. A careful diagnosis must be made before administering etiroxate hydrochloride and continuous medical supervision and checks for side-effects are necessary throughout treatment.", "PMID": 520990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_605", "title": "[Arthroplasty of the upper ankle joint. Possibilities and limitations].", "content": "It is out of the question that alloarthroplasty of the upper angle joint must today belong to the therapeutic repertoire of the orthopedic surgeon. The anatomical situation of the upper ankle joint brings considerable problems for the total replacement and then also for the surface replacement. At the time being models are already available, which, seen on the whole, have already brought quite reliable results. Requirement for the success of the operation is the technically perfect insertion of the surface replacement or of the total joint and furthermore the insertion of the replacement under appropriate conditions, whereby the operation in an aseptive room (\"Reinraum\") has proven itself effective also on the upper ankle joint.", "contents": "[Arthroplasty of the upper ankle joint. Possibilities and limitations]. It is out of the question that alloarthroplasty of the upper angle joint must today belong to the therapeutic repertoire of the orthopedic surgeon. The anatomical situation of the upper ankle joint brings considerable problems for the total replacement and then also for the surface replacement. At the time being models are already available, which, seen on the whole, have already brought quite reliable results. Requirement for the success of the operation is the technically perfect insertion of the surface replacement or of the total joint and furthermore the insertion of the replacement under appropriate conditions, whereby the operation in an aseptive room (\"Reinraum\") has proven itself effective also on the upper ankle joint.", "PMID": 520991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_606", "title": "[Arthroscopic evaluation of cartilage lesions in the knee joint].", "content": "Arthroscopy constitutes an important supplementary method for investigating and diagnosing affections of the knee joint. Despite the low risk and little trouble it causes to the patient it should only be used if radiological and repeated clinical examinations do not permit any evaluation of the disease. Arthroscopy is the method of choice in case of cartilage damage because from the appearance of the altered cartilage conclusions may be drawn about the occurrence and kind of the trauma. This examination method is valuable not only in diagnosis, it is also used to follow up the result of surgical interventions. Small pieces of cartilage that cannot be fixed may be removed by means of the arthroscope, so that examination and therapy can be done in one single operation. In most cases, cartilage damage is caused by laxity of ligaments.", "contents": "[Arthroscopic evaluation of cartilage lesions in the knee joint]. Arthroscopy constitutes an important supplementary method for investigating and diagnosing affections of the knee joint. Despite the low risk and little trouble it causes to the patient it should only be used if radiological and repeated clinical examinations do not permit any evaluation of the disease. Arthroscopy is the method of choice in case of cartilage damage because from the appearance of the altered cartilage conclusions may be drawn about the occurrence and kind of the trauma. This examination method is valuable not only in diagnosis, it is also used to follow up the result of surgical interventions. Small pieces of cartilage that cannot be fixed may be removed by means of the arthroscope, so that examination and therapy can be done in one single operation. In most cases, cartilage damage is caused by laxity of ligaments.", "PMID": 520992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_607", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of the radius head].", "content": "Conservative treatment of fractures of the distal radius often results in malunion. The reasons are discussed. The method of the percutaneous Kirschner wire transfixation for stabilization of the fracture is described. We have seen good results with this method and employ it because of its easy performance and safety. 32 patients with different kind of fractures of the distal radius were treated thus with satisfactory results. Advantages and disadvantages of the Kirschner-wire method are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of the radius head]. Conservative treatment of fractures of the distal radius often results in malunion. The reasons are discussed. The method of the percutaneous Kirschner wire transfixation for stabilization of the fracture is described. We have seen good results with this method and employ it because of its easy performance and safety. 32 patients with different kind of fractures of the distal radius were treated thus with satisfactory results. Advantages and disadvantages of the Kirschner-wire method are discussed.", "PMID": 520993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_608", "title": "[Bone and joint replacements with bioceramic endoprostheses].", "content": "Construction principles, mechanical and animal experiments with various types of endoprostheses consisting of dense alumina are reported as well as the first results in man. A stable implantation of this biocompatible material is possible, if the primary attachment by means of special construction features and subtile operation technique is ensured. The definite dixation of the implant is provided by the ingrowth of newly formed bone tissue in circular running indentations. Therefore the use of bone cement, one of the critical points in replacement surgery, can be avoided. In tumor surgery the replacement of the proximal humerus by a ceramic prosthesis has proven to be successful. Equally satisfactory results could be achieved in the therapy of osteoarthritis of the hip with a metal-ceramic composite endoprosthesis.", "contents": "[Bone and joint replacements with bioceramic endoprostheses]. Construction principles, mechanical and animal experiments with various types of endoprostheses consisting of dense alumina are reported as well as the first results in man. A stable implantation of this biocompatible material is possible, if the primary attachment by means of special construction features and subtile operation technique is ensured. The definite dixation of the implant is provided by the ingrowth of newly formed bone tissue in circular running indentations. Therefore the use of bone cement, one of the critical points in replacement surgery, can be avoided. In tumor surgery the replacement of the proximal humerus by a ceramic prosthesis has proven to be successful. Equally satisfactory results could be achieved in the therapy of osteoarthritis of the hip with a metal-ceramic composite endoprosthesis.", "PMID": 520994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_609", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Cardiogenic shock and severe left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction, refractory angina pectoris at rest either of new onset or superimposed on stable angina pectoris, or occurring in the post infarct (less than 2 weeks) period, and the suspicion of a slowly evolving infarction are the main indications for intra-aortic balloon pumping at the Thoraxcenter. 76 patients were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure, 42/76 (55%) could be weaned, 9 (12%) died within 3 months, 33 (43%) survived over 3 months, to date 29 are alive. 42 patients with refractory angina at rest were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping. Pain relief was prompt in 41 (98%), who subsequently underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Total myocardial infarction rate was 11% (5/42), total mortality rate was 7%. Perioperative myocardial infarction rate was 8% (4/42) and perioperative mortality was 7% (3/42). Pain relief was prompt in 14/17 patients (82%) with post infarct refractory angina. In 3 patients pain persisted despite intra-aortic balloon pumping, all sustained a myocardial infarction, 1 died, 2 other patients were excluded for surgery. 12 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, none died, none developed acute myocardial infarction, 3 have mild stable angina. In 8 patients a slowly evolving myocardial infarction was suspected. Pain relief was prompt in 7/8 (88%) after institution of intra-aortic balloon pumping. Intra-aortic balloon pumping improves prognosis in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, and abolishes refractory ischemic pain.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping in coronary artery disease. Cardiogenic shock and severe left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction, refractory angina pectoris at rest either of new onset or superimposed on stable angina pectoris, or occurring in the post infarct (less than 2 weeks) period, and the suspicion of a slowly evolving infarction are the main indications for intra-aortic balloon pumping at the Thoraxcenter. 76 patients were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure, 42/76 (55%) could be weaned, 9 (12%) died within 3 months, 33 (43%) survived over 3 months, to date 29 are alive. 42 patients with refractory angina at rest were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping. Pain relief was prompt in 41 (98%), who subsequently underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Total myocardial infarction rate was 11% (5/42), total mortality rate was 7%. Perioperative myocardial infarction rate was 8% (4/42) and perioperative mortality was 7% (3/42). Pain relief was prompt in 14/17 patients (82%) with post infarct refractory angina. In 3 patients pain persisted despite intra-aortic balloon pumping, all sustained a myocardial infarction, 1 died, 2 other patients were excluded for surgery. 12 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, none died, none developed acute myocardial infarction, 3 have mild stable angina. In 8 patients a slowly evolving myocardial infarction was suspected. Pain relief was prompt in 7/8 (88%) after institution of intra-aortic balloon pumping. Intra-aortic balloon pumping improves prognosis in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, and abolishes refractory ischemic pain.", "PMID": 520998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_610", "title": "Early and long-term prognosis after vasodilator therapy in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Cautious administration of vasocilator agents with careful hemodynamic monitoring may improve cardiac function in many patients with severe pump failure and cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. However, the immediate prognosis tends to improve only in a specific subset of patients, that is, those with left ventricular stroke work index above 10 g.m/m2 and elevated left ventricular filling pressure. In the presence of very severe pump failure, cardiogenic shock, stroke work index of less than 10 g.m/m2 and grossly elevated left ventricular filling pressure, vasodilator therapy alone does not tend to improve in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, the long-term prognosis in the survivors with severe pump failure complicating myocardial infarction remains unfavorable. The poor prognosis of these patients is probably a result of the extensive myocardial necrosis sustained at the onset of infarction.", "contents": "Early and long-term prognosis after vasodilator therapy in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Cautious administration of vasocilator agents with careful hemodynamic monitoring may improve cardiac function in many patients with severe pump failure and cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. However, the immediate prognosis tends to improve only in a specific subset of patients, that is, those with left ventricular stroke work index above 10 g.m/m2 and elevated left ventricular filling pressure. In the presence of very severe pump failure, cardiogenic shock, stroke work index of less than 10 g.m/m2 and grossly elevated left ventricular filling pressure, vasodilator therapy alone does not tend to improve in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, the long-term prognosis in the survivors with severe pump failure complicating myocardial infarction remains unfavorable. The poor prognosis of these patients is probably a result of the extensive myocardial necrosis sustained at the onset of infarction.", "PMID": 520999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_611", "title": "[Echocardiographic results in female athletes, nonathletic women and patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiographic studies and radiological measurements of heart volume were performed in 30 female track athletes, 17 female shot-putters or javelin throwers, 12 nonathletic women and 8 female patients with arterial hypertension. The following observations were made: The hearts of the female athletes undergoing endurance training were in the whole larger than the hearts of the nonathletic women, although the ratio of internal diameter to wall thickness was unchanged. There was a relative increase in the ratio wall thickness to internal left ventricular diameter in the female shot-putters and javelin throwers compared to the nonathletic females. This is interpreted as being a result of the static training imployed. In all female patients with severe arterial hypertension the heart wall thickness was increased, the internal heart diameter was dependant of the stage of the illness. Using echocardiography it is possible to draw conclusions as to the ratio wall thickness to cavity diameter. This is not possible with radiological heart volume studies.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic results in female athletes, nonathletic women and patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Echocardiographic studies and radiological measurements of heart volume were performed in 30 female track athletes, 17 female shot-putters or javelin throwers, 12 nonathletic women and 8 female patients with arterial hypertension. The following observations were made: The hearts of the female athletes undergoing endurance training were in the whole larger than the hearts of the nonathletic women, although the ratio of internal diameter to wall thickness was unchanged. There was a relative increase in the ratio wall thickness to internal left ventricular diameter in the female shot-putters and javelin throwers compared to the nonathletic females. This is interpreted as being a result of the static training imployed. In all female patients with severe arterial hypertension the heart wall thickness was increased, the internal heart diameter was dependant of the stage of the illness. Using echocardiography it is possible to draw conclusions as to the ratio wall thickness to cavity diameter. This is not possible with radiological heart volume studies.", "PMID": 521000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_612", "title": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 1. Cadaveric phenomena (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated the cadaveric phenomena on 30 persons killed in coal-mine accidents being kept in pits for a long time after death. The conclusions are as follows: The appearance and progress of cadaveric phenomena in pits depend on the postmortem interval alone, not on the immediate causes of death which have been found to be of seven classes in coal-mine accidents. The phenomena on cadavers kept in pits are the same as those in the air of normal temperature on earth. The reason may be that there are both accelerative factors and suppressive factors among various environmental factors in pits after occurrence of accident and they offset each other to make no difference between cadavers in pits and those on earth.", "contents": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 1. Cadaveric phenomena (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the cadaveric phenomena on 30 persons killed in coal-mine accidents being kept in pits for a long time after death. The conclusions are as follows: The appearance and progress of cadaveric phenomena in pits depend on the postmortem interval alone, not on the immediate causes of death which have been found to be of seven classes in coal-mine accidents. The phenomena on cadavers kept in pits are the same as those in the air of normal temperature on earth. The reason may be that there are both accelerative factors and suppressive factors among various environmental factors in pits after occurrence of accident and they offset each other to make no difference between cadavers in pits and those on earth.", "PMID": 521005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_613", "title": "[Studies on phenotype, development, and viability of human spontaneous abortuses with acrocentric trisomies and polyploidies: with reference to the relationship of the viability to the origin of extrachromosomes (author's transl)].", "content": "The specimens to be presented consist of 65 trisomics and 37 polyploids which were obtained from a cytogenetic survey of human spontaneous abortion with various chromosome banding techniques. The phenotype of the 102 abortuses was analysed macroscopically before and after fixation of the tissues. The developmental age was estimated with the crown-rump measurement and from stage of Streeter's horizon on embryos and fetuses, or from the size of the placenta when an embryo was lost. The degree of phenotypic abnormality and the developmental age were used on determining the viability of abortuses. This viability was examined in each type of chromosomal anomlies. Three of 4 13-trisomics and all of 4 21-trisomics showed normal phenotype and advanced development, while most of 14-trisomics, 15-trisomics and 22-trisomics had the various severe phenotypic anomalies such as blighted ovum and disorganized embryo, and less developed. These findings suggest that abortuses with the chromosomal anomalies which can be found in the newborns longer survive than those with other anomalies. In other words, these anomalies have a better viability among abortuses. Eleven trisomics and 11 polyploids were ascertained for the origin of extra chromosomes by sequential QFQ- and RFA-banding. Of 7 abortuses with trisomy 21 studied, 4 originated at the maternal meiotic non-disjunction and none was of paternal origin. On the other hand, several published studies have shown that the paternal origin is not uncommon in Down children. Therefore, as far as trisomy 21 is concerned, it is concluded that the trisomy 21 of paternal origin has much better survival rate than that of maternal origin. In triploidy, the present study could not define the relationship between the viability and the origin, since 9 of 10 abortuses studied and all of 4 triploid newborns so far reported are of paternal origin.", "contents": "[Studies on phenotype, development, and viability of human spontaneous abortuses with acrocentric trisomies and polyploidies: with reference to the relationship of the viability to the origin of extrachromosomes (author's transl)]. The specimens to be presented consist of 65 trisomics and 37 polyploids which were obtained from a cytogenetic survey of human spontaneous abortion with various chromosome banding techniques. The phenotype of the 102 abortuses was analysed macroscopically before and after fixation of the tissues. The developmental age was estimated with the crown-rump measurement and from stage of Streeter's horizon on embryos and fetuses, or from the size of the placenta when an embryo was lost. The degree of phenotypic abnormality and the developmental age were used on determining the viability of abortuses. This viability was examined in each type of chromosomal anomlies. Three of 4 13-trisomics and all of 4 21-trisomics showed normal phenotype and advanced development, while most of 14-trisomics, 15-trisomics and 22-trisomics had the various severe phenotypic anomalies such as blighted ovum and disorganized embryo, and less developed. These findings suggest that abortuses with the chromosomal anomalies which can be found in the newborns longer survive than those with other anomalies. In other words, these anomalies have a better viability among abortuses. Eleven trisomics and 11 polyploids were ascertained for the origin of extra chromosomes by sequential QFQ- and RFA-banding. Of 7 abortuses with trisomy 21 studied, 4 originated at the maternal meiotic non-disjunction and none was of paternal origin. On the other hand, several published studies have shown that the paternal origin is not uncommon in Down children. Therefore, as far as trisomy 21 is concerned, it is concluded that the trisomy 21 of paternal origin has much better survival rate than that of maternal origin. In triploidy, the present study could not define the relationship between the viability and the origin, since 9 of 10 abortuses studied and all of 4 triploid newborns so far reported are of paternal origin.", "PMID": 521006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_614", "title": "[Morphological studies of the omental milk spots in the mouse: light and electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In adult dd-mice of both sexes ranging in age from 2 to 8 months, the omental milk spots were studied by light and electron microscopy. 1. Omental milk spots could morphologically be classified into two types, namely, type I and type II. 2. Type I spots were seen on the margin of the fatty tissue along the omental artery and vein. This type of spots were supplied with capillary vessels. 3. Type II were scattered on the omental peritoneum, particularly in abundance on the dorsal layer of the omentum. The spots of this type generally had no vascular supply. Type II milk spots on the dorsal layer were significantly more numerous in females than in males. 4. The two types of milk spots were composed mainly of macrophages, lymphoid cells and lymphocytes, although the constituents were different in proportion between the two types. The type I spots had abundant macrophages especially in the superficial zone. Lymphoid cells and lymphocytes were relatively abundant in the deeper zones. The type II were also abundant in macrophages which were scattered diffusely in the spots. 5. Macrophages had slightly PAS positive cytoplasm which contained PAS positive granules and vacuoles. Macrophages in the superficial zone of the spot were large with abundant lysosomes and vacuoles. Lymphoid cells were more or less similar in appearance to lymphocytes, but their cytoplasm was more abundant than that of lymphocytes, and had lysosomes and bundles of microfilaments. In addition, large macrophages were also distributed diffusely within the fatty tissue along the omental vessels and between the opposed peritoneium of the omentum. They had abundant light cytoplasm with numerous projections on the surface. The organelles were generally well developed. The cytoplasm had abundant lysosomes, coated vesicles and small tubules. Lymphocytes were generally small lymphocytes. 6. The endothelial cells of capillaries in type I spots were fenestrated. 7. The functional significance of the two types of spots was discussed on the basis of the structure.", "contents": "[Morphological studies of the omental milk spots in the mouse: light and electron microscopy (author's transl)]. In adult dd-mice of both sexes ranging in age from 2 to 8 months, the omental milk spots were studied by light and electron microscopy. 1. Omental milk spots could morphologically be classified into two types, namely, type I and type II. 2. Type I spots were seen on the margin of the fatty tissue along the omental artery and vein. This type of spots were supplied with capillary vessels. 3. Type II were scattered on the omental peritoneum, particularly in abundance on the dorsal layer of the omentum. The spots of this type generally had no vascular supply. Type II milk spots on the dorsal layer were significantly more numerous in females than in males. 4. The two types of milk spots were composed mainly of macrophages, lymphoid cells and lymphocytes, although the constituents were different in proportion between the two types. The type I spots had abundant macrophages especially in the superficial zone. Lymphoid cells and lymphocytes were relatively abundant in the deeper zones. The type II were also abundant in macrophages which were scattered diffusely in the spots. 5. Macrophages had slightly PAS positive cytoplasm which contained PAS positive granules and vacuoles. Macrophages in the superficial zone of the spot were large with abundant lysosomes and vacuoles. Lymphoid cells were more or less similar in appearance to lymphocytes, but their cytoplasm was more abundant than that of lymphocytes, and had lysosomes and bundles of microfilaments. In addition, large macrophages were also distributed diffusely within the fatty tissue along the omental vessels and between the opposed peritoneium of the omentum. They had abundant light cytoplasm with numerous projections on the surface. The organelles were generally well developed. The cytoplasm had abundant lysosomes, coated vesicles and small tubules. Lymphocytes were generally small lymphocytes. 6. The endothelial cells of capillaries in type I spots were fenestrated. 7. The functional significance of the two types of spots was discussed on the basis of the structure.", "PMID": 521007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_615", "title": "[Sex difference in the mouse milk spots, with special reference to its development and formation (author's transl)].", "content": "As reported previously, the omental milk spots in the mouse are morphologically classified into two types; type I and II. Type II milk spots are distributed on the dorsal layer of the omentum, and they are more numerous in females than in males. The type II milk spots appear at first at 10 days of age, and then gradually increase in number equally in both sexes until 2 months. After 2 months, however, the density of the spots is significantly greater in females than in males. In male mice which have been gonadectomized at 1 month, the type II spots show remarkable increase in density, and they are as frequent as those in normal females. Administration of testosterone to gonadectomized males and normal females causes a significant decrease in density of the spots. Estriol, progesterone and gonadotropin exhibit no significant effect on the density of the spots. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the existence of testis, namely testosterone, plays a major role in development of sex difference in type II milk spots.", "contents": "[Sex difference in the mouse milk spots, with special reference to its development and formation (author's transl)]. As reported previously, the omental milk spots in the mouse are morphologically classified into two types; type I and II. Type II milk spots are distributed on the dorsal layer of the omentum, and they are more numerous in females than in males. The type II milk spots appear at first at 10 days of age, and then gradually increase in number equally in both sexes until 2 months. After 2 months, however, the density of the spots is significantly greater in females than in males. In male mice which have been gonadectomized at 1 month, the type II spots show remarkable increase in density, and they are as frequent as those in normal females. Administration of testosterone to gonadectomized males and normal females causes a significant decrease in density of the spots. Estriol, progesterone and gonadotropin exhibit no significant effect on the density of the spots. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the existence of testis, namely testosterone, plays a major role in development of sex difference in type II milk spots.", "PMID": 521008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_616", "title": "Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion for the determination of insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Twelve patients with liver cirrhosis and ten normal subjects were studied. Using a constant intravneous infusion of glucose, insulin and somatostatin over 2 1/2 hours we determined the stteady state plasma glucose level (SSPG) in order to measure insulin resistance. The results demonstrated that the cirrhotic patients were insulin resistant compared to normals and that plasma glucagon does not account for the insulin resistance in these patients.", "contents": "Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion for the determination of insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis. Twelve patients with liver cirrhosis and ten normal subjects were studied. Using a constant intravneous infusion of glucose, insulin and somatostatin over 2 1/2 hours we determined the stteady state plasma glucose level (SSPG) in order to measure insulin resistance. The results demonstrated that the cirrhotic patients were insulin resistant compared to normals and that plasma glucagon does not account for the insulin resistance in these patients.", "PMID": 521009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_617", "title": "Effect of pentobarbital and urethane on the release of hypothalamic somatostatin and pituitary growth hormone.", "content": "Hypothalamic somatostatin release was investigated in the rat to elucidate the mechanism of anesthetic action on growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary. Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (5 mg/100 gm B.W.) significantly elevated serum GH levels and increased hypothalamic somatostatin concentration from basal values of 0.98 +/- 0.01 to 1.21 +/- 0.06 ng/mg wet wt. In contrast, urethane (150 mg/100 gm B.W., IP) administration lowered serum GH levels and hypothalamic somatostatin concentration (0.64 +/- 0.04 ng/mg wet wt.). However, the mean concentration of pancreatic somatostatin showed no change in either case. In rats receiving passive immunization with 0.5 ml rabbit antiserum to somatostatin (SRIF-AS), serum GH levels were significantly increased (67.5 +/- 12.3 ng/ml) and did not differ from those in the group treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS) plus pentobarbital (101.3 +/- 18.5 ng/ml). However, serum GH levels in rats injected with SRIF-AS plus pentobarbital were increased to higher values than in rats given SRIF-AS alone. When urethane was administered to rats after passive immunization with SRIF-AS, urethane-induced suppression of serum GH levels was markedly inhibited (5.5 +/- 2.0 vs. 33.5 +/- 7.5 ng/ml). These results suggest a possibility that the changes in serum GH levels observed with pentobarbital or urethane administration may be induced at least in one part by somatostatin released from the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbital and urethane on the release of hypothalamic somatostatin and pituitary growth hormone. Hypothalamic somatostatin release was investigated in the rat to elucidate the mechanism of anesthetic action on growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary. Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (5 mg/100 gm B.W.) significantly elevated serum GH levels and increased hypothalamic somatostatin concentration from basal values of 0.98 +/- 0.01 to 1.21 +/- 0.06 ng/mg wet wt. In contrast, urethane (150 mg/100 gm B.W., IP) administration lowered serum GH levels and hypothalamic somatostatin concentration (0.64 +/- 0.04 ng/mg wet wt.). However, the mean concentration of pancreatic somatostatin showed no change in either case. In rats receiving passive immunization with 0.5 ml rabbit antiserum to somatostatin (SRIF-AS), serum GH levels were significantly increased (67.5 +/- 12.3 ng/ml) and did not differ from those in the group treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS) plus pentobarbital (101.3 +/- 18.5 ng/ml). However, serum GH levels in rats injected with SRIF-AS plus pentobarbital were increased to higher values than in rats given SRIF-AS alone. When urethane was administered to rats after passive immunization with SRIF-AS, urethane-induced suppression of serum GH levels was markedly inhibited (5.5 +/- 2.0 vs. 33.5 +/- 7.5 ng/ml). These results suggest a possibility that the changes in serum GH levels observed with pentobarbital or urethane administration may be induced at least in one part by somatostatin released from the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 521010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_618", "title": "Effect of thyroxine treatment on metabolic responses to a single insulin injection.", "content": "Metabolic responses to a single i.v. injection of cristalline insulin (0.2 i.u./kg b.w.) were compared in control and T4-treated dogs both at rest and after prolonged physical exercise. The post-insulin decrease in blood glucose was significantly correlated with the pre-insulin BG concentration. Thus, the insulin-induced fall of BG was greatest in T4-treated dogs at rest, in which significantly higher BG levels were found in comparison with controls, and smallest in the same dogs after exercise, i.e. at the lowest initial BG concentrations. The post-insulin hypoglycaemia caused marked increases in the plasma FFA level in control dogs, both at rest and after physical effort, and in T4-treated dogs at rest. They were accompanied by elevations in the plasma adrenaline levels. In T4-treated dogs given insulin after exercise decreases both in the plasma FFA and A concentrations were found. In the majority of the control and T4-treated dogs insulin injected at rest caused an increase in blood LA levels, being more pronounced in the latter. Insulin injected after physical exercise did not change blood LA level in T4 treated dogs, and it caused its decrease in the control animals. The results of these investigations show that both T4-treatment and physical exercise, performed prior to insulin injection, modify the metabolic response to insulin and post-insulin hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine treatment on metabolic responses to a single insulin injection. Metabolic responses to a single i.v. injection of cristalline insulin (0.2 i.u./kg b.w.) were compared in control and T4-treated dogs both at rest and after prolonged physical exercise. The post-insulin decrease in blood glucose was significantly correlated with the pre-insulin BG concentration. Thus, the insulin-induced fall of BG was greatest in T4-treated dogs at rest, in which significantly higher BG levels were found in comparison with controls, and smallest in the same dogs after exercise, i.e. at the lowest initial BG concentrations. The post-insulin hypoglycaemia caused marked increases in the plasma FFA level in control dogs, both at rest and after physical effort, and in T4-treated dogs at rest. They were accompanied by elevations in the plasma adrenaline levels. In T4-treated dogs given insulin after exercise decreases both in the plasma FFA and A concentrations were found. In the majority of the control and T4-treated dogs insulin injected at rest caused an increase in blood LA levels, being more pronounced in the latter. Insulin injected after physical exercise did not change blood LA level in T4 treated dogs, and it caused its decrease in the control animals. The results of these investigations show that both T4-treatment and physical exercise, performed prior to insulin injection, modify the metabolic response to insulin and post-insulin hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 521011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_619", "title": "The chloride phosphate ratio as the screening test for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Serum chloride and phosphate concentrations were measured in 79 hypercalcemic patients. The chloride values were higher (mean 106.7 mEq/l) and phosphate lower (mean 2.08 mg/100 ml) in the 53 hyperparathyroid patients, where as the chloride concentrations were lower (mean 99.3 mEq/l) and phosphate higher (mean 4.07 mg/100 ml) in the 26 patients with hypercalcemia from other causes. The chloride phosphate ratio ranged from 19 to 32 in the subjects with hypercalcemia from other causes with 90 per cent of values less than 30. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism we found 96 per cent of the values more than 34. From our experience with chloride phosphate ratio it seems to us that this ratio is a very useful and simple preliminary test for distinguishing patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from patients with hypercalcemia from other causes, with normal renal functions.", "contents": "The chloride phosphate ratio as the screening test for primary hyperparathyroidism. Serum chloride and phosphate concentrations were measured in 79 hypercalcemic patients. The chloride values were higher (mean 106.7 mEq/l) and phosphate lower (mean 2.08 mg/100 ml) in the 53 hyperparathyroid patients, where as the chloride concentrations were lower (mean 99.3 mEq/l) and phosphate higher (mean 4.07 mg/100 ml) in the 26 patients with hypercalcemia from other causes. The chloride phosphate ratio ranged from 19 to 32 in the subjects with hypercalcemia from other causes with 90 per cent of values less than 30. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism we found 96 per cent of the values more than 34. From our experience with chloride phosphate ratio it seems to us that this ratio is a very useful and simple preliminary test for distinguishing patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from patients with hypercalcemia from other causes, with normal renal functions.", "PMID": 521012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_620", "title": "Changes of maternal and fetal pituitary-adrenocortical functions during human labour.", "content": "The results of maternal 11-hydroxycorticoid (11-OHCS) determination on blood obtained from four stages of 44 spontaneous labour cases showed a strong and time-related maternal adrenocortical activation during vaginal delivery. The high 11-OHCS level in the cord blood and the increase of the 11-OHCS concentration in the amniotic fluid suggested the same response of the fetal adrenal. However, in 14 cases of elective caesarean sections the 11-OHCS levels in the cord blood and the amniotic fluid did not rise in spite of the elevated maternal plasma 11-OHCS content.", "contents": "Changes of maternal and fetal pituitary-adrenocortical functions during human labour. The results of maternal 11-hydroxycorticoid (11-OHCS) determination on blood obtained from four stages of 44 spontaneous labour cases showed a strong and time-related maternal adrenocortical activation during vaginal delivery. The high 11-OHCS level in the cord blood and the increase of the 11-OHCS concentration in the amniotic fluid suggested the same response of the fetal adrenal. However, in 14 cases of elective caesarean sections the 11-OHCS levels in the cord blood and the amniotic fluid did not rise in spite of the elevated maternal plasma 11-OHCS content.", "PMID": 521017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_621", "title": "Adipose tissue cellularity in hypo-and hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "To determine adipose tissue cellularity in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, male rats were thyroidectomized after weaning (T) and injected daily with either 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body weight for 40 days. They were compared with intact controls (C). Both epididymal fat-pad weight and adipocyte diameter were reduced in T+0, T+0.1 and T+25 animals. When corrected per unit of body weight, the diameters of adipocytes from T+0 and T+0.1 animals were larger than in the other groups. Those same animals have reduced absolute adipocyte number but not when corrected per unit of body weight. The fat-pad protein concentration varied conversely with the fat cell diameter. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency reduces the proliferation of fat cells in parallel with body growth while hyperthyroidism causes reduction in the size, but not the number, of fat cells which corresponds to its depletion of fat storage.", "contents": "Adipose tissue cellularity in hypo-and hyperthyroid rats. To determine adipose tissue cellularity in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, male rats were thyroidectomized after weaning (T) and injected daily with either 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body weight for 40 days. They were compared with intact controls (C). Both epididymal fat-pad weight and adipocyte diameter were reduced in T+0, T+0.1 and T+25 animals. When corrected per unit of body weight, the diameters of adipocytes from T+0 and T+0.1 animals were larger than in the other groups. Those same animals have reduced absolute adipocyte number but not when corrected per unit of body weight. The fat-pad protein concentration varied conversely with the fat cell diameter. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency reduces the proliferation of fat cells in parallel with body growth while hyperthyroidism causes reduction in the size, but not the number, of fat cells which corresponds to its depletion of fat storage.", "PMID": 521018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_622", "title": "An imidazole derivative (Econazole) as an antifungal agent in cell culture systems.", "content": "Econazole, an imidazole derivative, was tested as an antifungal agent in different cell culture systems. In comparison with Fungizone, Econazole has the following advantageous properties: higher stability, higher solubility, better antifungal activity against contaminants of cell cultures and a wider range between minimal inhibitory to cytotoxic concentration with Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp., activity against gram-positive bacteria and lower price. Econazole exerts no antiviral effect and can therefore be used for virus isolation from heavily contaminated material. The antagonistic effect of serum on the antifungal effect of Econazole and Fungizone was comparable as was the inhibitory effect of both antimycotics on Mycoplasma growth. In view of the above mentioned properties Econazole lactic acid can be recommended as an antifungal agent for cell culture systems at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml.", "contents": "An imidazole derivative (Econazole) as an antifungal agent in cell culture systems. Econazole, an imidazole derivative, was tested as an antifungal agent in different cell culture systems. In comparison with Fungizone, Econazole has the following advantageous properties: higher stability, higher solubility, better antifungal activity against contaminants of cell cultures and a wider range between minimal inhibitory to cytotoxic concentration with Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp., activity against gram-positive bacteria and lower price. Econazole exerts no antiviral effect and can therefore be used for virus isolation from heavily contaminated material. The antagonistic effect of serum on the antifungal effect of Econazole and Fungizone was comparable as was the inhibitory effect of both antimycotics on Mycoplasma growth. In view of the above mentioned properties Econazole lactic acid can be recommended as an antifungal agent for cell culture systems at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml.", "PMID": 521035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_623", "title": "Major metabolic pathways and hormone production in unstimulated monolayer cultures of the rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "In cell cultures derived from anterior pituitary glands of rats, enzyme activities of cell homogenates and hormone (GH, PRL, LH, and FSH) content of the culture media were measured. Sex differences in enzyme activities representing major metabolic pathways (citrate cycles, pentose cycles, and glycolysis) were demonstrated both in freshly dispersed cells and in 8-day-old cultures; in cultures of both sexes enzyme activities increased during cultivation. In cultures derived from female rats, cell protein doubled by the 12th day and remained constant for up to the 24th day in culture, whereas enzyme activities showed changes suggesting that cell metabolism shifted to anaerobic glycolysis during cultivation. In the culture media the presence of four pituitary hormones was demonstrated for as long as 3 weeks of cultivation with variable secretion dynamics; the release of gonadotropic hormones diminished gradually whereas that of GH remained constant and PRL levels increased with time. These results indicate that under strictly defined culture conditions pituitary cells may function in spite of profound metabolic changes.", "contents": "Major metabolic pathways and hormone production in unstimulated monolayer cultures of the rat anterior pituitary. In cell cultures derived from anterior pituitary glands of rats, enzyme activities of cell homogenates and hormone (GH, PRL, LH, and FSH) content of the culture media were measured. Sex differences in enzyme activities representing major metabolic pathways (citrate cycles, pentose cycles, and glycolysis) were demonstrated both in freshly dispersed cells and in 8-day-old cultures; in cultures of both sexes enzyme activities increased during cultivation. In cultures derived from female rats, cell protein doubled by the 12th day and remained constant for up to the 24th day in culture, whereas enzyme activities showed changes suggesting that cell metabolism shifted to anaerobic glycolysis during cultivation. In the culture media the presence of four pituitary hormones was demonstrated for as long as 3 weeks of cultivation with variable secretion dynamics; the release of gonadotropic hormones diminished gradually whereas that of GH remained constant and PRL levels increased with time. These results indicate that under strictly defined culture conditions pituitary cells may function in spite of profound metabolic changes.", "PMID": 521036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_624", "title": "Corticosteroid-dependent differentiation of human marrow preadipocytes in vitro.", "content": "A unique population of human bone marrow-derived, adherent fibroblastlike cells differentiates to adipocyte morphology when grown in vitro in the presence of horse serum and hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate. Over the initial 8-weeks growth at 37 degrees C, 7% CO2, these cells accumulate Oil Red O-positive lipid and form colonies of over 100 cells, which persist in confluent cultures for over 30 weeks. Similar to cultures derived from mouse marrow, corticosteroid-induced adipocyte differentiation is associated with long-term granulopoiesis. Human marrow preadipocytes, as well as human, mouse and rat embryo fibroblast cell lines, failed to differentiate to adipocyte morphology in the presence of insulin. In contrast, the 3T3-L1 insulin-dependent preadipocyte cell line was not induced to differentiate in the presence of hydrocortisone. These studies demonstrate that human marrow preadipocytes are dependent upon corticosteroid for differentiation in vitro.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-dependent differentiation of human marrow preadipocytes in vitro. A unique population of human bone marrow-derived, adherent fibroblastlike cells differentiates to adipocyte morphology when grown in vitro in the presence of horse serum and hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate. Over the initial 8-weeks growth at 37 degrees C, 7% CO2, these cells accumulate Oil Red O-positive lipid and form colonies of over 100 cells, which persist in confluent cultures for over 30 weeks. Similar to cultures derived from mouse marrow, corticosteroid-induced adipocyte differentiation is associated with long-term granulopoiesis. Human marrow preadipocytes, as well as human, mouse and rat embryo fibroblast cell lines, failed to differentiate to adipocyte morphology in the presence of insulin. In contrast, the 3T3-L1 insulin-dependent preadipocyte cell line was not induced to differentiate in the presence of hydrocortisone. These studies demonstrate that human marrow preadipocytes are dependent upon corticosteroid for differentiation in vitro.", "PMID": 521037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_625", "title": "Mast cell membrane antigens and Fc receptors in anaphylaxis. I. Products of the major histocompatibility complex involved in alloantibody-induced mast cell activation.", "content": "Mast cell membrane antigens, coded by the K, I and D regions of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse, were investigated for their presence at the cell surface and their participation in alloantibody-induced anaphylactic degranulation (DAAD). Anti-H-2 K, as well as anti-H-2 D antibodies were found to elicit DAAD. Recognition, on the mast cell membrane, of any product of the K or the D regions, either as the whole molecule, or as public or private antigens only, or even as a single private specificity, enabled alloimmune sera to trigger mast cell degranulation. By contrast, anti-Ia antibodies failed to elicit DAAD. By the autoradiographic technique, peritoneal mast cells were found to constitute a single homogeneous population, bearing H-2 D-coded antigens, although in smaller amounts than other peritoneal cells, but no Ia antigens or, if any, in much smaller amounts than other peritoneal cell type. These findings bring new evidence that mast cell alloantigens do participate in anaphylactic alloantibody-induced mast cell degranulation, by allowing bridging of (one?) Fc receptor with H-2 molecules.", "contents": "Mast cell membrane antigens and Fc receptors in anaphylaxis. I. Products of the major histocompatibility complex involved in alloantibody-induced mast cell activation. Mast cell membrane antigens, coded by the K, I and D regions of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse, were investigated for their presence at the cell surface and their participation in alloantibody-induced anaphylactic degranulation (DAAD). Anti-H-2 K, as well as anti-H-2 D antibodies were found to elicit DAAD. Recognition, on the mast cell membrane, of any product of the K or the D regions, either as the whole molecule, or as public or private antigens only, or even as a single private specificity, enabled alloimmune sera to trigger mast cell degranulation. By contrast, anti-Ia antibodies failed to elicit DAAD. By the autoradiographic technique, peritoneal mast cells were found to constitute a single homogeneous population, bearing H-2 D-coded antigens, although in smaller amounts than other peritoneal cells, but no Ia antigens or, if any, in much smaller amounts than other peritoneal cell type. These findings bring new evidence that mast cell alloantigens do participate in anaphylactic alloantibody-induced mast cell degranulation, by allowing bridging of (one?) Fc receptor with H-2 molecules.", "PMID": 521051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_626", "title": "IgE and IgG1 antibody production by a soluble product of Ascaris suum in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Third-stage larvae of Ascaris suum cultured to the fourth stage in a chemically defined culture medium produced a substance, the 'ACF antigen', which was allergenic in the guinea-pig. When three different concentrations (3.1, 31 and 62 micrograms) of the ACF antigen were given intraperitoneally, only the highest concentration induced a primary IgE specific antibody response (1:100 titre) as determined with the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Upon secondary exposure all concentrations demonstrated a strong IgE response (1:50,000 peak titre) with very little IgG1 activity (1:100). The secondary IgE responses began to rise on the fourth day, peaked on the sixth day and returned to relatively low levels by the fourteenth day (1:100). The intramuscular administration of the ACF antigen did not induce the extremely high titres of IgE as found with the intraperitoneal injection, but rather a low level response (1:500 peak) which did not differ greatly from the IgG1 response.", "contents": "IgE and IgG1 antibody production by a soluble product of Ascaris suum in the guinea-pig. Third-stage larvae of Ascaris suum cultured to the fourth stage in a chemically defined culture medium produced a substance, the 'ACF antigen', which was allergenic in the guinea-pig. When three different concentrations (3.1, 31 and 62 micrograms) of the ACF antigen were given intraperitoneally, only the highest concentration induced a primary IgE specific antibody response (1:100 titre) as determined with the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Upon secondary exposure all concentrations demonstrated a strong IgE response (1:50,000 peak titre) with very little IgG1 activity (1:100). The secondary IgE responses began to rise on the fourth day, peaked on the sixth day and returned to relatively low levels by the fourteenth day (1:100). The intramuscular administration of the ACF antigen did not induce the extremely high titres of IgE as found with the intraperitoneal injection, but rather a low level response (1:500 peak) which did not differ greatly from the IgG1 response.", "PMID": 521052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_627", "title": "The heterogeneity of Fc receptors on human peripheral mononuclear blood cells.", "content": "Fc-receptor positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) behaved differently after a temperature shift from 4 to 37 degrees. Two types could be distinguished. Type I FcRI+PMBC were transformed to FcR-while type II FcRII+PMBC retained their FcR as measured by EA rosettes. The supernatants of the PMBC or the shed receptor purified on a Sepharose 4B-aggregated human IgG column blocked the EAR formation of FcRI+PMBC but had no effect on EAR information of FcRII+PMBC. An investigation was made into the reason why rosette formation by Fcrii+ cells could not be inhibited by FcRI. As an explanation, the role of differences in affinity or subclass specificity was excluded while the binding site(s) on the IgG molecule for FcRI and II proved to be different. The FcRII+PMBC had a greater cellular avidity for sensitized erythrocytes than FcRI+PMBC. The different states of FcR-s in the cell membrane are discussed as a possible source of heterogeneity.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of Fc receptors on human peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Fc-receptor positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) behaved differently after a temperature shift from 4 to 37 degrees. Two types could be distinguished. Type I FcRI+PMBC were transformed to FcR-while type II FcRII+PMBC retained their FcR as measured by EA rosettes. The supernatants of the PMBC or the shed receptor purified on a Sepharose 4B-aggregated human IgG column blocked the EAR formation of FcRI+PMBC but had no effect on EAR information of FcRII+PMBC. An investigation was made into the reason why rosette formation by Fcrii+ cells could not be inhibited by FcRI. As an explanation, the role of differences in affinity or subclass specificity was excluded while the binding site(s) on the IgG molecule for FcRI and II proved to be different. The FcRII+PMBC had a greater cellular avidity for sensitized erythrocytes than FcRI+PMBC. The different states of FcR-s in the cell membrane are discussed as a possible source of heterogeneity.", "PMID": 521053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_628", "title": "Effect of stimulation and blockade of mononuclear phagocyte system on the delayed footpad reaction to SRBC in mice.", "content": "The delayed footpad reaction to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in mice whose mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was blocked or stimulated. Colloidal carbon or carrageenan was used for the blockade of MPS and Corynebacterium parvum or diethylstilbestrol used for the stimulation. The optimal dose of SRBC for the induction of the delayed footpad reaction was lower in MPS-blocked mice than in non-treated mice, whereas a high dose of SRBC was required for the induction of the strongest delayed footpad reaction in MPS-stimulated mice. These results suggest that non-specific phagocytic function of MPS modulates subsequent immune responses after administration of antigens.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation and blockade of mononuclear phagocyte system on the delayed footpad reaction to SRBC in mice. The delayed footpad reaction to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in mice whose mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was blocked or stimulated. Colloidal carbon or carrageenan was used for the blockade of MPS and Corynebacterium parvum or diethylstilbestrol used for the stimulation. The optimal dose of SRBC for the induction of the delayed footpad reaction was lower in MPS-blocked mice than in non-treated mice, whereas a high dose of SRBC was required for the induction of the strongest delayed footpad reaction in MPS-stimulated mice. These results suggest that non-specific phagocytic function of MPS modulates subsequent immune responses after administration of antigens.", "PMID": 521054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_629", "title": "Fc-mediated immune precipitation. I. A new role of the Fc-portion of IgG.", "content": "By comparing the amounts of precipitate formed by the reaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-HSA F(ab')2 fragments and of the corresponding intact rabbit anti-HSA IgG, respectively, it was found that the Fc portion of IgG was of great importance for the precipitin reaction. In the present antigen-antibody system, about half of the antigen was precipitated by this mechanism. This effect was called Fc-mediated precipitation  and was most clearly expressed in the biologically important zone of low antigen excess and the zone of equivalence. It was found that the pepsin digestion did not change the ability of the F(ab')2 fragments to bind the antigen in comparison to intact IgG. Furthermore, turbidimetric analyses indicated that the Fc portion was involved in the overall mechanism of the precipitin reaction throughout the range of the precipitin curve.", "contents": "Fc-mediated immune precipitation. I. A new role of the Fc-portion of IgG. By comparing the amounts of precipitate formed by the reaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-HSA F(ab')2 fragments and of the corresponding intact rabbit anti-HSA IgG, respectively, it was found that the Fc portion of IgG was of great importance for the precipitin reaction. In the present antigen-antibody system, about half of the antigen was precipitated by this mechanism. This effect was called Fc-mediated precipitation  and was most clearly expressed in the biologically important zone of low antigen excess and the zone of equivalence. It was found that the pepsin digestion did not change the ability of the F(ab')2 fragments to bind the antigen in comparison to intact IgG. Furthermore, turbidimetric analyses indicated that the Fc portion was involved in the overall mechanism of the precipitin reaction throughout the range of the precipitin curve.", "PMID": 521055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_630", "title": "Fc-mediated immune precipitation. II. Analysis of precipitating immune complexes by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation.", "content": "The formation of immune complexes was studied by analytical rate-zonal ultracentrifugation using isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-human serum albumin IgG and of the corresponding F(ab')2 fragments. The F(ab')2 fragments retained full ability to react with the antigenic determinants and to form genuine antigen-antibody complexes. Thus, the difference between the IgG and the F(ab')2 systems was supposed solely to reflect the lack of the Fc portion. The complexes formed with F(ab')2 fragments in the zone of low and moderate antigen excess were found to be distinctively mor soluble than those formed with intact IgG. The data indicated that there were two kinds of precipitating immune complexes, namely antibody-rich and antigen-rich complexes. In the antibody-excess zone and the first part of the equivalence zone the immune complexes precipitated due to their antibody richness. Antigen-rich complexes formed in the zone of low antigen excess precipitate only in the presence of antibody-rich insoluble complexes. It is believed that this type of precipitation was due to an Fc-Fc interaction. This new function of the Fc portion of IgG was designated Fc-mediated immune precipitation.", "contents": "Fc-mediated immune precipitation. II. Analysis of precipitating immune complexes by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation. The formation of immune complexes was studied by analytical rate-zonal ultracentrifugation using isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-human serum albumin IgG and of the corresponding F(ab')2 fragments. The F(ab')2 fragments retained full ability to react with the antigenic determinants and to form genuine antigen-antibody complexes. Thus, the difference between the IgG and the F(ab')2 systems was supposed solely to reflect the lack of the Fc portion. The complexes formed with F(ab')2 fragments in the zone of low and moderate antigen excess were found to be distinctively mor soluble than those formed with intact IgG. The data indicated that there were two kinds of precipitating immune complexes, namely antibody-rich and antigen-rich complexes. In the antibody-excess zone and the first part of the equivalence zone the immune complexes precipitated due to their antibody richness. Antigen-rich complexes formed in the zone of low antigen excess precipitate only in the presence of antibody-rich insoluble complexes. It is believed that this type of precipitation was due to an Fc-Fc interaction. This new function of the Fc portion of IgG was designated Fc-mediated immune precipitation.", "PMID": 521056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_631", "title": "Activation of mouse complement by different classes of mouse antibody.", "content": "The capacity of mouse IgM, IgGl, IgG2 and IgA anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies to activate mouse or guinea-pig complement was studied, using a sensitive haemolytic assay and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis to detect cleavage of mouse C3. Three monoclonal IgM antibodies, and a heterogeneous IgM fraction, lysed trinitrophenylated erythrocytes in the presence of guinea-pig C, but failed to produce lysis in the presence of mouse C. and only activated mouse C3 very inefficiently. A monoclonal IgGl antibody did not produce haemolysis in the presence of guinea-pig or mouse C, but cleaved mouse C3 via the alternative pathway. Two IgA myeloma proteins (M315 and M460) had similar properties. A heterogeneous IgG2 antibody fraction produced haemolysis in the presence of both mouse and guinea-pig C, and was shown to activate both the classical and alternative pathways of mouse C.", "contents": "Activation of mouse complement by different classes of mouse antibody. The capacity of mouse IgM, IgGl, IgG2 and IgA anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies to activate mouse or guinea-pig complement was studied, using a sensitive haemolytic assay and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis to detect cleavage of mouse C3. Three monoclonal IgM antibodies, and a heterogeneous IgM fraction, lysed trinitrophenylated erythrocytes in the presence of guinea-pig C, but failed to produce lysis in the presence of mouse C. and only activated mouse C3 very inefficiently. A monoclonal IgGl antibody did not produce haemolysis in the presence of guinea-pig or mouse C, but cleaved mouse C3 via the alternative pathway. Two IgA myeloma proteins (M315 and M460) had similar properties. A heterogeneous IgG2 antibody fraction produced haemolysis in the presence of both mouse and guinea-pig C, and was shown to activate both the classical and alternative pathways of mouse C.", "PMID": 521057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_632", "title": "Antibody affinity and clearance function studies in high and low antibody affinity mice. The effect of protein deficiency.", "content": "The effect of dietary manipulation on the relationship between macrophage clearance function and antibody affinity has been investigated in genetically selected high and low affinity mice. The results confirm that protein deprivation reduces the clearance rate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kpvp) and the relative affinity (Kr) of antibody to human serum albumin in mice normally producing high affinity antibody. Although protein deprivation of mice of the low affinity line reduced Kpvp, the mean Kr was not altered. Furthermore, although the two lines had significant differences in Kr values there were no demonstrable differences in macrophage clearance function as assessed by clearance of PVP, radiolabelled aggregated IgG and preformed antigen-antibody complexes. Analysis of values of Kr and Kpvp in individual animals indicated that these two parameters are not correlated. These experiments, provide further evidence for the profound effect of dietary manipulation on the immune response and suggest that in these genetically selected mice at least, the genetic control of antibody affinity is exerted at a level other than that measured by macrophage clearance function tests.", "contents": "Antibody affinity and clearance function studies in high and low antibody affinity mice. The effect of protein deficiency. The effect of dietary manipulation on the relationship between macrophage clearance function and antibody affinity has been investigated in genetically selected high and low affinity mice. The results confirm that protein deprivation reduces the clearance rate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kpvp) and the relative affinity (Kr) of antibody to human serum albumin in mice normally producing high affinity antibody. Although protein deprivation of mice of the low affinity line reduced Kpvp, the mean Kr was not altered. Furthermore, although the two lines had significant differences in Kr values there were no demonstrable differences in macrophage clearance function as assessed by clearance of PVP, radiolabelled aggregated IgG and preformed antigen-antibody complexes. Analysis of values of Kr and Kpvp in individual animals indicated that these two parameters are not correlated. These experiments, provide further evidence for the profound effect of dietary manipulation on the immune response and suggest that in these genetically selected mice at least, the genetic control of antibody affinity is exerted at a level other than that measured by macrophage clearance function tests.", "PMID": 521058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_633", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by lipoprotein containing histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "Lipoprotein was isolated from tumour cells by sonication and ultracentrifugal flotation on KBr gradients. It contained H-2 antigen detectable by antibody binding and induced a primary or secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic response in vitro which was H-2 specific. In a syngeneic model only a secondary cell-mediated response was stimulated and no competitive inhibition of the effector step of cell-mediated lysis could be demonstrated. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by lipoprotein containing histocompatibility antigens. Lipoprotein was isolated from tumour cells by sonication and ultracentrifugal flotation on KBr gradients. It contained H-2 antigen detectable by antibody binding and induced a primary or secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic response in vitro which was H-2 specific. In a syngeneic model only a secondary cell-mediated response was stimulated and no competitive inhibition of the effector step of cell-mediated lysis could be demonstrated. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 521060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_634", "title": "Inhibition of IgE binding to tissue culture cells and leucocytes by pentapeptide.", "content": "The specific binding of radiolabelled IgE to a tissue culture lymphoblastoid cell line (Wil-2WT) was confirmed. The binding of IgE and Hamburger's IgE-derived pentapeptide Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg (HEPP) to Wil-2WT cells and to human leucocytes was compared. HEPP inhibition of IgE binding to leucocytes averaged 24% but with Wil-2WT cells only 12% inhibition was observed with double the amount of HEPP. Using myeloma IgE to inhibit the binding of tritiated HEPP to leucocytes and Wil-2WT cells confirmed the specificity of the peptide binding as well as the greater affinity of HEPP for leucocytes (basophils) compared to Wil-2WT lymphoblastoid cells. Based upon the extent of binding and the maximum inhibition attainable with HEPP it is suggested that the receptors for IgE on Wil-2WT cells, basophilic leucocytes and mast cells are not identical but that they share specificities in common. A new hypothesis for the mechanism of action of HEPP is proposed.", "contents": "Inhibition of IgE binding to tissue culture cells and leucocytes by pentapeptide. The specific binding of radiolabelled IgE to a tissue culture lymphoblastoid cell line (Wil-2WT) was confirmed. The binding of IgE and Hamburger's IgE-derived pentapeptide Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg (HEPP) to Wil-2WT cells and to human leucocytes was compared. HEPP inhibition of IgE binding to leucocytes averaged 24% but with Wil-2WT cells only 12% inhibition was observed with double the amount of HEPP. Using myeloma IgE to inhibit the binding of tritiated HEPP to leucocytes and Wil-2WT cells confirmed the specificity of the peptide binding as well as the greater affinity of HEPP for leucocytes (basophils) compared to Wil-2WT lymphoblastoid cells. Based upon the extent of binding and the maximum inhibition attainable with HEPP it is suggested that the receptors for IgE on Wil-2WT cells, basophilic leucocytes and mast cells are not identical but that they share specificities in common. A new hypothesis for the mechanism of action of HEPP is proposed.", "PMID": 521061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_635", "title": "A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine : twin application of a simple principle.", "content": "A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine have been developed by applying the relationship 'force/area = pressure'. Force is applied to a relatively constant area provided by the partially inflated bladder taken from the compression cuff of a sphygmomanometer. Under such circumstances, the rise in pressure is proportional to the force applied, and after calibration, the pressure reading can be used to deduce the force. Thus the force, be it in the form of hand grip strength, or in the form of body weight, can be measured. The maximum isometric hand grip tension measured by the reported device and a standard instrument are well correlated (r = 0.86). The relative load isometric endurance tests performed on the two instruments do not compare favourably (r = 0.23). The estimations of body weight performed on the device described here and a standard machine are very closely related (r = 0.98). The devices are simple, sturdy and inexpensive. Their applications are discussed.", "contents": "A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine : twin application of a simple principle. A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine have been developed by applying the relationship 'force/area = pressure'. Force is applied to a relatively constant area provided by the partially inflated bladder taken from the compression cuff of a sphygmomanometer. Under such circumstances, the rise in pressure is proportional to the force applied, and after calibration, the pressure reading can be used to deduce the force. Thus the force, be it in the form of hand grip strength, or in the form of body weight, can be measured. The maximum isometric hand grip tension measured by the reported device and a standard instrument are well correlated (r = 0.86). The relative load isometric endurance tests performed on the two instruments do not compare favourably (r = 0.23). The estimations of body weight performed on the device described here and a standard machine are very closely related (r = 0.98). The devices are simple, sturdy and inexpensive. Their applications are discussed.", "PMID": 521118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_636", "title": "Diuresis during fluid infusion : buffer nerve and spinal influences on it.", "content": "The rate and cumulative volume of diuresis were measured sequentially for each incremental infusion dose of 5 ml/kg body weight till a 100 ml/kg or more dose was reached. Normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) and tender coconut water (TCW) were infused in three groups each of paraldehyde (PLD), and chloralose and urethane (C & U) anaesthetised dogs. The slow infusion rate of about 0.5 ml/kg/min was used. The RL infusion was repeated in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and spinal dogs with or without intact vagi. During the NS and RL infusion schedules in PLD anaesthetised dogs produced much less urine than C & U groups. The order of minimum to maximum diuretic effect caused by these fluids were RL, NA and TCW in PLD groups and NA, TCW and RL in C & U groups. The study indicates that the type of anaesthesia and the composition of infusion fluid determines the rate of infusion induced diuresis. PLD anaesthesia has antidiuretic effect, which is not overcome by vagotomy. In C & U anaesthetised dogs the vagotomy and CS denervation performed separately greatly increased the rate of infusion induced diuresis but the diuresis largely decreased when combined surgery was performed. The diuresis in spinal dogs was very low, though in the vagotomised-spinal dogs, the rate of diuresis was more than in the spinal dogs.", "contents": "Diuresis during fluid infusion : buffer nerve and spinal influences on it. The rate and cumulative volume of diuresis were measured sequentially for each incremental infusion dose of 5 ml/kg body weight till a 100 ml/kg or more dose was reached. Normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) and tender coconut water (TCW) were infused in three groups each of paraldehyde (PLD), and chloralose and urethane (C & U) anaesthetised dogs. The slow infusion rate of about 0.5 ml/kg/min was used. The RL infusion was repeated in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and spinal dogs with or without intact vagi. During the NS and RL infusion schedules in PLD anaesthetised dogs produced much less urine than C & U groups. The order of minimum to maximum diuretic effect caused by these fluids were RL, NA and TCW in PLD groups and NA, TCW and RL in C & U groups. The study indicates that the type of anaesthesia and the composition of infusion fluid determines the rate of infusion induced diuresis. PLD anaesthesia has antidiuretic effect, which is not overcome by vagotomy. In C & U anaesthetised dogs the vagotomy and CS denervation performed separately greatly increased the rate of infusion induced diuresis but the diuresis largely decreased when combined surgery was performed. The diuresis in spinal dogs was very low, though in the vagotomised-spinal dogs, the rate of diuresis was more than in the spinal dogs.", "PMID": 521119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_637", "title": "Endurance capacity for continuous effort in terms of aerobic and anaerobic fraction of oxygen supply.", "content": "Studies have been conducted on 13 young healthy adults of average fitness on endurance work of varying durations lasting for 2-31 minutes using bicycle ergometer. Aerobic-anaerobic fractions of oxygen supply during each effort was determined. The data from Astrand and Rodahl on aerobic O2--supply and duration in maximal efforts from 1-120 minutes on a highly trained subject have also been considered. The plot of log endurance time against log (aerobic/anaerobic ratio) exhibits a slight departure from linearity, indicating independent contributions from aerobic and anaerobic fractions of oxygen supply. An equation was derived of the form: T - Au1k1u2--k2 where u1 end u2 are the aerobic and anaerobic fractions respectively which has been found to yield highly significant correlation coefficient between log-estimated and log-observed endurance time (0.9996 for Astrand and Rodahl's data on a single subject and 0.9640 for the present data on 13 subjects). This index is, therefore, quite suitable for the assessment of endurance capacity in terms of a single physiological parameter, and is likely to be superior to indices in current use.", "contents": "Endurance capacity for continuous effort in terms of aerobic and anaerobic fraction of oxygen supply. Studies have been conducted on 13 young healthy adults of average fitness on endurance work of varying durations lasting for 2-31 minutes using bicycle ergometer. Aerobic-anaerobic fractions of oxygen supply during each effort was determined. The data from Astrand and Rodahl on aerobic O2--supply and duration in maximal efforts from 1-120 minutes on a highly trained subject have also been considered. The plot of log endurance time against log (aerobic/anaerobic ratio) exhibits a slight departure from linearity, indicating independent contributions from aerobic and anaerobic fractions of oxygen supply. An equation was derived of the form: T - Au1k1u2--k2 where u1 end u2 are the aerobic and anaerobic fractions respectively which has been found to yield highly significant correlation coefficient between log-estimated and log-observed endurance time (0.9996 for Astrand and Rodahl's data on a single subject and 0.9640 for the present data on 13 subjects). This index is, therefore, quite suitable for the assessment of endurance capacity in terms of a single physiological parameter, and is likely to be superior to indices in current use.", "PMID": 521120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_638", "title": "Influence of hormones on accessory sex glands in males.", "content": "Administration of testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin for seven days affected the epididymal lipids markedly whereas seminal vesicular and prostatic lipids were less affected. The increase in total lipids of caput epididymis by testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone was due to an elevation in neutral and phospholipid contents. However, progesterone alone caused an increase in total lipids of the cauda epididymides while oestrogen and prolactin decreased the same. In seminal vesicle and prostate, testosterone elicited a significant rise in total lipids. However, an opposite trend was obvious by the other three hormones. Testosterone alone was effective in elevating the total lipids, phospholipid, cholesterol and glycerides in prostates. Prolactin does not affect the prostatic lipids markedly. The significance of the lipid changes are discussed in relation to various physiological activities of sex accessories.", "contents": "Influence of hormones on accessory sex glands in males. Administration of testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin for seven days affected the epididymal lipids markedly whereas seminal vesicular and prostatic lipids were less affected. The increase in total lipids of caput epididymis by testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone was due to an elevation in neutral and phospholipid contents. However, progesterone alone caused an increase in total lipids of the cauda epididymides while oestrogen and prolactin decreased the same. In seminal vesicle and prostate, testosterone elicited a significant rise in total lipids. However, an opposite trend was obvious by the other three hormones. Testosterone alone was effective in elevating the total lipids, phospholipid, cholesterol and glycerides in prostates. Prolactin does not affect the prostatic lipids markedly. The significance of the lipid changes are discussed in relation to various physiological activities of sex accessories.", "PMID": 521121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_639", "title": "Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level.", "content": "The effect of raw garlic on normal blood cholesterol level in males of the age group of 18-35 years was studied. The subjects, who never ingested garlic before, were given 10 g of garlic daily with their diet for two months. Fasting blood samples were investigated in respect of cholesterol before and after two months of garlic intake. Initially the blood cholesterol level ranged between 160-250 mg% which decreased significantly in all the subjects of experimental group after two months of ingestion of garlic. The slight decrease or increase in the blood cholesterol level of control group was not significant. The raw garlic can be advocated for daily ingestion in order to lower one's blood cholesterol level even if it is within normal limits.", "contents": "Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level. The effect of raw garlic on normal blood cholesterol level in males of the age group of 18-35 years was studied. The subjects, who never ingested garlic before, were given 10 g of garlic daily with their diet for two months. Fasting blood samples were investigated in respect of cholesterol before and after two months of garlic intake. Initially the blood cholesterol level ranged between 160-250 mg% which decreased significantly in all the subjects of experimental group after two months of ingestion of garlic. The slight decrease or increase in the blood cholesterol level of control group was not significant. The raw garlic can be advocated for daily ingestion in order to lower one's blood cholesterol level even if it is within normal limits.", "PMID": 521124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_640", "title": "Effect of pregnancy and thyroidectomy on the rat spleen.", "content": "Pregnancy caused a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the ascorbic acid and cholesterol concentrations in the spleen as compared to the controls, indicating a rise in its metabolic functions. When thyroid gland was removed either from the non-pregnant animals or at different stages of gestation from pregnant animals, there were significant (P less than 0.001) fall in the levels of these biochemical parameters as compared to the corresponding intact groups. These findings indicated that splenic functions undergo certain changes during pregnancy and the thyroid hormones significantly influence them.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy and thyroidectomy on the rat spleen. Pregnancy caused a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the ascorbic acid and cholesterol concentrations in the spleen as compared to the controls, indicating a rise in its metabolic functions. When thyroid gland was removed either from the non-pregnant animals or at different stages of gestation from pregnant animals, there were significant (P less than 0.001) fall in the levels of these biochemical parameters as compared to the corresponding intact groups. These findings indicated that splenic functions undergo certain changes during pregnancy and the thyroid hormones significantly influence them.", "PMID": 521125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_641", "title": "Influence of increased anatomical dead space no functional residual capacity of lungs and the lung clearance index.", "content": "A study of the influence of added anatomical dead space on the functional residual capacity of the lung was carried out on a total number of 40 healthy subjects of ages ranging between 21 and 50 years. The functional residual capacity was found to decrease as additional dead space was introduced in the breathing circuit. This decrease was associated with an increase in tidal volume, lung functions, as given by the lung clearance index, were found to deteriorate with each addition of dead space. There was also an increase in pulse rate in all age groups.", "contents": "Influence of increased anatomical dead space no functional residual capacity of lungs and the lung clearance index. A study of the influence of added anatomical dead space on the functional residual capacity of the lung was carried out on a total number of 40 healthy subjects of ages ranging between 21 and 50 years. The functional residual capacity was found to decrease as additional dead space was introduced in the breathing circuit. This decrease was associated with an increase in tidal volume, lung functions, as given by the lung clearance index, were found to deteriorate with each addition of dead space. There was also an increase in pulse rate in all age groups.", "PMID": 521123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_642", "title": "Possible mechanism of hydrocortisone induced eosinopoenia.", "content": "Hydrocortisone (HC) injection in rabbits induced eosinopoenia (reduction in absolute eosinophil count) which could be successfully abolished by beta--adrenoceptor antagonists, a propranolol, sotalol, practolol and H 35/25 but not by alpha--adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine. Reserpine per se produced eosinopoenia followed by eosinophilia. However, reserpine pretreatment failed to abolish HC-induced eosinopoenia. It is suggested that the eosinopoenia is mediated through beta--adrenoceptors, which could not be differentiated into beta 1/beta 2--adrenoceptor subtypes as has been possible for other beta-adrenoceptor mediated responses.", "contents": "Possible mechanism of hydrocortisone induced eosinopoenia. Hydrocortisone (HC) injection in rabbits induced eosinopoenia (reduction in absolute eosinophil count) which could be successfully abolished by beta--adrenoceptor antagonists, a propranolol, sotalol, practolol and H 35/25 but not by alpha--adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine. Reserpine per se produced eosinopoenia followed by eosinophilia. However, reserpine pretreatment failed to abolish HC-induced eosinopoenia. It is suggested that the eosinopoenia is mediated through beta--adrenoceptors, which could not be differentiated into beta 1/beta 2--adrenoceptor subtypes as has been possible for other beta-adrenoceptor mediated responses.", "PMID": 521126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_643", "title": "The Portsmouth method of external fixation of complicated tibial fractures.", "content": "A New method of external fixation for complicated fractures of the tibia is described. The use of acrylic cement to secure the tibial transfixing pins to the external bar and the ability to apply compression across the fracture site are the salient features of this technique, which is simple to use and inexpensive.", "contents": "The Portsmouth method of external fixation of complicated tibial fractures. A New method of external fixation for complicated fractures of the tibia is described. The use of acrylic cement to secure the tibial transfixing pins to the external bar and the ability to apply compression across the fracture site are the salient features of this technique, which is simple to use and inexpensive.", "PMID": 521133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_644", "title": "Proximal femoral fractures in psychiatric patients.", "content": "During an 8-year period, 122 inpatients of a psychiatric hospital sustained fractures of the proximal part of the femur. They were treated by operative as well as by conservative methods and their subsequent mobility, morbidity and mortality have been reviewed. The results suggest that these patients are best managed within their familiar environment, that femoral head replacement arthroplasty is appropriate for high fractures and that the prevention of bedsores in conservatively treated patients is of great importance.", "contents": "Proximal femoral fractures in psychiatric patients. During an 8-year period, 122 inpatients of a psychiatric hospital sustained fractures of the proximal part of the femur. They were treated by operative as well as by conservative methods and their subsequent mobility, morbidity and mortality have been reviewed. The results suggest that these patients are best managed within their familiar environment, that femoral head replacement arthroplasty is appropriate for high fractures and that the prevention of bedsores in conservatively treated patients is of great importance.", "PMID": 521134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_645", "title": "Histamine receptors in guinea-pig isolated urinary bladder.", "content": "Spasmogenic action of histamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine (H1 receptor agonist) and 4 methyl-histamine (H2 receptor agonist), have been studied in guinea pig isolated urinary bladder in the presence of mepyramine (H1 antagonist) and metiamide (H2 antagonist) to identify the presence of H1 and H2 receptors. The study suggested the presence of H1 as well as H2 receptors in this preparation.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in guinea-pig isolated urinary bladder. Spasmogenic action of histamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine (H1 receptor agonist) and 4 methyl-histamine (H2 receptor agonist), have been studied in guinea pig isolated urinary bladder in the presence of mepyramine (H1 antagonist) and metiamide (H2 antagonist) to identify the presence of H1 and H2 receptors. The study suggested the presence of H1 as well as H2 receptors in this preparation.", "PMID": 521129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_646", "title": "External rotation and abduction fractures around the ankle joint treated by internal fixing using AO instrumentation.", "content": "One hundred and three displaced malleolar fractures of the ankle joint were treated by one orthopaedic firm between 1968 and 1974. Originally, 150 patients were reviewed, but 47 patients were excluded from the series for the following reasons: associated fractures of the lower tibia (10), associated fractures of the talus (3), inadequate follow-up (15) and patients lost to follow-up (19). Only patients who were followed up for at least one year were included in the series. The purpose of this study is to present the results obtained by treating displaced malleolar fractures using AO instrumentation.", "contents": "External rotation and abduction fractures around the ankle joint treated by internal fixing using AO instrumentation. One hundred and three displaced malleolar fractures of the ankle joint were treated by one orthopaedic firm between 1968 and 1974. Originally, 150 patients were reviewed, but 47 patients were excluded from the series for the following reasons: associated fractures of the lower tibia (10), associated fractures of the talus (3), inadequate follow-up (15) and patients lost to follow-up (19). Only patients who were followed up for at least one year were included in the series. The purpose of this study is to present the results obtained by treating displaced malleolar fractures using AO instrumentation.", "PMID": 521136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_647", "title": "Antispasmodic activity of the tertiary base of Daucus carota, Linn. seeds.", "content": "A nitrogen containing base responding to Mayer's test and Dragendorff's reagent for tertiary bases has been isolated from the seeds of Daucus carota Linn. The effects of the base as its bromide have been studied on smooth muscles of ileum, uterus, blood vessels and trachea of different species of animals. The tertiary base has been found to have papaverine like nonspecific smooth muscle relaxant and spasmolytic activity, but its activity was found to be about one-tenth of that of papaverine.", "contents": "Antispasmodic activity of the tertiary base of Daucus carota, Linn. seeds. A nitrogen containing base responding to Mayer's test and Dragendorff's reagent for tertiary bases has been isolated from the seeds of Daucus carota Linn. The effects of the base as its bromide have been studied on smooth muscles of ileum, uterus, blood vessels and trachea of different species of animals. The tertiary base has been found to have papaverine like nonspecific smooth muscle relaxant and spasmolytic activity, but its activity was found to be about one-tenth of that of papaverine.", "PMID": 521127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_648", "title": "Effect of some drugs on human appendix in vitro.", "content": "Muscarinic action of acetylcholine was demonstrated in the human isolated appendix. Histamine-induced contractions seemed to the mediated by H1 receptors. Nicotine and DMPP-induced contractions were mediated through their action on ganglion cells. Experiments with adrenergic drugs suggested the presence of beta receptors.", "contents": "Effect of some drugs on human appendix in vitro. Muscarinic action of acetylcholine was demonstrated in the human isolated appendix. Histamine-induced contractions seemed to the mediated by H1 receptors. Nicotine and DMPP-induced contractions were mediated through their action on ganglion cells. Experiments with adrenergic drugs suggested the presence of beta receptors.", "PMID": 521128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_649", "title": "Avulsion of the cranial margin of the scapula: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of avulsion of the cranial margin of the scapula are presented. A review of the literature shows that the injury is usually part of more serious shoulder trauma, but the results of conservative management are excellent.", "contents": "Avulsion of the cranial margin of the scapula: a report of two cases. Two cases of avulsion of the cranial margin of the scapula are presented. A review of the literature shows that the injury is usually part of more serious shoulder trauma, but the results of conservative management are excellent.", "PMID": 521139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_650", "title": "An analysis of the pattern of facial injuries in a general accident department.", "content": "Over a period of one year 20 549 new patients attended an accident and emergency department. Of these patients, 15 555 were victims of accidents, including 875 who had sustained facial injuries. This latter group comprised 609 patients with soft tissue trauma and 266 with skeletal injury. The frequency, aetiology, age and sex distribution of the facial injuries were analysed and compared with other published statistical surveys of facial injury. It is concluded that facial injuries constitute a significant proportion of the work of a civilian accident unit and that any accident service must have adequate facilities for the management of these injuries.", "contents": "An analysis of the pattern of facial injuries in a general accident department. Over a period of one year 20 549 new patients attended an accident and emergency department. Of these patients, 15 555 were victims of accidents, including 875 who had sustained facial injuries. This latter group comprised 609 patients with soft tissue trauma and 266 with skeletal injury. The frequency, aetiology, age and sex distribution of the facial injuries were analysed and compared with other published statistical surveys of facial injury. It is concluded that facial injuries constitute a significant proportion of the work of a civilian accident unit and that any accident service must have adequate facilities for the management of these injuries.", "PMID": 521142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_651", "title": "Acute blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in a child.", "content": "Diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma is rare in childhood. The possibility of such injury must be borne in mind whenever blunt abdominal and chest trauma is encountered. This paper reports a case of diaphragmatic rupture in a child with multiple injuries sustained in a road accident.", "contents": "Acute blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in a child. Diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma is rare in childhood. The possibility of such injury must be borne in mind whenever blunt abdominal and chest trauma is encountered. This paper reports a case of diaphragmatic rupture in a child with multiple injuries sustained in a road accident.", "PMID": 521143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_652", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with pneumothorax or pneumopericardium: a surgical dilemma in the injured patient.", "content": "Three cases of 'idiopathic pneumoperitoneum' following injury are reviewed. Two cases occurred several days after initial injury and were associated with post-traumatic pneumothorax and artificial respiration. It is likely that artificial respiration induced pneumoperitoneum in these cases. The third case of pneumoperitoneum occurred one hour after initial injury and was associated with bilateral pneumothoraces and pneumopericardium. Congenital abnormalities and tension pneumothorax were thought to account for this case of 'idiopathic pneumoperitoneum'.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with pneumothorax or pneumopericardium: a surgical dilemma in the injured patient. Three cases of 'idiopathic pneumoperitoneum' following injury are reviewed. Two cases occurred several days after initial injury and were associated with post-traumatic pneumothorax and artificial respiration. It is likely that artificial respiration induced pneumoperitoneum in these cases. The third case of pneumoperitoneum occurred one hour after initial injury and was associated with bilateral pneumothoraces and pneumopericardium. Congenital abnormalities and tension pneumothorax were thought to account for this case of 'idiopathic pneumoperitoneum'.", "PMID": 521144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_653", "title": "Traumatic closed avulsion of the upper ureter.", "content": "Six cases of avulsion injury to the pelvi-ureteric junction due to blunt abdominal trauma are reported. Primary repair was done in three cases and nephrectomy in the rest. The special problems in the diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Pelvi-ureteric junction rupture due to blunt external trauma is a distinct clinical entity. The early diagnosis of the injury is rendered difficult by the paucity of early clinical signs and symptoms. A high index of clinical suspicion and early intravenous pyelography in suspected cases will improve the percentage of cases diagnosed. The treatment of choice is primary repair by ureteropelvic anastomosis. In selected cases where primary anastomosis is not possible procedures such as ureterocalycostomy or the use of an ileal segment may be feasible. As the injury commonly occurs in young children, renal preservation is of paramount importance and nephrectomy should be performed only as a last resort.", "contents": "Traumatic closed avulsion of the upper ureter. Six cases of avulsion injury to the pelvi-ureteric junction due to blunt abdominal trauma are reported. Primary repair was done in three cases and nephrectomy in the rest. The special problems in the diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Pelvi-ureteric junction rupture due to blunt external trauma is a distinct clinical entity. The early diagnosis of the injury is rendered difficult by the paucity of early clinical signs and symptoms. A high index of clinical suspicion and early intravenous pyelography in suspected cases will improve the percentage of cases diagnosed. The treatment of choice is primary repair by ureteropelvic anastomosis. In selected cases where primary anastomosis is not possible procedures such as ureterocalycostomy or the use of an ileal segment may be feasible. As the injury commonly occurs in young children, renal preservation is of paramount importance and nephrectomy should be performed only as a last resort.", "PMID": 521145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_654", "title": "The value of the Hoffmann skeletal fixation in the management of cross-leg flaps, particularly those injuries complicated by open fractures of the tibia.", "content": "The Hoffmann external fixator has been used to immobilize lower limbs for the application of cross-leg flaps in the presence of tibial fractures. The legs and the fracture are held rigidly in the optimal position during and after the operation, with ease of adjustment and excellent access to the flap. There is relatively less weight on the legs than when using a plaster cast, and with the joints free, the patient is much more mobile in bed.", "contents": "The value of the Hoffmann skeletal fixation in the management of cross-leg flaps, particularly those injuries complicated by open fractures of the tibia. The Hoffmann external fixator has been used to immobilize lower limbs for the application of cross-leg flaps in the presence of tibial fractures. The legs and the fracture are held rigidly in the optimal position during and after the operation, with ease of adjustment and excellent access to the flap. There is relatively less weight on the legs than when using a plaster cast, and with the joints free, the patient is much more mobile in bed.", "PMID": 521148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_655", "title": "A method of internal fixation of supracondylar fractures of the femur.", "content": "From 1968 to 1977 13 supracondylar fractures of the femur in patients aged 16 to 82 years were treated by fixing the fracture with a Wright knee plate. The technique described is bone suture rather than rigid fixation. Reasonably good functional results were obtained in all cases.", "contents": "A method of internal fixation of supracondylar fractures of the femur. From 1968 to 1977 13 supracondylar fractures of the femur in patients aged 16 to 82 years were treated by fixing the fracture with a Wright knee plate. The technique described is bone suture rather than rigid fixation. Reasonably good functional results were obtained in all cases.", "PMID": 521149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_656", "title": "Early weight bearing in the treatment of fractures of the tibia.", "content": "The paper describes a simple and effective practical method of dealing with the fractures of the tibia by means of a long-leg walking plaster-of-Paris cast. The results are assessed in a series of 44 patients, 28 of whom were treated by early weight bearing, while the remaining 16 were treated by traditional closed methods. A simple system of grading tibial fractures is described in order to facilitate valid comparisons. The results conclusively show that the early weight bearing regime results in the fractures uniting in half the time of the late weight bearing series. Details of two cases in each grade of the early weight bearing series are given.", "contents": "Early weight bearing in the treatment of fractures of the tibia. The paper describes a simple and effective practical method of dealing with the fractures of the tibia by means of a long-leg walking plaster-of-Paris cast. The results are assessed in a series of 44 patients, 28 of whom were treated by early weight bearing, while the remaining 16 were treated by traditional closed methods. A simple system of grading tibial fractures is described in order to facilitate valid comparisons. The results conclusively show that the early weight bearing regime results in the fractures uniting in half the time of the late weight bearing series. Details of two cases in each grade of the early weight bearing series are given.", "PMID": 521150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_657", "title": "Treatment of subcapital femoral fractures by primary total hip replacement.", "content": "Primary total hip replacement for displaced subcapital fractures may be performed with an acceptable mortality. The majority of a series of patients who were reviewed after operation experienced few symptoms and 87 per cent were able to walk independently. These results compared favourably with other forms of management, and deterioration was seldom observed.", "contents": "Treatment of subcapital femoral fractures by primary total hip replacement. Primary total hip replacement for displaced subcapital fractures may be performed with an acceptable mortality. The majority of a series of patients who were reviewed after operation experienced few symptoms and 87 per cent were able to walk independently. These results compared favourably with other forms of management, and deterioration was seldom observed.", "PMID": 521151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_658", "title": "The role of computerized tomography in the care of the injured.", "content": "The records of 377 patients with head injuries admitted to the South East Thames Regional Neurosurgical Unit in the two years following the introduction of the EMI scanner (computerized tomography) were examined. Each patient was assessed on the reason for transfer, the necessity for transfer, the safety of transfer and whether immediate access to a scanner would have altered management. The results show that the majority of patients were referred because of a  possible intracranial haematoma. Thirty per cent of the patients required operation, in 6 per cent transfer was unnecessary and 10 per cent arrived with inadequate resuscitation. It is suggested that with a wider deployment of head-dedicated scanners to some accident centres, the number of patients with head injuries at present being transferred to special units for assessment would be reduced substantially, with improvement of patient care.", "contents": "The role of computerized tomography in the care of the injured. The records of 377 patients with head injuries admitted to the South East Thames Regional Neurosurgical Unit in the two years following the introduction of the EMI scanner (computerized tomography) were examined. Each patient was assessed on the reason for transfer, the necessity for transfer, the safety of transfer and whether immediate access to a scanner would have altered management. The results show that the majority of patients were referred because of a  possible intracranial haematoma. Thirty per cent of the patients required operation, in 6 per cent transfer was unnecessary and 10 per cent arrived with inadequate resuscitation. It is suggested that with a wider deployment of head-dedicated scanners to some accident centres, the number of patients with head injuries at present being transferred to special units for assessment would be reduced substantially, with improvement of patient care.", "PMID": 521152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_659", "title": "Image intensifier as an aid to insertion of the Zickel nail apparatus for proximal femoral fractures.", "content": "Technical problems have been encountered when using the usual method of implanting the Zickel nail. We have attempted to overcome them by placing the patient on an orthopaedic table and screening the femur using an image intensifier. The results, and the particular ways in which this technique has helped, are described.", "contents": "Image intensifier as an aid to insertion of the Zickel nail apparatus for proximal femoral fractures. Technical problems have been encountered when using the usual method of implanting the Zickel nail. We have attempted to overcome them by placing the patient on an orthopaedic table and screening the femur using an image intensifier. The results, and the particular ways in which this technique has helped, are described.", "PMID": 521153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_660", "title": "Axillary artery occlusion with erect dislocation of the shoulder.", "content": "Occlusion of the axillary artery occurred in a man with erect dislocation (luxatio erecta) of the shoulder. This combination of injuries has not previously been reported. The arterial injury was demonstrated by arteriography and repaired by a vein graft. There was an associated fracture of the greater tuberosity of the humerus, which required open reduction and internal fixation.", "contents": "Axillary artery occlusion with erect dislocation of the shoulder. Occlusion of the axillary artery occurred in a man with erect dislocation (luxatio erecta) of the shoulder. This combination of injuries has not previously been reported. The arterial injury was demonstrated by arteriography and repaired by a vein graft. There was an associated fracture of the greater tuberosity of the humerus, which required open reduction and internal fixation.", "PMID": 521154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_661", "title": "Acute nerve injury as a complication of closed fractures or dislocations of the elbow.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with acute injury of either the median, ulnar, radial, anterior interosseous or posterior interosseous nerves associated with 1540 closed fractures or dislocations of the elbow have been reviewed. The mean time of follow-up was three years and nine months. Nine patients, 6 of whom had ulnar nerve lesions, had persistent evidence of nerve damage. Five patients sustained median nerve lesions complicating supracondylar fractures of the humerus. One patient, in whom there was no evidence of nerve recovery at five months, made a full recovery following neurolysis. Of the 9 patients who sustained ulnar nerve lesions, 2 required neurolysis and anterior transposition of the nerve, at two months and five months respectively, to facilitate recovery. Except for one patient with persistent radial paraesthesiae, full spontaneous recovery occurred in 7 patients who had sustained either anterior interosseous, posterior interosseous or radial nerve lesions.", "contents": "Acute nerve injury as a complication of closed fractures or dislocations of the elbow. Twenty-one patients with acute injury of either the median, ulnar, radial, anterior interosseous or posterior interosseous nerves associated with 1540 closed fractures or dislocations of the elbow have been reviewed. The mean time of follow-up was three years and nine months. Nine patients, 6 of whom had ulnar nerve lesions, had persistent evidence of nerve damage. Five patients sustained median nerve lesions complicating supracondylar fractures of the humerus. One patient, in whom there was no evidence of nerve recovery at five months, made a full recovery following neurolysis. Of the 9 patients who sustained ulnar nerve lesions, 2 required neurolysis and anterior transposition of the nerve, at two months and five months respectively, to facilitate recovery. Except for one patient with persistent radial paraesthesiae, full spontaneous recovery occurred in 7 patients who had sustained either anterior interosseous, posterior interosseous or radial nerve lesions.", "PMID": 521155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_662", "title": "An improved orthopaedic stirrup.", "content": "A single RPH universal stirrup covers the many types of traction needed in orthopaedic practice. It reduces the torque load on the Steinmann pin, thereby diminishing the rate of loosening of the pin in the bone. From our experience with the stirrup at the Royal Perth Hospital, savings in ward costs can be achieved by shortening the time in hospital and reducing the need for antibiotic cover, by decreasing maintenance costs and by reducing the size of the appliance stock kept to cover the range of tractions used in orthopaedic practice.", "contents": "An improved orthopaedic stirrup. A single RPH universal stirrup covers the many types of traction needed in orthopaedic practice. It reduces the torque load on the Steinmann pin, thereby diminishing the rate of loosening of the pin in the bone. From our experience with the stirrup at the Royal Perth Hospital, savings in ward costs can be achieved by shortening the time in hospital and reducing the need for antibiotic cover, by decreasing maintenance costs and by reducing the size of the appliance stock kept to cover the range of tractions used in orthopaedic practice.", "PMID": 521157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_663", "title": "Roadside medical care in Cambridgeshire.", "content": "The Mid-Anglia General Practitioner Accident Service (MAGPAS), established in 1972 to provide medical care at accident sites before the arrival of the ambulance and to assist ambulance crews with the severely injured, is discussed. Analysis of accident report forms returned by MAGPAS doctors is given.", "contents": "Roadside medical care in Cambridgeshire. The Mid-Anglia General Practitioner Accident Service (MAGPAS), established in 1972 to provide medical care at accident sites before the arrival of the ambulance and to assist ambulance crews with the severely injured, is discussed. Analysis of accident report forms returned by MAGPAS doctors is given.", "PMID": 521159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_664", "title": "Roadside care and rescue American style.", "content": "The development of an emergency services system in the USA is described, including the training of paramedical personnel. The increase in the survival rate of the severely injured appears to be impressive and it is suggested that lessons can be learned from the American system.", "contents": "Roadside care and rescue American style. The development of an emergency services system in the USA is described, including the training of paramedical personnel. The increase in the survival rate of the severely injured appears to be impressive and it is suggested that lessons can be learned from the American system.", "PMID": 521160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_665", "title": "Development of an emergency services system--the Israeli example.", "content": "The Israeli emergency medical services system is discussed from the author's experience during a month's visit to Israel in July 1978. The impressive practical attitude of the Israelis to first aid has resulted from the threat of war and of terrorist activities, and has been influenced by developments in emergency care in the USA.", "contents": "Development of an emergency services system--the Israeli example. The Israeli emergency medical services system is discussed from the author's experience during a month's visit to Israel in July 1978. The impressive practical attitude of the Israelis to first aid has resulted from the threat of war and of terrorist activities, and has been influenced by developments in emergency care in the USA.", "PMID": 521161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_666", "title": "Individual and community: normative conflicts in the development of a new therapeutic community for older persons.", "content": "This paper examines the role of ideology in the establishment of a new therapeutic community for geriatric patients in a state mental hospital. Contradictory role expectations, reflected both in staff-staff and in staff-patient relationship, interfered with the program's achieving its stated goals. In order to apply a humanistic approach to programs for elderly patients, realistic goals-encompassing the range of patient competence-must be set within a reasonable time framework, and the program must provide for an appropriate range of structure.", "contents": "Individual and community: normative conflicts in the development of a new therapeutic community for older persons. This paper examines the role of ideology in the establishment of a new therapeutic community for geriatric patients in a state mental hospital. Contradictory role expectations, reflected both in staff-staff and in staff-patient relationship, interfered with the program's achieving its stated goals. In order to apply a humanistic approach to programs for elderly patients, realistic goals-encompassing the range of patient competence-must be set within a reasonable time framework, and the program must provide for an appropriate range of structure.", "PMID": 521183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_667", "title": "Significant elements in the relationship of long-married couples.", "content": "A descriptive study of factors in the lifestyle of fifty couples married an average of 55.5 years and an average age of seventy-nine years provided data for this report. The non-random sample was heterogeneous using traditional socio-economic indicators. Life-Satisfaction (LSI-Z), Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment scores, and perception of health were all high. More than half the sample were now or had been sexually active within the past five years. Independence, commitment, companionship and qualities of caring were significant elements in these long-lasting marriages.", "contents": "Significant elements in the relationship of long-married couples. A descriptive study of factors in the lifestyle of fifty couples married an average of 55.5 years and an average age of seventy-nine years provided data for this report. The non-random sample was heterogeneous using traditional socio-economic indicators. Life-Satisfaction (LSI-Z), Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment scores, and perception of health were all high. More than half the sample were now or had been sexually active within the past five years. Independence, commitment, companionship and qualities of caring were significant elements in these long-lasting marriages.", "PMID": 521184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_668", "title": "Life-history interviews of aging gay men.", "content": "Homosexual men and women have seldom been studied by gerontologists and almost nothing is known about the lifestyles, pattern of development through the adult years, and the effect of homosexuality on aging. Fourteen gay men, ranging in age from fifty-five to eighty-one, were interviewed about their life history and experiences of aging as gay men. Three of the respondents had long-term relationships that lasted up to forty years; two had experienced the death of a lover and had begun a new long-term relationship; four had been married to women and two had children (one unmarried man adopted a son and is now a grandfather). The wide diversity of their patterns of aging, the presence of positive aspects of gay aging, and the high life satisfaction of many of the respondents contradict the stereotype of the lonely, isolated old gay man.", "contents": "Life-history interviews of aging gay men. Homosexual men and women have seldom been studied by gerontologists and almost nothing is known about the lifestyles, pattern of development through the adult years, and the effect of homosexuality on aging. Fourteen gay men, ranging in age from fifty-five to eighty-one, were interviewed about their life history and experiences of aging as gay men. Three of the respondents had long-term relationships that lasted up to forty years; two had experienced the death of a lover and had begun a new long-term relationship; four had been married to women and two had children (one unmarried man adopted a son and is now a grandfather). The wide diversity of their patterns of aging, the presence of positive aspects of gay aging, and the high life satisfaction of many of the respondents contradict the stereotype of the lonely, isolated old gay man.", "PMID": 521182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_669", "title": "Ethnicity, aging and mental health.", "content": "The relationship between ethnicity and mental health deserves more consideration than it usually receives if we are to understand how values translate into behavior. This question could be explored productively with a variety of subgroups, but in this paper the emphasis will be on the aged. What is the relationship between ethnicity and the mental health problems of the elderly in American society? This paper offers some suggestions and reviews some data that might encourage further efforts in this area.", "contents": "Ethnicity, aging and mental health. The relationship between ethnicity and mental health deserves more consideration than it usually receives if we are to understand how values translate into behavior. This question could be explored productively with a variety of subgroups, but in this paper the emphasis will be on the aged. What is the relationship between ethnicity and the mental health problems of the elderly in American society? This paper offers some suggestions and reviews some data that might encourage further efforts in this area.", "PMID": 521187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_670", "title": "Young adults' relations with their grandparents: an exploratory study.", "content": "Some of the major aspects of the relationship between young adult grandchildren and their grandparents were examined. A sample of 269 undergraduate females, each with at least one living grandparent, responded to a survey instrument that assessed their current frequency of interaction and perceived emotional closeness with respect to each living grandparent. Results suggested that the grandparent's kin position relative to the grandchild was a critical variable, more so than the grandparent's sex, in influencing the intensity of the bond, Adult grandchildren tended to be significantly closer to maternal than paternal grandparents, and were significantly closer emotionally to the maternal grandmother than to each of the other grandparents. Also found was a wide variability among young adult grandchildren in their current involvement and emotional attachment to grandparents.", "contents": "Young adults' relations with their grandparents: an exploratory study. Some of the major aspects of the relationship between young adult grandchildren and their grandparents were examined. A sample of 269 undergraduate females, each with at least one living grandparent, responded to a survey instrument that assessed their current frequency of interaction and perceived emotional closeness with respect to each living grandparent. Results suggested that the grandparent's kin position relative to the grandchild was a critical variable, more so than the grandparent's sex, in influencing the intensity of the bond, Adult grandchildren tended to be significantly closer to maternal than paternal grandparents, and were significantly closer emotionally to the maternal grandmother than to each of the other grandparents. Also found was a wide variability among young adult grandchildren in their current involvement and emotional attachment to grandparents.", "PMID": 521188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_671", "title": "Change in significant other relationship and life satisfaction in the aged.", "content": "Changes in the choice of significant others from pre- to postinstitutionalization were examined in relation to life satisfaction in a population of well-aged retirement home residents. A total of fifty-nine residents, both male and female, ranging in age from 69 to 101 placed in three groups based on length of residence (Group 1 - up to 2 years, Group 2 - 3 to 8 years and Group 3 - 9 to 17 years), and asked to indicate whether a relative, or friend was most important to them at both pre- and postinstitutionalization. Reported preferences were examined in relation to subject scores on the Life Satisfaction Index - A (LSI-A). Significant changes in reported preferences, from pre- to postinstitutionalization were found only in Group 3, with the shift being away from relatives. LSI-A score differences between the groups were significant, only in the Group 1 vs 3 comparison. Analysis of LSI-A scores for residents who changed vs those who did not change pre- to postpreferences produced significant differences within the three groups with change individuals achieving higher scores in Groups 2 and 3. It was concluded that a shift in significant relationships away from the family may be an important factor in successful adjustment to a retirement home.", "contents": "Change in significant other relationship and life satisfaction in the aged. Changes in the choice of significant others from pre- to postinstitutionalization were examined in relation to life satisfaction in a population of well-aged retirement home residents. A total of fifty-nine residents, both male and female, ranging in age from 69 to 101 placed in three groups based on length of residence (Group 1 - up to 2 years, Group 2 - 3 to 8 years and Group 3 - 9 to 17 years), and asked to indicate whether a relative, or friend was most important to them at both pre- and postinstitutionalization. Reported preferences were examined in relation to subject scores on the Life Satisfaction Index - A (LSI-A). Significant changes in reported preferences, from pre- to postinstitutionalization were found only in Group 3, with the shift being away from relatives. LSI-A score differences between the groups were significant, only in the Group 1 vs 3 comparison. Analysis of LSI-A scores for residents who changed vs those who did not change pre- to postpreferences produced significant differences within the three groups with change individuals achieving higher scores in Groups 2 and 3. It was concluded that a shift in significant relationships away from the family may be an important factor in successful adjustment to a retirement home.", "PMID": 521185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_672", "title": "The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction.", "content": "The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction were analyzed using data collected in three recent national surveys. Financial situation was a slightly stronger predictor of life satisfaction for persons under age sixty-five, whereas health condition had a stronger impact on the life satisfaction of persons over age sixty-four. An attempt was made to quantify the relative impact of health and income on life satisfaction through an analysis of conjoint influence with contingency tables.", "contents": "The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction. The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction were analyzed using data collected in three recent national surveys. Financial situation was a slightly stronger predictor of life satisfaction for persons under age sixty-five, whereas health condition had a stronger impact on the life satisfaction of persons over age sixty-four. An attempt was made to quantify the relative impact of health and income on life satisfaction through an analysis of conjoint influence with contingency tables.", "PMID": 521186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_673", "title": "Methionine enkephalin and isosteric analogues. I. Synthesis on a phenolic resin support.", "content": "An efficient synthesis of methionine enkephalin using a phenolic resin support is described. Analogues modified at their C-termini, such as peptide acids, amides, methyl esters and compounds formed by their reduction, were prepared conveniently from common peptide phenyl ester resins. The resin was used in the synthesis of complex isosterically modified analogues designed to investigate the role of peptide backbone plays in receptor interaction. Free hexapeptide phenyl ester resins underwent intramolecular aminolysis liberating the corresponding cyclic peptides.", "contents": "Methionine enkephalin and isosteric analogues. I. Synthesis on a phenolic resin support. An efficient synthesis of methionine enkephalin using a phenolic resin support is described. Analogues modified at their C-termini, such as peptide acids, amides, methyl esters and compounds formed by their reduction, were prepared conveniently from common peptide phenyl ester resins. The resin was used in the synthesis of complex isosterically modified analogues designed to investigate the role of peptide backbone plays in receptor interaction. Free hexapeptide phenyl ester resins underwent intramolecular aminolysis liberating the corresponding cyclic peptides.", "PMID": 521205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_674", "title": "Structural biochemistry. 17. Synthesis of tryptophan dipeptides.", "content": "Boc-Trp-Leu hydrazide has been found to significantly inhibit growth of the L-1210 and P388 murine lymphocytic leukemias. A series of related tryptophan dipeptides were prepared and found to be devoid of such activity. The tryptophan dipeptides were most conveniently obtained employing the DCCI-NHS peptide bond-forming procedure.", "contents": "Structural biochemistry. 17. Synthesis of tryptophan dipeptides. Boc-Trp-Leu hydrazide has been found to significantly inhibit growth of the L-1210 and P388 murine lymphocytic leukemias. A series of related tryptophan dipeptides were prepared and found to be devoid of such activity. The tryptophan dipeptides were most conveniently obtained employing the DCCI-NHS peptide bond-forming procedure.", "PMID": 521206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_675", "title": "Reduction of beta-endorphin content in the rat pituitary after dehydration and adrenalectomy.", "content": "Both dehydration and adrenalectomy of rats caused a significant reduction of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the pituitary gland. Beta-Endorphin in hypothalamus, however, was not altered in either dehydrated or adrenalectomized rats.", "contents": "Reduction of beta-endorphin content in the rat pituitary after dehydration and adrenalectomy. Both dehydration and adrenalectomy of rats caused a significant reduction of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the pituitary gland. Beta-Endorphin in hypothalamus, however, was not altered in either dehydrated or adrenalectomized rats.", "PMID": 521207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_676", "title": "Aminonitriles and aminothioamides related to natural amino acids.", "content": "N-p-Methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl and N-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl amino acid amides related to a series of natural amino acids were dehydrated to the corresponding Meoz- and Boc-alpha-aminonitriles. Deprotection of the latter derivatives afforded alpha-aminonitriles related to alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, dihydrophenylalanine, histidine, Dopa, ornithine, asparagine and glutamine. Thioamidation with H2S/NH3 or H2S/NEt3 in general converted the protected amino nitriles to Meoz- and Boc-alpha-aminothioamides. When deprotected these furnished the alpha-aminothioamides corresponding to alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, dihydrophenylalanine and histidine. For dehydration and thioamidation of histidine and Dopa, N alpha-Boc-im trityl-histidine and N-Boc-O, O'-diacetyldihydroxyphenylalanine were useful. Dopa was obtained as the free and Boc-thiohydrazide. Also prepared were N alpha,omega-diMeoz-ornithine DCHA, Meoz-2,5-dihydrophenylalanine DCHA and N,O-diMeoz-tyrosine as starting materials and N,O-dicarbobenzyloxycarbonyltyrosinamide, N,O-diZ-tyrosine nitrile and Z-beta-cyano-beta-alaninamide as model compounds. During deprotection of Meoz-alanine thioamide, transfer of an anisyl group from the N-Meoz protecting group to sulfur took place as a side reaction that yielded alanine p-methoxybenzyl beta-imidothiolic ester. This study provides two new series of amino acid analogs with potential antimetabolite activity. Also suitable for incorporation into peptide analogs, these afford approaches to relating structure and conformation to activity in biologically active peptides.", "contents": "Aminonitriles and aminothioamides related to natural amino acids. N-p-Methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl and N-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl amino acid amides related to a series of natural amino acids were dehydrated to the corresponding Meoz- and Boc-alpha-aminonitriles. Deprotection of the latter derivatives afforded alpha-aminonitriles related to alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, dihydrophenylalanine, histidine, Dopa, ornithine, asparagine and glutamine. Thioamidation with H2S/NH3 or H2S/NEt3 in general converted the protected amino nitriles to Meoz- and Boc-alpha-aminothioamides. When deprotected these furnished the alpha-aminothioamides corresponding to alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, dihydrophenylalanine and histidine. For dehydration and thioamidation of histidine and Dopa, N alpha-Boc-im trityl-histidine and N-Boc-O, O'-diacetyldihydroxyphenylalanine were useful. Dopa was obtained as the free and Boc-thiohydrazide. Also prepared were N alpha,omega-diMeoz-ornithine DCHA, Meoz-2,5-dihydrophenylalanine DCHA and N,O-diMeoz-tyrosine as starting materials and N,O-dicarbobenzyloxycarbonyltyrosinamide, N,O-diZ-tyrosine nitrile and Z-beta-cyano-beta-alaninamide as model compounds. During deprotection of Meoz-alanine thioamide, transfer of an anisyl group from the N-Meoz protecting group to sulfur took place as a side reaction that yielded alanine p-methoxybenzyl beta-imidothiolic ester. This study provides two new series of amino acid analogs with potential antimetabolite activity. Also suitable for incorporation into peptide analogs, these afford approaches to relating structure and conformation to activity in biologically active peptides.", "PMID": 521208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_677", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of [7-(azetidine-2-carboxylic acid)]-oxytocin and -lysine-vasopressin.", "content": "[7-(Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid)]-oxytocin and -lysine-vasopressin have been synthesised by a (6 + 3) strategy using protected hexapeptide acids with preformed disulphide bridges, and their biological activities have been investigated. All activities were reduced but not to the same extent. In assays of pressor and antidiuretic activity it was observed consistently that the responses to the vasopressin analogue were of shorter duration than responses to lysine-vasopressin of the same amplitude.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of [7-(azetidine-2-carboxylic acid)]-oxytocin and -lysine-vasopressin. [7-(Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid)]-oxytocin and -lysine-vasopressin have been synthesised by a (6 + 3) strategy using protected hexapeptide acids with preformed disulphide bridges, and their biological activities have been investigated. All activities were reduced but not to the same extent. In assays of pressor and antidiuretic activity it was observed consistently that the responses to the vasopressin analogue were of shorter duration than responses to lysine-vasopressin of the same amplitude.", "PMID": 521209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_678", "title": "Synthesis of biological activity of human beta-endorphin analogs with disulfide bridges.", "content": "Three analogs of human beta-endorphin containing internal cystine bridges have been synthesized and their biological activities have been determined. It was found that the analogs with disulfide bridges between positions 17 and 26 or 11 and 26 retained full opiate activity as estimated by guinea ileum assay, whereas the analog with a cystine bridge between positions 7 and 26 showed reduced opiate activity. None of the analogs retained significant immunoactivity as revealed by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Synthesis of biological activity of human beta-endorphin analogs with disulfide bridges. Three analogs of human beta-endorphin containing internal cystine bridges have been synthesized and their biological activities have been determined. It was found that the analogs with disulfide bridges between positions 17 and 26 or 11 and 26 retained full opiate activity as estimated by guinea ileum assay, whereas the analog with a cystine bridge between positions 7 and 26 showed reduced opiate activity. None of the analogs retained significant immunoactivity as revealed by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 521210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_679", "title": "Hydrogen bonds in crystal structures of amino acids, peptides and related molecules.", "content": "The results of a survey of 439 hydrogen bonds in 95 recently determined crystal structures of amino acids, peptides and related molecules suggest that the following generalizations hold true for linear (angle X-H---Y greater than 150 degrees) hydrogen bonds. (1) The charge on the acceptor group does not influence the length of a hydrogen bond. (2) For a given acceptor group, the hydrogen bond lengths increase in the order imidazolium N--H less than ammonium N-H less than guanidinium N-H; this order holds true for oxygen anion acceptor groups. Cl-ions and the uncharged oxygen of water molecules. (3) The uncharged imidazole N-H group forms shorter hydrogen than the amide N-H GROUP. (4) The carboxyl O-H groups form shorter hydrogen bonds than other hydroxyl groups. (5) The hydrogen bonds involving a halogen ion are longer than hydrogen bonds with other acceptors when corrected for their longer van der Walls radii. The observed differences between the lengths of hydrogen bonds formed by different donor and acceptor groups in amino acids and peptides, imply differences in the energetics of their formation.", "contents": "Hydrogen bonds in crystal structures of amino acids, peptides and related molecules. The results of a survey of 439 hydrogen bonds in 95 recently determined crystal structures of amino acids, peptides and related molecules suggest that the following generalizations hold true for linear (angle X-H---Y greater than 150 degrees) hydrogen bonds. (1) The charge on the acceptor group does not influence the length of a hydrogen bond. (2) For a given acceptor group, the hydrogen bond lengths increase in the order imidazolium N--H less than ammonium N-H less than guanidinium N-H; this order holds true for oxygen anion acceptor groups. Cl-ions and the uncharged oxygen of water molecules. (3) The uncharged imidazole N-H group forms shorter hydrogen than the amide N-H GROUP. (4) The carboxyl O-H groups form shorter hydrogen bonds than other hydroxyl groups. (5) The hydrogen bonds involving a halogen ion are longer than hydrogen bonds with other acceptors when corrected for their longer van der Walls radii. The observed differences between the lengths of hydrogen bonds formed by different donor and acceptor groups in amino acids and peptides, imply differences in the energetics of their formation.", "PMID": 521211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_680", "title": "Effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the 12S fraction of mustard proteins (B. juncea).", "content": "The effect of SDS on the 12S protein fraction of mustard seed (B. juncea) has been followed by the techniques of ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis, viscosity, ultraviolet difference spectra and fluorescence spectra. At low concentrations of SDS, up to 0.1%, both aggregation and dissociation of the protein occurs. Only dissociation occurs at higher SDS concentrations and is complete at 0.5% SDS. Viscosity increases sharply up to 0.15% SDS, remains constant between 0.15 and 0.30% and then increases markedly again. SDS induces also difference spectra with minima at 280, 288 and 295 nm. Fluorescence emission intensity increases at SDS concentrations less than 0.05% and quenching occurs at higher SDS concentrations. The results suggest that SDS causes association, dissociation and denaturation of the protein molecule.", "contents": "Effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the 12S fraction of mustard proteins (B. juncea). The effect of SDS on the 12S protein fraction of mustard seed (B. juncea) has been followed by the techniques of ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis, viscosity, ultraviolet difference spectra and fluorescence spectra. At low concentrations of SDS, up to 0.1%, both aggregation and dissociation of the protein occurs. Only dissociation occurs at higher SDS concentrations and is complete at 0.5% SDS. Viscosity increases sharply up to 0.15% SDS, remains constant between 0.15 and 0.30% and then increases markedly again. SDS induces also difference spectra with minima at 280, 288 and 295 nm. Fluorescence emission intensity increases at SDS concentrations less than 0.05% and quenching occurs at higher SDS concentrations. The results suggest that SDS causes association, dissociation and denaturation of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 521213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_681", "title": "Bovine neurophysin lipid complex. Their isolation, characterization and reaggregation.", "content": "A lipid-containing neurophysin fraction was isolated and purified from bovine posterior pituitary glands by acid extraction and affinity chromatography on a heparin-Sepharose 4B column. This lipid-rich fraction was found to be composed of noncovalent aggregates of neurophysin proteins and phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin. The lipid-containing neuophysin was delipidated by treatment with choloform-methanol. The resultant apoproteins were characterized as bovine neuroions were developed for the reaggregation of purified bovine neurophysin-I and -II with lipids extracted from bovine posterior pituitary and hypothalamus and with synthetic lecithin. The resultant neurophysin lipid complexes have been shown to band upon isopycnic centrifugation at densities different from those of the respective purified bovine neurophysins.", "contents": "Bovine neurophysin lipid complex. Their isolation, characterization and reaggregation. A lipid-containing neurophysin fraction was isolated and purified from bovine posterior pituitary glands by acid extraction and affinity chromatography on a heparin-Sepharose 4B column. This lipid-rich fraction was found to be composed of noncovalent aggregates of neurophysin proteins and phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin. The lipid-containing neuophysin was delipidated by treatment with choloform-methanol. The resultant apoproteins were characterized as bovine neuroions were developed for the reaggregation of purified bovine neurophysin-I and -II with lipids extracted from bovine posterior pituitary and hypothalamus and with synthetic lecithin. The resultant neurophysin lipid complexes have been shown to band upon isopycnic centrifugation at densities different from those of the respective purified bovine neurophysins.", "PMID": 521214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_682", "title": "Conformational analysis of the right-hand twisted antiparallel beta-structure.", "content": "The conformational analysis of a pair of two-linked peptide units in the anti-parallel arrangement is reported here with a view to study the effect of association of one chain with the other. The pair of two-linked peptide units were fixed in space through the hydrogen bonds between them, in accordance with certain hydrogen bond criteria. Model building was undertaken to ascertain whether the proximity of the side-chains could be used to eliminate any one of the right-hand twisted, left-hand twisted or regular beta-structures. Stereochemically, it was found possible with all of them. The preference for a right-hand twisted beta-structure, however, was indicated by the classical energy calculations. The relevance of the results thus obtained is discussed in the context of the preferential right-hand twist of the beta-pleated sheets present in globular proteins. The agreement between the minimum energy conformations obtained for the pair of two-linked peptide units and the globular protein data is also indicated.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of the right-hand twisted antiparallel beta-structure. The conformational analysis of a pair of two-linked peptide units in the anti-parallel arrangement is reported here with a view to study the effect of association of one chain with the other. The pair of two-linked peptide units were fixed in space through the hydrogen bonds between them, in accordance with certain hydrogen bond criteria. Model building was undertaken to ascertain whether the proximity of the side-chains could be used to eliminate any one of the right-hand twisted, left-hand twisted or regular beta-structures. Stereochemically, it was found possible with all of them. The preference for a right-hand twisted beta-structure, however, was indicated by the classical energy calculations. The relevance of the results thus obtained is discussed in the context of the preferential right-hand twist of the beta-pleated sheets present in globular proteins. The agreement between the minimum energy conformations obtained for the pair of two-linked peptide units and the globular protein data is also indicated.", "PMID": 521215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_683", "title": "Formation and synthesis of 3'-t-butyltyrosine.", "content": "During acidolysis by TFA of the t-butyl protecting group from Z-Tyr(But) or from Ser (But) in the presence of tyrosine, C-t-butylation occurred in the aromatic nucleus in Z-Tyr or tyrosine, respectively, to an extent of 0.5-1.0%. CF3COOBut formed during the acidolysis slowly C-t-butylates tyrosine. Tyr(3'But) is formed. The synthesis of Tyr (3'But) . HCl is described.", "contents": "Formation and synthesis of 3'-t-butyltyrosine. During acidolysis by TFA of the t-butyl protecting group from Z-Tyr(But) or from Ser (But) in the presence of tyrosine, C-t-butylation occurred in the aromatic nucleus in Z-Tyr or tyrosine, respectively, to an extent of 0.5-1.0%. CF3COOBut formed during the acidolysis slowly C-t-butylates tyrosine. Tyr(3'But) is formed. The synthesis of Tyr (3'But) . HCl is described.", "PMID": 521216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_684", "title": "Synthesis of lysine-valinomycin by solid-phase segment condensation.", "content": "In order to obtain a readily derivatized analog of the ionophore antibiotic valinomycin, [1-lysine] valinomycin (Lys-VAL) was synthesized. The compound was built up on a polystyrene support by stepwise segment condensation and was cyclized in solution. The segments used were didepsipeptides protected by the t-butyloxycarbonyl and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl groups. Derivatives prepared by acylation of the epsilon-amino group of Lys-VAL included [14C]acetyl-Lys-VAL, dansyl-Lys-VAL, palmitoyl-Lys-VAL and dithiodiglycoyl-bis-Lys-VAL. These derivatives had a high potassium binding capacity but were in general much less active than VAL in mediating ion transport in membranes.", "contents": "Synthesis of lysine-valinomycin by solid-phase segment condensation. In order to obtain a readily derivatized analog of the ionophore antibiotic valinomycin, [1-lysine] valinomycin (Lys-VAL) was synthesized. The compound was built up on a polystyrene support by stepwise segment condensation and was cyclized in solution. The segments used were didepsipeptides protected by the t-butyloxycarbonyl and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl groups. Derivatives prepared by acylation of the epsilon-amino group of Lys-VAL included [14C]acetyl-Lys-VAL, dansyl-Lys-VAL, palmitoyl-Lys-VAL and dithiodiglycoyl-bis-Lys-VAL. These derivatives had a high potassium binding capacity but were in general much less active than VAL in mediating ion transport in membranes.", "PMID": 521217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_685", "title": "Secondary implantation.", "content": "Aphakia is a disabling condition. It must be corrected by spectacles, contact lenses, refractive keratoplasty, or insertion of a pseudophakos. In those patients who do not tolerate a contact lens or cataract spectacles, refractive keratoplasty or secondary implantation of an IOL should be considered. Keratophakia and hyperopic keratomileusis have not yet evolved to the point at which refractive keratoplasty can be considered a practical answer to aphakia. This leaves a significant population of aphakic patients who can be visually rehabilitated only be secondary implantation of an IOL. Despite the risks and hazards associated with any intraocular surgery, the benefits derived from successful correction of aphakia with secondary implantation fully justify this procedure. Secondary implantation is a proved, successful modality for the corretion of aphakia. The number of patients requiring secondary implantation is not great, but in patients in whom secondary implantation is indicated, both the patient and the physician will find the results most rewarding.", "contents": "Secondary implantation. Aphakia is a disabling condition. It must be corrected by spectacles, contact lenses, refractive keratoplasty, or insertion of a pseudophakos. In those patients who do not tolerate a contact lens or cataract spectacles, refractive keratoplasty or secondary implantation of an IOL should be considered. Keratophakia and hyperopic keratomileusis have not yet evolved to the point at which refractive keratoplasty can be considered a practical answer to aphakia. This leaves a significant population of aphakic patients who can be visually rehabilitated only be secondary implantation of an IOL. Despite the risks and hazards associated with any intraocular surgery, the benefits derived from successful correction of aphakia with secondary implantation fully justify this procedure. Secondary implantation is a proved, successful modality for the corretion of aphakia. The number of patients requiring secondary implantation is not great, but in patients in whom secondary implantation is indicated, both the patient and the physician will find the results most rewarding.", "PMID": 521228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_686", "title": "The Ridley posterior chamber lens.", "content": "In summary, if used in the way I recommend, the Copeland lens gives excellent visual results and freedom from irritation. These results are sufficiently good that they need not be compared with the results of cataract surgery without implantation of a pseudophakos. It can be pointed out that these cases were all chosen with the idea of having a successful result. One cannot pick and choose all cataract patients in this way, but one can choose patients for lens implantation in this manner and thereby ensure excellent results.", "contents": "The Ridley posterior chamber lens. In summary, if used in the way I recommend, the Copeland lens gives excellent visual results and freedom from irritation. These results are sufficiently good that they need not be compared with the results of cataract surgery without implantation of a pseudophakos. It can be pointed out that these cases were all chosen with the idea of having a successful result. One cannot pick and choose all cataract patients in this way, but one can choose patients for lens implantation in this manner and thereby ensure excellent results.", "PMID": 521229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_687", "title": "Sensitivity to change in symptoms of new scales for rating chronic psychotic patients.", "content": "The sensitivity of Krawiecka, Goldberg and Vaughan's scales for rating chronic psychotic patients was established by testing them under conditions comparable to those of a controlled cross-over trial. 34 chronic schizophrenics were assessed on the scales at the beginning, after 6 weeks on one form of medication and after the same period on another drug. Significant changes in ratings of symptom severity of anxiety, hallucination delusions and incoherence were observed in patients who were sympomatic at the outset. Further, patterns of intercorrelations were found to be stable over time. It was concluded that Krawiecka et al.'s scales may be sensitive to change in symptoms in chronic psychotics and that given their known reliability, they may be viable research tools.", "contents": "Sensitivity to change in symptoms of new scales for rating chronic psychotic patients. The sensitivity of Krawiecka, Goldberg and Vaughan's scales for rating chronic psychotic patients was established by testing them under conditions comparable to those of a controlled cross-over trial. 34 chronic schizophrenics were assessed on the scales at the beginning, after 6 weeks on one form of medication and after the same period on another drug. Significant changes in ratings of symptom severity of anxiety, hallucination delusions and incoherence were observed in patients who were sympomatic at the outset. Further, patterns of intercorrelations were found to be stable over time. It was concluded that Krawiecka et al.'s scales may be sensitive to change in symptoms in chronic psychotics and that given their known reliability, they may be viable research tools.", "PMID": 521238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_688", "title": "Factors influencing clinical response to psychotropic drugs. Imipramine in depression.", "content": "Numerous factors are involved in determining the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressant agents in the treatment of depression. The list includes diagnosis and patient selection; pharmacodynamics, bioavailability and tissue sensitivity; natural history; placebo response, nonspecific factors; compliance and adverse effects; the effects of concurrent life events, illness and treatment, and the bias in evaluating the outcome of treatment. Physicians should be aware of the factors that influence clinical response so they can maximize therapeutic effects and utilize the agents properly.", "contents": "Factors influencing clinical response to psychotropic drugs. Imipramine in depression. Numerous factors are involved in determining the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressant agents in the treatment of depression. The list includes diagnosis and patient selection; pharmacodynamics, bioavailability and tissue sensitivity; natural history; placebo response, nonspecific factors; compliance and adverse effects; the effects of concurrent life events, illness and treatment, and the bias in evaluating the outcome of treatment. Physicians should be aware of the factors that influence clinical response so they can maximize therapeutic effects and utilize the agents properly.", "PMID": 521239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_689", "title": "[Evaluation of AMP symptoms in independent and self assessment].", "content": "11 co-workers (9 physicians, 2 psychologists) of our research department with experience in the use of the AMP system participated in this study. According to the level of observation, 139 AMP symptoms were classified into 3 categories. 44 symptoms were classified into category SB (self-rating), 51 into category FB (psychiatrists' rating) and 44 into category SF (mixed rating). This showed the combination of different levels of observation in the AMP system. The symptoms of the 3 categories show an unequal distribution among the 9 AMP syndromes according to Baumann. The classification of the different symptoms according to the level of observation should be demonstrated during training sessions with the AMP system. This could avoid uncertainties in the judgement of AMP symptoms and improve the inter-rater reliability of the AMP system.", "contents": "[Evaluation of AMP symptoms in independent and self assessment]. 11 co-workers (9 physicians, 2 psychologists) of our research department with experience in the use of the AMP system participated in this study. According to the level of observation, 139 AMP symptoms were classified into 3 categories. 44 symptoms were classified into category SB (self-rating), 51 into category FB (psychiatrists' rating) and 44 into category SF (mixed rating). This showed the combination of different levels of observation in the AMP system. The symptoms of the 3 categories show an unequal distribution among the 9 AMP syndromes according to Baumann. The classification of the different symptoms according to the level of observation should be demonstrated during training sessions with the AMP system. This could avoid uncertainties in the judgement of AMP symptoms and improve the inter-rater reliability of the AMP system.", "PMID": 521240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_690", "title": "Studies on the use of blood lithium concentrations in lithium therapy in Japan.", "content": "The relationship between the concentration of lithium in whole blood and plasma was determined in 11 manic-depressive patients 12 h after the evening dose of lithium carbonate taken in the form of slow release tablets (Limas). Significant relationships were found between the concentration of lithium in whole blood and plasma as well as between the daily dose of lithium and the lithium concentration in whole blood and in plasma. The findings suggest that under certain conditions the concentration of lithium in a small sample of whole blood may be used to monitor lithium therapy in outpatients. The advantages of using whole blood are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the use of blood lithium concentrations in lithium therapy in Japan. The relationship between the concentration of lithium in whole blood and plasma was determined in 11 manic-depressive patients 12 h after the evening dose of lithium carbonate taken in the form of slow release tablets (Limas). Significant relationships were found between the concentration of lithium in whole blood and plasma as well as between the daily dose of lithium and the lithium concentration in whole blood and in plasma. The findings suggest that under certain conditions the concentration of lithium in a small sample of whole blood may be used to monitor lithium therapy in outpatients. The advantages of using whole blood are discussed.", "PMID": 521241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_691", "title": "Lithium effects on normal subjects. Relationships to plasma and RBC lithium levels.", "content": "15 normal subjects took lithium carbonate for 10 days in dosage sufficient to attain plasma lithium concentrations in the range of 0.7-1.4 mEg/l. Periodic blood specimens were analyzed for both plasma and RBC lithium. Subjects completed Profile of Mood States questionnaires every other day, and listed side effects. Just prior to beginning and ending the lithium trial, 10 subjects completed three tests of psychomotor function. Results indicate that such a course of lithium in normals induces dysphoric mood change and psychomotor slowing, without significant relationship to either plasma or RBC lithium concentrations.", "contents": "Lithium effects on normal subjects. Relationships to plasma and RBC lithium levels. 15 normal subjects took lithium carbonate for 10 days in dosage sufficient to attain plasma lithium concentrations in the range of 0.7-1.4 mEg/l. Periodic blood specimens were analyzed for both plasma and RBC lithium. Subjects completed Profile of Mood States questionnaires every other day, and listed side effects. Just prior to beginning and ending the lithium trial, 10 subjects completed three tests of psychomotor function. Results indicate that such a course of lithium in normals induces dysphoric mood change and psychomotor slowing, without significant relationship to either plasma or RBC lithium concentrations.", "PMID": 521242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_692", "title": "Relationship between plasma, RBC, and CSF lithium concentrations in human subjects.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of plasma, RBC, and plasma lithium concentrations took place with 17 inpatients chronically treated with lithium, at various times after the last lithium dose. RBC lithium levels were significantly higher than CSF lithium levels. Specimens drawn 10 or more hours after the last dose showed higher RBC and CSF lithium and lower plasma lithium than specimens drawn 4 or less hours after the last lithium dose. None of the lithium measurements differentiated manic-depressives from schizophrenics or schizoaffectives. Plasma, RBC, and CSF lithium all intercorrelated highly and equally.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma, RBC, and CSF lithium concentrations in human subjects. Simultaneous measurement of plasma, RBC, and plasma lithium concentrations took place with 17 inpatients chronically treated with lithium, at various times after the last lithium dose. RBC lithium levels were significantly higher than CSF lithium levels. Specimens drawn 10 or more hours after the last dose showed higher RBC and CSF lithium and lower plasma lithium than specimens drawn 4 or less hours after the last lithium dose. None of the lithium measurements differentiated manic-depressives from schizophrenics or schizoaffectives. Plasma, RBC, and CSF lithium all intercorrelated highly and equally.", "PMID": 521243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_693", "title": "[Lithium balance in mania].", "content": "Lithium balance studies were performed in 19 patients suffering from mania and 6 patients suffering from depression. The following results were obtained: (1) The mean daily requirement for lithium in the manic patients was 52 mM, in those with depression 30 mM (additional requirement in manic patients 73%). (2) Renal elimination of lithium, after optimal blood lithium levels had been reached, was 76% in mania and 97% in depression (retention in manic patients 21%). (3) In mania there was an unchanged lithium half-life time (12-13.5 h). (4) In mania and depression no significant differences in lithium and creatinine clearance were noted. (5) Standard diet or unrestricted sodium chloride administration did not significantly influence the lithium requirement or lithium retention. After exclusion of a renal or dietetic cause for increased lithium requirement or retention during mania, the existence of a 'lithium pool' dependent on the presence of a manic psychosis seems probable. As a result of this, somatic influences on endogenous psychosis have to be taken into account.", "contents": "[Lithium balance in mania]. Lithium balance studies were performed in 19 patients suffering from mania and 6 patients suffering from depression. The following results were obtained: (1) The mean daily requirement for lithium in the manic patients was 52 mM, in those with depression 30 mM (additional requirement in manic patients 73%). (2) Renal elimination of lithium, after optimal blood lithium levels had been reached, was 76% in mania and 97% in depression (retention in manic patients 21%). (3) In mania there was an unchanged lithium half-life time (12-13.5 h). (4) In mania and depression no significant differences in lithium and creatinine clearance were noted. (5) Standard diet or unrestricted sodium chloride administration did not significantly influence the lithium requirement or lithium retention. After exclusion of a renal or dietetic cause for increased lithium requirement or retention during mania, the existence of a 'lithium pool' dependent on the presence of a manic psychosis seems probable. As a result of this, somatic influences on endogenous psychosis have to be taken into account.", "PMID": 521244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_694", "title": "[Influence of diagnosis and length of hospitalization on the retest reliability for findings of the first psychopathological test (AMP system)].", "content": "80 inpatients were interviewed twice by the same physician with an interval of 24 h. By forming subgroups concerning diagnosis and duration of hospitalization, it was possible to examine the influence of these two criteria on the retest reliability of the following findings: (1) aspects of the interview; (2) AMP symptoms; (3) AMP syndromes; (4) clinical syndrome diagnoses, and (5) nosological diagnoses. The duration of hospitalization (up to 40 days) had no influence on the retest reliability of the described findings. The diagnosis (schizophrenia/depression) had no influence on the well-structured findings (AMP symptoms, AMP syndromes). On the contrary, the diagnosis influenced findings which are not so well structured and defined (aspects of the interview, clinical syndrome diagnoses, nosological diagnoses).", "contents": "[Influence of diagnosis and length of hospitalization on the retest reliability for findings of the first psychopathological test (AMP system)]. 80 inpatients were interviewed twice by the same physician with an interval of 24 h. By forming subgroups concerning diagnosis and duration of hospitalization, it was possible to examine the influence of these two criteria on the retest reliability of the following findings: (1) aspects of the interview; (2) AMP symptoms; (3) AMP syndromes; (4) clinical syndrome diagnoses, and (5) nosological diagnoses. The duration of hospitalization (up to 40 days) had no influence on the retest reliability of the described findings. The diagnosis (schizophrenia/depression) had no influence on the well-structured findings (AMP symptoms, AMP syndromes). On the contrary, the diagnosis influenced findings which are not so well structured and defined (aspects of the interview, clinical syndrome diagnoses, nosological diagnoses).", "PMID": 521245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_695", "title": "Antibiotic usage in Kupat Holim (Sick Fund) clinics. A pilot survey and evaluation.", "content": "A survey of antibiotic prescribing patterns of six physicians in two Sick Fund clinics was carried out during a one-month period. Over 1,200 antibiotic prescriptions and their therapeutic indications were reviewed. Ampicillin was the most commonly prescribed drug. Most of the prescriptions were for treatment of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Over one half of all antibiotic prescriptions were for presumably viral upper respiratory infections (URI), and half of all patients diagnosed as having viral URI received an antibiotic prescription. A method for measuring the quality of antibiotic usage by physicians in infections of the upper respiratory tract was developed and tested. The method is readily applicable to Sick Fund clinics and, in a trial run, proved capable of demonstrating large differences among physicians in their antibiotic prescribing habits for viral URI, tonsillitis, and otitis media.", "contents": "Antibiotic usage in Kupat Holim (Sick Fund) clinics. A pilot survey and evaluation. A survey of antibiotic prescribing patterns of six physicians in two Sick Fund clinics was carried out during a one-month period. Over 1,200 antibiotic prescriptions and their therapeutic indications were reviewed. Ampicillin was the most commonly prescribed drug. Most of the prescriptions were for treatment of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Over one half of all antibiotic prescriptions were for presumably viral upper respiratory infections (URI), and half of all patients diagnosed as having viral URI received an antibiotic prescription. A method for measuring the quality of antibiotic usage by physicians in infections of the upper respiratory tract was developed and tested. The method is readily applicable to Sick Fund clinics and, in a trial run, proved capable of demonstrating large differences among physicians in their antibiotic prescribing habits for viral URI, tonsillitis, and otitis media.", "PMID": 521258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_696", "title": "Evaluation of hypertension control in general practice.", "content": "A review of the medical charts of 17 general practitioners in six family clinics in Tel Aviv showed that a blood pressure reading was recorded for 69.3% of the adult patients. Elevated values--greater than or equal to 160 (systolic) and/or greater than or equal to 95 (diastolic) mm Hg--were seen in 26.1% of the patients with recorded blood pressure readings. Antihypertensive medications were presecribed for 74.5% of those with elevated blood pressure. In two thirds of the treated group, blood pressure had been measured only once or twice before the initiation of therapy. Of the treated patients, 30% seem to have stopped therapy on their own initiative. Treatment was discontinued by the physician in 18%. Of the 52% who remained on treatment, only one third had a normal systolic or diastolic pressure on the last reading. The failure to reduce blood pressure in the other two thirds may be due, at least in part, to the use of methyldopa and reserpine without a diuretic.", "contents": "Evaluation of hypertension control in general practice. A review of the medical charts of 17 general practitioners in six family clinics in Tel Aviv showed that a blood pressure reading was recorded for 69.3% of the adult patients. Elevated values--greater than or equal to 160 (systolic) and/or greater than or equal to 95 (diastolic) mm Hg--were seen in 26.1% of the patients with recorded blood pressure readings. Antihypertensive medications were presecribed for 74.5% of those with elevated blood pressure. In two thirds of the treated group, blood pressure had been measured only once or twice before the initiation of therapy. Of the treated patients, 30% seem to have stopped therapy on their own initiative. Treatment was discontinued by the physician in 18%. Of the 52% who remained on treatment, only one third had a normal systolic or diastolic pressure on the last reading. The failure to reduce blood pressure in the other two thirds may be due, at least in part, to the use of methyldopa and reserpine without a diuretic.", "PMID": 521259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_697", "title": "Hematologic values in healthy older people in the Negev area.", "content": "Of 1,500 volunteers aged 65 or more selected at random in the Negev area, 224 were found to be healthy and available for further examination. The population represented broadly the various ethnic groups among Jews in Israel. The mean hemoglobin level, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts and differential count showed no differences other than those due to chance when compared with the corresponding values in a younger (20 to 48 years of age) group. The differences between men and women were similar to those found in the comparison group, with men having higher mean values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count; in the study group, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and percent saturation were higher in men in all age groups. No differences were found in mean values of white blood cell count and differential count within the study population. However, mean serum iron was lower, and mean platelet count, higher than in the younger comparison group. This survey supports the use of normal standards for adults when elderly patients are examined, regardless of different ethnic origin. However, the higher than normal platelet counts in subjects from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe should be taken into account.", "contents": "Hematologic values in healthy older people in the Negev area. Of 1,500 volunteers aged 65 or more selected at random in the Negev area, 224 were found to be healthy and available for further examination. The population represented broadly the various ethnic groups among Jews in Israel. The mean hemoglobin level, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts and differential count showed no differences other than those due to chance when compared with the corresponding values in a younger (20 to 48 years of age) group. The differences between men and women were similar to those found in the comparison group, with men having higher mean values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count; in the study group, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and percent saturation were higher in men in all age groups. No differences were found in mean values of white blood cell count and differential count within the study population. However, mean serum iron was lower, and mean platelet count, higher than in the younger comparison group. This survey supports the use of normal standards for adults when elderly patients are examined, regardless of different ethnic origin. However, the higher than normal platelet counts in subjects from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe should be taken into account.", "PMID": 521260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_698", "title": "Frequency of HLA-B8 in Israeli children with celiac disease.", "content": "The frequency of HLA-B8 in 18 Israeli children with celiac disease was examined and compared with that in 27 nonceliac children hospitalized at the time of the study. The diagnosis of celiac disease was made on the basis of an intestinal biopsy and a positive response to the lymphocyte inhibition factor (LIF) test, as well as a good response to withdrawal of gluten from the diet. HLA-B8 was found in 10 of the 18 celiac patients (56%). Of the 27 nonceliac children, three (11%) had HLA-B8. The LIF-positive celiac group had an HLA-B8 frequency five times greater than that in the nonceliac group, confirming our previous finding that the LIF test is a good diagnostic criterion for celiac disease. The combination of an intestinal biopsy, the LIF test and the presence of HLA-B8 could be a useful triad for diagnosis of celiac disease.", "contents": "Frequency of HLA-B8 in Israeli children with celiac disease. The frequency of HLA-B8 in 18 Israeli children with celiac disease was examined and compared with that in 27 nonceliac children hospitalized at the time of the study. The diagnosis of celiac disease was made on the basis of an intestinal biopsy and a positive response to the lymphocyte inhibition factor (LIF) test, as well as a good response to withdrawal of gluten from the diet. HLA-B8 was found in 10 of the 18 celiac patients (56%). Of the 27 nonceliac children, three (11%) had HLA-B8. The LIF-positive celiac group had an HLA-B8 frequency five times greater than that in the nonceliac group, confirming our previous finding that the LIF test is a good diagnostic criterion for celiac disease. The combination of an intestinal biopsy, the LIF test and the presence of HLA-B8 could be a useful triad for diagnosis of celiac disease.", "PMID": 521261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_699", "title": "Ox kidney uricase: a new method of purification.", "content": "A purification procedure of uricase from ox kidneys has been worked out starting from a n-butanol extract. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography give a highly purified enzyme, with a specific activity of 50, which corresponds to a 3,800 fold purification, and is almost homogeneous at the gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Ox kidney uricase: a new method of purification. A purification procedure of uricase from ox kidneys has been worked out starting from a n-butanol extract. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography give a highly purified enzyme, with a specific activity of 50, which corresponds to a 3,800 fold purification, and is almost homogeneous at the gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 521256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_700", "title": "Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal growth parameters for estimation of gestational age and fetal weight.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to establish accurate, convenient, simple and rapid ultrasonographic measurements of fetal parameters and their correlation with gestational age and fetal weight. Relationship with gestational age was studied in 60 fetuses from 348 measurements of the biparietal diameter (BPD) and was also correlated with eight other parameters. There is no doubt that the BPD is the most reliable parameter for estimation of gestational age. In 34 infants, 306 measurements of nine fetal parameters taken within four days before delivery were correlated with their birth weights. Abdominal area gave the highest correlation, compared with other parameters or their combinations. Since combined measurements of several parameters gave only a slightly higher multiple correlation (R = 0.89) with fetal weight than the measurement of abdominal area alone (r = 0.85), their use is not justified as a routine procedure.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal growth parameters for estimation of gestational age and fetal weight. The present study was undertaken to establish accurate, convenient, simple and rapid ultrasonographic measurements of fetal parameters and their correlation with gestational age and fetal weight. Relationship with gestational age was studied in 60 fetuses from 348 measurements of the biparietal diameter (BPD) and was also correlated with eight other parameters. There is no doubt that the BPD is the most reliable parameter for estimation of gestational age. In 34 infants, 306 measurements of nine fetal parameters taken within four days before delivery were correlated with their birth weights. Abdominal area gave the highest correlation, compared with other parameters or their combinations. Since combined measurements of several parameters gave only a slightly higher multiple correlation (R = 0.89) with fetal weight than the measurement of abdominal area alone (r = 0.85), their use is not justified as a routine procedure.", "PMID": 521262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_701", "title": "Rapid purification of human erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by means of affinity chromatography.", "content": "A rapid two-step procedure is reported by which homogeneous 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase can be isolated from human erythrocytes. This method is based upon direct affinity chromatography of the hemolysates on adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate-agarose (yielding a 4,500-fold purification), followed by anion exchange chromatography on a micro-column of DEAE-Sephadex. The present method represents a considerable simplification over previously available procedures for the purification of this enzyme protein from human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Rapid purification of human erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by means of affinity chromatography. A rapid two-step procedure is reported by which homogeneous 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase can be isolated from human erythrocytes. This method is based upon direct affinity chromatography of the hemolysates on adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate-agarose (yielding a 4,500-fold purification), followed by anion exchange chromatography on a micro-column of DEAE-Sephadex. The present method represents a considerable simplification over previously available procedures for the purification of this enzyme protein from human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 521257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_702", "title": "Effect of a 24-hour food-and-water fast on viscosity of whole blood and plasma.", "content": "As a result of abstaining from food and water for 24 h during the midsummer Tishah-b'Ab fast, blood viscosity increased by 16.5% in 27 subjects studied; plasma viscosity increased by 10.3% in nine; hematocrit, by 3.1% in 27; serum total protein, by 6.3% and albumin, by 7.7%, both in 29 subjects. These changes were statistically significant. Plasma fibrinogen did not increase significantly. Fasting-induced changes could impair blood supply to vital organs in patients with vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of a 24-hour food-and-water fast on viscosity of whole blood and plasma. As a result of abstaining from food and water for 24 h during the midsummer Tishah-b'Ab fast, blood viscosity increased by 16.5% in 27 subjects studied; plasma viscosity increased by 10.3% in nine; hematocrit, by 3.1% in 27; serum total protein, by 6.3% and albumin, by 7.7%, both in 29 subjects. These changes were statistically significant. Plasma fibrinogen did not increase significantly. Fasting-induced changes could impair blood supply to vital organs in patients with vascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 521263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_703", "title": "Thyroid function in hemodialysis.", "content": "The relevance of the biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism in patients on regular hemodialysis is debatable. Several indexes of thyroid function were assessed in 46 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for 2 to 45 months. Low serum levels of thyroxine were found in 69.5% of the patients studied and of triiodothyronine (T3) in 46.5%. Low values of T3-Sephadex binding were noted in 17.3%, of free thyroxine index (FTI) in 26.3% and of radioiodine uptake in 19.3% of the patients; 13.0% had high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The overall incidence of hypothyroidism, based on FTI and TSH, was 34.8%. We concluded that the diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be based on FTI and TSH levels, and that chronically hemodialyzed patients tend to exhibit biochemical rather than clinical hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroid function in hemodialysis. The relevance of the biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism in patients on regular hemodialysis is debatable. Several indexes of thyroid function were assessed in 46 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for 2 to 45 months. Low serum levels of thyroxine were found in 69.5% of the patients studied and of triiodothyronine (T3) in 46.5%. Low values of T3-Sephadex binding were noted in 17.3%, of free thyroxine index (FTI) in 26.3% and of radioiodine uptake in 19.3% of the patients; 13.0% had high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The overall incidence of hypothyroidism, based on FTI and TSH, was 34.8%. We concluded that the diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be based on FTI and TSH levels, and that chronically hemodialyzed patients tend to exhibit biochemical rather than clinical hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 521264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_704", "title": "Pica diagnosed by abdominal X-rays.", "content": "A young Arab woman with pica is presented. The diagnosis was suggested by the recurrent presence of numerous radiopaque particles in the course of the gastrointestinal tract. The particles changed location and concentration in successive abdominal X-rays taken at intervals of several weeks. Pica and its implications are discussed.", "contents": "Pica diagnosed by abdominal X-rays. A young Arab woman with pica is presented. The diagnosis was suggested by the recurrent presence of numerous radiopaque particles in the course of the gastrointestinal tract. The particles changed location and concentration in successive abdominal X-rays taken at intervals of several weeks. Pica and its implications are discussed.", "PMID": 521265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_705", "title": "Heat and alkali induced hyperchromic effects in the ribosomal DNA of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm.", "content": "Melting point dispersion analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm shows a scatter in the Tm obtained at wavelengths of 230-280 nm at 5 nm intervals. The dispersion curve of the rDNA, which lies in between human thymus DNA and T2 DNA, is probably suggestive of the intragenic heterogeneity. Alkali induced hyperchromic effects, examined over 220-290 nm at 5 nm intervals, show that the hyperchromic effect is minimum at 250 nm, followed by a sharp increase around 270-275 nm. These findings are consistent with the hyperchromic effects produced by alkali-melted G + C--rich DNA of lower organisms.", "contents": "Heat and alkali induced hyperchromic effects in the ribosomal DNA of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm. Melting point dispersion analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm shows a scatter in the Tm obtained at wavelengths of 230-280 nm at 5 nm intervals. The dispersion curve of the rDNA, which lies in between human thymus DNA and T2 DNA, is probably suggestive of the intragenic heterogeneity. Alkali induced hyperchromic effects, examined over 220-290 nm at 5 nm intervals, show that the hyperchromic effect is minimum at 250 nm, followed by a sharp increase around 270-275 nm. These findings are consistent with the hyperchromic effects produced by alkali-melted G + C--rich DNA of lower organisms.", "PMID": 521255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_706", "title": "[Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome)].", "content": "Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome) represents a disease of childhood, characterized by diffuse telangiectasia of the skin and the conjunctivae and cerebellar ataxia. Patients are frequently predisposed for infections due to disturbances of the cellular and humoral immunity. This paper discusses the syndrome referring to an own observation of ataxia telangiectasia and literature of the past.", "contents": "[Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome)]. Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome) represents a disease of childhood, characterized by diffuse telangiectasia of the skin and the conjunctivae and cerebellar ataxia. Patients are frequently predisposed for infections due to disturbances of the cellular and humoral immunity. This paper discusses the syndrome referring to an own observation of ataxia telangiectasia and literature of the past.", "PMID": 521274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_707", "title": "[Perioral dermatitis and the atopic constitution].", "content": "Detailed allergologic investigations, allergy histories and skin tests in 80 patients with perioral dermatitis led to the conclusion that the disease has to be considered a manifestation of atopy. Thus another clinical entity would have to be added to the hitherto known manifestations of the atopic constitution. The findings reported by other investigators may thus be interpreted as conditional or aggravating pathogenetic factors.", "contents": "[Perioral dermatitis and the atopic constitution]. Detailed allergologic investigations, allergy histories and skin tests in 80 patients with perioral dermatitis led to the conclusion that the disease has to be considered a manifestation of atopy. Thus another clinical entity would have to be added to the hitherto known manifestations of the atopic constitution. The findings reported by other investigators may thus be interpreted as conditional or aggravating pathogenetic factors.", "PMID": 521275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_708", "title": "[Multiple basaliomas in pityriasis rubra pilaris].", "content": "This is a report of a 73 year old patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris and multiple basal cell carcinomas which especially appeared on the face. One of the tumors was located in the anal and perianal region. This is the first report of basal cell carcinomas in a patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris. Further observations will clarify whether there exists a closer relationship between the presence of basal cell carcinoma and pityriasis rubra pilaris. Therefore more attention should be paid to the existence of basal cell carcinoma in patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris.", "contents": "[Multiple basaliomas in pityriasis rubra pilaris]. This is a report of a 73 year old patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris and multiple basal cell carcinomas which especially appeared on the face. One of the tumors was located in the anal and perianal region. This is the first report of basal cell carcinomas in a patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris. Further observations will clarify whether there exists a closer relationship between the presence of basal cell carcinoma and pityriasis rubra pilaris. Therefore more attention should be paid to the existence of basal cell carcinoma in patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris.", "PMID": 521276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_709", "title": "[Kaposi's sarcoma and aplastic pancytopenia: simultaneous occurrence in a patient].", "content": "A 49 year old patient developed simultaneously a histologically verified Kaposi's sarcoma and an idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia. An association of these perhaps virus-induced diseases has not been reported until now. Consequences concerning the diagnostic approach of changes in peripheral blood cells in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma are delineated. Changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma are discussed.", "contents": "[Kaposi's sarcoma and aplastic pancytopenia: simultaneous occurrence in a patient]. A 49 year old patient developed simultaneously a histologically verified Kaposi's sarcoma and an idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia. An association of these perhaps virus-induced diseases has not been reported until now. Consequences concerning the diagnostic approach of changes in peripheral blood cells in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma are delineated. Changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma are discussed.", "PMID": 521277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_710", "title": "[Yellow-nail syndrome from d-penicillamine].", "content": "The yellow nail syndrom consists of the triad of scleronychia (yellow nails), lymphedema and respiratory tract involvement. The nail changes include symmetrical involvement of finger and toe nails with regression of the nail sheath, paling of the half-moon, arrest of longitudinal growth, thickening, yellow coloration, increased transverse convexity, ridging and partial separation of the nail. This report describes a case of drug-induced yellow nail syndrom due to penicillamin.", "contents": "[Yellow-nail syndrome from d-penicillamine]. The yellow nail syndrom consists of the triad of scleronychia (yellow nails), lymphedema and respiratory tract involvement. The nail changes include symmetrical involvement of finger and toe nails with regression of the nail sheath, paling of the half-moon, arrest of longitudinal growth, thickening, yellow coloration, increased transverse convexity, ridging and partial separation of the nail. This report describes a case of drug-induced yellow nail syndrom due to penicillamin.", "PMID": 521278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_711", "title": "[Ulcus vulvae acutum with cold-agglutinin-positive, Mycoplasma-caused atypical pneumonia].", "content": "An observation of a febrile ulcus vulvae acutum clinically associated with an atypical pneumonia is described. As for the laboratory findings, the cold-agglutinine-titer was high (2:1,024) and the mycoplasma KRB was also positive (1:32).", "contents": "[Ulcus vulvae acutum with cold-agglutinin-positive, Mycoplasma-caused atypical pneumonia]. An observation of a febrile ulcus vulvae acutum clinically associated with an atypical pneumonia is described. As for the laboratory findings, the cold-agglutinine-titer was high (2:1,024) and the mycoplasma KRB was also positive (1:32).", "PMID": 521279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_712", "title": "[Elastofibroma cutis].", "content": "A 9 year old boy sought medical attention because of a cutaneous infiltrate of the nape that could not be diagnosed macroscopically. Microscopic examination showed it to be a fascicular fibroma of a special structure. The striking feature of the stroma was the distinct proliferation and degeneration of the elastic fibers. The alteraions of the elastic tissue are similar to those seen in elastofibroma dorsi. It is discussed if the lesion results from a hyperplasia of true elastic or/and pseudo-elastic fibers.", "contents": "[Elastofibroma cutis]. A 9 year old boy sought medical attention because of a cutaneous infiltrate of the nape that could not be diagnosed macroscopically. Microscopic examination showed it to be a fascicular fibroma of a special structure. The striking feature of the stroma was the distinct proliferation and degeneration of the elastic fibers. The alteraions of the elastic tissue are similar to those seen in elastofibroma dorsi. It is discussed if the lesion results from a hyperplasia of true elastic or/and pseudo-elastic fibers.", "PMID": 521284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_713", "title": "[Juvenile melanoma; a clinical and histological study].", "content": "Investigations were carried out in 52 female and 18 male patients, aged between 2 and 49 years, with juvenile melanoma. The tumor occured as a solitary tumor in all cases except one. It was mainly localized on the head (54%), and the extremities, on the trunk in three cases only. In 35% the tumor could be diagnosed clinically. Light microscopy revealed in 37.1% spindle cells, in 17.1% epitheloid cells, and in 45.7% the juvenile melanoma was of the mixed type. A proliferation of the vascular endothelial cells (37.1%) as well as immature looking mast cells in the tumor region were prominent findings. A transepidermal elimination of tumor cell nests was noted in one case. The other results are in agreement with earlier descriptions of this tumor.", "contents": "[Juvenile melanoma; a clinical and histological study]. Investigations were carried out in 52 female and 18 male patients, aged between 2 and 49 years, with juvenile melanoma. The tumor occured as a solitary tumor in all cases except one. It was mainly localized on the head (54%), and the extremities, on the trunk in three cases only. In 35% the tumor could be diagnosed clinically. Light microscopy revealed in 37.1% spindle cells, in 17.1% epitheloid cells, and in 45.7% the juvenile melanoma was of the mixed type. A proliferation of the vascular endothelial cells (37.1%) as well as immature looking mast cells in the tumor region were prominent findings. A transepidermal elimination of tumor cell nests was noted in one case. The other results are in agreement with earlier descriptions of this tumor.", "PMID": 521285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_714", "title": "[X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata: an osteocutaneous syndrome].", "content": "A further case of X-linked dominant chondridysplasia punctata is described. This syndrome is characterized by the following cutaneous anomalies: congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with thick, adherent hyperkeratoses; widespread atrophic skin lesions discernible after the first weeks of life; patchy alopecia; coarse and lusterless hair; onychoschisis. The hyperkeratoses of the newborn as well as the ensuing atrophoderma predominantly involve the hair follicles and are distributed in a bizarre linear or blotchy pattern. In some instances, a linear pattern of pigmentary disturbance has also been observed. These cutaneous signs and symptoms are so typical that the diagnosis of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata can be established even without X-ray examination. The syndrome has so far been observed exclusively in females. Apparently, the underlying X-linked gene defect is lethal in hemizygous males.", "contents": "[X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata: an osteocutaneous syndrome]. A further case of X-linked dominant chondridysplasia punctata is described. This syndrome is characterized by the following cutaneous anomalies: congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with thick, adherent hyperkeratoses; widespread atrophic skin lesions discernible after the first weeks of life; patchy alopecia; coarse and lusterless hair; onychoschisis. The hyperkeratoses of the newborn as well as the ensuing atrophoderma predominantly involve the hair follicles and are distributed in a bizarre linear or blotchy pattern. In some instances, a linear pattern of pigmentary disturbance has also been observed. These cutaneous signs and symptoms are so typical that the diagnosis of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata can be established even without X-ray examination. The syndrome has so far been observed exclusively in females. Apparently, the underlying X-linked gene defect is lethal in hemizygous males.", "PMID": 521286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_715", "title": "[Basaliomas after vaccination and infusion in basal cell nevus syndrome].", "content": "In a 31-year-old patient with a basal cell nevus syndrome two basal cell epitheliomas occurred through exogenous factors. The tumors appeared within 18 years after BCG vaccination and 3 years after an intravenous drip respectively. In basal cell nevus syndrome this course of development of basal cell carcinomas is seldom described.", "contents": "[Basaliomas after vaccination and infusion in basal cell nevus syndrome]. In a 31-year-old patient with a basal cell nevus syndrome two basal cell epitheliomas occurred through exogenous factors. The tumors appeared within 18 years after BCG vaccination and 3 years after an intravenous drip respectively. In basal cell nevus syndrome this course of development of basal cell carcinomas is seldom described.", "PMID": 521287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_716", "title": "[Folliculitis barbae candidomycetica from Candida parapsilosis].", "content": "In this case report the rarity of the causing agent, Candida parapsilosis, and its endothrix growth is accentuated. The unsuccessful application of local and systemic antimycotics required the surgical abrasion of the infected tissue.", "contents": "[Folliculitis barbae candidomycetica from Candida parapsilosis]. In this case report the rarity of the causing agent, Candida parapsilosis, and its endothrix growth is accentuated. The unsuccessful application of local and systemic antimycotics required the surgical abrasion of the infected tissue.", "PMID": 521288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_717", "title": "[Tinea corporis from Trichophyton simii].", "content": "Tn unexplained, autochthone Trichophyton simii infection in Europe is reported. The patient was a 11-year-old caucasian girl, who had never been out of Germany, nor had contact with anyone from abroad. The girl's only pet, a guinea pig, was proven to be free of dermatophytes. Clinically the infection represented a somewhat persistent circumscribed lesion at the dorsum of one upper arm characterized mainly by small granulomata around hair follicles with only a slight erythematosquamous component.", "contents": "[Tinea corporis from Trichophyton simii]. Tn unexplained, autochthone Trichophyton simii infection in Europe is reported. The patient was a 11-year-old caucasian girl, who had never been out of Germany, nor had contact with anyone from abroad. The girl's only pet, a guinea pig, was proven to be free of dermatophytes. Clinically the infection represented a somewhat persistent circumscribed lesion at the dorsum of one upper arm characterized mainly by small granulomata around hair follicles with only a slight erythematosquamous component.", "PMID": 521289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_718", "title": "[American cutaneous and mucous leishmaniasis (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis)].", "content": "The American skin and mucous membrane leishmaniasis or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is induced through phlebotomus bites and occurs in South and Central America. Untreated severe multilating ulcerations of the face with involvement of oral, nasal, and pharyngeal mucous membranes may occur. Therapy consists of intramuscular administration of three- or pentavalent antimon preparations. In failure-patients amphotericin B is used instead.", "contents": "[American cutaneous and mucous leishmaniasis (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis)]. The American skin and mucous membrane leishmaniasis or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is induced through phlebotomus bites and occurs in South and Central America. Untreated severe multilating ulcerations of the face with involvement of oral, nasal, and pharyngeal mucous membranes may occur. Therapy consists of intramuscular administration of three- or pentavalent antimon preparations. In failure-patients amphotericin B is used instead.", "PMID": 521290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_719", "title": "A model of prehospital death from ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Current efforts to reduce prehospital cardiac mortality focus more on deployment of specially equipped ambulances than on reduction of patient or ambulance delays. To evaluate this strategy, we needed to find a method that would isolate the separate effects of patient delay, ambulance delay, and the resuscitative capability of the ambulance. Using published data, we have generated a mathematical model of death from ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction that shows the relationship among these three factors. Analyses based on the model indicate that the potential life saving impact of a defibrillation-equipped ambulance is severely limited due to typical patient response patterns. If the ambulance arrives ten minutes after the onset of infarction, defibrillation capabilities will reduce prehospital mortality from 6 percent to 2 percent. After a more typical delay of 60 minutes, the mortality rises sharply to 13 percent for an unequipped ambulance. With a delay of this length, defibrillation capabilities reduce mortality only to about 12 percent.", "contents": "A model of prehospital death from ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction. Current efforts to reduce prehospital cardiac mortality focus more on deployment of specially equipped ambulances than on reduction of patient or ambulance delays. To evaluate this strategy, we needed to find a method that would isolate the separate effects of patient delay, ambulance delay, and the resuscitative capability of the ambulance. Using published data, we have generated a mathematical model of death from ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction that shows the relationship among these three factors. Analyses based on the model indicate that the potential life saving impact of a defibrillation-equipped ambulance is severely limited due to typical patient response patterns. If the ambulance arrives ten minutes after the onset of infarction, defibrillation capabilities will reduce prehospital mortality from 6 percent to 2 percent. After a more typical delay of 60 minutes, the mortality rises sharply to 13 percent for an unequipped ambulance. With a delay of this length, defibrillation capabilities reduce mortality only to about 12 percent.", "PMID": 521294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_720", "title": "Investment generation process in hospital facilities: the response of supply to capacity utilization measures.", "content": "Hospital investment behavior is commonly explained by means of either supply or demand factors. The inherent limitations of these models have led to ambiguous conclusions. This study applies a different approach, whereby investment generation is explained by means of a stock adjustment model. The model is empirically tested on a sample of New York City hospitals. Relative investment is found to be directly related to occupancy rate, indicating rationality in the hospital investment process. Scalar factors are also shown to be significant, implying the concept of preferred hospital size.", "contents": "Investment generation process in hospital facilities: the response of supply to capacity utilization measures. Hospital investment behavior is commonly explained by means of either supply or demand factors. The inherent limitations of these models have led to ambiguous conclusions. This study applies a different approach, whereby investment generation is explained by means of a stock adjustment model. The model is empirically tested on a sample of New York City hospitals. Relative investment is found to be directly related to occupancy rate, indicating rationality in the hospital investment process. Scalar factors are also shown to be significant, implying the concept of preferred hospital size.", "PMID": 521295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_721", "title": "Silver-Russell syndrome. Observations in 20 patients.", "content": "The growth and development data of 20 patients with the Silver-Russell syndrome (14 boys, 6 girls) were analyzed. Family history, pregnancy and delivery did not reveal any significant anomalies. Birth length was 44.0 +/- 3.0 cm (boys) and 43.8 +/- 2.1 cm (girls), birth weight 2.0 +/- 0.4 kg and 2.05 +/- 0.3 kg, respectively. At the time of diagnosis (mean age 4.1 +/- 2.2 years), height was -4.4, bone age -1.9, weight -3.7, and head circumference -1.5 standard deviations below the normal mean for age. Calculated or reached adult height corresponded to 82--94% of target height. Intelligence was normal in most patients. 8 had asymmetrical extremities, 3 an asymmetrical face. 7 of 14 boys had cryptorchidism (3 uni-, 4 bilateral), 2 incomplete masculinization, and 2 of 6 girls hypertrophy of the clitoris. Development of secondary sex characters was appropriate for bone age with exception of one boy, whose puberty was early. In 3 boys with completed pubertal development, testicular volume was small and gonadotropins (before and after LHRH) high. It is concluded that 1. the growth pattern in Silver-Russell syndrome is quite homogeneous, and rather accurate predictions are possible; 2. Intersexual genitalia do not seem to be related to endocrine factors, and 3. hypergonadotropic hypogonadism appears to be frequent in males.", "contents": "Silver-Russell syndrome. Observations in 20 patients. The growth and development data of 20 patients with the Silver-Russell syndrome (14 boys, 6 girls) were analyzed. Family history, pregnancy and delivery did not reveal any significant anomalies. Birth length was 44.0 +/- 3.0 cm (boys) and 43.8 +/- 2.1 cm (girls), birth weight 2.0 +/- 0.4 kg and 2.05 +/- 0.3 kg, respectively. At the time of diagnosis (mean age 4.1 +/- 2.2 years), height was -4.4, bone age -1.9, weight -3.7, and head circumference -1.5 standard deviations below the normal mean for age. Calculated or reached adult height corresponded to 82--94% of target height. Intelligence was normal in most patients. 8 had asymmetrical extremities, 3 an asymmetrical face. 7 of 14 boys had cryptorchidism (3 uni-, 4 bilateral), 2 incomplete masculinization, and 2 of 6 girls hypertrophy of the clitoris. Development of secondary sex characters was appropriate for bone age with exception of one boy, whose puberty was early. In 3 boys with completed pubertal development, testicular volume was small and gonadotropins (before and after LHRH) high. It is concluded that 1. the growth pattern in Silver-Russell syndrome is quite homogeneous, and rather accurate predictions are possible; 2. Intersexual genitalia do not seem to be related to endocrine factors, and 3. hypergonadotropic hypogonadism appears to be frequent in males.", "PMID": 521296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_722", "title": "Cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. Clinical and histological results of the cow's milk provocation test.", "content": "Nineteen infants suspected of having cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy were studied. They all showed failure to thrive, diarrhoea and/or vomiting when fed a diet of cow's milk, and improved when their diet was changed to casein hydrolysate. Jejunal biopsy was done before and 18--23 hours after a milk challenge. Of the 19 infants, 12 presented histological evidence of cow's milk protein intolerance. Eight suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea within 9 days of the milk challenge, but in 4 cases the histological abnormalities were not accompanied by clinical symptoms. In one case a chicken meat intolerance was documented. The histological appearance of the intestinal mucosa after chicken challenge was identical to that observed after milk challenge. In our opinion, repeated intestinal biopsies before and after an acute challenge is the best method to establish the diagnosis not only of cow's milk protein intolerance but also of intolerance to other alimentary proteins.", "contents": "Cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. Clinical and histological results of the cow's milk provocation test. Nineteen infants suspected of having cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy were studied. They all showed failure to thrive, diarrhoea and/or vomiting when fed a diet of cow's milk, and improved when their diet was changed to casein hydrolysate. Jejunal biopsy was done before and 18--23 hours after a milk challenge. Of the 19 infants, 12 presented histological evidence of cow's milk protein intolerance. Eight suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea within 9 days of the milk challenge, but in 4 cases the histological abnormalities were not accompanied by clinical symptoms. In one case a chicken meat intolerance was documented. The histological appearance of the intestinal mucosa after chicken challenge was identical to that observed after milk challenge. In our opinion, repeated intestinal biopsies before and after an acute challenge is the best method to establish the diagnosis not only of cow's milk protein intolerance but also of intolerance to other alimentary proteins.", "PMID": 521297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_723", "title": "[Multifocal (chaotic) atrial tachycardia in infancy].", "content": "A newborn baby shows atrial tachycardia and gets into cardiac failure by atrial fibrillation at 12 weeks of age. With digoxin and chinidin spontaneous conversion to multifocal atrial tachycardia occurs. Treatment with additional propranolol leads to atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block. When chinidin was discontinued atrial flutter occurred. With a maintenance therapy with digoxin and chinidin the baby remained asymptomatic, and sinusrhythm occurred at 6 months of age. At 9 months chinidin was discontinued. At 14 months of age, the child is well and in sinusrhythm with a maintenance digoxin therapy. This seems to be the third described case of multifocal atrial tachycardia in infancy.", "contents": "[Multifocal (chaotic) atrial tachycardia in infancy]. A newborn baby shows atrial tachycardia and gets into cardiac failure by atrial fibrillation at 12 weeks of age. With digoxin and chinidin spontaneous conversion to multifocal atrial tachycardia occurs. Treatment with additional propranolol leads to atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block. When chinidin was discontinued atrial flutter occurred. With a maintenance therapy with digoxin and chinidin the baby remained asymptomatic, and sinusrhythm occurred at 6 months of age. At 9 months chinidin was discontinued. At 14 months of age, the child is well and in sinusrhythm with a maintenance digoxin therapy. This seems to be the third described case of multifocal atrial tachycardia in infancy.", "PMID": 521298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_724", "title": "[Intrathoracic kidney in childhood with special reference to secondary renal transport in Bochdalek's hernia].", "content": "Three cases of thoracic renal ectopia are described. Remarkable is the case of an \"acquired\" congenital right diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek's herniation) with previously normally positioned kidneys. Classification is as follows: 1. real thoracic ectopia with normally developed closed diaphragm, 2. eventration of the diaphragm (relaxatio diaphragmatica), 3. diaphragmatic hernia: a) congenital diaphragmatic defects, b) acquired herniation (Bochdalek's). 4. traumatic rupture of the diaphragm with renal ectopia.", "contents": "[Intrathoracic kidney in childhood with special reference to secondary renal transport in Bochdalek's hernia]. Three cases of thoracic renal ectopia are described. Remarkable is the case of an \"acquired\" congenital right diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek's herniation) with previously normally positioned kidneys. Classification is as follows: 1. real thoracic ectopia with normally developed closed diaphragm, 2. eventration of the diaphragm (relaxatio diaphragmatica), 3. diaphragmatic hernia: a) congenital diaphragmatic defects, b) acquired herniation (Bochdalek's). 4. traumatic rupture of the diaphragm with renal ectopia.", "PMID": 521300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_725", "title": "[Familial form of idiopathic hypercalciuria with nanism, bone and renal involvement in children].", "content": "A brother and a sister are reported, demonstrating the severe form of childhood idiopathic hypercalciuria associated with dwarfism, renal defects and bone lesions (rickets and osteoporosis). The family are Israeli Beduins from a small village with a highly inbred population. The parents who are first cousins, and the remaining 6 siblings are not affected. This suggests an autosomal recessive form of transmission for the trait.", "contents": "[Familial form of idiopathic hypercalciuria with nanism, bone and renal involvement in children]. A brother and a sister are reported, demonstrating the severe form of childhood idiopathic hypercalciuria associated with dwarfism, renal defects and bone lesions (rickets and osteoporosis). The family are Israeli Beduins from a small village with a highly inbred population. The parents who are first cousins, and the remaining 6 siblings are not affected. This suggests an autosomal recessive form of transmission for the trait.", "PMID": 521301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_726", "title": "Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy.", "content": "A description is given of a 15-month-old girl with idiopathic arterial calcifications, detected during life time by X-ray. Radiological examination revealed calcifications in medium-sized arteries, histopathological examination showed distinct abnormalities of small vessels. The patient also had a metageria-like outward and retarded mental and motor development with myolysis. No cardiac failure was present.", "contents": "Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy. A description is given of a 15-month-old girl with idiopathic arterial calcifications, detected during life time by X-ray. Radiological examination revealed calcifications in medium-sized arteries, histopathological examination showed distinct abnormalities of small vessels. The patient also had a metageria-like outward and retarded mental and motor development with myolysis. No cardiac failure was present.", "PMID": 521302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_727", "title": "[Clinical and biological evolution of myasthenia gravis after thymectomy in a 13-year-old girl].", "content": "A 13-year-old girl suffering from rhumatoid arthritis developed a myasthenia gravis. Her circulating anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were observed before and after thymectomy. Surgical removal of the thymus was followed by complete clinical remission associated with a progressive decrease of the antibody level; these antibodies did not disappear completely even as late as 2 years after the operation.", "contents": "[Clinical and biological evolution of myasthenia gravis after thymectomy in a 13-year-old girl]. A 13-year-old girl suffering from rhumatoid arthritis developed a myasthenia gravis. Her circulating anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were observed before and after thymectomy. Surgical removal of the thymus was followed by complete clinical remission associated with a progressive decrease of the antibody level; these antibodies did not disappear completely even as late as 2 years after the operation.", "PMID": 521303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_728", "title": "Viral hepatitis B and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy affected by Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had overt viral hepatitis B after repetitive blood transfusions. He was given immune serum containing HBs antibodies, with only transient improvement. The HBsAg titer decreased immediately after each administration of immune serum, but 2 days later it was higher than before. This effect could be explained by the presence of HBs antigen-HBs antibody complexes in the immune serum, not detected by the current testing procedure.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis B and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. A 4-year-old boy affected by Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had overt viral hepatitis B after repetitive blood transfusions. He was given immune serum containing HBs antibodies, with only transient improvement. The HBsAg titer decreased immediately after each administration of immune serum, but 2 days later it was higher than before. This effect could be explained by the presence of HBs antigen-HBs antibody complexes in the immune serum, not detected by the current testing procedure.", "PMID": 521304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_729", "title": "Principle and method of kinetic microphotometric enzyme activity determination in situ.", "content": "An advanced apparative set-up is described for multipositional microphotometric recording of histochemical enzyme reactions in cryostat sections. It consists of a computer controlled microscope photometer with scanning stage. Measurements on the same tissue section may be performed at 12 preselected positions. These are repeatedly brought into the measuring beam in several measuring cycles. The complete measuring process, storage of measuring position coordinates, movements of the stage and statistical evaluation of the data is under computer control. By use of the gel film technique, extinction changes in tetrazolium coupled enzyme reactions can be measured continuously at initial rate conditions. Measurements are performed at identical conditions and can thus be analysed as relative enzyme activities.", "contents": "Principle and method of kinetic microphotometric enzyme activity determination in situ. An advanced apparative set-up is described for multipositional microphotometric recording of histochemical enzyme reactions in cryostat sections. It consists of a computer controlled microscope photometer with scanning stage. Measurements on the same tissue section may be performed at 12 preselected positions. These are repeatedly brought into the measuring beam in several measuring cycles. The complete measuring process, storage of measuring position coordinates, movements of the stage and statistical evaluation of the data is under computer control. By use of the gel film technique, extinction changes in tetrazolium coupled enzyme reactions can be measured continuously at initial rate conditions. Measurements are performed at identical conditions and can thus be analysed as relative enzyme activities.", "PMID": 521310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_730", "title": "Kinetic microphotometric activity determination in enzyme containing gels and model studies with tissue sections.", "content": "The dependence of microphotometrically recorded reaction rate on local enzyme concentration was studied as a basic prerequisite of comparative microphotometric enzyme activity determinations at initial rate conditions in tissue sections. Polyacrylamide gels containing defined concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase served as a model. Optimal conditions of preparing enzyme containing gels are reported. Measurements in which either thickness of gel sections or enzyme concentration was varied proved the linear relationship between local enzyme concentration and microphotometrically recorded reaction rate. Sections of enzyme containing gels as well as cross-sections of rat muscles were used as models for studying possible influences of heterogeneous chromophore distribution (distributional error). No such influences could be detected during the initial phase of the staining reaction which suggests that distributional error is of no significance for kinetic microphotometric enzyme activity determination at initial rate conditions.", "contents": "Kinetic microphotometric activity determination in enzyme containing gels and model studies with tissue sections. The dependence of microphotometrically recorded reaction rate on local enzyme concentration was studied as a basic prerequisite of comparative microphotometric enzyme activity determinations at initial rate conditions in tissue sections. Polyacrylamide gels containing defined concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase served as a model. Optimal conditions of preparing enzyme containing gels are reported. Measurements in which either thickness of gel sections or enzyme concentration was varied proved the linear relationship between local enzyme concentration and microphotometrically recorded reaction rate. Sections of enzyme containing gels as well as cross-sections of rat muscles were used as models for studying possible influences of heterogeneous chromophore distribution (distributional error). No such influences could be detected during the initial phase of the staining reaction which suggests that distributional error is of no significance for kinetic microphotometric enzyme activity determination at initial rate conditions.", "PMID": 521311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_731", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of G6PDH- and SDH-activity on cultured fibroblastoid cells from rat pancreas using a \"membrane technique\".", "content": "The applied \"membrane technique\" represents a simple and time-saving method to provide evidence for presence of enzyme activities in single cultured cells. Substrates for G6PDH and SDH are filled on a semipermeable membrane stretched over a cylinder of plastic. The cells are cultured on a polyester foil and incubated for the enzyme staining reaction on the membrane. Enzyme products can be visualized under the microscope within the cells in definite areas.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of G6PDH- and SDH-activity on cultured fibroblastoid cells from rat pancreas using a \"membrane technique\". The applied \"membrane technique\" represents a simple and time-saving method to provide evidence for presence of enzyme activities in single cultured cells. Substrates for G6PDH and SDH are filled on a semipermeable membrane stretched over a cylinder of plastic. The cells are cultured on a polyester foil and incubated for the enzyme staining reaction on the membrane. Enzyme products can be visualized under the microscope within the cells in definite areas.", "PMID": 521312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_732", "title": "Microphotometric studies on intraacinar enzyme distribution in rat liver.", "content": "Intraacinar distribution of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and NADH-tetrazolium dehydrogenase (TR) was studied in rat liver cryostat sections by multipositional microphotometric activity determinations. By statistical evaluation, activity of individual enzymes could be related to the acinar topography. Activity was evaluated with regard to distance of measuring position either from afferent (portal) or efferent (hepatic) vessels. Two independent distribution curves were obtained for each enzyme. Acinar distribution of all the enzymes studied followed sigmoid courses with maximal activity of SDH, MDH and LDH in zone 1 (\"periportal\") and GluDH, IDH, TR in zone 3 (\"pericentral\"). For all enzymes, maximum activity gradients were confined to zone 2 of the acinus. Data were also evaluated as ratios of activities in zone 1 and zone 3. The following ratios zone 1/zone 3 were obtained: SDH = 1.9, MDH = 1.7, IDH = 0.5, GluDH = 0.5, LDH = 1.3 and TR = 0.6.", "contents": "Microphotometric studies on intraacinar enzyme distribution in rat liver. Intraacinar distribution of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and NADH-tetrazolium dehydrogenase (TR) was studied in rat liver cryostat sections by multipositional microphotometric activity determinations. By statistical evaluation, activity of individual enzymes could be related to the acinar topography. Activity was evaluated with regard to distance of measuring position either from afferent (portal) or efferent (hepatic) vessels. Two independent distribution curves were obtained for each enzyme. Acinar distribution of all the enzymes studied followed sigmoid courses with maximal activity of SDH, MDH and LDH in zone 1 (\"periportal\") and GluDH, IDH, TR in zone 3 (\"pericentral\"). For all enzymes, maximum activity gradients were confined to zone 2 of the acinus. Data were also evaluated as ratios of activities in zone 1 and zone 3. The following ratios zone 1/zone 3 were obtained: SDH = 1.9, MDH = 1.7, IDH = 0.5, GluDH = 0.5, LDH = 1.3 and TR = 0.6.", "PMID": 521313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_733", "title": "The development of histochemically demonstrable cholinesterases in the rat neostriatum in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and non-specific cholinesterase (NsChE) activity was studied in the rat neostriatum by the light and electron microscope using three thiocholine methods. The AChE activity was first demonstrable only in the lateral parts of the nucleus, and during the early postnatal development the most intense activity was in the cell bodies, whilst the typical intense staining of the neuropil of adult animals was seen in two-week-old rats. Two types of AChE-containing cells were observed in the neostriatum of rats younger than two weeks and in cultures of newborn rat neostriatal cells. The neuropil of the cultures showed weak activity in the membranes of thin preterminal processes. In the neuropil of old rats, NsChE activity was present in the membranes of nerve cell processes. The capillary endothelial cells of newborn rats contained both AChE and NsChE. During subsequent development, the AChE activity disappeared, whilst for NsChE no change was seen in the distribution of activity seen in newborn or young adult rats less than three months old.", "contents": "The development of histochemically demonstrable cholinesterases in the rat neostriatum in vivo and in vitro. The development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and non-specific cholinesterase (NsChE) activity was studied in the rat neostriatum by the light and electron microscope using three thiocholine methods. The AChE activity was first demonstrable only in the lateral parts of the nucleus, and during the early postnatal development the most intense activity was in the cell bodies, whilst the typical intense staining of the neuropil of adult animals was seen in two-week-old rats. Two types of AChE-containing cells were observed in the neostriatum of rats younger than two weeks and in cultures of newborn rat neostriatal cells. The neuropil of the cultures showed weak activity in the membranes of thin preterminal processes. In the neuropil of old rats, NsChE activity was present in the membranes of nerve cell processes. The capillary endothelial cells of newborn rats contained both AChE and NsChE. During subsequent development, the AChE activity disappeared, whilst for NsChE no change was seen in the distribution of activity seen in newborn or young adult rats less than three months old.", "PMID": 521314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_734", "title": "Cytochemical detection of catalase with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. A quantitative reinvestigation of the optimal conditions.", "content": "The influence of various parameters of fixation and incubation upon the oxidation of DAB by catalase have been analyzed. Crystalline beef liver catalase was fixed with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde and peroxidatic activity was determined spectrophotometrically using DAB as hydrogen donor. Although aldehyde fixation appeared to be important in elicitation of the peroxidatic activity of catalase, the final pigment production after 60 min incubation was optimal with the lowest concentration of glutaraldehyde (1%), after the shortest fixation period (30 min), and at the lowest temperature (5 degrees C) tested. Similarly cytochemical studies with rat kidney sections incubated for 10 min confirmed that the staining of peroxisomes in proximal tubules was strongest after the \"mildest\" fixation conditions. The pH and the temperature of incubation were closely interrelated, so that at room temperature (25 degrees C) the maximal pigment production was obtained at pH 10.5, but incubation at 45 degrees C gave the strongest staining at pH 8.5. The production of pigment increased with higher DAB concentrations which required larger amounts of H2O2 in the incubation medium. Cytochemical studies on renal peroxisomes were in agreement with these biochemical findings. The observations indicate that there are several options for the localization of catalase depending on the fixation and incubation conditions. Hence, these conditions should be selected according to the tissue and the purpose of the study. Examples for such selective applications are presented.", "contents": "Cytochemical detection of catalase with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. A quantitative reinvestigation of the optimal conditions. The influence of various parameters of fixation and incubation upon the oxidation of DAB by catalase have been analyzed. Crystalline beef liver catalase was fixed with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde and peroxidatic activity was determined spectrophotometrically using DAB as hydrogen donor. Although aldehyde fixation appeared to be important in elicitation of the peroxidatic activity of catalase, the final pigment production after 60 min incubation was optimal with the lowest concentration of glutaraldehyde (1%), after the shortest fixation period (30 min), and at the lowest temperature (5 degrees C) tested. Similarly cytochemical studies with rat kidney sections incubated for 10 min confirmed that the staining of peroxisomes in proximal tubules was strongest after the \"mildest\" fixation conditions. The pH and the temperature of incubation were closely interrelated, so that at room temperature (25 degrees C) the maximal pigment production was obtained at pH 10.5, but incubation at 45 degrees C gave the strongest staining at pH 8.5. The production of pigment increased with higher DAB concentrations which required larger amounts of H2O2 in the incubation medium. Cytochemical studies on renal peroxisomes were in agreement with these biochemical findings. The observations indicate that there are several options for the localization of catalase depending on the fixation and incubation conditions. Hence, these conditions should be selected according to the tissue and the purpose of the study. Examples for such selective applications are presented.", "PMID": 521315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_735", "title": "REgional functional differentiation in the gut of the grasscarp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.).", "content": "A regional differentiation--reflecting structural differences--of the intestine of larval and juvenile grasscarps can be illustrated by studying the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the uptake of orally administered horseradish peroxidase. Pinocytosis takes place in a welldefined area of about 23% of the length of the gut (segment II). Neither the rostral +/- 68% (segment I) nor the caudal +/- 9% (segment III) shows absorption of the enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase activity, mainly localized at the microvilli of the enterocytes is high in the first segment of the gut and low in the second segment. In larvae, the activity decreases sharply at the transition from segment I to segment II. The activity is weak or absent in the caudal third segment. Quantitative histochemical data are confirmed by biochemical analyses. Alkaline phosphatase activity is found all over the mucosal folds of the first segment, with relatively weak activity at the base and at the tip of the folds. This may be related to a renewal of the epithelium. Our results suggest that active absorption of digested food takes place mainly in the rostral first segment, while the uptake of macromolecules by pinocytosis is a function of the second segment. Comparison of the results with information available in literature leads to a rejection of the hypothesis that the uptake of protein macromolecules in Cyprinids is to be attributed to the absence of a stomach and therefore to an inefficient digestion of proteins.", "contents": "REgional functional differentiation in the gut of the grasscarp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.). A regional differentiation--reflecting structural differences--of the intestine of larval and juvenile grasscarps can be illustrated by studying the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the uptake of orally administered horseradish peroxidase. Pinocytosis takes place in a welldefined area of about 23% of the length of the gut (segment II). Neither the rostral +/- 68% (segment I) nor the caudal +/- 9% (segment III) shows absorption of the enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase activity, mainly localized at the microvilli of the enterocytes is high in the first segment of the gut and low in the second segment. In larvae, the activity decreases sharply at the transition from segment I to segment II. The activity is weak or absent in the caudal third segment. Quantitative histochemical data are confirmed by biochemical analyses. Alkaline phosphatase activity is found all over the mucosal folds of the first segment, with relatively weak activity at the base and at the tip of the folds. This may be related to a renewal of the epithelium. Our results suggest that active absorption of digested food takes place mainly in the rostral first segment, while the uptake of macromolecules by pinocytosis is a function of the second segment. Comparison of the results with information available in literature leads to a rejection of the hypothesis that the uptake of protein macromolecules in Cyprinids is to be attributed to the absence of a stomach and therefore to an inefficient digestion of proteins.", "PMID": 521316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_736", "title": "Fine structural localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in the mouse pancreatic acinar cell.", "content": "The fine structural localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) and acid phosphatase (AcPase) was examined in pancreatic acinar cells of fasting and fed mice. The results were not affected by these conditions. TPPase activity was positive in two and sometimes three cisternae of the inner Golgi lamellae as well as in the condensing vacuoles of the trans area, but negative in the rigid lamellae and small vesicles of the trans area. AcPase activity was demonstrated in two and sometimes three cisternae of inner Golgi lamellae, condensing vacuoles, rigid lamellae, lysosomes and smooth or coated vesicles in the trans area. The inner Golgi lamellae and the condensing vacuoles were positive for both enzyme activities. From these facts, the lysosome is considered to be formed not only in the GERL system but also through the rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus route. It is reasonable to consider that Novikoff's GERL is not independent from the Golgi apparatus but represents a part of this organelle.", "contents": "Fine structural localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in the mouse pancreatic acinar cell. The fine structural localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) and acid phosphatase (AcPase) was examined in pancreatic acinar cells of fasting and fed mice. The results were not affected by these conditions. TPPase activity was positive in two and sometimes three cisternae of the inner Golgi lamellae as well as in the condensing vacuoles of the trans area, but negative in the rigid lamellae and small vesicles of the trans area. AcPase activity was demonstrated in two and sometimes three cisternae of inner Golgi lamellae, condensing vacuoles, rigid lamellae, lysosomes and smooth or coated vesicles in the trans area. The inner Golgi lamellae and the condensing vacuoles were positive for both enzyme activities. From these facts, the lysosome is considered to be formed not only in the GERL system but also through the rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus route. It is reasonable to consider that Novikoff's GERL is not independent from the Golgi apparatus but represents a part of this organelle.", "PMID": 521317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_737", "title": "The fluorescence and bright field microscopic demonstration of cathepsin B in human fibroblasts.", "content": "Cathepsin B was demonstrated cytochemically in human fibroblasts with Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-2-(4-methoxy)naphtylamide as substrate. The enzyme was visualized in the bright field microscope with the diazonium salt Fast Blue B as coupling reagent and in the fluorescence microscope with 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde. With both methods cathepsin B was found in small granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The fluorescence and bright field microscopic demonstration of cathepsin B in human fibroblasts. Cathepsin B was demonstrated cytochemically in human fibroblasts with Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-2-(4-methoxy)naphtylamide as substrate. The enzyme was visualized in the bright field microscope with the diazonium salt Fast Blue B as coupling reagent and in the fluorescence microscope with 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde. With both methods cathepsin B was found in small granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 521318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_738", "title": "The localisation of lead in the skin of light- and dark-adapted Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Toads pretreated for 2 months on either a dark or a light background were then exposed to lead nitrate at 50 ppm lead for 21 days, the illumination regimes being maintained. Metal analysis of dorsal skin showed significantly higher lead levels (p less than 0.01) in dark-adapted toads. No precipitated lead deposits were observed at the ultrastructural level, necessitating X-ray microanalysis of sections containing melanophores, gland cells and general (non-melanophore) cytoplasm. Analysis showed the lead to be concentrated within the melanosomes of the melanophores, and to be significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in individual melanosomes of dark-adapted toads than in light adapted ones. Copper was also found to be concentrated in the melanosomes and was higher (p less than 0.01) in the melanosomes of the dark-adapted toads. The results are consistent with the known affinity of melanin for heavy metals and the documented increase in melanophore number under prolonged dark background regimes. Since all toads received the same lead exposure, the melanosome results give rise to speculation that higher melanin levels might occur in individual melanosomes of dark-adapted skin.", "contents": "The localisation of lead in the skin of light- and dark-adapted Xenopus laevis. Toads pretreated for 2 months on either a dark or a light background were then exposed to lead nitrate at 50 ppm lead for 21 days, the illumination regimes being maintained. Metal analysis of dorsal skin showed significantly higher lead levels (p less than 0.01) in dark-adapted toads. No precipitated lead deposits were observed at the ultrastructural level, necessitating X-ray microanalysis of sections containing melanophores, gland cells and general (non-melanophore) cytoplasm. Analysis showed the lead to be concentrated within the melanosomes of the melanophores, and to be significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in individual melanosomes of dark-adapted toads than in light adapted ones. Copper was also found to be concentrated in the melanosomes and was higher (p less than 0.01) in the melanosomes of the dark-adapted toads. The results are consistent with the known affinity of melanin for heavy metals and the documented increase in melanophore number under prolonged dark background regimes. Since all toads received the same lead exposure, the melanosome results give rise to speculation that higher melanin levels might occur in individual melanosomes of dark-adapted skin.", "PMID": 521319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_739", "title": "Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of halogen elements in biological specimens.", "content": "Standards were prepared for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of the halogen elements Cl, Br and I in sections of resin embedded biological specimens. Halogenated aromatic compounds were dissolved in resin, which subsequently was polymerized. Homogeneity and stability of the standards were determined and found to be satisfactory. A general procedure of calculation of elemental concentrations according to the continuum method is given for the case that the specimen contains appreciable concentrations of one or more rather heavy elements. It is shown that use of approximations may lead to unacceptable errors, even in the concentration ranges occurring in biological specimens. As a practical application, the concentration of bromine in the chloroplasts of the red alga Chondrus crispus was determined quantitatively. The inner cells contained more bromine than the epidermal cells: in the chloroplasts of the inner cells bromine concentrations of about 6% could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of halogen elements in biological specimens. Standards were prepared for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of the halogen elements Cl, Br and I in sections of resin embedded biological specimens. Halogenated aromatic compounds were dissolved in resin, which subsequently was polymerized. Homogeneity and stability of the standards were determined and found to be satisfactory. A general procedure of calculation of elemental concentrations according to the continuum method is given for the case that the specimen contains appreciable concentrations of one or more rather heavy elements. It is shown that use of approximations may lead to unacceptable errors, even in the concentration ranges occurring in biological specimens. As a practical application, the concentration of bromine in the chloroplasts of the red alga Chondrus crispus was determined quantitatively. The inner cells contained more bromine than the epidermal cells: in the chloroplasts of the inner cells bromine concentrations of about 6% could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 521320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_740", "title": "Mucosubstance histochemistry of Brunner's glands, pyloric glands and duodenal goblet cells in the ferret.", "content": "The mucosubstance of Brunner's glands, pyloric glands and duodenal goblet cells were studied using the various histochemical methods. The secretions of both Brunner's and pyloric glands were similar in their histochemical reactions. They contained neutral mucosubstances as in these glands in man. The duodenal goblet cells showed variations in their histochemical characters. (i) The secretions of most of the deep cells and the majority of superficial cells contained sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. (ii) There were a few superficial and occasional deep cells, the secretions of which contained sulphated mucosubstances. (iii) There were some goblet cells, more in the villi than in the crypts, the secretions of which contained a mixture of sialomucins and a sulphated mucin. The sialomucin was mostly sialidase-labile and partly sialidase-resistant.", "contents": "Mucosubstance histochemistry of Brunner's glands, pyloric glands and duodenal goblet cells in the ferret. The mucosubstance of Brunner's glands, pyloric glands and duodenal goblet cells were studied using the various histochemical methods. The secretions of both Brunner's and pyloric glands were similar in their histochemical reactions. They contained neutral mucosubstances as in these glands in man. The duodenal goblet cells showed variations in their histochemical characters. (i) The secretions of most of the deep cells and the majority of superficial cells contained sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. (ii) There were a few superficial and occasional deep cells, the secretions of which contained sulphated mucosubstances. (iii) There were some goblet cells, more in the villi than in the crypts, the secretions of which contained a mixture of sialomucins and a sulphated mucin. The sialomucin was mostly sialidase-labile and partly sialidase-resistant.", "PMID": 521321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_741", "title": "[Perennial rhinitis due to bacterial allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacterial allergy causing perennial rhinitis remains a controversial nosological entity. Clinically, however, many cases of perennial rhinopathy do fit into the definition of this disease, and may represent a late stage of earlier inhalant allergy. It is characterized by positive delayed (type IV) skin tests with bacterial extracts as well as by a pronounced tendency to oedema and polyp formation. Topically applied steroids seem to provide sufficient prophylactic protection. Acute bacterial infections or any nasal surgery, however, require antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "[Perennial rhinitis due to bacterial allergy (author's transl)]. Bacterial allergy causing perennial rhinitis remains a controversial nosological entity. Clinically, however, many cases of perennial rhinopathy do fit into the definition of this disease, and may represent a late stage of earlier inhalant allergy. It is characterized by positive delayed (type IV) skin tests with bacterial extracts as well as by a pronounced tendency to oedema and polyp formation. Topically applied steroids seem to provide sufficient prophylactic protection. Acute bacterial infections or any nasal surgery, however, require antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 521327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_742", "title": "[The etiology of Meni\u00e8re's attacks and their consequent physiologic aspects].", "content": "On the basis of theoretical considerations and experimental studies, it can be shown that Meni\u00e8re's attacks result from rupture of the membranous labyrinth with diffusion of potassium into the perilymph and sodium into the endolymph.", "contents": "[The etiology of Meni\u00e8re's attacks and their consequent physiologic aspects]. On the basis of theoretical considerations and experimental studies, it can be shown that Meni\u00e8re's attacks result from rupture of the membranous labyrinth with diffusion of potassium into the perilymph and sodium into the endolymph.", "PMID": 521328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_743", "title": "The lung at high altitude.", "content": "Men and mammals (excluding the indigenous mountain species) who are born at high altitude, or who ascend to live there for a long period, have to undergo acclimatization which affects virtually every system in the body. Since chronic hypoxia is the most important adverse factor in the mountain environment, the lung plays a major part in the process and shows many alterations in structure and function. However, we remain ignorant about many aspects of acclimatization of the lung to hypoxia especially at the ultrastructural level with respect to those cells whose normal function is not yet established. An account of what is known is given in this paper.", "contents": "The lung at high altitude. Men and mammals (excluding the indigenous mountain species) who are born at high altitude, or who ascend to live there for a long period, have to undergo acclimatization which affects virtually every system in the body. Since chronic hypoxia is the most important adverse factor in the mountain environment, the lung plays a major part in the process and shows many alterations in structure and function. However, we remain ignorant about many aspects of acclimatization of the lung to hypoxia especially at the ultrastructural level with respect to those cells whose normal function is not yet established. An account of what is known is given in this paper.", "PMID": 521323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_744", "title": "[Middle and inner ear barotrauma caused by scubadiving (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of our own experiences and the current literature, the following guidelines were established for the evaluation of scubadivers: 1. The ENT physical examination must include otoscopy and the valsalva manoeuver. The scubadiver should be able to promptly and symmetrically inflate his middle ear spaces. A central perforation is a relative contraindication, while a marginal ear drum perforation is an absolute contraindication for scubadiving. 2. Recommendations to the diver: Ear pressure equalibration should be performed continuously with increasing and decreasing water depth. Ear plugs should never be used. 3. Management of diving injuries: Barotitis should be treated in a manner similar to acute otitis media. Transient vertigo while ascending (alternobaric vertigo) without nystagmus or hearing impairment needs no further vestibular examination. A middle ear exploration is indicated when there is suspicion of a perilymphatic fistula.", "contents": "[Middle and inner ear barotrauma caused by scubadiving (author's transl)]. On the basis of our own experiences and the current literature, the following guidelines were established for the evaluation of scubadivers: 1. The ENT physical examination must include otoscopy and the valsalva manoeuver. The scubadiver should be able to promptly and symmetrically inflate his middle ear spaces. A central perforation is a relative contraindication, while a marginal ear drum perforation is an absolute contraindication for scubadiving. 2. Recommendations to the diver: Ear pressure equalibration should be performed continuously with increasing and decreasing water depth. Ear plugs should never be used. 3. Management of diving injuries: Barotitis should be treated in a manner similar to acute otitis media. Transient vertigo while ascending (alternobaric vertigo) without nystagmus or hearing impairment needs no further vestibular examination. A middle ear exploration is indicated when there is suspicion of a perilymphatic fistula.", "PMID": 521329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_745", "title": "The distribution of I/i, Pr and Gd antigens in mammalian tissues.", "content": "The I/i Pr1-2 and Gd antigens are the targets of cold agglutinins. The expression of these antigens in the main organs of four mammalian species was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Specific distribution patterns were observed and possible clinical aspects of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of I/i, Pr and Gd antigens in mammalian tissues. The I/i Pr1-2 and Gd antigens are the targets of cold agglutinins. The expression of these antigens in the main organs of four mammalian species was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Specific distribution patterns were observed and possible clinical aspects of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 521324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_746", "title": "[Diagnosis of acoustic neurinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In conjunction with a competent medical history, the early diagnosis of acoustic neurinomas is based on the following clinical investigations: pure tone and speech audiometry, caloric testing for nystagmus, and Stenvers radiological examination of the petrous bone. In abnormal studies, audiometry consistently indicates a unilateral hearing loss which is often accompanied by a severe speech discrimination impairment. The caloric response of the affected side is significantly reduced in 90% of the cases. In the same per cent of cases, the Stenvers projection shows significant pathological findings. These include enlargement of the internal auditory meatus, absence of the crista transversa and atrophy of the roof of the internal auditory meatus. As a result of these studies, the possibility of an acoustic neurinoma can be excluded in 50% of cases. Only when these tests yield enough positive findings should more sophisticated studies, such as computerized tomography and meatocysternography, be considered.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of acoustic neurinoma (author's transl)]. In conjunction with a competent medical history, the early diagnosis of acoustic neurinomas is based on the following clinical investigations: pure tone and speech audiometry, caloric testing for nystagmus, and Stenvers radiological examination of the petrous bone. In abnormal studies, audiometry consistently indicates a unilateral hearing loss which is often accompanied by a severe speech discrimination impairment. The caloric response of the affected side is significantly reduced in 90% of the cases. In the same per cent of cases, the Stenvers projection shows significant pathological findings. These include enlargement of the internal auditory meatus, absence of the crista transversa and atrophy of the roof of the internal auditory meatus. As a result of these studies, the possibility of an acoustic neurinoma can be excluded in 50% of cases. Only when these tests yield enough positive findings should more sophisticated studies, such as computerized tomography and meatocysternography, be considered.", "PMID": 521330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_747", "title": "[Rhinolalia aperta after the use of a postnasal pack as a medico-legal problem (author's transl)].", "content": "A 23 year old patient needed a postnasal pack after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for control of severe postoperative bleeding. After removal of the pack on the sixth day, the patient had rhinolalia aperta. The patient could still swallow normally and there was no nasal regurgitation when swallowing solids or fluids. The patient sued for damage when 6 months of speech therapy failed to give any improvement of the nasal speech. The patient argued that the surgeon was negligent in leaving the postnasal pack in position for too long, and resulted in a paresis of the soft palate. However, a careful review of the record indicates that no real paresis of the musculature of the soft palate had occurred since the nasopharynx could be closed by the soft palate during deglutition. The patient's complaints were more likely psychologically induced, although there is no known case in the otolaryngologic literature on this syndrome in which phoniatric function did not recover spontaneously or after speech therapy.", "contents": "[Rhinolalia aperta after the use of a postnasal pack as a medico-legal problem (author's transl)]. A 23 year old patient needed a postnasal pack after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for control of severe postoperative bleeding. After removal of the pack on the sixth day, the patient had rhinolalia aperta. The patient could still swallow normally and there was no nasal regurgitation when swallowing solids or fluids. The patient sued for damage when 6 months of speech therapy failed to give any improvement of the nasal speech. The patient argued that the surgeon was negligent in leaving the postnasal pack in position for too long, and resulted in a paresis of the soft palate. However, a careful review of the record indicates that no real paresis of the musculature of the soft palate had occurred since the nasopharynx could be closed by the soft palate during deglutition. The patient's complaints were more likely psychologically induced, although there is no known case in the otolaryngologic literature on this syndrome in which phoniatric function did not recover spontaneously or after speech therapy.", "PMID": 521331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_748", "title": "[Esophageal complications following ventral cervical disc surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of complications can occur following cervical vertebral fusions of intervertebral disc lesions. These include hypoglossal or recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis, inflammation of the operative wound, injuries of the esophagus and hypopharynx, as well as instability of alloplastic fusion material and spinal cord injury with tetraplegia. Cloward has reported transient postoperative dysphagia in 80% of patients. We describe a patient suffering from persistent dysphagia after cervical fusion. The symptoms were caused by adhesions between the esophagus and prevertebral muscles and a sharp edge of osteochondrosis of the vertebral body. The importance of surgical treatment in such patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Esophageal complications following ventral cervical disc surgery (author's transl)]. A number of complications can occur following cervical vertebral fusions of intervertebral disc lesions. These include hypoglossal or recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis, inflammation of the operative wound, injuries of the esophagus and hypopharynx, as well as instability of alloplastic fusion material and spinal cord injury with tetraplegia. Cloward has reported transient postoperative dysphagia in 80% of patients. We describe a patient suffering from persistent dysphagia after cervical fusion. The symptoms were caused by adhesions between the esophagus and prevertebral muscles and a sharp edge of osteochondrosis of the vertebral body. The importance of surgical treatment in such patients is discussed.", "PMID": 521332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_749", "title": "Keratinocyte differentiation of human buccal mucosa in vitro.", "content": "The process of differentiation in keratinocytes of human buccal mucosa is accompanied by a number of specific membrane and cytoplasmic changes. Using simple tissue culture techniques, it has been possible to establish an in vitro model for keratinocyte differentiation which closely resembles the in vivo situation. A multi-layered structure is formed with maturation towards the surface. The superficial cells are characterized by a thickening of the plasma membrane, an increased concentration of tonofilaments, loss of intercellular adhesions and the presence of membrane-coated granules. It is concluded that this represents a suitable in vitro model for the biological and pathological study of both normal and abnormal oral epithelium.", "contents": "Keratinocyte differentiation of human buccal mucosa in vitro. The process of differentiation in keratinocytes of human buccal mucosa is accompanied by a number of specific membrane and cytoplasmic changes. Using simple tissue culture techniques, it has been possible to establish an in vitro model for keratinocyte differentiation which closely resembles the in vivo situation. A multi-layered structure is formed with maturation towards the surface. The superficial cells are characterized by a thickening of the plasma membrane, an increased concentration of tonofilaments, loss of intercellular adhesions and the presence of membrane-coated granules. It is concluded that this represents a suitable in vitro model for the biological and pathological study of both normal and abnormal oral epithelium.", "PMID": 521326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_750", "title": "[Endoprosthetic closure of pharyngeal fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "The H\u00e4ring endoprosthesis was originally designed for re-establishing an esophageal passage in patients with tumor stenosis of the esophagus. We have successfully used this prosthesis in two patients for closure of large pharyngeal fistulae following laryngectomy. The prosthesis provides a watertight closure of the pharynx and allows immediate natural feeding by the patient.", "contents": "[Endoprosthetic closure of pharyngeal fistulae (author's transl)]. The H\u00e4ring endoprosthesis was originally designed for re-establishing an esophageal passage in patients with tumor stenosis of the esophagus. We have successfully used this prosthesis in two patients for closure of large pharyngeal fistulae following laryngectomy. The prosthesis provides a watertight closure of the pharynx and allows immediate natural feeding by the patient.", "PMID": 521333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_751", "title": "[Endonasal sinus surgery with endoscopic control for recurrent sinusitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1976, 35 transnasal operations of the maxillary sinus with endoscopic control were performed in children as treatment for chronic sinusitis. After luxation of the inferior turbinate, a mucosal flap was developed to expose the lateral bony nasal wall. A sinus fenestra was then created to allow endoscopic control of the antrum during the operation. Gross pathological alterations of the mucosa were removed while most of the lining mucosa was preserved for recovery. 30 of the 35 children were followed from 4--18 months after surgery. 28 were without any discomfort. Although X-ray studies in many of the patients revealed mucosal swelling four weeks after surgery, the maxillary sinuses were well aerated 8 weeks after operation. Transnasal sinusotomy under endoscopic control is considered to be the treatment of choice for chronic sinusitis in adults and can now also be considered to be the treatment for similar disease in children.", "contents": "[Endonasal sinus surgery with endoscopic control for recurrent sinusitis in children (author's transl)]. Since 1976, 35 transnasal operations of the maxillary sinus with endoscopic control were performed in children as treatment for chronic sinusitis. After luxation of the inferior turbinate, a mucosal flap was developed to expose the lateral bony nasal wall. A sinus fenestra was then created to allow endoscopic control of the antrum during the operation. Gross pathological alterations of the mucosa were removed while most of the lining mucosa was preserved for recovery. 30 of the 35 children were followed from 4--18 months after surgery. 28 were without any discomfort. Although X-ray studies in many of the patients revealed mucosal swelling four weeks after surgery, the maxillary sinuses were well aerated 8 weeks after operation. Transnasal sinusotomy under endoscopic control is considered to be the treatment of choice for chronic sinusitis in adults and can now also be considered to be the treatment for similar disease in children.", "PMID": 521334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_752", "title": "[The pathogenesis of tracheal stenosis following thyroidectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of trachealmalacia or stenoses following operations for struma or recurrent struma initiated our study of the pathogenesis of such changes. This study revealed that mechanical factors, such as compression of the trachea and the like, had been reported in the literature as the causative factors. The present paper investigates to what extent disturbances in the blood supply of the trachea, particularly after ligature of the inferior thyroid artery during thyroidectomy, influence changes in the tracheal mucosa, the connective tissue, and the adjacent cartilage. In twelve experiments on domestic pigs, the blood supply of the cervical trachea was interrupted. After varying periods of survival time, the animals were sacrificed and the tracheas histologically examined. In all cases, ischemic changes in the tracheal mucosa and cartilage could be found in addition to inflammatory reactions with scar formation. It seems justified to conclude that both mechanical factors and disturbances in local blood supply can cause tracheal tissue changes after thyroidectomy. The inferior thyroid artery and its branches also seem to play a central role in the success or failure of tracheal reconstructions following end-to-end anastomoses after stenosis resections. As a consequence, this paper also deals comprehensively with the detailed anatomy of this vessel.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of tracheal stenosis following thyroidectomy (author's transl)]. The frequency of trachealmalacia or stenoses following operations for struma or recurrent struma initiated our study of the pathogenesis of such changes. This study revealed that mechanical factors, such as compression of the trachea and the like, had been reported in the literature as the causative factors. The present paper investigates to what extent disturbances in the blood supply of the trachea, particularly after ligature of the inferior thyroid artery during thyroidectomy, influence changes in the tracheal mucosa, the connective tissue, and the adjacent cartilage. In twelve experiments on domestic pigs, the blood supply of the cervical trachea was interrupted. After varying periods of survival time, the animals were sacrificed and the tracheas histologically examined. In all cases, ischemic changes in the tracheal mucosa and cartilage could be found in addition to inflammatory reactions with scar formation. It seems justified to conclude that both mechanical factors and disturbances in local blood supply can cause tracheal tissue changes after thyroidectomy. The inferior thyroid artery and its branches also seem to play a central role in the success or failure of tracheal reconstructions following end-to-end anastomoses after stenosis resections. As a consequence, this paper also deals comprehensively with the detailed anatomy of this vessel.", "PMID": 521335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_753", "title": "[Postoperative mucocoeles of the maxillary sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "The postoperative occurrences of mucocoeles of the maxillary sinuses are much rarer than those of the frontal or ethmoid sinuses. Their occurrence following Caldwell-Luc operations is 1:150. They may originate from obliteration of the sinus ostia (antritis dilatans) as well as from residuel mucosa in the upper lateral recesses of the sinus cavities. There are four clinical types of mucocoeles: (1) those which present with a swelling of the cheek, (2) those with destruction of the orbital floor with elevation of the eye, (3) those with destruction of the hard palate (which are extremely rare), and (4) those which present as multiple cysts (also rare). Among the author's 20 cases, there were 15 of the first group, 4 of the second and one of the fourth. In differential diagnosis, ameloblastoma of the maxilla must be considered. When suppuration (or pyocoele) occurs, the clinical picture may be similar to that of periorbital edema or inflammation. Operative treatment requires complete removal of the mucocoele and restoration of nasal drainage. When destruction of the orbital floor has occurred, reconstruction with a free septal cartilage graft is recommended.", "contents": "[Postoperative mucocoeles of the maxillary sinuses (author's transl)]. The postoperative occurrences of mucocoeles of the maxillary sinuses are much rarer than those of the frontal or ethmoid sinuses. Their occurrence following Caldwell-Luc operations is 1:150. They may originate from obliteration of the sinus ostia (antritis dilatans) as well as from residuel mucosa in the upper lateral recesses of the sinus cavities. There are four clinical types of mucocoeles: (1) those which present with a swelling of the cheek, (2) those with destruction of the orbital floor with elevation of the eye, (3) those with destruction of the hard palate (which are extremely rare), and (4) those which present as multiple cysts (also rare). Among the author's 20 cases, there were 15 of the first group, 4 of the second and one of the fourth. In differential diagnosis, ameloblastoma of the maxilla must be considered. When suppuration (or pyocoele) occurs, the clinical picture may be similar to that of periorbital edema or inflammation. Operative treatment requires complete removal of the mucocoele and restoration of nasal drainage. When destruction of the orbital floor has occurred, reconstruction with a free septal cartilage graft is recommended.", "PMID": 521336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_754", "title": "[Cerebellar abscess as an intracranial complication of otogenic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of otogenic cerebellar abscesses, treated between 1976 and 1978, are reviewed. Early diagnosis is the most important factor in the successful management of these lesions. In localising subtentorial intracranial abscesses, computed axial tomography appears superior to other neuroradiological methods. Lumbar puncture is both inaccurate in diagnosis and dangerous to the patient, when increased intracranial pressure exists.", "contents": "[Cerebellar abscess as an intracranial complication of otogenic origin (author's transl)]. Three cases of otogenic cerebellar abscesses, treated between 1976 and 1978, are reviewed. Early diagnosis is the most important factor in the successful management of these lesions. In localising subtentorial intracranial abscesses, computed axial tomography appears superior to other neuroradiological methods. Lumbar puncture is both inaccurate in diagnosis and dangerous to the patient, when increased intracranial pressure exists.", "PMID": 521337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_755", "title": "[Malignant melanoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Three instances of malignant melanoma of the larynx are reported. Tumour localization and infiltration are described and the differentiation from normal and pathological tissue changes is discussed. It is noted that distant metastases present late.", "contents": "[Malignant melanoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. Three instances of malignant melanoma of the larynx are reported. Tumour localization and infiltration are described and the differentiation from normal and pathological tissue changes is discussed. It is noted that distant metastases present late.", "PMID": 521338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_756", "title": "Diagnosis, relative incidence, and probable cause of cunean tendon bursitis-tarsitis of Standardbred horses.", "content": "A prospective study of the diagnostic results on 25 previously untreated, slightly lame Standardbred horses showed that manipulative tests are of some help in diagnosis. The lameness of each horse was diminished or the horse went lame on the opposite limb after being given an injection of anesthetic in the cunean bursa, and lameness improved more when local anesthetic was injected in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations. In four horses, lesions of the distal articulation of the hock were evident on radiography.", "contents": "Diagnosis, relative incidence, and probable cause of cunean tendon bursitis-tarsitis of Standardbred horses. A prospective study of the diagnostic results on 25 previously untreated, slightly lame Standardbred horses showed that manipulative tests are of some help in diagnosis. The lameness of each horse was diminished or the horse went lame on the opposite limb after being given an injection of anesthetic in the cunean bursa, and lameness improved more when local anesthetic was injected in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations. In four horses, lesions of the distal articulation of the hock were evident on radiography.", "PMID": 521349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_757", "title": "Treatment and prognosis for cunean tendon bursitis-tarsitis of Standardbred horses.", "content": "During 1975 and 1976, 70 Standardbred horses with cunean bursitis-tarsitis were treated by cunean tenectomy or by more conservative approaches (rested, given corticosteroid injections in the cunean bursa and distal hock articulations, given an oral course of phenylbutazone, a combination of these) or were sold. In 1975, owners were urged to have cunean tenectomy done to horses that appeared to have potential to race well, and in 1976, the more conservative methods of management and treatment were recommended. Statistical analysis of racing performance data led to the conclusion that there was no difference between the effect of these treatment approaches on racing performance during the rest of the year and the following calendar year.", "contents": "Treatment and prognosis for cunean tendon bursitis-tarsitis of Standardbred horses. During 1975 and 1976, 70 Standardbred horses with cunean bursitis-tarsitis were treated by cunean tenectomy or by more conservative approaches (rested, given corticosteroid injections in the cunean bursa and distal hock articulations, given an oral course of phenylbutazone, a combination of these) or were sold. In 1975, owners were urged to have cunean tenectomy done to horses that appeared to have potential to race well, and in 1976, the more conservative methods of management and treatment were recommended. Statistical analysis of racing performance data led to the conclusion that there was no difference between the effect of these treatment approaches on racing performance during the rest of the year and the following calendar year.", "PMID": 521350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_758", "title": "Mesodiverticular bands as a cause of small intestinal strangulation and volvulus in the horse.", "content": "Volvulus of the jejunum and ileum in three horses was associated with intestinal strangulation in a mesenteric rent. The rent was in the jejunal mesentery at its point of attachment with an anomaly that was classified as a mesodiverticular band. The band also was attached to the dorsolateral surface of the jejunum, thus forming one side of a triangular hernial sac that was completed on the other side by the adjacent jejunal mesentery. Incarceration of a loop of small intestine in the hernial sac preceded rupture of the jejunal mesentery and subsequent intestinal strangulation. Surgical correction was successful in two horses and involved resection of the gangrenous intestine, then jejunocecal anastomosis. The third horse was euthanatized when intestinal rupture and peritonitis were found on exploratory laparotomy. Two mesodiverticular bands attached to the distal jejunum were incidental necropsy findings in a fourth horse.", "contents": "Mesodiverticular bands as a cause of small intestinal strangulation and volvulus in the horse. Volvulus of the jejunum and ileum in three horses was associated with intestinal strangulation in a mesenteric rent. The rent was in the jejunal mesentery at its point of attachment with an anomaly that was classified as a mesodiverticular band. The band also was attached to the dorsolateral surface of the jejunum, thus forming one side of a triangular hernial sac that was completed on the other side by the adjacent jejunal mesentery. Incarceration of a loop of small intestine in the hernial sac preceded rupture of the jejunal mesentery and subsequent intestinal strangulation. Surgical correction was successful in two horses and involved resection of the gangrenous intestine, then jejunocecal anastomosis. The third horse was euthanatized when intestinal rupture and peritonitis were found on exploratory laparotomy. Two mesodiverticular bands attached to the distal jejunum were incidental necropsy findings in a fourth horse.", "PMID": 521351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_759", "title": "Acute oral marijuana poisoning in the dog.", "content": "Ingestion of marijuana by three dogs in unrelated incidents resulted in depression-type toxicosis in each case. The most evident clinical signs were central nervous system depression and ataxia. Emesis and hypothermia were noted in two of the cases. Symptomatic and supportive treatment was accompanied by clinical improvement. In two cases, recovery was slow, with clinical signs apparent for 36 to 48 hours after onset. In the third case, clinical signs were apparent for only 3 hours.", "contents": "Acute oral marijuana poisoning in the dog. Ingestion of marijuana by three dogs in unrelated incidents resulted in depression-type toxicosis in each case. The most evident clinical signs were central nervous system depression and ataxia. Emesis and hypothermia were noted in two of the cases. Symptomatic and supportive treatment was accompanied by clinical improvement. In two cases, recovery was slow, with clinical signs apparent for 36 to 48 hours after onset. In the third case, clinical signs were apparent for only 3 hours.", "PMID": 521354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_760", "title": "X-ray-intensifying screen technology for improving veterinary field radiography.", "content": "Ultra-high-speed rare earth x-ray-intensifying screens were used to increase the efficiency of field radiography in an equine research project. The usefulness of these screens to the large animal practitioner was evaluated.", "contents": "X-ray-intensifying screen technology for improving veterinary field radiography. Ultra-high-speed rare earth x-ray-intensifying screens were used to increase the efficiency of field radiography in an equine research project. The usefulness of these screens to the large animal practitioner was evaluated.", "PMID": 521355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_761", "title": "Ehrlichiosis in wolves, dogs, and wolf-dog crosses.", "content": "Canine ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in wolves, dogs, and wolf-dog crosses at a small zoo in northcentral Florida. Five of 9 adult canids and all 8 pups confined to a common kennel died as a result of the infection. The epizootic was associated with a massive Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation. Hematologic and pathologic findings in an adult wolf-dog cross that died were characteristic of canine ehrlichiosis. That animal and four other canids were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis. No deaths occurred following the oral treatment of remaining canids with tetracycline hydrochloride and the treatment of canids and premises with acaricides.", "contents": "Ehrlichiosis in wolves, dogs, and wolf-dog crosses. Canine ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in wolves, dogs, and wolf-dog crosses at a small zoo in northcentral Florida. Five of 9 adult canids and all 8 pups confined to a common kennel died as a result of the infection. The epizootic was associated with a massive Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation. Hematologic and pathologic findings in an adult wolf-dog cross that died were characteristic of canine ehrlichiosis. That animal and four other canids were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis. No deaths occurred following the oral treatment of remaining canids with tetracycline hydrochloride and the treatment of canids and premises with acaricides.", "PMID": 521367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_762", "title": "Serologic survey for leptospirosis in coyotes in northcentral Kansas.", "content": "During 1975 to 1977, serum samples were collected from 101 adult coyotes (Canis latrans) captured in northcentral Kansas. Ten samples were seropositive by microagglutination testing and six of those samples were seropositive for multiple serovars. Titers for Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa, pyrogenes, djasiman, butembo, and pomona were demonstrated.", "contents": "Serologic survey for leptospirosis in coyotes in northcentral Kansas. During 1975 to 1977, serum samples were collected from 101 adult coyotes (Canis latrans) captured in northcentral Kansas. Ten samples were seropositive by microagglutination testing and six of those samples were seropositive for multiple serovars. Titers for Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa, pyrogenes, djasiman, butembo, and pomona were demonstrated.", "PMID": 521368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_763", "title": "Dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in Indiana.", "content": "Between October 1976 and January 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in Indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (Vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (Canis latrans) were infected with D immitis. An average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. Worms from the coyote were of normal length and all female worms contained developing embryos and microfilariae. Worms from foxes were small, and none of the female worms contained developing embryos.", "contents": "Dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in Indiana. Between October 1976 and January 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in Indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (Vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (Canis latrans) were infected with D immitis. An average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. Worms from the coyote were of normal length and all female worms contained developing embryos and microfilariae. Worms from foxes were small, and none of the female worms contained developing embryos.", "PMID": 521369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_764", "title": "Serologic profile of exotic deer at Point Reyes National Seashore.", "content": "Serotests were conducted on axis (Axis axis) and fallow (Dama dama) deer at Point Reyes National Seashore to determine their status with respect to nine diseases enzootic to the native black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) or to resident dairy cattle. In the exotic deer, the proportion of animals that were seropositive included: anaplasmosis, 35%; bluetongue, 48%; brucellosis, 0%; bovine viral diarrhea, 2%; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 3%; leptospirosis, 7%; parainfluenza-3, 49%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 51%. The prevalence of antibodies among a small sample of the black-tailed deer included anaplasmosis, 100%; toxoplasmosis, 29%; and Q fever, 57%. The antibody prevalences in a sample of dairy cattle in the area included anaplasmosis, 19%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 100%.", "contents": "Serologic profile of exotic deer at Point Reyes National Seashore. Serotests were conducted on axis (Axis axis) and fallow (Dama dama) deer at Point Reyes National Seashore to determine their status with respect to nine diseases enzootic to the native black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) or to resident dairy cattle. In the exotic deer, the proportion of animals that were seropositive included: anaplasmosis, 35%; bluetongue, 48%; brucellosis, 0%; bovine viral diarrhea, 2%; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 3%; leptospirosis, 7%; parainfluenza-3, 49%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 51%. The prevalence of antibodies among a small sample of the black-tailed deer included anaplasmosis, 100%; toxoplasmosis, 29%; and Q fever, 57%. The antibody prevalences in a sample of dairy cattle in the area included anaplasmosis, 19%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 100%.", "PMID": 521370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_765", "title": "Observations on diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in a deer herd.", "content": "Paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a herd of 62 fallow deer (Dama dama) and 38 sika deer (Cervus nipon) maintained in an animal park in Ohio. A comparison was made of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, results of in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation tests, and isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on fecal culture in 19 deer.", "contents": "Observations on diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in a deer herd. Paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a herd of 62 fallow deer (Dama dama) and 38 sika deer (Cervus nipon) maintained in an animal park in Ohio. A comparison was made of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, results of in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation tests, and isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on fecal culture in 19 deer.", "PMID": 521371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_766", "title": "Hyaluronidase as an adjunct in an immobilizing mixture for moose.", "content": "Hyaluronidase was put into immobilizing syringes for 58 of 104 moose captured with a fentanyl/xylazine mixture. Induction times were measured for both groups and were related to injection site as well as drug mixture. Hyaluronidase-treated moose had significantly shorter induction times than others. Injection site also had a significant effect on induction times.", "contents": "Hyaluronidase as an adjunct in an immobilizing mixture for moose. Hyaluronidase was put into immobilizing syringes for 58 of 104 moose captured with a fentanyl/xylazine mixture. Induction times were measured for both groups and were related to injection site as well as drug mixture. Hyaluronidase-treated moose had significantly shorter induction times than others. Injection site also had a significant effect on induction times.", "PMID": 521372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_767", "title": "Acute viral hepatitis in California sea lions.", "content": "Acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed in five California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the Los Angeles coast. Light microscopy revealed large nuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. Electron microscopy provided evidence that these inclusion bodies were composed of adenovirus-like virions. Attempts to grow the virus in cell culture systems were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Acute viral hepatitis in California sea lions. Acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed in five California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the Los Angeles coast. Light microscopy revealed large nuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. Electron microscopy provided evidence that these inclusion bodies were composed of adenovirus-like virions. Attempts to grow the virus in cell culture systems were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 521373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_768", "title": "Hepatic trematodiasis in a Ganges River dolphin.", "content": "Hepatic trematodiasis caused by Cyclorchis campula was diagnosed in a juvenile Ganges River dolphin that had been in captivity at an aquarium for approximately 1 year. Histopathologic findings were severe chronic suppurative cholangitis, hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, and periductal fibrosis associated with fluke infection of the large bile ducts.", "contents": "Hepatic trematodiasis in a Ganges River dolphin. Hepatic trematodiasis caused by Cyclorchis campula was diagnosed in a juvenile Ganges River dolphin that had been in captivity at an aquarium for approximately 1 year. Histopathologic findings were severe chronic suppurative cholangitis, hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, and periductal fibrosis associated with fluke infection of the large bile ducts.", "PMID": 521375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_769", "title": "Mycotic pneumonia in mariculture-reared green sea turtles.", "content": "Microbiologic examination of 29 juvenile green sea turtles with a buoyancy abnormality revealed pulmonary infection with Sporotrichium sp, Cladosporium sp, and Paecilomyces sp. Histologic examination of the lungs revealed granulomatous lesions containing branching septate hyphae. The diagnosis was mycotic pneumonia.", "contents": "Mycotic pneumonia in mariculture-reared green sea turtles. Microbiologic examination of 29 juvenile green sea turtles with a buoyancy abnormality revealed pulmonary infection with Sporotrichium sp, Cladosporium sp, and Paecilomyces sp. Histologic examination of the lungs revealed granulomatous lesions containing branching septate hyphae. The diagnosis was mycotic pneumonia.", "PMID": 521376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_770", "title": "Fatal Beauveria bassiana infection in a captive American alligator.", "content": "The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions of a dead American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) at the Oklahoma City Zoo. Colonies of the fungus, which had sporulated in vivo, were found in the thoracic air spaces. Septate, branching hyphae and fungal spores were seen in stained histologic sections of pleura and lung. Dissemination to other viscera had not occurred. This case indicated that B bassiana, a rare vertebrate pathogen, may be a fatal mycotic agent in captive reptiles.", "contents": "Fatal Beauveria bassiana infection in a captive American alligator. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions of a dead American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) at the Oklahoma City Zoo. Colonies of the fungus, which had sporulated in vivo, were found in the thoracic air spaces. Septate, branching hyphae and fungal spores were seen in stained histologic sections of pleura and lung. Dissemination to other viscera had not occurred. This case indicated that B bassiana, a rare vertebrate pathogen, may be a fatal mycotic agent in captive reptiles.", "PMID": 521377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_771", "title": "Avian malaria in African black-footed penguins.", "content": "Ten captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from a large outdoor colony were monitored for avian malaria, using several diagnostic tests. One treatment regimen was evaluated. Thin smear blood evaluation enabled detection of seven parasitemias involving Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum in the penguins. Leukocytosis (relative lymphocytosis) was characteristic of infected birds. Parasitemia was detected as early as 21 days prior to onset of clinical signs (depression, anorexia, regurgitation, pale mucous membranes, and respiratory distress). The single bird that died had clinical signs only a few hours prior to its death. Treatment consisted of 0.03 mg of primaquine phosphate base/kg body weight, administered orally once daily for 3 days. Oral chloroquine phosphate therapy, given simultaneously, was administered in an initial loading dose of 10 mg of chloroquine phosphate base/kg body weight, followed by doses of 5 mg/kg at 6, 18 and 24 hours after the initial chloroquine dose. This treatment regimen prevented mortality and cleared parasites from the blood. Recurrences of malaria occurred in two birds that had received this treatment.", "contents": "Avian malaria in African black-footed penguins. Ten captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from a large outdoor colony were monitored for avian malaria, using several diagnostic tests. One treatment regimen was evaluated. Thin smear blood evaluation enabled detection of seven parasitemias involving Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum in the penguins. Leukocytosis (relative lymphocytosis) was characteristic of infected birds. Parasitemia was detected as early as 21 days prior to onset of clinical signs (depression, anorexia, regurgitation, pale mucous membranes, and respiratory distress). The single bird that died had clinical signs only a few hours prior to its death. Treatment consisted of 0.03 mg of primaquine phosphate base/kg body weight, administered orally once daily for 3 days. Oral chloroquine phosphate therapy, given simultaneously, was administered in an initial loading dose of 10 mg of chloroquine phosphate base/kg body weight, followed by doses of 5 mg/kg at 6, 18 and 24 hours after the initial chloroquine dose. This treatment regimen prevented mortality and cleared parasites from the blood. Recurrences of malaria occurred in two birds that had received this treatment.", "PMID": 521378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_772", "title": "Disseminated granulomas caused by an unidentified protozoan in sandhill cranes.", "content": "Oral granulomas were observed in 31 (33%) of 95 captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Necropsy of six of the afflicted cranes revealed granulomatous nodules throughout many of their organ systems. Intracellular protozoan organisms morphologically resembling schizogonic stages were observed within the granulomas by light and electron microscopy. Sexual and asexual stages of coccidia were seen in sections of the intestines of 4 of 5 cranes examined microscopically, and Eimerian oocysts were seen in fecal flotation specimens from 3 of 4 birds.", "contents": "Disseminated granulomas caused by an unidentified protozoan in sandhill cranes. Oral granulomas were observed in 31 (33%) of 95 captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Necropsy of six of the afflicted cranes revealed granulomatous nodules throughout many of their organ systems. Intracellular protozoan organisms morphologically resembling schizogonic stages were observed within the granulomas by light and electron microscopy. Sexual and asexual stages of coccidia were seen in sections of the intestines of 4 of 5 cranes examined microscopically, and Eimerian oocysts were seen in fecal flotation specimens from 3 of 4 birds.", "PMID": 521379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_773", "title": "Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Pregnant albino rats were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine and xylazine. A minimal effective dosage of 90 mg/kg for ketamine and 10 mg/kg for xylazine provided satisfactory anesthesia in 92% of the subjects, without adverse effects on gestation or the fetuses.", "contents": "Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in the pregnant rat. Pregnant albino rats were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine and xylazine. A minimal effective dosage of 90 mg/kg for ketamine and 10 mg/kg for xylazine provided satisfactory anesthesia in 92% of the subjects, without adverse effects on gestation or the fetuses.", "PMID": 521380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_774", "title": "Necessity for end colostomy with transection of the descending colon in guinea pigs.", "content": "Surgical procedures for resection and transection of the descending colon in the guinea pig were studied. Wedge resection with removal of less than 1 cm diameter of tissue resulted in an 80% (8 of 10 guinea pigs) survival rate. Colonic transection with restorative anastomosis, either end-to-end or side-to-side, resulted in a 94% (35 of 37 guinea pigs) death rate due to colonic impaction proximal to the site of anastomosis. A modified procedure for ventral end colostomy resulted in a 79% (19 of 24 guinea pigs) survival rate. These results indicated that caution should be taken in surgical manipulations intended to treat or study diseases of the colon in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Necessity for end colostomy with transection of the descending colon in guinea pigs. Surgical procedures for resection and transection of the descending colon in the guinea pig were studied. Wedge resection with removal of less than 1 cm diameter of tissue resulted in an 80% (8 of 10 guinea pigs) survival rate. Colonic transection with restorative anastomosis, either end-to-end or side-to-side, resulted in a 94% (35 of 37 guinea pigs) death rate due to colonic impaction proximal to the site of anastomosis. A modified procedure for ventral end colostomy resulted in a 79% (19 of 24 guinea pigs) survival rate. These results indicated that caution should be taken in surgical manipulations intended to treat or study diseases of the colon in the guinea pig.", "PMID": 521381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_775", "title": "Gingival hyperplasia induced by diphenylhydantoin in a gorilla.", "content": "An adult male lowland gorilla had been treated with diphenylhydantoin for 6 months following several acute convulsive episodes. The gorilla remained clinically normal during that period. Then, for no apparent reason, it refused its usual diet. Physical examination revealed acute inflammatory gingival hyperplasia. Full mouth gingivectomy and antibiotic and analgesic therapy resolved the oral inflammation and the anorexia.", "contents": "Gingival hyperplasia induced by diphenylhydantoin in a gorilla. An adult male lowland gorilla had been treated with diphenylhydantoin for 6 months following several acute convulsive episodes. The gorilla remained clinically normal during that period. Then, for no apparent reason, it refused its usual diet. Physical examination revealed acute inflammatory gingival hyperplasia. Full mouth gingivectomy and antibiotic and analgesic therapy resolved the oral inflammation and the anorexia.", "PMID": 521383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_776", "title": "Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals in Florida.", "content": "Blood samples were collected for serum separation from 114 species of wild animals (25 species of mammals, 82 species of birds, and 7 species of reptiles) in Florida. Each of the 3,471 samples was tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, using the indirect hemagglutination test. The highest prevalences of T gondii antibodies were 19% in armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), 18% in raccoons (Procyon lotor), 13% in black rats (Rattus rattus), and 11% in opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Antibody prevalences were significantly higher in male than in female raccoons (P less than 0.05) and in adult than in nonadult raccoons and opossums (P less than 0.005). A high proportion of seropositive animals was found in three other mammalian species: 4 of 4 black bears (Ursus americanus), 2 of 3 bobcats (Lynx rufus), and 2 of 8 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) tested. Antibodies were found in 8 of the 1,279 avian serums; they were not found in any of the 13 reptilian serums tested. There were no significant geographic variations in antibody prevalence in any species.", "contents": "Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals in Florida. Blood samples were collected for serum separation from 114 species of wild animals (25 species of mammals, 82 species of birds, and 7 species of reptiles) in Florida. Each of the 3,471 samples was tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, using the indirect hemagglutination test. The highest prevalences of T gondii antibodies were 19% in armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), 18% in raccoons (Procyon lotor), 13% in black rats (Rattus rattus), and 11% in opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Antibody prevalences were significantly higher in male than in female raccoons (P less than 0.05) and in adult than in nonadult raccoons and opossums (P less than 0.005). A high proportion of seropositive animals was found in three other mammalian species: 4 of 4 black bears (Ursus americanus), 2 of 3 bobcats (Lynx rufus), and 2 of 8 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) tested. Antibodies were found in 8 of the 1,279 avian serums; they were not found in any of the 13 reptilian serums tested. There were no significant geographic variations in antibody prevalence in any species.", "PMID": 521384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_777", "title": "Bone conduction mechanisms: M\u00f6ssbauer measurements on the role of ossicular inertia.", "content": "The M\u00f6ssbauer technique was used to measure displacements of the stapes footplate and adjacent temporal bone during bone conduction stimulation at frequencies from 250 to 400 Hz in anaesthetized guinea pigs. The stapes was found not to be driven at amplitudes or phases that differed significantly from those of the temporal bone. Measurement of stapes displacements during air conduction stimulation, and of temporal bone displacements during bone conduction stimulation producing matching cochlear microphonic amplitude, enabled calculation of limiting values of amplitude and phase difference necessary to produce the required relative displacement. The obtained values (less than 1 dB for amplitude and 1--4 degrees for phase) were beyond the resolution of the measurement system employed for reasonable nuclear counting times. The results provide quantitative estimates of the magnitude of inertial effects, but do not establish whether ossicular inertia is an important factor in bone conduction stimulation.", "contents": "Bone conduction mechanisms: M\u00f6ssbauer measurements on the role of ossicular inertia. The M\u00f6ssbauer technique was used to measure displacements of the stapes footplate and adjacent temporal bone during bone conduction stimulation at frequencies from 250 to 400 Hz in anaesthetized guinea pigs. The stapes was found not to be driven at amplitudes or phases that differed significantly from those of the temporal bone. Measurement of stapes displacements during air conduction stimulation, and of temporal bone displacements during bone conduction stimulation producing matching cochlear microphonic amplitude, enabled calculation of limiting values of amplitude and phase difference necessary to produce the required relative displacement. The obtained values (less than 1 dB for amplitude and 1--4 degrees for phase) were beyond the resolution of the measurement system employed for reasonable nuclear counting times. The results provide quantitative estimates of the magnitude of inertial effects, but do not establish whether ossicular inertia is an important factor in bone conduction stimulation.", "PMID": 521395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_778", "title": "Funneling mechanism in hearing.", "content": "The funneling mechanism in hearing is reviewed and its underlying mechanism clearly elucidated. It is concluded that GABA is a principal candidate among the putative transmitters.", "contents": "Funneling mechanism in hearing. The funneling mechanism in hearing is reviewed and its underlying mechanism clearly elucidated. It is concluded that GABA is a principal candidate among the putative transmitters.", "PMID": 521396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_779", "title": "A model of loudness summation applied to noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "The main contention of this paper is that Zwicker's model of loudness summation is applicable to observers with noise-induced hearing loss when certain parameters of the model are modified. Two types of measurement were obtained in observers with normal hearing and noise-induced hearing loss: loudness summation as a function of level and narrow-band masking. These measurements provided a basis for modifying the parameters of the model. Results suggest that the model of loudness summation is applicable to observers with noise-induced hearing loss when the presence of recruitment and reduced frequency selectivity is taken into account.", "contents": "A model of loudness summation applied to noise-induced hearing loss. The main contention of this paper is that Zwicker's model of loudness summation is applicable to observers with noise-induced hearing loss when certain parameters of the model are modified. Two types of measurement were obtained in observers with normal hearing and noise-induced hearing loss: loudness summation as a function of level and narrow-band masking. These measurements provided a basis for modifying the parameters of the model. Results suggest that the model of loudness summation is applicable to observers with noise-induced hearing loss when the presence of recruitment and reduced frequency selectivity is taken into account.", "PMID": 521397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_780", "title": "Action potential suppresion, tuning curves and thresholds: comparison with single fiber data.", "content": "The collection of compound action potential (AP) threshold curves and their use to define the sensitivity of individual animals are described. Forward masking AP tuning curves (APTC) have also been collected in the chinchilla. Characteristics of APTCs are compared with single fiber frequency-threshold curves (FTC) in the same group of animals. The two sets of data are quite similar when the probe frequency used to collect the APTC is equated with a fiber's characteristic frequency (CF). The major difference is that APTCs are usually broader than FTCs. A paradigm utilizing two maskers in a forward masking situation, developed to study psychophysical unmasking [19,37], has been modified for measuring AP suppression. AP suppression areas are described as similar to single fiber two-tone suppression areas when probe frequency and CF are above 3 kHz. Relationships among single fiber, AP and psychophysical thresholds, tuning curves and suppression areas are discussed.", "contents": "Action potential suppresion, tuning curves and thresholds: comparison with single fiber data. The collection of compound action potential (AP) threshold curves and their use to define the sensitivity of individual animals are described. Forward masking AP tuning curves (APTC) have also been collected in the chinchilla. Characteristics of APTCs are compared with single fiber frequency-threshold curves (FTC) in the same group of animals. The two sets of data are quite similar when the probe frequency used to collect the APTC is equated with a fiber's characteristic frequency (CF). The major difference is that APTCs are usually broader than FTCs. A paradigm utilizing two maskers in a forward masking situation, developed to study psychophysical unmasking [19,37], has been modified for measuring AP suppression. AP suppression areas are described as similar to single fiber two-tone suppression areas when probe frequency and CF are above 3 kHz. Relationships among single fiber, AP and psychophysical thresholds, tuning curves and suppression areas are discussed.", "PMID": 521398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_781", "title": "Calculating virtual pitch.", "content": "A procedure for the schematic and automatic extraction of 'fundamental pitch' from complex tonal signals, such as voiced speech and music, has been developed. While the auditively relevant 'fundamental' of a complex signal cannot be defined in purely mathematical terms, an existent model of virtual-pitch perception turns out to provide a suitable basis. The procedure comprises the formation of determinant spectral pitches (or 'fundamental frequency') from those spectral pitches. The latter deduction is accomplished by a principle of subharmonic matching, for whose realization a simple, universal and efficient algorithm was found. While the calculation may be confined to the determination of 'nominal' virtual pitch, certain typical auditory phenomena, such as the influence of SPL, partial masking and interval stretch, may be accounted for as well, in which case 'true' virtual pitch is obtained. The procedure operates on the frequencies and amplitudes of the signal's spectral components, is suitable for implementation on readily available programmable calculators and other arithmetic computers, and may be used in real-time 'fundamental-pitch' extraction as well. The procedure's performance and its applicability to the research and engineering of auditory communication are illustrated by some examples.", "contents": "Calculating virtual pitch. A procedure for the schematic and automatic extraction of 'fundamental pitch' from complex tonal signals, such as voiced speech and music, has been developed. While the auditively relevant 'fundamental' of a complex signal cannot be defined in purely mathematical terms, an existent model of virtual-pitch perception turns out to provide a suitable basis. The procedure comprises the formation of determinant spectral pitches (or 'fundamental frequency') from those spectral pitches. The latter deduction is accomplished by a principle of subharmonic matching, for whose realization a simple, universal and efficient algorithm was found. While the calculation may be confined to the determination of 'nominal' virtual pitch, certain typical auditory phenomena, such as the influence of SPL, partial masking and interval stretch, may be accounted for as well, in which case 'true' virtual pitch is obtained. The procedure operates on the frequencies and amplitudes of the signal's spectral components, is suitable for implementation on readily available programmable calculators and other arithmetic computers, and may be used in real-time 'fundamental-pitch' extraction as well. The procedure's performance and its applicability to the research and engineering of auditory communication are illustrated by some examples.", "PMID": 521399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_782", "title": "Intracellular recording of 'chopper responses' in the cochler nucleus of the cat.", "content": "Intracellular recording of 'chopper responses' in the cochlear nucleus of the anesthetized cat presented a sustained depolarization accompanied by spikes that lasted as long as the stimulation.", "contents": "Intracellular recording of 'chopper responses' in the cochler nucleus of the cat. Intracellular recording of 'chopper responses' in the cochlear nucleus of the anesthetized cat presented a sustained depolarization accompanied by spikes that lasted as long as the stimulation.", "PMID": 521400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_783", "title": "Semautomated method for the analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets: collaborative study.", "content": "A semautomated method for the analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets, which is based on the USP XIX general assay for salts of organic nitrogenous bases, was collaboratively studied by 6 laboratories. Collaborators were supplied with 4 composites from 4 manufacturers. In the method, the active ingredient is dissolved in dilute HCl, sampled, made basic with dilute NaOH, and extracted with isooctane. The isooctane phase is resampled and the drug is re-extracted into dilute HCl. The absorbance of the acidic aqueous solution is measured at 265 nm. The Associate Referee assayed the collaborative samples to compare the semiautomated and USP XIX methods, and found close agreement in the results from the 2 methods. In the collaborative study of the semiautomated method, there was excellent agreement of the results obtained by the collaborators. The coefficients of variation ranged from 0.46 to 2.24%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Semautomated method for the analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets: collaborative study. A semautomated method for the analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets, which is based on the USP XIX general assay for salts of organic nitrogenous bases, was collaboratively studied by 6 laboratories. Collaborators were supplied with 4 composites from 4 manufacturers. In the method, the active ingredient is dissolved in dilute HCl, sampled, made basic with dilute NaOH, and extracted with isooctane. The isooctane phase is resampled and the drug is re-extracted into dilute HCl. The absorbance of the acidic aqueous solution is measured at 265 nm. The Associate Referee assayed the collaborative samples to compare the semiautomated and USP XIX methods, and found close agreement in the results from the 2 methods. In the collaborative study of the semiautomated method, there was excellent agreement of the results obtained by the collaborators. The coefficients of variation ranged from 0.46 to 2.24%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 521406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_784", "title": "Infrared estimation of fat, protein, and lactose in milk: evaluation of multispec instrument.", "content": "Thirty-eight milks (including homogenized and unhomogenized herd milks, individual cow milks, and packaged milks) were pre-analyzed by accepted standard methods and then analyzed in duplicate with a Multispec instrument on 2 different days. For the combined data, mean differences between duplicates were 0.01% or less within days and 0.025% or less between days. Standard deviations of difference between duplicates were 0.02% or less. Overall mean differences between Multispec and standard results were 0.02% or less with standard deviations of difference of 0.041%, but means for protein in packaged milks were 0.038% lower and means for lactose in individual cow milks were 0.04% higher than standards. Standard deviations of difference for fat were lower (0.016%) than average for packaged milks and higher (0.06%) than average for individual cow milks. Differences between Multispec results for homogenized and unhomogenized samples of the same herd milks were small, averaging 0.013% for fat, 0.005% for protein, and 0.011% for lactose. Regression equations for the combined data gave standard errors of estimate of about the same magnitude as the standard deviations of difference. Single calibrations would give good estimates for all of the types of milk analyzed, but for best accuracy the instrument should be calibrated with the type of milk to be analyzed.", "contents": "Infrared estimation of fat, protein, and lactose in milk: evaluation of multispec instrument. Thirty-eight milks (including homogenized and unhomogenized herd milks, individual cow milks, and packaged milks) were pre-analyzed by accepted standard methods and then analyzed in duplicate with a Multispec instrument on 2 different days. For the combined data, mean differences between duplicates were 0.01% or less within days and 0.025% or less between days. Standard deviations of difference between duplicates were 0.02% or less. Overall mean differences between Multispec and standard results were 0.02% or less with standard deviations of difference of 0.041%, but means for protein in packaged milks were 0.038% lower and means for lactose in individual cow milks were 0.04% higher than standards. Standard deviations of difference for fat were lower (0.016%) than average for packaged milks and higher (0.06%) than average for individual cow milks. Differences between Multispec results for homogenized and unhomogenized samples of the same herd milks were small, averaging 0.013% for fat, 0.005% for protein, and 0.011% for lactose. Regression equations for the combined data gave standard errors of estimate of about the same magnitude as the standard deviations of difference. Single calibrations would give good estimates for all of the types of milk analyzed, but for best accuracy the instrument should be calibrated with the type of milk to be analyzed.", "PMID": 521407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_785", "title": "Performance specifications for infrared milk analysis.", "content": "Maximum limits of 0.02% are recommended for precision of IR analysis for fat, protein, and lactose, and 0.04% for total solids. Recommended maximum systematic errors are 0.06% for fat, protein, and lactose, and 0.12% for total solids, when instrument results are compared with results of specified AOAC  methods. Recommended maximum mean differences between instrument and standard results are based on 95% confidence limits for the mean of 8 samples; precision and systematic errors are calculated as the standard deviation of difference between duplicates for 8 samples, and systematic errors are calculated as the standard deviation of difference between instrument and reference results for 8 samples. Automated sections for milk of Official Methods of Analysis were rewritten to eliminate references to individual instruments, to eliminate possible differences between calibration procedures for different instruments, and to stress important instrument operational characteristics which can have significant effects on instrument performance.", "contents": "Performance specifications for infrared milk analysis. Maximum limits of 0.02% are recommended for precision of IR analysis for fat, protein, and lactose, and 0.04% for total solids. Recommended maximum systematic errors are 0.06% for fat, protein, and lactose, and 0.12% for total solids, when instrument results are compared with results of specified AOAC  methods. Recommended maximum mean differences between instrument and standard results are based on 95% confidence limits for the mean of 8 samples; precision and systematic errors are calculated as the standard deviation of difference between duplicates for 8 samples, and systematic errors are calculated as the standard deviation of difference between instrument and reference results for 8 samples. Automated sections for milk of Official Methods of Analysis were rewritten to eliminate references to individual instruments, to eliminate possible differences between calibration procedures for different instruments, and to stress important instrument operational characteristics which can have significant effects on instrument performance.", "PMID": 521408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_786", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of nine phenolic antioxidants in oils, lards, and shortenings.", "content": "A simple, rapid technique is described for the determination of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (Ionox-100), 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone (THBP), propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in vegetable oils, lards, and shortenings. The antioxidants are partitioned from hexane-oil into acetonitrile, concentrated under vacuum, and determined by reverse phase, gradient elution, high performance liquid chromatography with detection at 280 nm. The mobile phase is water-acetonitrile with 5% acetic acid. With this system, only Ionox-100 and OG are not resolved. Recoveries from soya-sunflower seed oil spiked at 16 and 100 ppm and from lard at 32 ppm for 8 of the 9 antioxidants ranged from 96 to 103%, 100 to 102%, and 98 to 102%, respectively. The recoveries of BHT, due to incomplete extraction, were 84, 85, and 87%, respectively.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of nine phenolic antioxidants in oils, lards, and shortenings. A simple, rapid technique is described for the determination of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (Ionox-100), 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone (THBP), propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in vegetable oils, lards, and shortenings. The antioxidants are partitioned from hexane-oil into acetonitrile, concentrated under vacuum, and determined by reverse phase, gradient elution, high performance liquid chromatography with detection at 280 nm. The mobile phase is water-acetonitrile with 5% acetic acid. With this system, only Ionox-100 and OG are not resolved. Recoveries from soya-sunflower seed oil spiked at 16 and 100 ppm and from lard at 32 ppm for 8 of the 9 antioxidants ranged from 96 to 103%, 100 to 102%, and 98 to 102%, respectively. The recoveries of BHT, due to incomplete extraction, were 84, 85, and 87%, respectively.", "PMID": 521409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_787", "title": "Microbiological determination of penicillin G, ampicillin, and cloxacillin residues in milk.", "content": "A fast cylinder plate microbiological method was developed for the quantitative determination of penicillin G, ampicillin, and cloxacillin in milk. Agar plates seeded with stable spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis were used and incubated at 64 degrees C for 4 1/2 hr. Standard curves were obtained for the following ranges of concentration of antibiotics: 0.004-0.064 IU penicillin G/mL, 0.0025-0.04 microgram ampicillin/mL, and 0.03-0.48 microgram cloxacillin/mL. The method is suitable for detecting penicillin residues in milk and for quantitative milk-out studies of the above antibiotics used in treatment of bovine mastitis.", "contents": "Microbiological determination of penicillin G, ampicillin, and cloxacillin residues in milk. A fast cylinder plate microbiological method was developed for the quantitative determination of penicillin G, ampicillin, and cloxacillin in milk. Agar plates seeded with stable spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis were used and incubated at 64 degrees C for 4 1/2 hr. Standard curves were obtained for the following ranges of concentration of antibiotics: 0.004-0.064 IU penicillin G/mL, 0.0025-0.04 microgram ampicillin/mL, and 0.03-0.48 microgram cloxacillin/mL. The method is suitable for detecting penicillin residues in milk and for quantitative milk-out studies of the above antibiotics used in treatment of bovine mastitis.", "PMID": 521410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_788", "title": "Mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs: sensitive thin layer chromatographic detection of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin.", "content": "Improvements have been made to a previously described multi-mycotoxin method that involved a membrane cleanup step. Using 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography and appropriate solvent systems, aflatoxin B1 can be detected in mixed feedstuffs and various ingredients at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/kg. Corresponding detection limits for ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin are 5 to 20 microgram/kg and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone 20 to 200 microgram/kg.", "contents": "Mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs: sensitive thin layer chromatographic detection of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin. Improvements have been made to a previously described multi-mycotoxin method that involved a membrane cleanup step. Using 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography and appropriate solvent systems, aflatoxin B1 can be detected in mixed feedstuffs and various ingredients at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/kg. Corresponding detection limits for ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin are 5 to 20 microgram/kg and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone 20 to 200 microgram/kg.", "PMID": 521411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_789", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric screening method for T-2 toxin in milk.", "content": "A method for the analysis of T-2 toxin in milk is presented. Ethyl acetate extracts of milk samples which had been spiked with T-2 toxin were purified by thin layer chromatography and derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide to produce the T-2 toxin trimethylsilyl ether (T-2 toxin-TMS). N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl-d9)acetamide was used to make T-2 toxin d9-trimethylsilyl ether (T-2 toxin-d9 TMS) which was added to the derivatized milk extract as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using either electron impact ionization or chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In electron impact ionization analyses, simultaneous monitoring of the T-2 toxin-TMS fragment ion at m/z 436 and the T-2 toxin-d9TMS fragment ion at m/z 445 gave a T-2 toxin-TMS detectability estimated at 6 microgram/kg. In chemical ionization analyses, the T-2 toxin-TMS fragment ion at m/z 377 and the T-2 toxin-d9TMS fragment ion at m/z 386 were simultaneously monitored to give a T-2 toxin-TMS detectability estimated at 3 microgram/kg. Average recovery was 85% at 200 microgram/kg and 65% at 20 microgram/kg.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric screening method for T-2 toxin in milk. A method for the analysis of T-2 toxin in milk is presented. Ethyl acetate extracts of milk samples which had been spiked with T-2 toxin were purified by thin layer chromatography and derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide to produce the T-2 toxin trimethylsilyl ether (T-2 toxin-TMS). N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl-d9)acetamide was used to make T-2 toxin d9-trimethylsilyl ether (T-2 toxin-d9 TMS) which was added to the derivatized milk extract as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using either electron impact ionization or chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In electron impact ionization analyses, simultaneous monitoring of the T-2 toxin-TMS fragment ion at m/z 436 and the T-2 toxin-d9TMS fragment ion at m/z 445 gave a T-2 toxin-TMS detectability estimated at 6 microgram/kg. In chemical ionization analyses, the T-2 toxin-TMS fragment ion at m/z 377 and the T-2 toxin-d9TMS fragment ion at m/z 386 were simultaneously monitored to give a T-2 toxin-TMS detectability estimated at 3 microgram/kg. Average recovery was 85% at 200 microgram/kg and 65% at 20 microgram/kg.", "PMID": 521412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_790", "title": "Comparative study of two methods for extraction of aflatoxin from peanut meal and peanut butter.", "content": "The difference between the CB and Best Foods methods in extracting aflatoxins from peanut products has been studied. The CB method yields 60, 121, 35, and 22% higher results for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively for 4 samples of peanut meal and 6 samples of peanut butter studied. Both reverse phase liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to quantitate the extracted aflatoxins.", "contents": "Comparative study of two methods for extraction of aflatoxin from peanut meal and peanut butter. The difference between the CB and Best Foods methods in extracting aflatoxins from peanut products has been studied. The CB method yields 60, 121, 35, and 22% higher results for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively for 4 samples of peanut meal and 6 samples of peanut butter studied. Both reverse phase liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to quantitate the extracted aflatoxins.", "PMID": 521413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_791", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of carbohydrates in food products: evaluation of method.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining 5 common carbohydrates in food products was evaluated. Reproducibility data were generated showing a relative standard deviation of 2.8%. Recovery studies on a variety of foods gave an average recovery of 98.8%. The HPLC data for 3 varieties of ready-to-eat cereals were compared with data from 4 independent laboratories using current AOAC chemical methods. The HPLC mean values differed from the chemical mean values by 3.2%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of carbohydrates in food products: evaluation of method. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining 5 common carbohydrates in food products was evaluated. Reproducibility data were generated showing a relative standard deviation of 2.8%. Recovery studies on a variety of foods gave an average recovery of 98.8%. The HPLC data for 3 varieties of ready-to-eat cereals were compared with data from 4 independent laboratories using current AOAC chemical methods. The HPLC mean values differed from the chemical mean values by 3.2%.", "PMID": 521414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_792", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of the rodenticide brodifacoum in rat tissue.", "content": "An HPLC method was developed to determine residues of individual isomers of brodifacoum (3-[3-4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) in rat tissue. The compound was extracted twice with 10% methanol in chloroform, filtered, and cleaned up by using automated gel permeation chromatography. A final cleanup on a silica gel SEP-PAK was added to protect the analytical column from irreversible adsorption and to reduce analysis time. The analysis was done on a microPorasil column; a UV detector was used for quantitation. Recoveries of brodifacoum added to rat tissue in concentrations of 0.12-5.0 ppm were greater than 90%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of the rodenticide brodifacoum in rat tissue. An HPLC method was developed to determine residues of individual isomers of brodifacoum (3-[3-4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) in rat tissue. The compound was extracted twice with 10% methanol in chloroform, filtered, and cleaned up by using automated gel permeation chromatography. A final cleanup on a silica gel SEP-PAK was added to protect the analytical column from irreversible adsorption and to reduce analysis time. The analysis was done on a microPorasil column; a UV detector was used for quantitation. Recoveries of brodifacoum added to rat tissue in concentrations of 0.12-5.0 ppm were greater than 90%.", "PMID": 521415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_793", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of permethrin in bovine tissues.", "content": "A method is presented for the determination of permethrin (m-phenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) in bovine tissues. Fat and muscle samples were cleaned up first by liquid-liquid partition on a bonded phase chromatographic column. Final cleanup of fat and muscle was performed on a short Florisil column. Liver, kidney, spleen, and heart tissues only required cleanup on a Florisil column before quantitation of permethrin by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of permethrin in bovine tissues. A method is presented for the determination of permethrin (m-phenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) in bovine tissues. Fat and muscle samples were cleaned up first by liquid-liquid partition on a bonded phase chromatographic column. Final cleanup of fat and muscle was performed on a short Florisil column. Liver, kidney, spleen, and heart tissues only required cleanup on a Florisil column before quantitation of permethrin by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 521416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_794", "title": "Quantitative determination of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate by densitometry of thin layer chromatograms.", "content": "The flame retardant tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris) was chromatographed on silica gel thin layer plates, using ethyl acetate-hexane (30+70) as the developing solvent. Tris was visualized by spraying the chromatogram with 1% aqueous silver nitrate followed by exposure to ultraviolet light for 40 min. Tris appeared as dark gray spots on a white background; the spots were quantitated by densitometry at 660 nm. The lower level of sensitivity was 50 ng; calibration plots were linear from 50 to 800 ng. The procedure was developed to determine the levels of unmetabolized Tris remaining after exposure to sewage sludge suspensions. Recovery of Tris from 3 sewage sludge samples fortified at the 1.0 ppm level averaged 97%.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate by densitometry of thin layer chromatograms. The flame retardant tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris) was chromatographed on silica gel thin layer plates, using ethyl acetate-hexane (30+70) as the developing solvent. Tris was visualized by spraying the chromatogram with 1% aqueous silver nitrate followed by exposure to ultraviolet light for 40 min. Tris appeared as dark gray spots on a white background; the spots were quantitated by densitometry at 660 nm. The lower level of sensitivity was 50 ng; calibration plots were linear from 50 to 800 ng. The procedure was developed to determine the levels of unmetabolized Tris remaining after exposure to sewage sludge suspensions. Recovery of Tris from 3 sewage sludge samples fortified at the 1.0 ppm level averaged 97%.", "PMID": 521417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_795", "title": "Analytical characteristics of late-eluting halogenated flame retardants.", "content": "The analytical characteristics of halogenated flame retardants were studied. Suitable electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic conditions were developed, and retention times and sensitivity responses were obtained. The behavior of these industrial chemicals through the AOAC multiresidue method for nonfatty foods was studied using fish as the test substrate. Of the 24 flame retardants investigated, 23 were recovered (85-110%) using the AOAC method.", "contents": "Analytical characteristics of late-eluting halogenated flame retardants. The analytical characteristics of halogenated flame retardants were studied. Suitable electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic conditions were developed, and retention times and sensitivity responses were obtained. The behavior of these industrial chemicals through the AOAC multiresidue method for nonfatty foods was studied using fish as the test substrate. Of the 24 flame retardants investigated, 23 were recovered (85-110%) using the AOAC method.", "PMID": 521418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_796", "title": "Separation of normal paraffins and evaluation of petroleum contamination in foods.", "content": "A method for separating n-paraffins from petroleum hydrocarbons in foods was developed. The method consists of 5 initial steps: digestion of sample with alkali, silica gel column chromatography, molecular sieve adsorption, destruction of the sieve with HCl, and oxidation with KMnO4. Recoveries of n-paraffins added to 55 g oyster at a level of 0.36 ppm ranged from 80% for normal pentadecane to 100% for n-paraffins over 18 carbon atoms. This method also facilitated the analysis of iso-paraffins such as pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) and phytane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane), and other hydrocarbons, which are thought to be good marker compounds for the estimation of petroleum pollution.", "contents": "Separation of normal paraffins and evaluation of petroleum contamination in foods. A method for separating n-paraffins from petroleum hydrocarbons in foods was developed. The method consists of 5 initial steps: digestion of sample with alkali, silica gel column chromatography, molecular sieve adsorption, destruction of the sieve with HCl, and oxidation with KMnO4. Recoveries of n-paraffins added to 55 g oyster at a level of 0.36 ppm ranged from 80% for normal pentadecane to 100% for n-paraffins over 18 carbon atoms. This method also facilitated the analysis of iso-paraffins such as pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) and phytane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane), and other hydrocarbons, which are thought to be good marker compounds for the estimation of petroleum pollution.", "PMID": 521419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_797", "title": "Colorimetric determination of uric acid in poultry excreta and in mixed feeds.", "content": "Uric acid was determined in samples of poultry excreta and animal feeds to which poultry excreta were added. The rapid colorimetric method used by Van Handel was adapted for this purpose. The method is simple, accurate, and gives reproducible results.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of uric acid in poultry excreta and in mixed feeds. Uric acid was determined in samples of poultry excreta and animal feeds to which poultry excreta were added. The rapid colorimetric method used by Van Handel was adapted for this purpose. The method is simple, accurate, and gives reproducible results.", "PMID": 521420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_798", "title": "Screening method for vitamins A and D in fortified skim milk, chocolate milk, and vitamin D liquid concentrates.", "content": "Vitamin A was determined in fortified chocolate milk and skim milk; vitamin D was determined in fortified chocolate milk, skim milk, and vitamin D concentrates, using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample is saponified, extracted with hexane, and chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 10 micron Vydac TP reverse phase C18 column, using acetonitrile-methanol (9+1) as the mobile phase. For 6 replicates, the recoveries of vitamins A and D, using this procedure, were 99 and 98%, respectively.", "contents": "Screening method for vitamins A and D in fortified skim milk, chocolate milk, and vitamin D liquid concentrates. Vitamin A was determined in fortified chocolate milk and skim milk; vitamin D was determined in fortified chocolate milk, skim milk, and vitamin D concentrates, using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample is saponified, extracted with hexane, and chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 10 micron Vydac TP reverse phase C18 column, using acetonitrile-methanol (9+1) as the mobile phase. For 6 replicates, the recoveries of vitamins A and D, using this procedure, were 99 and 98%, respectively.", "PMID": 521421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_799", "title": "Distribution of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in contaminated calf and pig livers.", "content": "The determination of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in multiple sections of livers from 4 calves and 1 pig exposed to high levels of aflatoxins showed a uniform distribution of the aflatoxins in each liver, within the precision of the analytical method used. The thin layer chromatographic method has an expected within-laboratory coefficient of variation of 15%.", "contents": "Distribution of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in contaminated calf and pig livers. The determination of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in multiple sections of livers from 4 calves and 1 pig exposed to high levels of aflatoxins showed a uniform distribution of the aflatoxins in each liver, within the precision of the analytical method used. The thin layer chromatographic method has an expected within-laboratory coefficient of variation of 15%.", "PMID": 521422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_800", "title": "Teaching autistic children to use sign language: some research issues.", "content": "Three questions are raised with respect to the use of sign language as an alternative system of communication for nonverbal autistic children. First, does teaching a child to sign facilitate speech development? The data suggest that following simultaneous communication training, mute children are not likely to learn to talk; however, a combination of simultaneous communication training and separate vocal training may have a synergetic effect on speech development. In contrast, children who initially have good verbal imitation skills apparently show gains in speech following simultaneous communication training alone. Second, what is the upper limit of sign acquisition? Data suggest that abstract concepts, syntax, and generative skills can be taught. Procedures used in the operant conditioning of speech may prove useful in training complex signing skills. Third, does sign acquisition result in a general improvement in adaptive functioning? It appears that following sign training, some children do show increases in spontaneous communication, decreases in self-stimulatory behavior, and improvement in social skills. However, these outcomes are often difficult to interpret. Some data are described that help clarify the relationship between sign training and general behavioral improvement.", "contents": "Teaching autistic children to use sign language: some research issues. Three questions are raised with respect to the use of sign language as an alternative system of communication for nonverbal autistic children. First, does teaching a child to sign facilitate speech development? The data suggest that following simultaneous communication training, mute children are not likely to learn to talk; however, a combination of simultaneous communication training and separate vocal training may have a synergetic effect on speech development. In contrast, children who initially have good verbal imitation skills apparently show gains in speech following simultaneous communication training alone. Second, what is the upper limit of sign acquisition? Data suggest that abstract concepts, syntax, and generative skills can be taught. Procedures used in the operant conditioning of speech may prove useful in training complex signing skills. Third, does sign acquisition result in a general improvement in adaptive functioning? It appears that following sign training, some children do show increases in spontaneous communication, decreases in self-stimulatory behavior, and improvement in social skills. However, these outcomes are often difficult to interpret. Some data are described that help clarify the relationship between sign training and general behavioral improvement.", "PMID": 521429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_801", "title": "The simplest treatment alternative: the law of parsimony applied to choosing appropriate instructional control and errorless-learning procedures for the difficult-to-teach child.", "content": "A method for choosing effective teaching procedures for difficult-to-teach children is proposed. Assessment of child responses during teaching that involves gradually increasing environmental support in the learning setting is the basis for choice. The levels of environmental support in which child responses are assessed are (1) trial-and-error procedures; (2) increased environmental support involving analyses of reinforcement systems, incompatible responses, and prerequisite skills, as well as the most effective use of instructional control; and (3) errorless-learning procedures. Effects of instructions upon learning are discussed in terms of instructional detail and pacing, as well as with respect to the role of instructions in feedback and progressively delayed cue procedures. Stimulus shaping and stimulus fading are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of each for teaching children who have difficulty learning with more traditional procedures. The importance of the incorporation of criterion-related cues when utilizing stimulus shaping or fading is emphasized. It is proposed that an assessment of child responses should be made with respect to the three general levels of environmental support, as well as from sublevels within these, in order to choose the simplest but still effective alternative procedure for teaching difficult-to-teach children.", "contents": "The simplest treatment alternative: the law of parsimony applied to choosing appropriate instructional control and errorless-learning procedures for the difficult-to-teach child. A method for choosing effective teaching procedures for difficult-to-teach children is proposed. Assessment of child responses during teaching that involves gradually increasing environmental support in the learning setting is the basis for choice. The levels of environmental support in which child responses are assessed are (1) trial-and-error procedures; (2) increased environmental support involving analyses of reinforcement systems, incompatible responses, and prerequisite skills, as well as the most effective use of instructional control; and (3) errorless-learning procedures. Effects of instructions upon learning are discussed in terms of instructional detail and pacing, as well as with respect to the role of instructions in feedback and progressively delayed cue procedures. Stimulus shaping and stimulus fading are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of each for teaching children who have difficulty learning with more traditional procedures. The importance of the incorporation of criterion-related cues when utilizing stimulus shaping or fading is emphasized. It is proposed that an assessment of child responses should be made with respect to the three general levels of environmental support, as well as from sublevels within these, in order to choose the simplest but still effective alternative procedure for teaching difficult-to-teach children.", "PMID": 521430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_802", "title": "The effects of schedule of reinforcement on stimulus overselectivity in autistic children.", "content": "Recent research demonstrated that when autistic children are presented a discrimination task with multiple cues, they typically respond to an abnormally limited number, usually one, of the available cues. This phenomenon, termed \"stimulus overselectivity,\" has been implicated as a possible basis for many of the behavioral deficits characteristic of autism. The present investigation was conducted to systemically analyze the effects of changing the schedules of reinforcement during discrimination training on subsequent stimulus overselectivity. Twelve autistic children were taught a discrimination involving multiple visual cues, with a CRF schedule of reinforcement. The children were then overtrained on either the same (CRF) schedule or on a partial (VR:3) reinforcement schedule. Subsequent overselectivity on single-cue test trials was then assessed. Results suggested that significantly less overselectivity occurred when the children were presented with the VR:3 reinforcement schedule during overtraining. These results are discussed in terms of variables influencing overselectivity and in terms of implications for designing treatment procedures for autistic children.", "contents": "The effects of schedule of reinforcement on stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. Recent research demonstrated that when autistic children are presented a discrimination task with multiple cues, they typically respond to an abnormally limited number, usually one, of the available cues. This phenomenon, termed \"stimulus overselectivity,\" has been implicated as a possible basis for many of the behavioral deficits characteristic of autism. The present investigation was conducted to systemically analyze the effects of changing the schedules of reinforcement during discrimination training on subsequent stimulus overselectivity. Twelve autistic children were taught a discrimination involving multiple visual cues, with a CRF schedule of reinforcement. The children were then overtrained on either the same (CRF) schedule or on a partial (VR:3) reinforcement schedule. Subsequent overselectivity on single-cue test trials was then assessed. Results suggested that significantly less overselectivity occurred when the children were presented with the VR:3 reinforcement schedule during overtraining. These results are discussed in terms of variables influencing overselectivity and in terms of implications for designing treatment procedures for autistic children.", "PMID": 521431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_803", "title": "A food satiation and oral hygiene punishment program to suppress chronic rumination by retarded persons.", "content": "Food satiation and oral hygiene punishment were used to treat the non-life-threatening rumination of two institutionalized profoundly retarded persons. Satiation consisted of allowing the clients to eat until a satiation criterion of food refusal was achieved or until two full meal portions were consumed. The oral hygiene procedure consisted of cleansing the clients' teeth and gums with Listerine for 2 minutes following each instance of rumination. In the formal study, three conditions--baseline, satiation, and satiation plus oral hygiene--were used following the lunch meal in a multiple-baseline across-subjects design. One client's rumination decreased from an average of 89.5% during baseline to 48.8% during the satiation condition and to 3% during satiation plus oral hygiene. The second client's rumination decreased from a baseline average of 49.9% to 7.9% during satiation and to 1.4% during satiation plus oral hygiene. Generalization probes taken following the breakfast and dinner meals showed a systematic decline in rumination as the various conditions were implemented following the lung meal. In the 16-week follow-up, rumination was treated following all meals with oral hygiene, and satiation was used at one of the daily meals for 1 week on a rotating basis. Rumination remained at a near-zero level following all meals throughout the follow-up. Thereafter, a maintenance program was conducted by the ward staff. The satiation plus oral hygiene punishment treatment program appears to be an immediate, effective, enduring, and humane method of treating the non-life-threatening rumination of retarded individuals.", "contents": "A food satiation and oral hygiene punishment program to suppress chronic rumination by retarded persons. Food satiation and oral hygiene punishment were used to treat the non-life-threatening rumination of two institutionalized profoundly retarded persons. Satiation consisted of allowing the clients to eat until a satiation criterion of food refusal was achieved or until two full meal portions were consumed. The oral hygiene procedure consisted of cleansing the clients' teeth and gums with Listerine for 2 minutes following each instance of rumination. In the formal study, three conditions--baseline, satiation, and satiation plus oral hygiene--were used following the lunch meal in a multiple-baseline across-subjects design. One client's rumination decreased from an average of 89.5% during baseline to 48.8% during the satiation condition and to 3% during satiation plus oral hygiene. The second client's rumination decreased from a baseline average of 49.9% to 7.9% during satiation and to 1.4% during satiation plus oral hygiene. Generalization probes taken following the breakfast and dinner meals showed a systematic decline in rumination as the various conditions were implemented following the lung meal. In the 16-week follow-up, rumination was treated following all meals with oral hygiene, and satiation was used at one of the daily meals for 1 week on a rotating basis. Rumination remained at a near-zero level following all meals throughout the follow-up. Thereafter, a maintenance program was conducted by the ward staff. The satiation plus oral hygiene punishment treatment program appears to be an immediate, effective, enduring, and humane method of treating the non-life-threatening rumination of retarded individuals.", "PMID": 521432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_804", "title": "Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.35] was purified 100-fold to homogeneity from crude extracts of Mycobacterium smegmatis, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and NAD-Sepharose 4B columns. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 50,300 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NADH acted twelve times more efficiently than NADPH as an electron donor for the reduction of 3-ketoacyl-CoA, and there was strict substrate stereospecificity (L form) in the oxidation of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. The pH optimum depended upon the direction of reaction, i.e., 6.0 for the oxidation of NADH and 9--10 for the reduction of NAD. The Km values for different thioesters of acetoacetate, i.e., esters of CoA, pantetheine, and acetyl-cysteamine were determined to be 0.036, 1.19, and 44.4 mM, respectively. Antibodies raised against the dehydrogenase of M. smegmatis strongly inhibited the enzyme activity, but did not affect the corresponding dehydrogenase of pig heart. The antibodies were found to inhibit the acetyl-CoA dependent elongation of fatty acids by the crude extract of M. smegmatis. These findings, together with those on the reconstitution of the elongation activity reported previously (Shimakata, T., Fujita, Y., & Kusaka, T. (1977) J. Biochem. 82, 725-732) indicate that 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase is involved in the acetyl-CoA dependent elongation of fatty acids in M. smegmatis.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium smegmatis. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.35] was purified 100-fold to homogeneity from crude extracts of Mycobacterium smegmatis, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and NAD-Sepharose 4B columns. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 50,300 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NADH acted twelve times more efficiently than NADPH as an electron donor for the reduction of 3-ketoacyl-CoA, and there was strict substrate stereospecificity (L form) in the oxidation of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. The pH optimum depended upon the direction of reaction, i.e., 6.0 for the oxidation of NADH and 9--10 for the reduction of NAD. The Km values for different thioesters of acetoacetate, i.e., esters of CoA, pantetheine, and acetyl-cysteamine were determined to be 0.036, 1.19, and 44.4 mM, respectively. Antibodies raised against the dehydrogenase of M. smegmatis strongly inhibited the enzyme activity, but did not affect the corresponding dehydrogenase of pig heart. The antibodies were found to inhibit the acetyl-CoA dependent elongation of fatty acids by the crude extract of M. smegmatis. These findings, together with those on the reconstitution of the elongation activity reported previously (Shimakata, T., Fujita, Y., & Kusaka, T. (1977) J. Biochem. 82, 725-732) indicate that 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase is involved in the acetyl-CoA dependent elongation of fatty acids in M. smegmatis.", "PMID": 521433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_805", "title": "Purification and properties of alkaline phosphatase from the mucosa of rat small intestine.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1] was purified from the mucosa of rat small intestine by butanol extraction, ethanol fractionation, gel filtration, with controlled-pore glass-10 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. On the gel filtration, the enzyme activity was separated into three peaks; A in the void volume,  B and C at lower molecular weight positions. Enzyme A was purified to homogeneity. The activity of enzymes A, B, and C was detected even on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at the position of the protein of enzyme A, which had a molecular weight of 110,000 daltons. Enzymatic properties such as pH optimum, Km value for the substrate, heat inactivation and inhibition by amino acids were the same in all three enzymes. Based on these findings, together with the elution positions on gel filtration, enzyme A was regarded as an aggregate, and enzymes B and C as dimer and monomer molecules, respectively.", "contents": "Purification and properties of alkaline phosphatase from the mucosa of rat small intestine. Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1] was purified from the mucosa of rat small intestine by butanol extraction, ethanol fractionation, gel filtration, with controlled-pore glass-10 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. On the gel filtration, the enzyme activity was separated into three peaks; A in the void volume,  B and C at lower molecular weight positions. Enzyme A was purified to homogeneity. The activity of enzymes A, B, and C was detected even on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at the position of the protein of enzyme A, which had a molecular weight of 110,000 daltons. Enzymatic properties such as pH optimum, Km value for the substrate, heat inactivation and inhibition by amino acids were the same in all three enzymes. Based on these findings, together with the elution positions on gel filtration, enzyme A was regarded as an aggregate, and enzymes B and C as dimer and monomer molecules, respectively.", "PMID": 521434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_806", "title": "Fate of newly synthesized histones shortly after interruption of DNA replication.", "content": "The synthesis and association of histones with chromatin were studied using MH-134SC cells in suspension culture. Cultures containing approximately equal numbers of cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]lysine at various times after the interruption of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea. Each culture was mixed with a fixed volume of a culture generally labeled with [14C]lysine at the time of harvesting. Acid-soluble proteins extracted from different subcellular fractions of cells labeled under various conditions were compared by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing acetic acid and urea. All types of chromatin histones were labeled nearly equally as [14C]marker histones by a 15 min pulse under normal conditions, except that a considerable portion of pulse-labeled H4 was in highly acetylated forms. Addition of hydroxyurea at the start of the pulse markedly reduced the labeling of H3 and H4, but affected the labeling of the other histones only slightly. When DNA synthesis was inhibited before the start of the pulse, labeling of all histones decreased significantly. The addition of hydroxyurea was found to cause transient accumulation of newly synthesized proteins in the cytoplasmic soluble fraction; these were characterized as H3 and H4 from their metabolic properties and their electrophoretic mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The results suggest that association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 histones is closely coupled with ongoing DNA replication. The implications of the results for the mechanism of formation of new nucleosomes are discussed.", "contents": "Fate of newly synthesized histones shortly after interruption of DNA replication. The synthesis and association of histones with chromatin were studied using MH-134SC cells in suspension culture. Cultures containing approximately equal numbers of cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]lysine at various times after the interruption of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea. Each culture was mixed with a fixed volume of a culture generally labeled with [14C]lysine at the time of harvesting. Acid-soluble proteins extracted from different subcellular fractions of cells labeled under various conditions were compared by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing acetic acid and urea. All types of chromatin histones were labeled nearly equally as [14C]marker histones by a 15 min pulse under normal conditions, except that a considerable portion of pulse-labeled H4 was in highly acetylated forms. Addition of hydroxyurea at the start of the pulse markedly reduced the labeling of H3 and H4, but affected the labeling of the other histones only slightly. When DNA synthesis was inhibited before the start of the pulse, labeling of all histones decreased significantly. The addition of hydroxyurea was found to cause transient accumulation of newly synthesized proteins in the cytoplasmic soluble fraction; these were characterized as H3 and H4 from their metabolic properties and their electrophoretic mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The results suggest that association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 histones is closely coupled with ongoing DNA replication. The implications of the results for the mechanism of formation of new nucleosomes are discussed.", "PMID": 521435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_807", "title": "An improved method for the preparation of chondroitin by solvolytic desulfation of chondroitin sulfates.", "content": "By heating the pyridinium salts of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of water or methanol at 80 degrees C for 1--5 h, several chondroitin preparations with sulfur contents of 0.02--1.05% were prepared in 83--96% yields, respectively. Chemical properties of the preparations, such as degrees of desulfation and of depolymerization, were compared with those of the products obtained by the previously described methods.", "contents": "An improved method for the preparation of chondroitin by solvolytic desulfation of chondroitin sulfates. By heating the pyridinium salts of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of water or methanol at 80 degrees C for 1--5 h, several chondroitin preparations with sulfur contents of 0.02--1.05% were prepared in 83--96% yields, respectively. Chemical properties of the preparations, such as degrees of desulfation and of depolymerization, were compared with those of the products obtained by the previously described methods.", "PMID": 521436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_808", "title": "Asymmetric manipulation of the membrane lipid bilayer of intact human erythrocytes with phospholipase A, C, or D induces a change in cell shape.", "content": "Changes in the membrane morphology and phospholipid content of human erythrocytes were determined after incubation of intact cells with each of various exogeneous phospholipases (PLases). PLase A2 from Naja naja or bee venom induced crenation of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC). This crenated cell shape was reversed to a biconcave disc or cup-like form by a further treatment with lysophospholipase. In contrast, bacterial PLase C from Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aureofaciens or fungal PLase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus induced invagination of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the PC. The action of the latter group of PLases on the membrane morphology was counteracted by PLase A2, and vice versa. Thus, participation of the membrane lipid bilayer in the induction of membrane conformational change and hence cell shape change was demonstrated.", "contents": "Asymmetric manipulation of the membrane lipid bilayer of intact human erythrocytes with phospholipase A, C, or D induces a change in cell shape. Changes in the membrane morphology and phospholipid content of human erythrocytes were determined after incubation of intact cells with each of various exogeneous phospholipases (PLases). PLase A2 from Naja naja or bee venom induced crenation of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC). This crenated cell shape was reversed to a biconcave disc or cup-like form by a further treatment with lysophospholipase. In contrast, bacterial PLase C from Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aureofaciens or fungal PLase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus induced invagination of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the PC. The action of the latter group of PLases on the membrane morphology was counteracted by PLase A2, and vice versa. Thus, participation of the membrane lipid bilayer in the induction of membrane conformational change and hence cell shape change was demonstrated.", "PMID": 521437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_809", "title": "Effect of butyrate on glycolipid metabolism of two cell types of rat ascites hepatomas with different ganglioside biosynthesis.", "content": "The effect of butyrate on glycolipid metabolism and morphological differentiation in the cell culture system of rat ascites hepatomas, AH 7974 of island-forming type and AH 7974F of free type, was studied. Both cell lines adhered to the substratum in the presence of 1 mM butyrate. In the case of AH 7974, the addition of butyrate induced a distinct morphological change but the other cell line showed no such conspicuous change. Butyrate-treated AH 7974 cells showed a 2 to 3-fold elevation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity to form N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3). On the other hand, no enzyme activity could be detected in AH 7974F cells. Four glycosyltransferase activities involved in glycolipid synthesis, including sialyltransferase in AH 7974F cells, were reduced by butyrate. From these observations we concluded that sialyltransferase to form GM3, or TM3 itself, is prerequisite for the morphological alteration induced by butyrate.", "contents": "Effect of butyrate on glycolipid metabolism of two cell types of rat ascites hepatomas with different ganglioside biosynthesis. The effect of butyrate on glycolipid metabolism and morphological differentiation in the cell culture system of rat ascites hepatomas, AH 7974 of island-forming type and AH 7974F of free type, was studied. Both cell lines adhered to the substratum in the presence of 1 mM butyrate. In the case of AH 7974, the addition of butyrate induced a distinct morphological change but the other cell line showed no such conspicuous change. Butyrate-treated AH 7974 cells showed a 2 to 3-fold elevation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity to form N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3). On the other hand, no enzyme activity could be detected in AH 7974F cells. Four glycosyltransferase activities involved in glycolipid synthesis, including sialyltransferase in AH 7974F cells, were reduced by butyrate. From these observations we concluded that sialyltransferase to form GM3, or TM3 itself, is prerequisite for the morphological alteration induced by butyrate.", "PMID": 521438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_810", "title": "Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. III. Changes of enzyme activities on cell membranes during culture.", "content": "When liver cells were dispersed with collagenase, their 5'-nucleotidase activity decreased to half the initial level, but it increased to the original level again on culture of the cells for a few days. The activity of another membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, did not decrease on dispersion of the cells, but it increased about 10-fold on culture of the cells. These inductions did not require any hormone, but the effects were greater at a high cell density. These enzymes are located in both the plasma membranes and the cytoplasm, but the enzymes in these two locations can be distinguished by differences in their pH optima, substrate specificities, and susceptibilities to inhibitors. The increases were found to be due to increases in the activity of only the enzymes in the plasma membranes. The increases in enzyme activities were inhibited by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and puromycin. The activities of leucine aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase B, other membrane enzymes, remained constant during dispersion and culture of the cells. These results show that enzymes in the cell membranes are affected in different ways by cell dispersion with collagenase and subsequent culture of the cells.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. III. Changes of enzyme activities on cell membranes during culture. When liver cells were dispersed with collagenase, their 5'-nucleotidase activity decreased to half the initial level, but it increased to the original level again on culture of the cells for a few days. The activity of another membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, did not decrease on dispersion of the cells, but it increased about 10-fold on culture of the cells. These inductions did not require any hormone, but the effects were greater at a high cell density. These enzymes are located in both the plasma membranes and the cytoplasm, but the enzymes in these two locations can be distinguished by differences in their pH optima, substrate specificities, and susceptibilities to inhibitors. The increases were found to be due to increases in the activity of only the enzymes in the plasma membranes. The increases in enzyme activities were inhibited by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and puromycin. The activities of leucine aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase B, other membrane enzymes, remained constant during dispersion and culture of the cells. These results show that enzymes in the cell membranes are affected in different ways by cell dispersion with collagenase and subsequent culture of the cells.", "PMID": 521439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_811", "title": "Addition of short guanylyl blocks to oligonucleotide primers with a thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase. Its application to the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing guanylyl residues.", "content": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus catalyzed the addition of short guanylyl blocks from GDP to the 3'-hydroxyl termini of oligonucleotide primers at low temperature in a simple reaction mixture. Polyguanylic acid formation was inhibited at 37 degrees C, but the addition of one or two guanylyl residues to oligonucleotide primers proceeded in high yields. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing guanylyl residues at the 3'-end. Using (Ap)2A and (Up)2U as primers, (Ap)3G, (Ap)3GpG, and (Up)3G were synthesized in yields of 25--52%. (Ap)2GpG was synthesized from ApA and GDP in a yield of 13%.", "contents": "Addition of short guanylyl blocks to oligonucleotide primers with a thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase. Its application to the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing guanylyl residues. Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus catalyzed the addition of short guanylyl blocks from GDP to the 3'-hydroxyl termini of oligonucleotide primers at low temperature in a simple reaction mixture. Polyguanylic acid formation was inhibited at 37 degrees C, but the addition of one or two guanylyl residues to oligonucleotide primers proceeded in high yields. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing guanylyl residues at the 3'-end. Using (Ap)2A and (Up)2U as primers, (Ap)3G, (Ap)3GpG, and (Up)3G were synthesized in yields of 25--52%. (Ap)2GpG was synthesized from ApA and GDP in a yield of 13%.", "PMID": 521440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_812", "title": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from rice bran.", "content": "A rice bran lectin was purified to homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on ovomucoid-Sepharose and CM-cellulose. The molecular weight of the dimer lectin was estimated to be around 37,000 by ultracentrifugation studies. The sedimentation coefficient was 3.8S. On Sepharose 6B gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl, the lectin showed a molecular weight of 19,000. On reduction and carboxymethylation, the lectin further dissociated into two nonidentical subunits, with molecular weights of about 11,000 and 8,000. These subunits did not show hemagglutinating activity. Equilibrium dialysis experiments using N-acetyl-[1-14C]glucosamine indicated that about 1.8 mol of the sugar was bound to 19,000 g of the lectin. The lectin was mitogenic against mouse splenic lymphocytes and human peripheral lymphocytes. The lectin enhanced the rate of glucose oxidation and inhibited epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in mouse adipocytes. Some characteristics of the lectin are compared with those of wheat germ agglutinin.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from rice bran. A rice bran lectin was purified to homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on ovomucoid-Sepharose and CM-cellulose. The molecular weight of the dimer lectin was estimated to be around 37,000 by ultracentrifugation studies. The sedimentation coefficient was 3.8S. On Sepharose 6B gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl, the lectin showed a molecular weight of 19,000. On reduction and carboxymethylation, the lectin further dissociated into two nonidentical subunits, with molecular weights of about 11,000 and 8,000. These subunits did not show hemagglutinating activity. Equilibrium dialysis experiments using N-acetyl-[1-14C]glucosamine indicated that about 1.8 mol of the sugar was bound to 19,000 g of the lectin. The lectin was mitogenic against mouse splenic lymphocytes and human peripheral lymphocytes. The lectin enhanced the rate of glucose oxidation and inhibited epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in mouse adipocytes. Some characteristics of the lectin are compared with those of wheat germ agglutinin.", "PMID": 521441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_813", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the mechanism of negative staining with native collagen fibrils and polar tropomyosin paracrystals.", "content": "The mechanism of formation of the negatively stained image in electron microscopy was infestigated with native collagen fibrils as a model. The negatively stained image was simulated from the primary structure by using the values of volume or bulkiness of each amino acid residue as a parameter for stain-excluding capacity. The pattern simulated from the bulkiness values gave an excellent fit with the negatively stained image. Since some contribution of positive staining components to negative staining has been suggested, positive staining with uranyl acetate was tested with various washing solutions of different pH. While acidic conditions did not produce any stained image, a positively stained image was easily obtained at alkaline pH. On the other hand, negatively stained images with stains of different charge character remained essentially the same as those obtained with acidic uranyl stains. It was concluded that the contribution of positive components to the negatively stained image is negligible under the conventional conditions for negative staining with uranyl acetate. In order to demonstrate the utility of the analytical method employing the values of \"bulkiness,\" we studied the unknown molecular packing in the polar lead paracrystal of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin. Utilizing the primary sequence data for alpha-tropomyosin we successfully showed the polar paracrystal to be an array of molecules which are parallel and in register. Further, our analysis made it possible to deduce the position of a given residue in the negatively stained pattern of the polar paracrystal.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the mechanism of negative staining with native collagen fibrils and polar tropomyosin paracrystals. The mechanism of formation of the negatively stained image in electron microscopy was infestigated with native collagen fibrils as a model. The negatively stained image was simulated from the primary structure by using the values of volume or bulkiness of each amino acid residue as a parameter for stain-excluding capacity. The pattern simulated from the bulkiness values gave an excellent fit with the negatively stained image. Since some contribution of positive staining components to negative staining has been suggested, positive staining with uranyl acetate was tested with various washing solutions of different pH. While acidic conditions did not produce any stained image, a positively stained image was easily obtained at alkaline pH. On the other hand, negatively stained images with stains of different charge character remained essentially the same as those obtained with acidic uranyl stains. It was concluded that the contribution of positive components to the negatively stained image is negligible under the conventional conditions for negative staining with uranyl acetate. In order to demonstrate the utility of the analytical method employing the values of \"bulkiness,\" we studied the unknown molecular packing in the polar lead paracrystal of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin. Utilizing the primary sequence data for alpha-tropomyosin we successfully showed the polar paracrystal to be an array of molecules which are parallel and in register. Further, our analysis made it possible to deduce the position of a given residue in the negatively stained pattern of the polar paracrystal.", "PMID": 521442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_814", "title": "Isolation and characterization of L-fucose dehydrogenase from rabbit liver.", "content": "L-Fucose dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.122] was isolated from a rabbit liver extract and purified about 390-fold with a yield of approximately 13%. The purification procedures included treatment with protamine, ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with acid, DE-32 celluose colum chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B. The last procedure, affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sephadex 4B, was useful for the removal of other dehydrogenases. The eznyme which was homogeneous, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of about 92,000. The optimum pH was at 10.0 and isoelectric point at 5.2. The enzyme accepted both L-fucose and D-arabinose as substrate, but was specific for NAD+ as coenzyme. Km values were 0.15 mM, 1.4 mM, and 0.7 mM for L-fucose, D-arabinose, and NAD+, respectively. A single enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of L-fucose and D-arabinose, which had the same configurations of hydroxyl groups from C-2 to C-4. The reaction products obtained with L-fucose as substrate were L-fucono-lactone and L-fuconic acid. The L-fucono-lactone was an immediate product of oxidation and was hydrolyzed to L-fuconic acid spontaneously. This reaction was irreversible. Therefore, it is likely that L-fucose dehydrogenase is involved in the initial step of the catabolic pathway of L-fucose in rabbit liver.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of L-fucose dehydrogenase from rabbit liver. L-Fucose dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.122] was isolated from a rabbit liver extract and purified about 390-fold with a yield of approximately 13%. The purification procedures included treatment with protamine, ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with acid, DE-32 celluose colum chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B. The last procedure, affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sephadex 4B, was useful for the removal of other dehydrogenases. The eznyme which was homogeneous, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of about 92,000. The optimum pH was at 10.0 and isoelectric point at 5.2. The enzyme accepted both L-fucose and D-arabinose as substrate, but was specific for NAD+ as coenzyme. Km values were 0.15 mM, 1.4 mM, and 0.7 mM for L-fucose, D-arabinose, and NAD+, respectively. A single enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of L-fucose and D-arabinose, which had the same configurations of hydroxyl groups from C-2 to C-4. The reaction products obtained with L-fucose as substrate were L-fucono-lactone and L-fuconic acid. The L-fucono-lactone was an immediate product of oxidation and was hydrolyzed to L-fuconic acid spontaneously. This reaction was irreversible. Therefore, it is likely that L-fucose dehydrogenase is involved in the initial step of the catabolic pathway of L-fucose in rabbit liver.", "PMID": 521443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_815", "title": "Difference UV-absorption spectrum of scallop adductor myosin induced by ATP.", "content": "A difference UV-absorption spectrum induced by ATP was observed with scallop myosins purified from both striated and smooth adductor muscles. The difference spectra showed a positive peak at 289 nm with a shoulder around 295 nm, and two small negative troughs around 280 nm. Tryptophanyl movement similar to that in rabbit skeletal myosin is indicated. Some tyrosyl movements in scallop myosins, however, may be in the opposite direction.", "contents": "Difference UV-absorption spectrum of scallop adductor myosin induced by ATP. A difference UV-absorption spectrum induced by ATP was observed with scallop myosins purified from both striated and smooth adductor muscles. The difference spectra showed a positive peak at 289 nm with a shoulder around 295 nm, and two small negative troughs around 280 nm. Tryptophanyl movement similar to that in rabbit skeletal myosin is indicated. Some tyrosyl movements in scallop myosins, however, may be in the opposite direction.", "PMID": 521444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_816", "title": "Thymidine kinase enzyme variants in Physarum polycephalum. Kinetics and properties of the enzyme variants.", "content": "Thymidine kinase variants of Physarum polycephalum separated by repeated DEAE-cellulose chromatography have been characterized. The enzyme variants show similar catalytic properties (e.g., substrate specificity, pH optimum) and molecular weights, as judges by their sedimentation in sucrose gradients. However, they differ significantly with respect to pI, inhibition by dTTP and thermostability, and they have slightly different Km values for deoxythymidine as a substrate.", "contents": "Thymidine kinase enzyme variants in Physarum polycephalum. Kinetics and properties of the enzyme variants. Thymidine kinase variants of Physarum polycephalum separated by repeated DEAE-cellulose chromatography have been characterized. The enzyme variants show similar catalytic properties (e.g., substrate specificity, pH optimum) and molecular weights, as judges by their sedimentation in sucrose gradients. However, they differ significantly with respect to pI, inhibition by dTTP and thermostability, and they have slightly different Km values for deoxythymidine as a substrate.", "PMID": 521445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_817", "title": "A new method for purification of staphylocoagulase by a bovine prothrombin-Sepharose column.", "content": "Staphylocoagulase was isolated from a culture filtrate of Staphylococcus aureus, strain st-213, by a two step purification procedure of chromatography on a bovine prothrombin-Sepharose 4B affinity column and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The yield of the coagulase activity ranged from 75--83% and the purified preparation gave a single precipitin line in immunodiffusion tests against anti-crude and anti-purified staphylocoagulase sera. However, the final product was shown to contain one major and two minor components by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chemical analysis of the material indicated that it does not contain any cystine residues and that its NH2-terminal residue is a single isoleucine.", "contents": "A new method for purification of staphylocoagulase by a bovine prothrombin-Sepharose column. Staphylocoagulase was isolated from a culture filtrate of Staphylococcus aureus, strain st-213, by a two step purification procedure of chromatography on a bovine prothrombin-Sepharose 4B affinity column and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The yield of the coagulase activity ranged from 75--83% and the purified preparation gave a single precipitin line in immunodiffusion tests against anti-crude and anti-purified staphylocoagulase sera. However, the final product was shown to contain one major and two minor components by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chemical analysis of the material indicated that it does not contain any cystine residues and that its NH2-terminal residue is a single isoleucine.", "PMID": 521446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_818", "title": "Ganglioside compositions of erythrocytes from various strains of inbred mice. Ocurrence of sialosylgalactosylceramide in red blood cells of inbred mice.", "content": "The gangliosides from the erythrocytes of various strains of inbred mice were analyzed. The ganglioside compositions differed in different strains and the strains could be divided into 4 types on the basis of this difference. The main ganglioside is GM4 or sialosyl galactosyl ceramide in Type 1, and unidentified ganglioside in Type 2, GM4 and GM2 in almost equal amounts in Type 3, and GM2 in Type 4.", "contents": "Ganglioside compositions of erythrocytes from various strains of inbred mice. Ocurrence of sialosylgalactosylceramide in red blood cells of inbred mice. The gangliosides from the erythrocytes of various strains of inbred mice were analyzed. The ganglioside compositions differed in different strains and the strains could be divided into 4 types on the basis of this difference. The main ganglioside is GM4 or sialosyl galactosyl ceramide in Type 1, and unidentified ganglioside in Type 2, GM4 and GM2 in almost equal amounts in Type 3, and GM2 in Type 4.", "PMID": 521447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_819", "title": "Lipogenesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells under anaerobic culture conditions.", "content": "Anaerobic culture conditions (95% argon/5% CO2) caused a slightly greater increase in total lipids of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells than a gas phase of 20% O2, 75% N2, 5% CO2. Whereas the rate of [U-14C]acetate incorporation into total lipids and lipid-subclasses rose markedly in the absence of oxygen, a drastic decrease of [U-14C]pyruvate and [1-14C]octanoate incorporation as well as a 30% reduction of 3H incorporation into lipids from tritiated water were observed under these conditions. Since profound changes in the metabolic state of cells cause alterations in the specific activity of the acetyl-CoA pool but do not alter the specific activity of intracellular water, this precursor is considered to be an adequate monitor for lipogenesis under aerobic and anaerobic culture conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells are not able to reoxidize NADH/NADPH in the absence of oxygen by a stimulation of biosynthesis of fatty acids as is discussed to be the case in normal cells. The slight increase in total lipids of anaerobically cultured cells seems to be the result of an imbalance between normal uptake and impaired utilization of lipids from serum-supplemented culture medium.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells under anaerobic culture conditions. Anaerobic culture conditions (95% argon/5% CO2) caused a slightly greater increase in total lipids of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells than a gas phase of 20% O2, 75% N2, 5% CO2. Whereas the rate of [U-14C]acetate incorporation into total lipids and lipid-subclasses rose markedly in the absence of oxygen, a drastic decrease of [U-14C]pyruvate and [1-14C]octanoate incorporation as well as a 30% reduction of 3H incorporation into lipids from tritiated water were observed under these conditions. Since profound changes in the metabolic state of cells cause alterations in the specific activity of the acetyl-CoA pool but do not alter the specific activity of intracellular water, this precursor is considered to be an adequate monitor for lipogenesis under aerobic and anaerobic culture conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells are not able to reoxidize NADH/NADPH in the absence of oxygen by a stimulation of biosynthesis of fatty acids as is discussed to be the case in normal cells. The slight increase in total lipids of anaerobically cultured cells seems to be the result of an imbalance between normal uptake and impaired utilization of lipids from serum-supplemented culture medium.", "PMID": 521449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_820", "title": "[Comparative investigations on the organotropic carcinogenic effect of different N-nitroso compounds with rat after single and chronic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "After the gavage of 200 mg N-nitrosodiethylamine per kg body weight only kidney tumors developed while long-term administration of 10 ppm N-nitrosodiethylamine induced esophageal tumors and hepatocellular carcinomas in female rats (SIV 50). This change of the organ-specific carcinogenic effect is not observed in experiments with N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamines substituted with a methyl group at the phenyl moiety. Both chronic treatment and single doses induced tumors of the esophagus and the pharynx.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations on the organotropic carcinogenic effect of different N-nitroso compounds with rat after single and chronic treatment (author's transl)]. After the gavage of 200 mg N-nitrosodiethylamine per kg body weight only kidney tumors developed while long-term administration of 10 ppm N-nitrosodiethylamine induced esophageal tumors and hepatocellular carcinomas in female rats (SIV 50). This change of the organ-specific carcinogenic effect is not observed in experiments with N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamines substituted with a methyl group at the phenyl moiety. Both chronic treatment and single doses induced tumors of the esophagus and the pharynx.", "PMID": 521450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_821", "title": "[The influence of cytostatic and immunosuppressive methyl hydrazones on myelo- and lymphopoiesis in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytostatic and immunosuppressive N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazones B1 and B2 inhibit the colony growth of mouse bone marrow cells and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of B1, however, in contrast to B2, the inhibition of 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) uptake by the bone marrow cells and lymphocytes is insignificant. Two further benzaldehydrazones CyB4 and EB4 show little or no influence both on clony growth and nucleoside uptake. On the other hand, CyB4 inhibits the 3H-Tdr uptake by ConA- or LPS-stimulated mouse spleen cells to a gretaer degree than does B1 or B2, although CyB4 unlike B1 or B2 does not display any immunosuppressive effects in the mouse. These findings demonstrate that the 3H-Tdr method is less sensitive than the colony assays and is hence only of limited value as a measure of the vitro proliferation of mammalian cells treated with cytostatics.", "contents": "[The influence of cytostatic and immunosuppressive methyl hydrazones on myelo- and lymphopoiesis in vitro (author's transl)]. The cytostatic and immunosuppressive N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazones B1 and B2 inhibit the colony growth of mouse bone marrow cells and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of B1, however, in contrast to B2, the inhibition of 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) uptake by the bone marrow cells and lymphocytes is insignificant. Two further benzaldehydrazones CyB4 and EB4 show little or no influence both on clony growth and nucleoside uptake. On the other hand, CyB4 inhibits the 3H-Tdr uptake by ConA- or LPS-stimulated mouse spleen cells to a gretaer degree than does B1 or B2, although CyB4 unlike B1 or B2 does not display any immunosuppressive effects in the mouse. These findings demonstrate that the 3H-Tdr method is less sensitive than the colony assays and is hence only of limited value as a measure of the vitro proliferation of mammalian cells treated with cytostatics.", "PMID": 521451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_822", "title": "Spontaneous endocrine tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Spontaneous endocrine tumors were found in 81 of 100 Sprague-Dawley rats (42 males and 39 females) which survived for more than 2 years. Most of these tumors were medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, followed by tumors of the anterior pituitary gland, pheochromocytomas and cortical adenomas of the adrenal gland, and islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Multiple occurrence of these tumors was frequently observed. This study describes the morphology of these spontaneous endocrine tumors.", "contents": "Spontaneous endocrine tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats. Spontaneous endocrine tumors were found in 81 of 100 Sprague-Dawley rats (42 males and 39 females) which survived for more than 2 years. Most of these tumors were medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, followed by tumors of the anterior pituitary gland, pheochromocytomas and cortical adenomas of the adrenal gland, and islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Multiple occurrence of these tumors was frequently observed. This study describes the morphology of these spontaneous endocrine tumors.", "PMID": 521452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_823", "title": "Kinetochore microtubule numbers of different sized chromosomes.", "content": "For three species of grasshoppers the volumes of the largest and the smallest metaphase chromosome differ by a factor of 10, but the microtubules (MTs) attached to the individual kinetochores show no corresponding range in numbers. Locusta mitotic metaphase chromosomes range from 2 to 21 mum, and the average number of MTs per kinetochore is 21 with an SD of 4.6. Locusta meiotic bivalents at late metaphase I range from 4 to 40 mum(3), and the kinetochore regions (= two sister kinetochores facing the same spindle pole) have an average of 25 kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) with an SD of 4.9. Anaphase velocities are the same at mitosis and meiosis I. The smaller mitotic metaphase chromosomes of neopodismopsis are similar in size, 6 to 45 mum(3), to Locusta, but they have an average more kMTs, 33, SD = 9.2. The four large Robertsonian fusion chromosomes of neopodismopsis have an average of 67 MTs per kinetochore, the large number possibly the result of a permanent dicentric condition. Chloealtis has three pairs of Robertsonian fusion chromosomes which, at late meiotic metaphase I, form bivalents of 116, 134, and 152 mum (3) with an average of 67 MTs per kinetochore similar to Locusta bivalents, but with a much higher average of 42 MTs per kinetochore region. It is speculated that, in addition to mechanical demands of force, load, and viscosity, the kMT numbers are governed by cell type and evolutionary history of the karyotype in these grasshoppers.", "contents": "Kinetochore microtubule numbers of different sized chromosomes. For three species of grasshoppers the volumes of the largest and the smallest metaphase chromosome differ by a factor of 10, but the microtubules (MTs) attached to the individual kinetochores show no corresponding range in numbers. Locusta mitotic metaphase chromosomes range from 2 to 21 mum, and the average number of MTs per kinetochore is 21 with an SD of 4.6. Locusta meiotic bivalents at late metaphase I range from 4 to 40 mum(3), and the kinetochore regions (= two sister kinetochores facing the same spindle pole) have an average of 25 kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) with an SD of 4.9. Anaphase velocities are the same at mitosis and meiosis I. The smaller mitotic metaphase chromosomes of neopodismopsis are similar in size, 6 to 45 mum(3), to Locusta, but they have an average more kMTs, 33, SD = 9.2. The four large Robertsonian fusion chromosomes of neopodismopsis have an average of 67 MTs per kinetochore, the large number possibly the result of a permanent dicentric condition. Chloealtis has three pairs of Robertsonian fusion chromosomes which, at late meiotic metaphase I, form bivalents of 116, 134, and 152 mum (3) with an average of 67 MTs per kinetochore similar to Locusta bivalents, but with a much higher average of 42 MTs per kinetochore region. It is speculated that, in addition to mechanical demands of force, load, and viscosity, the kMT numbers are governed by cell type and evolutionary history of the karyotype in these grasshoppers.", "PMID": 521453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_824", "title": "Growth control in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Assays of cell proliferation and demonstration of a growth inhibitory activity.", "content": "Treatment of sparse, proliferating cultures of 3T3 cells (target cells) with medium conditioned by exposure to density-inhibited 3T3 cultures resulted in an inhibition of growth and division in the target cells when compared to similar treatment with unconditioned medium (UCM). This differential effect of conditioned medium (CM) and UCM on target cells was demonstrated using three assay systems: (a) assessment of total cell number; (b) measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporated into acid-precipitable DNA; and (c) determination of the percentage of radioactively labeled nuclei in individual cells after incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The difference in the total incorporation of [3H]thymidine in CM-treated and UCM-treated cells was reflected by a difference in the percent of labeled cells. There was no differences in the average number of grains per labeled cell in the two cultures. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the CM on target cell proliferation was reversible. Finally, this growth inhibitory activity can be collected in serum-free medium, precipitated by ammonium sulfate, and fractionated by gel filtration. In these purification procedures, the inhibitory activity was consistently found to be associated with the protein-containing fractions of the CM. No activity was found upon similar treatment with UCM. These results suggest that a system has been developed for the purification and molecular analysis of growth inhibitory factors that may mediate growth control in culture fibroblasts.", "contents": "Growth control in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Assays of cell proliferation and demonstration of a growth inhibitory activity. Treatment of sparse, proliferating cultures of 3T3 cells (target cells) with medium conditioned by exposure to density-inhibited 3T3 cultures resulted in an inhibition of growth and division in the target cells when compared to similar treatment with unconditioned medium (UCM). This differential effect of conditioned medium (CM) and UCM on target cells was demonstrated using three assay systems: (a) assessment of total cell number; (b) measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporated into acid-precipitable DNA; and (c) determination of the percentage of radioactively labeled nuclei in individual cells after incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The difference in the total incorporation of [3H]thymidine in CM-treated and UCM-treated cells was reflected by a difference in the percent of labeled cells. There was no differences in the average number of grains per labeled cell in the two cultures. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the CM on target cell proliferation was reversible. Finally, this growth inhibitory activity can be collected in serum-free medium, precipitated by ammonium sulfate, and fractionated by gel filtration. In these purification procedures, the inhibitory activity was consistently found to be associated with the protein-containing fractions of the CM. No activity was found upon similar treatment with UCM. These results suggest that a system has been developed for the purification and molecular analysis of growth inhibitory factors that may mediate growth control in culture fibroblasts.", "PMID": 521454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_825", "title": "NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of precursor and mature forms of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "A precursor (pS) to the small subunit (S) of ribulose1-,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is the major product of cell-free protein synthesis directed by poly(A) containing RNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We present sequence data for in vitro-synthesized pS, for in vitro-synthesized S that in generated from pS by posttranslational incubation with a Chlamydomonas cell extract, and for in vitro-synthesized, mature S. We show that pS contains an NH2-terminal extension of 44 amino acid residues that is removed by cleavage at the correct site when pS is converted to S by an endoprotease present in the Chlamydomonas cell extract.", "contents": "NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of precursor and mature forms of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A precursor (pS) to the small subunit (S) of ribulose1-,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is the major product of cell-free protein synthesis directed by poly(A) containing RNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We present sequence data for in vitro-synthesized pS, for in vitro-synthesized S that in generated from pS by posttranslational incubation with a Chlamydomonas cell extract, and for in vitro-synthesized, mature S. We show that pS contains an NH2-terminal extension of 44 amino acid residues that is removed by cleavage at the correct site when pS is converted to S by an endoprotease present in the Chlamydomonas cell extract.", "PMID": 521455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_826", "title": "Evidence for rapid structural and functional changes of the melanophore microtubule-organizing center upon pigment movements.", "content": "Melanophores of the angelfish, pterophyllum scalare, have previously been shown to display approximately 2,400 microtubules in cells wih pigment dispersed; these microtubules radiate from a presumptive organizing center, the central apparatus (CA), and their number is reduced to approximately 1,000 in the state with aggregated pigment (M. Schliwa and U. Euteneuer, 1978, J. Supramol. Struct. 8:177-190). In an attempt to elucidate the factors controlling this rapid reorganization of the microtubule apparatus, structure and function of the CA have been investigated under different physiological conditions. As a function of the state of pigment distribution, melanophores differ markedly with respect to CA organization. A complex of dense amorphous aggregates and associated fuzzy material, several micrometers in diameter, surrounds the centrioles in cells with pigment dispersed, and numerous microtubules emanate from this complex in a radial fashion. In the aggregated state, on the other hand, few microtubules are observed in the pericentiolar region, and the amount of fibrous material is greatly reduced. These changes in CA morphology as a function of the state of pigment distribution are associated with a marked difference in its capacity to initiatiate the assembly of microtubules from exogenous pure porcine brain tubulin in lysed cell preparations. After complete removal of preexisting microtubules, cells lysed in the dispersed state into a solution of 1-2 mg/ml pure tubulin have numerous microtubules associated with the CA in radial fashion, while cells lysed in the aggregated state nucleate the assembly of only a few microtubules. We conclude that it is the activity of the CA that basically regulates the expression of microtubules. This regulation is achieved through a variation in the capacity to initiate microtubule assembly. Increase or decrease in the amount of dense material, as readily observed in the cell system studied here, seems to be a morphologic expression of such a physiologic function.", "contents": "Evidence for rapid structural and functional changes of the melanophore microtubule-organizing center upon pigment movements. Melanophores of the angelfish, pterophyllum scalare, have previously been shown to display approximately 2,400 microtubules in cells wih pigment dispersed; these microtubules radiate from a presumptive organizing center, the central apparatus (CA), and their number is reduced to approximately 1,000 in the state with aggregated pigment (M. Schliwa and U. Euteneuer, 1978, J. Supramol. Struct. 8:177-190). In an attempt to elucidate the factors controlling this rapid reorganization of the microtubule apparatus, structure and function of the CA have been investigated under different physiological conditions. As a function of the state of pigment distribution, melanophores differ markedly with respect to CA organization. A complex of dense amorphous aggregates and associated fuzzy material, several micrometers in diameter, surrounds the centrioles in cells with pigment dispersed, and numerous microtubules emanate from this complex in a radial fashion. In the aggregated state, on the other hand, few microtubules are observed in the pericentiolar region, and the amount of fibrous material is greatly reduced. These changes in CA morphology as a function of the state of pigment distribution are associated with a marked difference in its capacity to initiatiate the assembly of microtubules from exogenous pure porcine brain tubulin in lysed cell preparations. After complete removal of preexisting microtubules, cells lysed in the dispersed state into a solution of 1-2 mg/ml pure tubulin have numerous microtubules associated with the CA in radial fashion, while cells lysed in the aggregated state nucleate the assembly of only a few microtubules. We conclude that it is the activity of the CA that basically regulates the expression of microtubules. This regulation is achieved through a variation in the capacity to initiate microtubule assembly. Increase or decrease in the amount of dense material, as readily observed in the cell system studied here, seems to be a morphologic expression of such a physiologic function.", "PMID": 521456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_827", "title": "Ultrastructure of double minutes from a human tumor cell line.", "content": "Double minutes (dm) have been isolated from human tumor cells by zonal centrifugation and by differential pelleting of chromosome suspsension. These methods allowed collection of dm in sufficient quantity and purity for visualization with electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the chromatin fibers in dm resemble thrance fragments was found. When the two isolation protocols were compared, differential pelleting was shown to increase purity twofold to 85% dm by mass. The differential pelleting procedure enables easy collection of dm in sufficient quantity and purity for chemical analysis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of double minutes from a human tumor cell line. Double minutes (dm) have been isolated from human tumor cells by zonal centrifugation and by differential pelleting of chromosome suspsension. These methods allowed collection of dm in sufficient quantity and purity for visualization with electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the chromatin fibers in dm resemble thrance fragments was found. When the two isolation protocols were compared, differential pelleting was shown to increase purity twofold to 85% dm by mass. The differential pelleting procedure enables easy collection of dm in sufficient quantity and purity for chemical analysis.", "PMID": 521457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_828", "title": "Inhibition of movement of trition-demembranated sea-urchin sperm flagella by Mg2+, ATP4-, ADP and P1.", "content": "Three clinical patterns of inhibition of MgATP2--activated flagellar motility have been found by measuring the motility of Triton-demembranated sea-urchin spermatozoa beating with their heads attached to a glass surface. Inhibition of beat frequency by the reaction products, ADP and Pi, is competitive with the normal substrate, MgATP2-, and the inhibitory effects are similar to a reduction in MgATP2- concentration. Inhibition of beat frequency by ATP4- is competitive with MgATP2, but is accompanied by an inhibition of bending, as measured by the angle between the straight regions on either side of a bend, which is not seen when MgATP2- concentration is reduced. Inhibition of beat frequency by Mg2+ is not competitive with MgATP2-, and is accompanied by an increase in bend angle, so that there is no change in the rate of sliding between flagellar tubules. These differences suggest unexpected complexity of dynein ATPase action in flagella. The beat frequencies of both swimming and attached spermatozoa show a linear double reciprocal dependence on MgATP2- concentration, with identical slopes. The calculated sliding velocities between tubules also give linear relationships, but the slopes are different, suggesting that beat frequency may be the more fundamental dependent variable in this system.", "contents": "Inhibition of movement of trition-demembranated sea-urchin sperm flagella by Mg2+, ATP4-, ADP and P1. Three clinical patterns of inhibition of MgATP2--activated flagellar motility have been found by measuring the motility of Triton-demembranated sea-urchin spermatozoa beating with their heads attached to a glass surface. Inhibition of beat frequency by the reaction products, ADP and Pi, is competitive with the normal substrate, MgATP2-, and the inhibitory effects are similar to a reduction in MgATP2- concentration. Inhibition of beat frequency by ATP4- is competitive with MgATP2, but is accompanied by an inhibition of bending, as measured by the angle between the straight regions on either side of a bend, which is not seen when MgATP2- concentration is reduced. Inhibition of beat frequency by Mg2+ is not competitive with MgATP2-, and is accompanied by an increase in bend angle, so that there is no change in the rate of sliding between flagellar tubules. These differences suggest unexpected complexity of dynein ATPase action in flagella. The beat frequencies of both swimming and attached spermatozoa show a linear double reciprocal dependence on MgATP2- concentration, with identical slopes. The calculated sliding velocities between tubules also give linear relationships, but the slopes are different, suggesting that beat frequency may be the more fundamental dependent variable in this system.", "PMID": 521458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_829", "title": "Synthesis of intracellular membrane proteins in vitro. Relation between rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial outer membrane.", "content": "Hepatic rough microsomes were incubated in a messenger-dependent protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. Up to 30% of the total product labelled with [35S]methionine, and subsequently recovered with the microsomes, was located in an intrinsic protein fraction associated with these membranes, i.e. was retained by the membrane following extensive sonication in the presence of 1.5 M KCl, 0.1% deoxycholate, and 5 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA). When products synthesized with the use of membrane-free mRNA from rough microsomes and free polysome were post-incubated with rough microsomes, ribosome-stripped rough microsomes, or outer mitochondrial membrane, low amounts of intrinsic-type polypeptide product were recovered with these membranes. Higher recovery was achieved, however, when ribosome-stripped rough microsomes were added at the beginning of polypeptide synthesis in a reticulocyte lysate supplemented with additional ribosomal-wash factors. Analysis of these products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that a number co-migrated with intrinsic proteins located in both rough microsomes and mitochondrial outer membrane. In addition, a prominent in vitro product co-migrated with a major protein which is located in outer mitochondrial membrane fractions, but is barely detectable in rough microsomal fractions. The present experiments were unable to detect a unique set of intrinsic polypeptides which were synthesized and assembled in vitro under the direction of mRNA from free polysomes, and not from rough microsomes. The results suggest that synthesis of at least some intrinsic membrane proteins which are destined for the outer mitochondrial membrane occurs on rough ER in rat liver.", "contents": "Synthesis of intracellular membrane proteins in vitro. Relation between rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial outer membrane. Hepatic rough microsomes were incubated in a messenger-dependent protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. Up to 30% of the total product labelled with [35S]methionine, and subsequently recovered with the microsomes, was located in an intrinsic protein fraction associated with these membranes, i.e. was retained by the membrane following extensive sonication in the presence of 1.5 M KCl, 0.1% deoxycholate, and 5 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA). When products synthesized with the use of membrane-free mRNA from rough microsomes and free polysome were post-incubated with rough microsomes, ribosome-stripped rough microsomes, or outer mitochondrial membrane, low amounts of intrinsic-type polypeptide product were recovered with these membranes. Higher recovery was achieved, however, when ribosome-stripped rough microsomes were added at the beginning of polypeptide synthesis in a reticulocyte lysate supplemented with additional ribosomal-wash factors. Analysis of these products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that a number co-migrated with intrinsic proteins located in both rough microsomes and mitochondrial outer membrane. In addition, a prominent in vitro product co-migrated with a major protein which is located in outer mitochondrial membrane fractions, but is barely detectable in rough microsomal fractions. The present experiments were unable to detect a unique set of intrinsic polypeptides which were synthesized and assembled in vitro under the direction of mRNA from free polysomes, and not from rough microsomes. The results suggest that synthesis of at least some intrinsic membrane proteins which are destined for the outer mitochondrial membrane occurs on rough ER in rat liver.", "PMID": 521459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_830", "title": "Stem cell growth and differentiation in Hydra attenuata. I. Regulation of the self-renewal probability in multiclone aggregates.", "content": "Interstitial stem cells in Hydra are rapidly proliferating multipotent stem cells which continuously give rise to precursors for nerve and nematocyte differentiation. Growth of the stem cell population is controlled by the cell cycle time of the stem cells and the self-renewal probability, Ps (the fraction of stem cells in each generation which divide to yield more stem cells). In normal Hydra the stem cell generation time is 24 h and Ps = 0.6; under these conditions the stem cell population doubles in 3.5 days. In the present experiments we have systematically investigated the dependence of Ps on stem cell density. We culture stem cells in a feeder layer system consisting of aggregates of nitrogen-mustard (NM)-inactivated Hydra cells. In this system stem cell density can be varied over a wide range by changing the number of clone-forming units (CFU) added to the aggregates. We have measured the growth rate of the stem cell population and the cell cycle of stem cells in NM aggregates after 4--7 days of culture. From these data we calculate the value of Ps. The results indicate that the growth rate decreases 4-fold as the number of CFU seeded per aggregate increases from 10 to 400. Under these same conditions the cell cycle remains constant. The values of Ps calculated from these results indicate the Ps decreases from 0.75 in aggregates seeded with 10--30 CFU to 0.55 in aggregates seeded with 200--400 CFU. These results support a model in which Ps is controlled by negative feedback from neighbouring stem cells. In addition, our experiments indicate that Ps decreases during the growth of stem cell clones. When only a few stem cells are seeded in aggregates, they give rise to isolated clones distributed throughout the aggregate. Ps decreases markedly within such clones as they grow in size presumably due to increasing stem cell content of the clones. Since Ps in such isolated clones declines with growth, we infer that the local stem cell concentration is what controls Ps and that the spatial range of the negative feedback signal is short compared to the dimensions of NM aggregates.", "contents": "Stem cell growth and differentiation in Hydra attenuata. I. Regulation of the self-renewal probability in multiclone aggregates. Interstitial stem cells in Hydra are rapidly proliferating multipotent stem cells which continuously give rise to precursors for nerve and nematocyte differentiation. Growth of the stem cell population is controlled by the cell cycle time of the stem cells and the self-renewal probability, Ps (the fraction of stem cells in each generation which divide to yield more stem cells). In normal Hydra the stem cell generation time is 24 h and Ps = 0.6; under these conditions the stem cell population doubles in 3.5 days. In the present experiments we have systematically investigated the dependence of Ps on stem cell density. We culture stem cells in a feeder layer system consisting of aggregates of nitrogen-mustard (NM)-inactivated Hydra cells. In this system stem cell density can be varied over a wide range by changing the number of clone-forming units (CFU) added to the aggregates. We have measured the growth rate of the stem cell population and the cell cycle of stem cells in NM aggregates after 4--7 days of culture. From these data we calculate the value of Ps. The results indicate that the growth rate decreases 4-fold as the number of CFU seeded per aggregate increases from 10 to 400. Under these same conditions the cell cycle remains constant. The values of Ps calculated from these results indicate the Ps decreases from 0.75 in aggregates seeded with 10--30 CFU to 0.55 in aggregates seeded with 200--400 CFU. These results support a model in which Ps is controlled by negative feedback from neighbouring stem cells. In addition, our experiments indicate that Ps decreases during the growth of stem cell clones. When only a few stem cells are seeded in aggregates, they give rise to isolated clones distributed throughout the aggregate. Ps decreases markedly within such clones as they grow in size presumably due to increasing stem cell content of the clones. Since Ps in such isolated clones declines with growth, we infer that the local stem cell concentration is what controls Ps and that the spatial range of the negative feedback signal is short compared to the dimensions of NM aggregates.", "PMID": 521460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_831", "title": "Stem cell growth and differentiation in Hydra attenuata. II. Regulation of nerve and nematocyte differentiation in multiclone aggregates.", "content": "The differentiation of nerve cells and nematocytes from interstitial stem cells in Hydra has been investigated under conditions of changing stem cell density. Interstitial stem cells were cultured in a feeder layer system consisting of aggregates of nitrogen mustard-inactivated tissue. The aggregates were seeded with varying numbers of stem cells from 10 to 400 per aggregate; between 4 and 7 days later the rates of nerve and nematocyte differentiation were measured. Nerve differentiation was scored by labelling the stem cell population with [3H]-thymidine and counting nests of 4 proliferating nematoblasts. In both cases the numbers of differentiating cells were normalized to the size of the stem cell population. The results indicate that the rate of nematocyte differentiation increases as the concentration of stem cells increases in aggregates; under the same conditions the rate of nerve differentiation remains essentially constant. To calculate the numbers of stem cells entering each pathway per generation, a computer was programmed to simulate the growth and differentiation of interstitial stem cells. Standard curves were prepared from the simulations relating the rates of nerve and nematocyte differentiation to the fraction of stem cells committed to each pathway per generation. The rates of nerve and nematocyte commitment were then estimated from the experimentally observed rates of differentiation using the standard curves. The results indicate that nerve commitment remains constant at about 0.13 stem cells per generation over a wide range of stem cell concentration. Nematocyte commitment, by comparison, increases from 0.15 to 0.21 stem cells per generation as stem cell concentration increases in aggregates. The fact that the ratio of nerve to nematocyte commitment changes under our conditions suggests that stem cell commitment is not a stochastic process but subject to control by environmental stimuli.", "contents": "Stem cell growth and differentiation in Hydra attenuata. II. Regulation of nerve and nematocyte differentiation in multiclone aggregates. The differentiation of nerve cells and nematocytes from interstitial stem cells in Hydra has been investigated under conditions of changing stem cell density. Interstitial stem cells were cultured in a feeder layer system consisting of aggregates of nitrogen mustard-inactivated tissue. The aggregates were seeded with varying numbers of stem cells from 10 to 400 per aggregate; between 4 and 7 days later the rates of nerve and nematocyte differentiation were measured. Nerve differentiation was scored by labelling the stem cell population with [3H]-thymidine and counting nests of 4 proliferating nematoblasts. In both cases the numbers of differentiating cells were normalized to the size of the stem cell population. The results indicate that the rate of nematocyte differentiation increases as the concentration of stem cells increases in aggregates; under the same conditions the rate of nerve differentiation remains essentially constant. To calculate the numbers of stem cells entering each pathway per generation, a computer was programmed to simulate the growth and differentiation of interstitial stem cells. Standard curves were prepared from the simulations relating the rates of nerve and nematocyte differentiation to the fraction of stem cells committed to each pathway per generation. The rates of nerve and nematocyte commitment were then estimated from the experimentally observed rates of differentiation using the standard curves. The results indicate that nerve commitment remains constant at about 0.13 stem cells per generation over a wide range of stem cell concentration. Nematocyte commitment, by comparison, increases from 0.15 to 0.21 stem cells per generation as stem cell concentration increases in aggregates. The fact that the ratio of nerve to nematocyte commitment changes under our conditions suggests that stem cell commitment is not a stochastic process but subject to control by environmental stimuli.", "PMID": 521461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_832", "title": "Ammonia plus another factor are necessary for differentiation in submerged clumps of Dictyostelium.", "content": "Differentiation of Dictyostelium amoebae can occur in submerged clumps of cells; under an oxygen atmosphere mature stalk cells and spores form, as has been shown in previous work. This report shows that at least 2 factors are released by the cells under these conditions, and that both, together, are required for differentiation of stalk cells and spores. One of the factors is ammonia (NH3 + NH4+). The other factor(s) is heat stable and dialysable but has not yet been further characterized. The factors can be collected in conditioned medium and, when added to cells, stimulate differentiation. Conditioned medium loses its biological activity upon the removal of the NH3 + NH4+. When NH3 + NH4+ is added back, activity is restored. Because NH3 + NH4+, alone, has no activity, a second factor(s) in the conditioned medium must be required for differentiation. It is also shown that calcium inhibits differentiation in submerged clumps and that in calcium-free medium the timing of differentiation is essentially the same as under aerial conditions.", "contents": "Ammonia plus another factor are necessary for differentiation in submerged clumps of Dictyostelium. Differentiation of Dictyostelium amoebae can occur in submerged clumps of cells; under an oxygen atmosphere mature stalk cells and spores form, as has been shown in previous work. This report shows that at least 2 factors are released by the cells under these conditions, and that both, together, are required for differentiation of stalk cells and spores. One of the factors is ammonia (NH3 + NH4+). The other factor(s) is heat stable and dialysable but has not yet been further characterized. The factors can be collected in conditioned medium and, when added to cells, stimulate differentiation. Conditioned medium loses its biological activity upon the removal of the NH3 + NH4+. When NH3 + NH4+ is added back, activity is restored. Because NH3 + NH4+, alone, has no activity, a second factor(s) in the conditioned medium must be required for differentiation. It is also shown that calcium inhibits differentiation in submerged clumps and that in calcium-free medium the timing of differentiation is essentially the same as under aerial conditions.", "PMID": 521462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_833", "title": "Immaturity substances in Paramecium primaurelia and their specificity.", "content": "Cells of Paramecium primaurelia in the immaturity period of the life cycle contain substances which repress the expression of mating ability when introduced into mature cells. When the immature cytoplasm of P. primaurelia was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. tetraurelia, P. caudatum and P. multimicronucleatum, immaturity was also induced in them. But the immature cytoplasm of P. primaurelia was ineffective when injected into mature cells of P. bursaria. When the immature cytoplasm of P. bursaria was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. primaurelia and P. tetraurelia, no difference from the control was observed. When the immature cytoplasm of P. caudatum was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. primaurelia and P. tetraurelia, immaturity was induced in cells of the latter 2 species.", "contents": "Immaturity substances in Paramecium primaurelia and their specificity. Cells of Paramecium primaurelia in the immaturity period of the life cycle contain substances which repress the expression of mating ability when introduced into mature cells. When the immature cytoplasm of P. primaurelia was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. tetraurelia, P. caudatum and P. multimicronucleatum, immaturity was also induced in them. But the immature cytoplasm of P. primaurelia was ineffective when injected into mature cells of P. bursaria. When the immature cytoplasm of P. bursaria was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. primaurelia and P. tetraurelia, no difference from the control was observed. When the immature cytoplasm of P. caudatum was injected into mating-reactive cells of P. primaurelia and P. tetraurelia, immaturity was induced in cells of the latter 2 species.", "PMID": 521463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_834", "title": "An abnormality of cell behaviour in human dystrophic muscle cultures: a time-lapse study.", "content": "The initiation of monolayer mass cell cultures from adult human biopsies has revealed a striking abnormality in the growth and development pattern of muscle cultures from Duchenne-type dystrophy. This abnormality in cell behaviour was seen as early as 4 days in culture, well before myotube formation or confluence, and consisted of areas where cells clustered together in a multilayered mass rather than showing the typical monolayer distribution normally observed. To gain some insight into the mechanism of cell cluster development, we have examined such a culture by time-lapse cinematography and also the cell behaviour of other control cultures. The results of this study show that the clusters enlarged primarily by cell division and, to a lesser extent, by the acquisition of neighbouring cells. Furthermore, none of the single cells surrounding the clusters exhibited contact inhibition of movement. This behaviour was not observed in the other cultures examined. These findings could be indicative of an abnormality in the cell surface or cell-locomotory machinery of dystrophic cells.", "contents": "An abnormality of cell behaviour in human dystrophic muscle cultures: a time-lapse study. The initiation of monolayer mass cell cultures from adult human biopsies has revealed a striking abnormality in the growth and development pattern of muscle cultures from Duchenne-type dystrophy. This abnormality in cell behaviour was seen as early as 4 days in culture, well before myotube formation or confluence, and consisted of areas where cells clustered together in a multilayered mass rather than showing the typical monolayer distribution normally observed. To gain some insight into the mechanism of cell cluster development, we have examined such a culture by time-lapse cinematography and also the cell behaviour of other control cultures. The results of this study show that the clusters enlarged primarily by cell division and, to a lesser extent, by the acquisition of neighbouring cells. Furthermore, none of the single cells surrounding the clusters exhibited contact inhibition of movement. This behaviour was not observed in the other cultures examined. These findings could be indicative of an abnormality in the cell surface or cell-locomotory machinery of dystrophic cells.", "PMID": 521464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_835", "title": "The sorting out of embryonic cells in monolayer, the differential adhesion hypothesis and the non-specificity of cell adhesion.", "content": "It has been reported previously that sorting out of chick embryonic liver parenchyma and limb bud mesenchymal cells would take place in monolayer culture. The distribution of cell types obtained (liver formed the internal, discontinuous phase) was interpreted in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis. It was suggested that, in monolayer, liver cells were more cohesive than limb bud cells. In this paper we set out to extend the previous observations with 2 particular questions in mind: (i) Is sorting out in monolayer a general phenomenon occurring between a wider range of cell types? (ii) Can evidence be provided for or against the interpretation of results in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis? Sorting-out experiments were conducted on circular hydrophilic islands, on an otherwise hydrophobic substratum. Under these conditions, sorting-out in monolayer was obtained with binary combinations of 4 chick embryonic tissue types: liver parenchyma, limb bud mesenchyme, pigmented epithelium of the eye and corneal epithelium. With every combination but one, the cells of one type surrounded the cells of the other type, generating what we have called a 'circle-within-a-circle' configuration. With the remaining combination, liver parenchyma and corneal epithelium, only localized sorting was obtained. The 'circle-within-a-circle' configuration is consistent with an interpretation in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis, according to which the distribution of cells is determined by the relative strengths of cohesions between their lateral surfaces. In direct support of this is the finding from plating the different cell types at sub-confluent density on hydrophilic substrata that limb bud is the cell tye having the weakest lateral cohesion in monolayer. Limb bud surrounded the other 3 tissues on hydrophilic island. A hierachy of lateral cohesiveness between the 4 cell types has been constructed. It is unlikely that the results can be explained in terms of specific cohesion. When plated together at subconfluent density, the 3 epithelial cell types aggregate together to form mixed monolayered islands, suggesting that they share common adhesive mechanisms.", "contents": "The sorting out of embryonic cells in monolayer, the differential adhesion hypothesis and the non-specificity of cell adhesion. It has been reported previously that sorting out of chick embryonic liver parenchyma and limb bud mesenchymal cells would take place in monolayer culture. The distribution of cell types obtained (liver formed the internal, discontinuous phase) was interpreted in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis. It was suggested that, in monolayer, liver cells were more cohesive than limb bud cells. In this paper we set out to extend the previous observations with 2 particular questions in mind: (i) Is sorting out in monolayer a general phenomenon occurring between a wider range of cell types? (ii) Can evidence be provided for or against the interpretation of results in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis? Sorting-out experiments were conducted on circular hydrophilic islands, on an otherwise hydrophobic substratum. Under these conditions, sorting-out in monolayer was obtained with binary combinations of 4 chick embryonic tissue types: liver parenchyma, limb bud mesenchyme, pigmented epithelium of the eye and corneal epithelium. With every combination but one, the cells of one type surrounded the cells of the other type, generating what we have called a 'circle-within-a-circle' configuration. With the remaining combination, liver parenchyma and corneal epithelium, only localized sorting was obtained. The 'circle-within-a-circle' configuration is consistent with an interpretation in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis, according to which the distribution of cells is determined by the relative strengths of cohesions between their lateral surfaces. In direct support of this is the finding from plating the different cell types at sub-confluent density on hydrophilic substrata that limb bud is the cell tye having the weakest lateral cohesion in monolayer. Limb bud surrounded the other 3 tissues on hydrophilic island. A hierachy of lateral cohesiveness between the 4 cell types has been constructed. It is unlikely that the results can be explained in terms of specific cohesion. When plated together at subconfluent density, the 3 epithelial cell types aggregate together to form mixed monolayered islands, suggesting that they share common adhesive mechanisms.", "PMID": 521465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_836", "title": "Different mechanisms in the attachment of cells to native and denatured collagen.", "content": "The attachment of cells to collagen has been reported previously to require the presence of serum and the particular serum protein involved in this process, variously known as CIG, CAP or fibronectin, has been isolated. This conclusion that cell attachment to collagen requires serum (or more precisely, fibronectin) is based on experiments measuring the kinetics of cell attachment to films of collagen. We have measured the kinetics of attachment of HeLa and attachment to films of collagen-containing substrata under a variety of experimental conditions and present evidence that the serum-dependent mechanism of cell attachment described by others is actually only the case for films of denatured collagen, while cell attachment to native collagen fibres occurs by a different, serum-independent, mechanism. The possible relevance of these findings to cell-matrix interactions in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Different mechanisms in the attachment of cells to native and denatured collagen. The attachment of cells to collagen has been reported previously to require the presence of serum and the particular serum protein involved in this process, variously known as CIG, CAP or fibronectin, has been isolated. This conclusion that cell attachment to collagen requires serum (or more precisely, fibronectin) is based on experiments measuring the kinetics of cell attachment to films of collagen. We have measured the kinetics of attachment of HeLa and attachment to films of collagen-containing substrata under a variety of experimental conditions and present evidence that the serum-dependent mechanism of cell attachment described by others is actually only the case for films of denatured collagen, while cell attachment to native collagen fibres occurs by a different, serum-independent, mechanism. The possible relevance of these findings to cell-matrix interactions in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 521466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_837", "title": "Cell surface lipids and adhesion. IV. The effects of trypsin on lipid turnover by the plasmalemma.", "content": "Trypsin treatment of intact cells or isolated plasmalemmae from embryonic chick neural retinae leads to an accumulation of lysophospholipids in the plasmalemmae. Trypsin was used at activities commonly used in cell disaggregation techniques. This accumulation appears to result from the decrease in acyltransferase activity in the plasmalemma produced by enzyme treatment. Plasmalemmal CoA ligase activity is not affected by trypsin treatment. Trypsinization has little effect on plasmalemmal phospholipase A2 activity. These results are discussed in relation to (a) the effects of trypsinization on cell adhesion, and (b) the theory that cells cannot adhere to lecithins because of their fluidity or surface-free-energy values. We propose that the effects of trypsinization on adhesion may in large part be due to the effects on other plasmalemmal proteins. Similarly the inability of cells to adhere to lecithin substrates is simply explained as being due to the lysolecithin that contacting cells release from these substrates.", "contents": "Cell surface lipids and adhesion. IV. The effects of trypsin on lipid turnover by the plasmalemma. Trypsin treatment of intact cells or isolated plasmalemmae from embryonic chick neural retinae leads to an accumulation of lysophospholipids in the plasmalemmae. Trypsin was used at activities commonly used in cell disaggregation techniques. This accumulation appears to result from the decrease in acyltransferase activity in the plasmalemma produced by enzyme treatment. Plasmalemmal CoA ligase activity is not affected by trypsin treatment. Trypsinization has little effect on plasmalemmal phospholipase A2 activity. These results are discussed in relation to (a) the effects of trypsinization on cell adhesion, and (b) the theory that cells cannot adhere to lecithins because of their fluidity or surface-free-energy values. We propose that the effects of trypsinization on adhesion may in large part be due to the effects on other plasmalemmal proteins. Similarly the inability of cells to adhere to lecithin substrates is simply explained as being due to the lysolecithin that contacting cells release from these substrates.", "PMID": 521467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_838", "title": "A lectin which binds specifically to beta-D-galactoside groups is present at the earliest stages of chick embryo development.", "content": "Extracts obtained from chick embryos at the pre-gastrula and gastrula stages are able to agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde. Agglutination is inhibited by saccharides sharing a beta-D-galactopyranoside configuration. Agglutinin activity is also inhibited by desialysed fetuin which bears terminal galactose residues but not by native fetuin, desialysed agalacto-fetuin, bovine submaxillary mucin and desialysed bovine submaxillary mucin. Lectin activity is present in extracts obtained from the embryonic area of the blastoderms as well as in extracts from extra-embryonic endoderm and ectoderm. In extracts subjected to gel filtration on ECD Sepharose, lectin activity eluted between ovalbumim (mol. wt 45 000) and chymotrypsinogen (mol. wt 25 000). Under some experimental conditions, thiodigalactoside, the most potent inhibitor of lectin activity, inhibited the aggregation of cells of the extra-embryonic endoderm of the primitive chick embryo.", "contents": "A lectin which binds specifically to beta-D-galactoside groups is present at the earliest stages of chick embryo development. Extracts obtained from chick embryos at the pre-gastrula and gastrula stages are able to agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde. Agglutination is inhibited by saccharides sharing a beta-D-galactopyranoside configuration. Agglutinin activity is also inhibited by desialysed fetuin which bears terminal galactose residues but not by native fetuin, desialysed agalacto-fetuin, bovine submaxillary mucin and desialysed bovine submaxillary mucin. Lectin activity is present in extracts obtained from the embryonic area of the blastoderms as well as in extracts from extra-embryonic endoderm and ectoderm. In extracts subjected to gel filtration on ECD Sepharose, lectin activity eluted between ovalbumim (mol. wt 45 000) and chymotrypsinogen (mol. wt 25 000). Under some experimental conditions, thiodigalactoside, the most potent inhibitor of lectin activity, inhibited the aggregation of cells of the extra-embryonic endoderm of the primitive chick embryo.", "PMID": 521468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_839", "title": "Phenylglyoxal is not a selective inhibitor of phagocytosis.", "content": "In 1976, it has been reported that phenylglyoxal (C6H5COCHO) selectively inhibits endocytosis in phagocytes of rabbit and mouse. We have tested the specificity of this compound by measuring its effect on human neutrophil chemotaxis, respiration and release of lysosomal enzymes. Pretreatment of human neutrophils with 100 microgram phenylglyoxal/ml for 30 min at 37 degrees C resulted in almost complete inhibition of phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan. However, after treatment with phenylglyoxal, spontaneous mobility as well as chemotaxis of these cells towards casein, rosette formation with opsonized zymosan, stimulation of the oxidative metabolism and release of lysosomal enzymes were also severely decreased. Most of these functions were only partially restored by resuspension of the cells in a medium without phenylglyoxal. The intracellular level of ATP was not affected by phenylglyoxal, but the level of reduced glutathione was decreased. We conclude from the inhibitory action of phenylglyoxal on the stimulated oxygen consumption and its reaction with intracellular glutathione that phenylglyoxal does not necessarily act exclusively on the outside of the plasma membrane. From our studies, it follows that phenylglyoxal is not a specific inhibitor of endo- or exocytosis in human neutrophils. Phenylglyoxal can be used effectively in the bacterial-killing test of phagocytes to inhibit intracellular killing after an initial period of ingestion.", "contents": "Phenylglyoxal is not a selective inhibitor of phagocytosis. In 1976, it has been reported that phenylglyoxal (C6H5COCHO) selectively inhibits endocytosis in phagocytes of rabbit and mouse. We have tested the specificity of this compound by measuring its effect on human neutrophil chemotaxis, respiration and release of lysosomal enzymes. Pretreatment of human neutrophils with 100 microgram phenylglyoxal/ml for 30 min at 37 degrees C resulted in almost complete inhibition of phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan. However, after treatment with phenylglyoxal, spontaneous mobility as well as chemotaxis of these cells towards casein, rosette formation with opsonized zymosan, stimulation of the oxidative metabolism and release of lysosomal enzymes were also severely decreased. Most of these functions were only partially restored by resuspension of the cells in a medium without phenylglyoxal. The intracellular level of ATP was not affected by phenylglyoxal, but the level of reduced glutathione was decreased. We conclude from the inhibitory action of phenylglyoxal on the stimulated oxygen consumption and its reaction with intracellular glutathione that phenylglyoxal does not necessarily act exclusively on the outside of the plasma membrane. From our studies, it follows that phenylglyoxal is not a specific inhibitor of endo- or exocytosis in human neutrophils. Phenylglyoxal can be used effectively in the bacterial-killing test of phagocytes to inhibit intracellular killing after an initial period of ingestion.", "PMID": 521469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_840", "title": "The time course of male meiosis in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus.", "content": "Tritiated-thymidine autoradiography was used to follow the progress of cells through meiosis in male P. cinereus at 20 degrees C. Spermatocytes spend 7 days in leptotene, 5 days in zygotene and 3 days in pachytene before entering the diffuse stage. Diffuse lasts for 8 days and is followed by a diplotene of 2 days. First and second meiotic metaphase occur a total of 26 days after the end of premeiotic S. Considering the information for P. cinereus together with that for 3 other species, it appears that in amphibians the duration of meiosis does not show the linear relation with C-value that has been described for other groups of organisms.", "contents": "The time course of male meiosis in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Tritiated-thymidine autoradiography was used to follow the progress of cells through meiosis in male P. cinereus at 20 degrees C. Spermatocytes spend 7 days in leptotene, 5 days in zygotene and 3 days in pachytene before entering the diffuse stage. Diffuse lasts for 8 days and is followed by a diplotene of 2 days. First and second meiotic metaphase occur a total of 26 days after the end of premeiotic S. Considering the information for P. cinereus together with that for 3 other species, it appears that in amphibians the duration of meiosis does not show the linear relation with C-value that has been described for other groups of organisms.", "PMID": 521470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_841", "title": "Specific end-to-end attachment of chromosomes in Ornithogalum virens.", "content": "C-banding of nonhomologous chromosomes in haploid generative nuclei of Ornithogalum virens (n = 3) reveals a high degree of specificity with respect to end-to-end connexions. The centromeric end of chromosome 2 preferentially associates with the centromeric end of chromosome 3 and the telomeric end of chromosome 3 associates preferentially with the telomeric end of chromosome 1. This same association of nonhomologous chromosomes persists in prophase nuclei of diploid root tips. In addition, the telomeric ends of the 2 chromosome 2s are connected to one another as are the centromeric ends of the chromosome 1s. This results in a ring of chromosomes in which homologues lie opposite one another. Centromeric ends lie on one side of the nucleus and telomeric ends on the other. It is proposed that this specific association of chromosome ends reflects an order which was probably established at the preceding anaphase or telophase and which persists throughout interphase. The suggestion is made that the proximity of homologous ends and consequently homologous alignment may facilitate initiation of pairing at meiosis.", "contents": "Specific end-to-end attachment of chromosomes in Ornithogalum virens. C-banding of nonhomologous chromosomes in haploid generative nuclei of Ornithogalum virens (n = 3) reveals a high degree of specificity with respect to end-to-end connexions. The centromeric end of chromosome 2 preferentially associates with the centromeric end of chromosome 3 and the telomeric end of chromosome 3 associates preferentially with the telomeric end of chromosome 1. This same association of nonhomologous chromosomes persists in prophase nuclei of diploid root tips. In addition, the telomeric ends of the 2 chromosome 2s are connected to one another as are the centromeric ends of the chromosome 1s. This results in a ring of chromosomes in which homologues lie opposite one another. Centromeric ends lie on one side of the nucleus and telomeric ends on the other. It is proposed that this specific association of chromosome ends reflects an order which was probably established at the preceding anaphase or telophase and which persists throughout interphase. The suggestion is made that the proximity of homologous ends and consequently homologous alignment may facilitate initiation of pairing at meiosis.", "PMID": 521471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_842", "title": "The organization of supercoiled DNA from human chromosomes.", "content": "Nucleoids obtained from metaphase-arrested HeLa cells by gentle lysis in non-ionic detergent and 2 M salt were prepared for electron microscopy by Kleinschmidt spreading techniques. From biophysical studies nucleoids have been shown to contain high molecular weight DNA which is supercoiled and topologically constrained. The contents of nucleoids disperse and collapse into 2 dimensions on the water surface as discrete particles (spreads), which are provisionally equated with metaphase chromosomes. In some cases separate spreads are linked. The structure of the spreads is complex. A preliminary description is presented, although we believe that some of the structures reported may be products of preparation and spreading rather than significant features of the organization of intact nucleoids. There is considerable variation in the appearance of different spreads which may be related to the degree of unfolding, spreading or damage of the different preparations. Each spread consists of one or more core areas surrounded by a network of fibres. Cores are composed, at least in part, of compressed fibres and superficially appear to constrain fibres of the network. In the network the inter-twining of pairs of fibres and the occurrence of flat fibre spirals (disks) are interpreted as evidence of DNA supercoiling, but other fibres of similar thickness are not visibly supercoiled. High-order structures including groupings of disks are observed: these may be the structural correlates of the folded domains of supercoiled DNA established biophysically. The relative proportion of disks and other network structures varies between spreads.", "contents": "The organization of supercoiled DNA from human chromosomes. Nucleoids obtained from metaphase-arrested HeLa cells by gentle lysis in non-ionic detergent and 2 M salt were prepared for electron microscopy by Kleinschmidt spreading techniques. From biophysical studies nucleoids have been shown to contain high molecular weight DNA which is supercoiled and topologically constrained. The contents of nucleoids disperse and collapse into 2 dimensions on the water surface as discrete particles (spreads), which are provisionally equated with metaphase chromosomes. In some cases separate spreads are linked. The structure of the spreads is complex. A preliminary description is presented, although we believe that some of the structures reported may be products of preparation and spreading rather than significant features of the organization of intact nucleoids. There is considerable variation in the appearance of different spreads which may be related to the degree of unfolding, spreading or damage of the different preparations. Each spread consists of one or more core areas surrounded by a network of fibres. Cores are composed, at least in part, of compressed fibres and superficially appear to constrain fibres of the network. In the network the inter-twining of pairs of fibres and the occurrence of flat fibre spirals (disks) are interpreted as evidence of DNA supercoiling, but other fibres of similar thickness are not visibly supercoiled. High-order structures including groupings of disks are observed: these may be the structural correlates of the folded domains of supercoiled DNA established biophysically. The relative proportion of disks and other network structures varies between spreads.", "PMID": 521472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_843", "title": "Detection of small amounts of human DNA in human-rodent hybrids.", "content": "A method of measuring semi-quantitatively small amounts of human DNA in irradiated human x mouse and irradiated human x Chinese-hamster somatic cell hybrids is described. One method uses molecular hybridization of cell DNA bound to nitrocellulose filters with a cRNA probe to Cot 0--1 human DNA. Alternatively hybrid cell DNA is reassociated in solution with a Cot 0--1 fraction of nick-translated human DNA. Formamide buffers give specificity to the reaction. The detection limit of the filter method is 0.2--0.5% equivalents and reassociation kinetics 0.005--0.1% equivalents of a human genome. Experiments with cell hybrids suggest that a fragment of repetitive DNA may be retained along with the selected genes after a cell fusion. In one case however, of a hybrid cell in which malignancy is suppressed, highly repetitious sequences were not found.", "contents": "Detection of small amounts of human DNA in human-rodent hybrids. A method of measuring semi-quantitatively small amounts of human DNA in irradiated human x mouse and irradiated human x Chinese-hamster somatic cell hybrids is described. One method uses molecular hybridization of cell DNA bound to nitrocellulose filters with a cRNA probe to Cot 0--1 human DNA. Alternatively hybrid cell DNA is reassociated in solution with a Cot 0--1 fraction of nick-translated human DNA. Formamide buffers give specificity to the reaction. The detection limit of the filter method is 0.2--0.5% equivalents and reassociation kinetics 0.005--0.1% equivalents of a human genome. Experiments with cell hybrids suggest that a fragment of repetitive DNA may be retained along with the selected genes after a cell fusion. In one case however, of a hybrid cell in which malignancy is suppressed, highly repetitious sequences were not found.", "PMID": 521473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_844", "title": "Structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado stigma and style.", "content": "Structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado (Persea americana Mill) stigma and style up to 42 h after first opening of the flower were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The pollen tubes grew in the stigma secretion and intercellular substance and initial contact occurred between the plasma membrane of the male and the cuticle and stigma secretion of the female. The pollen tube wall started to develop 15 min after pollination and increased in thickness up to 24 h after pollination. By 18 h after first opening of the flower, starch had disappeared and cell wall thickenings were present in both the pollinated and unpollinated stigma and style. The wall thickenings developed more slowly in the unpollinated than in the pollinated tissue. They contained lipid and were bounded by callose. Degeneration of the cytoplasm of some of the papilla and transmitting tissue cells occurred only following the passage of the pollen tubes and may be of importance in tube nutrition. There was no degeneration in the unpollinated stigma and style and the cytoplasm did not start to lose clarity until 42 h after first opening of the flower.", "contents": "Structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado stigma and style. Structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado (Persea americana Mill) stigma and style up to 42 h after first opening of the flower were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The pollen tubes grew in the stigma secretion and intercellular substance and initial contact occurred between the plasma membrane of the male and the cuticle and stigma secretion of the female. The pollen tube wall started to develop 15 min after pollination and increased in thickness up to 24 h after pollination. By 18 h after first opening of the flower, starch had disappeared and cell wall thickenings were present in both the pollinated and unpollinated stigma and style. The wall thickenings developed more slowly in the unpollinated than in the pollinated tissue. They contained lipid and were bounded by callose. Degeneration of the cytoplasm of some of the papilla and transmitting tissue cells occurred only following the passage of the pollen tubes and may be of importance in tube nutrition. There was no degeneration in the unpollinated stigma and style and the cytoplasm did not start to lose clarity until 42 h after first opening of the flower.", "PMID": 521474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_845", "title": "Developmental mechanisms in heterospory: cytochemical demonstration of spore-wall enzymes associated with beta-lectins, polysaccharides and lipids in water ferns.", "content": "Cytochemical methods are used to examine the distribution and localization of acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, ribonuclease and peroxidase activity in the walls of the spores of the heterosporous Marsileaceae before and during germination. In the quiescent spore, the principal activity is associated with the perine layer of the wall and the intine, with some activity in the outer, gelatinous wall layer, but none in the exine. The microspores of Marsilea and Pilularia have non-specific esterase activity concentrated in the intine inthe immediate vicinity of the germinal site; that is, above the position of the future male gametangia. The enzymes are not leached from the wall during hydration of the spores, although ribonuclease is redistributed during imbibition with a high concentration of activity remaining in or around the germinal site. The wall enzymes occur together with PAS-reactive and acidic carbohydrates, lipids, and in the microspore perine, beta-lectins. Following the enzyme pattern, the beta-lectins are found to be concentrated in the region of the germinal site. beta-Lectin activity is absent from the megaspore wall. Acidic carbohydrates are confined to the gelatinous wall layer and this layer also binds concanavalin A. In contrast to what has been found for other plant cells, the spore-wall beta-lectins are not water-labile; the activity is not significantly diminished after hydration. This surprising stability suggests that these molecules, together with the enzymes, may be retained in position in the wall by the waterproof overlay of lipid. From the evidence of preliminary developmental studies, it appears that the enzymes associated with the perine layer of the wall originate in the sporophytic tapetal periplasmodium and inclusion of the activity is concurrent with wall differentiation, while the activity associated with the intine is derived from the gametophyte. It is possible, however, in the megaspore at least, that the distribution of the activity may to some extent be influenced by a system of exine channels which communicates between the two domains of the wall during sporogenesis. No definite information is obtained concerning the utility of the enzymes and associated molecules in the life of the spore. Acting separately or in co-operation, their role could conceivably be connected with one or more of four processes; wall differentiation, gametophyte nutrition, gametophyte protection or reproduction. Each of these possibilities is discussed.", "contents": "Developmental mechanisms in heterospory: cytochemical demonstration of spore-wall enzymes associated with beta-lectins, polysaccharides and lipids in water ferns. Cytochemical methods are used to examine the distribution and localization of acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, ribonuclease and peroxidase activity in the walls of the spores of the heterosporous Marsileaceae before and during germination. In the quiescent spore, the principal activity is associated with the perine layer of the wall and the intine, with some activity in the outer, gelatinous wall layer, but none in the exine. The microspores of Marsilea and Pilularia have non-specific esterase activity concentrated in the intine inthe immediate vicinity of the germinal site; that is, above the position of the future male gametangia. The enzymes are not leached from the wall during hydration of the spores, although ribonuclease is redistributed during imbibition with a high concentration of activity remaining in or around the germinal site. The wall enzymes occur together with PAS-reactive and acidic carbohydrates, lipids, and in the microspore perine, beta-lectins. Following the enzyme pattern, the beta-lectins are found to be concentrated in the region of the germinal site. beta-Lectin activity is absent from the megaspore wall. Acidic carbohydrates are confined to the gelatinous wall layer and this layer also binds concanavalin A. In contrast to what has been found for other plant cells, the spore-wall beta-lectins are not water-labile; the activity is not significantly diminished after hydration. This surprising stability suggests that these molecules, together with the enzymes, may be retained in position in the wall by the waterproof overlay of lipid. From the evidence of preliminary developmental studies, it appears that the enzymes associated with the perine layer of the wall originate in the sporophytic tapetal periplasmodium and inclusion of the activity is concurrent with wall differentiation, while the activity associated with the intine is derived from the gametophyte. It is possible, however, in the megaspore at least, that the distribution of the activity may to some extent be influenced by a system of exine channels which communicates between the two domains of the wall during sporogenesis. No definite information is obtained concerning the utility of the enzymes and associated molecules in the life of the spore. Acting separately or in co-operation, their role could conceivably be connected with one or more of four processes; wall differentiation, gametophyte nutrition, gametophyte protection or reproduction. Each of these possibilities is discussed.", "PMID": 521475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_846", "title": "Vesicles in guard-cell walls and their possible roles in the stomatal mechanism.", "content": "A variety of vesicular inclusions have been observed in guard-cell walls. They have been seen in a number of species and are mostly membrane-bound. They appear confined to the upper and ventral walls of the guard cell. A number of possible origins and functions are discussed. They may be involved in wall deposition or cuticle formation possibly in a role similar to ectodesmata. They also may serve to increase the wall-plasmalemma interface to enhance the movement of ions during the stomatal mechanism.", "contents": "Vesicles in guard-cell walls and their possible roles in the stomatal mechanism. A variety of vesicular inclusions have been observed in guard-cell walls. They have been seen in a number of species and are mostly membrane-bound. They appear confined to the upper and ventral walls of the guard cell. A number of possible origins and functions are discussed. They may be involved in wall deposition or cuticle formation possibly in a role similar to ectodesmata. They also may serve to increase the wall-plasmalemma interface to enhance the movement of ions during the stomatal mechanism.", "PMID": 521476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_847", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium-binding sites in the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.).", "content": "Calcium-binding sites were detected in the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.) using the Oschman & Wall technique, in which CaCl2 was added to the fixative and washing solutions. Deposits were seen scattered along the plasma membrane of the electrocyte, inside mitochondria, associated with the post-synaptic membrane and the membrane of synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium-binding sites in the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.). Calcium-binding sites were detected in the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus (L.) using the Oschman & Wall technique, in which CaCl2 was added to the fixative and washing solutions. Deposits were seen scattered along the plasma membrane of the electrocyte, inside mitochondria, associated with the post-synaptic membrane and the membrane of synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 521477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_848", "title": "O-serotyping Providencia alcalifaciens.", "content": "The O-serotyping scheme for Providencia was tested on Providencia alcalifaciens isolates collected mostly from two hospitals. The specificites of the somatic (O) antigens of P. alcalifaciens were found to be different from those of Providencia stuartii, and separation of the Providencia typing scheme to allow separate typing of each species led to more efficient typing. All but 4 of 86 isolates were typable. Eighteen serotypes occurred among 53 typable isolates obtained from a pediatric hospital, and 11 occurred among 19 isolates from a general hospital. Thirty-two percent of the isolates from the pediatric hospital belonged to serotype O3, the most frequently isolated and most widely distributed type. The use of the serotyping scheme for P. alcalifaciens is advocated for further studies to examine strains of the species for enteropathogenic types.", "contents": "O-serotyping Providencia alcalifaciens. The O-serotyping scheme for Providencia was tested on Providencia alcalifaciens isolates collected mostly from two hospitals. The specificites of the somatic (O) antigens of P. alcalifaciens were found to be different from those of Providencia stuartii, and separation of the Providencia typing scheme to allow separate typing of each species led to more efficient typing. All but 4 of 86 isolates were typable. Eighteen serotypes occurred among 53 typable isolates obtained from a pediatric hospital, and 11 occurred among 19 isolates from a general hospital. Thirty-two percent of the isolates from the pediatric hospital belonged to serotype O3, the most frequently isolated and most widely distributed type. The use of the serotyping scheme for P. alcalifaciens is advocated for further studies to examine strains of the species for enteropathogenic types.", "PMID": 521478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_849", "title": "Identification of diaminopimelic acid in the Legionnaires disease bacterium.", "content": "Diaminopimelic acid was found to be a component of the cell wall of the Legionnaires disease bacterium, thus providing additional evidence that the organism is a bacterium. The presence of this amino acid was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Identification of diaminopimelic acid in the Legionnaires disease bacterium. Diaminopimelic acid was found to be a component of the cell wall of the Legionnaires disease bacterium, thus providing additional evidence that the organism is a bacterium. The presence of this amino acid was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 521479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_850", "title": "Serological cross-reactions between Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and chlamydiae.", "content": "A cross-reaction between Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and chlamydiae is described. A water-soluble, heat stable, non-dialyzable antigen was extracted from Acinetobacter species by boiling. This antigen fixed complement in the presence of homologous hyperimmune sera from rabbits or guinea pigs and in the presence of heterologous human or hyperimmunized animal sera containing chlamydial antibodies. Hyperimmune antisera to the extracted antigen, or to suspensions of live acinetobacters, also reacted in complement fixation with a group-specific antigen.", "contents": "Serological cross-reactions between Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and chlamydiae. A cross-reaction between Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and chlamydiae is described. A water-soluble, heat stable, non-dialyzable antigen was extracted from Acinetobacter species by boiling. This antigen fixed complement in the presence of homologous hyperimmune sera from rabbits or guinea pigs and in the presence of heterologous human or hyperimmunized animal sera containing chlamydial antibodies. Hyperimmune antisera to the extracted antigen, or to suspensions of live acinetobacters, also reacted in complement fixation with a group-specific antigen.", "PMID": 521480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_851", "title": "Application of O-serotyping in a study of Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) isolated from human and nonhuman sources.", "content": "A somatic (O) antigen serotyping scheme for Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) was modified to exclude O-type strains recently reclassified as urea-positive Providencia stuartii and was extended to include new serotypes to provide for serotyping on the basis of 93 O-antigens. Isolates from two hospitals, five public health laboratories, and nonhuman sources (polluted water and frogs) were serotyped. The 112 isolates collected from a large general hospital over a 99-month period were distributed among 42 O-serotypes. No serotype showed significant predominance that would suggest the occurrence of human strains that are more prone than others to cause human infections, but in an institution experiencing cross-infection, 11 of the 22 (50%) isolates belonged to one serotype. The 54 isolates from the five public health laboratories belonged to 33 serotypes, 15 of which were found also among hospital isolates. All but 5 of 99 frog isolates were typable, and the 94 typable isolates were separated into 25 serotypes. Each of the four isolates from polluted water samples was of a different serotype. Sixteen of the serotypes found in frogs and three found in water were also identified among human isolates.", "contents": "Application of O-serotyping in a study of Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) isolated from human and nonhuman sources. A somatic (O) antigen serotyping scheme for Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) was modified to exclude O-type strains recently reclassified as urea-positive Providencia stuartii and was extended to include new serotypes to provide for serotyping on the basis of 93 O-antigens. Isolates from two hospitals, five public health laboratories, and nonhuman sources (polluted water and frogs) were serotyped. The 112 isolates collected from a large general hospital over a 99-month period were distributed among 42 O-serotypes. No serotype showed significant predominance that would suggest the occurrence of human strains that are more prone than others to cause human infections, but in an institution experiencing cross-infection, 11 of the 22 (50%) isolates belonged to one serotype. The 54 isolates from the five public health laboratories belonged to 33 serotypes, 15 of which were found also among hospital isolates. All but 5 of 99 frog isolates were typable, and the 94 typable isolates were separated into 25 serotypes. Each of the four isolates from polluted water samples was of a different serotype. Sixteen of the serotypes found in frogs and three found in water were also identified among human isolates.", "PMID": 521481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_852", "title": "Effect of storage temperature on viability of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in infected guinea pig skin scales.", "content": "The effect of storage temperature on the viability of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in infected guinea pig skin scales was quantitatively evaluated for 182 days. Infected skin scales were stored, while protected from light, in glass containers with desiccant at four temperatures and sampled after saline treatment at various time intervals. No decrease in viability was observed for storage at 4 degrees C, room temperature, or 30 degrees C. Storage at 37 degrees C resulted in a significant loss in viability.", "contents": "Effect of storage temperature on viability of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in infected guinea pig skin scales. The effect of storage temperature on the viability of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in infected guinea pig skin scales was quantitatively evaluated for 182 days. Infected skin scales were stored, while protected from light, in glass containers with desiccant at four temperatures and sampled after saline treatment at various time intervals. No decrease in viability was observed for storage at 4 degrees C, room temperature, or 30 degrees C. Storage at 37 degrees C resulted in a significant loss in viability.", "PMID": 521482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_853", "title": "Medium for selective isolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum from human periodontal pockets.", "content": "A selective medium, CVE agar, was developed for the isolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum from subgingival plaque of periodontally diseased patients. The medium contained 1.0% Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems), 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl, 0.2% glucose, 0.02% L-tryptophan, 1.5% agar, and 5% defibrinated whole sheep blood. Erythromycin and crystal violet were added as the selective inhibitory agents at concentrations of 4 and 5 micrograms/ml, respectively. The medium permitted almost total recovery of F. nucleatum when compared with a nonselective medium and suppressed the recovery of most remaining species by nonselective medium and suppressed the recovery of most remaining species by 6 to 8 orders of magnitude. Microorganisms suppressed to a lesser degree included Selenomonas sputigena, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, and some strains of Peptostreptococcus. The distinct colonial morphology of F. nucleatum on CVE agar made differentiation relatively easy when contaminants were present. With this medium, F. nucleatum was enumerated from 278 subgingival plaque samples and accounted for less than 1.0 to greater than 25% of the cultivatable microbiota.", "contents": "Medium for selective isolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum from human periodontal pockets. A selective medium, CVE agar, was developed for the isolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum from subgingival plaque of periodontally diseased patients. The medium contained 1.0% Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems), 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl, 0.2% glucose, 0.02% L-tryptophan, 1.5% agar, and 5% defibrinated whole sheep blood. Erythromycin and crystal violet were added as the selective inhibitory agents at concentrations of 4 and 5 micrograms/ml, respectively. The medium permitted almost total recovery of F. nucleatum when compared with a nonselective medium and suppressed the recovery of most remaining species by nonselective medium and suppressed the recovery of most remaining species by 6 to 8 orders of magnitude. Microorganisms suppressed to a lesser degree included Selenomonas sputigena, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, and some strains of Peptostreptococcus. The distinct colonial morphology of F. nucleatum on CVE agar made differentiation relatively easy when contaminants were present. With this medium, F. nucleatum was enumerated from 278 subgingival plaque samples and accounted for less than 1.0 to greater than 25% of the cultivatable microbiota.", "PMID": 521483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_854", "title": "Bacteremia associated with Enterobacter sakazakii (yellow, pigmented Enterobacter cloacae).", "content": "A case report of bacteremia due to Enterobacter sakazakii, listed previously as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae (R. Sakazaki, in R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons, ed., Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed., p. 325, 1974), occurred in a 7-day-old, Caucasian male who responded successfully to ampicillin therapy. The source of the infection was not known; however, because of the time lapse between birth and the onset of symptoms, the infection was thought to have occurred postnatally.", "contents": "Bacteremia associated with Enterobacter sakazakii (yellow, pigmented Enterobacter cloacae). A case report of bacteremia due to Enterobacter sakazakii, listed previously as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae (R. Sakazaki, in R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons, ed., Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed., p. 325, 1974), occurred in a 7-day-old, Caucasian male who responded successfully to ampicillin therapy. The source of the infection was not known; however, because of the time lapse between birth and the onset of symptoms, the infection was thought to have occurred postnatally.", "PMID": 521484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_855", "title": "Time of lymphocyte response after onset of tularemia and after tularemia vaccination.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes were prepared from 6 patients at various time intervals after the onset of tularemia and from 10 subjects after vaccination against this disease. Lymphocytes were also prepared from subjects who had been vaccinated 1 and 2 years previously. The lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of membranes of the vaccine strain. Lymphocytes obtained 2 weeks or later after onset of the disease responded to the membranes with increased deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, whereas lymphocytes obtained earlier than 2 weeks after onset did not respond. Lymphocytes of the vaccinated subjects did not respond to the membranes of the vaccine strain before vaccination. Two to 4 weeks after vaccination lymphocytes from six of the vaccinees yielded a high response, and this response was consistently high for several months. Lymphocytes from four of the vaccinated individuals responded to a low extent only, and this was consistently low for several months. Lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated 1 year before testing responded to a similar extent to the membranes, as did lymphocytes from those who had been vaccinated 1 month previously. Lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated 2 years previously, however, showed a diminished response to the membranes. There was no correlation between titer of agglutinating antibodies and magnitude of lymphocyte reactivity.", "contents": "Time of lymphocyte response after onset of tularemia and after tularemia vaccination. Blood lymphocytes were prepared from 6 patients at various time intervals after the onset of tularemia and from 10 subjects after vaccination against this disease. Lymphocytes were also prepared from subjects who had been vaccinated 1 and 2 years previously. The lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of membranes of the vaccine strain. Lymphocytes obtained 2 weeks or later after onset of the disease responded to the membranes with increased deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, whereas lymphocytes obtained earlier than 2 weeks after onset did not respond. Lymphocytes of the vaccinated subjects did not respond to the membranes of the vaccine strain before vaccination. Two to 4 weeks after vaccination lymphocytes from six of the vaccinees yielded a high response, and this response was consistently high for several months. Lymphocytes from four of the vaccinated individuals responded to a low extent only, and this was consistently low for several months. Lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated 1 year before testing responded to a similar extent to the membranes, as did lymphocytes from those who had been vaccinated 1 month previously. Lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated 2 years previously, however, showed a diminished response to the membranes. There was no correlation between titer of agglutinating antibodies and magnitude of lymphocyte reactivity.", "PMID": 521485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_856", "title": "Cultures for Clostridium difficile in stools containing a cytotoxin neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin.", "content": "Stools from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis were cultured to detect the presence of Clostridium difficile. All specimens contained a cytotoxin which was neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Initial testing employed several methods with comparative merits in recovering this organism. These included the use of nonselective media, antibiotic-incorporated media, alcohol shock, and paracresol-containing broth. Optimal results were achieved with primary plating of serial dilutions onto a selective agar containing cycloserine and cefoxitin. This technique was then employed in a large number of specimens. The overall results showed that C. difficile was recovered in specimens from 71 of 73 patients. All isolates of C. difficile produced a cytotoxin which was neutralized by C. sordellii antitoxin in vitro. These results verify the utility of this medium and support the concept that C. difficile accounts for the cytotoxin found in stools in nearly all cases.", "contents": "Cultures for Clostridium difficile in stools containing a cytotoxin neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Stools from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis were cultured to detect the presence of Clostridium difficile. All specimens contained a cytotoxin which was neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Initial testing employed several methods with comparative merits in recovering this organism. These included the use of nonselective media, antibiotic-incorporated media, alcohol shock, and paracresol-containing broth. Optimal results were achieved with primary plating of serial dilutions onto a selective agar containing cycloserine and cefoxitin. This technique was then employed in a large number of specimens. The overall results showed that C. difficile was recovered in specimens from 71 of 73 patients. All isolates of C. difficile produced a cytotoxin which was neutralized by C. sordellii antitoxin in vitro. These results verify the utility of this medium and support the concept that C. difficile accounts for the cytotoxin found in stools in nearly all cases.", "PMID": 521486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_857", "title": "Methods of measuring zones of inhibition with the Bauer-Kirby disk susceptibility test.", "content": "Standard Bauer-Kirby disk tests were performed with 85 selected isolates, each tested in triplicate by four different investigators. Each disk test was observed, and zone diameters were measured, under two lighting conditions (transmitted light and reflected light). The two lighting systems produced similar zone measurements (+/-2 mm) with 96% of the tests. When there were greater differences, zones appeared to be larger when observed with reflected light. Interlaboratory reproducibility was much greater when using reflected light rather than transmitted light. We concluded that zone diameters should be measured from the back of the plate while it is resting on, or held 2 to 3 inches [ca. 5.1 to 7.6 cm] above, a black, nonreflecting, flat surface, illuminated by a reflected light source.", "contents": "Methods of measuring zones of inhibition with the Bauer-Kirby disk susceptibility test. Standard Bauer-Kirby disk tests were performed with 85 selected isolates, each tested in triplicate by four different investigators. Each disk test was observed, and zone diameters were measured, under two lighting conditions (transmitted light and reflected light). The two lighting systems produced similar zone measurements (+/-2 mm) with 96% of the tests. When there were greater differences, zones appeared to be larger when observed with reflected light. Interlaboratory reproducibility was much greater when using reflected light rather than transmitted light. We concluded that zone diameters should be measured from the back of the plate while it is resting on, or held 2 to 3 inches [ca. 5.1 to 7.6 cm] above, a black, nonreflecting, flat surface, illuminated by a reflected light source.", "PMID": 521487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_858", "title": "More sensitive test agar for detection of dextranase-producing oral streptococci and identification of two glucan synthesis-defective dextranase mutants of Streptococcus mutans 6715.", "content": "A more sensitive test agar was developed to detect oral microbes with relatively low dextranase activity and to identify dextranase-negative mutants. Several oral streptococci that had previously been scored as dextranase negative readily decolorized the new, blue dextran-containing medium. To assess whether dextranase plays a role in glucan synthesis by oral streptococci, various glucan synthesis-defective mutants were tested for dextranase activity on the new medium. Mutants 4 and 27, which do not cause smooth-surface caries and which synthesize more soluble glucan than their parent, Streptococcus mutans 6715-13, were markedly deficient in these dextranase activity tests.", "contents": "More sensitive test agar for detection of dextranase-producing oral streptococci and identification of two glucan synthesis-defective dextranase mutants of Streptococcus mutans 6715. A more sensitive test agar was developed to detect oral microbes with relatively low dextranase activity and to identify dextranase-negative mutants. Several oral streptococci that had previously been scored as dextranase negative readily decolorized the new, blue dextran-containing medium. To assess whether dextranase plays a role in glucan synthesis by oral streptococci, various glucan synthesis-defective mutants were tested for dextranase activity on the new medium. Mutants 4 and 27, which do not cause smooth-surface caries and which synthesize more soluble glucan than their parent, Streptococcus mutans 6715-13, were markedly deficient in these dextranase activity tests.", "PMID": 521488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_859", "title": "Lack of correlation between interferon production of mononuclear cells and virus replication in chronic hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Interferon production in hepatitis B virus carriers with normal liver functions was preserved, whereas in carriers with chronic hepatitis it was depressed. The lower interferon production in hepatitis B virus carriers with chronic hepatitis appears to be the result rather than the cause of chronic hepatic disease.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between interferon production of mononuclear cells and virus replication in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Interferon production in hepatitis B virus carriers with normal liver functions was preserved, whereas in carriers with chronic hepatitis it was depressed. The lower interferon production in hepatitis B virus carriers with chronic hepatitis appears to be the result rather than the cause of chronic hepatic disease.", "PMID": 521489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_860", "title": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Francisella tularensis.", "content": "Several unusual fatty acids characterized strains of Francisella tularensis. Long-chain (C20-C26) acids and the hydroxy acids 2-hydroxy-decanoate, 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoate, and 3-hydroxy-octadecanoate appeared to be of special diagnostic value.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Francisella tularensis. Several unusual fatty acids characterized strains of Francisella tularensis. Long-chain (C20-C26) acids and the hydroxy acids 2-hydroxy-decanoate, 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoate, and 3-hydroxy-octadecanoate appeared to be of special diagnostic value.", "PMID": 521490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_861", "title": "Enhancement of Ureaplasma urealyticum growth on a differential agar medium (A7B) by a polyamine, putrescine.", "content": "Growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates from clinical exudates and urine specimens was significantly improved by supplementation of a Ureaplasma differential agar medium by putrescine. The improved medium was designated medium A7B.", "contents": "Enhancement of Ureaplasma urealyticum growth on a differential agar medium (A7B) by a polyamine, putrescine. Growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates from clinical exudates and urine specimens was significantly improved by supplementation of a Ureaplasma differential agar medium by putrescine. The improved medium was designated medium A7B.", "PMID": 521491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_862", "title": "Serum immunoreactive trypsin concentration after a Lundh meal. Its value in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "The changes in serum trypsin concentration have been measured in 47 subjects for up to 2 hours after a Lundh meal. In 18 healthy controls, mean fasting trypsin concentration was 285 +/- 125 ng/ml (mean +/- 2 SD). The maximum increase after the Lundh meal (the trypsin response ratio) was 6.7 +/- 7.5%. Six patients with chronic renal failure had elevated fasting serum trypsin concentrations (range 460-1100 ng/ml) but trypsin response ratios fell within the control range. Of five patients with relapsing pancreatitis, two had raised and three normal or low fasting trypsins. After stimulation two had elevated trypsin response ratios; one of the two had evidence of main duct obstruction. Eleven out of 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis (with or without insufficiency) had low fasting trypsin concentrations (range 0-120 ng/ml) Seven of the 12 also had raised trypsin response ratios. In six patients with cancer of the pancreas, fasting trypsin was low in three, normal in two, and raised in one. Both patients with a normal fasting level had a raised trypsin response ratio. The combination of a single estimation of fasting serum trypsin concentration followed by serial measurements after a Lundh meal provides a useful screening test for chronic pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Serum immunoreactive trypsin concentration after a Lundh meal. Its value in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The changes in serum trypsin concentration have been measured in 47 subjects for up to 2 hours after a Lundh meal. In 18 healthy controls, mean fasting trypsin concentration was 285 +/- 125 ng/ml (mean +/- 2 SD). The maximum increase after the Lundh meal (the trypsin response ratio) was 6.7 +/- 7.5%. Six patients with chronic renal failure had elevated fasting serum trypsin concentrations (range 460-1100 ng/ml) but trypsin response ratios fell within the control range. Of five patients with relapsing pancreatitis, two had raised and three normal or low fasting trypsins. After stimulation two had elevated trypsin response ratios; one of the two had evidence of main duct obstruction. Eleven out of 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis (with or without insufficiency) had low fasting trypsin concentrations (range 0-120 ng/ml) Seven of the 12 also had raised trypsin response ratios. In six patients with cancer of the pancreas, fasting trypsin was low in three, normal in two, and raised in one. Both patients with a normal fasting level had a raised trypsin response ratio. The combination of a single estimation of fasting serum trypsin concentration followed by serial measurements after a Lundh meal provides a useful screening test for chronic pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 521492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_863", "title": "C3d antiglobulin haemagglutination of human red blood cells. A demonstration of two types of cell-bound C3d by means of typsin digestion.", "content": "Washed human red blood cells from blood collected in EDTA were tested by Auto-Analyzer for a percentage of maximum antiglobulin haemagglutination (AH) using monospecific antisera to human C3d and C3c. The cells from normal persons were found to be agglutinated by anti-C3d but not by anti-C3c. To a fixed dilution of antiserum, the normal C3d AH values (X +/- 2 SD) were 34 +/- 19% for adult cells (n = 29) and 14 +/- 19% for cord cells (n = 19); the difference was significant (P less than 0.0001). By pretreatment of these cells with trypsin the C3d AH was either completely abolished or markedly reduced. Its difference between the adult and cord cells was eliminated as the observed values were 4 +/- 7% and 3 +/- 4% respectively (P = 0.15). The supernatant fluid of cell-trypsin mixture, treated with trypsin inhibitors, was found to be inhibitory to C3d AH but not to C3c AH. In contrast, the AH of C3d-coated red blood cells resulting from complement fixation in vivo (ie, cold agglutinin disease) or in vitro (eg, sucrose water reaction) was resistant to trypsin treatment. The difference between the trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant cell-bound C3d is postulated to be at its attachment mechanism to the cell membranes. In addition, both the advantage and limitation of using trypsinised cells for C3d antiglobulin tests are demonstrated.", "contents": "C3d antiglobulin haemagglutination of human red blood cells. A demonstration of two types of cell-bound C3d by means of typsin digestion. Washed human red blood cells from blood collected in EDTA were tested by Auto-Analyzer for a percentage of maximum antiglobulin haemagglutination (AH) using monospecific antisera to human C3d and C3c. The cells from normal persons were found to be agglutinated by anti-C3d but not by anti-C3c. To a fixed dilution of antiserum, the normal C3d AH values (X +/- 2 SD) were 34 +/- 19% for adult cells (n = 29) and 14 +/- 19% for cord cells (n = 19); the difference was significant (P less than 0.0001). By pretreatment of these cells with trypsin the C3d AH was either completely abolished or markedly reduced. Its difference between the adult and cord cells was eliminated as the observed values were 4 +/- 7% and 3 +/- 4% respectively (P = 0.15). The supernatant fluid of cell-trypsin mixture, treated with trypsin inhibitors, was found to be inhibitory to C3d AH but not to C3c AH. In contrast, the AH of C3d-coated red blood cells resulting from complement fixation in vivo (ie, cold agglutinin disease) or in vitro (eg, sucrose water reaction) was resistant to trypsin treatment. The difference between the trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant cell-bound C3d is postulated to be at its attachment mechanism to the cell membranes. In addition, both the advantage and limitation of using trypsinised cells for C3d antiglobulin tests are demonstrated.", "PMID": 521493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_864", "title": "False-positive antiglobulin tests in healthy subjects and in hospital patients.", "content": "An antiglobulin reagent containing anti-IgG, -C4c, -C4d, -C3c, and -C3d was used to test red blood cells from healthy subjects and from patients in hospital. In tests read macroscopically on opal tiles, no positive reactions were found in the healthy subjects. Positive reactions were, however, observed in 7% of the hospital patients. Further tests with monospecific reagents showed the positive reactions to be due to the presence of C4d and C3d on the red cells. All patients with positive antiglobulin reactions had serious disease, in most cases associated with abnormal antibody production or abnormal immunoglobulin levels.", "contents": "False-positive antiglobulin tests in healthy subjects and in hospital patients. An antiglobulin reagent containing anti-IgG, -C4c, -C4d, -C3c, and -C3d was used to test red blood cells from healthy subjects and from patients in hospital. In tests read macroscopically on opal tiles, no positive reactions were found in the healthy subjects. Positive reactions were, however, observed in 7% of the hospital patients. Further tests with monospecific reagents showed the positive reactions to be due to the presence of C4d and C3d on the red cells. All patients with positive antiglobulin reactions had serious disease, in most cases associated with abnormal antibody production or abnormal immunoglobulin levels.", "PMID": 521494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_865", "title": "Use of low ionic strength saline for crossmatching and antibody screening.", "content": "A totally revised crossmatching and antibody screening procedure has been designed using low ionic strength saline as the suspending medium for red cells in the saline and enzyme phases as well as the antiglobulin test. The replacement of Pasteur pipettes with precision samplers for all serum and red cell dispensing has resulted in improvement in the reproducibility and standardisation of technique. The major advantages are improved sensitivity, shortened incubation time, and simplicity of technical performance.", "contents": "Use of low ionic strength saline for crossmatching and antibody screening. A totally revised crossmatching and antibody screening procedure has been designed using low ionic strength saline as the suspending medium for red cells in the saline and enzyme phases as well as the antiglobulin test. The replacement of Pasteur pipettes with precision samplers for all serum and red cell dispensing has resulted in improvement in the reproducibility and standardisation of technique. The major advantages are improved sensitivity, shortened incubation time, and simplicity of technical performance.", "PMID": 521495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_866", "title": "Splenomegaly and splenectomy in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The natural history of 30 patients with sarcoidosis who showed histological evidence of granulomatous involvement of the spleen has been studied; 24 patients had splenomegaly, 16 of whom had splenectomy. The main indication for splenectomy was splenomegaly and resultant discomfort. Corticosteroids reduced spleen size but reduction or withdrawal of the relatively high dosage required resulted in rebound splenomegaly within a period of three months to three years. Haematological abnormalities were controlled by splenectomy in all patients so affected, but the natural history of their sarcoidosis remained unaltered.", "contents": "Splenomegaly and splenectomy in sarcoidosis. The natural history of 30 patients with sarcoidosis who showed histological evidence of granulomatous involvement of the spleen has been studied; 24 patients had splenomegaly, 16 of whom had splenectomy. The main indication for splenectomy was splenomegaly and resultant discomfort. Corticosteroids reduced spleen size but reduction or withdrawal of the relatively high dosage required resulted in rebound splenomegaly within a period of three months to three years. Haematological abnormalities were controlled by splenectomy in all patients so affected, but the natural history of their sarcoidosis remained unaltered.", "PMID": 521496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_867", "title": "Clinical evaluation of eosinophils in the sputum.", "content": "The sputum differential eosinophil/neutrophil count was done in 384 patients using Leishman staining. The patients were distributed in four groups: bronchial asthma (197 patients); chronic bronchitis with wheezing (45 patients); chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema without wheezing (73 patients); other pulmonary diseases (64 patients). Eosinophils were present in patients from all groups but more frequently (P less than 0.001) in asthma: 142 (72%) of 197 patients. In bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis with wheezing the percentages of eosinophils were more frequently (P less than 0.001) above 80%: 57% and 58% of the patients respectively. The other two groups had more cases with 19% or less eosinophils. There is no percentage level specific for asthma but levels above 80% of eosinophils are strongly suggestive of asthma or of chronic bronchitis with wheezing.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of eosinophils in the sputum. The sputum differential eosinophil/neutrophil count was done in 384 patients using Leishman staining. The patients were distributed in four groups: bronchial asthma (197 patients); chronic bronchitis with wheezing (45 patients); chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema without wheezing (73 patients); other pulmonary diseases (64 patients). Eosinophils were present in patients from all groups but more frequently (P less than 0.001) in asthma: 142 (72%) of 197 patients. In bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis with wheezing the percentages of eosinophils were more frequently (P less than 0.001) above 80%: 57% and 58% of the patients respectively. The other two groups had more cases with 19% or less eosinophils. There is no percentage level specific for asthma but levels above 80% of eosinophils are strongly suggestive of asthma or of chronic bronchitis with wheezing.", "PMID": 521497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_868", "title": "Analysis of reproducibility of subjective grading systems for breast carcinoma.", "content": "The inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of three grading systems for breast cancer has been analysed: those of the World Health Organisation, of Black, and of Hartveit. In addition, the components forming the basis of these grading systems were analysed separately with regard to reproducibility and interrelationship. In this analysis, degree of differentiation was also included as a parameter. The grading systems of WHO and of Black gave a stratification of the material into three categories of tumours, but that of Hartveit did not. All three systems had a low inter- and intra-observer reproducibility. Truncated component analysis indicated that the grading systems of WHO and of Black are closely related to each other and to the 'nuclear lobulation' component of Hartveit's system. The components 'pleomorphism', 'mitotic frequency', and 'hyperchromasia' of the WHO system were closely interrelated. Descriptors such as 'differentiation' and 'tubule formation' were interrelated but acted in a different direction from the others.", "contents": "Analysis of reproducibility of subjective grading systems for breast carcinoma. The inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of three grading systems for breast cancer has been analysed: those of the World Health Organisation, of Black, and of Hartveit. In addition, the components forming the basis of these grading systems were analysed separately with regard to reproducibility and interrelationship. In this analysis, degree of differentiation was also included as a parameter. The grading systems of WHO and of Black gave a stratification of the material into three categories of tumours, but that of Hartveit did not. All three systems had a low inter- and intra-observer reproducibility. Truncated component analysis indicated that the grading systems of WHO and of Black are closely related to each other and to the 'nuclear lobulation' component of Hartveit's system. The components 'pleomorphism', 'mitotic frequency', and 'hyperchromasia' of the WHO system were closely interrelated. Descriptors such as 'differentiation' and 'tubule formation' were interrelated but acted in a different direction from the others.", "PMID": 521499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_869", "title": "Campylobacter colitis.", "content": "A patient is described in whom a campylobacter enteritis closely resembled ulcerative colitis on clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histological grounds. Selective stool culture techniques may be necessary to differentiate campylobacter colitis from ulcerative colitis proper.", "contents": "Campylobacter colitis. A patient is described in whom a campylobacter enteritis closely resembled ulcerative colitis on clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histological grounds. Selective stool culture techniques may be necessary to differentiate campylobacter colitis from ulcerative colitis proper.", "PMID": 521500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_870", "title": "Acute diarrhoea: Campylobacter colitis and the role of rectal biopsy.", "content": "Campylobacter spp. were the organisms isolated most frequently from 29 consecutive patients admitted with acute diarrhoea to an infectious disease unit. Rectal biopsies taken from 21 of the patients were abnormal in all but four, and in the patients with campylobacter infection there was a characteristic proctocolitis in each case. The histopathology was similar to that described for salmonella and shigella infections but clearly different from typical ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Therefore in patients with acute diarrhoea we suggest that selective culture for Campylobacter spp. should be made a routine and that rectal biopsy has an important diagnostic role, particularly in patients with negative cultures.", "contents": "Acute diarrhoea: Campylobacter colitis and the role of rectal biopsy. Campylobacter spp. were the organisms isolated most frequently from 29 consecutive patients admitted with acute diarrhoea to an infectious disease unit. Rectal biopsies taken from 21 of the patients were abnormal in all but four, and in the patients with campylobacter infection there was a characteristic proctocolitis in each case. The histopathology was similar to that described for salmonella and shigella infections but clearly different from typical ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Therefore in patients with acute diarrhoea we suggest that selective culture for Campylobacter spp. should be made a routine and that rectal biopsy has an important diagnostic role, particularly in patients with negative cultures.", "PMID": 521501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_871", "title": "Prevalence of voice quality deviations in the normal adult population.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of voice quality deviations in a normal adult population. One-hundred twelve subjects, aged 17 to 80, read a short paragraph aloud into a high-fidelity tape recorder and completed a case history questionnaire. A group of 11 pretrained judges rated overall performance of each taped sample on a seven-point equal-appearing intervals scale, then designated those quality components which contributed toward deviant ratings. Eighty-two percent of the group received a mean severity rating lower than 1.99; 16% had a rating between 2.00 and 2.99; and 2% was assigned a mean rating higher than 3.00.", "contents": "Prevalence of voice quality deviations in the normal adult population. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of voice quality deviations in a normal adult population. One-hundred twelve subjects, aged 17 to 80, read a short paragraph aloud into a high-fidelity tape recorder and completed a case history questionnaire. A group of 11 pretrained judges rated overall performance of each taped sample on a seven-point equal-appearing intervals scale, then designated those quality components which contributed toward deviant ratings. Eighty-two percent of the group received a mean severity rating lower than 1.99; 16% had a rating between 2.00 and 2.99; and 2% was assigned a mean rating higher than 3.00.", "PMID": 521502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_872", "title": "Establishing functional language in an autistic child: a cooperative approach.", "content": "The case study of a 7-yr-old boy who was diagnosed as autistic is reported. The cooperative efforts of a teacher of the severely emotionally disturbed, a speech pathologist, and the child's parents were combined to create an optimal situation for the facilitation of behavior change and language development. Examples of the procedures used and the child's progress over a 2 1/2-yr period are presented and described.", "contents": "Establishing functional language in an autistic child: a cooperative approach. The case study of a 7-yr-old boy who was diagnosed as autistic is reported. The cooperative efforts of a teacher of the severely emotionally disturbed, a speech pathologist, and the child's parents were combined to create an optimal situation for the facilitation of behavior change and language development. Examples of the procedures used and the child's progress over a 2 1/2-yr period are presented and described.", "PMID": 521503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_873", "title": "Effect of prestimulation on sentence comprehension by aphasic subjects.", "content": "Aphasic subjects and controls were tested to determine whether comprehension of spoken sentences was enhanced by prestimulation concerning their contents. For each of the 20 test points, the subject listened to the test sentence and selected the corresponding picture from among four pictures presented simultaneously. The preparatory suggestions were given in one test condition and withheld in the other. Each prestimulation consisted of one or two sentences that indicated the persons, objects, or general situation to be presented in the test sentence. Analysis of variance indicated that the effect of the prestimulation was not significant.", "contents": "Effect of prestimulation on sentence comprehension by aphasic subjects. Aphasic subjects and controls were tested to determine whether comprehension of spoken sentences was enhanced by prestimulation concerning their contents. For each of the 20 test points, the subject listened to the test sentence and selected the corresponding picture from among four pictures presented simultaneously. The preparatory suggestions were given in one test condition and withheld in the other. Each prestimulation consisted of one or two sentences that indicated the persons, objects, or general situation to be presented in the test sentence. Analysis of variance indicated that the effect of the prestimulation was not significant.", "PMID": 521504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_874", "title": "Pragmatics and elicited imitation: children's performance on discursively related and discursively unrelated sentences.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the elicited imitation performance of preschool children when the stimulus sentences were meaningfully related to each other in a story as compared to when the sentences were arranged in a random order. Experiment 1 used a repeated-measures design and found a practice effect demonstrating less errors during the second trial regardless of experimental condition. Experiment 2 implemented a group design with one group imitating the related (story) sentences and the other imitating the randomly arranged sentences. The results showed no significant difference in the mean number of errors occurring in the \"story\" versus the \"random\" condition. The implications of the practice effect found in Experiment 1 are discussed and the error pattern during the second trial is evaluated. The efficacy of using discursively related as opposed to unrelated sentences in elicited imitation tasks is discussed from a pragmatic point of view.", "contents": "Pragmatics and elicited imitation: children's performance on discursively related and discursively unrelated sentences. Two experiments were conducted to determine the elicited imitation performance of preschool children when the stimulus sentences were meaningfully related to each other in a story as compared to when the sentences were arranged in a random order. Experiment 1 used a repeated-measures design and found a practice effect demonstrating less errors during the second trial regardless of experimental condition. Experiment 2 implemented a group design with one group imitating the related (story) sentences and the other imitating the randomly arranged sentences. The results showed no significant difference in the mean number of errors occurring in the \"story\" versus the \"random\" condition. The implications of the practice effect found in Experiment 1 are discussed and the error pattern during the second trial is evaluated. The efficacy of using discursively related as opposed to unrelated sentences in elicited imitation tasks is discussed from a pragmatic point of view.", "PMID": 521505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_875", "title": "Markedness analysis of phonemic substitution errors in apraxia of speech.", "content": "The phonemic substitution errors of ten apractic speakers were analyzed to investigate the effects of markedness on speech production patterns. Results revealed that: more errors were produced on phonemes high in markedness; more changes in markedness were from marked to unmarked than unmarked to marked; and errors and directional changes in markedness were positively correlated with ease of articulation. The findings were interpreted as a systematic effort by the apractic speakers to reduce the complexity of articulatory gestures required to produce phonemes.", "contents": "Markedness analysis of phonemic substitution errors in apraxia of speech. The phonemic substitution errors of ten apractic speakers were analyzed to investigate the effects of markedness on speech production patterns. Results revealed that: more errors were produced on phonemes high in markedness; more changes in markedness were from marked to unmarked than unmarked to marked; and errors and directional changes in markedness were positively correlated with ease of articulation. The findings were interpreted as a systematic effort by the apractic speakers to reduce the complexity of articulatory gestures required to produce phonemes.", "PMID": 521506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_876", "title": "The emergence, localization and maturation of neurotransmitter systems during development of the retina in Xenopus laevis. I. Gamma aminobutyric acid.", "content": "The high-affinity uptake, biosynthesis and release of GABA have been studied in the retina of Xenopus laevis. In the mature retina, [3H]-GABA is accumulated predominantly by horizontal cells. A second population of cells located in the inner nuclear layer (possibly a type of amacrine cell) also showed a specific GABA uptake. In addition, this retina contains significant activities of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and also releases [3H]-GABA in response to increasing K+ concentrations in the medium. We have followed the appearance and maturation of these GABA-ergic properties during embryonic development of this retina. Our results indicate that these properties emerge in a precise temporal pattern during retinal differentiation: the specific neuronal uptake of GABA precedes GABA synthesis which is followed by K+-stimulated GABA release.", "contents": "The emergence, localization and maturation of neurotransmitter systems during development of the retina in Xenopus laevis. I. Gamma aminobutyric acid. The high-affinity uptake, biosynthesis and release of GABA have been studied in the retina of Xenopus laevis. In the mature retina, [3H]-GABA is accumulated predominantly by horizontal cells. A second population of cells located in the inner nuclear layer (possibly a type of amacrine cell) also showed a specific GABA uptake. In addition, this retina contains significant activities of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and also releases [3H]-GABA in response to increasing K+ concentrations in the medium. We have followed the appearance and maturation of these GABA-ergic properties during embryonic development of this retina. Our results indicate that these properties emerge in a precise temporal pattern during retinal differentiation: the specific neuronal uptake of GABA precedes GABA synthesis which is followed by K+-stimulated GABA release.", "PMID": 521507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_877", "title": "Microcircuitry of cat visual cortex: classification of neurons in layer IV of area 17, and identification of the patterns of lateral geniculate input.", "content": "Neurons in the cerebral cortex have been classified primarily by their differences in axonal and dendritic branching patterns observed in material impregnated by the Golgi method. Although these morphological differences are widely believed to reflect differences in connectivity, very little is actually known about the patterns of synaptic input to different cell types. We have obtained such information for 32 adjacent neurons in layer IVab of cat cortical area 17 by reconstructing them from electron micrographs of 150 serial sections. Synaptic terminals from the lateral geniculate nucleus were labeled in this material by anterograde degeneration and their distribution, as well as that of normal terminals containing flat or round vesicles, was recorded. The neurons were divided into seven classes based on differences in size, shape, dendritic branching pattern and synaptic input. Class I cells were pyramidal with apical and basilar dendrites, dendritic spines, exclusively flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2), and geniculate terminals  on the basilar dendrites. Class II cells were large stellates (20 micron diameter) with dark cytoplasm and numerous flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (48/100 micron2). Geniculate terminals contacted the cell bodies and primary, secondary, and tertiary dendrites. The Class III cell was stellate with varicose dendrites, a sparse distribution of flat-vesicle terminals (8/100 micron2) on the soma, and both geniculate and round-vesicle terminals on the dendrites. Class IV cells had radially elongated somas with sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites bearing spines. There was a medium distribution of flat-vesicles terminals (17/100 mu2), to the somas while geniculate terminals were restricted to the secondary dendrites. Class V cells were multipolar with flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2) and a few geniculate terminals on the dendrites. Class VI cells were mostly small (as small as 7 micron diameter), with a sparse distribution on the somas of both flat-vesicle terminals (7/100 micron2). Two cells had geniculate terminals on their somas. Class VII cells had sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites, both flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (14/100 micron2), and no geniculate input. The results make clear that the neurons in layer IVab are quite heterogeneous, not merely in their intrinsic morphology, but also in their patterns of connectivity. The geniculate input is not funneled to a single type of neuron but diverges widely, contacting at least six different cell types, and may form on each a pattern that is characteristic for the type. The reconstruction approach, in providing a detailed identification of the synaptic patterns on substantial numbers of adjacent cells, should make it possible to address directly certain unanswered questions about cortical circuitry...", "contents": "Microcircuitry of cat visual cortex: classification of neurons in layer IV of area 17, and identification of the patterns of lateral geniculate input. Neurons in the cerebral cortex have been classified primarily by their differences in axonal and dendritic branching patterns observed in material impregnated by the Golgi method. Although these morphological differences are widely believed to reflect differences in connectivity, very little is actually known about the patterns of synaptic input to different cell types. We have obtained such information for 32 adjacent neurons in layer IVab of cat cortical area 17 by reconstructing them from electron micrographs of 150 serial sections. Synaptic terminals from the lateral geniculate nucleus were labeled in this material by anterograde degeneration and their distribution, as well as that of normal terminals containing flat or round vesicles, was recorded. The neurons were divided into seven classes based on differences in size, shape, dendritic branching pattern and synaptic input. Class I cells were pyramidal with apical and basilar dendrites, dendritic spines, exclusively flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2), and geniculate terminals  on the basilar dendrites. Class II cells were large stellates (20 micron diameter) with dark cytoplasm and numerous flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (48/100 micron2). Geniculate terminals contacted the cell bodies and primary, secondary, and tertiary dendrites. The Class III cell was stellate with varicose dendrites, a sparse distribution of flat-vesicle terminals (8/100 micron2) on the soma, and both geniculate and round-vesicle terminals on the dendrites. Class IV cells had radially elongated somas with sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites bearing spines. There was a medium distribution of flat-vesicles terminals (17/100 mu2), to the somas while geniculate terminals were restricted to the secondary dendrites. Class V cells were multipolar with flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2) and a few geniculate terminals on the dendrites. Class VI cells were mostly small (as small as 7 micron diameter), with a sparse distribution on the somas of both flat-vesicle terminals (7/100 micron2). Two cells had geniculate terminals on their somas. Class VII cells had sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites, both flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (14/100 micron2), and no geniculate input. The results make clear that the neurons in layer IVab are quite heterogeneous, not merely in their intrinsic morphology, but also in their patterns of connectivity. The geniculate input is not funneled to a single type of neuron but diverges widely, contacting at least six different cell types, and may form on each a pattern that is characteristic for the type. The reconstruction approach, in providing a detailed identification of the synaptic patterns on substantial numbers of adjacent cells, should make it possible to address directly certain unanswered questions about cortical circuitry...", "PMID": 521508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_878", "title": "Relations between cell body size, axon diameter and axon conduction velocity of triceps surae alpha montoneurons during the postnatal development in the cat.", "content": "Triceps surae alpha-motoneurons in cats of different postnatal ages were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and studied light microscopically. In individual neurons, the mean diameter of the cell body and the intramedullary axon diameter were measured and related to the axon conduction velocity. The mean diameter of the cell body grew from 39.6 micrometer at birth to 57.6 micrometer in the adult cat, while the corresponding figures for the intramedullary axon diameters were 2.4 micrometer and 6.7 micrometer. During the same period of time, the axon conduction velocity increased from 11.3 m/s to 93.5 m/s, and the ratio between the conduction velocity and the intramedullary diameter of the axon (CV/d ratio) increased from 4.6 to 14.1. The results indicate that the growth of the cell body is smaller and completed earlier than the growth in diameter of the intramedullary and, in particular, the peripheral parts of the axon. The considerable change of the CV/d ratio during the postnatal development may be explained by previously described immature morphological properties of the axons in very kittens, and by a changing relation between the dimensions of the intramedullary and peripheral parts of the axon.", "contents": "Relations between cell body size, axon diameter and axon conduction velocity of triceps surae alpha montoneurons during the postnatal development in the cat. Triceps surae alpha-motoneurons in cats of different postnatal ages were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and studied light microscopically. In individual neurons, the mean diameter of the cell body and the intramedullary axon diameter were measured and related to the axon conduction velocity. The mean diameter of the cell body grew from 39.6 micrometer at birth to 57.6 micrometer in the adult cat, while the corresponding figures for the intramedullary axon diameters were 2.4 micrometer and 6.7 micrometer. During the same period of time, the axon conduction velocity increased from 11.3 m/s to 93.5 m/s, and the ratio between the conduction velocity and the intramedullary diameter of the axon (CV/d ratio) increased from 4.6 to 14.1. The results indicate that the growth of the cell body is smaller and completed earlier than the growth in diameter of the intramedullary and, in particular, the peripheral parts of the axon. The considerable change of the CV/d ratio during the postnatal development may be explained by previously described immature morphological properties of the axons in very kittens, and by a changing relation between the dimensions of the intramedullary and peripheral parts of the axon.", "PMID": 521509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_879", "title": "Melanoma mimicking plantar wart.", "content": "A 58-year-old white man had an enlarging lesion on the sole of the right foot mistakenly diagnosed clinically and histologically as verruca vulgaris. Lack of response to therapy led to a repeat biopsy which showed malignant melanoma, acral lentiginous type, level IV. The lesion was surgically removed, and 11 months later there was no evidence of recurrence. In the differential diagnosis of lesions of the palms and soles, one should include acral lentiginous melanoma, especially if the lesion is pigmented.", "contents": "Melanoma mimicking plantar wart. A 58-year-old white man had an enlarging lesion on the sole of the right foot mistakenly diagnosed clinically and histologically as verruca vulgaris. Lack of response to therapy led to a repeat biopsy which showed malignant melanoma, acral lentiginous type, level IV. The lesion was surgically removed, and 11 months later there was no evidence of recurrence. In the differential diagnosis of lesions of the palms and soles, one should include acral lentiginous melanoma, especially if the lesion is pigmented.", "PMID": 521512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_880", "title": "Visual sampling after lesions of the superior colliculus in rats.", "content": "In two separate experiments, rats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus showed significantly poorer relearning of a horizontal/vertical stripe discrimination than control animals. In Experiment 1, all animals showed disruption of performance when a stimulus--response (S--R) separation was introduced by raising the stimuli above the site of responding. However, the colliculectomized rats were much more disturbed by the S--R separation than were animals in the control group. In Experiment 2, all animals showed lower performance levels when conflicting patterns were introduced into the upper portion of the stimulus doors, but this time the rats with collicular lesions were less disturbed than the control animals. It is suggested (a) that when the stimulus and response sites are discontiguous, animals must make an appropriate orienting response in order to effectively sample the visual stimuli and (b) that lesions of the superior colliculus alter performance by interfering with this orienting behavior. The impairment in relearning is tentatively attributed to the absence of preoperative overtraining on the discrimination task.", "contents": "Visual sampling after lesions of the superior colliculus in rats. In two separate experiments, rats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus showed significantly poorer relearning of a horizontal/vertical stripe discrimination than control animals. In Experiment 1, all animals showed disruption of performance when a stimulus--response (S--R) separation was introduced by raising the stimuli above the site of responding. However, the colliculectomized rats were much more disturbed by the S--R separation than were animals in the control group. In Experiment 2, all animals showed lower performance levels when conflicting patterns were introduced into the upper portion of the stimulus doors, but this time the rats with collicular lesions were less disturbed than the control animals. It is suggested (a) that when the stimulus and response sites are discontiguous, animals must make an appropriate orienting response in order to effectively sample the visual stimuli and (b) that lesions of the superior colliculus alter performance by interfering with this orienting behavior. The impairment in relearning is tentatively attributed to the absence of preoperative overtraining on the discrimination task.", "PMID": 521517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_881", "title": "Regulation of energy balance in two models of reversible obesity in the rat.", "content": "Adult male rats were made obese either by tube feeding varying fractions (34%, 47%, 68% or 75%) of their normal food intake or by offering them a varied and palatable diet (cafeteria diet). After 17--30 days of these regimens, the treatments were withdrawn, and the animals were allowed free access to the normal stock diet. Tube-fed animals precisely adjusted voluntary food intake to compensate for the energy delivered by tube but nevertheless became obese as a result of an increased metabolic efficiency. Cafeteria-fed rats were hyperphagic and became obese without any apparent change in metabolic efficiency. Recovery from obesity was more rapid in the cafeteria animals and was due to a pronounced increase in heat production as well as concomitant hypophagia. Animals previously made obese by tube feeding exhibited hypophagia and returned to normal weight without any change in heat production. The relevance of these results to the concept of lipostasis and the relative roles of energy intake and expenditure in the regulation of energy balance are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of energy balance in two models of reversible obesity in the rat. Adult male rats were made obese either by tube feeding varying fractions (34%, 47%, 68% or 75%) of their normal food intake or by offering them a varied and palatable diet (cafeteria diet). After 17--30 days of these regimens, the treatments were withdrawn, and the animals were allowed free access to the normal stock diet. Tube-fed animals precisely adjusted voluntary food intake to compensate for the energy delivered by tube but nevertheless became obese as a result of an increased metabolic efficiency. Cafeteria-fed rats were hyperphagic and became obese without any apparent change in metabolic efficiency. Recovery from obesity was more rapid in the cafeteria animals and was due to a pronounced increase in heat production as well as concomitant hypophagia. Animals previously made obese by tube feeding exhibited hypophagia and returned to normal weight without any change in heat production. The relevance of these results to the concept of lipostasis and the relative roles of energy intake and expenditure in the regulation of energy balance are discussed.", "PMID": 521518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_882", "title": "Electrophysiological responses to ethanol, pentobarbital, and nicotine in mice genetically selected for differential sensitivity to ethanol.", "content": "Cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) changes induced by ethanol (4.3 and 1.4 g/kg, ip), pentobarbital (50 and 16 mg/kg), and nicotine (1.0 g/kg) were examined in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice that were genetically selected for differential sleep times induced by a hypnotic dosage of ethanol. Ethanol (4.3 g/kg) caused EEG changes that paralleled the behavioral differences, whereas no differences between selected lines were observed following the activating dose (1.4 g/kg). Data support the notion that the known difference in ethanol sleep times is due not to greater SS sensitivity to ethanol activation but rather to greater LS sensitivity to ethanol hypnosis. No differences between selected lines were observed following 50 mg/kg pentobarbital, which again parallels previous behavioral data. The SS mice were more responsive to pentobarbital activation (16 mg/kg). Nicotine more severely reduced EEG power and heart rate in LS mice; a continuous iv infusion of nicotine elicited a distinct pattern of behavioral stereotypy for each selected line, with more profound motor and reflex depression in LS mice. The lines do not differ in rate of nicotine metabolism, hence they must differ in central nervous system sensitivity to nicotine. Thus, lines of mice selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol also display marked differences in electrophysiological and behavioral responses to nicotine.", "contents": "Electrophysiological responses to ethanol, pentobarbital, and nicotine in mice genetically selected for differential sensitivity to ethanol. Cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) changes induced by ethanol (4.3 and 1.4 g/kg, ip), pentobarbital (50 and 16 mg/kg), and nicotine (1.0 g/kg) were examined in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice that were genetically selected for differential sleep times induced by a hypnotic dosage of ethanol. Ethanol (4.3 g/kg) caused EEG changes that paralleled the behavioral differences, whereas no differences between selected lines were observed following the activating dose (1.4 g/kg). Data support the notion that the known difference in ethanol sleep times is due not to greater SS sensitivity to ethanol activation but rather to greater LS sensitivity to ethanol hypnosis. No differences between selected lines were observed following 50 mg/kg pentobarbital, which again parallels previous behavioral data. The SS mice were more responsive to pentobarbital activation (16 mg/kg). Nicotine more severely reduced EEG power and heart rate in LS mice; a continuous iv infusion of nicotine elicited a distinct pattern of behavioral stereotypy for each selected line, with more profound motor and reflex depression in LS mice. The lines do not differ in rate of nicotine metabolism, hence they must differ in central nervous system sensitivity to nicotine. Thus, lines of mice selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol also display marked differences in electrophysiological and behavioral responses to nicotine.", "PMID": 521519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_883", "title": "Differential effects on body weight of central 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice.", "content": "Obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice are genetic mutants that have been shown to have altered levels of central catecholamines as well as syndromes of obesity, hyperphagia, and hyperglycemia. Because of catecholamines, and particularly norepinephrine (NE), are implicated in the control of feeding, levels of central catecholamines were experimentally reduced in ob/ob and db/db mice to investigate the role of the catecholamines in these cases of spontaneously occurring obesity. Lesions produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were used to produce large depletions of NE and dopamine (DA) in both ob/ob and db/db mice and in lean control mice of the same background strains. In the db/db but not the ob/ob, central catecholamine depletion was accompanied by a significant and persistent weight loss and by a reduction in plasma glucose levels when compared with vehicle-infused controls. Treatment with the NE uptake blocker desmethylimipramine (DMI) prior to 6-OHDA infusions attenuated NE but not DA depletion. Diabetes mice that received DMI pretreatment showed a weight loss and decrease in plasma glucose proportional to the amount of NE depletion. Lean mice that received the 6-OHDA treatments showed only a transient weight loss and no significant change in blood glucose. It is concluded that abnormalities in central noradrenergic systems may account for part of the obesity syndrome observed in the diabetes mouse.", "contents": "Differential effects on body weight of central 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. Obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice are genetic mutants that have been shown to have altered levels of central catecholamines as well as syndromes of obesity, hyperphagia, and hyperglycemia. Because of catecholamines, and particularly norepinephrine (NE), are implicated in the control of feeding, levels of central catecholamines were experimentally reduced in ob/ob and db/db mice to investigate the role of the catecholamines in these cases of spontaneously occurring obesity. Lesions produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were used to produce large depletions of NE and dopamine (DA) in both ob/ob and db/db mice and in lean control mice of the same background strains. In the db/db but not the ob/ob, central catecholamine depletion was accompanied by a significant and persistent weight loss and by a reduction in plasma glucose levels when compared with vehicle-infused controls. Treatment with the NE uptake blocker desmethylimipramine (DMI) prior to 6-OHDA infusions attenuated NE but not DA depletion. Diabetes mice that received DMI pretreatment showed a weight loss and decrease in plasma glucose proportional to the amount of NE depletion. Lean mice that received the 6-OHDA treatments showed only a transient weight loss and no significant change in blood glucose. It is concluded that abnormalities in central noradrenergic systems may account for part of the obesity syndrome observed in the diabetes mouse.", "PMID": 521520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_884", "title": "Ontogenetic changes in the modulation of taste aversion learning by home environmental cues in rats.", "content": "Eight experiments using 611 rats as subjects were conducted to define and analyze an age-related phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion. When consumption of sucrose solution was followed by LiCl-induced illness in the animals' home, acquisition of the aversion to sucrose solution was retarded in preweanling (18-day-old) rats. This effect was not found in adults or in slightly older (21-day-old) rats. Place of testing had no effect in the younger two age-groups, but in adults manifestation of the acquired aversion was retarded when they were tested in the home. There was no interaction between place of conditioning and testing for any age. The locus of the environmental influence on conditioning in preweanling rats was found to be the place of tasting rather than place of illness, retention interval, or testing. Also, the effect was found to be invariant under minor variations in familiarization of the animal with the non-home environment. The principle emerging from these data and others is that the home environment can have a significant influence on learning and conditioning in the immature rat.", "contents": "Ontogenetic changes in the modulation of taste aversion learning by home environmental cues in rats. Eight experiments using 611 rats as subjects were conducted to define and analyze an age-related phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion. When consumption of sucrose solution was followed by LiCl-induced illness in the animals' home, acquisition of the aversion to sucrose solution was retarded in preweanling (18-day-old) rats. This effect was not found in adults or in slightly older (21-day-old) rats. Place of testing had no effect in the younger two age-groups, but in adults manifestation of the acquired aversion was retarded when they were tested in the home. There was no interaction between place of conditioning and testing for any age. The locus of the environmental influence on conditioning in preweanling rats was found to be the place of tasting rather than place of illness, retention interval, or testing. Also, the effect was found to be invariant under minor variations in familiarization of the animal with the non-home environment. The principle emerging from these data and others is that the home environment can have a significant influence on learning and conditioning in the immature rat.", "PMID": 521521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_885", "title": "Brain transections selectively alter ingestion and behavioral activation in neonatal rats.", "content": "Food-deprived neonatal rats actively ingest milk that is infused into their mouths through intraoral cannulas. This ingestion is accompanied by behavioral activation. The involvement of various brain regions in ingestion and activation was examined by making transections along the neuraxis from the olfactory bulbs to the anterior pons in 2-day-old rats. Following a 24-hr deprivation period, a series of oral milk infusions was given, and milk intake and activity were measured. Intake was severely reduced only in animals with diencephalic transections. Cuts in front of or behind the diencephalon resulted in normal or slightly decreased intake. In contrast, activity tended to decline as the level of the transection became more caudal. Thus ingestion and its accompanying behavioral activation could be separated neuroanatomically. These results suggest that two brain mechanisms are involved in the ingestive response of the infant rat, one in the diencephalon and another caudal to the mesencephalon. However, behavioral activation appears less discretely organized, involving most of the neuraxis.", "contents": "Brain transections selectively alter ingestion and behavioral activation in neonatal rats. Food-deprived neonatal rats actively ingest milk that is infused into their mouths through intraoral cannulas. This ingestion is accompanied by behavioral activation. The involvement of various brain regions in ingestion and activation was examined by making transections along the neuraxis from the olfactory bulbs to the anterior pons in 2-day-old rats. Following a 24-hr deprivation period, a series of oral milk infusions was given, and milk intake and activity were measured. Intake was severely reduced only in animals with diencephalic transections. Cuts in front of or behind the diencephalon resulted in normal or slightly decreased intake. In contrast, activity tended to decline as the level of the transection became more caudal. Thus ingestion and its accompanying behavioral activation could be separated neuroanatomically. These results suggest that two brain mechanisms are involved in the ingestive response of the infant rat, one in the diencephalon and another caudal to the mesencephalon. However, behavioral activation appears less discretely organized, involving most of the neuraxis.", "PMID": 521522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_886", "title": "Differentiating ganglionic function in the earthworm.", "content": "Traditional formulations of the roles of supra- and subpharyngeal ganglia in the earthworm's behavior were reinvestigated with the use of saline rather than light as the aversive stimulus. Eight different operated groups were tested in a modified T-maze eliciting four classes of unconditioned responses. The factorial design used specifically contrasted a \"mass condition\" (degree of neural damage) with a \"locus condition\" (proximity of the ablation to either the supra- or subpharyngeal ganglion); changes over postoperative days were also investigated. The number of changes in head orientations during arm choice were found to be greatest after dorsal anterior ablation and fewest after ventral posterior ablation (both a mass and a locus effect). Contrary to the traditional view, interference with subpharyngeal processing did not reduce backing capacity; rather, backing propensity after aversive stimulation was increased relative to other ablations (a locus effect). In addition, a large, time-dependent increase in nonstarts was found primarily associated with ventral transection of the circumpharyngeal connectives; a 2-day delay in the appearance of this effect suggests that it is of neurohumoral origin.", "contents": "Differentiating ganglionic function in the earthworm. Traditional formulations of the roles of supra- and subpharyngeal ganglia in the earthworm's behavior were reinvestigated with the use of saline rather than light as the aversive stimulus. Eight different operated groups were tested in a modified T-maze eliciting four classes of unconditioned responses. The factorial design used specifically contrasted a \"mass condition\" (degree of neural damage) with a \"locus condition\" (proximity of the ablation to either the supra- or subpharyngeal ganglion); changes over postoperative days were also investigated. The number of changes in head orientations during arm choice were found to be greatest after dorsal anterior ablation and fewest after ventral posterior ablation (both a mass and a locus effect). Contrary to the traditional view, interference with subpharyngeal processing did not reduce backing capacity; rather, backing propensity after aversive stimulation was increased relative to other ablations (a locus effect). In addition, a large, time-dependent increase in nonstarts was found primarily associated with ventral transection of the circumpharyngeal connectives; a 2-day delay in the appearance of this effect suggests that it is of neurohumoral origin.", "PMID": 521523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_887", "title": "Performance of rats on the Maier three-table task following septal lesions occurring 24 hours after birth.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether behavioral sparing would be demonstrated when septal lesions occurred prior to the age at which the tested behavior first appears in normal rats. Rats given septal lesions at 1 day or 7 days after birth performed at approximately chance on the Maier three-table task when tested at 90 days of age. Rats that had control electrode insertions at the same ages performed at a level similar to normal animals. Animals given septal lesions at either age explored significantly more than did control animals. Results are discussed in terms of the constancy over time of the septal contribution to performance on the three-table task and the involvement of the septum and hippocampus in the processing of spatial information.", "contents": "Performance of rats on the Maier three-table task following septal lesions occurring 24 hours after birth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether behavioral sparing would be demonstrated when septal lesions occurred prior to the age at which the tested behavior first appears in normal rats. Rats given septal lesions at 1 day or 7 days after birth performed at approximately chance on the Maier three-table task when tested at 90 days of age. Rats that had control electrode insertions at the same ages performed at a level similar to normal animals. Animals given septal lesions at either age explored significantly more than did control animals. Results are discussed in terms of the constancy over time of the septal contribution to performance on the three-table task and the involvement of the septum and hippocampus in the processing of spatial information.", "PMID": 521524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_888", "title": "Habituation and the human evoked potential.", "content": "Habituation of human scalp-recorded cerebral evoked potentials was studied in response to auditory and visual repetitive stimuli of different intensities. Changes in magnitudes of evoked potentials with stimulus repetition were examined according to the parametric characteristics of habituation, generalization, and dishabituation. In addition, tests of the predictions of two theories of habituation were made regarding the degree and direction of intensity generalization of habituation. Both auditory and visual evoked potentials exhibited decrements in response magnitudes across the repetitive stimuli consistent with the parametric criteria of habituation. Early evoked potential peak components showed a pattern of intensity generalization of habituation consistent with the predictions of the dual-process theory of habituation. Intensity generalization of late evoked potential peak components occurred in a manner more consistent with the predictions of the stimulus comparator theory of habituation. These results provide further evidence that evoked potentials can be used as electrophysiological indexes of plasticity in humans.", "contents": "Habituation and the human evoked potential. Habituation of human scalp-recorded cerebral evoked potentials was studied in response to auditory and visual repetitive stimuli of different intensities. Changes in magnitudes of evoked potentials with stimulus repetition were examined according to the parametric characteristics of habituation, generalization, and dishabituation. In addition, tests of the predictions of two theories of habituation were made regarding the degree and direction of intensity generalization of habituation. Both auditory and visual evoked potentials exhibited decrements in response magnitudes across the repetitive stimuli consistent with the parametric criteria of habituation. Early evoked potential peak components showed a pattern of intensity generalization of habituation consistent with the predictions of the dual-process theory of habituation. Intensity generalization of late evoked potential peak components occurred in a manner more consistent with the predictions of the stimulus comparator theory of habituation. These results provide further evidence that evoked potentials can be used as electrophysiological indexes of plasticity in humans.", "PMID": 521525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_889", "title": "Social chemosignals in five Belontiidae (Pisces) species.", "content": "Approach behaviors toward conspecific chemical stimuli of the opposite sex were examined in five Belontiidae species: Betta splendens, Macropodus opercularis, Colisa labiosa, C. lalia, and Trichogaster trichopterus. Approach was measured by (a) preference for section 1 of a three-section tank, which contained a vertical tube that introduced the stimulus water, and (b) occupancy of the tube. Experiments 1A and 1B showed that (a) approach behaviors were displayed by the isolated male Betta only to ripe-female stimulus water, (b) group-housed males of the remaining four species were not attracted to female-conditioned water, and (c) socially isolated males of these four species preferred section 1 during presentation of either ripe- or nonripe-female-inhabited water but occupied the tube only during exposure to ripe-female-conditioned water. The findings of Experiment 2A were that (a) the female Betta, regarless of physiological state, showed approach behaviors to male-inhabited water and (b) only ripe females of the remaining species indicated a preference for section 1 during male-water exposure but performed no tube entries. Results of Experiment 2B indicated that social isolation of the females, especially ripe females, facilitated their approach behaviors.", "contents": "Social chemosignals in five Belontiidae (Pisces) species. Approach behaviors toward conspecific chemical stimuli of the opposite sex were examined in five Belontiidae species: Betta splendens, Macropodus opercularis, Colisa labiosa, C. lalia, and Trichogaster trichopterus. Approach was measured by (a) preference for section 1 of a three-section tank, which contained a vertical tube that introduced the stimulus water, and (b) occupancy of the tube. Experiments 1A and 1B showed that (a) approach behaviors were displayed by the isolated male Betta only to ripe-female stimulus water, (b) group-housed males of the remaining four species were not attracted to female-conditioned water, and (c) socially isolated males of these four species preferred section 1 during presentation of either ripe- or nonripe-female-inhabited water but occupied the tube only during exposure to ripe-female-conditioned water. The findings of Experiment 2A were that (a) the female Betta, regarless of physiological state, showed approach behaviors to male-inhabited water and (b) only ripe females of the remaining species indicated a preference for section 1 during male-water exposure but performed no tube entries. Results of Experiment 2B indicated that social isolation of the females, especially ripe females, facilitated their approach behaviors.", "PMID": 521526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_890", "title": "Transection of direct anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampus: effects on activity and active avoidance in rats.", "content": "This investigation demonstrates the importance of the direct hippocampo-anterior thalamic component of the postcommissural fornix in the control of general locomotion and active avoidance. Transection of anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampal formation (subicular cortex), at the point where they exit from the fornix posterior to the septum, is sufficient to enhance bidirectional active avoidance acquisition and increase general activity. This transection may also interrupt fibers to or from other thalamic nuclei and the anterior septum. However, destruction of connections of the anterior septum with the hippocampus, habenula, and thalamus by transection in the coronal plane anterior to the descending fornix columns, without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without affecting active avoidance behavior. The activity increase in this case resembles that seen after septal lesions rather than that seen after hippocampal lesions. Thus, destruction of a single fornix component contributing afferents to the anterior thalamic nuclei reproduces at least part of the hippocampal syndrome. This suggests that these fibers contribute significantly to the control of these behaviors and may mediate active avoidance changes resulting from hippocampal and fornix damage.", "contents": "Transection of direct anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampus: effects on activity and active avoidance in rats. This investigation demonstrates the importance of the direct hippocampo-anterior thalamic component of the postcommissural fornix in the control of general locomotion and active avoidance. Transection of anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampal formation (subicular cortex), at the point where they exit from the fornix posterior to the septum, is sufficient to enhance bidirectional active avoidance acquisition and increase general activity. This transection may also interrupt fibers to or from other thalamic nuclei and the anterior septum. However, destruction of connections of the anterior septum with the hippocampus, habenula, and thalamus by transection in the coronal plane anterior to the descending fornix columns, without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without affecting active avoidance behavior. The activity increase in this case resembles that seen after septal lesions rather than that seen after hippocampal lesions. Thus, destruction of a single fornix component contributing afferents to the anterior thalamic nuclei reproduces at least part of the hippocampal syndrome. This suggests that these fibers contribute significantly to the control of these behaviors and may mediate active avoidance changes resulting from hippocampal and fornix damage.", "PMID": 521527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_891", "title": "Ultrastructure of the fibrous substance in the keratinocytes of the epidermis in healthy individuals.", "content": "The present findings in the epidermis of healthy individuals suggest that the fibrous substance in the keratinocytes is subjected to an individual differentiation as the cells move from stratum basale through strata spinosum and intermedium to stratum coreum. In the basal cells the fibrous substance consists of opaque tonofilaments, mostly aggregated in dense tonofibrils, but also occurring randomly scattered and in loose tonofibrils (fibrous substance of basal-cell type). In most cells the fibrous substance undergoes differentiation: a) in stratum spinosum into compact tonofibrils with no individual tonofilaments visible (fibrous substance of spinous-cell type), b) in stratum inter-medium into compact tonofibrils with intensely stained regions or keratohyalin (fibrous substance of intermediate-cell type), and c) in stratum corneum into tonofibrils with a keratin pattern (fibrous substance of horny-cell type). There are also keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance undergoes only an incomplete differentiation, with the appearance of horny cells with a fibrous substance of spinous-cell type, intermediate-cell type or horny-cell type with keratohyalin. Finally, there are keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance does not undergo any differentiation at all, but which display a fibrous substance of basal-cell type throughout the entire epidermis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the fibrous substance in the keratinocytes of the epidermis in healthy individuals. The present findings in the epidermis of healthy individuals suggest that the fibrous substance in the keratinocytes is subjected to an individual differentiation as the cells move from stratum basale through strata spinosum and intermedium to stratum coreum. In the basal cells the fibrous substance consists of opaque tonofilaments, mostly aggregated in dense tonofibrils, but also occurring randomly scattered and in loose tonofibrils (fibrous substance of basal-cell type). In most cells the fibrous substance undergoes differentiation: a) in stratum spinosum into compact tonofibrils with no individual tonofilaments visible (fibrous substance of spinous-cell type), b) in stratum inter-medium into compact tonofibrils with intensely stained regions or keratohyalin (fibrous substance of intermediate-cell type), and c) in stratum corneum into tonofibrils with a keratin pattern (fibrous substance of horny-cell type). There are also keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance undergoes only an incomplete differentiation, with the appearance of horny cells with a fibrous substance of spinous-cell type, intermediate-cell type or horny-cell type with keratohyalin. Finally, there are keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance does not undergo any differentiation at all, but which display a fibrous substance of basal-cell type throughout the entire epidermis.", "PMID": 521528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_892", "title": "Ultrastructural and cell surface changes of human psoriatic skin following Goeckerman therapy.", "content": "Ultrastructural and cell surface studies of skin in psoriatic patients prior to and after Goeckerman therapy (crude coal tar and UVB-light) have demonstrated significant cellular changes following this treatment: hyperactivity of melanocytes with melanosome polymorphism, increase of desmosomes, tonofilaments, keratohyaline granules, a decrease in mitochondria, keratinosomes, polysomes, dark cells and a reduction in size of nuclei and nucleoli. The enlargement of intercellular spaces and the redundancy of basement membrane were also reduced. Langerhans cells were moderately decreased and exhibited a normal ultrastructural pattern. No significant changes in cutaneous nerve distribution or morphology were observed in these cases. Scanning electron microscopy following treatment revealed a regular surface and orientation of corneocytes, with flattened surfaces; and a reduction of their ridges on the surfaces, as well as of the intercellular spaces and red blood cells. These findings indicate that Goeckerman therapy restored the ultrastructural and cell surface pattern in the psoriatic skin by inducing orthokeratinogenesis, development of the tonofibrillar-desmosome system, and decrease in mitochondria, nuclei and nucleoli.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cell surface changes of human psoriatic skin following Goeckerman therapy. Ultrastructural and cell surface studies of skin in psoriatic patients prior to and after Goeckerman therapy (crude coal tar and UVB-light) have demonstrated significant cellular changes following this treatment: hyperactivity of melanocytes with melanosome polymorphism, increase of desmosomes, tonofilaments, keratohyaline granules, a decrease in mitochondria, keratinosomes, polysomes, dark cells and a reduction in size of nuclei and nucleoli. The enlargement of intercellular spaces and the redundancy of basement membrane were also reduced. Langerhans cells were moderately decreased and exhibited a normal ultrastructural pattern. No significant changes in cutaneous nerve distribution or morphology were observed in these cases. Scanning electron microscopy following treatment revealed a regular surface and orientation of corneocytes, with flattened surfaces; and a reduction of their ridges on the surfaces, as well as of the intercellular spaces and red blood cells. These findings indicate that Goeckerman therapy restored the ultrastructural and cell surface pattern in the psoriatic skin by inducing orthokeratinogenesis, development of the tonofibrillar-desmosome system, and decrease in mitochondria, nuclei and nucleoli.", "PMID": 521529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_893", "title": "Prurigo nodularis: a reappraisal of the clinical and histologic features.", "content": "Study of 14 patients with prurigo nodularis revealed that clinically the lesions were multiple, verrucous, and discrete and were set in normal-appearing skin. Microscopically, the lesions showed a vascular acanthomatous mass. The dermal nerves showed a tendency toward hyperplasia in parallel with the epidermal and vascular changes, but no evidence of neuroma formation was seen. Electron microscopic examination showed disorganization of the normal pattern of the myelin sheaths and axons of the dermal papillary nerves. The presence of epidermal mast cells was noted in the biopsy specimens of prurigo nodules from eight of the 14 patients.", "contents": "Prurigo nodularis: a reappraisal of the clinical and histologic features. Study of 14 patients with prurigo nodularis revealed that clinically the lesions were multiple, verrucous, and discrete and were set in normal-appearing skin. Microscopically, the lesions showed a vascular acanthomatous mass. The dermal nerves showed a tendency toward hyperplasia in parallel with the epidermal and vascular changes, but no evidence of neuroma formation was seen. Electron microscopic examination showed disorganization of the normal pattern of the myelin sheaths and axons of the dermal papillary nerves. The presence of epidermal mast cells was noted in the biopsy specimens of prurigo nodules from eight of the 14 patients.", "PMID": 521530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_894", "title": "Ultraviolet light in familial benign chronic pemphigus.", "content": "Ultraviolet light (UV) tests with high irradiation doses from a dysprosium lamp were performed on the normal appearing skin of seven patients with benign familial chronic pemphigus (FBCP). The skin of the patients showed a more severe vulnerability when compared with the reactivity of the skin of four healthy control persons. In each case the damaged skin of the patients had, in addition to the destructive features, the diagnostic histological acantholysis of FBCP. There was great variation in individual responses to the provocative irradiation and thus the test cannot be considered practical for accurate diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light in familial benign chronic pemphigus. Ultraviolet light (UV) tests with high irradiation doses from a dysprosium lamp were performed on the normal appearing skin of seven patients with benign familial chronic pemphigus (FBCP). The skin of the patients showed a more severe vulnerability when compared with the reactivity of the skin of four healthy control persons. In each case the damaged skin of the patients had, in addition to the destructive features, the diagnostic histological acantholysis of FBCP. There was great variation in individual responses to the provocative irradiation and thus the test cannot be considered practical for accurate diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 521531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_895", "title": "Disrupted desmosomes in induced lesions of familial benign chronic pemphigus.", "content": "An occlusive dressing was applied to the unaffected skin of the back of a patient with familial benign chronic pemphigus (FBCP). Small lesions of FBCP appeared after 48 h, and the ultrastructure of successive biopsies was studied. It was concluded that: (a) the initial phenomenon in FBCP is the result of an insufficiency of cellular adhesion. This confirms several previous reports. (b) desmosomes are separated in two halves, invaginated in vacuoles and later deeply included in the cell. The particular fate of these disrupted desmosomes has already been observed after the action of several enzymes on the epidermis and in Darier's disease.", "contents": "Disrupted desmosomes in induced lesions of familial benign chronic pemphigus. An occlusive dressing was applied to the unaffected skin of the back of a patient with familial benign chronic pemphigus (FBCP). Small lesions of FBCP appeared after 48 h, and the ultrastructure of successive biopsies was studied. It was concluded that: (a) the initial phenomenon in FBCP is the result of an insufficiency of cellular adhesion. This confirms several previous reports. (b) desmosomes are separated in two halves, invaginated in vacuoles and later deeply included in the cell. The particular fate of these disrupted desmosomes has already been observed after the action of several enzymes on the epidermis and in Darier's disease.", "PMID": 521532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_896", "title": "Basal cell epitheliomas in usual and unusual sites.", "content": "2,126 consecutively diagnosed basal cell epitheliomas (BCE) were studied for unusual sites of occurrence. A small number of BCE occurred in unexpected locations and presented some difficulty in clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Basal cell epitheliomas in usual and unusual sites. 2,126 consecutively diagnosed basal cell epitheliomas (BCE) were studied for unusual sites of occurrence. A small number of BCE occurred in unexpected locations and presented some difficulty in clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 521533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_897", "title": "Spontaneous regression in basal cell carcinomas.", "content": "Evidence of previous spontaneous regression was found in 6% of 400 randomly selected basal cell carcinomas. A further 14% showed small foci of active regression usually less than 1 high power field in area and characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate of tumor nests associated with many apoptotic tumor cells. Spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinomas has been paid scant attention in the past.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression in basal cell carcinomas. Evidence of previous spontaneous regression was found in 6% of 400 randomly selected basal cell carcinomas. A further 14% showed small foci of active regression usually less than 1 high power field in area and characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate of tumor nests associated with many apoptotic tumor cells. Spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinomas has been paid scant attention in the past.", "PMID": 521534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_898", "title": "Pilar sheath acanthoma. A new benign follicular tumor.", "content": "Pilar sheath acanthoma is a recently recognized entity. The tumor is a benign follicular neoplasm, occurring on the skin of the upper lip. This paper reports the 10th recorded case.", "contents": "Pilar sheath acanthoma. A new benign follicular tumor. Pilar sheath acanthoma is a recently recognized entity. The tumor is a benign follicular neoplasm, occurring on the skin of the upper lip. This paper reports the 10th recorded case.", "PMID": 521535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_899", "title": "Trichilemmal tumor undergoing specific keratinization: \"keratinizing trichilemmoma\".", "content": "Numerous tumors with follicle-like direction of differentiation have been described. At least three of them connected to the overlying epidermis are related to the outer root sheath or trichilemma: the tumor of follicular infundibulum (Mehregan & Butler 1961) and the inverted follicular keratosis (Helwig 1955) or follicular poroma (Duperrat & Mascaro 1963) have been related to the infundibulum, the tricholemmoma (Headington & French 1961) to the lower outer root sheath. On the occasion of a case first diagnosed as proliferating trichilemmal cyst of the scalp, we think we have individualized a tumor exhibiting ability to undergo trichilemmal keratinization. We describe its histogenesis and stress its peculiarties compared with other lesions showing trichilemmal keratinization.", "contents": "Trichilemmal tumor undergoing specific keratinization: \"keratinizing trichilemmoma\". Numerous tumors with follicle-like direction of differentiation have been described. At least three of them connected to the overlying epidermis are related to the outer root sheath or trichilemma: the tumor of follicular infundibulum (Mehregan & Butler 1961) and the inverted follicular keratosis (Helwig 1955) or follicular poroma (Duperrat & Mascaro 1963) have been related to the infundibulum, the tricholemmoma (Headington & French 1961) to the lower outer root sheath. On the occasion of a case first diagnosed as proliferating trichilemmal cyst of the scalp, we think we have individualized a tumor exhibiting ability to undergo trichilemmal keratinization. We describe its histogenesis and stress its peculiarties compared with other lesions showing trichilemmal keratinization.", "PMID": 521537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_900", "title": "Acid nonspecific esterase in human Langerhans cells.", "content": "Epidermal dendritic cells showing a diffuse activity of acid nonspecific esterase were observed in three cases of mycosis fungoides stage I. As these cells by their appearance and localization resemble Langerhans cells, and dermal histiocytes and macrophages react in the same manner, this is another enzyme cytochemical suggestion of a relationship between Langerhans cells and the monocyte-macrophage-system.", "contents": "Acid nonspecific esterase in human Langerhans cells. Epidermal dendritic cells showing a diffuse activity of acid nonspecific esterase were observed in three cases of mycosis fungoides stage I. As these cells by their appearance and localization resemble Langerhans cells, and dermal histiocytes and macrophages react in the same manner, this is another enzyme cytochemical suggestion of a relationship between Langerhans cells and the monocyte-macrophage-system.", "PMID": 521538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_901", "title": "Cell proliferation in a malignant angioendothelioma during sequential chemotherapy.", "content": "The rate of cellular proliferation was studied in the neoplastic cells of a malignant angioendothelioma and in its inflammatory infiltrate by means of optical radioautography after incorporation ex vivo of tritiated thymidine. One third of the normal looking, as well as the atypical, endothelial cells were engaged in the cell cycle of proliferation. This large pool has been effectively suppressed during subsequent chemotherapy which resulted in partial regression of the neoplasm. The proliferative activity of the infiltrate was higher inside the neoplasm than at its periphery.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in a malignant angioendothelioma during sequential chemotherapy. The rate of cellular proliferation was studied in the neoplastic cells of a malignant angioendothelioma and in its inflammatory infiltrate by means of optical radioautography after incorporation ex vivo of tritiated thymidine. One third of the normal looking, as well as the atypical, endothelial cells were engaged in the cell cycle of proliferation. This large pool has been effectively suppressed during subsequent chemotherapy which resulted in partial regression of the neoplasm. The proliferative activity of the infiltrate was higher inside the neoplasm than at its periphery.", "PMID": 521539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_902", "title": "Dermatomyositis with universal calcinosis. A histopathological and electron optic study.", "content": "Biopsies from a 5-year-old girl with dermatomyositis and universal calcinosis were studied histopathologically and by means of electron optical techniques. The dermis was infiltrated by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the lower part of the dermis, dense basophilic areas were present. In the vicinity of these areas irregular elastic fibers appeared. In the electron microscope these elastic fibers appeared mineralized to varying degrees. The mineral part was identified as calcium apatite (either calcium-hydroxy-apatite or calcium fluoroapatite) by X-ray microanalysis and selected area diffraction. No calcification was observed outside the elastic fibers.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis with universal calcinosis. A histopathological and electron optic study. Biopsies from a 5-year-old girl with dermatomyositis and universal calcinosis were studied histopathologically and by means of electron optical techniques. The dermis was infiltrated by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the lower part of the dermis, dense basophilic areas were present. In the vicinity of these areas irregular elastic fibers appeared. In the electron microscope these elastic fibers appeared mineralized to varying degrees. The mineral part was identified as calcium apatite (either calcium-hydroxy-apatite or calcium fluoroapatite) by X-ray microanalysis and selected area diffraction. No calcification was observed outside the elastic fibers.", "PMID": 521540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_903", "title": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis in pancreatitis.", "content": "A case of subcutaneous fat necrosis as the initial manifestation of an attack of acute pancreatitis is presented. The accompanying features of respiratory distress syndrome, leukemoid reaction, shock, pleural effusions, and arthritis due to necrosis of periarticular fat are described. Autopsy findings are pancreatic pseudocyst, serofibrinous peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis and fat necrosis not only in the subcutaneous fat but also in the pericardial, pleural, mediastinal, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and pericalyceal fat.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis in pancreatitis. A case of subcutaneous fat necrosis as the initial manifestation of an attack of acute pancreatitis is presented. The accompanying features of respiratory distress syndrome, leukemoid reaction, shock, pleural effusions, and arthritis due to necrosis of periarticular fat are described. Autopsy findings are pancreatic pseudocyst, serofibrinous peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis and fat necrosis not only in the subcutaneous fat but also in the pericardial, pleural, mediastinal, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and pericalyceal fat.", "PMID": 521541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_904", "title": "Divided nevus spilus and divided form of spotted grouped pigmented nevus.", "content": "Two cases of divided nevus spilus and a case of divided form of spotted grouped pigmented nevus are reported. In this group, flat melanotic macules around the eyes were located on the opposite parts of the upper and lower eyelids. The macules were divided by the palpebral fissure when the lids were open, and the two halves of the lesions formed a unit when the lids were closed. Case presentation as such may be intriguing in the clarification of the developmental relation between aberrantly differentiated melanin synthesizing cells and normal melanocytes.", "contents": "Divided nevus spilus and divided form of spotted grouped pigmented nevus. Two cases of divided nevus spilus and a case of divided form of spotted grouped pigmented nevus are reported. In this group, flat melanotic macules around the eyes were located on the opposite parts of the upper and lower eyelids. The macules were divided by the palpebral fissure when the lids were open, and the two halves of the lesions formed a unit when the lids were closed. Case presentation as such may be intriguing in the clarification of the developmental relation between aberrantly differentiated melanin synthesizing cells and normal melanocytes.", "PMID": 521542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_905", "title": "Furuncle.", "content": "Microscopic pictures of furuncles are rare in dermatologic literature. This report illustrates features of a furuncle that was completely excised. There was destruction of the epidermis, remnants of the involved hair follicle within an area of tissue necrosis, a large abscess with many polymorphonuclear leukocytes and small clusters of Staphylococci. The contrast with an uninvolved hair follicle observed in the vicinity of the furuncle was striking.", "contents": "Furuncle. Microscopic pictures of furuncles are rare in dermatologic literature. This report illustrates features of a furuncle that was completely excised. There was destruction of the epidermis, remnants of the involved hair follicle within an area of tissue necrosis, a large abscess with many polymorphonuclear leukocytes and small clusters of Staphylococci. The contrast with an uninvolved hair follicle observed in the vicinity of the furuncle was striking.", "PMID": 521543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_906", "title": "Muscarinic receptor regulation of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase: requirement for Na+ and GTP.", "content": "Cholinergic agonists inhibit the basal and PGE1-activated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes isolated from the mouse neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell NG108-15. Inhibition is observed with acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine and carbachol and is blocked by two specific muscarinic antagonists, atropine and quinuclydinylbenzilate. Inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated activity is only partial. Carbachol-directed inhibition has an apparent Km of 6 microM in the presence or absence of PGE1. Both the guanine nucleotide GTP and the monovalent cation Na+ are required for this muscarinic inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated NG108-15 adenylate cyclase. The selectivity observed for monovalent cations (all chloride salts) in this process is Na+ congruent to Li+ greater than K+ greater than Choline+ with the ED50 for Na+ congruent 40 microM. Of the nucleotides tested, only IT (and not ATP, UTP or CTP) replaces GTP in this process. GTP at 10 microM represents a saturating nucleotide concentration. Opiate-directed inhibition of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase has recently been shown to exhibit a similar requirement for GTP and Na+ [Blume, A. J., Lichtshtein, D. and Boone, G. (1979) Proc. National Academy of Sciences, USA, in press]. The data presented here therefore support the hypothesis that the general transfer of inhibitory information from membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase involves both a Na+ and GTP-sensitive process.", "contents": "Muscarinic receptor regulation of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase: requirement for Na+ and GTP. Cholinergic agonists inhibit the basal and PGE1-activated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes isolated from the mouse neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell NG108-15. Inhibition is observed with acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine and carbachol and is blocked by two specific muscarinic antagonists, atropine and quinuclydinylbenzilate. Inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated activity is only partial. Carbachol-directed inhibition has an apparent Km of 6 microM in the presence or absence of PGE1. Both the guanine nucleotide GTP and the monovalent cation Na+ are required for this muscarinic inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated NG108-15 adenylate cyclase. The selectivity observed for monovalent cations (all chloride salts) in this process is Na+ congruent to Li+ greater than K+ greater than Choline+ with the ED50 for Na+ congruent 40 microM. Of the nucleotides tested, only IT (and not ATP, UTP or CTP) replaces GTP in this process. GTP at 10 microM represents a saturating nucleotide concentration. Opiate-directed inhibition of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase has recently been shown to exhibit a similar requirement for GTP and Na+ [Blume, A. J., Lichtshtein, D. and Boone, G. (1979) Proc. National Academy of Sciences, USA, in press]. The data presented here therefore support the hypothesis that the general transfer of inhibitory information from membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase involves both a Na+ and GTP-sensitive process.", "PMID": 521545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_907", "title": "Speech perception in early infancy: perceptual constancy for spectrally dissimilar vowel categories.", "content": "While numerous studies on infant perception demonstrate the infant's ability to discriminate individual speech-sound pairs, very few demonstrate the infant's ability to recognize the similarity among phonetic units when they occur in different phonetic contexts, in different positions in a syllable, or when they are spoken by different talkers. In two studies, six-month-old infants demonstrated the ability to distinguish two spectrally dissimilar vowel categories (/a/ and /i/) in which the vowel tokens were generated to simulate tokens produced by a male, a female, and a child talker. In experiment I, the infants were initially trained to discriminate the /a/ and /i/ tokens produced by the computer-simulated male voice. They were then gradually exposed to a number of novel tokens in a progressive transfer-of-learning task. In experiment II, the infants were initially trained to discriminate the same vowell contrast, but were then immediately tested with all of the tokens in both vowel categories. In both experiments the infants demonstrated rapid transfer of learning from the training tokens produced by the male talker to the tokens produced by female and child talkers. Both experiments provide strong evidence that the six-month-old infant recognizes acoustic categories that conform to the vowel categories perceived by adult speakers of English.", "contents": "Speech perception in early infancy: perceptual constancy for spectrally dissimilar vowel categories. While numerous studies on infant perception demonstrate the infant's ability to discriminate individual speech-sound pairs, very few demonstrate the infant's ability to recognize the similarity among phonetic units when they occur in different phonetic contexts, in different positions in a syllable, or when they are spoken by different talkers. In two studies, six-month-old infants demonstrated the ability to distinguish two spectrally dissimilar vowel categories (/a/ and /i/) in which the vowel tokens were generated to simulate tokens produced by a male, a female, and a child talker. In experiment I, the infants were initially trained to discriminate the /a/ and /i/ tokens produced by the computer-simulated male voice. They were then gradually exposed to a number of novel tokens in a progressive transfer-of-learning task. In experiment II, the infants were initially trained to discriminate the same vowell contrast, but were then immediately tested with all of the tokens in both vowel categories. In both experiments the infants demonstrated rapid transfer of learning from the training tokens produced by the male talker to the tokens produced by female and child talkers. Both experiments provide strong evidence that the six-month-old infant recognizes acoustic categories that conform to the vowel categories perceived by adult speakers of English.", "PMID": 521551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_908", "title": "Some effects of deafness on the generation of voice.", "content": "Glottal volume-velocity waveform data were collected from twenty male and female hearing-impaired adolescents by means of a reflectionless tube. The subjects each provided samples of phonation in normal- and soft-voice modes and in a three-syllable word with primary stress on the medial syllable. Analysis of the data, in comparison with characteristics of phonation produced by normally hearing subjects, indicates that deafness affects primarily the time-varying characteristics of the glottal source. Among the hearing-impaired subjects, the following abnormalities were noted; diplophonia and creaky-voice episodes at the onset or middle of phonation, and irregular patterns of change in the frequency and intensity of the glottal waveform. For some subjects, the period-to-period changes of frequency and intensity may be greater than normal. For the hearing-impaired subjects, the shape of the isolated glottal pulse and its spectrum are similar or identical to normal, while striking abnormalities may be seen in the way the glottal pulse changes over time. The effect of deafness is thus that it may prevent a speaker from learning the phonatory consequences of the muscular gestures which maintain and alter vocal-fold tension and subglottal air pressure dynamically in the production of voice.", "contents": "Some effects of deafness on the generation of voice. Glottal volume-velocity waveform data were collected from twenty male and female hearing-impaired adolescents by means of a reflectionless tube. The subjects each provided samples of phonation in normal- and soft-voice modes and in a three-syllable word with primary stress on the medial syllable. Analysis of the data, in comparison with characteristics of phonation produced by normally hearing subjects, indicates that deafness affects primarily the time-varying characteristics of the glottal source. Among the hearing-impaired subjects, the following abnormalities were noted; diplophonia and creaky-voice episodes at the onset or middle of phonation, and irregular patterns of change in the frequency and intensity of the glottal waveform. For some subjects, the period-to-period changes of frequency and intensity may be greater than normal. For the hearing-impaired subjects, the shape of the isolated glottal pulse and its spectrum are similar or identical to normal, while striking abnormalities may be seen in the way the glottal pulse changes over time. The effect of deafness is thus that it may prevent a speaker from learning the phonatory consequences of the muscular gestures which maintain and alter vocal-fold tension and subglottal air pressure dynamically in the production of voice.", "PMID": 521552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_909", "title": "Formant frequency patterns in Russian VCV utterances.", "content": "Previous studies have sought to establish the significance of various parameters in the determination of the patternings of Russian formant frequency trajectories in vowel-consonant-vowell (VCV) syllables. In the present study, 9600 measurements of first and second formant frequency were made on Russian VCV nonsense words. Variance for speakers was controlled through regression. Stepwise multiple regression was employed to determine the relative contributions of six predictors to the explanation of the patternings of first and second formant frequency in the test words. The six predictors included the height of the first and second vowels, the fron/back dimensionality of the first and second vowels, the place of articulation of the consonant, and the palatalization or nonpalatalization of the consonant. Results of the regression analyses are summarized. The regression coefficients for the useful predictors of the various dependent variables comprise a model of formant frequency patterns in Russian VCV utterances.", "contents": "Formant frequency patterns in Russian VCV utterances. Previous studies have sought to establish the significance of various parameters in the determination of the patternings of Russian formant frequency trajectories in vowel-consonant-vowell (VCV) syllables. In the present study, 9600 measurements of first and second formant frequency were made on Russian VCV nonsense words. Variance for speakers was controlled through regression. Stepwise multiple regression was employed to determine the relative contributions of six predictors to the explanation of the patternings of first and second formant frequency in the test words. The six predictors included the height of the first and second vowels, the fron/back dimensionality of the first and second vowels, the place of articulation of the consonant, and the palatalization or nonpalatalization of the consonant. Results of the regression analyses are summarized. The regression coefficients for the useful predictors of the various dependent variables comprise a model of formant frequency patterns in Russian VCV utterances.", "PMID": 521553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_910", "title": "Analysis of stop consonant production errors in developmentally dysphasic children.", "content": "The speech production skills of 12 dysphasic children and of 12 normal children were compared. The dysphasic children were found to have significantly greater difficulty than the normal children in producing stop consonants. In addition, it was found that seven of the dysphasic children, who had difficulty in perceiving initial stop consonants, had greater difficulty in producing stop consonants than the remaining five dysphasic children who showed no such perceptual difficulty. A detailed phonetic analysis indicated that the dysphasic children seldom omitted stops or substituted nonstop for stop consonants. Instead, their errors were predominantly of voicing or place of articulation. Acoustic analyses suggested that the voicing errors were related to lack of precise control over the timing of speech events, specifically, voice onset time for initial stops and vowel duration preceding final stops. The number of voicing errors on final stops, however, was greater than expected on the basis of lack of differentiation of vowel duration alone. They appeared also to be related to a tendency in the dysphasic children to produce final stops with exaggerated aspiration. The possible relationship of poor timing control in speech production in these children and auditory temporal processing deficits in speech perception is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of stop consonant production errors in developmentally dysphasic children. The speech production skills of 12 dysphasic children and of 12 normal children were compared. The dysphasic children were found to have significantly greater difficulty than the normal children in producing stop consonants. In addition, it was found that seven of the dysphasic children, who had difficulty in perceiving initial stop consonants, had greater difficulty in producing stop consonants than the remaining five dysphasic children who showed no such perceptual difficulty. A detailed phonetic analysis indicated that the dysphasic children seldom omitted stops or substituted nonstop for stop consonants. Instead, their errors were predominantly of voicing or place of articulation. Acoustic analyses suggested that the voicing errors were related to lack of precise control over the timing of speech events, specifically, voice onset time for initial stops and vowel duration preceding final stops. The number of voicing errors on final stops, however, was greater than expected on the basis of lack of differentiation of vowel duration alone. They appeared also to be related to a tendency in the dysphasic children to produce final stops with exaggerated aspiration. The possible relationship of poor timing control in speech production in these children and auditory temporal processing deficits in speech perception is discussed.", "PMID": 521554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_911", "title": "A system for evaluating auditory function from 8000--20 000 Hz.", "content": "A system for the measurement of auditory function from 8000--20 000 Hz is described. This system introduces advances in: (a) maximum power output, (b) signal fidelity, and (c) transducer characteristics. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the clinical information gained from the measurement of high-frequency auditory sensitivity, which is not readily apparent in conventional threshold assessment.", "contents": "A system for evaluating auditory function from 8000--20 000 Hz. A system for the measurement of auditory function from 8000--20 000 Hz is described. This system introduces advances in: (a) maximum power output, (b) signal fidelity, and (c) transducer characteristics. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the clinical information gained from the measurement of high-frequency auditory sensitivity, which is not readily apparent in conventional threshold assessment.", "PMID": 521555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_912", "title": "Forward masking with equal-energy maskers.", "content": "Temporal masking of chicks by noise was investigated using a forward-masking paradigm. The temporal separation delta T between the click and the noise ranged from 0.03 to 100 msec. The duration of the noise varied from 3 to 500 msec while its energy remained fixed. For fixed delta T (delta T greater than 3 msec), the masking effect may actually increase for the longer, less intense noises despite the fact that, for long maskers, there is less masker energy near the signal in time. These results are interpreted in terms of the modified version of the running-average hypothesis [M. J. Penner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 195--201 (1978)] in which it is argued that the auditory system compresses the intensity of the stimulus prior to integrating it. If the temporal integrator depends on stimulus intensity, then these results may be easily predicted. As an alternative explanation we show that compression may reduce the effective intensity of short maskers to such an extent that they do less masking than the longer ones. Such reduction in masking effectiveness will occur if the time between the masker and the signal is long enough so that the effects of compression and integrator shape do not counterbalance each other.", "contents": "Forward masking with equal-energy maskers. Temporal masking of chicks by noise was investigated using a forward-masking paradigm. The temporal separation delta T between the click and the noise ranged from 0.03 to 100 msec. The duration of the noise varied from 3 to 500 msec while its energy remained fixed. For fixed delta T (delta T greater than 3 msec), the masking effect may actually increase for the longer, less intense noises despite the fact that, for long maskers, there is less masker energy near the signal in time. These results are interpreted in terms of the modified version of the running-average hypothesis [M. J. Penner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 195--201 (1978)] in which it is argued that the auditory system compresses the intensity of the stimulus prior to integrating it. If the temporal integrator depends on stimulus intensity, then these results may be easily predicted. As an alternative explanation we show that compression may reduce the effective intensity of short maskers to such an extent that they do less masking than the longer ones. Such reduction in masking effectiveness will occur if the time between the masker and the signal is long enough so that the effects of compression and integrator shape do not counterbalance each other.", "PMID": 521556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_913", "title": "Psychophysical frequency resolution in the cat as determined by simultaneous masking and its relation to auditory-nerve resolution.", "content": "Critical bandwidths were measured behaviorally at 1 and 2 kHz by simultaneous masking in four cats. Three methods were used. They were (i) the masking of a tone by noise of variable bandwidth, (ii) the masking of a narrow-band signal by two tones, and (iii) the masking of a tone by noise of rippled spectrum. The three methods agreed closely and gave a mean critical bandwidth of 410 Hz at 1 kHz and 690 Hz at 2 kHz. These values were about three times as great as the electrophysiologically-determined effective bandwidths of single fibers of the auditory nerve at the same frequencies, both as measured in other animals, and in one of the animals that had been tested behaviorally as well. Psychophysical tuning curves were also determined behaviorally; in contrast, they agreed closely with auditory-nerve fibers in both bandwidth and slope. The results suggest that the critical band as measured by simultaneous masking is not a close relation of the frequency-threshold curve of auditory-nerve fibers, but that the psychophysical tuning curve possibly may be. Possible reasons and implications are discussed.", "contents": "Psychophysical frequency resolution in the cat as determined by simultaneous masking and its relation to auditory-nerve resolution. Critical bandwidths were measured behaviorally at 1 and 2 kHz by simultaneous masking in four cats. Three methods were used. They were (i) the masking of a tone by noise of variable bandwidth, (ii) the masking of a narrow-band signal by two tones, and (iii) the masking of a tone by noise of rippled spectrum. The three methods agreed closely and gave a mean critical bandwidth of 410 Hz at 1 kHz and 690 Hz at 2 kHz. These values were about three times as great as the electrophysiologically-determined effective bandwidths of single fibers of the auditory nerve at the same frequencies, both as measured in other animals, and in one of the animals that had been tested behaviorally as well. Psychophysical tuning curves were also determined behaviorally; in contrast, they agreed closely with auditory-nerve fibers in both bandwidth and slope. The results suggest that the critical band as measured by simultaneous masking is not a close relation of the frequency-threshold curve of auditory-nerve fibers, but that the psychophysical tuning curve possibly may be. Possible reasons and implications are discussed.", "PMID": 521557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_914", "title": "Discrimination of symmetric time-intensity traded binaural stimuli.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which listeners can discriminate between different combinations of interaural time and intensity for binaural stimulus configurations which eliminate loudness, lateralization, and image-diffuseness cues. A two-interval forced choice paradigm was used, and the task of the subject was to determine the order of two stimuli, each of which was a slowly gated 500-Hz tone with a combination of interaural time and intensity differences that resulted in a centered primary spatial image. The two stimuli to be discriminated were symmetric in that they differed only in the polarity of their interaural differences. Also, in order to reduce artifacts introduced by variations in the coupling of the earphones to the head, acoustic monitoring and compensation was performed both before and after each experimental run. The performance of the two most highly trained subjects is consistent with previous experimental results that indicate an incomplete trading of interaural time and intensity information. The subjective perceptions of these observers are not consistent with previous studies that describe a \"time image\" and a \"time-intensity traded\" spatial image.", "contents": "Discrimination of symmetric time-intensity traded binaural stimuli. Experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which listeners can discriminate between different combinations of interaural time and intensity for binaural stimulus configurations which eliminate loudness, lateralization, and image-diffuseness cues. A two-interval forced choice paradigm was used, and the task of the subject was to determine the order of two stimuli, each of which was a slowly gated 500-Hz tone with a combination of interaural time and intensity differences that resulted in a centered primary spatial image. The two stimuli to be discriminated were symmetric in that they differed only in the polarity of their interaural differences. Also, in order to reduce artifacts introduced by variations in the coupling of the earphones to the head, acoustic monitoring and compensation was performed both before and after each experimental run. The performance of the two most highly trained subjects is consistent with previous experimental results that indicate an incomplete trading of interaural time and intensity information. The subjective perceptions of these observers are not consistent with previous studies that describe a \"time image\" and a \"time-intensity traded\" spatial image.", "PMID": 521558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_915", "title": "A neural-counting model incorporating refractoriness and spread of excitation. I. Application to intensity discrimination.", "content": "We consider in detail a new mathematical neural-counting model that is remarkably successful in predicting the correct detection law for pure-tone intensity discrimination, while leaving Weber's law intact for other commonly encountered stimuli. It incorporates, in rather simple form, two well-known effects that become more marked in the peripheral auditory system as stimulus intensity is increased: (1) the spread of excitation along the basilar membrane arising from the tuned-filter characteristics of individual primary afferent fibers and (2) the saturation of neural counts due to refractoriness. For sufficiently high values of intensity, the slope of the intensity-discrimination curve is calculated from a simplified (crude saturation) model to be 1-1/4N, where N is the number of poles associated with the tuned-filter characteristic of the individual neural channels. Since 1 less than or equal to N less than infinity, the slope of this curve is bounded by 3/4 and 1 and provides a theoretical basis for the \"near miss\" to Weber's law.", "contents": "A neural-counting model incorporating refractoriness and spread of excitation. I. Application to intensity discrimination. We consider in detail a new mathematical neural-counting model that is remarkably successful in predicting the correct detection law for pure-tone intensity discrimination, while leaving Weber's law intact for other commonly encountered stimuli. It incorporates, in rather simple form, two well-known effects that become more marked in the peripheral auditory system as stimulus intensity is increased: (1) the spread of excitation along the basilar membrane arising from the tuned-filter characteristics of individual primary afferent fibers and (2) the saturation of neural counts due to refractoriness. For sufficiently high values of intensity, the slope of the intensity-discrimination curve is calculated from a simplified (crude saturation) model to be 1-1/4N, where N is the number of poles associated with the tuned-filter characteristic of the individual neural channels. Since 1 less than or equal to N less than infinity, the slope of this curve is bounded by 3/4 and 1 and provides a theoretical basis for the \"near miss\" to Weber's law.", "PMID": 521559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_916", "title": "Measurements of binaural echo suppression.", "content": "The notion of binaural echo suppression that has persisted through the years states that when listening binaurally, the effects of reverberation (spectral modulation or coloration) are less noticeable than when listening with one ear only. This idea was tested in the present study by measuring thresholds for detection of an echo of a diotic noise masker with the echo presented with either a zero or a 500-musec interaural delay. With echo delays less than 5-10 msec, thresholds for the diotic echo were about 10 dB lower than for the dichotic signal, a finding opposite that of the usual binaural masking-level difference but consistent with the notion of binaural echo suppression. Additional echo-threshold measurements were made with echoes of interaurally reversed polarity, producing out-of-phase spectral modulations. The 10-15 dB increase in thresholds for the reverse-polarity echo, over those for the same-polarity echo, indicated that the apparent \"hollowness\" associated with spectral modulations can be partially canceled centrally. Overall, the results of this study are consistent with a model in which: (1) the monaural representations of spectral magnitude are nonlinearly compressed prior to being combined centrally; and (2) neither monaural channel can be isolated in order to perform the detection task.", "contents": "Measurements of binaural echo suppression. The notion of binaural echo suppression that has persisted through the years states that when listening binaurally, the effects of reverberation (spectral modulation or coloration) are less noticeable than when listening with one ear only. This idea was tested in the present study by measuring thresholds for detection of an echo of a diotic noise masker with the echo presented with either a zero or a 500-musec interaural delay. With echo delays less than 5-10 msec, thresholds for the diotic echo were about 10 dB lower than for the dichotic signal, a finding opposite that of the usual binaural masking-level difference but consistent with the notion of binaural echo suppression. Additional echo-threshold measurements were made with echoes of interaurally reversed polarity, producing out-of-phase spectral modulations. The 10-15 dB increase in thresholds for the reverse-polarity echo, over those for the same-polarity echo, indicated that the apparent \"hollowness\" associated with spectral modulations can be partially canceled centrally. Overall, the results of this study are consistent with a model in which: (1) the monaural representations of spectral magnitude are nonlinearly compressed prior to being combined centrally; and (2) neither monaural channel can be isolated in order to perform the detection task.", "PMID": 521560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_917", "title": "Spectral properties of fricative consonants in children.", "content": "Twenty-one preadolescent children were asked to produce stimulus words with the fricatives /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /s/, and /3/ in various phonetic environments. Results indicated that the major resonances were higher than values reported for both male and female adult speakers. Also significant differences existed among the major resonances of the consonants studied.", "contents": "Spectral properties of fricative consonants in children. Twenty-one preadolescent children were asked to produce stimulus words with the fricatives /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /s/, and /3/ in various phonetic environments. Results indicated that the major resonances were higher than values reported for both male and female adult speakers. Also significant differences existed among the major resonances of the consonants studied.", "PMID": 521561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_918", "title": "Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: a review.", "content": "The literature on various aspects of learning and performance in autistic children is reviewed and interpreted as indicating very little that is specific to autism. Inadequate and inconsistent methodology precludes generalizations concerning the nature of the disorder. It is suggested that future research should be particularly concerned with controlling for developmental influences on performance, and with investigation of the higher functioning autistic children who are less governed by retardation factors. The current evidence is considered to support a hypothesis concerning abnormal hemisphere functioning in this group of children.", "contents": "Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: a review. The literature on various aspects of learning and performance in autistic children is reviewed and interpreted as indicating very little that is specific to autism. Inadequate and inconsistent methodology precludes generalizations concerning the nature of the disorder. It is suggested that future research should be particularly concerned with controlling for developmental influences on performance, and with investigation of the higher functioning autistic children who are less governed by retardation factors. The current evidence is considered to support a hypothesis concerning abnormal hemisphere functioning in this group of children.", "PMID": 521563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_919", "title": "The evaluation of an intervention program for young schoolchildren with acting-out problems.", "content": "The rationale and nature of a program to train nonprofessional child-aides for helping interactions with young acting-out school children are described. Pre/post teacher measures of children's problems and competencies, aide measures of problem behavior, and school mental health professionals' change in behavior estimates were used to evaluate the program's effectiveness. Children seen by trained aides showed significantly greater reductions both in acting-out problems and in overall maladjustment than did similar children seen by comparable aides who did not have additional training, or by themselves before training. Implications were considered for optimizing outcomes both in the specific school intervention project in question and in other, broader types of clinical interventions.", "contents": "The evaluation of an intervention program for young schoolchildren with acting-out problems. The rationale and nature of a program to train nonprofessional child-aides for helping interactions with young acting-out school children are described. Pre/post teacher measures of children's problems and competencies, aide measures of problem behavior, and school mental health professionals' change in behavior estimates were used to evaluate the program's effectiveness. Children seen by trained aides showed significantly greater reductions both in acting-out problems and in overall maladjustment than did similar children seen by comparable aides who did not have additional training, or by themselves before training. Implications were considered for optimizing outcomes both in the specific school intervention project in question and in other, broader types of clinical interventions.", "PMID": 521564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_920", "title": "Early intervention for female sexual identity disturbance: self-monitoring of play behavior.", "content": "This study is the first experimental demonstration of sex-typed play behavior change in a young girl with sexual identity disturbance. The 8-year-old child was treated with a self-monitoring procedure combined with a behavioral prompting technique that was gradually faded out. Self-monitoring in the clinic resulted in a high, stable rate of appropriate sex-typed play, and this effect generalized to a different set of sex-typed toys over time. The treatment effects did not generalize to the home environment. The self-regulation intervention was subsequently adapted to the home setting, resulting in a replication of the treatment effects across settings. After the removal of the self-monitoring interventions, a high level of feminine sex-typed play persisted. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up psychological testing demonstrated a reversal of a pronounced cross-gender identity to a normal female sexual identity.", "contents": "Early intervention for female sexual identity disturbance: self-monitoring of play behavior. This study is the first experimental demonstration of sex-typed play behavior change in a young girl with sexual identity disturbance. The 8-year-old child was treated with a self-monitoring procedure combined with a behavioral prompting technique that was gradually faded out. Self-monitoring in the clinic resulted in a high, stable rate of appropriate sex-typed play, and this effect generalized to a different set of sex-typed toys over time. The treatment effects did not generalize to the home environment. The self-regulation intervention was subsequently adapted to the home setting, resulting in a replication of the treatment effects across settings. After the removal of the self-monitoring interventions, a high level of feminine sex-typed play persisted. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up psychological testing demonstrated a reversal of a pronounced cross-gender identity to a normal female sexual identity.", "PMID": 521565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_921", "title": "Hyperactive boys in their classroom: assessment of teacher and peer perceptions, interactions, and classroom behaviors.", "content": "Teacher ratings, peer perceptions, peer interactions, and classroom behaviors of 17 hyperactive and 17 active elementary school-age boys, nominated by their teachers, were compared using multivariate analyses and planned comparisons in order to better describe and assess hyperactivity in its most probable setting--the classroom. Hyperactive boys were found to be significantly different from actives on measures from all data sources in that they were perceived and interacted more negatively. Cluster analyses of teacher ratings of 90 hyperactives from a clinical sample and 17 hyperactives from the current sample were used to discriminate among different types of hyperactives. Four types were named anxious, conduct problems, inattentive, and low problem hyperactives. The fact that six conduct problem hyperactives were found to be more disruptive and have higher activity level ratings than six inattentive hyperactives, when observed in their classrooms, points to the need to study and treat hyperactives as heterogeneous groups.", "contents": "Hyperactive boys in their classroom: assessment of teacher and peer perceptions, interactions, and classroom behaviors. Teacher ratings, peer perceptions, peer interactions, and classroom behaviors of 17 hyperactive and 17 active elementary school-age boys, nominated by their teachers, were compared using multivariate analyses and planned comparisons in order to better describe and assess hyperactivity in its most probable setting--the classroom. Hyperactive boys were found to be significantly different from actives on measures from all data sources in that they were perceived and interacted more negatively. Cluster analyses of teacher ratings of 90 hyperactives from a clinical sample and 17 hyperactives from the current sample were used to discriminate among different types of hyperactives. Four types were named anxious, conduct problems, inattentive, and low problem hyperactives. The fact that six conduct problem hyperactives were found to be more disruptive and have higher activity level ratings than six inattentive hyperactives, when observed in their classrooms, points to the need to study and treat hyperactives as heterogeneous groups.", "PMID": 521566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_922", "title": "Discrimination learning of delinquent boys as a function of reinforcement contingency and delinquent subtype.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of contingency management as a means of behavioral resocialization with delinquent boys on an individual basis. The present study was designed to examine and clarify systematically verbal and token reward and/or punishment. The principal findings of the study were: (1) Neurotic subjects performed at the highest level for punishment, at the lowest level for reward, and at an intermediate level for a combination of reward and punishment, regardless of verbal or token contingency modality. (2) Psychopathic subjects performed best for the joint verbal reward and punishment contingency, but they did not learn over trials for the joint token reward and punishment contingency. Their performance was undifferentiated at asymptote under the separate verbal and token reward or punishment contingencies. (3) Neurotic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than did psychopathic subjects for verbal and token punishment, while psychopathic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than neurotic subjects for verbal and token reward.", "contents": "Discrimination learning of delinquent boys as a function of reinforcement contingency and delinquent subtype. Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of contingency management as a means of behavioral resocialization with delinquent boys on an individual basis. The present study was designed to examine and clarify systematically verbal and token reward and/or punishment. The principal findings of the study were: (1) Neurotic subjects performed at the highest level for punishment, at the lowest level for reward, and at an intermediate level for a combination of reward and punishment, regardless of verbal or token contingency modality. (2) Psychopathic subjects performed best for the joint verbal reward and punishment contingency, but they did not learn over trials for the joint token reward and punishment contingency. Their performance was undifferentiated at asymptote under the separate verbal and token reward or punishment contingencies. (3) Neurotic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than did psychopathic subjects for verbal and token punishment, while psychopathic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than neurotic subjects for verbal and token reward.", "PMID": 521567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_923", "title": "Analyses of changes in verbal behavior following a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity.", "content": "Analyses were conducted to examine further the results of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity in emotionally disturbed children (Kendall & Finch, 1978). The verbal behaviors of treated impulsive children, impulsive controls, and reflective children, recorded during MFF performance at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up, were examined. The results indicated nonsignificant effects for several specific codes; however, the impulsive children that had received treatment evidenced a significant increase in total on-task verbal behavior at posttreatment. Discussion includes a consideration of these findings in regard to the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral treatment and the need for research on the assessment of cognitive variables in children.", "contents": "Analyses of changes in verbal behavior following a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity. Analyses were conducted to examine further the results of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity in emotionally disturbed children (Kendall & Finch, 1978). The verbal behaviors of treated impulsive children, impulsive controls, and reflective children, recorded during MFF performance at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up, were examined. The results indicated nonsignificant effects for several specific codes; however, the impulsive children that had received treatment evidenced a significant increase in total on-task verbal behavior at posttreatment. Discussion includes a consideration of these findings in regard to the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral treatment and the need for research on the assessment of cognitive variables in children.", "PMID": 521568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_924", "title": "Congenital correlates of distractibility.", "content": "The present research reports correlations between ratings of distractibility and minor physical anomalies and gross motor incoordination. For an original and two replication samples of preschool children, there were significant average weighted correlations between distractibility and both minor physical anomalies and gross motor incoordination for boys. Also, the magnitude of the correlation between distractibility and the congenital characteristics was significantly higher for boys. Although neither parental rejection nor parental restrictiveness was related to boys' distractibility, parental rejection was marginally related to girls' distractibility.", "contents": "Congenital correlates of distractibility. The present research reports correlations between ratings of distractibility and minor physical anomalies and gross motor incoordination. For an original and two replication samples of preschool children, there were significant average weighted correlations between distractibility and both minor physical anomalies and gross motor incoordination for boys. Also, the magnitude of the correlation between distractibility and the congenital characteristics was significantly higher for boys. Although neither parental rejection nor parental restrictiveness was related to boys' distractibility, parental rejection was marginally related to girls' distractibility.", "PMID": 521569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_925", "title": "Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on selective attention in hyperactive children.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the selective attention of hyperactive children designated as favorable or adverse responders to stimulant medication. Using a type II incidental learning paradigm, it was found that children in the drug condition recalled more central and less incidental stimuli than those children in the placebo condition. While no differential effects on recall were found for responder type, methylphenidate did affect the spontaneous overt labeling of central stimuli by the favorable responder group. Results were interpreted in terms of the role of methylphenidate in narrowing the focus of attention. Implications for the classification of hyperactive children as favorable and adverse responders were also discussed.", "contents": "Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on selective attention in hyperactive children. This study investigated the effect of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the selective attention of hyperactive children designated as favorable or adverse responders to stimulant medication. Using a type II incidental learning paradigm, it was found that children in the drug condition recalled more central and less incidental stimuli than those children in the placebo condition. While no differential effects on recall were found for responder type, methylphenidate did affect the spontaneous overt labeling of central stimuli by the favorable responder group. Results were interpreted in terms of the role of methylphenidate in narrowing the focus of attention. Implications for the classification of hyperactive children as favorable and adverse responders were also discussed.", "PMID": 521570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_926", "title": "Social perspective-taking and teacher ratings of peer interaction in hyperactive boys.", "content": "Hyperactive and matched control boys at two age levels were compared on teacher ratings of peer interaction and three measures of social perspective-taking. The teachers' ratings of peer interaction discriminated between the hyperactive children and their controls. In addition, a significant interaction effect indicated that teachers rated the older hyperactive group as more deviant with peers than both their younger hyperactive counterparts and their age-matched controls. In a structured laboratory setting, the hyperactive children did not differ from control children on the three measures of social perspective-taking. The perspective-taking measures did, however, show differences across age groups. Implications for treatment are examined.", "contents": "Social perspective-taking and teacher ratings of peer interaction in hyperactive boys. Hyperactive and matched control boys at two age levels were compared on teacher ratings of peer interaction and three measures of social perspective-taking. The teachers' ratings of peer interaction discriminated between the hyperactive children and their controls. In addition, a significant interaction effect indicated that teachers rated the older hyperactive group as more deviant with peers than both their younger hyperactive counterparts and their age-matched controls. In a structured laboratory setting, the hyperactive children did not differ from control children on the three measures of social perspective-taking. The perspective-taking measures did, however, show differences across age groups. Implications for treatment are examined.", "PMID": 521571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_927", "title": "Behavior problems of educationally handicapped and normal pupils.", "content": "Male pupils identified as behaviorally disordered, learning disabled, and educable mentally retarded, as well as nonidentified normal boys, were rated by their teachers on the Behavior Problem Checklist. Analyses of the ratings indicated significant differences for pupil category, Behavior Problem Checklist dimension, and category by dimension interaction, but no significant differences for age alone or in interaction with other factors. Categories of pupils were best discriminated from one another on the basis of Conduct Disorder and Personality Problem dimensions of the Behavior Problem Checklist. Results were discussed in terms of some implications for special education and further research suggested by the present findings.", "contents": "Behavior problems of educationally handicapped and normal pupils. Male pupils identified as behaviorally disordered, learning disabled, and educable mentally retarded, as well as nonidentified normal boys, were rated by their teachers on the Behavior Problem Checklist. Analyses of the ratings indicated significant differences for pupil category, Behavior Problem Checklist dimension, and category by dimension interaction, but no significant differences for age alone or in interaction with other factors. Categories of pupils were best discriminated from one another on the basis of Conduct Disorder and Personality Problem dimensions of the Behavior Problem Checklist. Results were discussed in terms of some implications for special education and further research suggested by the present findings.", "PMID": 521572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_928", "title": "Primary eye care for the pediatric patient.", "content": "The primary care needs of the pediatric patient include the measurement of norms and deviations in the newborn (neonate) and subsequently, developmental milestones. Considerations of such norms and deviations must include familial and hereditary implications, systemic conditions and general health status. Deviations from the expected norms in the newborn and during development must be evaluated by the parent (as the true primary pediatric provider) and responsible health and eye care professionals. Such evaluation should include a sensitivity and awareness of the ocular and visual status, identification of norms and deviations and appropriate courses of action.", "contents": "Primary eye care for the pediatric patient. The primary care needs of the pediatric patient include the measurement of norms and deviations in the newborn (neonate) and subsequently, developmental milestones. Considerations of such norms and deviations must include familial and hereditary implications, systemic conditions and general health status. Deviations from the expected norms in the newborn and during development must be evaluated by the parent (as the true primary pediatric provider) and responsible health and eye care professionals. Such evaluation should include a sensitivity and awareness of the ocular and visual status, identification of norms and deviations and appropriate courses of action.", "PMID": 521574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_929", "title": "Ocular manifestations of systemic childhood diseases: some systemic diseases are no respecters of age.", "content": "Many diseases commonly thought to affect the older population may be present in children. Examples are given of conditions which might be unsuspected in children and which might, therefore, be undiagnosed until severe, irreversible damage is done.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of systemic childhood diseases: some systemic diseases are no respecters of age. Many diseases commonly thought to affect the older population may be present in children. Examples are given of conditions which might be unsuspected in children and which might, therefore, be undiagnosed until severe, irreversible damage is done.", "PMID": 521575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_930", "title": "Heredity in congenital esotropia.", "content": "As an approach to the problem of familial tendency for congenital esotropia, four families were selected because of proband (index case) who had congenital esotropia. Available family members were evaluated for strabismus and other anomalies of vision. Several possible risk factors were evaluated and the presence of high accommodative convergence-to-accommodation ratio was remarkable. Increased prevalence of congenital esotropia was found among family members as compared to the general population, but with no consistent pattern of Mendelian (single gene) inheritance. These findings are consistent with but not proof of a multifactorial (polygenic and environmental interaction) model. The implication for practicing optometrists is that families with one member affected with congenital esotropia represent a group with increased risk for recurrence.", "contents": "Heredity in congenital esotropia. As an approach to the problem of familial tendency for congenital esotropia, four families were selected because of proband (index case) who had congenital esotropia. Available family members were evaluated for strabismus and other anomalies of vision. Several possible risk factors were evaluated and the presence of high accommodative convergence-to-accommodation ratio was remarkable. Increased prevalence of congenital esotropia was found among family members as compared to the general population, but with no consistent pattern of Mendelian (single gene) inheritance. These findings are consistent with but not proof of a multifactorial (polygenic and environmental interaction) model. The implication for practicing optometrists is that families with one member affected with congenital esotropia represent a group with increased risk for recurrence.", "PMID": 521576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_931", "title": "Cosmetic contact lenses in the care of the child.", "content": "As their name implies, cosmetic contact lenses are used to hide or cover blemishes or disfigurements of the iris, cornea, or sclera. A wide variety of options are available to the optometrist in attempting to aid a child with an ocular disfigurement. The customized artist-painted scleral shell is ideal in many cases, but a surprising number of defects can be adequately camouflaged with corneal lenses presently available from laboratories. The future use of cosmetic soft lenses is promising, and since many conditions involving the need for optical correction are capable of provoking future visual disorders, infants today can look forward to better vision when a cosmetic contact lens is fitted early in life.", "contents": "Cosmetic contact lenses in the care of the child. As their name implies, cosmetic contact lenses are used to hide or cover blemishes or disfigurements of the iris, cornea, or sclera. A wide variety of options are available to the optometrist in attempting to aid a child with an ocular disfigurement. The customized artist-painted scleral shell is ideal in many cases, but a surprising number of defects can be adequately camouflaged with corneal lenses presently available from laboratories. The future use of cosmetic soft lenses is promising, and since many conditions involving the need for optical correction are capable of provoking future visual disorders, infants today can look forward to better vision when a cosmetic contact lens is fitted early in life.", "PMID": 521577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_932", "title": "Fixational eye movements in amblyopia and strabismus.", "content": "Horizontal eye position was monitored using a photoelectric method during monocular and binocular fixation in four patients having amblyopia without strabismus, thirteen patients having constant strabismus with amblyopia, and five patients having intermittent strabismus. Four abnormalities of fixation were found: increased drift, saccadic intrusions, manifest nystagmus, and latent nystagmus. Increased drift was related to the presence of amblyopia, while saccadic intrusions and nystagmus were related to the presence of strabismus. Understanding dynamic aspects of oculomotor control can provide insight into clinical assessment of fixation in amblyopia and strabismus.", "contents": "Fixational eye movements in amblyopia and strabismus. Horizontal eye position was monitored using a photoelectric method during monocular and binocular fixation in four patients having amblyopia without strabismus, thirteen patients having constant strabismus with amblyopia, and five patients having intermittent strabismus. Four abnormalities of fixation were found: increased drift, saccadic intrusions, manifest nystagmus, and latent nystagmus. Increased drift was related to the presence of amblyopia, while saccadic intrusions and nystagmus were related to the presence of strabismus. Understanding dynamic aspects of oculomotor control can provide insight into clinical assessment of fixation in amblyopia and strabismus.", "PMID": 521578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_933", "title": "Managing the low vision patient.", "content": "The low vision child has long been neglected by the professional community. A self-analysis of the usefulness of optometric service must be made as to professional attitudes and the understanding of the low vision aids as well as the patient that is expected to wear them. Once these hurdles are overcome, the optometrist is more able to help the low vision child become a productive, contributing member of society.", "contents": "Managing the low vision patient. The low vision child has long been neglected by the professional community. A self-analysis of the usefulness of optometric service must be made as to professional attitudes and the understanding of the low vision aids as well as the patient that is expected to wear them. Once these hurdles are overcome, the optometrist is more able to help the low vision child become a productive, contributing member of society.", "PMID": 521579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_934", "title": "Contact lenses in the case of the very young child.", "content": "Many hereditary congenital and infectious ocular conditions affecting young infants and children if diagnosed early enough are no longer untreatable. Special contact lenses are now available and have been specifically developed to prevent blindness, amblyopia and establish binocular vision. Different types of contact lenses and materials from which they may be fashioned are discussed and clinical considerations outlined for treatment. Visual rehabilitation of a high order is possible with proper understanding of the particular problems affecting babies at birth, later and in early infancy.", "contents": "Contact lenses in the case of the very young child. Many hereditary congenital and infectious ocular conditions affecting young infants and children if diagnosed early enough are no longer untreatable. Special contact lenses are now available and have been specifically developed to prevent blindness, amblyopia and establish binocular vision. Different types of contact lenses and materials from which they may be fashioned are discussed and clinical considerations outlined for treatment. Visual rehabilitation of a high order is possible with proper understanding of the particular problems affecting babies at birth, later and in early infancy.", "PMID": 521580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_935", "title": "Implications of central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "The purpose of this paper, was to discuss central retinal artery occlusion and its role in the patient's overall health. Several different causes of occlusion such as cardiovascular diseases, carotid artery disease, aortic arch disease and giant cell arteritis are discussed along with their symptomatology and clinical manifestations. Because of the importance of a proper diagnosis, the more common ophthalmoscopic pictures that are confused with the central retinal artery occlusions are also included. A case report of a central retinal artery occlusion secondary to a carotid artery stenosis is presented to acquaint the optometrist to the need of further testing after a vascular accident to the eye.", "contents": "Implications of central retinal artery occlusion. The purpose of this paper, was to discuss central retinal artery occlusion and its role in the patient's overall health. Several different causes of occlusion such as cardiovascular diseases, carotid artery disease, aortic arch disease and giant cell arteritis are discussed along with their symptomatology and clinical manifestations. Because of the importance of a proper diagnosis, the more common ophthalmoscopic pictures that are confused with the central retinal artery occlusions are also included. A case report of a central retinal artery occlusion secondary to a carotid artery stenosis is presented to acquaint the optometrist to the need of further testing after a vascular accident to the eye.", "PMID": 521584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_936", "title": "The influence of pilocarpine and atropine on pentobarbital-induced nystagmus in the New Zealand white rabbit.", "content": "Nystagmus, induced by intravenous pentobarbital in rabbits, increased in frequency and amplitude as a result of intravenous pilocarpine administration. In seven of nine animals anesthetized with pentobarbital but not showing eye movements, pilocarpine injection elicited nystagmus. In all rabbits, nystagmus was terminated by subsequent intravenous administration of atropine, indicating that the parasympathetic nervous system contributes to nystagmus observed in barbiturate treated animals. The results reported here are of value in their implication for an understanding of the physiologic mechanisms which underlie eye movement disorders commonly observed in barbituarate intoxicated individuals.", "contents": "The influence of pilocarpine and atropine on pentobarbital-induced nystagmus in the New Zealand white rabbit. Nystagmus, induced by intravenous pentobarbital in rabbits, increased in frequency and amplitude as a result of intravenous pilocarpine administration. In seven of nine animals anesthetized with pentobarbital but not showing eye movements, pilocarpine injection elicited nystagmus. In all rabbits, nystagmus was terminated by subsequent intravenous administration of atropine, indicating that the parasympathetic nervous system contributes to nystagmus observed in barbiturate treated animals. The results reported here are of value in their implication for an understanding of the physiologic mechanisms which underlie eye movement disorders commonly observed in barbituarate intoxicated individuals.", "PMID": 521585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_937", "title": "A definition of progressive power in ophthalmic lenses.", "content": "Practitioners may now prescribe several progressive addition lenses. This article discusses and compares some individual progressive addition lenses available in America with regard to the important aspect of intermediate area vision, lateral boundaries and lateral distortions. Included are tips for comparing the wearability of different brands of lenses from viewing photographs of uniform grids as seen through the various progressive addition lenses.", "contents": "A definition of progressive power in ophthalmic lenses. Practitioners may now prescribe several progressive addition lenses. This article discusses and compares some individual progressive addition lenses available in America with regard to the important aspect of intermediate area vision, lateral boundaries and lateral distortions. Included are tips for comparing the wearability of different brands of lenses from viewing photographs of uniform grids as seen through the various progressive addition lenses.", "PMID": 521586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_938", "title": "The visual evoked responses: reliability revisited.", "content": "To examine the reliability of VER data, responses were obtained from 9 normal subjects. For steady state and transient displays, 7 consecutive VERs were obtained using 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ensemble averaged 384 ms activity samples each. Data from the 7 VERs were averaged by considering the first 3, the first 5, and all 7 VERs. For each display, maximum reliability was obtained by averaging at least 5 VERs with each consisting of 50 or more ensemble averaged samples. The steady state display produced more reliable data than did the transient display, but when each display system was used in a refraction format, the transient display produced refractions with narrower uncertainty ranges.", "contents": "The visual evoked responses: reliability revisited. To examine the reliability of VER data, responses were obtained from 9 normal subjects. For steady state and transient displays, 7 consecutive VERs were obtained using 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ensemble averaged 384 ms activity samples each. Data from the 7 VERs were averaged by considering the first 3, the first 5, and all 7 VERs. For each display, maximum reliability was obtained by averaging at least 5 VERs with each consisting of 50 or more ensemble averaged samples. The steady state display produced more reliable data than did the transient display, but when each display system was used in a refraction format, the transient display produced refractions with narrower uncertainty ranges.", "PMID": 521587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_939", "title": "The blindspot syndrome.", "content": "Constant esotropia, with its accompanying sensorial anomalies, generally presents a poor prognosis for functional recovery of binocular vision. The blindspot syndrome presents an exception to this. The present paper suggests methods for the diagnosis and an approach to the management of this condition.", "contents": "The blindspot syndrome. Constant esotropia, with its accompanying sensorial anomalies, generally presents a poor prognosis for functional recovery of binocular vision. The blindspot syndrome presents an exception to this. The present paper suggests methods for the diagnosis and an approach to the management of this condition.", "PMID": 521588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_940", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy in malignant uveal melanomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Four malignant uveal melanomas, of which two were of fascicular (subtype B) type one of epithelioid type and one of mixed-type, were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Within the tumors, we can distinguish cells having long cytoplasmatic processes and cells without processes, which correspond to the fusiform and epithelioid cells respectively. The cells also show a more or less marked development of the microvillosities of the cell surface.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy in malignant uveal melanomas (author's transl)]. Four malignant uveal melanomas, of which two were of fascicular (subtype B) type one of epithelioid type and one of mixed-type, were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Within the tumors, we can distinguish cells having long cytoplasmatic processes and cells without processes, which correspond to the fusiform and epithelioid cells respectively. The cells also show a more or less marked development of the microvillosities of the cell surface.", "PMID": 521604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_941", "title": "[Use of timolol in treatment of increased intra-ocular pressure following surgery of congenital glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 patients from 9 to 34 year old, whose intraocular pressure remained elevated after a surgical procedure against congenital glaucoma, a timolol collyriam of 0.25 or 0.50 concentration was used as first topic treatment. Success was obtained only in 15% of the cuses. Better result followed systemic use of sulfonamid together with timolol. Nevertheless, medical treatment of these residual overpressures is still difficult. It showld be controlled every three months, paying much attention to the diary intraocular pressure curve.", "contents": "[Use of timolol in treatment of increased intra-ocular pressure following surgery of congenital glaucoma (author's transl)]. In 16 patients from 9 to 34 year old, whose intraocular pressure remained elevated after a surgical procedure against congenital glaucoma, a timolol collyriam of 0.25 or 0.50 concentration was used as first topic treatment. Success was obtained only in 15% of the cuses. Better result followed systemic use of sulfonamid together with timolol. Nevertheless, medical treatment of these residual overpressures is still difficult. It showld be controlled every three months, paying much attention to the diary intraocular pressure curve.", "PMID": 521605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_942", "title": "[The allergic conjunctivitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the study of 51 cases of conjunctivitis which the allergic character has been showed. They emphasize: 1. the special frequency with the young person (between 20 and 30 years for allergic conjunctivitis, generally before 7 years for vernal conjunctivitis); 2. the importance of atopic ground; 3. the weak incidence of business; 4. the difficulty of diagnosis, because the monosensibilisations are uncommon; 5. the favourable result of treatment.", "contents": "[The allergic conjunctivitis (author's transl)]. The authors report the study of 51 cases of conjunctivitis which the allergic character has been showed. They emphasize: 1. the special frequency with the young person (between 20 and 30 years for allergic conjunctivitis, generally before 7 years for vernal conjunctivitis); 2. the importance of atopic ground; 3. the weak incidence of business; 4. the difficulty of diagnosis, because the monosensibilisations are uncommon; 5. the favourable result of treatment.", "PMID": 521606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_943", "title": "[Study of colour vision and visual evoked responses in multisclerosis diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with suspected Multisclerosis (M.S.), the discovery of a lesion in the anterior optic tracks is of considerable diagnostic importance. If none of the classical clinical signs of optic neuritis can be found, the study of visual evoked responses (VER) and of colour vision is useful evidence for diagnosis. In a population of 102 patients having \"possible\", \"probable\" or \"confirmed\" M.S, we have compared the information provided by both these methods. 27 patients had MS with a known optic neuritis: the VER and colour vision of all of them was altered, either unilaterally or bilaterally. 75 patients had \"possible\" or \"probable\" MS without a history of optic neuritis. For 34,7%, the discovery of a dyschromatopsia showed a lesion in the optic nerve. In 68%, only the increased latency in VER demonstrated an optic neuritis. It should be noted that for all the patients with \"probable\" or \"confirmed\" MS, the VER latency was increased. The study of colour vision is therefore in our opinion, an excellent way of investigating anterior optic tracks lesions. When the study of colour vision is not sufficient, the recording of VER is a reliable technique and a very valuable acquisition in neuro-ophthalmology.", "contents": "[Study of colour vision and visual evoked responses in multisclerosis diagnosis (author's transl)]. In a patient with suspected Multisclerosis (M.S.), the discovery of a lesion in the anterior optic tracks is of considerable diagnostic importance. If none of the classical clinical signs of optic neuritis can be found, the study of visual evoked responses (VER) and of colour vision is useful evidence for diagnosis. In a population of 102 patients having \"possible\", \"probable\" or \"confirmed\" M.S, we have compared the information provided by both these methods. 27 patients had MS with a known optic neuritis: the VER and colour vision of all of them was altered, either unilaterally or bilaterally. 75 patients had \"possible\" or \"probable\" MS without a history of optic neuritis. For 34,7%, the discovery of a dyschromatopsia showed a lesion in the optic nerve. In 68%, only the increased latency in VER demonstrated an optic neuritis. It should be noted that for all the patients with \"probable\" or \"confirmed\" MS, the VER latency was increased. The study of colour vision is therefore in our opinion, an excellent way of investigating anterior optic tracks lesions. When the study of colour vision is not sufficient, the recording of VER is a reliable technique and a very valuable acquisition in neuro-ophthalmology.", "PMID": 521607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_944", "title": "[Experimental alpha-chymotrypsin model of glaucoma in the rabbit: histopathological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The injection of alpha-chymotrypsin into the posterior chamber of the eye is known to produce an experimental ocular hypertension of long duration in animals. The present study reports the pathological changes which occur in the eye during the first nine months after the ocular injection of alpha-chymotrypsin in rabbits. Six weeks after treatment most of the eyes showed a buphthalmia and an intraocular pressure elevation which varied greatly from animal to animal. The anterior chamber angle of the treated eyes showed a progressive enlargement. Several days after the enzyme injection a transient increase in thickness of the cornea and Descemet membrane was noted. Cupping of the optic disc, characterized by a total disappearance of the optic nerve head fibers and an excavation beginning at margins of the retina appeared after four months and in most cases were present seven months after the treatment. More or less prominent retinal degeneration was also evidenced three months after enzyme injection. The results indicate alpha-chymotrypsin-induced occular hypertension in the rabbit leads after several months to pathological change in the eye analogous to that observed in human glaucoma.", "contents": "[Experimental alpha-chymotrypsin model of glaucoma in the rabbit: histopathological studies (author's transl)]. The injection of alpha-chymotrypsin into the posterior chamber of the eye is known to produce an experimental ocular hypertension of long duration in animals. The present study reports the pathological changes which occur in the eye during the first nine months after the ocular injection of alpha-chymotrypsin in rabbits. Six weeks after treatment most of the eyes showed a buphthalmia and an intraocular pressure elevation which varied greatly from animal to animal. The anterior chamber angle of the treated eyes showed a progressive enlargement. Several days after the enzyme injection a transient increase in thickness of the cornea and Descemet membrane was noted. Cupping of the optic disc, characterized by a total disappearance of the optic nerve head fibers and an excavation beginning at margins of the retina appeared after four months and in most cases were present seven months after the treatment. More or less prominent retinal degeneration was also evidenced three months after enzyme injection. The results indicate alpha-chymotrypsin-induced occular hypertension in the rabbit leads after several months to pathological change in the eye analogous to that observed in human glaucoma.", "PMID": 521608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_945", "title": "Accountability in health care: an essay on mechanisms, muddles, and mires.", "content": "This paper presents a critical evaluation of several theories of accountability and their applicability to health care concerns. The authors first provide a preliminary refinement of the imprecise concept of accountability itself and then examine four major types (political; bureaucratic; professional; and economic-consumer). Then, by using disciplinary perspectives provided by several schools of thought in political science (legislative supremacy; general manager theory; government by bureaucracy; objective responsibility; citizen participation), they discuss the degree of accountability presently found in various American health policies. After identifying the inherent dilemmmas within any credible accountability approach to health care programs as now utilized in the United States, the authors recommend that all types of accountability be integrated and strengthened by relying more explicitly on practices characteristic of development administration.", "contents": "Accountability in health care: an essay on mechanisms, muddles, and mires. This paper presents a critical evaluation of several theories of accountability and their applicability to health care concerns. The authors first provide a preliminary refinement of the imprecise concept of accountability itself and then examine four major types (political; bureaucratic; professional; and economic-consumer). Then, by using disciplinary perspectives provided by several schools of thought in political science (legislative supremacy; general manager theory; government by bureaucracy; objective responsibility; citizen participation), they discuss the degree of accountability presently found in various American health policies. After identifying the inherent dilemmmas within any credible accountability approach to health care programs as now utilized in the United States, the authors recommend that all types of accountability be integrated and strengthened by relying more explicitly on practices characteristic of development administration.", "PMID": 521611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_946", "title": "The politics of hospital payment.", "content": "This paper analyzes the politics of hospital payment over the last decade. The authors explain how provider interests and judgments became a standard for appropriate hospital payment: the impact of that standard on hospital costs; and the political obstacles to imposing an alternative standard and controlling hospital costs. The authors draw lessons from this experience, here and in other countries, to propose an alternative approach to hospital payment that would allow policymakers, accountable to the public, to make explicit choices about the level and nature of hospital expenditures.", "contents": "The politics of hospital payment. This paper analyzes the politics of hospital payment over the last decade. The authors explain how provider interests and judgments became a standard for appropriate hospital payment: the impact of that standard on hospital costs; and the political obstacles to imposing an alternative standard and controlling hospital costs. The authors draw lessons from this experience, here and in other countries, to propose an alternative approach to hospital payment that would allow policymakers, accountable to the public, to make explicit choices about the level and nature of hospital expenditures.", "PMID": 521612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_947", "title": "Ideology, class and the National Health Service.", "content": "Since the start of the British National Health Service, disputes between the government and the medical profession have become formalized battles with well-recognized rules. But between 1974 and 1976 the consensus underlying the conflict was challenged by the Labour Government's policy on private practice and pay beds. This paper examines the course of the conflict and analyzes the factors underlying the eruption of this issue. It draws attention to the role of the trade-unions in activating the Labour Party's latent ideological commitment on private practice. Although the issue appears to conform to a class-conflict model, this simple symmetry becomes blurred on closer analysis. In conclusion the paper argues that while socio-structural factors extrinsic to the health service explain the appearance of private practice on the political agenda, it is factors endogenous to the NHS which explain the outcome of the dispute. In turn, however, these endogenous factors have little to do with the fact that the NHS is delivering a commodity called \"health.\" Instead, what is important is that the NHS is a complex organization and, as such, depends on the co-operation of a variety of groups--ranging from the medical profession to laundry workers. The analysis, therefore, concludes that the power of the medical profession derives not from its elite status but from its position as an organized group in a complex industry.", "contents": "Ideology, class and the National Health Service. Since the start of the British National Health Service, disputes between the government and the medical profession have become formalized battles with well-recognized rules. But between 1974 and 1976 the consensus underlying the conflict was challenged by the Labour Government's policy on private practice and pay beds. This paper examines the course of the conflict and analyzes the factors underlying the eruption of this issue. It draws attention to the role of the trade-unions in activating the Labour Party's latent ideological commitment on private practice. Although the issue appears to conform to a class-conflict model, this simple symmetry becomes blurred on closer analysis. In conclusion the paper argues that while socio-structural factors extrinsic to the health service explain the appearance of private practice on the political agenda, it is factors endogenous to the NHS which explain the outcome of the dispute. In turn, however, these endogenous factors have little to do with the fact that the NHS is delivering a commodity called \"health.\" Instead, what is important is that the NHS is a complex organization and, as such, depends on the co-operation of a variety of groups--ranging from the medical profession to laundry workers. The analysis, therefore, concludes that the power of the medical profession derives not from its elite status but from its position as an organized group in a complex industry.", "PMID": 521613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_948", "title": "Public capabilities and health care effectiveness: implications from a comparative perspective.", "content": "This article examines inter-relationship between \"centers\" and \"peripheries\" within political, professional and health care systems. It seeks to determine which conditions tend to improve the capacity of public authorities to further such measures of effectiveness as access to, quality of, and complementarity of health care delivery. Examples are selected from the experience of the United States and West European countries.", "contents": "Public capabilities and health care effectiveness: implications from a comparative perspective. This article examines inter-relationship between \"centers\" and \"peripheries\" within political, professional and health care systems. It seeks to determine which conditions tend to improve the capacity of public authorities to further such measures of effectiveness as access to, quality of, and complementarity of health care delivery. Examples are selected from the experience of the United States and West European countries.", "PMID": 521614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_949", "title": "Diagnosis and the dole: the function of illness in American distributive politics.", "content": "This article argues that the concept of illness has certain properties that make it a convenient administrative device for managing a need-based redistributive system in a society whose primary distributive system is based on work. These properties--cultural acceptance of illness as a legitimate excuse for not working, objective standards for identifying illness, and restrictiveness--have led to the widespread use of illness as an eligibility criterion for many social benefits, including cash transfers, services, privileges and exemptions. Paradoxically, the traditional rationales for using illness as one of the keystones of categorical welfare policy are eroding, yet welfare programs based on illness certification are growing rapidly. To explain this anomaly, the author suggests that medical certification as a distributive mechanisms serves certain latent political functions, such as allowing welfare programs to be responsive to political unrest, siphoning off opposition to controversial policies by the granting of medical exemptions to intense opponents, are reducing political conflict by using physicians as arbiters.", "contents": "Diagnosis and the dole: the function of illness in American distributive politics. This article argues that the concept of illness has certain properties that make it a convenient administrative device for managing a need-based redistributive system in a society whose primary distributive system is based on work. These properties--cultural acceptance of illness as a legitimate excuse for not working, objective standards for identifying illness, and restrictiveness--have led to the widespread use of illness as an eligibility criterion for many social benefits, including cash transfers, services, privileges and exemptions. Paradoxically, the traditional rationales for using illness as one of the keystones of categorical welfare policy are eroding, yet welfare programs based on illness certification are growing rapidly. To explain this anomaly, the author suggests that medical certification as a distributive mechanisms serves certain latent political functions, such as allowing welfare programs to be responsive to political unrest, siphoning off opposition to controversial policies by the granting of medical exemptions to intense opponents, are reducing political conflict by using physicians as arbiters.", "PMID": 521615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_950", "title": "Why is regulation introduced in the health sector? A look at occupational licensure.", "content": "Economic theories suggest that the introduction of regulation can be analyzed in terms of the magnitude and distribution of its economic impact. This article uses this approach to consider the introduction of licensure in the health sector for clinical laboratory personnel. At the micro level, there is no evidence of active consumer support for licensure and it seems to have been introduced mainly at the behest of members of the occupation and bureaucrats involved in the regulation of laboratories. Bureaucrats appear to have acted largely on their own initiative and are the single most important group involved in the introduction of licensure. The large role of the occupation supports a \"producer protection\" model of licensure over a \"consumer protection\" model. But the independent role of bureaucrats suggests that actors in the public sector are also a major interest group who need to be included in any model of regulation. Their motives are complex, but in the past one of the attractions of licensure seems to have been low direct administrative costs, despite large indirect costs to consumers. At the macro level, recent changes in social policy, which may reflect broad class interests, have shifted these indirect costs increasingly to the public sector through programs like Medicare. These changes in the distribution of costs may explain a growing concern by bureaucrats about the efficiency of licensure and a shift away from this type of regulation.", "contents": "Why is regulation introduced in the health sector? A look at occupational licensure. Economic theories suggest that the introduction of regulation can be analyzed in terms of the magnitude and distribution of its economic impact. This article uses this approach to consider the introduction of licensure in the health sector for clinical laboratory personnel. At the micro level, there is no evidence of active consumer support for licensure and it seems to have been introduced mainly at the behest of members of the occupation and bureaucrats involved in the regulation of laboratories. Bureaucrats appear to have acted largely on their own initiative and are the single most important group involved in the introduction of licensure. The large role of the occupation supports a \"producer protection\" model of licensure over a \"consumer protection\" model. But the independent role of bureaucrats suggests that actors in the public sector are also a major interest group who need to be included in any model of regulation. Their motives are complex, but in the past one of the attractions of licensure seems to have been low direct administrative costs, despite large indirect costs to consumers. At the macro level, recent changes in social policy, which may reflect broad class interests, have shifted these indirect costs increasingly to the public sector through programs like Medicare. These changes in the distribution of costs may explain a growing concern by bureaucrats about the efficiency of licensure and a shift away from this type of regulation.", "PMID": 521616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_951", "title": "Podocytes in aminonucleoside glomerulonephritis investigated ultrastructurally with concanavalin A.", "content": "Peroxidase labeled concanavalin A (Con A) permits the detection of some saccharide determinants. This histochemical technique permits the visualization of cellular pathological modifications not observed with other methods. Its use in an ultrastructural study of nephritis induced by a single injection of aminonucleoside demonstrated the following in podocytes. The Con A positive endoplasmic reticulum (ER), essentially the rough ER, lost its normal linear and network appearance to take on a dot dash pattern. ER contents but not attached ribosomes and membranes were Con A positive. The dot dash pattern, due to a fragmentation of the ER, appeared prior to the onset of proteinuria and was attenuated before the disappearance of proteinuria. These changes of the ER were not observed in other proteinuric states. This suggests that aminonucleoside can damage the synthesis apparatus of podocytes, revealed by the Con A method.", "contents": "Podocytes in aminonucleoside glomerulonephritis investigated ultrastructurally with concanavalin A. Peroxidase labeled concanavalin A (Con A) permits the detection of some saccharide determinants. This histochemical technique permits the visualization of cellular pathological modifications not observed with other methods. Its use in an ultrastructural study of nephritis induced by a single injection of aminonucleoside demonstrated the following in podocytes. The Con A positive endoplasmic reticulum (ER), essentially the rough ER, lost its normal linear and network appearance to take on a dot dash pattern. ER contents but not attached ribosomes and membranes were Con A positive. The dot dash pattern, due to a fragmentation of the ER, appeared prior to the onset of proteinuria and was attenuated before the disappearance of proteinuria. These changes of the ER were not observed in other proteinuric states. This suggests that aminonucleoside can damage the synthesis apparatus of podocytes, revealed by the Con A method.", "PMID": 521617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_952", "title": "Separation of resting and proliferating granulocytic precursors.", "content": "We have obtained cells in various stages of granulocytic development by a combination of isopycnic separation and electronic cell sorting. Not only were immature cells (blast cells, promyelocytes and myelocytes) separated from mature cells (bands and polys), but the immature cells were separated into proliferating (S + G2 + M) and resting (Go/G1) compartments of the cell cycle. This permits the study of the morphological and biochemical changes associated with development apart from those changes associated with proliferation.", "contents": "Separation of resting and proliferating granulocytic precursors. We have obtained cells in various stages of granulocytic development by a combination of isopycnic separation and electronic cell sorting. Not only were immature cells (blast cells, promyelocytes and myelocytes) separated from mature cells (bands and polys), but the immature cells were separated into proliferating (S + G2 + M) and resting (Go/G1) compartments of the cell cycle. This permits the study of the morphological and biochemical changes associated with development apart from those changes associated with proliferation.", "PMID": 521619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_953", "title": "Prediction of symptoms and illness behaviour from measures of life change and verbalized depressive themes.", "content": "A new measure of depressiveness in speech content and the Schedule of Recent Experiences are used to predict illness reports and clinic use in two samples of subjects. The results suggest that the more life change the subjects reported, the more depressiveness they verbalized, and that both life change and depressiveness scores predict illness reports and health service users. Multivariate combinations of the measures of life change and depressivenss gave better predictions than either measure alone, and the measure of depressiveness for the most part gave somewhat better predictions than the life change measure. This suggest that it is important to quantify reactions to life events. In addition, it suggests that the two longstanding currents of interest in psychosomatic medicine which concern the importance of life events on the one hand and of affective and intrapsychic events on the other can profitably be integrated.", "contents": "Prediction of symptoms and illness behaviour from measures of life change and verbalized depressive themes. A new measure of depressiveness in speech content and the Schedule of Recent Experiences are used to predict illness reports and clinic use in two samples of subjects. The results suggest that the more life change the subjects reported, the more depressiveness they verbalized, and that both life change and depressiveness scores predict illness reports and health service users. Multivariate combinations of the measures of life change and depressivenss gave better predictions than either measure alone, and the measure of depressiveness for the most part gave somewhat better predictions than the life change measure. This suggest that it is important to quantify reactions to life events. In addition, it suggests that the two longstanding currents of interest in psychosomatic medicine which concern the importance of life events on the one hand and of affective and intrapsychic events on the other can profitably be integrated.", "PMID": 521621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_954", "title": "Interpersonal interaction and cardiovascular response in type A subjects and coronary patients.", "content": "The present study tested the hypothesis that Type A subjects respond with greater cardiovascular response than Type B subjects during the structured interview used to assess the Type A pattern. Coronary patients (n = 31) and patient controls (n = 33) were subjected to the interview and a history quiz while ECG and blood pressure were monitored. As predicted, Type A relative to Type B subjects evidenced significantly greater increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were sustained over the course of the entire 12-15 minute interview. Type A subjects compared with B's also showed significantly greater blood pressure elevations during the quiz. Coronary patients displayed significantly greater Type A attributes than control subjects and tended to show greater blood pressure elevations than controls during the interview. In addition, the quiz induced significant elevations in the blood pressure of coronary patients, but not patient controls, over that displayed during the interview, despite the presence of beta-adrenergic blocking medication. Implications of the findings for coronary-prone behavior and coronary heart disease are discussed.", "contents": "Interpersonal interaction and cardiovascular response in type A subjects and coronary patients. The present study tested the hypothesis that Type A subjects respond with greater cardiovascular response than Type B subjects during the structured interview used to assess the Type A pattern. Coronary patients (n = 31) and patient controls (n = 33) were subjected to the interview and a history quiz while ECG and blood pressure were monitored. As predicted, Type A relative to Type B subjects evidenced significantly greater increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were sustained over the course of the entire 12-15 minute interview. Type A subjects compared with B's also showed significantly greater blood pressure elevations during the quiz. Coronary patients displayed significantly greater Type A attributes than control subjects and tended to show greater blood pressure elevations than controls during the interview. In addition, the quiz induced significant elevations in the blood pressure of coronary patients, but not patient controls, over that displayed during the interview, despite the presence of beta-adrenergic blocking medication. Implications of the findings for coronary-prone behavior and coronary heart disease are discussed.", "PMID": 521622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_955", "title": "Psychosocial modifiers of response to stress.", "content": "The impact of stress upon an organism is far more complex than the simple design of most stress research implies. We offer an expanded model for studying the relation of stressors to pathological outcomes, which takes into account both the adaptive capacity of the organism before the stressor occurs and the defenses marshalled in response to the stressor. The model also distinguishes among the initial responses of alarm, sustained defensive behaviors, and the relatively irreversible endstates which remain after resistance has ended. Realizing that only a multidiscomplinary approach can begin to capture the wholeness of human experience, this research paradigm anticipates that stressors, adaptive capacities, defenses, alarm reactions, and pathologial end-states will take place at the biological, psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural levels simultaneously and successively. Data on life change stress and psychological health outcomes gathered as part of the Air Traffic Controller Health Change Study are analyzed to illustrate the use of the model in identifying psychosocial and biological modifiers of response to stress.", "contents": "Psychosocial modifiers of response to stress. The impact of stress upon an organism is far more complex than the simple design of most stress research implies. We offer an expanded model for studying the relation of stressors to pathological outcomes, which takes into account both the adaptive capacity of the organism before the stressor occurs and the defenses marshalled in response to the stressor. The model also distinguishes among the initial responses of alarm, sustained defensive behaviors, and the relatively irreversible endstates which remain after resistance has ended. Realizing that only a multidiscomplinary approach can begin to capture the wholeness of human experience, this research paradigm anticipates that stressors, adaptive capacities, defenses, alarm reactions, and pathologial end-states will take place at the biological, psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural levels simultaneously and successively. Data on life change stress and psychological health outcomes gathered as part of the Air Traffic Controller Health Change Study are analyzed to illustrate the use of the model in identifying psychosocial and biological modifiers of response to stress.", "PMID": 521623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_956", "title": "The type A behavior pattern: a critical assessment.", "content": "Research on the Type A (coronary-prone)behavior pattern has proliferated at a rapid rate in recent years. With the cardiovascular risk value of Type A behavior well established, many studies have focused on reliability, validity, and other essentially psychological and psychometric issues. These studies are evaluated, along with the fundamental assumptions underlying the construct. Further research is suggested which examines the comparative predictive validity of Type A behavior and its defining criteria across diverse populations and the interaction of stress and behavior pattern.", "contents": "The type A behavior pattern: a critical assessment. Research on the Type A (coronary-prone)behavior pattern has proliferated at a rapid rate in recent years. With the cardiovascular risk value of Type A behavior well established, many studies have focused on reliability, validity, and other essentially psychological and psychometric issues. These studies are evaluated, along with the fundamental assumptions underlying the construct. Further research is suggested which examines the comparative predictive validity of Type A behavior and its defining criteria across diverse populations and the interaction of stress and behavior pattern.", "PMID": 521624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_957", "title": "Food and cancer.", "content": "There are good reasons to suspect that the quantity and quality of food influence both the overall risk of development of many forms of cancer and the types of cancer which occur most commonly. The evidence is briefly reviewed and the kinds of mechanisms that may be responsible listed. The striking effects of dietary restriction on cancer risk in laboratory rats and mice and the possibility that dietary restraint may be beneficial in man are discussed. Recent laboratory evidence that carcinogens may be formed in food during cooking is mentioned. Finally, the importance of avoiding mineral imbalance when conducting animal studies designed to evaluate the safety of food constituents and additives is stressed in relation to urinary-calculus formation and bladder-tumour risk.", "contents": "Food and cancer. There are good reasons to suspect that the quantity and quality of food influence both the overall risk of development of many forms of cancer and the types of cancer which occur most commonly. The evidence is briefly reviewed and the kinds of mechanisms that may be responsible listed. The striking effects of dietary restriction on cancer risk in laboratory rats and mice and the possibility that dietary restraint may be beneficial in man are discussed. Recent laboratory evidence that carcinogens may be formed in food during cooking is mentioned. Finally, the importance of avoiding mineral imbalance when conducting animal studies designed to evaluate the safety of food constituents and additives is stressed in relation to urinary-calculus formation and bladder-tumour risk.", "PMID": 521626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_958", "title": "EEC food policies.", "content": "The EEC common agricultural policy (CAP) is examined as a food policy, including the adequacy of its response to consumers' needs; the suggestion is made that, although some successes can be claimed, the overall picture is not satisfactory. Some of the work on food standards within the EEC is recorded, and attention is drawn to the nutritional aspects of CAP and to the implications of EEC actions for world food policy.", "contents": "EEC food policies. The EEC common agricultural policy (CAP) is examined as a food policy, including the adequacy of its response to consumers' needs; the suggestion is made that, although some successes can be claimed, the overall picture is not satisfactory. Some of the work on food standards within the EEC is recorded, and attention is drawn to the nutritional aspects of CAP and to the implications of EEC actions for world food policy.", "PMID": 521627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_959", "title": "Developing new food products.", "content": "Stages of developing a new food product - market research, product development, adaptation to factory production, test marketing, national marketing, and advertising--are described. It is shown that no product is successful if not liked by potential purchasers. If the dietitian wishes to market nutrition education successfully this must be done by taking food habits into consideration, influencing them perhaps, but not attempting to reverse trends.", "contents": "Developing new food products. Stages of developing a new food product - market research, product development, adaptation to factory production, test marketing, national marketing, and advertising--are described. It is shown that no product is successful if not liked by potential purchasers. If the dietitian wishes to market nutrition education successfully this must be done by taking food habits into consideration, influencing them perhaps, but not attempting to reverse trends.", "PMID": 521628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_960", "title": "The dietetic and nutritional significance of textured vegetable protein (TVP).", "content": "A review of the limited success attained by TVP implies that it may be due partly to the failure of those manufacturing it to attain a sufficiently appealing aesthetic standard and partly to the fact that since its invention it has become apparent that protein deficiency, which would justify its incorporation in the diet, is comparatively rare among the communities where TVP can profitably be marketed.", "contents": "The dietetic and nutritional significance of textured vegetable protein (TVP). A review of the limited success attained by TVP implies that it may be due partly to the failure of those manufacturing it to attain a sufficiently appealing aesthetic standard and partly to the fact that since its invention it has become apparent that protein deficiency, which would justify its incorporation in the diet, is comparatively rare among the communities where TVP can profitably be marketed.", "PMID": 521629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_961", "title": "Restriction of weight gain in pregnancy: is it justified?", "content": "The management of pregnant women seems always to have contained a component of dietary constraint, but today two claims are made for restricting weight gain: that it reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia, and of middle-aged obesity. Neither claim can be sustained and there would appear to be no case for the technically difficult effort required to limit weight gain in pregnancy.", "contents": "Restriction of weight gain in pregnancy: is it justified? The management of pregnant women seems always to have contained a component of dietary constraint, but today two claims are made for restricting weight gain: that it reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia, and of middle-aged obesity. Neither claim can be sustained and there would appear to be no case for the technically difficult effort required to limit weight gain in pregnancy.", "PMID": 521631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_962", "title": "A sensitive microassay for the murine alternative complement pathway.", "content": "A microhemolytic assay for measurement of murine alternative complement pathway activity is described. The assay uses 51Cr release from neuraminidase-treated rabbit erythrocytes incubated with Mg2+ EGTA-chelated murine serum. Neuraminidase pretreatment of rabbit erythrocytes increases the sensitivity of the assay 8--10-fold, enable the use of small volumes of individual mouse sera. The assay affords a simple, sensitive and reproducible method for measuring murine alternative complement pathway activity. Significant differences were found between strains alternative complement pathway activity of serum from various inbred murine lines was measured.", "contents": "A sensitive microassay for the murine alternative complement pathway. A microhemolytic assay for measurement of murine alternative complement pathway activity is described. The assay uses 51Cr release from neuraminidase-treated rabbit erythrocytes incubated with Mg2+ EGTA-chelated murine serum. Neuraminidase pretreatment of rabbit erythrocytes increases the sensitivity of the assay 8--10-fold, enable the use of small volumes of individual mouse sera. The assay affords a simple, sensitive and reproducible method for measuring murine alternative complement pathway activity. Significant differences were found between strains alternative complement pathway activity of serum from various inbred murine lines was measured.", "PMID": 521632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_963", "title": "A microprocessor-controlled assay for the estimation of human placental lactogen.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen (HPL) is described using the KEMTEK 3000, which is a modular radioimmunoassay apparatus controlled by a microprocessor. Operation of the KEMTEK 3000 is largely automatic and it requires minimal intervention from the operator. It is capable of 300 reactions per hour so that a large number of estimations can readily be performed. HPL was assayed by a double antibody method on serum samples from pregnant women and patients with trophoblastic tumours.", "contents": "A microprocessor-controlled assay for the estimation of human placental lactogen. A radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen (HPL) is described using the KEMTEK 3000, which is a modular radioimmunoassay apparatus controlled by a microprocessor. Operation of the KEMTEK 3000 is largely automatic and it requires minimal intervention from the operator. It is capable of 300 reactions per hour so that a large number of estimations can readily be performed. HPL was assayed by a double antibody method on serum samples from pregnant women and patients with trophoblastic tumours.", "PMID": 521633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_964", "title": "Use and functional properties of peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated and examined for their ability to respond in vitro to H-2 and H-Y antigens and also to hapten conjugated syngeneic cells. In addition, these lymphocytes were tested as antigen and target cells in in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction and in chromium release cell mediated lympholysis respectively, as well as serving as targets for the H-2 typing of chimeric mice. Two methods were used to isolate the lymphocytes: a density gradient separation and a double water lysis technique. PBL, prepared by either method compared favourably with splenic lymphocytes in all aspects of anti-H-2 cytotoxicity but could not be used as responder for anti-H-Y cytotoxicity. In addition a method has been developed using PBL as targets for H-2 typing of both allophenic and irradiation chimeric mice. The small numbers of cells required for each of these procedures allows for the preselection of suitable mice and/or multiple experimental determinations on individual mice.", "contents": "Use and functional properties of peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated and examined for their ability to respond in vitro to H-2 and H-Y antigens and also to hapten conjugated syngeneic cells. In addition, these lymphocytes were tested as antigen and target cells in in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction and in chromium release cell mediated lympholysis respectively, as well as serving as targets for the H-2 typing of chimeric mice. Two methods were used to isolate the lymphocytes: a density gradient separation and a double water lysis technique. PBL, prepared by either method compared favourably with splenic lymphocytes in all aspects of anti-H-2 cytotoxicity but could not be used as responder for anti-H-Y cytotoxicity. In addition a method has been developed using PBL as targets for H-2 typing of both allophenic and irradiation chimeric mice. The small numbers of cells required for each of these procedures allows for the preselection of suitable mice and/or multiple experimental determinations on individual mice.", "PMID": 521634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_965", "title": "Quantitation of the membrane attack complex of complement in an air-driven ultracentrifuge.", "content": "A sensitive assay of complement (C) activation via either the classical or alternative pathway was developed by evaluating assembly of the terminal complexes (C5b-9)2 or SC5b-9. Activation of serum containing [125I]C7 resulted in the formation of a stable, radiolabeled complex which was separable from its precursors by sedimentation in an air-driven ultracentrifuge. The radioactivity in the sediment was directly proportional to the amount of complex formed and assembly of the complex could be detected after C activation by aggregated IgG in concentrations as low as 10 micrograms/ml. Mild detergents such as Triton X-100 could be included in the reaction mixture, because they affected neither the assembly nor the integrity of the complexes. The assay, which detects both assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC or (C5b-9)2) on target membranes and formation of SC5b-9 in fluid phase, measures the potential of certain substances to trigger the cytolytic phase of C regardless of whether the classical or alternative pathway was activated. However, by using serum depleted of either factor B or C1q, activation of either pathway can be assessed individually.", "contents": "Quantitation of the membrane attack complex of complement in an air-driven ultracentrifuge. A sensitive assay of complement (C) activation via either the classical or alternative pathway was developed by evaluating assembly of the terminal complexes (C5b-9)2 or SC5b-9. Activation of serum containing [125I]C7 resulted in the formation of a stable, radiolabeled complex which was separable from its precursors by sedimentation in an air-driven ultracentrifuge. The radioactivity in the sediment was directly proportional to the amount of complex formed and assembly of the complex could be detected after C activation by aggregated IgG in concentrations as low as 10 micrograms/ml. Mild detergents such as Triton X-100 could be included in the reaction mixture, because they affected neither the assembly nor the integrity of the complexes. The assay, which detects both assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC or (C5b-9)2) on target membranes and formation of SC5b-9 in fluid phase, measures the potential of certain substances to trigger the cytolytic phase of C regardless of whether the classical or alternative pathway was activated. However, by using serum depleted of either factor B or C1q, activation of either pathway can be assessed individually.", "PMID": 521635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_966", "title": "Genetic control of survival in epidemics.", "content": "Descendants of Dutch colonists, who emigrated to Surinam in the last century and survived epidemics of typhoid and yellow fever with a total mortality of about 60%, were tested for twenty-six polymorphisms. The gene frequencies were compared with those of a large Dutch control sample. An analysis of drift indicated that the variations in gene frequencies observed for C3, Gm, HLA-B, and GLO were unlikely to be due to drift. Therefore these data might indicate selection through genetic control of survival in these epidemics.", "contents": "Genetic control of survival in epidemics. Descendants of Dutch colonists, who emigrated to Surinam in the last century and survived epidemics of typhoid and yellow fever with a total mortality of about 60%, were tested for twenty-six polymorphisms. The gene frequencies were compared with those of a large Dutch control sample. An analysis of drift indicated that the variations in gene frequencies observed for C3, Gm, HLA-B, and GLO were unlikely to be due to drift. Therefore these data might indicate selection through genetic control of survival in these epidemics.", "PMID": 521665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_967", "title": "Two apparently healthy Japanese individuals of type MkMk have erythrocytes which lack both the blood group MN and Ss-active sialoglycoproteins.", "content": "A Japanese blood donor (H. T.) and his brother (M. S.) are the first homozygous MkMk individuals described; their red cells lack, as expected, known antigens of the MNSs blood group system and also have no demonstrable MN-active and Ss-active glycoproteins. Both MkMk individuals have a naturally occurring atypical antibody in their serum. The antibody in the serum of H. T. is inhibited by MNSs-active glycoprotein preparations from normal erythrocytes.", "contents": "Two apparently healthy Japanese individuals of type MkMk have erythrocytes which lack both the blood group MN and Ss-active sialoglycoproteins. A Japanese blood donor (H. T.) and his brother (M. S.) are the first homozygous MkMk individuals described; their red cells lack, as expected, known antigens of the MNSs blood group system and also have no demonstrable MN-active and Ss-active glycoproteins. Both MkMk individuals have a naturally occurring atypical antibody in their serum. The antibody in the serum of H. T. is inhibited by MNSs-active glycoprotein preparations from normal erythrocytes.", "PMID": 521666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_968", "title": "H-Y antigen: genetic control of the expression as detected by host-versus-graft popliteal lymph node enlargement assay maps between the T and H-2 complexes.", "content": "We are using the terms 'low' and 'high' expression when the H-Y antigen on thymocytes of mouse parental strains is, respectively, weakly and strongly immunogenic for F1 hybrids in a host-versus-graft popliteal lymph node enlargement assay. Using this assay we attempted to locate the genetic factor(s) responsible for the control of H-Y expression within chromosome 17 since our previous study indicated linkage with the H-2 complex. We produced to this aim recombinants from (B10.T X C3H/Di)F1 hybrids where crossing over took place between H-2 and T complexes. In this way we were able to locate a gene denoted Hye (for H-Y expression) whose 'high' and 'low' alleles originated, respectively, from the B10 and C3H/Di strains. In the recombinants, the expression did not follow the H-2 haplotype, but obviously depended on the position of crossing over between H-2 and T. This pointed to the Hye gene mapping proximally from the H-2 complex.", "contents": "H-Y antigen: genetic control of the expression as detected by host-versus-graft popliteal lymph node enlargement assay maps between the T and H-2 complexes. We are using the terms 'low' and 'high' expression when the H-Y antigen on thymocytes of mouse parental strains is, respectively, weakly and strongly immunogenic for F1 hybrids in a host-versus-graft popliteal lymph node enlargement assay. Using this assay we attempted to locate the genetic factor(s) responsible for the control of H-Y expression within chromosome 17 since our previous study indicated linkage with the H-2 complex. We produced to this aim recombinants from (B10.T X C3H/Di)F1 hybrids where crossing over took place between H-2 and T complexes. In this way we were able to locate a gene denoted Hye (for H-Y expression) whose 'high' and 'low' alleles originated, respectively, from the B10 and C3H/Di strains. In the recombinants, the expression did not follow the H-2 haplotype, but obviously depended on the position of crossing over between H-2 and T. This pointed to the Hye gene mapping proximally from the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 521667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_969", "title": "Thymus and the endocrine system: ovarian dysgenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats.", "content": "By 10 days after neonatal thymectomy, the areas of lymphocytic depletion were being repopulated by plasma or reticular cells. Subsequently, ovarian dysgenesis was observed in 50-day-old thymectomized female rats as hyperplasia of ovarian interstitial cells an an enhanced degeneration of follicles. Thymectomized rats at 130 and 170 days of age showed complete ovarian dysgenesis, testicular atrophy, hypertrophy of pituitary beta-cells with pronounced cytoplasmic haloes, and lymphocytic infiltration in the pituitary, thyroid and prostate glands. These results suggest that neonatal thymectomy may initially influence the lymphoid organs (i.e. the immune system) and that changes in the immune system may result in the autoimmune-like damage in the endocrine organs and the prostate gland. Associated with these changes, the concentrations of plasma progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were significantly reduced in 130-day-old thymectomized female rats with respect to the sham-thymectomized controls. The concentration of plasma oestradiol-17 beta in thymectomized female rats was the same as in sham-thymectomized female rats. These results suggest that gestagens may normally suppress immune responses but that, in the case of thymectomized female rats, the reduced levels of gestagens may lead to enhanced immune responses.", "contents": "Thymus and the endocrine system: ovarian dysgenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats. By 10 days after neonatal thymectomy, the areas of lymphocytic depletion were being repopulated by plasma or reticular cells. Subsequently, ovarian dysgenesis was observed in 50-day-old thymectomized female rats as hyperplasia of ovarian interstitial cells an an enhanced degeneration of follicles. Thymectomized rats at 130 and 170 days of age showed complete ovarian dysgenesis, testicular atrophy, hypertrophy of pituitary beta-cells with pronounced cytoplasmic haloes, and lymphocytic infiltration in the pituitary, thyroid and prostate glands. These results suggest that neonatal thymectomy may initially influence the lymphoid organs (i.e. the immune system) and that changes in the immune system may result in the autoimmune-like damage in the endocrine organs and the prostate gland. Associated with these changes, the concentrations of plasma progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were significantly reduced in 130-day-old thymectomized female rats with respect to the sham-thymectomized controls. The concentration of plasma oestradiol-17 beta in thymectomized female rats was the same as in sham-thymectomized female rats. These results suggest that gestagens may normally suppress immune responses but that, in the case of thymectomized female rats, the reduced levels of gestagens may lead to enhanced immune responses.", "PMID": 521703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_970", "title": "Somatomedin-like activity in plasma after foetal hypophysectomy or nephrectomy and in experimental intra-uterine growth retardation in sheep.", "content": "Plasma samples from pregnant ewes and their foetuses during the last quarter of gestation were assayed for somatomedin-like activity (SLA) using the procine costal cartilage assay. In maternal plasma, the mean potency (compared with pooled serum from six sheep) was 0.84 +/- 0.05 (S.E.M.) units/ml (n = 15). Somatomedin-like activity in the plasma of five control foetuses (0.91 +/- 0.1 units/ml) was similar to the maternal levels and did not change with gestational age. After foetal hypophysectomy the SLA in foetal plasma (0.37 +/- 0.05 units/ml, n = 4) was significantly less than in control animals. In two nephrectomized foetuses, the mean SLA in plasma (0.08 and 0.51 units/ml respectively) was less than in control animals. Retardation of intra-uterine foetal growth was induced by removal of endometrial caruncles before pregnancy in four sheep. The SLA in plasma from these foetuses was 0.38 +/- 0.05 units/ml (P less than 0.01 v. control animals). The results suggest that SLA in the foetus may be important in the regulation of foetal growth, but they also indicate that factors other than growth hormone may be important in the control of SLA in foetal plasma.", "contents": "Somatomedin-like activity in plasma after foetal hypophysectomy or nephrectomy and in experimental intra-uterine growth retardation in sheep. Plasma samples from pregnant ewes and their foetuses during the last quarter of gestation were assayed for somatomedin-like activity (SLA) using the procine costal cartilage assay. In maternal plasma, the mean potency (compared with pooled serum from six sheep) was 0.84 +/- 0.05 (S.E.M.) units/ml (n = 15). Somatomedin-like activity in the plasma of five control foetuses (0.91 +/- 0.1 units/ml) was similar to the maternal levels and did not change with gestational age. After foetal hypophysectomy the SLA in foetal plasma (0.37 +/- 0.05 units/ml, n = 4) was significantly less than in control animals. In two nephrectomized foetuses, the mean SLA in plasma (0.08 and 0.51 units/ml respectively) was less than in control animals. Retardation of intra-uterine foetal growth was induced by removal of endometrial caruncles before pregnancy in four sheep. The SLA in plasma from these foetuses was 0.38 +/- 0.05 units/ml (P less than 0.01 v. control animals). The results suggest that SLA in the foetus may be important in the regulation of foetal growth, but they also indicate that factors other than growth hormone may be important in the control of SLA in foetal plasma.", "PMID": 521704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_971", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in castrated rams at various times of the year and during treatment with androgens or oestrogen.", "content": "Prolactin concentrations were measured in serum from wethers at various times of the year before and during treatment with testosterone proprionate, dihydrotestosterone propionate, 19-hydroxytestosterone dipropionate and oestradiol dipropionate. Levels of prolactin in serum were lower in untreated wethers during short (October) than during long (April-August) days. Seasonal differences persisted throughout the experiment but became less obvious during tretment with oestradiol dipropionate and 19-hydroxytestosterone dipropionate, both of which raised prolactin concentrations. Neither testosterone propionate nor dihydrotestosterone propionate altered the levels of prolactin.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in castrated rams at various times of the year and during treatment with androgens or oestrogen. Prolactin concentrations were measured in serum from wethers at various times of the year before and during treatment with testosterone proprionate, dihydrotestosterone propionate, 19-hydroxytestosterone dipropionate and oestradiol dipropionate. Levels of prolactin in serum were lower in untreated wethers during short (October) than during long (April-August) days. Seasonal differences persisted throughout the experiment but became less obvious during tretment with oestradiol dipropionate and 19-hydroxytestosterone dipropionate, both of which raised prolactin concentrations. Neither testosterone propionate nor dihydrotestosterone propionate altered the levels of prolactin.", "PMID": 521705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_972", "title": "Serum prolactin in the male mouse from birth to maturity.", "content": "The pattern of prolactin secretion was determined throughout the development of the male mouse. Levels of prolactin were at their lowest from birth to 20 days of age. A dramatic increase in serum prolactin occurred during pubertal maturation coincident with rapid growth of the accessory organ system. These events preceded the pubertal rise in the level of serum testosterone that is characteristics of this species.", "contents": "Serum prolactin in the male mouse from birth to maturity. The pattern of prolactin secretion was determined throughout the development of the male mouse. Levels of prolactin were at their lowest from birth to 20 days of age. A dramatic increase in serum prolactin occurred during pubertal maturation coincident with rapid growth of the accessory organ system. These events preceded the pubertal rise in the level of serum testosterone that is characteristics of this species.", "PMID": 521710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_973", "title": "Concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol in pineal gland and plasma of the rat.", "content": "5-Methoxytryptophol, a serotonin metabolite, was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in pineal glands, plasma and control tissues (cerebral cortex and salivary glands) from male rats kept in a controlled lighting environment. In the pineal gland the level of 5-methoxytryptophol was significantly higher during the dark period than during the light, the absolute levels being an order of magnitude less than those of melatonin. In the plasma, the levels showed a reverse situation with respect to lighting conditions. No correlation was found between the 5-methoxytryptophol levels in plasma and the pineal gland in individual animals. These results suggest that there is no obvious correlation between pineal content and pineal activity. This may be due to a combination of rapid turnover, secretion and/or peripheral conversion of another 5-methoxyindole to 5-methoxytryptophol.", "contents": "Concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol in pineal gland and plasma of the rat. 5-Methoxytryptophol, a serotonin metabolite, was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in pineal glands, plasma and control tissues (cerebral cortex and salivary glands) from male rats kept in a controlled lighting environment. In the pineal gland the level of 5-methoxytryptophol was significantly higher during the dark period than during the light, the absolute levels being an order of magnitude less than those of melatonin. In the plasma, the levels showed a reverse situation with respect to lighting conditions. No correlation was found between the 5-methoxytryptophol levels in plasma and the pineal gland in individual animals. These results suggest that there is no obvious correlation between pineal content and pineal activity. This may be due to a combination of rapid turnover, secretion and/or peripheral conversion of another 5-methoxyindole to 5-methoxytryptophol.", "PMID": 521713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_974", "title": "Hormone replacement therapy in the menopause: a suitable animal model.", "content": "Female CBA mice, aged 11 months, were treated cyclically with oral ethynyl oestradiol or oestrone sulphate for 3 months. The ovaries of all animals appeared to be atrophied. Target tissues throughout the genital tract showed a response to both oestrogens. Electron microscopy of both the endometrium and the urothelium demonstrated morphological changes characteristic of increased cellular metabolic activity in the treated mice. Endometrial hyperplasia developed in both treatment groups but more pronounced epithelial changes occurred with oestrone sulphate. This hyperplasia was accompanied by a doubling in the number of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. A 50% fall in serum levels of luteinizing hormone in the treated mice revealed that the hypothalamic-pituitary system was still intact. Both oestrogens improved skeletal balance by changes in cortical-endosteal bone remodelling. The results suggest that the CBA strain of mouse is a suitable model for the study of the human climacteric and its response to hormone replacement therapy.", "contents": "Hormone replacement therapy in the menopause: a suitable animal model. Female CBA mice, aged 11 months, were treated cyclically with oral ethynyl oestradiol or oestrone sulphate for 3 months. The ovaries of all animals appeared to be atrophied. Target tissues throughout the genital tract showed a response to both oestrogens. Electron microscopy of both the endometrium and the urothelium demonstrated morphological changes characteristic of increased cellular metabolic activity in the treated mice. Endometrial hyperplasia developed in both treatment groups but more pronounced epithelial changes occurred with oestrone sulphate. This hyperplasia was accompanied by a doubling in the number of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. A 50% fall in serum levels of luteinizing hormone in the treated mice revealed that the hypothalamic-pituitary system was still intact. Both oestrogens improved skeletal balance by changes in cortical-endosteal bone remodelling. The results suggest that the CBA strain of mouse is a suitable model for the study of the human climacteric and its response to hormone replacement therapy.", "PMID": 521730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_975", "title": "Measurement of the integrated concentration of prolactin in normal subjects and patients with hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "To determine whether the fluctuations in the concentration of prolactin in plasma of man affect diagnostic procedures, the integrated concentration of prolactin has been compared with a basal concentration. A continuous sampling apparatus was used to study nine normal subjects and 12 subjects with features of the hyperprolactinaemia syndrome. Small differences were demonstrated, which were, however, neither statistically significant nor likely to influence clinical decisions. It is concluded that single estimations of the concentration of prolactin in blood, taken under resting conditions, are adequate for routine diagnostic use.", "contents": "Measurement of the integrated concentration of prolactin in normal subjects and patients with hyperprolactinaemia. To determine whether the fluctuations in the concentration of prolactin in plasma of man affect diagnostic procedures, the integrated concentration of prolactin has been compared with a basal concentration. A continuous sampling apparatus was used to study nine normal subjects and 12 subjects with features of the hyperprolactinaemia syndrome. Small differences were demonstrated, which were, however, neither statistically significant nor likely to influence clinical decisions. It is concluded that single estimations of the concentration of prolactin in blood, taken under resting conditions, are adequate for routine diagnostic use.", "PMID": 521731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_976", "title": "Concentrations of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F 1 alpha in the maternal and foetal plasma of sheep during spontaneous and induced parturition.", "content": "The concentrations of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F 1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha) have been determined in maternal and foetal plasma from nine chronically catheterized sheep during late pregnancy and parturition. Labour occurred either spontaneously (three sheep) or was induced by continous intrafoetal infusion of Synacthen (ACTH 1-24; 0.24 mg/24 h; three sheep) or dexamethasone (1 mg/24 h; three sheep). During spontaneous and Synacthen-induced parturition, concentrations of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal and foetal plasma remained at basal levels until 24 h before delivery. At varying times during the 24 h before delivery, levels of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal and foetal plasma were generally increased. When parturition was induced with dexamethasone, however, no increase was observed in the foetal plasma although the concentration of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal plasma was raised close to delivery.", "contents": "Concentrations of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F 1 alpha in the maternal and foetal plasma of sheep during spontaneous and induced parturition. The concentrations of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F 1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha) have been determined in maternal and foetal plasma from nine chronically catheterized sheep during late pregnancy and parturition. Labour occurred either spontaneously (three sheep) or was induced by continous intrafoetal infusion of Synacthen (ACTH 1-24; 0.24 mg/24 h; three sheep) or dexamethasone (1 mg/24 h; three sheep). During spontaneous and Synacthen-induced parturition, concentrations of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal and foetal plasma remained at basal levels until 24 h before delivery. At varying times during the 24 h before delivery, levels of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal and foetal plasma were generally increased. When parturition was induced with dexamethasone, however, no increase was observed in the foetal plasma although the concentration of 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha in maternal plasma was raised close to delivery.", "PMID": 521733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_977", "title": "Action of oestrogens and antioestrogens on oestrogen-inducible cytoplasmic and androgen-inducible microsomal activity of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in male rat kidney.", "content": "The influence of steroidal and non-steroidal antioestrogenic compounds on the effect of systemically administered oestradiol (OE2) and diethylstilboestrol (DES) was investigated in adult male rats with intact gonads. In this animal model, oestrogens induced the NADP-dependent cytoplasmic activity and prevented the inductive action of androgens on NADP-dependent microsomal activity of renal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSDH). Simultaneous administration of tamoxifen (0.5 mg/day) with OE2 (5 microgram/day) or DES (10 microgram/day) for 10 days completely blocked the inductive effect of OE2 on cytoplasmic 3 alpha-HSDH, whereas, in the case of the microsomal enzyme, the repressive effects of OE2 and DES were antagonized only to 28 and 16% respectively. Simultaneous administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 0.5 mg/day) for 10 days antagonized the inductive effect of OE2 on the cytoplasmic enzyme activity to 86% and completely by-passed the repressive effects of OE2 and DES on the microsomal enzyme activity. It is concluded that oestrogenic induction of renal cytoplasmic 3 alpha-HSDH involves an oestrogen receptor mechanism which, in this animal model, can be antagonized by tamoxifen. In contrast, oestrogenic repression of renal microsomal 3 alpha-HSDH is obviously the consequence of the strong antigonadotrophic activity of oestrogens leading to subsequent repression of testicular androgen secretion by mechanisms which can be only weakly antagonized by tamoxifen. Exogenous DHT, even in the presence of OE2 or DES, completely compensates for this centrally mediated deficit of peripheral androgen.", "contents": "Action of oestrogens and antioestrogens on oestrogen-inducible cytoplasmic and androgen-inducible microsomal activity of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in male rat kidney. The influence of steroidal and non-steroidal antioestrogenic compounds on the effect of systemically administered oestradiol (OE2) and diethylstilboestrol (DES) was investigated in adult male rats with intact gonads. In this animal model, oestrogens induced the NADP-dependent cytoplasmic activity and prevented the inductive action of androgens on NADP-dependent microsomal activity of renal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSDH). Simultaneous administration of tamoxifen (0.5 mg/day) with OE2 (5 microgram/day) or DES (10 microgram/day) for 10 days completely blocked the inductive effect of OE2 on cytoplasmic 3 alpha-HSDH, whereas, in the case of the microsomal enzyme, the repressive effects of OE2 and DES were antagonized only to 28 and 16% respectively. Simultaneous administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 0.5 mg/day) for 10 days antagonized the inductive effect of OE2 on the cytoplasmic enzyme activity to 86% and completely by-passed the repressive effects of OE2 and DES on the microsomal enzyme activity. It is concluded that oestrogenic induction of renal cytoplasmic 3 alpha-HSDH involves an oestrogen receptor mechanism which, in this animal model, can be antagonized by tamoxifen. In contrast, oestrogenic repression of renal microsomal 3 alpha-HSDH is obviously the consequence of the strong antigonadotrophic activity of oestrogens leading to subsequent repression of testicular androgen secretion by mechanisms which can be only weakly antagonized by tamoxifen. Exogenous DHT, even in the presence of OE2 or DES, completely compensates for this centrally mediated deficit of peripheral androgen.", "PMID": 521734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_978", "title": "Relaxin inhibits spontaneous and prostaglandin-driven myometrial activity in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "Porcine relaxin (250 guinea-pig units/mg) infused intravenously into anaesthetized rats at 20 micrograms/h reversibly abolished spontaneous intra-uterine pressure cycles yet left the myometrium responsive to oxytocin in doses of 4--8 mu. The inhibition was found to be primarily of the frequency, rather than of the amplitude, of pressure cycles. Relaxin (5 or 10 micrograms) was capable of completely suppressing uterine activity driven by prostaglandin F2 alpha infusion in oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. Whereas the beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, had no effect on relaxin-induced inhibition, phentolamine, an alpha-blocker, significantly delayed the relaxin effect. It is unlikely, however, that relaxin operates through an alpha-inhibitory receptor. The results show that relaxin acts primarily as a frequency modulator and is capable of antagonizing an exogenous myometrial stimulant.", "contents": "Relaxin inhibits spontaneous and prostaglandin-driven myometrial activity in anaesthetized rats. Porcine relaxin (250 guinea-pig units/mg) infused intravenously into anaesthetized rats at 20 micrograms/h reversibly abolished spontaneous intra-uterine pressure cycles yet left the myometrium responsive to oxytocin in doses of 4--8 mu. The inhibition was found to be primarily of the frequency, rather than of the amplitude, of pressure cycles. Relaxin (5 or 10 micrograms) was capable of completely suppressing uterine activity driven by prostaglandin F2 alpha infusion in oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. Whereas the beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, had no effect on relaxin-induced inhibition, phentolamine, an alpha-blocker, significantly delayed the relaxin effect. It is unlikely, however, that relaxin operates through an alpha-inhibitory receptor. The results show that relaxin acts primarily as a frequency modulator and is capable of antagonizing an exogenous myometrial stimulant.", "PMID": 521735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_979", "title": "Effect of neonatal administration of thyroxine on the rate of sebum production in rats.", "content": "Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were treated with 28 micrograms thyroxine (T4) daily for the first week of life. At the age of 80 days, the secretion rate of sebum was measured from the amount of skin-surface lipids extractable by acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Treatment with such excess amounts of T4 during the early postnatal period significantly reduced the production of sebum in both male and female rats when compared with control rats and with rats deprived of food early in life. The thyroid, the pituitary gland, the testes and the seminal vesicles were significantly smaller but the weights of the ovaries and uteri remained relatively unaffected. There was a similar ratio of sex difference in the rate of sebum secretion irrespective of treatment. It is suggested that a reduction of sebaceous response in rats made thyrotoxic with large doses of T4 early in life was probably due to a decreased secretion of thyroid hormone which is required to maintain normal activity of the sebaceous glands.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal administration of thyroxine on the rate of sebum production in rats. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were treated with 28 micrograms thyroxine (T4) daily for the first week of life. At the age of 80 days, the secretion rate of sebum was measured from the amount of skin-surface lipids extractable by acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Treatment with such excess amounts of T4 during the early postnatal period significantly reduced the production of sebum in both male and female rats when compared with control rats and with rats deprived of food early in life. The thyroid, the pituitary gland, the testes and the seminal vesicles were significantly smaller but the weights of the ovaries and uteri remained relatively unaffected. There was a similar ratio of sex difference in the rate of sebum secretion irrespective of treatment. It is suggested that a reduction of sebaceous response in rats made thyrotoxic with large doses of T4 early in life was probably due to a decreased secretion of thyroid hormone which is required to maintain normal activity of the sebaceous glands.", "PMID": 521736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_980", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone by the epithelium and mesenchyme of the rat urogenital sinus.", "content": "Testosterone metabolism was measured in separated epithelium and mesenchyme from the urogenital sinuses of 17- and 19-day-old male and female rat embryos and compared with testosterone metabolism in the intact sinus. Both the epithelium and the mesenchyme converted testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The epithelium produced much more androstanedione and androsterone but less 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstanediol than did the mesenchyme. The whole sinus synthesized all four metabolites, but in different proportions, producing relatively more androsterone than either of its two component tissues. These data suggest that androsterone is formed by the joint action of epithelium and mesenchyme. Metabolism of testosterone did not differ with sex or foetal age in either of the separated tissues or in the intact sinus, implying that the failure of urogenital mesenchyme from 19-day-old female foetuses to induce prostatic morphogenesis is not due to the loss of 5 alpha-reductase. It is suggested that this lack of inductive capacity may be attributable to a decline in androgen levels with age in female mesenchyme.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone by the epithelium and mesenchyme of the rat urogenital sinus. Testosterone metabolism was measured in separated epithelium and mesenchyme from the urogenital sinuses of 17- and 19-day-old male and female rat embryos and compared with testosterone metabolism in the intact sinus. Both the epithelium and the mesenchyme converted testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The epithelium produced much more androstanedione and androsterone but less 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstanediol than did the mesenchyme. The whole sinus synthesized all four metabolites, but in different proportions, producing relatively more androsterone than either of its two component tissues. These data suggest that androsterone is formed by the joint action of epithelium and mesenchyme. Metabolism of testosterone did not differ with sex or foetal age in either of the separated tissues or in the intact sinus, implying that the failure of urogenital mesenchyme from 19-day-old female foetuses to induce prostatic morphogenesis is not due to the loss of 5 alpha-reductase. It is suggested that this lack of inductive capacity may be attributable to a decline in androgen levels with age in female mesenchyme.", "PMID": 521737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_981", "title": "Stimulation of cartilage zones of the calf costochondral growth plate in vitro by growth hormone dependent rat plasma somatomedin activity.", "content": "The actions of rat plasma somatomedin activity dependent on growth hormone were investigated in vitro on separated zones of cartilage from the calf costochondral junction. Plasma somatomedin maximally stimulated the uptake of[3H]thymidine into cartilage cells of the proliferating region. Cartilage deeper in the growth plate possessed the highest uptake of [35S]sulphate which was also stimulated by somatomedin. Somatomedin, therefore, appears to promote both cell replication and matrix synthesis throughout the growth plate cartilage although the two processes were greatest in different cartilage regions. Growth hormone or tri-iodothyronine did not directly alter the uptake of either isotope into the growth plate cartilage.", "contents": "Stimulation of cartilage zones of the calf costochondral growth plate in vitro by growth hormone dependent rat plasma somatomedin activity. The actions of rat plasma somatomedin activity dependent on growth hormone were investigated in vitro on separated zones of cartilage from the calf costochondral junction. Plasma somatomedin maximally stimulated the uptake of[3H]thymidine into cartilage cells of the proliferating region. Cartilage deeper in the growth plate possessed the highest uptake of [35S]sulphate which was also stimulated by somatomedin. Somatomedin, therefore, appears to promote both cell replication and matrix synthesis throughout the growth plate cartilage although the two processes were greatest in different cartilage regions. Growth hormone or tri-iodothyronine did not directly alter the uptake of either isotope into the growth plate cartilage.", "PMID": 521738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_982", "title": "Acute effects of aldosterone on water and electrolyte transport in the colon and coprodeum of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in vivo.", "content": "White Leghorn laying hens were maintained on commercial poultry food (medium-Na+ diet) and fresh water. High-Na+ diet birds received, in addition, 10 ml 9% (w/v) NaCl/kg by stomach load for 2 days before perfusion experiments. The lumen of the coprodeum and colon of anaesthetized birds was perfused with a hyperosmotic solution resembling ureteral urine. Transmural solute and water fluxes and potential difference (p.d.) values were measured for 2.5 h before and for 8 h after i.v. injection of aldosterone (120 microgram/kg). After administration of aldosterone, the lag, increasing and stabilized plateau phases were identified for Na+, K+ and Cl- fluxes (which together formed an electroneutral ion-exchange system); plateau flux values were significantly greater than preinjection values and were comparable to values for birds maintained on low-Na+ diets in parallel experiments. Ammonium, phosphate and water fluxes were unresponsive to aldosterone and p.d. values showed a transient increase in medium-Na+ diet birds only. In parallel experiments on birds on low sodium diets the ammonium flux and p.d. increased but the osmotic flow and phosphate transfer did not respond. Therefore acute injection of aldosterone reproduced some but not all of the responses to dietary Na+ restriction in fowls.", "contents": "Acute effects of aldosterone on water and electrolyte transport in the colon and coprodeum of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in vivo. White Leghorn laying hens were maintained on commercial poultry food (medium-Na+ diet) and fresh water. High-Na+ diet birds received, in addition, 10 ml 9% (w/v) NaCl/kg by stomach load for 2 days before perfusion experiments. The lumen of the coprodeum and colon of anaesthetized birds was perfused with a hyperosmotic solution resembling ureteral urine. Transmural solute and water fluxes and potential difference (p.d.) values were measured for 2.5 h before and for 8 h after i.v. injection of aldosterone (120 microgram/kg). After administration of aldosterone, the lag, increasing and stabilized plateau phases were identified for Na+, K+ and Cl- fluxes (which together formed an electroneutral ion-exchange system); plateau flux values were significantly greater than preinjection values and were comparable to values for birds maintained on low-Na+ diets in parallel experiments. Ammonium, phosphate and water fluxes were unresponsive to aldosterone and p.d. values showed a transient increase in medium-Na+ diet birds only. In parallel experiments on birds on low sodium diets the ammonium flux and p.d. increased but the osmotic flow and phosphate transfer did not respond. Therefore acute injection of aldosterone reproduced some but not all of the responses to dietary Na+ restriction in fowls.", "PMID": 521739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_983", "title": "Chronic aldosterone therapy and the control of transepithelial transport of ions and water by the colon and coprodeum of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in vivo.", "content": "White Leghorn laying hens were maintained on commercial poultry food (medium-Na+ diet) and fresh water. Birds maintained on a high-Na+ diet received, in addition, 10 ml 9% (w/v) NaCl/kg by stomach load for 2 days before the perfusion experiments. Some birds on each dietary Na+ level also received aldosterone injections (60 micrograms/kg per day, i.m.) for 2 days before the perfusion experiments. The lumen of the coprodeum and colon of anaesthetized birds was perfused with solutions resembling ureteral urine, with systematically varied Na+, NH4+, Cl- and osmotic concentrations. Aldosterone enhanced net Na+ absorption (JNa) and associated net Cl- absorption and K+ secretion, and induced (in birds on medium- but not on high-Na+ diets) the appearance of a saturable JNa component dependent on the luminal concentration of Na+. Aldosterone enhanced net absorption of NH4+ and decreased the transmural potential difference in birds on a high-Na+ diet only; water and phosphate fluxes were not affected. Disparities between aldosterone- and Na+-depletion-induced effects suggested that one or more factors (in addition to aldosterone) are involved in the normal mediation of the responses of the lower intestine of the domestic fowl to varied Na+ intake.", "contents": "Chronic aldosterone therapy and the control of transepithelial transport of ions and water by the colon and coprodeum of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in vivo. White Leghorn laying hens were maintained on commercial poultry food (medium-Na+ diet) and fresh water. Birds maintained on a high-Na+ diet received, in addition, 10 ml 9% (w/v) NaCl/kg by stomach load for 2 days before the perfusion experiments. Some birds on each dietary Na+ level also received aldosterone injections (60 micrograms/kg per day, i.m.) for 2 days before the perfusion experiments. The lumen of the coprodeum and colon of anaesthetized birds was perfused with solutions resembling ureteral urine, with systematically varied Na+, NH4+, Cl- and osmotic concentrations. Aldosterone enhanced net Na+ absorption (JNa) and associated net Cl- absorption and K+ secretion, and induced (in birds on medium- but not on high-Na+ diets) the appearance of a saturable JNa component dependent on the luminal concentration of Na+. Aldosterone enhanced net absorption of NH4+ and decreased the transmural potential difference in birds on a high-Na+ diet only; water and phosphate fluxes were not affected. Disparities between aldosterone- and Na+-depletion-induced effects suggested that one or more factors (in addition to aldosterone) are involved in the normal mediation of the responses of the lower intestine of the domestic fowl to varied Na+ intake.", "PMID": 521740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_984", "title": "A sexually dimorphic rhythm in oestradiol-activated lordosis behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats exposed to constant plasma levels of oestradiol showed a daily rhythm in lordosis behaviour, with high levels of lordosis occurring during the dark portion of the daily light: darkness cycle and low levels during the light period. Similarly treated male rats failed to show a rhythm in lordosis behaviour. However, neonatal castration permitted the expression of the lordosis rhythm in male rats; conversely, an injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on day 4 of life abolished the rhythm in female rats. Pinealectomy, adrenalectomy or depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels did not affect the periodicity in lordosis behaviour but lesions in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus disrupted the rhythm. It is suggested that the daily rhythm in lordosis behaviour participates in the control of the termination of heat in the female rat and that the perinatal hormone milieu may exert permanent effects on periodic functions.", "contents": "A sexually dimorphic rhythm in oestradiol-activated lordosis behaviour in the rat. Ovariectomized rats exposed to constant plasma levels of oestradiol showed a daily rhythm in lordosis behaviour, with high levels of lordosis occurring during the dark portion of the daily light: darkness cycle and low levels during the light period. Similarly treated male rats failed to show a rhythm in lordosis behaviour. However, neonatal castration permitted the expression of the lordosis rhythm in male rats; conversely, an injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on day 4 of life abolished the rhythm in female rats. Pinealectomy, adrenalectomy or depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels did not affect the periodicity in lordosis behaviour but lesions in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus disrupted the rhythm. It is suggested that the daily rhythm in lordosis behaviour participates in the control of the termination of heat in the female rat and that the perinatal hormone milieu may exert permanent effects on periodic functions.", "PMID": 521741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_985", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of lethal c25H/C25H mouse embryos.", "content": "Mouse embryos which are homozygous for the c25H deletion at the albino locus are developmentally arrested at the 2- to 6-cell cleavage stages. This study reveals that the mutant embryos cease development before they can be distinguished ultrastructurally from their normal litter-mates. After prolonged developmental delay (24--48 h), the nuclei of the mutant embryos become extremely aberrant in shape, whereas other subcellular organelles remain normal and there are no signs of pyknosis. Eventually, the mutant embryos do become pyknotic and begin to degenerate. The striking effects of this deletion on nuclear ultrastructure of cleavage-stage embryos are discussed in relation to biochemical and ultrastructural defects caused by other lethal deletions at the albino locus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of lethal c25H/C25H mouse embryos. Mouse embryos which are homozygous for the c25H deletion at the albino locus are developmentally arrested at the 2- to 6-cell cleavage stages. This study reveals that the mutant embryos cease development before they can be distinguished ultrastructurally from their normal litter-mates. After prolonged developmental delay (24--48 h), the nuclei of the mutant embryos become extremely aberrant in shape, whereas other subcellular organelles remain normal and there are no signs of pyknosis. Eventually, the mutant embryos do become pyknotic and begin to degenerate. The striking effects of this deletion on nuclear ultrastructure of cleavage-stage embryos are discussed in relation to biochemical and ultrastructural defects caused by other lethal deletions at the albino locus.", "PMID": 521742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_986", "title": "Evidence for a positional memory in the development of the chick wing bud.", "content": "Grafts of quail zones of polarizing activity (ZPA), treated with 10000 rad gamma-radiation, tend to remain at the base of a limb. Their signalling ability is not passed on to more distal tissue, but the limb goes on to produce a reduplication. This suggests that the effect of a ZPA can be remembered in its absence, and explains why a normal limb can develop if its ZPA is removed.", "contents": "Evidence for a positional memory in the development of the chick wing bud. Grafts of quail zones of polarizing activity (ZPA), treated with 10000 rad gamma-radiation, tend to remain at the base of a limb. Their signalling ability is not passed on to more distal tissue, but the limb goes on to produce a reduplication. This suggests that the effect of a ZPA can be remembered in its absence, and explains why a normal limb can develop if its ZPA is removed.", "PMID": 521743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_987", "title": "Enzyme analysis of mouse extra-embryonic tissues.", "content": "We have separated for enzyme analysis the following layers that surround the conceptus at midgestation: decidua, trophoblast, parietal endoderm (including Reichert's membrane), visceral endoderm, yolk-sac mesoderm and amnion. Measurement of several catabolic enzyme activities (N-acetyl-beta, D-hexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases and non-specific esterases) in these tissues indicates that they are biochemically distinct, perhaps reflecting the different functions that they perform in providing the embryo proper with a desirable environment for differentiation and development. Our studies also provide an example of how visceral endoderm cells can effectively block passage of maternal macromolecules (in this case a serum esterase) in the fetal circulation. Finally, since there is often difficulty in distinguishing among early embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types produced in teratocarcinoma cultures, we have considered how our observations might be of use in the respect, particularly in discriminating between visceral and parietal endoderm.", "contents": "Enzyme analysis of mouse extra-embryonic tissues. We have separated for enzyme analysis the following layers that surround the conceptus at midgestation: decidua, trophoblast, parietal endoderm (including Reichert's membrane), visceral endoderm, yolk-sac mesoderm and amnion. Measurement of several catabolic enzyme activities (N-acetyl-beta, D-hexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases and non-specific esterases) in these tissues indicates that they are biochemically distinct, perhaps reflecting the different functions that they perform in providing the embryo proper with a desirable environment for differentiation and development. Our studies also provide an example of how visceral endoderm cells can effectively block passage of maternal macromolecules (in this case a serum esterase) in the fetal circulation. Finally, since there is often difficulty in distinguishing among early embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types produced in teratocarcinoma cultures, we have considered how our observations might be of use in the respect, particularly in discriminating between visceral and parietal endoderm.", "PMID": 521744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_988", "title": "Foetal haemopoiesis during the hepatic period. II. Topographic histology.", "content": "Serial sections of mouse foetal liver, during the 9th and 16th days of gestation, were studied. The erythropoietic process starts in the central area of the growing hepatic lobes, and subsequently spreads towards the periphery. Each lobe passes successfully through an undifferentiated, proliferating and differentiating period, but does not proliferate and differentiate in a homogeneously synchronized way, since the onset of both histogenesis and erythropoiesis is delayed at the periphery, when compared with the central area. As a consequence, in sections it is possible to find three different zones, namely: marginal, which is the most undifferentiated; intermediate (transitional); and a central area, which is the most mature, since it is the first site where erythropoiesis arises. These zones are distinguishable not only by their cell distribution, but also by the biological behaviour of their elements, specially in the transitional areas between undifferentiated and proliferating zones. The hepatic lobes do not start their organogenesis at the same time; but those of them in which histogenesis is delayed, repeat courses of development similar to those previously organized. The first interstitial erythropoiesis appears in the central area, after the development of an organized network of sinuses, and in close relation to vascular channels. Dynamic images of immature blood cells, between interstitial and vascular spaces, suggesting passage through the endothelium, are often seen. These steps are followed, in a concentric form and spreading towards the periphery, by each hepatic lobe.", "contents": "Foetal haemopoiesis during the hepatic period. II. Topographic histology. Serial sections of mouse foetal liver, during the 9th and 16th days of gestation, were studied. The erythropoietic process starts in the central area of the growing hepatic lobes, and subsequently spreads towards the periphery. Each lobe passes successfully through an undifferentiated, proliferating and differentiating period, but does not proliferate and differentiate in a homogeneously synchronized way, since the onset of both histogenesis and erythropoiesis is delayed at the periphery, when compared with the central area. As a consequence, in sections it is possible to find three different zones, namely: marginal, which is the most undifferentiated; intermediate (transitional); and a central area, which is the most mature, since it is the first site where erythropoiesis arises. These zones are distinguishable not only by their cell distribution, but also by the biological behaviour of their elements, specially in the transitional areas between undifferentiated and proliferating zones. The hepatic lobes do not start their organogenesis at the same time; but those of them in which histogenesis is delayed, repeat courses of development similar to those previously organized. The first interstitial erythropoiesis appears in the central area, after the development of an organized network of sinuses, and in close relation to vascular channels. Dynamic images of immature blood cells, between interstitial and vascular spaces, suggesting passage through the endothelium, are often seen. These steps are followed, in a concentric form and spreading towards the periphery, by each hepatic lobe.", "PMID": 521745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_989", "title": "Investigation of the fate of 4-5 day post-coitum mouse inner cell mass cells by blastocyst injection.", "content": "Two distinct patterns of chimaerism were found in conceptuses produced by injecting dissociated 4.5-day inner cell mass cells into genetically dissimilar blastocysts. Pattern 1: donor cells were found in the endoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac, but not in the adjacent mesoderm layer of this organ or in the foetus itself. Pattern 2: donor cells were found in the mesoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac and/or foetus, but never in the yolk-sac endoderm as well. Primitive endoderm cells of donor inner cell masses are responsible for the first pattern and primitive ectoderm cells for the second. These results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the entire foetus, including its endodermal components, is formed from the primitive ectoderm, and that primitive endoderm forms only extra-embryonic endoderm of the conceptus.", "contents": "Investigation of the fate of 4-5 day post-coitum mouse inner cell mass cells by blastocyst injection. Two distinct patterns of chimaerism were found in conceptuses produced by injecting dissociated 4.5-day inner cell mass cells into genetically dissimilar blastocysts. Pattern 1: donor cells were found in the endoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac, but not in the adjacent mesoderm layer of this organ or in the foetus itself. Pattern 2: donor cells were found in the mesoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac and/or foetus, but never in the yolk-sac endoderm as well. Primitive endoderm cells of donor inner cell masses are responsible for the first pattern and primitive ectoderm cells for the second. These results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the entire foetus, including its endodermal components, is formed from the primitive ectoderm, and that primitive endoderm forms only extra-embryonic endoderm of the conceptus.", "PMID": 521746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_990", "title": "Investigation of the lethal yellow Ay/Ay embryo using mouse chimaeras.", "content": "Chimaeric combinations of normal and mutant embryonic tissues were used to investigate the lethal effect of the yellow gene. The homozygous mutant embryos could not be identified before implantation. Therefore, embryos from both intercross matings and control backcross matings were used to provide inner cell masses (ICMs) for injection into genetically marked blastocysts of the CFLP random bred stock. All conceptuses obtained from reimplanted blastocysts were analysed at mid-gestation for the presence of donor isozyme of glucose phosphate isomerase. A similar proportion of chimaeras were found in the experimental and control series, indicating rescue of the lethal Ay/Ay ICM tissue. The reciprocal experiment also produced a similar proportion of chimaeras but there was a 25% postimplantational loss of injected embryos evidenced by empty decidual swellings. The results suggest that the yellow mutation primarily affects the trophectoderm which cannot be rescued by a normal ICM, whereas Ay/Ay ICM is capable of survival in a chimaera at least until mid-gestation.", "contents": "Investigation of the lethal yellow Ay/Ay embryo using mouse chimaeras. Chimaeric combinations of normal and mutant embryonic tissues were used to investigate the lethal effect of the yellow gene. The homozygous mutant embryos could not be identified before implantation. Therefore, embryos from both intercross matings and control backcross matings were used to provide inner cell masses (ICMs) for injection into genetically marked blastocysts of the CFLP random bred stock. All conceptuses obtained from reimplanted blastocysts were analysed at mid-gestation for the presence of donor isozyme of glucose phosphate isomerase. A similar proportion of chimaeras were found in the experimental and control series, indicating rescue of the lethal Ay/Ay ICM tissue. The reciprocal experiment also produced a similar proportion of chimaeras but there was a 25% postimplantational loss of injected embryos evidenced by empty decidual swellings. The results suggest that the yellow mutation primarily affects the trophectoderm which cannot be rescued by a normal ICM, whereas Ay/Ay ICM is capable of survival in a chimaera at least until mid-gestation.", "PMID": 521747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_991", "title": "An analysis of pigment cell development in the periodic albino mutant of Xenopus.", "content": "The periodic al,bino mutant (apap) of Xenopus in which the development of melanophores is impaired, is further reported here to possess an aberrant pattern of iridophore differentiation. The development of mutant and wild-type neural crest explants isolated in vesicles derived from tissues from identical and different genotypes was examined to determine if the mutant effect resides in the pigment cells or is mediated by the environmental tissues. Mutant melanophores and iridophores cultured in either mutant or wild-type tissues exhibited mutant patterns of differentiation. Wild-type pigment cells cultured in both wild-type and mutant tissues exhibited wild-type patterns of differentiation. Hence the mutation affects the capacities of melanoblasts and iridoblasts to differentiate but not the ability of the environmental tissues to support pigment cell differentiation.", "contents": "An analysis of pigment cell development in the periodic albino mutant of Xenopus. The periodic al,bino mutant (apap) of Xenopus in which the development of melanophores is impaired, is further reported here to possess an aberrant pattern of iridophore differentiation. The development of mutant and wild-type neural crest explants isolated in vesicles derived from tissues from identical and different genotypes was examined to determine if the mutant effect resides in the pigment cells or is mediated by the environmental tissues. Mutant melanophores and iridophores cultured in either mutant or wild-type tissues exhibited mutant patterns of differentiation. Wild-type pigment cells cultured in both wild-type and mutant tissues exhibited wild-type patterns of differentiation. Hence the mutation affects the capacities of melanoblasts and iridoblasts to differentiate but not the ability of the environmental tissues to support pigment cell differentiation.", "PMID": 521748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_992", "title": "Regulation and limb regeneration: the effect of partial irradiation.", "content": "The regulative ability of the regeneration blastema has been studied by the technique of partial irradiation. Longitudinal halves of fore- and hindlimbs were irradiated and the product of regeneration from the unirradiated halves characterized. Such half irradiated limbs could regulate only to a very limited extent. In the upper arms the anterior halves merely produced a few autopodial elements whereas complete limbs regenerated from the posterior halves. This striking regenerative inequality was less marked in the lower arm where the two halves each produced regenerates of two to three digits. In the hindlimb dorsal halves produced more than ventral halves and thus it was concluded that the posterior-dorsal quadrant has some special regenerative property. These results highlight the inadequacy of current models of limb regeneration and are discussed with reference to the arrangement of positional values in the limb and the question of the totipotency of blastemal cells.", "contents": "Regulation and limb regeneration: the effect of partial irradiation. The regulative ability of the regeneration blastema has been studied by the technique of partial irradiation. Longitudinal halves of fore- and hindlimbs were irradiated and the product of regeneration from the unirradiated halves characterized. Such half irradiated limbs could regulate only to a very limited extent. In the upper arms the anterior halves merely produced a few autopodial elements whereas complete limbs regenerated from the posterior halves. This striking regenerative inequality was less marked in the lower arm where the two halves each produced regenerates of two to three digits. In the hindlimb dorsal halves produced more than ventral halves and thus it was concluded that the posterior-dorsal quadrant has some special regenerative property. These results highlight the inadequacy of current models of limb regeneration and are discussed with reference to the arrangement of positional values in the limb and the question of the totipotency of blastemal cells.", "PMID": 521749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_993", "title": "Time-dependent effects of alpha-amanitin on blastocyst formation in the mouse.", "content": "Early compacting mouse morulae were placed in alpha-amanitin at various times after HCG and the effect of this transcriptional inhibitor during formation of the blastocyst was noted. No cavitation was observed in those embryos transferred into alpha-amanitin before 77 h after HCG but the percentage of cavitation increased dramatically in those embryos transferred after 80 h post HCG. The large increase in amino acid incorporation which normally occurs during fomration of the blastocyst was blocked in those embryos placed in the inhibitor before 80 h post HCG. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabelled embryos showed that the changes in synthesis of certain polypeptides normally associated with blastocyst formation did not occur in those embryos placed in alpha-amanitin before 80 h after HCG. Only one cleavage division appears to occur in the presence of alpha-amanitin. However, groups of embryos which had completed their fifth division before exposure to the drug subsequently were able to form blastocysts and showed the quantitative and qualitative changes associated with blastocyst formation despite the continued presence of the inhibitor. These results suggest that a critical transcriptional event concerned with blastocyst formation occurs around 80 h after HCG and may be associated with the fifth cleavage division.", "contents": "Time-dependent effects of alpha-amanitin on blastocyst formation in the mouse. Early compacting mouse morulae were placed in alpha-amanitin at various times after HCG and the effect of this transcriptional inhibitor during formation of the blastocyst was noted. No cavitation was observed in those embryos transferred into alpha-amanitin before 77 h after HCG but the percentage of cavitation increased dramatically in those embryos transferred after 80 h post HCG. The large increase in amino acid incorporation which normally occurs during fomration of the blastocyst was blocked in those embryos placed in the inhibitor before 80 h post HCG. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabelled embryos showed that the changes in synthesis of certain polypeptides normally associated with blastocyst formation did not occur in those embryos placed in alpha-amanitin before 80 h after HCG. Only one cleavage division appears to occur in the presence of alpha-amanitin. However, groups of embryos which had completed their fifth division before exposure to the drug subsequently were able to form blastocysts and showed the quantitative and qualitative changes associated with blastocyst formation despite the continued presence of the inhibitor. These results suggest that a critical transcriptional event concerned with blastocyst formation occurs around 80 h after HCG and may be associated with the fifth cleavage division.", "PMID": 521750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_994", "title": "Lethality of radioisotopes in early mouse embryos.", "content": "The development of pre-implantation mouse embryos was found to be prevented by exposure of the embryos to [35S]methionine, but not to [3H]methionine. Such embryos have also been shown to be highly sensitive to [3H]thymidine. These observations are discussed with reference to the path lengths and energies of electrons emitted from the different radioisotopes.", "contents": "Lethality of radioisotopes in early mouse embryos. The development of pre-implantation mouse embryos was found to be prevented by exposure of the embryos to [35S]methionine, but not to [3H]methionine. Such embryos have also been shown to be highly sensitive to [3H]thymidine. These observations are discussed with reference to the path lengths and energies of electrons emitted from the different radioisotopes.", "PMID": 521751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_995", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins synthesized by mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several nuclear-specific proteins (i.e. proteins more abundant in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm) and numerous cytoplasmic-specific proteins were observed. The trends of changes in the nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis are similar. Moderate changes occur between the unfertilized egg and the zygote. Striking changes characterized by the disappearance of numerous major oocyte-specific proteins and the appearance of a large number of new, stage-specific proteins occur between the zygote and the 4- to 8-cell stages. In contrast, between the 4- and 8-cell and early blastocyst periods, only a few new proteins appear, and a small number of oocyte-specific or other stage-specific proteins disappear. Minor differences in protein synthesis were observed between the trophoblast and inner cell mass.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. Cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins synthesized by mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several nuclear-specific proteins (i.e. proteins more abundant in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm) and numerous cytoplasmic-specific proteins were observed. The trends of changes in the nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis are similar. Moderate changes occur between the unfertilized egg and the zygote. Striking changes characterized by the disappearance of numerous major oocyte-specific proteins and the appearance of a large number of new, stage-specific proteins occur between the zygote and the 4- to 8-cell stages. In contrast, between the 4- and 8-cell and early blastocyst periods, only a few new proteins appear, and a small number of oocyte-specific or other stage-specific proteins disappear. Minor differences in protein synthesis were observed between the trophoblast and inner cell mass.", "PMID": 521752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_996", "title": "The development of hepatogenic potency in the endoderm of quail embryos.", "content": "Hepatogenic potency of the endoderm is detectable in the anterior half of the endoderm of quail embryos older than 2-somite stage when endodermal fragments are cultured with or without heterologous chick mesenchymes, in the coelomic cavity of 3-day chick embryos. On the other hand, the posterior half of the endoderm never has hepatogenic potency. The hepatogenic potency of the endoderm is gradually stabilised with increasing age. However, expression of hepatogenesis can be affected when the endoderm is associated with inductively active digestive tract mesenchymes. Mesenchyme taken from the presumptive cardiac region ('cardiac' mesenchyme) of chick embryos is necessary for the uncommitted anterior endoderm to acquire hepatogenic potency, and this effect is specific for the 'cardiac' mesenchyme. The 'cardiac' mesenchyme, however, fails to induce hepatic epithelium in the allantoic endoderm, which can differentiate heterotypically when cultured in combination with digestive tract mesenchymes. The evidence presented in this study suggests that the effect of 'cardiac' mesenchyme on the acquisition of hepatogenic potency in the endoderm is limited.", "contents": "The development of hepatogenic potency in the endoderm of quail embryos. Hepatogenic potency of the endoderm is detectable in the anterior half of the endoderm of quail embryos older than 2-somite stage when endodermal fragments are cultured with or without heterologous chick mesenchymes, in the coelomic cavity of 3-day chick embryos. On the other hand, the posterior half of the endoderm never has hepatogenic potency. The hepatogenic potency of the endoderm is gradually stabilised with increasing age. However, expression of hepatogenesis can be affected when the endoderm is associated with inductively active digestive tract mesenchymes. Mesenchyme taken from the presumptive cardiac region ('cardiac' mesenchyme) of chick embryos is necessary for the uncommitted anterior endoderm to acquire hepatogenic potency, and this effect is specific for the 'cardiac' mesenchyme. The 'cardiac' mesenchyme, however, fails to induce hepatic epithelium in the allantoic endoderm, which can differentiate heterotypically when cultured in combination with digestive tract mesenchymes. The evidence presented in this study suggests that the effect of 'cardiac' mesenchyme on the acquisition of hepatogenic potency in the endoderm is limited.", "PMID": 521753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_997", "title": "The morphology of fetal gonads of spontaneous mouse hermaphrodites.", "content": "The gonads of 107 spontaneous, chromosomal mosaic, day-15 fetal hermaphrodites derived from BALB/cWt strain male mice are described and photographs of seven gonads representative of the major types are presented. There were 16 ovaries, 15 testes, and 183 ovotestes. The ovotestes contained on the average more testicular tissue than ovarian, and the ovarian tissue was more frequently located at the gonad poles, particularly the craniad pole. There was no difference between left and right sides with regard to gonad type, but more pure gonads were found on the left than on the right side (21/10), Meioses were observed throughout the ovarian tissue and also in some testicular cords, particularly in the caudad pole of the gonad. Some meiotic figures contained sex vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to several aspects of sex determination.", "contents": "The morphology of fetal gonads of spontaneous mouse hermaphrodites. The gonads of 107 spontaneous, chromosomal mosaic, day-15 fetal hermaphrodites derived from BALB/cWt strain male mice are described and photographs of seven gonads representative of the major types are presented. There were 16 ovaries, 15 testes, and 183 ovotestes. The ovotestes contained on the average more testicular tissue than ovarian, and the ovarian tissue was more frequently located at the gonad poles, particularly the craniad pole. There was no difference between left and right sides with regard to gonad type, but more pure gonads were found on the left than on the right side (21/10), Meioses were observed throughout the ovarian tissue and also in some testicular cords, particularly in the caudad pole of the gonad. Some meiotic figures contained sex vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to several aspects of sex determination.", "PMID": 521754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_998", "title": "Marginal zone cells--the primitive streak-inducing component of the primary hypoblast in the chick.", "content": "(1) Removal of both the area opaca and the marginal zone of the area pellucida from a blastoderm stripped of its hypoblast (type-IV operation) prevents the regeneration of a normally functioning primary hypoblast. (2) Stage-XIII E.G. & K blastoderms (prior to the appearance of PS) after a type-IV operation do not form a primitive streak. (3) In order type-IV operated blastoderms in which the primitive streak has already begun to appear, the regeneration of a non-functional hypoblast did not support the normal maturation of the primitive streak, and in many cases the already existing rudimentary streak was absorbed. (4) Type-IV operated blastoderms from stage 3+ H + H and on developed normally. (5) It is concluded that the cellular contribution of the marginal zone to the primary hypoblast is instrumental in the latter's capacity to induce a PS.", "contents": "Marginal zone cells--the primitive streak-inducing component of the primary hypoblast in the chick. (1) Removal of both the area opaca and the marginal zone of the area pellucida from a blastoderm stripped of its hypoblast (type-IV operation) prevents the regeneration of a normally functioning primary hypoblast. (2) Stage-XIII E.G. & K blastoderms (prior to the appearance of PS) after a type-IV operation do not form a primitive streak. (3) In order type-IV operated blastoderms in which the primitive streak has already begun to appear, the regeneration of a non-functional hypoblast did not support the normal maturation of the primitive streak, and in many cases the already existing rudimentary streak was absorbed. (4) Type-IV operated blastoderms from stage 3+ H + H and on developed normally. (5) It is concluded that the cellular contribution of the marginal zone to the primary hypoblast is instrumental in the latter's capacity to induce a PS.", "PMID": 521755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_999", "title": "Interactions between optic fibres controlling the locations of their terminals in the goldfish optic tectum.", "content": "Removal of the caudal half of a goldfish optic tectum induces optic fibres from the entire contralateral retina to terminate retinotopically within the remaining half. This compression has been viewed by some as the result of competition between the fibres and by others as a consequence of changes, induced by the surgery, in tectal labels guiding fibres to terminal sites. To distinguish between these possibilities, the time-course of compression has been measured by electrophysiological mapping of the visual projection. In some fish, fibres terminating in the rostral half-tectum remained intact when the caudal half was removed. In others, the optic nerve was cut at the time of tectal surgery: even after its regeneration into a half-tectum, optic terminals were first detected in the regions they normally occupy. The subsequent reorganization was gradual and retinotopic order was maintained. However, it was slower where some fibres had never been cut. In a third series the nerve was cut 18 days before the tectal halving to reveal any dependence of compression on progressive changes in the halved tectum; but its time-course from nerve section was found to be independent of the time within the regeneration period at which the tectum was halved. In a fourth series the nerve was cut at the time of tectal halving and then cut again after 85--97 days when compression was complete to reveal any permanent change in the halved tectum. No change was evident: the previous compression did not preclude subsequent regeneration of an uncompressed projection and its gradual recompression as before. In a fifth series, repeated crushing of fibres normally ending in the missing caudal tectum temporarily prevented compression among the remainder, while crushing of fibres destined for rostral tectum caused transposition of the remaining projection to the rostral half. Surgically induced changes in the labels which are thought to guide growing fibres to their normal tectal regions do not account for these results. Indeed, this guidance persists unchanged for fibres regenerating a second time after compression. Since compression is delayed while certain fibres are withheld, it appears instead to be the direct result of competition between the fibres. The maintenance of retinotopic order in compression, despite unchanged tectal guidance, may require selective interactions between fibres from different retinal regions which could contribute to the refinement of the normal visual projection.", "contents": "Interactions between optic fibres controlling the locations of their terminals in the goldfish optic tectum. Removal of the caudal half of a goldfish optic tectum induces optic fibres from the entire contralateral retina to terminate retinotopically within the remaining half. This compression has been viewed by some as the result of competition between the fibres and by others as a consequence of changes, induced by the surgery, in tectal labels guiding fibres to terminal sites. To distinguish between these possibilities, the time-course of compression has been measured by electrophysiological mapping of the visual projection. In some fish, fibres terminating in the rostral half-tectum remained intact when the caudal half was removed. In others, the optic nerve was cut at the time of tectal surgery: even after its regeneration into a half-tectum, optic terminals were first detected in the regions they normally occupy. The subsequent reorganization was gradual and retinotopic order was maintained. However, it was slower where some fibres had never been cut. In a third series the nerve was cut 18 days before the tectal halving to reveal any dependence of compression on progressive changes in the halved tectum; but its time-course from nerve section was found to be independent of the time within the regeneration period at which the tectum was halved. In a fourth series the nerve was cut at the time of tectal halving and then cut again after 85--97 days when compression was complete to reveal any permanent change in the halved tectum. No change was evident: the previous compression did not preclude subsequent regeneration of an uncompressed projection and its gradual recompression as before. In a fifth series, repeated crushing of fibres normally ending in the missing caudal tectum temporarily prevented compression among the remainder, while crushing of fibres destined for rostral tectum caused transposition of the remaining projection to the rostral half. Surgically induced changes in the labels which are thought to guide growing fibres to their normal tectal regions do not account for these results. Indeed, this guidance persists unchanged for fibres regenerating a second time after compression. Since compression is delayed while certain fibres are withheld, it appears instead to be the direct result of competition between the fibres. The maintenance of retinotopic order in compression, despite unchanged tectal guidance, may require selective interactions between fibres from different retinal regions which could contribute to the refinement of the normal visual projection.", "PMID": 521756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1000", "title": "Depth and elaboration of processing in relation to age.", "content": "Processing at encoding and retrieval was jointly manipulated, and then the retrieval effectiveness of different cues was directly compared to uncover the relative pattern of deep and elaborate processing in relation to both age and different experimental manipulations. In experiment 1 phonemic and semantic cues were effective retrieval aids for to-be-remembered words in the youngest group; with increasing age, semantic cues decreased in effectiveness more than phonemic cues. These data showed phonemic features to have an importance that is not recognized in the data generated by the typical levels paradigm. When elaboration of the words was induced in Experiment 2 by presenting them in sentences, semantic and context cues were most effective in the youngest group whereas phonemic cues were most effective in the oldest group. Since the pattern of cue effectiveness in the elderly was similar to that in Experiment 1, where the same words were presented alone, it was concluded that aging results in poor elaboration, in particular, in inefficient integration of word events with the context of presentation. These age effects were mimicked in young subjects in Experiment 3 by experimentally restricting encoding time. The present approach uses somewhat modified views of depth and elaboration.", "contents": "Depth and elaboration of processing in relation to age. Processing at encoding and retrieval was jointly manipulated, and then the retrieval effectiveness of different cues was directly compared to uncover the relative pattern of deep and elaborate processing in relation to both age and different experimental manipulations. In experiment 1 phonemic and semantic cues were effective retrieval aids for to-be-remembered words in the youngest group; with increasing age, semantic cues decreased in effectiveness more than phonemic cues. These data showed phonemic features to have an importance that is not recognized in the data generated by the typical levels paradigm. When elaboration of the words was induced in Experiment 2 by presenting them in sentences, semantic and context cues were most effective in the youngest group whereas phonemic cues were most effective in the oldest group. Since the pattern of cue effectiveness in the elderly was similar to that in Experiment 1, where the same words were presented alone, it was concluded that aging results in poor elaboration, in particular, in inefficient integration of word events with the context of presentation. These age effects were mimicked in young subjects in Experiment 3 by experimentally restricting encoding time. The present approach uses somewhat modified views of depth and elaboration.", "PMID": 521757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1001", "title": "Response versus place learning by human infants.", "content": "Two cross-setional studies examined how infants learn the location of visual events. In Experiment 1, infants of 4, 8, and 12 mo of age learned to turn one way to view a novel pattern. In a subsequent transfer task, they were rotated to face the opposite side of the room. The 4-mo-old infants tended to err by repeating their previously learned response, but within 16-20 trials their performance was comparable to the higher levels maintained by the older infants. These results suggest that young infants learn the location of the pattern primarily in terms of response cues, whereas older infants employ both response cues and place cues. Experiment 2 was designed to independently assess the use of response cues and place cues by infants of 4, 8, 12, and 16 mo of age. All infants were able to rapidly learn and remember the location of the novel pattern when they were given response cues. There was a gradual emergence of place-cue use associated with age. It is suggested that the decrease in infant egocentricity in such spatial localization tasks may in fact reflect an age-related increase in the variety of reliable cues responded to by infants.", "contents": "Response versus place learning by human infants. Two cross-setional studies examined how infants learn the location of visual events. In Experiment 1, infants of 4, 8, and 12 mo of age learned to turn one way to view a novel pattern. In a subsequent transfer task, they were rotated to face the opposite side of the room. The 4-mo-old infants tended to err by repeating their previously learned response, but within 16-20 trials their performance was comparable to the higher levels maintained by the older infants. These results suggest that young infants learn the location of the pattern primarily in terms of response cues, whereas older infants employ both response cues and place cues. Experiment 2 was designed to independently assess the use of response cues and place cues by infants of 4, 8, 12, and 16 mo of age. All infants were able to rapidly learn and remember the location of the novel pattern when they were given response cues. There was a gradual emergence of place-cue use associated with age. It is suggested that the decrease in infant egocentricity in such spatial localization tasks may in fact reflect an age-related increase in the variety of reliable cues responded to by infants.", "PMID": 521758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1002", "title": "A perspective on the brittle teenage diabetic.", "content": "The brittle teenage diabetic presents a difficult problem well known to clinicians. It is the authors' contention that its major component is psychological and not biological, and that much of this poor control can be avoided by proper developmental planning from the onset of disease. Failure to modify transactional health care models appropriate for the child to that appropriate for the adolescent accounts for much of this difficulty. Anticipatory long-range planning is outlined to aid the physician in allowing the youth to isolate and insulate his diabetes from becoming either a focus for control contests and power struggles or a maladaptive, manipulative regressive behavior. The reasonable goal is to prevent any further hospitalizations for ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia beyond the first admission for diagnosis and initial stabilization. Five illustrative cases augment this discussion.", "contents": "A perspective on the brittle teenage diabetic. The brittle teenage diabetic presents a difficult problem well known to clinicians. It is the authors' contention that its major component is psychological and not biological, and that much of this poor control can be avoided by proper developmental planning from the onset of disease. Failure to modify transactional health care models appropriate for the child to that appropriate for the adolescent accounts for much of this difficulty. Anticipatory long-range planning is outlined to aid the physician in allowing the youth to isolate and insulate his diabetes from becoming either a focus for control contests and power struggles or a maladaptive, manipulative regressive behavior. The reasonable goal is to prevent any further hospitalizations for ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia beyond the first admission for diagnosis and initial stabilization. Five illustrative cases augment this discussion.", "PMID": 521762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1003", "title": "Depression in family practice: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during subsequent developing depressions.", "content": "This study was done to characterize changes in patient behavior during specific time periods immediately before first, second, third, and fourth episodes of depression. Forty-three patients from a group of 154 depressed patients examined in an earlier study developed 59 subsequent episodes of depression, and these were the patients used in this study. Suitable age and sex matched controls were also examined for the same time periods. The depressed patients and controls were patients in a rural solo practice. The depressed patients showed increased number of patient initiated visits, increased incidence of hospitalization, increased number of functional complaints, increased number of pain complaints, and increased feelings of tension as compared to controls during the seven months prior to the diagnosis date of the first and each succeeding episode of depression. The study results indicate that increased numbers of office visits, functional complaints, pain complaints, and anxiety complaints can be harbingers of a clinical depression, whether it be the index (first) or a subsequent depressive illness.", "contents": "Depression in family practice: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during subsequent developing depressions. This study was done to characterize changes in patient behavior during specific time periods immediately before first, second, third, and fourth episodes of depression. Forty-three patients from a group of 154 depressed patients examined in an earlier study developed 59 subsequent episodes of depression, and these were the patients used in this study. Suitable age and sex matched controls were also examined for the same time periods. The depressed patients and controls were patients in a rural solo practice. The depressed patients showed increased number of patient initiated visits, increased incidence of hospitalization, increased number of functional complaints, increased number of pain complaints, and increased feelings of tension as compared to controls during the seven months prior to the diagnosis date of the first and each succeeding episode of depression. The study results indicate that increased numbers of office visits, functional complaints, pain complaints, and anxiety complaints can be harbingers of a clinical depression, whether it be the index (first) or a subsequent depressive illness.", "PMID": 521763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1004", "title": "Groups for bereaved parents-how they can help.", "content": "The authors wished to establish an organized approach for helping parents of patients who had died. Over a 14-month period, 81 people participated in a series of groups. A closed-group, eight-meeting format was used, under professional leadership. Main topics covered in discussion were: problems and feelings associated with the death of the child; problems of coping with everyday life; and philosophical issues. Conclusions emphasize the need for professional leadership and screening of potential members. The groups were found to be an effective way to help normal people with normal grief. Participants saw their experience as extremely valuable, and as something which could not be gained through conventional therapy.", "contents": "Groups for bereaved parents-how they can help. The authors wished to establish an organized approach for helping parents of patients who had died. Over a 14-month period, 81 people participated in a series of groups. A closed-group, eight-meeting format was used, under professional leadership. Main topics covered in discussion were: problems and feelings associated with the death of the child; problems of coping with everyday life; and philosophical issues. Conclusions emphasize the need for professional leadership and screening of potential members. The groups were found to be an effective way to help normal people with normal grief. Participants saw their experience as extremely valuable, and as something which could not be gained through conventional therapy.", "PMID": 521764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1005", "title": "Attitudes of women toward the gynecologic examination.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine why patients feel uncomfortable during the gynecologic examination, to assess general knowledge about the procedures, and to find out what would make the patient feel better about the examination. Nine hundred seventy-seven women sampled in 14 different health care facilities in the Salt Lake area in Utah filled out a two-page, self-administered questionnaire while waiting for a medical appointment. Results show that women feel less comfortable during the pelvic examination than they do during the breast examination; physical discomfort of the pelvic examination is the reason most frequently cited. There were 77.1 percent who stated they would feel better about the examination if the physician told them what was going to happen. Over 70 percent wanted to know more about their female organs, normal sexual functions and emotions, and reasons and procedures for the pelvic examination; 68.3 percent felt that knowing more would make them more comfortable. There were 46.5 percent who thought the use of a mirror for the woman to observe the examination was a good idea. Only 28.9 percent knew the rectum was examined. This study shows that women need and want to be educated about the gynecologic examination.", "contents": "Attitudes of women toward the gynecologic examination. This study was undertaken to determine why patients feel uncomfortable during the gynecologic examination, to assess general knowledge about the procedures, and to find out what would make the patient feel better about the examination. Nine hundred seventy-seven women sampled in 14 different health care facilities in the Salt Lake area in Utah filled out a two-page, self-administered questionnaire while waiting for a medical appointment. Results show that women feel less comfortable during the pelvic examination than they do during the breast examination; physical discomfort of the pelvic examination is the reason most frequently cited. There were 77.1 percent who stated they would feel better about the examination if the physician told them what was going to happen. Over 70 percent wanted to know more about their female organs, normal sexual functions and emotions, and reasons and procedures for the pelvic examination; 68.3 percent felt that knowing more would make them more comfortable. There were 46.5 percent who thought the use of a mirror for the woman to observe the examination was a good idea. Only 28.9 percent knew the rectum was examined. This study shows that women need and want to be educated about the gynecologic examination.", "PMID": 521765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1006", "title": "An evaluation system for an undergraduate clerkship in family medicine.", "content": "In 1970, all final year medical students at the University of Ottawa were required to complete a four-week clerkship in family medicine. The original evaluation system being used consisted of an ongoing assessment by the students' preceptor and a terminal test. This method was unsatisfactory, resulting in four new criteria for the terminal test being established: (1) that it be objective, reproducible, and reliable; (2) that it assess attitudes toward the patient; (3) that it be flexible and not rigidly structured; and (4) that it simulate actual family practice as closely as possible. A new preceptor's evaluation form was also developed. With annual assessment of the evaluation method since 1973, numberous modifications have been introduced to meet the criteria originally sought. Use of a mark sense data entry system and packaged analysis programs have facilitated ongoing evaluation of the system. Currently the preceptor's evaluation form meets both educational and assessment requirements, and the terminal tests meet the criteria developed in 1971.", "contents": "An evaluation system for an undergraduate clerkship in family medicine. In 1970, all final year medical students at the University of Ottawa were required to complete a four-week clerkship in family medicine. The original evaluation system being used consisted of an ongoing assessment by the students' preceptor and a terminal test. This method was unsatisfactory, resulting in four new criteria for the terminal test being established: (1) that it be objective, reproducible, and reliable; (2) that it assess attitudes toward the patient; (3) that it be flexible and not rigidly structured; and (4) that it simulate actual family practice as closely as possible. A new preceptor's evaluation form was also developed. With annual assessment of the evaluation method since 1973, numberous modifications have been introduced to meet the criteria originally sought. Use of a mark sense data entry system and packaged analysis programs have facilitated ongoing evaluation of the system. Currently the preceptor's evaluation form meets both educational and assessment requirements, and the terminal tests meet the criteria developed in 1971.", "PMID": 521766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1007", "title": "The costs of a family practice residency ambulatory care program.", "content": "The cost of patient care service and education occurring in a family practice residency unit of a community based prepaid health program was determined from accounting records. The cost of producing the same number of patient visits in comparable family practice units which did not have residents on-site was determined in a similar manner. The cost per visit in the residency unit was $15.53 while that in the nonresidency unit was $13.92. There was an excess cost of $1.61 per visit in the residency, or, based on the number of residents present, a net cost of $7 per resident per day. None of the costs of central residency program administration or of ambulatory based subspecialty rotations were included. While a small increase (ten percent) in productivity or efficiency would result in the residency patient care unit itself being self-sustaining, this study casts considerable doubt on the ability of the model family practice residency unit to offset the full costs of the ambulatory care portion of family practice residency training.", "contents": "The costs of a family practice residency ambulatory care program. The cost of patient care service and education occurring in a family practice residency unit of a community based prepaid health program was determined from accounting records. The cost of producing the same number of patient visits in comparable family practice units which did not have residents on-site was determined in a similar manner. The cost per visit in the residency unit was $15.53 while that in the nonresidency unit was $13.92. There was an excess cost of $1.61 per visit in the residency, or, based on the number of residents present, a net cost of $7 per resident per day. None of the costs of central residency program administration or of ambulatory based subspecialty rotations were included. While a small increase (ten percent) in productivity or efficiency would result in the residency patient care unit itself being self-sustaining, this study casts considerable doubt on the ability of the model family practice residency unit to offset the full costs of the ambulatory care portion of family practice residency training.", "PMID": 521767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1008", "title": "Resource requirements for teaching continuity in primary care: contrasts between a graduate and an undergraduate program.", "content": "Two similar primary care training programs for family practice residents and for medical students are compared to find differences and similarities in costs and the use of certain nonmonetary resources. Both programs emphasize long-term continuity, and trainees in both programs average two half-days per week at ambulatory care practice sites. Comparisons of the resource requirements of teaching high-continuity primary care curriculum segments between graduate and undergraduate programs will help determine where scarce medical teaching resources can be most beneficially used. It is hypothesized that there would be lower faculty costs, higher auxiliary staff and space requirements, and larger patient panel requirements for the residency program than for the undergraduate program. Extent of these differences could not be predicted. In the residency program, faculty costs were one quarter of total expenses and in the undergraduate program they were half of the program expenses. The residency recouped 81 percent of expenses from practice revenues while the undergraduate program recouped only 59 percent. The residency program averaged 814 visits per trainee during one year; the undergraduate program had only 268 visits per student.", "contents": "Resource requirements for teaching continuity in primary care: contrasts between a graduate and an undergraduate program. Two similar primary care training programs for family practice residents and for medical students are compared to find differences and similarities in costs and the use of certain nonmonetary resources. Both programs emphasize long-term continuity, and trainees in both programs average two half-days per week at ambulatory care practice sites. Comparisons of the resource requirements of teaching high-continuity primary care curriculum segments between graduate and undergraduate programs will help determine where scarce medical teaching resources can be most beneficially used. It is hypothesized that there would be lower faculty costs, higher auxiliary staff and space requirements, and larger patient panel requirements for the residency program than for the undergraduate program. Extent of these differences could not be predicted. In the residency program, faculty costs were one quarter of total expenses and in the undergraduate program they were half of the program expenses. The residency recouped 81 percent of expenses from practice revenues while the undergraduate program recouped only 59 percent. The residency program averaged 814 visits per trainee during one year; the undergraduate program had only 268 visits per student.", "PMID": 521768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1009", "title": "Differences in morbidity patterns among rural, urban, and teaching family practices: a one-year study of twelve Colorado family practices.", "content": "An analysis of one year's data from family practices in Colorado tested the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the proportion of patients with problems in each of the 18 major International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) categories among visiting patients in rural, urban, and teaching family practices. Four rural, three urban, and five residency practices participated in the study from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 1978. Transient patients were excluded. There were 25,525 patients included in the study. Each setting was compared with the other two settings in each of the 18 ICHPPC categories. More than half of the comparisons differed at the .001 significance level, and the setting with a significantly greater proportion of visiting patients with diseases in a given category was identified. These differences may have implications for disease surveillance, the planning for delivery of primary health care in different settings, and the preparation of health care providers for practice.", "contents": "Differences in morbidity patterns among rural, urban, and teaching family practices: a one-year study of twelve Colorado family practices. An analysis of one year's data from family practices in Colorado tested the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the proportion of patients with problems in each of the 18 major International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) categories among visiting patients in rural, urban, and teaching family practices. Four rural, three urban, and five residency practices participated in the study from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 1978. Transient patients were excluded. There were 25,525 patients included in the study. Each setting was compared with the other two settings in each of the 18 ICHPPC categories. More than half of the comparisons differed at the .001 significance level, and the setting with a significantly greater proportion of visiting patients with diseases in a given category was identified. These differences may have implications for disease surveillance, the planning for delivery of primary health care in different settings, and the preparation of health care providers for practice.", "PMID": 521769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1010", "title": "Parotid gland swelling.", "content": "The salivary glands are seldom noticed by the physician when they are functioning properly, but they cause vexing problems in diagnosis and management during times of their disordered function. One reason for this is that numerous salivary diseases have similar onsets and patterns of symptomatology. Another reason is that the clinical expression of these diseases is often similar, including pain, diffuse swelling, and altered salivary discharge. This paper enumerates useful points of differentiation which may be elicited from the history and physical examination to distinguish among parotid diseases. If management is to be successful, it must be based on (1) identification of the etiology of the pathologic process, and (2) the institution of therapeutic measures designed to eliminate the etiology of the disease, and restore, as closely as possible, the normal physiology of the gland.", "contents": "Parotid gland swelling. The salivary glands are seldom noticed by the physician when they are functioning properly, but they cause vexing problems in diagnosis and management during times of their disordered function. One reason for this is that numerous salivary diseases have similar onsets and patterns of symptomatology. Another reason is that the clinical expression of these diseases is often similar, including pain, diffuse swelling, and altered salivary discharge. This paper enumerates useful points of differentiation which may be elicited from the history and physical examination to distinguish among parotid diseases. If management is to be successful, it must be based on (1) identification of the etiology of the pathologic process, and (2) the institution of therapeutic measures designed to eliminate the etiology of the disease, and restore, as closely as possible, the normal physiology of the gland.", "PMID": 521770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1011", "title": "Regulation of glucosyl- and fructosyltransferase synthesis by continuous cultures of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans strains Ingbritt, and its derivative B7 which had been passaged through monkeys, have been used to investigate how the synthesis of extracellular glucosyl- and fructosyltransferases is regulated. The most active enzyme from carbon-limited continuous cultures was a fructosyltransferase; enzymes catalysing the formation of water-insoluble glucans from sucrose were relatively inactive. Dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), which catalyses soluble glucan synthesis, was most active in the supernatant fluid from cultures grown with excess glucose, fructose or sucrose, but full activity was detected only when the enzyme was incubated with both sucrose and dextran. Little dextransucrase activity was detected in carbon-limited cultures. It is concluded that glucosyl- and fructosyltransferases are constitutive enzymes in that they are synthesized at similar rates during growth with an excess of the substrate or of the products of the reactions which they catalyse. Although the Ingbritt strain was originally isolated from a carious lesion, it is now a poor source of glucosyltransferase activity. Glucosyltransferases were extremely active in cultures of a recent clinical isolate, strain 3209, and were apparently induced during growth with excess glucose.", "contents": "Regulation of glucosyl- and fructosyltransferase synthesis by continuous cultures of Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans strains Ingbritt, and its derivative B7 which had been passaged through monkeys, have been used to investigate how the synthesis of extracellular glucosyl- and fructosyltransferases is regulated. The most active enzyme from carbon-limited continuous cultures was a fructosyltransferase; enzymes catalysing the formation of water-insoluble glucans from sucrose were relatively inactive. Dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), which catalyses soluble glucan synthesis, was most active in the supernatant fluid from cultures grown with excess glucose, fructose or sucrose, but full activity was detected only when the enzyme was incubated with both sucrose and dextran. Little dextransucrase activity was detected in carbon-limited cultures. It is concluded that glucosyl- and fructosyltransferases are constitutive enzymes in that they are synthesized at similar rates during growth with an excess of the substrate or of the products of the reactions which they catalyse. Although the Ingbritt strain was originally isolated from a carious lesion, it is now a poor source of glucosyltransferase activity. Glucosyltransferases were extremely active in cultures of a recent clinical isolate, strain 3209, and were apparently induced during growth with excess glucose.", "PMID": 521790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1012", "title": "A taxonomic study of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas pickettii, 'P. thomasii' and 'group IVd' bacteria.", "content": "On the basis of cluster analysis, average similarities within and between groups, and DNA base composition of selected strains, Pseudomonas pickettii appeared to be a distinct species comprising several biotypes. Although some or all of these biotypes, represented by subclusters in our computer study, may ultimately warrant recognition as separate species, our results were not conclusive enough to warrant such a proposal at present. Most strains tentatively named 'P. thomasii' could be included in P. pickettii so that the name P. pickettii, which was validly published whilst 'P. thomasii' was not, takes priority over 'P. thomasii'. Strains of Group Va (Tatum et al., 1974) examined were also included in P. pickettii. Group IVd (King, 1964) did not appear to be a natural group but some of the strains could also be included in P. pickettii.", "contents": "A taxonomic study of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas pickettii, 'P. thomasii' and 'group IVd' bacteria. On the basis of cluster analysis, average similarities within and between groups, and DNA base composition of selected strains, Pseudomonas pickettii appeared to be a distinct species comprising several biotypes. Although some or all of these biotypes, represented by subclusters in our computer study, may ultimately warrant recognition as separate species, our results were not conclusive enough to warrant such a proposal at present. Most strains tentatively named 'P. thomasii' could be included in P. pickettii so that the name P. pickettii, which was validly published whilst 'P. thomasii' was not, takes priority over 'P. thomasii'. Strains of Group Va (Tatum et al., 1974) examined were also included in P. pickettii. Group IVd (King, 1964) did not appear to be a natural group but some of the strains could also be included in P. pickettii.", "PMID": 521791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1013", "title": "Genetics of actinorhodin biosynthesis by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).", "content": "A series of 76 mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) specifically blocked in the synthesis of the binaphthoquinone antibiotic actinorhodin were classified into seven phenotypic classes on the basis of antibiotic activity, accumulation of pigmented precursors or shunt products of actinorhodin biosynthesis, and cosynthesis of actinorhodin in pairwise combinations of mutants. The polarity of cosynthetic reactions, and other phenotypic properties, allowed six of the mutant classes to be arranged in the most probable linear sequence of biosynthetic blocks. One member of each mutant class was mapped unambigiguously to the chromosomal linkage map in the short segment between the hisD and guaA loci, suggesting that structural genes for actinorhodin biosynthesis may form an uninterrupted cluster of chromosomal genes.", "contents": "Genetics of actinorhodin biosynthesis by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). A series of 76 mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) specifically blocked in the synthesis of the binaphthoquinone antibiotic actinorhodin were classified into seven phenotypic classes on the basis of antibiotic activity, accumulation of pigmented precursors or shunt products of actinorhodin biosynthesis, and cosynthesis of actinorhodin in pairwise combinations of mutants. The polarity of cosynthetic reactions, and other phenotypic properties, allowed six of the mutant classes to be arranged in the most probable linear sequence of biosynthetic blocks. One member of each mutant class was mapped unambigiguously to the chromosomal linkage map in the short segment between the hisD and guaA loci, suggesting that structural genes for actinorhodin biosynthesis may form an uninterrupted cluster of chromosomal genes.", "PMID": 521794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1014", "title": "Differential neutralization of spontaneous and centrifuge-assisted chlamydial infectivity.", "content": "Neutralization by specific antibody of a fast-killing variant strain of Chlamydia trachomatis, which showed high spontaneous infectivity for cell monolayers, was examined. It appeared that in spontaneous infection antibody-treated chlamydiae were neutralized by inhibition of attachment to cells. Centrifugation imposed a different effect: infection was inhibited at some step at or subsequent to attachment.", "contents": "Differential neutralization of spontaneous and centrifuge-assisted chlamydial infectivity. Neutralization by specific antibody of a fast-killing variant strain of Chlamydia trachomatis, which showed high spontaneous infectivity for cell monolayers, was examined. It appeared that in spontaneous infection antibody-treated chlamydiae were neutralized by inhibition of attachment to cells. Centrifugation imposed a different effect: infection was inhibited at some step at or subsequent to attachment.", "PMID": 521795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1015", "title": "Multi-factorial specification of virus-host interactions: studies with strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in mice.", "content": "Mice of different ages were infected i.p. or i.c. by 23 different strains of VEE virus. The course of the virus host interaction was specified in terms of the efficiency of infection, the outcome of infection as lethality or protection and the survival time. These separately quantifiable features all showed several host-maturation events that combine to provide a multifactorial specification of virus-strains and host-responses. This base-line for correlations with the responses of principal hosts (equidae and man) may be expanded to test correlations with the antigenic or in vitro characteristics of virus-strains.", "contents": "Multi-factorial specification of virus-host interactions: studies with strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in mice. Mice of different ages were infected i.p. or i.c. by 23 different strains of VEE virus. The course of the virus host interaction was specified in terms of the efficiency of infection, the outcome of infection as lethality or protection and the survival time. These separately quantifiable features all showed several host-maturation events that combine to provide a multifactorial specification of virus-strains and host-responses. This base-line for correlations with the responses of principal hosts (equidae and man) may be expanded to test correlations with the antigenic or in vitro characteristics of virus-strains.", "PMID": 521796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1016", "title": "Fer de Lance virus (FDLV): a probable paramyxovirus isolated from a reptile.", "content": "A new virus has been isolated by inoculation of lung tissues of diseased snakes into snake embryos. Homogenates of infected embryo tissues caused c.p.e. in cell cultures incubated at 30 degrees C. The virus replicates in a wide variety of reptilian or mammalian cell types incubated at 30 degrees C, inducing either syncytium formation or minimal or no cytopathic changes. Efficient replication occurs in embryonated hens' eggs at 27 to 30 degrees C. The virus haemagglutinates guinea pig and chick erythrocytes; it possesses a neuraminidase similar to the receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholera. Electron microscopic observations of infected cells examined in thin section revealed pleomorphic viruses 146 to 321 nm in diam. resembling known myxoviruses. Internal nucleocapsid strands are 15 to 16 nm in diam.; nucleocapsid observed in negatively stained preparations measures 14 nm in diam. The virus was determined to possess a nucleoprotein core containing a 50S single-stranded unsegmented RNA genome. All characters of the virus are similar to those of the paramyxovirus group except that the nucleocapsid diam. is intermediate between that of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses. The virus is antigenically distinct from known myxoviruses and is unique among myxoviruses in its restriction to growth at temperature below 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Fer de Lance virus (FDLV): a probable paramyxovirus isolated from a reptile. A new virus has been isolated by inoculation of lung tissues of diseased snakes into snake embryos. Homogenates of infected embryo tissues caused c.p.e. in cell cultures incubated at 30 degrees C. The virus replicates in a wide variety of reptilian or mammalian cell types incubated at 30 degrees C, inducing either syncytium formation or minimal or no cytopathic changes. Efficient replication occurs in embryonated hens' eggs at 27 to 30 degrees C. The virus haemagglutinates guinea pig and chick erythrocytes; it possesses a neuraminidase similar to the receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholera. Electron microscopic observations of infected cells examined in thin section revealed pleomorphic viruses 146 to 321 nm in diam. resembling known myxoviruses. Internal nucleocapsid strands are 15 to 16 nm in diam.; nucleocapsid observed in negatively stained preparations measures 14 nm in diam. The virus was determined to possess a nucleoprotein core containing a 50S single-stranded unsegmented RNA genome. All characters of the virus are similar to those of the paramyxovirus group except that the nucleocapsid diam. is intermediate between that of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses. The virus is antigenically distinct from known myxoviruses and is unique among myxoviruses in its restriction to growth at temperature below 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 521797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1017", "title": "Comparative studies of wild-type and cold-mutant (temperature-sensitive) influenza viruses: independent segregation of temperature-sensitivity of virus replication from temperature-sensitivity of virion transcriptase activity during recombination of mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 with wild-type H3N2 strains.", "content": "RNA 1 (see end of Summary) of a cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza virus mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 has a different mobility from RNA 1 of wild-type (wt) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 when subjected to electrophoresis through acrylamide/agarose gels in the absence of denaturing agents. Detection of this lesion in RNA 1 of the mutant virus was dependent on the temperature of the gel during electrophoresis. Because RNA 1 is believed to code for a protein involved in virus-specific RNA synthesis we compared phenotypes of virion transcriptases in the wt and mutant viruses. The enzyme of the mutant virus was found to be about 40% less active at 40 degrees C than the enzyme of the wt virus when related to their activities at 31 degrees C. Two cold-adapted ts recombinants which derive their RNA 1 from the mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 have virion transcriptases with a phenotype similar to that of their mutant parent. Three different cold-adapted ts recombinants, however, which also derive their RNA 1 from the mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60, have virion transcriptases with a phenotype similar to that of wt virus. We conclude, therefore, that the conditional-lethal ts property of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant and its recombinants is independent of the phenotypic marker observed for the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant virion transcriptase, and that the lesion in RNA 1 of the mutant may also be unrelated to the observed difference between virion transcriptases of the mutant and wt A/Ann Arbor/6/60 viruses. The phenotypes of the virion transcriptases in recombinants did, however, correlate with the derivation of their RNA 2. This suggests that the increased temperature-sensitivity of virion transcriptase of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant is caused by either (1) a lesion (not necessarily conditionally lethal) that occurred in its RNA 2 during the course of cold-adaptation, or (2) a lesion in another gene whose product is a component of the virion transcriptase complex, but which lesion is only expressed phenotypically when there is a synergistic interaction in the transcriptase complex with the product of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 rna 2.", "contents": "Comparative studies of wild-type and cold-mutant (temperature-sensitive) influenza viruses: independent segregation of temperature-sensitivity of virus replication from temperature-sensitivity of virion transcriptase activity during recombination of mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 with wild-type H3N2 strains. RNA 1 (see end of Summary) of a cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza virus mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 has a different mobility from RNA 1 of wild-type (wt) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 when subjected to electrophoresis through acrylamide/agarose gels in the absence of denaturing agents. Detection of this lesion in RNA 1 of the mutant virus was dependent on the temperature of the gel during electrophoresis. Because RNA 1 is believed to code for a protein involved in virus-specific RNA synthesis we compared phenotypes of virion transcriptases in the wt and mutant viruses. The enzyme of the mutant virus was found to be about 40% less active at 40 degrees C than the enzyme of the wt virus when related to their activities at 31 degrees C. Two cold-adapted ts recombinants which derive their RNA 1 from the mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 have virion transcriptases with a phenotype similar to that of their mutant parent. Three different cold-adapted ts recombinants, however, which also derive their RNA 1 from the mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60, have virion transcriptases with a phenotype similar to that of wt virus. We conclude, therefore, that the conditional-lethal ts property of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant and its recombinants is independent of the phenotypic marker observed for the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant virion transcriptase, and that the lesion in RNA 1 of the mutant may also be unrelated to the observed difference between virion transcriptases of the mutant and wt A/Ann Arbor/6/60 viruses. The phenotypes of the virion transcriptases in recombinants did, however, correlate with the derivation of their RNA 2. This suggests that the increased temperature-sensitivity of virion transcriptase of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant is caused by either (1) a lesion (not necessarily conditionally lethal) that occurred in its RNA 2 during the course of cold-adaptation, or (2) a lesion in another gene whose product is a component of the virion transcriptase complex, but which lesion is only expressed phenotypically when there is a synergistic interaction in the transcriptase complex with the product of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 rna 2.", "PMID": 521798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1018", "title": "Correlation of pathogenicity and gene constellation of influenza A viruses. III. Non-pathogenic recombinants derived from highly pathogenic parent strains.", "content": "We have demonstrated by recombination of two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses [A/FPV/Rostock (Hav1N1) x A/turkey/England/63 (Hav1Nav3)] that recombinants can be isolated which are pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic for chickens. They carried the glycoproteins of either parent strains, and all are produced in infectious form in chick embryo cells. Genetic analysis revealed that the non-pathogenic recombinants possess a mixed RNA polymerase complex, consisting of pol 1, pol 2, ptra and NP gene products, while, with one exception, the pathogenic recombinants have the genes coding for the polymerase activity from one or other parent virus. The biological properties of the recombinant viruses did not correlate with their pathogenicity for chickens.", "contents": "Correlation of pathogenicity and gene constellation of influenza A viruses. III. Non-pathogenic recombinants derived from highly pathogenic parent strains. We have demonstrated by recombination of two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses [A/FPV/Rostock (Hav1N1) x A/turkey/England/63 (Hav1Nav3)] that recombinants can be isolated which are pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic for chickens. They carried the glycoproteins of either parent strains, and all are produced in infectious form in chick embryo cells. Genetic analysis revealed that the non-pathogenic recombinants possess a mixed RNA polymerase complex, consisting of pol 1, pol 2, ptra and NP gene products, while, with one exception, the pathogenic recombinants have the genes coding for the polymerase activity from one or other parent virus. The biological properties of the recombinant viruses did not correlate with their pathogenicity for chickens.", "PMID": 521799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1019", "title": "The localization of influenza virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets: susceptible nasal mucosa cells produce and release more virus than susceptible lung cells.", "content": "Infectious virus production by ferret nasal mucosa and lung organ cultures has been monitored in both tissue pieces and medium over 24 h following inoculation with an Asian (H2N2) strain of influenza virus. Freshly prepared cultures of nasal mucosa produced approx. 10-fold more virus per cell than fresh lung cultures. Also the nasal mucosa cells liberated into the medium a greater proportion (mean 31%) of the total virus produced than did fresh lung (mean 6%). Maintenance of lung explants for 24 h prior to inoculation resulted in a 20- to 100-fold increase in the amount of virus released. However, total virus production by fresh and maintained lung was similar. Trypsin did not increase the infectivity of virus released from any of the cultures, indicating that the haemagglutinin in the virus particles was cleaved. Similar results were obtained with a Hong Kong (H3N2) virus strain. Hence, one factor operating in the lower susceptibility of the lung compared with the nasal mucosa in vivo may be a lower capacity of lung cells both to produce and release influenza virus.", "contents": "The localization of influenza virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets: susceptible nasal mucosa cells produce and release more virus than susceptible lung cells. Infectious virus production by ferret nasal mucosa and lung organ cultures has been monitored in both tissue pieces and medium over 24 h following inoculation with an Asian (H2N2) strain of influenza virus. Freshly prepared cultures of nasal mucosa produced approx. 10-fold more virus per cell than fresh lung cultures. Also the nasal mucosa cells liberated into the medium a greater proportion (mean 31%) of the total virus produced than did fresh lung (mean 6%). Maintenance of lung explants for 24 h prior to inoculation resulted in a 20- to 100-fold increase in the amount of virus released. However, total virus production by fresh and maintained lung was similar. Trypsin did not increase the infectivity of virus released from any of the cultures, indicating that the haemagglutinin in the virus particles was cleaved. Similar results were obtained with a Hong Kong (H3N2) virus strain. Hence, one factor operating in the lower susceptibility of the lung compared with the nasal mucosa in vivo may be a lower capacity of lung cells both to produce and release influenza virus.", "PMID": 521800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1020", "title": "A marsupial oncovirus?", "content": "A virus-like particle was observed in two continuous cell lines derived from the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Fat-tailed Dunnart). The development of the particle was similar to the development of D-type oncoviruses. Initially, a crescentof nucleoid material was observed near the nucleus in the region of the Golgi apparatus. This crescent developed into a doughnut-shaped-A-type particle which migrated through the cytoplasm towards the cell membrane where it budded either into a smooth membrane cytoplasmic vacuole or from the cell membrane. Only enveloped A-type particles were observed; no mature B-type, C-type or D-type particles were detected.", "contents": "A marsupial oncovirus? A virus-like particle was observed in two continuous cell lines derived from the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Fat-tailed Dunnart). The development of the particle was similar to the development of D-type oncoviruses. Initially, a crescentof nucleoid material was observed near the nucleus in the region of the Golgi apparatus. This crescent developed into a doughnut-shaped-A-type particle which migrated through the cytoplasm towards the cell membrane where it budded either into a smooth membrane cytoplasmic vacuole or from the cell membrane. Only enveloped A-type particles were observed; no mature B-type, C-type or D-type particles were detected.", "PMID": 521801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1021", "title": "Non-specific adsorption of interferon to immobilized serum immunoglobulin.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon attaches to hyperimmune serum immunoglobulins, coupled to agarose, even though the antibodies are not specific for interferon. Unless it is first washed off with ethylene glycol, the attached interferon elutes together with immune-specific antigens during immuno-affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Non-specific adsorption of interferon to immobilized serum immunoglobulin. Human leukocyte interferon attaches to hyperimmune serum immunoglobulins, coupled to agarose, even though the antibodies are not specific for interferon. Unless it is first washed off with ethylene glycol, the attached interferon elutes together with immune-specific antigens during immuno-affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 521803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1022", "title": "Two modes of entry of reovirus particles into L cells.", "content": "Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that reovirus intermediate subviral particles (ISVP), which show increased infectivity relative to intact virions, can gain entry into host L cells by two alternative pathways. One pathway is by the process of viropexis, involving phagocytic vacuoles. A second entry pathway is via direct penetration of the plasma membrane of the cell, without involvement of a phagocytic vacuole. Using electron microscopy, a kinetic analysis of the uptake process was carried out. Results indicate that at 37 degrees C ISVP gain entry into host cells primarily by direct entry, although viropexis also occurs, while intact virions gain entry by viropexis almost exclusively. A second line of experimental evidence consistent with the idea that ISVP can 'melt' their way through the plasma membrane is provided by studies on the release of pre-loaded radioactive 51Cr from host cells following infection. 51Cr release data demonstrate that infection with ISVP leads to an immediate increased leakiness of the cell plasma membrane, whereas no such increase takes place following infection with an equivalent number of intact virions. This demonstrates that ISVP can interact with the plasma membrane of the cell in a manner which is qualitatively different from the interaction between intact virions and the plasma membrane. The ability of ISVP to directly penetrate the plasma membrane of the host cell, which intact virions apparently cannot do, could explain the decreased duration of the eclipse phase, as well as the increased infectivity of ISVP, relative to that observed for infection with intact virions.", "contents": "Two modes of entry of reovirus particles into L cells. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that reovirus intermediate subviral particles (ISVP), which show increased infectivity relative to intact virions, can gain entry into host L cells by two alternative pathways. One pathway is by the process of viropexis, involving phagocytic vacuoles. A second entry pathway is via direct penetration of the plasma membrane of the cell, without involvement of a phagocytic vacuole. Using electron microscopy, a kinetic analysis of the uptake process was carried out. Results indicate that at 37 degrees C ISVP gain entry into host cells primarily by direct entry, although viropexis also occurs, while intact virions gain entry by viropexis almost exclusively. A second line of experimental evidence consistent with the idea that ISVP can 'melt' their way through the plasma membrane is provided by studies on the release of pre-loaded radioactive 51Cr from host cells following infection. 51Cr release data demonstrate that infection with ISVP leads to an immediate increased leakiness of the cell plasma membrane, whereas no such increase takes place following infection with an equivalent number of intact virions. This demonstrates that ISVP can interact with the plasma membrane of the cell in a manner which is qualitatively different from the interaction between intact virions and the plasma membrane. The ability of ISVP to directly penetrate the plasma membrane of the host cell, which intact virions apparently cannot do, could explain the decreased duration of the eclipse phase, as well as the increased infectivity of ISVP, relative to that observed for infection with intact virions.", "PMID": 521802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1023", "title": "Establishment of persistent infection in BHK-21 cells by temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus.", "content": "Twelve temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis were examined for their ability to establish persistent infection in BHK-21 cells at 39 degrees C. Five of these mutants were able to initiate colony formation in infected cultures, which followed an extensive c.p.e. Two of the mutants were able to establish persistent infections which survived beyond the fifth cell passage p.i. The ability to initiate colony formation was correlated with low reversion of the ts mutation, or with ability to interfer with the multiplication of the wild-type virus. Virus released from persistently infected cultures was not temperature-sensitive. The restriction of virus multiplication in persistently infected cells operated prior to virus-specified RNA synthesis. It is concluded that in this system establishment of persistent infection depends on an inhibition of virus multiplication early in infection and occurs in only a small proportion of infected cells.", "contents": "Establishment of persistent infection in BHK-21 cells by temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus. Twelve temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis were examined for their ability to establish persistent infection in BHK-21 cells at 39 degrees C. Five of these mutants were able to initiate colony formation in infected cultures, which followed an extensive c.p.e. Two of the mutants were able to establish persistent infections which survived beyond the fifth cell passage p.i. The ability to initiate colony formation was correlated with low reversion of the ts mutation, or with ability to interfer with the multiplication of the wild-type virus. Virus released from persistently infected cultures was not temperature-sensitive. The restriction of virus multiplication in persistently infected cells operated prior to virus-specified RNA synthesis. It is concluded that in this system establishment of persistent infection depends on an inhibition of virus multiplication early in infection and occurs in only a small proportion of infected cells.", "PMID": 521804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1024", "title": "Differentiation of the haemagglutinin genes of variant influenza viruses by RNA-RNA hybridization.", "content": "The genetic compositions of four antigenic variants of A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) influenza virus, which were selected by growth in the presence of monoclonal antibodies against the haemagglutinin, were compared. The results indicate that the mutant haemagglutinin genes can be differentiated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the double stranded RNA hybrids formed between virion RNA and transcripts isolated from infected cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of the haemagglutinin genes of variant influenza viruses by RNA-RNA hybridization. The genetic compositions of four antigenic variants of A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) influenza virus, which were selected by growth in the presence of monoclonal antibodies against the haemagglutinin, were compared. The results indicate that the mutant haemagglutinin genes can be differentiated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the double stranded RNA hybrids formed between virion RNA and transcripts isolated from infected cells.", "PMID": 521805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1025", "title": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of red cowpox virus and its white pock variant.", "content": "The DNA of red cowpox virus strain Brighton or its white pock variant was analysed by cleavage with restriction endonucleases HindIII, XhoI, PstI or KpnI. Physical maps were constructed and the genomes compared with that of vaccinia virus strain DIE. The size of the red cowpox genome is 23 to 29 megadaltons greater than that of vaccinia and results from the presence of additional, near terminal sequences. An internal region of about 75 megadaltons appears to be highly conserved between the two viruses. The red cowpox genome contains near terminal, repetitive sequences which have some homology with those of vaccinia virus DNA. Rapid renaturation of red cowpox terminal restriction fragments indicates that these are covalently cross-linked. Viable white pock variants arise continually and map as deletion mutants lacking similar sequences from one specific terminus only of the parental genome. The deletion represents 11 to 12% of the red cowpox DNA and includes the terminal repetition which therefore is not required for replication. The deleted terminus of the white pock variant genome does not appear to be cross-linked.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of red cowpox virus and its white pock variant. The DNA of red cowpox virus strain Brighton or its white pock variant was analysed by cleavage with restriction endonucleases HindIII, XhoI, PstI or KpnI. Physical maps were constructed and the genomes compared with that of vaccinia virus strain DIE. The size of the red cowpox genome is 23 to 29 megadaltons greater than that of vaccinia and results from the presence of additional, near terminal sequences. An internal region of about 75 megadaltons appears to be highly conserved between the two viruses. The red cowpox genome contains near terminal, repetitive sequences which have some homology with those of vaccinia virus DNA. Rapid renaturation of red cowpox terminal restriction fragments indicates that these are covalently cross-linked. Viable white pock variants arise continually and map as deletion mutants lacking similar sequences from one specific terminus only of the parental genome. The deletion represents 11 to 12% of the red cowpox DNA and includes the terminal repetition which therefore is not required for replication. The deleted terminus of the white pock variant genome does not appear to be cross-linked.", "PMID": 521806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1026", "title": "Use of the 51chromium release test to demonstrate antigenic differences between extracellular and intracellular forms of vaccinia virus.", "content": "Complement-dependent antibody lysis of vaccinia-infected cells was examined to demonstrate the antigenic differences between extracellular (ECV) and intracellular (ICV) forms of vaccinia virus. Cytolytic antibodies present in the antisera raised against ECV or live virus (LV) were completely removed by absorption with infected cell membranes or purified ECV but not with purified ICV. Absorption with infected cell membranes also abolished the neutralizing activity of ECV and LV antisera against ECV. On the other hand, antiserum against ICV did not contain cytolytic antibodies against vaccinia-infected cells, even though its neutralizing antibody titre against ICV was high. Moreover, both ECV and ICV antisera neutralized a small proportion of the heterologous form of virus, despite using purified preparations of ECV and ICV, respectively, for raising these antisera in rabbits. In contrast, the 51Cr release test only detected the antibodies against ECV and thus can be used to differentiate between the antibody activity of a serum against ECV and ICV.", "contents": "Use of the 51chromium release test to demonstrate antigenic differences between extracellular and intracellular forms of vaccinia virus. Complement-dependent antibody lysis of vaccinia-infected cells was examined to demonstrate the antigenic differences between extracellular (ECV) and intracellular (ICV) forms of vaccinia virus. Cytolytic antibodies present in the antisera raised against ECV or live virus (LV) were completely removed by absorption with infected cell membranes or purified ECV but not with purified ICV. Absorption with infected cell membranes also abolished the neutralizing activity of ECV and LV antisera against ECV. On the other hand, antiserum against ICV did not contain cytolytic antibodies against vaccinia-infected cells, even though its neutralizing antibody titre against ICV was high. Moreover, both ECV and ICV antisera neutralized a small proportion of the heterologous form of virus, despite using purified preparations of ECV and ICV, respectively, for raising these antisera in rabbits. In contrast, the 51Cr release test only detected the antibodies against ECV and thus can be used to differentiate between the antibody activity of a serum against ECV and ICV.", "PMID": 521807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1027", "title": "Qualitative analysis of proteins rapidly transported in ventral horn motoneurons and bidirectionally from dorsal root ganglia.", "content": "Two-dimensional electrophoresis has allowed a higher-resolution comparison of rapid transport in ventral horn motoneurons and bidirectionally in dorsal root sensory neurons. Dorsal root ganglia 8 and 9, or hemisected spinal cords, from frog were selectively exposed in vitro to 35S-methionine. Transported, labelled proteins that accumulated in 3 mm segments proximal to ligatures on dorsal roots and spinal nerves or sciatic nerves were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comparisons were made of fluorographic patterns from dried gels. Sixty-five species of proteins were found to be rapidly transported in both bifurcations of dorsal root sensory neurons. No abundant species of protein was rapidly transported in dorsal roots that was not also found in spinal nerves. A comparison of proteins rapidly transported in the sciatic nerve from ventral horn motoneurons with those from dorsal root sensory neurons yielded 50 common species of polypeptides. At most four minor species were possibly transported only in ventral horn motoneurons. An overall comparison indicates that at least 45 species of proteins, including all of the more abundantly transported ones, were consistently common to both dorsal root bifuractions and to ventral horn motoneurons. This appears to be the case despite the very different functions carried out by motoneurons and sensory neurons.", "contents": "Qualitative analysis of proteins rapidly transported in ventral horn motoneurons and bidirectionally from dorsal root ganglia. Two-dimensional electrophoresis has allowed a higher-resolution comparison of rapid transport in ventral horn motoneurons and bidirectionally in dorsal root sensory neurons. Dorsal root ganglia 8 and 9, or hemisected spinal cords, from frog were selectively exposed in vitro to 35S-methionine. Transported, labelled proteins that accumulated in 3 mm segments proximal to ligatures on dorsal roots and spinal nerves or sciatic nerves were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comparisons were made of fluorographic patterns from dried gels. Sixty-five species of proteins were found to be rapidly transported in both bifurcations of dorsal root sensory neurons. No abundant species of protein was rapidly transported in dorsal roots that was not also found in spinal nerves. A comparison of proteins rapidly transported in the sciatic nerve from ventral horn motoneurons with those from dorsal root sensory neurons yielded 50 common species of polypeptides. At most four minor species were possibly transported only in ventral horn motoneurons. An overall comparison indicates that at least 45 species of proteins, including all of the more abundantly transported ones, were consistently common to both dorsal root bifuractions and to ventral horn motoneurons. This appears to be the case despite the very different functions carried out by motoneurons and sensory neurons.", "PMID": 521808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1028", "title": "The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. I. Anatomy.", "content": "Twenty-one prothoracic and 17 mesothoracic motor neurons innervating leg muscles have been identified physiologically and subsequently injected with dye from a microelectrode. A tract containing the primary neurites of motor neurons innervating the retractor unquis, levator and depressor tarsus, flexor tibiae, and reductor femora is described. All motor neurons studied have regions in which their dendritic branches overlap with those of other leg motor neurons. Identified, serially homologous motor neurons in the three thoracic ganglia were found to have: (1) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites (e.g., flexor tibiae motor neurons), (2) cell bodies at different locations in each ganglion and morphologically different primary neurites in each ganglion (e.g., fast retractor unguis motor neurons), or (3) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites but with a functional switch in one ganglion relative to the function of the neurons in the other two ganglia. As an example of the latter, the morphology of the metathoracic slow extensor tibiae (SETi) motor neurons was similar to that of pro- and mesothoracic fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motor neurons. Similarly the metathoracic FETi bears a striking resemblance to the pro- and the mesothoracic SETi. It is proposed that in the metathoracic ganglion the two extensor tibiae motor neurons have switched functions while retaining similar morphologies relative to the structure and function of their pro- and mesothoracic serial homologues.", "contents": "The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. I. Anatomy. Twenty-one prothoracic and 17 mesothoracic motor neurons innervating leg muscles have been identified physiologically and subsequently injected with dye from a microelectrode. A tract containing the primary neurites of motor neurons innervating the retractor unquis, levator and depressor tarsus, flexor tibiae, and reductor femora is described. All motor neurons studied have regions in which their dendritic branches overlap with those of other leg motor neurons. Identified, serially homologous motor neurons in the three thoracic ganglia were found to have: (1) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites (e.g., flexor tibiae motor neurons), (2) cell bodies at different locations in each ganglion and morphologically different primary neurites in each ganglion (e.g., fast retractor unguis motor neurons), or (3) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites but with a functional switch in one ganglion relative to the function of the neurons in the other two ganglia. As an example of the latter, the morphology of the metathoracic slow extensor tibiae (SETi) motor neurons was similar to that of pro- and mesothoracic fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motor neurons. Similarly the metathoracic FETi bears a striking resemblance to the pro- and the mesothoracic SETi. It is proposed that in the metathoracic ganglion the two extensor tibiae motor neurons have switched functions while retaining similar morphologies relative to the structure and function of their pro- and mesothoracic serial homologues.", "PMID": 521809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1029", "title": "Some observations on habituation of the flexor reflex in the rat: the influence of strychnine, bicuculline, spinal transection, and decerebration.", "content": "The involvement of inhibition in habituation of the flexor reflex was investigated in intact, spinal, and decerebrate rats. Strychnine and bicuculline were administered in order to determine the contribution of certain forms of central inhibition to the development of habituation. Both strychnine and bicuculline reduced habituation in the intact rat but did not do so in the spinal preparation. Strychnine, in fact, caused a facilitation of habituation in the spinal rat. The impairment of habituation by strychnine was related to the intensity of stimulation used to elicit the reflex. Thus, the effect of strychnine was only demonstrable when relatively high intensities were used. Flexor reflex habituation was shown to be more pronounced in the decerebrate than in the spinal preparation. This difference could be demonstrated only when stimuli of high intensity were given. It is concluded that, in the absence of supraspinal influences, habituation of the flexor reflex does not require inhibitory mechanisms. However, inhibition may play a role in habituation of the component of the reflex that utilizes descending influences.", "contents": "Some observations on habituation of the flexor reflex in the rat: the influence of strychnine, bicuculline, spinal transection, and decerebration. The involvement of inhibition in habituation of the flexor reflex was investigated in intact, spinal, and decerebrate rats. Strychnine and bicuculline were administered in order to determine the contribution of certain forms of central inhibition to the development of habituation. Both strychnine and bicuculline reduced habituation in the intact rat but did not do so in the spinal preparation. Strychnine, in fact, caused a facilitation of habituation in the spinal rat. The impairment of habituation by strychnine was related to the intensity of stimulation used to elicit the reflex. Thus, the effect of strychnine was only demonstrable when relatively high intensities were used. Flexor reflex habituation was shown to be more pronounced in the decerebrate than in the spinal preparation. This difference could be demonstrated only when stimuli of high intensity were given. It is concluded that, in the absence of supraspinal influences, habituation of the flexor reflex does not require inhibitory mechanisms. However, inhibition may play a role in habituation of the component of the reflex that utilizes descending influences.", "PMID": 521810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1030", "title": "Inhibition of spinal interneuronal activity by repeated cutaneous stimulation: a possible substrate of flexor reflex habituation.", "content": "The responses of interneurones, situated in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord, to repeated cutaneous stimulation, were studied. The main purpose of this investigation was to attempt to determine the extent to which habituation of the flexor reflex might be explained on the basis of a progressive development of inhibition. Spontaneously active interneurones, which were inhibited by cutaneous stimuli, were investigated in detail. In rats whose spinal cords were intact, the period of inhibition was shown to increase with successive stimuli. This increase in inhibition was directly related to the intensity and frequency of stimulation, occurred more rapidly during a second series of stimuli and was antagonized by strychnine. In spinal animals, an increase in the duration of the period of inhibition to repeated stimulation could not be demonstrated. In this preparation, a gradual decrease in inhibition occurred. It is tentatively concluded that inhibition of spinal interneurones, the development of which depends upon descending influences from supraspinal centres, may be partially responsible for habituation.", "contents": "Inhibition of spinal interneuronal activity by repeated cutaneous stimulation: a possible substrate of flexor reflex habituation. The responses of interneurones, situated in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord, to repeated cutaneous stimulation, were studied. The main purpose of this investigation was to attempt to determine the extent to which habituation of the flexor reflex might be explained on the basis of a progressive development of inhibition. Spontaneously active interneurones, which were inhibited by cutaneous stimuli, were investigated in detail. In rats whose spinal cords were intact, the period of inhibition was shown to increase with successive stimuli. This increase in inhibition was directly related to the intensity and frequency of stimulation, occurred more rapidly during a second series of stimuli and was antagonized by strychnine. In spinal animals, an increase in the duration of the period of inhibition to repeated stimulation could not be demonstrated. In this preparation, a gradual decrease in inhibition occurred. It is tentatively concluded that inhibition of spinal interneurones, the development of which depends upon descending influences from supraspinal centres, may be partially responsible for habituation.", "PMID": 521811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1031", "title": "Plasticity of feeding behavior in the opisthobranch mollusc Navanax.", "content": "Several forms of plasticity of feeding behavior were investigated in Navanax. Navanax is a gastropod mollusc which lacks a radula, and ingests prey with suction caused by rapid pharyngeal expansion. Feeding is little affected by handling or posture and is resistant to the noxious stimulus of cutting through the body wall. Feeding is affected by arousal, as shown by a decrease in latency following initial exposure to food. The feeding response also habituates, as shown by an increase in latency when feeding responses are elicited without allowing animals to engulf food. The latency increase is not likely to be due to motor fatigue, since it can be partially reversed by dishabituation with an alternate prey species. Continued feeding causes satiation, as shown by increased feeding latencies and eventual cessation of feeding after a mean weight gain of 42.0% of initial animal weight (N = 12). Another form of plasticity occurs when Navanax are presented with food too large to swallow whole. Navanax either cease to respond after a few presentations, perhaps due to habituation, or maintain suction on the partially swallowed prey for an extended period of time. During extended sucks, the more deeply ingested portions are digested.", "contents": "Plasticity of feeding behavior in the opisthobranch mollusc Navanax. Several forms of plasticity of feeding behavior were investigated in Navanax. Navanax is a gastropod mollusc which lacks a radula, and ingests prey with suction caused by rapid pharyngeal expansion. Feeding is little affected by handling or posture and is resistant to the noxious stimulus of cutting through the body wall. Feeding is affected by arousal, as shown by a decrease in latency following initial exposure to food. The feeding response also habituates, as shown by an increase in latency when feeding responses are elicited without allowing animals to engulf food. The latency increase is not likely to be due to motor fatigue, since it can be partially reversed by dishabituation with an alternate prey species. Continued feeding causes satiation, as shown by increased feeding latencies and eventual cessation of feeding after a mean weight gain of 42.0% of initial animal weight (N = 12). Another form of plasticity occurs when Navanax are presented with food too large to swallow whole. Navanax either cease to respond after a few presentations, perhaps due to habituation, or maintain suction on the partially swallowed prey for an extended period of time. During extended sucks, the more deeply ingested portions are digested.", "PMID": 521812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1032", "title": "The morphology and coupling of Aplysia bag cells within the abdominal ganglion and in cell culture.", "content": "The bag cells in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica control egg-laying behavior by releasing a polypeptide (ELH) during an afterdischarge of synchronous action potentials. We have used intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow to study the morphology and interconnections of the bag cells. These neurosecretory cells are typically multipolar and their processes extend in all directions out from the bag cell clusters into the surrounding connective tissue, where they branch in a complex manner. In some of the dye injection experiments, dye transfer from the injected cell to neighboring cells was observed. Freeze fracture of the bag cell clusters and their surrounding connective tissue revealed numerous gap junctions on bag cell processes within the clusters as well as on more distal processes. We have also examined the morphology and coupling between bag cells in primary culture. As in the intact ganglion, bag cells in culture were found to be multipolar. All pairs of bag cells whose somata or processes had formed contacts in culture were electrically coupled. The strongest coupling was observed between pairs of cells whose somata appeared closely apposed. In these cases transfer of Lucifer Yellow between cells could also be observed. It is therefore likely that the synchrony of bag cell action potentials during a bag cell afterdischarge is a result of coupling between individual cells in the bag cell cluster.", "contents": "The morphology and coupling of Aplysia bag cells within the abdominal ganglion and in cell culture. The bag cells in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica control egg-laying behavior by releasing a polypeptide (ELH) during an afterdischarge of synchronous action potentials. We have used intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow to study the morphology and interconnections of the bag cells. These neurosecretory cells are typically multipolar and their processes extend in all directions out from the bag cell clusters into the surrounding connective tissue, where they branch in a complex manner. In some of the dye injection experiments, dye transfer from the injected cell to neighboring cells was observed. Freeze fracture of the bag cell clusters and their surrounding connective tissue revealed numerous gap junctions on bag cell processes within the clusters as well as on more distal processes. We have also examined the morphology and coupling between bag cells in primary culture. As in the intact ganglion, bag cells in culture were found to be multipolar. All pairs of bag cells whose somata or processes had formed contacts in culture were electrically coupled. The strongest coupling was observed between pairs of cells whose somata appeared closely apposed. In these cases transfer of Lucifer Yellow between cells could also be observed. It is therefore likely that the synchrony of bag cell action potentials during a bag cell afterdischarge is a result of coupling between individual cells in the bag cell cluster.", "PMID": 521813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1033", "title": "Photomechanical migrations of pigment granules along the retinula cells of the crayfish.", "content": "The light-dependent migrations of proximal pigment granules along the photoreceptors of the crayfish compound-eye were studied in isolated retinas and eyestalks. The extent and kinetics of movement in each direction were found quantitatively equivalent to those observed in the organ in situ. These and other features make these cells to appear as intrinsically independent pigmentary effectors, directly responsive to light. During dark adaptation (DA) the pigment migrates away from the cell nucleus and accumulates along the axon in two distinct steps. Each step constitutes half of the total distance of about 180 microns and proceeds at 0.30 micron/sec. Only prolonged metabolic impairment inhibited the first phase, while the second was blocked by hypoxia, cyanide, colchicine, and D2O. The maintenance of a full DA position was also shown to be highly dependent upon metabolism. Light incidence on DA eyes is followed by an apparently monophasic expansion of the pigment from the axon towards the perikaryl region at 0.38 micron/sec. This movement was not affected by any of the foregoing agents and seems to be a passive relaxation process. Cytochalasin B had no effect on either motion. The migration in either direction has an exponential time course and is temperature dependent. Electron microscopy revealed two separate patterns of cytoplasmic organization corresponding to the cell areas where the two phases of DA occur. In the region close to the nucleus the pigment appears irregularly scattered, whereas in the axon the granules are situated arond a thick longitudinal bundle of microtubules. These results suggest the existence of two different mechanisms of pigment granule translocation operating in two separate regions of the retinula cell.", "contents": "Photomechanical migrations of pigment granules along the retinula cells of the crayfish. The light-dependent migrations of proximal pigment granules along the photoreceptors of the crayfish compound-eye were studied in isolated retinas and eyestalks. The extent and kinetics of movement in each direction were found quantitatively equivalent to those observed in the organ in situ. These and other features make these cells to appear as intrinsically independent pigmentary effectors, directly responsive to light. During dark adaptation (DA) the pigment migrates away from the cell nucleus and accumulates along the axon in two distinct steps. Each step constitutes half of the total distance of about 180 microns and proceeds at 0.30 micron/sec. Only prolonged metabolic impairment inhibited the first phase, while the second was blocked by hypoxia, cyanide, colchicine, and D2O. The maintenance of a full DA position was also shown to be highly dependent upon metabolism. Light incidence on DA eyes is followed by an apparently monophasic expansion of the pigment from the axon towards the perikaryl region at 0.38 micron/sec. This movement was not affected by any of the foregoing agents and seems to be a passive relaxation process. Cytochalasin B had no effect on either motion. The migration in either direction has an exponential time course and is temperature dependent. Electron microscopy revealed two separate patterns of cytoplasmic organization corresponding to the cell areas where the two phases of DA occur. In the region close to the nucleus the pigment appears irregularly scattered, whereas in the axon the granules are situated arond a thick longitudinal bundle of microtubules. These results suggest the existence of two different mechanisms of pigment granule translocation operating in two separate regions of the retinula cell.", "PMID": 521814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1034", "title": "Subcellular particles involved in the translocation of proteins in rat brain.", "content": "Protein translocation systems which are inhibited by vinblastine, colchicine, and low calcium concentrations have been found in the cells of the brain slice. The early steps in the translocation pathways of newly synthesized protein have been studied by use of a double-label experiment in conjunction with subcellular fractionation. Certain subcellular particles have been positioned on the pathways with reference to vinblastine-sensitive translocation steps. There appears to be many subcellular organelles that are located downstream from a vinblastine-sensitive translocation step and which receive significant quantities of translocated protein within an hour of its synthesis. Some of these organelles co-enrich with the enzyme marker 5'-AMPase. Myelinated axons, Golgi derived vesicles, and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum all are enriched in fractions which contain a net vinblastine-sensitive importation of protein. The major particles, which lie upstream from a vinblastine-sensitive translocation step and are net exporters of protein on this system, are found in a brain capillary fraction. It is suggested that the most likely exporter present in these capillaries are the end feet of astrocyte glial cells.", "contents": "Subcellular particles involved in the translocation of proteins in rat brain. Protein translocation systems which are inhibited by vinblastine, colchicine, and low calcium concentrations have been found in the cells of the brain slice. The early steps in the translocation pathways of newly synthesized protein have been studied by use of a double-label experiment in conjunction with subcellular fractionation. Certain subcellular particles have been positioned on the pathways with reference to vinblastine-sensitive translocation steps. There appears to be many subcellular organelles that are located downstream from a vinblastine-sensitive translocation step and which receive significant quantities of translocated protein within an hour of its synthesis. Some of these organelles co-enrich with the enzyme marker 5'-AMPase. Myelinated axons, Golgi derived vesicles, and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum all are enriched in fractions which contain a net vinblastine-sensitive importation of protein. The major particles, which lie upstream from a vinblastine-sensitive translocation step and are net exporters of protein on this system, are found in a brain capillary fraction. It is suggested that the most likely exporter present in these capillaries are the end feet of astrocyte glial cells.", "PMID": 521815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1035", "title": "Isolation and identification of a cannabinoid-like compound from Amorpha species.", "content": "The petroleum ether extracts from several plants have been screened on the plates with the chromogenic reagent Fast Blue B. salt. Extracts from different plant parts of Amorpha fruticosa, A. nanna, and A. canescens gave several spots with color and Rf values similar to those of Cannabis sativa extract. The major compound, amorphastilbol (1), was isolated by column chromatography, purified, and characterized by mp, elemental analysis, uv, ir, mass, prm, and cmr spectroscopy. Further information was obtained by analyzing the oxidation products of the compound. The evidence indicates that amorphastilbol is a phenolic stilbene terpenoid with a molecular formula of C24 H28 O2 and structural formula: (E,E)-2-(3',7'-dimethyl-2'-6'-octadienyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-1,3-benzenediol. This is the first report of the isolation of a naturally-occurring stilbene derivative possessing a terpenoid moiety.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a cannabinoid-like compound from Amorpha species. The petroleum ether extracts from several plants have been screened on the plates with the chromogenic reagent Fast Blue B. salt. Extracts from different plant parts of Amorpha fruticosa, A. nanna, and A. canescens gave several spots with color and Rf values similar to those of Cannabis sativa extract. The major compound, amorphastilbol (1), was isolated by column chromatography, purified, and characterized by mp, elemental analysis, uv, ir, mass, prm, and cmr spectroscopy. Further information was obtained by analyzing the oxidation products of the compound. The evidence indicates that amorphastilbol is a phenolic stilbene terpenoid with a molecular formula of C24 H28 O2 and structural formula: (E,E)-2-(3',7'-dimethyl-2'-6'-octadienyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-1,3-benzenediol. This is the first report of the isolation of a naturally-occurring stilbene derivative possessing a terpenoid moiety.", "PMID": 521816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1036", "title": "Plant anticancer agents X. Isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from Ervatamia heyneana.", "content": "The anticancer activity of the roots of Ervatamia heyneana (Apocynaceae) was found to be due principally to the known alkaloid, camptothecin (1). The closely related, but less active, 9-methoxycamptothecin (2) was also obtained. This is the first reported isolation of these biogenetically interesting alkaloids from the indole alkaloid rich Apocynaceae.", "contents": "Plant anticancer agents X. Isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from Ervatamia heyneana. The anticancer activity of the roots of Ervatamia heyneana (Apocynaceae) was found to be due principally to the known alkaloid, camptothecin (1). The closely related, but less active, 9-methoxycamptothecin (2) was also obtained. This is the first reported isolation of these biogenetically interesting alkaloids from the indole alkaloid rich Apocynaceae.", "PMID": 521817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1037", "title": "Cytotoxic principles from the sap of Kalmia latifolia.", "content": "Examination of the sap of Kalmia latifolia has revealed Grayanotoxin I (1), phloretin (3), and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone (5) as cytotoxic components. Twenty-one dihydrochalcones have been synthesized and tested for cytotoxic activity. 2'3,3'4,4'-Pentahydroxydihydrochalcone (8) has been found to be cytotoxic and to have marginal activity in vivo. Seven new dihydrochalcones are described.", "contents": "Cytotoxic principles from the sap of Kalmia latifolia. Examination of the sap of Kalmia latifolia has revealed Grayanotoxin I (1), phloretin (3), and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone (5) as cytotoxic components. Twenty-one dihydrochalcones have been synthesized and tested for cytotoxic activity. 2'3,3'4,4'-Pentahydroxydihydrochalcone (8) has been found to be cytotoxic and to have marginal activity in vivo. Seven new dihydrochalcones are described.", "PMID": 521818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1038", "title": "Two populations of type I fibres in striated muscle from a case of neutral lipid storage disease.", "content": "Percutaneous needle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle was performed in a patient with a generalised accumulation of neutral triglyceride. Light microscopy revealed a type I fibre predominance, with neutral lipid droplets in both fibre types but larger and with a greater quantity of lipid per unit area in the type I fibre population. Within type I fibres there were at least two populations based on the lipid droplet size and total accumulated lipid per cell. These observations are discussed, and it is concluded that they support the hypothesis of metabolic differences within the type I fibre population with respect to the use of free fatty acids as a fuel source.", "contents": "Two populations of type I fibres in striated muscle from a case of neutral lipid storage disease. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle was performed in a patient with a generalised accumulation of neutral triglyceride. Light microscopy revealed a type I fibre predominance, with neutral lipid droplets in both fibre types but larger and with a greater quantity of lipid per unit area in the type I fibre population. Within type I fibres there were at least two populations based on the lipid droplet size and total accumulated lipid per cell. These observations are discussed, and it is concluded that they support the hypothesis of metabolic differences within the type I fibre population with respect to the use of free fatty acids as a fuel source.", "PMID": 521823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1039", "title": "The Yakovlev Collection. A pilot study of its suitability for the morphometric documentation of the human brain.", "content": "A pilot study on the Yakovlev Collection in Washington, D.C. was carried out in September/October, 1977, to determine its suitability for morphometric documentation of the growth of the human brain and its structural components. The Yakovlev Collection contains complete serial sections of approximately 800 human brains which are practically unexplored with morphometric methods. The extent and quality of the Collection present a unique opportunity for enlarging into a multinational data bank for morphometric brain research.", "contents": "The Yakovlev Collection. A pilot study of its suitability for the morphometric documentation of the human brain. A pilot study on the Yakovlev Collection in Washington, D.C. was carried out in September/October, 1977, to determine its suitability for morphometric documentation of the growth of the human brain and its structural components. The Yakovlev Collection contains complete serial sections of approximately 800 human brains which are practically unexplored with morphometric methods. The extent and quality of the Collection present a unique opportunity for enlarging into a multinational data bank for morphometric brain research.", "PMID": 521824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1040", "title": "Plant anticancer agents. IX. Constituents of Hyptis tomentosa.", "content": "The twigs, leaves, and flowers of Hyptis tomentosa were found to owe their major cytotoxic activity to the presence of desoxypodophyllotoxin (4), but the two weakly cytotoxic flavones 5-hydroxy-4',6,7,8-tetramethoxy flavone (3) and 5-hydroxy-4',3,6,7,8-pentamethoxy flavone (2) also contributed to the total cytotoxicity of the crude extracts. The flavones eupatorin (6) and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxy flavone (5) were isolated as inactive constituents, together with the lignan sesamin (1).", "contents": "Plant anticancer agents. IX. Constituents of Hyptis tomentosa. The twigs, leaves, and flowers of Hyptis tomentosa were found to owe their major cytotoxic activity to the presence of desoxypodophyllotoxin (4), but the two weakly cytotoxic flavones 5-hydroxy-4',6,7,8-tetramethoxy flavone (3) and 5-hydroxy-4',3,6,7,8-pentamethoxy flavone (2) also contributed to the total cytotoxicity of the crude extracts. The flavones eupatorin (6) and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxy flavone (5) were isolated as inactive constituents, together with the lignan sesamin (1).", "PMID": 521819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1041", "title": "TLC-spectrophotometric assay of the main glycosides of red squill, a specific rodenticide.", "content": "Red squill bulbs, with reported specific rodenticidal properties, have been assayed for their content of the two main glycosides, scilliroside and scillaren A, by a method depending on the separation of the glycosides from purified plant extracts by tlc followed by spectrophotometric (uv and visible) determination of the individual glycosides in the eluates. The method was found convenient for assessment of the potency of red squill bulbs.", "contents": "TLC-spectrophotometric assay of the main glycosides of red squill, a specific rodenticide. Red squill bulbs, with reported specific rodenticidal properties, have been assayed for their content of the two main glycosides, scilliroside and scillaren A, by a method depending on the separation of the glycosides from purified plant extracts by tlc followed by spectrophotometric (uv and visible) determination of the individual glycosides in the eluates. The method was found convenient for assessment of the potency of red squill bulbs.", "PMID": 521820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1042", "title": "Anomalous reinnervation as a sequel to obstetric brachial plexus palsy.", "content": "In 3 patients with sequelae of brachial plexus birth injury we observed associated movements and also synchronous motor unit potentials and motor axo-axonic reflexes between different muscles, sometimes with antagonist function. To explain these synkineses is necessary to assume that there is simultaneous innervation by the same motoneurone of 2 or more \"motor subunits\" in different muscles. Therefore we suggest that the motoneurone branches originate proximally from the primary trunk of the brachial plexus. Careful clinical and neurophysiological study can show these complex simultaneous innervations and also suggest correct kinesiotherapy.", "contents": "Anomalous reinnervation as a sequel to obstetric brachial plexus palsy. In 3 patients with sequelae of brachial plexus birth injury we observed associated movements and also synchronous motor unit potentials and motor axo-axonic reflexes between different muscles, sometimes with antagonist function. To explain these synkineses is necessary to assume that there is simultaneous innervation by the same motoneurone of 2 or more \"motor subunits\" in different muscles. Therefore we suggest that the motoneurone branches originate proximally from the primary trunk of the brachial plexus. Careful clinical and neurophysiological study can show these complex simultaneous innervations and also suggest correct kinesiotherapy.", "PMID": 521825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1043", "title": "Immune response to isolated oligodendrocytes.", "content": "Oligodendrocytes were isolated from bovine white matter and were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into experimental animals. Indirect immunofluorescence studies using fluoresceinated goat anti-rabbit or anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin (GARIg; GAGPIg) showed that rabbit and guinea pig anti-oligodendrocyte (RAO, GPAO) sera reacted specifically with the surface of isolated oligodendrocytes in suspension, as well as with oligodendroglia in bovine and human brain sections, and in mouse cerebellum cultures. This activity of RAO was blocked by non-fluoresceinated GARIg and by GPAO, and absorbed by oligodendrocyte preparation (OP) or whole white matter, but not by purified myelin, neuroblastoma or non-brain tissue. Low levels of anti-basic protein antibodies were found in many RAO (but not GPAO) sera by radioimmunoassay, and a few showed significant anti-galactocerebroside antibody by agglutination and radioimmunoprecipation techniques. Guinea pigs sensitized with isolated oligodendrocytes in CFA showed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to OP as manifested by delayed type skin test and induced in vitro lymphocyte transformation. CMI to purified myelin basic protein was not detected. The demonstration of humoral and CMI to the cell responsible for the production of CNS myelin may be related to some aspects of the immunopathogenesis of demyelinating disorders.", "contents": "Immune response to isolated oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes were isolated from bovine white matter and were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into experimental animals. Indirect immunofluorescence studies using fluoresceinated goat anti-rabbit or anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin (GARIg; GAGPIg) showed that rabbit and guinea pig anti-oligodendrocyte (RAO, GPAO) sera reacted specifically with the surface of isolated oligodendrocytes in suspension, as well as with oligodendroglia in bovine and human brain sections, and in mouse cerebellum cultures. This activity of RAO was blocked by non-fluoresceinated GARIg and by GPAO, and absorbed by oligodendrocyte preparation (OP) or whole white matter, but not by purified myelin, neuroblastoma or non-brain tissue. Low levels of anti-basic protein antibodies were found in many RAO (but not GPAO) sera by radioimmunoassay, and a few showed significant anti-galactocerebroside antibody by agglutination and radioimmunoprecipation techniques. Guinea pigs sensitized with isolated oligodendrocytes in CFA showed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to OP as manifested by delayed type skin test and induced in vitro lymphocyte transformation. CMI to purified myelin basic protein was not detected. The demonstration of humoral and CMI to the cell responsible for the production of CNS myelin may be related to some aspects of the immunopathogenesis of demyelinating disorders.", "PMID": 521826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1044", "title": "Measles antibodies and histocompatibility types in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Measles antibody titres and HLA antigens were determined in 71 White and 11 Coloured multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 71 White and 11 Coloured age and sex-matched controls. Measles antibody titres were determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test and HLA antigens were determined serologically by a micro-lymphocytotoxicity test. Measles antibody titres were significantly higher in MS than in control cases and this was true for both female and male patients. No association was observed between the HLA antigens, especially HLA-A3 or HLA-B7 and measles antibody titres in the sera of MS patients or controls.", "contents": "Measles antibodies and histocompatibility types in multiple sclerosis. Measles antibody titres and HLA antigens were determined in 71 White and 11 Coloured multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 71 White and 11 Coloured age and sex-matched controls. Measles antibody titres were determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test and HLA antigens were determined serologically by a micro-lymphocytotoxicity test. Measles antibody titres were significantly higher in MS than in control cases and this was true for both female and male patients. No association was observed between the HLA antigens, especially HLA-A3 or HLA-B7 and measles antibody titres in the sera of MS patients or controls.", "PMID": 521827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1045", "title": "A mitochondrial myopathy with a deficiency of respiratory chain NADH-CoQ reductase activity.", "content": "This paper presents data on two sisters with a mitochondrial myopathy characterised by weakness, marked exercise intolerance and a fluctuating lactic acidaemia. Both patients also experienced episodes of increased weakness which could be brought on by unaccustomed activity, going without food or by taking small quantities of alcohol. Metabolic studies during exercise showed a marked and sudden rise in blood lactate and pyruvate levels. Biochemical studies in one case showed that mitochondrial respiratory rates were markedly decreased with all NAD-linked substrates tested but were normal with succinate and with TMPD + ascorbate. The mitochondrial cytochrome components were normal as determined by low temperature spectroscopy and the addition of uncoupler did not enhance state 3 respiratory rates utilising NAD-linked substrates. It was concluded, therefore, that the mitochondrial lesion was located at the level of the NADH-CoQ reductase complex.", "contents": "A mitochondrial myopathy with a deficiency of respiratory chain NADH-CoQ reductase activity. This paper presents data on two sisters with a mitochondrial myopathy characterised by weakness, marked exercise intolerance and a fluctuating lactic acidaemia. Both patients also experienced episodes of increased weakness which could be brought on by unaccustomed activity, going without food or by taking small quantities of alcohol. Metabolic studies during exercise showed a marked and sudden rise in blood lactate and pyruvate levels. Biochemical studies in one case showed that mitochondrial respiratory rates were markedly decreased with all NAD-linked substrates tested but were normal with succinate and with TMPD + ascorbate. The mitochondrial cytochrome components were normal as determined by low temperature spectroscopy and the addition of uncoupler did not enhance state 3 respiratory rates utilising NAD-linked substrates. It was concluded, therefore, that the mitochondrial lesion was located at the level of the NADH-CoQ reductase complex.", "PMID": 521828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1046", "title": "Multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure: clinical, histological and neurochemical observations on four cases.", "content": "Four cases of progressive autonomic failure are described, in all of which there were additional non-autonomic neurological abnormalities, including pyramidal, extra-pyramidal and cerebellar features. Histological examination revealed cell degeneration in the substantia nigra, putamen and intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord as a common pathological finding. In addition, 3 cases showed loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and degeneration of pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nuclei. In one case there was cell loss from the locus coeruleus, caudate nucleus, vestibular nuclei and dorsal vagal nuclei. These were, therefore, cases of multiple system atrophy. Neurochemically, a common feature was a profound depletion in dopamine and noradrenaline from brain regions which are normally rich in these catecholamines. Central cholinergic systems appeared to be involved also, but to a variable degree.", "contents": "Multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure: clinical, histological and neurochemical observations on four cases. Four cases of progressive autonomic failure are described, in all of which there were additional non-autonomic neurological abnormalities, including pyramidal, extra-pyramidal and cerebellar features. Histological examination revealed cell degeneration in the substantia nigra, putamen and intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord as a common pathological finding. In addition, 3 cases showed loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and degeneration of pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nuclei. In one case there was cell loss from the locus coeruleus, caudate nucleus, vestibular nuclei and dorsal vagal nuclei. These were, therefore, cases of multiple system atrophy. Neurochemically, a common feature was a profound depletion in dopamine and noradrenaline from brain regions which are normally rich in these catecholamines. Central cholinergic systems appeared to be involved also, but to a variable degree.", "PMID": 521829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1047", "title": "Roentgenmorphological aspects of muscular pseudohypertrophy.", "content": "Using special soft tissue X-ray investigations the authors have found that the increase in volume of the calf musculature in progressive muscular dystrophy does not seem to be in complete accordance with the criteria of pseudohypertrophy. It has been demonstrated that this structural alteration of the musculature does not damage the various muscles to an equal extent. It has been shown that in two cases of motoneurone lesions the total decay of the calf musculature was not followed by loss of muscle bulk. The volume of the damaged musculature remained unchanged, or increased, in consequence of the enormous increase in the fat and connective tissue. This structural alteration corresponds to the generally accepted definition of pseudohypertrophy.", "contents": "Roentgenmorphological aspects of muscular pseudohypertrophy. Using special soft tissue X-ray investigations the authors have found that the increase in volume of the calf musculature in progressive muscular dystrophy does not seem to be in complete accordance with the criteria of pseudohypertrophy. It has been demonstrated that this structural alteration of the musculature does not damage the various muscles to an equal extent. It has been shown that in two cases of motoneurone lesions the total decay of the calf musculature was not followed by loss of muscle bulk. The volume of the damaged musculature remained unchanged, or increased, in consequence of the enormous increase in the fat and connective tissue. This structural alteration corresponds to the generally accepted definition of pseudohypertrophy.", "PMID": 521830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1048", "title": "Conduction velocity in hexachlorophane neuropathy: correlation between electrophysiological and histological findings.", "content": "After 2-3 weeks exposure to hexachlorophane, maximum motor nerve conduction velocity in sciatic nerves of rats was reduced by 7.5% and evoked muscle action potential amplitude by 9%. Histological examination at this stage showed intramyelin oedema affecting some fibres and axonal degeneration of other fibres. After longer periods of exposure velocity and amplitude fell further. Velocity was reduced by 27% after 6-7 months treatment. In addition to intramyelin oedema and axonal degeneration, segmental demyelination was present in animals intoxicated for more than three months. There was no correlation between the degree of oedema and reduction of conduction velocity. It is concluded that intramyelin oedema has little or no effect on conduction velocity. Nodes of Ranvier are normal in the early stages of the lesion and this may contribute to the preservation of normal conduction. The electrophysiological findings can be attributed to secondary changes of axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination.", "contents": "Conduction velocity in hexachlorophane neuropathy: correlation between electrophysiological and histological findings. After 2-3 weeks exposure to hexachlorophane, maximum motor nerve conduction velocity in sciatic nerves of rats was reduced by 7.5% and evoked muscle action potential amplitude by 9%. Histological examination at this stage showed intramyelin oedema affecting some fibres and axonal degeneration of other fibres. After longer periods of exposure velocity and amplitude fell further. Velocity was reduced by 27% after 6-7 months treatment. In addition to intramyelin oedema and axonal degeneration, segmental demyelination was present in animals intoxicated for more than three months. There was no correlation between the degree of oedema and reduction of conduction velocity. It is concluded that intramyelin oedema has little or no effect on conduction velocity. Nodes of Ranvier are normal in the early stages of the lesion and this may contribute to the preservation of normal conduction. The electrophysiological findings can be attributed to secondary changes of axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination.", "PMID": 521831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1049", "title": "Ultrastructural observations in experimental hydrocephalus in the rabbit.", "content": "Changes in the ependyma and periventricular brain tissues of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles and the cervical spinal canal were studied electron-microscopically in young rabbits on the 9th day after injecting kaolin into the cisterna magna. The ependyma of the lateral ventricle overlying the white matter was notably stretched causing increased egress of CSF and disorganisation of the normal architecture of the white matter and capillaries. The neurons and glial cells close to the white matter showed edematous changes. The changes in the ependymal lining and the underlying grey matter were less severe in the dorsal part of the 3rd and the 4th ventricle. The ventral part of the 3rd ventricle was the least affected. The height and the arrangement of the ependymal cells, the surrounding grey matter with narrow interstitial spaces and the absorbing tanycytes seemed to be factors which were responsible for the minimal changes in these regions. The changes appeared to be reversible if the CSF pressure was relieved at this stage. The spinal canal remained unaffected in the majority of our hydrocephalic animals, which could probably be attributed to the type of animal and the degree of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations in experimental hydrocephalus in the rabbit. Changes in the ependyma and periventricular brain tissues of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles and the cervical spinal canal were studied electron-microscopically in young rabbits on the 9th day after injecting kaolin into the cisterna magna. The ependyma of the lateral ventricle overlying the white matter was notably stretched causing increased egress of CSF and disorganisation of the normal architecture of the white matter and capillaries. The neurons and glial cells close to the white matter showed edematous changes. The changes in the ependymal lining and the underlying grey matter were less severe in the dorsal part of the 3rd and the 4th ventricle. The ventral part of the 3rd ventricle was the least affected. The height and the arrangement of the ependymal cells, the surrounding grey matter with narrow interstitial spaces and the absorbing tanycytes seemed to be factors which were responsible for the minimal changes in these regions. The changes appeared to be reversible if the CSF pressure was relieved at this stage. The spinal canal remained unaffected in the majority of our hydrocephalic animals, which could probably be attributed to the type of animal and the degree of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 521832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1050", "title": "Myotonic dystrophy associated with thyroid disease.", "content": "Two patients with hereditary, clinical, electromyographical and histological data typical of myotonic dystrophy are discussed. In both there was a thyroid disorder. The first patient had primary hypothyroidism, and the second a non-toxic multinodular goiter which necessitated total thyroidectomy. The EMG findings and the muscle histopathology of both patients are commented on and compared with the changes described in hypothyroidism. The disease processes in both patients are also discussed in relation to the muscle and metabolic changes described in myotonic dystrophy. The coexistence of these two diseases is not explicable in the light of present knowledge on the basis of a known genetic predisposition. Only two similar cases of myotonic dystrophy and hypothyroidism have been reported.", "contents": "Myotonic dystrophy associated with thyroid disease. Two patients with hereditary, clinical, electromyographical and histological data typical of myotonic dystrophy are discussed. In both there was a thyroid disorder. The first patient had primary hypothyroidism, and the second a non-toxic multinodular goiter which necessitated total thyroidectomy. The EMG findings and the muscle histopathology of both patients are commented on and compared with the changes described in hypothyroidism. The disease processes in both patients are also discussed in relation to the muscle and metabolic changes described in myotonic dystrophy. The coexistence of these two diseases is not explicable in the light of present knowledge on the basis of a known genetic predisposition. Only two similar cases of myotonic dystrophy and hypothyroidism have been reported.", "PMID": 521833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1051", "title": "Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clinical and histochemical observations in 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are presented with detailed accounts of the clinical, histopathological and histochemical changes in the brain. In one of them, neurochemical analysis of the brain was found to be essentially normal. Despite the pathological and histochemical similarity in these two cases, the clinical forms were quite distinct. The clinical patterns are attributed to differences in the topography of neuronal involvement. The pathogenesis of this extremely rare form of neurolipidosis is discussed with reference to recent literature.", "contents": "Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clinical and histochemical observations in 2 cases. Two cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are presented with detailed accounts of the clinical, histopathological and histochemical changes in the brain. In one of them, neurochemical analysis of the brain was found to be essentially normal. Despite the pathological and histochemical similarity in these two cases, the clinical forms were quite distinct. The clinical patterns are attributed to differences in the topography of neuronal involvement. The pathogenesis of this extremely rare form of neurolipidosis is discussed with reference to recent literature.", "PMID": 521834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1052", "title": "Motor innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle of wobbler and dystrophic mice.", "content": "Innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle of mice from the wobbler, dystrophic and C57/BL colonies has been studied. It was found that phenotypically normal mice from each of the colonies did not differ in their innervation properties, hence suggesting no heterozygote penetrance. However, the end-plate complexity increased with age of normal mice. Functional terminal innervation ratio for both the wobbler and dystrophic gastrocnemius muscle was raised above that of the normal and many dystrophic end-plates also appeared abnormal. A study of mice from the wobbler colony manifesting a late onset hind-limb muscle degeneration (Wr/HLD) has been included and the results suggest a relatively benign form of spinal muscular atrophy.", "contents": "Motor innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle of wobbler and dystrophic mice. Innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle of mice from the wobbler, dystrophic and C57/BL colonies has been studied. It was found that phenotypically normal mice from each of the colonies did not differ in their innervation properties, hence suggesting no heterozygote penetrance. However, the end-plate complexity increased with age of normal mice. Functional terminal innervation ratio for both the wobbler and dystrophic gastrocnemius muscle was raised above that of the normal and many dystrophic end-plates also appeared abnormal. A study of mice from the wobbler colony manifesting a late onset hind-limb muscle degeneration (Wr/HLD) has been included and the results suggest a relatively benign form of spinal muscular atrophy.", "PMID": 521835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1053", "title": "Alterations in [3H]spiperone binding in human caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and frontal cortex in the Shy-Drager syndrome and Parkinson's disease.", "content": "[3H]Spiperone binding was investigated in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra (s. nigra) and frontal cortex of control subjects and of patients with Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome. Binding sites for [3H]spiperone were interpreted as dopamine receptors in caudate and s. nigra, and as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in frontal cortex. Scatchard analysis showed that the Bmax (maximal number of binding sites) in caudate was similar in the 3 groups, whereas in s. nigra the Bmax was reduced by approximately 60% in both Parkinsons disease and Shy-Drager syndrome. The dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]spiperone binding in s. nigra was similar in the 3 groups. In caudate nucleus, the Kd was similar in control and Parkinson groups; however, there was a significant increase in the dissociation constant in the caudate nucleus from cases of Shy-Drager syndrome. No differences in binding characteristics were observed in the frontal cortex. These results are taken to reflect a loss of dopamine receptor sites in the s. nigra in both Parkinson's disease and Shy-Drager syndrome, and a reduced affinity of dopamine receptor sites in the caudate nucleus in Shy-Drager syndrome.", "contents": "Alterations in [3H]spiperone binding in human caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and frontal cortex in the Shy-Drager syndrome and Parkinson's disease. [3H]Spiperone binding was investigated in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra (s. nigra) and frontal cortex of control subjects and of patients with Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome. Binding sites for [3H]spiperone were interpreted as dopamine receptors in caudate and s. nigra, and as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in frontal cortex. Scatchard analysis showed that the Bmax (maximal number of binding sites) in caudate was similar in the 3 groups, whereas in s. nigra the Bmax was reduced by approximately 60% in both Parkinsons disease and Shy-Drager syndrome. The dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]spiperone binding in s. nigra was similar in the 3 groups. In caudate nucleus, the Kd was similar in control and Parkinson groups; however, there was a significant increase in the dissociation constant in the caudate nucleus from cases of Shy-Drager syndrome. No differences in binding characteristics were observed in the frontal cortex. These results are taken to reflect a loss of dopamine receptor sites in the s. nigra in both Parkinson's disease and Shy-Drager syndrome, and a reduced affinity of dopamine receptor sites in the caudate nucleus in Shy-Drager syndrome.", "PMID": 521836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1054", "title": "Conduction velocity through the somesthetic pathway in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The latencies of evoked potentials recorded at different levels of the peripheral and central nervous system by median nerve stimulation were measured before and after dialysis, and compared with similar recordings in normal volunteers. Abnormally slow conduction velocity was more often found in proximal rather than in distal segments of the peripheral pathway in patients with chronic renal failure. This abnormality was not correlated with the presence of clinical signs of neuropathy or low values of motor conduction velocity, neither was it affected by dialysis. These findings support the hypothesis of peripheral nerve dysfunction secondary to metabolic derangement in uraemic patients.", "contents": "Conduction velocity through the somesthetic pathway in chronic renal failure. The latencies of evoked potentials recorded at different levels of the peripheral and central nervous system by median nerve stimulation were measured before and after dialysis, and compared with similar recordings in normal volunteers. Abnormally slow conduction velocity was more often found in proximal rather than in distal segments of the peripheral pathway in patients with chronic renal failure. This abnormality was not correlated with the presence of clinical signs of neuropathy or low values of motor conduction velocity, neither was it affected by dialysis. These findings support the hypothesis of peripheral nerve dysfunction secondary to metabolic derangement in uraemic patients.", "PMID": 521837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1055", "title": "Fatty acid profiles in mental disease. Part 1. Linolenate variations in schizophrenia.", "content": "Lipids were isolated from 6 patients suffering from schizophrenia and also from 6 age-matched healthy controls. The extracted lipids were fractionated into erythrocyte and plasma lipids. Column and thin-layer chromatography on silica gel were employed further to isolate the extracts into sub-classes within the major neutral and polar lipid classifications. The fatty acid composition of each sub-class was then monitored by gas chromatography after transmethylation. A significantly higher proportion of linolenic acid (18:3w3) was found in schizophrenics when compared with the controls. The change was reflected in both the neutral lipids and phospholipids from plasma and erythrocytes of the patients. On average, 8.7 +/- 2.6 and 3.9 +/- 1.5 mole % linolenate/100 mg lipid extract were obtained from the plasma of patients and healthy controls, respectively, while 8.6 +/- 2.3 and 3.0 +/- 1.2 mole/% linolenate/100 mg lipid were recorded from the red blood cells. The other fatty acids investigated did not show such significant differences between patient and healthy subject. A net increase in the amount of total fatty acid was recorded in the patients and it is thought that either linolenate alone or linolenate together with other polyunsaturated fatty acids not considered here are responsible for these observations. Correlations of these findings with the pathology of schizophrenia are discussed.", "contents": "Fatty acid profiles in mental disease. Part 1. Linolenate variations in schizophrenia. Lipids were isolated from 6 patients suffering from schizophrenia and also from 6 age-matched healthy controls. The extracted lipids were fractionated into erythrocyte and plasma lipids. Column and thin-layer chromatography on silica gel were employed further to isolate the extracts into sub-classes within the major neutral and polar lipid classifications. The fatty acid composition of each sub-class was then monitored by gas chromatography after transmethylation. A significantly higher proportion of linolenic acid (18:3w3) was found in schizophrenics when compared with the controls. The change was reflected in both the neutral lipids and phospholipids from plasma and erythrocytes of the patients. On average, 8.7 +/- 2.6 and 3.9 +/- 1.5 mole % linolenate/100 mg lipid extract were obtained from the plasma of patients and healthy controls, respectively, while 8.6 +/- 2.3 and 3.0 +/- 1.2 mole/% linolenate/100 mg lipid were recorded from the red blood cells. The other fatty acids investigated did not show such significant differences between patient and healthy subject. A net increase in the amount of total fatty acid was recorded in the patients and it is thought that either linolenate alone or linolenate together with other polyunsaturated fatty acids not considered here are responsible for these observations. Correlations of these findings with the pathology of schizophrenia are discussed.", "PMID": 521838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1056", "title": "Immunological observations on patients with acute cerebral vascular disease.", "content": "Cell-mediated and humoral immunity was studied in 74 patients with acute cerebral vascular disease. During the first two days after the onset of disease marked changes of cell-mediated immunity were observed, manifested as a decrease in total lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, decrease in number of T lymphocytes, depression in lymphocyte blastogenesis and production of the migration inhibition factor, and a delayed-type skin reactivity. The changes were most evident in patients with severe lesions of brain tissue resulting from primary cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction with fatal outcome. In the group of patients with cerebral infarction with improvement of neurological symptoms the immunological changes were not so pronounced as in the two above-mentioned groups, the smallest changes being found in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. We suppose that the depression in the immunne function was caused by severe stress during the course of disease. Impairment of the immune function may increase susceptibility to infection. The humoral immune response was not so evidently changed, and the observed increase of IgA in the sera was probably present before the stroke. In cases with good clinical course some improvement in the immunological parameters was observed, but full recovery did not occur until 3 weeks after the onset of disease.", "contents": "Immunological observations on patients with acute cerebral vascular disease. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity was studied in 74 patients with acute cerebral vascular disease. During the first two days after the onset of disease marked changes of cell-mediated immunity were observed, manifested as a decrease in total lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, decrease in number of T lymphocytes, depression in lymphocyte blastogenesis and production of the migration inhibition factor, and a delayed-type skin reactivity. The changes were most evident in patients with severe lesions of brain tissue resulting from primary cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction with fatal outcome. In the group of patients with cerebral infarction with improvement of neurological symptoms the immunological changes were not so pronounced as in the two above-mentioned groups, the smallest changes being found in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. We suppose that the depression in the immunne function was caused by severe stress during the course of disease. Impairment of the immune function may increase susceptibility to infection. The humoral immune response was not so evidently changed, and the observed increase of IgA in the sera was probably present before the stroke. In cases with good clinical course some improvement in the immunological parameters was observed, but full recovery did not occur until 3 weeks after the onset of disease.", "PMID": 521839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1057", "title": "Reduced adhesiveness between skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The intercellular adhesiveness of skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and normal controls has been measured by determining the collision efficencies of cells using the couette viscometer. The collision efficencies for dystrophic cells were significantly lower that those for normal cells (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.005), indicating that dystrophic cells are less adhesive than normal cells.", "contents": "Reduced adhesiveness between skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The intercellular adhesiveness of skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and normal controls has been measured by determining the collision efficencies of cells using the couette viscometer. The collision efficencies for dystrophic cells were significantly lower that those for normal cells (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.005), indicating that dystrophic cells are less adhesive than normal cells.", "PMID": 521840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1058", "title": "Somatosensory and autonomic neuropathy as the only manifestation of long standing leprosy.", "content": "The clinical and neuropathological findings in a patient with \"neuritic\" leprosy are described. In this rare form of leprosy, skin changes are only minimal or absent and the diagnosis can be established only by nerve biopsy.", "contents": "Somatosensory and autonomic neuropathy as the only manifestation of long standing leprosy. The clinical and neuropathological findings in a patient with \"neuritic\" leprosy are described. In this rare form of leprosy, skin changes are only minimal or absent and the diagnosis can be established only by nerve biopsy.", "PMID": 521841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1059", "title": "Considerations on the operative results in a group of elderly neurosurgical patients.", "content": "536 patients from 60 to 84 years old, operated on for neurosurgical lesions, are evaluated with reference to post-operative mortality rate related to the type of pathology. 83 deaths (15.6%) occurred in this series. Mortality rate increases progressively with advancing age. It is outlined that the aged patients have lesser chances of surgical success, but the present data induce to consider with greater favour the outcome of these patients.", "contents": "Considerations on the operative results in a group of elderly neurosurgical patients. 536 patients from 60 to 84 years old, operated on for neurosurgical lesions, are evaluated with reference to post-operative mortality rate related to the type of pathology. 83 deaths (15.6%) occurred in this series. Mortality rate increases progressively with advancing age. It is outlined that the aged patients have lesser chances of surgical success, but the present data induce to consider with greater favour the outcome of these patients.", "PMID": 521844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1060", "title": "Uptake of L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid by human erythrocytes and HeLa cells.", "content": "Uptake of AsA and DAsA by human cells, i.e., erythrocytes and HeLa cells, was examined in vitro. AsA was taken up very slowly, but DAsA was taken up very rapidly by erythrocytes to establish equilibrium after 1 minute. Uptake of the vitamins by HeLa cells was similar to that by erythrocytes, except there was an uptake of DAsA that reached saturation after 5 minutes. The DAsA taken up was reduced in part to AsA and the concentrations of DAsA inside and outside the cells became almost equal. GSH was responsible for this reduction. Although DAsA was evidently a more permeant form than AsA in the case of human cells, the relevance of this to the uptake of vitamin C by the tissues in vivo remains uncertain.", "contents": "Uptake of L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid by human erythrocytes and HeLa cells. Uptake of AsA and DAsA by human cells, i.e., erythrocytes and HeLa cells, was examined in vitro. AsA was taken up very slowly, but DAsA was taken up very rapidly by erythrocytes to establish equilibrium after 1 minute. Uptake of the vitamins by HeLa cells was similar to that by erythrocytes, except there was an uptake of DAsA that reached saturation after 5 minutes. The DAsA taken up was reduced in part to AsA and the concentrations of DAsA inside and outside the cells became almost equal. GSH was responsible for this reduction. Although DAsA was evidently a more permeant form than AsA in the case of human cells, the relevance of this to the uptake of vitamin C by the tissues in vivo remains uncertain.", "PMID": 521850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1061", "title": "Deep controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in the surgical treatment of intracranial arterial aneurysms.", "content": "The authors report 73 cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms operated on under deep controlled hypotension--i.e. hypotension below 60 mmHg of systolic arterial pressure (s.a.p.)--. Deep hypotension was induced by Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP). No problems were encountered in order to reach or to maintain deep hypotension. SNP showed to be an easy hypotensive agent, without toxicity at the recommended dosage. Fifty-nine patients were operated on between 40 and 25 mmHg of s.a.p. In 55 patients deep hypotension lasted for 30 minutes or more, reaching 2 hours in 3 patients. Surgical results were excellent, in regard either to the control of bleeding, either to the dissection of the aneurysm. Clinical results were evaluated by comparison with 146 patients operated on under normal pressure (group of control); no complications were clearly related to deep hypotension per se. However, the authors stress the risks of deep hypotension in early surgery, due to the possible association to vascular spasm.", "contents": "Deep controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in the surgical treatment of intracranial arterial aneurysms. The authors report 73 cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms operated on under deep controlled hypotension--i.e. hypotension below 60 mmHg of systolic arterial pressure (s.a.p.)--. Deep hypotension was induced by Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP). No problems were encountered in order to reach or to maintain deep hypotension. SNP showed to be an easy hypotensive agent, without toxicity at the recommended dosage. Fifty-nine patients were operated on between 40 and 25 mmHg of s.a.p. In 55 patients deep hypotension lasted for 30 minutes or more, reaching 2 hours in 3 patients. Surgical results were excellent, in regard either to the control of bleeding, either to the dissection of the aneurysm. Clinical results were evaluated by comparison with 146 patients operated on under normal pressure (group of control); no complications were clearly related to deep hypotension per se. However, the authors stress the risks of deep hypotension in early surgery, due to the possible association to vascular spasm.", "PMID": 521843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1062", "title": "Myoclonic syndrome and dentate nucleus lesion after excision of giant acoustic neurinoma.", "content": "The authors describe one case of a Myoclonic Syndrome appeared after the excision  of a giant acoustic neurinoma. On the basis of autoptic studies, Myoclonic Syndromes, similar to the one reported here, have been shown to be associated to lesions of the Dentate Nucleus. Cranial computed tomography indicates, in our case, a cerebellar lesion localized in the Dentate Nucleus region. This figure allows the authors to correlate \"in vivo\" the anatomo-clinical data.", "contents": "Myoclonic syndrome and dentate nucleus lesion after excision of giant acoustic neurinoma. The authors describe one case of a Myoclonic Syndrome appeared after the excision  of a giant acoustic neurinoma. On the basis of autoptic studies, Myoclonic Syndromes, similar to the one reported here, have been shown to be associated to lesions of the Dentate Nucleus. Cranial computed tomography indicates, in our case, a cerebellar lesion localized in the Dentate Nucleus region. This figure allows the authors to correlate \"in vivo\" the anatomo-clinical data.", "PMID": 521845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1063", "title": "Brain tumor with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy in children.", "content": "A series of six cases of cerebral tumor with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy, including four cases admitted at our institute, were studied. Various common clinical features were noted in these six cases. The mechanism whereby ipsilateral hemiatrophy of the cerebrum arises from brain tumor has been discussed on the basis of symptomatologic and clinicopathologic findings noted in these 6 cases. 1) The onset of the disease was between 8 and 14 years of age with a mean of 11 years and 8 months; thus all the 6 patients being juvenile. 2) Presenting symptoms developed from 1 year and 2 months to 4 years before admission, with an average of 2 years and 1 month. The clinical course was therefore relatively chronic in every case. 3) Presenting symptoms were: decline of school work, hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. These symptoms were all progressive throughout the course. The principal symptoms were hemiparesis, hemihypoesthesia, character and emotional changes, deterioration of mental faculties and behavioral abnormalities. No sign or symptom of significant increase of intracranial pressure were observed in any case. 4) Ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy on the tumor side was evidenced by carotid angiography and by pneumoencephalography. 5) The common site of tumor in this series was the thalamus and its surrounding areas. 6) The tumor was invariably a pinealoma which seemed to be ectopic in every case. 7) The obtained histopathological findings suggest that the ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy was due to thinning of the cerebral cortex with degeneration and disappearance of ganglion cells, demyelination in the subcortex and destruction of axons. Our speculated mechanism of ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy due to thalamic tumor is that thalamic tumor causes the degeneration and disappearance of thalamic ganglion cells and nerve fibers, consequently occurring secondary Waller's degeneration of afferent and projecting fibers from the thalamus as well as retrograde degeneration of efferent fibers, thus resulting in an extensive atrophy of the cerebral cortex and subcortical tissue.", "contents": "Brain tumor with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy in children. A series of six cases of cerebral tumor with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy, including four cases admitted at our institute, were studied. Various common clinical features were noted in these six cases. The mechanism whereby ipsilateral hemiatrophy of the cerebrum arises from brain tumor has been discussed on the basis of symptomatologic and clinicopathologic findings noted in these 6 cases. 1) The onset of the disease was between 8 and 14 years of age with a mean of 11 years and 8 months; thus all the 6 patients being juvenile. 2) Presenting symptoms developed from 1 year and 2 months to 4 years before admission, with an average of 2 years and 1 month. The clinical course was therefore relatively chronic in every case. 3) Presenting symptoms were: decline of school work, hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. These symptoms were all progressive throughout the course. The principal symptoms were hemiparesis, hemihypoesthesia, character and emotional changes, deterioration of mental faculties and behavioral abnormalities. No sign or symptom of significant increase of intracranial pressure were observed in any case. 4) Ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy on the tumor side was evidenced by carotid angiography and by pneumoencephalography. 5) The common site of tumor in this series was the thalamus and its surrounding areas. 6) The tumor was invariably a pinealoma which seemed to be ectopic in every case. 7) The obtained histopathological findings suggest that the ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy was due to thinning of the cerebral cortex with degeneration and disappearance of ganglion cells, demyelination in the subcortex and destruction of axons. Our speculated mechanism of ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy due to thalamic tumor is that thalamic tumor causes the degeneration and disappearance of thalamic ganglion cells and nerve fibers, consequently occurring secondary Waller's degeneration of afferent and projecting fibers from the thalamus as well as retrograde degeneration of efferent fibers, thus resulting in an extensive atrophy of the cerebral cortex and subcortical tissue.", "PMID": 521847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1064", "title": "Extravasation of contrast medium from cerebral aneurysmal rupture during angiography (remarks on four cases).", "content": "The authors report four cases of contrast material extravasation during carotid angiography from cerebral aneurysmal rupture. The thesis of a coincidental event not due to an increase in the intraarterial pressure, is supported. The poor prognosis of these bleedings, detectable on angiography, is underlined and the questionable toxic effect of contrast material in the subarachnoidal space is discussed.", "contents": "Extravasation of contrast medium from cerebral aneurysmal rupture during angiography (remarks on four cases). The authors report four cases of contrast material extravasation during carotid angiography from cerebral aneurysmal rupture. The thesis of a coincidental event not due to an increase in the intraarterial pressure, is supported. The poor prognosis of these bleedings, detectable on angiography, is underlined and the questionable toxic effect of contrast material in the subarachnoidal space is discussed.", "PMID": 521846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1065", "title": "Cervical intramedullary abscess (extirpation by means of microsurgical techniques).", "content": "A case of radical excision of an intramedullary abscess is described. Microsurgical techniques permit a bolder operation than the aspiration and/or drainage intervention currently performed.", "contents": "Cervical intramedullary abscess (extirpation by means of microsurgical techniques). A case of radical excision of an intramedullary abscess is described. Microsurgical techniques permit a bolder operation than the aspiration and/or drainage intervention currently performed.", "PMID": 521849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1066", "title": "Motion and vision. II. Stabilized spatio-temporal threshold surface.", "content": "The stabilized contrast-sensitivity function measured at a constant retinal velocity is tuned to a particular spatial frequency, which is inversely related to the velocity chosen. The Fourier transforms of these constant-velocity passbands have the same form as retinal receptive fields of various sizes. At low velocities, in the range of the natural drift motions of the eye, the stabilized contrast-sensitivity function matches the normal, unstablized result. At higher velocities (corresponding to motions of objects in the environment), this curve maintains the same shape but shifts toward lower spatial frequencies. The constant-velocity passband is displaced across the spatio-temporal frequency domain in a manner that is almost symmetric about the constant-velocity plane at v = 2 deg/s. Interpolating these diagonal profiles by a suitable analytic expression, we construct the spatio-temporal threshold surface for stabilized vision, and display its properties in terms of the usual frequency parameters; e.g., at low spatial frequencies, the temporal response becomes nearly independent of spatial frequency, while at low temporal frequencies, the spatial response becomes independent of temporal frequency.", "contents": "Motion and vision. II. Stabilized spatio-temporal threshold surface. The stabilized contrast-sensitivity function measured at a constant retinal velocity is tuned to a particular spatial frequency, which is inversely related to the velocity chosen. The Fourier transforms of these constant-velocity passbands have the same form as retinal receptive fields of various sizes. At low velocities, in the range of the natural drift motions of the eye, the stabilized contrast-sensitivity function matches the normal, unstablized result. At higher velocities (corresponding to motions of objects in the environment), this curve maintains the same shape but shifts toward lower spatial frequencies. The constant-velocity passband is displaced across the spatio-temporal frequency domain in a manner that is almost symmetric about the constant-velocity plane at v = 2 deg/s. Interpolating these diagonal profiles by a suitable analytic expression, we construct the spatio-temporal threshold surface for stabilized vision, and display its properties in terms of the usual frequency parameters; e.g., at low spatial frequencies, the temporal response becomes nearly independent of spatial frequency, while at low temporal frequencies, the spatial response becomes independent of temporal frequency.", "PMID": 521853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1067", "title": "Choroid plexus carcinoma (a case report).", "content": "The authors report one case of choroid plexus carcinoma of the fourth ventricle; they also review all cases reported in the literature and emphasize the histological criteria which must be followed employing the most modern radiological techniques in order to exclude especially metastatized tumors in other organs.", "contents": "Choroid plexus carcinoma (a case report). The authors report one case of choroid plexus carcinoma of the fourth ventricle; they also review all cases reported in the literature and emphasize the histological criteria which must be followed employing the most modern radiological techniques in order to exclude especially metastatized tumors in other organs.", "PMID": 521848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1068", "title": "Response of visual mechanisms to stimulus onsets and offsets.", "content": "Transient and sustained visual mechanisms were studied with single, flickering bars of various widths. Wide bars were largely detected on the basis of temporal luminance transients whereas thin bars were detected on the basis of the sustained contrast. A rapidly flickering uniform field selectively masked wide flickering bars, which suggests that different mechanisms detect wide versus thin flickering bars. For coarse spatial patterns, stimulus onsets were slightly more visible than stimulus offsets, and the response to onsets and offsets approximately summated.", "contents": "Response of visual mechanisms to stimulus onsets and offsets. Transient and sustained visual mechanisms were studied with single, flickering bars of various widths. Wide bars were largely detected on the basis of temporal luminance transients whereas thin bars were detected on the basis of the sustained contrast. A rapidly flickering uniform field selectively masked wide flickering bars, which suggests that different mechanisms detect wide versus thin flickering bars. For coarse spatial patterns, stimulus onsets were slightly more visible than stimulus offsets, and the response to onsets and offsets approximately summated.", "PMID": 521854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1069", "title": "Evaluation of color discrimination in the white region.", "content": "Reference and test stimuli were produced on two separate color television screens to evaluate the color discrimination ability of the human eye for near-white colors. Each test stimulus had a luminance approximately equal to that of the reference, but was slightly different in chromaticity, e.g., [deltax] less than 0.01, [deltay] less than 0.01. The evaluation involved 20 persons observing 26 sets of color stimuli of 16-cd/m2 luminance, and 21 persons observing sets of color stimuli of 253 cd/m2. Observers were requested to categorize the color differences they perceived on a six-level rating scale. The results indicate that the differential thresholds for color difference of near-whites are between 4 and 8 CD (Color Difference), except in the bluish region.", "contents": "Evaluation of color discrimination in the white region. Reference and test stimuli were produced on two separate color television screens to evaluate the color discrimination ability of the human eye for near-white colors. Each test stimulus had a luminance approximately equal to that of the reference, but was slightly different in chromaticity, e.g., [deltax] less than 0.01, [deltay] less than 0.01. The evaluation involved 20 persons observing 26 sets of color stimuli of 16-cd/m2 luminance, and 21 persons observing sets of color stimuli of 253 cd/m2. Observers were requested to categorize the color differences they perceived on a six-level rating scale. The results indicate that the differential thresholds for color difference of near-whites are between 4 and 8 CD (Color Difference), except in the bluish region.", "PMID": 521855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1070", "title": "Further evidence for four mechanisms mediating vision at threshold: sensitivities to complex gratings and aperiodic stimuli.", "content": "It is now generally accepted that several mechanisms mediate contrast detection at threshold. Many attempts to measure the bandwidths of these mechanisms using subthreshold summation have yielded estimates suggesting very narrow frequency tuning. We have measured thresholds for three classes of stimuli: gratings containing two sinusoidal components, sums of \"difference of Gaussian\" (DOG) patterns, and square waves. The results of the subthreshold summation experiments with gratings are consistent with those of other studies. All of these thresholds can be predicted by a model requiring only four center-surround-type mechanisms at each retinal locus. These mechanisms have a full bandwidth at a half-height of about 1.75 octaves. Quantitative prediction of sensitivities depends critically upon spatial probability summation. It is this spatial nonlinearity that yields these somewhat conterintuitive results. The much narrower bandwidths inferred by others are due to the assumption of linearity used in their analyses.", "contents": "Further evidence for four mechanisms mediating vision at threshold: sensitivities to complex gratings and aperiodic stimuli. It is now generally accepted that several mechanisms mediate contrast detection at threshold. Many attempts to measure the bandwidths of these mechanisms using subthreshold summation have yielded estimates suggesting very narrow frequency tuning. We have measured thresholds for three classes of stimuli: gratings containing two sinusoidal components, sums of \"difference of Gaussian\" (DOG) patterns, and square waves. The results of the subthreshold summation experiments with gratings are consistent with those of other studies. All of these thresholds can be predicted by a model requiring only four center-surround-type mechanisms at each retinal locus. These mechanisms have a full bandwidth at a half-height of about 1.75 octaves. Quantitative prediction of sensitivities depends critically upon spatial probability summation. It is this spatial nonlinearity that yields these somewhat conterintuitive results. The much narrower bandwidths inferred by others are due to the assumption of linearity used in their analyses.", "PMID": 521856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1071", "title": "Motion and vision. I. Stabilized images of stationary gratings.", "content": "To demonstrate that eye movements have profound effects on the sine-wave contrast threshold, the author uses a new method of stabilizing the retinal image, in which the Purkinje reflections from the eye move the stimulus pattern displayed on a CRT screen. Calibration of this compensatory motion is very critical; a gain error greater than 1% may produce significant destablization. Under optimum conditions, image stabilization elevates the subject's contrast threshold by a factor of about 20; it also produces after-images with resolution greater than 12 c/deg. These results compare favorably with those obtained by other methods.", "contents": "Motion and vision. I. Stabilized images of stationary gratings. To demonstrate that eye movements have profound effects on the sine-wave contrast threshold, the author uses a new method of stabilizing the retinal image, in which the Purkinje reflections from the eye move the stimulus pattern displayed on a CRT screen. Calibration of this compensatory motion is very critical; a gain error greater than 1% may produce significant destablization. Under optimum conditions, image stabilization elevates the subject's contrast threshold by a factor of about 20; it also produces after-images with resolution greater than 12 c/deg. These results compare favorably with those obtained by other methods.", "PMID": 521857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1072", "title": "Latency of peripheral saccades.", "content": "Displaying the point of gaze to the observer in addition to a point target provides a secondary visual feedback (2VFB). Eccentric fixation is achieved using a biased 2VFB to yield an experimentally imposed \"eccentric fovea.\" The target is suddenly moved to a new position and the task is to regain it, in the \"eccentric fovea\". It is found that the pattern of eye-movement response consistently starts with saccadric foveal exploration of the target, but its latency has twice the duration of a regular voluntary saccade. Practice, however, makes for the shortened latency tending asymptotically to the regular saccadic duration.", "contents": "Latency of peripheral saccades. Displaying the point of gaze to the observer in addition to a point target provides a secondary visual feedback (2VFB). Eccentric fixation is achieved using a biased 2VFB to yield an experimentally imposed \"eccentric fovea.\" The target is suddenly moved to a new position and the task is to regain it, in the \"eccentric fovea\". It is found that the pattern of eye-movement response consistently starts with saccadric foveal exploration of the target, but its latency has twice the duration of a regular voluntary saccade. Practice, however, makes for the shortened latency tending asymptotically to the regular saccadic duration.", "PMID": 521858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1073", "title": "Vascular damage in acute experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic diathesis in experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig was investigated in the lung, diaphragm and kidney. The vascular damage was found to be focal and mainly capillary. Swollen endothelium with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, enlarged mitochondriae and open junctions seemed to be the initial lesions and endothelial necrosis the final picture in all tissues. The lung capillaries showed endothelial and epithelial blebs and desquamation with many myelin figures. Capillary thrombosis was observed in the pulmonary microcirculation, probably acting as an aggravating factor and being partly responsible for the particularly impressive lung haemorrhages. The peritubular renal capillaries as well as open junctions and gaps due to necrosis also had enlarged fenestrae which were permeable to colloidal carbon particles. The paucity of micro-organisms in the vicinity of the lesions is in accordance with the toxic genesis postulated for the vascular damage in leptospirosis. It is suggested that the vascular lesions induced by leptospirosis begin with increased permeability prior to endothelial necrosis.", "contents": "Vascular damage in acute experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig. The pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic diathesis in experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig was investigated in the lung, diaphragm and kidney. The vascular damage was found to be focal and mainly capillary. Swollen endothelium with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, enlarged mitochondriae and open junctions seemed to be the initial lesions and endothelial necrosis the final picture in all tissues. The lung capillaries showed endothelial and epithelial blebs and desquamation with many myelin figures. Capillary thrombosis was observed in the pulmonary microcirculation, probably acting as an aggravating factor and being partly responsible for the particularly impressive lung haemorrhages. The peritubular renal capillaries as well as open junctions and gaps due to necrosis also had enlarged fenestrae which were permeable to colloidal carbon particles. The paucity of micro-organisms in the vicinity of the lesions is in accordance with the toxic genesis postulated for the vascular damage in leptospirosis. It is suggested that the vascular lesions induced by leptospirosis begin with increased permeability prior to endothelial necrosis.", "PMID": 521862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1074", "title": "Persistent lymphocytosis and virus-like particles in lymphocytes of sheep inoculated with cell-free extracts derived from ovine malignant lymphomas.", "content": "White cell counts of sheep inoculated in utero or at birth with cell-free extracts of ovine malignant lymphomas have been monitored for 5 yr. Of 28 inoculated sheep which have survived, 19 have shown persistent lymphocytosis. After 5 yr, no lymphomas had developed in the inoculated sheep. Electron-microscopic examination of short-term cultures of phytohaemaglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the sheep with persistent lymphocytosis has revealed virus-like particles in five of nine animals examined but none in similar cultures from 11 uninoculated sheep. The density of particles recovered from these cultures has been determined by centrifugation on caesium chloride isopycnic density as being 1.14--1.145 gm/microliter. These particles are not typical of oncornavirus as reported from sheep and cattle elsewhere and may represent a different type of virus or indeed be non-viral.", "contents": "Persistent lymphocytosis and virus-like particles in lymphocytes of sheep inoculated with cell-free extracts derived from ovine malignant lymphomas. White cell counts of sheep inoculated in utero or at birth with cell-free extracts of ovine malignant lymphomas have been monitored for 5 yr. Of 28 inoculated sheep which have survived, 19 have shown persistent lymphocytosis. After 5 yr, no lymphomas had developed in the inoculated sheep. Electron-microscopic examination of short-term cultures of phytohaemaglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the sheep with persistent lymphocytosis has revealed virus-like particles in five of nine animals examined but none in similar cultures from 11 uninoculated sheep. The density of particles recovered from these cultures has been determined by centrifugation on caesium chloride isopycnic density as being 1.14--1.145 gm/microliter. These particles are not typical of oncornavirus as reported from sheep and cattle elsewhere and may represent a different type of virus or indeed be non-viral.", "PMID": 521863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1075", "title": "The morphology of serotonin-induced renal lesions in the rat.", "content": "The progress of serotonin-induced renal lesions was studied over a period of 6 mth following a single intraperioneal injection of 40 mg/kg serotonin. The predominant lesion was ischaemic necrosis of tubules of patchy distribution. Parahilar areas were usually spared and a narrow subcapsular strip was less severely affected than deeper parts. The early tubular lesions appeared to be an accelerated form of the lesion of complete renal ischaemia. The necrotic tubules were soon relined by epithelium from surviving segments and became dilated. This phase of dilatation corresponded approximatly with the period of diuresis following serotonin injection and was followed by collapse and atrophy of tubules. Possible mechanisms concerned in the sequential appearance of tubular dilatation and collapse were discussed. Many collapsed tubules eventually atrophied and were associated with basement membrane thickening and round cell infiltration. Reflux of necrotic proximal tubule cytoplasm into glomerular capsular spaces occurred in the early stages of the lesion. This lesion is not specific for serotonin nephropathy and can be produced by allowing normal rat kidney to autolyse.", "contents": "The morphology of serotonin-induced renal lesions in the rat. The progress of serotonin-induced renal lesions was studied over a period of 6 mth following a single intraperioneal injection of 40 mg/kg serotonin. The predominant lesion was ischaemic necrosis of tubules of patchy distribution. Parahilar areas were usually spared and a narrow subcapsular strip was less severely affected than deeper parts. The early tubular lesions appeared to be an accelerated form of the lesion of complete renal ischaemia. The necrotic tubules were soon relined by epithelium from surviving segments and became dilated. This phase of dilatation corresponded approximatly with the period of diuresis following serotonin injection and was followed by collapse and atrophy of tubules. Possible mechanisms concerned in the sequential appearance of tubular dilatation and collapse were discussed. Many collapsed tubules eventually atrophied and were associated with basement membrane thickening and round cell infiltration. Reflux of necrotic proximal tubule cytoplasm into glomerular capsular spaces occurred in the early stages of the lesion. This lesion is not specific for serotonin nephropathy and can be produced by allowing normal rat kidney to autolyse.", "PMID": 521864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1076", "title": "The development of the glands of the common bile duct.", "content": "The number of glands at a constant level within the wall of the common bile duct was measured in the foetus, infant, child and adult. The number of glandular acini increases from foetal life to reach a maximum within the 1st year of life. Thereafter it remains remarkably constant. This is in contrast to the lumen and wall of the common bile duct which only reaches adult proportions in adult life. Conversely, the density of acini within the wall of the common bile duct is at a peak in early foetal life and decreases progressively throughout infancy and childhood.", "contents": "The development of the glands of the common bile duct. The number of glands at a constant level within the wall of the common bile duct was measured in the foetus, infant, child and adult. The number of glandular acini increases from foetal life to reach a maximum within the 1st year of life. Thereafter it remains remarkably constant. This is in contrast to the lumen and wall of the common bile duct which only reaches adult proportions in adult life. Conversely, the density of acini within the wall of the common bile duct is at a peak in early foetal life and decreases progressively throughout infancy and childhood.", "PMID": 521865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1077", "title": "The effects of dexamethasone on the cell kinetics of a murine malignant lymphoma.", "content": "The effects of dexamethasone on the cell kinetics of a rapidly growing syngeneic B cell malignant lymphoma in Balb/c mice have been studied. Growth curves, stathmokinetic studies and frequency of labelled mitoses (FLM) experiments were performed in groups of dexamethasone treated and control animals. These studies showed that tumour growth was arrested after 8 days treatment at which time the tumour weights were approximately half those of control animals. Dexamethasone increased the duration of the cell cycle with a particular increase in the duration of DNA synthesis. The results indicated that the effect on tumour growth could be attributed to a reduction in the growth fraction.", "contents": "The effects of dexamethasone on the cell kinetics of a murine malignant lymphoma. The effects of dexamethasone on the cell kinetics of a rapidly growing syngeneic B cell malignant lymphoma in Balb/c mice have been studied. Growth curves, stathmokinetic studies and frequency of labelled mitoses (FLM) experiments were performed in groups of dexamethasone treated and control animals. These studies showed that tumour growth was arrested after 8 days treatment at which time the tumour weights were approximately half those of control animals. Dexamethasone increased the duration of the cell cycle with a particular increase in the duration of DNA synthesis. The results indicated that the effect on tumour growth could be attributed to a reduction in the growth fraction.", "PMID": 521866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1078", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the changes induced by oestrogens on the lymph-node post-capillary venules.", "content": "The changes induced in the lymph-node post-capillary venules of male and female mice, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after oestrogen administration were studied in 1 micron sections and with the electron microscope. The endothelial cells of the post-capillary venules are higher in female than in male control mice. On the first and second days after Hexoestrol administration there is an increase in the number of ribosomes and polyribosomes lying free in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. These cells were significantly increased in height between day 2 and day 7, in both male and female Hexoestrol-receiving mice, remaining at high levels thereafter. The increase in height was accompanied by an increase in the Golgi elements which occupied the major part of the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. Lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and signs of phagocytosis were more often seen. In contrast, the numbers of lymphocytes passing through the post-capillary venule wall were significantly decreased, probably due to a direct effect of Hexoestrol on the thymus. The relation of an oestrogenic effect on the ultrastructure of the post-capillary venules to the sex differences seen in the immune response is discussed. The possibility that this may constitute a part of a general oestrogenic effect on the reticuloendothelial system is also considered.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the changes induced by oestrogens on the lymph-node post-capillary venules. The changes induced in the lymph-node post-capillary venules of male and female mice, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after oestrogen administration were studied in 1 micron sections and with the electron microscope. The endothelial cells of the post-capillary venules are higher in female than in male control mice. On the first and second days after Hexoestrol administration there is an increase in the number of ribosomes and polyribosomes lying free in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. These cells were significantly increased in height between day 2 and day 7, in both male and female Hexoestrol-receiving mice, remaining at high levels thereafter. The increase in height was accompanied by an increase in the Golgi elements which occupied the major part of the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. Lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and signs of phagocytosis were more often seen. In contrast, the numbers of lymphocytes passing through the post-capillary venule wall were significantly decreased, probably due to a direct effect of Hexoestrol on the thymus. The relation of an oestrogenic effect on the ultrastructure of the post-capillary venules to the sex differences seen in the immune response is discussed. The possibility that this may constitute a part of a general oestrogenic effect on the reticuloendothelial system is also considered.", "PMID": 521867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1079", "title": "Oesophageal neoplasia in male Wistar rats due to parenteral di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN): a combined histopathological, histochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Intraperitoneal di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN) caused a high incidence of oesophageal squamous carcinoma in male Wistar rats, particularly in rats killed 11 or more months after the start of injections. No control rats (injected intraperitoneally with saline) developed an oesophageal neoplasms. Histopathologically, the tumours were moderately well differentiated. Histochemical studies showed minor increases in mucin staining and mast cell population and a marked increase in bacteria in tumour-bearing oesophaguses. Electron microscopy showed the tumours to be similar to, but to differ in some respects from squamous carcinomas at other sites in humans. The possible implications of this work for human disease are twofold. It could provide a model for further study of aspects of oesophageal carcinoma and it serves to remind us that all potential oesophageal carcinogens need not act during swallowing.", "contents": "Oesophageal neoplasia in male Wistar rats due to parenteral di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN): a combined histopathological, histochemical and electron microscopic study. Intraperitoneal di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN) caused a high incidence of oesophageal squamous carcinoma in male Wistar rats, particularly in rats killed 11 or more months after the start of injections. No control rats (injected intraperitoneally with saline) developed an oesophageal neoplasms. Histopathologically, the tumours were moderately well differentiated. Histochemical studies showed minor increases in mucin staining and mast cell population and a marked increase in bacteria in tumour-bearing oesophaguses. Electron microscopy showed the tumours to be similar to, but to differ in some respects from squamous carcinomas at other sites in humans. The possible implications of this work for human disease are twofold. It could provide a model for further study of aspects of oesophageal carcinoma and it serves to remind us that all potential oesophageal carcinogens need not act during swallowing.", "PMID": 521868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1080", "title": "The cellular response to blood in the vitreous: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The cellular response to whole blood injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbits was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Inflammatory cell invasion was slow to commence (2--3 days) and was predominantly mononuclear. Although firmly established by 6 days, the cell response remained low-grade with a high proportion of giant macrophages. In addition, multinuclear giant cells were observed, even as long as 18 mth after blood injection into the vitreous, and their formation appeared to result from the fusion of young cells with older macrophages. Phagocytosis of red cells by macrophages was frequently observed, but the major pathway for red cell degradation appeared to be extracellular haemolysis. In general, the cell response was similar to that in a \"low-turnover\" granuloma, and it is suggested that this atypical response to blood deposits may be due to the unusual nature of the connective tissue matrix of the vitreous.", "contents": "The cellular response to blood in the vitreous: an ultrastructural study. The cellular response to whole blood injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbits was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Inflammatory cell invasion was slow to commence (2--3 days) and was predominantly mononuclear. Although firmly established by 6 days, the cell response remained low-grade with a high proportion of giant macrophages. In addition, multinuclear giant cells were observed, even as long as 18 mth after blood injection into the vitreous, and their formation appeared to result from the fusion of young cells with older macrophages. Phagocytosis of red cells by macrophages was frequently observed, but the major pathway for red cell degradation appeared to be extracellular haemolysis. In general, the cell response was similar to that in a \"low-turnover\" granuloma, and it is suggested that this atypical response to blood deposits may be due to the unusual nature of the connective tissue matrix of the vitreous.", "PMID": 521869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1081", "title": "A functional assessment of macrophages from osteopetrotic mice.", "content": "Macrophages from osteopetrotic mice caused less bone resorption than normal sib macrophages in culture. The bone-resorbing activity lay in the culture supernatant, and reduced activity in cultures of macrophages from osteopetrotic mice correlated with reduced glass spreading and reduced latex phagocytosis. We suggest that macrophages from osteopetrotic mice show defective phagocytic recognition of glass, latex, and bone and that this defective recognition may reflect the cause of the failure of resorption which results in osteopetrosis.", "contents": "A functional assessment of macrophages from osteopetrotic mice. Macrophages from osteopetrotic mice caused less bone resorption than normal sib macrophages in culture. The bone-resorbing activity lay in the culture supernatant, and reduced activity in cultures of macrophages from osteopetrotic mice correlated with reduced glass spreading and reduced latex phagocytosis. We suggest that macrophages from osteopetrotic mice show defective phagocytic recognition of glass, latex, and bone and that this defective recognition may reflect the cause of the failure of resorption which results in osteopetrosis.", "PMID": 521871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1082", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effects of blood platelets in the rat.", "content": "A selective accumulation of blood platelets occurs at the sites of intradermal injection of zymosan and carrageenan in the rat. The inflammatory response to zymosan, assessed by the local accumulation of systemic radioactive human serum albumin, was significantly enhanced in platelet-depleted rats. Similar enhancements of the paw oedemas, caused by the subplantar injection of either carrageenan or zymosan, were also observed in thrombocytopenic animals. It is concluded that blood platelets may exert protective, i.e., anti-inflammatory, effects in some models of acute inflammation in the rat.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effects of blood platelets in the rat. A selective accumulation of blood platelets occurs at the sites of intradermal injection of zymosan and carrageenan in the rat. The inflammatory response to zymosan, assessed by the local accumulation of systemic radioactive human serum albumin, was significantly enhanced in platelet-depleted rats. Similar enhancements of the paw oedemas, caused by the subplantar injection of either carrageenan or zymosan, were also observed in thrombocytopenic animals. It is concluded that blood platelets may exert protective, i.e., anti-inflammatory, effects in some models of acute inflammation in the rat.", "PMID": 521872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1083", "title": "Medial hypertrophy in the small intestinal arteries in systemic hypertension, renal and essential.", "content": "The arterioles and small arteries of the submucosa of the small intestine and the small arteries (vasa recta) of the mesentery have been measured histologically in cases of hypertension and in normotensive controls. Two methods of mensuration have been used: one employing direct measurement of internal calibre and thickness of media of vessels injected and fixed in a state of dilation at systolic pressure; the other employing measurement of the internal elastic lamina by curvimeter and the cross-sectional area of the media by planimeter in uninjected vessels, from which, by calculation, the internal calibre and medial thickness/lumen ratio of the vessel in an idealised state of dilatation to a perfect circle with uncrenated internal elastic lamina can be derived. These measurements show that the medial thickening observed in the hypertensive vessels is due to a true hypertrophy of the media rather than to a state of contracture. When cases of renal and of essential hypertension are compared the pattern of vascular change is seen to differ in the two conditions: while some degree of hypertrophy is present in both throughout the range of vessel sizes examined, it is more marked in renal than in essential hypertension in vessels with an internal radius of less than 100 micron; but in vessels of more than 100 micron radius the position is reversed. This difference in the reaction of the vessels presumably reflects a basic difference in the mechanisms of production of the two types of hypertension.", "contents": "Medial hypertrophy in the small intestinal arteries in systemic hypertension, renal and essential. The arterioles and small arteries of the submucosa of the small intestine and the small arteries (vasa recta) of the mesentery have been measured histologically in cases of hypertension and in normotensive controls. Two methods of mensuration have been used: one employing direct measurement of internal calibre and thickness of media of vessels injected and fixed in a state of dilation at systolic pressure; the other employing measurement of the internal elastic lamina by curvimeter and the cross-sectional area of the media by planimeter in uninjected vessels, from which, by calculation, the internal calibre and medial thickness/lumen ratio of the vessel in an idealised state of dilatation to a perfect circle with uncrenated internal elastic lamina can be derived. These measurements show that the medial thickening observed in the hypertensive vessels is due to a true hypertrophy of the media rather than to a state of contracture. When cases of renal and of essential hypertension are compared the pattern of vascular change is seen to differ in the two conditions: while some degree of hypertrophy is present in both throughout the range of vessel sizes examined, it is more marked in renal than in essential hypertension in vessels with an internal radius of less than 100 micron; but in vessels of more than 100 micron radius the position is reversed. This difference in the reaction of the vessels presumably reflects a basic difference in the mechanisms of production of the two types of hypertension.", "PMID": 521873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1084", "title": "A new rationale for the management of large angle esotropia.", "content": "It is not only possible but safe to exceed the traditional 5 mm maximum recession of each medial rectus muscle to correct large angle esotropia. It is possible to grade the amount of recession to the preoperative deviation, similar to that which is done for esotropia less than 35 prism diopters. The results of this series indicate that alignment to within 10 prism diopters with one procedure is more likely by large recessions of the medial rectus than by other approaches. If a reoperation is necessary, there still remain two other untouched horizontal muscles on which to operate.", "contents": "A new rationale for the management of large angle esotropia. It is not only possible but safe to exceed the traditional 5 mm maximum recession of each medial rectus muscle to correct large angle esotropia. It is possible to grade the amount of recession to the preoperative deviation, similar to that which is done for esotropia less than 35 prism diopters. The results of this series indicate that alignment to within 10 prism diopters with one procedure is more likely by large recessions of the medial rectus than by other approaches. If a reoperation is necessary, there still remain two other untouched horizontal muscles on which to operate.", "PMID": 521874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1085", "title": "Absence of the superior rectus muscle in Apert's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with classical Apert's syndrome is discussed along with the finding of absent superior rectus muscle. This anomaly may be more common than thought, especially in relation to craniofacial anomalies. A review of Apert's syndrome and superior rectus agenesis is presented.", "contents": "Absence of the superior rectus muscle in Apert's syndrome. A patient with classical Apert's syndrome is discussed along with the finding of absent superior rectus muscle. This anomaly may be more common than thought, especially in relation to craniofacial anomalies. A review of Apert's syndrome and superior rectus agenesis is presented.", "PMID": 521875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1086", "title": "Congenital sclerocornea in Nigerian children.", "content": "Four cases of congenital sclerocornea in Nigerian children are described. Two of these children are from the same family suggesting a genetical determination. A developmental anomaly with various manifestation and associated with other ocular abnormalities would appear to be the etiology. One of the cases also had extrophia vesicae, an association that has not been previously described.", "contents": "Congenital sclerocornea in Nigerian children. Four cases of congenital sclerocornea in Nigerian children are described. Two of these children are from the same family suggesting a genetical determination. A developmental anomaly with various manifestation and associated with other ocular abnormalities would appear to be the etiology. One of the cases also had extrophia vesicae, an association that has not been previously described.", "PMID": 521876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1087", "title": "Congenital hereditary bilateral nonattachment of retina: a sibship of two males.", "content": "Two brothers, the only two children of nonconsanguineous parents, have no perception of light, bilateral microphthalmos, and degenerative corneal opacities that just allow observation of shallow anterior chambers and cataracts. The right eye of the older was removed at the age of 6 weeks: \"congenital retinal detachment\" was found. The birth of a subsequent affected son suggests that recessive genes are responsible. An X-linked gene is calculated to be more likely than autosomal recessive genes. These two males may suffer from a form of Norrie's disease without mental deficiency, however, they may be examples of the severest form of \"falciform retinal folds\" (autosomal recessive) or they may represent the same end-result from a different inherited pathological process. After the birth of the first affected child, the parents had been reassured that this undiagnosed, and at that time unknown condition, would not affect future children. The tragedy of a second affected child followed. We suggest that recessive genes (autosomal or X-linked) be specifically considered--with literature search--in any sporadic case of a bilateral symmetrical condition of the eyes not hitherto well known, especially if congenital, and in the absence of consanguinity of parents affected males in previous maternal generations. The possibility of a dominant mutation when a single case occurs in a sibship should also be considered.", "contents": "Congenital hereditary bilateral nonattachment of retina: a sibship of two males. Two brothers, the only two children of nonconsanguineous parents, have no perception of light, bilateral microphthalmos, and degenerative corneal opacities that just allow observation of shallow anterior chambers and cataracts. The right eye of the older was removed at the age of 6 weeks: \"congenital retinal detachment\" was found. The birth of a subsequent affected son suggests that recessive genes are responsible. An X-linked gene is calculated to be more likely than autosomal recessive genes. These two males may suffer from a form of Norrie's disease without mental deficiency, however, they may be examples of the severest form of \"falciform retinal folds\" (autosomal recessive) or they may represent the same end-result from a different inherited pathological process. After the birth of the first affected child, the parents had been reassured that this undiagnosed, and at that time unknown condition, would not affect future children. The tragedy of a second affected child followed. We suggest that recessive genes (autosomal or X-linked) be specifically considered--with literature search--in any sporadic case of a bilateral symmetrical condition of the eyes not hitherto well known, especially if congenital, and in the absence of consanguinity of parents affected males in previous maternal generations. The possibility of a dominant mutation when a single case occurs in a sibship should also be considered.", "PMID": 521877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1088", "title": "Evolution of Leber's miliary aneurysms: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "The clinical course is described of two genuine cases of the disease of Leber's miliary aneurysms that developed into Coats' disease. Following the issue of the disease in a painful and blind eye, the cases were examined histopathologically. In the first case the transformation into Coats' disease, and subsequently into a painful eye, took six years, in the second case four years. This histopathological examination revealed vascular formations of the superficial corneal stroma of the periphery in the second case. In respect of the retina the presence of neovascularization was observed. Pathological vessels of varying width were also found in the deeper retinal layers. The presence of cholesterol clefts should be regarded rather as a consequence of the chronicity of the case than as being a characteristic feature of the condition.", "contents": "Evolution of Leber's miliary aneurysms: a clinicopathological study. The clinical course is described of two genuine cases of the disease of Leber's miliary aneurysms that developed into Coats' disease. Following the issue of the disease in a painful and blind eye, the cases were examined histopathologically. In the first case the transformation into Coats' disease, and subsequently into a painful eye, took six years, in the second case four years. This histopathological examination revealed vascular formations of the superficial corneal stroma of the periphery in the second case. In respect of the retina the presence of neovascularization was observed. Pathological vessels of varying width were also found in the deeper retinal layers. The presence of cholesterol clefts should be regarded rather as a consequence of the chronicity of the case than as being a characteristic feature of the condition.", "PMID": 521878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1089", "title": "Mobius syndrome and Poland anomaly: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy had the combination of Mobius Syndrome and the Poland anomaly. Although rare, this association is repeatedly encountered. The absence of the pectoral muscle in the Poland anomaly supports the theory that in both conditions the muscular and skeletal abnormalities are due to a common fetal mesodermal defect.", "contents": "Mobius syndrome and Poland anomaly: case report and review of the literature. A 6-year-old boy had the combination of Mobius Syndrome and the Poland anomaly. Although rare, this association is repeatedly encountered. The absence of the pectoral muscle in the Poland anomaly supports the theory that in both conditions the muscular and skeletal abnormalities are due to a common fetal mesodermal defect.", "PMID": 521879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1090", "title": "A funny thing happened to us on the way to the latent entities.", "content": "Inferred latent entities, whether those of psychoanalysis, factor analysis, or cluster analysis, have declined in value for many clinical psychologists, both as tools of practice and as objects of theoretical interest. Behavior modification, rational-emotive therapy, crisis intervention, psycho-pharmacology, and actuarial prediction all tend to minimize reliance on latent entities in favor of purely dispositional concepts. Behavior genetics is, however, a powerful movement to the contrary. As regards categorical entities (types, taxa, syndromes, diseases), history reveals no impressive examples of their discovery by cluster algorithms; whereas organic medicine and psychopathology have both discovered many taxonic entities without reliance on formal (statistical) cluster methods. I offer eight reasons for this strange condition, with associated suggestions for ameliorating it. Adopting a realist instead of a fictionist approach to taxonomy, I give high priority to theory-based mathematical derivation of quantitative consistency tests for all taxometric results. I urge a large scale cooperative survey of taxometric methods based on Monte Carlo runs, biological pseudoproblems where the true axon is independently known, and live problem in genetics, organic medicine, and psychopathology. An empirical example of taxometric bootstrapping and consistency testing was presented from my own current research on schizotypy.", "contents": "A funny thing happened to us on the way to the latent entities. Inferred latent entities, whether those of psychoanalysis, factor analysis, or cluster analysis, have declined in value for many clinical psychologists, both as tools of practice and as objects of theoretical interest. Behavior modification, rational-emotive therapy, crisis intervention, psycho-pharmacology, and actuarial prediction all tend to minimize reliance on latent entities in favor of purely dispositional concepts. Behavior genetics is, however, a powerful movement to the contrary. As regards categorical entities (types, taxa, syndromes, diseases), history reveals no impressive examples of their discovery by cluster algorithms; whereas organic medicine and psychopathology have both discovered many taxonic entities without reliance on formal (statistical) cluster methods. I offer eight reasons for this strange condition, with associated suggestions for ameliorating it. Adopting a realist instead of a fictionist approach to taxonomy, I give high priority to theory-based mathematical derivation of quantitative consistency tests for all taxometric results. I urge a large scale cooperative survey of taxometric methods based on Monte Carlo runs, biological pseudoproblems where the true axon is independently known, and live problem in genetics, organic medicine, and psychopathology. An empirical example of taxometric bootstrapping and consistency testing was presented from my own current research on schizotypy.", "PMID": 521886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1091", "title": "Hydrocephalus combined with congenital cataract and microphthalmia.", "content": "We describe a case of bilateral microphthalmia with bilateral congenital cataracts associated with hydrocephalus in a 9-month-old girl with consanguineous parents. The differential diagnosis included: (1) congenital rubella syndrome; (2) congenital toxoplasmosis; (3) chromosome alterations; and (4) metabolic disease. However, negative clinical, laboratory, and instrumental investigations excluded all of these hypotheses. We stress the usefulness of echography in establishing whether or not infection has occurred during intrauterine life.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus combined with congenital cataract and microphthalmia. We describe a case of bilateral microphthalmia with bilateral congenital cataracts associated with hydrocephalus in a 9-month-old girl with consanguineous parents. The differential diagnosis included: (1) congenital rubella syndrome; (2) congenital toxoplasmosis; (3) chromosome alterations; and (4) metabolic disease. However, negative clinical, laboratory, and instrumental investigations excluded all of these hypotheses. We stress the usefulness of echography in establishing whether or not infection has occurred during intrauterine life.", "PMID": 521881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1092", "title": "The visual results following infantile glaucoma surgery.", "content": "The visual function of 26 patients with a diagnosis of primary infantile glaucoma was studied. Quantitative visual acuities were determined in 15 patients. Sixteen eyes in these patients achieved 20/20 to 20/50 visual acuity and five additional eyes had 20/60 to 20/200. Thirteen eyes in young patients were noted to have central and steady fixation and four eyes exhibited eccentric fixation. Seven eyes were considered to have decreased visual acuity on the basis of anatomical defects. The remainder of the patients had decreased visual acuities secondary to amblyopia or large refractive errors. Amblyopia responded to treatment in six of 12 patients.", "contents": "The visual results following infantile glaucoma surgery. The visual function of 26 patients with a diagnosis of primary infantile glaucoma was studied. Quantitative visual acuities were determined in 15 patients. Sixteen eyes in these patients achieved 20/20 to 20/50 visual acuity and five additional eyes had 20/60 to 20/200. Thirteen eyes in young patients were noted to have central and steady fixation and four eyes exhibited eccentric fixation. Seven eyes were considered to have decreased visual acuity on the basis of anatomical defects. The remainder of the patients had decreased visual acuities secondary to amblyopia or large refractive errors. Amblyopia responded to treatment in six of 12 patients.", "PMID": 521880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1093", "title": "Psychological tests and borderline patients.", "content": "Psychological tests of 32 borderline or nonborderline (psychotic) patients were compared with the structural diagnoses arrived at on the basis of two kinds of clinical-research interviews: The DIB (following Gunderson's criteria) and the structural interview (following Kernberg's criteria). Test results were reported in terms of the diagnosis based on the full test battery, as well as in terms of the structural diagnosis implied by the presence or absence of thinking disturbances on the (structured) WAIS as compared with the (unstructured) Rorschach test. Statistically significant agreement was shown among these four approaches.", "contents": "Psychological tests and borderline patients. Psychological tests of 32 borderline or nonborderline (psychotic) patients were compared with the structural diagnoses arrived at on the basis of two kinds of clinical-research interviews: The DIB (following Gunderson's criteria) and the structural interview (following Kernberg's criteria). Test results were reported in terms of the diagnosis based on the full test battery, as well as in terms of the structural diagnosis implied by the presence or absence of thinking disturbances on the (structured) WAIS as compared with the (unstructured) Rorschach test. Statistically significant agreement was shown among these four approaches.", "PMID": 521887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1094", "title": "Rorschach Developmental Level in the offspring of patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The Developmental Level (DL) score was assessed from Rorschach inkblot tests of 305 children. Children were either the offspring of one schizophrenic, one manic-depressive, one physically ill, or of two normal parents. Socioeconomic status, age, and intelligence were treated as covariates. Children of one schizophrenic parent had lower DL scores than children in the other three groups.", "contents": "Rorschach Developmental Level in the offspring of patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness. The Developmental Level (DL) score was assessed from Rorschach inkblot tests of 305 children. Children were either the offspring of one schizophrenic, one manic-depressive, one physically ill, or of two normal parents. Socioeconomic status, age, and intelligence were treated as covariates. Children of one schizophrenic parent had lower DL scores than children in the other three groups.", "PMID": 521888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1095", "title": "Eyelid involvement as the presenting manifestation of discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A case with discoid lupus erythematosus was diagnosed by a palpebral lesion as the initial manifestation of her disease. Lid skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Awareness to such unusual localization of discoid lupus erythematosus can lead to an early discovery of the skin disease.", "contents": "Eyelid involvement as the presenting manifestation of discoid lupus erythematosus. A case with discoid lupus erythematosus was diagnosed by a palpebral lesion as the initial manifestation of her disease. Lid skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Awareness to such unusual localization of discoid lupus erythematosus can lead to an early discovery of the skin disease.", "PMID": 521883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1096", "title": "Effects of maternal themes upon death imagery.", "content": "Two samples (n = 47, n = 45) of women were studied to determine the impact of maternal messages upon death imagery as measured by the Holtzmann Inkblots. In both samples a maternal symbiotic message significantly decreased death imagery. A maternal monosymbiotic message resulted in decreased death imagery in only one sample. Control messages produced no changes in death imagery. The findings are congruent with theories that link death anxiety with concern about separation from parental figures.", "contents": "Effects of maternal themes upon death imagery. Two samples (n = 47, n = 45) of women were studied to determine the impact of maternal messages upon death imagery as measured by the Holtzmann Inkblots. In both samples a maternal symbiotic message significantly decreased death imagery. A maternal monosymbiotic message resulted in decreased death imagery in only one sample. Control messages produced no changes in death imagery. The findings are congruent with theories that link death anxiety with concern about separation from parental figures.", "PMID": 521889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1097", "title": "A validity scale sign calling for caution in the interpretation of MMPIs among psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Three expert MMPI judges classified 100 psychiatric inpatients as psychotic or non-psychotic on the basis of their MMPIs. Validity scale data, as well as clinical scale scores, were included for 50 of the profiles, while the validity scale scores were withheld from the judges for the remaining 50 profiles. Within each of the above two groups, half had a \"positive\" validity scale sign (a defensive validity scale configuration defined as L or K greater than or equal to 70, or both greater than or equal to 60) and half had a negative validity scale sign, indicating a lack of defensiveness. Using actual diagnosis as the external criterion, results indicated that the majority of defensive psychotic patients produced clinical scale configurations which appeared nonpsychotic to the judges. Conversely, the majority of nondefensive nonpsychotics produced psychotic-appearing clinical scale configurations. These two types of test misses suggest that K corrections on MMPI scales relating to psychosis are not optimal for psychiatric inpatients. Guidelines were developed for interpreting defensive profiles.", "contents": "A validity scale sign calling for caution in the interpretation of MMPIs among psychiatric inpatients. Three expert MMPI judges classified 100 psychiatric inpatients as psychotic or non-psychotic on the basis of their MMPIs. Validity scale data, as well as clinical scale scores, were included for 50 of the profiles, while the validity scale scores were withheld from the judges for the remaining 50 profiles. Within each of the above two groups, half had a \"positive\" validity scale sign (a defensive validity scale configuration defined as L or K greater than or equal to 70, or both greater than or equal to 60) and half had a negative validity scale sign, indicating a lack of defensiveness. Using actual diagnosis as the external criterion, results indicated that the majority of defensive psychotic patients produced clinical scale configurations which appeared nonpsychotic to the judges. Conversely, the majority of nondefensive nonpsychotics produced psychotic-appearing clinical scale configurations. These two types of test misses suggest that K corrections on MMPI scales relating to psychosis are not optimal for psychiatric inpatients. Guidelines were developed for interpreting defensive profiles.", "PMID": 521890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1098", "title": "Ambulatory pediatric ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive cases of ambulatory pediatric ophthalmic surgery was performed. The diagnoses included strabismus surgery, nasolacrimal duct probing, and excision of chalazion. The hospital stay was extended in only two cases and that was due to vomiting. This is a known side effect of halothane anesthesia and falls well within the known incidence of this occurrence. Ambulatory surgery appears to be a very viable method for short-stay surgery in children.", "contents": "Ambulatory pediatric ophthalmic surgery. A retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive cases of ambulatory pediatric ophthalmic surgery was performed. The diagnoses included strabismus surgery, nasolacrimal duct probing, and excision of chalazion. The hospital stay was extended in only two cases and that was due to vomiting. This is a known side effect of halothane anesthesia and falls well within the known incidence of this occurrence. Ambulatory surgery appears to be a very viable method for short-stay surgery in children.", "PMID": 521884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1099", "title": "The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the normal personality sphere (16PF).", "content": "An examination of the internal structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and the interrelationship among the TSCS scales and the secondary dimensions of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) supported three conclusions: (a) The primary dimension underlying the TSCS is positive self-evaluation, freedom from neurotic symptoms, or the absence of anxiety, (b) this central dimension of the TSCS aligns with the 16PF secondary Anxiety vs. Adjustment, and is virtually independent of the other dimensions of the normal personality sphere, and (c) the mutual orthogonality of extraversion, anxiety or neuroticism, and an empirically derived psychoticism scale provided some support for Eysenck's PEN theory of personality organization.", "contents": "The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the normal personality sphere (16PF). An examination of the internal structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and the interrelationship among the TSCS scales and the secondary dimensions of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) supported three conclusions: (a) The primary dimension underlying the TSCS is positive self-evaluation, freedom from neurotic symptoms, or the absence of anxiety, (b) this central dimension of the TSCS aligns with the 16PF secondary Anxiety vs. Adjustment, and is virtually independent of the other dimensions of the normal personality sphere, and (c) the mutual orthogonality of extraversion, anxiety or neuroticism, and an empirically derived psychoticism scale provided some support for Eysenck's PEN theory of personality organization.", "PMID": 521891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1100", "title": "Relationships between locus of control and anxiety.", "content": "Reviews findings on the relationships between locus of control and anxiety and examines these relationships for three types of anxiety measures; general trait anxiety, situation specific trait anxiety, and state anxiety. In general, findings support the existence of meaningful relationships between greater externality and higher levels of both general trait anxiety and test anxiety. It was suggested that the relation between locus of control and state anxiety is a function of the situational context in which state anxiety is measured.", "contents": "Relationships between locus of control and anxiety. Reviews findings on the relationships between locus of control and anxiety and examines these relationships for three types of anxiety measures; general trait anxiety, situation specific trait anxiety, and state anxiety. In general, findings support the existence of meaningful relationships between greater externality and higher levels of both general trait anxiety and test anxiety. It was suggested that the relation between locus of control and state anxiety is a function of the situational context in which state anxiety is measured.", "PMID": 521892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1101", "title": "Some psychological correlates of hemophilia.", "content": "Personality characteristics, as measured by the Personality Research Form (PRF-E) and a specially designed questionnaire, of 33 male hemophiliacs were investigated. Subjects were subdivided into three separate categories, bases on the severity of their clinical manifestations of the disease. Results showed that, as a whole, all scored within plus or minus one standard deviation of the mean on all PRF-E scales. When the data were analyzed according to severity level, however, a significant difference appeared among the groups on the Harmavoidance scale, which indicated that those suffering from the most severe form of the disease were the least likely to avoid potentially hazardous activities. These findings and those from the questionnaire were discussed. It was suggested that when the disease is quite severe subjects may abandon attempts to seek and control life-style antecedents of the occurrence of bleeding episodes.", "contents": "Some psychological correlates of hemophilia. Personality characteristics, as measured by the Personality Research Form (PRF-E) and a specially designed questionnaire, of 33 male hemophiliacs were investigated. Subjects were subdivided into three separate categories, bases on the severity of their clinical manifestations of the disease. Results showed that, as a whole, all scored within plus or minus one standard deviation of the mean on all PRF-E scales. When the data were analyzed according to severity level, however, a significant difference appeared among the groups on the Harmavoidance scale, which indicated that those suffering from the most severe form of the disease were the least likely to avoid potentially hazardous activities. These findings and those from the questionnaire were discussed. It was suggested that when the disease is quite severe subjects may abandon attempts to seek and control life-style antecedents of the occurrence of bleeding episodes.", "PMID": 521893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1102", "title": "Irrational beliefs and psychological needs.", "content": "Studied the relationship between irrational beliefs and 15 psychological needs described by Murray. The Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 46 high school students and 50 adults. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that five IBT scales and IBT Full-Scale were significantly associated with psychological needs. It was concluded that pathological behavior could not be readily predicted on the basis of irrational beliefs. It was further concluded that Ellis' model of personality obtained additional validating evidence.", "contents": "Irrational beliefs and psychological needs. Studied the relationship between irrational beliefs and 15 psychological needs described by Murray. The Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 46 high school students and 50 adults. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that five IBT scales and IBT Full-Scale were significantly associated with psychological needs. It was concluded that pathological behavior could not be readily predicted on the basis of irrational beliefs. It was further concluded that Ellis' model of personality obtained additional validating evidence.", "PMID": 521894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1103", "title": "Learned helplessness and learned effectiveness: effects of explicit response cues on individuals differing in personal control expectancies.", "content": "Female undergraduates (n = 62) who scored as extreme internals or externals on the Mirels Personal Fate Control Scale participated in a partial replication of Hiroto's learned helplessness experiment. Lights were added to the treatment apparatus, which made explicit to subjects the contingency or noncontingency between their responses and the termination of an aversive tone. As predicted, the performance of internals was significantly impaired by uncontrollability (learned helplessness), while that of externals was facilitated by controllability (learned effectiveness). Externals performed as well as internals in the \"escapable\" condition, but their performance was inferior to that of internals in the control condition. Following \"inescapable\" treatment, internals performed worse than externals. These results are supportive of Lefcourt's theory of cue explication. Implications for locus of control and learned helplessness research are discussed.", "contents": "Learned helplessness and learned effectiveness: effects of explicit response cues on individuals differing in personal control expectancies. Female undergraduates (n = 62) who scored as extreme internals or externals on the Mirels Personal Fate Control Scale participated in a partial replication of Hiroto's learned helplessness experiment. Lights were added to the treatment apparatus, which made explicit to subjects the contingency or noncontingency between their responses and the termination of an aversive tone. As predicted, the performance of internals was significantly impaired by uncontrollability (learned helplessness), while that of externals was facilitated by controllability (learned effectiveness). Externals performed as well as internals in the \"escapable\" condition, but their performance was inferior to that of internals in the control condition. Following \"inescapable\" treatment, internals performed worse than externals. These results are supportive of Lefcourt's theory of cue explication. Implications for locus of control and learned helplessness research are discussed.", "PMID": 521898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1104", "title": "Environmental determinants of memory improvement in late adulthood.", "content": "Two studies were conducted with nursing home residents to determine whether memory could be improved. This was accomplished by increasing the cognitive demand of the environment and then varying the extent to which residents were motivated to attend to and remember these environmental factors. In Study 1, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying the degree of reciprocal self-disclosure offered by interviewers in a series of dyadic interactions. In Study 2, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying whether positive outcomes were contingent on attending to and remembering these activities, which increased in demand over time. Whether as a function of interpersonal (Study 1) or practical (Study 2) incentives, engaging in cognitive activity resulted in improvement on standard short-term memory tests, including probe recall and pattern recall, as well as in improvement on nurses' ratings of alertness, mental activity, and social adjustment for experimental groups relative to controls.", "contents": "Environmental determinants of memory improvement in late adulthood. Two studies were conducted with nursing home residents to determine whether memory could be improved. This was accomplished by increasing the cognitive demand of the environment and then varying the extent to which residents were motivated to attend to and remember these environmental factors. In Study 1, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying the degree of reciprocal self-disclosure offered by interviewers in a series of dyadic interactions. In Study 2, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying whether positive outcomes were contingent on attending to and remembering these activities, which increased in demand over time. Whether as a function of interpersonal (Study 1) or practical (Study 2) incentives, engaging in cognitive activity resulted in improvement on standard short-term memory tests, including probe recall and pattern recall, as well as in improvement on nurses' ratings of alertness, mental activity, and social adjustment for experimental groups relative to controls.", "PMID": 521899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1105", "title": "When practice makes imperfect: debilitating effects of overlearning.", "content": "It was hypothesized that as overlearning leads to \"mindlessness,\" the individual components of a task become relatively inaccessible to consciousness and therefore unavailable to serve as evidence of task competence. This may lead to a decrement in performance if circumstances, for example, a label connoting relative inferiority, lead one to question one's ability. This was tested in the first experiment by varying practice on a task (no practice, moderate practice, and overpractice) by label assigned to subjects (no label, assistant, boss). As predicted, performance decrements resulted for the no practice and overpracticed subjects who were assigned the inferior status label but not for the moderate practice subjects for whom the task components were still salient. In a second experiment it was found that the debilitation could be prevented for an overlearned task by making components of the task salient. Implications for the vulnerability of experts to these performance debilitations are explored.", "contents": "When practice makes imperfect: debilitating effects of overlearning. It was hypothesized that as overlearning leads to \"mindlessness,\" the individual components of a task become relatively inaccessible to consciousness and therefore unavailable to serve as evidence of task competence. This may lead to a decrement in performance if circumstances, for example, a label connoting relative inferiority, lead one to question one's ability. This was tested in the first experiment by varying practice on a task (no practice, moderate practice, and overpractice) by label assigned to subjects (no label, assistant, boss). As predicted, performance decrements resulted for the no practice and overpracticed subjects who were assigned the inferior status label but not for the moderate practice subjects for whom the task components were still salient. In a second experiment it was found that the debilitation could be prevented for an overlearned task by making components of the task salient. Implications for the vulnerability of experts to these performance debilitations are explored.", "PMID": 521900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1106", "title": "The effect of situational contingencies on female retaliative behavior.", "content": "Most studies that have found sex differences in aggression have reported that males are more aggressive than females. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the expectation of female nonaggressiveness may be unwarranted. The present study attempted to reconcile these differences by considering the contingencies of female aggression. Thirty females competed in a task designed to measure aggression (a) alone, (b) in the presence of a silent observer, or (c) in the presence of a supportive observer. Results indicated that as provocation increased, women in the private condition responded more aggressively than did women in the public condition. Also, women who responded in the presence of an audience were more aggressive when the observer was supportive than when she was silent. It is concluded that the usual findings of female nonaggressiveness may be attributable to women's expectations of disapproval for aggressive behavior.", "contents": "The effect of situational contingencies on female retaliative behavior. Most studies that have found sex differences in aggression have reported that males are more aggressive than females. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the expectation of female nonaggressiveness may be unwarranted. The present study attempted to reconcile these differences by considering the contingencies of female aggression. Thirty females competed in a task designed to measure aggression (a) alone, (b) in the presence of a silent observer, or (c) in the presence of a supportive observer. Results indicated that as provocation increased, women in the private condition responded more aggressively than did women in the public condition. Also, women who responded in the presence of an audience were more aggressive when the observer was supportive than when she was silent. It is concluded that the usual findings of female nonaggressiveness may be attributable to women's expectations of disapproval for aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 521901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1107", "title": "Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face.", "content": "In order to investigate the role of facial movement in the recognition of emotions, faces were covered with black makeup and white spots. Video recordings of such faces were played back so that only the white spots were visible. The results demonstrated that moving displays of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust were recognized more accurately than static displays of the white spots at the apex of the expressions. This indicated that facial motion, in the absence of information about the shape and position of facial features, is informative about these basic emotions. Normally illuminated dynamic displays of these expressions, however, were recognized more accurately than displays of moving spots. The relative effectiveness of upper and lower facial areas for the recognition of these six emotions was also investigated using normally illuminated and spots-only displays. In both instances the results indicated that different facial regions are more informative for different emitions. The movement patterns characterizing the various emotional expressions as well as common confusions between emotions are also discussed.", "contents": "Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. In order to investigate the role of facial movement in the recognition of emotions, faces were covered with black makeup and white spots. Video recordings of such faces were played back so that only the white spots were visible. The results demonstrated that moving displays of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust were recognized more accurately than static displays of the white spots at the apex of the expressions. This indicated that facial motion, in the absence of information about the shape and position of facial features, is informative about these basic emotions. Normally illuminated dynamic displays of these expressions, however, were recognized more accurately than displays of moving spots. The relative effectiveness of upper and lower facial areas for the recognition of these six emotions was also investigated using normally illuminated and spots-only displays. In both instances the results indicated that different facial regions are more informative for different emitions. The movement patterns characterizing the various emotional expressions as well as common confusions between emotions are also discussed.", "PMID": 521902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1108", "title": "Allocation of attention and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "Three studies were conducted to assess the attentional style of individuals with the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Experiment 1, which made use of a dual-task paradigm, revealed that Type A's focus their attention on central tasks; thus, they attend less to peripheral tasks than do Type B's. Experiments 2 and 3, which used a single task performed in the presence of a distracting stimulus, indicated that Type A's actively inhibit or suppress their attention to task-irrelevant peripheral events that might distract them from task performance. These findings validated anecdotal observations that Type A's appear hyperalert (focused in their attention) but neglect task-irrelevant cues. Previous research has demonstrated that Type A's fail to report fatigue as well as a variety of other physical symptoms of illness during task performance. To the extent that symptoms are analogous to peripheral events that distract from task performance, the data suggest that Type A's suppress their attention to symptoms. Implications of the attentional style of Type A's for the pathogenesis of coronary artery and heart disease are discussed.", "contents": "Allocation of attention and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Three studies were conducted to assess the attentional style of individuals with the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Experiment 1, which made use of a dual-task paradigm, revealed that Type A's focus their attention on central tasks; thus, they attend less to peripheral tasks than do Type B's. Experiments 2 and 3, which used a single task performed in the presence of a distracting stimulus, indicated that Type A's actively inhibit or suppress their attention to task-irrelevant peripheral events that might distract them from task performance. These findings validated anecdotal observations that Type A's appear hyperalert (focused in their attention) but neglect task-irrelevant cues. Previous research has demonstrated that Type A's fail to report fatigue as well as a variety of other physical symptoms of illness during task performance. To the extent that symptoms are analogous to peripheral events that distract from task performance, the data suggest that Type A's suppress their attention to symptoms. Implications of the attentional style of Type A's for the pathogenesis of coronary artery and heart disease are discussed.", "PMID": 521903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1109", "title": "Sex differences in bystander intervention in a theft.", "content": "A series of studies demonstrated a strong relationship among the situation-defining variable of degree of harm to victim, sexual configuration among participants, and bystanders' willingness to intervene to stop a theft. A pretest showed that a prior verbal commitment was absolutely necessary for intervention. The remaining data showed that high harm to a victim produced a high rate of intervention and showed strong sex differences in helping behavior in low-harm conditions. A high percentage of female bystanders helped in both low- and high-harm situations, whereas frequent helping by males was observed only when harm to the victim was high. Female victims elicited a significantly greater amount of helping, and sex of thief had no effect. A significant sex of bystander, sex of victim, and harm to victim interaction best describes the data. Results are interpreted in terms of different motivational sets held by males and females when they are responsible for the fate of others. Results also support the utility of an interactionist approach to the question of how individual and situational variables influence prosocial action.", "contents": "Sex differences in bystander intervention in a theft. A series of studies demonstrated a strong relationship among the situation-defining variable of degree of harm to victim, sexual configuration among participants, and bystanders' willingness to intervene to stop a theft. A pretest showed that a prior verbal commitment was absolutely necessary for intervention. The remaining data showed that high harm to a victim produced a high rate of intervention and showed strong sex differences in helping behavior in low-harm conditions. A high percentage of female bystanders helped in both low- and high-harm situations, whereas frequent helping by males was observed only when harm to the victim was high. Female victims elicited a significantly greater amount of helping, and sex of thief had no effect. A significant sex of bystander, sex of victim, and harm to victim interaction best describes the data. Results are interpreted in terms of different motivational sets held by males and females when they are responsible for the fate of others. Results also support the utility of an interactionist approach to the question of how individual and situational variables influence prosocial action.", "PMID": 521904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1110", "title": "Metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor and body temperature responses to beta-endorphin and morphine in rabbits.", "content": "1. The effects of beta-endorphin and morphine on thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rabbits to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 2, 22 and 32 degrees C were assessed. 2. Intraventricular administration of either beta-endorphin or morphine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 2 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 2 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolism and an increase in peripheral blood flow. However, at 32 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either beta-endorphin or morphine application. 3. Hypothermic effects of the administration of beta-endorphin or morphine were greatly antagonized by pretreatment of animals with either an opiate antagonist naloxone or a serotonin depletor 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 4. These findings indicate that the hypothermic responses to beta-endorphin or morphine in rabbits may be mediated through central serotonergic mechanisms. The hypothermia was due to a decrease in heat production and/or an increase in heat loss.", "contents": "Metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor and body temperature responses to beta-endorphin and morphine in rabbits. 1. The effects of beta-endorphin and morphine on thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rabbits to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 2, 22 and 32 degrees C were assessed. 2. Intraventricular administration of either beta-endorphin or morphine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 2 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 2 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolism and an increase in peripheral blood flow. However, at 32 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either beta-endorphin or morphine application. 3. Hypothermic effects of the administration of beta-endorphin or morphine were greatly antagonized by pretreatment of animals with either an opiate antagonist naloxone or a serotonin depletor 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 4. These findings indicate that the hypothermic responses to beta-endorphin or morphine in rabbits may be mediated through central serotonergic mechanisms. The hypothermia was due to a decrease in heat production and/or an increase in heat loss.", "PMID": 521921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1111", "title": "Microvascular filling pattern in rat liver sinusoids during vagal stimulation.", "content": "1. The terminal microcirculation in the transilluminated ventral margin of the rat liver was observed and recorded by a video-microscope system. The volumetric flow rate in a liver sinusoid was calculated from the observed diameter of the sinusoid and the intra-sinusoid erythrocyte flow velocity. 2. The topographic distribution of liver sinusoids within an arbitrary boundary of a microscopic field of terminal liver microcirculation was observed and the total inflow and outflow in the field were determined. 3. Both vagus nerves at the lower end of the oesophagus were stimulated at supramaximal voltage. Vagal stimulation dilated the calibre of liver sinusoids and paradoxically diminished the erythrocyte flow velocity in each individual liver sinusoid, but the total volumetric flows in a microscopic field remained unchanged. 4. Vagal stimulation also increased the number of liver sinusoids in a microscopic field by opening previously closed liver sinusoids. This recruitment contributed two-thirds of the total increase of the sinusoidal capacity while the other one third was the result of distension of existing liver sinusoids.", "contents": "Microvascular filling pattern in rat liver sinusoids during vagal stimulation. 1. The terminal microcirculation in the transilluminated ventral margin of the rat liver was observed and recorded by a video-microscope system. The volumetric flow rate in a liver sinusoid was calculated from the observed diameter of the sinusoid and the intra-sinusoid erythrocyte flow velocity. 2. The topographic distribution of liver sinusoids within an arbitrary boundary of a microscopic field of terminal liver microcirculation was observed and the total inflow and outflow in the field were determined. 3. Both vagus nerves at the lower end of the oesophagus were stimulated at supramaximal voltage. Vagal stimulation dilated the calibre of liver sinusoids and paradoxically diminished the erythrocyte flow velocity in each individual liver sinusoid, but the total volumetric flows in a microscopic field remained unchanged. 4. Vagal stimulation also increased the number of liver sinusoids in a microscopic field by opening previously closed liver sinusoids. This recruitment contributed two-thirds of the total increase of the sinusoidal capacity while the other one third was the result of distension of existing liver sinusoids.", "PMID": 521923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1112", "title": "The effect of stimulation by meat on gastrins in pyloric antral mucosa of anaesthetized cats.", "content": "Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. After stimulation with meat extract suspension in the antral pouches, the antral mucosae were collected, homogenized and subjected to subcellular fractionation to produce whole homogenates, debris, mitochondrial, granule and microsomal fractions and the cell supernatant. Total gastrin concentration and the quantities of gastrin components were measured in these cell fractions and compared with values obtained from a group of control animals which were not stimulated. Stimulation significantly increased the concentration of total gastrin in whole homogenates and in the cell supernatant. In whole homogenates the concentrations of gastrin components I, II, III and void volume gastrin all increased significantly after stimulation. In granules the concentration of Component III significantly increased. In microsomes the concentration of Componenet IV increased significantly. In cell supernatant the total amounts of Components III and IV increased significantly. It is concluded there was synthesis of gastrin under the experimental conditions used. The concentrations of those gastrin components which are larger than the predominant storage form (Component III) are increased and these larger components may be biosynthetic precursors. The significant increase in Component IV concentration in the cell supernatant and microsomes may suggest that Component IV is formed at least in part by antral tissue as well as by the known conversion process which occurs in cat blood.", "contents": "The effect of stimulation by meat on gastrins in pyloric antral mucosa of anaesthetized cats. Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. After stimulation with meat extract suspension in the antral pouches, the antral mucosae were collected, homogenized and subjected to subcellular fractionation to produce whole homogenates, debris, mitochondrial, granule and microsomal fractions and the cell supernatant. Total gastrin concentration and the quantities of gastrin components were measured in these cell fractions and compared with values obtained from a group of control animals which were not stimulated. Stimulation significantly increased the concentration of total gastrin in whole homogenates and in the cell supernatant. In whole homogenates the concentrations of gastrin components I, II, III and void volume gastrin all increased significantly after stimulation. In granules the concentration of Component III significantly increased. In microsomes the concentration of Componenet IV increased significantly. In cell supernatant the total amounts of Components III and IV increased significantly. It is concluded there was synthesis of gastrin under the experimental conditions used. The concentrations of those gastrin components which are larger than the predominant storage form (Component III) are increased and these larger components may be biosynthetic precursors. The significant increase in Component IV concentration in the cell supernatant and microsomes may suggest that Component IV is formed at least in part by antral tissue as well as by the known conversion process which occurs in cat blood.", "PMID": 521924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1113", "title": "Reflex pathways in the abdominal prevertebral ganglia: evidence for a colo-colonic inhibitory reflex.", "content": "1. In vitro experiments were performed on preparations consisting of prevertebral ganglia attached to the entire colon of guinea-pigs. The colon was divided into an orad and a caudad segment and intraluminal pressure was recorded from the terminal end of each segment. Intracellular recordings were simultaneously obtained from neurones in the coeliac plexus. 2. The source of mechanosensory input from the colon paralleled the responses to mesenteric nerve stimulation. That is, section of the mesenteric nerve that contributed the strongest synaptic input to a neurone eliminated most of the mechanosensory input to that neurone. 3. The origin of the mechanosensory input to some neurones could be localized as coming from either the orad or caudad segment of the colon. In the coeliac ganglia 68% of the neurones tested responded primarily to orad distension and 37% to caudad distension. In the superior mesenteric ganglion 57% responded to orad distension and 43% to caudad distension. 4. Repetitive stimulation of the mesenteric nerve trunks arising from the prevertebral ganglia inhibited contractions differentially in the orad and caudad segments. The inferior coeliac nerves inhibited primarily the orad segments of colon and the lumbar colonic nerves inhibited primarily the caudad segments of colon. Stimulation of the superior coeliac nerves did not alter the motility of either segment. 5. When one of the colonic segments was distended, contractions in the other colonic segment were inhibited in 71% of the distensions. This inhibition operated in both directions: either orad inhibiting caudad or vice versa. 6. Cutting the intermesenteric nerve which communicates between the orad and caudad prevertebral ganglia eliminated the inhibitory reflex. 7. These experiments provide evidence for a colo-colonic inhibitory reflex mediated through pathways in the prevertebral ganglia.", "contents": "Reflex pathways in the abdominal prevertebral ganglia: evidence for a colo-colonic inhibitory reflex. 1. In vitro experiments were performed on preparations consisting of prevertebral ganglia attached to the entire colon of guinea-pigs. The colon was divided into an orad and a caudad segment and intraluminal pressure was recorded from the terminal end of each segment. Intracellular recordings were simultaneously obtained from neurones in the coeliac plexus. 2. The source of mechanosensory input from the colon paralleled the responses to mesenteric nerve stimulation. That is, section of the mesenteric nerve that contributed the strongest synaptic input to a neurone eliminated most of the mechanosensory input to that neurone. 3. The origin of the mechanosensory input to some neurones could be localized as coming from either the orad or caudad segment of the colon. In the coeliac ganglia 68% of the neurones tested responded primarily to orad distension and 37% to caudad distension. In the superior mesenteric ganglion 57% responded to orad distension and 43% to caudad distension. 4. Repetitive stimulation of the mesenteric nerve trunks arising from the prevertebral ganglia inhibited contractions differentially in the orad and caudad segments. The inferior coeliac nerves inhibited primarily the orad segments of colon and the lumbar colonic nerves inhibited primarily the caudad segments of colon. Stimulation of the superior coeliac nerves did not alter the motility of either segment. 5. When one of the colonic segments was distended, contractions in the other colonic segment were inhibited in 71% of the distensions. This inhibition operated in both directions: either orad inhibiting caudad or vice versa. 6. Cutting the intermesenteric nerve which communicates between the orad and caudad prevertebral ganglia eliminated the inhibitory reflex. 7. These experiments provide evidence for a colo-colonic inhibitory reflex mediated through pathways in the prevertebral ganglia.", "PMID": 521925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1114", "title": "Role of gastric antrum in gastric and intestinal phases of gastric secretion in dogs.", "content": "1. The gastric and intestinal phases of gastric secretions were selectively evoked before and after the removal of the antral mucosa in four dogs provided with a special cannula that allowed complete separation of the stomach and duodenum without interrupting neural connexions between them. 2. The gastric phase induced by 5% liver extract meal administered into the stomach at various distension pressures (ranging from 0 to 15cm H2O) resulted in an increase in acid output to about 56% of the histamine maximum and in a marked rise in serum gastrin. 3. Following resection of the antral mucosa, the gastric acid response to meal of liver extract was reduced by about 50% and serum gastrin response was completely eliminated. Exogenous gastrin (G-17) given during the gastric phase induced by such a meal in dogs with antral mucosectomy failed to restore acid output to pre-resection level. 4. Intestinal perfusion of meal of liver extract in graded amounts stimulated gastric acid secretion to about 30% of histamine maximum acid output and raised significantly serum gastrin level. 5. Antral mucosectomy abolished almost completely both gastric acid and serum gastrin response to intestinal meal of liver extract. 6. Exogenous gastrin given during the intestinal meal of liver extract failed to restore acid output to the pre-resection level, suggesting that this procedure greatly reduced the secretory capacity of the oxyntic glands. 7. We conclude that the antral gland area plays an important role in the gastric phase and that it is  a prerequisite for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Role of gastric antrum in gastric and intestinal phases of gastric secretion in dogs. 1. The gastric and intestinal phases of gastric secretions were selectively evoked before and after the removal of the antral mucosa in four dogs provided with a special cannula that allowed complete separation of the stomach and duodenum without interrupting neural connexions between them. 2. The gastric phase induced by 5% liver extract meal administered into the stomach at various distension pressures (ranging from 0 to 15cm H2O) resulted in an increase in acid output to about 56% of the histamine maximum and in a marked rise in serum gastrin. 3. Following resection of the antral mucosa, the gastric acid response to meal of liver extract was reduced by about 50% and serum gastrin response was completely eliminated. Exogenous gastrin (G-17) given during the gastric phase induced by such a meal in dogs with antral mucosectomy failed to restore acid output to pre-resection level. 4. Intestinal perfusion of meal of liver extract in graded amounts stimulated gastric acid secretion to about 30% of histamine maximum acid output and raised significantly serum gastrin level. 5. Antral mucosectomy abolished almost completely both gastric acid and serum gastrin response to intestinal meal of liver extract. 6. Exogenous gastrin given during the intestinal meal of liver extract failed to restore acid output to the pre-resection level, suggesting that this procedure greatly reduced the secretory capacity of the oxyntic glands. 7. We conclude that the antral gland area plays an important role in the gastric phase and that it is  a prerequisite for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion.", "PMID": 521927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1115", "title": "The properties of bovine lens membranes measured by a conventional double-chamber method.", "content": "1. When the bovine lens was mounted in a divided chamber, an asymmetry potential of 4.3 mV (anterior face positive) was measured across the lens and values of 0.48 and 0.60 were obtained for P(Na)/P(K) of the anterior and posterior faces respectively.2. The half-times for the depolarization of the anterior and posterior face potentials on increasing the external K concentration were 20 and 14 min respectively compared to less than 2 min for the corresponding change determined previously from the totally immersed lens.3. The electrical resistance of the anterior surface was significantly smaller than that of the posterior and both resistances were much smaller than the value previously obtained from the bovine lens immersed in solution.4. The K permeability of the anterior surface, measured by (42)K efflux experiments, was greater than the value for the posterior surface and both were again very much higher than the value obtained for the totally immersed lens.5. The discrepancies between the present double-chamber preparation and the data obtained previously can be explained if it is assumed that the capsule provides a short-circuit pathway between the chamber port and the lens membranes. As the capsule is thicker at the anterior face, the short circuit there would be greater and this may explain many previously observed ;asymmetry' properties for the lens.", "contents": "The properties of bovine lens membranes measured by a conventional double-chamber method. 1. When the bovine lens was mounted in a divided chamber, an asymmetry potential of 4.3 mV (anterior face positive) was measured across the lens and values of 0.48 and 0.60 were obtained for P(Na)/P(K) of the anterior and posterior faces respectively.2. The half-times for the depolarization of the anterior and posterior face potentials on increasing the external K concentration were 20 and 14 min respectively compared to less than 2 min for the corresponding change determined previously from the totally immersed lens.3. The electrical resistance of the anterior surface was significantly smaller than that of the posterior and both resistances were much smaller than the value previously obtained from the bovine lens immersed in solution.4. The K permeability of the anterior surface, measured by (42)K efflux experiments, was greater than the value for the posterior surface and both were again very much higher than the value obtained for the totally immersed lens.5. The discrepancies between the present double-chamber preparation and the data obtained previously can be explained if it is assumed that the capsule provides a short-circuit pathway between the chamber port and the lens membranes. As the capsule is thicker at the anterior face, the short circuit there would be greater and this may explain many previously observed ;asymmetry' properties for the lens.", "PMID": 521929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1116", "title": "The responses of Golgi tendon organs to stimulation of different combinations of motor units.", "content": "1. Afferent discharges were recorded from stretch receptors identified as Golgi tendon organs, in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. 2. The response of a tendon organ was recorded during stimulation of one or more motor units selected for the intensity of discharge elicited from the receptor during twitch and tetanic contractions. 3. Repetitive stimulation of a single motor unit could evoke in a tendon organ a firing rate of up to 174 impulses/sec. The mean rate for a total of 90 motor units was 65 (+/- 32 S.D.) impulses/sec. No significant difference in effectiveness could be detected between motor units covering a wide range of contraction speeds, tetanic tensions and susceptibility to fatigue. 4. The response of a tendon organ to contraction of several motor units in combination was greater than from stimulating any one motor unit alone but less than predicted from the algebraic sum of individual responses. 5. The relation between firing rate and tension was plotted for combined stimulation of up to ten motor units. The relation was found to be a straight line provided the size of the response elicited by each motor unit in the stimulated bundle was similar or when responses were ranked according to their intensity. When one motor unit evoked a much more powerful response than others it tended to dominate the discharge and disturb the linearity. 6. Evidence is provided that the sites of stimulus transduction for motor units which exert their effect directly on the receptor can be relatively independent of one another. It is argued that on such occasions summation of responses may be attributed to mechanisms operating at the level of impulse generation.", "contents": "The responses of Golgi tendon organs to stimulation of different combinations of motor units. 1. Afferent discharges were recorded from stretch receptors identified as Golgi tendon organs, in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. 2. The response of a tendon organ was recorded during stimulation of one or more motor units selected for the intensity of discharge elicited from the receptor during twitch and tetanic contractions. 3. Repetitive stimulation of a single motor unit could evoke in a tendon organ a firing rate of up to 174 impulses/sec. The mean rate for a total of 90 motor units was 65 (+/- 32 S.D.) impulses/sec. No significant difference in effectiveness could be detected between motor units covering a wide range of contraction speeds, tetanic tensions and susceptibility to fatigue. 4. The response of a tendon organ to contraction of several motor units in combination was greater than from stimulating any one motor unit alone but less than predicted from the algebraic sum of individual responses. 5. The relation between firing rate and tension was plotted for combined stimulation of up to ten motor units. The relation was found to be a straight line provided the size of the response elicited by each motor unit in the stimulated bundle was similar or when responses were ranked according to their intensity. When one motor unit evoked a much more powerful response than others it tended to dominate the discharge and disturb the linearity. 6. Evidence is provided that the sites of stimulus transduction for motor units which exert their effect directly on the receptor can be relatively independent of one another. It is argued that on such occasions summation of responses may be attributed to mechanisms operating at the level of impulse generation.", "PMID": 521931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1117", "title": "Influence of sex and age on febrile responses to peripheral and central administration of pyrogens in the rabbit.", "content": "1. Intravenous injections of leucocytic pyrogen in doses of 15, 30 and 60 mul./kg caused febrile reactions in male rabbits that were related to age of the animal: rabbits under 2 yr of age developed fevers that were related to dose of pyrogen, while rabbits 2-3 yr old showed large febrile responses which were not dose-related.2. Female rabbits of comparable ages generally showed smaller febrile reactions to I.V. leucocytic pyrogen, and still older females (3-5 yr) developed fever only after the largest dose.3. Dose-related febrile responses to 2.5, 5 and 10 mul. leucocytic pyrogen given intracerebroventricularly (I.C.V.) were greater in male rabbits 1-3 yr old than in females of comparable age. Female rabbits 3-5 yr old showed dose-related fevers that were smaller than those of younger animals of both sexes.4. There were no major differences in response to 125, 250 and 500 ng PGE(2), given I.C.V., between male and female rabbits under 2 yr of age. Females 2-3 yr of age had greater responses to PGE(2) than males of comparable age whilst the oldest females showed smaller responses.5. It is concluded that the febrile response of the rabbit to peripheral and central leucocytic pyrogen varies with both age and sex. Differences in sensitivity of central fever controls to endogenous pyrogen in animals of different ages and sexes may account for the different responses to peripheral pyrogen.", "contents": "Influence of sex and age on febrile responses to peripheral and central administration of pyrogens in the rabbit. 1. Intravenous injections of leucocytic pyrogen in doses of 15, 30 and 60 mul./kg caused febrile reactions in male rabbits that were related to age of the animal: rabbits under 2 yr of age developed fevers that were related to dose of pyrogen, while rabbits 2-3 yr old showed large febrile responses which were not dose-related.2. Female rabbits of comparable ages generally showed smaller febrile reactions to I.V. leucocytic pyrogen, and still older females (3-5 yr) developed fever only after the largest dose.3. Dose-related febrile responses to 2.5, 5 and 10 mul. leucocytic pyrogen given intracerebroventricularly (I.C.V.) were greater in male rabbits 1-3 yr old than in females of comparable age. Female rabbits 3-5 yr old showed dose-related fevers that were smaller than those of younger animals of both sexes.4. There were no major differences in response to 125, 250 and 500 ng PGE(2), given I.C.V., between male and female rabbits under 2 yr of age. Females 2-3 yr of age had greater responses to PGE(2) than males of comparable age whilst the oldest females showed smaller responses.5. It is concluded that the febrile response of the rabbit to peripheral and central leucocytic pyrogen varies with both age and sex. Differences in sensitivity of central fever controls to endogenous pyrogen in animals of different ages and sexes may account for the different responses to peripheral pyrogen.", "PMID": 521933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1118", "title": "Ionic basis for electrical properties of tonic fibres in rat extraocular muscles.", "content": "1. The ionic conductances underlying some of the electrophysiological properties of multiply innervated or tonic fibres of rat extraocular muscles were examined in vitro with double-barrelled micro-electrodes.2. Exposure of the muscle to a Cl-free saline did not change the effective resistance (R(eff)) of tonic fibres which was 5.14 +/- 0.45 MOmega (n = 7) in control saline and 4.78 +/- 0.45 MOmega (n = 12) in Cl-free saline (P > 0.1). In contrast, in singly innervated or twitch fibres Cl removal increased R(eff) from 1.77 +/- 0.21 MOmega (n = 19) to 2.69 +/- 0.12 MOmega (n = 22) (P < 0.001).3. Tonic fibres with membrane potentials restored to - 80 mV by injecting current responded to intracellular depolarizing pulses with a brief, slow response (slow peak potential) which added to the rising phase of the electrotonic potential. The slow peak potential began at a membrane potential of - 40 to - 35 mV and was graded. Increasing depolarizations evoked faster and larger responses which did not over-shoot the zero level of membrane potential.4. The slow peak potential was not blocked by 10 muM-D-600 hydrochloride but was markedly reduced by the absence of Na and by 10 muM-tetrodotoxin. The response was broadened about five times by 25 mM-tetraethylammonium.5. Raising bath temperature from 21-25 degrees C to 37 degrees C reversibly depressed and shortened the slow peak potential but did not transform it into an action potential.6. It is concluded that the characteristic high R(eff) of tonic fibres results from a lack of a membrane conductance to Cl and that the slow peak potential involves the transient activation of Na and K channels which are pharmacologically similar to the respective channels of twitch fibres.", "contents": "Ionic basis for electrical properties of tonic fibres in rat extraocular muscles. 1. The ionic conductances underlying some of the electrophysiological properties of multiply innervated or tonic fibres of rat extraocular muscles were examined in vitro with double-barrelled micro-electrodes.2. Exposure of the muscle to a Cl-free saline did not change the effective resistance (R(eff)) of tonic fibres which was 5.14 +/- 0.45 MOmega (n = 7) in control saline and 4.78 +/- 0.45 MOmega (n = 12) in Cl-free saline (P > 0.1). In contrast, in singly innervated or twitch fibres Cl removal increased R(eff) from 1.77 +/- 0.21 MOmega (n = 19) to 2.69 +/- 0.12 MOmega (n = 22) (P < 0.001).3. Tonic fibres with membrane potentials restored to - 80 mV by injecting current responded to intracellular depolarizing pulses with a brief, slow response (slow peak potential) which added to the rising phase of the electrotonic potential. The slow peak potential began at a membrane potential of - 40 to - 35 mV and was graded. Increasing depolarizations evoked faster and larger responses which did not over-shoot the zero level of membrane potential.4. The slow peak potential was not blocked by 10 muM-D-600 hydrochloride but was markedly reduced by the absence of Na and by 10 muM-tetrodotoxin. The response was broadened about five times by 25 mM-tetraethylammonium.5. Raising bath temperature from 21-25 degrees C to 37 degrees C reversibly depressed and shortened the slow peak potential but did not transform it into an action potential.6. It is concluded that the characteristic high R(eff) of tonic fibres results from a lack of a membrane conductance to Cl and that the slow peak potential involves the transient activation of Na and K channels which are pharmacologically similar to the respective channels of twitch fibres.", "PMID": 521935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1119", "title": "Differential conduction block in branches of a bifurcating axon.", "content": "1. Propagation of action potentials at high frequency was studied in a branching axon of the lobster by means of simultaneous intracellular recording both before and after the branch point. 2. Although the branching axon studied has a geometrical ratio close to one (perfect impedance matching) conduction across the branch point failed at stimulation frequencies above 30 Hz. 3. The block of conduction after high frequency stimulation occurred at the branch point per se. The parent axon and daughter branches continued to conduct action potentials. 4. Conduction block after high frequency stimulation appeared first in the thicker daughter branch and only later in the thin branch. 5. With high frequency stimulation there was a 10-15% reduction in amplitude of the action potential in the parent axon, a corresponding decrease in the rate of rise of the action potential, a 25-30% decrease in conduction velocity, marked increase in threshold and prolongation of the refractory period. In addition the membrane was depolarized by 1-3 mV. 6. Measurements of the membrane current using the patch clamp technique showed a large decrease in the phase of inward current associated with the action potential, before the branching point. 7. The small membrane depolarization seen after high frequency stimulation is not the sole cause of the conduction block. Imposed prolonged membrane depolarization (8 mV for 120 sec) was insufficient to produce conduction block. 8. In vivo chronic extracellular recordings from the main nerve bundle (which contains the parent axon) and the large daughter branch revealed that: (a) the duration and frequency of trains of action potentials along the axons exceeded those used in the isolated nerve experiments and (b) conduction failure in the large daughter branch could be induced in the whole animal by electrical stimulation of the main branch as in the isolated preparation. 9. Possible mechanisms underlying block of conduction after high frequency stimulation in a branching axon are discussed.", "contents": "Differential conduction block in branches of a bifurcating axon. 1. Propagation of action potentials at high frequency was studied in a branching axon of the lobster by means of simultaneous intracellular recording both before and after the branch point. 2. Although the branching axon studied has a geometrical ratio close to one (perfect impedance matching) conduction across the branch point failed at stimulation frequencies above 30 Hz. 3. The block of conduction after high frequency stimulation occurred at the branch point per se. The parent axon and daughter branches continued to conduct action potentials. 4. Conduction block after high frequency stimulation appeared first in the thicker daughter branch and only later in the thin branch. 5. With high frequency stimulation there was a 10-15% reduction in amplitude of the action potential in the parent axon, a corresponding decrease in the rate of rise of the action potential, a 25-30% decrease in conduction velocity, marked increase in threshold and prolongation of the refractory period. In addition the membrane was depolarized by 1-3 mV. 6. Measurements of the membrane current using the patch clamp technique showed a large decrease in the phase of inward current associated with the action potential, before the branching point. 7. The small membrane depolarization seen after high frequency stimulation is not the sole cause of the conduction block. Imposed prolonged membrane depolarization (8 mV for 120 sec) was insufficient to produce conduction block. 8. In vivo chronic extracellular recordings from the main nerve bundle (which contains the parent axon) and the large daughter branch revealed that: (a) the duration and frequency of trains of action potentials along the axons exceeded those used in the isolated nerve experiments and (b) conduction failure in the large daughter branch could be induced in the whole animal by electrical stimulation of the main branch as in the isolated preparation. 9. Possible mechanisms underlying block of conduction after high frequency stimulation in a branching axon are discussed.", "PMID": 521937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1120", "title": "Mechanisms involved in differential conduction of potentials at high frequency in a branching axon.", "content": "1. The ionic mechanisms involved in block of conduction of action potentials following high frequency stimulation were studied in a branching axon of the lobster Panulirus penicillatus. 2. A 2-3 mM increase in extracellular K concentration (normal concentration 12 mM) produced block of conduction into both daughter branches. 3. While conduction block induced by high frequency stimulation occurs first into the large daughter branch and only later into the smaller one, propagation into both branches is blocked simultaneously by increased extracellular K concentration. 4. Increasing extracellular K by 2-3 mM resulted in membrane depolarization, reduction in membrane resistance and reduced excitability. The latter two effects were larger than expected from the small depolarization. It appears that increase of extracellular K has direct effects on membrane excitability. 5. It is suggested that block of conduction after high frequency stimulation results from accumulation of K in the extracellular space. However, in order to account for differential conduction block in the two branches one must assume differential buildup of extracellular K concentration around the two branches during high frequency stimulation. 6. Ultrastructural studies using La and horseradish peroxidase as extracellular markers show that the space around the two branches is similar and is open to the extracellular space. Therefore differences in periaxonal volume cannot account for differential buildup of K around the two branches. 7. It is demonstrated that the lobster axon has a Na+/K+ electrogenic pump. After blocking this pump with ouabain, stimulation at high frequency resulted in a conduction block in the two branches almost at the same time. 8. Injection of Ca2+ intracellularly into the thick branch prevents or delays the appearance of conduction block after high frequency stimulation. 9. A mechanism based on these findings is suggested to explain the differential conduction block seen after high frequency stimulation in a branching axon with almost ideal impedance matching.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in differential conduction of potentials at high frequency in a branching axon. 1. The ionic mechanisms involved in block of conduction of action potentials following high frequency stimulation were studied in a branching axon of the lobster Panulirus penicillatus. 2. A 2-3 mM increase in extracellular K concentration (normal concentration 12 mM) produced block of conduction into both daughter branches. 3. While conduction block induced by high frequency stimulation occurs first into the large daughter branch and only later into the smaller one, propagation into both branches is blocked simultaneously by increased extracellular K concentration. 4. Increasing extracellular K by 2-3 mM resulted in membrane depolarization, reduction in membrane resistance and reduced excitability. The latter two effects were larger than expected from the small depolarization. It appears that increase of extracellular K has direct effects on membrane excitability. 5. It is suggested that block of conduction after high frequency stimulation results from accumulation of K in the extracellular space. However, in order to account for differential conduction block in the two branches one must assume differential buildup of extracellular K concentration around the two branches during high frequency stimulation. 6. Ultrastructural studies using La and horseradish peroxidase as extracellular markers show that the space around the two branches is similar and is open to the extracellular space. Therefore differences in periaxonal volume cannot account for differential buildup of K around the two branches. 7. It is demonstrated that the lobster axon has a Na+/K+ electrogenic pump. After blocking this pump with ouabain, stimulation at high frequency resulted in a conduction block in the two branches almost at the same time. 8. Injection of Ca2+ intracellularly into the thick branch prevents or delays the appearance of conduction block after high frequency stimulation. 9. A mechanism based on these findings is suggested to explain the differential conduction block seen after high frequency stimulation in a branching axon with almost ideal impedance matching.", "PMID": 521940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1121", "title": "A mathematical model for conduction of action potentials along bifurcating axons.", "content": "1. A mathematical model based on the Hodgkin-Huxley equations is derived to describe quantitatively the propagation of action potentials in a branching axon. 2. The model treats the case of a bifurcating axon with branches of different diameters. The solution takes into account the changes in space constant in the different regions. 3. The model allows for investigating parameters leading to preferential conduction of action potentials in one daughter branch as seen experimentally. 4. Assuming that the only difference between the various daughter branches is in their diameters, conduction blocks should occur simultaneously rather than differentially into all daughter branches when the geometrical ratio is greater than 10. 5. In order to obtain differential conduction into the two branches changes in ionic concentrations due to the repetitive action potentials had to be introduced into the equations. 6. We find that conditions which allow differential buildup of K concentration around the two branches, produce differential conduction block. These conditions may be different periaxonal spaces around the branches or different time constant for recovery processes that eliminate K from the periaxonal space. 7. The effects of an inexcitable branch on conduction of action potentials in the second branch are described. 8. We find that the membrane current which is associated with the action potential is much more sensitive than the action potential itself and shows more distinct changes near regions of inhomogeneity such as a branch point, a step increase in diameter or an inexcitable branch.", "contents": "A mathematical model for conduction of action potentials along bifurcating axons. 1. A mathematical model based on the Hodgkin-Huxley equations is derived to describe quantitatively the propagation of action potentials in a branching axon. 2. The model treats the case of a bifurcating axon with branches of different diameters. The solution takes into account the changes in space constant in the different regions. 3. The model allows for investigating parameters leading to preferential conduction of action potentials in one daughter branch as seen experimentally. 4. Assuming that the only difference between the various daughter branches is in their diameters, conduction blocks should occur simultaneously rather than differentially into all daughter branches when the geometrical ratio is greater than 10. 5. In order to obtain differential conduction into the two branches changes in ionic concentrations due to the repetitive action potentials had to be introduced into the equations. 6. We find that conditions which allow differential buildup of K concentration around the two branches, produce differential conduction block. These conditions may be different periaxonal spaces around the branches or different time constant for recovery processes that eliminate K from the periaxonal space. 7. The effects of an inexcitable branch on conduction of action potentials in the second branch are described. 8. We find that the membrane current which is associated with the action potential is much more sensitive than the action potential itself and shows more distinct changes near regions of inhomogeneity such as a branch point, a step increase in diameter or an inexcitable branch.", "PMID": 521942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1122", "title": "Evidence supporting a role for endogenous vasopressin in natural suppression of fever in the sheep.", "content": "1. The antipyretic effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) introduced into the brain by push-pull perfusion was investigated in the sheep. 2. Control perfusions with sucrose solutions had no effect on fevers induced by a bacterial endotoxin. Sucrose solutions containing AVP (4.0 microgram/ml.) perfused at 40 microliter./min had significant antipyretic activity, reducing the two peaks of the fever but had no effect on resting body temperature. 3. Loci in which AVP induced antipyresis were limited to the septal region about 2-3 mm anterior to the anterior commissure. 4. The amounts of AVP in perfusates from the septal region correlated negatively with changes in body temperature. 5. AVP administered I.V. did not lower fever. 6. AVP plasma levels correlated negatively with fever magnitude following premature birth induced by dexamethasone.", "contents": "Evidence supporting a role for endogenous vasopressin in natural suppression of fever in the sheep. 1. The antipyretic effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) introduced into the brain by push-pull perfusion was investigated in the sheep. 2. Control perfusions with sucrose solutions had no effect on fevers induced by a bacterial endotoxin. Sucrose solutions containing AVP (4.0 microgram/ml.) perfused at 40 microliter./min had significant antipyretic activity, reducing the two peaks of the fever but had no effect on resting body temperature. 3. Loci in which AVP induced antipyresis were limited to the septal region about 2-3 mm anterior to the anterior commissure. 4. The amounts of AVP in perfusates from the septal region correlated negatively with changes in body temperature. 5. AVP administered I.V. did not lower fever. 6. AVP plasma levels correlated negatively with fever magnitude following premature birth induced by dexamethasone.", "PMID": 521943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1123", "title": "Rabbit diaphragm: two types of fibres determined by calcium strontium activation and protein content.", "content": "1. Submaximum Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tensions were measured in functionally skinned fibres from the rabbit diaphragm. 2. The fibres could be classified into two types on the basis of activation by divalent cations. Type S fibres required a slightly higher [Ca2+] than [Sr2+] for half-maximal activation of tension. Type F fibres required 2 times higher [Ca2+] than type S and 8.5 times higher [Sr2+]. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate disc gels of type F fibres showed protein band patterns similar to those of fast-twitch muscle; those of type S fibres were identical to those of slow-twitch fibres. 4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate disk gels of mixed, non-classified diaphragm fibres and an actual count of randomly selected fibres classified by Ca2+/Sr2+ tension characteristics showed the diaphragm to be composed of 60% fast-twitch fibres and 40% slow-twitch fibres. 5. The protein stoichiometries of the two fibre types are consonant with the accepted stoichiometries for skeletal muscle. 6. The percentages of type F and type S fibres in the diaphragm suggest that high adenosine-triphosphatase activity shown by histochemical techniques (Davies & Gunn, 1972) is associated with the type F fibres, and low activity with the type S fibres.", "contents": "Rabbit diaphragm: two types of fibres determined by calcium strontium activation and protein content. 1. Submaximum Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tensions were measured in functionally skinned fibres from the rabbit diaphragm. 2. The fibres could be classified into two types on the basis of activation by divalent cations. Type S fibres required a slightly higher [Ca2+] than [Sr2+] for half-maximal activation of tension. Type F fibres required 2 times higher [Ca2+] than type S and 8.5 times higher [Sr2+]. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate disc gels of type F fibres showed protein band patterns similar to those of fast-twitch muscle; those of type S fibres were identical to those of slow-twitch fibres. 4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate disk gels of mixed, non-classified diaphragm fibres and an actual count of randomly selected fibres classified by Ca2+/Sr2+ tension characteristics showed the diaphragm to be composed of 60% fast-twitch fibres and 40% slow-twitch fibres. 5. The protein stoichiometries of the two fibre types are consonant with the accepted stoichiometries for skeletal muscle. 6. The percentages of type F and type S fibres in the diaphragm suggest that high adenosine-triphosphatase activity shown by histochemical techniques (Davies & Gunn, 1972) is associated with the type F fibres, and low activity with the type S fibres.", "PMID": 521945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1124", "title": "Protein deprivation: its effects on fever and plasma iron during bacterial infection in rabbits.", "content": "1. The effects of chronic dietary protein deprivation on fever and host plasma iron reduction in bacterially infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were investigated. 2. Injection with Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterium pathogenic to rabbits, led to an attenuated 24 hr fever in the protein-deprived rabbits (0.26 degrees C) compared with the 24 hr fever in the control rabbits (1.43 degrees C). 3. Plasma iron concentration remained relatively high in the protein-deprived rabbits as measured 24 hr after injection with bacteria. Total iron binding capacity did not change in the protein-deprived rabbits as measured 24 hr after injection with bacteria. 4. Inoculation of the rabbits with endogenous pyrogen from donor rabbits resulted in fever and reduction in plasma iron concentration that was of equal magnitude in the protein-deprived and control rabbits. 5. There were no differences in the concentration of total circulating leukocytes or in the differential count between the protein-deprived and control rabbits before and 24 hr after injection with bacteria. 6. These data support the hypothesis that chronic protein deprivation in rabbits results in a diminished synthesis or release, or both, of endogenous pyrogen from circulating leukocytic phagocytes, resulting in an attenuated fever and a relative hyperferremia during infection.", "contents": "Protein deprivation: its effects on fever and plasma iron during bacterial infection in rabbits. 1. The effects of chronic dietary protein deprivation on fever and host plasma iron reduction in bacterially infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were investigated. 2. Injection with Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterium pathogenic to rabbits, led to an attenuated 24 hr fever in the protein-deprived rabbits (0.26 degrees C) compared with the 24 hr fever in the control rabbits (1.43 degrees C). 3. Plasma iron concentration remained relatively high in the protein-deprived rabbits as measured 24 hr after injection with bacteria. Total iron binding capacity did not change in the protein-deprived rabbits as measured 24 hr after injection with bacteria. 4. Inoculation of the rabbits with endogenous pyrogen from donor rabbits resulted in fever and reduction in plasma iron concentration that was of equal magnitude in the protein-deprived and control rabbits. 5. There were no differences in the concentration of total circulating leukocytes or in the differential count between the protein-deprived and control rabbits before and 24 hr after injection with bacteria. 6. These data support the hypothesis that chronic protein deprivation in rabbits results in a diminished synthesis or release, or both, of endogenous pyrogen from circulating leukocytic phagocytes, resulting in an attenuated fever and a relative hyperferremia during infection.", "PMID": 521955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1125", "title": "The metabolic effects of sodium depletion in calves on salt appetite assessed by operant methods.", "content": "1. Sodium deficiency was induced in calves by unilateral exteriorization of the parotid duct, the continual loss of alkaline saliva from the body to the environment causing negative sodium balance. 2. The metabolic effect of negative sodium balance was seen in statistically significant reduction in plasma sodium and blood bicarbonate, together with marked acidosis and reduced plasma osmolality. 3. The homoeostatic response to sodium depletion was associated with a reversal of sodium/potassium ratio in parotid saliva and a reduction of the rate of secretion. Appetite diminished. The extracellular fluid was halved as marked diuresis developed with considerable weight loss. Urinary and faecal sodium was reduced to zero. 4. On restoration of sodium balance by allowing the calves to drink sodium bicarbonate solutions the metabolic deviations were eliminated. 5. During sodium depletion the parotid gland was able to respond to transient reflex stimulation by increasing flow rate and the sodium concentration of the saliva. 6. When sodium depleted, the calves became restless and agitated and would run from the home pen to the operant procedure stand. The sodium depleted animals readily pressed a panel for sodium bicarbonate rewards in direct proportion to the degree of sodium imbalance. When the balance was restored the motivation to work for sodium bicarbonate disappeared. 7. The motivation which developed during sodium depletion was directed specifically towards the sodium ion. Lithium was an exception to this rule and sodium carbonate was aversive. 8. It is possible that in sodium depletion the glottal sodium taste receptors develop an enhanced threshold for sodium ions because of the reduced sodium content of the saliva. This effect would be abolished when the content of sodium was restored in saliva. 9. The correlation of operant reactions and sodium depletion suggests that the consequential metabolic effects activate changes in the central nervous system. 10. The metabolic changes which develop in parallel with the severity of the sodium deficit appear to be able to evoke behavioural changes with increase in salt appetite directed towards restoration of sodium balance.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of sodium depletion in calves on salt appetite assessed by operant methods. 1. Sodium deficiency was induced in calves by unilateral exteriorization of the parotid duct, the continual loss of alkaline saliva from the body to the environment causing negative sodium balance. 2. The metabolic effect of negative sodium balance was seen in statistically significant reduction in plasma sodium and blood bicarbonate, together with marked acidosis and reduced plasma osmolality. 3. The homoeostatic response to sodium depletion was associated with a reversal of sodium/potassium ratio in parotid saliva and a reduction of the rate of secretion. Appetite diminished. The extracellular fluid was halved as marked diuresis developed with considerable weight loss. Urinary and faecal sodium was reduced to zero. 4. On restoration of sodium balance by allowing the calves to drink sodium bicarbonate solutions the metabolic deviations were eliminated. 5. During sodium depletion the parotid gland was able to respond to transient reflex stimulation by increasing flow rate and the sodium concentration of the saliva. 6. When sodium depleted, the calves became restless and agitated and would run from the home pen to the operant procedure stand. The sodium depleted animals readily pressed a panel for sodium bicarbonate rewards in direct proportion to the degree of sodium imbalance. When the balance was restored the motivation to work for sodium bicarbonate disappeared. 7. The motivation which developed during sodium depletion was directed specifically towards the sodium ion. Lithium was an exception to this rule and sodium carbonate was aversive. 8. It is possible that in sodium depletion the glottal sodium taste receptors develop an enhanced threshold for sodium ions because of the reduced sodium content of the saliva. This effect would be abolished when the content of sodium was restored in saliva. 9. The correlation of operant reactions and sodium depletion suggests that the consequential metabolic effects activate changes in the central nervous system. 10. The metabolic changes which develop in parallel with the severity of the sodium deficit appear to be able to evoke behavioural changes with increase in salt appetite directed towards restoration of sodium balance.", "PMID": 521958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1126", "title": "The fate of exogenous arachidonic acid in guinea-pig isolated lung.", "content": "1. The fate of [14C]arachidonic acid perfused through the pulmonary circulation was studied in guinea-pig lungs perfused with Krebs solution. 2. Radioactivity in the lung effluent fell rapidly and by 10 min about 20% of the infused radioactivity had emerged. 3. Most (70%) of the effluent radioactivity was associated with products of cyclo-oxygenase activity, whereas in the lung tissue most of the retained radioactivity was present as phospholipid. 4. Radioactivity in phospholipid was distributed equally between three groups: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the other phosphatides. 5. Addition of albumin to the Krebs solution perfusing the lung increased the proportion of effluent radioactivity to 50%, decreased the cyclo-oxygenase products but increased the label in phospholipid in lung. 6. Indomethacin, frusemide, bromcresol green and diethylcarbamazine all decreased biological activation of arachidonic acid. 7. Indomethacin, bromcresol green and diethylcarbamazine also decreased effluent radioactivity and cyclo-oxygenase products with minimal effects on the distribution of radioactivity in lung lipid. 8. It appears that the major metabolic pathway for exogenous arachidonic acid perfused through the pulmonary circulation was incorporation into phospholipid. Metabolism via cyclo-oxygenase only involved about 15% of the total substrate infused.", "contents": "The fate of exogenous arachidonic acid in guinea-pig isolated lung. 1. The fate of [14C]arachidonic acid perfused through the pulmonary circulation was studied in guinea-pig lungs perfused with Krebs solution. 2. Radioactivity in the lung effluent fell rapidly and by 10 min about 20% of the infused radioactivity had emerged. 3. Most (70%) of the effluent radioactivity was associated with products of cyclo-oxygenase activity, whereas in the lung tissue most of the retained radioactivity was present as phospholipid. 4. Radioactivity in phospholipid was distributed equally between three groups: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the other phosphatides. 5. Addition of albumin to the Krebs solution perfusing the lung increased the proportion of effluent radioactivity to 50%, decreased the cyclo-oxygenase products but increased the label in phospholipid in lung. 6. Indomethacin, frusemide, bromcresol green and diethylcarbamazine all decreased biological activation of arachidonic acid. 7. Indomethacin, bromcresol green and diethylcarbamazine also decreased effluent radioactivity and cyclo-oxygenase products with minimal effects on the distribution of radioactivity in lung lipid. 8. It appears that the major metabolic pathway for exogenous arachidonic acid perfused through the pulmonary circulation was incorporation into phospholipid. Metabolism via cyclo-oxygenase only involved about 15% of the total substrate infused.", "PMID": 521959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1127", "title": "A kinetic study of the interactions between amino acids and monosaccharides at the intestinal brush-border membrane.", "content": "1. The influx of amino acids into guinea-pig intestinal rings in vitro is inhibited by monosaccharides, and that of monosaccharides by amino acids. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for these heterologous interactions. According to the first, the cis hypothesis, there is an allosteric interaction between substrates binding to separate but related sites at the outer face of the brush-border membrane matrix. In contrast, the trans hypothesis envisages the interaction to result from a partial dissipation of the electrochemical sodium gradient due to the cotransport of each substrate with sodium ions. 2. In an attempt to distinguish between the merits of the two hypotheses, we examined the kinetics of the inhibition of phenylalanine influx by two sugars of widely different affinities, galactose and beta-methylglucoside. Since beta-methylglucoside carries more sodium into the cell than galactose, the trans hypothesis would predict it to be the stronger inhibitor, but in fact the opposite result is found. 3. Equations were developed to describe the inhibitions in accordance with the cis hypothesis. The satisfactory agreement between experimental observations and theoretical predictions provides support for the applicability of the model. Further implications of the polyfunctional carrier model are discussed.", "contents": "A kinetic study of the interactions between amino acids and monosaccharides at the intestinal brush-border membrane. 1. The influx of amino acids into guinea-pig intestinal rings in vitro is inhibited by monosaccharides, and that of monosaccharides by amino acids. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for these heterologous interactions. According to the first, the cis hypothesis, there is an allosteric interaction between substrates binding to separate but related sites at the outer face of the brush-border membrane matrix. In contrast, the trans hypothesis envisages the interaction to result from a partial dissipation of the electrochemical sodium gradient due to the cotransport of each substrate with sodium ions. 2. In an attempt to distinguish between the merits of the two hypotheses, we examined the kinetics of the inhibition of phenylalanine influx by two sugars of widely different affinities, galactose and beta-methylglucoside. Since beta-methylglucoside carries more sodium into the cell than galactose, the trans hypothesis would predict it to be the stronger inhibitor, but in fact the opposite result is found. 3. Equations were developed to describe the inhibitions in accordance with the cis hypothesis. The satisfactory agreement between experimental observations and theoretical predictions provides support for the applicability of the model. Further implications of the polyfunctional carrier model are discussed.", "PMID": 521961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1128", "title": "Recovery of cat retinal ganglion cell sensitivity following pigment bleaching.", "content": "1. The threshold illuminance for small spot stimulation of on-centre cat retinal ganglion cells was plotted vs. time after exposure to adapting light sufficiently strong to bleach significant amounts of rhodopsin. 2. When the entire receptive field of an X- or Y-type ganglion cell is bleached by at most 40%, recovery of the cell's rod-system proceeds in two phases: an early relatively fast one during which the response appears transient, and a late, slower one during which responses become more sustained. Log threshold during the later phase is well fit by an exponential in time (tau = 11.5-38 min). 3. After bleaches of 90% of the underlying pigment, threshold is cone-determined for as long as 40 min. Rod threshold continues to decrease for at least 85 min after the bleach. 4. The rate of recovery is slower after strong than after weak bleaches; 10 and 90% bleaches yield time constants for the later phase of 11.5 and 38 min, respectively. This contrasts with an approximate time constant of 11 min for rhodopsin regeneration following any bleach. 5. The relationship between the initial elevation of log rod threshold extrapolated from the fitted exponential curves and the initial amount of pigment bleached is monotonic, but nonlinear. 6. After a bleaching exposure, the maintained discharge is initially very regular. The firing rate first rises, then falls to the pre-bleach level, with more extended time courses of change in firing rate after stronger exposures. The discharge rate is restored before threshold has recovered fully. 7. The change in the response vs. log stimulus relationship after bleaching is described as a shift of the curve to the right, paired with a decrease in slope of the linear segment of the curve.", "contents": "Recovery of cat retinal ganglion cell sensitivity following pigment bleaching. 1. The threshold illuminance for small spot stimulation of on-centre cat retinal ganglion cells was plotted vs. time after exposure to adapting light sufficiently strong to bleach significant amounts of rhodopsin. 2. When the entire receptive field of an X- or Y-type ganglion cell is bleached by at most 40%, recovery of the cell's rod-system proceeds in two phases: an early relatively fast one during which the response appears transient, and a late, slower one during which responses become more sustained. Log threshold during the later phase is well fit by an exponential in time (tau = 11.5-38 min). 3. After bleaches of 90% of the underlying pigment, threshold is cone-determined for as long as 40 min. Rod threshold continues to decrease for at least 85 min after the bleach. 4. The rate of recovery is slower after strong than after weak bleaches; 10 and 90% bleaches yield time constants for the later phase of 11.5 and 38 min, respectively. This contrasts with an approximate time constant of 11 min for rhodopsin regeneration following any bleach. 5. The relationship between the initial elevation of log rod threshold extrapolated from the fitted exponential curves and the initial amount of pigment bleached is monotonic, but nonlinear. 6. After a bleaching exposure, the maintained discharge is initially very regular. The firing rate first rises, then falls to the pre-bleach level, with more extended time courses of change in firing rate after stronger exposures. The discharge rate is restored before threshold has recovered fully. 7. The change in the response vs. log stimulus relationship after bleaching is described as a shift of the curve to the right, paired with a decrease in slope of the linear segment of the curve.", "PMID": 521963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1129", "title": "Non-passive chloride distribution in mammalian heart muscle: micro-electrode measurement of the intracellular chloride activity.", "content": "1. Liquid ion-exchanger Cl- -sensitive micro-electrodes were used to make continuous measurements of the intracellular Cl activity, aCli, of quiscent sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres in vitro. 2. aCli was higher than that expected from a passive distribution, (which would have been about 5 mM). It was 3--4 times hiable; EC1 was about 35 mV positive to Em. It was over twice as high in the nominal absence of bicarbonate/CO2 (when the buffer-system was HEPES/O2) but was not always so stable, and ECl was about 20 mV positive to Em. 3. Experiments designed to assess the maximum possible error likely to occur in the measurement of aCli showed that this could not be large and that the estimates of ECl were accurate to within 8 mV. 4. The ability of Cl to move down both concentration and potential gradients was established by demonstrating a loss of aCli in Cl-free solutions and a gain when Em was depolarized positive to ECl in high-K solutions. In both cases, the changes were complete within about 100--160 min. 5. The decline of aCli in Cl-free solutions (glucuronate-substituted) was not significantly affected by changes of [Ca]o from 0 to 12 mM or by the depolarizations of Em of up to 60 mV that sometimes occurred in low or zero [Ca]o. 6. Only 2--3 mM-aClo was sufficient to impede substantially the ready loss of aCli in HEPES-buffered solutions. 7. In high-K solutions (45 mM), Cl appeared to be passively distributed since, at equilibrium, Em and ECl differed by less than 2 mV. 8. In HEPES-buffered Tyrode, ECl of quiescent papillary muscle of the guinea-pig was, on average, 39 mV positive to Em. 9. It is concluded that liquid ion-exchanger Cl- -sensitive micro-electrodes are suitable for studying the Cl regulation of sheep Prukinje fibres, and probably of other cardiac tissues. The measurements of resting aCli are quite accurate when using either HEPES or bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode. The results are discussed in relation to estimates of the apparent membrane Cl permeability under various conditions and the possible existence of an inwardly directed 'Cl pump'.", "contents": "Non-passive chloride distribution in mammalian heart muscle: micro-electrode measurement of the intracellular chloride activity. 1. Liquid ion-exchanger Cl- -sensitive micro-electrodes were used to make continuous measurements of the intracellular Cl activity, aCli, of quiscent sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres in vitro. 2. aCli was higher than that expected from a passive distribution, (which would have been about 5 mM). It was 3--4 times hiable; EC1 was about 35 mV positive to Em. It was over twice as high in the nominal absence of bicarbonate/CO2 (when the buffer-system was HEPES/O2) but was not always so stable, and ECl was about 20 mV positive to Em. 3. Experiments designed to assess the maximum possible error likely to occur in the measurement of aCli showed that this could not be large and that the estimates of ECl were accurate to within 8 mV. 4. The ability of Cl to move down both concentration and potential gradients was established by demonstrating a loss of aCli in Cl-free solutions and a gain when Em was depolarized positive to ECl in high-K solutions. In both cases, the changes were complete within about 100--160 min. 5. The decline of aCli in Cl-free solutions (glucuronate-substituted) was not significantly affected by changes of [Ca]o from 0 to 12 mM or by the depolarizations of Em of up to 60 mV that sometimes occurred in low or zero [Ca]o. 6. Only 2--3 mM-aClo was sufficient to impede substantially the ready loss of aCli in HEPES-buffered solutions. 7. In high-K solutions (45 mM), Cl appeared to be passively distributed since, at equilibrium, Em and ECl differed by less than 2 mV. 8. In HEPES-buffered Tyrode, ECl of quiescent papillary muscle of the guinea-pig was, on average, 39 mV positive to Em. 9. It is concluded that liquid ion-exchanger Cl- -sensitive micro-electrodes are suitable for studying the Cl regulation of sheep Prukinje fibres, and probably of other cardiac tissues. The measurements of resting aCli are quite accurate when using either HEPES or bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode. The results are discussed in relation to estimates of the apparent membrane Cl permeability under various conditions and the possible existence of an inwardly directed 'Cl pump'.", "PMID": 521996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1130", "title": "[Heat-induced salivary gland hypertrophy: change during chronic heat exposure (34 degrees C). (author's transl)].", "content": "1 A slight rise in ambient temperature (34 degrees C) increased saliva secretion in the rat and this was accompanied by licking behavior, thus increasing heat loss by evaporation. 2 The rise in ambient temperature was accompanied by a hypertrophy of the submaxillary glands (Fig.1, 2), arising from activation of seromucous acini (Fig. 4, 5). 3 The hypertrophy reached a maximum after 2 to 4 days of heat exposure (Fig. 2); it was followed by a slow decrease. Normal values were obtained only after at least 3 weeks in the climatic chamber (Fig. 2, 3), which agreed with behavioral observations. Increased secretion of saliva may help to increase heat loss and maintain survival in a hot environment. 4 The absence of morphological changes in the sublingual g and and the evolution of the granular circonvoluted tubules (Fig. 6) contrast greatly with the hypertrophy of the submaxillary acinus. It is possible that heat-induced saliva secretion may be controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.", "contents": "[Heat-induced salivary gland hypertrophy: change during chronic heat exposure (34 degrees C). (author's transl)]. 1 A slight rise in ambient temperature (34 degrees C) increased saliva secretion in the rat and this was accompanied by licking behavior, thus increasing heat loss by evaporation. 2 The rise in ambient temperature was accompanied by a hypertrophy of the submaxillary glands (Fig.1, 2), arising from activation of seromucous acini (Fig. 4, 5). 3 The hypertrophy reached a maximum after 2 to 4 days of heat exposure (Fig. 2); it was followed by a slow decrease. Normal values were obtained only after at least 3 weeks in the climatic chamber (Fig. 2, 3), which agreed with behavioral observations. Increased secretion of saliva may help to increase heat loss and maintain survival in a hot environment. 4 The absence of morphological changes in the sublingual g and and the evolution of the granular circonvoluted tubules (Fig. 6) contrast greatly with the hypertrophy of the submaxillary acinus. It is possible that heat-induced saliva secretion may be controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.", "PMID": 522010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1131", "title": "[Gastric and intestinal appearances by abdominal ultrasound. The sign of brownian motion (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric, as well as intestinal images, are always present on abdominal ultrasonic scans. Since they are difficult to analyse, such images are usually neglected. Morphological and dynamic criterial (as the \"brownian movement sign\") enable to identify stomach and intestine. It is then possible to avoid the misinterpretation of normal anatomic elements as pathological processes, and, from time to time, to diagnose specific gastrointestinal lesions.", "contents": "[Gastric and intestinal appearances by abdominal ultrasound. The sign of brownian motion (author's transl)]. Gastric, as well as intestinal images, are always present on abdominal ultrasonic scans. Since they are difficult to analyse, such images are usually neglected. Morphological and dynamic criterial (as the \"brownian movement sign\") enable to identify stomach and intestine. It is then possible to avoid the misinterpretation of normal anatomic elements as pathological processes, and, from time to time, to diagnose specific gastrointestinal lesions.", "PMID": 522022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1132", "title": "[Bronchiolo alveolar carcinoma. 9 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors try to define the criteria for the diagnosis of this unusual variety of bronchio pulmonary adenocarcinoma. They studied only 9 patients, 8 of whom had surgery which allowed to make a correlation between X-ray and morphological findings. The pathologist encountered the usual problems in the diagnosis of a primitive tumor since some metastasis have the same macroscopic and microscopic aspect. The relation between the radiographic image and the anatomical findings is emphasised. From a symptomatic and radiological point of view, the most frequent distinction was between the opaque round intra-pulmonary image and the chronic alveolar opacity. Other radiological types occurrence less frequently, such as the nodular or the hollowed type. The authors emphasize the pronostic importance of distinguishing the localized form, with a generally good prognosis following surgery, form the diffused form, which have a very poor prognosis. Even under the best of conditions, a radiological study must be supported by both surgery and pathology to be sure that the tumor in question is, in fact, strictly localized. The histogenesis of bronchio-alveolar carcinoma is briefly discussed in a study of histology and pathology.", "contents": "[Bronchiolo alveolar carcinoma. 9 cases (author's transl)]. The authors try to define the criteria for the diagnosis of this unusual variety of bronchio pulmonary adenocarcinoma. They studied only 9 patients, 8 of whom had surgery which allowed to make a correlation between X-ray and morphological findings. The pathologist encountered the usual problems in the diagnosis of a primitive tumor since some metastasis have the same macroscopic and microscopic aspect. The relation between the radiographic image and the anatomical findings is emphasised. From a symptomatic and radiological point of view, the most frequent distinction was between the opaque round intra-pulmonary image and the chronic alveolar opacity. Other radiological types occurrence less frequently, such as the nodular or the hollowed type. The authors emphasize the pronostic importance of distinguishing the localized form, with a generally good prognosis following surgery, form the diffused form, which have a very poor prognosis. Even under the best of conditions, a radiological study must be supported by both surgery and pathology to be sure that the tumor in question is, in fact, strictly localized. The histogenesis of bronchio-alveolar carcinoma is briefly discussed in a study of histology and pathology.", "PMID": 522023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1133", "title": "[Radiological signs of primary sarcoma of the kidney in adults : a report on 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary sarcomas of the kidney are extremely uncommon and the results of their angiographic study are rarely reported. A study of five cases that were confirmed histologically demonstrates the absence of specific clinical and urographic findings. Arteriographic appearances are variable and not related to the histological type. The poorly vascularized forms are traditionally the most frequent (2 out of 5 cases) but are not fundamentally different from adenocarcinomas. The diagnosis can be suspected, however, when there is an infiltrating peripheral tumor extending well beyond the capsule. The hypovascularized pseudocystic forms raise the same arteriographic problems as the adenocarcinomas. Arteriography can diagnose malignancy, but the diagnosis of sarcoma is usually impossible before operation.", "contents": "[Radiological signs of primary sarcoma of the kidney in adults : a report on 5 cases (author's transl)]. Primary sarcomas of the kidney are extremely uncommon and the results of their angiographic study are rarely reported. A study of five cases that were confirmed histologically demonstrates the absence of specific clinical and urographic findings. Arteriographic appearances are variable and not related to the histological type. The poorly vascularized forms are traditionally the most frequent (2 out of 5 cases) but are not fundamentally different from adenocarcinomas. The diagnosis can be suspected, however, when there is an infiltrating peripheral tumor extending well beyond the capsule. The hypovascularized pseudocystic forms raise the same arteriographic problems as the adenocarcinomas. Arteriography can diagnose malignancy, but the diagnosis of sarcoma is usually impossible before operation.", "PMID": 522025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1134", "title": "[Radiological opacities after intra-articular injection of osmic acid. Relationship with the injection site (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormal radiological opacities are sometimes observed after intra-articular injection of osmic acid. These opacities are radio-opaque because osmium is a heavy metal (atomic number = 76). They are usually found near the suprapatellar pouch which is the usual injection site. A parasynovial injection (or back flow from the joint cavity) of some of the osmic solution, followed by concentration and fixation of the osmic deposits at this level, seems to be the cause of these radiological opacities. This could be the reason for the poor clinical results encountered in some cases of osmic acid therapy followed by such deposits.", "contents": "[Radiological opacities after intra-articular injection of osmic acid. Relationship with the injection site (author's transl)]. Abnormal radiological opacities are sometimes observed after intra-articular injection of osmic acid. These opacities are radio-opaque because osmium is a heavy metal (atomic number = 76). They are usually found near the suprapatellar pouch which is the usual injection site. A parasynovial injection (or back flow from the joint cavity) of some of the osmic solution, followed by concentration and fixation of the osmic deposits at this level, seems to be the cause of these radiological opacities. This could be the reason for the poor clinical results encountered in some cases of osmic acid therapy followed by such deposits.", "PMID": 522026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1135", "title": "[Splenic trauma complicating translumbar aortography : a report on 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two very rare cases of splenic trauma following high translumbar aortography are described. Two types of clinical picture are observed : severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage, subcapsular and then intraperitoneal, from rupture of the spleen, and septic peritonitis following rupture of an intra- and perisplenic abscess. The authors review the frequency, mechanism, and prevention of complications following translumbar aortic puncture.", "contents": "[Splenic trauma complicating translumbar aortography : a report on 2 cases (author's transl)]. Two very rare cases of splenic trauma following high translumbar aortography are described. Two types of clinical picture are observed : severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage, subcapsular and then intraperitoneal, from rupture of the spleen, and septic peritonitis following rupture of an intra- and perisplenic abscess. The authors review the frequency, mechanism, and prevention of complications following translumbar aortic puncture.", "PMID": 522027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1136", "title": "[Cellulitis of the leg as the presentation of pandiaphysitis in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 6 cases of acute osteomyelitis of the leg, presenting with a very severe subcutaneous cellulitis and progressing to sub-periosteal abscess, then pandiaphysitis with major bone destruction at the 15th day, despite antibiotics. However, all these children recovered without sequelae, apart from one case. Early diagnosis was difficult and treatment started after an excessive delay in the majority of cases. If it can be performed on an emergency basis, Technetium bone scan is useful in making the diagnosis. In the absence of the type of examination, any case of severe subcutaneous cellulitis in a child must be considered as a potential osteomyelitis and treated as such.", "contents": "[Cellulitis of the leg as the presentation of pandiaphysitis in the child (author's transl)]. The authors report 6 cases of acute osteomyelitis of the leg, presenting with a very severe subcutaneous cellulitis and progressing to sub-periosteal abscess, then pandiaphysitis with major bone destruction at the 15th day, despite antibiotics. However, all these children recovered without sequelae, apart from one case. Early diagnosis was difficult and treatment started after an excessive delay in the majority of cases. If it can be performed on an emergency basis, Technetium bone scan is useful in making the diagnosis. In the absence of the type of examination, any case of severe subcutaneous cellulitis in a child must be considered as a potential osteomyelitis and treated as such.", "PMID": 522028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1137", "title": "[Retroperitoneal gas images following subperitoneal hollow viscus rupture (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of traumatic rupture of a subperitoneal hollow viscus are reported : two duodenal lesions and one rectal wound. Early diagnosis was possible in all three cases by the recognition of retroperitoneal gas on simple radiographs of the abdomen, which was evidenced by images containing air bubbles, which were also fasciculated and fairly fixed. They were unilateral, on the right side, and usually associated with disappearance of the psoas shadow in duodenal injuries. Rectal perforation produces a bilateral distribution of the retroperitoneal gas, which extends to the subperitoneal fat and the posterior extraperitoneal space, according to the amount of effusion.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal gas images following subperitoneal hollow viscus rupture (author's transl)]. Three cases of traumatic rupture of a subperitoneal hollow viscus are reported : two duodenal lesions and one rectal wound. Early diagnosis was possible in all three cases by the recognition of retroperitoneal gas on simple radiographs of the abdomen, which was evidenced by images containing air bubbles, which were also fasciculated and fairly fixed. They were unilateral, on the right side, and usually associated with disappearance of the psoas shadow in duodenal injuries. Rectal perforation produces a bilateral distribution of the retroperitoneal gas, which extends to the subperitoneal fat and the posterior extraperitoneal space, according to the amount of effusion.", "PMID": 522029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1138", "title": "[Aneurysmal cyst of the orbit (author's transl)].", "content": "A child of 11 years of age was found to have an aneurysmal cyst of the orbit. This is an extremely rare cause for tumoral exophthalmia in children and the localization in this region is also very unusual. Only 14 cases are reported in the published literature. The main differences in relation to those occurring in the long bones and vertebrae are the constant absence of pain and the almost exclusively osteolytic radiological appearance.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal cyst of the orbit (author's transl)]. A child of 11 years of age was found to have an aneurysmal cyst of the orbit. This is an extremely rare cause for tumoral exophthalmia in children and the localization in this region is also very unusual. Only 14 cases are reported in the published literature. The main differences in relation to those occurring in the long bones and vertebrae are the constant absence of pain and the almost exclusively osteolytic radiological appearance.", "PMID": 522030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1139", "title": "[Changes in angiographic recordings during reflux nephropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "On one of the few occasions when it was possible to review angiographic recordings taken at five-year intervals, in a patient with reflux nephropathy, the authors use the results to emphasize that it is always very difficult to decide whether a small kidney, associated with reflux, is congenital or acquired. The reflux must in any case be corrected.", "contents": "[Changes in angiographic recordings during reflux nephropathy (author's transl)]. On one of the few occasions when it was possible to review angiographic recordings taken at five-year intervals, in a patient with reflux nephropathy, the authors use the results to emphasize that it is always very difficult to decide whether a small kidney, associated with reflux, is congenital or acquired. The reflux must in any case be corrected.", "PMID": 522031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1140", "title": "[Macrodystrophia lipomatosa. Angiographic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of this unusual entity is reported. The patient, male aged 43 has an hypertrophy of the first and second left fingers. Radiographic examination shows bony overgrowth and marked soft tissue thickening. Arteriography did not show any evidence of angioma or arteriovenous fistula. Histologic examination shows deposits of fat in soft tissue thickening. Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare disease, usually confined to one or two digits of the hand, and sometimes of the foot. A dysembryoplasic aetiology could be sustained, and this entity is very close from others bone or soft-tissue hamartomas.", "contents": "[Macrodystrophia lipomatosa. Angiographic aspects (author's transl)]. A new case of this unusual entity is reported. The patient, male aged 43 has an hypertrophy of the first and second left fingers. Radiographic examination shows bony overgrowth and marked soft tissue thickening. Arteriography did not show any evidence of angioma or arteriovenous fistula. Histologic examination shows deposits of fat in soft tissue thickening. Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare disease, usually confined to one or two digits of the hand, and sometimes of the foot. A dysembryoplasic aetiology could be sustained, and this entity is very close from others bone or soft-tissue hamartomas.", "PMID": 522032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1141", "title": "[Right subclavian arteria lusoria with anomaly of the origin of the two vertebral arteries. A cause of functional vertebrobasilar insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional disturbances of arterial vertebrobasilar insufficiency may be correlated to anomalies of the origin of the vertebral arteries especially in young patients. The authors describe 1 case of right subclavian arteria lusoria with anomaly of the origin of both vertebral arteries (aortic on the left and from the primary carotid artery on the right).", "contents": "[Right subclavian arteria lusoria with anomaly of the origin of the two vertebral arteries. A cause of functional vertebrobasilar insufficiency (author's transl)]. Functional disturbances of arterial vertebrobasilar insufficiency may be correlated to anomalies of the origin of the vertebral arteries especially in young patients. The authors describe 1 case of right subclavian arteria lusoria with anomaly of the origin of both vertebral arteries (aortic on the left and from the primary carotid artery on the right).", "PMID": 522033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1142", "title": "Problem behaviour in primary health care.", "content": "Primary health care can be regarded as the boundary between society as a whole and the medical system. Many of the problems patients bring to doctors in primary care are concerned with their personalities and life situation, and can be considered together as problems of human behaviour.On being questioned in a waiting room, 15 per cent of patients considered their problem \"psychosocial only\", and an additional 13 to 14 per cent \"both somatic and psychosocial\".I believe that the concept of the primary health care team is particularly valuable in managing problems of behaviour, and nondoctor members of the team play a crucial role.In my opinion it is questionable whether people's life problems should be channelled through primary health care, but in the meanwhile it seems clear that in most western societies the fact is they are.", "contents": "Problem behaviour in primary health care. Primary health care can be regarded as the boundary between society as a whole and the medical system. Many of the problems patients bring to doctors in primary care are concerned with their personalities and life situation, and can be considered together as problems of human behaviour.On being questioned in a waiting room, 15 per cent of patients considered their problem \"psychosocial only\", and an additional 13 to 14 per cent \"both somatic and psychosocial\".I believe that the concept of the primary health care team is particularly valuable in managing problems of behaviour, and nondoctor members of the team play a crucial role.In my opinion it is questionable whether people's life problems should be channelled through primary health care, but in the meanwhile it seems clear that in most western societies the fact is they are.", "PMID": 522036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1143", "title": "Evaluation of behavior therapy intervention in general practice.", "content": "Thirty general practitioner consultations with patients with psychological problems referred to a clinical psychologist for behaviour therapy, were examined. Treatment was carried out wholly within the practice. Consultations for advice and psychotropic drug prescriptions were compared during one year, both before and after treatment, and were found to be reduced by over 50 per cent following treatment. Contact with clinical psychology services, therefore, considerably reduced the demand made by these patients for general practitioner time.", "contents": "Evaluation of behavior therapy intervention in general practice. Thirty general practitioner consultations with patients with psychological problems referred to a clinical psychologist for behaviour therapy, were examined. Treatment was carried out wholly within the practice. Consultations for advice and psychotropic drug prescriptions were compared during one year, both before and after treatment, and were found to be reduced by over 50 per cent following treatment. Contact with clinical psychology services, therefore, considerably reduced the demand made by these patients for general practitioner time.", "PMID": 522037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1144", "title": "Psychological treatment in general practice.", "content": "A clinical psychologist was attached to two group practices in Sheffield for 1.5 sessions each per week. A total of 238 patients was seen during 26 months. Of those completing therapy, 72 per cent made satisfactory progress. In the three months after stopping treatment patients made significantly fewer (36 per cent) visits to the surgeries and received significantly fewer (50 per cent) prescriptions for psychotropic drugs than in the three months before referral. These changes were maintained one year later in the three-month period 12 to 15 months after discharge. The result has been to provide largely successful therapy for a population of patients for whom adequate treatment was previously unavailable. This suggests that it would be worthwhile to expand psychological services in general practice still further as advised by the Department of Health and Social Security.", "contents": "Psychological treatment in general practice. A clinical psychologist was attached to two group practices in Sheffield for 1.5 sessions each per week. A total of 238 patients was seen during 26 months. Of those completing therapy, 72 per cent made satisfactory progress. In the three months after stopping treatment patients made significantly fewer (36 per cent) visits to the surgeries and received significantly fewer (50 per cent) prescriptions for psychotropic drugs than in the three months before referral. These changes were maintained one year later in the three-month period 12 to 15 months after discharge. The result has been to provide largely successful therapy for a population of patients for whom adequate treatment was previously unavailable. This suggests that it would be worthwhile to expand psychological services in general practice still further as advised by the Department of Health and Social Security.", "PMID": 522038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1145", "title": "Counselling in general practice.", "content": "In 1976, a group practice in South Oxfordshire established a counselling service. The counsellor is available in the health centre for three half-day sessions per week, and we describe a survey of the subjective and objective effects of counselling on the first 80 patients who used this service. There was an improvement, as measured by the feelings of the patients and doctors, and by some reduction of psychotropic drugs and medical consultations. The majority of the patients who returned the questionnaires said they preferred to see the counsellor rather than the general practitioner for their problem.", "contents": "Counselling in general practice. In 1976, a group practice in South Oxfordshire established a counselling service. The counsellor is available in the health centre for three half-day sessions per week, and we describe a survey of the subjective and objective effects of counselling on the first 80 patients who used this service. There was an improvement, as measured by the feelings of the patients and doctors, and by some reduction of psychotropic drugs and medical consultations. The majority of the patients who returned the questionnaires said they preferred to see the counsellor rather than the general practitioner for their problem.", "PMID": 522039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1146", "title": "Integrating hospital and family practice posts in vocational training for family medicine.", "content": "Postgraduate training programmes for family medicine are developing simultaneously in many different parts of the world. In the UK continuity of care is highly valued but vocational training schemes have not been able to provide continuity of care for patients throughout a three-year training course.In Puerto Rico a vocational training scheme exists in which residents are enabled to integrate their hospital and family practice work throughout a three-year course. This arrangement is described and compared and contrasted with vocational training in the UK.", "contents": "Integrating hospital and family practice posts in vocational training for family medicine. Postgraduate training programmes for family medicine are developing simultaneously in many different parts of the world. In the UK continuity of care is highly valued but vocational training schemes have not been able to provide continuity of care for patients throughout a three-year training course.In Puerto Rico a vocational training scheme exists in which residents are enabled to integrate their hospital and family practice work throughout a three-year course. This arrangement is described and compared and contrasted with vocational training in the UK.", "PMID": 522040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1147", "title": "Compliance with prescribed medicines: a study of elderly patients in the community.", "content": "Compliance with regular medicine taking has been assessed in 81 patients, aged 65 and over, living at home. Interview assessment, home tablet count, and retrospective review of general practice prescription record cards provided three indices of compliance.Deviation by more than 10 per cent from absolute adherence to the prescription was found in 53 per cent of all tablet counts and was significantly more common in women than in men. Errors were also more common when medicines were to be taken more than once daily.The compliance index obtained by inspection of prescription records correlated closely with the index calculated from tablet counts (r(s) = 0.68; p < 0.001) for 129 separate medicines taken regularly. Poor compliance with an individual medicine could be predicted accurately in 66 per cent of cases. A combination of prescription record inspection and interview assessment increased the accuracy of this prediction to 86 per cent.These findings suggest that, using simple methods, the level of compliance can be accurately predicted in a substantial number of elderly patients at home.", "contents": "Compliance with prescribed medicines: a study of elderly patients in the community. Compliance with regular medicine taking has been assessed in 81 patients, aged 65 and over, living at home. Interview assessment, home tablet count, and retrospective review of general practice prescription record cards provided three indices of compliance.Deviation by more than 10 per cent from absolute adherence to the prescription was found in 53 per cent of all tablet counts and was significantly more common in women than in men. Errors were also more common when medicines were to be taken more than once daily.The compliance index obtained by inspection of prescription records correlated closely with the index calculated from tablet counts (r(s) = 0.68; p < 0.001) for 129 separate medicines taken regularly. Poor compliance with an individual medicine could be predicted accurately in 66 per cent of cases. A combination of prescription record inspection and interview assessment increased the accuracy of this prediction to 86 per cent.These findings suggest that, using simple methods, the level of compliance can be accurately predicted in a substantial number of elderly patients at home.", "PMID": 522044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1148", "title": "Improving drug compliance in general practice.", "content": "Patients of all ages make serious mistakes with their medicines, especially if several are prescribed at once.Taking medicines involves a great deal of physical and mental work. The best way to help patients take medicines accurately is to reduce this work by packing together all tablets taken at the same time of day. Many elderly patients have relatives who could pack their medicines in this manner.", "contents": "Improving drug compliance in general practice. Patients of all ages make serious mistakes with their medicines, especially if several are prescribed at once.Taking medicines involves a great deal of physical and mental work. The best way to help patients take medicines accurately is to reduce this work by packing together all tablets taken at the same time of day. Many elderly patients have relatives who could pack their medicines in this manner.", "PMID": 522045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1149", "title": "The changing pattern of general practitioner drug prescribing in the National Health Service in England from 1970 to 1975.", "content": "We describe the changing pattern of general practitioner prescribing in the National Health Service in England between 1970 and 1975.The percentage increase in items of prescriptions had increased 10 times as much as the percentage increase in the population in the same period. One of the reasons given is that there may be a growing tendency to give a prescription when it would be better to give advice.The evidence seems to support other findings that the profession responds much more widely to reports on the good effects of a drug than it does to its adverse effects.", "contents": "The changing pattern of general practitioner drug prescribing in the National Health Service in England from 1970 to 1975. We describe the changing pattern of general practitioner prescribing in the National Health Service in England between 1970 and 1975.The percentage increase in items of prescriptions had increased 10 times as much as the percentage increase in the population in the same period. One of the reasons given is that there may be a growing tendency to give a prescription when it would be better to give advice.The evidence seems to support other findings that the profession responds much more widely to reports on the good effects of a drug than it does to its adverse effects.", "PMID": 522047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1150", "title": "Drugs and prescribing: what the patient thinks.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-one patients, 173 females and 68 males, completed questionnaires designed to identify their knowledge of drugs and attitudes to doctors' prescribing behaviour. These results were compared with those of 35 ancillary staff, 277 schoolchildren, 55 student nurses, 69 medical students, and 78 general practitioners. Although over 80 per cent of patients thought that heroin was a drug, only 10 per cent thought that penicillin should be so classified. Only two per cent of patients thought it was safe for doctors to prescribe without first seeing the patient, although 80 per cent of general practitioners thought that this was sometimes acceptable.Seventy per cent of doctors thought that antibiotics, tranquillizers, hypnotics, and antidepressants were over-prescribed and nearly half the patients appeared to agree with them.More patients thought that antibiotics were designed to kill viruses than bacteria, over a quarter thought that these preparations were the best form of treatment for a cold, and almost half expected diarrhoea to be treated with an antibiotic.Doctors need to spend more of their time in simple health education. By doing so they could reduce their future workload and the nation's drug bill.", "contents": "Drugs and prescribing: what the patient thinks. Two hundred and forty-one patients, 173 females and 68 males, completed questionnaires designed to identify their knowledge of drugs and attitudes to doctors' prescribing behaviour. These results were compared with those of 35 ancillary staff, 277 schoolchildren, 55 student nurses, 69 medical students, and 78 general practitioners. Although over 80 per cent of patients thought that heroin was a drug, only 10 per cent thought that penicillin should be so classified. Only two per cent of patients thought it was safe for doctors to prescribe without first seeing the patient, although 80 per cent of general practitioners thought that this was sometimes acceptable.Seventy per cent of doctors thought that antibiotics, tranquillizers, hypnotics, and antidepressants were over-prescribed and nearly half the patients appeared to agree with them.More patients thought that antibiotics were designed to kill viruses than bacteria, over a quarter thought that these preparations were the best form of treatment for a cold, and almost half expected diarrhoea to be treated with an antibiotic.Doctors need to spend more of their time in simple health education. By doing so they could reduce their future workload and the nation's drug bill.", "PMID": 522048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1151", "title": "A simple method of encouraging postgraduate learning in therapeutics.", "content": "I describe a new method of encouraging groups of general practitioners to discuss their prescribing policies by revealing their differing views of the suitability of pre-selected drugs for use in specified clinical situations. Subjective evaluation was favourable and the method is clear and easy to arrange.", "contents": "A simple method of encouraging postgraduate learning in therapeutics. I describe a new method of encouraging groups of general practitioners to discuss their prescribing policies by revealing their differing views of the suitability of pre-selected drugs for use in specified clinical situations. Subjective evaluation was favourable and the method is clear and easy to arrange.", "PMID": 522049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1152", "title": "Infant feeding and overweight in two Oxfordshire towns.", "content": "In a study of feeding and growth in the first year of life in two Oxfordshire market towns, the frequency of overweight babies was the same for the 'intervention' town (where a research health visitor gave intensive advice to mothers on feeding) as for the control town. Eighteen per cent of bottle-fed infants and three per cent of those breast fed were overweight at one year. It seems that an increase in the number of health visitors does not affect the frequency of overweight infants, but it may be that a greater emphasis on breast feeding might reduce the frequency.", "contents": "Infant feeding and overweight in two Oxfordshire towns. In a study of feeding and growth in the first year of life in two Oxfordshire market towns, the frequency of overweight babies was the same for the 'intervention' town (where a research health visitor gave intensive advice to mothers on feeding) as for the control town. Eighteen per cent of bottle-fed infants and three per cent of those breast fed were overweight at one year. It seems that an increase in the number of health visitors does not affect the frequency of overweight infants, but it may be that a greater emphasis on breast feeding might reduce the frequency.", "PMID": 522050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1153", "title": "Trainee research in South-East Scotland.", "content": "I describe the experience of the South-East Scotland Faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners with trainee research projects during the last few years.", "contents": "Trainee research in South-East Scotland. I describe the experience of the South-East Scotland Faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners with trainee research projects during the last few years.", "PMID": 522063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1154", "title": "Patients' expectations and intention to self-medicate.", "content": "I studied patients' expectations of receiving a prescription after a consultation with their general practitioner and their intention to buy a remedy from the chemist after leaving the surgery.Of a group of 368 patients, 56 per cent expected to receive a prescription and 24 per cent intended to self-medicate. A striking variation was found among patients attending each of the five doctors participating in the study. Patient expectation closely agreed with the prescribing rate per partner. No consistent relationship was found between a low prescribing rate and high self-medication rates. I suggest that by reducing prescribing and encouraging patients to be self-reliant in the management of minor ailments, it might be possible to reduce a general practitioner's workload and the amount of money spent on prescribing in general practice.", "contents": "Patients' expectations and intention to self-medicate. I studied patients' expectations of receiving a prescription after a consultation with their general practitioner and their intention to buy a remedy from the chemist after leaving the surgery.Of a group of 368 patients, 56 per cent expected to receive a prescription and 24 per cent intended to self-medicate. A striking variation was found among patients attending each of the five doctors participating in the study. Patient expectation closely agreed with the prescribing rate per partner. No consistent relationship was found between a low prescribing rate and high self-medication rates. I suggest that by reducing prescribing and encouraging patients to be self-reliant in the management of minor ailments, it might be possible to reduce a general practitioner's workload and the amount of money spent on prescribing in general practice.", "PMID": 522064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1155", "title": "A study of repeat prescription cards in a general practice.", "content": "A study of repeat prescription cards in a general practice revealed problems in good record keeping and patient recall. A system involving a repeat register was therefore developed to create an easily accessible practice record and a recall procedure was initiated. Greater control over repeat cards is now possible.Examination of the age and sex of the card-holders showed a high proportion of elderly females. By scrutiny of the contents of the cards, a profile of prescribing in the practice was drawn and this was used as material for discussion of prescribing policy.Finally, the system has potential to monitor patients with chronic diseases where regular medication is essential.", "contents": "A study of repeat prescription cards in a general practice. A study of repeat prescription cards in a general practice revealed problems in good record keeping and patient recall. A system involving a repeat register was therefore developed to create an easily accessible practice record and a recall procedure was initiated. Greater control over repeat cards is now possible.Examination of the age and sex of the card-holders showed a high proportion of elderly females. By scrutiny of the contents of the cards, a profile of prescribing in the practice was drawn and this was used as material for discussion of prescribing policy.Finally, the system has potential to monitor patients with chronic diseases where regular medication is essential.", "PMID": 522065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1156", "title": "Anticoagulant care in one urban group practice.", "content": "A system of supervising anti-coagulant care was introduced to a busy urban group practice. The results of the first two years' operation of this system show that there were 4.4 prothrombin time (PT) assessments per week, about half of which were performed on working patients. The system was acceptable to patients and practitioners and some unexpected advantages were found.", "contents": "Anticoagulant care in one urban group practice. A system of supervising anti-coagulant care was introduced to a busy urban group practice. The results of the first two years' operation of this system show that there were 4.4 prothrombin time (PT) assessments per week, about half of which were performed on working patients. The system was acceptable to patients and practitioners and some unexpected advantages were found.", "PMID": 522066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1157", "title": "How much do patients know? A multiple choice question paper for patients in the waiting room.", "content": "A questionnaire about knowledge of personal preventive medicine, treatment, and the appropriate use of health services was put to a population of patients attending their doctors' surgeries. The population was probably biased toward the younger and those willing to fill in such a questionnaire. The results showed a social class gradient in knowledge and a distressing degree of ignorance on some topics. Suggestions are made for using the method in a positive educational way in practices, and for further studies with improved methods.", "contents": "How much do patients know? A multiple choice question paper for patients in the waiting room. A questionnaire about knowledge of personal preventive medicine, treatment, and the appropriate use of health services was put to a population of patients attending their doctors' surgeries. The population was probably biased toward the younger and those willing to fill in such a questionnaire. The results showed a social class gradient in knowledge and a distressing degree of ignorance on some topics. Suggestions are made for using the method in a positive educational way in practices, and for further studies with improved methods.", "PMID": 522068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1158", "title": "The need for health care--a pilot survey with general practice.", "content": "A feasibility study was carried out in two places in Wiltshire of a method of ascertaining the morbidity of the population. Traditional medical history taking and examination of the individuals were completed in a random sample of the population, of whom 89 per cent were contacted. The method appears feasible for a survey of sufficient size to measure morbidity and the study gave useful preliminary indications of unmet health care need. The cost of such a larger survey would be small in relation to the sums involved in health care planning.", "contents": "The need for health care--a pilot survey with general practice. A feasibility study was carried out in two places in Wiltshire of a method of ascertaining the morbidity of the population. Traditional medical history taking and examination of the individuals were completed in a random sample of the population, of whom 89 per cent were contacted. The method appears feasible for a survey of sufficient size to measure morbidity and the study gave useful preliminary indications of unmet health care need. The cost of such a larger survey would be small in relation to the sums involved in health care planning.", "PMID": 522069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1159", "title": "C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of gynecologic pathology.", "content": "A qualitative assay for the presence of C-reactive protein (CRP), with a threshold of approximately 1 mg per deciliter, was performed on 121 gynecologic patients who presented to the University of Chicago, Chicago Lying-In Hospital for various complaints. CRP results divided patients with inflammatory processes from those without inflammation or necrosis with an accuracy of over 98%. The method, which is quick and inexpensive, allows CRP to be a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of pelvic pain and masses and further may be useful in the assessment of the efficacy of antibiotic regimens in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.", "contents": "C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of gynecologic pathology. A qualitative assay for the presence of C-reactive protein (CRP), with a threshold of approximately 1 mg per deciliter, was performed on 121 gynecologic patients who presented to the University of Chicago, Chicago Lying-In Hospital for various complaints. CRP results divided patients with inflammatory processes from those without inflammation or necrosis with an accuracy of over 98%. The method, which is quick and inexpensive, allows CRP to be a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of pelvic pain and masses and further may be useful in the assessment of the efficacy of antibiotic regimens in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.", "PMID": 522081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1160", "title": "Scintiscanning in ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical, radiological and quantitative radioisotopic study.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 10 control subjects had quantitative dorso-lumbar and sacroiliac scintigraphy performed using 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate. No difference was found in the mean uptakes of radionucleide at each vertebral level or in the sacroiliac joints between the diseases patients and controls. No correlation was found between radionucleide uptake and radiological score, pain and tenderness assessments. The large variation in quantiative measurements resulted in a large overlap between control and diseased patients and it is unlikely that scintigraphy will be of diagnostic value in the absence of improved methodology.", "contents": "Scintiscanning in ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical, radiological and quantitative radioisotopic study. Twenty-six patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 10 control subjects had quantitative dorso-lumbar and sacroiliac scintigraphy performed using 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate. No difference was found in the mean uptakes of radionucleide at each vertebral level or in the sacroiliac joints between the diseases patients and controls. No correlation was found between radionucleide uptake and radiological score, pain and tenderness assessments. The large variation in quantiative measurements resulted in a large overlap between control and diseased patients and it is unlikely that scintigraphy will be of diagnostic value in the absence of improved methodology.", "PMID": 522092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1161", "title": "Isolated Candida parapsilosis arthritis in a heroin addict.", "content": "A case of isolated Candida parapsilosis arthritis involving the shoulder of a heroin addict is described. Amphotericin B successfully eradicated the infection after failure of flucytosine. Optimal therapy for this condition has not been determined.", "contents": "Isolated Candida parapsilosis arthritis in a heroin addict. A case of isolated Candida parapsilosis arthritis involving the shoulder of a heroin addict is described. Amphotericin B successfully eradicated the infection after failure of flucytosine. Optimal therapy for this condition has not been determined.", "PMID": 522093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1162", "title": "Frostbite arthritis.", "content": "We report a case of unilateral frostbite arthritis in a 58-year-old male. Clinical and radiological changes mimicked those of erosive osteoarthritis. Patients with this presentation should be carefully questioned for a history of exposure to cold, and frostbite arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Frostbite arthritis. We report a case of unilateral frostbite arthritis in a 58-year-old male. Clinical and radiological changes mimicked those of erosive osteoarthritis. Patients with this presentation should be carefully questioned for a history of exposure to cold, and frostbite arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 522094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1163", "title": "Apatite-associated arthropathy: a clinical study of 14 cases and of 2 patients with calcific bursitis.", "content": "Fourteen cases of acute calcific periarthritis and 2 cases of acute calcific bursitis are described. All patients had radiologic periarticular calcific deposits. Synovial fluid was available from 8 patients. Hydroxyapatite crystals were positively identified in 1 by x-ray diffraction analysis and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Apatite-associated arthropathy likely represents a form of crystal-induced inflammation. Three articular syndromes can be recognized; acute calcific periarthritis, acute (calcific) arthritis and a subacute-to-chronic arthritis resembling osteoarthritis. To improve patient classification, diagnostic criteria are proposed.", "contents": "Apatite-associated arthropathy: a clinical study of 14 cases and of 2 patients with calcific bursitis. Fourteen cases of acute calcific periarthritis and 2 cases of acute calcific bursitis are described. All patients had radiologic periarticular calcific deposits. Synovial fluid was available from 8 patients. Hydroxyapatite crystals were positively identified in 1 by x-ray diffraction analysis and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Apatite-associated arthropathy likely represents a form of crystal-induced inflammation. Three articular syndromes can be recognized; acute calcific periarthritis, acute (calcific) arthritis and a subacute-to-chronic arthritis resembling osteoarthritis. To improve patient classification, diagnostic criteria are proposed.", "PMID": 522095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1164", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses to monosodium urate crystals: modification by adsorbed serum proteins.", "content": "The effects of protein absorption to monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals on crystal-induced lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils were studied. Native crystals produced prompt release of both lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzymes, suggesting that they are directly membranolytic for the neutrophil. When albumin, IgM, or beta-lactoglobulin were adsorbed to MSU crystals, lysis was blocked and lysosomal enzyme release was negligible. Prior incubation of crystals with 20% human serum or adsorption of IgG resulted in inhibition of lysis but enhancement of lysosomal enzyme liberation. This non-cytolytic lysosomal enzyme release induced by IgG-coated crystals may be important in the pathogenesis of acute gouty arthritis.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses to monosodium urate crystals: modification by adsorbed serum proteins. The effects of protein absorption to monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals on crystal-induced lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils were studied. Native crystals produced prompt release of both lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzymes, suggesting that they are directly membranolytic for the neutrophil. When albumin, IgM, or beta-lactoglobulin were adsorbed to MSU crystals, lysis was blocked and lysosomal enzyme release was negligible. Prior incubation of crystals with 20% human serum or adsorption of IgG resulted in inhibition of lysis but enhancement of lysosomal enzyme liberation. This non-cytolytic lysosomal enzyme release induced by IgG-coated crystals may be important in the pathogenesis of acute gouty arthritis.", "PMID": 522099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1165", "title": "Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus: report of a case with a large pericardial effusion and fluid analysis.", "content": "A patient with procainamide lupus erythematosus had a large pericardial effusion. As in other reported cases histology revealed a fibrinous mononuclear pericarditis and the pericardial fluid was a serosanguinous inflammatory exudate with a high LDH level and normal glucose concentration. The ANF and LE cell preparation were positive in the fluid but the C3 complement was normal. The frequency of pericarditis is similar in systemic and drug-induced lupus erythematosus yet low complement levels need not occur. Complement activation may therefore be unnecessary for the development of either type of lupus pericarditis.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus: report of a case with a large pericardial effusion and fluid analysis. A patient with procainamide lupus erythematosus had a large pericardial effusion. As in other reported cases histology revealed a fibrinous mononuclear pericarditis and the pericardial fluid was a serosanguinous inflammatory exudate with a high LDH level and normal glucose concentration. The ANF and LE cell preparation were positive in the fluid but the C3 complement was normal. The frequency of pericarditis is similar in systemic and drug-induced lupus erythematosus yet low complement levels need not occur. Complement activation may therefore be unnecessary for the development of either type of lupus pericarditis.", "PMID": 522101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1166", "title": "The diagnostic value of 99m Tc-diphosphonate bone imaging in transient osteoporosis of the hip.", "content": "We present topographic and quantitative studies of 99m Tc-diphosphonate bone scans from 46 patients and 25 control subjects in which we found transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH) (12 cases--2 bilateral), early aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (19 cases--2 bilateral), early coxitis (11 cases), and stress fracture of the femoral neck (4 cases). Active TOH was characterized by intense, homogeneous increased uptake of the entire femoral head, extending to the acetabulum and the neck, and sometimes to the shaft. The scintigram of TOH differed greatly from that in the other hip disorders studied. Bone scintigraphy can help to diagnose the cause of pain in a hip before definite roentgenographic signs appear.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of 99m Tc-diphosphonate bone imaging in transient osteoporosis of the hip. We present topographic and quantitative studies of 99m Tc-diphosphonate bone scans from 46 patients and 25 control subjects in which we found transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH) (12 cases--2 bilateral), early aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (19 cases--2 bilateral), early coxitis (11 cases), and stress fracture of the femoral neck (4 cases). Active TOH was characterized by intense, homogeneous increased uptake of the entire femoral head, extending to the acetabulum and the neck, and sometimes to the shaft. The scintigram of TOH differed greatly from that in the other hip disorders studied. Bone scintigraphy can help to diagnose the cause of pain in a hip before definite roentgenographic signs appear.", "PMID": 522103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1167", "title": "Gangrene of a foot secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus with large vessel vasculitis.", "content": "A 28-year-old man developed gangrene of a foot leading to a below-the-knee amputation. Although initially diagnosed as atherosclerotic vascular disease, clinical and laboratory findings of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed over the next 18 months. Histologic review of popliteal and femoral artery specimens showed acute and chronic changes consistent with the vasculitis of SLE. Subsequent treatment with prednisone controlled the vasculitis as well as the other clinical manifestations of SLE. The diagnosis of SLE should be considered in patients with large vessel peripheral vascular disease who lack the typical findings of the more common predisposing causes.", "contents": "Gangrene of a foot secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus with large vessel vasculitis. A 28-year-old man developed gangrene of a foot leading to a below-the-knee amputation. Although initially diagnosed as atherosclerotic vascular disease, clinical and laboratory findings of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed over the next 18 months. Histologic review of popliteal and femoral artery specimens showed acute and chronic changes consistent with the vasculitis of SLE. Subsequent treatment with prednisone controlled the vasculitis as well as the other clinical manifestations of SLE. The diagnosis of SLE should be considered in patients with large vessel peripheral vascular disease who lack the typical findings of the more common predisposing causes.", "PMID": 522102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1168", "title": "Precipitation membranes: III. Reversible changes of membrane properties induced by alterations in ionic concentrations.", "content": "The conditioned state of a precipitation membrane with its particular properties exists within a limited range of membrane potentials and requires certain minimum concentrations, Clim, of the generating ions in the adjoining solutions. We investigated these quantities for the BaSO4 cellophane membrane and found Clim to be 10 X 10(-5) N (0.5 X 10(-4) M), equally for Ba++ and SO4--. Beyond these limits, the membrane becomes deconditioned. This transformation is a reversible process provided the limits have not been surpassed too far. The capability for de- and reconditioning is a characteristic and unique property of precipitation membranes, not found in other membrane systems. The phenomenon is explained by the adsorption theory for precipitation membranes. It allows wide modifications and quick variations of the electrical properties and permeability of the membrane in an easy and reversible manner.", "contents": "Precipitation membranes: III. Reversible changes of membrane properties induced by alterations in ionic concentrations. The conditioned state of a precipitation membrane with its particular properties exists within a limited range of membrane potentials and requires certain minimum concentrations, Clim, of the generating ions in the adjoining solutions. We investigated these quantities for the BaSO4 cellophane membrane and found Clim to be 10 X 10(-5) N (0.5 X 10(-4) M), equally for Ba++ and SO4--. Beyond these limits, the membrane becomes deconditioned. This transformation is a reversible process provided the limits have not been surpassed too far. The capability for de- and reconditioning is a characteristic and unique property of precipitation membranes, not found in other membrane systems. The phenomenon is explained by the adsorption theory for precipitation membranes. It allows wide modifications and quick variations of the electrical properties and permeability of the membrane in an easy and reversible manner.", "PMID": 522126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1169", "title": "Effects of external sodium and cell membrane potential on intracellular chloride activity in gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "Conventional and Cl-selective liquid ion-exchanger intracellular microelectrodes were employed to study the effects of extracellular ionic substitutions on intracellular Cl activity (aCli) in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. As shown previously (Reuss, L., Weinman, S.A., 1979; J. Membrane Biol. 49:345), when the tissue was exposed to NaCl-Ringer on both sides aCli was about 30 mM, i.e., much higher than the activity predicted from equilibrium distribution (aCleq) across either membrane (5--9 mM). Removal of Cl from the apical side caused a reversible decrease of aCli towards the equilibrium value across the basolateral membrane. A new steady-state aCli was reached in about 10 min. Removal of Na from the mucosal medium or from both media also caused reversible decreases of aCli when Li, choline, tetramethylammonium or N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) were employed to replace Na. During bilateral Na substitutions with choline the cells depolarized significantly. However, no change of cell potential was observed when NMDG was employed as Na substitute. Na replacements with choline or NMDG on the serosal side only did not change aCli. When K substituted for mucosal Na, the cells depolarized and aCli rose significantly. Combinations of K for Na and Cl for SO4 substitutions showed that net Cl entry during cell depolarization can take place across either membrane. The increase of aCli in depolarized cells exposed to K2SO4-Ringer on the mucosal side indicates that the basolateral membrane Cl permeability (PCl) increased. These results support the hypothesis that NaCl entry at the apical membrane occurs by an electroneutral mechanism, driven by the Na electrochemical gradient. In addition, we suggest that Cl entry during cell depolarization is downhill and involves an increase of basolateral membrane PCl.", "contents": "Effects of external sodium and cell membrane potential on intracellular chloride activity in gallbladder epithelium. Conventional and Cl-selective liquid ion-exchanger intracellular microelectrodes were employed to study the effects of extracellular ionic substitutions on intracellular Cl activity (aCli) in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. As shown previously (Reuss, L., Weinman, S.A., 1979; J. Membrane Biol. 49:345), when the tissue was exposed to NaCl-Ringer on both sides aCli was about 30 mM, i.e., much higher than the activity predicted from equilibrium distribution (aCleq) across either membrane (5--9 mM). Removal of Cl from the apical side caused a reversible decrease of aCli towards the equilibrium value across the basolateral membrane. A new steady-state aCli was reached in about 10 min. Removal of Na from the mucosal medium or from both media also caused reversible decreases of aCli when Li, choline, tetramethylammonium or N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) were employed to replace Na. During bilateral Na substitutions with choline the cells depolarized significantly. However, no change of cell potential was observed when NMDG was employed as Na substitute. Na replacements with choline or NMDG on the serosal side only did not change aCli. When K substituted for mucosal Na, the cells depolarized and aCli rose significantly. Combinations of K for Na and Cl for SO4 substitutions showed that net Cl entry during cell depolarization can take place across either membrane. The increase of aCli in depolarized cells exposed to K2SO4-Ringer on the mucosal side indicates that the basolateral membrane Cl permeability (PCl) increased. These results support the hypothesis that NaCl entry at the apical membrane occurs by an electroneutral mechanism, driven by the Na electrochemical gradient. In addition, we suggest that Cl entry during cell depolarization is downhill and involves an increase of basolateral membrane PCl.", "PMID": 522127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1170", "title": "Interactions of Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein with planar lipid bilayers.", "content": "Water-soluble Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein from bovine CNS white matter induces a voltage-dependent conductance in black lipid membranes. Na+ is required for the induced conductance change but the established conductance has very low ionic selectivity. The induced conductance fluctuates with a minimum amplitude of 10(-11)--10(-10) mho. The magnitude of the conductivity change is dependent on protein concentration and on the composition of lipid bilayers. At a fixed voltage the induced conductance of a phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membrane is proportional to the sixth power of the protein concentration and the first power of Na+ concentration. The interactions between the apoprotein and the lipids are both electrostatic and hydrophobic, but the interaction leading to the conductance increase appears to be mainly hydrophobic. Both the increase in conductance and the current fluctuations remain after extensive washing of the chambers to remove the protein. Furthermore, pronase or glutaraldehyde added to either the cis or trans side of the membrane does not affect the apoprotein-established conductance. However, if the bilayer is formed in the presence of both the apoprotein and pronase or if the apoprotein is treated with pronase prior to its addition to the chamber, no conductance change is observed. The association of the apoprotein with the membrane thus appears to render the protein inaccessible to proteolytic digestion, suggesting that the apoprotein is at least partially imbedded in the membrane interior.", "contents": "Interactions of Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein with planar lipid bilayers. Water-soluble Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein from bovine CNS white matter induces a voltage-dependent conductance in black lipid membranes. Na+ is required for the induced conductance change but the established conductance has very low ionic selectivity. The induced conductance fluctuates with a minimum amplitude of 10(-11)--10(-10) mho. The magnitude of the conductivity change is dependent on protein concentration and on the composition of lipid bilayers. At a fixed voltage the induced conductance of a phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membrane is proportional to the sixth power of the protein concentration and the first power of Na+ concentration. The interactions between the apoprotein and the lipids are both electrostatic and hydrophobic, but the interaction leading to the conductance increase appears to be mainly hydrophobic. Both the increase in conductance and the current fluctuations remain after extensive washing of the chambers to remove the protein. Furthermore, pronase or glutaraldehyde added to either the cis or trans side of the membrane does not affect the apoprotein-established conductance. However, if the bilayer is formed in the presence of both the apoprotein and pronase or if the apoprotein is treated with pronase prior to its addition to the chamber, no conductance change is observed. The association of the apoprotein with the membrane thus appears to render the protein inaccessible to proteolytic digestion, suggesting that the apoprotein is at least partially imbedded in the membrane interior.", "PMID": 522128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1171", "title": "Partial purification of the sugar carrier of intestinal brush border membranes. Enrichment of the phlorizin-binding component by selective extractions.", "content": "The [3H] phlorizin-binding component of brush border vesicles was enriched in situ by negative purification. Several procedures, known to effect selective solubilization of membrane components, were used separately or in combination to remove proteins unrelated to the binding. Deoxycholate ruptured the vesicles and released 67% of their protein, thereby increasing the specific [3H] phlorizin-binding activity of the pellet three-to fourfold. Extracting the deoxycholate-pellets with either NaI or alkaline solutions released up to 38% of the deoxycholate-insoluble protein without significantly affecting phlorizin binding. The polypeptide composition of the membranes at the different stages was analyzed by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A number of polypeptides present in the original vesicles could be ruled out as essential components of the [3H] phlorizin binding entity. Intact and deoxycholate-treated vesicles were subjected to proteolytic attack. Papain liberated sucrase and isomaltase from intact vesicles, but affected neither other Coomassie-stained bands nor phlorizin binding. Neither the protein composition nor the binding properties of sealed vesicles were influenced by trypsin or chymotrypsin. However, all the proteolytic enzymes tested on deoxycholate-treated membranes substantially reduced [3H] phlorizin binding and produced concomitantly the disappearance of several bands from the electrophoretic profile. Pretreatment of vesicles with papain, followed by deoxycholate extraction and incubation in alkaline media, increased the specific binding activity of the membranes up to ninefold by removing close to 90% of the protein. A limited number of polypeptides are suggested as possible candidates for the glycoside-binding site of intestinal brush borders.", "contents": "Partial purification of the sugar carrier of intestinal brush border membranes. Enrichment of the phlorizin-binding component by selective extractions. The [3H] phlorizin-binding component of brush border vesicles was enriched in situ by negative purification. Several procedures, known to effect selective solubilization of membrane components, were used separately or in combination to remove proteins unrelated to the binding. Deoxycholate ruptured the vesicles and released 67% of their protein, thereby increasing the specific [3H] phlorizin-binding activity of the pellet three-to fourfold. Extracting the deoxycholate-pellets with either NaI or alkaline solutions released up to 38% of the deoxycholate-insoluble protein without significantly affecting phlorizin binding. The polypeptide composition of the membranes at the different stages was analyzed by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A number of polypeptides present in the original vesicles could be ruled out as essential components of the [3H] phlorizin binding entity. Intact and deoxycholate-treated vesicles were subjected to proteolytic attack. Papain liberated sucrase and isomaltase from intact vesicles, but affected neither other Coomassie-stained bands nor phlorizin binding. Neither the protein composition nor the binding properties of sealed vesicles were influenced by trypsin or chymotrypsin. However, all the proteolytic enzymes tested on deoxycholate-treated membranes substantially reduced [3H] phlorizin binding and produced concomitantly the disappearance of several bands from the electrophoretic profile. Pretreatment of vesicles with papain, followed by deoxycholate extraction and incubation in alkaline media, increased the specific binding activity of the membranes up to ninefold by removing close to 90% of the protein. A limited number of polypeptides are suggested as possible candidates for the glycoside-binding site of intestinal brush borders.", "PMID": 522129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1172", "title": "Development of electrical coupling and action potential synchrony between paired aggregates of embryonic heart cells.", "content": "Pairs of spheroidal aggregates of embryonic chick heart cells, held in suction pipettes were brought into contact and allowed to synchronize their spontaneous action potentials. Contractions were suppressed with cytochalasin B. Both intracellular and extracellular electrodes were used to analyze the development of synchrony. Electric coupling occurred in three phases. During phase I electrical interactions were absent despite close physical contact. Phase II was characterized by partial synchrony. Action potentials in the faster aggregate (F) induced small depolarizations in the other member of the pair (S). These depolarizations sometimes triggered action potentials in S depending on when during the diastolic depolarization in S they occurred. In these cases both the latency between the action potentials (L) and the fluctuations in latency (VL) were large. At the end of phase II the aggregates often passed through a brief period when functuation in interbeat interval in both increased noticeably. In phrase III, beginning about 8 min after initial contact, action potentials were completely entrained at a certain L. During the subsequent 20--40 min L fell along an approximately exponential time course from about 130 to less than 1 msec, while VL declined in parallel. When well-coupled aggregates were pulled apart and immediately pressed back together, they re-established synchronization according to the usual three-phase time course. Synchronized aggregates could be partially decoupled by separating them just far enough to reduce the area of mutual contact. Pairs joined only by cellular strands maintained entrained action potentials with long latencies for many minutes. These results indicate that electronic junctions form between the paired heart cell aggregates causing the gradual development of action potential synchrony.", "contents": "Development of electrical coupling and action potential synchrony between paired aggregates of embryonic heart cells. Pairs of spheroidal aggregates of embryonic chick heart cells, held in suction pipettes were brought into contact and allowed to synchronize their spontaneous action potentials. Contractions were suppressed with cytochalasin B. Both intracellular and extracellular electrodes were used to analyze the development of synchrony. Electric coupling occurred in three phases. During phase I electrical interactions were absent despite close physical contact. Phase II was characterized by partial synchrony. Action potentials in the faster aggregate (F) induced small depolarizations in the other member of the pair (S). These depolarizations sometimes triggered action potentials in S depending on when during the diastolic depolarization in S they occurred. In these cases both the latency between the action potentials (L) and the fluctuations in latency (VL) were large. At the end of phase II the aggregates often passed through a brief period when functuation in interbeat interval in both increased noticeably. In phrase III, beginning about 8 min after initial contact, action potentials were completely entrained at a certain L. During the subsequent 20--40 min L fell along an approximately exponential time course from about 130 to less than 1 msec, while VL declined in parallel. When well-coupled aggregates were pulled apart and immediately pressed back together, they re-established synchronization according to the usual three-phase time course. Synchronized aggregates could be partially decoupled by separating them just far enough to reduce the area of mutual contact. Pairs joined only by cellular strands maintained entrained action potentials with long latencies for many minutes. These results indicate that electronic junctions form between the paired heart cell aggregates causing the gradual development of action potential synchrony.", "PMID": 522130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1173", "title": "Modification of the Reichert FC-2 cryoattachment to improve ultrathin sectioning reproducibility.", "content": "Modifications of the Reichert FC-2 cryomicrotome attachment which facilitate sectioning of frozen material are described. Most valuable was the construction of a specimen holder chuck made of brass and connected to the specimen arm with a glass rod. Other changes include improved shielding from heat influx, a constant nitrogen pressure cooling system and a stable cryochamber mount. These modifications considerably improve reproducibility.", "contents": "Modification of the Reichert FC-2 cryoattachment to improve ultrathin sectioning reproducibility. Modifications of the Reichert FC-2 cryomicrotome attachment which facilitate sectioning of frozen material are described. Most valuable was the construction of a specimen holder chuck made of brass and connected to the specimen arm with a glass rod. Other changes include improved shielding from heat influx, a constant nitrogen pressure cooling system and a stable cryochamber mount. These modifications considerably improve reproducibility.", "PMID": 522132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1174", "title": "Application of differential interference contrast with inverted microscopes to the in vitro perfused nephron.", "content": "The study of in vitro perfused individual nephron segments requires a microscope which provides: (1) easy access to the specimen for measurement of cellular solute flux and voltage; (2) an image with high resolution and contrast; (3) optical sectioning of the object at different levels; and (4) rapid recording of the morphological phenomena. This paper describes an example of commercially available apparatus meeting the above requirements, and illustrates its efficiency. The microscope is of the inverted type (Zeiss IM 35) equipped with differential-interference-contrast (DIC) with a long working distance, and an automatically controlled camera system. The microscopic image exhibits cellular and intercellular details in the unstained transporting mammalian nephron segments despite their tubular structure and great thickness and makes obvious function-structure correlations (e.g. cell volume changes); luminal and contraluminal cell borders are well resolved for controlled microelectrode impalement.", "contents": "Application of differential interference contrast with inverted microscopes to the in vitro perfused nephron. The study of in vitro perfused individual nephron segments requires a microscope which provides: (1) easy access to the specimen for measurement of cellular solute flux and voltage; (2) an image with high resolution and contrast; (3) optical sectioning of the object at different levels; and (4) rapid recording of the morphological phenomena. This paper describes an example of commercially available apparatus meeting the above requirements, and illustrates its efficiency. The microscope is of the inverted type (Zeiss IM 35) equipped with differential-interference-contrast (DIC) with a long working distance, and an automatically controlled camera system. The microscopic image exhibits cellular and intercellular details in the unstained transporting mammalian nephron segments despite their tubular structure and great thickness and makes obvious function-structure correlations (e.g. cell volume changes); luminal and contraluminal cell borders are well resolved for controlled microelectrode impalement.", "PMID": 522133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1175", "title": "Frost-weathering on Mars: experimental evidence for peroxide formation.", "content": "A laboratory study of the interaction of H2O frost with samples of the minerals olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 at -11 degrees C to -22 degrees C revealed that an acidic oxidant was produced. Exposure of the frost-treated minerals to liquie H2O produced a sudden drop in pH and resulted in the production of copious O2(g) (as much as approximately 10(20) molecules g-1). Exposure of frost-treated samples to 5 ml of 0.1M HCOONa solution resulted in the rapid oxidation of up to 43% of the formate to CO2(g). These reactions were qualitatively similar to the chemical activity observed during the active cycles of the Viking lander Gas Exchange and Labeled Release Biology experiments. Attempts to identify the oxidant by chemical indicators were inconclusive, but they tentatively suggested that chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide may have formed. The formation of chemisorbed peroxide could be explained as a byproduct of the chemical reduction of the mineral. The following model was proposed. H+ was incorporated into the mineral from surface frost. This would have left behind a residual of excess OH-(ads) (relative to surface H+). Electrons were then stripped from the surface OH-(ads) (due to the large repulsive potential between neighboring OH-(ads)) and incorporated into the crystal to restore charge balance and produce a chemical reduction of the mineral. The resultant surface hydroxyl radicals could then have combined to  form the more stable chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide species. While the chemisorbed peroxide should be relatively stable at low temperatures, it should tend to decay to O(ads)+ H2O(g) at higher temperatures with an activation energy of greater than or approximately 34 kcal mole-1. This is consistent with the long-term storage and sterilization behavior of the Viking soil oxidants. It is possible that as little as 0.1--1% frost-weathered material in the martian soil could have produced the unusual chemical activity that occurred during the Viking Gas Exchange and Labeled Release experiments.", "contents": "Frost-weathering on Mars: experimental evidence for peroxide formation. A laboratory study of the interaction of H2O frost with samples of the minerals olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 at -11 degrees C to -22 degrees C revealed that an acidic oxidant was produced. Exposure of the frost-treated minerals to liquie H2O produced a sudden drop in pH and resulted in the production of copious O2(g) (as much as approximately 10(20) molecules g-1). Exposure of frost-treated samples to 5 ml of 0.1M HCOONa solution resulted in the rapid oxidation of up to 43% of the formate to CO2(g). These reactions were qualitatively similar to the chemical activity observed during the active cycles of the Viking lander Gas Exchange and Labeled Release Biology experiments. Attempts to identify the oxidant by chemical indicators were inconclusive, but they tentatively suggested that chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide may have formed. The formation of chemisorbed peroxide could be explained as a byproduct of the chemical reduction of the mineral. The following model was proposed. H+ was incorporated into the mineral from surface frost. This would have left behind a residual of excess OH-(ads) (relative to surface H+). Electrons were then stripped from the surface OH-(ads) (due to the large repulsive potential between neighboring OH-(ads)) and incorporated into the crystal to restore charge balance and produce a chemical reduction of the mineral. The resultant surface hydroxyl radicals could then have combined to  form the more stable chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide species. While the chemisorbed peroxide should be relatively stable at low temperatures, it should tend to decay to O(ads)+ H2O(g) at higher temperatures with an activation energy of greater than or approximately 34 kcal mole-1. This is consistent with the long-term storage and sterilization behavior of the Viking soil oxidants. It is possible that as little as 0.1--1% frost-weathered material in the martian soil could have produced the unusual chemical activity that occurred during the Viking Gas Exchange and Labeled Release experiments.", "PMID": 522148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1176", "title": "Chemical and physical microenvironments at the Viking landing sites.", "content": "Physical and chemical considerations permit the division of the near-surface regolith on Mars into at least six zones of distinct microenvironments. The zones are euphotic, duricrust/peds, tempofrost, permafrost, endolithic, and interfacial/transitional. Microenvironments vary significantly in temperature extremes, mean temperature, salt content, relative pressure of water vapor, UV and visible light irradiance, and exposure to ionizing radiation events (100 Mrad) and oxidative molecular species. From what is known of the chemistry of the atmosphere and regolith fines (soil), limits upon the aqueous chemistry of soil pastes may be estimated. Heat of wetting could reach 45 cal/g dry soil; initial pH is indeterminate between 1 and 10; ionic strength and salinity are predicted to be extremely high; freezing point depression is inadequate to provide quantities of liquid water except in special cases. The prospects for biotic survival are grim by terrestrial standards, but the extremes of biological resiliency are inaccessible to evaluation. Second-generation in situ experiments which will better define Martian microenvironments are clearly possible. Antarctic dry valleys are approximations to Martian conditions, but deviate significantly by at least half-a-dozen criteria.", "contents": "Chemical and physical microenvironments at the Viking landing sites. Physical and chemical considerations permit the division of the near-surface regolith on Mars into at least six zones of distinct microenvironments. The zones are euphotic, duricrust/peds, tempofrost, permafrost, endolithic, and interfacial/transitional. Microenvironments vary significantly in temperature extremes, mean temperature, salt content, relative pressure of water vapor, UV and visible light irradiance, and exposure to ionizing radiation events (100 Mrad) and oxidative molecular species. From what is known of the chemistry of the atmosphere and regolith fines (soil), limits upon the aqueous chemistry of soil pastes may be estimated. Heat of wetting could reach 45 cal/g dry soil; initial pH is indeterminate between 1 and 10; ionic strength and salinity are predicted to be extremely high; freezing point depression is inadequate to provide quantities of liquid water except in special cases. The prospects for biotic survival are grim by terrestrial standards, but the extremes of biological resiliency are inaccessible to evaluation. Second-generation in situ experiments which will better define Martian microenvironments are clearly possible. Antarctic dry valleys are approximations to Martian conditions, but deviate significantly by at least half-a-dozen criteria.", "PMID": 522149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1177", "title": "The photolytic degradation and oxidation of organic compounds under simulated Martian conditions.", "content": "Cosmochemical considerations suggest various potential sources for the accumulation of organic matter on Mars. However the Viking Molecular Analysis did not indicate any indigenous organic compounds on the surface of Mars. Their disappearance from the top layer is most likely caused by the combined action of the high solar radiation flux and various oxidizing species in the substances and a sample of the Murchison meteorite was tested under simulated Martian conditions. After adsorption on powdered quartz, samples of adenine, glycine and naphthalene were irradiated with UV light at various oxygen concentrations and exposure times. In the absence of oxygen, adenine and glycine appeared stable over the given irradiation period, whereas a definite loss was observed in the case of naphthalene, as well as in the volatilizable and pyrozable content of the Murchison meteroite. The presence of oxygen during UV exposure caused a significant increase in the degradation rate of all samples. It is likely that similar processes have led to the destruction of organic materials on the surface of Mars.", "contents": "The photolytic degradation and oxidation of organic compounds under simulated Martian conditions. Cosmochemical considerations suggest various potential sources for the accumulation of organic matter on Mars. However the Viking Molecular Analysis did not indicate any indigenous organic compounds on the surface of Mars. Their disappearance from the top layer is most likely caused by the combined action of the high solar radiation flux and various oxidizing species in the substances and a sample of the Murchison meteorite was tested under simulated Martian conditions. After adsorption on powdered quartz, samples of adenine, glycine and naphthalene were irradiated with UV light at various oxygen concentrations and exposure times. In the absence of oxygen, adenine and glycine appeared stable over the given irradiation period, whereas a definite loss was observed in the case of naphthalene, as well as in the volatilizable and pyrozable content of the Murchison meteroite. The presence of oxygen during UV exposure caused a significant increase in the degradation rate of all samples. It is likely that similar processes have led to the destruction of organic materials on the surface of Mars.", "PMID": 522150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1178", "title": "Simulation of the Viking biology experiments: an overview.", "content": "Several ground-based investigations have been carried out since the Viking biology results were received from Mars. Many of these have resulted in reasonable simulations of the Martian data, using as analogues of Mars either strong oxidants, UV-treated materials, iron-containing clays, or iron salts. The ambiguity between the GCMS experiment, in which no organic compounds were found on Mars, and the Labeled Release experiment, in which added organics were decomposed, may well be accounted for by these simulations.", "contents": "Simulation of the Viking biology experiments: an overview. Several ground-based investigations have been carried out since the Viking biology results were received from Mars. Many of these have resulted in reasonable simulations of the Martian data, using as analogues of Mars either strong oxidants, UV-treated materials, iron-containing clays, or iron salts. The ambiguity between the GCMS experiment, in which no organic compounds were found on Mars, and the Labeled Release experiment, in which added organics were decomposed, may well be accounted for by these simulations.", "PMID": 522151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1179", "title": "Completion of the Viking labeled release experiment on Mars.", "content": "The final Labeled Release (LR) cycle on each Viking lander tested a surface sample that had been stored for several months at approximately 10 degrees C prior to the onset of the active sequence. At each lander site, activity was strongly diminished. This thermal sensitivity of the active agent on the surface of Mars is consistent with a biological explanation of the LR experiment. At the end of one of these cycles, the incubation mixture was heated to 50 degrees C to release any radioactive gas trapped in the sample matrix. The results suggest that more than one carbon substrate is involved in the LR reaction on Mars. The thermal data from the stored samples, coupled with data from previous cycles, have formed the basis for evaluation of the thermal decomposition of the Mars active agent. The slope of the resulting Arrhenius plot has been used to test the fit of other flight data and to calculate the activation energy for thermal decomposition of the Mars agent. The results and their interpretation still leave unresolved the question of whether the Mars LR data were generated by biological or chemical activity.", "contents": "Completion of the Viking labeled release experiment on Mars. The final Labeled Release (LR) cycle on each Viking lander tested a surface sample that had been stored for several months at approximately 10 degrees C prior to the onset of the active sequence. At each lander site, activity was strongly diminished. This thermal sensitivity of the active agent on the surface of Mars is consistent with a biological explanation of the LR experiment. At the end of one of these cycles, the incubation mixture was heated to 50 degrees C to release any radioactive gas trapped in the sample matrix. The results suggest that more than one carbon substrate is involved in the LR reaction on Mars. The thermal data from the stored samples, coupled with data from previous cycles, have formed the basis for evaluation of the thermal decomposition of the Mars active agent. The slope of the resulting Arrhenius plot has been used to test the fit of other flight data and to calculate the activation energy for thermal decomposition of the Mars agent. The results and their interpretation still leave unresolved the question of whether the Mars LR data were generated by biological or chemical activity.", "PMID": 522152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1180", "title": "The Viking Mission: implications for life on Mars.", "content": "The results of the Viking Biology experiments are best explained by non-biological phenomena: The interaction of the reagents with the materials comprising the regolith. Conditions of water activity, temperature, availability of carbon sources and others in most regions of the planet are too extreme for survival and growth of any known Earth microorganisms. Although the possibility persists that some very unusual form of life is somewhere on that planet the evidence is best interpreted as negative. Even though there is no evidence for current life on Mars, whether or not life ever originated there is not known.", "contents": "The Viking Mission: implications for life on Mars. The results of the Viking Biology experiments are best explained by non-biological phenomena: The interaction of the reagents with the materials comprising the regolith. Conditions of water activity, temperature, availability of carbon sources and others in most regions of the planet are too extreme for survival and growth of any known Earth microorganisms. Although the possibility persists that some very unusual form of life is somewhere on that planet the evidence is best interpreted as negative. Even though there is no evidence for current life on Mars, whether or not life ever originated there is not known.", "PMID": 522154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1181", "title": "The analysis of water in the Martian regolith.", "content": "One of the scientific objectives of the Viking Mission to Mars was to accomplish an analysis of water in the Martian regolith. The analytical scheme originally envisioned was severely compromised in the latter stages of the Lander instrument package design. Nevertheless, a crude soil water analysis was accomplished. Samples from each of the two widely separated sites yielded roughly 1 to 3% water by weight when heated successively to several temperatures up to 500 degrees C. A significant portion of this water was released in the 200 degrees to 350 degrees C interval indicating the presence of mineral hydrates of relatively low thermal stability, a finding in keeping with the low temperatures generally prevailing on Mars. The presence of a duricrust at one of the Lander sites is taken as possible evidence for the presence of hygroscopic minerals on Mars. The demonstrated presence of atmospheric water vapor and thermodynamic calculations lead to the belief that adsorbed water could provide a relatively favorable environment for endolithic organisms on Mars similar to types recently discovered in the dry antarctic deserts.", "contents": "The analysis of water in the Martian regolith. One of the scientific objectives of the Viking Mission to Mars was to accomplish an analysis of water in the Martian regolith. The analytical scheme originally envisioned was severely compromised in the latter stages of the Lander instrument package design. Nevertheless, a crude soil water analysis was accomplished. Samples from each of the two widely separated sites yielded roughly 1 to 3% water by weight when heated successively to several temperatures up to 500 degrees C. A significant portion of this water was released in the 200 degrees to 350 degrees C interval indicating the presence of mineral hydrates of relatively low thermal stability, a finding in keeping with the low temperatures generally prevailing on Mars. The presence of a duricrust at one of the Lander sites is taken as possible evidence for the presence of hygroscopic minerals on Mars. The demonstrated presence of atmospheric water vapor and thermodynamic calculations lead to the belief that adsorbed water could provide a relatively favorable environment for endolithic organisms on Mars similar to types recently discovered in the dry antarctic deserts.", "PMID": 522156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1182", "title": "Martian channels and the search for extraterrestrial life.", "content": "The origin of the channels on Mars has been a subject of intense interest since they were first recognized on early Mariner 9 images (Driscoll, 1972; Masursky, 1973). Their presence on the planet, and their striking resemblance to terrestrial flood channels related to glacial outbursts or to dendritic river systems has suggested to most investigators (Baker, 1974, 1977; Nummedal, 1978; Carr, 1979; Masursky et al., 1977) that they were formed by running water. Because life as we know it is dependent on water, the discovery by the 'Mariner cameras', of watercut channels and volcanoes as a source for water, and water ice in the residual north polar cap by Viking, has reaffirmed the choice of Mars as the best target for the search for extraterrestrial life.", "contents": "Martian channels and the search for extraterrestrial life. The origin of the channels on Mars has been a subject of intense interest since they were first recognized on early Mariner 9 images (Driscoll, 1972; Masursky, 1973). Their presence on the planet, and their striking resemblance to terrestrial flood channels related to glacial outbursts or to dendritic river systems has suggested to most investigators (Baker, 1974, 1977; Nummedal, 1978; Carr, 1979; Masursky et al., 1977) that they were formed by running water. Because life as we know it is dependent on water, the discovery by the 'Mariner cameras', of watercut channels and volcanoes as a source for water, and water ice in the residual north polar cap by Viking, has reaffirmed the choice of Mars as the best target for the search for extraterrestrial life.", "PMID": 522157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1183", "title": "The Martian atmosphere: some unanswered questions.", "content": "The study of the Martian atmosphere and its significance for the possible origin of life on Mars is still very incomplete. Further investigations are needed to define the total volatile inventory, the early history of the atmosphere, and the relationship of the atmosphere to the question of indigenous life. In addition, studies of Venus, comets, and the Jupiter system will add significantly to our abilities to understand the early history of Mars.", "contents": "The Martian atmosphere: some unanswered questions. The study of the Martian atmosphere and its significance for the possible origin of life on Mars is still very incomplete. Further investigations are needed to define the total volatile inventory, the early history of the atmosphere, and the relationship of the atmosphere to the question of indigenous life. In addition, studies of Venus, comets, and the Jupiter system will add significantly to our abilities to understand the early history of Mars.", "PMID": 522158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1184", "title": "Solar radiation incident on the Martian surface.", "content": "Calculations indicate that the maximum daily solar radiation reaching the Martian surface is about 325 cal/cm2 during southern hemisphere summer at latitude of about 40 degrees S. In the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, the radiation reaching the surface at wavelengths greater than 2800 A is within 10% of the radiation incident on the atmosphere. There is significant extinction of radiation in the spectral region near 2500 A in mid and high latitudes due to adsorption of radiation by ozone; radiation reaching the surface may be reduced to one one-thousandth of that incident on the atmosphere during winter. Virtually no radiation of wavelengths less than 1900 A reaches the surface because of absorption by the large column abundance of carbon dioxide. Daily and latitudinal distributions of radiation are presented for wavelengths of 3000, 2500 and 2000 A.", "contents": "Solar radiation incident on the Martian surface. Calculations indicate that the maximum daily solar radiation reaching the Martian surface is about 325 cal/cm2 during southern hemisphere summer at latitude of about 40 degrees S. In the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, the radiation reaching the surface at wavelengths greater than 2800 A is within 10% of the radiation incident on the atmosphere. There is significant extinction of radiation in the spectral region near 2500 A in mid and high latitudes due to adsorption of radiation by ozone; radiation reaching the surface may be reduced to one one-thousandth of that incident on the atmosphere during winter. Virtually no radiation of wavelengths less than 1900 A reaches the surface because of absorption by the large column abundance of carbon dioxide. Daily and latitudinal distributions of radiation are presented for wavelengths of 3000, 2500 and 2000 A.", "PMID": 522159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1185", "title": "The implications and limitations of the findings of the Viking organic analysis experiment.", "content": "The gas chromatograph mass spectrometer instrument of the Viking mission has demonstrated the absence of organic compounds in the immediate surface layer of the two landing sites. The demonstration of the successful operation of the instrument (comparison of ground-based test data with those obtained during interplanetary flight and the data from the surface of the planet) and its limitations (e.g., the detection of highly cross-linked polymers or polymeric carbon suboxide) are reviewed. The measurements for bound water are based on indirect data, the detectability of evolved carbon dioxide and ammonia is poor, and oxygen, liberated from the soil samples, can not be detected.", "contents": "The implications and limitations of the findings of the Viking organic analysis experiment. The gas chromatograph mass spectrometer instrument of the Viking mission has demonstrated the absence of organic compounds in the immediate surface layer of the two landing sites. The demonstration of the successful operation of the instrument (comparison of ground-based test data with those obtained during interplanetary flight and the data from the surface of the planet) and its limitations (e.g., the detection of highly cross-linked polymers or polymeric carbon suboxide) are reviewed. The measurements for bound water are based on indirect data, the detectability of evolved carbon dioxide and ammonia is poor, and oxygen, liberated from the soil samples, can not be detected.", "PMID": 522160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1186", "title": "Mars ultraviolet simulation facility.", "content": "A facility was established for long-duration ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure of natural and synthetic materials in order to test hypotheses concerning Martian soil chemistry observed by the Viking Mars landers. The system utilized a 2500 watt xenon lamp as the radiation source, with the beam passing through a heat-dissipating water filter before impinging upon an exposure chamber containing the samples to be irradiated. The chamber was designed to allow for continuous tumbling of the samples, maintenance of temperatures below 0 degrees C during exposure, and monitoring of beam intensity. The facility also provided for sample preparation under a variety of atmospheric conditions, in addition to the Mars nominal. As many as 33 sealed sample ampules have been irradiated in a single exposure. Over 100 samples have been irradiated for approximately 100 to 700 h. The facility has performed well in providing continuous UV irradiation of multiple samples for long periods of time under simulated Mars atmospheric and thermal conditions.", "contents": "Mars ultraviolet simulation facility. A facility was established for long-duration ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure of natural and synthetic materials in order to test hypotheses concerning Martian soil chemistry observed by the Viking Mars landers. The system utilized a 2500 watt xenon lamp as the radiation source, with the beam passing through a heat-dissipating water filter before impinging upon an exposure chamber containing the samples to be irradiated. The chamber was designed to allow for continuous tumbling of the samples, maintenance of temperatures below 0 degrees C during exposure, and monitoring of beam intensity. The facility also provided for sample preparation under a variety of atmospheric conditions, in addition to the Mars nominal. As many as 33 sealed sample ampules have been irradiated in a single exposure. Over 100 samples have been irradiated for approximately 100 to 700 h. The facility has performed well in providing continuous UV irradiation of multiple samples for long periods of time under simulated Mars atmospheric and thermal conditions.", "PMID": 522161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1187", "title": "Heterogeneous phase reactions of Martian volatiles with putative regolith minerals.", "content": "The chemical reactivity of several minerals thought to be present in Martian fines is tested with respect to gases known in the Martian atmosphere. In these experiments, liquid water is excluded from the system, environmental temperatures are maintained below 0 degrees C, and the solar illumination spectrum is stimulated in the visible and UV using a Xenon arc lamp. Reactions are detected by mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase over solid samples. No reactions were detected for Mars nominal gas over sulfates, nitrates, chloride, nontronite clay, or magnetitie. Oxidation was not observed for basaltic glass, nontronite, and magnetite. However, experiments incorporating SO2 gas--an expected product of volcanism and intrusive volatile release--gave positive results. Displacement of CO2 by SO2 occurred in all four carbonates tested. These reactions are catalyzed by irradiation with the solar simulator. A calcium nitrate hydrate released NO2 in the presence of SO2. These results have implications for cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and N2 through the regolith.", "contents": "Heterogeneous phase reactions of Martian volatiles with putative regolith minerals. The chemical reactivity of several minerals thought to be present in Martian fines is tested with respect to gases known in the Martian atmosphere. In these experiments, liquid water is excluded from the system, environmental temperatures are maintained below 0 degrees C, and the solar illumination spectrum is stimulated in the visible and UV using a Xenon arc lamp. Reactions are detected by mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase over solid samples. No reactions were detected for Mars nominal gas over sulfates, nitrates, chloride, nontronite clay, or magnetitie. Oxidation was not observed for basaltic glass, nontronite, and magnetite. However, experiments incorporating SO2 gas--an expected product of volcanism and intrusive volatile release--gave positive results. Displacement of CO2 by SO2 occurred in all four carbonates tested. These reactions are catalyzed by irradiation with the solar simulator. A calcium nitrate hydrate released NO2 in the presence of SO2. These results have implications for cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and N2 through the regolith.", "PMID": 522162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1188", "title": "Keloids: enigma of the plastic surgeon.", "content": "The treatment of keloids continues to be an enigma to the surgeon and the patient as well. There is to date no absolute single method that assures success. Generally speaking, we must use all the tools in our armamentarium, including radiation, intra-keloid steroids, surgery and postoperative constant wound pressure in an effort to remold the newly forming collagen. While these do not guarantee satisfactory results, they are the best we have to date and adequately justify our attempts to help patients with this problem. Of great importance is the necessity for the patient to be fully informed of the need for protracted follow-up without guarantees regarding the final outcome.", "contents": "Keloids: enigma of the plastic surgeon. The treatment of keloids continues to be an enigma to the surgeon and the patient as well. There is to date no absolute single method that assures success. Generally speaking, we must use all the tools in our armamentarium, including radiation, intra-keloid steroids, surgery and postoperative constant wound pressure in an effort to remold the newly forming collagen. While these do not guarantee satisfactory results, they are the best we have to date and adequately justify our attempts to help patients with this problem. Of great importance is the necessity for the patient to be fully informed of the need for protracted follow-up without guarantees regarding the final outcome.", "PMID": 522181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1189", "title": "Retroperitoneal chondrosarcoma presenting with pleural effusion: a case report.", "content": "An adolescent male patient presented with pleural effusion of undetermined etiology which was unresponsive to antituberculous therapy. He died suddenly a few months later and was found at autopsy to have suffered from acute catastrophic pulmonary occlusion, secondary to embolization from retroperitoneal chondrosarcoma which had invaded and occluded the pulmonary arteries via the inferior vena cava. The rarity of this phenomenon in children prompted this report.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal chondrosarcoma presenting with pleural effusion: a case report. An adolescent male patient presented with pleural effusion of undetermined etiology which was unresponsive to antituberculous therapy. He died suddenly a few months later and was found at autopsy to have suffered from acute catastrophic pulmonary occlusion, secondary to embolization from retroperitoneal chondrosarcoma which had invaded and occluded the pulmonary arteries via the inferior vena cava. The rarity of this phenomenon in children prompted this report.", "PMID": 522182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1190", "title": "Propylthiouracil and hepatitis: a case report.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl initially presented with clinical features and thyroid function tests consistent with hyperthyroidism. She was treated with propylthiouracil, 100 mg, three times a day. She developed jaundice and hepatitis following treatment with propylthiouracil for 40 days. Clinical features of hepatitis improved after the discontinuation of propylthiouracil and she became euthyroid. At this time, an immunofluorescent technique revealed antibodies consistent with autoimmune thyroiditis. From this report, it appears that hepatitis is one of the infrequent complications of treatment with propylthiouracil and transient hyperthyroidism may be associated with autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Propylthiouracil and hepatitis: a case report. A 10-year-old girl initially presented with clinical features and thyroid function tests consistent with hyperthyroidism. She was treated with propylthiouracil, 100 mg, three times a day. She developed jaundice and hepatitis following treatment with propylthiouracil for 40 days. Clinical features of hepatitis improved after the discontinuation of propylthiouracil and she became euthyroid. At this time, an immunofluorescent technique revealed antibodies consistent with autoimmune thyroiditis. From this report, it appears that hepatitis is one of the infrequent complications of treatment with propylthiouracil and transient hyperthyroidism may be associated with autoimmune thyroiditis.", "PMID": 522183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1191", "title": "Cadmium: hypertension induction and lead mobilization.", "content": "In recent years interest has increased in the study of the metabolism of cadmium because of its presence in the environment as a toxic agent. Having no known essential bodily functions and possibly altering the action of various other trace metals, eg, lead and zinc, cadmium has been suspect as a causative factor in certain pathological alterations, such as hypertension. A study of this association was undertaken by the authors.Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed laboratory chow and given cadmium nitrate ad libitum. Systolic pressure was monitored and weights were recorded at weekly intervals. Cadmium and lead were determined in kidney and liver tissues of the sacrificed animals by using a trace metal analyzer and by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After 36 weeks on the experimental regimen, the cadmium-treated animals had higher systolic pressures than the control group (155 \u00b1 10 mmHg compared to 96 \u00b1 5 mmHg). Increased levels of cadmium reflective of the cadmium consumed were found to occur in liver and kidney tissues. The urinary excretion of deltaaminolevulenic acid by the experimental animals was higher than that of the control animals. This suggests that the supplemented cadmium induced lead to leave the kidney and become metabolically active.", "contents": "Cadmium: hypertension induction and lead mobilization. In recent years interest has increased in the study of the metabolism of cadmium because of its presence in the environment as a toxic agent. Having no known essential bodily functions and possibly altering the action of various other trace metals, eg, lead and zinc, cadmium has been suspect as a causative factor in certain pathological alterations, such as hypertension. A study of this association was undertaken by the authors.Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed laboratory chow and given cadmium nitrate ad libitum. Systolic pressure was monitored and weights were recorded at weekly intervals. Cadmium and lead were determined in kidney and liver tissues of the sacrificed animals by using a trace metal analyzer and by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After 36 weeks on the experimental regimen, the cadmium-treated animals had higher systolic pressures than the control group (155 \u00b1 10 mmHg compared to 96 \u00b1 5 mmHg). Increased levels of cadmium reflective of the cadmium consumed were found to occur in liver and kidney tissues. The urinary excretion of deltaaminolevulenic acid by the experimental animals was higher than that of the control animals. This suggests that the supplemented cadmium induced lead to leave the kidney and become metabolically active.", "PMID": 522184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1192", "title": "Breast abscess.", "content": "Breast abscess is a relatively important disease in the tropics, and yet this condition has received little attention in the literature. Breast abscess encourages artificial feeding, which in many instances may be responsible for gastroenteritis in infants. This occurs when foods are not properly prepared by mothers of low socioeconomic class with inadequate sanitation.Breast abscess occurs primarily in the lactating breast and is most commonly located in the upper half of the breast.The organism most commonly present in the pus is Staphylococcus aureus. When the abscess is localized, it may present with all the clinical features of a breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Breast abscess. Breast abscess is a relatively important disease in the tropics, and yet this condition has received little attention in the literature. Breast abscess encourages artificial feeding, which in many instances may be responsible for gastroenteritis in infants. This occurs when foods are not properly prepared by mothers of low socioeconomic class with inadequate sanitation.Breast abscess occurs primarily in the lactating breast and is most commonly located in the upper half of the breast.The organism most commonly present in the pus is Staphylococcus aureus. When the abscess is localized, it may present with all the clinical features of a breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 522185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1193", "title": "The LeMoyne-Owen College--UTCHS cooperative educational program: a model for minority recruitment.", "content": "A program of cooperative education between LeMoyne-Owen College and the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences (UTCHS) was designed to attract students from the undergraduate institution to the various health professional schools at UTCHS. The program was initiated by a black faculty member at UTCHS. It involved a faculty exchange between the two institutions and the implementation of several changes in the pre-health science curriculum at the undergraduate institution. Other components of the program included: the gift of equipment and supplies to LeMoyne-Owen College by UTCHS; counseling of LeMoyne-Owen students by UTCHS faculty members; the generation of private funds by the faculty and staff at UTCHS for the support of LeMoyne-Owen students participating in the cooperative education program; and broad exposure of LeMoyne-Owen students to the laboratories and clinical facilities at UTCHS.", "contents": "The LeMoyne-Owen College--UTCHS cooperative educational program: a model for minority recruitment. A program of cooperative education between LeMoyne-Owen College and the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences (UTCHS) was designed to attract students from the undergraduate institution to the various health professional schools at UTCHS. The program was initiated by a black faculty member at UTCHS. It involved a faculty exchange between the two institutions and the implementation of several changes in the pre-health science curriculum at the undergraduate institution. Other components of the program included: the gift of equipment and supplies to LeMoyne-Owen College by UTCHS; counseling of LeMoyne-Owen students by UTCHS faculty members; the generation of private funds by the faculty and staff at UTCHS for the support of LeMoyne-Owen students participating in the cooperative education program; and broad exposure of LeMoyne-Owen students to the laboratories and clinical facilities at UTCHS.", "PMID": 522186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1194", "title": "Bone changes in alcoholics.", "content": "Man has consumed alcohol for its euphoric and sedative effect down through the ages. Attention in the medical literature has been primarily focused on the effects of alcohol on the nervous system and liver. In the past few years, isolated reports have appeared in the medical literature concerning the effects of alcohol on the bony skeleton. The purpose of this paper is to classify these lesions, discuss their pathophysiology, and briefly review their clinical course. The lesions discussed include osteoporosis, hip fractures, aseptic necrosis of the hip, and fat embolism. For the purpose of this discussion these lesions are divided into two groups. Group I includes the battered alcoholic syndrome. Group II includes fat embolism, both acute and chronic, and aseptic necrosis of the hip.", "contents": "Bone changes in alcoholics. Man has consumed alcohol for its euphoric and sedative effect down through the ages. Attention in the medical literature has been primarily focused on the effects of alcohol on the nervous system and liver. In the past few years, isolated reports have appeared in the medical literature concerning the effects of alcohol on the bony skeleton. The purpose of this paper is to classify these lesions, discuss their pathophysiology, and briefly review their clinical course. The lesions discussed include osteoporosis, hip fractures, aseptic necrosis of the hip, and fat embolism. For the purpose of this discussion these lesions are divided into two groups. Group I includes the battered alcoholic syndrome. Group II includes fat embolism, both acute and chronic, and aseptic necrosis of the hip.", "PMID": 522187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1195", "title": "Clinical myiasis.", "content": "Human clinical myiasis is a rare entity in temperate zones, but it is of frequent occurrence among indigenous populations in tropical countries. The physician in practice in temperate zones, especially in urban areas, will generally see cases in those who have returned from rural travel or duty tours in tropical countries.Temperate zone physicians by training and clinical services frequently are not prepared to accurately diagnose and treat cases of myiasis. This paper is a report of experiences and records of cases of myiasis and is intended to alert temperate zone physicians to the possibilities of myiasis among a limited number of their patients.", "contents": "Clinical myiasis. Human clinical myiasis is a rare entity in temperate zones, but it is of frequent occurrence among indigenous populations in tropical countries. The physician in practice in temperate zones, especially in urban areas, will generally see cases in those who have returned from rural travel or duty tours in tropical countries.Temperate zone physicians by training and clinical services frequently are not prepared to accurately diagnose and treat cases of myiasis. This paper is a report of experiences and records of cases of myiasis and is intended to alert temperate zone physicians to the possibilities of myiasis among a limited number of their patients.", "PMID": 522188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1196", "title": "Biofeedback and relaxation in blacks with hypertension: a preliminary study.", "content": "Previous studies show that stress increases blood pressure as a response to the sympathetic nervous system and that enhancement of parasympathetic activity promotes relaxation and lowers blood pressure. This paper is based on a preliminary study of 22 black subjects with a history of hypertension who were given biofeedback and relaxation training in the Biofeedback Laboratory at Howard University College of Medicine. The guided training consisted of eight weekly sessions using five instruments. Mean blood pressure (BP) was monitored in each session using a Stoelting BP Monitor. Data based on 10 characteristics (age, number of sessions, practice score, social readjustment scale, stress symptoms, systems review, initial and last systolic and diastolic BP) are analyzed and presented in five tables. Although differences between the initial and last readings of the systolic and diastolic BPs and during the test were observed, they were not statistically significant, probably due to small sample size. Analysis was also made by grouping the patients into three groups depending on the increase, decrease, or no change in BP. All patients demonstrated that the biofeedback training was beneficial in lowering the BP. These techniques should be incorporated into daily life to have lasting benefit.", "contents": "Biofeedback and relaxation in blacks with hypertension: a preliminary study. Previous studies show that stress increases blood pressure as a response to the sympathetic nervous system and that enhancement of parasympathetic activity promotes relaxation and lowers blood pressure. This paper is based on a preliminary study of 22 black subjects with a history of hypertension who were given biofeedback and relaxation training in the Biofeedback Laboratory at Howard University College of Medicine. The guided training consisted of eight weekly sessions using five instruments. Mean blood pressure (BP) was monitored in each session using a Stoelting BP Monitor. Data based on 10 characteristics (age, number of sessions, practice score, social readjustment scale, stress symptoms, systems review, initial and last systolic and diastolic BP) are analyzed and presented in five tables. Although differences between the initial and last readings of the systolic and diastolic BPs and during the test were observed, they were not statistically significant, probably due to small sample size. Analysis was also made by grouping the patients into three groups depending on the increase, decrease, or no change in BP. All patients demonstrated that the biofeedback training was beneficial in lowering the BP. These techniques should be incorporated into daily life to have lasting benefit.", "PMID": 522189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1197", "title": "A bird's eye view of occupational medicine.", "content": "This article defines occupational medicine, outlines the training involved, and describes various phases of occupational medicine. It is based on the author's experience and training.", "contents": "A bird's eye view of occupational medicine. This article defines occupational medicine, outlines the training involved, and describes various phases of occupational medicine. It is based on the author's experience and training.", "PMID": 522191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1198", "title": "Apartheid: focus on health.", "content": "This paper focuses on health in the Republic of South Africa and calls not only for technical warfare against disease, poverty, and bigotry but also for attention to predisposing causes of disease and ill health among the African majority.", "contents": "Apartheid: focus on health. This paper focuses on health in the Republic of South Africa and calls not only for technical warfare against disease, poverty, and bigotry but also for attention to predisposing causes of disease and ill health among the African majority.", "PMID": 522192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1199", "title": "Dollars: prophylaxis or cure?", "content": "Much is unknown about the mechanisms by which aspirin causes an increase in bleeding time by diminishing platelet aggregation. Prevailing theories of mechanisms are discussed and analyzed. The author suggests that proposed mass use of aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular diseases be delayed until current studies are fully evaluated.", "contents": "Dollars: prophylaxis or cure? Much is unknown about the mechanisms by which aspirin causes an increase in bleeding time by diminishing platelet aggregation. Prevailing theories of mechanisms are discussed and analyzed. The author suggests that proposed mass use of aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular diseases be delayed until current studies are fully evaluated.", "PMID": 522193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1200", "title": "Effects of catecholamines and related compounds on horizontal cells in the fish retina.", "content": "The effects of catecholamines (CA) and certain related compounds in the superfusate were examined on the intracellularly recorded potential from horizontal cells in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina. The stimulated retinal area consisted of a central spot 1.0 mm in diameter and an annulus 2.0 mm in inner diameter and 4.0 mm in outer diameter; both forms of monochromatic stimuli were centered relative to the recording microelectrode. Each of the CA (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) produced an analogous effect on the hyperpolarizing response of all types of horizontal cells. The depolarizing response of the C (R/G)-type cells was found to change variably with the CA. The effect of dopamine (DA) among the CA was most pronounced when they were used at an equivalent amount. With 10--50 microM, the action of DA was variable but in general its effect was to increase slightly both center and surround responses. In some cases, however, DA initially augmented the surround and reduced the center response. Large amounts of the CA (100--200 microM) augmented the center response and attenuated the surround response considerably; these reciprocal changes usually were associated with moderate depolarization of the cells (5--10 mV). Recovery then occurred in 15--20 minutes. These results indicate that the CA, up to a certain amount, do not directly affect the transmission from photoreceptors to horizontal cells, since the center response became larger. At the same time, the lateral propagation of an S-potential appears to be selectively affected by the CA, suggesting that the adrenergic system participates in this phenomenon. When an excess of these compounds (200-500 microM) was given, the cells were rapidly depolarized to near 0 MV and eventually the light-induced responses were abolished. Large amounts (5--10 mM) of metabolic products of the CA (DOPAC and VMA) were found to reduce the center response slightly more than the surround. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline, 5-hydroxydopamine, and serotonin also caused the same but less effect on horizontal cells as did DA. Reserpine and clonidine mimicked the CA effect only if these compounds had been preceded by repeated applications of one of the CA or if the retina had been pretreated with Marplan. Propranolol, haloperidol, and apomorphine affected neither the horizontal cell membrane potential nor the CA effect. However, phentolamine in large amounts (500 microM) markedly diminished the DA action. Therefore, alpha-adrenergic receptors appear to be involved in the CA-induced changes observed in the horizontal cell response.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines and related compounds on horizontal cells in the fish retina. The effects of catecholamines (CA) and certain related compounds in the superfusate were examined on the intracellularly recorded potential from horizontal cells in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina. The stimulated retinal area consisted of a central spot 1.0 mm in diameter and an annulus 2.0 mm in inner diameter and 4.0 mm in outer diameter; both forms of monochromatic stimuli were centered relative to the recording microelectrode. Each of the CA (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) produced an analogous effect on the hyperpolarizing response of all types of horizontal cells. The depolarizing response of the C (R/G)-type cells was found to change variably with the CA. The effect of dopamine (DA) among the CA was most pronounced when they were used at an equivalent amount. With 10--50 microM, the action of DA was variable but in general its effect was to increase slightly both center and surround responses. In some cases, however, DA initially augmented the surround and reduced the center response. Large amounts of the CA (100--200 microM) augmented the center response and attenuated the surround response considerably; these reciprocal changes usually were associated with moderate depolarization of the cells (5--10 mV). Recovery then occurred in 15--20 minutes. These results indicate that the CA, up to a certain amount, do not directly affect the transmission from photoreceptors to horizontal cells, since the center response became larger. At the same time, the lateral propagation of an S-potential appears to be selectively affected by the CA, suggesting that the adrenergic system participates in this phenomenon. When an excess of these compounds (200-500 microM) was given, the cells were rapidly depolarized to near 0 MV and eventually the light-induced responses were abolished. Large amounts (5--10 mM) of metabolic products of the CA (DOPAC and VMA) were found to reduce the center response slightly more than the surround. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline, 5-hydroxydopamine, and serotonin also caused the same but less effect on horizontal cells as did DA. Reserpine and clonidine mimicked the CA effect only if these compounds had been preceded by repeated applications of one of the CA or if the retina had been pretreated with Marplan. Propranolol, haloperidol, and apomorphine affected neither the horizontal cell membrane potential nor the CA effect. However, phentolamine in large amounts (500 microM) markedly diminished the DA action. Therefore, alpha-adrenergic receptors appear to be involved in the CA-induced changes observed in the horizontal cell response.", "PMID": 522194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1201", "title": "Similarities in effects of acetylcholine and dopamine on horizontal cells in the fish retina.", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on cone- and rod-connected horizontal cells (generating photopic and scotopic L-type S-potentials, respectively) in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina was compared with that of dopamine (DA), and some similarities were found in the effects. About two-thirds of the L-type horizontal cells examined were sensitive to a test solution containing ACh (10 mM in concentration) and BW-anticholinesterase (BW; 1.0 mM). ACh with BW augmented a center response and attenuated a surround response as did DA (0.2 mM), although the latter effect was more pronounced and longer-lasting. ACh with BW frequently produced oscillations of the horizontal cell membrane potential, as did DA with clonidine (alpha-adrenergic stimulant). Phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker) interrupted both the effects of DA and ACh on the center and surround responses, while hexamethonium (cholinergic antagonist) appeared to interfere selectively with the effect of ACh. Therefore, the ACh-induced changes observed in the horizontal cell membrane potential are assumed to be mediated by the adrenergic system in the fish retina.", "contents": "Similarities in effects of acetylcholine and dopamine on horizontal cells in the fish retina. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on cone- and rod-connected horizontal cells (generating photopic and scotopic L-type S-potentials, respectively) in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina was compared with that of dopamine (DA), and some similarities were found in the effects. About two-thirds of the L-type horizontal cells examined were sensitive to a test solution containing ACh (10 mM in concentration) and BW-anticholinesterase (BW; 1.0 mM). ACh with BW augmented a center response and attenuated a surround response as did DA (0.2 mM), although the latter effect was more pronounced and longer-lasting. ACh with BW frequently produced oscillations of the horizontal cell membrane potential, as did DA with clonidine (alpha-adrenergic stimulant). Phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker) interrupted both the effects of DA and ACh on the center and surround responses, while hexamethonium (cholinergic antagonist) appeared to interfere selectively with the effect of ACh. Therefore, the ACh-induced changes observed in the horizontal cell membrane potential are assumed to be mediated by the adrenergic system in the fish retina.", "PMID": 522195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1202", "title": "Acutely administered ethanol decreases whole-brain sialic acid and cerebellar 2-deoxyribose.", "content": "As a follow-up to a previous study that suggested that acutely administered ethanol could decrease steady-state brain levels of sialic acid (SA), we evaluated the time course of the ethanol effect and tested the influence of route of administration and sex. Compared to the control treatments, ethanol (2 gm/kg) significantly decreased brain SA in each of the four brain regions that were tested. The decrease was evident by 30 minutes after ethanol administration, but peak effect was reached at about 1--2 hours. The decrease occurred with either injection or self-administration, but the greatest decrease occurred in the self-administration group. The SA-induced decrease was greatest in females. An ancillary part of the study included measurement of brain levels of 2-deoxyribose (DR). Ethanol given by either route of administration caused a preferential decrease in DR levels in the cerebellum. Lesser, but statistically significant, decreases in SA and DR occurred in controls, suggesting that these chemicals are sensitive to subtle environmental contingencies associated with the experimental procedures.", "contents": "Acutely administered ethanol decreases whole-brain sialic acid and cerebellar 2-deoxyribose. As a follow-up to a previous study that suggested that acutely administered ethanol could decrease steady-state brain levels of sialic acid (SA), we evaluated the time course of the ethanol effect and tested the influence of route of administration and sex. Compared to the control treatments, ethanol (2 gm/kg) significantly decreased brain SA in each of the four brain regions that were tested. The decrease was evident by 30 minutes after ethanol administration, but peak effect was reached at about 1--2 hours. The decrease occurred with either injection or self-administration, but the greatest decrease occurred in the self-administration group. The SA-induced decrease was greatest in females. An ancillary part of the study included measurement of brain levels of 2-deoxyribose (DR). Ethanol given by either route of administration caused a preferential decrease in DR levels in the cerebellum. Lesser, but statistically significant, decreases in SA and DR occurred in controls, suggesting that these chemicals are sensitive to subtle environmental contingencies associated with the experimental procedures.", "PMID": 522196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1203", "title": "Epizootic streptococcal pneumonia in captive coyotes.", "content": "Severe death loss was observed in captive coyotes, Canis latrans. Of 48 coyotes in one kennel, 22 (46%) died within a 7 day period. Cause of death was determined to be acute fibrinopurulent (bacterial) broncho-pneumonia and pleuritis. Streptococcus equisimilis was isolated from the lungs of two coyotes examined.", "contents": "Epizootic streptococcal pneumonia in captive coyotes. Severe death loss was observed in captive coyotes, Canis latrans. Of 48 coyotes in one kennel, 22 (46%) died within a 7 day period. Cause of death was determined to be acute fibrinopurulent (bacterial) broncho-pneumonia and pleuritis. Streptococcus equisimilis was isolated from the lungs of two coyotes examined.", "PMID": 522217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1204", "title": "Isolation of a chlamydial agent from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.", "content": "A total of 53 clinical specimens from both healthy and diseased Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were examined for Chlamydia. An agent consistently lethal for chicken embryos was recovered from a nasal swab taken from a normal ewe. This agent, designated BHS-15, possesses antigens which fix complement in the presence of anti-chlamydial serum, is susceptible to chlortetracycline, and is resistant to sodium sulfadiazine and streptomycin. Attempts to culture the isolate in quality control media, including blood agar, thioglycolate broth, and PPLO broth and agar were unsuccessful. A recommendation is made for classification of agent BHS-15 as a member of the species Chlamydia psittaci. The possible relationship of the isolate to the pneumonia complex in bighorn sheep is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of a chlamydial agent from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. A total of 53 clinical specimens from both healthy and diseased Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were examined for Chlamydia. An agent consistently lethal for chicken embryos was recovered from a nasal swab taken from a normal ewe. This agent, designated BHS-15, possesses antigens which fix complement in the presence of anti-chlamydial serum, is susceptible to chlortetracycline, and is resistant to sodium sulfadiazine and streptomycin. Attempts to culture the isolate in quality control media, including blood agar, thioglycolate broth, and PPLO broth and agar were unsuccessful. A recommendation is made for classification of agent BHS-15 as a member of the species Chlamydia psittaci. The possible relationship of the isolate to the pneumonia complex in bighorn sheep is discussed.", "PMID": 522218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1205", "title": "Salmonellae in feral pinnipeds off the Southern California coast.", "content": "Rectal swabs were collected from 90 Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and 50 California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island for Salmonella screening. Three serotypes (newport, heidelberg, and oranienburg) were recovered from 33% of the fur seals and 40% of the sea lions.", "contents": "Salmonellae in feral pinnipeds off the Southern California coast. Rectal swabs were collected from 90 Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and 50 California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island for Salmonella screening. Three serotypes (newport, heidelberg, and oranienburg) were recovered from 33% of the fur seals and 40% of the sea lions.", "PMID": 522219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1206", "title": "Survey of Q-fever agglutinins in birds and small rodents in Northern California, 1975-76.", "content": "Serum samples from 15 species of rodents and 33 species of birds were tested for agglutinins against Coxiella burnetii by the microagglutination test. Of 759 rodents tested, 21 (3%) were seropositive. Antibody positive rodents included muskrats, Ondatra zebethica, (11%), Rattus spp. (10%), Beechey ground squirrels, Otospermophilus beecheyi, (6%), wood rats, Neotoma fuscipes, (5%), and Peromyscus spp. (2%). Of 583 birds tested, 118 (20%) were seropositive. This included white crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys, gold crowned sparrows, Z. atricapilla, and English sparrows, Passer domesticus, (68% in the composite); coots, Fulica americana, (29%); blackbirds, Euphagus cyanocephalus, (33%); crows, Corvus brachyrhyncos, (29%); robins, Turdus migratorius, (16%); pigeons, Columba fasciata, (10%); and mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, (7%). There was a tendency for the seropositive animals to have been collected in the vicinity of endemically infected livestock.", "contents": "Survey of Q-fever agglutinins in birds and small rodents in Northern California, 1975-76. Serum samples from 15 species of rodents and 33 species of birds were tested for agglutinins against Coxiella burnetii by the microagglutination test. Of 759 rodents tested, 21 (3%) were seropositive. Antibody positive rodents included muskrats, Ondatra zebethica, (11%), Rattus spp. (10%), Beechey ground squirrels, Otospermophilus beecheyi, (6%), wood rats, Neotoma fuscipes, (5%), and Peromyscus spp. (2%). Of 583 birds tested, 118 (20%) were seropositive. This included white crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys, gold crowned sparrows, Z. atricapilla, and English sparrows, Passer domesticus, (68% in the composite); coots, Fulica americana, (29%); blackbirds, Euphagus cyanocephalus, (33%); crows, Corvus brachyrhyncos, (29%); robins, Turdus migratorius, (16%); pigeons, Columba fasciata, (10%); and mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, (7%). There was a tendency for the seropositive animals to have been collected in the vicinity of endemically infected livestock.", "PMID": 522220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1207", "title": "Tyzzer's disease in muskrats: re-examination of specimens of hemorrhagic disease collected by Paul Errington.", "content": "Organisms typical of those seen in Tyzzer's disease of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) were found in tissue sections from two muskrats found dead in Iowa in 1947 by Paul Errington. These findings support further the hypothesis that Errington's and Tyzzer's diseases of muskrats are a single entity.", "contents": "Tyzzer's disease in muskrats: re-examination of specimens of hemorrhagic disease collected by Paul Errington. Organisms typical of those seen in Tyzzer's disease of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) were found in tissue sections from two muskrats found dead in Iowa in 1947 by Paul Errington. These findings support further the hypothesis that Errington's and Tyzzer's diseases of muskrats are a single entity.", "PMID": 522221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1208", "title": "Yersiniae in the soil of an infected wapiti range.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 10 of 121 soil samples from an area inhabitated by infected wapiti (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwest California. Significantly (p less than 0.05) more soil samples from a forest habitat were infected, compared to soil samples from prairie habitats. Soil was found infected with yersiniae only on dates for which rainfall in excess of 17 mm had occurred during the previous 7 days.", "contents": "Yersiniae in the soil of an infected wapiti range. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 10 of 121 soil samples from an area inhabitated by infected wapiti (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwest California. Significantly (p less than 0.05) more soil samples from a forest habitat were infected, compared to soil samples from prairie habitats. Soil was found infected with yersiniae only on dates for which rainfall in excess of 17 mm had occurred during the previous 7 days.", "PMID": 522222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1209", "title": "A modified blow-gun syringe for remote injection of captive wildlife.", "content": "A modified syringe capable of automatic injection and suitable for use with a blow-gun is described. The syringe has been used successfully with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) under confined conditions. Desirable characteristics for blow-gun syringes are discussed.", "contents": "A modified blow-gun syringe for remote injection of captive wildlife. A modified syringe capable of automatic injection and suitable for use with a blow-gun is described. The syringe has been used successfully with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) under confined conditions. Desirable characteristics for blow-gun syringes are discussed.", "PMID": 522223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1210", "title": "A new and unusual eimerian (protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the liver of the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis.", "content": "Oocysts and sporocysts of Eimeria funduli sp. n. are described from the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, on the basis of light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron miscroscopy, and location in the liver of infected hosts. The spherical sporulated oocysts of E. funduli isolated from liver tissue measure 20-31 (25) micrometer across with ovoid sporocysts 9-11 X 5-7 (10 X 6) micrometer. A micropyle, polar granule, and oocyst residuum are absent, but sporocysts have Stieda and substieda bodies, a few residual granules, and 10-25 (15) unique projecting structures with expanded distal portions that we term \"sporopodia\". Sporopodia 1-3 (2) micrometer high support a transparent membrane that completely surrounds the sporocyst. Sporozoites have one large posterior refractile body. Ultrastructurally, the oocyst wall consists of two thin layers of granular material: an electron-dense outer layer with a rough external surface and an electron-lucent inner one of approximately equal thickness. One or two unit membranes line the inner surface of the inner layer. Each layer is 40-60 (55) nm thick. The sporocyst wall, 78-130 (110) nm thick, consists of an electron-lucent material with the outer surface being more electron dense and giving rise to osmiophilic sporopodia; closely associated with these and the outer surface are one or two unit membranes. A thin osmiophilic layer of fine granular material lines the inner surface.", "contents": "A new and unusual eimerian (protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the liver of the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. Oocysts and sporocysts of Eimeria funduli sp. n. are described from the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, on the basis of light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron miscroscopy, and location in the liver of infected hosts. The spherical sporulated oocysts of E. funduli isolated from liver tissue measure 20-31 (25) micrometer across with ovoid sporocysts 9-11 X 5-7 (10 X 6) micrometer. A micropyle, polar granule, and oocyst residuum are absent, but sporocysts have Stieda and substieda bodies, a few residual granules, and 10-25 (15) unique projecting structures with expanded distal portions that we term \"sporopodia\". Sporopodia 1-3 (2) micrometer high support a transparent membrane that completely surrounds the sporocyst. Sporozoites have one large posterior refractile body. Ultrastructurally, the oocyst wall consists of two thin layers of granular material: an electron-dense outer layer with a rough external surface and an electron-lucent inner one of approximately equal thickness. One or two unit membranes line the inner surface of the inner layer. Each layer is 40-60 (55) nm thick. The sporocyst wall, 78-130 (110) nm thick, consists of an electron-lucent material with the outer surface being more electron dense and giving rise to osmiophilic sporopodia; closely associated with these and the outer surface are one or two unit membranes. A thin osmiophilic layer of fine granular material lines the inner surface.", "PMID": 522224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1211", "title": "Case reports of bot fly myiasis in pikas (Ochotona princeps).", "content": "Six cases of bot fly (Cuterebra spp.) myiasis in pikas (Ochotona princeps) are reported from Oregon and Montana. These are the first known cases of Cuterebra parasitism of pikas.", "contents": "Case reports of bot fly myiasis in pikas (Ochotona princeps). Six cases of bot fly (Cuterebra spp.) myiasis in pikas (Ochotona princeps) are reported from Oregon and Montana. These are the first known cases of Cuterebra parasitism of pikas.", "PMID": 522225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1212", "title": "Parasitic infection of Filaroides osleri, Capillaria aerophila and Spirocera lupi in coyotes from the Southwestern United States.", "content": "A total of 181 coyotes (Canis latrans) was examined for helminth parasites Filaroides osleri, Capillari aerophila, and Spirocerca lupi. Coyote carcasses were obtained from Kansas, western Oklahoma-northern Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and southern California. Cysts of F. osleri were present in the trachea or bronchial division in 39 (22%) coyotes. C. aerophila were present in only 7 (4%) coyotes. S. lupi lesions were present in the aorta of 59 (33%) coyotes. Esophageal infections of S. lupi were found in only 4 of 142 (3%) coyotes. F. osleri, C. aerophila and S. lupi infections were more prevalent in western Oklahoma-northern Texas, low in southern Arizona-California, and absent in northern Arizona.", "contents": "Parasitic infection of Filaroides osleri, Capillaria aerophila and Spirocera lupi in coyotes from the Southwestern United States. A total of 181 coyotes (Canis latrans) was examined for helminth parasites Filaroides osleri, Capillari aerophila, and Spirocerca lupi. Coyote carcasses were obtained from Kansas, western Oklahoma-northern Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and southern California. Cysts of F. osleri were present in the trachea or bronchial division in 39 (22%) coyotes. C. aerophila were present in only 7 (4%) coyotes. S. lupi lesions were present in the aorta of 59 (33%) coyotes. Esophageal infections of S. lupi were found in only 4 of 142 (3%) coyotes. F. osleri, C. aerophila and S. lupi infections were more prevalent in western Oklahoma-northern Texas, low in southern Arizona-California, and absent in northern Arizona.", "PMID": 522226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1213", "title": "Transplacental transmission of Protostrongylus sp. in California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) in Oregon.", "content": "Transplacental transmission of Protostrongylus sp. was documented for the first time in California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) by recovery of third stage larvae from two fetuses.", "contents": "Transplacental transmission of Protostrongylus sp. in California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) in Oregon. Transplacental transmission of Protostrongylus sp. was documented for the first time in California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) by recovery of third stage larvae from two fetuses.", "PMID": 522227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1214", "title": "Juvenile rickets and hyperparathyroidism in the Arctic fox.", "content": "Three of seven Arctic fox kits, Alopex lagopus, trapped on St. Paul Island, Alaska, had evidence of rickets and hyperparathyroidism. Radiographic, morphologic and histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. The disease was presumed to be a juvenile-onset disease due to calcium-deficient intake following weaning. The possibility of insufficient exposure to sunlight could not be determined. No other abnormalities (e.g., genitourinary) were found. Skeletal involvement was quite varied. All growth plates exhibited columnar hyperplasia compatible with rickets, while the metaphyses showed decreased trabeculation and cortical thinning compatible with osteodystrophia fibrosa. One fox had bilateral metaphyseal fractures through this osteodystrophic bone.", "contents": "Juvenile rickets and hyperparathyroidism in the Arctic fox. Three of seven Arctic fox kits, Alopex lagopus, trapped on St. Paul Island, Alaska, had evidence of rickets and hyperparathyroidism. Radiographic, morphologic and histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. The disease was presumed to be a juvenile-onset disease due to calcium-deficient intake following weaning. The possibility of insufficient exposure to sunlight could not be determined. No other abnormalities (e.g., genitourinary) were found. Skeletal involvement was quite varied. All growth plates exhibited columnar hyperplasia compatible with rickets, while the metaphyses showed decreased trabeculation and cortical thinning compatible with osteodystrophia fibrosa. One fox had bilateral metaphyseal fractures through this osteodystrophic bone.", "PMID": 522228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1215", "title": "Fatty acid content of depot fat in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus).", "content": "The fatty acid content of depot fat samples from 15 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Callorhinus ursinus has a high proportion of short chain saturated acids: C10, C11, C12, C13, C15. Unsaturated longer chain acids C16:1, and C16:2, and C18:1 also were found. Results obtained are compared to a previously reported milk lipid analysis of the northern fur seal.", "contents": "Fatty acid content of depot fat in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). The fatty acid content of depot fat samples from 15 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Callorhinus ursinus has a high proportion of short chain saturated acids: C10, C11, C12, C13, C15. Unsaturated longer chain acids C16:1, and C16:2, and C18:1 also were found. Results obtained are compared to a previously reported milk lipid analysis of the northern fur seal.", "PMID": 522229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1216", "title": "Serological survey of feral rodents in Thailand for evidence of rabies virus infection.", "content": "Between July, 1977 and January, 1978, serum from 645 feral rodents and 31 other small mammals was examined for presence of rabies serum neutralizing antibody. Results suggest that feral rodents are not involved in the epizootiology of rabies in Thailand.", "contents": "Serological survey of feral rodents in Thailand for evidence of rabies virus infection. Between July, 1977 and January, 1978, serum from 645 feral rodents and 31 other small mammals was examined for presence of rabies serum neutralizing antibody. Results suggest that feral rodents are not involved in the epizootiology of rabies in Thailand.", "PMID": 522230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1217", "title": "Experimental study of cardiomyopathy induced by glucocorticoids.", "content": "Abnormal ECG changes were found in some patients who were treated glucocorticoid during long term. In experimental animals, chronic administration of glucocorticoid resulted abnormal ST and T changes of ECG, increased duration of action potential and induced electron microscopical changes of mitochondria. No significant changes were found in serum and myocardial potassium content.", "contents": "Experimental study of cardiomyopathy induced by glucocorticoids. Abnormal ECG changes were found in some patients who were treated glucocorticoid during long term. In experimental animals, chronic administration of glucocorticoid resulted abnormal ST and T changes of ECG, increased duration of action potential and induced electron microscopical changes of mitochondria. No significant changes were found in serum and myocardial potassium content.", "PMID": 522233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1218", "title": "Arrhythmias in primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Through the examination of 171 electrocardiograms (ECG) of 101 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), the following conclusions were obtained. Arrhythmias were found in 27 (26.7%) of the 101 patients. Among the surviving cases, arrhythmias were found in 8 (17.8%) out of 45 patients, but among the decreased cases, the figure was higher, 19 (33.9%) out of 56. There were instances of more than one kind of arrhythmias in the same patient and a total of 34 types of arrhythmias were noted. The main types of arrhythmias were sinus tachycardia (13 cases), sinus bradycardia (6 cases), and first degree A-V block (5 cases), which accounted for 70% of the total. Sinus tachycardia was observed in only 2 of the survivors but in 11 of the decreased cases, which showed a significant difference (p less than 0.05). First A-V block were all induced by digitalis. Wenckebach type of second degree A-V block was noted in only 1 case and it was also induced by digitalis. Since severe attacks of ventricular arrhythmias were very rare in these cases with PPH, it is difficult to consider the Adams-Stokes syndrome as the cause of syncopal attacks or sudden death. However, it is necessary to further investigate nodal functions by means of continuous ECG monitoring, the overdrive suppression test and His bundle ECGs.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in primary pulmonary hypertension. Through the examination of 171 electrocardiograms (ECG) of 101 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), the following conclusions were obtained. Arrhythmias were found in 27 (26.7%) of the 101 patients. Among the surviving cases, arrhythmias were found in 8 (17.8%) out of 45 patients, but among the decreased cases, the figure was higher, 19 (33.9%) out of 56. There were instances of more than one kind of arrhythmias in the same patient and a total of 34 types of arrhythmias were noted. The main types of arrhythmias were sinus tachycardia (13 cases), sinus bradycardia (6 cases), and first degree A-V block (5 cases), which accounted for 70% of the total. Sinus tachycardia was observed in only 2 of the survivors but in 11 of the decreased cases, which showed a significant difference (p less than 0.05). First A-V block were all induced by digitalis. Wenckebach type of second degree A-V block was noted in only 1 case and it was also induced by digitalis. Since severe attacks of ventricular arrhythmias were very rare in these cases with PPH, it is difficult to consider the Adams-Stokes syndrome as the cause of syncopal attacks or sudden death. However, it is necessary to further investigate nodal functions by means of continuous ECG monitoring, the overdrive suppression test and His bundle ECGs.", "PMID": 522240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1219", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of verapamil in children.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of verapamil, a slow channel blocker, were investigated during diagnostic cardiac catheterization in 24 children premedicated with lytic cocktail. The ages ranged from 50 days to 12 years. Twenty had congenital and 4 had rheumatic heart disease. Surface EKG, high intra-atrial and His bundle electrograms were obtained in all before and 5 min after a single dose of verapamil (0.15 mg/Kg, max 5 mg iv). In 14 cases complete electropysiologic studies were performed using the atrial pacing and extrastimulus technique. Due to variability of the resting heart rates and the effect of cycle length on refractory periods each paced with identical S1-S1 interval before and after verapamil, thus allowing each case to serve as his own control. Verapamil prolonged the corrected AH interval in all (mean +/- SD; from 116 +/- 37 to 152 +/- 41 msec, p less than 0.01) and shortened the HV interval in 15/24 (mean +/- SD: from 55 +/- 13 to 47 +/- 9.9 msec, p less than 0.05). The effective and functional refractory periods of the total conduction system, the AV node (ERPAVN) and atrium (ERPA) increased significantly in 10/14. The most profound effect was on ERPAVN and ERPA (25.54 +/- 29 and 19.27 +/- 21.81 percent mean percent increase +/- SD respectively, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.02). Our findings show that verapamil prolongs the effective and functional refractory periods of the cardiac conduction system with maximal effects on the AV node, thus suggesting the mechanism of its effectiveness in the treatment of reentrant supraventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of verapamil in children. The electrophysiologic effects of verapamil, a slow channel blocker, were investigated during diagnostic cardiac catheterization in 24 children premedicated with lytic cocktail. The ages ranged from 50 days to 12 years. Twenty had congenital and 4 had rheumatic heart disease. Surface EKG, high intra-atrial and His bundle electrograms were obtained in all before and 5 min after a single dose of verapamil (0.15 mg/Kg, max 5 mg iv). In 14 cases complete electropysiologic studies were performed using the atrial pacing and extrastimulus technique. Due to variability of the resting heart rates and the effect of cycle length on refractory periods each paced with identical S1-S1 interval before and after verapamil, thus allowing each case to serve as his own control. Verapamil prolonged the corrected AH interval in all (mean +/- SD; from 116 +/- 37 to 152 +/- 41 msec, p less than 0.01) and shortened the HV interval in 15/24 (mean +/- SD: from 55 +/- 13 to 47 +/- 9.9 msec, p less than 0.05). The effective and functional refractory periods of the total conduction system, the AV node (ERPAVN) and atrium (ERPA) increased significantly in 10/14. The most profound effect was on ERPAVN and ERPA (25.54 +/- 29 and 19.27 +/- 21.81 percent mean percent increase +/- SD respectively, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.02). Our findings show that verapamil prolongs the effective and functional refractory periods of the cardiac conduction system with maximal effects on the AV node, thus suggesting the mechanism of its effectiveness in the treatment of reentrant supraventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 522242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1220", "title": "Effect of hypothermic anoxic arrest on myocardial contractility in the isolated blood-perfused canine left ventricular muscle.", "content": "The present studies were performed to evaluate the protective effect of topical hypothermia on anoxic heart. The myocardial protection was assessed by myocardial contractility in the isolated blood-perfused electrically driven canine left ventricular muscle. The isometric tension and the rate of rise of tension development (dT/dt) were measured before and after hypothermic anoxic arrest and percent recovery of these values was used as a parameter of myocardial contractility. The percent recovery rates of 100, 95, 90, and 65 were obtained after acute anoxia of 90, 120, 150, and 180 min, respectively at the myocardial temperature of 17 degrees C. These data suggest that the safe limit of acute anoxia at the myocardial temperature of 17 degrees C is defined as 90 min in this experimental model and it can be extended to 120 min at the myocardial temperature below 17 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of hypothermic anoxic arrest on myocardial contractility in the isolated blood-perfused canine left ventricular muscle. The present studies were performed to evaluate the protective effect of topical hypothermia on anoxic heart. The myocardial protection was assessed by myocardial contractility in the isolated blood-perfused electrically driven canine left ventricular muscle. The isometric tension and the rate of rise of tension development (dT/dt) were measured before and after hypothermic anoxic arrest and percent recovery of these values was used as a parameter of myocardial contractility. The percent recovery rates of 100, 95, 90, and 65 were obtained after acute anoxia of 90, 120, 150, and 180 min, respectively at the myocardial temperature of 17 degrees C. These data suggest that the safe limit of acute anoxia at the myocardial temperature of 17 degrees C is defined as 90 min in this experimental model and it can be extended to 120 min at the myocardial temperature below 17 degrees C.", "PMID": 522243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1221", "title": "Histopathological study on the conduction system of complete right bundle branch block with references to configuration of QRS complex.", "content": "Eleven autopsy cases (average of 71 years) with complete right bundle branch block were examined histologically with serial sectioning of the conduction system. The results were as follows: 1) moderate to severe reduction of conducting cells in the right bundle branch (RBB) by fibrous replacement in all 11 cases, 2) a preponderance of main lesions in the first portion of the RBB in cases with R configuration in leads V1 and V2, and in the second to the third portion without significant lesion of the Purkinje cell network in the right ventricle in cases with rsR', and RSR' configuration in these leads, 3) as to the etiology, 1 case was assumed to have had rheumatic myocarditis and an another case, 1 chronic ischemia. In cases in which the cause could not be clearly established, reduction of the conducting cells in the first portion of the RBB was thought to be due to fibrosis of the upper ventricular septum. Lesions in the second portion of the RBB may be due to mechanical strain effected by muscle crossing of the trabecula septomarginalis and RBB.", "contents": "Histopathological study on the conduction system of complete right bundle branch block with references to configuration of QRS complex. Eleven autopsy cases (average of 71 years) with complete right bundle branch block were examined histologically with serial sectioning of the conduction system. The results were as follows: 1) moderate to severe reduction of conducting cells in the right bundle branch (RBB) by fibrous replacement in all 11 cases, 2) a preponderance of main lesions in the first portion of the RBB in cases with R configuration in leads V1 and V2, and in the second to the third portion without significant lesion of the Purkinje cell network in the right ventricle in cases with rsR', and RSR' configuration in these leads, 3) as to the etiology, 1 case was assumed to have had rheumatic myocarditis and an another case, 1 chronic ischemia. In cases in which the cause could not be clearly established, reduction of the conducting cells in the first portion of the RBB was thought to be due to fibrosis of the upper ventricular septum. Lesions in the second portion of the RBB may be due to mechanical strain effected by muscle crossing of the trabecula septomarginalis and RBB.", "PMID": 522245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1222", "title": "Apparent suppression of ventricular parasystole by cardiac pacing.", "content": "Complete disappearance of ventricular parasystolic beats by cardiac pacing with the rates of near multiples of the parasystolic rate was observed in 2 patients with ventricular parasystole. This finding represents a clinical counterpart of recently demonstrated experimental and mathematical models of electrotonic modulation of the parasystolic discharge.", "contents": "Apparent suppression of ventricular parasystole by cardiac pacing. Complete disappearance of ventricular parasystolic beats by cardiac pacing with the rates of near multiples of the parasystolic rate was observed in 2 patients with ventricular parasystole. This finding represents a clinical counterpart of recently demonstrated experimental and mathematical models of electrotonic modulation of the parasystolic discharge.", "PMID": 522246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1223", "title": "Estimation of body water and salt contents from plasma sodium, protein concentrations, and hematocrit.", "content": "New formulae for the estimation of change in water (delta W) and salt (delta NaCl) contents of the body from hematocrit, plasma Na, and protein concentrations were proposed based on a compartment model of body fluid regulation: delta W = 0.4(delta Vi/Vi0) + 0.2(delta Ve/Ve0) litres/Kg of body weight; delta NaCl = 1.64[delta Ve/Ve0 + 1)/(delta Vi/Vi0 + 1) - 1)-1] Gms/Kg of body weight; where delta Vi/Vi0, and delta Ve/Ve0 are relative increment of intra and extracellular fluid volume. delta Vi/Vi0 is considered equal to ([Na]0/[Na]-1) under the condition of normal cell membrane, whereas delta Ve/Ve0 may be a nonlinear function of relative increment of plasma volume and hematocrit or sodium concentration. Thus a nomograph was presented to obtain delta W and delta NaCl simultaneously. This nomograph could predict delta W and delta NaCl with satisfactory accuracy in the experiments with the dogs to which fluid of various osmolarity was given intravenously. It was also confirmed in a case of mixed water depletion in which the clinical estimation agreed with that of the present method. The conventional formulae of calculation based on either pure dehydration or purse salt loss proved not to be applicable in the usual cases of body fluid disturbances.", "contents": "Estimation of body water and salt contents from plasma sodium, protein concentrations, and hematocrit. New formulae for the estimation of change in water (delta W) and salt (delta NaCl) contents of the body from hematocrit, plasma Na, and protein concentrations were proposed based on a compartment model of body fluid regulation: delta W = 0.4(delta Vi/Vi0) + 0.2(delta Ve/Ve0) litres/Kg of body weight; delta NaCl = 1.64[delta Ve/Ve0 + 1)/(delta Vi/Vi0 + 1) - 1)-1] Gms/Kg of body weight; where delta Vi/Vi0, and delta Ve/Ve0 are relative increment of intra and extracellular fluid volume. delta Vi/Vi0 is considered equal to ([Na]0/[Na]-1) under the condition of normal cell membrane, whereas delta Ve/Ve0 may be a nonlinear function of relative increment of plasma volume and hematocrit or sodium concentration. Thus a nomograph was presented to obtain delta W and delta NaCl simultaneously. This nomograph could predict delta W and delta NaCl with satisfactory accuracy in the experiments with the dogs to which fluid of various osmolarity was given intravenously. It was also confirmed in a case of mixed water depletion in which the clinical estimation agreed with that of the present method. The conventional formulae of calculation based on either pure dehydration or purse salt loss proved not to be applicable in the usual cases of body fluid disturbances.", "PMID": 522247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1224", "title": "Cardiovascular anomalies in conjoined thoracopagus twins.", "content": "Necropsy findings in 3 cases of conjoined thoracopagus twins are presented. Conjoined hearts were seen lying in a common pericardial cavity. In 2 cases the common atrial complex was incompletely divided into the atrial cavities of the twins by ridges arising from the floor of the cavity. In 1 case the atrial division was better defined and the interatrial septal defect of septum secumdum type was seen. Pulmonary veins opened normally into the atrial chamber only in 1 case, in the other 2 cases, these veins opened into the inferior vena cava and the liver respectively. Ventricular chambers were common in 2 cases with 3 rudimentary atrioventricular openings guarding the inlet and multiple VSD of muscular type. In 1 case one twin had 2 completely separated ventricular cavities and the other twin had partially separated ventricular cavities with a muscular VSD. Great vessels showed transposition in all the cases. In 1 case d-transposition of a rare variety was seen which was associated with a subaortic as well as subpulmonic conus. Persistent ductus arteriosus was a cmmon feature and valvular type of pulmonic stenosis was seen in 2 cases.", "contents": "Cardiovascular anomalies in conjoined thoracopagus twins. Necropsy findings in 3 cases of conjoined thoracopagus twins are presented. Conjoined hearts were seen lying in a common pericardial cavity. In 2 cases the common atrial complex was incompletely divided into the atrial cavities of the twins by ridges arising from the floor of the cavity. In 1 case the atrial division was better defined and the interatrial septal defect of septum secumdum type was seen. Pulmonary veins opened normally into the atrial chamber only in 1 case, in the other 2 cases, these veins opened into the inferior vena cava and the liver respectively. Ventricular chambers were common in 2 cases with 3 rudimentary atrioventricular openings guarding the inlet and multiple VSD of muscular type. In 1 case one twin had 2 completely separated ventricular cavities and the other twin had partially separated ventricular cavities with a muscular VSD. Great vessels showed transposition in all the cases. In 1 case d-transposition of a rare variety was seen which was associated with a subaortic as well as subpulmonic conus. Persistent ductus arteriosus was a cmmon feature and valvular type of pulmonic stenosis was seen in 2 cases.", "PMID": 522248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1225", "title": "A case of variant angina with normal coronary arteriogram who developed acute myocardial infarction and cerebral embolism.", "content": "We report a case of a 44-year-old male with variant angina who developed acute anterior myocardial infarction 2 weeks following demonstration of normal left coronary artery. This experience provides inferential evidence that myocardial ischemia resulting from coronary spasm may progress into myocardial infarction.", "contents": "A case of variant angina with normal coronary arteriogram who developed acute myocardial infarction and cerebral embolism. We report a case of a 44-year-old male with variant angina who developed acute anterior myocardial infarction 2 weeks following demonstration of normal left coronary artery. This experience provides inferential evidence that myocardial ischemia resulting from coronary spasm may progress into myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 522249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1226", "title": "Studies on the progress of occupational cervicobrachial disorder by analysing the subjective symptoms of work-women in assembly lines of a cigarette factory.", "content": "The Committee on Cervicobrachial Syndrome in Japan Association of Industrial Health (JAIH) made a report on the questionnaires for checking for the complaints of patients suffering from Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorder (OCD). In order to reveal how the complaints develop in the progress of OCD, we analysed the complaints of 117 workwomen in assembly lines of a cigarette factory by using the questionnaires. And the followings were made clear: 1) At the mild stage of OCD, stiffness or dullness at the neck and shoulders, and eyestrain become remarkable. 2) At the moderate stage, pain at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands, dullness at extremities, general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability etc. become remarkable in addition to the mild stage complaints. 3) At the severe stage, pain and dullness at the back, numbness at arms and hands, hand coldness, sleep disturbance etc. become remarkable in addition to the moderate stage complaints. 4) Various sufferings in daily life such as \"I want to lie down at rest time,\" \"I lack patience to go on reading long,\" \"It is hard for me to go on writing long,\" and \"Fixed sitting soon tires me\" become more and more frequent as the stage advances. We consider it is important in the diagnosis of OCD to pay attention to the general symptoms such as general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability and sleep disturbance, together with complaints at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands.", "contents": "Studies on the progress of occupational cervicobrachial disorder by analysing the subjective symptoms of work-women in assembly lines of a cigarette factory. The Committee on Cervicobrachial Syndrome in Japan Association of Industrial Health (JAIH) made a report on the questionnaires for checking for the complaints of patients suffering from Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorder (OCD). In order to reveal how the complaints develop in the progress of OCD, we analysed the complaints of 117 workwomen in assembly lines of a cigarette factory by using the questionnaires. And the followings were made clear: 1) At the mild stage of OCD, stiffness or dullness at the neck and shoulders, and eyestrain become remarkable. 2) At the moderate stage, pain at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands, dullness at extremities, general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability etc. become remarkable in addition to the mild stage complaints. 3) At the severe stage, pain and dullness at the back, numbness at arms and hands, hand coldness, sleep disturbance etc. become remarkable in addition to the moderate stage complaints. 4) Various sufferings in daily life such as \"I want to lie down at rest time,\" \"I lack patience to go on reading long,\" \"It is hard for me to go on writing long,\" and \"Fixed sitting soon tires me\" become more and more frequent as the stage advances. We consider it is important in the diagnosis of OCD to pay attention to the general symptoms such as general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability and sleep disturbance, together with complaints at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands.", "PMID": 522287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1227", "title": "[Chrysotile fiber count in asbestos-cement board plants (author's transl)].", "content": "An asbestos fiber counting trial has been conducted in 19 asbestos-cement board plants throughout Japan, based on the phase-contrast microscopic count on membrane filter samples. In the four working places, i.e., bag carrying-in, bag opening, board cutting and shipping, airborne chrysotile fiber counts in 1 cm3 of air, the geometric mean and standard deviation were 1.86 (1.73), 3.87 (3.01), 2.34 (2.59) and 1.26 (2.17) respectively. Mean size distribution (geometrical length) of the fiber in bag opening and board cutting were 8.91 micrometers (sigmag 2.88) and 5.51 micrometers (sigmag 1.22) respectively by measuring on the magnified photomicrographs. As the clearing agent of filters, dimethyl phthalate with diethyl oxalate containing dissolved filter material was used.", "contents": "[Chrysotile fiber count in asbestos-cement board plants (author's transl)]. An asbestos fiber counting trial has been conducted in 19 asbestos-cement board plants throughout Japan, based on the phase-contrast microscopic count on membrane filter samples. In the four working places, i.e., bag carrying-in, bag opening, board cutting and shipping, airborne chrysotile fiber counts in 1 cm3 of air, the geometric mean and standard deviation were 1.86 (1.73), 3.87 (3.01), 2.34 (2.59) and 1.26 (2.17) respectively. Mean size distribution (geometrical length) of the fiber in bag opening and board cutting were 8.91 micrometers (sigmag 2.88) and 5.51 micrometers (sigmag 1.22) respectively by measuring on the magnified photomicrographs. As the clearing agent of filters, dimethyl phthalate with diethyl oxalate containing dissolved filter material was used.", "PMID": 522289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1228", "title": "[An objective technique to examine sensory disturbance in patients with occupational vibration disease. By means of somatosensory evoked response to mechanical stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Somatosensory evoked responses (SERs) to mechanical (tapping) stimulation were recorded in 24 patients with occupational vibration disease, and they were compared with those recorded in 48 normal subjects. Tapping stimuli were applied on the finger, the palm and the forearm of the bilateral sides. On the other hand, SERs to electrical stimulation were recorded in 5 of the patients, and these were compared with SERs to mechanical stimulation. 1. Some peaks in 32 out of 48 SERs to mechanical stimulation on the finger were absent, and peak latencies in 10 out of the remaining 16 SERs were abnormally prolonged. On the other hand, only 2 out of 27 SERs to mechanical stimulation on the forearm were abnormal. 2. Some peaks in 27 out of 35 SERs recorded in patients with numb sensation in the fingers were absent and peak latencies in the remaining 8 SERs were abnormally prolonged. 3. With respect to the absence of peaks in SERs, P2 and N2 peaks were more frequently absent than N3 and P4 peaks. 4. Peak latencies of the SERs in the patients with occupational vibration disease were abnormally prolonged. The difference of the peak latency between the patients and the controls was statistically significant. 5. Ten SERs to mechanical stimulation and 10 SERs to electrical stimulation were recorded in 5 patients. Nine out of the 10 SERs to mechanical stimulation were abnormal, while only 2 out of the 10 SERs to electrical stimulation were observed. 6. Based on a close relationship between abnormal SERs to mechanical stimulation and the numb sensation in the finger of the patients, it was concluded that sensory disturbances in the occupational vibration disease was due to the lesion in the peripheral nerve. Therefore, SERs to mechanical stimulation can be used for detecting some localized sensory abnormality due to the lesion in the peripheral nerve.", "contents": "[An objective technique to examine sensory disturbance in patients with occupational vibration disease. By means of somatosensory evoked response to mechanical stimulation (author's transl)]. Somatosensory evoked responses (SERs) to mechanical (tapping) stimulation were recorded in 24 patients with occupational vibration disease, and they were compared with those recorded in 48 normal subjects. Tapping stimuli were applied on the finger, the palm and the forearm of the bilateral sides. On the other hand, SERs to electrical stimulation were recorded in 5 of the patients, and these were compared with SERs to mechanical stimulation. 1. Some peaks in 32 out of 48 SERs to mechanical stimulation on the finger were absent, and peak latencies in 10 out of the remaining 16 SERs were abnormally prolonged. On the other hand, only 2 out of 27 SERs to mechanical stimulation on the forearm were abnormal. 2. Some peaks in 27 out of 35 SERs recorded in patients with numb sensation in the fingers were absent and peak latencies in the remaining 8 SERs were abnormally prolonged. 3. With respect to the absence of peaks in SERs, P2 and N2 peaks were more frequently absent than N3 and P4 peaks. 4. Peak latencies of the SERs in the patients with occupational vibration disease were abnormally prolonged. The difference of the peak latency between the patients and the controls was statistically significant. 5. Ten SERs to mechanical stimulation and 10 SERs to electrical stimulation were recorded in 5 patients. Nine out of the 10 SERs to mechanical stimulation were abnormal, while only 2 out of the 10 SERs to electrical stimulation were observed. 6. Based on a close relationship between abnormal SERs to mechanical stimulation and the numb sensation in the finger of the patients, it was concluded that sensory disturbances in the occupational vibration disease was due to the lesion in the peripheral nerve. Therefore, SERs to mechanical stimulation can be used for detecting some localized sensory abnormality due to the lesion in the peripheral nerve.", "PMID": 522290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1229", "title": "[Clinical and pathologic-anatomical results following the application of a mobile argon-laser beam in aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last four years we have treated with the mobile argon-laser beam 25 cases of aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (p. b. g.). According to the time of manifestation of the p. b. g. the patients were divided into an \"early\" and a \"late\" group. In the \"early\" group (17 eyes) the glaucoma manifested itself 1--4 days after cataract extraction. In the \"late\" group (8 eyes) p. b. g. appeared from 4 weeks to 3 years after cataract extraction. In 14 of the 17 cases of the first group we achieved a prompt reformation of the anterior chamber and a considerable decrease of intraocular pressure immediately after laser application. In 3 cases of the first group, where the pupil was under relative or absolute mydriasis before argon-laser treatment, the mobile laser beam failed to produce satisfactory results. In all of the 8 patients of the \"late\" group a reformation of the anterior chamber was achieved, but in only 4 of them did i. o. pressure normalize owing to extensive anterior synechiae. Laser application left either very slight or no traces at all on the iris. In order to ascertain the actual effect of the laser beam upon the iris, we applied laser under identical conditions in eyes which had no glaucoma but were to undergo enucleation because of choroidal melanoma. The histological examination revealed a slight degree of hyperaemia of the iris as an oedema of the connective tissue, while the iris sphincter did not appear to be affected by laser treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathologic-anatomical results following the application of a mobile argon-laser beam in aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (author's transl)]. In the last four years we have treated with the mobile argon-laser beam 25 cases of aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (p. b. g.). According to the time of manifestation of the p. b. g. the patients were divided into an \"early\" and a \"late\" group. In the \"early\" group (17 eyes) the glaucoma manifested itself 1--4 days after cataract extraction. In the \"late\" group (8 eyes) p. b. g. appeared from 4 weeks to 3 years after cataract extraction. In 14 of the 17 cases of the first group we achieved a prompt reformation of the anterior chamber and a considerable decrease of intraocular pressure immediately after laser application. In 3 cases of the first group, where the pupil was under relative or absolute mydriasis before argon-laser treatment, the mobile laser beam failed to produce satisfactory results. In all of the 8 patients of the \"late\" group a reformation of the anterior chamber was achieved, but in only 4 of them did i. o. pressure normalize owing to extensive anterior synechiae. Laser application left either very slight or no traces at all on the iris. In order to ascertain the actual effect of the laser beam upon the iris, we applied laser under identical conditions in eyes which had no glaucoma but were to undergo enucleation because of choroidal melanoma. The histological examination revealed a slight degree of hyperaemia of the iris as an oedema of the connective tissue, while the iris sphincter did not appear to be affected by laser treatment.", "PMID": 522410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1230", "title": "[The determination of the maximal angular visual acuity and of the Vernier acuity (author's transl)].", "content": "In clinical diagnosis it is important to determine the maximal angular visual acuity by using for example the TNO Landolt C ring chart of Vos. The determination of the Vernier- or Nonius acuity is hardly of any clinical diagnostic significance because in several pathological conditions and in normal eyes the visual acuity is always three times higher than the angular visual acuity. Therefore this does not contribute to further differentiation.", "contents": "[The determination of the maximal angular visual acuity and of the Vernier acuity (author's transl)]. In clinical diagnosis it is important to determine the maximal angular visual acuity by using for example the TNO Landolt C ring chart of Vos. The determination of the Vernier- or Nonius acuity is hardly of any clinical diagnostic significance because in several pathological conditions and in normal eyes the visual acuity is always three times higher than the angular visual acuity. Therefore this does not contribute to further differentiation.", "PMID": 522411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1231", "title": "[Considerations on the pathogenesis of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Considerations brought about by one of the authors own cases are presented on the pathogenesis of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Two theories are hitherto mainly discussed: (1) Primary changes in the pigment epithelium are pathogenetically responsible, (2) primary changes in the choriocapillaris cause secondary changes in the pigment epithelium. The authors, led by their own observations tend to place the disease in the group of primary diseases of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "[Considerations on the pathogenesis of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (author's transl)]. Considerations brought about by one of the authors own cases are presented on the pathogenesis of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Two theories are hitherto mainly discussed: (1) Primary changes in the pigment epithelium are pathogenetically responsible, (2) primary changes in the choriocapillaris cause secondary changes in the pigment epithelium. The authors, led by their own observations tend to place the disease in the group of primary diseases of the pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 522412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1232", "title": "[Abnormalities in the vessels of the iris as seen in fluorescein angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "There are unusually thick serpentine vessels in the iris along which there are no leaks in the fluorescein angiogram. Five and a half to seven years ago this was considered to be a sign of normal iris vessels in our department. It was assumed that this was only an abnormality. In four instances we have been able to find this irregularity, without any changes, in the vessels in the iris where it was a question of shunt vessels. In three of these four instances other diseases of the eyes were also present.", "contents": "[Abnormalities in the vessels of the iris as seen in fluorescein angiography (author's transl)]. There are unusually thick serpentine vessels in the iris along which there are no leaks in the fluorescein angiogram. Five and a half to seven years ago this was considered to be a sign of normal iris vessels in our department. It was assumed that this was only an abnormality. In four instances we have been able to find this irregularity, without any changes, in the vessels in the iris where it was a question of shunt vessels. In three of these four instances other diseases of the eyes were also present.", "PMID": 522413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1233", "title": "[Intravitreal injection of gentamicin--experimental findings (author's transl)].", "content": "In this experimental investigation the authors studied the electro-retinographic alterations and the histological lesions of the retina of rabbits following the intravitreal injection of different doses of gentamicin.", "contents": "[Intravitreal injection of gentamicin--experimental findings (author's transl)]. In this experimental investigation the authors studied the electro-retinographic alterations and the histological lesions of the retina of rabbits following the intravitreal injection of different doses of gentamicin.", "PMID": 522414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1234", "title": "[Autolock bands in encircling procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Several modifications of autolock bands for retinal detachment surgery were tested. The most favourable results were achieved with a conical lock type applied to one end of the band. A controlled shortening to produce a calculated scleral indentation can be obtained by a millimeter scale.", "contents": "[Autolock bands in encircling procedures (author's transl)]. Several modifications of autolock bands for retinal detachment surgery were tested. The most favourable results were achieved with a conical lock type applied to one end of the band. A controlled shortening to produce a calculated scleral indentation can be obtained by a millimeter scale.", "PMID": 522415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1235", "title": "[The glaucoma operation in younger patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The author puts forward various arguments to support the view that patients under 50 years suffering from glaucoma should undergo surgery immediately, even if their elevated intraocular pressure could be managed medically. He presents the results of operations on 51 patients aged from 31 to 50, which can be considered more than satisfactory.", "contents": "[The glaucoma operation in younger patients (author's transl)]. The author puts forward various arguments to support the view that patients under 50 years suffering from glaucoma should undergo surgery immediately, even if their elevated intraocular pressure could be managed medically. He presents the results of operations on 51 patients aged from 31 to 50, which can be considered more than satisfactory.", "PMID": 522416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1236", "title": "[Eye injuries in squash].", "content": "The characteristics of a type of ball game that has only become popular in the last ten to twenty years, the game of Squash are being described. The causes and degree of possible ocular injuries are based on personal observation and the available literature. The conclusion is that patients presenting respective ocular changes should not attempt to play this hazardous ball game.", "contents": "[Eye injuries in squash]. The characteristics of a type of ball game that has only become popular in the last ten to twenty years, the game of Squash are being described. The causes and degree of possible ocular injuries are based on personal observation and the available literature. The conclusion is that patients presenting respective ocular changes should not attempt to play this hazardous ball game.", "PMID": 522417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1237", "title": "[Signs of anterior segment ischemia following segmental external buckling (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptoms of an acute anterior segment necrosis are described as they might occur as a postoperative complication due to encircling procedures. Report about a patient presenting postoperatively signs of ischemia in the anterior segment following segmental external buckling. In this case the cylinder of the explant was 5 mm in diameter and extended over 2 quadrants of the globe. Discussion of the factors most likely causing this rare complication due to segmental external buckling.", "contents": "[Signs of anterior segment ischemia following segmental external buckling (author's transl)]. The symptoms of an acute anterior segment necrosis are described as they might occur as a postoperative complication due to encircling procedures. Report about a patient presenting postoperatively signs of ischemia in the anterior segment following segmental external buckling. In this case the cylinder of the explant was 5 mm in diameter and extended over 2 quadrants of the globe. Discussion of the factors most likely causing this rare complication due to segmental external buckling.", "PMID": 522418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1238", "title": "[Unusual retention cyst of lower lid (author's transl)].", "content": "A 70-year-old woman presented with an unusual retention cyst of right lowerlid border. Histological findings: epiderm cyst of atheroma type. There is no relapse after operation. Inflammatory occlusion of Zeiss- or Meibom-sebaceous gland by saprophytic mites (Acarus siro, Demodex folliculorum) is discussed.", "contents": "[Unusual retention cyst of lower lid (author's transl)]. A 70-year-old woman presented with an unusual retention cyst of right lowerlid border. Histological findings: epiderm cyst of atheroma type. There is no relapse after operation. Inflammatory occlusion of Zeiss- or Meibom-sebaceous gland by saprophytic mites (Acarus siro, Demodex folliculorum) is discussed.", "PMID": 522419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1239", "title": "[Correspondence alterations due to tenomyotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "This report covers 310 patients with concomitant convergent strabismus and anomalous retinal correspondence. In 36 cases tenomyotomy alone was responsible for normalization of correspondence. This is best achieved in cases of bilateral converging strabismus without vertical divergence.", "contents": "[Correspondence alterations due to tenomyotomy (author's transl)]. This report covers 310 patients with concomitant convergent strabismus and anomalous retinal correspondence. In 36 cases tenomyotomy alone was responsible for normalization of correspondence. This is best achieved in cases of bilateral converging strabismus without vertical divergence.", "PMID": 522420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1240", "title": "[Reading by fluorescent lamp light].", "content": "In dioptrics courses it has hitherto been taught that eyes of near-sighted patients who work in fluorescent light should be slightly under-corrected, since the near point is approximated in bluish light as a result of the chromatic aberration of the eye, in contrast to its location in white light or even the reddish light of incandescent lamps. The theory further states that this recommendation does not apply if close-range refraction occurs under fluorescent light. However, this is seldom the case. In our own investigations this approximation of the near point, under uniform illumination by fluorescent strip lights running across the ceiling, did not occur, at least not in \"white\" light (No. 33). On the contrary, under an incandescent lamp which was only half as powerful the near point was regularly closer to the eye than under white fluorescent light. The recommendation for under-correction of pulpit spectacles computed in incandescent light can therefore no longer be upheld.--While many patients complain of difficulties in diffuse incandescent light, these may be due to several other illumination factors which have not yet been fully investigated.--Some fundamental differences between diffuse fluorescent lighting and incandescent lamp lighting where there is a fall-off in luminosity are described.", "contents": "[Reading by fluorescent lamp light]. In dioptrics courses it has hitherto been taught that eyes of near-sighted patients who work in fluorescent light should be slightly under-corrected, since the near point is approximated in bluish light as a result of the chromatic aberration of the eye, in contrast to its location in white light or even the reddish light of incandescent lamps. The theory further states that this recommendation does not apply if close-range refraction occurs under fluorescent light. However, this is seldom the case. In our own investigations this approximation of the near point, under uniform illumination by fluorescent strip lights running across the ceiling, did not occur, at least not in \"white\" light (No. 33). On the contrary, under an incandescent lamp which was only half as powerful the near point was regularly closer to the eye than under white fluorescent light. The recommendation for under-correction of pulpit spectacles computed in incandescent light can therefore no longer be upheld.--While many patients complain of difficulties in diffuse incandescent light, these may be due to several other illumination factors which have not yet been fully investigated.--Some fundamental differences between diffuse fluorescent lighting and incandescent lamp lighting where there is a fall-off in luminosity are described.", "PMID": 522421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1241", "title": "[First experiences with a written consent form for patients prior to cataract surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The first experiences with a written consent form signed by patients prior to cataract surgery are presented. Details of possible surgical complications were discussed with the patient. The average time for this type of discussion was 15,6 min (7--30 min). The positive outcome of this study appeared to be that the confidence of the patient towards the surgeon or the hospital did not suffer nor did any patient change his decision to undergo surgery. This was tasted in a questionnaire showed to the patients after the discussion on possible complications. Some patients stated that they preferred enlightment on the day before surgery, whereas others would have preferred to have the written consent form sent home some days before surgery to have chance to discuss the problems with their relatives.", "contents": "[First experiences with a written consent form for patients prior to cataract surgery (author's transl)]. The first experiences with a written consent form signed by patients prior to cataract surgery are presented. Details of possible surgical complications were discussed with the patient. The average time for this type of discussion was 15,6 min (7--30 min). The positive outcome of this study appeared to be that the confidence of the patient towards the surgeon or the hospital did not suffer nor did any patient change his decision to undergo surgery. This was tasted in a questionnaire showed to the patients after the discussion on possible complications. Some patients stated that they preferred enlightment on the day before surgery, whereas others would have preferred to have the written consent form sent home some days before surgery to have chance to discuss the problems with their relatives.", "PMID": 522422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1242", "title": "[Patient-oriented prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of hospital-acquired infections varies between 2 and 15% (on average 5 to 8%). Most common nosocomial infections are urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory tract infections, septicemia and infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Nosocomial infections arise essentially via two routes: endogenously from the bodies own flora or exogenously via direct or indirect contact with the patient. Bacteria are most commonly transmitted from patient to patient by hands. Air as a vehicle, by which bacteria are transmitted, plays a relatively minor role. Priorities in hospital infection control are: hand washing and hand desinfection, improvement of certain nursing techniques, isolation of infected or susceptible patients, an infection control team with a nurse epidemiologist, surveillance and control of antibiotic therapy regimens, especially of antibiotic prophylaxis. Routine floor desinfection could not be shown to significantly reduce the hospital infection rate.", "contents": "[Patient-oriented prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections (author's transl)]. The incidence of hospital-acquired infections varies between 2 and 15% (on average 5 to 8%). Most common nosocomial infections are urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory tract infections, septicemia and infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Nosocomial infections arise essentially via two routes: endogenously from the bodies own flora or exogenously via direct or indirect contact with the patient. Bacteria are most commonly transmitted from patient to patient by hands. Air as a vehicle, by which bacteria are transmitted, plays a relatively minor role. Priorities in hospital infection control are: hand washing and hand desinfection, improvement of certain nursing techniques, isolation of infected or susceptible patients, an infection control team with a nurse epidemiologist, surveillance and control of antibiotic therapy regimens, especially of antibiotic prophylaxis. Routine floor desinfection could not be shown to significantly reduce the hospital infection rate.", "PMID": 522423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1243", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic examination of intra-arterial PO2 electrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous blood gas measurement by means of indwelling intraarterial electrodes facilitates and contributes to considerably improve the monitoring of pulmonary gas exchange in intensive care and anaesthesiology. Knowledge of the behaviour of the electrode surface in the blood stream is necessary to assess the characteristics of the measuring and the possible risks or complications. Scanning electron microscopic examinations were performed in a commercial-type polarographic PO2 electrode after in vitro and in vivo application. 14 electrodes were examined after continuous intra-arterial measurements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in intensive care patients. Duration of intra-arterial measurements was 2-109 h. Already after a measuring period of 2 h in nearly all cases a protein film was discovered on the electrode surface. Microthrombotic deposits were seen in 2 cases, in one of these despite of treatment with heparin. The electrode membrane showed a network ofmicro-cracks, small bubbles and dents. The membrane changes were probably the result of the drying process during the electron microscopic preparation, because the membrane material (Hydron) is hydrophil and swells during the measurement. Yet it cannot be excluded that these changes occur, in part, during the measurements. From these and other studies we conclude that the intra-arterial application of this electrode has a low risk of thromboembolic complications. The deposits on the electrode surface and the membrane changes may probably affect the response time and possibly also the stability of the electrode.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic examination of intra-arterial PO2 electrodes (author's transl)]. Continuous blood gas measurement by means of indwelling intraarterial electrodes facilitates and contributes to considerably improve the monitoring of pulmonary gas exchange in intensive care and anaesthesiology. Knowledge of the behaviour of the electrode surface in the blood stream is necessary to assess the characteristics of the measuring and the possible risks or complications. Scanning electron microscopic examinations were performed in a commercial-type polarographic PO2 electrode after in vitro and in vivo application. 14 electrodes were examined after continuous intra-arterial measurements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in intensive care patients. Duration of intra-arterial measurements was 2-109 h. Already after a measuring period of 2 h in nearly all cases a protein film was discovered on the electrode surface. Microthrombotic deposits were seen in 2 cases, in one of these despite of treatment with heparin. The electrode membrane showed a network ofmicro-cracks, small bubbles and dents. The membrane changes were probably the result of the drying process during the electron microscopic preparation, because the membrane material (Hydron) is hydrophil and swells during the measurement. Yet it cannot be excluded that these changes occur, in part, during the measurements. From these and other studies we conclude that the intra-arterial application of this electrode has a low risk of thromboembolic complications. The deposits on the electrode surface and the membrane changes may probably affect the response time and possibly also the stability of the electrode.", "PMID": 522424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1244", "title": "[Immunsuppressive factors in sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum inhibitory factors (SIF) have been demonstrated in several infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. Most likely, they are caused by an immune reaction, and their persistence indicates a chronic course. Sera and synovial fluids of 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of 33 patients with arthrosis were therefore studied, in order to determine whether immunosuppressive factors exist only in inflammatory diseases and whether their titers correlate with the activity of the disease. PHA-induced stimulation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured as 3H thymidine uptake, in the presence of patients' serum, was related to lymphocyte stimulation observed in the presence of control sera. Using the MIF-agarose assay, the effect of sera and synovial fluids on the tuberculin-induced migration inhibition was also studied. Sera of 27 of 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis inhibited mitogen-induced normal lymphocyte thymidine uptake and abolsihed migration inhibition, probably by blocking MIF-production. High titers appeared to predict an unfavourable course. In contrast, sera of all 33 patients with degenerative joint disease failed to exert these effects. Synovial fluids of all patients, irrespective of the nature of the underlying joint disease, did not affect lymphocyte stimulation or leukocyte migration. Other factors, such as immune complexes, cytotoxic antibodies, or drug metabolites could be excluded as potential causes of the observed effects exerted by rheumatoid arthritis sera. These results indicate that the presence of serum factors inhibiting PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation and leukocyte migration inhibition, respectively, may be used as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Immunsuppressive factors in sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Serum inhibitory factors (SIF) have been demonstrated in several infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. Most likely, they are caused by an immune reaction, and their persistence indicates a chronic course. Sera and synovial fluids of 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of 33 patients with arthrosis were therefore studied, in order to determine whether immunosuppressive factors exist only in inflammatory diseases and whether their titers correlate with the activity of the disease. PHA-induced stimulation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured as 3H thymidine uptake, in the presence of patients' serum, was related to lymphocyte stimulation observed in the presence of control sera. Using the MIF-agarose assay, the effect of sera and synovial fluids on the tuberculin-induced migration inhibition was also studied. Sera of 27 of 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis inhibited mitogen-induced normal lymphocyte thymidine uptake and abolsihed migration inhibition, probably by blocking MIF-production. High titers appeared to predict an unfavourable course. In contrast, sera of all 33 patients with degenerative joint disease failed to exert these effects. Synovial fluids of all patients, irrespective of the nature of the underlying joint disease, did not affect lymphocyte stimulation or leukocyte migration. Other factors, such as immune complexes, cytotoxic antibodies, or drug metabolites could be excluded as potential causes of the observed effects exerted by rheumatoid arthritis sera. These results indicate that the presence of serum factors inhibiting PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation and leukocyte migration inhibition, respectively, may be used as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 522425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1245", "title": "Immunoreactive serum trypsin in diseases of the pancreas.", "content": "Immunoreactive serum trypsin was measured with a double antibody radioimmunoassay in normal subjects and patients with various diseases of the pancreas. The normal range is 115-350 ng/ml with a geometric mean of 212 ng/ml. No trypsin was found in serum after total duodenopancreatectomy, in about 75% of patients with cystic fibrosis and in a few patients with pancreas carcinoma or chronic pancreatitis. Reduced serum trypsin levels between 10 and 100 ng/ml were measured in the remaining 25% of cystic fibrosis and in one third of the patients with chronic pancreatitis. Serum trypsin was increased to 700-17,000 ng/ml in all patients with acute pancreatitis or during the acute phase of chronic pancreatitis. Absent or reduced serum trypsin is a reliable indicator of total or partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency whereas considerably increased serum trypsin concentration do indicate acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Immunoreactive serum trypsin in diseases of the pancreas. Immunoreactive serum trypsin was measured with a double antibody radioimmunoassay in normal subjects and patients with various diseases of the pancreas. The normal range is 115-350 ng/ml with a geometric mean of 212 ng/ml. No trypsin was found in serum after total duodenopancreatectomy, in about 75% of patients with cystic fibrosis and in a few patients with pancreas carcinoma or chronic pancreatitis. Reduced serum trypsin levels between 10 and 100 ng/ml were measured in the remaining 25% of cystic fibrosis and in one third of the patients with chronic pancreatitis. Serum trypsin was increased to 700-17,000 ng/ml in all patients with acute pancreatitis or during the acute phase of chronic pancreatitis. Absent or reduced serum trypsin is a reliable indicator of total or partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency whereas considerably increased serum trypsin concentration do indicate acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 522426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1246", "title": "Nature and familial character of lepromin sensitivity in 27 families and their siblings.", "content": "A group of 27 families consisting of 176 individuals had been investigated for the lepromin sensitivity (with Dharmendra antigen). The families were arranged under group A (9 families) in whom either of the parents or both were suffering from Lepromatous type of leprosy, group B numbering 4 families, of whom either of the parents or both were suffering from non-lepromatous type of leprosy and group C comprising 14 families where none of the parents was suffering from leprosy but some of the each family had the disease in their siblings. The present study points towards the possible genetic influence on lepromin sensitivity but at times may be influenced by the environmental factors. However the study does not permit to reach any valid conclusions; further elaborate investigations alone could prove the useful role of genetic influence in the propagation of lepromin sensitivity to the subsequent sibs.", "contents": "Nature and familial character of lepromin sensitivity in 27 families and their siblings. A group of 27 families consisting of 176 individuals had been investigated for the lepromin sensitivity (with Dharmendra antigen). The families were arranged under group A (9 families) in whom either of the parents or both were suffering from Lepromatous type of leprosy, group B numbering 4 families, of whom either of the parents or both were suffering from non-lepromatous type of leprosy and group C comprising 14 families where none of the parents was suffering from leprosy but some of the each family had the disease in their siblings. The present study points towards the possible genetic influence on lepromin sensitivity but at times may be influenced by the environmental factors. However the study does not permit to reach any valid conclusions; further elaborate investigations alone could prove the useful role of genetic influence in the propagation of lepromin sensitivity to the subsequent sibs.", "PMID": 522440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1247", "title": "The paranasal sinuses in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "During the course of a larger study of patients with treated lepromatous leprosy attending a hospital in South India, sixteen patients with untreated disease presented with symptoms suggesting both intranasal and sinus involvement. Radiological abnormalities of the sinus were recorded in all sixteen patients and the results have been published separately. This paper describes the clinical and bacteriological findings, together with the results of histopathological examination of biopsies of sinus mucosa in two patients, in both of whom there was a histiocytic infiltrate, with acid-fast bacilli. In one of these biopsies, bacilli in the lamina propria were numerous; globi were common, and 20% of free-standing organisms were solid-staining. The significance of these findings is discussed with emphasis on the value of a full ear, nose and throat examination in all cases of leprosy, especially those with the lepromatous form. In this type of leprosy the upper respiratory tract tissues are clearly of importance for the lodgement and of multiplication of bacilli; it is possible that the paranasal air sinuses, with their large surface area, may contribute to the numbers of bacilli which are disseminated from the nose into the environment.", "contents": "The paranasal sinuses in lepromatous leprosy. During the course of a larger study of patients with treated lepromatous leprosy attending a hospital in South India, sixteen patients with untreated disease presented with symptoms suggesting both intranasal and sinus involvement. Radiological abnormalities of the sinus were recorded in all sixteen patients and the results have been published separately. This paper describes the clinical and bacteriological findings, together with the results of histopathological examination of biopsies of sinus mucosa in two patients, in both of whom there was a histiocytic infiltrate, with acid-fast bacilli. In one of these biopsies, bacilli in the lamina propria were numerous; globi were common, and 20% of free-standing organisms were solid-staining. The significance of these findings is discussed with emphasis on the value of a full ear, nose and throat examination in all cases of leprosy, especially those with the lepromatous form. In this type of leprosy the upper respiratory tract tissues are clearly of importance for the lodgement and of multiplication of bacilli; it is possible that the paranasal air sinuses, with their large surface area, may contribute to the numbers of bacilli which are disseminated from the nose into the environment.", "PMID": 522441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1248", "title": "Treatment of steroid dependant cases of recurrent lepra reaction with a combination of thalidomide and clofazimine.", "content": "22 Adult Male Lepromatous patients suffering from recurrent lepra reaction have been allotted to either a regimen of combined treatment with Clofazimine and Thalidomide alone. The initial dosage of either of the drugs was 300 mg daily administered in divided doses of 100 mg three times a day. The preliminary assessment of the ongoing study, indicates that the combined treatment controls the reactional state more rapidly than monotherapy with Thalidomide alone. Results of treatment as regards relief of neuritis and arthritis are particularly gratifying. Four month.ases relapsed into reactional status from 2 days to 15 days. 5 cases on the combined therapy relapsed from one to three months. Three other cases required six months and three cases 8 months treatment before clofazimine could be withdrawn. It would appear that a maintenance therapy of 6 months with flofazimine would be necessary for maintaining the control of reactional episodes while employing this combined therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of steroid dependant cases of recurrent lepra reaction with a combination of thalidomide and clofazimine. 22 Adult Male Lepromatous patients suffering from recurrent lepra reaction have been allotted to either a regimen of combined treatment with Clofazimine and Thalidomide alone. The initial dosage of either of the drugs was 300 mg daily administered in divided doses of 100 mg three times a day. The preliminary assessment of the ongoing study, indicates that the combined treatment controls the reactional state more rapidly than monotherapy with Thalidomide alone. Results of treatment as regards relief of neuritis and arthritis are particularly gratifying. Four month.ases relapsed into reactional status from 2 days to 15 days. 5 cases on the combined therapy relapsed from one to three months. Three other cases required six months and three cases 8 months treatment before clofazimine could be withdrawn. It would appear that a maintenance therapy of 6 months with flofazimine would be necessary for maintaining the control of reactional episodes while employing this combined therapy.", "PMID": 522443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1249", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on blood levels of DDS.", "content": "A study was undertaken to probe into the influence of ascorbic acid on the absorption and metabolism of administered DDS in leprosy patients. Vit 'C' supplementation did not generally exhibit any effect on blood levels DDS except in cases of BB and LL where only 8 hrs DDS values showed a statistically significant increase.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on blood levels of DDS. A study was undertaken to probe into the influence of ascorbic acid on the absorption and metabolism of administered DDS in leprosy patients. Vit 'C' supplementation did not generally exhibit any effect on blood levels DDS except in cases of BB and LL where only 8 hrs DDS values showed a statistically significant increase.", "PMID": 522444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1250", "title": "Tumor metastases and cell-mediated immunity in a model system in DBA/2 mice. VIII. Expression and shedding of Fc gamma receptors on metastatic tumor cell variants.", "content": "The expression of receptors for the Fc portion of IgG immunoglobin molecules was studied on tumor cell lines with high and low metastatic capacity. Two tumor cell lines from DBA/2 mice that had high metastatic activity, ESb and MDAY-D2, contained a high percentage of Fc receptor positive cells, as detected in a rosette assay with IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA). In contrast, the low metastatic parental line Eb, from which ESb was derived, contained only a low percentage of EA-rosette-forming cells. ESb ascites tumor cells adapted to tissue culture in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) had a high expression of Fc receptors, whereas a cell line adapted to tissue culture in the absence of 2ME had a low expression of Fc receptors. \"Soluble\" Fc receptors were detectable by their ability to bind to EA and to cause blocking of rosette formation. They were found to be present in fluids from tumor-bearing animals, such as serum and cell-free ascites. Even animals with an ascites tumor of the low-metastatic line Eb contained \"soluble\" Fc receptors. The results are discussed with regard to their possible significance for tumor metastasis.", "contents": "Tumor metastases and cell-mediated immunity in a model system in DBA/2 mice. VIII. Expression and shedding of Fc gamma receptors on metastatic tumor cell variants. The expression of receptors for the Fc portion of IgG immunoglobin molecules was studied on tumor cell lines with high and low metastatic capacity. Two tumor cell lines from DBA/2 mice that had high metastatic activity, ESb and MDAY-D2, contained a high percentage of Fc receptor positive cells, as detected in a rosette assay with IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA). In contrast, the low metastatic parental line Eb, from which ESb was derived, contained only a low percentage of EA-rosette-forming cells. ESb ascites tumor cells adapted to tissue culture in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) had a high expression of Fc receptors, whereas a cell line adapted to tissue culture in the absence of 2ME had a low expression of Fc receptors. \"Soluble\" Fc receptors were detectable by their ability to bind to EA and to cause blocking of rosette formation. They were found to be present in fluids from tumor-bearing animals, such as serum and cell-free ascites. Even animals with an ascites tumor of the low-metastatic line Eb contained \"soluble\" Fc receptors. The results are discussed with regard to their possible significance for tumor metastasis.", "PMID": 522481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1251", "title": "Extracellular lectin and its glycosaminoglycan inhibitor in chick muscle cultures.", "content": "Embryonic chick muscle contains two developmentally regulated lectins, which may be involved in cell interactions. These endogenous lectins are assayed as agglutinins of appropriate test erythrocytes. One of these, called lectin-2, interacts with specific glycosaminoglycans, especially heparin and dermatan sulfate. Lectin-2 is present at constant levels in both chick fibroblast and chick muscle cells throughout 14 days of culture but is released into the medium of cultured embryonic muscle after 7-8 days of culture, soon after myoblast fusion. Lectin-2 interacts strongly with a component of substrate-attached material in embryonic muscle cultures which is extractable from the cutlure dishes with alkali after the cells have been removed with ethylediaminetetraacetic acid. The active component in the substrate-attached material appears to be a glycosaminoglycan that is a more potent inhibitor of lectin-2 agglutination activity than any of the known glycosaminoglycans that we have tested. The active material is degraded by chondroitinase ABC but not by chondrotinase AC, hyaluronidase, or proteolytic enzymes and thus appears to be similar to dermatan sulfate. The results of these studies raise the possibility that lectin-2 functions by interacting with glycosaminoglycans, either associated with the cell surface or with the extracellular matrix.", "contents": "Extracellular lectin and its glycosaminoglycan inhibitor in chick muscle cultures. Embryonic chick muscle contains two developmentally regulated lectins, which may be involved in cell interactions. These endogenous lectins are assayed as agglutinins of appropriate test erythrocytes. One of these, called lectin-2, interacts with specific glycosaminoglycans, especially heparin and dermatan sulfate. Lectin-2 is present at constant levels in both chick fibroblast and chick muscle cells throughout 14 days of culture but is released into the medium of cultured embryonic muscle after 7-8 days of culture, soon after myoblast fusion. Lectin-2 interacts strongly with a component of substrate-attached material in embryonic muscle cultures which is extractable from the cutlure dishes with alkali after the cells have been removed with ethylediaminetetraacetic acid. The active component in the substrate-attached material appears to be a glycosaminoglycan that is a more potent inhibitor of lectin-2 agglutination activity than any of the known glycosaminoglycans that we have tested. The active material is degraded by chondroitinase ABC but not by chondrotinase AC, hyaluronidase, or proteolytic enzymes and thus appears to be similar to dermatan sulfate. The results of these studies raise the possibility that lectin-2 functions by interacting with glycosaminoglycans, either associated with the cell surface or with the extracellular matrix.", "PMID": 522483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1252", "title": "Synergistic stimulation of early events and DNA synthesis by phorbol esters, polypeptide growth factors, and retinoids in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), in the absence of serum, acts synergistically with a range of polypeptide growth factors to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. These growth factors include epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and the peptide produced by BHK cells transformed by SV-40 virus (fibroblast-derived growth factor, FDGF). Retinoids also show mitogenic synergism with TPA or polypeptide growth factors. The spectrum of mitogenic synergisms displayed by TPA are similar to those of vasopressin, a pituitary peptide. However, TPA and vasopressin do not synergistically interact to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cells. This suggests that TPA and vasopressin act via an identical biochemical pathway. Several lines of evidence suggest rapid postreceptor convergence of the mitogenic mechanisms of action of the hormone and the tumor promotor. Thus, vasopressin and TPA both inhibit EGF binding to cellular receptors. Furthermore, TPA and vasopressin induce a similar array of early events in quiescent cells--most strikingly, identical stimulation of Rb+ influx. Stimulation of ion flux is suggested as the possible convergence point of the pathway by which TPA and vasopressin act as mitogens.", "contents": "Synergistic stimulation of early events and DNA synthesis by phorbol esters, polypeptide growth factors, and retinoids in cultured fibroblasts. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), in the absence of serum, acts synergistically with a range of polypeptide growth factors to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. These growth factors include epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and the peptide produced by BHK cells transformed by SV-40 virus (fibroblast-derived growth factor, FDGF). Retinoids also show mitogenic synergism with TPA or polypeptide growth factors. The spectrum of mitogenic synergisms displayed by TPA are similar to those of vasopressin, a pituitary peptide. However, TPA and vasopressin do not synergistically interact to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cells. This suggests that TPA and vasopressin act via an identical biochemical pathway. Several lines of evidence suggest rapid postreceptor convergence of the mitogenic mechanisms of action of the hormone and the tumor promotor. Thus, vasopressin and TPA both inhibit EGF binding to cellular receptors. Furthermore, TPA and vasopressin induce a similar array of early events in quiescent cells--most strikingly, identical stimulation of Rb+ influx. Stimulation of ion flux is suggested as the possible convergence point of the pathway by which TPA and vasopressin act as mitogens.", "PMID": 522485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1253", "title": "Cell surface fibronectin and oncogenic transformation.", "content": "Fibronectin is a large glycoprotein at the cell surface of many different cell types; a related protein is present in plasma. Fibronectin is a dimer of 230,000-dalton subunits and also occurs in larger aggregates; it forms fibrillar networks at the cell surface, between cells and substrata and between adjacent cells, and it is not a typical membrane protein. Cell surface fibronectin is reduced in amount or absent on transformed cells and in many cases its loss correlates with acquisition of tumorigenicity and, in particular, metastatic ability. Exceptions to the correlations with transformation and tumorigenicity exist. Loss of fibronectin and the resulting reduced adhesion appear to be involved in pleiotropic alterations in cell behavior and may be responsible for several aspects of the transformed phenotype in vitro. Fibronectin interacts with other macromolecules (collagen/gelatin, fibrin/fibrinogen, proteoglycans) and is apparently connected to microfilaments inside the cell.", "contents": "Cell surface fibronectin and oncogenic transformation. Fibronectin is a large glycoprotein at the cell surface of many different cell types; a related protein is present in plasma. Fibronectin is a dimer of 230,000-dalton subunits and also occurs in larger aggregates; it forms fibrillar networks at the cell surface, between cells and substrata and between adjacent cells, and it is not a typical membrane protein. Cell surface fibronectin is reduced in amount or absent on transformed cells and in many cases its loss correlates with acquisition of tumorigenicity and, in particular, metastatic ability. Exceptions to the correlations with transformation and tumorigenicity exist. Loss of fibronectin and the resulting reduced adhesion appear to be involved in pleiotropic alterations in cell behavior and may be responsible for several aspects of the transformed phenotype in vitro. Fibronectin interacts with other macromolecules (collagen/gelatin, fibrin/fibrinogen, proteoglycans) and is apparently connected to microfilaments inside the cell.", "PMID": 522486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1254", "title": "Fine-needle biopsy of thyroid gland.", "content": "Critical analysis is provided by the authors on cytologic examination combined with histology of 131 patients with thyroid alterations. Cytologic examination yielded seven false-negative and four false-positive findings. Sensitivity of the procedure was 0.78 and the specificity 0.97. Aspiration cytology of the thyroid gland combined with other methods of examination can be considered an advance in the diagnostics of thyroid diseases.", "contents": "Fine-needle biopsy of thyroid gland. Critical analysis is provided by the authors on cytologic examination combined with histology of 131 patients with thyroid alterations. Cytologic examination yielded seven false-negative and four false-positive findings. Sensitivity of the procedure was 0.78 and the specificity 0.97. Aspiration cytology of the thyroid gland combined with other methods of examination can be considered an advance in the diagnostics of thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 522487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1255", "title": "Predictive value of plasma CEA in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Two years follow-up of 46 patients with colorectal carcinoma resected \"for cure\" shows that of the nine patients with an elevated (less than 5 ng/ml) CEA plasma titer one to six months after surgery, only one, or 11%, had remained disease free. Of the 38 patients with normal (less than 5 ng/ml) plasma CEA, 27, or 71%, were free of disease two years after surgery. In another 85 patients presenting six months to ten years after resection \"for cure\" of their colorectal carcinoma, normal CEA levels were found in 73, and only five, or 6.4%, of these presented with disease progression when followed for two years; of the 12 patients that presented with CEA values less than 5 ng/ml, disease progression was evident in eight or 67%; in eight patients with CEA levels of greater than 10 ng/ml, the proportion of patients with disease progression increased to 87.5% (7/8). When a patient with a history of colorectal cancer, but seemingly free of disease, presents with levels not only repeatedly above normal (greater than 5 ng/ml) but above the levels found in some nonmalignant conditions (greater than 10 ng/ml), thorough re-examination of the patient to locate the site of possible disease progression is indicated. In 14 such patients further diagnostic methods showed local recurrences in four, metastasis limited to the liver in six, and other metastasis in four. In conclusion, in patients with colorectal carcinoma postoperative elevated CEA plasma levels are a sign of poor prognosis. Consistently elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 ng/ml) are a strong indication of disease progression.", "contents": "Predictive value of plasma CEA in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Two years follow-up of 46 patients with colorectal carcinoma resected \"for cure\" shows that of the nine patients with an elevated (less than 5 ng/ml) CEA plasma titer one to six months after surgery, only one, or 11%, had remained disease free. Of the 38 patients with normal (less than 5 ng/ml) plasma CEA, 27, or 71%, were free of disease two years after surgery. In another 85 patients presenting six months to ten years after resection \"for cure\" of their colorectal carcinoma, normal CEA levels were found in 73, and only five, or 6.4%, of these presented with disease progression when followed for two years; of the 12 patients that presented with CEA values less than 5 ng/ml, disease progression was evident in eight or 67%; in eight patients with CEA levels of greater than 10 ng/ml, the proportion of patients with disease progression increased to 87.5% (7/8). When a patient with a history of colorectal cancer, but seemingly free of disease, presents with levels not only repeatedly above normal (greater than 5 ng/ml) but above the levels found in some nonmalignant conditions (greater than 10 ng/ml), thorough re-examination of the patient to locate the site of possible disease progression is indicated. In 14 such patients further diagnostic methods showed local recurrences in four, metastasis limited to the liver in six, and other metastasis in four. In conclusion, in patients with colorectal carcinoma postoperative elevated CEA plasma levels are a sign of poor prognosis. Consistently elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 ng/ml) are a strong indication of disease progression.", "PMID": 522488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1256", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of lactic dehydrogenase in mouse mammary carcinoma cells.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was carried out in C3H mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Scattered cytoplasmic LDH granules were noted as well as around mitochondria and nuclear membrane. Control studies with normal breast tissues failed to show any activity. This observation suggests that LDH plays an important role in C3H mammary carcinoma and may be of use as an additional marker.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of lactic dehydrogenase in mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Electron microscopic study of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was carried out in C3H mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Scattered cytoplasmic LDH granules were noted as well as around mitochondria and nuclear membrane. Control studies with normal breast tissues failed to show any activity. This observation suggests that LDH plays an important role in C3H mammary carcinoma and may be of use as an additional marker.", "PMID": 522489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1257", "title": "Comparative value of aspiration cytology in the diagnostic evaluation of breast masses.", "content": "For 38 consecutive patients presenting with breast masses we compared accuracy of diagnosis, before biopsy, of the techniques of clinical examination, bilateral xeromammography, and aspiration cytology with a 10-cc syringe and a 22-gauge needle. Of the 38 patients, nine had carcinoma and 29 had benign breast disease. The overall diagnostic accuracy showed a perfect correlation between aspiration cytology and subsequent biopsy for carcinoma in this group. Clinical impression made the correct diagnosis in 89.5% of the cases and bilateral xeromammography produced the correct diagnosis in 84.9%. Both clinical impression and mammography were incorrect in diagnosing 33.3% of the malignancies. The technique of cytologic aspiration is a simple, accurate, and effective adjunct to the early diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the breast, and this should become a part of the initial evaluation of the patient who presents with a breast mass.", "contents": "Comparative value of aspiration cytology in the diagnostic evaluation of breast masses. For 38 consecutive patients presenting with breast masses we compared accuracy of diagnosis, before biopsy, of the techniques of clinical examination, bilateral xeromammography, and aspiration cytology with a 10-cc syringe and a 22-gauge needle. Of the 38 patients, nine had carcinoma and 29 had benign breast disease. The overall diagnostic accuracy showed a perfect correlation between aspiration cytology and subsequent biopsy for carcinoma in this group. Clinical impression made the correct diagnosis in 89.5% of the cases and bilateral xeromammography produced the correct diagnosis in 84.9%. Both clinical impression and mammography were incorrect in diagnosing 33.3% of the malignancies. The technique of cytologic aspiration is a simple, accurate, and effective adjunct to the early diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the breast, and this should become a part of the initial evaluation of the patient who presents with a breast mass.", "PMID": 522490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1258", "title": "Patterns of spontaneous metastasis manifested by three rat prostate adenocarcinomas.", "content": "Three transplantable rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines were assessed for patterns of metastasis, ie, routes of dissemination and larger organ(s) selected for implantation. Two lines (I and III) were disseminated only through ipsilateral lymphatic channels to the lungs. The third cell line (II) was disseminated through lymphatic and blood channels to lungs, liver, and kidneys. The pattern of spontaneous metastasis is a characteristic of the tumor cell; but there is evidence that the rate and extent of metastasis can be modified experimentally.", "contents": "Patterns of spontaneous metastasis manifested by three rat prostate adenocarcinomas. Three transplantable rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines were assessed for patterns of metastasis, ie, routes of dissemination and larger organ(s) selected for implantation. Two lines (I and III) were disseminated only through ipsilateral lymphatic channels to the lungs. The third cell line (II) was disseminated through lymphatic and blood channels to lungs, liver, and kidneys. The pattern of spontaneous metastasis is a characteristic of the tumor cell; but there is evidence that the rate and extent of metastasis can be modified experimentally.", "PMID": 522491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1259", "title": "Spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid: report of a five-year survival after lobectomy and postoperative irradiation.", "content": "We have described a patient who remains alive and well five years after lobectomy and planned postoperative irradiation for a sizable spindle and giant cell carcinoma arising in the right thyroid lobe which was adherent to the trachea and the esophagus. The dismal experience of others with this highly lethal tumor has been reviewed. A trial of surgical resection and full-dose postoperative teletherapy seems warranted in selected patients who have a resectable tumor.", "contents": "Spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid: report of a five-year survival after lobectomy and postoperative irradiation. We have described a patient who remains alive and well five years after lobectomy and planned postoperative irradiation for a sizable spindle and giant cell carcinoma arising in the right thyroid lobe which was adherent to the trachea and the esophagus. The dismal experience of others with this highly lethal tumor has been reviewed. A trial of surgical resection and full-dose postoperative teletherapy seems warranted in selected patients who have a resectable tumor.", "PMID": 522492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1260", "title": "Changes with age in cadmium and copper levels in C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "Cadmium concentrations in C57BL/6J male mice were found to increase with age in kidney from 0.1 ng/mg dry wt. at 45 days of age to 1.7 ng/mg dry wt. at 880 days of age. Cadmium in liver increased exponentially with age with a doubling time of 242 days, from a value of 0.03 ng/mg dry wt. at 45 days of age to 0.29 ng/mg dry wt. at 880 days of age. Kidney copper declined by only 14% between 45 and 400 days of age and remained unchanged between 400 and 880 days of age. Liver copper declined 41% between 45 and 500 days of age and showed no change between 500 and 880 days of age. Most of the decline in kidney and liver copper concentrations occurred before 240 days of age, possibly reflecting developmental changes. Feeding cadmium chloride in drinking water at concentrations of up to 100 microgram/ml did not change the copper concentrations in kidney, liver, heart or brain of young mice. Feeding copper gluconate did not change the cadmium concentration in livers of old mice. However, these treatments did change the cadmium/copper ratios in tissues.", "contents": "Changes with age in cadmium and copper levels in C57BL/6J mice. Cadmium concentrations in C57BL/6J male mice were found to increase with age in kidney from 0.1 ng/mg dry wt. at 45 days of age to 1.7 ng/mg dry wt. at 880 days of age. Cadmium in liver increased exponentially with age with a doubling time of 242 days, from a value of 0.03 ng/mg dry wt. at 45 days of age to 0.29 ng/mg dry wt. at 880 days of age. Kidney copper declined by only 14% between 45 and 400 days of age and remained unchanged between 400 and 880 days of age. Liver copper declined 41% between 45 and 500 days of age and showed no change between 500 and 880 days of age. Most of the decline in kidney and liver copper concentrations occurred before 240 days of age, possibly reflecting developmental changes. Feeding cadmium chloride in drinking water at concentrations of up to 100 microgram/ml did not change the copper concentrations in kidney, liver, heart or brain of young mice. Feeding copper gluconate did not change the cadmium concentration in livers of old mice. However, these treatments did change the cadmium/copper ratios in tissues.", "PMID": 522509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1261", "title": "Age-related cell surface changes in human diploid fibroblasts revealed by lectin-mediated red blood cell adsorption assay: a lectin survey.", "content": "Two types of age-related cell surface changes could be demonstrated in human diploid fibroblasts with the two methods of the lectin-mediated red blood cell (RBC) adsorption assay: the fibroblast coating method (in which RBCs are adsorbed to lectin-coated fibroblasts) and the RBC coating method (in which lectin-coated RBCs are adsorbed to fibroblasts). With the fibroblast coating method, concanavalin A and agglutinin L from Phaseolus vulgaris gave a change in RBC adsorption which did not occur throughout the phase II period, but increased with the advance of the phase III period (type I). With the RBC coating method, these lectins gave another type of change in RBC adsorption which increased continuously from early phases of cell passage up through cell senescence (type II). Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 also gave the type I change in RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method. On the other hand, even with the fibroblast coating method, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin E and wheat-germ agglutinin gave the type II change in RBC adsorption. Soy bean agglutinin and Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin gave only a restricted amount of RBC adsorption. Lens culinaris agglutin, pokeweed mitogen, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin, Limulus polyhemus agglutinin and divalent succinylated concanavalin A did not give any RBC adsorption throughout the life span of human diploid fibroblasts.", "contents": "Age-related cell surface changes in human diploid fibroblasts revealed by lectin-mediated red blood cell adsorption assay: a lectin survey. Two types of age-related cell surface changes could be demonstrated in human diploid fibroblasts with the two methods of the lectin-mediated red blood cell (RBC) adsorption assay: the fibroblast coating method (in which RBCs are adsorbed to lectin-coated fibroblasts) and the RBC coating method (in which lectin-coated RBCs are adsorbed to fibroblasts). With the fibroblast coating method, concanavalin A and agglutinin L from Phaseolus vulgaris gave a change in RBC adsorption which did not occur throughout the phase II period, but increased with the advance of the phase III period (type I). With the RBC coating method, these lectins gave another type of change in RBC adsorption which increased continuously from early phases of cell passage up through cell senescence (type II). Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 also gave the type I change in RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method. On the other hand, even with the fibroblast coating method, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin E and wheat-germ agglutinin gave the type II change in RBC adsorption. Soy bean agglutinin and Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin gave only a restricted amount of RBC adsorption. Lens culinaris agglutin, pokeweed mitogen, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin, Limulus polyhemus agglutinin and divalent succinylated concanavalin A did not give any RBC adsorption throughout the life span of human diploid fibroblasts.", "PMID": 522510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1262", "title": "Germinal aging in Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "The manifestations of germinal aging in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila include death of the cells at conjugation and macronuclear retention in which the normal replacement of the old macronucleus by a new one fails to occur. Available data suggest that methods of routine maintenance that reduce the number of fissions may delay aging. Differences in breeding performance following maintenance for 1-5 years in axenic peptone broth vs. bacterized Cerophyl were not significant; those following maintenance at different temperatures were significant. The analysis of several hundred crosses is consistent with a random mutational basis for aging in the micronucleus and does not support the hypothesis of an age-correlated program in which the rate of deterioration increases with time. Following routine cultural maintenance for as long as 9-11 years, some lines show no deficiencies in their ability to produce viable progeny, and sublines of the same clone frequently differ significantly in their breeding performance. Moreover, breeding degeneration occurs at constant, but different, rates in different inbred strains.", "contents": "Germinal aging in Tetrahymena thermophila. The manifestations of germinal aging in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila include death of the cells at conjugation and macronuclear retention in which the normal replacement of the old macronucleus by a new one fails to occur. Available data suggest that methods of routine maintenance that reduce the number of fissions may delay aging. Differences in breeding performance following maintenance for 1-5 years in axenic peptone broth vs. bacterized Cerophyl were not significant; those following maintenance at different temperatures were significant. The analysis of several hundred crosses is consistent with a random mutational basis for aging in the micronucleus and does not support the hypothesis of an age-correlated program in which the rate of deterioration increases with time. Following routine cultural maintenance for as long as 9-11 years, some lines show no deficiencies in their ability to produce viable progeny, and sublines of the same clone frequently differ significantly in their breeding performance. Moreover, breeding degeneration occurs at constant, but different, rates in different inbred strains.", "PMID": 522511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1263", "title": "Effect of low dose rate irradiation on the division potential of cells in vitro. VI. Changes in DNA and in radiosensitivity during aging of human fobroblasts.", "content": "The sensitivity to low dose rate ionizing radiation increases progressively through the lifespan of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. There is also an increase in the number of alkali-sensitive sites leading to an increase in single-strand breaks and in DNA with low molecular weight during cell lysis. These DNA changes become pronounced at the very end of the lifespan. The correlation between aging, increased radiosensitivity and accumulation of DNA damage is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of low dose rate irradiation on the division potential of cells in vitro. VI. Changes in DNA and in radiosensitivity during aging of human fobroblasts. The sensitivity to low dose rate ionizing radiation increases progressively through the lifespan of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. There is also an increase in the number of alkali-sensitive sites leading to an increase in single-strand breaks and in DNA with low molecular weight during cell lysis. These DNA changes become pronounced at the very end of the lifespan. The correlation between aging, increased radiosensitivity and accumulation of DNA damage is discussed.", "PMID": 522512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1264", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme activities during ageing of adult human liver cell lines.", "content": "Ten lysosomal enzyme activities have been compared during the growth and ageing of adult human liver cell lines. Arylsulfatase A, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase activities were significantly lower and arylsulfatase B activity was significantly higher in senescent cells than in actively growing cells. Furthermore, hexosaminidase activity was lower and acid phosphatase activity higher in old cells in every cell line tested but the differences were not significant. On the other hand, no change occurred in alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and alpha-D-glucosidase activities. These results demonstrate that the increase in size and number of secondary lysosomes during ageing is accompanied for a few lysosomal enzymes by an increase or a decrease in activity depending on the enzyme.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme activities during ageing of adult human liver cell lines. Ten lysosomal enzyme activities have been compared during the growth and ageing of adult human liver cell lines. Arylsulfatase A, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase activities were significantly lower and arylsulfatase B activity was significantly higher in senescent cells than in actively growing cells. Furthermore, hexosaminidase activity was lower and acid phosphatase activity higher in old cells in every cell line tested but the differences were not significant. On the other hand, no change occurred in alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and alpha-D-glucosidase activities. These results demonstrate that the increase in size and number of secondary lysosomes during ageing is accompanied for a few lysosomal enzymes by an increase or a decrease in activity depending on the enzyme.", "PMID": 522513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1265", "title": "Absorption and metabolism of naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene in the rat jejunum in situ.", "content": "Naphthalene or benzo(a)pyrene (100 nmol) was instilled into the closed rat intestinal loop in situ and the appearance of the free compound and its metabolites was determined in portal blood. Naphthalene appeared mostly unchanged in blood whereas benzo(a)pyrene was extensively metabolized by mucosal cells. The results suggest that absorption and metabolism are competing processes in the gut.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism of naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene in the rat jejunum in situ. Naphthalene or benzo(a)pyrene (100 nmol) was instilled into the closed rat intestinal loop in situ and the appearance of the free compound and its metabolites was determined in portal blood. Naphthalene appeared mostly unchanged in blood whereas benzo(a)pyrene was extensively metabolized by mucosal cells. The results suggest that absorption and metabolism are competing processes in the gut.", "PMID": 522514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1266", "title": "Xenobiotic metabolism by isolated rat small intestinal cells.", "content": "A rapid method for isolation of cells from the small intestine of the rat resulted in a preparation where 95--100% of the cells excluded NADH or trypan blue. Isolated intestinal cells catalyzed the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, harmine, ethoxyresorufin and ethoxycoumarin. Isolation of intestinal cells 24 hours after a single oral dose of 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in 25--45-fold increases in benzo(a)pyrene, ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin metabolism, whereas the rate of demethylation of harmine was doubled. Harmine metabolism led to the formation of harmol which was subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. Very little sulphate conjugate was detected. Intestinal cells catalyzed glucuronidation of 1- and 2-naphthol at a linear rate for up to one hour. Glucuronidation of 1- and 2-naphthol was saturated at 50 muM, whereas a concentration of 800 muM was necessary for saturation of harmol glucuronidation. Intestinal cells metabolized paracetamol to the glucuronide, sulphate, glutathione and cysteine conjugates. The latter two are evidence of cytochrome-P-450-dependent metabolic activation of paracetamol by intestinal cells.", "contents": "Xenobiotic metabolism by isolated rat small intestinal cells. A rapid method for isolation of cells from the small intestine of the rat resulted in a preparation where 95--100% of the cells excluded NADH or trypan blue. Isolated intestinal cells catalyzed the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, harmine, ethoxyresorufin and ethoxycoumarin. Isolation of intestinal cells 24 hours after a single oral dose of 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in 25--45-fold increases in benzo(a)pyrene, ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin metabolism, whereas the rate of demethylation of harmine was doubled. Harmine metabolism led to the formation of harmol which was subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. Very little sulphate conjugate was detected. Intestinal cells catalyzed glucuronidation of 1- and 2-naphthol at a linear rate for up to one hour. Glucuronidation of 1- and 2-naphthol was saturated at 50 muM, whereas a concentration of 800 muM was necessary for saturation of harmol glucuronidation. Intestinal cells metabolized paracetamol to the glucuronide, sulphate, glutathione and cysteine conjugates. The latter two are evidence of cytochrome-P-450-dependent metabolic activation of paracetamol by intestinal cells.", "PMID": 522515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1267", "title": "Absorption and metabolism of intratracheally instilled cortisol and beclomethasone dipropionate in the isolated perfused rat lungs.", "content": "The fate of [4-14C]-cortisol and [16,16 alpha-3H]-beclomethasone dipropionate following intratracheal application of the substrates into isolated perfused rat lungs was studied. Both substrates were transferred to the perfusion medium, cortisol at a much higher rate than beclomethasone dipropionate. The proportion of different metabolites of the total radioactivity was larger with beclomethasone dipropionate in both the perfusion medium and the lung tissue. The lungs are considered to have a catabolic role in cortisol metabolism.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism of intratracheally instilled cortisol and beclomethasone dipropionate in the isolated perfused rat lungs. The fate of [4-14C]-cortisol and [16,16 alpha-3H]-beclomethasone dipropionate following intratracheal application of the substrates into isolated perfused rat lungs was studied. Both substrates were transferred to the perfusion medium, cortisol at a much higher rate than beclomethasone dipropionate. The proportion of different metabolites of the total radioactivity was larger with beclomethasone dipropionate in both the perfusion medium and the lung tissue. The lungs are considered to have a catabolic role in cortisol metabolism.", "PMID": 522516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1268", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene oxidation, conjugation and disposition in the isolated perfused rabbit lung: role of the glutathione S-transferases.", "content": "The isolated perfused rabbit lung metabolised 7--11 % of 20 mumol of [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene added in the perfusion medium in 1 h. The major metabolite formed was 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, both free (30--40 % of the total metabolites) and conjugated (4 % of total metabolites). Quinones comprised 15 % of the total and metabolism at the 9, 10 position accounted for a further 10 %. Forty per cent of the water-soluble metabolites was chromatographically identical to the glutathione conjugate of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide. Sulphate and glucuronide conjugates were formed in small but detectable amounts, principally from phenols, but also from dihydrodiols. After 1 h the more water-soluble conjugates had diffused from the lung into the perfusion medium, but the majority (60--90 %) of the metabolic products were still concentrated within the lung. The lung's limited ability to conjugate its major metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene with sulphuric or glucuronic acid, coupled with slow elimination of the products formed, particularly dihydrodiols may contribute to the susceptibility of this organ to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene oxidation, conjugation and disposition in the isolated perfused rabbit lung: role of the glutathione S-transferases. The isolated perfused rabbit lung metabolised 7--11 % of 20 mumol of [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene added in the perfusion medium in 1 h. The major metabolite formed was 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, both free (30--40 % of the total metabolites) and conjugated (4 % of total metabolites). Quinones comprised 15 % of the total and metabolism at the 9, 10 position accounted for a further 10 %. Forty per cent of the water-soluble metabolites was chromatographically identical to the glutathione conjugate of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide. Sulphate and glucuronide conjugates were formed in small but detectable amounts, principally from phenols, but also from dihydrodiols. After 1 h the more water-soluble conjugates had diffused from the lung into the perfusion medium, but the majority (60--90 %) of the metabolic products were still concentrated within the lung. The lung's limited ability to conjugate its major metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene with sulphuric or glucuronic acid, coupled with slow elimination of the products formed, particularly dihydrodiols may contribute to the susceptibility of this organ to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 522517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1269", "title": "The specificity and multiplicity of human placental xenobiotic-metabolizing monooxygenase system studied by potential substrates, inhibitors and gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The specificity of the placental monooxygenase system to metabolize foreign compounds was studied by using different potential substrates and inhibitors and by performing electrophoresis of placental microsomes. Placental preparations from smokers catalyzed benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and 2,5-diphenyloxazole hydroxylation, but not biphenyl hydroxylation at 2-, 3- or 4-carbon, aldrin epoxidation to dieldrin or coumarin hydroxylation or aminopyrine N-demethylation. Enzyme activities were inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, but to a much lesser extent by SKF 525-A or metyrapone. Correlations between the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, 7-ethoxycoumarin and 2,5-diphenyloxazole were highly significant. There was a clear difference in Michaelis-Menten constant of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation between placentas from smokers and nonsmokers. Gel electrophoresis revealed that protein bands of placental microsomes in the region of cytochrome P-450 enzymes were less prominent than those of rat liver microsomes, a finding that accorded with the relative amounts of cytochrome P-450. There were no consistent differences in the electrophoretic pattern between placentas of variable benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activities. Results show that the human placental monooxygenase system is restricted in substrate specificity, that there may be a qualitative difference between smokers and nonsmokers and that the increase in several enzyme activities by cigarette smoking cannot be detected by the standard gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "The specificity and multiplicity of human placental xenobiotic-metabolizing monooxygenase system studied by potential substrates, inhibitors and gel electrophoresis. The specificity of the placental monooxygenase system to metabolize foreign compounds was studied by using different potential substrates and inhibitors and by performing electrophoresis of placental microsomes. Placental preparations from smokers catalyzed benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and 2,5-diphenyloxazole hydroxylation, but not biphenyl hydroxylation at 2-, 3- or 4-carbon, aldrin epoxidation to dieldrin or coumarin hydroxylation or aminopyrine N-demethylation. Enzyme activities were inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, but to a much lesser extent by SKF 525-A or metyrapone. Correlations between the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, 7-ethoxycoumarin and 2,5-diphenyloxazole were highly significant. There was a clear difference in Michaelis-Menten constant of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation between placentas from smokers and nonsmokers. Gel electrophoresis revealed that protein bands of placental microsomes in the region of cytochrome P-450 enzymes were less prominent than those of rat liver microsomes, a finding that accorded with the relative amounts of cytochrome P-450. There were no consistent differences in the electrophoretic pattern between placentas of variable benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activities. Results show that the human placental monooxygenase system is restricted in substrate specificity, that there may be a qualitative difference between smokers and nonsmokers and that the increase in several enzyme activities by cigarette smoking cannot be detected by the standard gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 522518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1270", "title": "Importance of conjugation reactions in determining the qualitative nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA interactions.", "content": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolically activated by microsomal enzymes to reactive metabolites which covalently bind to DNA. The qualitative and quantitative nature of the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts formed are markedly dependent on the balance of the oxidative and conjugating enzymes present in the activation system. Thus, utilising rat liver microsomes, to metabolically activate benzo(a)pyrene, the major hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formed is due to metabolic activation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. In striking contrast to this when isolated rat hepatocytes are used to metabolically activate [3H]-benzo(a)pyrene, 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is conjugated primarily with UDPglucuronic acid and the major hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formed is due to further metabolism of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Thus the balance and nature of conjugating enzymes present in a tissue will, by determining the nature and amounts of adducts formed, also modulate the biological susceptibility of a particular tissue or cell. In this regard it may be of particular interest that whereas in isolated rat hepatocytes and short-term organ cultures of rodent lung and trachea conjugation with UDPglucuronic acid is quantitatively the major route of conjugation, with short-term organ culture of human lung, sulphate ester conjugation of phenolic substrates appears to be a major route of metabolism. Thus in vivo or in microsome or cell mediated mutagenesis assays of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the susceptibility of a particular cell or tissue will be dependent in part on the relative activities of the oxidative and conjugating enzymes.", "contents": "Importance of conjugation reactions in determining the qualitative nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA interactions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolically activated by microsomal enzymes to reactive metabolites which covalently bind to DNA. The qualitative and quantitative nature of the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts formed are markedly dependent on the balance of the oxidative and conjugating enzymes present in the activation system. Thus, utilising rat liver microsomes, to metabolically activate benzo(a)pyrene, the major hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formed is due to metabolic activation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. In striking contrast to this when isolated rat hepatocytes are used to metabolically activate [3H]-benzo(a)pyrene, 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is conjugated primarily with UDPglucuronic acid and the major hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formed is due to further metabolism of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Thus the balance and nature of conjugating enzymes present in a tissue will, by determining the nature and amounts of adducts formed, also modulate the biological susceptibility of a particular tissue or cell. In this regard it may be of particular interest that whereas in isolated rat hepatocytes and short-term organ cultures of rodent lung and trachea conjugation with UDPglucuronic acid is quantitatively the major route of conjugation, with short-term organ culture of human lung, sulphate ester conjugation of phenolic substrates appears to be a major route of metabolism. Thus in vivo or in microsome or cell mediated mutagenesis assays of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the susceptibility of a particular cell or tissue will be dependent in part on the relative activities of the oxidative and conjugating enzymes.", "PMID": 522519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1271", "title": "Ligand binding and detoxication.", "content": "In an organism the binding of a toxic chemical to a binding site can act as a detoxication mechanism when toxicity is a property of the unbound ligand. This qualitative statement has been evaluated in quantitative terms. To this end parameters have been defined for which numerical values are required, equations are derived and a procedure is outlined that allows assessment of when and to what extent binding is of value in detoxication. In the process two new quantities are introduced, i.e. the binding capacity and the binding activity, which make for easier handling and comparison of binding data. It is concluded that to be important in detoxication the numerical value of the binding activity must be greater than unity and the total ligand concentration should not exceed the binding capacity. These general conclusions can be further refined depending on the accuracy with which the values of the parameters involved are known. Due to its generality the results of the analysis are useful in all situations where it is desirable to know the magnitude of the free fraction of a bound chemical.", "contents": "Ligand binding and detoxication. In an organism the binding of a toxic chemical to a binding site can act as a detoxication mechanism when toxicity is a property of the unbound ligand. This qualitative statement has been evaluated in quantitative terms. To this end parameters have been defined for which numerical values are required, equations are derived and a procedure is outlined that allows assessment of when and to what extent binding is of value in detoxication. In the process two new quantities are introduced, i.e. the binding capacity and the binding activity, which make for easier handling and comparison of binding data. It is concluded that to be important in detoxication the numerical value of the binding activity must be greater than unity and the total ligand concentration should not exceed the binding capacity. These general conclusions can be further refined depending on the accuracy with which the values of the parameters involved are known. Due to its generality the results of the analysis are useful in all situations where it is desirable to know the magnitude of the free fraction of a bound chemical.", "PMID": 522520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1272", "title": "Inhibition of sulfation of phenols in vivo by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol: selectivity of its action in relation to other conjugations in the rat in vivo.", "content": "The effect of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, an inhibitor of the sulfation of the phenolic compound harmol in vivo, on the sulfation of other phenolic substances and on various conjugation reactions has been studied in the rat in vivo. Compounds chemically related to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol were also tested as sulfation inhibitors. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited the sulfation of phenol while it had no effect on biliary excretion of dibromosulphthalein, glucuronidation of phenolphthalein, acetylation of procainamide ethobromide or glutathione conjugation of ethacrynic acid. It is concluded that of these conjugation reactions sulfation is inhibited selectively at the dose level used. Some phenols with chloro- or nitro-substituents effectively inhibited the sulfation of harmol but to a lesser extent than 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol. Many other phenols did not affect the conjugation of harmol, which is both glucuronidated and sulfated.", "contents": "Inhibition of sulfation of phenols in vivo by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol: selectivity of its action in relation to other conjugations in the rat in vivo. The effect of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, an inhibitor of the sulfation of the phenolic compound harmol in vivo, on the sulfation of other phenolic substances and on various conjugation reactions has been studied in the rat in vivo. Compounds chemically related to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol were also tested as sulfation inhibitors. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited the sulfation of phenol while it had no effect on biliary excretion of dibromosulphthalein, glucuronidation of phenolphthalein, acetylation of procainamide ethobromide or glutathione conjugation of ethacrynic acid. It is concluded that of these conjugation reactions sulfation is inhibited selectively at the dose level used. Some phenols with chloro- or nitro-substituents effectively inhibited the sulfation of harmol but to a lesser extent than 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol. Many other phenols did not affect the conjugation of harmol, which is both glucuronidated and sulfated.", "PMID": 522521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1273", "title": "Properties of the dolichol phosphate: GDPmannose mannosyltransferase of liver microsomes.", "content": "The reaction of GDP[14C]-mannose with dolichol phosphate (Dol-P) in hepatic microsomes is characterized by an initial brief period of relatively rapid Dol-P-[14C]-mannose synthesis. The time course of this 1--3 min period of rapid synthesis follows approximate first order kinetics. However, the rate of reaction does not decrease to zero as predicted by the kinetics of the initial period of synthesis, but continues instead at a slow, steadily decreasing, rate. Examination of the time course of Dol-P-mannose synthesis for different concentrations of GDP[14C]-mannose revealed that the extrapolated final level of Dol-P-mannose synthesized is increased when the concentration of GDPmannose is raised. These data, plus those derived from studies of the reverse reaction, suggest that the non-linear time course for the synthesis of Dol-P-mannose is due in part to the reaction approaching equilibrium between the forward and reverse reactions. The effects of Mn++ on the time course of the forward and reverse reaction are complex and suggest that the Mn++ complexes of both GDPmannose and GDP are poorer substrates for the enzyme than the free nucleotides. Perturbations of the lipid environment of the microsomal membrane by treatment with phospholipase A, detergent, sonication, or alkaline pH lead to a decrease in the final level of Dol-P-mannose synthesized, but do not affect the time required for half maximal labeling. When the reverse reaction was investigated in phospholipase A-treated microsomes, the final extent of the reaction was also reduced. These data suggest that perturbation of the membrane lipid environment decreases in some undefined way the availability of Dol-P and Dol-P-mannose to enzyme.", "contents": "Properties of the dolichol phosphate: GDPmannose mannosyltransferase of liver microsomes. The reaction of GDP[14C]-mannose with dolichol phosphate (Dol-P) in hepatic microsomes is characterized by an initial brief period of relatively rapid Dol-P-[14C]-mannose synthesis. The time course of this 1--3 min period of rapid synthesis follows approximate first order kinetics. However, the rate of reaction does not decrease to zero as predicted by the kinetics of the initial period of synthesis, but continues instead at a slow, steadily decreasing, rate. Examination of the time course of Dol-P-mannose synthesis for different concentrations of GDP[14C]-mannose revealed that the extrapolated final level of Dol-P-mannose synthesized is increased when the concentration of GDPmannose is raised. These data, plus those derived from studies of the reverse reaction, suggest that the non-linear time course for the synthesis of Dol-P-mannose is due in part to the reaction approaching equilibrium between the forward and reverse reactions. The effects of Mn++ on the time course of the forward and reverse reaction are complex and suggest that the Mn++ complexes of both GDPmannose and GDP are poorer substrates for the enzyme than the free nucleotides. Perturbations of the lipid environment of the microsomal membrane by treatment with phospholipase A, detergent, sonication, or alkaline pH lead to a decrease in the final level of Dol-P-mannose synthesized, but do not affect the time required for half maximal labeling. When the reverse reaction was investigated in phospholipase A-treated microsomes, the final extent of the reaction was also reduced. These data suggest that perturbation of the membrane lipid environment decreases in some undefined way the availability of Dol-P and Dol-P-mannose to enzyme.", "PMID": 522522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1274", "title": "Observations on circulatory adjustment in newborn reindeer and elk.", "content": "Haemodynamics of two reindeer (18 h and 4 days old) and one elk (1 week old) calves were studied by catheterization and angiography. Early closure of foetal shunts, high cardiac output and large ejection fractions were observed in all three animals. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure decreased to the full-grown level during the first days of life in the reindeer. Electrocardiography showed cranial-orientated QRS vector in both species. The cardiovascular system of the Cervidae is well developed at birth and adapts rapidly during the neonatal period.", "contents": "Observations on circulatory adjustment in newborn reindeer and elk. Haemodynamics of two reindeer (18 h and 4 days old) and one elk (1 week old) calves were studied by catheterization and angiography. Early closure of foetal shunts, high cardiac output and large ejection fractions were observed in all three animals. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure decreased to the full-grown level during the first days of life in the reindeer. Electrocardiography showed cranial-orientated QRS vector in both species. The cardiovascular system of the Cervidae is well developed at birth and adapts rapidly during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 522523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1275", "title": "The effect of a six-day ski-hike on plasma catecholamine concentrations and on their response to submaximal exercise.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were studied in 29 participants of a six-day cross-country ski-hike (260 km) to elucidate the adaptive responses of the sympatho-adrenal system to prolonged heavy exercise. Immediately after skiing on the first skiing day plasma noradrenaline concentrations appeared to be over twice as high as in the morning. On the morning of the fourth day noradrenaline levels had increased significantly when compared to those of the first morning. Concentrations after skiing on the fourth day were, however, about the same as in the first evening. After a submaximal ergometer test performed immediately after the skiing concentrations were still raised and the relative enhancement by this short-term exercise was about the same magnitude (40--60 %) on every test day. On the sixth day noradrenaline concentrations were about the same level as on the fourth day. Eleven days after the hike the basal noradrenaline levels were still about 25 % higher than before it. The changes of plasma adrenaline concentrations were in the same direction although not as striking as those of noradrenaline. Dopamine alterations were negligible. A significant but reversible decrease in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities and cholesterol concentrations was found during the hike. The present results show that the sympatho-adrenal system is activated during the first few days of a ski-hike type prolonged exercise. A plateau developed in about four days. There were no signs of a decreased sympatho-adrenal response to a short-term heavy load.", "contents": "The effect of a six-day ski-hike on plasma catecholamine concentrations and on their response to submaximal exercise. Plasma catecholamine concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were studied in 29 participants of a six-day cross-country ski-hike (260 km) to elucidate the adaptive responses of the sympatho-adrenal system to prolonged heavy exercise. Immediately after skiing on the first skiing day plasma noradrenaline concentrations appeared to be over twice as high as in the morning. On the morning of the fourth day noradrenaline levels had increased significantly when compared to those of the first morning. Concentrations after skiing on the fourth day were, however, about the same as in the first evening. After a submaximal ergometer test performed immediately after the skiing concentrations were still raised and the relative enhancement by this short-term exercise was about the same magnitude (40--60 %) on every test day. On the sixth day noradrenaline concentrations were about the same level as on the fourth day. Eleven days after the hike the basal noradrenaline levels were still about 25 % higher than before it. The changes of plasma adrenaline concentrations were in the same direction although not as striking as those of noradrenaline. Dopamine alterations were negligible. A significant but reversible decrease in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities and cholesterol concentrations was found during the hike. The present results show that the sympatho-adrenal system is activated during the first few days of a ski-hike type prolonged exercise. A plateau developed in about four days. There were no signs of a decreased sympatho-adrenal response to a short-term heavy load.", "PMID": 522524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1276", "title": "[Nephrocalcinosis as a clinical syndrome. Study of 77 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-seven patients with nephrocalcinosis as revealed by X-ray studies over a 10-year period are reviewed. A programmed clinical and metabolic study was performed on each case; the author's criteria included the different pathogenic factors considered in the etiologic definition of the disease. There were 22 cases with primary hyperparathyroidism, 19 with spongy kidney, nine with tubulointerstitial nephropathy, five with hyperoxaluria, five with distal renal tubular acidosis, four with esential hypomagnesemia, and three cases of miscellaneous etiology (vitamin D intoxication, Fanconi's syndrome, Bartter's disease). Ten other cases were classified as idiopathic nephrocalcinosis since no definite cause could be found. The clinical characteristics (symptoms, associated diseases, diet and medication intake, family history) and the biochemical findings are analysed for each group. The physiopathologic mechanisms, comparisons between each etiologic group, treatment, clinical course, and prognosis are commented on. The conclusion drawn is that nephrocalcinosis is a clinical syndrome of various etiologies which in most cases arises from an underlying metabolic disease.", "contents": "[Nephrocalcinosis as a clinical syndrome. Study of 77 cases (author's transl)]. Seventy-seven patients with nephrocalcinosis as revealed by X-ray studies over a 10-year period are reviewed. A programmed clinical and metabolic study was performed on each case; the author's criteria included the different pathogenic factors considered in the etiologic definition of the disease. There were 22 cases with primary hyperparathyroidism, 19 with spongy kidney, nine with tubulointerstitial nephropathy, five with hyperoxaluria, five with distal renal tubular acidosis, four with esential hypomagnesemia, and three cases of miscellaneous etiology (vitamin D intoxication, Fanconi's syndrome, Bartter's disease). Ten other cases were classified as idiopathic nephrocalcinosis since no definite cause could be found. The clinical characteristics (symptoms, associated diseases, diet and medication intake, family history) and the biochemical findings are analysed for each group. The physiopathologic mechanisms, comparisons between each etiologic group, treatment, clinical course, and prognosis are commented on. The conclusion drawn is that nephrocalcinosis is a clinical syndrome of various etiologies which in most cases arises from an underlying metabolic disease.", "PMID": 522525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1277", "title": "[Macrocytosis in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study reported a group of 168 chronically alcoholic patients with a daily ingestion superior to 80 grams. Twenty of these patients (10 percent) did not have liver disease, and 148 (68.5 percent) had different forms of liver disease classified by histopathologic examination. Considering a 97 fi MCV as macrocytosis, we have found in the group of alcoholics without hepatopathy a 50 percent rate of macrocythemia with a mean value of 97.9 fl. In the group of chronic alcoholics with liver disease there was a 64.2 percent macrocytosis with a mean value of 100 fl. We have also studied 43 (21.5 percent) patients with cryptogenetic cirrhosis with a 32.6 percent macrocytosis and a mean value of 93.9 fl. With respect to the alcoholic hepatopathy subgroups, macrocytosis is more frequent in portal fibrosis and acute alcoholic hepatitis, the mean value being higher in the latter. We consider macrocytosis to be frequent among alcoholics, and a good persistence indicator of alcoholic ingestion, pathogenically linked to the now proven dyserythropoietic factor of the alcohol upon the bone marrow. There is no statistically significant correlation between anemia and reticulocytes. We consider macrocytosis to be a more precocious data, and believe that the positive correlation with certain intraerythrocitary enzymes in the juvenile population of red cells corroborates this fact. With respect to the rest of parameters studied there was a correlation with gammaglutamiltranspeptidase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, and the value of prothrombin. The values of mean macrocytosis and elevations of gammaglutamiltranspeptidase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase are good persistence indicators of alcoholic ingestion.", "contents": "[Macrocytosis in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)]. The present study reported a group of 168 chronically alcoholic patients with a daily ingestion superior to 80 grams. Twenty of these patients (10 percent) did not have liver disease, and 148 (68.5 percent) had different forms of liver disease classified by histopathologic examination. Considering a 97 fi MCV as macrocytosis, we have found in the group of alcoholics without hepatopathy a 50 percent rate of macrocythemia with a mean value of 97.9 fl. In the group of chronic alcoholics with liver disease there was a 64.2 percent macrocytosis with a mean value of 100 fl. We have also studied 43 (21.5 percent) patients with cryptogenetic cirrhosis with a 32.6 percent macrocytosis and a mean value of 93.9 fl. With respect to the alcoholic hepatopathy subgroups, macrocytosis is more frequent in portal fibrosis and acute alcoholic hepatitis, the mean value being higher in the latter. We consider macrocytosis to be frequent among alcoholics, and a good persistence indicator of alcoholic ingestion, pathogenically linked to the now proven dyserythropoietic factor of the alcohol upon the bone marrow. There is no statistically significant correlation between anemia and reticulocytes. We consider macrocytosis to be a more precocious data, and believe that the positive correlation with certain intraerythrocitary enzymes in the juvenile population of red cells corroborates this fact. With respect to the rest of parameters studied there was a correlation with gammaglutamiltranspeptidase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, and the value of prothrombin. The values of mean macrocytosis and elevations of gammaglutamiltranspeptidase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase are good persistence indicators of alcoholic ingestion.", "PMID": 522526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1278", "title": "[Polycystic kidneys in adults. A clinical study of 106 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 106 cases of polycystic kidneys in adults is presented. The main clinical, exploratory and therapeutic data are analyzed. The average age of the patients at the time of the first clinical manifestation was 35 years; average age at the time of diagnosis was 43 years. The most common forms of presentation included renal colics, blood hypertension, noncolic lumbar pain, macroscopic hematuria, and polydipsia-polyuria. The most frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain of any type (73 patients), polydipsia-polyuria (66 patients), blood hypertension (61 patients), macroscopic hematuria (47 cases), episodes of urinary infection (41 cases), and passing of calculi (22 cases). Seventy-eight subjects had arterial high blood pressure; it was easily controlled in all except 14 cases. Proteinuria was slight in all except two cases. Values for hematocrit and hemoglobin remained high in relation to the degree of renal insufficiency. The mean value of hematocrit in patients with creatinine clearance below 10 ml/min was 30 percent. Renal function decreased gradually, from normal to a clearance of less than 10 ml/min over a period of 12 years on the average. Diagnosis was based mainly on abdominal physical examination and intravenous urography; 89 patients had palpable abdominal masses. Urography revealed typical images of polycystic kidney in every case. The following associated conditions were also discovered: liver cysts (17 cases among 57 liver scanning; bilateral ovarian cysts in one case; Cacci-Ricci's disease in one case; and cerebral arterial aneurysms in another patient. Treatment was conservative with the aim to control arterial blood pressure and urinary infection. Twenty-nine patients required saline replacement; peritoneal dialysis was practiced in two cases and permanent hemodialysis was prescribed for 15 individuals.", "contents": "[Polycystic kidneys in adults. A clinical study of 106 cases (author's transl)]. A series of 106 cases of polycystic kidneys in adults is presented. The main clinical, exploratory and therapeutic data are analyzed. The average age of the patients at the time of the first clinical manifestation was 35 years; average age at the time of diagnosis was 43 years. The most common forms of presentation included renal colics, blood hypertension, noncolic lumbar pain, macroscopic hematuria, and polydipsia-polyuria. The most frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain of any type (73 patients), polydipsia-polyuria (66 patients), blood hypertension (61 patients), macroscopic hematuria (47 cases), episodes of urinary infection (41 cases), and passing of calculi (22 cases). Seventy-eight subjects had arterial high blood pressure; it was easily controlled in all except 14 cases. Proteinuria was slight in all except two cases. Values for hematocrit and hemoglobin remained high in relation to the degree of renal insufficiency. The mean value of hematocrit in patients with creatinine clearance below 10 ml/min was 30 percent. Renal function decreased gradually, from normal to a clearance of less than 10 ml/min over a period of 12 years on the average. Diagnosis was based mainly on abdominal physical examination and intravenous urography; 89 patients had palpable abdominal masses. Urography revealed typical images of polycystic kidney in every case. The following associated conditions were also discovered: liver cysts (17 cases among 57 liver scanning; bilateral ovarian cysts in one case; Cacci-Ricci's disease in one case; and cerebral arterial aneurysms in another patient. Treatment was conservative with the aim to control arterial blood pressure and urinary infection. Twenty-nine patients required saline replacement; peritoneal dialysis was practiced in two cases and permanent hemodialysis was prescribed for 15 individuals.", "PMID": 522527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1279", "title": "[Acute abdomen in the elderly: etiology, complications, and prognosis. A review of 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred cases of acute abdomen in patients over 70 years of age were studied. Mechanical occlusion was the most common cause among these patients, as opposed to acute appendicitis, which is the primary cause of the same condition among young people and adults. Irreducible hernias and visceral neoplasias were the most frequent etiologies among cases of mechanical occlusion. Cholecystitis took second place in our series. Visceral peforations were more often due to localized infections or visceral neoplasias than to gastric or duodenal ulcers. Overall mortality among these patients was 29 percent. Patients with visceral perforations due to localized infections or visceral neoplasias and all of the patients with vascular diseases had a negative prognosis.", "contents": "[Acute abdomen in the elderly: etiology, complications, and prognosis. A review of 100 cases (author's transl)]. One hundred cases of acute abdomen in patients over 70 years of age were studied. Mechanical occlusion was the most common cause among these patients, as opposed to acute appendicitis, which is the primary cause of the same condition among young people and adults. Irreducible hernias and visceral neoplasias were the most frequent etiologies among cases of mechanical occlusion. Cholecystitis took second place in our series. Visceral peforations were more often due to localized infections or visceral neoplasias than to gastric or duodenal ulcers. Overall mortality among these patients was 29 percent. Patients with visceral perforations due to localized infections or visceral neoplasias and all of the patients with vascular diseases had a negative prognosis.", "PMID": 522528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1280", "title": "[Diuretic evaluation of bumetanide (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous administration of 2 mg bumetanide produces a sudden rise in diuresis in a state of hydropenia as well as in a state of previous aqueous diuresis. This rise, which is not accompanied by changes in the glomerular filtrate and renal plasma flow, seems to be due to a decrease in the reabsorption of chloride and sodium in the Henle's loop and probably to a decrease in the absorption of fluid in the proximal tubule, as is apparently indicated by the fractional excretion of water and sodium and the clearance of phosphorus and uric acid.", "contents": "[Diuretic evaluation of bumetanide (author's transl)]. The intravenous administration of 2 mg bumetanide produces a sudden rise in diuresis in a state of hydropenia as well as in a state of previous aqueous diuresis. This rise, which is not accompanied by changes in the glomerular filtrate and renal plasma flow, seems to be due to a decrease in the reabsorption of chloride and sodium in the Henle's loop and probably to a decrease in the absorption of fluid in the proximal tubule, as is apparently indicated by the fractional excretion of water and sodium and the clearance of phosphorus and uric acid.", "PMID": 522529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1281", "title": "[Giant cells in the glomerulus and renal amyloid. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary amyloidosis in which multinucleated giant cells occurred in relation to amyloid deposits in the renal-glomerulus and in multiple other organs is reported. The ubiquity of multinucleated giant cells distinguishes the present case from those previously described in the literature. It is felt that the finding of multinucleated giant cells next to amyloid deposits in the walls of blood vessels and interstitium of several organs adds support to the theory that these cells function as macrophages. It is also suggested that in cases of amyloidosis with severe renal involvement, emergence of giant cells might be promoted by chronic dialysis.", "contents": "[Giant cells in the glomerulus and renal amyloid. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of primary amyloidosis in which multinucleated giant cells occurred in relation to amyloid deposits in the renal-glomerulus and in multiple other organs is reported. The ubiquity of multinucleated giant cells distinguishes the present case from those previously described in the literature. It is felt that the finding of multinucleated giant cells next to amyloid deposits in the walls of blood vessels and interstitium of several organs adds support to the theory that these cells function as macrophages. It is also suggested that in cases of amyloidosis with severe renal involvement, emergence of giant cells might be promoted by chronic dialysis.", "PMID": 522530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1282", "title": "[Unstable diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "Unstable diabetes is characterized by the appearance of irregular and unpredictable variations of the glycemia; because of this it is very difficult to achieve an acceptable metabolic control. There are different criteria (continuous monitorization, M value, MDDG, AMEG, etc.) for the evaluation of the degree of instability. Unstable diabetes may be transitory (generally related to exogenous factors or erroneous management) or permanent. The Somogyi effect must always be taken into account in unstable diabetes. The two most important pathogenic factors could be the absence of the pancreatic insulin reserve and the presence of small quantity of anti-insulin antibodies of high affinity. Other factors such as glucagon, growth hormone, catecholamines, etc. seem to play a secondary role. At the moment the treatment of unstable diabetes is not very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Unstable diabetes (author's transl)]. Unstable diabetes is characterized by the appearance of irregular and unpredictable variations of the glycemia; because of this it is very difficult to achieve an acceptable metabolic control. There are different criteria (continuous monitorization, M value, MDDG, AMEG, etc.) for the evaluation of the degree of instability. Unstable diabetes may be transitory (generally related to exogenous factors or erroneous management) or permanent. The Somogyi effect must always be taken into account in unstable diabetes. The two most important pathogenic factors could be the absence of the pancreatic insulin reserve and the presence of small quantity of anti-insulin antibodies of high affinity. Other factors such as glucagon, growth hormone, catecholamines, etc. seem to play a secondary role. At the moment the treatment of unstable diabetes is not very satisfactory.", "PMID": 522531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1283", "title": "[Basalioma of the face: problems of treatment and rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors communicate the results of their experiences with 96 basaliomes. 62.5% of patients were men. The mean age was 62 +/- 1.38 years. Basaliomes were most frequent on certain sections of the face: 49 were situated in the ear region, 19 in the eye region and 24 on the nose. We observed only one basliome on the upper lip, and five others in the temporal and occipital region. 26 out of 96 patients were already treated outside, some of them even several times, before coming for our treatment. Our best results were obtained by surgical operation and this for of the following reasons: 1. Results are as good as with other methods. 2. Better cosmetic results were obtained by methods of plastic surgery. 3. Costs are reduced because of short treatment. Therefore most basaliomes were operated (77 = 80.2%). In 17 cases combination with radiotherapy was necessary because of the importance of the tumor. Two patients were only radiated because they refused surgical treatment. We observed relapse in 11 cases, 4 of them were reoperated, 6 were reoperated and radiated and one of them was only radiated. So we obtained on overall cure-rate of 98.9%. Because of high frequency of basaliomes on nose, ears and eyes certain surgical procedures related by us showed good results and didn't need hospitalisation of the patients. We recommend to hospitalise patients with angular basaliomes of the eye always, because they often have a deep extension, and the defects created by operations are difficult to be treated by plastic surgery. We think that our methods of therapy could be taken as an example.", "contents": "[Basalioma of the face: problems of treatment and rehabilitation (author's transl)]. The authors communicate the results of their experiences with 96 basaliomes. 62.5% of patients were men. The mean age was 62 +/- 1.38 years. Basaliomes were most frequent on certain sections of the face: 49 were situated in the ear region, 19 in the eye region and 24 on the nose. We observed only one basliome on the upper lip, and five others in the temporal and occipital region. 26 out of 96 patients were already treated outside, some of them even several times, before coming for our treatment. Our best results were obtained by surgical operation and this for of the following reasons: 1. Results are as good as with other methods. 2. Better cosmetic results were obtained by methods of plastic surgery. 3. Costs are reduced because of short treatment. Therefore most basaliomes were operated (77 = 80.2%). In 17 cases combination with radiotherapy was necessary because of the importance of the tumor. Two patients were only radiated because they refused surgical treatment. We observed relapse in 11 cases, 4 of them were reoperated, 6 were reoperated and radiated and one of them was only radiated. So we obtained on overall cure-rate of 98.9%. Because of high frequency of basaliomes on nose, ears and eyes certain surgical procedures related by us showed good results and didn't need hospitalisation of the patients. We recommend to hospitalise patients with angular basaliomes of the eye always, because they often have a deep extension, and the defects created by operations are difficult to be treated by plastic surgery. We think that our methods of therapy could be taken as an example.", "PMID": 522576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1284", "title": "[Carcinoma of the hypopharynx as late sequel to x-ray exposure (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of x-ray induced carcinomas of the hypopharynx after radiation treatment of a struma some decades ago are described. Therefore widespread application of x-ray radiation in the treatment of benign tumours should be avoided. On account of a serious local damage of the skin in both patients the administration of an immoderate dosage must be supposed. This observation seems to be especially remarkable because these patients have been irradiated in the forties which is much earlier than other x-ray induced carcinomas reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the hypopharynx as late sequel to x-ray exposure (author's transl)]. Two cases of x-ray induced carcinomas of the hypopharynx after radiation treatment of a struma some decades ago are described. Therefore widespread application of x-ray radiation in the treatment of benign tumours should be avoided. On account of a serious local damage of the skin in both patients the administration of an immoderate dosage must be supposed. This observation seems to be especially remarkable because these patients have been irradiated in the forties which is much earlier than other x-ray induced carcinomas reported in the literature.", "PMID": 522577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1285", "title": "[Indication and treatment results in elective neck dissection (author's transl)].", "content": "Only in about 17 per cent of 129 patients was elective radical neck dissection (RND) carried out in a seven-year-period from 1970 to 1976. In spite of clinical negative lymphatic-nodes-palpation-findings there were 10 observations of histological sured metastases from 22 patients. There occurred especially often tonsil-lateral larynx-entry-and tongue carcinoma of tumour stage T3 as primary localisation. Because of the high seize-rates in the resection-preparations we recommend inclusion of operation in so-called tumour findings more than before in treatment plan.", "contents": "[Indication and treatment results in elective neck dissection (author's transl)]. Only in about 17 per cent of 129 patients was elective radical neck dissection (RND) carried out in a seven-year-period from 1970 to 1976. In spite of clinical negative lymphatic-nodes-palpation-findings there were 10 observations of histological sured metastases from 22 patients. There occurred especially often tonsil-lateral larynx-entry-and tongue carcinoma of tumour stage T3 as primary localisation. Because of the high seize-rates in the resection-preparations we recommend inclusion of operation in so-called tumour findings more than before in treatment plan.", "PMID": 522578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1286", "title": "[The reconstruction of the hypopharynx and the cervical esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 16 reconstructions of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus were performed. The restoration of swallowing was achieved in 7 cases after partial resection of the pharynx, 9 times after total laryngo-pharyngectomy and twice after laryngo-pharyngo-esophagectomy. The indication for surgery and criteria for the surgical methods to be applied are discussed. It is possible to combine the reconstruction of the pharynx with building up a neoglottis with Staffieri's technique for restoring voice function. As a one stage procedure to the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus after total laryngo-pharyngectomy the methods of Lor\u00e9 as well as the reconstructive techniques using regional flapes are useful. The larynx-hypopharynx-esophagusresection of Ong and Lee (1960) whould be prefered if the rumour involves the orifice of the esophagus, because an extensive submucosal growth of the carcinoma is to be expected. A two stage procedure is preferred when recurrences of cancer especially after x-ray therapy have to be treated, or a bilateral radical neck-dissection has to be done. This concept offers smaller risks and is finally also faster. A method is demonstrated using a bridge flap for the protection of the carotid artery and the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the pharynx using a deltopectoral flap for rebuilding the lateral and the anterior walls of the pharynx.", "contents": "[The reconstruction of the hypopharynx and the cervical esophagus (author's transl)]. Since 1973 16 reconstructions of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus were performed. The restoration of swallowing was achieved in 7 cases after partial resection of the pharynx, 9 times after total laryngo-pharyngectomy and twice after laryngo-pharyngo-esophagectomy. The indication for surgery and criteria for the surgical methods to be applied are discussed. It is possible to combine the reconstruction of the pharynx with building up a neoglottis with Staffieri's technique for restoring voice function. As a one stage procedure to the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus after total laryngo-pharyngectomy the methods of Lor\u00e9 as well as the reconstructive techniques using regional flapes are useful. The larynx-hypopharynx-esophagusresection of Ong and Lee (1960) whould be prefered if the rumour involves the orifice of the esophagus, because an extensive submucosal growth of the carcinoma is to be expected. A two stage procedure is preferred when recurrences of cancer especially after x-ray therapy have to be treated, or a bilateral radical neck-dissection has to be done. This concept offers smaller risks and is finally also faster. A method is demonstrated using a bridge flap for the protection of the carotid artery and the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the pharynx using a deltopectoral flap for rebuilding the lateral and the anterior walls of the pharynx.", "PMID": 522579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1287", "title": "[Primary functional reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors tell of their experience with the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer. They feel that especially in older patients with bad general condition the simplest surgical methods of reconstruction are the best.", "contents": "[Primary functional reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer (author's transl)]. The authors tell of their experience with the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer. They feel that especially in older patients with bad general condition the simplest surgical methods of reconstruction are the best.", "PMID": 522580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1288", "title": "[Immediate reconstruction of the fractured anterior wall of the frontal sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 83 cases of frontal sinus wall fractures. All cases including those with cerebrospinal liquorrhea, early meningitis and brain tissue prolaps were operated on as early as possible, and the anterior wall of the frontal sinus reconstructed immediately by means of multiple wire osteosyntheses. The follow up shows that even very small bone fragments are built in again, and no resorption ensues. X-rays and bone-scintigramms show that these membranously preformed bone fragments reunite well and consequently underly other healing conditions than chondrally ossified bones. Until now, no endocranial complications at all have appeared. The procedure although primarily timeconsuming, has proven to be superior to the Riedel obliteration method with following plastic restoration of the profile as regards the cosmetic results and the length of treatment.", "contents": "[Immediate reconstruction of the fractured anterior wall of the frontal sinus (author's transl)]. Report on 83 cases of frontal sinus wall fractures. All cases including those with cerebrospinal liquorrhea, early meningitis and brain tissue prolaps were operated on as early as possible, and the anterior wall of the frontal sinus reconstructed immediately by means of multiple wire osteosyntheses. The follow up shows that even very small bone fragments are built in again, and no resorption ensues. X-rays and bone-scintigramms show that these membranously preformed bone fragments reunite well and consequently underly other healing conditions than chondrally ossified bones. Until now, no endocranial complications at all have appeared. The procedure although primarily timeconsuming, has proven to be superior to the Riedel obliteration method with following plastic restoration of the profile as regards the cosmetic results and the length of treatment.", "PMID": 522581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1289", "title": "[The effect of sympathectomy on the cochlear oxygen pressure (pO2) under conditions of haemorrhagic hypotension (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen partial pressure was measured in the endolymph area of the cat cochlea under conditions of hemorrhagic hypotension. The experiments took place after unilateral upper cervical sympathectomy and under control conditions. The pO2-measurements were carried out with the aid of polarographic micro-coaxial needle electrodes according to Baumg\u00e4rtl and L\u00fcbbers (1, 2, 3). In animals which had not been sympathectomized, the cochlear pO2 decreased continuously parallely to blood pressure, with the beginning of bleeding. After sympathectomy pO2-decrease in cochlea only occurred at substantially lower aortal blood pressure. This allows the following conclusions: 1. Under conditions of hemorrhagic shock the blood flow of the inner ear is not as much included in central circulation as brain and heart. 2. The blood pressure dependence of the inner ear blood flow depends on the sympathetic innervation, it can practically be abolished up to a blood pressure of 65 mm Hg by denervation. 3. It is being discussed, which therapeutic consequences can be drawn from the evident influence of the sympathetic innervation on the inner ear blood flow.", "contents": "[The effect of sympathectomy on the cochlear oxygen pressure (pO2) under conditions of haemorrhagic hypotension (author's transl)]. Oxygen partial pressure was measured in the endolymph area of the cat cochlea under conditions of hemorrhagic hypotension. The experiments took place after unilateral upper cervical sympathectomy and under control conditions. The pO2-measurements were carried out with the aid of polarographic micro-coaxial needle electrodes according to Baumg\u00e4rtl and L\u00fcbbers (1, 2, 3). In animals which had not been sympathectomized, the cochlear pO2 decreased continuously parallely to blood pressure, with the beginning of bleeding. After sympathectomy pO2-decrease in cochlea only occurred at substantially lower aortal blood pressure. This allows the following conclusions: 1. Under conditions of hemorrhagic shock the blood flow of the inner ear is not as much included in central circulation as brain and heart. 2. The blood pressure dependence of the inner ear blood flow depends on the sympathetic innervation, it can practically be abolished up to a blood pressure of 65 mm Hg by denervation. 3. It is being discussed, which therapeutic consequences can be drawn from the evident influence of the sympathetic innervation on the inner ear blood flow.", "PMID": 522582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1290", "title": "[Paraganglioma of the nodose ganglion of the n. vagus].", "content": "A case of a 47-years-old female patient treated for a vagal body tumor is presented. The origin, clinical appearance and special diagnostic and therapeutic problems created by this rare tumor are discussed.", "contents": "[Paraganglioma of the nodose ganglion of the n. vagus]. A case of a 47-years-old female patient treated for a vagal body tumor is presented. The origin, clinical appearance and special diagnostic and therapeutic problems created by this rare tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 522583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1291", "title": "[Atresia of the larynx, a rare cause of postnatal respiratory distress (author's transl)].", "content": "An infraglottic atresia of the larynx with normally developed vocal cords necessitated postnatally an emergency tracheotomy after intubation attempts had failed. Laryngeal atresia is a very rare malformation. As in our example, it is in most cases accompanied by a tracheo-hypopharyngeal fistula which has to be interpreted ontogenetically. The survival chances of the newborn with this malformation are generally very poor.", "contents": "[Atresia of the larynx, a rare cause of postnatal respiratory distress (author's transl)]. An infraglottic atresia of the larynx with normally developed vocal cords necessitated postnatally an emergency tracheotomy after intubation attempts had failed. Laryngeal atresia is a very rare malformation. As in our example, it is in most cases accompanied by a tracheo-hypopharyngeal fistula which has to be interpreted ontogenetically. The survival chances of the newborn with this malformation are generally very poor.", "PMID": 522586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1292", "title": "[Direct laryngoscopy under difficult conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The direct view into the glottis can be difficult due to long teeth in the upper jaw or abnormities of the neck vertebrae. It is recommended in these cases to use either a mediastinoscope with a lateral slot or the McIntosh laryngoscope, which is commonly used for intubation. The latter can be attached to the chest stay of the normal laryngoscope by using a special joint. The tip of the McIntosh laryngoscope is inserted into the valleculae instead of loading up the epiglottis as is done with the normal laryngoscope. Recommended aids for ciopsy or polypectomy are the 30 degrees-optical system of bronchoscopy or the gastroscope, each with its forceps.", "contents": "[Direct laryngoscopy under difficult conditions (author's transl)]. The direct view into the glottis can be difficult due to long teeth in the upper jaw or abnormities of the neck vertebrae. It is recommended in these cases to use either a mediastinoscope with a lateral slot or the McIntosh laryngoscope, which is commonly used for intubation. The latter can be attached to the chest stay of the normal laryngoscope by using a special joint. The tip of the McIntosh laryngoscope is inserted into the valleculae instead of loading up the epiglottis as is done with the normal laryngoscope. Recommended aids for ciopsy or polypectomy are the 30 degrees-optical system of bronchoscopy or the gastroscope, each with its forceps.", "PMID": 522587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1293", "title": "[Papillomas of the mucous membranes of the larynx and pharynx. Relations between enzyme histochemistry and histological classification (author's transl)].", "content": "If there is a histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and lactat dehydrogenase with cryostat-microtom-sections of 30 papillomas of the mucous membran of larynx, pharynx and cavum oris you often can find strong activities in tissue with frequent atypical epithelial cells. Intensive appearances after reactions of NADH-tetrazolium-reduktase are correlated with strong hyperplasies and proliferations of the epithelial tissue. Cell groups in the stroma, which are immuncompetantly are showing an moderate activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase and NADH-tetrazoliumreduktase.", "contents": "[Papillomas of the mucous membranes of the larynx and pharynx. Relations between enzyme histochemistry and histological classification (author's transl)]. If there is a histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and lactat dehydrogenase with cryostat-microtom-sections of 30 papillomas of the mucous membran of larynx, pharynx and cavum oris you often can find strong activities in tissue with frequent atypical epithelial cells. Intensive appearances after reactions of NADH-tetrazolium-reduktase are correlated with strong hyperplasies and proliferations of the epithelial tissue. Cell groups in the stroma, which are immuncompetantly are showing an moderate activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase and NADH-tetrazoliumreduktase.", "PMID": 522588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1294", "title": "[The value of exfoliative cytology in the larynx as a screening procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "The examination of 258 patients shows that exfoliative cytology in the larynx has no validity as a screening procedure. Cytology must be considered inferior to histologic examination by the high percentage of false negative results in laryngeal malignancies.", "contents": "[The value of exfoliative cytology in the larynx as a screening procedure (author's transl)]. The examination of 258 patients shows that exfoliative cytology in the larynx has no validity as a screening procedure. Cytology must be considered inferior to histologic examination by the high percentage of false negative results in laryngeal malignancies.", "PMID": 522589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1295", "title": "[Amylase activity, protein concentration and flow rate of unstimulated human parotid saliva (author's transl)].", "content": "Unstimulated parotid saliva was collected of 90 persons without diseases of the salivary glands. Amylase activity, flow rate and protein concentration were determined in the 90 saliva samples. Saliva was collected under standardized conditions by means of a catheter introduced into the secretory duct. Amylase activity as well as flow rate and protein concentration are log-normally distributed in both unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva. The donors' age had an influence on flow rates but not on amylase activity or protein concentration. The values obtained in the described manner of \"healthy\" persons (with respect to salivary glands) will be used as controls in clinical studies with persons suffering inflammatory and noninflammatory salivary gland diseases.", "contents": "[Amylase activity, protein concentration and flow rate of unstimulated human parotid saliva (author's transl)]. Unstimulated parotid saliva was collected of 90 persons without diseases of the salivary glands. Amylase activity, flow rate and protein concentration were determined in the 90 saliva samples. Saliva was collected under standardized conditions by means of a catheter introduced into the secretory duct. Amylase activity as well as flow rate and protein concentration are log-normally distributed in both unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva. The donors' age had an influence on flow rates but not on amylase activity or protein concentration. The values obtained in the described manner of \"healthy\" persons (with respect to salivary glands) will be used as controls in clinical studies with persons suffering inflammatory and noninflammatory salivary gland diseases.", "PMID": 522590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1296", "title": "[The influence of menstruation cycle on human parotid saliva composition (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of different sexual hormone levels during menstrual cycle on the composition of human parotid saliva was investigated. During mid-cycle there were significantly enhanced concentrations of ionized calcium, total calcium, inorganic phosphate and sodium in parotid saliva. The changes in chloride concentrations were parallel to that of sodium and the excretion of postassium was inverse to that of sodium. The maximal out-put of total protein and alpha-amylase was found during midcycle and menstruation.", "contents": "[The influence of menstruation cycle on human parotid saliva composition (author's transl)]. The influence of different sexual hormone levels during menstrual cycle on the composition of human parotid saliva was investigated. During mid-cycle there were significantly enhanced concentrations of ionized calcium, total calcium, inorganic phosphate and sodium in parotid saliva. The changes in chloride concentrations were parallel to that of sodium and the excretion of postassium was inverse to that of sodium. The maximal out-put of total protein and alpha-amylase was found during midcycle and menstruation.", "PMID": 522591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1297", "title": "[Changes of tube ventilation after nasal septal reconstruction and turbinotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of endonasal operations on tube dysfunction was examined. Because of rhinomanometric proved reduced ventilation a nasal septal reconstruction, in some patients combined with turbinotomy, was performed. Before the operation and then up to two years after the operation tube function was registrated using tube manometry. Compared with the praeoperative results 12 patients out of 37 showed an improvement in tube function. After the operation 7 out of 28 patients were able to provide active equalization of a negative pressure in the middle ear and thus required the ability for physiological middle ear ventilation. In some cases the optimal tube manometric results were achieved not before the end of the observation period of two years. This investigation leads to the conclusion that in cases of reduced ventilation a nasal septum reconstruction should precede a tympanoplasty in order to improve tube function. An improvement of tube function only by permanent ventilation over a period of 2 years can not be obtained, as could be proved by statistic analysis.", "contents": "[Changes of tube ventilation after nasal septal reconstruction and turbinotomy (author's transl)]. The influence of endonasal operations on tube dysfunction was examined. Because of rhinomanometric proved reduced ventilation a nasal septal reconstruction, in some patients combined with turbinotomy, was performed. Before the operation and then up to two years after the operation tube function was registrated using tube manometry. Compared with the praeoperative results 12 patients out of 37 showed an improvement in tube function. After the operation 7 out of 28 patients were able to provide active equalization of a negative pressure in the middle ear and thus required the ability for physiological middle ear ventilation. In some cases the optimal tube manometric results were achieved not before the end of the observation period of two years. This investigation leads to the conclusion that in cases of reduced ventilation a nasal septum reconstruction should precede a tympanoplasty in order to improve tube function. An improvement of tube function only by permanent ventilation over a period of 2 years can not be obtained, as could be proved by statistic analysis.", "PMID": 522592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1298", "title": "[Local pO2 measurements in the cochlear perilymph of guinea pigs in oxygen and oxygen/carbon dioxide breathing (author's transl)].", "content": "After breathing a mix of 10% CO2 and 90% O2 or hyperbaric O2 (2 bar absolute) an appreciable rise of pO2 can be demonstrated by D.C. polarography in the scala tympani of the guinea pig chochlea. When test animals are made to breathe 100% pure O2 at normal pressure the rise of pO2 is significantly less pronounced. The observations made in these animal experiments suggest that the inhalation of CO2O2 currently constitutes the only valid inhalation treatment in acute inner ear deafness. Further compression of hyperbaric O2 is associated with a clear-cut rise of pO2. It should, however, be remembered that hyperbaric oxygen may produce toxic effects in various body tissues.", "contents": "[Local pO2 measurements in the cochlear perilymph of guinea pigs in oxygen and oxygen/carbon dioxide breathing (author's transl)]. After breathing a mix of 10% CO2 and 90% O2 or hyperbaric O2 (2 bar absolute) an appreciable rise of pO2 can be demonstrated by D.C. polarography in the scala tympani of the guinea pig chochlea. When test animals are made to breathe 100% pure O2 at normal pressure the rise of pO2 is significantly less pronounced. The observations made in these animal experiments suggest that the inhalation of CO2O2 currently constitutes the only valid inhalation treatment in acute inner ear deafness. Further compression of hyperbaric O2 is associated with a clear-cut rise of pO2. It should, however, be remembered that hyperbaric oxygen may produce toxic effects in various body tissues.", "PMID": 522593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1299", "title": "[Wilson's liver disease in children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatic symptoms are usually the first in Wilson's disease of children and adolescents, while neurologic symptoms and the corneal ring are still missing. Liver lesions due to copper accumulation may develop throughout years without clinical symptoms or biochemical abnormalities. Hemolytic jaundice or gastrointestinal bleeding are the presenting symptoms in some cases. In spite of being a rare syndrom Wilson's disease ought to be considered after hepatitis B or autoimmune liver disease have been excluded as causes of juvenile cirrhosis of the liver. If life-long treatment with D-penicillamin is started in an early stage of Wilson's disease, prognosis is rather good.", "contents": "[Wilson's liver disease in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. Hepatic symptoms are usually the first in Wilson's disease of children and adolescents, while neurologic symptoms and the corneal ring are still missing. Liver lesions due to copper accumulation may develop throughout years without clinical symptoms or biochemical abnormalities. Hemolytic jaundice or gastrointestinal bleeding are the presenting symptoms in some cases. In spite of being a rare syndrom Wilson's disease ought to be considered after hepatitis B or autoimmune liver disease have been excluded as causes of juvenile cirrhosis of the liver. If life-long treatment with D-penicillamin is started in an early stage of Wilson's disease, prognosis is rather good.", "PMID": 522594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1300", "title": "[Arteriohepatic dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports of 55 patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia are evaluated (51 cases reported in the literature, 4 own cases). The main features of this syndrome are dysmorphous facial structure, peripheral pulmonic stenoses, intrahepatic cholestasis, and growth retardation secondary to the liver impairment. In addition, the patients may exhibit vertebral anomalies, retarded mental and sexual development, ocular and renal anomalies. The syndrome probably is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and expressivity. Therapeutically cholestyramine in high dosage, phenobarbital and fat-soluble vitamins may be tried.", "contents": "[Arteriohepatic dysplasia (author's transl)]. Case reports of 55 patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia are evaluated (51 cases reported in the literature, 4 own cases). The main features of this syndrome are dysmorphous facial structure, peripheral pulmonic stenoses, intrahepatic cholestasis, and growth retardation secondary to the liver impairment. In addition, the patients may exhibit vertebral anomalies, retarded mental and sexual development, ocular and renal anomalies. The syndrome probably is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and expressivity. Therapeutically cholestyramine in high dosage, phenobarbital and fat-soluble vitamins may be tried.", "PMID": 522596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1301", "title": "[Needle biopsy in childhood and infancy hepatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences are reported gained from 764 liver biopsies in children ad infants. Indications and contraindications are the same as in adults. The normal liver of infants and young children exhibits some particular differences as compared to the adult liver. Formation of giant cells is a striking pathological finding in various early childhood liver diseases. Needle biopsy is imperative in children with longstanding jaundice when it has to be decided, if surgery is to be done or not. Histology yielded the decisive diagnostic information in 80% of the cases in our hands. Needle biopsy may yield important or decisive information in the other liver diseases of childhood as well.", "contents": "[Needle biopsy in childhood and infancy hepatic disease (author's transl)]. Experiences are reported gained from 764 liver biopsies in children ad infants. Indications and contraindications are the same as in adults. The normal liver of infants and young children exhibits some particular differences as compared to the adult liver. Formation of giant cells is a striking pathological finding in various early childhood liver diseases. Needle biopsy is imperative in children with longstanding jaundice when it has to be decided, if surgery is to be done or not. Histology yielded the decisive diagnostic information in 80% of the cases in our hands. Needle biopsy may yield important or decisive information in the other liver diseases of childhood as well.", "PMID": 522597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1302", "title": "Reduced heart rate response to exercise in ischemic heart disease: the fallacy of the target heart rate in exercise testing.", "content": "When exercise testing 159 patients with prior myocardial infarction, we identified 39 who were limited by fatigue. This group was all in sinus rhythm; none were taking drugs likely to impair the chronotropic response of the heart; none experienced chest pain or developed ischemic ECG changes. In 18 of this group, maximal heart rate achieved with exercise was 2SD or more below the age predicted value, and their heart rate response to exercise was reduced compared to that of the other 21 whose maximal exercise heart rates were within 2SD of age predicted values. A subgroup of 8 subjects with reduced exercise heart rates was studied before and after vagal blockade. In the 4 subjects whose infarction was inferior, the reduction in heart rate response was more profound and persisted after vagal blockade, suggesting either reduced pacemaker responsivness, due to ischemia or infarction, or autonomic imbalance as possible mechanisms. All 8 showed alinear increases in ventilation at higher power outputs and mean blood lactate postexercise was 7.5 mM/I without vagal blockade. Our findings suggest that a reduced heart rate response to exercise, already shown to imply added coronary risk, may be subdivided aetiologically and possibly prognostically. The use of a \"Target Heart Rate\" in such patients offers no safety margin, and maximal exercise capacity will be grossly over-estimated if extrapolated from the submaximal heart rate response. A cardiovascular limitation to exercise may be detected by an alinear increase in ventilation.", "contents": "Reduced heart rate response to exercise in ischemic heart disease: the fallacy of the target heart rate in exercise testing. When exercise testing 159 patients with prior myocardial infarction, we identified 39 who were limited by fatigue. This group was all in sinus rhythm; none were taking drugs likely to impair the chronotropic response of the heart; none experienced chest pain or developed ischemic ECG changes. In 18 of this group, maximal heart rate achieved with exercise was 2SD or more below the age predicted value, and their heart rate response to exercise was reduced compared to that of the other 21 whose maximal exercise heart rates were within 2SD of age predicted values. A subgroup of 8 subjects with reduced exercise heart rates was studied before and after vagal blockade. In the 4 subjects whose infarction was inferior, the reduction in heart rate response was more profound and persisted after vagal blockade, suggesting either reduced pacemaker responsivness, due to ischemia or infarction, or autonomic imbalance as possible mechanisms. All 8 showed alinear increases in ventilation at higher power outputs and mean blood lactate postexercise was 7.5 mM/I without vagal blockade. Our findings suggest that a reduced heart rate response to exercise, already shown to imply added coronary risk, may be subdivided aetiologically and possibly prognostically. The use of a \"Target Heart Rate\" in such patients offers no safety margin, and maximal exercise capacity will be grossly over-estimated if extrapolated from the submaximal heart rate response. A cardiovascular limitation to exercise may be detected by an alinear increase in ventilation.", "PMID": 522631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1303", "title": "Cardiac output during rest and exercise in desert heat.", "content": "Cardiac output and stroke volume were measured in two environments and at metabolic rates ranging from rest to the maximum rate that could be sustained for 25 minutes. One environment was indoors at about 23 degrees C, the other outdoors in desert sunshine and low water vapor pressure. The age range of the one female and four of the male subjects was from 19 to 40; the fifth male subject was 85 years old. Cardiac output was the same in the two environments; stroke volume was less at higher metabolic rates in the heat. The cardiac output for the old man was about one-tenth less and stroke volume about 20 ml less than that observed for the same work 50 years earlier.", "contents": "Cardiac output during rest and exercise in desert heat. Cardiac output and stroke volume were measured in two environments and at metabolic rates ranging from rest to the maximum rate that could be sustained for 25 minutes. One environment was indoors at about 23 degrees C, the other outdoors in desert sunshine and low water vapor pressure. The age range of the one female and four of the male subjects was from 19 to 40; the fifth male subject was 85 years old. Cardiac output was the same in the two environments; stroke volume was less at higher metabolic rates in the heat. The cardiac output for the old man was about one-tenth less and stroke volume about 20 ml less than that observed for the same work 50 years earlier.", "PMID": 522632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1304", "title": "Cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from a marathon run.", "content": "Seven male runners (21--42 years) were examined before and after the 1976 Boston Marathon to provide data concerning the cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from the performance. Treadmill runs, 30 min in duration, were administered 1 week prior to the marathon and 2--3, 6--7 and 13--15 days following. Treadmill speed was held constant and based on each runner's planned race pace. Maximal performance data were collected 1 week before and 2 weeks after the race. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (4 thirty min run data collection periods and 3 exercise time points--5, 15 and 30 min) and \"t\" tests. Treatment effects were not observed for either HR or VE, however, perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly elevated 2--3 and 6--7 days post-marathon and VO2 was significantly lower at 13--15 days. HR and RPE showed significant time effects indicating a non-steady state response. None of the maximal test variables were significantly displaced. All variables were returned to pre-marathon levels by 13--15 days except VO2 which was lower. Aerobic capacity was not a limiting factor in the recovery from a marathon run. Muscle soreness and stiffness seem to be related to the increased perceptual ratings following a marathon run.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from a marathon run. Seven male runners (21--42 years) were examined before and after the 1976 Boston Marathon to provide data concerning the cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from the performance. Treadmill runs, 30 min in duration, were administered 1 week prior to the marathon and 2--3, 6--7 and 13--15 days following. Treadmill speed was held constant and based on each runner's planned race pace. Maximal performance data were collected 1 week before and 2 weeks after the race. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (4 thirty min run data collection periods and 3 exercise time points--5, 15 and 30 min) and \"t\" tests. Treatment effects were not observed for either HR or VE, however, perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly elevated 2--3 and 6--7 days post-marathon and VO2 was significantly lower at 13--15 days. HR and RPE showed significant time effects indicating a non-steady state response. None of the maximal test variables were significantly displaced. All variables were returned to pre-marathon levels by 13--15 days except VO2 which was lower. Aerobic capacity was not a limiting factor in the recovery from a marathon run. Muscle soreness and stiffness seem to be related to the increased perceptual ratings following a marathon run.", "PMID": 522633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1305", "title": "Alterations in pulmonary function consequent to competitive marathon running.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the significant reductions in vital capacity after marathon racing originally reported over 50 years ago. Spirometric, maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV), DLCO and residual volume (RV) measurements were made on 13 runners (11 males and 2 females) 1--2 weeks prior to the marathon, immediately after finishing the race, and again the next day. An average 0.48 L (8.6%) reduction in post-race forced vital capacity (FVC) was accompanied by an equivalent increase in RV. Thus, total lung capacity did not change, and the reduction in FVC was a result of an expiratory rather than an inspiratory limitation. Post-race FEV1 and FEF200-1200 remained unchanged while FEV1-2, FEF1 and FEF2 were reduced 19.7, 26.7 and 23.3%, respectively. Mean DLCO was unchanged. Pulmonary function on the following day was similar to that observed on the control day. These data indicated that after the race, expiratory flow was unaffected at high lung volumes, but was decreased at low lung volumes (within the effort-independent portion of the MEFV curve). The results are compatible with small airway closure occurring at an increased lung volume, which would result in a decreased FVC and an increased RV.", "contents": "Alterations in pulmonary function consequent to competitive marathon running. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the significant reductions in vital capacity after marathon racing originally reported over 50 years ago. Spirometric, maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV), DLCO and residual volume (RV) measurements were made on 13 runners (11 males and 2 females) 1--2 weeks prior to the marathon, immediately after finishing the race, and again the next day. An average 0.48 L (8.6%) reduction in post-race forced vital capacity (FVC) was accompanied by an equivalent increase in RV. Thus, total lung capacity did not change, and the reduction in FVC was a result of an expiratory rather than an inspiratory limitation. Post-race FEV1 and FEF200-1200 remained unchanged while FEV1-2, FEF1 and FEF2 were reduced 19.7, 26.7 and 23.3%, respectively. Mean DLCO was unchanged. Pulmonary function on the following day was similar to that observed on the control day. These data indicated that after the race, expiratory flow was unaffected at high lung volumes, but was decreased at low lung volumes (within the effort-independent portion of the MEFV curve). The results are compatible with small airway closure occurring at an increased lung volume, which would result in a decreased FVC and an increased RV.", "PMID": 522634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1306", "title": "Medical aspects of power generation, present and future.", "content": "It can be seen that the radiation emissions of nuclear power plants are small indeed, compared to natural background radiation and other man-made sources of radiation. For example, the poulation is exposed to 100 times more radiation from television sets than from nuclear power reactors. The assumed risks to the people in this country from nuclear power reactors are also small compared to the normal risks which are tolerated in this society. The complete elimination of all hazards is a most difficult if not impossible task. If we need and desire a certain level of electrical energy, if we must choose between alternative sourves of the energy, then it is apparent that the total impact on our health from nuclear power generation of electricity, under normal operations and in consideration of catastrophic accident probabilities, is significantly less than that of continuing or increasing use of fossil fuels to generate electricity.", "contents": "Medical aspects of power generation, present and future. It can be seen that the radiation emissions of nuclear power plants are small indeed, compared to natural background radiation and other man-made sources of radiation. For example, the poulation is exposed to 100 times more radiation from television sets than from nuclear power reactors. The assumed risks to the people in this country from nuclear power reactors are also small compared to the normal risks which are tolerated in this society. The complete elimination of all hazards is a most difficult if not impossible task. If we need and desire a certain level of electrical energy, if we must choose between alternative sourves of the energy, then it is apparent that the total impact on our health from nuclear power generation of electricity, under normal operations and in consideration of catastrophic accident probabilities, is significantly less than that of continuing or increasing use of fossil fuels to generate electricity.", "PMID": 522630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1307", "title": "Physiological characteristics of trained Australian paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects.", "content": "Sixteen male Australian paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects competing at the 1977 FESPIC games underwent a physiological assessment. The assessment included a neurological examination, anthropometry, spirometry, maximum oxygen consumption using a wheelchair and motor driven treadmill and a 5 minute post exercise blood lactate. Eight subjects had won gold medals at international competitions for the disabled, and, at the time of testing, two of the subjects were world record holders in track and field events. Spirometry was consistent with other reported values with FVC and FEV1.0 being 4.94 and 4.25 l respectively. The cardiorespiratory data revealed a mean VO2max 2.04+/-0.64 l min-1, and 33.0+/-9.4 ml kg-1 min-1; VE STPD, 60.75+/-22.64 l min-1; maximum heart rate 179+/-20 b min-1 and post exercise lactate 11.73+/-1.94 mM. It was concluded that many physiological variables measured on the Australian subjects at rest and during maximum work were comparable to other trained disabled athletes.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of trained Australian paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects. Sixteen male Australian paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects competing at the 1977 FESPIC games underwent a physiological assessment. The assessment included a neurological examination, anthropometry, spirometry, maximum oxygen consumption using a wheelchair and motor driven treadmill and a 5 minute post exercise blood lactate. Eight subjects had won gold medals at international competitions for the disabled, and, at the time of testing, two of the subjects were world record holders in track and field events. Spirometry was consistent with other reported values with FVC and FEV1.0 being 4.94 and 4.25 l respectively. The cardiorespiratory data revealed a mean VO2max 2.04+/-0.64 l min-1, and 33.0+/-9.4 ml kg-1 min-1; VE STPD, 60.75+/-22.64 l min-1; maximum heart rate 179+/-20 b min-1 and post exercise lactate 11.73+/-1.94 mM. It was concluded that many physiological variables measured on the Australian subjects at rest and during maximum work were comparable to other trained disabled athletes.", "PMID": 522635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1308", "title": "Muscle fiber composition and performance capacities of women.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the fast-twitch (FT) fiber composition in muscle was a) correlated with performance capacities, b) related to the trainability of the subjects, and c) whether the FT fiber composition could be predicted with standard laboratory tests. From twenty-four young women (ages 24.3 +/- 3.0 yrs) muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of both the left and right legs. In addition, each subject completed four laboratory tests: i) a maximal oxygen intake test on the cycle ergometer, ii) a high-kp power test, iii) a low-kp power test, and iv) a Sargent jump. Prior to training the correlations between %FT fibers and each of the tests (r equal to or less than 0.19) were not significant (P less than 0.05). After training anaerobically (N = 20) significant improvements (P less than 0.05) occurred in a) the high-kp test (delta = + 0.12 +/- 0.02 kpm/sec.kg) b) the low-kp test (delta = + 0.10 +/- 0.01 kpm/sec.kg) and c) the Sargent jump (delta = + 2.5 +/- 1.1 cm). However, these training-induced changes (delta) were not correlated with %FT fiber composition (r equal to or less than 0.35), nor were the post-training performances on the tests correlated with the %FT fibers (r equal to or less than 0.12). Performance capacities before and after training were not significantly different in groups with a low %FT fiber composition (35.8 +/- 1.6%) or a high %FT fiber composition (63.6 +/- 2.2%). None of the performance tests either singly, or in combination in a multiple regression equation, provided a suitable prediction of the FT muscle fiber composition. The results of this study indicate that athletic performances and/or susceptibility for training cannot be determined a priori from simple measurements of muscle fiber composition.", "contents": "Muscle fiber composition and performance capacities of women. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the fast-twitch (FT) fiber composition in muscle was a) correlated with performance capacities, b) related to the trainability of the subjects, and c) whether the FT fiber composition could be predicted with standard laboratory tests. From twenty-four young women (ages 24.3 +/- 3.0 yrs) muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of both the left and right legs. In addition, each subject completed four laboratory tests: i) a maximal oxygen intake test on the cycle ergometer, ii) a high-kp power test, iii) a low-kp power test, and iv) a Sargent jump. Prior to training the correlations between %FT fibers and each of the tests (r equal to or less than 0.19) were not significant (P less than 0.05). After training anaerobically (N = 20) significant improvements (P less than 0.05) occurred in a) the high-kp test (delta = + 0.12 +/- 0.02 kpm/sec.kg) b) the low-kp test (delta = + 0.10 +/- 0.01 kpm/sec.kg) and c) the Sargent jump (delta = + 2.5 +/- 1.1 cm). However, these training-induced changes (delta) were not correlated with %FT fiber composition (r equal to or less than 0.35), nor were the post-training performances on the tests correlated with the %FT fibers (r equal to or less than 0.12). Performance capacities before and after training were not significantly different in groups with a low %FT fiber composition (35.8 +/- 1.6%) or a high %FT fiber composition (63.6 +/- 2.2%). None of the performance tests either singly, or in combination in a multiple regression equation, provided a suitable prediction of the FT muscle fiber composition. The results of this study indicate that athletic performances and/or susceptibility for training cannot be determined a priori from simple measurements of muscle fiber composition.", "PMID": 522636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1309", "title": "The effect of beta-blockade in ski-jumpers.", "content": "Nine ski-jumpers from the Finnish Olympic team were given 40 mg of oxprenolol or placebo on a cross-over double-blind basis when participating in four internal competitions. Six ski-jumpers improved their performances when on oxprenolol. The improvement was mainly seen in the lengthening of the jumps. The tachycardia, apparently evoked by the emotional and physical strain associated with the actual jump, approached rather extreme levels (up to 170 beats/min) immediately after landing. The enhancement in the heart rate was effectively prevented by a gentle beta-blockade. The most common unwanted effect recorded was numbness in the legs after climbing up to the tower platform, reported 9 times out of 18 possible occasions after oxprenolol but never after placebo. The fact that three of the jumpers (out of 9) performed worse when on oxprenolol makes the toxic/benefit ratio (1:2) unacceptably high for the medication.", "contents": "The effect of beta-blockade in ski-jumpers. Nine ski-jumpers from the Finnish Olympic team were given 40 mg of oxprenolol or placebo on a cross-over double-blind basis when participating in four internal competitions. Six ski-jumpers improved their performances when on oxprenolol. The improvement was mainly seen in the lengthening of the jumps. The tachycardia, apparently evoked by the emotional and physical strain associated with the actual jump, approached rather extreme levels (up to 170 beats/min) immediately after landing. The enhancement in the heart rate was effectively prevented by a gentle beta-blockade. The most common unwanted effect recorded was numbness in the legs after climbing up to the tower platform, reported 9 times out of 18 possible occasions after oxprenolol but never after placebo. The fact that three of the jumpers (out of 9) performed worse when on oxprenolol makes the toxic/benefit ratio (1:2) unacceptably high for the medication.", "PMID": 522637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1310", "title": "The energy cost of cross-country skiing among elite competitors.", "content": "The energy costs of skiing with the diagonal stride technique was investigated in 15 members of the men's and women's national cross-country ski teams and in 5 recreational skiers. Oxygen uptake was measured directly by means of a portable bag-method for each subject during level skiing at 3 different skiing speeds. The oxygen cost of double poling vs. diagonal stride techniques was also measured in 3 subjects during level skiing. Although a strong linear relationship was found between VO2 and speed of skiing (r = 0.868, p less than 0.001), there was considerable variation even among elite competitors. The VO2-skiing speed relationship was parallel to that obtained for running, but the O2 cost of skiing was found to be 10--12 ml/kg in excess of that predicted for level running at the same speed. On flat terrain, the O2 cost of the double poling technique as used in fast skiing was found to be higher than that for diagonal striding.", "contents": "The energy cost of cross-country skiing among elite competitors. The energy costs of skiing with the diagonal stride technique was investigated in 15 members of the men's and women's national cross-country ski teams and in 5 recreational skiers. Oxygen uptake was measured directly by means of a portable bag-method for each subject during level skiing at 3 different skiing speeds. The oxygen cost of double poling vs. diagonal stride techniques was also measured in 3 subjects during level skiing. Although a strong linear relationship was found between VO2 and speed of skiing (r = 0.868, p less than 0.001), there was considerable variation even among elite competitors. The VO2-skiing speed relationship was parallel to that obtained for running, but the O2 cost of skiing was found to be 10--12 ml/kg in excess of that predicted for level running at the same speed. On flat terrain, the O2 cost of the double poling technique as used in fast skiing was found to be higher than that for diagonal striding.", "PMID": 522638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1311", "title": "Basketball: the mechanics of hanging in the air.", "content": "A theoretical technique to permit basketball players to \"hang in the air\" prior to the release of a shot is presented. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine whether skilled players used such a technique when delaying the release of their shot and (b) to determine whether such players could be readily taught to \"hang in the air\" using this technique. Six current members of the Iowa basketball team were filmed, executing jump-shots. During each trial the players \"faked\" or \"pumped\" to delay the release of the shot. Qualitative analysis of the film revealed that none of the players demonstrated the coordinated limb movement involved in the theoretical technique. Prior to a second filming session, two former Iowa varsity players practiced a predetermined sequence of body movements. Each player performed eight trials and the results were analyzed quantitatively. The vertical displacements and the vertical velocities of the center of gravity, vertex of the head and mid-point of the hips were plotted against time. Results clearly indicated that the players were able to maintain the same vertical position of the head and hips (and thus, the trunk) for about 0.2 sec at or near the peak of the jump. It was concluded that a skilled player could be taught, in a relatively short period of time, to \"hang in the air\" using the techniques presented.", "contents": "Basketball: the mechanics of hanging in the air. A theoretical technique to permit basketball players to \"hang in the air\" prior to the release of a shot is presented. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine whether skilled players used such a technique when delaying the release of their shot and (b) to determine whether such players could be readily taught to \"hang in the air\" using this technique. Six current members of the Iowa basketball team were filmed, executing jump-shots. During each trial the players \"faked\" or \"pumped\" to delay the release of the shot. Qualitative analysis of the film revealed that none of the players demonstrated the coordinated limb movement involved in the theoretical technique. Prior to a second filming session, two former Iowa varsity players practiced a predetermined sequence of body movements. Each player performed eight trials and the results were analyzed quantitatively. The vertical displacements and the vertical velocities of the center of gravity, vertex of the head and mid-point of the hips were plotted against time. Results clearly indicated that the players were able to maintain the same vertical position of the head and hips (and thus, the trunk) for about 0.2 sec at or near the peak of the jump. It was concluded that a skilled player could be taught, in a relatively short period of time, to \"hang in the air\" using the techniques presented.", "PMID": 522639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1312", "title": "Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming.", "content": "Competitive swimmers were asked to swim at a constant velocity (v) for short distances. They wore a collar to which was attached a fine non-elastic steel wire. The wire passed over two wheels of a device attached to one end of the pool. One wheel generated an impulse for every cm of forward movement and another wheel produced an electrical signal which was directly proportional to V. Measurements of distance and time were begun at definable points in the stroke cycle and were discontinued at the end of a predetermined number of strokes. In all of the four competitive strokes, front and back crawl, butterfly, and breaststroke, the V increased as a result of increasing the stroke rate (S) and decreasing the distance per stroke (d/s). In the front crawl, the male and female swimmers who achieved the fastest V had the longest d/S at slow S. The faster male swimmers also had greater percent decrease of the d/S at their maximal V than did the less skilled persons. The back crawl was similar to the front crawl except that maximal S and V were less. Increases of V of the butterfly were related almost entirely to increases in S. Except at the highest V, d/S was decreased somewhat. In the breaststroke increased V was also associated with increasing S, but the d/S decreased much more than in the other stroke styles. Fluctuations of velocity during the stroke cycle were least in the front and back crawl (+/- 15--20%) and greatest in the butterfly and breaststroke (+ 45--50%). The results were compared to the S observed and the values for V and d/S calculated for a large group of swimmers competing in the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials. The implications of the findings for coaching swimmers are discussed.", "contents": "Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Competitive swimmers were asked to swim at a constant velocity (v) for short distances. They wore a collar to which was attached a fine non-elastic steel wire. The wire passed over two wheels of a device attached to one end of the pool. One wheel generated an impulse for every cm of forward movement and another wheel produced an electrical signal which was directly proportional to V. Measurements of distance and time were begun at definable points in the stroke cycle and were discontinued at the end of a predetermined number of strokes. In all of the four competitive strokes, front and back crawl, butterfly, and breaststroke, the V increased as a result of increasing the stroke rate (S) and decreasing the distance per stroke (d/s). In the front crawl, the male and female swimmers who achieved the fastest V had the longest d/S at slow S. The faster male swimmers also had greater percent decrease of the d/S at their maximal V than did the less skilled persons. The back crawl was similar to the front crawl except that maximal S and V were less. Increases of V of the butterfly were related almost entirely to increases in S. Except at the highest V, d/S was decreased somewhat. In the breaststroke increased V was also associated with increasing S, but the d/S decreased much more than in the other stroke styles. Fluctuations of velocity during the stroke cycle were least in the front and back crawl (+/- 15--20%) and greatest in the butterfly and breaststroke (+ 45--50%). The results were compared to the S observed and the values for V and d/S calculated for a large group of swimmers competing in the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials. The implications of the findings for coaching swimmers are discussed.", "PMID": 522640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1313", "title": "Performance evaluation of Olympic weightlifters.", "content": "The comparison of weights lifted by athletes in different bodyweight categories is a continuing problem for the sport of olympic weightlifting. An objective mechanical evaluation procedure was developed using basic ideas from a model proposed by Ranta in 1975. This procedure was based on more realistic assumptions than the original model and considered both vertical and horizontal bar movements. Utilization of data obtained from film of national caliber lifters indicated that the proposed method was workable, and that the evaluative indices ranked lifters in reasonable order relative to other comparative techniques.", "contents": "Performance evaluation of Olympic weightlifters. The comparison of weights lifted by athletes in different bodyweight categories is a continuing problem for the sport of olympic weightlifting. An objective mechanical evaluation procedure was developed using basic ideas from a model proposed by Ranta in 1975. This procedure was based on more realistic assumptions than the original model and considered both vertical and horizontal bar movements. Utilization of data obtained from film of national caliber lifters indicated that the proposed method was workable, and that the evaluative indices ranked lifters in reasonable order relative to other comparative techniques.", "PMID": 522641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1314", "title": "A mathematical model of hiking positions in a sailing dinghy.", "content": "A mathematical model of the human body designed to calculate the resultant muscle torques required at the hip and knee joints for specific hiking techniques is presented. Data for the model were obtained from ten male subjects who adopted three basic positions: Position 1 with the knees located at the inside edge of the sidedeck, Position 2 with the knees at the middle of the sidedeck, and Position 3 with the knees at the outside edge of the sidedeck. Each resultant muscle torque was expressed as a percentage of each subject's maximum voluntary hip flexion or knee extension torque. It was found that where Positions 1 and 2 were equally effective in keeping the boat upright, Position 2 was superior to Position 1 in regard to the per cent of maximum muscle torque required. The superiority of Position 2 over Position 3 depended on the individual's relative muscle strength at the hip and knee joints. The stronger the hip flexors with respect to the knee estensors, the more desirable was Position 2 and vice versa.", "contents": "A mathematical model of hiking positions in a sailing dinghy. A mathematical model of the human body designed to calculate the resultant muscle torques required at the hip and knee joints for specific hiking techniques is presented. Data for the model were obtained from ten male subjects who adopted three basic positions: Position 1 with the knees located at the inside edge of the sidedeck, Position 2 with the knees at the middle of the sidedeck, and Position 3 with the knees at the outside edge of the sidedeck. Each resultant muscle torque was expressed as a percentage of each subject's maximum voluntary hip flexion or knee extension torque. It was found that where Positions 1 and 2 were equally effective in keeping the boat upright, Position 2 was superior to Position 1 in regard to the per cent of maximum muscle torque required. The superiority of Position 2 over Position 3 depended on the individual's relative muscle strength at the hip and knee joints. The stronger the hip flexors with respect to the knee estensors, the more desirable was Position 2 and vice versa.", "PMID": 522642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1315", "title": "Effects of selected test variables on the evaluation of football helmet performance.", "content": "The most important variables in helmet test methods (headform, impact surface, velocity) were studied by systematically changing the test variables and measuring the effect of these changes on the output responses (peak acceleration and severity index) of helmeted headforms. The degree of correlation between variables was also measured. The metal headform yielded consistently higher results than the humanoid headform but the differences between the two were much greater during impacts at the back site. Also, correlation between humanoid and metal headforms was significantly higher for top impacts than for rear impacts. These discrepancies between top and rear impacts were attributed to difficulties in the neck mounting system with the humanoid headform which causes inordinate bending during impacts. The soft impact surface yielded lower responses than the hard surface for both headforms, correlations between soft and hard surfaces were high in all cases. A small change in impact velocity (4.5 to 5 m/sec) resulted in a substantially higher output response. Correlation between velocities were much lower for the back impact site than the top.", "contents": "Effects of selected test variables on the evaluation of football helmet performance. The most important variables in helmet test methods (headform, impact surface, velocity) were studied by systematically changing the test variables and measuring the effect of these changes on the output responses (peak acceleration and severity index) of helmeted headforms. The degree of correlation between variables was also measured. The metal headform yielded consistently higher results than the humanoid headform but the differences between the two were much greater during impacts at the back site. Also, correlation between humanoid and metal headforms was significantly higher for top impacts than for rear impacts. These discrepancies between top and rear impacts were attributed to difficulties in the neck mounting system with the humanoid headform which causes inordinate bending during impacts. The soft impact surface yielded lower responses than the hard surface for both headforms, correlations between soft and hard surfaces were high in all cases. A small change in impact velocity (4.5 to 5 m/sec) resulted in a substantially higher output response. Correlation between velocities were much lower for the back impact site than the top.", "PMID": 522643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1316", "title": "Growth hormone response to continuous and intermittent exercise.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that human growth hormone (hGH) secretion during exercise is related to anaerobic metabolism, and therefore blood lactic acid (LA). Ten males (20 to 30 years) were observed during 40 min of continuous cycle ergometer exercise (CE, 45% of the minimum load which elicited VO2max), and during 20 bouts of intermittent exercise (IE, 1 min on/off at 2x the CE work rate). Continuous and intermittent exercises were used as these are known to result in different LA responses. Resting hGH was 1 to 2 ng/ml. After a lag period, hGH was significantly elevated by 15 min of exercise and thereafter rose continuously in both IE and CE. During IE hGH tended to be higher (12.1 +/- 1.4) than during CE (9.7 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, X +/- SEM), but the difference was not significant. In both exercise conditions free fatty acids demonstrated an initial fall and then a continuous secondary rise with higher peak values during CE (0.52 +/- .06) THAN DURING IE (0.39 +/- .05 mEq/l). Pyruvate (PY) and lactate rose initially during CE, but then declined before reaching steady levels. During IE, LA and PY increased continuously reaching values 3x greater than during CE. Alanine rose progressively during CE and IE, but was significantly higher during IE (442.2 +/- 29.3 vs. 367.9 +/- 30.9 muM). Glucose also tended to be higher during IE (4.67 +/- 0.32) than during CE (4.25 +/- 0.28 mM). Considering CE and IE either together or separately, no physiologically significant correlation was found between hGH and metabolite concentrations, rectal T, or O2 deficit. The results are interpreted to mean that hGH response to work is not directly related to \"anaerobiosis\".", "contents": "Growth hormone response to continuous and intermittent exercise. We tested the hypothesis that human growth hormone (hGH) secretion during exercise is related to anaerobic metabolism, and therefore blood lactic acid (LA). Ten males (20 to 30 years) were observed during 40 min of continuous cycle ergometer exercise (CE, 45% of the minimum load which elicited VO2max), and during 20 bouts of intermittent exercise (IE, 1 min on/off at 2x the CE work rate). Continuous and intermittent exercises were used as these are known to result in different LA responses. Resting hGH was 1 to 2 ng/ml. After a lag period, hGH was significantly elevated by 15 min of exercise and thereafter rose continuously in both IE and CE. During IE hGH tended to be higher (12.1 +/- 1.4) than during CE (9.7 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, X +/- SEM), but the difference was not significant. In both exercise conditions free fatty acids demonstrated an initial fall and then a continuous secondary rise with higher peak values during CE (0.52 +/- .06) THAN DURING IE (0.39 +/- .05 mEq/l). Pyruvate (PY) and lactate rose initially during CE, but then declined before reaching steady levels. During IE, LA and PY increased continuously reaching values 3x greater than during CE. Alanine rose progressively during CE and IE, but was significantly higher during IE (442.2 +/- 29.3 vs. 367.9 +/- 30.9 muM). Glucose also tended to be higher during IE (4.67 +/- 0.32) than during CE (4.25 +/- 0.28 mM). Considering CE and IE either together or separately, no physiologically significant correlation was found between hGH and metabolite concentrations, rectal T, or O2 deficit. The results are interpreted to mean that hGH response to work is not directly related to \"anaerobiosis\".", "PMID": 522644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1317", "title": "\"Crash induction\" in patients with full stomach.", "content": "The rationale of \"crash induction\" in patients with full stomach is reviewed. The technique does not precipitate regurgitation in normal patients having competent cardia, provided respiratory obstruction and IPPV are avoided during induction. On the other hand, in patients with incompetent cardia such as intestinal obstruction or hiatus hernia, excessive material may accumulate in the lower oesophagus. The accumulation will be suddenly released with the cricopharyngeal relaxation subsequent to \"crash induction\". The stomach and oesophagus should be adequately decompressed pre-operatively, and precautionary measures such as backward cricoid pressure must be taken during induction.", "contents": "\"Crash induction\" in patients with full stomach. The rationale of \"crash induction\" in patients with full stomach is reviewed. The technique does not precipitate regurgitation in normal patients having competent cardia, provided respiratory obstruction and IPPV are avoided during induction. On the other hand, in patients with incompetent cardia such as intestinal obstruction or hiatus hernia, excessive material may accumulate in the lower oesophagus. The accumulation will be suddenly released with the cricopharyngeal relaxation subsequent to \"crash induction\". The stomach and oesophagus should be adequately decompressed pre-operatively, and precautionary measures such as backward cricoid pressure must be taken during induction.", "PMID": 522672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1318", "title": "Aspects of differential role perception of Israeli medical school students.", "content": "Attitudes of first year Israeli Medical School students are investigated using the Semantic Differential technique to differentiate their perceptions of the roles of doctor, patient and the mentally ill. Students also selected from among thirty-four behavioural traits those roles considered most characteristic of doctor and/or patient. A high degree of certainty and of role stereotyping is found of doctor image. This may be associated with past experiences as child-patient, with idealizations and identifications and with future aspirations. There is less consensus with the role of patient but there are clear attitudinal boundaries among students between roles. The doctor is perceived as an idealized, if authoritarian, person meeting with a rather negatively but more flexibly perceived person of the patient. Behavioural traits selected by the students are consonant with this finding. The results are discussed in the context of identification patterns and the educational process.", "contents": "Aspects of differential role perception of Israeli medical school students. Attitudes of first year Israeli Medical School students are investigated using the Semantic Differential technique to differentiate their perceptions of the roles of doctor, patient and the mentally ill. Students also selected from among thirty-four behavioural traits those roles considered most characteristic of doctor and/or patient. A high degree of certainty and of role stereotyping is found of doctor image. This may be associated with past experiences as child-patient, with idealizations and identifications and with future aspirations. There is less consensus with the role of patient but there are clear attitudinal boundaries among students between roles. The doctor is perceived as an idealized, if authoritarian, person meeting with a rather negatively but more flexibly perceived person of the patient. Behavioural traits selected by the students are consonant with this finding. The results are discussed in the context of identification patterns and the educational process.", "PMID": 522683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1319", "title": "Medical education: a student perspective.", "content": "Discussions with a sample of final year students generated a questionnaire designed to elicit a phenomenological account of their experiences at medical school. Sources of dissatisfaction and stress were identified and the students also offered recommendations for improving the system.", "contents": "Medical education: a student perspective. Discussions with a sample of final year students generated a questionnaire designed to elicit a phenomenological account of their experiences at medical school. Sources of dissatisfaction and stress were identified and the students also offered recommendations for improving the system.", "PMID": 522684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1320", "title": "A pilot experiment on the inter-examiner reliability of short essay questions.", "content": "Although long essay questions have been shown generally to have a low inter-examiner reliability, they are still much used in undergraduate medical examinations, evidently because examiners feel that essays have greater inherent validity than some of the modern 'objective' techniques such as multiple choice questions (MCQs). Evidence exists in the literature to suggest that the reliability of short (c. 10 minutes) essay questions may be higher. A pilot experiment is reported in which students answered six questions requiring a short essay or extended notes (10 minutes per question): these 'SEQs' were each marked by two examiners. With the exception of one question, agreement between examiners was good. The implications of the experiment are considered to be: (a) that SEQs may well have a useful role in a broadly-based examination system; (b) there is a need for more experimentation with this type of question, which can arguably have greater validity than the (highly reliable) MCQ; and (c) that dual marking of all essay scripts is most desirable.", "contents": "A pilot experiment on the inter-examiner reliability of short essay questions. Although long essay questions have been shown generally to have a low inter-examiner reliability, they are still much used in undergraduate medical examinations, evidently because examiners feel that essays have greater inherent validity than some of the modern 'objective' techniques such as multiple choice questions (MCQs). Evidence exists in the literature to suggest that the reliability of short (c. 10 minutes) essay questions may be higher. A pilot experiment is reported in which students answered six questions requiring a short essay or extended notes (10 minutes per question): these 'SEQs' were each marked by two examiners. With the exception of one question, agreement between examiners was good. The implications of the experiment are considered to be: (a) that SEQs may well have a useful role in a broadly-based examination system; (b) there is a need for more experimentation with this type of question, which can arguably have greater validity than the (highly reliable) MCQ; and (c) that dual marking of all essay scripts is most desirable.", "PMID": 522685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1321", "title": "Communication skills and undergraduate medical education.", "content": "This paper reports some aspects of teaching communication skills based on experience with over 100 pre-clinical students in each of two years. Students interviewed patients selected by general practitioner tutors from their practices and 214 interviews, recorded on videotape, were subsequently analysed. Without having been given detailed instruction, approximately two-thirds of each class of second year students (mean age 19 1/2 years) sustained a consultation for 5 minutes or more. Over one half of the students elicited the salient features of the patients' problems within this short time. Anxiety exhibited by the majority of students could be seen to influence the interviews in several ways. These manifestations and the ways in which the interview was affected are briefly described. When some of the patients were subsequently interviewed by postgraduate trainees in general practice, the consultations differed in a number of respects. These differences are described, and the possible significance of the observations is discussed in relation to medical education.", "contents": "Communication skills and undergraduate medical education. This paper reports some aspects of teaching communication skills based on experience with over 100 pre-clinical students in each of two years. Students interviewed patients selected by general practitioner tutors from their practices and 214 interviews, recorded on videotape, were subsequently analysed. Without having been given detailed instruction, approximately two-thirds of each class of second year students (mean age 19 1/2 years) sustained a consultation for 5 minutes or more. Over one half of the students elicited the salient features of the patients' problems within this short time. Anxiety exhibited by the majority of students could be seen to influence the interviews in several ways. These manifestations and the ways in which the interview was affected are briefly described. When some of the patients were subsequently interviewed by postgraduate trainees in general practice, the consultations differed in a number of respects. These differences are described, and the possible significance of the observations is discussed in relation to medical education.", "PMID": 522686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1322", "title": "Interviewing skill: the effects of ultra-brief training for general practitioners. A preliminary report.", "content": "Concepts of interviewing skill and of appropriate training and evaluation are briefly reviewed. It is hypothesized that if goals and skills relevant to a specific clinical interview can be identified and modelled in advance then even very brief training can improve outcome. An experiment is described in which three randomly selected general practitioners conducted, separately, test interviews with the same role played 'patient'. These interviews were repeated after a 'goal focusing' exercise and again after a modelling and instruction exercise. All interviews were telerecorded and subsequently blindly rated for impact on the 'patient'. The results suggest powerful training effects. The drawbacks of the study, such as lack of controls, are discussed. The similarity of evaluation raters who were 'behaviour' orientated and those who were 'psycho-dynamics' orientated is noted and it is suggested that agreed concepts of effective interviewing may be within reach.", "contents": "Interviewing skill: the effects of ultra-brief training for general practitioners. A preliminary report. Concepts of interviewing skill and of appropriate training and evaluation are briefly reviewed. It is hypothesized that if goals and skills relevant to a specific clinical interview can be identified and modelled in advance then even very brief training can improve outcome. An experiment is described in which three randomly selected general practitioners conducted, separately, test interviews with the same role played 'patient'. These interviews were repeated after a 'goal focusing' exercise and again after a modelling and instruction exercise. All interviews were telerecorded and subsequently blindly rated for impact on the 'patient'. The results suggest powerful training effects. The drawbacks of the study, such as lack of controls, are discussed. The similarity of evaluation raters who were 'behaviour' orientated and those who were 'psycho-dynamics' orientated is noted and it is suggested that agreed concepts of effective interviewing may be within reach.", "PMID": 522687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1323", "title": "Use of recording booklets to evaluate teaching in general practice.", "content": "Recording booklets have been introduced for students during their course of general practice teaching at the University of Glasgow. The booklets guide the students with patients in the community who have chronic and complicated diseases. Each case history in the booklet was marked and this provided an evaluation of the teaching. This showed an improvement in the students' overall ability but was most marked in the areas of social history and problem list, thus fulfilling the aims of the teaching.", "contents": "Use of recording booklets to evaluate teaching in general practice. Recording booklets have been introduced for students during their course of general practice teaching at the University of Glasgow. The booklets guide the students with patients in the community who have chronic and complicated diseases. Each case history in the booklet was marked and this provided an evaluation of the teaching. This showed an improvement in the students' overall ability but was most marked in the areas of social history and problem list, thus fulfilling the aims of the teaching.", "PMID": 522688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1324", "title": "A new undergraduate teaching course in geriatric medicine.", "content": "The construction of a new teaching course in geriatric medicine is described. Course objectives are established, and teaching arrangements designed to meet these objectives. The course takes place late in the medical curriculum when students have some knowledge of clinical medicine, therapeutics and pathology. Particular features of the course include residential attachments in hospital departments of geriatric medicine and coordinated teaching with the departments of general practice and mental health. The attainments and methods of assessment are then discussed.", "contents": "A new undergraduate teaching course in geriatric medicine. The construction of a new teaching course in geriatric medicine is described. Course objectives are established, and teaching arrangements designed to meet these objectives. The course takes place late in the medical curriculum when students have some knowledge of clinical medicine, therapeutics and pathology. Particular features of the course include residential attachments in hospital departments of geriatric medicine and coordinated teaching with the departments of general practice and mental health. The attainments and methods of assessment are then discussed.", "PMID": 522689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1325", "title": "Characteristics of graduating medical students who were matched and unmatched to hospital training posts.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to examine similarities and differences between graduating medical students who do and do not match through the National Internship and Resident Matching Programme (NIRMP). Data from graduates of 3- and 4-year undergraduate curricula were examined separately. A two way analysis of variance was used; the two independent variables were (1) whether the student was a 3- or 4-year medical graduate, and (2) the students' matched vs unmatched status. The dependent variables used in this study were in the following five categories: (1) demographic and academic performance upon entrance to medical school, (2) academic performance during medical school, (3) future practice preferences projected during medical school, (4) internship/residency choices, and (5) clinical performance during internship/residency. On the basis of the data presented, it is clear that there are few differences between matched and unmatched students that could be detected in over seventy-five measures examined. Within the unmatched group, however, the 3-year graduates differ in some respects from their 4-year colleagues. It is likely, therefore, that a different constellation of factors appears to be operating in these two unmatched groups but not within the matched groups.", "contents": "Characteristics of graduating medical students who were matched and unmatched to hospital training posts. The purpose of this paper is to examine similarities and differences between graduating medical students who do and do not match through the National Internship and Resident Matching Programme (NIRMP). Data from graduates of 3- and 4-year undergraduate curricula were examined separately. A two way analysis of variance was used; the two independent variables were (1) whether the student was a 3- or 4-year medical graduate, and (2) the students' matched vs unmatched status. The dependent variables used in this study were in the following five categories: (1) demographic and academic performance upon entrance to medical school, (2) academic performance during medical school, (3) future practice preferences projected during medical school, (4) internship/residency choices, and (5) clinical performance during internship/residency. On the basis of the data presented, it is clear that there are few differences between matched and unmatched students that could be detected in over seventy-five measures examined. Within the unmatched group, however, the 3-year graduates differ in some respects from their 4-year colleagues. It is likely, therefore, that a different constellation of factors appears to be operating in these two unmatched groups but not within the matched groups.", "PMID": 522690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1326", "title": "Comparison of admission criteria and medical school progress: preliminary results from a simple computer system.", "content": "The MFSEL system is designed to collect the data on entrants to the Glasgow medical course that was available to the Admissions Committee at the time of selection, and compare it with performance in medical school (and possibly later). The data collection has been made by the Admission Committee's secretary and the programming by a medical member with little previous experience and a minimum of professional help. Computing and data preparation costs have been low. Preliminary analyses indicate that selection has not been biased by the sex, class, or medical parenthood of entrants, and that the Scottish Sixth Year Studies examinations are a reliable predictor for student performance.", "contents": "Comparison of admission criteria and medical school progress: preliminary results from a simple computer system. The MFSEL system is designed to collect the data on entrants to the Glasgow medical course that was available to the Admissions Committee at the time of selection, and compare it with performance in medical school (and possibly later). The data collection has been made by the Admission Committee's secretary and the programming by a medical member with little previous experience and a minimum of professional help. Computing and data preparation costs have been low. Preliminary analyses indicate that selection has not been biased by the sex, class, or medical parenthood of entrants, and that the Scottish Sixth Year Studies examinations are a reliable predictor for student performance.", "PMID": 522691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1327", "title": "Diet and atherogenesis.", "content": "Diet is probably correlated with the prevalence of atherosclerosis in the more prosperous countries of the world. Attempts to discover the responsible items of diet would be facilitated if systematic, statistical comparisons were made between the diets in some high and low risk areas. A particular area which might lend itself for this survey is the block of five countries consisting of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The first three of these constitute a high risk area, with mortality from ischemic heart disease of the order of 250 per year per 100,000 population, the last two a low risk area with mortality of the order of 75. Many relevant conditions, like standard of living, expectation of life, climate, etc. are reasonably similar in the five countries. Items of diet, the consumption of which is consistently higher in the high risk than in the low risk countries could constitute a short list of suspected atherogens.", "contents": "Diet and atherogenesis. Diet is probably correlated with the prevalence of atherosclerosis in the more prosperous countries of the world. Attempts to discover the responsible items of diet would be facilitated if systematic, statistical comparisons were made between the diets in some high and low risk areas. A particular area which might lend itself for this survey is the block of five countries consisting of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The first three of these constitute a high risk area, with mortality from ischemic heart disease of the order of 250 per year per 100,000 population, the last two a low risk area with mortality of the order of 75. Many relevant conditions, like standard of living, expectation of life, climate, etc. are reasonably similar in the five countries. Items of diet, the consumption of which is consistently higher in the high risk than in the low risk countries could constitute a short list of suspected atherogens.", "PMID": 522692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1328", "title": "Electrolysis between the feet and the ground and its probable health effects.", "content": "This paper describes experiments which show that a person with bare feet on the ground or with conducting sole shoes, sets up between his feet a redox cell, and that current of a significant magnitude flows up one leg and down the other. It suggests that this electrolytic activity could have very wide significance in various aspects of health.", "contents": "Electrolysis between the feet and the ground and its probable health effects. This paper describes experiments which show that a person with bare feet on the ground or with conducting sole shoes, sets up between his feet a redox cell, and that current of a significant magnitude flows up one leg and down the other. It suggests that this electrolytic activity could have very wide significance in various aspects of health.", "PMID": 522693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1329", "title": "The american alligator (Alligator mississipiensis): a new model for investigating developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation.", "content": "Despite numerous investigations, there are still many unsolved problems concerning normal and abnormal palatal development. The American Alligator is here put forward as a new model for the investigation of a variety of developmental phenomena associated with palatogenesis. The structure of the palate of the adult Alligator is reported. This animal exhibits a unique combination of reptilian and mammalian features in its craniofacial anatomy and so its craniofacial development should be of considerable interest.", "contents": "The american alligator (Alligator mississipiensis): a new model for investigating developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation. Despite numerous investigations, there are still many unsolved problems concerning normal and abnormal palatal development. The American Alligator is here put forward as a new model for the investigation of a variety of developmental phenomena associated with palatogenesis. The structure of the palate of the adult Alligator is reported. This animal exhibits a unique combination of reptilian and mammalian features in its craniofacial anatomy and so its craniofacial development should be of considerable interest.", "PMID": 522694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1330", "title": "The neuromuscular and vascular hypotheses of muscular dystrophy: a possible link via adenine nucleotides and phosphate.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented that an abnormality of nucleotide synthesis or metabolism might be a primary functional defect underlying Duchenne muscular dystrophy. One aim of this hypothesis is to demonstrate that it is possible to explain a variety of observations in dystrophy, neuromuscular and vascular, on a single hypothesis.", "contents": "The neuromuscular and vascular hypotheses of muscular dystrophy: a possible link via adenine nucleotides and phosphate. A hypothesis is presented that an abnormality of nucleotide synthesis or metabolism might be a primary functional defect underlying Duchenne muscular dystrophy. One aim of this hypothesis is to demonstrate that it is possible to explain a variety of observations in dystrophy, neuromuscular and vascular, on a single hypothesis.", "PMID": 522695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1331", "title": "The omnivorous approach to cholesterol problem.", "content": "Because of the erroneous views on man's dietary status, there is a general misunderstanding of the cholesterol problem. To help correct this, it is pointed out that man is an omnivore, and suggested that an omnivorous diet basically is normocholesterolemic and any deviation from omnivorous practices is the common source of both over-protecting against, and acquiring of, hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "The omnivorous approach to cholesterol problem. Because of the erroneous views on man's dietary status, there is a general misunderstanding of the cholesterol problem. To help correct this, it is pointed out that man is an omnivore, and suggested that an omnivorous diet basically is normocholesterolemic and any deviation from omnivorous practices is the common source of both over-protecting against, and acquiring of, hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 522696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1332", "title": "Medication in acute myocardial infarction -- does it do as much harm as good?", "content": "Despite the apparent success of coronary care units in preventing death from ventricular fibrillation, the mortality from acute myocardial infarction is the same whether the patient is treated at home or in such a unit. No adequate explanation for this apparent paradox has been proposed. The evidence is therefore examined that there are detrimental effects of coronary care units and that these may balance the beneficial effects. In particular, it is suggested that antiarrhythmic medication, by virtue of its frequent side-effects, may increase mortality from non-arrhythmic causes.", "contents": "Medication in acute myocardial infarction -- does it do as much harm as good? Despite the apparent success of coronary care units in preventing death from ventricular fibrillation, the mortality from acute myocardial infarction is the same whether the patient is treated at home or in such a unit. No adequate explanation for this apparent paradox has been proposed. The evidence is therefore examined that there are detrimental effects of coronary care units and that these may balance the beneficial effects. In particular, it is suggested that antiarrhythmic medication, by virtue of its frequent side-effects, may increase mortality from non-arrhythmic causes.", "PMID": 522697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1333", "title": "X-ray or gamma-ray leukemogenesis in mouse.", "content": "A theoretical model is given for leukemogenesis in mouse by X-Ray or gamma-Ray. The first step is a double strand break in the viral part of the genome which leads to constitutive production of the viral protein responsible for transformation by derepression of its operator control region. The second step is binding of viral protein to the regulator gene of a two repressor system in which binding to the regulator gene of the first repressor leads to synthesis of the second which will repress the expression of the leukocyte maturation gene. Results are compared with the experimental results of Major and Mole on CBA mice. The agreement is good.", "contents": "X-ray or gamma-ray leukemogenesis in mouse. A theoretical model is given for leukemogenesis in mouse by X-Ray or gamma-Ray. The first step is a double strand break in the viral part of the genome which leads to constitutive production of the viral protein responsible for transformation by derepression of its operator control region. The second step is binding of viral protein to the regulator gene of a two repressor system in which binding to the regulator gene of the first repressor leads to synthesis of the second which will repress the expression of the leukocyte maturation gene. Results are compared with the experimental results of Major and Mole on CBA mice. The agreement is good.", "PMID": 522701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1334", "title": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. V. The steroids.", "content": "Since the induction of neoplastic cells by steroids has been well documented, an attempt is made to formulate a mechanism for explaining the resultant embryonic features of such tumour cells. Special emphasis is given to estrogen receptor complexes and their effect on chromatin proteins. Specifically a mechanism is presented for estradiol-17-beta and its ability to alter the gene expression (derepression) of mammary gland epithelial cells. In this model we explore the possible effects of small differences in receptor or repressor proteins associated with estrogens to translate quantitative steroid administration into qualitative cellular responses.", "contents": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. V. The steroids. Since the induction of neoplastic cells by steroids has been well documented, an attempt is made to formulate a mechanism for explaining the resultant embryonic features of such tumour cells. Special emphasis is given to estrogen receptor complexes and their effect on chromatin proteins. Specifically a mechanism is presented for estradiol-17-beta and its ability to alter the gene expression (derepression) of mammary gland epithelial cells. In this model we explore the possible effects of small differences in receptor or repressor proteins associated with estrogens to translate quantitative steroid administration into qualitative cellular responses.", "PMID": 522702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1335", "title": "A rationale for the loss of growth control during experimental bladder carcinogenesis.", "content": "A rationale is presented which provides an explanation for the loss of growth control which is associated with the early phase of experimentally-induced bladder cancer. Two early events which occur in the urothelium following exposure to carcinogen, the focal loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and the initiation of cell proliferation, are both proposed to be the result of a defect in the interaction between glucocorticoid hormone and urothelium. The possible causes for this defect are discussed in terms of a defect in, or an interference with, the glucocorticoid-receptor mechanism.", "contents": "A rationale for the loss of growth control during experimental bladder carcinogenesis. A rationale is presented which provides an explanation for the loss of growth control which is associated with the early phase of experimentally-induced bladder cancer. Two early events which occur in the urothelium following exposure to carcinogen, the focal loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and the initiation of cell proliferation, are both proposed to be the result of a defect in the interaction between glucocorticoid hormone and urothelium. The possible causes for this defect are discussed in terms of a defect in, or an interference with, the glucocorticoid-receptor mechanism.", "PMID": 522703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1336", "title": "Resonance induced alterations of intracellular biophysical properties.", "content": "A treatment of cancer by the application of external electromagnetic energy at a resonant frequency capable of the generation of heat intracellularly to induce selective thermal death of cancer cells is described. This process also allows for the detection of cancer cells by the use of differential resonant frequencies including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance techniques. This process permits the selective treatment of cancer cells by the compartmentalized alteration of biophysical properties in the cancer cells and the detection of cancer cells by determination of their biophysical properties. The process comprises an ability to determine the respective resonant frequencies of cancer cells and normal cells at a cellular level. An external alternating electromagnetic field is then applied at the resonant frequency of the cancer cells which differs from the resonant frequency of the normal cells. The cancer cells absorb significant energy at this resonant frequency whereas the normal cells absorb minimal energy at this frequency. Generating the heat intracellularly instead of extracellularly results in the cell's membrane, which is an effective thermal barrier, enhancing the process by keeping the heat within the cell instead of outside of the cell. This process is enhanced by the nuclear differences between cancer cells and normal cells and by the energy changes characteristic of structural and conformational changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid and the histones of the nucleus including their interrelationship. This process promises great efficacy in the diagnosis and the treatment of neoplastic and also perhaps of artherosclerotic diseases.", "contents": "Resonance induced alterations of intracellular biophysical properties. A treatment of cancer by the application of external electromagnetic energy at a resonant frequency capable of the generation of heat intracellularly to induce selective thermal death of cancer cells is described. This process also allows for the detection of cancer cells by the use of differential resonant frequencies including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance techniques. This process permits the selective treatment of cancer cells by the compartmentalized alteration of biophysical properties in the cancer cells and the detection of cancer cells by determination of their biophysical properties. The process comprises an ability to determine the respective resonant frequencies of cancer cells and normal cells at a cellular level. An external alternating electromagnetic field is then applied at the resonant frequency of the cancer cells which differs from the resonant frequency of the normal cells. The cancer cells absorb significant energy at this resonant frequency whereas the normal cells absorb minimal energy at this frequency. Generating the heat intracellularly instead of extracellularly results in the cell's membrane, which is an effective thermal barrier, enhancing the process by keeping the heat within the cell instead of outside of the cell. This process is enhanced by the nuclear differences between cancer cells and normal cells and by the energy changes characteristic of structural and conformational changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid and the histones of the nucleus including their interrelationship. This process promises great efficacy in the diagnosis and the treatment of neoplastic and also perhaps of artherosclerotic diseases.", "PMID": 522704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1337", "title": "Immunological tolerance and dogma.", "content": "Immunization and tolerance induction are complementary rather than antagonistic aspects of immune responsiveness. Adult normal organisms may become tolerant to proteins ingested as food. This has been known for a long time but has failed to influence immunological thinking. It is argued that the notion of oral tolerance is incompatible with current immunological paradigms and demand their revision.", "contents": "Immunological tolerance and dogma. Immunization and tolerance induction are complementary rather than antagonistic aspects of immune responsiveness. Adult normal organisms may become tolerant to proteins ingested as food. This has been known for a long time but has failed to influence immunological thinking. It is argued that the notion of oral tolerance is incompatible with current immunological paradigms and demand their revision.", "PMID": 522705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1338", "title": "Possible adverse side effects from treatment with laetrile.", "content": "Individuals who have a diminished capacity to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate because of either a genetic predisposition (e.g. as occurs in those with Leber's Optic Atrophy) or a diet low in sulfur containing amino acids are predicted to be at increased risk to developing adverse side effects from laetrile, a cyanide containing substance used in cancer treatment.", "contents": "Possible adverse side effects from treatment with laetrile. Individuals who have a diminished capacity to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate because of either a genetic predisposition (e.g. as occurs in those with Leber's Optic Atrophy) or a diet low in sulfur containing amino acids are predicted to be at increased risk to developing adverse side effects from laetrile, a cyanide containing substance used in cancer treatment.", "PMID": 522706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1339", "title": "Cancer chemotherapy - a new approach.", "content": "A considerable body of evidence indicates that interference with amino acid metabolism could be used as a basis for a concerted attack on tumor growth. Tumor cells are known to concentrate amino acids; the same transport mechanisms cause them to concentrate amino acid analogues as well. Furthermore, the growth of many tumors if affected by deficiences of certain amino acids. This apparent vulnerability of tumors points to a new approach to in vivo testing and clinical trials of amino acid analogues for efficacy against tumor growth. This approach consists of creating a dietary deficiency of an amino acid, replacing the amino acid by a toxic analogue which would be selectively concentrated by the tumor, followed at the appropriate time by restoration of the normal dietary level of the natural amino acid to allow growth of normal tissues.", "contents": "Cancer chemotherapy - a new approach. A considerable body of evidence indicates that interference with amino acid metabolism could be used as a basis for a concerted attack on tumor growth. Tumor cells are known to concentrate amino acids; the same transport mechanisms cause them to concentrate amino acid analogues as well. Furthermore, the growth of many tumors if affected by deficiences of certain amino acids. This apparent vulnerability of tumors points to a new approach to in vivo testing and clinical trials of amino acid analogues for efficacy against tumor growth. This approach consists of creating a dietary deficiency of an amino acid, replacing the amino acid by a toxic analogue which would be selectively concentrated by the tumor, followed at the appropriate time by restoration of the normal dietary level of the natural amino acid to allow growth of normal tissues.", "PMID": 522707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1340", "title": "Role of modifying alleles in the heritable colorectal cancer syndromes with polyps.", "content": "It is proposed, based on in vitro studies on hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes (adenomatosis of the colon and rectum, ACR), that the presence/absence of specific abnormal culture phenotypes within and between such ACR kindreds will demonstrate the interaction of a modifying allele with its proposed major polyposis gene, influencing expression of this major gene, at least in vitro. Such in vitro evidence would suggest that the variability of clinical phenotype was due, at least in part, to such gene-gene interaction and this should be considered as well as the influence of enviornmental agents on the development of both pre-malignant lesions and clinical cancer in such cancer-prone families.", "contents": "Role of modifying alleles in the heritable colorectal cancer syndromes with polyps. It is proposed, based on in vitro studies on hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes (adenomatosis of the colon and rectum, ACR), that the presence/absence of specific abnormal culture phenotypes within and between such ACR kindreds will demonstrate the interaction of a modifying allele with its proposed major polyposis gene, influencing expression of this major gene, at least in vitro. Such in vitro evidence would suggest that the variability of clinical phenotype was due, at least in part, to such gene-gene interaction and this should be considered as well as the influence of enviornmental agents on the development of both pre-malignant lesions and clinical cancer in such cancer-prone families.", "PMID": 522708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1341", "title": "Cell death and free radicals: a mechanism for hydroxyurea teratogenesis.", "content": "Hydroxyurea is a drug which causes birth defects in a variety of animals. Its pharmacologic actions include rapid killing of proliferating cells and profound inhibition of the synthesis of DNA. The mechanism whereby hydroxyurea produces teratogenesis is unresolved although it is related to the pharmacologic actions. Careful reading of the scientific literature discloses several putative mechanisms for the teratogenic action of hydroxyurea, which account for the inhibited synthesis of DNA, but do not explain the rapid onset of cell death. This paper presents a hypothesis that hydroxyurea causes rapid cell death through the initiation of uncontrolled free radical chain reactions. In vitro biochemical experiments have demonstrated the ability of compounds containing a hydroxylamine group (such as hydroxyurea) to form H2O2 and intermediate free radicals in biological fluids. Free radicals propagate themselves through chain reactions and can react swiftly and indiscriminately with the macromolecules quickly by inactivating enzymes, cross-linking DNA, and altering membrane functions through lipid auto-oxidation. Preliminary experiments utilizing an antioxidant to counteract the free radical effects appear to support the hypothesis that the rapid cell death is caused by aberrant free radical reactions.", "contents": "Cell death and free radicals: a mechanism for hydroxyurea teratogenesis. Hydroxyurea is a drug which causes birth defects in a variety of animals. Its pharmacologic actions include rapid killing of proliferating cells and profound inhibition of the synthesis of DNA. The mechanism whereby hydroxyurea produces teratogenesis is unresolved although it is related to the pharmacologic actions. Careful reading of the scientific literature discloses several putative mechanisms for the teratogenic action of hydroxyurea, which account for the inhibited synthesis of DNA, but do not explain the rapid onset of cell death. This paper presents a hypothesis that hydroxyurea causes rapid cell death through the initiation of uncontrolled free radical chain reactions. In vitro biochemical experiments have demonstrated the ability of compounds containing a hydroxylamine group (such as hydroxyurea) to form H2O2 and intermediate free radicals in biological fluids. Free radicals propagate themselves through chain reactions and can react swiftly and indiscriminately with the macromolecules quickly by inactivating enzymes, cross-linking DNA, and altering membrane functions through lipid auto-oxidation. Preliminary experiments utilizing an antioxidant to counteract the free radical effects appear to support the hypothesis that the rapid cell death is caused by aberrant free radical reactions.", "PMID": 522709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1342", "title": "Is the cancer process caused by deletion of one or more differentiation genes normally activated by steroid hormones?", "content": "The hypothesis is proposed that: 1. Aflatoxin B1 and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens cause the deletion of genes necessary for the production of a substance required for differentiation of the cell and activated by a steroid hormone possibly a corticosteroid. 2. Such genes could include genes for production of: glutamine transaminase, glutamine synthetase, genes involving vitamin A metabolism. 3. Deletion of any of these genes could cause the cell to remain in an undifferentiated and replicating state.", "contents": "Is the cancer process caused by deletion of one or more differentiation genes normally activated by steroid hormones? The hypothesis is proposed that: 1. Aflatoxin B1 and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens cause the deletion of genes necessary for the production of a substance required for differentiation of the cell and activated by a steroid hormone possibly a corticosteroid. 2. Such genes could include genes for production of: glutamine transaminase, glutamine synthetase, genes involving vitamin A metabolism. 3. Deletion of any of these genes could cause the cell to remain in an undifferentiated and replicating state.", "PMID": 522710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1343", "title": "Conjoint use of laetrile and megadoses of ascorbic acid in cancer treatment: possible side effects.", "content": "Individuals who have a reduced capacity to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate are at increased risk to experience adverse side effects from laetrile, a cyanide containing substance used in cancer treatment. Since megadoses of ascorbic acid may markedly diminish body stores of cysteine, a sulfur containing amino acid which facilitates the detoxification of cyanide, it is predicted that persons consuming megadoses of ascorbic acid will be at increased risk to experience the adverse side effects from laetrile treatment.", "contents": "Conjoint use of laetrile and megadoses of ascorbic acid in cancer treatment: possible side effects. Individuals who have a reduced capacity to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate are at increased risk to experience adverse side effects from laetrile, a cyanide containing substance used in cancer treatment. Since megadoses of ascorbic acid may markedly diminish body stores of cysteine, a sulfur containing amino acid which facilitates the detoxification of cyanide, it is predicted that persons consuming megadoses of ascorbic acid will be at increased risk to experience the adverse side effects from laetrile treatment.", "PMID": 522711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1344", "title": "Managing the data from respiratory measurements.", "content": "Clinical decisionmaking depends upon properly interpreting the significance of physiological and other clinical data. Our experience, summarized in six case studies, suggests that no one variable is sufficient for making clinical decisions. Rather, different parameters are relevant in different situations. This article summarizes two techniques for improving the effectiveness of clinical decisionmaking in the ICU using quantitative physiological monitoring data. First, mathematical modeling has been used for measuring the volume of gas in the lungs of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The technique analyzes the transient response to oxygen change; thus it is suitable for routine use in the ICU. Second, symbolic processing has been used for interpreting the clinical significance of measured data. This symbolic processing is used for recognizing artifact in measured data, determining expected physiological meaning of measured data in different clinical situations, identifying physiological status, and identifying therapy that may be appropriate for meeting therapeutic goals or correcting physiological problems in patients in the intensive care unit.", "contents": "Managing the data from respiratory measurements. Clinical decisionmaking depends upon properly interpreting the significance of physiological and other clinical data. Our experience, summarized in six case studies, suggests that no one variable is sufficient for making clinical decisions. Rather, different parameters are relevant in different situations. This article summarizes two techniques for improving the effectiveness of clinical decisionmaking in the ICU using quantitative physiological monitoring data. First, mathematical modeling has been used for measuring the volume of gas in the lungs of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The technique analyzes the transient response to oxygen change; thus it is suitable for routine use in the ICU. Second, symbolic processing has been used for interpreting the clinical significance of measured data. This symbolic processing is used for recognizing artifact in measured data, determining expected physiological meaning of measured data in different clinical situations, identifying physiological status, and identifying therapy that may be appropriate for meeting therapeutic goals or correcting physiological problems in patients in the intensive care unit.", "PMID": 522716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1345", "title": "The process of product selection in the medical instrument market.", "content": "Medical instrumentation is supplied by commercial organizations. Because the costs and risks of bringing new or advanced products to the market are high, the selection and evaluation process is critical. Moreover, the peculiarities of the medical instrumentation market add extra costs and risks. Major factors to be considered include the presence of a need, market acceptance, financial and technical viability, development time, internal resources, and the effect of FDA regulations. During the 5 to 7 years required to develop a new product, the difficulty of overcoming problems and the state of the market must be continually monitored. FDA documentation may necessitate 2 more years of effort. Market introduction includes proper market education, an appropriate plan of action, and constant monitoring of market reaction. Despite all these precautions, 70% of new products do not reach the market or do not survive in the market.", "contents": "The process of product selection in the medical instrument market. Medical instrumentation is supplied by commercial organizations. Because the costs and risks of bringing new or advanced products to the market are high, the selection and evaluation process is critical. Moreover, the peculiarities of the medical instrumentation market add extra costs and risks. Major factors to be considered include the presence of a need, market acceptance, financial and technical viability, development time, internal resources, and the effect of FDA regulations. During the 5 to 7 years required to develop a new product, the difficulty of overcoming problems and the state of the market must be continually monitored. FDA documentation may necessitate 2 more years of effort. Market introduction includes proper market education, an appropriate plan of action, and constant monitoring of market reaction. Despite all these precautions, 70% of new products do not reach the market or do not survive in the market.", "PMID": 522718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1346", "title": "Optimized search for parameters useful in the interpretation of fetal heart rate data.", "content": "A comprehensive computerized perinatal data management system was used to acquire and process FHR data and to link this information to a set of control and outcome variable for 1000 deliveries. Multivariate correlation analyses and stepwise linear regression techniques were used to study the interrelationships between risk factors of pregnancy and labor, monitored data, obstetric interventions, and outcome. It was found that while some FHR characteristics, such as moderate-to-severe bradycardia, lack of beat-to-beat variability, and severe variable decelerations were significantly associated with poor outcome, others, such as accelerations, early decelerations, mild bradycardia, and mild-to-moderate tachycardia, were positively correlated with good outcome. Several statistical models for outcome prediction were developed using FHR data alone and also in conjunction with small subsets of control variables.", "contents": "Optimized search for parameters useful in the interpretation of fetal heart rate data. A comprehensive computerized perinatal data management system was used to acquire and process FHR data and to link this information to a set of control and outcome variable for 1000 deliveries. Multivariate correlation analyses and stepwise linear regression techniques were used to study the interrelationships between risk factors of pregnancy and labor, monitored data, obstetric interventions, and outcome. It was found that while some FHR characteristics, such as moderate-to-severe bradycardia, lack of beat-to-beat variability, and severe variable decelerations were significantly associated with poor outcome, others, such as accelerations, early decelerations, mild bradycardia, and mild-to-moderate tachycardia, were positively correlated with good outcome. Several statistical models for outcome prediction were developed using FHR data alone and also in conjunction with small subsets of control variables.", "PMID": 522717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1347", "title": "Venous occlusion plethysmography for the detection of venous thrombosis.", "content": "Venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) was originally developed to study the physiology of the arterial circulation in the extremities. Improvements in plethysmographic instruments have now made bedside evaluation of peripheral hemodynamics feasible. In recent years, VOP has been employed for the detection of deep vein thrombosis. Combined analysis of the venous volume increase and the subsequent venous outflow in 3 sec, and measured by impedance plethysmography, has produced a 95% correlation with venography in detecting thrombosis of the popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins in 390 limbs. The method is inadequate for detection of isolated calf thrombi.", "contents": "Venous occlusion plethysmography for the detection of venous thrombosis. Venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) was originally developed to study the physiology of the arterial circulation in the extremities. Improvements in plethysmographic instruments have now made bedside evaluation of peripheral hemodynamics feasible. In recent years, VOP has been employed for the detection of deep vein thrombosis. Combined analysis of the venous volume increase and the subsequent venous outflow in 3 sec, and measured by impedance plethysmography, has produced a 95% correlation with venography in detecting thrombosis of the popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins in 390 limbs. The method is inadequate for detection of isolated calf thrombi.", "PMID": 522720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1348", "title": "Intestinal haemorrhage in Antarctica. A multinational rescue operation.", "content": "Three nations cooperated in the aerial evacuation from an Australian Antarctic station of a patient with gastrointestinal haemorrhage, after conservative treatment. The combined operation is described, and reference is made to the difficulties in medical management arising from polar isolation. Attention is drawn to logistic improvements which would alleviate this situation.", "contents": "Intestinal haemorrhage in Antarctica. A multinational rescue operation. Three nations cooperated in the aerial evacuation from an Australian Antarctic station of a patient with gastrointestinal haemorrhage, after conservative treatment. The combined operation is described, and reference is made to the difficulties in medical management arising from polar isolation. Attention is drawn to logistic improvements which would alleviate this situation.", "PMID": 522753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1349", "title": "Symptoms and early management of germinal tumours of the testis.", "content": "The symptomatology and delay in diagnosis in a series of 502 germinal tumours of the testis were surveyed. Pain is much more commonly a feature than is usually appreciated and often leads to the condition being treated as inflammatory for much longer than it should be. Most surgical textbooks are not helpful in this regard. Delay in exploring the testis, and, particularly, delay in initiating follow-up therapy after orchidectomy, were associated with a higher stage of disease and poorer results, most clearly seen in nonseminomatous tumours. As the incidence of testicular tumours seems to be rising, a high index of suspicion in any abnormality of the testis in a post-pubertal male is advocated. Exploration through an inguinal incision for any mass or enlargement of the body of the testis not associated with dysuria and pyuria is essential. If a tumour is found, supplementary treatment must be given without delay. Judicious X-ray therapy, surgery and cytotoxic drugs can save most patients. Seminoma, in particular, can be cured, even in the advanced case.", "contents": "Symptoms and early management of germinal tumours of the testis. The symptomatology and delay in diagnosis in a series of 502 germinal tumours of the testis were surveyed. Pain is much more commonly a feature than is usually appreciated and often leads to the condition being treated as inflammatory for much longer than it should be. Most surgical textbooks are not helpful in this regard. Delay in exploring the testis, and, particularly, delay in initiating follow-up therapy after orchidectomy, were associated with a higher stage of disease and poorer results, most clearly seen in nonseminomatous tumours. As the incidence of testicular tumours seems to be rising, a high index of suspicion in any abnormality of the testis in a post-pubertal male is advocated. Exploration through an inguinal incision for any mass or enlargement of the body of the testis not associated with dysuria and pyuria is essential. If a tumour is found, supplementary treatment must be given without delay. Judicious X-ray therapy, surgery and cytotoxic drugs can save most patients. Seminoma, in particular, can be cured, even in the advanced case.", "PMID": 522754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1350", "title": "Intern training in New South Wales.", "content": "The process of intern training in New South Wales is at present undergoing critical examination. This article is a brief review of the status of intern training in Australia and New Zealand as revealed by a survey of accredited hospitals and the medical boards. Also reported are the results of a questionnaire widely distributed to the medical profession in New South Wales which sought its views on the nature of, and problems with, the internship.", "contents": "Intern training in New South Wales. The process of intern training in New South Wales is at present undergoing critical examination. This article is a brief review of the status of intern training in Australia and New Zealand as revealed by a survey of accredited hospitals and the medical boards. Also reported are the results of a questionnaire widely distributed to the medical profession in New South Wales which sought its views on the nature of, and problems with, the internship.", "PMID": 522755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1351", "title": "Guidelines for the management of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing surgery.", "content": "The management of patients who require surgery while being treated with oral anticoagulants is a difficult balance between the risks of bleeding and those of recurrent thromboembolism. The urgency and the extent and site of surgery are important considerations, as are the strength of the indication for anticoagulants and the degree of anticoagulation. A practical approach is outlined for various situations that may be encountered.", "contents": "Guidelines for the management of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing surgery. The management of patients who require surgery while being treated with oral anticoagulants is a difficult balance between the risks of bleeding and those of recurrent thromboembolism. The urgency and the extent and site of surgery are important considerations, as are the strength of the indication for anticoagulants and the degree of anticoagulation. A practical approach is outlined for various situations that may be encountered.", "PMID": 522759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1352", "title": "Duration of effect of different diuretics.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with hypertension were treated with chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and frusemide. Each diuretic had a significant and similar antihypertensive effect. After cessation of the administration of diuretics, the antihypertensive effect persisted for a longer time with chlorthalidone than with the other two drugs. The full antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone and chlorothiazide was still present 24 hours after the administration of the drugs was ceased, and the full effect of chlorthalidone was present 72 hours after the administration of the drug was ceased. Side effects related to a rapid diuresis were more common with frusemide. The study indicated that chlorthalidone could be given at 48-hour or 72-hour intervals, and that other diuretics may be given once daily to exert their full antihypertensive action.", "contents": "Duration of effect of different diuretics. Twenty-four patients with hypertension were treated with chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and frusemide. Each diuretic had a significant and similar antihypertensive effect. After cessation of the administration of diuretics, the antihypertensive effect persisted for a longer time with chlorthalidone than with the other two drugs. The full antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone and chlorothiazide was still present 24 hours after the administration of the drugs was ceased, and the full effect of chlorthalidone was present 72 hours after the administration of the drug was ceased. Side effects related to a rapid diuresis were more common with frusemide. The study indicated that chlorthalidone could be given at 48-hour or 72-hour intervals, and that other diuretics may be given once daily to exert their full antihypertensive action.", "PMID": 522767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1353", "title": "Clomiphene-induced pregnancy in a patient with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism.", "content": "A patient with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism developed anovular menstrual cycles. Ovulation, which was followed by pregnancy, was induced by the administration of clomiphene. In the later stages of pregnancy, an increase in the dosage of vasopressin was necessary to achieve a satisfactory control of the symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Labour was induced before the estimated date of confinement by the intravenous administration of oxytocin and an intra-partum haemorrhage necessitated delivery by the lower-segment caesarean section. The post-partum period was uneventful. Lactation was suppressed on request from the patient.", "contents": "Clomiphene-induced pregnancy in a patient with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism. A patient with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism developed anovular menstrual cycles. Ovulation, which was followed by pregnancy, was induced by the administration of clomiphene. In the later stages of pregnancy, an increase in the dosage of vasopressin was necessary to achieve a satisfactory control of the symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Labour was induced before the estimated date of confinement by the intravenous administration of oxytocin and an intra-partum haemorrhage necessitated delivery by the lower-segment caesarean section. The post-partum period was uneventful. Lactation was suppressed on request from the patient.", "PMID": 522768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1354", "title": "Preregistration training of medical graduates in Queensland hospitals, 1977.", "content": "This paper reports a survey of the 1976 graduates of The University of Queensland Medical School which was conducted as they completed their preregistration training. Study of the residents' perceptions of the adequacy of their training during the year revealed no significant difference between hospitals in terms of training in patient management. The nonmetropolitan hospitals were rated significantly higher than the metropolitan hospitals for training in procedures.", "contents": "Preregistration training of medical graduates in Queensland hospitals, 1977. This paper reports a survey of the 1976 graduates of The University of Queensland Medical School which was conducted as they completed their preregistration training. Study of the residents' perceptions of the adequacy of their training during the year revealed no significant difference between hospitals in terms of training in patient management. The nonmetropolitan hospitals were rated significantly higher than the metropolitan hospitals for training in procedures.", "PMID": 522769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1355", "title": "Biochemical and haematological changes in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf fun runners.", "content": "Before this study was undertaken, biochemical and haematological changes in collapsed fun runners have been interpreted only by comparison with changes observed in trained marathon runners, or by comparison with normal subjects. This study was undertaken to establish the pattern of biochemical and haematological changes to be expected in non-collapsed fun runners as a result of competition, and to use this pattern as the basis for comparison with changes observed in collapsed fun runners after similar competition. Forty-three fun runners (28 males, 15 females) who competed in the 1978 City-to-Surf run volunteered as non-collapsed \"controls\", while 10 runners (nine males, one female) who collapsed during the 1978 City-to-Surf run became \"casualties\" for comparison. Blood for detailed analysis was collected from the controls two weeks before the 1978 City-to-Surf run, immediately after the run and one month later; blood from the casualties was collected immediately after the run, and one month later. As a result of competition, three patterns of changes were observed, namely, haemoconcentration; tissue damage and altered organ system function; and alteration in carbohydrate metabolism. More intense tissue damage probably accounts for disproportionate changes of some variables in male controls compared with female controls, and in casualties compared with controls. Casualties differed most from controls in degree fo depression of serum bicarbonate levels, and degree of elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid and bilirubin levels. A wide scatter of blood sugar levels immediately after run both in controls and in casualties reflects the stress of prolonged exertion.", "contents": "Biochemical and haematological changes in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf fun runners. Before this study was undertaken, biochemical and haematological changes in collapsed fun runners have been interpreted only by comparison with changes observed in trained marathon runners, or by comparison with normal subjects. This study was undertaken to establish the pattern of biochemical and haematological changes to be expected in non-collapsed fun runners as a result of competition, and to use this pattern as the basis for comparison with changes observed in collapsed fun runners after similar competition. Forty-three fun runners (28 males, 15 females) who competed in the 1978 City-to-Surf run volunteered as non-collapsed \"controls\", while 10 runners (nine males, one female) who collapsed during the 1978 City-to-Surf run became \"casualties\" for comparison. Blood for detailed analysis was collected from the controls two weeks before the 1978 City-to-Surf run, immediately after the run and one month later; blood from the casualties was collected immediately after the run, and one month later. As a result of competition, three patterns of changes were observed, namely, haemoconcentration; tissue damage and altered organ system function; and alteration in carbohydrate metabolism. More intense tissue damage probably accounts for disproportionate changes of some variables in male controls compared with female controls, and in casualties compared with controls. Casualties differed most from controls in degree fo depression of serum bicarbonate levels, and degree of elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid and bilirubin levels. A wide scatter of blood sugar levels immediately after run both in controls and in casualties reflects the stress of prolonged exertion.", "PMID": 522770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1356", "title": "Reducing the hazards in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf runs, 1971 to 1979.", "content": "The hazards experienced by fun runners in Sydney's The Sun City-to-Surf run are principally physical, environmental and medical. The organizers of the event, advised by a representative of the Australian Sports Medicine Federation (N.S.W.), have progressively increased the implementation of the recommendations which were made after the inaugural run in 1971 in the areas of improved organization, competitor education, medical support, recording of competitor data, and conducting the event in cool weather. To ensure the maximum safety of the runners, the number of whom has increased from approximately 1650 in 1971 to 16200 in 1979, additional measurees have been taken. These were (i) the introduction of \"spotters\" with experience in sports medicine to identify and advise exhausted runners before they collapse; (ii) staffing the run's medical centre with medical and nursing specialists in intensive care; (iii) improved management of heat exhaustion; and (iv) conducting education seminars after the run to make recommendations for improving subsequent events. Since 1971, there has been a progressive reduction in the number of casualties. The incidence of casualties treated in the medical centre fell from 1.76% in 1971 to 0.1% in 1979; and the incidence of those requiring further treatment in hospital fell from 0.42% in 1971 to 0.01% in 1979. None of the participants had suffered severe complications of heat exhaustion. Improvements in the management of heat exhaustion (the most common cause of collapse) which made the use of iced water (hiterto traditional method of cooling casualties with hyperthermia) unnecessary have reduced the risk of using electrical equipment in wet surroundings. The over-all reduction in the incidence and morbidity of collapse casualties is due to a combination of factors. These factors and possibilities of further reduction of hazards are discussed.", "contents": "Reducing the hazards in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf runs, 1971 to 1979. The hazards experienced by fun runners in Sydney's The Sun City-to-Surf run are principally physical, environmental and medical. The organizers of the event, advised by a representative of the Australian Sports Medicine Federation (N.S.W.), have progressively increased the implementation of the recommendations which were made after the inaugural run in 1971 in the areas of improved organization, competitor education, medical support, recording of competitor data, and conducting the event in cool weather. To ensure the maximum safety of the runners, the number of whom has increased from approximately 1650 in 1971 to 16200 in 1979, additional measurees have been taken. These were (i) the introduction of \"spotters\" with experience in sports medicine to identify and advise exhausted runners before they collapse; (ii) staffing the run's medical centre with medical and nursing specialists in intensive care; (iii) improved management of heat exhaustion; and (iv) conducting education seminars after the run to make recommendations for improving subsequent events. Since 1971, there has been a progressive reduction in the number of casualties. The incidence of casualties treated in the medical centre fell from 1.76% in 1971 to 0.1% in 1979; and the incidence of those requiring further treatment in hospital fell from 0.42% in 1971 to 0.01% in 1979. None of the participants had suffered severe complications of heat exhaustion. Improvements in the management of heat exhaustion (the most common cause of collapse) which made the use of iced water (hiterto traditional method of cooling casualties with hyperthermia) unnecessary have reduced the risk of using electrical equipment in wet surroundings. The over-all reduction in the incidence and morbidity of collapse casualties is due to a combination of factors. These factors and possibilities of further reduction of hazards are discussed.", "PMID": 522771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1357", "title": "Management of heat exhaustion in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf run runners.", "content": "Heat exhaustion (collapse with rectal temperature of, or higher than 38 degrees C) is the most common major medical complication of fun runs and is caused by dehydration and impaired heat loss with, or without, hypoglycaemia. All patients with heat exhaustion after the City-to-Surf runs from 1977 to 1979 were managed in a medical centre established at the finish of the course. Several methods of management of heat exhaustion are evaluated. Patients were allocated retrospectively to four primary treatment groups: (i) treated with ice-wet towels only; (ii) treated with ice-wet towels and intravenously administered fluids; (iii) treated with intravenously administered fluids and ice-cold packs applied to the neck, axillae, and groins; and (iv) treated with intravenously administered fluids only. There was no death or prolonged morbidity in any treatment group. In Group 1 (n=11), the mean initial rectal temperature was 40.2 +/- 1.5 degrees C. There were insufficient data to assess the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C. In Group 2(n=16), the mean initial rectal temperature was higher than 40.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C. In three patients, the temperature failed to fall to 38 degrees C within 90 minutes. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 30 minutes. In Group 3 (n=16), the mean initial rectum temperature was higher than 41.2 +/- 1.0 degrees C. One patient, who had been febrile immediately before the run, was discharged with a temperature of 38.8 degrees C. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 36 +/- 10 minutes. In Group 4 (n=13), the mean initial rectal temperature was 39.6 +/- 1.1 degrees C and the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 21 +/- 16 minutes. Heat exhaustion in fun-run casualties may be safely and effectively treated by rapid intravenous infusion of fluids with, or without, application of cold packs to the neck, axillae, and groins. The application of ice-wet towels is contraindicated.", "contents": "Management of heat exhaustion in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf run runners. Heat exhaustion (collapse with rectal temperature of, or higher than 38 degrees C) is the most common major medical complication of fun runs and is caused by dehydration and impaired heat loss with, or without, hypoglycaemia. All patients with heat exhaustion after the City-to-Surf runs from 1977 to 1979 were managed in a medical centre established at the finish of the course. Several methods of management of heat exhaustion are evaluated. Patients were allocated retrospectively to four primary treatment groups: (i) treated with ice-wet towels only; (ii) treated with ice-wet towels and intravenously administered fluids; (iii) treated with intravenously administered fluids and ice-cold packs applied to the neck, axillae, and groins; and (iv) treated with intravenously administered fluids only. There was no death or prolonged morbidity in any treatment group. In Group 1 (n=11), the mean initial rectal temperature was 40.2 +/- 1.5 degrees C. There were insufficient data to assess the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C. In Group 2(n=16), the mean initial rectal temperature was higher than 40.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C. In three patients, the temperature failed to fall to 38 degrees C within 90 minutes. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 30 minutes. In Group 3 (n=16), the mean initial rectum temperature was higher than 41.2 +/- 1.0 degrees C. One patient, who had been febrile immediately before the run, was discharged with a temperature of 38.8 degrees C. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 36 +/- 10 minutes. In Group 4 (n=13), the mean initial rectal temperature was 39.6 +/- 1.1 degrees C and the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 21 +/- 16 minutes. Heat exhaustion in fun-run casualties may be safely and effectively treated by rapid intravenous infusion of fluids with, or without, application of cold packs to the neck, axillae, and groins. The application of ice-wet towels is contraindicated.", "PMID": 522772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1358", "title": "Comparison of lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy with anal dilatation in the treatment of fissure in ano.", "content": "A comparison of the outcome of the treatment of fissure in ano by a lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy (LSS) and by an anal dilatation (AD) has been made retrospectively through a questionnaire sent to patients who were operated upon between three months and five years beforehand. The questionnaire was completed by 86 patients who underwent the LSS, and 74 patients who underwent the AD. The two groups were comparable in age, but there were slightly more males in the LSS group. The results appear to favour the LSS, the patients in this group recording a recurrence of pain and problems of incontinence significantly less often than those in the AD group.", "contents": "Comparison of lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy with anal dilatation in the treatment of fissure in ano. A comparison of the outcome of the treatment of fissure in ano by a lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy (LSS) and by an anal dilatation (AD) has been made retrospectively through a questionnaire sent to patients who were operated upon between three months and five years beforehand. The questionnaire was completed by 86 patients who underwent the LSS, and 74 patients who underwent the AD. The two groups were comparable in age, but there were slightly more males in the LSS group. The results appear to favour the LSS, the patients in this group recording a recurrence of pain and problems of incontinence significantly less often than those in the AD group.", "PMID": 522773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1359", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Western Australia.", "content": "A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis, which was successfully treated with metronidazole, is reported from Western Australia. Transmission is unlikely to occur in this country, but it is important to be aware that it may present in migrants or in travellers from endemic areas up to four years after inoculation of the parasite.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Western Australia. A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis, which was successfully treated with metronidazole, is reported from Western Australia. Transmission is unlikely to occur in this country, but it is important to be aware that it may present in migrants or in travellers from endemic areas up to four years after inoculation of the parasite.", "PMID": 522804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1360", "title": "Proctocolitis caused by concurrent amoebiasis and gonococcal infection. The \"gay bowel syndrome\".", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of amoebic proctocolitis and gonococcal proctitis in a male homosexual in Sydney is reported. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of multiple or sequential venerally transmitted intestinal infections among male homosexuals.", "contents": "Proctocolitis caused by concurrent amoebiasis and gonococcal infection. The \"gay bowel syndrome\". The simultaneous occurrence of amoebic proctocolitis and gonococcal proctitis in a male homosexual in Sydney is reported. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of multiple or sequential venerally transmitted intestinal infections among male homosexuals.", "PMID": 522805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1361", "title": "Nerve calcification caused by leprosy in northern territory aboriginals.", "content": "Three cases of nerve calcification caused by leprosy (Hansen's disease) in Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory of Australia are reported. This is a rare manifestation of the disease and is the result of direct involvement of peripheral nerves with abscess formation and is usually seen in tuberculoid or borderline types of leprosy.", "contents": "Nerve calcification caused by leprosy in northern territory aboriginals. Three cases of nerve calcification caused by leprosy (Hansen's disease) in Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory of Australia are reported. This is a rare manifestation of the disease and is the result of direct involvement of peripheral nerves with abscess formation and is usually seen in tuberculoid or borderline types of leprosy.", "PMID": 522806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1362", "title": "Comparison of labetalol, clonidine and diazoxide intravenously administered in severe hypertension.", "content": "Diazoxide, clonidine and labetalol, administered intravenously in fixed doses, were used to treat 30 episodes of severe hypertension in 27 patients. Labetalol in a fixed dose of 100 mg proved ineffective treatment. Diazoxide 300 mg and clonidine 300 micrograms were comparable in effectiveness. Drowsiness was a common side effect with administration of clonidine (in six of 10 patients) and severe hypotension occurred in one patient who was given diazoxide.", "contents": "Comparison of labetalol, clonidine and diazoxide intravenously administered in severe hypertension. Diazoxide, clonidine and labetalol, administered intravenously in fixed doses, were used to treat 30 episodes of severe hypertension in 27 patients. Labetalol in a fixed dose of 100 mg proved ineffective treatment. Diazoxide 300 mg and clonidine 300 micrograms were comparable in effectiveness. Drowsiness was a common side effect with administration of clonidine (in six of 10 patients) and severe hypotension occurred in one patient who was given diazoxide.", "PMID": 522807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1363", "title": "Ciramadol. A new analgesic.", "content": "Ciramadol (WY 15705), a new analgesic and narcotic antagonist was studied on oral-dose form in 16 patients (15 of whom were suffering from malignant disease) to evaluate the analgesic dose and toxicity. Patients with mild or moderate pain experienced effective relief with doses of from 20 mg to 60 mg (mean dose, 47 mg). In patients with moderate to severe pain, effective pain control was not achieved (mean dose, 82 mg). There was no consistent effect on blood pressure level, heart rate, or respiratory rate. Mild or moderate sedation occurred in eight patients. Nausea and vomiting occurred in two patients.", "contents": "Ciramadol. A new analgesic. Ciramadol (WY 15705), a new analgesic and narcotic antagonist was studied on oral-dose form in 16 patients (15 of whom were suffering from malignant disease) to evaluate the analgesic dose and toxicity. Patients with mild or moderate pain experienced effective relief with doses of from 20 mg to 60 mg (mean dose, 47 mg). In patients with moderate to severe pain, effective pain control was not achieved (mean dose, 82 mg). There was no consistent effect on blood pressure level, heart rate, or respiratory rate. Mild or moderate sedation occurred in eight patients. Nausea and vomiting occurred in two patients.", "PMID": 522808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1364", "title": "[Clinical implication of serum insulin determination. Diagnosis and prognosis in patients with apparent secondary failure of treatment with sulfonylureas (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum insulin was measured after maximal stimulation in 213 patients with apparent secondary failure of treatment with sulfonylureas. The maximal increase of serum insulin was 327% of baseline in patients treated with oral drugs alone and 175% in patients switched to insulin. The control of diabetes in the patients treated with oral drugs alone was investigated 2 to 3 years later by a questionnaire and correlated to the insulin values measured earlier. Following conclusions were drawn: Sulfonylurea treatment is indicated if the increase of serum insulin is more than 300%. If the increase of serum insulin is below 200%, insulin treatment is necessary now or in the near future. The determination of serum insulin after maximal stimulation in patients with apparent secondary failure of sulfonylurea treatment has a diagnostic as well as a prognostic value.", "contents": "[Clinical implication of serum insulin determination. Diagnosis and prognosis in patients with apparent secondary failure of treatment with sulfonylureas (author's transl)]. Serum insulin was measured after maximal stimulation in 213 patients with apparent secondary failure of treatment with sulfonylureas. The maximal increase of serum insulin was 327% of baseline in patients treated with oral drugs alone and 175% in patients switched to insulin. The control of diabetes in the patients treated with oral drugs alone was investigated 2 to 3 years later by a questionnaire and correlated to the insulin values measured earlier. Following conclusions were drawn: Sulfonylurea treatment is indicated if the increase of serum insulin is more than 300%. If the increase of serum insulin is below 200%, insulin treatment is necessary now or in the near future. The determination of serum insulin after maximal stimulation in patients with apparent secondary failure of sulfonylurea treatment has a diagnostic as well as a prognostic value.", "PMID": 522809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1365", "title": "[Endoscopic diagnoses in patients with positive Hemoccult-test: critical consideration and negative Hemoccult-test (author's transl)].", "content": "Totally 170 patients with positive (n = 29) and with negative Hemoccult-test (n = 141) were examined by coloscopy. There were 29.0% false-negative Hemoccult-test results (carcinomas 5.6%, polyps 23.4%). Almost all patients with a endoscopically diagnosed carcinoma or polyp of the large bowel had clinical signs. It is concluded, that the Hemoccult-test is indicated only in patients, who do not show clinical symptoms, and that a negative Hemoccult-test result does not exclude a tumor of the large bowel.", "contents": "[Endoscopic diagnoses in patients with positive Hemoccult-test: critical consideration and negative Hemoccult-test (author's transl)]. Totally 170 patients with positive (n = 29) and with negative Hemoccult-test (n = 141) were examined by coloscopy. There were 29.0% false-negative Hemoccult-test results (carcinomas 5.6%, polyps 23.4%). Almost all patients with a endoscopically diagnosed carcinoma or polyp of the large bowel had clinical signs. It is concluded, that the Hemoccult-test is indicated only in patients, who do not show clinical symptoms, and that a negative Hemoccult-test result does not exclude a tumor of the large bowel.", "PMID": 522810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1366", "title": "[Yersinia arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical picture and differential diagnosis of Yersinia arthritis are shown by means of three own observations. It is an acute oligoarthritis affecting especially knee- and ankle-joints. The involved joints are very painful, swollen and warm. There may be a history of enteritis or suspicion of acute appendicitis because of lower abdominal pain, but this is not obligatory. The laboratory parameters of inflammation (ESR, C-reactive protein, white blood count, serumproteinelectrophoresis) are changed significantly. Diagnosis is made by serum agglutination reaction (Widal-reaction) against ceesurface antigens (O-antigens) of Yersinia enterocolitica. Almost only people with the HL-A antigen B27 tend to get arthritis during Yersinia infection. The differential diagnosis has to consider reactive arthritis during Salmonella or Shigella infections, acute sarcoidosis, Reiter's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Yersinia arthritis (author's transl)]. Clinical picture and differential diagnosis of Yersinia arthritis are shown by means of three own observations. It is an acute oligoarthritis affecting especially knee- and ankle-joints. The involved joints are very painful, swollen and warm. There may be a history of enteritis or suspicion of acute appendicitis because of lower abdominal pain, but this is not obligatory. The laboratory parameters of inflammation (ESR, C-reactive protein, white blood count, serumproteinelectrophoresis) are changed significantly. Diagnosis is made by serum agglutination reaction (Widal-reaction) against ceesurface antigens (O-antigens) of Yersinia enterocolitica. Almost only people with the HL-A antigen B27 tend to get arthritis during Yersinia infection. The differential diagnosis has to consider reactive arthritis during Salmonella or Shigella infections, acute sarcoidosis, Reiter's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 522813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1367", "title": "[On the dermal form of erysipeloid in slaughter house workmen (author's transl)].", "content": "We described the incidence and clinical course of the dermal form of erysipeloid in 125 workmen of a central slaughter-house in Bukarest. The highest frequency of the illness was observed in summer and autumn (83 cases), especially in the group aged 21 to 50 years (96 cases). Most of the cases of erysipeloid are occupationally acquired by various persons engaged in handling meat, often butchers and workmen in meat, skin, and bone processing factories. The most frequent localisation of the process was at the index fingers and thumbs of both hands.", "contents": "[On the dermal form of erysipeloid in slaughter house workmen (author's transl)]. We described the incidence and clinical course of the dermal form of erysipeloid in 125 workmen of a central slaughter-house in Bukarest. The highest frequency of the illness was observed in summer and autumn (83 cases), especially in the group aged 21 to 50 years (96 cases). Most of the cases of erysipeloid are occupationally acquired by various persons engaged in handling meat, often butchers and workmen in meat, skin, and bone processing factories. The most frequent localisation of the process was at the index fingers and thumbs of both hands.", "PMID": 522814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1368", "title": "[Heitis terminalis promoting cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing number of publications about the incidence of cancer in small intestine with Crohn's disease shows Ileitis terminalis as an affection promoting cancer. Main problems are early diagnosis and differential diagnosis concerning intestinal stenosis caused by Crohn's recidivation or blind loop after resection. Regular scrutiny of patients with Crohn's disease is of special significance; because of the few present case reports early resection as prophylaxis is not justified.", "contents": "[Heitis terminalis promoting cancer (author's transl)]. The increasing number of publications about the incidence of cancer in small intestine with Crohn's disease shows Ileitis terminalis as an affection promoting cancer. Main problems are early diagnosis and differential diagnosis concerning intestinal stenosis caused by Crohn's recidivation or blind loop after resection. Regular scrutiny of patients with Crohn's disease is of special significance; because of the few present case reports early resection as prophylaxis is not justified.", "PMID": 522815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1369", "title": "[Pacemaker's twiddler syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This report demonstrates the results of five observation of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome, which will not necessarily end in the complete malfunction of the pacemaker unit. Therefore we classify the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome as a partial and a complete form. The partial form is characterized by still effective cardiac stimulation, whereas the complete form can not stimulate the heart muscle because of the retracted electrode. Also methods of early detection and prevention of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Pacemaker's twiddler syndrome (author's transl)]. This report demonstrates the results of five observation of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome, which will not necessarily end in the complete malfunction of the pacemaker unit. Therefore we classify the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome as a partial and a complete form. The partial form is characterized by still effective cardiac stimulation, whereas the complete form can not stimulate the heart muscle because of the retracted electrode. Also methods of early detection and prevention of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 522816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1370", "title": "[Meproscillarin in patients with renal failure and concomitant heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Meproscillarin is a glycoside with a high bioavailability (about 70%) and an elimination independent of the renal function. It was to be investigated whether a good cardiac effectiveness can be demonstrated during oral long-term application of meproscillarin to patients with renal failure. 29 patients with renal failure of varying degree and concomitant heart failure were daily given an oral dose of 0.75 mg of meproscillarin over 14 days. The effectiveness of the glycoside was measured as change of the electromechanical systole (QS2c) and the quotient of the diameter of heart and thorax (C/T) from the 1st--15th day. The plasma levels of the glycoside were determined on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day. There was a significant shortening of QS2c (by mean = 27 ms, P less than 0.005) and a marked decrease in the size of the heart (P less than 0.0025); heart rate and PQ-interval were only insignificantly influenced. Plasma levels of 0.95 ng/ml were found after 8 days of treatment compared to 1.25 ng/ml after 15 days. As the pharmacokinetics of the glycoside is practically not influenced by the renal function, meproscillarin represents an alternative in the treatment of patients with heart failure and impaired renal function.", "contents": "[Meproscillarin in patients with renal failure and concomitant heart failure (author's transl)]. Meproscillarin is a glycoside with a high bioavailability (about 70%) and an elimination independent of the renal function. It was to be investigated whether a good cardiac effectiveness can be demonstrated during oral long-term application of meproscillarin to patients with renal failure. 29 patients with renal failure of varying degree and concomitant heart failure were daily given an oral dose of 0.75 mg of meproscillarin over 14 days. The effectiveness of the glycoside was measured as change of the electromechanical systole (QS2c) and the quotient of the diameter of heart and thorax (C/T) from the 1st--15th day. The plasma levels of the glycoside were determined on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day. There was a significant shortening of QS2c (by mean = 27 ms, P less than 0.005) and a marked decrease in the size of the heart (P less than 0.0025); heart rate and PQ-interval were only insignificantly influenced. Plasma levels of 0.95 ng/ml were found after 8 days of treatment compared to 1.25 ng/ml after 15 days. As the pharmacokinetics of the glycoside is practically not influenced by the renal function, meproscillarin represents an alternative in the treatment of patients with heart failure and impaired renal function.", "PMID": 522817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1371", "title": "[Treatment with anticoagulants in glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four patients with different forms of glomerulonephritis were treated with the anticoagulant heparin (Liquemin) or phenprocoumon (Marcumar). Following the results in these cases and the experiences of other research groups, which have been published in the last few years, we have tried to lay down a scheme for treatment with anticoagulants in glomerulonephritis. Such a treatment is recommended in peracute or rapid progressing glomerulonephritis, in forms of the disease of which is  known that they have a poor prognosis, and in situations in which the risk of simultaneous thromboembolic complications as a result of a nephrotic syndrome represents a further argument for the use of anticoagulants.", "contents": "[Treatment with anticoagulants in glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. Four patients with different forms of glomerulonephritis were treated with the anticoagulant heparin (Liquemin) or phenprocoumon (Marcumar). Following the results in these cases and the experiences of other research groups, which have been published in the last few years, we have tried to lay down a scheme for treatment with anticoagulants in glomerulonephritis. Such a treatment is recommended in peracute or rapid progressing glomerulonephritis, in forms of the disease of which is  known that they have a poor prognosis, and in situations in which the risk of simultaneous thromboembolic complications as a result of a nephrotic syndrome represents a further argument for the use of anticoagulants.", "PMID": 522818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1372", "title": "[Surgical or endoscopic papillotomy? (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy has become a competitive method to the surgical technique. Endoscopy took over many cases formerly treated surgically. The indications to either procedure are defined. The alterations of papilla and peripapillary region of choledochus are treated by endoscopy. The surgical method is indicated in gallbladder diseases, in further accessory operations and in failing of endoscopic proceeding. The complication rate of endoscopic papillotomy is 6.7 p.c. and about 20 p.c. under the rate of the surgical method. The relation of mortality rate is given with 1.5 p.c.: 3.8 p.c. in favour of endoscopy. Indications, advantages, disadvantages and complications of both methods are discussed, using the own case material of 211 surgical and 714 endoscopic papillotomies.", "contents": "[Surgical or endoscopic papillotomy? (author's transl)]. Endoscopic papillotomy has become a competitive method to the surgical technique. Endoscopy took over many cases formerly treated surgically. The indications to either procedure are defined. The alterations of papilla and peripapillary region of choledochus are treated by endoscopy. The surgical method is indicated in gallbladder diseases, in further accessory operations and in failing of endoscopic proceeding. The complication rate of endoscopic papillotomy is 6.7 p.c. and about 20 p.c. under the rate of the surgical method. The relation of mortality rate is given with 1.5 p.c.: 3.8 p.c. in favour of endoscopy. Indications, advantages, disadvantages and complications of both methods are discussed, using the own case material of 211 surgical and 714 endoscopic papillotomies.", "PMID": 522819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1373", "title": "Cutaneous lymphoma in an infant: case report.", "content": "A case of lymphoma in an infant in whom the skin was the only apparent organ involved is reported. Response to combination chemotherapy was excellent and no recurrence has been observed in the 13 months since diagnosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous lymphoma in an infant: case report. A case of lymphoma in an infant in whom the skin was the only apparent organ involved is reported. Response to combination chemotherapy was excellent and no recurrence has been observed in the 13 months since diagnosis.", "PMID": 522821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1374", "title": "Childhood leukemia and lymphoma: correlation of clinical features with immunological and morphological studies.", "content": "Malignant cells from 49 children with lymphoid neoplasms other than Hodgkin disease were evaluated by surface marker and morphologic studies. We classified the patients into three groups: 36 patients (74%) with acute lymphocytic leukemia; 7 (14%) classified as convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia; and 6 (12%) with small noncleaved follicular center cell lymphoma/leukemia. Diffuse marrow involvement was present at diagnosis in some patients in the latter two groups, but their clinical course was not characteristic of the patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Male predominance, poor prognosis, and high incidence of central nervous system disease characterized patients in the convoluted lymphocytic and follicular center cell lymphoma/leukemia groups. Clinical presentation in these two groups differed. Proliferations of convoluted lymphocytes were associated with mediastinal masses and proliferations of follicular center cells with intraabdominal tumors. The high incidence of CNS disease in children with neoplasms of convoluted lymphocytes and follicular center cells suggests that these processes have a predilection for the CNS and that patients with them may benefit from CNS prophylaxis.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia and lymphoma: correlation of clinical features with immunological and morphological studies. Malignant cells from 49 children with lymphoid neoplasms other than Hodgkin disease were evaluated by surface marker and morphologic studies. We classified the patients into three groups: 36 patients (74%) with acute lymphocytic leukemia; 7 (14%) classified as convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia; and 6 (12%) with small noncleaved follicular center cell lymphoma/leukemia. Diffuse marrow involvement was present at diagnosis in some patients in the latter two groups, but their clinical course was not characteristic of the patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Male predominance, poor prognosis, and high incidence of central nervous system disease characterized patients in the convoluted lymphocytic and follicular center cell lymphoma/leukemia groups. Clinical presentation in these two groups differed. Proliferations of convoluted lymphocytes were associated with mediastinal masses and proliferations of follicular center cells with intraabdominal tumors. The high incidence of CNS disease in children with neoplasms of convoluted lymphocytes and follicular center cells suggests that these processes have a predilection for the CNS and that patients with them may benefit from CNS prophylaxis.", "PMID": 522822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1375", "title": "Ovarian involvement in neuroblastoma.", "content": "A case of neuroblastoma involving the ovaries bilaterally at diagnosis is reported. A review of previous cases of neuroblastoma at Johns Hopkins Hospital revealed no previous occurrence of ovarian metastatic disease at diagnosis, but involvement in about one-third of cases at autopsy. This appears to be a more common site of metastatic disease than has been previously recognized. The significance of this site of metastases in neuroblastoma is unknown.", "contents": "Ovarian involvement in neuroblastoma. A case of neuroblastoma involving the ovaries bilaterally at diagnosis is reported. A review of previous cases of neuroblastoma at Johns Hopkins Hospital revealed no previous occurrence of ovarian metastatic disease at diagnosis, but involvement in about one-third of cases at autopsy. This appears to be a more common site of metastatic disease than has been previously recognized. The significance of this site of metastases in neuroblastoma is unknown.", "PMID": 522823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1376", "title": "Medical student training in medical oncology.", "content": "The evaluation of a medical school course in Medical Oncology assessed the experience in which medical students act as interns. The direct involvement of the student as a physician in managing patients with cancer furthered the students' knowledge of cancer, improved their competency in dealing with patients with cancer and their families, and developed the students' insight and attitudes toward the problems of cancer.", "contents": "Medical student training in medical oncology. The evaluation of a medical school course in Medical Oncology assessed the experience in which medical students act as interns. The direct involvement of the student as a physician in managing patients with cancer furthered the students' knowledge of cancer, improved their competency in dealing with patients with cancer and their families, and developed the students' insight and attitudes toward the problems of cancer.", "PMID": 522824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1377", "title": "Histoplasmosis mimicking childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Cell surface markers are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoid diseases. We present a case of pulmonary histoplasmosis with a pleural effusion. The differential diagnosis included non-Hodgkin lymphoma because the pleural fluid cells were cytologically identical to convoluted lymphoblasts; the cells also formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, suggesting that they were malignant thymus-derived lymphoblasts. Since cultures of pleural fluid were negative for bacteria and fungi, the correct diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made only after conventional histology identified Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in pleural nodules. Thus, until we have a better understanding of the significance of cell surface markers, we should continue to rely on conventional histology for the diagnosis of lymphomas.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis mimicking childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cell surface markers are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoid diseases. We present a case of pulmonary histoplasmosis with a pleural effusion. The differential diagnosis included non-Hodgkin lymphoma because the pleural fluid cells were cytologically identical to convoluted lymphoblasts; the cells also formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, suggesting that they were malignant thymus-derived lymphoblasts. Since cultures of pleural fluid were negative for bacteria and fungi, the correct diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made only after conventional histology identified Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in pleural nodules. Thus, until we have a better understanding of the significance of cell surface markers, we should continue to rely on conventional histology for the diagnosis of lymphomas.", "PMID": 522825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1378", "title": "Chromosome 1 abnormalities in relapse and terminal stages in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Seven of 114 children with leukemia were shown to have abnormalities of chromosome 1. These included trisomy of parts of chromosome 1 as well as translocations of chromosome 1 to other chromosomes. The abnormalities were found during a relapse or terminal stage, after which the patient was refractory to therapy in all cases.", "contents": "Chromosome 1 abnormalities in relapse and terminal stages in childhood leukemia. Seven of 114 children with leukemia were shown to have abnormalities of chromosome 1. These included trisomy of parts of chromosome 1 as well as translocations of chromosome 1 to other chromosomes. The abnormalities were found during a relapse or terminal stage, after which the patient was refractory to therapy in all cases.", "PMID": 522826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1379", "title": "Chromosome classification system based on banding technique.", "content": "This paper deals with a classification method for human chromosome samples. A new method is proposed based on the integrated intensity profile obtained by scanning a microphotograph of chromosome sample prepared by the banding technique. Theoretical as well as experimental investigations are made. As a means of representation, Legendre polynomial series is found suitable for describing the characteristics of the chromosome in its classification. The proposed method aims at a simplified realization of a classification system. A preliminary system is constructed which consists of a ligth-pen and a television system. The proposed system is quite simple compared with the traditional ones and still exhibits satisfactory performances in the recognition rate, number of required parameters per sample, and some other important features.", "contents": "Chromosome classification system based on banding technique. This paper deals with a classification method for human chromosome samples. A new method is proposed based on the integrated intensity profile obtained by scanning a microphotograph of chromosome sample prepared by the banding technique. Theoretical as well as experimental investigations are made. As a means of representation, Legendre polynomial series is found suitable for describing the characteristics of the chromosome in its classification. The proposed method aims at a simplified realization of a classification system. A preliminary system is constructed which consists of a ligth-pen and a television system. The proposed system is quite simple compared with the traditional ones and still exhibits satisfactory performances in the recognition rate, number of required parameters per sample, and some other important features.", "PMID": 522839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1380", "title": "Lesions of the canine penis and prepuce.", "content": "In 185 dogs treated for penile or preputial problems, 197 lesions were observed including 86 tumors (of which 84 were transmissible venereal tumors), 40 cases of balanophosthitis, 38 wounds, 14 urethral calculi and one urethral stenosis. In addition, 14 cases of paraphimosis, one phimosis and 4 fractures of the os penis were seen. This report discusses the clinical signs, treatment and results of penile-preputial disease.", "contents": "Lesions of the canine penis and prepuce. In 185 dogs treated for penile or preputial problems, 197 lesions were observed including 86 tumors (of which 84 were transmissible venereal tumors), 40 cases of balanophosthitis, 38 wounds, 14 urethral calculi and one urethral stenosis. In addition, 14 cases of paraphimosis, one phimosis and 4 fractures of the os penis were seen. This report discusses the clinical signs, treatment and results of penile-preputial disease.", "PMID": 522857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1381", "title": "Radiation-induced dominant lethal mutations in oocytes of Musca domestica.", "content": "Dominant lethal mutations induced by gamma-radiation were measured in stage-7 and stage-14 oocytes of Musca domestica. At both stages the data are consistent with the multi-hit theory on radiation induction of dominant lethals. This conclusion is supported by fractionation experiments which indicate that both S7 and S14 oocytes are capable of repairing, in different periods of time, a similar amount of dominant lethal damage.", "contents": "Radiation-induced dominant lethal mutations in oocytes of Musca domestica. Dominant lethal mutations induced by gamma-radiation were measured in stage-7 and stage-14 oocytes of Musca domestica. At both stages the data are consistent with the multi-hit theory on radiation induction of dominant lethals. This conclusion is supported by fractionation experiments which indicate that both S7 and S14 oocytes are capable of repairing, in different periods of time, a similar amount of dominant lethal damage.", "PMID": 522863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1382", "title": "Dose-response curves for radiation-induced gene mutations in mouse oocytes and their interpretation.", "content": "Previous work, in which female mice had been given fractionated doses of 20 X 10 rad X-rays, had confirmed and extended Russell's observations that the dose-response relationship for specific-locus mutations in mature-mouse oocytes is curved at low doses. The present work was intended to study the relationship at relatively high doses. Adult female mice were given doses of 200, 400 or 600 rad x-rays at 52 or 72 rad/min, and mated immediately. Offspring conceived in the first 7 days (i.e. using oocytes which were mature at time of treatment) were scored for specific-locus mutations. The data indicate that the departure from linearity of the dose-response curve is marginally significant at the 5% level. A quadratic dose-response curve (y = c + aD + bD2) and a square-law relationship (y = c + bD2) both give a good fit to the data. Both curves fit data of other authors obtained at low doses or dose-rates. These results could be interpreted either in terms of dose-dependent repair phenomena, or by considering specific-locus mutations as two-track events. In view of knowledge of other phenomena concerning mutation and cell killing in mouse oocytes, such as the variation in sensitivity of different cell stages, the interpretation in terms of repair phenomena is preferred.", "contents": "Dose-response curves for radiation-induced gene mutations in mouse oocytes and their interpretation. Previous work, in which female mice had been given fractionated doses of 20 X 10 rad X-rays, had confirmed and extended Russell's observations that the dose-response relationship for specific-locus mutations in mature-mouse oocytes is curved at low doses. The present work was intended to study the relationship at relatively high doses. Adult female mice were given doses of 200, 400 or 600 rad x-rays at 52 or 72 rad/min, and mated immediately. Offspring conceived in the first 7 days (i.e. using oocytes which were mature at time of treatment) were scored for specific-locus mutations. The data indicate that the departure from linearity of the dose-response curve is marginally significant at the 5% level. A quadratic dose-response curve (y = c + aD + bD2) and a square-law relationship (y = c + bD2) both give a good fit to the data. Both curves fit data of other authors obtained at low doses or dose-rates. These results could be interpreted either in terms of dose-dependent repair phenomena, or by considering specific-locus mutations as two-track events. In view of knowledge of other phenomena concerning mutation and cell killing in mouse oocytes, such as the variation in sensitivity of different cell stages, the interpretation in terms of repair phenomena is preferred.", "PMID": 522864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1383", "title": "DNA crosslinking, sister-chromatid exchange and specific-locus mutations.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with the DNA-crosslinking chemicals, mitomycin C (MMC) and porfiromycin (POR), and their monofunctional derivative decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DCMMC). After exposure, the cells were studied for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and mutations at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase loci. The frequency of SCEs varied significantly in successive sampling intervals, requiring the weighting of each interval by the percentage of second-division mitosis in that interval to obtain the mean SCE frequency for each dose. All 3 compounds were potent inducers of SCEs but weakly mutagenic. All 3 chemicals by concentration were approximately equally effective in inducing SCEs or mutations. When the induced SCEs and mutations were compared at equal levels of survival, DCMMC was slightly more effective than MMC or POR in inducing SCEs and somewhat less mutagenic. These results indicate that the DNA interstrand crosslink is not the major lesion responsible for the induction of SCE or mutation by these compounds.", "contents": "DNA crosslinking, sister-chromatid exchange and specific-locus mutations. Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with the DNA-crosslinking chemicals, mitomycin C (MMC) and porfiromycin (POR), and their monofunctional derivative decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DCMMC). After exposure, the cells were studied for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and mutations at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase loci. The frequency of SCEs varied significantly in successive sampling intervals, requiring the weighting of each interval by the percentage of second-division mitosis in that interval to obtain the mean SCE frequency for each dose. All 3 compounds were potent inducers of SCEs but weakly mutagenic. All 3 chemicals by concentration were approximately equally effective in inducing SCEs or mutations. When the induced SCEs and mutations were compared at equal levels of survival, DCMMC was slightly more effective than MMC or POR in inducing SCEs and somewhat less mutagenic. These results indicate that the DNA interstrand crosslink is not the major lesion responsible for the induction of SCE or mutation by these compounds.", "PMID": 522865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1384", "title": "G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "Both the peripheral lymphocytes from 4 patients affected with the inherited disease Fanconi's anemia (FA), and tissue-culture fibroblasts from skin biopsies from 3 patients similarly affected were found to be about twice as sensitive to the induction of chromatid-type chromosomal aberrations by X-rays administratered in the G2 phase of the cell cycle as cells from normal controls. Using tritiated thymidine labelling of peripheral lymphocytes and of cultured fibroblasts, it was determined that 3 affected patients and 3 normal controls all had similar percent labeled mitoses (PLM) curves, so the increased induced aberration yields seen in the FA cells do not appear to be simply a consequences of a longer than normal G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in Fanconi's anemia. Both the peripheral lymphocytes from 4 patients affected with the inherited disease Fanconi's anemia (FA), and tissue-culture fibroblasts from skin biopsies from 3 patients similarly affected were found to be about twice as sensitive to the induction of chromatid-type chromosomal aberrations by X-rays administratered in the G2 phase of the cell cycle as cells from normal controls. Using tritiated thymidine labelling of peripheral lymphocytes and of cultured fibroblasts, it was determined that 3 affected patients and 3 normal controls all had similar percent labeled mitoses (PLM) curves, so the increased induced aberration yields seen in the FA cells do not appear to be simply a consequences of a longer than normal G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 522866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1385", "title": "Nonrandom distribution of chromosomal aberrations induced by three chemicals.", "content": "The G-band locations of 3244 breakpoints induced by cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride (PDD), 1460 breakpoints induced by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), and 1257 breakpoints induced by triethylenemelamine (TEM) in human lymphocyte chromosomes were identified. The breakpoints induced by each of these chemicals demonstrated a significantly nonrandom distribution within the human karyotype. The overall pattern of the interarm distribution was dependent upon the chemical used, but certain chromosomes arms exhibited similar responses to all 3 chemicals. Comparison of the frequencies of breakpoints within individual G-bands indicated that (1) certain bands were susceptible to damage induced by all 3 chemicals; (2) certain bands were resistant to damage by all 3 chemicals; (3) certain bands demonstrated variable susceptibility to induced damage dependent upon the chemical agent; and (4) other bands demonstrated near expected frequencies of damage (by length) to all 3 agents.", "contents": "Nonrandom distribution of chromosomal aberrations induced by three chemicals. The G-band locations of 3244 breakpoints induced by cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride (PDD), 1460 breakpoints induced by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), and 1257 breakpoints induced by triethylenemelamine (TEM) in human lymphocyte chromosomes were identified. The breakpoints induced by each of these chemicals demonstrated a significantly nonrandom distribution within the human karyotype. The overall pattern of the interarm distribution was dependent upon the chemical used, but certain chromosomes arms exhibited similar responses to all 3 chemicals. Comparison of the frequencies of breakpoints within individual G-bands indicated that (1) certain bands were susceptible to damage induced by all 3 chemicals; (2) certain bands were resistant to damage by all 3 chemicals; (3) certain bands demonstrated variable susceptibility to induced damage dependent upon the chemical agent; and (4) other bands demonstrated near expected frequencies of damage (by length) to all 3 agents.", "PMID": 522867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1386", "title": "Fate of fragments and properties of translocations of holokinetic chromosomes after X-irradiation of mature sperm of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae).", "content": "After irradiation of mature sperm in males of Tetranychus urticae, early cleavage stages were scored for chromosome fragments. As expected from the presumed holokinetic nature of the chromosomes, the majority (94.29%) of the fragments pass mitosis without difficulty. A minority of the fragments is affected by loss (4.76%) or missegregation (0.95%), leading to loss of fragments from cells in a large fraction of fragment-containing eggs after a few divisions. Lethality induced by the irradiation treatment can probably be ascribed to these losses. When meiotic configurations of F1 females are analysed, translocations turn out to be the most frequent type of aberration, often accompanied by recessive lethal mutations, thus adding an extra amount of lethality to the already high number of non-viable haploid offspring of heterozygous F1 females. The frequently occurring infecundity of the F1 females may be caused by mechanical problems in early stages of meiosis (before oviposition), when multivalents are not able to perform the specific turning movements typical for this type of chromosome. According to calculations, univalents in meiotic stages are thought to represent translocated chromosomes rather than independent fragments.", "contents": "Fate of fragments and properties of translocations of holokinetic chromosomes after X-irradiation of mature sperm of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae). After irradiation of mature sperm in males of Tetranychus urticae, early cleavage stages were scored for chromosome fragments. As expected from the presumed holokinetic nature of the chromosomes, the majority (94.29%) of the fragments pass mitosis without difficulty. A minority of the fragments is affected by loss (4.76%) or missegregation (0.95%), leading to loss of fragments from cells in a large fraction of fragment-containing eggs after a few divisions. Lethality induced by the irradiation treatment can probably be ascribed to these losses. When meiotic configurations of F1 females are analysed, translocations turn out to be the most frequent type of aberration, often accompanied by recessive lethal mutations, thus adding an extra amount of lethality to the already high number of non-viable haploid offspring of heterozygous F1 females. The frequently occurring infecundity of the F1 females may be caused by mechanical problems in early stages of meiosis (before oviposition), when multivalents are not able to perform the specific turning movements typical for this type of chromosome. According to calculations, univalents in meiotic stages are thought to represent translocated chromosomes rather than independent fragments.", "PMID": 522871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1387", "title": "Kinetics of human lymphocyte division and chromosomal radiosensitivity.", "content": "Human blood from normal donors was irradiated with 200 R during the Go phase, and the X-ray sensitivity of early and late dividing lymphocytes in culture was expressed as percentage of induced dicentrics. Cells in first or subsequent divisions were individualized by BrdU-Giemsa techniques. Lymphocytes in the first division at 40, 44 and 72 h after the start of culture had a lower sensitivity to radiation than lymphocytes making their first division at 48, 52 and 56 h. It was observed that: (a) the combination of radiation followed by BrdU did not increase the clastogenic action of X-rays, (b) X-rays in the dose and duration used in our cultures did not increase the frequency of SCEs, and (c) minor changes in culture conditions probably influenced the frequency of SCEs.", "contents": "Kinetics of human lymphocyte division and chromosomal radiosensitivity. Human blood from normal donors was irradiated with 200 R during the Go phase, and the X-ray sensitivity of early and late dividing lymphocytes in culture was expressed as percentage of induced dicentrics. Cells in first or subsequent divisions were individualized by BrdU-Giemsa techniques. Lymphocytes in the first division at 40, 44 and 72 h after the start of culture had a lower sensitivity to radiation than lymphocytes making their first division at 48, 52 and 56 h. It was observed that: (a) the combination of radiation followed by BrdU did not increase the clastogenic action of X-rays, (b) X-rays in the dose and duration used in our cultures did not increase the frequency of SCEs, and (c) minor changes in culture conditions probably influenced the frequency of SCEs.", "PMID": 522872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1388", "title": "Anthramycin-induced sister-chromatid exchange and caffeine potentiation in the chromosomes of Indian muntjac.", "content": "Cell-cycle kinetics, sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberrations have been studied from the skin fibroblasts of the Indian muntjac after treatment with 100 micrograms/ml of caffeine and 0.05 microgram/ml of anthramycin. The cultures were incubated for a period which was sufficient for the completion of two consecutive cell cycles and both the drugs appeared to produce a slight inhibitory effect. When anthramycin-treated cells were however post-treated with caffeine, the cells did not proceed beyond one cycle and exhibited a mitotic block. The SCE frequency in the control and the experiments with caffeine and anthramycin was 8.63, 18.32 and 34.88 per cell respectively. The SCEs were randomly distributed amongst all chromosomes unlike a non-random distribution within the X chromosomes. Caffeine and anthramycin produced only 0.5% and 3.1 cells with chromosome aberrations respectively. Potentiation of chromosome aberrations was observed when the anthramycin-treated cells were post-treated with caffeine. Caffeine potentiation presumably results from an inhibition of the cells to cycle and a failure to repair the effect of the mutagen on DNA.", "contents": "Anthramycin-induced sister-chromatid exchange and caffeine potentiation in the chromosomes of Indian muntjac. Cell-cycle kinetics, sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberrations have been studied from the skin fibroblasts of the Indian muntjac after treatment with 100 micrograms/ml of caffeine and 0.05 microgram/ml of anthramycin. The cultures were incubated for a period which was sufficient for the completion of two consecutive cell cycles and both the drugs appeared to produce a slight inhibitory effect. When anthramycin-treated cells were however post-treated with caffeine, the cells did not proceed beyond one cycle and exhibited a mitotic block. The SCE frequency in the control and the experiments with caffeine and anthramycin was 8.63, 18.32 and 34.88 per cell respectively. The SCEs were randomly distributed amongst all chromosomes unlike a non-random distribution within the X chromosomes. Caffeine and anthramycin produced only 0.5% and 3.1 cells with chromosome aberrations respectively. Potentiation of chromosome aberrations was observed when the anthramycin-treated cells were post-treated with caffeine. Caffeine potentiation presumably results from an inhibition of the cells to cycle and a failure to repair the effect of the mutagen on DNA.", "PMID": 522873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1389", "title": "A comparison of cytotoxicity, ouabain-resistant mutation, sister-chromatid exchanges, and nascent DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "Chinese hamster V79 cells were treated with either (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-diol epoxide I) or (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-diol epoxide II) and the nascent DNA was labeled with [Me-3H]thymidine. The cells were harvested for determination of cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), ouabain-resistant (Or) mutations and the size of newly synthesized daughter-strand DNA. Both isomers caused dose-dependent decreases in survival of cells and in the size of nascent DNA. Increases in the frequencies of SCE and of Or mutation were found in cells treated with either isomer. However, B[a]P-diol epoxide I caused 10--20-fold more Or mutations and 50-100% more SCE than did B[a]P-diol epoxide II at equal molar dose levels. In contrast to the marked difference in the frequencies of both SCE and Or mutations caused by both compounds, the isomers induced similar reductions in the size of the nascent DNA at equal dose levels. In comparing the molecular and biological effects of the two isomers the reduction in the size of nascent DNA was more closely related to cytotoxicity than to the induction of SCE or Or mutations.", "contents": "A comparison of cytotoxicity, ouabain-resistant mutation, sister-chromatid exchanges, and nascent DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene. Chinese hamster V79 cells were treated with either (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-diol epoxide I) or (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-diol epoxide II) and the nascent DNA was labeled with [Me-3H]thymidine. The cells were harvested for determination of cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), ouabain-resistant (Or) mutations and the size of newly synthesized daughter-strand DNA. Both isomers caused dose-dependent decreases in survival of cells and in the size of nascent DNA. Increases in the frequencies of SCE and of Or mutation were found in cells treated with either isomer. However, B[a]P-diol epoxide I caused 10--20-fold more Or mutations and 50-100% more SCE than did B[a]P-diol epoxide II at equal molar dose levels. In contrast to the marked difference in the frequencies of both SCE and Or mutations caused by both compounds, the isomers induced similar reductions in the size of the nascent DNA at equal dose levels. In comparing the molecular and biological effects of the two isomers the reduction in the size of nascent DNA was more closely related to cytotoxicity than to the induction of SCE or Or mutations.", "PMID": 522875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1390", "title": "The effect of caffeine on cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The effect of caffeine on Chinese hamster V79 cells after treatment with the highly mutagenic (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, and the weaker mutagen (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P-deiol-epoxide II, was studied at both the biological and molecular levels. Caffeine, at nontoxic dose levels, caused a synergistic reduction in cell survival induced by both isomers and also inhibited DNA elongation as measured by alkaline sucrose-gradient analysis of nascent DNA. However, caffeine did not affect the induction of either ouabain-resistant mutants or sister-chromatid exchanges by either isomer. These results suggest that enhanced cell killing by caffeine in benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide treated V79 cells may be related to caffeine's inhibitory effect on DNA elongation. However, inhibition of DNA elongation by caffeine did not influence the resulting induced levels of mutagenesis or sister-chromatid exchanges.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene. The effect of caffeine on Chinese hamster V79 cells after treatment with the highly mutagenic (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, and the weaker mutagen (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P-deiol-epoxide II, was studied at both the biological and molecular levels. Caffeine, at nontoxic dose levels, caused a synergistic reduction in cell survival induced by both isomers and also inhibited DNA elongation as measured by alkaline sucrose-gradient analysis of nascent DNA. However, caffeine did not affect the induction of either ouabain-resistant mutants or sister-chromatid exchanges by either isomer. These results suggest that enhanced cell killing by caffeine in benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide treated V79 cells may be related to caffeine's inhibitory effect on DNA elongation. However, inhibition of DNA elongation by caffeine did not influence the resulting induced levels of mutagenesis or sister-chromatid exchanges.", "PMID": 522876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1391", "title": "Mutagenicity of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation in diploid human skin fibroblasts: an improved risk estimate in photochemotherapy.", "content": "Cell killing and the induction of mutation were studied in dividing and non-dividing human skin fibroblasts as a result of treatment by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave UV irradiation (UVA). The cytotoxic effect was highly dependent upon the duration of the UVA exposure. The frequency of mutations increased linearly with the UVA dose at concentrations of 10 and 0.25 microliter 8-MOP/ml, the latter representing the concentration in the skin during PUVA treatment. The number of mutations induced per unit dose (= per microgram 8-MOP/ml per joule UVA/m2) was calculated: for dividing cells this value was 3.3 X 10(-8) per cell and for non-dividing cells 0.6 X 10.8(-8) per cell. On the basis of these values the expected number of induced mutants in the human skin per session of photochemotherapy is 1.2 X 10(-5), and per 30 years of maintenance therapy 1.3 X 10(-2) per cell. A comparison was made between this frequency and the frequency to be expected from spontaneous mutation. In addition the significance of absence in patients of SCE induction by photochemotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation in diploid human skin fibroblasts: an improved risk estimate in photochemotherapy. Cell killing and the induction of mutation were studied in dividing and non-dividing human skin fibroblasts as a result of treatment by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave UV irradiation (UVA). The cytotoxic effect was highly dependent upon the duration of the UVA exposure. The frequency of mutations increased linearly with the UVA dose at concentrations of 10 and 0.25 microliter 8-MOP/ml, the latter representing the concentration in the skin during PUVA treatment. The number of mutations induced per unit dose (= per microgram 8-MOP/ml per joule UVA/m2) was calculated: for dividing cells this value was 3.3 X 10(-8) per cell and for non-dividing cells 0.6 X 10.8(-8) per cell. On the basis of these values the expected number of induced mutants in the human skin per session of photochemotherapy is 1.2 X 10(-5), and per 30 years of maintenance therapy 1.3 X 10(-2) per cell. A comparison was made between this frequency and the frequency to be expected from spontaneous mutation. In addition the significance of absence in patients of SCE induction by photochemotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 522877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1392", "title": "Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of alkylating agents in cultured mammalian cells (CHO/HGPRT system): mutagen treatment in the presence or absence of serum.", "content": "Cytotoxicity and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system) were measured for a range of concentrations of 6 alkylating agents [methyl and ethyl methanesulfonate (MMS, EMS), N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, ENNG), and methyl- and ethyl-nitrosourea (MNU, ENU)] to determine the effect of the presence or absence of serum during the time of mutagen treatment. Cultures were treated with the mutagens for 5 h, a time period which results in no growth inhibition in the absence of serum, to estimate the potential decrease in effective mutagen dose to the cells which might result from reactivity with the serum proteins. With all 6 agents, identical results were found for cytotoxicity and for mutagenicity regardless of the presence or absence of serum during treatment. This finding demonstrates that the use of serum in cell-culture medium does not present any problems in apparent dosimetry studies, at least with these alkylating agents.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of alkylating agents in cultured mammalian cells (CHO/HGPRT system): mutagen treatment in the presence or absence of serum. Cytotoxicity and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system) were measured for a range of concentrations of 6 alkylating agents [methyl and ethyl methanesulfonate (MMS, EMS), N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, ENNG), and methyl- and ethyl-nitrosourea (MNU, ENU)] to determine the effect of the presence or absence of serum during the time of mutagen treatment. Cultures were treated with the mutagens for 5 h, a time period which results in no growth inhibition in the absence of serum, to estimate the potential decrease in effective mutagen dose to the cells which might result from reactivity with the serum proteins. With all 6 agents, identical results were found for cytotoxicity and for mutagenicity regardless of the presence or absence of serum during treatment. This finding demonstrates that the use of serum in cell-culture medium does not present any problems in apparent dosimetry studies, at least with these alkylating agents.", "PMID": 522878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1393", "title": "Endonucleolytic activity for gamma-irradiated DNA in normal and ataxia telangiectasia fibroblast cell extracts.", "content": "The increased sensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells towards ionizing radiation may be related to their inability to incise DNA near sites of radiation-induced base damages. When compared to 3 unaffected controls, crude extracts from 5 lines of fibroblast cells derived from ataxia telangiectasia patients were capable of incising gamma-irradiated DNA to the same extent as normal cells as determined in a nicking assay, using the circular replicative form of phiX174. However, the types of alterations introduced into DNA by gamma-irradiation could be distinguished from sites of base loss due to depurination or depyrimidination and from sites of base modification by OsO4. The specific endonuclease involved was demonstrated to be distinct from the apurinic endonuclease by its rate of temperature inactivation.", "contents": "Endonucleolytic activity for gamma-irradiated DNA in normal and ataxia telangiectasia fibroblast cell extracts. The increased sensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells towards ionizing radiation may be related to their inability to incise DNA near sites of radiation-induced base damages. When compared to 3 unaffected controls, crude extracts from 5 lines of fibroblast cells derived from ataxia telangiectasia patients were capable of incising gamma-irradiated DNA to the same extent as normal cells as determined in a nicking assay, using the circular replicative form of phiX174. However, the types of alterations introduced into DNA by gamma-irradiation could be distinguished from sites of base loss due to depurination or depyrimidination and from sites of base modification by OsO4. The specific endonuclease involved was demonstrated to be distinct from the apurinic endonuclease by its rate of temperature inactivation.", "PMID": 522879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1394", "title": "Resistance of plateau-phase human normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effect of ultraviolet light.", "content": "Clonogenic survival response to 254-nm ultraviolet light was measured in 2 strains of repair-proficient normal human fibroblasts and 4 strains of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) fibroblasts belonging to complementation groups A, C, D and variant. In all strains except XPA, cells irradiated in plateau phase and subcultured immediately were much more resistant to the lethal effect of UV than cells irradiated in the exponential phase of growth. Typically, 10-20% of plateau-phase cells were extremely resistant. When the cultures were held in plateau phase for 24 h after irradiation and before subculture, there was a further enhance of survival. By use of a UV-specific endonuclease assay, no difference was found in the number of DNA lesions induced in exponentially growing and plateau cultures by the same dose of UV light. Thus plateau-phase cells appear to be more efficient in their DNA-repair capability than cells in exponential growth. XP group A cells were uniquely found to be deficient in the processes which lead to plateau-phase resistance. Since plateau-phase repair was not lacking in XP groups C, D and variant, it may be related to a DNA-repair process different from that which is responsible for the overall UV sensitivity of these cells.", "contents": "Resistance of plateau-phase human normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effect of ultraviolet light. Clonogenic survival response to 254-nm ultraviolet light was measured in 2 strains of repair-proficient normal human fibroblasts and 4 strains of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) fibroblasts belonging to complementation groups A, C, D and variant. In all strains except XPA, cells irradiated in plateau phase and subcultured immediately were much more resistant to the lethal effect of UV than cells irradiated in the exponential phase of growth. Typically, 10-20% of plateau-phase cells were extremely resistant. When the cultures were held in plateau phase for 24 h after irradiation and before subculture, there was a further enhance of survival. By use of a UV-specific endonuclease assay, no difference was found in the number of DNA lesions induced in exponentially growing and plateau cultures by the same dose of UV light. Thus plateau-phase cells appear to be more efficient in their DNA-repair capability than cells in exponential growth. XP group A cells were uniquely found to be deficient in the processes which lead to plateau-phase resistance. Since plateau-phase repair was not lacking in XP groups C, D and variant, it may be related to a DNA-repair process different from that which is responsible for the overall UV sensitivity of these cells.", "PMID": 522880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1395", "title": "Inducation of chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells by nickel compounds.", "content": "The effects of 4 Ni compounds, nickel chloride, nickel acetate, potassium cyanonickelate, and nickel sulfide were studied in a line of mammary carcinoma cells from the C3H mouse. All 4 were easily taken up by the cells and reacted with protein, RNA, and possibly DNA. Measurements of leucine, uridine, and thymidine uptake during exposure showed that the syntheses of protein and DNA were more sensitive than RNA. Chromosomal aberrations were observed during the recovery period following the end of the treament with Ni. The implications of these results were discussed with respect to the carcinogenicity of the compounds and to the recommended protocols for mutagenicity testing by chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Inducation of chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells by nickel compounds. The effects of 4 Ni compounds, nickel chloride, nickel acetate, potassium cyanonickelate, and nickel sulfide were studied in a line of mammary carcinoma cells from the C3H mouse. All 4 were easily taken up by the cells and reacted with protein, RNA, and possibly DNA. Measurements of leucine, uridine, and thymidine uptake during exposure showed that the syntheses of protein and DNA were more sensitive than RNA. Chromosomal aberrations were observed during the recovery period following the end of the treament with Ni. The implications of these results were discussed with respect to the carcinogenicity of the compounds and to the recommended protocols for mutagenicity testing by chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 522882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1396", "title": "Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells by thiol and hydrazine compoudns.", "content": "Cysteine, cysteamine and glutathione all induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells when applied to cell cultures at concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-2) M. Acute exposure of cells th thiol compound for a period of 2--3 h resulted in a unique dose--response relationship in each instance. This consisted of two peak SCE frequencies, one at either extreme of the concentration range. Each peak corresponded to a 2--3-fold increase over the spontaneous level. A chronic exposure of 24 h, in contrast, resulted in a dose--response relationship consisting of a single peak SCE frequency (representing a 4--5-fold increase over the spontaneous level) at a concentration of approx. 4 x 10(-4) M. The effect of Cu2+ ions included in the medium at a concentration of 10(-5) M was to increase the toxicity and, at some concentrations, the SCE levels occurring after either acute or chronic exposure to thiols. Hydrazine and its derivatives, dimethylhydrazine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid), as well as hydrogen peroxide, also induce SCEs in CHO cells. A 2--3-fold increase over the spontaneous level was observed, depending upon the particular treatment protocol applied. SCE yields after 3 h treatment with dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid were increased if Mn2+, but not Cu2+, was included in the tissue culture medium at a concentration of 10(-5) M. SCE yields after a 24-h treatment with dimethylhydrazine in which Mn2+ was present in, and absent from, the medium were similar. Catalase was observed to reduce the SCE levels resulting from treatment with hydrogen peroxide, dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid. The effect of catalase upon SCEs induced by dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid in the presence of Mn2+ was more evident than when Mn2+ was not included in the culture medium. The significance of these results with respect to the possible active chemical species produced and the mutagenic/carcinogenic risk associated with thiol and hydraizine compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells by thiol and hydrazine compoudns. Cysteine, cysteamine and glutathione all induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells when applied to cell cultures at concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-2) M. Acute exposure of cells th thiol compound for a period of 2--3 h resulted in a unique dose--response relationship in each instance. This consisted of two peak SCE frequencies, one at either extreme of the concentration range. Each peak corresponded to a 2--3-fold increase over the spontaneous level. A chronic exposure of 24 h, in contrast, resulted in a dose--response relationship consisting of a single peak SCE frequency (representing a 4--5-fold increase over the spontaneous level) at a concentration of approx. 4 x 10(-4) M. The effect of Cu2+ ions included in the medium at a concentration of 10(-5) M was to increase the toxicity and, at some concentrations, the SCE levels occurring after either acute or chronic exposure to thiols. Hydrazine and its derivatives, dimethylhydrazine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid), as well as hydrogen peroxide, also induce SCEs in CHO cells. A 2--3-fold increase over the spontaneous level was observed, depending upon the particular treatment protocol applied. SCE yields after 3 h treatment with dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid were increased if Mn2+, but not Cu2+, was included in the tissue culture medium at a concentration of 10(-5) M. SCE yields after a 24-h treatment with dimethylhydrazine in which Mn2+ was present in, and absent from, the medium were similar. Catalase was observed to reduce the SCE levels resulting from treatment with hydrogen peroxide, dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid. The effect of catalase upon SCEs induced by dimethylhydrazine and isoniazid in the presence of Mn2+ was more evident than when Mn2+ was not included in the culture medium. The significance of these results with respect to the possible active chemical species produced and the mutagenic/carcinogenic risk associated with thiol and hydraizine compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 522883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1397", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with nitrofurans. I. Mutagenicity of nitrofurylacrylic acid for mammals.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of mouse bone-marrow cells, the dominant lethal test in mice and the cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro were used to study the mutagenicity of 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5-NFA) for mammals. The bone-marrow cytogenetic analysis was performed in female mice exposed to 5-NFA administered intraperitoneally in single doses of 15--120 mg/kg and in 5 repeated doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg, intragastrically in single doses of 30--240 mg/kg and 5 repeated doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and perorally for 12 weeks to 5-NFA concentration of 10, 100 and 1000 mg 5-FNA/1 in drinking water. The bone-marrow analysis was performed in this case after 12 days, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks exposure. No increase in chromosome damage attributable to dosing with 5-NFA occurred in any of these experiments. Experiments in which mice were exposed to 5-NFA in drinking water for 12 weeks and then treated with a single i.p. dose of 2 mg of the mutagen TEPA [trix-(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide] per kg revealed that, at a concentration of 1000 mg 5-NFA/1, the clastogenic activity of TEPA was reduced to that in untreated animals. The dominant lethal test was performed in male mice exposed to 5-NFA applied intraperitoneally in single doses of 40--120 mg/kg and in 5 repeated doses of 10--30 mg/kg, intragastrically in 5 repeated doses of 20--60 mg/kg, and perorally for 4 weeks in drinking water containing 5-NFA at concentrations of 10, 100, 316 and 1000 mg/l. No significant differences were detected between the exposed and control groups of animals. Experiments in which male mice were exposed to 5-NFA in drinking water and treated after the 4-week exposure to 5-NFA with 1 mg TEPA/kg revealed that a concentration of 1000 mg 5-NFA/1 reduced TEPA-induced dominant lethality to within control values. A reduction in male fertility was observed after the single or repeated 5-NFA doses, but no changes when 5-NFA was applied in drinking water. The cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes exposed in vitro for the last 24 h of culture to concentrations of 1--100 micrograms 5-NFA/Ml did not show any compound-related chromosomal changes. The results of dominant-lethal and bone-marrow cytogenetic studies in mice after consumption of drinking water containing 1000 mg of 5-NFA/1 for 12 weeks and dosed subsequently with TEPA suggests that 5-NFA has some antimutagenic activity. Because none of the studies reported revealed any compound-related genetic activity, the results suggest that 5-NFA is not a chromosome-breaking agent in mammals.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with nitrofurans. I. Mutagenicity of nitrofurylacrylic acid for mammals. Cytogenetic analysis of mouse bone-marrow cells, the dominant lethal test in mice and the cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro were used to study the mutagenicity of 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5-NFA) for mammals. The bone-marrow cytogenetic analysis was performed in female mice exposed to 5-NFA administered intraperitoneally in single doses of 15--120 mg/kg and in 5 repeated doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg, intragastrically in single doses of 30--240 mg/kg and 5 repeated doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and perorally for 12 weeks to 5-NFA concentration of 10, 100 and 1000 mg 5-FNA/1 in drinking water. The bone-marrow analysis was performed in this case after 12 days, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks exposure. No increase in chromosome damage attributable to dosing with 5-NFA occurred in any of these experiments. Experiments in which mice were exposed to 5-NFA in drinking water for 12 weeks and then treated with a single i.p. dose of 2 mg of the mutagen TEPA [trix-(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide] per kg revealed that, at a concentration of 1000 mg 5-NFA/1, the clastogenic activity of TEPA was reduced to that in untreated animals. The dominant lethal test was performed in male mice exposed to 5-NFA applied intraperitoneally in single doses of 40--120 mg/kg and in 5 repeated doses of 10--30 mg/kg, intragastrically in 5 repeated doses of 20--60 mg/kg, and perorally for 4 weeks in drinking water containing 5-NFA at concentrations of 10, 100, 316 and 1000 mg/l. No significant differences were detected between the exposed and control groups of animals. Experiments in which male mice were exposed to 5-NFA in drinking water and treated after the 4-week exposure to 5-NFA with 1 mg TEPA/kg revealed that a concentration of 1000 mg 5-NFA/1 reduced TEPA-induced dominant lethality to within control values. A reduction in male fertility was observed after the single or repeated 5-NFA doses, but no changes when 5-NFA was applied in drinking water. The cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes exposed in vitro for the last 24 h of culture to concentrations of 1--100 micrograms 5-NFA/Ml did not show any compound-related chromosomal changes. The results of dominant-lethal and bone-marrow cytogenetic studies in mice after consumption of drinking water containing 1000 mg of 5-NFA/1 for 12 weeks and dosed subsequently with TEPA suggests that 5-NFA has some antimutagenic activity. Because none of the studies reported revealed any compound-related genetic activity, the results suggest that 5-NFA is not a chromosome-breaking agent in mammals.", "PMID": 522884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1398", "title": "Pathological observation on experimental swine dysentery.", "content": "Experimental swine dysentery caused by 4 cultured strains (S73/2, DJ183, DJ70 and DK762) of Treponema hyodysenteriae was studied pathologically. The distribution and quantity of treponemes were examined on tissue sections stained by the Warthin-Starry method. Of the organs the colon contained the largest number of treponemes and the cecum and rectum the second largest number. Histopathological lesions were restricted to the large intestine. They ranged from mild catarrhal colitis in the mild case to desquamative, hemorrhagic colitis in the severest case. The severity of lesion was closely associated with the quantity of treponemes present. There was no difference in quality of the lesion between any two of the strains used in this study. Electron microscope revealed a large number of free treponemes present in the intestinal lumen and crypts. Treponemes were seen more frequently in the cytoplasm of goblet cells than in that of intestinal epithelial cells. They were also observed in desquamated degenerative epithelia. A small number of them were found in intact epithelia. Morphologically, the treponeme had a granular protoplasmic cylinder at the center which was surrounded by a thin envelope. Between the cylinder and the envelope there were axial fibrils.", "contents": "Pathological observation on experimental swine dysentery. Experimental swine dysentery caused by 4 cultured strains (S73/2, DJ183, DJ70 and DK762) of Treponema hyodysenteriae was studied pathologically. The distribution and quantity of treponemes were examined on tissue sections stained by the Warthin-Starry method. Of the organs the colon contained the largest number of treponemes and the cecum and rectum the second largest number. Histopathological lesions were restricted to the large intestine. They ranged from mild catarrhal colitis in the mild case to desquamative, hemorrhagic colitis in the severest case. The severity of lesion was closely associated with the quantity of treponemes present. There was no difference in quality of the lesion between any two of the strains used in this study. Electron microscope revealed a large number of free treponemes present in the intestinal lumen and crypts. Treponemes were seen more frequently in the cytoplasm of goblet cells than in that of intestinal epithelial cells. They were also observed in desquamated degenerative epithelia. A small number of them were found in intact epithelia. Morphologically, the treponeme had a granular protoplasmic cylinder at the center which was surrounded by a thin envelope. Between the cylinder and the envelope there were axial fibrils.", "PMID": 522890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1399", "title": "Pathological and microbiological studies on calf pneumonia occurring in mass rearing facilities.", "content": "Pathological and microbiological studies were conducted on lesions in the lungs of 194 calves from mass rearing facilities. Macroscopically, the lesions were classified into six forms: nonlesion, atelectasis, mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, advanced pneumonia, and advanced pneumonia accompanied with abscess. Histopathological examination revealed bronchopneumonia in most of the calves. Lesions more advanced than moderate pneumonia were complicated with desquamation, severe exudation, and necrosis. Bacteriologically, Pasteurella sp. was isolated often in combination with Staphylococcus sp. from about a half of the atelectatic cases. With the development of pneumonic lesions, Pasteurella sp. was isolated at a high frequency in combination with Haemophilus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. Prominent necrosis was more often seen in cases with Pasteurella haemolytica isolated than in cases with only Pasteurella multocida isolated. Mycoplasma sp. and Ureaplasma sp. were isolated from distinctly pneumonic lesions. Advanced pneumonic lesions were observed in many calves over 30 days of age. The importance of environmental and managerial improvement was also emphasized, since calf pneumonia tended to break out in facilities under unsatisfactory conditions in the present work.", "contents": "Pathological and microbiological studies on calf pneumonia occurring in mass rearing facilities. Pathological and microbiological studies were conducted on lesions in the lungs of 194 calves from mass rearing facilities. Macroscopically, the lesions were classified into six forms: nonlesion, atelectasis, mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, advanced pneumonia, and advanced pneumonia accompanied with abscess. Histopathological examination revealed bronchopneumonia in most of the calves. Lesions more advanced than moderate pneumonia were complicated with desquamation, severe exudation, and necrosis. Bacteriologically, Pasteurella sp. was isolated often in combination with Staphylococcus sp. from about a half of the atelectatic cases. With the development of pneumonic lesions, Pasteurella sp. was isolated at a high frequency in combination with Haemophilus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. Prominent necrosis was more often seen in cases with Pasteurella haemolytica isolated than in cases with only Pasteurella multocida isolated. Mycoplasma sp. and Ureaplasma sp. were isolated from distinctly pneumonic lesions. Advanced pneumonic lesions were observed in many calves over 30 days of age. The importance of environmental and managerial improvement was also emphasized, since calf pneumonia tended to break out in facilities under unsatisfactory conditions in the present work.", "PMID": 522891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1400", "title": "Rapid changes in enkephalin levels in rat striatum and hypothalamus induced by diazepam.", "content": "The acute treatment of rats with diazepam induces pronounced changes in brain enkephalin concentrations, as was estimated for methionine(met)-enkephalin and in some representative experiments for leucine(leu)-enkephalin, employing highly specific radioimmunoassays. Diazepam selectively increased the enkephalin concentrations in the hypothalamus by about 35%, and lowered it in the corpus striatum by roughly 25%; no changes could be detected in the medulla oblongata/pons or midbrain. The drug-induced changes displayed a rapid onset. Peak effects were reached by 2 to 5 min after injection. Changes observed in the hypothalamus were only short lasting and were apparently parallelled by diazepam concentrations in the brain, whereas the decrease in the striatum was of markedly longer duration. Presently, the mechanism underlying all these changes is unknown. Whereas an increase in enkephalin concentrations in the hypothalamus may be discussed in terms of the anti-stress effect of benzodiazepines, the observed drop in striatal enkephalin is not obviously to be correlated to behavioural changes induced by these drugs.", "contents": "Rapid changes in enkephalin levels in rat striatum and hypothalamus induced by diazepam. The acute treatment of rats with diazepam induces pronounced changes in brain enkephalin concentrations, as was estimated for methionine(met)-enkephalin and in some representative experiments for leucine(leu)-enkephalin, employing highly specific radioimmunoassays. Diazepam selectively increased the enkephalin concentrations in the hypothalamus by about 35%, and lowered it in the corpus striatum by roughly 25%; no changes could be detected in the medulla oblongata/pons or midbrain. The drug-induced changes displayed a rapid onset. Peak effects were reached by 2 to 5 min after injection. Changes observed in the hypothalamus were only short lasting and were apparently parallelled by diazepam concentrations in the brain, whereas the decrease in the striatum was of markedly longer duration. Presently, the mechanism underlying all these changes is unknown. Whereas an increase in enkephalin concentrations in the hypothalamus may be discussed in terms of the anti-stress effect of benzodiazepines, the observed drop in striatal enkephalin is not obviously to be correlated to behavioural changes induced by these drugs.", "PMID": 522892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1401", "title": "Propranolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. II. Disposition after subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular administration.", "content": "The disposition of dl-propranolol was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), both after subcutaneous (s.c.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 1 mg/kg. 1. Upon s.c. injection propranolol appeared rapidly in plasma. A maximum concentration of 374 +/- 33 ng/ml (N = 10) was reached 5 min after injection. After a distribution phase with a half-life of t 1/2 alpha = 17 min propranolol was eliminated with a t 1/2 beta = 59 min. 2. Both propranolol and its metabolites were taken up rapidly into all tissues studied. Highest concentrations (10.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/g, N = 5) were found in lungs 30 min after injection. 3. Neither propranolol nor its metabolites accumulated in any of the tissues examined. 4. Upon i.c.v. injection of propranolol, a maximal concentration of 573 +/- 47 ng/ml (N = 3) was reached in plasma already 2 min after injection. In this case t 1/2 alpha was 13 min and t 1/2 beta was 80 min. 5. Dialysis experiments indicated that propranolol is bound to plasma proteins for 92% in the concentration range of 20--100 ng/ml. With increasing concentrations binding diminishes progressively. At the highest concentration tested (345 ng/ml) only 76% was bound. It is concluded that s.c. and i.c.v. injection of an identical dose of propranolol gives a similar plasma concentration-time profile. Moreover, it is suggested that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of propranolol in SHR does not explain the delayed antihypertensive effect of this drug.", "contents": "Propranolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. II. Disposition after subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular administration. The disposition of dl-propranolol was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), both after subcutaneous (s.c.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 1 mg/kg. 1. Upon s.c. injection propranolol appeared rapidly in plasma. A maximum concentration of 374 +/- 33 ng/ml (N = 10) was reached 5 min after injection. After a distribution phase with a half-life of t 1/2 alpha = 17 min propranolol was eliminated with a t 1/2 beta = 59 min. 2. Both propranolol and its metabolites were taken up rapidly into all tissues studied. Highest concentrations (10.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/g, N = 5) were found in lungs 30 min after injection. 3. Neither propranolol nor its metabolites accumulated in any of the tissues examined. 4. Upon i.c.v. injection of propranolol, a maximal concentration of 573 +/- 47 ng/ml (N = 3) was reached in plasma already 2 min after injection. In this case t 1/2 alpha was 13 min and t 1/2 beta was 80 min. 5. Dialysis experiments indicated that propranolol is bound to plasma proteins for 92% in the concentration range of 20--100 ng/ml. With increasing concentrations binding diminishes progressively. At the highest concentration tested (345 ng/ml) only 76% was bound. It is concluded that s.c. and i.c.v. injection of an identical dose of propranolol gives a similar plasma concentration-time profile. Moreover, it is suggested that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of propranolol in SHR does not explain the delayed antihypertensive effect of this drug.", "PMID": 522894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1402", "title": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of indomethacin and meclofenamate on the adrenalectomy-induced increase in plasma renin concentration.", "content": "Bilateral adrenalectomy combined with a sodium-deficient diet caused a time-dependent increase in plasma renin concentration in rats. Seventy-two hours after adrenalectomy the inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis indomethacin and meclofenamate diminished the plasma renin concentration by about 50%. This effect was independent of the amount of renin released. Indomethacin and meclofenamate fully retained their ability to reduce the plasma renin concentration when the renal sympathetic nerves or the macular densa cells of the kidneys no longer contributed to renin release. It is concluded that in adrenalectomized rats renal prostaglandins effect the baro-receptor-mechanism in the afferent arterioles and thus enhance renin release.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of indomethacin and meclofenamate on the adrenalectomy-induced increase in plasma renin concentration. Bilateral adrenalectomy combined with a sodium-deficient diet caused a time-dependent increase in plasma renin concentration in rats. Seventy-two hours after adrenalectomy the inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis indomethacin and meclofenamate diminished the plasma renin concentration by about 50%. This effect was independent of the amount of renin released. Indomethacin and meclofenamate fully retained their ability to reduce the plasma renin concentration when the renal sympathetic nerves or the macular densa cells of the kidneys no longer contributed to renin release. It is concluded that in adrenalectomized rats renal prostaglandins effect the baro-receptor-mechanism in the afferent arterioles and thus enhance renin release.", "PMID": 522895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1403", "title": "Capsaicin-sensitive innervation of the guinea-pig taenia caeci.", "content": "1. Stimulation (2--50 Hz) of the mesenteric nerves of the guinea-pig taenia caeci gave rise to contraction of the muscle obtained from animals pretreated with the adrenergic neuron-blocking agent guanethidine. Contraction was the response to stimulation at low frequencies (2--5 Hz) in about half of the untreated preparations as well. 2. The response was abolished by hyocine (4.5 x 10(-7) M), but was unaffected by the ganglionic blocking agent mecamylamine (4.9 x 10(-5) M). Physostigmine (2.4 x 10(-8) M) enhanced the contractions. 3. Capsaicin (9.8 x10(-6) M) elicited a contraction of the taenia caeci followed by a long-lasting tachyphylaxis. Contraction in response to stimulation of the mesenteric nerves was absent after this pretreatment. 4. Neither the response to direct excitation of the cholinergic neural elements of the myenteric plexus, nor the relaxation caused by stimulation of adrenergic fibres were influenced by capsaicin. \"Purinergic\" relaxation produced by field stimulation (0.5--10 Hz) remained also unchanged. 5. No functional evidence has been found for the presence of parasympathetic preganglionic fibres among the perivascular nerves applying the taenia. 6. It is concluded that capsaicin-sensitive nerves excite cholinergic neurons of the myenteric plexus.", "contents": "Capsaicin-sensitive innervation of the guinea-pig taenia caeci. 1. Stimulation (2--50 Hz) of the mesenteric nerves of the guinea-pig taenia caeci gave rise to contraction of the muscle obtained from animals pretreated with the adrenergic neuron-blocking agent guanethidine. Contraction was the response to stimulation at low frequencies (2--5 Hz) in about half of the untreated preparations as well. 2. The response was abolished by hyocine (4.5 x 10(-7) M), but was unaffected by the ganglionic blocking agent mecamylamine (4.9 x 10(-5) M). Physostigmine (2.4 x 10(-8) M) enhanced the contractions. 3. Capsaicin (9.8 x10(-6) M) elicited a contraction of the taenia caeci followed by a long-lasting tachyphylaxis. Contraction in response to stimulation of the mesenteric nerves was absent after this pretreatment. 4. Neither the response to direct excitation of the cholinergic neural elements of the myenteric plexus, nor the relaxation caused by stimulation of adrenergic fibres were influenced by capsaicin. \"Purinergic\" relaxation produced by field stimulation (0.5--10 Hz) remained also unchanged. 5. No functional evidence has been found for the presence of parasympathetic preganglionic fibres among the perivascular nerves applying the taenia. 6. It is concluded that capsaicin-sensitive nerves excite cholinergic neurons of the myenteric plexus.", "PMID": 522896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1404", "title": "Effect of procainamide on transmembrane action potentials in guinea-pig papillary muscles as affected by external potassium concentration.", "content": "Effects of procainamide (PA), 0.18, 0.37 and 0.74 mmol/l, on the transmembrane potential were studied in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles, superfused with modified Tyrode's solution (external K concentration, [K]0 = 5.4 mmol/l) at the basic driving rate of 1 Hz. PA, at 0.37 mmol/l, significantly reduced the maximum rate of rise of action potential (Vmax) with no change in the resting potential. When 2.7 mmol/l [K]0 of the superfusate was exchanged for 15 mmol/l [K]0 solution a decrease in Vmax induced by 0.37 mmol/l PA became more prominent with decrease in resting potential. The reduction of Vmax at steady state was less at lower driving rates (0.25 and 0.5 Hz) and more at higher driving rates (2-5 Hz) than at 1 Hz in 2.7, 5.4 and 10.0 mmol/l [K]0 solution. Such changes were enhanced concentration-dependently by PA at 5.4 mmol/l [K]0. Also, the changes became more significant with an increase in [K]0 from 2.7 mmol/l to 5.4 mmol/l and then to 10.0 mmol/l. The recovery process of Vmax proceeded with two components. The time course of the slow component seen in the Vmax of the first response after interruption of basic driving stimulation at 1 Hz, followed an approximate monoexponential function. The time constants were 6.3, 4.4 and 5.8 s in the presence of 0.18, 0.37 and 0.74 mmol/l PA at 5.4 mmol/l [K]0 and 3.4 and 3.7 s both in the presence of 0.37 mmol/l PA at 2.7 and 10.0 mmol/l [K]0. Vmax values after 30 or 60 s interruption of stimulation were 80-92% of the predrug Vmax value at 1 Hz. The time constants of the first component, estimated by the peeling-off methods at the driving rate of 0.1 Hz, were 11, 31 and 5-22 ms in the presence of 0.37 mmol/l at 5.4, 10.0 and 2.7 mmol/l [K]0 and did not differ significantly from the time constants in control preparations. The results were found to be consistent, to a certain extent, with the model proposed by Hondeghem and Katzung (1977).", "contents": "Effect of procainamide on transmembrane action potentials in guinea-pig papillary muscles as affected by external potassium concentration. Effects of procainamide (PA), 0.18, 0.37 and 0.74 mmol/l, on the transmembrane potential were studied in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles, superfused with modified Tyrode's solution (external K concentration, [K]0 = 5.4 mmol/l) at the basic driving rate of 1 Hz. PA, at 0.37 mmol/l, significantly reduced the maximum rate of rise of action potential (Vmax) with no change in the resting potential. When 2.7 mmol/l [K]0 of the superfusate was exchanged for 15 mmol/l [K]0 solution a decrease in Vmax induced by 0.37 mmol/l PA became more prominent with decrease in resting potential. The reduction of Vmax at steady state was less at lower driving rates (0.25 and 0.5 Hz) and more at higher driving rates (2-5 Hz) than at 1 Hz in 2.7, 5.4 and 10.0 mmol/l [K]0 solution. Such changes were enhanced concentration-dependently by PA at 5.4 mmol/l [K]0. Also, the changes became more significant with an increase in [K]0 from 2.7 mmol/l to 5.4 mmol/l and then to 10.0 mmol/l. The recovery process of Vmax proceeded with two components. The time course of the slow component seen in the Vmax of the first response after interruption of basic driving stimulation at 1 Hz, followed an approximate monoexponential function. The time constants were 6.3, 4.4 and 5.8 s in the presence of 0.18, 0.37 and 0.74 mmol/l PA at 5.4 mmol/l [K]0 and 3.4 and 3.7 s both in the presence of 0.37 mmol/l PA at 2.7 and 10.0 mmol/l [K]0. Vmax values after 30 or 60 s interruption of stimulation were 80-92% of the predrug Vmax value at 1 Hz. The time constants of the first component, estimated by the peeling-off methods at the driving rate of 0.1 Hz, were 11, 31 and 5-22 ms in the presence of 0.37 mmol/l at 5.4, 10.0 and 2.7 mmol/l [K]0 and did not differ significantly from the time constants in control preparations. The results were found to be consistent, to a certain extent, with the model proposed by Hondeghem and Katzung (1977).", "PMID": 522903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1405", "title": "The effects of antiinflammatory steroids on the response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to acetylcholine, histamine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and electrical stimulation.", "content": "High concentrations of antiinflammatory steroids (2.5-40 microgram/ml) reversibly inhibited the electrically induced contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. At 40 microgram/ml they also reversibly inhibited contractions elicited by acetylcholine, histamine nicotine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. PGE1 (2.5 ng/ml), PGE2 (2.5 ng/ml) and PGF 2 alpha (25 ng/ml) antagonized these effects. The inhibition of contractions elicited by direct agonists were less pronounced than those elicited by indirect or partly indirect agonists. The inhibitory effect of steroids may be related to non-specific actions on biological membranes. An overall sensitization of the smooth muscle by PG's may explain their antagonism to inhibition by steroids.", "contents": "The effects of antiinflammatory steroids on the response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to acetylcholine, histamine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and electrical stimulation. High concentrations of antiinflammatory steroids (2.5-40 microgram/ml) reversibly inhibited the electrically induced contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. At 40 microgram/ml they also reversibly inhibited contractions elicited by acetylcholine, histamine nicotine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. PGE1 (2.5 ng/ml), PGE2 (2.5 ng/ml) and PGF 2 alpha (25 ng/ml) antagonized these effects. The inhibition of contractions elicited by direct agonists were less pronounced than those elicited by indirect or partly indirect agonists. The inhibitory effect of steroids may be related to non-specific actions on biological membranes. An overall sensitization of the smooth muscle by PG's may explain their antagonism to inhibition by steroids.", "PMID": 522904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1406", "title": "4,4'-Dihydroxyphenazone as an urinary metabolite of phenazone in different species including man.", "content": "4,4'-Dihydroxyphenazone (4-hydroxy-1-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one) was isolated as a metabolite of phenazone (antipyrine) after acid hydrolysis of rat urine. This was characterized and identified by NMR, MS, IR, UV, Fp and epsilon270. After dosage with phenazone, 4,4'-dihydroxyphenazone is excreted in conjugated form by man, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. In the rat it is further shown, that conjugates of 4,4'-dihydroxyphenazone are formed by glucuronidation as well as by sulfatation. The metabolite seems to add substantially to the overall metabolic pattern of phenazone in these species.", "contents": "4,4'-Dihydroxyphenazone as an urinary metabolite of phenazone in different species including man. 4,4'-Dihydroxyphenazone (4-hydroxy-1-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one) was isolated as a metabolite of phenazone (antipyrine) after acid hydrolysis of rat urine. This was characterized and identified by NMR, MS, IR, UV, Fp and epsilon270. After dosage with phenazone, 4,4'-dihydroxyphenazone is excreted in conjugated form by man, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. In the rat it is further shown, that conjugates of 4,4'-dihydroxyphenazone are formed by glucuronidation as well as by sulfatation. The metabolite seems to add substantially to the overall metabolic pattern of phenazone in these species.", "PMID": 522906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1407", "title": "Organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues exposed transplacentally to chemical substances as a test-system for rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity.", "content": "Organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues transplacentally treated by chemical substances are proposed as a test-system for a rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity of environmental pollutions. The results of transplacental effect of some different substances (urethane, polycyclic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosocarcinogens, aminoazo compounds, cyclic amines, aflatoxin B1, pesticide DDT and some noncarcinogenic analogs) on organ cultures of embryonic lung, kidney, liver and brain (hyppocamp) are presented. Transplacental effect in organ cultures depended on the used carcinogen, its dosage, duration of cultivation and on the susceptibility of animals and explanted tissue. The tested carcinogens induced in organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues: 1. specific morphological alterations (diffuse and focal hyperplastic pretumoral alterations of epithelium and tumors); 2. alteration of cell proliferation and 3. an increase of viability and survival of explanted embryonic tissues. This criteria and proposed test-system are critically evaluated with respect to its practical use.", "contents": "Organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues exposed transplacentally to chemical substances as a test-system for rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity. Organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues transplacentally treated by chemical substances are proposed as a test-system for a rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity of environmental pollutions. The results of transplacental effect of some different substances (urethane, polycyclic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosocarcinogens, aminoazo compounds, cyclic amines, aflatoxin B1, pesticide DDT and some noncarcinogenic analogs) on organ cultures of embryonic lung, kidney, liver and brain (hyppocamp) are presented. Transplacental effect in organ cultures depended on the used carcinogen, its dosage, duration of cultivation and on the susceptibility of animals and explanted tissue. The tested carcinogens induced in organ cultures of embryonic target-tissues: 1. specific morphological alterations (diffuse and focal hyperplastic pretumoral alterations of epithelium and tumors); 2. alteration of cell proliferation and 3. an increase of viability and survival of explanted embryonic tissues. This criteria and proposed test-system are critically evaluated with respect to its practical use.", "PMID": 522914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1408", "title": "The role of autosensibilization of lymphoid cells in genesis of antitumor resistance.", "content": "C3HA mice were inoculated with a mixture of syngeneic transplantable hepatoma 22a cells and syngeneic splenocytes of mice immunized with normal syngeneic tissues or subjected to partial hepatectomy. Control mice were inoculated with a mixture of tumor cells and splenocytes of intact or sham operated mice. A considerable inhibition of tumor growth was observed in the experimental series. Immunization of mice with normal syngeneic tissues as well as partial hepatectomy results in sensibilization of splenocytes not only to normal tissue antigens, but to the antigens of hepatoma 22a cells too. This was shown by the reaction of indirect inhibition of glass adherence of peritoneal cells. The data obtained are considered to be one more possible prove of a special form immune surveillance which controls the state of cytodifferentiation being active in the organism. The involvement of this form of immune surveillance in the genesis of antitumor resistance is discussed.", "contents": "The role of autosensibilization of lymphoid cells in genesis of antitumor resistance. C3HA mice were inoculated with a mixture of syngeneic transplantable hepatoma 22a cells and syngeneic splenocytes of mice immunized with normal syngeneic tissues or subjected to partial hepatectomy. Control mice were inoculated with a mixture of tumor cells and splenocytes of intact or sham operated mice. A considerable inhibition of tumor growth was observed in the experimental series. Immunization of mice with normal syngeneic tissues as well as partial hepatectomy results in sensibilization of splenocytes not only to normal tissue antigens, but to the antigens of hepatoma 22a cells too. This was shown by the reaction of indirect inhibition of glass adherence of peritoneal cells. The data obtained are considered to be one more possible prove of a special form immune surveillance which controls the state of cytodifferentiation being active in the organism. The involvement of this form of immune surveillance in the genesis of antitumor resistance is discussed.", "PMID": 522915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1409", "title": "The passage of lymphatic leukemia L1210 cells injected into glass bead labyrinth: their flow and retention.", "content": "Leukemia L1210 cells and normal lymphocytes were injected into the glass bead packing perfused with a medium containing serum proteins in concentration sufficient to greatly reduce the surface adhesion. The passage of radioactively labeled cells introduced as a concentrated suspension, was studied by the analysis of transit-dilution curves. It was demonstrated that a fraction of cells was retained in the labyrinth; other parameters characterizing the cell flow were similar to those of the medium. The mechanism of the arrest of cells is discussed: it is related to geometrical features of the labyrinth and the hydrodynamic forces influencing the cell surface interactions. Intense washing of the glass bead column results in the release of only a minor fraction of cells which were previously arrested. When the L1210 cells which have passed through the labyrinth without being trapped are reinjected into another glass bead layer, their retention is similar to that observed after the first injection; it appears, therefore, that the L1210 cells are uniform as concerns the properties which are important for surface interactions under flow conditions.", "contents": "The passage of lymphatic leukemia L1210 cells injected into glass bead labyrinth: their flow and retention. Leukemia L1210 cells and normal lymphocytes were injected into the glass bead packing perfused with a medium containing serum proteins in concentration sufficient to greatly reduce the surface adhesion. The passage of radioactively labeled cells introduced as a concentrated suspension, was studied by the analysis of transit-dilution curves. It was demonstrated that a fraction of cells was retained in the labyrinth; other parameters characterizing the cell flow were similar to those of the medium. The mechanism of the arrest of cells is discussed: it is related to geometrical features of the labyrinth and the hydrodynamic forces influencing the cell surface interactions. Intense washing of the glass bead column results in the release of only a minor fraction of cells which were previously arrested. When the L1210 cells which have passed through the labyrinth without being trapped are reinjected into another glass bead layer, their retention is similar to that observed after the first injection; it appears, therefore, that the L1210 cells are uniform as concerns the properties which are important for surface interactions under flow conditions.", "PMID": 522916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1410", "title": "Effect of chloro- and bromo-derivatives of isocrotonic acid of bioenergetic processes in Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of nine chloro- and bromoderivatives of isocrotonic acid on some bioenergetic processes in both Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. Substances studied in the concentration range 25--200 microM significantly inhibited incorporation of both 14C-adenine and 14C-valine into acid-insoluble material of Ehrlich ascites cells. The rate of 14C-precursors incorporation being directly related to the concentration of the inhibitor. Gamma,gamma-bis-4-ethylphenyl-alpha,beta-dichloroisocrotonic acid fully inhibits both aerobic glucose utilization and lactic acid formation at 200 microM concentration. At lower concentrations, however, glycolysis is stimulated. Maximal stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial respiration in state 4 with succinate as substrate was reached at concentrations as low as 10 microM. On the other hand, these substances were able to release by the oligomycin inhibited respiration of rat liver mitochondria. Our data suggest that cytotoxic and cancerostatic action of isocrotonic acid derivatives lies primarily in the exclusion of key processes in the energy metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Effect of chloro- and bromo-derivatives of isocrotonic acid of bioenergetic processes in Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated mitochondria. The effect of nine chloro- and bromoderivatives of isocrotonic acid on some bioenergetic processes in both Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. Substances studied in the concentration range 25--200 microM significantly inhibited incorporation of both 14C-adenine and 14C-valine into acid-insoluble material of Ehrlich ascites cells. The rate of 14C-precursors incorporation being directly related to the concentration of the inhibitor. Gamma,gamma-bis-4-ethylphenyl-alpha,beta-dichloroisocrotonic acid fully inhibits both aerobic glucose utilization and lactic acid formation at 200 microM concentration. At lower concentrations, however, glycolysis is stimulated. Maximal stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial respiration in state 4 with succinate as substrate was reached at concentrations as low as 10 microM. On the other hand, these substances were able to release by the oligomycin inhibited respiration of rat liver mitochondria. Our data suggest that cytotoxic and cancerostatic action of isocrotonic acid derivatives lies primarily in the exclusion of key processes in the energy metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells and isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 522917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1411", "title": "Excretion of melanogens and zinc during the growth of melanoma in hamsters.", "content": "Melanogens which are considered as probable precursors or their metabolites in the metabolic pathway toward melanin are excreted in an increasing amount during the melanotic melanoma growth in hamsters. Moreover, an increased excretion of zinc was observed. The evaluation of dependence between zinc and Thorm\u00e4hlen positive melanogens excretions during the melanoma growth suggests an exponential type of dependence. Likewise as in the case of human melanoma the hyperzincuria proved to be a laboratory sign of tumor disease progression in Syrian hamsters as well. The cause of an increased zinc excretion during the melanoma growth seems to consist in an increased lysis of pigment cells. The presumed destruction of tumor cells was not accompanied by a higher excretion of magnesium, though. Concentration of creatinine proved to be a useful mean for expressing of standard excretion of various substances also in hamsters.", "contents": "Excretion of melanogens and zinc during the growth of melanoma in hamsters. Melanogens which are considered as probable precursors or their metabolites in the metabolic pathway toward melanin are excreted in an increasing amount during the melanotic melanoma growth in hamsters. Moreover, an increased excretion of zinc was observed. The evaluation of dependence between zinc and Thorm\u00e4hlen positive melanogens excretions during the melanoma growth suggests an exponential type of dependence. Likewise as in the case of human melanoma the hyperzincuria proved to be a laboratory sign of tumor disease progression in Syrian hamsters as well. The cause of an increased zinc excretion during the melanoma growth seems to consist in an increased lysis of pigment cells. The presumed destruction of tumor cells was not accompanied by a higher excretion of magnesium, though. Concentration of creatinine proved to be a useful mean for expressing of standard excretion of various substances also in hamsters.", "PMID": 522918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1412", "title": "Stress and Ehrlich ascites tumor in mouse.", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction of the psychosomatic stress and the Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) growth in mice. The stressor consisted of combination of a light signal followed by a mild electric shock. The first experiment was performed on CBA mice irritated for 0, 2 and 4 weeks respectively, prior to intraperitoneal transplantation of the EAT. In the second study, mice of BALBc strain were used. Stress was applied 4 weeks before the tumor transplantation and continued throught the experiment. Both the irritated and the nonirritated animals were subjected to either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of the EAT. In both experiments, mice were left to live until their spontaneous death. In the first experiment, after a 2-week irritation the experimental animals showed a significantly longer survival time as compared to the controls. Longer or shorter duration of the irritation had no significant effect on the results obtained. Results yielded by the second experiment showed no significant difference in the time of survival of the irritated and nonirritated animals after the i. p. transplantation, whereas after the s. c. inoculation of the EAT, the irritation significantly increased the survival period. The EAT in irritated mice was observed to have invaded the vitals later and less frequently than in the nonirritated animals. Quantitative histological analysis of some endocrine and lymphatic organs revealed signs of stress in the experimental animals. The EAT transplant, per se, had a stressogenic effect too.", "contents": "Stress and Ehrlich ascites tumor in mouse. The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction of the psychosomatic stress and the Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) growth in mice. The stressor consisted of combination of a light signal followed by a mild electric shock. The first experiment was performed on CBA mice irritated for 0, 2 and 4 weeks respectively, prior to intraperitoneal transplantation of the EAT. In the second study, mice of BALBc strain were used. Stress was applied 4 weeks before the tumor transplantation and continued throught the experiment. Both the irritated and the nonirritated animals were subjected to either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of the EAT. In both experiments, mice were left to live until their spontaneous death. In the first experiment, after a 2-week irritation the experimental animals showed a significantly longer survival time as compared to the controls. Longer or shorter duration of the irritation had no significant effect on the results obtained. Results yielded by the second experiment showed no significant difference in the time of survival of the irritated and nonirritated animals after the i. p. transplantation, whereas after the s. c. inoculation of the EAT, the irritation significantly increased the survival period. The EAT in irritated mice was observed to have invaded the vitals later and less frequently than in the nonirritated animals. Quantitative histological analysis of some endocrine and lymphatic organs revealed signs of stress in the experimental animals. The EAT transplant, per se, had a stressogenic effect too.", "PMID": 522919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1413", "title": "Invasive thymoma (a case report).", "content": "A 10-year old Nigerian boy was admitted to hospital with a history of swelling in the neck, change of voice, dysphagia and dyspnoea of 2 weeks duration. He died on the 2nd day of admission. Autopsy revealed a thymoma infiltrating the thyroid, trachea and neck muscles and transforming the tracheal lumen into a slit like space. The condition is considered worthy of record on account of its rarity and of the short clinical course terminating in death. The authors feel that the most important factor in determining the prognosis of thymoma is the presence or absence of gross invasion.", "contents": "Invasive thymoma (a case report). A 10-year old Nigerian boy was admitted to hospital with a history of swelling in the neck, change of voice, dysphagia and dyspnoea of 2 weeks duration. He died on the 2nd day of admission. Autopsy revealed a thymoma infiltrating the thyroid, trachea and neck muscles and transforming the tracheal lumen into a slit like space. The condition is considered worthy of record on account of its rarity and of the short clinical course terminating in death. The authors feel that the most important factor in determining the prognosis of thymoma is the presence or absence of gross invasion.", "PMID": 522920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1414", "title": "Cell surface adhesiveness of mouse sarcoma lines evaluated by latex particle adherence assay: correlation with growth behavior and electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "Using the latex particle adherence assay and five mouse sarcoma cell lines of the identical origin, etiology and genotype but differing in malignancy we attempted to correlate the degree of cell surface adhesiveness with growth behavior and electrophoretic mobility of cells. Higher tumorigenicity of four of the cell lines (Mc11--Mc14) was associated with lower cell surface adhesiveness and, conversely, lower malignancy of the fifth line (Mc15) with higher cell surface adhesiveness. No simple correlation or causal relationship was found among the electrophoretic mobility of the lines and other cellular characteristics.", "contents": "Cell surface adhesiveness of mouse sarcoma lines evaluated by latex particle adherence assay: correlation with growth behavior and electrophoretic mobility. Using the latex particle adherence assay and five mouse sarcoma cell lines of the identical origin, etiology and genotype but differing in malignancy we attempted to correlate the degree of cell surface adhesiveness with growth behavior and electrophoretic mobility of cells. Higher tumorigenicity of four of the cell lines (Mc11--Mc14) was associated with lower cell surface adhesiveness and, conversely, lower malignancy of the fifth line (Mc15) with higher cell surface adhesiveness. No simple correlation or causal relationship was found among the electrophoretic mobility of the lines and other cellular characteristics.", "PMID": 522921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1415", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid cells in long-term cultures: electron microscopic study.", "content": "Fine structure of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) derived from leukocytes of three patients with acute myelosis and one patient with undifferentiated acute leukemia were studied repeatedly by electron microscope. The majority of cells in all lines was of the same primitive lymphoblastic type as refered to in literature regardless to their origin. Morphology of the cells did not change with time of cultivation for several months, by freezing and thawing and by new recultivation after prolonged cryopreservation. No morphologic signs of contamination by viruses were found. No evident morphologic signs of differentiation to mature granulocytes or \"mature\" lymphocytes or plasmatic cells were observed.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid cells in long-term cultures: electron microscopic study. Fine structure of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) derived from leukocytes of three patients with acute myelosis and one patient with undifferentiated acute leukemia were studied repeatedly by electron microscope. The majority of cells in all lines was of the same primitive lymphoblastic type as refered to in literature regardless to their origin. Morphology of the cells did not change with time of cultivation for several months, by freezing and thawing and by new recultivation after prolonged cryopreservation. No morphologic signs of contamination by viruses were found. No evident morphologic signs of differentiation to mature granulocytes or \"mature\" lymphocytes or plasmatic cells were observed.", "PMID": 522922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1416", "title": "Combined therapy of L1210 leukemia with Damvar and cytostatics.", "content": "Damvar, the delta-(2-amino-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl) valeric acid, administered alone s. c. or i. p., has no effect on L1210 leukemia. In DBA2 mice with L1210, Damvar administered in combination with 5-fluorouracil, or with 6-mercaptopurine, or with cyclophosphamide, in optimal doses, enhances or intensifies the antileukemic effects of the above cytostatics.", "contents": "Combined therapy of L1210 leukemia with Damvar and cytostatics. Damvar, the delta-(2-amino-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl) valeric acid, administered alone s. c. or i. p., has no effect on L1210 leukemia. In DBA2 mice with L1210, Damvar administered in combination with 5-fluorouracil, or with 6-mercaptopurine, or with cyclophosphamide, in optimal doses, enhances or intensifies the antileukemic effects of the above cytostatics.", "PMID": 522924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1417", "title": "Modification of adriamycin cardiotoxicity by Damvar.", "content": "In experiments performed in mice, Adriamycin (15 mg/kg i. p.) produced serious damage of the heart muscle. Damvar (2 x 200 mg/kg orally) a new cytostatic drug combined with Adriamycin decreased conspicuously its cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Modification of adriamycin cardiotoxicity by Damvar. In experiments performed in mice, Adriamycin (15 mg/kg i. p.) produced serious damage of the heart muscle. Damvar (2 x 200 mg/kg orally) a new cytostatic drug combined with Adriamycin decreased conspicuously its cardiotoxicity.", "PMID": 522925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1418", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the prenatal development of the Swiss strain mice.", "content": "Groups of pregnant mice were given cyclophosphamide at daily doses from 6.4 to 40.8 mg/kg from the 11th to the 15th day of gravidity. Significantly lower weight and length of fetuses were noted after each of the above dosis as against the controls, while the volume of the amniotic fluid was significantly increased. The number of resorptions rose significantly with the growing dose, the embryotoxicity proving 100-percent effective in both the highest doses. Malformations were followed in live fetuses. Evident malformations resulting from cyclophosphamide application were those of the head (hydrocephalus, exencephalus, exophthalmus, median cleft palate, micrognathia), of the extremities (syndactylia, polydactylia), caudal malformation (stunted and crooked tail) and an overall developmental retardation of the fetuses. Skeletal anomalies comprised synostosis, retarded ossification, deficiency or redundance of some bones of the head, trunk and limbs.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the prenatal development of the Swiss strain mice. Groups of pregnant mice were given cyclophosphamide at daily doses from 6.4 to 40.8 mg/kg from the 11th to the 15th day of gravidity. Significantly lower weight and length of fetuses were noted after each of the above dosis as against the controls, while the volume of the amniotic fluid was significantly increased. The number of resorptions rose significantly with the growing dose, the embryotoxicity proving 100-percent effective in both the highest doses. Malformations were followed in live fetuses. Evident malformations resulting from cyclophosphamide application were those of the head (hydrocephalus, exencephalus, exophthalmus, median cleft palate, micrognathia), of the extremities (syndactylia, polydactylia), caudal malformation (stunted and crooked tail) and an overall developmental retardation of the fetuses. Skeletal anomalies comprised synostosis, retarded ossification, deficiency or redundance of some bones of the head, trunk and limbs.", "PMID": 522926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1419", "title": "White and red spleen pulp recovery in mice after continuous irradiation.", "content": "The process of spleen recovery after the continuous irradiation with higher daily doses up to the total dose 9570 mGy was studied in histological slices. Histological picture seen immediately after the irradiation gives evidence that significant changes occur in spleen white and red pulp. The lymphopoiesis recovery is slow and lasts till day 60, resp. 90 after irradiation. Erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis recovery of the red pulp is more intensive and is completed within 14-28 days in all three examined groups.", "contents": "White and red spleen pulp recovery in mice after continuous irradiation. The process of spleen recovery after the continuous irradiation with higher daily doses up to the total dose 9570 mGy was studied in histological slices. Histological picture seen immediately after the irradiation gives evidence that significant changes occur in spleen white and red pulp. The lymphopoiesis recovery is slow and lasts till day 60, resp. 90 after irradiation. Erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis recovery of the red pulp is more intensive and is completed within 14-28 days in all three examined groups.", "PMID": 522927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1420", "title": "Tumor differentiation and immunocompetence in cervical cancer patients.", "content": "The authors investigated cell-mediated and humoral immunity parameters of 161 and 131 cervical cancer patients in connection with the histological differentiation of the tumor. As regards the carcinoembryonic antigen and acute phase proteins no difference was found between differentiated and undifferentiated types of tumors. Significantly higher levels of IgA, IgM, 3rd component of the complement and of skin reactivity to phytohemagglutinin were observed in patients with differentiated tumors.", "contents": "Tumor differentiation and immunocompetence in cervical cancer patients. The authors investigated cell-mediated and humoral immunity parameters of 161 and 131 cervical cancer patients in connection with the histological differentiation of the tumor. As regards the carcinoembryonic antigen and acute phase proteins no difference was found between differentiated and undifferentiated types of tumors. Significantly higher levels of IgA, IgM, 3rd component of the complement and of skin reactivity to phytohemagglutinin were observed in patients with differentiated tumors.", "PMID": 522928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1421", "title": "Mental changes in women with gynecologic cancer.", "content": "In 47 women with gynecologic cancer a questionnaire method was used for investigation mental changes in these patients. Alteration of value orientation, self-image, sexuality, attitude to cancer, etc., were analyzed in the group of the followed patients.", "contents": "Mental changes in women with gynecologic cancer. In 47 women with gynecologic cancer a questionnaire method was used for investigation mental changes in these patients. Alteration of value orientation, self-image, sexuality, attitude to cancer, etc., were analyzed in the group of the followed patients.", "PMID": 522929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1422", "title": "[Use of microangiography in postmortem angiographic examination of the brain].", "content": "By means of microangiography investigations of small blood vessels were carried out postmortem in cases of brain strokes. It was observed that a part of the precapillary and capillary vessels had irregular, tortuous course, formed \"glomeruli\" or intertwinning patterns. Histological examinations of the same sections done by means of conventional methods showed very intense changes in the vascular walls in the form of their striking fibrosis and hyalinization. These changes were, most probably, responsible for the changed course of small brain vessels in old people. Microangiography is a method making possible observation of small precapillary and capillary vessels, assessment of their course under physiological and pathological conditions, demonstrating changes in their lumen (narrowing or occlusion). In serial sections it could be possible to determine accurately the range of tissue supplied by different vessels.", "contents": "[Use of microangiography in postmortem angiographic examination of the brain]. By means of microangiography investigations of small blood vessels were carried out postmortem in cases of brain strokes. It was observed that a part of the precapillary and capillary vessels had irregular, tortuous course, formed \"glomeruli\" or intertwinning patterns. Histological examinations of the same sections done by means of conventional methods showed very intense changes in the vascular walls in the form of their striking fibrosis and hyalinization. These changes were, most probably, responsible for the changed course of small brain vessels in old people. Microangiography is a method making possible observation of small precapillary and capillary vessels, assessment of their course under physiological and pathological conditions, demonstrating changes in their lumen (narrowing or occlusion). In serial sections it could be possible to determine accurately the range of tissue supplied by different vessels.", "PMID": 522932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1423", "title": "[Effect of hemodialysis on the creatine kinase activity in inflammatory muscular diseases].", "content": "In 10 patients with polymyositis at different stages of the intensity of clinical changes the effect of serum dialysis on CPK activity was studied. The controlgroup comprised 5 patients with Duchenne type myopathy and 11 healthy subjects. In 80% of patients with polymyositis a fall in CPK activity was observed after dialysis, similarly as in all patients with Duchenne type dystrophy and in healthy subjects. In the ramaining patients with polymyositis a significant rise in CPK activity occurred after dialysis. These patients were in the acute stage of the disease and had not yet been treated.", "contents": "[Effect of hemodialysis on the creatine kinase activity in inflammatory muscular diseases]. In 10 patients with polymyositis at different stages of the intensity of clinical changes the effect of serum dialysis on CPK activity was studied. The controlgroup comprised 5 patients with Duchenne type myopathy and 11 healthy subjects. In 80% of patients with polymyositis a fall in CPK activity was observed after dialysis, similarly as in all patients with Duchenne type dystrophy and in healthy subjects. In the ramaining patients with polymyositis a significant rise in CPK activity occurred after dialysis. These patients were in the acute stage of the disease and had not yet been treated.", "PMID": 522933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1424", "title": "[Use of azathioprine in the treatment of chronic form of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome].", "content": "After discussing the clinical problems of the chronic form of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome the authors describe 8 own cases, treated with azathioprine 100 mg daily. In 3 cases drug tolerance was poor and the treatment had to be stopped. Considerable improvement was achieved in 3 cases, slight in 1, and no improvement in one patient.", "contents": "[Use of azathioprine in the treatment of chronic form of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome]. After discussing the clinical problems of the chronic form of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome the authors describe 8 own cases, treated with azathioprine 100 mg daily. In 3 cases drug tolerance was poor and the treatment had to be stopped. Considerable improvement was achieved in 3 cases, slight in 1, and no improvement in one patient.", "PMID": 522934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1425", "title": "[Neurological syndromes in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Seven cases of SLE with concomitant neurological syndromes are reported. In 2 cases brain stroke with right-sided hemiplegia and aphasia developed, in the remaining cases brain-stem stroke with subarachnoid haemorrhage, progressive hemiparesis and signs of intracranial hypertension, chorea, status epilepticus in terminal uraemia were observed. In one case myasthenia coexisted. Severe neurological syndromes were preceded by signs of involvement of other organs and in most cases by low-grade signs of central nervous system involvement. Treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants resulted in significant improvement without complete remission. A retrospective survey of clinical material showed that modern therapeutic methods have improved the prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus independently of central nervous system involvement.", "contents": "[Neurological syndromes in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus]. Seven cases of SLE with concomitant neurological syndromes are reported. In 2 cases brain stroke with right-sided hemiplegia and aphasia developed, in the remaining cases brain-stem stroke with subarachnoid haemorrhage, progressive hemiparesis and signs of intracranial hypertension, chorea, status epilepticus in terminal uraemia were observed. In one case myasthenia coexisted. Severe neurological syndromes were preceded by signs of involvement of other organs and in most cases by low-grade signs of central nervous system involvement. Treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants resulted in significant improvement without complete remission. A retrospective survey of clinical material showed that modern therapeutic methods have improved the prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus independently of central nervous system involvement.", "PMID": 522935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1426", "title": "[Fertility in the population of women with epilepsy].", "content": "Retrospective inquiry investigations of 263 women with epilepsy at the age above 15 years demonstrated that the reproductive functions in these women were twice lower than in the general population of this region. The number of unmarried was 7% above that in the population, 25% of married epileptic women had no children, and most married women controlled the birth rate resorting frequently to artificial abortions. The index of perinatal mortality of the newborns, dead fetuses and early deaths) was over three times higher than in the population: 88.2 and 25.6 respctively. The risk of spontaneous abortion was 11.3%, the risk of stillbirth 3.9%, the risk of early neonatal death 4.6%. The risk of spontaneous abortion and early neonatal death was higher in the group of women taking anticonvulsants during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Fertility in the population of women with epilepsy]. Retrospective inquiry investigations of 263 women with epilepsy at the age above 15 years demonstrated that the reproductive functions in these women were twice lower than in the general population of this region. The number of unmarried was 7% above that in the population, 25% of married epileptic women had no children, and most married women controlled the birth rate resorting frequently to artificial abortions. The index of perinatal mortality of the newborns, dead fetuses and early deaths) was over three times higher than in the population: 88.2 and 25.6 respctively. The risk of spontaneous abortion was 11.3%, the risk of stillbirth 3.9%, the risk of early neonatal death 4.6%. The risk of spontaneous abortion and early neonatal death was higher in the group of women taking anticonvulsants during pregnancy.", "PMID": 522936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1427", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of expanding processes in the posterior cranial fossa using a new topographic line].", "content": "The authors proposed a new rentgenometrie method allowing objective determination of the site of expanding lesions in the posterior cranial fossa. On the lateral angiograms of the vertebral arteries they determined the position of the choroid point of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in relation to the line joining internal occipital protuberance with the upper ridge of acetabulum of the mandibular articulation. On the material of 50 subjects with expanding lesions of the posterior cranial fossa the authors determined interrelationship between the shift of the choroid point and the site of the lesion. They pointed out that the presented method can be of a considerable diagnostic value. In the presented material it allowed for the precise determination of localisation of the tumour in 86% of the cases.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of expanding processes in the posterior cranial fossa using a new topographic line]. The authors proposed a new rentgenometrie method allowing objective determination of the site of expanding lesions in the posterior cranial fossa. On the lateral angiograms of the vertebral arteries they determined the position of the choroid point of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in relation to the line joining internal occipital protuberance with the upper ridge of acetabulum of the mandibular articulation. On the material of 50 subjects with expanding lesions of the posterior cranial fossa the authors determined interrelationship between the shift of the choroid point and the site of the lesion. They pointed out that the presented method can be of a considerable diagnostic value. In the presented material it allowed for the precise determination of localisation of the tumour in 86% of the cases.", "PMID": 522937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1428", "title": "[Post-traumatic cerebral artery thrombosis].", "content": "In the years 1965--1978 thrombosis of the intracranial vessels of different aetiology was diagnosed in 204 patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy in Warsaw. The authors selected from this group 8 cases described in greater detail in which there was an evident temporal relationship between trauma and the development of the disease. The severity of the sustained trauma was without a significant influence on the development of post-traumatic thrombosis. Clinical Manifestations increased in intensity usually within the first 48 hours and in only one case they appeared 2 weeks after trauma. In the clinical status of the patients of considerable interest was usually absence of disturbances of consciousness with presence of serious signs of focal central nervous system damage. Of decisive diagnostic significance was cerebral angiography which localized the site of thrombosis and excluded presence of post-traumatic intracerebral haematoma. In 7 cases thrombosis affected the main trunk or branches of the middle cerebral artery. The prognosis as to survival of such patients is generally good but in most cases disability of different degree developed following thrombosis.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic cerebral artery thrombosis]. In the years 1965--1978 thrombosis of the intracranial vessels of different aetiology was diagnosed in 204 patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy in Warsaw. The authors selected from this group 8 cases described in greater detail in which there was an evident temporal relationship between trauma and the development of the disease. The severity of the sustained trauma was without a significant influence on the development of post-traumatic thrombosis. Clinical Manifestations increased in intensity usually within the first 48 hours and in only one case they appeared 2 weeks after trauma. In the clinical status of the patients of considerable interest was usually absence of disturbances of consciousness with presence of serious signs of focal central nervous system damage. Of decisive diagnostic significance was cerebral angiography which localized the site of thrombosis and excluded presence of post-traumatic intracerebral haematoma. In 7 cases thrombosis affected the main trunk or branches of the middle cerebral artery. The prognosis as to survival of such patients is generally good but in most cases disability of different degree developed following thrombosis.", "PMID": 522938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1429", "title": "[2 cases of ocular myopathy].", "content": "On the basis of two cases of progressive external ophthalmoplegia the authors discuss the clinical manifestations of this disease and call attention to diagnostic difficulties.", "contents": "[2 cases of ocular myopathy]. On the basis of two cases of progressive external ophthalmoplegia the authors discuss the clinical manifestations of this disease and call attention to diagnostic difficulties.", "PMID": 522939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1430", "title": "[Ocular manifestations of myotonia atrophica].", "content": "In a 55-year-old male with a history of over 20 years of exposure to lead clinical, electromyographic and histological investigations demonstrated myotonic dystrophy. Cataract and high-grade concentric narrowing of the visual field were found bilaterally. The latter change has been reported sporadically in this disease. Detailed laboratory investigations failed to confirm lead intoxication. No genetic background has been elicited which may suggest the possibility of toxic exogenous factors in this disease but is insufficient for accepting this possibility.", "contents": "[Ocular manifestations of myotonia atrophica]. In a 55-year-old male with a history of over 20 years of exposure to lead clinical, electromyographic and histological investigations demonstrated myotonic dystrophy. Cataract and high-grade concentric narrowing of the visual field were found bilaterally. The latter change has been reported sporadically in this disease. Detailed laboratory investigations failed to confirm lead intoxication. No genetic background has been elicited which may suggest the possibility of toxic exogenous factors in this disease but is insufficient for accepting this possibility.", "PMID": 522940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1431", "title": "[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (ophthalmoplegia dolorosa)].", "content": "In the reported case unilateral external ophthalmoplegia developed in a young woman, with concomitant pain and anaesthesia in the area innervated by the 1st branch of the trigeminal nerve. After ruling out an expanding lesion of the central nervous system, aneurysm, diabetes, myasthenia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases dexamethasone was administered in a total dose of 30 mg. Complete clinical remission was achieved. In the light of observations and a survey of the peritinent literature it has been accumed that the disease was caused by a non-specific process in the small vessels in the vicinity of the cavernous sinus.", "contents": "[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (ophthalmoplegia dolorosa)]. In the reported case unilateral external ophthalmoplegia developed in a young woman, with concomitant pain and anaesthesia in the area innervated by the 1st branch of the trigeminal nerve. After ruling out an expanding lesion of the central nervous system, aneurysm, diabetes, myasthenia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases dexamethasone was administered in a total dose of 30 mg. Complete clinical remission was achieved. In the light of observations and a survey of the peritinent literature it has been accumed that the disease was caused by a non-specific process in the small vessels in the vicinity of the cavernous sinus.", "PMID": 522941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1432", "title": "[Case of Foster-Kennedy syndrome in the course of limited adhesive arachnoiditis].", "content": "A patient was observed with limited adhesive arachnitis of nontuberculous origin producing Foster-Kennedy syndrome. Ophthalmological, neurological and arteriographic investigations suggested unequivocally presence of a brain tumour. Limited non-tuberculous leptomeningitis is a very rare disease, difficult to diagnose and particularly difficult to differentiate against brain tumour. In the described case only intraoperative findings made possible the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Case of Foster-Kennedy syndrome in the course of limited adhesive arachnoiditis]. A patient was observed with limited adhesive arachnitis of nontuberculous origin producing Foster-Kennedy syndrome. Ophthalmological, neurological and arteriographic investigations suggested unequivocally presence of a brain tumour. Limited non-tuberculous leptomeningitis is a very rare disease, difficult to diagnose and particularly difficult to differentiate against brain tumour. In the described case only intraoperative findings made possible the diagnosis.", "PMID": 522942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1433", "title": "[Case of cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and cerebral hematoma].", "content": "A female patient is reported who had subarachnoid haemorrhage and in whom angiography demonstrated presence of an aneurysm and an arteriovenous angioma in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. During surgical intervention an intracerebral haematoma was found additionally in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged without evidence of focal brain injury.", "contents": "[Case of cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and cerebral hematoma]. A female patient is reported who had subarachnoid haemorrhage and in whom angiography demonstrated presence of an aneurysm and an arteriovenous angioma in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. During surgical intervention an intracerebral haematoma was found additionally in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged without evidence of focal brain injury.", "PMID": 522943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1434", "title": "[Recurrent multifocal lesions of the nervous system after herpes zoster].", "content": "The authors report a case of zoster with signs of transverse myelitis and peripheral involvement of the facial nerve. The fact that tranverse myelitis developed late after zoster and was followed by facial nerve palsy is stressed. The involvement of these nervous structures occurred in a way suggesting exacerbations. In the light of literature data and the described case the authors state that zoster with complications in the form of multifocal nervous system involvement occurring at different time intervals is infrequent.", "contents": "[Recurrent multifocal lesions of the nervous system after herpes zoster]. The authors report a case of zoster with signs of transverse myelitis and peripheral involvement of the facial nerve. The fact that tranverse myelitis developed late after zoster and was followed by facial nerve palsy is stressed. The involvement of these nervous structures occurred in a way suggesting exacerbations. In the light of literature data and the described case the authors state that zoster with complications in the form of multifocal nervous system involvement occurring at different time intervals is infrequent.", "PMID": 522944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1435", "title": "[Giant intracranial aneurysm].", "content": "The authors describe a case of a giant intracranial aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery in which signs of raised intracranial pressure predominated. In view of presence of internal hydrocephalus Holter's valve was implanted. The aneurysm was excluded from the circulation by trapping the afferent vessel. A good therapeutic result was achieved.", "contents": "[Giant intracranial aneurysm]. The authors describe a case of a giant intracranial aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery in which signs of raised intracranial pressure predominated. In view of presence of internal hydrocephalus Holter's valve was implanted. The aneurysm was excluded from the circulation by trapping the afferent vessel. A good therapeutic result was achieved.", "PMID": 522945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1436", "title": "[Obstruction of the terminal cisterna as a result of surgery for intervertebral disk prolapse].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of obliteration of the terminal cistema as a complication developing late after removal of two intervertebral disc prolapse at the levels L4/L5 and L5/S1. Intensification of pains and neurological defects with development of sphincter disturbances developed 5 and 17 years after the operation. Repeated surgical intervention brought improvement. The authors stress that compression of the dural sac by a ring-like scar had contributed to disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the terminal cistern and was probably the cause of its obliteration.", "contents": "[Obstruction of the terminal cisterna as a result of surgery for intervertebral disk prolapse]. The authors describe two cases of obliteration of the terminal cistema as a complication developing late after removal of two intervertebral disc prolapse at the levels L4/L5 and L5/S1. Intensification of pains and neurological defects with development of sphincter disturbances developed 5 and 17 years after the operation. Repeated surgical intervention brought improvement. The authors stress that compression of the dural sac by a ring-like scar had contributed to disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the terminal cistern and was probably the cause of its obliteration.", "PMID": 522946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1437", "title": "[Spontaneous regression of a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of dizziness, nausea and convulsive seizure. She complained of left sided tinnitus. Neurological examination revealed right homonymous hemianopsia, and systolic murmur on the left retroauricular area. Angiograms revealed a dural AVM in the left posterior fossa. Feeders of AVM were enlarged left occipital artery and middle meningeal artery. Since then she was treated only conservatively, but angiograms performed two years and one month later showed disappearance of the dural AVM. She experienced no head trauma, and no subarachnoidal hemorrhage. She has never been treated by irradiation nor contraceptives. We could find no clear mechanism for the spontaneous regression of the AVM.", "contents": "[Spontaneous regression of a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous malformation (author's transl)]. A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of dizziness, nausea and convulsive seizure. She complained of left sided tinnitus. Neurological examination revealed right homonymous hemianopsia, and systolic murmur on the left retroauricular area. Angiograms revealed a dural AVM in the left posterior fossa. Feeders of AVM were enlarged left occipital artery and middle meningeal artery. Since then she was treated only conservatively, but angiograms performed two years and one month later showed disappearance of the dural AVM. She experienced no head trauma, and no subarachnoidal hemorrhage. She has never been treated by irradiation nor contraceptives. We could find no clear mechanism for the spontaneous regression of the AVM.", "PMID": 522947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1438", "title": "[Medulloblastoma with extracranial metastases--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of medulloblastoma with extracranial metastases was reported. A 20-year-old woman was operated on for cerebellar medulloblastoma twice during the past 5 years and a half. Two years after the second operation, she revealed the metastases to the cervical, axillar and inguinal lymphnodes, and to the skeletal system, such as the skull, scapula, humerus, sternum, spine, pelvis and femur. The cause of extracranial metastases in the very core in this case. While the tumor was located deep in the cerebellar hemisphere at the first operation, it spread over the cerebellar surface at the after the second operation, so that the tumor cells became infiltrative to the dura mater. Thus through lymphatic and circulatory system extracranial metastases occurred. The location of the tumor seems important in this case.", "contents": "[Medulloblastoma with extracranial metastases--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of medulloblastoma with extracranial metastases was reported. A 20-year-old woman was operated on for cerebellar medulloblastoma twice during the past 5 years and a half. Two years after the second operation, she revealed the metastases to the cervical, axillar and inguinal lymphnodes, and to the skeletal system, such as the skull, scapula, humerus, sternum, spine, pelvis and femur. The cause of extracranial metastases in the very core in this case. While the tumor was located deep in the cerebellar hemisphere at the first operation, it spread over the cerebellar surface at the after the second operation, so that the tumor cells became infiltrative to the dura mater. Thus through lymphatic and circulatory system extracranial metastases occurred. The location of the tumor seems important in this case.", "PMID": 522948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1439", "title": "[A case of Maffucci's syndrome with intracranial chondroma (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of Maffucci's syndrome with intracranial chondroma was reported and the literature reviewed. A 16-year-old female high-school student was reffered to our service with 2 month history of diplopia and headache. She had been noticed to have multiple subcutaneous blueish nodules in the lower extremities and multiple body deformities in the four extremities since 6 months old. A biopsy of a skin lesion revealed cavernous hemangioma with calcified thrombi. Another biopsy from the deformed right femur showed it to be enchondroma. Skull series, carotid and vertebral arteriographies, and CT scan revealed a left parasellar mass, which had brought her sensory impairment of the left V1 and the left abducens palsy. The biopsy of the extradural mass in the medial portion of the left middle fossa proved it to be chondroma identical with the right femur lesion. So far as one year postoperative follow-up, she has been doing well with the postoperative sequela of mild left oculomotor paresis, having no evidence of malignant degeneration.", "contents": "[A case of Maffucci's syndrome with intracranial chondroma (author's transl)]. A rare case of Maffucci's syndrome with intracranial chondroma was reported and the literature reviewed. A 16-year-old female high-school student was reffered to our service with 2 month history of diplopia and headache. She had been noticed to have multiple subcutaneous blueish nodules in the lower extremities and multiple body deformities in the four extremities since 6 months old. A biopsy of a skin lesion revealed cavernous hemangioma with calcified thrombi. Another biopsy from the deformed right femur showed it to be enchondroma. Skull series, carotid and vertebral arteriographies, and CT scan revealed a left parasellar mass, which had brought her sensory impairment of the left V1 and the left abducens palsy. The biopsy of the extradural mass in the medial portion of the left middle fossa proved it to be chondroma identical with the right femur lesion. So far as one year postoperative follow-up, she has been doing well with the postoperative sequela of mild left oculomotor paresis, having no evidence of malignant degeneration.", "PMID": 522949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1440", "title": "[Diagnosis of the chiasmal meningioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Not infrequently, it is difficult to differentiate the chiasmal meningioma from other suprasellar tumors, especially pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. Authors examined 7 cases of chiasmal meningioma from neurological, endocrinological and neuroradiological points of view in comparison with the cases of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. As the results, the following features can be regarded as the differential characteristics of the chiasmal meningioma. 1) It was predominated in female of over 40 years of age. 2) Duration of the symptoms before admission was usually 2--3 years. 3) Disturbance of visual acuity and defect of visual field were initially unilateral in most of the cases, then extended to the other side when the disturbance of one eye had become severe. Visual field defect tended to be of irregular bitemporal hemianopsia with frequent involvement of peripheral nasal field. 4) Evidence of the endocrine disturbance were very scanty until the end stage. 5) Postero-superior elevation of A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery in the tuberculum sellae meningioma was one of the pathognomonic features. 6) In the case of meningioma extending from tuberculum sellae to dorsum sellae or originated from dorsum sellae, PEG showed a finding of \"capping on the dorsum sellae\" and the tumor shadow over the posterior clinoid process took different feature from pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of the chiasmal meningioma (author's transl)]. Not infrequently, it is difficult to differentiate the chiasmal meningioma from other suprasellar tumors, especially pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. Authors examined 7 cases of chiasmal meningioma from neurological, endocrinological and neuroradiological points of view in comparison with the cases of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. As the results, the following features can be regarded as the differential characteristics of the chiasmal meningioma. 1) It was predominated in female of over 40 years of age. 2) Duration of the symptoms before admission was usually 2--3 years. 3) Disturbance of visual acuity and defect of visual field were initially unilateral in most of the cases, then extended to the other side when the disturbance of one eye had become severe. Visual field defect tended to be of irregular bitemporal hemianopsia with frequent involvement of peripheral nasal field. 4) Evidence of the endocrine disturbance were very scanty until the end stage. 5) Postero-superior elevation of A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery in the tuberculum sellae meningioma was one of the pathognomonic features. 6) In the case of meningioma extending from tuberculum sellae to dorsum sellae or originated from dorsum sellae, PEG showed a finding of \"capping on the dorsum sellae\" and the tumor shadow over the posterior clinoid process took different feature from pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma.", "PMID": 522952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1441", "title": "[Diagnosis and pathological analysis of ruptured cerebral aneurysm by CT (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes the analysis of 216 CT pictures of 85 patients with ruptured aneurysms which consist of 29 anterior communicating, 27 internal carotid, 27 middle cerebral and 2 basilar arterial aneurysms, including 18 cases with multiple aneurysms. The intervals between CT scanning and the last subarachnoid hemorrhage were various from 6 hours to 4 months. The first CT scanning was made in 40 cases within 3 days, in 54 cases within 7 days and in 11 cases more than one month after the hemorrhage. CT findings showed no abnormality in 9 patients who were classified as Grade I (Hunt and Kosnik) and examined more than 2 weeks after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seventy-six patients had some abnormal findings in the first CT scans, which were 55 cases of subarachnoid clot, 16 cases of intracerebral hematoma, 24 cases of intraventricular clot, 16 cases of low density suggesting brain edema or softening and 42 cases of ventricular enlargement. There was a good correlation between CT findings and clinical grade of Hunt and Kosnik. In Grade I and II, abnormal findings other than subarachnoid clot were seldom seen. Iin Grade III, there were intracerebral hematoma (20%), low density (20%) and frequent ventricular dilatation; in Grade IV, massive intracerebral hematoma (80%); in Grade V, massive intracerebral hematoma and ventricular tamponade with blood clot; in Grade Ia, moderate ventricular dilatation and/or diffuse cerebral infarction. Cerebral vasospasm could be anticipated by CT pictures because it occurred frequently in the patients with massive and long-standing subarachnoid blood clot. The determination of the side and location of the ruptured aneurysm was possible in 82% of the patients who had subarachnoid clot, intracerebral hematoma or low density. This is useful to decide the side of the first angiography and the aneurysm to be approached at first in the cases of multiple aneurysms.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and pathological analysis of ruptured cerebral aneurysm by CT (author's transl)]. This report describes the analysis of 216 CT pictures of 85 patients with ruptured aneurysms which consist of 29 anterior communicating, 27 internal carotid, 27 middle cerebral and 2 basilar arterial aneurysms, including 18 cases with multiple aneurysms. The intervals between CT scanning and the last subarachnoid hemorrhage were various from 6 hours to 4 months. The first CT scanning was made in 40 cases within 3 days, in 54 cases within 7 days and in 11 cases more than one month after the hemorrhage. CT findings showed no abnormality in 9 patients who were classified as Grade I (Hunt and Kosnik) and examined more than 2 weeks after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seventy-six patients had some abnormal findings in the first CT scans, which were 55 cases of subarachnoid clot, 16 cases of intracerebral hematoma, 24 cases of intraventricular clot, 16 cases of low density suggesting brain edema or softening and 42 cases of ventricular enlargement. There was a good correlation between CT findings and clinical grade of Hunt and Kosnik. In Grade I and II, abnormal findings other than subarachnoid clot were seldom seen. Iin Grade III, there were intracerebral hematoma (20%), low density (20%) and frequent ventricular dilatation; in Grade IV, massive intracerebral hematoma (80%); in Grade V, massive intracerebral hematoma and ventricular tamponade with blood clot; in Grade Ia, moderate ventricular dilatation and/or diffuse cerebral infarction. Cerebral vasospasm could be anticipated by CT pictures because it occurred frequently in the patients with massive and long-standing subarachnoid blood clot. The determination of the side and location of the ruptured aneurysm was possible in 82% of the patients who had subarachnoid clot, intracerebral hematoma or low density. This is useful to decide the side of the first angiography and the aneurysm to be approached at first in the cases of multiple aneurysms.", "PMID": 522953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1442", "title": "[Computed tomography in metastatic brain tumors and meningeal carcinomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The computed tomogrpahy has been proved to be highly reliable in diagnosis of CNS diseases. The findings in 26 cases of metastatic brain tumors, and 2 cases of meningeal carcinomatosis performed with Hitachi CT-H scanner are analized. Metastatic tumors are seen on plain CT as mainly isodense nodules (60%). But, on enhanced CT, they increase in their density (97%). Larger nodules of metastatic tumors (over 2 cm in diameter) are tend to contain less dense central area, so called central cavitation. The direction of the expansion and/or extension of the perifocal low density is characteristic to the location of the tumor. In cases of meningeal carcinomatosis, diffuse periventricular higher density can be recognized enhanced CT.", "contents": "[Computed tomography in metastatic brain tumors and meningeal carcinomatosis (author's transl)]. The computed tomogrpahy has been proved to be highly reliable in diagnosis of CNS diseases. The findings in 26 cases of metastatic brain tumors, and 2 cases of meningeal carcinomatosis performed with Hitachi CT-H scanner are analized. Metastatic tumors are seen on plain CT as mainly isodense nodules (60%). But, on enhanced CT, they increase in their density (97%). Larger nodules of metastatic tumors (over 2 cm in diameter) are tend to contain less dense central area, so called central cavitation. The direction of the expansion and/or extension of the perifocal low density is characteristic to the location of the tumor. In cases of meningeal carcinomatosis, diffuse periventricular higher density can be recognized enhanced CT.", "PMID": 522954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1443", "title": "[A case of extra-intracranial bypass venous graft for giant internal carotid aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A male patient, aged 42, (No. 780624) was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Hirosaki University Hospital, complaining recent weight loss, intolerance to cold and visual disturbance of the right eye. Ophthalmological examination revealed the optic atrophy with decreased visual acuity and concentric visual defect of the right eye. Endocrinological examination showed almost general suppression of adenohypophyseal function except abnormal high level resetting of cortisol diurnal rhythm. Radiological examination revealed the accessory middle cerebral artery and giant internal carotid aneurysm of the right side which was displayed by contrast-enhanced CT scan, with the enlarged sella turcica. Good cross filling was seen in left CAG through the anterior communicating artery. Extra-intracranial end to end anastomosis of the right internal carotid artery was performed with long venous graft under general anesthesia with hypothermia and induced hypotension, on Oct. 26 '78. Unroofing of the right optic canal was very useful to preserve the optic nerve, and the body of the giant aneurysm was opened and sutured tightly to reduce its mass effect. Interlacing suture for the anastomosis of the cervical internal carotid artery was employed successfully. The blood flow of the bypass graft, measured as enough volume with square wave flowmeter during the operation, was also confirmed with postoperative angiography. After the episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypotensive attack and hemorrhagic infarction of right frontal base, the postoperative final result was successful and the patient is doing well, 6 months after the operation.", "contents": "[A case of extra-intracranial bypass venous graft for giant internal carotid aneurysm (author's transl)]. A male patient, aged 42, (No. 780624) was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Hirosaki University Hospital, complaining recent weight loss, intolerance to cold and visual disturbance of the right eye. Ophthalmological examination revealed the optic atrophy with decreased visual acuity and concentric visual defect of the right eye. Endocrinological examination showed almost general suppression of adenohypophyseal function except abnormal high level resetting of cortisol diurnal rhythm. Radiological examination revealed the accessory middle cerebral artery and giant internal carotid aneurysm of the right side which was displayed by contrast-enhanced CT scan, with the enlarged sella turcica. Good cross filling was seen in left CAG through the anterior communicating artery. Extra-intracranial end to end anastomosis of the right internal carotid artery was performed with long venous graft under general anesthesia with hypothermia and induced hypotension, on Oct. 26 '78. Unroofing of the right optic canal was very useful to preserve the optic nerve, and the body of the giant aneurysm was opened and sutured tightly to reduce its mass effect. Interlacing suture for the anastomosis of the cervical internal carotid artery was employed successfully. The blood flow of the bypass graft, measured as enough volume with square wave flowmeter during the operation, was also confirmed with postoperative angiography. After the episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypotensive attack and hemorrhagic infarction of right frontal base, the postoperative final result was successful and the patient is doing well, 6 months after the operation.", "PMID": 522956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1444", "title": "[Polyuria and polydipsia in a young boy--a case study (author's transl)].", "content": "A 13-year-old boy with a teratoma in the sellar region was presented. This patient had gradually developed polyuria and polydipsia since 2 years prior to the first admission. Endocrinological examination showed a marked reduction of pituitary function. Careful neuroradiological examinations including CT failed to show any mass lesion in the sellar and suprasellar regions but a marked increase of the width of the third ventricle. CSF examination revealed only a slight increase of cell count (lymphocytes). The patient was discharged with hormonal replacement therapy. Seven months later the patient developed visual disturbance and mental disorders. On the second admission, plain skull films showed enlarged sella and CT demonstrated a mass in the suprasellar region. Preoperative diagnosis was suprasellar germinoma. At surgery a teratoma, probably arising from the pituitary fossa, was totally removed. Histopathology of the tumor showed tri-dermal tissues including melanotic progonoma and germinoma. The authors presented various problems of the patient and their solving processes.", "contents": "[Polyuria and polydipsia in a young boy--a case study (author's transl)]. A 13-year-old boy with a teratoma in the sellar region was presented. This patient had gradually developed polyuria and polydipsia since 2 years prior to the first admission. Endocrinological examination showed a marked reduction of pituitary function. Careful neuroradiological examinations including CT failed to show any mass lesion in the sellar and suprasellar regions but a marked increase of the width of the third ventricle. CSF examination revealed only a slight increase of cell count (lymphocytes). The patient was discharged with hormonal replacement therapy. Seven months later the patient developed visual disturbance and mental disorders. On the second admission, plain skull films showed enlarged sella and CT demonstrated a mass in the suprasellar region. Preoperative diagnosis was suprasellar germinoma. At surgery a teratoma, probably arising from the pituitary fossa, was totally removed. Histopathology of the tumor showed tri-dermal tissues including melanotic progonoma and germinoma. The authors presented various problems of the patient and their solving processes.", "PMID": 522958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1445", "title": "[A study of regional cerebral blood flow by intravenous injection method of Xenon-133 (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined in man by Xenon-133 intravenous bolus injection technique. This method is of value especially for patients with stroke. The measuring system constituted of a 16 channel cerebrograph (rCBF 1656, Meditronic, Denmark) and a minicomputer (AI Electronics, Japan). Then, for an estimation of rCBF, two compartment analysis was applied in which a special computer program was used for this purpose. Amount of Xenon-133 in expired air was used for calculation, since we confirmed that Xenon-133 clearance in expired air was similar to that in arterial blood except for those patients with obstructive lung disease and so on. In normal adults, rCBF of the gray matter was 67 +/- 13 ml/100 g brain/min. (95% confidence limits). Patients who had been TIA or RIND, revealed a decrease of rCBF of 33--49 ml/100 g brain/min. bilaterally, although they did not show any clinical signs at the time of measurement. Contrariwise, two cases of Moya-moya disease showed a normal value of rCBF at their silent periods.", "contents": "[A study of regional cerebral blood flow by intravenous injection method of Xenon-133 (author's transl)]. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined in man by Xenon-133 intravenous bolus injection technique. This method is of value especially for patients with stroke. The measuring system constituted of a 16 channel cerebrograph (rCBF 1656, Meditronic, Denmark) and a minicomputer (AI Electronics, Japan). Then, for an estimation of rCBF, two compartment analysis was applied in which a special computer program was used for this purpose. Amount of Xenon-133 in expired air was used for calculation, since we confirmed that Xenon-133 clearance in expired air was similar to that in arterial blood except for those patients with obstructive lung disease and so on. In normal adults, rCBF of the gray matter was 67 +/- 13 ml/100 g brain/min. (95% confidence limits). Patients who had been TIA or RIND, revealed a decrease of rCBF of 33--49 ml/100 g brain/min. bilaterally, although they did not show any clinical signs at the time of measurement. Contrariwise, two cases of Moya-moya disease showed a normal value of rCBF at their silent periods.", "PMID": 522961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1446", "title": "[Nonsuture microvascular anastomosis--experimental arterial end-to-end anastomosis using plastic adhesive and a soluble PVA tube (author's transl)].", "content": "Microvascular anastomosis is now widely applied and many improved methods of the nonsuture anastomosis have been developed instead of the suture anastomosis for the purpose of saving time and making the reconstruction easier. We introduced a new nonsuture method of microvascular anastomosis using plastic adhesive and a soluble tube made of polyvinylalcohol (PVA). PVA, which had been utilized as a plasma expander, is a water-soluble polymer and its solubility is changeable depending on the degree of polimerization and percent saponification. We have made two kinds of soluble PVA tubes, the one has monolayer wall and the other double layered wall. The inner wall of the latter is more soluble than the outer wall. As plastic adhesives, we employed ethyl 2--cyanoacrylate, isopropyl 2--cyanoacrylate, and isobutyl 2--cyanoacrylate which were much superior to methyl 2--cyanoacrylate. Common carotid arteries of rats of 1.0 to 1.3 mm external diameter range were reconstructed and re-exploration was carried out at intervals of more than 7 days after operation. The anastomotic technique was very easy and it took about five minutes to reconstruct. In our last series, approximately 98 percent patency rate was achieved. The advantage of our method is that the blood stream is regained in the small soluble at the anastomotic site immediately after the release of hemostatic clamps.", "contents": "[Nonsuture microvascular anastomosis--experimental arterial end-to-end anastomosis using plastic adhesive and a soluble PVA tube (author's transl)]. Microvascular anastomosis is now widely applied and many improved methods of the nonsuture anastomosis have been developed instead of the suture anastomosis for the purpose of saving time and making the reconstruction easier. We introduced a new nonsuture method of microvascular anastomosis using plastic adhesive and a soluble tube made of polyvinylalcohol (PVA). PVA, which had been utilized as a plasma expander, is a water-soluble polymer and its solubility is changeable depending on the degree of polimerization and percent saponification. We have made two kinds of soluble PVA tubes, the one has monolayer wall and the other double layered wall. The inner wall of the latter is more soluble than the outer wall. As plastic adhesives, we employed ethyl 2--cyanoacrylate, isopropyl 2--cyanoacrylate, and isobutyl 2--cyanoacrylate which were much superior to methyl 2--cyanoacrylate. Common carotid arteries of rats of 1.0 to 1.3 mm external diameter range were reconstructed and re-exploration was carried out at intervals of more than 7 days after operation. The anastomotic technique was very easy and it took about five minutes to reconstruct. In our last series, approximately 98 percent patency rate was achieved. The advantage of our method is that the blood stream is regained in the small soluble at the anastomotic site immediately after the release of hemostatic clamps.", "PMID": 522962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1447", "title": "[Contingent negative variation in patients with severe closed head injury--its diagnostic value as a quantitative evaluating method for certain aspect of posttraumatic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "CNVs were studied in 48 subjects with closed head injury followed by posttraumatic amnesia over than 7 days. Electrical motor-threshold stimulation of the median nerve or subjectively painful stimulation of the fingertip was used for imperative stimulus. An amplitude of CNV and its enhancement by painful imperative stimulus were measured and compared with those obtained from 34 normal subjects. In subacute stage within 3 months after the head injury, correlation between CNV abnormalities and an existence of some noticeable psychiatric disorders was found. In many of the subjects with CNV abnormalities, diffuse slow wave activities were observed in the background EEG, so that it was supposed that CNV abnormalities in subacute stage might reflect diffuse cerebral dysfunction and decreased vigilance. Any statistically significant correlation of CNV abnormalities to an existence of psychiatric disabilities, low score in WAIS and background EEG patterns could not be found in chronic stage 12 months after head injury. However, suppressed CNV was observed in all of 4 subjects who presented generalized epileptic patterns in the background EEG. Many of the subjects with suppressed CNV also showed a small effect of painful imperative stimulus on its amplitude. Statistically significant correlation between CNV abnormalities and work capacity was found. From these findings, together with previous observations (Tsubokawa et al. 19,36,40,44)), it is concluded that the measurement of the CNV is inimitable examination to evaluate certain psychiatric disability which is apt to be overlooked but, in fact, concerned intimately to the work capacity.", "contents": "[Contingent negative variation in patients with severe closed head injury--its diagnostic value as a quantitative evaluating method for certain aspect of posttraumatic syndrome (author's transl)]. CNVs were studied in 48 subjects with closed head injury followed by posttraumatic amnesia over than 7 days. Electrical motor-threshold stimulation of the median nerve or subjectively painful stimulation of the fingertip was used for imperative stimulus. An amplitude of CNV and its enhancement by painful imperative stimulus were measured and compared with those obtained from 34 normal subjects. In subacute stage within 3 months after the head injury, correlation between CNV abnormalities and an existence of some noticeable psychiatric disorders was found. In many of the subjects with CNV abnormalities, diffuse slow wave activities were observed in the background EEG, so that it was supposed that CNV abnormalities in subacute stage might reflect diffuse cerebral dysfunction and decreased vigilance. Any statistically significant correlation of CNV abnormalities to an existence of psychiatric disabilities, low score in WAIS and background EEG patterns could not be found in chronic stage 12 months after head injury. However, suppressed CNV was observed in all of 4 subjects who presented generalized epileptic patterns in the background EEG. Many of the subjects with suppressed CNV also showed a small effect of painful imperative stimulus on its amplitude. Statistically significant correlation between CNV abnormalities and work capacity was found. From these findings, together with previous observations (Tsubokawa et al. 19,36,40,44)), it is concluded that the measurement of the CNV is inimitable examination to evaluate certain psychiatric disability which is apt to be overlooked but, in fact, concerned intimately to the work capacity.", "PMID": 522963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1448", "title": "[Late manifestation of alternating Horner's signs in spinal cord injury due to dura-cord adhesion (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been said that late manifestation of transient alternating Horner's signs in cases of spinal cord injury is caused by intramedullary cavity formation in which some movement of fluid stimulates the sympathetic system corresponding to their positioning. We had a patient complaining of alternating Horner's signs which became manifest 8 years after the injury. We could not find any intramedullary cavity formation, in spite of a spinal puncture at operation, but the symptoms made a striking improvement after the operation simply by making free the spinal cord from the dura mater at operation. So we suppose that late manifestation of transient alternating Horner's signs will be manifested not only in cases of intramedullary cavity, but also in cases of dense adhesion between the spinal cord and the dura mater. In addition to this, we propose the new term \"Poromyelia\" for the intramedullary cavity because of its resemblance to \"Porencephalia\" in the cerebrum, and because of the confusing usage of the word \"Syringomyelia\" for this condition of \"Poromyelia\". It has been said that \"Syringomyelia\" in the spinal cord is similar to \"Hydrocephalia\" in the cerebrum.", "contents": "[Late manifestation of alternating Horner's signs in spinal cord injury due to dura-cord adhesion (author's transl)]. It has been said that late manifestation of transient alternating Horner's signs in cases of spinal cord injury is caused by intramedullary cavity formation in which some movement of fluid stimulates the sympathetic system corresponding to their positioning. We had a patient complaining of alternating Horner's signs which became manifest 8 years after the injury. We could not find any intramedullary cavity formation, in spite of a spinal puncture at operation, but the symptoms made a striking improvement after the operation simply by making free the spinal cord from the dura mater at operation. So we suppose that late manifestation of transient alternating Horner's signs will be manifested not only in cases of intramedullary cavity, but also in cases of dense adhesion between the spinal cord and the dura mater. In addition to this, we propose the new term \"Poromyelia\" for the intramedullary cavity because of its resemblance to \"Porencephalia\" in the cerebrum, and because of the confusing usage of the word \"Syringomyelia\" for this condition of \"Poromyelia\". It has been said that \"Syringomyelia\" in the spinal cord is similar to \"Hydrocephalia\" in the cerebrum.", "PMID": 522965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1449", "title": "[Liliequist membranotomy for patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to reconstruct the blocked CSF pathway, we attempted to excise the Liliequist membrane in 22 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage resulted from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. After clipping the aneurysmal neck, the Liliequist membrane was reached through the space between the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery within the same operative field. As a result, the incidence of postoperative ventricular dilatation was remarkably reduced in comparison with control cases without Liliequist membranotomy. The necessity for the shunt operation for post-SAH hydrocephalus was also reduced. On the other hand, the incidence of postoperative subdural effusion increased in the group with Liliequist membranotomy. This suggests that the blockage of the arachnoid villi is probably the cause of disturbances in CSF absorption in some cases following subarachnoid hemorrhage. In such cases, the Liliequist membranotomy may be ineffective in restoring CSF circulation following subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Liliequist membranotomy for patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. In order to reconstruct the blocked CSF pathway, we attempted to excise the Liliequist membrane in 22 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage resulted from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. After clipping the aneurysmal neck, the Liliequist membrane was reached through the space between the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery within the same operative field. As a result, the incidence of postoperative ventricular dilatation was remarkably reduced in comparison with control cases without Liliequist membranotomy. The necessity for the shunt operation for post-SAH hydrocephalus was also reduced. On the other hand, the incidence of postoperative subdural effusion increased in the group with Liliequist membranotomy. This suggests that the blockage of the arachnoid villi is probably the cause of disturbances in CSF absorption in some cases following subarachnoid hemorrhage. In such cases, the Liliequist membranotomy may be ineffective in restoring CSF circulation following subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "PMID": 522968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1450", "title": "Effect of a single injection of reserpine on kinetics of 3H-dexamethasone binding to receptors of the cat hypothalamus and hippocampus.", "content": "Cats were injected intraperitoneally with reserpine (5 mg/kg) or saline and sacrificed 16 h later. Hypothalamic and hippocampal cytosols were assayed for the kinetics of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DM) binding. A parallel series was performed in which saline-injected cats were infused via venocatheter with hydrocortisone (HC). Reserpine-injected cats were infused with saline. The hypothalamic cytosol of reserpinized cats showed a marked decrease in 3H-DM binding capacity relative to that from saline-treated cats. Hippocampal cytosol 3H-DM binding capacity was unaffected by reserpinization. Infusion of high levels of HC reduced the amount of 3H-DM binding in the hypothalamus, but did not account for all the reduction found after reserpine treatment. HC infusion had no effect on hippocampal binding capacity. Reserpine treatment did not change the dissociation constant differences between the two brain regions. The data suggest that depletion of neurotransmitters by reserpine treatment from the hypothalamus, but not the hippocampus, significantly reduces the number of 3H-DM binding sites and that such a reduction is due, in part, to the effects of reserpine and not to high circulating levels of HC.", "contents": "Effect of a single injection of reserpine on kinetics of 3H-dexamethasone binding to receptors of the cat hypothalamus and hippocampus. Cats were injected intraperitoneally with reserpine (5 mg/kg) or saline and sacrificed 16 h later. Hypothalamic and hippocampal cytosols were assayed for the kinetics of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DM) binding. A parallel series was performed in which saline-injected cats were infused via venocatheter with hydrocortisone (HC). Reserpine-injected cats were infused with saline. The hypothalamic cytosol of reserpinized cats showed a marked decrease in 3H-DM binding capacity relative to that from saline-treated cats. Hippocampal cytosol 3H-DM binding capacity was unaffected by reserpinization. Infusion of high levels of HC reduced the amount of 3H-DM binding in the hypothalamus, but did not account for all the reduction found after reserpine treatment. HC infusion had no effect on hippocampal binding capacity. Reserpine treatment did not change the dissociation constant differences between the two brain regions. The data suggest that depletion of neurotransmitters by reserpine treatment from the hypothalamus, but not the hippocampus, significantly reduces the number of 3H-DM binding sites and that such a reduction is due, in part, to the effects of reserpine and not to high circulating levels of HC.", "PMID": 522969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1451", "title": "Adrenal medullary secretory response to stimulation of the medulla oblongata in the rat.", "content": "In rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, adrenal venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for epinephrine and norepinephrine by the fluorometric method. Stimulation of the inferior fovea or adjacent areas resulted in a significant increase in epinephrine secretion. Stimulation of some other areas of the floor of the fourth ventricle was associated with a significant decrease in norepinephrine secretion with or without significant decrease in epinephrine secretion. In no instance was observed a significant increase in norepinephrine secretion in response to the medulla oblongata stimulation.", "contents": "Adrenal medullary secretory response to stimulation of the medulla oblongata in the rat. In rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, adrenal venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for epinephrine and norepinephrine by the fluorometric method. Stimulation of the inferior fovea or adjacent areas resulted in a significant increase in epinephrine secretion. Stimulation of some other areas of the floor of the fourth ventricle was associated with a significant decrease in norepinephrine secretion with or without significant decrease in epinephrine secretion. In no instance was observed a significant increase in norepinephrine secretion in response to the medulla oblongata stimulation.", "PMID": 522970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1452", "title": "Alteration of the Agouti mouse coat color pattern by bromoergocryptine. Possible involvement of MSH.", "content": "In the Agouti mice C3H Avy the coat color of the dorsum changes from birth to maturity. In young animals the dorsal tegument is yellow whereas in adult mice it shifts to dark gray. The administration of bromoergocryptine, a dopamine agonist, as a single injection in a beeswax pellet prevented the color change resulting in the persistence of the immature pattern. After plucking an area of the dorsum of an adult animal, the regrown hair was dark; however, when bromoergocryptine was administered at the time of plucking the new hair was not dark but yellow. When MSH was injected in adult animals previously treated with the drug, the 'bleaching' effect of bromoergocryptine was abolished, suggesting that this substance did not act directly upon melanin synthesis. In bromoergocryptine-treated mice the MSH content of the pars intermedia was decreased and the ultrastructure of this lobe contained cells with signs of hypoactivity. These two observations suggested that the effect of the drug on the coat color might be ascribed to inhibition of the secretion of MSH. The results may indicate that in the Agouti C3H Avy mice MSH plays a physiological role in determining the coat color. On the other hand, in CH57BL mice bromoergocryptine did not elicit color changes suggesting that in this strain the normal color of the hair is not MSH-dependent.", "contents": "Alteration of the Agouti mouse coat color pattern by bromoergocryptine. Possible involvement of MSH. In the Agouti mice C3H Avy the coat color of the dorsum changes from birth to maturity. In young animals the dorsal tegument is yellow whereas in adult mice it shifts to dark gray. The administration of bromoergocryptine, a dopamine agonist, as a single injection in a beeswax pellet prevented the color change resulting in the persistence of the immature pattern. After plucking an area of the dorsum of an adult animal, the regrown hair was dark; however, when bromoergocryptine was administered at the time of plucking the new hair was not dark but yellow. When MSH was injected in adult animals previously treated with the drug, the 'bleaching' effect of bromoergocryptine was abolished, suggesting that this substance did not act directly upon melanin synthesis. In bromoergocryptine-treated mice the MSH content of the pars intermedia was decreased and the ultrastructure of this lobe contained cells with signs of hypoactivity. These two observations suggested that the effect of the drug on the coat color might be ascribed to inhibition of the secretion of MSH. The results may indicate that in the Agouti C3H Avy mice MSH plays a physiological role in determining the coat color. On the other hand, in CH57BL mice bromoergocryptine did not elicit color changes suggesting that in this strain the normal color of the hair is not MSH-dependent.", "PMID": 522971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1453", "title": "[Clinical and instrumental study program of nodular diseases of the thyroid].", "content": "Authors have passed from a combined clinical and radioisotopic analysis to an integrated polyinstrumental approach by adding thermography and above all echography. In order to achieve the purpose Authors have confronted in retrospective a \"clinico-radioisotopic group\" of 103 cases, from 1965 to 1975, and an \"integrated polyinstrumental group\" of 53 cases, since 1976. Comparing the \"clinico-radioisotopic method\" with \"polyinstrumental approach\" the main results could be summarized as follows: the diagnostic specificity improved in benign lesions from 77% to 96%, however in malignant lesions it remained about the same (63%). Considering these results the Authors have subdivided thyroid nodules, mainly based on echography, in two distinct categories with the following orientation: I. Solitary Thyroid Nodule: a) definitely cystic -- demonstrated by echography; b) \"cold\" -- by conventional scintygraphy; c) \"negative\" -- by thermography; d) non uptake of tumor seeking radiopharmaceutical. The control, therapy and surveilance of these cases should be limited to needle aspiration of the cystic cavity followed, of course, by citologic examination. This aspirations is both diagnostic and possibly therapeutic. II. Solitary Thyroid Nodule: a) definite solid -- echography; b) \"cold\" -- convential scintygraphy; c) \"positive\" --thermography (possibly \"negative\"); d) non uptake of tumor seeking radiopharmaceutical. Here the therapeutic orientation is clearly surgical.", "contents": "[Clinical and instrumental study program of nodular diseases of the thyroid]. Authors have passed from a combined clinical and radioisotopic analysis to an integrated polyinstrumental approach by adding thermography and above all echography. In order to achieve the purpose Authors have confronted in retrospective a \"clinico-radioisotopic group\" of 103 cases, from 1965 to 1975, and an \"integrated polyinstrumental group\" of 53 cases, since 1976. Comparing the \"clinico-radioisotopic method\" with \"polyinstrumental approach\" the main results could be summarized as follows: the diagnostic specificity improved in benign lesions from 77% to 96%, however in malignant lesions it remained about the same (63%). Considering these results the Authors have subdivided thyroid nodules, mainly based on echography, in two distinct categories with the following orientation: I. Solitary Thyroid Nodule: a) definitely cystic -- demonstrated by echography; b) \"cold\" -- by conventional scintygraphy; c) \"negative\" -- by thermography; d) non uptake of tumor seeking radiopharmaceutical. The control, therapy and surveilance of these cases should be limited to needle aspiration of the cystic cavity followed, of course, by citologic examination. This aspirations is both diagnostic and possibly therapeutic. II. Solitary Thyroid Nodule: a) definite solid -- echography; b) \"cold\" -- convential scintygraphy; c) \"positive\" --thermography (possibly \"negative\"); d) non uptake of tumor seeking radiopharmaceutical. Here the therapeutic orientation is clearly surgical.", "PMID": 522986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1454", "title": "[Antiprolactin therapy in the treatment of benign lesions of the breast. Comparison of bromocryptine and methergoline].", "content": "The Authors have treated 11 patients with benign breast diseases (fibroadenosis or fibrocystic disease) with two prolactin inhibitor drugs -- metergoline and bromocriptine -- at the dose of 8 mg/die and 7,5 mg/die respectively for sixty days with a 30 days interval from one to the other. All patients, except one, had normal serum prolactin levels before the trial; during the treatment with metergoline no long-term changes in serum prolactin levels were observed; on the contrary, bromocriptine reduced significantly prolactin values for the whole duration of the therapy. Negative clinical results were obtained with the first drug, while bromocriptine allowed to reach an 80% of positive results at the end of the trial. Coming from previous experience, the Authors conclude that the positive therapeutic effect of bromocriptine treatment is connected with the maintenance of prolactin reduction.", "contents": "[Antiprolactin therapy in the treatment of benign lesions of the breast. Comparison of bromocryptine and methergoline]. The Authors have treated 11 patients with benign breast diseases (fibroadenosis or fibrocystic disease) with two prolactin inhibitor drugs -- metergoline and bromocriptine -- at the dose of 8 mg/die and 7,5 mg/die respectively for sixty days with a 30 days interval from one to the other. All patients, except one, had normal serum prolactin levels before the trial; during the treatment with metergoline no long-term changes in serum prolactin levels were observed; on the contrary, bromocriptine reduced significantly prolactin values for the whole duration of the therapy. Negative clinical results were obtained with the first drug, while bromocriptine allowed to reach an 80% of positive results at the end of the trial. Coming from previous experience, the Authors conclude that the positive therapeutic effect of bromocriptine treatment is connected with the maintenance of prolactin reduction.", "PMID": 522987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1455", "title": "[Hypomagnesemia with magnesium-dependent hypocalcemia and hypopotassemia in a case of alcoholic cirrhosis].", "content": "An account of the main causes of low blood magnesium and the predominant r\u00f4le of this ion in the organism is followed by the description of a case of encephalopathy due to magnesium deficiency in a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver. This neuropsychological condition, together with its concomitant low blood calcium and potassium, rapidly regressed when magnesium sulphate was administered. Stress is laid on the desirability of giving attention to and preventing the onset of this electrolytic alteration in clinical practive.", "contents": "[Hypomagnesemia with magnesium-dependent hypocalcemia and hypopotassemia in a case of alcoholic cirrhosis]. An account of the main causes of low blood magnesium and the predominant r\u00f4le of this ion in the organism is followed by the description of a case of encephalopathy due to magnesium deficiency in a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver. This neuropsychological condition, together with its concomitant low blood calcium and potassium, rapidly regressed when magnesium sulphate was administered. Stress is laid on the desirability of giving attention to and preventing the onset of this electrolytic alteration in clinical practive.", "PMID": 522988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1456", "title": "[Elevation of the total blood CPK test in vomiting of various causes].", "content": "The Authors make a list of 17 cases of elevation of total CPK (creatine phosphokinase) in subjects with vomiting of different cause, supposing the exclusion of more kinowed causes be able to stir up the enzyme increase. The Authors place the above mentioned elevation in relation to muscular or traumatism on musculature delegate physiologically to vomiting. It is never observed any relation with entity of vomiting and elevation of CPK. The causes of elevation represent the 40% of examined subjects.", "contents": "[Elevation of the total blood CPK test in vomiting of various causes]. The Authors make a list of 17 cases of elevation of total CPK (creatine phosphokinase) in subjects with vomiting of different cause, supposing the exclusion of more kinowed causes be able to stir up the enzyme increase. The Authors place the above mentioned elevation in relation to muscular or traumatism on musculature delegate physiologically to vomiting. It is never observed any relation with entity of vomiting and elevation of CPK. The causes of elevation represent the 40% of examined subjects.", "PMID": 522989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1457", "title": "[Association of osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) and adenocarcinoma of the prostate].", "content": "A rare association of prostatic adenocarcinoma with osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) is reported. The diagnosis suspected on the basis of simultaneous increased concentrations of acid and alkaline phosphatases was documented only through repeated biopsies of prostate.", "contents": "[Association of osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) and adenocarcinoma of the prostate]. A rare association of prostatic adenocarcinoma with osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) is reported. The diagnosis suspected on the basis of simultaneous increased concentrations of acid and alkaline phosphatases was documented only through repeated biopsies of prostate.", "PMID": 522992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1458", "title": "[An unusual case of pseudotabetic arthropathy].", "content": "After a brief introduction on Adie's disease, or pseudotabes, a rare case of pseudotabetic arthropathy which, in addition to the classical signs of Adie's syndrome, presented signs of a recurrent arthrosynovitis of the knee, is reported. This rare syndrome should be borne in mind in differential diagnosis with recurrent arthrosynovitis of other nature.", "contents": "[An unusual case of pseudotabetic arthropathy]. After a brief introduction on Adie's disease, or pseudotabes, a rare case of pseudotabetic arthropathy which, in addition to the classical signs of Adie's syndrome, presented signs of a recurrent arthrosynovitis of the knee, is reported. This rare syndrome should be borne in mind in differential diagnosis with recurrent arthrosynovitis of other nature.", "PMID": 522993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1459", "title": "[Our experience with cardiac electrostimulation (1964-1979: 730 implants)].", "content": "From 1964 to 1979, 446 patients were treated with pace-maker implantation for a total of 730 devices. Epicardial stimulation was employed in 263 cases, endocardial in 160, and both in 23. The results, complications, treatment and indications are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Our experience with cardiac electrostimulation (1964-1979: 730 implants)]. From 1964 to 1979, 446 patients were treated with pace-maker implantation for a total of 730 devices. Epicardial stimulation was employed in 263 cases, endocardial in 160, and both in 23. The results, complications, treatment and indications are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 522994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1460", "title": "[504 implantations of aortic valve prostheses].", "content": "The results in 504 patients operated with aortic valve replacement are reported. In 153 patients other associated valvular diseases or complications were present. The mortality in non complicated case was 3%. The long term mortality (1--14 years) was 4%. The results and indications are discussed.", "contents": "[504 implantations of aortic valve prostheses]. The results in 504 patients operated with aortic valve replacement are reported. In 153 patients other associated valvular diseases or complications were present. The mortality in non complicated case was 3%. The long term mortality (1--14 years) was 4%. The results and indications are discussed.", "PMID": 522995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1461", "title": "[Radical correction of the tetralogy of Fallot: 122 cases].", "content": "In 122 patients with Fallot tetralogy total correction was performed. 18 were previously operated with palliative surgery. The results were the following: hospital mortality: 8,5%; very good or good improvement: 78%; satisfactory in 13,5%.", "contents": "[Radical correction of the tetralogy of Fallot: 122 cases]. In 122 patients with Fallot tetralogy total correction was performed. 18 were previously operated with palliative surgery. The results were the following: hospital mortality: 8,5%; very good or good improvement: 78%; satisfactory in 13,5%.", "PMID": 522996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1462", "title": "[Surgery of ventricular aneurysms and akinetic zones].", "content": "Operation was performed in 180 patients with post-infarction ventricular aneurysm (12 cases) or akinesia (92 cases). Simultaneously in 2 cases mitral valve replacement was performed and in 2 cases ruptured ventricular septum was treated by patch. The results are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Surgery of ventricular aneurysms and akinetic zones]. Operation was performed in 180 patients with post-infarction ventricular aneurysm (12 cases) or akinesia (92 cases). Simultaneously in 2 cases mitral valve replacement was performed and in 2 cases ruptured ventricular septum was treated by patch. The results are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 522997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1463", "title": "[Calculosis of the biliary tract in childhood and adolescence].", "content": "A series of 55 cases of calculosis of the bile ducts observed in subjects aged 9-20 yr between 1963 and 1977 is presented. Haemolytic anaemia, familial predisposition, pregnancy, obesity, and deformity of the bile ducts are regarded as possible pathogenetic factors in accordance with the views of other workers.", "contents": "[Calculosis of the biliary tract in childhood and adolescence]. A series of 55 cases of calculosis of the bile ducts observed in subjects aged 9-20 yr between 1963 and 1977 is presented. Haemolytic anaemia, familial predisposition, pregnancy, obesity, and deformity of the bile ducts are regarded as possible pathogenetic factors in accordance with the views of other workers.", "PMID": 522999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1464", "title": "[The treatment of varicose veins].", "content": "In the treatment of varicose veins and their complications most European phlebologists use today, unlike the past, surgery, sclerotherapy and compression without any preconceived preference, guided solely by the indications of choice of each method. Within this framework, it is generally admitted that surgery is by far the best treatment for incompetent saphenous terminations, main saphenous trunks and insufficient bulky perforating veins. Sclerotherapy, on the other hand, is given the task of eliminating the varicose tributaries of the removed saphenous conduits, as well for treating reticular non-saphenous varices, dermal varicosities and recurrent varicose veins after correct operations. As far compression treatment, it requires today respect for \"posology\" that is expressed in terms of mmHg of pressures to be exerted at different levels of the extremity; depending on venous and skin changes, semi-stiff sticky bandages or various types of elastic stockings will be chosen. Often two or more of the methods listed are used during the same treatment or in successive stages.", "contents": "[The treatment of varicose veins]. In the treatment of varicose veins and their complications most European phlebologists use today, unlike the past, surgery, sclerotherapy and compression without any preconceived preference, guided solely by the indications of choice of each method. Within this framework, it is generally admitted that surgery is by far the best treatment for incompetent saphenous terminations, main saphenous trunks and insufficient bulky perforating veins. Sclerotherapy, on the other hand, is given the task of eliminating the varicose tributaries of the removed saphenous conduits, as well for treating reticular non-saphenous varices, dermal varicosities and recurrent varicose veins after correct operations. As far compression treatment, it requires today respect for \"posology\" that is expressed in terms of mmHg of pressures to be exerted at different levels of the extremity; depending on venous and skin changes, semi-stiff sticky bandages or various types of elastic stockings will be chosen. Often two or more of the methods listed are used during the same treatment or in successive stages.", "PMID": 523000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1465", "title": "[Intestinal absorption of Ca47 in chronic renal insufficiency before and after treatment with 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol].", "content": "The effects of vitamin D3 follow its metabolisation in the liver and then in the kidney. Its most active metabolite is 1,25 (OH)2D3, produced by the liver precursor 25(OH)D3. In chronic renal insufficiency, demineralising osteopathy can be corrected by administering 1,25 (OH)2D3 to make up for its under-production by the kidneys. An assessment if is made of 47Ca intestinal transport in patients with chronic renal insufficiency before and after such treatment. It was found that the effects of the metabolite on calcium transport were dose-dependent.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption of Ca47 in chronic renal insufficiency before and after treatment with 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol]. The effects of vitamin D3 follow its metabolisation in the liver and then in the kidney. Its most active metabolite is 1,25 (OH)2D3, produced by the liver precursor 25(OH)D3. In chronic renal insufficiency, demineralising osteopathy can be corrected by administering 1,25 (OH)2D3 to make up for its under-production by the kidneys. An assessment if is made of 47Ca intestinal transport in patients with chronic renal insufficiency before and after such treatment. It was found that the effects of the metabolite on calcium transport were dose-dependent.", "PMID": 523001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1466", "title": "[Budd-Chiari syndrome in the course of polycythemia rubra vera. Presentation of a clinical case].", "content": "An unusual case of Budd-Chiari syndrome during erythraemia is presented. Acute thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins became chronic with progressive improvement, shown clinically and radiologically in the form of partial recanalisation of thromboses of these veins and the porta. The pathogenetic relationship between polycythaemia and the Budd-Chiari syndrome is also discussed.", "contents": "[Budd-Chiari syndrome in the course of polycythemia rubra vera. Presentation of a clinical case]. An unusual case of Budd-Chiari syndrome during erythraemia is presented. Acute thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins became chronic with progressive improvement, shown clinically and radiologically in the form of partial recanalisation of thromboses of these veins and the porta. The pathogenetic relationship between polycythaemia and the Budd-Chiari syndrome is also discussed.", "PMID": 523003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1467", "title": "[Unusual association of hemolytic anemia and splenic metastases in a case of breast carcinoma].", "content": "An unusual case of splenic metastasis associated with haemolytic anaemia in a patient with breast cancer is reported. Attention is drawn to the rarity of invasion of the spleen, and an account is given of the causes of haemolytic anaemia in carcinomatosis. A spectacular response to splenectomy was observed in the case reported.", "contents": "[Unusual association of hemolytic anemia and splenic metastases in a case of breast carcinoma]. An unusual case of splenic metastasis associated with haemolytic anaemia in a patient with breast cancer is reported. Attention is drawn to the rarity of invasion of the spleen, and an account is given of the causes of haemolytic anaemia in carcinomatosis. A spectacular response to splenectomy was observed in the case reported.", "PMID": 523004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1468", "title": "[Evolution and prognosis of retrobulbar optic neuritis as the initial symptom of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In 61 of 300 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, disease onset was retrobulbar optical neuritis. Comparing the clinical data of these patients with those of the remaining 239 cases, the following typical features were observed: in patients with optical neuropathy, disease onset is more frequently acute and course, in the early years of the disease, is in fits and starts. Recurrence frequency is higher in these patients but not significantly so. Prognosis, deduced from the analysis of degrees of invalidity, does not differ substantially between the two groups. Current techniques of diagnosing multiple sclerosis in patients with retrobulbar optical neuritis are also discussed.", "contents": "[Evolution and prognosis of retrobulbar optic neuritis as the initial symptom of multiple sclerosis]. In 61 of 300 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, disease onset was retrobulbar optical neuritis. Comparing the clinical data of these patients with those of the remaining 239 cases, the following typical features were observed: in patients with optical neuropathy, disease onset is more frequently acute and course, in the early years of the disease, is in fits and starts. Recurrence frequency is higher in these patients but not significantly so. Prognosis, deduced from the analysis of degrees of invalidity, does not differ substantially between the two groups. Current techniques of diagnosing multiple sclerosis in patients with retrobulbar optical neuritis are also discussed.", "PMID": 523007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1469", "title": "[Serum thiocyanate level as a discriminating element in evaluation of exposure to carbon monoxide].", "content": "Blood carbon monoxide concentration levels in two groups of subjects to a different degree of exposure are examined in the light of the subjects declared smoking habits and serum thiocyanate levels. The latter parameter proved an effective pointer to individual exposure to CO due to tobacco combustion. Assessment of the results showed that it could be proposed as an indicative and discriminating test of habitual exposure to CO, so as to enable expired CO and HbCO values to be interpreted in occupationally exposed subjects.", "contents": "[Serum thiocyanate level as a discriminating element in evaluation of exposure to carbon monoxide]. Blood carbon monoxide concentration levels in two groups of subjects to a different degree of exposure are examined in the light of the subjects declared smoking habits and serum thiocyanate levels. The latter parameter proved an effective pointer to individual exposure to CO due to tobacco combustion. Assessment of the results showed that it could be proposed as an indicative and discriminating test of habitual exposure to CO, so as to enable expired CO and HbCO values to be interpreted in occupationally exposed subjects.", "PMID": 523008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1470", "title": "The stilbestrol-adenosis-carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "For the development of the DES carcinoma syndrome, two different mechanisms may be assumed. 1. Indirect effect via teratogenesis: squamous cell carcinoma develops from adenosis vaginae with the assistance of cofactors (Fig. 6). Till now, a conversion of adenosis to clear cell carcinoma has never been observed (Hilgers, 1977). Adenosis is probably a precancerous lesion only for squamous cell carcinoma. 2. Transplacental terato-oncogenesis: clear cell carcinoma as a mesonephric carcinoma develops from persisting wolffian ducts with a latent period of 15 to 20 years. DES here acts only as a promoter by way of the transplacental teratogenic mechanism, thus as a terato-co-carcinogenic factor (Fig. 6).", "contents": "The stilbestrol-adenosis-carcinoma syndrome. For the development of the DES carcinoma syndrome, two different mechanisms may be assumed. 1. Indirect effect via teratogenesis: squamous cell carcinoma develops from adenosis vaginae with the assistance of cofactors (Fig. 6). Till now, a conversion of adenosis to clear cell carcinoma has never been observed (Hilgers, 1977). Adenosis is probably a precancerous lesion only for squamous cell carcinoma. 2. Transplacental terato-oncogenesis: clear cell carcinoma as a mesonephric carcinoma develops from persisting wolffian ducts with a latent period of 15 to 20 years. DES here acts only as a promoter by way of the transplacental teratogenic mechanism, thus as a terato-co-carcinogenic factor (Fig. 6).", "PMID": 523019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1471", "title": "Electrocoagulation diathermy treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.", "content": "Although there are other physical methods of destruction which may be effective for small areas of dysplastic change, the author believes that D&C and electrocoagulation diathermy under general anesthesia is a more reliable and more effective method of destruction of abnormal T-Zone. It has the distinct advantage of being able to eliminate large areas, and in particular, changes of major atypia extending into the gland crypts. To date, no patient treated in this fashion has developed invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Electrocoagulation diathermy treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Although there are other physical methods of destruction which may be effective for small areas of dysplastic change, the author believes that D&C and electrocoagulation diathermy under general anesthesia is a more reliable and more effective method of destruction of abnormal T-Zone. It has the distinct advantage of being able to eliminate large areas, and in particular, changes of major atypia extending into the gland crypts. To date, no patient treated in this fashion has developed invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 523023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1472", "title": "Further evidence for high risk male and female groups in the development of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Further evidence suggests that there exist high risk groups of men and women who are at a high risk of either transmitting the mutagen involved in the development of cervical cancer or for the development of this neoplasm.", "contents": "Further evidence for high risk male and female groups in the development of cervical carcinoma. Further evidence suggests that there exist high risk groups of men and women who are at a high risk of either transmitting the mutagen involved in the development of cervical cancer or for the development of this neoplasm.", "PMID": 523045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1473", "title": "Ultrasonically-aided percutaneous orbital aspiration.", "content": "Ultrasonography is the most effective diagnostic modality for locating and delimiting cystic orbital lesions, and may often provide an accurate tissue diagnosis. A case is presented demonstrating the ability of ultrasonography to aid in the percutaneous aspiration of selected orbital cystic lesions.", "contents": "Ultrasonically-aided percutaneous orbital aspiration. Ultrasonography is the most effective diagnostic modality for locating and delimiting cystic orbital lesions, and may often provide an accurate tissue diagnosis. A case is presented demonstrating the ability of ultrasonography to aid in the percutaneous aspiration of selected orbital cystic lesions.", "PMID": 523057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1474", "title": "Pupillary dilatation in fractures of the floor of the orbit.", "content": "A sign involving pupillary dilatation preoperatively and postoperatively in fractures of the floor of the orbit is presented. Response to Pilocarpine 0.5% was immediate. This represents injury to the parasympathetic fibers in the nerve that travel to the inferior oblique muscle and interrupts the path of ciliary ganglion. This pupillary sign has been found so far in posterior orbital floor fractures.", "contents": "Pupillary dilatation in fractures of the floor of the orbit. A sign involving pupillary dilatation preoperatively and postoperatively in fractures of the floor of the orbit is presented. Response to Pilocarpine 0.5% was immediate. This represents injury to the parasympathetic fibers in the nerve that travel to the inferior oblique muscle and interrupts the path of ciliary ganglion. This pupillary sign has been found so far in posterior orbital floor fractures.", "PMID": 523058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1475", "title": "Irrigating instruments for intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "A series of small instruments to assist with insertion of intraocular lenses and placement of lens fixation sutures has been described. Added to the main function of each, is the capability for infusion of fluid or injection of air and medication.", "contents": "Irrigating instruments for intraocular lens implantation. A series of small instruments to assist with insertion of intraocular lenses and placement of lens fixation sutures has been described. Added to the main function of each, is the capability for infusion of fluid or injection of air and medication.", "PMID": 523059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1476", "title": "Scleral buckling with a soft xerogel implant: II. Experiments in vivo.", "content": "Experimental scleral buckling was obtained in rabbits by using soft xerogel implants placed either episclerally or intrasclerally. After implantation of 1 x 1.5 x 2 mm or 1 x 2 x 2.5 mm implants, buckle heights ranged from 1.3 to 4.0 mm. Intrascleral implantation produced a higher buckle than episcleral implantation. The follow-up period extended from 6 months to 1 year. No significant inflammatory reactions, wound dehiscence, or extrusions or intrusions of the poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), PHEA, implant were observed either clinically or histologically. Our impression is that HEA can be a useful material for treatment of retinal detachment, particularly when a localized high buckle is required or for patients with thin and weak sclera.", "contents": "Scleral buckling with a soft xerogel implant: II. Experiments in vivo. Experimental scleral buckling was obtained in rabbits by using soft xerogel implants placed either episclerally or intrasclerally. After implantation of 1 x 1.5 x 2 mm or 1 x 2 x 2.5 mm implants, buckle heights ranged from 1.3 to 4.0 mm. Intrascleral implantation produced a higher buckle than episcleral implantation. The follow-up period extended from 6 months to 1 year. No significant inflammatory reactions, wound dehiscence, or extrusions or intrusions of the poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), PHEA, implant were observed either clinically or histologically. Our impression is that HEA can be a useful material for treatment of retinal detachment, particularly when a localized high buckle is required or for patients with thin and weak sclera.", "PMID": 523060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1477", "title": "Dacryoscopy.", "content": "A miniature caliber endoscope is described for introduction into the lacrimal excretory passages. Direct observation and diagnostic inspection of the contents and lining of the lacrimal sac and naso-lacrimal duct are possible with the instrument, and complement standard examination procedures of the lacrimal outflow system.", "contents": "Dacryoscopy. A miniature caliber endoscope is described for introduction into the lacrimal excretory passages. Direct observation and diagnostic inspection of the contents and lining of the lacrimal sac and naso-lacrimal duct are possible with the instrument, and complement standard examination procedures of the lacrimal outflow system.", "PMID": 523061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1478", "title": "Need for bilateral electroretinography in unilateral trauma.", "content": "Electroretinography revealed unsuspected night blindness in a patient who had suffered unilateral trauma. This case illustrates the importance of testing both eyes, even when one appears normal.", "contents": "Need for bilateral electroretinography in unilateral trauma. Electroretinography revealed unsuspected night blindness in a patient who had suffered unilateral trauma. This case illustrates the importance of testing both eyes, even when one appears normal.", "PMID": 523062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1479", "title": "Choyce intraocular lens placement under gonioscopic control.", "content": "Various gonioscopic lenses were tested in the operating room for viewing the size and foot placement of the Choyce Mark VIII intraocular lens. The Tennant and the Worst fiber optic devices were fairly adequate. The Thorpe surgical gonioscope was the easiest to handle, and provided a good view with the operating microscope.", "contents": "Choyce intraocular lens placement under gonioscopic control. Various gonioscopic lenses were tested in the operating room for viewing the size and foot placement of the Choyce Mark VIII intraocular lens. The Tennant and the Worst fiber optic devices were fairly adequate. The Thorpe surgical gonioscope was the easiest to handle, and provided a good view with the operating microscope.", "PMID": 523063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1480", "title": "A comparative evaluation of 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid polyglactin 910 in cataract surgery (intracapsular, extracapsular, and phacoemulsification).", "content": "This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid Polyglactin 910 synthetic absorbable sutures in cataract surgery. The evaluation represents a clinical comparison of the sutures in 150 cataract surgical procedures. In a comparative evaluation each suture provided specific performance advantages: (table: see text). To date, the 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid Polyglactin 910 sutures are the smallest useful absorbable sutures developed for cataract surgery. While these sutures seem safe for use with phacoemulsification as sole wound closure materials, we recommend the use of nylon stints for intracapsular and extracapsular procedures until further experience is gained.", "contents": "A comparative evaluation of 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid polyglactin 910 in cataract surgery (intracapsular, extracapsular, and phacoemulsification). This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid Polyglactin 910 synthetic absorbable sutures in cataract surgery. The evaluation represents a clinical comparison of the sutures in 150 cataract surgical procedures. In a comparative evaluation each suture provided specific performance advantages: (table: see text). To date, the 9-0 monofilament and 9-0 braid Polyglactin 910 sutures are the smallest useful absorbable sutures developed for cataract surgery. While these sutures seem safe for use with phacoemulsification as sole wound closure materials, we recommend the use of nylon stints for intracapsular and extracapsular procedures until further experience is gained.", "PMID": 523064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1481", "title": "Seven years of secondary implants using the Choyce Mk VIII lens.", "content": "We have presented the results of 44 consecutive secondary lens implants using the Choyce Mk VIII lens. The longest follow-up is seven years--the shortest is one year. The visual acuities are shown, as are the complications. This is a small series, but the results are comparable to some larger series of primary implants, 2, 3, 4, 5. This series includes our first efforts at lens implantation and was undertaken at a time when the potential pitfalls were unknown. Most of our worrisome complications occurred in the early cases. Now that implant procedures are fairly well standardized, we feel that secondary implantation of a Choyce Mk VIII lens is an acceptable procedure with predictable results and should be included in the armamentarium of the implant surgeon.", "contents": "Seven years of secondary implants using the Choyce Mk VIII lens. We have presented the results of 44 consecutive secondary lens implants using the Choyce Mk VIII lens. The longest follow-up is seven years--the shortest is one year. The visual acuities are shown, as are the complications. This is a small series, but the results are comparable to some larger series of primary implants, 2, 3, 4, 5. This series includes our first efforts at lens implantation and was undertaken at a time when the potential pitfalls were unknown. Most of our worrisome complications occurred in the early cases. Now that implant procedures are fairly well standardized, we feel that secondary implantation of a Choyce Mk VIII lens is an acceptable procedure with predictable results and should be included in the armamentarium of the implant surgeon.", "PMID": 523065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1482", "title": "The fate of eyes from which intraocular lenses have been removed.", "content": "The author removed 26 intraocular lenses in a series of 800 implantations (3.25%). The factors leading to lens removal and the clinical and visual end-results are analyzed and presented in tabular form. The most common factors leading to lens removal were: corneal edema, cystoid macular edema, uveitis, vitreitis, iris erosion/laceration, recurrent dislocation, updrawn pupil, glaucoma and blunt injury. Post-removal complications were: poor wound healing, high astigmatism, amblyopia, cystoid macular edema, retinal vascular occlusion, optic atrophy and phthisis bulbi. The average length of time between lens implantation and removal was 18 months. The vitreous loss rate was 35% during lens removal. On the average, an eye gained two Snellen lines of vision following removal of the offending lens; 69% had the same or better vision post-removal, and 64% of eyes with corneal edema/dystrophy improved.", "contents": "The fate of eyes from which intraocular lenses have been removed. The author removed 26 intraocular lenses in a series of 800 implantations (3.25%). The factors leading to lens removal and the clinical and visual end-results are analyzed and presented in tabular form. The most common factors leading to lens removal were: corneal edema, cystoid macular edema, uveitis, vitreitis, iris erosion/laceration, recurrent dislocation, updrawn pupil, glaucoma and blunt injury. Post-removal complications were: poor wound healing, high astigmatism, amblyopia, cystoid macular edema, retinal vascular occlusion, optic atrophy and phthisis bulbi. The average length of time between lens implantation and removal was 18 months. The vitreous loss rate was 35% during lens removal. On the average, an eye gained two Snellen lines of vision following removal of the offending lens; 69% had the same or better vision post-removal, and 64% of eyes with corneal edema/dystrophy improved.", "PMID": 523066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1483", "title": "Shell tamponade in filtering surgery for glaucoma.", "content": "The glaucoma shell tamponade technique in filtering surgery for glaucoma is a technique for (1) decreasing the incidence of flat anterior chamber and choroidal separation postoperatively, (2) promoting the development of a low diffuse filtration area, and (3) increasing the possibility of achieving very low resulting postoperative pressure. The glaucoma shell technique is applicable to all types of filtration procedures, including conventional filtering procedures utilizing no scleral flap and those utilizing a scleral flap, such as trabeculectomy. It can be used at surgery or can be applied in the postoperative period to deal with flat or shallow anterior chambers immediately at the time of onset. The shell tamponade technique can be utilized to aid in the management of some cases of leaking bleb in the early postoperative period or in the late postoperative period. The technique for operative and postoperative use of the glaucoma shell tamponade technique and its closely related pressure dressing is a demanding and exacting art. Because the technique increases the possibility of very low resulting tensions, its use should be considered especially for cases in which very low pressures are desired, such as some cases of extremely advanced cupping and field loss and low-tension glaucoma.", "contents": "Shell tamponade in filtering surgery for glaucoma. The glaucoma shell tamponade technique in filtering surgery for glaucoma is a technique for (1) decreasing the incidence of flat anterior chamber and choroidal separation postoperatively, (2) promoting the development of a low diffuse filtration area, and (3) increasing the possibility of achieving very low resulting postoperative pressure. The glaucoma shell technique is applicable to all types of filtration procedures, including conventional filtering procedures utilizing no scleral flap and those utilizing a scleral flap, such as trabeculectomy. It can be used at surgery or can be applied in the postoperative period to deal with flat or shallow anterior chambers immediately at the time of onset. The shell tamponade technique can be utilized to aid in the management of some cases of leaking bleb in the early postoperative period or in the late postoperative period. The technique for operative and postoperative use of the glaucoma shell tamponade technique and its closely related pressure dressing is a demanding and exacting art. Because the technique increases the possibility of very low resulting tensions, its use should be considered especially for cases in which very low pressures are desired, such as some cases of extremely advanced cupping and field loss and low-tension glaucoma.", "PMID": 523069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1484", "title": "Microsurgical angulated irrigation and aspiration needle and handle.", "content": "An angulated irrigation and aspiration needle was designed to remove residual cortical material in an extracapsular cataract extraction.", "contents": "Microsurgical angulated irrigation and aspiration needle and handle. An angulated irrigation and aspiration needle was designed to remove residual cortical material in an extracapsular cataract extraction.", "PMID": 523070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1485", "title": "Two-way 30-gauge air bubble cannula.", "content": "Removal of air from the anterior chamber in aliquot parts following anterior segment surgery is not an innocuous procedure without complications. A two-way 30-gauge cannula for simultaneous irrigation and aspiration in order to keep the anterior chamber at a constant volume thus avoiding too rapid decompression is described.", "contents": "Two-way 30-gauge air bubble cannula. Removal of air from the anterior chamber in aliquot parts following anterior segment surgery is not an innocuous procedure without complications. A two-way 30-gauge cannula for simultaneous irrigation and aspiration in order to keep the anterior chamber at a constant volume thus avoiding too rapid decompression is described.", "PMID": 523071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1486", "title": "Surgical and strontium treatment of pterygium: recurrence and lens changes. Age statistics.", "content": "The results of a study of 975 pterygia treated surgically and immediately with Strontium 90 are presented. The recurrence rate (quiescent) was 6%. The actual recurrence requiring surgery was 0.82%. Technique of removal involves simple wide excision and immediate treatment with Strontium 90 over the entire area. Three thousand RADS is the maximum dosage. In most instances more than 3000 RADS is cataractogenic. Two methods of Strontium 90 production are discussed. Strontium 90 has a half life of 19.9 plus or minus .3 years. It decomposes to Yttrium 90 which has a half life of 62 hours. Tissue penetration is estimated by the use of polystyrene absorber which is considered to be a tissue equivalent. Age and sex occurrence is given from a survey of 832 patients. Newer developments that might replace Strontium 90 are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Surgical and strontium treatment of pterygium: recurrence and lens changes. Age statistics. The results of a study of 975 pterygia treated surgically and immediately with Strontium 90 are presented. The recurrence rate (quiescent) was 6%. The actual recurrence requiring surgery was 0.82%. Technique of removal involves simple wide excision and immediate treatment with Strontium 90 over the entire area. Three thousand RADS is the maximum dosage. In most instances more than 3000 RADS is cataractogenic. Two methods of Strontium 90 production are discussed. Strontium 90 has a half life of 19.9 plus or minus .3 years. It decomposes to Yttrium 90 which has a half life of 62 hours. Tissue penetration is estimated by the use of polystyrene absorber which is considered to be a tissue equivalent. Age and sex occurrence is given from a survey of 832 patients. Newer developments that might replace Strontium 90 are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 523073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1487", "title": "Experiences with the Fox technique for the repair of senile entropion.", "content": "The author reports on the advantages of Fox's technique in the surgery of senile entropion on the basis of experiences with 30 interventions on 26 patients. In the evolution of senile entropion the structural changes in the orbicularis oculi muscle plays a decisive role, which leads to the malfunction of the muscle. The degenerative changes of the muscle are shown with electron microscopy. The author recommends the Fox technique because this type of intervention aims to abolish the cause of the aging process and not only the consequences of it as other methods do.", "contents": "Experiences with the Fox technique for the repair of senile entropion. The author reports on the advantages of Fox's technique in the surgery of senile entropion on the basis of experiences with 30 interventions on 26 patients. In the evolution of senile entropion the structural changes in the orbicularis oculi muscle plays a decisive role, which leads to the malfunction of the muscle. The degenerative changes of the muscle are shown with electron microscopy. The author recommends the Fox technique because this type of intervention aims to abolish the cause of the aging process and not only the consequences of it as other methods do.", "PMID": 523074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1488", "title": "Extracapsular cataract extraction with simultaneous implantation of 300 Copeland iris plane lenses: five-year follow-up--a retrospective study.", "content": "Three hundred cases of extracapsular cataract extraction with Copeland iris plane lens implantation were reviewed. Two hundred sixty-six patients were followed objectively from 180-1,420 days with a mean follow-up of 1,026 days. 12.4% necessitated secondary operations, most of these being posterior capsulotomies. 89.5% of patients with a mean age of 73.6 years achieved visual acuity of 6/6-6/12. Using an extracapsular cataract extraction with a Copeland iris plane lens, the results obtained were considerably improved over that of intracapsular surgery.  A similar retrospective study of a larger series using extracapsular cataract extraction with the Binkhorst iridocapsular lens is currently being carried out.", "contents": "Extracapsular cataract extraction with simultaneous implantation of 300 Copeland iris plane lenses: five-year follow-up--a retrospective study. Three hundred cases of extracapsular cataract extraction with Copeland iris plane lens implantation were reviewed. Two hundred sixty-six patients were followed objectively from 180-1,420 days with a mean follow-up of 1,026 days. 12.4% necessitated secondary operations, most of these being posterior capsulotomies. 89.5% of patients with a mean age of 73.6 years achieved visual acuity of 6/6-6/12. Using an extracapsular cataract extraction with a Copeland iris plane lens, the results obtained were considerably improved over that of intracapsular surgery.  A similar retrospective study of a larger series using extracapsular cataract extraction with the Binkhorst iridocapsular lens is currently being carried out.", "PMID": 523076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1489", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and the reaction to experimental pain in human subjects.", "content": "The effect of peripheral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the reaction to experimental pain in human volunteers has been assessed. Placebo stimulation and electrical stimulation at moderate intensities failed to modify the response to the pain produced by conducted thermal stimuli. TENS at very high intensities did however elevate both the thermal pain threshold and the tolerance temperature. TENS at moderate intensities failed completely to alter the response to graded mechanical stimuli. The subjective pain assessment and the maximum pain tolerance produced by ischaemic pain after a submaximal effort tourniquet test were significantly modified by peripheral electrical stimulation at non-noxious intensities. The response to experimental pain can therefore be altered in man by peripheral electrical stimulation in a manner partly dependent on the sensory modality used for producing the experimental pain and on the intensity of the electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and the reaction to experimental pain in human subjects. The effect of peripheral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the reaction to experimental pain in human volunteers has been assessed. Placebo stimulation and electrical stimulation at moderate intensities failed to modify the response to the pain produced by conducted thermal stimuli. TENS at very high intensities did however elevate both the thermal pain threshold and the tolerance temperature. TENS at moderate intensities failed completely to alter the response to graded mechanical stimuli. The subjective pain assessment and the maximum pain tolerance produced by ischaemic pain after a submaximal effort tourniquet test were significantly modified by peripheral electrical stimulation at non-noxious intensities. The response to experimental pain can therefore be altered in man by peripheral electrical stimulation in a manner partly dependent on the sensory modality used for producing the experimental pain and on the intensity of the electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 523169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1490", "title": "Local analgesia by percutaneous electrical stimulation of sensory nerves.", "content": "Experimental C-fiber pain caused by radiant heat was applied to the skin area supplied by the left sural nerve of 20 subjects. Percutaneous electrical stimulation (PNS) was performed on the left sural nerve, the left superficial peroneal nerve and the right superficial radial nerve. Stimulation frequencies were: 3, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 Hz. The analgesia resulting at the different stimulation sites was recorded according to a preset scale of estimation. Without considering the influence of the different frequencies, the best analgesic effects were reached if noxious heating and PNS were both performed on the left sural nerve; the anatomical conditions prevented us from distinguishing between the effects of possible peripheral blockade or spinal modification of pain. PNS of the superficial peroneal nerve seems to indicate spinal, possibly polysegmental, interactions between C-fiber pain and electrical stimulation of thick myelinated fibers. However, long loop effects may also play a part in local analgesia as demonstrated by PNS of the right radial nerve.", "contents": "Local analgesia by percutaneous electrical stimulation of sensory nerves. Experimental C-fiber pain caused by radiant heat was applied to the skin area supplied by the left sural nerve of 20 subjects. Percutaneous electrical stimulation (PNS) was performed on the left sural nerve, the left superficial peroneal nerve and the right superficial radial nerve. Stimulation frequencies were: 3, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 Hz. The analgesia resulting at the different stimulation sites was recorded according to a preset scale of estimation. Without considering the influence of the different frequencies, the best analgesic effects were reached if noxious heating and PNS were both performed on the left sural nerve; the anatomical conditions prevented us from distinguishing between the effects of possible peripheral blockade or spinal modification of pain. PNS of the superficial peroneal nerve seems to indicate spinal, possibly polysegmental, interactions between C-fiber pain and electrical stimulation of thick myelinated fibers. However, long loop effects may also play a part in local analgesia as demonstrated by PNS of the right radial nerve.", "PMID": 523170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1491", "title": "Inhibitory effects of nucleus raphe magnus on neuronal responses in the spinal trigeminal nucleus to nociceptive compared with non-nociceptive inputs.", "content": "The effect of stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus on neurones in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was studied in decerebrate cats. Short trains of raphe stimulation reduced or abolished the responses of neurones in nucleus oralis and nucleus caudalis to nociceptor stimulation (tooth pulp or cornea) but had a much weaker or insignificant effect on responses to non-noxious inputs (hair movement or low intensity stimulation of the infraorbital nerve). Maximum inhibition was seen 10--50 msec following the raphe stimulation and persisted up to 300 msec. The depression of neuronal responses was paralleled by an increase in the threshold of the jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth pulp stimulation. The relation to stimulus-produced analgesia is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of nucleus raphe magnus on neuronal responses in the spinal trigeminal nucleus to nociceptive compared with non-nociceptive inputs. The effect of stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus on neurones in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was studied in decerebrate cats. Short trains of raphe stimulation reduced or abolished the responses of neurones in nucleus oralis and nucleus caudalis to nociceptor stimulation (tooth pulp or cornea) but had a much weaker or insignificant effect on responses to non-noxious inputs (hair movement or low intensity stimulation of the infraorbital nerve). Maximum inhibition was seen 10--50 msec following the raphe stimulation and persisted up to 300 msec. The depression of neuronal responses was paralleled by an increase in the threshold of the jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth pulp stimulation. The relation to stimulus-produced analgesia is discussed.", "PMID": 523171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1492", "title": "Effects of the synthetic enkephalin analogue FK 33-824 on pain threshold and pain tolerance in man.", "content": "Natural enkephalins exert weak and transitory analgesic effects. The synthetic enkephalin, FK 33-824 (FK), is less susceptible to metabolic breakdown and produces long-lasting analgesia in animals. The present studies examined the effects of FK on threshold and tolerance of electrically evoked pain in man under double blind conditions. 1.0 mg FK given intramuscularly (saline control) increased tolerance significantly without affecting the pain threshold, but also produced vasodilatation and feelings of oppression and heaviness (study I). In study II, where 50 mg betazole was employed as \"placebo\" because of its vasodilatatory effects, 1.0 mg FK increased pain tolerance significantly more than 0.25 mg FK while the threshold remained unchanged. Self-ratings of activation and well-being decreased; those of oppression increased, as did reaction time, equally after 0.25 and 1.0 mg FK but were not altered by betazole. In conclusion, 1.0 mg FK i.m. increases tolerance but not perception of pain, thus mimicking the analgesic effects of morphine.", "contents": "Effects of the synthetic enkephalin analogue FK 33-824 on pain threshold and pain tolerance in man. Natural enkephalins exert weak and transitory analgesic effects. The synthetic enkephalin, FK 33-824 (FK), is less susceptible to metabolic breakdown and produces long-lasting analgesia in animals. The present studies examined the effects of FK on threshold and tolerance of electrically evoked pain in man under double blind conditions. 1.0 mg FK given intramuscularly (saline control) increased tolerance significantly without affecting the pain threshold, but also produced vasodilatation and feelings of oppression and heaviness (study I). In study II, where 50 mg betazole was employed as \"placebo\" because of its vasodilatatory effects, 1.0 mg FK increased pain tolerance significantly more than 0.25 mg FK while the threshold remained unchanged. Self-ratings of activation and well-being decreased; those of oppression increased, as did reaction time, equally after 0.25 and 1.0 mg FK but were not altered by betazole. In conclusion, 1.0 mg FK i.m. increases tolerance but not perception of pain, thus mimicking the analgesic effects of morphine.", "PMID": 523172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1493", "title": "Acupuncture: an evaluation in the painful crises of sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "An evaluation of acupuncture for pain relief was made in 10 patients with sickle cell anaemia during 16 pain crises. A model was developed in which the patient served as his own control and in which both patient and examiner were unaware of whether an acupuncture point or a sham site was treated. The results show (1) that pain relief was obtained in 15 of the 16 painful episodes regardless of whether an acupuncture point or a sham site was treated, demonstrating considerable overlap between the effects of needling acupuncture points and sham sites; (2) that needling at acupuncture points for pain relief is not significantly superior to treatment at sham sites; (3) that needling, per se, whether at acupuncture points of at sham sites can be useful for alleviating pain in sickle cell crises. The model could be useful for evaluation of pain relief by needling in other diseases.", "contents": "Acupuncture: an evaluation in the painful crises of sickle cell anaemia. An evaluation of acupuncture for pain relief was made in 10 patients with sickle cell anaemia during 16 pain crises. A model was developed in which the patient served as his own control and in which both patient and examiner were unaware of whether an acupuncture point or a sham site was treated. The results show (1) that pain relief was obtained in 15 of the 16 painful episodes regardless of whether an acupuncture point or a sham site was treated, demonstrating considerable overlap between the effects of needling acupuncture points and sham sites; (2) that needling at acupuncture points for pain relief is not significantly superior to treatment at sham sites; (3) that needling, per se, whether at acupuncture points of at sham sites can be useful for alleviating pain in sickle cell crises. The model could be useful for evaluation of pain relief by needling in other diseases.", "PMID": 523174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1494", "title": "The prevalence and nature of anemia among apparently normal subjects in Fiji.", "content": "A total of 4939 apparently healthy Fijian and Indian subjects living in Fiji were tested for anaemia by determination of the microhaematocrit of a sample of capillary blood. The prevalence of anaemia during childhood varied with age but was similar for Fijians and Indians of either sex. The overall prevalences were: 0-4 years, 20.3%; 5-9 years, 3.7%; 10-14 years, 23.5%. The prevalence of anaemia among Indian women (33.3%) was substantially higher than that for Indian men (6.9%), Fijian women (8.1%) or Fijian men (6.8%). Iron deficiency was the most common cause of anaemia and was established by laboratory studies in 203 (68%) of 298 anaemic subjects who were followed up. Iron deficiency was an important aetiological factor in 91 (93%) of 98 subjects with moderate or severe anaemia. Folate deficiency was found, usually in combination with iron deficiency, in 44 or 141 anaemic indian adults were followed up. Folate deficiency was uncommon in Fijian adults and among children of either race. Two cases of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, one case of pernicious anaemia, 6 cases of heterozygous thalassaemia and one case of heterozygous haemoglobin E were found among the anaemic Indian subjects. No cases of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia or haemoglobinopathy were detected among the Fijians. In 5 Indians and 7 Fijians the anaemia was associated with an underlying chronic disorder. This study emphasizes that in Fiji, as in other developing countries, nutritional anaemia is prevalent among asymptomatic subjects. Iron deficiency is by far the most common cause.", "contents": "The prevalence and nature of anemia among apparently normal subjects in Fiji. A total of 4939 apparently healthy Fijian and Indian subjects living in Fiji were tested for anaemia by determination of the microhaematocrit of a sample of capillary blood. The prevalence of anaemia during childhood varied with age but was similar for Fijians and Indians of either sex. The overall prevalences were: 0-4 years, 20.3%; 5-9 years, 3.7%; 10-14 years, 23.5%. The prevalence of anaemia among Indian women (33.3%) was substantially higher than that for Indian men (6.9%), Fijian women (8.1%) or Fijian men (6.8%). Iron deficiency was the most common cause of anaemia and was established by laboratory studies in 203 (68%) of 298 anaemic subjects who were followed up. Iron deficiency was an important aetiological factor in 91 (93%) of 98 subjects with moderate or severe anaemia. Folate deficiency was found, usually in combination with iron deficiency, in 44 or 141 anaemic indian adults were followed up. Folate deficiency was uncommon in Fijian adults and among children of either race. Two cases of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, one case of pernicious anaemia, 6 cases of heterozygous thalassaemia and one case of heterozygous haemoglobin E were found among the anaemic Indian subjects. No cases of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia or haemoglobinopathy were detected among the Fijians. In 5 Indians and 7 Fijians the anaemia was associated with an underlying chronic disorder. This study emphasizes that in Fiji, as in other developing countries, nutritional anaemia is prevalent among asymptomatic subjects. Iron deficiency is by far the most common cause.", "PMID": 523178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1495", "title": "Unusual mycobacteria in 5 cases of opportunistic infections.", "content": "Five cases of infection due to an unusual mycobacterium are recorded, and the growth requirements and histological findings are discussed. On initial culture, these mycobacteria could be grown only on Lowenstein-Jensen medium containing ferric ammonium citrate, and the histology of the skin lesions was not always typical of mycobacterial disease.", "contents": "Unusual mycobacteria in 5 cases of opportunistic infections. Five cases of infection due to an unusual mycobacterium are recorded, and the growth requirements and histological findings are discussed. On initial culture, these mycobacteria could be grown only on Lowenstein-Jensen medium containing ferric ammonium citrate, and the histology of the skin lesions was not always typical of mycobacterial disease.", "PMID": 523179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1496", "title": "Bioavailability study of diphtheria immunoglobulin (human).", "content": "A diptheria immunoglobulin has been prepared from selected blood donations to the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services. A dose of 250 I.U. has been demonstrated to raise the titre of diptheria antitoxin in non-immune subjects to protective levels within 24 h, and these levels remain protective for at least 5 wk. Supplies are available from the various branches of the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services.", "contents": "Bioavailability study of diphtheria immunoglobulin (human). A diptheria immunoglobulin has been prepared from selected blood donations to the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services. A dose of 250 I.U. has been demonstrated to raise the titre of diptheria antitoxin in non-immune subjects to protective levels within 24 h, and these levels remain protective for at least 5 wk. Supplies are available from the various branches of the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services.", "PMID": 523180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1497", "title": "Cystic chromomycosis of the skin.", "content": "Five patients with solitary cystic granulomatous lesions of the skin are described. Wood splinters and brown pigmented fungal elements were present in all 5 cases. \"Cystic chromomycosis\" is suggested as an appropriate title to avoid confusion with the cutaneous verrucous form, chromoblastomycosis.", "contents": "Cystic chromomycosis of the skin. Five patients with solitary cystic granulomatous lesions of the skin are described. Wood splinters and brown pigmented fungal elements were present in all 5 cases. \"Cystic chromomycosis\" is suggested as an appropriate title to avoid confusion with the cutaneous verrucous form, chromoblastomycosis.", "PMID": 523181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1498", "title": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: I. Gross and light microscopical observations in freund adjuvant-sensitized Cavies following the injection of killed tubercle bacilli.", "content": "The tuberculous granuloma, induced by injection of microgram doses of killed mycobacteria into guinea pigs sensitized by injection of Freund adjuvant is immunologically mediated. Formation of the granuloma is preceded by development within 24 h of a lymphocyte-dominated mononuclear cell response typical of a delayed hypersensitivity (type IV immune response) reaction. About the sixth day, following a marked decrease in intensity of the cellular reaction, a nodule containing monocytes and macrophages develops at the injection site. With increasing numbers of monocytes and macrophages the nodule forms a non-caseating granuloma with giant cells but dominated by epithelioid cells and reaching a maximum size about 3 wk after injection. Thereafter the granuloma undergoes gradual demolition being replaced and surrounded by fibroblasts and collagen deposition. The very delayed nature of this immune response as well as its histological character appear clearly to separate it from classical cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. These facts justify the hypothesis of a third type of (usually protective) immune response characterized histologically by the development of an epithelioid cell granuloma and determined by the nature of the antigenic material and the reactivity of the host. The initial polymorphonuclear leucocyte reaction to injection of mycobacteria, being similar in sensitized and control animals, does not appear to be under immunological control.", "contents": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: I. Gross and light microscopical observations in freund adjuvant-sensitized Cavies following the injection of killed tubercle bacilli. The tuberculous granuloma, induced by injection of microgram doses of killed mycobacteria into guinea pigs sensitized by injection of Freund adjuvant is immunologically mediated. Formation of the granuloma is preceded by development within 24 h of a lymphocyte-dominated mononuclear cell response typical of a delayed hypersensitivity (type IV immune response) reaction. About the sixth day, following a marked decrease in intensity of the cellular reaction, a nodule containing monocytes and macrophages develops at the injection site. With increasing numbers of monocytes and macrophages the nodule forms a non-caseating granuloma with giant cells but dominated by epithelioid cells and reaching a maximum size about 3 wk after injection. Thereafter the granuloma undergoes gradual demolition being replaced and surrounded by fibroblasts and collagen deposition. The very delayed nature of this immune response as well as its histological character appear clearly to separate it from classical cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. These facts justify the hypothesis of a third type of (usually protective) immune response characterized histologically by the development of an epithelioid cell granuloma and determined by the nature of the antigenic material and the reactivity of the host. The initial polymorphonuclear leucocyte reaction to injection of mycobacteria, being similar in sensitized and control animals, does not appear to be under immunological control.", "PMID": 523182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1499", "title": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: II. Effect of injection of intact and disrupted killed tubercle bacilli into Freund adjuvant-sensitized Cavies.", "content": "The reaction of Freund adjuvant-immunized cavies to subsequent injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra is confirmed as an immunologically mediated phenomenon. Ultrasonic disruption of mycobacteria to be injected as \"challenge\" markedly increases the intensity of the consequent 24-48 h reaction and subsequent fibrosis in Freund adjuvant-sensitized cavies and has an apparently inhibiting effect on the extent of subsequent granuloma formation with marked reduction of the density of epithelioid cells. From this study, the 24-48 h reaction to injection of M. tuberculosis into sensitized animals appears clearly to be separable from subsequent granuloma formation depending upon the integrity or otherwise of the injected myocobacteria used as the challenge injection material.", "contents": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: II. Effect of injection of intact and disrupted killed tubercle bacilli into Freund adjuvant-sensitized Cavies. The reaction of Freund adjuvant-immunized cavies to subsequent injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra is confirmed as an immunologically mediated phenomenon. Ultrasonic disruption of mycobacteria to be injected as \"challenge\" markedly increases the intensity of the consequent 24-48 h reaction and subsequent fibrosis in Freund adjuvant-sensitized cavies and has an apparently inhibiting effect on the extent of subsequent granuloma formation with marked reduction of the density of epithelioid cells. From this study, the 24-48 h reaction to injection of M. tuberculosis into sensitized animals appears clearly to be separable from subsequent granuloma formation depending upon the integrity or otherwise of the injected myocobacteria used as the challenge injection material.", "PMID": 523183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1500", "title": "The mast cell: III. Distribution and maturation in various organs of the young rat.", "content": "The changing population-density of mast cells in various organs was plotted for rats aged 1/2 to 90 days and correlated with histochemical studies on the stage of maturation of cells. Mast cells are present at birth in liver and spleen and are particularly associated with foci of haemopoiesis. In bone marrow mast cells are absent at birth but become progressively more numerous with increasing age of the animal. The association of mast cells firstly with foci of extramedullary haemopoiesis and secondly with medullary foci coupled with their detection in peripheral blood strongly suggests that mastopoiesis may be analogous with granulopoiesis. In thymus mast cells are usually associated with interlobular connective tissue stroma, but in the parenchyma they are found toward the medullary side of the cortico-medullary junction. Such a distribution suggests the possible origin of mast cells from lymphocyte or thymocyte. In other tissues examined mast cells are frequently associated with connective tissue stroma and blood vessels.", "contents": "The mast cell: III. Distribution and maturation in various organs of the young rat. The changing population-density of mast cells in various organs was plotted for rats aged 1/2 to 90 days and correlated with histochemical studies on the stage of maturation of cells. Mast cells are present at birth in liver and spleen and are particularly associated with foci of haemopoiesis. In bone marrow mast cells are absent at birth but become progressively more numerous with increasing age of the animal. The association of mast cells firstly with foci of extramedullary haemopoiesis and secondly with medullary foci coupled with their detection in peripheral blood strongly suggests that mastopoiesis may be analogous with granulopoiesis. In thymus mast cells are usually associated with interlobular connective tissue stroma, but in the parenchyma they are found toward the medullary side of the cortico-medullary junction. Such a distribution suggests the possible origin of mast cells from lymphocyte or thymocyte. In other tissues examined mast cells are frequently associated with connective tissue stroma and blood vessels.", "PMID": 523184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1501", "title": "Mucins and carcinoid tumours.", "content": "Mucin was demonstrated in 11 of 16 carcinoid tumours of usual histological appearances. The mucin was characterized histochemically and shown to be similar to that which is produced in the gastrointestinal as well as the respiratory tract. This relative ubiquity of mucin in carinoid tumours has not hitherto been appreciated and more obviously \"mixed\" tumours have been regarded as rareties. The importance of these findings with respect to the neural crest theory of origin of enterochromaffin cells is discussed.", "contents": "Mucins and carcinoid tumours. Mucin was demonstrated in 11 of 16 carcinoid tumours of usual histological appearances. The mucin was characterized histochemically and shown to be similar to that which is produced in the gastrointestinal as well as the respiratory tract. This relative ubiquity of mucin in carinoid tumours has not hitherto been appreciated and more obviously \"mixed\" tumours have been regarded as rareties. The importance of these findings with respect to the neural crest theory of origin of enterochromaffin cells is discussed.", "PMID": 523185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1502", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody status in biopsy proven chronic hepatitis in Singapore.", "content": "During the period between January 1975 and August 1976, 203 liver biopsies were received at the Singapore General Hospital from patients with a variety of liver diseases. A histological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis was made in 29 patients: 13 cases of Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis (C.A.H.). 10 cases Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (C.P.H.) and 6 of Chronic Lobular Hepatitis (C.L.H.). C.P.H. and C.L.H. were found mainly in the third and fourth decades. C.A.H. was more common in the fifth to seventh decades and occurred principally in females. Hepatitis B antigenaemia was detected in 48.3% of these cases using the immunoelectroosmophoresis (EOP) technique and showed an even scatter in all histological sub-types. Using the reverse passive haemagglutination (rPHA) method for detection by HBs antigen and the radioelectrocomplexing (REC) method for anti-HBs, an immune sub-group (HBs Ag+/anti-HBs+) was identified in greater proportions in C.A.H. and C.P.H. compared to normal controls. This was interpreted to mean that these patients suffered from a primary immunodeficiency characterized by failure of production of high avidity anti-HBs with resulting failure to clear HBsAg leading to perpetuation of liver damage due to circulating immune complexes. It is also suggested that patients with C.P.H. belonging to this immune sub-group may progress to C.A.H. with its more ominous prognosis.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody status in biopsy proven chronic hepatitis in Singapore. During the period between January 1975 and August 1976, 203 liver biopsies were received at the Singapore General Hospital from patients with a variety of liver diseases. A histological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis was made in 29 patients: 13 cases of Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis (C.A.H.). 10 cases Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (C.P.H.) and 6 of Chronic Lobular Hepatitis (C.L.H.). C.P.H. and C.L.H. were found mainly in the third and fourth decades. C.A.H. was more common in the fifth to seventh decades and occurred principally in females. Hepatitis B antigenaemia was detected in 48.3% of these cases using the immunoelectroosmophoresis (EOP) technique and showed an even scatter in all histological sub-types. Using the reverse passive haemagglutination (rPHA) method for detection by HBs antigen and the radioelectrocomplexing (REC) method for anti-HBs, an immune sub-group (HBs Ag+/anti-HBs+) was identified in greater proportions in C.A.H. and C.P.H. compared to normal controls. This was interpreted to mean that these patients suffered from a primary immunodeficiency characterized by failure of production of high avidity anti-HBs with resulting failure to clear HBsAg leading to perpetuation of liver damage due to circulating immune complexes. It is also suggested that patients with C.P.H. belonging to this immune sub-group may progress to C.A.H. with its more ominous prognosis.", "PMID": 523186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1503", "title": "Arrest of alveolar multiplication in kyphoscoliosis.", "content": "A detailed morphometric study of the lungs of an adult patient with severe kyphoscoliosis of childhood onset is reported. The number of alveoli was less than the normal adult range and corresponded to the predicted values for a 12-month-old infant. This may have been a result of both premature cessation of alveolar multiplication as well as alveolar atrophy. The alveolar size was larger than normal suggesting that after cessation of alveolar multiplication further lung growth occurred by an excessive increase in alveolar size.", "contents": "Arrest of alveolar multiplication in kyphoscoliosis. A detailed morphometric study of the lungs of an adult patient with severe kyphoscoliosis of childhood onset is reported. The number of alveoli was less than the normal adult range and corresponded to the predicted values for a 12-month-old infant. This may have been a result of both premature cessation of alveolar multiplication as well as alveolar atrophy. The alveolar size was larger than normal suggesting that after cessation of alveolar multiplication further lung growth occurred by an excessive increase in alveolar size.", "PMID": 523187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1504", "title": "Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis with immunodeficiency terminating as malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis was diagnosed in a 60-yr-old woman 2 yr after presentation with a multi-system disorder resembling sarcoidosis. Five months later autopsy revealed malignant lymphoma. Large aggregates of intracytoplasmic tubular structures resembling nucleocapsid material of the paramyxovirus group were found within cells of lymphoma deposits in the liver. Sequential immunological studies over more than 2 years demonstrated a relatively stable T-cell deficiency associated with variable B-cell dysfunction. The latter was characterized by the production of immunoglobulins of restricted electrophoretic mobility. Intermittent hypercalcaemia was associated with increases in serum IgG and appeared to be due to the presence of Ca-binding paraproteins. It is suggested that lymphomatoid granulomatosis may be a pre-malignant lymphoproliferation, with immune deficiency as a predisposing cause. The pattern of immunological abnormalities suggests that the lymphoma may have been due to B-cell malignant transformation.", "contents": "Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis with immunodeficiency terminating as malignant lymphoma. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis was diagnosed in a 60-yr-old woman 2 yr after presentation with a multi-system disorder resembling sarcoidosis. Five months later autopsy revealed malignant lymphoma. Large aggregates of intracytoplasmic tubular structures resembling nucleocapsid material of the paramyxovirus group were found within cells of lymphoma deposits in the liver. Sequential immunological studies over more than 2 years demonstrated a relatively stable T-cell deficiency associated with variable B-cell dysfunction. The latter was characterized by the production of immunoglobulins of restricted electrophoretic mobility. Intermittent hypercalcaemia was associated with increases in serum IgG and appeared to be due to the presence of Ca-binding paraproteins. It is suggested that lymphomatoid granulomatosis may be a pre-malignant lymphoproliferation, with immune deficiency as a predisposing cause. The pattern of immunological abnormalities suggests that the lymphoma may have been due to B-cell malignant transformation.", "PMID": 523188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1505", "title": "Extrauterine mesodermal (m\u00fcllerian) adenosarcoma. A case report.", "content": "Extrauterine mesodermal (m\u00fcllerian) adenosarcomas have only recently been described, and this is the first reported case from Australia. These tumours fall within the category of common epithelial tumours' in the World Health Organisation (W.H.O.) classification of ovarian tumours and comprise benign looking epithelial structures (glands, papillae) in association with sarcomatous stroma. They are thus distinct from malignant mesodermal mixed tumours in which both epithelial and stromal elements are cytologically malignant.", "contents": "Extrauterine mesodermal (m\u00fcllerian) adenosarcoma. A case report. Extrauterine mesodermal (m\u00fcllerian) adenosarcomas have only recently been described, and this is the first reported case from Australia. These tumours fall within the category of common epithelial tumours' in the World Health Organisation (W.H.O.) classification of ovarian tumours and comprise benign looking epithelial structures (glands, papillae) in association with sarcomatous stroma. They are thus distinct from malignant mesodermal mixed tumours in which both epithelial and stromal elements are cytologically malignant.", "PMID": 523189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1506", "title": "Effects of riboflavin on Gunn rats under phototherapy.", "content": "Blue and white phototherapy was given to infant (and weanling) homozygous Gunn rats treated with different doses of riboflavin-5-phosphate (ribofl.5'p.) During the first hours after a flavin-injection, the effect of phototherapy with both types of fluorescent lamps was enhanced. With equal radiant power applied, the steepness of serum bilirubin decline depended on the ribofl.5'p. dose injected. After oral or cutaneous application, no similar effect occurred. After a single flavin dose, the serum bilirubin decline lasted for at least 3 hr. Nevertheless, in long-term studies with repeated injections (100 mg/kg every 48 hr), no protective effect beyond that of phototherapy alone could be ascertained on the Purkinje cells in the cerebella of the rats. In the skin of the animals, fluorescence was macroscopically noticeable after ribofl.5'p. injections. When an effective irradiance of about 3.0 mW/cm2 and a high flavin dose (100-200 mg/kg) was administered, histologic investigations of the skin in the abdominal and back region revealed a reversible inflammatory reaction with edema and morphologic changes in the epidermal cells that culminated 12-24 hr after the injection. After a further increase of the effective irradiance, tremendous vesicles on paws, ears, and tails were observed in most of the animals 24-72 hr after the flavin injections. The content of the blisters was primarily serous, later on, often hemorrhagic. Finally, necrosis developed. Acute toxicity of ribofl.5'p. differed markedly when the infant rats (homozygous jaundiced as well as heterozygous nonjaundiced) were kept in the dark or under intense blue phototherapy. Much higher doses were tolerated in the dark. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that ribofl.5'p. does not influence serum bilirubin of jaundiced Gunn rats kept in complete darkness. That suggests that the drug itself does not compete for albumin binding sites. But certain riboflavin ampules (Beflavin) contain stabilizers that considerably displace bilirubin from albumin bonds. Riboflavin disturbs direct photometric bilirubin measurements, but not the diazo reaction. When bilirubin is to be measured in sera containing riboflavin, lights must be extremely dim. Photodegradation in vitro is highly accelerated by the sensitizer.", "contents": "Effects of riboflavin on Gunn rats under phototherapy. Blue and white phototherapy was given to infant (and weanling) homozygous Gunn rats treated with different doses of riboflavin-5-phosphate (ribofl.5'p.) During the first hours after a flavin-injection, the effect of phototherapy with both types of fluorescent lamps was enhanced. With equal radiant power applied, the steepness of serum bilirubin decline depended on the ribofl.5'p. dose injected. After oral or cutaneous application, no similar effect occurred. After a single flavin dose, the serum bilirubin decline lasted for at least 3 hr. Nevertheless, in long-term studies with repeated injections (100 mg/kg every 48 hr), no protective effect beyond that of phototherapy alone could be ascertained on the Purkinje cells in the cerebella of the rats. In the skin of the animals, fluorescence was macroscopically noticeable after ribofl.5'p. injections. When an effective irradiance of about 3.0 mW/cm2 and a high flavin dose (100-200 mg/kg) was administered, histologic investigations of the skin in the abdominal and back region revealed a reversible inflammatory reaction with edema and morphologic changes in the epidermal cells that culminated 12-24 hr after the injection. After a further increase of the effective irradiance, tremendous vesicles on paws, ears, and tails were observed in most of the animals 24-72 hr after the flavin injections. The content of the blisters was primarily serous, later on, often hemorrhagic. Finally, necrosis developed. Acute toxicity of ribofl.5'p. differed markedly when the infant rats (homozygous jaundiced as well as heterozygous nonjaundiced) were kept in the dark or under intense blue phototherapy. Much higher doses were tolerated in the dark. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that ribofl.5'p. does not influence serum bilirubin of jaundiced Gunn rats kept in complete darkness. That suggests that the drug itself does not compete for albumin binding sites. But certain riboflavin ampules (Beflavin) contain stabilizers that considerably displace bilirubin from albumin bonds. Riboflavin disturbs direct photometric bilirubin measurements, but not the diazo reaction. When bilirubin is to be measured in sera containing riboflavin, lights must be extremely dim. Photodegradation in vitro is highly accelerated by the sensitizer.", "PMID": 523190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1507", "title": "Multiple deficiency of mucopolysaccharide sulfatases in mucosulfatidosis.", "content": "Fibroblasts of four patients affected with mucosulfatidosis (multiple sulfatase deficiency, Austin variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy) were assayed for activities of the five sulfatases known to degrade mucopolysaccharides. These were iduronide 2-sulfate sulfatase, sulfamidase, N-acetyl-galactosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase, arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfatase), and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase. The activities of these five sulfatases were severely depressed, thus confirming the known deficiency of arylsulfatase B and the absence of the Hunter and Sanfilippo III A corrective factors that have iduronide 2-sulfate sulfatase and sulfamidase activity, respectively. Together with earlier reports of the deficiencies of arylsulfatases A and C, cholesteryl sulfatase, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatae, mucosulfatidosis is now characterized by the deficiency of nine different sulfatases.", "contents": "Multiple deficiency of mucopolysaccharide sulfatases in mucosulfatidosis. Fibroblasts of four patients affected with mucosulfatidosis (multiple sulfatase deficiency, Austin variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy) were assayed for activities of the five sulfatases known to degrade mucopolysaccharides. These were iduronide 2-sulfate sulfatase, sulfamidase, N-acetyl-galactosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase, arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfatase), and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase. The activities of these five sulfatases were severely depressed, thus confirming the known deficiency of arylsulfatase B and the absence of the Hunter and Sanfilippo III A corrective factors that have iduronide 2-sulfate sulfatase and sulfamidase activity, respectively. Together with earlier reports of the deficiencies of arylsulfatases A and C, cholesteryl sulfatase, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatae, mucosulfatidosis is now characterized by the deficiency of nine different sulfatases.", "PMID": 523191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1508", "title": "Determination of serum bilirubin by skin reflectance: effect of pigmentation.", "content": "A noninvasive optical technique by which serum bilrubin can be estimated from skin spectral reflectance measurements has been further investigated. The original work on 30 healthy, full-term white infants and an independent study on 14 white and 30 black infants demonstrate that the method has potential not only for clinical use, but also for the study of the transport of bilrubin to, from and within the skin. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the method on a larger sample population with special attention to natural skin pigmentation effects and the development of a physical model of the tissue to explain the relationship between serum bilrubin concentration and skin reflectance. Reflectance spectra (380-800 nm) and concurrent serum bilirubin measurements were taken on a sample population of 58 white and 45 full-term black infants (1-3 days of age). Multiple linear regression analysis, comprised of six wavelengths gave a correlation coefficient, r = 0.831 for the white infant group. For the black infant group, a five wavelength analysis provided r = 0.877 with the standard error of estimate being +/- 1.46 mg/100 ml for both groups. The model for establishing a physical basis for the relationship shows that a transformed, normalized Kubelka-Monk function xi (460, 510, 420) is linearly related to serum bilrubin concentration. This function is determined from the spectral reflectance values at three wavelengths, 420, 460, and 510 nm. The wavelength combination is such that effects due to hemoglobin and melanin pigments are minimized. Regression analysis showed that r = 0.778 and r = 0.865 for the white and black infant groups, respectively, with standard error of estimates being +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml for both groups. Routine determinations of total serum bilrubin by laboratory methods have standard errors of estimate ranging from +/- 1 to 1.5 mg/100 ml. Thus, the method herein described shows that the relationship between skin reflectance and serum bilrubin in full-term infants is close to the acceptable limits for clinical use. Furthermore, this work shows that skin pigmentation does not obscure this relationship.", "contents": "Determination of serum bilirubin by skin reflectance: effect of pigmentation. A noninvasive optical technique by which serum bilrubin can be estimated from skin spectral reflectance measurements has been further investigated. The original work on 30 healthy, full-term white infants and an independent study on 14 white and 30 black infants demonstrate that the method has potential not only for clinical use, but also for the study of the transport of bilrubin to, from and within the skin. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the method on a larger sample population with special attention to natural skin pigmentation effects and the development of a physical model of the tissue to explain the relationship between serum bilrubin concentration and skin reflectance. Reflectance spectra (380-800 nm) and concurrent serum bilirubin measurements were taken on a sample population of 58 white and 45 full-term black infants (1-3 days of age). Multiple linear regression analysis, comprised of six wavelengths gave a correlation coefficient, r = 0.831 for the white infant group. For the black infant group, a five wavelength analysis provided r = 0.877 with the standard error of estimate being +/- 1.46 mg/100 ml for both groups. The model for establishing a physical basis for the relationship shows that a transformed, normalized Kubelka-Monk function xi (460, 510, 420) is linearly related to serum bilrubin concentration. This function is determined from the spectral reflectance values at three wavelengths, 420, 460, and 510 nm. The wavelength combination is such that effects due to hemoglobin and melanin pigments are minimized. Regression analysis showed that r = 0.778 and r = 0.865 for the white and black infant groups, respectively, with standard error of estimates being +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml for both groups. Routine determinations of total serum bilrubin by laboratory methods have standard errors of estimate ranging from +/- 1 to 1.5 mg/100 ml. Thus, the method herein described shows that the relationship between skin reflectance and serum bilrubin in full-term infants is close to the acceptable limits for clinical use. Furthermore, this work shows that skin pigmentation does not obscure this relationship.", "PMID": 523192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1509", "title": "Coagulation studies in extremely premature infants.", "content": "Evidence of developmental evolution of coagulation can be seen when the studies of 10 thriving extremely premature (EPT) infants are compared to normal full-term (FT) infants. The prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time all became shorter with increasing gestational age. Fibrinogen levels and platelet counts appear to be comparable to term infant and adult levels. Fibrin degradation products (FDP) of 10 micrograms/ml or less were found in the thriving EPT infants. When compared to healthy full-term infants, there is a definite gestational dependency of anti-thrombin III levels. Factors II and VII appear to be related to intrauterine maturation after the age of viability (24 wk), but factor VII-X complex does not. The contact factors XI, XII, high molecular weight kininogen (Fitzgerald factor), and prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) are all markedly decreased in thriving EPT infants. The mean factor V level is lower than that found in FT infants. This study confirms a gestational age dependency of factor VIII activity. The ratio of factor VIII antigen to factor VIII clotting activity is increased (2.8 vs 1.01 in FT and adults). Thriving small for gestational age (SGA) infants had coagulation studies which were not statistically different from those of thriving EPT infants. The coagulation changes which occurred in severely ill EPT were mainly in the factors which decrease during intravascular coagulation (factors I, V, and VIII). The present study suggests that because of the high antigen to activity ratio seen in thriving EPT infants, a dysfunctional or fetal factor VIII may have been produced. However, the further elevation of this ratio in the severely ill EPT infants is in keeping with a pathologic proteolysis or increased endothelial release of factor VIII antigen.", "contents": "Coagulation studies in extremely premature infants. Evidence of developmental evolution of coagulation can be seen when the studies of 10 thriving extremely premature (EPT) infants are compared to normal full-term (FT) infants. The prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time all became shorter with increasing gestational age. Fibrinogen levels and platelet counts appear to be comparable to term infant and adult levels. Fibrin degradation products (FDP) of 10 micrograms/ml or less were found in the thriving EPT infants. When compared to healthy full-term infants, there is a definite gestational dependency of anti-thrombin III levels. Factors II and VII appear to be related to intrauterine maturation after the age of viability (24 wk), but factor VII-X complex does not. The contact factors XI, XII, high molecular weight kininogen (Fitzgerald factor), and prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) are all markedly decreased in thriving EPT infants. The mean factor V level is lower than that found in FT infants. This study confirms a gestational age dependency of factor VIII activity. The ratio of factor VIII antigen to factor VIII clotting activity is increased (2.8 vs 1.01 in FT and adults). Thriving small for gestational age (SGA) infants had coagulation studies which were not statistically different from those of thriving EPT infants. The coagulation changes which occurred in severely ill EPT were mainly in the factors which decrease during intravascular coagulation (factors I, V, and VIII). The present study suggests that because of the high antigen to activity ratio seen in thriving EPT infants, a dysfunctional or fetal factor VIII may have been produced. However, the further elevation of this ratio in the severely ill EPT infants is in keeping with a pathologic proteolysis or increased endothelial release of factor VIII antigen.", "PMID": 523193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1510", "title": "Platelet dysfunction in homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "This report details the results of studies performed in nine patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia evaluating platelet function and prostaglandin formation. Platelet malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM 1 mM) or thrombin (0.5 u/ml) was used as an indicator of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. The data on the nine patients revealed two distinct subgroups of patients. Six of nine thalassemics, demonstrated platelet abnormalities. Their mean bleeding time was 7.5 +/- 2.5 min (1 SD), significantly prolonged (P less than 0.005) when compared to a value of 3.5 +/- 1.0 min in normal controls. MDA formation in the presence of NEM was significantly decreased (P less than 0.005) to 2.41 +/- 0.49 (1 SD) when compared to a control value of 3.24 +/- 0.33 nmoles MDA/10(9) platelets. Similarly, the mean value for thrombin induced MDA was 0.98 +/- 0.18 nmoles which was decreased (P less than 0.02) when compared to a value of 1.26 +/- 0.2 in the controls. Platelet aggregations with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and collagen were abnormal in all six patients. However, when platelets from these patients were mixed with platelets from donors who had ingested aspirin 2-8 hr before donation mutual correction and secondary irreversible aggregation of the mixture resulted. No mutual correction was observed when the thalassemic platelets were preincubated with aspirin in vitro before mixing with platelets from donors who had recently ingested aspirin. Although the total amount of platelet malonyldialdehyde formed by the thalassemic platelets in response to NEM and thrombin was decreased when compared to normal controls, this reduction was not the cause of the platelet aggregation abnormalities. This appears to be so because the amount of MDA, and, thus, prostaglandin endoperoxides synthesized by these platelets in response to external stimuli was sufficient to cause irreversible aggregation of platelets from donors who had recently ingested aspirin, and were, therefore, unable to synthesize their own endogenous platelet endoperoxides. In the remaining three patients, bleeding times, platelet aggregation, and MDA formation was normal. No correlation was observed between the platelet abnormalities noted and the magnitude of iron overload, presence of fibrin degradation products, liver function abnormalities, or the use of iron chelators in the individual patient. Family studies were normal. Although the platelet dysfunction does not appear to be of major significance in the usual patient with thalassemia major under normal circumstances, antiplatelet aggregating agents should be used with caution. Aspirin inhibits platelet endoperoxide and prostaglandin formation and this effect may potentiate the platelet dysfunction present in some patients with thalassemia major.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction in homozygous beta-thalassemia. This report details the results of studies performed in nine patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia evaluating platelet function and prostaglandin formation. Platelet malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM 1 mM) or thrombin (0.5 u/ml) was used as an indicator of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. The data on the nine patients revealed two distinct subgroups of patients. Six of nine thalassemics, demonstrated platelet abnormalities. Their mean bleeding time was 7.5 +/- 2.5 min (1 SD), significantly prolonged (P less than 0.005) when compared to a value of 3.5 +/- 1.0 min in normal controls. MDA formation in the presence of NEM was significantly decreased (P less than 0.005) to 2.41 +/- 0.49 (1 SD) when compared to a control value of 3.24 +/- 0.33 nmoles MDA/10(9) platelets. Similarly, the mean value for thrombin induced MDA was 0.98 +/- 0.18 nmoles which was decreased (P less than 0.02) when compared to a value of 1.26 +/- 0.2 in the controls. Platelet aggregations with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and collagen were abnormal in all six patients. However, when platelets from these patients were mixed with platelets from donors who had ingested aspirin 2-8 hr before donation mutual correction and secondary irreversible aggregation of the mixture resulted. No mutual correction was observed when the thalassemic platelets were preincubated with aspirin in vitro before mixing with platelets from donors who had recently ingested aspirin. Although the total amount of platelet malonyldialdehyde formed by the thalassemic platelets in response to NEM and thrombin was decreased when compared to normal controls, this reduction was not the cause of the platelet aggregation abnormalities. This appears to be so because the amount of MDA, and, thus, prostaglandin endoperoxides synthesized by these platelets in response to external stimuli was sufficient to cause irreversible aggregation of platelets from donors who had recently ingested aspirin, and were, therefore, unable to synthesize their own endogenous platelet endoperoxides. In the remaining three patients, bleeding times, platelet aggregation, and MDA formation was normal. No correlation was observed between the platelet abnormalities noted and the magnitude of iron overload, presence of fibrin degradation products, liver function abnormalities, or the use of iron chelators in the individual patient. Family studies were normal. Although the platelet dysfunction does not appear to be of major significance in the usual patient with thalassemia major under normal circumstances, antiplatelet aggregating agents should be used with caution. Aspirin inhibits platelet endoperoxide and prostaglandin formation and this effect may potentiate the platelet dysfunction present in some patients with thalassemia major.", "PMID": 523194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1511", "title": "Elevated cystine levels in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) exhibit multiple deficiency of acid hydrolase activities associated with a defect in the mechanism of packaging of these enzymes into lysosomes. The authors have examined such cells to ascertain whether the impairment of lysosomal function is of so broad a nature as to result in the storage of the amino acid cystine in a manner similar to that seen in cells derived from patients with cystinosis, an unrelated lysosomal storage disease of unknown etiology. Of 10 I-cell lines examined by automated amino acid analysis, seven were found to possess abnormally high levels of total free cyst(e)ine (i.e., greater than 1 nmole 1/2 Cys/mg protein). The mean half-cystine content of those I-cell lines subjected to multiple analysis ranged from 3-10 nmole/mg protein. levels which are comparable to those seen in homozygous cystinotic cells. The cystine content of several of these lines appeared to increase with subculture. Cultured fibroblasts from two patients with the biochemically similar, but clinically less severe, mucolipidosis III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) exhibited normal to marginally elevated levels of cystine, whereas cells from individuals with three different mucopolysaccharide storage disorders contained normal levels of the amino acid. It was concluded that cystine, and not cysteine, was the predominant form of this amino acid in these cells, because previous reaction of I-cell extracts with N-ethylmaleimide did not alter the observed cystine levels. The further identification of excess cystine in these cells was corroborated by analytical results obtained with a highly specific cystine-binding protein method as well as by high-voltage electrophoresis of extracts from cells pulsed with 35S-cystine. Comparative analysis of intracellular amino acids in normal and I-cell fibroblasts indicated that the elevation of csystine seen in the latter was unique to this amino acid and did not reflect a generalized increase in the total free amino acid content of these mutant cells.", "contents": "Elevated cystine levels in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease. Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) exhibit multiple deficiency of acid hydrolase activities associated with a defect in the mechanism of packaging of these enzymes into lysosomes. The authors have examined such cells to ascertain whether the impairment of lysosomal function is of so broad a nature as to result in the storage of the amino acid cystine in a manner similar to that seen in cells derived from patients with cystinosis, an unrelated lysosomal storage disease of unknown etiology. Of 10 I-cell lines examined by automated amino acid analysis, seven were found to possess abnormally high levels of total free cyst(e)ine (i.e., greater than 1 nmole 1/2 Cys/mg protein). The mean half-cystine content of those I-cell lines subjected to multiple analysis ranged from 3-10 nmole/mg protein. levels which are comparable to those seen in homozygous cystinotic cells. The cystine content of several of these lines appeared to increase with subculture. Cultured fibroblasts from two patients with the biochemically similar, but clinically less severe, mucolipidosis III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) exhibited normal to marginally elevated levels of cystine, whereas cells from individuals with three different mucopolysaccharide storage disorders contained normal levels of the amino acid. It was concluded that cystine, and not cysteine, was the predominant form of this amino acid in these cells, because previous reaction of I-cell extracts with N-ethylmaleimide did not alter the observed cystine levels. The further identification of excess cystine in these cells was corroborated by analytical results obtained with a highly specific cystine-binding protein method as well as by high-voltage electrophoresis of extracts from cells pulsed with 35S-cystine. Comparative analysis of intracellular amino acids in normal and I-cell fibroblasts indicated that the elevation of csystine seen in the latter was unique to this amino acid and did not reflect a generalized increase in the total free amino acid content of these mutant cells.", "PMID": 523195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1512", "title": "Utilization of purines by an HPRT variant in an intelligent, nonmutilative patient with features of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The patient, H.Chr.B., was among the first reported with hyperuricemia and central nervous system symptoms. He has been found to have a variant of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT; E.C.2.4.2.8) distinct from the enzyme present in patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The patient had chroeoathetosis, spasticity, dysarthric speech, and hyperuricemia. However, his intelligence was normal and he had no evidence of self-mutilation. There was no activity of HPRT in the lysates of erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts when analyzed in the usual manner. Using a newly developed method for the study of purine metabolism in intact cultured cells, this patient was found to metabolize some 9% of 8-14C-hypoxanthine, and 90% of the isotope utilized was converted to adenine and guanine nucleotides. In contrast, cells from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were virtually completely unable to convert hypoxanthine to nucleotides. The patient's fibroblasts were even more efficient in the metabolism of 8-14C-guanine, which was utilized to the extent of 27%, over 80% of which was converted to guanine and adenine nucleotides. The growth of the cultured fibroblasts of this patient was intermediate in media containing hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine (HAT), whereas the growth of Lesch-Nyhan cells was inhibited and normal cells grew normally. Similarly in 8-azaguanine, 6-thioguanine, and 8-azahypoxanthine, the growth of the patient's cells was intermediate between normal and Lesch-Nyhan cells. These observations provide further evidence for genetic heterogeneity among patients with disorders in purine metabolism involving the HPRT gene. They document that this famous patient did not have the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "contents": "Utilization of purines by an HPRT variant in an intelligent, nonmutilative patient with features of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The patient, H.Chr.B., was among the first reported with hyperuricemia and central nervous system symptoms. He has been found to have a variant of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT; E.C.2.4.2.8) distinct from the enzyme present in patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The patient had chroeoathetosis, spasticity, dysarthric speech, and hyperuricemia. However, his intelligence was normal and he had no evidence of self-mutilation. There was no activity of HPRT in the lysates of erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts when analyzed in the usual manner. Using a newly developed method for the study of purine metabolism in intact cultured cells, this patient was found to metabolize some 9% of 8-14C-hypoxanthine, and 90% of the isotope utilized was converted to adenine and guanine nucleotides. In contrast, cells from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were virtually completely unable to convert hypoxanthine to nucleotides. The patient's fibroblasts were even more efficient in the metabolism of 8-14C-guanine, which was utilized to the extent of 27%, over 80% of which was converted to guanine and adenine nucleotides. The growth of the cultured fibroblasts of this patient was intermediate in media containing hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine (HAT), whereas the growth of Lesch-Nyhan cells was inhibited and normal cells grew normally. Similarly in 8-azaguanine, 6-thioguanine, and 8-azahypoxanthine, the growth of the patient's cells was intermediate between normal and Lesch-Nyhan cells. These observations provide further evidence for genetic heterogeneity among patients with disorders in purine metabolism involving the HPRT gene. They document that this famous patient did not have the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "PMID": 523196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1513", "title": "Cystic fibrosis serum effect on the short circuit current of rat jejunum.", "content": "Sera from 100 subjects were tested for the presence of the cystic fibrosis (CF) \"factor\" utilizing the short circuit current rat jejunum bioassay. Comparing the mean percent decrease in short circuit current, the presumed normal group differs from the homozygous CF group at P = 0.001 and from the heterozygous group at P = 0.05. The two CF genotypes are statistically different at P = 0.004. There is, however, a large overlap among the three groups, which limits the assay's utility as a guide for factor purification as well as clinical use.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis serum effect on the short circuit current of rat jejunum. Sera from 100 subjects were tested for the presence of the cystic fibrosis (CF) \"factor\" utilizing the short circuit current rat jejunum bioassay. Comparing the mean percent decrease in short circuit current, the presumed normal group differs from the homozygous CF group at P = 0.001 and from the heterozygous group at P = 0.05. The two CF genotypes are statistically different at P = 0.004. There is, however, a large overlap among the three groups, which limits the assay's utility as a guide for factor purification as well as clinical use.", "PMID": 523197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1514", "title": "Response of the fetal and newborn lamb to glucose and tolbutamide infusions.", "content": "Tolbutamide infused into the chronically catheterized sheep fetus produced significant secretion of insulin. An optimal dose range of 100-200 mg/kg estimated fetal weight was demonstrated. Paired tolbutamide and glucose infusions using a square wave technique demonstrated that although early phase insulin secretion is dimished in the fetus, this is not due to an absolute deficiency of stored insulin. Tolbutamide produced peak insulin concentrations of 51.6 +/- 9.0 muu/ml by 20 min postinfusion in the fetus. When similar tolbutamide infusions were performed in neonatal lambs, qualitatively similar insulin response curves were demonstrated although peak insulin levels were much greater (260 +/- 70 muu/ml at 20 min). A fall in plasma glucose was demonstrated in both fetal and neonatal lambs (to 75 and 39% of control values, respectively) by 60 min after tolbutamide infusion. In the fetus, this fall was not associated with changes in maternal glucose concentration.", "contents": "Response of the fetal and newborn lamb to glucose and tolbutamide infusions. Tolbutamide infused into the chronically catheterized sheep fetus produced significant secretion of insulin. An optimal dose range of 100-200 mg/kg estimated fetal weight was demonstrated. Paired tolbutamide and glucose infusions using a square wave technique demonstrated that although early phase insulin secretion is dimished in the fetus, this is not due to an absolute deficiency of stored insulin. Tolbutamide produced peak insulin concentrations of 51.6 +/- 9.0 muu/ml by 20 min postinfusion in the fetus. When similar tolbutamide infusions were performed in neonatal lambs, qualitatively similar insulin response curves were demonstrated although peak insulin levels were much greater (260 +/- 70 muu/ml at 20 min). A fall in plasma glucose was demonstrated in both fetal and neonatal lambs (to 75 and 39% of control values, respectively) by 60 min after tolbutamide infusion. In the fetus, this fall was not associated with changes in maternal glucose concentration.", "PMID": 523198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1515", "title": "A short communication. Congenital renal alkalosis.", "content": "Patients with idiopathic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and hyperrenienmia have been lumped under the heading of Bartter's syndrome. However, the clinical picture is not totally uniform. Recently, Gullner et al. described a familial disorder with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, and aldosteronism, but without juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. They suggested that this family had a condition other than Bartter's syndrome. The present report details the followup from infancy to adulthood of a patient with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, salt wasting, and hyperreninemia, but with normal aldosterone level and without juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. The authors suggest that this new condition be termed renal alkalosis. The studies suggest that the distal tubular reabsorptive capacity was defective in this patient.", "contents": "A short communication. Congenital renal alkalosis. Patients with idiopathic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and hyperrenienmia have been lumped under the heading of Bartter's syndrome. However, the clinical picture is not totally uniform. Recently, Gullner et al. described a familial disorder with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, and aldosteronism, but without juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. They suggested that this family had a condition other than Bartter's syndrome. The present report details the followup from infancy to adulthood of a patient with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, salt wasting, and hyperreninemia, but with normal aldosterone level and without juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. The authors suggest that this new condition be termed renal alkalosis. The studies suggest that the distal tubular reabsorptive capacity was defective in this patient.", "PMID": 523199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1516", "title": "Total surface bearing self suspending above-knee sockets.", "content": "A new type of above-knee socket has been designed to provide total surface support and to dispense with ischial bearing as the primary weight bearing area. The socket is based upon the hypothesis that if the soft tissues of an above-knee stump are adequately supported in a suitably shaped container they will behave under load as an elastic solid with low stiffness. A method has been devised for taking the cast for the new type socket using an elastic sleeve as a \"compliant socket\". The grip of the elastic sleeve and the use of traction weights deform the stump tissues to the required shape while the cast is setting. The results of laboratory measurements of the transinterface pressures in these sockets under axial loading conditions have correlated well with the figures forecast by calculation. The new socket is now available to patients at a number of Centres in England.", "contents": "Total surface bearing self suspending above-knee sockets. A new type of above-knee socket has been designed to provide total surface support and to dispense with ischial bearing as the primary weight bearing area. The socket is based upon the hypothesis that if the soft tissues of an above-knee stump are adequately supported in a suitably shaped container they will behave under load as an elastic solid with low stiffness. A method has been devised for taking the cast for the new type socket using an elastic sleeve as a \"compliant socket\". The grip of the elastic sleeve and the use of traction weights deform the stump tissues to the required shape while the cast is setting. The results of laboratory measurements of the transinterface pressures in these sockets under axial loading conditions have correlated well with the figures forecast by calculation. The new socket is now available to patients at a number of Centres in England.", "PMID": 523290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1517", "title": "Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases.", "content": "42 horses were examined. The physical signs with relation to circulatory insufficiency and the abdominal disease were registered following a two-phased examination procedure. Great prognostic value was found in the degree of circulatory insufficiency judged by pulse rate and character, filling of the jugular vein, skin temperature, colour of mucous membranes, capillary refill time, sweating, depression, skin turgor and degree of enophthalmus. In making a causal diagnosis the abdomen was examined for shape, tenderness, peristaltic sounds, gastric dilation by siphoning, abnormal rectal findings and macroscopic changes in peritoneal fluid. Greatest diagnostic difficulties were encountered in cases of intestinal atonia, acute enteritis and torsion of the colon. In selected (severe) cases laboratory tests were obtained. Blood samples were examined for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, differential white blood cell count, blood gases and acid-base status, lactate, serum total protein and albumin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, ASAT, CK, BASP and GGT. Peritoneal fluid was examined for red blood and white cell counts, total protein, specific gravity, pH and lactate, and enzymes as in  blood. Laboratory results generally confirmed the clinical signs of shock, and packed cell volume and blood lactate were regarded to be of greatest prognostic interest. Although the performed laboratory information, macroscopic evaluation was thought to reveal sufficient information in most cases. It was concluded that supervening shock is of decisive importance in severe forms of colic, and that a careful and repeated evaluation of the circulatory insufficiency often provides one with a tentative prognosis although the final diagnosis is not obtained. In spite of therapy fatal outcome was found in all seriously shocked horses.", "contents": "Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. 42 horses were examined. The physical signs with relation to circulatory insufficiency and the abdominal disease were registered following a two-phased examination procedure. Great prognostic value was found in the degree of circulatory insufficiency judged by pulse rate and character, filling of the jugular vein, skin temperature, colour of mucous membranes, capillary refill time, sweating, depression, skin turgor and degree of enophthalmus. In making a causal diagnosis the abdomen was examined for shape, tenderness, peristaltic sounds, gastric dilation by siphoning, abnormal rectal findings and macroscopic changes in peritoneal fluid. Greatest diagnostic difficulties were encountered in cases of intestinal atonia, acute enteritis and torsion of the colon. In selected (severe) cases laboratory tests were obtained. Blood samples were examined for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, differential white blood cell count, blood gases and acid-base status, lactate, serum total protein and albumin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, ASAT, CK, BASP and GGT. Peritoneal fluid was examined for red blood and white cell counts, total protein, specific gravity, pH and lactate, and enzymes as in  blood. Laboratory results generally confirmed the clinical signs of shock, and packed cell volume and blood lactate were regarded to be of greatest prognostic interest. Although the performed laboratory information, macroscopic evaluation was thought to reveal sufficient information in most cases. It was concluded that supervening shock is of decisive importance in severe forms of colic, and that a careful and repeated evaluation of the circulatory insufficiency often provides one with a tentative prognosis although the final diagnosis is not obtained. In spite of therapy fatal outcome was found in all seriously shocked horses.", "PMID": 523309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1518", "title": "Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Serological response.", "content": "Serotypes 1,2,4 and 5 of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus were inoculated into, respectively, 4,4,2 and 5 pigs. Serum samples were tested for circulating antibodies by the modified complement fixation test (CF test). When individual serotypes were used as antigen, titers were found only to the serotype which had been used for inoculation. Using antigen in which the serotypes were pooled, antibodies were demonstrated in sera from all the pigs. The CF titers obtained with the pooled antigen were equivalent to those found with each serotype separately. When the CF test was used for serological examination of field sera there was full agreement between the results obtained with the pooled antigen and those obtained with serotype 2 antigen alone. No cross reactions were found with the pooled antigen in herds that were sero-positive to Haemophilus parasuis, strain 4800. The experiment has shown that there is no serological cross reaction between serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 5 when they are used as antigen in the CF test. Also, the results imply that with a pool of the different serotypes of Haemophilus paralyticus as antigen similar results may be obtained as with the single serotype 2 antigen.", "contents": "Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Serological response. Serotypes 1,2,4 and 5 of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus were inoculated into, respectively, 4,4,2 and 5 pigs. Serum samples were tested for circulating antibodies by the modified complement fixation test (CF test). When individual serotypes were used as antigen, titers were found only to the serotype which had been used for inoculation. Using antigen in which the serotypes were pooled, antibodies were demonstrated in sera from all the pigs. The CF titers obtained with the pooled antigen were equivalent to those found with each serotype separately. When the CF test was used for serological examination of field sera there was full agreement between the results obtained with the pooled antigen and those obtained with serotype 2 antigen alone. No cross reactions were found with the pooled antigen in herds that were sero-positive to Haemophilus parasuis, strain 4800. The experiment has shown that there is no serological cross reaction between serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 5 when they are used as antigen in the CF test. Also, the results imply that with a pool of the different serotypes of Haemophilus paralyticus as antigen similar results may be obtained as with the single serotype 2 antigen.", "PMID": 523310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1519", "title": "Serum protein changes in chickens with experimental Marek's disease.", "content": "Serum protein alterations in chickens contact-exposed to Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Total protein values of infected chickens were initially, i.e. in the 4th week, low and later not significantly changed from those of the controls. In all infected chickens a significant increase was seen in the IgG components. Three of 6 infected chickens showing a prolonged period of clinical illness presented the most pronounced changes in other serum proteins, moderate or drastic decrease of albumin and alpha-1 lipoproptein and marked increase of arc 24 glycoprotein. Ceruloplasmin and C3 complement beta-1-C and beta-1-A were also increased in infected chickens. No such changes were seen in sera from control chickens. The significance of these changes with reference to previous work and induced pathology is discussed.", "contents": "Serum protein changes in chickens with experimental Marek's disease. Serum protein alterations in chickens contact-exposed to Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Total protein values of infected chickens were initially, i.e. in the 4th week, low and later not significantly changed from those of the controls. In all infected chickens a significant increase was seen in the IgG components. Three of 6 infected chickens showing a prolonged period of clinical illness presented the most pronounced changes in other serum proteins, moderate or drastic decrease of albumin and alpha-1 lipoproptein and marked increase of arc 24 glycoprotein. Ceruloplasmin and C3 complement beta-1-C and beta-1-A were also increased in infected chickens. No such changes were seen in sera from control chickens. The significance of these changes with reference to previous work and induced pathology is discussed.", "PMID": 523311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1520", "title": "Spontaneous fracture of the navicular bone in the horse.", "content": "After a short review of previous literature about fractures of the navicular bone in horses, the symptoms and the pathological-anatomical changes of the condition are described. The most important clinical symptom is acute severe lameness without significant swellings, but with pronounced pain reaction to rotation of the coffin joint. After rest the lameness is reduced considerably, but without treatment it can persist for several years. Adherences between the deep flexor tendon and the site of the fracture and eventual damage to the coffin joint are considered to be the cause of the persisting lameness. Three case reports are given where the horses were shoed with full bar shoes with clips and high calks, and were given two months rest in a box. After that the rehabilitation was started with increasing load on the leg in question in spite of some initial lameness. The three horses all regained their full working capacity after ca. 6 months' treatment. There is no formation of callus at the site of the fracture, but only a firm formation of fibrous tissue which does not bother the horse unless the fragments are too much dislocated giving rise to a greater destruction of the coffin joint. Radiographically the fracture line persists for the rest of the horse's life.", "contents": "Spontaneous fracture of the navicular bone in the horse. After a short review of previous literature about fractures of the navicular bone in horses, the symptoms and the pathological-anatomical changes of the condition are described. The most important clinical symptom is acute severe lameness without significant swellings, but with pronounced pain reaction to rotation of the coffin joint. After rest the lameness is reduced considerably, but without treatment it can persist for several years. Adherences between the deep flexor tendon and the site of the fracture and eventual damage to the coffin joint are considered to be the cause of the persisting lameness. Three case reports are given where the horses were shoed with full bar shoes with clips and high calks, and were given two months rest in a box. After that the rehabilitation was started with increasing load on the leg in question in spite of some initial lameness. The three horses all regained their full working capacity after ca. 6 months' treatment. There is no formation of callus at the site of the fracture, but only a firm formation of fibrous tissue which does not bother the horse unless the fragments are too much dislocated giving rise to a greater destruction of the coffin joint. Radiographically the fracture line persists for the rest of the horse's life.", "PMID": 523312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1521", "title": "Simulated small intestinal volvulus in the anesthetized horse.", "content": "Experimental closed loop small intestinal volvulus was studied in the anesthetized horse. Volvulus was simulated by ligation of the mesenterial veins to a segment of small intestine. Physical signs and hemodynamic, hematologic, clinical chemical, bacteriologic and peritoneal fluid values were examined. Compared to conscious horses anesthesia highly delayed and modified the clinical signs of shock (changes in mucosal colour, dehydration, decreased skin temperature, elevated pulse rate, low blood pressures) and of small intestinal volvulus (altered peristalsis, gastric dilation). Plasma glucose response to shock was also modified by unconsciousness. However, a dose response relationship was indicated between the extent of small intestinal damage and clinical symptoms. The same was applicable to changes in blood pressures, blood acid-base balance, lactate, potassium, chloride, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, creatine kinase, red blood cell and total white blood cell counts and serum total protein. The relationship was also indicated in the following peritoneal fluid values: volume, lactate, pH, total white cell counts, alkaline phosphatase and bacteriology. Changes related to shock (insufficient tissue perfusion) were low blood pressures and metabolic acidosis due to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid. Also low plasma glucose and elevated plasma potassium, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus and creatine kinase were regarded as consequences of shock.", "contents": "Simulated small intestinal volvulus in the anesthetized horse. Experimental closed loop small intestinal volvulus was studied in the anesthetized horse. Volvulus was simulated by ligation of the mesenterial veins to a segment of small intestine. Physical signs and hemodynamic, hematologic, clinical chemical, bacteriologic and peritoneal fluid values were examined. Compared to conscious horses anesthesia highly delayed and modified the clinical signs of shock (changes in mucosal colour, dehydration, decreased skin temperature, elevated pulse rate, low blood pressures) and of small intestinal volvulus (altered peristalsis, gastric dilation). Plasma glucose response to shock was also modified by unconsciousness. However, a dose response relationship was indicated between the extent of small intestinal damage and clinical symptoms. The same was applicable to changes in blood pressures, blood acid-base balance, lactate, potassium, chloride, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, creatine kinase, red blood cell and total white blood cell counts and serum total protein. The relationship was also indicated in the following peritoneal fluid values: volume, lactate, pH, total white cell counts, alkaline phosphatase and bacteriology. Changes related to shock (insufficient tissue perfusion) were low blood pressures and metabolic acidosis due to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid. Also low plasma glucose and elevated plasma potassium, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus and creatine kinase were regarded as consequences of shock.", "PMID": 523313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1522", "title": "DNA methylation: organ specific variations in the methylation pattern within and around ovalbumin and other chicken genes.", "content": "The restriction enzymes HhaI and HpaII, whose activity is inhibited by cytosine methylation within their recognition sites, have been utilised as probes to study methylation in the vicinity of the ovalbumin gene in DNA from various chicken tissues. This was complemented by a preliminary study of methylation in the regions of chicken ovotransferrin (conalbumin), ovomucoid and beta-globin genes. From our data we conclude that HaI or HpaII sites can be divided in 3 classes according to their pattern of methylation in different tissues. In the first class of sites (mV class) the extent of methylation varies in different tissues. The patterns obtained show that methylation at the sites located within and around the 3 genes which code for egg white proteins is in general lowest in oviduct of laying hen, where these genes are expressed. However some sites are not methylated (m- class) and others are 95 to 100% resistant (m+ class) to digestion by HhaI or HpaII in the DNAs of all the tissues which were tested. Our study has also revealed a remarkable number of allelic variants for the presence of HhaI or HpaII sites in the region of the ovalbumin gene.", "contents": "DNA methylation: organ specific variations in the methylation pattern within and around ovalbumin and other chicken genes. The restriction enzymes HhaI and HpaII, whose activity is inhibited by cytosine methylation within their recognition sites, have been utilised as probes to study methylation in the vicinity of the ovalbumin gene in DNA from various chicken tissues. This was complemented by a preliminary study of methylation in the regions of chicken ovotransferrin (conalbumin), ovomucoid and beta-globin genes. From our data we conclude that HaI or HpaII sites can be divided in 3 classes according to their pattern of methylation in different tissues. In the first class of sites (mV class) the extent of methylation varies in different tissues. The patterns obtained show that methylation at the sites located within and around the 3 genes which code for egg white proteins is in general lowest in oviduct of laying hen, where these genes are expressed. However some sites are not methylated (m- class) and others are 95 to 100% resistant (m+ class) to digestion by HhaI or HpaII in the DNAs of all the tissues which were tested. Our study has also revealed a remarkable number of allelic variants for the presence of HhaI or HpaII sites in the region of the ovalbumin gene.", "PMID": 523314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1523", "title": "DNA methylation: correlation with DNase I sensitivity of chicken ovalbumin and conalbumin chromatin.", "content": "To analyse the relationship between DNA undermethylation at some sites in the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene regions (1) and the expression of these genes in chick oviduct, digestions with HhaI, which differentiates between methylated and unmethylated HhaI restriction sites, was performed on DNA isolated from chicken erythrocyte or oviduct chromatin treated with DNase I which degrades preferentially \"active\" chromatin. This was followed by analysis with ovalbumin- and conalbumin-specific hybridization probes. We conclude that the residual DNA methylation found at some sites of the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene regions is derived from the fraction of cells in which the chromatin of these genes is not in an \"active\" form. On the other hand, the ovalbumin and conalbumin sites which are partially unmethylated in erythrocyte DNA correspond to chromatin regions which are not DNase I-senitive. We have also detected a site about 1 kb downstream from the 3' end of the conalbumin gene that is hypersensitive to DNase I in all tissues tested.", "contents": "DNA methylation: correlation with DNase I sensitivity of chicken ovalbumin and conalbumin chromatin. To analyse the relationship between DNA undermethylation at some sites in the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene regions (1) and the expression of these genes in chick oviduct, digestions with HhaI, which differentiates between methylated and unmethylated HhaI restriction sites, was performed on DNA isolated from chicken erythrocyte or oviduct chromatin treated with DNase I which degrades preferentially \"active\" chromatin. This was followed by analysis with ovalbumin- and conalbumin-specific hybridization probes. We conclude that the residual DNA methylation found at some sites of the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene regions is derived from the fraction of cells in which the chromatin of these genes is not in an \"active\" form. On the other hand, the ovalbumin and conalbumin sites which are partially unmethylated in erythrocyte DNA correspond to chromatin regions which are not DNase I-senitive. We have also detected a site about 1 kb downstream from the 3' end of the conalbumin gene that is hypersensitive to DNase I in all tissues tested.", "PMID": 523315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1524", "title": "Southern bean mosaic viral RNA has a 5'-linked protein but lacks 3' terminal poly(A).", "content": "Nuclease digestion of SBMV RNA releases a protein of molecular weight approximately 12,000 in addition to the four mononucleotides. The lack of reactivity of SBMV RNA to polynucleotide kinase and the absence of a capping group suggest that the protein is covalently attached to the 5' end of the RNA. RNA sequencing shows that the 3' terminus of SBMV RNA is not polyadenylated.", "contents": "Southern bean mosaic viral RNA has a 5'-linked protein but lacks 3' terminal poly(A). Nuclease digestion of SBMV RNA releases a protein of molecular weight approximately 12,000 in addition to the four mononucleotides. The lack of reactivity of SBMV RNA to polynucleotide kinase and the absence of a capping group suggest that the protein is covalently attached to the 5' end of the RNA. RNA sequencing shows that the 3' terminus of SBMV RNA is not polyadenylated.", "PMID": 523316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1525", "title": "Isolation of messenger RNA coding for the \"fast\" protein of embryonic chick feathers.", "content": "The messenger RNA coding for the \"Fast\" protein of embryonic chick feathers has been purified from the overwhelming relative amounts of keratin mRNA which are present in the developing feathers. The \"Fast\" protein mRNA represents about 4-8% of the total mRNA population of the feather. Despite differences between the size of the \"Fast\" proteins and the keratins the two mRNA species are very similar in molecular weight as judged by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. However, by electrophoresis in 8 M urea gels at 55 degrees C, the \"Fast\" protein mRNA could be separated from keratin mRNA, presumably reflecting differences in messenger RNA secondary structure.", "contents": "Isolation of messenger RNA coding for the \"fast\" protein of embryonic chick feathers. The messenger RNA coding for the \"Fast\" protein of embryonic chick feathers has been purified from the overwhelming relative amounts of keratin mRNA which are present in the developing feathers. The \"Fast\" protein mRNA represents about 4-8% of the total mRNA population of the feather. Despite differences between the size of the \"Fast\" proteins and the keratins the two mRNA species are very similar in molecular weight as judged by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. However, by electrophoresis in 8 M urea gels at 55 degrees C, the \"Fast\" protein mRNA could be separated from keratin mRNA, presumably reflecting differences in messenger RNA secondary structure.", "PMID": 523317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1526", "title": "Effects of nuclear disruption on the macromolecular composition of nucleosome subfractions.", "content": "The macromolecular composition of nucleosomal subfractions obtained by limited action of micrococcal nuclease upon trout testis chromatin has been analyzed with the purpose of comparison with the properties of transcriptionally active nucleosomal fractions derived by similar treatment of intact nuclei. The results indicate that when the native chromatin structure of intact nuclei is disrupted prior to the nuclease action, the nucleosomal subfractions that are subsequently generated have an altered composition.", "contents": "Effects of nuclear disruption on the macromolecular composition of nucleosome subfractions. The macromolecular composition of nucleosomal subfractions obtained by limited action of micrococcal nuclease upon trout testis chromatin has been analyzed with the purpose of comparison with the properties of transcriptionally active nucleosomal fractions derived by similar treatment of intact nuclei. The results indicate that when the native chromatin structure of intact nuclei is disrupted prior to the nuclease action, the nucleosomal subfractions that are subsequently generated have an altered composition.", "PMID": 523318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1527", "title": "Methylation of somatic vs germ cell DNAs analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestions.", "content": "Bacterial restriction endonucleases containing the dinucleotide CpG in their cleavage sequences were used to compare the methylation patterns of primarily repeated DNA sequences in (1) bovine somatic cell native DNAs vs bovine sperm cell native DNA and (2) native vs renatured bovine liver and sperm cell DNAs. The restriction patterns of sperm native DNA differ markedly from those of somatic cell native DNAs when using Hpa II, Hha I, and Ava I but not when using the enzymes Eco RI and Msp I. Digestion patterns of germ cell renatured DNA differed significantly from those of germ cell native DNA when using Hpa II but not when using Msp I or Eco RI. The results may not be due to artifacts of renaturation of the DNAs. The results are consistent with the concept that germ cell DNA may be strand asymmetrically hemimethylated. The data also suggest that methylation of the 5'-cytosine in the sequence CCGG renders this site insensitive to cleavage by Msp I.", "contents": "Methylation of somatic vs germ cell DNAs analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestions. Bacterial restriction endonucleases containing the dinucleotide CpG in their cleavage sequences were used to compare the methylation patterns of primarily repeated DNA sequences in (1) bovine somatic cell native DNAs vs bovine sperm cell native DNA and (2) native vs renatured bovine liver and sperm cell DNAs. The restriction patterns of sperm native DNA differ markedly from those of somatic cell native DNAs when using Hpa II, Hha I, and Ava I but not when using the enzymes Eco RI and Msp I. Digestion patterns of germ cell renatured DNA differed significantly from those of germ cell native DNA when using Hpa II but not when using Msp I or Eco RI. The results may not be due to artifacts of renaturation of the DNAs. The results are consistent with the concept that germ cell DNA may be strand asymmetrically hemimethylated. The data also suggest that methylation of the 5'-cytosine in the sequence CCGG renders this site insensitive to cleavage by Msp I.", "PMID": 523319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1528", "title": "Methylation of DNA in mouse early embryos, teratocarcinoma cells and adult tissues of mouse and rabbit.", "content": "The distribution and amount of 5-methylcytosine (5-MeCyt) in DNA was measured for early embryos of mouse strain CF1 (2 to 4 cell stage to blastocyst) and mouse teratocarcinoma cells. In each case, the pattern of methylation was examined by use of the restriction enzymes Hha I and HPA II HPA II, which cut DNA at the sites 5'GCGC and 5'CCGG respectively, when the cytosines at these sites are not methylated. Mouse embryo DNA was found to have the same level of methylation as adult mouse tissues, and no changes in methylation were seen during differentiation of the teratocarcinoma cells. The ratio of 5-MeCyt/Cyt in DNA was measured by high performance liquid chromatography for the differentiating teratocarcinoma cells and for several adult mouse and rabbit tissues. The variation between tissues or between teratocarcinoma cells at different stages of differentiation was less than 10 percent. These results are discussed in view of proposals that 5-MeCyt plays a role in differentiation.", "contents": "Methylation of DNA in mouse early embryos, teratocarcinoma cells and adult tissues of mouse and rabbit. The distribution and amount of 5-methylcytosine (5-MeCyt) in DNA was measured for early embryos of mouse strain CF1 (2 to 4 cell stage to blastocyst) and mouse teratocarcinoma cells. In each case, the pattern of methylation was examined by use of the restriction enzymes Hha I and HPA II HPA II, which cut DNA at the sites 5'GCGC and 5'CCGG respectively, when the cytosines at these sites are not methylated. Mouse embryo DNA was found to have the same level of methylation as adult mouse tissues, and no changes in methylation were seen during differentiation of the teratocarcinoma cells. The ratio of 5-MeCyt/Cyt in DNA was measured by high performance liquid chromatography for the differentiating teratocarcinoma cells and for several adult mouse and rabbit tissues. The variation between tissues or between teratocarcinoma cells at different stages of differentiation was less than 10 percent. These results are discussed in view of proposals that 5-MeCyt plays a role in differentiation.", "PMID": 523320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1529", "title": "The preferential codon usages in variable and constant regions of immunoglobulin genes are quite distinct from each other.", "content": "The pattern of codon utilization in the variable and constant regions of immunoglobulin genes are compared. It is shown that, in these regions, codon utilizations are quite distinct from one another: For most degenerate codons, there is a selective bias that prefers C and/or G ending codons to U and/or A ending codons in the constant region compared with the bias in the variable region. This would strongly suggest that, in immunoglobulin genes, the bias in code word usage is determined by other factors than those concerning with the translational mechanism such as tRNA availability and codon-anticodon interaction. A possibility is also suggested that this differance of code word usage between them is due to the existence of secondary structure in the constant region but not in the variable region.", "contents": "The preferential codon usages in variable and constant regions of immunoglobulin genes are quite distinct from each other. The pattern of codon utilization in the variable and constant regions of immunoglobulin genes are compared. It is shown that, in these regions, codon utilizations are quite distinct from one another: For most degenerate codons, there is a selective bias that prefers C and/or G ending codons to U and/or A ending codons in the constant region compared with the bias in the variable region. This would strongly suggest that, in immunoglobulin genes, the bias in code word usage is determined by other factors than those concerning with the translational mechanism such as tRNA availability and codon-anticodon interaction. A possibility is also suggested that this differance of code word usage between them is due to the existence of secondary structure in the constant region but not in the variable region.", "PMID": 523321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1530", "title": "S1 nuclease definition of highly repeated DNA sequences in the Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus.", "content": "Native DNA of the Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, purified from liver or tissue culture cells, was heat denatured and reassociated to a Cot value of 0.01 (equivalent Cot value of 7.2 x 10(-2)). The reassociated DNA was isolated by digestion with the single-strand DNA specific enzyme S1 nuclease. Spectrophotometric and radioactivity assays demonstrated that 24% of the total DNA was resistant to S1 nuclease treatment. Zero-time reassociation indicated that approximately 3% of the DNA was inverted repeat sequences. Thus, highly repeated sequences comprised 21% of the total genome. CsCl buoyant density ultracentrifugation indicated that this fraction was composed of both main band and satellite sequences. Although actinomycin D - CsCl density gradients failed to give significant separation of the repetitive sequences, distamycin A - CsCl gradients were able to fractionate the DNA into several overlapping bands. The heterogeneity of the repetitive DNA was further demonstrated by the first derivative plots calculated from their thermal denaturation profiles. This analysis revealed six major thermalytes which indicate that there may be at least six discrete components in the repetitive DNA.", "contents": "S1 nuclease definition of highly repeated DNA sequences in the Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus. Native DNA of the Guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, purified from liver or tissue culture cells, was heat denatured and reassociated to a Cot value of 0.01 (equivalent Cot value of 7.2 x 10(-2)). The reassociated DNA was isolated by digestion with the single-strand DNA specific enzyme S1 nuclease. Spectrophotometric and radioactivity assays demonstrated that 24% of the total DNA was resistant to S1 nuclease treatment. Zero-time reassociation indicated that approximately 3% of the DNA was inverted repeat sequences. Thus, highly repeated sequences comprised 21% of the total genome. CsCl buoyant density ultracentrifugation indicated that this fraction was composed of both main band and satellite sequences. Although actinomycin D - CsCl density gradients failed to give significant separation of the repetitive sequences, distamycin A - CsCl gradients were able to fractionate the DNA into several overlapping bands. The heterogeneity of the repetitive DNA was further demonstrated by the first derivative plots calculated from their thermal denaturation profiles. This analysis revealed six major thermalytes which indicate that there may be at least six discrete components in the repetitive DNA.", "PMID": 523322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1531", "title": "Nucleosome dissociation and transfer in concentrated salt solutions.", "content": "We have examined the dissociation of nucleosomes into histones and free, 4.5S DNA over a range of sodium chloride concentrations between 0.25 and 1 M. We have also studied this dissociation as a function of nucleosome concentration at two salt concentrations, 0.8 M and 0.9 M. In addition, we have measured the kinetics of transfer of histone cores from nucleosomes onto recipient bacteriophage T7 DNA in 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 M NaCl solutions. Although the mechanism of nucleosome transfer is unknown the data presented here are consistent with either a reversible dissociation of the nucleosome or DNA strand displacement by another DNA.", "contents": "Nucleosome dissociation and transfer in concentrated salt solutions. We have examined the dissociation of nucleosomes into histones and free, 4.5S DNA over a range of sodium chloride concentrations between 0.25 and 1 M. We have also studied this dissociation as a function of nucleosome concentration at two salt concentrations, 0.8 M and 0.9 M. In addition, we have measured the kinetics of transfer of histone cores from nucleosomes onto recipient bacteriophage T7 DNA in 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 M NaCl solutions. Although the mechanism of nucleosome transfer is unknown the data presented here are consistent with either a reversible dissociation of the nucleosome or DNA strand displacement by another DNA.", "PMID": 523323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1532", "title": "Effects of selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) of rats.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) insufficiency in the ipsilateral corpus striatum produced by unilateral electrolytic lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) resulted in an impairment in rats' behavior as tested by one-way and two-way avoidance techniques. Selective MAO-A inhibitor, clorgyline (1 mg/kg sc daily for 7 days), improved the reduced learning capacity of SN lesioned animals, restored the decreased DA content in the corpus striatum, and caused significant hyperactivity as tested in the open field. At the same time the selective MAO-B inhibitor (-)deprenyl (injected the same way) proved to be ineffective. J-508, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, used in a non-selective dose (1 mg/kg), acted like clorgyline. The results support the hypothesis that in the rat nigrostriated system (but not in human beings) DA is preferentially deaminated by the A form of MAO.", "contents": "Effects of selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) of rats. Dopamine (DA) insufficiency in the ipsilateral corpus striatum produced by unilateral electrolytic lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) resulted in an impairment in rats' behavior as tested by one-way and two-way avoidance techniques. Selective MAO-A inhibitor, clorgyline (1 mg/kg sc daily for 7 days), improved the reduced learning capacity of SN lesioned animals, restored the decreased DA content in the corpus striatum, and caused significant hyperactivity as tested in the open field. At the same time the selective MAO-B inhibitor (-)deprenyl (injected the same way) proved to be ineffective. J-508, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, used in a non-selective dose (1 mg/kg), acted like clorgyline. The results support the hypothesis that in the rat nigrostriated system (but not in human beings) DA is preferentially deaminated by the A form of MAO.", "PMID": 523335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1533", "title": "An evidence for the central serotoninergic activity of viloxazine.", "content": "The effects of viloxazine on the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat and the blood pressure in the pithed rat were studied. Viloxazine (1--16 mg/kg) stimulated the hind limb flexor reflex in the dose-dependent manner. This effect of viloxazine was inhibited by serotonin receptor blockers, cyproheptadine, danitracen and metergoline, and by serotonin uptake blocking agents imipramine and clomipramine. H22/54, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, was much less active in this respect. Desipramine, a noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, had no effect on the stimulatory action of viloxazine. Viloxazine (similarly as serotonin) elevated blood pressure in the pithed rat. This action of viloxazine was abolished by cyproheptadine but potentiated by pargyline, an inhibitor of MAO. It is suggested that viloxazine may facilitate the serotonergic transmission in the central nervous system.", "contents": "An evidence for the central serotoninergic activity of viloxazine. The effects of viloxazine on the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat and the blood pressure in the pithed rat were studied. Viloxazine (1--16 mg/kg) stimulated the hind limb flexor reflex in the dose-dependent manner. This effect of viloxazine was inhibited by serotonin receptor blockers, cyproheptadine, danitracen and metergoline, and by serotonin uptake blocking agents imipramine and clomipramine. H22/54, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, was much less active in this respect. Desipramine, a noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, had no effect on the stimulatory action of viloxazine. Viloxazine (similarly as serotonin) elevated blood pressure in the pithed rat. This action of viloxazine was abolished by cyproheptadine but potentiated by pargyline, an inhibitor of MAO. It is suggested that viloxazine may facilitate the serotonergic transmission in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 523336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1534", "title": "Naloxone-induced facilitation of conditioned avoidance behavior in rats.", "content": "Conditioned two-way avoidance behavior was studied in male Wistar rats. Experimental group received naloxone (2 mg/kg sc) 5--7 min before training session, control group received appropriate volume of saline. It was observed that naloxone significantly enhanced acquisition of avoidance response during 3--9 days of training.", "contents": "Naloxone-induced facilitation of conditioned avoidance behavior in rats. Conditioned two-way avoidance behavior was studied in male Wistar rats. Experimental group received naloxone (2 mg/kg sc) 5--7 min before training session, control group received appropriate volume of saline. It was observed that naloxone significantly enhanced acquisition of avoidance response during 3--9 days of training.", "PMID": 523337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1535", "title": "The relationship between catecholamine levels in the hypothalamus and amygdala under influence of glucose overloading in hungry and sated rats.", "content": "The effect of intragastric glucose infusion (1.5 g per rat) to sated rats on the catecholamine content in the medial basal and lateral hypothalamic regions and in the nuclei of the amygdaloid body was investigated. The effect of glucose overloading on the noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) content in the ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei was also studied in rats deprived of food for 48 hr. Glucose administration to rats fed ad lib. resulted in an increase in NA in the VMH and a decrease in DA in the central nucleus of the amygdaloid body. In fasted animals glucose overloading partially reversed the changes of NA concentration in the arcuate nucleus produced by starvation, whereas in the VMH glucose was not effective in producing any changes of catecholamine content. Possible interrelations between the amygdala and hypothalamus in respect to the role of catecholamines in the regulation of food intake are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between catecholamine levels in the hypothalamus and amygdala under influence of glucose overloading in hungry and sated rats. The effect of intragastric glucose infusion (1.5 g per rat) to sated rats on the catecholamine content in the medial basal and lateral hypothalamic regions and in the nuclei of the amygdaloid body was investigated. The effect of glucose overloading on the noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) content in the ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei was also studied in rats deprived of food for 48 hr. Glucose administration to rats fed ad lib. resulted in an increase in NA in the VMH and a decrease in DA in the central nucleus of the amygdaloid body. In fasted animals glucose overloading partially reversed the changes of NA concentration in the arcuate nucleus produced by starvation, whereas in the VMH glucose was not effective in producing any changes of catecholamine content. Possible interrelations between the amygdala and hypothalamus in respect to the role of catecholamines in the regulation of food intake are discussed.", "PMID": 523339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1536", "title": "Inhibition by deprenyl of dopamine uptake in rat striatum: a possible correlation between dopamine uptake and acetylcholine release inhibition.", "content": "Optical isomers of deprenyl inhibit the resting and ouabain induced release of acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated striatal slices of the rat and this effect correlates with the capability of deprenyl to inhibit the uptake of 3H-dopamine in striatal homogenate in a concentration of 10(-4)--10(-4) M. The release of ACh is significantly increased in striatal slices taken from rats pretreated with a single dose of 250 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine. 5 mg/kg of deprenyl given 30 min prior to 6-hydroxydopamine treatment prevented completely the chemical destruction of the dopaminergic neurons. In contrast to deprenyl, clorgyline potentiated the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "Inhibition by deprenyl of dopamine uptake in rat striatum: a possible correlation between dopamine uptake and acetylcholine release inhibition. Optical isomers of deprenyl inhibit the resting and ouabain induced release of acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated striatal slices of the rat and this effect correlates with the capability of deprenyl to inhibit the uptake of 3H-dopamine in striatal homogenate in a concentration of 10(-4)--10(-4) M. The release of ACh is significantly increased in striatal slices taken from rats pretreated with a single dose of 250 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine. 5 mg/kg of deprenyl given 30 min prior to 6-hydroxydopamine treatment prevented completely the chemical destruction of the dopaminergic neurons. In contrast to deprenyl, clorgyline potentiated the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "PMID": 523338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1537", "title": "Thromboxane B2 release and 3H-noradrenaline accumulation by a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain.", "content": "Release of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) by a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain were investigated. TXB2 release was temperature-dependent and was inhibited by three different TX-synthetase inhibitors: imidazole, 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dieonic acid (AZO) and 11,9-epoxyiminoprosta-5,13-dionic acid (EPI). While high concentrations of imidazole decreased the 3H-NA accumulation in the synaptosomes significantly, AZO and EPI were ineffective. The results show that TX synthesis is not essential for 3H-NA uptake and the effect of imidazole in 3H-NA accumulation is unrelated to its inhibitory effect on the enzyme TX-synthetase.", "contents": "Thromboxane B2 release and 3H-noradrenaline accumulation by a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. Release of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) by a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain were investigated. TXB2 release was temperature-dependent and was inhibited by three different TX-synthetase inhibitors: imidazole, 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dieonic acid (AZO) and 11,9-epoxyiminoprosta-5,13-dionic acid (EPI). While high concentrations of imidazole decreased the 3H-NA accumulation in the synaptosomes significantly, AZO and EPI were ineffective. The results show that TX synthesis is not essential for 3H-NA uptake and the effect of imidazole in 3H-NA accumulation is unrelated to its inhibitory effect on the enzyme TX-synthetase.", "PMID": 523340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1538", "title": "Haloperidol-induced changes in the regional cerebral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine.", "content": "Haloperidol did not change significantly the rate of penetration of apomorphine to three investigated structures of the rat brain: striatum, limbic forebrain and cerebellum. It depressed, however, significantly the accumulation of apomorphine in the striatum and limbic forebrain; in the cerebellum, in which the accumulation of apomorphine was very low, haloperidol did not change it. In haloperidol-pretreated rats the pattern of elimination of apomorphine from the striatum changed, revealing the presence of two compartments; this was not observed in the limbic forebrain, from which the elimination was linear, both in the presence and absence of haloperidol.", "contents": "Haloperidol-induced changes in the regional cerebral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine. Haloperidol did not change significantly the rate of penetration of apomorphine to three investigated structures of the rat brain: striatum, limbic forebrain and cerebellum. It depressed, however, significantly the accumulation of apomorphine in the striatum and limbic forebrain; in the cerebellum, in which the accumulation of apomorphine was very low, haloperidol did not change it. In haloperidol-pretreated rats the pattern of elimination of apomorphine from the striatum changed, revealing the presence of two compartments; this was not observed in the limbic forebrain, from which the elimination was linear, both in the presence and absence of haloperidol.", "PMID": 523341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1539", "title": "Systemic opportunistic fungal infections.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of \"opportunistic\" fungal infections in compromised hosts, asthenomycoses, differ from those caused by the same fungus in otherwise normal people. Examples are given on the field of dermatophytoses, aspergillosis, candidiasis and cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Systemic opportunistic fungal infections. The clinical manifestations of \"opportunistic\" fungal infections in compromised hosts, asthenomycoses, differ from those caused by the same fungus in otherwise normal people. Examples are given on the field of dermatophytoses, aspergillosis, candidiasis and cryptococcosis.", "PMID": 523345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1540", "title": "Alteration of brain noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels during vanadium poisoning.", "content": "Effects of subacute and chronic intoxication with vanadium on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were examined. It was shown that subacute as well as chronic intoxication caused changes in levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain. NA concentration decreased whereas DA and 5-HT levels significantly increased. Vanadium in concentrations of 10(-3) and 10(-4) M inhibited the uptake of 3H-NA by cerebral cortex slices in vitro.", "contents": "Alteration of brain noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels during vanadium poisoning. Effects of subacute and chronic intoxication with vanadium on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were examined. It was shown that subacute as well as chronic intoxication caused changes in levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain. NA concentration decreased whereas DA and 5-HT levels significantly increased. Vanadium in concentrations of 10(-3) and 10(-4) M inhibited the uptake of 3H-NA by cerebral cortex slices in vitro.", "PMID": 523342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1541", "title": "Imported fungal infections.", "content": "Data on mycoses known to be imported into the United Kingdom are sparse. Estimates on the prevalence of fungal infections have to be based on indirect and incomplete figures, obtained from isolation figures and reports of individual cases to co-ordinating centres such as the Mycological Reference Laboratory and the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Imported species of dermatophytes account for less than 1% of the total number of isolations made annually at mycological laboratories throughout the U.K. A suggested prevalence of dermatophytosis in this country is c. 250 000 cases per annum. Trichophyton rubrum may now be the most common species of dermatophyte. Other estimates of the frequencies with which infections are recorded each year include mycetoma (7-10), histoplasmosis (2-5), aspergilloma (50-80), invasive aspergillosis (10-30), Candida vaginitis (greater than or equal to 1 000 000), invasive candidiasis (10-80), Candida endocarditis (1-2) and cryptococcosis (6-10).", "contents": "Imported fungal infections. Data on mycoses known to be imported into the United Kingdom are sparse. Estimates on the prevalence of fungal infections have to be based on indirect and incomplete figures, obtained from isolation figures and reports of individual cases to co-ordinating centres such as the Mycological Reference Laboratory and the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Imported species of dermatophytes account for less than 1% of the total number of isolations made annually at mycological laboratories throughout the U.K. A suggested prevalence of dermatophytosis in this country is c. 250 000 cases per annum. Trichophyton rubrum may now be the most common species of dermatophyte. Other estimates of the frequencies with which infections are recorded each year include mycetoma (7-10), histoplasmosis (2-5), aspergilloma (50-80), invasive aspergillosis (10-30), Candida vaginitis (greater than or equal to 1 000 000), invasive candidiasis (10-80), Candida endocarditis (1-2) and cryptococcosis (6-10).", "PMID": 523346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1542", "title": "Imported mycoses: some diagnostic problems.", "content": "Infections by actinomycetes or by true fungi may cause diagnostic difficulties in countries where they are not familiar. Illustrative cases from a series of 353 instances are given together with rare indigenous examples of the same infections. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential for rational and effective treatment.", "contents": "Imported mycoses: some diagnostic problems. Infections by actinomycetes or by true fungi may cause diagnostic difficulties in countries where they are not familiar. Illustrative cases from a series of 353 instances are given together with rare indigenous examples of the same infections. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential for rational and effective treatment.", "PMID": 523347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1543", "title": "Mycoses imported from the West Indies. A report of three cases.", "content": "There have been isolated case reports of deep fungal infections from the Caribbean area but little is known about the distribution of mycoses there. Three cases, one of mycetoma, one of chromomycosis, one of histoplasmosis, are described. Their management and the advantages and disadvantages of treatment outside the area of origin are discussed.", "contents": "Mycoses imported from the West Indies. A report of three cases. There have been isolated case reports of deep fungal infections from the Caribbean area but little is known about the distribution of mycoses there. Three cases, one of mycetoma, one of chromomycosis, one of histoplasmosis, are described. Their management and the advantages and disadvantages of treatment outside the area of origin are discussed.", "PMID": 523348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1544", "title": "Some histochemical and electrophysiological effects of isatin.", "content": "Qualitative and semiquantitative histochemical investigations of acetylcholinesterase after a single or repeated administration of isatin, 160 mg/kg ip once or daily for 8 consecutive days have revealed a significant decrease of the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase in chronically treated rats. The cholinergic effect of isatin was tested in the electrophysiological experiment after a single dose of 160 mg/kg isatin and was partially antagonized by atropine.", "contents": "Some histochemical and electrophysiological effects of isatin. Qualitative and semiquantitative histochemical investigations of acetylcholinesterase after a single or repeated administration of isatin, 160 mg/kg ip once or daily for 8 consecutive days have revealed a significant decrease of the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase in chronically treated rats. The cholinergic effect of isatin was tested in the electrophysiological experiment after a single dose of 160 mg/kg isatin and was partially antagonized by atropine.", "PMID": 523344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1545", "title": "Failure of treatment in chronic dermatophyte infections.", "content": "A proportion of dermatophyte infections fail to respond to normally adequate courses of griseofulvin and topical antifungal therapy. The organism Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from 96% of 50 patients studied, but no instances of in vitro resistance were seen. Of these patients, 57% had an underlying condition, commonly hay fever/asthma, atopic eczema, collagen disease or ichthyosis. Defective delayed type hypersensitivity responses and leucocyte migration inhibition to the specific antigen, trichophytin, were demonstrated. Immediate type hypersensitivity was seen in 58% and this was partially suppressible with chlorpheniramine and cimetidine. The relationship between these abnormalities and failure of treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Failure of treatment in chronic dermatophyte infections. A proportion of dermatophyte infections fail to respond to normally adequate courses of griseofulvin and topical antifungal therapy. The organism Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from 96% of 50 patients studied, but no instances of in vitro resistance were seen. Of these patients, 57% had an underlying condition, commonly hay fever/asthma, atopic eczema, collagen disease or ichthyosis. Defective delayed type hypersensitivity responses and leucocyte migration inhibition to the specific antigen, trichophytin, were demonstrated. Immediate type hypersensitivity was seen in 58% and this was partially suppressible with chlorpheniramine and cimetidine. The relationship between these abnormalities and failure of treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 523349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1546", "title": "Therapy of fungal infections of the central nervous system.", "content": "Fungal infections of the central nervous system present a considerable challenge to available chemotherapy and other forms of treatment. The particular difficulties are discussed here, after an account of the fungi involved and their sensitivity to antifungal agents. Cryptococcal, coccidioidal and candidal infections are considered in more detail.", "contents": "Therapy of fungal infections of the central nervous system. Fungal infections of the central nervous system present a considerable challenge to available chemotherapy and other forms of treatment. The particular difficulties are discussed here, after an account of the fungi involved and their sensitivity to antifungal agents. Cryptococcal, coccidioidal and candidal infections are considered in more detail.", "PMID": 523350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1547", "title": "Aspergillus sinusitis.", "content": "Since 1969, 79 cases of fungal maxillary sinusitis have been diagnosed. Forty-nine were due to Aspergillus fumigatus. There were no underlying diseases which depressed cellular immunity and no patient was receiving immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids. Most patients had received antibacterial therapy before the appearance of FMS. Treatment was by surgery, nystatin and econazole.", "contents": "Aspergillus sinusitis. Since 1969, 79 cases of fungal maxillary sinusitis have been diagnosed. Forty-nine were due to Aspergillus fumigatus. There were no underlying diseases which depressed cellular immunity and no patient was receiving immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids. Most patients had received antibacterial therapy before the appearance of FMS. Treatment was by surgery, nystatin and econazole.", "PMID": 523351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1548", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycoses with emphasis on clinical diagnosis, altered host defensive mechanisms and management.", "content": "Two cases of malignant form of mucormycosis are presented. In spite of extensive treatment with surgery and antifungal drugs, both cases were fatal. Diminished cellular immunity was demonstrated and considered an important factor in the poor outcome.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycoses with emphasis on clinical diagnosis, altered host defensive mechanisms and management. Two cases of malignant form of mucormycosis are presented. In spite of extensive treatment with surgery and antifungal drugs, both cases were fatal. Diminished cellular immunity was demonstrated and considered an important factor in the poor outcome.", "PMID": 523352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1549", "title": "The role of chemotherapy in the management of fungal endocaridits following homograft valve replacement.", "content": "Initial intensive combined chemotherapy, with late re-operation when indicated, appears to give better results than immediate excision of the infected valve. The combination chemotherapy used in this series was amphotericin B (up to 100 mg/patient/day) and flucytosine (up to 12 g/patient/day). Serious side effects attributed to this chemotherapy were extremely rare. Candida infections were the most common and the Aspergillus infections were uniformly fatal. Embolectomies and excisions of large mycotic aneurysms were generally successful. Re-operation for late valve malfunction was common and yielded satisfactory results.", "contents": "The role of chemotherapy in the management of fungal endocaridits following homograft valve replacement. Initial intensive combined chemotherapy, with late re-operation when indicated, appears to give better results than immediate excision of the infected valve. The combination chemotherapy used in this series was amphotericin B (up to 100 mg/patient/day) and flucytosine (up to 12 g/patient/day). Serious side effects attributed to this chemotherapy were extremely rare. Candida infections were the most common and the Aspergillus infections were uniformly fatal. Embolectomies and excisions of large mycotic aneurysms were generally successful. Re-operation for late valve malfunction was common and yielded satisfactory results.", "PMID": 523354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1550", "title": "Ketoconazole, an oral antifungal: laboratory and clinical assessment of imidazole drugs.", "content": "Miconazole, a parenterally administered imidazole antifungal agent has been shown to produce responses in systemic fungal infections in man. Ketoconazole, an analogue, can be given by mouth. It is inhibitory in vitro at low concentrations to most fungi. Blood levels after oral administration to animals and man greatly exceed these inhibitory concentrations for several hours. The efficacy of this drug has been demonstrated in animal models. Initial clinical evaluation has produced responses to therapy with 200-400 mg/day in 13 of 16 evaluable patients with systemic and superficial fungal infections, involving 10 fungal pathogens. No toxicity has been noted to date in these human studies. Ketoconazole is a promising agent needing further extensive evaluation.", "contents": "Ketoconazole, an oral antifungal: laboratory and clinical assessment of imidazole drugs. Miconazole, a parenterally administered imidazole antifungal agent has been shown to produce responses in systemic fungal infections in man. Ketoconazole, an analogue, can be given by mouth. It is inhibitory in vitro at low concentrations to most fungi. Blood levels after oral administration to animals and man greatly exceed these inhibitory concentrations for several hours. The efficacy of this drug has been demonstrated in animal models. Initial clinical evaluation has produced responses to therapy with 200-400 mg/day in 13 of 16 evaluable patients with systemic and superficial fungal infections, involving 10 fungal pathogens. No toxicity has been noted to date in these human studies. Ketoconazole is a promising agent needing further extensive evaluation.", "PMID": 523356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1551", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of imidazole antimycotics.", "content": "According to data on the imidazole antimycotics at present on the market, none of these products satisfactorily fills the gaps which exist in the treatment for mycoses of internal organs, although they have brought considerable progress in the topical treatment of mycoses. On the basis of their very broad spectrum and high intensity of activity under suitable test conditions, and the comparatively tolerable amount of side effects in man, the present imidazole antimycotics are considered to be an encouraging start for future development of derivatives which will lead to products with considerably better pharmacokinetic, and therefore better therapeutic, properties.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of imidazole antimycotics. According to data on the imidazole antimycotics at present on the market, none of these products satisfactorily fills the gaps which exist in the treatment for mycoses of internal organs, although they have brought considerable progress in the topical treatment of mycoses. On the basis of their very broad spectrum and high intensity of activity under suitable test conditions, and the comparatively tolerable amount of side effects in man, the present imidazole antimycotics are considered to be an encouraging start for future development of derivatives which will lead to products with considerably better pharmacokinetic, and therefore better therapeutic, properties.", "PMID": 523357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1552", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and flucytosine.", "content": "The absorption of flucytosine from the digestive tract is very good but minimal with amphotericin B. For this reason, amphotericin B has to be injected intravenously. Fungistatic levels are achieved rapidly with flucytosine and slowly with amphotericin B, since the dose has to be increased slowly. Distribution of flucytosine in other body fluids is high, whereas with amphotericin B it is poor. Flucytosine is excreted mainly via the kidney without metabolism, whereas amphotericin B is eliminated mainly by metabolism. Therefore, amphotericin B dosage does not have to be adapted to kidney function, which is the case for flucytosine. The half-life of flucytosine is short (hours), that of amphotericin B is long (days); flucytosine is haemodialysable, whereas amphotericin B, probably owing to the high protein binding, is not.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and flucytosine. The absorption of flucytosine from the digestive tract is very good but minimal with amphotericin B. For this reason, amphotericin B has to be injected intravenously. Fungistatic levels are achieved rapidly with flucytosine and slowly with amphotericin B, since the dose has to be increased slowly. Distribution of flucytosine in other body fluids is high, whereas with amphotericin B it is poor. Flucytosine is excreted mainly via the kidney without metabolism, whereas amphotericin B is eliminated mainly by metabolism. Therefore, amphotericin B dosage does not have to be adapted to kidney function, which is the case for flucytosine. The half-life of flucytosine is short (hours), that of amphotericin B is long (days); flucytosine is haemodialysable, whereas amphotericin B, probably owing to the high protein binding, is not.", "PMID": 523358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1553", "title": "The influence of carbohydrases on the growth of fungal pathogens in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Mixtures of mycolytic enzymes from various sources release protoplasts from living fungal tissue under suitable conditions. Such enzyme mixtures obtained from Coprinus comatus (mycolase I), Physarum polycephalum (mycolase II) and Lycoperdon pyriforme (mycolase III) are of low toxicity in mammals when given parenterally and are able to cure experimental systemic fungal infections in mice when administered alone or in conjunction with normally ineffective levels of conventional antimycotic drugs such as amphotericin B. The effect is believed to be due to enzymic degradation of the fungal cell wall either killing the fungus directly or enhancing activity of existing antifungal agents by increasing access to the cell interior.", "contents": "The influence of carbohydrases on the growth of fungal pathogens in vitro and in vivo. Mixtures of mycolytic enzymes from various sources release protoplasts from living fungal tissue under suitable conditions. Such enzyme mixtures obtained from Coprinus comatus (mycolase I), Physarum polycephalum (mycolase II) and Lycoperdon pyriforme (mycolase III) are of low toxicity in mammals when given parenterally and are able to cure experimental systemic fungal infections in mice when administered alone or in conjunction with normally ineffective levels of conventional antimycotic drugs such as amphotericin B. The effect is believed to be due to enzymic degradation of the fungal cell wall either killing the fungus directly or enhancing activity of existing antifungal agents by increasing access to the cell interior.", "PMID": 523359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1554", "title": "In vitro synergy and antagonism of antifungal agents against yeast-like fungi.", "content": "Some antifungal agents have been tested qualitatively in various associations against species of Candida, Cryptococcus and Torulopsis. The method used was the channel test and the results are confirmed by comparison with the serial dilution test in agar. The antagonism in vitro with the combination of amphotericin B imidazole suggests that caution must be exercised before prescribing the antifungal drugs in combination for man. The frequent synergy of flucytosine with econazole is, however, encouraging because of the low toxicity of the 2 drugs. Under the limited conditions described, the combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B was not found synergistic but additive on the strains of C. albicans used in this study. This combination was found synergistic for a strain of C. parapsilosis and is useful for avoiding resistance to flucytosine.", "contents": "In vitro synergy and antagonism of antifungal agents against yeast-like fungi. Some antifungal agents have been tested qualitatively in various associations against species of Candida, Cryptococcus and Torulopsis. The method used was the channel test and the results are confirmed by comparison with the serial dilution test in agar. The antagonism in vitro with the combination of amphotericin B imidazole suggests that caution must be exercised before prescribing the antifungal drugs in combination for man. The frequent synergy of flucytosine with econazole is, however, encouraging because of the low toxicity of the 2 drugs. Under the limited conditions described, the combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B was not found synergistic but additive on the strains of C. albicans used in this study. This combination was found synergistic for a strain of C. parapsilosis and is useful for avoiding resistance to flucytosine.", "PMID": 523360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1555", "title": "The host and the parasite.", "content": "The role of the host in the management of patients with mycotic infection is considered. In vivo studies with ketoconazole indicate the importance of the host and the possibility of stimulating host immune mechanisms by an immune modulator.", "contents": "The host and the parasite. The role of the host in the management of patients with mycotic infection is considered. In vivo studies with ketoconazole indicate the importance of the host and the possibility of stimulating host immune mechanisms by an immune modulator.", "PMID": 523361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1556", "title": "Lasalocid in prevention of turkey coccidiosis.", "content": "Lasalocid was tested at graded feed concentrations in controlled battery experiments against single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turykey poults. Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa infected poults medicated with lasalocid at concentrations of 0.15, .0125, .01, .0075, and .005% were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed lower lesion scores (ADI), shed fewer oocysts, and showed reduced or no mortality as compared to the infected, unmedicated controls. Lasalocid activity was similar against the few field isolates tested. Lasalocid responses were dose related, the higher the concentration, the greater the effect. The optimum dose level in these battery studies was approximately .0125%. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period did not have any adverse effect on growth or feed conversion performance.", "contents": "Lasalocid in prevention of turkey coccidiosis. Lasalocid was tested at graded feed concentrations in controlled battery experiments against single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turykey poults. Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa infected poults medicated with lasalocid at concentrations of 0.15, .0125, .01, .0075, and .005% were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed lower lesion scores (ADI), shed fewer oocysts, and showed reduced or no mortality as compared to the infected, unmedicated controls. Lasalocid activity was similar against the few field isolates tested. Lasalocid responses were dose related, the higher the concentration, the greater the effect. The optimum dose level in these battery studies was approximately .0125%. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period did not have any adverse effect on growth or feed conversion performance.", "PMID": 523380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1557", "title": "Efficacy of salinomycin and stenorol against various species of Eimeria and effect on chick performance.", "content": "Three experiments were designed to test the efficacy of salinomycin and stenorol against infection by various Eimeria species on cage reared broiler type chicks. Efficacy was based on a coccidial index. Sixty parts per million salinomycin alone or in combination with 50 ppm 3 nitro significantly improved the index over basal treatments or when 3 nitro was used alone. The differences in index values recorded for coban and salinomycin were not significant. Stenorol significantly improved the index and appeared to be a most effective anticoccidial product. Broiler chickens reared in floor pens to 8 weeks showed a significant reduction in weight gain when the diet contained salinomycin +3 nitro or coban. Stenorol at 3, 6, or 9 ppm reduced body weight, with linear regression for this effect being highly significant (P less than .01). No coccidiosis was observed.", "contents": "Efficacy of salinomycin and stenorol against various species of Eimeria and effect on chick performance. Three experiments were designed to test the efficacy of salinomycin and stenorol against infection by various Eimeria species on cage reared broiler type chicks. Efficacy was based on a coccidial index. Sixty parts per million salinomycin alone or in combination with 50 ppm 3 nitro significantly improved the index over basal treatments or when 3 nitro was used alone. The differences in index values recorded for coban and salinomycin were not significant. Stenorol significantly improved the index and appeared to be a most effective anticoccidial product. Broiler chickens reared in floor pens to 8 weeks showed a significant reduction in weight gain when the diet contained salinomycin +3 nitro or coban. Stenorol at 3, 6, or 9 ppm reduced body weight, with linear regression for this effect being highly significant (P less than .01). No coccidiosis was observed.", "PMID": 523381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1558", "title": "Therapeutical trials with antimicrobial agents and cultured cecal microflora in Salmonella infantis infections in chickens.", "content": "The efficacy of short antimicrobial therapy was examined in chicks infected with S. infantis on the day of hatching. An attempt was made to prevent the reappearance of salmonellae by treating the chicks with a culture of cecal microflora to re-establish the normal intestinal flora. The following drugs were used: neomycin/polymyxin, oxytetracyline/neomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, furazolidone, and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine. The oxytetracycline/neomycin therapy was most effective, but reappearance of the infection was not avoided. Combined therapy with other antimicrobials and the culture reduced the number of infected chicks compared with the respective control groups. A slight reduction was also found when the culture was used alone without any preceding antimicrobial treatment.", "contents": "Therapeutical trials with antimicrobial agents and cultured cecal microflora in Salmonella infantis infections in chickens. The efficacy of short antimicrobial therapy was examined in chicks infected with S. infantis on the day of hatching. An attempt was made to prevent the reappearance of salmonellae by treating the chicks with a culture of cecal microflora to re-establish the normal intestinal flora. The following drugs were used: neomycin/polymyxin, oxytetracyline/neomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, furazolidone, and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine. The oxytetracycline/neomycin therapy was most effective, but reappearance of the infection was not avoided. Combined therapy with other antimicrobials and the culture reduced the number of infected chicks compared with the respective control groups. A slight reduction was also found when the culture was used alone without any preceding antimicrobial treatment.", "PMID": 523382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1559", "title": "Distribution and depletion of radioactivity in hens treated dermally with 14C-labeled permethrin.", "content": "The 25/75 cis-trans mixture of permethrin (BW21Z), one of the new broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticides, was labeled with 14C in the alcohol methylene carbon moiety and mist sprayed at two rates (3.77 or 11.94 mg/hen) on 28 hens. Peak permethrin equivalents in both treatment groups were found in the skins, .414 and l.69 ppm, respectively. Total permethrin equivalents peaked 3 days after treatment, but permethrin equivalents in eggs peaked 5 days after treatment.", "contents": "Distribution and depletion of radioactivity in hens treated dermally with 14C-labeled permethrin. The 25/75 cis-trans mixture of permethrin (BW21Z), one of the new broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticides, was labeled with 14C in the alcohol methylene carbon moiety and mist sprayed at two rates (3.77 or 11.94 mg/hen) on 28 hens. Peak permethrin equivalents in both treatment groups were found in the skins, .414 and l.69 ppm, respectively. Total permethrin equivalents peaked 3 days after treatment, but permethrin equivalents in eggs peaked 5 days after treatment.", "PMID": 523385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1560", "title": "The effect of exercise on the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in chickens.", "content": "Three trials were conducted to study the effects of exercise on aflatoxicosis in young broiler and layer chicks. Aflatoxin B1 was fed at levels of 0 or 5 ppm in a corn-based diet. Exercise was conducted on a motorized treadmill. In one trial, the growth rate of aflatoxin-fed birds was found to be increased significantly (P less than .05) by exercise, but it was not equal to that of the control birds. In other trials, growth rates were increased by exercise in birds receiving aflatoxin, but not significantly. Feed consumption measurements indicated that the decreased growth rates in the aflatoxin-fed birds were due to decreased feed consumption. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were decreased significantly in the unexercised broiler chicks fed aflatoxin (P less than .025). In one trial, liver weights of broiler chicks were increased significantly by aflatoxin (P less than .005). In the birds fed aflatoxin and exercised, liver weights also were increased but to a lesser degree (P less than .01).", "contents": "The effect of exercise on the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in chickens. Three trials were conducted to study the effects of exercise on aflatoxicosis in young broiler and layer chicks. Aflatoxin B1 was fed at levels of 0 or 5 ppm in a corn-based diet. Exercise was conducted on a motorized treadmill. In one trial, the growth rate of aflatoxin-fed birds was found to be increased significantly (P less than .05) by exercise, but it was not equal to that of the control birds. In other trials, growth rates were increased by exercise in birds receiving aflatoxin, but not significantly. Feed consumption measurements indicated that the decreased growth rates in the aflatoxin-fed birds were due to decreased feed consumption. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were decreased significantly in the unexercised broiler chicks fed aflatoxin (P less than .025). In one trial, liver weights of broiler chicks were increased significantly by aflatoxin (P less than .005). In the birds fed aflatoxin and exercised, liver weights also were increased but to a lesser degree (P less than .01).", "PMID": 523387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1561", "title": "Studies on duck nutrition. III. Arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings.", "content": "Growth assays were conducted to determine the dietary arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. The metabolizable energy content of the basal diets used for the arginine and lysine requirement studies was 2810 and 2828 kcal/kg, respectively. Two-day-old ducklings of mixed sexes were fed on a starter diet for one week, fasted for 8 to 12 hr and then were fed on experimental diets for 12 or 14 days. Weight gain and feed consumption were recorded at the end of each experiment. The minimum requirements for arginine and lysine were obtained by regression analysis of weight gain or feed efficiency against arginine or lysine content in the diet. The minimum arginine requirements for maximum growth and efficiency of feed utilization were 1.08% of the diet or 6.0% of the dietary crude protein. The minimum requirements of the total lysine and available lysine were 1.06% and .97%, respectively, of the diet or 5.9% and 5.4%, respectively, of the dietary crude protein for both maximum growth and feed efficiency.", "contents": "Studies on duck nutrition. III. Arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. Growth assays were conducted to determine the dietary arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. The metabolizable energy content of the basal diets used for the arginine and lysine requirement studies was 2810 and 2828 kcal/kg, respectively. Two-day-old ducklings of mixed sexes were fed on a starter diet for one week, fasted for 8 to 12 hr and then were fed on experimental diets for 12 or 14 days. Weight gain and feed consumption were recorded at the end of each experiment. The minimum requirements for arginine and lysine were obtained by regression analysis of weight gain or feed efficiency against arginine or lysine content in the diet. The minimum arginine requirements for maximum growth and efficiency of feed utilization were 1.08% of the diet or 6.0% of the dietary crude protein. The minimum requirements of the total lysine and available lysine were 1.06% and .97%, respectively, of the diet or 5.9% and 5.4%, respectively, of the dietary crude protein for both maximum growth and feed efficiency.", "PMID": 523389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1562", "title": "Incidence of degenerative myopathy among turkeys fed corn or wheat based rations.", "content": "Turkeys were fed either corn based or wheat based rations and necropsied between 28 and 118 weeks of age. Practically all birds affected with degenerative myopathy were detected among those killed between 77 and 85 weeks of age. The incidence of the disease was 0% among 125 males and 7.9% among 139 females. No significant difference in incidence was observed between birds fed corn based and birds fed wheat based rations.", "contents": "Incidence of degenerative myopathy among turkeys fed corn or wheat based rations. Turkeys were fed either corn based or wheat based rations and necropsied between 28 and 118 weeks of age. Practically all birds affected with degenerative myopathy were detected among those killed between 77 and 85 weeks of age. The incidence of the disease was 0% among 125 males and 7.9% among 139 females. No significant difference in incidence was observed between birds fed corn based and birds fed wheat based rations.", "PMID": 523390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1563", "title": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 3. Plasma thyroxine, plasma triiodothyronine, adrenal cholesterol, and total adrenal steroids.", "content": "The effects of forced molting on plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroid content were studied. Commercially available strains of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, reared and maintained under commercial conditions, were used in the three trials. The hens were moved to environmentally modified facilities prior to the forced molt which was accomplished by reducing daylength and by withdrawing feed and water. Egg production ceased within one week of initiation of this procedure. The hens were sampled either daily or an alternate days for up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. Plasma T4 initially decreased upon removal of feed, but increased above control levels by the sixth day of feed withdrawal. Plasma T3 levels remained relatively constant throughout the feed withdrawal period. Resumption of feeding with a fortified ground corn ration resulted in a decrease in T4 and concomitant increase in T3. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroids were not consistent. However, there was a trend toward increased total adrenal steroids during feed withdrawal, and an increase in adrenal cholesterol upon the resumption of feeding.", "contents": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 3. Plasma thyroxine, plasma triiodothyronine, adrenal cholesterol, and total adrenal steroids. The effects of forced molting on plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroid content were studied. Commercially available strains of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, reared and maintained under commercial conditions, were used in the three trials. The hens were moved to environmentally modified facilities prior to the forced molt which was accomplished by reducing daylength and by withdrawing feed and water. Egg production ceased within one week of initiation of this procedure. The hens were sampled either daily or an alternate days for up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. Plasma T4 initially decreased upon removal of feed, but increased above control levels by the sixth day of feed withdrawal. Plasma T3 levels remained relatively constant throughout the feed withdrawal period. Resumption of feeding with a fortified ground corn ration resulted in a decrease in T4 and concomitant increase in T3. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroids were not consistent. However, there was a trend toward increased total adrenal steroids during feed withdrawal, and an increase in adrenal cholesterol upon the resumption of feeding.", "PMID": 523391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1564", "title": "Hatchability of bobwhite quail eggs incubated in various temperature combinations.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted to compare the effects of various incubation temperature combinations on the hatchability of Bobwhite quail eggs. A starting incubation temperature of 40.6 C resulted in numerically lower hatchability. Incubation at 37.5 C resulted in a greater number of pipped, unhatched eggs, and a later, less uniform hatch. Temperatures during the hatching period (22 to 25 days of incubation) of 36.9 C and 38.1 C resulted in lower hatchability than the hatching temperature of 37.5 C.", "contents": "Hatchability of bobwhite quail eggs incubated in various temperature combinations. Five experiments were conducted to compare the effects of various incubation temperature combinations on the hatchability of Bobwhite quail eggs. A starting incubation temperature of 40.6 C resulted in numerically lower hatchability. Incubation at 37.5 C resulted in a greater number of pipped, unhatched eggs, and a later, less uniform hatch. Temperatures during the hatching period (22 to 25 days of incubation) of 36.9 C and 38.1 C resulted in lower hatchability than the hatching temperature of 37.5 C.", "PMID": 523392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1565", "title": "Serum luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol levels in relation to broodiness in the turkey (Meleagris gallapavo).", "content": "Changes in nesting frequency, serum LH, progesterone, and estradiol were measured in relation to the onset of broodiness in turkeys. In each of two experiments the frequency of nest visits increased about four-fold in the 5 to 7 day interval before oviposition of the last egg associated with the onset of broodiness. In the 9 day period prior to oviposition of this egg LH levels declined from about 12 ng/ml to 6 to 7 ng/ml (Experiment 1) and from about 9 ng/ml to less than 5 ng/ml (Experiment 2). Progesterone levels declined during this same period going from about 2 to 2.5 ng/ml down to less than .5 ng/ml. In the 5 day period following the nadir in serum LH, which occurred on or a day or two after the last egg, levels of this hormone again rose substantially. Estradiol levels, assayed in Experiment 2, were generally low with many samples below detectability (less than 3 pg/ml). There were no consistent changes in serum estradiol until the day before oviposition of the last egg. On this day, and on the subsequent four days, mean estradiol levels were at a nadir (6 to 9 pg/ml) and rose to levels averaging over 11 pg/ml in the following five day period.", "contents": "Serum luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol levels in relation to broodiness in the turkey (Meleagris gallapavo). Changes in nesting frequency, serum LH, progesterone, and estradiol were measured in relation to the onset of broodiness in turkeys. In each of two experiments the frequency of nest visits increased about four-fold in the 5 to 7 day interval before oviposition of the last egg associated with the onset of broodiness. In the 9 day period prior to oviposition of this egg LH levels declined from about 12 ng/ml to 6 to 7 ng/ml (Experiment 1) and from about 9 ng/ml to less than 5 ng/ml (Experiment 2). Progesterone levels declined during this same period going from about 2 to 2.5 ng/ml down to less than .5 ng/ml. In the 5 day period following the nadir in serum LH, which occurred on or a day or two after the last egg, levels of this hormone again rose substantially. Estradiol levels, assayed in Experiment 2, were generally low with many samples below detectability (less than 3 pg/ml). There were no consistent changes in serum estradiol until the day before oviposition of the last egg. On this day, and on the subsequent four days, mean estradiol levels were at a nadir (6 to 9 pg/ml) and rose to levels averaging over 11 pg/ml in the following five day period.", "PMID": 523393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1566", "title": "Infertility in the turkey. I. Effects of anti-sperm immune globulins on fertilizing ability of turkey spermatozoa.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of globulins, isolated from sera of turkey hens immunized against semen, on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa and the hatchability of eggs. Sperm were incubated in sera from hens immunized against semen and in sera from non-immunized hens as well as in globulin solutions isolated from these various sera. In neither experiment did sera from control hens or gamma globulins isolated from their sera affect the fertilizing ability of sperm. In contrast, all sera from immunized hens drastically reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm. In Experiment 1, .75% gamma globulin solutions from two hens did not depress fertility but a 1.5% solution from one of the immunized hens significantly (P less than .05) reduced it. In this experiment none of the treatments had a significant effect on hatchability. Antisemen globulin solutions of 2.25 and 4.50% from 12 hens significantly reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm in dose related fashion. The higher of the two levels suppressed it to the level of whole sera. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly reduced by the anti-semen sera and globulins isolated from it in the second experiment.", "contents": "Infertility in the turkey. I. Effects of anti-sperm immune globulins on fertilizing ability of turkey spermatozoa. Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of globulins, isolated from sera of turkey hens immunized against semen, on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa and the hatchability of eggs. Sperm were incubated in sera from hens immunized against semen and in sera from non-immunized hens as well as in globulin solutions isolated from these various sera. In neither experiment did sera from control hens or gamma globulins isolated from their sera affect the fertilizing ability of sperm. In contrast, all sera from immunized hens drastically reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm. In Experiment 1, .75% gamma globulin solutions from two hens did not depress fertility but a 1.5% solution from one of the immunized hens significantly (P less than .05) reduced it. In this experiment none of the treatments had a significant effect on hatchability. Antisemen globulin solutions of 2.25 and 4.50% from 12 hens significantly reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm in dose related fashion. The higher of the two levels suppressed it to the level of whole sera. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly reduced by the anti-semen sera and globulins isolated from it in the second experiment.", "PMID": 523394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1567", "title": "Infertility in the turkey. III. Effects of sera from sterile and fertile females on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.", "content": "In an attempt to understand the cause for spontaneous infertility in female turkeys, sera were obtained from a flock suffering this condition. These sera, from hens of known fertility, were tested for anti-fertility actions by incubating semen in them. After incubation, semen was inseminated into unrelated recipient hens. In the first of two experiments, semen incubated in sera from high fertility hens (average 89%) produced a fertility level of 72.7% over an 8 week period while semen incubated in sera from sterile hens significantly reduced fertility to 52.3%. In a second experiment sera from sterile donors again caused a significant reduction in the fertilizing ability of sperm (56.3% for sera from sterile hens vs. 73.5% for sera from high fertility hens). These results indicate the presence of a factor(s) in the sera of sterile hens which may be causally related to their infertility.", "contents": "Infertility in the turkey. III. Effects of sera from sterile and fertile females on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. In an attempt to understand the cause for spontaneous infertility in female turkeys, sera were obtained from a flock suffering this condition. These sera, from hens of known fertility, were tested for anti-fertility actions by incubating semen in them. After incubation, semen was inseminated into unrelated recipient hens. In the first of two experiments, semen incubated in sera from high fertility hens (average 89%) produced a fertility level of 72.7% over an 8 week period while semen incubated in sera from sterile hens significantly reduced fertility to 52.3%. In a second experiment sera from sterile donors again caused a significant reduction in the fertilizing ability of sperm (56.3% for sera from sterile hens vs. 73.5% for sera from high fertility hens). These results indicate the presence of a factor(s) in the sera of sterile hens which may be causally related to their infertility.", "PMID": 523396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1568", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on light-stimulated ovarian function in turkeys.", "content": "Previous studies in the turkey have shown that lesions placed in the preoptic brain (POR) block ovulation, while lesions placed in the tuberal hypothalamus (TH) induce regression of rapidly growing ovarian follicles. In the present experiments, the nature of the neural pathways to and between these regions is explored by the method of neural transection performed with a small, stereotaxically positioned knife. Superior deafferentation of the POR allowed light-stimulated rapid growth of ovarian follicles but appeared to block or suppress ovulation. Complete deafferentation of the TH prevented development of the ovary as indicated by the failure of ovarian follicles to enter the phase of rapid growth. Partial cuts that severed anterior inputs to the TH blocked follicular growth, whereas cuts that severed lateral and posterodorsal connections or posterior connections to this region had no effect on development of a functional ovary. Deafferentation of the posterior two-thirds of the TH, which created an island including the posterodorsal region of the infundibular nuclear complex, did not block ovulation.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on light-stimulated ovarian function in turkeys. Previous studies in the turkey have shown that lesions placed in the preoptic brain (POR) block ovulation, while lesions placed in the tuberal hypothalamus (TH) induce regression of rapidly growing ovarian follicles. In the present experiments, the nature of the neural pathways to and between these regions is explored by the method of neural transection performed with a small, stereotaxically positioned knife. Superior deafferentation of the POR allowed light-stimulated rapid growth of ovarian follicles but appeared to block or suppress ovulation. Complete deafferentation of the TH prevented development of the ovary as indicated by the failure of ovarian follicles to enter the phase of rapid growth. Partial cuts that severed anterior inputs to the TH blocked follicular growth, whereas cuts that severed lateral and posterodorsal connections or posterior connections to this region had no effect on development of a functional ovary. Deafferentation of the posterior two-thirds of the TH, which created an island including the posterodorsal region of the infundibular nuclear complex, did not block ovulation.", "PMID": 523397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1569", "title": "[Plasma amino acids and nitrogen balance during the postoperative period in metabolically healthy patients. 2nd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Under parenteral and following oral nutrition in ten metabolically healthy patients the plasma amino acids were determined before and after vaginal hysterectomy. Starting from normal preoperative values there is a fall in the plasma concentration of most amino acids. The branched-chain amino acids decreased significantly, but under oral feeding they rose above the initial values. With increased plasma phenylalanine and methionine levels the concentration of cystine and tyrosine remained nearly unchanged. Glycine showed no increased levels while serine concentration was decreased even under substitution.", "contents": "[Plasma amino acids and nitrogen balance during the postoperative period in metabolically healthy patients. 2nd communication (author's transl)]. Under parenteral and following oral nutrition in ten metabolically healthy patients the plasma amino acids were determined before and after vaginal hysterectomy. Starting from normal preoperative values there is a fall in the plasma concentration of most amino acids. The branched-chain amino acids decreased significantly, but under oral feeding they rose above the initial values. With increased plasma phenylalanine and methionine levels the concentration of cystine and tyrosine remained nearly unchanged. Glycine showed no increased levels while serine concentration was decreased even under substitution.", "PMID": 523412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1570", "title": "[Interaction between intensive care patients; a comparison of different intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was made of the extent and type of contact which patients of an intensive care unit established with each other. The information was obtained by interviewing 92 patients in 4 different types of intensive care units. In evaluating and interpreting the results special attention was paid to the possible influence of 10 patient-specific and disease-specific parameters. 81 per cent of the interviewed persons had established contact, mostly of a verbal nature, with their fellow patients. The majority appreciated the companionship and attached a positive value to the contacts made: communication with the other patients relieved the mental stress arising from their condition and detracted from their anxiety and tendency to brooding; on the other hand, they were also, to some extent, worried that too much excitement might adversely affect their condition. Encouraging talks by the medical team greatly helped towards reducing stress. Even severely ill persons who could no longer actively communicate felt happier in a multi-bed ward: they felt less isolated and more involved and therefore, psychically supported. The fact that the great majority of patients preferred multi-bed units to single rooms suggests that the former have a stabilizing effect, both physically and psychically - an aspect of intensive care that has so far been ignored.", "contents": "[Interaction between intensive care patients; a comparison of different intensive care units (author's transl)]. A study was made of the extent and type of contact which patients of an intensive care unit established with each other. The information was obtained by interviewing 92 patients in 4 different types of intensive care units. In evaluating and interpreting the results special attention was paid to the possible influence of 10 patient-specific and disease-specific parameters. 81 per cent of the interviewed persons had established contact, mostly of a verbal nature, with their fellow patients. The majority appreciated the companionship and attached a positive value to the contacts made: communication with the other patients relieved the mental stress arising from their condition and detracted from their anxiety and tendency to brooding; on the other hand, they were also, to some extent, worried that too much excitement might adversely affect their condition. Encouraging talks by the medical team greatly helped towards reducing stress. Even severely ill persons who could no longer actively communicate felt happier in a multi-bed ward: they felt less isolated and more involved and therefore, psychically supported. The fact that the great majority of patients preferred multi-bed units to single rooms suggests that the former have a stabilizing effect, both physically and psychically - an aspect of intensive care that has so far been ignored.", "PMID": 523413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1571", "title": "[Hydrothorax as a complication due to left internal jugular vein catheterisation (author's transl)].", "content": "We present a case of hydrothorax, which occured in a young man following unrecognized vein perforation by a left internal jugular vein catheter two days after cannulation. The mechanism of this complication and methods for its prevention are discussed.", "contents": "[Hydrothorax as a complication due to left internal jugular vein catheterisation (author's transl)]. We present a case of hydrothorax, which occured in a young man following unrecognized vein perforation by a left internal jugular vein catheter two days after cannulation. The mechanism of this complication and methods for its prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 523414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1572", "title": "[Severe complications after caval vein catheterization (author's transl)].", "content": "In 13 autopsy cases after catheterization of the superior caval vein a surprisingly high rate of incorrect positions of the catheter tip within the right atrium was seen. This had resulted in wide spreaded lesions of the endocardium and in voluminous thrombosis around the catheter tip. In one case a pericardial serous effusion with letal cardiac tamponade was found because of such malpositioning of a caval catheter. The mechanical stress to the endothelium by the catheter tip is held responsible for the intima lesions in the right atrium. The need for X-ray-control of the catheter position and its fixation at the site of entry through the skin is stressed.", "contents": "[Severe complications after caval vein catheterization (author's transl)]. In 13 autopsy cases after catheterization of the superior caval vein a surprisingly high rate of incorrect positions of the catheter tip within the right atrium was seen. This had resulted in wide spreaded lesions of the endocardium and in voluminous thrombosis around the catheter tip. In one case a pericardial serous effusion with letal cardiac tamponade was found because of such malpositioning of a caval catheter. The mechanical stress to the endothelium by the catheter tip is held responsible for the intima lesions in the right atrium. The need for X-ray-control of the catheter position and its fixation at the site of entry through the skin is stressed.", "PMID": 523415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1573", "title": "[An unusual complication of subclavian vein catheterisation (author's transl)].", "content": "A complete knot of a central venous catheter is a rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization. The knot was pulled tight and minimised, because it was impossible to untie the catheter by the \"guidewire-technique\" (9). After that, the catheter was removed without damage to the venous wall.", "contents": "[An unusual complication of subclavian vein catheterisation (author's transl)]. A complete knot of a central venous catheter is a rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization. The knot was pulled tight and minimised, because it was impossible to untie the catheter by the \"guidewire-technique\" (9). After that, the catheter was removed without damage to the venous wall.", "PMID": 523416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1574", "title": "[Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract caused by industrial allergens (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract caused by allergising substances at the place of work, must be classified and compensated as occupational diseases - provided certain conditions are fulfilled - according to item No. 4301 of the currently valid Industrial Health Insurance legislation. The article discusses the aetiopathogenesis as well as the special features of clinic and diagnosis of occupationally conditioned allergic obstruction of the respiratory tract, previously known as asthma bronchiale. In contrast to \"spontaneous\" allergy, the occupational cause of the disease is due to the often massive exposition to allergens at the place of work, as well as the frequently aggressive potency of several industrial allergens, these being considered as the actual \"shaping\" factors. The article stresses the need for early diagnosis, as far as possible already in the is allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Treatment directed at removing the causes includes, fundamentally, prophylaxis against exposure (considering the time during which the allergens remain dormant without triggering an allergy); obviously, this involves change of occupation or place of work, whereas specific treatment aimed at producing hyposensibilisation must remain an exception. The article concludes with a description of the possibilities of prevention mainly from the medical point of view.", "contents": "[Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract caused by industrial allergens (author's transl)]. Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract caused by allergising substances at the place of work, must be classified and compensated as occupational diseases - provided certain conditions are fulfilled - according to item No. 4301 of the currently valid Industrial Health Insurance legislation. The article discusses the aetiopathogenesis as well as the special features of clinic and diagnosis of occupationally conditioned allergic obstruction of the respiratory tract, previously known as asthma bronchiale. In contrast to \"spontaneous\" allergy, the occupational cause of the disease is due to the often massive exposition to allergens at the place of work, as well as the frequently aggressive potency of several industrial allergens, these being considered as the actual \"shaping\" factors. The article stresses the need for early diagnosis, as far as possible already in the is allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Treatment directed at removing the causes includes, fundamentally, prophylaxis against exposure (considering the time during which the allergens remain dormant without triggering an allergy); obviously, this involves change of occupation or place of work, whereas specific treatment aimed at producing hyposensibilisation must remain an exception. The article concludes with a description of the possibilities of prevention mainly from the medical point of view.", "PMID": 523418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1575", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of patients with pollen allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "134 patients with pollen allergy were studied in a medical practice. The frequency of hay fever was 56%, hay fever with cough 9% and pollen asthma 35%. The following differences were stated: 53.2% of the asthmatics but only 9.3% of patients with hay fever had a history of nonallergic bronchial irritation in the case of acute bronchitis, exercise or irritant gases. Asthmatics showed significantly more frequently positive skin reactions additionally to pollen. The distribution of age of onset of hay fever was similar in both groups. The prevalence of both diseases was the same up to the age of 20 years, after which it remained constant up to 29 for asthmatics and declined in hay fever. In patients with asthma and hay fever the two diseases began within the same year in 48,9%, asthma followed hay fever in 26,7% within 4, in 15,6% within 5--9 and in 8,6% within ten years or later after the begin of hay fever. It could be shown, that the frequency and the distribution of some characteristics of patients with pollen allergy of a medical practice are comparable to epidemiological findings and may be used for long time studies with the purpose to watch the transition of pollinosis to pollen asthma.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of patients with pollen allergy (author's transl)]. 134 patients with pollen allergy were studied in a medical practice. The frequency of hay fever was 56%, hay fever with cough 9% and pollen asthma 35%. The following differences were stated: 53.2% of the asthmatics but only 9.3% of patients with hay fever had a history of nonallergic bronchial irritation in the case of acute bronchitis, exercise or irritant gases. Asthmatics showed significantly more frequently positive skin reactions additionally to pollen. The distribution of age of onset of hay fever was similar in both groups. The prevalence of both diseases was the same up to the age of 20 years, after which it remained constant up to 29 for asthmatics and declined in hay fever. In patients with asthma and hay fever the two diseases began within the same year in 48,9%, asthma followed hay fever in 26,7% within 4, in 15,6% within 5--9 and in 8,6% within ten years or later after the begin of hay fever. It could be shown, that the frequency and the distribution of some characteristics of patients with pollen allergy of a medical practice are comparable to epidemiological findings and may be used for long time studies with the purpose to watch the transition of pollinosis to pollen asthma.", "PMID": 523419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1576", "title": "[Primary resistance to isoniazid (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary resistance to isoniazid is to be expected in 3.4 per cent of all tuberculous persons in the German Federal Republic including Berlin (West). An increased incidence in primary isoniazid resistance was observed during 1974--1977 in two neighbouring districts. Potential causes and the clinical consequences of the increased resistance are discussed.", "contents": "[Primary resistance to isoniazid (author's transl)]. Primary resistance to isoniazid is to be expected in 3.4 per cent of all tuberculous persons in the German Federal Republic including Berlin (West). An increased incidence in primary isoniazid resistance was observed during 1974--1977 in two neighbouring districts. Potential causes and the clinical consequences of the increased resistance are discussed.", "PMID": 523420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1577", "title": "[A pilot and a controlled study of the influence of ethambutol on serum urate concentration and uric acid clearance (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethambutol is said to be capable of elevating serum urate concentration. This statement was reconsidered in three investigations using strictly supervised administration of ethambutol in a single daily dose of 25 mg. per kg. of body weight: (1) In short term administration 10 healthy subjects received ethambutol for eight days. (2) In a pilot study 13 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with a triple combination including thambutol for six months. (3) In a controlled trial 23 patients were randomly allocated to one of the following regiments: In the first group patients received ethambutol plus isoniazid plus rifampicin for six months. In the second group patients received streptomycin plus isoniazid plus PAS for three months and thereafter streptomycin plus isoniazid plus ethambutol for another three months. Serum urate concentrations and clearances of uric acid and of creatinine were determined periodically in all subjects. A slight increase in serum urate concentration occurring in long term therapy showed no relation to ethambutol administration, but was obviously dependant on parameters related to the course of the disease in form of increase in body weight and physical activity, or related to the well known syntropy of chronic alcoholism and tuberculosis.", "contents": "[A pilot and a controlled study of the influence of ethambutol on serum urate concentration and uric acid clearance (author's transl)]. Ethambutol is said to be capable of elevating serum urate concentration. This statement was reconsidered in three investigations using strictly supervised administration of ethambutol in a single daily dose of 25 mg. per kg. of body weight: (1) In short term administration 10 healthy subjects received ethambutol for eight days. (2) In a pilot study 13 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with a triple combination including thambutol for six months. (3) In a controlled trial 23 patients were randomly allocated to one of the following regiments: In the first group patients received ethambutol plus isoniazid plus rifampicin for six months. In the second group patients received streptomycin plus isoniazid plus PAS for three months and thereafter streptomycin plus isoniazid plus ethambutol for another three months. Serum urate concentrations and clearances of uric acid and of creatinine were determined periodically in all subjects. A slight increase in serum urate concentration occurring in long term therapy showed no relation to ethambutol administration, but was obviously dependant on parameters related to the course of the disease in form of increase in body weight and physical activity, or related to the well known syntropy of chronic alcoholism and tuberculosis.", "PMID": 523421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1578", "title": "[Evaluation of lung function tests by means of a programmed minicomputer (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer programme for a small programmable electronic calculator is introduced which considerably facilitates the offline evaluation of tests of the ventilatory lung function and mechanics of breathing, including the establishment of individuel ideal values. This favourably priced computer reduces the time required for calculation by about one-third compared with the conventional method. The process of assessment is rendered strikingly simple and hence safer by this highly versatile computer.", "contents": "[Evaluation of lung function tests by means of a programmed minicomputer (author's transl)]. A computer programme for a small programmable electronic calculator is introduced which considerably facilitates the offline evaluation of tests of the ventilatory lung function and mechanics of breathing, including the establishment of individuel ideal values. This favourably priced computer reduces the time required for calculation by about one-third compared with the conventional method. The process of assessment is rendered strikingly simple and hence safer by this highly versatile computer.", "PMID": 523422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1579", "title": "[Smoking and lung cancer in women (author's transl)].", "content": "60 per cent (108) of 180 women with lung cancer were cigarette smokers as compared with only 21 per cent (75) smokers in a control group of 360 female patients. The former group had been smoking for an average of 40 years, with a preference for high-tar cigarettes in 78 per cent of the cases. The women in the control group had started smoking about 33 years ago and 57 per cent preferred low tar cigarettes. The differences were significant. The exposure pattern of male and female lung cancer patients was markedly the same.", "contents": "[Smoking and lung cancer in women (author's transl)]. 60 per cent (108) of 180 women with lung cancer were cigarette smokers as compared with only 21 per cent (75) smokers in a control group of 360 female patients. The former group had been smoking for an average of 40 years, with a preference for high-tar cigarettes in 78 per cent of the cases. The women in the control group had started smoking about 33 years ago and 57 per cent preferred low tar cigarettes. The differences were significant. The exposure pattern of male and female lung cancer patients was markedly the same.", "PMID": 523423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1580", "title": "[Comparative examination of theophylline-serum-concentrations and bronchospasmolytic effect of cholintheophyllinate (euspirax) and theophyllin-aethylendiamine (euphyllin retard) in patients with obstructive airway diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "12 patients with obstructive airway diseases were given a single oral dose of 400 mg resp. 600 mg Cholintheophyllinate (Euspirax) and 350 mg Theophyllin-Aethylendiamine (Euphyllin retard). In an intra-individual comparative study the theophylline-serum-concentrations and the bronchospasmolytic effects of both drugs have been checked over a period of 12 hours. A very good resorption and the highest mean blood levels of 9,13 +/- 2,88 mg/1 resp. 12,11 +/- 2,55 mg/1 resulted from Cholintheophyllinate 2 hours after application. The effect on the lung function parameters was most expressed 2 to 4 hours after application of this drug and correlated well with the theophylline-blood-levels. The higher dose of Euspirax was followed more frequently by side effects. 2, 4 and 12 hours after application of Euphyllin retard the serum-concentrations were strikingly low. The mean values were 2,04 +/- 1,22 mg/l, 3,00 +/- 2,18 mg/l resp. 3,38 +/- 2,01 mg/l. In spite of the low blood levels a significant improvement of the lung function parameters could be noticed after 4 to 6 hours. The qualities of both drugs as to their bioavailability and effect on airway obstruction shall be examined by means of another comparative study.", "contents": "[Comparative examination of theophylline-serum-concentrations and bronchospasmolytic effect of cholintheophyllinate (euspirax) and theophyllin-aethylendiamine (euphyllin retard) in patients with obstructive airway diseases (author's transl)]. 12 patients with obstructive airway diseases were given a single oral dose of 400 mg resp. 600 mg Cholintheophyllinate (Euspirax) and 350 mg Theophyllin-Aethylendiamine (Euphyllin retard). In an intra-individual comparative study the theophylline-serum-concentrations and the bronchospasmolytic effects of both drugs have been checked over a period of 12 hours. A very good resorption and the highest mean blood levels of 9,13 +/- 2,88 mg/1 resp. 12,11 +/- 2,55 mg/1 resulted from Cholintheophyllinate 2 hours after application. The effect on the lung function parameters was most expressed 2 to 4 hours after application of this drug and correlated well with the theophylline-blood-levels. The higher dose of Euspirax was followed more frequently by side effects. 2, 4 and 12 hours after application of Euphyllin retard the serum-concentrations were strikingly low. The mean values were 2,04 +/- 1,22 mg/l, 3,00 +/- 2,18 mg/l resp. 3,38 +/- 2,01 mg/l. In spite of the low blood levels a significant improvement of the lung function parameters could be noticed after 4 to 6 hours. The qualities of both drugs as to their bioavailability and effect on airway obstruction shall be examined by means of another comparative study.", "PMID": 523424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1581", "title": "[Sonographic differentiation of pulmonary opacities (author's transl)].", "content": "Sonography offers a supplementary diagnostic method in cases where X-ray examination has established the presence of opacities in the lungs. Simple criteria generally allow differentiation between solid and liquid structures and thus to distinguish between effusions, haematoma, empyema and adhesions and tumors. - Sonographically directed needle biopsies following the sonographic localization of encysted effusions or a tumor ensure the correct site of puncture and provide the means to establish the diagnosis histologically, cytologically and bacteriologically.", "contents": "[Sonographic differentiation of pulmonary opacities (author's transl)]. Sonography offers a supplementary diagnostic method in cases where X-ray examination has established the presence of opacities in the lungs. Simple criteria generally allow differentiation between solid and liquid structures and thus to distinguish between effusions, haematoma, empyema and adhesions and tumors. - Sonographically directed needle biopsies following the sonographic localization of encysted effusions or a tumor ensure the correct site of puncture and provide the means to establish the diagnosis histologically, cytologically and bacteriologically.", "PMID": 523425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1582", "title": "[Haemangioma capillare of the pleura with ipsilateral haemopneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The article introduces a patient with left-side haemangioma capillare of the pleura parietalis with haemopneumothorax and ipsilateral cystic changes of the left upper lobe of the l,ng. 2. The aetiopathogenesis of the disease is discussed as an abortive type of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia), the diagnosis being based exclusively on histological findings as the only possibility of diagnosis. 3. The therapeutic approach is discussed.", "contents": "[Haemangioma capillare of the pleura with ipsilateral haemopneumothorax (author's transl)]. 1. The article introduces a patient with left-side haemangioma capillare of the pleura parietalis with haemopneumothorax and ipsilateral cystic changes of the left upper lobe of the l,ng. 2. The aetiopathogenesis of the disease is discussed as an abortive type of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia), the diagnosis being based exclusively on histological findings as the only possibility of diagnosis. 3. The therapeutic approach is discussed.", "PMID": 523426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1583", "title": "[Various characteristics of energy metabolism in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In the blood of patients (104) with diabetes mellitus of various severity some energy metabolic indices (lactate, pyruvate, nonesterified fatty acids, and in some patients also glycogen and glycogenolytic activity of the blood), tissue oxygen tension and immunoreactive insulin were studied simultaneously. The glycogen content, a and b phosphorylase activity were determined in the liver and the skeletal muscles, and lactate, glycogen, and pyruvate in the blood of animals with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus (alloxan and immune diabetes). Changes in the energy metabolism were revealed in all forms of diabetes mellitus: in hyperinsulinism accompanying early forms of diabetes mellitus there was activation of anaerobic processes and tissue hyperoxygenation, and at the late stages of the disease a tendency to tissue hypoxia. Experimental diabetes was accompanied by glycogen reduction in the skeletal muscles together with the growth of b phosphorylase activity. This could be due to the reduction of glucose-6-phosphate in the muscles and to a disturbed activity of the other systems regulating glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "[Various characteristics of energy metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. In the blood of patients (104) with diabetes mellitus of various severity some energy metabolic indices (lactate, pyruvate, nonesterified fatty acids, and in some patients also glycogen and glycogenolytic activity of the blood), tissue oxygen tension and immunoreactive insulin were studied simultaneously. The glycogen content, a and b phosphorylase activity were determined in the liver and the skeletal muscles, and lactate, glycogen, and pyruvate in the blood of animals with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus (alloxan and immune diabetes). Changes in the energy metabolism were revealed in all forms of diabetes mellitus: in hyperinsulinism accompanying early forms of diabetes mellitus there was activation of anaerobic processes and tissue hyperoxygenation, and at the late stages of the disease a tendency to tissue hypoxia. Experimental diabetes was accompanied by glycogen reduction in the skeletal muscles together with the growth of b phosphorylase activity. This could be due to the reduction of glucose-6-phosphate in the muscles and to a disturbed activity of the other systems regulating glycogen metabolism.", "PMID": 523435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1584", "title": "[Dynamics of erythrocyte hexokinase activity during glucose tolerance test in children with hereditary diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In determining the changes in hexokinase activity in erythrocytes during the glucose tolerance test in children with heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus in comparison with such in apparently healthy children it was shown that in latent diabets the enzyme activity failed to alter during the whold period of study (on fasting stomach, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after glucose load), and increased 60 minutes after glucose load in potential diabetes, but to a lesser extent than in the control group. Changes of erythrocyte hexokinase response to glucose administration could serve as an auxiliary criterion for determination of the degree of risk in children with threatening diabetes.", "contents": "[Dynamics of erythrocyte hexokinase activity during glucose tolerance test in children with hereditary diabetes mellitus]. In determining the changes in hexokinase activity in erythrocytes during the glucose tolerance test in children with heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus in comparison with such in apparently healthy children it was shown that in latent diabets the enzyme activity failed to alter during the whold period of study (on fasting stomach, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after glucose load), and increased 60 minutes after glucose load in potential diabetes, but to a lesser extent than in the control group. Changes of erythrocyte hexokinase response to glucose administration could serve as an auxiliary criterion for determination of the degree of risk in children with threatening diabetes.", "PMID": 523437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1585", "title": "[Oral administration of insulin with synthetic polymers].", "content": "A saccharolytic action of insulin given orally with various synthetic polymers to rabbits was studied. Blood sugar level gave the greatest fall when insulin mixtures with strong electrolytes were used. In this case when the weight proportion of insulin-polymers was 1 : 5 insulin action was prolonged to 5 hours, addition of surfactants permitted to get an analogous saccharolytic effect with reduction of the insulin dose by half (50 AU per animal).", "contents": "[Oral administration of insulin with synthetic polymers]. A saccharolytic action of insulin given orally with various synthetic polymers to rabbits was studied. Blood sugar level gave the greatest fall when insulin mixtures with strong electrolytes were used. In this case when the weight proportion of insulin-polymers was 1 : 5 insulin action was prolonged to 5 hours, addition of surfactants permitted to get an analogous saccharolytic effect with reduction of the insulin dose by half (50 AU per animal).", "PMID": 523441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1586", "title": "[Relationship between the results of glucose tolerance test and plasma content of immunoreactive insulin in the relatives of patients with juvenile form of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Relatives (67) of patients with a juvenile form of diabetes mellitus and in 17 persons of control group were investigated. Hyperinsulinemia was revealed in close relatives and in persons with adiposity. The highest insulin response to glucose load was in persons with \"doubtful\" glucose tolerance test results. Insulinemic curve was flattened in the group of persons with latent and particularly with manifest diabetes. On the basis of the results obtained and the literature data a conclusion was drawn that hyperinsulinemia was one of the significant indices of disturbances in the regulation of insulin secretion in persons with hereditary aggravation by diabetes mellitus and could serve as a diagnostic index of the early stages of this disease.", "contents": "[Relationship between the results of glucose tolerance test and plasma content of immunoreactive insulin in the relatives of patients with juvenile form of diabetes mellitus]. Relatives (67) of patients with a juvenile form of diabetes mellitus and in 17 persons of control group were investigated. Hyperinsulinemia was revealed in close relatives and in persons with adiposity. The highest insulin response to glucose load was in persons with \"doubtful\" glucose tolerance test results. Insulinemic curve was flattened in the group of persons with latent and particularly with manifest diabetes. On the basis of the results obtained and the literature data a conclusion was drawn that hyperinsulinemia was one of the significant indices of disturbances in the regulation of insulin secretion in persons with hereditary aggravation by diabetes mellitus and could serve as a diagnostic index of the early stages of this disease.", "PMID": 523439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1587", "title": "[Bile acids in the bile in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Hepatic and gall bladder bile of healthy persons (8) and of patients with severe form of diabetes mellitus (17) was studied. Paer chromatography was applied for determination of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic bile acids and their conjugates with glycin and taurine. An absolute content and percentage of glycodeoxycholic and glycochenodeoxycholic bile acids were increased, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid content and taurates proportion were decreased in the gall bladder and hepatic bile of diabetic patients. The data obtained pointed to disturbed hepatic function in severe diabetes mellitus; it was expressed in suppression of bile acids synthesis and conjugation, and also in depression of transformation of deoxycholic into cholic acid.", "contents": "[Bile acids in the bile in diabetes mellitus]. Hepatic and gall bladder bile of healthy persons (8) and of patients with severe form of diabetes mellitus (17) was studied. Paer chromatography was applied for determination of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic bile acids and their conjugates with glycin and taurine. An absolute content and percentage of glycodeoxycholic and glycochenodeoxycholic bile acids were increased, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid content and taurates proportion were decreased in the gall bladder and hepatic bile of diabetic patients. The data obtained pointed to disturbed hepatic function in severe diabetes mellitus; it was expressed in suppression of bile acids synthesis and conjugation, and also in depression of transformation of deoxycholic into cholic acid.", "PMID": 523436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1588", "title": "[Histopathological changes in the kidneys of the progeny of rats with aloxan diabetes].", "content": "A histological study (hematoxylin-eosin staining, and PAS-reaction) of the kidneys was carried out in 5 pubertal rats with diabetic test for glucose tolerance from the progeny of a female with alloxan diabetes and intact male. Changes of the type of diabetic intracapillary glomerulosclerosis were revealed. There were no changes in the kidneys of pubertal rats from the progeny of intact female and male, and an intact female and a male rat with alloxan diabetes.", "contents": "[Histopathological changes in the kidneys of the progeny of rats with aloxan diabetes]. A histological study (hematoxylin-eosin staining, and PAS-reaction) of the kidneys was carried out in 5 pubertal rats with diabetic test for glucose tolerance from the progeny of a female with alloxan diabetes and intact male. Changes of the type of diabetic intracapillary glomerulosclerosis were revealed. There were no changes in the kidneys of pubertal rats from the progeny of intact female and male, and an intact female and a male rat with alloxan diabetes.", "PMID": 523442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1589", "title": "[Effect of various 1,3,5(10)-estratrien derivatives on the estrogen receptor transport into the nucleus in the guinea pig uterus].", "content": "The capacity of five derivates of 1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrien to be transported together with estradiol receptor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus in the uterus of sexually immature guinea pig was investigated. The extent of this transport was assessed by the amount of estrogen receptor in the nucleus following incubation of the uterine slices in the presence of the compound tested (2.5.10(-7) M). The content of estrogen receptor in the nucleus of the intact guinea pig uterus served as control. Incubation of the uterine slices with compounds containing 17 beta-hydroxyl group (2-brom-1, 3, 5 (10)-estratriendiol-3, 17 beta, 4-brom-1,3,5 (10)-estratriendiol, 3, 17 beta, 1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrienol-17 beta), led to a 1.9--4.2-fold increase in the content of nuclear estrogen receptor, this pointing to the transport of the estrogen receptor complex with these compounds into the nucleus. Two compounds (1, 3, 5 (10) estratrienol-3 beta and 3-methoxy-1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrien) contained no 17 beta-hydroxyl group and failed to increase the contents of the estrogen receptor in the nucleus in comparison with control. 17 beta-hydroxyl group is apparently necessary for the formation of conformative changes in the receptor molecule transforming the steroid-receptor complex into the active one, capable of transporting into the nucleus.", "contents": "[Effect of various 1,3,5(10)-estratrien derivatives on the estrogen receptor transport into the nucleus in the guinea pig uterus]. The capacity of five derivates of 1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrien to be transported together with estradiol receptor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus in the uterus of sexually immature guinea pig was investigated. The extent of this transport was assessed by the amount of estrogen receptor in the nucleus following incubation of the uterine slices in the presence of the compound tested (2.5.10(-7) M). The content of estrogen receptor in the nucleus of the intact guinea pig uterus served as control. Incubation of the uterine slices with compounds containing 17 beta-hydroxyl group (2-brom-1, 3, 5 (10)-estratriendiol-3, 17 beta, 4-brom-1,3,5 (10)-estratriendiol, 3, 17 beta, 1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrienol-17 beta), led to a 1.9--4.2-fold increase in the content of nuclear estrogen receptor, this pointing to the transport of the estrogen receptor complex with these compounds into the nucleus. Two compounds (1, 3, 5 (10) estratrienol-3 beta and 3-methoxy-1, 3, 5 (10)-estratrien) contained no 17 beta-hydroxyl group and failed to increase the contents of the estrogen receptor in the nucleus in comparison with control. 17 beta-hydroxyl group is apparently necessary for the formation of conformative changes in the receptor molecule transforming the steroid-receptor complex into the active one, capable of transporting into the nucleus.", "PMID": 523443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1590", "title": "[Electrolyte metabolism in thyrotoxicosis with energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "In 70 patients with thyrotoxicosis and in 24--with ischemic heart disease with energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency a study was made of electrolyte metabolism in the blood plasma, erythrocytes and 24-hour urine. The sodium and potassium content in erythrocytes rose, and sodium gradient diminished in the patients examined, this being related to the development of energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Electrolyte metabolism in thyrotoxicosis with energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency]. In 70 patients with thyrotoxicosis and in 24--with ischemic heart disease with energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency a study was made of electrolyte metabolism in the blood plasma, erythrocytes and 24-hour urine. The sodium and potassium content in erythrocytes rose, and sodium gradient diminished in the patients examined, this being related to the development of energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 523444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1591", "title": "[Platelet serotonin absorption in Turner's syndrome].", "content": "Functional activity of platelets was studied in 20 patients with Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome. There was revealed a significant rise of platelet serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) content and also a reduction of exogenous serotonin absorption by platelets. The noted disturbances pointed to dysfunction of these cells, this serving as an auxiliary factor pointing out that the ageing process involved the blood elements. Reduction of platelet functional activity in patients with monosomia X was apparently due to chromosomic unbalance and with the associated hormonal control disturbances.", "contents": "[Platelet serotonin absorption in Turner's syndrome]. Functional activity of platelets was studied in 20 patients with Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome. There was revealed a significant rise of platelet serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) content and also a reduction of exogenous serotonin absorption by platelets. The noted disturbances pointed to dysfunction of these cells, this serving as an auxiliary factor pointing out that the ageing process involved the blood elements. Reduction of platelet functional activity in patients with monosomia X was apparently due to chromosomic unbalance and with the associated hormonal control disturbances.", "PMID": 523438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1592", "title": "Sampling schemes and ascertainment.", "content": "Previous approaches to the ascertainment problem have been in terms of a registry-type situation in which the sampled structure is a random variable. However, with the exception of Bailey (1951), previous authors have conditioned on this structure. In extending the theory to pedigrees, a registry situation may also be considered, providing neither the structure nor any part of it (e.g., ages of individuals) are conditioned upon, but it may often be neither practicable nor relevant to do so. In many studies the sampling scheme may fix the number of pedigrees, analyzed, and classical \"ascertainment probabilities\" are no longer applicable. In an infinite population, in which the ascertainment of and phenotypic observations on, affect neither the distribution of other ascertainments or phenotypic distributions on other pedigrees and chance multiple ascertainments cannot occur, ascertainment corrections are relatively straightforward. However, effective population sizes with regard to particular rare traits may often be small, and the problem of ascertainment corrections in this case has not been fully analyzed, although some preliminary results are presented.", "contents": "Sampling schemes and ascertainment. Previous approaches to the ascertainment problem have been in terms of a registry-type situation in which the sampled structure is a random variable. However, with the exception of Bailey (1951), previous authors have conditioned on this structure. In extending the theory to pedigrees, a registry situation may also be considered, providing neither the structure nor any part of it (e.g., ages of individuals) are conditioned upon, but it may often be neither practicable nor relevant to do so. In many studies the sampling scheme may fix the number of pedigrees, analyzed, and classical \"ascertainment probabilities\" are no longer applicable. In an infinite population, in which the ascertainment of and phenotypic observations on, affect neither the distribution of other ascertainments or phenotypic distributions on other pedigrees and chance multiple ascertainments cannot occur, ascertainment corrections are relatively straightforward. However, effective population sizes with regard to particular rare traits may often be small, and the problem of ascertainment corrections in this case has not been fully analyzed, although some preliminary results are presented.", "PMID": 523478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1593", "title": "Inheritance of susceptibility to juvenile onset diabetes.", "content": "Regardless of the well-documented population associations between juvenile-onset diabetes (JOD) and certain HLA types, whatever haplotypes are segregating in JOD families may be followed to provide information on mode of inheritance of the disorder. It is essential to group together for analysis families with the same number of affected sibs. We assume a single locus determining susceptibility, closely linked to the HLA region, and ignore recombination, expected to be rare. Our first approach also assumes that the frequency of the susceptible genotype is so small that affected individuals may be considered to arise from only one mating type; the particular mating type depends on the mode of inheritance of susceptibility. Our sample is the result of pooling our own data with published studies of HLA haplotype segregation in families with two or more JOD offspring. Given the assumptions, we find that the data are more plausibly explained by a one-dose than by a two-dose or \"recessive\" hypothesis. We then develop the analysis further by adding a crude but explicit estimate of the frequency of the susceptible genotype, based on disease prevalence and penetrance of the genotype. The one-dose hypothesis is strongly supported by this analysis as well. We also consider some problems of ascertainment arising from heterogeneity of the disorder and selection against diabetics. Studies involving unaffected relatives of diabetics are suggested which might test further the conclusions drawn here.", "contents": "Inheritance of susceptibility to juvenile onset diabetes. Regardless of the well-documented population associations between juvenile-onset diabetes (JOD) and certain HLA types, whatever haplotypes are segregating in JOD families may be followed to provide information on mode of inheritance of the disorder. It is essential to group together for analysis families with the same number of affected sibs. We assume a single locus determining susceptibility, closely linked to the HLA region, and ignore recombination, expected to be rare. Our first approach also assumes that the frequency of the susceptible genotype is so small that affected individuals may be considered to arise from only one mating type; the particular mating type depends on the mode of inheritance of susceptibility. Our sample is the result of pooling our own data with published studies of HLA haplotype segregation in families with two or more JOD offspring. Given the assumptions, we find that the data are more plausibly explained by a one-dose than by a two-dose or \"recessive\" hypothesis. We then develop the analysis further by adding a crude but explicit estimate of the frequency of the susceptible genotype, based on disease prevalence and penetrance of the genotype. The one-dose hypothesis is strongly supported by this analysis as well. We also consider some problems of ascertainment arising from heterogeneity of the disorder and selection against diabetics. Studies involving unaffected relatives of diabetics are suggested which might test further the conclusions drawn here.", "PMID": 523486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1594", "title": "Changes induced by hashish constituents on human erythrocyte phospholipids.", "content": "The possible effect of delta 9-THC on human erythrocyte phospholipids of chronic hashish users was studied. Changes in individual phospholipids concentrations were observed in heavy hashish users after smoking the drug. Results are discussed in relation to the possible alterations of enzymatic mechanisms which require the presence of essential for their activation phospholipids.", "contents": "Changes induced by hashish constituents on human erythrocyte phospholipids. The possible effect of delta 9-THC on human erythrocyte phospholipids of chronic hashish users was studied. Changes in individual phospholipids concentrations were observed in heavy hashish users after smoking the drug. Results are discussed in relation to the possible alterations of enzymatic mechanisms which require the presence of essential for their activation phospholipids.", "PMID": 523495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1595", "title": "Suppressant effects of naltrexone on water intake in rats.", "content": "Parenteral administration of naltrexone to water-deprived female rats suppressed water intake when injected 4, but not 12 hours prior to the drinking session. Intraperitoneal injection 5 mg/kg naltrexone twice daily or oral self-administration of naltrexone in doses sufficient to block morphine-induced analgesia failed to reduce water intake or to alter body weight in non-deprived animals. These findings suggest that the suppressant effects of naltrexone on appetitive behavior are mediated by a different population of opiate receptors than those mediating morphine-induced analgesia.", "contents": "Suppressant effects of naltrexone on water intake in rats. Parenteral administration of naltrexone to water-deprived female rats suppressed water intake when injected 4, but not 12 hours prior to the drinking session. Intraperitoneal injection 5 mg/kg naltrexone twice daily or oral self-administration of naltrexone in doses sufficient to block morphine-induced analgesia failed to reduce water intake or to alter body weight in non-deprived animals. These findings suggest that the suppressant effects of naltrexone on appetitive behavior are mediated by a different population of opiate receptors than those mediating morphine-induced analgesia.", "PMID": 523496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1596", "title": "Non-specific enhancement of ethanol-induced taste aversion by naloxone.", "content": "The conditioned taste aversion paradigm (CTA) was used to examine the effects of naloxone on ethanol-induced aversion towards a saccharine solution (3 conditioning and 11 extinction trials). Six groups of rats received conditioning trials consisting of two IP injections after saccharine presentation of different combinations of either ethanol (E: 1.75 g/kg), LiCl (L: 12 mEq/kg, 0.1 M), naloxone (N: 10 mg/kg) or saline (S); S-S, S-N, E-S, E-N, L-S and L-N. Naloxone by itself produced no aversion to the saccharin flavor. Based on the onset and extinction of aversion, naloxone significantly enhanced ethanol but also LiCl-induced CTA. The comparative data argues in favor of different mechanisms of action (1) between the aversive central effects of ethanol and morphine and (2) between ethanol's acute behavioral effects and negatively reinforcing properties. Enhancement of ethanol and LiCl-induced CTA by naloxone is compatible with hypernociceptive action of the opiate-antagonist and with the pain-modulating role of opiates in the CNS.", "contents": "Non-specific enhancement of ethanol-induced taste aversion by naloxone. The conditioned taste aversion paradigm (CTA) was used to examine the effects of naloxone on ethanol-induced aversion towards a saccharine solution (3 conditioning and 11 extinction trials). Six groups of rats received conditioning trials consisting of two IP injections after saccharine presentation of different combinations of either ethanol (E: 1.75 g/kg), LiCl (L: 12 mEq/kg, 0.1 M), naloxone (N: 10 mg/kg) or saline (S); S-S, S-N, E-S, E-N, L-S and L-N. Naloxone by itself produced no aversion to the saccharin flavor. Based on the onset and extinction of aversion, naloxone significantly enhanced ethanol but also LiCl-induced CTA. The comparative data argues in favor of different mechanisms of action (1) between the aversive central effects of ethanol and morphine and (2) between ethanol's acute behavioral effects and negatively reinforcing properties. Enhancement of ethanol and LiCl-induced CTA by naloxone is compatible with hypernociceptive action of the opiate-antagonist and with the pain-modulating role of opiates in the CNS.", "PMID": 523497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1597", "title": "Effects of acetone and toluene vapors on multiple schedule performance of rats.", "content": "Six rats were trained to press a lever for a liquid food reward on a multiple fixed ratio--fixed interval (FR--FI) schedule of reinforcement. When lever-pressing rates became relatively stable, the animals were exposed to 150 ppm of either acetone or toluene for duration times of 1/2, 1, 2 and 4 hr. Exposures were conducted at least three weeks apart. Acetone produced minimal changes on the FR--FI responding during the 1/2 hr exposure. During the 1 hr exposure period, both FR and FI rates increased while during the 2 hr exposure, both FR and FI responses decreased below control levels. During the 4 hr exposure FI responses approximated control levels for 2 rats and were above the control level for the third animal while FR rates were below controls for 2 of the 3 subjects. Rate changes under toluene were generally qualitatively similar to those produced by acetone. An initial enhancement of FR and FI rates occurred during the shorter exposure periods followed by a decrease in rates during the longer exposure periods.", "contents": "Effects of acetone and toluene vapors on multiple schedule performance of rats. Six rats were trained to press a lever for a liquid food reward on a multiple fixed ratio--fixed interval (FR--FI) schedule of reinforcement. When lever-pressing rates became relatively stable, the animals were exposed to 150 ppm of either acetone or toluene for duration times of 1/2, 1, 2 and 4 hr. Exposures were conducted at least three weeks apart. Acetone produced minimal changes on the FR--FI responding during the 1/2 hr exposure. During the 1 hr exposure period, both FR and FI rates increased while during the 2 hr exposure, both FR and FI responses decreased below control levels. During the 4 hr exposure FI responses approximated control levels for 2 rats and were above the control level for the third animal while FR rates were below controls for 2 of the 3 subjects. Rate changes under toluene were generally qualitatively similar to those produced by acetone. An initial enhancement of FR and FI rates occurred during the shorter exposure periods followed by a decrease in rates during the longer exposure periods.", "PMID": 523498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1598", "title": "Systemic administration of Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, and (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin: effects on eating, drinking and activity measures in rats.", "content": "Rats were given four daily, interperitoneal injections (80 micrograms/kg) of Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin-NH2, beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin or the diluent (0.9% NaCl acidified to, 0.01 M with acetic acid). Animals were subsequently tested for food and water inake and activity. Met-enkephalin injections did not affect any of the measures but its (D-Ala2) analog reduced food intake and some of the activity measures in a complicated way. beta-Endorphin injections did not affect food or water intake; in familiar situations these animals were less active while novel situations seemed to potentiate activity. The (D-Ala2) analog reduced wheel running over 24 hours.", "contents": "Systemic administration of Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, and (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin: effects on eating, drinking and activity measures in rats. Rats were given four daily, interperitoneal injections (80 micrograms/kg) of Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin-NH2, beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin or the diluent (0.9% NaCl acidified to, 0.01 M with acetic acid). Animals were subsequently tested for food and water inake and activity. Met-enkephalin injections did not affect any of the measures but its (D-Ala2) analog reduced food intake and some of the activity measures in a complicated way. beta-Endorphin injections did not affect food or water intake; in familiar situations these animals were less active while novel situations seemed to potentiate activity. The (D-Ala2) analog reduced wheel running over 24 hours.", "PMID": 523499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1599", "title": "Free-choice ethanol intake and ethanol metabolism in the hamster and rat.", "content": "Hamsters, as previously reported, demonstrated greater ethanol intake and preference than rats. However, as ethanol was gradually added to a sweet solution, hamster ethanol intakes did not consistently exceed ethanol metabolic capacity for prolonged periods. In ethanol-naive hamsters and rats, alcohol dehydrogenase activities and ethanol metabolic rates of isolated hepatocytes in vitro and blood ethanol elimination rates in vivo show consistent large interspecific differences corresponding to the species' differences in ethanol intake and preference. The data suggest a limiting role of ethanol metabolism in the regulation of maximized free-selection ethanol intake by rodents, and provide an explanation for the absence of continuously elevated blood ethanol levels and alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hamsters during periods of comparatively high daily ethanol intake.", "contents": "Free-choice ethanol intake and ethanol metabolism in the hamster and rat. Hamsters, as previously reported, demonstrated greater ethanol intake and preference than rats. However, as ethanol was gradually added to a sweet solution, hamster ethanol intakes did not consistently exceed ethanol metabolic capacity for prolonged periods. In ethanol-naive hamsters and rats, alcohol dehydrogenase activities and ethanol metabolic rates of isolated hepatocytes in vitro and blood ethanol elimination rates in vivo show consistent large interspecific differences corresponding to the species' differences in ethanol intake and preference. The data suggest a limiting role of ethanol metabolism in the regulation of maximized free-selection ethanol intake by rodents, and provide an explanation for the absence of continuously elevated blood ethanol levels and alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hamsters during periods of comparatively high daily ethanol intake.", "PMID": 523501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1600", "title": "Resolution of two biochemically and pharmacologically distinct benzodiazepine receptors.", "content": "Brain-specific binding sites have been isolated on synaptosomal membrane fragments which recognize pharmacologically active benzodiazepines (BDZ's) and triazolopyridazines (TPZ's). While early evidence indicated the existence of a single homogeneous class of BDZ binding sites, more recent biological and pharmacological studies support the notion of BDZ receptor multiplicity. We now propose that two biochemically distinct BDZ receptors exist in brain which are responsible for the mediation of different pharmacological activities. Type I BDZ receptors display a high affinity for both BDZ's and TPZ's, are not coupled to GABA receptors or to chloride ionophores, and are the sites which mediate anxiolytic actions. Type II BDZ receptors display a high affinity for BDZ's, display a low affinity for TPZ's, are coupled to GABA receptors and/or chloride ionophores, and are the sites which mediate pharmacological effects other than anxiolytic activity.", "contents": "Resolution of two biochemically and pharmacologically distinct benzodiazepine receptors. Brain-specific binding sites have been isolated on synaptosomal membrane fragments which recognize pharmacologically active benzodiazepines (BDZ's) and triazolopyridazines (TPZ's). While early evidence indicated the existence of a single homogeneous class of BDZ binding sites, more recent biological and pharmacological studies support the notion of BDZ receptor multiplicity. We now propose that two biochemically distinct BDZ receptors exist in brain which are responsible for the mediation of different pharmacological activities. Type I BDZ receptors display a high affinity for both BDZ's and TPZ's, are not coupled to GABA receptors or to chloride ionophores, and are the sites which mediate anxiolytic actions. Type II BDZ receptors display a high affinity for BDZ's, display a low affinity for TPZ's, are coupled to GABA receptors and/or chloride ionophores, and are the sites which mediate pharmacological effects other than anxiolytic activity.", "PMID": 523502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1601", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "Since patients vary in their response to furosemide, a pharmacokinetic study of this drug was undertaken in 7 patients with severe congestive heart failure. The extent of oral availability, determined by the ratio of areas under the oral to intravenous plasma concentration-time curve, averaged 61%, but varied widely from patient to patient, from 34 to 80%. Absorption of the drug was often delayed, with a lag time before appearance in the plasma averaging 28 +/- (SD) 15 min. The volume of distribution of furosemide (averaging 114 ml/kg) was not diminished in the presence of congestive failure; likewise, drug clearance and elimination half-lives are similar to values reported in normal subjects. Urinary flow rates 1--2 h following dosing were significantly less after oral than intravenous dosing, but flow rates over 4, 8 or 24 h after dosing were similar for both routes of administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure. Since patients vary in their response to furosemide, a pharmacokinetic study of this drug was undertaken in 7 patients with severe congestive heart failure. The extent of oral availability, determined by the ratio of areas under the oral to intravenous plasma concentration-time curve, averaged 61%, but varied widely from patient to patient, from 34 to 80%. Absorption of the drug was often delayed, with a lag time before appearance in the plasma averaging 28 +/- (SD) 15 min. The volume of distribution of furosemide (averaging 114 ml/kg) was not diminished in the presence of congestive failure; likewise, drug clearance and elimination half-lives are similar to values reported in normal subjects. Urinary flow rates 1--2 h following dosing were significantly less after oral than intravenous dosing, but flow rates over 4, 8 or 24 h after dosing were similar for both routes of administration.", "PMID": 523503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1602", "title": "Monoamine oxidase inhibition by substituted benzylideneamino guanidines and their CNS activities.", "content": "The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of eight new substituted benzylideneamino guanidines. All compounds inhibited the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of rat brain mitochondria in vitro. The I50 values were determined and were found to be in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-5) mol/l. Preincubation, dialysis and kinetic studies carried out with isolated brain mitochondria by conventional Dixon plot revealed reversible and noncompetitive type of MAO inhibition. These compounds were also screened for anticonvulsant and antidepressant activities. In the present series of compounds only one compound -- 1-amino-3-(4-chloromethylbenzylidene-amino)guanidine hydroiodide -- was found to afford 20% protection against pentetrazol-induced seizures in mice. 1-Amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydroiodide which produced maximum inhibition of MAO activity, also produced reversal of reserpine-induced sedation and miosis into excitation and mydriasis in mice.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase inhibition by substituted benzylideneamino guanidines and their CNS activities. The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of eight new substituted benzylideneamino guanidines. All compounds inhibited the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of rat brain mitochondria in vitro. The I50 values were determined and were found to be in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-5) mol/l. Preincubation, dialysis and kinetic studies carried out with isolated brain mitochondria by conventional Dixon plot revealed reversible and noncompetitive type of MAO inhibition. These compounds were also screened for anticonvulsant and antidepressant activities. In the present series of compounds only one compound -- 1-amino-3-(4-chloromethylbenzylidene-amino)guanidine hydroiodide -- was found to afford 20% protection against pentetrazol-induced seizures in mice. 1-Amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydroiodide which produced maximum inhibition of MAO activity, also produced reversal of reserpine-induced sedation and miosis into excitation and mydriasis in mice.", "PMID": 523504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1603", "title": "Effects of diazepam on sleep, temperature, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic and homovanillic acids in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of cats.", "content": "The effects of diazepam (DZ) (0.3--1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on sleep, cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and rectal temperature of cats were examined. The results showed that administration of DZ produced a significant increase (p = 0.02) in slow-wave sleep (SWS) with a peak occurring at a dose of 0.9 mg/kg. Further increase in doses of DZ decreased SWS. DZ administration produced no change in paradoxical sleep, rectal temperature, 5-HIAA or HVA CSF levels. Lack of correlation between various doses of DZ, and 5-HIAA or HVA concentrations in the presence of an increased percentage of SWS suggests a possible mode of DZ action mediated through a mechanism independent of monoamines. Usually monoamines are associated with normal sleep.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on sleep, temperature, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic and homovanillic acids in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of cats. The effects of diazepam (DZ) (0.3--1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on sleep, cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and rectal temperature of cats were examined. The results showed that administration of DZ produced a significant increase (p = 0.02) in slow-wave sleep (SWS) with a peak occurring at a dose of 0.9 mg/kg. Further increase in doses of DZ decreased SWS. DZ administration produced no change in paradoxical sleep, rectal temperature, 5-HIAA or HVA CSF levels. Lack of correlation between various doses of DZ, and 5-HIAA or HVA concentrations in the presence of an increased percentage of SWS suggests a possible mode of DZ action mediated through a mechanism independent of monoamines. Usually monoamines are associated with normal sleep.", "PMID": 523505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1604", "title": "Effect of chronic treatment with desoxycorticosterone on the dipsogenic response of rats to isoproterenol and angiotensin.", "content": "Administration of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day to male rats for 6 weeks attenuated significantly the drinking response to acute subcutaneous administration of 5, 10 and 20 microgram isoproterenol/kg body weight. Chronic administration of DOC did not prevent the drinking response to acute intraperitoneal administration of angiotensin II (200 microgram/kg body weight). In contrast, the drinking response was enhanced compared with that of control rats given angiotensin II acutely. While attenuation of the drinking response to isoproterenol in DOC-treated rats may be attributed to depletion of renin from their kidneys, the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced drinking response to angiotensin II are not clearly understood.", "contents": "Effect of chronic treatment with desoxycorticosterone on the dipsogenic response of rats to isoproterenol and angiotensin. Administration of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day to male rats for 6 weeks attenuated significantly the drinking response to acute subcutaneous administration of 5, 10 and 20 microgram isoproterenol/kg body weight. Chronic administration of DOC did not prevent the drinking response to acute intraperitoneal administration of angiotensin II (200 microgram/kg body weight). In contrast, the drinking response was enhanced compared with that of control rats given angiotensin II acutely. While attenuation of the drinking response to isoproterenol in DOC-treated rats may be attributed to depletion of renin from their kidneys, the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced drinking response to angiotensin II are not clearly understood.", "PMID": 523507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1605", "title": "Effects of dl-tranylcypromine on LD50 of pentobarbital in the rat.", "content": "The LD50 of pentobarbital has been determined in rats with or without pretreatment with dl-, d- or l-tranylcypromine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). The LD50 of pentobarbital was reduced to almost one half by d- or dl-tranylcypromine as compared with the l-isomer. It is concluded that dl-tranylcypromine enhances pentobarbital toxicity by inhibition of its metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of dl-tranylcypromine on LD50 of pentobarbital in the rat. The LD50 of pentobarbital has been determined in rats with or without pretreatment with dl-, d- or l-tranylcypromine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). The LD50 of pentobarbital was reduced to almost one half by d- or dl-tranylcypromine as compared with the l-isomer. It is concluded that dl-tranylcypromine enhances pentobarbital toxicity by inhibition of its metabolism.", "PMID": 523508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1606", "title": "Effects of chloramphenicol reduction products on hemopoietic precursor cells in vitro.", "content": "This study demonstrates that the nitroso, hydroxamic acid, and acetoxyhydroxamate nitrogenous reduction metabolites of chloramphenicol are not directly toxic to myelopoietic and immunopoietic bone marrow precursor cells as assessed by the in vitro colony-forming cell and precursor plaque-forming cells assays, respectively.", "contents": "Effects of chloramphenicol reduction products on hemopoietic precursor cells in vitro. This study demonstrates that the nitroso, hydroxamic acid, and acetoxyhydroxamate nitrogenous reduction metabolites of chloramphenicol are not directly toxic to myelopoietic and immunopoietic bone marrow precursor cells as assessed by the in vitro colony-forming cell and precursor plaque-forming cells assays, respectively.", "PMID": 523509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1607", "title": "Estrogen-dependent differences in the acetylation of sulfadimidine in the rat.", "content": "The influence of sex hormones on the acetylation of sulfadimidine was investigated in male and female rats, both intact and castrated. Sulfadimidine was administered intravenously in the dose of 40 mg/kg body weight, and unchanged and acetylated sulfadimidine (Ac-S) were then determined in urine and blood. It was found that the percentage of Ac-S was significantly higher in the urine of females than males. The concentration of sulfadimidine in blood was also higher in females than in males. While estrogenization raised the percentage of Ac-S in the urine of males and the concentration of unchanged sulfadimidine in blood, treatment with an androgen had no significant effect in females. The long-lasting stimulatory influence of estrogen in males and a normal percentage of Ac-S in gonadectomized females suggest an indirect action of estrogen. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Estrogen-dependent differences in the acetylation of sulfadimidine in the rat. The influence of sex hormones on the acetylation of sulfadimidine was investigated in male and female rats, both intact and castrated. Sulfadimidine was administered intravenously in the dose of 40 mg/kg body weight, and unchanged and acetylated sulfadimidine (Ac-S) were then determined in urine and blood. It was found that the percentage of Ac-S was significantly higher in the urine of females than males. The concentration of sulfadimidine in blood was also higher in females than in males. While estrogenization raised the percentage of Ac-S in the urine of males and the concentration of unchanged sulfadimidine in blood, treatment with an androgen had no significant effect in females. The long-lasting stimulatory influence of estrogen in males and a normal percentage of Ac-S in gonadectomized females suggest an indirect action of estrogen. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 523511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1608", "title": "Assay of 3-carboxy-antipyrine in urine by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen selective detection. Some preliminary results in man.", "content": "An assay procedure is described for 3-carboxy-antipyrine in urine using gas chromatography with a support coated open tubular capillary column (Carbowax 20M), a solid injection system and nitrogen selective detection. 3-Carboxy-antipyrine was analyzed after derivatization with diazomethane and using 4-bromo-antipyrine as internal standard. Following extraction of the urine samples with a mixture of organic solvents linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 1--50 microgram/ml. The precision was established as +/- 5.0% (n = 5), and the lowest measurable concentration was 1 microgram/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1. Preliminary results in 5 human volunteers showed that after orl administration of 500 mg antipyrine, 3.3 +/- 0.8% of the dose was excreted as 3-carboxy-antipyrine in 52 hours' urine. The compound was excreted completely in the unconjugated form.", "contents": "Assay of 3-carboxy-antipyrine in urine by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen selective detection. Some preliminary results in man. An assay procedure is described for 3-carboxy-antipyrine in urine using gas chromatography with a support coated open tubular capillary column (Carbowax 20M), a solid injection system and nitrogen selective detection. 3-Carboxy-antipyrine was analyzed after derivatization with diazomethane and using 4-bromo-antipyrine as internal standard. Following extraction of the urine samples with a mixture of organic solvents linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 1--50 microgram/ml. The precision was established as +/- 5.0% (n = 5), and the lowest measurable concentration was 1 microgram/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1. Preliminary results in 5 human volunteers showed that after orl administration of 500 mg antipyrine, 3.3 +/- 0.8% of the dose was excreted as 3-carboxy-antipyrine in 52 hours' urine. The compound was excreted completely in the unconjugated form.", "PMID": 523512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1609", "title": "An articulatory experiment on voice onset time in German stop consonants.", "content": "The study investigates voice onset time (VOT) in German stop consonants and its relationship to place of articulation in a variety of phonetic environments. The outstanding findings are the consistently lowest values for the alveolars and the particular susceptibility of the VOT of bilabials to environmental variables like position in the utterance and stress. Highest values for velar stops are only achieved in initial position and medially before stress. Airflow measurements suggest a direct relationship between VOT and rate of articulation and airflow.", "contents": "An articulatory experiment on voice onset time in German stop consonants. The study investigates voice onset time (VOT) in German stop consonants and its relationship to place of articulation in a variety of phonetic environments. The outstanding findings are the consistently lowest values for the alveolars and the particular susceptibility of the VOT of bilabials to environmental variables like position in the utterance and stress. Highest values for velar stops are only achieved in initial position and medially before stress. Airflow measurements suggest a direct relationship between VOT and rate of articulation and airflow.", "PMID": 523513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1610", "title": "Identification of novel phonetic segments by children, adolescents and adults.", "content": "The ability of children, adolescents and adults to employ completely novel phonetic information was examined. Three groups of subjects were tested for their ability to identify minimal pairs contrasting voiced and implosive stops in syllable-initial position. Children's performance on this task was significantly superior to both adolescent and adult performance.", "contents": "Identification of novel phonetic segments by children, adolescents and adults. The ability of children, adolescents and adults to employ completely novel phonetic information was examined. Three groups of subjects were tested for their ability to identify minimal pairs contrasting voiced and implosive stops in syllable-initial position. Children's performance on this task was significantly superior to both adolescent and adult performance.", "PMID": 523514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1611", "title": "Sentence intonation in Swedish.", "content": "In 'A Prosodic Typology for Swedish Dialects' (Nordic Prosody 1978), BRUCE and GARDING proposed a schema for generating fundamental frequency patterns of statements in four Swedish dialects. Dialectal variation was obtained by timing word accents and sentence accent differently in a common frame expressing statement intonation. In addition to presenting the method, this paper also shows how it can be applied to two different interrogative frames, one for yes/no questions with non-inverted word order and one for inverted order.", "contents": "Sentence intonation in Swedish. In 'A Prosodic Typology for Swedish Dialects' (Nordic Prosody 1978), BRUCE and GARDING proposed a schema for generating fundamental frequency patterns of statements in four Swedish dialects. Dialectal variation was obtained by timing word accents and sentence accent differently in a common frame expressing statement intonation. In addition to presenting the method, this paper also shows how it can be applied to two different interrogative frames, one for yes/no questions with non-inverted word order and one for inverted order.", "PMID": 523515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1612", "title": "[Speech sounds and speech signals--the perspective of a new phonometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Descriptive phonetics and instrumental phonetics have two entirely different empirical domains as their subject matters. On this basis, ZWIRNER's central problem of the theoretical relationship between sound category and sound realisation is re-formulated and discussed. It is shown how the traditional descriptive procedures of segmentation and decomposition can be connected with the segments of digital speech signals and the features analysed from them.", "contents": "[Speech sounds and speech signals--the perspective of a new phonometry (author's transl)]. Descriptive phonetics and instrumental phonetics have two entirely different empirical domains as their subject matters. On this basis, ZWIRNER's central problem of the theoretical relationship between sound category and sound realisation is re-formulated and discussed. It is shown how the traditional descriptive procedures of segmentation and decomposition can be connected with the segments of digital speech signals and the features analysed from them.", "PMID": 523516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1613", "title": "Mandible height and syllable-final tenseness.", "content": "Mandible movements in the vowel-to-consonant transition manifest consistent differences between /t/ and /d/ in syllable final position. Both mandible position at its peak value near the articulatory release of the stop and velocity of its ascending movement in the transition are found to be apparently relevant to the tense/lax distinction, even though the reliability of these criteria for categorizing t/d data somewhat varies depending on the speaker. Some related characteristics of lingual movements and similar mandible characteristics for the k/g distinction are mentioned. The data were obtained by the computer-controlled X-ray microbeam system in cooperation with the University of Tokyo group.", "contents": "Mandible height and syllable-final tenseness. Mandible movements in the vowel-to-consonant transition manifest consistent differences between /t/ and /d/ in syllable final position. Both mandible position at its peak value near the articulatory release of the stop and velocity of its ascending movement in the transition are found to be apparently relevant to the tense/lax distinction, even though the reliability of these criteria for categorizing t/d data somewhat varies depending on the speaker. Some related characteristics of lingual movements and similar mandible characteristics for the k/g distinction are mentioned. The data were obtained by the computer-controlled X-ray microbeam system in cooperation with the University of Tokyo group.", "PMID": 523517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1614", "title": "Articulatory measurement and synthesis. Methods and preliminary results.", "content": "The relations between area functions of the vocal tract and the acoustic result are of phonetic interest only if they can be interpreted in articulatory terms. We show which problems may arise if two-dimensional configurations of the vocal tract are to be transformed into area functions, and which relations exist between articulatory variables, area functions, and formant frequencies in an articulatory model.", "contents": "Articulatory measurement and synthesis. Methods and preliminary results. The relations between area functions of the vocal tract and the acoustic result are of phonetic interest only if they can be interpreted in articulatory terms. We show which problems may arise if two-dimensional configurations of the vocal tract are to be transformed into area functions, and which relations exist between articulatory variables, area functions, and formant frequencies in an articulatory model.", "PMID": 523518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1615", "title": "Acoustic measurements of articulator motions.", "content": "Methods for estimating articulatory data from acoustic measurements are reviewed. First, relations between the vocal-tract area function and formant or impedance data are pointed out. Then the possibility of determining a (discretized) area function from the speech signal itself is considered. Finally, we look at the estimation of certain articulatory parameters rather than the area function. By using a regression method, such parameters can even be estimated independently of any vocal-tract model. Results for real-speech data are given.", "contents": "Acoustic measurements of articulator motions. Methods for estimating articulatory data from acoustic measurements are reviewed. First, relations between the vocal-tract area function and formant or impedance data are pointed out. Then the possibility of determining a (discretized) area function from the speech signal itself is considered. Finally, we look at the estimation of certain articulatory parameters rather than the area function. By using a regression method, such parameters can even be estimated independently of any vocal-tract model. Results for real-speech data are given.", "PMID": 523519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1616", "title": "Dimensions in the perception of fortis and lenis plosives.", "content": "The analysis of the production of fortis and lenis plosives in German has shown the importance of the duration ratio vowel/(vowel + closure) for the distinction. To complement these results a perception test was carried out in which 29 native speakers identified a randomised sequence of 220 stimuli from tape as one of the phrases 'Diese Gruppe kann ich nicht leid(e)n (leit(e)n)'. The stimuli were obtained from the two naturally produced originals by changing the ratios and the length of voicing in the plosive through computer processing. The test results indicate very conclusively that judgment can be reversed simply by changing the ratio to the appropriate ones found in production. There is a hierarchy of perceptual dimensions: duration ratio greater than formant transition greater than voicing.", "contents": "Dimensions in the perception of fortis and lenis plosives. The analysis of the production of fortis and lenis plosives in German has shown the importance of the duration ratio vowel/(vowel + closure) for the distinction. To complement these results a perception test was carried out in which 29 native speakers identified a randomised sequence of 220 stimuli from tape as one of the phrases 'Diese Gruppe kann ich nicht leid(e)n (leit(e)n)'. The stimuli were obtained from the two naturally produced originals by changing the ratios and the length of voicing in the plosive through computer processing. The test results indicate very conclusively that judgment can be reversed simply by changing the ratio to the appropriate ones found in production. There is a hierarchy of perceptual dimensions: duration ratio greater than formant transition greater than voicing.", "PMID": 523521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1617", "title": "Relationship of some open-field behaviors to amygdaloid kindled convulsions in Wistar rats.", "content": "Repeated low-intensity electrical stimulation (kindling) of the amygdala eventually produces convulsive behavior in animals. The present study examined the relationship between behaviors displayed in a novel open-field situation with behavioral characteristics of the kindled clonic convulsion (CC). Wistar rats were given two open-field tests and were subsequently kindled to clonic convulsions. A multiple regression analysis indicated that rats which urinated more often in the open-field tests tended to show longer latencies to CC onset. Thus, open-field urination was a significant predictor of latency to CC onset. It is suggested that an emotionality construct may be related to rate of kindling.", "contents": "Relationship of some open-field behaviors to amygdaloid kindled convulsions in Wistar rats. Repeated low-intensity electrical stimulation (kindling) of the amygdala eventually produces convulsive behavior in animals. The present study examined the relationship between behaviors displayed in a novel open-field situation with behavioral characteristics of the kindled clonic convulsion (CC). Wistar rats were given two open-field tests and were subsequently kindled to clonic convulsions. A multiple regression analysis indicated that rats which urinated more often in the open-field tests tended to show longer latencies to CC onset. Thus, open-field urination was a significant predictor of latency to CC onset. It is suggested that an emotionality construct may be related to rate of kindling.", "PMID": 523532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1618", "title": "Weight loss following LH lesions independent of changes in motor activity or metabolic rate.", "content": "Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) which resulted in aphagia and a significant loss in body weight, did not reduce either the running wheel activity or the stabilimeter activity of the animals. Following recovery, the animals failed to regain the lost weight. They had normal food and water intakes under ad lib conditions, and ate food when water deprived. They did not drink when deprived of food. Both control and LH animals also had higher than normal oxygen consumption rates. However, the LH group was not higher than the controls postoperatively. These data argue against their being a unitary LH lesion syndrome and suggest that the chronic weight loss seen in animals with LH lesions is not a secondary consequence either of having disrupted the pituitary-thyroid axis, or of having changed the animals' spontaneous activity levels.", "contents": "Weight loss following LH lesions independent of changes in motor activity or metabolic rate. Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) which resulted in aphagia and a significant loss in body weight, did not reduce either the running wheel activity or the stabilimeter activity of the animals. Following recovery, the animals failed to regain the lost weight. They had normal food and water intakes under ad lib conditions, and ate food when water deprived. They did not drink when deprived of food. Both control and LH animals also had higher than normal oxygen consumption rates. However, the LH group was not higher than the controls postoperatively. These data argue against their being a unitary LH lesion syndrome and suggest that the chronic weight loss seen in animals with LH lesions is not a secondary consequence either of having disrupted the pituitary-thyroid axis, or of having changed the animals' spontaneous activity levels.", "PMID": 523533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1619", "title": "Piracetam impairs the overshadowing of background stimuli by an informative CS.", "content": "The effects of Piracetam (100 mg/kg) on passive avoidance learning was investigated in a situation in which rats received multiple conditioning trials. The test was based on the untrained preference of rats for a dark, rather than a brightly lit compartment. After the initial black-white preference was tested, rats were restricted to the black compartment for conditioning. Different groups received different percentages of tone-shock pairings. After the conditioning trials the black-white preference was again tested. The saline-injected rats showed overshadowing of the background stimulus by the tone, in the group that had received 100% tone-shock pairings; and an acquired aversion to the background stimuli in the group that had received 0% tone-shock pairings. In the rats injected with 100 mg/kg Piracetam associative strength was partitioned indiscriminately between the tone and the background stimuli, regardless of the tone-shock pairings that had been received during conditioning.", "contents": "Piracetam impairs the overshadowing of background stimuli by an informative CS. The effects of Piracetam (100 mg/kg) on passive avoidance learning was investigated in a situation in which rats received multiple conditioning trials. The test was based on the untrained preference of rats for a dark, rather than a brightly lit compartment. After the initial black-white preference was tested, rats were restricted to the black compartment for conditioning. Different groups received different percentages of tone-shock pairings. After the conditioning trials the black-white preference was again tested. The saline-injected rats showed overshadowing of the background stimulus by the tone, in the group that had received 100% tone-shock pairings; and an acquired aversion to the background stimuli in the group that had received 0% tone-shock pairings. In the rats injected with 100 mg/kg Piracetam associative strength was partitioned indiscriminately between the tone and the background stimuli, regardless of the tone-shock pairings that had been received during conditioning.", "PMID": 523534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1620", "title": "Influence of some biologically meaningful odorants on the vigilance states of the rat.", "content": "In freely moving rats, mitral cells multiunit activity and vigilance states (EEG and neck muscles EMG) were recorded during stimulations by some odorous stimuli known from previous experiments to elicit distinct emotional behaviors. An awaking influence may be pointed out; the greatest awaking influence is noted for the opposite most biologically meaningful stimuli: odor of fox (predator of the rat) and odor of grouped rats. Mitral cells responsiveness is not only modulated by the biological meaning of the olfactory stimulus but is also under the control of the arousal level of the animal; it decreases from wakefulness (W) to slow wave sleep (SWS).", "contents": "Influence of some biologically meaningful odorants on the vigilance states of the rat. In freely moving rats, mitral cells multiunit activity and vigilance states (EEG and neck muscles EMG) were recorded during stimulations by some odorous stimuli known from previous experiments to elicit distinct emotional behaviors. An awaking influence may be pointed out; the greatest awaking influence is noted for the opposite most biologically meaningful stimuli: odor of fox (predator of the rat) and odor of grouped rats. Mitral cells responsiveness is not only modulated by the biological meaning of the olfactory stimulus but is also under the control of the arousal level of the animal; it decreases from wakefulness (W) to slow wave sleep (SWS).", "PMID": 523535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1621", "title": "Conditioned suppression, heart rate and pulse volume: effects of instructions on extinction.", "content": "Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received five classical aversive conditioning trials with a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During this latter phase rate of button pressing was measured as well as heart rate and pulse volume. The last two measures being employed as indices of autonomic arousal. The results indicated that while instructions as to the absence of the UCS completely abolished the conditioned suppression of button-pressing, they had no effect upon the pulse volume CR. A heart rate CR was not obtained. These results reflect unfavourably upon theoretical formulations of conditioned suppression that emphasize the causal interdependence of motor and autonomic events or the primacy of either one.", "contents": "Conditioned suppression, heart rate and pulse volume: effects of instructions on extinction. Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received five classical aversive conditioning trials with a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During this latter phase rate of button pressing was measured as well as heart rate and pulse volume. The last two measures being employed as indices of autonomic arousal. The results indicated that while instructions as to the absence of the UCS completely abolished the conditioned suppression of button-pressing, they had no effect upon the pulse volume CR. A heart rate CR was not obtained. These results reflect unfavourably upon theoretical formulations of conditioned suppression that emphasize the causal interdependence of motor and autonomic events or the primacy of either one.", "PMID": 523536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1622", "title": "Effects of sustained-release testosterone on marking behavior in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Utilizing subcutaneous silastic implants containing testosterone the effect of sustained low-level release of testosterone on marking behavior in castrated Mongolian gerbils was determined. Castration resulted in a decrease in marking frequency from 38 +/- 4 to 4 +/- 1. Sustained release of 6 micrograms testosterone per day from implants did not stimulate marking behavior. Daily release of 11 micrograms increased marking 550% after one week. Release of 17 micrograms per day was required to restore marking to intact levels. Similar release rates of cholesterol did not increase marking. Release rates which increased marking in males did not increase marking in females. The minimum effective sustained-release dose of testosterone necessary to stimulate marking in females was five times greater than that in males. This difference is not due to a sex difference in plasma testosterone removal rates, since the circulating half-life of 3H-testosterone measured by testosterone-specific radioassay was not different in castrated males (72 +/- 5 min) and females (66 +/- 4 min). The present data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a sexual dimorphism in the testosterone responsiveness of the neural substrate regulating territorial marking behavior.", "contents": "Effects of sustained-release testosterone on marking behavior in the Mongolian gerbil. Utilizing subcutaneous silastic implants containing testosterone the effect of sustained low-level release of testosterone on marking behavior in castrated Mongolian gerbils was determined. Castration resulted in a decrease in marking frequency from 38 +/- 4 to 4 +/- 1. Sustained release of 6 micrograms testosterone per day from implants did not stimulate marking behavior. Daily release of 11 micrograms increased marking 550% after one week. Release of 17 micrograms per day was required to restore marking to intact levels. Similar release rates of cholesterol did not increase marking. Release rates which increased marking in males did not increase marking in females. The minimum effective sustained-release dose of testosterone necessary to stimulate marking in females was five times greater than that in males. This difference is not due to a sex difference in plasma testosterone removal rates, since the circulating half-life of 3H-testosterone measured by testosterone-specific radioassay was not different in castrated males (72 +/- 5 min) and females (66 +/- 4 min). The present data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a sexual dimorphism in the testosterone responsiveness of the neural substrate regulating territorial marking behavior.", "PMID": 523537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1623", "title": "The effect of hysterectomy on hormone-induced lordosis behavior in hamsters.", "content": "Ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) and ovariectomized-sham hysterectomized (OSH) hamsters were tested for lordosis behavior following treatments including either 1, 5, or 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) in combination with 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg progesterone. Few animals responded at the 1 microgram dose of EB and there were no differences in latency to the first display of lordosis or in the total lordosis duration among responding animals in the 5 and 10 micrograms EB groups. However, there was significantly more positive tests in the OSH group injected with 5 micrograms EB than in the OH group and this difference approached statistical significance in the 10 micrograms EB groups. The results are compared to similar studies in rats and possible mechanisms for the effects of hysterectomy are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of hysterectomy on hormone-induced lordosis behavior in hamsters. Ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) and ovariectomized-sham hysterectomized (OSH) hamsters were tested for lordosis behavior following treatments including either 1, 5, or 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) in combination with 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg progesterone. Few animals responded at the 1 microgram dose of EB and there were no differences in latency to the first display of lordosis or in the total lordosis duration among responding animals in the 5 and 10 micrograms EB groups. However, there was significantly more positive tests in the OSH group injected with 5 micrograms EB than in the OH group and this difference approached statistical significance in the 10 micrograms EB groups. The results are compared to similar studies in rats and possible mechanisms for the effects of hysterectomy are discussed.", "PMID": 523538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1624", "title": "Effects of focal vs generalized kindled convulsions from anterior neocortex or amygdala on CER acquisition in rats.", "content": "Kindling of the anterior neocortex (AC) was shown to produce a brief focal motor seizure, characterized by a clonic-tonic-clonic response of the forelimbs with the animal in a prone posture. These same brief seizures, as previously reported, did not produce retrograde amnesia in a CER paradigm. With repeated evocations, over several days, the AC convulsions exhibited a dramatic increase of the second clonic phase (generalized) and came to appear similar to amygdala kindled convulsions. These generalized AC convulsions, like briefly kindled amygdala convulsions, produced good retrograde amnesia for a CER. With extensive amygdala kindling prior to CER training, a severe CER acquisition deficit was observed. These latter as well as other data suggest that protracted amygdala kindling produces a subsequent reduced ability to acquire fear motivated responses.", "contents": "Effects of focal vs generalized kindled convulsions from anterior neocortex or amygdala on CER acquisition in rats. Kindling of the anterior neocortex (AC) was shown to produce a brief focal motor seizure, characterized by a clonic-tonic-clonic response of the forelimbs with the animal in a prone posture. These same brief seizures, as previously reported, did not produce retrograde amnesia in a CER paradigm. With repeated evocations, over several days, the AC convulsions exhibited a dramatic increase of the second clonic phase (generalized) and came to appear similar to amygdala kindled convulsions. These generalized AC convulsions, like briefly kindled amygdala convulsions, produced good retrograde amnesia for a CER. With extensive amygdala kindling prior to CER training, a severe CER acquisition deficit was observed. These latter as well as other data suggest that protracted amygdala kindling produces a subsequent reduced ability to acquire fear motivated responses.", "PMID": 523539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1625", "title": "The effects of lithium upon drinking in the pigeon and rat.", "content": "Single administrations of LiCl in fluid deprived pigeons produced immediate and sustained drinking which was (a) significantly greater than in NaCl-injected birds, (b) a function of the dosage of lithium, and (c) persistent for several days following the highest dosage used. Experiment 2 employed the same procedures to examine the effects of lithium upon fluid consumption in the rat. Results indicated that single administrations of lithium had little effect on water consumption.", "contents": "The effects of lithium upon drinking in the pigeon and rat. Single administrations of LiCl in fluid deprived pigeons produced immediate and sustained drinking which was (a) significantly greater than in NaCl-injected birds, (b) a function of the dosage of lithium, and (c) persistent for several days following the highest dosage used. Experiment 2 employed the same procedures to examine the effects of lithium upon fluid consumption in the rat. Results indicated that single administrations of lithium had little effect on water consumption.", "PMID": 523540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1626", "title": "Dual effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake in the rat: inhibition at night and stimulation in the day-time.", "content": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake in rats has been reexamined. The effects were compared following administration of 2-DG IP (250, 500, 750 mg/kg and saline) either at the beginning of a 12-hr dark or 12-hr light period. Ad lib food intake was recorded during the subsequent 24 hours. In the day-time 2-DG enhanced food intake. The increase was not dose-dependent. It was apparent only during the first four hours and was compensated during the following eight hours. At night, an inhibition in food intake was observed. This inhibition was mainly manifested during the first four hours and was not dose-dependent. However, a dose related compensation during the subsequent hours resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the nocturnal intake. A second expermient indicated that after an overnight fast 2-DG also inhibited the high food intake induced in the day-time. In a third experiment, insulin 10 IV SC combined to 2-DG was shown to further increase food intake in the day-time. At night the combined administration of insulin and 2-DG cancelled their respective opposite effects and no change of food consumption was observed. The results are interpreted in terms of the contrasted neuroendocrine and metabolic patterns prevailing in the two parts of the diurnal cycle.", "contents": "Dual effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake in the rat: inhibition at night and stimulation in the day-time. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake in rats has been reexamined. The effects were compared following administration of 2-DG IP (250, 500, 750 mg/kg and saline) either at the beginning of a 12-hr dark or 12-hr light period. Ad lib food intake was recorded during the subsequent 24 hours. In the day-time 2-DG enhanced food intake. The increase was not dose-dependent. It was apparent only during the first four hours and was compensated during the following eight hours. At night, an inhibition in food intake was observed. This inhibition was mainly manifested during the first four hours and was not dose-dependent. However, a dose related compensation during the subsequent hours resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the nocturnal intake. A second expermient indicated that after an overnight fast 2-DG also inhibited the high food intake induced in the day-time. In a third experiment, insulin 10 IV SC combined to 2-DG was shown to further increase food intake in the day-time. At night the combined administration of insulin and 2-DG cancelled their respective opposite effects and no change of food consumption was observed. The results are interpreted in terms of the contrasted neuroendocrine and metabolic patterns prevailing in the two parts of the diurnal cycle.", "PMID": 523541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1627", "title": "Thermotaxis in neonatal rat pups.", "content": "Deprived and nondeprived 3- and 6-day-old rat pups were tested on a thermal gradient for thermotaxis. Deprived 3-day olds demonstrated a marked thermotaxic responsiveness that was not observed in nondeprived 3-day olds or in deprived and nondeprived 6-day olds. Deprived 3-day olds did not show a strong thermal orientation immediately, but the distance moved by pups increased with repeated trials on the gradient. These findings demonstrate that neonatal rats are capable of thermotaxis, but that factors of age, deprivation and repeated handling determine pups' responsiveness to thermal gradients.", "contents": "Thermotaxis in neonatal rat pups. Deprived and nondeprived 3- and 6-day-old rat pups were tested on a thermal gradient for thermotaxis. Deprived 3-day olds demonstrated a marked thermotaxic responsiveness that was not observed in nondeprived 3-day olds or in deprived and nondeprived 6-day olds. Deprived 3-day olds did not show a strong thermal orientation immediately, but the distance moved by pups increased with repeated trials on the gradient. These findings demonstrate that neonatal rats are capable of thermotaxis, but that factors of age, deprivation and repeated handling determine pups' responsiveness to thermal gradients.", "PMID": 523542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1628", "title": "Conditioned diastolic blood pressure.", "content": "Four groups of normotensive subjects were used in an experiment designed to: (a) replicate earlier data, (b) determine whether heart rate and respiration rate changes accompanied the development of acquired bi-directional diastolic blood pressure responses, and (c) investigate whether males and females acquired diastolic blood pressure responses at differential rates. Observations were carried out over one baseline and eight consecutive one-hour training sessions. Analyses of the blood pressure scores revealed subjects were able to acquire a bi-directional response, thereby confirming earlier reports. From subsequent analysis of the heart rate and respiration rate scores and from intercorrelations between diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate, no consistent relationships or patterns emerged. Comparisons of male and female blood pressure performance failed to yield evidence of reliable sex differences.", "contents": "Conditioned diastolic blood pressure. Four groups of normotensive subjects were used in an experiment designed to: (a) replicate earlier data, (b) determine whether heart rate and respiration rate changes accompanied the development of acquired bi-directional diastolic blood pressure responses, and (c) investigate whether males and females acquired diastolic blood pressure responses at differential rates. Observations were carried out over one baseline and eight consecutive one-hour training sessions. Analyses of the blood pressure scores revealed subjects were able to acquire a bi-directional response, thereby confirming earlier reports. From subsequent analysis of the heart rate and respiration rate scores and from intercorrelations between diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate, no consistent relationships or patterns emerged. Comparisons of male and female blood pressure performance failed to yield evidence of reliable sex differences.", "PMID": 523543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1629", "title": "Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats.", "content": "Daily caloric intakes and body weights were measured from weaning to 70 days of age in male Sprague-Dawley rats given access to either a standard laboratory diet and water, or the standard diet, a 32% sucrose solution and water. Lee index of obesity (3 square root body weight/naso-anal length) and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at 46, 57, and 70 days of age. Animals were sacrificed at 70 days, and body composition analyses were performed. Aniamls given access to the sucrose solution consumed significantly more calories per day than animals given only the standard diet. Sucrose animals took approximately 50 to 60% of their daily caloric intake from the sugar solution. Despite the greater caloric intakes of the sucrose animals, sucrose and control animals did not differ in body weight. While there were no differences in body weights between the two groups, the Lee Index of obesity was significantly greater in the sucrose animals than in controls as early as 46 days of age. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in sucrose animals than in controls at both 46 and 57 days of age. Direct determinations of body compositions when animals were 70 days of age revealed that animals with access to sucrose had significantly greater percentages of body fat and lower percentages of body protein than controls.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats. Daily caloric intakes and body weights were measured from weaning to 70 days of age in male Sprague-Dawley rats given access to either a standard laboratory diet and water, or the standard diet, a 32% sucrose solution and water. Lee index of obesity (3 square root body weight/naso-anal length) and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at 46, 57, and 70 days of age. Animals were sacrificed at 70 days, and body composition analyses were performed. Aniamls given access to the sucrose solution consumed significantly more calories per day than animals given only the standard diet. Sucrose animals took approximately 50 to 60% of their daily caloric intake from the sugar solution. Despite the greater caloric intakes of the sucrose animals, sucrose and control animals did not differ in body weight. While there were no differences in body weights between the two groups, the Lee Index of obesity was significantly greater in the sucrose animals than in controls as early as 46 days of age. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in sucrose animals than in controls at both 46 and 57 days of age. Direct determinations of body compositions when animals were 70 days of age revealed that animals with access to sucrose had significantly greater percentages of body fat and lower percentages of body protein than controls.", "PMID": 523544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1630", "title": "Similarities in the regulatory patterns of pregnant and cycling rats.", "content": "The patterns of food intake, water intake and body weight of the female rat during the estrous cycle and pregnancy were determined. During the 4-day estrous cycle, intake and body weight were reduced on the day of ovulation. In contrast, animals with 5-day estrous cycles reduced intake and body weight for 2 days, the day prior to ovulation as well as on the day of ovulation. Intake of pregnant rats around the time of birth was compared to that of cycling females and similarities were observed. The peripartum pattern of food intake was systematically related to the length of the gestation period. Rats that littered 22 days after mating showed depressed food intake only on the day of birth. Those with 23-day gestation periods decreased food intake both on the day of birth and on the following day. The similarities in the intake patterns during 4- and 5-day estrous cycle to that of the peripartum segment of 22- and 23-day pregnancies suggest that there may be common neuroendocrine factors controlling these behaviors during the two reproductive periods.", "contents": "Similarities in the regulatory patterns of pregnant and cycling rats. The patterns of food intake, water intake and body weight of the female rat during the estrous cycle and pregnancy were determined. During the 4-day estrous cycle, intake and body weight were reduced on the day of ovulation. In contrast, animals with 5-day estrous cycles reduced intake and body weight for 2 days, the day prior to ovulation as well as on the day of ovulation. Intake of pregnant rats around the time of birth was compared to that of cycling females and similarities were observed. The peripartum pattern of food intake was systematically related to the length of the gestation period. Rats that littered 22 days after mating showed depressed food intake only on the day of birth. Those with 23-day gestation periods decreased food intake both on the day of birth and on the following day. The similarities in the intake patterns during 4- and 5-day estrous cycle to that of the peripartum segment of 22- and 23-day pregnancies suggest that there may be common neuroendocrine factors controlling these behaviors during the two reproductive periods.", "PMID": 523545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1631", "title": "Sex, age and shock-intensity as factors in passive avoidance.", "content": "Sex, age and shock-intensity were studied in a step-through passive avoidance test. In adult rats (140 days) males showed more inhibition of a previously punished approach response. No sex differences were observed in young adult animals (60 days). In prepuberal animals (30 days), on the other hand, it was the females which showed more response inhibition. In prebuberty females showed far more response inhibition than in adulthood. Even when using 1.6 mA as a reinforcer, only 17% of the adult females showed inhibition after punishment of the entering response.", "contents": "Sex, age and shock-intensity as factors in passive avoidance. Sex, age and shock-intensity were studied in a step-through passive avoidance test. In adult rats (140 days) males showed more inhibition of a previously punished approach response. No sex differences were observed in young adult animals (60 days). In prepuberal animals (30 days), on the other hand, it was the females which showed more response inhibition. In prebuberty females showed far more response inhibition than in adulthood. Even when using 1.6 mA as a reinforcer, only 17% of the adult females showed inhibition after punishment of the entering response.", "PMID": 523547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1632", "title": "Gastric emptying and cholecystokinin in the control of food intake in suckling rats.", "content": "The rate of gastric emptying was determined in three-day old suckling rats. The gastric loads were given by gavage, and, after from 5 to 100 min, emptying was determined by removing the stomach and weighing the contents. Results were expressed as percentage of load still remaining in the stomach at one hour. The gastric loads in increasing order of speed of emptying were 1.0 M Na acetate, heavy cream, 0.5 M NaCl, milk, corn oil, 0.15 M lactose, 0.3 M glucose, 0.15 M NaCl, acidic water, and water. The rate of emptying was compared to the effectiveness in previous experiments of the same gastric loads in depressing intake. There was no significant correlation between rate of gastric emptying of the loads and their effectiveness in producing satiety. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (80 Ivy dog units or 2.7 micrograms/kg i.p.) significantly depressed intake (measured as weight gain) of suckling rats of 1 1/2 hours, but the same dose did not slow gastric emptying. These findings indicate that rate of gastric emptying does not determine satiety in the suckling rat.", "contents": "Gastric emptying and cholecystokinin in the control of food intake in suckling rats. The rate of gastric emptying was determined in three-day old suckling rats. The gastric loads were given by gavage, and, after from 5 to 100 min, emptying was determined by removing the stomach and weighing the contents. Results were expressed as percentage of load still remaining in the stomach at one hour. The gastric loads in increasing order of speed of emptying were 1.0 M Na acetate, heavy cream, 0.5 M NaCl, milk, corn oil, 0.15 M lactose, 0.3 M glucose, 0.15 M NaCl, acidic water, and water. The rate of emptying was compared to the effectiveness in previous experiments of the same gastric loads in depressing intake. There was no significant correlation between rate of gastric emptying of the loads and their effectiveness in producing satiety. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (80 Ivy dog units or 2.7 micrograms/kg i.p.) significantly depressed intake (measured as weight gain) of suckling rats of 1 1/2 hours, but the same dose did not slow gastric emptying. These findings indicate that rate of gastric emptying does not determine satiety in the suckling rat.", "PMID": 523549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1633", "title": "A study of olfaction and gustatory senses in sheep after olfactory bulbectomy.", "content": "The importance of taste and smell in discrimination of sodium salts was examined in normal and anosmic sheep. To test for anosmia, faeces of pig, calf and sheep were used as noxious odours. Intact sheep, and sheep with one olfactory bulb removed avoided the aversive stimulus whereas following total bulbectomy, the faecal odour was no longer a deterrent. Olfactory bulbectomy did not affect food intake but changes in fluid intake, urinary loss and electrolyte excretion were apparent. In two-choice preference tests, normal sheep showed a marked aversion for 0.48 M NaHCO3 and 0.51 M NaCl when compared to water. Following either unilateral or bilateral olfactory bulbectomy the aversion for sodium salts persisted but was less extreme. This suggests that in the final discrimination of sodium salts the sense of taste is dominant but olfaction or the olfactory bulb may have a minor role.", "contents": "A study of olfaction and gustatory senses in sheep after olfactory bulbectomy. The importance of taste and smell in discrimination of sodium salts was examined in normal and anosmic sheep. To test for anosmia, faeces of pig, calf and sheep were used as noxious odours. Intact sheep, and sheep with one olfactory bulb removed avoided the aversive stimulus whereas following total bulbectomy, the faecal odour was no longer a deterrent. Olfactory bulbectomy did not affect food intake but changes in fluid intake, urinary loss and electrolyte excretion were apparent. In two-choice preference tests, normal sheep showed a marked aversion for 0.48 M NaHCO3 and 0.51 M NaCl when compared to water. Following either unilateral or bilateral olfactory bulbectomy the aversion for sodium salts persisted but was less extreme. This suggests that in the final discrimination of sodium salts the sense of taste is dominant but olfaction or the olfactory bulb may have a minor role.", "PMID": 523548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1634", "title": "Effects of distribution of the drug unconditioned stimulus on taste-aversion learning.", "content": "Rats injected with lithium chloride after exposure to a taste or olfactory stimulus learn stronger aversions to these cues if the drug is administered in two small injections 35 min apart than if all of the drug is given in a single injection. This facilitation of conditioning produced by distribution of the drug unconditioned stimulus occurs with both low and high lithium doses (Experiments 1 and 2), is more evident in male than in female rats (Experiment 1), and is directly related to the amount of the flavored solution consumed prior to drug treatment (Experiment 4). Increasing the interval between two small drug injections beyond an optimal value results in a progressive loss of the facilitation of conditioning (Experiments 2 and 3), and the optimal drug distribution interval may be shorter for olfactory cues (Experiment 3) than for taste stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2). Control observations (Experiments 5A and 5B) showed that the drug distribution effect is not due to handling or other non-drug factors involved in giving two rather than only one injection. The phenomenon is consistent with recently-proposed models of conditioning and suggests that the differential effectiveness of various drugs in taste aversion conditioning may be related to differences in the time course of the unconditioned drug effects.", "contents": "Effects of distribution of the drug unconditioned stimulus on taste-aversion learning. Rats injected with lithium chloride after exposure to a taste or olfactory stimulus learn stronger aversions to these cues if the drug is administered in two small injections 35 min apart than if all of the drug is given in a single injection. This facilitation of conditioning produced by distribution of the drug unconditioned stimulus occurs with both low and high lithium doses (Experiments 1 and 2), is more evident in male than in female rats (Experiment 1), and is directly related to the amount of the flavored solution consumed prior to drug treatment (Experiment 4). Increasing the interval between two small drug injections beyond an optimal value results in a progressive loss of the facilitation of conditioning (Experiments 2 and 3), and the optimal drug distribution interval may be shorter for olfactory cues (Experiment 3) than for taste stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2). Control observations (Experiments 5A and 5B) showed that the drug distribution effect is not due to handling or other non-drug factors involved in giving two rather than only one injection. The phenomenon is consistent with recently-proposed models of conditioning and suggests that the differential effectiveness of various drugs in taste aversion conditioning may be related to differences in the time course of the unconditioned drug effects.", "PMID": 523550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1635", "title": "A polygraphic analysis of mounting and ejaculation in the New Zealand white rabbit.", "content": "The duration and intensity of some components of the male copulatory pattern was studied in ten male (seven experienced, three inexperienced) and two female New Zealand white rabbits by using high speed cinematography, accelerometry and by recording the pressure of the seminal vesicles. Duration of mounts varied greatly within and among subjects. Effective mounts, i.e., those terminating in ejaculation, lasted less (2.61 +/- 1.50 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 59) than ineffective mounts (3.08 +/- 2.16 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 199). Frequency of pelvic thrusting was significantly higher in effective (13.54 +/- 1.11 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 59) than in ineffective mounts (12.08 +/- 0.98 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 176). No pelvic thrusting occurred during intromission which usually lasted less than one second (722 +/- 266 msec SD; n, 43). Shortly after intromission (230 +/- 107 msec, mean +/- SD; n, 32) the pressure of the seminal vesicles raised. This rise in pressure outlasted copulation (1040 +/- 369 msec, mean +/- SD; n, 32). The mounting pattern of inexperienced rabbits was similar to that of experienced rabbits. The mounting pattern of females differed from that of males both in rate of pelvic thrusting and duration of pelvic thrusts.", "contents": "A polygraphic analysis of mounting and ejaculation in the New Zealand white rabbit. The duration and intensity of some components of the male copulatory pattern was studied in ten male (seven experienced, three inexperienced) and two female New Zealand white rabbits by using high speed cinematography, accelerometry and by recording the pressure of the seminal vesicles. Duration of mounts varied greatly within and among subjects. Effective mounts, i.e., those terminating in ejaculation, lasted less (2.61 +/- 1.50 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 59) than ineffective mounts (3.08 +/- 2.16 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 199). Frequency of pelvic thrusting was significantly higher in effective (13.54 +/- 1.11 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 59) than in ineffective mounts (12.08 +/- 0.98 sec, mean +/- SD; n, 176). No pelvic thrusting occurred during intromission which usually lasted less than one second (722 +/- 266 msec SD; n, 43). Shortly after intromission (230 +/- 107 msec, mean +/- SD; n, 32) the pressure of the seminal vesicles raised. This rise in pressure outlasted copulation (1040 +/- 369 msec, mean +/- SD; n, 32). The mounting pattern of inexperienced rabbits was similar to that of experienced rabbits. The mounting pattern of females differed from that of males both in rate of pelvic thrusting and duration of pelvic thrusts.", "PMID": 523551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1636", "title": "VMH obesity reduced but not reversed by scopolamine methyl nitrate.", "content": "Chronic administration of scopolamine methyl nitrate, at doses much greater than required to block vagally mediated insulin secretion, reduced static phase VMH obesity by only 31%. At least 59% of the obesity persisted even when the initially effective dose (0.15 mg/Kg, 4 times/day) was increased eight-fold. The larger dose also did not prevent VMH hyperphagia and weight gain when scopolamine treatment was begun before the lesion. By ten days after the lesion, reduced gastrointestinal motility apparently prevented further weight gain. These results suggest that much of the obesity caused by VMH lesions is independent of vagally mediated insulin secretion or other excess vagal efferent activity. The doses used in this experiment were large in order to provide strong evidence for this conclusion.", "contents": "VMH obesity reduced but not reversed by scopolamine methyl nitrate. Chronic administration of scopolamine methyl nitrate, at doses much greater than required to block vagally mediated insulin secretion, reduced static phase VMH obesity by only 31%. At least 59% of the obesity persisted even when the initially effective dose (0.15 mg/Kg, 4 times/day) was increased eight-fold. The larger dose also did not prevent VMH hyperphagia and weight gain when scopolamine treatment was begun before the lesion. By ten days after the lesion, reduced gastrointestinal motility apparently prevented further weight gain. These results suggest that much of the obesity caused by VMH lesions is independent of vagally mediated insulin secretion or other excess vagal efferent activity. The doses used in this experiment were large in order to provide strong evidence for this conclusion.", "PMID": 523552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1637", "title": "A simple and versatile avoidance chamber for mice requiring no shock scrambler.", "content": "We present a simple two-chamber apparatus for avoidance training of mice which does not require a shock scrambler. This apparatus can be used for active, passive and discriminated (Go-No-GO) avoidance tasks.", "contents": "A simple and versatile avoidance chamber for mice requiring no shock scrambler. We present a simple two-chamber apparatus for avoidance training of mice which does not require a shock scrambler. This apparatus can be used for active, passive and discriminated (Go-No-GO) avoidance tasks.", "PMID": 523553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1638", "title": "Duodenal pathology in rats following cold-restraint stress.", "content": "Rats were found to develop duodenal abnormalities as a monotonic function of stress: following a 41-hr fast, 17% had lesions; when cold stress was superimposed during the last 14 hr of the fast, 38% had lesions; when restraint was superimposed upon the last 17 hr of the fast and accompanied exposure to cold, 83% had lesions. Amount of duodenal pathology correlated across experimental groups with amount of gastric pathology seen, but for individual animals, presence of gastric and duodenal pathology did not necessarily co-vary. The existence of gastric and duodenal pathology in stressed rats mirrors that found in stressed humans and thus gives credence to the notion that the rat is a useful animal for study of acute, stress-induced gastro-duodenal disease.", "contents": "Duodenal pathology in rats following cold-restraint stress. Rats were found to develop duodenal abnormalities as a monotonic function of stress: following a 41-hr fast, 17% had lesions; when cold stress was superimposed during the last 14 hr of the fast, 38% had lesions; when restraint was superimposed upon the last 17 hr of the fast and accompanied exposure to cold, 83% had lesions. Amount of duodenal pathology correlated across experimental groups with amount of gastric pathology seen, but for individual animals, presence of gastric and duodenal pathology did not necessarily co-vary. The existence of gastric and duodenal pathology in stressed rats mirrors that found in stressed humans and thus gives credence to the notion that the rat is a useful animal for study of acute, stress-induced gastro-duodenal disease.", "PMID": 523554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1639", "title": "A role of female preputial glands in social behavior of mice.", "content": "Female mice reared by mothers with preputial glands preferred females with preputial glands over females deprived of preputial glands (p less than 0.02). Furthermore, such females preferred odors from males with preputial glands to odors from males without such glands (p less than 0.01). Females reared by mothers without preputial glands showed greater preferences for the odor of preputialectomized males (p less than 0.02) and females (p less than 0.01) than nonpreputialectomized animals. Odors common to males and females, emanating from preputial glands of the mother apparently influence early postnatal mice and determine their preferences in later life.", "contents": "A role of female preputial glands in social behavior of mice. Female mice reared by mothers with preputial glands preferred females with preputial glands over females deprived of preputial glands (p less than 0.02). Furthermore, such females preferred odors from males with preputial glands to odors from males without such glands (p less than 0.01). Females reared by mothers without preputial glands showed greater preferences for the odor of preputialectomized males (p less than 0.02) and females (p less than 0.01) than nonpreputialectomized animals. Odors common to males and females, emanating from preputial glands of the mother apparently influence early postnatal mice and determine their preferences in later life.", "PMID": 523555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1640", "title": "Concurrent drinking by pigeons on fixed-interval reinforcement schedules.", "content": "Three experienced pigeons were exposed to at least ten consecutive 100-min sessions on each of three food-reinforced fixed-interval (FI) schedules: FI 50-sec, FI 100-sec and FI 200-sec. Water was freely available. Drinking was largely confined to the first third of each fixed interval, and the mean sessional water intake was directly related to the food-reinforcement rate for each animal. The animals drank very quickly, i.e., 3--4 ml/sec, but the drinking bouts were brief, i.e., 0.8--1.4 sec, and infrequent, i.e., 2--5/hr. The parameters describing concurrent drinking in the pigeon are strikingly different from those describing rats' drinking under similar reinforcement schedules, which may contribute to the difficulty in demonstrating schedule-induced polydipsia in the pigeon.", "contents": "Concurrent drinking by pigeons on fixed-interval reinforcement schedules. Three experienced pigeons were exposed to at least ten consecutive 100-min sessions on each of three food-reinforced fixed-interval (FI) schedules: FI 50-sec, FI 100-sec and FI 200-sec. Water was freely available. Drinking was largely confined to the first third of each fixed interval, and the mean sessional water intake was directly related to the food-reinforcement rate for each animal. The animals drank very quickly, i.e., 3--4 ml/sec, but the drinking bouts were brief, i.e., 0.8--1.4 sec, and infrequent, i.e., 2--5/hr. The parameters describing concurrent drinking in the pigeon are strikingly different from those describing rats' drinking under similar reinforcement schedules, which may contribute to the difficulty in demonstrating schedule-induced polydipsia in the pigeon.", "PMID": 523557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1641", "title": "Forebrain lesions and food intake in pigeons.", "content": "Thirty pigeons were randomly assigned to one of four groups: those receiving bilateral ablation of the archistriatum, the neostriatum, the nucleus stria terminalis, or those receiving a sham operation. All groups showed a non-significant temporary postoperative decrease in food intake, a non-specific effect attributed to the surgery. However, the duration of the hypophagia in the archistriatum- and nucleus stria terminalis-ablated groups was slightly longer (four weeks instead of three). A slight increase in body weight occurred in the nucleus stria terminalis-lesioned group, in spite of decreased food intake. These results, especially that there is no persistent hypophagia following archistriatum and nucleus stria terminalis lesions, are discussed in relation to the suspected role of several forebrain structures in feeding behavior.", "contents": "Forebrain lesions and food intake in pigeons. Thirty pigeons were randomly assigned to one of four groups: those receiving bilateral ablation of the archistriatum, the neostriatum, the nucleus stria terminalis, or those receiving a sham operation. All groups showed a non-significant temporary postoperative decrease in food intake, a non-specific effect attributed to the surgery. However, the duration of the hypophagia in the archistriatum- and nucleus stria terminalis-ablated groups was slightly longer (four weeks instead of three). A slight increase in body weight occurred in the nucleus stria terminalis-lesioned group, in spite of decreased food intake. These results, especially that there is no persistent hypophagia following archistriatum and nucleus stria terminalis lesions, are discussed in relation to the suspected role of several forebrain structures in feeding behavior.", "PMID": 523558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1642", "title": "Legal defense as ego defense: a special form of resistance to the therapeutic process.", "content": "Forensic psychiatric concerns may be invoked defensively by the trainee as a resistance to the therapeutic process. The author briefly reviews this issue and its clinical manifestations, recognition, and supervisory management.", "contents": "Legal defense as ego defense: a special form of resistance to the therapeutic process. Forensic psychiatric concerns may be invoked defensively by the trainee as a resistance to the therapeutic process. The author briefly reviews this issue and its clinical manifestations, recognition, and supervisory management.", "PMID": 523571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1643", "title": "Treatment of narcissistic problems in time-limited psychotherapy.", "content": "Time-limited psychotherapy is being used with an expanding variety of emotional disorders, often as the treatment of choice. Clinical experience indicates that this form of treatment can produce major and enduring improvements. Persons suffering from major narcissistic problems generally are assumed to be impervious to time-limited treatments. However, long-term treatment is becoming less feasible because of financial considerations. Time-limited psychotherapy can provide circumscribed symptomatic relief by fostering increased use of defensive intellectualization and related ego-coping skills. Transference interpretations directed toward connecting maladaptive behavior patterns outside of therapy to past childhood relationship patterns proved most effective.", "contents": "Treatment of narcissistic problems in time-limited psychotherapy. Time-limited psychotherapy is being used with an expanding variety of emotional disorders, often as the treatment of choice. Clinical experience indicates that this form of treatment can produce major and enduring improvements. Persons suffering from major narcissistic problems generally are assumed to be impervious to time-limited treatments. However, long-term treatment is becoming less feasible because of financial considerations. Time-limited psychotherapy can provide circumscribed symptomatic relief by fostering increased use of defensive intellectualization and related ego-coping skills. Transference interpretations directed toward connecting maladaptive behavior patterns outside of therapy to past childhood relationship patterns proved most effective.", "PMID": 523572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1644", "title": "Dropouts and terminators from a community mental health center: their use of other psyciatric services.", "content": "Differences in patterns of utilization of psychiatric services were studied in 178 adult outpatients who either had dropped out of, or had terminated from treatment with the consent of their therapists. The Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register was employed to determine the use of psychiatric services by these patients within a period of two years before and two years after their admission to a community mental health center (CMHC). Dropping out of treatment was associated with a pattern of utilization of multiple psychiatric facilities. Of those individuals who made contact with a psychiatric facility both prior to and subsequent to their admission to the CMHC, the dropout group made, on the average, approximately twice as many contacts per person as the terminator group.", "contents": "Dropouts and terminators from a community mental health center: their use of other psyciatric services. Differences in patterns of utilization of psychiatric services were studied in 178 adult outpatients who either had dropped out of, or had terminated from treatment with the consent of their therapists. The Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register was employed to determine the use of psychiatric services by these patients within a period of two years before and two years after their admission to a community mental health center (CMHC). Dropping out of treatment was associated with a pattern of utilization of multiple psychiatric facilities. Of those individuals who made contact with a psychiatric facility both prior to and subsequent to their admission to the CMHC, the dropout group made, on the average, approximately twice as many contacts per person as the terminator group.", "PMID": 523573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1645", "title": "The role of the clergy in community mental health service: a critical assessment.", "content": "Efforts to expand mental health manpower have taken three major directions: (1) increased use of consultation, (2) creating entirely new roles, and (3) offering training to persons engaged in roles or occupations presumably at strategic points of contact between the public and the mental health system (clergy, police, hairdressers, and bartenders). In this paper the role of modern clergy is examined along several dimensions in order to provide a more rational basis for determining their true potential as mental health service extenders or gatekeepers. Role aspects examined are: public acceptance, approachability, community stature, role separation, and professional identity. Clergy  seem to be both appropriate and available as mental health resources.", "contents": "The role of the clergy in community mental health service: a critical assessment. Efforts to expand mental health manpower have taken three major directions: (1) increased use of consultation, (2) creating entirely new roles, and (3) offering training to persons engaged in roles or occupations presumably at strategic points of contact between the public and the mental health system (clergy, police, hairdressers, and bartenders). In this paper the role of modern clergy is examined along several dimensions in order to provide a more rational basis for determining their true potential as mental health service extenders or gatekeepers. Role aspects examined are: public acceptance, approachability, community stature, role separation, and professional identity. Clergy  seem to be both appropriate and available as mental health resources.", "PMID": 523574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1646", "title": "Problems of foreign born psychiatrists.", "content": "This paper describes problems incurred by those psychiatrists practicing in the United States who were born outside of the United States of America. It describes issues related to practice, politics, and understanding of a culture alien to them. It also focuses on some of the advantages of being a foreigner in the field. In conclusion, the paper recommends specific training to be incorporated in residency programs to address issues identified by the author.", "contents": "Problems of foreign born psychiatrists. This paper describes problems incurred by those psychiatrists practicing in the United States who were born outside of the United States of America. It describes issues related to practice, politics, and understanding of a culture alien to them. It also focuses on some of the advantages of being a foreigner in the field. In conclusion, the paper recommends specific training to be incorporated in residency programs to address issues identified by the author.", "PMID": 523575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1647", "title": "Case conference from Cornell. Case 6: depression and hypochondriasis in a patient with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "We are going to present a patient who was admitted to the hospital with a major depressive disorder. Somatic complaints and hypochondriasis were prominent in her symptomatology and occurred in a setting of known ulcer disease. Dr. Richard Breslow will present the case and a discussion of psychological aspects of ulcer disease. I will discuss the treatment of patients with hypochondriacal depressions.", "contents": "Case conference from Cornell. Case 6: depression and hypochondriasis in a patient with peptic ulcer disease. We are going to present a patient who was admitted to the hospital with a major depressive disorder. Somatic complaints and hypochondriasis were prominent in her symptomatology and occurred in a setting of known ulcer disease. Dr. Richard Breslow will present the case and a discussion of psychological aspects of ulcer disease. I will discuss the treatment of patients with hypochondriacal depressions.", "PMID": 523576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1648", "title": "[Some considerations on psychotherapy training for physicians in the psychiatric clinic--demonstrated by the example of the Medical School Hannover (author's transl)].", "content": "The essay outlines the strained situation in which psychotherapeutic training in the Psychiatric Clinic nowadys takes place. First, the official training rules for the intending psychotherapist in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Medical School, Hannover, are described. By that, a series of general structural problems is delineated, which influence the organization of the training in psychotherapy within the broader frame of psychiatry and its different institutions, especially its integration into a hospital with a predominantly social-Psychiatric orientation: Admission of candidates according to the criterion of clinic membership (instead of personal qualification); limitation of the instruction period according to the time of clinic membership (at most three or four years); therefore early start of psychotherapeutic treatment with generally rather difficult, severely disturbed patients; treatment with modified psychoanalytic procedures, which in general presuppose an experience in psychoanalytic treatment of many years; self-experience usually in a psychoanalytic group, without own experience with a therapeutic face-to-face-relation and the therapeutic regression possible in this dyade; finally the strain--felt as a conflict by many candidates--between the pressure for action in the daily practice of social psychiatry, and the rather temporizing and permissive attitude of the psychotherapist, where the reflection of action is most important. The theoretical teaching of psychotherapy as well as supervision have to respond to these structurally defined conditions. The essay describes the hitherto existing experiences in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Medical School, Hannover, in Regard of the difficulties, but also the changes of the transfer of psychotherapeutic theories and methods to psychiatrists and--perhaps--physicians in general. It demonstrates, too, some possible attempts for practicably solving the specific problems of a psychotherapeutic traning which is not oriented toward maximum requirements, but toward realizibility withan an given social frame for the sake of patients who probably would not find treatment elsewhere.", "contents": "[Some considerations on psychotherapy training for physicians in the psychiatric clinic--demonstrated by the example of the Medical School Hannover (author's transl)]. The essay outlines the strained situation in which psychotherapeutic training in the Psychiatric Clinic nowadys takes place. First, the official training rules for the intending psychotherapist in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Medical School, Hannover, are described. By that, a series of general structural problems is delineated, which influence the organization of the training in psychotherapy within the broader frame of psychiatry and its different institutions, especially its integration into a hospital with a predominantly social-Psychiatric orientation: Admission of candidates according to the criterion of clinic membership (instead of personal qualification); limitation of the instruction period according to the time of clinic membership (at most three or four years); therefore early start of psychotherapeutic treatment with generally rather difficult, severely disturbed patients; treatment with modified psychoanalytic procedures, which in general presuppose an experience in psychoanalytic treatment of many years; self-experience usually in a psychoanalytic group, without own experience with a therapeutic face-to-face-relation and the therapeutic regression possible in this dyade; finally the strain--felt as a conflict by many candidates--between the pressure for action in the daily practice of social psychiatry, and the rather temporizing and permissive attitude of the psychotherapist, where the reflection of action is most important. The theoretical teaching of psychotherapy as well as supervision have to respond to these structurally defined conditions. The essay describes the hitherto existing experiences in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Medical School, Hannover, in Regard of the difficulties, but also the changes of the transfer of psychotherapeutic theories and methods to psychiatrists and--perhaps--physicians in general. It demonstrates, too, some possible attempts for practicably solving the specific problems of a psychotherapeutic traning which is not oriented toward maximum requirements, but toward realizibility withan an given social frame for the sake of patients who probably would not find treatment elsewhere.", "PMID": 523577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1649", "title": "[Experiences, ideas, confusions with education for social und milieu therapy in a school and advanced training of therapeutic personel in Bethel (author's transl)].", "content": "The author, agent of advanced training, reports--on the background of ten years organisationel development in a large psychiatric institution (Bethel)--his experiences under the special view of training therapists of all kind, mainly nonacademic personel. This all is done in many different and interdependent courses, a small department of a school within. The problems, in his view, are that education for all professions in Germany don't prepare really--in the sense of giving personal and pragmatic competence--for psychiatric work with the sick or handicapped and other professionels. So advanced training courses must help during people work in the institution. The author is confused but sure, that the best training evidently can't enable people in the central point--beeing encouraged to stay beside and with the sick people, if there is not growing a community of helpers together and with the patients. So education, studies and training are very important. But it seems that it doesn't work without sharing personal existance together, personel and sick.", "contents": "[Experiences, ideas, confusions with education for social und milieu therapy in a school and advanced training of therapeutic personel in Bethel (author's transl)]. The author, agent of advanced training, reports--on the background of ten years organisationel development in a large psychiatric institution (Bethel)--his experiences under the special view of training therapists of all kind, mainly nonacademic personel. This all is done in many different and interdependent courses, a small department of a school within. The problems, in his view, are that education for all professions in Germany don't prepare really--in the sense of giving personal and pragmatic competence--for psychiatric work with the sick or handicapped and other professionels. So advanced training courses must help during people work in the institution. The author is confused but sure, that the best training evidently can't enable people in the central point--beeing encouraged to stay beside and with the sick people, if there is not growing a community of helpers together and with the patients. So education, studies and training are very important. But it seems that it doesn't work without sharing personal existance together, personel and sick.", "PMID": 523578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1650", "title": "[Sociopsychiatric additional training at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of sociopsychiatric additional training (abbreviated SPZA in the German text) is closely connected with the development of the psychiatric hospital of the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH) from a level of psychiatric keeping aloof from everyday problems arising in a community, towards a type of medical care which remains close to community problems by paying attention to all the sectors that go into creating abnormal patterns in a community. The most important and still unsolved problems of the future are represented by the alternative of a jobspecific or comprehensive continuing education across the boundaries set by individual groups of professions (at present, SPZA is intended to look after several non-academic groups of professions) and  are also represented by the alternative of continuing education bound to one institution or on a regional basis comprising several institutions. It is the aim of  SPZA to create a therapeutically favourable environment and to establish therapeutic relationships in psychiatry, i.e. to reflect upon and to change the patterns of psychiatry, its attitude, and its institutions. The teaching aims are: Shaping of psychiatric institutions according to basic human requirements, in line with the continuing education concepts of the DGSP; furthermore, realization of the therapist's own share and the share of external sources in the therapeutic communicative process incorporating reflection of the pwn and externally conditioned socialisation; also, the acquisition of the technique of favourable communication, achieved by self-observation and reflection of the therapist's own patterns of behaviour in his capacity as a person dedicated to helping the patient. Another teaching aim is to head and guid therapeutic groups in accordance with the innate propensities and tendencies of the participants and the practical requirements of the institutions concerned. From the didactic point of view, self-experience, communication of theories, and the practising of the new patterns of behaviour desired by the participants themselves, are combined.", "contents": "[Sociopsychiatric additional training at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (author's transl)]. The development of sociopsychiatric additional training (abbreviated SPZA in the German text) is closely connected with the development of the psychiatric hospital of the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH) from a level of psychiatric keeping aloof from everyday problems arising in a community, towards a type of medical care which remains close to community problems by paying attention to all the sectors that go into creating abnormal patterns in a community. The most important and still unsolved problems of the future are represented by the alternative of a jobspecific or comprehensive continuing education across the boundaries set by individual groups of professions (at present, SPZA is intended to look after several non-academic groups of professions) and  are also represented by the alternative of continuing education bound to one institution or on a regional basis comprising several institutions. It is the aim of  SPZA to create a therapeutically favourable environment and to establish therapeutic relationships in psychiatry, i.e. to reflect upon and to change the patterns of psychiatry, its attitude, and its institutions. The teaching aims are: Shaping of psychiatric institutions according to basic human requirements, in line with the continuing education concepts of the DGSP; furthermore, realization of the therapist's own share and the share of external sources in the therapeutic communicative process incorporating reflection of the pwn and externally conditioned socialisation; also, the acquisition of the technique of favourable communication, achieved by self-observation and reflection of the therapist's own patterns of behaviour in his capacity as a person dedicated to helping the patient. Another teaching aim is to head and guid therapeutic groups in accordance with the innate propensities and tendencies of the participants and the practical requirements of the institutions concerned. From the didactic point of view, self-experience, communication of theories, and the practising of the new patterns of behaviour desired by the participants themselves, are combined.", "PMID": 523579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1651", "title": "[Concepts on the supraregional sociopsychiatric continuing education of female and male nurses within the competence of the \"Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The new activities of nurses working in the field of psychiatry, resulting from the realisation of sociopsychiatric and sociotherapeutic concepts, have led to an expansion of the \"job description\" of the nursing personnel. Intensive measures for additinal training and continuing education will have to be taken to acquaint this personnel with these new tasks. Such measures have already been initiated from 1969 onwards in various places within the Federal Republic of Germany. For the psychiatric hospitals looked after by the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, a continuing education commission which comprises co-workers of various job categories and institutions, developed a continuing education concept about which this article reports in detail with regard to target aims and tasks to be tackled.", "contents": "[Concepts on the supraregional sociopsychiatric continuing education of female and male nurses within the competence of the \"Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe\" (author's transl)]. The new activities of nurses working in the field of psychiatry, resulting from the realisation of sociopsychiatric and sociotherapeutic concepts, have led to an expansion of the \"job description\" of the nursing personnel. Intensive measures for additinal training and continuing education will have to be taken to acquaint this personnel with these new tasks. Such measures have already been initiated from 1969 onwards in various places within the Federal Republic of Germany. For the psychiatric hospitals looked after by the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, a continuing education commission which comprises co-workers of various job categories and institutions, developed a continuing education concept about which this article reports in detail with regard to target aims and tasks to be tackled.", "PMID": 523580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1652", "title": "[Central continuing education measures for female and male nurses of the Westphalian Provincial (Psychiatric) Hospitals and Clinics (Westf. Landeskrankenh\u00fcser und Landeskliniken) (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on planning, organisation and realisation of measures for the continuing education of female and male nurses of the Westphalian Provincial (Psychiatric) Hospitals as laid down by the Continuing Education Commission of the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-LIppe (a semi-governmental organisation embracing many activities, including the care of psychiatric patients.) The article discusses in detail the teaching aim and the contents of the continuing education programme, the composition of the group of participants, and the mode of working practised in the training course which must be most closely related to actual practice.", "contents": "[Central continuing education measures for female and male nurses of the Westphalian Provincial (Psychiatric) Hospitals and Clinics (Westf. Landeskrankenh\u00fcser und Landeskliniken) (author's transl)]. The article reports on planning, organisation and realisation of measures for the continuing education of female and male nurses of the Westphalian Provincial (Psychiatric) Hospitals as laid down by the Continuing Education Commission of the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-LIppe (a semi-governmental organisation embracing many activities, including the care of psychiatric patients.) The article discusses in detail the teaching aim and the contents of the continuing education programme, the composition of the group of participants, and the mode of working practised in the training course which must be most closely related to actual practice.", "PMID": 523581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1653", "title": "[Psychosocial care structures in urband and rural districts (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study is based on a complete institutional and personal coverage of psychosocial care institutions in nine local regions within the Federal Republic of Germany. The study was carried out by means of a short structured questionnaire and was supported by local psychosocial working groups. The following questions were considered on the basis of a sociodemographic differentiation, in urband and rural districts: 1. To what extent do differences appear between urban and rural districts with regard to outpatient-, inpatient- and complementary treatment facilities? 2. To what extent do differences appear in regard to the quantity and quality of specialized professional personel operating there? 3. In what way, and to what extent, compensatory care mechanism do exist? The results show important and systematic differences with regard to the outpatient, inpatient and complementary treatment facilities. Rural districts are characterised by an emphasis on inpatient facilities, including homes, as well as by a marked lack of outpatient facilties, especially of a psychotherapeutic nature. Psychosocial professions with high qualifications, especially in psychotherapeutic respect, are mainly found in regions characterised as urban, while they are nearly completely absent in rural districts. In addition the results point at a underprivileged treatment structure of rural district. However there are indications of compensatory care mechanisms. This means that persons without any specialized training are often engaged in treatment jobs requiring specialisation. This applies in particular to the complementary field of patient care. The article discusses overlapping problems of proper geographic distribution of psychosocial treatment facilities in accordance with actual requirements. Furthermore political conclusions resulting from this aiming at improvementsof the care structure for mentally ill persons are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychosocial care structures in urband and rural districts (author's transl)]. The present study is based on a complete institutional and personal coverage of psychosocial care institutions in nine local regions within the Federal Republic of Germany. The study was carried out by means of a short structured questionnaire and was supported by local psychosocial working groups. The following questions were considered on the basis of a sociodemographic differentiation, in urband and rural districts: 1. To what extent do differences appear between urban and rural districts with regard to outpatient-, inpatient- and complementary treatment facilities? 2. To what extent do differences appear in regard to the quantity and quality of specialized professional personel operating there? 3. In what way, and to what extent, compensatory care mechanism do exist? The results show important and systematic differences with regard to the outpatient, inpatient and complementary treatment facilities. Rural districts are characterised by an emphasis on inpatient facilities, including homes, as well as by a marked lack of outpatient facilties, especially of a psychotherapeutic nature. Psychosocial professions with high qualifications, especially in psychotherapeutic respect, are mainly found in regions characterised as urban, while they are nearly completely absent in rural districts. In addition the results point at a underprivileged treatment structure of rural district. However there are indications of compensatory care mechanisms. This means that persons without any specialized training are often engaged in treatment jobs requiring specialisation. This applies in particular to the complementary field of patient care. The article discusses overlapping problems of proper geographic distribution of psychosocial treatment facilities in accordance with actual requirements. Furthermore political conclusions resulting from this aiming at improvementsof the care structure for mentally ill persons are discussed.", "PMID": 523582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1654", "title": "Technologist performance in fluoroscopic gastrointestinal examinations: an alternative for a small department.", "content": "In this small rural community hospital, the performance of gastrointestinal examinations by a radiologic technologist has proven to be highly successful. This success has been demonstrated both in terms of increased cost-effectiveness and diagnostic quality.", "contents": "Technologist performance in fluoroscopic gastrointestinal examinations: an alternative for a small department. In this small rural community hospital, the performance of gastrointestinal examinations by a radiologic technologist has proven to be highly successful. This success has been demonstrated both in terms of increased cost-effectiveness and diagnostic quality.", "PMID": 523622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1655", "title": "Adaptation of the technique for radiography of the glenohumeral joint in the lateral position.", "content": "This article emphasizes the importance of obtaining opposing right angle views of the shoulder as a routine part of the examination. It analyses standard projection techniques and presents an adaptation of the transaxillary axial projection that is invaluable to the radiologist in diagnosing that eight per cent of lesions that can be missed by not using this projection.", "contents": "Adaptation of the technique for radiography of the glenohumeral joint in the lateral position. This article emphasizes the importance of obtaining opposing right angle views of the shoulder as a routine part of the examination. It analyses standard projection techniques and presents an adaptation of the transaxillary axial projection that is invaluable to the radiologist in diagnosing that eight per cent of lesions that can be missed by not using this projection.", "PMID": 523621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1656", "title": "One more look at the mandibular condyle.", "content": "A great deal of attention has been given over the years to the development of highly specialized x-ray equipment that, in many instances, has reduced the complex nature of the radiographic procedure. However, it is impossible, and probably always will be, to design equipment that will automatically produce the proper radiographic position. This will remain a distinct function of the technologist, and the individual's skill will have great bearing on the quality of the radiograph. One need only review the literature to realize how innovative our profession has been in developing countless numbers of radiographic positions for demonstrating specific anatomical regions. Moreover, many useful radiographic positions can be found that, for various reasons, never gained the level of acceptance perhaps anticipated by their originators. Consequently, the practical value of these positions often escapes our attention. To illustrate this point, I have selected a radiographic position described some thiry years ago for visualization of the mandibular condyle. It is my intent to demonstrate the practical value of this projection, as well as that of some others not usually thought of, for radiography of the mandibular condyle.", "contents": "One more look at the mandibular condyle. A great deal of attention has been given over the years to the development of highly specialized x-ray equipment that, in many instances, has reduced the complex nature of the radiographic procedure. However, it is impossible, and probably always will be, to design equipment that will automatically produce the proper radiographic position. This will remain a distinct function of the technologist, and the individual's skill will have great bearing on the quality of the radiograph. One need only review the literature to realize how innovative our profession has been in developing countless numbers of radiographic positions for demonstrating specific anatomical regions. Moreover, many useful radiographic positions can be found that, for various reasons, never gained the level of acceptance perhaps anticipated by their originators. Consequently, the practical value of these positions often escapes our attention. To illustrate this point, I have selected a radiographic position described some thiry years ago for visualization of the mandibular condyle. It is my intent to demonstrate the practical value of this projection, as well as that of some others not usually thought of, for radiography of the mandibular condyle.", "PMID": 523623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1657", "title": "Technical writing in the radiologic technology curriculum.", "content": "Although courses in technical writing are no longer suggested in the Curriculum Guide for Programs in Radiologic Technology, the writer believes that writing is essential to the growth of the profession and development of the professional. Emphasis is placed on some of the benefits that accrue to students who are exposed to technical writing as part of their technology curriculum.", "contents": "Technical writing in the radiologic technology curriculum. Although courses in technical writing are no longer suggested in the Curriculum Guide for Programs in Radiologic Technology, the writer believes that writing is essential to the growth of the profession and development of the professional. Emphasis is placed on some of the benefits that accrue to students who are exposed to technical writing as part of their technology curriculum.", "PMID": 523625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1658", "title": "Log10 technique charts.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to offer a reliable and easily formulated alternative to random technique selection or control panel roulette when producing diagnostic radiographs. This system requires only minutes to complete and will reduce the radiation dose to patients, the radiographic film wasted, and the time lost repeating examinations.", "contents": "Log10 technique charts. The purpose of this article is to offer a reliable and easily formulated alternative to random technique selection or control panel roulette when producing diagnostic radiographs. This system requires only minutes to complete and will reduce the radiation dose to patients, the radiographic film wasted, and the time lost repeating examinations.", "PMID": 523624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1659", "title": "Causes of late death due to hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele.", "content": "Analysing 149 late deaths occurring between the years 1958 and 1977, the postoperative survival rate independent of age was in 33% less than three months and another 33% less than one year. The causes of death in the different age groups have been analysed following the scheme proposed by Petren: The most common cause of death was infection (65%), 20% of the children died with an indefinite final diagnosis, but this percentage has decreased since the introduction of computer tomography. Since 1968 the number of late deaths has been reduced mainly because of a decrease of local infections, better follow-up of the children and last but by no means least a better cooperation with the parents.", "contents": "Causes of late death due to hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele. Analysing 149 late deaths occurring between the years 1958 and 1977, the postoperative survival rate independent of age was in 33% less than three months and another 33% less than one year. The causes of death in the different age groups have been analysed following the scheme proposed by Petren: The most common cause of death was infection (65%), 20% of the children died with an indefinite final diagnosis, but this percentage has decreased since the introduction of computer tomography. Since 1968 the number of late deaths has been reduced mainly because of a decrease of local infections, better follow-up of the children and last but by no means least a better cooperation with the parents.", "PMID": 523637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1660", "title": "Preoperative condition of neonates who have ultimately died.", "content": "In a retrospective study the case sheets of 42 neonates are examined. They were infants with oesophageal atresias, small and large intestinal atresias, exomphalos and gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal obstruction as well as two children with a ruptured spleen secondary to birth trauma. Various laboratory investigations such as the pH, pCO2, standard bicarbonate and serum electrolytes as well as the child's weight on admission and, if possible, the birth weight were evaluated. There was no definite relationship between the preoperative laboratory values and the chances of survival of surgical neonates except if the values were extreme. Infections and septicaemia were the most important causes of postoperative complications.", "contents": "Preoperative condition of neonates who have ultimately died. In a retrospective study the case sheets of 42 neonates are examined. They were infants with oesophageal atresias, small and large intestinal atresias, exomphalos and gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal obstruction as well as two children with a ruptured spleen secondary to birth trauma. Various laboratory investigations such as the pH, pCO2, standard bicarbonate and serum electrolytes as well as the child's weight on admission and, if possible, the birth weight were evaluated. There was no definite relationship between the preoperative laboratory values and the chances of survival of surgical neonates except if the values were extreme. Infections and septicaemia were the most important causes of postoperative complications.", "PMID": 523638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1661", "title": "Factors contributing to the mortality associated with open-heart surgery in infants.", "content": "About 40% of children born with congenital heart disease die within the first year of life unless treated surgically. The results of surgery have improved with increasing experience. Currently, the mortality rate of open-heart procedures performed during the first year of life have decreased to about 25%. The present study analyses the causes of death in 53 infants who underwent open heart surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London between 1973--1977. Fifty-three deaths represented 25% of the total 212 operated infants. Causes of death and possible contributing factors are discussed under the following headings: Inoperable lesions (18), poor preoperative condition (8), mistake in pre-, intra- and postoperative management (15), infection (2) and unclear (10). It is suggested that earlier diagnosis and operation may improve the results. The purpose of this study was to identify problems in the management of critically ill infants with congenital heart disease and thus improve their prognosis in future.", "contents": "Factors contributing to the mortality associated with open-heart surgery in infants. About 40% of children born with congenital heart disease die within the first year of life unless treated surgically. The results of surgery have improved with increasing experience. Currently, the mortality rate of open-heart procedures performed during the first year of life have decreased to about 25%. The present study analyses the causes of death in 53 infants who underwent open heart surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London between 1973--1977. Fifty-three deaths represented 25% of the total 212 operated infants. Causes of death and possible contributing factors are discussed under the following headings: Inoperable lesions (18), poor preoperative condition (8), mistake in pre-, intra- and postoperative management (15), infection (2) and unclear (10). It is suggested that earlier diagnosis and operation may improve the results. The purpose of this study was to identify problems in the management of critically ill infants with congenital heart disease and thus improve their prognosis in future.", "PMID": 523639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1662", "title": "Congenital cardiac malformation in infants and children.", "content": "There were 51 deaths following cardiac operation in children under one year of age. Nearly all these children were operated upon without using a cardiopulmonary bypass. The commonest cause of death was intra- or postoperative cardiac arrest usually occurring in patients with complex cardiac anomalies. The second most commonest cause was repiratory deficiency. In children between the ages of 2 and 14 years (91 deaths in 1859 patients, i.e. a mortality of 4.64%), the commonest cause of death was cardio-vascular insufficiency usually caused by the operation. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot (147 deaths amongst 709 patients) one must distinguish between right sided and left sided cardiac insufficiency. Here the next commonest cause of death was bronchopneumonia with septicaemia usually as a result of long term artificial respiration. Other causes of death such as haemorrhages and embolic phenomena are much less important. In order to lower the mortality, better postoperative treatment in an intensive therapy unit especially for children undergoing cardiac operations is suggested.", "contents": "Congenital cardiac malformation in infants and children. There were 51 deaths following cardiac operation in children under one year of age. Nearly all these children were operated upon without using a cardiopulmonary bypass. The commonest cause of death was intra- or postoperative cardiac arrest usually occurring in patients with complex cardiac anomalies. The second most commonest cause was repiratory deficiency. In children between the ages of 2 and 14 years (91 deaths in 1859 patients, i.e. a mortality of 4.64%), the commonest cause of death was cardio-vascular insufficiency usually caused by the operation. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot (147 deaths amongst 709 patients) one must distinguish between right sided and left sided cardiac insufficiency. Here the next commonest cause of death was bronchopneumonia with septicaemia usually as a result of long term artificial respiration. Other causes of death such as haemorrhages and embolic phenomena are much less important. In order to lower the mortality, better postoperative treatment in an intensive therapy unit especially for children undergoing cardiac operations is suggested.", "PMID": 523640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1663", "title": "Fatal complications after pacemaker implantation in a baby.", "content": "In a three day-old infant with congenital heart block a pacemaker had to be inserted. Prolonged intravenous pacing led to septicaemia with fatal thrombotic complications. The potential spread of infection along the electrodes, and the danger of the presence of an intracardiac foreign body, suggest that myocardial electrodes may be superior in small infants.", "contents": "Fatal complications after pacemaker implantation in a baby. In a three day-old infant with congenital heart block a pacemaker had to be inserted. Prolonged intravenous pacing led to septicaemia with fatal thrombotic complications. The potential spread of infection along the electrodes, and the danger of the presence of an intracardiac foreign body, suggest that myocardial electrodes may be superior in small infants.", "PMID": 523641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1664", "title": "Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula ... a study of mortality.", "content": "Four hundred and fifteen babies with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula were admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne during the thirty year period, 1948--1977. Three hundred and fifty-six had proximal oesophageal atresia with a distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula; one of this group also had a proximal fistula. Three hundred twenty-eight were managed surgically with two hundred forty survivals. Factors affecting mortality in this group have been analysed and their therapeutic implications considered. There was a 50% mortality in the babies, numbering six in all, with proximal oesophageal atresia with a proximal tracheo-oesophageal fistula, but only one of the deaths in this group was regarded as being avoidable. Thirty-two babies had oesophageal atresia without an accompanying fistula, and in this group there was a relatively high mortality which was multi-factorial. In particular, factors included the association of this type of atresia with other anomalies incompatible with life, prematurity and technical problems. Twenty-one babies had an isolated \"H\" tracheo-oesophageal fistula with two deaths; one was a very early death reflecting the problems of neonatology a quarter of a century ago. The other died of a recurrent tracheo-oesophageal fistula and subsequent complications, and it is believed that this death would have been avoided by the present day approach.", "contents": "Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula ... a study of mortality. Four hundred and fifteen babies with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula were admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne during the thirty year period, 1948--1977. Three hundred and fifty-six had proximal oesophageal atresia with a distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula; one of this group also had a proximal fistula. Three hundred twenty-eight were managed surgically with two hundred forty survivals. Factors affecting mortality in this group have been analysed and their therapeutic implications considered. There was a 50% mortality in the babies, numbering six in all, with proximal oesophageal atresia with a proximal tracheo-oesophageal fistula, but only one of the deaths in this group was regarded as being avoidable. Thirty-two babies had oesophageal atresia without an accompanying fistula, and in this group there was a relatively high mortality which was multi-factorial. In particular, factors included the association of this type of atresia with other anomalies incompatible with life, prematurity and technical problems. Twenty-one babies had an isolated \"H\" tracheo-oesophageal fistula with two deaths; one was a very early death reflecting the problems of neonatology a quarter of a century ago. The other died of a recurrent tracheo-oesophageal fistula and subsequent complications, and it is believed that this death would have been avoided by the present day approach.", "PMID": 523642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1665", "title": "General survey of the causes of death in patients who died postoperatively in pediatric surgery.", "content": "The study is based on 427 patients who died between 1949 and 1976 and who were subjected to a post mortem examination. The years 1949 to 1969 (Group A) and the years 1970 to 1976 (Group B) were compared. Following important results were discovered: The underlying disease as a cause of postoperative death was reduced from 18.5% in Group A to 13.3% in Group B. Postoperative deaths secondary to associated malformations increased from 2.5% to 6.1%. Postoperative deaths due to a wrong diagnosis remained constant at 3%. Deaths due to wrong medical treatment decreased from 18% to 5.1%. Deaths due to postoperative infection increased from 17% to 46.2%. The explanation for this change is that modern intensive care keeps many patients alive who formerly died before the onset of infection. Deaths secondary to postoperative shock remained practically constant at 3% and 4% respectively. Deaths due to postoperative pneumonia decreased from 31% in Group A to 13.3% in Group B. The therapy for pneumonia has therefore markedly improved. The largest number of postoperative deaths was found in newborn infants. However, their part in the total numbers of postoperative deaths is definitely becoming smaller. Amongst the newborn infants there was the highest number of postoperative deaths caused by infections.", "contents": "General survey of the causes of death in patients who died postoperatively in pediatric surgery. The study is based on 427 patients who died between 1949 and 1976 and who were subjected to a post mortem examination. The years 1949 to 1969 (Group A) and the years 1970 to 1976 (Group B) were compared. Following important results were discovered: The underlying disease as a cause of postoperative death was reduced from 18.5% in Group A to 13.3% in Group B. Postoperative deaths secondary to associated malformations increased from 2.5% to 6.1%. Postoperative deaths due to a wrong diagnosis remained constant at 3%. Deaths due to wrong medical treatment decreased from 18% to 5.1%. Deaths due to postoperative infection increased from 17% to 46.2%. The explanation for this change is that modern intensive care keeps many patients alive who formerly died before the onset of infection. Deaths secondary to postoperative shock remained practically constant at 3% and 4% respectively. Deaths due to postoperative pneumonia decreased from 31% in Group A to 13.3% in Group B. The therapy for pneumonia has therefore markedly improved. The largest number of postoperative deaths was found in newborn infants. However, their part in the total numbers of postoperative deaths is definitely becoming smaller. Amongst the newborn infants there was the highest number of postoperative deaths caused by infections.", "PMID": 523643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1666", "title": "Discussion on atresia of oesophagus.", "content": "Combined malformations and dysmaturity are still the most important causes of postoperative complications and deaths in the treatment of congenital oesophageal atresia. Better results can only be expected if methods of therapy of these associated conditions can be improved.", "contents": "Discussion on atresia of oesophagus. Combined malformations and dysmaturity are still the most important causes of postoperative complications and deaths in the treatment of congenital oesophageal atresia. Better results can only be expected if methods of therapy of these associated conditions can be improved.", "PMID": 523645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1667", "title": "Intestinal obstruction in neonates: causes of death.", "content": "Infectious complications such a peritonitis, septicaemia and pneumonia are the most important factors causing postoperative death in surgery of intestinal obstruction in children. In a series of 237 patients with intestinal obstruction with 21 fatalities, the percentage of deaths due to infection was 85.7%. In 1967 to 1976, 259.301 children died in Germany, among them 1541 suffering from intestinal obstruction (0.6%); that means 3.1% of the 49.540 patients who died of intestinal obstruction were children. The mortality of intestinal obstruction in infancy and childhood had fallen to one third of the original during this period, but the mortality in newborn infants fell only by 50%. This correlates with the decreasing birth rate, so that the lower death rate due to intestinal obstruction seems to be explained by a lower number of neonates. The literature shows that relative mortality (20%) from intestinal obstruction in the newborn has, however, remained constant during the last 20 years.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction in neonates: causes of death. Infectious complications such a peritonitis, septicaemia and pneumonia are the most important factors causing postoperative death in surgery of intestinal obstruction in children. In a series of 237 patients with intestinal obstruction with 21 fatalities, the percentage of deaths due to infection was 85.7%. In 1967 to 1976, 259.301 children died in Germany, among them 1541 suffering from intestinal obstruction (0.6%); that means 3.1% of the 49.540 patients who died of intestinal obstruction were children. The mortality of intestinal obstruction in infancy and childhood had fallen to one third of the original during this period, but the mortality in newborn infants fell only by 50%. This correlates with the decreasing birth rate, so that the lower death rate due to intestinal obstruction seems to be explained by a lower number of neonates. The literature shows that relative mortality (20%) from intestinal obstruction in the newborn has, however, remained constant during the last 20 years.", "PMID": 523647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1668", "title": "Causes of death in Hirschsprung's disease: analysis and conclusions for therapy.", "content": "The mortality occurring in a series of 310 patients with Hirschsprung's disease is analysed. Forty-one (13%) died, 13 (4.5%) soon after a pullthrough operation. Anastomotic leaks were the largest cause of death in this latter group, but enterocolitis remains the most important cause of overall mortality.", "contents": "Causes of death in Hirschsprung's disease: analysis and conclusions for therapy. The mortality occurring in a series of 310 patients with Hirschsprung's disease is analysed. Forty-one (13%) died, 13 (4.5%) soon after a pullthrough operation. Anastomotic leaks were the largest cause of death in this latter group, but enterocolitis remains the most important cause of overall mortality.", "PMID": 523648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1669", "title": "Postoperative mortality in Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "The main factor causing a fatal outcome as well as the serious life threatening complications is anastomotic dehiscence. On the basis of our retrospective study we will sum up the following possible factors (not in order of importance): 1. Faulty suture techniques. 2. Pelvic seroma, haematoma or abscess with breakthrough into the lumen. 3. Tension on the suture line. 4. Deficient blood supply of either the distal colon, stump or the remaining rectum. Finally we would, on the basis of our study, like to make a plea for more and better colostomies or ileostomies; preoperatively as therapy in the sick child whose condition does not improve promptly with a rectal tube and, lastly, as postoperative cover to protect whatever anastomosis has been performed.", "contents": "Postoperative mortality in Hirschsprung's disease. The main factor causing a fatal outcome as well as the serious life threatening complications is anastomotic dehiscence. On the basis of our retrospective study we will sum up the following possible factors (not in order of importance): 1. Faulty suture techniques. 2. Pelvic seroma, haematoma or abscess with breakthrough into the lumen. 3. Tension on the suture line. 4. Deficient blood supply of either the distal colon, stump or the remaining rectum. Finally we would, on the basis of our study, like to make a plea for more and better colostomies or ileostomies; preoperatively as therapy in the sick child whose condition does not improve promptly with a rectal tube and, lastly, as postoperative cover to protect whatever anastomosis has been performed.", "PMID": 523649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1670", "title": "Imperforate anus: an analysis of mortalities during a 25-year period.", "content": "A careful analysis of 53 deaths in a series of 284 patients suggests the following points are important in reducing risk: 1. Imperforate anus is a complicated lesion which should only be done by experienced surgeons in a large-volume pediatric surgical center in order to avoid the wrong choice of procedure. 2. A careful colostomy technique is essential to avoid herniation, prolapse, evisceration or obstruction. 3. Hyperchloremic acidosis from a large rectourinary fistula into the distal blind pouch of a colostomized high type lesion must be watched for. 4. The mucocutaneous junction (natural or surgical) must be kept free from stenosis to avoid fecalomas or enterocolitis-sepsis sequelae. 5. Neonatal pullthrough should be avoided as they carry an increased risk, make handling of fistulas difficult, and may lead to the placement of the bowel outside of the continence muscles.", "contents": "Imperforate anus: an analysis of mortalities during a 25-year period. A careful analysis of 53 deaths in a series of 284 patients suggests the following points are important in reducing risk: 1. Imperforate anus is a complicated lesion which should only be done by experienced surgeons in a large-volume pediatric surgical center in order to avoid the wrong choice of procedure. 2. A careful colostomy technique is essential to avoid herniation, prolapse, evisceration or obstruction. 3. Hyperchloremic acidosis from a large rectourinary fistula into the distal blind pouch of a colostomized high type lesion must be watched for. 4. The mucocutaneous junction (natural or surgical) must be kept free from stenosis to avoid fecalomas or enterocolitis-sepsis sequelae. 5. Neonatal pullthrough should be avoided as they carry an increased risk, make handling of fistulas difficult, and may lead to the placement of the bowel outside of the continence muscles.", "PMID": 523650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1671", "title": "Causes of postoperative mortality in anorectal malformations: analysis and conclusions regarding therapy.", "content": "We studied 279 cases of rectal malformation in the hospitals of Munich, Berne and Lucerne in order to evaluate the mortality in this condition. 51 children died, an overall mortality of 18.2%. Three fourths of these fatalities were due to associated severe malformations, prematurity or brain damage respectively. Eleven children died because of postoperative infections. In the future the use of appropriate measures to avoid these complications should be attempted.", "contents": "Causes of postoperative mortality in anorectal malformations: analysis and conclusions regarding therapy. We studied 279 cases of rectal malformation in the hospitals of Munich, Berne and Lucerne in order to evaluate the mortality in this condition. 51 children died, an overall mortality of 18.2%. Three fourths of these fatalities were due to associated severe malformations, prematurity or brain damage respectively. Eleven children died because of postoperative infections. In the future the use of appropriate measures to avoid these complications should be attempted.", "PMID": 523652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1672", "title": "Postoperative causes of death in pediatric surgery: analysis and conclusions for the therapy.", "content": "The mortality of children with posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia (PDH) is mainly dependent upon the degree of lung hypoplasia. Other less significant factors are dysmaturity, associated anomalies, infection and haemorrhages. Children with grave cyanosis from PDH immediately after birth have a poor prognosis due to persistent foetal circulation with pulmonary vascular hypertension and right-left shunting. A better understanding and treatment of this persistent foetal circulation may considerably improve the surgical mortality, though in some cases the lung hypoplasia may be too far advanced.", "contents": "Postoperative causes of death in pediatric surgery: analysis and conclusions for the therapy. The mortality of children with posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia (PDH) is mainly dependent upon the degree of lung hypoplasia. Other less significant factors are dysmaturity, associated anomalies, infection and haemorrhages. Children with grave cyanosis from PDH immediately after birth have a poor prognosis due to persistent foetal circulation with pulmonary vascular hypertension and right-left shunting. A better understanding and treatment of this persistent foetal circulation may considerably improve the surgical mortality, though in some cases the lung hypoplasia may be too far advanced.", "PMID": 523654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1673", "title": "Causes of death in operated neonates with diaphragmatic defects.", "content": "The causes for the high mortality in neonates with diaphragmatic hernia are manifold. These cases have to be classified as being in the \"fatal zone\" of Boix-Ochoa. Analysis of our patients showed that 27 patients belonged to this group, 15 of whom died. The causes of death were hypoplasia of both lungs in 1 case and intracranial haemorrhage in 1. In 6 neonates there were additional complex cardiac malformations and in 1 other severe malformations. The foetal circulation persisted in 3 infants and a tension pneumothorax was the cause in 2, an intestinal obstruction the cause of death in 1 infant. In these 5 last-mentioned children, improvements in treatment might have possibly prevented death.", "contents": "Causes of death in operated neonates with diaphragmatic defects. The causes for the high mortality in neonates with diaphragmatic hernia are manifold. These cases have to be classified as being in the \"fatal zone\" of Boix-Ochoa. Analysis of our patients showed that 27 patients belonged to this group, 15 of whom died. The causes of death were hypoplasia of both lungs in 1 case and intracranial haemorrhage in 1. In 6 neonates there were additional complex cardiac malformations and in 1 other severe malformations. The foetal circulation persisted in 3 infants and a tension pneumothorax was the cause in 2, an intestinal obstruction the cause of death in 1 infant. In these 5 last-mentioned children, improvements in treatment might have possibly prevented death.", "PMID": 523655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1674", "title": "Mortality after operation for hiatus hernia.", "content": "When we started this investigation we were convinced that we would not be able to collect enough fatal cases to enable us to analyse the various causes of death following operation for hiatus hernia. To our surprise, inquiries made at 53 paediatric surgical centres produced a total of 67 fatalities. Most of these deaths could have been prevented if the following rules would have been followed: 1. The diagnosis must be made early and therapy must be commenced as soon as possible before there is a deterioration of the patient's general state of health increasing the risk of operation. 2. It is important to be familiar with the various operative techniques and the possible complications which they can produce. 3. Follow-up examinations are essential as certain complications will be detected by the patient himself only too late! Mortality and morbidity of hiatus hernia should be very small if the correct treatment has been carried out. Nissen's fundoplication, Rehbein's hiatal plasty and gastropexy, Lortat-Jacob/Grob's oesophagogastropexy and their modifications, all carry a low mortality and are followed by good results stopping the gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Mortality after operation for hiatus hernia. When we started this investigation we were convinced that we would not be able to collect enough fatal cases to enable us to analyse the various causes of death following operation for hiatus hernia. To our surprise, inquiries made at 53 paediatric surgical centres produced a total of 67 fatalities. Most of these deaths could have been prevented if the following rules would have been followed: 1. The diagnosis must be made early and therapy must be commenced as soon as possible before there is a deterioration of the patient's general state of health increasing the risk of operation. 2. It is important to be familiar with the various operative techniques and the possible complications which they can produce. 3. Follow-up examinations are essential as certain complications will be detected by the patient himself only too late! Mortality and morbidity of hiatus hernia should be very small if the correct treatment has been carried out. Nissen's fundoplication, Rehbein's hiatal plasty and gastropexy, Lortat-Jacob/Grob's oesophagogastropexy and their modifications, all carry a low mortality and are followed by good results stopping the gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 523656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1675", "title": "Postoperative deaths in children with portal hypertension.", "content": "69 children suffering from portal hypertension have been analysed. 5 of these patients died following shunt surgery, 2 after palliative surgery and 2 died in a state of haemorrhagic shock before any treatment could be commenced. In all those patients who died following shunt surgery, thrombosis in some part of the portal vein was found at post mortem. This led to partial liver necrosis.", "contents": "Postoperative deaths in children with portal hypertension. 69 children suffering from portal hypertension have been analysed. 5 of these patients died following shunt surgery, 2 after palliative surgery and 2 died in a state of haemorrhagic shock before any treatment could be commenced. In all those patients who died following shunt surgery, thrombosis in some part of the portal vein was found at post mortem. This led to partial liver necrosis.", "PMID": 523657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1676", "title": "Fatal peritonitis.", "content": "We analysed 117 cases of peritonitis in children. They were divided into two groups: -- Newborn and very young infants with peritonitis. -- Older children with peritonitis. The different causes in every group were studied, and it was attempted to find the particular criteria for each cause. The mortality in newborn and young infants is high, but resuscitation methods and appropriate surgical therapy are giving encouraging results. In older children the mortality from peritonitis is low and more or less resembles that in adults.", "contents": "Fatal peritonitis. We analysed 117 cases of peritonitis in children. They were divided into two groups: -- Newborn and very young infants with peritonitis. -- Older children with peritonitis. The different causes in every group were studied, and it was attempted to find the particular criteria for each cause. The mortality in newborn and young infants is high, but resuscitation methods and appropriate surgical therapy are giving encouraging results. In older children the mortality from peritonitis is low and more or less resembles that in adults.", "PMID": 523658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1677", "title": "Mortality of preoperative peritonitis in newborn infants without intestinal obstruction.", "content": "Within a period of 15 years 649 neonates were subjected to laparotomy; 60 (9%) of these patients died. Eighty-seven of the patients had a peritonitis already preoperatively without intestinal obstruction. Many of these were cases of ruptured omphaloceles or gastroschisis. In 17 infants a spontaneous intestinal perforation was the cause of the peritonitis. In 13 there was a preexisting meconium peritonitis. Seven children suffered from gangrenous intestine. Further causes for preoperative peritonitis were a complicated enteritis in 7 and a perforated appendix in 2 cases. Twenty-five or 29% of the children died. The highest mortality was found in children with ruptured omphalocele. It was 50% followed by gastroschisis with 36%. The mortality in patients with spontaneous intestinal perforation was rather similar, and the same high fatality rate was observed in infants with gangrenous intestine. In 28% of the children no cause for the peritonitis could be discovered. The high mortality rate is primarily due to the infants' bad general condition, i.e., low birth weight, prematurity and additional severe malformations.", "contents": "Mortality of preoperative peritonitis in newborn infants without intestinal obstruction. Within a period of 15 years 649 neonates were subjected to laparotomy; 60 (9%) of these patients died. Eighty-seven of the patients had a peritonitis already preoperatively without intestinal obstruction. Many of these were cases of ruptured omphaloceles or gastroschisis. In 17 infants a spontaneous intestinal perforation was the cause of the peritonitis. In 13 there was a preexisting meconium peritonitis. Seven children suffered from gangrenous intestine. Further causes for preoperative peritonitis were a complicated enteritis in 7 and a perforated appendix in 2 cases. Twenty-five or 29% of the children died. The highest mortality was found in children with ruptured omphalocele. It was 50% followed by gastroschisis with 36%. The mortality in patients with spontaneous intestinal perforation was rather similar, and the same high fatality rate was observed in infants with gangrenous intestine. In 28% of the children no cause for the peritonitis could be discovered. The high mortality rate is primarily due to the infants' bad general condition, i.e., low birth weight, prematurity and additional severe malformations.", "PMID": 523659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1678", "title": "Postoperative death in paediatric urology.", "content": "In the combined experience of two paediatric urologists over a 25 year period only 4 fatalities relating directly to the surgical procedure could be identified. Two other deaths are presented and retrospectively most of the fatalities could have been avoided by present day management but not at the time they occured. Operative mortality in relation to paediatric urology is discussed fully and it is suggested that death related to the immediate surgery should be fully avoidable in relation to paediatric urology. Death from renal failure is a different problem and is unrelated to this paper.", "contents": "Postoperative death in paediatric urology. In the combined experience of two paediatric urologists over a 25 year period only 4 fatalities relating directly to the surgical procedure could be identified. Two other deaths are presented and retrospectively most of the fatalities could have been avoided by present day management but not at the time they occured. Operative mortality in relation to paediatric urology is discussed fully and it is suggested that death related to the immediate surgery should be fully avoidable in relation to paediatric urology. Death from renal failure is a different problem and is unrelated to this paper.", "PMID": 523660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1679", "title": "Malformations of the urinary tract.", "content": "Between 1967 and 1977, 1500 children with malformations of the urinary tract were operated upon at the paediatric surgical department of the University of Tubingen. Ten children died in the early postoperative period or later on: Two patients died after operative correction of bladder extrophy following pneumonia and pyelonephritis and uraemia and urinary infection respectively. One child with a myelomeningocele had an ileal conduit performed and died two days after operation of peritonitis and urinary ascites. Two older children with reflux died in spite of successful ureteroneocystostomy, one following a cerebral haemorrhage and the other because of hypertension and uraemia. Five children with mechanical urinary obstruction died after discharge of uraemia and urinary infection. The following reasons for the deaths could be found: -- In two cases wrong indication for operation. -- In one case a technical fault at operation. -- In two cases the diagnosis was made too late. -- In five cases the wrong type of operation was used.", "contents": "Malformations of the urinary tract. Between 1967 and 1977, 1500 children with malformations of the urinary tract were operated upon at the paediatric surgical department of the University of Tubingen. Ten children died in the early postoperative period or later on: Two patients died after operative correction of bladder extrophy following pneumonia and pyelonephritis and uraemia and urinary infection respectively. One child with a myelomeningocele had an ileal conduit performed and died two days after operation of peritonitis and urinary ascites. Two older children with reflux died in spite of successful ureteroneocystostomy, one following a cerebral haemorrhage and the other because of hypertension and uraemia. Five children with mechanical urinary obstruction died after discharge of uraemia and urinary infection. The following reasons for the deaths could be found: -- In two cases wrong indication for operation. -- In one case a technical fault at operation. -- In two cases the diagnosis was made too late. -- In five cases the wrong type of operation was used.", "PMID": 523662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1680", "title": "Malformations of the lungs.", "content": "The postoperative fatal cases following lung resections and those following drainage of pleuropulmonary suppuration have been evaluated. It has been shown that prognosis is significantly better when resections of the lung are carried out than when septic processes in the pleural cavity occur, although the operative interferences in cases of resection are much more extensive than the insertion of a suction catheter for empyema. It was found that with today's methods of anaesthesia and resuscitation even extensive operations on the lung are less risky than bacterial infections.", "contents": "Malformations of the lungs. The postoperative fatal cases following lung resections and those following drainage of pleuropulmonary suppuration have been evaluated. It has been shown that prognosis is significantly better when resections of the lung are carried out than when septic processes in the pleural cavity occur, although the operative interferences in cases of resection are much more extensive than the insertion of a suction catheter for empyema. It was found that with today's methods of anaesthesia and resuscitation even extensive operations on the lung are less risky than bacterial infections.", "PMID": 523663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1681", "title": "Malformations of the lungs: analysis of the postoperative deaths and conclusions for improvement in therapy.", "content": "Complications of pulmonary surgery in childhood which should be prevented are: 1. Wrong indication for thoracotomy. An exact preoperative diagnosis including angiography is necessary to diagnose exactly the morphological abnormalities (i.e. arteriovenous fistulae). 2. Technical mistakes: Identifying vascular connections in cases of sequestrations of the lung which may transverse the diaphragm; priority of ligation of the vessels in pulmonary resections carried out for arterio-venous fistulae, i.e. the artery must be ligated first then the vein. If haemorrhage will occur from the vena cava, longitudinal clamps must be applied. Blindly carried out punctures of the lung are contraindicated. Pleural drainage catheters should be placed one intercostal space higher than the hole where they pass through the skin. In cases with cysts of the lung (i.e. echinococcus) where there is a danger of a rupture of the cyst into a bronchus, unilateral intubation is indicated.", "contents": "Malformations of the lungs: analysis of the postoperative deaths and conclusions for improvement in therapy. Complications of pulmonary surgery in childhood which should be prevented are: 1. Wrong indication for thoracotomy. An exact preoperative diagnosis including angiography is necessary to diagnose exactly the morphological abnormalities (i.e. arteriovenous fistulae). 2. Technical mistakes: Identifying vascular connections in cases of sequestrations of the lung which may transverse the diaphragm; priority of ligation of the vessels in pulmonary resections carried out for arterio-venous fistulae, i.e. the artery must be ligated first then the vein. If haemorrhage will occur from the vena cava, longitudinal clamps must be applied. Blindly carried out punctures of the lung are contraindicated. Pleural drainage catheters should be placed one intercostal space higher than the hole where they pass through the skin. In cases with cysts of the lung (i.e. echinococcus) where there is a danger of a rupture of the cyst into a bronchus, unilateral intubation is indicated.", "PMID": 523664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1682", "title": "The immunological state of the neonate following surgery--consequences for immunotherapy of neonatal septicaemia.", "content": "In addition to an innate functional dysmaturity of the neonate's immune system, operation, anaesthesia, and intensive care measures can significantly worsen this physiological immune deficiency. Given the fact that antimicrobial therapy as well as progress in intensive care of infected operated neonates and prematures did not significantly decrease the high mortality rate in this patient age group we began performing fresh-blood exchange transfusions as supportive immunotherapy in the treatment of neonatal septicaemia. Since indication for exchange transfusion has been adopted as early as septicaemia was suspected only 46% of the operated neonates (13 out of 28) died of their infection, compared to 82% of the patients (23 out of 28) who did not undergo exchange transfusion.", "contents": "The immunological state of the neonate following surgery--consequences for immunotherapy of neonatal septicaemia. In addition to an innate functional dysmaturity of the neonate's immune system, operation, anaesthesia, and intensive care measures can significantly worsen this physiological immune deficiency. Given the fact that antimicrobial therapy as well as progress in intensive care of infected operated neonates and prematures did not significantly decrease the high mortality rate in this patient age group we began performing fresh-blood exchange transfusions as supportive immunotherapy in the treatment of neonatal septicaemia. Since indication for exchange transfusion has been adopted as early as septicaemia was suspected only 46% of the operated neonates (13 out of 28) died of their infection, compared to 82% of the patients (23 out of 28) who did not undergo exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 523666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1683", "title": "Myelomeningocele; an analysis of deaths following early closure of the back lesion.", "content": "In three separate series of patients with open myelomeningocele treated in the neonatal period, meningoventriculitits was found to be the commonest cause of post-operative death. Improved neonatal surgical centres and less pressure on the nursing staff have reduced the incidence of this complication.", "contents": "Myelomeningocele; an analysis of deaths following early closure of the back lesion. In three separate series of patients with open myelomeningocele treated in the neonatal period, meningoventriculitits was found to be the commonest cause of post-operative death. Improved neonatal surgical centres and less pressure on the nursing staff have reduced the incidence of this complication.", "PMID": 523667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1684", "title": "Causes of death in 31 newborn infants with myelomeningoceles.", "content": "Eight of the ten premature infants died during the first ten days. Six of these were in poor general condition with cyanosis, respiratory distress or aspiration of amniotic fluid. One child died after a fit before he was operated upon for his myelomeningocele. Ventricular haemorrhages were found in two premature infants. Seven of the premature infants died of an infection. In 23 infants the myelomeningocele was not covered by a membrane. Approximately 75% of the infants, i.e. 15, died during the first week of life. A meningitis was found in five infants; in four cases it was due to E. coliand in one, due to klebsiella. It, therefore, appears from studying our case material that deaths in newborn infants with myelomeningocele depends on the following facts: 1) maturity, 2) associated malformations, 3) whether the myelomeningocele is covered by a membrane or not.", "contents": "Causes of death in 31 newborn infants with myelomeningoceles. Eight of the ten premature infants died during the first ten days. Six of these were in poor general condition with cyanosis, respiratory distress or aspiration of amniotic fluid. One child died after a fit before he was operated upon for his myelomeningocele. Ventricular haemorrhages were found in two premature infants. Seven of the premature infants died of an infection. In 23 infants the myelomeningocele was not covered by a membrane. Approximately 75% of the infants, i.e. 15, died during the first week of life. A meningitis was found in five infants; in four cases it was due to E. coliand in one, due to klebsiella. It, therefore, appears from studying our case material that deaths in newborn infants with myelomeningocele depends on the following facts: 1) maturity, 2) associated malformations, 3) whether the myelomeningocele is covered by a membrane or not.", "PMID": 523668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1685", "title": "Causes of late death due to hydrocephalus and meningomyeloceles.", "content": "In conclusion, it can be said that operative treatment of hydrocephalus was carried out almost exclusively using the Holter valve and the Rickham reservoir. There was a lack of experience with other drainage systems. Of the 291 children operated in this clinic, 274 were evaluated. The fate of the other 17, all of whom were foreigners who returned to their countries, is unknown. A considerable number of children in the late death group did not come regularly to the postoperative care unit or came too late for control investigations, or died at home or in paediatric departments far away from this centre.", "contents": "Causes of late death due to hydrocephalus and meningomyeloceles. In conclusion, it can be said that operative treatment of hydrocephalus was carried out almost exclusively using the Holter valve and the Rickham reservoir. There was a lack of experience with other drainage systems. Of the 291 children operated in this clinic, 274 were evaluated. The fate of the other 17, all of whom were foreigners who returned to their countries, is unknown. A considerable number of children in the late death group did not come regularly to the postoperative care unit or came too late for control investigations, or died at home or in paediatric departments far away from this centre.", "PMID": 523669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1686", "title": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolities produced by thrombin-treated human platelets. I. The validation of the technique.", "content": "We have developed a technique for the rapid separation and quantitative collection of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), PGE2, PGD2, PGF2 alpha, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10 heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14 eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), and arachidonic acid released from thrombin treated human platelets. Platelets were pre-labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid and then isolated by gel filtration. They were then exposed to thrombin for various intervals and separated by centrifugation. Aliquots of the cell-free medium were applied directly to a high pressure liquid chromatograph containing a fatty acid column as the stationary phase. A quarternary solvent system containing tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (CH3CN), water and acetic acid (HOAC) resolved and eluted the arachidonic acid metabolites within 30 minutes. Since no sample preparation is required and since the solvent system does not quench the counting efficiency of a standard liquid scintillation fluor the technique permits rapid separation and quantitation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolites.", "contents": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolities produced by thrombin-treated human platelets. I. The validation of the technique. We have developed a technique for the rapid separation and quantitative collection of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), PGE2, PGD2, PGF2 alpha, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10 heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14 eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), and arachidonic acid released from thrombin treated human platelets. Platelets were pre-labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid and then isolated by gel filtration. They were then exposed to thrombin for various intervals and separated by centrifugation. Aliquots of the cell-free medium were applied directly to a high pressure liquid chromatograph containing a fatty acid column as the stationary phase. A quarternary solvent system containing tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (CH3CN), water and acetic acid (HOAC) resolved and eluted the arachidonic acid metabolites within 30 minutes. Since no sample preparation is required and since the solvent system does not quench the counting efficiency of a standard liquid scintillation fluor the technique permits rapid separation and quantitation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolites.", "PMID": 523671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1687", "title": "Facilitation of suction termination using extra-amniotic prostaglandins in gel.", "content": "Extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in a slow release gel (Tylose) was instilled in 35 patients prior to a planned surgical termination in an attempt to dilate the cervix, minimize cervical trauma, and reduce the possible risk of cervical trauma, and reduce the possible risk of cervical incompetence and its sequelae. Dilatation occurred in all patients to a minimum of 8 mm and 74% aborted before surgical evacuation performed 6 to 24 hours after injection. No serious side effects occurred. Extra-amniotic PGE2 in gel should be considered as a primary procedure when the cervix is obviously immature on examination. If the cervix is found to be tight and unyielding at surgical dilatation, the latter procedure should be dicontinued and PGE2 in gel injected.", "contents": "Facilitation of suction termination using extra-amniotic prostaglandins in gel. Extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in a slow release gel (Tylose) was instilled in 35 patients prior to a planned surgical termination in an attempt to dilate the cervix, minimize cervical trauma, and reduce the possible risk of cervical trauma, and reduce the possible risk of cervical incompetence and its sequelae. Dilatation occurred in all patients to a minimum of 8 mm and 74% aborted before surgical evacuation performed 6 to 24 hours after injection. No serious side effects occurred. Extra-amniotic PGE2 in gel should be considered as a primary procedure when the cervix is obviously immature on examination. If the cervix is found to be tight and unyielding at surgical dilatation, the latter procedure should be dicontinued and PGE2 in gel injected.", "PMID": 523672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1688", "title": "The systemic absorption from the vagina of prostaglandin E2 administered for the induction of labour.", "content": "The absorption rates of PGE2 released from tablets, gel and pessary bases inserted into the vagina for the induction of labour in a total of 27 patients have been measured by means of serial plasma 15-keto-PGE2 levels. The results are discussed with a view to obtaining both the optimum dose of PGE2 and vehicle of release.", "contents": "The systemic absorption from the vagina of prostaglandin E2 administered for the induction of labour. The absorption rates of PGE2 released from tablets, gel and pessary bases inserted into the vagina for the induction of labour in a total of 27 patients have been measured by means of serial plasma 15-keto-PGE2 levels. The results are discussed with a view to obtaining both the optimum dose of PGE2 and vehicle of release.", "PMID": 523673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1689", "title": "Modulation of the adherence of human lymphocytes to measles-infected cells by prostaglandin E1: a differential effect on lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) may serve as important regulators of human immune responsiveness. The present study was designed to examine the possibility that PGE may effect human lymphocyte function by the modulation of surface receptors. The presence of surface binding sites on human lymphocytes for measles virus antigens was studied using a rosette adherence assay. We observed that the addition of PGE1 increased the proportion of measles-infected cells (Hela-Kll) with adherent lymphocytes (75% increase at 3 x 10(-6) M PGE1). PGE was observed to enhance the adherence of purified normal peripheral T cells (87%) and T lymphoid cells (Molt 3) (27%). In contrast, no significant change in normal peripheral B cell or B lymphoid cell (Raji) adherence was observed with the addition of PGE. These results are consistent with a selective modulation of surface measles virus binding sites by PGE1 on T and not B lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Modulation of the adherence of human lymphocytes to measles-infected cells by prostaglandin E1: a differential effect on lymphocyte subpopulations. Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) may serve as important regulators of human immune responsiveness. The present study was designed to examine the possibility that PGE may effect human lymphocyte function by the modulation of surface receptors. The presence of surface binding sites on human lymphocytes for measles virus antigens was studied using a rosette adherence assay. We observed that the addition of PGE1 increased the proportion of measles-infected cells (Hela-Kll) with adherent lymphocytes (75% increase at 3 x 10(-6) M PGE1). PGE was observed to enhance the adherence of purified normal peripheral T cells (87%) and T lymphoid cells (Molt 3) (27%). In contrast, no significant change in normal peripheral B cell or B lymphoid cell (Raji) adherence was observed with the addition of PGE. These results are consistent with a selective modulation of surface measles virus binding sites by PGE1 on T and not B lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 523674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1690", "title": "Kidney kallikrein and phospholipase activities in Milan spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Renal kallikrein and phospholipase activities were evaluated in a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats developed by Dr. Bianchi in Milan (MHR). MHR showed lower than normal kallikrein and phospholipase activities before, at 3 weeks of age and following the development of hypertension. Kallikrein and phospholipase activities were directly correlated both in normotensive and spontenously hypertensive rats. The data suggest that MHR have a genetic defect in kallikrein and phospholipase activities, which may play a pathogenetic role in the development of high blood pressure.", "contents": "Kidney kallikrein and phospholipase activities in Milan spontaneously hypertensive rats. Renal kallikrein and phospholipase activities were evaluated in a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats developed by Dr. Bianchi in Milan (MHR). MHR showed lower than normal kallikrein and phospholipase activities before, at 3 weeks of age and following the development of hypertension. Kallikrein and phospholipase activities were directly correlated both in normotensive and spontenously hypertensive rats. The data suggest that MHR have a genetic defect in kallikrein and phospholipase activities, which may play a pathogenetic role in the development of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 523675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1691", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on in vitro synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta in placenta from early human pregnancy.", "content": "In vitro synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta from endogenous precursors was studied in the placenta from women in early stage of gestation (less than 7 weeks). Radioimmunoassay techniques were used to measure progesterone and estradiol-17 beta. It was shown that placental tissue from as early as six weeks of gestation can synthesize both progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in vitro. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 in concentration of 100 micrograms/ml of the incubation media did not have any significant effect on the in vitro synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in the placental tissue. It seems unlikely that the abortifacient effect of natural prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2 alpha is due to their direct action on the synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in the placenta.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on in vitro synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta in placenta from early human pregnancy. In vitro synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta from endogenous precursors was studied in the placenta from women in early stage of gestation (less than 7 weeks). Radioimmunoassay techniques were used to measure progesterone and estradiol-17 beta. It was shown that placental tissue from as early as six weeks of gestation can synthesize both progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in vitro. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 in concentration of 100 micrograms/ml of the incubation media did not have any significant effect on the in vitro synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in the placental tissue. It seems unlikely that the abortifacient effect of natural prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2 alpha is due to their direct action on the synthesis of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in the placenta.", "PMID": 523676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1692", "title": "The identification of an epoxy-hydroxy acid as a product from the incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets.", "content": "An epoxy-hydroxy compound, 10-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-eicosa-5,8,14-trienoic acid, has been identified as a product on incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets from human, horse, cat, dog and rabbit. Gas chromatographic - mass spectrometric (GC-MS) evidence of structure is discussed.", "contents": "The identification of an epoxy-hydroxy acid as a product from the incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets. An epoxy-hydroxy compound, 10-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-eicosa-5,8,14-trienoic acid, has been identified as a product on incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets from human, horse, cat, dog and rabbit. Gas chromatographic - mass spectrometric (GC-MS) evidence of structure is discussed.", "PMID": 523677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1693", "title": "III - Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: relevance of the peripheral effect for the analgesic action of opioid-antagonists.", "content": "Morphine injected into the rat cerebral ventricles had a marked analgesic effect, while no effect was observed with pentazocine and naloxone or nalorphine caused a strong hyperalgesia. Administered systemically (IP) naloxone and nalorphine caused a transitory analgesia followed by a long lasting hyperalgesic effect; morphine and pentazocine showed only an analgesic effect. It was concluded that the site of analgesic action of opioid-antagonists is peripheral rather than central. The peptidase-resistant enkephalin-analog, BW 180c, which does not cross the blood brain barrier, caused a marked analgesia by IP administration to paws made hyperalgesic by PGE2 or carrageenin. It is suggested that agents derived from morphine, morphine-antagonists, enkephalins or cGMP devoid of central effect but having a strong peripheral effect may constitute a new class of safer analgesics.", "contents": "III - Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: relevance of the peripheral effect for the analgesic action of opioid-antagonists. Morphine injected into the rat cerebral ventricles had a marked analgesic effect, while no effect was observed with pentazocine and naloxone or nalorphine caused a strong hyperalgesia. Administered systemically (IP) naloxone and nalorphine caused a transitory analgesia followed by a long lasting hyperalgesic effect; morphine and pentazocine showed only an analgesic effect. It was concluded that the site of analgesic action of opioid-antagonists is peripheral rather than central. The peptidase-resistant enkephalin-analog, BW 180c, which does not cross the blood brain barrier, caused a marked analgesia by IP administration to paws made hyperalgesic by PGE2 or carrageenin. It is suggested that agents derived from morphine, morphine-antagonists, enkephalins or cGMP devoid of central effect but having a strong peripheral effect may constitute a new class of safer analgesics.", "PMID": 523678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1694", "title": "A unique affinity and adaptation of renomedullary interstitial cells for hypertonic medium.", "content": "Collagenase-dispersed cells of renal papillary tissue from adult mongrel dogs were directly inoculated in a modified M.E.M. (Eagle's) giving an osmolality of approximately 1,000 mOsm/L by addition of urea and sodium chloride, and were cultured in an atmosphere of 95% air-5%CO2 at 37 degrees C. Within twelve hours after inoculation, spindle-shaped cells attached firmly to the surface of culture dishes, while the other cellular components of the inner medulla remained floating in the medium. After several days in culture, the colonies grew to form a confluent cell layer, which was composed of almost homogenous cells giving spindle-shape. These cells kept on the major characteristics of renomedullary interstitial cell (RIC) in morphology as well as in function to produce prostaglandin E. These results appear to be principally attributable to the unique characteristics of RIC, one of which is affinity for high osmolality and the other is different behavior in attachment to the dish. As the procedure proposed here was relatively simple and did not require a long period up to the development of monolayer, it would provide a promising model \"in vitro\" to study the humoral regulation of prostaglandin production.", "contents": "A unique affinity and adaptation of renomedullary interstitial cells for hypertonic medium. Collagenase-dispersed cells of renal papillary tissue from adult mongrel dogs were directly inoculated in a modified M.E.M. (Eagle's) giving an osmolality of approximately 1,000 mOsm/L by addition of urea and sodium chloride, and were cultured in an atmosphere of 95% air-5%CO2 at 37 degrees C. Within twelve hours after inoculation, spindle-shaped cells attached firmly to the surface of culture dishes, while the other cellular components of the inner medulla remained floating in the medium. After several days in culture, the colonies grew to form a confluent cell layer, which was composed of almost homogenous cells giving spindle-shape. These cells kept on the major characteristics of renomedullary interstitial cell (RIC) in morphology as well as in function to produce prostaglandin E. These results appear to be principally attributable to the unique characteristics of RIC, one of which is affinity for high osmolality and the other is different behavior in attachment to the dish. As the procedure proposed here was relatively simple and did not require a long period up to the development of monolayer, it would provide a promising model \"in vitro\" to study the humoral regulation of prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 523679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1695", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha on the absorption and portal transport of sugar and on the local intestinal circulation.", "content": "With the isolated jejunum loop technique investigations of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha were made on canine intestinal absorption and transport of glucose and on the circulation of the intestinal loop. These compounds decreased glucose absorption; intra-arterial prostaglandin administration decreased the portal transport of glucose, but intraluminal administration caused an increase. PGE2 enhanced the circulation of the intestinal loop; intra-arterial PGF2 alpha diminished this circulation, whereas on intraluminal PGF2 alpha had no significant effect.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha on the absorption and portal transport of sugar and on the local intestinal circulation. With the isolated jejunum loop technique investigations of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha were made on canine intestinal absorption and transport of glucose and on the circulation of the intestinal loop. These compounds decreased glucose absorption; intra-arterial prostaglandin administration decreased the portal transport of glucose, but intraluminal administration caused an increase. PGE2 enhanced the circulation of the intestinal loop; intra-arterial PGF2 alpha diminished this circulation, whereas on intraluminal PGF2 alpha had no significant effect.", "PMID": 523680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1696", "title": "The mouse anti-morphine constipation test--a simple laboratory test of the gastrointestinal side-effect potential of orally administered prostaglandin analogues.", "content": "A test is described which is simple, reliable and highly sensitive to the diarrhoea-inducing properties of orally administered prostaglandin analogues in mice. Comparison with human data shows similar orders of relative potency.", "contents": "The mouse anti-morphine constipation test--a simple laboratory test of the gastrointestinal side-effect potential of orally administered prostaglandin analogues. A test is described which is simple, reliable and highly sensitive to the diarrhoea-inducing properties of orally administered prostaglandin analogues in mice. Comparison with human data shows similar orders of relative potency.", "PMID": 523681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1697", "title": "Pulmonary and systemic vascular responses to 6-keto-PGE1 in the conscious lamb.", "content": "6-Keto-PGE1 is a potent direct dilator of the pulmonary and systemic circulations of the newborn lamb under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Its threshold dose is similar to that of PGI2 and PGE1. Under hypoxia, 6-keto-PGE1 appears equally effective on the pulmonary and systemic circulations, while under normoxia it predominantly affects the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Pulmonary and systemic vascular responses to 6-keto-PGE1 in the conscious lamb. 6-Keto-PGE1 is a potent direct dilator of the pulmonary and systemic circulations of the newborn lamb under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Its threshold dose is similar to that of PGI2 and PGE1. Under hypoxia, 6-keto-PGE1 appears equally effective on the pulmonary and systemic circulations, while under normoxia it predominantly affects the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 523682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1698", "title": "Differential effects of probenecid on the levels of endogenous PGF2 alpha and TXB2 in brain cortex.", "content": "Probenecid in single or repeated doses does not modify levels of PGF2 alpha and TXB2 in rat brain cortex. After administration of subconvulsant dose of pentamethylene tetrazole (PMT) PGF2 alpha increases sharply and rapidly declines subsequently, whereas the elevation of TXB2 is smaller but of longer duration. After probenecid pretreatment PGF2 alpha levels do not decline up to 30 minutes after the initial peak and are still elevated after 60 minutes. Levels of TXB2 tend to be reduced after pretreatment. Differences in transport process or in biosynthetic compartments for these arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites may account for the observed data.", "contents": "Differential effects of probenecid on the levels of endogenous PGF2 alpha and TXB2 in brain cortex. Probenecid in single or repeated doses does not modify levels of PGF2 alpha and TXB2 in rat brain cortex. After administration of subconvulsant dose of pentamethylene tetrazole (PMT) PGF2 alpha increases sharply and rapidly declines subsequently, whereas the elevation of TXB2 is smaller but of longer duration. After probenecid pretreatment PGF2 alpha levels do not decline up to 30 minutes after the initial peak and are still elevated after 60 minutes. Levels of TXB2 tend to be reduced after pretreatment. Differences in transport process or in biosynthetic compartments for these arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites may account for the observed data.", "PMID": 523683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1699", "title": "Some biological activities of a series of 9a-homo-9,11-epoxy prostanoic acid analogues.", "content": "A number of stereochemical variants at C-8, C-12 and C-15 of 9a-homo-9,11-epoxy prostaglandins (PGs) have been examined for in vivo activity on blood pressure, bronchial resistance, tracheal segment pressure, heart rate and on intestinal and uterine contractility in artificially respired anaesthetised guinea-pigs; and on blood pressure and blood platelet aggregation in rats (using the extra-corporeal filter-aorta loop technique). In vitro tests for smooth muscle activity were carried out on the isolated rat fundus strip, the guinea-pig tracheal chain and the rat uterus. The following was found: 1. In the guinea-pig, in vivo, all the homo-epoxy PGs were vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor following bolus injections of 250 micrograms i.v. The effects on heart rate, and intestinal and uterine contractility were equivocal. The configurations at the chiral centres, C-8, C-12 and C-15 play an important role in determining potency. The 15-(S)-hydroxy derivatives were the most potent in stimulating vascular and respiratory muscle. The 8-iso configuration appeared to enhance potency amongst the 15-(S)-hydroxy compounds. The 15-(R)-hydroxy configuration markedly reduced constrictor potency. The same pattern of activity was seen on rat blood pressure, in vivo. The 15-(S)-hydroxy configuration combined with the 8-iso configuration had the most potent constrictor activity, while the 15-(R)-hydroxy group negated this and even led, in the case of the natural configuration at C-8 and C-12, to vasodepression. 2. In vitro, the activity on the rat fundus and guinea-pig tracheal chain followed the same pattern. The 15-(S)-hydroxy derivatives were very much more potent than the 15-(R)-hydroxy derivatives at contracting the smooth muscle preparations. Uterine muscle appeared to be relaxed by the PGs with the natural configuration at C-8 and C-12, with the 15-(R)-hydroxy compound exhibiting greater activity. 3. Inhibition of ADP-induced rat blood platelet aggregation after \"intra-arterial\" administration was shown only by the derivatives with a single change in the natural configuration either at C-8 or at C-15. Additional changes either resulted in inactivity or, in the case of the 8,12-di-iso-15-(S)-hydroxy compound, even reversed the effect to aggregation. The inhibition of aggregation was long lasting with both the 8-iso-15-(S)-hydroxy derivative and the 8,12-nat-15-(R)-hydroxy derivative. In the case of the latter compound, GBR-30731, activity increased during the 30 min after administration. GBR-30731 deserves further investigation as a platelet aggregation inhibitor because of its relatively low smooth muscle stimulant (sometimes even relaxant effects) and its long lasting platelet aggregation inhibiting activity.", "contents": "Some biological activities of a series of 9a-homo-9,11-epoxy prostanoic acid analogues. A number of stereochemical variants at C-8, C-12 and C-15 of 9a-homo-9,11-epoxy prostaglandins (PGs) have been examined for in vivo activity on blood pressure, bronchial resistance, tracheal segment pressure, heart rate and on intestinal and uterine contractility in artificially respired anaesthetised guinea-pigs; and on blood pressure and blood platelet aggregation in rats (using the extra-corporeal filter-aorta loop technique). In vitro tests for smooth muscle activity were carried out on the isolated rat fundus strip, the guinea-pig tracheal chain and the rat uterus. The following was found: 1. In the guinea-pig, in vivo, all the homo-epoxy PGs were vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor following bolus injections of 250 micrograms i.v. The effects on heart rate, and intestinal and uterine contractility were equivocal. The configurations at the chiral centres, C-8, C-12 and C-15 play an important role in determining potency. The 15-(S)-hydroxy derivatives were the most potent in stimulating vascular and respiratory muscle. The 8-iso configuration appeared to enhance potency amongst the 15-(S)-hydroxy compounds. The 15-(R)-hydroxy configuration markedly reduced constrictor potency. The same pattern of activity was seen on rat blood pressure, in vivo. The 15-(S)-hydroxy configuration combined with the 8-iso configuration had the most potent constrictor activity, while the 15-(R)-hydroxy group negated this and even led, in the case of the natural configuration at C-8 and C-12, to vasodepression. 2. In vitro, the activity on the rat fundus and guinea-pig tracheal chain followed the same pattern. The 15-(S)-hydroxy derivatives were very much more potent than the 15-(R)-hydroxy derivatives at contracting the smooth muscle preparations. Uterine muscle appeared to be relaxed by the PGs with the natural configuration at C-8 and C-12, with the 15-(R)-hydroxy compound exhibiting greater activity. 3. Inhibition of ADP-induced rat blood platelet aggregation after \"intra-arterial\" administration was shown only by the derivatives with a single change in the natural configuration either at C-8 or at C-15. Additional changes either resulted in inactivity or, in the case of the 8,12-di-iso-15-(S)-hydroxy compound, even reversed the effect to aggregation. The inhibition of aggregation was long lasting with both the 8-iso-15-(S)-hydroxy derivative and the 8,12-nat-15-(R)-hydroxy derivative. In the case of the latter compound, GBR-30731, activity increased during the 30 min after administration. GBR-30731 deserves further investigation as a platelet aggregation inhibitor because of its relatively low smooth muscle stimulant (sometimes even relaxant effects) and its long lasting platelet aggregation inhibiting activity.", "PMID": 523684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1700", "title": "[Value of visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis (MS). Comparative study of results obtained by light flash and checkerboard reversal stimulation].", "content": "Evoked visual potentials were studied in 12 subjects diagnosed or suspected of having MS. A comparison was made between these subjects and results obtained with single eye stimulation using a flash of light (101 subjects) or by using a reversible checker-board pattern (58 subjects). Reversible checker-board pattern simulation showed pathological unilateral or bilateral increase in the latency of the main positive spike in the response of 80% of the verified MS cases and 50% of the probable or possible MS cases. These percentages were 25% lower when flashes of light were used as stimulation. 58% of those patients who have never presented ophtalmological symptoms have abnormal latency in responses invoked by the reversible checker-board pattern, as opposed to 20% using flashes of light for stimulation. Study of E.V.P. in normal subjects indicates that the better results obtained with reversible checker-board stimulation can be attributed to greater reproductibility of the response. Analysis of the overall morphology of the responses significantly increases E.V.P. examination efficiency when using flashes of light as stimulation. However, in our series, it does not change the results obtained by only calculating the latency of response to reversal of a checker-board pattern.", "contents": "[Value of visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis (MS). Comparative study of results obtained by light flash and checkerboard reversal stimulation]. Evoked visual potentials were studied in 12 subjects diagnosed or suspected of having MS. A comparison was made between these subjects and results obtained with single eye stimulation using a flash of light (101 subjects) or by using a reversible checker-board pattern (58 subjects). Reversible checker-board pattern simulation showed pathological unilateral or bilateral increase in the latency of the main positive spike in the response of 80% of the verified MS cases and 50% of the probable or possible MS cases. These percentages were 25% lower when flashes of light were used as stimulation. 58% of those patients who have never presented ophtalmological symptoms have abnormal latency in responses invoked by the reversible checker-board pattern, as opposed to 20% using flashes of light for stimulation. Study of E.V.P. in normal subjects indicates that the better results obtained with reversible checker-board stimulation can be attributed to greater reproductibility of the response. Analysis of the overall morphology of the responses significantly increases E.V.P. examination efficiency when using flashes of light as stimulation. However, in our series, it does not change the results obtained by only calculating the latency of response to reversal of a checker-board pattern.", "PMID": 523734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1701", "title": "[Role of the amygdala in the occurence of oro-alimentary signs of during epileptic seizures in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the role of amygdala dysfunction in cases of oro-alimentary signs occuring in seizures recorded during a series of stereo-electroencephalographic investigations (S.E.E.G.) carried out for neurosurgical purposes. The patients under study have an epilepsy that is resistant to drug therapy. This work concerns 89 seizures with \"oro-alimentary motor activity\" recorded in 59 patients with whom it was possible to establish sufficiently rigourous anatomical - electrical - clinical correlations. This study enabled us to show that : --a seizure characterized by \"oro-alimentary motor\" signs (with the exclusion of swallowing movements) is related to a discharge that directly involves the amygdala. --a critical discharge affecting the anterior temporal region is expressed as : oro-alimentary activity either accompanied or not by other signs (breaking contact is exceptional). --late \"oro-alimentary motor activity\" also indicates disorganization of the amygdala, but offers no conclusion on the origin of the discharge.", "contents": "[Role of the amygdala in the occurence of oro-alimentary signs of during epileptic seizures in man (author's transl)]. The authors study the role of amygdala dysfunction in cases of oro-alimentary signs occuring in seizures recorded during a series of stereo-electroencephalographic investigations (S.E.E.G.) carried out for neurosurgical purposes. The patients under study have an epilepsy that is resistant to drug therapy. This work concerns 89 seizures with \"oro-alimentary motor activity\" recorded in 59 patients with whom it was possible to establish sufficiently rigourous anatomical - electrical - clinical correlations. This study enabled us to show that : --a seizure characterized by \"oro-alimentary motor\" signs (with the exclusion of swallowing movements) is related to a discharge that directly involves the amygdala. --a critical discharge affecting the anterior temporal region is expressed as : oro-alimentary activity either accompanied or not by other signs (breaking contact is exceptional). --late \"oro-alimentary motor activity\" also indicates disorganization of the amygdala, but offers no conclusion on the origin of the discharge.", "PMID": 523735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1702", "title": "[Semiological comparison of spontaneous and bemegride-induced epileptic seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors view an epileptic seizure as a series of symptoms which they can localize on the bases of data taken from stereoelectroencephalography literature. They reconstruct and compare the presumed organization (origin and propagation) of the discharge in 100 epileptic subjects. Both spontaneous and megimide-induced seizures are considered. The results involve 34 subjects with quite similar spontaneous and induced seizures. Comparison of the two critical modalities show that : 1) There is no variation in the chronological relationship of the symptoms. 3) There are differences in the symptomatology. These differences may be interpreted as non-uniform response of involved structures to the source of activation, or as involvement of new structures.", "contents": "[Semiological comparison of spontaneous and bemegride-induced epileptic seizures (author's transl)]. The authors view an epileptic seizure as a series of symptoms which they can localize on the bases of data taken from stereoelectroencephalography literature. They reconstruct and compare the presumed organization (origin and propagation) of the discharge in 100 epileptic subjects. Both spontaneous and megimide-induced seizures are considered. The results involve 34 subjects with quite similar spontaneous and induced seizures. Comparison of the two critical modalities show that : 1) There is no variation in the chronological relationship of the symptoms. 3) There are differences in the symptomatology. These differences may be interpreted as non-uniform response of involved structures to the source of activation, or as involvement of new structures.", "PMID": 523736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1703", "title": "[Respiration and night sleep in children \"at risk\" for sudden and unexpected death (author's transl)].", "content": "Polygraphic recordings were used to study respiration and night sleep in 26 such children. These children, who were \"at risk\" for sudden and unexpected death, could be divided into two groups : near-miss (NM) (15 cases), and those who were brothers, sisters, or cousins of a child who had died suddenly and unexpectedly (8 cases), or had periodic respiration (RP) (3 cases). No significant differences were found between the groups in respiratory tests, except for a significantly lower RP rate in the NM group and an increase in number of isolated pauses. Sleep organization was similar in both groups, though there was a significantly higher rate of active sleep (SA) in the NM group more than 2 months old. The highest respiratory indices were noted in the extreme cases of a non-NM group (including 2 brothers of infants who had died unexpectedly). Treatment with Diphemanil methylsulfate (Prantal) reduced the number of SA and respiratory pauses of the NM infants less than 2 months old.", "contents": "[Respiration and night sleep in children \"at risk\" for sudden and unexpected death (author's transl)]. Polygraphic recordings were used to study respiration and night sleep in 26 such children. These children, who were \"at risk\" for sudden and unexpected death, could be divided into two groups : near-miss (NM) (15 cases), and those who were brothers, sisters, or cousins of a child who had died suddenly and unexpectedly (8 cases), or had periodic respiration (RP) (3 cases). No significant differences were found between the groups in respiratory tests, except for a significantly lower RP rate in the NM group and an increase in number of isolated pauses. Sleep organization was similar in both groups, though there was a significantly higher rate of active sleep (SA) in the NM group more than 2 months old. The highest respiratory indices were noted in the extreme cases of a non-NM group (including 2 brothers of infants who had died unexpectedly). Treatment with Diphemanil methylsulfate (Prantal) reduced the number of SA and respiratory pauses of the NM infants less than 2 months old.", "PMID": 523738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1704", "title": "[Sleep apnea synrome : effects of chlorimipramine in subjects with stable body weight (author's transl)].", "content": "Beneficial effects have been attributed to Chlorimipramine in the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). However, there were no quantitative evaluations of these effects. Polygraphic studies were made before and after chlorimipramine treatment (75 mg per day for 3 to 16 months). The 3 SAS subjects, whose weight remained stable throughout the course of treatment, showed no evidence of reduced hypopnea and apnea during sleep.", "contents": "[Sleep apnea synrome : effects of chlorimipramine in subjects with stable body weight (author's transl)]. Beneficial effects have been attributed to Chlorimipramine in the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). However, there were no quantitative evaluations of these effects. Polygraphic studies were made before and after chlorimipramine treatment (75 mg per day for 3 to 16 months). The 3 SAS subjects, whose weight remained stable throughout the course of treatment, showed no evidence of reduced hypopnea and apnea during sleep.", "PMID": 523737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1705", "title": "[Comments on sleep in Korsakoff's syndrome].", "content": "Twenty recordings of night sleep were made on ten patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. A large increase in time spent awake and in stage I sleep is reported as well as confused sleep cycles, increased ocular density in case of confabulation and dream accounts recalling mental activity from the previous day. Hippocampomamillary dysfunction appears to be responsible for disturbances in the cycles.", "contents": "[Comments on sleep in Korsakoff's syndrome]. Twenty recordings of night sleep were made on ten patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. A large increase in time spent awake and in stage I sleep is reported as well as confused sleep cycles, increased ocular density in case of confabulation and dream accounts recalling mental activity from the previous day. Hippocampomamillary dysfunction appears to be responsible for disturbances in the cycles.", "PMID": 523739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1706", "title": "[Assisted ventilation of newborn infants during sleep. Study of factors modifying adaptation to ventilation].", "content": "During sleep, of ventilated newborns and young infants, spontaneous respiratory movements may occur, unrelated to the ventilation impulsions. The respiratory pattern is then classified as \"active\". On the contrary, the respiratory pattern is classified as \"passive\", when all respiratory movements are related to the ventilation insufflation. The factors which influence the dependence on the ventilator are studied in a group of 20 newborn and young infants. Prematurity, some biological data such as hyperoxia, hypocapnia, seem to favor this dependence. A rapid rate of ventilation (superior to 30/minute) is rarely related to an active respiration; a slow rate of ventilation seems favor this respiratory pattern. It is clear that adaptation to artificial ventilation is better during quiet sleep than during active sleep. Some physiopathological considerations are developed.", "contents": "[Assisted ventilation of newborn infants during sleep. Study of factors modifying adaptation to ventilation]. During sleep, of ventilated newborns and young infants, spontaneous respiratory movements may occur, unrelated to the ventilation impulsions. The respiratory pattern is then classified as \"active\". On the contrary, the respiratory pattern is classified as \"passive\", when all respiratory movements are related to the ventilation insufflation. The factors which influence the dependence on the ventilator are studied in a group of 20 newborn and young infants. Prematurity, some biological data such as hyperoxia, hypocapnia, seem to favor this dependence. A rapid rate of ventilation (superior to 30/minute) is rarely related to an active respiration; a slow rate of ventilation seems favor this respiratory pattern. It is clear that adaptation to artificial ventilation is better during quiet sleep than during active sleep. Some physiopathological considerations are developed.", "PMID": 523740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1707", "title": "Electroencephalographic affects of an anti-inflammatory analgesic: mefenamic acid.", "content": "A study of the electroencephalographic patterns observed following iv administration of increasing doses of mefenamic acid in acute experiments on curarized cats and rats and the possible modification of these effects by naloxone was carried out. Mefenamic acid produced in both species a progressive and dose-related increase of the voltage of the baseline patterns. With high doses, besides slow waves and fusiform complexes, an irritative activity with spikes and complexes of polyspikes was observed. The recovery of the basal activity was obtained within 15 min, except for the highest dose, under which the effect lasted 30 min after administration. Cats displayed a higher sensitivity than did rats. Naloxone did not modify the EEG effects of mefenamic acid, neigher in rats nor in rats. This fact suggests that the locus of action of these drugs is different. Mefenamic acid appears to act centrally with relatively short-lasting depressant effects at low doses and facilitating or stimulant effects at high doses.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic affects of an anti-inflammatory analgesic: mefenamic acid. A study of the electroencephalographic patterns observed following iv administration of increasing doses of mefenamic acid in acute experiments on curarized cats and rats and the possible modification of these effects by naloxone was carried out. Mefenamic acid produced in both species a progressive and dose-related increase of the voltage of the baseline patterns. With high doses, besides slow waves and fusiform complexes, an irritative activity with spikes and complexes of polyspikes was observed. The recovery of the basal activity was obtained within 15 min, except for the highest dose, under which the effect lasted 30 min after administration. Cats displayed a higher sensitivity than did rats. Naloxone did not modify the EEG effects of mefenamic acid, neigher in rats nor in rats. This fact suggests that the locus of action of these drugs is different. Mefenamic acid appears to act centrally with relatively short-lasting depressant effects at low doses and facilitating or stimulant effects at high doses.", "PMID": 523770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1708", "title": "Further characterization of the inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity by pargyline.", "content": "The in vivo inhibition of low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) activity by pargyline was not maximal until more than 30 minutes after i.p. injection. Enzyme activity returned to control levels within 36 hours of drug injection but the return of activity was slowed by cycloheximide pretreatment. Female rats and higher basal total and low Km mitochondrial AlDH activities than did males. Injection of pargyline inhibited low Km mitochondrial AlDH activity more in males than in females. Incubation of rat liver microsomes with an NADPH-generating system and pargyline produced an in vitro inhibitor of low Km mitochondrial AlDH activity. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increased the AlDH inhibitor produced by incubation of their microsomes with pargyline. Injection with benzylpropargylamine, N-demethylated pargyline, also preferentially inhibited the low Km form of mitochondrial AlDH activity. Neither pargyline nor benzylpropargylamine injections affected microsomal AlDH activity. Total AlDH activity, measured with 5mM propionaldehyde, in rat liver 100,000g supernatant was not changed by administration of either drug. Supernatant activity assayed with 50 microM propionaldehyde was inhibited by both pargyline and benzylpropargylamine treatment.", "contents": "Further characterization of the inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity by pargyline. The in vivo inhibition of low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) activity by pargyline was not maximal until more than 30 minutes after i.p. injection. Enzyme activity returned to control levels within 36 hours of drug injection but the return of activity was slowed by cycloheximide pretreatment. Female rats and higher basal total and low Km mitochondrial AlDH activities than did males. Injection of pargyline inhibited low Km mitochondrial AlDH activity more in males than in females. Incubation of rat liver microsomes with an NADPH-generating system and pargyline produced an in vitro inhibitor of low Km mitochondrial AlDH activity. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increased the AlDH inhibitor produced by incubation of their microsomes with pargyline. Injection with benzylpropargylamine, N-demethylated pargyline, also preferentially inhibited the low Km form of mitochondrial AlDH activity. Neither pargyline nor benzylpropargylamine injections affected microsomal AlDH activity. Total AlDH activity, measured with 5mM propionaldehyde, in rat liver 100,000g supernatant was not changed by administration of either drug. Supernatant activity assayed with 50 microM propionaldehyde was inhibited by both pargyline and benzylpropargylamine treatment.", "PMID": 523771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1709", "title": "Interaction of mestranol with taurocholate uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Cellular uptake interactions between mestranol and taurocholate at concentrations between 50 and 1000 microM in the medium were studied in isolated hepatocytes. Rat liver cells exposed to medium containing mestranol and taurocholate attained up to twice as large a concentration of mestranol as those exposed to mestranol without the presence of the bile acid in medium. In contrast, taurocholate concentration in cells exposed simultaneously to taurocholate and mestranol was one fourth of the concentration in cells exposed to taurocholate alone.", "contents": "Interaction of mestranol with taurocholate uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. Cellular uptake interactions between mestranol and taurocholate at concentrations between 50 and 1000 microM in the medium were studied in isolated hepatocytes. Rat liver cells exposed to medium containing mestranol and taurocholate attained up to twice as large a concentration of mestranol as those exposed to mestranol without the presence of the bile acid in medium. In contrast, taurocholate concentration in cells exposed simultaneously to taurocholate and mestranol was one fourth of the concentration in cells exposed to taurocholate alone.", "PMID": 523772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1710", "title": "Tissue binding of warfarin.", "content": "The binding of C-14 warfarin to liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle was evaluated among rats ranging in age from 29 to 832 days. Binding extensiveness was greatest for liver and least for skeletal muscle. The mean fraction bound remained relatively constant for each tissue among animals of all but the oldest age group. The oldest animals exhibited a lower fraction bound in each tissue. The influence of decreased tissue binding on its temporal profile in the blood is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue binding of warfarin. The binding of C-14 warfarin to liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle was evaluated among rats ranging in age from 29 to 832 days. Binding extensiveness was greatest for liver and least for skeletal muscle. The mean fraction bound remained relatively constant for each tissue among animals of all but the oldest age group. The oldest animals exhibited a lower fraction bound in each tissue. The influence of decreased tissue binding on its temporal profile in the blood is discussed.", "PMID": 523773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1711", "title": "Elimination of allopurinol by the perfused rat liver preparation.", "content": "The elimination of allopurinol was studied in the perfused rat liver preparation. When tracer input [14C]-allopurinol concentrations (0.04 to 0.17 microgram/ml) were delivered under constant flow rate (10 ml/min/liver) only once through the rat liver, the steady-state hepatic extraction ratios were high (0.87 +/- 0.03). But at higher input allopurinol concentrations (3.3 to 17 micrograms/ml), concentration-dependent elimination of allopurinol was observed. The steady-state hepatic extraction ratio was drastically reduced with increases in input concentrations. At very high input concentrations of allopurinol (17 micrograms/ml) the hepatic extraction ratio was virtually zero. These findings inferred that the rat liver may play only a moderate role in the elimination of allopurinol in the intact animal.", "contents": "Elimination of allopurinol by the perfused rat liver preparation. The elimination of allopurinol was studied in the perfused rat liver preparation. When tracer input [14C]-allopurinol concentrations (0.04 to 0.17 microgram/ml) were delivered under constant flow rate (10 ml/min/liver) only once through the rat liver, the steady-state hepatic extraction ratios were high (0.87 +/- 0.03). But at higher input allopurinol concentrations (3.3 to 17 micrograms/ml), concentration-dependent elimination of allopurinol was observed. The steady-state hepatic extraction ratio was drastically reduced with increases in input concentrations. At very high input concentrations of allopurinol (17 micrograms/ml) the hepatic extraction ratio was virtually zero. These findings inferred that the rat liver may play only a moderate role in the elimination of allopurinol in the intact animal.", "PMID": 523774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1712", "title": "The effects of allopurinol on skeletal muscle microcirculation in normal and dystrophic mice.", "content": "Allopurinol lowers peripheral vascular resistance in dogs, and it has beneficial effects upon muscular dystrophy patients. Since it has been suggested that muscular dystrophy may result from muscle ischemia, we decided to investigate the effects of allopurinol on skeletal muscle blood flow in normal and dystrophic mice. Arterioloar red cell velocity and diameters were measured in the cremaster muscle and used to calculate blood flow. Allopurinol (5 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in an 81% increase in arteriolar blood flow in normal mice and a 102% increase in dystrophic mice. Such an increase in microcirculatory perfusion could be a mechanism contributing to the clinical effects of allopurinol.", "contents": "The effects of allopurinol on skeletal muscle microcirculation in normal and dystrophic mice. Allopurinol lowers peripheral vascular resistance in dogs, and it has beneficial effects upon muscular dystrophy patients. Since it has been suggested that muscular dystrophy may result from muscle ischemia, we decided to investigate the effects of allopurinol on skeletal muscle blood flow in normal and dystrophic mice. Arterioloar red cell velocity and diameters were measured in the cremaster muscle and used to calculate blood flow. Allopurinol (5 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in an 81% increase in arteriolar blood flow in normal mice and a 102% increase in dystrophic mice. Such an increase in microcirculatory perfusion could be a mechanism contributing to the clinical effects of allopurinol.", "PMID": 523775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1713", "title": "The effect of tumor localizing porphyrins on the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.", "content": "The interaction of hematoporphyrin IX and two synthetic porphyrin tumor localizers, meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) and mesotetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (TPPS4) with fibrinogen was investigated in the presence and absence of light. Both TPPS4 and TCPP were found to bind to fibrinogen in greater than a 1/1 mole ratio in the absence of light. Chromatographic analysis indicated that during illumination TPP4 bound to fibrinogen to a greater extent that did either TCPP or hematoporphyrin. Both TCPP and TPPS4 were found to exhibit a greater inhibitory effect on clotting in the presence of light than did hematoporphyrin. In the absence of light and added Ca2+, both TCPP and TPPS4 were found to stimulate clotting at very specific porphyrin/fibrinogen concentration ratios, with TPPS4 being the more potent stimulator of the two. Hematoporphyrin exhibited little or no effect on clotting times. Fibrinogen, photoirradiated in the presence of the porphyrins was found to inhibit the clotting of unirradiated fibrinogen. A comparison of the stimulatory effects on clotting times by either calcium or TCPP and TPPS4 indicated that the porphyrins were capable of eliciting a greater stimulatory response than did calcium. The magnitude of the stimulatory response caused by the porphyrins alone was substantially reduced in the presence of calcium although the overall stimulatory response was increased but not additive. This suggests some interaction between either the calcium and porphyrin molecules or similarities in the respective stimulatory mechanism(s) involved. A possible correlation between these observations and the porphyrins ability to localize in tumors is also discussed.", "contents": "The effect of tumor localizing porphyrins on the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The interaction of hematoporphyrin IX and two synthetic porphyrin tumor localizers, meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) and mesotetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (TPPS4) with fibrinogen was investigated in the presence and absence of light. Both TPPS4 and TCPP were found to bind to fibrinogen in greater than a 1/1 mole ratio in the absence of light. Chromatographic analysis indicated that during illumination TPP4 bound to fibrinogen to a greater extent that did either TCPP or hematoporphyrin. Both TCPP and TPPS4 were found to exhibit a greater inhibitory effect on clotting in the presence of light than did hematoporphyrin. In the absence of light and added Ca2+, both TCPP and TPPS4 were found to stimulate clotting at very specific porphyrin/fibrinogen concentration ratios, with TPPS4 being the more potent stimulator of the two. Hematoporphyrin exhibited little or no effect on clotting times. Fibrinogen, photoirradiated in the presence of the porphyrins was found to inhibit the clotting of unirradiated fibrinogen. A comparison of the stimulatory effects on clotting times by either calcium or TCPP and TPPS4 indicated that the porphyrins were capable of eliciting a greater stimulatory response than did calcium. The magnitude of the stimulatory response caused by the porphyrins alone was substantially reduced in the presence of calcium although the overall stimulatory response was increased but not additive. This suggests some interaction between either the calcium and porphyrin molecules or similarities in the respective stimulatory mechanism(s) involved. A possible correlation between these observations and the porphyrins ability to localize in tumors is also discussed.", "PMID": 523777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1714", "title": "The metabolism of transferrin in burned patients.", "content": "The metabolism of transferrin was studied in 17 selected burned patients. Transferrin metabolism also was studied in 5 of the patients after healing. The concentration of plasma transferrin in burned patients, measured by radial immunodiffusion, was reduced to 300 mg% for the first week following injury. Thereafter it rose steadily reaching the normal concentration of 350-360 mg% 35 days after injury. Traces of transferrin were present in urine a week after injury. Transferrin was labeled by injecting 14C-glucosamine intravenously following injury and again after healing was complete. Labeled transferrin was isolated from serum by specific immunoprecipitation. The specific activity of transferrin reached a peak 3-6 hr after injury and 9-12 hr after healing. The half-life time was 4.5 days during injury and 9.6 days after healing. The data indicated that both synthesis and catabolism of transferrin were accelerated in injury.", "contents": "The metabolism of transferrin in burned patients. The metabolism of transferrin was studied in 17 selected burned patients. Transferrin metabolism also was studied in 5 of the patients after healing. The concentration of plasma transferrin in burned patients, measured by radial immunodiffusion, was reduced to 300 mg% for the first week following injury. Thereafter it rose steadily reaching the normal concentration of 350-360 mg% 35 days after injury. Traces of transferrin were present in urine a week after injury. Transferrin was labeled by injecting 14C-glucosamine intravenously following injury and again after healing was complete. Labeled transferrin was isolated from serum by specific immunoprecipitation. The specific activity of transferrin reached a peak 3-6 hr after injury and 9-12 hr after healing. The half-life time was 4.5 days during injury and 9.6 days after healing. The data indicated that both synthesis and catabolism of transferrin were accelerated in injury.", "PMID": 523776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1715", "title": "Leukopenia-induction capacity of 6-MP metallo-purine complexes in the rat.", "content": "Six-MP and its palladium and platinum complexes of this compound were administered intraperitoneally to 28 day old Sprague-Dawley rats in dosages of 15 mg/kg, 26.85 mg/kg, respectively for 21 days. The leukopenia induction capacity of 6-MP was greater at the end of day 7 while the 6-MP-Pd complex evidenced a more drastic leukocyte reduction at the end of day 21. The platinum complex was less toxic, as demonstrated by greater weight gain, while treatment with the palladium complex resulted in approximately the same weight gain as that observed in rats treated with pure 6-MP.", "contents": "Leukopenia-induction capacity of 6-MP metallo-purine complexes in the rat. Six-MP and its palladium and platinum complexes of this compound were administered intraperitoneally to 28 day old Sprague-Dawley rats in dosages of 15 mg/kg, 26.85 mg/kg, respectively for 21 days. The leukopenia induction capacity of 6-MP was greater at the end of day 7 while the 6-MP-Pd complex evidenced a more drastic leukocyte reduction at the end of day 21. The platinum complex was less toxic, as demonstrated by greater weight gain, while treatment with the palladium complex resulted in approximately the same weight gain as that observed in rats treated with pure 6-MP.", "PMID": 523779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1716", "title": "Bismuth toxicity in man - I. Bismuth blood and urine levels in patients after administration of a bismuth protein complex (Bicitropeptide).", "content": "In the course of a double-blind clinical trial of treatment involving a bismuth protein complex (Bicitropeptide), an antacid and placebo, blood samples (33 patients) and urine samples (43 patients) were collected for bismuth analysis from patients on bismuth therapy at the beginning of the trial (week 0) and at weeks 3 and 6. Base line blood (2 - 11 ng/l) and urine (2 - 29 ng/l) values were not zero and appeared to have reached \"saturation\" values in many cases after 3 weeks (Blood : 4 - 33 ng/l and Urine 60 - 600 ng/l). After 6 weeks, blood values were 5 - 20 ng/l and urine values 63 - 780 ng/l. It is concluded that these blood and urine levels are not associated with significant toxicity in man.", "contents": "Bismuth toxicity in man - I. Bismuth blood and urine levels in patients after administration of a bismuth protein complex (Bicitropeptide). In the course of a double-blind clinical trial of treatment involving a bismuth protein complex (Bicitropeptide), an antacid and placebo, blood samples (33 patients) and urine samples (43 patients) were collected for bismuth analysis from patients on bismuth therapy at the beginning of the trial (week 0) and at weeks 3 and 6. Base line blood (2 - 11 ng/l) and urine (2 - 29 ng/l) values were not zero and appeared to have reached \"saturation\" values in many cases after 3 weeks (Blood : 4 - 33 ng/l and Urine 60 - 600 ng/l). After 6 weeks, blood values were 5 - 20 ng/l and urine values 63 - 780 ng/l. It is concluded that these blood and urine levels are not associated with significant toxicity in man.", "PMID": 523778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1717", "title": "Influence of age on norepinephrine-induced vascular contractions as a function of extracellular calcium.", "content": "Age has been shown to produce various morphological and biochemical changes within the vasculature as well as changes in the responsiveness of the vasculature to various drugs. In the present study, the influences of age and extracellular calcium on norephinephrine-induced aortic contractions in male rats were examined. The aging process resulted in a decrease in sensitivity and responsiveness of rat aorta to norepinephrine-induced contractions. The progressive decrease in maximum contractile force (mg force/mg tissue) in response to norepinephrine as the result of aging occurred in all the different extracellular calcium concentrations used. In addition, the EC50 for norepinephrine in aortae from younger animals was directly related to the extracellular calcium concentration. As the animals, however, became progressively older (49-63 weeks) the aortic tissues became less sensitive and the calculated EC50 for norepinephrine was not altered by changes in the extracellular calcium concentration.", "contents": "Influence of age on norepinephrine-induced vascular contractions as a function of extracellular calcium. Age has been shown to produce various morphological and biochemical changes within the vasculature as well as changes in the responsiveness of the vasculature to various drugs. In the present study, the influences of age and extracellular calcium on norephinephrine-induced aortic contractions in male rats were examined. The aging process resulted in a decrease in sensitivity and responsiveness of rat aorta to norepinephrine-induced contractions. The progressive decrease in maximum contractile force (mg force/mg tissue) in response to norepinephrine as the result of aging occurred in all the different extracellular calcium concentrations used. In addition, the EC50 for norepinephrine in aortae from younger animals was directly related to the extracellular calcium concentration. As the animals, however, became progressively older (49-63 weeks) the aortic tissues became less sensitive and the calculated EC50 for norepinephrine was not altered by changes in the extracellular calcium concentration.", "PMID": 523780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1718", "title": "Synaptosomal dopamine from phenylalanine in brain: effects of some dopaminergic agents.", "content": "This report demonstrates for the first time that the synthesis and release responses to some dopaminergic agents may be elicited from that synaptosomal dopamine which may be formed by the hydroxylations of phenylalanine. Amphetamine and Cogentin increased the release of dopamine formed from 14C-phenylalanine in rat caudate nucleus synaptosomal preparation and concomitantly stimulated the synthesis. Amfonelic acid also caused a net release of that dopamine. Reserpine markedly increased the medium level of formed dopamine and at the same time inhibited the synthesis of the amine. Triton X-100 detergent almost completely inhibited the substrate uptake and the formation of dopamine. In conclusion, the results suggest that synaptosomal particles represent an unit capable of synthesizing dopamine from phenylalanine and that the synthesis from this precursor may be under the regulatory control of the particles to some degree.", "contents": "Synaptosomal dopamine from phenylalanine in brain: effects of some dopaminergic agents. This report demonstrates for the first time that the synthesis and release responses to some dopaminergic agents may be elicited from that synaptosomal dopamine which may be formed by the hydroxylations of phenylalanine. Amphetamine and Cogentin increased the release of dopamine formed from 14C-phenylalanine in rat caudate nucleus synaptosomal preparation and concomitantly stimulated the synthesis. Amfonelic acid also caused a net release of that dopamine. Reserpine markedly increased the medium level of formed dopamine and at the same time inhibited the synthesis of the amine. Triton X-100 detergent almost completely inhibited the substrate uptake and the formation of dopamine. In conclusion, the results suggest that synaptosomal particles represent an unit capable of synthesizing dopamine from phenylalanine and that the synthesis from this precursor may be under the regulatory control of the particles to some degree.", "PMID": 523781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1719", "title": "Change in myocardial metabolism in man by a new stimulator of carbohydrate oxidation.", "content": "The effect on human myocardial metabolism of (S)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, a substance which in animal experiments has been shown to stimulate carbohydrate metabolism mainly by activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was studied in five healthy volunteers by coronary sinus catheterization. 90 min after i.v. injection of the drug myocardial extraction of glucose and lactate was doubled, myocardial oxidation of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) significantly reduced and myocardial RQ increased accordingly. This a pronounce shift towards carbohydrate oxidation was achieved with a dose which gave no side effects.", "contents": "Change in myocardial metabolism in man by a new stimulator of carbohydrate oxidation. The effect on human myocardial metabolism of (S)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, a substance which in animal experiments has been shown to stimulate carbohydrate metabolism mainly by activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was studied in five healthy volunteers by coronary sinus catheterization. 90 min after i.v. injection of the drug myocardial extraction of glucose and lactate was doubled, myocardial oxidation of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) significantly reduced and myocardial RQ increased accordingly. This a pronounce shift towards carbohydrate oxidation was achieved with a dose which gave no side effects.", "PMID": 523782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1720", "title": "Effects of intraventricular beta-endorphin on GABA system in some areas of chick brain.", "content": "In chicks with cannulae chronically implanted into the III cerebral ventricle, the effects of a single dose (10 micrograms) of beta-endorphin on GABA and free glutamic acid content, GAD and GABA-T activities in the diencephalon, brain-stem and brain hemispheres were studied at the time of maximal behavioural stuporous state and analgesia. A significant decrease in GABA concentration both in the diencephalon and brain-stem, accompanied by a significant increase in GABA-T activity in the same areas, was shown to occur. No changes were observed in GAD activity and in glutamic acid content in the studied areas of the brain. In conclusion, present experiments suggest that some central effects of a beta-endorphin may be due to an interference with GABA-ergic transmission.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular beta-endorphin on GABA system in some areas of chick brain. In chicks with cannulae chronically implanted into the III cerebral ventricle, the effects of a single dose (10 micrograms) of beta-endorphin on GABA and free glutamic acid content, GAD and GABA-T activities in the diencephalon, brain-stem and brain hemispheres were studied at the time of maximal behavioural stuporous state and analgesia. A significant decrease in GABA concentration both in the diencephalon and brain-stem, accompanied by a significant increase in GABA-T activity in the same areas, was shown to occur. No changes were observed in GAD activity and in glutamic acid content in the studied areas of the brain. In conclusion, present experiments suggest that some central effects of a beta-endorphin may be due to an interference with GABA-ergic transmission.", "PMID": 523783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1721", "title": "The role of altered tissue norepinephrine concentration in the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome of mice.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if the elevated concentration of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus of the obese-hyperglycemic mouse plays a role in the development of this syndrome. We treated normal and obese mice with the monoamine oxidase inhibitors pargyline or clorgyline for 25 weeks. This resulted in significant inhibition of monoamine oxidase in their hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, kidney, heart and epididymal fat. There was a significant increase in the norepinephrine concentration of the hypothalamus of the normal mice and the cerebral cortex of the obese mice. The obese mice receiving clorgyline had an increase in plasma glucose (313 +/- 9 mg/dl). However, the increase in tissue norepinephrine concentration did not result in increased weight gain or alterations in organ weights in the mice. Thus, the elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine concentration in obese mice is probably not the cause of their obesity.", "contents": "The role of altered tissue norepinephrine concentration in the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome of mice. The purpose of this study was to determine if the elevated concentration of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus of the obese-hyperglycemic mouse plays a role in the development of this syndrome. We treated normal and obese mice with the monoamine oxidase inhibitors pargyline or clorgyline for 25 weeks. This resulted in significant inhibition of monoamine oxidase in their hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, kidney, heart and epididymal fat. There was a significant increase in the norepinephrine concentration of the hypothalamus of the normal mice and the cerebral cortex of the obese mice. The obese mice receiving clorgyline had an increase in plasma glucose (313 +/- 9 mg/dl). However, the increase in tissue norepinephrine concentration did not result in increased weight gain or alterations in organ weights in the mice. Thus, the elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine concentration in obese mice is probably not the cause of their obesity.", "PMID": 523784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1722", "title": "Dipyridamole levels in plasma of man and other species.", "content": "Measurements were made of the concentration of dipyridamole in the plasma of man, dogs, pigs, and pigeons at different times after oral administration of the drug. In dogs and in man, there was considerable variation in the plasma levels of the drug in different subjects. Pigs and pigeons always had much lower levels of the drug in plasma than did men and dogs given comparable doses. After intravenous injection of dipyridamole to pigs, a large proportion of the drug appeared to leave the plasma almost immediately; subsequently, the half-life of the drug remaining in the plasma was quite similar to that previously reported in man. The administration of aspirin with dipyridamole sometimes resulted in higher blood levels of the drug in dogs, man, and pigs, but the effects were small. The wide variations in plasma drug levels observed indicate that in future human or experimental trials designed to evaluate the antithrombotic effect of dipyridamole, plasma levels of the drug should be routinely monitored.", "contents": "Dipyridamole levels in plasma of man and other species. Measurements were made of the concentration of dipyridamole in the plasma of man, dogs, pigs, and pigeons at different times after oral administration of the drug. In dogs and in man, there was considerable variation in the plasma levels of the drug in different subjects. Pigs and pigeons always had much lower levels of the drug in plasma than did men and dogs given comparable doses. After intravenous injection of dipyridamole to pigs, a large proportion of the drug appeared to leave the plasma almost immediately; subsequently, the half-life of the drug remaining in the plasma was quite similar to that previously reported in man. The administration of aspirin with dipyridamole sometimes resulted in higher blood levels of the drug in dogs, man, and pigs, but the effects were small. The wide variations in plasma drug levels observed indicate that in future human or experimental trials designed to evaluate the antithrombotic effect of dipyridamole, plasma levels of the drug should be routinely monitored.", "PMID": 523785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1723", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline following intravenous injection in rabbits.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline in four rabbits were investigated following intravenous injection. Each rabbit received theophylline (10 mg/kg) first then dyphylline (25 mg/kg) two weeks afterwards as an intravenous bolus injection. The serum concentration-time data for both theophylline and dyphylline were best fitted to the two compartment open model. The half-lives of theophylline and dyphylline were 5.5 +/- 1.3 and 0.74 +/- 0.10 hr, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdbeta) and total body clearance (TBC) of dyphylline (Vdbeta = 1008 +/- 156 ml/kg; TBC = 942 +/- 118 ML/HR/KG)a = 1008 +/- 156 ml/kg; TBC = 942 +/- 118 ml/hr/kg) were much higher than those of theophylline (Vdbeta = 545 +/- 160 ml/kg; TBC = 69 +/- 10 ml/hr/kg). Thus both theophylline and dyphylline showed pronounced difference in their pharmacokinetic profile.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline following intravenous injection in rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline in four rabbits were investigated following intravenous injection. Each rabbit received theophylline (10 mg/kg) first then dyphylline (25 mg/kg) two weeks afterwards as an intravenous bolus injection. The serum concentration-time data for both theophylline and dyphylline were best fitted to the two compartment open model. The half-lives of theophylline and dyphylline were 5.5 +/- 1.3 and 0.74 +/- 0.10 hr, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdbeta) and total body clearance (TBC) of dyphylline (Vdbeta = 1008 +/- 156 ml/kg; TBC = 942 +/- 118 ML/HR/KG)a = 1008 +/- 156 ml/kg; TBC = 942 +/- 118 ml/hr/kg) were much higher than those of theophylline (Vdbeta = 545 +/- 160 ml/kg; TBC = 69 +/- 10 ml/hr/kg). Thus both theophylline and dyphylline showed pronounced difference in their pharmacokinetic profile.", "PMID": 523786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1724", "title": "Monoamine oxidase and pyruvate oxidase inhibitory properties of some newer thiosemicarbazones and their anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "Seventeen 4-[3-(N-cyclohexylamino)propyl]-1-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) and pyruvate oxidase in vitro. Anticonvulsant activity exhibited by these thiosemicarbazones (100 mg/kg,i.p.) against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures ranged from 10-50%.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase and pyruvate oxidase inhibitory properties of some newer thiosemicarbazones and their anticonvulsant activity. Seventeen 4-[3-(N-cyclohexylamino)propyl]-1-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) and pyruvate oxidase in vitro. Anticonvulsant activity exhibited by these thiosemicarbazones (100 mg/kg,i.p.) against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures ranged from 10-50%.", "PMID": 523787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1725", "title": "Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 on experimental rickets.", "content": "The vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 alone may not be able to reverse defective bone mineralization, while a combination with another metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3 might be necessary to display the known effect of vitamin D on bone. Growing rachitic rats were treated with 25 ng vitamin D3/d, 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d, 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d, 5 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 5 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination and 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination. After 10 days of treatment the epiphyseal plate width of femura and the distance of tetracycline fluorescence bands were measured microscopically on undecalcified sections of the bone. The calcium content of femur epiphysis was measured by neutron activation analysis. Neither parameter showed on greater effect of the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 than of 1,25(OH)2D3 alone.", "contents": "Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 on experimental rickets. The vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 alone may not be able to reverse defective bone mineralization, while a combination with another metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3 might be necessary to display the known effect of vitamin D on bone. Growing rachitic rats were treated with 25 ng vitamin D3/d, 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d, 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d, 5 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 5 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination and 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination. After 10 days of treatment the epiphyseal plate width of femura and the distance of tetracycline fluorescence bands were measured microscopically on undecalcified sections of the bone. The calcium content of femur epiphysis was measured by neutron activation analysis. Neither parameter showed on greater effect of the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 than of 1,25(OH)2D3 alone.", "PMID": 523788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1726", "title": "VI. Efforts at stabilization of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "content": "The reaction of purified rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) with a variety of diazonium, monofunctional and bifunctional reagents or covalent coupling to several polyamino acid and dextran supports resulted in no improvement in stability.", "contents": "VI. Efforts at stabilization of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. The reaction of purified rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) with a variety of diazonium, monofunctional and bifunctional reagents or covalent coupling to several polyamino acid and dextran supports resulted in no improvement in stability.", "PMID": 523790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1727", "title": "14C-Thiourea binding in the rat lung.", "content": "Results of the present study demonstrate that in vitro covalent binding of radioactivity from the edematogenic agent [14C] thiourea to rat lung protein can occur under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Binding of thiourea to lung protein is associated with a reduction in glutathione. The binding of [14C] from thiourea to lung protein is temperature dependent.", "contents": "14C-Thiourea binding in the rat lung. Results of the present study demonstrate that in vitro covalent binding of radioactivity from the edematogenic agent [14C] thiourea to rat lung protein can occur under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Binding of thiourea to lung protein is associated with a reduction in glutathione. The binding of [14C] from thiourea to lung protein is temperature dependent.", "PMID": 523791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1728", "title": "Distribution of succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolase in human tissues.", "content": "The activity of succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolase in human tissues was greatest in kidney (384.2 x 10(3) U/gram wet tissue) followed by spleen, small intestine, liver and pancreas.", "contents": "Distribution of succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolase in human tissues. The activity of succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolase in human tissues was greatest in kidney (384.2 x 10(3) U/gram wet tissue) followed by spleen, small intestine, liver and pancreas.", "PMID": 523792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1729", "title": "[The endotracheal intubation of rabbits with xylazine and ketamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The intubation of rabbits is difficult. This is due to the anatomical structure of these animals. We intubated 40 New Zealand rabbits with a body weight of 2.0 to 2.8 kg with endotracheal tubes of an inner diameter 3.0 to 3.5 mm. Premedicating agents were Xylazine 1 ml/kg and Atropine 0.25 mg/kg. For induction of anaesthesia we used Ketamine in a dilution of 5 mg/ml and in dosages of 2.5 to 5.0 mg/kg. The intubation was performed with the aid of a Foregger childrens laryngoscope and a Wis-Hippel blade. For maintenance of anaesthesia we used a mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen administered through a Kuhn system. In addition to this inhalation anesthetic Ketamine 1 to 2 mg was injected intermittently i.v. The recovery time with this method was extremely short in comparison to the use of intramuscular injections of Ketamine as monoanesthetic.", "contents": "[The endotracheal intubation of rabbits with xylazine and ketamine (author's transl)]. The intubation of rabbits is difficult. This is due to the anatomical structure of these animals. We intubated 40 New Zealand rabbits with a body weight of 2.0 to 2.8 kg with endotracheal tubes of an inner diameter 3.0 to 3.5 mm. Premedicating agents were Xylazine 1 ml/kg and Atropine 0.25 mg/kg. For induction of anaesthesia we used Ketamine in a dilution of 5 mg/ml and in dosages of 2.5 to 5.0 mg/kg. The intubation was performed with the aid of a Foregger childrens laryngoscope and a Wis-Hippel blade. For maintenance of anaesthesia we used a mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen administered through a Kuhn system. In addition to this inhalation anesthetic Ketamine 1 to 2 mg was injected intermittently i.v. The recovery time with this method was extremely short in comparison to the use of intramuscular injections of Ketamine as monoanesthetic.", "PMID": 523793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1730", "title": "[Gastric blood flow in animals. I. Normal blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Total and regional gastric blood flow were measured in 15 dogs under control conditions (mean AOBP 100 mm Hg) using microspheres labelled with different isotopes (125J, 141Ce, 85Str, 46Sc) of 8 mu size. The mucosa in fundus and corpus showed significantly higher blood flow compared to the antrum. There was no difference in the muscular layer for either part of the stomach. It is concluded from these data that differences in regional blood flow in the unstimulated stomach of the dog are related to different energy-demands within the stomach.", "contents": "[Gastric blood flow in animals. I. Normal blood flow (author's transl)]. Total and regional gastric blood flow were measured in 15 dogs under control conditions (mean AOBP 100 mm Hg) using microspheres labelled with different isotopes (125J, 141Ce, 85Str, 46Sc) of 8 mu size. The mucosa in fundus and corpus showed significantly higher blood flow compared to the antrum. There was no difference in the muscular layer for either part of the stomach. It is concluded from these data that differences in regional blood flow in the unstimulated stomach of the dog are related to different energy-demands within the stomach.", "PMID": 523794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1731", "title": "Calcium secretion in the isolated perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "The quantitative relation of calcium and protein secretion was studied on the isolated perfused canine pancreas at different secretory states of hydrokinetic and ecbolic stimulation and various extracellular Ca++-concentrations. 1. Calcium and protein secretion are correlated at both ecbolic and hydrokinetic stimulation as well as by biological or synthetic secretion. 2. Enzyme-associated calcium was estimated at 35 nmol/mg protein and did not vary under differing stimulatory and secretory conditions. 3. During variable concentrations of synthetic secretin basal protein and calcium concentrations in the pancreatic juice show a hyperbolic relationship to the respective rates of fluid secretion. At flow rates beyond 3 ml/5 min the calcium concentrations asymptotically tend to 0.46 mEq/l while protein concentrations nearly decrease to zero. Moreover, the y-intercept of the regressionline correlating the calcium and protein concentrations gives with 0.48 mEq/l Ca++ additional evidence of the existence and magnitude of an enzyme-independent calcium fraction, which seems to remain constant over the whole range of secretory rates. 4. The omission of perfusate calcium does not abolish the calcium-protein correlation either at hydrokinetic or at ecbolic stimulation, but diminishes the enzyme-independent calcium fraction. 5. Enhancing perfusate Ca++-concentrations augments calcium output byt fails in stimulating enzyme secretion. It is concluded that at exclusively hydrokinetic stimulation basal secreted protein with a definite amount of chelated calcium is diluted by variable rates of pancreatic juice containing enzyme independent Ca++ at a constant concentration. During different secretory states of hydrokinetic or ecbolic stimulation the respective proportions of enzyme associated and independent calcium vary, and thus determine changes in the calcium-protein ratios. Extracellular calcium can only influence the non-protein-bound calcium fraction of the pancreatic juice presumably by diffusion from the extracellular fluid through the ductal epithelium rather than by an active secretory mechanism.", "contents": "Calcium secretion in the isolated perfused canine pancreas. The quantitative relation of calcium and protein secretion was studied on the isolated perfused canine pancreas at different secretory states of hydrokinetic and ecbolic stimulation and various extracellular Ca++-concentrations. 1. Calcium and protein secretion are correlated at both ecbolic and hydrokinetic stimulation as well as by biological or synthetic secretion. 2. Enzyme-associated calcium was estimated at 35 nmol/mg protein and did not vary under differing stimulatory and secretory conditions. 3. During variable concentrations of synthetic secretin basal protein and calcium concentrations in the pancreatic juice show a hyperbolic relationship to the respective rates of fluid secretion. At flow rates beyond 3 ml/5 min the calcium concentrations asymptotically tend to 0.46 mEq/l while protein concentrations nearly decrease to zero. Moreover, the y-intercept of the regressionline correlating the calcium and protein concentrations gives with 0.48 mEq/l Ca++ additional evidence of the existence and magnitude of an enzyme-independent calcium fraction, which seems to remain constant over the whole range of secretory rates. 4. The omission of perfusate calcium does not abolish the calcium-protein correlation either at hydrokinetic or at ecbolic stimulation, but diminishes the enzyme-independent calcium fraction. 5. Enhancing perfusate Ca++-concentrations augments calcium output byt fails in stimulating enzyme secretion. It is concluded that at exclusively hydrokinetic stimulation basal secreted protein with a definite amount of chelated calcium is diluted by variable rates of pancreatic juice containing enzyme independent Ca++ at a constant concentration. During different secretory states of hydrokinetic or ecbolic stimulation the respective proportions of enzyme associated and independent calcium vary, and thus determine changes in the calcium-protein ratios. Extracellular calcium can only influence the non-protein-bound calcium fraction of the pancreatic juice presumably by diffusion from the extracellular fluid through the ductal epithelium rather than by an active secretory mechanism.", "PMID": 523795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1732", "title": "Effects of acute hemodialysis-induced changes in sodium balance on the renin-angiotensin system in renovascular and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive, spontaneously hypertensive, and normotensive control rats the activity of the renin-angiotensin system was tested during variation of sodium balance. Acute, exactly calculable and selective changes of total body sodium were achieved by hemodialyzing the conscious rats using dialysate with either high or low sodium content. The activity of the RAS was evaluated by blood pressure response to AT II blockade (saralasin bolus injection; 25 micrograms/kg b.w., i.v.) and the plasma-renin activity. During sodium depletion blood pressure maintenance became renin-dependent; sodium loading caused a decrease of renin-angiotensin activity in renovascular hypertension. A weak direct correlation between deprssor response to saralasin and the PRA could be established in the different sodium-depleted and -loaded states.", "contents": "Effects of acute hemodialysis-induced changes in sodium balance on the renin-angiotensin system in renovascular and spontaneously hypertensive rats. In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive, spontaneously hypertensive, and normotensive control rats the activity of the renin-angiotensin system was tested during variation of sodium balance. Acute, exactly calculable and selective changes of total body sodium were achieved by hemodialyzing the conscious rats using dialysate with either high or low sodium content. The activity of the RAS was evaluated by blood pressure response to AT II blockade (saralasin bolus injection; 25 micrograms/kg b.w., i.v.) and the plasma-renin activity. During sodium depletion blood pressure maintenance became renin-dependent; sodium loading caused a decrease of renin-angiotensin activity in renovascular hypertension. A weak direct correlation between deprssor response to saralasin and the PRA could be established in the different sodium-depleted and -loaded states.", "PMID": 523796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1733", "title": "A hitherto unreported paramyxovirus of turkeys.", "content": "A newly isolated avian virus is described which was obtained from a flock of laying turkey hens with respiratory disease and accompanying egg production drop. Characterisation of the virus indicated it to be of the paramyxovirus group and to be related through antigenic crossing with Newcastle disease virus. Examination of turkey sera from five separate flocks indicated natural infection with the paramyxovirus to be relatively widespread. Experimental infection of turkeys produced only mild respiratory disease.", "contents": "A hitherto unreported paramyxovirus of turkeys. A newly isolated avian virus is described which was obtained from a flock of laying turkey hens with respiratory disease and accompanying egg production drop. Characterisation of the virus indicated it to be of the paramyxovirus group and to be related through antigenic crossing with Newcastle disease virus. Examination of turkey sera from five separate flocks indicated natural infection with the paramyxovirus to be relatively widespread. Experimental infection of turkeys produced only mild respiratory disease.", "PMID": 523797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1734", "title": "In vitro response of lymphocytes of normal and ovine squamous cell carcinoma-bearing sheep to phytomitogens and tumour extracts.", "content": "A comparison was made of the blastogenic responses of peripheral lymphocytes (BRPL) of normal sheep with those of sheep bearing ovine squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In normal tumour-free sheep, BRPL to phytomitogens were found to vary in different age groups, and BRPL to OSCC extracts were found to become significantly elevated in sheep over one year old. In tumour-bearing mature sheep, BRPL to phytomitogens and to OSCC extracts decreased significantly with increasing maturity of tumours. The results are interpreted to show that increasing tumour volume, due to natural growth or enhancement, associates with increasing suppression of cell-mediated responses, and that such suppression may be a cause and a result of increased tumour volume.", "contents": "In vitro response of lymphocytes of normal and ovine squamous cell carcinoma-bearing sheep to phytomitogens and tumour extracts. A comparison was made of the blastogenic responses of peripheral lymphocytes (BRPL) of normal sheep with those of sheep bearing ovine squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In normal tumour-free sheep, BRPL to phytomitogens were found to vary in different age groups, and BRPL to OSCC extracts were found to become significantly elevated in sheep over one year old. In tumour-bearing mature sheep, BRPL to phytomitogens and to OSCC extracts decreased significantly with increasing maturity of tumours. The results are interpreted to show that increasing tumour volume, due to natural growth or enhancement, associates with increasing suppression of cell-mediated responses, and that such suppression may be a cause and a result of increased tumour volume.", "PMID": 523798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1735", "title": "Effect of removal of ovine squamous cell carcinoma on peripheral lymphocyte stimulation by tumour extracts and phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "Mock-operation of normal tumour-free sheep was not associated with significant changes in blastogenic responses of peripheral lymphocytes (BRPL) to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P) or tumour extracts (TA). In age-matched tumour-bearing sheep, tumour removal was associated with a significant prolonged increase in BRPL to PHA-P and TA about three weeks after operation. This increase was significantly greater in sheep with mature than with early tumours. No increase in BRPL occurred in sheep with secondary lesions. Challenge of tumour-removed sheep with TA 15 weeks after operation was associated with a significant anamnestic-type short-term surge in BRPL to PHA-P and TA, which was significantly greater in sheep which had previously borne advanced tumours. Mock-operated normal mature sheep challenged with TA also showed a lowgrade anamnestic-type response of BRPL to PHA-P and TA. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of BRPL suppression, and of specific reactions in normal sheep.", "contents": "Effect of removal of ovine squamous cell carcinoma on peripheral lymphocyte stimulation by tumour extracts and phytohaemagglutinin. Mock-operation of normal tumour-free sheep was not associated with significant changes in blastogenic responses of peripheral lymphocytes (BRPL) to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P) or tumour extracts (TA). In age-matched tumour-bearing sheep, tumour removal was associated with a significant prolonged increase in BRPL to PHA-P and TA about three weeks after operation. This increase was significantly greater in sheep with mature than with early tumours. No increase in BRPL occurred in sheep with secondary lesions. Challenge of tumour-removed sheep with TA 15 weeks after operation was associated with a significant anamnestic-type short-term surge in BRPL to PHA-P and TA, which was significantly greater in sheep which had previously borne advanced tumours. Mock-operated normal mature sheep challenged with TA also showed a lowgrade anamnestic-type response of BRPL to PHA-P and TA. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of BRPL suppression, and of specific reactions in normal sheep.", "PMID": 523799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1736", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on tumour growth and cell-mediated immunity in sheep with ovine squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CY) is shown to associate with partial or complete regression of ovine squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the rate of regression varying directly with CY dosage and inversely with maturity of tumour at the start of therapy. CY treatment given coincidental with injection of tumour extracts (TA) completely neutralised the tumour enhancement effects regularly associated with TA injections, and caused tumour regression comparable to that seen in sheep treated with CY alone. In discussion of the results, which incorporate parallel studies on cell-mediated responses, it is suggested that immunosuppression during tumour growth is due to formation of B suppressor lymphocytes and that CY treatment of OSCC may exert beneficial effects through its immunosuppressive action on such lymphocytes as much as its direct cytotoxic action on tumour cells.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on tumour growth and cell-mediated immunity in sheep with ovine squamous cell carcinoma. Cyclophosphamide (CY) is shown to associate with partial or complete regression of ovine squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the rate of regression varying directly with CY dosage and inversely with maturity of tumour at the start of therapy. CY treatment given coincidental with injection of tumour extracts (TA) completely neutralised the tumour enhancement effects regularly associated with TA injections, and caused tumour regression comparable to that seen in sheep treated with CY alone. In discussion of the results, which incorporate parallel studies on cell-mediated responses, it is suggested that immunosuppression during tumour growth is due to formation of B suppressor lymphocytes and that CY treatment of OSCC may exert beneficial effects through its immunosuppressive action on such lymphocytes as much as its direct cytotoxic action on tumour cells.", "PMID": 523800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1737", "title": "Suppression of blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes by serum from ovine squamous cell carcinoma bearing sheep.", "content": "Sera from sheep with ovine squamous cell carcinoma are shown to contain a factor which nonspecifically inhibits blastogenesis of T lymphocytes. This blastogenic inhibitor is stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min, passes a 430 nm filter, and increases in concentration (or efficiency) with increasing tumour volume. Tumour removal is associated with effective circulatory disappearance of the inhibitor and coincides with recovery of cell-mediated responses within five weeks. The inhibitor adsorbs readily to leucocyte populations from normal and tumour removed sheep. It is suggested that the blastogenic inhibitor is mediated by the tumour to cause immunosuppression through an undetermined B lymphocyte suppressor pathway, and acts as a mechanism protecting the tumour from immune rejection by T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Suppression of blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes by serum from ovine squamous cell carcinoma bearing sheep. Sera from sheep with ovine squamous cell carcinoma are shown to contain a factor which nonspecifically inhibits blastogenesis of T lymphocytes. This blastogenic inhibitor is stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min, passes a 430 nm filter, and increases in concentration (or efficiency) with increasing tumour volume. Tumour removal is associated with effective circulatory disappearance of the inhibitor and coincides with recovery of cell-mediated responses within five weeks. The inhibitor adsorbs readily to leucocyte populations from normal and tumour removed sheep. It is suggested that the blastogenic inhibitor is mediated by the tumour to cause immunosuppression through an undetermined B lymphocyte suppressor pathway, and acts as a mechanism protecting the tumour from immune rejection by T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 523801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1738", "title": "Designation of aerotolerant Campylobacter-like organisms from porcine and bovine abortions to the genus Campylobacter.", "content": "Unusual helically-curved bacteria isolated from porcine and bovine abortions measured 1.8 microns long and 0.4 microns wide, failed to produce poly beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules and had DNA base compositions within the span 29--34 moles per cent. From this evidence, it was concluded that these organisms are members of the genus Campylobacter.", "contents": "Designation of aerotolerant Campylobacter-like organisms from porcine and bovine abortions to the genus Campylobacter. Unusual helically-curved bacteria isolated from porcine and bovine abortions measured 1.8 microns long and 0.4 microns wide, failed to produce poly beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules and had DNA base compositions within the span 29--34 moles per cent. From this evidence, it was concluded that these organisms are members of the genus Campylobacter.", "PMID": 523802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1739", "title": "The influence of environmental temperature on the rate of development of Ascaris suum eggs in Great Britain.", "content": "The rate of development of Ascaris suum eggs was recorded during 18 months in England. Every second or third week unembryonated eggs were placed in an unheated animal house and their development was observed at weekly intervals. Eggs underwent no development during November to May. Embryonation was most rapid during June, July and August. The shortest time for eggs to reach the infective stage was two weeks in 1976 and four weeks in 1977. A relationship was apparent between the rate of development of eggs and the seasonal occurrence of pigs in chronic focal interstitial hepatitis, a condition associated with infection by A suum larvae.", "contents": "The influence of environmental temperature on the rate of development of Ascaris suum eggs in Great Britain. The rate of development of Ascaris suum eggs was recorded during 18 months in England. Every second or third week unembryonated eggs were placed in an unheated animal house and their development was observed at weekly intervals. Eggs underwent no development during November to May. Embryonation was most rapid during June, July and August. The shortest time for eggs to reach the infective stage was two weeks in 1976 and four weeks in 1977. A relationship was apparent between the rate of development of eggs and the seasonal occurrence of pigs in chronic focal interstitial hepatitis, a condition associated with infection by A suum larvae.", "PMID": 523803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1740", "title": "The passive transfer of immunity to Taenia ovis in lambs via colostrum.", "content": "Colostrum from ewes that had been repeatedly exposed to cestode infection, whether or not their immunity was boosted by vaccination with Taenia ovis, transferred a strong immunity to the lambs. Susceptible ewes, not recently exposed to tapeworm eggs, gave no protection to their lambs via the colostrum. There was no evidence that colostrum-deprived lambs were more susceptible to infection with T ovis than lambs that received colostrum from non-immune ewes. Colostrum from naturally immune vaccinated ewes gave good protection to lambs for up to six weeks but thereafter the effect was variable. The immunity that developed in susceptible ewes after vaccination with activated embryos was not passed on to the lambs via the colostrum.", "contents": "The passive transfer of immunity to Taenia ovis in lambs via colostrum. Colostrum from ewes that had been repeatedly exposed to cestode infection, whether or not their immunity was boosted by vaccination with Taenia ovis, transferred a strong immunity to the lambs. Susceptible ewes, not recently exposed to tapeworm eggs, gave no protection to their lambs via the colostrum. There was no evidence that colostrum-deprived lambs were more susceptible to infection with T ovis than lambs that received colostrum from non-immune ewes. Colostrum from naturally immune vaccinated ewes gave good protection to lambs for up to six weeks but thereafter the effect was variable. The immunity that developed in susceptible ewes after vaccination with activated embryos was not passed on to the lambs via the colostrum.", "PMID": 523804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1741", "title": "The effects of irradiation on Babesia maintained in vitro.", "content": "Blood infected with Babesia radhaini, B major or B divergens was irradiated to different absorbed doses between 0 and 120 krad, and then maintained in vitro in the presence of 3H hypoxanthine for 24 h. The effects of irradiation were measured by the ability of the parasites to incorporate 3h hypoxanthine and, in the case of B rodhaini, by the ability of the parasites to infect mice. B major and B divergens were slightly more radio-resistant than B rodhaini, but all showed a progressive fall in ability to incorporate 3H hypoxanthine with increasing doses of irradiation, except at low doses of irradiation when there was increased uptake of 3H hypoxanthine. In the case of B rodhaini there was close correlation between the ability of the parasites to incorporate 3H hypoxanthine and their infectivity for mice. Both types of activity were abolished at doses of 40 krad and above.", "contents": "The effects of irradiation on Babesia maintained in vitro. Blood infected with Babesia radhaini, B major or B divergens was irradiated to different absorbed doses between 0 and 120 krad, and then maintained in vitro in the presence of 3H hypoxanthine for 24 h. The effects of irradiation were measured by the ability of the parasites to incorporate 3h hypoxanthine and, in the case of B rodhaini, by the ability of the parasites to infect mice. B major and B divergens were slightly more radio-resistant than B rodhaini, but all showed a progressive fall in ability to incorporate 3H hypoxanthine with increasing doses of irradiation, except at low doses of irradiation when there was increased uptake of 3H hypoxanthine. In the case of B rodhaini there was close correlation between the ability of the parasites to incorporate 3H hypoxanthine and their infectivity for mice. Both types of activity were abolished at doses of 40 krad and above.", "PMID": 523805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1742", "title": "The effect of route of infection on acquired resistance to Fasciola hepatica in the rat and sheep.", "content": "Rats and sheep were infected with Fasciola hepatica by subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral (intraruminal--sheep) inoculation with encysted metacercariae and the development of flukes from these primary infections assessed. Additional rats and sheep similarly infected were challenged with encysted metacercariae orally (rats), or intraruminally (sheep) to assess the level of acquired resistance generated by previous infection by each of the three routes of administration. In both rats and sheep 0--5 per cent, 0--5 per cent and 20--25 per cent of metacercariae given by the subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral (intraruminal--sheep) routes were recovered as flukes in the liver four and 12 weeks after infection of rats, or 17 weeks after infection of sheep. Primary infection of rats with F hepatica by each of the three routes generated strong protection against oral challenge whereas no protection was generated in sheep, irrespective of route of infection.", "contents": "The effect of route of infection on acquired resistance to Fasciola hepatica in the rat and sheep. Rats and sheep were infected with Fasciola hepatica by subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral (intraruminal--sheep) inoculation with encysted metacercariae and the development of flukes from these primary infections assessed. Additional rats and sheep similarly infected were challenged with encysted metacercariae orally (rats), or intraruminally (sheep) to assess the level of acquired resistance generated by previous infection by each of the three routes of administration. In both rats and sheep 0--5 per cent, 0--5 per cent and 20--25 per cent of metacercariae given by the subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral (intraruminal--sheep) routes were recovered as flukes in the liver four and 12 weeks after infection of rats, or 17 weeks after infection of sheep. Primary infection of rats with F hepatica by each of the three routes generated strong protection against oral challenge whereas no protection was generated in sheep, irrespective of route of infection.", "PMID": 523806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1743", "title": "Cross-protection between the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis in lambs.", "content": "Lambs were infected orally at 14 weeks of age with either Taenia hydatigena, T ovis or Echinococcus granulosus eggs. To induce high levels of resistance to oral reinfection, they were then injected intramuscularly with eggs of the homologous species four weeks and eight weeks later. The degree of immunity was then tested by oral challenge with eggs from either the homologous or an heterologous species. Autopsy results indicated that prior infection with an homologous species induced a very high degree of immunity to challenge infection. Prior infection with all combinations of heterologous species resulted in a lesser degree of immunity, which appeared to have acted on the establishment phase of development and did not influence cyst survival.", "contents": "Cross-protection between the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis in lambs. Lambs were infected orally at 14 weeks of age with either Taenia hydatigena, T ovis or Echinococcus granulosus eggs. To induce high levels of resistance to oral reinfection, they were then injected intramuscularly with eggs of the homologous species four weeks and eight weeks later. The degree of immunity was then tested by oral challenge with eggs from either the homologous or an heterologous species. Autopsy results indicated that prior infection with an homologous species induced a very high degree of immunity to challenge infection. Prior infection with all combinations of heterologous species resulted in a lesser degree of immunity, which appeared to have acted on the establishment phase of development and did not influence cyst survival.", "PMID": 523807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1744", "title": "A mouse model of Pasteurella haemolytica infection and its use in assessment of the efficacy of P haemolytica vaccines.", "content": "A method for infecting mice with Pasteurella haemolytica is described. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with P haemolytica incorporated in gastric mucin, killed at various time intervals thereafter and viable counts of bacteria were performed on liver suspensions. P haemolytica grew at an exponential rate in the livers of normal mice. Mice vaccinated against P haemolytica A1 were protected against homologous challenge and viable counts decreased rapidly in their livers. Mice given trivalent P haemolytica vaccine (types A1, A2 and A6) were protected against challenge with P haemolytica types A1 and A6, but were not protected against challenge with types A2 and A9. These results correlate with findings in sheep.", "contents": "A mouse model of Pasteurella haemolytica infection and its use in assessment of the efficacy of P haemolytica vaccines. A method for infecting mice with Pasteurella haemolytica is described. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with P haemolytica incorporated in gastric mucin, killed at various time intervals thereafter and viable counts of bacteria were performed on liver suspensions. P haemolytica grew at an exponential rate in the livers of normal mice. Mice vaccinated against P haemolytica A1 were protected against homologous challenge and viable counts decreased rapidly in their livers. Mice given trivalent P haemolytica vaccine (types A1, A2 and A6) were protected against challenge with P haemolytica types A1 and A6, but were not protected against challenge with types A2 and A9. These results correlate with findings in sheep.", "PMID": 523808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1745", "title": "In vitro sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs of ureaplasmas isolated from the bovine respiratory tract, genital tract and eye.", "content": "The sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial drugs was examined for 66 strains of Ureaplasma sp isolated from respiratory tracts of calves suffering from enzootic pneumonia, urinary tracts of bulls and eyes of cows suffering from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Furamizole, tiamulin fumarate, erythromycin lactobionate, malidomycin C, doxycycline hydrochloride, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin tartrate, T-2636C, tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, furazolidone, spiramycin adipate, chloramphenicol and thiophenicol showed strong inhibiting activity on all the test strains. Among them, furamizole, tiamulin fumarate and erythromycin lactobionate were most active. Kanamycin sulphate showed weak activity on all the strains tested. The differences in origin of the test strains did not affect their sensitivity to any of the drugs.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs of ureaplasmas isolated from the bovine respiratory tract, genital tract and eye. The sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial drugs was examined for 66 strains of Ureaplasma sp isolated from respiratory tracts of calves suffering from enzootic pneumonia, urinary tracts of bulls and eyes of cows suffering from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Furamizole, tiamulin fumarate, erythromycin lactobionate, malidomycin C, doxycycline hydrochloride, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin tartrate, T-2636C, tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, furazolidone, spiramycin adipate, chloramphenicol and thiophenicol showed strong inhibiting activity on all the test strains. Among them, furamizole, tiamulin fumarate and erythromycin lactobionate were most active. Kanamycin sulphate showed weak activity on all the strains tested. The differences in origin of the test strains did not affect their sensitivity to any of the drugs.", "PMID": 523809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1746", "title": "A microtitre technique for the assay of malignant catarrhal fever virus and neutralising antibody.", "content": "A microtitre technique for the quantal assay of a cell-free strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus was developed, using serially passaged bovine embryonic kidney cells. End-points were determined after 12 days' incubation and the mean titre recorded for a single virus stock stored at -70 degrees C over a six-month period was 10(5.5) +/- 0.2 (SD). In neutralisation tests serum/virus mixtures were best held at 37 degrees C for 1 h in microtitre trays before the addition of cells; assays were highly reproducible, figures of 10(1.5) +/- 0.2 being obtained for a single reference serum.", "contents": "A microtitre technique for the assay of malignant catarrhal fever virus and neutralising antibody. A microtitre technique for the quantal assay of a cell-free strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus was developed, using serially passaged bovine embryonic kidney cells. End-points were determined after 12 days' incubation and the mean titre recorded for a single virus stock stored at -70 degrees C over a six-month period was 10(5.5) +/- 0.2 (SD). In neutralisation tests serum/virus mixtures were best held at 37 degrees C for 1 h in microtitre trays before the addition of cells; assays were highly reproducible, figures of 10(1.5) +/- 0.2 being obtained for a single reference serum.", "PMID": 523811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1747", "title": "Pathogenicity of some Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species in the lungs of gnotobiotic calves.", "content": "Cloned cultures of 16 strains, representing nine different species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, were inoculated intratracheally into gnotobiotic calves. Strains of M bovirhinis, M canadense, M verecundum, A axanthum and A modicum did not produce visible pneumonic lesions and were not reisolated from the lungs. Strains of M alkalescens and M arginini colonised the lower respiratory tract but failed to produce visible pneumonia. M bovigenitalium (strain M991/70) and M dispar (strain Gri226) both colonised the respiratory tract and induced pneumonic lesions estimated to involve up to 8 per cent (M bovigenitalium) and 17 per cent (M dispar) of the lung. Histologically M bovigenitalium produced a cuffing pneumonia and M dispar produced a interstitial alveolitis.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of some Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species in the lungs of gnotobiotic calves. Cloned cultures of 16 strains, representing nine different species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, were inoculated intratracheally into gnotobiotic calves. Strains of M bovirhinis, M canadense, M verecundum, A axanthum and A modicum did not produce visible pneumonic lesions and were not reisolated from the lungs. Strains of M alkalescens and M arginini colonised the lower respiratory tract but failed to produce visible pneumonia. M bovigenitalium (strain M991/70) and M dispar (strain Gri226) both colonised the respiratory tract and induced pneumonic lesions estimated to involve up to 8 per cent (M bovigenitalium) and 17 per cent (M dispar) of the lung. Histologically M bovigenitalium produced a cuffing pneumonia and M dispar produced a interstitial alveolitis.", "PMID": 523812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1748", "title": "Assessment of the attenuation produced by irradiation of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae in hamsters.", "content": "Severe pathological changes were seen in hamsters given metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica irradiated at doses below 4 krads. No adult flukes were recovered from hamsters given metacercariae irradiated at doses above 4 krads and little hepatic damage was caused. It was not ascertained whether resistance resulted following these latter infections.", "contents": "Assessment of the attenuation produced by irradiation of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae in hamsters. Severe pathological changes were seen in hamsters given metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica irradiated at doses below 4 krads. No adult flukes were recovered from hamsters given metacercariae irradiated at doses above 4 krads and little hepatic damage was caused. It was not ascertained whether resistance resulted following these latter infections.", "PMID": 523813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1749", "title": "Phosphorus content of bovine rib: influence of earlier biopsy of the same rib.", "content": "Serial sampling of bovine rib is undertaken experimentally to monitor changes in the degree of skeletal mineralisation. The validity of this approach depends on the assumption that the previous sampling of a bone does not influence the composition of a sample obtained subsequently. To test this, the effect of a prior biopsy sampling on phosphorus content of the remaining bone was determined at various times after the initial sampling. A preliminary biopsy sample was taken with a 1.5 cm diameter trephine from the left 12th rib of 40 cattle; experimental samples were taken from the same rib of 10 of the cattle at three, six, nine and 12 months later, for comparison with similar samples taken concurrently from the right 12th rib. The phosphorus content of the second left rib was significantly lower than that of the right (control) rib at the three-month interval, particularly where the sampling site was ventral, rather than dorsal, to the site from which the initial biopsy was obtained. No effects of previous biopsy sampling were observed after six, nine or 12 months.", "contents": "Phosphorus content of bovine rib: influence of earlier biopsy of the same rib. Serial sampling of bovine rib is undertaken experimentally to monitor changes in the degree of skeletal mineralisation. The validity of this approach depends on the assumption that the previous sampling of a bone does not influence the composition of a sample obtained subsequently. To test this, the effect of a prior biopsy sampling on phosphorus content of the remaining bone was determined at various times after the initial sampling. A preliminary biopsy sample was taken with a 1.5 cm diameter trephine from the left 12th rib of 40 cattle; experimental samples were taken from the same rib of 10 of the cattle at three, six, nine and 12 months later, for comparison with similar samples taken concurrently from the right 12th rib. The phosphorus content of the second left rib was significantly lower than that of the right (control) rib at the three-month interval, particularly where the sampling site was ventral, rather than dorsal, to the site from which the initial biopsy was obtained. No effects of previous biopsy sampling were observed after six, nine or 12 months.", "PMID": 523814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1750", "title": "Observations on the egg output resulting from continuous low level infections with Ostertagia circumcincta in lambs.", "content": "Faecal egg counts were determined twice weekly for two groups of four-month-old worm free cross Suffolk lambs experimentally infected with 100 and 320 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae, five times per week for 20 weeks. The group mean egg count in both groups rose to a maximum of approximately 500 eggs per gram during weeks 12 to 14 and had fallen to less than half of that value at slaughter. There was no statistical difference in egg output between these two groups or between them and a comparable group of lambs receiving 4000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae per day. No significant changes in live weight gain or serum pepsinogen levels were observed in the lambs given 100 and 320 larvae per day.", "contents": "Observations on the egg output resulting from continuous low level infections with Ostertagia circumcincta in lambs. Faecal egg counts were determined twice weekly for two groups of four-month-old worm free cross Suffolk lambs experimentally infected with 100 and 320 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae, five times per week for 20 weeks. The group mean egg count in both groups rose to a maximum of approximately 500 eggs per gram during weeks 12 to 14 and had fallen to less than half of that value at slaughter. There was no statistical difference in egg output between these two groups or between them and a comparable group of lambs receiving 4000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae per day. No significant changes in live weight gain or serum pepsinogen levels were observed in the lambs given 100 and 320 larvae per day.", "PMID": 523815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1751", "title": "Evaluation of oxfendazole against natural infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in Nigerian calves.", "content": "The efficacy of oxfendazole was tested in naturally infected Sokoto-Gudali calves at a dosage of 2.8 mg per kg. At this dosage level, oxfendazole showed 100 per cent efficacy against adult and immature forms of Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Bunostomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Although efficacy of 100 per cent was recorded for the adult form of Cooperia spp, only 48 per cent reduction was recorded for its immature stages. Similarly, a percentage reduction of 75 was recorded for adult Trichuris spp. No larvae hatched out of a seven-day vermiculite culture of faeces collected from the treated calves 24 h after treatment.", "contents": "Evaluation of oxfendazole against natural infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in Nigerian calves. The efficacy of oxfendazole was tested in naturally infected Sokoto-Gudali calves at a dosage of 2.8 mg per kg. At this dosage level, oxfendazole showed 100 per cent efficacy against adult and immature forms of Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Bunostomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Although efficacy of 100 per cent was recorded for the adult form of Cooperia spp, only 48 per cent reduction was recorded for its immature stages. Similarly, a percentage reduction of 75 was recorded for adult Trichuris spp. No larvae hatched out of a seven-day vermiculite culture of faeces collected from the treated calves 24 h after treatment.", "PMID": 523816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1752", "title": "A serological comparison of Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines containing different adjuvants.", "content": "Five adjuvants were compared for their ability to enhance the serological response of sheep to capsule extract of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 6. Vaccines of this antigen were inoculated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing a water soluble extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aluminium hydroxide gel or a combination of aluminium hydroxide gel and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. This latter vaccine induced significantly higher titres of antibody as measured by an indirect haemagglutination test than did any of the other vaccines. The aluminium hydroxide gel alone was shown to be the poorest adjuvant. The local reactions at the sites of inoculations produced by the aluminium hydroxide gel in incomplete Freund's adjuvant vaccine were not severe and were not detectable beyond one month after vaccination in the majority of the sheep.", "contents": "A serological comparison of Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines containing different adjuvants. Five adjuvants were compared for their ability to enhance the serological response of sheep to capsule extract of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 6. Vaccines of this antigen were inoculated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing a water soluble extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aluminium hydroxide gel or a combination of aluminium hydroxide gel and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. This latter vaccine induced significantly higher titres of antibody as measured by an indirect haemagglutination test than did any of the other vaccines. The aluminium hydroxide gel alone was shown to be the poorest adjuvant. The local reactions at the sites of inoculations produced by the aluminium hydroxide gel in incomplete Freund's adjuvant vaccine were not severe and were not detectable beyond one month after vaccination in the majority of the sheep.", "PMID": 523817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1753", "title": "Indices of stress in housed experimental sheep.", "content": "Six trained sheep were used in isotope dilution studies to determine the relations between glucose and lactate metabolism. The animals were judged by their behaviour and by their arterialplasma glucose and cortisol concentrations to be unstressed before and during each experiment. In each animal, however, the concentration of lactate in an arterial plasma sample taken immediately before an experiment was greater than the mean arterial plasma lactate concentration found during the course of the experiment. This increase in the concentration of lactate may be a sensitive index of apprehension in sheep which are well accustomed to being handled and which by other criteria appear to be unstressed.", "contents": "Indices of stress in housed experimental sheep. Six trained sheep were used in isotope dilution studies to determine the relations between glucose and lactate metabolism. The animals were judged by their behaviour and by their arterialplasma glucose and cortisol concentrations to be unstressed before and during each experiment. In each animal, however, the concentration of lactate in an arterial plasma sample taken immediately before an experiment was greater than the mean arterial plasma lactate concentration found during the course of the experiment. This increase in the concentration of lactate may be a sensitive index of apprehension in sheep which are well accustomed to being handled and which by other criteria appear to be unstressed.", "PMID": 523818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1754", "title": "Lack of functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following dimethylsulphoxide and epsilon amino caproic acid therapy in dogs.", "content": "The spinal cords of 20 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies at L1 and damaged with a direct impact force of 440 g cm. One hour later treatment with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was started on 10 dogs and with epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) on the other 10 dogs. Administration of the DMSO ceased at 41 h after trauma and EACA at 49 h. The results showed that neither drug had a significant beneficial effect on the functional recovery of the spinal cords, when compared to a control group of similarly traumatised dogs.", "contents": "Lack of functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following dimethylsulphoxide and epsilon amino caproic acid therapy in dogs. The spinal cords of 20 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies at L1 and damaged with a direct impact force of 440 g cm. One hour later treatment with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was started on 10 dogs and with epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) on the other 10 dogs. Administration of the DMSO ceased at 41 h after trauma and EACA at 49 h. The results showed that neither drug had a significant beneficial effect on the functional recovery of the spinal cords, when compared to a control group of similarly traumatised dogs.", "PMID": 523819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1755", "title": "The effect of nitroscanate tablets of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Tablets of micronised nitroscanate (nominal particle size 2--3 microns) were given to a total of 190 dogs that had been experimentally infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena. The efficiency of the drug in tablet form in freeing dogs from tapeworms, was investigated. The dose rate at which 50 per cent of normally fed dogs can be expected to be freed from E granulosus was found to be 89 mg/kg (95 per cent confidence limits 55 mg/kg to 140 mg/kg). The 90 per cent effective dose rate was not determined within the range 32 mg/kg to 250 mg/kg. The dose rate at which 90 per cent of normally fed dogs can be expected to be freed from T hydatigena was 37 mg/kg (95 per cent confidence limits 23 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg).", "contents": "The effect of nitroscanate tablets of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Tablets of micronised nitroscanate (nominal particle size 2--3 microns) were given to a total of 190 dogs that had been experimentally infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena. The efficiency of the drug in tablet form in freeing dogs from tapeworms, was investigated. The dose rate at which 50 per cent of normally fed dogs can be expected to be freed from E granulosus was found to be 89 mg/kg (95 per cent confidence limits 55 mg/kg to 140 mg/kg). The 90 per cent effective dose rate was not determined within the range 32 mg/kg to 250 mg/kg. The dose rate at which 90 per cent of normally fed dogs can be expected to be freed from T hydatigena was 37 mg/kg (95 per cent confidence limits 23 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg).", "PMID": 523820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1756", "title": "Investigation of Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep. Comparison of irradiated larvae and transfer factor treatment.", "content": "A comparison is made between the resistance conferred to Haemonchus contortus challenge by irradiated larval treatment and transfer factor (TF) treatment in four-month-old lambs and seven-month-old lambs. As in previous investigations the irradiated larval treatment failed to confer resistance to the four-month-old lambs challenged with 10,000 third stage larvae while similar irradiated larval treatment in seven-month-old lambs reduced the worm burdens by 40 per cent compared to controls. The TF treatment produced a 34 per cent reduction in the challenge infection in the four-month-old lambs and a 45 per cent reduction in the seven-month-old lambs compared to the control lambs. It is concluded that TF activity operates independently of immune competence.", "contents": "Investigation of Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep. Comparison of irradiated larvae and transfer factor treatment. A comparison is made between the resistance conferred to Haemonchus contortus challenge by irradiated larval treatment and transfer factor (TF) treatment in four-month-old lambs and seven-month-old lambs. As in previous investigations the irradiated larval treatment failed to confer resistance to the four-month-old lambs challenged with 10,000 third stage larvae while similar irradiated larval treatment in seven-month-old lambs reduced the worm burdens by 40 per cent compared to controls. The TF treatment produced a 34 per cent reduction in the challenge infection in the four-month-old lambs and a 45 per cent reduction in the seven-month-old lambs compared to the control lambs. It is concluded that TF activity operates independently of immune competence.", "PMID": 523821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1757", "title": "Comparative red cell metabolism in the domestic dog and the dingo.", "content": "A comparative study of the red cell characters, glycolytic enzymes and intermediates was made in the domestic dog and the dingo. No significant differences were found in any of the parameters studied except the enzyme level of NADH-MR which was significantly lower in dingoes (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparative red cell metabolism in the domestic dog and the dingo. A comparative study of the red cell characters, glycolytic enzymes and intermediates was made in the domestic dog and the dingo. No significant differences were found in any of the parameters studied except the enzyme level of NADH-MR which was significantly lower in dingoes (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 523822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1758", "title": "Solanum torvum as a causative agent of enzootic calcinosis in Papua, New Guinea.", "content": "Inclusion of dried powdered leaves of Solanum torvum Swartz (collected in Papua, New Guinea) in the diet of rats induced hypercalcaemai rapidly and hyperphosphataemia more slowly; soft tissue calcification was most evident in the kidney and lung. Solanum torvum may be a causative agent of enzootic calcinosis in cattle in Papua, New Guinea.", "contents": "Solanum torvum as a causative agent of enzootic calcinosis in Papua, New Guinea. Inclusion of dried powdered leaves of Solanum torvum Swartz (collected in Papua, New Guinea) in the diet of rats induced hypercalcaemai rapidly and hyperphosphataemia more slowly; soft tissue calcification was most evident in the kidney and lung. Solanum torvum may be a causative agent of enzootic calcinosis in cattle in Papua, New Guinea.", "PMID": 523823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1759", "title": "The half-life of glutamate dehydrogenase in plasma of dry and lactating dairy cows.", "content": "The clearance of glutamate dehydrogenase from plasma was measured weekly for three weeks in three dry and three lactating cows. The clearance was exponential with a mean clearance constant of 0.0488/j and means (+/- SE) half-life of 14.2 (+/- 0.77) h. There were variations among cows and among measurements in the same cow but there was no difference between the mean half-lives of GDH in lactating and dry cows. Because of the long half-life the small variations among individual cows are unlikely to affect the interpretation of increased plasma GDH activity.", "contents": "The half-life of glutamate dehydrogenase in plasma of dry and lactating dairy cows. The clearance of glutamate dehydrogenase from plasma was measured weekly for three weeks in three dry and three lactating cows. The clearance was exponential with a mean clearance constant of 0.0488/j and means (+/- SE) half-life of 14.2 (+/- 0.77) h. There were variations among cows and among measurements in the same cow but there was no difference between the mean half-lives of GDH in lactating and dry cows. Because of the long half-life the small variations among individual cows are unlikely to affect the interpretation of increased plasma GDH activity.", "PMID": 523824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1760", "title": "Effect of orciprenaline on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs.", "content": "The effect of orciprenaline on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was studied in 8 dogs by measuring the redistribution of blood flow in response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia. The distribution of blood flow was recorded continuously by measuring the radioactivity of the mixed expired gas from each lung during the continuous intravenous infusion of xenon-133. The hypoxic vasoconstrictor response was significantly depressed by an infusion of 1.0 micrograms/kg/min of orciprenaline but not by a dose of 0.1 micrograms/kg/min. PaO2 during unilateral hypoxia was significantly lower during the infusion of the high dose of orciprenaline than it was in the control periods before or after the infusion. A bolus dose of 0.5 mg significantly increased blood flow to a lung with established hypoxic vasoconstriction and also caused a significant reduction in PaO2. Since these effects were produced in the absence of airway pressure or pulmonary vascular pressure changes, it is concluded that orciprenaline may depress the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in dogs.", "contents": "Effect of orciprenaline on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. The effect of orciprenaline on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was studied in 8 dogs by measuring the redistribution of blood flow in response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia. The distribution of blood flow was recorded continuously by measuring the radioactivity of the mixed expired gas from each lung during the continuous intravenous infusion of xenon-133. The hypoxic vasoconstrictor response was significantly depressed by an infusion of 1.0 micrograms/kg/min of orciprenaline but not by a dose of 0.1 micrograms/kg/min. PaO2 during unilateral hypoxia was significantly lower during the infusion of the high dose of orciprenaline than it was in the control periods before or after the infusion. A bolus dose of 0.5 mg significantly increased blood flow to a lung with established hypoxic vasoconstriction and also caused a significant reduction in PaO2. Since these effects were produced in the absence of airway pressure or pulmonary vascular pressure changes, it is concluded that orciprenaline may depress the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in dogs.", "PMID": 523825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1761", "title": "Observations on regional ventilation and perfusion in kyphoscoliosis.", "content": "Studies of regional ventilation and perfusion have been made in 10 patients with kyphoscoliosis. In 7 of the 10 patients ventilation was more severely impaired in the region of the maximum convexity than in the opposite lung. Perfusion was not impaired to the same degree. The resulting locally diminished ventilation-perfusion ratios may account for the hypoxemia and increased PA-aO2 gradient seen in patients with kyphoscoliosis. It is suggested that the local distortion of the chest wall, with the splayed out ribs, may account for the local change in lung mechanics.", "contents": "Observations on regional ventilation and perfusion in kyphoscoliosis. Studies of regional ventilation and perfusion have been made in 10 patients with kyphoscoliosis. In 7 of the 10 patients ventilation was more severely impaired in the region of the maximum convexity than in the opposite lung. Perfusion was not impaired to the same degree. The resulting locally diminished ventilation-perfusion ratios may account for the hypoxemia and increased PA-aO2 gradient seen in patients with kyphoscoliosis. It is suggested that the local distortion of the chest wall, with the splayed out ribs, may account for the local change in lung mechanics.", "PMID": 523826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1762", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in rats with papain emphysema.", "content": "Lung emphysema was produced in 80 rats by tracheal chronic constriction and repeated instillations of 0.1% papain solution intratracheally. 17 animals survived 90 days of the experiment; a complete examination was performed on 14 experimental and 11 control animals. 9 rats of the experimental group had pulmonary hypertension, in 5 other rats the pulmonary arterial blood pressure was not different from that in the controls. The experimental animals with hypertension had arterial hypoxemia and increased weight of the right ventricle. All experimental rats (with and without pulmonary hypertension) had increased air spaces in the lung and thickened media of distal pulmonary vessels. After breathing 100% oxygen for 20 min, the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in animals with pulmonary hypertension decreased but did not reach the control level. The decrease of the mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure after oxygen breathing correlated well with the initial level of pulmonary hypertension and with the degree of hypoxemia during air breathing.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in rats with papain emphysema. Lung emphysema was produced in 80 rats by tracheal chronic constriction and repeated instillations of 0.1% papain solution intratracheally. 17 animals survived 90 days of the experiment; a complete examination was performed on 14 experimental and 11 control animals. 9 rats of the experimental group had pulmonary hypertension, in 5 other rats the pulmonary arterial blood pressure was not different from that in the controls. The experimental animals with hypertension had arterial hypoxemia and increased weight of the right ventricle. All experimental rats (with and without pulmonary hypertension) had increased air spaces in the lung and thickened media of distal pulmonary vessels. After breathing 100% oxygen for 20 min, the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in animals with pulmonary hypertension decreased but did not reach the control level. The decrease of the mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure after oxygen breathing correlated well with the initial level of pulmonary hypertension and with the degree of hypoxemia during air breathing.", "PMID": 523827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1763", "title": "[Correlations between the changes in the affinity of hemoglobin of oxygen and the anaerobic metabolism during muscular exercise in 20 silicotic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This study investigated the changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen -- P50 standard [P50 (7.40)]; P50 in vivo (P50 IV), and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) -- and the anaerobic metabolism during a short muscular exercise in 20 silicotic patients. P50 (7.40) and 2,3-DPG remained unchanged at the end of the exercise but P50 IV increased significantly. A negative correlation was found between the increase in the arterial lactates and the increase in P50 IV. Such a shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve probably improves the tissular oxygenation and can be regarded as a compensatory mechanism in patients with pulmonary impairment during exercise.", "contents": "[Correlations between the changes in the affinity of hemoglobin of oxygen and the anaerobic metabolism during muscular exercise in 20 silicotic patients (author's transl)]. This study investigated the changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen -- P50 standard [P50 (7.40)]; P50 in vivo (P50 IV), and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) -- and the anaerobic metabolism during a short muscular exercise in 20 silicotic patients. P50 (7.40) and 2,3-DPG remained unchanged at the end of the exercise but P50 IV increased significantly. A negative correlation was found between the increase in the arterial lactates and the increase in P50 IV. Such a shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve probably improves the tissular oxygenation and can be regarded as a compensatory mechanism in patients with pulmonary impairment during exercise.", "PMID": 523828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1764", "title": "Normal values of transfer factor and transfer coefficients in healthy males and females.", "content": "A population study was performed to obtain local normal values of the transfer factor for a respiratory laboratory providing a routine hospital service. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed similar results to those of previous investigators for the transfer factor and alveolar volume. The transfer factor was found to be dependent on height, age and sex, while the alveolar volume depended only upon height and sex. Unlike previous investigations, however, the present study showed that the transfer coefficient was the same for women as for men and was related solely to age.", "contents": "Normal values of transfer factor and transfer coefficients in healthy males and females. A population study was performed to obtain local normal values of the transfer factor for a respiratory laboratory providing a routine hospital service. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed similar results to those of previous investigators for the transfer factor and alveolar volume. The transfer factor was found to be dependent on height, age and sex, while the alveolar volume depended only upon height and sex. Unlike previous investigations, however, the present study showed that the transfer coefficient was the same for women as for men and was related solely to age.", "PMID": 523829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1765", "title": "Pulmonary function in rabbits with BCG-induced lung disease.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether the lung histological changes which occur in rabbits following intravenous injection of killed Bacilli Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) are accompanied by measurable changes in pulmonary function. We measured pulmonary function in New Zealand white rabbits 3 weeks after intravenous injection of BCG and in normal rabbits. After a tracheostomy and carotid artery catheterization was performed, each anesthetized rabbit was placed in a body plethysmograph for pulmonary function testing. Following the measurements, the lungs were removed for weighing and histological evaluation. In the BCG-treated rabbits, the lung weight/body weight ratios were 152% greater, the pulmonary resistance was 104% higher, dynamic compliance was 45% lower, minute ventilation was 28% greater, and the delta AaPO2 gradient was 13 torr higher than in the normal control rabbits. Histological evaluation of the BCG-treated animals revealed diffuse pulmonary involvement with non-caseating granulomas.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in rabbits with BCG-induced lung disease. This study was performed to determine whether the lung histological changes which occur in rabbits following intravenous injection of killed Bacilli Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) are accompanied by measurable changes in pulmonary function. We measured pulmonary function in New Zealand white rabbits 3 weeks after intravenous injection of BCG and in normal rabbits. After a tracheostomy and carotid artery catheterization was performed, each anesthetized rabbit was placed in a body plethysmograph for pulmonary function testing. Following the measurements, the lungs were removed for weighing and histological evaluation. In the BCG-treated rabbits, the lung weight/body weight ratios were 152% greater, the pulmonary resistance was 104% higher, dynamic compliance was 45% lower, minute ventilation was 28% greater, and the delta AaPO2 gradient was 13 torr higher than in the normal control rabbits. Histological evaluation of the BCG-treated animals revealed diffuse pulmonary involvement with non-caseating granulomas.", "PMID": 523830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1766", "title": "Anatomically localised re-expansion pulmonary oedema following pneumothorax drainage. Case report and literature review.", "content": "We describe the 15th recorded case of ipsilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of a pneumothorax. In contrast to previously described cases, the oedema was exclusively confined to the right middle and lower lobes, with complete sparing of the right upper lobe. This strict anatomical localisation can best be explained by the presence of a discrete temporary obstruction of the bronchus intermedius during the critical period of rapid pneumothorax re-expansion. We believe that this case lends strong support to previous contentions that bronchial occlusion plays a crucial role in the genesis of re-expansion oedema.", "contents": "Anatomically localised re-expansion pulmonary oedema following pneumothorax drainage. Case report and literature review. We describe the 15th recorded case of ipsilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of a pneumothorax. In contrast to previously described cases, the oedema was exclusively confined to the right middle and lower lobes, with complete sparing of the right upper lobe. This strict anatomical localisation can best be explained by the presence of a discrete temporary obstruction of the bronchus intermedius during the critical period of rapid pneumothorax re-expansion. We believe that this case lends strong support to previous contentions that bronchial occlusion plays a crucial role in the genesis of re-expansion oedema.", "PMID": 523831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1767", "title": "Obstructive lung disease from acute sulfur dioxide exposure.", "content": "A previously healthy, non-smoking young man is presented who was briefly exposed to a high concentration of sulfur dioxide. An immediate episode of pulmonary edema was followed by a silent interval with subsequent development of a severe, irreversible obstructive syndrome. This history, together with radiographs showing hyperinflation and sequential physiologic studies indicative of obstruction without bronchospasm and without loss of parenchyma suggest bronchiolitis obliterans as the causative lesion. The literature concerning this syndrome and its relationship to toxic inhalation is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Obstructive lung disease from acute sulfur dioxide exposure. A previously healthy, non-smoking young man is presented who was briefly exposed to a high concentration of sulfur dioxide. An immediate episode of pulmonary edema was followed by a silent interval with subsequent development of a severe, irreversible obstructive syndrome. This history, together with radiographs showing hyperinflation and sequential physiologic studies indicative of obstruction without bronchospasm and without loss of parenchyma suggest bronchiolitis obliterans as the causative lesion. The literature concerning this syndrome and its relationship to toxic inhalation is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 523832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1768", "title": "Lung mechanics during spontaneous ventilation in premature and fullterm rabbit neonates.", "content": "Rabbit neonates were tracheotomized on day 27--30 of gestation, and lung mechanics during spontaneous ventilation was registered with a fluid-filled esophagus catheter for pressure recording and a pneumotachograph connected to the tracheal cannula via a Fleisch tube. The first breath of all neonates had a very long inspiratory phase (less than or equal to 1.12 sec), with insufflation pressures amounting to 42 cm H2O in the mature animals. The expiration phase of the first breath was usually 'passive', i.e. there was no positive expiratory esophagus pressure. In animals delivered on day 27--28 there was, as a rule, no difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume during the first few breaths, whereas such difference was regularly registered in mature animals; this phenomenon probably corresponds to the establishment of FRC. Dynamic lung compliance increased with both gestational and postnatal age, up to 60 min after delivery. Shortly after birth, pulmonary resistance was higher in immature animals than in fullterm ones, but at later intervals, there was no difference between survivors of various gestational age.", "contents": "Lung mechanics during spontaneous ventilation in premature and fullterm rabbit neonates. Rabbit neonates were tracheotomized on day 27--30 of gestation, and lung mechanics during spontaneous ventilation was registered with a fluid-filled esophagus catheter for pressure recording and a pneumotachograph connected to the tracheal cannula via a Fleisch tube. The first breath of all neonates had a very long inspiratory phase (less than or equal to 1.12 sec), with insufflation pressures amounting to 42 cm H2O in the mature animals. The expiration phase of the first breath was usually 'passive', i.e. there was no positive expiratory esophagus pressure. In animals delivered on day 27--28 there was, as a rule, no difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume during the first few breaths, whereas such difference was regularly registered in mature animals; this phenomenon probably corresponds to the establishment of FRC. Dynamic lung compliance increased with both gestational and postnatal age, up to 60 min after delivery. Shortly after birth, pulmonary resistance was higher in immature animals than in fullterm ones, but at later intervals, there was no difference between survivors of various gestational age.", "PMID": 523846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1769", "title": "Distal airway responses to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions.", "content": "The reactivity of subpleural strips of lung parenchyma reflects primarily the tone of the smooth muscle in the peripheral airways. Lung strips taken from ten dogs relaxed when the oxygen level in the gas bubbling through the bath was reduced from 95% to 18%. Subsequent hypocapnia (carbon dioxide reduced from 5% to 0%) induced contraction of all strips. These changes were reversed when the oxygen or carbon dioxide tensions were restored to control levels. Addition of either indomethacin or meclofenamate, two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase, reduced the resting tone in each of six strips and prevented the hyperoxic constriction which was observed in paired, control strips (oxygen increased from 18% to 95%). Blockers of histamine and catecholamines had no effect. The reactivity of the distal airways to changes in gas tension provides a mechanism by which ventilation and perfusion can be matched. The action of indomethacin and meclofenamate indicates that a prostaglandin-like substance may be involved in the maintenance of distal airway tone and in the constriction produced by hyperoxia. The addition of prostaglandin F2 alpha or E1, after meclofenamate, in a further nine pairs of strips did not restore the hyperoxic constriction. This suggests that prostaglandins may mediate, rather than merely facilitate, the response.", "contents": "Distal airway responses to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. The reactivity of subpleural strips of lung parenchyma reflects primarily the tone of the smooth muscle in the peripheral airways. Lung strips taken from ten dogs relaxed when the oxygen level in the gas bubbling through the bath was reduced from 95% to 18%. Subsequent hypocapnia (carbon dioxide reduced from 5% to 0%) induced contraction of all strips. These changes were reversed when the oxygen or carbon dioxide tensions were restored to control levels. Addition of either indomethacin or meclofenamate, two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase, reduced the resting tone in each of six strips and prevented the hyperoxic constriction which was observed in paired, control strips (oxygen increased from 18% to 95%). Blockers of histamine and catecholamines had no effect. The reactivity of the distal airways to changes in gas tension provides a mechanism by which ventilation and perfusion can be matched. The action of indomethacin and meclofenamate indicates that a prostaglandin-like substance may be involved in the maintenance of distal airway tone and in the constriction produced by hyperoxia. The addition of prostaglandin F2 alpha or E1, after meclofenamate, in a further nine pairs of strips did not restore the hyperoxic constriction. This suggests that prostaglandins may mediate, rather than merely facilitate, the response.", "PMID": 523847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1770", "title": "The effect of pulmonary edema on gas trapping in excised rat lungs.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine how pulmonary edema affects the volume of gas trapped in excised lungs as they are slowly ventilated. In this study trapped gas is defined as the volume of gas that cannot be removed from the lungs with a negative transpulmonary pressure of -5 cm H2O (Frazer and Weber, 1976). Experimental pulmonary edema was produced by ventilating rats using high inspiratory positive pressure breathing (HIPPB) as described by Webb and Tierney (1974). The amount of gas trapped in both edematous and control lungs was then compared as the lungs were inflated-deflated under identical conditions in 6 different 4 cycle sequences. During each sequence the lungs were deflated to an end expiratory pressure of either +6, +4, +3, +2, 0.0, or -5 cm H2O. It was found, that gas became trapped at more positive values of end expiratory pressure in lungs having pulmonary edema than in control lungs. These results were interpreted as evidence that the airways close sooner, at more positive transpulmonary pressures, in edematous lungs than in control lungs.", "contents": "The effect of pulmonary edema on gas trapping in excised rat lungs. The object of this study was to determine how pulmonary edema affects the volume of gas trapped in excised lungs as they are slowly ventilated. In this study trapped gas is defined as the volume of gas that cannot be removed from the lungs with a negative transpulmonary pressure of -5 cm H2O (Frazer and Weber, 1976). Experimental pulmonary edema was produced by ventilating rats using high inspiratory positive pressure breathing (HIPPB) as described by Webb and Tierney (1974). The amount of gas trapped in both edematous and control lungs was then compared as the lungs were inflated-deflated under identical conditions in 6 different 4 cycle sequences. During each sequence the lungs were deflated to an end expiratory pressure of either +6, +4, +3, +2, 0.0, or -5 cm H2O. It was found, that gas became trapped at more positive values of end expiratory pressure in lungs having pulmonary edema than in control lungs. These results were interpreted as evidence that the airways close sooner, at more positive transpulmonary pressures, in edematous lungs than in control lungs.", "PMID": 523848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1771", "title": "Relative decay rate of inspiratory muscle pressure and breath timing in man.", "content": "The decay rate of inspiratory muscle pressure (PmusI) was measured during the postinspiratory period of zero flow (TEz) occurring under a discontinuous inspiratory elastic load with the following tests, (a) Voluntary changed breathing frequency (f) at similar end-inspiratory muscle pressure (PmuseI), (b) as above plus dead space, hence greater PmuseI, (c) breathing spontaneously through a dead space or during exercise to obtain different f at similar PmuseI. The decay rate of PmusI relative to PmuseI (RDRI) at increased f was similar to the corresponding relative decay rate of transdiaphragmatic pressure. Hence, the increase of f did not elicit phasic activity of expiratory muscles during TEz. RDRI increased proportionally to f: i.e. for a given f, the decay rate of PmusI was proportional to PmuseI. RDRI increased hyperbolically with decrease of expiratory time and was not directly related to inspiratory time. In each subject these relationships were unique for different tests. These findings show that increase of Pmusel alone does not shorten the persistence of PmusI during expiration, whereas a timing factor, by increasing RDRI, allows shortening of expiration without the intervention of expiratory muscles.", "contents": "Relative decay rate of inspiratory muscle pressure and breath timing in man. The decay rate of inspiratory muscle pressure (PmusI) was measured during the postinspiratory period of zero flow (TEz) occurring under a discontinuous inspiratory elastic load with the following tests, (a) Voluntary changed breathing frequency (f) at similar end-inspiratory muscle pressure (PmuseI), (b) as above plus dead space, hence greater PmuseI, (c) breathing spontaneously through a dead space or during exercise to obtain different f at similar PmuseI. The decay rate of PmusI relative to PmuseI (RDRI) at increased f was similar to the corresponding relative decay rate of transdiaphragmatic pressure. Hence, the increase of f did not elicit phasic activity of expiratory muscles during TEz. RDRI increased proportionally to f: i.e. for a given f, the decay rate of PmusI was proportional to PmuseI. RDRI increased hyperbolically with decrease of expiratory time and was not directly related to inspiratory time. In each subject these relationships were unique for different tests. These findings show that increase of Pmusel alone does not shorten the persistence of PmusI during expiration, whereas a timing factor, by increasing RDRI, allows shortening of expiration without the intervention of expiratory muscles.", "PMID": 523849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1772", "title": "Thoracic dorsal rhizotomy in the anesthetized cat: maintenance of eupnic breathing.", "content": "In order to assess the level of participation of thoracic afferents in the determination of the eupnic breathing pattern, thoracic dorsal rhizotomies from T1 through T13 were performed in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose or sodium pentobarbital, with or without intact vagi. While recording several respiratory parameters, no consistent changes in the spontaneous breathing pattern could be demonstrated either 10--20 min or 90--100 min following disruption of thoracic afferent input. Thus, respiratory frequency, tidal volume and total ventilation were unaffected by rhizotomy. Inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations and TI/TE ratios remained constant. Tracheal air flows during inspiration and expiration and intrapleural pressure were not altered. Finally, end-expiratory %CO2 and %O2 did not change after section of the thoracic dorsal roots. Only arterial blood pressure was found to fall as a function of time into the experiment. Since the results were identical in vagotomized and in vagi intact preparations, thoracic reflexes were not being masked by vagal dominance in eupnea. Rather, thoracic afferents, including intercostal muscle spindle afferents, appear to be ineffective in shaping the pattern of quiet breathing in anesthetized cats. This is unlike situations of loaded or stressed breathing where these afferents assume a more active role in the modulation of rate and depth mechanisms.", "contents": "Thoracic dorsal rhizotomy in the anesthetized cat: maintenance of eupnic breathing. In order to assess the level of participation of thoracic afferents in the determination of the eupnic breathing pattern, thoracic dorsal rhizotomies from T1 through T13 were performed in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose or sodium pentobarbital, with or without intact vagi. While recording several respiratory parameters, no consistent changes in the spontaneous breathing pattern could be demonstrated either 10--20 min or 90--100 min following disruption of thoracic afferent input. Thus, respiratory frequency, tidal volume and total ventilation were unaffected by rhizotomy. Inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations and TI/TE ratios remained constant. Tracheal air flows during inspiration and expiration and intrapleural pressure were not altered. Finally, end-expiratory %CO2 and %O2 did not change after section of the thoracic dorsal roots. Only arterial blood pressure was found to fall as a function of time into the experiment. Since the results were identical in vagotomized and in vagi intact preparations, thoracic reflexes were not being masked by vagal dominance in eupnea. Rather, thoracic afferents, including intercostal muscle spindle afferents, appear to be ineffective in shaping the pattern of quiet breathing in anesthetized cats. This is unlike situations of loaded or stressed breathing where these afferents assume a more active role in the modulation of rate and depth mechanisms.", "PMID": 523850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1773", "title": "Mechanism of the isoproterenol hyperpnea in the cat.", "content": "To clarify the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the abrupt hyperpnea induced by isoproterenol injection, we measured, in anesthetized cats, the time course of VE, PETCO2, H.R. and B.P. following i.v. bolus injection of 0.5--2 microgram isoproterenol before and after bilateral section of the carotid sinus (csx), aortic (ax) and vagus (vx) nerves. We compared the hyperpneic response of isoproterenol to that of 100 microgram injections of NaCN (CN), a drug known to stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors, during air and 100% O2 breathing. The ventilatory response to isoproterenol persisted for over 90 s, whereas the CN response lasted only 30 s. Also 100% O2 markedly attenuated the CN hyperpnea but had little effect on the ventilatory response to isoproterenol. The maximum increase in ventilation in response to isoproterenol was reduced by approximately 1/3 by csx, 1/2 by combined csx and ax, and 2/3 by combined csx, ax and vx. The residual hyperpnea after csx, ax, and vs is delayed in time and lagged behind the increase in PETCO2. It is concluded that the peripheral chemoreceptors and possibly vagal afferents play a major role in the hyperpnea caused by isoproterenol, but in their absence central chemoreceptors respond to the increased PaCO2 induced by the elevated cardiac output to stimulate ventilation.", "contents": "Mechanism of the isoproterenol hyperpnea in the cat. To clarify the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the abrupt hyperpnea induced by isoproterenol injection, we measured, in anesthetized cats, the time course of VE, PETCO2, H.R. and B.P. following i.v. bolus injection of 0.5--2 microgram isoproterenol before and after bilateral section of the carotid sinus (csx), aortic (ax) and vagus (vx) nerves. We compared the hyperpneic response of isoproterenol to that of 100 microgram injections of NaCN (CN), a drug known to stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors, during air and 100% O2 breathing. The ventilatory response to isoproterenol persisted for over 90 s, whereas the CN response lasted only 30 s. Also 100% O2 markedly attenuated the CN hyperpnea but had little effect on the ventilatory response to isoproterenol. The maximum increase in ventilation in response to isoproterenol was reduced by approximately 1/3 by csx, 1/2 by combined csx and ax, and 2/3 by combined csx, ax and vx. The residual hyperpnea after csx, ax, and vs is delayed in time and lagged behind the increase in PETCO2. It is concluded that the peripheral chemoreceptors and possibly vagal afferents play a major role in the hyperpnea caused by isoproterenol, but in their absence central chemoreceptors respond to the increased PaCO2 induced by the elevated cardiac output to stimulate ventilation.", "PMID": 523851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1774", "title": "Anaerobic energy metabolism during severe hypoxia in the lungless salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Plethodontidae).", "content": "In the lungless salamander Desmognathus fuscus, mean body weight 4.5 g, the changes in total body concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP) and lactate (LA) were measured during exposure to a severely hypoxic atmosphere (PO2 = 25 Torr) for 48 h at 13 degrees C. ATP and CP decreased, reaching a minimum at 3 h of exposure, and LA increased, attaining maximum values after 12 to 24 h of hypoxia. Thereafter recovery was observed and control values of ATP, CP and LA were reached after 48 h of sustained hypoxia. This behavior is attributed to a biochemical adjustment to hypoxia of the metabolic machinery which leads to normalization of chemical energy stores in spite of O2 uptake being persistently reduced to 30% of its normoxic level. The anaerobic energy yield derived from splitting of ATP and CP and from LA formation corresponded to about 2/3 of the oxidative energy deficit during the first 3 h of hypoxia. Thereafter anaerobic mechanisms were responsible for insignificant contributions to the energy balance.", "contents": "Anaerobic energy metabolism during severe hypoxia in the lungless salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Plethodontidae). In the lungless salamander Desmognathus fuscus, mean body weight 4.5 g, the changes in total body concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP) and lactate (LA) were measured during exposure to a severely hypoxic atmosphere (PO2 = 25 Torr) for 48 h at 13 degrees C. ATP and CP decreased, reaching a minimum at 3 h of exposure, and LA increased, attaining maximum values after 12 to 24 h of hypoxia. Thereafter recovery was observed and control values of ATP, CP and LA were reached after 48 h of sustained hypoxia. This behavior is attributed to a biochemical adjustment to hypoxia of the metabolic machinery which leads to normalization of chemical energy stores in spite of O2 uptake being persistently reduced to 30% of its normoxic level. The anaerobic energy yield derived from splitting of ATP and CP and from LA formation corresponded to about 2/3 of the oxidative energy deficit during the first 3 h of hypoxia. Thereafter anaerobic mechanisms were responsible for insignificant contributions to the energy balance.", "PMID": 523852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1775", "title": "Experimental surgery of the nose, anteroposterior changes of the mucosa on altering the air-flow.", "content": "In 20 rabbits one nostril was surgically closed and the mucous membrane studied 4--90 days after the operation. The density of goblet cells was determined anteriorly and posteriorly on whole mounts, epithelial changes on serial sections from 4 different localities on the septum. Anteriorly on the open side damage to the cilia initiated epithelial processes of repair, viz. hyperplasia of basal cells, transformation of these cells into columnar cells, and differentiation into mucous and ciliated cells. On the 16th day the epithelium was again columnar and ciliated. As a consequence of continued trauma new cycles were initiated, but not even after 90 days was there any squamous epithelium. In the middle and posteriorly on the septum no changes were demonstrated, indicating a marked, but gradual decrease in the anteroposterior direction of the influence by the air-flow upon the mucosa. On the closed side there was increased secretory activity and normalization of the epithelium which was changed most anteriorly in normal rabbits.", "contents": "Experimental surgery of the nose, anteroposterior changes of the mucosa on altering the air-flow. In 20 rabbits one nostril was surgically closed and the mucous membrane studied 4--90 days after the operation. The density of goblet cells was determined anteriorly and posteriorly on whole mounts, epithelial changes on serial sections from 4 different localities on the septum. Anteriorly on the open side damage to the cilia initiated epithelial processes of repair, viz. hyperplasia of basal cells, transformation of these cells into columnar cells, and differentiation into mucous and ciliated cells. On the 16th day the epithelium was again columnar and ciliated. As a consequence of continued trauma new cycles were initiated, but not even after 90 days was there any squamous epithelium. In the middle and posteriorly on the septum no changes were demonstrated, indicating a marked, but gradual decrease in the anteroposterior direction of the influence by the air-flow upon the mucosa. On the closed side there was increased secretory activity and normalization of the epithelium which was changed most anteriorly in normal rabbits.", "PMID": 523883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1776", "title": "Use of intranasal pledgets for localization of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. (notes on technique).", "content": "The site of cerebrospinal fluid leaks from the nose can be localized by means of radioactive substances. The technical aspects are important for success.", "contents": "Use of intranasal pledgets for localization of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. (notes on technique). The site of cerebrospinal fluid leaks from the nose can be localized by means of radioactive substances. The technical aspects are important for success.", "PMID": 523884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1777", "title": "Long-term results of Vidian neurectomy.", "content": "A number of publications appeared in the sixties claiming success of Vidian neurectomy in patients with chronic vasomotor rhinitis and recurrent polyposis nasi. During the period from October 1970 through February 1975, a total of 27 Vidian neurectomies was performed in 14 patients (seven males and seven females). Two groups of seven patients each were operated on; seven patients with chronic vasomotor rhinitis and seven patients with recurrent polyposis nasi and rhinitis. Symptoms were quantitatively recorded pre- and postoperatively and patients were followed up 15--66 months. The Rotterdam results appear in the long run inferior to those published in the literature.", "contents": "Long-term results of Vidian neurectomy. A number of publications appeared in the sixties claiming success of Vidian neurectomy in patients with chronic vasomotor rhinitis and recurrent polyposis nasi. During the period from October 1970 through February 1975, a total of 27 Vidian neurectomies was performed in 14 patients (seven males and seven females). Two groups of seven patients each were operated on; seven patients with chronic vasomotor rhinitis and seven patients with recurrent polyposis nasi and rhinitis. Symptoms were quantitatively recorded pre- and postoperatively and patients were followed up 15--66 months. The Rotterdam results appear in the long run inferior to those published in the literature.", "PMID": 523885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1778", "title": "Reconstruction of the facial fenestration in the Caldwell-Luc maxillary sinus operation.", "content": "The result of the inadvoidable removal of bone in the canine fossa during antral fenestration is a large bone defect. Scar tissue grows across this defect and sometimes obliterates and interferes with the antral physiology. This paper presents our experience with the reconstruction of the defect by means of the osteotomised canine fossa bone with adhering soft tissues. In this way the antral volume remains unchanged and irritation of the infraorbital nerve often caused by the scar tissue of the facial fenestration as well as other pathological sequelae after the Caldwell-Luc operation are avoided.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the facial fenestration in the Caldwell-Luc maxillary sinus operation. The result of the inadvoidable removal of bone in the canine fossa during antral fenestration is a large bone defect. Scar tissue grows across this defect and sometimes obliterates and interferes with the antral physiology. This paper presents our experience with the reconstruction of the defect by means of the osteotomised canine fossa bone with adhering soft tissues. In this way the antral volume remains unchanged and irritation of the infraorbital nerve often caused by the scar tissue of the facial fenestration as well as other pathological sequelae after the Caldwell-Luc operation are avoided.", "PMID": 523886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1779", "title": "Studies of the gas exchange and pressure in the maxillary sinuses in normal and infected humans.", "content": "The total gas pressure in experimentally occluded maxillary sinus was continuously recorded during 90 minutes on 7 healthy human subjects. PO2 and PCO2 were measured before and after the total pressure recording. In 3 cases the volume changes in the sinus were measured. The total gas pressure after an initial increase to about 35 mm H2O decreased to a steady state of about 70 mm H2O below atmospheric pressure. The volume changes in sinus showed a corresponding alteration. The gas measurements showed a decrease of PO2 of 25 mm Hg and a rise of PCO2 of 21 mm Hg. In 3 patients with acute purulent sinusitis there was seen a pressure of about 10 cm H2O above the atmospheric pressure.", "contents": "Studies of the gas exchange and pressure in the maxillary sinuses in normal and infected humans. The total gas pressure in experimentally occluded maxillary sinus was continuously recorded during 90 minutes on 7 healthy human subjects. PO2 and PCO2 were measured before and after the total pressure recording. In 3 cases the volume changes in the sinus were measured. The total gas pressure after an initial increase to about 35 mm H2O decreased to a steady state of about 70 mm H2O below atmospheric pressure. The volume changes in sinus showed a corresponding alteration. The gas measurements showed a decrease of PO2 of 25 mm Hg and a rise of PCO2 of 21 mm Hg. In 3 patients with acute purulent sinusitis there was seen a pressure of about 10 cm H2O above the atmospheric pressure.", "PMID": 523887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1780", "title": "Postoperative mucoceles of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "Apparently, the incidence of postoperative maxillary sinus mucoceles is greater in Japan than in the Western world. Between 1967 and 1976 at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 132 patients had the diagnosis of mucoceles of the maxillary sinus. Of these patients, 131 (99%) had histories of previous maxillary sinus surgery. A number of etiologic mechanisms are probably involved in producing these mucoceles.", "contents": "Postoperative mucoceles of the maxillary sinus. Apparently, the incidence of postoperative maxillary sinus mucoceles is greater in Japan than in the Western world. Between 1967 and 1976 at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 132 patients had the diagnosis of mucoceles of the maxillary sinus. Of these patients, 131 (99%) had histories of previous maxillary sinus surgery. A number of etiologic mechanisms are probably involved in producing these mucoceles.", "PMID": 523888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1781", "title": "Comparison of the gas quantities in the blood of patients with nasal packing for epistaxis, after nasal surgery and experimentally.", "content": "The authors examined blood pO2 and pCO2 in patients whose noses had been tamponaded because of epistaxis, nasal surgery and in animals whose noses had been artificially obstructed. A marked fall of pO2 and an increase of pCO2 were found as well as certain differences of the gas quantities between the first and second groups of patients. For this phenomenon an explanation is given.", "contents": "Comparison of the gas quantities in the blood of patients with nasal packing for epistaxis, after nasal surgery and experimentally. The authors examined blood pO2 and pCO2 in patients whose noses had been tamponaded because of epistaxis, nasal surgery and in animals whose noses had been artificially obstructed. A marked fall of pO2 and an increase of pCO2 were found as well as certain differences of the gas quantities between the first and second groups of patients. For this phenomenon an explanation is given.", "PMID": 523889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1782", "title": "Inhibition of testosterone-induced prostate growth in the rat by melatonin-free pineal extract.", "content": "Administration of the melatonin-free pineal extract to rats concomitantly receiving testosterone propionate caused partial inhibition of the ventral prostate growth induced by testosterone. Administration of the pineal extract to rats likewise caused a statistically significant decrease in the ventral prostate weight under basal conditions. The mechanism of action is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of testosterone-induced prostate growth in the rat by melatonin-free pineal extract. Administration of the melatonin-free pineal extract to rats concomitantly receiving testosterone propionate caused partial inhibition of the ventral prostate growth induced by testosterone. Administration of the pineal extract to rats likewise caused a statistically significant decrease in the ventral prostate weight under basal conditions. The mechanism of action is discussed.", "PMID": 523941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1783", "title": "Circadian rhythms of corticosterone and nucleic acids in the rat adrenal in relation to age.", "content": "For 3 successive days, at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000, the circadian variations of corticosterone, RNA and DNA were followed up in the adrenals of 3 lots of prebuertal (30 days old), adult (120 days old) and old (28 months old) white Wistar male rats. There is a correlation between the circadian rhythm of corticosterone secretion and the circadian rhythms of RNA and DNA synthesis all along ontogenesis. These rhythms appear to be formed at 30 days of life, but they still differ from the ones in the adult rats by the levels recorded in the second half of the nocturnal period. In old rats the adrenal circadian variations have a considerably smaller amplitude, their curve taking a plateau form. The results support the hypothesis of the circadian rhythm ontogenesis in the rat adrenal.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of corticosterone and nucleic acids in the rat adrenal in relation to age. For 3 successive days, at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000, the circadian variations of corticosterone, RNA and DNA were followed up in the adrenals of 3 lots of prebuertal (30 days old), adult (120 days old) and old (28 months old) white Wistar male rats. There is a correlation between the circadian rhythm of corticosterone secretion and the circadian rhythms of RNA and DNA synthesis all along ontogenesis. These rhythms appear to be formed at 30 days of life, but they still differ from the ones in the adult rats by the levels recorded in the second half of the nocturnal period. In old rats the adrenal circadian variations have a considerably smaller amplitude, their curve taking a plateau form. The results support the hypothesis of the circadian rhythm ontogenesis in the rat adrenal.", "PMID": 523942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1784", "title": "Aspects of carbohydrate metabolism after pinealectomy in normal and pancreatectomized pigeon.", "content": "In order to examine the regulatory function in glucidic metabolism of the pigeon pineal gland the authors used the model of complete pancreatectomy associated or not with pinealectomy and treatment with Epifizan. It results that the pineal gland has a hypoglycemic action and partially compensates the lack of the endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Aspects of carbohydrate metabolism after pinealectomy in normal and pancreatectomized pigeon. In order to examine the regulatory function in glucidic metabolism of the pigeon pineal gland the authors used the model of complete pancreatectomy associated or not with pinealectomy and treatment with Epifizan. It results that the pineal gland has a hypoglycemic action and partially compensates the lack of the endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 523944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1785", "title": "Evolution of endemic goiter in the Valea Jiului area after 30 years of iodine prophylaxis.", "content": "After 30 years of iodine prophylaxis the incidence of goiter in the Valea Jiului area was reassessed. A number of 7,892 pupils aged 7-16 years were examined, of whom goiter was found in 32%. Before iodine prophylaxis started the incidence was 91.8%. The present survey shows that the small-sized goiters markedly prevail over middle-sized ones, while large-sized goiters became extinct. The diffuse to nodular goiter ratio changed by the disappearance of the nodular forms. The neurologic and psychic complications in goiter-bearing children disappeared. Attempts to correlate taste sensitivity to thiocarbamide with goiter failed. Examination of the digito-palmar dermatoglyphics showed a greater incidence of the higher atd angle, with transition forms of sulcus palmaris.", "contents": "Evolution of endemic goiter in the Valea Jiului area after 30 years of iodine prophylaxis. After 30 years of iodine prophylaxis the incidence of goiter in the Valea Jiului area was reassessed. A number of 7,892 pupils aged 7-16 years were examined, of whom goiter was found in 32%. Before iodine prophylaxis started the incidence was 91.8%. The present survey shows that the small-sized goiters markedly prevail over middle-sized ones, while large-sized goiters became extinct. The diffuse to nodular goiter ratio changed by the disappearance of the nodular forms. The neurologic and psychic complications in goiter-bearing children disappeared. Attempts to correlate taste sensitivity to thiocarbamide with goiter failed. Examination of the digito-palmar dermatoglyphics showed a greater incidence of the higher atd angle, with transition forms of sulcus palmaris.", "PMID": 523945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1786", "title": "A study of assay conditions for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase in homogenates of human blood platelets.", "content": "The assay conditions for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (P-CoA S) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in homogenates of human blood platelets have been studied. The assay based on trapping of palmitoyl-CoA by carnitine in the presence of exogenous CPT gave higher activity of P-CoA S than the assay based on direct isolation of the palmitoyl-CoA formed. The activity of CPT was higher on exogenous palmitoyl-CoA than on endogenous palmitoyl-CoA formed from palmitic acid and CoA in the presence of endogenous P-CoA S. The activity of CPT was strongly dependent on the incubation time and the amount of platelets used. The initial activity of this enzyme in human blood platelets was higher than previously assumed.", "contents": "A study of assay conditions for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase in homogenates of human blood platelets. The assay conditions for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (P-CoA S) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in homogenates of human blood platelets have been studied. The assay based on trapping of palmitoyl-CoA by carnitine in the presence of exogenous CPT gave higher activity of P-CoA S than the assay based on direct isolation of the palmitoyl-CoA formed. The activity of CPT was higher on exogenous palmitoyl-CoA than on endogenous palmitoyl-CoA formed from palmitic acid and CoA in the presence of endogenous P-CoA S. The activity of CPT was strongly dependent on the incubation time and the amount of platelets used. The initial activity of this enzyme in human blood platelets was higher than previously assumed.", "PMID": 523950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1787", "title": "Electronoptical aspects of the thyroid cold nodule.", "content": "The authors studied the ultrastructure of benign and malignant forms of the thyroid cold nodule. In the benign cold nodule the most striking feature was an irregular endoplasmic reticulum with large cisternae and scarce ribosomes, this meaning an impaired protein synthesis. Frequent lysosomes and phagolysosomes occurring in the apical zone of the cell were present. In the malignant form of the cold nodule, nuclear abnormalities, a reduced endoplasmic reticulum and a highly increased number of abnormal mitochondria were found. The increased number of mitochondria in the carcinoma is a compensatory reaction to the frequent abnormalities found in these organelles. No transitional ultrastructural stages could be established between benign and malignant cold nodules. In practice the nature of a cold nodule is established by thyroid surgery and histologic examination.", "contents": "Electronoptical aspects of the thyroid cold nodule. The authors studied the ultrastructure of benign and malignant forms of the thyroid cold nodule. In the benign cold nodule the most striking feature was an irregular endoplasmic reticulum with large cisternae and scarce ribosomes, this meaning an impaired protein synthesis. Frequent lysosomes and phagolysosomes occurring in the apical zone of the cell were present. In the malignant form of the cold nodule, nuclear abnormalities, a reduced endoplasmic reticulum and a highly increased number of abnormal mitochondria were found. The increased number of mitochondria in the carcinoma is a compensatory reaction to the frequent abnormalities found in these organelles. No transitional ultrastructural stages could be established between benign and malignant cold nodules. In practice the nature of a cold nodule is established by thyroid surgery and histologic examination.", "PMID": 523946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1788", "title": "Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum and its relation to sunshine, age and vitamin D intake in the Danish population.", "content": "A competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) based upon a specific binding protein in the cytosol from rachitic rat kidneys is described. A diethyl ether extraction followed by separation by freezing was used. The extracts were chromatographed on short silicic acid columns, which separated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from cholecalciferol, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A small aliquot of the 25-OHD fraction was used in the assay and free and bound vitamin were separated by dextran coated charcoal. The lower detection limit was 0.8 ng/ml (2.0 nmol/l). The levels of 25-OHD were measured in 596 healthy subjects and a seasonal variation was demonstrated. This variation, however, was only found in those without regular vitamin D intake, whereas the level of 25-OHD remained constant throughout the year in subjects with regular vitamin D supplement. The levels of 25-OHD were lower in the elderly subjects compared to younger ones, but seasonal variation was observed in both groups. In the summer months there was a significant correlation between age and the 25-OHD level. The mean levels of 25-OHD in Denmark are within the range of means found in the United States and Sweden but are higher than those reported from England, Belgium and France. This indicates a relatively high vitamin D intake in the Danish population and a low risk of nutritional vitamin D deficiency.", "contents": "Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum and its relation to sunshine, age and vitamin D intake in the Danish population. A competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) based upon a specific binding protein in the cytosol from rachitic rat kidneys is described. A diethyl ether extraction followed by separation by freezing was used. The extracts were chromatographed on short silicic acid columns, which separated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from cholecalciferol, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A small aliquot of the 25-OHD fraction was used in the assay and free and bound vitamin were separated by dextran coated charcoal. The lower detection limit was 0.8 ng/ml (2.0 nmol/l). The levels of 25-OHD were measured in 596 healthy subjects and a seasonal variation was demonstrated. This variation, however, was only found in those without regular vitamin D intake, whereas the level of 25-OHD remained constant throughout the year in subjects with regular vitamin D supplement. The levels of 25-OHD were lower in the elderly subjects compared to younger ones, but seasonal variation was observed in both groups. In the summer months there was a significant correlation between age and the 25-OHD level. The mean levels of 25-OHD in Denmark are within the range of means found in the United States and Sweden but are higher than those reported from England, Belgium and France. This indicates a relatively high vitamin D intake in the Danish population and a low risk of nutritional vitamin D deficiency.", "PMID": 523951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1789", "title": "Effect of oral zinc intake on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells.", "content": "Earlier results regarding the in vitro and in vivo effects of zinc on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in red blood cells were confirmed in healthy human subjects after oral intake of zinc for 12 weeks. In one group of seven healthy adults, oral intake of zinc for 12 weeks. In one group of seven healthy adults, oral intake of zinc, as the sulphate salt (2.07 mmol zinc/day) for 6 weeks, resulted in a 44% increase in the activity of ALAD in erythrocytes. Plasma zinc levels also increased during the experimental period and reached a maximum of 29 mumol after 6 weeks and remained constant thereafter. In another group, the intake of zinc in a lower dose, (0.69 mmol zinc/day) for 12 weeks, showed a similar tendency, although the increase in the enzyme activity, as well as the plasma zinc levels, was relatively much less. The plasma copper levels decreased significantly in the second group after the zinc intake and reached a low value of 11 mumol at the end of the experimental period. The Cu:Zn ratio also decreased considerably towore valuable indicator of zinc status than plasma zinc levels alone.", "contents": "Effect of oral zinc intake on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. Earlier results regarding the in vitro and in vivo effects of zinc on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in red blood cells were confirmed in healthy human subjects after oral intake of zinc for 12 weeks. In one group of seven healthy adults, oral intake of zinc for 12 weeks. In one group of seven healthy adults, oral intake of zinc, as the sulphate salt (2.07 mmol zinc/day) for 6 weeks, resulted in a 44% increase in the activity of ALAD in erythrocytes. Plasma zinc levels also increased during the experimental period and reached a maximum of 29 mumol after 6 weeks and remained constant thereafter. In another group, the intake of zinc in a lower dose, (0.69 mmol zinc/day) for 12 weeks, showed a similar tendency, although the increase in the enzyme activity, as well as the plasma zinc levels, was relatively much less. The plasma copper levels decreased significantly in the second group after the zinc intake and reached a low value of 11 mumol at the end of the experimental period. The Cu:Zn ratio also decreased considerably towore valuable indicator of zinc status than plasma zinc levels alone.", "PMID": 523952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1790", "title": "Gel filtration pattern of immunoreactive glucagon secreted by the isolated, perfused, porcine pancreas.", "content": "The isolated pancreatic glands from six pigs were perfused in a single pass system and then stimulated with arginine. Samples of the early response perfusate were subjected to gel filtration. Glucagon was determined radioimmunologically in the column effluents using four different antisera with various capacities to recognize other molecular forms of pancreatic type glucagon immunoreactivities. One antiserum crossreacted with purified gut type glucagon. More than 93% of the assayed glucagon in the effluent was eluted within the distribution of pancreatic glucagon when chromatographed under identical conditions. In fifteen experiments there was no detectable immunoreactivity corresponding to the void volume, whereas in the remaining seven experiments less than 7% was eluted at this position. The immunoreactivity in the void volume was detected variably by the four antibodies. No immunoreactivity was detected between the void volume and the elution position of pancreatic glucagon. It is concluded that the arginine stimulated porcine pancreas almost exclusively secretes one molecular species of glucagon, which probably is the 29-amino acid peptide.", "contents": "Gel filtration pattern of immunoreactive glucagon secreted by the isolated, perfused, porcine pancreas. The isolated pancreatic glands from six pigs were perfused in a single pass system and then stimulated with arginine. Samples of the early response perfusate were subjected to gel filtration. Glucagon was determined radioimmunologically in the column effluents using four different antisera with various capacities to recognize other molecular forms of pancreatic type glucagon immunoreactivities. One antiserum crossreacted with purified gut type glucagon. More than 93% of the assayed glucagon in the effluent was eluted within the distribution of pancreatic glucagon when chromatographed under identical conditions. In fifteen experiments there was no detectable immunoreactivity corresponding to the void volume, whereas in the remaining seven experiments less than 7% was eluted at this position. The immunoreactivity in the void volume was detected variably by the four antibodies. No immunoreactivity was detected between the void volume and the elution position of pancreatic glucagon. It is concluded that the arginine stimulated porcine pancreas almost exclusively secretes one molecular species of glucagon, which probably is the 29-amino acid peptide.", "PMID": 523953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1791", "title": "Presence of isorenin in human pineal gland.", "content": "A renin-like enzyme was identified in adult human pineal gland preserved post mortem in acetone. The mean value of the isorenin content was equivalent to 470 +/- 75.4 ng. ang II/g Pt/h.", "contents": "Presence of isorenin in human pineal gland. A renin-like enzyme was identified in adult human pineal gland preserved post mortem in acetone. The mean value of the isorenin content was equivalent to 470 +/- 75.4 ng. ang II/g Pt/h.", "PMID": 523948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1792", "title": "Effects of fasting and tryptophan force-feeding on the activity of hepatic nuclear RNA polymerases in rats.", "content": "The effects of fasting, and subsequent force-feeding of L-tryptophan on the activity of hepatic nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were studied in adult (5-6 weeks old), and old (5-6 months) male Wistar rats. Liver nuclei, nucleoli, and nucleoplasmic fraction were isolated from rats following a single tube-feeding of tryptophan or water, and were assayed in vitro for the activity of different RNA polymerases. Whereas in adult rats 24 h of fasting caused a significant reduction in the activity of RNA polymerase I and II, in old rats the activity of only polymerase II was decreased after 24 h of fasting. In fasted adult rats administration of tryptophan promptly restored the activities of both polymerases to the respective normal fed levels, while in old rats none of the polymerases were affected by tryptophan. In fasted adult rats the pattern of response for both forms of polymerases to a single tube-feeding of tryptophan, over a period of 5 h, was found to be biphasic. When ribonuclease activity of nuclei was suppressed by performing incubations at low temperatures (17-30 degrees C) the difference between the two groups for polymerase I was greatly reduced, and for polymerase II the difference was fully abolished. Pre-treatment of fasted adult rats with cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg) was found to abolish the 30 min tryptophan-mediated stimulation of both polymerase I and II activities. In cycloheximide pretreated rats the activity of polymerase II, but not polymerase I returned to its original level 5 h after tryptophan force-feeding.", "contents": "Effects of fasting and tryptophan force-feeding on the activity of hepatic nuclear RNA polymerases in rats. The effects of fasting, and subsequent force-feeding of L-tryptophan on the activity of hepatic nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were studied in adult (5-6 weeks old), and old (5-6 months) male Wistar rats. Liver nuclei, nucleoli, and nucleoplasmic fraction were isolated from rats following a single tube-feeding of tryptophan or water, and were assayed in vitro for the activity of different RNA polymerases. Whereas in adult rats 24 h of fasting caused a significant reduction in the activity of RNA polymerase I and II, in old rats the activity of only polymerase II was decreased after 24 h of fasting. In fasted adult rats administration of tryptophan promptly restored the activities of both polymerases to the respective normal fed levels, while in old rats none of the polymerases were affected by tryptophan. In fasted adult rats the pattern of response for both forms of polymerases to a single tube-feeding of tryptophan, over a period of 5 h, was found to be biphasic. When ribonuclease activity of nuclei was suppressed by performing incubations at low temperatures (17-30 degrees C) the difference between the two groups for polymerase I was greatly reduced, and for polymerase II the difference was fully abolished. Pre-treatment of fasted adult rats with cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg) was found to abolish the 30 min tryptophan-mediated stimulation of both polymerase I and II activities. In cycloheximide pretreated rats the activity of polymerase II, but not polymerase I returned to its original level 5 h after tryptophan force-feeding.", "PMID": 523954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1793", "title": "Exercise testing in Sweden: a survey of procedures.", "content": "This report surveys the techniques of exercise testing of patients in twenty out of twenty-four (83%) Clinical Physiological Departments in Sweden. The study shows that bicycle ergometry is the predominant technique used. In the vast majority of hospitals, the standards of practice employed are high and adequate safety precautions are observed. However, criteria for exclusion from and interruption of exercise testing differ from one hospital to another. Limit values for heart rate, breathing frequency and blood pressure are by no means standardized. The criteria for distinguishing between normal and pathological electrocardiographic response vary. We conclude that in order to reduce complication rates and prevent accidents there is a need for further evaluations of the optimal use of exercise stress testing.", "contents": "Exercise testing in Sweden: a survey of procedures. This report surveys the techniques of exercise testing of patients in twenty out of twenty-four (83%) Clinical Physiological Departments in Sweden. The study shows that bicycle ergometry is the predominant technique used. In the vast majority of hospitals, the standards of practice employed are high and adequate safety precautions are observed. However, criteria for exclusion from and interruption of exercise testing differ from one hospital to another. Limit values for heart rate, breathing frequency and blood pressure are by no means standardized. The criteria for distinguishing between normal and pathological electrocardiographic response vary. We conclude that in order to reduce complication rates and prevent accidents there is a need for further evaluations of the optimal use of exercise stress testing.", "PMID": 523955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1794", "title": "Circulatory homeostasis in rats after bile duct ligation.", "content": "The bile duct was ligated in rats, and their tolerance against a small blood loss was evaluated 7 days later. A 10% blood loss precipitated a large and sometimes fatal reduction in arterial blood pressure, while no reduction was seen in shamoperated rats. The plasma and erythrocytes were labelled by isotopes and the animals were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The splanchnic and pulmonary blood volumes were estimated from the isotope content in blood and tissue. These vascular beds will normally reduce their blood volumes during a blood loss and thus serve as vascular depots. In the bile duct occluded animals, the partition of blood is changed. More blood is to be found in the splanchnic vessels, and the depot function of the lung vessels is partly used for compensation. When these rats were bled, their liver blood volumes were not reduced, and only a small further reduction took place in the lung vessels. It is concluded that rats with bile duct occlusion will suffer considerably from small blood losses. This may be due to a lacking depot function of the splanchnic vessels.", "contents": "Circulatory homeostasis in rats after bile duct ligation. The bile duct was ligated in rats, and their tolerance against a small blood loss was evaluated 7 days later. A 10% blood loss precipitated a large and sometimes fatal reduction in arterial blood pressure, while no reduction was seen in shamoperated rats. The plasma and erythrocytes were labelled by isotopes and the animals were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The splanchnic and pulmonary blood volumes were estimated from the isotope content in blood and tissue. These vascular beds will normally reduce their blood volumes during a blood loss and thus serve as vascular depots. In the bile duct occluded animals, the partition of blood is changed. More blood is to be found in the splanchnic vessels, and the depot function of the lung vessels is partly used for compensation. When these rats were bled, their liver blood volumes were not reduced, and only a small further reduction took place in the lung vessels. It is concluded that rats with bile duct occlusion will suffer considerably from small blood losses. This may be due to a lacking depot function of the splanchnic vessels.", "PMID": 523956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1795", "title": "A computerized semi-automatic evaluation system for quantitation of electroimmunoassays.", "content": "A fast and accurate evaluation system for quantitation of plasma proteins from electroimmunoassay plates is described. The protein concentration is determined from the height of its stained antigen-antibody precipitate by means of a coordinate digitizer connected to a COMPUCORP 445 minicomputer. The plasma protein concentration is calculated from the equation of the best second-order least square regression of data from a standard dilution curve. The values from one type of protein analysis can either be stored on a discette for future examination or printed out each day in a tabular form on a typewriter. A double evaluation of plasma concentrations from plates of two different proteins showed a coefficient of variation (CV) better than 4.5%. A correlation between values obtained by this technique and those obtained by the manual reading procedure has also been done. The correlation coefficient varied between 0.95 and 0.99 depending on the type of protein.", "contents": "A computerized semi-automatic evaluation system for quantitation of electroimmunoassays. A fast and accurate evaluation system for quantitation of plasma proteins from electroimmunoassay plates is described. The protein concentration is determined from the height of its stained antigen-antibody precipitate by means of a coordinate digitizer connected to a COMPUCORP 445 minicomputer. The plasma protein concentration is calculated from the equation of the best second-order least square regression of data from a standard dilution curve. The values from one type of protein analysis can either be stored on a discette for future examination or printed out each day in a tabular form on a typewriter. A double evaluation of plasma concentrations from plates of two different proteins showed a coefficient of variation (CV) better than 4.5%. A correlation between values obtained by this technique and those obtained by the manual reading procedure has also been done. The correlation coefficient varied between 0.95 and 0.99 depending on the type of protein.", "PMID": 523957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1796", "title": "Metabolism in hypothermically perfused human kidney carcinoma: utilization and production of amino acids and glucose.", "content": "The metabolism of human kidney carcinoma was studied during hypothermic perfusion. Ten kidneys with carcinomas of different size were perfused in a Gambro perfusion machine for 6 days at +8 degrees C to +10 degrees C. The tumourous kidneys were allocated to one of two groups depending on the relative size of the tumour. Tumours occupying more than 40% of the total kidney volume were designated as \"large tumours\" and tumours occupying less than 40% as \"small tumours\". The net glucose uptake was greater during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours than during perfusion of kidneys with small tumours. A lower gluconeogenesis was found in kidneys with large tumours compared to perfusion of kidneys with small tumours and this could explain a large part of the difference in net glucse uptake. The uptake of fatty acids per unit kidney weight was lower during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours. A considerable uptake and release of amino acids were found in both groups. The uptake  of proline, aspartate, glycine, and arginine as well as the release of alanine and serine was lower during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours. The nitrogen balance was negative in both groups, with a net release of amino acids to the perfusate. The results suggest a higher glucose uptake, a lower gluconeogenesis, a lower fatty acid uptake and a decreased metabolization of amino acids in the tumour compared to the renal tissue. The model appears promising for studies of human kidney carcinomas at various experimental conditions.", "contents": "Metabolism in hypothermically perfused human kidney carcinoma: utilization and production of amino acids and glucose. The metabolism of human kidney carcinoma was studied during hypothermic perfusion. Ten kidneys with carcinomas of different size were perfused in a Gambro perfusion machine for 6 days at +8 degrees C to +10 degrees C. The tumourous kidneys were allocated to one of two groups depending on the relative size of the tumour. Tumours occupying more than 40% of the total kidney volume were designated as \"large tumours\" and tumours occupying less than 40% as \"small tumours\". The net glucose uptake was greater during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours than during perfusion of kidneys with small tumours. A lower gluconeogenesis was found in kidneys with large tumours compared to perfusion of kidneys with small tumours and this could explain a large part of the difference in net glucse uptake. The uptake of fatty acids per unit kidney weight was lower during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours. A considerable uptake and release of amino acids were found in both groups. The uptake  of proline, aspartate, glycine, and arginine as well as the release of alanine and serine was lower during perfusion of kidneys with large tumours. The nitrogen balance was negative in both groups, with a net release of amino acids to the perfusate. The results suggest a higher glucose uptake, a lower gluconeogenesis, a lower fatty acid uptake and a decreased metabolization of amino acids in the tumour compared to the renal tissue. The model appears promising for studies of human kidney carcinomas at various experimental conditions.", "PMID": 523959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1797", "title": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolality.", "content": "Two different programs of treatment, called moderate and extreme haemodilution, respectively, have been compared in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolatity were satisfactory in both groups during and after surgery. A substantial retention of sodium took place in the moderately diluted patients. The extreme group lost more potassium in the urine than the moderate one. A small post-operative rise in creatinine indicates a slight kidney damage in the moderate group. Increased serum urea following moderate dilution might partly be due to increased protein catabolism.", "contents": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolality. Two different programs of treatment, called moderate and extreme haemodilution, respectively, have been compared in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolatity were satisfactory in both groups during and after surgery. A substantial retention of sodium took place in the moderately diluted patients. The extreme group lost more potassium in the urine than the moderate one. A small post-operative rise in creatinine indicates a slight kidney damage in the moderate group. Increased serum urea following moderate dilution might partly be due to increased protein catabolism.", "PMID": 523960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1798", "title": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: evaluation of haemolysis, cell damage and protein changes.", "content": "Clinical chemical data from patients operated upon in moderate and extreme haemodilution have been compared. Haemolysis was more pronounced during and after moderate dilution that in extreme dilution. A slight liver damage was found post-operatively after moderate dilution. Several changes were of about the same magnitude in both groups: Serum CK increased, reaching maximal activity 3-18 h after operation. An acute phase reaction of plasma proteins took place post-operatively, except that the concentration of complement C-3 dropped during the first days after operation. The serum levels of phosphate were positively correlated to several of the acute phase proteins.", "contents": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: evaluation of haemolysis, cell damage and protein changes. Clinical chemical data from patients operated upon in moderate and extreme haemodilution have been compared. Haemolysis was more pronounced during and after moderate dilution that in extreme dilution. A slight liver damage was found post-operatively after moderate dilution. Several changes were of about the same magnitude in both groups: Serum CK increased, reaching maximal activity 3-18 h after operation. An acute phase reaction of plasma proteins took place post-operatively, except that the concentration of complement C-3 dropped during the first days after operation. The serum levels of phosphate were positively correlated to several of the acute phase proteins.", "PMID": 523961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1799", "title": "Kinetics of bilirubin oxidation with peroxidase, as applied to studies of bilirubin-albumin binding.", "content": "In the determination of unbound bilirubin by rate of oxidation with peroxidase, errors may be caused by (1) phenol, propylparaben, and phenothiazines (free radical acceleration), (2) haemoglobin (peroxidase effect), and (3) ascorbate (inhibition). Such errors may be diminished by dilution 1:40, or with an anti-oxidant, tert-butyl-p-hydroxyanisole, and ascorbate oxidase.", "contents": "Kinetics of bilirubin oxidation with peroxidase, as applied to studies of bilirubin-albumin binding. In the determination of unbound bilirubin by rate of oxidation with peroxidase, errors may be caused by (1) phenol, propylparaben, and phenothiazines (free radical acceleration), (2) haemoglobin (peroxidase effect), and (3) ascorbate (inhibition). Such errors may be diminished by dilution 1:40, or with an anti-oxidant, tert-butyl-p-hydroxyanisole, and ascorbate oxidase.", "PMID": 523962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1800", "title": "Plasma glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and arginine in normal and alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "A decreased plasma glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was found in the normoglucagonaemic alloxan diabetic rat. 0.021-0.240 ng/ml was accepted as the range of normoglucagonaemia. The reduction of the glucagon response was not due to destruction of the alpha 2-cells by alloxan, since a normal response to arginine could  be demonstrated. The decreased glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in the insulin deficient normoglucagonaemic alloxan diabetic rat suggests that this alpha 2-cell dysfunction may be caused by insulin lack.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and arginine in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. A decreased plasma glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was found in the normoglucagonaemic alloxan diabetic rat. 0.021-0.240 ng/ml was accepted as the range of normoglucagonaemia. The reduction of the glucagon response was not due to destruction of the alpha 2-cells by alloxan, since a normal response to arginine could  be demonstrated. The decreased glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in the insulin deficient normoglucagonaemic alloxan diabetic rat suggests that this alpha 2-cell dysfunction may be caused by insulin lack.", "PMID": 523963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1801", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of treatment and withdrawal of spironolactone in essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of spironolactone (50 mg b.i.d.) in essential hypertension was studied by measurement of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), blood urea nitrogen (Ur+), serum creatinine (Cr), cardiac index (CI), plasma volume (PV), body weight (BW), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) in two groups of patients. Ten cases had determinations before, after 5 weeks and 4 months of treatment; fourteen cases who had been treated at an average of 18 months, had measurements while on treatment and 5 weeks after cessation of the drug. Among the ten patients ERPF fell in six and increased in four patients during treatment, but was statistically unchanged in the total group. Ur + and Cr were also unchanged by treatment. ERPF was unchanged after withdrawal of the drug. During treatment BW decreased 3.5%, PV decreased in nine and increased in one patient, while PRA and PA increased 426% and 202%, respectively. After cessation of the aldosterone blockade, BW increased 1.9%, PV 10.5% while PRA and PA fell 60% and 48.9%, respectively. MAP fell in eight out of ten patients during treatment. This fall was associated with a fall in CI or TPRI, or both. After withdrawal of the drug, MAP increased in nine and decreased in five of the patients. The data shows that this dosage of spironolactone gave minor adjustments of the systemic and renal circulation in spite of the consistent changes in BW, PV, PRA and PA.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of treatment and withdrawal of spironolactone in essential hypertension. The effect of spironolactone (50 mg b.i.d.) in essential hypertension was studied by measurement of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), blood urea nitrogen (Ur+), serum creatinine (Cr), cardiac index (CI), plasma volume (PV), body weight (BW), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) in two groups of patients. Ten cases had determinations before, after 5 weeks and 4 months of treatment; fourteen cases who had been treated at an average of 18 months, had measurements while on treatment and 5 weeks after cessation of the drug. Among the ten patients ERPF fell in six and increased in four patients during treatment, but was statistically unchanged in the total group. Ur + and Cr were also unchanged by treatment. ERPF was unchanged after withdrawal of the drug. During treatment BW decreased 3.5%, PV decreased in nine and increased in one patient, while PRA and PA increased 426% and 202%, respectively. After cessation of the aldosterone blockade, BW increased 1.9%, PV 10.5% while PRA and PA fell 60% and 48.9%, respectively. MAP fell in eight out of ten patients during treatment. This fall was associated with a fall in CI or TPRI, or both. After withdrawal of the drug, MAP increased in nine and decreased in five of the patients. The data shows that this dosage of spironolactone gave minor adjustments of the systemic and renal circulation in spite of the consistent changes in BW, PV, PRA and PA.", "PMID": 523964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1802", "title": "Effect of propranolol on total exchangeable body potassium and total exchangeable body sodium in essential hypertension.", "content": "Total exchangeable body potassium (KE) was determined in fifteen patients with essential hypertension, and total exchangeable body sodium (NaE) in ten, before and after propranolol administration for 2-3 months. Blood pressure was reduced; serum potassium increased, but KE was unchanged. Serum sodium and NaE were unaffected during therapy. It is concluded that the increase in serum potassium during propranolol treatment could not  be attributed to potassium retention, but is possibly due to a displacement from the intra- to the extracellular fluid compartment. The antihypertensive effect of propranolol could not be related to changes in NaE.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on total exchangeable body potassium and total exchangeable body sodium in essential hypertension. Total exchangeable body potassium (KE) was determined in fifteen patients with essential hypertension, and total exchangeable body sodium (NaE) in ten, before and after propranolol administration for 2-3 months. Blood pressure was reduced; serum potassium increased, but KE was unchanged. Serum sodium and NaE were unaffected during therapy. It is concluded that the increase in serum potassium during propranolol treatment could not  be attributed to potassium retention, but is possibly due to a displacement from the intra- to the extracellular fluid compartment. The antihypertensive effect of propranolol could not be related to changes in NaE.", "PMID": 523965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1803", "title": "Leg temperature profiles with a simplified thermographic technique in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboses.", "content": "A simplified thermographic technique has been developed to provide continuous leg temperature profiles by manual scanning with a noncontactile infrared radiation transducer connected to a linera potentiometer for determination of the transducer position. The clinical value of the technique in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboses has been estimated in seventy patients and thirty controls, using plethysmography and phlebography as methods of reference. The thermographic diagnosis  was based on side differences in temperature levels within different segments of the limbs, as calculated from the temperature profiles by means of planimetric technique. Standardized temperature profiles from the medial side of the limbs were found to demonstrate a side difference above the reference level in fifty-seven of fity-nine patients with acute venous thromboses, which means a diagnostic sensitivity corresponding to that of conventional thermography. Skin temperature profiles were superior to plethysmography, particularly in the diagnosis of thromboses located distally. Falsely positive results were obtained, as expected, in some cases of varicose veins or acute arthritis and skin infections. The presented type of thermography has obvious qualifications as a screening method in the early diagnosis of acute venous thromboses, being far less expensive but never the less more suited for objective numerical analyses and evaluation than conventional thermography with scanning cameras.", "contents": "Leg temperature profiles with a simplified thermographic technique in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboses. A simplified thermographic technique has been developed to provide continuous leg temperature profiles by manual scanning with a noncontactile infrared radiation transducer connected to a linera potentiometer for determination of the transducer position. The clinical value of the technique in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboses has been estimated in seventy patients and thirty controls, using plethysmography and phlebography as methods of reference. The thermographic diagnosis  was based on side differences in temperature levels within different segments of the limbs, as calculated from the temperature profiles by means of planimetric technique. Standardized temperature profiles from the medial side of the limbs were found to demonstrate a side difference above the reference level in fifty-seven of fity-nine patients with acute venous thromboses, which means a diagnostic sensitivity corresponding to that of conventional thermography. Skin temperature profiles were superior to plethysmography, particularly in the diagnosis of thromboses located distally. Falsely positive results were obtained, as expected, in some cases of varicose veins or acute arthritis and skin infections. The presented type of thermography has obvious qualifications as a screening method in the early diagnosis of acute venous thromboses, being far less expensive but never the less more suited for objective numerical analyses and evaluation than conventional thermography with scanning cameras.", "PMID": 523966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1804", "title": "A non-invasive method for recording His-Purkinje activity.", "content": "A simple non-invasive method for recording of activity from the His-Purkinje system (HPS) is described. The electrical activity was derived from bipolar orthogonal surface leads. The signal was strongly amplified, bandpass filtered, delayed and averaged in an analogue averager before presentation. The equipment is mobile. The characteristics of the equipment are described. There was good agreement between invasive and non-invasive recordings. Out of seventeen subjects studied ten had a measurable HPS signal. Muscle tension and deep breathing tended to obscure the non-invasive recordings. The best lead for the measurements was lead X.", "contents": "A non-invasive method for recording His-Purkinje activity. A simple non-invasive method for recording of activity from the His-Purkinje system (HPS) is described. The electrical activity was derived from bipolar orthogonal surface leads. The signal was strongly amplified, bandpass filtered, delayed and averaged in an analogue averager before presentation. The equipment is mobile. The characteristics of the equipment are described. There was good agreement between invasive and non-invasive recordings. Out of seventeen subjects studied ten had a measurable HPS signal. Muscle tension and deep breathing tended to obscure the non-invasive recordings. The best lead for the measurements was lead X.", "PMID": 523967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1805", "title": "Assessment of an automated enzymatic method for ethanol determination in microsamples of saliva.", "content": "An automated enzymatic (ADH) method is described for ethanol determination in saliva. A 10 microliter sample volume is sufficient for analysis and by means of a Technicon Auto-Analyzer, sixty samples per hour may be run. It has been shown that ethanol is stable in saliva for at least 21 days when the samples are stored in a refrigerator at +4 degrees C, chemical preservatives were not required. The standard deviation of a single determination increased with increase in ethanol concentration in the sample. At a mean saliva ethanol concentration of 11.96 mmol/l, the standard deviation was +/- 0.169 mmol/l, corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 1.4%, implying a high precision. The recovery of alcohol added to saliva was 100.1% of the attributed concentration. Aliquots of the same saliva specimens were analysed using the enzymatic method (y) and by a head-space technique (x) for comparison. The regression equation was y = -0.067 + 1.002x (r = 0.993) inferring no systematic differences. The ADH method introduced has been used to determine the saliva ethanol concentration time course in man after alcohol ingestion.", "contents": "Assessment of an automated enzymatic method for ethanol determination in microsamples of saliva. An automated enzymatic (ADH) method is described for ethanol determination in saliva. A 10 microliter sample volume is sufficient for analysis and by means of a Technicon Auto-Analyzer, sixty samples per hour may be run. It has been shown that ethanol is stable in saliva for at least 21 days when the samples are stored in a refrigerator at +4 degrees C, chemical preservatives were not required. The standard deviation of a single determination increased with increase in ethanol concentration in the sample. At a mean saliva ethanol concentration of 11.96 mmol/l, the standard deviation was +/- 0.169 mmol/l, corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 1.4%, implying a high precision. The recovery of alcohol added to saliva was 100.1% of the attributed concentration. Aliquots of the same saliva specimens were analysed using the enzymatic method (y) and by a head-space technique (x) for comparison. The regression equation was y = -0.067 + 1.002x (r = 0.993) inferring no systematic differences. The ADH method introduced has been used to determine the saliva ethanol concentration time course in man after alcohol ingestion.", "PMID": 523969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1806", "title": "Dissociation rate constants and fractional binding of tracer estimated for three antibody populations in unstripped and stripped antiserum.", "content": "The dissociation rate constants of a high-affinity thyroxine antiserum were estimated on the basis of curves showing the dissociation of labelled thyroxine-antibody complexes as a function of time. The dissociation curves were fitted by computer to an equation with a sum of three exponentials. The analysis of the curves gave estimates of the dissociation rate constants for fast, medium and slowly dissociating antibody populations, and also estimates of the size of the fraction of tracer bound to each of the three populations of antibodies. The coefficients of variation for the estimates were of the order of 10%, and the estimates were reproducible. The dissociation rate constants for the thyroxine antibodies were 0.55, 0.045 and 0.0058 h-1 at 23 degrees C. When labelled thyroxine and antiserum were incubated for increasing periods of time, there was an increase in the fractional binding of tracer to the slow-dissociating antibodies. The use of stripped antiserum as against unstripped antiserum also improved the fractional binding of tracer to the slow-dissociating antibodies. The stripping effect was slight for three other antisera which contained relatively fast dissociating antibodies.", "contents": "Dissociation rate constants and fractional binding of tracer estimated for three antibody populations in unstripped and stripped antiserum. The dissociation rate constants of a high-affinity thyroxine antiserum were estimated on the basis of curves showing the dissociation of labelled thyroxine-antibody complexes as a function of time. The dissociation curves were fitted by computer to an equation with a sum of three exponentials. The analysis of the curves gave estimates of the dissociation rate constants for fast, medium and slowly dissociating antibody populations, and also estimates of the size of the fraction of tracer bound to each of the three populations of antibodies. The coefficients of variation for the estimates were of the order of 10%, and the estimates were reproducible. The dissociation rate constants for the thyroxine antibodies were 0.55, 0.045 and 0.0058 h-1 at 23 degrees C. When labelled thyroxine and antiserum were incubated for increasing periods of time, there was an increase in the fractional binding of tracer to the slow-dissociating antibodies. The use of stripped antiserum as against unstripped antiserum also improved the fractional binding of tracer to the slow-dissociating antibodies. The stripping effect was slight for three other antisera which contained relatively fast dissociating antibodies.", "PMID": 523970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1807", "title": "Stool porphyrins determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and by fractional hydrochloric acid--ether extraction.", "content": "When stool copro- and protoporphyrin were quantitated by spectrophotometry, after fractional hydrochloric acid-ether extraction, up to 30% of the protoporphyrins were recovered in the coproporphyrin extract. In disorders with elevated stool protoporphyrin excretion (e.g. erythropoietic protoporphyria), this method therefore may give falsely elevated coproporphyrin values. When the stool porphyrins were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography there was no carry-over of protoporphyrin to coproporphyrin. The recoveries were 82 and 87%, and the coefficients of variation 5.6 and 3.1% for proto- and coproporphyrin, respectively. Moreover, in specimens containing a more complex mixture of porphyrins, a complete separation of the C2-C8 porphyrins and porphyrin isomers was obtained in a single run. High pressure liquid chromatography should therefore be considered the method of choice to obtain a quantitative profile of stool porphyrins in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "Stool porphyrins determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and by fractional hydrochloric acid--ether extraction. When stool copro- and protoporphyrin were quantitated by spectrophotometry, after fractional hydrochloric acid-ether extraction, up to 30% of the protoporphyrins were recovered in the coproporphyrin extract. In disorders with elevated stool protoporphyrin excretion (e.g. erythropoietic protoporphyria), this method therefore may give falsely elevated coproporphyrin values. When the stool porphyrins were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography there was no carry-over of protoporphyrin to coproporphyrin. The recoveries were 82 and 87%, and the coefficients of variation 5.6 and 3.1% for proto- and coproporphyrin, respectively. Moreover, in specimens containing a more complex mixture of porphyrins, a complete separation of the C2-C8 porphyrins and porphyrin isomers was obtained in a single run. High pressure liquid chromatography should therefore be considered the method of choice to obtain a quantitative profile of stool porphyrins in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 523971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1808", "title": "The hepatic secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in rats with increased secretion of triglycerides due to ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is postulated to take care of excess cholesterol formed during metabolism of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. To test this hypothesis the relationship between secretion of LCAT and TG have been investigated in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions which lead to increased hepatic secretion of TG. 1. The increased plasma concentration of TG in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions was positively correlated to the activity of LCAT in plasma. 2. Incubation of hepatocytes isolated from such rats revealed a positive linear correlation between secretion of TG and of LCAT. 3. The secretion of unesterified cholesterol was neither correlated to the secretion of the acyltransferase nor to the TG.", "contents": "The hepatic secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in rats with increased secretion of triglycerides due to ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is postulated to take care of excess cholesterol formed during metabolism of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. To test this hypothesis the relationship between secretion of LCAT and TG have been investigated in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions which lead to increased hepatic secretion of TG. 1. The increased plasma concentration of TG in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions was positively correlated to the activity of LCAT in plasma. 2. Incubation of hepatocytes isolated from such rats revealed a positive linear correlation between secretion of TG and of LCAT. 3. The secretion of unesterified cholesterol was neither correlated to the secretion of the acyltransferase nor to the TG.", "PMID": 523972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1809", "title": "The effect of splanchnic block on renin production and renal haemodynamics in hypertensive patients.", "content": "In eighteen patients with hypertension the effect of a splanchnic block was studied with respect to the plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal vein and to the renal haemodynamics. A significant reduction of the PRA was noted during splanchnic block, both in kidneys with arterial stenosis, and in those without. The decrease in renin activity took place despite a simultaneous decrease in renal vascular resistance, which in itself should increase the secretion of renin. This supports the view that the sympathetic nervous system dominates over the baroreceptors in patients with hypertension at the pressure levels investigated and if the sodium intake is restricted.", "contents": "The effect of splanchnic block on renin production and renal haemodynamics in hypertensive patients. In eighteen patients with hypertension the effect of a splanchnic block was studied with respect to the plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal vein and to the renal haemodynamics. A significant reduction of the PRA was noted during splanchnic block, both in kidneys with arterial stenosis, and in those without. The decrease in renin activity took place despite a simultaneous decrease in renal vascular resistance, which in itself should increase the secretion of renin. This supports the view that the sympathetic nervous system dominates over the baroreceptors in patients with hypertension at the pressure levels investigated and if the sodium intake is restricted.", "PMID": 523973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1810", "title": "The effect of long-term arterial occlusion on energy metabolism of the human quadriceps muscle.", "content": "The effect of 1.5 to 2.5 h tourniquet ischemia on energy metabolism of the quadriceps muscle was studied using percutaneous needle biopsy technique in sixteen patients operated on for an inveterated knee injury. During occlusion there was a moderate decrease in ATP with an increase in ADP and AMP. This change resulted in a decreased energy charge potential. At the same time phosphorylcreatine (PC) decreased markedly while creatine (Cr) increased giving a constant total creatine (TCr). An accumulation of lactate during occlusion with values up to 80 mmol/kg d.m. (dry muscle) was seen. A 15% reduction in glycogen was calculated. After release of the tourniquet the active phosphate concentration and the energy charge potential returned to basal levels within 5 min and most of the metabolites in the glycolytic sequence were also normalized. Muscle lactate content was normal after 30 min of intact circulation. The results suggest that longterm tourniquet ischemia induces marked changes in energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, but that the changes are rapidly and completely reversible with restoration of blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of long-term arterial occlusion on energy metabolism of the human quadriceps muscle. The effect of 1.5 to 2.5 h tourniquet ischemia on energy metabolism of the quadriceps muscle was studied using percutaneous needle biopsy technique in sixteen patients operated on for an inveterated knee injury. During occlusion there was a moderate decrease in ATP with an increase in ADP and AMP. This change resulted in a decreased energy charge potential. At the same time phosphorylcreatine (PC) decreased markedly while creatine (Cr) increased giving a constant total creatine (TCr). An accumulation of lactate during occlusion with values up to 80 mmol/kg d.m. (dry muscle) was seen. A 15% reduction in glycogen was calculated. After release of the tourniquet the active phosphate concentration and the energy charge potential returned to basal levels within 5 min and most of the metabolites in the glycolytic sequence were also normalized. Muscle lactate content was normal after 30 min of intact circulation. The results suggest that longterm tourniquet ischemia induces marked changes in energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, but that the changes are rapidly and completely reversible with restoration of blood flow.", "PMID": 523975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1811", "title": "The effects on urinary kinin excretion of oral salt and water loads in dogs.", "content": "Ten dogs received 1 l of 37 degrees C tap water by stomach tube. Urine flow rate increased from 17 +/- 6 ml in the control hour to 285 +/- 25 ml in the second hour following the water intake. The diuresis was paralleled by increased urine kinin excretion from 23 +/- 9 ng/h to 94 +/- 17 ng/h. Urine kallikrein and urine sodium excretions remained unmodified. In seven dogs urine sodium excretion was increased from 0.87 +/- 0.22 mmol/h to 14.9 +/- 1.9 mmol/h by intragastric administration of 2% NaCl. Urine flow moderately increased from 15.1 +/- 2.5 ml/h to 64.3 +/- 15.0 ml/h. Urine kinin excretion was unchanged. The results suggest a relationship between high rates of urine flow and urinary kinin excretion.", "contents": "The effects on urinary kinin excretion of oral salt and water loads in dogs. Ten dogs received 1 l of 37 degrees C tap water by stomach tube. Urine flow rate increased from 17 +/- 6 ml in the control hour to 285 +/- 25 ml in the second hour following the water intake. The diuresis was paralleled by increased urine kinin excretion from 23 +/- 9 ng/h to 94 +/- 17 ng/h. Urine kallikrein and urine sodium excretions remained unmodified. In seven dogs urine sodium excretion was increased from 0.87 +/- 0.22 mmol/h to 14.9 +/- 1.9 mmol/h by intragastric administration of 2% NaCl. Urine flow moderately increased from 15.1 +/- 2.5 ml/h to 64.3 +/- 15.0 ml/h. Urine kinin excretion was unchanged. The results suggest a relationship between high rates of urine flow and urinary kinin excretion.", "PMID": 523976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1812", "title": "Biphasic venous emptying from the calves in venous-occlusion plethysmography.", "content": "The pathophysiological significance of the biphasic venous emptying curves from the lower limbs in venous occlusion plethysmography was examined in three patients peroperatively by clamping the iliac veins in different locations. The clinical significance of biphasic curves was analysed in fifty-four patients, thirty-one of whom were pregnant and twenty-three had a suspected deep vein thrombosis. It was found that the primary venous emptying time (PVET) was helfpul in locating the obstruction. Patients with femoral and pelvic vein thrombosis had shorter PVET than patients with pregnancy or other pelvic vein obstructions. With PVET of 0.5 sec, or shorter, thrombosis should be strongly suspected. The ratio between the slow and fast emptying phases was useless in localization of the intrapelvic process.", "contents": "Biphasic venous emptying from the calves in venous-occlusion plethysmography. The pathophysiological significance of the biphasic venous emptying curves from the lower limbs in venous occlusion plethysmography was examined in three patients peroperatively by clamping the iliac veins in different locations. The clinical significance of biphasic curves was analysed in fifty-four patients, thirty-one of whom were pregnant and twenty-three had a suspected deep vein thrombosis. It was found that the primary venous emptying time (PVET) was helfpul in locating the obstruction. Patients with femoral and pelvic vein thrombosis had shorter PVET than patients with pregnancy or other pelvic vein obstructions. With PVET of 0.5 sec, or shorter, thrombosis should be strongly suspected. The ratio between the slow and fast emptying phases was useless in localization of the intrapelvic process.", "PMID": 523977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1813", "title": "Determination of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) on the SMAC using diethanolamine in a modified manifold.", "content": "The SMAC method for alkaline phosphatase was modified inorder to determine the enzyme activity according to the Scandinavian recommended method [1]. The method is not strictly 'Scandinavian', but the correlation with the strict Scandinavian method performed on the LKB 8600 Reaction rate analyzer was excellent. The modified method was linear up to at least 2000 U/l.", "contents": "Determination of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) on the SMAC using diethanolamine in a modified manifold. The SMAC method for alkaline phosphatase was modified inorder to determine the enzyme activity according to the Scandinavian recommended method [1]. The method is not strictly 'Scandinavian', but the correlation with the strict Scandinavian method performed on the LKB 8600 Reaction rate analyzer was excellent. The modified method was linear up to at least 2000 U/l.", "PMID": 523978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1814", "title": "Cannulation of small lymph vessels using a tissue glue.", "content": "A tissue glue was used to facilitate cannulation of small lymph vessels. A ligature around a lymph vessel distends the vessel proximally, but when the vessel is incised the friable vessel wall collapses. This is prevented by a small drop of a tissue glue applied to the vessel. The technique permits rapid cannulation of small vessels.", "contents": "Cannulation of small lymph vessels using a tissue glue. A tissue glue was used to facilitate cannulation of small lymph vessels. A ligature around a lymph vessel distends the vessel proximally, but when the vessel is incised the friable vessel wall collapses. This is prevented by a small drop of a tissue glue applied to the vessel. The technique permits rapid cannulation of small vessels.", "PMID": 523979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1815", "title": "Re-examination of the dose-reponse relationship for the renal effect of acetozolamide.", "content": "To examine the effect of acetazolamide on tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, plasma concentrations of bicarbonate, potassium and PCO2 were kept constant in volume expanded dogs. Intravenous infusion of acetazolamide reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at all dose levels; after a dose of 30 mg/kg body wt GFR was reduced by about 30% and was not reduced further by increasing the infused dose of acetazolamide up to 500 mg/kg body wt. When control GFR was restored by raising systemic blood pressure, increments in filtered and excreted bicarbonate were not significantly different. At control GFR a linear relationship was obtained between bicarbonate reabsorption and log dose when acetazolamide was administered intravenously in doses ranging between 0.3 and 500 mg/kg body wt (r = 0.93). We conclude that a log dose-reponse relationship applies over a 25 times larger dose range than previously assumed.", "contents": "Re-examination of the dose-reponse relationship for the renal effect of acetozolamide. To examine the effect of acetazolamide on tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, plasma concentrations of bicarbonate, potassium and PCO2 were kept constant in volume expanded dogs. Intravenous infusion of acetazolamide reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at all dose levels; after a dose of 30 mg/kg body wt GFR was reduced by about 30% and was not reduced further by increasing the infused dose of acetazolamide up to 500 mg/kg body wt. When control GFR was restored by raising systemic blood pressure, increments in filtered and excreted bicarbonate were not significantly different. At control GFR a linear relationship was obtained between bicarbonate reabsorption and log dose when acetazolamide was administered intravenously in doses ranging between 0.3 and 500 mg/kg body wt (r = 0.93). We conclude that a log dose-reponse relationship applies over a 25 times larger dose range than previously assumed.", "PMID": 523981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1816", "title": "Effect of long-term physical training on total red cell volume.", "content": "Six months of military training elicited a significant 4% mean increase in total red cell volume (TRC) measured by the 51Cr-labelled red cell method. This increase was associated with a mean 16% increase in predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The increases in TRCV and predicted VO2max were inversely related to their initial levels. A statistically highly significant correlation between TRCV and predicted VO2max was observed (r = 0.59). The trained group had larger initial TRCVs than the sedentary group and the subjects who became well conditioned had a significant increase in TRCV, which contrasted with the unchanged TRCV in the subjects who did not become well conditioned. The greatest increase in TRCV (11%) was found in corporals, who had the hardest training. A statistically significant correlation between the changes in TRCV and estimated plasma volume was observed (r = 0.62), P less than 0.001). Owing the 1.8% increase in body weight the TRCV and predicted VO2max in terms relative to the body weight did not demonstrate the changes as clearly as did the absolute values. The factors affecting the TRCV increase are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of long-term physical training on total red cell volume. Six months of military training elicited a significant 4% mean increase in total red cell volume (TRC) measured by the 51Cr-labelled red cell method. This increase was associated with a mean 16% increase in predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The increases in TRCV and predicted VO2max were inversely related to their initial levels. A statistically highly significant correlation between TRCV and predicted VO2max was observed (r = 0.59). The trained group had larger initial TRCVs than the sedentary group and the subjects who became well conditioned had a significant increase in TRCV, which contrasted with the unchanged TRCV in the subjects who did not become well conditioned. The greatest increase in TRCV (11%) was found in corporals, who had the hardest training. A statistically significant correlation between the changes in TRCV and estimated plasma volume was observed (r = 0.62), P less than 0.001). Owing the 1.8% increase in body weight the TRCV and predicted VO2max in terms relative to the body weight did not demonstrate the changes as clearly as did the absolute values. The factors affecting the TRCV increase are discussed.", "PMID": 523982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1817", "title": "Insulin and substrate exchange in the forearm during prolonged forearm work.", "content": "Forearm exchange of insulin and uptake of oxygen, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied during 120 min forearm work in six healthy male volunteers. At rest the arterial-deep venous difference of insulin was zero. At the onset of work release of insulin occurred, which continued at constant rate throughout the work despite unaltered arterial insulin concentration. Extractions of oxygen, glucose and FFA were of similar magnitudes at 120 as at 15 min work, while lactate release decreased with time. It is concluded that (1) a significant insulin release from muscle tissue or its vascular bed occurs and continues at undiminished rate during prolonged work, (2) a substantial amount must be bound in the tissue, unless local synthesis takes place and (3) despite this loss of insulin from the forearm no major change in glucose and FFA extraction occurs with duration of work.", "contents": "Insulin and substrate exchange in the forearm during prolonged forearm work. Forearm exchange of insulin and uptake of oxygen, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied during 120 min forearm work in six healthy male volunteers. At rest the arterial-deep venous difference of insulin was zero. At the onset of work release of insulin occurred, which continued at constant rate throughout the work despite unaltered arterial insulin concentration. Extractions of oxygen, glucose and FFA were of similar magnitudes at 120 as at 15 min work, while lactate release decreased with time. It is concluded that (1) a significant insulin release from muscle tissue or its vascular bed occurs and continues at undiminished rate during prolonged work, (2) a substantial amount must be bound in the tissue, unless local synthesis takes place and (3) despite this loss of insulin from the forearm no major change in glucose and FFA extraction occurs with duration of work.", "PMID": 523983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1818", "title": "Studies of renal urea cycle enzymes. I. Renal concentrating ability and urea cycle enzymes in the rat during protein deprivation.", "content": "Activities of renal urea enzymes were studied in normally fed (21% dietary protein) rats and rats deprived of protein (6% dietary protein) for 3 weeks. Protein deprivation resulted in growth retardation and defective urine concentrating ability. Compared to rats on an optimal diet containing 21% of protein, the protein starved animals had decreased concentrations of protein and urea in serum, reduced urinary excretion of urea and decreased levels of all five urea cycle enzyme activities in the liver. In the kidney, however, protein malnutrition resulted in a significant increase in arginase specific activity from 11.5 +/- 1.1 to 16.3 +/- 1.5 (M +/- SD) whereas the other urea cycle enzymes remained unchanged. It is postulated that this increase in renal arginase might be an early compensatory mechanism to preserve a net synthesis of urea in a situation involving arginine deficiency, thereby preserving an intact hypertonic gradient in the renal medulla.", "contents": "Studies of renal urea cycle enzymes. I. Renal concentrating ability and urea cycle enzymes in the rat during protein deprivation. Activities of renal urea enzymes were studied in normally fed (21% dietary protein) rats and rats deprived of protein (6% dietary protein) for 3 weeks. Protein deprivation resulted in growth retardation and defective urine concentrating ability. Compared to rats on an optimal diet containing 21% of protein, the protein starved animals had decreased concentrations of protein and urea in serum, reduced urinary excretion of urea and decreased levels of all five urea cycle enzyme activities in the liver. In the kidney, however, protein malnutrition resulted in a significant increase in arginase specific activity from 11.5 +/- 1.1 to 16.3 +/- 1.5 (M +/- SD) whereas the other urea cycle enzymes remained unchanged. It is postulated that this increase in renal arginase might be an early compensatory mechanism to preserve a net synthesis of urea in a situation involving arginine deficiency, thereby preserving an intact hypertonic gradient in the renal medulla.", "PMID": 523984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1819", "title": "Studies of renal urea cycle enzymes. II. Human renal arginase activity and location of the adaptive changes of renal arginase in the protein deprived rat.", "content": "Rats fed 6% protein for 3 weeks with growth retardation and urinary concentration defect had 3 times higher arginase activity in the kidney cortex (10.8 +/- 28, M +/- SD) compared with controls fed 21% protein (3.3 +/- 0.9, M +/- SD). In the outer medulla there was a 50% increase of arginase activity whereas no change was observed in the inner medulla and papilla. Arginase activity in fresh human cortical tissue was of the same magnitude as in the rat. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that intrarenal urea synthesis contributes to the maintenance of the intrarenal urea gradient in the protein deprived state. The response in the protein deprived rat might thus be an adaptation to a situation with substrate deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of renal urea cycle enzymes. II. Human renal arginase activity and location of the adaptive changes of renal arginase in the protein deprived rat. Rats fed 6% protein for 3 weeks with growth retardation and urinary concentration defect had 3 times higher arginase activity in the kidney cortex (10.8 +/- 28, M +/- SD) compared with controls fed 21% protein (3.3 +/- 0.9, M +/- SD). In the outer medulla there was a 50% increase of arginase activity whereas no change was observed in the inner medulla and papilla. Arginase activity in fresh human cortical tissue was of the same magnitude as in the rat. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that intrarenal urea synthesis contributes to the maintenance of the intrarenal urea gradient in the protein deprived state. The response in the protein deprived rat might thus be an adaptation to a situation with substrate deficiency.", "PMID": 523985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1820", "title": "Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase of human granulocytes. I. Partial purification and kinetic studies.", "content": "Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase was demonstrated in the lysosome-like cytoplasmic granules of human granulocytes. Partial purification of this enzyme from granulocytes, obtained from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, was achieved by chromatography of the granule extract on Sephadex G-75, Bio-Rex 70 and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme preparation obtained was slightly contaminated with myeloperoxidase. Synthetic pteroyltetraglutamate was used as a substrate for the enzyme. The pH optimum was 5.1; the Km was 6 x 10(-3) mol/l; and the enzyme was activated by divalent cations, e.g. Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++. Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase is suggested to be involved in the destruction of microorganisms in granulocytes during phagocytosis.", "contents": "Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase of human granulocytes. I. Partial purification and kinetic studies. Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase was demonstrated in the lysosome-like cytoplasmic granules of human granulocytes. Partial purification of this enzyme from granulocytes, obtained from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, was achieved by chromatography of the granule extract on Sephadex G-75, Bio-Rex 70 and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme preparation obtained was slightly contaminated with myeloperoxidase. Synthetic pteroyltetraglutamate was used as a substrate for the enzyme. The pH optimum was 5.1; the Km was 6 x 10(-3) mol/l; and the enzyme was activated by divalent cations, e.g. Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++. Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase is suggested to be involved in the destruction of microorganisms in granulocytes during phagocytosis.", "PMID": 523986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1821", "title": "Changes in plasma amino acid distribution and urine amino acids excretion during prolonged heavy exercise.", "content": "Venous plasma and urine amino acids and urea were measured in ten well-trained men, aged 23--45 years, in connection with a 70 km cross-country ski race, lasting 4.39--6.04 h, leading to slight dehydration. The estimated urea production rate during the race was of the order 7.6 mumol/min, kg b.wt, i.e. twice the rate for such men on ordinary protein intake, during ordinary activity, thus suggesting increased protein catabolism. The race led to a fall of the total plasma amino acid concentration to about 60% of the pre-race level. In particular, the branched chain amino acids (valine, iso-leucine, leucine) and alanine were markedly reduced, whereas the S-containing amino acids (taurine, cystine, methionine) and the aromatic (phenylalanine, tyrosine, trytophan, histidine) and glutamine/glutamate were increased, unchanged or only moderately reduced. It is concluded that prolonged heavy exercise is accompanied by increased protein catabolism and changes in the plasma amino acid concentrations similar to those observed during prolonged starvation, but differing from those seen at heavy exercise of less than 2 h duration or prolonged exercise of moderate intensity.", "contents": "Changes in plasma amino acid distribution and urine amino acids excretion during prolonged heavy exercise. Venous plasma and urine amino acids and urea were measured in ten well-trained men, aged 23--45 years, in connection with a 70 km cross-country ski race, lasting 4.39--6.04 h, leading to slight dehydration. The estimated urea production rate during the race was of the order 7.6 mumol/min, kg b.wt, i.e. twice the rate for such men on ordinary protein intake, during ordinary activity, thus suggesting increased protein catabolism. The race led to a fall of the total plasma amino acid concentration to about 60% of the pre-race level. In particular, the branched chain amino acids (valine, iso-leucine, leucine) and alanine were markedly reduced, whereas the S-containing amino acids (taurine, cystine, methionine) and the aromatic (phenylalanine, tyrosine, trytophan, histidine) and glutamine/glutamate were increased, unchanged or only moderately reduced. It is concluded that prolonged heavy exercise is accompanied by increased protein catabolism and changes in the plasma amino acid concentrations similar to those observed during prolonged starvation, but differing from those seen at heavy exercise of less than 2 h duration or prolonged exercise of moderate intensity.", "PMID": 523987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1822", "title": "Quantitative radiocardiographic evaluation of cardiac dynamics in man at rest and during exercise.", "content": "113Inm radiocardiography in conjunction with a gamma camera and a digital computer is applied to measurements of cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary transfer time and dispersion both at rest and during muscular exercise. A modified gamma function is used in calculations of radiocardiographic curves. In twelve supine male subjects the maximal increase of cardiac output was 220%, stroke volume 30%, ejection fraction 15%, and pulmonary blood volume 30%. The present method provides a non-invasive tool for cardiovascular examinations during exercise.", "contents": "Quantitative radiocardiographic evaluation of cardiac dynamics in man at rest and during exercise. 113Inm radiocardiography in conjunction with a gamma camera and a digital computer is applied to measurements of cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary transfer time and dispersion both at rest and during muscular exercise. A modified gamma function is used in calculations of radiocardiographic curves. In twelve supine male subjects the maximal increase of cardiac output was 220%, stroke volume 30%, ejection fraction 15%, and pulmonary blood volume 30%. The present method provides a non-invasive tool for cardiovascular examinations during exercise.", "PMID": 523988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1823", "title": "Serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone after prolonged heavy exercise.", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured before, immediately after and on the following days after a 70 km cross-country ski race in two groups of ten well-trained men, one aged 21--29 years, taking 5.01--7.03 h, and one aged 51--57 years, taking 6.07--7.38 h. T4 was definitely increased immediately after the race, but fell to below the initial level on the following day and was not restored to the pre-race level until 4 days after the race. T3 showed essentially the same pattern, though less pronounced, a major part of the changes being possibly due to plasma volume variations. TSH showed a tendency to rise immediately after the race, but rose further to 175% of the initial level on the following day and was not restored to the initial level 4 days after the race. The pattern of changes were independent of age. It is suggested that the prolonged rise in TSH is probably due to an exercise-induced increased peripheral need for thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone after prolonged heavy exercise. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured before, immediately after and on the following days after a 70 km cross-country ski race in two groups of ten well-trained men, one aged 21--29 years, taking 5.01--7.03 h, and one aged 51--57 years, taking 6.07--7.38 h. T4 was definitely increased immediately after the race, but fell to below the initial level on the following day and was not restored to the pre-race level until 4 days after the race. T3 showed essentially the same pattern, though less pronounced, a major part of the changes being possibly due to plasma volume variations. TSH showed a tendency to rise immediately after the race, but rose further to 175% of the initial level on the following day and was not restored to the initial level 4 days after the race. The pattern of changes were independent of age. It is suggested that the prolonged rise in TSH is probably due to an exercise-induced increased peripheral need for thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 523989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1824", "title": "Rapid micromethod for flourometric determination of neutral lipids on thin-layer chromatograms.", "content": "A rapid fluorometric procedure for in situ evaluation of neutral lipids on thin-layer chromatograms is described. The lipids are rendered fluorescent by treatment with perchloric acid, and the intensity of the emitted light is recorded by flying spot scanning. Detection limits (2.8 x SD) are 0.10, 0.11, and 0.17 nmol for triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters, respectively. Range of linearity is 0--3.4 nmol for triglycerides, 0--2.0 nmol for cholesterol, and 0--4.0 nmol for cholesterol esters. When standard in triplicate and 2 samples of each unknown are applied to the chromatogram, standard error of the mean is 2.7% for triglycerides, 1.7% for cholesterol, and 1.0% for cholesterol esters. The sensitivity of the method allows simultaneous determination of the three lipid classes in 5 microliter lipid extract representing 0.238 microliter human plasma.", "contents": "Rapid micromethod for flourometric determination of neutral lipids on thin-layer chromatograms. A rapid fluorometric procedure for in situ evaluation of neutral lipids on thin-layer chromatograms is described. The lipids are rendered fluorescent by treatment with perchloric acid, and the intensity of the emitted light is recorded by flying spot scanning. Detection limits (2.8 x SD) are 0.10, 0.11, and 0.17 nmol for triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters, respectively. Range of linearity is 0--3.4 nmol for triglycerides, 0--2.0 nmol for cholesterol, and 0--4.0 nmol for cholesterol esters. When standard in triplicate and 2 samples of each unknown are applied to the chromatogram, standard error of the mean is 2.7% for triglycerides, 1.7% for cholesterol, and 1.0% for cholesterol esters. The sensitivity of the method allows simultaneous determination of the three lipid classes in 5 microliter lipid extract representing 0.238 microliter human plasma.", "PMID": 523990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1825", "title": "Modified procedures for the determination of hexuronic acids, hexoses and proteins using the Auto Analyzer II system.", "content": "Previous automated procedures for the determination of hexuronic acids, hexoses and proteins have been modified to suit the Technicon Auto Analyzer II system. The present methods were highly reproducable and the detection limits showed to be in the order of 10 micrograms/l (hexuronic acids and hexoses) and 60 micrograms/l (protein) when 0.13--0.34 ml of the sample was used.", "contents": "Modified procedures for the determination of hexuronic acids, hexoses and proteins using the Auto Analyzer II system. Previous automated procedures for the determination of hexuronic acids, hexoses and proteins have been modified to suit the Technicon Auto Analyzer II system. The present methods were highly reproducable and the detection limits showed to be in the order of 10 micrograms/l (hexuronic acids and hexoses) and 60 micrograms/l (protein) when 0.13--0.34 ml of the sample was used.", "PMID": 523991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1826", "title": "The role of ion shifts in cell injury.", "content": "The present paper reviews studies which utilize x-ray microanalysis to determine intracellular ion shifts following several types of cell injury. New data from our own laboratory on several cell injury systems are discussed. Concentration estimates are made by comparison of data from tissues with a series of standards prepared in 20% albumin followed by cryosectioning. Hemorrhagic shock in rats is followed by rapid changes of ions in both muscle and liver. These include increased levels of sodium and chlorine and decreased levels of potassium which can be correlated with deficits in the energy charge. Measurements made over hepatocellular carcinomas in the mouse, induced by safrole  show marked changes in comparison with non-transformed cells. These include striking increases in sodium and chloride and decreases in potassium and phosphorus which may be related to growth control. Studies on ischemia produced by arterial clamping in the rat kidney and the dog heart show somewhat similar changes. Moreover, in these models much interest is directed at early increases of cytoplasmic calcium with decreased mitochondrial calcium levels at later intervals. Following reflow, there is a prominent increase of calcium in the cytosol. These changes in calcium may be related to activation of phospholipases producing permeability changes which may contribute to further ion shifts as well as ultimately to cell death. The paper also comments on the use of cryostat sections for some types of routine pathological analysis.", "contents": "The role of ion shifts in cell injury. The present paper reviews studies which utilize x-ray microanalysis to determine intracellular ion shifts following several types of cell injury. New data from our own laboratory on several cell injury systems are discussed. Concentration estimates are made by comparison of data from tissues with a series of standards prepared in 20% albumin followed by cryosectioning. Hemorrhagic shock in rats is followed by rapid changes of ions in both muscle and liver. These include increased levels of sodium and chlorine and decreased levels of potassium which can be correlated with deficits in the energy charge. Measurements made over hepatocellular carcinomas in the mouse, induced by safrole  show marked changes in comparison with non-transformed cells. These include striking increases in sodium and chloride and decreases in potassium and phosphorus which may be related to growth control. Studies on ischemia produced by arterial clamping in the rat kidney and the dog heart show somewhat similar changes. Moreover, in these models much interest is directed at early increases of cytoplasmic calcium with decreased mitochondrial calcium levels at later intervals. Following reflow, there is a prominent increase of calcium in the cytosol. These changes in calcium may be related to activation of phospholipases producing permeability changes which may contribute to further ion shifts as well as ultimately to cell death. The paper also comments on the use of cryostat sections for some types of routine pathological analysis.", "PMID": 523992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1827", "title": "Ultrastructure and x-ray microanalysis of macrophages exposed to cadmium chloride.", "content": "Macrophages have a direct role in the inflammatory response to cadmium exposure. Cadmium is not only an important air pollutant, but is also one component of cigarette smoke. To study the effects of soluble cadmium on macrophages, two model systems were chosen:rabbit alveolar macrophages (RAMs) obtained by pulmonary lavage and peritoneal macrophages elicited by intraperitoneal injections of 10(7) viable M. bovis, bacillus Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG MACs). Macrophages were maintained in standard tissue culture medium from 4 to 30 hours with concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) ranging from 0 to 1.0 mM. Attached macrophages and RAMs in suspension were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX). In addition to routine techniques for TEM and SEM, preparatory procedures included snap freezing in liquid propane, and either cryoultramicrotomy or freeze-substitution with 1% osmium tetroxide in acetone. By TEM many macrophages exhibited laminated nuclear inclusions at doses as low as 0.05 mM CdCl2) (at 20 hrs) and as early as 4 hrs (at 1.0 mM CdCl2). Sections of cells fixed by freezing exhibited the same nuclear inclusions as well as mitochondrial densities that were not visible with any other preparative technique. Cadmium was demonstrated in the nuclear inclusions and mitochondrial densities by EDX in snap frozen cells. Lesser amounts of cadmium were also detected diffusely in treated cell cytoplasm and nuclei. Cadmium was only detected by EDX in cells fixed by freezing. These studies document the localization of Cd in nuclear inclusions and mitochondria providing morphological support for the biochemical findings of other laboratories. In addition, the value of fixation by freezing over conventional chemical fixation is illustrated.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and x-ray microanalysis of macrophages exposed to cadmium chloride. Macrophages have a direct role in the inflammatory response to cadmium exposure. Cadmium is not only an important air pollutant, but is also one component of cigarette smoke. To study the effects of soluble cadmium on macrophages, two model systems were chosen:rabbit alveolar macrophages (RAMs) obtained by pulmonary lavage and peritoneal macrophages elicited by intraperitoneal injections of 10(7) viable M. bovis, bacillus Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG MACs). Macrophages were maintained in standard tissue culture medium from 4 to 30 hours with concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) ranging from 0 to 1.0 mM. Attached macrophages and RAMs in suspension were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX). In addition to routine techniques for TEM and SEM, preparatory procedures included snap freezing in liquid propane, and either cryoultramicrotomy or freeze-substitution with 1% osmium tetroxide in acetone. By TEM many macrophages exhibited laminated nuclear inclusions at doses as low as 0.05 mM CdCl2) (at 20 hrs) and as early as 4 hrs (at 1.0 mM CdCl2). Sections of cells fixed by freezing exhibited the same nuclear inclusions as well as mitochondrial densities that were not visible with any other preparative technique. Cadmium was demonstrated in the nuclear inclusions and mitochondrial densities by EDX in snap frozen cells. Lesser amounts of cadmium were also detected diffusely in treated cell cytoplasm and nuclei. Cadmium was only detected by EDX in cells fixed by freezing. These studies document the localization of Cd in nuclear inclusions and mitochondria providing morphological support for the biochemical findings of other laboratories. In addition, the value of fixation by freezing over conventional chemical fixation is illustrated.", "PMID": 523993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1828", "title": "Correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopy of developing lens vesicle in the chick.", "content": "Cells within the lens placode undergo transient surface modifications during the course of invagination. At stage 13, cellular apices bulge outward and display decreased surface diameters when compared to adjacent surface ectoderm. The lens vesicle is well invaginated by stage 14. An area of modified cells can be recognized ventral to the lens vesicle aperture. These cells present a smaller surface area and increased pleomorphism. Normal surface ectoderm extends to the dorsal and lateral edges of the aperture. The apical surfaces of cells which line the lumen of the lens vesicle display a complex topography such that individual cell boundaries are not easily distinguished. At stage 17, cellular processes which partially occlude the closing aperture of the lens vesicle may assist in reestablishing ectoderm over the newly formed lens. Preliminary results of cytochalasin B exposure on the invaginating lens vesicle suggest that the contractile action of microfilaments influences the complex cellular topography.", "contents": "Correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopy of developing lens vesicle in the chick. Cells within the lens placode undergo transient surface modifications during the course of invagination. At stage 13, cellular apices bulge outward and display decreased surface diameters when compared to adjacent surface ectoderm. The lens vesicle is well invaginated by stage 14. An area of modified cells can be recognized ventral to the lens vesicle aperture. These cells present a smaller surface area and increased pleomorphism. Normal surface ectoderm extends to the dorsal and lateral edges of the aperture. The apical surfaces of cells which line the lumen of the lens vesicle display a complex topography such that individual cell boundaries are not easily distinguished. At stage 17, cellular processes which partially occlude the closing aperture of the lens vesicle may assist in reestablishing ectoderm over the newly formed lens. Preliminary results of cytochalasin B exposure on the invaginating lens vesicle suggest that the contractile action of microfilaments influences the complex cellular topography.", "PMID": 523994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1829", "title": "Laser microprobe mass analysis: achievements and aspects.", "content": "After a short review of the general state of the art of laser microprobe analysis, recent achievements of the laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA) are presented. The Lamma-instrument, which was primarily developed for biomedical purposes has been recently used on a large variety of specimens: biological, technical, organic and inorganic in nature. Detection limits, mass resolution and reproducibility have been improved so that for many elements measurements can be extended down to the subppm range. For bulk analysis a separate version of the LAMMA-instrument has been developed. The examples of LAMMA-applications given in this paper include muscle tissue (physiological cations), uterine tissue (Fe), retina tissues (Na, Mg, K, Ca and Ba), airborne particles (Pb, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, Ca, Zn), cerebral tissue (Li), a fluorinated drug, pure crystalline organic materials (including nicotinic acid) and a selection of non biological materials (for instance thin films).", "contents": "Laser microprobe mass analysis: achievements and aspects. After a short review of the general state of the art of laser microprobe analysis, recent achievements of the laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA) are presented. The Lamma-instrument, which was primarily developed for biomedical purposes has been recently used on a large variety of specimens: biological, technical, organic and inorganic in nature. Detection limits, mass resolution and reproducibility have been improved so that for many elements measurements can be extended down to the subppm range. For bulk analysis a separate version of the LAMMA-instrument has been developed. The examples of LAMMA-applications given in this paper include muscle tissue (physiological cations), uterine tissue (Fe), retina tissues (Na, Mg, K, Ca and Ba), airborne particles (Pb, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, Ca, Zn), cerebral tissue (Li), a fluorinated drug, pure crystalline organic materials (including nicotinic acid) and a selection of non biological materials (for instance thin films).", "PMID": 524001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1830", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of hen granulosa cells before and after ovulation.", "content": "Using scanning electron microscopy, I examined the granulosa cells of the hen (Gallus domesticus) before and after ovulation. Although the granulosa cells were separated during the final 7-8 days of oocyte maturation, they maintained cell-to-cell contact via cytoplasmic processes. The granulosa cells were cuboidal except at the animal pole (the site of the germinal vesicle) where they were columnar and had surface folds. These morphological characteristics were retained until germinal vesicle breakdown, 1-2 hr before ovulation. At that time the surface of granulosa cells at the animal pole was smoother and their cytoplasmic processes were less numerous and appeared atrophic. Similar changes occurred on the granulosa cells overlying the vegetal pole. About 30 min after ovulation, the granulosa, which remained adherent to its basal lamina, consisted of irregularly shaped columnar cells that lacked surface modifications. These smooth surface cells had rounded apical faces and were generally wider at the apical half. Postovulatory granulosa cells do not transform into luteal cells but undergo fatty degeneration and desquamation during the 4 days after ovulation.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of hen granulosa cells before and after ovulation. Using scanning electron microscopy, I examined the granulosa cells of the hen (Gallus domesticus) before and after ovulation. Although the granulosa cells were separated during the final 7-8 days of oocyte maturation, they maintained cell-to-cell contact via cytoplasmic processes. The granulosa cells were cuboidal except at the animal pole (the site of the germinal vesicle) where they were columnar and had surface folds. These morphological characteristics were retained until germinal vesicle breakdown, 1-2 hr before ovulation. At that time the surface of granulosa cells at the animal pole was smoother and their cytoplasmic processes were less numerous and appeared atrophic. Similar changes occurred on the granulosa cells overlying the vegetal pole. About 30 min after ovulation, the granulosa, which remained adherent to its basal lamina, consisted of irregularly shaped columnar cells that lacked surface modifications. These smooth surface cells had rounded apical faces and were generally wider at the apical half. Postovulatory granulosa cells do not transform into luteal cells but undergo fatty degeneration and desquamation during the 4 days after ovulation.", "PMID": 524003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1831", "title": "The directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the lateral ventricle and the currents of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles.", "content": "The directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the lateral ventricle of the brain have been studied in the mouse by using a scanning electron microscope. As the studies on the directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the third and fourth ventricles were previously completed, a series of studies of the whole ventricular system has now been completed. The pattern of directions of the beat in the brain ventricular system was always the same in every individual examined in the series and this pattern was not contradictory to the anticipated flow of the fluid. Above all, the cilia on the wall of the brain ventricles beat spontaneously. Considering these facts, it was concluded that the ciliary beat has a close relationship with the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, and conversely the detailed flow of the cerebrospinal fluid within the whole ventricular system was inferred from the ciliary beat.", "contents": "The directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the lateral ventricle and the currents of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. The directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the lateral ventricle of the brain have been studied in the mouse by using a scanning electron microscope. As the studies on the directions of ciliary beat on the wall of the third and fourth ventricles were previously completed, a series of studies of the whole ventricular system has now been completed. The pattern of directions of the beat in the brain ventricular system was always the same in every individual examined in the series and this pattern was not contradictory to the anticipated flow of the fluid. Above all, the cilia on the wall of the brain ventricles beat spontaneously. Considering these facts, it was concluded that the ciliary beat has a close relationship with the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, and conversely the detailed flow of the cerebrospinal fluid within the whole ventricular system was inferred from the ciliary beat.", "PMID": 524006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1832", "title": "The vascularization of the pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) of the rat.", "content": "The vascularization of the rat pineal gland was investigated with, respectively, latex and resin injection preparations of the cephalic blood vessels in adult Wistar rats. From the dissection of the latex-injected and aldehyde-fixed rat brains under the stereo light microscope it was found that the arterial supply comes exclusively from separate branches of the posterior cerebral artery. The pineal area was dissected out from the resin injected and corroded specimens under the stereo light microscope and was inspected in the SEM. The supplying arteries, identified on the basis of their endothelial cell imprint patterns, were 4 to 6 in number with a diameter of 20 to 40 micron. The venous drainage consisted of 12 to 16 short veins with a diameter of 40 to 60 micron, all draining directly into the great cerebral vein and thereafter via the sinus influens immediately into the systemic venous circulation.", "contents": "The vascularization of the pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) of the rat. The vascularization of the rat pineal gland was investigated with, respectively, latex and resin injection preparations of the cephalic blood vessels in adult Wistar rats. From the dissection of the latex-injected and aldehyde-fixed rat brains under the stereo light microscope it was found that the arterial supply comes exclusively from separate branches of the posterior cerebral artery. The pineal area was dissected out from the resin injected and corroded specimens under the stereo light microscope and was inspected in the SEM. The supplying arteries, identified on the basis of their endothelial cell imprint patterns, were 4 to 6 in number with a diameter of 20 to 40 micron. The venous drainage consisted of 12 to 16 short veins with a diameter of 40 to 60 micron, all draining directly into the great cerebral vein and thereafter via the sinus influens immediately into the systemic venous circulation.", "PMID": 524008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1833", "title": "Morphological and metabolic studies on adult cardiac myocytes.", "content": "We have previously described detailed procedures for isolating rat and canine myocytes from adult ventricular tissue, and have investigated ultrastructural and functional properties of these cells. The effects of isolation on cell morphology were tested by comparative scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of adult canine cardiac myocytes. Cells cleanly separated at the lateral sarcolemmal borders and at the intercalated discs. Since the cells were contracted during fixation, SEM of the lateral cell borders showed longitudinal folds and transverse ridges. There were rows of regular protrusions corresponding to the mitochondria immediately beneath the sarcolemmal surface. Openings in the sarcolemmal membrane occurred at regular intervals at the level of the Z-bands and may represent the sites of externalization of the transverse tubular system. By SEM, the intercalated disc junction appeared as a microvillar border and this corresponded directly to the scalloped appearance seen by TEM. A controlled sonication procedure was developed to allow specific removal of the sarcolemma without disruption of underlying organelles. This allowed visualization of the cellular organization of myofibrils, mitochondria and the transverse tubular system. These cells retain biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of adult dog cardiac tissues such as ouabain and insulin sensitivity, fatty acid and lipoprotein uptake and metabolism, and prostaglandin synthesis. This cytological preparation permits the correlation of these types of metabolic studies with the known functions of isolated subcellular organelles of the myocardium.", "contents": "Morphological and metabolic studies on adult cardiac myocytes. We have previously described detailed procedures for isolating rat and canine myocytes from adult ventricular tissue, and have investigated ultrastructural and functional properties of these cells. The effects of isolation on cell morphology were tested by comparative scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of adult canine cardiac myocytes. Cells cleanly separated at the lateral sarcolemmal borders and at the intercalated discs. Since the cells were contracted during fixation, SEM of the lateral cell borders showed longitudinal folds and transverse ridges. There were rows of regular protrusions corresponding to the mitochondria immediately beneath the sarcolemmal surface. Openings in the sarcolemmal membrane occurred at regular intervals at the level of the Z-bands and may represent the sites of externalization of the transverse tubular system. By SEM, the intercalated disc junction appeared as a microvillar border and this corresponded directly to the scalloped appearance seen by TEM. A controlled sonication procedure was developed to allow specific removal of the sarcolemma without disruption of underlying organelles. This allowed visualization of the cellular organization of myofibrils, mitochondria and the transverse tubular system. These cells retain biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of adult dog cardiac tissues such as ouabain and insulin sensitivity, fatty acid and lipoprotein uptake and metabolism, and prostaglandin synthesis. This cytological preparation permits the correlation of these types of metabolic studies with the known functions of isolated subcellular organelles of the myocardium.", "PMID": 524009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1834", "title": "Raman microprobe studies of two mineralizing tissues: enamel of the rat incisor and the embryonic chick tibia.", "content": "The laser-Raman microprobe developed at the National Bureau of Standards has been applied to the study of the mineralization process in rat incisor enamel and embryonic chick tibia. Cryostat sections were prepared from fresh frozen tissues and allowed to air dry. In these mineralizing tissues two forms of phosphorus compounds have been observed: (1) an inorganic phase identified as apatitic phosphate and (2) an organic phosphate. The distribution of these components from the mineralizing front to regions of higher mineralization has been determined with a spatial resolution of approximately 15 micrometer. The studies suggest the existence of a carbonate, with a Raman band corresponding to that of the mineral huntite, Mg3Ca(CO3)4, and found in regions of low phosphate mineral content.", "contents": "Raman microprobe studies of two mineralizing tissues: enamel of the rat incisor and the embryonic chick tibia. The laser-Raman microprobe developed at the National Bureau of Standards has been applied to the study of the mineralization process in rat incisor enamel and embryonic chick tibia. Cryostat sections were prepared from fresh frozen tissues and allowed to air dry. In these mineralizing tissues two forms of phosphorus compounds have been observed: (1) an inorganic phase identified as apatitic phosphate and (2) an organic phosphate. The distribution of these components from the mineralizing front to regions of higher mineralization has been determined with a spatial resolution of approximately 15 micrometer. The studies suggest the existence of a carbonate, with a Raman band corresponding to that of the mineral huntite, Mg3Ca(CO3)4, and found in regions of low phosphate mineral content.", "PMID": 524010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1835", "title": "Comparative investigations on fluorosed enamel.", "content": "Structural observations upon fluorosed enamel were made on human teeth extracted from Nabeul (Tunisia). Longitudinal sections of enamel were made and microradiographed. Topographical observatoons in the S.E.M. showed alterations of the pattern of mineralization. Fissures and clefts filled with plaque material were observed to reach to the surface of the teeth. They penetrated into enamel along the prisms. Acid etching of the surface by 30% H3PO4 revealed enlarged acid-resistant sheaths while the core of the prisms was irregularly etched. Inner portions of the enamel were observed on fractured fragments. The structure was not significantly perturbated except for areas of porosity. After demineralization of the sections by 10% EDTA at pH 7 and critical point drying, the organic matrix was observed in the S.E.M. : It appeared as a fibrous network. Compared with sound teeth the matrix was dense and irregular. Histochemical stainings showed the presence of organic material. Alcian blue and PAS positive contents were very low except near the enamel-dentine junction. Preliminary observations were made using SMI Cameca ion microanalyser and histochemical studies on undecalcified sections were made in order to compare the observations made with light microscopy with S.E.M. findings.", "contents": "Comparative investigations on fluorosed enamel. Structural observations upon fluorosed enamel were made on human teeth extracted from Nabeul (Tunisia). Longitudinal sections of enamel were made and microradiographed. Topographical observatoons in the S.E.M. showed alterations of the pattern of mineralization. Fissures and clefts filled with plaque material were observed to reach to the surface of the teeth. They penetrated into enamel along the prisms. Acid etching of the surface by 30% H3PO4 revealed enlarged acid-resistant sheaths while the core of the prisms was irregularly etched. Inner portions of the enamel were observed on fractured fragments. The structure was not significantly perturbated except for areas of porosity. After demineralization of the sections by 10% EDTA at pH 7 and critical point drying, the organic matrix was observed in the S.E.M. : It appeared as a fibrous network. Compared with sound teeth the matrix was dense and irregular. Histochemical stainings showed the presence of organic material. Alcian blue and PAS positive contents were very low except near the enamel-dentine junction. Preliminary observations were made using SMI Cameca ion microanalyser and histochemical studies on undecalcified sections were made in order to compare the observations made with light microscopy with S.E.M. findings.", "PMID": 524020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1836", "title": "Colonization of various natural substrates by osteoblasts in vitro.", "content": "The ability of osteoblasts to transfer from normal rat growing skull bone to small fragments of various biological materials was tested in an organ culture system. The substrates were tested as overlays and included intact or anorganic cut, polished or fractured bone, osteoid, cementum, dentine and enamel. Osteoblasts migrated on to and over all these materials, whether collagenous or not and whether mineralized or not. The culture medium affected the cell shape, elongation, alignment and dorsal ruffling activity of the cells similarly on the original bone surfaces and on the overlays. The position of the cells on the overlay was influenced by constraints due to space available for each cell, sharp edges and corners, and fine textural patterns, in that order. It is concluded that the ability of such substrates to support new bone formation cannot rest with the readiness of the osteoblasts to coat them. The procedures outlined constitute a valuable, simple and rapid means of testing one aspect of the biocompatibility of potential prosthetic bone implant materials.", "contents": "Colonization of various natural substrates by osteoblasts in vitro. The ability of osteoblasts to transfer from normal rat growing skull bone to small fragments of various biological materials was tested in an organ culture system. The substrates were tested as overlays and included intact or anorganic cut, polished or fractured bone, osteoid, cementum, dentine and enamel. Osteoblasts migrated on to and over all these materials, whether collagenous or not and whether mineralized or not. The culture medium affected the cell shape, elongation, alignment and dorsal ruffling activity of the cells similarly on the original bone surfaces and on the overlays. The position of the cells on the overlay was influenced by constraints due to space available for each cell, sharp edges and corners, and fine textural patterns, in that order. It is concluded that the ability of such substrates to support new bone formation cannot rest with the readiness of the osteoblasts to coat them. The procedures outlined constitute a valuable, simple and rapid means of testing one aspect of the biocompatibility of potential prosthetic bone implant materials.", "PMID": 524023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1837", "title": "Application of electron probe X-ray microanalysis to calcification studies of bone and cartilage.", "content": "The use of electron probe x-ray microanalysis in previous studies of bone and cartilage has been reviewed with emphasis on the results which have contributed to some of the current concepts of the mechanism of mineralization in these tissues. A number of investigations continuing in the author's laboratory utilizing high spatial resolution x-ray microanalysis and anhydrous methods of specimen preparation are described, including aspects concerning the derivation of calibration curves from synthetic calcium phosphate solids, qualitative and quantitative analyses of calcium and phosphorus in bone from embryonic chicks and in growth plate cartilage from rats, and the role of organically-bound phosphorus in mineralizing tissues. The data obtained have helped identify brushite, CaHPO4-2H2O, as the major crystalline solid phase of calcium phosphate in the earliest mineral deposits of bone tissue, brushite and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite in bone mineral of increasing age, and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite in the most mature mineral portions of the tissue. Growth plate cartilage examination has revealed calcium and phosphorus in single mitochondrial granules within chondrocytes and in certain extracellular particles distinct from matrix vesicles. These results have provided important information about the possible roles of cells, extracellular components, and the organic matrix in the regulation of mineralization and about the composition, structure, and organization of the mineral phase as a function of progressively increasing age and maturation of the tissues studied.", "contents": "Application of electron probe X-ray microanalysis to calcification studies of bone and cartilage. The use of electron probe x-ray microanalysis in previous studies of bone and cartilage has been reviewed with emphasis on the results which have contributed to some of the current concepts of the mechanism of mineralization in these tissues. A number of investigations continuing in the author's laboratory utilizing high spatial resolution x-ray microanalysis and anhydrous methods of specimen preparation are described, including aspects concerning the derivation of calibration curves from synthetic calcium phosphate solids, qualitative and quantitative analyses of calcium and phosphorus in bone from embryonic chicks and in growth plate cartilage from rats, and the role of organically-bound phosphorus in mineralizing tissues. The data obtained have helped identify brushite, CaHPO4-2H2O, as the major crystalline solid phase of calcium phosphate in the earliest mineral deposits of bone tissue, brushite and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite in bone mineral of increasing age, and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite in the most mature mineral portions of the tissue. Growth plate cartilage examination has revealed calcium and phosphorus in single mitochondrial granules within chondrocytes and in certain extracellular particles distinct from matrix vesicles. These results have provided important information about the possible roles of cells, extracellular components, and the organic matrix in the regulation of mineralization and about the composition, structure, and organization of the mineral phase as a function of progressively increasing age and maturation of the tissues studied.", "PMID": 524025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1838", "title": "Labeling of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins with T4 as marker for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The technique originally described by Kumon et al. for the labeling of cell surface antigens under the SEM has been adapted to the study of surface immunoglobulins on human lymphocytes. Briefly, the peripheral blood lymphocytes are: 1) separated in a Ficoll Hypaque gradient, 2) rinsed with culture medium, 3) allowed to attach to plastic coverslips, 4) prefixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes, 5) incubated with goat anti-human immunoglobulins for 30 minutes at 24 degrees C, 6) rinsed, 7) incubated with a rabbit anti-goat IgG coupled with purified bacteriophage T4, 8) rinsed, 9) postfixed in glutaraldehyde for several hours, and 10) dried from ethanol at -75 degrees C and under 10(-2) Torr. Results from normal human lymphocytes and cells from cases of Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL) indicate that the method makes it possible to recognize cells with surface immunoglobulins and permits some correlation between the surface architecture of the cells and the presence of surface Ig. It also permits the study under the SEM of T-derived lymphocytes and of null cells, the unlabeled cell population, without resorting to techniques for lymphocyte subclass separation which may alter surface morphology.", "contents": "Labeling of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins with T4 as marker for scanning electron microscopy. The technique originally described by Kumon et al. for the labeling of cell surface antigens under the SEM has been adapted to the study of surface immunoglobulins on human lymphocytes. Briefly, the peripheral blood lymphocytes are: 1) separated in a Ficoll Hypaque gradient, 2) rinsed with culture medium, 3) allowed to attach to plastic coverslips, 4) prefixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes, 5) incubated with goat anti-human immunoglobulins for 30 minutes at 24 degrees C, 6) rinsed, 7) incubated with a rabbit anti-goat IgG coupled with purified bacteriophage T4, 8) rinsed, 9) postfixed in glutaraldehyde for several hours, and 10) dried from ethanol at -75 degrees C and under 10(-2) Torr. Results from normal human lymphocytes and cells from cases of Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL) indicate that the method makes it possible to recognize cells with surface immunoglobulins and permits some correlation between the surface architecture of the cells and the presence of surface Ig. It also permits the study under the SEM of T-derived lymphocytes and of null cells, the unlabeled cell population, without resorting to techniques for lymphocyte subclass separation which may alter surface morphology.", "PMID": 524028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1839", "title": "Studies on carcinogenesis of human prostate. IV. Comparison of normal and neoplastic prostate during long-term explant culture.", "content": "Morphologic responses of neoplastic human prostate to long-term explant culture were monitored at serial intervals by LM, TEM and SEM, and compared to normal prostate. Explants were cultured at 37 degrees C in CMRL-1066 supplemented with fetal calf serum and antibiotics. At 0-time culture, normal prostate of young adult males obtained at immediate autopsy, consisted of glandular spaces and ducts lined by columnar to cuboidal secretory epithelial cells and basal cells embedded in fibromuscular stroma. Neoplastic tissue was obtained surgically by transurethral resection (TUR), and consisted of stroma widely infiltrated by well-to moderately-differentiated tumor cells arranged in variable sized, gland-like structures. Secretory activity was evident; basal cells were absent in these glands. During early periods of culture up to several weeks, secretory cells of normal prostate became necrotic. Basal cells remained viable, repopulated acinar structures and epithelialized explant surfaces. At these sites, basal cells, or their derivatives, formed a multicellular epithelium. Exaggerated intercellular spaces separated cells, and synthesis of mucus-like material was seen. Epithelial characteristics included microvilli, junctional complexes, and basal lamina. In marked contrast, tumor cells covered explant surfaces forming an irregular, disorganized layer of squamous-like cells with elongated nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Microvilli, junctional complexes, and basal lamina were poorly developed or absent. Intercellular attachments appeared tenous. Some tumor cells accumulated lipid; synthesis of mucus-like material was not seen. At later intervals of culture up to 10 weeks, synthesis of mucus-like material by basal cells, or their derivatives, declined. Surface cells of neoplastic prostate gradually became more anaplastic in appearance; cells contacted neighboring cells with pseudopodia and filopodia.", "contents": "Studies on carcinogenesis of human prostate. IV. Comparison of normal and neoplastic prostate during long-term explant culture. Morphologic responses of neoplastic human prostate to long-term explant culture were monitored at serial intervals by LM, TEM and SEM, and compared to normal prostate. Explants were cultured at 37 degrees C in CMRL-1066 supplemented with fetal calf serum and antibiotics. At 0-time culture, normal prostate of young adult males obtained at immediate autopsy, consisted of glandular spaces and ducts lined by columnar to cuboidal secretory epithelial cells and basal cells embedded in fibromuscular stroma. Neoplastic tissue was obtained surgically by transurethral resection (TUR), and consisted of stroma widely infiltrated by well-to moderately-differentiated tumor cells arranged in variable sized, gland-like structures. Secretory activity was evident; basal cells were absent in these glands. During early periods of culture up to several weeks, secretory cells of normal prostate became necrotic. Basal cells remained viable, repopulated acinar structures and epithelialized explant surfaces. At these sites, basal cells, or their derivatives, formed a multicellular epithelium. Exaggerated intercellular spaces separated cells, and synthesis of mucus-like material was seen. Epithelial characteristics included microvilli, junctional complexes, and basal lamina. In marked contrast, tumor cells covered explant surfaces forming an irregular, disorganized layer of squamous-like cells with elongated nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Microvilli, junctional complexes, and basal lamina were poorly developed or absent. Intercellular attachments appeared tenous. Some tumor cells accumulated lipid; synthesis of mucus-like material was not seen. At later intervals of culture up to 10 weeks, synthesis of mucus-like material by basal cells, or their derivatives, declined. Surface cells of neoplastic prostate gradually became more anaplastic in appearance; cells contacted neighboring cells with pseudopodia and filopodia.", "PMID": 524030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1840", "title": "SEM of human and experimental renal disease.", "content": "This review concerns the present state of accomplishments in the study of SEM of human and experimental renal disease. Critical techniques of specimen preparation reviewed include perfusion fixation, razor tissue sectioning, alcohol cryofracture, microtome sectioning of paraffin or styrene embedded tissue, ultraplaning with glass knives of hard carbowax embedded tissues and glomerular isolation. Gold-palladium coating and heavy metal impregnation with osmium, uranium, and silver are discussed. A compendium of SEM observations of human glomerular, vascular and tubular disease is presented. Techniques for SEM of experimental renal disease are reviewed. These include latex vascular injection, freeze drying, x-ray microanalysis and use of backscattered electron imaging. Experimental models previously investigated by SEM are puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis, daunomycin nephrosis, and N,N1-Diacetylbenzedine glomerulopathy, nephrotoxic serum nephritis, and protamine perfusion glomerulopathy. Reviewed are acute tubular necrosis caused either by angiotensin, hypotension, norepinephrine, glycerol, mercury, and unilateral renal artery occlusion, also potassium depletion nephropathy, alloxan diabetes and diphenylamine-induced polycystic disease.", "contents": "SEM of human and experimental renal disease. This review concerns the present state of accomplishments in the study of SEM of human and experimental renal disease. Critical techniques of specimen preparation reviewed include perfusion fixation, razor tissue sectioning, alcohol cryofracture, microtome sectioning of paraffin or styrene embedded tissue, ultraplaning with glass knives of hard carbowax embedded tissues and glomerular isolation. Gold-palladium coating and heavy metal impregnation with osmium, uranium, and silver are discussed. A compendium of SEM observations of human glomerular, vascular and tubular disease is presented. Techniques for SEM of experimental renal disease are reviewed. These include latex vascular injection, freeze drying, x-ray microanalysis and use of backscattered electron imaging. Experimental models previously investigated by SEM are puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis, daunomycin nephrosis, and N,N1-Diacetylbenzedine glomerulopathy, nephrotoxic serum nephritis, and protamine perfusion glomerulopathy. Reviewed are acute tubular necrosis caused either by angiotensin, hypotension, norepinephrine, glycerol, mercury, and unilateral renal artery occlusion, also potassium depletion nephropathy, alloxan diabetes and diphenylamine-induced polycystic disease.", "PMID": 524033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1841", "title": "The influence of lectin concanavalin A on the configuration of renal podocytes.", "content": "Concanavalin A (ConA) was applied directly to renal glomerular podocytes by micropuncture techniques in vivo. Others received a control solution without ConA. To make visible the distribution of ConA, some rats were given fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugated ConA. The glomeruli undergoing the micropuncture experiments were labeled and then prepared for SEM observation. Comparatively, the effect of application of the same solutions by intra-arterial infusion was studied. The glomeruli of a total of 33 Munich -rats were studied. Our results show that direct contact of ConA with the podocytes is needed to induce retraction of the podocytic cell processes. The pattern of podocytes treated with ConA is comparable to that of the minimal change nephrotic glomeruli. ConA seems to act by blocking anionic surface charges of the podocytes. This reduction in negative charges along the surface coat of the podocytes could be the key for understanding the combined morphological and functional alterations in podocytes of nephrotic glomeruli: The reduction in negative charges along the surface coat of the podocytes can alter the permselectivity for anionic and cationic proteins and can, at the same time, alter the configuration of the podocytes by changing the potential gradient along the cell membrane.", "contents": "The influence of lectin concanavalin A on the configuration of renal podocytes. Concanavalin A (ConA) was applied directly to renal glomerular podocytes by micropuncture techniques in vivo. Others received a control solution without ConA. To make visible the distribution of ConA, some rats were given fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugated ConA. The glomeruli undergoing the micropuncture experiments were labeled and then prepared for SEM observation. Comparatively, the effect of application of the same solutions by intra-arterial infusion was studied. The glomeruli of a total of 33 Munich -rats were studied. Our results show that direct contact of ConA with the podocytes is needed to induce retraction of the podocytic cell processes. The pattern of podocytes treated with ConA is comparable to that of the minimal change nephrotic glomeruli. ConA seems to act by blocking anionic surface charges of the podocytes. This reduction in negative charges along the surface coat of the podocytes could be the key for understanding the combined morphological and functional alterations in podocytes of nephrotic glomeruli: The reduction in negative charges along the surface coat of the podocytes can alter the permselectivity for anionic and cationic proteins and can, at the same time, alter the configuration of the podocytes by changing the potential gradient along the cell membrane.", "PMID": 524034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1842", "title": "Microanalysis in biology and medicine. A review of results obtained with three microanalytical methods.", "content": "Three microanalytical methods have been used : X-ray emission, secondary ion emission and electron energy loss analysis. Althouth X-ray microanalysis is the most used method, many biological problems cannot be solved because of its relatively low sensitivity and inability to analyze light elements. New possibilities are offered by Secondary Ion Mass Analysis and Electron Energy Loss Analysis. Analysis by secondary ion emission permits the study of elements at low and even trace element concentration, and even the lightest elements such as hydrogen and beryllium are detected. Electron Energy Loss Analysis makes possible the study of very small volumes, less than 500 A in diameter. These methods have been applied to the study of a variety of biological tissues (mostly lungs, kidneys and biomineralized tissues) and typical applications to pathology and cell biology will be presented.", "contents": "Microanalysis in biology and medicine. A review of results obtained with three microanalytical methods. Three microanalytical methods have been used : X-ray emission, secondary ion emission and electron energy loss analysis. Althouth X-ray microanalysis is the most used method, many biological problems cannot be solved because of its relatively low sensitivity and inability to analyze light elements. New possibilities are offered by Secondary Ion Mass Analysis and Electron Energy Loss Analysis. Analysis by secondary ion emission permits the study of elements at low and even trace element concentration, and even the lightest elements such as hydrogen and beryllium are detected. Electron Energy Loss Analysis makes possible the study of very small volumes, less than 500 A in diameter. These methods have been applied to the study of a variety of biological tissues (mostly lungs, kidneys and biomineralized tissues) and typical applications to pathology and cell biology will be presented.", "PMID": 524035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1843", "title": "Electron probe analysis of muscle and X-ray mapping of biological specimens with a field emission gun.", "content": "Recent electron probe analytic studies of freeze-dried cryosections of vascular smooth and vertebrate striated muscle are reviewed. The results show that the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle is not in ionic communication with the extracellular space. Vacuolation by hypertonic solutions and fatigue involves the T-tubule system. The high calcium content of the terminal cisternae of the resting muscle has been quantitated in situ. In smooth muscle, the high Cl content is distributed in the cytoplasm, and mitochondria in rabbit portal vein smooth muscle cells do not contain high concentrations of calcium. Mitochondrial calcium loading in the form of granules is generally due to fiber damage. Nuclear and mitochondrial composition in situ has been quantitated and compared to the composition of the cytoplasm of the same cells. Preliminary phosphorus x-ray maps of smooth muscle show the feasibility of this approach in defining the composition of organelles in thin cryosections. The use of x-ray maps at intermediate resolution is illustrated with tropomyosin paracrystals labelled with Hg-containing dye at the thiol residues. Mercury x-ray maps of such paracrystals show the 40nm periodicity of the thiol groups and their Fourier transforms contain information to a spatial resolution of 10-20nm.", "contents": "Electron probe analysis of muscle and X-ray mapping of biological specimens with a field emission gun. Recent electron probe analytic studies of freeze-dried cryosections of vascular smooth and vertebrate striated muscle are reviewed. The results show that the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle is not in ionic communication with the extracellular space. Vacuolation by hypertonic solutions and fatigue involves the T-tubule system. The high calcium content of the terminal cisternae of the resting muscle has been quantitated in situ. In smooth muscle, the high Cl content is distributed in the cytoplasm, and mitochondria in rabbit portal vein smooth muscle cells do not contain high concentrations of calcium. Mitochondrial calcium loading in the form of granules is generally due to fiber damage. Nuclear and mitochondrial composition in situ has been quantitated and compared to the composition of the cytoplasm of the same cells. Preliminary phosphorus x-ray maps of smooth muscle show the feasibility of this approach in defining the composition of organelles in thin cryosections. The use of x-ray maps at intermediate resolution is illustrated with tropomyosin paracrystals labelled with Hg-containing dye at the thiol residues. Mercury x-ray maps of such paracrystals show the 40nm periodicity of the thiol groups and their Fourier transforms contain information to a spatial resolution of 10-20nm.", "PMID": 524037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1844", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of human prostatic corpora amylacea and corpora calculi, and prostatic calculi.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of human prostatic corpora amylacea and corpora calculi, and prostatic calculi were conducted in order to delineate their etiology and pathogenesis. Scanning electron microscopy was employed in conjunction with histology and transmission electron microscopy in the study of prostatic tissues and concretions obtained from 21 individuals. Results confirmed that desquamated acinar cells contribute to the formation and growth of corpora amylacea. A variation in density of the matrix of the matrix of the corpora produces a laminated structure. The deposition of hydroxyapatite crystallites in corpora amylacea leads to the formation of corpora calculi. Further growth and mineralization of corpora calculi lead to the development of the more clinically significant prostatic calculi. Small spherical aggregates (from 0.5 to 5 micron in diameter) of hydroxyapatite crystallites are a prevalent constituent of the corpora and prostatic calculi. Similar spherical aggregates of hydroxyapatite crystallites have also been identified in urinary calculi and other pathologic tissues suggesting similar mechanisms of mineral precipitation.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of human prostatic corpora amylacea and corpora calculi, and prostatic calculi. Ultrastructural studies of human prostatic corpora amylacea and corpora calculi, and prostatic calculi were conducted in order to delineate their etiology and pathogenesis. Scanning electron microscopy was employed in conjunction with histology and transmission electron microscopy in the study of prostatic tissues and concretions obtained from 21 individuals. Results confirmed that desquamated acinar cells contribute to the formation and growth of corpora amylacea. A variation in density of the matrix of the matrix of the corpora produces a laminated structure. The deposition of hydroxyapatite crystallites in corpora amylacea leads to the formation of corpora calculi. Further growth and mineralization of corpora calculi lead to the development of the more clinically significant prostatic calculi. Small spherical aggregates (from 0.5 to 5 micron in diameter) of hydroxyapatite crystallites are a prevalent constituent of the corpora and prostatic calculi. Similar spherical aggregates of hydroxyapatite crystallites have also been identified in urinary calculi and other pathologic tissues suggesting similar mechanisms of mineral precipitation.", "PMID": 524038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1845", "title": "Intracellular electrolyte concentrations in epithelial tissue during various functional states.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope together with an energy dispersive system was used to quantify intracellular elemental concentrations of transporting epithelial cells under a variety of experimental conditions. In the frog skin, the Na transport pool is comprised of the intracellular compartments of all vital cells in the different cell layers, except the mitochondria rich cells. The Na content of this transport pool exchanges easily with the epithelial (outer) bathing solution. Vasopressin increases the Na permeability of the corial cell barrier. Proximal and distal tubular cells of the rat kidney show differences in the pattern of intracellular element concentrations. The distal tubular cell is more resistant to 20 min of ischemia than the proximal cell. The changes in intracellular electrolyte concentrations following 60 min of ischemia are reversible after reperfusing the kidney with blood for 60 min. In the cells of the frog skin and rat kidney, Na and K were equally distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Differences exist for P, Cl and dry weight.", "contents": "Intracellular electrolyte concentrations in epithelial tissue during various functional states. The scanning electron microscope together with an energy dispersive system was used to quantify intracellular elemental concentrations of transporting epithelial cells under a variety of experimental conditions. In the frog skin, the Na transport pool is comprised of the intracellular compartments of all vital cells in the different cell layers, except the mitochondria rich cells. The Na content of this transport pool exchanges easily with the epithelial (outer) bathing solution. Vasopressin increases the Na permeability of the corial cell barrier. Proximal and distal tubular cells of the rat kidney show differences in the pattern of intracellular element concentrations. The distal tubular cell is more resistant to 20 min of ischemia than the proximal cell. The changes in intracellular electrolyte concentrations following 60 min of ischemia are reversible after reperfusing the kidney with blood for 60 min. In the cells of the frog skin and rat kidney, Na and K were equally distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Differences exist for P, Cl and dry weight.", "PMID": 524039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1846", "title": "X-ray analysis of pathological calcifications including urinary stones.", "content": "Electron-probe microanalysis (EPM) is an ideal technique with which to study biological calcification. It is particularly effective in identification of crystalline or non-crystalline deposits of minute size in tissues, and in detecting artifacts which may occur during tissue processing. Human aorta, aortic valves, tumours, joint fluid, and calculus specimens were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EPM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (ED). Crystals found in the specimens were definitively identified by combined SEM-EPM. It is apparent that EPM is an invaluable tool that will potentially improve the acuity of 'in house' laboratory diagnosis of many pathological calcifications.", "contents": "X-ray analysis of pathological calcifications including urinary stones. Electron-probe microanalysis (EPM) is an ideal technique with which to study biological calcification. It is particularly effective in identification of crystalline or non-crystalline deposits of minute size in tissues, and in detecting artifacts which may occur during tissue processing. Human aorta, aortic valves, tumours, joint fluid, and calculus specimens were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EPM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (ED). Crystals found in the specimens were definitively identified by combined SEM-EPM. It is apparent that EPM is an invaluable tool that will potentially improve the acuity of 'in house' laboratory diagnosis of many pathological calcifications.", "PMID": 524040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1847", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of collecting lymphatic vessels and their comparison to arteries and veins.", "content": "The morphology of canine thoracic duct and peripheral collecting lymphatics was determined using light microscopy together with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The thoracic duct was compared to the thoracic aorta and to the vena cava. Luminal surface detail was determined using the secondary imaging mode of the SEM. Subsurface nuclear and connective tissue detail was determined using back-scattered electron imagining combined with Willard's modification of Gomori's Methenamine Silver Stain. Central and peripheral lymphatic vessels have surface morphology distinct from either arteries or veins. The endothelial cell density in lymphatic vessels is less than in arteries or veins. The nuclear chromatin of lymphatic endothelial cells is coarsely granular and evenly distributed. This contrasts with nuclei from arteries or veins in which the chromatin is segmented. The distribution and orientation of lymphatic subsurface connective tissue fibers also differs from that seen in arteries and veins. It is concluded that canine lymphatic vessels have a unique surface and subsurface morphology and can be unequivocally identified by SEM.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of collecting lymphatic vessels and their comparison to arteries and veins. The morphology of canine thoracic duct and peripheral collecting lymphatics was determined using light microscopy together with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The thoracic duct was compared to the thoracic aorta and to the vena cava. Luminal surface detail was determined using the secondary imaging mode of the SEM. Subsurface nuclear and connective tissue detail was determined using back-scattered electron imagining combined with Willard's modification of Gomori's Methenamine Silver Stain. Central and peripheral lymphatic vessels have surface morphology distinct from either arteries or veins. The endothelial cell density in lymphatic vessels is less than in arteries or veins. The nuclear chromatin of lymphatic endothelial cells is coarsely granular and evenly distributed. This contrasts with nuclei from arteries or veins in which the chromatin is segmented. The distribution and orientation of lymphatic subsurface connective tissue fibers also differs from that seen in arteries and veins. It is concluded that canine lymphatic vessels have a unique surface and subsurface morphology and can be unequivocally identified by SEM.", "PMID": 524042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1848", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the parimarginal cavernous sinus plexus of the human spleen.", "content": "The perifolicular region of the human spleen was studied under the scanning electron microscope. The marginal zone 10 to 50 micron in width was located around the white pulp, and was composed of concentrically arranged reticulum cell networks and intervening lymphocytes, red blood cells and macrophages. The cavernous sinuses 10-150 micron in width were situated between the marginal zone and the red pulp, and were lined by thin, flat endothelia. The perimarginal cavernous sinuses communicated with one another through narrow canals and formed a plexus. Transmural passages of lymphocytes were noted on the side of the white pulp. The perimarginal cavernous sinus plexus was also in communication with the interspaces between reticulum cells in the marginal zone. The human perimarginal cavernous sinus plexus appears to correspond to the marginal sinus in rat and rabbit spleens.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the parimarginal cavernous sinus plexus of the human spleen. The perifolicular region of the human spleen was studied under the scanning electron microscope. The marginal zone 10 to 50 micron in width was located around the white pulp, and was composed of concentrically arranged reticulum cell networks and intervening lymphocytes, red blood cells and macrophages. The cavernous sinuses 10-150 micron in width were situated between the marginal zone and the red pulp, and were lined by thin, flat endothelia. The perimarginal cavernous sinuses communicated with one another through narrow canals and formed a plexus. Transmural passages of lymphocytes were noted on the side of the white pulp. The perimarginal cavernous sinus plexus was also in communication with the interspaces between reticulum cells in the marginal zone. The human perimarginal cavernous sinus plexus appears to correspond to the marginal sinus in rat and rabbit spleens.", "PMID": 524043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1849", "title": "Techniques for quantitative organic analysis in microdroplets.", "content": "Techniques are described for the chemical analysis of urea by means of X-ray microanalysis. A selective labelling reagent, thioxanthen-9-ol, is used to precipitate urea together with a sulfur label. Reagents are added to and removed from microdroplets of 50 picoliter volume by means of oil-water partition. The sensitivity of the method is less than 1 picomole. The possibility of extension of these techniques to other analyses is discussed.", "contents": "Techniques for quantitative organic analysis in microdroplets. Techniques are described for the chemical analysis of urea by means of X-ray microanalysis. A selective labelling reagent, thioxanthen-9-ol, is used to precipitate urea together with a sulfur label. Reagents are added to and removed from microdroplets of 50 picoliter volume by means of oil-water partition. The sensitivity of the method is less than 1 picomole. The possibility of extension of these techniques to other analyses is discussed.", "PMID": 524044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1850", "title": "Metal binding by intestinal mucus.", "content": "Electron probe microanalysis offers distinct advantages for the study of intestinal mucus. This technique permits analysis of metal binding in situ, requires only a small amount of tissue, allows several experiments to be performed with one animal, and can resolve variations in binding that may occur in different portions of the intestine. We have used electron probe microanalysis to examine the metal binding capacity of intestinal mucus in situ.  We have exposed portions of excised intestine to various concentrations of several metals, rapidly frozen the tissue and freeze dried it. After anhydrous embedding, thick sections were cut and analyzed on silicon discs or carbon coated copper grids. Qualitative analysis shows two distinctive patterns of distribution. The results of this work show clearly that at least three divalent cations are bound by mucus, that mucus exhibits different affinities for different metals, and that binding of metals is not uniform throughout mucus.", "contents": "Metal binding by intestinal mucus. Electron probe microanalysis offers distinct advantages for the study of intestinal mucus. This technique permits analysis of metal binding in situ, requires only a small amount of tissue, allows several experiments to be performed with one animal, and can resolve variations in binding that may occur in different portions of the intestine. We have used electron probe microanalysis to examine the metal binding capacity of intestinal mucus in situ.  We have exposed portions of excised intestine to various concentrations of several metals, rapidly frozen the tissue and freeze dried it. After anhydrous embedding, thick sections were cut and analyzed on silicon discs or carbon coated copper grids. Qualitative analysis shows two distinctive patterns of distribution. The results of this work show clearly that at least three divalent cations are bound by mucus, that mucus exhibits different affinities for different metals, and that binding of metals is not uniform throughout mucus.", "PMID": 524047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1851", "title": "Vascular organ culture: prevention of endothelial damage due to removal and reperfusion.", "content": "Endothelial cell damage is recognized as a complication in blood vessels which are excised and reperfused for grafting or vascular organ culture. We demonstrate that the damage consists of lifting, crenation and detachment of endothelial cells, partially due to contracture and forceful redilation of the vessel wall. We use a mechanical brace and smooth muscle cell relaxation with papaverine to maintain length and circumference of rabbit carotid arteries during removal and reperfusion. With this technique, a considerable degree of morphological preservation of the endothelial cell layer can be achieved in isolated and perfused vessel segments. Furthermore, this principle of endothelial cell preservation by prevention of contracture during vessel preparation may be applicable clinically.", "contents": "Vascular organ culture: prevention of endothelial damage due to removal and reperfusion. Endothelial cell damage is recognized as a complication in blood vessels which are excised and reperfused for grafting or vascular organ culture. We demonstrate that the damage consists of lifting, crenation and detachment of endothelial cells, partially due to contracture and forceful redilation of the vessel wall. We use a mechanical brace and smooth muscle cell relaxation with papaverine to maintain length and circumference of rabbit carotid arteries during removal and reperfusion. With this technique, a considerable degree of morphological preservation of the endothelial cell layer can be achieved in isolated and perfused vessel segments. Furthermore, this principle of endothelial cell preservation by prevention of contracture during vessel preparation may be applicable clinically.", "PMID": 524055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1852", "title": "Scanning electron microscope surface morphometry of type II alveolar lung cell response to urethane in strain A mice.", "content": "Quantitative scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the time course of type II cell hyperplasia in mice exposed to a single i.p. injection of urethane is presented. Counts of type II cells from random alveoli suggest that, compared to controls, a significant depression in type II cell numbers occurs during the first week, followed by a doubling in the next 3 to 4 week period. This supports conclusions of earlier studies done with thin sections and light morphometric techniques. The use of a SEM as the morphometric tool is statistically more efficient, however, since initial sample preparation is easier, samples are larger in area, resolution is higher and, most importantly, the amount of surface area available for examination is many times greater than that presented by light microscope examination of cross sections with equivalent magnification.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope surface morphometry of type II alveolar lung cell response to urethane in strain A mice. Quantitative scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the time course of type II cell hyperplasia in mice exposed to a single i.p. injection of urethane is presented. Counts of type II cells from random alveoli suggest that, compared to controls, a significant depression in type II cell numbers occurs during the first week, followed by a doubling in the next 3 to 4 week period. This supports conclusions of earlier studies done with thin sections and light morphometric techniques. The use of a SEM as the morphometric tool is statistically more efficient, however, since initial sample preparation is easier, samples are larger in area, resolution is higher and, most importantly, the amount of surface area available for examination is many times greater than that presented by light microscope examination of cross sections with equivalent magnification.", "PMID": 524061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1853", "title": "Human natural killer cell activity is augmented by interferon via recruitment of 'pre-NK' cells.", "content": "Contact with various cell-line targets increases the natural killer (NK) activity of human lymphocytes. Supernatants of such 20 h co-cultures augment the NK activity of virgin lymphocyte populations, and the augmenting factor penetrates 0.2 micrometer Millipore filters. The supernatants also contain interferon, and partially purified human leucocyte interferon increases NK activity when added to 20 h assays with 51Cr-labelled K-562 target cells. Potent anti-interferon antiserum added to the co-cultures inhibits the target-cell-induced augmentation phenomenon. Both the target-cell contact and interferon-induced augmentation affect a population of human lymphocytes, from which the 'mature' NK cells have been removed by adsorption-elution using fetal fibroblasts as adsorbents. The activity of 'mature' NK cells is not enhanced, and we conclude that the augmentation is mediated by recruitment of 'pre-NK' cells.", "contents": "Human natural killer cell activity is augmented by interferon via recruitment of 'pre-NK' cells. Contact with various cell-line targets increases the natural killer (NK) activity of human lymphocytes. Supernatants of such 20 h co-cultures augment the NK activity of virgin lymphocyte populations, and the augmenting factor penetrates 0.2 micrometer Millipore filters. The supernatants also contain interferon, and partially purified human leucocyte interferon increases NK activity when added to 20 h assays with 51Cr-labelled K-562 target cells. Potent anti-interferon antiserum added to the co-cultures inhibits the target-cell-induced augmentation phenomenon. Both the target-cell contact and interferon-induced augmentation affect a population of human lymphocytes, from which the 'mature' NK cells have been removed by adsorption-elution using fetal fibroblasts as adsorbents. The activity of 'mature' NK cells is not enhanced, and we conclude that the augmentation is mediated by recruitment of 'pre-NK' cells.", "PMID": 524066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1854", "title": "Herpes zoster in infancy.", "content": "Three cases of herpes zoster occurring in infancy are reported. In each case the mother had chickenpox in pregnancy.", "contents": "Herpes zoster in infancy. Three cases of herpes zoster occurring in infancy are reported. In each case the mother had chickenpox in pregnancy.", "PMID": 524067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1855", "title": "Septicemia I. A prospective study on etiology, underlying factors and sources of infection.", "content": "In a prospective study, 110 cases of proved and 41 of probable septicemia were analysed. Underlying diseases or factors were common, also in young patients, often narcotic drug or alcohol abusers. In one third, septicemia was probably hospital-acquired. Streptococci, staphylococci and gram-negative enteric rods were most common, followed by pneumococci and haemophilus species. Staphylococci and gram-negative enteric rods dominated in patients hospitalized at or before the onset of disease, and staphylococci in patients with vascular foreign bodies and in drug addicts. Enteric rods were common in elderly patients with urogenital disease, especially after instrumentation. Among streptococci, alpha-streptococci dominated; they did not emanate as often from dental foci as expected. In 2 of 3 asplenic patients with extensive hemorrhages pneumococci were found. Bacteria of low virulence and fungi occurring as opportunists were rare. Mixed infections, present in 4 cases, were severe. Portals of entry could often be proved or assumed. In half of all patients, the same organism was isolated from a primary focus as from blood. The importance of underlying illnesses and factors and of invasive procedures was evident. A tentative etiological diagnosis could often be made, based on case history, underlying factors and the probable portal of entry.", "contents": "Septicemia I. A prospective study on etiology, underlying factors and sources of infection. In a prospective study, 110 cases of proved and 41 of probable septicemia were analysed. Underlying diseases or factors were common, also in young patients, often narcotic drug or alcohol abusers. In one third, septicemia was probably hospital-acquired. Streptococci, staphylococci and gram-negative enteric rods were most common, followed by pneumococci and haemophilus species. Staphylococci and gram-negative enteric rods dominated in patients hospitalized at or before the onset of disease, and staphylococci in patients with vascular foreign bodies and in drug addicts. Enteric rods were common in elderly patients with urogenital disease, especially after instrumentation. Among streptococci, alpha-streptococci dominated; they did not emanate as often from dental foci as expected. In 2 of 3 asplenic patients with extensive hemorrhages pneumococci were found. Bacteria of low virulence and fungi occurring as opportunists were rare. Mixed infections, present in 4 cases, were severe. Portals of entry could often be proved or assumed. In half of all patients, the same organism was isolated from a primary focus as from blood. The importance of underlying illnesses and factors and of invasive procedures was evident. A tentative etiological diagnosis could often be made, based on case history, underlying factors and the probable portal of entry.", "PMID": 524068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1856", "title": "Anthrax in children: a long forgotten, potentially fatal infection.", "content": "After a brief account of anthrax morbidity in northern Greece in recent years, 4 cases in 1977 of cutaneous anthrax in 10 to 13-year-old children are presented. Two had an atypical cutaneous lesion. In 1 of these, a 13-year-old girl, the disease was complicated by severe, eventually fatal meningitis. Death ensued despite intensive treatment with high doses of penicillin and hydrocortisone. This case is the first report of anthrax meningitis in a child in Greece and the third reported in the last 15 years. We stress the diagnostic difficulties in atypical cases of cutaneous anthrax and the need for early diagnosis and treatment to avoid spread of infection and appearance of complications such as the usually fatal meningitis.", "contents": "Anthrax in children: a long forgotten, potentially fatal infection. After a brief account of anthrax morbidity in northern Greece in recent years, 4 cases in 1977 of cutaneous anthrax in 10 to 13-year-old children are presented. Two had an atypical cutaneous lesion. In 1 of these, a 13-year-old girl, the disease was complicated by severe, eventually fatal meningitis. Death ensued despite intensive treatment with high doses of penicillin and hydrocortisone. This case is the first report of anthrax meningitis in a child in Greece and the third reported in the last 15 years. We stress the diagnostic difficulties in atypical cases of cutaneous anthrax and the need for early diagnosis and treatment to avoid spread of infection and appearance of complications such as the usually fatal meningitis.", "PMID": 524069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1857", "title": "Evaluation of spiramycin in meningococcal carriage.", "content": "Spiramycin was administered to healthy carriers of meningococci in doses of 1.5 g twice daily or 2.5 g once daily for 3 days, or 1.5 g once daily for 10 days. Meningococci were eliminated from the nasopharynx and throat in approximately 50% of the carriers with all dose schedules. In the remaining carriers only a temporary suppression of the strain was achieved. Elimination occurred only in carriers where spiramycin saliva concentrations reached or surpassed the MIC value of respective strain for 42 h or more. Evidence of reinfection from close contacts was not obtained. Due to side effects the dose of spiramycin could not be increased. Further trials with spiramycin as the sole agent for eliminating meningococci in carriers do not seem warranted.", "contents": "Evaluation of spiramycin in meningococcal carriage. Spiramycin was administered to healthy carriers of meningococci in doses of 1.5 g twice daily or 2.5 g once daily for 3 days, or 1.5 g once daily for 10 days. Meningococci were eliminated from the nasopharynx and throat in approximately 50% of the carriers with all dose schedules. In the remaining carriers only a temporary suppression of the strain was achieved. Elimination occurred only in carriers where spiramycin saliva concentrations reached or surpassed the MIC value of respective strain for 42 h or more. Evidence of reinfection from close contacts was not obtained. Due to side effects the dose of spiramycin could not be increased. Further trials with spiramycin as the sole agent for eliminating meningococci in carriers do not seem warranted.", "PMID": 524070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1858", "title": "The influence of different footwear on floor contamination.", "content": "The importance of walking as a source of floor contamination and the influence of different footwear routines on floor contamination was evaluated. The contamination of a floor due to walking was about 16 times higher than contamination of the floor due to sedimentation only, measured with impression plates. No significant difference in floor contamination could be seen with different footwear (ordinary shoes, clean shoes, shoe covers). In all experiments the amount of bacteria, was low in the morning and increased in the middle of the day when a steady state seemed to be reached. The number of Staphylococcus aureus continued to increase. A footwear regimen is only recommended in areas where floors are cleaned frequently during the day as in operating wards.", "contents": "The influence of different footwear on floor contamination. The importance of walking as a source of floor contamination and the influence of different footwear routines on floor contamination was evaluated. The contamination of a floor due to walking was about 16 times higher than contamination of the floor due to sedimentation only, measured with impression plates. No significant difference in floor contamination could be seen with different footwear (ordinary shoes, clean shoes, shoe covers). In all experiments the amount of bacteria, was low in the morning and increased in the middle of the day when a steady state seemed to be reached. The number of Staphylococcus aureus continued to increase. A footwear regimen is only recommended in areas where floors are cleaned frequently during the day as in operating wards.", "PMID": 524071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1859", "title": "Doxycycline prophylaxis in fracture surgery.", "content": "Doxycycline was given as preventive preoperative treatment to 64 patients with fractured collum femoris. 46 patients, not administered doxycycline, served as controls. The overall incidence of postoperative infection was 6.3 and 6.5% in treated and control groups respectively. It is concluded that doxycycline preventive treatment offers no advantage in this type of operative procedure.", "contents": "Doxycycline prophylaxis in fracture surgery. Doxycycline was given as preventive preoperative treatment to 64 patients with fractured collum femoris. 46 patients, not administered doxycycline, served as controls. The overall incidence of postoperative infection was 6.3 and 6.5% in treated and control groups respectively. It is concluded that doxycycline preventive treatment offers no advantage in this type of operative procedure.", "PMID": 524072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1860", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection and sarcoidosis. A report of seven cases.", "content": "Sarcoidosis of recent onset was diagnosed during a Yersinia enterocolitica infection in seven patients at the Copenhagen County Hospitals during a 3 1/2 year period. In all cases the diagnosis was made from clinical symptoms and confirmed by chest X-ray and biopsy. In five of the patients a fourfold rise or decrease was measured in the antibody titre against Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype 3, confirming an acute infection. In another two patients this titre remained significantly elevated greater than or equal to 80, indicating chronic infection. Five patients experienced joint symptoms and four erythema nodosum, symptoms common to both yersiniosis and sarcoidosis. A follow-up examination 14 to 41 months after the debut of sarcoidosis showed total remission (including chest X-ray and respiratory function) in five of the seven patients. Recent research has shown that Yersinia enterocolitica following the early stage of the infection causes granulomatous lesions in lymph follicles, and this aetiology should thus be considered as a differential diagnosis to sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection and sarcoidosis. A report of seven cases. Sarcoidosis of recent onset was diagnosed during a Yersinia enterocolitica infection in seven patients at the Copenhagen County Hospitals during a 3 1/2 year period. In all cases the diagnosis was made from clinical symptoms and confirmed by chest X-ray and biopsy. In five of the patients a fourfold rise or decrease was measured in the antibody titre against Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype 3, confirming an acute infection. In another two patients this titre remained significantly elevated greater than or equal to 80, indicating chronic infection. Five patients experienced joint symptoms and four erythema nodosum, symptoms common to both yersiniosis and sarcoidosis. A follow-up examination 14 to 41 months after the debut of sarcoidosis showed total remission (including chest X-ray and respiratory function) in five of the seven patients. Recent research has shown that Yersinia enterocolitica following the early stage of the infection causes granulomatous lesions in lymph follicles, and this aetiology should thus be considered as a differential diagnosis to sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 524073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1861", "title": "Depression of nasal mucociliary transport by an aerosol hair-spray.", "content": "The nasal mucociliary transport was measured on 15 healthy test subjects, using the saccharine method, before and after exposure to hair-spray and Freon. The hair-spray reduced the mucociliary transport in the nose for more than 1 h, whereas Freon had no effect. Hair-spray must be considered potentially dangerous, and investigations of the mucociliary transport in persons subject to prolonged exposure to hair-spray (ladies' hairdressers) must be relevant.", "contents": "Depression of nasal mucociliary transport by an aerosol hair-spray. The nasal mucociliary transport was measured on 15 healthy test subjects, using the saccharine method, before and after exposure to hair-spray and Freon. The hair-spray reduced the mucociliary transport in the nose for more than 1 h, whereas Freon had no effect. Hair-spray must be considered potentially dangerous, and investigations of the mucociliary transport in persons subject to prolonged exposure to hair-spray (ladies' hairdressers) must be relevant.", "PMID": 524074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1862", "title": "Prevalence and manifestations of obstructive lung disease in the city of Oslo.", "content": "A stratified random sample of 1209 subjects aged 16--69 was examined in Oslo, Norway in 1973--74 by a team of 11 chest physicians. They used information from a standardized interview and clinical examination, radiographs and ventilatory function tests to make a diagnostic decision. The within-observer agreement for the diagnosis bronchial asthma and the composite group obstructive lung disease (OLD) was 87% and 80%, respectively. More than 80% of maximal between-observer agreement was observed for these two entities. The point prevalence estimate of chest physicians' diagnosis of obstructive lung disease (OLD) was 5.5%, comprising bronchial asthma 1.4% and chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) 4.1%. The prevalence of COLD increased with age, and it was four times more frequent in smokers/ex-smokers than in non-smokers. The prevalence of bronchial asthma showed no relation to age or smoking. Individuals aged 20--69 years with bronchial asthma, COLD and OLD, had 1 sec forced expiratory volumes of 83%, 71% and 74% of predicted values, respectively. A previous history of hay fever was reported five times more frequently by those with bronchial asthma than in the survey population. Disability pension was received by 15% of those with OLD.", "contents": "Prevalence and manifestations of obstructive lung disease in the city of Oslo. A stratified random sample of 1209 subjects aged 16--69 was examined in Oslo, Norway in 1973--74 by a team of 11 chest physicians. They used information from a standardized interview and clinical examination, radiographs and ventilatory function tests to make a diagnostic decision. The within-observer agreement for the diagnosis bronchial asthma and the composite group obstructive lung disease (OLD) was 87% and 80%, respectively. More than 80% of maximal between-observer agreement was observed for these two entities. The point prevalence estimate of chest physicians' diagnosis of obstructive lung disease (OLD) was 5.5%, comprising bronchial asthma 1.4% and chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) 4.1%. The prevalence of COLD increased with age, and it was four times more frequent in smokers/ex-smokers than in non-smokers. The prevalence of bronchial asthma showed no relation to age or smoking. Individuals aged 20--69 years with bronchial asthma, COLD and OLD, had 1 sec forced expiratory volumes of 83%, 71% and 74% of predicted values, respectively. A previous history of hay fever was reported five times more frequently by those with bronchial asthma than in the survey population. Disability pension was received by 15% of those with OLD.", "PMID": 524075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1863", "title": "Survival in lung cancer after surgery.", "content": "In 1053 patients hospitalized for primary lung cancer the overall crude survival rate (5 years) was 15.5%. Prognostically favourable indices were: absence of clinical symptoms (27% survival) and a peripheral site of tumour in the lung (28% survival). Duration of symptoms, when present, had no consistent influence on prognosis. Resection could be done in 419 cases. In this group the 5 years survival rate was strongly related to the extent of surgery and the completeness of resection. Cases with a radical lobectomy had a survival rate of 52% against 9% only in patients with a pneumonectomy that might not have been radical. Of 33 cases of resected small cell anaplastic cancer, 10 survived more than 5 years. This unexpectedly high survival rate persisted after revision of the histological typing and may justify an active surgical attitude even in this group of patients. Although hardly decisive in this context, confusion between the comprehensive term small cell carcinoma and its subtype, oat cell cancer, should be avoided.", "contents": "Survival in lung cancer after surgery. In 1053 patients hospitalized for primary lung cancer the overall crude survival rate (5 years) was 15.5%. Prognostically favourable indices were: absence of clinical symptoms (27% survival) and a peripheral site of tumour in the lung (28% survival). Duration of symptoms, when present, had no consistent influence on prognosis. Resection could be done in 419 cases. In this group the 5 years survival rate was strongly related to the extent of surgery and the completeness of resection. Cases with a radical lobectomy had a survival rate of 52% against 9% only in patients with a pneumonectomy that might not have been radical. Of 33 cases of resected small cell anaplastic cancer, 10 survived more than 5 years. This unexpectedly high survival rate persisted after revision of the histological typing and may justify an active surgical attitude even in this group of patients. Although hardly decisive in this context, confusion between the comprehensive term small cell carcinoma and its subtype, oat cell cancer, should be avoided.", "PMID": 524076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1864", "title": "Adjustment and behaviour of Finnish and Southern European immigrant children in Stockholm. I. The teachers' assessment.", "content": "The adjustment and behaviour of immigrant schoolchildren were studied by means of teacher interviews. The material consisted of 50 Finnish and 37 southern European children. For comparison, 44 Swedish migrant children were also sampled. All had settled in the County of Stockholm three years prior to the study. Swedish children who had lived in the county for more than four years served as controls. In the teachers' opinions the immigrants as a whole had adjustment difficulties more often than the controls, but the proportion of children with such difficulties was no higher among the immigrant children. Compared with the controls the immigrant children showed a higher frequency of symptoms relating to a disordered self-esteem. The immigrant children were also considered to have a lower status and to be less trustworthy than the controls. The schooling of these children demands serious attention in order to prevent discrimination and to promote a feeling of personal worth among the children.", "contents": "Adjustment and behaviour of Finnish and Southern European immigrant children in Stockholm. I. The teachers' assessment. The adjustment and behaviour of immigrant schoolchildren were studied by means of teacher interviews. The material consisted of 50 Finnish and 37 southern European children. For comparison, 44 Swedish migrant children were also sampled. All had settled in the County of Stockholm three years prior to the study. Swedish children who had lived in the county for more than four years served as controls. In the teachers' opinions the immigrants as a whole had adjustment difficulties more often than the controls, but the proportion of children with such difficulties was no higher among the immigrant children. Compared with the controls the immigrant children showed a higher frequency of symptoms relating to a disordered self-esteem. The immigrant children were also considered to have a lower status and to be less trustworthy than the controls. The schooling of these children demands serious attention in order to prevent discrimination and to promote a feeling of personal worth among the children.", "PMID": 524077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1865", "title": "The mortality of male old-age pensioners following spouse's death.", "content": "The effect of the death of the spouse on mortality of retired men was investigated. The material comprised 939 married men retired on old age pension, 174 of whom had lost their spouse after retirement. During the first six months following the wife's death, more than the expected number died, though no increase in mortality could be shown over a longer term. Circulatory diseases and tumours were over-represented as causes of death among those who died within six months of the wife's death. Loss of an important object relationship may lead to sudden cardiac death, or the development of a disease may be accelerated.", "contents": "The mortality of male old-age pensioners following spouse's death. The effect of the death of the spouse on mortality of retired men was investigated. The material comprised 939 married men retired on old age pension, 174 of whom had lost their spouse after retirement. During the first six months following the wife's death, more than the expected number died, though no increase in mortality could be shown over a longer term. Circulatory diseases and tumours were over-represented as causes of death among those who died within six months of the wife's death. Loss of an important object relationship may lead to sudden cardiac death, or the development of a disease may be accelerated.", "PMID": 524078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1866", "title": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. VI. Education, intellectual ability and occupation.", "content": "The relationships between occupation, education and intellectual ability at 30 years of age are analysed with particular reference to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. Data utilized are derived from interviews, psychological tests, local files of various schools, and journals of the National Services for Mentally Retarded. The study comprises all live births in the year 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen, a total of 1570 persons. A sample was taken from this cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at age 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) or received care from the Services for the Mentally Retarded (SMR). The final sample consisted of 262 persons. A relationship was found for both sexes between type of school attended at the age of 14 years and level of general education at the age of 30. For men, both occupational training acquired and intellecutal ability at 30 years were also clearly related to type of school attended at age 14 years. The test performance of the male group was superior to that of the female group. Differing careers in the two sexes may provide a clue as to the reason underlying this finding.", "contents": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. VI. Education, intellectual ability and occupation. The relationships between occupation, education and intellectual ability at 30 years of age are analysed with particular reference to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. Data utilized are derived from interviews, psychological tests, local files of various schools, and journals of the National Services for Mentally Retarded. The study comprises all live births in the year 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen, a total of 1570 persons. A sample was taken from this cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at age 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) or received care from the Services for the Mentally Retarded (SMR). The final sample consisted of 262 persons. A relationship was found for both sexes between type of school attended at the age of 14 years and level of general education at the age of 30. For men, both occupational training acquired and intellecutal ability at 30 years were also clearly related to type of school attended at age 14 years. The test performance of the male group was superior to that of the female group. Differing careers in the two sexes may provide a clue as to the reason underlying this finding.", "PMID": 524079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1867", "title": "Seasonal variations in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm.", "content": "The aim of the present paper was to ascertain whether or not there is a seasonal trend in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Stockholm. The material consisted of hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of AMI, recorded in a medical information system, and of deaths recorded in the cause-of-death register. The hospital stays and the deaths together totalled 4020 cases of AMI occurring in 1973. In contrast to the results of other studies, no seasonal trend was found.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm. The aim of the present paper was to ascertain whether or not there is a seasonal trend in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Stockholm. The material consisted of hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of AMI, recorded in a medical information system, and of deaths recorded in the cause-of-death register. The hospital stays and the deaths together totalled 4020 cases of AMI occurring in 1973. In contrast to the results of other studies, no seasonal trend was found.", "PMID": 524080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1868", "title": "Health complaints and work conditions among lacquerers in the Danish furniture industry.", "content": "In the present work, morbidity rates were based upon 418 replies to postal inquiries sent to 478 members of the carpenters/cabinet makers trade union in the Arhus area of Denmark. Lacquerers, when compared with former lacquerers and non-lacquerers, have an excess of neurophysiological symptoms and symptoms from the respiratory tract. The statistical association between exposure to lacquers and lung symptoms persists after checking for differences in age, smoking habits, and exposure to dust. Organic solvents are an important component of lacquers. Far too little is yet known of solvents' long-term effects on the human body. Most of our present knowledge concerns the short-term toxic effects on the nervous system. This study further points out a relation between lung symptoms and exposure to organic solvents, and it is suggested that further research into this association must be carried out.", "contents": "Health complaints and work conditions among lacquerers in the Danish furniture industry. In the present work, morbidity rates were based upon 418 replies to postal inquiries sent to 478 members of the carpenters/cabinet makers trade union in the Arhus area of Denmark. Lacquerers, when compared with former lacquerers and non-lacquerers, have an excess of neurophysiological symptoms and symptoms from the respiratory tract. The statistical association between exposure to lacquers and lung symptoms persists after checking for differences in age, smoking habits, and exposure to dust. Organic solvents are an important component of lacquers. Far too little is yet known of solvents' long-term effects on the human body. Most of our present knowledge concerns the short-term toxic effects on the nervous system. This study further points out a relation between lung symptoms and exposure to organic solvents, and it is suggested that further research into this association must be carried out.", "PMID": 524083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1869", "title": "Municipal occupational health services for small workplaces. Background and general methodology of the study.", "content": "This paper deals with the new Occupational Health Service Act of Finland, as well as the background, scope and general methodology of a walk-through survey. The study comprised 163 small places of work within two municipal health center areas, and the primary objective was to determine their need for actual occupational health services. The workplaces were surveyed for a comprehensive picture of their physical and chemical hazards, as well as for knowledge of first-aid preparedness, need for job-related health counseling, personnel facilities, personal protection, and the required ergonomic and safety activities at the workplaces within the community. This ad-hoc information was considered essential for the planning of a nationwide occupational health program, and, more specifically, an assessment could be made of the utility of health personnel in reducing and preventing occupational health and safety risks at small places of work. More specific details of the sample and methodology are reported in other communications.", "contents": "Municipal occupational health services for small workplaces. Background and general methodology of the study. This paper deals with the new Occupational Health Service Act of Finland, as well as the background, scope and general methodology of a walk-through survey. The study comprised 163 small places of work within two municipal health center areas, and the primary objective was to determine their need for actual occupational health services. The workplaces were surveyed for a comprehensive picture of their physical and chemical hazards, as well as for knowledge of first-aid preparedness, need for job-related health counseling, personnel facilities, personal protection, and the required ergonomic and safety activities at the workplaces within the community. This ad-hoc information was considered essential for the planning of a nationwide occupational health program, and, more specifically, an assessment could be made of the utility of health personnel in reducing and preventing occupational health and safety risks at small places of work. More specific details of the sample and methodology are reported in other communications.", "PMID": 524084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1870", "title": "First-aid preparedness in small workplaces with special reference to occupational health services.", "content": "First-aid preparedness was surveyed in 163 small firms employing 2,400 persons. Although 11% of the employees had received first-aid training, half of the firms lacked first-aiders. Only one-fourth of the first-aid kits were equipped according to instructions. Checking and maintenance of the equipment, as well as information about first aid at the place of work, were generally inadequate. Instructions were commonly lacking for the safe use of chemical substances. Only 9% of the firms fully complied with the requirements for optimum first-aid preparedness. Employers at small firms seem not to be sufficiently aware of their liabilities with regard to first aid. Yet, most of the faults and defects could be corrected by means of arrangements within the firms once the instructions were better known. During their visits to places of work occupational health personnel should inspect the first-aid preparedness and advise the employer on first-aid requirements. In addition the expertise of the insurance company, the local Red Cross or the regional institute of occupational health may be utilized.", "contents": "First-aid preparedness in small workplaces with special reference to occupational health services. First-aid preparedness was surveyed in 163 small firms employing 2,400 persons. Although 11% of the employees had received first-aid training, half of the firms lacked first-aiders. Only one-fourth of the first-aid kits were equipped according to instructions. Checking and maintenance of the equipment, as well as information about first aid at the place of work, were generally inadequate. Instructions were commonly lacking for the safe use of chemical substances. Only 9% of the firms fully complied with the requirements for optimum first-aid preparedness. Employers at small firms seem not to be sufficiently aware of their liabilities with regard to first aid. Yet, most of the faults and defects could be corrected by means of arrangements within the firms once the instructions were better known. During their visits to places of work occupational health personnel should inspect the first-aid preparedness and advise the employer on first-aid requirements. In addition the expertise of the insurance company, the local Red Cross or the regional institute of occupational health may be utilized.", "PMID": 524085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1871", "title": "Personnel facilities in small workplaces with special reference to occupational health services.", "content": "The personnel facilities of small workplaces generally complied with the requirements. Yet, defects were detected in 20% of the 163 firms surveyed. Most of the faults were insignificant from the point of view of health. The failures were due to the fact that the facilities had not originally been planned for their present purpose. The need for the inspection of sanitary installations such as toilets and washrooms and facilities for storing and drying clothes was noted in dirty jobs and in places of work with toxicologic hazards. The management of small firms rarely needs medical advice on sanitary, catering and welfare amenities.", "contents": "Personnel facilities in small workplaces with special reference to occupational health services. The personnel facilities of small workplaces generally complied with the requirements. Yet, defects were detected in 20% of the 163 firms surveyed. Most of the faults were insignificant from the point of view of health. The failures were due to the fact that the facilities had not originally been planned for their present purpose. The need for the inspection of sanitary installations such as toilets and washrooms and facilities for storing and drying clothes was noted in dirty jobs and in places of work with toxicologic hazards. The management of small firms rarely needs medical advice on sanitary, catering and welfare amenities.", "PMID": 524086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1872", "title": "Need for job-related health counseling in small workplaces.", "content": "Health counseling aimed at maintaining health and safety on the job is required in most small workplaces. From a labor protection point of view, the most important advice deals with environmental hazards such as protection against physical and chemical factors, ergonomic problems, and safety risks. Information provided by the employers was considered insufficient in three-fourths of the 163 firms surveyed in this study. The staff providing local occupational health services could perform two broad types of counseling. First, they could educate management as to its responsibilities for the health and safety of employees; health personnel can instruct management during their workplace visits. Second, during health examinations and other personal contacts, the worker can be advised about ways to improve or maintain his health. Moreover, such occasions also provide an opportunity for more extensive health counseling about personal, social emotional, and other problems although, in municipal health centers, these subjects belong within the scope of public health rather than occupational health.", "contents": "Need for job-related health counseling in small workplaces. Health counseling aimed at maintaining health and safety on the job is required in most small workplaces. From a labor protection point of view, the most important advice deals with environmental hazards such as protection against physical and chemical factors, ergonomic problems, and safety risks. Information provided by the employers was considered insufficient in three-fourths of the 163 firms surveyed in this study. The staff providing local occupational health services could perform two broad types of counseling. First, they could educate management as to its responsibilities for the health and safety of employees; health personnel can instruct management during their workplace visits. Second, during health examinations and other personal contacts, the worker can be advised about ways to improve or maintain his health. Moreover, such occasions also provide an opportunity for more extensive health counseling about personal, social emotional, and other problems although, in municipal health centers, these subjects belong within the scope of public health rather than occupational health.", "PMID": 524087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1873", "title": "Need for protective clothing and equipment in small workplaces.", "content": "Some kind of protective clothing and personal safety items was needed in 90% of the 163 workplaces surveyed. Protective clothing was used in 31%, ear protectors in 28%, eye protectors in 22%, respiratory tract protectors in 18% and other safety items in 1% of the firms. Gloves were the most commonly used type of protective clothing. Protection against risks was proper in one-fourth of the firms, satisfactory in half, and poor or lacking in the rest. Ninety-five percent of the protectors available were appropriate, but only in a few companies were they properly cared for. Seven (12%) industrial firms, 15 (20%) service establishments and 1 (7%) other firm lacked proper protective clothing or safety items. Faults were generally attributed to insufficient knowledge or negligence of responsibilities on the part of the employers. Management should provide more appropriate instruction for workers in the use and, particularly, the maintenance of personal protectors. To be effective, the inspection of the appropriateness of the protectors requires suitable training. This training should also be received by the staff providing occupational health services. Visits to workplaces, as well as health examinations, provide an opportunity to discuss protection and to advise employers and employees on protection. The problems of protection against harmful exposures is closely connected with health counseling. Yet, the provision of proper protectors and the supervision of their use is still the responsibility of the employer.", "contents": "Need for protective clothing and equipment in small workplaces. Some kind of protective clothing and personal safety items was needed in 90% of the 163 workplaces surveyed. Protective clothing was used in 31%, ear protectors in 28%, eye protectors in 22%, respiratory tract protectors in 18% and other safety items in 1% of the firms. Gloves were the most commonly used type of protective clothing. Protection against risks was proper in one-fourth of the firms, satisfactory in half, and poor or lacking in the rest. Ninety-five percent of the protectors available were appropriate, but only in a few companies were they properly cared for. Seven (12%) industrial firms, 15 (20%) service establishments and 1 (7%) other firm lacked proper protective clothing or safety items. Faults were generally attributed to insufficient knowledge or negligence of responsibilities on the part of the employers. Management should provide more appropriate instruction for workers in the use and, particularly, the maintenance of personal protectors. To be effective, the inspection of the appropriateness of the protectors requires suitable training. This training should also be received by the staff providing occupational health services. Visits to workplaces, as well as health examinations, provide an opportunity to discuss protection and to advise employers and employees on protection. The problems of protection against harmful exposures is closely connected with health counseling. Yet, the provision of proper protectors and the supervision of their use is still the responsibility of the employer.", "PMID": 524088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1874", "title": "[The course of diabetes and clinical findings in glucagonoma].", "content": "A 66-year-old male patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes of probably 20 years' duration presented with necrolytic migratory erythema, stomatitis, anemia and weight loss. Plasma-glucagon concentration measured with Unger's antibody 30-K was 8500 pg/ml, representing a hundredfold elevation. Two thirds consisted of high molecular glucagon fractions (10 000--40 000 Dalton). This may be an important index for detection of glucagonoma with endocrine activity. After excision of the glucagonoma the clinical syndrome was reversed and the patient recovered completely. Histological and histochemical investigation confirmed that the tumor was a glucagonoma. Despite complete removal of the tumor and a normal plasma glucagon concentration, the diabetes remained unchanged. Excessive hyperglucagonemia does not appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of this patient's diabetes.", "contents": "[The course of diabetes and clinical findings in glucagonoma]. A 66-year-old male patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes of probably 20 years' duration presented with necrolytic migratory erythema, stomatitis, anemia and weight loss. Plasma-glucagon concentration measured with Unger's antibody 30-K was 8500 pg/ml, representing a hundredfold elevation. Two thirds consisted of high molecular glucagon fractions (10 000--40 000 Dalton). This may be an important index for detection of glucagonoma with endocrine activity. After excision of the glucagonoma the clinical syndrome was reversed and the patient recovered completely. Histological and histochemical investigation confirmed that the tumor was a glucagonoma. Despite complete removal of the tumor and a normal plasma glucagon concentration, the diabetes remained unchanged. Excessive hyperglucagonemia does not appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of this patient's diabetes.", "PMID": 524094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1875", "title": "[Bile acid concentration in serum after a test meal in hepatobiliary diseases. A comparison with quantitative liver function tests].", "content": "The concentration of bile acids in serum was measured by an enzymatic-fluorometric method under fasting conditions and 2 hours after a standardized meal in 26 patients with chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis) and compared with other tests of liver function. Postprandial bile acids and transaminases were false negative in only 12% and are thus the most sensitive tests after the BSP-retention test (3% false negative results). In comparison, fasting bile acids proved to be a relatively insensitive screening test for liver disease (38% false negative results). Postprandial bile acids were more closely correlated with BSP retention and BSP disappearance rate constant (Ki) than fasting bile acids. In view of these findings postprandial serum bile acid concentrations should be preferred to fasting bile acid concentrations in screening for liver disease and monitoring liver function.", "contents": "[Bile acid concentration in serum after a test meal in hepatobiliary diseases. A comparison with quantitative liver function tests]. The concentration of bile acids in serum was measured by an enzymatic-fluorometric method under fasting conditions and 2 hours after a standardized meal in 26 patients with chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis) and compared with other tests of liver function. Postprandial bile acids and transaminases were false negative in only 12% and are thus the most sensitive tests after the BSP-retention test (3% false negative results). In comparison, fasting bile acids proved to be a relatively insensitive screening test for liver disease (38% false negative results). Postprandial bile acids were more closely correlated with BSP retention and BSP disappearance rate constant (Ki) than fasting bile acids. In view of these findings postprandial serum bile acid concentrations should be preferred to fasting bile acid concentrations in screening for liver disease and monitoring liver function.", "PMID": 524095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1876", "title": "[Basis of respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "Setting out from the components of respiratory function, i.e., ventilation, distribution, diffusion, circulation, respiratory mechanics, and regulation of breathing, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to respiratory failure are discussed. In every case, the vital capacity is decreased by 4 factors, namely loss of ventilated lung parenchyma, diminished compliance of lungs, thorax or both, airway obstruction, and insufficient respiratory airflow. With few exceptions, these alterations can be attributed to the two general groups of obstructive and restrictive disturbances of ventilation. Essential for the understanding of airway obstruction from the viewpoint of mechanical ventilation is the dependence of the airway caliber on lung volume, thoracic pressure, and bronchial gas flow. The functional differentiation of restrictive disorders between forms with lung retraction(fibrosis, scarring) and with lung fettering (pleural thickening) is important for adequate correction of complications during the intensive care phase. Respiratory failure is the consequence of these alterations which usually impede pulmonary gas exchange. Hypoxemia results in most situations through disturbance of ventilation/perfusion ratio, especially increase of anatomical or functional pulmonary right-to-left shunting. Disturbance of diffusion or alveolar hypoventilation are far less frequently leading mechanisms for hypoxemia. The differential diagnosis of these hypoxemic mechanisms is generally by arterial blood gas analysis under resting conditions breathing air and 100% oxygen, and during exercise. Respiratory failure often leads to hypertension in the lesser circulation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension must be subdivided into the active, the passive and the hyperdynamic forms, of which only the active component is important for the evaluation of pulmonary insufficiency since only this kind of elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation is connected with increased vascular resistance due to thoracopulmonary disease. By restoration of normoxic conditions, the functional variant of active pulmonary hypertension can be efficiently improved by correction of respiratory disease or directly by treatment with oxygen and by mechanical ventilation. Finally, disturbances of gas transport in the blood may have an essential bearing on respiratory failure, but are often overlooked in diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Shifting of the oxygen-dissociation curve to the left may, by increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, create a lack of oxygen in the peripheral tissue, while right wardshifting impedes oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lung. Thus, the correction of acidosis and elevated body temperature may become an important factor in the treatment of respiratory failure.", "contents": "[Basis of respiratory insufficiency]. Setting out from the components of respiratory function, i.e., ventilation, distribution, diffusion, circulation, respiratory mechanics, and regulation of breathing, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to respiratory failure are discussed. In every case, the vital capacity is decreased by 4 factors, namely loss of ventilated lung parenchyma, diminished compliance of lungs, thorax or both, airway obstruction, and insufficient respiratory airflow. With few exceptions, these alterations can be attributed to the two general groups of obstructive and restrictive disturbances of ventilation. Essential for the understanding of airway obstruction from the viewpoint of mechanical ventilation is the dependence of the airway caliber on lung volume, thoracic pressure, and bronchial gas flow. The functional differentiation of restrictive disorders between forms with lung retraction(fibrosis, scarring) and with lung fettering (pleural thickening) is important for adequate correction of complications during the intensive care phase. Respiratory failure is the consequence of these alterations which usually impede pulmonary gas exchange. Hypoxemia results in most situations through disturbance of ventilation/perfusion ratio, especially increase of anatomical or functional pulmonary right-to-left shunting. Disturbance of diffusion or alveolar hypoventilation are far less frequently leading mechanisms for hypoxemia. The differential diagnosis of these hypoxemic mechanisms is generally by arterial blood gas analysis under resting conditions breathing air and 100% oxygen, and during exercise. Respiratory failure often leads to hypertension in the lesser circulation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension must be subdivided into the active, the passive and the hyperdynamic forms, of which only the active component is important for the evaluation of pulmonary insufficiency since only this kind of elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation is connected with increased vascular resistance due to thoracopulmonary disease. By restoration of normoxic conditions, the functional variant of active pulmonary hypertension can be efficiently improved by correction of respiratory disease or directly by treatment with oxygen and by mechanical ventilation. Finally, disturbances of gas transport in the blood may have an essential bearing on respiratory failure, but are often overlooked in diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Shifting of the oxygen-dissociation curve to the left may, by increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, create a lack of oxygen in the peripheral tissue, while right wardshifting impedes oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lung. Thus, the correction of acidosis and elevated body temperature may become an important factor in the treatment of respiratory failure.", "PMID": 524097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1877", "title": "[The respiratory intensive unit. Requirements for the treatment of patients with acute respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "Patients with acute severe respiratory insufficiency can only be correctly monitored, treated and nursed in a well-equipped intensive care unit staffed with well-trained personnel. Qualified doctors and nursing staff are more important for the monitoring and assessment of the patient's symptoms than highly sophisticated electronic monitoring systems. Continuous controls of vital and mechanical functions are however essential , as are the services of well-run laboratories. Treatment calls, above all, for the use of efficient and reliable respirators capable of adjustment to suit the impaired breathing. The quality of nursing and the success of intensive medical care measures are best ensured by well-designed layouts, strict adherence to sensible and appropriate hygienic techniques, continuous and practice-related further education for personnel, and unrestricted communication inside and outside the intensive care unit.", "contents": "[The respiratory intensive unit. Requirements for the treatment of patients with acute respiratory insufficiency]. Patients with acute severe respiratory insufficiency can only be correctly monitored, treated and nursed in a well-equipped intensive care unit staffed with well-trained personnel. Qualified doctors and nursing staff are more important for the monitoring and assessment of the patient's symptoms than highly sophisticated electronic monitoring systems. Continuous controls of vital and mechanical functions are however essential , as are the services of well-run laboratories. Treatment calls, above all, for the use of efficient and reliable respirators capable of adjustment to suit the impaired breathing. The quality of nursing and the success of intensive medical care measures are best ensured by well-designed layouts, strict adherence to sensible and appropriate hygienic techniques, continuous and practice-related further education for personnel, and unrestricted communication inside and outside the intensive care unit.", "PMID": 524098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1878", "title": "[The role of respiratory physiotherapy in an intensive care unit].", "content": "In an intensive care unit an important role is assigned to respiratory physiotherapy. Its principal task is efficacious toilet of the bronchi by fluidifying the secretions, promoting their ungluing from the respiratory tree and facilitating their evacuation by cough or by aspiration with a catheter or bronchoscope. The technique comprises the inhalation of a secretolytic (e.g. Bisolvon, NaCl 9%) and, in the case of asthma, bronchospasmolytic (e.g. Ventoline) aerosol followed by breathing exercises. The other objectives of physiotherapy are to ensure a better distribution of inspired air, increase failing ventilation, ameliorate disturbed gas exchange, relax the contracted respiratory muscles and prevent bronchiolar collapse in emphysema during expiration. The field of application of respiratory physiotherapy is large; its purpose is prophylactic and therapeutic. The method is prophylactic in all patients confined to bed, where there is a risk of bronchial obstruction or ventilatory failure, especially in those with severe operation, traumatism or consciousness disorder. Physiotherapy has a therapeutic role in several, principally broncho-pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, obstructive emphysema, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, atelectasis, and pulmonary and pleural fibrosis. Myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism in the acute state, acute pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage are contraindications for physiotherapy. If the method is to be effective the intensive care unit should have a specialized physiotherapist attached to it working there on a daily basis.", "contents": "[The role of respiratory physiotherapy in an intensive care unit]. In an intensive care unit an important role is assigned to respiratory physiotherapy. Its principal task is efficacious toilet of the bronchi by fluidifying the secretions, promoting their ungluing from the respiratory tree and facilitating their evacuation by cough or by aspiration with a catheter or bronchoscope. The technique comprises the inhalation of a secretolytic (e.g. Bisolvon, NaCl 9%) and, in the case of asthma, bronchospasmolytic (e.g. Ventoline) aerosol followed by breathing exercises. The other objectives of physiotherapy are to ensure a better distribution of inspired air, increase failing ventilation, ameliorate disturbed gas exchange, relax the contracted respiratory muscles and prevent bronchiolar collapse in emphysema during expiration. The field of application of respiratory physiotherapy is large; its purpose is prophylactic and therapeutic. The method is prophylactic in all patients confined to bed, where there is a risk of bronchial obstruction or ventilatory failure, especially in those with severe operation, traumatism or consciousness disorder. Physiotherapy has a therapeutic role in several, principally broncho-pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, obstructive emphysema, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, atelectasis, and pulmonary and pleural fibrosis. Myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism in the acute state, acute pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage are contraindications for physiotherapy. If the method is to be effective the intensive care unit should have a specialized physiotherapist attached to it working there on a daily basis.", "PMID": 524099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1879", "title": "[Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure and new aspects of neurologic intensive care for children].", "content": "A new concept of neurointensive care is presented which is based on earily measured parameters such as intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (CPP = MAP - ICP). ICP should preferably be measured by a subarachnoid hollow screw (Richmond screw). Of chief importance in neurointensive care (after adequate neurodiagnosis) is the avoidance or treatment of cerebral edema and maintenance of sufficient CPP, which should be above 50 mm Hg in older children. This is achieved by controlled hyperventilation under curare, generous oxygenation, control of body temperature, dexamethasone and possibly barbiturates in very high doses (phenobarbital and thiopentone). This kind of neurointensive care should be administered in all types of severe CNS accidents which are followed by substantial cerebral edema (head injuries, near drowning, Reye's syndrome, hypoxic encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis and intracranial bleeding). To obtain the indication for ICP monitoring, the depth of the disturbance of consciousness is measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale. Children with the aforementioned affections and a Glasgow Coma Scale below 6 to 8 should be treated as outlined above. The data published in the literature and our own experience point very much in this direction, especially for severe head injury, Reye's syndrome and near drowning.", "contents": "[Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure and new aspects of neurologic intensive care for children]. A new concept of neurointensive care is presented which is based on earily measured parameters such as intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (CPP = MAP - ICP). ICP should preferably be measured by a subarachnoid hollow screw (Richmond screw). Of chief importance in neurointensive care (after adequate neurodiagnosis) is the avoidance or treatment of cerebral edema and maintenance of sufficient CPP, which should be above 50 mm Hg in older children. This is achieved by controlled hyperventilation under curare, generous oxygenation, control of body temperature, dexamethasone and possibly barbiturates in very high doses (phenobarbital and thiopentone). This kind of neurointensive care should be administered in all types of severe CNS accidents which are followed by substantial cerebral edema (head injuries, near drowning, Reye's syndrome, hypoxic encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis and intracranial bleeding). To obtain the indication for ICP monitoring, the depth of the disturbance of consciousness is measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale. Children with the aforementioned affections and a Glasgow Coma Scale below 6 to 8 should be treated as outlined above. The data published in the literature and our own experience point very much in this direction, especially for severe head injury, Reye's syndrome and near drowning.", "PMID": 524100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1880", "title": "[Edema, heavy legs and popliteal compression].", "content": "Fifty patients with edema and heaviness of the lower limbs lacking any general or local explanation were investigated by a plethysmographic method to detect venous stasis of the calf. In 27 of them, hyperextension of the knee produced venous stasis, which was only elicited in one of 39 normal subjects. In 9 patients with edema of systemic origin there was no stasis when the knee was extended. Intermittent venous stasis due to hyperextension of the knee therefore appears to be a causal phenomenon in many cases of edema of unknown origin. A popliteal cyst was found in 9 of 16 patients who underwent knee arthropathy. Further studies are necessary to determine what mechanisms may produce venous stasis when the knee is placed in hyperextension.", "contents": "[Edema, heavy legs and popliteal compression]. Fifty patients with edema and heaviness of the lower limbs lacking any general or local explanation were investigated by a plethysmographic method to detect venous stasis of the calf. In 27 of them, hyperextension of the knee produced venous stasis, which was only elicited in one of 39 normal subjects. In 9 patients with edema of systemic origin there was no stasis when the knee was extended. Intermittent venous stasis due to hyperextension of the knee therefore appears to be a causal phenomenon in many cases of edema of unknown origin. A popliteal cyst was found in 9 of 16 patients who underwent knee arthropathy. Further studies are necessary to determine what mechanisms may produce venous stasis when the knee is placed in hyperextension.", "PMID": 524101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1881", "title": "[Iatrogenic chromodermatoses].", "content": "Generalized hyperpigmentation may be caused by internal diseases, by occasional or occupational intoxications, and by a group of drugs. Seven cases occurring after treatment with amiodarone (Cordarone) are reported, together with one case of argyria and one of mercury poisoning. Several of these cases were initially mistaken for cyanotic heart disease. Silver intoxication may occur after indiscriminate use of currently available silver-containing drugs. It may become even more frequent as a result of antismoking preparations.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic chromodermatoses]. Generalized hyperpigmentation may be caused by internal diseases, by occasional or occupational intoxications, and by a group of drugs. Seven cases occurring after treatment with amiodarone (Cordarone) are reported, together with one case of argyria and one of mercury poisoning. Several of these cases were initially mistaken for cyanotic heart disease. Silver intoxication may occur after indiscriminate use of currently available silver-containing drugs. It may become even more frequent as a result of antismoking preparations.", "PMID": 524103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1882", "title": "[Clinical and immunological studies on a patient with myasthenia gravis before and after repeated plasma exchange].", "content": "A 56-year-old patient with severe acquired myasthenia gravis refractory to conventional therapy underwent a series of plasma exchanges. Three single exchanges did not improve her status. A series of intensive plasma exchanges of 6 liters each on 4 consecutive days reduced her anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies to one-tenth of the initial value. The reduction was accompanied by an impressive clinical improvement. This study confirms that antibodies can be removed by plasma exchange. It further shows that the clinical improvement appears to be closely related to the quantity of antibodies removed.", "contents": "[Clinical and immunological studies on a patient with myasthenia gravis before and after repeated plasma exchange]. A 56-year-old patient with severe acquired myasthenia gravis refractory to conventional therapy underwent a series of plasma exchanges. Three single exchanges did not improve her status. A series of intensive plasma exchanges of 6 liters each on 4 consecutive days reduced her anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies to one-tenth of the initial value. The reduction was accompanied by an impressive clinical improvement. This study confirms that antibodies can be removed by plasma exchange. It further shows that the clinical improvement appears to be closely related to the quantity of antibodies removed.", "PMID": 524104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1883", "title": "[2 cases of multiple myeloma with osteosclerosis].", "content": "A report on two patients with osteoclerotic myeloma is presented (myeloma with osteoblastic lesions). In case one, metastatic bone tumor of unknown origin was wrongly diagnosed initially. Because of increasing neurological symptoms laminectomy was performed. Biopsy led to the correct diagnosis of multiple myeloma of IgA-type. Patient also had a very severe peripheral neuropathy. The second patient had pancytopenia and osteosclerotic lesions of the pelvis. Bone marrow aspiration revealed so-called \"empty marrow\". Based on these findings, myelofibrosis was wrongly diagnosed at another hospital. Bone marrow aspiration, paper- and immunoelectrophoresis subsequently produced the correct diagnosis of multiple myeloma of IgG-type. Multiple myeloma usually is characterized by osteolytic lesions of the bones. However, the literature contains some 50 cases with osteosclerotic multiple myeloma, three different forms of which are described. In a fairly large percentage osteosclerotic multiple myeloma is combined with periphereal polyneuropathy. It would appear that in IgE-myeloma the incidence of sclerotic lesions is higher. Osteosclerotic multiple myeloma is very rare. It should however be considered if the differential diagnosis of osteosclerotic bone lesions is established.", "contents": "[2 cases of multiple myeloma with osteosclerosis]. A report on two patients with osteoclerotic myeloma is presented (myeloma with osteoblastic lesions). In case one, metastatic bone tumor of unknown origin was wrongly diagnosed initially. Because of increasing neurological symptoms laminectomy was performed. Biopsy led to the correct diagnosis of multiple myeloma of IgA-type. Patient also had a very severe peripheral neuropathy. The second patient had pancytopenia and osteosclerotic lesions of the pelvis. Bone marrow aspiration revealed so-called \"empty marrow\". Based on these findings, myelofibrosis was wrongly diagnosed at another hospital. Bone marrow aspiration, paper- and immunoelectrophoresis subsequently produced the correct diagnosis of multiple myeloma of IgG-type. Multiple myeloma usually is characterized by osteolytic lesions of the bones. However, the literature contains some 50 cases with osteosclerotic multiple myeloma, three different forms of which are described. In a fairly large percentage osteosclerotic multiple myeloma is combined with periphereal polyneuropathy. It would appear that in IgE-myeloma the incidence of sclerotic lesions is higher. Osteosclerotic multiple myeloma is very rare. It should however be considered if the differential diagnosis of osteosclerotic bone lesions is established.", "PMID": 524105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1884", "title": "Breast-feeding and infant health.", "content": "A mother who breast-feeds makes a significant contribution to her infant's health. Currently researchers are delineating many of the unique nutritional and antiinfective factors in human milk. The psychological advantages that accrue to both the breast-feeding mother and her infant are harder to quantify. Contraindications to breast-feeding are few and relate primarily to maternal illness and need for medications, or to those rare infants who have inborn errors of metabolism. Physicians and other health personnel should advise the mother knowledgeably on breast-feeding and seek imaginative solutions to any problems so that breast-feeding can be continued well into the first year of the infant's life and into following years if both mother and child desire it.", "contents": "Breast-feeding and infant health. A mother who breast-feeds makes a significant contribution to her infant's health. Currently researchers are delineating many of the unique nutritional and antiinfective factors in human milk. The psychological advantages that accrue to both the breast-feeding mother and her infant are harder to quantify. Contraindications to breast-feeding are few and relate primarily to maternal illness and need for medications, or to those rare infants who have inborn errors of metabolism. Physicians and other health personnel should advise the mother knowledgeably on breast-feeding and seek imaginative solutions to any problems so that breast-feeding can be continued well into the first year of the infant's life and into following years if both mother and child desire it.", "PMID": 524112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1885", "title": "Unexpected red cell antibodies in donors and patients at Siriraj Hospital.", "content": "The incidence of unexpected red cell antibodies in patients and donors at Siriraj Hospital were found to be 4.91% and 4.33% respectively. Anti Lewis, anti P1 and anti Mia were the most common antibodies detected. Antibodies of Rh system were the next, in which anti E was more common than anti D. Anti Jka, Jkb, Fyb, Dia, S and rare antibodies such as anti K, Ge1, Mta and H were also detected in this study.", "contents": "Unexpected red cell antibodies in donors and patients at Siriraj Hospital. The incidence of unexpected red cell antibodies in patients and donors at Siriraj Hospital were found to be 4.91% and 4.33% respectively. Anti Lewis, anti P1 and anti Mia were the most common antibodies detected. Antibodies of Rh system were the next, in which anti E was more common than anti D. Anti Jka, Jkb, Fyb, Dia, S and rare antibodies such as anti K, Ge1, Mta and H were also detected in this study.", "PMID": 524143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1886", "title": "The HLA antibodies in Thai pregnant women at Siriraj Hospital.", "content": "The HLA antibodies in Thai pregnant women was determined. From 4,000 sera, only 577 cases (14.4%) showed positivity, and only 21% were monospecific antisera.", "contents": "The HLA antibodies in Thai pregnant women at Siriraj Hospital. The HLA antibodies in Thai pregnant women was determined. From 4,000 sera, only 577 cases (14.4%) showed positivity, and only 21% were monospecific antisera.", "PMID": 524144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1887", "title": "Recent advances in hemophilia.", "content": "Classical sex-linked hemophilia (Hemophilia A) has been described as due to deficiency in the synthesis of Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C). The availability of immunological techniques provided the means of identifying Factor VIII-Related Antigen(VI-IIR:Ag) detectable by rabbit antibodies to F VIII, which is distinct from VIII:C detected by human anti-F VIII available from multitransfused patients. Hemophilia A is lacking in VIII:C but not VIIIR:Ag. Recently, a third function of the F VIII \"complex\" was discovered with the help of ristocetin (von Willebrand's Factor, VIIIR: RCo). This activity is reduced in von Willebrand's syndrome. Estimation of the titers of VIII:C and VIIIR:Ag provides a method for more accurate detection of hemophilic carriers. Newly available chromogenic substrates perhaps will give rise to more simplified assays of VIII:C. The development of cryoprecipitates and stable lyophilized concentrates of F VIII has greatly simplified and intensified maintenance therapy, and has opened a new era in treatment. Prophylactic therapy has been shown to be very helpful in certain \"high risk\" cases. The impact and benefits of home care and self-administration has been tremendous. However, the varying quality of cryoprecipitates and the high cost of more purified concentrates are still stumbling blocks in treatment regimes. Other problems exist. Spontaneous bleeding, especially central nervous system bleeding, account for the majority deaths by haemorrhage. Inhibitor kinetics have been well characterized. It is clear that there exists \"low\" and \"high\" responders. For the \"high\" responders, plasmapheresis, immunosuppressives and the infusion of Factor IX concentrates have been utilized with varying success. The prevention of hemophilic arthropathy and its progression by maintenance therapy seems to be still inadequate. The results of trials with more vigorous regimes are awaited. The complications of therapy still remain to be solved. Apart from the well-known complications wuch as hepatitis, haemolytic disease and F VIII inhibitors, the existence of previously unnoticed complications as splenomegaly, hypertension, renal disease and paradoxal bleeding have been recently realized. The role of altered fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP) and unclassified fibrinogen derivatives (UFD) present in cryoprecipitates and F VIII concentrates in the above complications needs to be further clarified. In conclusion, tremendous progress in various aspects of hemophilia has been achieved in developed countries. Comprehensive care can now be carried out in various centers. On the other hand, developing countries still face a number of basic problems. The concept that hemophilia is a \"manageable\" disease and that chronic crippling and death from exsanguination can be prevented, should be disseminated widely by various means...", "contents": "Recent advances in hemophilia. Classical sex-linked hemophilia (Hemophilia A) has been described as due to deficiency in the synthesis of Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C). The availability of immunological techniques provided the means of identifying Factor VIII-Related Antigen(VI-IIR:Ag) detectable by rabbit antibodies to F VIII, which is distinct from VIII:C detected by human anti-F VIII available from multitransfused patients. Hemophilia A is lacking in VIII:C but not VIIIR:Ag. Recently, a third function of the F VIII \"complex\" was discovered with the help of ristocetin (von Willebrand's Factor, VIIIR: RCo). This activity is reduced in von Willebrand's syndrome. Estimation of the titers of VIII:C and VIIIR:Ag provides a method for more accurate detection of hemophilic carriers. Newly available chromogenic substrates perhaps will give rise to more simplified assays of VIII:C. The development of cryoprecipitates and stable lyophilized concentrates of F VIII has greatly simplified and intensified maintenance therapy, and has opened a new era in treatment. Prophylactic therapy has been shown to be very helpful in certain \"high risk\" cases. The impact and benefits of home care and self-administration has been tremendous. However, the varying quality of cryoprecipitates and the high cost of more purified concentrates are still stumbling blocks in treatment regimes. Other problems exist. Spontaneous bleeding, especially central nervous system bleeding, account for the majority deaths by haemorrhage. Inhibitor kinetics have been well characterized. It is clear that there exists \"low\" and \"high\" responders. For the \"high\" responders, plasmapheresis, immunosuppressives and the infusion of Factor IX concentrates have been utilized with varying success. The prevention of hemophilic arthropathy and its progression by maintenance therapy seems to be still inadequate. The results of trials with more vigorous regimes are awaited. The complications of therapy still remain to be solved. Apart from the well-known complications wuch as hepatitis, haemolytic disease and F VIII inhibitors, the existence of previously unnoticed complications as splenomegaly, hypertension, renal disease and paradoxal bleeding have been recently realized. The role of altered fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP) and unclassified fibrinogen derivatives (UFD) present in cryoprecipitates and F VIII concentrates in the above complications needs to be further clarified. In conclusion, tremendous progress in various aspects of hemophilia has been achieved in developed countries. Comprehensive care can now be carried out in various centers. On the other hand, developing countries still face a number of basic problems. The concept that hemophilia is a \"manageable\" disease and that chronic crippling and death from exsanguination can be prevented, should be disseminated widely by various means...", "PMID": 524146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1888", "title": "Functional platelet defects and their laboratory evaluation.", "content": "Primary diseases of platelet function include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, hereditary platelet release abnormalities (storage pool disease and release defect), Bernard-Soulier giant platelet syndrome, and platelet factor 3 defects. Qualitative defects of platelets are associated with many diseases, notably of the liver and kidney, and with the use of many drugs, particularly aspirin.", "contents": "Functional platelet defects and their laboratory evaluation. Primary diseases of platelet function include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, hereditary platelet release abnormalities (storage pool disease and release defect), Bernard-Soulier giant platelet syndrome, and platelet factor 3 defects. Qualitative defects of platelets are associated with many diseases, notably of the liver and kidney, and with the use of many drugs, particularly aspirin.", "PMID": 524147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1889", "title": "Incidence, clinical manifestation and general management of snake bites.", "content": "There are regional patterns in snake-bites. Bites by cobras have a high incidence in Thailand and in the Philippines with a high case fatality rate. Among the venomous snakes of haemorrhagic nature, bites by Trimeresurus species such as green pit viper, Taiwan habu and Taiwan bamboo viper are important in Thailand and Taiwan for their high incidence of bite, although the case fatality rates are low. Bites by Malayan pit vipers are also important in Thailand and Malaysia because of their high incidence. Bites by sea snakes are more common in Malaysia than in the Philippines and Thailand.", "contents": "Incidence, clinical manifestation and general management of snake bites. There are regional patterns in snake-bites. Bites by cobras have a high incidence in Thailand and in the Philippines with a high case fatality rate. Among the venomous snakes of haemorrhagic nature, bites by Trimeresurus species such as green pit viper, Taiwan habu and Taiwan bamboo viper are important in Thailand and Taiwan for their high incidence of bite, although the case fatality rates are low. Bites by Malayan pit vipers are also important in Thailand and Malaysia because of their high incidence. Bites by sea snakes are more common in Malaysia than in the Philippines and Thailand.", "PMID": 524149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1890", "title": "Bleeding manifestations in snake bite.", "content": "Bleeding following bites by the Malayan Pit Viper can either be local or systemic. Bleeding at the site of the bite is due to the local action of the venom as a vasculotoxin. Systemic bleeding occurs with severe poisoning and appears to be mainly dependent on platelet deficiency and the co-existing defibrination syndrome appears to play a minor role in the initiation of bleeding. Thus in the clinical situation non-clotting blood with no overt bleeding can continue up to weeks when specific antivenene is not given. Assessment of the severity of poisoning can easily be made at the bedside. Specific viper antivenene rapidly corrects the spontaneous bleeding and clotting defect of severe systemic poisoning but has no effect on local poisoning.", "contents": "Bleeding manifestations in snake bite. Bleeding following bites by the Malayan Pit Viper can either be local or systemic. Bleeding at the site of the bite is due to the local action of the venom as a vasculotoxin. Systemic bleeding occurs with severe poisoning and appears to be mainly dependent on platelet deficiency and the co-existing defibrination syndrome appears to play a minor role in the initiation of bleeding. Thus in the clinical situation non-clotting blood with no overt bleeding can continue up to weeks when specific antivenene is not given. Assessment of the severity of poisoning can easily be made at the bedside. Specific viper antivenene rapidly corrects the spontaneous bleeding and clotting defect of severe systemic poisoning but has no effect on local poisoning.", "PMID": 524151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1891", "title": "Effect of five Thai snake venoms on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.", "content": "The effects of five Thai snake venoms--Malayan pit viper--MPV (Ancistrodon rhodostoma); Russell's viper--RVV (Vipera russelli); cobra--CV (Naja naja); king cobra--KCV (Naja hannah) and banded krait--BKV (Bungarus fasciatus)--on blood coagulation fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation were studied. MPV has strong thrombin-like coagulant action. RVV has activating effect most probably on factor X. Other three venoms--CV, KCV and BKV have been shown to be anti coagulant, on both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways. MPV has strong lytic activity on normal euglobulin clot while CV has mild accelerating action. RVV and BKV inhibit the lysis of euglobulin clot. KCV has no effect on fibrinolysis. None of the five venoms has direct aggregating activity on platelets. All except MPV inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation at their higher concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of five Thai snake venoms on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation. The effects of five Thai snake venoms--Malayan pit viper--MPV (Ancistrodon rhodostoma); Russell's viper--RVV (Vipera russelli); cobra--CV (Naja naja); king cobra--KCV (Naja hannah) and banded krait--BKV (Bungarus fasciatus)--on blood coagulation fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation were studied. MPV has strong thrombin-like coagulant action. RVV has activating effect most probably on factor X. Other three venoms--CV, KCV and BKV have been shown to be anti coagulant, on both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways. MPV has strong lytic activity on normal euglobulin clot while CV has mild accelerating action. RVV and BKV inhibit the lysis of euglobulin clot. KCV has no effect on fibrinolysis. None of the five venoms has direct aggregating activity on platelets. All except MPV inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation at their higher concentrations.", "PMID": 524153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1892", "title": "The impact of severe illness on the individual and family: an overview.", "content": "The course and outcome of severe chronic illness are decisively affected by social and emotional variables. The conceptual approach of this article emphasizes an understanding of the individual, the family, and health care personnel as all facing a series of adaptive tasks in relation to the illness. Each of the three phases of the illness--the diagnostic, chronic, and end stage--poses special tasks and requires different defenses and coping capacities from the patient, family, and health care personnel. These are discussed as interdependent factors in a holistic framework.", "contents": "The impact of severe illness on the individual and family: an overview. The course and outcome of severe chronic illness are decisively affected by social and emotional variables. The conceptual approach of this article emphasizes an understanding of the individual, the family, and health care personnel as all facing a series of adaptive tasks in relation to the illness. Each of the three phases of the illness--the diagnostic, chronic, and end stage--poses special tasks and requires different defenses and coping capacities from the patient, family, and health care personnel. These are discussed as interdependent factors in a holistic framework.", "PMID": 524235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1893", "title": "Adjustment and coping strategies among the caretakers of cancer patients.", "content": "The problem of emotional \"burn-out\" among health care professionals who work with cancer patients is a significant clinical issue. An interdisciplinary group of these health care service providers participated in a workshop aimed at identifying the major stresses which contribute to emotional \"burn-out.\" While some of these stresses are unavoidable aspects of cancer treatment programs, participants also identified a set of coping strategies which seem helpful in reducing caretaker vulnerability to severe emotional exhaustion in oncology treatment settings.", "contents": "Adjustment and coping strategies among the caretakers of cancer patients. The problem of emotional \"burn-out\" among health care professionals who work with cancer patients is a significant clinical issue. An interdisciplinary group of these health care service providers participated in a workshop aimed at identifying the major stresses which contribute to emotional \"burn-out.\" While some of these stresses are unavoidable aspects of cancer treatment programs, participants also identified a set of coping strategies which seem helpful in reducing caretaker vulnerability to severe emotional exhaustion in oncology treatment settings.", "PMID": 524236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1894", "title": "Counseling for women requesting sterilization: a comprehensive program designed to insure informed consent.", "content": "This paper describes the counseling program implemented by a social worker and a family planning counselor for female clinic patients requesting sterilization. Rather than limiting counseling to the guidelines for informed consent established by New York City law, a comprehensive approach is utilized. The program combines the provision of information regarding the procedure and contraceptive alternatives, with an opportunity for individuals to examine the psychosocial components of their request for sterilization. It is the authors' assessment that such comprehensive counseling is essential to provide individuals with the full assistance they need in making the decision to eliminate reproductive capacity, and that legal guidelines should be expanded accordingly.", "contents": "Counseling for women requesting sterilization: a comprehensive program designed to insure informed consent. This paper describes the counseling program implemented by a social worker and a family planning counselor for female clinic patients requesting sterilization. Rather than limiting counseling to the guidelines for informed consent established by New York City law, a comprehensive approach is utilized. The program combines the provision of information regarding the procedure and contraceptive alternatives, with an opportunity for individuals to examine the psychosocial components of their request for sterilization. It is the authors' assessment that such comprehensive counseling is essential to provide individuals with the full assistance they need in making the decision to eliminate reproductive capacity, and that legal guidelines should be expanded accordingly.", "PMID": 524237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1895", "title": "Social work and dentistry in clinical, training and research collaboration.", "content": "The knowledge and knowledge building skills of social workers can improve in three ways the quality and type of services provided to dental patients. First, social workers can be involved in the training of dental professionals so as to improve their interactions with patients. Second, social workers may provide social work clinical services to dental patients. Finally, social workers can conduct research that can add to the body of knowledge on patient behaviors relevant to dental treatment. This paper outlines a program conducted by social workers that incorporates all three of these activities.", "contents": "Social work and dentistry in clinical, training and research collaboration. The knowledge and knowledge building skills of social workers can improve in three ways the quality and type of services provided to dental patients. First, social workers can be involved in the training of dental professionals so as to improve their interactions with patients. Second, social workers may provide social work clinical services to dental patients. Finally, social workers can conduct research that can add to the body of knowledge on patient behaviors relevant to dental treatment. This paper outlines a program conducted by social workers that incorporates all three of these activities.", "PMID": 524238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1896", "title": "Excision of intramedullary arteriovenous malformation using intraoperative spinal cord monitoring.", "content": "We are presenting a patient whose intramedullary cervical arteriovenous malformation was successfully excised. The importance of monitoring somatosensory cortical evoked responses secondary to peripheral nerve stimulation is stressed.", "contents": "Excision of intramedullary arteriovenous malformation using intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. We are presenting a patient whose intramedullary cervical arteriovenous malformation was successfully excised. The importance of monitoring somatosensory cortical evoked responses secondary to peripheral nerve stimulation is stressed.", "PMID": 524240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1897", "title": "Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for distal basilar artery stenosis.", "content": "The conceptualization, rationale and surgical technique involved with a superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for midbrain ischemia in a patient with symptomatic mid-basilar artery stenosis is described and discussed.", "contents": "Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for distal basilar artery stenosis. The conceptualization, rationale and surgical technique involved with a superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for midbrain ischemia in a patient with symptomatic mid-basilar artery stenosis is described and discussed.", "PMID": 524241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1898", "title": "Surgical treatment of giant aneurysm of vertebral-basilar junction.", "content": "A giant aneurysm of the vertebro-basilar junction is reported. It was successfully treated by ligation of the left vertebral artery, temporary occlusion of the right vertebral and basilar arteries, and evacuation of the aneurysm, following which the neck of the aneurysm was clipped.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of giant aneurysm of vertebral-basilar junction. A giant aneurysm of the vertebro-basilar junction is reported. It was successfully treated by ligation of the left vertebral artery, temporary occlusion of the right vertebral and basilar arteries, and evacuation of the aneurysm, following which the neck of the aneurysm was clipped.", "PMID": 524242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1899", "title": "Intraventricular pressure and CSF dynamics in chronic adult hydrocephalus.", "content": "The authors present their experience with continuous intraventricular pressure measurements and the constant infusion test in 50 adult patients suffering from chronic communicating hydrocephalus. A good correlation has been found in 27 cases between the response to CSF shunting and the actual state of the CSF hydrodynamics. The importance of such investigations in selecting adult hydrocephalic patients for shunt therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Intraventricular pressure and CSF dynamics in chronic adult hydrocephalus. The authors present their experience with continuous intraventricular pressure measurements and the constant infusion test in 50 adult patients suffering from chronic communicating hydrocephalus. A good correlation has been found in 27 cases between the response to CSF shunting and the actual state of the CSF hydrodynamics. The importance of such investigations in selecting adult hydrocephalic patients for shunt therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 524243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1900", "title": "Mechanical properties of human cerebral arteries. Part 1: Effects of age and vascular smooth muscle activation.", "content": "Mechanical properties of the smooth muscle component of human arteries were studied under passive and active conditions. There exists a considerable difference in the development of sclorosis in intracranial and extracranial arteries. Intracranial arteries were already stiff at birth and become stiffer with age. Their increase in stiffness is attributable to the marked thickening of their walls, which compensates for the decrease of their elasticity with age. Intracranial arteries constrict more than extracranial arteries, although the maximum active stress developed is essentially the same. This competency of intracranial arteries for vaso-constriction may be related to cerebral vasospasm.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of human cerebral arteries. Part 1: Effects of age and vascular smooth muscle activation. Mechanical properties of the smooth muscle component of human arteries were studied under passive and active conditions. There exists a considerable difference in the development of sclorosis in intracranial and extracranial arteries. Intracranial arteries were already stiff at birth and become stiffer with age. Their increase in stiffness is attributable to the marked thickening of their walls, which compensates for the decrease of their elasticity with age. Intracranial arteries constrict more than extracranial arteries, although the maximum active stress developed is essentially the same. This competency of intracranial arteries for vaso-constriction may be related to cerebral vasospasm.", "PMID": 524244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1901", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm complicating superficial temporal artery--middle cerebral artery bypass.", "content": "A patient with transient ischemic attacks from occlusion of a left common carotid artery was treated with common carotid endarterectomy immediately followed by superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass. Subsequent angiography demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm formation at the anastomotic site. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this complication occurring in a human being.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm complicating superficial temporal artery--middle cerebral artery bypass. A patient with transient ischemic attacks from occlusion of a left common carotid artery was treated with common carotid endarterectomy immediately followed by superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass. Subsequent angiography demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm formation at the anastomotic site. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this complication occurring in a human being.", "PMID": 524245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1902", "title": "Cranial CT in multiple sclerosis showing a mass effect.", "content": "In a patient with histologically confirmed multiple sclerosis, cranial computerized tomography revealed contrast-enhanced lesions showing a mass effect.", "contents": "Cranial CT in multiple sclerosis showing a mass effect. In a patient with histologically confirmed multiple sclerosis, cranial computerized tomography revealed contrast-enhanced lesions showing a mass effect.", "PMID": 524246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1903", "title": "Intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma producing bulbar palsy.", "content": "Two cases of intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma invading the meninges at the base of the skull, causing progressive bulbar palsy and rapid demise, are presented. Discussed are the clinical aspects of this uncommon tumour of interest to the neurosurgeon.", "contents": "Intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma producing bulbar palsy. Two cases of intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma invading the meninges at the base of the skull, causing progressive bulbar palsy and rapid demise, are presented. Discussed are the clinical aspects of this uncommon tumour of interest to the neurosurgeon.", "PMID": 524247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1904", "title": "Intracranial tumours among Chinese in Hong Kong.", "content": "Fifty-six surgical biopsies of intracranial tumours were seen within two years in a newly established neurosurgical unit in Hong Kong. Among the 52 cases of primary intracranial tumours, glioma is the most common, followed by meningioma and pituitary tumour. This is similar to findings in Caucasians. When the distribution of glioma is analyzed, Chinese, or possibly Orientals, have a much higher incidence of ependymoma and pinealoma than do Caucasians. Similar findings are found in other Chinese series reported in the literature.", "contents": "Intracranial tumours among Chinese in Hong Kong. Fifty-six surgical biopsies of intracranial tumours were seen within two years in a newly established neurosurgical unit in Hong Kong. Among the 52 cases of primary intracranial tumours, glioma is the most common, followed by meningioma and pituitary tumour. This is similar to findings in Caucasians. When the distribution of glioma is analyzed, Chinese, or possibly Orientals, have a much higher incidence of ependymoma and pinealoma than do Caucasians. Similar findings are found in other Chinese series reported in the literature.", "PMID": 524248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1905", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms causing subarachnoid haemorrhage in the Chinese.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the Chinese were retrospectively studied to define their clinical characteristics. The incidence is shown to be low, and a high proportion of anterior communicating artery aneurysms was encountered. Factors contributing to the low incidence are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms causing subarachnoid haemorrhage in the Chinese. Thirty-seven cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the Chinese were retrospectively studied to define their clinical characteristics. The incidence is shown to be low, and a high proportion of anterior communicating artery aneurysms was encountered. Factors contributing to the low incidence are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 524249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1906", "title": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier to methotrexate in the rat.", "content": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the rat, by intracarotid infusion of 1.6 molal (m) arabinose solution, increases cerebrovascular permeability to 3H-methotrexate by a factor of about seven. PA (product of permeability and capillary surface area) increases from a mean of 3.3 X 10(-5) sec-1 in brains of control rats to as much as 28 X 10(-5) sec-1 at the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to carotid infusion. If tracer is introduced into the carotid artery after osmotic treatment, brain uptake is increased by a net factor of 50 (a factor of 70 due to elevation of PA, multiplied by 7 due to infusion by the carotid route) as compared to uptake by normal, untreated brain with infusion into a peripheral vein. Osmotic barrier opening followed by carotid drug administration may be of use in experimental chemotherapy of nervous system disease.", "contents": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier to methotrexate in the rat. Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the rat, by intracarotid infusion of 1.6 molal (m) arabinose solution, increases cerebrovascular permeability to 3H-methotrexate by a factor of about seven. PA (product of permeability and capillary surface area) increases from a mean of 3.3 X 10(-5) sec-1 in brains of control rats to as much as 28 X 10(-5) sec-1 at the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to carotid infusion. If tracer is introduced into the carotid artery after osmotic treatment, brain uptake is increased by a net factor of 50 (a factor of 70 due to elevation of PA, multiplied by 7 due to infusion by the carotid route) as compared to uptake by normal, untreated brain with infusion into a peripheral vein. Osmotic barrier opening followed by carotid drug administration may be of use in experimental chemotherapy of nervous system disease.", "PMID": 524251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1907", "title": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operations.", "content": "To determine the normal response of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operation, 16 patients were studied with serial erythrocyte sedimentation rates during the first six postoperative weeks. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate should be no higher than 25 mm/hr after the first week following an uncomplicated lumbar disc operation in a patient with a normal preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In patients with elevated preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rates, further postoperative elevation may be noted. This value may be incorrectly interpreted unless a preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate has been determined for baseline purposes.", "contents": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operations. To determine the normal response of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operation, 16 patients were studied with serial erythrocyte sedimentation rates during the first six postoperative weeks. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate should be no higher than 25 mm/hr after the first week following an uncomplicated lumbar disc operation in a patient with a normal preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In patients with elevated preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rates, further postoperative elevation may be noted. This value may be incorrectly interpreted unless a preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate has been determined for baseline purposes.", "PMID": 524252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1908", "title": "Occipital encephalocele with holoprosencephaly and aqueduct stenosis.", "content": "A case is described in which an occipital encephalocele was removed in a newborn and in which a midline monoventricle did not appear until some months later, suggesting the diagnosis of holoprosencephaly. The relationship of encephaloceles and holoprosencephaly is discussed.", "contents": "Occipital encephalocele with holoprosencephaly and aqueduct stenosis. A case is described in which an occipital encephalocele was removed in a newborn and in which a midline monoventricle did not appear until some months later, suggesting the diagnosis of holoprosencephaly. The relationship of encephaloceles and holoprosencephaly is discussed.", "PMID": 524253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1909", "title": "Spontaneous extracranial metastasis of cerebral neuroblastoma.", "content": "A case of extracranial metastasis of cerebral neuroblastoma without previous craniotomy is presented. The tumor in the left posterior frontal region penetrated the dura mater and the skull, formed a lump under the galea and metastasized to the lymph nodes in the infraparotid and superior cervical regions.", "contents": "Spontaneous extracranial metastasis of cerebral neuroblastoma. A case of extracranial metastasis of cerebral neuroblastoma without previous craniotomy is presented. The tumor in the left posterior frontal region penetrated the dura mater and the skull, formed a lump under the galea and metastasized to the lymph nodes in the infraparotid and superior cervical regions.", "PMID": 524254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1910", "title": "Treatment in tumours of the pineal region: value of sterotaxic biopsy.", "content": "The treatment of tumours of the pineal region is the subject of keen controversy between advocates of surgical excision and those of radiotherapy with ventricular shunting. The proponents of these extremes often seem to ignore the wide pathological variety of tumours of this site. Attempted excision of a germinoma invading the walls of the 3rd ventricle is as futile and dangerous as irradiation of a teratoma. Stereotaxic biopsy provides precise pathological diagnosis and thus allows more specific management; the procedure is safe and no serious complications were experienced in 25 cases.", "contents": "Treatment in tumours of the pineal region: value of sterotaxic biopsy. The treatment of tumours of the pineal region is the subject of keen controversy between advocates of surgical excision and those of radiotherapy with ventricular shunting. The proponents of these extremes often seem to ignore the wide pathological variety of tumours of this site. Attempted excision of a germinoma invading the walls of the 3rd ventricle is as futile and dangerous as irradiation of a teratoma. Stereotaxic biopsy provides precise pathological diagnosis and thus allows more specific management; the procedure is safe and no serious complications were experienced in 25 cases.", "PMID": 524256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1911", "title": "Endothelial damage in microvascular anastomosis: to splint or not to splint?", "content": "When performing a microvascular anastomosis, some surgeons use a splint and others do not. We compared the difference in intravascular reactions observed in the carotid artery of the rat anastomosed with these two techniques by observation with a scanning electron microscope. Thrombus formation was more prominent in the artery anastomosed using a splint. The difference was most remarkable 20 minutes after anastomosis. With time, the difference became less remarkable and was no longer present by seven days. By fourteen days, the anastomotic site was covered with neoendothelium. It is concluded that there is little difference in the final outcome achieved by the two methods.", "contents": "Endothelial damage in microvascular anastomosis: to splint or not to splint? When performing a microvascular anastomosis, some surgeons use a splint and others do not. We compared the difference in intravascular reactions observed in the carotid artery of the rat anastomosed with these two techniques by observation with a scanning electron microscope. Thrombus formation was more prominent in the artery anastomosed using a splint. The difference was most remarkable 20 minutes after anastomosis. With time, the difference became less remarkable and was no longer present by seven days. By fourteen days, the anastomotic site was covered with neoendothelium. It is concluded that there is little difference in the final outcome achieved by the two methods.", "PMID": 524257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1912", "title": "Intramedullary epithelial cyst of the spinal cord.", "content": "A female patient with an intramedullary cyst presented with a paraplegia. At operation an intramedullary cyst at the fourth dorsal level was found. The microscopic features of the cyst wall were suggestive of ependymal origin.", "contents": "Intramedullary epithelial cyst of the spinal cord. A female patient with an intramedullary cyst presented with a paraplegia. At operation an intramedullary cyst at the fourth dorsal level was found. The microscopic features of the cyst wall were suggestive of ependymal origin.", "PMID": 524259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1913", "title": "Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia with basilar artery aneurysms.", "content": "In two patients, large aneurysms of the basilar artery produced a supranuclear gaze paresis, involving horizontal gaze in one case and vertical gaze in the other. In both cases the diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography and confirmed by vertebral angiography. Autopsy findings in one case confirmed the diagnosis. Although supranuclear gaze palsies must reflect damage to structures deep within the brain stem, these cases illustrate that an extrinsic lesion may produce such damage indirectly. Basilar artery aneurysm should be considered in patients presenting with supranuclear gaze paresis and long tract signs.", "contents": "Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia with basilar artery aneurysms. In two patients, large aneurysms of the basilar artery produced a supranuclear gaze paresis, involving horizontal gaze in one case and vertical gaze in the other. In both cases the diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography and confirmed by vertebral angiography. Autopsy findings in one case confirmed the diagnosis. Although supranuclear gaze palsies must reflect damage to structures deep within the brain stem, these cases illustrate that an extrinsic lesion may produce such damage indirectly. Basilar artery aneurysm should be considered in patients presenting with supranuclear gaze paresis and long tract signs.", "PMID": 524260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1914", "title": "Extravasation from aneurysms during angiography.", "content": "Six cases of extravasation from ruptured intracranial aneurysm during angiography were encountered during the past four years. Cerebral angiography was performed within several hours after the attack in each case. All had emergency radical operations and three of them survived.", "contents": "Extravasation from aneurysms during angiography. Six cases of extravasation from ruptured intracranial aneurysm during angiography were encountered during the past four years. Cerebral angiography was performed within several hours after the attack in each case. All had emergency radical operations and three of them survived.", "PMID": 524261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1915", "title": "Vein graft bypass in treatment of giant aneurysm.", "content": "A case of giant internal carotid artery aneurysm which was successfully treated by trapping and internal decompression of the aneurysm is presented. Proximal vascular occlusion of the involved internal carotid artery and long vein bypass graft were performed under hypothermia. This is the first long vein bypass graft reported for the treatment of a giant aneurysm.", "contents": "Vein graft bypass in treatment of giant aneurysm. A case of giant internal carotid artery aneurysm which was successfully treated by trapping and internal decompression of the aneurysm is presented. Proximal vascular occlusion of the involved internal carotid artery and long vein bypass graft were performed under hypothermia. This is the first long vein bypass graft reported for the treatment of a giant aneurysm.", "PMID": 524262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1916", "title": "Metastatic chordoma.", "content": "The authors present two cases of vertebral chordomas with widespread metastases. The literature is reviewed and the metastatic potential of chordomas is analysed.", "contents": "Metastatic chordoma. The authors present two cases of vertebral chordomas with widespread metastases. The literature is reviewed and the metastatic potential of chordomas is analysed.", "PMID": 524263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1917", "title": "Extracranial bone metastases from intracranial meningiomas.", "content": "Distant bone metastases in cases of intracranial meningiomas are uncommon. Two patients with meningiomas showing malignant histological features are described, in both of whom bone metastases were observed many years after cranial surgery.", "contents": "Extracranial bone metastases from intracranial meningiomas. Distant bone metastases in cases of intracranial meningiomas are uncommon. Two patients with meningiomas showing malignant histological features are described, in both of whom bone metastases were observed many years after cranial surgery.", "PMID": 524264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1918", "title": "Prognostic value of carotid angiography in severe head injury.", "content": "Seventy-seven carotid angiograms in patients with severe head injuries were reviewed. The prognostic value of angiographic findings was evaluated. We were particularly concerned with midline shift, extracerebral avascular area, cerebral circulation time, phlebographic index, and distance between insula and inner table of the skull. Poor visualization of the internal cerebral and the thalamostriate veins, and prolongation of the arterial circulation time were significantly related to a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Prognostic value of carotid angiography in severe head injury. Seventy-seven carotid angiograms in patients with severe head injuries were reviewed. The prognostic value of angiographic findings was evaluated. We were particularly concerned with midline shift, extracerebral avascular area, cerebral circulation time, phlebographic index, and distance between insula and inner table of the skull. Poor visualization of the internal cerebral and the thalamostriate veins, and prolongation of the arterial circulation time were significantly related to a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 524265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1919", "title": "Revascularization of the spinal cord by micro-anastomoses in dogs.", "content": "The severity of ischemic lesions in the spinal cord justifies attempts at its surgical revascularization. The experiments consisted of: (1) creating devascularization of the conus medullaris by ligation of all the lumbo-sacral collaterals of the aorta, and (2) revascularizing the lumbo-sacral rachidian circulation by performing an end-to-side anastomosis between the caudal mesenteric artery and the 5th left lumbar artery (from which in the dog the Adamkiewicz artery generally arises). After two-months, the patency rate of the 20 cases was 85%. Such a procedure of revascularization could be useful in man in cases of interruption of the arterial supply of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Revascularization of the spinal cord by micro-anastomoses in dogs. The severity of ischemic lesions in the spinal cord justifies attempts at its surgical revascularization. The experiments consisted of: (1) creating devascularization of the conus medullaris by ligation of all the lumbo-sacral collaterals of the aorta, and (2) revascularizing the lumbo-sacral rachidian circulation by performing an end-to-side anastomosis between the caudal mesenteric artery and the 5th left lumbar artery (from which in the dog the Adamkiewicz artery generally arises). After two-months, the patency rate of the 20 cases was 85%. Such a procedure of revascularization could be useful in man in cases of interruption of the arterial supply of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 524266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1920", "title": "Intracranial hypoglossal neurilemmoma.", "content": "In a patient presenting with long tract motor and sensory signs accompanied by unilateral 12th nerve cranial palsy, we report the successful complete resection of an intra-cranial hypoglossal neurilemmoma. Our case marks the 15th reported observation of such a lesion. The value of computerized tomography in the diagnosis and localization of this type of tumor is emphasized.", "contents": "Intracranial hypoglossal neurilemmoma. In a patient presenting with long tract motor and sensory signs accompanied by unilateral 12th nerve cranial palsy, we report the successful complete resection of an intra-cranial hypoglossal neurilemmoma. Our case marks the 15th reported observation of such a lesion. The value of computerized tomography in the diagnosis and localization of this type of tumor is emphasized.", "PMID": 524267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1921", "title": "Microsurgical excision of a strio-insular arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "The complete microsurgical removal of a right strio-insular arteriovenous malformation is described. The surgery was performed in two successive operations. The rationale for these operations is discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical excision of a strio-insular arteriovenous malformation. The complete microsurgical removal of a right strio-insular arteriovenous malformation is described. The surgery was performed in two successive operations. The rationale for these operations is discussed.", "PMID": 524268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1922", "title": "Association of cerebral aneurysm with pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Seven cases of coincidental aneurysm with pituitary adenoma found through the review of our personal series of 95 pituitary adenomas over a period of five years are reported. The incidence of coexisting aneurysms in our series of pituitary adenomas (7.4%) was significantly higher than that in other brain tumors (1.1%) (p less than 0.001). Its clinical significance is discussed including the indications for four-vessel angiography, the surgical approaches to these pituitary adenomas, and the management of the associated aneurysms.", "contents": "Association of cerebral aneurysm with pituitary adenoma. Seven cases of coincidental aneurysm with pituitary adenoma found through the review of our personal series of 95 pituitary adenomas over a period of five years are reported. The incidence of coexisting aneurysms in our series of pituitary adenomas (7.4%) was significantly higher than that in other brain tumors (1.1%) (p less than 0.001). Its clinical significance is discussed including the indications for four-vessel angiography, the surgical approaches to these pituitary adenomas, and the management of the associated aneurysms.", "PMID": 524269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1923", "title": "Translocation of proteins across membranes: the signal hypothesis and beyond.", "content": "Proteins are translocated across membranes either coupled to translation (co-translationally) or after translation (post-translationally). The information for both modes of translocation is encoded in the protein in the form of a short-lived sequence extension (signal sequence). Additional information resides in the ribosome in the case of co-translational translocation, which proceeds via a ribosome--membrane junction. Translocation is mediated by specific receptors (ribosome and/or signal receptors) which are restricted in their location to distinct cellular membranes. In most cases the signal sequence is removed by a signal peptidase operating in an endoproteolytic mode. Membranes endowed with receptors for co-translational translocation are: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) including the outer nuclear envelope membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, in eukaryotic cells; and the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. Each of these membranes presumably contains a single distinctive signal receptor, ribosome receptor and signal peptidase. Membranes endowed with one distinct receptor each for post-translational translocation are both mitochondrial membranes, the chloroplast envelope membrane and the peroxisomal membrane. A signal sequence for co-translational translocation across the RER membrane that is identical in its secondary structure is shared by secretory, lysosomal and certain bitopic integral membrane proteins. Some integral membrane proteins presumably share another common sequence--referred to as stop-transfer sequence--which serves to interrupt translocation and thereby to orient the polypeptide chain in the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, the existence of a few specific 'sorting' sequences is postulated. These would be common to many proteins and would serve to route them to their final destination following translocation across or orientation within the membrane. Thus, the topological information which determines the intracellular pathway and the final location of a great number of proteins appears to reside in a small repertoire of specific sequences which are either a transient or a permanent part of the protein.", "contents": "Translocation of proteins across membranes: the signal hypothesis and beyond. Proteins are translocated across membranes either coupled to translation (co-translationally) or after translation (post-translationally). The information for both modes of translocation is encoded in the protein in the form of a short-lived sequence extension (signal sequence). Additional information resides in the ribosome in the case of co-translational translocation, which proceeds via a ribosome--membrane junction. Translocation is mediated by specific receptors (ribosome and/or signal receptors) which are restricted in their location to distinct cellular membranes. In most cases the signal sequence is removed by a signal peptidase operating in an endoproteolytic mode. Membranes endowed with receptors for co-translational translocation are: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) including the outer nuclear envelope membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, in eukaryotic cells; and the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. Each of these membranes presumably contains a single distinctive signal receptor, ribosome receptor and signal peptidase. Membranes endowed with one distinct receptor each for post-translational translocation are both mitochondrial membranes, the chloroplast envelope membrane and the peroxisomal membrane. A signal sequence for co-translational translocation across the RER membrane that is identical in its secondary structure is shared by secretory, lysosomal and certain bitopic integral membrane proteins. Some integral membrane proteins presumably share another common sequence--referred to as stop-transfer sequence--which serves to interrupt translocation and thereby to orient the polypeptide chain in the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, the existence of a few specific 'sorting' sequences is postulated. These would be common to many proteins and would serve to route them to their final destination following translocation across or orientation within the membrane. Thus, the topological information which determines the intracellular pathway and the final location of a great number of proteins appears to reside in a small repertoire of specific sequences which are either a transient or a permanent part of the protein.", "PMID": 524275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1924", "title": "The medical profession and congenital malformations (1900-1979).", "content": "Physicians' interest in congenital malformations has varied greatly during the last two centuries. After an acme in the 19th century, teratology was of little inteerest to the medical profession during the first four decades of the 20th century. Since then a variety of events have again made birth defects important. An attempt is made to explain the waxing and waning of the physicians' attention to this age-old problem.", "contents": "The medical profession and congenital malformations (1900-1979). Physicians' interest in congenital malformations has varied greatly during the last two centuries. After an acme in the 19th century, teratology was of little inteerest to the medical profession during the first four decades of the 20th century. Since then a variety of events have again made birth defects important. An attempt is made to explain the waxing and waning of the physicians' attention to this age-old problem.", "PMID": 524295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1925", "title": "The evolution of teratological testing.", "content": "The beginnings of mammalian experimental teratology in this century are briefly reviewed and it is noted that prior to 1960 a degree of sophistication in concept and technology had already been achieved. Thus, contrary to claims that teratology had its beginning with the thalidomide catastrophe, a modest but expanding activity and body of knowledge already existed before this unfortunate event. This activity and this knowledge, however, were largely confined to academic and research institute laboratories and made little impact on the agencies in medicine, government and industry which oversaw public health and safety and set policies intended to preserve them. No individual, group, or agency can rightly be blamed for not having sooner brought together the concepts and methodology needed for meaningful animal testing and the regulatory insignt and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation. To accomplish this liaison seems to have required the largest toxicological catastrophe yet recorded in human history. The major events leading to formulation of the first standardized guidelines are reviewed, but it is emphasized that even today the best animal testing can only provide a limited statement of probability regarding human risk vis-\u00e0-vis safety.", "contents": "The evolution of teratological testing. The beginnings of mammalian experimental teratology in this century are briefly reviewed and it is noted that prior to 1960 a degree of sophistication in concept and technology had already been achieved. Thus, contrary to claims that teratology had its beginning with the thalidomide catastrophe, a modest but expanding activity and body of knowledge already existed before this unfortunate event. This activity and this knowledge, however, were largely confined to academic and research institute laboratories and made little impact on the agencies in medicine, government and industry which oversaw public health and safety and set policies intended to preserve them. No individual, group, or agency can rightly be blamed for not having sooner brought together the concepts and methodology needed for meaningful animal testing and the regulatory insignt and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation. To accomplish this liaison seems to have required the largest toxicological catastrophe yet recorded in human history. The major events leading to formulation of the first standardized guidelines are reviewed, but it is emphasized that even today the best animal testing can only provide a limited statement of probability regarding human risk vis-\u00e0-vis safety.", "PMID": 524296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1926", "title": "Prune perineum.", "content": "An infant, born to unrelated parents, who had a rugated perineal mass which measured 17 cm in diameter is reported. No external genitalia or anal orifice was identified although the infant voided from a 5 mm crevice on the caudal surface of the mass. The patient died at four weeks of age. The perineal mass was made up of two separate sacs. The anterior sac resembled a urinary bladder in which two ureteral and a single vaginal orifice were identified. The posterior sac was continuous with the peritoneal cavity and contained bowel, left ovary, uterus and right kidney. The left kidney was small, polycystic and the right gonad a streak.", "contents": "Prune perineum. An infant, born to unrelated parents, who had a rugated perineal mass which measured 17 cm in diameter is reported. No external genitalia or anal orifice was identified although the infant voided from a 5 mm crevice on the caudal surface of the mass. The patient died at four weeks of age. The perineal mass was made up of two separate sacs. The anterior sac resembled a urinary bladder in which two ureteral and a single vaginal orifice were identified. The posterior sac was continuous with the peritoneal cavity and contained bowel, left ovary, uterus and right kidney. The left kidney was small, polycystic and the right gonad a streak.", "PMID": 524297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1927", "title": "The extent of fetal ossification as an index of delayed development in teratogenic studies on the rat.", "content": "In teratogenic studies toxic effects may manifest themselves in retarded fetal development, such as a reduction in fetal weight. In searching for an additional index, the number of centers of ossification in seven skeletal districts (sternum, metacarpus, metatarsus, cervical and caudal vertebrae, anterior and posterior proximal phalanges) of rat fetuses delivered on days 19, 20 and 21 of gestation were counted and compared. Results showed uneven ossification in day-19 and -20 fetuses, but sufficiently advanced, homogeneous and uniform ossification in day-21 fetuses to provide a reliable quantitative index for evaluating retarded fetal development. It is therefore proposed that the stage of skeletal ossification in day-21 fetuses be used in teratogenic studies in the rat to evaluate retarded fetal development.", "contents": "The extent of fetal ossification as an index of delayed development in teratogenic studies on the rat. In teratogenic studies toxic effects may manifest themselves in retarded fetal development, such as a reduction in fetal weight. In searching for an additional index, the number of centers of ossification in seven skeletal districts (sternum, metacarpus, metatarsus, cervical and caudal vertebrae, anterior and posterior proximal phalanges) of rat fetuses delivered on days 19, 20 and 21 of gestation were counted and compared. Results showed uneven ossification in day-19 and -20 fetuses, but sufficiently advanced, homogeneous and uniform ossification in day-21 fetuses to provide a reliable quantitative index for evaluating retarded fetal development. It is therefore proposed that the stage of skeletal ossification in day-21 fetuses be used in teratogenic studies in the rat to evaluate retarded fetal development.", "PMID": 524298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1928", "title": "Palate morphogenesis. III. Changes in cell shape and orientation during shelf elevation.", "content": "The process of palate shelf elevation has been analyzed by light microscopy in mouse embryos cultured in vitro. The observations presented correlate changes in cell shape and orientation in the palate with the morphogenetic movement of the shelf. These studies suggest that in addition to any physical-chemical force elevating the shelf an active contraction of specific palate cells could also aid the process. Contribution to elevation could be derived from masses of contracting cells from the previously described non-muscle contractile systems in posterior (region 2) and mid-anterior (region 3) palate as well as other peripheral mesenchymal cells. Finally, elongation and contraction of the tongue side epithelial cells may also play a role in palate elevation.", "contents": "Palate morphogenesis. III. Changes in cell shape and orientation during shelf elevation. The process of palate shelf elevation has been analyzed by light microscopy in mouse embryos cultured in vitro. The observations presented correlate changes in cell shape and orientation in the palate with the morphogenetic movement of the shelf. These studies suggest that in addition to any physical-chemical force elevating the shelf an active contraction of specific palate cells could also aid the process. Contribution to elevation could be derived from masses of contracting cells from the previously described non-muscle contractile systems in posterior (region 2) and mid-anterior (region 3) palate as well as other peripheral mesenchymal cells. Finally, elongation and contraction of the tongue side epithelial cells may also play a role in palate elevation.", "PMID": 524299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1929", "title": "Morphological alterations in the developing fetal rat limb due to maternal injection of chlorambucil.", "content": "On day 14 of pregnancy, rats were injected i.p. with 9.5 mg/kg of chlorambucil. At term, all the fetuses were stunted and had obvious skeletal malformations. From days 15-20 of gestation there was a steady progression of cell death and histologic derangement in long bone formation. This began on day 15, the day following exposure to chlorambucil, with extensive cell death of chondroblasts in the long bone primordia. By day 16, dead or dying cells were located in the cartilage model and became associated with a higher than normal matrix to cell ratio. In day 17 limbs, many cells of the cartilage model were irregular in size and shape so that the normally precise cellular arrangement was lacking. On day 18, periosteal and enchondrial calcification was delayed and scanty. The fibular hemimelia observed in all drug-treated term fetuses stained with alizarin appeared to result from lack of development of the proximal half of the cartilage model. The observed alterations, particularly bowing of the ulna, in the teratogen-treated fetuses appeared to result primarily from specific cell death and formation of aberrant cell types but abnormal cell products may also play a role.", "contents": "Morphological alterations in the developing fetal rat limb due to maternal injection of chlorambucil. On day 14 of pregnancy, rats were injected i.p. with 9.5 mg/kg of chlorambucil. At term, all the fetuses were stunted and had obvious skeletal malformations. From days 15-20 of gestation there was a steady progression of cell death and histologic derangement in long bone formation. This began on day 15, the day following exposure to chlorambucil, with extensive cell death of chondroblasts in the long bone primordia. By day 16, dead or dying cells were located in the cartilage model and became associated with a higher than normal matrix to cell ratio. In day 17 limbs, many cells of the cartilage model were irregular in size and shape so that the normally precise cellular arrangement was lacking. On day 18, periosteal and enchondrial calcification was delayed and scanty. The fibular hemimelia observed in all drug-treated term fetuses stained with alizarin appeared to result from lack of development of the proximal half of the cartilage model. The observed alterations, particularly bowing of the ulna, in the teratogen-treated fetuses appeared to result primarily from specific cell death and formation of aberrant cell types but abnormal cell products may also play a role.", "PMID": 524300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1930", "title": "The early limb deformity caused by acetazolamide.", "content": "Histologic sections were made of the forelimbs of day 10 to 12.5 embryos removed 3, 16, 30, 36, 42, 45, 63 and 75 hours after the intraperitoneal injection of acetazolamide into C57Bl/6J pregnant females. A postaxial deformity was first visible in the right forelimb of day 10.9 embryos 36 hours after the second dose of acetazolamide 1,000 mg/kg on day 9 of gestation. The deformity was a postaxial deficiency of mesenchyme tissue without any evidence of cell necrosis. The deformity was present before aggregation of mesenchyme cells occurs as the first step in chrondrogenesis. The pattern of cell orientation in the adjacent mesenchyme aggregate of a deformed day 12.5 forelimb was normal. This means that the primary effect of acetazolamide is not on the formation of precartilage aggregates in the postaxial region, but involves other aspects of early limb development.", "contents": "The early limb deformity caused by acetazolamide. Histologic sections were made of the forelimbs of day 10 to 12.5 embryos removed 3, 16, 30, 36, 42, 45, 63 and 75 hours after the intraperitoneal injection of acetazolamide into C57Bl/6J pregnant females. A postaxial deformity was first visible in the right forelimb of day 10.9 embryos 36 hours after the second dose of acetazolamide 1,000 mg/kg on day 9 of gestation. The deformity was a postaxial deficiency of mesenchyme tissue without any evidence of cell necrosis. The deformity was present before aggregation of mesenchyme cells occurs as the first step in chrondrogenesis. The pattern of cell orientation in the adjacent mesenchyme aggregate of a deformed day 12.5 forelimb was normal. This means that the primary effect of acetazolamide is not on the formation of precartilage aggregates in the postaxial region, but involves other aspects of early limb development.", "PMID": 524301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1931", "title": "Prevention by tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionyl glycine) of methylmercuric chloride-induced teratogenic and fetotoxic effects in mice.", "content": "Previous investigations (Fuyuta et al., '76, '79) have shown that a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg methylmercuric chloride (MMC) to pregnant ICR mice on day 10 of pregnancy induced cleft palate in a remarkably high incidence in fetuses. Based on these findings, the present study dealing with the prevention of cleft palate by Tiopronin, (2-mercaptopropionyl glycine, Tp), was initiated. Twenty females in the positive control group were given 25 mg/kg MMC orally on day 10 of pregnancy and then given physiological saline intraperitoneally. Twenty females in the negative control group were given distilled water orally and then given saline intraperitoneally. Cleft palate was found in 98.1% of fetuses in the positive control group and none of them in the negative control group. Twenty females were pretreated with a single oral  dose of 25 mg/kg MMC on day 10 of pregnancy and were posttreated with Tp intraperitoneally, immediately and at every 24, 48 and 72 hours after the MMC treatment. The doses of Tp were 320, 160 and 80 mg/kg/day. The incidences of cleft palate in fetuses were reduced to 1.49, 31.3 and 47.8% in the Tp-treated groups with the doses of 320, 160 and 80 mg/kg/day, respectively. Tiopronin could effectively prevent the expected incidence of cleft palate. Other types of abnormalities as well as fetotoxicity represented by reduced fetal body weight were also effectively prevented with the Tp-treatment.", "contents": "Prevention by tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionyl glycine) of methylmercuric chloride-induced teratogenic and fetotoxic effects in mice. Previous investigations (Fuyuta et al., '76, '79) have shown that a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg methylmercuric chloride (MMC) to pregnant ICR mice on day 10 of pregnancy induced cleft palate in a remarkably high incidence in fetuses. Based on these findings, the present study dealing with the prevention of cleft palate by Tiopronin, (2-mercaptopropionyl glycine, Tp), was initiated. Twenty females in the positive control group were given 25 mg/kg MMC orally on day 10 of pregnancy and then given physiological saline intraperitoneally. Twenty females in the negative control group were given distilled water orally and then given saline intraperitoneally. Cleft palate was found in 98.1% of fetuses in the positive control group and none of them in the negative control group. Twenty females were pretreated with a single oral  dose of 25 mg/kg MMC on day 10 of pregnancy and were posttreated with Tp intraperitoneally, immediately and at every 24, 48 and 72 hours after the MMC treatment. The doses of Tp were 320, 160 and 80 mg/kg/day. The incidences of cleft palate in fetuses were reduced to 1.49, 31.3 and 47.8% in the Tp-treated groups with the doses of 320, 160 and 80 mg/kg/day, respectively. Tiopronin could effectively prevent the expected incidence of cleft palate. Other types of abnormalities as well as fetotoxicity represented by reduced fetal body weight were also effectively prevented with the Tp-treatment.", "PMID": 524302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1932", "title": "Muscular and other abnormalities in a case of Edwards' syndrome (18-trisomy).", "content": "This paper describes the anatomical variations observed in a specimen exhibiting Edwards' Syndrome (18-trisomy). The clinical and autopsy data are compared with those reported in earlier literature. Aside from having a tracheoesophageal fistula, the viscera were characterized by abnormalities of the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. The facial musculature was relatively undifferentiated. Only a few abnormalities were recorded in the otomandibular and suprahyoid structures. The infrahyoid region had three pairs of supernumerary muscles, including the \"sternohyoideus azygos.\" The bluk of abnormalities were found in the muscles and nerves of the upper limb. These included the absence of the palmaris longus and brevis, the subclavius and the extensor digiti quinti proprius; the presence of supernumerary muscles, e.g., the \"rhomboideus occipitalis,\" the \"latissimocondyloideus,\" and the \"subclavius posticus.\" The deltoid and the pectoralis major were fused to form the \"deltopectoral\" complex. A definitive musculocutaneous nerve was found in the right arm only. In the lower extremity supernumerary muscles included the \"tenuissimus,\" \"peroneus quinti digiti,\" and the \"extensor primi internodii hallucis.\"", "contents": "Muscular and other abnormalities in a case of Edwards' syndrome (18-trisomy). This paper describes the anatomical variations observed in a specimen exhibiting Edwards' Syndrome (18-trisomy). The clinical and autopsy data are compared with those reported in earlier literature. Aside from having a tracheoesophageal fistula, the viscera were characterized by abnormalities of the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. The facial musculature was relatively undifferentiated. Only a few abnormalities were recorded in the otomandibular and suprahyoid structures. The infrahyoid region had three pairs of supernumerary muscles, including the \"sternohyoideus azygos.\" The bluk of abnormalities were found in the muscles and nerves of the upper limb. These included the absence of the palmaris longus and brevis, the subclavius and the extensor digiti quinti proprius; the presence of supernumerary muscles, e.g., the \"rhomboideus occipitalis,\" the \"latissimocondyloideus,\" and the \"subclavius posticus.\" The deltoid and the pectoralis major were fused to form the \"deltopectoral\" complex. A definitive musculocutaneous nerve was found in the right arm only. In the lower extremity supernumerary muscles included the \"tenuissimus,\" \"peroneus quinti digiti,\" and the \"extensor primi internodii hallucis.\"", "PMID": 524303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1933", "title": "Aspirin: teratogenic evaluation in the dog.", "content": "Beagle bitches were administered aspirin at either 100 or 400 mg/kg/day between Days 15 and 22 or Days 23 and 30 postmating, and corresponding control groups were dosed with vehicle during one of these same time periods. Maternotoxicity was evident in all dogs dosed with 400 mg/kg/day of aspirin, but no signs of toxicity were observed when 400 mg/kg/day of aspirin was administered from Days 15 to 22 postmating. Teratogenicity, as evidenced by 50% malformation rate, was seen in fetuses from dams treated with 400 mg/kg/day on Days 23 to30 postmating. Observed malformations included, but were not limited to cleft palate,micrognathia, anasarca, cardiovascular malformations, and tial anomalies. No evidence of embryotoxic or teratogenic effects was seen in fetuses from either 100 mg/kg/day dosage level group. Examination of fetuses from 12 untreated litters and 4 vehicle-control litters revealed a very low spontaneous malformation rate confined almost entirely to minor tail abnormalities. These data support use of the dog as an acceptable alternative species in teratogenic screening.", "contents": "Aspirin: teratogenic evaluation in the dog. Beagle bitches were administered aspirin at either 100 or 400 mg/kg/day between Days 15 and 22 or Days 23 and 30 postmating, and corresponding control groups were dosed with vehicle during one of these same time periods. Maternotoxicity was evident in all dogs dosed with 400 mg/kg/day of aspirin, but no signs of toxicity were observed when 400 mg/kg/day of aspirin was administered from Days 15 to 22 postmating. Teratogenicity, as evidenced by 50% malformation rate, was seen in fetuses from dams treated with 400 mg/kg/day on Days 23 to30 postmating. Observed malformations included, but were not limited to cleft palate,micrognathia, anasarca, cardiovascular malformations, and tial anomalies. No evidence of embryotoxic or teratogenic effects was seen in fetuses from either 100 mg/kg/day dosage level group. Examination of fetuses from 12 untreated litters and 4 vehicle-control litters revealed a very low spontaneous malformation rate confined almost entirely to minor tail abnormalities. These data support use of the dog as an acceptable alternative species in teratogenic screening.", "PMID": 524304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1934", "title": "Hemodynamic changes following ventricular aneurysmectomy during the first three postoperative days.", "content": "One hundred twenty-eight patients underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy; in 78 cases the procedure was combined with either aortocoronary bypass or valve replacement. In 7 patients undergoing isolated aneurysmectomy the influence of atrial pacing on various hemodynamic parameters was studied immediately postoperatively and on the first, second and third postoperative days. Until a certain point, increase in heart rate resulted in decrease of left ventricular filling pressure and increase of cardiac output, while systemic pressure changed only slightly. For each patient and each day the optimal heart rate as well as the optimal point of the Starling curve in these patients was found at extremely low filling pressures Kirklin's scheme of therapy may be limited in these patients. Therefore, in low cardiac output syndrome, left ventricular filling pressure should only be increased after the optimal heart rate is selected by atrial stimulation.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes following ventricular aneurysmectomy during the first three postoperative days. One hundred twenty-eight patients underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy; in 78 cases the procedure was combined with either aortocoronary bypass or valve replacement. In 7 patients undergoing isolated aneurysmectomy the influence of atrial pacing on various hemodynamic parameters was studied immediately postoperatively and on the first, second and third postoperative days. Until a certain point, increase in heart rate resulted in decrease of left ventricular filling pressure and increase of cardiac output, while systemic pressure changed only slightly. For each patient and each day the optimal heart rate as well as the optimal point of the Starling curve in these patients was found at extremely low filling pressures Kirklin's scheme of therapy may be limited in these patients. Therefore, in low cardiac output syndrome, left ventricular filling pressure should only be increased after the optimal heart rate is selected by atrial stimulation.", "PMID": 524330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1935", "title": "An 11-year assessment of 93 flash-frozen homograft valves in the aortic position.", "content": "Flash-frozen homograft aortic valves were used for isolated aortic valve replacement at the National Heart Hospital between 1968 and 1971. This study of 93 patients with an average follow-up of 8.5 years complements a previous report on 30 patients but shows a higher incidence of degeneration. There was an early mortality of 4.8% and a late mortality of 15.9% over 11 years. Only five of the 15 late deaths were directly attributable to valve malfunction. There were no episodes of thromboembolism during the 11 year follow-up and only three cases of infective endocarditis. Despite the late onset of valve degeneration there is a 77% probability of patient survival at 11 years. The use of frozen valves delayed the time of onset of degenerative changes when compared over an 11-year period with the earlier use of freeze-dried valves. The evaluation of replacement cardiac valves is thus seen to be time-dependent and needs a long follow-up and an adequate number of patients in the sample for a meaningful assessment. There was no significant difference in the long-term performance between the frozen valves sterilized in ethylene oxide or sterilized with gamma irradiation.", "contents": "An 11-year assessment of 93 flash-frozen homograft valves in the aortic position. Flash-frozen homograft aortic valves were used for isolated aortic valve replacement at the National Heart Hospital between 1968 and 1971. This study of 93 patients with an average follow-up of 8.5 years complements a previous report on 30 patients but shows a higher incidence of degeneration. There was an early mortality of 4.8% and a late mortality of 15.9% over 11 years. Only five of the 15 late deaths were directly attributable to valve malfunction. There were no episodes of thromboembolism during the 11 year follow-up and only three cases of infective endocarditis. Despite the late onset of valve degeneration there is a 77% probability of patient survival at 11 years. The use of frozen valves delayed the time of onset of degenerative changes when compared over an 11-year period with the earlier use of freeze-dried valves. The evaluation of replacement cardiac valves is thus seen to be time-dependent and needs a long follow-up and an adequate number of patients in the sample for a meaningful assessment. There was no significant difference in the long-term performance between the frozen valves sterilized in ethylene oxide or sterilized with gamma irradiation.", "PMID": 524331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1936", "title": "Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. A randomized study comparing the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valve.", "content": "The present series was comprised of 48 patients, 25 of whom received the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (B-S) and 23 the Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) disc valves. The 2 groups were comparable with regard to age, and to preoperative clinical and hemodynamic status. The randomized selection was carried out at the beginning of the operation. The total mortality in the B-S and L-K groups was 16% and 21% respectively. All surviving patients were restudied 13-40 months (mean 27) after surgery. Late thromboembolic complications occurred in 2 patients with B-S and in 3 with L-K valves, all leaving minor neurological sequelae. There was a relatively large number of patients in the L-K group with unmeasurable values of haptoglobin, indicating more hemolysis in these patients. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The clinical and hemodynamic status was improved in both groups. In the aortic position a significant gradient was found across the L-K valve, while no significant obstruction in the flow was found in the B-S valve. The pulmonary arteriolar resistance was significantly higher in patients with B-S than in those with L-K valves. Otherwise, there was no significant differences between the 2 groups, neither with regard to clinical nor to hemodynamic status.", "contents": "Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. A randomized study comparing the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valve. The present series was comprised of 48 patients, 25 of whom received the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (B-S) and 23 the Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) disc valves. The 2 groups were comparable with regard to age, and to preoperative clinical and hemodynamic status. The randomized selection was carried out at the beginning of the operation. The total mortality in the B-S and L-K groups was 16% and 21% respectively. All surviving patients were restudied 13-40 months (mean 27) after surgery. Late thromboembolic complications occurred in 2 patients with B-S and in 3 with L-K valves, all leaving minor neurological sequelae. There was a relatively large number of patients in the L-K group with unmeasurable values of haptoglobin, indicating more hemolysis in these patients. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The clinical and hemodynamic status was improved in both groups. In the aortic position a significant gradient was found across the L-K valve, while no significant obstruction in the flow was found in the B-S valve. The pulmonary arteriolar resistance was significantly higher in patients with B-S than in those with L-K valves. Otherwise, there was no significant differences between the 2 groups, neither with regard to clinical nor to hemodynamic status.", "PMID": 524332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1937", "title": "Fibrous tissue overgrowth on Hancock mitral xenografts: a cause of late prosthetic stenosis.", "content": "Severe prosthetic stenosis requiring reoperation seldom occurs after mitral valve replacement with the Hancock bioprosthesis. Two cases of prosthetic stenosis caused by tissue overgrowth on the atrial aspect of the cusps are reported. The patients, who had undergone mitral replacement with a Hancock valve implanted in the subannular position, developed the signs of congestive heart failure 5 and 6 years after surgery. In both patients, the hemodynamic data supported the clinical diagnosis of mitral restenosis and both underwent successful reoperation. Histologic examination showed that the pannus was formed by dense fibrous tissue with few vessels. It is suggested that the site of the bioprosthesis insertion is likely to have favored this complication since in this condition the protection of the sewing ring from tissue overgrowth is minimal.", "contents": "Fibrous tissue overgrowth on Hancock mitral xenografts: a cause of late prosthetic stenosis. Severe prosthetic stenosis requiring reoperation seldom occurs after mitral valve replacement with the Hancock bioprosthesis. Two cases of prosthetic stenosis caused by tissue overgrowth on the atrial aspect of the cusps are reported. The patients, who had undergone mitral replacement with a Hancock valve implanted in the subannular position, developed the signs of congestive heart failure 5 and 6 years after surgery. In both patients, the hemodynamic data supported the clinical diagnosis of mitral restenosis and both underwent successful reoperation. Histologic examination showed that the pannus was formed by dense fibrous tissue with few vessels. It is suggested that the site of the bioprosthesis insertion is likely to have favored this complication since in this condition the protection of the sewing ring from tissue overgrowth is minimal.", "PMID": 524334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1938", "title": "Thrombembolic malfunction of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "The case history and pathomorphological findings of a very rare fatal complication following prosthetic heart valve replacement are described: A 51-year-old woman died of acute malfunction of her Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis caused by a large embolus deriving from the left atrium. After triple valve replacement 30 months earlier she seemed to be in good health. She had been subject to absolute arrhythmia for many years, and anticoagulation treatment had been felt to be sufficient.", "contents": "Thrombembolic malfunction of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. The case history and pathomorphological findings of a very rare fatal complication following prosthetic heart valve replacement are described: A 51-year-old woman died of acute malfunction of her Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis caused by a large embolus deriving from the left atrium. After triple valve replacement 30 months earlier she seemed to be in good health. She had been subject to absolute arrhythmia for many years, and anticoagulation treatment had been felt to be sufficient.", "PMID": 524335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1939", "title": "Late changes in aorto-renal vein transplants.", "content": "The results of 152 renal artery reconstructions in 128 hypertensive patients were reviewed 1 to 15 years postoperatively in 89 of 98 survivors. Forty-seven (52.8%) patients were normotensive, 29 (32.6%) are improved, and 13 (14.6%) were not improved. Angiography was performed 1 to 11 years after the operation. Only 2 of the 31 vein implants showed an adequate lumen. Four vein grafts were occluded. In 2 out of 4 stenosed transplants stenosis was functionally significant, and the patients with recurrent hypertension underwent re-reconstruction. The causes of the stenoses were severe constriction by scar tissue and extensive subintimal cellular proliferation of the vein graft. Twelve of 31 vein bypass grafts were dilated by an average of 22%. The average increase in caliber of the remaining 9 vein grafts was 106%. The possible contributory factors were forceful distension, excessive adventitial dissection, inadequate storage of the vein, ischemic damage of the vein wall (especially in younger patients), and the increase flow rate through the transplant.", "contents": "Late changes in aorto-renal vein transplants. The results of 152 renal artery reconstructions in 128 hypertensive patients were reviewed 1 to 15 years postoperatively in 89 of 98 survivors. Forty-seven (52.8%) patients were normotensive, 29 (32.6%) are improved, and 13 (14.6%) were not improved. Angiography was performed 1 to 11 years after the operation. Only 2 of the 31 vein implants showed an adequate lumen. Four vein grafts were occluded. In 2 out of 4 stenosed transplants stenosis was functionally significant, and the patients with recurrent hypertension underwent re-reconstruction. The causes of the stenoses were severe constriction by scar tissue and extensive subintimal cellular proliferation of the vein graft. Twelve of 31 vein bypass grafts were dilated by an average of 22%. The average increase in caliber of the remaining 9 vein grafts was 106%. The possible contributory factors were forceful distension, excessive adventitial dissection, inadequate storage of the vein, ischemic damage of the vein wall (especially in younger patients), and the increase flow rate through the transplant.", "PMID": 524337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1940", "title": "The HLA antigens and ABO blood groups in an American Black population with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "A total of 42 American Black patients with mitral valve prolapse and 194 healthy individuals of similar ethnic background were tested for the distribution of various HLA antigens and ABO blood groups. The most significant result was an increased frequency of Bw35 in patients (74%) as compared with controls (39%), with a P value of less than 0.0001; the relative risk was 4.45.", "contents": "The HLA antigens and ABO blood groups in an American Black population with mitral valve prolapse. A total of 42 American Black patients with mitral valve prolapse and 194 healthy individuals of similar ethnic background were tested for the distribution of various HLA antigens and ABO blood groups. The most significant result was an increased frequency of Bw35 in patients (74%) as compared with controls (39%), with a P value of less than 0.0001; the relative risk was 4.45.", "PMID": 524338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1941", "title": "Ultrastructure of sensory cells on the mantle tentacles of the gastropod Notoacmea scutum.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that the mantle margin of the gastropod mollusc Notoacmea scutum is sensitive to chemical, photic, and mechanical stimulation. Here, the ultrastructure of sensory cells on the mantle tentacles of N. scutum is examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine if morphological types of sensory cells can be correlated with known sensory capabilities. The sensory cells of the mantle tentacles are found to be ciliated, primary receptors with subepithelial nuclei. The ciliated sensory endings are concentrated at the tip of the tentacles, but also occur in smaller numbers along the shaft. Ultrastructural differences between cilia form the basis of distinguishing two types of sensory ending. Type 1 sensory endings, which are over 90% of the endings, bar unusual cilia that typically are filled with an electron-dense material. Type 2 sensory endings bear cilia that have a 9 + 2 arrangement of longitudinal elements and thus more closely resemble previously reported sensory cilia of molluscs.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of sensory cells on the mantle tentacles of the gastropod Notoacmea scutum. Previous studies have indicated that the mantle margin of the gastropod mollusc Notoacmea scutum is sensitive to chemical, photic, and mechanical stimulation. Here, the ultrastructure of sensory cells on the mantle tentacles of N. scutum is examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine if morphological types of sensory cells can be correlated with known sensory capabilities. The sensory cells of the mantle tentacles are found to be ciliated, primary receptors with subepithelial nuclei. The ciliated sensory endings are concentrated at the tip of the tentacles, but also occur in smaller numbers along the shaft. Ultrastructural differences between cilia form the basis of distinguishing two types of sensory ending. Type 1 sensory endings, which are over 90% of the endings, bar unusual cilia that typically are filled with an electron-dense material. Type 2 sensory endings bear cilia that have a 9 + 2 arrangement of longitudinal elements and thus more closely resemble previously reported sensory cilia of molluscs.", "PMID": 524339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1942", "title": "Morphological studies on the periostracum of the fresh-water mussel Amblema (Uniondae): light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The structure of the periostracum in the fresh-water mussel Amblema has been described using light microscopy, transmission elec;ron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The structure and evolutive course of the periostracum was studied along its entire length, from the periostracal groove until it forms the tough outer covering of the shell. At least five structurally and functionally distinct regions were identified. In addition, the periostracum itself was seen to be a multilayered structure consisting of three major layers which are themselves subdivided into minor layers. From these morphological observations, a regulatory role for the various periostracal layers in mineral trapping, nucleation, and the subsequent formation of the prismatic and nacreous layers of the shell can be postulated.", "contents": "Morphological studies on the periostracum of the fresh-water mussel Amblema (Uniondae): light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The structure of the periostracum in the fresh-water mussel Amblema has been described using light microscopy, transmission elec;ron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The structure and evolutive course of the periostracum was studied along its entire length, from the periostracal groove until it forms the tough outer covering of the shell. At least five structurally and functionally distinct regions were identified. In addition, the periostracum itself was seen to be a multilayered structure consisting of three major layers which are themselves subdivided into minor layers. From these morphological observations, a regulatory role for the various periostracal layers in mineral trapping, nucleation, and the subsequent formation of the prismatic and nacreous layers of the shell can be postulated.", "PMID": 524340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1943", "title": "Correlations between epidermal cell structure and endogenous hormone titers during the fifth larval instar of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "Epidermal cell morphology and cuticle production in Manduca sexta are directly influenced by both ecdysterone and juvenile hormone. Up to day 6 of the last larval instar, post-molt endocuticle is continuously deposited even though cells undergo a partial and temporary separation from the overlying cuticle at the time when a small ecdysteroid peak is detected (approximately day 3.5). At about days 6--7 when another, larger ecdysteroid peak is present, apolysis occurs accompanied by the appearance of edcysial droplets. Following apolysis, layers of pupal cuticle are deposited. Increased quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum characterize the epidermis at times of peak endocuticle deposition (day 3, larval cuticle; day 9, pupal cuticle). Dense pigment inclusions are found in epidermis from the day of ecdysis to the last larval instar until they are eliminated 5 days later. These dense bodies migrate from cell apex to base in the absence of juvenile hormone (or in the presence of a negligible amount of juvenile hormone) and probably contain insecticyanin.", "contents": "Correlations between epidermal cell structure and endogenous hormone titers during the fifth larval instar of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Epidermal cell morphology and cuticle production in Manduca sexta are directly influenced by both ecdysterone and juvenile hormone. Up to day 6 of the last larval instar, post-molt endocuticle is continuously deposited even though cells undergo a partial and temporary separation from the overlying cuticle at the time when a small ecdysteroid peak is detected (approximately day 3.5). At about days 6--7 when another, larger ecdysteroid peak is present, apolysis occurs accompanied by the appearance of edcysial droplets. Following apolysis, layers of pupal cuticle are deposited. Increased quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum characterize the epidermis at times of peak endocuticle deposition (day 3, larval cuticle; day 9, pupal cuticle). Dense pigment inclusions are found in epidermis from the day of ecdysis to the last larval instar until they are eliminated 5 days later. These dense bodies migrate from cell apex to base in the absence of juvenile hormone (or in the presence of a negligible amount of juvenile hormone) and probably contain insecticyanin.", "PMID": 524341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1944", "title": "Changes in fine structure of the ventral intersegmental abdominal muscles in the adult of Rhodnius prolixus.", "content": "In Rhodnius prolixus, after the imaginal molt, the intersegmental muscles completely lose their contractile material, and are transformed into thin strands containing nuclei. It is possible that these muscular strands are finally pinched off as mononucleated myoblasts. These residual muscles apparently maintain a normal innervation--which persists to the end of the imago's life. Moreover, they appear to show some aspects of synthetic activity after the adult has been fed: in this case, there is a growth of the 'rough endoplasmic reticulum' and elaboration of specialized fibrous inclusions.", "contents": "Changes in fine structure of the ventral intersegmental abdominal muscles in the adult of Rhodnius prolixus. In Rhodnius prolixus, after the imaginal molt, the intersegmental muscles completely lose their contractile material, and are transformed into thin strands containing nuclei. It is possible that these muscular strands are finally pinched off as mononucleated myoblasts. These residual muscles apparently maintain a normal innervation--which persists to the end of the imago's life. Moreover, they appear to show some aspects of synthetic activity after the adult has been fed: in this case, there is a growth of the 'rough endoplasmic reticulum' and elaboration of specialized fibrous inclusions.", "PMID": 524342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1945", "title": "The function of the follicular epithelium in vitellogenic Oncopeltus follicles.", "content": "Autoradiographic and electrophoretic methods that have detected an endogenously synthesized protein yolk component in Hyalophora cecropia follicles failed to reveal such a protein in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Similarly, neither sulfate nor glucosamine was incorporated into the intercellular matrix of vitellogenic follicles, though both label these regions intensely in Hyalophora. While both insects produce yolk from hemolymph vitellogenin, their follicles thus appear to support the process by very different synthetic means.", "contents": "The function of the follicular epithelium in vitellogenic Oncopeltus follicles. Autoradiographic and electrophoretic methods that have detected an endogenously synthesized protein yolk component in Hyalophora cecropia follicles failed to reveal such a protein in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Similarly, neither sulfate nor glucosamine was incorporated into the intercellular matrix of vitellogenic follicles, though both label these regions intensely in Hyalophora. While both insects produce yolk from hemolymph vitellogenin, their follicles thus appear to support the process by very different synthetic means.", "PMID": 524343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1946", "title": "Gap junctions between Sertoli and germ cells of rat seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations of rat seminiferous tubules show clearly the presence of plasma membrane junctions between Sertoli and germ cells in the basal and adluminal compartments. Results obtained from the freeze fracture and thin section techniques were correlated in order to elucidate the nature of these intercellular junctions. We suggest that these intercellular membrane specializations are gap junctions which occur within regions of plasma membrane that also exhibit adherens-like modifications.", "contents": "Gap junctions between Sertoli and germ cells of rat seminiferous tubules. Ultrastructural observations of rat seminiferous tubules show clearly the presence of plasma membrane junctions between Sertoli and germ cells in the basal and adluminal compartments. Results obtained from the freeze fracture and thin section techniques were correlated in order to elucidate the nature of these intercellular junctions. We suggest that these intercellular membrane specializations are gap junctions which occur within regions of plasma membrane that also exhibit adherens-like modifications.", "PMID": 524344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1947", "title": "Morphology of the granular secretory glands in skin of poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae).", "content": "The granular glands of nine species of dendrobatid frogs were examined using light and electron microscopy. The glands are surrounded by a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle cells. Within the glands proper the secretory cells form a true syncytium. Multiple flattened nuclei lie at the periphery of the gland. The peripheral cytoplasm also contains mitochondria, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Centrally, most of the gland is filled with membrane-bound granules surrounded by amorphous cytoplasm. Few other organelles are found in this region. Early in the secretory cycle, the central part of the gland is filled with flocculent material which appears to be progressively partitioned off by membranes to form the droplet anlage. As granules form, the structure of the contents becomes progressively more vesicular. Dense vesicles, which bud off from the Golgi apparatus, fuse with the granular membrane during the development of granules, and might contain enzymes involved in toxin synthesis. The granules at this point resemble multivesicular bodies. Their structure is similar in all species of dendrobatid frogs even though the different frogs secrete substances of different chemical structure and toxicity.", "contents": "Morphology of the granular secretory glands in skin of poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). The granular glands of nine species of dendrobatid frogs were examined using light and electron microscopy. The glands are surrounded by a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle cells. Within the glands proper the secretory cells form a true syncytium. Multiple flattened nuclei lie at the periphery of the gland. The peripheral cytoplasm also contains mitochondria, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Centrally, most of the gland is filled with membrane-bound granules surrounded by amorphous cytoplasm. Few other organelles are found in this region. Early in the secretory cycle, the central part of the gland is filled with flocculent material which appears to be progressively partitioned off by membranes to form the droplet anlage. As granules form, the structure of the contents becomes progressively more vesicular. Dense vesicles, which bud off from the Golgi apparatus, fuse with the granular membrane during the development of granules, and might contain enzymes involved in toxin synthesis. The granules at this point resemble multivesicular bodies. Their structure is similar in all species of dendrobatid frogs even though the different frogs secrete substances of different chemical structure and toxicity.", "PMID": 524345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1948", "title": "Mammary gland development during pregnancy in the dwarf mouse mutant, little.", "content": "Little (lit) is a single gene dwarf mutation described in the C57Bl/6J strain of laboratory mouse. This study was designed to determine the effect of the mutation little on mammary gland development during pregnancy and post-partum periods. Failure of mutant females to lactate at first parturition appears to be due to the endocrine environment of the gland rather than any intrinsic defect of the mammary epithelium. Treatment of primiparous lit/lit females with exogenous growth hormone or prolactin resulted in lactogenesis. Treatment with hydrocortisone resulted in increased amounts of organized rough endoplasmic reticulum but lactation did not occur.", "contents": "Mammary gland development during pregnancy in the dwarf mouse mutant, little. Little (lit) is a single gene dwarf mutation described in the C57Bl/6J strain of laboratory mouse. This study was designed to determine the effect of the mutation little on mammary gland development during pregnancy and post-partum periods. Failure of mutant females to lactate at first parturition appears to be due to the endocrine environment of the gland rather than any intrinsic defect of the mammary epithelium. Treatment of primiparous lit/lit females with exogenous growth hormone or prolactin resulted in lactogenesis. Treatment with hydrocortisone resulted in increased amounts of organized rough endoplasmic reticulum but lactation did not occur.", "PMID": 524346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1949", "title": "Gap and tight junctions in tunicates. Study in conventional and freeze-fracture techniques.", "content": "Intercellular junctions have been investigated in epidermis and pharyngeal epithelium of larvae and adults of various species of tunicates with conventional and freeze-fracture techniques. Gap and tight junctions were found, similar to those observed in vertebrate tissues. Gap junctions were frequent in glandular epithelia and in larval tissues. They were interpreted as ways of intercellular communication in these developing tissues. They were also particularly numerous in Phallusia pharyngeal cells. Tight junctions were found preferentially in adult pharyngeal and epidermal epithelia, where they were arranged in strands of distinct particles forming a belt-like network at the apical part of cells. These junctions were interpreted as providing a tight barrier between the internal medium and the external environment. In larvae, tight junctions were found only between epidermal cells of the tail. These junctions thus characterized completely differentiated tissues, where they might play, in tunicates and in vertebrates, the same role as septate junctions do in invertebrates.", "contents": "Gap and tight junctions in tunicates. Study in conventional and freeze-fracture techniques. Intercellular junctions have been investigated in epidermis and pharyngeal epithelium of larvae and adults of various species of tunicates with conventional and freeze-fracture techniques. Gap and tight junctions were found, similar to those observed in vertebrate tissues. Gap junctions were frequent in glandular epithelia and in larval tissues. They were interpreted as ways of intercellular communication in these developing tissues. They were also particularly numerous in Phallusia pharyngeal cells. Tight junctions were found preferentially in adult pharyngeal and epidermal epithelia, where they were arranged in strands of distinct particles forming a belt-like network at the apical part of cells. These junctions were interpreted as providing a tight barrier between the internal medium and the external environment. In larvae, tight junctions were found only between epidermal cells of the tail. These junctions thus characterized completely differentiated tissues, where they might play, in tunicates and in vertebrates, the same role as septate junctions do in invertebrates.", "PMID": 524347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1950", "title": "The incorporation and distribution of 3H oleic acid in the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart: a biochemical and EM autoradiographic study.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H oleic acid into tissue lipids of guinea pig heart was studied after 15, 30, 60 or 120 sec perfusion using EM autoradiography with 'hypothetical grain' analysis and lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography. Radioactivity in triacylglycerol and phospholipid increased and in free fatty acid decreased with time. This corresponded to an increase in radioactivity associated with lipid droplets in the autoradiographs. High levels of radioactivity were found associated with the mitochondria after only 15 sec. The movement of fatty acids is interpreted in terms of transport mechanisms, concentration gradients and bound and unbound molecules.", "contents": "The incorporation and distribution of 3H oleic acid in the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart: a biochemical and EM autoradiographic study. The incorporation of 3H oleic acid into tissue lipids of guinea pig heart was studied after 15, 30, 60 or 120 sec perfusion using EM autoradiography with 'hypothetical grain' analysis and lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography. Radioactivity in triacylglycerol and phospholipid increased and in free fatty acid decreased with time. This corresponded to an increase in radioactivity associated with lipid droplets in the autoradiographs. High levels of radioactivity were found associated with the mitochondria after only 15 sec. The movement of fatty acids is interpreted in terms of transport mechanisms, concentration gradients and bound and unbound molecules.", "PMID": 524348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1951", "title": "Programmed cell death. electrophysiological and ultrastructural correlations in metamorphosing muscles of lepidopteran insects.", "content": "Individual spontaneously degenerating fibers of moths have been examined successively by electrophysiological and ultrastructural techniques. The correlations observed by this method have revealed two phases of lysis. The first lytic phase begins at or before the ecdysis of the moth. It is characterized by a probable but occult respiratory lesion, normal movement of the ions across the plasma membrane, and limited degradation of myofilaments and autophagy of mitochondria. There are nevertheless early degenerative changes in the Z-band and a slight swelling of the T system. The second lytic phase is introduced, at approximately 15 hr after ecdysis, by collapse of the tracheal airways. The collapse of the tracheae is followed within 2 or 3 hr by a drastic reduction of input resistance, depolarization of the fiber, and loss of contractility. The rate of proteolysis increases, and the remaining myofilaments lose all structural identity by the twentieth hour. During this period of rapid change, the electron density of the reticular portion of the dyads decreases before a compactive process increases their opacity. Neural elements degenerate secondarily. The early lytic phases are apparently non-lysosomal for the myofilaments, although organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and glycogen are destroyed in autophagic vacuoles. Elimination of oxygen and collapse of the resting potential, with the presumed equilibration of intracellular ionic content, provokes a rapid dissolution of the myofilament, with continued autophagic elimination of the organelles.", "contents": "Programmed cell death. electrophysiological and ultrastructural correlations in metamorphosing muscles of lepidopteran insects. Individual spontaneously degenerating fibers of moths have been examined successively by electrophysiological and ultrastructural techniques. The correlations observed by this method have revealed two phases of lysis. The first lytic phase begins at or before the ecdysis of the moth. It is characterized by a probable but occult respiratory lesion, normal movement of the ions across the plasma membrane, and limited degradation of myofilaments and autophagy of mitochondria. There are nevertheless early degenerative changes in the Z-band and a slight swelling of the T system. The second lytic phase is introduced, at approximately 15 hr after ecdysis, by collapse of the tracheal airways. The collapse of the tracheae is followed within 2 or 3 hr by a drastic reduction of input resistance, depolarization of the fiber, and loss of contractility. The rate of proteolysis increases, and the remaining myofilaments lose all structural identity by the twentieth hour. During this period of rapid change, the electron density of the reticular portion of the dyads decreases before a compactive process increases their opacity. Neural elements degenerate secondarily. The early lytic phases are apparently non-lysosomal for the myofilaments, although organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and glycogen are destroyed in autophagic vacuoles. Elimination of oxygen and collapse of the resting potential, with the presumed equilibration of intracellular ionic content, provokes a rapid dissolution of the myofilament, with continued autophagic elimination of the organelles.", "PMID": 524349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1952", "title": "A method for micro-scale isolation of sulfated glycopeptide from tissue.", "content": "Micro-scale isolation of sulfated glycopeptide from tissue was achieved by successive application of pronase digestion (Step 1), cetylpyridinium chloride-fractionation (Step 2), crude heparinase digestion or chondroitinase ABC digestion plus nitrous acid treatment (Step 3) and preparative cellulose acetate membrane-electrophoresis (Step 4). By this method, sulfated glycopeptide was obtained in a high yield from estrogen-treated rabbit uterus.", "contents": "A method for micro-scale isolation of sulfated glycopeptide from tissue. Micro-scale isolation of sulfated glycopeptide from tissue was achieved by successive application of pronase digestion (Step 1), cetylpyridinium chloride-fractionation (Step 2), crude heparinase digestion or chondroitinase ABC digestion plus nitrous acid treatment (Step 3) and preparative cellulose acetate membrane-electrophoresis (Step 4). By this method, sulfated glycopeptide was obtained in a high yield from estrogen-treated rabbit uterus.", "PMID": 524351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1953", "title": "Effect of triamterene on urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E in essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of triamterene on urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was studied, and the results were compared with those obtained with spironolactone. Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically. Triamterene was administered in a dose of 100 mg/day for 8 days to 7 patients with essential hypertension. Following the administration of triamterene, urinary prostaglandin E tended to increase. However, the increment was not significant. The lack of significant increase in urinary prostaglandin E excretion during the administration of triamterene contrasted with our previous finding with spironolactone, in which a significant increase in prostaglandin E excretion was observed on the first day of spironolactone administration. Urinary Na excretion and urinary Na/K ratio were significantly increased and urine volume also tended to increase following the administration of triamterene. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were increased in all cases. However, there was no significant correlation between these parameters and urinary prostaglandin E. These results suggest that the effect of triamterene on renal prostaglandin E synthesis is different from that of spironolactone and that the change in urinary prostaglandin E after the administration of triamterene is not the reflection of the change in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Effect of triamterene on urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E in essential hypertension. The effect of triamterene on urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was studied, and the results were compared with those obtained with spironolactone. Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically. Triamterene was administered in a dose of 100 mg/day for 8 days to 7 patients with essential hypertension. Following the administration of triamterene, urinary prostaglandin E tended to increase. However, the increment was not significant. The lack of significant increase in urinary prostaglandin E excretion during the administration of triamterene contrasted with our previous finding with spironolactone, in which a significant increase in prostaglandin E excretion was observed on the first day of spironolactone administration. Urinary Na excretion and urinary Na/K ratio were significantly increased and urine volume also tended to increase following the administration of triamterene. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were increased in all cases. However, there was no significant correlation between these parameters and urinary prostaglandin E. These results suggest that the effect of triamterene on renal prostaglandin E synthesis is different from that of spironolactone and that the change in urinary prostaglandin E after the administration of triamterene is not the reflection of the change in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 524352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1954", "title": "Experimental investigation on the pathogenesis of tartrazine-induced asthma.", "content": "The effects of tartrazine on the synthesis of prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS) from arachidonic acid in isolated perfused guinea pig lung, and on the contractile responses of guinea pig tracheal tissues induced by histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin F2 alpha were studied. The synthesis of PGLS from arachidonic acid was not inhibited by tartrazine. The contractile responses of guinea pig tracheal tissues induced by various bronchoconstrictors were potentiated in the presence of tartrazine. These results may suggest that tartrazine-induced asthma is not induced by inhibition of PGLS synthesis, but induced by potentiation of bronchoconstrictor responses.", "contents": "Experimental investigation on the pathogenesis of tartrazine-induced asthma. The effects of tartrazine on the synthesis of prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS) from arachidonic acid in isolated perfused guinea pig lung, and on the contractile responses of guinea pig tracheal tissues induced by histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin F2 alpha were studied. The synthesis of PGLS from arachidonic acid was not inhibited by tartrazine. The contractile responses of guinea pig tracheal tissues induced by various bronchoconstrictors were potentiated in the presence of tartrazine. These results may suggest that tartrazine-induced asthma is not induced by inhibition of PGLS synthesis, but induced by potentiation of bronchoconstrictor responses.", "PMID": 524353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1955", "title": "Cytological diagnosis in dysplasia of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Cytologic specimens presenting primarily superficial or intermediate dysplastic cells in the smear obtained by scraping the uterine cervix were defined as mild dysplasia, and those presenting primarily parabasal (or deep layer) dysplastic cells were defined as severe dysplasia. The rate of agreement of the above cytologic diagnosis to the histological diagnosis by target biopsy using the colposcope was 50% and 51% in mild and severe dysplasia, respectively. Specimens containing a few atypical cells which were strongly suspected to be malignant were classified as IIIb. From this group, malignant lesions were found in 48% and severe dysplasia in 35%.", "contents": "Cytological diagnosis in dysplasia of the uterine cervix. Cytologic specimens presenting primarily superficial or intermediate dysplastic cells in the smear obtained by scraping the uterine cervix were defined as mild dysplasia, and those presenting primarily parabasal (or deep layer) dysplastic cells were defined as severe dysplasia. The rate of agreement of the above cytologic diagnosis to the histological diagnosis by target biopsy using the colposcope was 50% and 51% in mild and severe dysplasia, respectively. Specimens containing a few atypical cells which were strongly suspected to be malignant were classified as IIIb. From this group, malignant lesions were found in 48% and severe dysplasia in 35%.", "PMID": 524354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1956", "title": "PaCO2 for optimum washout of inhalational anesthetics from the brain. A model study.", "content": "A hypothesis was established that, during emergence of inhalational anesthesia, hyperventilation and accompanying hypocapnia beyond a certain limit may actually disturb rather than enhance the washout of inhalational anesthetics from the brain because of a decreased cerebral blood flow. Two mathematical models were constructed and the washout of nitrous oxide, halothane and methoxyflurane were studied. In model I, the whole body consisted of a single compartment, and blood flow to this compartment was assumed to change proprotionally with the PaCO2. In model 2, the body was divided into two compartments, brain and the rest of the body. It was assumed that the blood flow to the brain compartment varies proportionally with the PaCO2, while that to the rest of the body remains constant. The analysis indicated that there indeed existed the PaCO2 values at which the washout of anesthetics from the brain can be maximally achieved. In model 1, they were 49.0, 22.1 and 9.7 mmHg for nitrous oxide, halothane, and methoxyflurane, respectively. In model 2, these PaCO2 values varied with time. While the hypothesis was proven to be valid, we conclude that it is of limited clinical significance. For halothane and methoxyflurane, these theoretically optimum PaCO2 values are sufficiently low. For nitrous oxide, the variation of PaCO2 makes little difference clinically, because its washout is fast enough regardless of PaCO2.", "contents": "PaCO2 for optimum washout of inhalational anesthetics from the brain. A model study. A hypothesis was established that, during emergence of inhalational anesthesia, hyperventilation and accompanying hypocapnia beyond a certain limit may actually disturb rather than enhance the washout of inhalational anesthetics from the brain because of a decreased cerebral blood flow. Two mathematical models were constructed and the washout of nitrous oxide, halothane and methoxyflurane were studied. In model I, the whole body consisted of a single compartment, and blood flow to this compartment was assumed to change proprotionally with the PaCO2. In model 2, the body was divided into two compartments, brain and the rest of the body. It was assumed that the blood flow to the brain compartment varies proportionally with the PaCO2, while that to the rest of the body remains constant. The analysis indicated that there indeed existed the PaCO2 values at which the washout of anesthetics from the brain can be maximally achieved. In model 1, they were 49.0, 22.1 and 9.7 mmHg for nitrous oxide, halothane, and methoxyflurane, respectively. In model 2, these PaCO2 values varied with time. While the hypothesis was proven to be valid, we conclude that it is of limited clinical significance. For halothane and methoxyflurane, these theoretically optimum PaCO2 values are sufficiently low. For nitrous oxide, the variation of PaCO2 makes little difference clinically, because its washout is fast enough regardless of PaCO2.", "PMID": 524355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1957", "title": "The normal levels of fluorine in the bone tissue of Japanese subjects.", "content": "The variation of fluorine concentration by sex and age in bones of Japanese subjects was estimated. The subjects had lived in districts virtually with no fluoride in drinking water and air. The rib bone and the iliac crest were selected for investigation. The fluorine concentration in bones was about 100 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 200-230 ppm in ash weight from birth to 19 in both sexes, and increased in their twenties, reaching a plateau level in the 60's. The fluorine concentration in rib bones, however, was 610 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 1100 ppm in ash weight, which was slightly higher than that in ilia with 530 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 960 ppm in ash weight, respectively. The bones of males contained more fluorine than those of females. The concentration of Ca, P and Mg in bone tissue did not correlate with fluorine concentration.", "contents": "The normal levels of fluorine in the bone tissue of Japanese subjects. The variation of fluorine concentration by sex and age in bones of Japanese subjects was estimated. The subjects had lived in districts virtually with no fluoride in drinking water and air. The rib bone and the iliac crest were selected for investigation. The fluorine concentration in bones was about 100 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 200-230 ppm in ash weight from birth to 19 in both sexes, and increased in their twenties, reaching a plateau level in the 60's. The fluorine concentration in rib bones, however, was 610 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 1100 ppm in ash weight, which was slightly higher than that in ilia with 530 ppm in dry (fat-free) weight and 960 ppm in ash weight, respectively. The bones of males contained more fluorine than those of females. The concentration of Ca, P and Mg in bone tissue did not correlate with fluorine concentration.", "PMID": 524356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1958", "title": "Multidrug combination in cancer chemotherapy: MFU therapy.", "content": "Three-drug therapy with Mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and a nitrosourea derivative, ACNU, was carried out in 72 cases of carcinoma patients, mostly of stomach carcinoma. 1) According to Karnofsky's criteria, an effect of above I-A was observed in 10 of 35 cases (29%) treated with MFU-I (0.08 mg/kg of MMC, 10 mg/kg of 5-FU and 0.4-0.8 mg/kg of ACNU twice a week for the first two weeks and once a week thereafter for a total of six weeks as one course), 5 of 14 cases (36%) with MFU-I-O (MFU-I plus 0.2-2.0 KE of OK-432 i.m. three times a week), and 6 of 20 cases (30%) with MFU-II (0.2 mg/kg of MMC once in two weeks, 5 mg/kg of 5-FU every day, 2 mg/kg of ACNU once in six weeks as one course). 2) According to the criteria of the group of Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, a partial response was seen in 29% of the cases treated with MFU-I, in 38% of the cases treated with MFU-I-O, and 30% of the cases treated with MFU-II. 3) Side effect was slight in the digestive organs but the bone marrow suppression was remarkable. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in the majority of patients under treatment. The hematological side effect appeared early in MFU-II therapy, but it was not severe and recovered quickly. Combined use of OK-432 seemed to be effective to shorten the period of hematological disorders. Thus, three-drug combination treatment with MMC, 5-FU, and ACNU seems to be useful for patients with malignant tumor, chiefly of the digestive organs. Especially, MFU-II treatment schedule seems to be a combination therapy that has relatively small hematological side effects.", "contents": "Multidrug combination in cancer chemotherapy: MFU therapy. Three-drug therapy with Mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and a nitrosourea derivative, ACNU, was carried out in 72 cases of carcinoma patients, mostly of stomach carcinoma. 1) According to Karnofsky's criteria, an effect of above I-A was observed in 10 of 35 cases (29%) treated with MFU-I (0.08 mg/kg of MMC, 10 mg/kg of 5-FU and 0.4-0.8 mg/kg of ACNU twice a week for the first two weeks and once a week thereafter for a total of six weeks as one course), 5 of 14 cases (36%) with MFU-I-O (MFU-I plus 0.2-2.0 KE of OK-432 i.m. three times a week), and 6 of 20 cases (30%) with MFU-II (0.2 mg/kg of MMC once in two weeks, 5 mg/kg of 5-FU every day, 2 mg/kg of ACNU once in six weeks as one course). 2) According to the criteria of the group of Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, a partial response was seen in 29% of the cases treated with MFU-I, in 38% of the cases treated with MFU-I-O, and 30% of the cases treated with MFU-II. 3) Side effect was slight in the digestive organs but the bone marrow suppression was remarkable. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in the majority of patients under treatment. The hematological side effect appeared early in MFU-II therapy, but it was not severe and recovered quickly. Combined use of OK-432 seemed to be effective to shorten the period of hematological disorders. Thus, three-drug combination treatment with MMC, 5-FU, and ACNU seems to be useful for patients with malignant tumor, chiefly of the digestive organs. Especially, MFU-II treatment schedule seems to be a combination therapy that has relatively small hematological side effects.", "PMID": 524357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1959", "title": "Mitogenic effect of a novel animal lectin on human lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenic effect of the novel lectin prepared from an animal source on human lymphocytes was examined in comparison with that of phytohemagglutinin-p (PHA-p) by the uptake of 3H-thymidine. The uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphoblasts was enhanced by the treatment with the lectin as well as with PHA-p, though the effect of the lectin was difficult to compare exactly with that of PHA-p.", "contents": "Mitogenic effect of a novel animal lectin on human lymphocytes. The mitogenic effect of the novel lectin prepared from an animal source on human lymphocytes was examined in comparison with that of phytohemagglutinin-p (PHA-p) by the uptake of 3H-thymidine. The uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphoblasts was enhanced by the treatment with the lectin as well as with PHA-p, though the effect of the lectin was difficult to compare exactly with that of PHA-p.", "PMID": 524358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1960", "title": "Alcoholic liver disease in women.", "content": "In 1972-1977, 130 patients with alcoholic liver disease (123 men and 7 women) were admitted. A half of the women had occupations which are related with alcohol consumption and a half were housewives. Daily consumption of alcohol in the women was the same as in the men. Duration of excessive drinking was 11.4 years in the women and 17.1 years in the men, but the difference was not statistically significant. Though the difference of the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis in the women (57%) and in the men (27%) was not statistically significant, frequency of ascites was significantly higher in the women (43%) than in the men (7%). Women seem to be more susceptible to severe form of alcoholic liver damage.", "contents": "Alcoholic liver disease in women. In 1972-1977, 130 patients with alcoholic liver disease (123 men and 7 women) were admitted. A half of the women had occupations which are related with alcohol consumption and a half were housewives. Daily consumption of alcohol in the women was the same as in the men. Duration of excessive drinking was 11.4 years in the women and 17.1 years in the men, but the difference was not statistically significant. Though the difference of the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis in the women (57%) and in the men (27%) was not statistically significant, frequency of ascites was significantly higher in the women (43%) than in the men (7%). Women seem to be more susceptible to severe form of alcoholic liver damage.", "PMID": 524359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1961", "title": "Ultrastructural pathology of peripheral nerves in patients with diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "Sural nerve lesions in patients with clinically manifest diabetic neuropathy were investigated electron microscopically. Myelinated nerve fibers were reduced in all the diabetic patients. Axonal degeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers was most conspicuous finding in the diabetic sural nerves. Structural changes of the axons were represented by axonal dwindling, depletion of axoplasmic organelles, vacuolarization and an increase in neurofilaments. Accumulation of glycogen-like particles and deposition of electron homogeneous amorphous materials were noted within a few axons. On the other hand, there could also be found degenerative changes of myelin sheaths, various kinds of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (crystalloid, lamellar inclusion bodies and lipids-like droplets), aggregates of glycogen particles in the Schwann cell cytoplasm and basement membrane hyperplasia of Schwann cells in all the subjects. Furthermore, multiplication and thickening of the basement membrane of vasa nervorum were constant findings of the diabetic sural nerves. The vascular changes, demyelination and axonal degeneration of the cases were not apparently correlated with each other. There was no special relationship between nerve tissue changes and clinical symptoms or laboratory findings. These results indicated that the peripheral nerve lesions in human diabetics were mainly due to metabolic impairment of nerve fibers, accompanying dysmetabolism of Schwann cells and diabetic microangiopathy, and that these changes proceeded independently.", "contents": "Ultrastructural pathology of peripheral nerves in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Sural nerve lesions in patients with clinically manifest diabetic neuropathy were investigated electron microscopically. Myelinated nerve fibers were reduced in all the diabetic patients. Axonal degeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers was most conspicuous finding in the diabetic sural nerves. Structural changes of the axons were represented by axonal dwindling, depletion of axoplasmic organelles, vacuolarization and an increase in neurofilaments. Accumulation of glycogen-like particles and deposition of electron homogeneous amorphous materials were noted within a few axons. On the other hand, there could also be found degenerative changes of myelin sheaths, various kinds of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (crystalloid, lamellar inclusion bodies and lipids-like droplets), aggregates of glycogen particles in the Schwann cell cytoplasm and basement membrane hyperplasia of Schwann cells in all the subjects. Furthermore, multiplication and thickening of the basement membrane of vasa nervorum were constant findings of the diabetic sural nerves. The vascular changes, demyelination and axonal degeneration of the cases were not apparently correlated with each other. There was no special relationship between nerve tissue changes and clinical symptoms or laboratory findings. These results indicated that the peripheral nerve lesions in human diabetics were mainly due to metabolic impairment of nerve fibers, accompanying dysmetabolism of Schwann cells and diabetic microangiopathy, and that these changes proceeded independently.", "PMID": 524360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1962", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the liver of mice.", "content": "The three-dimensional fine structures of several tissue components of the liver in normal mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The tissue components observed were as follows: hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells, fat-storing cells, reticulin fibers and epithelial cells of the bile duct. Two types of fenestrations were found in the sinusoidal endothelial cells. One was smaller and clustered, and the other larger and scattered. Both of them were distributed equally throughout the hepatic lobule. Intercellular gaps were found at the endothelial junction. The Kupffer cell which was localized in a large gap between the endothelial cells was characterized by numerous villous projections, and by the absence of fenestrations which were observed in the endothelial cells. Fat-storing cells were located between hepatocytes. They elongated their processes into the space of Disse, but never protruded into the sinusoidal lumen. They were clearly distinguished from the endothelial cells and the Kupffer cells by their morphological feature and location. No transitional form was seen among the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells, and the fat-storing cells.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the liver of mice. The three-dimensional fine structures of several tissue components of the liver in normal mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The tissue components observed were as follows: hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells, fat-storing cells, reticulin fibers and epithelial cells of the bile duct. Two types of fenestrations were found in the sinusoidal endothelial cells. One was smaller and clustered, and the other larger and scattered. Both of them were distributed equally throughout the hepatic lobule. Intercellular gaps were found at the endothelial junction. The Kupffer cell which was localized in a large gap between the endothelial cells was characterized by numerous villous projections, and by the absence of fenestrations which were observed in the endothelial cells. Fat-storing cells were located between hepatocytes. They elongated their processes into the space of Disse, but never protruded into the sinusoidal lumen. They were clearly distinguished from the endothelial cells and the Kupffer cells by their morphological feature and location. No transitional form was seen among the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells, and the fat-storing cells.", "PMID": 524361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1963", "title": "The effect of a single sublethal administration of cadmium chloride on the microcirculation in the uterus of the rat.", "content": "A light microscopical and ultrastructural survey of the early effects of cadmium chloride in the uterus of the prepubertal rat was performed. 3 h after injection of CdCl2 evidence of injury to the microcirculation was ultrastructurally apparent. The phenomena consisted of nuclear and nucleolar changes, extensive pinocytotic activity, vacuolisation of the cytoplasmic matrix, distension of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in cytoplasmic protrusions in the lumen of the cell. After 6 h the damage had increased and a certain portion of the endothelial cells showed signs of degeneration. At 24 h the changes were maximal and extruded red cells were observed in the interstitial tissue by light microscopy. At 48 h recovery had started and the situation appeared to return to normal.", "contents": "The effect of a single sublethal administration of cadmium chloride on the microcirculation in the uterus of the rat. A light microscopical and ultrastructural survey of the early effects of cadmium chloride in the uterus of the prepubertal rat was performed. 3 h after injection of CdCl2 evidence of injury to the microcirculation was ultrastructurally apparent. The phenomena consisted of nuclear and nucleolar changes, extensive pinocytotic activity, vacuolisation of the cytoplasmic matrix, distension of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in cytoplasmic protrusions in the lumen of the cell. After 6 h the damage had increased and a certain portion of the endothelial cells showed signs of degeneration. At 24 h the changes were maximal and extruded red cells were observed in the interstitial tissue by light microscopy. At 48 h recovery had started and the situation appeared to return to normal.", "PMID": 524376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1964", "title": "Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the hepatic metabolism of testosterone in the rat.", "content": "A dose of 20 micrograms/kg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was given to adult male rats intragastrically and the metabolism of [4-14C]-testosterone by liver homogenate was examined 1 week later. The overall catabolism of testosterone was significantly reduced by the TCDD treatment. Dihydroxysteroids (intermediate reduced metabolites) were increased, while the production of polar non-conjugated metabolites (end products) was diminished.", "contents": "Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the hepatic metabolism of testosterone in the rat. A dose of 20 micrograms/kg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was given to adult male rats intragastrically and the metabolism of [4-14C]-testosterone by liver homogenate was examined 1 week later. The overall catabolism of testosterone was significantly reduced by the TCDD treatment. Dihydroxysteroids (intermediate reduced metabolites) were increased, while the production of polar non-conjugated metabolites (end products) was diminished.", "PMID": 524378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1965", "title": "Canine pituitary-testicular function in relation to toxicity testing.", "content": "The physiological onset and establishment of adult pituitary-testicular function has been characterised for Beagle dogs. Testicular measurements, circulating prolactin, luteinising hormone and testosterone concentrations, semen analyses and the histological appearance of testicular biopsies, suggest that male Beagles attain sexual maturity between 35 and 41 weeks of age. The assessment of testicular toxicity is discussed and attention drawn to possible approaches for investigating primary mechanisms of toxic action on the canine testis. Expected values for testicular size, hormone levels and semen characteristics are reported.", "contents": "Canine pituitary-testicular function in relation to toxicity testing. The physiological onset and establishment of adult pituitary-testicular function has been characterised for Beagle dogs. Testicular measurements, circulating prolactin, luteinising hormone and testosterone concentrations, semen analyses and the histological appearance of testicular biopsies, suggest that male Beagles attain sexual maturity between 35 and 41 weeks of age. The assessment of testicular toxicity is discussed and attention drawn to possible approaches for investigating primary mechanisms of toxic action on the canine testis. Expected values for testicular size, hormone levels and semen characteristics are reported.", "PMID": 524379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1966", "title": "Effects of lead microparticles on the growth characteristics of the BHK21 fibroblast cell line.", "content": "BHK21 fibroblastic cells were exposed in vitro to lead microparticles produced by pyrolysis of the organic lead used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. Although non-cytolethal, 10 micrograms of lead/10(6) cells rapidly inhibited cell growth kinetics as well as [3H]thymidine and L-[3H]leucine incorporation by the BHK21 cell line. The growth rate inhibition provoked by chronic exposure to lead microparticles became reversible when the cells were cultured without the microparticulate pollutant. The cloning efficiency of BHK21 cells was impaired by lead concentrations above 1 mg/10(6) cells.", "contents": "Effects of lead microparticles on the growth characteristics of the BHK21 fibroblast cell line. BHK21 fibroblastic cells were exposed in vitro to lead microparticles produced by pyrolysis of the organic lead used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. Although non-cytolethal, 10 micrograms of lead/10(6) cells rapidly inhibited cell growth kinetics as well as [3H]thymidine and L-[3H]leucine incorporation by the BHK21 cell line. The growth rate inhibition provoked by chronic exposure to lead microparticles became reversible when the cells were cultured without the microparticulate pollutant. The cloning efficiency of BHK21 cells was impaired by lead concentrations above 1 mg/10(6) cells.", "PMID": 524380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1967", "title": "Micro-buffy coats of whole blood: a method for the electron microscopic study of mononuclear cells.", "content": "A method for the electron microscopic study of human peripheral lymphocytes by which very small buffy coats are obtained through centrifugation of heparinized whole blood in glass or plastic microhematocrit tubes is presented. This method is time saving and efficient, yielding well preserved material and a comparatively large number of mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes) in each thin section.", "contents": "Micro-buffy coats of whole blood: a method for the electron microscopic study of mononuclear cells. A method for the electron microscopic study of human peripheral lymphocytes by which very small buffy coats are obtained through centrifugation of heparinized whole blood in glass or plastic microhematocrit tubes is presented. This method is time saving and efficient, yielding well preserved material and a comparatively large number of mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes) in each thin section.", "PMID": 524397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1968", "title": "Ischemic cerebral edema. A review.", "content": "The genesis of ischemic cerebral edema is multi-factorial and the relative importance of these many factors varies throughout the lesion and with time. The initial event is intracellular edema which may be followed by extracellular edema. This situation precludes any simple treatment, particularly because the favorable alteration of one factor might be detrimental to another.", "contents": "Ischemic cerebral edema. A review. The genesis of ischemic cerebral edema is multi-factorial and the relative importance of these many factors varies throughout the lesion and with time. The initial event is intracellular edema which may be followed by extracellular edema. This situation precludes any simple treatment, particularly because the favorable alteration of one factor might be detrimental to another.", "PMID": 524402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1969", "title": "Attenuation of ischemic brain edema by pentobarbital after carotid ligation in the gerbil.", "content": "The efficacy of pentobarbital in the treatment of ischemic cerebral edema was evaluated in 160 gerbils. Animals underwent carotid ligation under ether or pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) anesthesia. The pentobarbital anesthetized group received an additional dose of 30 mg/kg 4 h after ligation. Animals were evaluated for neurologic deficit at 4 and 8 h post-ligation, then sacrificed. Water content of each hemisphere and swelling percentage were calculated from the wet and dry weights of the hemispheres. Swelling percentage in animals anesthetized with ether was 6.374 +/- 0.89 SE, whereas gerbils who underwent sham carotid ligation showed a negligible (0.491 +/- 0.15) swelling percentage (p less than 0.01). Pentobarbital animals had a swelling percentage of 3.359 +/- 0.68. This represents a significant edema reduction compared to ether-anesthetized animals (p less than 0.01). Neurologic deficit was decreased by 56.7% (17/60 vs 30/60) in pentobarbital animals compared with ether animals (p less than 0.025). Mortality at 8 hours was reduced by 75% (2/60 vs 8/60) in pentobarbital animals (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Attenuation of ischemic brain edema by pentobarbital after carotid ligation in the gerbil. The efficacy of pentobarbital in the treatment of ischemic cerebral edema was evaluated in 160 gerbils. Animals underwent carotid ligation under ether or pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) anesthesia. The pentobarbital anesthetized group received an additional dose of 30 mg/kg 4 h after ligation. Animals were evaluated for neurologic deficit at 4 and 8 h post-ligation, then sacrificed. Water content of each hemisphere and swelling percentage were calculated from the wet and dry weights of the hemispheres. Swelling percentage in animals anesthetized with ether was 6.374 +/- 0.89 SE, whereas gerbils who underwent sham carotid ligation showed a negligible (0.491 +/- 0.15) swelling percentage (p less than 0.01). Pentobarbital animals had a swelling percentage of 3.359 +/- 0.68. This represents a significant edema reduction compared to ether-anesthetized animals (p less than 0.01). Neurologic deficit was decreased by 56.7% (17/60 vs 30/60) in pentobarbital animals compared with ether animals (p less than 0.025). Mortality at 8 hours was reduced by 75% (2/60 vs 8/60) in pentobarbital animals (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 524403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1970", "title": "Influence of various agents on the development of brain edema in the rat following microembolism. Protective effect of gamma-butyrolactone.", "content": "Brain edema was induced in rats by injecting 50 mu microspheres, labelled with 85Sr, into the internal carotid artery. The use of radioactive microspheres as embolic agents enabled the number of microspheres to be determined in each cerebral hemisphere. Edema was assessed 12 or 24 h after embolization by measuring brain water content and, in some experiments, sodium and potassium. Pretreatments with dexamethasone, parachlorophenylalanine (an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis), mepyramine and metiamide (H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists) or aminophylline did not influence significantly the development of brain edema evaluated 24 h after embolization. Aminophylline treatment (100 mg/kg) markedly increased mortality following embolization. Gamma-butyrolactone (300 mg/kg, every 2 h) inhibited significantly the development of brain edema evaluated 12 hours after embolization. Increases in water and sodium in the embolized cerebral hemisphere were reduced by about 50%. This protective effect may be related to the known depressant action on brain metabolism.", "contents": "Influence of various agents on the development of brain edema in the rat following microembolism. Protective effect of gamma-butyrolactone. Brain edema was induced in rats by injecting 50 mu microspheres, labelled with 85Sr, into the internal carotid artery. The use of radioactive microspheres as embolic agents enabled the number of microspheres to be determined in each cerebral hemisphere. Edema was assessed 12 or 24 h after embolization by measuring brain water content and, in some experiments, sodium and potassium. Pretreatments with dexamethasone, parachlorophenylalanine (an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis), mepyramine and metiamide (H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists) or aminophylline did not influence significantly the development of brain edema evaluated 24 h after embolization. Aminophylline treatment (100 mg/kg) markedly increased mortality following embolization. Gamma-butyrolactone (300 mg/kg, every 2 h) inhibited significantly the development of brain edema evaluated 12 hours after embolization. Increases in water and sodium in the embolized cerebral hemisphere were reduced by about 50%. This protective effect may be related to the known depressant action on brain metabolism.", "PMID": 524404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1971", "title": "Changing pattern of cerebral infarction: 1945--1974.", "content": "This study has identified all persons in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, who had a diagnosis of cerebral infarction during the period Jan. 1, 1970, through Dec. 31, 1974, and has confirmed the continuing decline in the incidence rate previously reported. The decline in the rate has been accelerating, with a relatively greater reduction occurring in women and in the more elderly age groups. There has been a decline in the prevalence rate in women which was not seen in men. The over-all impact of cerebral infarction was to reduce the proportion of those persons who were completely independent from 57% before cerebral infarction to 16% after infarction. Comparison of survival among patients with cerebral infarction occurring in the two quinquennia 1945--49 and 1970--74 showed only a 2% increased probability of survival at 30 days; the difference in survival increased progressively to 16% at 5 years. The reason for the declining incidence and increased survival in cerebral infarction in this population has not been established, but evidence of increased community surveillance and treatment of hypertension among persons before the onset of cerebral infarction is presented.", "contents": "Changing pattern of cerebral infarction: 1945--1974. This study has identified all persons in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, who had a diagnosis of cerebral infarction during the period Jan. 1, 1970, through Dec. 31, 1974, and has confirmed the continuing decline in the incidence rate previously reported. The decline in the rate has been accelerating, with a relatively greater reduction occurring in women and in the more elderly age groups. There has been a decline in the prevalence rate in women which was not seen in men. The over-all impact of cerebral infarction was to reduce the proportion of those persons who were completely independent from 57% before cerebral infarction to 16% after infarction. Comparison of survival among patients with cerebral infarction occurring in the two quinquennia 1945--49 and 1970--74 showed only a 2% increased probability of survival at 30 days; the difference in survival increased progressively to 16% at 5 years. The reason for the declining incidence and increased survival in cerebral infarction in this population has not been established, but evidence of increased community surveillance and treatment of hypertension among persons before the onset of cerebral infarction is presented.", "PMID": 524405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1972", "title": "Recovery in treated aphasia in the first year post-stroke.", "content": "During a one year post-stroke period of observation, the recovery trend in treated aphasic patients was characterized by general progression in communication skill. The most notable improvement occurred on a measure of everyday function with changes worthy of note on tasks of auditory comprehension and spontaneous word production. In the first 6 months post-stroke, the greatest gain occurred in aphasic patients classified as Fluent, and the least gain in Global aphasics. On the auditory comprehension task, however, improvement was noted in all aphasics regardless of type. In contrast, during the latter half of the first year post-stroke, Fluent aphasics showed least and Global aphasics the greatest improvement. In spite of their progress, Global aphasic patients remained considerably more impaired than the other groups. That the Global aphasics remained so impaired was expected, but the extent and temporal characteristics of their progress in communicating was unexpected.", "contents": "Recovery in treated aphasia in the first year post-stroke. During a one year post-stroke period of observation, the recovery trend in treated aphasic patients was characterized by general progression in communication skill. The most notable improvement occurred on a measure of everyday function with changes worthy of note on tasks of auditory comprehension and spontaneous word production. In the first 6 months post-stroke, the greatest gain occurred in aphasic patients classified as Fluent, and the least gain in Global aphasics. On the auditory comprehension task, however, improvement was noted in all aphasics regardless of type. In contrast, during the latter half of the first year post-stroke, Fluent aphasics showed least and Global aphasics the greatest improvement. In spite of their progress, Global aphasic patients remained considerably more impaired than the other groups. That the Global aphasics remained so impaired was expected, but the extent and temporal characteristics of their progress in communicating was unexpected.", "PMID": 524406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1973", "title": "Intracranial venous thrombosis in young women.", "content": "Twenty women of child-bearing age with intracranial venous thrombosis are reported. Thirteen developed thrombosis post-partum; 6 while on oral contraceptives. In one patient no cause was found. All diagnoses were confirmed by carotid angiography and in 10 out of 14 patients laboratory data indicated a hypercoagulable state. Coagulation studies were performed in 14 normal puerperal women, matched by age, who served as controls. No statistical differences was found between thrombotic and control groups. Radiologic signs of sino-venous occlusion are reviewed. Conservative treatment with anti-edematous agents, anticonvulsants and antiplatelet aggregants is advocated.", "contents": "Intracranial venous thrombosis in young women. Twenty women of child-bearing age with intracranial venous thrombosis are reported. Thirteen developed thrombosis post-partum; 6 while on oral contraceptives. In one patient no cause was found. All diagnoses were confirmed by carotid angiography and in 10 out of 14 patients laboratory data indicated a hypercoagulable state. Coagulation studies were performed in 14 normal puerperal women, matched by age, who served as controls. No statistical differences was found between thrombotic and control groups. Radiologic signs of sino-venous occlusion are reviewed. Conservative treatment with anti-edematous agents, anticonvulsants and antiplatelet aggregants is advocated.", "PMID": 524408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1974", "title": "Histopathological reactivity of carotid arteries of normotensive Sprague-Dawley vs spontaneously hypertensive rats to ligation injury.", "content": "The common carotid arteries of normotensive non-arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, mildly hypertensive but arteriosclerotic breeder S-D rats, severely hypertensive but non-arteriosclerotic virgin spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and severely hypertensive breeder SHR were ligated to induce injury. Three weeks post-ligation, the animals were killed and histopathological sections of the ligated artery demonstrated myointimal proliferation without occlusion in the normotensive S-D rats but myointimal proliferation with occlusion in the severely hypertensive SHR. Breeder S-D rats with moderate hypertension manifested a high incidence of total occlusion by combined myointimal proliferation and thrombosis. Severely hypertensive breeder SHR manifested a high incidence of massive thrombi containing cholesterol clefts causing total occlusion of the injured artery. It is suggested that the severity of the hypertension and the hormonal-metabolic milieu conditions the morphologic response of the arterial wall to injury.", "contents": "Histopathological reactivity of carotid arteries of normotensive Sprague-Dawley vs spontaneously hypertensive rats to ligation injury. The common carotid arteries of normotensive non-arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, mildly hypertensive but arteriosclerotic breeder S-D rats, severely hypertensive but non-arteriosclerotic virgin spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and severely hypertensive breeder SHR were ligated to induce injury. Three weeks post-ligation, the animals were killed and histopathological sections of the ligated artery demonstrated myointimal proliferation without occlusion in the normotensive S-D rats but myointimal proliferation with occlusion in the severely hypertensive SHR. Breeder S-D rats with moderate hypertension manifested a high incidence of total occlusion by combined myointimal proliferation and thrombosis. Severely hypertensive breeder SHR manifested a high incidence of massive thrombi containing cholesterol clefts causing total occlusion of the injured artery. It is suggested that the severity of the hypertension and the hormonal-metabolic milieu conditions the morphologic response of the arterial wall to injury.", "PMID": 524407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1975", "title": "Levels in stroke patients of CSF astroprotein, an astrocyte-specific cerebroprotein.", "content": "Astroprotein (an astrocyte-specific cerebroprotein) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 47 stroke patients. (Astroprotein is immunologically identical to glial fibrillary acidic protein.) Astroprotein levels in CSF increased markedly in acute cases of intracerebral hemorrhage and slightly to moderately in some acute cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. In intracerebral hemorrhage, CSF astroprotein levels in the acute stage of the ictus reflected the size of the lesion and were used to estimate the clinical outcome. In subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, CSF astroprotein levels were related to the general neurological state. Evidence obtained indicated that fundamentally different destructive and/or degenerative processes in the brain may be involved in intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction and that determination of CSF astroprotein may have clinical significance in stroke patients.", "contents": "Levels in stroke patients of CSF astroprotein, an astrocyte-specific cerebroprotein. Astroprotein (an astrocyte-specific cerebroprotein) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 47 stroke patients. (Astroprotein is immunologically identical to glial fibrillary acidic protein.) Astroprotein levels in CSF increased markedly in acute cases of intracerebral hemorrhage and slightly to moderately in some acute cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. In intracerebral hemorrhage, CSF astroprotein levels in the acute stage of the ictus reflected the size of the lesion and were used to estimate the clinical outcome. In subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, CSF astroprotein levels were related to the general neurological state. Evidence obtained indicated that fundamentally different destructive and/or degenerative processes in the brain may be involved in intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction and that determination of CSF astroprotein may have clinical significance in stroke patients.", "PMID": 524409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1976", "title": "Measurement of regional brain glucose utilization in vivo using [2(-14)C] glucose.", "content": "A new technique is described for the autoradiographic determination of regional brain glucose metabolism employing 14C labeled glucose as substrate and measurement principles previously described for whole brain. Regional glucose values correlate closely with those reported for the 14C-deoxyglucose technique. The method has the advantages of 1) a much shorter experimental period, 2) a relatively simple mathematical treatment, and 3) the utilization of the actual, fully metabolizable substance itself, glucose, as the label. In addition to normal rats, regional values are reported for 20 individual brain areas of rats in bicuculline induced status epilepticus, rats intoxicated with ammonium and rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or ketamine.", "contents": "Measurement of regional brain glucose utilization in vivo using [2(-14)C] glucose. A new technique is described for the autoradiographic determination of regional brain glucose metabolism employing 14C labeled glucose as substrate and measurement principles previously described for whole brain. Regional glucose values correlate closely with those reported for the 14C-deoxyglucose technique. The method has the advantages of 1) a much shorter experimental period, 2) a relatively simple mathematical treatment, and 3) the utilization of the actual, fully metabolizable substance itself, glucose, as the label. In addition to normal rats, regional values are reported for 20 individual brain areas of rats in bicuculline induced status epilepticus, rats intoxicated with ammonium and rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or ketamine.", "PMID": 524410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1977", "title": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Participation of adrenergic nerves in cerebral vessel wall.", "content": "Distribution and morphology of nerves in basilar-artery-induced vasospasm were investigated electronmicroscopically. Small cored vesicles were transformed, decreased and disappeared gradually after development of vasospasm induced by blood-CSF mixture incubated 5--10 days. These changes were not induced by fresh arterial blood, lysed platelets in saline and mechanical stimulation. In the portion with severe vasospasm induced by incubated blood-CSF mixture, nerve distribution was rich and uniform in all portions of the adventitia. In the portion with slight vasospasm, nerves were extremely scanty in the innermost area of the adventitia, within 10 mu from the outer edge of the media. The severity of experimental vasospasm became definitely lighter and the duration shorter after bilateral cervical sympathectomy. These findings indicate that nerves, especially the adrenergic axon in the innermost area of the adventitia, may play an important role on the genesis of late vasospasm. The difference in nerve distribution may be a factor influencing individual differences in frequency or severity of vasospasm.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Participation of adrenergic nerves in cerebral vessel wall. Distribution and morphology of nerves in basilar-artery-induced vasospasm were investigated electronmicroscopically. Small cored vesicles were transformed, decreased and disappeared gradually after development of vasospasm induced by blood-CSF mixture incubated 5--10 days. These changes were not induced by fresh arterial blood, lysed platelets in saline and mechanical stimulation. In the portion with severe vasospasm induced by incubated blood-CSF mixture, nerve distribution was rich and uniform in all portions of the adventitia. In the portion with slight vasospasm, nerves were extremely scanty in the innermost area of the adventitia, within 10 mu from the outer edge of the media. The severity of experimental vasospasm became definitely lighter and the duration shorter after bilateral cervical sympathectomy. These findings indicate that nerves, especially the adrenergic axon in the innermost area of the adventitia, may play an important role on the genesis of late vasospasm. The difference in nerve distribution may be a factor influencing individual differences in frequency or severity of vasospasm.", "PMID": 524411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1978", "title": "Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. II. Electrocortical function.", "content": "The effects of graded hemorrhagic hypotension on electrocortical function was investigated in 12 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cerebral function was assessed both in terms of spontaneous activity (EEG) and the somatosensory evoked response. No significant changes in the EEG trace or in the amplitude of the positive/negative waves of the primary evoked response were observed at mean arterial pressures of between 120 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg. At levels of systemic arterial pressure of less than 40 mm Hg cortical rhythms became slower as pressure was decreased and an isoelectric EEG was recorded in the pressure range 10--30 mm Hg. The earliest sign of any change in the amplitude of the primary evoked responses was observed at arterial pressures of approximately 35--40 mm Hg. Below this value the amplitude decreased with decreasing systemic pressure and became zero in the pressure range 15--25 mm Hg.", "contents": "Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. II. Electrocortical function. The effects of graded hemorrhagic hypotension on electrocortical function was investigated in 12 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cerebral function was assessed both in terms of spontaneous activity (EEG) and the somatosensory evoked response. No significant changes in the EEG trace or in the amplitude of the positive/negative waves of the primary evoked response were observed at mean arterial pressures of between 120 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg. At levels of systemic arterial pressure of less than 40 mm Hg cortical rhythms became slower as pressure was decreased and an isoelectric EEG was recorded in the pressure range 10--30 mm Hg. The earliest sign of any change in the amplitude of the primary evoked responses was observed at arterial pressures of approximately 35--40 mm Hg. Below this value the amplitude decreased with decreasing systemic pressure and became zero in the pressure range 15--25 mm Hg.", "PMID": 524413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1979", "title": "Correlated electrical and mechanical responses of isolated rabbit pial arteries to some vasoactive drugs.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements were made of spike activity and perfusion pressure (PA) in intact segments of rabbit middle cerebral artery in vitro. The segments were mounted on a Teflon tube designed so that the perfusing solution flowed in the annular space between the tube and the artery wall, thus magnifying the PA changes occurring when the artery constricted or dilated. A widened portion of the Teflon tube immobilized 1--2 mm of the artery segment for electrical recording with fine glass microelectrodes. Spontaneous spike activity (extra- and intracellular) was regularly observed. When a steady PA and spike discharge was obtained, tests were performed by substituting for the normal perfusion liquid, solutions containing 5 microgram/ml norepinephrine, 5 microgram/ml angiotensin II or 7.5 microgram/ml isoproterenol. Norepinephrine and angiotensin each increased spike frequency (+ 293 and + 126%) and PA (+ 6.6 and + 7.9 mm Hg) whereas isoproterenol decreased spike frequency (-89%) and PA (-22.9 mm Hg). These results a) confirm the presence of receptors to these agents in pial arteries, and b) demonstrate a high degree of correlation between membrane electrical events and mechanical activity of these spontaneously-active myovascular cells.", "contents": "Correlated electrical and mechanical responses of isolated rabbit pial arteries to some vasoactive drugs. Simultaneous measurements were made of spike activity and perfusion pressure (PA) in intact segments of rabbit middle cerebral artery in vitro. The segments were mounted on a Teflon tube designed so that the perfusing solution flowed in the annular space between the tube and the artery wall, thus magnifying the PA changes occurring when the artery constricted or dilated. A widened portion of the Teflon tube immobilized 1--2 mm of the artery segment for electrical recording with fine glass microelectrodes. Spontaneous spike activity (extra- and intracellular) was regularly observed. When a steady PA and spike discharge was obtained, tests were performed by substituting for the normal perfusion liquid, solutions containing 5 microgram/ml norepinephrine, 5 microgram/ml angiotensin II or 7.5 microgram/ml isoproterenol. Norepinephrine and angiotensin each increased spike frequency (+ 293 and + 126%) and PA (+ 6.6 and + 7.9 mm Hg) whereas isoproterenol decreased spike frequency (-89%) and PA (-22.9 mm Hg). These results a) confirm the presence of receptors to these agents in pial arteries, and b) demonstrate a high degree of correlation between membrane electrical events and mechanical activity of these spontaneously-active myovascular cells.", "PMID": 524415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1980", "title": "Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. III. Neuropathology.", "content": "A neuropathological examination was made of 15 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, subjected to a stepwise reduction in mean arterial pressure by graded hemorrhagic hypotension. Five animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation at a mean arterial pressure of 75 mm Hg, 5 at a mean pressure of 35 mm Hg and 5 at 25 mm Hg. Ischemic brain damage was seen in only 5 animals, one sacrificed at a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg and 4 at a pressure of 25 mm Hg. It was maximal in the selectively vulnerable areas and included the boundary zones between the major arteries of the cerebral hemispheres, the Ammon's horn and the thalamus.", "contents": "Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. III. Neuropathology. A neuropathological examination was made of 15 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, subjected to a stepwise reduction in mean arterial pressure by graded hemorrhagic hypotension. Five animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation at a mean arterial pressure of 75 mm Hg, 5 at a mean pressure of 35 mm Hg and 5 at 25 mm Hg. Ischemic brain damage was seen in only 5 animals, one sacrificed at a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg and 4 at a pressure of 25 mm Hg. It was maximal in the selectively vulnerable areas and included the boundary zones between the major arteries of the cerebral hemispheres, the Ammon's horn and the thalamus.", "PMID": 524414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1981", "title": "Ultrastructure of human platelets processed for transfusion under standard blood bank conditions.", "content": "Platelets processed for transfusion are routinely subjected to centrifugation, mechanical agitation and storage at either room temperature or 4 C. To evaluate morphologic changes associated with standard blood bank conditions, platelet units were grouped into four categories: linear agitation at room temperature, agitation at a 90 degrees arc with a Hemolater at room temperature, agitation at a 360 degrees arc with a commercial platelet agitator, and refirgeration at 4 C without agitation. Cold (4 C) preservation resulted in a surprisingly good preservation of platelet ultrastructure, even at 72 hours of storage. By contrast, harsh linear agitation at room temperature brought about marked alterations in platelet ultrastructure beginning at 24 hours. The Hemolator agitator with 90 degrees arc was associated with good preservation of platelet organelles even at 72 hours, whereas marked degenerative changes were observed at this time in platelets processed with a commercial agitator with a 360 degrees arc. These results indicate that platelets stored at 4 C or processed at room temperature with an agitator with 90 degrees arc show the best preservation of ultrastructure.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human platelets processed for transfusion under standard blood bank conditions. Platelets processed for transfusion are routinely subjected to centrifugation, mechanical agitation and storage at either room temperature or 4 C. To evaluate morphologic changes associated with standard blood bank conditions, platelet units were grouped into four categories: linear agitation at room temperature, agitation at a 90 degrees arc with a Hemolater at room temperature, agitation at a 360 degrees arc with a commercial platelet agitator, and refirgeration at 4 C without agitation. Cold (4 C) preservation resulted in a surprisingly good preservation of platelet ultrastructure, even at 72 hours of storage. By contrast, harsh linear agitation at room temperature brought about marked alterations in platelet ultrastructure beginning at 24 hours. The Hemolator agitator with 90 degrees arc was associated with good preservation of platelet organelles even at 72 hours, whereas marked degenerative changes were observed at this time in platelets processed with a commercial agitator with a 360 degrees arc. These results indicate that platelets stored at 4 C or processed at room temperature with an agitator with 90 degrees arc show the best preservation of ultrastructure.", "PMID": 524429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1982", "title": "Weekly rotation of blood inventory--a system for supplying small hospitals.", "content": "A system of weekly turnover of blood inventory has been shown capable of reducing outdating in small hospitals. One problem is ensuring the return of unused blood at the end of the first week. Outdating becomes intolerable if the blood is returned to the blood center after two weeks.", "contents": "Weekly rotation of blood inventory--a system for supplying small hospitals. A system of weekly turnover of blood inventory has been shown capable of reducing outdating in small hospitals. One problem is ensuring the return of unused blood at the end of the first week. Outdating becomes intolerable if the blood is returned to the blood center after two weeks.", "PMID": 524430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1983", "title": "Human granulocyte isolation by continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis and counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CFCL/CCE).", "content": "Human granulocytes (PMNL) isolated by continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL) were further purified by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). Studies were conducted to determine the maximal granulocyte capacity of the 4.5-ml elutriation chamber and to determine the efficiency of granulocyte recovery from CFCL concentrates. The maximal capacity of the elutriation chamber was determined to be 1.30 x 10(9) granulocytes with a 98.8 percent granulocyte purity and a 51:1 PMNL/RBC ratio. The efficiency of recovery was 82.2 percent with a 95.1 percent granulocyte purity and a 68:1 PMNL/RBC ratio. The CCE flow system was designed to allow continuous elutriation runs without need of breakdown time between runs. In four to five hours, approximately 4 to 5 x 10(9) granulocytes can be isolated with purity in excess of 95 percent. In vitro analysis of the viability and function of CFCL/CCE-isolated granulocytes indicates that the morphologic integrity and physiologic function were not comprised as a result of the combined isolation procedure relative to granulocytes isolated by CCE from whole blood samples. Granulocytes were held at 4 to 6 C for 16 to 24 hours in granulocyte storage medium (GSM) plus 20 percent autologous plasma at concentrations of about 6 x 10(6) PMNL/ml prior to in vitro analysis.", "contents": "Human granulocyte isolation by continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis and counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CFCL/CCE). Human granulocytes (PMNL) isolated by continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL) were further purified by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). Studies were conducted to determine the maximal granulocyte capacity of the 4.5-ml elutriation chamber and to determine the efficiency of granulocyte recovery from CFCL concentrates. The maximal capacity of the elutriation chamber was determined to be 1.30 x 10(9) granulocytes with a 98.8 percent granulocyte purity and a 51:1 PMNL/RBC ratio. The efficiency of recovery was 82.2 percent with a 95.1 percent granulocyte purity and a 68:1 PMNL/RBC ratio. The CCE flow system was designed to allow continuous elutriation runs without need of breakdown time between runs. In four to five hours, approximately 4 to 5 x 10(9) granulocytes can be isolated with purity in excess of 95 percent. In vitro analysis of the viability and function of CFCL/CCE-isolated granulocytes indicates that the morphologic integrity and physiologic function were not comprised as a result of the combined isolation procedure relative to granulocytes isolated by CCE from whole blood samples. Granulocytes were held at 4 to 6 C for 16 to 24 hours in granulocyte storage medium (GSM) plus 20 percent autologous plasma at concentrations of about 6 x 10(6) PMNL/ml prior to in vitro analysis.", "PMID": 524428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1984", "title": "The relationship of granulocyte ATP to chemotactic response during storage.", "content": "During the storage of granulocytes, bactericidal activity declines more slowly than does chemotactic response (CTR). Bacterial killing involves increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt, oxygen utilization and the generation of toxic products of oxygen. Chemotaxis is probably a contractile process involving myosin and actin filaments and possibly ATP as a source of energy. Thus, maintainance of ATP may be important in granulocyte preservation. During storage at 1 to 6 C of granulocytes collected by continuous and intermittent flow centrifuge leukapheresis, both CTR and ATP decreased approximately 33 percent. Decreases in CTR and ATP were 12 and 10 percent respectively when cells were stored at 20 to 24 C. Further decreases in CTR and ATP occurred between 24 and 48 hours of storage, although levels of both were higher in cells stored at 20 to 24 C compared with those stored at 1 to 6 C. When the results from all storage conditions were combined, the overall coefficient of correlation between CTR and ATP was 0.71 (p less than .05). Although ATP is probably not the only important variable in granulocyte preservation, granulocytes may resemble red blood cells in that a minimal level of ATP may be necessary for adequate function.", "contents": "The relationship of granulocyte ATP to chemotactic response during storage. During the storage of granulocytes, bactericidal activity declines more slowly than does chemotactic response (CTR). Bacterial killing involves increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt, oxygen utilization and the generation of toxic products of oxygen. Chemotaxis is probably a contractile process involving myosin and actin filaments and possibly ATP as a source of energy. Thus, maintainance of ATP may be important in granulocyte preservation. During storage at 1 to 6 C of granulocytes collected by continuous and intermittent flow centrifuge leukapheresis, both CTR and ATP decreased approximately 33 percent. Decreases in CTR and ATP were 12 and 10 percent respectively when cells were stored at 20 to 24 C. Further decreases in CTR and ATP occurred between 24 and 48 hours of storage, although levels of both were higher in cells stored at 20 to 24 C compared with those stored at 1 to 6 C. When the results from all storage conditions were combined, the overall coefficient of correlation between CTR and ATP was 0.71 (p less than .05). Although ATP is probably not the only important variable in granulocyte preservation, granulocytes may resemble red blood cells in that a minimal level of ATP may be necessary for adequate function.", "PMID": 524433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1985", "title": "II. Operational experiments in the outpatient department (1970-1972).", "content": "Many of the recommendations, resulting from the previous study, to improve efficiency and to reduce waiting time and queueing, were put into practice in 1970 and evaluated in 1972. Most changes turned out to be improvements by all indicators, but some were not and several resulted in unforeseen sideeffects. Moreover the modified system proved to be vulnerable as it required rigorous coordination, greater motivation and stricter discipline among staff as well some extra material inputs.", "contents": "II. Operational experiments in the outpatient department (1970-1972). Many of the recommendations, resulting from the previous study, to improve efficiency and to reduce waiting time and queueing, were put into practice in 1970 and evaluated in 1972. Most changes turned out to be improvements by all indicators, but some were not and several resulted in unforeseen sideeffects. Moreover the modified system proved to be vulnerable as it required rigorous coordination, greater motivation and stricter discipline among staff as well some extra material inputs.", "PMID": 524440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1986", "title": "The use of purified lectins in immunhematology.", "content": "A simple method for preparing purified lectins for use in immunohematology, employing bovine albumin as a diluent, is described. The results of tests using purified lectins on normal, polyagglutinable and selected MN-system variant red blood cells, confirm and extend previously reported results obtained with impure lectin preparations.", "contents": "The use of purified lectins in immunhematology. A simple method for preparing purified lectins for use in immunohematology, employing bovine albumin as a diluent, is described. The results of tests using purified lectins on normal, polyagglutinable and selected MN-system variant red blood cells, confirm and extend previously reported results obtained with impure lectin preparations.", "PMID": 524434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1987", "title": "A comparison of six procedures for compatibility testing.", "content": "Six procedures for compatibility testing were compared, using red blood cells sensitized in normal saline, albumin or low-ionic strength saline (LISS) combined with either broad spectrum or anti-IgG antiglobulin testing (AGT). Despite shortened incubation times, tests employing LISS were as sensitive as those with albumin and broad spectrum AGT and more sensitive than the other four combinations. No false positive results were found. LISS technique with broad spectrum AGT appears to be suitable and superior for routine antibody detection and compatibility tests.", "contents": "A comparison of six procedures for compatibility testing. Six procedures for compatibility testing were compared, using red blood cells sensitized in normal saline, albumin or low-ionic strength saline (LISS) combined with either broad spectrum or anti-IgG antiglobulin testing (AGT). Despite shortened incubation times, tests employing LISS were as sensitive as those with albumin and broad spectrum AGT and more sensitive than the other four combinations. No false positive results were found. LISS technique with broad spectrum AGT appears to be suitable and superior for routine antibody detection and compatibility tests.", "PMID": 524436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1988", "title": "A comparison of platelets prepared by the Haemonetics Model 30 and multiunit bag plateletpheresis.", "content": "Platelet concentrates were prepared using the Haemonetics Model 30 (M-30) and a multiunit bag pheresis method. Comparisons of collection efficiency using paired donor collections and posttransfusion recovery using the same donor-recipient pairs were made for the two methods. The M-30 proved consistently superior as a method of collection in terms of efficiency and yield per hour (p less than .001). When the platelets obtained were transfused to HL-A matched, clinically stable, thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia similar increments within the expected range were obtained at 1 hour and 18 hours posttransfusion. While the M-30 is a more efficient collection method, the bag method is still relatively efficient and may be more suitable for smaller centers and specialized uses.", "contents": "A comparison of platelets prepared by the Haemonetics Model 30 and multiunit bag plateletpheresis. Platelet concentrates were prepared using the Haemonetics Model 30 (M-30) and a multiunit bag pheresis method. Comparisons of collection efficiency using paired donor collections and posttransfusion recovery using the same donor-recipient pairs were made for the two methods. The M-30 proved consistently superior as a method of collection in terms of efficiency and yield per hour (p less than .001). When the platelets obtained were transfused to HL-A matched, clinically stable, thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia similar increments within the expected range were obtained at 1 hour and 18 hours posttransfusion. While the M-30 is a more efficient collection method, the bag method is still relatively efficient and may be more suitable for smaller centers and specialized uses.", "PMID": 524435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1989", "title": "Screen filtration pressure and quantity of microaggregates: a nonexisting relationship.", "content": "In 22 units of stored canine blood, the relationships between screen filtration pressure and number and volumes of microaggregates were studied. No correlations were found. As high screen filtration pressure in transfused blood has been associated with organ dysfunction, its measurement may have some clinical merit.", "contents": "Screen filtration pressure and quantity of microaggregates: a nonexisting relationship. In 22 units of stored canine blood, the relationships between screen filtration pressure and number and volumes of microaggregates were studied. No correlations were found. As high screen filtration pressure in transfused blood has been associated with organ dysfunction, its measurement may have some clinical merit.", "PMID": 524431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1990", "title": "III. Profile, expectation and satisfaction of outpatients (1970-1972).", "content": "The present study deals with patients' assessment of the OPD and the experimental changes in terms of \"patient satisfaction\". The hypothesis tested, stated that the level of satisfaction of clients of the OPD at Machakos hospital would increase after the introduction of changes in the operational and technical procedures. Data on clients' profiles and satisfaction were collected by means of structured interview schedule; 24 background variables and 17 satisfaction indicators were selected for final analysis to compare profiles and satisfaction of 324 baseline and 367 evaluation respondents. Profiles and satisfaction differed significantly at the 5% level. The significant difference in satisfaction could not be explained by the difference in profiles; the hypothesis was confirmed. A detailed analysis showed that total clinic time (the total time patients spent in the clinic) was significantly correlated with some of the 24 background variables and with some of the 17 satisfaction indicators; its duration was one of the key determinants for patient satisfaction, with a highly discriminative value. Another key variable was the answer to the question: \"Did you get the treatment you wanted?\". OPD patients discriminated various aspects and facets of OPD process and procedures for their assessment.", "contents": "III. Profile, expectation and satisfaction of outpatients (1970-1972). The present study deals with patients' assessment of the OPD and the experimental changes in terms of \"patient satisfaction\". The hypothesis tested, stated that the level of satisfaction of clients of the OPD at Machakos hospital would increase after the introduction of changes in the operational and technical procedures. Data on clients' profiles and satisfaction were collected by means of structured interview schedule; 24 background variables and 17 satisfaction indicators were selected for final analysis to compare profiles and satisfaction of 324 baseline and 367 evaluation respondents. Profiles and satisfaction differed significantly at the 5% level. The significant difference in satisfaction could not be explained by the difference in profiles; the hypothesis was confirmed. A detailed analysis showed that total clinic time (the total time patients spent in the clinic) was significantly correlated with some of the 24 background variables and with some of the 17 satisfaction indicators; its duration was one of the key determinants for patient satisfaction, with a highly discriminative value. Another key variable was the answer to the question: \"Did you get the treatment you wanted?\". OPD patients discriminated various aspects and facets of OPD process and procedures for their assessment.", "PMID": 524441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1991", "title": "Stability of solutions of human granulocyte lactate dehydrogenase stored at different temperatures.", "content": "Granulocyte suspensions from eight healthy individuals were lysed ultrasonically in 0.15 M NaCl or serum. The leukolysates were tested for lactate dehydrogenase after being stored at 22 C, 5 C, -20 C and -196 C for one, two, three, four and seven days. The LDH content of granulocytes was 291 IU/10(10) cells (mean) and the enzyme had a characteristic isoenzyme pattern rich in LDH-5 with stepwise increases in each fraction from LDH-1 to LDH-5. The enzyme was unstable in saline solutions. This was marked at -20 C and related to the duration of storage. All the isoenzyme fractions showed significant inactivation. A mean 10% loss of activity occurred at -196 C. This loss was independent of the duration of storage and related to the process of freezing and thawing. Moderate inactivation occurred at room temperature while refrigerated samples were stable for four days. Serum protected the enzyme from denaturation and samples stored at -20, -196 and 22 C were stable for the seven days of the experiment.", "contents": "Stability of solutions of human granulocyte lactate dehydrogenase stored at different temperatures. Granulocyte suspensions from eight healthy individuals were lysed ultrasonically in 0.15 M NaCl or serum. The leukolysates were tested for lactate dehydrogenase after being stored at 22 C, 5 C, -20 C and -196 C for one, two, three, four and seven days. The LDH content of granulocytes was 291 IU/10(10) cells (mean) and the enzyme had a characteristic isoenzyme pattern rich in LDH-5 with stepwise increases in each fraction from LDH-1 to LDH-5. The enzyme was unstable in saline solutions. This was marked at -20 C and related to the duration of storage. All the isoenzyme fractions showed significant inactivation. A mean 10% loss of activity occurred at -196 C. This loss was independent of the duration of storage and related to the process of freezing and thawing. Moderate inactivation occurred at room temperature while refrigerated samples were stable for four days. Serum protected the enzyme from denaturation and samples stored at -20, -196 and 22 C were stable for the seven days of the experiment.", "PMID": 524432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1992", "title": "I. An operational study in the outpatient department of Machakos Hospital (1968).", "content": "The demand for outpatient services at Government Hospitals in Kenya increased considerably during the period 1962-1967. As a result a discrepancy developed between demand for services and the resources to meet these demands. An operational study, dealing with medical, technical and administrative aspects, was carried out at the outpatient department at Machakos Hospital in 1968. The study comprised: the arrival pattern of patients, work measurement of the activities of the medical assistant, diagnosis, prescriptions, the distribution of patients over the therapeutic units, waiting times and length of queues. Following the study recommendations, expected to improve the efficiency of the clinic and the service to the patients, were put forward to the Ministry of Health. The most important recommendations dealt with: the need for overall leadership; direction of traffic; the position and the role of the medical assistant; the organization procedures, in particular at the medical assistants' units and at the injection room and pharmacy. The present study does not include: the attitude of the staff; expectation and satisfaction of patients; the quality of care provided; the cost of service.", "contents": "I. An operational study in the outpatient department of Machakos Hospital (1968). The demand for outpatient services at Government Hospitals in Kenya increased considerably during the period 1962-1967. As a result a discrepancy developed between demand for services and the resources to meet these demands. An operational study, dealing with medical, technical and administrative aspects, was carried out at the outpatient department at Machakos Hospital in 1968. The study comprised: the arrival pattern of patients, work measurement of the activities of the medical assistant, diagnosis, prescriptions, the distribution of patients over the therapeutic units, waiting times and length of queues. Following the study recommendations, expected to improve the efficiency of the clinic and the service to the patients, were put forward to the Ministry of Health. The most important recommendations dealt with: the need for overall leadership; direction of traffic; the position and the role of the medical assistant; the organization procedures, in particular at the medical assistants' units and at the injection room and pharmacy. The present study does not include: the attitude of the staff; expectation and satisfaction of patients; the quality of care provided; the cost of service.", "PMID": 524442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1993", "title": "IV. Health services research; the case of the outpatient department.", "content": "The main findings of the series of operational and satisfaction studies in the outpatient department of Machakos Hospital (1968-1972) were presented as a case study of evaluation research. The relevant theoretical aspects of evaluation research in the ambulatory care setting are reviewed. In an attempt to feed back the implications of the above studies for planning and management of services, for training of staff and for future research are presented.", "contents": "IV. Health services research; the case of the outpatient department. The main findings of the series of operational and satisfaction studies in the outpatient department of Machakos Hospital (1968-1972) were presented as a case study of evaluation research. The relevant theoretical aspects of evaluation research in the ambulatory care setting are reviewed. In an attempt to feed back the implications of the above studies for planning and management of services, for training of staff and for future research are presented.", "PMID": 524443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1994", "title": "Vernal eye disease in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "An analysis of 108 cases of vernal eye disease observed in Northern Nigeria. Although the bulbar and tarsal forms usually coexisted, the disease was predominantly bulbar in young children and predominantly palpebral in older patients. Chacteristic pigmentary conjunctival changes were particularly marked in young children. Corneal involvement occurred mostly in those patients with the palpebral form of the disease. The risk of permanent visual impairment in untreated cases appears to be slight.", "contents": "Vernal eye disease in Northern Nigeria. An analysis of 108 cases of vernal eye disease observed in Northern Nigeria. Although the bulbar and tarsal forms usually coexisted, the disease was predominantly bulbar in young children and predominantly palpebral in older patients. Chacteristic pigmentary conjunctival changes were particularly marked in young children. Corneal involvement occurred mostly in those patients with the palpebral form of the disease. The risk of permanent visual impairment in untreated cases appears to be slight.", "PMID": 524444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1995", "title": "The clinical and radiological evaluation of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in Benin City, Nigeria.", "content": "Twenty four cases of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a two year period are analysed. The clinical features of this entity were characterised by abdominal distension, apnoeic attacks, refusal to feed, bloody diarrhoea and fever. Seventeen infants (71%) were preterm. The important radiologic findings on plain abdominal films were pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal distension and gas in the portal venous system. Twenty two of the 24 infants were treated conservatively. There was an overall mortality of 75%. The main pathologic findings were coagulation necrosis, mucosal ulceration and pneumatosis intestinalis. The roles of asphyxia, umbilical venous catherisation and septicaemia are stressed.", "contents": "The clinical and radiological evaluation of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in Benin City, Nigeria. Twenty four cases of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a two year period are analysed. The clinical features of this entity were characterised by abdominal distension, apnoeic attacks, refusal to feed, bloody diarrhoea and fever. Seventeen infants (71%) were preterm. The important radiologic findings on plain abdominal films were pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal distension and gas in the portal venous system. Twenty two of the 24 infants were treated conservatively. There was an overall mortality of 75%. The main pathologic findings were coagulation necrosis, mucosal ulceration and pneumatosis intestinalis. The roles of asphyxia, umbilical venous catherisation and septicaemia are stressed.", "PMID": 524445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1996", "title": "Tropical splenomegaly syndrome or chronic lymphatic leukaemia?", "content": "Four patients with the Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome, showing marked lymphoid hyperplasia were studied, using immunological techniques. It has not been possible to decide on a definite diagnosis; chronic lymphatic leukaemia could not be excluded. Careful follow-up of similar patients may provide important clues to the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "contents": "Tropical splenomegaly syndrome or chronic lymphatic leukaemia? Four patients with the Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome, showing marked lymphoid hyperplasia were studied, using immunological techniques. It has not been possible to decide on a definite diagnosis; chronic lymphatic leukaemia could not be excluded. Careful follow-up of similar patients may provide important clues to the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "PMID": 524446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1997", "title": "Gastric ulcer in Zaria, Nigeria.", "content": "In 1971 to 1977, 34 patients were operated for gastric ulcer at Zaria in the Savannah region of Northern Nigeria. The most frequent operation (35%) was for perforation. The frequency of perforation is similar to Ibadan's but smaller than Dakar's. Compared with Ibadan and Burundi, there are fewer women, more Type I ulcers and more frequent haemorrhages. There were three giant lesser curvature ulcers. Only a few combined duodenal and gastric ulcers were seen suggesting that gastric stasis is not the immediate factor in the production of gastric ulcer in this region.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer in Zaria, Nigeria. In 1971 to 1977, 34 patients were operated for gastric ulcer at Zaria in the Savannah region of Northern Nigeria. The most frequent operation (35%) was for perforation. The frequency of perforation is similar to Ibadan's but smaller than Dakar's. Compared with Ibadan and Burundi, there are fewer women, more Type I ulcers and more frequent haemorrhages. There were three giant lesser curvature ulcers. Only a few combined duodenal and gastric ulcers were seen suggesting that gastric stasis is not the immediate factor in the production of gastric ulcer in this region.", "PMID": 524447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1998", "title": "Mortality in middle-aged Nigerians: an autopsy study.", "content": "Analysis of a 5-year autopsy data on Nigerians aged 31--60 years showed infective, cardiac and neoplastic diseases as major causes of mortality in these age groups. Improvement in public health and socio-economic circumstances, and preservation of cultural dietary habits would prevent a large proportion of deaths and a rise in degenerative diseases.", "contents": "Mortality in middle-aged Nigerians: an autopsy study. Analysis of a 5-year autopsy data on Nigerians aged 31--60 years showed infective, cardiac and neoplastic diseases as major causes of mortality in these age groups. Improvement in public health and socio-economic circumstances, and preservation of cultural dietary habits would prevent a large proportion of deaths and a rise in degenerative diseases.", "PMID": 524448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_1999", "title": "Body bulid and nutritional status of three ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Main objective of this study is to determine variables related to body build and blood status of three different ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Of a stratified sample of the adult male population of a village community anthropometric measurements were taken. Body build of full grown men of each of the local Fulani, Hausa and Maguzawa tribes was recorded. This included height, weight, total and muscle arm-circumference, triceps and biceps skinfolds and the determination of the Quetelet and Ponderal indices. Fulani have the same stature as Hausa and Maguzawa but they have a more linear body type, less body mass, a lesser triceps skinfold, a lower Quetelet but a higher Ponderal index. The caloric intake of the local population is considered marginally sufficient, especially for Fulani, who may have a higher energy expenditure. Malaria and Schistosoma haematobium infections are highly endemic in the area and deteriorate the nutritional state. This is more evident in Hausa and Maguzawa than in Fulani, as is a degree of anaemia probably due to iron deficiency. In the Fulani the interaction of diet and infection appears to be more complex.", "contents": "Body bulid and nutritional status of three ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Main objective of this study is to determine variables related to body build and blood status of three different ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Of a stratified sample of the adult male population of a village community anthropometric measurements were taken. Body build of full grown men of each of the local Fulani, Hausa and Maguzawa tribes was recorded. This included height, weight, total and muscle arm-circumference, triceps and biceps skinfolds and the determination of the Quetelet and Ponderal indices. Fulani have the same stature as Hausa and Maguzawa but they have a more linear body type, less body mass, a lesser triceps skinfold, a lower Quetelet but a higher Ponderal index. The caloric intake of the local population is considered marginally sufficient, especially for Fulani, who may have a higher energy expenditure. Malaria and Schistosoma haematobium infections are highly endemic in the area and deteriorate the nutritional state. This is more evident in Hausa and Maguzawa than in Fulani, as is a degree of anaemia probably due to iron deficiency. In the Fulani the interaction of diet and infection appears to be more complex.", "PMID": 524449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2000", "title": "A new leptospiral serovar in The pyrogenes serogroup.", "content": "A new leptospiral serovar in the Pyrogenes serogroup is described. Parallel investigations by the 'classical' cross-agglutinin absorption test method and the 'factor analysis' method determined the serological properties of the new serovar. The serovar name kwale with reference strain Julu is proposed.", "contents": "A new leptospiral serovar in The pyrogenes serogroup. A new leptospiral serovar in the Pyrogenes serogroup is described. Parallel investigations by the 'classical' cross-agglutinin absorption test method and the 'factor analysis' method determined the serological properties of the new serovar. The serovar name kwale with reference strain Julu is proposed.", "PMID": 524450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2001", "title": "Pharmacological effects of the giant African snail Achatina fulica.", "content": "The body fluid and tissue extract of the foot of Achatina fulica, the edible giant African snail, were investigated and quantified for pharmacological effects. Both reduced spontaneous locomotor activity in mice, protected them from death from amphetamine induced toxicity, prolonged hexobarbitone sleeping time and caused a depletion of catecholamines from various organs of the rat. From this a central depressant action combined with an antihypertensive effect is inferred. This is in keeping with the objectives of local traditional healers who use the snail on their patients. It is suggested that eledoison, a potent antihypotensive agent found in aquatic snails may also be present in terrestrial snails such as Achatina.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of the giant African snail Achatina fulica. The body fluid and tissue extract of the foot of Achatina fulica, the edible giant African snail, were investigated and quantified for pharmacological effects. Both reduced spontaneous locomotor activity in mice, protected them from death from amphetamine induced toxicity, prolonged hexobarbitone sleeping time and caused a depletion of catecholamines from various organs of the rat. From this a central depressant action combined with an antihypertensive effect is inferred. This is in keeping with the objectives of local traditional healers who use the snail on their patients. It is suggested that eledoison, a potent antihypotensive agent found in aquatic snails may also be present in terrestrial snails such as Achatina.", "PMID": 524451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2002", "title": "Machakos Project Studies: Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XIV. Growth pattern or rural Akamba pre-school children.", "content": "Between June 1974 and February 1977, in one eighth sample of the Machakos Project area, weight and height were determined in all 1-60 months-olds. This resulted in 568 subjects producing averagely 9.3 monthly growth data over an average period of 22.2 months. Only subjects examined five times or over were considered. Weighing and measuring were done by home visiting fieldworkers. Growth in the first six months closely followed the Harvard Standards of weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A). In the course of the next six months this dropped until about 83% for W/A and 92% for H/A, to stay at these levels until the sixth year. In the group which persistently grew over 88% for W/A these values were 91.5% for W/A and 94.8% for H/A. This group is thought to represent the local standard for optimum growth. In the group which persisted at levels below 75% of W/A a distinction was made between normal slow growers and PEM cases. In both W/A was more compromitted than H/A. Children persistently or episodically under W/A 70% were considered malnourished; their incidence in the 1-5 year group was between 4.5 and 6.5%. There was no reason to put the PEM level above 70% of W/A; This should be used as a cut-off level for screening PEM cases. A diagram is presented to visualize the successive age cohorts simultaneously for W/A, H/A and W/H as regards their position to the respective Harvard Standards, indicating percentages of positive and negative deviators.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies: Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XIV. Growth pattern or rural Akamba pre-school children. Between June 1974 and February 1977, in one eighth sample of the Machakos Project area, weight and height were determined in all 1-60 months-olds. This resulted in 568 subjects producing averagely 9.3 monthly growth data over an average period of 22.2 months. Only subjects examined five times or over were considered. Weighing and measuring were done by home visiting fieldworkers. Growth in the first six months closely followed the Harvard Standards of weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A). In the course of the next six months this dropped until about 83% for W/A and 92% for H/A, to stay at these levels until the sixth year. In the group which persistently grew over 88% for W/A these values were 91.5% for W/A and 94.8% for H/A. This group is thought to represent the local standard for optimum growth. In the group which persisted at levels below 75% of W/A a distinction was made between normal slow growers and PEM cases. In both W/A was more compromitted than H/A. Children persistently or episodically under W/A 70% were considered malnourished; their incidence in the 1-5 year group was between 4.5 and 6.5%. There was no reason to put the PEM level above 70% of W/A; This should be used as a cut-off level for screening PEM cases. A diagram is presented to visualize the successive age cohorts simultaneously for W/A, H/A and W/H as regards their position to the respective Harvard Standards, indicating percentages of positive and negative deviators.", "PMID": 524452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2003", "title": "Biting activity by Aedes egypti mosquitoes in guinea-pigs. An experimental model for screening the effect of some systemically administered compounds.", "content": "The Aedes egypti mosquito fed consistently on guinea-pigs in a 2-hour period (n = 61), the mean percent feeding rate (+/- S.D.) being 88.84 +/- 9.32. Of a total of 34 different compounds systematally administered in guinea-pigs and tested for their effect on the mosquito biting rate using the above model, five: heparin, sodium fluoride, aminocaproic acid, thiourea and dithiocarb partially reduced the biting rate. The results are consistent with the view that certain aminoacids or proteins of blood or tissues serve as 'pheromones' attracting the mosquito to guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Biting activity by Aedes egypti mosquitoes in guinea-pigs. An experimental model for screening the effect of some systemically administered compounds. The Aedes egypti mosquito fed consistently on guinea-pigs in a 2-hour period (n = 61), the mean percent feeding rate (+/- S.D.) being 88.84 +/- 9.32. Of a total of 34 different compounds systematally administered in guinea-pigs and tested for their effect on the mosquito biting rate using the above model, five: heparin, sodium fluoride, aminocaproic acid, thiourea and dithiocarb partially reduced the biting rate. The results are consistent with the view that certain aminoacids or proteins of blood or tissues serve as 'pheromones' attracting the mosquito to guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 524453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2004", "title": "Developing world. Child rearing practices in an Indian slum.", "content": "Our study has revealed the strong influence of tradition on child rearing practices in an Indian slum community. It is made clear that health education is essential to correct malpractices. Though the mothers were knowledgeable about the supplementary feeding they did not put the ideas into practice.", "contents": "Developing world. Child rearing practices in an Indian slum. Our study has revealed the strong influence of tradition on child rearing practices in an Indian slum community. It is made clear that health education is essential to correct malpractices. Though the mothers were knowledgeable about the supplementary feeding they did not put the ideas into practice.", "PMID": 524454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2005", "title": "[Plication of the nuclear membrane and its derivatives in the polyploid cell nuclei of the rat trophoblast].", "content": "Folding pattern of the nucleus envelope and intranuclear membrane structures in trophoblast giant cells and in trophoblast of the intermediate region of the rat placenta have been studied. Cells of the intermediate region of the placenta demonstrate deep invaginations resulting in the appearance of lobulated nuclei. Invaginations of the nuclear envelope pass on a narrow fold made by an inner nuclear membrane. The polyploid nuclei of trophoblast giant cells have superficial folds and deeper finger-like invaginations in their envelopes. Such folding trophoblast nuclei in two populations examined are met throughout the whole ontogenesis of the cell. In the giant cells, individual intranuclear tubes or their accumulations are seen. The tubes are made by a unit membrane and are surrounded with a matrix. The nuclear chromatin, diffuse or condenced, is in association with the tube surface. The tubes are met near the nucleolus and on its surface, where these are surrounded with the granular component of the nucleolus. In the trophoblast of the intermediate region of the placenta, intranuclear concentric membranes have been found; made of paired membranes, intramembranous space being filled with electron dense matrix. The concentric membranes lie separately in the karyoplasm, not being associated with the chromatin.", "contents": "[Plication of the nuclear membrane and its derivatives in the polyploid cell nuclei of the rat trophoblast]. Folding pattern of the nucleus envelope and intranuclear membrane structures in trophoblast giant cells and in trophoblast of the intermediate region of the rat placenta have been studied. Cells of the intermediate region of the placenta demonstrate deep invaginations resulting in the appearance of lobulated nuclei. Invaginations of the nuclear envelope pass on a narrow fold made by an inner nuclear membrane. The polyploid nuclei of trophoblast giant cells have superficial folds and deeper finger-like invaginations in their envelopes. Such folding trophoblast nuclei in two populations examined are met throughout the whole ontogenesis of the cell. In the giant cells, individual intranuclear tubes or their accumulations are seen. The tubes are made by a unit membrane and are surrounded with a matrix. The nuclear chromatin, diffuse or condenced, is in association with the tube surface. The tubes are met near the nucleolus and on its surface, where these are surrounded with the granular component of the nucleolus. In the trophoblast of the intermediate region of the placenta, intranuclear concentric membranes have been found; made of paired membranes, intramembranous space being filled with electron dense matrix. The concentric membranes lie separately in the karyoplasm, not being associated with the chromatin.", "PMID": 524455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2006", "title": "[Fragmentation of polyploid nuclei in the giant cells of the rat trophoblast. I. The ultrastructure of the nuclear fragments].", "content": "Electron microscope study of the nuclear fragments in the rat trophoblast has demonstrated that the division of the trophoblast giant nucleus results first in the formation of a multinuclear cell. Each nuclear fragment is covered with its own nuclear envelope made of two membranes with numerous pore complexes. The chromatin in these nuclear fragments is condenced with various degrees of condensation, which depends on the step of placenta development, cell differentiation and the degree of nuclear fragmentation. The nuclear ultrastructure in nuclear fragments also depends on the degree of nuclear fragmentation and on the level of chromatin condensation. The nucleolus has no granular component. On large fragments, with lower chromatin condensation the nucleolus is not homogenous being made of fragments of more and of less electron dense fibrilles. Small light lacunae are seen in the nucleolus where chromatin threads and strands pass on. With a high chromatin condensation in the nucleus, round small nucleoli look homogenous being made of moderately electron dense fibrilles. Products of chromosome activity have been found in the nuclear fragments: accumulations of minute granules (d = 15--20 nm), perichromatinous granules (d = 35--40 nm), and fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies. In the multinuclear cell, made as the result of fragmentation of the initially giant nucleus, all the small nuclei are first arranged very close to each other, so that the contours of the neighbouring nuclei coincide.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of polyploid nuclei in the giant cells of the rat trophoblast. I. The ultrastructure of the nuclear fragments]. Electron microscope study of the nuclear fragments in the rat trophoblast has demonstrated that the division of the trophoblast giant nucleus results first in the formation of a multinuclear cell. Each nuclear fragment is covered with its own nuclear envelope made of two membranes with numerous pore complexes. The chromatin in these nuclear fragments is condenced with various degrees of condensation, which depends on the step of placenta development, cell differentiation and the degree of nuclear fragmentation. The nuclear ultrastructure in nuclear fragments also depends on the degree of nuclear fragmentation and on the level of chromatin condensation. The nucleolus has no granular component. On large fragments, with lower chromatin condensation the nucleolus is not homogenous being made of fragments of more and of less electron dense fibrilles. Small light lacunae are seen in the nucleolus where chromatin threads and strands pass on. With a high chromatin condensation in the nucleus, round small nucleoli look homogenous being made of moderately electron dense fibrilles. Products of chromosome activity have been found in the nuclear fragments: accumulations of minute granules (d = 15--20 nm), perichromatinous granules (d = 35--40 nm), and fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies. In the multinuclear cell, made as the result of fragmentation of the initially giant nucleus, all the small nuclei are first arranged very close to each other, so that the contours of the neighbouring nuclei coincide.", "PMID": 524456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2007", "title": "[Cultivation of whole brain slices: a description of the method and the results of its use for culturing the rhombencephalon and midbrain of chick embryos].", "content": "A method and device for obtaining embryo brain slices are described. Results of cultivation of slices of rhombencephalon and mesencephalon are presented obtained in accord with a proposed technique of the \"swimming float\" (Olenev, 1979). With this cultivation, original topographical relations between brain nuclei and fibrillar tracts remain unchanged that enables us to compare these cultures with histological sections of brain to identify strictly the structures being cultivated. Cultured neurons of nuclei of XII and VIII pairs of cranial nerves have been first described in addition to various divisions of the reticular formation commissura cochlearis dorsalis. Compared to cells examined in the in vivo conditions, neurons of the nucleus cochlearis laminaris, grown in tissue culture conditions, do not make plate-forming structures; dendrites of the neurons of III layer of tectum opticum do not develop. This may be explained by the absence in vitro of any stimulating influence from the acustic ganglion fibres and ganglion cells of the retina on these morphogenetic processes.", "contents": "[Cultivation of whole brain slices: a description of the method and the results of its use for culturing the rhombencephalon and midbrain of chick embryos]. A method and device for obtaining embryo brain slices are described. Results of cultivation of slices of rhombencephalon and mesencephalon are presented obtained in accord with a proposed technique of the \"swimming float\" (Olenev, 1979). With this cultivation, original topographical relations between brain nuclei and fibrillar tracts remain unchanged that enables us to compare these cultures with histological sections of brain to identify strictly the structures being cultivated. Cultured neurons of nuclei of XII and VIII pairs of cranial nerves have been first described in addition to various divisions of the reticular formation commissura cochlearis dorsalis. Compared to cells examined in the in vivo conditions, neurons of the nucleus cochlearis laminaris, grown in tissue culture conditions, do not make plate-forming structures; dendrites of the neurons of III layer of tectum opticum do not develop. This may be explained by the absence in vitro of any stimulating influence from the acustic ganglion fibres and ganglion cells of the retina on these morphogenetic processes.", "PMID": 524457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2008", "title": "[Dependence of frog epithelial cell and neuron survival time on the concentration of certain substances].", "content": "The frog cornea epitelial cells, nervous cells of spinal ganglia and of urinary bladder have been found to survive in vitro, in the presence of subtoxical concentrations of chloral hydrate, urea, ethanol or methanol added to the Ringer solution, longer than control preparations. The above drugs added both in lower and higher concentrations lead to cell damages, thus reducing the cell survival time, which was tested by the capacity to deposit granules of a vital dye - neutral red.", "contents": "[Dependence of frog epithelial cell and neuron survival time on the concentration of certain substances]. The frog cornea epitelial cells, nervous cells of spinal ganglia and of urinary bladder have been found to survive in vitro, in the presence of subtoxical concentrations of chloral hydrate, urea, ethanol or methanol added to the Ringer solution, longer than control preparations. The above drugs added both in lower and higher concentrations lead to cell damages, thus reducing the cell survival time, which was tested by the capacity to deposit granules of a vital dye - neutral red.", "PMID": 524458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2009", "title": "[14C-leucine incorporation by the nerve and glial cells of a cultured spinal ganglion].", "content": "Spinal ganglia of adult rabbits were cultured in the routine and protein synthesis precursors-enriched media. On days I and 4 of cultivation, the intensity of 14C-leucine incorporation in protein and in acid soluble fraction of nerve and glial cells was determined. The tissue of the spinal ganglion keeps incorporating 14C-amino acid, into neurons and glia, for all the tested periods of cultivation with both the media employed. The curves of incorporation into the above fractions of nerve and glial cells cultured in the routine medium display similar patterns of changes, whereas those obtained from the enriched medium observations appear to be anti-fasic. The enrichment of the medium results also in less pronounced fluctuations in the intensity of the labeled amino acid in protein and 14C-leucine pool, on the tested periods of cultivation, which may provide more stable conditions of the explant's survival.", "contents": "[14C-leucine incorporation by the nerve and glial cells of a cultured spinal ganglion]. Spinal ganglia of adult rabbits were cultured in the routine and protein synthesis precursors-enriched media. On days I and 4 of cultivation, the intensity of 14C-leucine incorporation in protein and in acid soluble fraction of nerve and glial cells was determined. The tissue of the spinal ganglion keeps incorporating 14C-amino acid, into neurons and glia, for all the tested periods of cultivation with both the media employed. The curves of incorporation into the above fractions of nerve and glial cells cultured in the routine medium display similar patterns of changes, whereas those obtained from the enriched medium observations appear to be anti-fasic. The enrichment of the medium results also in less pronounced fluctuations in the intensity of the labeled amino acid in protein and 14C-leucine pool, on the tested periods of cultivation, which may provide more stable conditions of the explant's survival.", "PMID": 524459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2010", "title": "[Effect of RNA and histone preparations on the properties of lymphoid cells].", "content": "Preparations of RNA and histones change the electrophoretic mobility of lymphoid cells, the intensity of their respiration and anaerobic glycolysis, and thermo-merchanical properties of DNA-complexes isolated from lymphoid cells. RNA and histones exert their influence on the properties of DNP-systems and the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in the opposite manner. But both these preparations depress the electrophoretic mobility and oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Effect of RNA and histone preparations on the properties of lymphoid cells]. Preparations of RNA and histones change the electrophoretic mobility of lymphoid cells, the intensity of their respiration and anaerobic glycolysis, and thermo-merchanical properties of DNA-complexes isolated from lymphoid cells. RNA and histones exert their influence on the properties of DNP-systems and the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in the opposite manner. But both these preparations depress the electrophoretic mobility and oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 524460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2011", "title": "[Weakening of the ultraviolet ray-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes in extreme old age].", "content": "The intensity of unscheduled DNA synthesis was studied in UV-irradiated (10--15 J/m2) peripheral blood lymphocytes of 80--90 years old persons. In these extreme old age persons, reparative DNA synthesis was found sufficiently reduced in comparison with that in middle aged (20--43 years old) ones. The role of DNA repair processes in ageing is under discussion.", "contents": "[Weakening of the ultraviolet ray-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes in extreme old age]. The intensity of unscheduled DNA synthesis was studied in UV-irradiated (10--15 J/m2) peripheral blood lymphocytes of 80--90 years old persons. In these extreme old age persons, reparative DNA synthesis was found sufficiently reduced in comparison with that in middle aged (20--43 years old) ones. The role of DNA repair processes in ageing is under discussion.", "PMID": 524461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2012", "title": "[Primary mechanism of a reduction in the intensity of extremely weak mitochondrial luminescence in the process of chemical hepatic carcinogenesis].", "content": "The induced chemoluminescence in rat liver mitochondrial preparations was studied in the course of 2-acetylaminofluorene or N-nitrozodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. As follows from the literature, the intensity of chemoluminescence is representative of catalase activity, i. e. of one of mitochondrial enzymes. Beginning from the stage of stimulation of pretumor cell proliferation, the course of carcinogenesis is caracterized by a progressive decrease in the intensity of chemoluminescence. An adrenomimetic noradrenaline induced a similar effect, whereas isoprenaline and alpha-adrenoblocator pirroxane stimulated chemoluminescence of mitochondria preparation in the intact rats. Ortobenzoquinone being oxidated with H2O2, noradrenaline and isoproteranol were deprived of oxidative activity. It is suggested that inhibition of mitochondrial catalase activity with endogeneous noradrenaline constitues a primary mechanism of the decrease in chemoluminescence intensity.", "contents": "[Primary mechanism of a reduction in the intensity of extremely weak mitochondrial luminescence in the process of chemical hepatic carcinogenesis]. The induced chemoluminescence in rat liver mitochondrial preparations was studied in the course of 2-acetylaminofluorene or N-nitrozodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. As follows from the literature, the intensity of chemoluminescence is representative of catalase activity, i. e. of one of mitochondrial enzymes. Beginning from the stage of stimulation of pretumor cell proliferation, the course of carcinogenesis is caracterized by a progressive decrease in the intensity of chemoluminescence. An adrenomimetic noradrenaline induced a similar effect, whereas isoprenaline and alpha-adrenoblocator pirroxane stimulated chemoluminescence of mitochondria preparation in the intact rats. Ortobenzoquinone being oxidated with H2O2, noradrenaline and isoproteranol were deprived of oxidative activity. It is suggested that inhibition of mitochondrial catalase activity with endogeneous noradrenaline constitues a primary mechanism of the decrease in chemoluminescence intensity.", "PMID": 524462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2013", "title": "Use of oxygen for optimizing decompression.", "content": "For over 70 years, decompression has been facilitated by the use of elevated oxygen partial pressures. Oxygen has been administered even though little is known about the proper dosage or the way in which this benefit is derived. The historical literature indicates that there is an envelope or narrow range of oxygen partial pressures that can be used. If the oxygen is too low, the incidence of decompression sickness increases; if the oxygen is too high, oxygen poisoning becomes a problem. The present study was designed to explore this oxygen envelope and to define the relationships between oxygen partial pressure, exposure time, and pressure, and to delineate their effects on pressure-reduction limits. To define the ED50 (the effective dose that produced signs of decompression sickness in 50% of the animals), we exposed 820 female albino rats to 42 experimental conditions. Results suggest that the optimum oxygen level and the size of the oxygen envelope both depend on the ambient hydrostatic pressure and the exposure time. For short \"shallow\" exposures, the optimum oxygen level is high and the oxygen envelope is large; for long \"deep\" exposures, the optimum oxygen level is reduced and the envelope is restricted.", "contents": "Use of oxygen for optimizing decompression. For over 70 years, decompression has been facilitated by the use of elevated oxygen partial pressures. Oxygen has been administered even though little is known about the proper dosage or the way in which this benefit is derived. The historical literature indicates that there is an envelope or narrow range of oxygen partial pressures that can be used. If the oxygen is too low, the incidence of decompression sickness increases; if the oxygen is too high, oxygen poisoning becomes a problem. The present study was designed to explore this oxygen envelope and to define the relationships between oxygen partial pressure, exposure time, and pressure, and to delineate their effects on pressure-reduction limits. To define the ED50 (the effective dose that produced signs of decompression sickness in 50% of the animals), we exposed 820 female albino rats to 42 experimental conditions. Results suggest that the optimum oxygen level and the size of the oxygen envelope both depend on the ambient hydrostatic pressure and the exposure time. For short \"shallow\" exposures, the optimum oxygen level is high and the oxygen envelope is large; for long \"deep\" exposures, the optimum oxygen level is reduced and the envelope is restricted.", "PMID": 524525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2014", "title": "Rate of pressure change and hyperbaric bradycardia in the mouse sinus node.", "content": "Sinus node preparations from mice were hydraulically compressed at 10, 100, and 500 atm x min-1 in Tyrode's solution at 27 degrees C. At the highest compression rate, both a delay and a more pronounced beating frequency response to pressure was seen. The delayed reaction is ascribed to either adiabatic effects or a time-delay in conformational changes in the pacemaker cell membrane. The potentiating effect of a high compression rate could be eliminated by autonomic blockade (atropine and practolol).", "contents": "Rate of pressure change and hyperbaric bradycardia in the mouse sinus node. Sinus node preparations from mice were hydraulically compressed at 10, 100, and 500 atm x min-1 in Tyrode's solution at 27 degrees C. At the highest compression rate, both a delay and a more pronounced beating frequency response to pressure was seen. The delayed reaction is ascribed to either adiabatic effects or a time-delay in conformational changes in the pacemaker cell membrane. The potentiating effect of a high compression rate could be eliminated by autonomic blockade (atropine and practolol).", "PMID": 524526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2015", "title": "Diffusion-dependence of pulmonary gas mixing at 5.5 and 9.5 ATA.", "content": "Gas-phase diffusivity is inversely proportional to pressure, so mixing of inspired gas in the lung can be expected to be poor in hyperbaric environments. Subjects performed multiple-breath wash-in of a mixture (4% each of SF6, Ar, Ne, and He; 21% O2, 63% N2) at 1.5, 5.5, and 9.5 ATA. At the higher pressures there were marked differences of concentrations between the indicator gases, measured by mass spectrometer at the mouth during a single expiration. Compared to heavier gases, light gases fell from dead space concentration to the \"alveolar\" level sooner, had a flatter plateau, and had a lower average expired concentration, indicating that more of the light gases were retained in the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) after the breath. However, wash-in rates for the indicators were about the same; a rapid initial rate for He diminished so that it was about the same as the SF6 rate, because in later breaths a back pressure developed for He. The findings illustrate the basic principle that the amount of gas that diffuses from one location to another in a container depends not only on diffusivity, but also in an interdependent manner on concentration gradient, time for diffusion, and configuration of the container.", "contents": "Diffusion-dependence of pulmonary gas mixing at 5.5 and 9.5 ATA. Gas-phase diffusivity is inversely proportional to pressure, so mixing of inspired gas in the lung can be expected to be poor in hyperbaric environments. Subjects performed multiple-breath wash-in of a mixture (4% each of SF6, Ar, Ne, and He; 21% O2, 63% N2) at 1.5, 5.5, and 9.5 ATA. At the higher pressures there were marked differences of concentrations between the indicator gases, measured by mass spectrometer at the mouth during a single expiration. Compared to heavier gases, light gases fell from dead space concentration to the \"alveolar\" level sooner, had a flatter plateau, and had a lower average expired concentration, indicating that more of the light gases were retained in the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) after the breath. However, wash-in rates for the indicators were about the same; a rapid initial rate for He diminished so that it was about the same as the SF6 rate, because in later breaths a back pressure developed for He. The findings illustrate the basic principle that the amount of gas that diffuses from one location to another in a container depends not only on diffusivity, but also in an interdependent manner on concentration gradient, time for diffusion, and configuration of the container.", "PMID": 524527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2016", "title": "Effects of immersion and static lung loading on submerged exercise at depth.", "content": "The effects of static lung loading in the range +20 cmH2O to -20 cmH2O was investigated in 3 male subjects breathing air during submerged exercise in the prone position at pressures ranging from 1.45 ATA to 6.76 ATA. Both maximal and submaximal exercise was performed and dry controls were done at 1.45 ATA. A low-resistance bag-in-a-box breathing apparatus (less than 1.25 cmH2O/liter/s at 8 g/liter density) was used. Static lung loading had little effect on maximal or submaximal VO2, VCO2, VE, heart rate, or end-tidal PCO2, while increased breathing gas density did affect these parameters to a larger extent. Imersion per se reduced the VE at a given level of VO2 and increased both the VT and VA at a given VE. Increasingly positive static lung load increased VC and ERV both during rest and exercise. Exercise-induced dyspnea was experienced and scored. At submaximal VO2 levels up to 2.5 liter/min this dyspnea did not limit exercise at any depth, but during maximal exertion at 6.76 ATA (VO2 from 3.45--3.77 liter/min), dyspnea became work limiting in several cases. Static load had a marked effect on dyspnea and a load of +10 cmH2O produced the least dyspnea, enabling all subjects to perform maximal exertions for 5 min at 6.76 ATA. The 15-s MVV was performed at all depths and static loads and neither it nor the VE/MVV ratio correlated with the degree of dyspnea.", "contents": "Effects of immersion and static lung loading on submerged exercise at depth. The effects of static lung loading in the range +20 cmH2O to -20 cmH2O was investigated in 3 male subjects breathing air during submerged exercise in the prone position at pressures ranging from 1.45 ATA to 6.76 ATA. Both maximal and submaximal exercise was performed and dry controls were done at 1.45 ATA. A low-resistance bag-in-a-box breathing apparatus (less than 1.25 cmH2O/liter/s at 8 g/liter density) was used. Static lung loading had little effect on maximal or submaximal VO2, VCO2, VE, heart rate, or end-tidal PCO2, while increased breathing gas density did affect these parameters to a larger extent. Imersion per se reduced the VE at a given level of VO2 and increased both the VT and VA at a given VE. Increasingly positive static lung load increased VC and ERV both during rest and exercise. Exercise-induced dyspnea was experienced and scored. At submaximal VO2 levels up to 2.5 liter/min this dyspnea did not limit exercise at any depth, but during maximal exertion at 6.76 ATA (VO2 from 3.45--3.77 liter/min), dyspnea became work limiting in several cases. Static load had a marked effect on dyspnea and a load of +10 cmH2O produced the least dyspnea, enabling all subjects to perform maximal exertions for 5 min at 6.76 ATA. The 15-s MVV was performed at all depths and static loads and neither it nor the VE/MVV ratio correlated with the degree of dyspnea.", "PMID": 524528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2017", "title": "Urinary excretion of water and electrolytes during open-sea saturation diving to 850 fsw.", "content": "The dive was carried out in the open sea to a depth of 850 fsw (26.7 ATA) for 6 days (DD 1--6) in the saturated mode, with personnel transfer capsule (PTC) excursions between 0 and 150 fsw and diver excursions between 0 and 50 fsw from the saturation base. Each diver had two excursion dives on alternate days. Although each PTC excursion lasted approximately 7 h, the actual time spent in the water averaged 10.5 min per diver. For 12 divers, daily excretion of water, electrolytes, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was studied, along with plasma composition (including prolactin), before, during, and after hyperbaric exposure. A significant increase in urine flow was observed on DD2--4 (1604 ml/day predive vs. 2300 ml/day on DD 4; P less than 0.05), after which the degree of diuresis decreased to about 1800 ml/day. Urine osmolality changed inversely with urine flow, with the lowest value of 532 mOsm/kg on DD 4. During the postdive period, both urine flow and urine osmolality returned to the predive level. The endogenous creatinine clearance was maintained at about 200 liters/day throughout the dive. The fractional excretion of Na+ remained unchanged while that of K+ increased significantly during hyperbaric exposure, thus decreasing the urinary Na+/K+ ratio. The fractional excretion of total osmotic substances showed a small hyperbaric exposure. Body weight decreased progressively during the initial 4 days of pressure exposure, equalling 2.6 kg on DD 4. These findings suggest that the observed diuresis may be accompanied by a net loss of body water. Neither the plasma prolactin level nor urinary excretion of aldosterone and ADHshowed any consistent change throughout the dive. It thus appears that, although there is a small osmotic component, the observed diuresis is primarily due to the ADH-independent inhibition of fre water reabsorption from the collecting duct by means of a mechanism yet to be identified.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of water and electrolytes during open-sea saturation diving to 850 fsw. The dive was carried out in the open sea to a depth of 850 fsw (26.7 ATA) for 6 days (DD 1--6) in the saturated mode, with personnel transfer capsule (PTC) excursions between 0 and 150 fsw and diver excursions between 0 and 50 fsw from the saturation base. Each diver had two excursion dives on alternate days. Although each PTC excursion lasted approximately 7 h, the actual time spent in the water averaged 10.5 min per diver. For 12 divers, daily excretion of water, electrolytes, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was studied, along with plasma composition (including prolactin), before, during, and after hyperbaric exposure. A significant increase in urine flow was observed on DD2--4 (1604 ml/day predive vs. 2300 ml/day on DD 4; P less than 0.05), after which the degree of diuresis decreased to about 1800 ml/day. Urine osmolality changed inversely with urine flow, with the lowest value of 532 mOsm/kg on DD 4. During the postdive period, both urine flow and urine osmolality returned to the predive level. The endogenous creatinine clearance was maintained at about 200 liters/day throughout the dive. The fractional excretion of Na+ remained unchanged while that of K+ increased significantly during hyperbaric exposure, thus decreasing the urinary Na+/K+ ratio. The fractional excretion of total osmotic substances showed a small hyperbaric exposure. Body weight decreased progressively during the initial 4 days of pressure exposure, equalling 2.6 kg on DD 4. These findings suggest that the observed diuresis may be accompanied by a net loss of body water. Neither the plasma prolactin level nor urinary excretion of aldosterone and ADHshowed any consistent change throughout the dive. It thus appears that, although there is a small osmotic component, the observed diuresis is primarily due to the ADH-independent inhibition of fre water reabsorption from the collecting duct by means of a mechanism yet to be identified.", "PMID": 524529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2018", "title": "Divergent effects of catecholamines on peritoneal mass transport.", "content": "In rabbits, intravenous vasopressor doses of dopamine augmented peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urea, suggesting increased mesenteric blood flow and possibly augmented permeability. Intraperitoneal dopamine also accelerated peritoneal transport of urea. Solute transport across the peritoneum was decreased by intravenous infusion of 1-norepinephrine. Intraperitoneal administration of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine partially abolished the augmentation of peritoneal clearances induced by intravenous dopamine. The results suggest that in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis who require vasopressor therapy, dopamine should be preferred to norepinephrine.", "contents": "Divergent effects of catecholamines on peritoneal mass transport. In rabbits, intravenous vasopressor doses of dopamine augmented peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urea, suggesting increased mesenteric blood flow and possibly augmented permeability. Intraperitoneal dopamine also accelerated peritoneal transport of urea. Solute transport across the peritoneum was decreased by intravenous infusion of 1-norepinephrine. Intraperitoneal administration of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine partially abolished the augmentation of peritoneal clearances induced by intravenous dopamine. The results suggest that in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis who require vasopressor therapy, dopamine should be preferred to norepinephrine.", "PMID": 524569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2019", "title": "Platelet turnover studies associated with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation.", "content": "Calves given LVADs have been studied to determine changes in platelet turnover induced by the device and modified by time and anticoagulants. Passivation with time occurs but is surprisingly incomplete even one month later and despite coumadin, aspirin and dipyridamole. Without these drugs, enhanced platelet turnover and local thrombus formation on the device is exaggerated. Sequential platelet turnover studies may be useful to quantitate, monitor and/or predict thromboembolic events.", "contents": "Platelet turnover studies associated with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Calves given LVADs have been studied to determine changes in platelet turnover induced by the device and modified by time and anticoagulants. Passivation with time occurs but is surprisingly incomplete even one month later and despite coumadin, aspirin and dipyridamole. Without these drugs, enhanced platelet turnover and local thrombus formation on the device is exaggerated. Sequential platelet turnover studies may be useful to quantitate, monitor and/or predict thromboembolic events.", "PMID": 524570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2020", "title": "Thermodynamic studies of cellular adhesion.", "content": "Cellular adhesion of granulocytes and of platelets to solid substrates of different surface tensions has been studied from a thermodynamic aspect. A simple thermodynamic model predicts that cellular adhesion should increase as the surface tension of the solid substrate increases provided that the surface tension of the liquid medium in which the cells are suspended is lower than the surface tension of the cells themselves. If, however, the surface tension of the liquid medium is higher than the surface tension of the cells, then a decrease in cell adhesion with increasing substrate surface tension can be predicted. These predictions are completely substantiated by granulocyte adhesion tests in which the surface tension of the suspending liquid medium is varied through the addition of different volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Platelet adhesion experiments also confirmed these predictions, the only difference being that it is not possible to obtain a suspending liquid medium with a surface tension higher than that of platelets themselves, as a consequence of the exudation of surface active substances by the platelets.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies of cellular adhesion. Cellular adhesion of granulocytes and of platelets to solid substrates of different surface tensions has been studied from a thermodynamic aspect. A simple thermodynamic model predicts that cellular adhesion should increase as the surface tension of the solid substrate increases provided that the surface tension of the liquid medium in which the cells are suspended is lower than the surface tension of the cells themselves. If, however, the surface tension of the liquid medium is higher than the surface tension of the cells, then a decrease in cell adhesion with increasing substrate surface tension can be predicted. These predictions are completely substantiated by granulocyte adhesion tests in which the surface tension of the suspending liquid medium is varied through the addition of different volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Platelet adhesion experiments also confirmed these predictions, the only difference being that it is not possible to obtain a suspending liquid medium with a surface tension higher than that of platelets themselves, as a consequence of the exudation of surface active substances by the platelets.", "PMID": 524575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2021", "title": "Factors influencing survival and successful weaning from clinical ventricular bypass with local heparinization and blood filtration: an analysis in 21 consecutive patients.", "content": "A simple circulatory support of transapical ventricular bypass type with nonpulsatile pumping and regional heparinization in 21 patients has revealed that several factors contribute to the patient's outcome. The duration of the bypass was not an essential determinant of prognosis and patients supported for 5--8 days could be weaned from TALVB. Those patients who could maintain steady hemodynamics with flow rates of 30--40% of cardiac output, were usually successfully weaned. Patients who required longer support with high flow rates (60--80% or over) had less probability of being weaned. Persistent or preexistent dysfunction of vital organs, as manifested by renal failure, brain damage, respiratory failure and infection, were main factors determining unsuccessful weaning. The complications related to pumping itself, thromboembolization, bleeding, infection and blood damage, were much less frequently observed with this type of support. The simplicity and less time consuming surgical technique for cannulation and, in addition, less harmful procedure of decannulation and avoidance of thrombus formation were directly related to the improved prognosis.", "contents": "Factors influencing survival and successful weaning from clinical ventricular bypass with local heparinization and blood filtration: an analysis in 21 consecutive patients. A simple circulatory support of transapical ventricular bypass type with nonpulsatile pumping and regional heparinization in 21 patients has revealed that several factors contribute to the patient's outcome. The duration of the bypass was not an essential determinant of prognosis and patients supported for 5--8 days could be weaned from TALVB. Those patients who could maintain steady hemodynamics with flow rates of 30--40% of cardiac output, were usually successfully weaned. Patients who required longer support with high flow rates (60--80% or over) had less probability of being weaned. Persistent or preexistent dysfunction of vital organs, as manifested by renal failure, brain damage, respiratory failure and infection, were main factors determining unsuccessful weaning. The complications related to pumping itself, thromboembolization, bleeding, infection and blood damage, were much less frequently observed with this type of support. The simplicity and less time consuming surgical technique for cannulation and, in addition, less harmful procedure of decannulation and avoidance of thrombus formation were directly related to the improved prognosis.", "PMID": 524578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2022", "title": "Efficacy of systolic vs diastolic pulsation beyond severe coronary stenosis flow.", "content": "This paper describes the superiority of systolic pulsatile selective coronary perfusion as compared to diastolic pulsatile coronary perfusion in improving flow beyond ischemia-producing coronary artery obstructions in the working heart. The practical implications for use in coronary support perfusion systems are discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy of systolic vs diastolic pulsation beyond severe coronary stenosis flow. This paper describes the superiority of systolic pulsatile selective coronary perfusion as compared to diastolic pulsatile coronary perfusion in improving flow beyond ischemia-producing coronary artery obstructions in the working heart. The practical implications for use in coronary support perfusion systems are discussed.", "PMID": 524582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2023", "title": "Computational stress analysis of cup replacement hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A two-dimensional finite element model of a total surface replacement hip arthroplasty was utilized to study the performance characteristics of the prosthesis by means of stress analysis. No significant changes occur in stress field distribution following resurfacing arthroplasty in the proximal femur. Local bending phenomena appear to occur in the femoral component under static loading. Prosthesis-cortical bone continuity at the femoral neck does not affect stress field distribution. Finally, trochanteric osteotomy causes a change in the stress field distribution of the proximal femur that may be a significant factor in femoral neck fracture.", "contents": "Computational stress analysis of cup replacement hip arthroplasty. A two-dimensional finite element model of a total surface replacement hip arthroplasty was utilized to study the performance characteristics of the prosthesis by means of stress analysis. No significant changes occur in stress field distribution following resurfacing arthroplasty in the proximal femur. Local bending phenomena appear to occur in the femoral component under static loading. Prosthesis-cortical bone continuity at the femoral neck does not affect stress field distribution. Finally, trochanteric osteotomy causes a change in the stress field distribution of the proximal femur that may be a significant factor in femoral neck fracture.", "PMID": 524588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2024", "title": "Total artificial heart implantation in calves with pump on an angled port design.", "content": "The APP was employed in our 21st TAH calf and has now been implanted in a total of 11 animals. The APP has a dynamic stroke volume of 105 ml, an ejection fraction of 75%, and a peak flow of 14 L/min. The TAH features 2 APPs which have polysulfone cases and contain smooth, seam-free polyurethane sacs. Concavoconvex Bjork-Shiley valves are used. The pumps are pneumatically driven but may be easily converted to pusher-plate drive. A pneumatic drive console and an automatic control unit complete the system. The automatic control unit permits independent control of the right and left hearts as a function of left atrial and aortic pressure respectively. The average survival of the APP TAH calves has been 65 days. Hematologic study has revealed basically normal results with minimal elevation of serum hemoglobin and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), indicative of a low level of hemolysis. Elelvation of central venous pressure (CVP) and total blood volume continue to be a problem with some TAH calves but not all. The APP has led to a dramatic increase in duration of survival and decrease in thromboembolism.", "contents": "Total artificial heart implantation in calves with pump on an angled port design. The APP was employed in our 21st TAH calf and has now been implanted in a total of 11 animals. The APP has a dynamic stroke volume of 105 ml, an ejection fraction of 75%, and a peak flow of 14 L/min. The TAH features 2 APPs which have polysulfone cases and contain smooth, seam-free polyurethane sacs. Concavoconvex Bjork-Shiley valves are used. The pumps are pneumatically driven but may be easily converted to pusher-plate drive. A pneumatic drive console and an automatic control unit complete the system. The automatic control unit permits independent control of the right and left hearts as a function of left atrial and aortic pressure respectively. The average survival of the APP TAH calves has been 65 days. Hematologic study has revealed basically normal results with minimal elevation of serum hemoglobin and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), indicative of a low level of hemolysis. Elelvation of central venous pressure (CVP) and total blood volume continue to be a problem with some TAH calves but not all. The APP has led to a dramatic increase in duration of survival and decrease in thromboembolism.", "PMID": 524590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2025", "title": "A volume sensor for a pneumatically driven LVAD.", "content": "The volume sensor has proven to be a valuable tool in the operation and characterization of our pneumatically driven LVAD. It compensates for the decoupling between driver and LVAD that occurs in pneumatically actuated LVADs due to gas compressibility. Uses to which we have put the volume sensor represent only a small fraction of the potential applications. Additional uses contemplated include: Use as an alternate or backup for the R-wave detection network currently used to achieve synchronization with the natural heart. This could be done by starting the LVAD ejection phase when the filling flow rate drops below a given threshold, indicating that the left ventricle has finished filling the LVAD. Use for feedback for closed loop control of plate motion. Such control could reduce actuation delays without overdriving the LVAD. Use as a diagnostic tool to aid in the study of the LVAD and its interaction with the cardiovascular system. When used in conjunction with information on left ventricular, aortic, and drive pressures, it is possible to determine the resistance, inertia and compliant characteristics of the major elements of the LVAD and the vascular system to which it is joined.", "contents": "A volume sensor for a pneumatically driven LVAD. The volume sensor has proven to be a valuable tool in the operation and characterization of our pneumatically driven LVAD. It compensates for the decoupling between driver and LVAD that occurs in pneumatically actuated LVADs due to gas compressibility. Uses to which we have put the volume sensor represent only a small fraction of the potential applications. Additional uses contemplated include: Use as an alternate or backup for the R-wave detection network currently used to achieve synchronization with the natural heart. This could be done by starting the LVAD ejection phase when the filling flow rate drops below a given threshold, indicating that the left ventricle has finished filling the LVAD. Use for feedback for closed loop control of plate motion. Such control could reduce actuation delays without overdriving the LVAD. Use as a diagnostic tool to aid in the study of the LVAD and its interaction with the cardiovascular system. When used in conjunction with information on left ventricular, aortic, and drive pressures, it is possible to determine the resistance, inertia and compliant characteristics of the major elements of the LVAD and the vascular system to which it is joined.", "PMID": 524591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2026", "title": "Comparative study of rigid vs flexible pneumatic artificial blood pumps.", "content": "For HR in the range of 70--110 beats/min, and same driving conditions, the pump with rigid housing produced a maximum of 15% greater CO than that with the soft housing, against an arterial pressure of 125/75 mm Hg. All 3 pumps exhibited greater sensitivity in function curves for HR in the range of 90--110 beats/min. The greatest sensitivity point in the function curve, for the rigid housing pump was found to be independent of HR change in the range of 90--110 beats/min. However, with an increase in HR the function curves shifted to the right in the case of soft housing pumps. In other words, greater atrial pressure was required to obtain the same CO with an increase in HR. The linear relationship found between CO and HR in flexible and soft housing pumps was very advantageous for controlling CO, whenever such change was required. In all 3 hearts there was a decrease in pulse pressure with an increase in HR. The decrease in pulse pressure was primarily due to the increase in diastolic pressure, while systolic pressure remained almost constant at all HRs. Since these experiments were conducted in a test circulatory system using an aqueous-glycerin solution, information on the degree of hemolysis was not addressed in this report.", "contents": "Comparative study of rigid vs flexible pneumatic artificial blood pumps. For HR in the range of 70--110 beats/min, and same driving conditions, the pump with rigid housing produced a maximum of 15% greater CO than that with the soft housing, against an arterial pressure of 125/75 mm Hg. All 3 pumps exhibited greater sensitivity in function curves for HR in the range of 90--110 beats/min. The greatest sensitivity point in the function curve, for the rigid housing pump was found to be independent of HR change in the range of 90--110 beats/min. However, with an increase in HR the function curves shifted to the right in the case of soft housing pumps. In other words, greater atrial pressure was required to obtain the same CO with an increase in HR. The linear relationship found between CO and HR in flexible and soft housing pumps was very advantageous for controlling CO, whenever such change was required. In all 3 hearts there was a decrease in pulse pressure with an increase in HR. The decrease in pulse pressure was primarily due to the increase in diastolic pressure, while systolic pressure remained almost constant at all HRs. Since these experiments were conducted in a test circulatory system using an aqueous-glycerin solution, information on the degree of hemolysis was not addressed in this report.", "PMID": 524593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2027", "title": "Optical monitor of glucose.", "content": "Methods have been described to noninvasively monitor the glucose of the aqueous humor, a fluid with glucose in constant equilibrium with the bloodstream. A feasibility study has been performed showing that the optical rotation of the aqueous humor reflects aqueous humor glucose concentration in the range of hypo- and moderately hyperglycemic conditions. Preliminary data show that specificity for glucose may be enhanced by simultaneously measuring the optical rotation at 984 nm and 775 nm.", "contents": "Optical monitor of glucose. Methods have been described to noninvasively monitor the glucose of the aqueous humor, a fluid with glucose in constant equilibrium with the bloodstream. A feasibility study has been performed showing that the optical rotation of the aqueous humor reflects aqueous humor glucose concentration in the range of hypo- and moderately hyperglycemic conditions. Preliminary data show that specificity for glucose may be enhanced by simultaneously measuring the optical rotation at 984 nm and 775 nm.", "PMID": 524594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2028", "title": "Blood recirculation during hemodialysis with a coaxial counterflow single needle blood access catheter.", "content": "1. The average and the range of blood recirculation during hemodialysis employing a coaxial counterflow single needle blood access catheter are markedly reduced compared to those observed in the same patients using a standard \"Y\" type needle and external flow direction control device. 2. In a large group of patients, the average measured recirculation of blood of 3.8% at a blood flow rate of 200 ml/min is sufficiently small as to have little or no effect on the efficiency of dialysis. 3. Recirculation increases with increasing extracorporeal blood flow rate but remains sufficiently low to not significantly affect increased dialysis efficiency obtained at higher blood flow rates. 4. The coaxial counterflow single needle catheter permits single fistula puncture, eliminates the need for a flow direction control device, and is associated with negligible blood recirculation. It offers a most attractive alternative to both double needle and present single needle blood access techniques for hemodialysis.", "contents": "Blood recirculation during hemodialysis with a coaxial counterflow single needle blood access catheter. 1. The average and the range of blood recirculation during hemodialysis employing a coaxial counterflow single needle blood access catheter are markedly reduced compared to those observed in the same patients using a standard \"Y\" type needle and external flow direction control device. 2. In a large group of patients, the average measured recirculation of blood of 3.8% at a blood flow rate of 200 ml/min is sufficiently small as to have little or no effect on the efficiency of dialysis. 3. Recirculation increases with increasing extracorporeal blood flow rate but remains sufficiently low to not significantly affect increased dialysis efficiency obtained at higher blood flow rates. 4. The coaxial counterflow single needle catheter permits single fistula puncture, eliminates the need for a flow direction control device, and is associated with negligible blood recirculation. It offers a most attractive alternative to both double needle and present single needle blood access techniques for hemodialysis.", "PMID": 524599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2029", "title": "Simplified arteriovenous fistula construction with tissue adhesive.", "content": "A technique is described for the construction of A-V fistulae for hemodialysis by performing an end-to-end anastomosis between artery and vein by means of a cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive. The method is quick and easy, provides for good results, and has been free of complications.", "contents": "Simplified arteriovenous fistula construction with tissue adhesive. A technique is described for the construction of A-V fistulae for hemodialysis by performing an end-to-end anastomosis between artery and vein by means of a cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive. The method is quick and easy, provides for good results, and has been free of complications.", "PMID": 524601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2030", "title": "The basilic vein fistula for vascular access.", "content": "The basilic vein fistula provides reliable vascular access for chronic hemodialysis therapy. Early morbidity includes edema and mild pain. Ischemic complications have not developed in this series. Patency has been excellent in the initial period and no patient has yet developed infection, aneurysm or venous fibrosis, although longer follow-up is necessary. The use of the autogenous basilic vein fistula in patients unsuited for forearm arteriovenous fistulae is supported by these results. Long-term results which would support continued use of this modality would include an expected lower incidence of infection due to the absence of a foreign body and the inherent healing property of viable tissue, and improved long-term patency attributable to the absence of a venous anastomosis.", "contents": "The basilic vein fistula for vascular access. The basilic vein fistula provides reliable vascular access for chronic hemodialysis therapy. Early morbidity includes edema and mild pain. Ischemic complications have not developed in this series. Patency has been excellent in the initial period and no patient has yet developed infection, aneurysm or venous fibrosis, although longer follow-up is necessary. The use of the autogenous basilic vein fistula in patients unsuited for forearm arteriovenous fistulae is supported by these results. Long-term results which would support continued use of this modality would include an expected lower incidence of infection due to the absence of a foreign body and the inherent healing property of viable tissue, and improved long-term patency attributable to the absence of a venous anastomosis.", "PMID": 524605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2031", "title": "Hemodialysis with glycerol dialysate.", "content": "Glycerol has a rate and volume of distribution similar to urea. Thirty-six mM glycerol in the dialysate prevents the fall in serum osmolality but does not decrease symptoms or improve the vascular stability of patients on chronic hemodialysis. We suggest that the benefits of mannitol, sodium and glucose in preventing or reversing symptoms during chronic dialysis are due to their extracellular distribution.", "contents": "Hemodialysis with glycerol dialysate. Glycerol has a rate and volume of distribution similar to urea. Thirty-six mM glycerol in the dialysate prevents the fall in serum osmolality but does not decrease symptoms or improve the vascular stability of patients on chronic hemodialysis. We suggest that the benefits of mannitol, sodium and glucose in preventing or reversing symptoms during chronic dialysis are due to their extracellular distribution.", "PMID": 524607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2032", "title": "Induction of hypothermia in mice by semi-artificial cells containing indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "The administration of red cell ghost encapsulated indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase (an enzyme which destroys tryptophan by oxidation of the side chains) in CD-1 female mice causes effective tryptophan depletion in plasma and brain and induces hypothermia by probably decreasing the serotonin concentration in brain by decreasing the concentration of its precursor, L-tryptophan.", "contents": "Induction of hypothermia in mice by semi-artificial cells containing indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase. The administration of red cell ghost encapsulated indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase (an enzyme which destroys tryptophan by oxidation of the side chains) in CD-1 female mice causes effective tryptophan depletion in plasma and brain and induces hypothermia by probably decreasing the serotonin concentration in brain by decreasing the concentration of its precursor, L-tryptophan.", "PMID": 524611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2033", "title": "A volume controlled apparatus for ultrafiltration and hemofiltration with acetate or bicarbonate solutions.", "content": "To meet a growing need, a single dialysis apparatus has been developed that can easily be employed by conventionally trained staff to perform volume programmed ultrafiltration hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration-hemodialysis, hemofiltration, or any combination of these with either acetate or bicarbonate based dialysate. Continued studies will be necessary to establish its full suitability for general use. However, we feel that the investigations of the various modes of dialysis therapy that this device makes so readily available show great potential for improving the treatment of ESRD.", "contents": "A volume controlled apparatus for ultrafiltration and hemofiltration with acetate or bicarbonate solutions. To meet a growing need, a single dialysis apparatus has been developed that can easily be employed by conventionally trained staff to perform volume programmed ultrafiltration hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration-hemodialysis, hemofiltration, or any combination of these with either acetate or bicarbonate based dialysate. Continued studies will be necessary to establish its full suitability for general use. However, we feel that the investigations of the various modes of dialysis therapy that this device makes so readily available show great potential for improving the treatment of ESRD.", "PMID": 524614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2034", "title": "Hemodynamics of isolated ultrafiltration in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were investigated by direct determination of hemodynamic changes induced by UF. Our results show: 1. Despite a significant fall in ECF and PV, the PV/IF ratio was unchanged indicating absence of major fluid shifts between intravascular and extravascular compartments. 2. The rise in CPV/TBV ratio observed indicates central redistribution of intravascular fluid suggesting venoconstriction. 3. CPV and hence CO was maintained so that a stable MAP resulted.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of isolated ultrafiltration in chronic hemodialysis patients. Six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were investigated by direct determination of hemodynamic changes induced by UF. Our results show: 1. Despite a significant fall in ECF and PV, the PV/IF ratio was unchanged indicating absence of major fluid shifts between intravascular and extravascular compartments. 2. The rise in CPV/TBV ratio observed indicates central redistribution of intravascular fluid suggesting venoconstriction. 3. CPV and hence CO was maintained so that a stable MAP resulted.", "PMID": 524617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2035", "title": "Defining indications for artificial organ support in respiratory failure.", "content": "Patients with acute respiratory failure who have high mortality risk can be analyzed according to the methods outlined above. Some (but not all) of the high mortality risk patients can be identified early in the course of respiratory failure. Temporary support with ECMO is indicated in these patients if there are no signs of irreversible damage.", "contents": "Defining indications for artificial organ support in respiratory failure. Patients with acute respiratory failure who have high mortality risk can be analyzed according to the methods outlined above. Some (but not all) of the high mortality risk patients can be identified early in the course of respiratory failure. Temporary support with ECMO is indicated in these patients if there are no signs of irreversible damage.", "PMID": 524622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2036", "title": "Oxygen permeability in ultrathin and microporous membranes during gas-liquid transfer.", "content": "The apparatus described here offers a useful system for measuring membrane oxygen permeabilities with the membrane in contact with liquid on one side. Results using this system indicate that liquid migration into the pores of microporous membranes can play a significant role in reducing their permeability to oxygen.", "contents": "Oxygen permeability in ultrathin and microporous membranes during gas-liquid transfer. The apparatus described here offers a useful system for measuring membrane oxygen permeabilities with the membrane in contact with liquid on one side. Results using this system indicate that liquid migration into the pores of microporous membranes can play a significant role in reducing their permeability to oxygen.", "PMID": 524623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2037", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in newborn respiratory failure: technical consideration.", "content": "ECMO support has been evaluated in 29 newborn infants with respiratory failure. Lung function improved in 16 and 13 surivived. Important technical factors include venoarterial bypass with full support capability, careful measurement and treatment of coagulation and platelet status, and a skilled and experienced team. Detecting high risk infants early in life is important. Intracranial bleeding is the most common cause of death.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in newborn respiratory failure: technical consideration. ECMO support has been evaluated in 29 newborn infants with respiratory failure. Lung function improved in 16 and 13 surivived. Important technical factors include venoarterial bypass with full support capability, careful measurement and treatment of coagulation and platelet status, and a skilled and experienced team. Detecting high risk infants early in life is important. Intracranial bleeding is the most common cause of death.", "PMID": 524624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2038", "title": "Use of an AR-1 resin column to reduce bilirubin-level in modified ascitic fluid.", "content": "Intractable ascites has been accompanied by significant jaundice in some patients. In such cases, a newly developed synthetic resin, AR-1, has been successfully employed to reduce excess bilirubin from the ascitic fluid. This resin has proved to be excellent compared with XAD-2, XAD-7 and activated charcoal, for removal of bilirubin from the plasma and ascitic fluid in our experiments. A column containing 100 ml of AR-1 is inserted in the drip infusion line between the modified ascitic fluid reservoir in the Autoascit device and the patient. This method has been used in 7 cases of intractable ascites associated with advanced gastric, pancreatic, hepatic, rectal and ovarian cancers. The column has sufficient capacity to adsorb excess bilirubin from the modified ascitic fluid. Other biochemical parameters were eseentially unchanged from pre-column values.", "contents": "Use of an AR-1 resin column to reduce bilirubin-level in modified ascitic fluid. Intractable ascites has been accompanied by significant jaundice in some patients. In such cases, a newly developed synthetic resin, AR-1, has been successfully employed to reduce excess bilirubin from the ascitic fluid. This resin has proved to be excellent compared with XAD-2, XAD-7 and activated charcoal, for removal of bilirubin from the plasma and ascitic fluid in our experiments. A column containing 100 ml of AR-1 is inserted in the drip infusion line between the modified ascitic fluid reservoir in the Autoascit device and the patient. This method has been used in 7 cases of intractable ascites associated with advanced gastric, pancreatic, hepatic, rectal and ovarian cancers. The column has sufficient capacity to adsorb excess bilirubin from the modified ascitic fluid. Other biochemical parameters were eseentially unchanged from pre-column values.", "PMID": 524626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2039", "title": "Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resins.", "content": "Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with macroporous resins is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood from jaundiced infants. Anion exchangers tested for BIL binding rate and the effects of various system parameters, i.e. particle size, temperature, bed volume, fluid flow rate and particle porosity are reported. The dissociation equilibrium constant K of the BIL-ALB (albumin) complex was determined from the equilibrium adsorption isotherms data, at different ALB concentrations. Increasing ALB concentration decreased the BIL adsorption rate. For a given ALB concentration, the ratio of unbound to total BIL was constant and the initial BIL adsorption rate was independent of total BIL concentration.", "contents": "Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resins. Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with macroporous resins is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood from jaundiced infants. Anion exchangers tested for BIL binding rate and the effects of various system parameters, i.e. particle size, temperature, bed volume, fluid flow rate and particle porosity are reported. The dissociation equilibrium constant K of the BIL-ALB (albumin) complex was determined from the equilibrium adsorption isotherms data, at different ALB concentrations. Increasing ALB concentration decreased the BIL adsorption rate. For a given ALB concentration, the ratio of unbound to total BIL was constant and the initial BIL adsorption rate was independent of total BIL concentration.", "PMID": 524628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2040", "title": "Laser Doppler anemometer studies in unsteady ventricular flows.", "content": "The laser Doppler technique was employed to obtain intraventricular velocity distributions on the basis of in vivo confirmation of previous in vitro flow visualization predictions. The quasi-steady assumption required for quantification of flow visualization results is unsatisfactory in regions of high acceleration and fluctuating velocities are unavailable via such techniques. Mean and fluctuating velocity profiles were obtained in a pneumatically driven prosthetic ventricle with the laser Doppler anemometer and stress levels estimated. The preliminary data presented here illustrates that the technique can be applied to such flows. The measurement and data reduction schemes are applicable to a wide range of simulated cardiovascular flows. The particular application to prosthetic ventricle design should minimize the number of in vivo experiments required to develop a satisfactory blood pump and aid in tailoring pump actuation protocols for minimum thromboembolic complications.", "contents": "Laser Doppler anemometer studies in unsteady ventricular flows. The laser Doppler technique was employed to obtain intraventricular velocity distributions on the basis of in vivo confirmation of previous in vitro flow visualization predictions. The quasi-steady assumption required for quantification of flow visualization results is unsatisfactory in regions of high acceleration and fluctuating velocities are unavailable via such techniques. Mean and fluctuating velocity profiles were obtained in a pneumatically driven prosthetic ventricle with the laser Doppler anemometer and stress levels estimated. The preliminary data presented here illustrates that the technique can be applied to such flows. The measurement and data reduction schemes are applicable to a wide range of simulated cardiovascular flows. The particular application to prosthetic ventricle design should minimize the number of in vivo experiments required to develop a satisfactory blood pump and aid in tailoring pump actuation protocols for minimum thromboembolic complications.", "PMID": 524638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2041", "title": "A wearable artificial glomerulus.", "content": "We have shown that hemofiltration can be conducted for 16 hrs/day for more than 3 continuous days by connecting an Amicon 0.2 M2 hemofilter to an arteriovenous shunt. We can produce over 8 ml/min of ultrafiltrate with no external pump, and this ultrafiltrate can be replaced by having the patient drink an electrolyte-glucose solution. Anticoagulation can be attained with heparin, warfarin and cyproheptadine. Each filter can be expected to function at least 48 hrs before it must be replaced.", "contents": "A wearable artificial glomerulus. We have shown that hemofiltration can be conducted for 16 hrs/day for more than 3 continuous days by connecting an Amicon 0.2 M2 hemofilter to an arteriovenous shunt. We can produce over 8 ml/min of ultrafiltrate with no external pump, and this ultrafiltrate can be replaced by having the patient drink an electrolyte-glucose solution. Anticoagulation can be attained with heparin, warfarin and cyproheptadine. Each filter can be expected to function at least 48 hrs before it must be replaced.", "PMID": 524640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2042", "title": "[Combined osteosynthesis in the treatment of ununited diaphyseal fractures].", "content": "The combined osteosynthesis was used in 19 patients with non-united fractures of different localization. The previously introduced intramedullary rod was not removed and a compressing apparatus was used. In all the patient the fragments were united within 1,5-2,5 months.", "contents": "[Combined osteosynthesis in the treatment of ununited diaphyseal fractures]. The combined osteosynthesis was used in 19 patients with non-united fractures of different localization. The previously introduced intramedullary rod was not removed and a compressing apparatus was used. In all the patient the fragments were united within 1,5-2,5 months.", "PMID": 524647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2043", "title": "[Combined autoalloplasty of the Achilles tendon].", "content": "A method of combined alloplasty of old injuries of the Achilles tendon is described. The method is based on the use of the allogenic Achilles tendon and autotransplant cut from the tendinous strained musculus gastrocnemius. Operations were performed in 22 patients. The results were good in all the cases. This method is recommended for the treatment of fresh and old ruptures of the Achilles tendon with a big diastasis between its ends.", "contents": "[Combined autoalloplasty of the Achilles tendon]. A method of combined alloplasty of old injuries of the Achilles tendon is described. The method is based on the use of the allogenic Achilles tendon and autotransplant cut from the tendinous strained musculus gastrocnemius. Operations were performed in 22 patients. The results were good in all the cases. This method is recommended for the treatment of fresh and old ruptures of the Achilles tendon with a big diastasis between its ends.", "PMID": 524648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2044", "title": "[Therapeutic tactics in spontaneous pneumothorax].", "content": "The observation of 107 patients with spontaneous non-specific pneumothorax has shown that more active surgical tactics should be used. In 48 patients treated for spontaneous pneumothorax during the last three years 27 operations were performed which completely cured the patient. There were no relapses.", "contents": "[Therapeutic tactics in spontaneous pneumothorax]. The observation of 107 patients with spontaneous non-specific pneumothorax has shown that more active surgical tactics should be used. In 48 patients treated for spontaneous pneumothorax during the last three years 27 operations were performed which completely cured the patient. There were no relapses.", "PMID": 524653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2045", "title": "[Kallikrein as a stimulator of the acid-forming gland reserve in stomach diseases].", "content": "A comparative estimation of the acid-formation with commonly used stimulators of secretion and kallikrein-depot was performed in 146 patients (84 with gastritis, 26 with gastric ulcer and 36 patients with duodenal ulcer). It has been established that kallikrein-depot is a powerful stimulator of secretion and may be used for studying the reserve of acid-formation in gastric diseases.", "contents": "[Kallikrein as a stimulator of the acid-forming gland reserve in stomach diseases]. A comparative estimation of the acid-formation with commonly used stimulators of secretion and kallikrein-depot was performed in 146 patients (84 with gastritis, 26 with gastric ulcer and 36 patients with duodenal ulcer). It has been established that kallikrein-depot is a powerful stimulator of secretion and may be used for studying the reserve of acid-formation in gastric diseases.", "PMID": 524657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2046", "title": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of acute cholecystitis].", "content": "The clinical picture and morphological changes of the bile cyst were compared in 120 patients operated for acute cholecystitis. In 9% of cases no agreement was observed between the clinical picture of the disease and morphological changes of the bile cyst wall.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of acute cholecystitis]. The clinical picture and morphological changes of the bile cyst were compared in 120 patients operated for acute cholecystitis. In 9% of cases no agreement was observed between the clinical picture of the disease and morphological changes of the bile cyst wall.", "PMID": 524658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2047", "title": "[Incarcerated calculi of the major duodenal papilla - a problem of biliary tract surgery].", "content": "Strangulation of the stones of the great duodenal papilla is found in almost every fourth patient with a benigh mechanical jaundice. A radical method for removing the stones from the ampulla of the papilla is the transduodenal papillosphincterotomy. The 1-1,5 cm dissection of the papilla is followed by an external drainage of the hepatocholedochus after Holstead or Carr. The nearest results of such operations with strangulated stones are favourable.", "contents": "[Incarcerated calculi of the major duodenal papilla - a problem of biliary tract surgery]. Strangulation of the stones of the great duodenal papilla is found in almost every fourth patient with a benigh mechanical jaundice. A radical method for removing the stones from the ampulla of the papilla is the transduodenal papillosphincterotomy. The 1-1,5 cm dissection of the papilla is followed by an external drainage of the hepatocholedochus after Holstead or Carr. The nearest results of such operations with strangulated stones are favourable.", "PMID": 524659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2048", "title": "[Hemoperfusion through adsorbents as a method of preoperative preparation of patients with severe form of mechanical jaundice].", "content": "The method of haemoperfusion through the ion exchange resin and active carbon was used 15 times in 13 patients with heavy forms of mechanical subhepatogenous jaundice. The haemoperfusion was used as a method of preoperative preparation for reduction of hyperbilirubinemia and cholemic intoxication and for prevention of possible postoperative complications. One patient recovered. One patient died of progressing hepatic insufficiency. The rest of the patients were subjected to surgical interventions for the main disease.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion through adsorbents as a method of preoperative preparation of patients with severe form of mechanical jaundice]. The method of haemoperfusion through the ion exchange resin and active carbon was used 15 times in 13 patients with heavy forms of mechanical subhepatogenous jaundice. The haemoperfusion was used as a method of preoperative preparation for reduction of hyperbilirubinemia and cholemic intoxication and for prevention of possible postoperative complications. One patient recovered. One patient died of progressing hepatic insufficiency. The rest of the patients were subjected to surgical interventions for the main disease.", "PMID": 524660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2049", "title": "[Possibilities of complex radioendoscopic examination of the pancreatoduodenal zone after choledochoduodenostomy].", "content": "A complex examination of 76 patients subjected to choledochoduodenostomy has shown that unsatisfactory results of the operation were due to various pathological alterations of anatomical structures and the created anastomosis. The state of distal parts of the cholangiopancreatic system should be necessarily studied by means of endoscopic pancreaticocholangiography when investigating the reasons of unsatisfactory results of choledochoduodenostomy.", "contents": "[Possibilities of complex radioendoscopic examination of the pancreatoduodenal zone after choledochoduodenostomy]. A complex examination of 76 patients subjected to choledochoduodenostomy has shown that unsatisfactory results of the operation were due to various pathological alterations of anatomical structures and the created anastomosis. The state of distal parts of the cholangiopancreatic system should be necessarily studied by means of endoscopic pancreaticocholangiography when investigating the reasons of unsatisfactory results of choledochoduodenostomy.", "PMID": 524661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2050", "title": "[Combined internal and external drainage of pancreatic cysts].", "content": "The results of combination of the internal and external drainage of pancreatic cysts in 9 patients are presented. Four variants of the external drainage of cysts after cysto-gastrocystojejunostomy are described. A prolonged washing of the cyst in early postoperative period results in the rapid diminishing of the cyst and in prevention of complications and recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "[Combined internal and external drainage of pancreatic cysts]. The results of combination of the internal and external drainage of pancreatic cysts in 9 patients are presented. Four variants of the external drainage of cysts after cysto-gastrocystojejunostomy are described. A prolonged washing of the cyst in early postoperative period results in the rapid diminishing of the cyst and in prevention of complications and recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 524662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2051", "title": "[Causes of mortality in strangulated ventral hernia and methods of its reduction].", "content": "Strangulated abdominal hernias were operated in 654 patients, 40 of them died (6,1%). Most of those who died were aged and senile patients. Some means are proposed to reduce the postoperative mortality.", "contents": "[Causes of mortality in strangulated ventral hernia and methods of its reduction]. Strangulated abdominal hernias were operated in 654 patients, 40 of them died (6,1%). Most of those who died were aged and senile patients. Some means are proposed to reduce the postoperative mortality.", "PMID": 524663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2052", "title": "[Difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of Richter's hernias].", "content": "For the recent ten years 108 patients with strangulated hernias were observed 9 of them (8,3%) having Richter's hernia. One patient died who had non-diagnozed parietal hernia in the obturator foramen.", "contents": "[Difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of Richter's hernias]. For the recent ten years 108 patients with strangulated hernias were observed 9 of them (8,3%) having Richter's hernia. One patient died who had non-diagnozed parietal hernia in the obturator foramen.", "PMID": 524664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2053", "title": "[Treatment of acute thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs with long-term intraosseous drug infusions].", "content": "Under analysis are the results obtained in 62 patients with acute thrombophlebitis of lower extremities treated by prolonged intraosseous heparin-penicillin blockade. The acute inflammatory phenomena along the veins subsided within 2-6 days. The complete cure was observed 1,5-6,5 days earlier in cases with superficial thrombophlebitis and 4-15 days earlier in profound thrombophlebitis as compared with control.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs with long-term intraosseous drug infusions]. Under analysis are the results obtained in 62 patients with acute thrombophlebitis of lower extremities treated by prolonged intraosseous heparin-penicillin blockade. The acute inflammatory phenomena along the veins subsided within 2-6 days. The complete cure was observed 1,5-6,5 days earlier in cases with superficial thrombophlebitis and 4-15 days earlier in profound thrombophlebitis as compared with control.", "PMID": 524666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2054", "title": "[Rehabilitation of patients with complicated forms of paronychia].", "content": "The experience of the treatment of 108 patients with complication forms of panaritium (osseous, tendinous, pandactylitis) is described. Complete rehabilitation of the hand function after the treatment was observed in 25% of cases.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of patients with complicated forms of paronychia]. The experience of the treatment of 108 patients with complication forms of panaritium (osseous, tendinous, pandactylitis) is described. Complete rehabilitation of the hand function after the treatment was observed in 25% of cases.", "PMID": 524668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2055", "title": "[Use of pervomur for irrigation of purulent cavities].", "content": "Experimentally it has been shown that diluted Pervomur (1:3) may be used for the intraoperation washing of the pleural cavity. The use of the diluted drug during the operations for acute purulent diseases of the lungs and pleura made it possible to prevent postoperative pleural empyemas and suppluration of soft tissue wounds in most patients.", "contents": "[Use of pervomur for irrigation of purulent cavities]. Experimentally it has been shown that diluted Pervomur (1:3) may be used for the intraoperation washing of the pleural cavity. The use of the diluted drug during the operations for acute purulent diseases of the lungs and pleura made it possible to prevent postoperative pleural empyemas and suppluration of soft tissue wounds in most patients.", "PMID": 524667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2056", "title": "[Current method of improvement of stump functioning after amputation of the upper limbs].", "content": "The article presents the results of formation of the skin-muscular canal in 49 patients (60 operations) for handling prostheses with external energy sources. Helpless patients after the surgical treatment and prosthesing could fulfil actions for selfservice and a number of labor movements.", "contents": "[Current method of improvement of stump functioning after amputation of the upper limbs]. The article presents the results of formation of the skin-muscular canal in 49 patients (60 operations) for handling prostheses with external energy sources. Helpless patients after the surgical treatment and prosthesing could fulfil actions for selfservice and a number of labor movements.", "PMID": 524669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2057", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific spontaneous pneumothorax].", "content": "The authors analyze the treatment of 74 patients with non-specific spontaneous pneumothorax. Relapses were observed in 6.7% of cases. The authors have shown that a partial pneumothorax should be treated actively and conservatively. By this method in 61 of 74 patients (82,6%) the lungs were expanded. Operations were performed in 13 patients. The surgical treatment is indicated in complete pneumothorax complicated by stable collapse of the lung, continuous intrapleural hemorrhage and suppuration of the pleural cavity.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific spontaneous pneumothorax]. The authors analyze the treatment of 74 patients with non-specific spontaneous pneumothorax. Relapses were observed in 6.7% of cases. The authors have shown that a partial pneumothorax should be treated actively and conservatively. By this method in 61 of 74 patients (82,6%) the lungs were expanded. Operations were performed in 13 patients. The surgical treatment is indicated in complete pneumothorax complicated by stable collapse of the lung, continuous intrapleural hemorrhage and suppuration of the pleural cavity.", "PMID": 524675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2058", "title": "[Respiration disorders after severe mechanical trauma].", "content": "The external respiration has been studied in 221 patients. The disorders in pulmonary gas exchange subsequent to an injury are due to decreased ventilation volumes, delayed diffusion of inhaled gases and disturbed blood circulation in the lungs. Functional disorders are often aggravated by pulmonary complications.", "contents": "[Respiration disorders after severe mechanical trauma]. The external respiration has been studied in 221 patients. The disorders in pulmonary gas exchange subsequent to an injury are due to decreased ventilation volumes, delayed diffusion of inhaled gases and disturbed blood circulation in the lungs. Functional disorders are often aggravated by pulmonary complications.", "PMID": 524676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2059", "title": "[Emergency relaparotomies].", "content": "The authors generalize the experience with 172 repeated operations carried out for severe, dangerous to life complications. Among the latters the most common were peritonitis, bleeding, early adhesive intestinal ileus, eventration etc. The authors believe that a timely diagnosis is possible, almost without exception, in case of a dynamic observation over patients after the first operation.", "contents": "[Emergency relaparotomies]. The authors generalize the experience with 172 repeated operations carried out for severe, dangerous to life complications. Among the latters the most common were peritonitis, bleeding, early adhesive intestinal ileus, eventration etc. The authors believe that a timely diagnosis is possible, almost without exception, in case of a dynamic observation over patients after the first operation.", "PMID": 524679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2060", "title": "[Novocaine blocks in the overall treatment of acute cholecystitis, cholecystopancreatitis and pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors used paranephric, vagosympathetic and vagoganglionic blockade in 253 patients with acute cholecystitis, cholecystopancreatitis and pancreatitis. The universally adopted methods were used for the estimation of the results with the recording of electrogastrogram before the blockade, immediately after novocaine injection and on hour later. The arrest or subsiding of pain syndrome occurred after paranephric blockade in 78.8% of patients, after vagosympathetic blockade in 95.2% and after vagoganglionic blockade in 92.6%. 20 patients were operated upon.", "contents": "[Novocaine blocks in the overall treatment of acute cholecystitis, cholecystopancreatitis and pancreatitis]. The authors used paranephric, vagosympathetic and vagoganglionic blockade in 253 patients with acute cholecystitis, cholecystopancreatitis and pancreatitis. The universally adopted methods were used for the estimation of the results with the recording of electrogastrogram before the blockade, immediately after novocaine injection and on hour later. The arrest or subsiding of pain syndrome occurred after paranephric blockade in 78.8% of patients, after vagosympathetic blockade in 95.2% and after vagoganglionic blockade in 92.6%. 20 patients were operated upon.", "PMID": 524680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2061", "title": "[Experimental basis for cryogenic and laser destruction of a part of the cirrhotic liver for stimulating regenerative processes].", "content": "In the experiments with the model of cirrhosis of the liver in 167 white rats new methods of stimulation of regeneratory processes through the use of cryogenic and laser technique versus a partial resection of the liver were devised. It has been found that cryognic destruction of a part of the parenchyma of a cirrhotic liver produces a pronounced effect upon the inverse development of the connective tissue and functional restoration of the organ.", "contents": "[Experimental basis for cryogenic and laser destruction of a part of the cirrhotic liver for stimulating regenerative processes]. In the experiments with the model of cirrhosis of the liver in 167 white rats new methods of stimulation of regeneratory processes through the use of cryogenic and laser technique versus a partial resection of the liver were devised. It has been found that cryognic destruction of a part of the parenchyma of a cirrhotic liver produces a pronounced effect upon the inverse development of the connective tissue and functional restoration of the organ.", "PMID": 524681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2062", "title": "[Importance of the terminal portion of the ileum in digestive compensation after extensive intestinal resections].", "content": "The long-term results of extensive intestinal resections with the removal of various organs of the ileocecal angle, carried out for acute intestinal ileus and malignant tumors, were studied in 88 patients followed up for 1 to 15 years. The experiments were carried out on 42 dogs observed within 3 years. On the grounds of clinico-experimental data it has been found that the terminal portion of the ileum about 25 cm long constitutes a \"bioenergetic zone\", playing an important part in the digestion, and at extensive intestinal resections the removal of this portion should be strictly justified. The caecum with the Bauhin's valve should be considered as another important zone of the ileocecal angle.", "contents": "[Importance of the terminal portion of the ileum in digestive compensation after extensive intestinal resections]. The long-term results of extensive intestinal resections with the removal of various organs of the ileocecal angle, carried out for acute intestinal ileus and malignant tumors, were studied in 88 patients followed up for 1 to 15 years. The experiments were carried out on 42 dogs observed within 3 years. On the grounds of clinico-experimental data it has been found that the terminal portion of the ileum about 25 cm long constitutes a \"bioenergetic zone\", playing an important part in the digestion, and at extensive intestinal resections the removal of this portion should be strictly justified. The caecum with the Bauhin's valve should be considered as another important zone of the ileocecal angle.", "PMID": 524683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2063", "title": "[Patient preparation for operations for colonic cancer].", "content": "On the grounds of surgical treatment of more than 800 patients with cancer of the colon a new system of the preoperative management was devised. The constant participation of therapist, urologist, endocrinologist and other specialist in this management proved to be expedient. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the preoperative management expecially in patients with intestinal ileus manifestations. The importance of psychological preparation of the patients is emphasized, mainly, in cases when colostomy is suggested.", "contents": "[Patient preparation for operations for colonic cancer]. On the grounds of surgical treatment of more than 800 patients with cancer of the colon a new system of the preoperative management was devised. The constant participation of therapist, urologist, endocrinologist and other specialist in this management proved to be expedient. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the preoperative management expecially in patients with intestinal ileus manifestations. The importance of psychological preparation of the patients is emphasized, mainly, in cases when colostomy is suggested.", "PMID": 524684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2064", "title": "[Surgical, combined and comprehensive treatment of malignant soft tissue tumors].", "content": "According to the authors' data the total 5 years' survival among 444 cases, subjected to radical operations for malignant tumors of the soft tissues, constituted 51.6% and proved to be practically the same both in primary and recurrent tumors. The improvement of the 5 years' results of the combined treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) of soft tissue sarcoma was noted, even when taking into account the stage of the disease and cellular differentiation of the tumor.", "contents": "[Surgical, combined and comprehensive treatment of malignant soft tissue tumors]. According to the authors' data the total 5 years' survival among 444 cases, subjected to radical operations for malignant tumors of the soft tissues, constituted 51.6% and proved to be practically the same both in primary and recurrent tumors. The improvement of the 5 years' results of the combined treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) of soft tissue sarcoma was noted, even when taking into account the stage of the disease and cellular differentiation of the tumor.", "PMID": 524685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2065", "title": "[Overall treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities].", "content": "The authors have analyzed 114 patients with venous trophic ulcers and came to a concluion of their having chronic autoimmunization. To confirm the clinical observations the laboratory determination of the serum autoantibodies by A. I. Nikolaev's reaction of precipitation was performed. In the blood of 52 patients antibodies to the paravenous fat, skin and varicosely dilated subcutaneous and communicating veins were found. These investigations helped to choose a pathogenetically based complex of curative measures, with the autoimmune agression taken into account.", "contents": "[Overall treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities]. The authors have analyzed 114 patients with venous trophic ulcers and came to a concluion of their having chronic autoimmunization. To confirm the clinical observations the laboratory determination of the serum autoantibodies by A. I. Nikolaev's reaction of precipitation was performed. In the blood of 52 patients antibodies to the paravenous fat, skin and varicosely dilated subcutaneous and communicating veins were found. These investigations helped to choose a pathogenetically based complex of curative measures, with the autoimmune agression taken into account.", "PMID": 524686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2066", "title": "[Anatomical and physiological assessment of the collateral circulation in experimental femoral artery ligation in venous insufficiency].", "content": "Peculiarities of collateral circulation following isolated and combined ligations of the femoral vessels were studied in experiments on 62 dogs through physiologic and anatomic investigation methods. It has been shown that the ligation of the vein prevents the exsanguination of the limb, arising from an injury to the main artery, favours an accelerated anatomic reconstruction of the arterial collaterals, but increases microcirculatory disturbances, aggravates tissue ischemia and disorder of the acid-base balance, which as a whole evidences a detrimental effect of concomitant venous insufficiency upon the process of the restoration of the circulation in the limb.", "contents": "[Anatomical and physiological assessment of the collateral circulation in experimental femoral artery ligation in venous insufficiency]. Peculiarities of collateral circulation following isolated and combined ligations of the femoral vessels were studied in experiments on 62 dogs through physiologic and anatomic investigation methods. It has been shown that the ligation of the vein prevents the exsanguination of the limb, arising from an injury to the main artery, favours an accelerated anatomic reconstruction of the arterial collaterals, but increases microcirculatory disturbances, aggravates tissue ischemia and disorder of the acid-base balance, which as a whole evidences a detrimental effect of concomitant venous insufficiency upon the process of the restoration of the circulation in the limb.", "PMID": 524687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2067", "title": "[Peripheral macro-and microcirculatory changes in acute arterial obstruction with papaverine and trental administration].", "content": "The effect of myotropic spasmolytic drugs--papaverine and trental was studied in 54 patients with acute arterial obstruction. After intravenous injections of papaverine 55.8% of the patients developed impairment of peripheral macrohemodynamics and 52.9%--of microcirculation. The injection of trental was followed by an improvement of peripheral macro-and microcirculation in 75% of cases.", "contents": "[Peripheral macro-and microcirculatory changes in acute arterial obstruction with papaverine and trental administration]. The effect of myotropic spasmolytic drugs--papaverine and trental was studied in 54 patients with acute arterial obstruction. After intravenous injections of papaverine 55.8% of the patients developed impairment of peripheral macrohemodynamics and 52.9%--of microcirculation. The injection of trental was followed by an improvement of peripheral macro-and microcirculation in 75% of cases.", "PMID": 524688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2068", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of sepsis today].", "content": "Two sources of septic toxemia--microbial and metabolic--were found in a detailed analysis of 37 patients with pronounced symptoms of sepsis. The proposed three-degrees classification of septic toxemia based upon the degree of clinical signs and humoral reactions, gives sufficient information, partically useful for a more objective estimation of the patients' state, to choose a purposeful therapy of sepsis and real ideas of the prognosis. In addition to the active antimicrobial therapy with using powerful antiseptics (sulfamilon, chlorophilipt, gentamycin, ceporin etc.) the authors insist on hemotransfusions (direct hemotransfusions included) in order to liquidate progressing anemia and to perform nonspecific detoxication by means of forced diuresis or peritoneal dialysis according to the techniques developed by the authors.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of sepsis today]. Two sources of septic toxemia--microbial and metabolic--were found in a detailed analysis of 37 patients with pronounced symptoms of sepsis. The proposed three-degrees classification of septic toxemia based upon the degree of clinical signs and humoral reactions, gives sufficient information, partically useful for a more objective estimation of the patients' state, to choose a purposeful therapy of sepsis and real ideas of the prognosis. In addition to the active antimicrobial therapy with using powerful antiseptics (sulfamilon, chlorophilipt, gentamycin, ceporin etc.) the authors insist on hemotransfusions (direct hemotransfusions included) in order to liquidate progressing anemia and to perform nonspecific detoxication by means of forced diuresis or peritoneal dialysis according to the techniques developed by the authors.", "PMID": 524695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2069", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the overall treatment of diffuse peritonitis in children].", "content": "From 245 examined children with diffuse appendicular peritonitis hyperbaric oxygenation was used in 127 children in the complex treatment during the postoperative period. The comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the complex therapy of peritonitis with the use of hyperbaric oxygenation and without it shows a high therapeutic effect of such combination. The patients quicker get the better of a grave postoperative state and have less complications. The mortality is lower. The patients spend less time in the intensive therapy room and at the hospital.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the overall treatment of diffuse peritonitis in children]. From 245 examined children with diffuse appendicular peritonitis hyperbaric oxygenation was used in 127 children in the complex treatment during the postoperative period. The comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the complex therapy of peritonitis with the use of hyperbaric oxygenation and without it shows a high therapeutic effect of such combination. The patients quicker get the better of a grave postoperative state and have less complications. The mortality is lower. The patients spend less time in the intensive therapy room and at the hospital.", "PMID": 524696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2070", "title": "[T-shaped anastomosis in treating acute intestinal obstruction in newborn infants].", "content": "Newborns with the ileus caused by developmental defects of the digestive tract have, as a rule, suprastenotic dilatations of all the intestine or a considerable part of it higher than the ileus zone and a great difference in the width of the lumen of the intestine portions left after resection of the injured area. In the Center of Developmental Defects of Newborns 190 patients with ileus have been treated for the recent 10 years. In 37 cases T-shaped bypass anastomosis was used which has considerable advantages over \"dead\" anastomosis. T-shaped ileostomy allows unloading the dilated adducting part of the intestine overfilled with the contents in early terms after operation and simultaneously fulfilling \"the feeding\" into the abducting part of the intestine.", "contents": "[T-shaped anastomosis in treating acute intestinal obstruction in newborn infants]. Newborns with the ileus caused by developmental defects of the digestive tract have, as a rule, suprastenotic dilatations of all the intestine or a considerable part of it higher than the ileus zone and a great difference in the width of the lumen of the intestine portions left after resection of the injured area. In the Center of Developmental Defects of Newborns 190 patients with ileus have been treated for the recent 10 years. In 37 cases T-shaped bypass anastomosis was used which has considerable advantages over \"dead\" anastomosis. T-shaped ileostomy allows unloading the dilated adducting part of the intestine overfilled with the contents in early terms after operation and simultaneously fulfilling \"the feeding\" into the abducting part of the intestine.", "PMID": 524697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2071", "title": "[Inferior heminephrectomy in children].", "content": "For the recent 15 years 286 children with surgical diseases of double kidney have been under observation in the Clinic of Children Surgery of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute. In 62 of them the inferior major segment of the organ was injured. In 34 cases the loss of the functional capacity of the inferior segment and atrophy of its parenchyma were revealed which served as an indication for inferior heminephrectomy. The vesicouriteral reflux into the main ureter (21 children) or both ureters (3 children) was found to be the most frequent cause of the injury of the inferior segment of the kidney. The subcapsular inferior heminephrectomy in children may be technically fulfilled and does not make problems in the separate blood supply of the segments. It is not expedient to leave a very small accessory segment of the kidney. The inferior heminephrectomy performed after strict indications gives favourable remote results.", "contents": "[Inferior heminephrectomy in children]. For the recent 15 years 286 children with surgical diseases of double kidney have been under observation in the Clinic of Children Surgery of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute. In 62 of them the inferior major segment of the organ was injured. In 34 cases the loss of the functional capacity of the inferior segment and atrophy of its parenchyma were revealed which served as an indication for inferior heminephrectomy. The vesicouriteral reflux into the main ureter (21 children) or both ureters (3 children) was found to be the most frequent cause of the injury of the inferior segment of the kidney. The subcapsular inferior heminephrectomy in children may be technically fulfilled and does not make problems in the separate blood supply of the segments. It is not expedient to leave a very small accessory segment of the kidney. The inferior heminephrectomy performed after strict indications gives favourable remote results.", "PMID": 524698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2072", "title": "[Early surgical intervention in acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones in children].", "content": "The work generalizes the experience of 57 decompression osteoperforations with the through drainage in acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones in children. The authors believe that this operation as a method of choice in the complex treatment of patients gives comparatively better near and late results, considerably shortens the duration of the disease; practically escaping the chronic stage such children have real possibilities to escape the period of long invalizidation. The early operation in the complex of intensive therapy, to the authors' mind, provides also a considerable economic effect of the treatment.", "contents": "[Early surgical intervention in acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones in children]. The work generalizes the experience of 57 decompression osteoperforations with the through drainage in acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones in children. The authors believe that this operation as a method of choice in the complex treatment of patients gives comparatively better near and late results, considerably shortens the duration of the disease; practically escaping the chronic stage such children have real possibilities to escape the period of long invalizidation. The early operation in the complex of intensive therapy, to the authors' mind, provides also a considerable economic effect of the treatment.", "PMID": 524699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2073", "title": "[Characteristics of the organizational and therapeutic procedure in the prehospital therapy of burn shock].", "content": "The work deals with general principles of the prehospital therapy in burn shock such as urgency, prevention, adequacy, succession and evacuation of the patients according to the purpose of the further treatment. The tasks and volume of help to the patients at different stages of the treatment before admission to the hospital are determined. It is emphasized that all the recommendations have been tested for many-years clinical experience.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the organizational and therapeutic procedure in the prehospital therapy of burn shock]. The work deals with general principles of the prehospital therapy in burn shock such as urgency, prevention, adequacy, succession and evacuation of the patients according to the purpose of the further treatment. The tasks and volume of help to the patients at different stages of the treatment before admission to the hospital are determined. It is emphasized that all the recommendations have been tested for many-years clinical experience.", "PMID": 524702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2074", "title": "[Gunshot pellet wounds of the major blood vessels].", "content": "The treatment of 14 patients with small-shot wounds of large blood vessels is analyzed. The specific features of such injuries are described and reasons of diagnostic errors at the stage of evacuation to a specialized department are found out. The use of reconstructive operations favoured the recovery of adequate arterial flow in 10 patients. Two patients were subjected to amputation of the extremities and one patient died due to a great small-shot injuries of vessels and nerves from a close distance.", "contents": "[Gunshot pellet wounds of the major blood vessels]. The treatment of 14 patients with small-shot wounds of large blood vessels is analyzed. The specific features of such injuries are described and reasons of diagnostic errors at the stage of evacuation to a specialized department are found out. The use of reconstructive operations favoured the recovery of adequate arterial flow in 10 patients. Two patients were subjected to amputation of the extremities and one patient died due to a great small-shot injuries of vessels and nerves from a close distance.", "PMID": 524703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2075", "title": "[Treatment of multiple and combined injury to the locomotor apparatus].", "content": "The authors believe that the means and methods of the restorative treatment as well as the technique of their application should be dependent on the character of injuries, their severity, period of the disease and individual features of the patient. In the complex treatment of multiple and associated traumas it is expedient to use the HBO-therapy which decreases the tissue hypoxia and stimulates reparative processes.", "contents": "[Treatment of multiple and combined injury to the locomotor apparatus]. The authors believe that the means and methods of the restorative treatment as well as the technique of their application should be dependent on the character of injuries, their severity, period of the disease and individual features of the patient. In the complex treatment of multiple and associated traumas it is expedient to use the HBO-therapy which decreases the tissue hypoxia and stimulates reparative processes.", "PMID": 524704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2076", "title": "Observations on ostertagiasis in young cattle over two grazing seasons with special reference to plasma pepsinogen levels.", "content": "The epidemiology of ostertagiasis in south west Scotland was studied in groups of cattle grazed through two successive grazing seasons separated by a period of winter housing. Towards the end of the first grazing season (September) the numbers of infective larvae (L3) on the pasture had increased to high levels (up to 24,000 L3 per kg) which resulted in high faecal egg counts, worm burdens, plasma pepsinogen levels and the occurrence of clinical ostertagiasis in the calves. By late spring (May) at the onset of the second grazing season, there was an almost complete mortality of the overwintered L3 on the pasture followed by the appearance of moderately high numbers of a new population of L3 in September (up to 9000 L3 per kg). The latter increase in the numbers of L3 was reflected by negligible faecal egg counts, low worm burdens and a moderate elevation of plasma pepsinogens in the second year animals. It therefore seems that although young cattle acquire a good immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi after one season at grass the small infections established in the early part of the second season are capable of contaminating the pasture to levels which could be dangerous for susceptible stock. An allergic reaction in the abomasal mucosa could be the basis of the elevated pepsinogens present in the second year animals.", "contents": "Observations on ostertagiasis in young cattle over two grazing seasons with special reference to plasma pepsinogen levels. The epidemiology of ostertagiasis in south west Scotland was studied in groups of cattle grazed through two successive grazing seasons separated by a period of winter housing. Towards the end of the first grazing season (September) the numbers of infective larvae (L3) on the pasture had increased to high levels (up to 24,000 L3 per kg) which resulted in high faecal egg counts, worm burdens, plasma pepsinogen levels and the occurrence of clinical ostertagiasis in the calves. By late spring (May) at the onset of the second grazing season, there was an almost complete mortality of the overwintered L3 on the pasture followed by the appearance of moderately high numbers of a new population of L3 in September (up to 9000 L3 per kg). The latter increase in the numbers of L3 was reflected by negligible faecal egg counts, low worm burdens and a moderate elevation of plasma pepsinogens in the second year animals. It therefore seems that although young cattle acquire a good immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi after one season at grass the small infections established in the early part of the second season are capable of contaminating the pasture to levels which could be dangerous for susceptible stock. An allergic reaction in the abomasal mucosa could be the basis of the elevated pepsinogens present in the second year animals.", "PMID": 524707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2077", "title": "The effect of a preparturient fenbendazole treatment on lactation yield in dairy cows.", "content": "Studies carried out on nine farms in north-west England indicated that fenbendazole treatment of adult winter calving dairy cows in the dry period caused an overall increase of 173 kg in their subsequent lactation yield. There was some evidence to suggest that a correlation existed between pasture Ostertagia ostertagi larval burdens and subsequent serum pepsinogen and milk yield responses post treatment. Marked interherd and regional differences existed in the milk yield response to anthelmintic treatment and possible reasons for such results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of a preparturient fenbendazole treatment on lactation yield in dairy cows. Studies carried out on nine farms in north-west England indicated that fenbendazole treatment of adult winter calving dairy cows in the dry period caused an overall increase of 173 kg in their subsequent lactation yield. There was some evidence to suggest that a correlation existed between pasture Ostertagia ostertagi larval burdens and subsequent serum pepsinogen and milk yield responses post treatment. Marked interherd and regional differences existed in the milk yield response to anthelmintic treatment and possible reasons for such results are discussed.", "PMID": 524709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2078", "title": "[Enzymatic profile of bovine organs].", "content": "The activity of nine enzymes in the liver, lung, heart, muscles, kidneys and rumen's walls of 12 cows was studied. In accordance with their content in the named organs the enzymes are divided into the following groups: 1. Enzymes present in highest quantity in the liver (GLDH, SDH, OCT, ICDH, CH and guanase). It is established that these enzymes can be used with success as an indication for the functional state of the liver's cell. 2. LAP, which has highest content in kidney parenchyma. 3. Aldolase, which is specific for skeletal muscles. 4. MDH, which has a high content in many of the studied organs and is of no definite diagnostic importance as individual enzyme if not included in an enzyme constellation.", "contents": "[Enzymatic profile of bovine organs]. The activity of nine enzymes in the liver, lung, heart, muscles, kidneys and rumen's walls of 12 cows was studied. In accordance with their content in the named organs the enzymes are divided into the following groups: 1. Enzymes present in highest quantity in the liver (GLDH, SDH, OCT, ICDH, CH and guanase). It is established that these enzymes can be used with success as an indication for the functional state of the liver's cell. 2. LAP, which has highest content in kidney parenchyma. 3. Aldolase, which is specific for skeletal muscles. 4. MDH, which has a high content in many of the studied organs and is of no definite diagnostic importance as individual enzyme if not included in an enzyme constellation.", "PMID": 524745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2079", "title": "[Effect of trichlorfon on the blood resorption and elimination of radioactive vitamin B1 in cocks].", "content": "Experimental studies on the effect of trichlorphon (neguvon) on the rate of vitamin B1 resorption in the alimentary tract and elimination by the blood in 12 cocks were carried out. Oral or intravenous application of 35S thiamin in the form of hypotonic and physiological solution was used for the previously treated per os with a neguvon water solution (40 mg/kg weight) cocks. As check the same cocks were treated three weeks before trichlorphon application by the radioindicator only. The birds' blood plasma was radiometrically studied (imp/min) after the \"thin layer\" method. It was established that as a result of trichlorphon solution treatment the radioactive vitamin B1 was immediately resorbed by the alimentary tract and its elimination by cock blood was reduced. The factors taking part in the mechanism of the observed phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of trichlorfon on the blood resorption and elimination of radioactive vitamin B1 in cocks]. Experimental studies on the effect of trichlorphon (neguvon) on the rate of vitamin B1 resorption in the alimentary tract and elimination by the blood in 12 cocks were carried out. Oral or intravenous application of 35S thiamin in the form of hypotonic and physiological solution was used for the previously treated per os with a neguvon water solution (40 mg/kg weight) cocks. As check the same cocks were treated three weeks before trichlorphon application by the radioindicator only. The birds' blood plasma was radiometrically studied (imp/min) after the \"thin layer\" method. It was established that as a result of trichlorphon solution treatment the radioactive vitamin B1 was immediately resorbed by the alimentary tract and its elimination by cock blood was reduced. The factors taking part in the mechanism of the observed phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 524746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2080", "title": "[Diagnostic titers in neorickettsiosis in sheep, cattle and swine].", "content": "Investigations were carried out after a micromethod for RCB formulation and standardization proposed by the authors used as the basic method of neorickettsiosis diagnositcs. In the course of 4 years 3614 serums of healthy animals and 289 serums of sheep, cattle and swine suffering from neorickettsiosis were investigated. It was established that the titre of complement binding antibodies in neorickettsiosis is stable. Variations are rarely observed and they are of low titre grade. Specific neorickettsiosis titres in sheep, cattle and swine are considerably high (1:128 to 1:256 and 1:512). The diagnostic value of low titres is in correlation with the phase of the infection process development and can be assessed only by following the dynamics of complement binding antibodies.", "contents": "[Diagnostic titers in neorickettsiosis in sheep, cattle and swine]. Investigations were carried out after a micromethod for RCB formulation and standardization proposed by the authors used as the basic method of neorickettsiosis diagnositcs. In the course of 4 years 3614 serums of healthy animals and 289 serums of sheep, cattle and swine suffering from neorickettsiosis were investigated. It was established that the titre of complement binding antibodies in neorickettsiosis is stable. Variations are rarely observed and they are of low titre grade. Specific neorickettsiosis titres in sheep, cattle and swine are considerably high (1:128 to 1:256 and 1:512). The diagnostic value of low titres is in correlation with the phase of the infection process development and can be assessed only by following the dynamics of complement binding antibodies.", "PMID": 524747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2081", "title": "[Effect of different types of rations on the digestive and metabolic processes in steers].", "content": "Investigations on the physiology of the digestive processes in steers fed by varying in type rations were performed. Differences in regard to time of food consumption, rumination, rest, etc. were established also. Differences in lung ventilation and gas metabolism were observed too. The animals daily digested and consumed varying quantities of the ration's dry matter (differing by 15.4%). It was established that when the animals got accustomed to a definite type of ration from an early age a sharply differentiated and functionally resistant digestive activity is produced in them, which is adapted to the respective type of ration.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of rations on the digestive and metabolic processes in steers]. Investigations on the physiology of the digestive processes in steers fed by varying in type rations were performed. Differences in regard to time of food consumption, rumination, rest, etc. were established also. Differences in lung ventilation and gas metabolism were observed too. The animals daily digested and consumed varying quantities of the ration's dry matter (differing by 15.4%). It was established that when the animals got accustomed to a definite type of ration from an early age a sharply differentiated and functionally resistant digestive activity is produced in them, which is adapted to the respective type of ration.", "PMID": 524748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2082", "title": "[Effectiveness of levamisole and oxyclozanide in paramphistomiasis in sheep and cattle].", "content": "The antiparasitic effectiveness of Levamizole and Oxyclozamide in the control of paramphistomatosis in sheep and cattle was studied. Experiments were performed in the 1975--1978 period with 1880 sheep and 132 cattle naturally invaded by P. microbothrium. The two drugs were administered orally in the following doses: Levamizole -- 7.5 mg/kg, Oxyclozanide -- 15 mg/kg for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle. A part of the experimental animals were treated by the combined drug Nilzan and received the above mentioned doses of both chemico-therapeutic means. Results were scored by ovoscopic investigation on the 10th and 15th day post treatment and by helminthological investigation on a part of the animals. Egg deposition was followed on 1415 sheep in the course of 4 months. A comparatively low effectiveness of Levamizole was established, namely U = 15--50%, IU = 81.56--99.40% and a good effectiveness of Oxyclozanide application, namely -- U = 30--80%, IU = 73.94-- 99.40% for sheep, and U = 0--50%, IU = 74.84--89.97% for cattle. Highest effectiveness was observed following the application of the combined drug Nilzan -- U = 47.7--92.0%, IU = 89.07--99.98% for sheep, and U = 20--73.20%, IU = 99.32--99.96% for cattle. The enhanced effectiveness of Nilzan application is considered by the authors as a result of synergism of the two chemico-therapeutic means.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of levamisole and oxyclozanide in paramphistomiasis in sheep and cattle]. The antiparasitic effectiveness of Levamizole and Oxyclozamide in the control of paramphistomatosis in sheep and cattle was studied. Experiments were performed in the 1975--1978 period with 1880 sheep and 132 cattle naturally invaded by P. microbothrium. The two drugs were administered orally in the following doses: Levamizole -- 7.5 mg/kg, Oxyclozanide -- 15 mg/kg for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle. A part of the experimental animals were treated by the combined drug Nilzan and received the above mentioned doses of both chemico-therapeutic means. Results were scored by ovoscopic investigation on the 10th and 15th day post treatment and by helminthological investigation on a part of the animals. Egg deposition was followed on 1415 sheep in the course of 4 months. A comparatively low effectiveness of Levamizole was established, namely U = 15--50%, IU = 81.56--99.40% and a good effectiveness of Oxyclozanide application, namely -- U = 30--80%, IU = 73.94-- 99.40% for sheep, and U = 0--50%, IU = 74.84--89.97% for cattle. Highest effectiveness was observed following the application of the combined drug Nilzan -- U = 47.7--92.0%, IU = 89.07--99.98% for sheep, and U = 20--73.20%, IU = 99.32--99.96% for cattle. The enhanced effectiveness of Nilzan application is considered by the authors as a result of synergism of the two chemico-therapeutic means.", "PMID": 524749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2083", "title": "[Cell content and bacteriological findings in individual cow's milk samples].", "content": "Hundred thirty seven milk samples were investigated by the mastitis test \"Sofia\" after the \"Breed\" method for the assessment of cell content and by inoculation on 5% blood agar for bacteriological findings. A certain correlation between reaction degree and number of cell elements was established. The better expressed the test reaction the larger was the number of cell elements, but not always a full coverage was evident. A correlation existed between the number of cell elements and the bacteriological findings also. The stronger the reaction resp. the larger the number of cells, the more samples had positive bacteriological findings. The percentage of samples with positive bacteriological findings having a cell number of 500 thousand to 5 million cells per 1 cm3 of milk ranged within 70.83 to 96.30%, while for samples having a cell content above 5 million it was 100%. In the samples with positive reaction the bacteriological investigations established 38.48% staphylococci, 52.28% streptococci, and 10.74% various other microorganisms.", "contents": "[Cell content and bacteriological findings in individual cow's milk samples]. Hundred thirty seven milk samples were investigated by the mastitis test \"Sofia\" after the \"Breed\" method for the assessment of cell content and by inoculation on 5% blood agar for bacteriological findings. A certain correlation between reaction degree and number of cell elements was established. The better expressed the test reaction the larger was the number of cell elements, but not always a full coverage was evident. A correlation existed between the number of cell elements and the bacteriological findings also. The stronger the reaction resp. the larger the number of cells, the more samples had positive bacteriological findings. The percentage of samples with positive bacteriological findings having a cell number of 500 thousand to 5 million cells per 1 cm3 of milk ranged within 70.83 to 96.30%, while for samples having a cell content above 5 million it was 100%. In the samples with positive reaction the bacteriological investigations established 38.48% staphylococci, 52.28% streptococci, and 10.74% various other microorganisms.", "PMID": 524750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2084", "title": "[Induction of synchronized labor on commercial swine farm complexes with the synthetic prostaglandin F2 alpha analog, cloprostenol].", "content": "Experiments were carried out under conditions existing in industrial swine complexes with two groups of experimental sows: I group -- consisting of 17 sows injected on the 108th and 109th day of pregnancy with 175 g cloprostenol, and II group -- consisting of 145 sows injected on the 110th, 111th, 112nd and 113th day of pregnancy. On 125 sows of 110--111 day of pregnancy a reduced single dose application of 150 g cloprostenol was tested. Studies were performed on the period to farrowing following cloprostenol injection, the duration of farrowing, the changes in physiological behaviour, the number of viable and unviable new born piglets, the results following weaning of offspring at the age of 28 days and on the economic evaluation of the technology of forced synchronized and programmated farrowing in industrial swine complexes. It was established that the synthetic analogue of prostaglandine F2L (cloprostenol) applied once by intramuscular injection at a rate of 175 g per sow on the 110--113th day of pregnancy has a luteinizing effect and leads to forced synchronized farrowing of 75--80% of the sows, 27 +/- 5 h post treatment. Similar results were obtained by a reduced rate of 150 g cloprostenol. Synchronized farrowing provides an opportunity for simultaneous weaning of equated piglet groups and contributes for better labour organization and veterinary service. Shortening the pregnancy period below the 110th day is not feasible physiologically and economically.", "contents": "[Induction of synchronized labor on commercial swine farm complexes with the synthetic prostaglandin F2 alpha analog, cloprostenol]. Experiments were carried out under conditions existing in industrial swine complexes with two groups of experimental sows: I group -- consisting of 17 sows injected on the 108th and 109th day of pregnancy with 175 g cloprostenol, and II group -- consisting of 145 sows injected on the 110th, 111th, 112nd and 113th day of pregnancy. On 125 sows of 110--111 day of pregnancy a reduced single dose application of 150 g cloprostenol was tested. Studies were performed on the period to farrowing following cloprostenol injection, the duration of farrowing, the changes in physiological behaviour, the number of viable and unviable new born piglets, the results following weaning of offspring at the age of 28 days and on the economic evaluation of the technology of forced synchronized and programmated farrowing in industrial swine complexes. It was established that the synthetic analogue of prostaglandine F2L (cloprostenol) applied once by intramuscular injection at a rate of 175 g per sow on the 110--113th day of pregnancy has a luteinizing effect and leads to forced synchronized farrowing of 75--80% of the sows, 27 +/- 5 h post treatment. Similar results were obtained by a reduced rate of 150 g cloprostenol. Synchronized farrowing provides an opportunity for simultaneous weaning of equated piglet groups and contributes for better labour organization and veterinary service. Shortening the pregnancy period below the 110th day is not feasible physiologically and economically.", "PMID": 524751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2085", "title": "[Microfloral study of beef in refrigeration and storage].", "content": "The changes in surface microflora quantity and composition on cattle carcasses cooled and preserved in various ways were studied. It was established that immediately after production beef meat has only a small number of microorganisms on its surface -- log10 3.74 on the average.The surface microflora on slowly cooled meat increases comparatively quickly and on the eleventh day reaches the number log10 7.22. In case of fast meat cooling a considerable reduction in the total number of surface microflora is observed during the first days. Its reproduction is slowed down and the number of log10 8.00 is reached only on the 40th day. The studies were not restricted only on total number of microorganisms, but covered also some other important meat microflora groups -- psychrophyls, coliform bacteria, moulds and yeasts.", "contents": "[Microfloral study of beef in refrigeration and storage]. The changes in surface microflora quantity and composition on cattle carcasses cooled and preserved in various ways were studied. It was established that immediately after production beef meat has only a small number of microorganisms on its surface -- log10 3.74 on the average.The surface microflora on slowly cooled meat increases comparatively quickly and on the eleventh day reaches the number log10 7.22. In case of fast meat cooling a considerable reduction in the total number of surface microflora is observed during the first days. Its reproduction is slowed down and the number of log10 8.00 is reached only on the 40th day. The studies were not restricted only on total number of microorganisms, but covered also some other important meat microflora groups -- psychrophyls, coliform bacteria, moulds and yeasts.", "PMID": 524752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2086", "title": "[Nutritive antibiotics and biostimulant preparations in the rations of swine for fattening].", "content": "Two experiments were carried out with sows for fattening having a body weight of 20 to 100 kg. The following nutritive antibiotics were tested -- bacipharmin -- 10% (PRB), zinkbacitracin -- 10% (UFRJ), vitamycin 3 (USSR), nitrovin (Peizun, USA) and mekadox -- 5% (USA). It was established that the stimulating effect of these antibiotics was manifested during the first fattening period -- up to 60 kg body weight, when the average daily increment of the experimental groups treated with bacipharmin, zink bacitracin and nictrovin in the I experiment was 7--15% higher and in the II experiment in which zink bacitracin, vitamycin 3, nitrovin and mekadox were added -- 8--14% higher as compared to the control groups. During the second period of fattening (60--100kg) no effect of the same nutritive antibiotics was observed, with the exception of the vitamycin treated group. In both experiments an economy of combined fodder per 1 kg body weight was realized in the experimental groups. Application of nutritive antibiotics and biostimulators during the second period is economically unexpedient. The antibiotics tested have no negative effect on carcass slaughter characteristics and on the chemical composition of meat. No residual substances of the nutritive antibiotics tested were detected on the second day following slaughter in the meat group treated with mekadox, since no sows of this group were slaughtered.", "contents": "[Nutritive antibiotics and biostimulant preparations in the rations of swine for fattening]. Two experiments were carried out with sows for fattening having a body weight of 20 to 100 kg. The following nutritive antibiotics were tested -- bacipharmin -- 10% (PRB), zinkbacitracin -- 10% (UFRJ), vitamycin 3 (USSR), nitrovin (Peizun, USA) and mekadox -- 5% (USA). It was established that the stimulating effect of these antibiotics was manifested during the first fattening period -- up to 60 kg body weight, when the average daily increment of the experimental groups treated with bacipharmin, zink bacitracin and nictrovin in the I experiment was 7--15% higher and in the II experiment in which zink bacitracin, vitamycin 3, nitrovin and mekadox were added -- 8--14% higher as compared to the control groups. During the second period of fattening (60--100kg) no effect of the same nutritive antibiotics was observed, with the exception of the vitamycin treated group. In both experiments an economy of combined fodder per 1 kg body weight was realized in the experimental groups. Application of nutritive antibiotics and biostimulators during the second period is economically unexpedient. The antibiotics tested have no negative effect on carcass slaughter characteristics and on the chemical composition of meat. No residual substances of the nutritive antibiotics tested were detected on the second day following slaughter in the meat group treated with mekadox, since no sows of this group were slaughtered.", "PMID": 524753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2087", "title": "Activity of IgG and IgM ABO antibodies against some weak A (A3, Ax, Aend) and weak B (B3, Bx) red cells.", "content": "The IgG and IgM anti-A and anti-B activities from several immune and non-immune O, A and B sera were tested against a panel of weak (A (A3, AX, AND Aend) and weak B (B3 and Bx) red cells. In all cases it is the IgM which agglutinated optimally Ax (or Bx) cells, while IgG and IgM anti-A (or anti-B) reacted similarly with A3 and Aend (or B3) cells. The agglutinating activity of all these ABO antibodies was found straightly related to their association constant for the A (or the B) receptor.", "contents": "Activity of IgG and IgM ABO antibodies against some weak A (A3, Ax, Aend) and weak B (B3, Bx) red cells. The IgG and IgM anti-A and anti-B activities from several immune and non-immune O, A and B sera were tested against a panel of weak (A (A3, AX, AND Aend) and weak B (B3 and Bx) red cells. In all cases it is the IgM which agglutinated optimally Ax (or Bx) cells, while IgG and IgM anti-A (or anti-B) reacted similarly with A3 and Aend (or B3) cells. The agglutinating activity of all these ABO antibodies was found straightly related to their association constant for the A (or the B) receptor.", "PMID": 524799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2088", "title": "Current problems and results in testing microaggregate filters.", "content": "Most in vitro studies on microaggregate filters focus on the mechanical retention of microparticles. Data are based on bulk techniques such as differential dry weight and screen filtration pressure measurements or single-particle counting using resistance measurement (Coulter principle). Errors in measurements may result from various steps in sample handling, interaction of the sample with the environment and inborn errors of different techniques. High-speed laser cytometry has been applied and was found to diminish the number of possible errors. The results of these measurements are compared with conventional techniques.", "contents": "Current problems and results in testing microaggregate filters. Most in vitro studies on microaggregate filters focus on the mechanical retention of microparticles. Data are based on bulk techniques such as differential dry weight and screen filtration pressure measurements or single-particle counting using resistance measurement (Coulter principle). Errors in measurements may result from various steps in sample handling, interaction of the sample with the environment and inborn errors of different techniques. High-speed laser cytometry has been applied and was found to diminish the number of possible errors. The results of these measurements are compared with conventional techniques.", "PMID": 524800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2089", "title": "[Simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) DNA fragmentation by specific R.Bgl II and R.Hind III endonucleases].", "content": "The effect of restricting R. BgIII and R. HindIII endonucleases on the genome of simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) was studied. The R. BgIII endonuclease has 5 restriction sites on SA7 DNA and produces 6 fragments with molecular weights of 10.0 X 10(6), 5,3 X 10(6), 3.6 X 10(6), 1.8 X 10(6), 0.6 X 10(6), and 0.5 X 10(6) daltons. R. HindIII, having 3 restriction sites, hydrolyses SA7 DNA into 4 fragments with molecular weights of 7.6 X 10(6), 5.9 X 10(6), 5,2 X 10(6), 3,1 X 10(6) daltons. The R. BgIII and R. HindIII fragments are arranged in the SA7 genome in the following order: B-A-C-E-D-F and C-D-B-A.", "contents": "[Simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) DNA fragmentation by specific R.Bgl II and R.Hind III endonucleases]. The effect of restricting R. BgIII and R. HindIII endonucleases on the genome of simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) was studied. The R. BgIII endonuclease has 5 restriction sites on SA7 DNA and produces 6 fragments with molecular weights of 10.0 X 10(6), 5,3 X 10(6), 3.6 X 10(6), 1.8 X 10(6), 0.6 X 10(6), and 0.5 X 10(6) daltons. R. HindIII, having 3 restriction sites, hydrolyses SA7 DNA into 4 fragments with molecular weights of 7.6 X 10(6), 5.9 X 10(6), 5,2 X 10(6), 3,1 X 10(6) daltons. The R. BgIII and R. HindIII fragments are arranged in the SA7 genome in the following order: B-A-C-E-D-F and C-D-B-A.", "PMID": 524855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2090", "title": "[Antiviral activity of anomeric 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines].", "content": "The inhibiting effect for herpes and vaccinia viruses of 2'-deoxyuridine derivatives containing the substitute in the position of 5-pyrimidine ring was studied. Anomeric 5-isopropyl-2'-deoxyuridines were shown to produce a marked inhibiting effect in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with herpes virus and to have no effect on vaccinia virus replication, that is, to be specific antiherpetic agents. The alpha-anomer of 5-isopropyl-2'-deoxyuridine showed antiherpetic activity in vitro comparable with that of beta-anomer. Fifty per cent toxic doses and chemotherapeutic indices of the drugs under study were determined in comparison with those of 5-iod-2'-deoxyuridine.", "contents": "[Antiviral activity of anomeric 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines]. The inhibiting effect for herpes and vaccinia viruses of 2'-deoxyuridine derivatives containing the substitute in the position of 5-pyrimidine ring was studied. Anomeric 5-isopropyl-2'-deoxyuridines were shown to produce a marked inhibiting effect in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with herpes virus and to have no effect on vaccinia virus replication, that is, to be specific antiherpetic agents. The alpha-anomer of 5-isopropyl-2'-deoxyuridine showed antiherpetic activity in vitro comparable with that of beta-anomer. Fifty per cent toxic doses and chemotherapeutic indices of the drugs under study were determined in comparison with those of 5-iod-2'-deoxyuridine.", "PMID": 524857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2091", "title": "[Influenza virus neuraminidase and its role in anti-influenzal immunity].", "content": "The direct relationship between immunogenicity of H3N2 formolvaccine and neuraminidase activity was established. A single intranasal immunization of mice with the vaccine having a titer of hemagglutinin 1:20,000-1:40,000 in 0.5 ml with active neuraminidase increased the resistance of the animals to the challenge with mouse-adapted influenza A/USSR/053/74 (H3N2) virus almost 5-fold. A vaccine with the same hemagglutinin titer but with neuraminidase inactivated by physico-chemical factors or blocked by specific antibody exerted a protective effect 2.5-3 fold weaker than the vaccine with the active enzyme.", "contents": "[Influenza virus neuraminidase and its role in anti-influenzal immunity]. The direct relationship between immunogenicity of H3N2 formolvaccine and neuraminidase activity was established. A single intranasal immunization of mice with the vaccine having a titer of hemagglutinin 1:20,000-1:40,000 in 0.5 ml with active neuraminidase increased the resistance of the animals to the challenge with mouse-adapted influenza A/USSR/053/74 (H3N2) virus almost 5-fold. A vaccine with the same hemagglutinin titer but with neuraminidase inactivated by physico-chemical factors or blocked by specific antibody exerted a protective effect 2.5-3 fold weaker than the vaccine with the active enzyme.", "PMID": 524858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2092", "title": "[GC-pair distribution in the DNA of simian SA7 and human type 6 adenoviruses].", "content": "The buoyant density values in cesium chloride of DNA fragments of simian adenovirus SA7 obtained with restricting endonucleases of R. EcoRI, R. BamHI, R. SalI and human adenovirus type 6 DNA fragments obtained with restricting endonucleases of R. EcoRI and R. BamHI were determined. On the basis of the buoyant density values for these fragments the content of GC pairs in them was calculated. Using the known position of the fragments in the physical map of these DNAs, the distribution of GC pairs along the examined DNA molecules was constructed.", "contents": "[GC-pair distribution in the DNA of simian SA7 and human type 6 adenoviruses]. The buoyant density values in cesium chloride of DNA fragments of simian adenovirus SA7 obtained with restricting endonucleases of R. EcoRI, R. BamHI, R. SalI and human adenovirus type 6 DNA fragments obtained with restricting endonucleases of R. EcoRI and R. BamHI were determined. On the basis of the buoyant density values for these fragments the content of GC pairs in them was calculated. Using the known position of the fragments in the physical map of these DNAs, the distribution of GC pairs along the examined DNA molecules was constructed.", "PMID": 524856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2093", "title": "[Strain specificity of the antineuraminidase antibodies of influenza virus serotype N2 strains in convalescents].", "content": "Antineuraminidase antibody was determined in the subjects who had suffered influenza during the epidemics of 1970-1975 in the GDR. As early as 1970 the highest titers of antibody (greater than or equal to 1:60) were found not only to the prototype A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain but also to its subsequent drift variants A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Some subjects had antineuraminidase antibody to avian influenza virus.", "contents": "[Strain specificity of the antineuraminidase antibodies of influenza virus serotype N2 strains in convalescents]. Antineuraminidase antibody was determined in the subjects who had suffered influenza during the epidemics of 1970-1975 in the GDR. As early as 1970 the highest titers of antibody (greater than or equal to 1:60) were found not only to the prototype A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain but also to its subsequent drift variants A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Some subjects had antineuraminidase antibody to avian influenza virus.", "PMID": 524860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2094", "title": "[Embolic cardiac infarct].", "content": "One case with embolic cardiac infarction is described, that had developed in a patient with mitral-aortic valvular defect with auricular fibrillation and simultaneous embolic dissemination in the right middle cerebral and superior mesenteric arteries. The patient developed hypertension with the embolic incidence, explained by the increased production of catecholamines during the stress state.", "contents": "[Embolic cardiac infarct]. One case with embolic cardiac infarction is described, that had developed in a patient with mitral-aortic valvular defect with auricular fibrillation and simultaneous embolic dissemination in the right middle cerebral and superior mesenteric arteries. The patient developed hypertension with the embolic incidence, explained by the increased production of catecholamines during the stress state.", "PMID": 524866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2095", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of primary myelofibrosis].", "content": "The authors followed-up five patients with primary myelofibrosis in the course of 4 years. The diagnosis, in all cases, was confirmed via histologic investigation of trepenation biopsy material of bone marrow and bone. The clinical and hematologic variety, observed by the authors, provided grounds for the formation of the following variants of the primary myelofibrosis: myelemic-anemic form, form with leucosis transformation, form with sarcomatization, myelofibrosis with immune hemolytic anemia and myelofibrosis in aplastic state. The establishment of transitory forms between the myeloproliferation and dysanaplastic blast processes allows the presumption that the pathogenesis essence of primary myelofibrosis is manifested in clonal lesion of the stem bone-marrow cells.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of primary myelofibrosis]. The authors followed-up five patients with primary myelofibrosis in the course of 4 years. The diagnosis, in all cases, was confirmed via histologic investigation of trepenation biopsy material of bone marrow and bone. The clinical and hematologic variety, observed by the authors, provided grounds for the formation of the following variants of the primary myelofibrosis: myelemic-anemic form, form with leucosis transformation, form with sarcomatization, myelofibrosis with immune hemolytic anemia and myelofibrosis in aplastic state. The establishment of transitory forms between the myeloproliferation and dysanaplastic blast processes allows the presumption that the pathogenesis essence of primary myelofibrosis is manifested in clonal lesion of the stem bone-marrow cells.", "PMID": 524867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2096", "title": "[Classical fowl plague virus reproduction in the body of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes].", "content": "The results of the studies on fowl plague virus (FPV, Rostok strain) reproduction in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are presented. The virus-containing allantoic fluid was inoculated intrathoracally in volumes of 0.1 and 0.2 microliter. The virus was isolated in chick embryos and could be detected at 5--14 days after inoculation. After inoculation of 0.1 microliter of virus it could be detected in doses of 0.5, 2.0, 1.75 Ig2 ID50, after inoculation of 0.2 microliter--in doses of 5, 1.5, and 0.5 Ig2 ID50.", "contents": "[Classical fowl plague virus reproduction in the body of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]. The results of the studies on fowl plague virus (FPV, Rostok strain) reproduction in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are presented. The virus-containing allantoic fluid was inoculated intrathoracally in volumes of 0.1 and 0.2 microliter. The virus was isolated in chick embryos and could be detected at 5--14 days after inoculation. After inoculation of 0.1 microliter of virus it could be detected in doses of 0.5, 2.0, 1.75 Ig2 ID50, after inoculation of 0.2 microliter--in doses of 5, 1.5, and 0.5 Ig2 ID50.", "PMID": 524861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2097", "title": "[Kisemayo virus, a representative of the Bhanja antigenic group].", "content": "Previously unknown Kisemayo virus first isolated in 1974 from Rhipicephalus pulchellus ticks collected in Somali shows antigenic relationship with Bhanja virus in HI tests, however, is readily differentiated from the latter in this test. No cross relations between these agents are demonstrable in CFT, agar gel diffusion and precipitation test or neutralization test. These results suggest formation of a new antigenic group including Bhanja and Kisemayo viruses among arboviruses.", "contents": "[Kisemayo virus, a representative of the Bhanja antigenic group]. Previously unknown Kisemayo virus first isolated in 1974 from Rhipicephalus pulchellus ticks collected in Somali shows antigenic relationship with Bhanja virus in HI tests, however, is readily differentiated from the latter in this test. No cross relations between these agents are demonstrable in CFT, agar gel diffusion and precipitation test or neutralization test. These results suggest formation of a new antigenic group including Bhanja and Kisemayo viruses among arboviruses.", "PMID": 524862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2098", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on pancreatic exocrine secretion].", "content": "Pancreas exocrine secretion was studied in 10 patients viapancreocymine-secretin test, determining the volume of pancreatic secretion, concentration and quantity of the secreted bicarbonate and total quantity of secreted pancreas amylase and lipase. Acute effect of alcohol was studied in the same patients and two-three days after the first determination of pancreatic secretion, a second pancreocymine-secretin test was performed, with 150 ml 40 per cent alcohol being introduced into the stomach prior to pancreocymine stimulation. The results prior to and post alcohol loading were compared in each patient. A statistically significant inhibition of pancreas bicarbonate and enzime secretion developed under the effect of alcohol. The probable pathogenetic mechanisms of alcohol effect upon pancreas are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on pancreatic exocrine secretion]. Pancreas exocrine secretion was studied in 10 patients viapancreocymine-secretin test, determining the volume of pancreatic secretion, concentration and quantity of the secreted bicarbonate and total quantity of secreted pancreas amylase and lipase. Acute effect of alcohol was studied in the same patients and two-three days after the first determination of pancreatic secretion, a second pancreocymine-secretin test was performed, with 150 ml 40 per cent alcohol being introduced into the stomach prior to pancreocymine stimulation. The results prior to and post alcohol loading were compared in each patient. A statistically significant inhibition of pancreas bicarbonate and enzime secretion developed under the effect of alcohol. The probable pathogenetic mechanisms of alcohol effect upon pancreas are discussed.", "PMID": 524870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2099", "title": "[Etiological study of the fatal cases in the period of the influenza A epidemic of 1977-1978].", "content": "The etiology of the disease, the age structure of fatalities, the time of death were studied in 34 fatal cases in the period of influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in December 1977-February 1978 and in 33 fatal cases during influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) epidemic in January-March, 1975 (data from some autopsy offices of Kiev). The results of the investigation of the etiology by immunofluorescence and the histological methods were mostly similar. The polyetiological structure of the diseases in the influenza epidemic of 1975 and rather monoetiological one in the influenza epidemic of 1977-1978 were observed. In 1975, fatal cases were found mostly in 2 age groups: infants under 1 year and adults over 20, in 1977-1978 in 4 age groups: infants under 1, children of 1-3, over 9, and adults. In both epidemics the maximum number of fatal cases coincided with the beginning of a decline in the epidemic wave and subsequently they were registered evenly for over one month. A high infection rate with a new influenza A virus variant (H1N1) was found among normal subjects in all age groups.", "contents": "[Etiological study of the fatal cases in the period of the influenza A epidemic of 1977-1978]. The etiology of the disease, the age structure of fatalities, the time of death were studied in 34 fatal cases in the period of influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in December 1977-February 1978 and in 33 fatal cases during influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) epidemic in January-March, 1975 (data from some autopsy offices of Kiev). The results of the investigation of the etiology by immunofluorescence and the histological methods were mostly similar. The polyetiological structure of the diseases in the influenza epidemic of 1975 and rather monoetiological one in the influenza epidemic of 1977-1978 were observed. In 1975, fatal cases were found mostly in 2 age groups: infants under 1 year and adults over 20, in 1977-1978 in 4 age groups: infants under 1, children of 1-3, over 9, and adults. In both epidemics the maximum number of fatal cases coincided with the beginning of a decline in the epidemic wave and subsequently they were registered evenly for over one month. A high infection rate with a new influenza A virus variant (H1N1) was found among normal subjects in all age groups.", "PMID": 524859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2100", "title": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in ischemic heart disease (IHD)].", "content": "A comparison was performed between the echocardiographic (EchoC) indices for the pump and contraction function of left ventricle and the stage of left-ventricle insufficiency, determined according to clinical criteria of 82 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD)--old myocardial infarction and (or stable angina pectoris without left-ventricle infarction and for stable angina pectoris without left-ventricle aneurysm. With IHD, regardless of the considerable asynergy of left ventricle, some of the functional EchoC-indices were established to preserve their diagnostic values and definitely to differentiate the majority of the cases with, from those without, cardiac insufficiency, objectivizing the determination of initial left-ventricle insufficiency. The most significant diagnostic value of EchoC-assessment of left-ventricle function in IHD has the following complex of EchoC-indices: diastolic extent, left ventricle index resp, expulsion fraction (EF), shortening fraction (FS), average velocity of circumferential fibres (VCF), distance between point E of mitral echogram and interventricular septum (S-E distance), telediastolic interval A-C of mitral echogram and extent, index of left auricle, resp.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in ischemic heart disease (IHD)]. A comparison was performed between the echocardiographic (EchoC) indices for the pump and contraction function of left ventricle and the stage of left-ventricle insufficiency, determined according to clinical criteria of 82 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD)--old myocardial infarction and (or stable angina pectoris without left-ventricle infarction and for stable angina pectoris without left-ventricle aneurysm. With IHD, regardless of the considerable asynergy of left ventricle, some of the functional EchoC-indices were established to preserve their diagnostic values and definitely to differentiate the majority of the cases with, from those without, cardiac insufficiency, objectivizing the determination of initial left-ventricle insufficiency. The most significant diagnostic value of EchoC-assessment of left-ventricle function in IHD has the following complex of EchoC-indices: diastolic extent, left ventricle index resp, expulsion fraction (EF), shortening fraction (FS), average velocity of circumferential fibres (VCF), distance between point E of mitral echogram and interventricular septum (S-E distance), telediastolic interval A-C of mitral echogram and extent, index of left auricle, resp.", "PMID": 524871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2101", "title": "[Planimetric analysis of ventricular depolarization on Frank's corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram in healthy hearts and in patients with ventricular loading].", "content": "Nineteen planimetric indices of 110 cardiac healthy subjects, 141 patient with left ventricle loading and 136 patients with right ventricle loading are analyzed. On the base of the variation analysis and determination of statistically significant differences, it was established that in right-ventricular loading the following indices deviate from the norm: ASX, AQZ, AQRSX, AQRSz, SAQRSx, SAQRSy, SAQRSz, SAS, SAQRSg, whereas in left-ventricular loading -- ARx, ARz, AQRSx, AQRSz, SAQRx, SAQRSy, SAQRz, SAR, SAQRSg. At a second stage, the sensitivity of the separate indices from the groups with left ventricular and right-ventricular loading was amalyzed, as well as the separate subgroups (pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, interauricular defect, arterial hypertension, mitral or aortic insufficiency. The results were compared with those of axial indices, obtained from another investigation of the authors. The planimetric analysis was established to be more complex than the axial and the index SAQRSg to be with the best sensitivity in the cases with hemodynamically lightly loaded musculature.", "contents": "[Planimetric analysis of ventricular depolarization on Frank's corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram in healthy hearts and in patients with ventricular loading]. Nineteen planimetric indices of 110 cardiac healthy subjects, 141 patient with left ventricle loading and 136 patients with right ventricle loading are analyzed. On the base of the variation analysis and determination of statistically significant differences, it was established that in right-ventricular loading the following indices deviate from the norm: ASX, AQZ, AQRSX, AQRSz, SAQRSx, SAQRSy, SAQRSz, SAS, SAQRSg, whereas in left-ventricular loading -- ARx, ARz, AQRSx, AQRSz, SAQRx, SAQRSy, SAQRz, SAR, SAQRSg. At a second stage, the sensitivity of the separate indices from the groups with left ventricular and right-ventricular loading was amalyzed, as well as the separate subgroups (pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, interauricular defect, arterial hypertension, mitral or aortic insufficiency. The results were compared with those of axial indices, obtained from another investigation of the authors. The planimetric analysis was established to be more complex than the axial and the index SAQRSg to be with the best sensitivity in the cases with hemodynamically lightly loaded musculature.", "PMID": 524872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2102", "title": "[Diseases of the circulatory organs among the rural population in Sliven District].", "content": "The basic principles of the methods used in the study of the total morbidity rate of the rural population of Sliven district are described in the present paper and the same time morbidity rate of the diseases of the circulation organs are analyzed. The level of the morbidity rate of the diseases of circulation organs, according to the visits of the rural population in the district was established to be 30236% 000. With the complex medical examination of the physicians' brigade of the representative sample from the population observed a latent morbidity rate was established to the extent of 12658% 000, i.e. the actual morbidity rate of rural population of the diseases of the circulation organs in the district was 42 895% 000. The morbidity rate according to age-sex groups and nozological forms was analyzed in the present paper.", "contents": "[Diseases of the circulatory organs among the rural population in Sliven District]. The basic principles of the methods used in the study of the total morbidity rate of the rural population of Sliven district are described in the present paper and the same time morbidity rate of the diseases of the circulation organs are analyzed. The level of the morbidity rate of the diseases of circulation organs, according to the visits of the rural population in the district was established to be 30236% 000. With the complex medical examination of the physicians' brigade of the representative sample from the population observed a latent morbidity rate was established to the extent of 12658% 000, i.e. the actual morbidity rate of rural population of the diseases of the circulation organs in the district was 42 895% 000. The morbidity rate according to age-sex groups and nozological forms was analyzed in the present paper.", "PMID": 524873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2103", "title": "[Frequency, etiological factors and the morphological characteristics of myocardial infarct in youth].", "content": "Examinations were carried out on 827 deceased with myocardial infarction (MI), 27 (3.26%) out of them being at a rather early age (26-44). The average age of those examined with MI at that early age is 39. The males are affected more frequently than females -- ratio 3.5:1. In 89 per cent of the examined the coronary insufficiency was manifested clinically and morphologically before the age of 40 and two or more MI, with a different duration were established. The most frequent causes of the development of MI are coronary atherosclerosis in 48.15 per cent, rheumatism (coronary embolism) in 14.81 per cent, endarteritis obliterans in 7.14 per cent and leutic coronaritis in 3.70 per cent. In 25.93 per cent of the examined only lipoidosis or completely intact coronary arteries were established. Almost in all of the examined cardiac hypertrophia was present, the average weight of the heart being 434 g. In a part of the examined, morphological changes in microcirculation were observed -- namely -- formation of microthrombosis, manifested intimal cushions, fibrosis of the walls and perivasal fibrosis of the muscular arteries and arteriols.", "contents": "[Frequency, etiological factors and the morphological characteristics of myocardial infarct in youth]. Examinations were carried out on 827 deceased with myocardial infarction (MI), 27 (3.26%) out of them being at a rather early age (26-44). The average age of those examined with MI at that early age is 39. The males are affected more frequently than females -- ratio 3.5:1. In 89 per cent of the examined the coronary insufficiency was manifested clinically and morphologically before the age of 40 and two or more MI, with a different duration were established. The most frequent causes of the development of MI are coronary atherosclerosis in 48.15 per cent, rheumatism (coronary embolism) in 14.81 per cent, endarteritis obliterans in 7.14 per cent and leutic coronaritis in 3.70 per cent. In 25.93 per cent of the examined only lipoidosis or completely intact coronary arteries were established. Almost in all of the examined cardiac hypertrophia was present, the average weight of the heart being 434 g. In a part of the examined, morphological changes in microcirculation were observed -- namely -- formation of microthrombosis, manifested intimal cushions, fibrosis of the walls and perivasal fibrosis of the muscular arteries and arteriols.", "PMID": 524874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2104", "title": "[Benign course of focal-segmental glomerulonephritis due to antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane].", "content": "The authors describe a patient with focal-segmental glomerulonephritis with a benign progress, induced by antibodies to glomerular basement membrane. Clinically the disease advanced in the course of 10 years with painless macroscopic hematuria and persisting microscopic hematuria during the intervals. Histologically, a focal-segmental glomerulonephritis was established, with crescents in certain glomeruli and immunomorphologically with linear depositis of IgG, C3 and febrin.", "contents": "[Benign course of focal-segmental glomerulonephritis due to antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane]. The authors describe a patient with focal-segmental glomerulonephritis with a benign progress, induced by antibodies to glomerular basement membrane. Clinically the disease advanced in the course of 10 years with painless macroscopic hematuria and persisting microscopic hematuria during the intervals. Histologically, a focal-segmental glomerulonephritis was established, with crescents in certain glomeruli and immunomorphologically with linear depositis of IgG, C3 and febrin.", "PMID": 524875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2105", "title": "[Serum zinc dynamics in chronic renal insufficiency treated with periodic hemodialysis].", "content": "Serum zinc concentration and the effect of dialysis was followed up in 35 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, included in the programme dialysis treatment. Zinc level, at the end of dialysis was established to be elevated, being explained by the high zinc concentration in fountain water, with which the dialysis solution was prepared. Owing to the fact that the elevated values of serum zinc are included in the normal region, the authors think that no deionization of water is necessary aiming at the reduction of zinc concentration in it.", "contents": "[Serum zinc dynamics in chronic renal insufficiency treated with periodic hemodialysis]. Serum zinc concentration and the effect of dialysis was followed up in 35 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, included in the programme dialysis treatment. Zinc level, at the end of dialysis was established to be elevated, being explained by the high zinc concentration in fountain water, with which the dialysis solution was prepared. Owing to the fact that the elevated values of serum zinc are included in the normal region, the authors think that no deionization of water is necessary aiming at the reduction of zinc concentration in it.", "PMID": 524876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2106", "title": "[Immunohematological problems in blood transfusion with patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia].", "content": "The immunologic problems of blood transfusion of patients with antoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed on the base of the authors' observations. They emerge and are mainly conditioned by the character and serological characteristic of autoantibodies (AAB) as well as by the presence of free iso-antibodies (erythro-, leuko- and thrombocyte-). The cold AAB conditioned the difficulties in blood groups determination, direct compatibility test and rarely of RH, where as the warm ones -- impede the determination of Rh and the selection of compatible blood for transfusion. The emerging of iso-antibodied complicates further the immunologic status of the patients. Owing to the characteristic specificity of AAB (against the widely found antigens -- nl, w, I, Pr, etc), the finding of compatible blood for transfusion proved practically to be extremely difficult. The forces hemotransfusion to be turned to only in case of vital indications.", "contents": "[Immunohematological problems in blood transfusion with patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia]. The immunologic problems of blood transfusion of patients with antoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed on the base of the authors' observations. They emerge and are mainly conditioned by the character and serological characteristic of autoantibodies (AAB) as well as by the presence of free iso-antibodies (erythro-, leuko- and thrombocyte-). The cold AAB conditioned the difficulties in blood groups determination, direct compatibility test and rarely of RH, where as the warm ones -- impede the determination of Rh and the selection of compatible blood for transfusion. The emerging of iso-antibodied complicates further the immunologic status of the patients. Owing to the characteristic specificity of AAB (against the widely found antigens -- nl, w, I, Pr, etc), the finding of compatible blood for transfusion proved practically to be extremely difficult. The forces hemotransfusion to be turned to only in case of vital indications.", "PMID": 524877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2107", "title": "The description of structural and temporal characteristics of tonic electrophysiological activity during sleep.", "content": "The structural and temporal characteristics of tonic variation among electrophysiological measures during sleep are examined from the point of view of sleep stage scoring procedures and the digital quantification and statistical analysis of these measures. Sleep stage scoring procedures are nominally scaled and therefore less able to index structural and temporal characteristics than are measures derived from digital methods of quantification having the properties of interval or ratio scales. These arguments are illustrated using principal components analysis to describe the structure of tonic covariation among 36 variables derived from the computer analysis of EEG, EMG, and EOG. Three components resulting from the analysis are tentatively named 'slow-fast', 'hemispheric-shift' and 'eyes-activation'. They appear across variations in experimental manipulations such as night time awakenings and also across differences in age and species. The periodic characteristics of the vectors associated with the three components are specified by means of the Fast Fourier transform in combination with digital low pass and band pass filtering. Cycles are found which are both slower and faster than the paradigmatic 90 min ultradian rhythm. These results indicate that currently available techniques of digital and statistical analysis provide new possibilities for research on the electrophysiology and psychophysiology of sleep.", "contents": "The description of structural and temporal characteristics of tonic electrophysiological activity during sleep. The structural and temporal characteristics of tonic variation among electrophysiological measures during sleep are examined from the point of view of sleep stage scoring procedures and the digital quantification and statistical analysis of these measures. Sleep stage scoring procedures are nominally scaled and therefore less able to index structural and temporal characteristics than are measures derived from digital methods of quantification having the properties of interval or ratio scales. These arguments are illustrated using principal components analysis to describe the structure of tonic covariation among 36 variables derived from the computer analysis of EEG, EMG, and EOG. Three components resulting from the analysis are tentatively named 'slow-fast', 'hemispheric-shift' and 'eyes-activation'. They appear across variations in experimental manipulations such as night time awakenings and also across differences in age and species. The periodic characteristics of the vectors associated with the three components are specified by means of the Fast Fourier transform in combination with digital low pass and band pass filtering. Cycles are found which are both slower and faster than the paradigmatic 90 min ultradian rhythm. These results indicate that currently available techniques of digital and statistical analysis provide new possibilities for research on the electrophysiology and psychophysiology of sleep.", "PMID": 524880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2108", "title": "Hypersynchronisation and sedation produced by GABA-transaminase inhibitors and picrotoxin: does GABA participate in sleep control?", "content": "Systemic administration of GABA-transaminase inhibitors, gamma-acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg) or gamma-vanylic GABA (1200 mg/kg) produces behavioral picture of somnolence accompanied by EEG hypersynchronisation reminiscent of electrographic signs of petit mal epilepsy. Similarly, systemic administration of GABA antagonist, Picrotoxin (3--4 mg/kg) produces a short lasting period of sedation preceding the development of myoclonic jerks which is also accompanied by Wave-spike discharges. The role of GABA in sleep control is discussed. Although the area is not ready for firm conclusions, the results suggest that hyperactivity of GABA-ergic system as well as its hypoactivity could mediate pathological somnolence associated with different forms of epilepsy.", "contents": "Hypersynchronisation and sedation produced by GABA-transaminase inhibitors and picrotoxin: does GABA participate in sleep control? Systemic administration of GABA-transaminase inhibitors, gamma-acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg) or gamma-vanylic GABA (1200 mg/kg) produces behavioral picture of somnolence accompanied by EEG hypersynchronisation reminiscent of electrographic signs of petit mal epilepsy. Similarly, systemic administration of GABA antagonist, Picrotoxin (3--4 mg/kg) produces a short lasting period of sedation preceding the development of myoclonic jerks which is also accompanied by Wave-spike discharges. The role of GABA in sleep control is discussed. Although the area is not ready for firm conclusions, the results suggest that hyperactivity of GABA-ergic system as well as its hypoactivity could mediate pathological somnolence associated with different forms of epilepsy.", "PMID": 524879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2109", "title": "[A study of a swimming training programme in the rehabilitation of patients following myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "A special swimming programme was initiated during the course of rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction with additional disturbances of the musculoskeletal system. Allowance was made for aspects of individual training requirements. Patients were divided in two groups according initial values of physical working capacity: One group contained patients with less than 80% of the normal work capacity, the other those with borderline normal values. The first group showed an average increase of 35% in the initial values during a one-year period of swimming training once a week. The other group with practically normal initial values showed only a slight or negligible increase. Serum lipid levels were unchanged in both groups. No serious side effects were encountered in more than 3000 patients hours. However, no prediction of the risks of this type of training as compared to other forms of physical exercise in patients recovering from myocardial infarction can be made from this study.", "contents": "[A study of a swimming training programme in the rehabilitation of patients following myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. A special swimming programme was initiated during the course of rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction with additional disturbances of the musculoskeletal system. Allowance was made for aspects of individual training requirements. Patients were divided in two groups according initial values of physical working capacity: One group contained patients with less than 80% of the normal work capacity, the other those with borderline normal values. The first group showed an average increase of 35% in the initial values during a one-year period of swimming training once a week. The other group with practically normal initial values showed only a slight or negligible increase. Serum lipid levels were unchanged in both groups. No serious side effects were encountered in more than 3000 patients hours. However, no prediction of the risks of this type of training as compared to other forms of physical exercise in patients recovering from myocardial infarction can be made from this study.", "PMID": 524895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2110", "title": "[Experiences with Pirenzepin in the therapy of peptic ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "21 patients with peptic ulcers were treated with 2X25 mg Pirenzepin daily. A decrease in basal and Pentagastrin-stimulated HCl-secretion was found. Patients with duodenal ulcers (n = 12) or gastric ulcers (n = 9) became painless within 6 to 11 days. 18 ulcers healed under treatment with Pirenzepin. Patients with duodenal ulcer showed recovery sooner than patients with gastric ulcer. One year later recurrent ulcers were observed in 4 cases. Side-effects of Pirenzepin did not occur.", "contents": "[Experiences with Pirenzepin in the therapy of peptic ulcers (author's transl)]. 21 patients with peptic ulcers were treated with 2X25 mg Pirenzepin daily. A decrease in basal and Pentagastrin-stimulated HCl-secretion was found. Patients with duodenal ulcers (n = 12) or gastric ulcers (n = 9) became painless within 6 to 11 days. 18 ulcers healed under treatment with Pirenzepin. Patients with duodenal ulcer showed recovery sooner than patients with gastric ulcer. One year later recurrent ulcers were observed in 4 cases. Side-effects of Pirenzepin did not occur.", "PMID": 524896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2111", "title": "[Synthetics and metals in the middle ear (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review of synthetics and metals, which are used in middle ear surgery, is given. The own proceeding in otosclerosis and tympanoplasty is described. Special attention is drawn to the use of ventilating tubes for the treatment of sero-mucous otitis.", "contents": "[Synthetics and metals in the middle ear (author's transl)]. A short review of synthetics and metals, which are used in middle ear surgery, is given. The own proceeding in otosclerosis and tympanoplasty is described. Special attention is drawn to the use of ventilating tubes for the treatment of sero-mucous otitis.", "PMID": 524897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2112", "title": "[An unusual suicidal attempt (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on an unusual suicidal attempt by a separating disc (grinding disc). The patient inflicted himself incisions on both wrists, the occiput and the throat between the hyoid-bone and the thyroid cartilage. The hypopharynx was severed up to the posterior wall and the left jugular vein was cut completely. Due to the immediate care by the physician, the patient survived.", "contents": "[An unusual suicidal attempt (author's transl)]. Report on an unusual suicidal attempt by a separating disc (grinding disc). The patient inflicted himself incisions on both wrists, the occiput and the throat between the hyoid-bone and the thyroid cartilage. The hypopharynx was severed up to the posterior wall and the left jugular vein was cut completely. Due to the immediate care by the physician, the patient survived.", "PMID": 524898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2113", "title": "Alterations of nucleic acid and protein syntheses in vivo in the chick embryo mediated by captan.", "content": "1. The objective of this investigation was to measure the effects of captan on DNA, RNA and protein biosyntheses in limbs of developing chick embryo, in vivo. 2. Captan (12p.p.m.) was injected into the egg on day 4 of incubation and macromolecular syntheses were measured on days 8--14. 3. Total DNA content was unaffected by captan, but incorporation of [3H]thymidine was inhibited over the entire time range; the period of peak specific activity (day 11) was inhibited in treated samples to 67% of control. 4. Total RNA content was reduced in the earlier days but returned to normal by day 14, whereas incorporation of [3H]uridine was lowered throughout the period. The timing of peak specific activity for RNA synthesis was delayed by 2 days in treated eggs and was inhibited by 32% when peak days were compared. 5. Total protein concentration was slightly lowered by captan treatment in the mid-range of the days measured and the incorporation of [3H]valine was retarded in the early days; peak periods of synthesis were similar in magnitude but were shifted from days 9--10 in control to day 11 in treated embryos.", "contents": "Alterations of nucleic acid and protein syntheses in vivo in the chick embryo mediated by captan. 1. The objective of this investigation was to measure the effects of captan on DNA, RNA and protein biosyntheses in limbs of developing chick embryo, in vivo. 2. Captan (12p.p.m.) was injected into the egg on day 4 of incubation and macromolecular syntheses were measured on days 8--14. 3. Total DNA content was unaffected by captan, but incorporation of [3H]thymidine was inhibited over the entire time range; the period of peak specific activity (day 11) was inhibited in treated samples to 67% of control. 4. Total RNA content was reduced in the earlier days but returned to normal by day 14, whereas incorporation of [3H]uridine was lowered throughout the period. The timing of peak specific activity for RNA synthesis was delayed by 2 days in treated eggs and was inhibited by 32% when peak days were compared. 5. Total protein concentration was slightly lowered by captan treatment in the mid-range of the days measured and the incorporation of [3H]valine was retarded in the early days; peak periods of synthesis were similar in magnitude but were shifted from days 9--10 in control to day 11 in treated embryos.", "PMID": 524912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2114", "title": "N-Formylation of an aromatic amine as a metabolic pathway.", "content": "1. Feeding 2-aminoanthraquinone (2-AAQ) in the diet to Fischer rats led to nephrotoxicity in females, caused by deposits of crystalline material in the kidney tubules. 2. This material consisted of 2-AAQ, N-acetyl-2-AAQ and N-formyl-2-AAQ. N-Formyl-2-AAQ was also identified in the ether extract of urine of rats fed 2-AAQ. 3. This represents the first case of identification of the N-formyl derivative of a primary aromatic amine as a metabolite in vivo.", "contents": "N-Formylation of an aromatic amine as a metabolic pathway. 1. Feeding 2-aminoanthraquinone (2-AAQ) in the diet to Fischer rats led to nephrotoxicity in females, caused by deposits of crystalline material in the kidney tubules. 2. This material consisted of 2-AAQ, N-acetyl-2-AAQ and N-formyl-2-AAQ. N-Formyl-2-AAQ was also identified in the ether extract of urine of rats fed 2-AAQ. 3. This represents the first case of identification of the N-formyl derivative of a primary aromatic amine as a metabolite in vivo.", "PMID": 524913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2115", "title": "Some aspects of the pharmacology of diphenyleneiodonium, a bivalent iodine compound.", "content": "1. Previous studies have established that diphenyleneiodonium binds to and inhibits the respiratory enzyme NADH dehydrogenase and also catalyses an exchange of Cl- for OH- across membranes. 2. The hypoglycaemia produced by diphenyleneiodonium was confirmed and shown to be reversible at a dose of 4 mg/kg in starved rats. 3. The lethality of diphenyleneiodonium in mice was cumulative. 4. Presumably as a result of the Cl-/OH- exchange, diphenyleneiodonium-treated rats excreted less Cl- than controls in the first 12 h after administration. However, the swelling of erythrocytes observed in vitro did not occur in vivo. 5. When [125I]diphenyleneiodonium was administered to rats and rabbits, its distribution did not appear to be governed by its binding to NADH dehydrogenase. Reasons for this are discussed. 6 Over 90% of the radioactivity excreted in the faeces of rabbits could not be extracted with boiling water or with dil. HNO3.", "contents": "Some aspects of the pharmacology of diphenyleneiodonium, a bivalent iodine compound. 1. Previous studies have established that diphenyleneiodonium binds to and inhibits the respiratory enzyme NADH dehydrogenase and also catalyses an exchange of Cl- for OH- across membranes. 2. The hypoglycaemia produced by diphenyleneiodonium was confirmed and shown to be reversible at a dose of 4 mg/kg in starved rats. 3. The lethality of diphenyleneiodonium in mice was cumulative. 4. Presumably as a result of the Cl-/OH- exchange, diphenyleneiodonium-treated rats excreted less Cl- than controls in the first 12 h after administration. However, the swelling of erythrocytes observed in vitro did not occur in vivo. 5. When [125I]diphenyleneiodonium was administered to rats and rabbits, its distribution did not appear to be governed by its binding to NADH dehydrogenase. Reasons for this are discussed. 6 Over 90% of the radioactivity excreted in the faeces of rabbits could not be extracted with boiling water or with dil. HNO3.", "PMID": 524914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2116", "title": "Mixed-function oxidase activity in a desert rodent, Notomys alexis.", "content": "1. The levels of enzymes associated with the hapatic mixed-function oxidase system, and the rates of oxidation of three substrates, are compared in the desert rodent, Notomys alexis, and the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. 2. In general, the activity of the mixed-function oxidase system in Notomys alexis is greater than in Mus musculus. 3. Previous reports of the low rates of elimination of lipophilic compounds in the desert rodent are therefore not explicable by differences in metabolism. It is suggested that the lower rates of urine production is a more likely explanation. 4. The production of small volumes of concentrated urine is suggested to result in the longer retention of some foreign compounds.", "contents": "Mixed-function oxidase activity in a desert rodent, Notomys alexis. 1. The levels of enzymes associated with the hapatic mixed-function oxidase system, and the rates of oxidation of three substrates, are compared in the desert rodent, Notomys alexis, and the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. 2. In general, the activity of the mixed-function oxidase system in Notomys alexis is greater than in Mus musculus. 3. Previous reports of the low rates of elimination of lipophilic compounds in the desert rodent are therefore not explicable by differences in metabolism. It is suggested that the lower rates of urine production is a more likely explanation. 4. The production of small volumes of concentrated urine is suggested to result in the longer retention of some foreign compounds.", "PMID": 524916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2117", "title": "Metabolic studies of ornidazole in the rat, in the dog and in man.", "content": "1. Ornidazole, labelled with 14C in the imidazole ring, administered orally to rats, dogs and men was largely excreted in the urine, predominantly as metabolites, with less than 4% of the drug being excreted unchanged. Free and conjugated metabolites were found in the ratio of approx. 1 : 2. 2. The pattern of free ornidazole and metabolites was different in the three species: while ornidazole predominated in man, ornidazole and metabolite M1 in the dog, the most extensive metabolic pattern was found in the rat. 3. The following metabolites were identified: M1, 1-chlorlo-3-(2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol; M2, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; M3, N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)acetamide: M4, 3-(-2-methyl-5-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-1, 2-propanediol; M5, acetamide. 4. The formation of metabolite M3 and M5 indicated cleavage of the imidazole ring between N-1/C-5 and C-2/C-3. Other ring scissions were not observed. Metabolites carrying a free amino group were not detected. On the basis of the structures identified, a scheme is suggested for the metabolism of ornidazole.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of ornidazole in the rat, in the dog and in man. 1. Ornidazole, labelled with 14C in the imidazole ring, administered orally to rats, dogs and men was largely excreted in the urine, predominantly as metabolites, with less than 4% of the drug being excreted unchanged. Free and conjugated metabolites were found in the ratio of approx. 1 : 2. 2. The pattern of free ornidazole and metabolites was different in the three species: while ornidazole predominated in man, ornidazole and metabolite M1 in the dog, the most extensive metabolic pattern was found in the rat. 3. The following metabolites were identified: M1, 1-chlorlo-3-(2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol; M2, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; M3, N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)acetamide: M4, 3-(-2-methyl-5-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-1, 2-propanediol; M5, acetamide. 4. The formation of metabolite M3 and M5 indicated cleavage of the imidazole ring between N-1/C-5 and C-2/C-3. Other ring scissions were not observed. Metabolites carrying a free amino group were not detected. On the basis of the structures identified, a scheme is suggested for the metabolism of ornidazole.", "PMID": 524917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2118", "title": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on various functions of the rat erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Various membrane transport functions have been studied in erythrocytes from essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats in order to determine whether or not functional abnormalities induced by documented EFA-deficiency of the membrane could be demonstrated. No differences were found between EFA deficient and control cells with respect to mean values for osmotic resistance or intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations. However, uptake of leucine by EFA deficient erythrocytes was significantly greater than that of control erythrocytes. Kinetic studies suggest that EFA deficiency enhances the passive diffusion component of this transport.", "contents": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on various functions of the rat erythrocyte membrane. Various membrane transport functions have been studied in erythrocytes from essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats in order to determine whether or not functional abnormalities induced by documented EFA-deficiency of the membrane could be demonstrated. No differences were found between EFA deficient and control cells with respect to mean values for osmotic resistance or intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations. However, uptake of leucine by EFA deficient erythrocytes was significantly greater than that of control erythrocytes. Kinetic studies suggest that EFA deficiency enhances the passive diffusion component of this transport.", "PMID": 524926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2119", "title": "The rapid response of ovarian and uterine veins of mice to sex hormones.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections in sesame oil of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta into ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hysterectomized young adult mice were followed in six hours or less by significant increases in the diameters of the ovarian and uterine veins as compared to the same vessels in sesame oil-injected controls. The circumflex iliac, femoral, and superior mesenteric veins and inferior vena cava failed to respond. The results demonstrate the specificity and speed of response of ovarian and uterine veins of mice and the control of the response by sex hormones.", "contents": "The rapid response of ovarian and uterine veins of mice to sex hormones. Subcutaneous injections in sesame oil of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta into ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hysterectomized young adult mice were followed in six hours or less by significant increases in the diameters of the ovarian and uterine veins as compared to the same vessels in sesame oil-injected controls. The circumflex iliac, femoral, and superior mesenteric veins and inferior vena cava failed to respond. The results demonstrate the specificity and speed of response of ovarian and uterine veins of mice and the control of the response by sex hormones.", "PMID": 524923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2120", "title": "The effect of dietary psyllium hydrocolloid and lignin on bile.", "content": "Animal experiments suggest that supplementing the diet with either psyllium seed husk or lignin alters the ratio of deoxycholic acid to chenodeoxycholic in bile. In this study dosages of psyllium seed husk or lignin acceptable to patients with gallstones do not appear to alter the relative amounts of cholesterol, or individual bile acids in the bile.", "contents": "The effect of dietary psyllium hydrocolloid and lignin on bile. Animal experiments suggest that supplementing the diet with either psyllium seed husk or lignin alters the ratio of deoxycholic acid to chenodeoxycholic in bile. In this study dosages of psyllium seed husk or lignin acceptable to patients with gallstones do not appear to alter the relative amounts of cholesterol, or individual bile acids in the bile.", "PMID": 524929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2121", "title": "Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease.", "content": "The morphologic and histologic examination of over fifty-five foci of metaphyseal/epiphyseal osteomyelitis and eleven septic joints from five cases of neonatal osteomyelitis and joint sepsis are described in detail. The severity of the bone and joint involvement varied considerably, allowing a better understanding of the pathophysiologic sequence of events in the disease in the neonatal time period. Of particular importance were (1) the multifocal nature of the disease, (2) the highly variable destruction of the growth plate (physis) by several discrete mechanisms, and (3) the invasion of the chondroepiphysis through the cartilage canal systems. Two of the cases died from respiratory complications several months following presumed successful treatment of their skeletal infections. S&pecimens showed significant growth plate damage continuing beyond the neonatal period. These findings support the need for rapid diagnosis and drainage, whenever feasible, to prevent long-term skeletal growth damage. The severity of involvement also should emphasize that this disease, especially in the neonate, is not an innocuous condition, as a recent review suggested.", "contents": "Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease. The morphologic and histologic examination of over fifty-five foci of metaphyseal/epiphyseal osteomyelitis and eleven septic joints from five cases of neonatal osteomyelitis and joint sepsis are described in detail. The severity of the bone and joint involvement varied considerably, allowing a better understanding of the pathophysiologic sequence of events in the disease in the neonatal time period. Of particular importance were (1) the multifocal nature of the disease, (2) the highly variable destruction of the growth plate (physis) by several discrete mechanisms, and (3) the invasion of the chondroepiphysis through the cartilage canal systems. Two of the cases died from respiratory complications several months following presumed successful treatment of their skeletal infections. S&pecimens showed significant growth plate damage continuing beyond the neonatal period. These findings support the need for rapid diagnosis and drainage, whenever feasible, to prevent long-term skeletal growth damage. The severity of involvement also should emphasize that this disease, especially in the neonate, is not an innocuous condition, as a recent review suggested.", "PMID": 524924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2122", "title": "Deficiencies of essential fatty acids and vitamin E in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "In 25 children (13 male; 12 female) with cystic fibrosis aged 6 months to 16 years and 24 matched controls total serum vitamin E levels and fatty acid patterns of serum cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides are demonstrated. Compared to controls (1.02 +/- 0.24 mg/dl) the total serum vitamin E levels are significantly decreased in patients with cystic fibrosis (0.30 +/- 0.26 mg/dl) (p less than 0.01). There is no significant difference comparing the fatty acid patterns of the serum ester fractions of both groups. Differences can be seen best in the cholesterol ester fraction. In this fraction linoleic acid shows a trend to be decreased in the cystic fibrosis patients compared to the control group. A possible influence of height velocity on the levels of essential fatty acids is discussed.", "contents": "Deficiencies of essential fatty acids and vitamin E in cystic fibrosis. In 25 children (13 male; 12 female) with cystic fibrosis aged 6 months to 16 years and 24 matched controls total serum vitamin E levels and fatty acid patterns of serum cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides are demonstrated. Compared to controls (1.02 +/- 0.24 mg/dl) the total serum vitamin E levels are significantly decreased in patients with cystic fibrosis (0.30 +/- 0.26 mg/dl) (p less than 0.01). There is no significant difference comparing the fatty acid patterns of the serum ester fractions of both groups. Differences can be seen best in the cholesterol ester fraction. In this fraction linoleic acid shows a trend to be decreased in the cystic fibrosis patients compared to the control group. A possible influence of height velocity on the levels of essential fatty acids is discussed.", "PMID": 524930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2123", "title": "Medical maxims: two views of science.", "content": "Clinicians are beings with finite minds and thus need to use simplified models of the world in making decisions [1]. However, these models need not be oversimplified, as are the models encouraged by the prevalent view of science, the Mechanistic Paradigm, which are articulated as rigid maxims. A more current view of science, the Probabilistic paradigm, encourages more complex models, which can be articulated as the more flexible maxims used with insight by the wise clinician.", "contents": "Medical maxims: two views of science. Clinicians are beings with finite minds and thus need to use simplified models of the world in making decisions [1]. However, these models need not be oversimplified, as are the models encouraged by the prevalent view of science, the Mechanistic Paradigm, which are articulated as rigid maxims. A more current view of science, the Probabilistic paradigm, encourages more complex models, which can be articulated as the more flexible maxims used with insight by the wise clinician.", "PMID": 524925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2124", "title": "[Sodium chloride and hypertension (an additional, temporary hypothesis)].", "content": "Around the turn of the century it was observed that low dietary salt consumption is frequently associated with reduction in blood pressure in essential hypertension. It has not been established whether this is a specific effect of NaCl or whether it is an unspecific consequence of the weight loss frequently accompanying low salt intake. Changes of the Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone system do not seem overly important for the understanding of the original lesion in essential hypertension. Hemodynamic studies demonstrate that increased peripheral (arterial) resistance is characteristic for the disease. It was possible to breed a rat strain with an \"anlage\" for hypertension which could be unmasked by salt supplements. In humans, essential hypertension is associated with increased salt preference suggesting a genetic factor. This increased desire for salt induces a high salt content of the body including the arterial wall. The hypothesis is being discussed that the stimulating effect of NaCl leads to contraction of the arterial wall inducing increased peripheral resistance - the hallmark of essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Sodium chloride and hypertension (an additional, temporary hypothesis)]. Around the turn of the century it was observed that low dietary salt consumption is frequently associated with reduction in blood pressure in essential hypertension. It has not been established whether this is a specific effect of NaCl or whether it is an unspecific consequence of the weight loss frequently accompanying low salt intake. Changes of the Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone system do not seem overly important for the understanding of the original lesion in essential hypertension. Hemodynamic studies demonstrate that increased peripheral (arterial) resistance is characteristic for the disease. It was possible to breed a rat strain with an \"anlage\" for hypertension which could be unmasked by salt supplements. In humans, essential hypertension is associated with increased salt preference suggesting a genetic factor. This increased desire for salt induces a high salt content of the body including the arterial wall. The hypothesis is being discussed that the stimulating effect of NaCl leads to contraction of the arterial wall inducing increased peripheral resistance - the hallmark of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 524931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2125", "title": "Regional brain studies on indoles and tyrosine in Mongolian gerbils during nutrition with artificial mixtures high in branched chain amino acids compared to a protein rich diet.", "content": "Up till now evidence is lacking regarding the regional distribution of indoles, like tryptophan (TRP), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as tyrosine (TYR) in the brains of Mongolian gerbils. Therefore using a microdissection technique and pooling regional brain samples, it can be shown that there is a regional distribution of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brain of Mongloian gerbils which is highest in the raphe + reticular formation system followed by the rest of the brainstem and lenticular nuclei. A longterm fast (22 hours) increases TRP and 5-HIAA but not 5-HT, indicating an increase in the turnover rate of 5-HT. Brain TYR and TRP are only slightly increased after a protein rich diet, whereas 5-HT and 5-HIAA are not changed. Artificial nutrition with amino acid mixtures highly concentrated with branched chain amino acids lead to a decrease of TYR and TRP as well as 5-HT and 5-HIAA. Competing amino acid as well as inhibition of 5-HT synthesis is suggested to be responsible for these effects. Mongolian gerbils show higher brain values of TRP and lower ones of TYR in comparison with other species of mice. In peripheral organs, specially in the liver and lung, similar effects are observable. However, the changes are only mild in comparison to that observed in the brain. Moreover, TYR and TRP are significantly increased in peripheral organs after a protein rich diet.", "contents": "Regional brain studies on indoles and tyrosine in Mongolian gerbils during nutrition with artificial mixtures high in branched chain amino acids compared to a protein rich diet. Up till now evidence is lacking regarding the regional distribution of indoles, like tryptophan (TRP), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as tyrosine (TYR) in the brains of Mongolian gerbils. Therefore using a microdissection technique and pooling regional brain samples, it can be shown that there is a regional distribution of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brain of Mongloian gerbils which is highest in the raphe + reticular formation system followed by the rest of the brainstem and lenticular nuclei. A longterm fast (22 hours) increases TRP and 5-HIAA but not 5-HT, indicating an increase in the turnover rate of 5-HT. Brain TYR and TRP are only slightly increased after a protein rich diet, whereas 5-HT and 5-HIAA are not changed. Artificial nutrition with amino acid mixtures highly concentrated with branched chain amino acids lead to a decrease of TYR and TRP as well as 5-HT and 5-HIAA. Competing amino acid as well as inhibition of 5-HT synthesis is suggested to be responsible for these effects. Mongolian gerbils show higher brain values of TRP and lower ones of TYR in comparison with other species of mice. In peripheral organs, specially in the liver and lung, similar effects are observable. However, the changes are only mild in comparison to that observed in the brain. Moreover, TYR and TRP are significantly increased in peripheral organs after a protein rich diet.", "PMID": 524932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2126", "title": "Hepatic metabolism in ethanol-treated young rats.", "content": "Dams of a Wistar-derived OETI strain were offered a 15% aqueous ethanol solution as drinking-fluid immediately after delivery until weanling. Their offsprings also received the same drinking-fluid from weanling (Group A). Another group of rats received the 15% aqueous ethanol solution only after weanling (Group B). In response to ethanol treatment the retardation of growth was the most marked in Group A, but the growth of rats in Group B was also decreased significantly as compared to that of controls. Hepatic glycogen content was diminished in all of the ethanol-treated groups. Triglyceride content was increased in the livers of female rats in Group A. By comparing earlier results with the present findings the authors point to the importance of strain and sex in experiments when parameters for hepatic metabolism are studied in response to ethanol.", "contents": "Hepatic metabolism in ethanol-treated young rats. Dams of a Wistar-derived OETI strain were offered a 15% aqueous ethanol solution as drinking-fluid immediately after delivery until weanling. Their offsprings also received the same drinking-fluid from weanling (Group A). Another group of rats received the 15% aqueous ethanol solution only after weanling (Group B). In response to ethanol treatment the retardation of growth was the most marked in Group A, but the growth of rats in Group B was also decreased significantly as compared to that of controls. Hepatic glycogen content was diminished in all of the ethanol-treated groups. Triglyceride content was increased in the livers of female rats in Group A. By comparing earlier results with the present findings the authors point to the importance of strain and sex in experiments when parameters for hepatic metabolism are studied in response to ethanol.", "PMID": 524933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2127", "title": "[Unusual skin manifestation in undifferentiated cell leukemia].", "content": "In undifferentiated cell leukoses of adults cutaneous manifestations are relatively rare. Therefore the casuistics of a 20-year-old patient with a subleukaemic undifferentiated cell paraleukoblast leukosis is described which is characterized by a cutaneous manifestation in form of cherry-stone-sized papules, the leukotic genesis of which could be histologically ascertained. An initial cytostatic polychemotherapy with Vincristin, Alexan and Daunoblastin did not show any effect concerning the marrow conditions as well as the skin changes which still increased in size. An associated combination therapy with Methotrexat and Daunoblastin led to a diminution and paling of the skin infiltrations, which by a subsequent Methotrexat-monotherapy fully disappeared, apart from pigmented residual spots. In the bone marrow took place a full remission of the acute leukosis as certained by biopsy of the iliac crest.", "contents": "[Unusual skin manifestation in undifferentiated cell leukemia]. In undifferentiated cell leukoses of adults cutaneous manifestations are relatively rare. Therefore the casuistics of a 20-year-old patient with a subleukaemic undifferentiated cell paraleukoblast leukosis is described which is characterized by a cutaneous manifestation in form of cherry-stone-sized papules, the leukotic genesis of which could be histologically ascertained. An initial cytostatic polychemotherapy with Vincristin, Alexan and Daunoblastin did not show any effect concerning the marrow conditions as well as the skin changes which still increased in size. An associated combination therapy with Methotrexat and Daunoblastin led to a diminution and paling of the skin infiltrations, which by a subsequent Methotrexat-monotherapy fully disappeared, apart from pigmented residual spots. In the bone marrow took place a full remission of the acute leukosis as certained by biopsy of the iliac crest.", "PMID": 524936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2128", "title": "[Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb].", "content": "The authors report on the position of the endoscopy of oesophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb within the diagnostic endoscopy. The therapeutic endoscopy including polypectomy remains widely not taken into consideration. They particularly deal with the endoscopic-bioptic diagnosis of the stenoses of the oesophagus, the gastric ulcers and the early carcinoma of the stomach. It is referred to the importance of the endoscopy for the diagnostics of varicose veins of the oesophagus and of duodenal ulcers. For the clinician references to the clinical elaboration of the endoscopic and bioptic findings are given.", "contents": "[Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb]. The authors report on the position of the endoscopy of oesophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb within the diagnostic endoscopy. The therapeutic endoscopy including polypectomy remains widely not taken into consideration. They particularly deal with the endoscopic-bioptic diagnosis of the stenoses of the oesophagus, the gastric ulcers and the early carcinoma of the stomach. It is referred to the importance of the endoscopy for the diagnostics of varicose veins of the oesophagus and of duodenal ulcers. For the clinician references to the clinical elaboration of the endoscopic and bioptic findings are given.", "PMID": 524938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2129", "title": "[Deep duodenoscopy and ERCP].", "content": "The deep duodenoscopy serves for the endoscopico-bioptic clarification of radiologically unclear findings distally from the bulb (niches, sockets, stenoses) and of the positional relations between diverticulum and papilla. As a rule, it is connected with an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography is indicated in relapsing chronic pancreatitis for proving or excluding of changes needing operation which are taken into consideration as partial factors of the relapsing course as well as in suspicion to a local pancreatitis complication and carcinoma of the pancreas. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is a decisive aid for the differentiation of the cholostatic icterus. It improves the diagnostics of complaints after operative interventions at the system of the biliary ducts, facilitates the diagnosis of the papillary stenosis and is indicated in insufficient conventional contrasting the biliary ducts. The complications (pancreatitis, cholangitis, cystic infection) have become rare with increasing experience. Contraindications are the florid pancreatitis and cholangitis.", "contents": "[Deep duodenoscopy and ERCP]. The deep duodenoscopy serves for the endoscopico-bioptic clarification of radiologically unclear findings distally from the bulb (niches, sockets, stenoses) and of the positional relations between diverticulum and papilla. As a rule, it is connected with an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography is indicated in relapsing chronic pancreatitis for proving or excluding of changes needing operation which are taken into consideration as partial factors of the relapsing course as well as in suspicion to a local pancreatitis complication and carcinoma of the pancreas. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is a decisive aid for the differentiation of the cholostatic icterus. It improves the diagnostics of complaints after operative interventions at the system of the biliary ducts, facilitates the diagnosis of the papillary stenosis and is indicated in insufficient conventional contrasting the biliary ducts. The complications (pancreatitis, cholangitis, cystic infection) have become rare with increasing experience. Contraindications are the florid pancreatitis and cholangitis.", "PMID": 524939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2130", "title": "[Bicycle ergometric testing in the acute phase of liver disease with particular reference to changes in serum enzymes].", "content": "It is reported on 20 patients (17 women, 3 men) who had undergone a bicycle-ergometric load in the acute phase of virus hepatitis (an average at the 16th day after admission to hospital). Among the significant changes of the activity the slight increase of SGPT 30 minutes after the end of the load as well as the clear decrease of the enzyme activities of SGPT and SGOT below the initial value 48 hours after load are particularly to be emphasized. LDH and CPK exhibited only insignificant changes of activity. It remains open to what extent there exists a connection between the ECG-changes proved in about half the women and the virus hepatitis as a cyclic infectious disease. In the 20 patients examined a clinically recognizable deterioration in the course of the disease by the load examination did not appear.", "contents": "[Bicycle ergometric testing in the acute phase of liver disease with particular reference to changes in serum enzymes]. It is reported on 20 patients (17 women, 3 men) who had undergone a bicycle-ergometric load in the acute phase of virus hepatitis (an average at the 16th day after admission to hospital). Among the significant changes of the activity the slight increase of SGPT 30 minutes after the end of the load as well as the clear decrease of the enzyme activities of SGPT and SGOT below the initial value 48 hours after load are particularly to be emphasized. LDH and CPK exhibited only insignificant changes of activity. It remains open to what extent there exists a connection between the ECG-changes proved in about half the women and the virus hepatitis as a cyclic infectious disease. In the 20 patients examined a clinically recognizable deterioration in the course of the disease by the load examination did not appear.", "PMID": 524940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2131", "title": "[Progressive necrotizing otitis externa in an elderly diabetic with cranial nerve paralysis].", "content": "On the basis of an own observation the rare clinical picture of an external otitis with pareses of the brain nerves is casuistically described. Up to now it was observed only in elder persons with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenic agent is always Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inflammatory process, issuing from the external auditory passage and under circumvention of the tympanum, spreads to the skull base and according to the localisation causes adequate pareses of the brain nerves. Early operation and aimed antibiotic therapy is the therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Progressive necrotizing otitis externa in an elderly diabetic with cranial nerve paralysis]. On the basis of an own observation the rare clinical picture of an external otitis with pareses of the brain nerves is casuistically described. Up to now it was observed only in elder persons with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenic agent is always Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inflammatory process, issuing from the external auditory passage and under circumvention of the tympanum, spreads to the skull base and according to the localisation causes adequate pareses of the brain nerves. Early operation and aimed antibiotic therapy is the therapy of choice.", "PMID": 524941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2132", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies in ulcerative colitis].", "content": "In 26 patients with the classical clinical picture of an ulcerous colitis and in 8 healthy control persons in the course of a rectoscopy in about 15 cm depth tissue was taken bioptically and underwent an electron-microscopic investigation. Moreover, enzyme-histological examinations were performed. Summarizingly, clear references to immune-pathological processes for development and course of ulcerous colitis are the result.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies in ulcerative colitis]. In 26 patients with the classical clinical picture of an ulcerous colitis and in 8 healthy control persons in the course of a rectoscopy in about 15 cm depth tissue was taken bioptically and underwent an electron-microscopic investigation. Moreover, enzyme-histological examinations were performed. Summarizingly, clear references to immune-pathological processes for development and course of ulcerous colitis are the result.", "PMID": 524942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2133", "title": "Does dopamine predispose to gastroesophageal reflux?", "content": "In the American opossum dopamine causes a dose-dependant fall in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. The effect in man is unknown. Therefore, the effect of two dosages of dopamine (1 mcg.kg-1 body weight.minute-1 and 5 mcg.kg-1 body weight.minute-1) was studied in ten healthy volunteers by pullthrough manometry. The results show that neither dopamine nor normal saline solution as a control changed LES pressure which is an important determinant of gastroesophageal sphincter competence. Thus, dopamine in clinically used doses does not appear to predispose to gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Does dopamine predispose to gastroesophageal reflux? In the American opossum dopamine causes a dose-dependant fall in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. The effect in man is unknown. Therefore, the effect of two dosages of dopamine (1 mcg.kg-1 body weight.minute-1 and 5 mcg.kg-1 body weight.minute-1) was studied in ten healthy volunteers by pullthrough manometry. The results show that neither dopamine nor normal saline solution as a control changed LES pressure which is an important determinant of gastroesophageal sphincter competence. Thus, dopamine in clinically used doses does not appear to predispose to gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 524943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2134", "title": "[Report of a new technique to remove foreign bodies from the stomach using a magnet (author's transl)].", "content": "The extraction of foreign bodies by means of a magnet often failed, because the field strength of the used magnet was not sufficient. Using a Vacomax -magnet we were able to remove a little battery of a photographic flash-light from the stomach. We recommend this method for further experimental use.", "contents": "[Report of a new technique to remove foreign bodies from the stomach using a magnet (author's transl)]. The extraction of foreign bodies by means of a magnet often failed, because the field strength of the used magnet was not sufficient. Using a Vacomax -magnet we were able to remove a little battery of a photographic flash-light from the stomach. We recommend this method for further experimental use.", "PMID": 524944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2135", "title": "[Biopsy of small intestine in Crohn's disease of terminal ileum and/or colon; a histoligical and electron microscopical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Jejunal suction biopsies of 41 patients suffering from Crohn's disease of terminal ileum and/or colon were studied histoligically. No typical alteration induced by Crohn's disease were found by light microscope. In order to detect minimal alteration specimen of 7 patients were also examined by electron microscope. The substructure of epithelial cells, cellular conjunctions, basement membranes, nerves and vessels showed no remarkable changes. Only an increased infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed.", "contents": "[Biopsy of small intestine in Crohn's disease of terminal ileum and/or colon; a histoligical and electron microscopical study (author's transl)]. Jejunal suction biopsies of 41 patients suffering from Crohn's disease of terminal ileum and/or colon were studied histoligically. No typical alteration induced by Crohn's disease were found by light microscope. In order to detect minimal alteration specimen of 7 patients were also examined by electron microscope. The substructure of epithelial cells, cellular conjunctions, basement membranes, nerves and vessels showed no remarkable changes. Only an increased infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed.", "PMID": 524945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2136", "title": "[Correlation between hepatic vein pressure and diameter of portal vein and spleen as determined by ultrasound tomography in patients with liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The diameter of the portal vein and the transversal diameter of the spleen on the ultrasound scan were significantly greater in 15 patients with chronic active hepatitis than in controls and in 43 patients with cirrhosis of the liver than in patients with chronic active hepatitis. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver there was a significant correlation between the diameter of the portal vein and both spleen size and wedged hepatic vein pressure. In many cases ultrasound tomography is a reliable method for detecting portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Correlation between hepatic vein pressure and diameter of portal vein and spleen as determined by ultrasound tomography in patients with liver disease (author's transl)]. The diameter of the portal vein and the transversal diameter of the spleen on the ultrasound scan were significantly greater in 15 patients with chronic active hepatitis than in controls and in 43 patients with cirrhosis of the liver than in patients with chronic active hepatitis. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver there was a significant correlation between the diameter of the portal vein and both spleen size and wedged hepatic vein pressure. In many cases ultrasound tomography is a reliable method for detecting portal hypertension.", "PMID": 524946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2137", "title": "[Intravenous and oral galactose loading of rats suffering from galactosamine hepatitis and ANIT-cholestasis; comparison of the kinetics in vivo and the galactose metabolism in the liver in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Different groups of rats suffering from galactosamine hepatitis or ANIT-cholestasis received 200 mg galactose either by 5 minutes intravenous infusion or via a gastric tube. Blood galactose concentrations were measured for a time period of 1.5 hrs. after intravenous administration and the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) was calculated. After oral administration the galactose blood concentrations were determined for a period of 3.5 hrs. and the oral galactose clearance was estimated. After termination of both types of galactose loading the activity of the galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6.) was determined in total liver homogenate and compared either to the GEC or to the oral galactose clearance in vivo. Galactokinase activity in the liver increased in the group of animals with experimental cholestasis and was significantly reduced in the galactosamine treated group. In vivo these changes could  be estimated much better by the GEC than by determination of the oral galactose clearance.", "contents": "[Intravenous and oral galactose loading of rats suffering from galactosamine hepatitis and ANIT-cholestasis; comparison of the kinetics in vivo and the galactose metabolism in the liver in vitro (author's transl)]. Different groups of rats suffering from galactosamine hepatitis or ANIT-cholestasis received 200 mg galactose either by 5 minutes intravenous infusion or via a gastric tube. Blood galactose concentrations were measured for a time period of 1.5 hrs. after intravenous administration and the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) was calculated. After oral administration the galactose blood concentrations were determined for a period of 3.5 hrs. and the oral galactose clearance was estimated. After termination of both types of galactose loading the activity of the galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6.) was determined in total liver homogenate and compared either to the GEC or to the oral galactose clearance in vivo. Galactokinase activity in the liver increased in the group of animals with experimental cholestasis and was significantly reduced in the galactosamine treated group. In vivo these changes could  be estimated much better by the GEC than by determination of the oral galactose clearance.", "PMID": 524947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2138", "title": "[Localized retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma simulating a pancreatic tumor].", "content": "The diagnosis of xanthofibrogranuloma is difficult. This is examplified by observations in a 46-year-old man with a palpable tumor in the left upper abdomen. Even modern diagnostic procedures like ultrasound, angiography and ERCP were unable to clarify the diagnosis. Only when laparotomy demonstrated a circumscript tumor, 7 x 7 x 10 cm in size, below the pancreas which was enucleated, the suspicion of a pancreatic tumor could be dismissed. The different clinical pictures of xanthofibrogranuloma ware discussed. Etiology is still unknown. Therapy as a rule should be surgical.", "contents": "[Localized retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma simulating a pancreatic tumor]. The diagnosis of xanthofibrogranuloma is difficult. This is examplified by observations in a 46-year-old man with a palpable tumor in the left upper abdomen. Even modern diagnostic procedures like ultrasound, angiography and ERCP were unable to clarify the diagnosis. Only when laparotomy demonstrated a circumscript tumor, 7 x 7 x 10 cm in size, below the pancreas which was enucleated, the suspicion of a pancreatic tumor could be dismissed. The different clinical pictures of xanthofibrogranuloma ware discussed. Etiology is still unknown. Therapy as a rule should be surgical.", "PMID": 524948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2139", "title": "[Recurrence in ulcerative colitis following colectomy?--Only what may be, can be (author's transl)].", "content": "A 19 year old patient developed signs of a \"prestomal ileitis\" 5 1/2 years following proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. A reoperation was necessary because of \"toxic megaileum\"; these signs were explained by recurrence of ulcerative colitis involving the terminal ileum. A first report from 1976 must be revised because of further observation of the patient: 1 1/2 year following this complication Crohn's disease in this patient could be proven by endoscopic and bioptic examination. This diagnosis was not possible at the time of first report: findings by x-ray, endoscopy and microscopy were lacking typical signs of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "[Recurrence in ulcerative colitis following colectomy?--Only what may be, can be (author's transl)]. A 19 year old patient developed signs of a \"prestomal ileitis\" 5 1/2 years following proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. A reoperation was necessary because of \"toxic megaileum\"; these signs were explained by recurrence of ulcerative colitis involving the terminal ileum. A first report from 1976 must be revised because of further observation of the patient: 1 1/2 year following this complication Crohn's disease in this patient could be proven by endoscopic and bioptic examination. This diagnosis was not possible at the time of first report: findings by x-ray, endoscopy and microscopy were lacking typical signs of Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 524949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2140", "title": "[Effect of duodenal acidification on plasma secretin and pancreatic polypeptide in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma secretin and pancreatic polypeptide has been measured in 10 normal volunteers before and after intraduodenal acidification. Secretin rose rapidly from 1,4 +/- 0,44 to 11,2 +/- 1,24 pmol/l (+/- SEM). PP also rose significantly from 39,0 +/- 3,0 to 52.3 +/- 5,8 pmol (paired p less than 0.01) but much slower and to a lesser extent than seen after a meal. This supports the conclusion that acid plays no important role in control of postprandial PP release.", "contents": "[Effect of duodenal acidification on plasma secretin and pancreatic polypeptide in man (author's transl)]. Plasma secretin and pancreatic polypeptide has been measured in 10 normal volunteers before and after intraduodenal acidification. Secretin rose rapidly from 1,4 +/- 0,44 to 11,2 +/- 1,24 pmol/l (+/- SEM). PP also rose significantly from 39,0 +/- 3,0 to 52.3 +/- 5,8 pmol (paired p less than 0.01) but much slower and to a lesser extent than seen after a meal. This supports the conclusion that acid plays no important role in control of postprandial PP release.", "PMID": 524950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2141", "title": "[Hepatic extraction of taurocholate and indocyanine green in patients with liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Bile acids are increasingly used as test substances for the estimation of liver function and it has been postulated that radioactive labeled bile acids have advantages over indocyanine green (ICG) for measurement of hepatic blood flow. Therefore, the hepatic extractions of 14C-taurocholate and ICG were compared in 23 patients with liver disease and correlated with various parameters of hepatic function. The hepatic extractions of 14C-taurocholate (mean: 42 +/- SD 17%) and ICG (mean: 35 +/- SD 18%) were similar. The correlations with galactose elimination capacity and BSP plasma disappearance were closer for ICG than for 14C-taurocholate extraction. Hepatic blood flow measured with 14C-taurocholate (mean: 1.45 +/- SD 0.51 l/min) correlated well (r = 0.81) with the respective values obtained with ICG (mean: 1.17 +/- SD 0.49 l/min), but was about 22% larger. This study does not provide evidence that 14C-taurocholate is superior to ICG as an intravenous test substance for measurement of hepatic function or blood flow.", "contents": "[Hepatic extraction of taurocholate and indocyanine green in patients with liver disease (author's transl)]. Bile acids are increasingly used as test substances for the estimation of liver function and it has been postulated that radioactive labeled bile acids have advantages over indocyanine green (ICG) for measurement of hepatic blood flow. Therefore, the hepatic extractions of 14C-taurocholate and ICG were compared in 23 patients with liver disease and correlated with various parameters of hepatic function. The hepatic extractions of 14C-taurocholate (mean: 42 +/- SD 17%) and ICG (mean: 35 +/- SD 18%) were similar. The correlations with galactose elimination capacity and BSP plasma disappearance were closer for ICG than for 14C-taurocholate extraction. Hepatic blood flow measured with 14C-taurocholate (mean: 1.45 +/- SD 0.51 l/min) correlated well (r = 0.81) with the respective values obtained with ICG (mean: 1.17 +/- SD 0.49 l/min), but was about 22% larger. This study does not provide evidence that 14C-taurocholate is superior to ICG as an intravenous test substance for measurement of hepatic function or blood flow.", "PMID": 524951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2142", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy of herpes simplex infections of the skin].", "content": "It was possible to prolong the herpes free intervals with combined chemotherapy with 0,3% Ethyl-desoxyuridine (EDU)-Gel during the acute phase and continued application of 0,2% Jodo-desoxyuridine (IDU)-ointment with 1,8% DMSO. The combined chemotherapy did not improve the effect of the treatment with EDU alone in respect of the duration of skin lesions. In 5 out of 8 patients with recurrent cold sores and in 3 out of 10 patients with genital herpes further immunotherapeutical measures were not necessary. The results indicate that beside the chemotherapy of the recurrences with monotherapy a continuous chemoprophylaxis can be successful in patients with recurrent herpes simplex.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy of herpes simplex infections of the skin]. It was possible to prolong the herpes free intervals with combined chemotherapy with 0,3% Ethyl-desoxyuridine (EDU)-Gel during the acute phase and continued application of 0,2% Jodo-desoxyuridine (IDU)-ointment with 1,8% DMSO. The combined chemotherapy did not improve the effect of the treatment with EDU alone in respect of the duration of skin lesions. In 5 out of 8 patients with recurrent cold sores and in 3 out of 10 patients with genital herpes further immunotherapeutical measures were not necessary. The results indicate that beside the chemotherapy of the recurrences with monotherapy a continuous chemoprophylaxis can be successful in patients with recurrent herpes simplex.", "PMID": 524971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2143", "title": "[Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis in malignant melanomas].", "content": "Histologic findings and clinical data of 411 patients with malignant melanomas treated in 1952 up to june 1977 reveal an improvement of diagnostic accuracy. Within the last years, fewer patients were referred to the clinic with extensive tumor growth or with metastases. A change from the levels of invasion V and IV to III is evident. Further improvement to level II and I with a corresponding smaller tumor thickness is appearing in outlines.", "contents": "[Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis in malignant melanomas]. Histologic findings and clinical data of 411 patients with malignant melanomas treated in 1952 up to june 1977 reveal an improvement of diagnostic accuracy. Within the last years, fewer patients were referred to the clinic with extensive tumor growth or with metastases. A change from the levels of invasion V and IV to III is evident. Further improvement to level II and I with a corresponding smaller tumor thickness is appearing in outlines.", "PMID": 524978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2144", "title": "[Attempt at applying statistical methods to delimit melanoma types].", "content": "By means of the \"multivariate variance analysis\" (\"MANOVA\"; Friedrich and Olfert, 1977), we tried to differentiate the histologic types of malignant melanomas also by quantifiable criteria. The investigation depended upon data from 411 patients. Difficulties arose from incomplete data material. But in principle, the indication of this method is given in such problems. If the number of cases could be augmented, the method would be helpful as a support for diagnostic quality control.", "contents": "[Attempt at applying statistical methods to delimit melanoma types]. By means of the \"multivariate variance analysis\" (\"MANOVA\"; Friedrich and Olfert, 1977), we tried to differentiate the histologic types of malignant melanomas also by quantifiable criteria. The investigation depended upon data from 411 patients. Difficulties arose from incomplete data material. But in principle, the indication of this method is given in such problems. If the number of cases could be augmented, the method would be helpful as a support for diagnostic quality control.", "PMID": 524980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2145", "title": "Changes in the main submandibular salivary duct of rabbits resulting from ductal ligation.", "content": "Normal submandibular ducts from rabbits have been examined by mucosubstance histochemistry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared with the appearances of ducts removed 4...6 weeks after ligation. The normal ducts were composed mainly of columnar \"light\" cells and basal cells but, in addition, some \"dark\" cells and scattered goblet containing sulphated mucins were always present. The luminal surface of the ductal cells possessed numerous microvilli protruding into the lumen, and a rim of negatively charged mucin was present on this surface of these cells. After ligation the ducts became greatly distended by their fluid contents which remained under pressure until the duct was incised. The epithelial cells were flattened and appeared to contain less cytoplasm per cell; \"light\" cells, basal cells and \"dark\" cells were still recognisable. Goblet cells were much more plentiful than in the control ducts and often protruded into the lumen despite the increased intraluminal pressure. The development of a number of ciliated cells had also occurred and they were often situated close to goblet cells. Lymphatic vessels were more prominent around the ligated ducts. Luminal microvilli were less numerous than in the control ducts but the rim of negatively charged mucin on the luminal surface of ductal cells was more conspicuous. Mixed inflammatory cells were present within the lumina of ligated ducts especially in those parts adjacent to the ductal cells. No inflammatory cell has been observed passing through the wall of a main duct and the possibility exists that these cells had entered lumina within the gland and migrated from there to the main duct. The above findings may serve to help our understanding or physiological events in the ducts.", "contents": "Changes in the main submandibular salivary duct of rabbits resulting from ductal ligation. Normal submandibular ducts from rabbits have been examined by mucosubstance histochemistry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared with the appearances of ducts removed 4...6 weeks after ligation. The normal ducts were composed mainly of columnar \"light\" cells and basal cells but, in addition, some \"dark\" cells and scattered goblet containing sulphated mucins were always present. The luminal surface of the ductal cells possessed numerous microvilli protruding into the lumen, and a rim of negatively charged mucin was present on this surface of these cells. After ligation the ducts became greatly distended by their fluid contents which remained under pressure until the duct was incised. The epithelial cells were flattened and appeared to contain less cytoplasm per cell; \"light\" cells, basal cells and \"dark\" cells were still recognisable. Goblet cells were much more plentiful than in the control ducts and often protruded into the lumen despite the increased intraluminal pressure. The development of a number of ciliated cells had also occurred and they were often situated close to goblet cells. Lymphatic vessels were more prominent around the ligated ducts. Luminal microvilli were less numerous than in the control ducts but the rim of negatively charged mucin on the luminal surface of ductal cells was more conspicuous. Mixed inflammatory cells were present within the lumina of ligated ducts especially in those parts adjacent to the ductal cells. No inflammatory cell has been observed passing through the wall of a main duct and the possibility exists that these cells had entered lumina within the gland and migrated from there to the main duct. The above findings may serve to help our understanding or physiological events in the ducts.", "PMID": 524981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2146", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of intraventricular dendrite terminals of hypothalamic cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in Triturus vulgaris.", "content": "A scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study of the ventricular wall of the hypothalamus of Triturus vulgaris was performed with special regard to the intraventricular dendrite terminals of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurons of the preoptic area (magnocellular and parvocellular preoptic nuclei), the infundibular lobe (anterior periventricular nucleus, infundibular nucleus), and the paraventricular organ. In the preoptic area and infundibular lobe, the terminals were knob-like or club-shaped, of various sizes (diameter about 0,5 to 3,0 micrometer) and located immediately above the ependyma. Ultrastructurally, they may contain dense-core vesicles of varying sizes. The CSF contacting dendrite endings of the paraventricular organ built up a supraependymal labyrinthic layer which could be divided into a rostral crest-like part and a caudal flat and broad division. In both parts, three main types of terminals of various size and shape could be distinguished: a) ramifying, b) elongated, and c) bulb-like dendrite endings which also differed by their TEM structure. The bulk-like terminals, first of all the small ones, originated from the distal part of the nucleus of the organ (nucleus organi paraventricularis) while the other two types took their origin from its intra- and subependymal part. In all areas investigated, each intraventricular dendrite ending gave rise to a solitary cilium (type 9 X 2 + 0). It differed from the ependymal kinocilia by both SEM and TEM characteristics. In the paraventricular organ, the neuronal cilia were hidden inside, or below the supraependymal layer of terminals. There were intraventricular axons which formed synapses on CSF contacting dendrite endings of both parts of the paraventricular organ. Free intraventricular neurons, further ependymal areas heavily or scarcely ciliated, were described. The CSF contacting dendrite terminals were predominantly present near ventricular recesses and in regions where the ependyma was scarcely ciliated.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of intraventricular dendrite terminals of hypothalamic cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in Triturus vulgaris. A scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study of the ventricular wall of the hypothalamus of Triturus vulgaris was performed with special regard to the intraventricular dendrite terminals of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurons of the preoptic area (magnocellular and parvocellular preoptic nuclei), the infundibular lobe (anterior periventricular nucleus, infundibular nucleus), and the paraventricular organ. In the preoptic area and infundibular lobe, the terminals were knob-like or club-shaped, of various sizes (diameter about 0,5 to 3,0 micrometer) and located immediately above the ependyma. Ultrastructurally, they may contain dense-core vesicles of varying sizes. The CSF contacting dendrite endings of the paraventricular organ built up a supraependymal labyrinthic layer which could be divided into a rostral crest-like part and a caudal flat and broad division. In both parts, three main types of terminals of various size and shape could be distinguished: a) ramifying, b) elongated, and c) bulb-like dendrite endings which also differed by their TEM structure. The bulk-like terminals, first of all the small ones, originated from the distal part of the nucleus of the organ (nucleus organi paraventricularis) while the other two types took their origin from its intra- and subependymal part. In all areas investigated, each intraventricular dendrite ending gave rise to a solitary cilium (type 9 X 2 + 0). It differed from the ependymal kinocilia by both SEM and TEM characteristics. In the paraventricular organ, the neuronal cilia were hidden inside, or below the supraependymal layer of terminals. There were intraventricular axons which formed synapses on CSF contacting dendrite endings of both parts of the paraventricular organ. Free intraventricular neurons, further ependymal areas heavily or scarcely ciliated, were described. The CSF contacting dendrite terminals were predominantly present near ventricular recesses and in regions where the ependyma was scarcely ciliated.", "PMID": 524982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2147", "title": "[Morphological changes in the central canal of the cat after kaolin injection into the cisterna magna].", "content": "40 adult cats were made hydrocephalic by intracisternal injection of 200 mg Kaolin. 34 survived between 24 hours to 4 months. In 19 cases a ventriculostomy was carried out, whereby in 13 animals a contrast filling of the central canal occurred. The contrast medium injected into the ventricles entered the external CSF-space in the lumbo-sacral junction of the filum terminale. Light- and electron-microscopic studies showed adaptive structural changes of the central canal epithelium in the early stages. In later stages massive destructions of ependyma and spinal cord parenchyma were found.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the central canal of the cat after kaolin injection into the cisterna magna]. 40 adult cats were made hydrocephalic by intracisternal injection of 200 mg Kaolin. 34 survived between 24 hours to 4 months. In 19 cases a ventriculostomy was carried out, whereby in 13 animals a contrast filling of the central canal occurred. The contrast medium injected into the ventricles entered the external CSF-space in the lumbo-sacral junction of the filum terminale. Light- and electron-microscopic studies showed adaptive structural changes of the central canal epithelium in the early stages. In later stages massive destructions of ependyma and spinal cord parenchyma were found.", "PMID": 524983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2148", "title": "Ultimobranchial body of Notopterus notopterus in relation to calcium and sodium rich environments.", "content": "The UBB of Notopterus notopterus is a paired structure situated between the oesophagus and sinus venosus. Both right and left lobes of the gland are enveloped by a common thick connective tissue which gets constricted between the lobes and separates them. Numerous follicles of varying sizes are encountered in each gland. In N. notopterus the effects of hypercalcaemia (caused by keeping the specimens in 0.5% of CaCl2 solution and by injecting 4000 I.U. of vitamin D2 on alternate days) on UBB has been observed. The effects of NaCl rich environment (created by keeping the fish in 0.5% NaCl solution) on this gland has also been studied. In the UBB of N. notopterus the activity of the gland is observed in terms of: 1. increase in the blood supply of the gland and the dilation of the blood vessel, 2. increase in the height of the follicular epithelium, 3. cytoplasmic hypertrophy resulting in the increase in secretory processes, 4. appearance of pseudostratified epithelium in place of single layered cuboidal follicular epithelium and 5. nuclear and cellular hypertrophy. According to these characteristics it is evident that the gland from group II shows gradual activity from the 2nd day onwards and is maximum on the 6th day. From 8th day to the close of the experiment gradual inactivity of the gland is discerned--follicles get atrophied and the cells appear in clumps. The gland from group III shows a good response to its environment and is more hypertrophied as compared to that of group II. The activity of the gland closely parallels serum sodium levels which increase up to the 8th day when UBB shows the maximum activity. The serum sodium level rises from a normal of 110 m eq/l to a peak of 180 m eq/l on 8th day. After 10 days onwards the gland shows gradual inactivity and degeneration. The serum sodium level is 130 m eq/l on 12th day. These observations support the view that the main role of UBB in N. notopterus lies in sodium metabolism and it is only partially responsible for calcium regulation.", "contents": "Ultimobranchial body of Notopterus notopterus in relation to calcium and sodium rich environments. The UBB of Notopterus notopterus is a paired structure situated between the oesophagus and sinus venosus. Both right and left lobes of the gland are enveloped by a common thick connective tissue which gets constricted between the lobes and separates them. Numerous follicles of varying sizes are encountered in each gland. In N. notopterus the effects of hypercalcaemia (caused by keeping the specimens in 0.5% of CaCl2 solution and by injecting 4000 I.U. of vitamin D2 on alternate days) on UBB has been observed. The effects of NaCl rich environment (created by keeping the fish in 0.5% NaCl solution) on this gland has also been studied. In the UBB of N. notopterus the activity of the gland is observed in terms of: 1. increase in the blood supply of the gland and the dilation of the blood vessel, 2. increase in the height of the follicular epithelium, 3. cytoplasmic hypertrophy resulting in the increase in secretory processes, 4. appearance of pseudostratified epithelium in place of single layered cuboidal follicular epithelium and 5. nuclear and cellular hypertrophy. According to these characteristics it is evident that the gland from group II shows gradual activity from the 2nd day onwards and is maximum on the 6th day. From 8th day to the close of the experiment gradual inactivity of the gland is discerned--follicles get atrophied and the cells appear in clumps. The gland from group III shows a good response to its environment and is more hypertrophied as compared to that of group II. The activity of the gland closely parallels serum sodium levels which increase up to the 8th day when UBB shows the maximum activity. The serum sodium level rises from a normal of 110 m eq/l to a peak of 180 m eq/l on 8th day. After 10 days onwards the gland shows gradual inactivity and degeneration. The serum sodium level is 130 m eq/l on 12th day. These observations support the view that the main role of UBB in N. notopterus lies in sodium metabolism and it is only partially responsible for calcium regulation.", "PMID": 524984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2149", "title": "The ultrastructure of sensory corpuscles in the skin in the hedgehog snout.", "content": "The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings was examined in the snout skin in 3 adult hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). The material was taken intravitally under total anaesthesia and processed in a usual way for the electron microscopy. The corpuscles were evaluated in the individual sections and series sections made through the whole corpuscle. In the superficial layers of the dermis simple sensory corpuscles and free endings were found. The simple sensory corpuscles can be divided into three types. a) Corpuscles containing a greater number of lamellae in the inner core, the lamellae are arranged regularly and are separated by two opposite clefts. The capsule is formed by only several lamellae undoubtedly of fibrocytic origin. b) Corpuscles containing a smaller number of wider lamellae in the inner core situated often at random. The clefts are also irregular and are often closed in the superficial layers of the inner core. The capsule is quite simple mostly formed by a single lamella of fibrocyte which often fails to form a continuous coat of the corpuscle. c) The third type is typical of its inner core being formed by few lamellae arranged irregularly. These corpuscles have no connective tissue capsule and are separated from the environments only by the basement membrane of superficial lamellae of the inner core. The corpuscles of the second type resemble considerably the developmental stages of simple sensory corpuscles as described in the literature in the cat. They are the same in size or smaller than the corpuscles of the first type. The free nerve endings occurred in two forms. a) Flattened (lanciform) nerve terminals. The axon is rich in mitochondria. The sides of the flattened terminal is lined with one to three wide lamellae while the axon reaches as far as the surface of the formation which is covered only with the basement membrane. b) Typical free endings rich in mitochondria which are embedded in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells or occasionally are covered only with the basement membrane. The lanciform endings which are not linked up with the hairs here may represent a transition from free endings to simple sensory corpuscles.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of sensory corpuscles in the skin in the hedgehog snout. The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings was examined in the snout skin in 3 adult hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). The material was taken intravitally under total anaesthesia and processed in a usual way for the electron microscopy. The corpuscles were evaluated in the individual sections and series sections made through the whole corpuscle. In the superficial layers of the dermis simple sensory corpuscles and free endings were found. The simple sensory corpuscles can be divided into three types. a) Corpuscles containing a greater number of lamellae in the inner core, the lamellae are arranged regularly and are separated by two opposite clefts. The capsule is formed by only several lamellae undoubtedly of fibrocytic origin. b) Corpuscles containing a smaller number of wider lamellae in the inner core situated often at random. The clefts are also irregular and are often closed in the superficial layers of the inner core. The capsule is quite simple mostly formed by a single lamella of fibrocyte which often fails to form a continuous coat of the corpuscle. c) The third type is typical of its inner core being formed by few lamellae arranged irregularly. These corpuscles have no connective tissue capsule and are separated from the environments only by the basement membrane of superficial lamellae of the inner core. The corpuscles of the second type resemble considerably the developmental stages of simple sensory corpuscles as described in the literature in the cat. They are the same in size or smaller than the corpuscles of the first type. The free nerve endings occurred in two forms. a) Flattened (lanciform) nerve terminals. The axon is rich in mitochondria. The sides of the flattened terminal is lined with one to three wide lamellae while the axon reaches as far as the surface of the formation which is covered only with the basement membrane. b) Typical free endings rich in mitochondria which are embedded in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells or occasionally are covered only with the basement membrane. The lanciform endings which are not linked up with the hairs here may represent a transition from free endings to simple sensory corpuscles.", "PMID": 524985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2150", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical study of the brain of Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Gymnophiona, Amphibia)].", "content": "In the brain of the Caecilian species Chthonerpeton indistinctum the following enzymes have been demonstrated by means of histochemical techniques: acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylacetate esterase, acetylcholin esterase. Acid phosphatase occurs in the cytoplasm of the neurons in 4 different types of localization. Its activity in the ventral parts of the brain is markedly higher than in the dorsal ones. Of particularly high activity are: the motor neurons in the tegmentum, the nucleus mesencephali trigemini, individual large neurons in the marginal zone of the grey matter of the telencephalon, which seems to be a special character of the Caecilians among the Amphibia. The ependyma exhibits local differences in respect of acid phosphatase activity. alpha-Naphthylacetate esterase marks in particular the secretory neurons of the hypothalamus, the large perikarya of the nucleus mesencephali trigemini and the motor neurons of the tegmentum. In the telencephalon the alpha-naphthylacetate esterase activity corresponds to that of acid phosphatase. Acetylcholin esterase marks--with certain restrictions--cholinergic neurons. These predominate in Chthonerpeton in the caudal parts of the brain. In the telencephalon amygdala, septal area striatum and the mitral cells are of comparatively high activity. The neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus are particularly rich in this enzyme. As an anurans the cholinergic fasciculus retroflexus as asymmetric. The tectum opticum is of secondary simplicity and does not exhibit a clearly recognizable stratification.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical study of the brain of Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Gymnophiona, Amphibia)]. In the brain of the Caecilian species Chthonerpeton indistinctum the following enzymes have been demonstrated by means of histochemical techniques: acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylacetate esterase, acetylcholin esterase. Acid phosphatase occurs in the cytoplasm of the neurons in 4 different types of localization. Its activity in the ventral parts of the brain is markedly higher than in the dorsal ones. Of particularly high activity are: the motor neurons in the tegmentum, the nucleus mesencephali trigemini, individual large neurons in the marginal zone of the grey matter of the telencephalon, which seems to be a special character of the Caecilians among the Amphibia. The ependyma exhibits local differences in respect of acid phosphatase activity. alpha-Naphthylacetate esterase marks in particular the secretory neurons of the hypothalamus, the large perikarya of the nucleus mesencephali trigemini and the motor neurons of the tegmentum. In the telencephalon the alpha-naphthylacetate esterase activity corresponds to that of acid phosphatase. Acetylcholin esterase marks--with certain restrictions--cholinergic neurons. These predominate in Chthonerpeton in the caudal parts of the brain. In the telencephalon amygdala, septal area striatum and the mitral cells are of comparatively high activity. The neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus are particularly rich in this enzyme. As an anurans the cholinergic fasciculus retroflexus as asymmetric. The tectum opticum is of secondary simplicity and does not exhibit a clearly recognizable stratification.", "PMID": 524986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2151", "title": "Metabolism in the protozoon Allogromia laticollaris Arnold.", "content": "The foraminiferan Allogramia laticollaris, deprived of its natural food, Chlorella, incorporated and metabolized D-glucose added to culture fluid; L-glucose and inulin were not taken up. Fructose 6-phosphate and ATP were also incorporated, probably in a non-degraded form, and metabolized. Equal distribution of radioactivity of [gamma-32P]-ATP added to the medium was observed within 10 min. Intracellular glucose concentrations, and rates of respiration, glucose phosphorylation, and glycolysis were determined. Glucose utilization was stimulated with increasing concentrations of glucose, whereas respiration remained constant. The respiratory quotient increased in accordance with the higher contribution of glucose to energy supply. A. laticollaris can, then, be used for experimental studies of substrate utilization of a synthetic medium.", "contents": "Metabolism in the protozoon Allogromia laticollaris Arnold. The foraminiferan Allogramia laticollaris, deprived of its natural food, Chlorella, incorporated and metabolized D-glucose added to culture fluid; L-glucose and inulin were not taken up. Fructose 6-phosphate and ATP were also incorporated, probably in a non-degraded form, and metabolized. Equal distribution of radioactivity of [gamma-32P]-ATP added to the medium was observed within 10 min. Intracellular glucose concentrations, and rates of respiration, glucose phosphorylation, and glycolysis were determined. Glucose utilization was stimulated with increasing concentrations of glucose, whereas respiration remained constant. The respiratory quotient increased in accordance with the higher contribution of glucose to energy supply. A. laticollaris can, then, be used for experimental studies of substrate utilization of a synthetic medium.", "PMID": 524987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2152", "title": "Anatomy and morphometry of the olfactory organ of the wels Silurus glanis L. (Siluridae, Pisces).", "content": "The anatomical structure of the olfactory organs, nerve tracts and brain was described in Silurus glanis. The changes connected with aging were considered. The olfactory lamellae are thin and tightly set in a rosette. In the 1 year old individuals there are 48...51 lamellae in a single rosette. This number increases gradually with age and in the 9...10 year old welses reaches 150. The surface area of the lamellae of a single rosette also indicates an increase: in the 1 year old specimen it equals 117 mm2, while in the adult individual (5...6 year old)--1040 mm2. This is due to the increase in both the size of each lamella and the number of the lamellae. The obtained results are discussed with regard to other author's data. It has been found that the dynamics of the increase of the surface area of the olfactory epithelium in fish are closely related to the way of life and not to the systematic affiliation of the species.", "contents": "Anatomy and morphometry of the olfactory organ of the wels Silurus glanis L. (Siluridae, Pisces). The anatomical structure of the olfactory organs, nerve tracts and brain was described in Silurus glanis. The changes connected with aging were considered. The olfactory lamellae are thin and tightly set in a rosette. In the 1 year old individuals there are 48...51 lamellae in a single rosette. This number increases gradually with age and in the 9...10 year old welses reaches 150. The surface area of the lamellae of a single rosette also indicates an increase: in the 1 year old specimen it equals 117 mm2, while in the adult individual (5...6 year old)--1040 mm2. This is due to the increase in both the size of each lamella and the number of the lamellae. The obtained results are discussed with regard to other author's data. It has been found that the dynamics of the increase of the surface area of the olfactory epithelium in fish are closely related to the way of life and not to the systematic affiliation of the species.", "PMID": 524988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2153", "title": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the lung epithelium of the rabbit during ontogenesis].", "content": "The development of the bronchial and alveolar epithelium was observed in rabbits from the 15th day post conception until the time of birth with the scanning electron microscope. In the pseudoglandular phase, primitive bronchi proliferate in the mesenchyme. The epithelial cells are not differentiated and have single cilia. After retraction of these single cilia cell differentiation begins. Flat cells densely populated with cytopodia can be recognized on the 22nd day, ciliated cells on the 23rd day post conception. Both are located in the bronchi near the hilus. In the canalicular phase of development, the differentiation of the mucoid cells and the Clara-cells begins. The interstitial connective tissue develops more and more capillaries. The alveolar phase begins around the 26th day p. c. The lung capillaries reach the alveolar epithelial cells and arrange themselves directly beneath the epithelial basement membrane. This \"alveolarization\" of the lung tissue starts in the centre of the lung lobules and proceeds to the periphery. After the 26th day post conception the alveolar epithelial cells retract their single cilium and at the same time become type I or type II pneumocytes. The undifferentiated entodermal stem cell of the alveolar epithelium is the pneumoblast.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the lung epithelium of the rabbit during ontogenesis]. The development of the bronchial and alveolar epithelium was observed in rabbits from the 15th day post conception until the time of birth with the scanning electron microscope. In the pseudoglandular phase, primitive bronchi proliferate in the mesenchyme. The epithelial cells are not differentiated and have single cilia. After retraction of these single cilia cell differentiation begins. Flat cells densely populated with cytopodia can be recognized on the 22nd day, ciliated cells on the 23rd day post conception. Both are located in the bronchi near the hilus. In the canalicular phase of development, the differentiation of the mucoid cells and the Clara-cells begins. The interstitial connective tissue develops more and more capillaries. The alveolar phase begins around the 26th day p. c. The lung capillaries reach the alveolar epithelial cells and arrange themselves directly beneath the epithelial basement membrane. This \"alveolarization\" of the lung tissue starts in the centre of the lung lobules and proceeds to the periphery. After the 26th day post conception the alveolar epithelial cells retract their single cilium and at the same time become type I or type II pneumocytes. The undifferentiated entodermal stem cell of the alveolar epithelium is the pneumoblast.", "PMID": 524989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2154", "title": "The transformation of cytoplasmic microtubules into helices and paracrystals by halothane in the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold.", "content": "After treatment of cells of the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold (protozoa, rhizopoda) with the volatile anesthetic halothane in concentrations of more than 1 mM no cytoplasmic microtubules are demonstrable. In place of microtubules, other tubulin polymers that are helices or paracrystalline structures, with the same ultrastructure as seen after treatment with vinca alkaloids, can be identified. Below 1 mM halothane, besides loosely arranged paracrystals, single helices, microtubules and transition stages between microtubules and helices can be seen in close juxtaposition. Reasons for the transformation of microtubules and the involvement of microtubules in narcosis are discussed.", "contents": "The transformation of cytoplasmic microtubules into helices and paracrystals by halothane in the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold. After treatment of cells of the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold (protozoa, rhizopoda) with the volatile anesthetic halothane in concentrations of more than 1 mM no cytoplasmic microtubules are demonstrable. In place of microtubules, other tubulin polymers that are helices or paracrystalline structures, with the same ultrastructure as seen after treatment with vinca alkaloids, can be identified. Below 1 mM halothane, besides loosely arranged paracrystals, single helices, microtubules and transition stages between microtubules and helices can be seen in close juxtaposition. Reasons for the transformation of microtubules and the involvement of microtubules in narcosis are discussed.", "PMID": 524990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2155", "title": "[Determination and plasticity in the pre- and postnatal development of the brain].", "content": "One--sided theories about deterministic or plastic events during development of the central nervous system must be refused for the sake of new experimental and analytical concepts. The most common categories during brain development are chance (random events) and necessity, the basis of phylogenesis and ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Determination and plasticity in the pre- and postnatal development of the brain]. One--sided theories about deterministic or plastic events during development of the central nervous system must be refused for the sake of new experimental and analytical concepts. The most common categories during brain development are chance (random events) and necessity, the basis of phylogenesis and ontogenesis.", "PMID": 524991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2156", "title": "Light and scanning microscopy of the taste organs and vascularization of the tongue of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra (L.).", "content": "The mucosa of the spotted salamander tongue and its taste organs were investigated by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. The most striking feature of the salamander tongue is an almost complete lack of papillae which are replaced by long, radially disposed folds with linear arrays of taste organs along their ridges. In respect of morphology, the taste organs of the salamander occupy an intermediate position between the taste buds of Urodela and taste discs of Salientia. Scanning electron microscopic examination of microcorrosion casts of the blood vessels of the tongue has revealed that the structure of subepidermal capillary network reflects the topography of the tongue surface and the distribution of its taste organs. In the core regions of the folds the capillary loops accompanying gustatory receptors empty via their shorter, descending arms into the draining vessels, the initial segments of which retain a course parallel to that of the folds. In the few fungiform papillae the capillary vessels form single loops whose distal ends come to lie in the vicinity of taste discs.", "contents": "Light and scanning microscopy of the taste organs and vascularization of the tongue of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra (L.). The mucosa of the spotted salamander tongue and its taste organs were investigated by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. The most striking feature of the salamander tongue is an almost complete lack of papillae which are replaced by long, radially disposed folds with linear arrays of taste organs along their ridges. In respect of morphology, the taste organs of the salamander occupy an intermediate position between the taste buds of Urodela and taste discs of Salientia. Scanning electron microscopic examination of microcorrosion casts of the blood vessels of the tongue has revealed that the structure of subepidermal capillary network reflects the topography of the tongue surface and the distribution of its taste organs. In the core regions of the folds the capillary loops accompanying gustatory receptors empty via their shorter, descending arms into the draining vessels, the initial segments of which retain a course parallel to that of the folds. In the few fungiform papillae the capillary vessels form single loops whose distal ends come to lie in the vicinity of taste discs.", "PMID": 524992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2157", "title": "Tubulin paracrystals in intermitotic nuclei of the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold after treatment with vinblastine.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations on the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris showed that after treatment with 10(-3) M vinblastine tubulin paracrystals can be demonstrated in intermitotic nuclei. As these paracrystals are either membrane coated or lie free in the karyoplasm, and as in the perinuclear cytoplasm, membrane coated paracrystals can be demonstrated as well, it is assumed that the cytoplasmic tubulin which is composing the intranuclear division spindle can transverse the intact nuclear envelope via vesicle transport.", "contents": "Tubulin paracrystals in intermitotic nuclei of the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris Arnold after treatment with vinblastine. Electron microscopic investigations on the foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris showed that after treatment with 10(-3) M vinblastine tubulin paracrystals can be demonstrated in intermitotic nuclei. As these paracrystals are either membrane coated or lie free in the karyoplasm, and as in the perinuclear cytoplasm, membrane coated paracrystals can be demonstrated as well, it is assumed that the cytoplasmic tubulin which is composing the intranuclear division spindle can transverse the intact nuclear envelope via vesicle transport.", "PMID": 524993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2158", "title": "[Use of the CO2 laser in the treatment of burn injuries].", "content": "In the treatment of burn injuries the CO2-Laser has meanwhile proved to be an effective cutting-instrument as well as the Bowie-Knife. A trial-study was carried out in which the necroses were excised simultaneously with the Laser on one side of the body and with the Bowie-Knife on the other. Comparisons were made between blood-loss, time used for escharotomie, injury to the wound bed and post-operative healing of the autograft 4 and 8 days later. The results of the parameter showed that with the Laser there was a reduction in blood-loss of 50% compared with the Bowie-Knife. On the other hand the total operating-time was 1/3 longer, including the time necessary for hemostasis to take place. The blood-loss was measured with a Blood-Loss-Perometer and the result was converted according to the extent of the burned surface area. Histology showed less trauma of the wound bed compared with the Bowie-Knife, rare hemorrhages and inflammatory reactions in Laser so that healing of the autograft proceeded without complications.", "contents": "[Use of the CO2 laser in the treatment of burn injuries]. In the treatment of burn injuries the CO2-Laser has meanwhile proved to be an effective cutting-instrument as well as the Bowie-Knife. A trial-study was carried out in which the necroses were excised simultaneously with the Laser on one side of the body and with the Bowie-Knife on the other. Comparisons were made between blood-loss, time used for escharotomie, injury to the wound bed and post-operative healing of the autograft 4 and 8 days later. The results of the parameter showed that with the Laser there was a reduction in blood-loss of 50% compared with the Bowie-Knife. On the other hand the total operating-time was 1/3 longer, including the time necessary for hemostasis to take place. The blood-loss was measured with a Blood-Loss-Perometer and the result was converted according to the extent of the burned surface area. Histology showed less trauma of the wound bed compared with the Bowie-Knife, rare hemorrhages and inflammatory reactions in Laser so that healing of the autograft proceeded without complications.", "PMID": 524994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2159", "title": "[Plastic operations in facial paralysis].", "content": "From 1972 to 1977 we operated on 40 patients with complete or incomplete facial palsy. There were only such cases in which a spontaneous or operative reinnervation could not be expected. Anamneses between appearance of the facial palsy and its operation was 11,8 years on an average. Different substitute operations for aesthetic and functional improvement were applied. Only a combination of different operation methods leaded to a satisfying result.", "contents": "[Plastic operations in facial paralysis]. From 1972 to 1977 we operated on 40 patients with complete or incomplete facial palsy. There were only such cases in which a spontaneous or operative reinnervation could not be expected. Anamneses between appearance of the facial palsy and its operation was 11,8 years on an average. Different substitute operations for aesthetic and functional improvement were applied. Only a combination of different operation methods leaded to a satisfying result.", "PMID": 524995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2160", "title": "[Transsexualism: indication and surgical treatment].", "content": "After the diagnosis of transsexuality is well definated and recognized in most western countries, the surgical transformation of the genital area is performed. Before surgical treatment an exact psychiatric clarification is absolutely essential. The operation is the last part of a long treatment. The surgical result in the more common female transsexual is quite reasonable. The treatment of the fewer male transsexuals is not solved completely, especially the reliable techniques for penis reconstructions are not very sufficient.", "contents": "[Transsexualism: indication and surgical treatment]. After the diagnosis of transsexuality is well definated and recognized in most western countries, the surgical transformation of the genital area is performed. Before surgical treatment an exact psychiatric clarification is absolutely essential. The operation is the last part of a long treatment. The surgical result in the more common female transsexual is quite reasonable. The treatment of the fewer male transsexuals is not solved completely, especially the reliable techniques for penis reconstructions are not very sufficient.", "PMID": 524996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2161", "title": "[The importance of Simon's symptom in cases of hanging (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological and patho-anatomical investigations of the spines of 32 corpses of persons who had committed suicide by hanging revealed spine damage in 81% of the cases. The cervical spine was damaged in 69%, the lumbar spine in 56% of the cases. The typical damage of the cervical spine is a loosening of the discs at the dorsal side, usually at the level of C 4/5 to C 6/7. In the region of the lumbar spine, bleeding between the (anterior) ventral ligament and the discs is the most frequently observed damage (Simon's sy;mtpom). Simon bleeding is brought about by traction force and is not dependent on the age at death or on any existing degenerative changes of the spine.", "contents": "[The importance of Simon's symptom in cases of hanging (author's transl)]. Radiological and patho-anatomical investigations of the spines of 32 corpses of persons who had committed suicide by hanging revealed spine damage in 81% of the cases. The cervical spine was damaged in 69%, the lumbar spine in 56% of the cases. The typical damage of the cervical spine is a loosening of the discs at the dorsal side, usually at the level of C 4/5 to C 6/7. In the region of the lumbar spine, bleeding between the (anterior) ventral ligament and the discs is the most frequently observed damage (Simon's sy;mtpom). Simon bleeding is brought about by traction force and is not dependent on the age at death or on any existing degenerative changes of the spine.", "PMID": 525060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2162", "title": "[The significance of blocked arteries in the pathogenesis of hemorrhages and of minor hemorrhagic infarctions in the human lung in fat embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of blocked arteries with regard to minor hemorrhagic infarctions in the lung in venous and systemic fat embolism is discussed. In an experiment it is proved that blood in the anastomoses between the arteria bronchialis and arteria pulmonalis (blocked arteries) contains fat emboli. It is suggested that these fat emboli may in addition be transported into an area of the lung, which is no longer functional following embolic occlusion of a branch of the arteria pulmonalis.", "contents": "[The significance of blocked arteries in the pathogenesis of hemorrhages and of minor hemorrhagic infarctions in the human lung in fat embolism (author's transl)]. The significance of blocked arteries with regard to minor hemorrhagic infarctions in the lung in venous and systemic fat embolism is discussed. In an experiment it is proved that blood in the anastomoses between the arteria bronchialis and arteria pulmonalis (blocked arteries) contains fat emboli. It is suggested that these fat emboli may in addition be transported into an area of the lung, which is no longer functional following embolic occlusion of a branch of the arteria pulmonalis.", "PMID": 525061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2163", "title": "[Detection of diatoms in bone marrow (femur) of nondrowned (author's transl)].", "content": "Diatoms in the bone marrow (femur) of 16 nondrowned bodies were detected by a modern method of ultrafiltration. The rate of diatoms were found to be in the same range as in cases of drowning. The results deny the proof of diatoms even in bone marrow to be useful any longer for the diagnosis of death from drowning.", "contents": "[Detection of diatoms in bone marrow (femur) of nondrowned (author's transl)]. Diatoms in the bone marrow (femur) of 16 nondrowned bodies were detected by a modern method of ultrafiltration. The rate of diatoms were found to be in the same range as in cases of drowning. The results deny the proof of diatoms even in bone marrow to be useful any longer for the diagnosis of death from drowning.", "PMID": 525062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2164", "title": "[Lethal intoxication by acebutolol (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on suicidal intoxication by acebutolol (prent). Thin-layer and gas chromatography as well as spectrophotometry were used to show the presence of and to determine acebutolol and its aniline derivative arising from hydrolysis in all tissues. The highest concentrations were found in urine and liver.", "contents": "[Lethal intoxication by acebutolol (author's transl)]. Report on suicidal intoxication by acebutolol (prent). Thin-layer and gas chromatography as well as spectrophotometry were used to show the presence of and to determine acebutolol and its aniline derivative arising from hydrolysis in all tissues. The highest concentrations were found in urine and liver.", "PMID": 525063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2165", "title": "[Postoperative urine transport disorders after supravesical urinary diversion].", "content": "By means of the intravenous urography we controlled the behaviour of the deriving urinary tracts after supravesical deviation of the urine using the intestine. In 70 patients 131 uretero-enterostomies were evaluated. The urogram pictures made postoperatively in different time intervals independent upon the intestinal segment used and upon the operation technique revealed after 4 weeks in 85.4% of the cases a clear disturbance of the transport of urine, partly up to the full picture of retention kidney. Under application of antibiotics and prednisolone these pathophysiological changes significantly receded. After 24 weeks the percentage decreased to 12.2.", "contents": "[Postoperative urine transport disorders after supravesical urinary diversion]. By means of the intravenous urography we controlled the behaviour of the deriving urinary tracts after supravesical deviation of the urine using the intestine. In 70 patients 131 uretero-enterostomies were evaluated. The urogram pictures made postoperatively in different time intervals independent upon the intestinal segment used and upon the operation technique revealed after 4 weeks in 85.4% of the cases a clear disturbance of the transport of urine, partly up to the full picture of retention kidney. Under application of antibiotics and prednisolone these pathophysiological changes significantly receded. After 24 weeks the percentage decreased to 12.2.", "PMID": 525068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2166", "title": "[Kidney lesion from phenacetin].", "content": "After a short survey of the most important toxical lesions of the human organism by phenacetin a report is given on a 65-year-old female patient. An abuse of phenacetin lasting 20 years (calculated total quantity: more than 1 kg) led to a lesion of the kidney and rejection of the papilla. The anamnesis confirms the frequently thoughtless prescription of phenacetin-containing medicaments and emphasizes their sequelae. By a clarifying talk with the appreciative patient the abuse of phenacetin could be finished.", "contents": "[Kidney lesion from phenacetin]. After a short survey of the most important toxical lesions of the human organism by phenacetin a report is given on a 65-year-old female patient. An abuse of phenacetin lasting 20 years (calculated total quantity: more than 1 kg) led to a lesion of the kidney and rejection of the papilla. The anamnesis confirms the frequently thoughtless prescription of phenacetin-containing medicaments and emphasizes their sequelae. By a clarifying talk with the appreciative patient the abuse of phenacetin could be finished.", "PMID": 525069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2167", "title": "[Surgical treatment of plastic induration of the penis].", "content": "In a period of two years 16 patients with induration penis plastica were observed; 11 needed treatment. The therapy was performed according to the degree of severity with vitamin E or local injections of hyaluronidase-dexamethasone. When the conservative therapy failed the foci were removed by operation and the defect was covered by lyophilised dura. The results are rather encouraging. Disturbances of the erection could not be observed. In selected cases of successless conservative therapy the excision with covering of the dura seems to represent an accessible alternative.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of plastic induration of the penis]. In a period of two years 16 patients with induration penis plastica were observed; 11 needed treatment. The therapy was performed according to the degree of severity with vitamin E or local injections of hyaluronidase-dexamethasone. When the conservative therapy failed the foci were removed by operation and the defect was covered by lyophilised dura. The results are rather encouraging. Disturbances of the erection could not be observed. In selected cases of successless conservative therapy the excision with covering of the dura seems to represent an accessible alternative.", "PMID": 525070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2168", "title": "[Comparison between ambulatory or stationary treatment systems for patients with rhematoid arthritis with reference to the development of the family situation].", "content": "The evaluation of a detailed questionaire which was issued to 44 German female rheumatoid arthritis patients (family mothers) who underwent \"Kur\" treatment courses and a comparable group of Dutch patients who had ambulatory treatment only shows little advantage to the \"Kur\" system). The \"Kur\" patients had adjusted somewhat better to their illness and had retained more easily the extra-familial social contacts. In contrast, statistically significant advantages were clearly evident in the Dutch ambulatory treatment programm: 1. Over-all reduction in \"feeling ill\" 2. Reduced stress in association with the objectively reduced joint mobility 3. Reduced stress in association with pain 4. The support of the patient by immediate family members and other relatives is generally better 5. Better patient support possibilities by family friends 6. Reduced negative effects on family life 7. Reduced disruptive effects in relationships between the patients and their husbands and children 8. Higher degree of satisfaction with physicians and the treatment. Even if national behavioral differences are taken into consideration, the ambulatory system as practiced in Holland seems to hold significant advantages to the \"Kur\" system.", "contents": "[Comparison between ambulatory or stationary treatment systems for patients with rhematoid arthritis with reference to the development of the family situation]. The evaluation of a detailed questionaire which was issued to 44 German female rheumatoid arthritis patients (family mothers) who underwent \"Kur\" treatment courses and a comparable group of Dutch patients who had ambulatory treatment only shows little advantage to the \"Kur\" system). The \"Kur\" patients had adjusted somewhat better to their illness and had retained more easily the extra-familial social contacts. In contrast, statistically significant advantages were clearly evident in the Dutch ambulatory treatment programm: 1. Over-all reduction in \"feeling ill\" 2. Reduced stress in association with the objectively reduced joint mobility 3. Reduced stress in association with pain 4. The support of the patient by immediate family members and other relatives is generally better 5. Better patient support possibilities by family friends 6. Reduced negative effects on family life 7. Reduced disruptive effects in relationships between the patients and their husbands and children 8. Higher degree of satisfaction with physicians and the treatment. Even if national behavioral differences are taken into consideration, the ambulatory system as practiced in Holland seems to hold significant advantages to the \"Kur\" system.", "PMID": 525064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2169", "title": "[Anesthesiological experiences in urologic interventions].", "content": "It is reported on anaesthesiological experiences of 6,043 general anaesthesias with in-patients during a period of 15 years in the Urological Clinic of Jena University. The narcoses of the years 1965 and 1976 are compared and the further development of the techniques of anaesthesia are described taking into consideration the urological specialities.", "contents": "[Anesthesiological experiences in urologic interventions]. It is reported on anaesthesiological experiences of 6,043 general anaesthesias with in-patients during a period of 15 years in the Urological Clinic of Jena University. The narcoses of the years 1965 and 1976 are compared and the further development of the techniques of anaesthesia are described taking into consideration the urological specialities.", "PMID": 525071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2170", "title": "Synovial nature of pathologic periarticular structures, including subcutaneous nodules. descent from embryonic arthrogenic fibroblasts: a hypothesis.", "content": "In the embryo the periarticular fibroblasts were the producers of the greater part of the joint they surround in later life, as well as of the tendon sheaths and bursae. It is postulated that adult fibroblasts have retained atavistic arthrogenic properties, and may react to traumatizing, inflammatory and oncogenic stimuli by forming periarticular joint-like structures: \"arthromas\" such as ganglia, meniscal cysts, synovial cysts, synovial sarcoma and subcutaneous nodules. The arthroid nature of these growths manifests itself by the presence of a central cavity, which can be identified as a synovial cavity by histologic, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods. In case of affection of the joint all of these adnexa may be involved. A resemblance of these structures to embryonic joint tissues has been noted for years. The nature of the subcutaneous nodule is discussed at some length. It may contain one or more synovial clefts; synovial elements may be found in its centre by histochemistry and electron-microscopy. Recent and personal findings shed a new light on palisading cells, which may be fibroblasts, having taken up again their embryonic task as synovioblasts. From periarticular fibroblasts thus three kinds of tumors may arise; benign (ganglia, cysts, subcutaneous nodules), malignant (synovial sarcoma) and \"semi-malignant\" (pannus in rheumatoid arthritis).", "contents": "Synovial nature of pathologic periarticular structures, including subcutaneous nodules. descent from embryonic arthrogenic fibroblasts: a hypothesis. In the embryo the periarticular fibroblasts were the producers of the greater part of the joint they surround in later life, as well as of the tendon sheaths and bursae. It is postulated that adult fibroblasts have retained atavistic arthrogenic properties, and may react to traumatizing, inflammatory and oncogenic stimuli by forming periarticular joint-like structures: \"arthromas\" such as ganglia, meniscal cysts, synovial cysts, synovial sarcoma and subcutaneous nodules. The arthroid nature of these growths manifests itself by the presence of a central cavity, which can be identified as a synovial cavity by histologic, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods. In case of affection of the joint all of these adnexa may be involved. A resemblance of these structures to embryonic joint tissues has been noted for years. The nature of the subcutaneous nodule is discussed at some length. It may contain one or more synovial clefts; synovial elements may be found in its centre by histochemistry and electron-microscopy. Recent and personal findings shed a new light on palisading cells, which may be fibroblasts, having taken up again their embryonic task as synovioblasts. From periarticular fibroblasts thus three kinds of tumors may arise; benign (ganglia, cysts, subcutaneous nodules), malignant (synovial sarcoma) and \"semi-malignant\" (pannus in rheumatoid arthritis).", "PMID": 525065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2171", "title": "Efficacy and safety of piroxicam and indomethacin in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. A double blind comparative study.", "content": "A total of 17 patients suffering from musculoskeletal disease were included in a double blind study to compare the efficacy and safety of piroxicam and indomethacin. Seven patients received a single dose of 30 mg piroxicam daily for two weeks, an eight patient stopped treatment after two days because of thrombocytopenia of unknown origin. Nine patients received 50 mg indomethacin tid for two weeks although treatment was interrupted for 2 days in one patient when a pulmonary embolus (unrelated to trial treatment) developed. Both treatment groups showed significant reductions in pain scores assessed by the patient from day 2 in the indomethacin group and day 6 in the piroxicam group. There were significant differences between the groups in favour of indomethacin at days 5, 8, 11, 12 and 13, although the groups were not well matched at baseline. Other efficacy measurements including the patient's and physician's overall assessments showed an improvement in some patients in each group, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. Side effects recorded as due to trial treatment occurred in one piroxicam and four indomethacin treated patients. Minor abnormalities in laboratory test results without clinical significance occurred in both groups. One piroxicam treated patient had a low platelet count prior to treatment and a subsequent reduction on day 3 requiring treatment to be stopped.", "contents": "Efficacy and safety of piroxicam and indomethacin in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. A double blind comparative study. A total of 17 patients suffering from musculoskeletal disease were included in a double blind study to compare the efficacy and safety of piroxicam and indomethacin. Seven patients received a single dose of 30 mg piroxicam daily for two weeks, an eight patient stopped treatment after two days because of thrombocytopenia of unknown origin. Nine patients received 50 mg indomethacin tid for two weeks although treatment was interrupted for 2 days in one patient when a pulmonary embolus (unrelated to trial treatment) developed. Both treatment groups showed significant reductions in pain scores assessed by the patient from day 2 in the indomethacin group and day 6 in the piroxicam group. There were significant differences between the groups in favour of indomethacin at days 5, 8, 11, 12 and 13, although the groups were not well matched at baseline. Other efficacy measurements including the patient's and physician's overall assessments showed an improvement in some patients in each group, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. Side effects recorded as due to trial treatment occurred in one piroxicam and four indomethacin treated patients. Minor abnormalities in laboratory test results without clinical significance occurred in both groups. One piroxicam treated patient had a low platelet count prior to treatment and a subsequent reduction on day 3 requiring treatment to be stopped.", "PMID": 525066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2172", "title": "[Subtotal parathyroidectomy in the advanced stages of renal osteodystrophy].", "content": "In 7 haemodialysis patients with progressing renal osteopathy a partly subtotal, partly total parathyroidectomy was carried out. Postoperatively in all cases a clinical improvement developed, which, however, in part was only transient. The laboratory parameters showed a rapid tendency to normalisation, the X-ray diagnostic finding and the bone mineral content remained essentially unchanged, also the histological skeletal findings. The results are compiled in form of tables. The value of the diagnostic measures which should precede a subtotal parathyroidectomy is discussed. At present the different postoperative courses apparently cannot be prospectively estimated with the help of the hitherto usual diagnostic measures. On the basis of the partly good results and of the operation risk which is to be thoroughly demanded of a haemodialysis patient it seems that after having used all conservative possibilities the surgical interventions nevertheless indicated in progressing renal osteopathy.", "contents": "[Subtotal parathyroidectomy in the advanced stages of renal osteodystrophy]. In 7 haemodialysis patients with progressing renal osteopathy a partly subtotal, partly total parathyroidectomy was carried out. Postoperatively in all cases a clinical improvement developed, which, however, in part was only transient. The laboratory parameters showed a rapid tendency to normalisation, the X-ray diagnostic finding and the bone mineral content remained essentially unchanged, also the histological skeletal findings. The results are compiled in form of tables. The value of the diagnostic measures which should precede a subtotal parathyroidectomy is discussed. At present the different postoperative courses apparently cannot be prospectively estimated with the help of the hitherto usual diagnostic measures. On the basis of the partly good results and of the operation risk which is to be thoroughly demanded of a haemodialysis patient it seems that after having used all conservative possibilities the surgical interventions nevertheless indicated in progressing renal osteopathy.", "PMID": 525073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2173", "title": "[Hemofiltration of lysozyme in dialysis patients].", "content": "With the help of the haemofiltration on the capillary dialysator CDAK 4 the behaviour of lysozyme (muramidase) was investigated in 20 dialysis patients. In 6 of 55 cases a measurable lysozyme concentration in the haemofiltrate was found. A relation to the size of the serum lysozyme level could not be established. The influence of defective capillaries is discussed. Despite the in most cases not measurable lysozyme concentrations in the haemofiltrate a decrease of the serum lysozyme level taking place parallel to creatinine could be proved during dialysis. Examinations of the influence of the renal rest function in dialysis patients with a rest diuresis resulted in a lower lysozyme concentration in the serum than in patients with complete anuria. These findings allow conclusions to the behaviour of low-molecular proteins in the kidney of dialysis patients and to their losses on the dialysis membrane.", "contents": "[Hemofiltration of lysozyme in dialysis patients]. With the help of the haemofiltration on the capillary dialysator CDAK 4 the behaviour of lysozyme (muramidase) was investigated in 20 dialysis patients. In 6 of 55 cases a measurable lysozyme concentration in the haemofiltrate was found. A relation to the size of the serum lysozyme level could not be established. The influence of defective capillaries is discussed. Despite the in most cases not measurable lysozyme concentrations in the haemofiltrate a decrease of the serum lysozyme level taking place parallel to creatinine could be proved during dialysis. Examinations of the influence of the renal rest function in dialysis patients with a rest diuresis resulted in a lower lysozyme concentration in the serum than in patients with complete anuria. These findings allow conclusions to the behaviour of low-molecular proteins in the kidney of dialysis patients and to their losses on the dialysis membrane.", "PMID": 525074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2174", "title": "[Normurat (benzbromaron) in the treatment of gout].", "content": "The anti-hyperuricemic effect of a daily doses of 100 mg of the normurat (Benzbromaron) was studied in 25 patients with gout. This agent leads to a rapid decrease to normal values of the elevated serum uric acid level. Within one week of discontinuation of the drug the serum urate levels rose to the initial pathological value. For some of the patients it was possible to keep the uric acid level within the normal range by administration of 50 mg of Benzbromaron daily or 100 mg every second day. The tolerance of the preparation was good and during the 4--6 months' long therapeutic trial there were no severe side effects.", "contents": "[Normurat (benzbromaron) in the treatment of gout]. The anti-hyperuricemic effect of a daily doses of 100 mg of the normurat (Benzbromaron) was studied in 25 patients with gout. This agent leads to a rapid decrease to normal values of the elevated serum uric acid level. Within one week of discontinuation of the drug the serum urate levels rose to the initial pathological value. For some of the patients it was possible to keep the uric acid level within the normal range by administration of 50 mg of Benzbromaron daily or 100 mg every second day. The tolerance of the preparation was good and during the 4--6 months' long therapeutic trial there were no severe side effects.", "PMID": 525067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2175", "title": "[An Austrian model of rehabilitation after severe traumata (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short survey of the Austrian Social Insurance System, provisions for the rehabilitation of accident victims as carried in Austria are briefly described. This description includes the medical and social aspects as well as the coordinated function of both components of rehabilitation. The question of prosthetic appliances as well as rehabilitation and special care for paraplegics is also dealt with. Future developments such as day-centres for rehabilitation and a possible departure from the causeoriented principle in legal accident-insurance are also briefly outlined in prospective.", "contents": "[An Austrian model of rehabilitation after severe traumata (author's transl)]. After a short survey of the Austrian Social Insurance System, provisions for the rehabilitation of accident victims as carried in Austria are briefly described. This description includes the medical and social aspects as well as the coordinated function of both components of rehabilitation. The question of prosthetic appliances as well as rehabilitation and special care for paraplegics is also dealt with. Future developments such as day-centres for rehabilitation and a possible departure from the causeoriented principle in legal accident-insurance are also briefly outlined in prospective.", "PMID": 525075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2176", "title": "[Special diagnosis and treatment in injuries of parenchymatous organs (author's transl)].", "content": "The parenchymatous organs are mostly involved in blunt abdominal trauma. Besides the physical examinations, the additional peritoneal lavage is emphasized as a diagnostic tool of great importance. The special diagnostic and surgical proceedings in injuries of spleen, liver and pancreas are discussed in detail. In cases of spleen injuries -- even if there are only small lacerations -- the total exstirpation of the spleen is necessary. For sutures in hepatic injuries the application of \"collagenous bands\" is recommended. The different methods of treatment in pancreatic trauma reach from simple drainage to partial resection.", "contents": "[Special diagnosis and treatment in injuries of parenchymatous organs (author's transl)]. The parenchymatous organs are mostly involved in blunt abdominal trauma. Besides the physical examinations, the additional peritoneal lavage is emphasized as a diagnostic tool of great importance. The special diagnostic and surgical proceedings in injuries of spleen, liver and pancreas are discussed in detail. In cases of spleen injuries -- even if there are only small lacerations -- the total exstirpation of the spleen is necessary. For sutures in hepatic injuries the application of \"collagenous bands\" is recommended. The different methods of treatment in pancreatic trauma reach from simple drainage to partial resection.", "PMID": 525076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2177", "title": "[Treatment of the complications of the reflux syndrome and secondary brachyesophagus].", "content": "Two surgical methods are compared: resection of the stricture and replacement by large bowel (out of 64 cases, 63 were elective and one emergency), and the usual anti-reflux procedures (13 cases). In this series the mortality rate and the functional results are reported as more favourable after resection and replacement by bowel, than with more conservative surgical methods, generally considered to be less risky. In the 63 elective operations (resection of the oesophageal stricture and replacement by a segment of isoperistaltic large bowel) there was no mortality; one patient operated because of acute bleeding died. After antireflux operations of 13 cases two patients died because of surgical complications two others as a result of nonsurgical ones.", "contents": "[Treatment of the complications of the reflux syndrome and secondary brachyesophagus]. Two surgical methods are compared: resection of the stricture and replacement by large bowel (out of 64 cases, 63 were elective and one emergency), and the usual anti-reflux procedures (13 cases). In this series the mortality rate and the functional results are reported as more favourable after resection and replacement by bowel, than with more conservative surgical methods, generally considered to be less risky. In the 63 elective operations (resection of the oesophageal stricture and replacement by a segment of isoperistaltic large bowel) there was no mortality; one patient operated because of acute bleeding died. After antireflux operations of 13 cases two patients died because of surgical complications two others as a result of nonsurgical ones.", "PMID": 525080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2178", "title": "[Surgical treatment of segmental occlusions of the popliteal and the crural arteries with modified vascular prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Possibilities and indications for reconstruction of the femoro-popliteal and femoro-crural region are dealth with. Autogenous veins still are the favoured graft material for the femoro-popliteal/crural bypass. If an autogenous vein is not available bovine arterial grafts, Gore-Tex-PTFE prostheses or modified human umbilical cord vein are alternative materials.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of segmental occlusions of the popliteal and the crural arteries with modified vascular prostheses (author's transl)]. Possibilities and indications for reconstruction of the femoro-popliteal and femoro-crural region are dealth with. Autogenous veins still are the favoured graft material for the femoro-popliteal/crural bypass. If an autogenous vein is not available bovine arterial grafts, Gore-Tex-PTFE prostheses or modified human umbilical cord vein are alternative materials.", "PMID": 525082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2179", "title": "[Cystic-stump-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "When persistent or recurrent pain appears following a cholecystectomy, precise clarification is required (ERCP). A long stump of the cystic duct should be cited as one of numerous different causes. If reoperation is indicated, the stump must be searched for radiomanometry should be implemented in order to ascertain possible choledochus stones or a stenosis of the papilla and redress these in the course of the same operation. The existing stump must be resected in any case. Among 5020 operations for benign diseases of the bile duct (1961 to 1977) 88 cystic duct stump resections were performed without fatalities. With the exception of 2 cases the operation remedied the patients' complaints.", "contents": "[Cystic-stump-syndrome (author's transl)]. When persistent or recurrent pain appears following a cholecystectomy, precise clarification is required (ERCP). A long stump of the cystic duct should be cited as one of numerous different causes. If reoperation is indicated, the stump must be searched for radiomanometry should be implemented in order to ascertain possible choledochus stones or a stenosis of the papilla and redress these in the course of the same operation. The existing stump must be resected in any case. Among 5020 operations for benign diseases of the bile duct (1961 to 1977) 88 cystic duct stump resections were performed without fatalities. With the exception of 2 cases the operation remedied the patients' complaints.", "PMID": 525086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2180", "title": "[Surgical intervention in cold nodules of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "In statistical analyses the rate of malignancy of solitary cold thyroid nodules is estimated between 3 to 50%. In our records the incidence of malignancy is 6,6%. Concerning the pathogenicity of these thyroid nodules no conclusions can be drawn which are only based on the results of such analyses. Each thyroid nodule has to be classified either according to its clinical and morphological characteristics or to its morphology alone. The condition for an optimal diagnosis and therapy is provided by the surgeon and pathologist being acquainted with the criteria for morphological classification or clinical data respectively.", "contents": "[Surgical intervention in cold nodules of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. In statistical analyses the rate of malignancy of solitary cold thyroid nodules is estimated between 3 to 50%. In our records the incidence of malignancy is 6,6%. Concerning the pathogenicity of these thyroid nodules no conclusions can be drawn which are only based on the results of such analyses. Each thyroid nodule has to be classified either according to its clinical and morphological characteristics or to its morphology alone. The condition for an optimal diagnosis and therapy is provided by the surgeon and pathologist being acquainted with the criteria for morphological classification or clinical data respectively.", "PMID": 525087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2181", "title": "[In vivo investigations on suture reactions under sterile and not sterile conditions. Comparison of absorbable and nonabsorbable suture materials (author's transl)].", "content": "Suture materials from plant and animal substances are increasingly being replaced by synthetics. Among the nonabsorbable materials, synthetics are much superior regarding infection, threading and knot strength. A coating can improve management, which is currently more favourable with silk and cotton. Absorbable polyglycolic-acid sutures enable controlled reduction of thread breaking, but catgut sutures do not. Absorption is significantly accelerated by infections, while pH-fluctuation is less important. For infected tissue, monofile or pseudomonofile sutures are most suitable.", "contents": "[In vivo investigations on suture reactions under sterile and not sterile conditions. Comparison of absorbable and nonabsorbable suture materials (author's transl)]. Suture materials from plant and animal substances are increasingly being replaced by synthetics. Among the nonabsorbable materials, synthetics are much superior regarding infection, threading and knot strength. A coating can improve management, which is currently more favourable with silk and cotton. Absorbable polyglycolic-acid sutures enable controlled reduction of thread breaking, but catgut sutures do not. Absorption is significantly accelerated by infections, while pH-fluctuation is less important. For infected tissue, monofile or pseudomonofile sutures are most suitable.", "PMID": 525088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2182", "title": "[Analysis of mechanisms of motor disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (from the results of a tonic vibration reflex study].", "content": "In 41 patients with lateral amyotrophic sclerosis the tonic vibrational reflex (TVR) was examined. The H-reflex, the M-response, the stretch reflex, and the maximal spontaneous contraction before and during the Achilles tendon vibration were recorded simultaneously. A relationship between the TVR change and the disease form was revealed, and so was the different character of the change of the spinal reflexes in the presence of vibration. Mechanisms of the changes revealed are discussed with reference to the role of the gamma-system and the intraspinal inhibition in the origin of the motor disturbances characteristic of that disease.", "contents": "[Analysis of mechanisms of motor disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (from the results of a tonic vibration reflex study]. In 41 patients with lateral amyotrophic sclerosis the tonic vibrational reflex (TVR) was examined. The H-reflex, the M-response, the stretch reflex, and the maximal spontaneous contraction before and during the Achilles tendon vibration were recorded simultaneously. A relationship between the TVR change and the disease form was revealed, and so was the different character of the change of the spinal reflexes in the presence of vibration. Mechanisms of the changes revealed are discussed with reference to the role of the gamma-system and the intraspinal inhibition in the origin of the motor disturbances characteristic of that disease.", "PMID": 525112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2183", "title": "[Electoneuromyography in the study of diseases of the neuromuscular system].", "content": "Results of electroneuromyographic examinations of 207 patients with hereditary neuromuscular diseases are presented. Patients with neural amyotrophies showed a sharp slowdown of the speed of impulse transmission along the median and the tibial nerves, a lowering of the induced potentials of the muscle and the nerve, and an increase of the M-response. In patients with spinal amyotrophies a slight lowering of the speed of the impulse transmission along the tibial nerves with the transmission speed along the median nerves being normal, a diminution of the amplitude and a shortening of the duration of the M-response, and an increase of the amplitude of the nerve action potentials were revealed. Patients with myodystrophies exhibited a slowdown of the speed of impulse transmission along the afferent fibres, and increase of the motosensor coefficient, a moderate lowering of the maximal with a tendency to a heightening of the minimal amplitude of the M-response and the nerve action potential.", "contents": "[Electoneuromyography in the study of diseases of the neuromuscular system]. Results of electroneuromyographic examinations of 207 patients with hereditary neuromuscular diseases are presented. Patients with neural amyotrophies showed a sharp slowdown of the speed of impulse transmission along the median and the tibial nerves, a lowering of the induced potentials of the muscle and the nerve, and an increase of the M-response. In patients with spinal amyotrophies a slight lowering of the speed of the impulse transmission along the tibial nerves with the transmission speed along the median nerves being normal, a diminution of the amplitude and a shortening of the duration of the M-response, and an increase of the amplitude of the nerve action potentials were revealed. Patients with myodystrophies exhibited a slowdown of the speed of impulse transmission along the afferent fibres, and increase of the motosensor coefficient, a moderate lowering of the maximal with a tendency to a heightening of the minimal amplitude of the M-response and the nerve action potential.", "PMID": 525113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2184", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in vibration sensitivity in syringomyelia].", "content": "The state of vibrational sensibility was studied in 35 patients with syringomyelia, with the aid of a special device, which evoked in the tuning fork a vibration of the same amplitude (128) in repeated studies. The indices of vibrational sensibility in patients with syringomyelia were compared to normal figures. As a norm the author employed the medium indices of vibrational sensibility in seconds in 50 normals. According to the vibrational sensibility all the patients were divided into 4 groups. The absence of vibrational perception, its drop below the norm and appearance of hyperpallesthesia corresponded to the most severe forms of the disease. In a drop of temporal indices, but not lower than the norm, the side, where the pathological process was more marked under the treatment influence, showed a restituted vibrational feeling. Disordered vibrational sensibility was found not only to the level of affected segments, but beyond them, which supports the conductive character of these disturbances.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in vibration sensitivity in syringomyelia]. The state of vibrational sensibility was studied in 35 patients with syringomyelia, with the aid of a special device, which evoked in the tuning fork a vibration of the same amplitude (128) in repeated studies. The indices of vibrational sensibility in patients with syringomyelia were compared to normal figures. As a norm the author employed the medium indices of vibrational sensibility in seconds in 50 normals. According to the vibrational sensibility all the patients were divided into 4 groups. The absence of vibrational perception, its drop below the norm and appearance of hyperpallesthesia corresponded to the most severe forms of the disease. In a drop of temporal indices, but not lower than the norm, the side, where the pathological process was more marked under the treatment influence, showed a restituted vibrational feeling. Disordered vibrational sensibility was found not only to the level of affected segments, but beyond them, which supports the conductive character of these disturbances.", "PMID": 525114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2185", "title": "[Diagnosis of subclinical manifestations of the pyramidal syndrome by stimulation electromyography].", "content": "The studies were carried out on patients with cerebral and spinal pathology (transient disturbances of cerebral circulation, post-traumatic epilepsy, cervical myelopathy with segmental disorders, etc.). Despite the absence of the clinical manifestations of the pyramid syndrome most patients showed diversely directed shifts of the amplitude of the soleus muscle H-reflex, absence of the depression of this response on high-frequency stimulation, presence of the H-potential in the foot muscles, and an increase of the amplitude of the H-reflex (withdrawn by needle electrodes) of the anterior tibial muscle. It has been concluded that of greater diagnostic value for revealing subclinical forms of the pyramid-extrapyramid insufficiency are electrophysiological findings characterizing the state of the spinal inhibition mechanisms, rather than tests characterizing the level of the motor neuron activity.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of subclinical manifestations of the pyramidal syndrome by stimulation electromyography]. The studies were carried out on patients with cerebral and spinal pathology (transient disturbances of cerebral circulation, post-traumatic epilepsy, cervical myelopathy with segmental disorders, etc.). Despite the absence of the clinical manifestations of the pyramid syndrome most patients showed diversely directed shifts of the amplitude of the soleus muscle H-reflex, absence of the depression of this response on high-frequency stimulation, presence of the H-potential in the foot muscles, and an increase of the amplitude of the H-reflex (withdrawn by needle electrodes) of the anterior tibial muscle. It has been concluded that of greater diagnostic value for revealing subclinical forms of the pyramid-extrapyramid insufficiency are electrophysiological findings characterizing the state of the spinal inhibition mechanisms, rather than tests characterizing the level of the motor neuron activity.", "PMID": 525115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2186", "title": "[Several methodologic aspects of the problem of aphasia].", "content": "Main concepts of aphasia are analysed. It is shown that each of them emphasizes analytically certain aspects of this complicated problem. It is maintained that the one-sided view on this problem is overcome historically in the context of developing dialectico-materialistic understanding of the scientific psychophysiological problem. It is proven that the intergrative methods of investigating speech functions are, of the greatest diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Several methodologic aspects of the problem of aphasia]. Main concepts of aphasia are analysed. It is shown that each of them emphasizes analytically certain aspects of this complicated problem. It is maintained that the one-sided view on this problem is overcome historically in the context of developing dialectico-materialistic understanding of the scientific psychophysiological problem. It is proven that the intergrative methods of investigating speech functions are, of the greatest diagnostic value.", "PMID": 525116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2187", "title": "[Certain features of the speech of patients with parkinsonism].", "content": "The speech of patients suffering from parkinsonism is usually described on the basis of merely clinical criteria. The author for the first time uses K. M. Steingart's polygraphic method for examining the speech in patients with various clinical forms of parkinsonism. As a result, regularities of the temporal characteristics of the speech were revealed, these regularities being a proof of the fact, that in patients with parkinsonism there are no pronounced disturbances of the higher integrative levels. Intense irradiation on the part of motor functions and changes of vegetative reaction confirm the important role of the functional state of the subcortical structures (of the limboreticular complex) in the pathogenesis of the speech disturbances characteristic of parkinsonism. The study has made it possible to ascertain a number of functional changes in the activity of the brain structures including the speech system.", "contents": "[Certain features of the speech of patients with parkinsonism]. The speech of patients suffering from parkinsonism is usually described on the basis of merely clinical criteria. The author for the first time uses K. M. Steingart's polygraphic method for examining the speech in patients with various clinical forms of parkinsonism. As a result, regularities of the temporal characteristics of the speech were revealed, these regularities being a proof of the fact, that in patients with parkinsonism there are no pronounced disturbances of the higher integrative levels. Intense irradiation on the part of motor functions and changes of vegetative reaction confirm the important role of the functional state of the subcortical structures (of the limboreticular complex) in the pathogenesis of the speech disturbances characteristic of parkinsonism. The study has made it possible to ascertain a number of functional changes in the activity of the brain structures including the speech system.", "PMID": 525117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2188", "title": "[Ontogenesis of the entorhinal region of the human cerebral cortex].", "content": "The ontogenesis of the entorhinal region of the human brain was studied on a series of continuous frontal sections of the brain in 13 pre- and postnatal ages. The sections were stained with crezyl violet. Use was made of the quantitative methods. The study revealed some peculiarities in the ontogenetic development of certain subregions and areas of the entorhinal cortex of the human brain. Peculiar of the development of the human antorhinal region in the second half of pregnancy is appearance of new areas typical in their structure of the man brain only. The entorhinal region cortex was found to develop intensely in the postnatal ontogenesis; its basic cytoarchitectonic development is completed by the 2nd--4th year of the life.", "contents": "[Ontogenesis of the entorhinal region of the human cerebral cortex]. The ontogenesis of the entorhinal region of the human brain was studied on a series of continuous frontal sections of the brain in 13 pre- and postnatal ages. The sections were stained with crezyl violet. Use was made of the quantitative methods. The study revealed some peculiarities in the ontogenetic development of certain subregions and areas of the entorhinal cortex of the human brain. Peculiar of the development of the human antorhinal region in the second half of pregnancy is appearance of new areas typical in their structure of the man brain only. The entorhinal region cortex was found to develop intensely in the postnatal ontogenesis; its basic cytoarchitectonic development is completed by the 2nd--4th year of the life.", "PMID": 525118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2189", "title": "[Certain patterns in the formation of optical illusions].", "content": "A structural dynamic analysis of productive disorders in visual perception was attempted on the basis of psychological study of 344 patients. These disorders were studied according to the increasing degree of inadequacy (anisomorphia) of pathological images in respect to real stimula. Considering the differences of such phenomena according to the degree of discrepancy of their perceptive characteristics with the traits of real objects, some successively complicated pathological images were examined, including traditional false recognition, illusions and hallucinations, as well as interlapping intermediate structures. Some pathogenetical mechanisms in the formations of visual illusions are suggested. Clinico-psychopathological parallels are made between disorders of visual perception and disease entities.", "contents": "[Certain patterns in the formation of optical illusions]. A structural dynamic analysis of productive disorders in visual perception was attempted on the basis of psychological study of 344 patients. These disorders were studied according to the increasing degree of inadequacy (anisomorphia) of pathological images in respect to real stimula. Considering the differences of such phenomena according to the degree of discrepancy of their perceptive characteristics with the traits of real objects, some successively complicated pathological images were examined, including traditional false recognition, illusions and hallucinations, as well as interlapping intermediate structures. Some pathogenetical mechanisms in the formations of visual illusions are suggested. Clinico-psychopathological parallels are made between disorders of visual perception and disease entities.", "PMID": 525119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2190", "title": "[Psychopathology and the dynamics of cenestopathy in schizophrenia].", "content": "A total of 75 schizophrenic patients with cenesthopathic disturbances aged from 18 to 69 years and with a disease duration of 2--42 years were examined. The paper deals with studies on psychopathological traits of cenesthopathia and structurally related symptomatology in different stages of schizophrenia. The studied forms of schizophrenia were characterized by a systematization of cenesthopathias and were differentiated from somatoneurological sensations, pathological sensations, and hallucinations of general sensations. The studies on the psychopathological nature of cenesthopathia permitted to classify it as an independent syndrome in the clinical picture of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Psychopathology and the dynamics of cenestopathy in schizophrenia]. A total of 75 schizophrenic patients with cenesthopathic disturbances aged from 18 to 69 years and with a disease duration of 2--42 years were examined. The paper deals with studies on psychopathological traits of cenesthopathia and structurally related symptomatology in different stages of schizophrenia. The studied forms of schizophrenia were characterized by a systematization of cenesthopathias and were differentiated from somatoneurological sensations, pathological sensations, and hallucinations of general sensations. The studies on the psychopathological nature of cenesthopathia permitted to classify it as an independent syndrome in the clinical picture of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 525120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2191", "title": "[Psychopathology of protracted endogenous depressions].", "content": "A clinico-psychopathological study of 85 patients with protracted endogenous depressions permitted to distinguish 7 main syndromological types: melancholic, adynamic, dysphoric, anesthetical, anxious, cenestho-hypochondriacal and a complex type of depressive disorders with hallucinatory, delusional and catatonic disturbances. The first 5 types were characterized by syndromological simplicity and could be qualified as monomorphic. The latter 2 types of depressions had a complex structure with profound positive disorders and pronounced polymorphism, which in some cases had a clinical picture of a major syndrome.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of protracted endogenous depressions]. A clinico-psychopathological study of 85 patients with protracted endogenous depressions permitted to distinguish 7 main syndromological types: melancholic, adynamic, dysphoric, anesthetical, anxious, cenestho-hypochondriacal and a complex type of depressive disorders with hallucinatory, delusional and catatonic disturbances. The first 5 types were characterized by syndromological simplicity and could be qualified as monomorphic. The latter 2 types of depressions had a complex structure with profound positive disorders and pronounced polymorphism, which in some cases had a clinical picture of a major syndrome.", "PMID": 525121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2192", "title": "[Features of psychopathologic disorders in schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions].", "content": "In order to reveal psychopathological disturbances in schizophrenia appearing under the influence of psychogenic factors, 145 schizophrenic patients with attack-like progressive and continuous forms of development, accompanied by psychogenic reactions were examined. The significant changes in the clinical picture of such conditions expressed in atypical and fragmentary psychopathological signs indicate a deep influence of psychogenic reactions on the pathogenesis of the schizophrenic process. The study demonstrated as well a certain dependence of the psychogenic modification in the clinical picture of schizophrenia on the form of development and character of psychogenic disorders. The results of the study may help to overcome difficulties in differential diagnosis of schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions.", "contents": "[Features of psychopathologic disorders in schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions]. In order to reveal psychopathological disturbances in schizophrenia appearing under the influence of psychogenic factors, 145 schizophrenic patients with attack-like progressive and continuous forms of development, accompanied by psychogenic reactions were examined. The significant changes in the clinical picture of such conditions expressed in atypical and fragmentary psychopathological signs indicate a deep influence of psychogenic reactions on the pathogenesis of the schizophrenic process. The study demonstrated as well a certain dependence of the psychogenic modification in the clinical picture of schizophrenia on the form of development and character of psychogenic disorders. The results of the study may help to overcome difficulties in differential diagnosis of schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions.", "PMID": 525123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2193", "title": "[Features of thought formation in schizophrenic children].", "content": "The paper deals with problems related to the onthogenetic formation of a special type of the pathological cognitive activity. Such activity was expressed in disturbances of selective actualization of knowledge based on the past experience. Experimental psychological studies were performed in children from 5--14 years of age, with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenia. The data obtained indicate an acceleration (in comparison to normal children of the same age) in the development of thinking operations, demonstrate in a capability to generalize additive signs and relations. The results obtained also suggest that the capability to generalize subject properties hierarchied according to the degree of social priority, is formed by other regularities and is retarded in schizophrenic children in comparison to normal children of the same age.", "contents": "[Features of thought formation in schizophrenic children]. The paper deals with problems related to the onthogenetic formation of a special type of the pathological cognitive activity. Such activity was expressed in disturbances of selective actualization of knowledge based on the past experience. Experimental psychological studies were performed in children from 5--14 years of age, with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenia. The data obtained indicate an acceleration (in comparison to normal children of the same age) in the development of thinking operations, demonstrate in a capability to generalize additive signs and relations. The results obtained also suggest that the capability to generalize subject properties hierarchied according to the degree of social priority, is formed by other regularities and is retarded in schizophrenic children in comparison to normal children of the same age.", "PMID": 525124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2194", "title": "[Experimental psychology study of certain aspects of reduced activity among schizophrenic patients].", "content": "Experimental psychological studies of some aspects of lowered mental activity, due to an increasing schizophrenic defect, were performed in 15 patients. Some traits of realization processes and goal selection as a reflection of certain aspects of activity were studied. The study included 2 groups of schizophrenic patients (with a continuous and shift-like development) with different degrees of a clinically pronounced defect. The results obtained indicate that along with a formation of a defect in this group there is also a change in some aspects of mental activity which is reflected in changed processes of goal realization and selection. The schizophrenic patients become less initiative, they are incapable of posing goals in compliance with previous levels of achievement, and as a result their activity becomes less productive.", "contents": "[Experimental psychology study of certain aspects of reduced activity among schizophrenic patients]. Experimental psychological studies of some aspects of lowered mental activity, due to an increasing schizophrenic defect, were performed in 15 patients. Some traits of realization processes and goal selection as a reflection of certain aspects of activity were studied. The study included 2 groups of schizophrenic patients (with a continuous and shift-like development) with different degrees of a clinically pronounced defect. The results obtained indicate that along with a formation of a defect in this group there is also a change in some aspects of mental activity which is reflected in changed processes of goal realization and selection. The schizophrenic patients become less initiative, they are incapable of posing goals in compliance with previous levels of achievement, and as a result their activity becomes less productive.", "PMID": 525125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2195", "title": "[Correlation between psychopathologic and pathopsychologic aspects of thought disorders].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the evidence on correlations of psychopathological and pathopsychological aspects of disturbed thinking, obtained on the basis of clinico-psychopathological and pathopsychological examinations of schizophrenic patients. Four traits of correlations between pathology of thinking with psychopathological structures are discussed. The paper contains some explanations with respect to the reasons for relatively intact thinking in experimental psychological testing. The results of the studies do not confirm absolute obligatory disturbances of thinking for all forms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Correlation between psychopathologic and pathopsychologic aspects of thought disorders]. The paper is concerned with the evidence on correlations of psychopathological and pathopsychological aspects of disturbed thinking, obtained on the basis of clinico-psychopathological and pathopsychological examinations of schizophrenic patients. Four traits of correlations between pathology of thinking with psychopathological structures are discussed. The paper contains some explanations with respect to the reasons for relatively intact thinking in experimental psychological testing. The results of the studies do not confirm absolute obligatory disturbances of thinking for all forms of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 525126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2196", "title": "[Chemical and biological properties of a fluorescence derivative of gentamycin].", "content": "By reaction with 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1'-phthalan]-3,3'-dione a fluorescing gentamycin derivative was produced which is characterized by the following properties: High fluorescence intensity in UV light, which enables simple and sensitive determination up to 10(-9) M. In this way it is possible to determine the localization of this substance in tissues, cells and body fluids. When favorably stored, the derivative is chemically stable. At pH 8 and storage at +5 degrees C in the dark for 27 days the substance loses only 5% of its original fluorescence. In comparison with the nonsubstituted gentamyzin the derivative has a twofold higher binding capacity to serum albumin. The antimicrobial properties are retained; the range of antimicrobial effects is similar to that of gentamycin.", "contents": "[Chemical and biological properties of a fluorescence derivative of gentamycin]. By reaction with 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1'-phthalan]-3,3'-dione a fluorescing gentamycin derivative was produced which is characterized by the following properties: High fluorescence intensity in UV light, which enables simple and sensitive determination up to 10(-9) M. In this way it is possible to determine the localization of this substance in tissues, cells and body fluids. When favorably stored, the derivative is chemically stable. At pH 8 and storage at +5 degrees C in the dark for 27 days the substance loses only 5% of its original fluorescence. In comparison with the nonsubstituted gentamyzin the derivative has a twofold higher binding capacity to serum albumin. The antimicrobial properties are retained; the range of antimicrobial effects is similar to that of gentamycin.", "PMID": 525134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2197", "title": "[Clinico-angiographic diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the posterior cranial fossa in children].", "content": "Superior cerebellar arteries raised above Lisholm's line is the most constant sign of a volume process in the posterior cerebral fossa. In tumors of the brain stem, the angiograms demonstrate hypertrophied arteries of the pons and changes in the position of initial segments of the upper cerebellar arteries. Tumors of the fourth ventricle in most cases cause displacement of the basilar artery to the front and the tonsillar segments of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery to the back and downward. In a lesion of the vermis of the cerebellum the artery and vein of the inferior vermis are considerably displaced to the back toward the occipital squama. Tumors of the cerebellar hemisphere may cause no changes in the position of the basilar artery in relation to Blumenbach's clivus. Displacement of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery beyond the midline indicates the side of the lesion. Demonstration of the vascular network of the tumor itself is the most important sign in topical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-angiographic diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the posterior cranial fossa in children]. Superior cerebellar arteries raised above Lisholm's line is the most constant sign of a volume process in the posterior cerebral fossa. In tumors of the brain stem, the angiograms demonstrate hypertrophied arteries of the pons and changes in the position of initial segments of the upper cerebellar arteries. Tumors of the fourth ventricle in most cases cause displacement of the basilar artery to the front and the tonsillar segments of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery to the back and downward. In a lesion of the vermis of the cerebellum the artery and vein of the inferior vermis are considerably displaced to the back toward the occipital squama. Tumors of the cerebellar hemisphere may cause no changes in the position of the basilar artery in relation to Blumenbach's clivus. Displacement of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery beyond the midline indicates the side of the lesion. Demonstration of the vascular network of the tumor itself is the most important sign in topical diagnosis.", "PMID": 525129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2198", "title": "[Free fatty acids as inhibitors of the respiratory chain in testicular homogenates].", "content": "The supernatants of the 440 000 . g . min centrifugation of homogenates of rat, bull and boar testicles and sperm inhibit the NADH-oxidase activity of non-phosphorylating submitochondrial particles (ETP). Whereas no inhibitory activity was observed with young rats (150 g), a marked inhibition was detected with heavier animals. The inhibitory activity of testicles was located in the microsomal fraction. The reaction of the testicular inhibitor with the ETP is initiated by an instant reversible binding followed by a slow irreversible inhibition of the electron transport. The reason of the time-dependence is neither an interaction between the enzymes of the ETP and those of the microsomal electron transport nor a slow degradation of the ETP by microsomal phospholipases. Some observations indicate an indirect involvement of phospholipase via the formation of free fatty acids (FFA). The inhibitory fraction could be solubilized from the microsomes both by sodium cholate treatment and by ethanol extraction. After separation of the lipid classes by chromatography on silica gel and gas-chromatographic analysis the inhibitory fraction was identified as a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA) of different chain lengths and degree of saturation. Thus a new effect of FFA on the mitochondrial electron transport has been detected which is different from other actions known up till now. The degradation of the phospholipids of the endoplasmic reticulum in the spermatozoa may be the source of the enhanced formation of FFA. An inhibition of the cell respiration presumably does not occur in vivo. The high FFA level in the testicular homogenates of sexually mature animals is a consequence of an intensive FFA metabolism, especially of high phospholipase activity.", "contents": "[Free fatty acids as inhibitors of the respiratory chain in testicular homogenates]. The supernatants of the 440 000 . g . min centrifugation of homogenates of rat, bull and boar testicles and sperm inhibit the NADH-oxidase activity of non-phosphorylating submitochondrial particles (ETP). Whereas no inhibitory activity was observed with young rats (150 g), a marked inhibition was detected with heavier animals. The inhibitory activity of testicles was located in the microsomal fraction. The reaction of the testicular inhibitor with the ETP is initiated by an instant reversible binding followed by a slow irreversible inhibition of the electron transport. The reason of the time-dependence is neither an interaction between the enzymes of the ETP and those of the microsomal electron transport nor a slow degradation of the ETP by microsomal phospholipases. Some observations indicate an indirect involvement of phospholipase via the formation of free fatty acids (FFA). The inhibitory fraction could be solubilized from the microsomes both by sodium cholate treatment and by ethanol extraction. After separation of the lipid classes by chromatography on silica gel and gas-chromatographic analysis the inhibitory fraction was identified as a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA) of different chain lengths and degree of saturation. Thus a new effect of FFA on the mitochondrial electron transport has been detected which is different from other actions known up till now. The degradation of the phospholipids of the endoplasmic reticulum in the spermatozoa may be the source of the enhanced formation of FFA. An inhibition of the cell respiration presumably does not occur in vivo. The high FFA level in the testicular homogenates of sexually mature animals is a consequence of an intensive FFA metabolism, especially of high phospholipase activity.", "PMID": 525135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2199", "title": "[Time parameters of the retinal control of light intensity and influencing parameters].", "content": "The variability of the pupillomotoric control of light intensity was analysed in response to changes in the duration of the light flash, the respiratory phase during stimulation and the age of the subjects. The method of infrared pupillography was used to determine dynamic time parameters. With increasing duration of the light flash from 8 to 125, 250 and 500 ms we observed an acceleration of the latencies whilst the other time parameters were prolonged. There was no significant influence of the time of stimulation during the respiratory cycle. With growing age increased latencies and reduced time parameters of the pupillomotoric transient response were found. The possible reason and importance of the observed changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Time parameters of the retinal control of light intensity and influencing parameters]. The variability of the pupillomotoric control of light intensity was analysed in response to changes in the duration of the light flash, the respiratory phase during stimulation and the age of the subjects. The method of infrared pupillography was used to determine dynamic time parameters. With increasing duration of the light flash from 8 to 125, 250 and 500 ms we observed an acceleration of the latencies whilst the other time parameters were prolonged. There was no significant influence of the time of stimulation during the respiratory cycle. With growing age increased latencies and reduced time parameters of the pupillomotoric transient response were found. The possible reason and importance of the observed changes are discussed.", "PMID": 525136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2200", "title": "[Selective spinal angiography in children with intraparavertebral tumors].", "content": "Selective spinal angiography was conducted in 15 children aged from 2 to 15 years with tumours of the spinal cord predominantly of intraparavertebral localization. Direct and indirect angiographic signs of spinal cord tumours were demonstrated. The informativeness of the method in intraparavertebral tumours is emphasized. Selective spinal angiography may be considered a safe method causing little trauma when used for auxiliary examination of chidren with spinal cord tumours and is recommended for introduction on a wide scale in spinal neurosurgery.", "contents": "[Selective spinal angiography in children with intraparavertebral tumors]. Selective spinal angiography was conducted in 15 children aged from 2 to 15 years with tumours of the spinal cord predominantly of intraparavertebral localization. Direct and indirect angiographic signs of spinal cord tumours were demonstrated. The informativeness of the method in intraparavertebral tumours is emphasized. Selective spinal angiography may be considered a safe method causing little trauma when used for auxiliary examination of chidren with spinal cord tumours and is recommended for introduction on a wide scale in spinal neurosurgery.", "PMID": 525130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2201", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of birth injuries of the cervical portion of spine and spinal cord in newborn infants].", "content": "Experience in the treatment of 200 newborns with birth spinal cervical trauma in the acute period (under 3 weeks of age) is generalized. Forty-nine infants died; circulatory disorders and edema of the spinal cord were the prevalent morphological findings. The clinical manifestations were pareses of the upper extremities and, less frequently, truncal disorders. X-ray examination revealed spinal injury, epidural hematomas and edema of the spinal cord. Treatment included reduction of the dislocated vertebrae with subsequent immobilization of the cervical spine and rehabilitation therapy. Improvement and, sometimes, total normalization of the functions of the spinal cord were achieved.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of birth injuries of the cervical portion of spine and spinal cord in newborn infants]. Experience in the treatment of 200 newborns with birth spinal cervical trauma in the acute period (under 3 weeks of age) is generalized. Forty-nine infants died; circulatory disorders and edema of the spinal cord were the prevalent morphological findings. The clinical manifestations were pareses of the upper extremities and, less frequently, truncal disorders. X-ray examination revealed spinal injury, epidural hematomas and edema of the spinal cord. Treatment included reduction of the dislocated vertebrae with subsequent immobilization of the cervical spine and rehabilitation therapy. Improvement and, sometimes, total normalization of the functions of the spinal cord were achieved.", "PMID": 525132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2202", "title": "[EEG-activity patterns in visual information processing: characteristics, variance-analytical deliminiation, discriminance-analytical determination of undispensable variables and scale level].", "content": "1. In order to determine the variable distributions of 5 activation dependent EEG activity patterns occurring during visual information processing, mean values and standard deviations of the percental quantities of the frequencies 4, 5, ..., 13 Hz, 14 to 20 Hz and 21 to 30 Hz, as well as the mean amplitudes in the frequency bands 3.5 ... 7.4 Hz, 7.5 ... 13.4 Hz and 13.5 to 30 Hz were determined on corresponding to 10 s samples. It could be demonstrated by regression analysis that an interval scale level can be assumed already on the basis of cethe percental quantities in the three last mentioned frequency bands. 2. On the basis of 18 relevant variables, all the adjacent activity patterns could be separated from each other by means of univariate variance analysis at pairwise mean value comparison by at least two variables. 3. After stepwise reduction of dispensable variables in the framework of a linear discriminance analysis an optimal set of variables was determined, comprising the percental quantities of the frequencies 4, 5, 6, 10, 12 Hz, and 14 to 20 Hz, as well as the mean value of the amplitudes in the frequency band 3.5 to 7.4 Hz. In 4 our of 5 elementary discriminance functions, the mean values calculated for each pattern were significantly distinguishable from each other (analysis of variance, Newman-Keuls test). 4. By linear regression analysis it could be shown that the classification system of the EEG activity patterns at visual information processing can be mapped on an interval scale after the reduction of variables, too. Finally, data about the reliability of the scoring procedure are presented.", "contents": "[EEG-activity patterns in visual information processing: characteristics, variance-analytical deliminiation, discriminance-analytical determination of undispensable variables and scale level]. 1. In order to determine the variable distributions of 5 activation dependent EEG activity patterns occurring during visual information processing, mean values and standard deviations of the percental quantities of the frequencies 4, 5, ..., 13 Hz, 14 to 20 Hz and 21 to 30 Hz, as well as the mean amplitudes in the frequency bands 3.5 ... 7.4 Hz, 7.5 ... 13.4 Hz and 13.5 to 30 Hz were determined on corresponding to 10 s samples. It could be demonstrated by regression analysis that an interval scale level can be assumed already on the basis of cethe percental quantities in the three last mentioned frequency bands. 2. On the basis of 18 relevant variables, all the adjacent activity patterns could be separated from each other by means of univariate variance analysis at pairwise mean value comparison by at least two variables. 3. After stepwise reduction of dispensable variables in the framework of a linear discriminance analysis an optimal set of variables was determined, comprising the percental quantities of the frequencies 4, 5, 6, 10, 12 Hz, and 14 to 20 Hz, as well as the mean value of the amplitudes in the frequency band 3.5 to 7.4 Hz. In 4 our of 5 elementary discriminance functions, the mean values calculated for each pattern were significantly distinguishable from each other (analysis of variance, Newman-Keuls test). 4. By linear regression analysis it could be shown that the classification system of the EEG activity patterns at visual information processing can be mapped on an interval scale after the reduction of variables, too. Finally, data about the reliability of the scoring procedure are presented.", "PMID": 525137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2203", "title": "[Effect of fat free diet during the last week of pregnancy upon the linoleic and arachidonic acid content of fetal organ lipids and placenta lipids of the rat].", "content": "Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a fatfree diet from day 16--22 of pregnancy. On day 22, the fatty acid components of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids of maternal (brain, muscle, serum, white adipose tissue, liver) and fetal (brain, carcass, serum, liver) tissues, including the placenta, were examined gaschromatographically for the participation of linoleic and arachidonic  acid. In all fetal and maternal organs the linoleic acid levels in the fatty acid patterns were strongly reduced. The alterations nearly always involved all the lipid fractions of a tissue and were mostly equal within a tissue. The strongest decreases of linoleic acid occurred in the placenta, and the weakest, in the lipids of maternal muscle and maternal adipose tissue. The linoleic acid alterations were principally similar in fetal and the corresponding maternal tissues, while being less pronounced in case of maternal muscle. The participation of arachidonic acid in the fatty acid pattern is completely retained in the lipids of fetal organs, and is even enhanced in those of the placenta.", "contents": "[Effect of fat free diet during the last week of pregnancy upon the linoleic and arachidonic acid content of fetal organ lipids and placenta lipids of the rat]. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a fatfree diet from day 16--22 of pregnancy. On day 22, the fatty acid components of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids of maternal (brain, muscle, serum, white adipose tissue, liver) and fetal (brain, carcass, serum, liver) tissues, including the placenta, were examined gaschromatographically for the participation of linoleic and arachidonic  acid. In all fetal and maternal organs the linoleic acid levels in the fatty acid patterns were strongly reduced. The alterations nearly always involved all the lipid fractions of a tissue and were mostly equal within a tissue. The strongest decreases of linoleic acid occurred in the placenta, and the weakest, in the lipids of maternal muscle and maternal adipose tissue. The linoleic acid alterations were principally similar in fetal and the corresponding maternal tissues, while being less pronounced in case of maternal muscle. The participation of arachidonic acid in the fatty acid pattern is completely retained in the lipids of fetal organs, and is even enhanced in those of the placenta.", "PMID": 525138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2204", "title": "[Examination of conduction by injured nerves in children].", "content": "Increase of skin resistance in Ohms to 828--1000 kOhm, reduction of temperature by 1.4 +/- 0.5--2.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C, the absence of skin folds, pink color in the thermal test, an even parabola of the intensity-duration curve and the absence of induced muscle potentials in 91 patients one month and more after injury confirmed the diagnosis of total interruption of the nerve and the indications for its suturing. The presence of skin folds in the autonomous zone and deviations of the intensity-duration curve caused by muscle potentials were evidence of total disturbance of nerve conduction and indicated the application of nonoperative treatment.", "contents": "[Examination of conduction by injured nerves in children]. Increase of skin resistance in Ohms to 828--1000 kOhm, reduction of temperature by 1.4 +/- 0.5--2.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C, the absence of skin folds, pink color in the thermal test, an even parabola of the intensity-duration curve and the absence of induced muscle potentials in 91 patients one month and more after injury confirmed the diagnosis of total interruption of the nerve and the indications for its suturing. The presence of skin folds in the autonomous zone and deviations of the intensity-duration curve caused by muscle potentials were evidence of total disturbance of nerve conduction and indicated the application of nonoperative treatment.", "PMID": 525133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2205", "title": "The influence of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on electrotropic and inotropic vagal effects on the isolated rabbit atrium.", "content": "1. PG E2 (2.10(-8) g/ml) produces a positive inotropic effect and lengthens the duration of the action potential at the level of 50% and 90% of repolarization. 2. PG F2 alpha acts negatively inotropic and shortens the action potential at the level of 75% and 90% of repolarization. 3. PG F2 alpha (2.10(-8) g/ml) increases both the electrotropic and inotropic vagal effects, PG E2 (2.10(-8) g/ml) decreases them. 4. PG E2 improves the electromechanical coupling, PG F2 alpha reduces it.", "contents": "The influence of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on electrotropic and inotropic vagal effects on the isolated rabbit atrium. 1. PG E2 (2.10(-8) g/ml) produces a positive inotropic effect and lengthens the duration of the action potential at the level of 50% and 90% of repolarization. 2. PG F2 alpha acts negatively inotropic and shortens the action potential at the level of 75% and 90% of repolarization. 3. PG F2 alpha (2.10(-8) g/ml) increases both the electrotropic and inotropic vagal effects, PG E2 (2.10(-8) g/ml) decreases them. 4. PG E2 improves the electromechanical coupling, PG F2 alpha reduces it.", "PMID": 525139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2206", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on temperature and behaviour of centrally sympathectomized rats.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PG F2 alpha) in doses of 1 and 10 micrograms applied intraventricularly causes a rise in body temperature and exerts a sedative action on rat behaviour. Chemical sympathectomy of the central nervous system (CNS) induced by a twofold intraventricular administration of 250 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces the influence of PG F2 alpha on the body temperature and behaviour. Reserpine administered to rats with chemical sympathectomy of the central nervous system reverses or prevents the PG F2 alpha action on body temperature of the animals. The results of the experiments seem to indicate that the central monoaminergic mechanisms play a role in the central action of PG F2 alpha on body temperature and behaviour.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on temperature and behaviour of centrally sympathectomized rats. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PG F2 alpha) in doses of 1 and 10 micrograms applied intraventricularly causes a rise in body temperature and exerts a sedative action on rat behaviour. Chemical sympathectomy of the central nervous system (CNS) induced by a twofold intraventricular administration of 250 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces the influence of PG F2 alpha on the body temperature and behaviour. Reserpine administered to rats with chemical sympathectomy of the central nervous system reverses or prevents the PG F2 alpha action on body temperature of the animals. The results of the experiments seem to indicate that the central monoaminergic mechanisms play a role in the central action of PG F2 alpha on body temperature and behaviour.", "PMID": 525140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2207", "title": "[Role of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system for the antinocifensive effect of morphine].", "content": "As revealed in earlier studies, the antinocifensive effect of morphine is brought about, among other things, with involvement of serotoninergic transmission mechanisms. In this context the role of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system has been studied in this paper. Topical microinjections of serotonin into the dorsal hippocampus increased morphine analgesia in a dose-dependent fashion, while application into the striatum had no effect. Morphine injections into the median raphe nucleus in relatively low doses exert an antinocifensive effect which is inhibitable by methysergide. Lysergic acid diethylamide administered into the median raphe nucleus also abolished the effect of morphine in a dose-dependent manner. The results in connection with literature data lend support to the presumed integrative function of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system in the mechanism of antinocifensive action of morphine.", "contents": "[Role of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system for the antinocifensive effect of morphine]. As revealed in earlier studies, the antinocifensive effect of morphine is brought about, among other things, with involvement of serotoninergic transmission mechanisms. In this context the role of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system has been studied in this paper. Topical microinjections of serotonin into the dorsal hippocampus increased morphine analgesia in a dose-dependent fashion, while application into the striatum had no effect. Morphine injections into the median raphe nucleus in relatively low doses exert an antinocifensive effect which is inhibitable by methysergide. Lysergic acid diethylamide administered into the median raphe nucleus also abolished the effect of morphine in a dose-dependent manner. The results in connection with literature data lend support to the presumed integrative function of the serotoninergic raphe-hippocampus system in the mechanism of antinocifensive action of morphine.", "PMID": 525141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2208", "title": "[Effect of dopaminergic substances on the antinocifensive action of arecoline].", "content": "Based on earlier studies that revealed the analogical influence of noradrenaline and serotonin on morphine analgesia and the antinocifensive effect of arecoline, it was tested whether under the influence of dopaminergic substances the inhibition of nocifensive reactions is being altered by arecoline like the action of morphine. In fact, arecoline could be amplified in a dose dependent manner by apomorphine and amphetamine, which alone had no antinocifensive effects. On the other hand, no antagnoism of the dopamine receptor blockers, chloropromazine ahd haloperidole, against arecoline was demonstrable; only the additive effect of apomorphine and amphetamine could be abolished. Therefore it is concluded that dopamine is not directly involved in the spinal mechanism of the antinocifensive effect of central cholinomimetics, but that only supraspinal influences can be varied by the function of dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "[Effect of dopaminergic substances on the antinocifensive action of arecoline]. Based on earlier studies that revealed the analogical influence of noradrenaline and serotonin on morphine analgesia and the antinocifensive effect of arecoline, it was tested whether under the influence of dopaminergic substances the inhibition of nocifensive reactions is being altered by arecoline like the action of morphine. In fact, arecoline could be amplified in a dose dependent manner by apomorphine and amphetamine, which alone had no antinocifensive effects. On the other hand, no antagnoism of the dopamine receptor blockers, chloropromazine ahd haloperidole, against arecoline was demonstrable; only the additive effect of apomorphine and amphetamine could be abolished. Therefore it is concluded that dopamine is not directly involved in the spinal mechanism of the antinocifensive effect of central cholinomimetics, but that only supraspinal influences can be varied by the function of dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 525142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2209", "title": "[Receptors of human red blood cells for anti-TAH and anti-AHP in the course of intravascular aging].", "content": "Human o-erythrocytes aged in situ do not expose free receptors for anti-T agglutinin of Arachis hypogea. New receptors for concentrated anti-A agglutinin of Helix pomatia are manifested but are lost again in the course of further ageing of the cells in situ. A remasking of exposed receptors for anti-TAH and anti-AHP byautologous, strongly binding globulins is supposed. These globulins could constitute the decisive signal for the autologous phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells.", "contents": "[Receptors of human red blood cells for anti-TAH and anti-AHP in the course of intravascular aging]. Human o-erythrocytes aged in situ do not expose free receptors for anti-T agglutinin of Arachis hypogea. New receptors for concentrated anti-A agglutinin of Helix pomatia are manifested but are lost again in the course of further ageing of the cells in situ. A remasking of exposed receptors for anti-TAH and anti-AHP byautologous, strongly binding globulins is supposed. These globulins could constitute the decisive signal for the autologous phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells.", "PMID": 525143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2210", "title": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. I. Characterization and partial identification of the label of histones from rat brain following intraventricular administration of 1-[14C]-acetate].", "content": "Rat brain histones were acetylated in vivo by intraventricular injection of [14C]-acetate. More than 90% of the label is the result of a true acetylation. Enzymatic proteolysis of the labelled histone fraction and subsequent chromatographic investigation of the digestion products showed about 60% of the recovered radioactive material to be epsilon-acetyl lysine, whereas 22% of the radioactivity was found in an unidentified spot.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. I. Characterization and partial identification of the label of histones from rat brain following intraventricular administration of 1-[14C]-acetate]. Rat brain histones were acetylated in vivo by intraventricular injection of [14C]-acetate. More than 90% of the label is the result of a true acetylation. Enzymatic proteolysis of the labelled histone fraction and subsequent chromatographic investigation of the digestion products showed about 60% of the recovered radioactive material to be epsilon-acetyl lysine, whereas 22% of the radioactivity was found in an unidentified spot.", "PMID": 525144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2211", "title": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. II. Acetylation of histones from neurons and glia of the rat brain in vitro].", "content": "There are no qualitative differences in the electrophoretic patterns of histones from neurones and glia. A 25% increased acetylation rate is found in neuronal histones as compared to glial histones after incubation of chopped brain in a [14C]-acetate containing medium. This result probably reflects different condensation states of the chromatins of both cell types, as demonstrated by electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. II. Acetylation of histones from neurons and glia of the rat brain in vitro]. There are no qualitative differences in the electrophoretic patterns of histones from neurones and glia. A 25% increased acetylation rate is found in neuronal histones as compared to glial histones after incubation of chopped brain in a [14C]-acetate containing medium. This result probably reflects different condensation states of the chromatins of both cell types, as demonstrated by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 525145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2212", "title": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. III. Incorporation of [14C]-acetate into the histones of different rat brain regions during a learning experiment].", "content": "Long term memory formation obviously is accompanied by changes in macromolecule synthesis within the brain structures involved. The regulation of this process was investigated in various rat brain regions using the model of histone acetylation with [14C]-acetate during the training session, as well as 5 min and 120 min upon completion of training. Almost at all three times and in most brain structures the acetylation rate was diminished in trained animals as compared to pseudo-conditioned rats. With the exception of hippocampus labeling in trained animals was even lower in comparison to passive controls.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on histones of the central nervous system. III. Incorporation of [14C]-acetate into the histones of different rat brain regions during a learning experiment]. Long term memory formation obviously is accompanied by changes in macromolecule synthesis within the brain structures involved. The regulation of this process was investigated in various rat brain regions using the model of histone acetylation with [14C]-acetate during the training session, as well as 5 min and 120 min upon completion of training. Almost at all three times and in most brain structures the acetylation rate was diminished in trained animals as compared to pseudo-conditioned rats. With the exception of hippocampus labeling in trained animals was even lower in comparison to passive controls.", "PMID": 525146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2213", "title": "[Influence of starvation on the heart rate of rabbits].", "content": "The ECG was recorded in rabbits during EEG-controlled slow wave sleep and during food conditioning sessions. A 2-day food deprivation caused a significant slowing of mean heart rate during sleep. The heart rate increased in hungry animals waiting for food (food expectancy), but did not reach the values of saturated sleeping animals.", "contents": "[Influence of starvation on the heart rate of rabbits]. The ECG was recorded in rabbits during EEG-controlled slow wave sleep and during food conditioning sessions. A 2-day food deprivation caused a significant slowing of mean heart rate during sleep. The heart rate increased in hungry animals waiting for food (food expectancy), but did not reach the values of saturated sleeping animals.", "PMID": 525147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2214", "title": "Affinity chromatography of human serum proteins using matrix bound lectins from Viscum album and Vicia faba.", "content": "The D-galactose specific lectin from Viscum album and the D-mannose specific lectin from Vicia faba react with serum proteins which contain the corresponding carboyhydrate moieties. By affinity chromatography of human serum using the combination of insolubilized lectins coupled to Sepharose it is possible to fractionate serum proteins in 3 groups: 1. proteins which react with both of the lectins; 2. proteins which react only with one of the lectins; 3. proteins which do not display any affinity for one of the two lectins.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of human serum proteins using matrix bound lectins from Viscum album and Vicia faba. The D-galactose specific lectin from Viscum album and the D-mannose specific lectin from Vicia faba react with serum proteins which contain the corresponding carboyhydrate moieties. By affinity chromatography of human serum using the combination of insolubilized lectins coupled to Sepharose it is possible to fractionate serum proteins in 3 groups: 1. proteins which react with both of the lectins; 2. proteins which react only with one of the lectins; 3. proteins which do not display any affinity for one of the two lectins.", "PMID": 525149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2215", "title": "Interferon induction in human lymphocytes by complexes of vinyl copolymers with polynucleotides.", "content": "Analogues of the dsRNA poly(I).poly(C), namely double-stranded like complexes of poly(I) or poly(C), respectively, with corresponding vinyl nucleobases copolymerized with various vinyl compounds are highly effective interferon inducers in human lymphocyte cultures. Like poly(I).poly(C) they stimulate the liberation of an inhibitor(s) of interferon activity and, moreover, display mitogenic effect. With respect to the extent of these effects the various inducers differ considerably.", "contents": "Interferon induction in human lymphocytes by complexes of vinyl copolymers with polynucleotides. Analogues of the dsRNA poly(I).poly(C), namely double-stranded like complexes of poly(I) or poly(C), respectively, with corresponding vinyl nucleobases copolymerized with various vinyl compounds are highly effective interferon inducers in human lymphocyte cultures. Like poly(I).poly(C) they stimulate the liberation of an inhibitor(s) of interferon activity and, moreover, display mitogenic effect. With respect to the extent of these effects the various inducers differ considerably.", "PMID": 525150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2216", "title": "Synthesis of spontaneous interferon by mouse peritoneal cells in vitro. II. Characteristics of the process of spontaneous interferon synthesis.", "content": "As it was shown previously that the peritoneal cells of mice were capable of producing interferon spontaneously. Spontaneous interferon appeared after 5 to 6 h of incubation of peritoneal cells at 26 degrees C and its highest level has been found after 12 h. The production of spontaneous interferon was inhibited by 4 h incubation of peritoneal cells at a temperature of 37 degrees C as well as by actinomycin D added at 0 to 4 h.", "contents": "Synthesis of spontaneous interferon by mouse peritoneal cells in vitro. II. Characteristics of the process of spontaneous interferon synthesis. As it was shown previously that the peritoneal cells of mice were capable of producing interferon spontaneously. Spontaneous interferon appeared after 5 to 6 h of incubation of peritoneal cells at 26 degrees C and its highest level has been found after 12 h. The production of spontaneous interferon was inhibited by 4 h incubation of peritoneal cells at a temperature of 37 degrees C as well as by actinomycin D added at 0 to 4 h.", "PMID": 525152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2217", "title": "Effects of anti-interferon serum on growth and regression of Moloney sarcoma virus induced tumours in mice.", "content": "Administration of sheep anti-mouse interferon serum or globulin to weanling BALB/c mice infected with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) accelerated the growth of tumours at the site of virus inoculation, increased the number and size of tumours, and inhibited their regression. The outcome of the MSV-induced disease after injection of anti-interferon globulin depended on the age of mice. The antigenic stimulation by normal sheep serum or globulin also enhanced the growth and mortality due to MSV but to a significantly lesser extent than anti-interferon globulin.", "contents": "Effects of anti-interferon serum on growth and regression of Moloney sarcoma virus induced tumours in mice. Administration of sheep anti-mouse interferon serum or globulin to weanling BALB/c mice infected with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) accelerated the growth of tumours at the site of virus inoculation, increased the number and size of tumours, and inhibited their regression. The outcome of the MSV-induced disease after injection of anti-interferon globulin depended on the age of mice. The antigenic stimulation by normal sheep serum or globulin also enhanced the growth and mortality due to MSV but to a significantly lesser extent than anti-interferon globulin.", "PMID": 525154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2218", "title": "Assay of interferon and viral antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in clinical neurology and psychiatry.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of 245 neurological and 194 psychiatric patients were tested for viral antibodies and interferon. Complement dependent neutralizing antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 were found in the CSF of patients with encephalitis (50.6%), meningitis (35.4%), lesions of peripheral nerves (36.9%), sclerosis multiplex (41.2%), schizophrenia (31.9%), senile dementia (51.4%), mental retardation (11.1%), ethylism (43.5%). Neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus were found in the CSF of 38% patients with encephalitis, in 14% meningitis, 11% lesions of peripheral nerves and also in 5.6--11.8% of psychiatric patients. In encephalitis, meningitis and in lesions of peripheral nerves were found in the CSF frequently plaque neutralizing antobidies to the tick-borne orbivirus Lipovn\u00edk, complement-fixing antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to measles virus. In multiple sclerosis were detected CSF antibodies to measles virus (44%), Herpesvirus hominis 1 (41.2%) and Lipovn\u00edk virus (52.6%). In neurological patients were observed CSF antibodies simultaneously to two or three viruses in 16.7 to 40.6%, while in psychiatric patients in zero to 4.6%. CSF interferon was found in psychiatric patients with an equal or even higher incidence (33.7 to 57.1%) than in the neurological patients (29.6--38.6%, in multiple sclerosis only 16.7%). Non-interferon virus inhibitors were excluded. The evaluation of the ratio of serum and CSF titers of viral antibodies and of interferon indicated local synthesis of both in the central nervous system -- with the exception of antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 in CSF of some patients with very high titres in serum and probable lesions of the blood brain barrier.", "contents": "Assay of interferon and viral antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in clinical neurology and psychiatry. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of 245 neurological and 194 psychiatric patients were tested for viral antibodies and interferon. Complement dependent neutralizing antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 were found in the CSF of patients with encephalitis (50.6%), meningitis (35.4%), lesions of peripheral nerves (36.9%), sclerosis multiplex (41.2%), schizophrenia (31.9%), senile dementia (51.4%), mental retardation (11.1%), ethylism (43.5%). Neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus were found in the CSF of 38% patients with encephalitis, in 14% meningitis, 11% lesions of peripheral nerves and also in 5.6--11.8% of psychiatric patients. In encephalitis, meningitis and in lesions of peripheral nerves were found in the CSF frequently plaque neutralizing antobidies to the tick-borne orbivirus Lipovn\u00edk, complement-fixing antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to measles virus. In multiple sclerosis were detected CSF antibodies to measles virus (44%), Herpesvirus hominis 1 (41.2%) and Lipovn\u00edk virus (52.6%). In neurological patients were observed CSF antibodies simultaneously to two or three viruses in 16.7 to 40.6%, while in psychiatric patients in zero to 4.6%. CSF interferon was found in psychiatric patients with an equal or even higher incidence (33.7 to 57.1%) than in the neurological patients (29.6--38.6%, in multiple sclerosis only 16.7%). Non-interferon virus inhibitors were excluded. The evaluation of the ratio of serum and CSF titers of viral antibodies and of interferon indicated local synthesis of both in the central nervous system -- with the exception of antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 in CSF of some patients with very high titres in serum and probable lesions of the blood brain barrier.", "PMID": 525159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2219", "title": "[Spontaneous right primary iliac arteriovenous fistula and an unrecognized aorto-caval fistula located above an aneurysm].", "content": "A patient admitted for treatment of an aorto-iliac aneurism presented himself with swelling of the lower extremities and a low grade bruit over the abdomen continuous throughout systole and diastole. Aortography demonstrated the presence of a suspected ilio-caval fistula. Surgical treatment consisted of closure of the fistula and vascular replacement with an appropriate aorto-bifemoral prosthesis. Large statistics report an incidence of aortocaval fistula up to 4% in association with rupturing aortic aneurisms. The grave clinical signs and aortography confirm the diagnosis. Some of those may obstruct themselves spontaneously only to reopen at the time of operation as in the case reported. The greatest peroperatory problems with closure of those fistulae are pulmonary emboli by air and aneurismal contents. In our first case a temporary caval clip was placed as a part in the management of the lesion.", "contents": "[Spontaneous right primary iliac arteriovenous fistula and an unrecognized aorto-caval fistula located above an aneurysm]. A patient admitted for treatment of an aorto-iliac aneurism presented himself with swelling of the lower extremities and a low grade bruit over the abdomen continuous throughout systole and diastole. Aortography demonstrated the presence of a suspected ilio-caval fistula. Surgical treatment consisted of closure of the fistula and vascular replacement with an appropriate aorto-bifemoral prosthesis. Large statistics report an incidence of aortocaval fistula up to 4% in association with rupturing aortic aneurisms. The grave clinical signs and aortography confirm the diagnosis. Some of those may obstruct themselves spontaneously only to reopen at the time of operation as in the case reported. The greatest peroperatory problems with closure of those fistulae are pulmonary emboli by air and aneurismal contents. In our first case a temporary caval clip was placed as a part in the management of the lesion.", "PMID": 525160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2220", "title": "[Complex anal fistulas. Current status of their treatment].", "content": "Out of 643 anal fistulae operated, 85 were considered complex. The author details the precautions that must be used in their cure in order to avoid a recurrence or an incompetence. Operated with these principles, a great majority of these fistulae cured completely, without important sequellae of the sphincter function. A small percentage of these fistulae are difficult to treat and liable to recurrence. These are the ano-rectal high supposedly blind fistulae or those that have an internal opening above the ano-rectal ring. The author prefers the treatment by modificating injections, of which he has a large experience. This procedure does not always guarantee cure but yields frequent long remissions.", "contents": "[Complex anal fistulas. Current status of their treatment]. Out of 643 anal fistulae operated, 85 were considered complex. The author details the precautions that must be used in their cure in order to avoid a recurrence or an incompetence. Operated with these principles, a great majority of these fistulae cured completely, without important sequellae of the sphincter function. A small percentage of these fistulae are difficult to treat and liable to recurrence. These are the ano-rectal high supposedly blind fistulae or those that have an internal opening above the ano-rectal ring. The author prefers the treatment by modificating injections, of which he has a large experience. This procedure does not always guarantee cure but yields frequent long remissions.", "PMID": 525162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2221", "title": "[Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid].", "content": "This reports a rare case of diverticulum of the sigmoid in a 73 years old patient, which presence was detected about 4 years before surgery. This giant diverticulum manifested itself mainly through pain followed by anorexia. On X-ray it had the appearance of a gas cyst. The pathogeny of such a diverticulum is to be found in inflammatory factors at the base of implantation; it results from pressure effects in the diverticulum with the probable action of anaerobic bacterial fermentation. The pathologic examination does not always allow differenciation between a giant diverticulum and a duplication, especially where the later communicates with the digestive tract. The indications and surgical techniques are discussed.", "contents": "[Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid]. This reports a rare case of diverticulum of the sigmoid in a 73 years old patient, which presence was detected about 4 years before surgery. This giant diverticulum manifested itself mainly through pain followed by anorexia. On X-ray it had the appearance of a gas cyst. The pathogeny of such a diverticulum is to be found in inflammatory factors at the base of implantation; it results from pressure effects in the diverticulum with the probable action of anaerobic bacterial fermentation. The pathologic examination does not always allow differenciation between a giant diverticulum and a duplication, especially where the later communicates with the digestive tract. The indications and surgical techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 525163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2222", "title": "[Strategy and results in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. A review of 51 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In this retrospective study of 51 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal some aspects of the natural history are touched upon. The authors also discuss their results and define their current therapeutic approach. It is a rare lesion; only 2-3% of all colorectal cancers with a predominance for women (4 to 1) and of 2 histological varieties. The epidermoid type (74%) is made more prevalent though the basal layer type (26%). The prognosis is very poor once the stage T, is passed. The simultaneous finding of a primary lesion and associated inguinal lymphadenopathy is of serious consequences. The proposed therapeutic schema consists of: --Radiotherapy exclusively for T1 lesions. --Preoperative radiotherapy and abdominoperineal resection for all large lesions T3-T4. --For the intermediate T2 lesion: initially radiotherapy (2,500-4,000 rads) followed by careful reevaluation under general anesthesia to define whether further curie-therapy or surgical resection when an unsatisfactory response.", "contents": "[Strategy and results in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. A review of 51 cases (author's transl)]. In this retrospective study of 51 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal some aspects of the natural history are touched upon. The authors also discuss their results and define their current therapeutic approach. It is a rare lesion; only 2-3% of all colorectal cancers with a predominance for women (4 to 1) and of 2 histological varieties. The epidermoid type (74%) is made more prevalent though the basal layer type (26%). The prognosis is very poor once the stage T, is passed. The simultaneous finding of a primary lesion and associated inguinal lymphadenopathy is of serious consequences. The proposed therapeutic schema consists of: --Radiotherapy exclusively for T1 lesions. --Preoperative radiotherapy and abdominoperineal resection for all large lesions T3-T4. --For the intermediate T2 lesion: initially radiotherapy (2,500-4,000 rads) followed by careful reevaluation under general anesthesia to define whether further curie-therapy or surgical resection when an unsatisfactory response.", "PMID": 525165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2223", "title": "[The surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum. Analysis of 391 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1963 to 1977 included, the authors operated 391 cancers of the rectum, out of 396 cases, which makes up for 98.5%. The tumor was felt on rectal examination in 60% of patients. Resection was performed in 86% of the cases. Schematically the authors recognize 2 types of operations: the anterior resection and the abdomino-perineal amputation by 2 synchronic teams--operation of Lloyd-Davies--that represents a significant progress compared to Miles' operation. Lately preoperative cobalt therapy (2,500 r) has been used for low tumors. Postoperative mortality remains elevated: 9.1% of which 10.1% for the Lloyd-Davies procedures and 7.2% for the anterior resections. Two hundred and sixty-seven patients have at least a 5 year follow-up; four, i.e. 1.5%, were last to follow-up and are considered dead. Gross overall 5 year survival is 36%. Non corrected 5 year survival, after resection is 42.8% dividing in 37.3% for Lloyd-Davies procedures and 51.2% for anterior resections; these figures include all operated patients and not only those who survived the operation.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum. Analysis of 391 cases (author's transl)]. From 1963 to 1977 included, the authors operated 391 cancers of the rectum, out of 396 cases, which makes up for 98.5%. The tumor was felt on rectal examination in 60% of patients. Resection was performed in 86% of the cases. Schematically the authors recognize 2 types of operations: the anterior resection and the abdomino-perineal amputation by 2 synchronic teams--operation of Lloyd-Davies--that represents a significant progress compared to Miles' operation. Lately preoperative cobalt therapy (2,500 r) has been used for low tumors. Postoperative mortality remains elevated: 9.1% of which 10.1% for the Lloyd-Davies procedures and 7.2% for the anterior resections. Two hundred and sixty-seven patients have at least a 5 year follow-up; four, i.e. 1.5%, were last to follow-up and are considered dead. Gross overall 5 year survival is 36%. Non corrected 5 year survival, after resection is 42.8% dividing in 37.3% for Lloyd-Davies procedures and 51.2% for anterior resections; these figures include all operated patients and not only those who survived the operation.", "PMID": 525164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2224", "title": "Value of colonoscopy in the detection of sigmoid malignancy in patients with diverticular disease.", "content": "Sixty patients with diverticular disease, referred because a barium enema examination could not exclude a co-existing malignanty, were studied in a retrospective manner, to find out the contribution of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of sigmoid carcinoma in such patients. All X-ray studies were blindly reviewed and divided in two categories: a) diverticular disease with malignancy or strong suspicion for malignancy and b) diverticular disease without suspicion for malignancy. The accuracy of the endoscopical examination was evaluated by a follow-up study with a range of 3 months-3 years. Colonoscopy appeared to be accurate in more than 3/4 of the referred patients but was not helpful when there was a severe stenoisis and/or the diseases segment could not be reached for biopsy. The incidence diminished when a small calibre fiberendoscope was used, practically always allowing to reach or to pass the stenotic segment. There were no false positive nor false negative endoscopical results in our study. In a substantial number of patients major surgical exploration could be prevented. We consider colonoscopy therefore a valuable adjunct in detecting or eliminating cancer in colonic diverticular disease. The availability of various fiberendoscopic instruments is a prerequisite for reaching an acceptable success rate and diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Value of colonoscopy in the detection of sigmoid malignancy in patients with diverticular disease. Sixty patients with diverticular disease, referred because a barium enema examination could not exclude a co-existing malignanty, were studied in a retrospective manner, to find out the contribution of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of sigmoid carcinoma in such patients. All X-ray studies were blindly reviewed and divided in two categories: a) diverticular disease with malignancy or strong suspicion for malignancy and b) diverticular disease without suspicion for malignancy. The accuracy of the endoscopical examination was evaluated by a follow-up study with a range of 3 months-3 years. Colonoscopy appeared to be accurate in more than 3/4 of the referred patients but was not helpful when there was a severe stenoisis and/or the diseases segment could not be reached for biopsy. The incidence diminished when a small calibre fiberendoscope was used, practically always allowing to reach or to pass the stenotic segment. There were no false positive nor false negative endoscopical results in our study. In a substantial number of patients major surgical exploration could be prevented. We consider colonoscopy therefore a valuable adjunct in detecting or eliminating cancer in colonic diverticular disease. The availability of various fiberendoscopic instruments is a prerequisite for reaching an acceptable success rate and diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 525169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2225", "title": "Serum zinc before and after cholecystectomy in zinc-treated patients.", "content": "Nine female patients were given zinc sulphate (Solvezinc) 220 mg three times daily for 4 weeks prior to cholecystectomy. Mean serum zinc before zinc treatment was 17 +/- 0.8 mumol/l and rose 25 +/- 1.6 mumol/l after zinc treatment. 6 hours postoperatively serum zinc was 13 +/- 1.4 mumol/l. Thereafter it gradually increased to 20 +/- 0.7 mumol/l by the third postoperative day. The present investigation thus shows that pretreatment with zinc increases the serum zinc level but does not prevent the drop in serum zinc in connection with cholecystectomy. However, with the pretreatment serum zinc never falls below the normal range.", "contents": "Serum zinc before and after cholecystectomy in zinc-treated patients. Nine female patients were given zinc sulphate (Solvezinc) 220 mg three times daily for 4 weeks prior to cholecystectomy. Mean serum zinc before zinc treatment was 17 +/- 0.8 mumol/l and rose 25 +/- 1.6 mumol/l after zinc treatment. 6 hours postoperatively serum zinc was 13 +/- 1.4 mumol/l. Thereafter it gradually increased to 20 +/- 0.7 mumol/l by the third postoperative day. The present investigation thus shows that pretreatment with zinc increases the serum zinc level but does not prevent the drop in serum zinc in connection with cholecystectomy. However, with the pretreatment serum zinc never falls below the normal range.", "PMID": 525175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2226", "title": "Prognostic significance of intra-operative blood transfusions and flow measurements in reconstructive vascular surgery.", "content": "Intra-operative measurement of leg blood flow is useful not only for the detection of a technical fault. It has also proved to be a sensitive method to disclose hypovolaemia. Thus, if the blood volume is not restored, the peripheral vasoconstrictor tone remains elevated. In such a state, the basal leg blood flow is low, but increases markedly on pharmacological vasodilation. In a normovolaemic situation, however, the basal blood flow is higher with a less pronounced increase following vasodilation. In the present study, intra-operative measurements of graft blood flow using an electromagnetic flowmeter have been employed to evaluate the blood substitution needed during 114 consecutive reconstructions with femoro-popliteal reversed saphenous vein bypass grafts. The measurements resulted in a blood transfusion therapy that was, on an average, 38% higher that it would have been, if substitution had been based simply on a calculation of blood losses from volume measurements in the suction apparatus and from the drapes and swabs. Only three graft thromboses developed within the first month. The flow rate of these grafts was much lower than the grafts remaining open. The low early thrombosis frequency (2.8%) compares favourably with previous reports, which might partly be explained by generous intra-operative blood transfusion.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of intra-operative blood transfusions and flow measurements in reconstructive vascular surgery. Intra-operative measurement of leg blood flow is useful not only for the detection of a technical fault. It has also proved to be a sensitive method to disclose hypovolaemia. Thus, if the blood volume is not restored, the peripheral vasoconstrictor tone remains elevated. In such a state, the basal leg blood flow is low, but increases markedly on pharmacological vasodilation. In a normovolaemic situation, however, the basal blood flow is higher with a less pronounced increase following vasodilation. In the present study, intra-operative measurements of graft blood flow using an electromagnetic flowmeter have been employed to evaluate the blood substitution needed during 114 consecutive reconstructions with femoro-popliteal reversed saphenous vein bypass grafts. The measurements resulted in a blood transfusion therapy that was, on an average, 38% higher that it would have been, if substitution had been based simply on a calculation of blood losses from volume measurements in the suction apparatus and from the drapes and swabs. Only three graft thromboses developed within the first month. The flow rate of these grafts was much lower than the grafts remaining open. The low early thrombosis frequency (2.8%) compares favourably with previous reports, which might partly be explained by generous intra-operative blood transfusion.", "PMID": 525176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2227", "title": "Gastric ulceration and changes in acid secretion and mucosal blood flow after partial gastric devascularization in cats.", "content": "In anesthetized cats pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and blood flow were determined 2 hours and one week after partial gastric devascularization. The blood flow to different regions and layers of the stomach wall and the cardiac output were determined by means of the microsphere distribution technique. The H+ output from the 30th to the 60th min of pentagastrin stimulation was used as the acid response value. Devascularization resulted in marked decrease in acid secretion after 2 hours and after one week, but the acidity of the gastric juice was not changed. The corpus/fundus mucosal blood flow was markedly reduced 2 hours after devascularization. After one week the blood flow was still low, but not significantly different from sham values. The ratio of acid secretion to mucosal blood flow was not significantly changed one week after devascularization as compared with the acute experiments. All cats examined one week after devascularization had developed ulcers at the midportion of the greater curvature, which was the area of the corpus/fundus that had the most markedly reduced mucosal blood flow. The data indicate that reduced gastric secretion and development of ulcers were due to reduced gastric mucosal blood flow caused by the devascularization. Our results are also discussed in relation to results and complications after highly selective vagotomy in man, as this operation includes partial devascularization of the stomach.", "contents": "Gastric ulceration and changes in acid secretion and mucosal blood flow after partial gastric devascularization in cats. In anesthetized cats pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and blood flow were determined 2 hours and one week after partial gastric devascularization. The blood flow to different regions and layers of the stomach wall and the cardiac output were determined by means of the microsphere distribution technique. The H+ output from the 30th to the 60th min of pentagastrin stimulation was used as the acid response value. Devascularization resulted in marked decrease in acid secretion after 2 hours and after one week, but the acidity of the gastric juice was not changed. The corpus/fundus mucosal blood flow was markedly reduced 2 hours after devascularization. After one week the blood flow was still low, but not significantly different from sham values. The ratio of acid secretion to mucosal blood flow was not significantly changed one week after devascularization as compared with the acute experiments. All cats examined one week after devascularization had developed ulcers at the midportion of the greater curvature, which was the area of the corpus/fundus that had the most markedly reduced mucosal blood flow. The data indicate that reduced gastric secretion and development of ulcers were due to reduced gastric mucosal blood flow caused by the devascularization. Our results are also discussed in relation to results and complications after highly selective vagotomy in man, as this operation includes partial devascularization of the stomach.", "PMID": 525177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2228", "title": "[Radiological aspects of peri-diverticular disease of the colon. An anatomo-pathological correlation (author's transl].", "content": "Sixty consecutive cases operated for diverticular disease of the colon within the last 10 years are reviewed. A comparative study is made of the anatomopathological examination of the specimens and their radiological aspect trying to establish the precise radiological picture of acute, chronic and fibrotic peri-diverticular disease. Plain films of the abdomen, intravenous uro- and cystography are very useful in acute cases. A baryum enema just prior to surgery (33 cases) heralds by the rigid aspect of the involved bowelsegment the acute case; spasms, thick disorderly folds and localized extravasation characterize the acute peridiverticulitis. Fibrotic peri-diverticular disease shows disorderly, fine but \"ragged\" folds associated with extrinsic fistulae. In many cases the inflammation is not purely acute nor chronic or fibrotic. The distinguishing histological types are simultaneously present and render the radiological picture complex.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of peri-diverticular disease of the colon. An anatomo-pathological correlation (author's transl]. Sixty consecutive cases operated for diverticular disease of the colon within the last 10 years are reviewed. A comparative study is made of the anatomopathological examination of the specimens and their radiological aspect trying to establish the precise radiological picture of acute, chronic and fibrotic peri-diverticular disease. Plain films of the abdomen, intravenous uro- and cystography are very useful in acute cases. A baryum enema just prior to surgery (33 cases) heralds by the rigid aspect of the involved bowelsegment the acute case; spasms, thick disorderly folds and localized extravasation characterize the acute peridiverticulitis. Fibrotic peri-diverticular disease shows disorderly, fine but \"ragged\" folds associated with extrinsic fistulae. In many cases the inflammation is not purely acute nor chronic or fibrotic. The distinguishing histological types are simultaneously present and render the radiological picture complex.", "PMID": 525167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2229", "title": "Diverticular disease of the colon.", "content": "Diverticular disease is basically a disorder of muscle function, particularly of the sigmoid colon. Increase in tone of the muscle layers of the bowel with consequent muscular thickening of a characteristic pattern. The thickening is not a true cellular hypertrophy and there is no evidence of muscle cell hyperplasia. The formation of diverticula are distributed along the points of greatest weakness in the bowel wall, namely where the blood supply penetrates, suggests that pulsion plays a major role in their development. The inflammation in diverticular disease is purely a complication of the diverticulosis.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the colon. Diverticular disease is basically a disorder of muscle function, particularly of the sigmoid colon. Increase in tone of the muscle layers of the bowel with consequent muscular thickening of a characteristic pattern. The thickening is not a true cellular hypertrophy and there is no evidence of muscle cell hyperplasia. The formation of diverticula are distributed along the points of greatest weakness in the bowel wall, namely where the blood supply penetrates, suggests that pulsion plays a major role in their development. The inflammation in diverticular disease is purely a complication of the diverticulosis.", "PMID": 525171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2230", "title": "Primary results after resection and anastomosis for mid-rectal cancer with a new stapling instrument. A preliminary report.", "content": "Early results after resection with primary anastomosis for cancer of the mid-rectum using a new stapling instrument are reported. 20 patients with an adenocarcinoma 7-12 cm from the anal verge were operated. On patient died postoperatively from respiratory complications but with no sign of anastomotic dehiscence. One patient had a clinically recognizable leakage which closed spontaneously within 2 days. Three patients had roentgenologically demonstrable leakage but no clinical symptoms. On examination, 1-3 months after the operation, all patients were continent for feces as well as for gas and none had more than four bowel movements per day. Resection and anastomosis by means' of the stapling instrument is practicable even at the lowest level, and is far less time consuming and does not require the same degree of training as low anterior resection with conventional suture anastomosis.", "contents": "Primary results after resection and anastomosis for mid-rectal cancer with a new stapling instrument. A preliminary report. Early results after resection with primary anastomosis for cancer of the mid-rectum using a new stapling instrument are reported. 20 patients with an adenocarcinoma 7-12 cm from the anal verge were operated. On patient died postoperatively from respiratory complications but with no sign of anastomotic dehiscence. One patient had a clinically recognizable leakage which closed spontaneously within 2 days. Three patients had roentgenologically demonstrable leakage but no clinical symptoms. On examination, 1-3 months after the operation, all patients were continent for feces as well as for gas and none had more than four bowel movements per day. Resection and anastomosis by means' of the stapling instrument is practicable even at the lowest level, and is far less time consuming and does not require the same degree of training as low anterior resection with conventional suture anastomosis.", "PMID": 525178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2231", "title": "The role of colonoscopy in complicated diverticular disease. A review.", "content": "Colonoscopy in complicated diverticular disease may assist the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of associated strictures. A review of the literature shows that carcinoma was identified in 21 (17%) of 125 patients and that an additional diagnosis was made in 40 (32%) patients. Although colonoscopy may be a difficult procedure in patients with diverticular disease the caecum was reached in 27 (61%) of 44 patients and took no longer than routine colonoscopic orpcedures. Further analysis of these results confirms that the barium enema frequently produces both false positive and false negative diagnoses of carcinoma and polyps. The presence of bleeding strongly suggests the presence of a concomitant lesion. Fifteen (11%) carcinomas were identified in a group of 135 patients with persistent rectal bleeding whose barium enema showed only diverticular disease and an additional diagnosis was made in 50 (37%) of these patients. Colonoscopy is an important investigation in patients with complicated diverticular disease.", "contents": "The role of colonoscopy in complicated diverticular disease. A review. Colonoscopy in complicated diverticular disease may assist the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of associated strictures. A review of the literature shows that carcinoma was identified in 21 (17%) of 125 patients and that an additional diagnosis was made in 40 (32%) patients. Although colonoscopy may be a difficult procedure in patients with diverticular disease the caecum was reached in 27 (61%) of 44 patients and took no longer than routine colonoscopic orpcedures. Further analysis of these results confirms that the barium enema frequently produces both false positive and false negative diagnoses of carcinoma and polyps. The presence of bleeding strongly suggests the presence of a concomitant lesion. Fifteen (11%) carcinomas were identified in a group of 135 patients with persistent rectal bleeding whose barium enema showed only diverticular disease and an additional diagnosis was made in 50 (37%) of these patients. Colonoscopy is an important investigation in patients with complicated diverticular disease.", "PMID": 525168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2232", "title": "The place of sigmoid myotomy in diverticular disease.", "content": "The place of longitudinal myotomy in the treatment of diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon is discussed, with passing reference to the drawbacks of transverse myotomy. The prime indication for longitudinal myotomy is in the longstanding uncomplicated case of troublesome diverticular disease that has not responded to correct medical treatment, which should include high-residue diet and bran. Such cases are usually over 50 years of age, when a functional and reversible obstruction has become organic and irreversible. They comprise 75% of a series of 104 cases described. A secondary indication is in cases of diverticular disease which have been complicated by perforation, abscess formation, acute intestinal obstruction or fistulae. Such cases comprise 25% of the present series. They may settle after drainage and/or defunctioning colostomy. Myotomy can be carried out later, with or without limited resection, provided that all signs of pus or peritonitis have disappeared. The technique of the operation is described and the results are analysed.", "contents": "The place of sigmoid myotomy in diverticular disease. The place of longitudinal myotomy in the treatment of diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon is discussed, with passing reference to the drawbacks of transverse myotomy. The prime indication for longitudinal myotomy is in the longstanding uncomplicated case of troublesome diverticular disease that has not responded to correct medical treatment, which should include high-residue diet and bran. Such cases are usually over 50 years of age, when a functional and reversible obstruction has become organic and irreversible. They comprise 75% of a series of 104 cases described. A secondary indication is in cases of diverticular disease which have been complicated by perforation, abscess formation, acute intestinal obstruction or fistulae. Such cases comprise 25% of the present series. They may settle after drainage and/or defunctioning colostomy. Myotomy can be carried out later, with or without limited resection, provided that all signs of pus or peritonitis have disappeared. The technique of the operation is described and the results are analysed.", "PMID": 525173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2233", "title": "Ultrastructure of the aorta in experimental uraemia.", "content": "The effect of chronic experimental uraemia on the ultrastructure of the aorta was studied in rats. Pathological changes were found essentially in the media, in which the smooth muscle cells commonly had increased amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi structures and mitochondria, probably reflecting an increased synthetic and metabolic activity. In other areas of the media, degenerative and necrotic changes of the smooth muscle cells dominated. Increased amountes of collagen and the appearance of vesicular structures, probably cell debris, were noted in the extracellular space. Diffusely spread needle- and plate-shaped electron dense structures were seen in some necrotic areas. By X-ray microanalysis these structures could be demonstrated to have a high content of calcium, and probably represented hydroxyapatite crystals. Two types of circumscribed rounded electron dense conglomerates also appeared. At least one of these structures, in which X-ray microanalysis showed a high calcium content, is thought to represent a site of early calcification. Electron dense deposits in the elastic structures were only occasionally seen. The alterations occurred in both parathyroidectomized and non-parathyroidectomized uraemic animals. The study revealed no signs of intracellular calcification and suggests a close relation between necrosis of the smooth muscle cells and calcification of the aortic wall in experimental uraemia.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the aorta in experimental uraemia. The effect of chronic experimental uraemia on the ultrastructure of the aorta was studied in rats. Pathological changes were found essentially in the media, in which the smooth muscle cells commonly had increased amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi structures and mitochondria, probably reflecting an increased synthetic and metabolic activity. In other areas of the media, degenerative and necrotic changes of the smooth muscle cells dominated. Increased amountes of collagen and the appearance of vesicular structures, probably cell debris, were noted in the extracellular space. Diffusely spread needle- and plate-shaped electron dense structures were seen in some necrotic areas. By X-ray microanalysis these structures could be demonstrated to have a high content of calcium, and probably represented hydroxyapatite crystals. Two types of circumscribed rounded electron dense conglomerates also appeared. At least one of these structures, in which X-ray microanalysis showed a high calcium content, is thought to represent a site of early calcification. Electron dense deposits in the elastic structures were only occasionally seen. The alterations occurred in both parathyroidectomized and non-parathyroidectomized uraemic animals. The study revealed no signs of intracellular calcification and suggests a close relation between necrosis of the smooth muscle cells and calcification of the aortic wall in experimental uraemia.", "PMID": 525179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2234", "title": "The treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon with a high fibre diet.", "content": "This paper describes the pathogenesis, aetiology, epidemiology and the historical emergence of diverticular disease as a clinical problem. The symptoms of the uncomplicated disease can be treated successfully and cheapli with a high fibre diet including miller's bran. The method of giving bran and its results are described. The adoption of a high fibre diet lessens the need for surgery in diverticulitis and the author believes that it could prevent the appearance of the condition in future generations.", "contents": "The treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon with a high fibre diet. This paper describes the pathogenesis, aetiology, epidemiology and the historical emergence of diverticular disease as a clinical problem. The symptoms of the uncomplicated disease can be treated successfully and cheapli with a high fibre diet including miller's bran. The method of giving bran and its results are described. The adoption of a high fibre diet lessens the need for surgery in diverticulitis and the author believes that it could prevent the appearance of the condition in future generations.", "PMID": 525170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2235", "title": "[About 35 cases of perforated colon diverticulitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-five cases of perforated colon diverticulitis were treated by us between 1960 and 1977. An overall mortality of 34% reveals the seriousness of this disease. Perforation in open peritoneum doubles the mortality and morbidity rate of covered perforations and of secondary fistulisation. The surgical operations used--immediate resection or colostomy and a drainage--were imposed by the status of the patient and the local state of the lesion. The resection of the pathological colon segment, when feasable, caused no death in this series although a mortality of 48% was noted for multiple procedures. The diagnostical and surgical difficulties associated to profound biological and hemodynamic alterations in these old patients, justifies the multiple stage surgery in a large number of cases. Resection of the perforated segment remains the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[About 35 cases of perforated colon diverticulitis (author's transl)]. Thirty-five cases of perforated colon diverticulitis were treated by us between 1960 and 1977. An overall mortality of 34% reveals the seriousness of this disease. Perforation in open peritoneum doubles the mortality and morbidity rate of covered perforations and of secondary fistulisation. The surgical operations used--immediate resection or colostomy and a drainage--were imposed by the status of the patient and the local state of the lesion. The resection of the pathological colon segment, when feasable, caused no death in this series although a mortality of 48% was noted for multiple procedures. The diagnostical and surgical difficulties associated to profound biological and hemodynamic alterations in these old patients, justifies the multiple stage surgery in a large number of cases. Resection of the perforated segment remains the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 525174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2236", "title": "Uraemic myocardial disease. An experimental study, with special reference to the effect of parathyroidectomy.", "content": "A histopathological study of the myocardium was performed in rats made uraemic by a 5/6 kidney resection. The examinations were performed after intervals up to 36 weeks. Uraemia caused focal myocardial necroses, the incidence and severity of which were related to the length and severity of the uraemic state. In the myocardium of some animals intracellularly located calcifications were found. The calcifications usually appeared only in the necrotic areas. The coronary arteries showed only slight or moderate arteriosclerosis without severe obturation of the lumens and the genesis of the necroses is suggested to be factors other than ischaemia or hypoxia. Since secondary hyperparathyroidism might be one such factor, the effect of prior parathyroidectomy was studied. Parathyroidectomy prevented the development of calcifications but not the development of necrosis. However, the significance of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the development of myocardial necroses cannot be fully evaluated from the present study. The protecting effect of parathyroidectomy was probably counterbalanced by the deleterious effect of further elevated serum phosphate levels in the parathyroidectomized animals.", "contents": "Uraemic myocardial disease. An experimental study, with special reference to the effect of parathyroidectomy. A histopathological study of the myocardium was performed in rats made uraemic by a 5/6 kidney resection. The examinations were performed after intervals up to 36 weeks. Uraemia caused focal myocardial necroses, the incidence and severity of which were related to the length and severity of the uraemic state. In the myocardium of some animals intracellularly located calcifications were found. The calcifications usually appeared only in the necrotic areas. The coronary arteries showed only slight or moderate arteriosclerosis without severe obturation of the lumens and the genesis of the necroses is suggested to be factors other than ischaemia or hypoxia. Since secondary hyperparathyroidism might be one such factor, the effect of prior parathyroidectomy was studied. Parathyroidectomy prevented the development of calcifications but not the development of necrosis. However, the significance of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the development of myocardial necroses cannot be fully evaluated from the present study. The protecting effect of parathyroidectomy was probably counterbalanced by the deleterious effect of further elevated serum phosphate levels in the parathyroidectomized animals.", "PMID": 525180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2237", "title": "[Peridiverticulitis of the colon: confrontation of pre- and postoperative diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience with the surgical management of the peridiverticulitis coli (60 cases). It is frequently uneasy to have an accurate pre- and peroperative diagnosis of the nature and the grade of severity of the illness. So, the indication for surgery, the choice of the procedure, and the evaluation of the results are somewhat subjective. The microscopical study of the resected colons give objective data about the status of the bowel. Our pathological findings have shown major inflammatory lesions in the colons which were resected in emergency, in the cases operated upon for stenoses and fistula. On the other hand, when patients underwent an elective surgical procedure, after a primary conservative (medical or surgical) treatment, the inflammation could be absent. The risks of leaving in place some of these colons seem to be small.", "contents": "[Peridiverticulitis of the colon: confrontation of pre- and postoperative diagnosis (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience with the surgical management of the peridiverticulitis coli (60 cases). It is frequently uneasy to have an accurate pre- and peroperative diagnosis of the nature and the grade of severity of the illness. So, the indication for surgery, the choice of the procedure, and the evaluation of the results are somewhat subjective. The microscopical study of the resected colons give objective data about the status of the bowel. Our pathological findings have shown major inflammatory lesions in the colons which were resected in emergency, in the cases operated upon for stenoses and fistula. On the other hand, when patients underwent an elective surgical procedure, after a primary conservative (medical or surgical) treatment, the inflammation could be absent. The risks of leaving in place some of these colons seem to be small.", "PMID": 525172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2238", "title": "Impaired lymphocyte transformation after accidental trauma.", "content": "The effect of accidental trauma on lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was studied in 66 patients with minor, moderate or multiple trauma. An in vitro whole blood micromethod was used. The lymphocyte transformation induced by the mitogens and the antigen was impaired in patients with trauma in proportion to the severity of the injury. A decrease of lymphocytic responses to a very low level had prognostic value for the patient as indicated by the two patients with very low lymphocytic responses and serious infectious complications.", "contents": "Impaired lymphocyte transformation after accidental trauma. The effect of accidental trauma on lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was studied in 66 patients with minor, moderate or multiple trauma. An in vitro whole blood micromethod was used. The lymphocyte transformation induced by the mitogens and the antigen was impaired in patients with trauma in proportion to the severity of the injury. A decrease of lymphocytic responses to a very low level had prognostic value for the patient as indicated by the two patients with very low lymphocytic responses and serious infectious complications.", "PMID": 525181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2239", "title": "Serum lipid levels and hyperlipoproteinaemia in gallstone patients.", "content": "Gallstone disease has been reported to be common in hypertriglyceridaemic patients, especially those with type IV lipoprotein pattern. The object of the present study was to further investigate whether gallstone disease is associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Serum lipid levels and prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a consecutive series of patients with gallstone disease (315 females and 142 males) were compared to a control series (160 females and 94 males). Gallstone patients had higher serum triglyceride levels than those of controls whereas serum cholesterol levels were the same. The prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia was the same in both groups but there was an overrepresentation of patients with type II b and IV pattern among gallstone patients. Pregnancies, including miscarriages after the first trimester, and use of oral contraceptives were recorded in the female subjects less than or equal 30 years. Pregnancies and use of oral contraceptives among nonparous women were more common among gallstone patients than controls.", "contents": "Serum lipid levels and hyperlipoproteinaemia in gallstone patients. Gallstone disease has been reported to be common in hypertriglyceridaemic patients, especially those with type IV lipoprotein pattern. The object of the present study was to further investigate whether gallstone disease is associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Serum lipid levels and prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a consecutive series of patients with gallstone disease (315 females and 142 males) were compared to a control series (160 females and 94 males). Gallstone patients had higher serum triglyceride levels than those of controls whereas serum cholesterol levels were the same. The prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia was the same in both groups but there was an overrepresentation of patients with type II b and IV pattern among gallstone patients. Pregnancies, including miscarriages after the first trimester, and use of oral contraceptives were recorded in the female subjects less than or equal 30 years. Pregnancies and use of oral contraceptives among nonparous women were more common among gallstone patients than controls.", "PMID": 525182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2240", "title": "The treatment of acute cholecystitis. A series of 497 consecutive patients.", "content": "In a five-year series of 497 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis an overall mortality of 3.2% was observed. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients undergoing early surgery and those managed initially conservatively. The total incidence of postoperative complications was also similar in the early and delayed surgery groups, although wound complications were slightly more frequent after early surgery. A special risk group was formed by patients with unsuccessful conservative treatment demanding emergency surgery later. These delayed emergency cases contributed half of the deaths; the mortality was 28% in this group. Conservative initial treatment was followed by a recurrence rate of 21% before delayed surgery undertaken on average four months after the acute episode. With early surgery for acute cholecystitis recurrence and later emergencies can be avoided and the time of treatment approximately halved without significant increase in operative risks compared with delayed surgery. The data obtained under routine clinical work support the results of the prospective trial carried out at the same department of surgery (J\u00e4rvinen & H\u00e4stbacka, 1979).", "contents": "The treatment of acute cholecystitis. A series of 497 consecutive patients. In a five-year series of 497 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis an overall mortality of 3.2% was observed. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients undergoing early surgery and those managed initially conservatively. The total incidence of postoperative complications was also similar in the early and delayed surgery groups, although wound complications were slightly more frequent after early surgery. A special risk group was formed by patients with unsuccessful conservative treatment demanding emergency surgery later. These delayed emergency cases contributed half of the deaths; the mortality was 28% in this group. Conservative initial treatment was followed by a recurrence rate of 21% before delayed surgery undertaken on average four months after the acute episode. With early surgery for acute cholecystitis recurrence and later emergencies can be avoided and the time of treatment approximately halved without significant increase in operative risks compared with delayed surgery. The data obtained under routine clinical work support the results of the prospective trial carried out at the same department of surgery (J\u00e4rvinen & H\u00e4stbacka, 1979).", "PMID": 525185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2241", "title": "Bilio-intestinal shunt. A method and a pilot study for treatment of obesity.", "content": "Diarrhea is a drawback in all types of small intestinal bypass operations for the treatment of morbid obesity. One of the causes of diarrhea is excessive amounts of bile acids in the colon. Therefore in five obese subjects, we complemented the usual jejuno-ileostomy end to side procedure with an anastomosis between the proximal end of the excluded blind loop and the gallbladder (bilio-intestinal shunt). In this way the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is assumed to be preserved. The patients, subjected to this new methods, were compared to matched patients (age, sex, height, preoperative body-weight, Brocas index and total small intestinal length) following four other types of jejuno-ileostomies. The frequency of diarrhea in the subjects with the bilio-intestinal shunt was significantly less than in the other groups. Other parameters, such as rate and magnitude of weight reduction, changes in blood cholesterol and triglycerides, were the same in the control groups.", "contents": "Bilio-intestinal shunt. A method and a pilot study for treatment of obesity. Diarrhea is a drawback in all types of small intestinal bypass operations for the treatment of morbid obesity. One of the causes of diarrhea is excessive amounts of bile acids in the colon. Therefore in five obese subjects, we complemented the usual jejuno-ileostomy end to side procedure with an anastomosis between the proximal end of the excluded blind loop and the gallbladder (bilio-intestinal shunt). In this way the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is assumed to be preserved. The patients, subjected to this new methods, were compared to matched patients (age, sex, height, preoperative body-weight, Brocas index and total small intestinal length) following four other types of jejuno-ileostomies. The frequency of diarrhea in the subjects with the bilio-intestinal shunt was significantly less than in the other groups. Other parameters, such as rate and magnitude of weight reduction, changes in blood cholesterol and triglycerides, were the same in the control groups.", "PMID": 525186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2242", "title": "Infertility as a complication of perforated appendicitis. Late follow-up of a clinical series.", "content": "In a retrospective study the frequency of infertility was estimated in women operated for perforated or non-perforated appendicitis before the age of 25. Of the 48 patients with simple perforation 19% were infertile, while this frequency was 31% in 16 patients with Douglas abscess. In the control group of 58 patients 12% could not have children. It is concluded that it is unlikely that appendicitis with perforation will cause infertility unless there is a Douglas abscess.", "contents": "Infertility as a complication of perforated appendicitis. Late follow-up of a clinical series. In a retrospective study the frequency of infertility was estimated in women operated for perforated or non-perforated appendicitis before the age of 25. Of the 48 patients with simple perforation 19% were infertile, while this frequency was 31% in 16 patients with Douglas abscess. In the control group of 58 patients 12% could not have children. It is concluded that it is unlikely that appendicitis with perforation will cause infertility unless there is a Douglas abscess.", "PMID": 525187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2243", "title": "Contamination with enterobacteria and postoperative wound infection after appendicectomy.", "content": "The impact of contamination on wound infections was investigated in 120 patients undergoing appendicectomy for appendicitis. A quantitative sample for culture of enterobacteria was obtained from the subcutaneous wound with the velvet pad imprint technique. Average number of enterobacteria (CFU) in the would was 1.2 logarithms higher in operations for gangrenous appendices and 2.3 logarithms higher in perforated appendices compared to flegmonous appendices. Infection rate was 2.5% in flegmonous, 10% in gangrenous and 27.5% in perforated appendices. The results focus the close relation between contamination and subsequent infection.", "contents": "Contamination with enterobacteria and postoperative wound infection after appendicectomy. The impact of contamination on wound infections was investigated in 120 patients undergoing appendicectomy for appendicitis. A quantitative sample for culture of enterobacteria was obtained from the subcutaneous wound with the velvet pad imprint technique. Average number of enterobacteria (CFU) in the would was 1.2 logarithms higher in operations for gangrenous appendices and 2.3 logarithms higher in perforated appendices compared to flegmonous appendices. Infection rate was 2.5% in flegmonous, 10% in gangrenous and 27.5% in perforated appendices. The results focus the close relation between contamination and subsequent infection.", "PMID": 525188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2244", "title": "Arterial lesions of the radial artery in uraemic patients.", "content": "Arterial specimens from the radial artery were removed in connection with Brescia fistula operations on 15 uraemic patients and were studied by light and electron microscopy. The patients lacked clinical signs of arterial insufficiency. Radial artery specimens from 15 humans that underwent forensic post-mortem examination served as controls. The intima of the uraemic patients was significantly thicker than that of the controls. In 8 of the uraemic arteries light microscopy disclosed necrotic areas in the media and in 2 cases such areas in the intima, compared to only one case with patchy medial necrosis in the controls. Calcification was histochemically demonstrated in 6 of the uraemic arteries while none of the controls showed this change. The presence of degenerated and necrotic smooth-muscle cells was verified at the ultrastructural level. Furthermore, modified smooth-muscle cells appeared in the intima and the media and were probably of significance for the synthesis of the increased amounts of collagen and mucopolysaccharides that could be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally evidence of calcification could be demonstrated in the internal elastic membrane and in necrotic areas in the intima and the media. In the latter localization the calcification process seemed to start in relation to extracellular vesicular structures, probably representing cell debris. The possible significance of the observed changes for the development of symptom-giving arterial disease is discussed.", "contents": "Arterial lesions of the radial artery in uraemic patients. Arterial specimens from the radial artery were removed in connection with Brescia fistula operations on 15 uraemic patients and were studied by light and electron microscopy. The patients lacked clinical signs of arterial insufficiency. Radial artery specimens from 15 humans that underwent forensic post-mortem examination served as controls. The intima of the uraemic patients was significantly thicker than that of the controls. In 8 of the uraemic arteries light microscopy disclosed necrotic areas in the media and in 2 cases such areas in the intima, compared to only one case with patchy medial necrosis in the controls. Calcification was histochemically demonstrated in 6 of the uraemic arteries while none of the controls showed this change. The presence of degenerated and necrotic smooth-muscle cells was verified at the ultrastructural level. Furthermore, modified smooth-muscle cells appeared in the intima and the media and were probably of significance for the synthesis of the increased amounts of collagen and mucopolysaccharides that could be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally evidence of calcification could be demonstrated in the internal elastic membrane and in necrotic areas in the intima and the media. In the latter localization the calcification process seemed to start in relation to extracellular vesicular structures, probably representing cell debris. The possible significance of the observed changes for the development of symptom-giving arterial disease is discussed.", "PMID": 525189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2245", "title": "Healing of jejunal fistula using a silicone tube and patch.", "content": "In this case report is described a method of healing jejunal fistula by temporary use of a silicone tube and finally closing the defect in the intestinal wall by using a silicone patch. The patient was treated with parenteral nutrition during 7 months.", "contents": "Healing of jejunal fistula using a silicone tube and patch. In this case report is described a method of healing jejunal fistula by temporary use of a silicone tube and finally closing the defect in the intestinal wall by using a silicone patch. The patient was treated with parenteral nutrition during 7 months.", "PMID": 525190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2246", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations in patients with diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured in 50 patients with clinically significant diabetic neuropathy. There were 24 males and 26 females with a mean age of 58.1 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 8.9 years. The glycosylated Hb concentration was not significantly different in these patients (13.9% +/- 2.4 SD) compared with randomly selected diabetic patients matched for age (+/- 5 years), sex and therapy without clinical evidence of neuropathy (13.6% +/- 2.2). There was no significant difference in the duration of diabetes between the two groups. The results would suggest that factors other than the degree of control of diabetes are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured in 50 patients with clinically significant diabetic neuropathy. There were 24 males and 26 females with a mean age of 58.1 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 8.9 years. The glycosylated Hb concentration was not significantly different in these patients (13.9% +/- 2.4 SD) compared with randomly selected diabetic patients matched for age (+/- 5 years), sex and therapy without clinical evidence of neuropathy (13.6% +/- 2.2). There was no significant difference in the duration of diabetes between the two groups. The results would suggest that factors other than the degree of control of diabetes are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.", "PMID": 525206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2247", "title": "Study of bladder function in patients with prediabetes, latent diabetes, recent onset diabetes and juvenile diabetes.", "content": "We have studied the vesical function in 4 prediabetics, 11 latent diabetics, 11 recent onset insulin dependent diabetics and a control group of 6 normal individuals. We found in recent onset of diabetics disturbances of cystometric parameters in a statistically significant proportion. This proportion increases with the evolution of diabetes. The difference in sensitivity to cold water that we found betwee SDB and NBD was statistically significant, so the denomination 'hyposensitive bladder' is well applied in this fist phase of vesical neuropathy.", "contents": "Study of bladder function in patients with prediabetes, latent diabetes, recent onset diabetes and juvenile diabetes. We have studied the vesical function in 4 prediabetics, 11 latent diabetics, 11 recent onset insulin dependent diabetics and a control group of 6 normal individuals. We found in recent onset of diabetics disturbances of cystometric parameters in a statistically significant proportion. This proportion increases with the evolution of diabetes. The difference in sensitivity to cold water that we found betwee SDB and NBD was statistically significant, so the denomination 'hyposensitive bladder' is well applied in this fist phase of vesical neuropathy.", "PMID": 525207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2248", "title": "Serum amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy--effects of branched chain amino acid infusion on serum aminogram.", "content": "Encephalopathic patients with cirrhosis of the liver consistently showed elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine and free tryptophan as well as methionine in serum, whereas levels of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine, were depressed. Comatose patients with fulminant hepatitis had markedly elevated levels of all amino acids, the results being greatly different from those of cirrhotic patients. Molar ratios of (valine + leucine + isoleucine)/(phenylalanine + tyrosine) decreased both in cirrhotics with and without encephalopathy and in cases with fulminant hepatitis. Infusion of a commercially available L-amino acid solution in a cirrhotic patient induced a strikingly abnormal aminogram documented in hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore, effects of branched chain amino acid infusion on the deranged amino acid pattern were primarily studied for the purpose of improvement in hepatic encephalopathy by normalization of serum amino acid patterns. Elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids and methionine could be apparently depressed in a cirrhotic patient by this type of infusion but not in a case of fulminant hepatitis probably because of the poor utilization of these amino acids in severely impaired liver.", "contents": "Serum amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy--effects of branched chain amino acid infusion on serum aminogram. Encephalopathic patients with cirrhosis of the liver consistently showed elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine and free tryptophan as well as methionine in serum, whereas levels of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine, were depressed. Comatose patients with fulminant hepatitis had markedly elevated levels of all amino acids, the results being greatly different from those of cirrhotic patients. Molar ratios of (valine + leucine + isoleucine)/(phenylalanine + tyrosine) decreased both in cirrhotics with and without encephalopathy and in cases with fulminant hepatitis. Infusion of a commercially available L-amino acid solution in a cirrhotic patient induced a strikingly abnormal aminogram documented in hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore, effects of branched chain amino acid infusion on the deranged amino acid pattern were primarily studied for the purpose of improvement in hepatic encephalopathy by normalization of serum amino acid patterns. Elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids and methionine could be apparently depressed in a cirrhotic patient by this type of infusion but not in a case of fulminant hepatitis probably because of the poor utilization of these amino acids in severely impaired liver.", "PMID": 525213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2249", "title": "Effect of glucose and insulin on protein and basement membrane synthesis in isolated glomeruli of diabetic rats.", "content": "In incubation experiments with isolated glomeruli, an increased synthesis of protein and basement membranes was detected in diabetic rats compared to metabolically healthy controls. Different glucose concentrations in the incubation medium and insulin did not influence protein and basement membrane synthesis of nondiabetic glomeruli. On the other hand, in diabetic glomeruli the synthetic activity depends on glucose concentration. Insulin had a stimulating effect on protein and basement membrane synthesis diminished at lower glucose concentration. The increased synthetic activity demonstrated at higher glucose concentration was not inhibited by insulin.", "contents": "Effect of glucose and insulin on protein and basement membrane synthesis in isolated glomeruli of diabetic rats. In incubation experiments with isolated glomeruli, an increased synthesis of protein and basement membranes was detected in diabetic rats compared to metabolically healthy controls. Different glucose concentrations in the incubation medium and insulin did not influence protein and basement membrane synthesis of nondiabetic glomeruli. On the other hand, in diabetic glomeruli the synthetic activity depends on glucose concentration. Insulin had a stimulating effect on protein and basement membrane synthesis diminished at lower glucose concentration. The increased synthetic activity demonstrated at higher glucose concentration was not inhibited by insulin.", "PMID": 525208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2250", "title": "Hepatitis-associated antigen in patients with liver diseases and in rural population of Iran. Increased incidence in men.", "content": "Using the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique, the presence of HBsAg was determined in sear of 227 cirrhotics, 132 patients with acute hepatitis, and 254 apparently normal villagers and 220 hospital personnel in Southern Iran. Findings show a very high frequency of antigenemia in cirrhotics as compared to the apparently normal population. Of interest was the male predominance of antigenemia both in cirrhotics (50% vs. 27%) and normals (2.1+ vs. 0.4%) but not in patients with acute hepatitis (42.6% vs. 32.8%). This data suggests the importance of HB antigenemia in the pathogenesis of postnecrotic cirrhosis in Iran, and the importance of male predisposition for the development of the carrier state in either healthy or cirrhotic individuals.", "contents": "Hepatitis-associated antigen in patients with liver diseases and in rural population of Iran. Increased incidence in men. Using the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique, the presence of HBsAg was determined in sear of 227 cirrhotics, 132 patients with acute hepatitis, and 254 apparently normal villagers and 220 hospital personnel in Southern Iran. Findings show a very high frequency of antigenemia in cirrhotics as compared to the apparently normal population. Of interest was the male predominance of antigenemia both in cirrhotics (50% vs. 27%) and normals (2.1+ vs. 0.4%) but not in patients with acute hepatitis (42.6% vs. 32.8%). This data suggests the importance of HB antigenemia in the pathogenesis of postnecrotic cirrhosis in Iran, and the importance of male predisposition for the development of the carrier state in either healthy or cirrhotic individuals.", "PMID": 525214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2251", "title": "Differential diagnosis, laboratory tests and histology in 245 patients with cholestasis.", "content": "In the course of 4 years, among 11,738 admissions there were 245 (2.08%) patients with cholestasis (106 women and 139 men). Intrahepatic cholestasis (i.c.) was detected in 46.5%, and extrahepatic (e.c.) in 53.5%. The most frequent cause of i.c. were alcoholic and nonalcoholic chr. liver disease (fatty liver, chr. hepatitis, cirrhosis) (37% and 30%), acute viral hepatitis (15%) and toxic liver injury (14%) respectively. The causes of e.c. were: choledocholithiasis (44%), cancer of the pancreatic head (15%), cancer of gallbladder and extrahepatic ducts (12%) and cancer of liver (10%). The causes of c. were benigne, in 78.2%, while malignant neoplasms were present in 21.8%. Out of the multitude of laboratory tests two appeared particularly significant: glut, transpeptidase was pathologic in 81% of alcoholic liver disease, in 62% of the cases with obstructive jaundice and in 27.7% of malignant neoplasms. LX-lipoprotein examined in 52 patients was positive in 24% of i.c., and 60% of e.c. Proliferation of bile ducts was the most frequent finding in surgical liver biopsies in choledocholithiasis cases.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis, laboratory tests and histology in 245 patients with cholestasis. In the course of 4 years, among 11,738 admissions there were 245 (2.08%) patients with cholestasis (106 women and 139 men). Intrahepatic cholestasis (i.c.) was detected in 46.5%, and extrahepatic (e.c.) in 53.5%. The most frequent cause of i.c. were alcoholic and nonalcoholic chr. liver disease (fatty liver, chr. hepatitis, cirrhosis) (37% and 30%), acute viral hepatitis (15%) and toxic liver injury (14%) respectively. The causes of e.c. were: choledocholithiasis (44%), cancer of the pancreatic head (15%), cancer of gallbladder and extrahepatic ducts (12%) and cancer of liver (10%). The causes of c. were benigne, in 78.2%, while malignant neoplasms were present in 21.8%. Out of the multitude of laboratory tests two appeared particularly significant: glut, transpeptidase was pathologic in 81% of alcoholic liver disease, in 62% of the cases with obstructive jaundice and in 27.7% of malignant neoplasms. LX-lipoprotein examined in 52 patients was positive in 24% of i.c., and 60% of e.c. Proliferation of bile ducts was the most frequent finding in surgical liver biopsies in choledocholithiasis cases.", "PMID": 525215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2252", "title": "Esophageal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Detailed roengenological examinations of the esophagus were carried out in 110 diabetics and 130 controls. In 50 (45%) diabetic patients functional abnormalities were detected. Wavy esophageal contours, irregular spontaneous contractions and functional diverticula were observable. In diabetes, these changes occurred at an earlier age and more frequently than in controls. Esophageal transit time was markedly prolonged. The clinical symptoms of dysphagia were usually mild or absent. Diabetic dysphagia is one of the manifestations of diabetic visceral neuropathy. It is attributed mainly to the diabetic damage of the vagus nerve.", "contents": "Esophageal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Detailed roengenological examinations of the esophagus were carried out in 110 diabetics and 130 controls. In 50 (45%) diabetic patients functional abnormalities were detected. Wavy esophageal contours, irregular spontaneous contractions and functional diverticula were observable. In diabetes, these changes occurred at an earlier age and more frequently than in controls. Esophageal transit time was markedly prolonged. The clinical symptoms of dysphagia were usually mild or absent. Diabetic dysphagia is one of the manifestations of diabetic visceral neuropathy. It is attributed mainly to the diabetic damage of the vagus nerve.", "PMID": 525209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2253", "title": "The influence of somatostatin on the absorption of triglycerides in partially gastrectomized subjects.", "content": "Serum triglyceride levels were measured in 10 partially gastrectomized patients after an oral fat load of 100 g. Postprandial triglyceride elevation was completely blocked by somatostatin infusion. This depression cannot be an effect of delayed gastric emptying, because all our patients were Billroth-II operated, but is considered to be due to a direct effect of somatostatin of intestinal absorption.", "contents": "The influence of somatostatin on the absorption of triglycerides in partially gastrectomized subjects. Serum triglyceride levels were measured in 10 partially gastrectomized patients after an oral fat load of 100 g. Postprandial triglyceride elevation was completely blocked by somatostatin infusion. This depression cannot be an effect of delayed gastric emptying, because all our patients were Billroth-II operated, but is considered to be due to a direct effect of somatostatin of intestinal absorption.", "PMID": 525216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2254", "title": "Altered glucose tolerance in carbon disulfide exposed workers.", "content": "Oral cortisone glucose tolerance tests were performed in 66 CS2-exposed workers and in 66 individually matched control subjects. Results indicate a higher and significant (p less than 0.001) prevalence of latent diabetes in the CS2-exposed group (72.7%) as compared with the control group (16.7%), and the existence of a positive and significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between blood glucose values and exposure index. Possible mechanisms of action involving zinc metabolism and pyridoxine metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Altered glucose tolerance in carbon disulfide exposed workers. Oral cortisone glucose tolerance tests were performed in 66 CS2-exposed workers and in 66 individually matched control subjects. Results indicate a higher and significant (p less than 0.001) prevalence of latent diabetes in the CS2-exposed group (72.7%) as compared with the control group (16.7%), and the existence of a positive and significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between blood glucose values and exposure index. Possible mechanisms of action involving zinc metabolism and pyridoxine metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 525211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2255", "title": "The effect of glucagon on the blood levels of gastrin, insulin and glucose in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers.", "content": "The blood serum levels of gastrin and insulin and arterial blood levels of glucose were determined immediately before intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon, and 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes later in 12 gastric ulcer patients, 14 duodenal ulcer patients and 12 controls using the radioimmunological and orthotoluidine methods respectively. Following glucagon administration the gastrin levels dropped in the controls and the gastrin patients, and increased in the duodenal patients by an average of 30%. Insulin levels increased in all three groups, but the increase was statistically significant in the two patients groups. Glucose levels in the blood also increased with no significant differences between the groups. It is suggested that the different effect of glucagon on gastrin levels may be due to gastrin-insulin interaction; the levels of the two hormones in the blood of duodenal patients were higher than in the other two groups studied.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on the blood levels of gastrin, insulin and glucose in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers. The blood serum levels of gastrin and insulin and arterial blood levels of glucose were determined immediately before intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon, and 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes later in 12 gastric ulcer patients, 14 duodenal ulcer patients and 12 controls using the radioimmunological and orthotoluidine methods respectively. Following glucagon administration the gastrin levels dropped in the controls and the gastrin patients, and increased in the duodenal patients by an average of 30%. Insulin levels increased in all three groups, but the increase was statistically significant in the two patients groups. Glucose levels in the blood also increased with no significant differences between the groups. It is suggested that the different effect of glucagon on gastrin levels may be due to gastrin-insulin interaction; the levels of the two hormones in the blood of duodenal patients were higher than in the other two groups studied.", "PMID": 525217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2256", "title": "Insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue from normal weight subjects with early diabetes.", "content": "In normal weight subjects, classified by a 2-h glucose infusion test as having normal (11), borderline (3) or pathological (9) carbohydrate tolerance (CHT), subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed under intracutaneous anesthesia by surgical biopsy. The biological responsiveness of isolated adipocytes as well as adipose tissue fragments measured as incorportion of (1-14C) glucose into CO2 or triglycerides was studied in the absence or presence of different insulin concentrations. In persons with normal CHT the insulin-stimulated (62.5 microU/ml) glucose conversion to CO2 by adipocytes as well as fat pads increased significantly up to 156 +/- 14% and 285 +/- 30%, respectively. Insulin enhanced the glucose incorporation into triglycerides up to 154 +/- 20% (fat cells) and 258 +/- 30% (fat pads) in adipose tissue from subjects displaying a normal CHT. Rates of glucose oxidation and triglyceride synthesis was markedly reduced in adipose tissue obtained from patients with borderline or pathological CHT. A significant positive relationship was found between glucose oxiation to CO2 and triglyceride production of fat cells and fat pads (r = 0.964 and 0.783, respectively). There was no correlation with responsiveness of adipose tissue to insulin and insulin secretion during glucose infusion test. The results indicate that sensitivity to insulin of target cells might be important for the development of carbohydrate intolerance also in normal weight subjects.", "contents": "Insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue from normal weight subjects with early diabetes. In normal weight subjects, classified by a 2-h glucose infusion test as having normal (11), borderline (3) or pathological (9) carbohydrate tolerance (CHT), subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed under intracutaneous anesthesia by surgical biopsy. The biological responsiveness of isolated adipocytes as well as adipose tissue fragments measured as incorportion of (1-14C) glucose into CO2 or triglycerides was studied in the absence or presence of different insulin concentrations. In persons with normal CHT the insulin-stimulated (62.5 microU/ml) glucose conversion to CO2 by adipocytes as well as fat pads increased significantly up to 156 +/- 14% and 285 +/- 30%, respectively. Insulin enhanced the glucose incorporation into triglycerides up to 154 +/- 20% (fat cells) and 258 +/- 30% (fat pads) in adipose tissue from subjects displaying a normal CHT. Rates of glucose oxidation and triglyceride synthesis was markedly reduced in adipose tissue obtained from patients with borderline or pathological CHT. A significant positive relationship was found between glucose oxiation to CO2 and triglyceride production of fat cells and fat pads (r = 0.964 and 0.783, respectively). There was no correlation with responsiveness of adipose tissue to insulin and insulin secretion during glucose infusion test. The results indicate that sensitivity to insulin of target cells might be important for the development of carbohydrate intolerance also in normal weight subjects.", "PMID": 525210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2257", "title": "Parotid salivary gland function in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "Parotid function tests were performed on 12 patients with pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. The concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate in stimulated parotid juice were reduced compared to controls (p less than 0.001). The secretion of 75Se-selenomethionine by the parotid salivary gland and exocrine pancreas following a Lundh test meal was measured in 12 patients with normal pancreatic function and 16 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Eight of these patients had chronic pancreatitis both parotid and pancreatic secretion of the isotope were impaired. In pancreatic carcinoma the pancreatic excretion was impaired with no significant impairment of parotid secretion. The combined pancreatic/parotid radio-selenium test may be useful in differentiating between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma as the cause of pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Parotid salivary gland function in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Parotid function tests were performed on 12 patients with pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. The concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate in stimulated parotid juice were reduced compared to controls (p less than 0.001). The secretion of 75Se-selenomethionine by the parotid salivary gland and exocrine pancreas following a Lundh test meal was measured in 12 patients with normal pancreatic function and 16 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Eight of these patients had chronic pancreatitis both parotid and pancreatic secretion of the isotope were impaired. In pancreatic carcinoma the pancreatic excretion was impaired with no significant impairment of parotid secretion. The combined pancreatic/parotid radio-selenium test may be useful in differentiating between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma as the cause of pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 525218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2258", "title": "The action of potato inhibitors on activation of zymogen forms of digestive system proteases.", "content": "The potato inhibitors of proteases inhibit the activation of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A and B induced by trypsin. These inhibitors do not inhibit the activation of trypsinogen induced by enterokinase. Potato inhibitors have no influence on pepsinogen autoactivation and on pepsin activity.", "contents": "The action of potato inhibitors on activation of zymogen forms of digestive system proteases. The potato inhibitors of proteases inhibit the activation of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A and B induced by trypsin. These inhibitors do not inhibit the activation of trypsinogen induced by enterokinase. Potato inhibitors have no influence on pepsinogen autoactivation and on pepsin activity.", "PMID": 525219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2259", "title": "Achlorhydria and benign gastric ulcer.", "content": "A 76 year-old man with a benign gastric ulcer and pernicious anemia is reported. The etiology of the ulcer is unexplained.", "contents": "Achlorhydria and benign gastric ulcer. A 76 year-old man with a benign gastric ulcer and pernicious anemia is reported. The etiology of the ulcer is unexplained.", "PMID": 525220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2260", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. A statistical study of 919 cases.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, an uncommon disease characterized by the presence of gaseous bubbles in bowel wall, is studied by a review of 919 cases of the world literature. The subserous cysts are more frequently found in the small bowel while the submucous localizations are predominant in the colonic wall. The disease, occurring more frequently in males than in females, is associated with several other lesions: pyloric stenosis and scleroderma for small bowel pneumatosis, chronic cardiopathies and dolichocolon for colonic localizations. Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity is an increasing iatrogenic cause. Diagnosis is based on radiology and endoscopy with biopsy but is not yet correctly done in many cases. The treatment is essentially medical.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. A statistical study of 919 cases. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, an uncommon disease characterized by the presence of gaseous bubbles in bowel wall, is studied by a review of 919 cases of the world literature. The subserous cysts are more frequently found in the small bowel while the submucous localizations are predominant in the colonic wall. The disease, occurring more frequently in males than in females, is associated with several other lesions: pyloric stenosis and scleroderma for small bowel pneumatosis, chronic cardiopathies and dolichocolon for colonic localizations. Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity is an increasing iatrogenic cause. Diagnosis is based on radiology and endoscopy with biopsy but is not yet correctly done in many cases. The treatment is essentially medical.", "PMID": 525221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2261", "title": "Enzyme induction in man: a study of the inducible systems of drug elimination.", "content": "The individual enzyme inducibility was studied with methods of menthol loading and sulphobromophthalein in groups of patients with low and average metabolism. Both methods are suitable for testing inducible conjugation systems by providing indirect information on the rate of drug elimination. In the low-metabolism groups the response in per cent correlated inversely with the initial value, and the changes were significant not only in the low but also in the average-metabolism group at the end of 30 days of phenobarbital treatment. The results are discussed with regard to the avoidability of undesired drug effects.", "contents": "Enzyme induction in man: a study of the inducible systems of drug elimination. The individual enzyme inducibility was studied with methods of menthol loading and sulphobromophthalein in groups of patients with low and average metabolism. Both methods are suitable for testing inducible conjugation systems by providing indirect information on the rate of drug elimination. In the low-metabolism groups the response in per cent correlated inversely with the initial value, and the changes were significant not only in the low but also in the average-metabolism group at the end of 30 days of phenobarbital treatment. The results are discussed with regard to the avoidability of undesired drug effects.", "PMID": 525222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2262", "title": "Enzyme-inductive effect of a hypolipidemic compound N-bis-(p-chlorophenoxy)-acetyl-urea in man and rat.", "content": "Besides its antilipidaemic effect, the new clofibric acid derivative (N-bis-(p-chlorohenoxy)-acetyl-urea) has an enzyme-inductive effect. The drug was administered (100 mg/kg orally) to male, Wistar rats for three days. The treatment raised the weight of the liver, the content of liver microsomal protein and cytochrome p-450 and shortened the hexobarbital sleeping time. The increase of cytochrome p-450 dependent biotransformation was found by in vitro methods in 9000-g supernatant of liver homogenate. There was a growth in biotransformation of substrates of type I (ethylmorphine, aminopyrine) and an extreme increase in reduction of nitrobenzene. We did not find any change in biotransformation of the type-II substrate aniline. In 16 patients suffering from Gilbert's syndrome, there was a decrease in the level of serum bilirubin, and increase of D-glucuric-acid output in urine and bromsulphophthalein transport maximum following the treatment of this drug given in 150 mg/day orally for three weeks. After this treatment, the level of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptides did not change. The authors highly recommend the serious consideration of metabolic interaction during the clinical application.", "contents": "Enzyme-inductive effect of a hypolipidemic compound N-bis-(p-chlorophenoxy)-acetyl-urea in man and rat. Besides its antilipidaemic effect, the new clofibric acid derivative (N-bis-(p-chlorohenoxy)-acetyl-urea) has an enzyme-inductive effect. The drug was administered (100 mg/kg orally) to male, Wistar rats for three days. The treatment raised the weight of the liver, the content of liver microsomal protein and cytochrome p-450 and shortened the hexobarbital sleeping time. The increase of cytochrome p-450 dependent biotransformation was found by in vitro methods in 9000-g supernatant of liver homogenate. There was a growth in biotransformation of substrates of type I (ethylmorphine, aminopyrine) and an extreme increase in reduction of nitrobenzene. We did not find any change in biotransformation of the type-II substrate aniline. In 16 patients suffering from Gilbert's syndrome, there was a decrease in the level of serum bilirubin, and increase of D-glucuric-acid output in urine and bromsulphophthalein transport maximum following the treatment of this drug given in 150 mg/day orally for three weeks. After this treatment, the level of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptides did not change. The authors highly recommend the serious consideration of metabolic interaction during the clinical application.", "PMID": 525223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2263", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of splenectomy in syndromes associated with hypersplenia.", "content": "The value of splenectomy is assessed from diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints in a series of 80 patients with various syndromes marked by hypersplenia. In the congestive type of splenomegaly, splenectomy resulted in complete normalization of the blood picture in all cases but one, and in primary splenic congestion it even proved curative in the majority of the cases. In leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, in myelofibrosis, and first of all in immuncytopenia, splenectomy was also of benefit, and had generally a palliative effect in non-autoimmune hypersplenia as well. In non-haematological syndromes associated with hypersplenia, namely, splenic tuberculosis, Boeck's sarcoid, SLE, haemorchromatosis and splenic vein thrombosis, splenectomy had generally a  palliative, and combined with other therapeutic measures, a curative effect, depending on the primary disease. In a number of patients with hypersplenia associated with splenomegaly, it was only with the aid of splenectomy that the primary disease could be diagnosed.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of splenectomy in syndromes associated with hypersplenia. The value of splenectomy is assessed from diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints in a series of 80 patients with various syndromes marked by hypersplenia. In the congestive type of splenomegaly, splenectomy resulted in complete normalization of the blood picture in all cases but one, and in primary splenic congestion it even proved curative in the majority of the cases. In leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, in myelofibrosis, and first of all in immuncytopenia, splenectomy was also of benefit, and had generally a palliative effect in non-autoimmune hypersplenia as well. In non-haematological syndromes associated with hypersplenia, namely, splenic tuberculosis, Boeck's sarcoid, SLE, haemorchromatosis and splenic vein thrombosis, splenectomy had generally a  palliative, and combined with other therapeutic measures, a curative effect, depending on the primary disease. In a number of patients with hypersplenia associated with splenomegaly, it was only with the aid of splenectomy that the primary disease could be diagnosed.", "PMID": 525225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2264", "title": "Measurement of blood loss by total-body counting on the basis of calculated and predicted blood volumes.", "content": "Blood loss was measured by total-body counting in conformity with the fall in activity, the calculated or predicted blood volumes being known. On the ground of the predicted and calculated blood volumes it was the Nadler formula which gave the best approximation. The method was employed for the measurement of blood loss in users of intrauterine contraceptive spirals. It was found suitable for the measurement of a sudden blood loss of major intensity.", "contents": "Measurement of blood loss by total-body counting on the basis of calculated and predicted blood volumes. Blood loss was measured by total-body counting in conformity with the fall in activity, the calculated or predicted blood volumes being known. On the ground of the predicted and calculated blood volumes it was the Nadler formula which gave the best approximation. The method was employed for the measurement of blood loss in users of intrauterine contraceptive spirals. It was found suitable for the measurement of a sudden blood loss of major intensity.", "PMID": 525226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2265", "title": "Clinical aspects of carotid sinus hyperaesthesia.", "content": "Carotid sinus hyperaesthesia (CSH) was found in 605 of the clinical cases observed by the authors in a 6-year period. In the patients with CSH, disorders of impulse formation and conduction, both at rest and in response to the carotid compression test, were prevalent. No relationship was demonstrable between the duration of carotid compression and the consequent rhythm disorders. Nor did the vascular state of the CSH patients affect the type, duration or severity of arrhythmia elicited by carotid compression. In 8 cases of CSH unilateral carotid sinus infiltration with lidocain was performed with the objective of pharmacological denervation. Predominance of sympathicotonia induced in this manner was not found to be provocative of arrhythmia. Sensitization of the carotid sinus reflex in response to i.v. administration of 0.5 mg digoxin was confirmed on the evidence of clinical investigations.The results thus obtained are primarily attributed to a decreased sympathetic efferentation.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of carotid sinus hyperaesthesia. Carotid sinus hyperaesthesia (CSH) was found in 605 of the clinical cases observed by the authors in a 6-year period. In the patients with CSH, disorders of impulse formation and conduction, both at rest and in response to the carotid compression test, were prevalent. No relationship was demonstrable between the duration of carotid compression and the consequent rhythm disorders. Nor did the vascular state of the CSH patients affect the type, duration or severity of arrhythmia elicited by carotid compression. In 8 cases of CSH unilateral carotid sinus infiltration with lidocain was performed with the objective of pharmacological denervation. Predominance of sympathicotonia induced in this manner was not found to be provocative of arrhythmia. Sensitization of the carotid sinus reflex in response to i.v. administration of 0.5 mg digoxin was confirmed on the evidence of clinical investigations.The results thus obtained are primarily attributed to a decreased sympathetic efferentation.", "PMID": 525227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2266", "title": "Study of the renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertension.", "content": "320 patients with essential hypertension divided into three groups (minor, medium and major severty) were studied against 50 normal controls. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was estimated in case of normal and low Na intake, furthermore, of low Na intake in association with administration of chlorothiazide, in the recumbent position as well as at the end of 4-hr walk. The hypertensive group of medium severity (Group II) revealed a significant decrease in PRA, compared with the controls and with the hypertensive group of minor severity (Group I), in each period of observation. A significant increase of PRA in response to insulin hypoglycaemia was demonstrable in all three groups and in the controls, but the increase was of significantly lesser degree in Group II than either in the controls or in Group I. The plasma catecholamine concentrations were found lower in Group II than in the controls and in Group I. An elevation of the plasma catecholamine levels was demonstrable in response to insulin hypeglycaemia, but it was of lesser degree in Group II than a Group I and in the controls. The poor responsiveness of the RAS in Group II is attributed to an inadequate adrenergic activity and to an increased mean arterial pressure in that group, but the higher age of patients and longer duration of hypertensive disease, both characteristic of the group of medium severity, may also effect the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Study of the renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertension. 320 patients with essential hypertension divided into three groups (minor, medium and major severty) were studied against 50 normal controls. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was estimated in case of normal and low Na intake, furthermore, of low Na intake in association with administration of chlorothiazide, in the recumbent position as well as at the end of 4-hr walk. The hypertensive group of medium severity (Group II) revealed a significant decrease in PRA, compared with the controls and with the hypertensive group of minor severity (Group I), in each period of observation. A significant increase of PRA in response to insulin hypoglycaemia was demonstrable in all three groups and in the controls, but the increase was of significantly lesser degree in Group II than either in the controls or in Group I. The plasma catecholamine concentrations were found lower in Group II than in the controls and in Group I. An elevation of the plasma catecholamine levels was demonstrable in response to insulin hypeglycaemia, but it was of lesser degree in Group II than a Group I and in the controls. The poor responsiveness of the RAS in Group II is attributed to an inadequate adrenergic activity and to an increased mean arterial pressure in that group, but the higher age of patients and longer duration of hypertensive disease, both characteristic of the group of medium severity, may also effect the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 525228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2267", "title": "A survey of nurse anesthetists--1977 a condensed review: part I.", "content": "This review focused on the results of a survey conducted in December, 1977 by the Council on Practice. The purpose of the survey was to provide information concerning trends in the practice of nurse anesthesia and the professional milieu in which it is carried out. Questionnaires were snet to 14,344 members of the AANA; (Table XIX) 5,980 usable surveys were returned for a final response, a rate of 41.7%. The data obtained from this survey will be used by the AANA to develop future programs to meet the continuing and emerging needs of its members and to improve anesthesia services to the public.", "contents": "A survey of nurse anesthetists--1977 a condensed review: part I. This review focused on the results of a survey conducted in December, 1977 by the Council on Practice. The purpose of the survey was to provide information concerning trends in the practice of nurse anesthesia and the professional milieu in which it is carried out. Questionnaires were snet to 14,344 members of the AANA; (Table XIX) 5,980 usable surveys were returned for a final response, a rate of 41.7%. The data obtained from this survey will be used by the AANA to develop future programs to meet the continuing and emerging needs of its members and to improve anesthesia services to the public.", "PMID": 525229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2268", "title": "Ratio of inferior olivary cells to Purkinje cells in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula).", "content": "An indirect estimate of the extent of branching of the olivary axons in the cerebellum in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula) was carried out. The cells in the inferior olivary nuclear complex (IOC) of both sides were estimated (mean = 57,200), as were the cerebellar Purkinje cells (mean = 881,300). Assuming that all climbing fibers arise from IOC cells and that each Purkinje cell receives a climbing fiber input, each IOC cell sends climbing fiber terminals to 15 Purkinje cells.", "contents": "Ratio of inferior olivary cells to Purkinje cells in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula). An indirect estimate of the extent of branching of the olivary axons in the cerebellum in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula) was carried out. The cells in the inferior olivary nuclear complex (IOC) of both sides were estimated (mean = 57,200), as were the cerebellar Purkinje cells (mean = 881,300). Assuming that all climbing fibers arise from IOC cells and that each Purkinje cell receives a climbing fiber input, each IOC cell sends climbing fiber terminals to 15 Purkinje cells.", "PMID": 525234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2269", "title": "Development of puberty in Large White boars in a humid tropical environment.", "content": "The development of puberty in Large White boars raised and maintained in a humid tropical environment was studied histologically and by a preputial smear technique. The growth curves for the testes, epididymides and body weight were similar and exhibited a spurt between the ages of 150 and 180 days. The accessory sex glands increased slowly but steadily until the animals were about 180 days old at which time a marked increase in their growth rate was noted. Thus from morphological and histological assessment, puberty in these animals was placed between 150 and 180 days. The preputial smear technique was successfully applied in the boar. By this method, the animals were found to be 165.74 days old at puberty and to weigh 51.65 kg. These results further indicate that the development of puberty is genetically controlled and also imply that this could be slightly modified by the environment.", "contents": "Development of puberty in Large White boars in a humid tropical environment. The development of puberty in Large White boars raised and maintained in a humid tropical environment was studied histologically and by a preputial smear technique. The growth curves for the testes, epididymides and body weight were similar and exhibited a spurt between the ages of 150 and 180 days. The accessory sex glands increased slowly but steadily until the animals were about 180 days old at which time a marked increase in their growth rate was noted. Thus from morphological and histological assessment, puberty in these animals was placed between 150 and 180 days. The preputial smear technique was successfully applied in the boar. By this method, the animals were found to be 165.74 days old at puberty and to weigh 51.65 kg. These results further indicate that the development of puberty is genetically controlled and also imply that this could be slightly modified by the environment.", "PMID": 525235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2270", "title": "Autoradiographic studies on the incorporation of tritiated uridine, leucine and methionine into Gomori-positive glia of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The relative level of metabolic activity in Gomori-positive (Gp) glia was estimated by comparing the incorporation rates of 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-methionine into the nuclear macromolecules of the glia, neurons, ependyma and subcommissural organ (SCO). The uptake of 3H-uridine by Gp glia was somewhat lower than that by neurons and SCO but higher than that by ependyma. The incorporation of 3H-leucine was about the same in all studied types of cells, except for a lower uptake by ependyma. The rate of 3H-methionine incorporation into Gp glia and SCO was higher than that into neurons and ependyma. The neuron: Gp glia ratios obtained in the present study (0.9--1.4) are more or less within the range of the neuron: cerebral glia ratios reported by others for newly synthesized molecules of RNA and proteins. The results suggest that Gp glia have a relatively high metabolic activity as compared to that in neurons and perhaps SCO.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies on the incorporation of tritiated uridine, leucine and methionine into Gomori-positive glia of rat hypothalamus. The relative level of metabolic activity in Gomori-positive (Gp) glia was estimated by comparing the incorporation rates of 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-methionine into the nuclear macromolecules of the glia, neurons, ependyma and subcommissural organ (SCO). The uptake of 3H-uridine by Gp glia was somewhat lower than that by neurons and SCO but higher than that by ependyma. The incorporation of 3H-leucine was about the same in all studied types of cells, except for a lower uptake by ependyma. The rate of 3H-methionine incorporation into Gp glia and SCO was higher than that into neurons and ependyma. The neuron: Gp glia ratios obtained in the present study (0.9--1.4) are more or less within the range of the neuron: cerebral glia ratios reported by others for newly synthesized molecules of RNA and proteins. The results suggest that Gp glia have a relatively high metabolic activity as compared to that in neurons and perhaps SCO.", "PMID": 525236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2271", "title": "Analysis of the antagonistic effect of gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine on glucocorticoid and triiodothyronine.", "content": "gamma-L-Glutamyl-taurine, a newly discovered parathyroid hormone, considerably inhibited the cytochemically detected transcription-inducing effect (appearance of free histone) of prednisolone and triiodothyronine. Such an inhibition took place also if the morphogenetic hormones were given not simultaneously with, but after the administration of litoralon. Litoralon injected alone also displayed inductor properties increasing the number of nuclei containing free histone.", "contents": "Analysis of the antagonistic effect of gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine on glucocorticoid and triiodothyronine. gamma-L-Glutamyl-taurine, a newly discovered parathyroid hormone, considerably inhibited the cytochemically detected transcription-inducing effect (appearance of free histone) of prednisolone and triiodothyronine. Such an inhibition took place also if the morphogenetic hormones were given not simultaneously with, but after the administration of litoralon. Litoralon injected alone also displayed inductor properties increasing the number of nuclei containing free histone.", "PMID": 525237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2272", "title": "A study on the occurrence of alkaline phosphatase in the sutura interfrontalis of Wistar rats.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of alkaline phosphatase during various stages in development and closure of the sutura interfrontalis. The histological sections reveal that this enzyme could primarily be demonstrated in the dura mater of this suture. In further developmental stages, alkaline phosphatase could be observed within the intermediate zone as well as the pericranium. These findings are brought in relation with the occurrence of synostosis which can be induced under experimental conditions.", "contents": "A study on the occurrence of alkaline phosphatase in the sutura interfrontalis of Wistar rats. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of alkaline phosphatase during various stages in development and closure of the sutura interfrontalis. The histological sections reveal that this enzyme could primarily be demonstrated in the dura mater of this suture. In further developmental stages, alkaline phosphatase could be observed within the intermediate zone as well as the pericranium. These findings are brought in relation with the occurrence of synostosis which can be induced under experimental conditions.", "PMID": 525238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2273", "title": "Rat small intestinal morphology with special reference to villi: effects of maternal protein deficiency and hydrocortisone.", "content": "The heights of villi were less in all the segments of mildly undernourished (by increasing litter size) pups at 21 days of age, in comparison with controls, while the heights of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, but not in the ileum, were less in severely undernourished (by maternal protein deficiency) pups. Administration of hydrocortisone during 18--21 days of age to normal pups and to pups undernourished by maternal protein deficiency during lactation showed a marked reduction of villi heights in the ileum but not in other segments of the intestine. When the pups of protein-deficient mothers (during lactation) were fed on a normal diet during the post-weaning period, the villi in the ileum were found to be longer than those of controls. Superimposition of post-weaning protein deficiency over pre-weaning undernutrition only left the heights of ileal villi unaltered, but in other segments deficits in heights of villi were observed. These studies suggest that the suggested 'villi-reducing factor' did not appear in the ileum of severely undernourished pups even after the availability of an adequate nutrition in the post-weaning period, probably due to hydrocortisone deficiency at about 21 days of age, and that the hormone has a role in maintaining ileal villi heights. In addition to the heights of villi, other morphological retardations and alterations of enterocyte structure were observed in the severely undernourished intestine. These effects differed in different parts of the intestine and with the degree of neonatal undernutrition. Most of the morphological abnormalities showed a trend for recovery when a normal diet was given in the post-weaning period.", "contents": "Rat small intestinal morphology with special reference to villi: effects of maternal protein deficiency and hydrocortisone. The heights of villi were less in all the segments of mildly undernourished (by increasing litter size) pups at 21 days of age, in comparison with controls, while the heights of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, but not in the ileum, were less in severely undernourished (by maternal protein deficiency) pups. Administration of hydrocortisone during 18--21 days of age to normal pups and to pups undernourished by maternal protein deficiency during lactation showed a marked reduction of villi heights in the ileum but not in other segments of the intestine. When the pups of protein-deficient mothers (during lactation) were fed on a normal diet during the post-weaning period, the villi in the ileum were found to be longer than those of controls. Superimposition of post-weaning protein deficiency over pre-weaning undernutrition only left the heights of ileal villi unaltered, but in other segments deficits in heights of villi were observed. These studies suggest that the suggested 'villi-reducing factor' did not appear in the ileum of severely undernourished pups even after the availability of an adequate nutrition in the post-weaning period, probably due to hydrocortisone deficiency at about 21 days of age, and that the hormone has a role in maintaining ileal villi heights. In addition to the heights of villi, other morphological retardations and alterations of enterocyte structure were observed in the severely undernourished intestine. These effects differed in different parts of the intestine and with the degree of neonatal undernutrition. Most of the morphological abnormalities showed a trend for recovery when a normal diet was given in the post-weaning period.", "PMID": 525239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2274", "title": "[Plica synovialis infrapatellaris in man].", "content": "The existence of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris, which has long been known in anatomy, is explained from the point of view of evolution. The development of this formation in the early stages of human life is outlined too. The results of the analysis of 117 knee-joints lead to a classification respecting macroscopical points of view of the observed plicae synoviales infrapatellares. 47 plicae synoviales infrapatellares were examined by histological methods under the headings of material, blood vessels and nerves. Mechanical importance of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris must be denied in considering the results of X-ray examination. What is more, the plica synovialis infrapatellaris does not seem to have any importance for the nutrition of neighbouring areas, neither in pre- nor in postnatal life.", "contents": "[Plica synovialis infrapatellaris in man]. The existence of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris, which has long been known in anatomy, is explained from the point of view of evolution. The development of this formation in the early stages of human life is outlined too. The results of the analysis of 117 knee-joints lead to a classification respecting macroscopical points of view of the observed plicae synoviales infrapatellares. 47 plicae synoviales infrapatellares were examined by histological methods under the headings of material, blood vessels and nerves. Mechanical importance of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris must be denied in considering the results of X-ray examination. What is more, the plica synovialis infrapatellaris does not seem to have any importance for the nutrition of neighbouring areas, neither in pre- nor in postnatal life.", "PMID": 525240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2275", "title": "Serially etched shark enameloid observed by incident light microscopy.", "content": "Longitudinal and transverse tooth sections of Isurus oxyrinchus were serially etched in 2.6% nitric acid. The changing optical properties of the etched surfaces were observed during the serial etchings, and the descent of the enameloid surfaces was measured. Shark enameloid seems to be less effectively etched by acid than human enamel; this difference may be due to differences in solubility between fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. Most of the information regarding the structure of the enameloid was gained during the first five of ten etchings. The reflection of light from the surface was influenced by the orientation of the crystallites, longitudinally sectioned crystallites reflecting the light better than transversely sectioned crystallites. The dentinal extensions were continuous with and of the same structure as the underlying dentine. The radial fibers originated from the dentinal extensions, and they both contained organic material and were accompanied by crystallites. When the specimens were imbibed with water the distinctness of the dentinal extensions and radial fibers was improved.", "contents": "Serially etched shark enameloid observed by incident light microscopy. Longitudinal and transverse tooth sections of Isurus oxyrinchus were serially etched in 2.6% nitric acid. The changing optical properties of the etched surfaces were observed during the serial etchings, and the descent of the enameloid surfaces was measured. Shark enameloid seems to be less effectively etched by acid than human enamel; this difference may be due to differences in solubility between fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. Most of the information regarding the structure of the enameloid was gained during the first five of ten etchings. The reflection of light from the surface was influenced by the orientation of the crystallites, longitudinally sectioned crystallites reflecting the light better than transversely sectioned crystallites. The dentinal extensions were continuous with and of the same structure as the underlying dentine. The radial fibers originated from the dentinal extensions, and they both contained organic material and were accompanied by crystallites. When the specimens were imbibed with water the distinctness of the dentinal extensions and radial fibers was improved.", "PMID": 525241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2276", "title": "Metabolic process in uterine structures after different damages to the nervous system.", "content": "Metabolic processes in the uterus damaged in different parts of its innervation were studied. The specificity of neurodystrophic processes in the uterus depends on the nature of the injury to its innervation. Combination of different methods of modern morphological analysis made it possible to reveal hypoplastic processes in all the layers of the uterus.", "contents": "Metabolic process in uterine structures after different damages to the nervous system. Metabolic processes in the uterus damaged in different parts of its innervation were studied. The specificity of neurodystrophic processes in the uterus depends on the nature of the injury to its innervation. Combination of different methods of modern morphological analysis made it possible to reveal hypoplastic processes in all the layers of the uterus.", "PMID": 525242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2277", "title": "Anatomy of the external anal sphincter in man.", "content": "The anatomy of the external anal sphincter was studied in 20 adult human cadavers of both sexes by dissection and histological examination. The external anal sphincter is not naturally divided into layers or laminae. The lowermost muscle bundles differ from the main part in being completely surrounded by thick fibrous tissue septa derived form the longitudinal anal coat. The perineal branch of S4 supplies the posterior third, the inferior haemorrhoidal nerves supply the anterior two thirds. All fibres of the sphincter retain their skeletal attachment to the anococcygeal ligament to the coccyx. Some fibres cross the median plane to be continuous with the transversus perinei of the opposite side. A cleft was displayed separating the lower border of the levator ani muscle from the upper border of the external anal sphincter. The muscle bundles of the sphincter are arranged circumferentially in one continuous circle and not in loops. Fibres from the anterior border of the levator ani muscle extend to cover and blend with the outer surface of the external sphincter in their way to the anococcygeal ligament.", "contents": "Anatomy of the external anal sphincter in man. The anatomy of the external anal sphincter was studied in 20 adult human cadavers of both sexes by dissection and histological examination. The external anal sphincter is not naturally divided into layers or laminae. The lowermost muscle bundles differ from the main part in being completely surrounded by thick fibrous tissue septa derived form the longitudinal anal coat. The perineal branch of S4 supplies the posterior third, the inferior haemorrhoidal nerves supply the anterior two thirds. All fibres of the sphincter retain their skeletal attachment to the anococcygeal ligament to the coccyx. Some fibres cross the median plane to be continuous with the transversus perinei of the opposite side. A cleft was displayed separating the lower border of the levator ani muscle from the upper border of the external anal sphincter. The muscle bundles of the sphincter are arranged circumferentially in one continuous circle and not in loops. Fibres from the anterior border of the levator ani muscle extend to cover and blend with the outer surface of the external sphincter in their way to the anococcygeal ligament.", "PMID": 525243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2278", "title": "Cephalic arterial pattern in New World edentates and Old World pangolins with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy.", "content": "The cephalic arterial pattern in edentates and pangolins is described on the basis of 9 corrosion specimens, representing all the classical superfamilies, with special reference to their phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy. In this respect, the importance of the manner in which the external carotid artery system annexes the stepedial area of supply and of the course of the internal carotid artery in relation to the tympanic cavity is emphasized. The investigation does not indicate any special relationship between the New World edentates and the Old World pangolins, whereas the marked difference in the course of the internal carotid artery in recent edentates stresses the independent development of the South American anteaters compared with that of the two other edentate groups (armadillos and tree sloths). Most probably the edentates were divided very early into two main lines which have evolved independently since the early Tertiary, i.e. one for the anteaters and one for the tree sloths and armadillos, indicating a probable subdivision of the true edentates into two suborders. This subdivision is markedly different from the classical two-fold division  of the edentates.", "contents": "Cephalic arterial pattern in New World edentates and Old World pangolins with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy. The cephalic arterial pattern in edentates and pangolins is described on the basis of 9 corrosion specimens, representing all the classical superfamilies, with special reference to their phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy. In this respect, the importance of the manner in which the external carotid artery system annexes the stepedial area of supply and of the course of the internal carotid artery in relation to the tympanic cavity is emphasized. The investigation does not indicate any special relationship between the New World edentates and the Old World pangolins, whereas the marked difference in the course of the internal carotid artery in recent edentates stresses the independent development of the South American anteaters compared with that of the two other edentate groups (armadillos and tree sloths). Most probably the edentates were divided very early into two main lines which have evolved independently since the early Tertiary, i.e. one for the anteaters and one for the tree sloths and armadillos, indicating a probable subdivision of the true edentates into two suborders. This subdivision is markedly different from the classical two-fold division  of the edentates.", "PMID": 525244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2279", "title": "Vibrissae removal and the phenomenon of unexplained sudden death.", "content": "Two earlier theories on the effect of vibrissae removal in rats were tested. One theory stating that vibrissae removal produces impairment of spatial orientation capacity was confirmed. The other stating that it causes a depressive state of hopelessness and sudden death could not be confirmed. It is concluded that the extrapolation from the particular animal experiment to human psychological processes is not justified.", "contents": "Vibrissae removal and the phenomenon of unexplained sudden death. Two earlier theories on the effect of vibrissae removal in rats were tested. One theory stating that vibrissae removal produces impairment of spatial orientation capacity was confirmed. The other stating that it causes a depressive state of hopelessness and sudden death could not be confirmed. It is concluded that the extrapolation from the particular animal experiment to human psychological processes is not justified.", "PMID": 525245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2280", "title": "Effects of cadmium on the ultrastructure of the mouse parathyroid gland.", "content": "Electron-microscopic studies were made on the parathyroid gland of cadmium-treated mice. Most chief cells in treated mice were rich in free ribosomes and secretory granules compared to the control mice. In the parathyroid gland after 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, interdigitations between adjacent chief cells became more complex than in the control mice. In most chief cells of the parathyroid gland after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, the Golgi complexes associated with numerous prosecretory granules were better developed than in the control mice. These ultrastructural appearances suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity was stimulated in response to cadmium treatment.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium on the ultrastructure of the mouse parathyroid gland. Electron-microscopic studies were made on the parathyroid gland of cadmium-treated mice. Most chief cells in treated mice were rich in free ribosomes and secretory granules compared to the control mice. In the parathyroid gland after 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, interdigitations between adjacent chief cells became more complex than in the control mice. In most chief cells of the parathyroid gland after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, the Golgi complexes associated with numerous prosecretory granules were better developed than in the control mice. These ultrastructural appearances suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity was stimulated in response to cadmium treatment.", "PMID": 525246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2281", "title": "Relationships of musculus rhomboideus, ligamentum nuchae and vertebrae thoracis and lumbales in Bos indicus.", "content": "The funicular part of the ligamentum nuchae of Bos indicus attaches to the dorsolateral edges of the bifid spines of the seventh thoracic through third lumbar vertebrate. Cranially, the funiculus nuchae runs freely medial to the deep thoracic fascia which separates it from the overlying rhomboideus thoracis. The zebu hump is composed primarily of rhomboideus cervicis which in the thoracic position is clearly separable from underlying structures.", "contents": "Relationships of musculus rhomboideus, ligamentum nuchae and vertebrae thoracis and lumbales in Bos indicus. The funicular part of the ligamentum nuchae of Bos indicus attaches to the dorsolateral edges of the bifid spines of the seventh thoracic through third lumbar vertebrate. Cranially, the funiculus nuchae runs freely medial to the deep thoracic fascia which separates it from the overlying rhomboideus thoracis. The zebu hump is composed primarily of rhomboideus cervicis which in the thoracic position is clearly separable from underlying structures.", "PMID": 525247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2282", "title": "Venous drainage of the urinary bladder.", "content": "The venous drainage of the urinary bladder was studied in 20 pelvic halves (14 males and 6 females). Vesical and prostatic plexuses draining the bladder (vesical only in females) were found in 16 cases; they supplied blood to the internal iliac vein--usually by two to five veins--the most common number being three. One vein always drained the prostatic plexus. The vesical and prostatic plexuses were absent in 4 male cases, where the vesical veins issuing from the bladder wall drained directly the internal iliac vein. Their number in such cases was minimal: between one and two only, on each side. The union of a vesical vein issuing from any of the two mentioned plexuses (when found) with the obturator, prostatic or vaginal vein was common. A shunt from a common trunk of united obturator and vesical veins to the external iliac vein was noticed in some cases. Occasionally, an inferior vesical vein ending in the obturator vein accompanied an inferior vesical artery initiating from the obturator artery.", "contents": "Venous drainage of the urinary bladder. The venous drainage of the urinary bladder was studied in 20 pelvic halves (14 males and 6 females). Vesical and prostatic plexuses draining the bladder (vesical only in females) were found in 16 cases; they supplied blood to the internal iliac vein--usually by two to five veins--the most common number being three. One vein always drained the prostatic plexus. The vesical and prostatic plexuses were absent in 4 male cases, where the vesical veins issuing from the bladder wall drained directly the internal iliac vein. Their number in such cases was minimal: between one and two only, on each side. The union of a vesical vein issuing from any of the two mentioned plexuses (when found) with the obturator, prostatic or vaginal vein was common. A shunt from a common trunk of united obturator and vesical veins to the external iliac vein was noticed in some cases. Occasionally, an inferior vesical vein ending in the obturator vein accompanied an inferior vesical artery initiating from the obturator artery.", "PMID": 525248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2283", "title": "Hybridization and heat tolerance in rats.", "content": "Buffalo and Fisher inbred rats and their F1--F4 hybrids were exposed to heat, 96 degrees F and 30% humidity, at 35 days of age. Fisher rats which are of lighter weight survive significantly longer than Buffalo rats which are heavier. Body weight was significantly depressed in all hybrids. Only in F2 hybrids was heat tolerance similar to that of the Fisher inbreds. In all other hybrids, it was lower. No heterosis was found under the conditions used.", "contents": "Hybridization and heat tolerance in rats. Buffalo and Fisher inbred rats and their F1--F4 hybrids were exposed to heat, 96 degrees F and 30% humidity, at 35 days of age. Fisher rats which are of lighter weight survive significantly longer than Buffalo rats which are heavier. Body weight was significantly depressed in all hybrids. Only in F2 hybrids was heat tolerance similar to that of the Fisher inbreds. In all other hybrids, it was lower. No heterosis was found under the conditions used.", "PMID": 525249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2284", "title": "Retention during embryonic life of the ability of avian spinal cord to induce somitic chondrogenesis in vitro.", "content": "It is well established that the spinal cord of embryonic vertebrates induces sclerotomal somitic mesoderm to chondrify. We have investigated whether the spinal cord retains this inductive ability for the duration of the life of the avian embryo. Somites were isolated from embryos of H.H. stages 16 to 18 and either cultured alone in a medium which would not allow spontaneous chondrogenesis or cultured in direct contact with the spinal cord from embryos ranging in age between H.H. stages 33 and 44 (7 1/2--18 days of incubation). Somites cultured alone did not chondrify. Somites cultured in contact with either the ventral surface of the spinal cord or with the ependyma of the spinal cord chondrified in virtually 100% of all cultures--irrespective of the age of the donor embryo providing the spinal cord. The somites which were cultured in contact with the dorsal surface of the spinal cord did not undergo chondrogenesis. We conclude that the ventral spinal cord and the ependyma retain inductive ability through embryonic life and discuss the possible reasons for this.", "contents": "Retention during embryonic life of the ability of avian spinal cord to induce somitic chondrogenesis in vitro. It is well established that the spinal cord of embryonic vertebrates induces sclerotomal somitic mesoderm to chondrify. We have investigated whether the spinal cord retains this inductive ability for the duration of the life of the avian embryo. Somites were isolated from embryos of H.H. stages 16 to 18 and either cultured alone in a medium which would not allow spontaneous chondrogenesis or cultured in direct contact with the spinal cord from embryos ranging in age between H.H. stages 33 and 44 (7 1/2--18 days of incubation). Somites cultured alone did not chondrify. Somites cultured in contact with either the ventral surface of the spinal cord or with the ependyma of the spinal cord chondrified in virtually 100% of all cultures--irrespective of the age of the donor embryo providing the spinal cord. The somites which were cultured in contact with the dorsal surface of the spinal cord did not undergo chondrogenesis. We conclude that the ventral spinal cord and the ependyma retain inductive ability through embryonic life and discuss the possible reasons for this.", "PMID": 525250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2285", "title": "[Functional morphology and ultracytochemistry of the specific granules of atrial muscle cells in mammals].", "content": "The carbohydrate content of the specific granules of atrial muscle cells has been confirmed by ultracytochemical and ultrastructural findings. The carbohydrate proteins of the granules seem to consist mainly of proteoglycans, probably with a great content of dermatan sulfate. Therefore, in mammals only the atrial muscle cells seem to retain postnatally the capability of embryonic heart muscle cells to synthesize proteoglycans. Secreted into the blood of the atria and atrial coronary vessels, they may bind lipoproteins of the blood serum, especially the atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. On the other hand, the antithrombotic effect of proteoglycans could be able to prevent a raised coagulability of the blood in the heart cavities caused by the beat of the heart cusps.", "contents": "[Functional morphology and ultracytochemistry of the specific granules of atrial muscle cells in mammals]. The carbohydrate content of the specific granules of atrial muscle cells has been confirmed by ultracytochemical and ultrastructural findings. The carbohydrate proteins of the granules seem to consist mainly of proteoglycans, probably with a great content of dermatan sulfate. Therefore, in mammals only the atrial muscle cells seem to retain postnatally the capability of embryonic heart muscle cells to synthesize proteoglycans. Secreted into the blood of the atria and atrial coronary vessels, they may bind lipoproteins of the blood serum, especially the atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. On the other hand, the antithrombotic effect of proteoglycans could be able to prevent a raised coagulability of the blood in the heart cavities caused by the beat of the heart cusps.", "PMID": 525251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2286", "title": "Anatomy of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week human fetus.", "content": "The morphology of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week fetus was analyzed using 30-micrometer subserial sections. The sample included 26 specimens, of which 9 each were sectioned coronally and sagittally while 8 were sectioned in the transverse plane. At this stage of development m. levator veli palatini takes a general attachment to the precursor of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and, in some cases, auxiliary attachments to the auditory tube complex were also observed. At its origin, the muscle is located anterior to the tube. It then runs medially, passing beneath the auditory tube prior to entering the velum. As it nears the region of the lateral pharyngeal wall, a small fascicle trails posteriorly and inferiorly to the main muscle mass and occasionally runs into the upper margin of m. constrictor pharyngis superior. The levator muscle is more localized within the velum at this stage of development than it has been reported to be in the adult, being confined here to the central third of the soft palate. Most of the fibers of the muscle appear to form a sling within the central 20% of the velum, although some were seen to take attachment to loose connective tissue and the palatine raphe. Upon its entry into the velum, m. levator veli palatini is intersected vertically by bundles of both mm. palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus.", "contents": "Anatomy of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week human fetus. The morphology of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week fetus was analyzed using 30-micrometer subserial sections. The sample included 26 specimens, of which 9 each were sectioned coronally and sagittally while 8 were sectioned in the transverse plane. At this stage of development m. levator veli palatini takes a general attachment to the precursor of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and, in some cases, auxiliary attachments to the auditory tube complex were also observed. At its origin, the muscle is located anterior to the tube. It then runs medially, passing beneath the auditory tube prior to entering the velum. As it nears the region of the lateral pharyngeal wall, a small fascicle trails posteriorly and inferiorly to the main muscle mass and occasionally runs into the upper margin of m. constrictor pharyngis superior. The levator muscle is more localized within the velum at this stage of development than it has been reported to be in the adult, being confined here to the central third of the soft palate. Most of the fibers of the muscle appear to form a sling within the central 20% of the velum, although some were seen to take attachment to loose connective tissue and the palatine raphe. Upon its entry into the velum, m. levator veli palatini is intersected vertically by bundles of both mm. palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus.", "PMID": 525252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2287", "title": "Evaluation and graduation of brain stem auditory evoked potentials in patients with neurological diseases.", "content": "Based on normative data from 40 subjects, criteria for evaluating brain stem auditory evoked potentials have been elaborated. This system contained six grades from normal to diffusely abnormal, and was used in evaluating recordings from 142 patients, including 38 patients with definite and 48 with probable and possible multiple sclerosis, 18 patients with brain stem infarctions, six patients with other organic brain stem lesions, six patients with a postcommotional syndrome and 26 patients without any brain stem involvement. A statistically significant difference was found between normal persons and patients without evidence of brain stem lesions versus patients with such evidence, as well as between subgroups of slightly and severely affected patients. The system was found useful as a way of describing recordings, in company groups of patients and in a follow up of a few patients.", "contents": "Evaluation and graduation of brain stem auditory evoked potentials in patients with neurological diseases. Based on normative data from 40 subjects, criteria for evaluating brain stem auditory evoked potentials have been elaborated. This system contained six grades from normal to diffusely abnormal, and was used in evaluating recordings from 142 patients, including 38 patients with definite and 48 with probable and possible multiple sclerosis, 18 patients with brain stem infarctions, six patients with other organic brain stem lesions, six patients with a postcommotional syndrome and 26 patients without any brain stem involvement. A statistically significant difference was found between normal persons and patients without evidence of brain stem lesions versus patients with such evidence, as well as between subgroups of slightly and severely affected patients. The system was found useful as a way of describing recordings, in company groups of patients and in a follow up of a few patients.", "PMID": 525254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2288", "title": "Chondrodystrophic myotonia: electromyographic and cardiac features of a case.", "content": "TheSchwartz-Jampel syndrome or chondrodystrophic myotonia is a rare disease characterized by dwarfism, diffuse osteoarticular alterations, blepharospasm, perioral muscular contractions and electromyographic alterations. The authors present a case of chondrodystrophic myotonia focusing mainly on facial electromyographic and cardiac findings. The electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscles showed abundant myotonic discharges like other facial muscles as well as muscles of the members. It was not possible to obtain true electrical silence between myotonic discharges, suggesting that the blepharospasm is a consequence of persistent muscular contraction. No conclusive evidence of myocardiopathy was given by clinical or laboratory cardiac examinations. General characteristics of the syndrome are discussed as well as the treatment with procamide and phenytoin.", "contents": "Chondrodystrophic myotonia: electromyographic and cardiac features of a case. TheSchwartz-Jampel syndrome or chondrodystrophic myotonia is a rare disease characterized by dwarfism, diffuse osteoarticular alterations, blepharospasm, perioral muscular contractions and electromyographic alterations. The authors present a case of chondrodystrophic myotonia focusing mainly on facial electromyographic and cardiac findings. The electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscles showed abundant myotonic discharges like other facial muscles as well as muscles of the members. It was not possible to obtain true electrical silence between myotonic discharges, suggesting that the blepharospasm is a consequence of persistent muscular contraction. No conclusive evidence of myocardiopathy was given by clinical or laboratory cardiac examinations. General characteristics of the syndrome are discussed as well as the treatment with procamide and phenytoin.", "PMID": 525255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2289", "title": "Mazindol in the treatment of narcolepsy.", "content": "Thirty-four subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome were treated with mazindol 3--8 mg daily for 1 year. Treatment cuased a sustained improvement in narcolepsy, but had no effect on cataplexy or sleep paralysis. The response to mazindol was excellent in six subjects, good in 14, moderate in 12 and poor in two. No cardiovascular effects, haematological toxicity, tolerance or dependence occurred. Mazindol 6 mg had the same effect on narcolepsy as d-amphetamine 50 mg, but caused less side effects.", "contents": "Mazindol in the treatment of narcolepsy. Thirty-four subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome were treated with mazindol 3--8 mg daily for 1 year. Treatment cuased a sustained improvement in narcolepsy, but had no effect on cataplexy or sleep paralysis. The response to mazindol was excellent in six subjects, good in 14, moderate in 12 and poor in two. No cardiovascular effects, haematological toxicity, tolerance or dependence occurred. Mazindol 6 mg had the same effect on narcolepsy as d-amphetamine 50 mg, but caused less side effects.", "PMID": 525256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2290", "title": "Chromosome analysis in meningeal carcinomatosis.", "content": "A 50-year-old man with clinical signs of meningeal carcinomatosis is described in whom cerebrospinal fluid cells suspected of malignancy were found. A chromosome analysis confirmed malignancy and also indicated the origin of the primary tumor.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis in meningeal carcinomatosis. A 50-year-old man with clinical signs of meningeal carcinomatosis is described in whom cerebrospinal fluid cells suspected of malignancy were found. A chromosome analysis confirmed malignancy and also indicated the origin of the primary tumor.", "PMID": 525257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2291", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Frequent sampling of blood alters disease course.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitised for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as adults usually develop an acute, fatal form of disease while animals inoculated as juveniles usually display a chronic relapsing form. The present study reports that following repeated short-interval blood sampling by cardiac puncture for the estimation of lymphocyte populations, some adult Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitised for acute EAE unexpectedly survived and developed chronic EAE, while a group of juveniles sensitised for chronic EAE and bled under the same conditions, developed a more severe, acute form of EAE. It is suggested that this reversal of disease course was related to the depletion of circulating factors.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Frequent sampling of blood alters disease course. Previous studies have shown that Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitised for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as adults usually develop an acute, fatal form of disease while animals inoculated as juveniles usually display a chronic relapsing form. The present study reports that following repeated short-interval blood sampling by cardiac puncture for the estimation of lymphocyte populations, some adult Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitised for acute EAE unexpectedly survived and developed chronic EAE, while a group of juveniles sensitised for chronic EAE and bled under the same conditions, developed a more severe, acute form of EAE. It is suggested that this reversal of disease course was related to the depletion of circulating factors.", "PMID": 525258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2292", "title": "Differential radiosensitivity of neurons and neuroglia of the hippocampus in the adult rabbit.", "content": "Adult rabbits were subjected to 4.5 Gy of whole-blody or brain alone gamma-irradiation, and their hippocampus was examined with the light and electron microscope. Pycnotic cells were found at the base of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in the so-called subgranular zone, as soon as 3 h after irradiation, and were cleared up by active phagocytosis after 48 h. Some of these cells appeared as undifferentiated, whereas others were differentiating granule cells, and possibly immature neuroglia. The extent of cell necrosis was contingent upon the age of the animal, the oldest animal studied (27 months) showing only sparse lesion of that type. Astrocytes and microglia were responsible for the phagocytosis of dead cells. Another type of lesion was found in the nuclei of the mature granule cells and consisted of light spots which appeared 1 h after the irradiation and disappeared almost completely after 48 h. Pyramidal cells did not show any of these two lesions. It is concluded that the laterations in the electrical activity of pyrimidal cells, following irradiation, are at least partly due to lesions affecting the dentate gyrus. Radionecrosis in the subgranular zone is related to the presence of immature cells in this region.", "contents": "Differential radiosensitivity of neurons and neuroglia of the hippocampus in the adult rabbit. Adult rabbits were subjected to 4.5 Gy of whole-blody or brain alone gamma-irradiation, and their hippocampus was examined with the light and electron microscope. Pycnotic cells were found at the base of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in the so-called subgranular zone, as soon as 3 h after irradiation, and were cleared up by active phagocytosis after 48 h. Some of these cells appeared as undifferentiated, whereas others were differentiating granule cells, and possibly immature neuroglia. The extent of cell necrosis was contingent upon the age of the animal, the oldest animal studied (27 months) showing only sparse lesion of that type. Astrocytes and microglia were responsible for the phagocytosis of dead cells. Another type of lesion was found in the nuclei of the mature granule cells and consisted of light spots which appeared 1 h after the irradiation and disappeared almost completely after 48 h. Pyramidal cells did not show any of these two lesions. It is concluded that the laterations in the electrical activity of pyrimidal cells, following irradiation, are at least partly due to lesions affecting the dentate gyrus. Radionecrosis in the subgranular zone is related to the presence of immature cells in this region.", "PMID": 525260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2293", "title": "Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of organotypic nerve cell cultures. Tubule-like structures in the nuclei of cells infected with type 2 but not with type 1 virus.", "content": "In HSV-2 infected cultures, intranuclear tubule-like structures were found more commonly in fibroblasts and central nervous system (CNS) neurons than in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, satellite and Schwann cells, but were found least often in peripheral neurons.", "contents": "Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of organotypic nerve cell cultures. Tubule-like structures in the nuclei of cells infected with type 2 but not with type 1 virus. In HSV-2 infected cultures, intranuclear tubule-like structures were found more commonly in fibroblasts and central nervous system (CNS) neurons than in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, satellite and Schwann cells, but were found least often in peripheral neurons.", "PMID": 525261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2294", "title": "Iron-induced atypical meningioma cells?", "content": "Polymorphous tumor cells with bizarre giant nuclei are characteristic of the so-called atypical meningioma. Some of these cells are iron-positive. Meningioma cells apparently are able to store iron excessively. It is discussed whether an extremely high intracellular iron uptake is responsible for atypical meningioma growth. Derangement of mitotic spindles may lead to polyploid chromosome sets and thereby to giant nuclei. This seems likely because induction of tumor growth after iron injection has been described. Spodographic examinations showed that even histologically inconspicuous tumor cells contain fine-grained iron. Application of the Prussian-blue reaction to spodograms reveals distinctly higher iron contents than common paraffin sections had proved.", "contents": "Iron-induced atypical meningioma cells? Polymorphous tumor cells with bizarre giant nuclei are characteristic of the so-called atypical meningioma. Some of these cells are iron-positive. Meningioma cells apparently are able to store iron excessively. It is discussed whether an extremely high intracellular iron uptake is responsible for atypical meningioma growth. Derangement of mitotic spindles may lead to polyploid chromosome sets and thereby to giant nuclei. This seems likely because induction of tumor growth after iron injection has been described. Spodographic examinations showed that even histologically inconspicuous tumor cells contain fine-grained iron. Application of the Prussian-blue reaction to spodograms reveals distinctly higher iron contents than common paraffin sections had proved.", "PMID": 525262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2295", "title": "Studies on mucous substances in myxomatous meningiomas.", "content": "Three cases of myxomatous meningiomas with unusually abundant myxopoiesis are reported. Histochemical and staining methods are applied to characterize the mucous substances. They are identified as a complex of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides with a protein component. Histochemical and histological findings are correlated. The question is discussed whether an excessive myxopoiesis of meningioma cells represents regressive changes or specialized cellular activity.", "contents": "Studies on mucous substances in myxomatous meningiomas. Three cases of myxomatous meningiomas with unusually abundant myxopoiesis are reported. Histochemical and staining methods are applied to characterize the mucous substances. They are identified as a complex of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides with a protein component. Histochemical and histological findings are correlated. The question is discussed whether an excessive myxopoiesis of meningioma cells represents regressive changes or specialized cellular activity.", "PMID": 525263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2296", "title": "Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord. A case with a long survival.", "content": "A case of ganglioglioma or neuroastrocytoma of the spinal cord in a 78-year-old man is reported. Diagnosis was based on the histological identification of the neoplastic cells and on the study of the architecture of the tumour. The presence of cellular anaplasia, sometimes of marked degree, and of small nests of infiltration suggested an initial malignant behaviour regarding both cellular types. A survey of the five reported cases of spinal ganglioglioma is presented.", "contents": "Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord. A case with a long survival. A case of ganglioglioma or neuroastrocytoma of the spinal cord in a 78-year-old man is reported. Diagnosis was based on the histological identification of the neoplastic cells and on the study of the architecture of the tumour. The presence of cellular anaplasia, sometimes of marked degree, and of small nests of infiltration suggested an initial malignant behaviour regarding both cellular types. A survey of the five reported cases of spinal ganglioglioma is presented.", "PMID": 525264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2297", "title": "A comparison of three methods for inducing labor: oral prostaglandin E2, buccal desaminooxytocin, intravenous oxytocin.", "content": "A study of labor induction in 325 patients is reported. Group I (77 patients with Bioshop's scores 0-6) and 2 (69 patients with Bishop's scores 7-12) were given 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2 every half hour (maximum 5 mg per day). Group 3 (87 patients with Bishop's scores 0-6) was givne 50 International units of buccal desaminooxytocin every half hour (maximum 500 International units per day). In Group 4 (92 patients with Bishop's scores 7-12), labor was induced by primary amniotomy and automatic oxytocin infusion by the Cardiff method. In groups 1, 2 and 3, 45 per cent, 74 per cent and 41 per cent delivered within 48 hours, while 100 per cent in group 4 delivered within 24 hours. No differences were found in either the frequency of cesarean section or the incidence of low Apgar scores. A higher, but not statistically significant frequency of vacuum extraction was found in the Cardiff group (25 per cent) than in the tablet-induced groups (15 per cent). There was, however, a significantly higheroccurrence of alterations in fetal heart rate which led to instrumental intervention to hasten delivery in the Cardiff group compared to the tablet-induced patients.", "contents": "A comparison of three methods for inducing labor: oral prostaglandin E2, buccal desaminooxytocin, intravenous oxytocin. A study of labor induction in 325 patients is reported. Group I (77 patients with Bioshop's scores 0-6) and 2 (69 patients with Bishop's scores 7-12) were given 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2 every half hour (maximum 5 mg per day). Group 3 (87 patients with Bishop's scores 0-6) was givne 50 International units of buccal desaminooxytocin every half hour (maximum 500 International units per day). In Group 4 (92 patients with Bishop's scores 7-12), labor was induced by primary amniotomy and automatic oxytocin infusion by the Cardiff method. In groups 1, 2 and 3, 45 per cent, 74 per cent and 41 per cent delivered within 48 hours, while 100 per cent in group 4 delivered within 24 hours. No differences were found in either the frequency of cesarean section or the incidence of low Apgar scores. A higher, but not statistically significant frequency of vacuum extraction was found in the Cardiff group (25 per cent) than in the tablet-induced groups (15 per cent). There was, however, a significantly higheroccurrence of alterations in fetal heart rate which led to instrumental intervention to hasten delivery in the Cardiff group compared to the tablet-induced patients.", "PMID": 525265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2298", "title": "Folic acid supplement and intrauterine growth.", "content": "The effect of a folic acid supplment on birth weight and placental weight in women delivering in the early summer in Denmark was investigated. Thirty-six women with normal pregnancy and expected delivery in the first half of June were selected consecutively. They were paired two and two, and allotted to two groups, one of which was supplied daily with 5 mg folic acid, and the second with tablets without folic acid, from the 23rd week of pregnancy. A significant correlation was found between erythrocyte folic acid and birth weight. The infants in the folic acid group were 12.7 per cent heavier than those in the control group (p less than 0.01). A similar difference was found with regard to placental weight and the number of placental cells.", "contents": "Folic acid supplement and intrauterine growth. The effect of a folic acid supplment on birth weight and placental weight in women delivering in the early summer in Denmark was investigated. Thirty-six women with normal pregnancy and expected delivery in the first half of June were selected consecutively. They were paired two and two, and allotted to two groups, one of which was supplied daily with 5 mg folic acid, and the second with tablets without folic acid, from the 23rd week of pregnancy. A significant correlation was found between erythrocyte folic acid and birth weight. The infants in the folic acid group were 12.7 per cent heavier than those in the control group (p less than 0.01). A similar difference was found with regard to placental weight and the number of placental cells.", "PMID": 525266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2299", "title": "Pregnancy complications following conization of the uterine cervix (II).", "content": "The effect of conization upon the course of pregnancy and the fertility has been evaluated. 44 women had a total of 66 pregnancies following conization. These 44 women were compared with an age-matched group of non-conized women, as well as with a group of non-conized women matched for both age and parity. There were more smokers among conized than among non-conized women. All other descriptive variables were found to be without significant differences between the groups compared. There was no significant difference in the frequency of spontaneous and induced abortion, prematurity or cesarean section between conized and non-conized women. The second stage of labor was found to be protracted in conized women. Fertility judged by the \"latent period\"--the time elapsed from the couple started sexual intercourse without use of contraception to the present pregnancy--showed no difference between conized and non-conized women. We conclude that although a greater number of patients is necessary to permit definite conclusions concerning the risk of pregnancy and delivery complications in conized women, it is of special interest that the present study did not demonstrate an increased risk of spontaneous abortion nor of prematurity.", "contents": "Pregnancy complications following conization of the uterine cervix (II). The effect of conization upon the course of pregnancy and the fertility has been evaluated. 44 women had a total of 66 pregnancies following conization. These 44 women were compared with an age-matched group of non-conized women, as well as with a group of non-conized women matched for both age and parity. There were more smokers among conized than among non-conized women. All other descriptive variables were found to be without significant differences between the groups compared. There was no significant difference in the frequency of spontaneous and induced abortion, prematurity or cesarean section between conized and non-conized women. The second stage of labor was found to be protracted in conized women. Fertility judged by the \"latent period\"--the time elapsed from the couple started sexual intercourse without use of contraception to the present pregnancy--showed no difference between conized and non-conized women. We conclude that although a greater number of patients is necessary to permit definite conclusions concerning the risk of pregnancy and delivery complications in conized women, it is of special interest that the present study did not demonstrate an increased risk of spontaneous abortion nor of prematurity.", "PMID": 525267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2300", "title": "Amniotic fluid cell exfoliation in early human pregnancy.", "content": "An ultrasctructural study of amniotic epithelium and fetal periderm was undertaken in order to investigate the exfoliative capacity in these tissue surfaces in early human pregnancy. Contrary to earlier reports, no exfoliation could be detected from amniotic epithelium, while a heavy detachment of cells and cell fragments was observed from fetal skin. The importance of meticulous tissue preparation is obvious; detachment phenomena are easily produced artifactually by tissue scrapings and improper tissue preparation for morphological investigations.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cell exfoliation in early human pregnancy. An ultrasctructural study of amniotic epithelium and fetal periderm was undertaken in order to investigate the exfoliative capacity in these tissue surfaces in early human pregnancy. Contrary to earlier reports, no exfoliation could be detected from amniotic epithelium, while a heavy detachment of cells and cell fragments was observed from fetal skin. The importance of meticulous tissue preparation is obvious; detachment phenomena are easily produced artifactually by tissue scrapings and improper tissue preparation for morphological investigations.", "PMID": 525268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2301", "title": "Platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis during termination of missed abortion and missed labor by PGF2 alpha and oxytocin.", "content": "In cases of missed abortion and missed labor, labor was induced by PGF2 alpha i.a., i.v. and by oxytocin infusion. Platelet function (methods of Born and Breddin), the coagulation system and fibrinolysis have been studied within the three groups. Using PGF 2 alpha i.v., the initially increased platelet aggregation showed a tendency to become normal. There was no manifestation of activation of the coagulation system. Fibrinolytic activity showed a slight increase during PGF2  alpha i.v. No essential changes in platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolytic system were found after i.a. injection of PGF2 alpha. When inducing labor by oxytocin i.v., both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system were slightly activated and platelet aggregation increased. The results and their clinical importance for hemostasis as well as therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "Platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis during termination of missed abortion and missed labor by PGF2 alpha and oxytocin. In cases of missed abortion and missed labor, labor was induced by PGF2 alpha i.a., i.v. and by oxytocin infusion. Platelet function (methods of Born and Breddin), the coagulation system and fibrinolysis have been studied within the three groups. Using PGF 2 alpha i.v., the initially increased platelet aggregation showed a tendency to become normal. There was no manifestation of activation of the coagulation system. Fibrinolytic activity showed a slight increase during PGF2  alpha i.v. No essential changes in platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolytic system were found after i.a. injection of PGF2 alpha. When inducing labor by oxytocin i.v., both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system were slightly activated and platelet aggregation increased. The results and their clinical importance for hemostasis as well as therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 525269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2302", "title": "Estradiol, estriol and human placental lactogen in serum in threatened abortion.", "content": "In 64 pregnant women admitted to hospital because of threatened abortion the prognostic value of estradiol-17-beta, estriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) in serum was examined. The hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals during admission to hospital and subsequently until delivery. For each hormone a reference range was based on the hormone values obtained from the pregnancies that continued to viability. The study shows that the three hormones examined gave a good indication of the prognosis in threatened abortion, both separately and in combination. The best predictive values were achieved with estradiol and HPL after serial samples. Of these two hormones estradiol is to be preferred because of its fetoplacental origin.", "contents": "Estradiol, estriol and human placental lactogen in serum in threatened abortion. In 64 pregnant women admitted to hospital because of threatened abortion the prognostic value of estradiol-17-beta, estriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) in serum was examined. The hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals during admission to hospital and subsequently until delivery. For each hormone a reference range was based on the hormone values obtained from the pregnancies that continued to viability. The study shows that the three hormones examined gave a good indication of the prognosis in threatened abortion, both separately and in combination. The best predictive values were achieved with estradiol and HPL after serial samples. Of these two hormones estradiol is to be preferred because of its fetoplacental origin.", "PMID": 525270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2303", "title": "The effect of missed abortion and spontaneous abortion on the fate of subsequent pregnancies.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with spontaneous abortion and 58 with missed abortion were all promptly treated with curettage. The reproductive performance and the subsequent fertility of both groups during a five year period before and after the abortion were compared. To our suprise, no significant differences were found between the two groups.", "contents": "The effect of missed abortion and spontaneous abortion on the fate of subsequent pregnancies. Sixty-two patients with spontaneous abortion and 58 with missed abortion were all promptly treated with curettage. The reproductive performance and the subsequent fertility of both groups during a five year period before and after the abortion were compared. To our suprise, no significant differences were found between the two groups.", "PMID": 525271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2304", "title": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemic luteal insufficiency with bromocriptine.", "content": "Twelve patients with infertility and insufficent luteal function were studied during a control cycle, and during a cycle when 2.5 mg of bromocriptine was given twice daily. Serum levels of prolactin, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta, FSH and LH were determined during both cycles. Endometrial biopsies were taken from most patients during the late luteal phase. Two patients had persistent hyperprolactinemia, approximately 35-45 ng/ml, and both had repeated insufficient luteal function, which completely reverted to normal during treatment. Five of the 10 normoprolactinemic patients achieved a normal luteal function during bromocriptine therapy. No pregnancies were achieved during the study but one patient later conceived during bromocriptine therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemic luteal insufficiency with bromocriptine. Twelve patients with infertility and insufficent luteal function were studied during a control cycle, and during a cycle when 2.5 mg of bromocriptine was given twice daily. Serum levels of prolactin, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta, FSH and LH were determined during both cycles. Endometrial biopsies were taken from most patients during the late luteal phase. Two patients had persistent hyperprolactinemia, approximately 35-45 ng/ml, and both had repeated insufficient luteal function, which completely reverted to normal during treatment. Five of the 10 normoprolactinemic patients achieved a normal luteal function during bromocriptine therapy. No pregnancies were achieved during the study but one patient later conceived during bromocriptine therapy.", "PMID": 525272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2305", "title": "Uterine and ovarian estrogen receptor levels in climacteric women.", "content": "High affinity cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in the endometrium, myometrium and ovary of 15 climacteric women were studied. In addition, the concurrent serum estradiol and progesterone level of each woman was estimated and the endometrium examined histologically. The cytoplasmic estrogen receptor level of the endometrium and myometrium had remained extremely high in some cases several years after the menopause and in the presence of a completely atrophied endometrium. The lowest endometrial and myometrial estrogen receptor levels in pre-menopausal women were measured towards the end of the menstrual cycle. The eodometrial estrogen receptor level was roughly 2--3 times the comparable myometrial level. Estrogen receptors were also encountered in all cases in the cervical myometrium. The estrogen receptor levels of the ovary were low in all cases.", "contents": "Uterine and ovarian estrogen receptor levels in climacteric women. High affinity cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in the endometrium, myometrium and ovary of 15 climacteric women were studied. In addition, the concurrent serum estradiol and progesterone level of each woman was estimated and the endometrium examined histologically. The cytoplasmic estrogen receptor level of the endometrium and myometrium had remained extremely high in some cases several years after the menopause and in the presence of a completely atrophied endometrium. The lowest endometrial and myometrial estrogen receptor levels in pre-menopausal women were measured towards the end of the menstrual cycle. The eodometrial estrogen receptor level was roughly 2--3 times the comparable myometrial level. Estrogen receptors were also encountered in all cases in the cervical myometrium. The estrogen receptor levels of the ovary were low in all cases.", "PMID": 525273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2306", "title": "Water and ion metabolism in placenta. II. Water compartments and electrolytes in slices of rabbit placenta, at different periods of gestation, incubated at 0-1 degree C.", "content": "The movement and the distribution of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium have been studied in slices prepared from rabbit placentae at different periods of gestation, incubated in condition of depressed metabolism (0-1 degree C). In these conditions the tissue takes up water from the external medium up to a maximum of about 2.0 kg/kg d. wt., which represents 30 per cent of the initial H2O content of the fresh tissue. The extracellular compartment swells progressively and proportionally to the age of the placenta. The sodium and chloride content of the tissue increases while that of potassium decreases and their intracellular concentration reaches, after 120 min, that of the external medium. Magnesium does not show appreciable changes and calcium, too, despite its extreme variability, does not seem to undergo significant variations during the cold incubation. The results obtained show that placenta, like most of other mammalian cell systems, possesses specific metabolism-dependent mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of water distribution and ion gradients among the different tissue compartments. The characteristics and the regulation of these mechanisms are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Water and ion metabolism in placenta. II. Water compartments and electrolytes in slices of rabbit placenta, at different periods of gestation, incubated at 0-1 degree C. The movement and the distribution of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium have been studied in slices prepared from rabbit placentae at different periods of gestation, incubated in condition of depressed metabolism (0-1 degree C). In these conditions the tissue takes up water from the external medium up to a maximum of about 2.0 kg/kg d. wt., which represents 30 per cent of the initial H2O content of the fresh tissue. The extracellular compartment swells progressively and proportionally to the age of the placenta. The sodium and chloride content of the tissue increases while that of potassium decreases and their intracellular concentration reaches, after 120 min, that of the external medium. Magnesium does not show appreciable changes and calcium, too, despite its extreme variability, does not seem to undergo significant variations during the cold incubation. The results obtained show that placenta, like most of other mammalian cell systems, possesses specific metabolism-dependent mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of water distribution and ion gradients among the different tissue compartments. The characteristics and the regulation of these mechanisms are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 525274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2307", "title": "Amoxycillin absorption and penetration in pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Five patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) had thin polyethylene catheters introduced percutaneously through the abdominal wall into the pouch of Douglas for sampling of peritoneal fluid. At hourly intervals specimens were aspirated, simultaneously with the sampling of finger tip capillary blood. In both the concentration of amoxycillin was determined by the micromethod of Jalling et al. (1972). One hour after the oral ingestion of 0.5 grams of amoxycillin, a therapeutic level was recorded in blood plasma, the peak level being achieved in 2 hours. The concentration of amoxycillin in the peritoneal fluid showed some delay, mainly in the cases with a thick purulent exsudate, but the peak levels were similar to those in blood plasma. After a single dose of 0.5 gram of amoxycillin, a therapeutic level was maintained in blood and in peritoneal fluid for 7-8 hours. The drug was well tolerated and showed an excellent clinical effect.", "contents": "Amoxycillin absorption and penetration in pelvic inflammatory disease. Five patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) had thin polyethylene catheters introduced percutaneously through the abdominal wall into the pouch of Douglas for sampling of peritoneal fluid. At hourly intervals specimens were aspirated, simultaneously with the sampling of finger tip capillary blood. In both the concentration of amoxycillin was determined by the micromethod of Jalling et al. (1972). One hour after the oral ingestion of 0.5 grams of amoxycillin, a therapeutic level was recorded in blood plasma, the peak level being achieved in 2 hours. The concentration of amoxycillin in the peritoneal fluid showed some delay, mainly in the cases with a thick purulent exsudate, but the peak levels were similar to those in blood plasma. After a single dose of 0.5 gram of amoxycillin, a therapeutic level was maintained in blood and in peritoneal fluid for 7-8 hours. The drug was well tolerated and showed an excellent clinical effect.", "PMID": 525275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2308", "title": "Choroidal fluorescein angiography in rabbit.", "content": "The extreme permeability of the choriocapillaris to sodium fluorescein makes angiography with this tracer unsuitable to show the choroidal vascular bed. In order to prevent this profuse leakage, the choroidal circulation is visualized with fundus angiography after injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled dextrans of different molecular weight: 20 000, 40 000, 70 000, and 150 000. It is shown that the two first dextrans leak out of the choriocapillaris rather rapidly, whereas the last two dextrans remain intravascularly long enough to enable good demonstration of choroidal vessels. The practical application of these findings is discussed, and it is concluded that the dextran with molecular weight 70 000 should be preferred for use in humans.", "contents": "Choroidal fluorescein angiography in rabbit. The extreme permeability of the choriocapillaris to sodium fluorescein makes angiography with this tracer unsuitable to show the choroidal vascular bed. In order to prevent this profuse leakage, the choroidal circulation is visualized with fundus angiography after injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled dextrans of different molecular weight: 20 000, 40 000, 70 000, and 150 000. It is shown that the two first dextrans leak out of the choriocapillaris rather rapidly, whereas the last two dextrans remain intravascularly long enough to enable good demonstration of choroidal vessels. The practical application of these findings is discussed, and it is concluded that the dextran with molecular weight 70 000 should be preferred for use in humans.", "PMID": 525277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2309", "title": "Recurrences and metastases in carcinoma of the uterine body correlated to the size and localization of the primary tumor.", "content": "Hysterography was used for judging the size and location of the primary tumor in 475 patients with stage I carcinoma of the uterine body. No increased frequency of recurrence and metastases was noted in patients where the tumor involved the uterine cervix. Large tumors, however, were accompanied by an increased frequency of recurrences, metastases in the pelvic nodes and remote metastases.", "contents": "Recurrences and metastases in carcinoma of the uterine body correlated to the size and localization of the primary tumor. Hysterography was used for judging the size and location of the primary tumor in 475 patients with stage I carcinoma of the uterine body. No increased frequency of recurrence and metastases was noted in patients where the tumor involved the uterine cervix. Large tumors, however, were accompanied by an increased frequency of recurrences, metastases in the pelvic nodes and remote metastases.", "PMID": 525276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2310", "title": "Improved radiological technique for evaluating the lacrimal pathways with special emphasis on functional disorders.", "content": "A radiological study of the lacrimal drainage apparatus was made in 50 patients with temporary or permanent epiphora. The authors state that the present radiologic technique (macrography, seriography, subtraction) allows the detection on the various lacrimal levels of not only organic lesions but also of functional disorders. They assert the definite superiority of dacryocystography over the other clinical and radiological investigations (scintigraphy, roentgencinematography) in identifying the site and the nature of the various organic lesions, in evaluating and interpreting the functional alterations as well as following and judging the effectiveness of treatments.", "contents": "Improved radiological technique for evaluating the lacrimal pathways with special emphasis on functional disorders. A radiological study of the lacrimal drainage apparatus was made in 50 patients with temporary or permanent epiphora. The authors state that the present radiologic technique (macrography, seriography, subtraction) allows the detection on the various lacrimal levels of not only organic lesions but also of functional disorders. They assert the definite superiority of dacryocystography over the other clinical and radiological investigations (scintigraphy, roentgencinematography) in identifying the site and the nature of the various organic lesions, in evaluating and interpreting the functional alterations as well as following and judging the effectiveness of treatments.", "PMID": 525279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2311", "title": "Tear flow in normal human eyes. Determination by means of radioisotope and gamma camera.", "content": "Tear flow was measured in normal human eyes by means of a radioisotope (technetium as pertechnetate in a normal saline solution), a gamma camera and a computer. By \"region of interest\" technique the elimination was shown to have two phases: an initial rapid elimination followed by a slower elimination after 5--7 min. The mean fractional turnover rate in the initial phase was 0.197 min.-1 (n = 35, SEM = 0.013) and in the basal phase 0.083 min.-1 (n = 35, SEM = 0.003). Assuming a constant tear volume these values corresponded to a tear flow of 1.4 microliter min.-1 and 0.6 microliter min.-1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the fractional turnover rate in the upright and supine position. No difference was found in tear flow between males and females. With the eyes closed the fractional turnover rate was low with intermittently rapid outflow of tears. Irritation to the contralateral eye with a filterpaper caused a stimulated tear flow of 4.4 microliter min.-1. A nomogram facilitating background corrections was constructed.", "contents": "Tear flow in normal human eyes. Determination by means of radioisotope and gamma camera. Tear flow was measured in normal human eyes by means of a radioisotope (technetium as pertechnetate in a normal saline solution), a gamma camera and a computer. By \"region of interest\" technique the elimination was shown to have two phases: an initial rapid elimination followed by a slower elimination after 5--7 min. The mean fractional turnover rate in the initial phase was 0.197 min.-1 (n = 35, SEM = 0.013) and in the basal phase 0.083 min.-1 (n = 35, SEM = 0.003). Assuming a constant tear volume these values corresponded to a tear flow of 1.4 microliter min.-1 and 0.6 microliter min.-1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the fractional turnover rate in the upright and supine position. No difference was found in tear flow between males and females. With the eyes closed the fractional turnover rate was low with intermittently rapid outflow of tears. Irritation to the contralateral eye with a filterpaper caused a stimulated tear flow of 4.4 microliter min.-1. A nomogram facilitating background corrections was constructed.", "PMID": 525280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2312", "title": "Phagocytosis of latex microspheres by the epithelial cells of the guinea pig conjunctiva.", "content": "The capability of conjunctival epithelial cells to phagocytize particulate foreign matter was studied experimentally in the guinea pig. Perilimbal conjunctival epithelium was prepared for transmission electron microscopy by perfusion fixation 4 and 24 h after instillation of latex microspheres (0.79 mu in diameter) into the lower conjunctival  fornix. A varying number of microspheres were internalized by the superficial epithelial cells in both cases. The intracellular microspheres, single (at 4 and 24 h) or aggregated (only at 24 h), were always membrane-enclosed, corresponding to primary phagosomes. Some indications of secondary phagosomes were seen as well. In the 24 h specimens, microspheres were present also in the intermediate epithelial cells, implying a transfer from superficial to deeper cells. Thus, superficial as well as intermediate epithelial cells of the guinea pig conjunctiva are capable of active phagocytosis of inert particles.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of latex microspheres by the epithelial cells of the guinea pig conjunctiva. The capability of conjunctival epithelial cells to phagocytize particulate foreign matter was studied experimentally in the guinea pig. Perilimbal conjunctival epithelium was prepared for transmission electron microscopy by perfusion fixation 4 and 24 h after instillation of latex microspheres (0.79 mu in diameter) into the lower conjunctival  fornix. A varying number of microspheres were internalized by the superficial epithelial cells in both cases. The intracellular microspheres, single (at 4 and 24 h) or aggregated (only at 24 h), were always membrane-enclosed, corresponding to primary phagosomes. Some indications of secondary phagosomes were seen as well. In the 24 h specimens, microspheres were present also in the intermediate epithelial cells, implying a transfer from superficial to deeper cells. Thus, superficial as well as intermediate epithelial cells of the guinea pig conjunctiva are capable of active phagocytosis of inert particles.", "PMID": 525281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2313", "title": "Contractile properties of extraocular muscle in cats reared with monocular lid closure and artificial squint.", "content": "Kittens were raised with amblyopia by monocular lid suture or esotropia by transection of extraocular muscles in one eye at the age of 2--3 weeks. Isometric contractions in the inferior oblique muscle were recorded at 20 weeks or at adult age, and the results were compared with those of similarly aged cats with normal visual development. The speed of contraction and the fatigue resistance was reduced in the lid sutured animals. In the esotropic cats studied, fatigue resistance was also reduced but the speed of contraction did not change much. It is suggested that the postnatal eye muscle development can be modified by manipulation of the visual input at an early age. Presumably the impaired binocular vision in the lid sutured and esotropic cats reduced the demand for fusion vergences, and this might be reflected in the changes of eye muscle properties. In monocularly lid sutured cats, eye muscle changes were the same on both sides, suggesting that amblyopia per se did not affect eye muscle development.", "contents": "Contractile properties of extraocular muscle in cats reared with monocular lid closure and artificial squint. Kittens were raised with amblyopia by monocular lid suture or esotropia by transection of extraocular muscles in one eye at the age of 2--3 weeks. Isometric contractions in the inferior oblique muscle were recorded at 20 weeks or at adult age, and the results were compared with those of similarly aged cats with normal visual development. The speed of contraction and the fatigue resistance was reduced in the lid sutured animals. In the esotropic cats studied, fatigue resistance was also reduced but the speed of contraction did not change much. It is suggested that the postnatal eye muscle development can be modified by manipulation of the visual input at an early age. Presumably the impaired binocular vision in the lid sutured and esotropic cats reduced the demand for fusion vergences, and this might be reflected in the changes of eye muscle properties. In monocularly lid sutured cats, eye muscle changes were the same on both sides, suggesting that amblyopia per se did not affect eye muscle development.", "PMID": 525282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2314", "title": "A clinical study on the detection of strabismus, anisometropia or ametropia of children by simultaneous photography of the corneal and the fundus reflexes.", "content": "Twenty two strabismus and 106 straight eyed patients with anatomically normal eyes were first photographed with a conventional camera equipped with a weak 100 mm teleobjective and coaxial flashlight and then examined clinically. The possibility of detecting strabismus, anisometropias and ametropias in the photographs by noting the localisation of the corneal reflexes and examining the appearance and lightness of the fundus reflexes and their possible asymmetry were tested in a double blind study. Even small angled strabismus cases could be found because of the asymmetrical localisation of the corneal reflexes. In 18 of the 22 strabismus cases (82%) there was asymmetrical lightness of the fundus reflexes and the fundus reflex of the deviating eye was lighter than that of the fixating eye. All the straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more (five cases) were observed in the photographs because of the asymmetrical appearance of the fundus reflexes. In straight eyed anisometropias of under 3.0 diopters, the fundus reflexes were symmetrical in 90 cases and asymmetrical in 11 cases (11%). Only three out of eight hyperopias of fomr +4.5 to +6.0 diopters were found because of the light crescent in the low part of the pupil. All myopias of over -4.0 diopters (14 cases) were observed because of the light crescent appearance in the upper part of the pupil. No pupillary crescents appeared with refractions of less than -1.75 diopters myopia or less than +4.5 diopters hyperopia; 172 eyes came within this range. Even a technician can perform, without premedication, the method tested here for rapid and simple screening to detect strabismus and straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more in small children or other patients who do not co-operate well in normal clinical examination. Over -4.0 diopters myopias can also be found. The method was rather unreliable for finding hyperopias, presumably because no cycloplegic drops were used.", "contents": "A clinical study on the detection of strabismus, anisometropia or ametropia of children by simultaneous photography of the corneal and the fundus reflexes. Twenty two strabismus and 106 straight eyed patients with anatomically normal eyes were first photographed with a conventional camera equipped with a weak 100 mm teleobjective and coaxial flashlight and then examined clinically. The possibility of detecting strabismus, anisometropias and ametropias in the photographs by noting the localisation of the corneal reflexes and examining the appearance and lightness of the fundus reflexes and their possible asymmetry were tested in a double blind study. Even small angled strabismus cases could be found because of the asymmetrical localisation of the corneal reflexes. In 18 of the 22 strabismus cases (82%) there was asymmetrical lightness of the fundus reflexes and the fundus reflex of the deviating eye was lighter than that of the fixating eye. All the straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more (five cases) were observed in the photographs because of the asymmetrical appearance of the fundus reflexes. In straight eyed anisometropias of under 3.0 diopters, the fundus reflexes were symmetrical in 90 cases and asymmetrical in 11 cases (11%). Only three out of eight hyperopias of fomr +4.5 to +6.0 diopters were found because of the light crescent in the low part of the pupil. All myopias of over -4.0 diopters (14 cases) were observed because of the light crescent appearance in the upper part of the pupil. No pupillary crescents appeared with refractions of less than -1.75 diopters myopia or less than +4.5 diopters hyperopia; 172 eyes came within this range. Even a technician can perform, without premedication, the method tested here for rapid and simple screening to detect strabismus and straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more in small children or other patients who do not co-operate well in normal clinical examination. Over -4.0 diopters myopias can also be found. The method was rather unreliable for finding hyperopias, presumably because no cycloplegic drops were used.", "PMID": 525283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2315", "title": "The colour receptors in amblyopia investigated by specific quantitative perimetry.", "content": "With a method combining static colour perimetry and the two-colour threshold technique of Stiles, characteristic sensitivities of the cone mechanisms have been studied in amblyopic eye; the depression was more pronounced the higher the degree of amblyopia. For the blue cone mechanism no significant difference was found between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes. For the red and green cone mechanisms, a central depression of sensitivity was found between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eye, except at the fixation point where the mean threshold sensitivity was significantly higher in the amblyopic eye than in the leading eye. By registration of blue receptor curves, a distinct age factor was observed. In the younger patients (aged 10--16) the sensitivity level at peripheral positions for both the amblyopic and the non-amblyopic eye was significantly higher than in the older patients (aged 39--50). This difference is evidently due to the higher absorption of blue light in the ocular media in older patients. In our cases with eccentric fixation, the true fovea represents the relatively best sensitivity of the red as well as of the green cone mechanism.", "contents": "The colour receptors in amblyopia investigated by specific quantitative perimetry. With a method combining static colour perimetry and the two-colour threshold technique of Stiles, characteristic sensitivities of the cone mechanisms have been studied in amblyopic eye; the depression was more pronounced the higher the degree of amblyopia. For the blue cone mechanism no significant difference was found between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes. For the red and green cone mechanisms, a central depression of sensitivity was found between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eye, except at the fixation point where the mean threshold sensitivity was significantly higher in the amblyopic eye than in the leading eye. By registration of blue receptor curves, a distinct age factor was observed. In the younger patients (aged 10--16) the sensitivity level at peripheral positions for both the amblyopic and the non-amblyopic eye was significantly higher than in the older patients (aged 39--50). This difference is evidently due to the higher absorption of blue light in the ocular media in older patients. In our cases with eccentric fixation, the true fovea represents the relatively best sensitivity of the red as well as of the green cone mechanism.", "PMID": 525284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2316", "title": "Clinical electro-oculography.", "content": "In clinical routine EOG we are dealing with a base line or lightinsensitive potential and a lightsensitive potential, the latter consisting of at least two different oscillations, a fast negative and a slow positive one. Any judgement of EOG without referring to the absolute level of the baseline is an incomplete one. It is no longer justified to refer to the Arden ratio as a unique parameter for EOG normalty or abnormalty. Our knowledge about the generating mechanisms of the different EOG components is insufficient. Clinical EOG examination is one way to better understanding. Statistical evaluation is not easy because of the considerable inter- and intraindividual variations. The study of uniocular diseases or affections may solve some of our problems.", "contents": "Clinical electro-oculography. In clinical routine EOG we are dealing with a base line or lightinsensitive potential and a lightsensitive potential, the latter consisting of at least two different oscillations, a fast negative and a slow positive one. Any judgement of EOG without referring to the absolute level of the baseline is an incomplete one. It is no longer justified to refer to the Arden ratio as a unique parameter for EOG normalty or abnormalty. Our knowledge about the generating mechanisms of the different EOG components is insufficient. Clinical EOG examination is one way to better understanding. Statistical evaluation is not easy because of the considerable inter- and intraindividual variations. The study of uniocular diseases or affections may solve some of our problems.", "PMID": 525285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2317", "title": "Effect of oily vehicle on ocular pilocarpine concentration.", "content": "The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) vehicle and of castor oil vehicle on ocular pilocarpine concentration was studied by radioactive method in the rabbit eye. Statistically higher radioactivities were measured from the anterior surface structures of the eyes dropped with oily vehicle when compared to PVA vehicle at 120 min. It is concluded that the conjunctiva and the cornea serve as a drug reservoir for the longlasting drug effect observed in the literature after oily pilocarpine drops.", "contents": "Effect of oily vehicle on ocular pilocarpine concentration. The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) vehicle and of castor oil vehicle on ocular pilocarpine concentration was studied by radioactive method in the rabbit eye. Statistically higher radioactivities were measured from the anterior surface structures of the eyes dropped with oily vehicle when compared to PVA vehicle at 120 min. It is concluded that the conjunctiva and the cornea serve as a drug reservoir for the longlasting drug effect observed in the literature after oily pilocarpine drops.", "PMID": 525286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2318", "title": "Infantile glaucoma: electrophysiology.", "content": "Thirty-eight children with congenital infantile glaucoma (hydrophthalmia) were examined using electrophysiological methods. In contrast with adult glaucoma, hydrophthalmia is characterized by early changes in the electro-retinogram and rise of the threshold of electrical phosphene, which points to serious pathological changes in the retinal optic nerve. In such cases surgical intervention is indicated.", "contents": "Infantile glaucoma: electrophysiology. Thirty-eight children with congenital infantile glaucoma (hydrophthalmia) were examined using electrophysiological methods. In contrast with adult glaucoma, hydrophthalmia is characterized by early changes in the electro-retinogram and rise of the threshold of electrical phosphene, which points to serious pathological changes in the retinal optic nerve. In such cases surgical intervention is indicated.", "PMID": 525287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2319", "title": "Orbital abscess in two neonates, deriving from conjunctival malformations.", "content": "A report is given of two infants who developed an orbital abscess within their first month of life. Generally they were unaffected, and malignancies were initially suspected. Ultrasonography showed partly cystic, partly solid lesions. The likely infectious foci were conjunctival malformations, a mucosal fistula in case No. 1, a conjunctival cyst in case NO. 2. There was rapid and complete recovery after surgery. The infections were caused by Staph. aureus and by diplococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Additional findings: Infant No. 1 had a fibroma of the tongue. Infant No. 2 had pes equino-varus.", "contents": "Orbital abscess in two neonates, deriving from conjunctival malformations. A report is given of two infants who developed an orbital abscess within their first month of life. Generally they were unaffected, and malignancies were initially suspected. Ultrasonography showed partly cystic, partly solid lesions. The likely infectious foci were conjunctival malformations, a mucosal fistula in case No. 1, a conjunctival cyst in case NO. 2. There was rapid and complete recovery after surgery. The infections were caused by Staph. aureus and by diplococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Additional findings: Infant No. 1 had a fibroma of the tongue. Infant No. 2 had pes equino-varus.", "PMID": 525288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2320", "title": "Direct ophthalmoscopy with simultaneous colour television transmission.", "content": "The authors have developed a direct ophthalmoscope with simultaneous television transmission. The ophthalmoscope is used clinically for student as well as postgraduate teaching and for intercollegial discussion of retinal changes which give rise to differential diagnostic difficulties.", "contents": "Direct ophthalmoscopy with simultaneous colour television transmission. The authors have developed a direct ophthalmoscope with simultaneous television transmission. The ophthalmoscope is used clinically for student as well as postgraduate teaching and for intercollegial discussion of retinal changes which give rise to differential diagnostic difficulties.", "PMID": 525289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2321", "title": "The optimum illuminance level for clinical electro-oculography.", "content": "The variation of Arden Index with the level of illuminance used for the light adaptation phase in electro-oculographic examination is investigated. A level of 300 Lux is suggested as producing maximum response and minimum patient discomfort. Situations where greater levels of illuminance are specifically required are discussed.", "contents": "The optimum illuminance level for clinical electro-oculography. The variation of Arden Index with the level of illuminance used for the light adaptation phase in electro-oculographic examination is investigated. A level of 300 Lux is suggested as producing maximum response and minimum patient discomfort. Situations where greater levels of illuminance are specifically required are discussed.", "PMID": 525290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2322", "title": "Racemose haemangioma of the retina. Report of three cases with long term follow-up.", "content": "Racemose haegiomas of the retina are rare developmental anomalies. The basic lesion is an abnormal arterio-venous communication. Three new cases with long term follow-up are presented. In two of the cases the first symptom was loss of vision due to retinal and vitreous haemorrhage. In the third case gradual reduction of vision was due to vascular leakage into the macular area. The recent literature is reviewed and the association to midbrain haemangiomas discussed. The ophthalmological differential diagnosis, the prognosis and the present status in treatment is presented.", "contents": "Racemose haemangioma of the retina. Report of three cases with long term follow-up. Racemose haegiomas of the retina are rare developmental anomalies. The basic lesion is an abnormal arterio-venous communication. Three new cases with long term follow-up are presented. In two of the cases the first symptom was loss of vision due to retinal and vitreous haemorrhage. In the third case gradual reduction of vision was due to vascular leakage into the macular area. The recent literature is reviewed and the association to midbrain haemangiomas discussed. The ophthalmological differential diagnosis, the prognosis and the present status in treatment is presented.", "PMID": 525291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2323", "title": "Age variations in normal human contrast sensitivity.", "content": "The visual contrast sensitivity (the reciprocal of contrast threshold) was studied as a function of age. Psychophysical measurements of binocular and monocular contrast thresholds were made for 33 normal observers at spatial frequencies within the range 0.5 to 40 cycles/degree. The observers were divided into three different age groups: young, middle-aged, and old subjects with the age ranges 6--10 years, 20--40 years, and 60--70 years, respectively. All observers had healthy eyes, normal vision, and Snellen visual acuity of 1.0 or better in both eyes. In all groups, contrast sensitivity for binocular and monocular viewing peaked at a spatial frequency around 3--5 cycles/degree and showed the typical attenuation at low and high spatial frequencies. The binocular contrast sensitivity was higher than the monocular. There was no significant difference between young and middle-aged subjects with regard to contrast sensitivity. Subjects aged 60 years or more showed significantly lower contrast sensitivity than younger subjects for most spatial frequencies above 4 cycles/degree. We may thus conclude that both the binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity seemed independent of age within the range of 6 to 40 years. For higher ages studied (above 60 years), there was a loss of sensitivity in the middle and high frequency regions.", "contents": "Age variations in normal human contrast sensitivity. The visual contrast sensitivity (the reciprocal of contrast threshold) was studied as a function of age. Psychophysical measurements of binocular and monocular contrast thresholds were made for 33 normal observers at spatial frequencies within the range 0.5 to 40 cycles/degree. The observers were divided into three different age groups: young, middle-aged, and old subjects with the age ranges 6--10 years, 20--40 years, and 60--70 years, respectively. All observers had healthy eyes, normal vision, and Snellen visual acuity of 1.0 or better in both eyes. In all groups, contrast sensitivity for binocular and monocular viewing peaked at a spatial frequency around 3--5 cycles/degree and showed the typical attenuation at low and high spatial frequencies. The binocular contrast sensitivity was higher than the monocular. There was no significant difference between young and middle-aged subjects with regard to contrast sensitivity. Subjects aged 60 years or more showed significantly lower contrast sensitivity than younger subjects for most spatial frequencies above 4 cycles/degree. We may thus conclude that both the binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity seemed independent of age within the range of 6 to 40 years. For higher ages studied (above 60 years), there was a loss of sensitivity in the middle and high frequency regions.", "PMID": 525292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2324", "title": "Conjunctival transport of technetium-99m pertechnetate.", "content": "Using a gamma camera coupled to a computer and a tape unit the transport of pertechnetate (Tc99m) across the conjunctiva was determined by the 'region of interest' technique in human subjects. In 11 patients with their lacrimal sacs removed a fractional turnover rate of 0.021 min-1 was found. In 21 patients with inflammed conjunctiva due to chronic dacryocystitis a fractional turnover rate of 0.027 min-1 was found, whereas the value in 11 normal individuals was 0.015 min-1. Neglecting the relatively small transcorneal route of disappearance, the values found for technetium disappearance could be regarded as representative for the transconjunctival transport of the radioisotope. This assumption was confirmed by correlating the radioactivity in the blood with the fractional turnover rate.", "contents": "Conjunctival transport of technetium-99m pertechnetate. Using a gamma camera coupled to a computer and a tape unit the transport of pertechnetate (Tc99m) across the conjunctiva was determined by the 'region of interest' technique in human subjects. In 11 patients with their lacrimal sacs removed a fractional turnover rate of 0.021 min-1 was found. In 21 patients with inflammed conjunctiva due to chronic dacryocystitis a fractional turnover rate of 0.027 min-1 was found, whereas the value in 11 normal individuals was 0.015 min-1. Neglecting the relatively small transcorneal route of disappearance, the values found for technetium disappearance could be regarded as representative for the transconjunctival transport of the radioisotope. This assumption was confirmed by correlating the radioactivity in the blood with the fractional turnover rate.", "PMID": 525293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2325", "title": "Timolol maleate in treatment of open angle glaucoma.", "content": "The effect of Timolol maleate on the intraocular pressure in open angle glaucoma has been examined in 37 patients, of these simple glaucoma in 26 (48 eyes), capsular glaucoma in 9 (14 eyes) and chronic secondary glaucoma in 2 patients (2 eyes). These cases constituded a group which was relatively difficult to manage. The average pressure reduction caused by Timolol maleate alone was about 23%. In 18 patients the intraocular pressure was adequately controlled on Timolol as the only drug and in 10 on additional drug therapy. Five patients failed on drug treatment, and the remaining four failed on one eye while the fellow eye was well regulated. Tonography indicates that the effect is caused by a reduction of the aqueous humour production. Side effects of locally applied Timolol maleate have not been observed. This drug may be the drug of choice in many instances.", "contents": "Timolol maleate in treatment of open angle glaucoma. The effect of Timolol maleate on the intraocular pressure in open angle glaucoma has been examined in 37 patients, of these simple glaucoma in 26 (48 eyes), capsular glaucoma in 9 (14 eyes) and chronic secondary glaucoma in 2 patients (2 eyes). These cases constituded a group which was relatively difficult to manage. The average pressure reduction caused by Timolol maleate alone was about 23%. In 18 patients the intraocular pressure was adequately controlled on Timolol as the only drug and in 10 on additional drug therapy. Five patients failed on drug treatment, and the remaining four failed on one eye while the fellow eye was well regulated. Tonography indicates that the effect is caused by a reduction of the aqueous humour production. Side effects of locally applied Timolol maleate have not been observed. This drug may be the drug of choice in many instances.", "PMID": 525294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2326", "title": "Cavernous haemangioma of the retina.", "content": "Seven cases of retinal cavernous haemangioma are presented. Three cases have been followed for more than 6 years, and three cases between 1 and 2 years. Six cases had no eye symptoms related to the vascular tumour, while in one case vitreous haemorrhage occurred on two occasions. On both these occasions full vision was regained. None of the vascular tumours were treated. Two patients had grand mal seizures. They also had convulsive disease in the family history. In three cases family members of two generations were found to have normal eyes on examination.", "contents": "Cavernous haemangioma of the retina. Seven cases of retinal cavernous haemangioma are presented. Three cases have been followed for more than 6 years, and three cases between 1 and 2 years. Six cases had no eye symptoms related to the vascular tumour, while in one case vitreous haemorrhage occurred on two occasions. On both these occasions full vision was regained. None of the vascular tumours were treated. Two patients had grand mal seizures. They also had convulsive disease in the family history. In three cases family members of two generations were found to have normal eyes on examination.", "PMID": 525295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2327", "title": "The pallor of the optic disc. A quantitative photographic assessment by purple filter.", "content": "By employing purple colour filters with a large blue and a small red transmission, normal and atrophic optic disks were photographed on colour transparencies. Normal optic disks reflect red light, and atrophic optic disks reflect blue light. The degree of atrophy estimated by colour contrast is quantitated by microdensitometry in the blue (470 nm) and in the red (640 nm) region of the transparencies. The difference between the blue and red density is used as an expression of optic disc colour.", "contents": "The pallor of the optic disc. A quantitative photographic assessment by purple filter. By employing purple colour filters with a large blue and a small red transmission, normal and atrophic optic disks were photographed on colour transparencies. Normal optic disks reflect red light, and atrophic optic disks reflect blue light. The degree of atrophy estimated by colour contrast is quantitated by microdensitometry in the blue (470 nm) and in the red (640 nm) region of the transparencies. The difference between the blue and red density is used as an expression of optic disc colour.", "PMID": 525296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2328", "title": "Bioplast fibrin film for conjunctival replacement.", "content": "The study includes 43 cases of conjunctival grafting in chemical burns and traumatic pterygium. Resorbable Bioplast fibrin film was used as a readily available, biocompatible conjunctival subsitute. The implant was absorbed and the site occupied by fresh conjunctival tissue in a few weeks. The composition of tear proteins was restored to normal as fast as after free conjunctival grafting. The results were also satisfactory in terms of cosmetics.", "contents": "Bioplast fibrin film for conjunctival replacement. The study includes 43 cases of conjunctival grafting in chemical burns and traumatic pterygium. Resorbable Bioplast fibrin film was used as a readily available, biocompatible conjunctival subsitute. The implant was absorbed and the site occupied by fresh conjunctival tissue in a few weeks. The composition of tear proteins was restored to normal as fast as after free conjunctival grafting. The results were also satisfactory in terms of cosmetics.", "PMID": 525297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2329", "title": "Keratitis dendritica. An epidemiological investigation.", "content": "One hundred and seven outbreaks of dendritic keratitis have been registered by the ophthalmologists over a 2-year-period in a region with a population of approximately 446 000 persons. The incidence was found to be 12/100 000/year. The average age of our sample was 46.5 years with the same age distribution for males and females, and with a non-significant predominance of males. No seasonal variation of dendritic keratitis was observed. 50% of the patients had previously suffered from dendritic keratitis. In 25% of the patients the onset of the disease had been preceded by an infectious disease, while 6% were on local steroid therapy for non-dendritic eye diseases prior to the dendritic outbreak.", "contents": "Keratitis dendritica. An epidemiological investigation. One hundred and seven outbreaks of dendritic keratitis have been registered by the ophthalmologists over a 2-year-period in a region with a population of approximately 446 000 persons. The incidence was found to be 12/100 000/year. The average age of our sample was 46.5 years with the same age distribution for males and females, and with a non-significant predominance of males. No seasonal variation of dendritic keratitis was observed. 50% of the patients had previously suffered from dendritic keratitis. In 25% of the patients the onset of the disease had been preceded by an infectious disease, while 6% were on local steroid therapy for non-dendritic eye diseases prior to the dendritic outbreak.", "PMID": 525298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2330", "title": "Presenile corneal arcus in healthy persons. A possible cardiovascular risk indicator in younger adults.", "content": "The results of blood-lipid screening of 200 39--49-year-old participants with incidentally diagnosed corneal arcus from the Copenhagen City Heart Study are reported. A large sample of study-participants of the same age-group without arcus served as controls. In general, the arcus-group had higher se.-cholesterol than the control-group (P less than 0.01 in males and less than 0.02 in females). The se.-triglycerides in the two groups did not differ. A trend towards positive correlation between arcus-intensity and cholesterol-level was demonstrated by non-parametrical statistics. By use of the same statistics, an association between lipids and arcus-localisation was searched out. Dense arcus in the nasal/lower limbal regions occurred together with hypercholesterolemia more often than did a marked upper/outer arcus. Consequently, based on the present investigation, se.-cholesterol-screening of middle-aged persons with marked lower/nasal arcus seems justified, since hypercholesterolemia might will be an underlying cause. Finally, the importance of diagnosing and treating hypercholesterolemia is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Presenile corneal arcus in healthy persons. A possible cardiovascular risk indicator in younger adults. The results of blood-lipid screening of 200 39--49-year-old participants with incidentally diagnosed corneal arcus from the Copenhagen City Heart Study are reported. A large sample of study-participants of the same age-group without arcus served as controls. In general, the arcus-group had higher se.-cholesterol than the control-group (P less than 0.01 in males and less than 0.02 in females). The se.-triglycerides in the two groups did not differ. A trend towards positive correlation between arcus-intensity and cholesterol-level was demonstrated by non-parametrical statistics. By use of the same statistics, an association between lipids and arcus-localisation was searched out. Dense arcus in the nasal/lower limbal regions occurred together with hypercholesterolemia more often than did a marked upper/outer arcus. Consequently, based on the present investigation, se.-cholesterol-screening of middle-aged persons with marked lower/nasal arcus seems justified, since hypercholesterolemia might will be an underlying cause. Finally, the importance of diagnosing and treating hypercholesterolemia is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 525299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2331", "title": "Semiquantitative interference study of fatty layer of precorneal film.", "content": "Reflecting colours from the fatty layer of the precorneal film have been studied using mat filter (grease-proof paper, parchment paper, tracing paper) in front of the slit lamp mirror, maximally open light slit in a half-lit room, and magnification x 15. The palpebral fissure was narrowed until occurrence of red interference colour (2000 A). In 206 normal eyes the fatty layer was 102 +/- 3nm (+/- SEM), or about 0.1 micron, independent of age, sex and BUT (break up time). Maximum on awakening. Coefficient of variation 12.7 per cent. An increased fatty layer was noticed in cases of blepharitis (129 +/- 8 nm), in 91 per cent wearing hard contact lenses and 73 per cent wearing soft contact lenses. The fatty layer was likewise seen to be augmented in patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis (193 +/- 3 nm), chronic infectious conjunctivitis (164 +/- 7 nm), and in all states complicated by bacterial infection. The fatty layer is normal in allergic and chronic simple conjunctivitis. Silicone oil was found to effect reduction of the fatty layer.", "contents": "Semiquantitative interference study of fatty layer of precorneal film. Reflecting colours from the fatty layer of the precorneal film have been studied using mat filter (grease-proof paper, parchment paper, tracing paper) in front of the slit lamp mirror, maximally open light slit in a half-lit room, and magnification x 15. The palpebral fissure was narrowed until occurrence of red interference colour (2000 A). In 206 normal eyes the fatty layer was 102 +/- 3nm (+/- SEM), or about 0.1 micron, independent of age, sex and BUT (break up time). Maximum on awakening. Coefficient of variation 12.7 per cent. An increased fatty layer was noticed in cases of blepharitis (129 +/- 8 nm), in 91 per cent wearing hard contact lenses and 73 per cent wearing soft contact lenses. The fatty layer was likewise seen to be augmented in patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis (193 +/- 3 nm), chronic infectious conjunctivitis (164 +/- 7 nm), and in all states complicated by bacterial infection. The fatty layer is normal in allergic and chronic simple conjunctivitis. Silicone oil was found to effect reduction of the fatty layer.", "PMID": 525300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2332", "title": "Quantitative measurements of the fluorescence in limbal vessels by dynamic television angiography.", "content": "A method for dynamic angiography and quantitative measurement of fluorescence in ocular vessels in an in vitro experiment and in corneo-conjunctival angiography is described.", "contents": "Quantitative measurements of the fluorescence in limbal vessels by dynamic television angiography. A method for dynamic angiography and quantitative measurement of fluorescence in ocular vessels in an in vitro experiment and in corneo-conjunctival angiography is described.", "PMID": 525301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2333", "title": "Ergophthalmological studies in the electronic industry.", "content": "162 employees, the majority women, in an electronic industry were examined in a joint study involving several ergonomic aspects. Some results concerning visual skills are here extracted from a more comprehensive report. No natural selection of fitted workers could be demonstrated. The visual function was found to be only one component of a multifactorial system, which determines the psychological and physical well-being and productivity of industrial workers. The lack of a sufficient number of abnormal persons and comparable working conditions made it difficult to define limiting visual standards for job performance. Ordinary tests for visual acuity, near vision, heterophoria and stereopsis revealed few facts of importance. More intersting results were obtained when spectacles were evaluated as suitable for the job. 43% of the spectacles were considered insufficient. The use of bifocals did not seem to be related to the need of head movements, and 68% of all the spectacles had tinted glasses, in spite of the fact that the majority of persons wearing them considered the working illumination inadequate. An analysis of the working posture and the visual capacity of the worker should precede the prescription of spectacles for industrial workers.", "contents": "Ergophthalmological studies in the electronic industry. 162 employees, the majority women, in an electronic industry were examined in a joint study involving several ergonomic aspects. Some results concerning visual skills are here extracted from a more comprehensive report. No natural selection of fitted workers could be demonstrated. The visual function was found to be only one component of a multifactorial system, which determines the psychological and physical well-being and productivity of industrial workers. The lack of a sufficient number of abnormal persons and comparable working conditions made it difficult to define limiting visual standards for job performance. Ordinary tests for visual acuity, near vision, heterophoria and stereopsis revealed few facts of importance. More intersting results were obtained when spectacles were evaluated as suitable for the job. 43% of the spectacles were considered insufficient. The use of bifocals did not seem to be related to the need of head movements, and 68% of all the spectacles had tinted glasses, in spite of the fact that the majority of persons wearing them considered the working illumination inadequate. An analysis of the working posture and the visual capacity of the worker should precede the prescription of spectacles for industrial workers.", "PMID": 525302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2334", "title": "Presenile cataract. A follow-up investigation with special reference to occupational aspects.", "content": "A retrospective investigation was carried out of 100 patients below the age of 60 years operated for presenile cataract. The material has been divided into three occupational groups, depending on the visual requirements. The complaints prior to and after operation have been related to the patient ability to retain their employment. Of 78 patients who were still employed, only 45 were able to return to their former occupation after the first cataract extraction. The final result was that 62 patients could continue their former work, 12 changed their occupation due to aphakia problems, while four had to retire. The vision in the fellow eye, the type of work and the optical appliances have been found to be of primary importance. It is concluded that operation for unilateral cataract is inadvisable, if the vision of the fellow eye is good and contact lenses cannot be used, that the time between operations for bilateral cataract should be as short as possible, and that the use of contact lenses is essential.", "contents": "Presenile cataract. A follow-up investigation with special reference to occupational aspects. A retrospective investigation was carried out of 100 patients below the age of 60 years operated for presenile cataract. The material has been divided into three occupational groups, depending on the visual requirements. The complaints prior to and after operation have been related to the patient ability to retain their employment. Of 78 patients who were still employed, only 45 were able to return to their former occupation after the first cataract extraction. The final result was that 62 patients could continue their former work, 12 changed their occupation due to aphakia problems, while four had to retire. The vision in the fellow eye, the type of work and the optical appliances have been found to be of primary importance. It is concluded that operation for unilateral cataract is inadvisable, if the vision of the fellow eye is good and contact lenses cannot be used, that the time between operations for bilateral cataract should be as short as possible, and that the use of contact lenses is essential.", "PMID": 525303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2335", "title": "Influence on vision of extremely low frequence electromagnetic fields. Industrial measurements, magnetophosphene studies volunteers and intraretinal studies in animals.", "content": "The strong electric currents used for heating purposes in welding and steel industries set up related magnetic fields (generally 0.1--10 mT and 50 Hz). Such fields 10--50 Hz, 0--40 mT) were used to induce visual light phenomena, magnetophosphenes. Threshold values for magnetophosphenes were determined as a function of magnetic field frequency as well as colour and intensity of the background illumination. A typical sensitivity maximum was found at 20--25 Hz. Differences between volunteers with normal colour vision and colour defective ones were observed. The frog retina was exposed to the same type of fields. Retinal activity, induced by the fields, was registered from the ganglion cell layer by means of microelectrode technique. The results indicate that magnetophosphenes are generated in the retina and in the same channels that are normally propagating signals induced by light of different qualities. The findings may be of guidance when formulating threshold limit values for extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in industry.", "contents": "Influence on vision of extremely low frequence electromagnetic fields. Industrial measurements, magnetophosphene studies volunteers and intraretinal studies in animals. The strong electric currents used for heating purposes in welding and steel industries set up related magnetic fields (generally 0.1--10 mT and 50 Hz). Such fields 10--50 Hz, 0--40 mT) were used to induce visual light phenomena, magnetophosphenes. Threshold values for magnetophosphenes were determined as a function of magnetic field frequency as well as colour and intensity of the background illumination. A typical sensitivity maximum was found at 20--25 Hz. Differences between volunteers with normal colour vision and colour defective ones were observed. The frog retina was exposed to the same type of fields. Retinal activity, induced by the fields, was registered from the ganglion cell layer by means of microelectrode technique. The results indicate that magnetophosphenes are generated in the retina and in the same channels that are normally propagating signals induced by light of different qualities. The findings may be of guidance when formulating threshold limit values for extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in industry.", "PMID": 525304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2336", "title": "Chloroquine keratopathy in chloroquine workers after topical dust exponation. A case report.", "content": "A report of acute corneal changes in workers employed in the chloroquine industry is presented. The workers were exposed to chloroquine phosphate dust in the manufacture of chloroquine tablets, and the corneal alterations were similar to those described after long continued systemic chloroquine therapy.", "contents": "Chloroquine keratopathy in chloroquine workers after topical dust exponation. A case report. A report of acute corneal changes in workers employed in the chloroquine industry is presented. The workers were exposed to chloroquine phosphate dust in the manufacture of chloroquine tablets, and the corneal alterations were similar to those described after long continued systemic chloroquine therapy.", "PMID": 525306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2337", "title": "New aspects on the heredity of open angle glaucoma.", "content": "Oen angle glaucoma is known to be inherited, but detailed knowledge of the primary genetic factor and its mode of inheritance are lacking. By studying both the glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous members in afflicted pedigrees, it has been established that premorbid goniodysgenesis, inherited in an autosomal dominant mode, plays a decisive role for the eventual development of glaucoma. Goniodysgenesis has been documented not only in infantile congenital glaucoma but also in late congenital glaucoma (often misinterpreted as glaucoma simplex) and in families with pigmentary glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma. In addition, there is evidence that goniodysgenesis is the morphological prerequisite of the high elevation of the IOP on provocation with topical steroids. The article contains a short survey of the literature and presents three families with intrafamilial variations of open angle glaucoma based on a dominant genetic trait, viz. goniodysgenesis.", "contents": "New aspects on the heredity of open angle glaucoma. Oen angle glaucoma is known to be inherited, but detailed knowledge of the primary genetic factor and its mode of inheritance are lacking. By studying both the glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous members in afflicted pedigrees, it has been established that premorbid goniodysgenesis, inherited in an autosomal dominant mode, plays a decisive role for the eventual development of glaucoma. Goniodysgenesis has been documented not only in infantile congenital glaucoma but also in late congenital glaucoma (often misinterpreted as glaucoma simplex) and in families with pigmentary glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma. In addition, there is evidence that goniodysgenesis is the morphological prerequisite of the high elevation of the IOP on provocation with topical steroids. The article contains a short survey of the literature and presents three families with intrafamilial variations of open angle glaucoma based on a dominant genetic trait, viz. goniodysgenesis.", "PMID": 525307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2338", "title": "Contrast sensitivity in macular disease using a small-field and a large-field TV-system.", "content": "The spatial contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating of varying contrast and frequency generated with a small-field or a large-field TV-display was examined in normal subjects and in patients with macular disorders. Impairment of contrast sensitivity (reciprocal of contrast) was observed in the different maculopathies investigated. Attenuation of the high- and middle-frequency ranges was an early finding in macular disease, whereas changes including the low-frequency range was observed in more advanced maculopathies. Comparison of results obtained using the small (1.4 degree) or large-field (6 degree--24 degree) TV-system demonstrated a field-dependence of the contrast sensitivity attenuation in localized macular disorders. In more wide-spread lesions in the posterior pole, a contrast attenuation over the whole frequency range was found also with the largest (24 degree) stimulation field used. The study of the contrast sensitivity function supplements the traditional acuity measurements in quantifying the visual loss for objects larger than the resolution limit. I conclude that contrast threshold measurements are not only useful for describing visual loss, but also for tracking progression or recovery. The findings provide some additional insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with a macular disorder. However, the definite role of contrast sensitivity measurements for diagnosing different visual disorders is still lacking.", "contents": "Contrast sensitivity in macular disease using a small-field and a large-field TV-system. The spatial contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating of varying contrast and frequency generated with a small-field or a large-field TV-display was examined in normal subjects and in patients with macular disorders. Impairment of contrast sensitivity (reciprocal of contrast) was observed in the different maculopathies investigated. Attenuation of the high- and middle-frequency ranges was an early finding in macular disease, whereas changes including the low-frequency range was observed in more advanced maculopathies. Comparison of results obtained using the small (1.4 degree) or large-field (6 degree--24 degree) TV-system demonstrated a field-dependence of the contrast sensitivity attenuation in localized macular disorders. In more wide-spread lesions in the posterior pole, a contrast attenuation over the whole frequency range was found also with the largest (24 degree) stimulation field used. The study of the contrast sensitivity function supplements the traditional acuity measurements in quantifying the visual loss for objects larger than the resolution limit. I conclude that contrast threshold measurements are not only useful for describing visual loss, but also for tracking progression or recovery. The findings provide some additional insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with a macular disorder. However, the definite role of contrast sensitivity measurements for diagnosing different visual disorders is still lacking.", "PMID": 525308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2339", "title": "Optical principles for estimation of endothelial cell density with the non-contact specular microscope.", "content": "In non-contact specular microscopy of corneal endothelium, endothelial cell density is overestimated due to the angle of observation and the curvature of cornea. On the basis of theoretical considerations, it is concluded that if the angle of observation is kept at a small value the curvature of cornea contributes only insignificantly to this overestimation, the major determinant being the angle of observation. When an angle of 46 degrees is chosen between slit illumination and optical axis of the microscope it is calculated that estimates of endothelial cells should be multiplied with a factor of 0.959 to correct for the angle effect. Six eye were photographed with both a contact and non-contact specular microscope and endothelial cell density estimated. Mean observed difference in cell counts was +5.5% without correction and +1.2% with correction for angle effect. 95% confidence limits for the difference with correction were -3.7 and +6.0% respectively showing that estimates of endothelial cell density obtained with the non-contact specular microscope agree closely with those obtained by contact specular microscopy when corrected for angle of observation.", "contents": "Optical principles for estimation of endothelial cell density with the non-contact specular microscope. In non-contact specular microscopy of corneal endothelium, endothelial cell density is overestimated due to the angle of observation and the curvature of cornea. On the basis of theoretical considerations, it is concluded that if the angle of observation is kept at a small value the curvature of cornea contributes only insignificantly to this overestimation, the major determinant being the angle of observation. When an angle of 46 degrees is chosen between slit illumination and optical axis of the microscope it is calculated that estimates of endothelial cells should be multiplied with a factor of 0.959 to correct for the angle effect. Six eye were photographed with both a contact and non-contact specular microscope and endothelial cell density estimated. Mean observed difference in cell counts was +5.5% without correction and +1.2% with correction for angle effect. 95% confidence limits for the difference with correction were -3.7 and +6.0% respectively showing that estimates of endothelial cell density obtained with the non-contact specular microscope agree closely with those obtained by contact specular microscopy when corrected for angle of observation.", "PMID": 525309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2340", "title": "Toxicity of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to human corneal endothelium in vitro.", "content": "Human cadaver corneas were obtained 10--12 h after clinical death, incubated in organ culture for 20--28 h and exposed 2, 4, 6, 8, 6, 4, and 2% DMSO successively for 10 min at each concentration. Endothelial cell damage was recognized by morphological alterations during reformation of a coherent cell sheat after expulsion of damaged cells. DMSO was found to cause latent cell damage at 31 degrees C. No cell damage was found at 4 degrees C when DMSO was dissolved in minimum essential medium (Eagle) plus Dextran or when DMSO was dissolved in human albumin plus sucrose. DMSO was found to be toxic at 4 degrees C in pure serum and in Dulbecco's medium.", "contents": "Toxicity of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to human corneal endothelium in vitro. Human cadaver corneas were obtained 10--12 h after clinical death, incubated in organ culture for 20--28 h and exposed 2, 4, 6, 8, 6, 4, and 2% DMSO successively for 10 min at each concentration. Endothelial cell damage was recognized by morphological alterations during reformation of a coherent cell sheat after expulsion of damaged cells. DMSO was found to cause latent cell damage at 31 degrees C. No cell damage was found at 4 degrees C when DMSO was dissolved in minimum essential medium (Eagle) plus Dextran or when DMSO was dissolved in human albumin plus sucrose. DMSO was found to be toxic at 4 degrees C in pure serum and in Dulbecco's medium.", "PMID": 525310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2341", "title": "Ocular  trauma. Observation in 105 patients.", "content": "A report on 105 cases of ocular trauma hospitalized in St. Joseph's Hospital in Reykjavik during a 12-year period is presented. Of these patients 94 were males and 11 females. Thirty-nine patients were children, and only six patients were older than 50 years. Most common were occupational accidents (43 cases) and of these 29 were connected to industry. Other main causes were traffic accidents, sport and dangerous play by children. Of the total 105 cases, 70 had perforation of the bulb. All but nine underwent some kind of operation, and enucleation was performed in 10 patients. Nearly two thirds of the patients were hospitalized within six hours of the accident and 84% within 24 h.", "contents": "Ocular  trauma. Observation in 105 patients. A report on 105 cases of ocular trauma hospitalized in St. Joseph's Hospital in Reykjavik during a 12-year period is presented. Of these patients 94 were males and 11 females. Thirty-nine patients were children, and only six patients were older than 50 years. Most common were occupational accidents (43 cases) and of these 29 were connected to industry. Other main causes were traffic accidents, sport and dangerous play by children. Of the total 105 cases, 70 had perforation of the bulb. All but nine underwent some kind of operation, and enucleation was performed in 10 patients. Nearly two thirds of the patients were hospitalized within six hours of the accident and 84% within 24 h.", "PMID": 525311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2342", "title": "Automatic perimetry in a population survey.", "content": "Automatic perimetry was performed in 2998 eyes of 1511 subjects comprising 78% of all persons born 1907--1921 and resident in a certain small area. Unreliable or abnormal tests were repeated. The average number of tests per person was 2.25. About 90% of all tests in normal eyes were performed in less than 3 min. The screening was considered negative in 2887 eyes, incomplete in 20 eyes and positive in 91 eyes (3%). Eighteen of the positives were previously unknown glaucomatous defects. There was only one unexplained \"false positive\". We concluded that the method is quick, sensitive, specific and dependable. The apparatus is simple to manage and cheap to run.", "contents": "Automatic perimetry in a population survey. Automatic perimetry was performed in 2998 eyes of 1511 subjects comprising 78% of all persons born 1907--1921 and resident in a certain small area. Unreliable or abnormal tests were repeated. The average number of tests per person was 2.25. About 90% of all tests in normal eyes were performed in less than 3 min. The screening was considered negative in 2887 eyes, incomplete in 20 eyes and positive in 91 eyes (3%). Eighteen of the positives were previously unknown glaucomatous defects. There was only one unexplained \"false positive\". We concluded that the method is quick, sensitive, specific and dependable. The apparatus is simple to manage and cheap to run.", "PMID": 525312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2343", "title": "Bone thickening in osteoarthrosis. Observations of an osteoarthrosis-prone strain of mouse.", "content": "Estimations were made of the amount of bone (histologically) and the rate of bone formation (85Sr incorporation) in the epiphyses of the knees of osteoarthrosis-prone (STR/ORT) and normal (CBA/ORT) mice. Though the bone was significantly thicker in the STR/ORT mice, this was not the cause of the articular degeneration. Bone sclerosis and cartilage breakdown were chronologically very closely related with perhaps the cartilage changes occurring initially. In male STR/ORT mice bone formation was depressed in the cancellous bone of the epiphyses as, unlike the normal mice, it was at the same level as the compact bone of the femoral shaft. As there was no elevation of the osteoblastic activity in knee joints with developing osteoarthrosis, it would appear that bone sclerosis associated with the disease was due to decreased osteoclasis.", "contents": "Bone thickening in osteoarthrosis. Observations of an osteoarthrosis-prone strain of mouse. Estimations were made of the amount of bone (histologically) and the rate of bone formation (85Sr incorporation) in the epiphyses of the knees of osteoarthrosis-prone (STR/ORT) and normal (CBA/ORT) mice. Though the bone was significantly thicker in the STR/ORT mice, this was not the cause of the articular degeneration. Bone sclerosis and cartilage breakdown were chronologically very closely related with perhaps the cartilage changes occurring initially. In male STR/ORT mice bone formation was depressed in the cancellous bone of the epiphyses as, unlike the normal mice, it was at the same level as the compact bone of the femoral shaft. As there was no elevation of the osteoblastic activity in knee joints with developing osteoarthrosis, it would appear that bone sclerosis associated with the disease was due to decreased osteoclasis.", "PMID": 525314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2344", "title": "Bone-marrow pressure and bone strength.", "content": "The pattern of bone-marrow pressure changes differed with the mode of stress application. Intra-medullary pressure remained steady during most of the slow loading. During rapid dynamic loading, however, a slight rise in intra-medullary pressure was observed. Contraction of the femoral muscles also resulted in a greater bone-marrow pressure increase. A correlation of 0.98 (P less than 0.001) between stimulus strength and intra-medullary pressure was obtained. The rise in intra-medullary pressure with femoral muscle contraction is suggested to have a possible role under extreme stresses in living conditions.", "contents": "Bone-marrow pressure and bone strength. The pattern of bone-marrow pressure changes differed with the mode of stress application. Intra-medullary pressure remained steady during most of the slow loading. During rapid dynamic loading, however, a slight rise in intra-medullary pressure was observed. Contraction of the femoral muscles also resulted in a greater bone-marrow pressure increase. A correlation of 0.98 (P less than 0.001) between stimulus strength and intra-medullary pressure was obtained. The rise in intra-medullary pressure with femoral muscle contraction is suggested to have a possible role under extreme stresses in living conditions.", "PMID": 525315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2345", "title": "Synoviorthesis with radioactive gold in hemophiliacs. Clinical and radiological follow-up.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with hemophilia treated with intra-articular injection of radioactive gold were followed up clinically and radiologically for 3 to 9 years after treatment. To assess the radiological changes, a new classification was designed, with a score describing the severity of the changes in a more accurate manner than the methods previously used. The treatment decreased the bleeding frequency and stopped the progress of the arthropathy if applied at an early stage when the arthropathy was still reversible. If the treatment was begun at a later stage, the arthropathy seemed to progress independently of the effect on the bleeding frequency. No negative effect of the radioactive gold was observed on the joint or the growing zone.", "contents": "Synoviorthesis with radioactive gold in hemophiliacs. Clinical and radiological follow-up. Twenty-seven patients with hemophilia treated with intra-articular injection of radioactive gold were followed up clinically and radiologically for 3 to 9 years after treatment. To assess the radiological changes, a new classification was designed, with a score describing the severity of the changes in a more accurate manner than the methods previously used. The treatment decreased the bleeding frequency and stopped the progress of the arthropathy if applied at an early stage when the arthropathy was still reversible. If the treatment was begun at a later stage, the arthropathy seemed to progress independently of the effect on the bleeding frequency. No negative effect of the radioactive gold was observed on the joint or the growing zone.", "PMID": 525316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2346", "title": "Observations on long bone medullary pressure in relation to mean arterial blood pressure in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "To study the influence of variations in mean arterial pressures (MAP) on long bone medullary pressures, seven anaesthetized dogs were investigated. The medullary pressures were measured in the epiphyseal, the metaphyseal and the diaphyseal regions and remained rather constant when MAP was above 80 mmHg. Below this level of MAP a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) reduction of the medullary pressures was seen. Comparing the mean medullary pressures obtained with ranges of MAP of 81--100 mmHg (the control medullary pressures) and of 61--80 mmHg, the greatest decline was seen in the epiphyseal and the diaphyseal regions, from 25.2 mmHg to 8.1 mmHg and from 26.7 mmHg to 8.3 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding decrease in the metaphyseal region was from 18.9 mmHg to 10.9 mmHg. The mean values of intraosseous pressure measured by our technique were between 20--30 mmHg and this is in accordance with measurements in normal humans found by other authors.", "contents": "Observations on long bone medullary pressure in relation to mean arterial blood pressure in the anaesthetized dog. To study the influence of variations in mean arterial pressures (MAP) on long bone medullary pressures, seven anaesthetized dogs were investigated. The medullary pressures were measured in the epiphyseal, the metaphyseal and the diaphyseal regions and remained rather constant when MAP was above 80 mmHg. Below this level of MAP a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) reduction of the medullary pressures was seen. Comparing the mean medullary pressures obtained with ranges of MAP of 81--100 mmHg (the control medullary pressures) and of 61--80 mmHg, the greatest decline was seen in the epiphyseal and the diaphyseal regions, from 25.2 mmHg to 8.1 mmHg and from 26.7 mmHg to 8.3 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding decrease in the metaphyseal region was from 18.9 mmHg to 10.9 mmHg. The mean values of intraosseous pressure measured by our technique were between 20--30 mmHg and this is in accordance with measurements in normal humans found by other authors.", "PMID": 525317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2347", "title": "Physical and chemical investigation of free bodies in articular osteochondromatosis.", "content": "Physical and chemical analysis of the newly formed calcified bodies in articular osteochondromatosis was carried out. X-ray diffraction showed that these bodies consisted of carbonate apatite from the group Francolite-Dahllite. Infrared spectroscopy, and chemical and differential thermal investigations supported the data gained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.", "contents": "Physical and chemical investigation of free bodies in articular osteochondromatosis. Physical and chemical analysis of the newly formed calcified bodies in articular osteochondromatosis was carried out. X-ray diffraction showed that these bodies consisted of carbonate apatite from the group Francolite-Dahllite. Infrared spectroscopy, and chemical and differential thermal investigations supported the data gained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.", "PMID": 525318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2348", "title": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. I. The effect of residual angulation on the spatial orientation of the epiphyseal plates.", "content": "The effect of residual fracture angulation on the distal radial and ulnar epiphyseal plates was studied in children aged 1 to 15 years. Thirty-eight fractures located in the distal fifth of the forearm bones were observed for 1 to 25 months after the fractures had healed. The forearms were examined radiographically on two to five occasions and the inclinations of the epiphyseal plates in relation to the long axis of the proximal fragments were measured. The results showed that an abnormal inclination of the epiphyseal plate after healing of a distal forearm fracture induced an alteration of growth in the epiphyseal plate. The redistribution of growth tended to correct the abnormal inclination. The rate of correction followed an exponential course. The age of the child at the time of the fracture and the distance from the fracture to the epiphyseal plate did not influence the capacity for correction.", "contents": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. I. The effect of residual angulation on the spatial orientation of the epiphyseal plates. The effect of residual fracture angulation on the distal radial and ulnar epiphyseal plates was studied in children aged 1 to 15 years. Thirty-eight fractures located in the distal fifth of the forearm bones were observed for 1 to 25 months after the fractures had healed. The forearms were examined radiographically on two to five occasions and the inclinations of the epiphyseal plates in relation to the long axis of the proximal fragments were measured. The results showed that an abnormal inclination of the epiphyseal plate after healing of a distal forearm fracture induced an alteration of growth in the epiphyseal plate. The redistribution of growth tended to correct the abnormal inclination. The rate of correction followed an exponential course. The age of the child at the time of the fracture and the distance from the fracture to the epiphyseal plate did not influence the capacity for correction.", "PMID": 525319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2349", "title": "Traumatic hip dislocation in childhood. A report of 26 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of traumatic hip dislocation in children are presented. Although closed reduction was achieved in most instances, open procedures had to be employed in two cases of soft tissue interposition and in a patient with ipsilateral fracture of the femoral shaft. In 16 patients, with a follow-up averaging 14 years, the incidence of complications (avascular necrosis, coxa magna and arthrosis) was significant. Factors predisposing to abnormal results were delayed reduction and severe trauma. Neither the method of immobilization nor the interval without weight-bearing over 4 weeks were of influence. Principles of treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Traumatic hip dislocation in childhood. A report of 26 cases and review of the literature. Twenty-six cases of traumatic hip dislocation in children are presented. Although closed reduction was achieved in most instances, open procedures had to be employed in two cases of soft tissue interposition and in a patient with ipsilateral fracture of the femoral shaft. In 16 patients, with a follow-up averaging 14 years, the incidence of complications (avascular necrosis, coxa magna and arthrosis) was significant. Factors predisposing to abnormal results were delayed reduction and severe trauma. Neither the method of immobilization nor the interval without weight-bearing over 4 weeks were of influence. Principles of treatment are suggested.", "PMID": 525321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2350", "title": "Osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the hip. A prospective study.", "content": "Ninety-two patients (94 hips), who in 1971--1972 underwent intertrochanteric osteotomy for painful osteoarthritis of the hip, were assessed and graded according to a well-defined rating system immediately before operation and 1 and 5 years postoperatively. At the 1-year follow-up pain was absent or only slight in 73.5 per cent of the patients. Five years postoperatively this figure had decreased to 45.5 per cent; 41.5 per cent of the patients deteriorated between the two investigations. Nineteen patients had been reoperated upon and total hip replacement performed. It was not possible to predict the effect of the osteotomy from the preoperative clinical and roentgenological picture. Nor was the operative procedure (amount of medial displacement, varus angulation, tenotomy of the iliopsoas) found to have any influence on the results. Though the effect of the osteotomy is not as long-lasting as previously believed, it is concluded that it still has a place in the operative treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the hip in younger patients.", "contents": "Osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the hip. A prospective study. Ninety-two patients (94 hips), who in 1971--1972 underwent intertrochanteric osteotomy for painful osteoarthritis of the hip, were assessed and graded according to a well-defined rating system immediately before operation and 1 and 5 years postoperatively. At the 1-year follow-up pain was absent or only slight in 73.5 per cent of the patients. Five years postoperatively this figure had decreased to 45.5 per cent; 41.5 per cent of the patients deteriorated between the two investigations. Nineteen patients had been reoperated upon and total hip replacement performed. It was not possible to predict the effect of the osteotomy from the preoperative clinical and roentgenological picture. Nor was the operative procedure (amount of medial displacement, varus angulation, tenotomy of the iliopsoas) found to have any influence on the results. Though the effect of the osteotomy is not as long-lasting as previously believed, it is concluded that it still has a place in the operative treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the hip in younger patients.", "PMID": 525322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2351", "title": "A comparison of the funtional performance of patients with Charnley and M\u00fcller total hip replacement. A two-year follow-up of eighty-nine cases.", "content": "Measurements of functional performance in 35 cases with Charnley total hip replacement were compared with those of 54 cases with M\u00fcller replacement before surgery and at 6- and 24-month follow-up intervals. The measurements included strength of the hip abductor and adductor muscles, hip motion, the amount of weight borne on the involved limb during standing posture, multiple components of free-speed and fast walking, and force applied to canes and crutches. Both replacement groups improved significantly in most components of function. In fact, both groups reached or nearly reached the lower limits of normal variability in weight-bearing ability, cadence, and some components which relate to smoothness of walking performance. The groups with M\u00fcller and Charnley replacement differed most in some components of range of hip motion, hip muscle strength, and lateral lurching during walking.", "contents": "A comparison of the funtional performance of patients with Charnley and M\u00fcller total hip replacement. A two-year follow-up of eighty-nine cases. Measurements of functional performance in 35 cases with Charnley total hip replacement were compared with those of 54 cases with M\u00fcller replacement before surgery and at 6- and 24-month follow-up intervals. The measurements included strength of the hip abductor and adductor muscles, hip motion, the amount of weight borne on the involved limb during standing posture, multiple components of free-speed and fast walking, and force applied to canes and crutches. Both replacement groups improved significantly in most components of function. In fact, both groups reached or nearly reached the lower limits of normal variability in weight-bearing ability, cadence, and some components which relate to smoothness of walking performance. The groups with M\u00fcller and Charnley replacement differed most in some components of range of hip motion, hip muscle strength, and lateral lurching during walking.", "PMID": 525323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2352", "title": "Distal blood pressure measurement in lower-limb amputees.", "content": "Reamputation above the knee after failure of primary below-knee amputation was related to the distal blood pressure. With pressures of 20, 30 and 40 mmHg, two-thirds, one-third and one-seventh, respectively, of the below-knee amputations required reamputation above the knee.", "contents": "Distal blood pressure measurement in lower-limb amputees. Reamputation above the knee after failure of primary below-knee amputation was related to the distal blood pressure. With pressures of 20, 30 and 40 mmHg, two-thirds, one-third and one-seventh, respectively, of the below-knee amputations required reamputation above the knee.", "PMID": 525324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2353", "title": "The painful chronic anterior lower leg syndrome. A prospective clinical and experimental study.", "content": "A presumed painful chronic anterior lower leg syndrome was diagnosed in 51 patients (73 legs), 30 women and 21 men, aged 11 to 70 years, over a 2-year period. The duration of the syndrome varied from 1 month to 10 years. The patients' main complaint was pain when walking located in the medial ventral muscle compartment of the lower leg. In addition 10 of the patients (15 legs) had leg pain at rest as well and 12 (15 legs) had paresis of the extensor muscles. Thirty-four paired intracompartmental pressure recordings with the wick technique in 6 patients suggest that the more severe the syndrome the lower the pressure in the tibialis anterior muscle. Blind diathermic fasciotomy in 25 patients (36 legs) with a typical history relieved the pain and paresis completely or partly in 33 (92 per cent) out of 36 legs. No postoperative complications worth mentioning were observed. It is concluded that: 1) a chronic painful anterior lower leg syndrome should be suspected in patients with pain on walking and at rest located in the ventral part of the lower leg; 2) intracompartmental pressure measurements seem to be of little preoperative diagnostic value in non-selected patients; 3) blind diathermic fasciotomy of the anterior, medial compartment of the lower leg, including the extensor retinaculum, gives relief from pain and paresis in most patients with a typical history.", "contents": "The painful chronic anterior lower leg syndrome. A prospective clinical and experimental study. A presumed painful chronic anterior lower leg syndrome was diagnosed in 51 patients (73 legs), 30 women and 21 men, aged 11 to 70 years, over a 2-year period. The duration of the syndrome varied from 1 month to 10 years. The patients' main complaint was pain when walking located in the medial ventral muscle compartment of the lower leg. In addition 10 of the patients (15 legs) had leg pain at rest as well and 12 (15 legs) had paresis of the extensor muscles. Thirty-four paired intracompartmental pressure recordings with the wick technique in 6 patients suggest that the more severe the syndrome the lower the pressure in the tibialis anterior muscle. Blind diathermic fasciotomy in 25 patients (36 legs) with a typical history relieved the pain and paresis completely or partly in 33 (92 per cent) out of 36 legs. No postoperative complications worth mentioning were observed. It is concluded that: 1) a chronic painful anterior lower leg syndrome should be suspected in patients with pain on walking and at rest located in the ventral part of the lower leg; 2) intracompartmental pressure measurements seem to be of little preoperative diagnostic value in non-selected patients; 3) blind diathermic fasciotomy of the anterior, medial compartment of the lower leg, including the extensor retinaculum, gives relief from pain and paresis in most patients with a typical history.", "PMID": 525325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2354", "title": "Popliteal cysts (Baker's cysts) in adults. I. Clinical and roentgenological results of operative excision.", "content": "Forty patients were re-examined between 6 months and 15 years (mean 4 years) after excision of a popliteal cyst. Forty-six operations had been performed, including one bilateral cyst and five recurrent cysts. The history was reviewed with respect to the preoperative symptoms, clinical and roentgenological signs, the operative and histopathological findings and the postoperative course. Fifteen operations were followed by wound healing complications or tense swelling of the calf simulating deep venous thrombosis. At clinical follow-up a reccurent cyst was found in 63 per cent of the knees. A simplified follow-up arthrography was performed in all knees, and revealed a cyst-like cavity in all but one knee. The majority of the recurrent cysts displayed irregularities of the wall that had not been seen in the preoperative arthrograms. Despite this high rate of recurrence most of the patients had fewer symptoms from the popliteal space at the time of follow-up than before the operation. as associated knee disorders were present in the majority of patients, popliteal cysts (Baker's cysts) should be regarded and, if possible, treated as secondary to the basic pathological condition of the joint. Only if the knee disorder is not curable and if the symptoms from the popliteal region are troublesome should excision of the cyst and tight closure of the communication with the joint be considered.", "contents": "Popliteal cysts (Baker's cysts) in adults. I. Clinical and roentgenological results of operative excision. Forty patients were re-examined between 6 months and 15 years (mean 4 years) after excision of a popliteal cyst. Forty-six operations had been performed, including one bilateral cyst and five recurrent cysts. The history was reviewed with respect to the preoperative symptoms, clinical and roentgenological signs, the operative and histopathological findings and the postoperative course. Fifteen operations were followed by wound healing complications or tense swelling of the calf simulating deep venous thrombosis. At clinical follow-up a reccurent cyst was found in 63 per cent of the knees. A simplified follow-up arthrography was performed in all knees, and revealed a cyst-like cavity in all but one knee. The majority of the recurrent cysts displayed irregularities of the wall that had not been seen in the preoperative arthrograms. Despite this high rate of recurrence most of the patients had fewer symptoms from the popliteal space at the time of follow-up than before the operation. as associated knee disorders were present in the majority of patients, popliteal cysts (Baker's cysts) should be regarded and, if possible, treated as secondary to the basic pathological condition of the joint. Only if the knee disorder is not curable and if the symptoms from the popliteal region are troublesome should excision of the cyst and tight closure of the communication with the joint be considered.", "PMID": 525326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2355", "title": "Tibial shaft fractures. The frequency of local complications in tibial shaft fractures treated by internal compression osteosynthesis.", "content": "Ninety-two tibial shaft fractures in 90 patients over the age of 15 were treated by compression osteosynthesis according to the AO method, but using plates and screws of Vitallium. Fifteen fractures (14 patients) were excluded, because the follow-up period was less than 12 months. The frequency of complications in the remaining 77 fractures, 44 per cent comminuted and 30 per cent open fractures, were: skin necrosis over the osteosynthesis material: 5.2 per cent, osteitis: 1.3 per cent, delayed osseous healing necessitating secondary operation: 2.6 per cent, loosened screw (not requiring secondary operation): 5.2 per cent, loosened screw + refracture: 1.3 per cent, plate bending: 1.3 per cent, plate fractured: 1.3 per cent, and refracture after removal of the plate (new relevant traumas): 4.8 per cent. In this series there was a markedly high frequency of complications in comminuted fractures with laceration of skin and muscles, whereas an increased tendency for complications to develop in the remaining injury groups was not seen.", "contents": "Tibial shaft fractures. The frequency of local complications in tibial shaft fractures treated by internal compression osteosynthesis. Ninety-two tibial shaft fractures in 90 patients over the age of 15 were treated by compression osteosynthesis according to the AO method, but using plates and screws of Vitallium. Fifteen fractures (14 patients) were excluded, because the follow-up period was less than 12 months. The frequency of complications in the remaining 77 fractures, 44 per cent comminuted and 30 per cent open fractures, were: skin necrosis over the osteosynthesis material: 5.2 per cent, osteitis: 1.3 per cent, delayed osseous healing necessitating secondary operation: 2.6 per cent, loosened screw (not requiring secondary operation): 5.2 per cent, loosened screw + refracture: 1.3 per cent, plate bending: 1.3 per cent, plate fractured: 1.3 per cent, and refracture after removal of the plate (new relevant traumas): 4.8 per cent. In this series there was a markedly high frequency of complications in comminuted fractures with laceration of skin and muscles, whereas an increased tendency for complications to develop in the remaining injury groups was not seen.", "PMID": 525327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2356", "title": "Bilateral hallux saltans. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of bilateral hallux saltans in a 13-year-old girl is reported. The signs and symptoms were a tender nodule behind the medial malleolus and a \"trigger toe\" as well as pain radiating up the lower leg. Operation revealed thickening of the flexor retinaculum superficially to the flexor hallucis longus tendon which showed compression and proximal thickening. Resection of the retinaculum afforded a satisfactory result.", "contents": "Bilateral hallux saltans. Report of a case. A case of bilateral hallux saltans in a 13-year-old girl is reported. The signs and symptoms were a tender nodule behind the medial malleolus and a \"trigger toe\" as well as pain radiating up the lower leg. Operation revealed thickening of the flexor retinaculum superficially to the flexor hallucis longus tendon which showed compression and proximal thickening. Resection of the retinaculum afforded a satisfactory result.", "PMID": 525328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2357", "title": "A child's experience of imminent death.", "content": "We relate here the experiences and thoughts of a 7-year-old girl about her situation during the last three months of life as she lay dying of Ewing's sarcoma. Our experience with this girl--and that of other children in the same situation--indicates that they have a realistic and even confident view of death. Their anxiety is centred on the disease and how it affects their appearance and their activity. We most often underestimate children's capacity for understanding their own situation. We ought to be sensitive to appeals for contract.", "contents": "A child's experience of imminent death. We relate here the experiences and thoughts of a 7-year-old girl about her situation during the last three months of life as she lay dying of Ewing's sarcoma. Our experience with this girl--and that of other children in the same situation--indicates that they have a realistic and even confident view of death. Their anxiety is centred on the disease and how it affects their appearance and their activity. We most often underestimate children's capacity for understanding their own situation. We ought to be sensitive to appeals for contract.", "PMID": 525334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2358", "title": "The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in the urine of newborn infants during starvation. Evidence for omega-oxidation of fatty acids in the newborn.", "content": "The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids, i.e. adipic, suberic and sebacic acids, was measured during the three first days of life in 3 fasting newborns, 2 newborns fed with isocaloric glucose and 2 newborns given mothers'-milk. On the second and third day of life the starved children excreted 27-84 mmol adipic acid/mol creatinine, 6-22 mmol suberic acid/mol creatinine and 4-7 mmol sebacic acid/mol creatinine. The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in the neonates given glucose or mothers'-milk was, for the first three days of life, 0-9 mmol adipic acid/mol creatinine, 0-10 mmol suberic acid/mol creatinine and 0-4 mmol sebacic acid/mol creatinine. The latter amounts are equivalent to the excretion of dicarboxylic acids in older children. It is argued that the detected dicarboxylic acids are formed by omega-oxidation of long-chain monocarboxylic acids followed by beta-oxidation, and that the excreted amounts reflect omega-oxidation activity. It is speculated that the substantial omega-oxidation activity in the starving newborn serve to provide succinyl-CoA-substrate for the citric acid cycle and for gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in the urine of newborn infants during starvation. Evidence for omega-oxidation of fatty acids in the newborn. The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids, i.e. adipic, suberic and sebacic acids, was measured during the three first days of life in 3 fasting newborns, 2 newborns fed with isocaloric glucose and 2 newborns given mothers'-milk. On the second and third day of life the starved children excreted 27-84 mmol adipic acid/mol creatinine, 6-22 mmol suberic acid/mol creatinine and 4-7 mmol sebacic acid/mol creatinine. The excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in the neonates given glucose or mothers'-milk was, for the first three days of life, 0-9 mmol adipic acid/mol creatinine, 0-10 mmol suberic acid/mol creatinine and 0-4 mmol sebacic acid/mol creatinine. The latter amounts are equivalent to the excretion of dicarboxylic acids in older children. It is argued that the detected dicarboxylic acids are formed by omega-oxidation of long-chain monocarboxylic acids followed by beta-oxidation, and that the excreted amounts reflect omega-oxidation activity. It is speculated that the substantial omega-oxidation activity in the starving newborn serve to provide succinyl-CoA-substrate for the citric acid cycle and for gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 525335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2359", "title": "Serum IgA in the neonate. Molecular size, concentration and effect of breast feeding.", "content": "IgA concentrations in the serum of 48 six-day-old neonates (23 exclusively artificially fed, 25 exclusively breast fed) were measured using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. In 24 of the neonates, umbilical cord blood was also studied. Gel filtration was used to estimate the molecular size of IgA present in cord and neonatal serum. The arithmetic mean concentration of IgA (+/- S.E.M.) found in the 48 neonates was 2.6 +/- 1.45 mg/l. No significant difference was detected between the breast fed and artificially fed neonates. Only 7S IgA was detected in cord blood and in neonatal serum. Six days of exclusive breast feeding therefore has no influence on total serum IgA levels on the sixth day of neonatal life nor does it result in detectable circulating 11S IgA at that time.", "contents": "Serum IgA in the neonate. Molecular size, concentration and effect of breast feeding. IgA concentrations in the serum of 48 six-day-old neonates (23 exclusively artificially fed, 25 exclusively breast fed) were measured using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. In 24 of the neonates, umbilical cord blood was also studied. Gel filtration was used to estimate the molecular size of IgA present in cord and neonatal serum. The arithmetic mean concentration of IgA (+/- S.E.M.) found in the 48 neonates was 2.6 +/- 1.45 mg/l. No significant difference was detected between the breast fed and artificially fed neonates. Only 7S IgA was detected in cord blood and in neonatal serum. Six days of exclusive breast feeding therefore has no influence on total serum IgA levels on the sixth day of neonatal life nor does it result in detectable circulating 11S IgA at that time.", "PMID": 525336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2360", "title": "Hyperviscosity of the blood and haemostasis in the newborn infant.", "content": "15 newborn infants with the hyperviscosity syndrome due to polycythaemia i.e. a central haematocrit of at least 65% and a raised whole blood viscosity, were examined for changes in their coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. 5 were thrombocytopenic but showed no other signs of activated coagulation. Neither did the only patient with positive ethanol gelation test measuring circulating fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) appeared in only two and, with only one exception, an assay for fibrinolytic activity in plasma was negative. No defects were found in the coagulation system. Thus, in most of the patients there was no demonstrable abnormal proteolysis in the circulation. However, in such infants the normally low levels of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor activity) in combination with the impairment of the microcirculation might increase the risk of thrombotic complications. Haemodilution, preferably with plasma, is therefore advocated in the symptomatic patients.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity of the blood and haemostasis in the newborn infant. 15 newborn infants with the hyperviscosity syndrome due to polycythaemia i.e. a central haematocrit of at least 65% and a raised whole blood viscosity, were examined for changes in their coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. 5 were thrombocytopenic but showed no other signs of activated coagulation. Neither did the only patient with positive ethanol gelation test measuring circulating fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) appeared in only two and, with only one exception, an assay for fibrinolytic activity in plasma was negative. No defects were found in the coagulation system. Thus, in most of the patients there was no demonstrable abnormal proteolysis in the circulation. However, in such infants the normally low levels of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor activity) in combination with the impairment of the microcirculation might increase the risk of thrombotic complications. Haemodilution, preferably with plasma, is therefore advocated in the symptomatic patients.", "PMID": 525337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2361", "title": "Medicinal iron to low birth weight infants.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentrations were measured during the first 6 months of life in 28 low birth weight infants (mean birth weight 1820 g range 900-2460; mean gestational age 34 weeks range 29-37) fed a standard formula fortified with ferrous sulphate. Fifteen of the infants received supplementary medicinal iron (ferrous succinate) from 3 weeks of age, and 13 only from 2 months of age. All were given vitamin E from 10 days of age. The serum ferritin values did not differ between the groups at 1-2 days, 8-10 weeks or at 6 months. Furthermore, there were no signs of hyperhaemolysis at 8-10 weeks in the group receiving medicinal iron early. The data indicate that the iron content in the formula is sufficient until 2 months of age, but also that thereis no disadvantage in starting medicinal iron at 3 weeks of age, if the diet is sufficient in vitamin E.", "contents": "Medicinal iron to low birth weight infants. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured during the first 6 months of life in 28 low birth weight infants (mean birth weight 1820 g range 900-2460; mean gestational age 34 weeks range 29-37) fed a standard formula fortified with ferrous sulphate. Fifteen of the infants received supplementary medicinal iron (ferrous succinate) from 3 weeks of age, and 13 only from 2 months of age. All were given vitamin E from 10 days of age. The serum ferritin values did not differ between the groups at 1-2 days, 8-10 weeks or at 6 months. Furthermore, there were no signs of hyperhaemolysis at 8-10 weeks in the group receiving medicinal iron early. The data indicate that the iron content in the formula is sufficient until 2 months of age, but also that thereis no disadvantage in starting medicinal iron at 3 weeks of age, if the diet is sufficient in vitamin E.", "PMID": 525338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2362", "title": "The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to gestational age in the newborn.", "content": "173 distressed newborn infants without evidence of bacterial infection were investigated at 12-hour intervals for the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during the first 5 days of life. The results showed a significant difference in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to both gestational and post natal ages. The study stresses the necessity of taking into account these differences in interpreting neutropenia as a sign of bacterial infection in neonates.", "contents": "The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to gestational age in the newborn. 173 distressed newborn infants without evidence of bacterial infection were investigated at 12-hour intervals for the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during the first 5 days of life. The results showed a significant difference in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to both gestational and post natal ages. The study stresses the necessity of taking into account these differences in interpreting neutropenia as a sign of bacterial infection in neonates.", "PMID": 525339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2363", "title": "Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. III. Thrombosis--a study of some predisposing factors.", "content": "Thrombosis following umbilical artery catheterization is a relatively frequent complication. Low fibrinolytic activity in the vessel walls, high factor VIII and low antithrombin III (AT III, Heparin cofactor activity) in blood are factors known to favour the formation of thrombosis. In 30 newborns who died and in 2 foetuses the fibrinolytic activity determined in the aorta and the femoral vessels was in the normal 'adult' range except for a few very immature infants and the foetuses. The five cases with arterial thrombosis were not associated with low fibrinolytic activity. The various factor VIII activities (VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, and VIIIR:RCF) ant AT III were studied in 30 sick newborns and in 20 healthy newborns. The sick exhibited increased levels of various factor VIII activities (VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:RCF mainly) and markedly reduced levels of AT III. The high factor VIII activities and the low AT III found will add to the existing risk of thrombosis due to the presence of a foreign material. AT III substitution is suggested as a possible prophylactic.", "contents": "Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. III. Thrombosis--a study of some predisposing factors. Thrombosis following umbilical artery catheterization is a relatively frequent complication. Low fibrinolytic activity in the vessel walls, high factor VIII and low antithrombin III (AT III, Heparin cofactor activity) in blood are factors known to favour the formation of thrombosis. In 30 newborns who died and in 2 foetuses the fibrinolytic activity determined in the aorta and the femoral vessels was in the normal 'adult' range except for a few very immature infants and the foetuses. The five cases with arterial thrombosis were not associated with low fibrinolytic activity. The various factor VIII activities (VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, and VIIIR:RCF) ant AT III were studied in 30 sick newborns and in 20 healthy newborns. The sick exhibited increased levels of various factor VIII activities (VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:RCF mainly) and markedly reduced levels of AT III. The high factor VIII activities and the low AT III found will add to the existing risk of thrombosis due to the presence of a foreign material. AT III substitution is suggested as a possible prophylactic.", "PMID": 525340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2364", "title": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity and vibratory sensibility in juvenile diabetics. Relationship to endogenous insulin.", "content": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the vibratory sense (biothesiometry) were determined in 67 children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes. Age at onset of diabetes varied between 1-14 years (mean +/- S.D. 6.5 +/- 3.6) and the duration of diabetes between 4-17 years (7.7 +/- 3.4). Within +/- 3 months of the nerve function tests blood was drawn for determination of C-peptide and insulin antibodies (IgG and IRI). A low NCV (less than 50 m/s) in the sural nerve and/or an abnormal vibratory sense (greater than or equal to 1.0 microns) were found in 34 patients (50.7%). Measurable fasting serum C-peptide 0.04-0.60 pmol/ml (0.17 +/- 0.15) was found in 16 patients (23.9%). All but one patients had insulin antibodies with IgG 0.130-11.029 mU/ml (2.957 +/- 2.509) and total IRI 10-9120 muU/ml (1204 +/- 1723). In multiple regression analysis we did not find any correlation between nerve function and sex, age, or age at onset of diabetes, and there was only a weak relationship between NCV and duration. However, there was a positive correlation between NCV and C-peptide (p less than 0.001). Vibration sense was also better among patients with C-peptide (p less than 0.05). The results support the view that insulin deficiency contributes to peripheral diabetic neuropathy.", "contents": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity and vibratory sensibility in juvenile diabetics. Relationship to endogenous insulin. Sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the vibratory sense (biothesiometry) were determined in 67 children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes. Age at onset of diabetes varied between 1-14 years (mean +/- S.D. 6.5 +/- 3.6) and the duration of diabetes between 4-17 years (7.7 +/- 3.4). Within +/- 3 months of the nerve function tests blood was drawn for determination of C-peptide and insulin antibodies (IgG and IRI). A low NCV (less than 50 m/s) in the sural nerve and/or an abnormal vibratory sense (greater than or equal to 1.0 microns) were found in 34 patients (50.7%). Measurable fasting serum C-peptide 0.04-0.60 pmol/ml (0.17 +/- 0.15) was found in 16 patients (23.9%). All but one patients had insulin antibodies with IgG 0.130-11.029 mU/ml (2.957 +/- 2.509) and total IRI 10-9120 muU/ml (1204 +/- 1723). In multiple regression analysis we did not find any correlation between nerve function and sex, age, or age at onset of diabetes, and there was only a weak relationship between NCV and duration. However, there was a positive correlation between NCV and C-peptide (p less than 0.001). Vibration sense was also better among patients with C-peptide (p less than 0.05). The results support the view that insulin deficiency contributes to peripheral diabetic neuropathy.", "PMID": 525341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2365", "title": "On the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis in Scandinavia especially in children.", "content": "A random sample representing approx. one-third of pre-school children and approx. 95% of school children in age groups 8, 11, 13, and 15 years in a suburb of Stockholm were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma. Antibodies were uncommon in small children. They gradually appeared throughout childhood but especially in adolescence and adult life. Antibodies were more common in females than in males. Even small girls were more often infected than boys of corresponding age. The difference becomes marked in puberty and is significant in adults. A family study revealed evidence of familial aggregation of the infection albeit with borderline significance. No correlation was found between occurrence of antibodies and the presence of cats in the families or reported consumption of raw meat. The majority of representative samples of Lapps and Skolt Lapps in northern Scandinavia lacked antibodies to Toxoplasma.", "contents": "On the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis in Scandinavia especially in children. A random sample representing approx. one-third of pre-school children and approx. 95% of school children in age groups 8, 11, 13, and 15 years in a suburb of Stockholm were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma. Antibodies were uncommon in small children. They gradually appeared throughout childhood but especially in adolescence and adult life. Antibodies were more common in females than in males. Even small girls were more often infected than boys of corresponding age. The difference becomes marked in puberty and is significant in adults. A family study revealed evidence of familial aggregation of the infection albeit with borderline significance. No correlation was found between occurrence of antibodies and the presence of cats in the families or reported consumption of raw meat. The majority of representative samples of Lapps and Skolt Lapps in northern Scandinavia lacked antibodies to Toxoplasma.", "PMID": 525342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2366", "title": "A boy with severe infantile gastrogen lactose intolerance and acquired lactase deficiency.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with severe familial lactose intolerance in infancy (vomiting, failure to thrive, lactosuria (5.25 g/l), sucrosuria (12 g/l), and aminoaciduria. Intestinal disaccharidases (including lactase and sucrase) normal at age 6 and 20 weeks. Oral lactose tolerance test at this age resulted in lactosuria (4.6 g/l); sucrose tolerance test, in sucrosuria (18.5 g/l). In contrast, intraduodenal lactose tolerance test gave only low lactose excretion in urine (0.28 g/l). He improved rapidly and had no lactosuria on intraduodenal feeding with citric acid milk. The lactosuria diminished as age increased, but was still higher at age 6 years than that of controls. He tolerated normal disaccharide containing food after 1.5 years of age. At 5.5 to 6 years, he had symptoms of lactose malabsorption, and an isolated lactase deficiency was proved. At 10 years, he still tolerates only limited amounts of milk. The defect in severe familial infantile lactose intolerance seems to be localized in the gastric mucosa. Acquired lactase deficiency can appear later in childhood in this syndrome.", "contents": "A boy with severe infantile gastrogen lactose intolerance and acquired lactase deficiency. A 10-year-old boy with severe familial lactose intolerance in infancy (vomiting, failure to thrive, lactosuria (5.25 g/l), sucrosuria (12 g/l), and aminoaciduria. Intestinal disaccharidases (including lactase and sucrase) normal at age 6 and 20 weeks. Oral lactose tolerance test at this age resulted in lactosuria (4.6 g/l); sucrose tolerance test, in sucrosuria (18.5 g/l). In contrast, intraduodenal lactose tolerance test gave only low lactose excretion in urine (0.28 g/l). He improved rapidly and had no lactosuria on intraduodenal feeding with citric acid milk. The lactosuria diminished as age increased, but was still higher at age 6 years than that of controls. He tolerated normal disaccharide containing food after 1.5 years of age. At 5.5 to 6 years, he had symptoms of lactose malabsorption, and an isolated lactase deficiency was proved. At 10 years, he still tolerates only limited amounts of milk. The defect in severe familial infantile lactose intolerance seems to be localized in the gastric mucosa. Acquired lactase deficiency can appear later in childhood in this syndrome.", "PMID": 525343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2367", "title": "Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an infant.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the epipharynx of a 10-week-old baby girl taken ill with pneumonia but without signs of conjunctivitis. The infant developed specific antibodies to the organism. The course of the pneumonia was protracted, with cough and tachypnea. The baby, who was afebrile, improved on antibiotic therapy but pulmonary infiltrates persisted for several months. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pneumonia in an infant associated with C. trachomatis infection reported elsewhere than North America.", "contents": "Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an infant. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the epipharynx of a 10-week-old baby girl taken ill with pneumonia but without signs of conjunctivitis. The infant developed specific antibodies to the organism. The course of the pneumonia was protracted, with cough and tachypnea. The baby, who was afebrile, improved on antibiotic therapy but pulmonary infiltrates persisted for several months. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pneumonia in an infant associated with C. trachomatis infection reported elsewhere than North America.", "PMID": 525346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2368", "title": "The 49XXXXX syndrome. Report of a case with 48XXXX/49XXXXX mosaicism.", "content": "A patient with 48XXXX/49XXXXX mosaicism is presented. Clinical findings include severe growth and developmental retardation, hypertelorism, mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, retarded bone age and radio-ulnar synostosis. The findings are similar to those of the cases with a penta-X chromosome complement already described, and are also similar to the signs of the more common 49XXXXY syndrome of males. In both instances the dysmorphic features are less impressive than the mental retardation and the skeletal malformations. This report contributes to a better delineation of the 49XXXXX syndrome. The possible mechanisms of the chromosomal aberration are discussed.", "contents": "The 49XXXXX syndrome. Report of a case with 48XXXX/49XXXXX mosaicism. A patient with 48XXXX/49XXXXX mosaicism is presented. Clinical findings include severe growth and developmental retardation, hypertelorism, mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, retarded bone age and radio-ulnar synostosis. The findings are similar to those of the cases with a penta-X chromosome complement already described, and are also similar to the signs of the more common 49XXXXY syndrome of males. In both instances the dysmorphic features are less impressive than the mental retardation and the skeletal malformations. This report contributes to a better delineation of the 49XXXXX syndrome. The possible mechanisms of the chromosomal aberration are discussed.", "PMID": 525347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2369", "title": "Neonatal respiratory insufficiency due to centronuclear myopathy.", "content": "Two neonates showing generalized hypotonia, weakness of limbs, trunk, and oral musculature died because of muscular respiratory distress. The diagnosis of centronuclear (or myotubular) myopathy was established by histological and histochemical techniques. The genetic situation and routine laboratory data including electromyography were compared with similar cases in the literature; findings were inconclusive with respect to this diagnosis. These results indicate the need for a muscle biopsy and the use of histochemical stainings and/or electronmicroscopical investigation for a proper diagnosis in hypotonic newborns under respiratory distress after exclusion of etiologies other than neuromuscular diseases. Still the diagnosis of centronuclear myopathy in a neonate does not allow a precise prognosis. Increased awareness of this disorder and adequate diagnostic workup is needed in order to extend our understanding and to clarify the prognosis.", "contents": "Neonatal respiratory insufficiency due to centronuclear myopathy. Two neonates showing generalized hypotonia, weakness of limbs, trunk, and oral musculature died because of muscular respiratory distress. The diagnosis of centronuclear (or myotubular) myopathy was established by histological and histochemical techniques. The genetic situation and routine laboratory data including electromyography were compared with similar cases in the literature; findings were inconclusive with respect to this diagnosis. These results indicate the need for a muscle biopsy and the use of histochemical stainings and/or electronmicroscopical investigation for a proper diagnosis in hypotonic newborns under respiratory distress after exclusion of etiologies other than neuromuscular diseases. Still the diagnosis of centronuclear myopathy in a neonate does not allow a precise prognosis. Increased awareness of this disorder and adequate diagnostic workup is needed in order to extend our understanding and to clarify the prognosis.", "PMID": 525348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2370", "title": "Localized scleroderma following varicella in a three-year-old girl with IgA deficiency.", "content": "A three-year-old girl with isolated IgA deficiency developed localized scleroderma immediately after varicella infection. Physiotherapy was started without any drug therapy. Only a minimal clinical improvement was achieved. The connection between IgA deficiency, viral infection and collagen diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Localized scleroderma following varicella in a three-year-old girl with IgA deficiency. A three-year-old girl with isolated IgA deficiency developed localized scleroderma immediately after varicella infection. Physiotherapy was started without any drug therapy. Only a minimal clinical improvement was achieved. The connection between IgA deficiency, viral infection and collagen diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 525349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2371", "title": "A retrosepctive histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 6. The relation of dermal solar elastosis to sex, age and survival of the patient and to localization, histological type and level of invasion of the tumour.", "content": "A selected series of primary malignant melanoma of the skin, clinical stage I, was studied. The series includes 37 lentigo maligna melanomas, 301 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 137 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. Dermal solar elastosis was graded. The most common finding was lack of solar elastosis which together with slight elastosis was mostly found on the trunks of young men and on the legs of young women in cases of superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Marked and moderate elastosis was found almost exclusively on the head, especially in old women with lentigo maligna melanoma. Nodular malignant melanoma was related neither to any special grade of solar elastosis, nor to localization, but showed some relation to the male sex after 50 years of age. The present study does not permit any conclusions to be made about a possible causal relationship between the three types of malignant melanoma and previous sun-exposure, because of lack of clinical information and a control series concerning solar elastosis in the normal population. Level of invasion and prognosis of the patient did not show any covariation with grade of solar elastosis.", "contents": "A retrosepctive histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 6. The relation of dermal solar elastosis to sex, age and survival of the patient and to localization, histological type and level of invasion of the tumour. A selected series of primary malignant melanoma of the skin, clinical stage I, was studied. The series includes 37 lentigo maligna melanomas, 301 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 137 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. Dermal solar elastosis was graded. The most common finding was lack of solar elastosis which together with slight elastosis was mostly found on the trunks of young men and on the legs of young women in cases of superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Marked and moderate elastosis was found almost exclusively on the head, especially in old women with lentigo maligna melanoma. Nodular malignant melanoma was related neither to any special grade of solar elastosis, nor to localization, but showed some relation to the male sex after 50 years of age. The present study does not permit any conclusions to be made about a possible causal relationship between the three types of malignant melanoma and previous sun-exposure, because of lack of clinical information and a control series concerning solar elastosis in the normal population. Level of invasion and prognosis of the patient did not show any covariation with grade of solar elastosis.", "PMID": 525350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2372", "title": "Growth stimulation of aged cells in culture.", "content": "Human glial cultures of any passage consist of two populations of cells: those with mitotic ability, and the non-dividers. The fraction of non-dividers increases with age of the culture, and dominates in late passages. When cells from midphase II cultures (passage 28) were sparsely seeded in dishes containing agarose partially covered by small, isolated, palladium squares (haptotactic islands) they settled on the palladium squares but not on the agarose. 58% of the cells divided, and formed mini-clones which became density growth inhibited within 10 days in medium with 5% serum. The non-dividers comprised 42%. They showed a characteristic indolent motility pattern. When these cultures were exposed to 15% fetal calf serum and 2 ng/ml mEGF (mouse epidermal growth factor) for another 5 days, nine per cent of the solitary cells had divided, and DNA measurements showed another 20% to have entered the S phase. About 40% of the initial single cells presented morphological alterations after the stimulation which are known to be early signs of entrance into the cell cycle after blockage in G1/G0. The present results in combination with earlier findings suggest that \"old\" cells approaching the non-dividing state become increasingly insensitive to stimulation by growth-promoting factors.", "contents": "Growth stimulation of aged cells in culture. Human glial cultures of any passage consist of two populations of cells: those with mitotic ability, and the non-dividers. The fraction of non-dividers increases with age of the culture, and dominates in late passages. When cells from midphase II cultures (passage 28) were sparsely seeded in dishes containing agarose partially covered by small, isolated, palladium squares (haptotactic islands) they settled on the palladium squares but not on the agarose. 58% of the cells divided, and formed mini-clones which became density growth inhibited within 10 days in medium with 5% serum. The non-dividers comprised 42%. They showed a characteristic indolent motility pattern. When these cultures were exposed to 15% fetal calf serum and 2 ng/ml mEGF (mouse epidermal growth factor) for another 5 days, nine per cent of the solitary cells had divided, and DNA measurements showed another 20% to have entered the S phase. About 40% of the initial single cells presented morphological alterations after the stimulation which are known to be early signs of entrance into the cell cycle after blockage in G1/G0. The present results in combination with earlier findings suggest that \"old\" cells approaching the non-dividing state become increasingly insensitive to stimulation by growth-promoting factors.", "PMID": 525351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2373", "title": "An ultrastructural study on the excystation of the sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes which occur during the in vitro excystation of the sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii were examined. The excystation was carried out at 37 degrees C on suspensions of oocysts which had been ground and then treated with an excysting medium containing 0.25% trypsin and 0.75% sodium taurocholate in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.3. It was found that sporocysts within intact oocysts were unaffected while sporocysts exposed to the medium ruptured. The sporocyst wall consisted of two layers and during excystation the four plates which form the inner layer started to curl inward. At the same time changes were seen at the specialized junctions between these plates. When the junctions finally break, the plates separate. The outer layer of the sporocyst wall is then ruptured at points directly above where the plates were joined. Each of the four portions of the sporocyst wall curled inward to form a tightly wound whorl. The sporozoites can escape through the openings created between the portions of the sporocyst wall.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study on the excystation of the sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The ultrastructural changes which occur during the in vitro excystation of the sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii were examined. The excystation was carried out at 37 degrees C on suspensions of oocysts which had been ground and then treated with an excysting medium containing 0.25% trypsin and 0.75% sodium taurocholate in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.3. It was found that sporocysts within intact oocysts were unaffected while sporocysts exposed to the medium ruptured. The sporocyst wall consisted of two layers and during excystation the four plates which form the inner layer started to curl inward. At the same time changes were seen at the specialized junctions between these plates. When the junctions finally break, the plates separate. The outer layer of the sporocyst wall is then ruptured at points directly above where the plates were joined. Each of the four portions of the sporocyst wall curled inward to form a tightly wound whorl. The sporozoites can escape through the openings created between the portions of the sporocyst wall.", "PMID": 525353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2374", "title": "Chemotaxis or migration inhibition of rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes caused by chemoattractants at various concentrations.", "content": "Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Veillonella incubated in normal rabbit serum was tested for chemotactic activity on rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in modified Boyden chambers. In doses above those giving optimal response (over-optimal dose), a decrease of the PMN migration activity was found. This decrease also correlated well with an increase in the migration inhibition of the PMNs as demonstrated with the capillary tube assay. The PMN chemotactic factor isolated from LPS-induced inflammatory exudate (LPS-CF) in rabbits, produced both a decrease in chemotactic response and a migration inhibition of PMNs in over-optimal doses. This inhibitory effect was not due to cytotoxicity, proved by the trypan blue exclusion test. Also, a reduced locomotion of PMNs first preincubated with chemoattractants and then reactivated, was shown when the same PMNs were restimulated to migration using the same chemoattractants. This was interpreted as a deactivation of the cells. A cross-deactivation was demonstrated between LPS-CF and casein. The results from the experiments reported show that the Boyden chamber may be used to disciminate directional chemotaxis and migration inhibition. It may also be concluded from the study that the reduced migration activity of PMNs at over-optimal doses of chemoattractants is not due to cytotoxicity, but most probably is caused by a deactivation of the cells.", "contents": "Chemotaxis or migration inhibition of rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes caused by chemoattractants at various concentrations. Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Veillonella incubated in normal rabbit serum was tested for chemotactic activity on rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in modified Boyden chambers. In doses above those giving optimal response (over-optimal dose), a decrease of the PMN migration activity was found. This decrease also correlated well with an increase in the migration inhibition of the PMNs as demonstrated with the capillary tube assay. The PMN chemotactic factor isolated from LPS-induced inflammatory exudate (LPS-CF) in rabbits, produced both a decrease in chemotactic response and a migration inhibition of PMNs in over-optimal doses. This inhibitory effect was not due to cytotoxicity, proved by the trypan blue exclusion test. Also, a reduced locomotion of PMNs first preincubated with chemoattractants and then reactivated, was shown when the same PMNs were restimulated to migration using the same chemoattractants. This was interpreted as a deactivation of the cells. A cross-deactivation was demonstrated between LPS-CF and casein. The results from the experiments reported show that the Boyden chamber may be used to disciminate directional chemotaxis and migration inhibition. It may also be concluded from the study that the reduced migration activity of PMNs at over-optimal doses of chemoattractants is not due to cytotoxicity, but most probably is caused by a deactivation of the cells.", "PMID": 525354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2375", "title": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits. Interferon in body fluids and tissues after experimental infection.", "content": "The distribution of interferon in body fluids and tissues was studied in 18 rabbits infected experimentally with the agent of pleural effusion disease (PED). Circulating interferon of the classical type was demonstrable 12 h after inoculation, and a maximum response was attained 2-3 days later. Circulating interferon disappeared between 6 and 8 days after inoculation. Interferon titres of serum were closely correlated with the early phase of febrile response and probably also with the initial growth phase of the PED agent. The interferon titres of pleural fluid exceeded by far the titres of other body fluids and tissues. No interferon could be demonstrated in brain, liver and urine.", "contents": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits. Interferon in body fluids and tissues after experimental infection. The distribution of interferon in body fluids and tissues was studied in 18 rabbits infected experimentally with the agent of pleural effusion disease (PED). Circulating interferon of the classical type was demonstrable 12 h after inoculation, and a maximum response was attained 2-3 days later. Circulating interferon disappeared between 6 and 8 days after inoculation. Interferon titres of serum were closely correlated with the early phase of febrile response and probably also with the initial growth phase of the PED agent. The interferon titres of pleural fluid exceeded by far the titres of other body fluids and tissues. No interferon could be demonstrated in brain, liver and urine.", "PMID": 525355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2376", "title": "Experiments to illustrate the effect of chlorpromazine on the permeability of the bacterial cell wall.", "content": "The present investigation has been made to illustrate whether the cell walls of micro-organisms are affected by membrane stabilizers. In vitro experiments were carried out with S. aureus under the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ). De-pigmentation and a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of CPZ on the micro-organisms were seen. It has been shown that concentrations of CPZ near the bacteriostatic value, in combination with bacterial haemolysins, alters erythrocyte membranes (horse and rabbit) in such a way that they become resistant to haemolysis. It has been shown that CPZ in bacteriostatic concentration probably changes the transport of potassium through the bacterial membrane in the same manner as described for mammalian muscle tissue.", "contents": "Experiments to illustrate the effect of chlorpromazine on the permeability of the bacterial cell wall. The present investigation has been made to illustrate whether the cell walls of micro-organisms are affected by membrane stabilizers. In vitro experiments were carried out with S. aureus under the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ). De-pigmentation and a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of CPZ on the micro-organisms were seen. It has been shown that concentrations of CPZ near the bacteriostatic value, in combination with bacterial haemolysins, alters erythrocyte membranes (horse and rabbit) in such a way that they become resistant to haemolysis. It has been shown that CPZ in bacteriostatic concentration probably changes the transport of potassium through the bacterial membrane in the same manner as described for mammalian muscle tissue.", "PMID": 525356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2377", "title": "In vivo absorption of phenytoin from rat small intestine and its inhibition by phlorizin.", "content": "In vivo absorption of phenytoin from the small intestine was studied by an in vivo closed segment technique. Phenytoin in concentrations of 1000, 2000, and 4000 mumol/l was administered in dissolved form. Polythylene glycol 4000 was used as a non-absorbable marker. The concentrations of phenytoin in the intestinal lumen, in the mucosa, and in cardiac blood were measured both by spectrophotometry and by gas chromatography. Phenytoin was absorbed very rapidly, and the proportion absorbed increased with increasing dose. Thus, during the first 10 min. about 85 per cent of the largest dose but only 25 per cent of the smallest dose had been absorbed. The phenytoin concentration in mucosa and serum increased in an analogous way; maximum values were observed within the first ten minutes. The concentrations in mucosa and serum were dose dependent during the first ten minutes. 0.01 mmol/l and 1 mmol/l phlorizin significantly reduced the transfer of phenytoin (4000 and 2000 mumol/l) from the gut lumen to the mucosa. No inhibition was observed when the initial phenytoin dose was 1000 mumol/l. The results suggest that an active transport mechanism, sensitive to phlorizin, is involved in the intestinal absorption of phenytoin in the rat.", "contents": "In vivo absorption of phenytoin from rat small intestine and its inhibition by phlorizin. In vivo absorption of phenytoin from the small intestine was studied by an in vivo closed segment technique. Phenytoin in concentrations of 1000, 2000, and 4000 mumol/l was administered in dissolved form. Polythylene glycol 4000 was used as a non-absorbable marker. The concentrations of phenytoin in the intestinal lumen, in the mucosa, and in cardiac blood were measured both by spectrophotometry and by gas chromatography. Phenytoin was absorbed very rapidly, and the proportion absorbed increased with increasing dose. Thus, during the first 10 min. about 85 per cent of the largest dose but only 25 per cent of the smallest dose had been absorbed. The phenytoin concentration in mucosa and serum increased in an analogous way; maximum values were observed within the first ten minutes. The concentrations in mucosa and serum were dose dependent during the first ten minutes. 0.01 mmol/l and 1 mmol/l phlorizin significantly reduced the transfer of phenytoin (4000 and 2000 mumol/l) from the gut lumen to the mucosa. No inhibition was observed when the initial phenytoin dose was 1000 mumol/l. The results suggest that an active transport mechanism, sensitive to phlorizin, is involved in the intestinal absorption of phenytoin in the rat.", "PMID": 525357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2378", "title": "Blood pressure response to ethanol in relation to acetaldehyde levels and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in rats pretreated with disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine.", "content": "The blood pressure response after ethanol administration was studied in relation to blood acetaldehyde levels, aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH)--and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities in rats pretreated with the ethanol-sensitizing compounds disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine and the DBH-inhibitor FLA-57. Disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine, but not FLA-57, inhibited the low-Km ALDH in the liver and caused an increased acetaldehyde level in blood. Disulfiram and FLA-57, but not cyanamide and coprine, decreased the DBH-activity in the heart and the levels of norepinephrine in the heart and the brain. In disulfiram-treated rats with a low DBH-activity, a fall in blood pressure was observed at acetaldehyde levels being slightly higher than those found in control rats. In disulfiram-treated rats with a DBH-activity close to control activity and in rats pretreated with cyanamide or coprine, a fall in blood pressure were observed in rats pretreated with FLA-57. In rats pretreated with coprine + FLA-57, the fall in blood pressure was similar, or even lower, than in rats pretreated with coprine alone. The results suggest that acetaldehyde is the main determinant of the hypotension elicited by ethanol in rats pretreated with ALDH-inhibitors, and that the role of DBH in the disulfiram-ethanol reaction has been over-estimated in previous studies.", "contents": "Blood pressure response to ethanol in relation to acetaldehyde levels and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in rats pretreated with disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine. The blood pressure response after ethanol administration was studied in relation to blood acetaldehyde levels, aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH)--and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities in rats pretreated with the ethanol-sensitizing compounds disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine and the DBH-inhibitor FLA-57. Disulfiram, cyanamide and coprine, but not FLA-57, inhibited the low-Km ALDH in the liver and caused an increased acetaldehyde level in blood. Disulfiram and FLA-57, but not cyanamide and coprine, decreased the DBH-activity in the heart and the levels of norepinephrine in the heart and the brain. In disulfiram-treated rats with a low DBH-activity, a fall in blood pressure was observed at acetaldehyde levels being slightly higher than those found in control rats. In disulfiram-treated rats with a DBH-activity close to control activity and in rats pretreated with cyanamide or coprine, a fall in blood pressure were observed in rats pretreated with FLA-57. In rats pretreated with coprine + FLA-57, the fall in blood pressure was similar, or even lower, than in rats pretreated with coprine alone. The results suggest that acetaldehyde is the main determinant of the hypotension elicited by ethanol in rats pretreated with ALDH-inhibitors, and that the role of DBH in the disulfiram-ethanol reaction has been over-estimated in previous studies.", "PMID": 525358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2379", "title": "Storage of blood samples containing alcohol.", "content": "The storage of blood alcohol samples was studied. The samples were analysed and then frozen and kept at -20 degrees for 6 months before reanalysis. The results from this reanalysis did not deviate to any significant extent from those originally obtained. The process of freezing and thawing the same samples before analysis was repeated three times without any significant difference from the results with the fresh blood samples.", "contents": "Storage of blood samples containing alcohol. The storage of blood alcohol samples was studied. The samples were analysed and then frozen and kept at -20 degrees for 6 months before reanalysis. The results from this reanalysis did not deviate to any significant extent from those originally obtained. The process of freezing and thawing the same samples before analysis was repeated three times without any significant difference from the results with the fresh blood samples.", "PMID": 525359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2380", "title": "Cerebrovascular effects of central depressants: a study of nitrous oxide, halothane, pentobarbital and ethanol during normocapnia and hypercapnia in the rat.", "content": "The effect of the central depressants nitrous oxide, halothane, pentobarbital and ethanol upon cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) and cerebral vascular reactivity to carbon dioxide were measured using the rapid and repetitive intraarterial 133Xenon injection technique modified for rat studies. The cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) during normocapnia in the pentobarbital group was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than in the nitrous oxide group thus indicating a vasoconstrictor effect of pentobarbital that may be clinically important, because the ability of barbiturates to contract vessels in healthy brain regions may partly explain the protective properties of these drugs against cerebral ischemia. The results indicated that pentobarbital and ethanol may act synergistically with carbon dioxide in depressing CMRO2 and cerebral vascular reactivity. Finally, it is concluded that nitrous oxide anaesthesia (70% N2O: 30% O2) is suitable as a reference situation in rat studies of the effect of pharmocological agents on CBF, CMRO2 and cerebrovascular reactivity.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular effects of central depressants: a study of nitrous oxide, halothane, pentobarbital and ethanol during normocapnia and hypercapnia in the rat. The effect of the central depressants nitrous oxide, halothane, pentobarbital and ethanol upon cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) and cerebral vascular reactivity to carbon dioxide were measured using the rapid and repetitive intraarterial 133Xenon injection technique modified for rat studies. The cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) during normocapnia in the pentobarbital group was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than in the nitrous oxide group thus indicating a vasoconstrictor effect of pentobarbital that may be clinically important, because the ability of barbiturates to contract vessels in healthy brain regions may partly explain the protective properties of these drugs against cerebral ischemia. The results indicated that pentobarbital and ethanol may act synergistically with carbon dioxide in depressing CMRO2 and cerebral vascular reactivity. Finally, it is concluded that nitrous oxide anaesthesia (70% N2O: 30% O2) is suitable as a reference situation in rat studies of the effect of pharmocological agents on CBF, CMRO2 and cerebrovascular reactivity.", "PMID": 525360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2381", "title": "5-HT antagonism on cerebral and common carotid arteries by the 5-HT uptake inhibitors femoxetine and paroxetine.", "content": "The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonism of methysergide was compared with that of the phenylpiperidine 5-HT uptake inhibitors, paroxetine and femoxetine, using two different models; the isolated cat middle cerebral artery and the common carotid artery of pithed rat perfused with the rat's own blood (autoperfusion). The extracorporeal circulation consisted of about 1.5 ml blood, which was temperature regulated to 36-38 degrees at the inlet to the carotid vessel by an automatic thermistor coupled heating system. In these experiments systemic blood pressure responses and perfusion pressure responses to 5-HT were recorded simultaneously. The 5-HT induced contractile response of the middle cerebral artery was reduced in a noncompetitive way by both uptake inhibitors at concentrations above 0.3 microM which is about 100 times the concentration needed for methysergide. In autoperfusion experiments inhibition was observed only at 5 mg/kg of both drugs. However, methysergide 0.001 mg/kg totally abolished all 5-HT responses. The uptake inhibitors can therefore be described as weak 5-HT antagonists.", "contents": "5-HT antagonism on cerebral and common carotid arteries by the 5-HT uptake inhibitors femoxetine and paroxetine. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonism of methysergide was compared with that of the phenylpiperidine 5-HT uptake inhibitors, paroxetine and femoxetine, using two different models; the isolated cat middle cerebral artery and the common carotid artery of pithed rat perfused with the rat's own blood (autoperfusion). The extracorporeal circulation consisted of about 1.5 ml blood, which was temperature regulated to 36-38 degrees at the inlet to the carotid vessel by an automatic thermistor coupled heating system. In these experiments systemic blood pressure responses and perfusion pressure responses to 5-HT were recorded simultaneously. The 5-HT induced contractile response of the middle cerebral artery was reduced in a noncompetitive way by both uptake inhibitors at concentrations above 0.3 microM which is about 100 times the concentration needed for methysergide. In autoperfusion experiments inhibition was observed only at 5 mg/kg of both drugs. However, methysergide 0.001 mg/kg totally abolished all 5-HT responses. The uptake inhibitors can therefore be described as weak 5-HT antagonists.", "PMID": 525361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2382", "title": "Fluoride inhibition of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from cultured cells.", "content": "DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from both fluoride sensitive and resistant LS cells was inhibited by fluoride at and above 3 mM. These fluoride concentrations also had an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in intact sensitive cells, but not in resistant cells. Due to previous findings that the intracellular fluoride concentration in the sensitive cells is only 30-40% of the extracellular, it is suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis in intact cells is secondary to the inhibitory effect on protein synthesis.", "contents": "Fluoride inhibition of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from cultured cells. DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from both fluoride sensitive and resistant LS cells was inhibited by fluoride at and above 3 mM. These fluoride concentrations also had an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in intact sensitive cells, but not in resistant cells. Due to previous findings that the intracellular fluoride concentration in the sensitive cells is only 30-40% of the extracellular, it is suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis in intact cells is secondary to the inhibitory effect on protein synthesis.", "PMID": 525362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2383", "title": "Resetting of cardiac C-fiber endings in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The characteristics of 11 left atrial receptors in 9 adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. All the receptor afferents were non-medullated with conduction velocities from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Elevation of left atrial pressure during graded aortic occlusion always induced a marked increase in receptor discharge with maximal frequencies ranging from 29 to 70 Hz. The threshold for activation was from 7.5 to 13 mmHg in mean left atrial pressure (mean +/- S.E., 10.2 +/- 0.6 mmHg). Upon atrial distension all the receptors displayed a clear rhythmicity and the discharge correlated mainly with the v-wave, indicating distension as the cause of receptor activation. The relationship between the mean left atrial pressure and the frequency of discharge was constructed for all the receptors and compared with similar data obtained from normotensive control rats (NCR) (Thor\u00e9n et al. 1979). It was then obvious that the left atrial receptors are reset in SHR probably secondarily to a decreased distensibility of the left atrium.", "contents": "Resetting of cardiac C-fiber endings in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The characteristics of 11 left atrial receptors in 9 adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. All the receptor afferents were non-medullated with conduction velocities from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Elevation of left atrial pressure during graded aortic occlusion always induced a marked increase in receptor discharge with maximal frequencies ranging from 29 to 70 Hz. The threshold for activation was from 7.5 to 13 mmHg in mean left atrial pressure (mean +/- S.E., 10.2 +/- 0.6 mmHg). Upon atrial distension all the receptors displayed a clear rhythmicity and the discharge correlated mainly with the v-wave, indicating distension as the cause of receptor activation. The relationship between the mean left atrial pressure and the frequency of discharge was constructed for all the receptors and compared with similar data obtained from normotensive control rats (NCR) (Thor\u00e9n et al. 1979). It was then obvious that the left atrial receptors are reset in SHR probably secondarily to a decreased distensibility of the left atrium.", "PMID": 525364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2384", "title": "The effect of different diets and of insulin on the hormonal response to prolonged exercise.", "content": "The importance of carbohydrate availability during exercise for metabolism and plasma hormone levels was studied. Seven healthy men ran on a treadmill at 70% of individual maximal oxygen uptake having eaten a diet low (F) or high (CH) in carbohydrate through 4 days. At exhaustion the subjects were encouraged to continue to run while glucose infusion increased plasma glucose to preexercise levels. Forearm venous blood, biopsies from vastus muscle and expiratory gas were analyzed. Time to exhaustion was longer in CH- (106 +/- 5 min (S.E.)) than in F-expts. (64 +/- 6). During exercise, overall carbohydrate combustion rate, muscular glycogen depletion and glucose and lactate concentrations, carbohydrate metabolites in plasma, and estimated rate of hepatic glucose production were higher, fat metabolites lower, and the decrease in plasma glucose slower in CH- than in F-expts. Plasma norepinephrine increased and insulin decreased similarly in CH- and F-expts., whereas the increase in glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol was enhanced in F-expts. Glucose infusion eliminated hypoglycemic symptoms but did not substantially increase performance time. During the infusion epinephrine decreased markedly and glucagon even to preexercise levels. Infusion of insulin (to 436% of preexercise concentration) in addition to glucose in F-expts. did not change the plasma levels of the other hormones more than infusion of glucose only but reduced fat metabolites in plasma. At exhaustion muscular glycogen depletion was slow, and the glucose gradient between plasma and sarcoplasma as well as the muscular glucose 6-phosphate concentration had decreased. The preceding diet modifies the energy depots, the state of which (as regards size, receptors and enzymes) is of prime importance for metabolism during prolonged exercise. Plentiful carbohydrate stores favor both glucose oxidation and lactate production. During exercise norepinephrine increases and insulin decreases independent of plasma glucose changes whereas receptors sensitive to glucose privation but not to acute changes in insulin levels enhance the exercise-induced secretion of glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol. Abolition of cerebral hypoglycemia does not inevitably increase performance time, because elimination of the hypoglycemia may not abolish muscular energy lack.", "contents": "The effect of different diets and of insulin on the hormonal response to prolonged exercise. The importance of carbohydrate availability during exercise for metabolism and plasma hormone levels was studied. Seven healthy men ran on a treadmill at 70% of individual maximal oxygen uptake having eaten a diet low (F) or high (CH) in carbohydrate through 4 days. At exhaustion the subjects were encouraged to continue to run while glucose infusion increased plasma glucose to preexercise levels. Forearm venous blood, biopsies from vastus muscle and expiratory gas were analyzed. Time to exhaustion was longer in CH- (106 +/- 5 min (S.E.)) than in F-expts. (64 +/- 6). During exercise, overall carbohydrate combustion rate, muscular glycogen depletion and glucose and lactate concentrations, carbohydrate metabolites in plasma, and estimated rate of hepatic glucose production were higher, fat metabolites lower, and the decrease in plasma glucose slower in CH- than in F-expts. Plasma norepinephrine increased and insulin decreased similarly in CH- and F-expts., whereas the increase in glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol was enhanced in F-expts. Glucose infusion eliminated hypoglycemic symptoms but did not substantially increase performance time. During the infusion epinephrine decreased markedly and glucagon even to preexercise levels. Infusion of insulin (to 436% of preexercise concentration) in addition to glucose in F-expts. did not change the plasma levels of the other hormones more than infusion of glucose only but reduced fat metabolites in plasma. At exhaustion muscular glycogen depletion was slow, and the glucose gradient between plasma and sarcoplasma as well as the muscular glucose 6-phosphate concentration had decreased. The preceding diet modifies the energy depots, the state of which (as regards size, receptors and enzymes) is of prime importance for metabolism during prolonged exercise. Plentiful carbohydrate stores favor both glucose oxidation and lactate production. During exercise norepinephrine increases and insulin decreases independent of plasma glucose changes whereas receptors sensitive to glucose privation but not to acute changes in insulin levels enhance the exercise-induced secretion of glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol. Abolition of cerebral hypoglycemia does not inevitably increase performance time, because elimination of the hypoglycemia may not abolish muscular energy lack.", "PMID": 525365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2385", "title": "Influence of muscle temperature on maximal muscle strength and power output in human skeletal muscles.", "content": "The influence of muscle temperature (Tm) on maximal muscle strength, power output, jumping, and sprinting performance was evaluated in four male subjects. In one of the subjects the electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from M. vastus lateralis, M. biceps femoris, and M. semitendinosus. Tm ranged from 30.0 degrees C to 39 degrees C. Maximal dynamic strength, power output, jumping, and sprinting performance were positively related to Tm. The changes were in the same order of magnitude for all these parameters (4-6% x degrees C-1) Maximal isometric strength decreased by 2% x degrees C-1 with decreasing Tm. The force-velocity relationship was shifted to the left at subnormal Tm. Thus in short term exercises, such as jumping and sprinting, performance is reduced at low Tm and enhanced at Tm above normal, primarily as a result of a variation in maximal dynamic strength.", "contents": "Influence of muscle temperature on maximal muscle strength and power output in human skeletal muscles. The influence of muscle temperature (Tm) on maximal muscle strength, power output, jumping, and sprinting performance was evaluated in four male subjects. In one of the subjects the electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from M. vastus lateralis, M. biceps femoris, and M. semitendinosus. Tm ranged from 30.0 degrees C to 39 degrees C. Maximal dynamic strength, power output, jumping, and sprinting performance were positively related to Tm. The changes were in the same order of magnitude for all these parameters (4-6% x degrees C-1) Maximal isometric strength decreased by 2% x degrees C-1 with decreasing Tm. The force-velocity relationship was shifted to the left at subnormal Tm. Thus in short term exercises, such as jumping and sprinting, performance is reduced at low Tm and enhanced at Tm above normal, primarily as a result of a variation in maximal dynamic strength.", "PMID": 525366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2386", "title": "Skeletal muscle metabolism, morphology and function in sedentary smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Smokers and nonsmokers of a homogeneous population of sedentary men have been compared with respect to skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) morphological, metabolic and functional characteristics. The percentage type I fibres was lower and that of type IIB fibres higher in the smokers. Fibre areas were almost equal in the two groups. Muscle oxidative capacity was lowered in the smokers, as judged from decreased mitochondrial enzyme activities and a lowered fibrillar space mitochondrial volume fraction. Isometric and dynamic strengths were lower in the smokers, except at the highest velocity of movement studied. Dynamic strengths expressed in relation to isometric strength were similar at all velocities except the highest, where the smokers were relatively stronger. Muscular endurance, measured in short-term isometric and dynamic tests, was not different. It is suggested that the lowered muscle oxidative capacity and strength in the smokers may be partly a consequence of the different fibre type distribution. A possibly lower physical activity level, and tobacco smoke constituents (e.g. carbon monoxide) may also be instrumental. It is not clear whether the different fibre type distribution in the smokers is an effect of smoking per se, or if background factors are responsible.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle metabolism, morphology and function in sedentary smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers and nonsmokers of a homogeneous population of sedentary men have been compared with respect to skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) morphological, metabolic and functional characteristics. The percentage type I fibres was lower and that of type IIB fibres higher in the smokers. Fibre areas were almost equal in the two groups. Muscle oxidative capacity was lowered in the smokers, as judged from decreased mitochondrial enzyme activities and a lowered fibrillar space mitochondrial volume fraction. Isometric and dynamic strengths were lower in the smokers, except at the highest velocity of movement studied. Dynamic strengths expressed in relation to isometric strength were similar at all velocities except the highest, where the smokers were relatively stronger. Muscular endurance, measured in short-term isometric and dynamic tests, was not different. It is suggested that the lowered muscle oxidative capacity and strength in the smokers may be partly a consequence of the different fibre type distribution. A possibly lower physical activity level, and tobacco smoke constituents (e.g. carbon monoxide) may also be instrumental. It is not clear whether the different fibre type distribution in the smokers is an effect of smoking per se, or if background factors are responsible.", "PMID": 525367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2387", "title": "The effect of alpha-aminoisobuturic acid and 2,4-diaminobuturic acid on mouse blastocyst outgrowth in vitro.", "content": "Blastocysts recovered from mice in a state of delay of implantation were incubated for 10 h with either alpha-aminoisobuturic acid (AIB) or 2,4-diaminobuturic acid (DAB), two non-metabolizable amino acids. The incubation medium was composed so as to maintain growth arrest of the inactive, delayed blastocysts in vitro. The blastocysts were then transferred to a complete outgrowth medium without the two non-metabolizable amino acids to test the capacity for trophoblast outgrowth. AIB, which displays saturation kinetics, was harmless to the blastocysts even at a high concentration, while DAB at a low concentration irreversibly damaged the trophoblast cells and prevented outgrowth, probably due to nonsaturation kinetics resulting in a high intracellular accumulation. The harmful effect of DAB could be abolished by concomitant incubation with L-alanine and L-methionine, which compete with DAB for the same transport system, while the D-forms of the same amino acids had little or no effect. The results suggest the presence of transport System A in mouse blastocysts growth arrested in vitro, indicating an operative carrier mechanism already during delay of implantation.", "contents": "The effect of alpha-aminoisobuturic acid and 2,4-diaminobuturic acid on mouse blastocyst outgrowth in vitro. Blastocysts recovered from mice in a state of delay of implantation were incubated for 10 h with either alpha-aminoisobuturic acid (AIB) or 2,4-diaminobuturic acid (DAB), two non-metabolizable amino acids. The incubation medium was composed so as to maintain growth arrest of the inactive, delayed blastocysts in vitro. The blastocysts were then transferred to a complete outgrowth medium without the two non-metabolizable amino acids to test the capacity for trophoblast outgrowth. AIB, which displays saturation kinetics, was harmless to the blastocysts even at a high concentration, while DAB at a low concentration irreversibly damaged the trophoblast cells and prevented outgrowth, probably due to nonsaturation kinetics resulting in a high intracellular accumulation. The harmful effect of DAB could be abolished by concomitant incubation with L-alanine and L-methionine, which compete with DAB for the same transport system, while the D-forms of the same amino acids had little or no effect. The results suggest the presence of transport System A in mouse blastocysts growth arrested in vitro, indicating an operative carrier mechanism already during delay of implantation.", "PMID": 525368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2388", "title": "Partition of 125I-iodoantipyrine among erythrocytes, plasma, and renal cortex in the dog.", "content": "The tissue/blood partition coefficient, lambda tb, defined as the amount of blood having the same tracer content as one unit of tissue at diffusion equilibrium, was determined for 125I-iodoantipyrine (I-Ap) and tritiated water (THO) in the dog kidney cortex. Measurements were made after in vivo equilibration for 75 to 300 s and with liver circulation excluded. In 18 kidneys, lambda tb for I-Ap averaged 1.38 (S.D. 0.13) w/w (weight/weight), without significant correlation to hematocrit (range: 23-43) or to urine pH (range 5.5-8.6). The lambda tb for THO averaged 0.97 (S.D. 0.06) v/w (volume/weight), close to the relative water contents. Erythrocyte/plasma partition for I-Ap was 0.82 w/w, compared to a water partition of 0.72. Thus, at diffusion equilibrium the apparent I-Ap concentration in renal cortical and red cell water exceeds that of plasma water by 14 and 60%, respectively. It follows that I-Ap cannot be used as a general indicator for total tissue water content. When used for measurement of local blood flow and modum Kety, lambda tb must be determined for each tissue and species.", "contents": "Partition of 125I-iodoantipyrine among erythrocytes, plasma, and renal cortex in the dog. The tissue/blood partition coefficient, lambda tb, defined as the amount of blood having the same tracer content as one unit of tissue at diffusion equilibrium, was determined for 125I-iodoantipyrine (I-Ap) and tritiated water (THO) in the dog kidney cortex. Measurements were made after in vivo equilibration for 75 to 300 s and with liver circulation excluded. In 18 kidneys, lambda tb for I-Ap averaged 1.38 (S.D. 0.13) w/w (weight/weight), without significant correlation to hematocrit (range: 23-43) or to urine pH (range 5.5-8.6). The lambda tb for THO averaged 0.97 (S.D. 0.06) v/w (volume/weight), close to the relative water contents. Erythrocyte/plasma partition for I-Ap was 0.82 w/w, compared to a water partition of 0.72. Thus, at diffusion equilibrium the apparent I-Ap concentration in renal cortical and red cell water exceeds that of plasma water by 14 and 60%, respectively. It follows that I-Ap cannot be used as a general indicator for total tissue water content. When used for measurement of local blood flow and modum Kety, lambda tb must be determined for each tissue and species.", "PMID": 525369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2389", "title": "Distribution of blood flow in the dog kidney. I. Saturation rates for inert diffusible tracers, 125I-iodoantipyrine and tritiated water, versus uptake of microspheres under control conditions.", "content": "Disparate reports on intrarenal blood flow distribution prompted a direct comparison between microspheres (Ms) and inert diffusible tracers (DT). The \"tissue sampling technique\" for estimating local flow with DT (Kety) was adapted for the dog kidney, using 125I-iodoantipyrine (1-Ap) and tritiated water (THO). Ms (15 micron) were injected 2-3 min prior to 10-15 s DT infusion made during continuous 1 s arterial blood sampling. Tracers were measured in 7 to 20 samples from each of the following zones: Outer, middle and inner cortex (C1, C2, C3), outer and inner halves of outer medulla (OM1, OM2), and inner medulla (IM). I-Ap and THO gave closely similar flow distribution, and average total renal blood flow (RBF) of 3.90 and 3.78 as compared to 3.94 ml/min . g with Ms. Flow in C2 (ml/min . g) was similar with all tracers, and in per cent thereof average local flows were: C1 102, C3 70, OM1 34, OM2 12, and IM 2 with DT versus 117, 53, 12, 3, and 0 with Ms. Zonal flow fractions of total RBF obtained with DT were: C1 0.41, C2 0.33, and C3+medulla 0.26 versus 0.51, 0.33 and 0.16 with Ms. Thus, a Ms surplus in C1 relative to DT flow, representing 10% of total RBF, matched a Ms deficit in C3+medulla. This disparity might result from: (1) Failure of Ms to enter deep afferent arterioles in proportion to blood flow, (2) diffusion of DT from deep portions of the interlobular arteries, and/or (3) postglomerular inward flow of blood and DT.", "contents": "Distribution of blood flow in the dog kidney. I. Saturation rates for inert diffusible tracers, 125I-iodoantipyrine and tritiated water, versus uptake of microspheres under control conditions. Disparate reports on intrarenal blood flow distribution prompted a direct comparison between microspheres (Ms) and inert diffusible tracers (DT). The \"tissue sampling technique\" for estimating local flow with DT (Kety) was adapted for the dog kidney, using 125I-iodoantipyrine (1-Ap) and tritiated water (THO). Ms (15 micron) were injected 2-3 min prior to 10-15 s DT infusion made during continuous 1 s arterial blood sampling. Tracers were measured in 7 to 20 samples from each of the following zones: Outer, middle and inner cortex (C1, C2, C3), outer and inner halves of outer medulla (OM1, OM2), and inner medulla (IM). I-Ap and THO gave closely similar flow distribution, and average total renal blood flow (RBF) of 3.90 and 3.78 as compared to 3.94 ml/min . g with Ms. Flow in C2 (ml/min . g) was similar with all tracers, and in per cent thereof average local flows were: C1 102, C3 70, OM1 34, OM2 12, and IM 2 with DT versus 117, 53, 12, 3, and 0 with Ms. Zonal flow fractions of total RBF obtained with DT were: C1 0.41, C2 0.33, and C3+medulla 0.26 versus 0.51, 0.33 and 0.16 with Ms. Thus, a Ms surplus in C1 relative to DT flow, representing 10% of total RBF, matched a Ms deficit in C3+medulla. This disparity might result from: (1) Failure of Ms to enter deep afferent arterioles in proportion to blood flow, (2) diffusion of DT from deep portions of the interlobular arteries, and/or (3) postglomerular inward flow of blood and DT.", "PMID": 525370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2390", "title": "Importance of sodium and glucose for the establishment of a villous tissue hyperosmolality by the intestinal countercurrent multiplier.", "content": "The intestinal countercurrent multiplier has earlier been shown to create an increased tissue osmolality in the villi (Jodal et al. 1978). In the present paper the importance of varying the luminal contents on the creation of the villous hyperosmolality was investigated using the cryoscopic technique described by Jodal et al. (1978). The perfusion solutions used contained 0, 25 or 147 mmol Na/l and were either provided with mannitol or glucose (30 mmol/l). It was demonstrated that sodium was of particular importance for the establishment of the villous hyperosmolality while glucose only contributed significantly at low luminal sodium concentrations. It is therefore proposed that glucose only in the absence of sodium in the luminal perfusate may effectively participate in the generation of the villous tissue hyperosmolality via the countercurrent multiplication mechanism.", "contents": "Importance of sodium and glucose for the establishment of a villous tissue hyperosmolality by the intestinal countercurrent multiplier. The intestinal countercurrent multiplier has earlier been shown to create an increased tissue osmolality in the villi (Jodal et al. 1978). In the present paper the importance of varying the luminal contents on the creation of the villous hyperosmolality was investigated using the cryoscopic technique described by Jodal et al. (1978). The perfusion solutions used contained 0, 25 or 147 mmol Na/l and were either provided with mannitol or glucose (30 mmol/l). It was demonstrated that sodium was of particular importance for the establishment of the villous hyperosmolality while glucose only contributed significantly at low luminal sodium concentrations. It is therefore proposed that glucose only in the absence of sodium in the luminal perfusate may effectively participate in the generation of the villous tissue hyperosmolality via the countercurrent multiplication mechanism.", "PMID": 525371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2391", "title": "Morphometry of myocardial apex in endurance-trained mice of different ages.", "content": "Mitochondrial volume density, surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the mean number and size of mitochondria, and the mean surface density of crista membranes together with the volume densities of myofibrils and sarcoplasmic space were morphometrically analyzed in cardiac muscle of two groups of sedentary control mice aged 3 and 7 months, and in two groups of mice trained either 1 month rather intensely or 4 months moderately. Of the calculated mitochondrial variables only the surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane differed between the older controls and the older trained animals, the density being slightly smaller in the trained group. The myofibrillar volume density of the order controls was smaller than that of the younger controls, while the sarcoplasmic volume density was larger. The latter difference, possibly a function of age, was also observed in the trained groups. The results suggest that at a certain steady state level of exercise-induced cardiac muscle hypertrophy the muscle cells of trained mice do not differ markedly in ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls.", "contents": "Morphometry of myocardial apex in endurance-trained mice of different ages. Mitochondrial volume density, surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the mean number and size of mitochondria, and the mean surface density of crista membranes together with the volume densities of myofibrils and sarcoplasmic space were morphometrically analyzed in cardiac muscle of two groups of sedentary control mice aged 3 and 7 months, and in two groups of mice trained either 1 month rather intensely or 4 months moderately. Of the calculated mitochondrial variables only the surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane differed between the older controls and the older trained animals, the density being slightly smaller in the trained group. The myofibrillar volume density of the order controls was smaller than that of the younger controls, while the sarcoplasmic volume density was larger. The latter difference, possibly a function of age, was also observed in the trained groups. The results suggest that at a certain steady state level of exercise-induced cardiac muscle hypertrophy the muscle cells of trained mice do not differ markedly in ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls.", "PMID": 525372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2392", "title": "Effects of acute hypotension and hypertension on serum TSH concentrations in male rats.", "content": "The effect of acute hypertension and hypotension on serum TSH concentration was studied in anesthetized male rats. I.v. infusions (10 and 30 min) of Na-nitroprusside and dihydralazine induced a profound hypotension, and angiotensin amide and noradrenaline increased blood pressure, but none of the treatments significantly modified serum TSH concentrations. Also clonidine and noradrenaline, when given i.p., caused hypertension, but again the increase of serum TSH levels was not consistent. When the whole material was analysed, there was a scarcely significant correlation between the change of blood pressure and the change of serum TSH level. It is inferred that the drugs affecting TSH secretion, do not exert their action solely by changing the blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of acute hypotension and hypertension on serum TSH concentrations in male rats. The effect of acute hypertension and hypotension on serum TSH concentration was studied in anesthetized male rats. I.v. infusions (10 and 30 min) of Na-nitroprusside and dihydralazine induced a profound hypotension, and angiotensin amide and noradrenaline increased blood pressure, but none of the treatments significantly modified serum TSH concentrations. Also clonidine and noradrenaline, when given i.p., caused hypertension, but again the increase of serum TSH levels was not consistent. When the whole material was analysed, there was a scarcely significant correlation between the change of blood pressure and the change of serum TSH level. It is inferred that the drugs affecting TSH secretion, do not exert their action solely by changing the blood pressure.", "PMID": 525373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2393", "title": "Villous tissue osmolality and intestinal transport of water and electrolytes.", "content": "The villous tissue hyperosmolality created by the intestinal countercurrent multiplier has been proposed to be of importance for fluid transport across the intestinal epithelium in vivo. This study was performed to test this hypothesis. Net transport of fluid and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), as well as unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium were determined in the small intestine of the cat. The villous osmolality was altered by varying the composition of sodium and glucose in the isotonic solutions perfusing the intestinal lumen. Net transport of fluid was correlated to tissue osmolality mainly due to an increase of the unidirectional flux of water from lumen to tissue with augmented tissue osmolality. The results are thus consistent with the view that the intestinal countercurrent multiplier is of essential importance for net water transport. A correlation was found between net water and net sodium intestinal transport. A similar correlation was also demonstrated between net sodium and net chloride absorption rates in the jejunum while in the ileum net loss of sodium into the intestinal lumen was not accompanied by any corresponding loss of chloride ions. This observation suggests the presence of a sodium independent transport mechanism for chloride in the ilium but not in the jejunum.", "contents": "Villous tissue osmolality and intestinal transport of water and electrolytes. The villous tissue hyperosmolality created by the intestinal countercurrent multiplier has been proposed to be of importance for fluid transport across the intestinal epithelium in vivo. This study was performed to test this hypothesis. Net transport of fluid and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), as well as unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium were determined in the small intestine of the cat. The villous osmolality was altered by varying the composition of sodium and glucose in the isotonic solutions perfusing the intestinal lumen. Net transport of fluid was correlated to tissue osmolality mainly due to an increase of the unidirectional flux of water from lumen to tissue with augmented tissue osmolality. The results are thus consistent with the view that the intestinal countercurrent multiplier is of essential importance for net water transport. A correlation was found between net water and net sodium intestinal transport. A similar correlation was also demonstrated between net sodium and net chloride absorption rates in the jejunum while in the ileum net loss of sodium into the intestinal lumen was not accompanied by any corresponding loss of chloride ions. This observation suggests the presence of a sodium independent transport mechanism for chloride in the ilium but not in the jejunum.", "PMID": 525374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2394", "title": "Influence of intravenous infusion on heart rate, sympathetic and vagal efferentation and left atrial and aortic baroreceptor activity in dogs.", "content": "The influence of 42 i.v. infusions of saline on heart rate, sympathetic and vagal cardiac efferent activity and on the aortic baroreceptor and left atrial B-type nerve impulse activity was studied in 32 morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs. The responses in heart rate were tachycardic in 31 infusions and bradycardic in 11 infusions. In tachycardia, sympathetic activity increased in a majority of the cases but also decreases and nonsignificant changes were observed. Vagal efferentation decreased in most of the cases but also nonsignificant changes or increases in activity occurred. Sympathetic efferentation mainly decreased in bradycardic responses while vagal efferentation diverged in different directions in its nerve activity rate. The ratio of sympathetic to vagal impulses significantly correlated to the heart rate in most of the cases in tachycardia but not in bradycardia. It is concluded that sympathetic and vagal cardiac efferentation plays a significant role in heart rate regulation in volume load-induced tachycardia but in bradycardia only the changes in sympathetic cardiac efferentation are important in respect to heart rate changes. The aortic baroreceptor and left atrial B-type receptor activity rate increased both in tachycardia and bradycardia. Changes in the activities of these receptors do not explain the different heart rate responses. It is supposed that bradycardic responses result from changes in cardiac contraction associated with some reflex mechanism suppressing the excitatory influence of the activity of atrial receptors on sympathetic cardiac efferentation.", "contents": "Influence of intravenous infusion on heart rate, sympathetic and vagal efferentation and left atrial and aortic baroreceptor activity in dogs. The influence of 42 i.v. infusions of saline on heart rate, sympathetic and vagal cardiac efferent activity and on the aortic baroreceptor and left atrial B-type nerve impulse activity was studied in 32 morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs. The responses in heart rate were tachycardic in 31 infusions and bradycardic in 11 infusions. In tachycardia, sympathetic activity increased in a majority of the cases but also decreases and nonsignificant changes were observed. Vagal efferentation decreased in most of the cases but also nonsignificant changes or increases in activity occurred. Sympathetic efferentation mainly decreased in bradycardic responses while vagal efferentation diverged in different directions in its nerve activity rate. The ratio of sympathetic to vagal impulses significantly correlated to the heart rate in most of the cases in tachycardia but not in bradycardia. It is concluded that sympathetic and vagal cardiac efferentation plays a significant role in heart rate regulation in volume load-induced tachycardia but in bradycardia only the changes in sympathetic cardiac efferentation are important in respect to heart rate changes. The aortic baroreceptor and left atrial B-type receptor activity rate increased both in tachycardia and bradycardia. Changes in the activities of these receptors do not explain the different heart rate responses. It is supposed that bradycardic responses result from changes in cardiac contraction associated with some reflex mechanism suppressing the excitatory influence of the activity of atrial receptors on sympathetic cardiac efferentation.", "PMID": 525375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2395", "title": "On the chromaffin system of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "The distribution of chromaffin tissue was studied in the African lungfish using Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemistry together with quantitative analysis of catecholamines in plasma and tissue extracts. Intensely fluorescent cells form chromaffin tissue in the wall of the atrium, the wall of the most anterior part of the left cardinal vein and the walls of the segmentally arranged intercostal arteries. The arrangement thus appears to be a combination of the situations in cyclostomes, elasmobranchs and teleosts. Adrenaline is present in larger quantities than noradrenaline in the intercostal arteries and the cardinal vein, while noradrenaline dominates in the atrium. During \"stress\" induced by physical disturbance of the animals, a strong increase in especially the noradrenaline concentration of the plasma was detected.", "contents": "On the chromaffin system of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. The distribution of chromaffin tissue was studied in the African lungfish using Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemistry together with quantitative analysis of catecholamines in plasma and tissue extracts. Intensely fluorescent cells form chromaffin tissue in the wall of the atrium, the wall of the most anterior part of the left cardinal vein and the walls of the segmentally arranged intercostal arteries. The arrangement thus appears to be a combination of the situations in cyclostomes, elasmobranchs and teleosts. Adrenaline is present in larger quantities than noradrenaline in the intercostal arteries and the cardinal vein, while noradrenaline dominates in the atrium. During \"stress\" induced by physical disturbance of the animals, a strong increase in especially the noradrenaline concentration of the plasma was detected.", "PMID": 525376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2396", "title": "Adrenergic and cholinergic effects on the heart, the lung and the spleen of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "Effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs were studied on isolated preparations from the heart, the lung and the spleen of the African lungfish. In addition, a nerve-lung preparation was employed for the study of the autonomic nervous control of the lung. Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemistry was used in the search for adrenergic neurons in the sympathetic chain and tissues. The Protopterus lung received a cholinergic excitatory innervation via the pulmonary branches of the vagi. The presence of parasympathetic ganglia in the lung tissue is indicated. Adrenergic drugs, when producing a response, either contracted or relaxed lung strips. Spleen strips were contracted by cholinergic drugs acting on muscarinic receptors and, to a lesser extent, by adrenergic drugs. A strong negative inotropic effect was produced by carcachol on paced atrial but not ventricular strips, while adrenaline increased the contraction force in ventricular but not atrial strips. The sympathetic ganglion cells did not contain enough catecholamines to give off any visible fluorescence, nor was it possible to show any adrenergic nerve terminals in the tissues studied. It is concluded that the adrenergic control in the lungfish is mainly due to circulating catecholamines, rather than adrenergic nerve fibres, since concentrations of catecholamines in protopterus plasma are high enough to affect the spleen, lung and ventricle.", "contents": "Adrenergic and cholinergic effects on the heart, the lung and the spleen of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs were studied on isolated preparations from the heart, the lung and the spleen of the African lungfish. In addition, a nerve-lung preparation was employed for the study of the autonomic nervous control of the lung. Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemistry was used in the search for adrenergic neurons in the sympathetic chain and tissues. The Protopterus lung received a cholinergic excitatory innervation via the pulmonary branches of the vagi. The presence of parasympathetic ganglia in the lung tissue is indicated. Adrenergic drugs, when producing a response, either contracted or relaxed lung strips. Spleen strips were contracted by cholinergic drugs acting on muscarinic receptors and, to a lesser extent, by adrenergic drugs. A strong negative inotropic effect was produced by carcachol on paced atrial but not ventricular strips, while adrenaline increased the contraction force in ventricular but not atrial strips. The sympathetic ganglion cells did not contain enough catecholamines to give off any visible fluorescence, nor was it possible to show any adrenergic nerve terminals in the tissues studied. It is concluded that the adrenergic control in the lungfish is mainly due to circulating catecholamines, rather than adrenergic nerve fibres, since concentrations of catecholamines in protopterus plasma are high enough to affect the spleen, lung and ventricle.", "PMID": 525377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2397", "title": "Catecholamine synthesis in the chromaffin tissue of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "The activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH, E.C. 1.14.17.1) and phenylethanol-N-methyl transferase (PNMT, E.C.1.1.1.10) were determined in tissue homogenates from the chromaffin tissue containing atrium and intercostal arteries from the African lungfish. Clearly measurable activities of DBH were found in both kinds of tissues, while PNMT activity was ascertained only in the intercostal arteries. The activity of DBH in the atrium indicates a possibility for local synthesis of the large amounts of catecholamines, especially noradrenaline, found in this tissue. Catecholamines synthetized in and released from the chromaffin tissues of Protopterus, may be of great importance for the adrenergic control in this animal in the absence of a well developed sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Catecholamine synthesis in the chromaffin tissue of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. The activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH, E.C. 1.14.17.1) and phenylethanol-N-methyl transferase (PNMT, E.C.1.1.1.10) were determined in tissue homogenates from the chromaffin tissue containing atrium and intercostal arteries from the African lungfish. Clearly measurable activities of DBH were found in both kinds of tissues, while PNMT activity was ascertained only in the intercostal arteries. The activity of DBH in the atrium indicates a possibility for local synthesis of the large amounts of catecholamines, especially noradrenaline, found in this tissue. Catecholamines synthetized in and released from the chromaffin tissues of Protopterus, may be of great importance for the adrenergic control in this animal in the absence of a well developed sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 525378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2398", "title": "Estimation of cerebral extraction of circulating compounds by the brain uptake index method: influence of circulation time, volume injection, and cerebral blood flow.", "content": "The Oldendorf \"brain uptake index\" method for estimating and characterizing the transport of circulating substances across the blood-brain barrier in the rat has been widely applied. The present study illustrates that minimizing the volume injected into the circulation to 10 microliters or less is necessary. Otherwise the flow artefacts, induced by the injected volume and the rate of injection, will influence the index. This principle is also relevant to techniques using intracarotid injections for the direct study of cerebral blood flow. The study also elucidates the need for reducing the circulation time after injection to about 5 sec, to avoid artefacts due to metabolism and back diffusion to the circulation of the substances studied.", "contents": "Estimation of cerebral extraction of circulating compounds by the brain uptake index method: influence of circulation time, volume injection, and cerebral blood flow. The Oldendorf \"brain uptake index\" method for estimating and characterizing the transport of circulating substances across the blood-brain barrier in the rat has been widely applied. The present study illustrates that minimizing the volume injected into the circulation to 10 microliters or less is necessary. Otherwise the flow artefacts, induced by the injected volume and the rate of injection, will influence the index. This principle is also relevant to techniques using intracarotid injections for the direct study of cerebral blood flow. The study also elucidates the need for reducing the circulation time after injection to about 5 sec, to avoid artefacts due to metabolism and back diffusion to the circulation of the substances studied.", "PMID": 525379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2399", "title": "The vagal control of the feline pyloric sphincter.", "content": "In acute experiments on cats in chloralose anesthesia the effects of efferent and afferent electrical stimulation of the cervical vagi on an applied constant flow of saline through the feline pylorus was studied. The motor activity of the stomach was recorded simultaneously with a volume recording technique. Efferent cervical vagal stimulation caused a decrease in the transpyloric flow and an increased gastric motor activity. In a few animals the decreased transsphincteric flow was preceded by a short period of increased flow. When the transpyloric flow was reduced by splanchnic nerve stimulation or a noradrenaline infusion, vagal nerve stimulation induced an increased flow through the pylorus indicating the presence of relaxatory fibres to the pylorus within the vagi. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the ipsilateral vagal nerve in the neck, with the contralateral vagal verve left intact, resulted in a decreased transpyloric flow and relaxation of the stomach. This response could be induced with or without intact splanchnic nerves, and disappeared when the intact contralateral vagus was cut. It is concluded that the vagi mediate both excitatory and inhibitory fibres to the pyloric sphincter in the cat. A vago-vagal excitatory reflex to the pylorus can be elicited by afferent vagal nerve stimulation together with a vago-vagal relaxatory response of the stomach.", "contents": "The vagal control of the feline pyloric sphincter. In acute experiments on cats in chloralose anesthesia the effects of efferent and afferent electrical stimulation of the cervical vagi on an applied constant flow of saline through the feline pylorus was studied. The motor activity of the stomach was recorded simultaneously with a volume recording technique. Efferent cervical vagal stimulation caused a decrease in the transpyloric flow and an increased gastric motor activity. In a few animals the decreased transsphincteric flow was preceded by a short period of increased flow. When the transpyloric flow was reduced by splanchnic nerve stimulation or a noradrenaline infusion, vagal nerve stimulation induced an increased flow through the pylorus indicating the presence of relaxatory fibres to the pylorus within the vagi. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the ipsilateral vagal nerve in the neck, with the contralateral vagal verve left intact, resulted in a decreased transpyloric flow and relaxation of the stomach. This response could be induced with or without intact splanchnic nerves, and disappeared when the intact contralateral vagus was cut. It is concluded that the vagi mediate both excitatory and inhibitory fibres to the pyloric sphincter in the cat. A vago-vagal excitatory reflex to the pylorus can be elicited by afferent vagal nerve stimulation together with a vago-vagal relaxatory response of the stomach.", "PMID": 525380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2400", "title": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances during elevations of left atrial pressure in the cat.", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to measure prostaglandin (PG)-like activity in arterial blood during acute pulmonary hypertension. Anesthetized cats with the chest opened and given positive pressure ventilation were used. A balloon in the left atrium was inflated to elevate hydrostatic vascular pressure in the lungs. Blood was pumped (10 ml/min) from a carotid artery to superfuse 3 smooth muscle tissues: rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum: the blood was then returned to the jugular vein by gravity. The assay tissues were pretreated with antagonists against catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine during the experiments. They were sensitive to calibrating doses of 2 ng/ml of PGF2 alpha and 1 ng/ml of PGE2. 18 periods with elevated left atrial pressure (P LA) (21--49 mmHg), lasting 2--26 min, were applied in 9 cats. This manoevre usually also caused systemic hypotension. 14 of these PLA elevations were accompanied by increased arterial PG-like activity, which rapidly subsided when the pressure was released or when indomethacin (2 mg/kg, n = 4) was given i.v. In 3 additional experiments it was found that pulmonary degradation of PGs was unaffected during P LA elevation. I.v. infusion of angiotensin II contracted the tissues in a pattern different from that caused by pressure elevations and the PG calibrations, and these contractions were not affected by indomethacin. This indicates that the assay tissue contractions cannot be caused by angiotensin II which alone does not increase PG-like activity in arterial blood. Consequently, acute pulmonary vascular hypertension appears to stimulate PG synthesis and release in lungs of intact cats.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances during elevations of left atrial pressure in the cat. The purpose of the present work was to measure prostaglandin (PG)-like activity in arterial blood during acute pulmonary hypertension. Anesthetized cats with the chest opened and given positive pressure ventilation were used. A balloon in the left atrium was inflated to elevate hydrostatic vascular pressure in the lungs. Blood was pumped (10 ml/min) from a carotid artery to superfuse 3 smooth muscle tissues: rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum: the blood was then returned to the jugular vein by gravity. The assay tissues were pretreated with antagonists against catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine during the experiments. They were sensitive to calibrating doses of 2 ng/ml of PGF2 alpha and 1 ng/ml of PGE2. 18 periods with elevated left atrial pressure (P LA) (21--49 mmHg), lasting 2--26 min, were applied in 9 cats. This manoevre usually also caused systemic hypotension. 14 of these PLA elevations were accompanied by increased arterial PG-like activity, which rapidly subsided when the pressure was released or when indomethacin (2 mg/kg, n = 4) was given i.v. In 3 additional experiments it was found that pulmonary degradation of PGs was unaffected during P LA elevation. I.v. infusion of angiotensin II contracted the tissues in a pattern different from that caused by pressure elevations and the PG calibrations, and these contractions were not affected by indomethacin. This indicates that the assay tissue contractions cannot be caused by angiotensin II which alone does not increase PG-like activity in arterial blood. Consequently, acute pulmonary vascular hypertension appears to stimulate PG synthesis and release in lungs of intact cats.", "PMID": 525382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2401", "title": "Excretion of metrizamide (Amipaque) in humans following lumbar subarachnoid injection.", "content": "The excretion of metrizamide through the kidneys and intestinal tract was determined in 10 patients submitted to myelography because of sciatica, for a period of 7 days following the examination. In the faeces, less than 5 per cent of the injected contrast medium was recovered during this period. Total recovery in the urine varied considerably from patient to patient, but most of the contrast medium was excreted during the first 48 hours. From the fourth day on, only small amounts were excreted, but even on the 7th day 3 to 11 mg iodine remained, which corresponds to 6 to 22 mg of metrizamide.", "contents": "Excretion of metrizamide (Amipaque) in humans following lumbar subarachnoid injection. The excretion of metrizamide through the kidneys and intestinal tract was determined in 10 patients submitted to myelography because of sciatica, for a period of 7 days following the examination. In the faeces, less than 5 per cent of the injected contrast medium was recovered during this period. Total recovery in the urine varied considerably from patient to patient, but most of the contrast medium was excreted during the first 48 hours. From the fourth day on, only small amounts were excreted, but even on the 7th day 3 to 11 mg iodine remained, which corresponds to 6 to 22 mg of metrizamide.", "PMID": 525383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2402", "title": "Role of hypertonicity in the endothelial injury caused by angiographic contrast media.", "content": "The effect of hyperosmolality on the permeability of vascular endothelium was investigated using light microscopy and silver staining of the thoracic aorta in the rat. The threshold osmolality causing significant endothelial injury was 1.41 to 1.59 tested with sodium chloride solutions. The osmolalities of ionic contrast media in clinical concentrations were at or over the osmotic threshold. Most angiographic contrast media injured the endothelium more than equiosmolal sodium chloride solutions. Hyperosmolality is only one factor contributing to the increased endothelial permeability.", "contents": "Role of hypertonicity in the endothelial injury caused by angiographic contrast media. The effect of hyperosmolality on the permeability of vascular endothelium was investigated using light microscopy and silver staining of the thoracic aorta in the rat. The threshold osmolality causing significant endothelial injury was 1.41 to 1.59 tested with sodium chloride solutions. The osmolalities of ionic contrast media in clinical concentrations were at or over the osmotic threshold. Most angiographic contrast media injured the endothelium more than equiosmolal sodium chloride solutions. Hyperosmolality is only one factor contributing to the increased endothelial permeability.", "PMID": 525384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2403", "title": "Amipaque in coeliac angiography.", "content": "Coeliac angiography was performed in 12 patients using Amipaque 370 mg I/ml or Isopaque 370 mg I/ml. No significant biochemical alterations were found in serum. Amipaque improved the demonstration of small vessels in the liver and in the head of the pancreas. Amipaque caused no discomfort contrary to Isopaque, which gave moderate to severe heat during injection.", "contents": "Amipaque in coeliac angiography. Coeliac angiography was performed in 12 patients using Amipaque 370 mg I/ml or Isopaque 370 mg I/ml. No significant biochemical alterations were found in serum. Amipaque improved the demonstration of small vessels in the liver and in the head of the pancreas. Amipaque caused no discomfort contrary to Isopaque, which gave moderate to severe heat during injection.", "PMID": 525385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2404", "title": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of experimental hepatic tumours in the rat.", "content": "After transcatheter arterial embolization with Spongostan (99.3% gelatin-similar to gelfoam) in a group of rats with experimental hepatic tumours, the angiographic and microscopic findings were compared with those in a group of rats with non-embolized liver tumours. Partial recanalization of the hepatic artery was demonstrated already after 2 to 6 days. Reduced vascularization of tumours could be demonstrated after embolization and in a few animals even decrease in tumour size. Microscopy revealed a significantly greater extent of tumour necrosis in embolized tumours of large size. Necrosis of normal liver tissue was found to a varying degree in the embolized rats, while no ischemic injury was evident in livers of most non-embolized animals.", "contents": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of experimental hepatic tumours in the rat. After transcatheter arterial embolization with Spongostan (99.3% gelatin-similar to gelfoam) in a group of rats with experimental hepatic tumours, the angiographic and microscopic findings were compared with those in a group of rats with non-embolized liver tumours. Partial recanalization of the hepatic artery was demonstrated already after 2 to 6 days. Reduced vascularization of tumours could be demonstrated after embolization and in a few animals even decrease in tumour size. Microscopy revealed a significantly greater extent of tumour necrosis in embolized tumours of large size. Necrosis of normal liver tissue was found to a varying degree in the embolized rats, while no ischemic injury was evident in livers of most non-embolized animals.", "PMID": 525386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2405", "title": "Blood inflow into vascular catheters following injection of saline solution and contrast medium. Model experiments.", "content": "Using an experimental model of the arterial system, inflow of blood into polyethylene catheters following injection of two contrast media, isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions was investigated. The experiments included an analysis of the influence of the density of the solutions and the orientation of the catheter as well as the effect of single fluid injection and continuous flushing of the catheter.", "contents": "Blood inflow into vascular catheters following injection of saline solution and contrast medium. Model experiments. Using an experimental model of the arterial system, inflow of blood into polyethylene catheters following injection of two contrast media, isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions was investigated. The experiments included an analysis of the influence of the density of the solutions and the orientation of the catheter as well as the effect of single fluid injection and continuous flushing of the catheter.", "PMID": 525387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2406", "title": "Tendinography for diagnosing injuries to tendons and ligaments.", "content": "A radiographic method of tendinography is described. In rabbits no inflammatory reaction in the Achilles tendon was observed 12 to 15 days after injection of contrast medium. Effects of examination of two healthy subjects and a patient with a traumatic condition are described. Suitable amounts and concentrations of contrast medium for examinations of Achilles tendon and cruciate ligaments are discussed.", "contents": "Tendinography for diagnosing injuries to tendons and ligaments. A radiographic method of tendinography is described. In rabbits no inflammatory reaction in the Achilles tendon was observed 12 to 15 days after injection of contrast medium. Effects of examination of two healthy subjects and a patient with a traumatic condition are described. Suitable amounts and concentrations of contrast medium for examinations of Achilles tendon and cruciate ligaments are discussed.", "PMID": 525388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2407", "title": "Facial bone scintigraphy. V. Differentiation of purulent from non-purulent inflammation of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "In a series of 25 patients 20 had a maxillary sinus not containing air at radiography, in 11 due to purulent and in 9 to non-purulent inflammatory lesion. At scintigraphy a definitely abnormal, high uptake of 99TcmDP was found in 10 and a probably high accumulation in one of the 11 with purulent sinuitis. Of the 9 patients with non-purulent inflammation 5 had a definitely normal and 4 a probably normal uptake. Thus, a differentiation between purulent and non-purulent sinuitis would seem to be possible by means of facial bone scintigraphy.", "contents": "Facial bone scintigraphy. V. Differentiation of purulent from non-purulent inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In a series of 25 patients 20 had a maxillary sinus not containing air at radiography, in 11 due to purulent and in 9 to non-purulent inflammatory lesion. At scintigraphy a definitely abnormal, high uptake of 99TcmDP was found in 10 and a probably high accumulation in one of the 11 with purulent sinuitis. Of the 9 patients with non-purulent inflammation 5 had a definitely normal and 4 a probably normal uptake. Thus, a differentiation between purulent and non-purulent sinuitis would seem to be possible by means of facial bone scintigraphy.", "PMID": 525389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2408", "title": "Relationship between clinical and radiographic findings in patients with mandibular pain or dysfunction.", "content": "The diagnosis of organic disease of the temporomandibular joint is often based on radiographic findings. The relationship between the radiographic findings in this joint and in hand joints, and clinical findings in the masticatory system, was analysed. The results showed that patients with crepitation of the temporomandibular joint frequently have radiographic abnormalities in this joint and in hand joints. Subcortical sclerosis and reduced joint space were significantly correlated with the number of occluding pairs of molar teeth.", "contents": "Relationship between clinical and radiographic findings in patients with mandibular pain or dysfunction. The diagnosis of organic disease of the temporomandibular joint is often based on radiographic findings. The relationship between the radiographic findings in this joint and in hand joints, and clinical findings in the masticatory system, was analysed. The results showed that patients with crepitation of the temporomandibular joint frequently have radiographic abnormalities in this joint and in hand joints. Subcortical sclerosis and reduced joint space were significantly correlated with the number of occluding pairs of molar teeth.", "PMID": 525390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2409", "title": "Bronchial angiography and intraarterial chemotherapy with mitomycin-C in bronchogenic carcinoma. Anatomy, technique, complications.", "content": "Bronchial angiography and intraarterial infusion of mitomycin-C were successfully performed in 39 of 47 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. More than one course was given to several patients. No neurologic complications occurred and the side effects were insignificant. The pertinent anatomy of the bronchial and spinal arteries is summarized and a comprehensive description of the angiography and infusion technique is given. It is important that the infused artery is not occluded by the catheter and that the drug is properly diluted to avoid complications. The method appears to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of pulmonary carcinoma.", "contents": "Bronchial angiography and intraarterial chemotherapy with mitomycin-C in bronchogenic carcinoma. Anatomy, technique, complications. Bronchial angiography and intraarterial infusion of mitomycin-C were successfully performed in 39 of 47 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. More than one course was given to several patients. No neurologic complications occurred and the side effects were insignificant. The pertinent anatomy of the bronchial and spinal arteries is summarized and a comprehensive description of the angiography and infusion technique is given. It is important that the infused artery is not occluded by the catheter and that the drug is properly diluted to avoid complications. The method appears to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of pulmonary carcinoma.", "PMID": 525391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2410", "title": "Combined ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy for demonstratio of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "In 34 patients with suggested pulmonary emboli, ventilation scintigraphy with 133Xe and perfusion scintigraphy with 99Tcm-labelled albumin spheres were carried out. The combined ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy had a significantly higher diagnostic specificity (1.0, confidence limit 0.69-1.0) than perfusion scintigraphy alone (0.48, 0.26-0.70). Both methods had a diagnostic sensitivity of 1.0.", "contents": "Combined ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy for demonstratio of pulmonary embolism. In 34 patients with suggested pulmonary emboli, ventilation scintigraphy with 133Xe and perfusion scintigraphy with 99Tcm-labelled albumin spheres were carried out. The combined ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy had a significantly higher diagnostic specificity (1.0, confidence limit 0.69-1.0) than perfusion scintigraphy alone (0.48, 0.26-0.70). Both methods had a diagnostic sensitivity of 1.0.", "PMID": 525392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2411", "title": "Venous structures of the chest and abdomen at computer tomography.", "content": "From a total of 1 560 CT examinations of the thorax and abdomen transverse sections illustrating various normal and abnormal venous structures were selected. The radiologic importance of these structures is pointed out.", "contents": "Venous structures of the chest and abdomen at computer tomography. From a total of 1 560 CT examinations of the thorax and abdomen transverse sections illustrating various normal and abnormal venous structures were selected. The radiologic importance of these structures is pointed out.", "PMID": 525393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2412", "title": "Colon of the rat. An anatomic, histologic and radiographic investigation.", "content": "The anatomy and radiologic appearance of the colon in rats are described on the basis of 300 animals treated with carcinogenic agents and 40 normal rats. The macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the mucosa varies in the different parts of the colon. Lymphoid plaques are normal structures. The results justify a new anatomic nomenclature.", "contents": "Colon of the rat. An anatomic, histologic and radiographic investigation. The anatomy and radiologic appearance of the colon in rats are described on the basis of 300 animals treated with carcinogenic agents and 40 normal rats. The macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the mucosa varies in the different parts of the colon. Lymphoid plaques are normal structures. The results justify a new anatomic nomenclature.", "PMID": 525394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2413", "title": "Prototype ionographic imaging chamber. Construction and clinical use.", "content": "The design and construction of an experimental ionography chamber are described and the principles of this new electrostatic imaging technique are discussed. Examples of medical ionographic images taken with this simple prototype chamber are presented.", "contents": "Prototype ionographic imaging chamber. Construction and clinical use. The design and construction of an experimental ionography chamber are described and the principles of this new electrostatic imaging technique are discussed. Examples of medical ionographic images taken with this simple prototype chamber are presented.", "PMID": 525395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2414", "title": "Visual evaluation of microscopic mottle.", "content": "According to Rose the resolution of an imaging system is under certain conditions limited by noise rather than by the finite geometric response as expressed by the modulation transfer function. In order to investigate whether this applies to clinical radiography as well, a technique for magnification of roentgen films has been devised, making possible visual evaluation of microscopic noise.", "contents": "Visual evaluation of microscopic mottle. According to Rose the resolution of an imaging system is under certain conditions limited by noise rather than by the finite geometric response as expressed by the modulation transfer function. In order to investigate whether this applies to clinical radiography as well, a technique for magnification of roentgen films has been devised, making possible visual evaluation of microscopic noise.", "PMID": 525396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2415", "title": "Significance of tortuous filling defects at lumbar myelography.", "content": "At lumbar myelography, tortuous filling defects frequently occur in the presence of a marked local narrowing of the spinal canal. This may lead to a displacement and compression of nerve roots, which may partially or completely fill the subarachnoid space. However, truly elongated nerve roots have also been observed, both at myelography and at operation. Such elongation appears to be a congenital malformation. The recognition of the true nature of tortuous filling defects is important with regard to differentiation against arteriovenous malformations and congested veins.", "contents": "Significance of tortuous filling defects at lumbar myelography. At lumbar myelography, tortuous filling defects frequently occur in the presence of a marked local narrowing of the spinal canal. This may lead to a displacement and compression of nerve roots, which may partially or completely fill the subarachnoid space. However, truly elongated nerve roots have also been observed, both at myelography and at operation. Such elongation appears to be a congenital malformation. The recognition of the true nature of tortuous filling defects is important with regard to differentiation against arteriovenous malformations and congested veins.", "PMID": 525397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2416", "title": "Scintigraphy of induced myocardial infarcts with 99Tcm-gluconate.", "content": "A new isotope compound, 99Tcm-gluconate, for detection of myocardial infarction has been tested in dogs. A close correlation was found between the isotope uptake measured in vivo with a gamma camera and the infarct weight of early irreversible myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of induced myocardial infarcts with 99Tcm-gluconate. A new isotope compound, 99Tcm-gluconate, for detection of myocardial infarction has been tested in dogs. A close correlation was found between the isotope uptake measured in vivo with a gamma camera and the infarct weight of early irreversible myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 525398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2417", "title": "Pulmonary systemic flow ratios in atrial septal defect assessed by ventricular volume measurements.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with isolated secundum atrial septal defects were examined with right and left heart catheterization and cardioangiography. The radiographically assessed pulmonary-systemic stroke volume ratios and the physiologically determined pulmonary-systemic flow ratios correlated well. However, some striking discrepancies were observed the possible causes of which are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary systemic flow ratios in atrial septal defect assessed by ventricular volume measurements. Twenty-eight patients with isolated secundum atrial septal defects were examined with right and left heart catheterization and cardioangiography. The radiographically assessed pulmonary-systemic stroke volume ratios and the physiologically determined pulmonary-systemic flow ratios correlated well. However, some striking discrepancies were observed the possible causes of which are discussed.", "PMID": 525399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2418", "title": "Experimental and clinical evaluation of cholangiography with xeroradiography.", "content": "Conventional screen film radiography is compared with xeroradiography in an experimental model for cholangiography. The wider exposure latitude of the xerographic technique confers certain diagnostic advantages. However, the actual clinical application presents practical difficulties, which, combined with low sensitivity, are of such a nature that the method can hardly be considered suitable at the present time. If certain improvements can be made, xeroradiography could become a superior method for radiography of the bile ducts.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical evaluation of cholangiography with xeroradiography. Conventional screen film radiography is compared with xeroradiography in an experimental model for cholangiography. The wider exposure latitude of the xerographic technique confers certain diagnostic advantages. However, the actual clinical application presents practical difficulties, which, combined with low sensitivity, are of such a nature that the method can hardly be considered suitable at the present time. If certain improvements can be made, xeroradiography could become a superior method for radiography of the bile ducts.", "PMID": 525400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2419", "title": "Complications at balloon catheter angiography. Experiments in rabbits and dogs.", "content": "Overdistension of a balloon catheter may injure an artery and this risk increases with decreasing vessel calibre. Before balloon occlusion an estimation of the calibre of the vessel at a preliminary angiography is recommended.", "contents": "Complications at balloon catheter angiography. Experiments in rabbits and dogs. Overdistension of a balloon catheter may injure an artery and this risk increases with decreasing vessel calibre. Before balloon occlusion an estimation of the calibre of the vessel at a preliminary angiography is recommended.", "PMID": 525401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2420", "title": "Transcatheter embolization in a haemophiliac with post-traumatic renal haemorrhage. Report of a case.", "content": "Percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization was performed in a case of severe haemophilia A to control haemorrhage secondary to renal trauma. The treatment proved to be life-saving. Eighteen months follow-up revealed no evidence of hypertension, renal failure or infection.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization in a haemophiliac with post-traumatic renal haemorrhage. Report of a case. Percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization was performed in a case of severe haemophilia A to control haemorrhage secondary to renal trauma. The treatment proved to be life-saving. Eighteen months follow-up revealed no evidence of hypertension, renal failure or infection.", "PMID": 525402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2421", "title": "Radiographic appearances in Crohn's disease. I. Accuracy of radiographic methods.", "content": "Preoperative films of 176 patients operated upon for Crohn's disease were reviewed and compared with microscopic findings in the resected specimens in order to assess the accuracy of the radiographic techniques used. It was found that a diagnosis of the presence and the extent of the disease was often dependent on the demonstration of minor mucosal ulcers and less marked submucosal edema. These lesions were not adequately demonstrated by any of the techniques used for small bowel examination, but were consistently revealed by the double-contrast technique used for examination of the colon.", "contents": "Radiographic appearances in Crohn's disease. I. Accuracy of radiographic methods. Preoperative films of 176 patients operated upon for Crohn's disease were reviewed and compared with microscopic findings in the resected specimens in order to assess the accuracy of the radiographic techniques used. It was found that a diagnosis of the presence and the extent of the disease was often dependent on the demonstration of minor mucosal ulcers and less marked submucosal edema. These lesions were not adequately demonstrated by any of the techniques used for small bowel examination, but were consistently revealed by the double-contrast technique used for examination of the colon.", "PMID": 525403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2422", "title": "Hiatal incompetence and gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "content": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatal incompetence were analysed in 191 patients using a new radiographic contrast medium, polyiodostyrene, with the same density (1.0 g/cm3) as ordinary gastric contents, and correlated with supplementary oesophagoscopy and intraluminal pressure measurements. A normal hiatus seems to be an important protection against gastro-oesophageal reflux. An incompetent hiatus involves a real risk for oesophagitis. A low-density, low-viscosity contrast medium improves the roentgenologic diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Hiatal incompetence and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatal incompetence were analysed in 191 patients using a new radiographic contrast medium, polyiodostyrene, with the same density (1.0 g/cm3) as ordinary gastric contents, and correlated with supplementary oesophagoscopy and intraluminal pressure measurements. A normal hiatus seems to be an important protection against gastro-oesophageal reflux. An incompetent hiatus involves a real risk for oesophagitis. A low-density, low-viscosity contrast medium improves the roentgenologic diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 525404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2423", "title": "Adrenal angiography in Sipple's syndrome.", "content": "Adrenal angiography was performed in 8 patients with Sipple's syndrome. Seven patients had pheochromocytomas and one bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia. In 4 cases the pheochromocytomas were bilateral. The angiographic findings are discussed and it is concluded that no typical angiographic appearance of pheochromocytoma appears to exist.", "contents": "Adrenal angiography in Sipple's syndrome. Adrenal angiography was performed in 8 patients with Sipple's syndrome. Seven patients had pheochromocytomas and one bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia. In 4 cases the pheochromocytomas were bilateral. The angiographic findings are discussed and it is concluded that no typical angiographic appearance of pheochromocytoma appears to exist.", "PMID": 525405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2424", "title": "Ultrasound, angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of renal neoplasms.", "content": "The diagnostic approach to a renal mass including ultrasound, angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy is reviewed on the basis of 23 cases. The value of the combination of these methods is emphasized especially in tumors which appear without echoes at ultrasround and avascular-hypovascular at angiography. The findings are correlated and some differential diagnostic problems discussed as well as the possible risk of spreading tumor cells at fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "Ultrasound, angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of renal neoplasms. The diagnostic approach to a renal mass including ultrasound, angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy is reviewed on the basis of 23 cases. The value of the combination of these methods is emphasized especially in tumors which appear without echoes at ultrasround and avascular-hypovascular at angiography. The findings are correlated and some differential diagnostic problems discussed as well as the possible risk of spreading tumor cells at fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "PMID": 525406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2425", "title": "Percutaneous transperitoneal fluoroscopy-guided fine-needle biopsy of lymph nodes.", "content": "After lymphography from the foot, with uncertain findings, fine-needle biopsy during fluoroscopy was performed in 107 patients. In 69 patients with possible metastases, involvement was demonstrated in 46, confirmed in 43 at operation. Lymph node involvement by general lymphatic disease was suggested in 38 patients, with biopsy confirmation in 12. In metastatic disease non-representative material was obtained in only 2 patients, in general lymphatic disease in 10. No significant complications occurred, and the side effects were small.", "contents": "Percutaneous transperitoneal fluoroscopy-guided fine-needle biopsy of lymph nodes. After lymphography from the foot, with uncertain findings, fine-needle biopsy during fluoroscopy was performed in 107 patients. In 69 patients with possible metastases, involvement was demonstrated in 46, confirmed in 43 at operation. Lymph node involvement by general lymphatic disease was suggested in 38 patients, with biopsy confirmation in 12. In metastatic disease non-representative material was obtained in only 2 patients, in general lymphatic disease in 10. No significant complications occurred, and the side effects were small.", "PMID": 525407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2426", "title": "Image enhancement by digital-analog filtration. II. Tests of filters.", "content": "The function of a device for frequency filtration of roentgenograms with digital filters has been tested with the use of different filters. The image was altered in the expected way, which means that the device is suitable for investigating the possibilities of different filters to improve the diagnostic ability. The results of the tests indicate that improvement should be achieved by low-pass filtration.", "contents": "Image enhancement by digital-analog filtration. II. Tests of filters. The function of a device for frequency filtration of roentgenograms with digital filters has been tested with the use of different filters. The image was altered in the expected way, which means that the device is suitable for investigating the possibilities of different filters to improve the diagnostic ability. The results of the tests indicate that improvement should be achieved by low-pass filtration.", "PMID": 525408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2427", "title": "Relevance of radiographic resolution capacity.", "content": "Resolution capacity is traditionally evaluated by radiography of metal objects (lead bar grids or fine slits). These objects yield high image contrast. Resolution, then, is limited by the sideways spread of information as expressed by the MTF. However, biologic objects of fine dimensions give rise to much less image contrast than the test objects of metal. Since the amplitude of the signals thus becomes reduced the signal/noise ratio in fact limits resolution capacity much more effectively than does the sideways spread of information. Thus, the MTF expresses a property of the radiographic system which appears only rarely to affect the information capacity of clinical radiographic images.", "contents": "Relevance of radiographic resolution capacity. Resolution capacity is traditionally evaluated by radiography of metal objects (lead bar grids or fine slits). These objects yield high image contrast. Resolution, then, is limited by the sideways spread of information as expressed by the MTF. However, biologic objects of fine dimensions give rise to much less image contrast than the test objects of metal. Since the amplitude of the signals thus becomes reduced the signal/noise ratio in fact limits resolution capacity much more effectively than does the sideways spread of information. Thus, the MTF expresses a property of the radiographic system which appears only rarely to affect the information capacity of clinical radiographic images.", "PMID": 525409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2428", "title": "In vitro effects of contrast media on the water content of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The effect of the concentration of the contrast media Visotrast 370, Dimer X and Adipiodon on the water content of human erythrocytes was analysed in vitro. While a concentration-dependent water discharge (shrinkage) of erythrocytes was found in the presence of Visotrast 370 and Dimer X, the application of Adipiodon caused water uptake (swelling). Possible causes of swelling of red blood cells despite the hyperosmolality of Adipiodon are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro effects of contrast media on the water content of human erythrocytes. The effect of the concentration of the contrast media Visotrast 370, Dimer X and Adipiodon on the water content of human erythrocytes was analysed in vitro. While a concentration-dependent water discharge (shrinkage) of erythrocytes was found in the presence of Visotrast 370 and Dimer X, the application of Adipiodon caused water uptake (swelling). Possible causes of swelling of red blood cells despite the hyperosmolality of Adipiodon are discussed.", "PMID": 525410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2429", "title": "Arterial structures of the chest and abdomen at computer tomography.", "content": "Cross-sections illustrating normal and abnormal arterial structures were selected from a total of 1810 CT examinations of the chest and the abdomen. The radiologic importance of these structures is pointed out.", "contents": "Arterial structures of the chest and abdomen at computer tomography. Cross-sections illustrating normal and abnormal arterial structures were selected from a total of 1810 CT examinations of the chest and the abdomen. The radiologic importance of these structures is pointed out.", "PMID": 525411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2430", "title": "Mammary hamartomas.", "content": "Five cases of mammary hamartoma are described, with special reference to the radiographic features. Hamartomas are well circumscribed lesions composed of normal or dysplastic mammary tissue. They are probably more common than has been anticipated from the literature and are important because they may be confused with other well circumscribed tumors, such as cystosarcoma phyllodes. The radiographic characteristics of hamartoma allows a tentative diagnosis in most cases.", "contents": "Mammary hamartomas. Five cases of mammary hamartoma are described, with special reference to the radiographic features. Hamartomas are well circumscribed lesions composed of normal or dysplastic mammary tissue. They are probably more common than has been anticipated from the literature and are important because they may be confused with other well circumscribed tumors, such as cystosarcoma phyllodes. The radiographic characteristics of hamartoma allows a tentative diagnosis in most cases.", "PMID": 525412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2431", "title": "Tantalum labelling in vivo of cardiac ventricular chambers in dogs.", "content": "Demarcating fixed points in cardiac ventricles in the dog by catheter placement of tantalum coils has been shown to provide an excellent physiologic model. A new method emplying direct ventricular puncture has been developed for implanting these markers. The method has several advantages over an earlier peripheral catheter technique. Apical approach allows easier screw placement near the aortic and pulmonary valves. Peripheral vessels are left intact and pressure monitoring as well as contrast medium injection can be performed through the same catheter.", "contents": "Tantalum labelling in vivo of cardiac ventricular chambers in dogs. Demarcating fixed points in cardiac ventricles in the dog by catheter placement of tantalum coils has been shown to provide an excellent physiologic model. A new method emplying direct ventricular puncture has been developed for implanting these markers. The method has several advantages over an earlier peripheral catheter technique. Apical approach allows easier screw placement near the aortic and pulmonary valves. Peripheral vessels are left intact and pressure monitoring as well as contrast medium injection can be performed through the same catheter.", "PMID": 525413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2432", "title": "Portal pressure correlated to visceral circulation times.", "content": "Visceral angiography was performed in 7 patients with normal portal pressure and in 10 with portal hypertension. Circulation times, size of vessels and portal pressure were determined. At celiac angiography a direct correlation was found between time for maximum filling of portal vein and portal pressure, provided no vascular abnormalities existed. At superior mesenteric angiography such a correlation was not found; loss of flow by shunts in portal hypertension being one explanation. Portocaval shunts are common in the celiac system, but uncommon in the superior mesenteric system.", "contents": "Portal pressure correlated to visceral circulation times. Visceral angiography was performed in 7 patients with normal portal pressure and in 10 with portal hypertension. Circulation times, size of vessels and portal pressure were determined. At celiac angiography a direct correlation was found between time for maximum filling of portal vein and portal pressure, provided no vascular abnormalities existed. At superior mesenteric angiography such a correlation was not found; loss of flow by shunts in portal hypertension being one explanation. Portocaval shunts are common in the celiac system, but uncommon in the superior mesenteric system.", "PMID": 525414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2433", "title": "Pseudotumor of the renal pelvis caused by renal artery aneusysm.", "content": "Urographic abnormalities caused by renal artery aneurysms are discussed on the basis of seven cases. Angiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice to make the correct diagnosis. In cases of completely thrombosed aneurysms angiography may only demonstrate an avascular mass with displacement of vessels. At ultrasound examination renal artery aneurysms should be included in the differential diagnosis of echo-free renal masses.", "contents": "Pseudotumor of the renal pelvis caused by renal artery aneusysm. Urographic abnormalities caused by renal artery aneurysms are discussed on the basis of seven cases. Angiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice to make the correct diagnosis. In cases of completely thrombosed aneurysms angiography may only demonstrate an avascular mass with displacement of vessels. At ultrasound examination renal artery aneurysms should be included in the differential diagnosis of echo-free renal masses.", "PMID": 525415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2434", "title": "Double contrast examination of the stomach compared with endoscopy.", "content": "The results of the double examination of the stomach in a series of 102 patients were compared with the findings at endoscopy. Nasogastric intubation was used to introduce the air into the stomach. Hypotonia was achieved mainly with glucagon. The radiologic error rate was 10 per cent, consisting of 7 per cent false negative and 3 per cent false positive findings. The diagnostic advantages of the double contrast technique over those of the conventional barium examination are discussed.", "contents": "Double contrast examination of the stomach compared with endoscopy. The results of the double examination of the stomach in a series of 102 patients were compared with the findings at endoscopy. Nasogastric intubation was used to introduce the air into the stomach. Hypotonia was achieved mainly with glucagon. The radiologic error rate was 10 per cent, consisting of 7 per cent false negative and 3 per cent false positive findings. The diagnostic advantages of the double contrast technique over those of the conventional barium examination are discussed.", "PMID": 525416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2435", "title": "Angiography, ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of gynecologic tumors.", "content": "The combination of angiography, ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy proved to be valuable in the preoperative evaluation of patients with a palpable mass. With ultrasound, the size, shape and origin of tumors exceeding 4 to 5 cm in diameter were correctly diagnosed, whereas angiography differentiated bettter between malignant and benign tumors.", "contents": "Angiography, ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of gynecologic tumors. The combination of angiography, ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy proved to be valuable in the preoperative evaluation of patients with a palpable mass. With ultrasound, the size, shape and origin of tumors exceeding 4 to 5 cm in diameter were correctly diagnosed, whereas angiography differentiated bettter between malignant and benign tumors.", "PMID": 525417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2436", "title": "Radiologic assessment of laryngeal carcinoma. A clinico-pathologic comparison based on whole-organ serial sections.", "content": "In 33 patients with laryngeal carcinoma operated upon with laryngectomy, a comparison has been made of the findings yielded by radiography and microlaryngoscopy and a microscopic examination using whole-organ serial sectioning. The radiographic examinations were conventional films, tomography and laryngography. Radiography supplemented in microlaryngoscopy with information of clinical importance. Surface extension of the tumour was fairly accurately assessed preoperatively whereas deep infiltration was not. Major destruction of the anterior part of the thyroid cartilage was correctly diagnosed.", "contents": "Radiologic assessment of laryngeal carcinoma. A clinico-pathologic comparison based on whole-organ serial sections. In 33 patients with laryngeal carcinoma operated upon with laryngectomy, a comparison has been made of the findings yielded by radiography and microlaryngoscopy and a microscopic examination using whole-organ serial sectioning. The radiographic examinations were conventional films, tomography and laryngography. Radiography supplemented in microlaryngoscopy with information of clinical importance. Surface extension of the tumour was fairly accurately assessed preoperatively whereas deep infiltration was not. Major destruction of the anterior part of the thyroid cartilage was correctly diagnosed.", "PMID": 525418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2437", "title": "Influence of microscopic mottle on the definition of small image details.", "content": "By a special technique of enlarging films, a microscopic mottle caused by quantum fluctuations was demonstrated. It was found to affect depiction of small details in such a way as to suggest that it would be of importance for determining resolution capacity, especially in high-speed radiography. Thus, the modulation transfer function appears not to be the only factor determining radiographic resolution. The resolution of high-speed screens may be improved if the film speed is reduced, which leads to a diminished microscopic mottle.", "contents": "Influence of microscopic mottle on the definition of small image details. By a special technique of enlarging films, a microscopic mottle caused by quantum fluctuations was demonstrated. It was found to affect depiction of small details in such a way as to suggest that it would be of importance for determining resolution capacity, especially in high-speed radiography. Thus, the modulation transfer function appears not to be the only factor determining radiographic resolution. The resolution of high-speed screens may be improved if the film speed is reduced, which leads to a diminished microscopic mottle.", "PMID": 525419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2438", "title": "Optimised tomography for clinical use.", "content": "A technique elaborated by the present authors (1974) for the establishment of optimum tomographic movements was applied to ear tomography in order to design a movement that is not too complex, but yielding good tomographic depiction. Such a movement was found to consist of a spiral of 5 revolutions. Modern engineering appears to allow such complex movements to be carried out with satisfactory stability within a reasonable exposure time.", "contents": "Optimised tomography for clinical use. A technique elaborated by the present authors (1974) for the establishment of optimum tomographic movements was applied to ear tomography in order to design a movement that is not too complex, but yielding good tomographic depiction. Such a movement was found to consist of a spiral of 5 revolutions. Modern engineering appears to allow such complex movements to be carried out with satisfactory stability within a reasonable exposure time.", "PMID": 525420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2439", "title": "Tomographic localization of motion axes.", "content": "Localization of motion axes within joints and junctures in living humans has been carried out by means of roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Another technique is presented here, in which the localization of the axis is carried out by means of tomography. The field of application for this technique has been examined in a series of phantom experiments. It may be employed in certain situations where roentgen stereophotogrammetry is not useful. No other equipment is needed than a pluridirectional tomograph and conventional dark-room facilities.", "contents": "Tomographic localization of motion axes. Localization of motion axes within joints and junctures in living humans has been carried out by means of roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Another technique is presented here, in which the localization of the axis is carried out by means of tomography. The field of application for this technique has been examined in a series of phantom experiments. It may be employed in certain situations where roentgen stereophotogrammetry is not useful. No other equipment is needed than a pluridirectional tomograph and conventional dark-room facilities.", "PMID": 525421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2440", "title": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. I. Retrospective analysis using the Lukes and Collins classification.", "content": "A retrospective review of 302 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is presented. The tumors were classified according to a modified Lukes and Collins scheme. Clinico-pathologic correlation was analysed for the subtypes. Certain distinct features were found with respect to age, sex, clinical stage and sites of involvement at admission. Prognostically, two major groups were found with significantly differing survival curves. The pathologic and clinical significance of the modified Lukes and Collins classification is discussed.", "contents": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. I. Retrospective analysis using the Lukes and Collins classification. A retrospective review of 302 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is presented. The tumors were classified according to a modified Lukes and Collins scheme. Clinico-pathologic correlation was analysed for the subtypes. Certain distinct features were found with respect to age, sex, clinical stage and sites of involvement at admission. Prognostically, two major groups were found with significantly differing survival curves. The pathologic and clinical significance of the modified Lukes and Collins classification is discussed.", "PMID": 525424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2441", "title": "Metastasis to neck from unknown primary tumor.", "content": "The records of 54 consecutive patients who were irradiated for metastatic disease in the neck from an unknown primary tumor were reviewed. The overall survival results are comparable to those of other reported series. Patients with high or posterior cervical lymph node involvement were irradiated with fields including the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Patients with high neck nodes had a better survival rate than those with low neck nodes. The size of the neck tumors and the local control after treatment also have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Metastasis to neck from unknown primary tumor. The records of 54 consecutive patients who were irradiated for metastatic disease in the neck from an unknown primary tumor were reviewed. The overall survival results are comparable to those of other reported series. Patients with high or posterior cervical lymph node involvement were irradiated with fields including the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Patients with high neck nodes had a better survival rate than those with low neck nodes. The size of the neck tumors and the local control after treatment also have prognostic significance.", "PMID": 525423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2442", "title": "Minimized irradiation volume in treatment of carcinomas of the oropharynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx (T3T4-N2N3) were irradiated with curative intention. The treatment volume was minimized as much as possible with the aim to increase tumour control and decrease morbidity. Planning and results as well as the complications during and after the irradiation are discussed.", "contents": "Minimized irradiation volume in treatment of carcinomas of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Twenty-two patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx (T3T4-N2N3) were irradiated with curative intention. The treatment volume was minimized as much as possible with the aim to increase tumour control and decrease morbidity. Planning and results as well as the complications during and after the irradiation are discussed.", "PMID": 525425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2443", "title": "Accumulation of 99Tcm-gluconate in isolated rat cardiac myocytes and hepatocytes during anoxia.", "content": "The accumulation of 99Tcm-gluconate in the myocardium and liver of the rat during anoxia has been investigated on the cellular level and compared with the histopathologic changes. The conclusion is drawn that the uptake of isotope runs a course similar to that registered in vivo in human myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Accumulation of 99Tcm-gluconate in isolated rat cardiac myocytes and hepatocytes during anoxia. The accumulation of 99Tcm-gluconate in the myocardium and liver of the rat during anoxia has been investigated on the cellular level and compared with the histopathologic changes. The conclusion is drawn that the uptake of isotope runs a course similar to that registered in vivo in human myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 525426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2444", "title": "Effect of 90Sr on ovaries of foetal mice depending on time for administration during pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnant CBA-mice were injected with 3.7 x 10(5) Bq (10 muCi) 90Sr on the 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th or 19th day post coitum. The effect on the ovaries in the intrauterine-treated animals was analysed on the 28th, 56th and 84th day post partum. The result was expressed as a comparison between the number of cells in different stages of development in the treated individuals compared to untreated control animals. The reduction of the number of cells in the ovaries was strongly correlated to the time of administration of the nuclide with a more increased effect the later during foetal development the contamination occurred. The oocytes and primordial follicles were the most radiation sensitive stages. The remaining cells in the ovaries are supposed to form a numerically reduced pool of functionally normal cells.", "contents": "Effect of 90Sr on ovaries of foetal mice depending on time for administration during pregnancy. Pregnant CBA-mice were injected with 3.7 x 10(5) Bq (10 muCi) 90Sr on the 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th or 19th day post coitum. The effect on the ovaries in the intrauterine-treated animals was analysed on the 28th, 56th and 84th day post partum. The result was expressed as a comparison between the number of cells in different stages of development in the treated individuals compared to untreated control animals. The reduction of the number of cells in the ovaries was strongly correlated to the time of administration of the nuclide with a more increased effect the later during foetal development the contamination occurred. The oocytes and primordial follicles were the most radiation sensitive stages. The remaining cells in the ovaries are supposed to form a numerically reduced pool of functionally normal cells.", "PMID": 525427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2445", "title": "Stroke registration in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden, 1970-75. Incidence and fatality rates.", "content": "Strokes occurring among persons between 15 and 65 years of age (population 300 000) have been registered since 1970 in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. Control of the validity showed that less than 10% of all cases of stroke were undetected. During the period Nov. 15, 1970-May 14, 1975, 986 stroke events occurred in 941 patients, giving an annual average incidence rate of 73 (89 for men and 58 for women) per 100 000 individuals 15-65 years of age. The incidence for all ages was estimated to be about 200/100 000. The rates were higher for men than for women in all age groups. There was a female preponderance for subarachnoid haemorrhage but a male preponderance for other types of stroke. Incidence rates increased with age, most rapidly for brain infarcts and unspecified stroke. Fatality rates levelled out 3 weeks after onset of stroke; they were high for subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhage and low for cerebral infarction and unspecified stroke. Incidence rates were lower than those found in two similar studies from Denmark and Finland, and even greater variations were found with respect to types of stroke. Fatality rates were similar to those reported by other authors.", "contents": "Stroke registration in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden, 1970-75. Incidence and fatality rates. Strokes occurring among persons between 15 and 65 years of age (population 300 000) have been registered since 1970 in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. Control of the validity showed that less than 10% of all cases of stroke were undetected. During the period Nov. 15, 1970-May 14, 1975, 986 stroke events occurred in 941 patients, giving an annual average incidence rate of 73 (89 for men and 58 for women) per 100 000 individuals 15-65 years of age. The incidence for all ages was estimated to be about 200/100 000. The rates were higher for men than for women in all age groups. There was a female preponderance for subarachnoid haemorrhage but a male preponderance for other types of stroke. Incidence rates increased with age, most rapidly for brain infarcts and unspecified stroke. Fatality rates levelled out 3 weeks after onset of stroke; they were high for subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhage and low for cerebral infarction and unspecified stroke. Incidence rates were lower than those found in two similar studies from Denmark and Finland, and even greater variations were found with respect to types of stroke. Fatality rates were similar to those reported by other authors.", "PMID": 525433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2446", "title": "Risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study. A 14-year follow-up focussing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.", "content": "A 14-year follow-up of the Stockholm prospective study is reported. A number of 130 new myocardial infarctions (MI) were found in a prospective group of men (n = 3189) and another 46, i.e. a total of 176 MI, in the total group (n = 3486). Different types of multivariate statistical analyses show that age, blood pressure, smoking, fasting plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides, ESR and Hb were independent risk factors for MI, while the weight/height index was not. Elevated BP became an important risk factor only after the age of 50. When only age, BP, smoking and the two plasma lipids were entered into the logistic multivariate analysis, plasma triglycerides were more important as a risk factor than cholesterol. Quintile analysis showed that the rate of new MIs increased more with increasing triglyceride than increasing cholesterol levels. In the prospective group, the average rate of new MIs for men below 60 years was 32 per 1000. In the bottom and top quintile these rates were 16 and 65 for plasma triglycerides and 27 and 47 for cholesterol. When the men were divided into 4 groups with regard to both plasma lipids, the rate of new MIs increased successively from group to group along this chain: both lipids normal, only cholesterol high, only triglycerides high and both plasma lipids high.", "contents": "Risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study. A 14-year follow-up focussing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. A 14-year follow-up of the Stockholm prospective study is reported. A number of 130 new myocardial infarctions (MI) were found in a prospective group of men (n = 3189) and another 46, i.e. a total of 176 MI, in the total group (n = 3486). Different types of multivariate statistical analyses show that age, blood pressure, smoking, fasting plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides, ESR and Hb were independent risk factors for MI, while the weight/height index was not. Elevated BP became an important risk factor only after the age of 50. When only age, BP, smoking and the two plasma lipids were entered into the logistic multivariate analysis, plasma triglycerides were more important as a risk factor than cholesterol. Quintile analysis showed that the rate of new MIs increased more with increasing triglyceride than increasing cholesterol levels. In the prospective group, the average rate of new MIs for men below 60 years was 32 per 1000. In the bottom and top quintile these rates were 16 and 65 for plasma triglycerides and 27 and 47 for cholesterol. When the men were divided into 4 groups with regard to both plasma lipids, the rate of new MIs increased successively from group to group along this chain: both lipids normal, only cholesterol high, only triglycerides high and both plasma lipids high.", "PMID": 525434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2447", "title": "Serum ferritin during inflammation. A study on myocardial infarction.", "content": "The ferritin level in serum was investigated in 9 patients with myocardial infarction, all with a history of chest pain of less than 4 hours before admission. A significant rise in serum ferritin level was found in 8 patients. The rise was generally smaller than that seen in acute infection and not significantly correlated to the size of infarction, as estimated from changes in serum levels of myoglobin, ASAT and LDH. The rise started after a mean of 30 hours, the peak being reached within a week (M 4.3 days). Serum ferritin then fell to 120--300% (M 190) of the initial level, where it remained. An initial rise in serum iron levels was unexpectedly seen within 12 hours in 7 patients.", "contents": "Serum ferritin during inflammation. A study on myocardial infarction. The ferritin level in serum was investigated in 9 patients with myocardial infarction, all with a history of chest pain of less than 4 hours before admission. A significant rise in serum ferritin level was found in 8 patients. The rise was generally smaller than that seen in acute infection and not significantly correlated to the size of infarction, as estimated from changes in serum levels of myoglobin, ASAT and LDH. The rise started after a mean of 30 hours, the peak being reached within a week (M 4.3 days). Serum ferritin then fell to 120--300% (M 190) of the initial level, where it remained. An initial rise in serum iron levels was unexpectedly seen within 12 hours in 7 patients.", "PMID": 525435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2448", "title": "Clinical features in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction.", "content": "A retrospective investigation of 420 patients who had survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction revealed 63 reinfarctions (in 57 patients) within three months. Twenty-eight patients died without reinfarction during the same period, and 335 survived three months without reinfarction. The reinfarction patients were significantly more often women, had more frequently a history of previous myocardial infarction and hypertension, and their myocardial infarctions were more often non-transmural and localized to the anterior wall of the heart. The ECG of each patient that was registered nearest prior to the reinfarction during hospitalization or prior to discharge showed more often negative T-waves.", "contents": "Clinical features in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction. A retrospective investigation of 420 patients who had survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction revealed 63 reinfarctions (in 57 patients) within three months. Twenty-eight patients died without reinfarction during the same period, and 335 survived three months without reinfarction. The reinfarction patients were significantly more often women, had more frequently a history of previous myocardial infarction and hypertension, and their myocardial infarctions were more often non-transmural and localized to the anterior wall of the heart. The ECG of each patient that was registered nearest prior to the reinfarction during hospitalization or prior to discharge showed more often negative T-waves.", "PMID": 525436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2449", "title": "Late sudden death after surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta. Importance of aneurysm of the ascending aorta.", "content": "Follow-up studies averaging 12 years postcorrective surgery of 343 patients with coarctation of the aorta disclosed 38 late deaths, 15 of which were sudden, unexpected and probably cardiovascular. All but two patients were normotensive postoperatively, and in 4 of these the cause of death was proven dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta. In another patient this aneurysm was repaired surgically and in 3 other patients chest X-ray had shown a dilated ascending aorta before death. At follow-up the ascending aorta was dilated angiographically in 4 survivors, who had moderate systolic hypertension and aortic valve disease. The high incidence of aneurysm of ascending aorta in patients with coarctation is probably due to hypertension during the growth period, possibly in combination with congenital weakness of the aortic wall, and to concomitant aortic valve lesion.", "contents": "Late sudden death after surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta. Importance of aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Follow-up studies averaging 12 years postcorrective surgery of 343 patients with coarctation of the aorta disclosed 38 late deaths, 15 of which were sudden, unexpected and probably cardiovascular. All but two patients were normotensive postoperatively, and in 4 of these the cause of death was proven dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta. In another patient this aneurysm was repaired surgically and in 3 other patients chest X-ray had shown a dilated ascending aorta before death. At follow-up the ascending aorta was dilated angiographically in 4 survivors, who had moderate systolic hypertension and aortic valve disease. The high incidence of aneurysm of ascending aorta in patients with coarctation is probably due to hypertension during the growth period, possibly in combination with congenital weakness of the aortic wall, and to concomitant aortic valve lesion.", "PMID": 525437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2450", "title": "Oesophageal symptoms and manometry in valvular heart disease.", "content": "A possible relationship between heart disease, oesophageal dysfunction (OD) and symptomatology was studied in 47 patients with valvular heart disease. They were investigated with oesophageal manometry and oesophageal acid perfusion test. OD was found in 32 percent of the patients. A local pressure increase in the middle part of the oesophagus, probably an effect of cardiac enlargement and compression of the oesophagus, was found at manometry in 38 percent. The incidence of OD and of oesophageal symptoms was the same in patients with and without oesophageal compression. We did not find any indications that valvular disease in itself provokes OD, nor that symptoms of chest pain and cough in patients with valvular heart disease are due to OD.", "contents": "Oesophageal symptoms and manometry in valvular heart disease. A possible relationship between heart disease, oesophageal dysfunction (OD) and symptomatology was studied in 47 patients with valvular heart disease. They were investigated with oesophageal manometry and oesophageal acid perfusion test. OD was found in 32 percent of the patients. A local pressure increase in the middle part of the oesophagus, probably an effect of cardiac enlargement and compression of the oesophagus, was found at manometry in 38 percent. The incidence of OD and of oesophageal symptoms was the same in patients with and without oesophageal compression. We did not find any indications that valvular disease in itself provokes OD, nor that symptoms of chest pain and cough in patients with valvular heart disease are due to OD.", "PMID": 525438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2451", "title": "Disopyramide plasma levels in cardiac patients on maintenance therapy.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide, in a dosage of 200 mg/8 h, was given to 7 cardiac patients. The drug was fairly rapidly absorbed, and the mean peak plasma concentration (3.5 microgram/ml) was measured 1 h after administration of the first dose. The mean biological half-life (7.8 h) was slightly prolonged compared to that reported in normal volunteer subjects. Mean steady state plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range were attained 24--32 h after the start of medication. The fluctuations in the plasma levels were in the order or 30 percent; however, a wide spread of the values was observed. The drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "Disopyramide plasma levels in cardiac patients on maintenance therapy. The antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide, in a dosage of 200 mg/8 h, was given to 7 cardiac patients. The drug was fairly rapidly absorbed, and the mean peak plasma concentration (3.5 microgram/ml) was measured 1 h after administration of the first dose. The mean biological half-life (7.8 h) was slightly prolonged compared to that reported in normal volunteer subjects. Mean steady state plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range were attained 24--32 h after the start of medication. The fluctuations in the plasma levels were in the order or 30 percent; however, a wide spread of the values was observed. The drug was well tolerated.", "PMID": 525439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2452", "title": "Reduced vibratory perception and corneal sensitivity and metabolic disturbances following intestinal bypass surgery.", "content": "Decreased corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception suggesting a diagnosis of polyneuropathy were demonstrated in some of 26 patients who had undergone intestinal bypass surgery. Psychological tests revealed signs of disturbance of the autonomic nervous system. A deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was demonstrated, clearly related to the frequency of stools and to the weight loss. This deficiency might play a role in the pathogenesis of the polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Reduced vibratory perception and corneal sensitivity and metabolic disturbances following intestinal bypass surgery. Decreased corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception suggesting a diagnosis of polyneuropathy were demonstrated in some of 26 patients who had undergone intestinal bypass surgery. Psychological tests revealed signs of disturbance of the autonomic nervous system. A deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was demonstrated, clearly related to the frequency of stools and to the weight loss. This deficiency might play a role in the pathogenesis of the polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 525440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2453", "title": "Incidence of urolithiasis leading to hospitalization in Finland.", "content": "The study population consists of 2304 urolithiasis patients discharged from all hospitals in 21 central hospital districts in 1970. The incidence rate was 50 per 100 000 inhabitants per year, 74 for men and 27 for women. The age distribution resembles the Gaussian curve, with a peak between 45 and 49 years for men and between 50 and 54 years for women. The male/female ratio was 2.7 in the entire material, about 1 in the age group 0--24 years, about 3 in the age group 25--74 years and about 1.5 in patients 75 years or older. The standardized incidence was highest in Southeastern Finland and in the archipelago of Aland, and lowest in the coastal area of Southwestern Finland. In the area with high incidence, the age distribution of urolithiasis patients differed from that in the rest of the country: in the age groups over 40 the incidence of urolithiasis did not appear to decrease. This difference was attributed to some lifelong environmental exposure. The standardized incidence of urolithiasis leading to hospitalization was higher among urban than rural residents. Seasonal variation in the hospital admissions for urolithiasis was not evident, temporal patterns of admissions were, however, dissimilar in urban and rural areas, and might reflect differences in the physical activities of urban and rural populations.", "contents": "Incidence of urolithiasis leading to hospitalization in Finland. The study population consists of 2304 urolithiasis patients discharged from all hospitals in 21 central hospital districts in 1970. The incidence rate was 50 per 100 000 inhabitants per year, 74 for men and 27 for women. The age distribution resembles the Gaussian curve, with a peak between 45 and 49 years for men and between 50 and 54 years for women. The male/female ratio was 2.7 in the entire material, about 1 in the age group 0--24 years, about 3 in the age group 25--74 years and about 1.5 in patients 75 years or older. The standardized incidence was highest in Southeastern Finland and in the archipelago of Aland, and lowest in the coastal area of Southwestern Finland. In the area with high incidence, the age distribution of urolithiasis patients differed from that in the rest of the country: in the age groups over 40 the incidence of urolithiasis did not appear to decrease. This difference was attributed to some lifelong environmental exposure. The standardized incidence of urolithiasis leading to hospitalization was higher among urban than rural residents. Seasonal variation in the hospital admissions for urolithiasis was not evident, temporal patterns of admissions were, however, dissimilar in urban and rural areas, and might reflect differences in the physical activities of urban and rural populations.", "PMID": 525441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2454", "title": "Systemic capillary leak syndrome with monoclonal IgG and complement alterations. A case report on an episodic syndrome.", "content": "A case of the rare systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is described. The patient suffered 9 attacks with muscle pain, weakness and profuse sweating. He showed increased Hct values up to 79 percent and a decreasing plasma volume to about 50 percent of normal. During the attacks the patient was in a state of shock and BP was unmeasurable. Studies with 131I-labelled albumin during attack showed an increased transcapillary escape rate to about 20 percent/hour, compared to 6 percent when he was without symptoms. A monoclonal IgG with a constant concentration of about 5g/l was found. Studies of the complement system during attack showed low C4 values, disproportions among the C1 subcomponents and C1r-C1s-C1IA complexes, suggesting a complement activation via the classic pathway. Hereditary angio-edema was excluded by normal C1IA values. The complement activation might be part of the pathogenesis of the increased macromolecular permeability in this syndrome. A short review of cases described earlier is given.", "contents": "Systemic capillary leak syndrome with monoclonal IgG and complement alterations. A case report on an episodic syndrome. A case of the rare systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is described. The patient suffered 9 attacks with muscle pain, weakness and profuse sweating. He showed increased Hct values up to 79 percent and a decreasing plasma volume to about 50 percent of normal. During the attacks the patient was in a state of shock and BP was unmeasurable. Studies with 131I-labelled albumin during attack showed an increased transcapillary escape rate to about 20 percent/hour, compared to 6 percent when he was without symptoms. A monoclonal IgG with a constant concentration of about 5g/l was found. Studies of the complement system during attack showed low C4 values, disproportions among the C1 subcomponents and C1r-C1s-C1IA complexes, suggesting a complement activation via the classic pathway. Hereditary angio-edema was excluded by normal C1IA values. The complement activation might be part of the pathogenesis of the increased macromolecular permeability in this syndrome. A short review of cases described earlier is given.", "PMID": 525442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2455", "title": "Ultrastructure of the microvessels in skeletal muscle in a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome.", "content": "The microvessels of skeletal muscle were examined electron microscopically in a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS). One biopsy was taken in a free interval of the disease and one about 6 hours after the onset of an attack with hypovolemia. The microvascular endothelium exhibited a large number of multivesicular bodies, especially in the specimen obtained during an attack. Possibly this indicates a high heterophagic activity of the endothelium. A blebbing of the luminal surface of arteriolar endothelium was observed in the attack specimen. Since a complement activation seemed to occur during attacks, the blebbing is tentatively interpreted as a sign of a complement-mediated injury to the endothelium, leading to a breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This mechanism might explain the dramatic increase of microvascular permeability to plasma proteins during an attack of SCLS. The findings did not indicate that the increase might depend on some disturbance of the transendothelial vesicular transport function, nor could any openings of endothelial junctions, as in inflammation, be demonstrated. Regionally the periendothelial basal lamina appeared thickened, a finding which seems common in angiopathies of different kinds.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the microvessels in skeletal muscle in a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome. The microvessels of skeletal muscle were examined electron microscopically in a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS). One biopsy was taken in a free interval of the disease and one about 6 hours after the onset of an attack with hypovolemia. The microvascular endothelium exhibited a large number of multivesicular bodies, especially in the specimen obtained during an attack. Possibly this indicates a high heterophagic activity of the endothelium. A blebbing of the luminal surface of arteriolar endothelium was observed in the attack specimen. Since a complement activation seemed to occur during attacks, the blebbing is tentatively interpreted as a sign of a complement-mediated injury to the endothelium, leading to a breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This mechanism might explain the dramatic increase of microvascular permeability to plasma proteins during an attack of SCLS. The findings did not indicate that the increase might depend on some disturbance of the transendothelial vesicular transport function, nor could any openings of endothelial junctions, as in inflammation, be demonstrated. Regionally the periendothelial basal lamina appeared thickened, a finding which seems common in angiopathies of different kinds.", "PMID": 525443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2456", "title": "Postoperative radiation therapy in mammary carcinoma stage II. Target volume, organs at risk, absorbed dose, time-dose schedule, and dose to organs at risk in a prospective investigation.", "content": "A standardized programme for postoperative radiation therapy of carcinoma of the breast stage II is reported. The target volume and the organs at risk are defined, and the target absorbed dose and fractionation are specified. The irradiation techniques is briefly described.", "contents": "Postoperative radiation therapy in mammary carcinoma stage II. Target volume, organs at risk, absorbed dose, time-dose schedule, and dose to organs at risk in a prospective investigation. A standardized programme for postoperative radiation therapy of carcinoma of the breast stage II is reported. The target volume and the organs at risk are defined, and the target absorbed dose and fractionation are specified. The irradiation techniques is briefly described.", "PMID": 525444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2457", "title": "Laryngeal carcinoma. I. Treatment results.", "content": "A series of 359 patients with carcinoma of the larynx was found to be very close to being representative of the northern part of Jutland, Denmark (north of Konge\u00e5en). No unequivocal change in the disease as regards sex, age, histology, symptoms and signs, and stage of disease could be observed during the period 1963 to 1972. A not statistically significant improvement in the corrected mortality appeared. The level of complications after irradiation and secondary surgery was found to be low. A statistically significant, better prognosis was found for females than for males in the glottic group.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinoma. I. Treatment results. A series of 359 patients with carcinoma of the larynx was found to be very close to being representative of the northern part of Jutland, Denmark (north of Konge\u00e5en). No unequivocal change in the disease as regards sex, age, histology, symptoms and signs, and stage of disease could be observed during the period 1963 to 1972. A not statistically significant improvement in the corrected mortality appeared. The level of complications after irradiation and secondary surgery was found to be low. A statistically significant, better prognosis was found for females than for males in the glottic group.", "PMID": 525445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2458", "title": "Effect of whole body irradiation on different tissues. Experiments with 14C leucine in the rat.", "content": "The uptake and elimination of 14C leucine were analysed in controls and in rats irradiated 2 h before injection with 8 Gy whole-body irradiation. Plasma, small intestine, kidney and skin were assayed after homogenization for TCA soluble activity curves. In highly differentiated tissues with poor proliferative activity and low protein turnover, the uptake and elimination of the tracer did not appear to be affected by irradiation. In the small intestine differences between control and irradiated animals seemed significant.", "contents": "Effect of whole body irradiation on different tissues. Experiments with 14C leucine in the rat. The uptake and elimination of 14C leucine were analysed in controls and in rats irradiated 2 h before injection with 8 Gy whole-body irradiation. Plasma, small intestine, kidney and skin were assayed after homogenization for TCA soluble activity curves. In highly differentiated tissues with poor proliferative activity and low protein turnover, the uptake and elimination of the tracer did not appear to be affected by irradiation. In the small intestine differences between control and irradiated animals seemed significant.", "PMID": 525446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2459", "title": "Prognistic relevance of radiation induced immune suppression in breast carcinoma.", "content": "The extent of radiation induced immune suppression was analysed in 100 patients with carcinoma of the breast. The relative changes of lymphocyte counts and stimulations by PHA and PPD were similar in patients who differed with regard to age, size of tumour and its malignancy grade or axillary node condition. Moreover, no difference in the degree of radiation induced immune suppression existed between patients who developed recurrent disease and those who remained free of disease during a follow-up period of 4 1/2 to 7 years.", "contents": "Prognistic relevance of radiation induced immune suppression in breast carcinoma. The extent of radiation induced immune suppression was analysed in 100 patients with carcinoma of the breast. The relative changes of lymphocyte counts and stimulations by PHA and PPD were similar in patients who differed with regard to age, size of tumour and its malignancy grade or axillary node condition. Moreover, no difference in the degree of radiation induced immune suppression existed between patients who developed recurrent disease and those who remained free of disease during a follow-up period of 4 1/2 to 7 years.", "PMID": 525447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2460", "title": "Ferrous sulphate dosimetry for electrons. A re-evaluation.", "content": "A theory was developed for the perturbation correction to be applied in the calorimetric determination of the ferrous sulphate dosimeter G-value. Recent determinations of the molar extinction coefficient, epsilonm, have shown that systematic errors in epsilon may have influenced experimental G-values. With precision spectrophotometers this error is cancelled in the product epsilonm.G. It was shown that after applying the perturbation correction a very small spread was obtained in calorimetric epsilonm.G-values; the standard error of the mean being 0.2 per cent. The mean G-value is 2.3 per cent lower than that recommended in ICRU Report No. 21.", "contents": "Ferrous sulphate dosimetry for electrons. A re-evaluation. A theory was developed for the perturbation correction to be applied in the calorimetric determination of the ferrous sulphate dosimeter G-value. Recent determinations of the molar extinction coefficient, epsilonm, have shown that systematic errors in epsilon may have influenced experimental G-values. With precision spectrophotometers this error is cancelled in the product epsilonm.G. It was shown that after applying the perturbation correction a very small spread was obtained in calorimetric epsilonm.G-values; the standard error of the mean being 0.2 per cent. The mean G-value is 2.3 per cent lower than that recommended in ICRU Report No. 21.", "PMID": 525448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2461", "title": "Accuracy of computerized radiation treatment planning.", "content": "The accuracy of computerized dose planning depends essentially on the computer program. The quickest and simplest way to assess the accuracy of a commercial program is to compare the results of the computer calculations with measured values. The present report deals with the accuracy of the RADPLAN dose planning program in different situations easy to control. The test methods are also applicable to other corresponding systems.", "contents": "Accuracy of computerized radiation treatment planning. The accuracy of computerized dose planning depends essentially on the computer program. The quickest and simplest way to assess the accuracy of a commercial program is to compare the results of the computer calculations with measured values. The present report deals with the accuracy of the RADPLAN dose planning program in different situations easy to control. The test methods are also applicable to other corresponding systems.", "PMID": 525449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2462", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia alone and in combination with 60Co radiation on the growth of B16 melanoma in mice.", "content": "B16 melanoma was grown in the tail of B6D2F1/BOM mice. Procedures for simultaneous local 60Co irradiation and heat treatment are described. A dose of 4 Gy had no effect on tumour growth; heat treatment at 41.5 degrees C for 200 min had a minor effect, while the combined treatment caused a marked delay in tumor growth. Heat treatment of tumours in the thigh at 41.5 degrees C for 2 hours did not influence the frequency of lung metastases.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia alone and in combination with 60Co radiation on the growth of B16 melanoma in mice. B16 melanoma was grown in the tail of B6D2F1/BOM mice. Procedures for simultaneous local 60Co irradiation and heat treatment are described. A dose of 4 Gy had no effect on tumour growth; heat treatment at 41.5 degrees C for 200 min had a minor effect, while the combined treatment caused a marked delay in tumor growth. Heat treatment of tumours in the thigh at 41.5 degrees C for 2 hours did not influence the frequency of lung metastases.", "PMID": 525450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2463", "title": "Application of linear programming to dose optimization in intracavitary implant therapy.", "content": "Linear programming can be used to optimize intracavitary brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. A method has been developed which gives meaningful output and is described. A set of reference points were necessary in addition to the standard reference points. Point A as well as an array of points for adjacent radiation sensitive normal structures were used in order to obtain isodose curves conforming to those commonly used for therapy. In addition, arbitrary upper and lower limits of dose at selected points were needed and were set to conform to systems commonly used clinically for intracavitary therapy. It was immediately evident that a wide variety of loadings can be used that deliver appropriate or improved doses to reference points while minimizing normal tissue dose. The loadings represent arrangements which are not commonly used in many clinics but offer potential for clinical use.", "contents": "Application of linear programming to dose optimization in intracavitary implant therapy. Linear programming can be used to optimize intracavitary brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. A method has been developed which gives meaningful output and is described. A set of reference points were necessary in addition to the standard reference points. Point A as well as an array of points for adjacent radiation sensitive normal structures were used in order to obtain isodose curves conforming to those commonly used for therapy. In addition, arbitrary upper and lower limits of dose at selected points were needed and were set to conform to systems commonly used clinically for intracavitary therapy. It was immediately evident that a wide variety of loadings can be used that deliver appropriate or improved doses to reference points while minimizing normal tissue dose. The loadings represent arrangements which are not commonly used in many clinics but offer potential for clinical use.", "PMID": 525451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2464", "title": "Vascular structure of experimental tumours. Appearances in scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The vascular structure of experimental tumours was investigated by a resin cast technique. Six characteristic types of capillaries were found: club-like, wave-like, tortuous,sinusoid-like, disorderly running and tapering. The vascular structure was correlated to the tumour growth.", "contents": "Vascular structure of experimental tumours. Appearances in scanning electron microscope. The vascular structure of experimental tumours was investigated by a resin cast technique. Six characteristic types of capillaries were found: club-like, wave-like, tortuous,sinusoid-like, disorderly running and tapering. The vascular structure was correlated to the tumour growth.", "PMID": 525452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2465", "title": "Late changes in biochemistry and blood flow in rat brain locally exposed to 30, 40, or 60 Gy.", "content": "Rat brain was exposed to 30, 40 or 60 Gy of roentgen rays and different biochemical and physiologic parameters were assayed from one day to 2 years. The most important changes noted were an intermediate increase in DNA, an intermediate to late--dependent on dose--increase in collagen, a decrease in sialic acid, an early to intermediate increase in serotonin, an increase in cathepsin, an early depression, and intermediate enhancement and a late decrease in alpha amino isobutyrate uptake by brain, and an early reduction, an intermediate--and sometimes late--increase in blood flow. These changes suggest that all three principal systems 2n the brain, nerve cells, glia and vascular system, participate in late changes.", "contents": "Late changes in biochemistry and blood flow in rat brain locally exposed to 30, 40, or 60 Gy. Rat brain was exposed to 30, 40 or 60 Gy of roentgen rays and different biochemical and physiologic parameters were assayed from one day to 2 years. The most important changes noted were an intermediate increase in DNA, an intermediate to late--dependent on dose--increase in collagen, a decrease in sialic acid, an early to intermediate increase in serotonin, an increase in cathepsin, an early depression, and intermediate enhancement and a late decrease in alpha amino isobutyrate uptake by brain, and an early reduction, an intermediate--and sometimes late--increase in blood flow. These changes suggest that all three principal systems 2n the brain, nerve cells, glia and vascular system, participate in late changes.", "PMID": 525453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2466", "title": "Two-dimensional echo-encephalography. 1. Acoustic properties of some tissues and the characteristics of echo patterns obtained using equipment especially adapted for detection of these tissues.", "content": "In this paper the results of measurements of ultrasound velocity in, and density of, a number of normal and pathological tissues are given. From the results it can be concluded that intracranial pathological regions will often be detectable with ultrasound techniques, but is is not possible with any degree of certainty to localise precisely the morphological boundaries of these abnormal regions. Because, in the large majority of cases, the echoes from intracranial pathological structural changes are of weak intensity, a simple electronic device is described which, in conjunction with standard echo equipment, has been shown to be of use for better detection of these weak signals.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echo-encephalography. 1. Acoustic properties of some tissues and the characteristics of echo patterns obtained using equipment especially adapted for detection of these tissues. In this paper the results of measurements of ultrasound velocity in, and density of, a number of normal and pathological tissues are given. From the results it can be concluded that intracranial pathological regions will often be detectable with ultrasound techniques, but is is not possible with any degree of certainty to localise precisely the morphological boundaries of these abnormal regions. Because, in the large majority of cases, the echoes from intracranial pathological structural changes are of weak intensity, a simple electronic device is described which, in conjunction with standard echo equipment, has been shown to be of use for better detection of these weak signals.", "PMID": 525460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2467", "title": "Cranioplasty technical note.", "content": "A modification of Galicich and Hovind's method of cranioplasty is described. The prosthesis is not made on a side-table in the operation theatre. Steel wire mesh is fastened to the edge of the bone defect with stainless wires passed through drill holes. Acrylic mixture is then poured over the mesh and is cooled with saline. The technique has its main advantage in simplicity, and the result is cosmetically and functionally satisfactory.", "contents": "Cranioplasty technical note. A modification of Galicich and Hovind's method of cranioplasty is described. The prosthesis is not made on a side-table in the operation theatre. Steel wire mesh is fastened to the edge of the bone defect with stainless wires passed through drill holes. Acrylic mixture is then poured over the mesh and is cooled with saline. The technique has its main advantage in simplicity, and the result is cosmetically and functionally satisfactory.", "PMID": 525462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2468", "title": "Mechanical loading of peripheral nerves during remobilisation of the affected member after end-to-end anastomosis.", "content": "Our study involved simulating end-to-end neurorrhaphy of the sciatic nerve in a number of rabbits and analysing in vivo the mechanical loads acting on the nerve while the affected member was being remobilised. We found both the suture and mobilisation loads to be related to the size of the nerve defect. In each case, traction force, strain, and stress were proportional. The effect which these experimental findings may have on the future use of flexing neighbouring joints as a \"manipulative\" measure to achieve a tension-free nerve suture will be discussed.", "contents": "Mechanical loading of peripheral nerves during remobilisation of the affected member after end-to-end anastomosis. Our study involved simulating end-to-end neurorrhaphy of the sciatic nerve in a number of rabbits and analysing in vivo the mechanical loads acting on the nerve while the affected member was being remobilised. We found both the suture and mobilisation loads to be related to the size of the nerve defect. In each case, traction force, strain, and stress were proportional. The effect which these experimental findings may have on the future use of flexing neighbouring joints as a \"manipulative\" measure to achieve a tension-free nerve suture will be discussed.", "PMID": 525461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2469", "title": "The meningioma of the sphenoidal plane.", "content": "The present paper reports on meningioma of the sphenoidal plane. Four women and two men were investigated. All cases examined presented with impairment of visual acuity, optic atrophy, and visual field defects. The interval between onset of the disease and a noticeable space-occupying growth was 11.5 years. Frequent false diagnoses and the importance of clinical-roentgenological follow-ups at regular intervals are especially emphasized.", "contents": "The meningioma of the sphenoidal plane. The present paper reports on meningioma of the sphenoidal plane. Four women and two men were investigated. All cases examined presented with impairment of visual acuity, optic atrophy, and visual field defects. The interval between onset of the disease and a noticeable space-occupying growth was 11.5 years. Frequent false diagnoses and the importance of clinical-roentgenological follow-ups at regular intervals are especially emphasized.", "PMID": 525463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2470", "title": "Outcome following head injuries in the aged.", "content": "An analysis of 420 patients 60 or more years of age showed that even very mild brain injuries may be dangerous for the aged. Only one third of 174 patients with cerebral contusion made a useful recovery; of the 101 patients with cerebral contusion unconscious for six hours or more, 78 died, and only 11 made a useful recovery. The outcome in patients with acute intracranial haematomas or depressed skull fractures was poor. Even the aged with brain injuries may benefit from an intensive effort at treatment. This effort should, however, be strictly limited in time. With the present means of treating brain injury it seems futile to use limited intensive treatment resources for an acute brain injury in a patient over 70 years of age who is unconscious on admission. In contrast to acute injuries, subacute and chronic subdural haematomas should be operated on promptly in spite of severe neurological impairment or advanced age.", "contents": "Outcome following head injuries in the aged. An analysis of 420 patients 60 or more years of age showed that even very mild brain injuries may be dangerous for the aged. Only one third of 174 patients with cerebral contusion made a useful recovery; of the 101 patients with cerebral contusion unconscious for six hours or more, 78 died, and only 11 made a useful recovery. The outcome in patients with acute intracranial haematomas or depressed skull fractures was poor. Even the aged with brain injuries may benefit from an intensive effort at treatment. This effort should, however, be strictly limited in time. With the present means of treating brain injury it seems futile to use limited intensive treatment resources for an acute brain injury in a patient over 70 years of age who is unconscious on admission. In contrast to acute injuries, subacute and chronic subdural haematomas should be operated on promptly in spite of severe neurological impairment or advanced age.", "PMID": 525464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2471", "title": "Cranial extradural cyst.", "content": "A large skull defect due to an extradural collection of clear and colourless fluid in a 59-years-old man is described. Hesitantly, we consider this to be the consequence of skull erosion due to Pacchionian granulations.", "contents": "Cranial extradural cyst. A large skull defect due to an extradural collection of clear and colourless fluid in a 59-years-old man is described. Hesitantly, we consider this to be the consequence of skull erosion due to Pacchionian granulations.", "PMID": 525465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2472", "title": "A case of giant aneurysm of the basilar artery.", "content": "A case of a giant aneurysm, 66 mm across at its largest diameter, at the bifurcation of the basilar artery, with agenesis of the internal carotid artery, verified by angiography and autopsy, is reported.", "contents": "A case of giant aneurysm of the basilar artery. A case of a giant aneurysm, 66 mm across at its largest diameter, at the bifurcation of the basilar artery, with agenesis of the internal carotid artery, verified by angiography and autopsy, is reported.", "PMID": 525466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2473", "title": "Two-dimensional echo-encephalography. 2. Clinical use and reliability of two-dimensional echo-encephalography in neurology and neurosurgery.", "content": "More than two hundred patients with intracranial lesions were examined by means of B-scan echo equipment specially adapted for the detectionof weak reflections. An impression of the accuracy of the method is demonstrated by the results obtained in those patients where the diagnosis had been verified at surgery or autopsy. It appeared that B scanning is a quite reliable diagnostic method. It was found that intracranial tumours showed typical echo-patterns. Furthermore, we found that B scanning may be an important diagnostic aid in follow-up examinations of patients. However, the ultrasound technique as used by us has also a restriction: it is unsuited for the estimation of the precise extension of pathological areas and for the estimation of the nature of pathology.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echo-encephalography. 2. Clinical use and reliability of two-dimensional echo-encephalography in neurology and neurosurgery. More than two hundred patients with intracranial lesions were examined by means of B-scan echo equipment specially adapted for the detectionof weak reflections. An impression of the accuracy of the method is demonstrated by the results obtained in those patients where the diagnosis had been verified at surgery or autopsy. It appeared that B scanning is a quite reliable diagnostic method. It was found that intracranial tumours showed typical echo-patterns. Furthermore, we found that B scanning may be an important diagnostic aid in follow-up examinations of patients. However, the ultrasound technique as used by us has also a restriction: it is unsuited for the estimation of the precise extension of pathological areas and for the estimation of the nature of pathology.", "PMID": 525467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2474", "title": "The adolescent with a learning disability: a developmental perspective.", "content": "The psychosocial difficulties that usually accompany learning disabilities are examined from a framework of developmental theory, particularly that of Erik Erikson. The implications of this perspective for treatment of adolescents with learning problems is discussed, and a specific program described.", "contents": "The adolescent with a learning disability: a developmental perspective. The psychosocial difficulties that usually accompany learning disabilities are examined from a framework of developmental theory, particularly that of Erik Erikson. The implications of this perspective for treatment of adolescents with learning problems is discussed, and a specific program described.", "PMID": 525512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2475", "title": "Phencyclidine use in delinquent males committed to a training school.", "content": "Delinquent males committed to a training school were interviewed to determine the extent and the effects of phencyclidine use. Nine of 109 (8%) drug using subjects knowingly had used phencyclidine in the past. These nine subjects were multiple drug abusers of other substances and had started taking drugs at an average age of 9.38 years which was significantly younger than non PCP users. Six of the nine PCP users had committed proven offenses against persons and in four cases violent actions were directly attributed to PCP use. Suicide attempts were made by five (55%) of the PCP users which was significantly more frequent than suicide attempts made by non PCP users.", "contents": "Phencyclidine use in delinquent males committed to a training school. Delinquent males committed to a training school were interviewed to determine the extent and the effects of phencyclidine use. Nine of 109 (8%) drug using subjects knowingly had used phencyclidine in the past. These nine subjects were multiple drug abusers of other substances and had started taking drugs at an average age of 9.38 years which was significantly younger than non PCP users. Six of the nine PCP users had committed proven offenses against persons and in four cases violent actions were directly attributed to PCP use. Suicide attempts were made by five (55%) of the PCP users which was significantly more frequent than suicide attempts made by non PCP users.", "PMID": 525514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2476", "title": "Gestalt therapy in a social psychiatric setting: the 'oil & water' solution.", "content": "In this case study, a provincial government residential treatment center for mentally and emotionally disturbed adolescents, used Gestalt Therapy as its primary therapeutic and staff-development ideology. Based on participant observation, document analysis, source material Survey on Gestalt Therapy, staff-sample interview and patient sample (of diagnostic, socioeconomic status and intelligence) data, it was demonstrated that Gestalt Therapy was neither designed nor intended for treatment of young adolescents manifesting severe psychiatric or behavioral disorders, for people from lower socioeconomic status families, or of low verbal skill and intelligence. It was discovered that a disporportionately large number of the case study population were: young adolescents, from lower socioeconomic status families, and that a significant proportion were of low verbal skill and intelligence. It was further suggested th,t Gestalt criteria for: physical environment, behavioral expectations (on staff and patient) and group-living ideology were incompatible with professional, legal and treatment expectations in an institutional treatment setting.", "contents": "Gestalt therapy in a social psychiatric setting: the 'oil & water' solution. In this case study, a provincial government residential treatment center for mentally and emotionally disturbed adolescents, used Gestalt Therapy as its primary therapeutic and staff-development ideology. Based on participant observation, document analysis, source material Survey on Gestalt Therapy, staff-sample interview and patient sample (of diagnostic, socioeconomic status and intelligence) data, it was demonstrated that Gestalt Therapy was neither designed nor intended for treatment of young adolescents manifesting severe psychiatric or behavioral disorders, for people from lower socioeconomic status families, or of low verbal skill and intelligence. It was discovered that a disporportionately large number of the case study population were: young adolescents, from lower socioeconomic status families, and that a significant proportion were of low verbal skill and intelligence. It was further suggested th,t Gestalt criteria for: physical environment, behavioral expectations (on staff and patient) and group-living ideology were incompatible with professional, legal and treatment expectations in an institutional treatment setting.", "PMID": 525518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2477", "title": "Teenage drunkenness: warning signal, transient boisterousness, or symptom of social change?", "content": "It is important for anyone working with youngsters, including counselors, physicians, psychiatrists, social workers, school administrators, and parents to familiarize themselves with the prevalence and characteristics of youthful drunkenness. Several attitudes toward this widespread adolescent behaviour are now current--and often in conflict--in our society, including viewing teenage intoxication as a symptom of problem drinking, a warning signal of future alcoholism, a reflection of cultural norms and social changes, and an expression of youthful boisterousness. Tentative conclusions are reached regarding the validity and usefulness of each of these different perspectives of youthful drinking behavior.", "contents": "Teenage drunkenness: warning signal, transient boisterousness, or symptom of social change? It is important for anyone working with youngsters, including counselors, physicians, psychiatrists, social workers, school administrators, and parents to familiarize themselves with the prevalence and characteristics of youthful drunkenness. Several attitudes toward this widespread adolescent behaviour are now current--and often in conflict--in our society, including viewing teenage intoxication as a symptom of problem drinking, a warning signal of future alcoholism, a reflection of cultural norms and social changes, and an expression of youthful boisterousness. Tentative conclusions are reached regarding the validity and usefulness of each of these different perspectives of youthful drinking behavior.", "PMID": 525519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2478", "title": "Arsine (arsenic hydride) poisoning in the workplace.", "content": "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that appropriate workpractices be implemented to reduce the risk of worker exposure to arsine (AsH3) gas. There is a high potential for the generation of arsine gas when inorganic arsenic is exposed to nascent (freshly formed) hydrogen. This recommendation is based on several reports of worker exposure to arsine resulting in severe toxic effects or death. Most of the reported cases occurred when arsine was accidently generated during an industrial process. NIOSH would like to inform the occupational health community of some of the circumstances in which workers have been poisoned by arsine, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of generating the gas. We request that producers and distributors of arsenic and materials containing arsenic transmit information to their customers and employees, and that professional associations and unions inform their members. Stibine (SbH3), another toxic gas, if formed when antimony is exposed to nascent hydrogen. In most situations where arsine can be formed if antimony is present. Therefore, similar work practices should be implemented to reduce the risk of worker exposure to stibine.", "contents": "Arsine (arsenic hydride) poisoning in the workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that appropriate workpractices be implemented to reduce the risk of worker exposure to arsine (AsH3) gas. There is a high potential for the generation of arsine gas when inorganic arsenic is exposed to nascent (freshly formed) hydrogen. This recommendation is based on several reports of worker exposure to arsine resulting in severe toxic effects or death. Most of the reported cases occurred when arsine was accidently generated during an industrial process. NIOSH would like to inform the occupational health community of some of the circumstances in which workers have been poisoned by arsine, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of generating the gas. We request that producers and distributors of arsenic and materials containing arsenic transmit information to their customers and employees, and that professional associations and unions inform their members. Stibine (SbH3), another toxic gas, if formed when antimony is exposed to nascent hydrogen. In most situations where arsine can be formed if antimony is present. Therefore, similar work practices should be implemented to reduce the risk of worker exposure to stibine.", "PMID": 525610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2479", "title": "Demonstration of an antigenic component in Kveim antigen.", "content": "Anti-Kveim-antigen serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with Kveim antigen from lymph nodes and spleen in complete Freund's adjuvant. In the Ouchterlony test and in counter-immuno electrophoresis, a precipitation band with Kveim antigen from spleen and lymph nodes was demonstrated after absorption of the antiserum with serum and extracts of normal lymph nodes and spleen.", "contents": "Demonstration of an antigenic component in Kveim antigen. Anti-Kveim-antigen serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with Kveim antigen from lymph nodes and spleen in complete Freund's adjuvant. In the Ouchterlony test and in counter-immuno electrophoresis, a precipitation band with Kveim antigen from spleen and lymph nodes was demonstrated after absorption of the antiserum with serum and extracts of normal lymph nodes and spleen.", "PMID": 525605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2480", "title": "Inhibition of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of alveolar macrophages by possible etiological agents of byssinosis.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of cotton bracts inhibited luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of phagocytosing alveolar macrophages. The inhibitory compounds were partitioned into organic solvents. Chromotographic analysis indicated that these compounds were either lacinilene C or its 7-methyl ether and scopoletin. The fact that the inhibitory activity of these compounds was always less than that of the total extract suggests synergistic action. These compounds may function as etiological agents of byssinosis.", "contents": "Inhibition of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of alveolar macrophages by possible etiological agents of byssinosis. Aqueous extracts of cotton bracts inhibited luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of phagocytosing alveolar macrophages. The inhibitory compounds were partitioned into organic solvents. Chromotographic analysis indicated that these compounds were either lacinilene C or its 7-methyl ether and scopoletin. The fact that the inhibitory activity of these compounds was always less than that of the total extract suggests synergistic action. These compounds may function as etiological agents of byssinosis.", "PMID": 525611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2481", "title": "Retention of inhaled 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran.", "content": "The respiratory tract retention of 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran in the dog have been studied as part of a broad investigation of substances found in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Retention of 2-methylfuran tended to be higher that that of 2,5-dimethylfuran in the upper, lower and total respiratory tract. Uptake of 2-methylfuran ranged from 63-88% in these regions while it was only 53-62% for 2,5-dimethylfuran. Retention of 2,5-dimethylfuran was lower than any of the other compounds studied. However, the majority of either compound will be absorbed by the respiratory tract when inhalation occurs.", "contents": "Retention of inhaled 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran. The respiratory tract retention of 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran in the dog have been studied as part of a broad investigation of substances found in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Retention of 2-methylfuran tended to be higher that that of 2,5-dimethylfuran in the upper, lower and total respiratory tract. Uptake of 2-methylfuran ranged from 63-88% in these regions while it was only 53-62% for 2,5-dimethylfuran. Retention of 2,5-dimethylfuran was lower than any of the other compounds studied. However, the majority of either compound will be absorbed by the respiratory tract when inhalation occurs.", "PMID": 525612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2482", "title": "Environmental control in asthmatic homes. The role of cheylatus mites. Preliminary report.", "content": "Forty asthmatic patients with age ranges from 5 to 46 years were studied with three extracts in intradermal skin test: Dermatophagoides 1/10, Cheylatus 1/100 and house dust 1/500 w/v. Eighty five percent of patients were sensitive to house dust, 57.8% to Dermatophagoides and 55% to Cheylatus. Forty percent were positive to the three antigens and 12.5% were negative to these antigens. As the Cheylatus have been fed with Dermatophagoides, the positive reactions observed for the former could be influenced by this type of feeding. Therefore, Cheylatus must not be used in the patients' home for eradication of mites.", "contents": "Environmental control in asthmatic homes. The role of cheylatus mites. Preliminary report. Forty asthmatic patients with age ranges from 5 to 46 years were studied with three extracts in intradermal skin test: Dermatophagoides 1/10, Cheylatus 1/100 and house dust 1/500 w/v. Eighty five percent of patients were sensitive to house dust, 57.8% to Dermatophagoides and 55% to Cheylatus. Forty percent were positive to the three antigens and 12.5% were negative to these antigens. As the Cheylatus have been fed with Dermatophagoides, the positive reactions observed for the former could be influenced by this type of feeding. Therefore, Cheylatus must not be used in the patients' home for eradication of mites.", "PMID": 525608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2483", "title": "Permeation of glove materials by physiologically harmful chemicals.", "content": "The breakthrough times and permeation rates of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene for eleven commercially available gloves were determined. Four methods of determining the breakthough time and permeation rate were evaluated. A wide variation in the glove material thickness and protection time was found showing that the adequate protection time can only be determined by testing the proposed glove with the chemicals to be handled.", "contents": "Permeation of glove materials by physiologically harmful chemicals. The breakthrough times and permeation rates of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene for eleven commercially available gloves were determined. Four methods of determining the breakthough time and permeation rate were evaluated. A wide variation in the glove material thickness and protection time was found showing that the adequate protection time can only be determined by testing the proposed glove with the chemicals to be handled.", "PMID": 525613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2484", "title": "Respirator cartridge test system and test results for benzene and acrylonitrile.", "content": "NIOSH approves organic vapor respirator cartridges based upon testing against 1000 parts per million carbon tetrachloride vapors. Data for other organic vapors are necessary for proper use of organic vapor cartridge respirators against those vapors. This paper describes a system designed to test respirator cartridges and canisters and results of cartridge tests against benzene and acrylonitrile at a variety of concentrations.", "contents": "Respirator cartridge test system and test results for benzene and acrylonitrile. NIOSH approves organic vapor respirator cartridges based upon testing against 1000 parts per million carbon tetrachloride vapors. Data for other organic vapors are necessary for proper use of organic vapor cartridge respirators against those vapors. This paper describes a system designed to test respirator cartridges and canisters and results of cartridge tests against benzene and acrylonitrile at a variety of concentrations.", "PMID": 525614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2485", "title": "A sampling and analytical method for vinylidene chloride in air.", "content": "A sampling and analytical method for the determination of vinylidene chloride in air is presented. Vinylidene chloride can be quantitatively trapped on charcoal over a wide range of concentrations. The collected vapors are desorbed with carbon disulfide and analyzed by gas chromatography utilizing a flame ionization detector. The analytical column is packed with Durapak OPN. The lower limit for the method is approximately 7 micrograms of vinylidene chloride per sampling tube. The breakthrough volume was found to be dependent upon the concentration sampled and the relative humidity of the air sampled. The overall precision of the analytical method is 5% (relative standard deviation).", "contents": "A sampling and analytical method for vinylidene chloride in air. A sampling and analytical method for the determination of vinylidene chloride in air is presented. Vinylidene chloride can be quantitatively trapped on charcoal over a wide range of concentrations. The collected vapors are desorbed with carbon disulfide and analyzed by gas chromatography utilizing a flame ionization detector. The analytical column is packed with Durapak OPN. The lower limit for the method is approximately 7 micrograms of vinylidene chloride per sampling tube. The breakthrough volume was found to be dependent upon the concentration sampled and the relative humidity of the air sampled. The overall precision of the analytical method is 5% (relative standard deviation).", "PMID": 525615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2486", "title": "Effects of lifting frequency and technique on physical fatigue with special reference to psychophysical methodology and metabolic rate.", "content": "A laboratory study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of lifting frequency and technique on maximum acceptable work loads using psychophysical measurement technique, and (2) to compare the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min with the psychophysical fatigue criteria by measuring the metabolic rates at maximum acceptable work loads determined by subjective estimates of physical fatigue. Six male college students were required to lift from the floor to a 0.5 m height for 40 minutes. Four levels of lifting frequency (3, 6, 9 and 12 lifts/min) and three different lifting techniques (free sytle, stooped back and straight-back, bent-knee) were employed. Oxygen consumption rates were measured at maximum acceptable work loads (and were reduced to STPD). Statistical analysis showed that the maximum work loads acceptable to the workers were significantly affected by both lifting frequency and technique. Maximum acceptable work loads increased with an increase in lifting frequency. Both the subjective estimates of physical fatigue and the metabolic energy expenditure rate favored the free style lifting technique. The measured metabolic rates were in agreement with the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min only for six of the twelve combinations of lifting frequency and technique. Use of the physiological fatigue criteria will result in more liberal standards of work load at low work paces, especially for the stooped back and the free style lifting techniques.", "contents": "Effects of lifting frequency and technique on physical fatigue with special reference to psychophysical methodology and metabolic rate. A laboratory study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of lifting frequency and technique on maximum acceptable work loads using psychophysical measurement technique, and (2) to compare the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min with the psychophysical fatigue criteria by measuring the metabolic rates at maximum acceptable work loads determined by subjective estimates of physical fatigue. Six male college students were required to lift from the floor to a 0.5 m height for 40 minutes. Four levels of lifting frequency (3, 6, 9 and 12 lifts/min) and three different lifting techniques (free sytle, stooped back and straight-back, bent-knee) were employed. Oxygen consumption rates were measured at maximum acceptable work loads (and were reduced to STPD). Statistical analysis showed that the maximum work loads acceptable to the workers were significantly affected by both lifting frequency and technique. Maximum acceptable work loads increased with an increase in lifting frequency. Both the subjective estimates of physical fatigue and the metabolic energy expenditure rate favored the free style lifting technique. The measured metabolic rates were in agreement with the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min only for six of the twelve combinations of lifting frequency and technique. Use of the physiological fatigue criteria will result in more liberal standards of work load at low work paces, especially for the stooped back and the free style lifting techniques.", "PMID": 525616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2487", "title": "Asthma problems in southern Italy: A statistical study of 2362 asthmatic patients.", "content": "In this report we have described the statistical results of a clinical study on 2362 asthmatic patients living mostly in the Naples area and observed in our Division of Respiratory Allergy from January 1976 to May 1978. All data have been analyzed by a computerized method using an Univac 1100 Computer. We have studied some aspects of the atopic syndrome in this population of Southern Italy: frequency of allergic sensitization according to endogenous and extrinsic factors (particularly Parietaria officinalis, a characteristic pollen of the Southern Italian Flora), etc. Finally we have presented the first results of our allergological investigation in Naples concerning the distribution of allergic sensitization according to air pollution of the patient's home.", "contents": "Asthma problems in southern Italy: A statistical study of 2362 asthmatic patients. In this report we have described the statistical results of a clinical study on 2362 asthmatic patients living mostly in the Naples area and observed in our Division of Respiratory Allergy from January 1976 to May 1978. All data have been analyzed by a computerized method using an Univac 1100 Computer. We have studied some aspects of the atopic syndrome in this population of Southern Italy: frequency of allergic sensitization according to endogenous and extrinsic factors (particularly Parietaria officinalis, a characteristic pollen of the Southern Italian Flora), etc. Finally we have presented the first results of our allergological investigation in Naples concerning the distribution of allergic sensitization according to air pollution of the patient's home.", "PMID": 525607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2488", "title": "The quantitative determination of acrylonitrile, acrolein, acetonitrile and acetone in workplace air.", "content": "A simple and sensitive procedure for the routine determination of personnel exposures to organic vapors in the workplace has been developed using porous polymer adsorption/thermal desorption with a subsequent analysis by gas chromatography. Detailed instructions for the packing of the adsorption tube and the operation of the thermal concentrator (flasher) are given. Calibration data obtained with both a static on tube injection procedure and a dynamic method using a permeation device are discussed. More than two years of experience with 6000 samples involving a wide variety of compounds has shown the sensitivity and versatility of the techniques. The additional equipment involved is commercially available costing about $2000.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of acrylonitrile, acrolein, acetonitrile and acetone in workplace air. A simple and sensitive procedure for the routine determination of personnel exposures to organic vapors in the workplace has been developed using porous polymer adsorption/thermal desorption with a subsequent analysis by gas chromatography. Detailed instructions for the packing of the adsorption tube and the operation of the thermal concentrator (flasher) are given. Calibration data obtained with both a static on tube injection procedure and a dynamic method using a permeation device are discussed. More than two years of experience with 6000 samples involving a wide variety of compounds has shown the sensitivity and versatility of the techniques. The additional equipment involved is commercially available costing about $2000.", "PMID": 525617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2489", "title": "Assessment of the respirable dust levels in the nation's underground and surface coal mining operations.", "content": "This report presents a chronological overview of the status of respirable dust exposures in underground and surface bituminous coal mines since inception of the 1969 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Data for various intervals from 1970 through 1977, are presented for selected mining operations. Comparisons are made using data available from the mine operators' sampling program and from MSHA surveys. The data demonstrate the marked decrease that has occurred in respirable dust exposures since inception of the 1969 Act.", "contents": "Assessment of the respirable dust levels in the nation's underground and surface coal mining operations. This report presents a chronological overview of the status of respirable dust exposures in underground and surface bituminous coal mines since inception of the 1969 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Data for various intervals from 1970 through 1977, are presented for selected mining operations. Comparisons are made using data available from the mine operators' sampling program and from MSHA surveys. The data demonstrate the marked decrease that has occurred in respirable dust exposures since inception of the 1969 Act.", "PMID": 525618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2490", "title": "Recovery of acrylonitrile from charcoal tubes at low levels.", "content": "Data are presented for the recovery of acrylonitrile from charcoal tubes at levels lower than those tested in NIOSH Method S156. A 2% by volume acetone in CS2 solution is used as desorbing solvent. An injection volume of 2 muL and a 3-m long by 3.2-mm o.d. (10-ft x 1/8-in) stainless steel column filled with 20% SP-1000 on 80/100 Supelcoport gives adequate resolution of the acrylonitrile. Results indicate that recoveries are adequate for sample sizes which correspond to a 15-liter sample at 0.5 and 0.25 ppm, and that acrylonitrile collected on carbon in the absence of inhibitor is stable for at least a week.", "contents": "Recovery of acrylonitrile from charcoal tubes at low levels. Data are presented for the recovery of acrylonitrile from charcoal tubes at levels lower than those tested in NIOSH Method S156. A 2% by volume acetone in CS2 solution is used as desorbing solvent. An injection volume of 2 muL and a 3-m long by 3.2-mm o.d. (10-ft x 1/8-in) stainless steel column filled with 20% SP-1000 on 80/100 Supelcoport gives adequate resolution of the acrylonitrile. Results indicate that recoveries are adequate for sample sizes which correspond to a 15-liter sample at 0.5 and 0.25 ppm, and that acrylonitrile collected on carbon in the absence of inhibitor is stable for at least a week.", "PMID": 525621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2491", "title": "New filter compositions for the analysis of airborne particulate and trace metals.", "content": "Characteristics are presented of various new filter materials of polyvinyl chloride--polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyaromatic, and of quartz fibers. These filters have been specifically developed for air sampling applications. Included in the presentation are comparative performance characteristics such as: infrared and ultraviolet spectra, inorganic and trace metals analyses, chemical compatibilities and reactivities with various liquids and gases, moisture pick-up, mass per unit area, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongations), air flows/pressure drops, and particle retention efficiencies. Examples are presented of the increased acceptance of membrane filters in air analyses due to their simplifying tedious conventional procedures and their improvement of sensitivity, precision, and accuracies. Included are the ability of specific synthetic filters to impart optical transparency for analyses of asbestos and other fibers by transmission techniques using oil immersion or dispersion staining, the direct determination of silica on an acrylonitrile membrane by infrared, the direct determination of atmospheric particulate types and the concentrations of each. Other examples given are trace metal analyses by X-ray fluorescence, and gravimetric procedures and scanning electron microscopy techniques for analyses of suspended particulate matter.", "contents": "New filter compositions for the analysis of airborne particulate and trace metals. Characteristics are presented of various new filter materials of polyvinyl chloride--polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyaromatic, and of quartz fibers. These filters have been specifically developed for air sampling applications. Included in the presentation are comparative performance characteristics such as: infrared and ultraviolet spectra, inorganic and trace metals analyses, chemical compatibilities and reactivities with various liquids and gases, moisture pick-up, mass per unit area, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongations), air flows/pressure drops, and particle retention efficiencies. Examples are presented of the increased acceptance of membrane filters in air analyses due to their simplifying tedious conventional procedures and their improvement of sensitivity, precision, and accuracies. Included are the ability of specific synthetic filters to impart optical transparency for analyses of asbestos and other fibers by transmission techniques using oil immersion or dispersion staining, the direct determination of silica on an acrylonitrile membrane by infrared, the direct determination of atmospheric particulate types and the concentrations of each. Other examples given are trace metal analyses by X-ray fluorescence, and gravimetric procedures and scanning electron microscopy techniques for analyses of suspended particulate matter.", "PMID": 525622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2492", "title": "Migration and turnover of entero-endocrine and caveolated cells in the epithelium of the descending colon, as shown by radioautography after continuous infusion of 3H-thymidine into mice.", "content": "Adult male mice were given a continuous infusion of about 0.5 muCi of 3H-thymidine per gram body weight per day for periods varying from 1 to 60 days. Semithin sections of descending colon were cut from/plastic-embedded blocks and stained by a method combining silver impregnation and iron hematoxylin, by which argentaffin entero-endocrine cells and caveolated cells could be identified. From radioautographs, the labeling index of these cells was determined. One to three days after the beginning of 3H-thymidine infusion, label is observed in some of the stained entero-endocrine cells in the bottom of the crypts; the apices of these cells reach the crypt lumen and are joined to neighboring cells by terminal bars (junctional complexes). After five to seven days, labeled entero-endocrine cells are seen on the sides of the crypts, where their base stretches along the basement membrane and their apex has lost its terminal bar connections to neighboring cells. Finally, by 13 and 24 days, labeled cells are observed within the epithelium at the mucosal surface. The turnover time, which is taken to be equal to the mean time required for migration from site of origin to site of loss on the mucosal surface, has been estimated at 23.3 days. This is much longer than the 4.6 days required by the two main cell types of the epithelium -- vacuolated-columnar and mucous cells -- to travel the same route. It is likely that, after entero-endocrine cells lose their terminal bar attachment to other epithelial cells, they migrate independently and very slowly. Labeled caveolated cells are first seen in the crypt bottom one day after the beginning of 3H-thymidine infusion. By three to five days, they are on the sides of the crypts; their base is stretched along the basement membrane, but their apex retains its attachment to neighboring cells by terminal bars. By seven days, labeled caveolated cells are on the mucosal surface. Their turnover time has been assessed at 8.2 days. This is, again, longer than for the two main types to which they are bound by terminal bars throughout migration. The discrepancy is explained by the caveolated cells arising deeper in the crypts than most vacuolated-columnar and mucous cells.", "contents": "Migration and turnover of entero-endocrine and caveolated cells in the epithelium of the descending colon, as shown by radioautography after continuous infusion of 3H-thymidine into mice. Adult male mice were given a continuous infusion of about 0.5 muCi of 3H-thymidine per gram body weight per day for periods varying from 1 to 60 days. Semithin sections of descending colon were cut from/plastic-embedded blocks and stained by a method combining silver impregnation and iron hematoxylin, by which argentaffin entero-endocrine cells and caveolated cells could be identified. From radioautographs, the labeling index of these cells was determined. One to three days after the beginning of 3H-thymidine infusion, label is observed in some of the stained entero-endocrine cells in the bottom of the crypts; the apices of these cells reach the crypt lumen and are joined to neighboring cells by terminal bars (junctional complexes). After five to seven days, labeled entero-endocrine cells are seen on the sides of the crypts, where their base stretches along the basement membrane and their apex has lost its terminal bar connections to neighboring cells. Finally, by 13 and 24 days, labeled cells are observed within the epithelium at the mucosal surface. The turnover time, which is taken to be equal to the mean time required for migration from site of origin to site of loss on the mucosal surface, has been estimated at 23.3 days. This is much longer than the 4.6 days required by the two main cell types of the epithelium -- vacuolated-columnar and mucous cells -- to travel the same route. It is likely that, after entero-endocrine cells lose their terminal bar attachment to other epithelial cells, they migrate independently and very slowly. Labeled caveolated cells are first seen in the crypt bottom one day after the beginning of 3H-thymidine infusion. By three to five days, they are on the sides of the crypts; their base is stretched along the basement membrane, but their apex retains its attachment to neighboring cells by terminal bars. By seven days, labeled caveolated cells are on the mucosal surface. Their turnover time has been assessed at 8.2 days. This is, again, longer than for the two main types to which they are bound by terminal bars throughout migration. The discrepancy is explained by the caveolated cells arising deeper in the crypts than most vacuolated-columnar and mucous cells.", "PMID": 525623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2493", "title": "A correlated thin-section and freeze-fracture analysis of guinea pig adrenocortical cells.", "content": "Comparison of the fine structural features of guinea pig adrenocortical cells as seen in thin sections with those revealed by freeze-fracture confirms the structural appearance of steroid-secreting cells as interpreted from thin sections and reveals significant new features of the membranous organelles. Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum appears as a network of tubules, interwoven or in parallel, and as cisternae, fenestrated and non-fenestrated. These elements are tightly packed in the deeper cortical cells, excluding other organelles from their domain. Tubules and fenestrated cisternae possess randomly distributed intramembranous particles on their PF faces, while closely packed non-fenestrated cisternae possess aggregates of particles interspersed with aparticulate regions on their PF faces. These differences in particle distribution suggest functional specialization among the various forms of reticulum. Mitochondria appear as elongated structures of varying shape. Freeze-fracture reveals that all their cristae have circular origins from the inner membrane. Sinuous tubules, which appear as tubules in section, and straight tubules, which appear as lamellae in section, arise from single sites. Flattened sac-like cristae may have multiple circular origins. Definite contact points seen between inner and outer membranes may facilitate passage of molecules, including steroids, into the mitochondrial compartments. Lysosomes and peroxisomes, which are easily identified in thin sections with the aid of cytochemistry, are difficult to identify with certainty by freeze-fracture. Single membrane-bound granules of slightly smaller diameter than mitochondria may represent lysosomes. Smaller granules interconnected with the tubular reticulum, as well as dilated regions of this organelle, may represent peroxisomes. Plasma membranes show no indication of tight junctions but do have abundant gap junctions which show a zonal differentiation: small gap junctions throughout the cortex, medium-sized regularly shaped gap junctions in zona fasciculata externa, and large irregular gap junctions in zona fasciculata interna and zona reticularis. The large junctions cover planar areas as well as surfaces of projections of one cell into another. Such junctions may allow passage of ions as well as of low-molecular-weight substances between the cells, facilitating or even amplifying the response to trophic hormone stimulation.", "contents": "A correlated thin-section and freeze-fracture analysis of guinea pig adrenocortical cells. Comparison of the fine structural features of guinea pig adrenocortical cells as seen in thin sections with those revealed by freeze-fracture confirms the structural appearance of steroid-secreting cells as interpreted from thin sections and reveals significant new features of the membranous organelles. Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum appears as a network of tubules, interwoven or in parallel, and as cisternae, fenestrated and non-fenestrated. These elements are tightly packed in the deeper cortical cells, excluding other organelles from their domain. Tubules and fenestrated cisternae possess randomly distributed intramembranous particles on their PF faces, while closely packed non-fenestrated cisternae possess aggregates of particles interspersed with aparticulate regions on their PF faces. These differences in particle distribution suggest functional specialization among the various forms of reticulum. Mitochondria appear as elongated structures of varying shape. Freeze-fracture reveals that all their cristae have circular origins from the inner membrane. Sinuous tubules, which appear as tubules in section, and straight tubules, which appear as lamellae in section, arise from single sites. Flattened sac-like cristae may have multiple circular origins. Definite contact points seen between inner and outer membranes may facilitate passage of molecules, including steroids, into the mitochondrial compartments. Lysosomes and peroxisomes, which are easily identified in thin sections with the aid of cytochemistry, are difficult to identify with certainty by freeze-fracture. Single membrane-bound granules of slightly smaller diameter than mitochondria may represent lysosomes. Smaller granules interconnected with the tubular reticulum, as well as dilated regions of this organelle, may represent peroxisomes. Plasma membranes show no indication of tight junctions but do have abundant gap junctions which show a zonal differentiation: small gap junctions throughout the cortex, medium-sized regularly shaped gap junctions in zona fasciculata externa, and large irregular gap junctions in zona fasciculata interna and zona reticularis. The large junctions cover planar areas as well as surfaces of projections of one cell into another. Such junctions may allow passage of ions as well as of low-molecular-weight substances between the cells, facilitating or even amplifying the response to trophic hormone stimulation.", "PMID": 525624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2494", "title": "Cyclic changes in ciliation, secretion and cell height of the oviductal epithelium in women.", "content": "Oviducts were obtained from women who elected to undergo sterilization either during a normal menstrual cycle, after the first trimester of pregnancy, or in the puerperium. The percent of ciliated cells, cell height and morphology of the fimbria and ampulla were determined and correlated with the stage of the reporductive cycle and plasma levels of the ovarian steroids. Mature ciliated and secretory cells were observed only at mid-cycle. Atrophy, deciliation and loss of secretory activity coincided with elevated levels of serum progesterone. These degenerative processes continued during pregnancy. Ciliation, hypertrophy, and restoration of secretory activity occurred when serum progesterone was essentially undetectable and estradiol relatively low. During each menstrual cycle the secretory cells were observed to undergo a complete cycle of dedifferentiation-differentiation, whereas 10--12% of the ciliated cells lost and regenerated their celia. Ciliogenic cells were frequently present in the epithelium obtained from women in the mid-follicular phase. Fibrous granules, deuterosomes, procentrioles and ciliary buds were observed in the apex of these cells. Plasma levels of estradiol were higher during periods of atrophy and deciliation than they were during periods of hypertrophy and reciliation. It appears that the serum levels of estradiol were adequate to maintain a mature epithelium at all the reproductive stages included in this study. However, progesterone, when present, blocked the growth-promoting effect of estradiol in the oviduct.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in ciliation, secretion and cell height of the oviductal epithelium in women. Oviducts were obtained from women who elected to undergo sterilization either during a normal menstrual cycle, after the first trimester of pregnancy, or in the puerperium. The percent of ciliated cells, cell height and morphology of the fimbria and ampulla were determined and correlated with the stage of the reporductive cycle and plasma levels of the ovarian steroids. Mature ciliated and secretory cells were observed only at mid-cycle. Atrophy, deciliation and loss of secretory activity coincided with elevated levels of serum progesterone. These degenerative processes continued during pregnancy. Ciliation, hypertrophy, and restoration of secretory activity occurred when serum progesterone was essentially undetectable and estradiol relatively low. During each menstrual cycle the secretory cells were observed to undergo a complete cycle of dedifferentiation-differentiation, whereas 10--12% of the ciliated cells lost and regenerated their celia. Ciliogenic cells were frequently present in the epithelium obtained from women in the mid-follicular phase. Fibrous granules, deuterosomes, procentrioles and ciliary buds were observed in the apex of these cells. Plasma levels of estradiol were higher during periods of atrophy and deciliation than they were during periods of hypertrophy and reciliation. It appears that the serum levels of estradiol were adequate to maintain a mature epithelium at all the reproductive stages included in this study. However, progesterone, when present, blocked the growth-promoting effect of estradiol in the oviduct.", "PMID": 525625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2495", "title": "Retrograde changes in Clarke's column following neonatal hemicerebellectomy in the rat.", "content": "Long-Evans black-hooded rat pups underwent hemicerebellectomies at various postnatal ages. The animals were killed at 28 days of age and thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord were removed and processed according to Golgi and Nissl techniques. Hemicerebellectomy at two and three days postnatally produced, in addition to cellular hypotrophy in Clarke's column, dendritic alterations which included a decrease in the number of primary dendrites and a reduction of the remaining dendrites to truncated stubs. Hemicerebellectomy at 21 days postnatally had little effect on either cell size or dendritic arborization. The role of the target nucleus in maintaining cell growth and dendritic arborization during critical developmental periods is discussed.", "contents": "Retrograde changes in Clarke's column following neonatal hemicerebellectomy in the rat. Long-Evans black-hooded rat pups underwent hemicerebellectomies at various postnatal ages. The animals were killed at 28 days of age and thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord were removed and processed according to Golgi and Nissl techniques. Hemicerebellectomy at two and three days postnatally produced, in addition to cellular hypotrophy in Clarke's column, dendritic alterations which included a decrease in the number of primary dendrites and a reduction of the remaining dendrites to truncated stubs. Hemicerebellectomy at 21 days postnatally had little effect on either cell size or dendritic arborization. The role of the target nucleus in maintaining cell growth and dendritic arborization during critical developmental periods is discussed.", "PMID": 525626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2496", "title": "Differentiation of myoepithelial cells in the developing rat sublingual gland.", "content": "Sublingual glands of rats were prepared for light and electron microscopy and for the histochemical demonstration of myofibrils and alkaline phosphatase (AkPase) activity. Through 17 days in utero, the epithelial cells of the glandular rudiment are relatively undifferentiated. At 18 days, the inner cells of the terminal buds begin to assemble around a lumen and accumulate secretory granules, while the outer cells flatten and form long processes. At 19 days, many of the outer cells have dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum engorged with finely granular material. At 20 days, some of the outer cells have thin bands of microfilaments in their processes, suggesting that they are differentiating into myoepithelial cells (MEC). Though the secretory cells are almost mature at birth, only a few of the MEC have myofibrils detected with an actomyosin reaction, and AkPase activity is very weak. Progressive increases in AkPase activity and in myofibril size and number continue until the acini and intercalated ducts are fully invested with mature MEC at about 14 days after birth. Thus, the MEC and secretory cells begin to differentiate at the same time, but the MEC subsequently differentiate asynchronously with the secretory cells and with each other. Although the sublingual MEC are only partly differentiated in the newborn rat, their overall development occurs somewhat more rapidly than in the adjacent submandibular gland.", "contents": "Differentiation of myoepithelial cells in the developing rat sublingual gland. Sublingual glands of rats were prepared for light and electron microscopy and for the histochemical demonstration of myofibrils and alkaline phosphatase (AkPase) activity. Through 17 days in utero, the epithelial cells of the glandular rudiment are relatively undifferentiated. At 18 days, the inner cells of the terminal buds begin to assemble around a lumen and accumulate secretory granules, while the outer cells flatten and form long processes. At 19 days, many of the outer cells have dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum engorged with finely granular material. At 20 days, some of the outer cells have thin bands of microfilaments in their processes, suggesting that they are differentiating into myoepithelial cells (MEC). Though the secretory cells are almost mature at birth, only a few of the MEC have myofibrils detected with an actomyosin reaction, and AkPase activity is very weak. Progressive increases in AkPase activity and in myofibril size and number continue until the acini and intercalated ducts are fully invested with mature MEC at about 14 days after birth. Thus, the MEC and secretory cells begin to differentiate at the same time, but the MEC subsequently differentiate asynchronously with the secretory cells and with each other. Although the sublingual MEC are only partly differentiated in the newborn rat, their overall development occurs somewhat more rapidly than in the adjacent submandibular gland.", "PMID": 525627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2497", "title": "Increase in free cholesterol content of the adrenal cortex after stress: radioautographic and biochemical study.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to quantify free cholesterol biochemically and in radioautographs of 3H-digitonin cholesterol complex in fasciculata cells of control and stressed rat adrenal cortex. Stress was induced by ether, laparotomy, and adrenal and intestinal handling. Control rats were anesthetized with nembutal. All animals were killed ten minutes from the beginning of anesthesia. The adrenals were excised and either fixed in glutaraldehyde containing 3H-digitonin or homogenized for biochemical determination of free cholesterol. The plasma corticosterone level of each animal was measured. The fixed adrenals were processed, using different methods of dehydration and embedment, for light and electron microscopic radioautography. The mean number of silver grains (mean) per unit area of zona fasciculata was counted from light microscopic radioautographs. Crystals of cholesterol-digitonide complex were more numerous in stressed fasciculata cells, particularly over SER. Silver grains were localized over or close to the crystals. The mean for stressed rats was significantly higher than control values, indicating more free cholesterol in fasiculata cells of stressed rats. The results were not affected by either the method of dehydration or the type of embedding medium used. The morphologic results were substantiated by biochemical findings of increase in free cholesterol in adrenals of stressed rats. Plasma corticosterone was significantly high in stressed rats. The increase in free cholesterol in stimulated fasciculata cells is consistent with a previously reported increase in cholesterol esterase activity after ACTH stimulation.", "contents": "Increase in free cholesterol content of the adrenal cortex after stress: radioautographic and biochemical study. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify free cholesterol biochemically and in radioautographs of 3H-digitonin cholesterol complex in fasciculata cells of control and stressed rat adrenal cortex. Stress was induced by ether, laparotomy, and adrenal and intestinal handling. Control rats were anesthetized with nembutal. All animals were killed ten minutes from the beginning of anesthesia. The adrenals were excised and either fixed in glutaraldehyde containing 3H-digitonin or homogenized for biochemical determination of free cholesterol. The plasma corticosterone level of each animal was measured. The fixed adrenals were processed, using different methods of dehydration and embedment, for light and electron microscopic radioautography. The mean number of silver grains (mean) per unit area of zona fasciculata was counted from light microscopic radioautographs. Crystals of cholesterol-digitonide complex were more numerous in stressed fasciculata cells, particularly over SER. Silver grains were localized over or close to the crystals. The mean for stressed rats was significantly higher than control values, indicating more free cholesterol in fasiculata cells of stressed rats. The results were not affected by either the method of dehydration or the type of embedding medium used. The morphologic results were substantiated by biochemical findings of increase in free cholesterol in adrenals of stressed rats. Plasma corticosterone was significantly high in stressed rats. The increase in free cholesterol in stimulated fasciculata cells is consistent with a previously reported increase in cholesterol esterase activity after ACTH stimulation.", "PMID": 525628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2498", "title": "The primary group as supportive milieu: applications to community psychology.", "content": "The paper reviews evidence documenting the health-protective effects of the informal social support extended by kith, kin, and community gatekeepers. Noteworthy features of a classification scheme describing the substance of informal helping behaviors are reviewed. Implications for future research and action address: (a) the need for professionals to reexamine occasions for the provision of consultation and crisis-intervention services; (b) the potential for using social network analysis to identify vulnerable groups in the community; (c) the merits of advocating on behalf of informal support systems as favorable settings for the accomplishment of primary prevention.", "contents": "The primary group as supportive milieu: applications to community psychology. The paper reviews evidence documenting the health-protective effects of the informal social support extended by kith, kin, and community gatekeepers. Noteworthy features of a classification scheme describing the substance of informal helping behaviors are reviewed. Implications for future research and action address: (a) the need for professionals to reexamine occasions for the provision of consultation and crisis-intervention services; (b) the potential for using social network analysis to identify vulnerable groups in the community; (c) the merits of advocating on behalf of informal support systems as favorable settings for the accomplishment of primary prevention.", "PMID": 525629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2499", "title": "Social-ecological assessment of environments: toward a two-factor model.", "content": "A study was conducted to test the usefulness of the two-factor model in assessing social environments. Subjects were residents and staff at a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed and/or delinquent boys and girls. Rating instruments consisted of (a) two parallel versions of Moos' Community-Oriented Programs Enivronment Scale (COPES), each worded so as to be appropriate to the setting being measured, and (b) global ratings of satisfaction with the environment. Principal component factor analyses, carried out separately on the youths' COPES-School and the youths' COPES-Cottage, yielded two orthogonal but similar factors in each environment. In a comparison with Moos' three-dimensional formulation of the social milieu, the two factors strongly resembled two of Moos' dimensions but were more independent, had greater validity, and discriminated between the two environments at a higher level of significance. The instruments derived from the factor analyses provide a simple procedure for assessing a variety of treatment programs and populations.", "contents": "Social-ecological assessment of environments: toward a two-factor model. A study was conducted to test the usefulness of the two-factor model in assessing social environments. Subjects were residents and staff at a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed and/or delinquent boys and girls. Rating instruments consisted of (a) two parallel versions of Moos' Community-Oriented Programs Enivronment Scale (COPES), each worded so as to be appropriate to the setting being measured, and (b) global ratings of satisfaction with the environment. Principal component factor analyses, carried out separately on the youths' COPES-School and the youths' COPES-Cottage, yielded two orthogonal but similar factors in each environment. In a comparison with Moos' three-dimensional formulation of the social milieu, the two factors strongly resembled two of Moos' dimensions but were more independent, had greater validity, and discriminated between the two environments at a higher level of significance. The instruments derived from the factor analyses provide a simple procedure for assessing a variety of treatment programs and populations.", "PMID": 525630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2500", "title": "Barriers between mental health services and Mexican Americans: an examinations of a paradox.", "content": "The paradox of underutilization of mental health services by Mexican Americans is critically examined. It is argued that Mexican Americans live under high levels of psychological and environmental stress that would ordinarily lead to mental health problems and an increased utilization of mental health services. A number of barriers to the use of mental health services by Mexican Americans are examined. Included among these barriers are such factors as the relationship between social class and treatment offered, stereotypes concerning Mexican American folk psychiatry, limitations imposed by language differences, and the effects of stereotypes between Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans. Paradoxical findings in some studies which show a positive perception of mental health services by Mexican Americans are seen to further underscore the need for more research on the Mexican American's position. Stereotypes and generalizations about Spanish-speaking and bilingual Mexican American's approaches to psychotherapy are challenged in the light of recent empirical findings. Recommendations for future research directions and for improving the delivery of mental health services are presented.", "contents": "Barriers between mental health services and Mexican Americans: an examinations of a paradox. The paradox of underutilization of mental health services by Mexican Americans is critically examined. It is argued that Mexican Americans live under high levels of psychological and environmental stress that would ordinarily lead to mental health problems and an increased utilization of mental health services. A number of barriers to the use of mental health services by Mexican Americans are examined. Included among these barriers are such factors as the relationship between social class and treatment offered, stereotypes concerning Mexican American folk psychiatry, limitations imposed by language differences, and the effects of stereotypes between Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans. Paradoxical findings in some studies which show a positive perception of mental health services by Mexican Americans are seen to further underscore the need for more research on the Mexican American's position. Stereotypes and generalizations about Spanish-speaking and bilingual Mexican American's approaches to psychotherapy are challenged in the light of recent empirical findings. Recommendations for future research directions and for improving the delivery of mental health services are presented.", "PMID": 525631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2501", "title": "Public policy and human service institutions.", "content": "This paper discusses reasons for the apparent lack of interest by both the policy sciences and psychology in human service institutions and provides examples of the relationships between policy and politics and policy and economics in human service institutions. It suggests that two basic assumptions, labeled the professionalism myth and the individualism myth, have been major contributors to this state of affairs. Both the neglect given these institutions and the failure to examine the universe of alternatives in policy formulation are emphasized. Finally, the paper raises the question: Where has psychology been?", "contents": "Public policy and human service institutions. This paper discusses reasons for the apparent lack of interest by both the policy sciences and psychology in human service institutions and provides examples of the relationships between policy and politics and policy and economics in human service institutions. It suggests that two basic assumptions, labeled the professionalism myth and the individualism myth, have been major contributors to this state of affairs. Both the neglect given these institutions and the failure to examine the universe of alternatives in policy formulation are emphasized. Finally, the paper raises the question: Where has psychology been?", "PMID": 525632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2502", "title": "Decision versus policy in crises intervention.", "content": "The paper describes procedures for contrasting actions taken by crises intervention outreach workers and consumers with administrative policies. The data used to exemplify the procedures came from the outreach projects of six county MH/MR programs in Central Pennsylvania during the year following the flood caused by Hurricane Agnes, in 1972. The procedure identifies and counts the ways through which consumers entered the outreach process; the major outreach worker decision; and the immediate disposition of each consumer's case. The six county MH/MR program administrators were asked to consider program policies and show how they would ideally expect 1,000 hypothetical consumers to come into, to be processed through, and to be referred out of their respective outreach programs. Contrasts of the ideal and actual consumer data, along with consumer follow-up questionnaires, provided the basis for evaluating the six county MH/MR program outreach projects. These experiences provided the basis for a generalized model of evaluating crises intervention activities.", "contents": "Decision versus policy in crises intervention. The paper describes procedures for contrasting actions taken by crises intervention outreach workers and consumers with administrative policies. The data used to exemplify the procedures came from the outreach projects of six county MH/MR programs in Central Pennsylvania during the year following the flood caused by Hurricane Agnes, in 1972. The procedure identifies and counts the ways through which consumers entered the outreach process; the major outreach worker decision; and the immediate disposition of each consumer's case. The six county MH/MR program administrators were asked to consider program policies and show how they would ideally expect 1,000 hypothetical consumers to come into, to be processed through, and to be referred out of their respective outreach programs. Contrasts of the ideal and actual consumer data, along with consumer follow-up questionnaires, provided the basis for evaluating the six county MH/MR program outreach projects. These experiences provided the basis for a generalized model of evaluating crises intervention activities.", "PMID": 525633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2503", "title": "Help-seeking behavior in families of schizophrenics.", "content": "To meet the exigencies of coping with the onset of schizophrenia in the family, caregivers sought out an array of professional and nonprofessional supports. The respondents to a questionnaire, all members of a self-help group, reported considerable merit to the help of friends, relatives, and group members. In contrast, the various forms of therapy were valued little; nearly half found no value at all. These findings are better understood when needs of families are expressed. Of highest priority are understanding of the illness, practical guidance in patient management, and community resources such as housing. These are not typical functions of therapy. Self-help groups may serve these needs better.", "contents": "Help-seeking behavior in families of schizophrenics. To meet the exigencies of coping with the onset of schizophrenia in the family, caregivers sought out an array of professional and nonprofessional supports. The respondents to a questionnaire, all members of a self-help group, reported considerable merit to the help of friends, relatives, and group members. In contrast, the various forms of therapy were valued little; nearly half found no value at all. These findings are better understood when needs of families are expressed. Of highest priority are understanding of the illness, practical guidance in patient management, and community resources such as housing. These are not typical functions of therapy. Self-help groups may serve these needs better.", "PMID": 525634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2504", "title": "Reactions to the family of the suicide.", "content": "The present study investigated reactions to the survivors of a family member's suicide. One hundred and twenty seven adults, members of a large urban Protestant church, responded to a newspaper account of a suicide in which the following factors were systematically varied: sex of the suicide, causal locus of the suicide, and whether the cause was prior or immediate to the suicide. The design was a 2 (sex of respondent) x 2 (sex of suicide) x 2 (locus of cause internal or external to the individual) x 2 (temporally remote cause or immediate cause). Results indicated a slight tendency for males to be somewhat more socially accepting of the surviving spouse of a suicide. There was also a significant interaction between sex of respondent x sex of the suicide, such that respondents indicated they would feel less tension in talking with the surviving family of a suicide of the same sex.", "contents": "Reactions to the family of the suicide. The present study investigated reactions to the survivors of a family member's suicide. One hundred and twenty seven adults, members of a large urban Protestant church, responded to a newspaper account of a suicide in which the following factors were systematically varied: sex of the suicide, causal locus of the suicide, and whether the cause was prior or immediate to the suicide. The design was a 2 (sex of respondent) x 2 (sex of suicide) x 2 (locus of cause internal or external to the individual) x 2 (temporally remote cause or immediate cause). Results indicated a slight tendency for males to be somewhat more socially accepting of the surviving spouse of a suicide. There was also a significant interaction between sex of respondent x sex of the suicide, such that respondents indicated they would feel less tension in talking with the surviving family of a suicide of the same sex.", "PMID": 525635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2505", "title": "The effects of self-selection on trainees' verbal helping skills performance.", "content": "Self-selected paraprofessional trainees enrolled in a helping skills training program participated in a 6-minute pretraining helping interview from which their frequency of continuing responses was obtained. Continuing responses allow helpees to present their concerns in a nonthreatening, supportive environment and are important in the relationship establishing stage of the helping process. For data analysis purposes only, trainees were divided into three groups, a high, medium, and low group, based on the frequency of continuing responses made. Following training, at posttest, no significant differences were found among the three groups on the amount of continuing responses made during a second identical 6-minute interview. Implications for various selection procedures and training are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of self-selection on trainees' verbal helping skills performance. Self-selected paraprofessional trainees enrolled in a helping skills training program participated in a 6-minute pretraining helping interview from which their frequency of continuing responses was obtained. Continuing responses allow helpees to present their concerns in a nonthreatening, supportive environment and are important in the relationship establishing stage of the helping process. For data analysis purposes only, trainees were divided into three groups, a high, medium, and low group, based on the frequency of continuing responses made. Following training, at posttest, no significant differences were found among the three groups on the amount of continuing responses made during a second identical 6-minute interview. Implications for various selection procedures and training are discussed.", "PMID": 525636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2506", "title": "Objective-focused approach for appraising the performance of institutional pharmacists.", "content": "The development of an objective-focused performance appraisal method applied to hospital pharmacy management is discussed. Objective-based performance appraisal techniques should match the pharmacy department's goals and management style and be a continuous process. Goals should be established and target dates set jointly by the individual and supervisor, emphasizing employee planning and departmental priorities. Standards by which to measure accomplishment of objectives should be set before the evaluation period begins. Appraisals and rewards should be related to achievement of goals. Objective-focused performance appraisals provide a better system for establishing priorities and improve coordination and integration of departmental plans and activities.", "contents": "Objective-focused approach for appraising the performance of institutional pharmacists. The development of an objective-focused performance appraisal method applied to hospital pharmacy management is discussed. Objective-based performance appraisal techniques should match the pharmacy department's goals and management style and be a continuous process. Goals should be established and target dates set jointly by the individual and supervisor, emphasizing employee planning and departmental priorities. Standards by which to measure accomplishment of objectives should be set before the evaluation period begins. Appraisals and rewards should be related to achievement of goals. Objective-focused performance appraisals provide a better system for establishing priorities and improve coordination and integration of departmental plans and activities.", "PMID": 525644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2507", "title": "Serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children receiving sustained-release theophylline tablets.", "content": "Serum theophylline levels produced in asthmatic children by sustained-release theophylline tablets (TheoDur) were studied. Nineteen patients received for 14 days a dose of 5.5 to 13.1 mg/kg (mean 9.1 mg/kg) of amhydrous theophylline (as sustained-release TheoDur tablets) every 12 hours. Theophylline serum levels were assayed, by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, immediately before and at 4, 6 and 10 hours after the first day-five dose. Symptoms of asthma and theophylline toxicity were recorded. Mean peak-trough difference for the 6-to-10-years age group (4.5 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) was not significantly different than that of the 11-to-17-year age group (5.2 +/- 3.2 micrograms/ml) (p greater than 0.1). Therapeutic serum theophylline levels (8 to 20 micrograms/ml) were maintained throughout a 12-hour period in 12 patients. Two patients had side effects possibly attributable to theophylline. Four patients reported asthamtic symptoms on two or more evenings; none required emergency treatment. The study suggests that sustained-release theophylline tablets administered every 12 hours can maintain therapeutic serum levels in children.", "contents": "Serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children receiving sustained-release theophylline tablets. Serum theophylline levels produced in asthmatic children by sustained-release theophylline tablets (TheoDur) were studied. Nineteen patients received for 14 days a dose of 5.5 to 13.1 mg/kg (mean 9.1 mg/kg) of amhydrous theophylline (as sustained-release TheoDur tablets) every 12 hours. Theophylline serum levels were assayed, by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, immediately before and at 4, 6 and 10 hours after the first day-five dose. Symptoms of asthma and theophylline toxicity were recorded. Mean peak-trough difference for the 6-to-10-years age group (4.5 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) was not significantly different than that of the 11-to-17-year age group (5.2 +/- 3.2 micrograms/ml) (p greater than 0.1). Therapeutic serum theophylline levels (8 to 20 micrograms/ml) were maintained throughout a 12-hour period in 12 patients. Two patients had side effects possibly attributable to theophylline. Four patients reported asthamtic symptoms on two or more evenings; none required emergency treatment. The study suggests that sustained-release theophylline tablets administered every 12 hours can maintain therapeutic serum levels in children.", "PMID": 525646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2508", "title": "Effect of neomycin on the bioavailability of spironolactone: a single-dose study.", "content": "The effect of oral neomycin sulfate on the bioavailability of oral spironolactone in humans was studied. A 100-mg spironolactone tablet was administered alone or with two 500-mg neomycin sulfate tablets to 12 healthy, fasting men in a randomized crossover fashion. Levels of canrenone (an active spironolactone metabolite) in plasma and urine samples collected for 32 and 48 hours after dosing, respectively, were measured fluorimetrically. Neomycin significantly decreased the peak plasma canrenone concentration, significantly increased the time to reach peak concentration of canrenone, and significantly decreased the urinary excretion of canrenone over the first four hours (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in elimination half-life, area under the plasma curves or 48-hour urinary excretion of canrenone. Single doses of neomycin appear to delay the rate but not reduce the extent of spironolactone absorption. Thus, neomycin may not interfere with the clinical efficacy of spironolactone.", "contents": "Effect of neomycin on the bioavailability of spironolactone: a single-dose study. The effect of oral neomycin sulfate on the bioavailability of oral spironolactone in humans was studied. A 100-mg spironolactone tablet was administered alone or with two 500-mg neomycin sulfate tablets to 12 healthy, fasting men in a randomized crossover fashion. Levels of canrenone (an active spironolactone metabolite) in plasma and urine samples collected for 32 and 48 hours after dosing, respectively, were measured fluorimetrically. Neomycin significantly decreased the peak plasma canrenone concentration, significantly increased the time to reach peak concentration of canrenone, and significantly decreased the urinary excretion of canrenone over the first four hours (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in elimination half-life, area under the plasma curves or 48-hour urinary excretion of canrenone. Single doses of neomycin appear to delay the rate but not reduce the extent of spironolactone absorption. Thus, neomycin may not interfere with the clinical efficacy of spironolactone.", "PMID": 525647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2509", "title": "Altered gentamicin distribution in ascitic patients.", "content": "Gentamicin pharmacokinetics were studied in eight patients with ascites. Gentamicin serum levels were measured by radioimmunoassay immediately before, 15 minutes after, and at one and two estimated half-lives after intermittent i.v. infusions of gentamicin. Volumes of distributions (Vd) calculated for the eight patients were significantly larger than mean values reported for the drug in normal patients (p less than 0.025). Vd ranged from 20.2 to 53 liters and correlated poorly with lean and total body weights. In patients with ascites or abnormal extracellular fluid volumes, gentamicin dosage should be based on frequent measurements of serum gentamicin levels and on clinical response.", "contents": "Altered gentamicin distribution in ascitic patients. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics were studied in eight patients with ascites. Gentamicin serum levels were measured by radioimmunoassay immediately before, 15 minutes after, and at one and two estimated half-lives after intermittent i.v. infusions of gentamicin. Volumes of distributions (Vd) calculated for the eight patients were significantly larger than mean values reported for the drug in normal patients (p less than 0.025). Vd ranged from 20.2 to 53 liters and correlated poorly with lean and total body weights. In patients with ascites or abnormal extracellular fluid volumes, gentamicin dosage should be based on frequent measurements of serum gentamicin levels and on clinical response.", "PMID": 525648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2510", "title": "Surface characteristics of plastic intravenous catheters.", "content": "The interior and exterior surfaces of four plastic, 18-gauge intravenous catheters (Abbocath-T, angiocath, Cathlon IV and Quik-Cath) were examined to identify physical characteristics that could possibly contribute to clinical thrombogenic activity. For each brand, the surface characteristics of one unused catheter (control) and a catheter placed in the left-cephalic vein of an orthopedic surgery patient for 48 hours were compared by scanning electron microscopy. All catheters had surface imperfections. Fibrinous material was found adhering to all used catheters even though exposure of the interior surfaces to blood components was minimal. It is speculated that imperfections on the surfaces of plastic i.v. catheters may contribute to thrombogenic complications in patients.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of plastic intravenous catheters. The interior and exterior surfaces of four plastic, 18-gauge intravenous catheters (Abbocath-T, angiocath, Cathlon IV and Quik-Cath) were examined to identify physical characteristics that could possibly contribute to clinical thrombogenic activity. For each brand, the surface characteristics of one unused catheter (control) and a catheter placed in the left-cephalic vein of an orthopedic surgery patient for 48 hours were compared by scanning electron microscopy. All catheters had surface imperfections. Fibrinous material was found adhering to all used catheters even though exposure of the interior surfaces to blood components was minimal. It is speculated that imperfections on the surfaces of plastic i.v. catheters may contribute to thrombogenic complications in patients.", "PMID": 525649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2511", "title": "Sepsis in rabbits following administration of contaminated infusions through filters of various pore sizes.", "content": "The effects of three final filter pore sizes on sepsis and survival times in rabbits infused with contaiminated intravenous fluids were compared. Intravenous fluids were administered for up to 12 hours to five groups of rabbits. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received fluids, contaminated with Gram-negative rods, that were filtered with 0.22-, 1.0- and 5.0-micrometers filters, respectively. Rabbits in Groups 1 and 5 received uncontaminated and contaminated fluids, respectively, neither of which was filtered. Cultures were taken of blood and of fluid below the filters, and rabbit survival times were recorded. At 6, 8 and 12 hours, Group 2 survival time was not significantly different from that of the negative control; the survival times for Groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly less than for the negative control. Fluid and blood cultures of Group 2 were negative or statistically indistinguishable from those of Group 1. Cultures for Groups 3, 4 and 5 were positive. The study suggests that 1.0- and 5.0-micrometers inline final filters have no beneficial effect on survival following infusion of contaminated fluids, but that 0.22-micrometer inline final filters increase survival time.", "contents": "Sepsis in rabbits following administration of contaminated infusions through filters of various pore sizes. The effects of three final filter pore sizes on sepsis and survival times in rabbits infused with contaiminated intravenous fluids were compared. Intravenous fluids were administered for up to 12 hours to five groups of rabbits. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received fluids, contaminated with Gram-negative rods, that were filtered with 0.22-, 1.0- and 5.0-micrometers filters, respectively. Rabbits in Groups 1 and 5 received uncontaminated and contaminated fluids, respectively, neither of which was filtered. Cultures were taken of blood and of fluid below the filters, and rabbit survival times were recorded. At 6, 8 and 12 hours, Group 2 survival time was not significantly different from that of the negative control; the survival times for Groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly less than for the negative control. Fluid and blood cultures of Group 2 were negative or statistically indistinguishable from those of Group 1. Cultures for Groups 3, 4 and 5 were positive. The study suggests that 1.0- and 5.0-micrometers inline final filters have no beneficial effect on survival following infusion of contaminated fluids, but that 0.22-micrometer inline final filters increase survival time.", "PMID": 525650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2512", "title": "Relationship between classroom behavior and achievement of mildly mentally retarded children.", "content": "Although the relationship between classroom behavior and academic achievement is well established for nonretarded children, the nature of this relationship is not clear for retarded children. Behavioral observations of 177 students in classrooms for educable mentally retarded children and for educationally handicapped children were compared to their achievement scores. Although significant correlations were found between some categories of behavior and achievement in arithmetic, the general absence of strong correlations was noteworthy when compared to previous findings on nonretarded subjects. Implications for academic instruction were suggested by the particular patterns of significant correlations.", "contents": "Relationship between classroom behavior and achievement of mildly mentally retarded children. Although the relationship between classroom behavior and academic achievement is well established for nonretarded children, the nature of this relationship is not clear for retarded children. Behavioral observations of 177 students in classrooms for educable mentally retarded children and for educationally handicapped children were compared to their achievement scores. Although significant correlations were found between some categories of behavior and achievement in arithmetic, the general absence of strong correlations was noteworthy when compared to previous findings on nonretarded subjects. Implications for academic instruction were suggested by the particular patterns of significant correlations.", "PMID": 525655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2513", "title": "Effects of social and environmental change on institutionalized mentally retarded persons: the relocation syndrome  reconsidered.", "content": "The \"relocation syndrome\" in multiply-handicapped, institutionalized mentally retarded residents was examined in an observational study. Weight change and the initiation and duration of constructive and nonconstructive behavior was observed, as well as resident-staff interactions before and after relocation to a new living unit. The hypothesis that there would be an increase in behavior deleterious to the health of clients after relocation, when compared to two premove baseline periods of crowding, was not totally supported. Although relocation did cause significant changes in a variety of behaviors, not all were deleterious (i.e., no mortalities, weight gains). Results were discussed in terms of a social-situational model.", "contents": "Effects of social and environmental change on institutionalized mentally retarded persons: the relocation syndrome  reconsidered. The \"relocation syndrome\" in multiply-handicapped, institutionalized mentally retarded residents was examined in an observational study. Weight change and the initiation and duration of constructive and nonconstructive behavior was observed, as well as resident-staff interactions before and after relocation to a new living unit. The hypothesis that there would be an increase in behavior deleterious to the health of clients after relocation, when compared to two premove baseline periods of crowding, was not totally supported. Although relocation did cause significant changes in a variety of behaviors, not all were deleterious (i.e., no mortalities, weight gains). Results were discussed in terms of a social-situational model.", "PMID": 525656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2514", "title": "Effect of peer interaction on the problem-solving behavior of mentally retarded youths.", "content": "Educable mentally retarded young adults were given a one-bit logic problem (Experiment 1) or a test of conservation (Experiment 2) and classified as either low or high performers. In a second session the low performers were paired with high performers, and the dyads were required to agree on the solution to the problems presented. A control group of low performers was simply tested individually in a second session. One month later all the low performers were retested on the same logic problems or on an alternate form of the conservation test. No significant differences were observed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the conservation scores of subjects who participated in the peer interaction were higher than those of controls on the posttest; however, based on responses to the lie item, we concluded that the experimental subjects had simply learned to respond \"same\" and to parrot a verbal statement. No such mimicking was possible in the logic problem. Results suggest that peer interaction is not a particularly effective method for enhancing the problem-solving ability of mentally retarded individuals.", "contents": "Effect of peer interaction on the problem-solving behavior of mentally retarded youths. Educable mentally retarded young adults were given a one-bit logic problem (Experiment 1) or a test of conservation (Experiment 2) and classified as either low or high performers. In a second session the low performers were paired with high performers, and the dyads were required to agree on the solution to the problems presented. A control group of low performers was simply tested individually in a second session. One month later all the low performers were retested on the same logic problems or on an alternate form of the conservation test. No significant differences were observed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the conservation scores of subjects who participated in the peer interaction were higher than those of controls on the posttest; however, based on responses to the lie item, we concluded that the experimental subjects had simply learned to respond \"same\" and to parrot a verbal statement. No such mimicking was possible in the logic problem. Results suggest that peer interaction is not a particularly effective method for enhancing the problem-solving ability of mentally retarded individuals.", "PMID": 525657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2515", "title": "Factors influencing the interrogative strategies of mentally retarded and nonretarded students.", "content": "The interrogative strategies of institutionalized mentally retarded young adults and nonretarded first and fourth graders were investigated using a 20-questions type task. Subjects were presented with 8- and 16-cell matrices consisting of geometric forms, and the items that were eliminated by their questions were either covered or left uncovered or left uncovered. A variety of dependent measures was obtained, including information efficiency and proportion of redundant and constraint-seeking questions. In contrast to findings in previous research, results showed that reducing array size and covering eliminated items significantly improved various aspects of children's interrogative strategies, lending support to the idea that reducing cognitive strain can enhance information-processing ability. Despite task simplification, the performance of the fourth graders exceeded that of the first graders on most measures, and the performance of the retarded young adults was comparable to, or poorer than, that of the first graders, who were of appreciably lower MA.", "contents": "Factors influencing the interrogative strategies of mentally retarded and nonretarded students. The interrogative strategies of institutionalized mentally retarded young adults and nonretarded first and fourth graders were investigated using a 20-questions type task. Subjects were presented with 8- and 16-cell matrices consisting of geometric forms, and the items that were eliminated by their questions were either covered or left uncovered or left uncovered. A variety of dependent measures was obtained, including information efficiency and proportion of redundant and constraint-seeking questions. In contrast to findings in previous research, results showed that reducing array size and covering eliminated items significantly improved various aspects of children's interrogative strategies, lending support to the idea that reducing cognitive strain can enhance information-processing ability. Despite task simplification, the performance of the fourth graders exceeded that of the first graders on most measures, and the performance of the retarded young adults was comparable to, or poorer than, that of the first graders, who were of appreciably lower MA.", "PMID": 525658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2516", "title": "Temporal anticipation of response initiation by mentally retarded persons.", "content": "The ability of retarded persons to anticipate a signal to initiate discrete movements of varying complexity was investigated in two experiments. The results revealed an interaction between temporal anticipation and response complexity. Experiment 1 showed no reduction in reaction time (RT) in discrete aiming movements when the foreperiod was changed from a random interval to a fixed interval (1 or 3 seconds). Reaction time did not vary with length of the interval or the difficulty of the movement. Experiment 2 showed a reduction of RT to a simple release response at a fixed 1-second warning interval. The findings reflect the difficulty retarded persons have in programming more complex movements and the interaction of temporal anticipation in this response-initiation process.", "contents": "Temporal anticipation of response initiation by mentally retarded persons. The ability of retarded persons to anticipate a signal to initiate discrete movements of varying complexity was investigated in two experiments. The results revealed an interaction between temporal anticipation and response complexity. Experiment 1 showed no reduction in reaction time (RT) in discrete aiming movements when the foreperiod was changed from a random interval to a fixed interval (1 or 3 seconds). Reaction time did not vary with length of the interval or the difficulty of the movement. Experiment 2 showed a reduction of RT to a simple release response at a fixed 1-second warning interval. The findings reflect the difficulty retarded persons have in programming more complex movements and the interaction of temporal anticipation in this response-initiation process.", "PMID": 525659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2517", "title": "Alternative approaches to the measurement of adaptive behavior.", "content": "Most measures of adaptive behavior are derived from rating scales. There are only a few instruments that approach the measurement of adaptive behavior through direct testing. In the present study we examined the relative efficacy of rating and testing approaches for predicting criterion behavior. Three tests from the Social and Prevocational Information Battery were selected as a foundation for the development of analogous behavior-rating and applied-performance instruments. All three types of instruments were administered to the same subjects, mildly retarded adolescents, in order to estimate the validity of testing and rating approaches. Although both approaches were found to be valid, the testing approach appeared to be substantially superior. Implications of this finding were discussed briefly.", "contents": "Alternative approaches to the measurement of adaptive behavior. Most measures of adaptive behavior are derived from rating scales. There are only a few instruments that approach the measurement of adaptive behavior through direct testing. In the present study we examined the relative efficacy of rating and testing approaches for predicting criterion behavior. Three tests from the Social and Prevocational Information Battery were selected as a foundation for the development of analogous behavior-rating and applied-performance instruments. All three types of instruments were administered to the same subjects, mildly retarded adolescents, in order to estimate the validity of testing and rating approaches. Although both approaches were found to be valid, the testing approach appeared to be substantially superior. Implications of this finding were discussed briefly.", "PMID": 525660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2518", "title": "Establishing equivalence of different list conditions.", "content": "Experimental designs frequently involve different lists across conditions, resulting in a treatment-list confounding. If treatment effects are obtained, it is then impossible to assess the contribution of list characteristics to this effect. A simple technique was presented whereby experimenters who must use different lists for different experimental treatments can postexperimentally establish equivalence of list difficulty. The technique involves inclusion of one or more constant words across lists. Data from a previously published experiment (Glidden, 1977) were analyzed according to this technique. Results indicated that the effect obtained was not an artifact of differential list difficulty.", "contents": "Establishing equivalence of different list conditions. Experimental designs frequently involve different lists across conditions, resulting in a treatment-list confounding. If treatment effects are obtained, it is then impossible to assess the contribution of list characteristics to this effect. A simple technique was presented whereby experimenters who must use different lists for different experimental treatments can postexperimentally establish equivalence of list difficulty. The technique involves inclusion of one or more constant words across lists. Data from a previously published experiment (Glidden, 1977) were analyzed according to this technique. Results indicated that the effect obtained was not an artifact of differential list difficulty.", "PMID": 525661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2519", "title": "Effects of repeated testing on the reliability of fitness scores of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the effects of repeated trials on the reliability of physical fitness performance scores of 36, 12- to 20-year-old institutionalized mentally retarded children. They were tested 2 days a week for 5 consecutive weeks on the physical fitness criterion tests. The statistical analysis indicated no significant differences between trial scores on any variable over the 5 weeks. This lack of significance on all the physical fitness criterion tests suggests that administering all the trials on each item on one occasion is appropriate.", "contents": "Effects of repeated testing on the reliability of fitness scores of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals. This study was designed to determine the effects of repeated trials on the reliability of physical fitness performance scores of 36, 12- to 20-year-old institutionalized mentally retarded children. They were tested 2 days a week for 5 consecutive weeks on the physical fitness criterion tests. The statistical analysis indicated no significant differences between trial scores on any variable over the 5 weeks. This lack of significance on all the physical fitness criterion tests suggests that administering all the trials on each item on one occasion is appropriate.", "PMID": 525662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2520", "title": "Luminous efficiency in the red-green region of the spectrum.", "content": "Monochromatic-test stimuli were produced with a double monochromator with a neutral wedge linked to the mechanism for changing wavelength. Only minor adjustments of the width of the entrance slit were required to produce monochromatic stimuli of equal luminance. For any given wavelength, the radiance of the stimulus was proportional to the width of the entrance slit. These test stimuli were adjusted to equal luminance, using various criteria: (1) flicker, (2) direct comparison, (3) distimulus matching, and (4) step-by-step. For two out of three subjects, measurements made by the distimulus method agree with flicker measurements when the primaries are adjusted to be equal by flicker photometry. They provide a test for additivity. Red and green, which are equal in luminance to yellow by flicker photometry, are brighter than yellow by direct comparison and also by the step-by-step method of assessment. The step-by-step data prove that the discrepancy between flicker and direct comparison involves more than confusion between saturation and brightness and is consistent with the notion of summation of responses in the chromatic and achromatic channels, as proposed by Ives and others.", "contents": "Luminous efficiency in the red-green region of the spectrum. Monochromatic-test stimuli were produced with a double monochromator with a neutral wedge linked to the mechanism for changing wavelength. Only minor adjustments of the width of the entrance slit were required to produce monochromatic stimuli of equal luminance. For any given wavelength, the radiance of the stimulus was proportional to the width of the entrance slit. These test stimuli were adjusted to equal luminance, using various criteria: (1) flicker, (2) direct comparison, (3) distimulus matching, and (4) step-by-step. For two out of three subjects, measurements made by the distimulus method agree with flicker measurements when the primaries are adjusted to be equal by flicker photometry. They provide a test for additivity. Red and green, which are equal in luminance to yellow by flicker photometry, are brighter than yellow by direct comparison and also by the step-by-step method of assessment. The step-by-step data prove that the discrepancy between flicker and direct comparison involves more than confusion between saturation and brightness and is consistent with the notion of summation of responses in the chromatic and achromatic channels, as proposed by Ives and others.", "PMID": 525663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2521", "title": "Changes in back radius of soft contact lenses when flexed.", "content": "Mathematical statements are made for the various hypotheses describing the change in radius of curvature of the back surface of a flexible contact lens as it flexes. These hypotheses may now be tested for validity in predicting both optical and physiological behavior of real contact lenses in situ.", "contents": "Changes in back radius of soft contact lenses when flexed. Mathematical statements are made for the various hypotheses describing the change in radius of curvature of the back surface of a flexible contact lens as it flexes. These hypotheses may now be tested for validity in predicting both optical and physiological behavior of real contact lenses in situ.", "PMID": 525664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2522", "title": "Factors affecting peripheral curve design. Part II: Specifying for reproducible performance.", "content": "The reproducibility of the in vivo performance of a contact lens depends on how the specifications are determined and how the lens is made. Using reproducibility of edge clearance as a criterion, the peripheral curve design of a contact lens is analyzed. Optimum values of peripheral curve width exist which minimize errors of reproducibility.", "contents": "Factors affecting peripheral curve design. Part II: Specifying for reproducible performance. The reproducibility of the in vivo performance of a contact lens depends on how the specifications are determined and how the lens is made. Using reproducibility of edge clearance as a criterion, the peripheral curve design of a contact lens is analyzed. Optimum values of peripheral curve width exist which minimize errors of reproducibility.", "PMID": 525665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2523", "title": "Measurement of corneal sensitivity and thickness with PMMA and gas-permeable contact lenses.", "content": "Corneal sensitivity and thickness were measured in nine subjects. Two different types of hard contact lenses were fitted to each subject; a traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) lens on one eye and a gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) lens on the other eye. Corneal sensitivity did not differ significantly between the two eyes after 6 and 10 hr of wear, but PMMA lenses tended to induce slightly more corneal edema than CAB lenses. As oxygen tension behind such contact lenses is different, whereas mechanical stimulation is nearly the same, this would appear to support the view that corneal sensitivity changes are related to mechanical stimulation. However, careful scrutiny of the data does not support this view unequivocally, and other suggestions are made.", "contents": "Measurement of corneal sensitivity and thickness with PMMA and gas-permeable contact lenses. Corneal sensitivity and thickness were measured in nine subjects. Two different types of hard contact lenses were fitted to each subject; a traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) lens on one eye and a gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) lens on the other eye. Corneal sensitivity did not differ significantly between the two eyes after 6 and 10 hr of wear, but PMMA lenses tended to induce slightly more corneal edema than CAB lenses. As oxygen tension behind such contact lenses is different, whereas mechanical stimulation is nearly the same, this would appear to support the view that corneal sensitivity changes are related to mechanical stimulation. However, careful scrutiny of the data does not support this view unequivocally, and other suggestions are made.", "PMID": 525666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2524", "title": "Presumed ocular toxoplasmosis: some clinical observations.", "content": "Ophthalmoscopic appearances of congenital and acquired presumed ocular toxoplasmosis are described. Four illustrative cases of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis are discussed, with some emphasis on related general health history. Some speculations are offered to account for the varied ophthalmoscopic appearances of these lesions.", "contents": "Presumed ocular toxoplasmosis: some clinical observations. Ophthalmoscopic appearances of congenital and acquired presumed ocular toxoplasmosis are described. Four illustrative cases of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis are discussed, with some emphasis on related general health history. Some speculations are offered to account for the varied ophthalmoscopic appearances of these lesions.", "PMID": 525667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2525", "title": "The relationship of age, keratometry, and miscellaneous physiological factors in hydrogel lens wear.", "content": "A retrospective study of 94 soft contact lens patients was performed to determine the relationship of a number of physiological and lens-fitting characteristics. Results yielded only medium to low relationships, the highest correlation being between age, Schirmer, and K readings. Persons with dry and excessively mucoid eyes were found to be older and to have flatter corneas and lower Schirmer results. Older patients also tended to have more acidic tears and a shorter tear film breakup time. The group was studied from three aspects: (1) as a whole to establish means, (2) the relationship of physiological conditions, and (3) the relationship to hydrogel lens surface coating.", "contents": "The relationship of age, keratometry, and miscellaneous physiological factors in hydrogel lens wear. A retrospective study of 94 soft contact lens patients was performed to determine the relationship of a number of physiological and lens-fitting characteristics. Results yielded only medium to low relationships, the highest correlation being between age, Schirmer, and K readings. Persons with dry and excessively mucoid eyes were found to be older and to have flatter corneas and lower Schirmer results. Older patients also tended to have more acidic tears and a shorter tear film breakup time. The group was studied from three aspects: (1) as a whole to establish means, (2) the relationship of physiological conditions, and (3) the relationship to hydrogel lens surface coating.", "PMID": 525668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2526", "title": "Water-provocative tests of selected patients.", "content": "Thirteen patients with suspected glaucoma were subjected to the water-provocative test for glaucoma. Intraocular pressures were measured over a 1-hr period, and characteristic rises were compared with those of four glaucomatous eyes (in two patients). Glaucoma was subsequently ruled out for the 13 patients. Criteria are suggested for confirming the presence of glaucoma.", "contents": "Water-provocative tests of selected patients. Thirteen patients with suspected glaucoma were subjected to the water-provocative test for glaucoma. Intraocular pressures were measured over a 1-hr period, and characteristic rises were compared with those of four glaucomatous eyes (in two patients). Glaucoma was subsequently ruled out for the 13 patients. Criteria are suggested for confirming the presence of glaucoma.", "PMID": 525669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2527", "title": "Lipid domains in biological membranes: their structural and functional perturbation by free fatty acids and the regulation of receptor mobility. Co-presidential address.", "content": "We have studied the interaction of free fatty acids (FFAs) with cell membranes and lipid bilayers by monitoring changes in the emission polarization of the fluorescent probes diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and anilino-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). We found that the FFAs readily intercalate into membranes and produce significant changes in the packing of the lipid molecules. The membrane alterations could be divided into two patterns: the cis-unsaturated FFAs (designated Group A) disorder the membranes' interior (as reported by DPH) and order the head group region (as reported by ANS); the trans-unsaturated or saturated FFAs (Group B) do not alter the bilayer interior but also order the head group region. Using solution theory, the shift in transition midpoint temperatures as a function of fatty acid type was used to infer that the Group A FFAs partition into fluid domains, while Group B FFAs partition preferentially into gel-like domains. These results are explained in terms of a domain model of membrane lipid structure. Low concentrations of Group A FFAs inhibit the capping of surface immunoglobulin (Ig), whereas no effect was seen with Group B FFAs. The capping inhibition caused by Group A FFAs was reversible with increasing doses of extracellular calcium. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery showed that the Group A FFAs do not inhibit receptor immobilization associated with patch formation but rather inhibit the final energy-dependent movement of the patched receptors into a cap. We have also shown that the Group A FFAs cause a shift in membrane-bound calcium to the lipid phase from probably protein calcium-binding sites. The data have generated a model of receptor mobility invoking a trans-membrane, calcium-binding, receptor-anchoring protein, linked to the cytoskeleton. Inhibition of capping by Group A FFAs is postulated to be due to perturbation of specific lipid domains associated with this protein, such perturbation leading to conformational changes in the protein, and consequent intramembraneous calcium sequestration in the lipid phase, rendering the calcium unavailable for activation of the cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Lipid domains in biological membranes: their structural and functional perturbation by free fatty acids and the regulation of receptor mobility. Co-presidential address. We have studied the interaction of free fatty acids (FFAs) with cell membranes and lipid bilayers by monitoring changes in the emission polarization of the fluorescent probes diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and anilino-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). We found that the FFAs readily intercalate into membranes and produce significant changes in the packing of the lipid molecules. The membrane alterations could be divided into two patterns: the cis-unsaturated FFAs (designated Group A) disorder the membranes' interior (as reported by DPH) and order the head group region (as reported by ANS); the trans-unsaturated or saturated FFAs (Group B) do not alter the bilayer interior but also order the head group region. Using solution theory, the shift in transition midpoint temperatures as a function of fatty acid type was used to infer that the Group A FFAs partition into fluid domains, while Group B FFAs partition preferentially into gel-like domains. These results are explained in terms of a domain model of membrane lipid structure. Low concentrations of Group A FFAs inhibit the capping of surface immunoglobulin (Ig), whereas no effect was seen with Group B FFAs. The capping inhibition caused by Group A FFAs was reversible with increasing doses of extracellular calcium. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery showed that the Group A FFAs do not inhibit receptor immobilization associated with patch formation but rather inhibit the final energy-dependent movement of the patched receptors into a cap. We have also shown that the Group A FFAs cause a shift in membrane-bound calcium to the lipid phase from probably protein calcium-binding sites. The data have generated a model of receptor mobility invoking a trans-membrane, calcium-binding, receptor-anchoring protein, linked to the cytoskeleton. Inhibition of capping by Group A FFAs is postulated to be due to perturbation of specific lipid domains associated with this protein, such perturbation leading to conformational changes in the protein, and consequent intramembraneous calcium sequestration in the lipid phase, rendering the calcium unavailable for activation of the cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 525671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2528", "title": "Cadmium necrosis in transplanted testicles as evidence for persistence of original vessels in the graft.", "content": "The testicles of newborn rats were transplanted subcutaneously to the external ears of mature male rats. Four and 8 weeks later the hosts received a subtoxic dose of cadmium chloride. Forty-eight hours thereafter focal, but evidently cadmium-induced necroses occurred in the grafts. As is the generally acknowledged, the tissue selectively sensitive to cadmium is the original endothelium of testicular vessels. Therefore the results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1) In the transplanted testicles the original vessels and their endothelium survive for at least 8 weeks. 2) Under the experimental conditions used here, the original vasculature of the graft joins with the vascular system of the host.", "contents": "Cadmium necrosis in transplanted testicles as evidence for persistence of original vessels in the graft. The testicles of newborn rats were transplanted subcutaneously to the external ears of mature male rats. Four and 8 weeks later the hosts received a subtoxic dose of cadmium chloride. Forty-eight hours thereafter focal, but evidently cadmium-induced necroses occurred in the grafts. As is the generally acknowledged, the tissue selectively sensitive to cadmium is the original endothelium of testicular vessels. Therefore the results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1) In the transplanted testicles the original vessels and their endothelium survive for at least 8 weeks. 2) Under the experimental conditions used here, the original vasculature of the graft joins with the vascular system of the host.", "PMID": 525672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2529", "title": "Light- and electron-microscopic evaluation of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2D3) was administered in doses of 1 (65 picomoles) or 5 (325 picomoles) units daily for 7 days to adult thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a normal rodent diet. Both dose levels significantly increased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphorus, and increased urinary calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Numbers of osteoblasts were significantly increased in rats given 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. Ultrastructurally, these osteoblasts were larger and interpreted to be more active in bone matrix synthesis and mineralization, compared with osteoblasts in control rats. The number of osteoblasts in rats given 1 unit 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not increased, compared with controls, but they were morphologically similar to the osteoblasts in rats given 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. A granular electron-dense material, interpreted to be mineral, was present in the pericellular space of osteocytes in rats given 1 and 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. The size of osteocytes, organellar development, and contour of osteocytic lacunae were not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3. The number of osteoclasts was not significantly elevated in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated rats and their morphology was similar to that of osteoclasts in controls. It is concluded that in metaphyseal bone 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased the number and synthetic activity of osteoblasts without significantly enhancing osteoclasis or osteocytic osteolysis. This response was independent of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in rats fed a normal diet.", "contents": "Light- and electron-microscopic evaluation of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2D3) was administered in doses of 1 (65 picomoles) or 5 (325 picomoles) units daily for 7 days to adult thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a normal rodent diet. Both dose levels significantly increased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphorus, and increased urinary calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Numbers of osteoblasts were significantly increased in rats given 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. Ultrastructurally, these osteoblasts were larger and interpreted to be more active in bone matrix synthesis and mineralization, compared with osteoblasts in control rats. The number of osteoblasts in rats given 1 unit 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not increased, compared with controls, but they were morphologically similar to the osteoblasts in rats given 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. A granular electron-dense material, interpreted to be mineral, was present in the pericellular space of osteocytes in rats given 1 and 5 units 1,25-(OH)2D3. The size of osteocytes, organellar development, and contour of osteocytic lacunae were not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3. The number of osteoclasts was not significantly elevated in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated rats and their morphology was similar to that of osteoclasts in controls. It is concluded that in metaphyseal bone 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased the number and synthetic activity of osteoblasts without significantly enhancing osteoclasis or osteocytic osteolysis. This response was independent of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in rats fed a normal diet.", "PMID": 525673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2530", "title": "The ultrastructure of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.", "content": "Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia was examined ultrastructurally by sequential sampling after inoculation with the etiologic agent, Citobacter freundii. Light-microscopic changes in the descending colon of inoculated mice were correlated with scanning and transmission electron-microsopic findings. Bacteria were attached to the surface of the mucosa between 4 and 10 days after inoculation. Hyperplasia was most severe at 16 days and thereafter underwent regression. Regression was preceded by extrusion of infected cells from the surface mucosa and replacement by immature hyperplasia epithelium. Hyperplastic epithelium throughtout the crypt resembled undifferentiated crypt cells of controls. By 45 days, the mucosa had reverted to near normal structure. The results suggest that severe mucosal proliferation with minimal inflammatory change resulted from attachment of bacteria to the surface mucosal epithelium. The hyperplastic response appeared to be a defense mechanism of replacing infected cells with newly migrated, uninfected epithelium.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia was examined ultrastructurally by sequential sampling after inoculation with the etiologic agent, Citobacter freundii. Light-microscopic changes in the descending colon of inoculated mice were correlated with scanning and transmission electron-microsopic findings. Bacteria were attached to the surface of the mucosa between 4 and 10 days after inoculation. Hyperplasia was most severe at 16 days and thereafter underwent regression. Regression was preceded by extrusion of infected cells from the surface mucosa and replacement by immature hyperplasia epithelium. Hyperplastic epithelium throughtout the crypt resembled undifferentiated crypt cells of controls. By 45 days, the mucosa had reverted to near normal structure. The results suggest that severe mucosal proliferation with minimal inflammatory change resulted from attachment of bacteria to the surface mucosal epithelium. The hyperplastic response appeared to be a defense mechanism of replacing infected cells with newly migrated, uninfected epithelium.", "PMID": 525674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2531", "title": "Comparative late effects of X-rays and negative pimesons on the mouse kidney.", "content": "A system is described for comparing various modalities and fractionation schedules of radiation by means of their long-term morphologic effects upon the mouse kidney. The comparison system utilizes a grading scale for histopathologic changes in which a given histologic grade depends upon meeting defined threshold criteria, rather than quantitation of a particular measurement. Renal tubular alterations served as the basis for comparison, since they appeared more reliably defined than glomerular changes. The radiation dose that induced a specific threshold effect in kidneys from 50% of the animals at 6 months was defined as the effective dose-50%, or ED50.ED50 was found for x-rays and negative pimesons administered in 1, 2, or 5 fractions. From these data, the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of negative pi-mesons with respect to x-rays was determined for each fractionation schedule.", "contents": "Comparative late effects of X-rays and negative pimesons on the mouse kidney. A system is described for comparing various modalities and fractionation schedules of radiation by means of their long-term morphologic effects upon the mouse kidney. The comparison system utilizes a grading scale for histopathologic changes in which a given histologic grade depends upon meeting defined threshold criteria, rather than quantitation of a particular measurement. Renal tubular alterations served as the basis for comparison, since they appeared more reliably defined than glomerular changes. The radiation dose that induced a specific threshold effect in kidneys from 50% of the animals at 6 months was defined as the effective dose-50%, or ED50.ED50 was found for x-rays and negative pimesons administered in 1, 2, or 5 fractions. From these data, the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of negative pi-mesons with respect to x-rays was determined for each fractionation schedule.", "PMID": 525675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2532", "title": "Kidney lesions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a light-, immunofluorescence-, and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The essential pathologic lesion in Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a vasculitis that may involve the kidneys as well as the heart, brain, skin, and subcutaneous tissues. Histopathologic information concerning the response of the kidneys in RMSF is rather limited, however. In this study renal tissue from 17 children who died of RMSF was examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. A lymphocytic or mixed inflammation, or both, involving vessels and interstitium of the kidney was found in all patients. In addition, 10 patients had histologic evidence of acute tubular necrosis, and another 3 had glomerular lesions consisting of focal segmental tuft necrosis or increased cellularity secondary to neutophilic infiltration, or both. Immunofluorescence- and electron-microscopic studies failed to demonstrate immune-complex deposition within glomeruli, a finding that suggests that immunoglobulin and classic immune complexes were not involved in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions at the time of death. These findings suggest the possibility that the pathogenesis of the renal lesion in RMSF may be due to a direct action of the organism (Rickettsia rickettsii) on the vessel wall.", "contents": "Kidney lesions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a light-, immunofluorescence-, and electron-microscopic study. The essential pathologic lesion in Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a vasculitis that may involve the kidneys as well as the heart, brain, skin, and subcutaneous tissues. Histopathologic information concerning the response of the kidneys in RMSF is rather limited, however. In this study renal tissue from 17 children who died of RMSF was examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. A lymphocytic or mixed inflammation, or both, involving vessels and interstitium of the kidney was found in all patients. In addition, 10 patients had histologic evidence of acute tubular necrosis, and another 3 had glomerular lesions consisting of focal segmental tuft necrosis or increased cellularity secondary to neutophilic infiltration, or both. Immunofluorescence- and electron-microscopic studies failed to demonstrate immune-complex deposition within glomeruli, a finding that suggests that immunoglobulin and classic immune complexes were not involved in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions at the time of death. These findings suggest the possibility that the pathogenesis of the renal lesion in RMSF may be due to a direct action of the organism (Rickettsia rickettsii) on the vessel wall.", "PMID": 525676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2533", "title": "Correlative studies on sarcolemmal ultrastructure, permeability, and loss of intracellular enzymes in the isolated heart perfused with calcium-free medium.", "content": "Effects of calcium-free perfusion and calcium-free perfusion followed by reperfusion with calcium on sarcolemmal structure, sarcolemmal permeability, and creatine phosphokinase loss were investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts. Release of creatine phosphokinase was significant (P less than 0.0002) after 4-5 minutes of perfusion with Ca++-free medium, but later releases in comparison to their immediately preceding periods became significant only after more than 20-minute perfusion. Poor correlation between enzyme loss and lanthanum permeability prior to 20 minutes of Ca++-free perfusion was noted. After 20 minutes of Ca++-free perfusion, the basal lamina was separated from the plasma membrane, and lanthanum was seen in the cytoplasm. The intramembranous particles began to aggregate at that time. The morphologic and enzymatic changes were dramatic following reperfusion of calcium-free perfused hearts. Morphologic changes in these hearts included separation of basal lamina, cellular separation at the intercalated disk, dissolution of actin filaments at the region of I band, contraction bands, cell swelling, and staining or filling of mitochondrial membranes with La+++. Increased sarcolemmal permeability was associated with tears and aggregation of intramembranous particles in the sarcolemmal lipid bilayers. These results suggest that reperfusion of Ca++-free perfused cells causes irreversible damage to the sarcolemmal lipid bilayer, and the degree of alterations induced in the cells is dependent upon the initial duration of Ca++-free perfusion.", "contents": "Correlative studies on sarcolemmal ultrastructure, permeability, and loss of intracellular enzymes in the isolated heart perfused with calcium-free medium. Effects of calcium-free perfusion and calcium-free perfusion followed by reperfusion with calcium on sarcolemmal structure, sarcolemmal permeability, and creatine phosphokinase loss were investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts. Release of creatine phosphokinase was significant (P less than 0.0002) after 4-5 minutes of perfusion with Ca++-free medium, but later releases in comparison to their immediately preceding periods became significant only after more than 20-minute perfusion. Poor correlation between enzyme loss and lanthanum permeability prior to 20 minutes of Ca++-free perfusion was noted. After 20 minutes of Ca++-free perfusion, the basal lamina was separated from the plasma membrane, and lanthanum was seen in the cytoplasm. The intramembranous particles began to aggregate at that time. The morphologic and enzymatic changes were dramatic following reperfusion of calcium-free perfused hearts. Morphologic changes in these hearts included separation of basal lamina, cellular separation at the intercalated disk, dissolution of actin filaments at the region of I band, contraction bands, cell swelling, and staining or filling of mitochondrial membranes with La+++. Increased sarcolemmal permeability was associated with tears and aggregation of intramembranous particles in the sarcolemmal lipid bilayers. These results suggest that reperfusion of Ca++-free perfused cells causes irreversible damage to the sarcolemmal lipid bilayer, and the degree of alterations induced in the cells is dependent upon the initial duration of Ca++-free perfusion.", "PMID": 525677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2534", "title": "Zona reticularis in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats: a quantitative ultrastructural study of 70- and 95-week-old animals.", "content": "The zona reticularis of 70- and 95-week-old female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was studied by quantitative stereologic techniques. The zona reticularis in the adrenal gland of 70-week-old SH rats was virtually identical to that of 70-week-old WKY rats. In both SH and WKY rats at 95 weeks of age, however, there was hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum reflected quantitatively in increased volume and surface area, as compared with that of WKY rats or SH rats at 70 weeks of age. Ninety-five-week-old WKY rats had a significantly greater mitochondrial volume/cell and surface area of mitochondrial membranes than SH rats. Inclusion of lipid droplets within mitochondria was seen in zona reticularis cells from SH and WKY rats at 70 weeks of age; mitochondria-lipid-droplet association was more frequent at 95 weeks of age. The volume of lipofuscin per cell was significantly greater in WKY than in SH rats at 95 weeks of age. Thus, by quantitative techniques, one can see that the zona reticularis of 95-week-old SH rats differs from that of WKY rats, principally in the presence of smaller cells with a smaller surface area of mitochondrial cristae and a reduced volume of mitochondria, lipofuscin, and lipid droplets.", "contents": "Zona reticularis in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats: a quantitative ultrastructural study of 70- and 95-week-old animals. The zona reticularis of 70- and 95-week-old female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was studied by quantitative stereologic techniques. The zona reticularis in the adrenal gland of 70-week-old SH rats was virtually identical to that of 70-week-old WKY rats. In both SH and WKY rats at 95 weeks of age, however, there was hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum reflected quantitatively in increased volume and surface area, as compared with that of WKY rats or SH rats at 70 weeks of age. Ninety-five-week-old WKY rats had a significantly greater mitochondrial volume/cell and surface area of mitochondrial membranes than SH rats. Inclusion of lipid droplets within mitochondria was seen in zona reticularis cells from SH and WKY rats at 70 weeks of age; mitochondria-lipid-droplet association was more frequent at 95 weeks of age. The volume of lipofuscin per cell was significantly greater in WKY than in SH rats at 95 weeks of age. Thus, by quantitative techniques, one can see that the zona reticularis of 95-week-old SH rats differs from that of WKY rats, principally in the presence of smaller cells with a smaller surface area of mitochondrial cristae and a reduced volume of mitochondria, lipofuscin, and lipid droplets.", "PMID": 525678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2535", "title": "Redistribution of body heat during anaesthesia. A comparison of halothane, fentanyl and epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "Epidural anaesthesia and high dose fentanyl (50 micrograms/kg) when used to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia for a standard lower abdominal operation were associated with a mean fall in deep body temperature, as measured in the external auditory meatus, of 0.46 degrees C and 0.6 degrees C/hr respectively. This is significantly different from the mean values of 0.14 degrees C and 0.2 degrees C/hr which were recorded when moderate dose fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg) or 0.5% halothane were used to supplement anaesthesia. When mean skin temperature is combined with the core temperature to provide an estimate for total body heat, there is no difference between the groups. Redistribution of body heat occurs and this may be related to reduced adrenergic stimulation and altered regional blood flow. Where the facilities and environments are inadequate for the maintenance of normothermia, care should be taken in the choice of anaesthetic technique. In the recovery period mean body heat gain showed a wide scatter of results but those patients receiving epidural anaesthesia were slow to rewarm despite a high incidence of shivering in this group. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Redistribution of body heat during anaesthesia. A comparison of halothane, fentanyl and epidural anaesthesia. Epidural anaesthesia and high dose fentanyl (50 micrograms/kg) when used to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia for a standard lower abdominal operation were associated with a mean fall in deep body temperature, as measured in the external auditory meatus, of 0.46 degrees C and 0.6 degrees C/hr respectively. This is significantly different from the mean values of 0.14 degrees C and 0.2 degrees C/hr which were recorded when moderate dose fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg) or 0.5% halothane were used to supplement anaesthesia. When mean skin temperature is combined with the core temperature to provide an estimate for total body heat, there is no difference between the groups. Redistribution of body heat occurs and this may be related to reduced adrenergic stimulation and altered regional blood flow. Where the facilities and environments are inadequate for the maintenance of normothermia, care should be taken in the choice of anaesthetic technique. In the recovery period mean body heat gain showed a wide scatter of results but those patients receiving epidural anaesthesia were slow to rewarm despite a high incidence of shivering in this group. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 525732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2536", "title": "Evaluation of the anti-emetic action of domperidone.", "content": "The findings of a study into the anti-emetic properties of domperidone are reported. When the drug was given prophylactically with either morphine or pethidine the study revealed that any anti-emetic property of domperidone was of short duration and that it would not be suitable as a prophylaxis against opiate-induced emesis. Domperidone is not being introduced into clinical practice in the United Kingdom on the basis of current study.", "contents": "Evaluation of the anti-emetic action of domperidone. The findings of a study into the anti-emetic properties of domperidone are reported. When the drug was given prophylactically with either morphine or pethidine the study revealed that any anti-emetic property of domperidone was of short duration and that it would not be suitable as a prophylaxis against opiate-induced emesis. Domperidone is not being introduced into clinical practice in the United Kingdom on the basis of current study.", "PMID": 525733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2537", "title": "Day case anaesthesia and memory.", "content": "Two simple anaesthetic techniques were administered to forty healthy women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery. There was a significantly shorter immediate recovery period following the use of a fentanyl and methohexitone technique. Memory function testing revealed an impairment of the ability to retain new information following anaesthesia. This returned to normal within 3 hr.", "contents": "Day case anaesthesia and memory. Two simple anaesthetic techniques were administered to forty healthy women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery. There was a significantly shorter immediate recovery period following the use of a fentanyl and methohexitone technique. Memory function testing revealed an impairment of the ability to retain new information following anaesthesia. This returned to normal within 3 hr.", "PMID": 525734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2538", "title": "Anaesthesia for carotid body tumour resection. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Anaesthetic management is described for the resection of a non-secreting carotid body tumour in a woman who had previously had a pneumonectomy. A brief review of the literature includes mention of some of the complications associated with the resection of carotid body tomours.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for carotid body tumour resection. A case report and review of the literature. Anaesthetic management is described for the resection of a non-secreting carotid body tumour in a woman who had previously had a pneumonectomy. A brief review of the literature includes mention of some of the complications associated with the resection of carotid body tomours.", "PMID": 525735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2539", "title": "Day care surgery under general anaesthesia in a purpose built unit.", "content": "A survey of 200 patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia in a purpose-built day case unit is described. The response rate was 80%. The results demonstrate a high incidence of minor post-operative morbidity, but, despite this, there was a very high degree of patient satisfaction with the service provided in the unit. Suggestions are made with regard to day care surgery under general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Day care surgery under general anaesthesia in a purpose built unit. A survey of 200 patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia in a purpose-built day case unit is described. The response rate was 80%. The results demonstrate a high incidence of minor post-operative morbidity, but, despite this, there was a very high degree of patient satisfaction with the service provided in the unit. Suggestions are made with regard to day care surgery under general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 525736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2540", "title": "The establishment of the Anaesthetic Department in Benghazi.", "content": "The author has worked in Benghazi for 2 1/2 years. He has contributed in the establishment of the deparment of anaesthesia of the University of Garyounis. The problems of establishing the Department of Anaesthesia in Benghazi are reported and their solution discussed. Some recommendations for the future progress of the specialty in Benghazi are also included.", "contents": "The establishment of the Anaesthetic Department in Benghazi. The author has worked in Benghazi for 2 1/2 years. He has contributed in the establishment of the deparment of anaesthesia of the University of Garyounis. The problems of establishing the Department of Anaesthesia in Benghazi are reported and their solution discussed. Some recommendations for the future progress of the specialty in Benghazi are also included.", "PMID": 525737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2541", "title": "[Regurgitation and aspiration of gastric juice during delivery. Aetiology, prophylaxis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is concerned with the aetiology, prophylaxis and treatment of the Mendelson-syndrome. It serves as a quick reference to anaesthesists and obstetricians who are faced with this problem and therefore helps them to decrease the maternal mortality resulting from regurgitation and aspiration of gastric juice.", "contents": "[Regurgitation and aspiration of gastric juice during delivery. Aetiology, prophylaxis and treatment (author's transl)]. This paper is concerned with the aetiology, prophylaxis and treatment of the Mendelson-syndrome. It serves as a quick reference to anaesthesists and obstetricians who are faced with this problem and therefore helps them to decrease the maternal mortality resulting from regurgitation and aspiration of gastric juice.", "PMID": 525741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2542", "title": "[Clinical and experimental investigations concerning to positoning of head injured patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of ICP and CVP during different elevated positionings of the upper part of the body, rotation of the head, and compression of the jugular veins were investigated in 21 patients. Upward positioning leads to ICP-decrease and slight increase of CVP, whereas head rotation and jugular vein compression lead to increased ICP, the CVP remaining almost constant. The pressure changes in the model are equivalent to those in the patients. Therefore it can be assumed that the ICP changes according to positioning are mainly physical phenomena. The conclusion in clinical use: Slight upward positioning with straight head position is optimal in head injured patients.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental investigations concerning to positoning of head injured patients (author's transl)]. Changes of ICP and CVP during different elevated positionings of the upper part of the body, rotation of the head, and compression of the jugular veins were investigated in 21 patients. Upward positioning leads to ICP-decrease and slight increase of CVP, whereas head rotation and jugular vein compression lead to increased ICP, the CVP remaining almost constant. The pressure changes in the model are equivalent to those in the patients. Therefore it can be assumed that the ICP changes according to positioning are mainly physical phenomena. The conclusion in clinical use: Slight upward positioning with straight head position is optimal in head injured patients.", "PMID": 525742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2543", "title": "[The effects of halothane-, nitroprusside- and trimethaphan-induced hypotension on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial hypotension to about 50 mm Hg mean pressure was induced in anaesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs by halothane, nitroprusside, and trimethaphan to study their effects on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure during hypotension. During nitroprusside induced hypotension there was a 32% increase in cerebral blood flow above control and a marked decrease in cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference indicating luxury perfusion of the brain. Cerebral blood flow remained high even 30 min after termination of hypotension. During halothane and trimethaphan hypotension cerebral blood flow remained unchanged. In all groups epidural pressure did not change substantially during hypotension but increased during recovery from nitroprusside hypotension by a maximum of 72% above control. It is concluded that during and after nitroprusside hypotension loss of cerebral autoregulation occurs which may result in a marked rise in intracranial pressure. Special vulnerability seems to exist shortly after termination of induced hypotension when arterial pressure begins to rise and brain perfusion follows a pressure-flow relationship.", "contents": "[The effects of halothane-, nitroprusside- and trimethaphan-induced hypotension on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (author's transl)]. Arterial hypotension to about 50 mm Hg mean pressure was induced in anaesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs by halothane, nitroprusside, and trimethaphan to study their effects on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure during hypotension. During nitroprusside induced hypotension there was a 32% increase in cerebral blood flow above control and a marked decrease in cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference indicating luxury perfusion of the brain. Cerebral blood flow remained high even 30 min after termination of hypotension. During halothane and trimethaphan hypotension cerebral blood flow remained unchanged. In all groups epidural pressure did not change substantially during hypotension but increased during recovery from nitroprusside hypotension by a maximum of 72% above control. It is concluded that during and after nitroprusside hypotension loss of cerebral autoregulation occurs which may result in a marked rise in intracranial pressure. Special vulnerability seems to exist shortly after termination of induced hypotension when arterial pressure begins to rise and brain perfusion follows a pressure-flow relationship.", "PMID": 525743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2544", "title": "[Material changes of plastic syringes (author's transl)].", "content": "During storage of syringes changes can develop in the material possibly depending on surrounding conditions. This can lead to precipitation of oleic acid amide into the lumen of the syringe. This material floats in corpuscular form on the injection fluid.", "contents": "[Material changes of plastic syringes (author's transl)]. During storage of syringes changes can develop in the material possibly depending on surrounding conditions. This can lead to precipitation of oleic acid amide into the lumen of the syringe. This material floats in corpuscular form on the injection fluid.", "PMID": 525744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2545", "title": "[Practical aspects of training in spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The current \"renaissance\" in regional anaesthesia finds many institutions poorly prepared. Since the various methods of conduction anaesthesia can not adequately be acquired from journals or lectures alone, the main responsibility for the dissemination of the necessary technical skills rests with the training programs. The standard of care available to our patients depends upon the quality of the residency training and the practically oriented postgraduate courses, which we are able to provide. Unfortunately, teaching methodology, especially in the area of conduction anaesthesia, has sofar not attracted much attention. Initial sporadic investigations [1, 2, 3] have shown, that even in centers with a long tradition of training residents in spinal anaesthesia the results largely fall short of reasonable expectations. Systematic work in this area appears urgently needed. Teaching methods used within the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Alabama are briefly outlined.", "contents": "[Practical aspects of training in spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The current \"renaissance\" in regional anaesthesia finds many institutions poorly prepared. Since the various methods of conduction anaesthesia can not adequately be acquired from journals or lectures alone, the main responsibility for the dissemination of the necessary technical skills rests with the training programs. The standard of care available to our patients depends upon the quality of the residency training and the practically oriented postgraduate courses, which we are able to provide. Unfortunately, teaching methodology, especially in the area of conduction anaesthesia, has sofar not attracted much attention. Initial sporadic investigations [1, 2, 3] have shown, that even in centers with a long tradition of training residents in spinal anaesthesia the results largely fall short of reasonable expectations. Systematic work in this area appears urgently needed. Teaching methods used within the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Alabama are briefly outlined.", "PMID": 525745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2546", "title": "[Postspinal headache -- a clinical problem (author's transl)].", "content": "A prospective study was made in 255 patients following spinal anaesthesia to detect the incidence of post operative headache, reference also being made to the size of needle used for lumbar puncture. There was a difference in the frequency of headache related to the size of needle used (9.7% with 22 gauge needle as against 6.7% with 25 gauge needle). Also the value of prophylaxis of headache by means of an epidural blood patch was shown (1.3%). Age also played a role, the older the patient, the less the risk of headache. The social class of the patient played no role at all.", "contents": "[Postspinal headache -- a clinical problem (author's transl)]. A prospective study was made in 255 patients following spinal anaesthesia to detect the incidence of post operative headache, reference also being made to the size of needle used for lumbar puncture. There was a difference in the frequency of headache related to the size of needle used (9.7% with 22 gauge needle as against 6.7% with 25 gauge needle). Also the value of prophylaxis of headache by means of an epidural blood patch was shown (1.3%). Age also played a role, the older the patient, the less the risk of headache. The social class of the patient played no role at all.", "PMID": 525746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2547", "title": "[Density of cerebrospinal fluid and local anesthetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The densities of cerebrospinal fluid and of local anesthetics, applicable to isobaric spinal anesthesia, were determined by using the Digital Density Meter DMA 02. The density of CSF showed little variation and at 37 degrees C was 1.00021 +/- 0.00024 g/cm3 (mean +/- SD, n = 22). The density of the local anesthetics bupivacaine 0.5%, carticaine 2%, lidocaine 2%, mepivacaine 2% and prilocaine 2% varied at 25 degrees C between 1.001 and 1.005 g/cm3, at 37 degrees C between 0.997 and 1.001 g/cm3. Tetracaine 0.5% in CBF increased its density by 0.00046 g/cm3. The addition of the vasoconstrictors adrenaline and ornipressine (POR 8) increased the density of the local anesthetic solutions insignificantly. On the basis of the narrow range of variation of CSF density, reliable statements may be made on the density dependent spread of local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia.", "contents": "[Density of cerebrospinal fluid and local anesthetics (author's transl)]. The densities of cerebrospinal fluid and of local anesthetics, applicable to isobaric spinal anesthesia, were determined by using the Digital Density Meter DMA 02. The density of CSF showed little variation and at 37 degrees C was 1.00021 +/- 0.00024 g/cm3 (mean +/- SD, n = 22). The density of the local anesthetics bupivacaine 0.5%, carticaine 2%, lidocaine 2%, mepivacaine 2% and prilocaine 2% varied at 25 degrees C between 1.001 and 1.005 g/cm3, at 37 degrees C between 0.997 and 1.001 g/cm3. Tetracaine 0.5% in CBF increased its density by 0.00046 g/cm3. The addition of the vasoconstrictors adrenaline and ornipressine (POR 8) increased the density of the local anesthetic solutions insignificantly. On the basis of the narrow range of variation of CSF density, reliable statements may be made on the density dependent spread of local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia.", "PMID": 525747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2548", "title": "[A comparative study on the effect of halothan-N2O-anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia on plasma catecholamines during the intra- and postoperative period (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of neuroleptanalgesia and halothane-N2O-anaesthesia on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was studied continuously in the intra- and postoperative period in 2 groups of 10 patients undergoing abdominal operations. In the neuroleptanalgesia-group the noradrenaline level in plasma rose continuously during the course of the operation and this increase was highly significant. The adrenaline level in plasma increased as well, however this increase did not depend on the duration of the operation. In the halothane-N2O-group only a small increase of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma could be demonstrated intraoperatively. One hour after the end of the operation the plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were elevated in both groups. The noradrenaline level was even higher after neuroleptanalgesia. Four hours after the end of surgery the levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline started to decrease, but were still above the preanaesthetic level. The increase of the concentration of catecholamines in plasma indicating an activation of the sympathetic nervous system was not associated with a corresponding increase in heart rate and blood pressure intra- as well as postoperatively in either group. Only in the neuroleptanalgesia-group was there a small, but insignificant increase of the systolic and diastolic pressure postoperatively.", "contents": "[A comparative study on the effect of halothan-N2O-anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia on plasma catecholamines during the intra- and postoperative period (author's transl)]. The influence of neuroleptanalgesia and halothane-N2O-anaesthesia on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was studied continuously in the intra- and postoperative period in 2 groups of 10 patients undergoing abdominal operations. In the neuroleptanalgesia-group the noradrenaline level in plasma rose continuously during the course of the operation and this increase was highly significant. The adrenaline level in plasma increased as well, however this increase did not depend on the duration of the operation. In the halothane-N2O-group only a small increase of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma could be demonstrated intraoperatively. One hour after the end of the operation the plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were elevated in both groups. The noradrenaline level was even higher after neuroleptanalgesia. Four hours after the end of surgery the levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline started to decrease, but were still above the preanaesthetic level. The increase of the concentration of catecholamines in plasma indicating an activation of the sympathetic nervous system was not associated with a corresponding increase in heart rate and blood pressure intra- as well as postoperatively in either group. Only in the neuroleptanalgesia-group was there a small, but insignificant increase of the systolic and diastolic pressure postoperatively.", "PMID": 525750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2549", "title": "Use of encephabol in anaesthesia and post-anaesthesia resuscitation.", "content": "On the basis of good results in a pilot study of 40 patients who had undergone anaesthesia for various surgical operations, infusions of pyritinol was tested under controlled double-blind conditions on 60 further patients. Pyritinol 600 mg was infused immediately after anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to verify the favourable effect on the post-anaesthesia phase. It was shown that pyritinol significantly shortens the wakening time and, furthermore, positively influences the subjective feeling of the patients after anaesthesia.", "contents": "Use of encephabol in anaesthesia and post-anaesthesia resuscitation. On the basis of good results in a pilot study of 40 patients who had undergone anaesthesia for various surgical operations, infusions of pyritinol was tested under controlled double-blind conditions on 60 further patients. Pyritinol 600 mg was infused immediately after anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to verify the favourable effect on the post-anaesthesia phase. It was shown that pyritinol significantly shortens the wakening time and, furthermore, positively influences the subjective feeling of the patients after anaesthesia.", "PMID": 525751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2550", "title": "[The alveolar-arterial oxygen quotient. standard norms, clinical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "From the practical standpoint of view the A-aDO2 proved to be a good parameter for evaluation of global gas exchange. The endexspiratory oxygen pressure, recorded by mass spectrometry, is set equal to the alveolar oxygen pressure. Therefore it is possible for clinical use to have an on line monitoring of PETO2--PaO2. It is necessary to specify the pressure difference in dependence of the inspiratory oxygen pressure since the alveolo-arterial oxygen pressure difference increases with increasing inspiratory oxygen pressure concentration. For practical clinical purposes we come out with the relative ratio of the difference adjusted to the alveolar oxygen pressure. The alveolar-arterial oxygen quotient also called \"quotient\": formula: (see text) has proved to be a clinical suitable figure. For this quotient are no standard norms reported in the literature. This study was set up to evaluate the quotient in 9 healthy volunteers. The standard norms, found in our study, can basically used for practical clinical purposes. This quotient is demonstrated to be practicable in intensive care medicine (obstructive pulmonary disease, acute pulmonary failure, positive pressure ventilation).", "contents": "[The alveolar-arterial oxygen quotient. standard norms, clinical findings (author's transl)]. From the practical standpoint of view the A-aDO2 proved to be a good parameter for evaluation of global gas exchange. The endexspiratory oxygen pressure, recorded by mass spectrometry, is set equal to the alveolar oxygen pressure. Therefore it is possible for clinical use to have an on line monitoring of PETO2--PaO2. It is necessary to specify the pressure difference in dependence of the inspiratory oxygen pressure since the alveolo-arterial oxygen pressure difference increases with increasing inspiratory oxygen pressure concentration. For practical clinical purposes we come out with the relative ratio of the difference adjusted to the alveolar oxygen pressure. The alveolar-arterial oxygen quotient also called \"quotient\": formula: (see text) has proved to be a clinical suitable figure. For this quotient are no standard norms reported in the literature. This study was set up to evaluate the quotient in 9 healthy volunteers. The standard norms, found in our study, can basically used for practical clinical purposes. This quotient is demonstrated to be practicable in intensive care medicine (obstructive pulmonary disease, acute pulmonary failure, positive pressure ventilation).", "PMID": 525752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2551", "title": "[External heart compression with the heel (author's transl)].", "content": "External heart compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an usual method. As an alternative to the arm-hand method the leg-heel method is proposed. Both methods were tested with a group of laymen and paramedical personnel at the Recording Resusci-Anne manequin. Criteria of evaluation were frequency, point, intensity and direction of heart pressure. 64 per cent of all test persons found the method of heel-compression to be of no value of the basis of personal experience. They showed early fatigue and complained of leg pain. The incidence of failure for both methods was comparable. Frequency and intensity of pressure showed no differences. The most important disadvantage appeared to be the lack of discharge of the sternum at the end of the phase of compression. Experience has shown that difficulties may arise from teaching several methods. Therefore the teaching of laymen should be restricted to one method only, usable universally. The restrictions of the leg-heel method are listed.", "contents": "[External heart compression with the heel (author's transl)]. External heart compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an usual method. As an alternative to the arm-hand method the leg-heel method is proposed. Both methods were tested with a group of laymen and paramedical personnel at the Recording Resusci-Anne manequin. Criteria of evaluation were frequency, point, intensity and direction of heart pressure. 64 per cent of all test persons found the method of heel-compression to be of no value of the basis of personal experience. They showed early fatigue and complained of leg pain. The incidence of failure for both methods was comparable. Frequency and intensity of pressure showed no differences. The most important disadvantage appeared to be the lack of discharge of the sternum at the end of the phase of compression. Experience has shown that difficulties may arise from teaching several methods. Therefore the teaching of laymen should be restricted to one method only, usable universally. The restrictions of the leg-heel method are listed.", "PMID": 525753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2552", "title": "[Direct measurement of blood pressure and pulse frequency by the blood pressure pulse monitor \"Benjamin\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A portable, battery powered blood pressure-pulse monitor is described. This device is suitable for direct monitoring of blood pressure and pulse frequency during operation, in the postoperative period as during inner clinical transport or aviation transport.", "contents": "[Direct measurement of blood pressure and pulse frequency by the blood pressure pulse monitor \"Benjamin\" (author's transl)]. A portable, battery powered blood pressure-pulse monitor is described. This device is suitable for direct monitoring of blood pressure and pulse frequency during operation, in the postoperative period as during inner clinical transport or aviation transport.", "PMID": 525754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2553", "title": "Intensive care data--I: Computer controlled analysis.", "content": "A flexible, simple computer-controlled system for analysis of administrative and clinical data in intensive care is described. The system uses an interactive data input programme to facilitate data entry, an editor to correct errors, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for data selection, retrieval and analysis. The system has the following features: data input is simple; large amounts of data can be handled rapidly and accurately; old data is readily available for comparison with new data and can be included in the present analysis; available statistical packages remove the need for a programmer; complex analyses are possible. The system has been successfully used for two years to provide administrative and clinical data which is pertinent to patient care.", "contents": "Intensive care data--I: Computer controlled analysis. A flexible, simple computer-controlled system for analysis of administrative and clinical data in intensive care is described. The system uses an interactive data input programme to facilitate data entry, an editor to correct errors, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for data selection, retrieval and analysis. The system has the following features: data input is simple; large amounts of data can be handled rapidly and accurately; old data is readily available for comparison with new data and can be included in the present analysis; available statistical packages remove the need for a programmer; complex analyses are possible. The system has been successfully used for two years to provide administrative and clinical data which is pertinent to patient care.", "PMID": 525755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2554", "title": "Intensive care data--II: A new unit's first two years.", "content": "Intensive care units now exist in a large number of hospitals. They vary from one another in many respects, but have one thing in common--high running costs. There are few published reports in recent years of the workload, results and effectiveness of intensive care units. This paper presents data obtained from a new unit in 1977 and 1978, using a computer-controlled system of data storage and analysis. This has provided useful information of an administrative and clinical nature, and has enabled us to compare data from year to year, as well as allowing comparisons with data from other units. The potential exists for such a system to be useful in evaluating criteria for admission and termination of care, and for cost-effectiveness studies.", "contents": "Intensive care data--II: A new unit's first two years. Intensive care units now exist in a large number of hospitals. They vary from one another in many respects, but have one thing in common--high running costs. There are few published reports in recent years of the workload, results and effectiveness of intensive care units. This paper presents data obtained from a new unit in 1977 and 1978, using a computer-controlled system of data storage and analysis. This has provided useful information of an administrative and clinical nature, and has enabled us to compare data from year to year, as well as allowing comparisons with data from other units. The potential exists for such a system to be useful in evaluating criteria for admission and termination of care, and for cost-effectiveness studies.", "PMID": 525756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2555", "title": "Snake bite in Australia--the problems involved and a protocol for hospital management.", "content": "Despite a great deal of original research into Australian snakes and their complex venoms, there is still confusion about the correct first-aid and hospital management of the bitten patient. This review illustrates the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment and presents a well tried protocol for the successful management of snake bite.", "contents": "Snake bite in Australia--the problems involved and a protocol for hospital management. Despite a great deal of original research into Australian snakes and their complex venoms, there is still confusion about the correct first-aid and hospital management of the bitten patient. This review illustrates the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment and presents a well tried protocol for the successful management of snake bite.", "PMID": 525757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2556", "title": "The incidence and aetiology of phrenic nerve blockade associated with supraclavicular brachial plexus block.", "content": "A trial to ascertain the true incidence of inadvertent phrenic nerve block with brachial plexus block via the supraclavicular approach was carried out. Phrenic nerve block was monitored by x-ray screening of the diaphragm. There was an incidence of phrenic nerve block of 67% (10 cases of diaphragmatic paralysis in 15 brachial blocks). The possible causes of phrenic nerve block with brachial block are discussed. It is concluded that the phrenic nerve is blocked peripherally in front of the scalenus anterior.", "contents": "The incidence and aetiology of phrenic nerve blockade associated with supraclavicular brachial plexus block. A trial to ascertain the true incidence of inadvertent phrenic nerve block with brachial plexus block via the supraclavicular approach was carried out. Phrenic nerve block was monitored by x-ray screening of the diaphragm. There was an incidence of phrenic nerve block of 67% (10 cases of diaphragmatic paralysis in 15 brachial blocks). The possible causes of phrenic nerve block with brachial block are discussed. It is concluded that the phrenic nerve is blocked peripherally in front of the scalenus anterior.", "PMID": 525758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2557", "title": "Assessment of sympathectomy--the skin potential response.", "content": "Objective assessment of the results of surgical sympathectomy and sympathetic block (both temporary and permanent) are not widely practised. This article comments briefly on the available methods, and describes the use of the abolition of the skin potential response (formerly known as the psychogalvanic reflex) to assess the abolition of sympathetic function. This method of assessment has proved useful in clinical practice.", "contents": "Assessment of sympathectomy--the skin potential response. Objective assessment of the results of surgical sympathectomy and sympathetic block (both temporary and permanent) are not widely practised. This article comments briefly on the available methods, and describes the use of the abolition of the skin potential response (formerly known as the psychogalvanic reflex) to assess the abolition of sympathetic function. This method of assessment has proved useful in clinical practice.", "PMID": 525760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2558", "title": "Banked autologous blood for caesarian section.", "content": "Experience with the use of banked autologous blood in five patients undergoing elective caesarian section showed that two patients developed painless uterine contractions during phlebotomy, and a third delivered an infant who developed severe respiratory distress. The other two patients had no complications and delivered healthy infants. Caution is needed before recommending the use of this technique in obstetric practice.", "contents": "Banked autologous blood for caesarian section. Experience with the use of banked autologous blood in five patients undergoing elective caesarian section showed that two patients developed painless uterine contractions during phlebotomy, and a third delivered an infant who developed severe respiratory distress. The other two patients had no complications and delivered healthy infants. Caution is needed before recommending the use of this technique in obstetric practice.", "PMID": 525761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2559", "title": "Outpatient anaesthesia for dilatation and curettage.", "content": "An anaesthetic technique (caudal blockade with chloroprocaine and intravenous propanidid) for patients having dilatation and curettage of the uterus as outpatients is presented, and a prospective series of patients reviewed. Results show a high level of patient satisfaction with the technique and a low incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Outpatient anaesthesia for dilatation and curettage. An anaesthetic technique (caudal blockade with chloroprocaine and intravenous propanidid) for patients having dilatation and curettage of the uterus as outpatients is presented, and a prospective series of patients reviewed. Results show a high level of patient satisfaction with the technique and a low incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 525762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2560", "title": "Epidural analgesia with morphine a preliminary communcation.", "content": "Morphine sulphate 2 to 4 mg was given by epidural injection for analgesia in eleven patients whose pain was ischaemic, traumatic or post-operative. Excellent analgesia was obtained in ten of the eleven patients without significant side effects. This technique appears to offer relief in post-operative and other types of severe pain and has been continued for up to five days.", "contents": "Epidural analgesia with morphine a preliminary communcation. Morphine sulphate 2 to 4 mg was given by epidural injection for analgesia in eleven patients whose pain was ischaemic, traumatic or post-operative. Excellent analgesia was obtained in ten of the eleven patients without significant side effects. This technique appears to offer relief in post-operative and other types of severe pain and has been continued for up to five days.", "PMID": 525763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2561", "title": "Department staffing in anaesthesia.", "content": "A survey about staffing of departments of anaesthesia in teaching hospitals, and about the duties of their anaesthetists, showed similar results to a preliminary survey (Baker 1978) which suggested that two-thirds of Australasian departments were understaffed by senior specialists. The survey also showed a high ratio of one, of trainees to senior specialists, which will soon oversupply specialists in practice if allowed to continue.", "contents": "Department staffing in anaesthesia. A survey about staffing of departments of anaesthesia in teaching hospitals, and about the duties of their anaesthetists, showed similar results to a preliminary survey (Baker 1978) which suggested that two-thirds of Australasian departments were understaffed by senior specialists. The survey also showed a high ratio of one, of trainees to senior specialists, which will soon oversupply specialists in practice if allowed to continue.", "PMID": 525764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2562", "title": "Volume replacement in acute anaphylactoid reactions.", "content": "Two patients who experienced cardiovascular collapse due to anaphylactoid reactions are described. The first patient showed haemoconcentration which was rapidly restored with colloid solutions and vasoconstrictors. The second patient showed haemoconcentration in spite of massive infusion of crystalloid and repeated adrenaline; her circulatory status was restored with colloid solution. In acute anaphylactoid reactions both sympathomimetics and colloid solutions are necessary to restore circulation.", "contents": "Volume replacement in acute anaphylactoid reactions. Two patients who experienced cardiovascular collapse due to anaphylactoid reactions are described. The first patient showed haemoconcentration which was rapidly restored with colloid solutions and vasoconstrictors. The second patient showed haemoconcentration in spite of massive infusion of crystalloid and repeated adrenaline; her circulatory status was restored with colloid solution. In acute anaphylactoid reactions both sympathomimetics and colloid solutions are necessary to restore circulation.", "PMID": 525765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2563", "title": "Pseudomonas infection and the anaesthetist.", "content": "Cultures of specimens taken from anaesthetic equipment after routine cleaning and chemical decontamination revealed contamination with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Attention is drawn to the widely practised but unsatisfactory methods of decontaminating equipment. Consideration of the subject of decontamination of anaesthetic equipment led to the re-evaluation of our current practice, with surprising results. At the end of our brief look, we had changed our methods of decontamination dramatically and heightened awareness of a large section of theatre staff with regard to aseptic technique. We had also found a possible method of eliminating Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from the sinks in the operating theatre. Recommendations as to future practice are included.", "contents": "Pseudomonas infection and the anaesthetist. Cultures of specimens taken from anaesthetic equipment after routine cleaning and chemical decontamination revealed contamination with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Attention is drawn to the widely practised but unsatisfactory methods of decontaminating equipment. Consideration of the subject of decontamination of anaesthetic equipment led to the re-evaluation of our current practice, with surprising results. At the end of our brief look, we had changed our methods of decontamination dramatically and heightened awareness of a large section of theatre staff with regard to aseptic technique. We had also found a possible method of eliminating Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from the sinks in the operating theatre. Recommendations as to future practice are included.", "PMID": 525766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2564", "title": "An introducer to facilitate nasotracheal intubation.", "content": "An introducer to facilitate nasotracheal intubation is described. The instrument is passed orally and a distal hook engages in the Murphy foramen of a P.V.C. nasal tube to direct it atraumatically into the trachea.", "contents": "An introducer to facilitate nasotracheal intubation. An introducer to facilitate nasotracheal intubation is described. The instrument is passed orally and a distal hook engages in the Murphy foramen of a P.V.C. nasal tube to direct it atraumatically into the trachea.", "PMID": 525767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2565", "title": "The morphology of M. palatoglossus in the 15-week human fetus.", "content": "The morphology of M. palatoglossus in the 15-week fetus was studied with the aid of 30-micron serial sections. The sample included 26 specimens, 9 each of which were sectioned in the coronal and sagittal planes and 8 which were sectioned transversely. M. Palatoglossus extends within the anterior pillar to attachments in both the soft palate and the tongue. Characteristically, the muscle fibers radiate within the velum, not only along its antero-posterior axis but superiorly as well, to intersect other palatal structures. Within the root of the tongue, some fibers of M. palatoglossus combine in a longitudinal muscular complex to course anteriorly toward the tip, others appear to join the transverse muscular system. These data are compared with the literature describing the morphology of this musculature in the adult.", "contents": "The morphology of M. palatoglossus in the 15-week human fetus. The morphology of M. palatoglossus in the 15-week fetus was studied with the aid of 30-micron serial sections. The sample included 26 specimens, 9 each of which were sectioned in the coronal and sagittal planes and 8 which were sectioned transversely. M. Palatoglossus extends within the anterior pillar to attachments in both the soft palate and the tongue. Characteristically, the muscle fibers radiate within the velum, not only along its antero-posterior axis but superiorly as well, to intersect other palatal structures. Within the root of the tongue, some fibers of M. palatoglossus combine in a longitudinal muscular complex to course anteriorly toward the tip, others appear to join the transverse muscular system. These data are compared with the literature describing the morphology of this musculature in the adult.", "PMID": 525809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2566", "title": "Experimental study of lymphatico-venous communications after thoracic duct ligature in dogs.", "content": "The authors performed the ligature and transection of the thoracic duct in 36 dogs, 14 male and 22 female in order to investigate the existence of lymphatico-venous communications between the thoracic duct and veins situated in thorax, especially visceral veins. The animals were divided in 6 groups (5 experimental and 1 control), and were studied 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the ligature. The existence of lymphatico-venous communications was observed in 18 cases (60%): 34.1% in esophageal veins; 34.1% in intercostal veins; 22.7% in azygous vein and 9.1% in the proper vein of the longus colli. The communications between the duct and the intercostal veins were more frequent in the veins from the left antimere; as for the azygous, the communications were more frequent in the segment between the 6th and 7th intercostal veins. No communications were observed in the control animals.", "contents": "Experimental study of lymphatico-venous communications after thoracic duct ligature in dogs. The authors performed the ligature and transection of the thoracic duct in 36 dogs, 14 male and 22 female in order to investigate the existence of lymphatico-venous communications between the thoracic duct and veins situated in thorax, especially visceral veins. The animals were divided in 6 groups (5 experimental and 1 control), and were studied 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the ligature. The existence of lymphatico-venous communications was observed in 18 cases (60%): 34.1% in esophageal veins; 34.1% in intercostal veins; 22.7% in azygous vein and 9.1% in the proper vein of the longus colli. The communications between the duct and the intercostal veins were more frequent in the veins from the left antimere; as for the azygous, the communications were more frequent in the segment between the 6th and 7th intercostal veins. No communications were observed in the control animals.", "PMID": 525810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2567", "title": "Collateral lymphatic circulation after thoracic duct ligature in dogs.", "content": "The authors studied the development of collateral circulation between the thoracic duct and the azygous vein system, in 30 adult dogs, after thoracic duct ligature. They verified the existence of lymphatico-venous communications in 18 events (60%); in 10 of these cases and in the rest (40%) alterations related to the duct's morphology were found; these alterations are not usually evident or inexist in animals not submitted to duct ligature.", "contents": "Collateral lymphatic circulation after thoracic duct ligature in dogs. The authors studied the development of collateral circulation between the thoracic duct and the azygous vein system, in 30 adult dogs, after thoracic duct ligature. They verified the existence of lymphatico-venous communications in 18 events (60%); in 10 of these cases and in the rest (40%) alterations related to the duct's morphology were found; these alterations are not usually evident or inexist in animals not submitted to duct ligature.", "PMID": 525811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2568", "title": "[Distribution of the vagus nerve of the stomach and certain lymph nodes of the sheep in the prenatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The goal of this study was the investigation into the vagus nerve structure in the ruminant stomach, and a description of the participation of this nerve in the stimulation of the atrial lymph nodes of the rumen and dorsal abomasal lymph nodes. This survey was carried out on 30 sheep fetuses, whose ages are designated according to Zietzschmann and Kr\u00f6lling (1955). The fetuses came from the third to fifth months of pregnancy. Observations and general morphological nature may be summarized as follows: 1. to the wall of the rumen reach atrial branches coming from both vagus trunks plus a dorsal ruminal branch, and a right ruminal branch coming from the dorsal vagus trunk, 2. the reticulum receives reticular branches, coming from both vagal trunks, 3. the omasum is innervated by omasal branches of the dorsal vagus trunk plus an omasoabomasal branch coming from the ventral vagus trunk, 4. to the wall of the abomasum reach the reticulo-abomasal and pyloric branches coming from the ventral vagus trunk plus a branch to the major abomasal curvature and a visceral abomasal branch coming from the dorsal vagus trunk, 5. arterial lymph nodes of the rumen receive innervation from the reticulo-abomasal branch or the pyloric branch, both leaving from the ventral vagus trunk, 6. dorsal abdominal lymph nodes innervated by nerve branches coming from a parietal abomasal branch, coming also from the ventral vagus trunk.", "contents": "[Distribution of the vagus nerve of the stomach and certain lymph nodes of the sheep in the prenatal period (author's transl)]. The goal of this study was the investigation into the vagus nerve structure in the ruminant stomach, and a description of the participation of this nerve in the stimulation of the atrial lymph nodes of the rumen and dorsal abomasal lymph nodes. This survey was carried out on 30 sheep fetuses, whose ages are designated according to Zietzschmann and Kr\u00f6lling (1955). The fetuses came from the third to fifth months of pregnancy. Observations and general morphological nature may be summarized as follows: 1. to the wall of the rumen reach atrial branches coming from both vagus trunks plus a dorsal ruminal branch, and a right ruminal branch coming from the dorsal vagus trunk, 2. the reticulum receives reticular branches, coming from both vagal trunks, 3. the omasum is innervated by omasal branches of the dorsal vagus trunk plus an omasoabomasal branch coming from the ventral vagus trunk, 4. to the wall of the abomasum reach the reticulo-abomasal and pyloric branches coming from the ventral vagus trunk plus a branch to the major abomasal curvature and a visceral abomasal branch coming from the dorsal vagus trunk, 5. arterial lymph nodes of the rumen receive innervation from the reticulo-abomasal branch or the pyloric branch, both leaving from the ventral vagus trunk, 6. dorsal abdominal lymph nodes innervated by nerve branches coming from a parietal abomasal branch, coming also from the ventral vagus trunk.", "PMID": 525812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2569", "title": "Angioarchitecture of the buffalo testis.", "content": "The intratesticular arteries pursued a coiled course and arborized in the testicular parenchyma. The centripetal arteries converged on the mediastinum and formed clusters of spirally coiled, vessels before turning centrifugally. The testicular parenchyma was drained mainly through the centrifugal veins and partly through the central vein. The concentration of the capsular veins was comparatively more towards the epididymal border than on the free border. These capsular veins pursued a straight course towards the caputal extremity of the testis where they divided and anastomosed many a times to form the pampiniform plexus of veins. The coiling of the intratesticular arteries, theie clustering at the mediastinum testis and the presence of juxtaposed parenchymal veins seem to have some role in the hemodynamic and thermoregulatory mechanism of the buffalo testis.", "contents": "Angioarchitecture of the buffalo testis. The intratesticular arteries pursued a coiled course and arborized in the testicular parenchyma. The centripetal arteries converged on the mediastinum and formed clusters of spirally coiled, vessels before turning centrifugally. The testicular parenchyma was drained mainly through the centrifugal veins and partly through the central vein. The concentration of the capsular veins was comparatively more towards the epididymal border than on the free border. These capsular veins pursued a straight course towards the caputal extremity of the testis where they divided and anastomosed many a times to form the pampiniform plexus of veins. The coiling of the intratesticular arteries, theie clustering at the mediastinum testis and the presence of juxtaposed parenchymal veins seem to have some role in the hemodynamic and thermoregulatory mechanism of the buffalo testis.", "PMID": 525813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2570", "title": "[Correlative relations of spondilometric features in human feti (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried out an analyzis of correlative relations of spondilometric features on the material of 403 human feti (211 male, 192 female) in morphologic age--the 4th up to the 7th month of fetal life. They have found a highly positive correlation between the length of the particular vertebral column segments, especially in the early period of fetal life, due to a slight inter individual differentiation. Besides, they have shown a stabilization of proportions of the vertebral column length and the length of its segments taking place in the fetal life of man.", "contents": "[Correlative relations of spondilometric features in human feti (author's transl)]. The authors have carried out an analyzis of correlative relations of spondilometric features on the material of 403 human feti (211 male, 192 female) in morphologic age--the 4th up to the 7th month of fetal life. They have found a highly positive correlation between the length of the particular vertebral column segments, especially in the early period of fetal life, due to a slight inter individual differentiation. Besides, they have shown a stabilization of proportions of the vertebral column length and the length of its segments taking place in the fetal life of man.", "PMID": 525814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2571", "title": "New interpretation of bronchioles of the mole.", "content": "Right lung of the mole is constituted of the upper, middle, lower and accessory lobes, while the left lung losts the upper and middle lobes and the cranial portion of the lower lobe, having only a small lower lobe.", "contents": "New interpretation of bronchioles of the mole. Right lung of the mole is constituted of the upper, middle, lower and accessory lobes, while the left lung losts the upper and middle lobes and the cranial portion of the lower lobe, having only a small lower lobe.", "PMID": 525815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2572", "title": "[A generalization of the Gompertz-function of organic growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The traditional Gompertz function of organic growth with a fixed ordinate of its turning point and 3 basic parameters is generalized by introducing an exponent m into the increase function as dW/dt = k Wm e-rt. By this addition integration to the growth function implies one more parameter as W0 (initial amount of a growth unit) or E (final value of W) respectively. The resulting growth function allows variability for the turning point and more flexibility for the function proper. Examples are given for comparing the generalized from with other growth functions.", "contents": "[A generalization of the Gompertz-function of organic growth (author's transl)]. The traditional Gompertz function of organic growth with a fixed ordinate of its turning point and 3 basic parameters is generalized by introducing an exponent m into the increase function as dW/dt = k Wm e-rt. By this addition integration to the growth function implies one more parameter as W0 (initial amount of a growth unit) or E (final value of W) respectively. The resulting growth function allows variability for the turning point and more flexibility for the function proper. Examples are given for comparing the generalized from with other growth functions.", "PMID": 525816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2573", "title": "Ontogeny of the noradrenergic innervation of the rat hippocampal formation.", "content": "The noradrenergic (NA) innervation of the rat hippocampal formation arrives embryonically into a structure in which cytogenesis and cell migration are still active processes. At embryonic day 18 (E18) the first fluorescent axons appear in the septal end of CA3 at the boundary of the marginal zone and cortical plate, the future stratum lucidum. By birth axons invade the subiculum and also course along the septo-temporal axis in a longitudinal associational system in stratum moleculare of CA3. The innervation of the area dentata increases significantly by postnatal day four (P4). The innervation pattern throughout the dentate and Ammon's horn is fairly complete by P10. High affinity uptake of 3H-NA also matures embryonically and correlates postnatally with the extent of innervation estimated by fluorescence histochemistry. The levels of endogenous NA develop more slowly, showing only 60--80% of older adult values by P48. Compared to the maturation of other hippocampal afferents, the NA innervation is extremely precocious. It is localized in areas which could allow it to have significant trophic functions during early stages of histogenesis. In addition, its presence in the rapidly developing structure may contribute to its eventual distribution in a relatively less organized terminal pattern than that of the later-arriving entorhinal, commissural and septal afferents.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the noradrenergic innervation of the rat hippocampal formation. The noradrenergic (NA) innervation of the rat hippocampal formation arrives embryonically into a structure in which cytogenesis and cell migration are still active processes. At embryonic day 18 (E18) the first fluorescent axons appear in the septal end of CA3 at the boundary of the marginal zone and cortical plate, the future stratum lucidum. By birth axons invade the subiculum and also course along the septo-temporal axis in a longitudinal associational system in stratum moleculare of CA3. The innervation of the area dentata increases significantly by postnatal day four (P4). The innervation pattern throughout the dentate and Ammon's horn is fairly complete by P10. High affinity uptake of 3H-NA also matures embryonically and correlates postnatally with the extent of innervation estimated by fluorescence histochemistry. The levels of endogenous NA develop more slowly, showing only 60--80% of older adult values by P48. Compared to the maturation of other hippocampal afferents, the NA innervation is extremely precocious. It is localized in areas which could allow it to have significant trophic functions during early stages of histogenesis. In addition, its presence in the rapidly developing structure may contribute to its eventual distribution in a relatively less organized terminal pattern than that of the later-arriving entorhinal, commissural and septal afferents.", "PMID": 525817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2574", "title": "Freeze-fracture observations on the visceral yolk sac placenta of rats, mice and hamsters. With special reference to endodermal cell tight junctions.", "content": "Freeze-fracture replicas of visceral yolk sac from rats, mice and hamsters in late stages of gestation were studied by electron microscopy. Special attention was directed toward determining the types of junctional specializations that exist between the columnar endoderm cells of this placental membrane. In all three species, well-developed, zonular tight (occluding) junctions were found on the contiguous lateral surfaces of the endoderm cells. The tight junctional network, located in an immediate subluminal position, was from 0.2--0.5 micrometers in depth and consisted at any point of 2--5, interconnecting, approximately 9 eta wide, strands (P-face) or shallow furrows (E-face). Patch-like aggregations of irregular intramembrane particles, characteristic of desmosomes (maculae adherentes), also were observed at scattered sites below the tight junctions. However, no evidence of gap (communicating) junctions was encountered. The endoderm cells of the rodent visceral yolk sac have been shown to play a central role in the selective transport of macromolecular substances from the maternal to the fetal system. Tight junctions may be vital to this endodermal cell function by preventing random paracellular fluxes of macromolecules.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture observations on the visceral yolk sac placenta of rats, mice and hamsters. With special reference to endodermal cell tight junctions. Freeze-fracture replicas of visceral yolk sac from rats, mice and hamsters in late stages of gestation were studied by electron microscopy. Special attention was directed toward determining the types of junctional specializations that exist between the columnar endoderm cells of this placental membrane. In all three species, well-developed, zonular tight (occluding) junctions were found on the contiguous lateral surfaces of the endoderm cells. The tight junctional network, located in an immediate subluminal position, was from 0.2--0.5 micrometers in depth and consisted at any point of 2--5, interconnecting, approximately 9 eta wide, strands (P-face) or shallow furrows (E-face). Patch-like aggregations of irregular intramembrane particles, characteristic of desmosomes (maculae adherentes), also were observed at scattered sites below the tight junctions. However, no evidence of gap (communicating) junctions was encountered. The endoderm cells of the rodent visceral yolk sac have been shown to play a central role in the selective transport of macromolecular substances from the maternal to the fetal system. Tight junctions may be vital to this endodermal cell function by preventing random paracellular fluxes of macromolecules.", "PMID": 525818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2575", "title": "The migration of myogenic cells from the somites into the leg region of avian embryos. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The migration of myogenic stem cells into the leg anlagen of chick embryos between stages 16--20 of Hamburger and Hamilton was examined. SEM and TEM studies reveal that cell migration starts at stage 16 from the just-formed somites 26-28. The migrating myogenic cells are elongated and oriented in a medio-lateral direction. The leading ends branch into filopodia which contact a fibrillar network. At first, single cells migrate; later on the cells leaving the ventro-lateral edge of the dermatome migrate in strands and have specialized contacts between them. After reaction with ruthenium red and concanavalin A the migrating cells show a thick surface coat to which ruthenium red-positive particles are attached. The surface coat may be important in the interactions among the migrating cells as well as between the cells and the substrate. The migration of myogenic stem cells was found to take place in a matrix of collagenous fibrils and ruthenium red-positive particles, probably containing glycosaminoglycans. At the onset of migration the fibrillar network exhibits a preferred medio-lateral orientation. Therefore, it may be concluded that this alignment of the fibrils influences the direction of cell migration.", "contents": "The migration of myogenic cells from the somites into the leg region of avian embryos. An ultrastructural study. The migration of myogenic stem cells into the leg anlagen of chick embryos between stages 16--20 of Hamburger and Hamilton was examined. SEM and TEM studies reveal that cell migration starts at stage 16 from the just-formed somites 26-28. The migrating myogenic cells are elongated and oriented in a medio-lateral direction. The leading ends branch into filopodia which contact a fibrillar network. At first, single cells migrate; later on the cells leaving the ventro-lateral edge of the dermatome migrate in strands and have specialized contacts between them. After reaction with ruthenium red and concanavalin A the migrating cells show a thick surface coat to which ruthenium red-positive particles are attached. The surface coat may be important in the interactions among the migrating cells as well as between the cells and the substrate. The migration of myogenic stem cells was found to take place in a matrix of collagenous fibrils and ruthenium red-positive particles, probably containing glycosaminoglycans. At the onset of migration the fibrillar network exhibits a preferred medio-lateral orientation. Therefore, it may be concluded that this alignment of the fibrils influences the direction of cell migration.", "PMID": 525819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2576", "title": "Anatomy of the cecum of the dwarf hamster (phodopus sungorus).", "content": "The cecal anatomy of the dwarf hamster, Phodopus sungorus, was investigated macroscopically and at the light, transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic levels. In addition, the arterial supply to the cecum and connecting mesenteries were elucidated. The cecum is divisible into an ampulla ceci and a corpus ceci. In the former, the differentiation of the ileocecal orifice and circumventing fold is described. Scanning electron microscopically, the surface topography of the cecum appears as ring-walled elevations with a central depression and looped configurations, which correlate light microscopically to a \"rolling-hills\" type mucosa with wide-opened crypts. This type of mucosa is set in contrast to the classically described large intestinal mucosa in man and some other mammals. The present observations are compared with descriptions made on the cecum of the common field vole, Microtus agrestis, also a myomorph but belonging to another subfamily.", "contents": "Anatomy of the cecum of the dwarf hamster (phodopus sungorus). The cecal anatomy of the dwarf hamster, Phodopus sungorus, was investigated macroscopically and at the light, transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic levels. In addition, the arterial supply to the cecum and connecting mesenteries were elucidated. The cecum is divisible into an ampulla ceci and a corpus ceci. In the former, the differentiation of the ileocecal orifice and circumventing fold is described. Scanning electron microscopically, the surface topography of the cecum appears as ring-walled elevations with a central depression and looped configurations, which correlate light microscopically to a \"rolling-hills\" type mucosa with wide-opened crypts. This type of mucosa is set in contrast to the classically described large intestinal mucosa in man and some other mammals. The present observations are compared with descriptions made on the cecum of the common field vole, Microtus agrestis, also a myomorph but belonging to another subfamily.", "PMID": 525821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2577", "title": "A study of glial cell proliferation in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the rat following interruption of the ventral hippocampal commissure.", "content": "The proliferation of glial cells in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in response to lesions of the ventral hippocampal commissure, has been studied autoradiographically following intraventricular injections of 3H-thymidine. Within 24 h of commissurotomy there is an appreciable increase in the number of labeled cells throughout the molecular layer which reaches its peak at approximately 36 h. This generalized glial hyperplasia persists for at least 5--6 weeks and there does not appear to be a secondary re-distribution of the newly-generated glial cells as has been reported after entorhinal lesions (Gall et al., 1979). In semi-thin plastic sections most of the proliferating cells more closely resemble the \"medium-shade oligodendrocytes\" of Ling et al. (1973) than typical microglia; the reactive astrocytes do not appear to participate in the glial proliferation.", "contents": "A study of glial cell proliferation in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the rat following interruption of the ventral hippocampal commissure. The proliferation of glial cells in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in response to lesions of the ventral hippocampal commissure, has been studied autoradiographically following intraventricular injections of 3H-thymidine. Within 24 h of commissurotomy there is an appreciable increase in the number of labeled cells throughout the molecular layer which reaches its peak at approximately 36 h. This generalized glial hyperplasia persists for at least 5--6 weeks and there does not appear to be a secondary re-distribution of the newly-generated glial cells as has been reported after entorhinal lesions (Gall et al., 1979). In semi-thin plastic sections most of the proliferating cells more closely resemble the \"medium-shade oligodendrocytes\" of Ling et al. (1973) than typical microglia; the reactive astrocytes do not appear to participate in the glial proliferation.", "PMID": 525822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2578", "title": "Age-dependent morphological changes in the seminal colliculus in male mice. Light and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The developmental changes in the seminal colliculus of male mice were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The epithelium of the mouse seminal colliculus is transformed to the mature epithelium between 20 and 25 days of age, while the transformation of the remaining urethral wall occurred from 5 to 10 days of age. During the process of this epithelial transformation at the seminal colliculus unusual structures, including prominent epithelial proliferations and protrusions, were observed in the area adjacent to the ejaculatory duct openings and the ventral area of the upper medial region of the seminal colliculus in 15-day-old mice. In these unusual structures, three types of cells were recognized by their surface characteristics: cells which had distinct borders and ruffled cell surfaces with microridges; cells which had distinct borders and flat or slightly ruffled cell surfaces with many short microvilli, and small cells which had rounded cell surfaces with many long microvilli. In the remaining area of the seminal colliculus, two types of cells were distinguished: those which had flat or slightly rounded cell surfaces with many short microvilli and those cells with many long microvilli similar to the ones in the previously described area. In 25-day-old mice, the unusual protruding structures were not observed, but some cells with ruffled surfaces were still seen.", "contents": "Age-dependent morphological changes in the seminal colliculus in male mice. Light and scanning electron microscopic study. The developmental changes in the seminal colliculus of male mice were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The epithelium of the mouse seminal colliculus is transformed to the mature epithelium between 20 and 25 days of age, while the transformation of the remaining urethral wall occurred from 5 to 10 days of age. During the process of this epithelial transformation at the seminal colliculus unusual structures, including prominent epithelial proliferations and protrusions, were observed in the area adjacent to the ejaculatory duct openings and the ventral area of the upper medial region of the seminal colliculus in 15-day-old mice. In these unusual structures, three types of cells were recognized by their surface characteristics: cells which had distinct borders and ruffled cell surfaces with microridges; cells which had distinct borders and flat or slightly ruffled cell surfaces with many short microvilli, and small cells which had rounded cell surfaces with many long microvilli. In the remaining area of the seminal colliculus, two types of cells were distinguished: those which had flat or slightly rounded cell surfaces with many short microvilli and those cells with many long microvilli similar to the ones in the previously described area. In 25-day-old mice, the unusual protruding structures were not observed, but some cells with ruffled surfaces were still seen.", "PMID": 525823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2579", "title": "The avian ovary is an open organ. A study of the lacunar system.", "content": "After an intraperitoneal injection of diluted yolk in female quails, young chicks or chick embryos (killed with minimal loss of blood), the absorption of a considerable quantity of yolk granules by the ovarian medullary lacunae can be demonstrated. This can be confirmed by the i.p. injection of killed Hela cells. From our investigation it may be concluded that the avian ovary, by the progressive expansion of its medullary lacunae, develops into a contractile sac-like structure with small openings (communicating with the peritoneal cavity) on its dorsal side. The lacunar system seems to function as an expansion room for the enlarging follicles (also the large pediculated follicles) and intervenes in follicle stalk formation. The relatively rapid uptake by means of an ovarian pumping mechanism of particles and fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the lacunae, suggests also that the latter play a role as diffusion chambers in the supply of nutritious substances to and elimination of wastes from the follicles.", "contents": "The avian ovary is an open organ. A study of the lacunar system. After an intraperitoneal injection of diluted yolk in female quails, young chicks or chick embryos (killed with minimal loss of blood), the absorption of a considerable quantity of yolk granules by the ovarian medullary lacunae can be demonstrated. This can be confirmed by the i.p. injection of killed Hela cells. From our investigation it may be concluded that the avian ovary, by the progressive expansion of its medullary lacunae, develops into a contractile sac-like structure with small openings (communicating with the peritoneal cavity) on its dorsal side. The lacunar system seems to function as an expansion room for the enlarging follicles (also the large pediculated follicles) and intervenes in follicle stalk formation. The relatively rapid uptake by means of an ovarian pumping mechanism of particles and fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the lacunae, suggests also that the latter play a role as diffusion chambers in the supply of nutritious substances to and elimination of wastes from the follicles.", "PMID": 525824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2580", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the full term human placenta. I. Syncytiotrophoblastic layer.", "content": "Inter- and intrasyncytiotrophoblastic junctions within the human full term placenta were electronmicroscopically investigated using thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Narrow clefts were occasionally situated between surface areas where adjacent chorionic villi exhibited close contact. Within these clefts, extensive zonulae and maculae occludentes and numerous maculae adherentes were found. The zonulae occludentes showed a continuous and irregular course on the membrane surface, and the maculae occludentes were irregularly distributed over extended membrane areas. Besides these areas, maculae occludentes and maculae adherentes were observed on infoldings and invaginations of the synctiotrophoblastic surface membrane. Investigations of the inner surface of the syncytiotrophoblastic layer, that is, the layer facing the villous stroma, also revealed invaginations joined by maculae adherentes. The functional significance of the inter- and intrasyncytiotrophoblastic junctions is discussed with respect to the differentiation of the trophoblast.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the full term human placenta. I. Syncytiotrophoblastic layer. Inter- and intrasyncytiotrophoblastic junctions within the human full term placenta were electronmicroscopically investigated using thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Narrow clefts were occasionally situated between surface areas where adjacent chorionic villi exhibited close contact. Within these clefts, extensive zonulae and maculae occludentes and numerous maculae adherentes were found. The zonulae occludentes showed a continuous and irregular course on the membrane surface, and the maculae occludentes were irregularly distributed over extended membrane areas. Besides these areas, maculae occludentes and maculae adherentes were observed on infoldings and invaginations of the synctiotrophoblastic surface membrane. Investigations of the inner surface of the syncytiotrophoblastic layer, that is, the layer facing the villous stroma, also revealed invaginations joined by maculae adherentes. The functional significance of the inter- and intrasyncytiotrophoblastic junctions is discussed with respect to the differentiation of the trophoblast.", "PMID": 525825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2581", "title": "Observations on degenerative changes of Purkinje cells during early development in mice and in normal and otocyst-deprived chickens.", "content": "The cerebellar noduli of 18 neonatal mice and 13 young chickens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Beginning with postnatal day 10 in mice and incubation day 17 in chickens some Purkinje cells of the nodulus show degenerative changes. The nuclei and cytoplasm of these cells are darker than the neighbouring tissue due to an accumulation of large amounts of ribosomelike particles and an increased stainability of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum undergo a moderate swelling, the Golgi apparatus hypertrophies whereas the somata and nuclei atrophy. The percentage of degenerating Purkinje cells reaches a peak of about 45% around postnatal day 14 in mice and the 4th day after hatching in chickens. In 26 otocyst-deprived chickens a smaller proportion of Purkinje cells with degenerative changes is found. The way in which the otocyst removal influences the neonatal Purkinje cell degeneration is not clear.", "contents": "Observations on degenerative changes of Purkinje cells during early development in mice and in normal and otocyst-deprived chickens. The cerebellar noduli of 18 neonatal mice and 13 young chickens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Beginning with postnatal day 10 in mice and incubation day 17 in chickens some Purkinje cells of the nodulus show degenerative changes. The nuclei and cytoplasm of these cells are darker than the neighbouring tissue due to an accumulation of large amounts of ribosomelike particles and an increased stainability of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum undergo a moderate swelling, the Golgi apparatus hypertrophies whereas the somata and nuclei atrophy. The percentage of degenerating Purkinje cells reaches a peak of about 45% around postnatal day 14 in mice and the 4th day after hatching in chickens. In 26 otocyst-deprived chickens a smaller proportion of Purkinje cells with degenerative changes is found. The way in which the otocyst removal influences the neonatal Purkinje cell degeneration is not clear.", "PMID": 525827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2582", "title": "Focal laminate segments in cytoplasmic processes of mouse myocardial fibroblasts.", "content": "In mouse ventricular myocardium, we have found unusual fibroblasts whose cellular processes in some regions are particularly flattened and which contain linearly-arranged, electron-opaque structures ('central laminae\"). The morphology of these focal laminate segments of fibroblast processes suggests that the intracellular laminae are adhesive entities which hold the plasmalemmata above and below them in close parallel apposition for short distances.", "contents": "Focal laminate segments in cytoplasmic processes of mouse myocardial fibroblasts. In mouse ventricular myocardium, we have found unusual fibroblasts whose cellular processes in some regions are particularly flattened and which contain linearly-arranged, electron-opaque structures ('central laminae\"). The morphology of these focal laminate segments of fibroblast processes suggests that the intracellular laminae are adhesive entities which hold the plasmalemmata above and below them in close parallel apposition for short distances.", "PMID": 525828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2583", "title": "The effect of colcemid on the structure and secretory activity of ameloblasts in the rat incisor as shown by radioautography after injection of 3H-proline.", "content": "Enamel secretion by ameloblasts was investigated in the incisors of 100 gm normal and colcemid-injected male rats. Morphological studies were done on rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg (1.25 mM) of colcemid and sacrified 1 to 4 hours after injection. Protein synthesis and secretion were investigated with radioautography in normal and colcemid-treated rats injected with 3H-proline and sacrificed at intervals between 0.5 and 3.5 hours after injection. Colcemid was injected 0.5 hours prior to 3H-proline in each experimental rat. Electron microscopic examination revealed several morphological alterations between 1 and 4 hours after injection of colcemid. These changes included fragmentation of the normally elongated rough endoplasmic reticulum into shorter profiles; a disorganization of the normally tubular configuration of the Golgi apparatus into a number of seples and profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from Tomes' processes; and the accumulation of secretion granules at the mature face of the Golgi stacks, as well as in the infranuclear cytoplasm where thye are normally not found. Radioautography revealed that protein synthesis by the rough endoplasmic reticulum had continued in colcemid-altered ameloblasts. Labeled secretion granules were found at the mature surface of the Golgi stacks and in the infranuclear cytoplasm, however they did not migrate into Tomes' processes. Consequently, labeled enamel matrix did not appear extracellularly at the same time as in normal controls. Quantitative radioautography in the light microscope revealed that the effect of colcemid, although reversed within 4 hours, had temporarily inhibited normal migration, and exocytosis of secretion granules.", "contents": "The effect of colcemid on the structure and secretory activity of ameloblasts in the rat incisor as shown by radioautography after injection of 3H-proline. Enamel secretion by ameloblasts was investigated in the incisors of 100 gm normal and colcemid-injected male rats. Morphological studies were done on rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg (1.25 mM) of colcemid and sacrified 1 to 4 hours after injection. Protein synthesis and secretion were investigated with radioautography in normal and colcemid-treated rats injected with 3H-proline and sacrificed at intervals between 0.5 and 3.5 hours after injection. Colcemid was injected 0.5 hours prior to 3H-proline in each experimental rat. Electron microscopic examination revealed several morphological alterations between 1 and 4 hours after injection of colcemid. These changes included fragmentation of the normally elongated rough endoplasmic reticulum into shorter profiles; a disorganization of the normally tubular configuration of the Golgi apparatus into a number of seples and profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from Tomes' processes; and the accumulation of secretion granules at the mature face of the Golgi stacks, as well as in the infranuclear cytoplasm where thye are normally not found. Radioautography revealed that protein synthesis by the rough endoplasmic reticulum had continued in colcemid-altered ameloblasts. Labeled secretion granules were found at the mature surface of the Golgi stacks and in the infranuclear cytoplasm, however they did not migrate into Tomes' processes. Consequently, labeled enamel matrix did not appear extracellularly at the same time as in normal controls. Quantitative radioautography in the light microscope revealed that the effect of colcemid, although reversed within 4 hours, had temporarily inhibited normal migration, and exocytosis of secretion granules.", "PMID": 525829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2584", "title": "Structure and function of the intestinal epithelial cells in the perch (Perca fluviatillis L.).", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the intestinal absorptive epithelium in perch (Perca fluviatilis) has shown that the perch intestine can be divided into three segments: the proximal segment, the middle segment and the distal segment. The enterocytes of the proximal segment are found to be concerned with lipid absorption. The adsorbed fat gives rise to the presence of two forms of inclusions: lipid particles and lipid droplets. Enterocytes of the middle segment exhibit the typical ultrastructural features of pinocytosis; these consist of extensive invaginations of the luminal surface membrane and acculation of vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. Exogenous proteins are ingested by absorptive cells from the intestinal lumen by a process similar to that described in neonatal mammals. In the distal segment the absorptive cells have few, short microvilli. Besides the absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells, endocrine cells, pear-shaped cells, and plasma cells are occasionally found.", "contents": "Structure and function of the intestinal epithelial cells in the perch (Perca fluviatillis L.). An ultrastructural study of the intestinal absorptive epithelium in perch (Perca fluviatilis) has shown that the perch intestine can be divided into three segments: the proximal segment, the middle segment and the distal segment. The enterocytes of the proximal segment are found to be concerned with lipid absorption. The adsorbed fat gives rise to the presence of two forms of inclusions: lipid particles and lipid droplets. Enterocytes of the middle segment exhibit the typical ultrastructural features of pinocytosis; these consist of extensive invaginations of the luminal surface membrane and acculation of vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. Exogenous proteins are ingested by absorptive cells from the intestinal lumen by a process similar to that described in neonatal mammals. In the distal segment the absorptive cells have few, short microvilli. Besides the absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells, endocrine cells, pear-shaped cells, and plasma cells are occasionally found.", "PMID": 525830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2585", "title": "Surface morphology of macrophages in the regressing corpus luteum, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Activated macrophages phagocytize moribund luteal cells and thus play a central role in the postpartum regression of corpora lutea in guinea pigs (Paavola, '79). When viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), these luteal macrophages exhibit many surface protrusions. To characterize more fully the nature and extent of these evaginations, as well as to gain further understanding of phagocytes in their natural surroundings, luteal macrophages were studied in situ by scanning electron microscopy of regressing corpora lutea. Correlated TEM was carried out to confirm the identity of the various cell types. Even in low power scanning electron micrographs, macrophages are consipicuous, and can be readily distinguished from luteal cells by their surface topography. Luteal cell surfaces bear low ridge-like folds and sparse microvilli. In contrast, macrophages characteristically exhibit highly developed surface projections, the most common of which are knob-like or clubbed processes of varying size and shape. Other distinctive surface modifications displayed by luteal macrophages include long, slender filopodia, and well developed pseudopodia. These processes generally have an uneven distribution over the cell; thus, luteal macrophages may appear polarized with regard to surface activity. Both filopodia and pseudopodia occur in close contact with luteal cell surfaces. In addition, occasional luteal macrophages have surfaces that are covered with large, crater-like depressions. The phagocytosis of cells and cellular debris by macrophages was also observed. In summary, the highly pleomorphic surface activity of luteal macrophages appears to be correlated with their role in the removal of senescent luteal cells.", "contents": "Surface morphology of macrophages in the regressing corpus luteum, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Activated macrophages phagocytize moribund luteal cells and thus play a central role in the postpartum regression of corpora lutea in guinea pigs (Paavola, '79). When viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), these luteal macrophages exhibit many surface protrusions. To characterize more fully the nature and extent of these evaginations, as well as to gain further understanding of phagocytes in their natural surroundings, luteal macrophages were studied in situ by scanning electron microscopy of regressing corpora lutea. Correlated TEM was carried out to confirm the identity of the various cell types. Even in low power scanning electron micrographs, macrophages are consipicuous, and can be readily distinguished from luteal cells by their surface topography. Luteal cell surfaces bear low ridge-like folds and sparse microvilli. In contrast, macrophages characteristically exhibit highly developed surface projections, the most common of which are knob-like or clubbed processes of varying size and shape. Other distinctive surface modifications displayed by luteal macrophages include long, slender filopodia, and well developed pseudopodia. These processes generally have an uneven distribution over the cell; thus, luteal macrophages may appear polarized with regard to surface activity. Both filopodia and pseudopodia occur in close contact with luteal cell surfaces. In addition, occasional luteal macrophages have surfaces that are covered with large, crater-like depressions. The phagocytosis of cells and cellular debris by macrophages was also observed. In summary, the highly pleomorphic surface activity of luteal macrophages appears to be correlated with their role in the removal of senescent luteal cells.", "PMID": 525831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2586", "title": "The growth and development of the superior oblique muscle and trochlear nerve in juvenile and adult goldfish.", "content": "Superior oblique muscle/trochlear nerve pairs from goldfish of various ages (1-5 years) have been examined light and electron microscopically. The muscle grows by enlargement (longitudinally and transversely) of individual fibers, and by addition of new ones at the rate of about 250/year. The nerve grows by enlargement of fibers, but few and perhaps no new axons are added. The somata enlarge, and the neuromuscular synapses become much more numerous. The ratio of muscle fibers to nerve fibers increases from about 5 in the young to about 16 in the old fish.", "contents": "The growth and development of the superior oblique muscle and trochlear nerve in juvenile and adult goldfish. Superior oblique muscle/trochlear nerve pairs from goldfish of various ages (1-5 years) have been examined light and electron microscopically. The muscle grows by enlargement (longitudinally and transversely) of individual fibers, and by addition of new ones at the rate of about 250/year. The nerve grows by enlargement of fibers, but few and perhaps no new axons are added. The somata enlarge, and the neuromuscular synapses become much more numerous. The ratio of muscle fibers to nerve fibers increases from about 5 in the young to about 16 in the old fish.", "PMID": 525832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2587", "title": "Morphogenesis of rod cells in the retina of the albino rat: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "This study presents scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of topographical changes that occur during morphogenesis of rod cells in the albino rat. Correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized. Albino rats ranging in age from birth to three weeks were used for the study. Tissues were prepared by conventional methods for SEM and TEM. At birth, numerous irregularly arranged inner segments extend from the external surface of the sensory retina. They are spherical, smooth surfaced and possess a randomly oriented cilium. The internal morphology of these immature inner segments is comparable to that observed in other vertebrate species. Statistical analysis reveals a rapid increse in the number of rod cells during the first week. This period is characterized by the elongation of inner segments and their associated cilia. Microvilli project from the apices of M\u00fcller cells, but not from adjacent inner segments. By day 5, cilia occasionally display small bulbous outer segments. They are more numerous by day 8 and are usually eccentrically positioned at the tips of cilia. By day 11, outer segments are abundant and frequently obscure from view the underlying inner segments and associated cilia. Elongated cylindrical outer segments are present within the posterior retina at the end of the second week. However, rod cell morphogenesis lags in the peripheral retina. Topographical variations between developing photoreceptor cells in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas are discussed.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of rod cells in the retina of the albino rat: a scanning electron microscopic study. This study presents scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of topographical changes that occur during morphogenesis of rod cells in the albino rat. Correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized. Albino rats ranging in age from birth to three weeks were used for the study. Tissues were prepared by conventional methods for SEM and TEM. At birth, numerous irregularly arranged inner segments extend from the external surface of the sensory retina. They are spherical, smooth surfaced and possess a randomly oriented cilium. The internal morphology of these immature inner segments is comparable to that observed in other vertebrate species. Statistical analysis reveals a rapid increse in the number of rod cells during the first week. This period is characterized by the elongation of inner segments and their associated cilia. Microvilli project from the apices of M\u00fcller cells, but not from adjacent inner segments. By day 5, cilia occasionally display small bulbous outer segments. They are more numerous by day 8 and are usually eccentrically positioned at the tips of cilia. By day 11, outer segments are abundant and frequently obscure from view the underlying inner segments and associated cilia. Elongated cylindrical outer segments are present within the posterior retina at the end of the second week. However, rod cell morphogenesis lags in the peripheral retina. Topographical variations between developing photoreceptor cells in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas are discussed.", "PMID": 525833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2588", "title": "[Antiplatelet drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetyl salicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole, hydroxychloroquine, ticlopidine, clofibrate, nicergoline are the most used antiplatelet drugs. A. S. A. and sulfinpyrazone have been tested in several large scale clinical trials. A. S. A. seems beneficial in the prevention of cerebral ischemia for patients, specially men who have previously had a transient cerebral ischemic attack. Sulfinpyrazone appears to be effective in reducing cardiac deaths during the first year after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Antiplatelet drugs (author's transl)]. Acetyl salicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole, hydroxychloroquine, ticlopidine, clofibrate, nicergoline are the most used antiplatelet drugs. A. S. A. and sulfinpyrazone have been tested in several large scale clinical trials. A. S. A. seems beneficial in the prevention of cerebral ischemia for patients, specially men who have previously had a transient cerebral ischemic attack. Sulfinpyrazone appears to be effective in reducing cardiac deaths during the first year after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 525834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2589", "title": "[Comparative study about the analgesic effect of buprenorphine (author's transl)].", "content": "In that study we compared the analgesic effects of equianalgesic doses of buprenorphine and morphine taken as the narcotic of reference. The experiment has been undertaken in ten adults having severe cancer pain. The results have been analysed by statistical non parametric tests. We found that buprenorphine and morphine have the same pattern of action despite the fact that intramuscular buprenorphine has a clinical duration of approximately 9 hours.", "contents": "[Comparative study about the analgesic effect of buprenorphine (author's transl)]. In that study we compared the analgesic effects of equianalgesic doses of buprenorphine and morphine taken as the narcotic of reference. The experiment has been undertaken in ten adults having severe cancer pain. The results have been analysed by statistical non parametric tests. We found that buprenorphine and morphine have the same pattern of action despite the fact that intramuscular buprenorphine has a clinical duration of approximately 9 hours.", "PMID": 525837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2590", "title": "[Pain due to bone metastasis in hormonodependent cancer. Treatment by intrasellar injection of alcohol (author's transl)].", "content": "Pain due to bone metastasis in hormonodependent cancer (of the breast or the prostates more particularly) can be relieved by surgery directed at the endocrinic system. The most efficient techniques are hypophysectomies and hypophysiolysis (or neuroadenolysis). The intrasellar injection of alcohol through the transnasal-transsphenoidal route is a fairly simple procedure which can be carried out on such fragile patients without too much risk. The authors here report the first results obtained with this procedure in 12 pateints. Full sedation of pain is achieved in 30 to 40 p. cent of the cases. The duration of analgesia varies and pain frequently returns. One of the advantages of this procedure lies in the fact that such an injection may be repeated if necessary. The intrasellar injection of alcohol is but one of the many techniques available to practitioners working in the field of intractable pain.", "contents": "[Pain due to bone metastasis in hormonodependent cancer. Treatment by intrasellar injection of alcohol (author's transl)]. Pain due to bone metastasis in hormonodependent cancer (of the breast or the prostates more particularly) can be relieved by surgery directed at the endocrinic system. The most efficient techniques are hypophysectomies and hypophysiolysis (or neuroadenolysis). The intrasellar injection of alcohol through the transnasal-transsphenoidal route is a fairly simple procedure which can be carried out on such fragile patients without too much risk. The authors here report the first results obtained with this procedure in 12 pateints. Full sedation of pain is achieved in 30 to 40 p. cent of the cases. The duration of analgesia varies and pain frequently returns. One of the advantages of this procedure lies in the fact that such an injection may be repeated if necessary. The intrasellar injection of alcohol is but one of the many techniques available to practitioners working in the field of intractable pain.", "PMID": 525838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2591", "title": "[Ophthalmological anaesthesia in old age; 120 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "AMong 149 old ophthalmological patients over 70 years old, 29 patients did not undergo a general anaesthesia. The other 120 patients underwent 148 operations under general anaesthesia. The anaesthetic techniques came from neuroleptanalgesia. The results are quite good from a surgical view/point so that now we don't to refuse old people for an ophthalmological surgery under general anaesthesia any longer.", "contents": "[Ophthalmological anaesthesia in old age; 120 cases (author's transl)]. AMong 149 old ophthalmological patients over 70 years old, 29 patients did not undergo a general anaesthesia. The other 120 patients underwent 148 operations under general anaesthesia. The anaesthetic techniques came from neuroleptanalgesia. The results are quite good from a surgical view/point so that now we don't to refuse old people for an ophthalmological surgery under general anaesthesia any longer.", "PMID": 525839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2592", "title": "[Oculocardiac reflex in ocular surgery. Some means of prevention from consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "In 80 patients undergoing surgery for retinal detachment, cardiac rhythm was observed to improve some means of prevention from consequences of oculocardiac reflex. The injection of a parasympatholytic agent shown its effectiveness; heavy morphinic analgesia prevented from cardiac disturbances induced by scleral cryoapplication; retrobulbar block had no effect.", "contents": "[Oculocardiac reflex in ocular surgery. Some means of prevention from consequences (author's transl)]. In 80 patients undergoing surgery for retinal detachment, cardiac rhythm was observed to improve some means of prevention from consequences of oculocardiac reflex. The injection of a parasympatholytic agent shown its effectiveness; heavy morphinic analgesia prevented from cardiac disturbances induced by scleral cryoapplication; retrobulbar block had no effect.", "PMID": 525840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2593", "title": "[Total replacement of an arm amputated near the shoulder. Difficulties during anesthesia and ressuscitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a recent observation of the total replacement of an arm amputated near the shoulder. The limb was perfused and cooled down from the site of the accident to the general hospital (distance about 50 miles) and was replanted within 13 hours. The procedure itself lasted about 8 hours. The bone replantation was the most critical difficulty for the surgeons. Venous repair was associated with hemorrhage and massive transfusion had to be performed to compensate heavy blood loss. In the post-operative period acute renal insufficiency and septicemia developed. After ten days an arterial rupture occurred and emergency amputation was performed. Recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged nine weeks after his admission, his renal function being quite restored. The authors compare the hazards of this kind of operation and the chance of recovery of the functions of a replanted limb. They conclude by emphasizing the necessity of carefully choosing the cases for total arm replacement.", "contents": "[Total replacement of an arm amputated near the shoulder. Difficulties during anesthesia and ressuscitation (author's transl)]. The authors report a recent observation of the total replacement of an arm amputated near the shoulder. The limb was perfused and cooled down from the site of the accident to the general hospital (distance about 50 miles) and was replanted within 13 hours. The procedure itself lasted about 8 hours. The bone replantation was the most critical difficulty for the surgeons. Venous repair was associated with hemorrhage and massive transfusion had to be performed to compensate heavy blood loss. In the post-operative period acute renal insufficiency and septicemia developed. After ten days an arterial rupture occurred and emergency amputation was performed. Recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged nine weeks after his admission, his renal function being quite restored. The authors compare the hazards of this kind of operation and the chance of recovery of the functions of a replanted limb. They conclude by emphasizing the necessity of carefully choosing the cases for total arm replacement.", "PMID": 525841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2594", "title": "[Rapid and automatic acquisition and transmission of acid-base equilibrium parameters in a clinical biology laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"pH-blood gas\" department of our clinical biology laboratory was organized to meet rapidly and in the most reliable conditions possible the numerous and urgent analytical demands that had been confronting us. The structure was set up, therefore, in order to accelerate the speed at which blood samples could be transferred and make it possible to quickly and reliably obtain and transmit the results of the analyses. These necessities were satisfied thanks to the installation of a pneumatic tube allowing the rapid transfer of syringes, the utilization of automatic analysers, and the installation of a data processing system.", "contents": "[Rapid and automatic acquisition and transmission of acid-base equilibrium parameters in a clinical biology laboratory (author's transl)]. The \"pH-blood gas\" department of our clinical biology laboratory was organized to meet rapidly and in the most reliable conditions possible the numerous and urgent analytical demands that had been confronting us. The structure was set up, therefore, in order to accelerate the speed at which blood samples could be transferred and make it possible to quickly and reliably obtain and transmit the results of the analyses. These necessities were satisfied thanks to the installation of a pneumatic tube allowing the rapid transfer of syringes, the utilization of automatic analysers, and the installation of a data processing system.", "PMID": 525842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2595", "title": "[Value of ultrastructural morphology in the preparation of oncolysates of human malignant melanoma].", "content": "The culture of human cutaneous malignant melanomas is an important stage in the preparation of oncolysates for therapeutic purposes. The authors recall the definition of oncolysate: lysis of the malignant melanocyte by vaccinia virus liberates masked antigens which when reinjected into the patient accelerate or restimulate the production of antibodies. Culture is used to increase the number of malignant melanocytes, i. e. antigenic material, which is an essential precaution in tumours of small size. Production of oncolysate requires the exclusive use of the malignant melanocyte, i. e. the importance of morphological identification during the \"in vitro\" phase. The optical criteria defined by Fedoroff are inadequate and a source of error. Ultrastructural studies render this identification more valid, insofar as the normal and pathological markers which are the melanosomes are better known. Ultrastructural studies may be used to differentiate the malignant melanocyte from the ordinary macrophage in media which are black, and light cultures to distinguish fibroblastic growth, with no antigenic value, from the malignant melanocyte without pigment (achromic), recognisable by its premelanosome.", "contents": "[Value of ultrastructural morphology in the preparation of oncolysates of human malignant melanoma]. The culture of human cutaneous malignant melanomas is an important stage in the preparation of oncolysates for therapeutic purposes. The authors recall the definition of oncolysate: lysis of the malignant melanocyte by vaccinia virus liberates masked antigens which when reinjected into the patient accelerate or restimulate the production of antibodies. Culture is used to increase the number of malignant melanocytes, i. e. antigenic material, which is an essential precaution in tumours of small size. Production of oncolysate requires the exclusive use of the malignant melanocyte, i. e. the importance of morphological identification during the \"in vitro\" phase. The optical criteria defined by Fedoroff are inadequate and a source of error. Ultrastructural studies render this identification more valid, insofar as the normal and pathological markers which are the melanosomes are better known. Ultrastructural studies may be used to differentiate the malignant melanocyte from the ordinary macrophage in media which are black, and light cultures to distinguish fibroblastic growth, with no antigenic value, from the malignant melanocyte without pigment (achromic), recognisable by its premelanosome.", "PMID": 525843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2596", "title": "[Arterial intimal proliferation in the rat : nature and origin of the proliferating cells].", "content": "This study had two objectives: 1) Identification of the type of cell involved in intimal proliferation (endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibres or fibroblasts). 2) Determination of the origin. For this purpose a model was used which consisted of implantation in the rat of femoral arterial segments in the interstitial tissue. Sequential examination of tissue collected on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 revealed that proliferation was more marked if not solely present at the extremities of the segments. The proliferating cells were also in continuity with the extravascular granulation tissue, which would appear to indicate that the intimal proliferation in this model came from the cells of the granulation tissue and \"muscular\" differentiation occurred in contact with the endothelium.", "contents": "[Arterial intimal proliferation in the rat : nature and origin of the proliferating cells]. This study had two objectives: 1) Identification of the type of cell involved in intimal proliferation (endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibres or fibroblasts). 2) Determination of the origin. For this purpose a model was used which consisted of implantation in the rat of femoral arterial segments in the interstitial tissue. Sequential examination of tissue collected on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 revealed that proliferation was more marked if not solely present at the extremities of the segments. The proliferating cells were also in continuity with the extravascular granulation tissue, which would appear to indicate that the intimal proliferation in this model came from the cells of the granulation tissue and \"muscular\" differentiation occurred in contact with the endothelium.", "PMID": 525844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2597", "title": "[Bones and bone marrow of the newborn \" op \" osteopetrotic rat, and the early diagnosis of the disease].", "content": "It is possible to make an early diagnosis of rat \" op \" osteopetrosis. The growth of the mandibular incisor is stopped at birth by failure of bone resorption around the dental root. The primary trabeculae of the long bones fail to undergo resorption: osteoblasts differentiate along them, but osteoclasts are missing and reticular cells are not distinguishable. When 2 and 3 days old, the medullary cavity is obstructed by osseous trabeculae, vascular system is lacking, hemopoietic cells no longer differentiate, osteoclasts are scarce and degenerative; medullary tissue is compact, including numerous osteoblastic cells. Bone marrow smears clearly show medullary cell deficiency, weakening hemopoiesis, prevalent osteoblasts and a lack of osteoclasts. Marrow is taken out \"in vivo\" from an excised metatarsal bone, at birth and over the next few days. Osteopetrotic rats identified in this way in litters issued from heterozygote pair can be treated from the first week.", "contents": "[Bones and bone marrow of the newborn \" op \" osteopetrotic rat, and the early diagnosis of the disease]. It is possible to make an early diagnosis of rat \" op \" osteopetrosis. The growth of the mandibular incisor is stopped at birth by failure of bone resorption around the dental root. The primary trabeculae of the long bones fail to undergo resorption: osteoblasts differentiate along them, but osteoclasts are missing and reticular cells are not distinguishable. When 2 and 3 days old, the medullary cavity is obstructed by osseous trabeculae, vascular system is lacking, hemopoietic cells no longer differentiate, osteoclasts are scarce and degenerative; medullary tissue is compact, including numerous osteoblastic cells. Bone marrow smears clearly show medullary cell deficiency, weakening hemopoiesis, prevalent osteoblasts and a lack of osteoclasts. Marrow is taken out \"in vivo\" from an excised metatarsal bone, at birth and over the next few days. Osteopetrotic rats identified in this way in litters issued from heterozygote pair can be treated from the first week.", "PMID": 525845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2598", "title": "[Neonatal segmental small intestine dilatation. Unusual form of necrotizing enteritis?].", "content": "The authors report two new cases of segmental dilatation of the small bowel at birth. In the pathological intestinal areas, they describe inflammatory alterations similar to neonatal necrotizing enteritis, and some particular lesions of the myenteric plexus with a deterioration of the ganglionic cells. It is suggested that such lesions might have a certain responsibility in the etiology of chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction syndrome.", "contents": "[Neonatal segmental small intestine dilatation. Unusual form of necrotizing enteritis?]. The authors report two new cases of segmental dilatation of the small bowel at birth. In the pathological intestinal areas, they describe inflammatory alterations similar to neonatal necrotizing enteritis, and some particular lesions of the myenteric plexus with a deterioration of the ganglionic cells. It is suggested that such lesions might have a certain responsibility in the etiology of chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction syndrome.", "PMID": 525846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2599", "title": "[2 cases of alveolar sarcoma. Study by electron microscopy and cytoenzymology].", "content": "Study by electron microscopy and light cytoenzymology of two cases of alveolar sarcoma of the thigh occurring in young men indicated it to be an active tumour with an apparently functional organoid arrangement, characterised by an abundance of capillary vessels. The secretory nature of the cell elements was suggested by the marked development of smooth and granular reticular systems. The morphological result of this secretory activity was constituted by vesicular bodies with dense contents, surrounded by a membrane and sometimes containing periodic paracrystalline structures. This intravacuolar crystalline organisation goes hand in hand with an increase in acid phosphatase activity suggesting possible crinophagia. Amongst the different hypotheses advanced in the past, the morphological appearances seen here would most likely correspond with the endocrine nature of this tumour.", "contents": "[2 cases of alveolar sarcoma. Study by electron microscopy and cytoenzymology]. Study by electron microscopy and light cytoenzymology of two cases of alveolar sarcoma of the thigh occurring in young men indicated it to be an active tumour with an apparently functional organoid arrangement, characterised by an abundance of capillary vessels. The secretory nature of the cell elements was suggested by the marked development of smooth and granular reticular systems. The morphological result of this secretory activity was constituted by vesicular bodies with dense contents, surrounded by a membrane and sometimes containing periodic paracrystalline structures. This intravacuolar crystalline organisation goes hand in hand with an increase in acid phosphatase activity suggesting possible crinophagia. Amongst the different hypotheses advanced in the past, the morphological appearances seen here would most likely correspond with the endocrine nature of this tumour.", "PMID": 525847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2600", "title": "[Variations in blood viscosity of insulin-dependent diabetic subjects controlled by artificial pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of blood viscosity at 3 rates of determination (0.232-0.348 and 1.16 sec-1) in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects controlled by artificial pancreas, shows a reduction in this parameter after 30 hours of feed back control. The relationship between these variations, the mechanical cohesion of the agglutinated red cells, and the deformability of these structures are discussed.", "contents": "[Variations in blood viscosity of insulin-dependent diabetic subjects controlled by artificial pancreas (author's transl)]. A study of blood viscosity at 3 rates of determination (0.232-0.348 and 1.16 sec-1) in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects controlled by artificial pancreas, shows a reduction in this parameter after 30 hours of feed back control. The relationship between these variations, the mechanical cohesion of the agglutinated red cells, and the deformability of these structures are discussed.", "PMID": 525848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2601", "title": "[Modifications of peptide hydroxyprolinuria during Paget's disease and osteoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The values of hydroxyprolinuria were determined in 314 cases of Paget's disease and 91 cases of osteoma. During Paget's disease, the values found were related to the degree of the bony disorder. A more detailed study of the hydroxyproline polypeptides was undertaken, comparatively in a few cases of these two diseases. In Paget's disease, there was shown a relative increase in the oligopeptide fraction, whereas the polypeptide fraction was increased in osteoma. By chromatographic and electrophoretic technics, it was shown that the acid oligopeptides (containing mainly the dipeptide (Glu-Hyp) are in percentage, reduced in Paget's disease and increased in osteoma, whereas the neutral oligopeptides (containing mainly Pro-Hyp) undergo the opposite variation in these two diseases.", "contents": "[Modifications of peptide hydroxyprolinuria during Paget's disease and osteoma (author's transl)]. The values of hydroxyprolinuria were determined in 314 cases of Paget's disease and 91 cases of osteoma. During Paget's disease, the values found were related to the degree of the bony disorder. A more detailed study of the hydroxyproline polypeptides was undertaken, comparatively in a few cases of these two diseases. In Paget's disease, there was shown a relative increase in the oligopeptide fraction, whereas the polypeptide fraction was increased in osteoma. By chromatographic and electrophoretic technics, it was shown that the acid oligopeptides (containing mainly the dipeptide (Glu-Hyp) are in percentage, reduced in Paget's disease and increased in osteoma, whereas the neutral oligopeptides (containing mainly Pro-Hyp) undergo the opposite variation in these two diseases.", "PMID": 525849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2602", "title": "[Use of the API 20E system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae (six hours) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose a modification of the method of use of the API 20E system permitting more rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae within six hours (3 hours preculture and 3 hours incubation on an API 20E plate) it was possible to identify correctly 67% of 192 strains studied at species level and 75.5% studied at generic level. One may note four mistakes (2.1%) of which 3 were minor, (species within the same genus). The construction of a base of numerical data adapted to the technic within six hours would no doubt permit us to reduce the percentage undetermined.", "contents": "[Use of the API 20E system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae (six hours) (author's transl)]. The authors propose a modification of the method of use of the API 20E system permitting more rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae within six hours (3 hours preculture and 3 hours incubation on an API 20E plate) it was possible to identify correctly 67% of 192 strains studied at species level and 75.5% studied at generic level. One may note four mistakes (2.1%) of which 3 were minor, (species within the same genus). The construction of a base of numerical data adapted to the technic within six hours would no doubt permit us to reduce the percentage undetermined.", "PMID": 525850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2603", "title": "Parenteral vaccination of young swine against Bordetella bronchiseptica.", "content": "The efficacy of Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins for the prevention of nasal turbinate atrophy caused by induced B bronchiseptica infection in young swine was evaluated. Vaccination of pigs at an early age (eg, at 1 and 4 weeks of age) with potent B bronchiseptica strain D-1 bacterins resulted in high concentrations of circulating antibody up to 12 weeks of age or longer and in a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the frequency of turbinate atrophy.", "contents": "Parenteral vaccination of young swine against Bordetella bronchiseptica. The efficacy of Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins for the prevention of nasal turbinate atrophy caused by induced B bronchiseptica infection in young swine was evaluated. Vaccination of pigs at an early age (eg, at 1 and 4 weeks of age) with potent B bronchiseptica strain D-1 bacterins resulted in high concentrations of circulating antibody up to 12 weeks of age or longer and in a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the frequency of turbinate atrophy.", "PMID": 525851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2604", "title": "Immunity to Swine dysentery in recovered pigs.", "content": "The immune status of 29 pigs recovered from swine dysentery (SD) was evaluated after reexposure to Treponema hyodysenteriae. Pigs which had recovered from SD and remained asymptomatic for 4 to 6, 9 to 13, and 16 to 17 weeks after initial inoculation were reexposed to 1.5 X 10(9) viable cells of T hyodysenteriae per pig. Pigs which had recovered from SD were not shedding T hyodysenteriae, as determined by selective cultural examination of feces, before they were reexposed. Of 29 pigs reexposed to T hyodysenteriae, 27 were resistant to SD. In contrast, 23 of 28 control pigs developed signs of SD when exposed to T hyodysenteriae for the first time. Significant differences in immunity were not observed between pigs from the three convalescent periods. Serum agglutinins to T hyodysenteriae were present in recovered pigs for approximately 8 weeks after inoculation.", "contents": "Immunity to Swine dysentery in recovered pigs. The immune status of 29 pigs recovered from swine dysentery (SD) was evaluated after reexposure to Treponema hyodysenteriae. Pigs which had recovered from SD and remained asymptomatic for 4 to 6, 9 to 13, and 16 to 17 weeks after initial inoculation were reexposed to 1.5 X 10(9) viable cells of T hyodysenteriae per pig. Pigs which had recovered from SD were not shedding T hyodysenteriae, as determined by selective cultural examination of feces, before they were reexposed. Of 29 pigs reexposed to T hyodysenteriae, 27 were resistant to SD. In contrast, 23 of 28 control pigs developed signs of SD when exposed to T hyodysenteriae for the first time. Significant differences in immunity were not observed between pigs from the three convalescent periods. Serum agglutinins to T hyodysenteriae were present in recovered pigs for approximately 8 weeks after inoculation.", "PMID": 525852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2605", "title": "Experimentally induced Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis infections in young swine.", "content": "Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain 621 was proven to be infective for swine by intranasal and ocular inoculation and by contact exposure. The course of the disease was that of a chronic asymptomatic infection. Throughout the experiment, leptospires were observed in all tissues examined by darkfield microscopy of 10% tissue suspensions and examination by indirect fluorescent antibody technique of frozen tissue sections. Infected pigs had increasing antibody titers, as determined by the microscopic agglutination test. The organism spread from intranasally inoculated pigs to contact controls.", "contents": "Experimentally induced Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis infections in young swine. Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain 621 was proven to be infective for swine by intranasal and ocular inoculation and by contact exposure. The course of the disease was that of a chronic asymptomatic infection. Throughout the experiment, leptospires were observed in all tissues examined by darkfield microscopy of 10% tissue suspensions and examination by indirect fluorescent antibody technique of frozen tissue sections. Infected pigs had increasing antibody titers, as determined by the microscopic agglutination test. The organism spread from intranasally inoculated pigs to contact controls.", "PMID": 525853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2606", "title": "Experimental lead toxicosis in swine.", "content": "Thirty pigs, weighing 17 to 24 kg, were exposed to lead or sodium acetate orally or intraperitoneally (IP) 6 days each week for 13 weeks. These pigs were extremely tolerant of lead. Only mild clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in orally lead-exposed pigs despite blood lead concentrations of up to 290 micrograms/dl. Four IP lead-exposed pigs died, but eight other IP lead-exposed pigs survived the exposure period despite blood lead concentrations up to 14,300 micrograms/dl. Lead exposure caused marked decreases in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities of all pigs and moderate decreases of blood hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit percentages, mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobins in IP lead-exposed, but not in orally lead-exposed pigs. Basophilic stippling was observed in erythrocytes of lead-exposed pigs, but not in those of control pigs.", "contents": "Experimental lead toxicosis in swine. Thirty pigs, weighing 17 to 24 kg, were exposed to lead or sodium acetate orally or intraperitoneally (IP) 6 days each week for 13 weeks. These pigs were extremely tolerant of lead. Only mild clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in orally lead-exposed pigs despite blood lead concentrations of up to 290 micrograms/dl. Four IP lead-exposed pigs died, but eight other IP lead-exposed pigs survived the exposure period despite blood lead concentrations up to 14,300 micrograms/dl. Lead exposure caused marked decreases in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities of all pigs and moderate decreases of blood hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit percentages, mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobins in IP lead-exposed, but not in orally lead-exposed pigs. Basophilic stippling was observed in erythrocytes of lead-exposed pigs, but not in those of control pigs.", "PMID": 525854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2607", "title": "Lesions of ovine progressive pneumonia: interstitial pneumonitis and encephalitis.", "content": "Lesions in sheep with ovine progressive pneumonia are described. Lungs were mottled grayish-pink, firm, and large (two to three times normal weight). There was chronic diffuse interstitial pneumonitis characterized by extensive hyperplasia of lymphoid cells around airways and blood vessels and by accumulation of mononuclear cells in the interstitium. In some lungs, this reaction was accompanied by excessive fibrous tissue and smooth muscle and less frequently by hyperplastic epithelium of terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Secondary bronchopneumonia was common. Lymphocytic meningitis, choroiditis, and leukoencephalitis were seen in a few sheep. Meninges and choroid plexuses were infiltrated with lymphoid cells, and subependymal blood vessels were cuffed with lymphoid cells. Much subependymal white matter was demyelinated and had foci of necrosis and gliosis.", "contents": "Lesions of ovine progressive pneumonia: interstitial pneumonitis and encephalitis. Lesions in sheep with ovine progressive pneumonia are described. Lungs were mottled grayish-pink, firm, and large (two to three times normal weight). There was chronic diffuse interstitial pneumonitis characterized by extensive hyperplasia of lymphoid cells around airways and blood vessels and by accumulation of mononuclear cells in the interstitium. In some lungs, this reaction was accompanied by excessive fibrous tissue and smooth muscle and less frequently by hyperplastic epithelium of terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Secondary bronchopneumonia was common. Lymphocytic meningitis, choroiditis, and leukoencephalitis were seen in a few sheep. Meninges and choroid plexuses were infiltrated with lymphoid cells, and subependymal blood vessels were cuffed with lymphoid cells. Much subependymal white matter was demyelinated and had foci of necrosis and gliosis.", "PMID": 525855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2608", "title": "Effects of Mn-deficit feeding to ewes on certain amino acids and sugars in cartilage of their newborn lambs.", "content": "The distribution of amino acid, amino sugar, and uronic acid in the epiphyseal cartilage of newborn lambs were examined to determine the influence of manganese (Mn) deficiency. Throughout the gestational period, one group (group I) of eight pregnant ewes was given a ration containing 60 mg of Mn/kg of feed and a second group (group II) of eight ewes was given a ration containing 5 mg of Mn/kg of feed. The neonatal lambs were killed, and the epiphyseal plates from various bones in the thoracic limb were removed and analyzed for glucosamine, galactosamine, uronic acid, and 17 amino acids. Concentrations of uronic acid and of the sulphur amino acids (methionine not significant, P greater than 0.05) were larger in the cartilage from the lambs born of group I ewes (60 mg of Mn/kg of ration) than in the cartilage from those of the Group II ewes (Mn deficiency). A tendency for higher hexosamine values was observed in the organic matrix of the group I lambs than of the group II lambs. However, concentrations of serine, histidine, and lysine were higher in the cartilage from group II lambs (Mn deficiency). Thus, the role of Mn in the prevention of joint abnormalities may be its influence on the mucopolysaccharide and protein composition of the epiphyseal plate.", "contents": "Effects of Mn-deficit feeding to ewes on certain amino acids and sugars in cartilage of their newborn lambs. The distribution of amino acid, amino sugar, and uronic acid in the epiphyseal cartilage of newborn lambs were examined to determine the influence of manganese (Mn) deficiency. Throughout the gestational period, one group (group I) of eight pregnant ewes was given a ration containing 60 mg of Mn/kg of feed and a second group (group II) of eight ewes was given a ration containing 5 mg of Mn/kg of feed. The neonatal lambs were killed, and the epiphyseal plates from various bones in the thoracic limb were removed and analyzed for glucosamine, galactosamine, uronic acid, and 17 amino acids. Concentrations of uronic acid and of the sulphur amino acids (methionine not significant, P greater than 0.05) were larger in the cartilage from the lambs born of group I ewes (60 mg of Mn/kg of ration) than in the cartilage from those of the Group II ewes (Mn deficiency). A tendency for higher hexosamine values was observed in the organic matrix of the group I lambs than of the group II lambs. However, concentrations of serine, histidine, and lysine were higher in the cartilage from group II lambs (Mn deficiency). Thus, the role of Mn in the prevention of joint abnormalities may be its influence on the mucopolysaccharide and protein composition of the epiphyseal plate.", "PMID": 525856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2609", "title": "Regional concentrations of serotonin, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the ovine brain.", "content": "Regional concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined in the ovine brain. Tryptophan concentrations varied between 18.6 nmoles/g of tissue (hypothalamus, midbrain) and 26.9 nmoles/g (cerebellum). The 5HT concentrations varied 0.34 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 3.75 nmoles/g (midbrain). The concentration of 5HIAA varied between 1.78 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 5.02 nmoles/g (hypothalamus). Large concentrations of norepinephrine were found in the hypothalamus (4.37 nmoles/g) and midbrain (2.08 nmoles/g), while the frontal cortex, thalamaus, hippocampus, and cerebellum were all relatively low in norepinephrine (0.65 to 0.95 nmoles/g). The concentration of dopamine was between 0.32 nmoles/g (hippocampus) and 39.8 nmoles/g (caudate nucleus). Generally, the distribution of these compounds in the ovine brain is similar to their regional distribution in other mammalian species. It was observed, however, that the ratio of 5HT/5HIAA appears to be relatively lower in sheep than in other species, suggesting that interspecies differences in the metabolism of 5HT or elimination of 5HIAA (or both) may exist.", "contents": "Regional concentrations of serotonin, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the ovine brain. Regional concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined in the ovine brain. Tryptophan concentrations varied between 18.6 nmoles/g of tissue (hypothalamus, midbrain) and 26.9 nmoles/g (cerebellum). The 5HT concentrations varied 0.34 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 3.75 nmoles/g (midbrain). The concentration of 5HIAA varied between 1.78 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 5.02 nmoles/g (hypothalamus). Large concentrations of norepinephrine were found in the hypothalamus (4.37 nmoles/g) and midbrain (2.08 nmoles/g), while the frontal cortex, thalamaus, hippocampus, and cerebellum were all relatively low in norepinephrine (0.65 to 0.95 nmoles/g). The concentration of dopamine was between 0.32 nmoles/g (hippocampus) and 39.8 nmoles/g (caudate nucleus). Generally, the distribution of these compounds in the ovine brain is similar to their regional distribution in other mammalian species. It was observed, however, that the ratio of 5HT/5HIAA appears to be relatively lower in sheep than in other species, suggesting that interspecies differences in the metabolism of 5HT or elimination of 5HIAA (or both) may exist.", "PMID": 525857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2610", "title": "Induction of blastogenesis in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium periodate.", "content": "Suitable treatment and culture conditions are defined for the induction of blast transformation in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4). Stimulation with NaIO4 required slight modification of techniques used routinely for activation of lymphocytes in vitro with lectins and antigens. Gradient-separated mononuclear leukocytes responded with maximal [3H]TdR incorporation after oxidation with 0.50 to 1.0 mM NaIO4 for 30 minutes at 25 C. Oxidized cells cultured at 1 to 2 X 10(6)/ml responded better than cells cultured at any other concentration, when compared with untreated cells. Blastogenesis in response to oxidation reached its maximum rate within 48 hours of treatment, after which it declined rapidly. Partial removal of glass wool-adherent cells reduced periodate-triggered blastogenesis by 95%, but did not significantly affect activation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or purified protein derivative. Reintroduction of macrophages restored responses to their precolumn level. Oxidation with NaIO4 provided a simple, rapid means of inducing blastogenesis in bovine lymphocytes. Manipulation of the well-defined triggering conditions may help to explain the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "Induction of blastogenesis in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium periodate. Suitable treatment and culture conditions are defined for the induction of blast transformation in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4). Stimulation with NaIO4 required slight modification of techniques used routinely for activation of lymphocytes in vitro with lectins and antigens. Gradient-separated mononuclear leukocytes responded with maximal [3H]TdR incorporation after oxidation with 0.50 to 1.0 mM NaIO4 for 30 minutes at 25 C. Oxidized cells cultured at 1 to 2 X 10(6)/ml responded better than cells cultured at any other concentration, when compared with untreated cells. Blastogenesis in response to oxidation reached its maximum rate within 48 hours of treatment, after which it declined rapidly. Partial removal of glass wool-adherent cells reduced periodate-triggered blastogenesis by 95%, but did not significantly affect activation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or purified protein derivative. Reintroduction of macrophages restored responses to their precolumn level. Oxidation with NaIO4 provided a simple, rapid means of inducing blastogenesis in bovine lymphocytes. Manipulation of the well-defined triggering conditions may help to explain the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 525859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2611", "title": "Ontogeny of bovine hemostasis.", "content": "Ontogeny of selected hemostatic system components was studied in 120 bovine fetuses which had been divided into eight monthly gestational age groups. Fetal blood was subjected to the following tests: platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen quantitation, and assays for prothrombin and factors V and VIII. Platelet numbers corresponding to adult numbers were in fetal blood at least as early as gestation day 60, and their numbers varied only slightly thereafter. Bovine blood was incapable of in vitro coagulation at gestation day 90, with all samples coagulating by gestation day 150. Fetal coagulation screening test times (partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time) shortened during gestation and were near times of adults at birth. Of the four individual coagulation factors tested, only factor VIII reached adult values in the fetus in utero. Amounts of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V and VIII in the neonate exceeded that of normal adult cattle.", "contents": "Ontogeny of bovine hemostasis. Ontogeny of selected hemostatic system components was studied in 120 bovine fetuses which had been divided into eight monthly gestational age groups. Fetal blood was subjected to the following tests: platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen quantitation, and assays for prothrombin and factors V and VIII. Platelet numbers corresponding to adult numbers were in fetal blood at least as early as gestation day 60, and their numbers varied only slightly thereafter. Bovine blood was incapable of in vitro coagulation at gestation day 90, with all samples coagulating by gestation day 150. Fetal coagulation screening test times (partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time) shortened during gestation and were near times of adults at birth. Of the four individual coagulation factors tested, only factor VIII reached adult values in the fetus in utero. Amounts of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V and VIII in the neonate exceeded that of normal adult cattle.", "PMID": 525861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2612", "title": "Evaluation of equine radial and median nerve conduction velocities.", "content": "Eleven ponies and 13 horses were used to develop a technique for determining conduction velocity for the radial and median nerves and establishing normal limits for these values. One pony was euthanatized to determine the course of the radial and the median nerves. From this dissection, both proximal and distal stimulation sites for the radial and the median nerves were selected, as well as areas for recording muscle evoked responses from the abductor digiti I longus (extensor carpi obliquus) and the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscles. The other ten ponies and the horses were used in studies on the stimulation of the nerves and recording of muscle evoked responses from which conduction velocity could be calculated. Conduction velocities for the radial and the median nerves were calculated and recorded.", "contents": "Evaluation of equine radial and median nerve conduction velocities. Eleven ponies and 13 horses were used to develop a technique for determining conduction velocity for the radial and median nerves and establishing normal limits for these values. One pony was euthanatized to determine the course of the radial and the median nerves. From this dissection, both proximal and distal stimulation sites for the radial and the median nerves were selected, as well as areas for recording muscle evoked responses from the abductor digiti I longus (extensor carpi obliquus) and the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscles. The other ten ponies and the horses were used in studies on the stimulation of the nerves and recording of muscle evoked responses from which conduction velocity could be calculated. Conduction velocities for the radial and the median nerves were calculated and recorded.", "PMID": 525862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2613", "title": "Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of xylazine-morphine sulfate in horses.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary effects of two xylazine-morphine sulfate drug combinations (mixtures) given IV were evaluated in horses. In horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg of body weight) and morphine sulfate (0.12 mg/kv) IV (experiment 1), there were significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate. Central venous pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. Arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) but transiently. Arterial blood gas tensions (PaCO2 and PaO2) and pH remained unchanged. In the horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg) and morphine sulfate (0.66 mg/kg) IV (experiment 2), the responses were qualitatively similar to those of experiment 1 horses, excluding lessened heart rate which was not significant). Horses in both experiments remained stationary and did not attempt to kick or strike for the duration of the experiment. Objective (trained personnel) and semiquantitative assessments of the analgesia in the horses during experiment 1 and those during experiment 2 indicated marked improvement in analgesia in the latter experiment.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of xylazine-morphine sulfate in horses. The cardiopulmonary effects of two xylazine-morphine sulfate drug combinations (mixtures) given IV were evaluated in horses. In horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg of body weight) and morphine sulfate (0.12 mg/kv) IV (experiment 1), there were significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate. Central venous pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. Arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) but transiently. Arterial blood gas tensions (PaCO2 and PaO2) and pH remained unchanged. In the horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg) and morphine sulfate (0.66 mg/kg) IV (experiment 2), the responses were qualitatively similar to those of experiment 1 horses, excluding lessened heart rate which was not significant). Horses in both experiments remained stationary and did not attempt to kick or strike for the duration of the experiment. Objective (trained personnel) and semiquantitative assessments of the analgesia in the horses during experiment 1 and those during experiment 2 indicated marked improvement in analgesia in the latter experiment.", "PMID": 525863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2614", "title": "Scintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary perfusion in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Pulmonary arterial perfusion was evaluated by perfusion lung scans in ten dogs experimentally infected with heartworm. After larval inoculation, scans were done once a month for 11 months. In 8 of 10 dogs, pulmonary arterial perfusion deficits were detected. The perfusion deficits involved the left cranial, right cranial, and right caudal lung lobes. Generally, there was a poor correlation between vascular abnormalities detected on the survey thoracic radiographs and the perfusion deficits detected by lung scanning. The perfusion deficits did not produce clinical signs or pulmonary infarction.", "contents": "Scintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary perfusion in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Pulmonary arterial perfusion was evaluated by perfusion lung scans in ten dogs experimentally infected with heartworm. After larval inoculation, scans were done once a month for 11 months. In 8 of 10 dogs, pulmonary arterial perfusion deficits were detected. The perfusion deficits involved the left cranial, right cranial, and right caudal lung lobes. Generally, there was a poor correlation between vascular abnormalities detected on the survey thoracic radiographs and the perfusion deficits detected by lung scanning. The perfusion deficits did not produce clinical signs or pulmonary infarction.", "PMID": 525864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2615", "title": "Motor nerve conduction velocity and latency in the dog.", "content": "Supramaximal percutaneous nerve stimulation was used in motor nerve conduction velocity studies conducted in ten middle-aged, clinically normal dogs. Dogs were separated into two groups; dogs in one group weighted less than or equal to 7.5 kg and dogs in the other group weighted greater than or equal to 15.9 kg. Mean values and SEM were recorded for radial (72.1 +/- 1.9 m/s), median 65.6 +/- 2.1 m/s), ulnar (58.9 +/- 1.0 m/s), tibial (68.2 +/- 1.4 m/s), and peroneal (79.8 +/- 1.8 m/s) nerves. Values for latency, amplitude, and duration for proximal and distal evoked potentials were recorded. Analysis of mean nerve conduction velocity values for all nerves between the two groups indicated no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05). However, the two groups were statistically different (P less than 0.05) when values for distal latency and measurements of nerve length were compared. These data suggest that if latency is substituted for velocity measurements, various populations of dogs must be considered to clarify interpretation.", "contents": "Motor nerve conduction velocity and latency in the dog. Supramaximal percutaneous nerve stimulation was used in motor nerve conduction velocity studies conducted in ten middle-aged, clinically normal dogs. Dogs were separated into two groups; dogs in one group weighted less than or equal to 7.5 kg and dogs in the other group weighted greater than or equal to 15.9 kg. Mean values and SEM were recorded for radial (72.1 +/- 1.9 m/s), median 65.6 +/- 2.1 m/s), ulnar (58.9 +/- 1.0 m/s), tibial (68.2 +/- 1.4 m/s), and peroneal (79.8 +/- 1.8 m/s) nerves. Values for latency, amplitude, and duration for proximal and distal evoked potentials were recorded. Analysis of mean nerve conduction velocity values for all nerves between the two groups indicated no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05). However, the two groups were statistically different (P less than 0.05) when values for distal latency and measurements of nerve length were compared. These data suggest that if latency is substituted for velocity measurements, various populations of dogs must be considered to clarify interpretation.", "PMID": 525865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2616", "title": "Intestinal phospholipase B activity in swine inoculated with Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "Trichinella spiralis was studied in outbred swine to determine whether infection would cause an increase in intestinal phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) activity and in number of peripheral eosinophils. Intestinal phospholipase B activities increased and were accompanied by eosinophilia. The response was similar to that found in rodents infected with helminth parasites, thus demonstrating that phospholipase B is not unique to rodent models and is probably part of the complex immune response of the host in defense against parasitic infections.", "contents": "Intestinal phospholipase B activity in swine inoculated with Trichinella spiralis. Trichinella spiralis was studied in outbred swine to determine whether infection would cause an increase in intestinal phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) activity and in number of peripheral eosinophils. Intestinal phospholipase B activities increased and were accompanied by eosinophilia. The response was similar to that found in rodents infected with helminth parasites, thus demonstrating that phospholipase B is not unique to rodent models and is probably part of the complex immune response of the host in defense against parasitic infections.", "PMID": 525866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2617", "title": "Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "Respiratory syncytial virus was inoculated intratracheally into five 1-week-old lambs. Three of the lambs responded clinically with fever, hyperpnea, and listlessness. Pulmonary lesions consisted of multifocal areas of consolidation, with necrosis of individual epithelial cells of the airways and accumulation of necrotic debris, macrophages, and few neutrophils in terminal airways and alveoli. Pulmonary septa in affected areas were infiltrated with numerous macrophages and lymphocytes. Viral particles were seen as buds on epithelial cells and free in bronchioles and alveoli.", "contents": "Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus was inoculated intratracheally into five 1-week-old lambs. Three of the lambs responded clinically with fever, hyperpnea, and listlessness. Pulmonary lesions consisted of multifocal areas of consolidation, with necrosis of individual epithelial cells of the airways and accumulation of necrotic debris, macrophages, and few neutrophils in terminal airways and alveoli. Pulmonary septa in affected areas were infiltrated with numerous macrophages and lymphocytes. Viral particles were seen as buds on epithelial cells and free in bronchioles and alveoli.", "PMID": 525867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2618", "title": "Comparison of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for electrocardiography of the cat.", "content": "Comparison was made of the effects of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for recording (by electrocardiography) cardiac functions in nonanesthetized normal cats of various breeds and ages and both sexes. Reference values of the cats in lateral recumbency were P wave, 0.2 mV by 0.04 s; PR interval, 0.09 s, QRS complex, 0.9 mV by 0.04 s; QT interval, 0.18 s; and 0 to 160 degree axis. Similar values were obtained in the cats in sternal recumbency except that the height of the P wave was 0.3 mV, the height of QRS complex was 1.0 mV, and the axis was -10 degrees to 150 degrees. The only differences between these values and values previously reported were faster heart rate, higher P wave, narrower QRS complex, and more variable electrical axis.", "contents": "Comparison of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for electrocardiography of the cat. Comparison was made of the effects of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for recording (by electrocardiography) cardiac functions in nonanesthetized normal cats of various breeds and ages and both sexes. Reference values of the cats in lateral recumbency were P wave, 0.2 mV by 0.04 s; PR interval, 0.09 s, QRS complex, 0.9 mV by 0.04 s; QT interval, 0.18 s; and 0 to 160 degree axis. Similar values were obtained in the cats in sternal recumbency except that the height of the P wave was 0.3 mV, the height of QRS complex was 1.0 mV, and the axis was -10 degrees to 150 degrees. The only differences between these values and values previously reported were faster heart rate, higher P wave, narrower QRS complex, and more variable electrical axis.", "PMID": 525868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2619", "title": "Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) uptake values in normal adult cats as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay procedures employing highly specific antibodies for either serum T4 or T3 were utilized to determine T4 concentrations and T3 uptake values in normal cats. Mean values for serum T4 and for T3 uptake were 30.9 ng/ml +/- 19 ng/ml and 59.67% +/- 12.2%, respectively.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) uptake values in normal adult cats as determined by radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay procedures employing highly specific antibodies for either serum T4 or T3 were utilized to determine T4 concentrations and T3 uptake values in normal cats. Mean values for serum T4 and for T3 uptake were 30.9 ng/ml +/- 19 ng/ml and 59.67% +/- 12.2%, respectively.", "PMID": 525869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2620", "title": "Isoenzymes of equine alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, liver, kidney, leukocytes, and serum from ten clinically normal horses were defined by their sensitivities to L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, levamisole and heat, and by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Readily identifiable isoenzymes occurred in small intestine, granulocytes, kidney, cecum, and large and small colon. By contrast, alkaline phosphatases from liver, lymphocytes, and serum could not be discriminated by this group of tests.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of equine alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, liver, kidney, leukocytes, and serum from ten clinically normal horses were defined by their sensitivities to L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, levamisole and heat, and by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Readily identifiable isoenzymes occurred in small intestine, granulocytes, kidney, cecum, and large and small colon. By contrast, alkaline phosphatases from liver, lymphocytes, and serum could not be discriminated by this group of tests.", "PMID": 525870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2621", "title": "Plasma and synovial fluid lysozyme activity in horses with experimental cartilage defects.", "content": "Cartilaginous defects were created in the radiocarpal joints of 12 horses. Synovial fluid cytologic features, lysozyme activity, and beta-glucuronidase activity were monitored for 16 days. A comparison was made of plasma lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase activity and of synovial fluid lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and leukocyte concentrations. Plasma lysozyme was found to be independent of synovial fluid lysozyme activity. Synovial fluid lysozyme was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in all joints with surgically induced defects (group I) compared with controls (arthrocentesis done; group III). However, there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity in group I joints and sham-operated controls (cartilage exposed only; group II). Increased lysozyme concentration was found to be positively correlated with increased numbers of leukocytes in the synovial fluid. Parallel changes were noted in synovial fluid beta-glucuronidase activity, indicating that much of the observed synovial fluid lysozyme activity was of lysosomal origin and not from cartilage destruction. Lysozyme activity in synovial fluid was found to be a very sensitive indicator of acute joint injury or inflammation (or both).", "contents": "Plasma and synovial fluid lysozyme activity in horses with experimental cartilage defects. Cartilaginous defects were created in the radiocarpal joints of 12 horses. Synovial fluid cytologic features, lysozyme activity, and beta-glucuronidase activity were monitored for 16 days. A comparison was made of plasma lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase activity and of synovial fluid lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and leukocyte concentrations. Plasma lysozyme was found to be independent of synovial fluid lysozyme activity. Synovial fluid lysozyme was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in all joints with surgically induced defects (group I) compared with controls (arthrocentesis done; group III). However, there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity in group I joints and sham-operated controls (cartilage exposed only; group II). Increased lysozyme concentration was found to be positively correlated with increased numbers of leukocytes in the synovial fluid. Parallel changes were noted in synovial fluid beta-glucuronidase activity, indicating that much of the observed synovial fluid lysozyme activity was of lysosomal origin and not from cartilage destruction. Lysozyme activity in synovial fluid was found to be a very sensitive indicator of acute joint injury or inflammation (or both).", "PMID": 525871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2622", "title": "Pathologic features of adriamycin toxicosis in young pigs: nonskeletal lesions.", "content": "In ten experiments, 53 castrated male 4- to 8-week-old weanling pigs were given adriamycin (ADR) IV at mean dosages of 0.64, 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week at various frequencies for up to 20 weeks. Mortalities in pigs given these dosages were 0% after 112 days, 100% after 134 days (survival time was 48 to 134 days), 91% after 75 days (survival time was 5 to 75 days), 100% after 28 days (survival time was 23 to 28 days), and 100% after 14 days (survival time was 10 to 14 days), respectively. Survival time was prolonged in younger pigs and in pigs given smaller but more frequent dosages of ADR. Characteristic gross and histopathologic alterations of ADR toxicosis were observed in pigs given 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week mean dosages. The most frequent lesions were in the alimentary tract, myeloid and lymphoid tissues, skin, and perivascular tissues at injection sites. Alimentary tract lesions were mucosal epithelial atrophy, with secondary fibrinonecrotic inflammation in the oral cavity and large intestine. Marked hypoplasia was seen in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, with frequent terminal hemorrhagic diathesis and septicemia. Several days before death, the pigs developed severe dermatitis over the ventral portion of the abdomen and inner surfaces of the limbs. Perivascular necrosis and cellulitis produced by extravasation of ADR was a frequent complication of treatment. Terminal severe acute pneumonia occurred in most pigs. Pericarditis or cardiomyopathy (or both) developed in 14 pigs, given 0.64, 1.0, or 1.6 mg/kg each week (mean cumulative dosage 520.5 mg/m2 of body surface). Characteristic histopathologic and ultrastructural alterations in affected cardiac muscle cells were vacuolar degeneration, myocytolysis, and hyaline necrosis. Nephrotoxicosis also was in pigs with chronic ADR toxicosis. Systemic antibiotic treatment did not prolong survival of ADR-treated pigs in two experiments, but did in one other experiment.", "contents": "Pathologic features of adriamycin toxicosis in young pigs: nonskeletal lesions. In ten experiments, 53 castrated male 4- to 8-week-old weanling pigs were given adriamycin (ADR) IV at mean dosages of 0.64, 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week at various frequencies for up to 20 weeks. Mortalities in pigs given these dosages were 0% after 112 days, 100% after 134 days (survival time was 48 to 134 days), 91% after 75 days (survival time was 5 to 75 days), 100% after 28 days (survival time was 23 to 28 days), and 100% after 14 days (survival time was 10 to 14 days), respectively. Survival time was prolonged in younger pigs and in pigs given smaller but more frequent dosages of ADR. Characteristic gross and histopathologic alterations of ADR toxicosis were observed in pigs given 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week mean dosages. The most frequent lesions were in the alimentary tract, myeloid and lymphoid tissues, skin, and perivascular tissues at injection sites. Alimentary tract lesions were mucosal epithelial atrophy, with secondary fibrinonecrotic inflammation in the oral cavity and large intestine. Marked hypoplasia was seen in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, with frequent terminal hemorrhagic diathesis and septicemia. Several days before death, the pigs developed severe dermatitis over the ventral portion of the abdomen and inner surfaces of the limbs. Perivascular necrosis and cellulitis produced by extravasation of ADR was a frequent complication of treatment. Terminal severe acute pneumonia occurred in most pigs. Pericarditis or cardiomyopathy (or both) developed in 14 pigs, given 0.64, 1.0, or 1.6 mg/kg each week (mean cumulative dosage 520.5 mg/m2 of body surface). Characteristic histopathologic and ultrastructural alterations in affected cardiac muscle cells were vacuolar degeneration, myocytolysis, and hyaline necrosis. Nephrotoxicosis also was in pigs with chronic ADR toxicosis. Systemic antibiotic treatment did not prolong survival of ADR-treated pigs in two experiments, but did in one other experiment.", "PMID": 525872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2623", "title": "Immune response in swine given soluble antigens from group E Streptococcus.", "content": "Swine were given a series of injections of soluble or whole cell antigens of group E Streptococcus (GES). In experiment 1, swine given autoclaved extracts developed greater amounts of antibody to antiphagocytic factor (as detected with bactericidal and long-chain tests) than did swine given pepsin-extracted or whole cell antigens, and the swine given extract developed fewer abscesses when challenge exposed with live virulent GES added to their feed. In experiment 2, swine given injections of concentrated autoclaved extract develped higher antiphagocytic factor antibody titers than did control swine given injections of physiologic saline solution. When challenge exposed with live virulent GES by exposure to carrier swine, swine that were given extract developed 71.4% fewer abscesses than did the control swine. Furthermore, 58.3% of the abscesses in the swine that were given extrac\" were less than 1 cm in diameter as compared with 38.2% of the abscesses in the controls, suggesting that the development of some abscesses was arrested in vaccinated swine. Data indicate that a degree of immunity to streptococcal lymphadenitis of swine can be induced by vaccinating swine with nonliving GES antigen.", "contents": "Immune response in swine given soluble antigens from group E Streptococcus. Swine were given a series of injections of soluble or whole cell antigens of group E Streptococcus (GES). In experiment 1, swine given autoclaved extracts developed greater amounts of antibody to antiphagocytic factor (as detected with bactericidal and long-chain tests) than did swine given pepsin-extracted or whole cell antigens, and the swine given extract developed fewer abscesses when challenge exposed with live virulent GES added to their feed. In experiment 2, swine given injections of concentrated autoclaved extract develped higher antiphagocytic factor antibody titers than did control swine given injections of physiologic saline solution. When challenge exposed with live virulent GES by exposure to carrier swine, swine that were given extract developed 71.4% fewer abscesses than did the control swine. Furthermore, 58.3% of the abscesses in the swine that were given extrac\" were less than 1 cm in diameter as compared with 38.2% of the abscesses in the controls, suggesting that the development of some abscesses was arrested in vaccinated swine. Data indicate that a degree of immunity to streptococcal lymphadenitis of swine can be induced by vaccinating swine with nonliving GES antigen.", "PMID": 525873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2624", "title": "Evaluation of different antigens in the complement-fixation test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) infections in swine.", "content": "The identification of new serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) and the frequency of pleural adhesions due to contagious pleuropneumonia in many fattening swine herds have prompted the study of the complement-fixation (CF) test as a diagnostic tool for use in swine. Whole cell antigens, mixed antigens, autoclaved antigens, and phenol-water-extracted antigens derived from different serotypes were prepared and tested with immunized-swine sera by the CF test. Mixed antigen consisting of whole cells from all known serotypes was the best screening antigen for routine use. This antigen gave positive titers with all sera in which a positive reaction against the separate serotype antigen was registered. The most highly serotype-specific reactions were obtained with antigens prepared by phenol-water extractions of whole cells. When whole-cell antigens were used in the CF test, antibodies to superficial serotype-specific and common species-specific antigens could be detected.", "contents": "Evaluation of different antigens in the complement-fixation test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) infections in swine. The identification of new serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) and the frequency of pleural adhesions due to contagious pleuropneumonia in many fattening swine herds have prompted the study of the complement-fixation (CF) test as a diagnostic tool for use in swine. Whole cell antigens, mixed antigens, autoclaved antigens, and phenol-water-extracted antigens derived from different serotypes were prepared and tested with immunized-swine sera by the CF test. Mixed antigen consisting of whole cells from all known serotypes was the best screening antigen for routine use. This antigen gave positive titers with all sera in which a positive reaction against the separate serotype antigen was registered. The most highly serotype-specific reactions were obtained with antigens prepared by phenol-water extractions of whole cells. When whole-cell antigens were used in the CF test, antibodies to superficial serotype-specific and common species-specific antigens could be detected.", "PMID": 525874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2625", "title": "Localization and activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelial cells of the young pig.", "content": "The localization and the specific activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelium of suckling pigs were determined. Acid phosphatase was found in pinocytotic vesicles and vacoles at both intestinal sites in pigs examined during (less than or equal to 1 day old) or shortly after (2 days old) closure. These pinocytolically active vesicles and vacuoles were determined to be phagolysosomes. In the ileum, phagolysosomes persisted well after closure, at an age (10 days) when ileal epithelium retains the capacity for pinocytotic uptake of immunoglobulin, but does not transport it to blood. Neither jejunum nor ileum contained phagolysosomes at an age (30 days) when the intestine had lost both uptake and transport capacities. The specific activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B-1 in jejunum were similar for all age groups. However, the activities of these enzymes in ileum of 10-day-old pigs were three and five times greater than at any other age or site. The results are consistent with phagolysosomes in the ileum of 10-day-old pigs functioning as a \"barrier\" which prevents transport of the macromolecules which are taken up pinocytotically by this epithelium. The results do not permit conclusions whether (or not) the phagolysosomes which appear in jejunum and ileum of pigs less than or equal to 1 day old contribute to closure, because the transcellular route for immunoglobulin absorption in pigs has not been precisely defined.", "contents": "Localization and activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelial cells of the young pig. The localization and the specific activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelium of suckling pigs were determined. Acid phosphatase was found in pinocytotic vesicles and vacoles at both intestinal sites in pigs examined during (less than or equal to 1 day old) or shortly after (2 days old) closure. These pinocytolically active vesicles and vacuoles were determined to be phagolysosomes. In the ileum, phagolysosomes persisted well after closure, at an age (10 days) when ileal epithelium retains the capacity for pinocytotic uptake of immunoglobulin, but does not transport it to blood. Neither jejunum nor ileum contained phagolysosomes at an age (30 days) when the intestine had lost both uptake and transport capacities. The specific activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B-1 in jejunum were similar for all age groups. However, the activities of these enzymes in ileum of 10-day-old pigs were three and five times greater than at any other age or site. The results are consistent with phagolysosomes in the ileum of 10-day-old pigs functioning as a \"barrier\" which prevents transport of the macromolecules which are taken up pinocytotically by this epithelium. The results do not permit conclusions whether (or not) the phagolysosomes which appear in jejunum and ileum of pigs less than or equal to 1 day old contribute to closure, because the transcellular route for immunoglobulin absorption in pigs has not been precisely defined.", "PMID": 525875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2626", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamerazine in ewe lambs.", "content": "Date from plasma and urine samples from four ewe lambs were analyzed after administration of sulfamerazine as single IV and oral doses. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of sulfamerazine. The drug was eliminated, primarily by renal excretion of (i) unchanged sulfamerazine and metabolism to an acetyl metabolite, (ii) polar conjugates, and (iii) a third metabolite. The biological half-life of the drug was 6.6 hours. The average value of the absorption rate constant was 0.433 hour-1 (half-life 1.60 hours). Sulfarmerazine was relatively completely absorbed (approx 81% of dose) after oral administration in solution.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamerazine in ewe lambs. Date from plasma and urine samples from four ewe lambs were analyzed after administration of sulfamerazine as single IV and oral doses. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of sulfamerazine. The drug was eliminated, primarily by renal excretion of (i) unchanged sulfamerazine and metabolism to an acetyl metabolite, (ii) polar conjugates, and (iii) a third metabolite. The biological half-life of the drug was 6.6 hours. The average value of the absorption rate constant was 0.433 hour-1 (half-life 1.60 hours). Sulfarmerazine was relatively completely absorbed (approx 81% of dose) after oral administration in solution.", "PMID": 525876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2627", "title": "Normal canine excretory urogram: effects of dose, time, and individual dog variation.", "content": "Ten healthy, young, adult mongrel dogs were given sodium iothalamate at dose levels of 200, 400, and 800 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight on separate occasions by rapid IV injection; urinary bladders of the dogs were empty before injections were begun. Seven of the ten dogs were given an additional dose of sodium iothalamate (400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg) with the bladder partially distended with sterilized saline solution. Ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs were obtained immediately and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes after injection of contrast medium. The kidneys, renal pelves, pelvic diverticula, and ureters were evaluated for radiographic density (radiopacity). The lengths and widths of the kidneys, pelves, and diverticula and the width of the ureters were determined, and those measurements were standardized by dividing the values by the corresponding length of the second lumbar vertebral body. From these evaluations, it was determined that postinjection radiographs should be obtained immediately and at 5, 20, and 40 minutes. The optimal dose of contrast medium was 400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight. It was also determined that the dose of contrast medium, as well as the time of postinjection radiography, significantly influenced many of the measurements (both linear and density) in the excretory urogram of normal dogs. Values for the measurements of the urinary structures based on the results of the present study are also presented.", "contents": "Normal canine excretory urogram: effects of dose, time, and individual dog variation. Ten healthy, young, adult mongrel dogs were given sodium iothalamate at dose levels of 200, 400, and 800 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight on separate occasions by rapid IV injection; urinary bladders of the dogs were empty before injections were begun. Seven of the ten dogs were given an additional dose of sodium iothalamate (400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg) with the bladder partially distended with sterilized saline solution. Ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs were obtained immediately and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes after injection of contrast medium. The kidneys, renal pelves, pelvic diverticula, and ureters were evaluated for radiographic density (radiopacity). The lengths and widths of the kidneys, pelves, and diverticula and the width of the ureters were determined, and those measurements were standardized by dividing the values by the corresponding length of the second lumbar vertebral body. From these evaluations, it was determined that postinjection radiographs should be obtained immediately and at 5, 20, and 40 minutes. The optimal dose of contrast medium was 400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight. It was also determined that the dose of contrast medium, as well as the time of postinjection radiography, significantly influenced many of the measurements (both linear and density) in the excretory urogram of normal dogs. Values for the measurements of the urinary structures based on the results of the present study are also presented.", "PMID": 525879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2628", "title": "Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis and nephropyelostomy in the dog: a description of the technique.", "content": "Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis or nephropyelostomy was done on 20 anesthetized dogs of both sexes with the aid of fluoroscopy. The upper urinary tracts were visualized by the use of IV radiopaque contrast material and distended by application of an abdominal compression band positioned over the caudal abdomen. Renal pelvic urine was readily obtained by both procedures in each dog. Bloody urine was an infrequent result, and usually occured only after repeated attempts had been made to enter the renal pelvic lumen. To ascertain the degree of renal parenchymal damage caused by passage of the needle and catheter, dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after the procedure was done. Repair of the tissue damage was rapid and the lesions were difficult to visualize grossly by the 14th day.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis and nephropyelostomy in the dog: a description of the technique. Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis or nephropyelostomy was done on 20 anesthetized dogs of both sexes with the aid of fluoroscopy. The upper urinary tracts were visualized by the use of IV radiopaque contrast material and distended by application of an abdominal compression band positioned over the caudal abdomen. Renal pelvic urine was readily obtained by both procedures in each dog. Bloody urine was an infrequent result, and usually occured only after repeated attempts had been made to enter the renal pelvic lumen. To ascertain the degree of renal parenchymal damage caused by passage of the needle and catheter, dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after the procedure was done. Repair of the tissue damage was rapid and the lesions were difficult to visualize grossly by the 14th day.", "PMID": 525880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2629", "title": "Dermal squamous cell carcinoma in young chickens.", "content": "In recent years, squamous cell carcinoma in the skin of young chickens has been found more frequently at slaughter. Two nationwide surveys were completed, which verified the neoplastic classification grossly and microscopically. The deep, ulcerative lesions were found in birds from all geographic locations in the country. The medical history of the flocks was inconclusive and no site of predilection was observed. Presently, the frequency averages 2 per 10,000 birds slaughtered. The casue of this neoplastic skin condition has not been determined.", "contents": "Dermal squamous cell carcinoma in young chickens. In recent years, squamous cell carcinoma in the skin of young chickens has been found more frequently at slaughter. Two nationwide surveys were completed, which verified the neoplastic classification grossly and microscopically. The deep, ulcerative lesions were found in birds from all geographic locations in the country. The medical history of the flocks was inconclusive and no site of predilection was observed. Presently, the frequency averages 2 per 10,000 birds slaughtered. The casue of this neoplastic skin condition has not been determined.", "PMID": 525881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2630", "title": "Direct development of enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma in the intestines of cats fed cysts.", "content": "Four newborn (1- to 2-day-old) and two weaned (55- to 67-day-old) Toxoplasma-free cats were killed between 23 and 120 hours after ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii cysts from the brains of infected mice, and the cats' tissues were examined for the development of Toxoplasma. Intraepithelial Toxoplasma types (B, C, and D) were found in sections of small intestine. Homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver of each cat were injected intraperitoneally into each of six weaned Toxoplasma-free cats to test the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages, as proposed by Overdulve (1978). Of the six cats injected with infected feline tissues, none shed oocysts within 17 days. Thus, the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages was not confirmed.", "contents": "Direct development of enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma in the intestines of cats fed cysts. Four newborn (1- to 2-day-old) and two weaned (55- to 67-day-old) Toxoplasma-free cats were killed between 23 and 120 hours after ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii cysts from the brains of infected mice, and the cats' tissues were examined for the development of Toxoplasma. Intraepithelial Toxoplasma types (B, C, and D) were found in sections of small intestine. Homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver of each cat were injected intraperitoneally into each of six weaned Toxoplasma-free cats to test the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages, as proposed by Overdulve (1978). Of the six cats injected with infected feline tissues, none shed oocysts within 17 days. Thus, the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages was not confirmed.", "PMID": 525882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2631", "title": "Buccal lymph node in the dog.", "content": "In a survey of 250 dogs, a lymph node, designated buccal lymph node, was identified in 8.8% of the dogs examined. Anatomic features and drainage patterns are described.", "contents": "Buccal lymph node in the dog. In a survey of 250 dogs, a lymph node, designated buccal lymph node, was identified in 8.8% of the dogs examined. Anatomic features and drainage patterns are described.", "PMID": 525883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2632", "title": "Lancefield group R streptococci associated with pneumonia in swine.", "content": "During a 12-month survey of streptococcal infections in swine, 14 of 98 isolates were found to belong to Lancefield group R. Most of these isolates were from pigs with pneumonia. Approximately half the group R isolates were associated with concurrent Pasteurella pneumonia.", "contents": "Lancefield group R streptococci associated with pneumonia in swine. During a 12-month survey of streptococcal infections in swine, 14 of 98 isolates were found to belong to Lancefield group R. Most of these isolates were from pigs with pneumonia. Approximately half the group R isolates were associated with concurrent Pasteurella pneumonia.", "PMID": 525884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2633", "title": "Minimal changes in blood cell counts and biochemical values associated with prolonged isoflurane anesthesia of horses.", "content": "The potential toxicity to horses of 7.33 +/- 0.87 SD minimal alveolar concentration hours of isoflurane anesthesia was evaluated by sequential determination of blood cell counts, electrolyte concentrations, and certain blood chemical values. Minimal or no serious toxicosis was observed for up to 7 days after anesthesia was terminated.", "contents": "Minimal changes in blood cell counts and biochemical values associated with prolonged isoflurane anesthesia of horses. The potential toxicity to horses of 7.33 +/- 0.87 SD minimal alveolar concentration hours of isoflurane anesthesia was evaluated by sequential determination of blood cell counts, electrolyte concentrations, and certain blood chemical values. Minimal or no serious toxicosis was observed for up to 7 days after anesthesia was terminated.", "PMID": 525885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2634", "title": "Susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "The susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was studied. Twelve lemmings were exposed to cultural material of M paratuberculosis and were necropsied at 40- to 260-day intervals after exposure. Selected tissues were examined bacteriologically and histologically. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was recovered from all exposed lemmings except the one necropsied 40 days after exposure. Pathologic changes typical of paratuberculosis were seen in a few lemmings. Clinical signs of disease were not seen. Rate of growth and general appearance of the exposed lemmings and the normal controls did not differ. The extent of infection in this species of lemming was similar to that seen in exposed hamsters.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was studied. Twelve lemmings were exposed to cultural material of M paratuberculosis and were necropsied at 40- to 260-day intervals after exposure. Selected tissues were examined bacteriologically and histologically. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was recovered from all exposed lemmings except the one necropsied 40 days after exposure. Pathologic changes typical of paratuberculosis were seen in a few lemmings. Clinical signs of disease were not seen. Rate of growth and general appearance of the exposed lemmings and the normal controls did not differ. The extent of infection in this species of lemming was similar to that seen in exposed hamsters.", "PMID": 525886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2635", "title": "Sequential titration of bovine lung and serum antibodies after parenteral or pulmonary inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica.", "content": "Calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica. Antibody in serum, nasal washings, and bronchoalveolar washings was titrated sequentially before and after calves were vaccinated and then challenge exposed with live homologous bacteria. Bronchoalveolar washings were collected by fiberoptics bronchoscopy, and antibody was titrated by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination. Responsiveness to vaccination was related in initial serum antibody concentrations. Calves with serum antibody titers of 1:20 or more were nonresponsive, whereas with few exceptions, calves having titers of less than 1:20 responded to vaccination. Results indicated that serum and lung antibody were induced by subcutaneous or by intrabronchial inoculation of formalinized P haemolytica. By either route of immunization, serum antibody was more persistent than was lung antibody, and pulmonary challenge exposure with live P haemolytica did not alter existing titers.", "contents": "Sequential titration of bovine lung and serum antibodies after parenteral or pulmonary inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica. Calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica. Antibody in serum, nasal washings, and bronchoalveolar washings was titrated sequentially before and after calves were vaccinated and then challenge exposed with live homologous bacteria. Bronchoalveolar washings were collected by fiberoptics bronchoscopy, and antibody was titrated by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination. Responsiveness to vaccination was related in initial serum antibody concentrations. Calves with serum antibody titers of 1:20 or more were nonresponsive, whereas with few exceptions, calves having titers of less than 1:20 responded to vaccination. Results indicated that serum and lung antibody were induced by subcutaneous or by intrabronchial inoculation of formalinized P haemolytica. By either route of immunization, serum antibody was more persistent than was lung antibody, and pulmonary challenge exposure with live P haemolytica did not alter existing titers.", "PMID": 525887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2636", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumors against sarcoid cells in vitro.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, and at this time their proliferative activity was significantly increased over that of control horses. When normal allogeneic fibroblasts were used as stimulatory cells, no such difference between sarcoid and control horses could be seen. The cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sarcoid and control horses against Mc-1 cells or normal allogeneic fibroblast targets was very low. However, the mean cytotoxicity against Mc-1 was slightly increased for sarcoid horses as compared with that of control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. Furthermore, it was shown that sarcoid horses, but not control horses, had a slightly but consistently increased cytotoxicity against Mc-1 cells as compared with that against normal allogeneic fibroblasts.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumors against sarcoid cells in vitro. Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, and at this time their proliferative activity was significantly increased over that of control horses. When normal allogeneic fibroblasts were used as stimulatory cells, no such difference between sarcoid and control horses could be seen. The cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sarcoid and control horses against Mc-1 cells or normal allogeneic fibroblast targets was very low. However, the mean cytotoxicity against Mc-1 was slightly increased for sarcoid horses as compared with that of control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. Furthermore, it was shown that sarcoid horses, but not control horses, had a slightly but consistently increased cytotoxicity against Mc-1 cells as compared with that against normal allogeneic fibroblasts.", "PMID": 525888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2637", "title": "Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in feeder-age lambs.", "content": "Signs of disease, lesions, and serologic response were seen in six 6-month-old-lambs experimentally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A transient febrile response, mild hyperpnea, and listlessness were seen. Multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis were seen in lambs necropsied during the period of clinical response. A serologic response to RSV was seen in all lambs, and RSV was recovered from five lambs.", "contents": "Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in feeder-age lambs. Signs of disease, lesions, and serologic response were seen in six 6-month-old-lambs experimentally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A transient febrile response, mild hyperpnea, and listlessness were seen. Multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis were seen in lambs necropsied during the period of clinical response. A serologic response to RSV was seen in all lambs, and RSV was recovered from five lambs.", "PMID": 525890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2638", "title": "Induction of intestinal evacuation or vomition (or both) in the dog by prostaglandin F2alpha injection: clinical potential.", "content": "Different groups of dogs were given prostaglandin F2alpha IM. The dosage range was between 0.022 and 0.555 mg/kg of body weight. Defecation, including contents from the cranial portion of the large intestine, occurred in 40% to 100% of the dogs within 3.16 to 12.5 minutes after injection depending on dosage administered. Defecation (83.3% of dogs), without vomition, occurred in dogs given a dosage of 0.111 mg/kg. Emesis (87.5% of dogs) and defecation (75.0% of dogs) were observed in dogs given a dosage of greater than or equal to 0.444 mg/kg. Emesis occurred in 1.6 to 2.6 minutes after defecation in dogs given more than 0.444 mg/kg. Latency for emesis response varied between 3.2 and 11.5 minutes. The effect of the drug lasted approximately 15 minutes, with most dogs showing a single episode of defecation or vomition (or both). Besides a marked increase in respiratory rate, side effects were minor. Seemingly, prostaglandin-F2alpha may become the preferred drug for the clinical inducement of vomition and defecation in dogs.", "contents": "Induction of intestinal evacuation or vomition (or both) in the dog by prostaglandin F2alpha injection: clinical potential. Different groups of dogs were given prostaglandin F2alpha IM. The dosage range was between 0.022 and 0.555 mg/kg of body weight. Defecation, including contents from the cranial portion of the large intestine, occurred in 40% to 100% of the dogs within 3.16 to 12.5 minutes after injection depending on dosage administered. Defecation (83.3% of dogs), without vomition, occurred in dogs given a dosage of 0.111 mg/kg. Emesis (87.5% of dogs) and defecation (75.0% of dogs) were observed in dogs given a dosage of greater than or equal to 0.444 mg/kg. Emesis occurred in 1.6 to 2.6 minutes after defecation in dogs given more than 0.444 mg/kg. Latency for emesis response varied between 3.2 and 11.5 minutes. The effect of the drug lasted approximately 15 minutes, with most dogs showing a single episode of defecation or vomition (or both). Besides a marked increase in respiratory rate, side effects were minor. Seemingly, prostaglandin-F2alpha may become the preferred drug for the clinical inducement of vomition and defecation in dogs.", "PMID": 525891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2639", "title": "Histology of the hair cycle in male beagle dogs.", "content": "A detailed histologic study of the hair follicles of male Beagle dogs was made to determine changes in microscopic structure associated with the three stages in the hair cycle. Observed changes are that the bulbs of hair follicles in anagen are more closely associated with adipose tissue than they are in telogen. This is due to the deeper penetration of the follicles into the subcutaneous tissue during anagen. The hair germ cells of telogen were presumed to arise from the stratum basale of the matrix cells rather than from the outer root sheath cells. During telogen, the dermal papilla is separated from the club hair, but remains in close proximity to it. There is no connecting stalk as is reported for other animals.", "contents": "Histology of the hair cycle in male beagle dogs. A detailed histologic study of the hair follicles of male Beagle dogs was made to determine changes in microscopic structure associated with the three stages in the hair cycle. Observed changes are that the bulbs of hair follicles in anagen are more closely associated with adipose tissue than they are in telogen. This is due to the deeper penetration of the follicles into the subcutaneous tissue during anagen. The hair germ cells of telogen were presumed to arise from the stratum basale of the matrix cells rather than from the outer root sheath cells. During telogen, the dermal papilla is separated from the club hair, but remains in close proximity to it. There is no connecting stalk as is reported for other animals.", "PMID": 525892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2640", "title": "Effects of prednisolone on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus in beagle pups.", "content": "Effects of oral prednisolone (OP) on the development of immune responses of Beagle pups to canine distemper virus (CDV) were studied. Dogs were treated with OP for 21 days, twice a day for the first 7 days, once a day for the next 7 days, and on alternate days for the last 7 days. Dogs given dosages of OP (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) showed a normal in vivo immunogenic response after CDV vaccination and survived a virulent CDV challenge exposure, whereas non-treated, nonvaccinated dogs became ill or died after challenge exposure. The most marked effect of corticosteroid treatment on the immune system was the graded phytoimmunosuppressive effect upon the lymphocyte blast transformation test.", "contents": "Effects of prednisolone on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus in beagle pups. Effects of oral prednisolone (OP) on the development of immune responses of Beagle pups to canine distemper virus (CDV) were studied. Dogs were treated with OP for 21 days, twice a day for the first 7 days, once a day for the next 7 days, and on alternate days for the last 7 days. Dogs given dosages of OP (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) showed a normal in vivo immunogenic response after CDV vaccination and survived a virulent CDV challenge exposure, whereas non-treated, nonvaccinated dogs became ill or died after challenge exposure. The most marked effect of corticosteroid treatment on the immune system was the graded phytoimmunosuppressive effect upon the lymphocyte blast transformation test.", "PMID": 525893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2641", "title": "Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures in canine circumanal gland carcinoma cells.", "content": "Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures, bound by a single membrane, were observed for the first time in some glandular \"bird's eye\" cells of canine circummanal gland carcinomas. The role of these intranuclear structures is not clear. It is suggested that they may be involved in cellular adaptation to an environment of nutrient deficiency, as a result of cell overcrowding.", "contents": "Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures in canine circumanal gland carcinoma cells. Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures, bound by a single membrane, were observed for the first time in some glandular \"bird's eye\" cells of canine circummanal gland carcinomas. The role of these intranuclear structures is not clear. It is suggested that they may be involved in cellular adaptation to an environment of nutrient deficiency, as a result of cell overcrowding.", "PMID": 525894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2642", "title": "Immunogenicity of Clostridium septicum in guinea pigs.", "content": "Five strains of Clostridium septicum were used to prepare bacterins, bacterin-toxoids, toxoid, and combinations of bacterins or bacterin-toxoids. These preparations were tested for immunogenicity in guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with 1.0 ml of product. Usually, a second vaccination was given 21 to 24 days later. The immunity of groups of vaccinated guinea pigs was challenged with as many as 22 strains of C septicum. When challenge exposed with homologous strains at 21 to 24 days after one vaccination or 10 t0 18 days after a second vaccination, 60% to 100% of the guinea pigs in each group survived. Demonstrable cross-protection among strains of C septicum varied from none to 100% protection in vaccinated guinea pigs. A combination of bacterin-toxoid prepared from four selected strains protected 70% to 100% of the vaccinated guinea pigs challenge exposed with 21 strains. Duration-of-immunity studies demonstrated a twofold to fourfold decrease in protection when the vaccination-to-challenge interval was extended an additional 3 weeks. Strains of C septicum do not have an effective common immunogen and the stimulated immunity appears to be of short duration. Antitoxin was demonstrated to be less important than other factors in protecting against C septicum infection.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of Clostridium septicum in guinea pigs. Five strains of Clostridium septicum were used to prepare bacterins, bacterin-toxoids, toxoid, and combinations of bacterins or bacterin-toxoids. These preparations were tested for immunogenicity in guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with 1.0 ml of product. Usually, a second vaccination was given 21 to 24 days later. The immunity of groups of vaccinated guinea pigs was challenged with as many as 22 strains of C septicum. When challenge exposed with homologous strains at 21 to 24 days after one vaccination or 10 t0 18 days after a second vaccination, 60% to 100% of the guinea pigs in each group survived. Demonstrable cross-protection among strains of C septicum varied from none to 100% protection in vaccinated guinea pigs. A combination of bacterin-toxoid prepared from four selected strains protected 70% to 100% of the vaccinated guinea pigs challenge exposed with 21 strains. Duration-of-immunity studies demonstrated a twofold to fourfold decrease in protection when the vaccination-to-challenge interval was extended an additional 3 weeks. Strains of C septicum do not have an effective common immunogen and the stimulated immunity appears to be of short duration. Antitoxin was demonstrated to be less important than other factors in protecting against C septicum infection.", "PMID": 525895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2643", "title": "Antibody formation in Corynebacterium renale-induced experimental pyelonephritis in the rat.", "content": "The immune defense system of the kidney was studied by inducing ascending pyelonephritis in rats with Corynebacterium renale. With the fluorescent antibody technique, C renale organisms were observed in the renal pelvis, but were not coated with antibody until they reached the medulla. Histopathologic evaluation of renal tissues collected serially after inoculation confirmed the presence of infection in the medulla when antibody coating occurred. Serum anti-C renale antibody concentrations increased after antibody-coated bacteria appeared in the urine and kidney. Free anti-C renale antibody was not detected in urine from infected rats, using the microagglutination assay. Antibody coating appears to occur only after C renale organisms invade the medulla during ascending pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Antibody formation in Corynebacterium renale-induced experimental pyelonephritis in the rat. The immune defense system of the kidney was studied by inducing ascending pyelonephritis in rats with Corynebacterium renale. With the fluorescent antibody technique, C renale organisms were observed in the renal pelvis, but were not coated with antibody until they reached the medulla. Histopathologic evaluation of renal tissues collected serially after inoculation confirmed the presence of infection in the medulla when antibody coating occurred. Serum anti-C renale antibody concentrations increased after antibody-coated bacteria appeared in the urine and kidney. Free anti-C renale antibody was not detected in urine from infected rats, using the microagglutination assay. Antibody coating appears to occur only after C renale organisms invade the medulla during ascending pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 525896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2644", "title": "Testosterone metabolism by hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "content": "Hexachlorobenzene, which is a widespread contaminant of meat and meat animal by-products throughout the world, had a profound effect on the homeostatic mechanism which controls the serum testosterone concentrations in the mouse. Significant increases in the mean hepatic weight, the concentrations of hepatic microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and cytochrome c reductase activity occurred in the aminals given a ration containing 250 mg of hexachlorobenzene/kg for 21 days, when compared with their nontreated controls. These increases in cytochrome concentrations and enzyme activity of the hepatic microsomes are reflected by significant increases in the in vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone and a decrease in the serum concentrations of testosterone with a concomitant decrease in the weights of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of the mouse.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism by hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatic microsomal enzymes. Hexachlorobenzene, which is a widespread contaminant of meat and meat animal by-products throughout the world, had a profound effect on the homeostatic mechanism which controls the serum testosterone concentrations in the mouse. Significant increases in the mean hepatic weight, the concentrations of hepatic microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and cytochrome c reductase activity occurred in the aminals given a ration containing 250 mg of hexachlorobenzene/kg for 21 days, when compared with their nontreated controls. These increases in cytochrome concentrations and enzyme activity of the hepatic microsomes are reflected by significant increases in the in vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone and a decrease in the serum concentrations of testosterone with a concomitant decrease in the weights of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of the mouse.", "PMID": 525897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2645", "title": "In vitro cultivation of Anaplasma marginale: invasion of and development in noninfected erythrocytes.", "content": "Ovine erythrocytes infected with attenuated Anaplasma marginale organisms were cultured in a suspension of normal ovine erythrocytes and normal bovine erythrocytes for 42 days. In each system, the organism showed an initial period of rapid growth followed by a gradual decrease in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes accompanied by cyclic peaks. The percentage of infection of ovine erythrocytes were not different when normal ovine or bovine erythrocytes were added to the cultures. In vitro transmission of the organism from infected ovine cells to normal bovine cells was demonstrated by use of a two-step direct fluorescent antibody method, which allowed for specific identification of the two cell types and the organism.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of Anaplasma marginale: invasion of and development in noninfected erythrocytes. Ovine erythrocytes infected with attenuated Anaplasma marginale organisms were cultured in a suspension of normal ovine erythrocytes and normal bovine erythrocytes for 42 days. In each system, the organism showed an initial period of rapid growth followed by a gradual decrease in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes accompanied by cyclic peaks. The percentage of infection of ovine erythrocytes were not different when normal ovine or bovine erythrocytes were added to the cultures. In vitro transmission of the organism from infected ovine cells to normal bovine cells was demonstrated by use of a two-step direct fluorescent antibody method, which allowed for specific identification of the two cell types and the organism.", "PMID": 525898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2646", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of xylazine in the calf.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of sedative level doses of xylazine in five chronically instrumented calves were studied. These effects included immediate and prolonged reductions in heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular dp/dt max. Stroke volume showed an initial decrease in value with a return in 15 minutes to base-line values. Total peripheral resistance, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular volume, and left ventricular residual fraction were increased after drug administration. The results indicate that a depressed myocardium results from xylazine administration. With one exception (the absence of a hypertensive response), these effects largely parallel, both quantitatively and qualitatively, those seen with this drug in other species. Sedation by xylazine is produced in cattle at doses which are small compared to those which is required for sedation in other species. These same small doses in cattle also cause hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of xylazine in the calf. The hemodynamic effects of sedative level doses of xylazine in five chronically instrumented calves were studied. These effects included immediate and prolonged reductions in heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular dp/dt max. Stroke volume showed an initial decrease in value with a return in 15 minutes to base-line values. Total peripheral resistance, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular volume, and left ventricular residual fraction were increased after drug administration. The results indicate that a depressed myocardium results from xylazine administration. With one exception (the absence of a hypertensive response), these effects largely parallel, both quantitatively and qualitatively, those seen with this drug in other species. Sedation by xylazine is produced in cattle at doses which are small compared to those which is required for sedation in other species. These same small doses in cattle also cause hemodynamic changes.", "PMID": 525899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2647", "title": "Gastrointestinal nematode immunization trials in cattle.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to immunize calves against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis. Calves were given intraperitoneal injections with in vitro-grown parasitic larvae of the three species and IV and intraperitoneal injections of exoantigens obtained from culture media used to grow O ostertagi. None of the treatments provided immunity to subsequent oral challenge exposure with normal infective larvae.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal nematode immunization trials in cattle. Three experiments were conducted to immunize calves against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis. Calves were given intraperitoneal injections with in vitro-grown parasitic larvae of the three species and IV and intraperitoneal injections of exoantigens obtained from culture media used to grow O ostertagi. None of the treatments provided immunity to subsequent oral challenge exposure with normal infective larvae.", "PMID": 525900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2648", "title": "Biological effect of ultraviolet radiation on cattle: bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "The relationship between bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma and ultraviolet radiation was studied. Experimental procedures were devised to irradiate cattle with predetermined quantities of ultraviolet beta. Irradiation induced a preneoplastic ocular growth in one of four irradiated cattle. An epizootiologic study indicates that since 1950 the occurrence of bovine ocular squamous cel carcinoma reported at slaughter has increased. This increase was real and not due to an increase in numbers of cattle.", "contents": "Biological effect of ultraviolet radiation on cattle: bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. The relationship between bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma and ultraviolet radiation was studied. Experimental procedures were devised to irradiate cattle with predetermined quantities of ultraviolet beta. Irradiation induced a preneoplastic ocular growth in one of four irradiated cattle. An epizootiologic study indicates that since 1950 the occurrence of bovine ocular squamous cel carcinoma reported at slaughter has increased. This increase was real and not due to an increase in numbers of cattle.", "PMID": 525901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2649", "title": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced response of the bovine ovary, oviduct (uterine tube), and uterus.", "content": "Tissue strips from the ovary, (uterine tube), and oviduct, and uterus of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were tested for their contractile response to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). When 2.1 x 10(-6)M PGF2 alpha was added to the uterine strips, tension of tissues from pregnant cows increased sharply; however, tension in tissues from nonpregnant cows only increased moderately. Similar concentrations failed to elicit any response from oviductal tissues of either group. Unlike the uterus and the oviduct, the ovaries contracted slowly and irregularly. They responded with varying degrees of stimulation; ovaries from pregnant cows with brief and mild stimulation and ovaries from nonpregnant cows with slower and relatively stronger stimulation. Results indicate that the bovine ovary contracts rhythmically and that its sensitivity to PGF2 alpha decreases during pregnancy in contrast to the bovine uterus which becomes increasingly sensitive during pregnancy.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced response of the bovine ovary, oviduct (uterine tube), and uterus. Tissue strips from the ovary, (uterine tube), and oviduct, and uterus of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were tested for their contractile response to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). When 2.1 x 10(-6)M PGF2 alpha was added to the uterine strips, tension of tissues from pregnant cows increased sharply; however, tension in tissues from nonpregnant cows only increased moderately. Similar concentrations failed to elicit any response from oviductal tissues of either group. Unlike the uterus and the oviduct, the ovaries contracted slowly and irregularly. They responded with varying degrees of stimulation; ovaries from pregnant cows with brief and mild stimulation and ovaries from nonpregnant cows with slower and relatively stronger stimulation. Results indicate that the bovine ovary contracts rhythmically and that its sensitivity to PGF2 alpha decreases during pregnancy in contrast to the bovine uterus which becomes increasingly sensitive during pregnancy.", "PMID": 525902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2650", "title": "Seasonal effects of tropical climate on shaded and nonshaded cows as measured by rectal temperature, adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and milk production.", "content": "Rectal temperatures and hormone concentrations were monitored at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, and milk, milk fat, and California mastitis test scores at intervals of 1 week in five shaded and in four nonshaded early lactation cows. Measurements were taken from September to December in the mildly heat stressing climate of Oahu, Hawaii. The daily ambient temperature flux ranged from 22 C to 29 C in September to 20 C to 25 C in December. Average daily temperature-humidity index (THI) values were 75 to 70 for September and December, respectively. Average daily THI values were correlated with rectal temperatures in nonshaded cows and were negatively correlated with plasma adrenal cortex hormones (corticoids) in shaded cows, plasma thyroid hormone in shaded and nonshaded cows, and with milk production in nonshaded cows. Estimated milk production decline per unit increase in THI was 0.32 kg. Nonshaded cows had higher rectal temperatures, a trend for lower plasma corticoids, produced less milk and milk fat, and had higher California mastitis test scores. Shaded cows maintained a higher fat percentage at THI above 74. Average plasma thyroid hormone values were not different between treatment groups. Both groups failed to attain normal rectal temperatures at night. Afternoon rectal temperatures were more highly correlated with the rectal temperature with which the cow started the day than they were with the THI of the day itself.", "contents": "Seasonal effects of tropical climate on shaded and nonshaded cows as measured by rectal temperature, adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and milk production. Rectal temperatures and hormone concentrations were monitored at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, and milk, milk fat, and California mastitis test scores at intervals of 1 week in five shaded and in four nonshaded early lactation cows. Measurements were taken from September to December in the mildly heat stressing climate of Oahu, Hawaii. The daily ambient temperature flux ranged from 22 C to 29 C in September to 20 C to 25 C in December. Average daily temperature-humidity index (THI) values were 75 to 70 for September and December, respectively. Average daily THI values were correlated with rectal temperatures in nonshaded cows and were negatively correlated with plasma adrenal cortex hormones (corticoids) in shaded cows, plasma thyroid hormone in shaded and nonshaded cows, and with milk production in nonshaded cows. Estimated milk production decline per unit increase in THI was 0.32 kg. Nonshaded cows had higher rectal temperatures, a trend for lower plasma corticoids, produced less milk and milk fat, and had higher California mastitis test scores. Shaded cows maintained a higher fat percentage at THI above 74. Average plasma thyroid hormone values were not different between treatment groups. Both groups failed to attain normal rectal temperatures at night. Afternoon rectal temperatures were more highly correlated with the rectal temperature with which the cow started the day than they were with the THI of the day itself.", "PMID": 525903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2651", "title": "Electrode catheterization for recording electrical activity of fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His).", "content": "A method for locating an electrode catheter for observing electrical activities of the fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His) without fluoroscopic guidance is described. A catheter which contains 4 electrodes and 2 internal capillary tubes was developed; the catheter has 2 distal orifices 18 mm apart. The position of the catheter tip is determined by observing blood pressure recordings from the two internal capillary tubes; when the tip is positioned properly, the proximal orifice will monitor atrial pressure and the distal orifice will detect ventricular pressure. This catheter was utilized on 14 mongrel dogs (19 to 27 kg). Recordings of atrioventricular bundle activities were successfully obtained from 12 of 14 dogs without any fluoroscopic guidances.", "contents": "Electrode catheterization for recording electrical activity of fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His). A method for locating an electrode catheter for observing electrical activities of the fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His) without fluoroscopic guidance is described. A catheter which contains 4 electrodes and 2 internal capillary tubes was developed; the catheter has 2 distal orifices 18 mm apart. The position of the catheter tip is determined by observing blood pressure recordings from the two internal capillary tubes; when the tip is positioned properly, the proximal orifice will monitor atrial pressure and the distal orifice will detect ventricular pressure. This catheter was utilized on 14 mongrel dogs (19 to 27 kg). Recordings of atrioventricular bundle activities were successfully obtained from 12 of 14 dogs without any fluoroscopic guidances.", "PMID": 525904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2652", "title": "Specular microscopic observations of the clinically normal canine corneal endothelium.", "content": "Specular microscopy and pachometry were performed on seven clinically normal anesthetized young adult dogs. Endothelial cells of the central cornea formed a mosaic-like pattern of hexagonal cells 15 to 20 micrometers in diameter; the average number of cells per millimeters squared was 2,816 +/- 187 SD. Average corneal thickness of 0.62 +/- 0.047 SD mm.", "contents": "Specular microscopic observations of the clinically normal canine corneal endothelium. Specular microscopy and pachometry were performed on seven clinically normal anesthetized young adult dogs. Endothelial cells of the central cornea formed a mosaic-like pattern of hexagonal cells 15 to 20 micrometers in diameter; the average number of cells per millimeters squared was 2,816 +/- 187 SD. Average corneal thickness of 0.62 +/- 0.047 SD mm.", "PMID": 525905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2653", "title": "Electron microscope studies of Anaplasma marginale in an Aedes albopictus culture system.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale was seen by electron microscopy within the cytoplasm of Aedes albopictus cells in culture. Anaplasma marginale was seen in free bovine RBC as well as in RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Some A marginale organisms, both intracellular and extracellular, remained intact for as long as 60 days in culture, and Anaplasma inclusion appendages were seen in free-lysed RBC and in lysed RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Although some A marginale organisms had deteriorated by day 60, the structure of most A marginale organisms did not change appreciably from that in its natural bovine host. Reproduction of A marginale was not seen.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies of Anaplasma marginale in an Aedes albopictus culture system. Anaplasma marginale was seen by electron microscopy within the cytoplasm of Aedes albopictus cells in culture. Anaplasma marginale was seen in free bovine RBC as well as in RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Some A marginale organisms, both intracellular and extracellular, remained intact for as long as 60 days in culture, and Anaplasma inclusion appendages were seen in free-lysed RBC and in lysed RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Although some A marginale organisms had deteriorated by day 60, the structure of most A marginale organisms did not change appreciably from that in its natural bovine host. Reproduction of A marginale was not seen.", "PMID": 525907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2654", "title": "Control of radiation-induced emesis with promethazine, cimetidine, thiethylperazine, or naloxone.", "content": "Promethazine (2 mg/kg), cimetidine (4 mg/kg), thiethylperazine (0.86 mg/kg), and naloxone (0.08 mg/kg) were each evaluated for their ability to increase the threshold of radiation-induced emesis in the dog. Each dog was fed a can of dog food (ca 0.4 kg) and then injected IM with the appropriate drug 1 hour before being irradiated by a 60Co teletherapy unit. The total radiation dose given an individual dog was determined by an up-and-down exposure schedule. Dogs were then observed continuously for 10 hours while the number, time of onset, and duration of each emetic episode were monitored. The dose of radiation causing emesis in 50% (ED50 +/- SEM) of control dogs was 170 +/- 38.5 rad. The ED50 +/- SEM was increased to 402 +/- 18.6 rad by promethazine, to 331 +/- 27.3 rad by cimetidine, and to 320 +/- 38.5 rad by thiethylperazine. This increased tolerance was significant at P less than 0.05 for each drug. The ED50 for naloxone was 262.5 +/- 92.9 rad, which was not a statistically significant increase in threshold.", "contents": "Control of radiation-induced emesis with promethazine, cimetidine, thiethylperazine, or naloxone. Promethazine (2 mg/kg), cimetidine (4 mg/kg), thiethylperazine (0.86 mg/kg), and naloxone (0.08 mg/kg) were each evaluated for their ability to increase the threshold of radiation-induced emesis in the dog. Each dog was fed a can of dog food (ca 0.4 kg) and then injected IM with the appropriate drug 1 hour before being irradiated by a 60Co teletherapy unit. The total radiation dose given an individual dog was determined by an up-and-down exposure schedule. Dogs were then observed continuously for 10 hours while the number, time of onset, and duration of each emetic episode were monitored. The dose of radiation causing emesis in 50% (ED50 +/- SEM) of control dogs was 170 +/- 38.5 rad. The ED50 +/- SEM was increased to 402 +/- 18.6 rad by promethazine, to 331 +/- 27.3 rad by cimetidine, and to 320 +/- 38.5 rad by thiethylperazine. This increased tolerance was significant at P less than 0.05 for each drug. The ED50 for naloxone was 262.5 +/- 92.9 rad, which was not a statistically significant increase in threshold.", "PMID": 525908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2655", "title": "Quantitative electroencephalographic and metabolic studies of midaflur, a new anesthetic agent.", "content": "Midaflur [4-amino-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoro methyl)-3-imidazoline] was tested for its ability to induce changes in (i) the EEG of Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted electrodes and (ii) metabolic and kidney functions on Fischer 344 rats. Ataxia and loss of righting reflex were observed in animals given the smaller doses (2 to 5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally), with little or no effect on the EEG. At higher dose rates, a significant linear dose-response relationship was found for midaflur in depressing brain activity. Changes in body weight and feed and water intake occurred in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg). These effects seemed to be due, in part, to the drug-induced inactivity and to the vehicle in which midaflur has been formulated (equal parts of ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and water). Urinary volumes were reduced after injection of midaflur, possibly as a consequence of the changes in water intake. Since midaflur is highly fluorinated, studies were done to detect possible release of inorganic fluoride due to metabolic breakdown. Serum fluoride concentrations in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg) were consistently lower than those of control (untreated) animals, reflecting a reduction in the daily intake of fluoride as a consequence of the diminished feed intake. Significant changes were not observed in the urinary fluoride concentrations in treated rats as compared with these values in control animals given the vehicle alone.", "contents": "Quantitative electroencephalographic and metabolic studies of midaflur, a new anesthetic agent. Midaflur [4-amino-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoro methyl)-3-imidazoline] was tested for its ability to induce changes in (i) the EEG of Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted electrodes and (ii) metabolic and kidney functions on Fischer 344 rats. Ataxia and loss of righting reflex were observed in animals given the smaller doses (2 to 5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally), with little or no effect on the EEG. At higher dose rates, a significant linear dose-response relationship was found for midaflur in depressing brain activity. Changes in body weight and feed and water intake occurred in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg). These effects seemed to be due, in part, to the drug-induced inactivity and to the vehicle in which midaflur has been formulated (equal parts of ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and water). Urinary volumes were reduced after injection of midaflur, possibly as a consequence of the changes in water intake. Since midaflur is highly fluorinated, studies were done to detect possible release of inorganic fluoride due to metabolic breakdown. Serum fluoride concentrations in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg) were consistently lower than those of control (untreated) animals, reflecting a reduction in the daily intake of fluoride as a consequence of the diminished feed intake. Significant changes were not observed in the urinary fluoride concentrations in treated rats as compared with these values in control animals given the vehicle alone.", "PMID": 525909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2656", "title": "Ultrastructure of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors in the retina of the horse.", "content": "An electron microscopic description was given of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors of the horse retina. Duplicity (rods-cones) of the horse retina was proven histologically; the retina was classified as an \"E\" retina, which indicates predominance of the rod system.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors in the retina of the horse. An electron microscopic description was given of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors of the horse retina. Duplicity (rods-cones) of the horse retina was proven histologically; the retina was classified as an \"E\" retina, which indicates predominance of the rod system.", "PMID": 525910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2657", "title": "Objective tests of analgesic drugs in ponies.", "content": "An equine model, subjected to three kinds of pain (superficial, deep, and visceral) was used to test effects of analgesic drugs. Two groups of ponies were used. In the first group of six ponies, six drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, and xylazine) were given according to a Latin square experimental design, and tests were made at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours. Mean values (control) for the three kinds of pain were obtained before and after the tests and were compared with the mean values (drugs) obtained over 2- and 4-hour intervals (four and eight measurements per interval, respectively). Xylazine was significantly more effective in obtunding deep pain (P less than 0.05) at 2- and 4-hour intervals than were the other drugs. Significant differences were not found between values for controls and values for drugs tested for relief of superficial and visceral pain at 2- and 4-hour intervals. In the second group of four ponies, the drug (xylazine) determined most effective in group 1 ponies was given alone or in combination with the next most effective drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, and oxymorphone). Data were obtained in the same manner as for the first group. Mean values were calculated for 2- and 4-hour intervals, and the variance was analyzed. Xylazine and fentanyl combined had the best 2- and 4-hour performance for the relief of visceral pain in the second group (P less than 0.1). Neither xylazine nor a combination of drugs differed markedly from control values for 2- and 4-hour intervals for relief of superficial and deep pain.", "contents": "Objective tests of analgesic drugs in ponies. An equine model, subjected to three kinds of pain (superficial, deep, and visceral) was used to test effects of analgesic drugs. Two groups of ponies were used. In the first group of six ponies, six drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, and xylazine) were given according to a Latin square experimental design, and tests were made at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours. Mean values (control) for the three kinds of pain were obtained before and after the tests and were compared with the mean values (drugs) obtained over 2- and 4-hour intervals (four and eight measurements per interval, respectively). Xylazine was significantly more effective in obtunding deep pain (P less than 0.05) at 2- and 4-hour intervals than were the other drugs. Significant differences were not found between values for controls and values for drugs tested for relief of superficial and visceral pain at 2- and 4-hour intervals. In the second group of four ponies, the drug (xylazine) determined most effective in group 1 ponies was given alone or in combination with the next most effective drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, and oxymorphone). Data were obtained in the same manner as for the first group. Mean values were calculated for 2- and 4-hour intervals, and the variance was analyzed. Xylazine and fentanyl combined had the best 2- and 4-hour performance for the relief of visceral pain in the second group (P less than 0.1). Neither xylazine nor a combination of drugs differed markedly from control values for 2- and 4-hour intervals for relief of superficial and deep pain.", "PMID": 525911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2658", "title": "Activity of fenbendazole against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi.", "content": "The efficacy of fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst-Roussel) against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract was investigated in naturally infected, yearling cattle in April 1978. The time when peak levels of inhibited larvae occurred was determined by epizootiologic study which began in November 1977. All animals were removed from pasture and maintained free from further helminth infection until slaughter (19 to 21 days). The fenbendazole liquid suspension was administered as an oral drench at dose level of 10 mg/kg to 10 animals and then at dose level of 15 mg/kg to an additional 10 animals at 10 days after removal from pasture. Eleven animals were maintained as untreated controls. In cattle given the dose of 10 mg/kg, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--80%, and inhibited larvae--97%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%. In the cattle given the larger dose, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--98%, and inhibited larvae--99%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%.", "contents": "Activity of fenbendazole against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. The efficacy of fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst-Roussel) against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract was investigated in naturally infected, yearling cattle in April 1978. The time when peak levels of inhibited larvae occurred was determined by epizootiologic study which began in November 1977. All animals were removed from pasture and maintained free from further helminth infection until slaughter (19 to 21 days). The fenbendazole liquid suspension was administered as an oral drench at dose level of 10 mg/kg to 10 animals and then at dose level of 15 mg/kg to an additional 10 animals at 10 days after removal from pasture. Eleven animals were maintained as untreated controls. In cattle given the dose of 10 mg/kg, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--80%, and inhibited larvae--97%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%. In the cattle given the larger dose, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--98%, and inhibited larvae--99%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%.", "PMID": 525912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2659", "title": "Comparison of African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever: transmission and clinical signs.", "content": "African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infections were produced by inoculating blood from affected cattle into susceptible cattle. Ease of disease transmission, incubation period, volume of blood required for infection, and clinical signs were compared in 30 cattle with African MCF and in 19 with American MCF. American MCF was more difficult to transmit than was African MCF and required eight to ten times more blood as inoculum. American MCF incubation period was more than twice as long as that of the African MCF, but the disease course was three times shorter. Clinical signs were similar for the two forms; however, in the American form, the disease was more acute and a larger percentage of animals had severe diarrhea.", "contents": "Comparison of African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever: transmission and clinical signs. African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infections were produced by inoculating blood from affected cattle into susceptible cattle. Ease of disease transmission, incubation period, volume of blood required for infection, and clinical signs were compared in 30 cattle with African MCF and in 19 with American MCF. American MCF was more difficult to transmit than was African MCF and required eight to ten times more blood as inoculum. American MCF incubation period was more than twice as long as that of the African MCF, but the disease course was three times shorter. Clinical signs were similar for the two forms; however, in the American form, the disease was more acute and a larger percentage of animals had severe diarrhea.", "PMID": 525913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2660", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in swine infected with Mycobacterium avium.", "content": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting the antibodies in sera from swine experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium. Positive ELISA reactions were observed in the sera of each of six swine at postinoculation weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10; no reaction was observed in noninoculated controls. The ELISA reactions were observed in each of two swine at 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks following exposure to M avium-infected swine. Mycobacterium avium-purified protein derivative and killed cells of M avium serotype 4/8 and serotype 8 provided suitable ELISA reactions in M avium-infected swine.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in swine infected with Mycobacterium avium. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting the antibodies in sera from swine experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium. Positive ELISA reactions were observed in the sera of each of six swine at postinoculation weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10; no reaction was observed in noninoculated controls. The ELISA reactions were observed in each of two swine at 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks following exposure to M avium-infected swine. Mycobacterium avium-purified protein derivative and killed cells of M avium serotype 4/8 and serotype 8 provided suitable ELISA reactions in M avium-infected swine.", "PMID": 525914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2661", "title": "Ovine coccidiosis: comparison of the effects of monensin and aureomycin on lambs infected with coccidia.", "content": "Lambs naturally infected with mixed species of Eimeria were fed monensin (30 mg/kg of feed) and aureomycin (10 mg/kg of feed) separately and in combination. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of the treatments in the suppression of oocyst production. Comparisons were made of the parasitic damage to the intestinal surface. Performance of the lambs was measured by weight gains and feed efficiency. Monensin given separately or in combination with aureomycin produced decreases in oocyst counts that were not significantly different from those in the lambs given only aureomycin. Body weight gains and feed efficiency were best in the aureomycin-treated group, and less so in the monensin-treated and the control groups. Animals fed the monensin-aureomycin combination had the poorest weight gains and feed efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the groups fed monensin or aureomycin separately had morphologically normal intestinal surfaces. This was in contrast to the control group and the group fed the monensin-aureomycin combination, wherein there was disrupted intestinal surface morphology.", "contents": "Ovine coccidiosis: comparison of the effects of monensin and aureomycin on lambs infected with coccidia. Lambs naturally infected with mixed species of Eimeria were fed monensin (30 mg/kg of feed) and aureomycin (10 mg/kg of feed) separately and in combination. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of the treatments in the suppression of oocyst production. Comparisons were made of the parasitic damage to the intestinal surface. Performance of the lambs was measured by weight gains and feed efficiency. Monensin given separately or in combination with aureomycin produced decreases in oocyst counts that were not significantly different from those in the lambs given only aureomycin. Body weight gains and feed efficiency were best in the aureomycin-treated group, and less so in the monensin-treated and the control groups. Animals fed the monensin-aureomycin combination had the poorest weight gains and feed efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the groups fed monensin or aureomycin separately had morphologically normal intestinal surfaces. This was in contrast to the control group and the group fed the monensin-aureomycin combination, wherein there was disrupted intestinal surface morphology.", "PMID": 525915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2662", "title": "Visceral caseous lymphadenitis in thin ewe syndrome: isolation of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella spp from internal abscesses in emaciated ewes.", "content": "The relationship between the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis and a chronic debilitating condition of mature sheep designated as the thin ewe syndrome was investigated. Internal abscesses were found during necropsy in 81% of animals with thin ewe syndrome and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C ovis) was recovered from 86% of the animals with internal abscesses. Other pyogenic bacteria, including C pyogenes, C equi, Staphylococcus epidermis, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were often recovered in association with C pseudotuberculosis. Moraxella sp was recovered in 41% of the animals with internal abscesses. In some abscesses, Moraxella sp was the dominant microorganism isolated and in others, they were outnumbered only by C pseudotuberculosis. Species isolated included M bovis, M osloensis, and M nonliquefaciens. The potential importance of Moraxella sp to the cause and pathogenesis of the thin ewe syndrome is not known. The results of the present study indicate that visceral caseous lymphadenitis is either an important contributing factor to the development of thin ewe syndrome or that the presence of thin ewe syndrome may predispose affected sheep to the development of visceral caseous lymphadenitis. A skin test reagent prepared by sonicating C pseudotuberculosis was of limited value in detecting animals with visceral caseous lymphadenitis. Only 56% of the animals with abscesses caused by C pseudotuberculosis gave positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses.", "contents": "Visceral caseous lymphadenitis in thin ewe syndrome: isolation of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella spp from internal abscesses in emaciated ewes. The relationship between the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis and a chronic debilitating condition of mature sheep designated as the thin ewe syndrome was investigated. Internal abscesses were found during necropsy in 81% of animals with thin ewe syndrome and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C ovis) was recovered from 86% of the animals with internal abscesses. Other pyogenic bacteria, including C pyogenes, C equi, Staphylococcus epidermis, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were often recovered in association with C pseudotuberculosis. Moraxella sp was recovered in 41% of the animals with internal abscesses. In some abscesses, Moraxella sp was the dominant microorganism isolated and in others, they were outnumbered only by C pseudotuberculosis. Species isolated included M bovis, M osloensis, and M nonliquefaciens. The potential importance of Moraxella sp to the cause and pathogenesis of the thin ewe syndrome is not known. The results of the present study indicate that visceral caseous lymphadenitis is either an important contributing factor to the development of thin ewe syndrome or that the presence of thin ewe syndrome may predispose affected sheep to the development of visceral caseous lymphadenitis. A skin test reagent prepared by sonicating C pseudotuberculosis was of limited value in detecting animals with visceral caseous lymphadenitis. Only 56% of the animals with abscesses caused by C pseudotuberculosis gave positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses.", "PMID": 525916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2663", "title": "Experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (Canis latrans).", "content": "Infection of coyotes (Canis latrans) with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. Bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. Leptospiremia was established with pomona. Leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. Serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.", "contents": "Experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (Canis latrans). Infection of coyotes (Canis latrans) with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. Bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. Leptospiremia was established with pomona. Leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. Serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.", "PMID": 525917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2664", "title": "Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) in herds not infected with lungworms.", "content": "To obtain more information on mechanisms by which influenza virus is perpetuated in swine, retrospective and prospective seroepizootiologic observations were made in swine herds in Hawaii, beginning in 1974. An epizootic of swine influenza (Hsw1N1) virus was observed in November and December 1976, involving 31 of 41 herds. Features of the epizootic included (1) infection of all herds within one geographic location, during a short period; (2) no obvious introduction of virus from the outside in most herds; (3) epizootics mainly in herds with serologic history of infection; (4) no evidence that lungworms were involved; and (5) little clinical disease associated with infection. There was evidence of viral activity in some herds before the epizootic period and afterward in two of three herds monitored. Evidence of viral transmission by feral animals was not obtained. Data indicated that swine influenza virus persists through latently or chronically infected swine, with epizootics occurring when herd immunity reaches a critically low degree.", "contents": "Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) in herds not infected with lungworms. To obtain more information on mechanisms by which influenza virus is perpetuated in swine, retrospective and prospective seroepizootiologic observations were made in swine herds in Hawaii, beginning in 1974. An epizootic of swine influenza (Hsw1N1) virus was observed in November and December 1976, involving 31 of 41 herds. Features of the epizootic included (1) infection of all herds within one geographic location, during a short period; (2) no obvious introduction of virus from the outside in most herds; (3) epizootics mainly in herds with serologic history of infection; (4) no evidence that lungworms were involved; and (5) little clinical disease associated with infection. There was evidence of viral activity in some herds before the epizootic period and afterward in two of three herds monitored. Evidence of viral transmission by feral animals was not obtained. Data indicated that swine influenza virus persists through latently or chronically infected swine, with epizootics occurring when herd immunity reaches a critically low degree.", "PMID": 525918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2665", "title": "Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: prevalence of infection with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype virus and its variants, 1974-1977.", "content": "From September 1974 to January 1978, about 25% of 254 swine farms, studied on four of six Hawaiian islands, had swine with antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype of influenza virus. Of 290 swine 2 to 5 years of age in a single herd, 72% had antibody. Antibody titers were consistently higher to A/England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigens than to A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen. Few swine had antibody to the A/Hong Kong/68 antigen. Antibodies to H3N2 and Hsw1N1 subtype of virus persisted at high titer in the same animals for more than 3 years; however, titers to the Hsw1N1 subtype were considerably higher. The occurrence of H3N2 infection in swine appeared shortly after the occurrence of the same H3N2 variant in human population. To date there is no evidence that the H3N2 subtype has become established in swine in Hawaii.", "contents": "Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: prevalence of infection with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype virus and its variants, 1974-1977. From September 1974 to January 1978, about 25% of 254 swine farms, studied on four of six Hawaiian islands, had swine with antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype of influenza virus. Of 290 swine 2 to 5 years of age in a single herd, 72% had antibody. Antibody titers were consistently higher to A/England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigens than to A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen. Few swine had antibody to the A/Hong Kong/68 antigen. Antibodies to H3N2 and Hsw1N1 subtype of virus persisted at high titer in the same animals for more than 3 years; however, titers to the Hsw1N1 subtype were considerably higher. The occurrence of H3N2 infection in swine appeared shortly after the occurrence of the same H3N2 variant in human population. To date there is no evidence that the H3N2 subtype has become established in swine in Hawaii.", "PMID": 525919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2666", "title": "Anatomic and radiographic studies of the lacrimal drainage system in sheep (Ovis aries).", "content": "The lacrimal drainage system of the sheep (Ovis aries) was studied, using radiographic and anatomic techniques. The straight course of the nasolacrimal duct and the adequate diameter of different parts of the system facilitates radiography and catheterization of the lacrimal drainage system.", "contents": "Anatomic and radiographic studies of the lacrimal drainage system in sheep (Ovis aries). The lacrimal drainage system of the sheep (Ovis aries) was studied, using radiographic and anatomic techniques. The straight course of the nasolacrimal duct and the adequate diameter of different parts of the system facilitates radiography and catheterization of the lacrimal drainage system.", "PMID": 525920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2667", "title": "Efficacy of salinomycin in treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections in calves.", "content": "The efficacy of salinomycin for treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections was evaluated. In experiment 1, 18 calves were placed into four groups. Group 1 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 2, 3, and 4 calves were given salinomycin (0.33, 0.66, and 1.00 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) in daily oral divided doses starting 2 or 3 days prior to E bovis inoculations and continuing until postinoculation day (PID) 21. Calves treated with 0.66 and 1.00 mg/kg (groups 3 and 4) passed substantially fewer oocysts than did control calves (group 1) or calves treated with 0.33 mg/kg (group 2). Group 1 control calves had typical signs of severe E bovis infections, whereas signs of infection in medicated calves were almost nonexistant. Experiment 2 was conducted as before, with 15 calves. Group 5 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 6, 7, and 8 calves were treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively. All group 8 calves and three of four group 7 calves had nearly complete suppression of oocyst excretions. The severity of the disease in the group 5 control calves was not as extensive as it was in group 1 control calves. In experiment 3, 16 calves were used. Group 9 calves were nonmedicated controls, whereas other calves were given salinomycin (2.0 mg/kg) during PID 3 to 7 (group 10), PID 8 to 12 (group 11), and PID 13 to 17 (group 12). Salinomycin therapy in group 2 calves resulted in substantial reductions in oocyst excretions and clinical signs.", "contents": "Efficacy of salinomycin in treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections in calves. The efficacy of salinomycin for treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections was evaluated. In experiment 1, 18 calves were placed into four groups. Group 1 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 2, 3, and 4 calves were given salinomycin (0.33, 0.66, and 1.00 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) in daily oral divided doses starting 2 or 3 days prior to E bovis inoculations and continuing until postinoculation day (PID) 21. Calves treated with 0.66 and 1.00 mg/kg (groups 3 and 4) passed substantially fewer oocysts than did control calves (group 1) or calves treated with 0.33 mg/kg (group 2). Group 1 control calves had typical signs of severe E bovis infections, whereas signs of infection in medicated calves were almost nonexistant. Experiment 2 was conducted as before, with 15 calves. Group 5 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 6, 7, and 8 calves were treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively. All group 8 calves and three of four group 7 calves had nearly complete suppression of oocyst excretions. The severity of the disease in the group 5 control calves was not as extensive as it was in group 1 control calves. In experiment 3, 16 calves were used. Group 9 calves were nonmedicated controls, whereas other calves were given salinomycin (2.0 mg/kg) during PID 3 to 7 (group 10), PID 8 to 12 (group 11), and PID 13 to 17 (group 12). Salinomycin therapy in group 2 calves resulted in substantial reductions in oocyst excretions and clinical signs.", "PMID": 525921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2668", "title": "Anthelmintic activities of B1a fraction of avermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves.", "content": "Anthelmintic activities of the B1a fraction of avermectin were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Twenty 12-week-old calves artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to four groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; other calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (orally) B1a avermectin at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 microgram/kg of body weight, respectively. These treatments were given 35 days after calves were inoculated with infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4, overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 98.6%, 98.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. These reductions were highly significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the control calves. Nematodes in the calves were Haemonchus contortus. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activities of B1a fraction of avermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Anthelmintic activities of the B1a fraction of avermectin were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Twenty 12-week-old calves artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to four groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; other calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (orally) B1a avermectin at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 microgram/kg of body weight, respectively. These treatments were given 35 days after calves were inoculated with infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4, overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 98.6%, 98.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. These reductions were highly significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the control calves. Nematodes in the calves were Haemonchus contortus. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "PMID": 525922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2669", "title": "Videothermometry for assay of fescue foot in cattle.", "content": "Surface temperatures of hoofs of calves given toxic anion fractions of tall fescue were measured with an infrared sensitive camera. These changes expressed in terms of a weighted average coronary band temperature relate to clinical signs of fescue foot. The weighted average coronary band temperature values for control calves given saline solution were 27 to 31 C; those values of test calves given anion fractions of tall fescue were as low as 22 +/- 1 C. Videothermometry provides an independent, permanent, objective measure that is useful in assessing fescue-foot potential of tall fescue fractions by intraperitoneal injection. Videothermometry may also serve as a clinical means for determining progression of the total fescue foot syndrome.", "contents": "Videothermometry for assay of fescue foot in cattle. Surface temperatures of hoofs of calves given toxic anion fractions of tall fescue were measured with an infrared sensitive camera. These changes expressed in terms of a weighted average coronary band temperature relate to clinical signs of fescue foot. The weighted average coronary band temperature values for control calves given saline solution were 27 to 31 C; those values of test calves given anion fractions of tall fescue were as low as 22 +/- 1 C. Videothermometry provides an independent, permanent, objective measure that is useful in assessing fescue-foot potential of tall fescue fractions by intraperitoneal injection. Videothermometry may also serve as a clinical means for determining progression of the total fescue foot syndrome.", "PMID": 525923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2670", "title": "Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation.", "content": "The use of the diuretic furosemide made it possible to obtain samples of urine from cattle for leptospiral isolations. The drug was injected IV at a dose level of 0.8 mg/kg for heifers and 0.5 mg/kg for calves. The average time to first voiding in heifers was 19 minutes. The average time from the first to the second voiding was 17 minutes. The average time to the first voiding in four calves was 12 minutes; the average time from the first to the second voiding was 10 minutes. A decrease in urinary osmolarity provoked by furosemide created a more favorable condition for the survival of leptospires. Leptospires were isolated in 24 (72.7%) of 33 weekly cultural attempts with the aid of furosemide in three experimentally infected adult cattle. Serovar hardjo was isolated in 16 (57.1%) of 28 weekly cultural attempts with aid of the diuretic in four experimentally infected calves. The recovery frequency was 28.5% from the first voiding and 50% from the second. Leptospires were not isolated from urine obtained from the calves by manual stimulation. Untoward side effects that might have been attributable to furosemide were not observed. Furosemide appears to be well suited to obtain urine samples from cattle for leptospiral isolation.", "contents": "Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation. The use of the diuretic furosemide made it possible to obtain samples of urine from cattle for leptospiral isolations. The drug was injected IV at a dose level of 0.8 mg/kg for heifers and 0.5 mg/kg for calves. The average time to first voiding in heifers was 19 minutes. The average time from the first to the second voiding was 17 minutes. The average time to the first voiding in four calves was 12 minutes; the average time from the first to the second voiding was 10 minutes. A decrease in urinary osmolarity provoked by furosemide created a more favorable condition for the survival of leptospires. Leptospires were isolated in 24 (72.7%) of 33 weekly cultural attempts with the aid of furosemide in three experimentally infected adult cattle. Serovar hardjo was isolated in 16 (57.1%) of 28 weekly cultural attempts with aid of the diuretic in four experimentally infected calves. The recovery frequency was 28.5% from the first voiding and 50% from the second. Leptospires were not isolated from urine obtained from the calves by manual stimulation. Untoward side effects that might have been attributable to furosemide were not observed. Furosemide appears to be well suited to obtain urine samples from cattle for leptospiral isolation.", "PMID": 525924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2671", "title": "Tissue residues from feeding pentachloronitrobenzene (quintozene) to White Leghorn chickens.", "content": "One-day-old White Leghorn chicks were fed graded levels (0, 10, 50, 100 and 1,000 ppm) of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; quintozene) up to 8 weeks. Each treatment group consisted of 90 randomly selected birds (2 replications of 45 birds each). Body weight gains were significantly lower at the 1,000-ppm treatment level. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, pancreas, small intestine, gizzard, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. Bioaccumulation of PCNB or its metabolites (pentachloroaniline and pentachlorophenylmethylsulfide) in tissues only occurred in trace or very low concentrations. However, trace contaminating of PCNB, eg, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PCB) accumulated in tissues to a significant degree. Tetrachloronitrobenzene, another contaminant of PCNB, was found in only the adipose and cardiac tissues following the feeding of 1,000 ppm PCNB. Storage of PCNB, HCB, and PCB in adipose and other tissues was linearly related to the amount of PCNB in the ration.", "contents": "Tissue residues from feeding pentachloronitrobenzene (quintozene) to White Leghorn chickens. One-day-old White Leghorn chicks were fed graded levels (0, 10, 50, 100 and 1,000 ppm) of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; quintozene) up to 8 weeks. Each treatment group consisted of 90 randomly selected birds (2 replications of 45 birds each). Body weight gains were significantly lower at the 1,000-ppm treatment level. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, pancreas, small intestine, gizzard, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. Bioaccumulation of PCNB or its metabolites (pentachloroaniline and pentachlorophenylmethylsulfide) in tissues only occurred in trace or very low concentrations. However, trace contaminating of PCNB, eg, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PCB) accumulated in tissues to a significant degree. Tetrachloronitrobenzene, another contaminant of PCNB, was found in only the adipose and cardiac tissues following the feeding of 1,000 ppm PCNB. Storage of PCNB, HCB, and PCB in adipose and other tissues was linearly related to the amount of PCNB in the ration.", "PMID": 525926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2672", "title": "Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog.", "content": "The functional response to occlusion of arteries supplying the head has been found to be much less severe in th dog than in man, indicating that a more significant collateral development occurs in the dog. To document the anatomic response to chronic occlusion of vessels supplying the head, patterns of collateral vessel growth and development were studied by corrosion casting in adult mongrel dogs 8 weeks after bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Dissection of the casts revealed two consistent and bilateral anastomotic connections: (i) internal carotid artery to maxillary artery (anastomotic artery) and (ii) internal carotid artery to ascending pharyngeal artery. Also present in all of the casts was a connection between one common carotid artery and both vertebral arteries, which has been designated as the deep collateral vessel. Significant collateral connections did not occur between the orbital vessels or between analogous vessels of the right and the left sides.", "contents": "Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog. The functional response to occlusion of arteries supplying the head has been found to be much less severe in th dog than in man, indicating that a more significant collateral development occurs in the dog. To document the anatomic response to chronic occlusion of vessels supplying the head, patterns of collateral vessel growth and development were studied by corrosion casting in adult mongrel dogs 8 weeks after bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Dissection of the casts revealed two consistent and bilateral anastomotic connections: (i) internal carotid artery to maxillary artery (anastomotic artery) and (ii) internal carotid artery to ascending pharyngeal artery. Also present in all of the casts was a connection between one common carotid artery and both vertebral arteries, which has been designated as the deep collateral vessel. Significant collateral connections did not occur between the orbital vessels or between analogous vessels of the right and the left sides.", "PMID": 525928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2673", "title": "Effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone on swine reproduction.", "content": "Concentrations of 25, 50, or 100 ppm of 95% purified zearalenone fed to groups of healthy, multiparous sows during preestrus or throughout the gestation period (or both) produced multiple reproductive deficiencies. These reproductive disorders included infertility, constant estrus, pseudopregnancy, diminished fertility, reduced litter size, smaller offspring, malformation, juvenile hyperestrogenism, and probably fetal resorption. Gross and histologic examinations of sows revealed lesions in the reproductive organs. Marked epithelial changes characterized by squamous metaplasia were noticed in the uterus, uterine duct, cervix, vagina, and mammary glands.", "contents": "Effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone on swine reproduction. Concentrations of 25, 50, or 100 ppm of 95% purified zearalenone fed to groups of healthy, multiparous sows during preestrus or throughout the gestation period (or both) produced multiple reproductive deficiencies. These reproductive disorders included infertility, constant estrus, pseudopregnancy, diminished fertility, reduced litter size, smaller offspring, malformation, juvenile hyperestrogenism, and probably fetal resorption. Gross and histologic examinations of sows revealed lesions in the reproductive organs. Marked epithelial changes characterized by squamous metaplasia were noticed in the uterus, uterine duct, cervix, vagina, and mammary glands.", "PMID": 525929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2674", "title": "Role of mixed-function oxidase in 3-methylindole-induced acute pulmonary edema in goats.", "content": "The relationship between the pulmonary toxicity of 3- methylindole (3MI, skatole) and the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system was investigated. Nine goats assigned to three groups were given a jugular infusion of [14C]3MI (0.02 to 0.03 g of 3MI/kg of body weight containing 0.5 muCi/kg of body weight) for 1.5 hours to induce acute pulmonary edema. Two groups of three goats each were treated with phenobarbital (PB) or piperonyl butoxide (BT) prior to 3MI infusion to induce or to inhibit the MFO system. Three goats were used as 3MI controls. During a 72-hour test period, blood was collected for determination of plasma 3MI concentration and radioactivity. Urine was collected and was fractionated by column chromatography. The severity of pulmonary lesions was evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. Pretreatment with BT prevented the onset of acute pulmonary edema. Goats pretreated with PB had more severe lung lesions than did 3MI controls. Plasma of goats pretreated with BT had a longer half-life (2.1 hours) of radioactivity, whereas plasma of goats pretreated with PB had a shorter half-life (1.0 hour) when compared with plasma of 3MI control goats (1.5 hours) given the same dosage of [14C]3MI (P less than 0.025). The plasma half-life of 3MI was longer (P less than 0.025) in BT-pretreated goats (0.45 hour) than that in PB-pretreated goats (0.26 hour). At 72 hours, 70% to 98% of the infused radioactivity had been excreted in the urine. The pattern of urinary metabolites of 3MI was altered in BT-pretreated goats compared with patterns in control and PB-pretreated goats. Results indicate that the MFO system is one of the pathways involved in the metabolism of 3MI and that pulmonary toxicosis results from metabolism of 3MI by this enzyme system.", "contents": "Role of mixed-function oxidase in 3-methylindole-induced acute pulmonary edema in goats. The relationship between the pulmonary toxicity of 3- methylindole (3MI, skatole) and the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system was investigated. Nine goats assigned to three groups were given a jugular infusion of [14C]3MI (0.02 to 0.03 g of 3MI/kg of body weight containing 0.5 muCi/kg of body weight) for 1.5 hours to induce acute pulmonary edema. Two groups of three goats each were treated with phenobarbital (PB) or piperonyl butoxide (BT) prior to 3MI infusion to induce or to inhibit the MFO system. Three goats were used as 3MI controls. During a 72-hour test period, blood was collected for determination of plasma 3MI concentration and radioactivity. Urine was collected and was fractionated by column chromatography. The severity of pulmonary lesions was evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. Pretreatment with BT prevented the onset of acute pulmonary edema. Goats pretreated with PB had more severe lung lesions than did 3MI controls. Plasma of goats pretreated with BT had a longer half-life (2.1 hours) of radioactivity, whereas plasma of goats pretreated with PB had a shorter half-life (1.0 hour) when compared with plasma of 3MI control goats (1.5 hours) given the same dosage of [14C]3MI (P less than 0.025). The plasma half-life of 3MI was longer (P less than 0.025) in BT-pretreated goats (0.45 hour) than that in PB-pretreated goats (0.26 hour). At 72 hours, 70% to 98% of the infused radioactivity had been excreted in the urine. The pattern of urinary metabolites of 3MI was altered in BT-pretreated goats compared with patterns in control and PB-pretreated goats. Results indicate that the MFO system is one of the pathways involved in the metabolism of 3MI and that pulmonary toxicosis results from metabolism of 3MI by this enzyme system.", "PMID": 525930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2675", "title": "Fate of labeled choline administered intraruminally to pregnant ewes given manganese-deficient or -supplemented rations.", "content": "Tissue samples were taken from pregnant ewes and their 3-month fetuses 96 hours after intraruminal dosing of the ewes with tritiated choline. Starting 5 months before mating, one group of ewes had been given a manganese (Mn)-deficient ration and a second group had been given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The results indicate that Mn depletion decreased the overall uptake of choline; the radioactivity of all tissues from the Mn-depleted group was lower than the radioactivity of the corresponding tissues from the group given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The radioactivity of fetal tissues was also lower in the Mn-deficient group than it was in the Mn-supplemented group. Lower radioactivity concentrations were also observed in the whole plasma (sampled at various times after radioisotope dosing) and its lipid extract of Mn-depleted ewes than in the plasma and its lipid extract of Mn-supplemented ewes. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of hepatic phosphatidyl choline between the two groups. However, the proportions of linoleic, stearic, and arachidonic acids were lower in fetal hepatic phosphatidyl choline than in maternal hepatic phosphatidyl choline.", "contents": "Fate of labeled choline administered intraruminally to pregnant ewes given manganese-deficient or -supplemented rations. Tissue samples were taken from pregnant ewes and their 3-month fetuses 96 hours after intraruminal dosing of the ewes with tritiated choline. Starting 5 months before mating, one group of ewes had been given a manganese (Mn)-deficient ration and a second group had been given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The results indicate that Mn depletion decreased the overall uptake of choline; the radioactivity of all tissues from the Mn-depleted group was lower than the radioactivity of the corresponding tissues from the group given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The radioactivity of fetal tissues was also lower in the Mn-deficient group than it was in the Mn-supplemented group. Lower radioactivity concentrations were also observed in the whole plasma (sampled at various times after radioisotope dosing) and its lipid extract of Mn-depleted ewes than in the plasma and its lipid extract of Mn-supplemented ewes. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of hepatic phosphatidyl choline between the two groups. However, the proportions of linoleic, stearic, and arachidonic acids were lower in fetal hepatic phosphatidyl choline than in maternal hepatic phosphatidyl choline.", "PMID": 525931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2676", "title": "Bile acid clearance in sheep with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "The disappearance of IV injected [24-14C]cholic acid from plasma was studied in normal and mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep exhibiting hereditary defects in hepatic organic anion transport. Hepatic cholic acid clearance was determined from the integral of the 40-minute disappearance curves fit to the sums of two exponential functions. Cholic acid clearance among Corriedale sheep was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for mutant sheep (8.44 +/- 0.86 SEM ml/minute/kg of body weight) than for normal sheep (12.7 +/- 0.58 ml/minute/kg). Cholic acid clearance in the Southdown mutant (1.97 +/- 0.59 ml/minute/kg) was less than 15% of normal clearance rate (13.3 +/- 2.2 ml/minute/kg). Clearance of [14C]taurocholic acid (curves fit to three exponential function) in the Southdown mutant (10.8 +/- 0.4 ml/minute/kg) was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than cholic acid clearance, yet was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from normal taurocholate clearance (17.8 +/- 2.5 ml/minute/kg). Hepatic regurgitation of conjugated bile acid was not detected after [14C]cholic acid injection. Both the mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep, which exhibited inherited defects in hepatic bilirubin transport similar to Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Gilbert's disease in man, exhibited defects in hepatic bile acid clearance.", "contents": "Bile acid clearance in sheep with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. The disappearance of IV injected [24-14C]cholic acid from plasma was studied in normal and mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep exhibiting hereditary defects in hepatic organic anion transport. Hepatic cholic acid clearance was determined from the integral of the 40-minute disappearance curves fit to the sums of two exponential functions. Cholic acid clearance among Corriedale sheep was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for mutant sheep (8.44 +/- 0.86 SEM ml/minute/kg of body weight) than for normal sheep (12.7 +/- 0.58 ml/minute/kg). Cholic acid clearance in the Southdown mutant (1.97 +/- 0.59 ml/minute/kg) was less than 15% of normal clearance rate (13.3 +/- 2.2 ml/minute/kg). Clearance of [14C]taurocholic acid (curves fit to three exponential function) in the Southdown mutant (10.8 +/- 0.4 ml/minute/kg) was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than cholic acid clearance, yet was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from normal taurocholate clearance (17.8 +/- 2.5 ml/minute/kg). Hepatic regurgitation of conjugated bile acid was not detected after [14C]cholic acid injection. Both the mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep, which exhibited inherited defects in hepatic bilirubin transport similar to Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Gilbert's disease in man, exhibited defects in hepatic bile acid clearance.", "PMID": 525932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2677", "title": "Effects of restrictive suckling on postpartum reproductive performance in mares.", "content": "Quarter Horse mares (n = 30) and their foals were used in a 2-year study. Objectives of the study were (i) to determine the effects of a treatment regimen, which permitted nursing for four 1-hour periods each day, on the postpartum reproductive performance of the dams, and (ii) to assess the effects of this procedure on the growth and development of foals. Mares in the restricted suckling treatment group showed estrus and ovulated sooner (P less than 0.01) after parturition than did control mares during the first year of the study, but not during the second year. Plasma progesterone concentrations were similar for both treated and control mares and remained less than 1 ng/ml from parturition to ovulation. Conception rates were not significantly influenced by treatment. However, two mares which had records of failing to have estrus while nursing a foal were bred and ovulated, and one of the two conceived while on the restricted suckling treatment. The absence of treatment effects on any of the variables measured in the foals indicates that restricted suckling did not impair foal growth and development.", "contents": "Effects of restrictive suckling on postpartum reproductive performance in mares. Quarter Horse mares (n = 30) and their foals were used in a 2-year study. Objectives of the study were (i) to determine the effects of a treatment regimen, which permitted nursing for four 1-hour periods each day, on the postpartum reproductive performance of the dams, and (ii) to assess the effects of this procedure on the growth and development of foals. Mares in the restricted suckling treatment group showed estrus and ovulated sooner (P less than 0.01) after parturition than did control mares during the first year of the study, but not during the second year. Plasma progesterone concentrations were similar for both treated and control mares and remained less than 1 ng/ml from parturition to ovulation. Conception rates were not significantly influenced by treatment. However, two mares which had records of failing to have estrus while nursing a foal were bred and ovulated, and one of the two conceived while on the restricted suckling treatment. The absence of treatment effects on any of the variables measured in the foals indicates that restricted suckling did not impair foal growth and development.", "PMID": 525933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2678", "title": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on bovine respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) and glucosamine reversibly inhibited the replication and cytopathic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine turbinate cell cultures. The inhibitors were effective when added up to 12 hours after cell cultures were inoculated. Their effectiveness decreased as the time between inoculation of cells and drug treatment lengthened. The sugars did not inactivate the virus directly, and inoculation of drug-treated cells in drug-free medium produced normal yield of virus. Mannose fully reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-dG, but was ineffective for glucosamine. Protein synthesis was necessary for production and release of infective virus after removal of 2-dG and glucosamine blocks. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large amount of bovine respiratory syncytial virus production with characteristic spike-like projections on the viral envelopes in the absence of these inhibitors. There was a drastic reduction in the number of mature virions produced in inhibitor-treated bovine turbinate cells, and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.", "contents": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on bovine respiratory syncytial virus. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) and glucosamine reversibly inhibited the replication and cytopathic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine turbinate cell cultures. The inhibitors were effective when added up to 12 hours after cell cultures were inoculated. Their effectiveness decreased as the time between inoculation of cells and drug treatment lengthened. The sugars did not inactivate the virus directly, and inoculation of drug-treated cells in drug-free medium produced normal yield of virus. Mannose fully reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-dG, but was ineffective for glucosamine. Protein synthesis was necessary for production and release of infective virus after removal of 2-dG and glucosamine blocks. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large amount of bovine respiratory syncytial virus production with characteristic spike-like projections on the viral envelopes in the absence of these inhibitors. There was a drastic reduction in the number of mature virions produced in inhibitor-treated bovine turbinate cells, and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.", "PMID": 525934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2679", "title": "Morphometric study of experimentally induced Staphylococcus bovis mastitis in the cow.", "content": "Comparisons were made of bovine mammary tissue at 12 and 24 hours after 5,000 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus 305 was injected into the mammary parenchyma with control tissue from the contralateral udder half. A mild form of staphylococcal mastitis was induced routinely. Generally, S aureus was found in udder tissue removed centrally from the site of injection. Varied degrees of tissue damage were found in infected quarters from alveolar epithelium without damage (similar to control) to extremely swollen epithelium which were typical of cells undergoing disruption. Infected tissues frequently displayed areas of swollen stroma and areas of diminished alveolar lumens. Cellular debris was often found in lumens, and neutrophils frequently filled the alveolar lumen in areas of greatest damage. Thus, a parenchymal injection of bacteria induced early forms of staphylococcal mastitis at the alveolar level.", "contents": "Morphometric study of experimentally induced Staphylococcus bovis mastitis in the cow. Comparisons were made of bovine mammary tissue at 12 and 24 hours after 5,000 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus 305 was injected into the mammary parenchyma with control tissue from the contralateral udder half. A mild form of staphylococcal mastitis was induced routinely. Generally, S aureus was found in udder tissue removed centrally from the site of injection. Varied degrees of tissue damage were found in infected quarters from alveolar epithelium without damage (similar to control) to extremely swollen epithelium which were typical of cells undergoing disruption. Infected tissues frequently displayed areas of swollen stroma and areas of diminished alveolar lumens. Cellular debris was often found in lumens, and neutrophils frequently filled the alveolar lumen in areas of greatest damage. Thus, a parenchymal injection of bacteria induced early forms of staphylococcal mastitis at the alveolar level.", "PMID": 525935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2680", "title": "A controlled evaluation of albendazole against natural infections with Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in cattle.", "content": "Albendazole administered to cattle at doses of 45, 35, 25, and 15 mg/kg of body weight reduced the number of viable Fasciola hepatica adults by 99.8%, 97.6%, 97.6%, and 95.7%, F hepatica immatures by 100%, 98.6%, 98.6% and 91.9% and Fascioloides magna by 96.5%, 99.1%, 94.0%, and 94.0%, respectively. Statistical evaluation by one-way analysis of variance, showed significant (P less than 0.05) differences in burdens of each fluke species between treated and untreated cattle, but differences in efficacy between any two of the four drug doses were not significant. Signs of toxicosis were not observed between the time of drug administration and slaughter 7 to 10 days later.", "contents": "A controlled evaluation of albendazole against natural infections with Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in cattle. Albendazole administered to cattle at doses of 45, 35, 25, and 15 mg/kg of body weight reduced the number of viable Fasciola hepatica adults by 99.8%, 97.6%, 97.6%, and 95.7%, F hepatica immatures by 100%, 98.6%, 98.6% and 91.9% and Fascioloides magna by 96.5%, 99.1%, 94.0%, and 94.0%, respectively. Statistical evaluation by one-way analysis of variance, showed significant (P less than 0.05) differences in burdens of each fluke species between treated and untreated cattle, but differences in efficacy between any two of the four drug doses were not significant. Signs of toxicosis were not observed between the time of drug administration and slaughter 7 to 10 days later.", "PMID": 525936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2681", "title": "Pleasure horses as a possible source of Salmonella agona.", "content": "Horses in a riding stable sporadically excreted Salmonella agona, S anatum, and S newington in the feces. The three serotypes were isolated from apparently normal horses. The horses were sampled (the number sampled varied between 10 and 21) six times throughout a 13-month period. The greatest percentage of the horses (12 of 19, or 63%) were found to be excreting salmonella in September. Among the 12 horses excreting salmonella during this month, 8 (67%) were found to be excreting S agona.", "contents": "Pleasure horses as a possible source of Salmonella agona. Horses in a riding stable sporadically excreted Salmonella agona, S anatum, and S newington in the feces. The three serotypes were isolated from apparently normal horses. The horses were sampled (the number sampled varied between 10 and 21) six times throughout a 13-month period. The greatest percentage of the horses (12 of 19, or 63%) were found to be excreting salmonella in September. Among the 12 horses excreting salmonella during this month, 8 (67%) were found to be excreting S agona.", "PMID": 525937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2682", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of prolactin from equine pituitary gland (hypophysis).", "content": "Highly purified equine prolactin was prepared from equine pituitary glands (hypophysis) by serial extractions with water at pH 5.5, 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 4.0, and 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 5.5 to remove other hormones, and then finally with 70% ethanol at pH 9.3 to 10.0 to extract prolactin. Preliminary purification of the extract involved salting out other substances with 0.1% NaCl at pH 9.0. Prolactin was precipitated out by adding three times the volume of 95% ethanol at 4 C. This prolactin preparation had a biological potency of 24 IU/mg. Further purification by isoelectric focusing on a pH gradient of 5 to 7 gave three prolactin components with the following characteristics: isoelectric point 5.8, 5.7, and 5.25; biological potencies (IU/mg) 35.6, 19.6, and 11.3. The major component had a molecular weight of 25,000, an isoelectric point of 5.8, and a biological potency of 35.6 IU/mg. Antiserum produced against this component did not cross-react with equine follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone, but did cross-react with ovine and bovine prolactin. Human and murine prolactin had little cross-reactivity with the equine prolactin antiserum.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of prolactin from equine pituitary gland (hypophysis). Highly purified equine prolactin was prepared from equine pituitary glands (hypophysis) by serial extractions with water at pH 5.5, 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 4.0, and 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 5.5 to remove other hormones, and then finally with 70% ethanol at pH 9.3 to 10.0 to extract prolactin. Preliminary purification of the extract involved salting out other substances with 0.1% NaCl at pH 9.0. Prolactin was precipitated out by adding three times the volume of 95% ethanol at 4 C. This prolactin preparation had a biological potency of 24 IU/mg. Further purification by isoelectric focusing on a pH gradient of 5 to 7 gave three prolactin components with the following characteristics: isoelectric point 5.8, 5.7, and 5.25; biological potencies (IU/mg) 35.6, 19.6, and 11.3. The major component had a molecular weight of 25,000, an isoelectric point of 5.8, and a biological potency of 35.6 IU/mg. Antiserum produced against this component did not cross-react with equine follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone, but did cross-react with ovine and bovine prolactin. Human and murine prolactin had little cross-reactivity with the equine prolactin antiserum.", "PMID": 525938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2683", "title": "Correlation of in vitro and in vivo tests for cell-mediated immunity in the dog.", "content": "Using tuberculin (purified protein derivative) as the test antigen, 29 dogs with different vaccination histories were tested with the lymphocyte transformation (LT) assay, the indirect agarose leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay, and the skin test for delayed type hypersensitivity. All three tests were done simultaneously on each dog. The LT assay results were found to correlate well (r = 0.88) with the skin test results, whereas LMI results were found to correlate poorly (r = 0.55) with the skin test results. It was concluded that the LT assay is a more reliable measure of cell mediated immunity in the dog than is the LMI assay.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro and in vivo tests for cell-mediated immunity in the dog. Using tuberculin (purified protein derivative) as the test antigen, 29 dogs with different vaccination histories were tested with the lymphocyte transformation (LT) assay, the indirect agarose leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay, and the skin test for delayed type hypersensitivity. All three tests were done simultaneously on each dog. The LT assay results were found to correlate well (r = 0.88) with the skin test results, whereas LMI results were found to correlate poorly (r = 0.55) with the skin test results. It was concluded that the LT assay is a more reliable measure of cell mediated immunity in the dog than is the LMI assay.", "PMID": 525939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2684", "title": "Primary pulmonic tumors in beagles.", "content": "The age-specific frequency of 11 primary pulmonic neoplasms in a closed Beagle colony is presented. The first tumor occurred at 5 years, and the frequency increased progressively in the older age classes. All of the tumors arose from sites distal to the principal bronchi. Although metastases appeared to occur relatively late, with respect to course of tumor development, they were noted in approximately a half of the dogs and most frequently involved the bronchial lymph nodes.", "contents": "Primary pulmonic tumors in beagles. The age-specific frequency of 11 primary pulmonic neoplasms in a closed Beagle colony is presented. The first tumor occurred at 5 years, and the frequency increased progressively in the older age classes. All of the tumors arose from sites distal to the principal bronchi. Although metastases appeared to occur relatively late, with respect to course of tumor development, they were noted in approximately a half of the dogs and most frequently involved the bronchial lymph nodes.", "PMID": 525940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2685", "title": "A technique for catherization of the renal vein in the dog.", "content": "A technique for the catheterization of the renal vein is described. Samples of blood were withdrawn from the vein without obstructing the flow of blood through it.", "contents": "A technique for catherization of the renal vein in the dog. A technique for the catheterization of the renal vein is described. Samples of blood were withdrawn from the vein without obstructing the flow of blood through it.", "PMID": 525941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2686", "title": "[Midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Fourteen cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 14 cases of midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Early diagnosis of  the abnormality and its deep prolongations are necessary in order to avoid delayed presentation by infectious complications, which may be grave. Anteroposterior tomograms, in Gosserez view, in general provide precise information concerning the extent. In order to limit aesthetic problems, surgical treatment, without prejudice to total excision, should give preference to concealed transcolumellar incisions extended if necessary to the nostrils. This approach offers extensive manaeuvrability and makes it possible to perform a rhinoplasty if necessary.", "contents": "[Midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Fourteen cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 14 cases of midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Early diagnosis of  the abnormality and its deep prolongations are necessary in order to avoid delayed presentation by infectious complications, which may be grave. Anteroposterior tomograms, in Gosserez view, in general provide precise information concerning the extent. In order to limit aesthetic problems, surgical treatment, without prejudice to total excision, should give preference to concealed transcolumellar incisions extended if necessary to the nostrils. This approach offers extensive manaeuvrability and makes it possible to perform a rhinoplasty if necessary.", "PMID": 525942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2687", "title": "[Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint. Basic principles (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint remains technically difficult. Standard views using usual X-ray techniques are inadequate. Preference must be given to selective tomography (sagittal, frontal or even axial) after determination of the axis of the condyles on a Hirtz position film. In certain cases, arthrography may also make it possible to define the contours of joint surfaces not seen on plain films. Radiocinematography is little used.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint. Basic principles (author's transl)]. Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint remains technically difficult. Standard views using usual X-ray techniques are inadequate. Preference must be given to selective tomography (sagittal, frontal or even axial) after determination of the axis of the condyles on a Hirtz position film. In certain cases, arthrography may also make it possible to define the contours of joint surfaces not seen on plain films. Radiocinematography is little used.", "PMID": 525943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2688", "title": "[Chordoma of the base of the skull. Clinical and histological study. Therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "A Case of chordoma of the base of the skull is reported. It had been present with minimal symptoms for six years during which the clinical picture was limited to nasal obstruction and headache. Comparison of initial X-rays and the preoperative assessment revealed progressive destruction of the base of the skull which indicated the likelihood of considerable difficulties in excision. Surgical treatment posed the problem of the approach and emphasised the absence of encapsulation and the incomplete nature of the operation. The development of new symptoms (diplopia, dysphagia) resulted in complementary radiotherapy. The authors take the opportunity to point out the polymorphous clinical nature of these tumours in relation to their site and the criteria of the histological diagnosis. The possibilities of treatment are discussed. Abstention from treatment is formally rejected and, on the contrary, the emphasis is placed upon the need for early treatment. The consequences of excision should be limited by using a minimal surgical technique when possible. Complementary radiotherapy is necessary and may be repeated, up to certain limits, in the case of recurrence if the first irradiation is felt to be effective. There is no parallel between histological appearances and the response to treatment. The possibilities of chemotherapy would appear to be limited.", "contents": "[Chordoma of the base of the skull. Clinical and histological study. Therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. A Case of chordoma of the base of the skull is reported. It had been present with minimal symptoms for six years during which the clinical picture was limited to nasal obstruction and headache. Comparison of initial X-rays and the preoperative assessment revealed progressive destruction of the base of the skull which indicated the likelihood of considerable difficulties in excision. Surgical treatment posed the problem of the approach and emphasised the absence of encapsulation and the incomplete nature of the operation. The development of new symptoms (diplopia, dysphagia) resulted in complementary radiotherapy. The authors take the opportunity to point out the polymorphous clinical nature of these tumours in relation to their site and the criteria of the histological diagnosis. The possibilities of treatment are discussed. Abstention from treatment is formally rejected and, on the contrary, the emphasis is placed upon the need for early treatment. The consequences of excision should be limited by using a minimal surgical technique when possible. Complementary radiotherapy is necessary and may be repeated, up to certain limits, in the case of recurrence if the first irradiation is felt to be effective. There is no parallel between histological appearances and the response to treatment. The possibilities of chemotherapy would appear to be limited.", "PMID": 525948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2689", "title": "[Clinical paper. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Significance and therapeutic discussion (author's transl)].", "content": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently demarcated clinico-anatomical entity. A new case underlines the importance of this lesion in E.N.T. The lesion often progresses like a neoplasm, even though the clinical, biochemical and histological features make one consider it today to be an expression of an immune disorder. Nevertheless, the relationship with malignant lymphoma is discussed and the histological arguments which show an association or an evolution towards malignancy are exposed. The difficulties of treatment are particularly underlined on the basis of this ambivalence; and especially on the basis of the dilemma posed by the necessity for an effective therapy, justified by the invasive and extensive nature of the lesion, and the risks represented by the use of chemotherapy in a patient whose immunity is already disturbed. A statistical analysis of the therapeutic results, from data collected from the literature, illustrates this difficulty but does not allow a universally acceptable attitude to be defined.", "contents": "[Clinical paper. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Significance and therapeutic discussion (author's transl)]. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently demarcated clinico-anatomical entity. A new case underlines the importance of this lesion in E.N.T. The lesion often progresses like a neoplasm, even though the clinical, biochemical and histological features make one consider it today to be an expression of an immune disorder. Nevertheless, the relationship with malignant lymphoma is discussed and the histological arguments which show an association or an evolution towards malignancy are exposed. The difficulties of treatment are particularly underlined on the basis of this ambivalence; and especially on the basis of the dilemma posed by the necessity for an effective therapy, justified by the invasive and extensive nature of the lesion, and the risks represented by the use of chemotherapy in a patient whose immunity is already disturbed. A statistical analysis of the therapeutic results, from data collected from the literature, illustrates this difficulty but does not allow a universally acceptable attitude to be defined.", "PMID": 525949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2690", "title": "[Thyroid metastases of digestive carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of thyroid metastasis of a rectal carcinoma 9 years after excision of the primary tumour. They study the prevalence of thyroid secondary localisations of the chief primary tumours responsible, the time before appearance of the metastasis, and clinical and histological features on the basis of cases reported in the literature. They then describe the pathogenic factors and criteria in prognosis which is always grave, as a result of the dissemination of metastases.", "contents": "[Thyroid metastases of digestive carcinomas (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of thyroid metastasis of a rectal carcinoma 9 years after excision of the primary tumour. They study the prevalence of thyroid secondary localisations of the chief primary tumours responsible, the time before appearance of the metastasis, and clinical and histological features on the basis of cases reported in the literature. They then describe the pathogenic factors and criteria in prognosis which is always grave, as a result of the dissemination of metastases.", "PMID": 525944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2691", "title": "[Four rare tumors of the larynx: granular cell tumors, neuroma, pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report four rare, benign tumors of the larynx: two granular cell tumors; one large, benign neuroma, weighing 37 g; one pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis, the diagnostic histological criteria of which are defined.", "contents": "[Four rare tumors of the larynx: granular cell tumors, neuroma, pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report four rare, benign tumors of the larynx: two granular cell tumors; one large, benign neuroma, weighing 37 g; one pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis, the diagnostic histological criteria of which are defined.", "PMID": 525950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2692", "title": "[Laryngomucocele. Review of the literature based upon one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Laryngomucocoel is a retention form of laryngocoele in which secretions cannot be normally be evacuated into the ventricle, hence the name of appendicular cyst (saccular cyst) used as a synonym of laryngomucocoele. Amongst laryngeal diseases, laryngocoele and laryngomucocoele are relatively rare and in contrast to published findings between the years 1950 and 1965, these pathological conditions are not as widespread as is thought. This article consists of a review of the literature and the presentation of an interesting case of combined external and internal laryngocoele containing mucus and which was successfully treated surgically.", "contents": "[Laryngomucocele. Review of the literature based upon one case (author's transl)]. Laryngomucocoel is a retention form of laryngocoele in which secretions cannot be normally be evacuated into the ventricle, hence the name of appendicular cyst (saccular cyst) used as a synonym of laryngomucocoele. Amongst laryngeal diseases, laryngocoele and laryngomucocoele are relatively rare and in contrast to published findings between the years 1950 and 1965, these pathological conditions are not as widespread as is thought. This article consists of a review of the literature and the presentation of an interesting case of combined external and internal laryngocoele containing mucus and which was successfully treated surgically.", "PMID": 525945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2693", "title": "[Multiple carcinomas of the upper digestive tract. 7 tumour sites in 9 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a patient who developed squamous cell carcinomas at seven sites in the upper digestive tract, only two of which were simultaneous. The course was of more than eight years, each of the sites showing the appearances of local clinical cure until the final fatal spread.", "contents": "[Multiple carcinomas of the upper digestive tract. 7 tumour sites in 9 years (author's transl)]. Report of a patient who developed squamous cell carcinomas at seven sites in the upper digestive tract, only two of which were simultaneous. The course was of more than eight years, each of the sites showing the appearances of local clinical cure until the final fatal spread.", "PMID": 525951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2694", "title": "[An impressively large trilobulate neuroma of the XIIth cranial nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of a large neuroma of the hypoglossal nerve of unusual size and weight, the precise nature of which could be defined only after excision, since its cystic surface suggested a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The following special features may be noted: The rarety of neuromas of the XIIth cranial nerve; the influence of the relations of the XIIth nerve with the posterior belly of the digastric and the myloid muscle on development of the neuroma; the false, cystic appearance which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of tuberculosis, which in itself, would be a contra-indication to puncture for cytological examination of fluid; the tendency to hemorrhage at the time of excision; finally, the possible problems related to nerve section.", "contents": "[An impressively large trilobulate neuroma of the XIIth cranial nerve (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of a large neuroma of the hypoglossal nerve of unusual size and weight, the precise nature of which could be defined only after excision, since its cystic surface suggested a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The following special features may be noted: The rarety of neuromas of the XIIth cranial nerve; the influence of the relations of the XIIth nerve with the posterior belly of the digastric and the myloid muscle on development of the neuroma; the false, cystic appearance which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of tuberculosis, which in itself, would be a contra-indication to puncture for cytological examination of fluid; the tendency to hemorrhage at the time of excision; finally, the possible problems related to nerve section.", "PMID": 525946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2695", "title": "[Bilateral acoustic neuromas, a report of eight cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of bilateral acoustic neuromas is extremely difficult. An earlier diagnosis would give better opportunities to preserve facial and hearing function. We study on eight cases, the initial symptoms and the evolution to stimulate the interest of the E.N.T. specialist of this unrecognized disease.", "contents": "[Bilateral acoustic neuromas, a report of eight cases (author's transl)]. The treatment of bilateral acoustic neuromas is extremely difficult. An earlier diagnosis would give better opportunities to preserve facial and hearing function. We study on eight cases, the initial symptoms and the evolution to stimulate the interest of the E.N.T. specialist of this unrecognized disease.", "PMID": 525952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2696", "title": "[Two cases of haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 2 cases of haemangiopericytoma, one cervical and the other endolaryngeal. They emphasise the value of precise histological study which is alone capable of confirming the diagnosis. But in fact the existence of transitory forms leaves many incertainties with regard to the prognosis of these tumours and it is difficult to adopt a coherent therapeutic attitude.", "contents": "[Two cases of haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)]. The authors report 2 cases of haemangiopericytoma, one cervical and the other endolaryngeal. They emphasise the value of precise histological study which is alone capable of confirming the diagnosis. But in fact the existence of transitory forms leaves many incertainties with regard to the prognosis of these tumours and it is difficult to adopt a coherent therapeutic attitude.", "PMID": 525947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2697", "title": "Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomata) from the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer Sparrman.", "content": "Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. was recorded from the rumen of the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer, Sparrman in Central African Empire. The most characteristic feature of this species is the presence of a strong genital sphincter by which it is easily distinguished from the hitherto known species of the genus.", "contents": "Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomata) from the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer Sparrman. Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. was recorded from the rumen of the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer, Sparrman in Central African Empire. The most characteristic feature of this species is the presence of a strong genital sphincter by which it is easily distinguished from the hitherto known species of the genus.", "PMID": 525954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2698", "title": "[Nematodirinae (Nematoda) from Ruminants and from lagomorpha. (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of eight species of Nematodirinae with special emphasis on their synlophe: Nematodirus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), N. spathiger (Railliet, 1896). N. helvetianus May, 1920, N. battus Crofton & Thomas, 1951, N. tortuosus Tucker, 1942, Nematodirella dromedarii (May, 1920), Nematodiroides zembrae (Bernard, 1965) and Rauschia triangularis, type species of the new genus Rauschia. Furthermore, bibliographical data permit to know the structure of the synlophe in four other species. In each of these species the synlophe retains the primitive bilateral symmetry observed in the Molineidae; in species parasitic in Ruminants and Rodents, the synlophe shows non pronounced size gradient, nor a pronounced peculiar orientation of the tip of the crests. These last specialized characters are observed, on the contrary, in species parasitic in Lagomorpha. These latter show, starting from synlophes of the \"Anoplostrongylinae\"-type, various evolutionary essays; the most remarkable is an hypertrophy of the dorsal crests which leads at the end of the evolution, to a dextral coiling, the back of the animal being inside the spire: such a position appears unique in the superfamily. Rauschia gen. nov. (type species: R. triangularis) is created for species previously pertaining to Nematodirus parasite of Lagomorpha, and in which the synlophe, very complex, differs from the synlophe of the parasite of Ruminants. A dichotomic key of the six genera of Nematodirinae is proposed.", "contents": "[Nematodirinae (Nematoda) from Ruminants and from lagomorpha. (author's transl)]. Study of eight species of Nematodirinae with special emphasis on their synlophe: Nematodirus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), N. spathiger (Railliet, 1896). N. helvetianus May, 1920, N. battus Crofton & Thomas, 1951, N. tortuosus Tucker, 1942, Nematodirella dromedarii (May, 1920), Nematodiroides zembrae (Bernard, 1965) and Rauschia triangularis, type species of the new genus Rauschia. Furthermore, bibliographical data permit to know the structure of the synlophe in four other species. In each of these species the synlophe retains the primitive bilateral symmetry observed in the Molineidae; in species parasitic in Ruminants and Rodents, the synlophe shows non pronounced size gradient, nor a pronounced peculiar orientation of the tip of the crests. These last specialized characters are observed, on the contrary, in species parasitic in Lagomorpha. These latter show, starting from synlophes of the \"Anoplostrongylinae\"-type, various evolutionary essays; the most remarkable is an hypertrophy of the dorsal crests which leads at the end of the evolution, to a dextral coiling, the back of the animal being inside the spire: such a position appears unique in the superfamily. Rauschia gen. nov. (type species: R. triangularis) is created for species previously pertaining to Nematodirus parasite of Lagomorpha, and in which the synlophe, very complex, differs from the synlophe of the parasite of Ruminants. A dichotomic key of the six genera of Nematodirinae is proposed.", "PMID": 525956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2699", "title": "[Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. (Nematoda, Mermithidae). (author's transl)].", "content": "Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. is described from Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus, in Camargue. The species differs from E. cozi, which is the only other species of the genus, by having a sligtly larger size and a very little pronounced cephalic constriction. Males differ also from those of E. cozi by the number and disposition of the caudal papillae. The postparasitic larvae escape from adult mosquitoes, rarely from pupae. In laboratory conditions, the nematodes enter the moist sand in the bottom of Petri dishes where, after about 20 days, they molt, mate and oviposit. All the larval stages of A. detritus can be found infected. The presence of parasites induce the arrest of the ovarian development of the females and inhibits the mating activity of males. The rate of parasitism is very high and its fluctuations seem closely related to the host life cycle.", "contents": "[Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. (Nematoda, Mermithidae). (author's transl)]. Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. is described from Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus, in Camargue. The species differs from E. cozi, which is the only other species of the genus, by having a sligtly larger size and a very little pronounced cephalic constriction. Males differ also from those of E. cozi by the number and disposition of the caudal papillae. The postparasitic larvae escape from adult mosquitoes, rarely from pupae. In laboratory conditions, the nematodes enter the moist sand in the bottom of Petri dishes where, after about 20 days, they molt, mate and oviposit. All the larval stages of A. detritus can be found infected. The presence of parasites induce the arrest of the ovarian development of the females and inhibits the mating activity of males. The rate of parasitism is very high and its fluctuations seem closely related to the host life cycle.", "PMID": 525957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2700", "title": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 10. Developmental stages and clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis in relation to epidemiology. (author's transl)].", "content": "In an analytical study of a focus of leishmaniasis in Southern France (C\u00e9vennes), a clinical, parasitological and immunological comparison was made of dogs with natural and experimental infections of leishmaniasis. Observations were made in longterm laboratory experiments and on dogs found infected in field surveys. Two main clinical forms, patent and latent, were apparent. The latent form could be further subdivided into two types namely preclinical (the commonor: about 90%) and resolving (about 10%). The epidemiological periods, can result on the maintenance of the parasites for several years without the need for transmission by the vector. The prevalence and duration of the different forms of disease in dogs are thought to be of great importance in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in foci in which canids are reservoir hosts.", "contents": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 10. Developmental stages and clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis in relation to epidemiology. (author's transl)]. In an analytical study of a focus of leishmaniasis in Southern France (C\u00e9vennes), a clinical, parasitological and immunological comparison was made of dogs with natural and experimental infections of leishmaniasis. Observations were made in longterm laboratory experiments and on dogs found infected in field surveys. Two main clinical forms, patent and latent, were apparent. The latent form could be further subdivided into two types namely preclinical (the commonor: about 90%) and resolving (about 10%). The epidemiological periods, can result on the maintenance of the parasites for several years without the need for transmission by the vector. The prevalence and duration of the different forms of disease in dogs are thought to be of great importance in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in foci in which canids are reservoir hosts.", "PMID": 525953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2701", "title": "[Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) ingrami Newstead, 1914, Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) dureni Parrot, 1934 and Sergentomyia hamoni Abonnenc, 1958 (Diptera Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and biocological accounts. (author's transl)].", "content": "Immature stages of S. ingrami, S. dureni and S. hamoni have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development is specified. The chaetotaxy of fourth-instar larvae of S. hamoni is distinguishable from the other species described.", "contents": "[Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) ingrami Newstead, 1914, Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) dureni Parrot, 1934 and Sergentomyia hamoni Abonnenc, 1958 (Diptera Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and biocological accounts. (author's transl)]. Immature stages of S. ingrami, S. dureni and S. hamoni have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development is specified. The chaetotaxy of fourth-instar larvae of S. hamoni is distinguishable from the other species described.", "PMID": 525958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2702", "title": "[Influence of larval nutrition on the fecundity of autogenous and anautogenous females inside the Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex [Diptera-Culicidae]. (author's transl)].", "content": "Using two sibling species of the Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex, one autogenous (A) and the other anautogenous (B), the role played by the larval environment on vitellogenesis was confirmed. A poor larval diet reduced the fecondity equally of both autogenous and anautogenous females. With the latter however blood meal ensured the maturation of a not negligible number of ovocytes.", "contents": "[Influence of larval nutrition on the fecundity of autogenous and anautogenous females inside the Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex [Diptera-Culicidae]. (author's transl)]. Using two sibling species of the Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex, one autogenous (A) and the other anautogenous (B), the role played by the larval environment on vitellogenesis was confirmed. A poor larval diet reduced the fecondity equally of both autogenous and anautogenous females. With the latter however blood meal ensured the maturation of a not negligible number of ovocytes.", "PMID": 525959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2703", "title": "Multiple infection of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval Trematodes.", "content": "Analysis of double infections of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval trematodes leads to the following conclusions: 1.--negative interaction occurs when both species have the same precercarial stage (rediae or sporocysts); 2.--negative interaction is generally absent when these precercarial stages are different (redia + sporocyst); 3.--the few exceptions on 2. could be a result of predation by the redia on the sporocyst; 4.--the negative interactions are most likely the result of competition for the same type of food.", "contents": "Multiple infection of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval Trematodes. Analysis of double infections of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval trematodes leads to the following conclusions: 1.--negative interaction occurs when both species have the same precercarial stage (rediae or sporocysts); 2.--negative interaction is generally absent when these precercarial stages are different (redia + sporocyst); 3.--the few exceptions on 2. could be a result of predation by the redia on the sporocyst; 4.--the negative interactions are most likely the result of competition for the same type of food.", "PMID": 525955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2704", "title": "Further characterization of the human fumarase variant, FH 2--1.", "content": "1. Further investigation of fumarase using lymphoblastoid cells derived from an individual of the FH 2--1 phenotype has confirmed that the mitochondrial (FHM) and soluble (FHS) forms of fumarase are determined at the same structural locus. 2. The FH 2--1 variant is associated with enzyme deficiency: c. 70% of normal in lymphoblastoid cells and c. 20% of normal in red cells. 3. The pH optimum and apparent Michaelis constant of the variant fumarase were normal but heat-inactivation studies suggest that the isozymes containing polypeptides determined by the variant allele are unstable.", "contents": "Further characterization of the human fumarase variant, FH 2--1. 1. Further investigation of fumarase using lymphoblastoid cells derived from an individual of the FH 2--1 phenotype has confirmed that the mitochondrial (FHM) and soluble (FHS) forms of fumarase are determined at the same structural locus. 2. The FH 2--1 variant is associated with enzyme deficiency: c. 70% of normal in lymphoblastoid cells and c. 20% of normal in red cells. 3. The pH optimum and apparent Michaelis constant of the variant fumarase were normal but heat-inactivation studies suggest that the isozymes containing polypeptides determined by the variant allele are unstable.", "PMID": 525970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2705", "title": "Changes of selection opportunities with a changing environment: regional heterogeneity in Italy.", "content": "The mortailty and fertility components of the index of opportunity for selection (the Crow index) have been studied in the various Italian regions during the last century. To estimate the relevance of environmental factors on both components, their trends and those of their interregional variances have been compared with illiteracy. The results show that the selection opportunities due to mortality have decreased in a smiliar way in all the regions with a trend parallel to that of the national percentage of illiteracy, suggesting that this component is directly affected by the general socio-cultural level. As to the component due to fertility differentials, the regions, though scattered in the time scale, show a characteristic cycle of rise and fall. Moreover, the interregional variances of this component and of illiteracy are quite parallel, thus supporting the hypothesis that the reproductive pattern is strongly influenced by the individual cultural level.", "contents": "Changes of selection opportunities with a changing environment: regional heterogeneity in Italy. The mortailty and fertility components of the index of opportunity for selection (the Crow index) have been studied in the various Italian regions during the last century. To estimate the relevance of environmental factors on both components, their trends and those of their interregional variances have been compared with illiteracy. The results show that the selection opportunities due to mortality have decreased in a smiliar way in all the regions with a trend parallel to that of the national percentage of illiteracy, suggesting that this component is directly affected by the general socio-cultural level. As to the component due to fertility differentials, the regions, though scattered in the time scale, show a characteristic cycle of rise and fall. Moreover, the interregional variances of this component and of illiteracy are quite parallel, thus supporting the hypothesis that the reproductive pattern is strongly influenced by the individual cultural level.", "PMID": 525972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2706", "title": "Selection in dioecious populations.", "content": "Weak selection at a single mutiallelic locus in a dioecious population is analysed under the assumptions of panmixia and discrete non-overlapping generations. The results hold for both autosomal and X-linked loci after several generations have elapsed. With an error of the order of s (i.e. O(s)), where s is the selection intensity, the population evolves as if it were monoecious. The equivalent monoecious fitnesses must be calculated by weighting each sex by the number of genes carried by an individual at the locus under consideration. Provided the explicit time dependence (if any) of the genotypic fitnesses in each sex is O(s2), the rate of change of the male--female allelic frequency differences is O(s2). If the change per generation of the genotypic fitnesses is smaller than second order in s (i.e. o(s2)), then to O(s2) the rate of change of the unweighted average of the male and female mean fitnesses is equal to the genic variance. Hence, as long as there is significant gene frequency change, this measure of the mean fitness of the population will increase.", "contents": "Selection in dioecious populations. Weak selection at a single mutiallelic locus in a dioecious population is analysed under the assumptions of panmixia and discrete non-overlapping generations. The results hold for both autosomal and X-linked loci after several generations have elapsed. With an error of the order of s (i.e. O(s)), where s is the selection intensity, the population evolves as if it were monoecious. The equivalent monoecious fitnesses must be calculated by weighting each sex by the number of genes carried by an individual at the locus under consideration. Provided the explicit time dependence (if any) of the genotypic fitnesses in each sex is O(s2), the rate of change of the male--female allelic frequency differences is O(s2). If the change per generation of the genotypic fitnesses is smaller than second order in s (i.e. o(s2)), then to O(s2) the rate of change of the unweighted average of the male and female mean fitnesses is equal to the genic variance. Hence, as long as there is significant gene frequency change, this measure of the mean fitness of the population will increase.", "PMID": 525973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2707", "title": "The correlation between relatives under assortative malting for an X-linked and autosomal trait.", "content": "Correlations between various relatives are derived for phenotypic assortative mating at equilibrium for a trait determined by additive autosomal and X-linked loci without dominance, with proportional gene effects in the two sexes, and with an uncorrelated environment. It is assumed that genotype and environment are normally distributed, that phenotypes of mates are bivariate-normally distributed, and that regression of an individual's phenotype or genotype on the phenotype or genotype of any of his relatives is linear.", "contents": "The correlation between relatives under assortative malting for an X-linked and autosomal trait. Correlations between various relatives are derived for phenotypic assortative mating at equilibrium for a trait determined by additive autosomal and X-linked loci without dominance, with proportional gene effects in the two sexes, and with an uncorrelated environment. It is assumed that genotype and environment are normally distributed, that phenotypes of mates are bivariate-normally distributed, and that regression of an individual's phenotype or genotype on the phenotype or genotype of any of his relatives is linear.", "PMID": 525974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2708", "title": "Ancestral inference. III. The ancestral structure of the population of Tristan da Cunha.", "content": "A log-linear analysis has been applied to the survival probabilities of the genes of the founders of Tristan da Cunha. This analysis enables a large set of probabilities to be viewed as a single function, and the features of this function to be analysed. Features of the structure of the ancestral genealogy are thereby illuminated, and the dependence and interactions between founders with regard to the descent of their genes to the current population may be quantified.", "contents": "Ancestral inference. III. The ancestral structure of the population of Tristan da Cunha. A log-linear analysis has been applied to the survival probabilities of the genes of the founders of Tristan da Cunha. This analysis enables a large set of probabilities to be viewed as a single function, and the features of this function to be analysed. Features of the structure of the ancestral genealogy are thereby illuminated, and the dependence and interactions between founders with regard to the descent of their genes to the current population may be quantified.", "PMID": 525975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2709", "title": "Application of a recombination model in calculating the variance of sib pair genetic identity.", "content": "Using a previously described model of crossing over (Risch & Lange, 1979), we have calculated analytically the variance in the proportion of genes identical by descent shared by two sibs. The prior distributions for numbers of chiasmata reported in Suarez et al. (1979) were used to calculate a standard deviation of 0.040 for the 22 human autosomes. It is also shown that any two identity by descent values within a sibship are uncorrelated.", "contents": "Application of a recombination model in calculating the variance of sib pair genetic identity. Using a previously described model of crossing over (Risch & Lange, 1979), we have calculated analytically the variance in the proportion of genes identical by descent shared by two sibs. The prior distributions for numbers of chiasmata reported in Suarez et al. (1979) were used to calculate a standard deviation of 0.040 for the 22 human autosomes. It is also shown that any two identity by descent values within a sibship are uncorrelated.", "PMID": 525976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2710", "title": "Equilibrium stability of a diffusion process in population genetics.", "content": "De Finetti introduced a model of a continuously reproducing population with phenotypic assortative mating for a pair of dominant-recessive autosomal genes. In this paper it is rigorously proved that this model admits of stable equilibria which lie above the Hardy--Weinberg parabola in the de Finetti diagram.", "contents": "Equilibrium stability of a diffusion process in population genetics. De Finetti introduced a model of a continuously reproducing population with phenotypic assortative mating for a pair of dominant-recessive autosomal genes. In this paper it is rigorously proved that this model admits of stable equilibria which lie above the Hardy--Weinberg parabola in the de Finetti diagram.", "PMID": 525977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2711", "title": "Influence of single or multiple doses of gentamicin and netilmicin on their cortical, medullary, and papillary distribution.", "content": "In this study, the comparative intrarenal distribution and accumulation of both gentamicin and netilmicin were investigated in normal rats. The animals received 1, 3, or 14 injections of 10 mg of gentamicin or netilmicin per kg. A total of 324 animals and 648 kidneys were analyzed. These animals were sacrificed at from 1 h to 25 days after the intraperitoneal injections. At each timed interval, the serum, urine, cortex, medulla, and papilla were analyzed for antimicrobial content. The peak serum values of gentamicin (8 to 12 mug/ml) and netilmicin (9 to 14 mug/ml) were close to those found in humans. There was a progressive increase in the cortical concentrations of both antibiotics from a low of 53 mug/g to a high of 719 mug/g when the animals were given increasing doses of the agents. At most timed intervals, the concentrations of gentamicin within the cortex were slightly lower than those of netilmicin. The accumulation of the drugs was also demonstrated in the medulla, where therapeutic levels could be detected for up to 25 days after the cessation of therapy. Even though gentamicin and netilmicin were transiently present in the papilla after 1 or 3 injections, both drugs could still be detected in the papilla on day 25 after 14 doses. The urinary concentration closely paralleled the papillary concentration. If applicable to humans, the persistence of high levels of both drugs within the medulla and papilla may have therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Influence of single or multiple doses of gentamicin and netilmicin on their cortical, medullary, and papillary distribution. In this study, the comparative intrarenal distribution and accumulation of both gentamicin and netilmicin were investigated in normal rats. The animals received 1, 3, or 14 injections of 10 mg of gentamicin or netilmicin per kg. A total of 324 animals and 648 kidneys were analyzed. These animals were sacrificed at from 1 h to 25 days after the intraperitoneal injections. At each timed interval, the serum, urine, cortex, medulla, and papilla were analyzed for antimicrobial content. The peak serum values of gentamicin (8 to 12 mug/ml) and netilmicin (9 to 14 mug/ml) were close to those found in humans. There was a progressive increase in the cortical concentrations of both antibiotics from a low of 53 mug/g to a high of 719 mug/g when the animals were given increasing doses of the agents. At most timed intervals, the concentrations of gentamicin within the cortex were slightly lower than those of netilmicin. The accumulation of the drugs was also demonstrated in the medulla, where therapeutic levels could be detected for up to 25 days after the cessation of therapy. Even though gentamicin and netilmicin were transiently present in the papilla after 1 or 3 injections, both drugs could still be detected in the papilla on day 25 after 14 doses. The urinary concentration closely paralleled the papillary concentration. If applicable to humans, the persistence of high levels of both drugs within the medulla and papilla may have therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 525979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2712", "title": "Chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in hospitalized patients.", "content": "The apparent body clearance of chloramphenicol was investigated in 21 hospitalized adult patients on 27 occasions. Apparent body clearance was found to be significantly lower (1.99 +/- 1.49 ml/min per kg) in patients with total serum bilirubin concentrations of >1.5 mg/100 ml than in patients with serum bilirubin concentrations of </=1.5 mg/100 ml (3.57 +/- 1.72 ml/min per kg; P < 0.001). Serum protein binding of chloramphenicol was lower in cirrhotic patients (42.2 +/- 6.8% bound) than in normal adults (53.1 +/- 5.2% bound; P < 0.001). Low binding of chloramphenicol was also found in the serum of premature neonates (32.4 +/- 8.2% bound; P < 0.001). Reduced binding in neonates implies the need for a lower therapeutic range of total chloramphenicol concentration (3.5 to 13.9 mug/ml) compared with the usual adult range (5 to 20 mug/ml). Finally, three case reports are presented which demonstrate marked abnormalities and intrasubject variation in chloramphenicol clearance.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in hospitalized patients. The apparent body clearance of chloramphenicol was investigated in 21 hospitalized adult patients on 27 occasions. Apparent body clearance was found to be significantly lower (1.99 +/- 1.49 ml/min per kg) in patients with total serum bilirubin concentrations of >1.5 mg/100 ml than in patients with serum bilirubin concentrations of </=1.5 mg/100 ml (3.57 +/- 1.72 ml/min per kg; P < 0.001). Serum protein binding of chloramphenicol was lower in cirrhotic patients (42.2 +/- 6.8% bound) than in normal adults (53.1 +/- 5.2% bound; P < 0.001). Low binding of chloramphenicol was also found in the serum of premature neonates (32.4 +/- 8.2% bound; P < 0.001). Reduced binding in neonates implies the need for a lower therapeutic range of total chloramphenicol concentration (3.5 to 13.9 mug/ml) compared with the usual adult range (5 to 20 mug/ml). Finally, three case reports are presented which demonstrate marked abnormalities and intrasubject variation in chloramphenicol clearance.", "PMID": 525980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2713", "title": "Relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol concentrations.", "content": "The relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol (CAP) concentrations was evaluated in 27 paired specimens collected from 20 hospitalized patients during therapy with the drug. A significant (R = 0.80, P < 0.001) but variable relationship was found to exist. Serum protein binding of CAP was also evaluated (43.7 +/- 5.7% bound; N = 24). Differences in CAP binding did not apparently account for a significant portion of the variability in the observed saliva/serum CAP concentration ratios. The degree of variation observed indicated that saliva CAP concentrations could not be relied upon for the prediction of serum CAP concentrations.", "contents": "Relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol concentrations. The relationship between serum and saliva chloramphenicol (CAP) concentrations was evaluated in 27 paired specimens collected from 20 hospitalized patients during therapy with the drug. A significant (R = 0.80, P < 0.001) but variable relationship was found to exist. Serum protein binding of CAP was also evaluated (43.7 +/- 5.7% bound; N = 24). Differences in CAP binding did not apparently account for a significant portion of the variability in the observed saliva/serum CAP concentration ratios. The degree of variation observed indicated that saliva CAP concentrations could not be relied upon for the prediction of serum CAP concentrations.", "PMID": 525981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2714", "title": "Evaluation of human monocyte function in vitro.", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes play a role in immunologic phenomena as well as in defence reactions of the organism. It is therefore important that clinicians have possibilities of evaluating their functions. A combination of simple and reproducible methods was set up to make this evaluation possible. The tests described in this paper are performed using peripheral blood monocytes and include: (1) phagocytic capacity of Staphylococcus aureus and 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes, (2) bactericidal capacity with S. aureus and (3) handling of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes after 18 h in culture. They explore both the afferent limb of the immune response and the capacity to remove and destroy foreign material. The results obtained from 45 normal subjects are reported.", "contents": "Evaluation of human monocyte function in vitro. Mononuclear phagocytes play a role in immunologic phenomena as well as in defence reactions of the organism. It is therefore important that clinicians have possibilities of evaluating their functions. A combination of simple and reproducible methods was set up to make this evaluation possible. The tests described in this paper are performed using peripheral blood monocytes and include: (1) phagocytic capacity of Staphylococcus aureus and 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes, (2) bactericidal capacity with S. aureus and (3) handling of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes after 18 h in culture. They explore both the afferent limb of the immune response and the capacity to remove and destroy foreign material. The results obtained from 45 normal subjects are reported.", "PMID": 525978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2715", "title": "Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis with levamisole.", "content": "Because deficient immune responses may play a contributory role in recurrent herpes simplex labialis, an immunomodulating agent, levamisole, has been advocated for therapy. Forty-two patients with a high frequency of recurrent herpes simplex labialis were followed for a mean of 7.8 months (range 4 to 12) and treated for 3 days at the onset of each episode of herpes with one of three different doses of levamisole or placebo in a randomized, double-blind study. Statistical analysis revealed that as the dosage increased, so did the frequency of recurrences (P = 0.007). Conversely, duration of the lesions and lesion pain decreased with increasing dosage (P = 0.05 and 0.03). These results indicate that levamisole is not an appropriate drug for the management of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. The paradoxical response to an immunomodulator (increased frequency, decreased severity) provides evidence that altered host responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis with levamisole. Because deficient immune responses may play a contributory role in recurrent herpes simplex labialis, an immunomodulating agent, levamisole, has been advocated for therapy. Forty-two patients with a high frequency of recurrent herpes simplex labialis were followed for a mean of 7.8 months (range 4 to 12) and treated for 3 days at the onset of each episode of herpes with one of three different doses of levamisole or placebo in a randomized, double-blind study. Statistical analysis revealed that as the dosage increased, so did the frequency of recurrences (P = 0.007). Conversely, duration of the lesions and lesion pain decreased with increasing dosage (P = 0.05 and 0.03). These results indicate that levamisole is not an appropriate drug for the management of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. The paradoxical response to an immunomodulator (increased frequency, decreased severity) provides evidence that altered host responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 525982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2716", "title": "Effect of cephalothin on measurement of creatinine concentration.", "content": "Cephalothin, an antibiotic implicated as nephrotoxic, falsely elevates the creatinine concentration as determined by the Jaff\u00e9 reaction in vitro. We studied this effect in vivo and demonstrated variable degrees of interference in determinations of plasma and urinary creatinine concentrations by two automated methods. Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon in patients receiving cephalothin, both when monitoring renal function and when assessing patient reliability in the collection of timed urine specimens.", "contents": "Effect of cephalothin on measurement of creatinine concentration. Cephalothin, an antibiotic implicated as nephrotoxic, falsely elevates the creatinine concentration as determined by the Jaff\u00e9 reaction in vitro. We studied this effect in vivo and demonstrated variable degrees of interference in determinations of plasma and urinary creatinine concentrations by two automated methods. Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon in patients receiving cephalothin, both when monitoring renal function and when assessing patient reliability in the collection of timed urine specimens.", "PMID": 525983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2717", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Bay k 4999, a new broad-spectrum penicillin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the broad-spectrum penicillin Bay k 4999 were studied in six healthy male volunteers. A 2-g dose was given by the intravenous route. The tissue penetration of the antibiotic was studied by both dermabrasion and blister techniques. A total of 26.4% of the drug was recovered in the urine in 24 h, 79% of this being excreted in the first 2 h. The elimination half-life in serum was 1.3 h. The dermabrasion levels of Bay k 4999 were generally similar to those in serum, but after 1 h the blister fluid levels of antibiotic were greater than those in serum. Different drug levels obtained by blister and dermabrasion techniques may be due to the different composition of the two fluids.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Bay k 4999, a new broad-spectrum penicillin. The pharmacokinetics of the broad-spectrum penicillin Bay k 4999 were studied in six healthy male volunteers. A 2-g dose was given by the intravenous route. The tissue penetration of the antibiotic was studied by both dermabrasion and blister techniques. A total of 26.4% of the drug was recovered in the urine in 24 h, 79% of this being excreted in the first 2 h. The elimination half-life in serum was 1.3 h. The dermabrasion levels of Bay k 4999 were generally similar to those in serum, but after 1 h the blister fluid levels of antibiotic were greater than those in serum. Different drug levels obtained by blister and dermabrasion techniques may be due to the different composition of the two fluids.", "PMID": 525984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2718", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and safety of cefamandole in newborn infants.", "content": "Cefamandole, a new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, was administered to 23 newborn infants with pustular skin infection due to Staphylococcus aureus for an average duration of 7.5 days. All the patients improved clinically. Elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and eosinophilia were observed in nine infants each transiently during treatment. There were no abnormalities of renal functions and Coombs' test results remained negative. The levels of cefamandole in serum after either intravenous or intramuscular administration were higher and the mean life was longer than those previously reported in older infants, children, and adults.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and safety of cefamandole in newborn infants. Cefamandole, a new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, was administered to 23 newborn infants with pustular skin infection due to Staphylococcus aureus for an average duration of 7.5 days. All the patients improved clinically. Elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and eosinophilia were observed in nine infants each transiently during treatment. There were no abnormalities of renal functions and Coombs' test results remained negative. The levels of cefamandole in serum after either intravenous or intramuscular administration were higher and the mean life was longer than those previously reported in older infants, children, and adults.", "PMID": 525985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2719", "title": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: rationale, chemistry, and structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Peptide mimetics with C-terminal residues simulating natural amino acids have been designed as inhibitors of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The phosphonopeptide series consisting of various l and d residues of natural amino acids combined with 1-aminoalkyl (and aryl-alkyl-) phosphonic acid residues had the most interesting antibacterial properties when the C-terminal residue was l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. The in vitro antibacterial activities of representative phosphonodi- to phosphonohexapeptides were investigated. The antibacterial action of the active compounds has been explained in terms of transport into the bacterial cell and intracellular release of the alanine mimetic, which interferes with the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall.", "contents": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: rationale, chemistry, and structure-activity relationships. Peptide mimetics with C-terminal residues simulating natural amino acids have been designed as inhibitors of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The phosphonopeptide series consisting of various l and d residues of natural amino acids combined with 1-aminoalkyl (and aryl-alkyl-) phosphonic acid residues had the most interesting antibacterial properties when the C-terminal residue was l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. The in vitro antibacterial activities of representative phosphonodi- to phosphonohexapeptides were investigated. The antibacterial action of the active compounds has been explained in terms of transport into the bacterial cell and intracellular release of the alanine mimetic, which interferes with the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall.", "PMID": 525986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2720", "title": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: mechanism of action of alaphosphin.", "content": "The novel antibacterial peptide mimetic alaphosphin (l-alanyl-l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid) selectively inhibited peptidoglycan biosynthesis in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It induced accumulation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-muramyl-tripeptide in gram-positive organisms and significantly reduced the intracellular pool levels of d-alanine. Alaphosphin was actively transported into bacterial cells by stereospecific peptide permeases and was subsequently hydrolyzed by intracellular aminopeptidases to yield l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. This alanine mimetic rapidly accumulated inside susceptible cells to yield a concentration which was 100- to 1,000-fold in excess of that of the precursor peptide in the surrounding medium. In the case of susceptible gram-negative organisms, it was shown that 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was incorporated into a metabolite which was tentatively identified as uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-aminoethylphosphonate. The primary intracellular target site of 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1), which was reversibly and competitively inhibited in the gram-negative organisms Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and irreversibly inhibited in a time-dependent manner in the gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. A secondary target site could be uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine synthetase [EC 6.3.2.8(b)]. The mechanism of action of alaphosphin may be regarded as involving at least three stages: (i) active transport by peptide permeases; (ii) intracellular peptidase cleavage; and (iii) action of l-1-aminoethylphosphonate on alanine racemase.", "contents": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: mechanism of action of alaphosphin. The novel antibacterial peptide mimetic alaphosphin (l-alanyl-l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid) selectively inhibited peptidoglycan biosynthesis in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It induced accumulation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-muramyl-tripeptide in gram-positive organisms and significantly reduced the intracellular pool levels of d-alanine. Alaphosphin was actively transported into bacterial cells by stereospecific peptide permeases and was subsequently hydrolyzed by intracellular aminopeptidases to yield l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. This alanine mimetic rapidly accumulated inside susceptible cells to yield a concentration which was 100- to 1,000-fold in excess of that of the precursor peptide in the surrounding medium. In the case of susceptible gram-negative organisms, it was shown that 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was incorporated into a metabolite which was tentatively identified as uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-aminoethylphosphonate. The primary intracellular target site of 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1), which was reversibly and competitively inhibited in the gram-negative organisms Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and irreversibly inhibited in a time-dependent manner in the gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. A secondary target site could be uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine synthetase [EC 6.3.2.8(b)]. The mechanism of action of alaphosphin may be regarded as involving at least three stages: (i) active transport by peptide permeases; (ii) intracellular peptidase cleavage; and (iii) action of l-1-aminoethylphosphonate on alanine racemase.", "PMID": 525987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2721", "title": "Effect of fatty acyl group and sterol composition on sensitivity of lecithin liposomes to imidazole antimycotics.", "content": "The specific affinity for membrane lipids and the membrane selectivity of three imidazole derivatives, clotrimazole, miconazole, and econazole, were studied using various types of liposomes with respect to the lecithin fatty acyl group composition and the liposome content and composition of sterol as membrane models. The sensitivity of liposomes to these drugs was primarily dependent upon the lecithin fatty acyl group composition. With sterol-free liposome systems, each imidazole induced maximum release of trapped glucose as a marker from the unsaturated dioleoyl lecithin liposomes, minimum release from the saturated dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes, and intermediate release from egg lecithin liposomes. The sensitivity of the dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes to any imidazole drug was not influenced by the incorporation of cholesterol or ergosterol. On the other hand, clotrimazole-induced permeability changes of liposomes prepared from unsaturated dioleoyl lecithin or egg lecithin were greatly enhanced by the incorporation of ergosterol, whereas they were suppressed by cholesterol incorporation. The sensitivity of liposomes prepared from these unsaturated lecithins to miconazole and econazole was also augmented by ergosterol incorporation, although it was scarcely altered by cholesterol incorporation. Negatively charged liposomes were more sensitive to the three imidazole drugs than positively charged liposomes.", "contents": "Effect of fatty acyl group and sterol composition on sensitivity of lecithin liposomes to imidazole antimycotics. The specific affinity for membrane lipids and the membrane selectivity of three imidazole derivatives, clotrimazole, miconazole, and econazole, were studied using various types of liposomes with respect to the lecithin fatty acyl group composition and the liposome content and composition of sterol as membrane models. The sensitivity of liposomes to these drugs was primarily dependent upon the lecithin fatty acyl group composition. With sterol-free liposome systems, each imidazole induced maximum release of trapped glucose as a marker from the unsaturated dioleoyl lecithin liposomes, minimum release from the saturated dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes, and intermediate release from egg lecithin liposomes. The sensitivity of the dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes to any imidazole drug was not influenced by the incorporation of cholesterol or ergosterol. On the other hand, clotrimazole-induced permeability changes of liposomes prepared from unsaturated dioleoyl lecithin or egg lecithin were greatly enhanced by the incorporation of ergosterol, whereas they were suppressed by cholesterol incorporation. The sensitivity of liposomes prepared from these unsaturated lecithins to miconazole and econazole was also augmented by ergosterol incorporation, although it was scarcely altered by cholesterol incorporation. Negatively charged liposomes were more sensitive to the three imidazole drugs than positively charged liposomes.", "PMID": 525988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2722", "title": "Comparative penetration of various cephalosporins into inflammatory exudate.", "content": "A rabbit sterile peritonitis model was used to determine the relative penetration of four cephalosporin antibiotics into exudate fluid. Male New Zealand white rabbits were given 120 ml of sterile saline intraperitoneally, and peritonitis developed over the following 8 h, with exudate fluid containing a mean of 17,188 granulocytes per mm(3) at 8 h. Each antibiotic was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg/kg 3 h after peritonitis was initiated, and serum and peritoneal concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h later. Cefamandole gave the highest mean peak serum level (26.8 mug/ml), and cephalothin, cephacetrile, and cephradine all gave peak serum levels between 13 and 15 mug/ml. When peak peritoneal exudate concentration was expressed as a percentage of peak serum concentration, cephradine developed 28.5% of the peak serum level, cephacetrile 27.7%, cephalothin 14.0%, and cefamandole 12.5%. These percentages of exudate penetration were inversely proportional to the degree of serum protein binding: cephradine 26.6%, cephacetrile 36.3%, cephalothin 50%, and cefamandole 88%.", "contents": "Comparative penetration of various cephalosporins into inflammatory exudate. A rabbit sterile peritonitis model was used to determine the relative penetration of four cephalosporin antibiotics into exudate fluid. Male New Zealand white rabbits were given 120 ml of sterile saline intraperitoneally, and peritonitis developed over the following 8 h, with exudate fluid containing a mean of 17,188 granulocytes per mm(3) at 8 h. Each antibiotic was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg/kg 3 h after peritonitis was initiated, and serum and peritoneal concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h later. Cefamandole gave the highest mean peak serum level (26.8 mug/ml), and cephalothin, cephacetrile, and cephradine all gave peak serum levels between 13 and 15 mug/ml. When peak peritoneal exudate concentration was expressed as a percentage of peak serum concentration, cephradine developed 28.5% of the peak serum level, cephacetrile 27.7%, cephalothin 14.0%, and cefamandole 12.5%. These percentages of exudate penetration were inversely proportional to the degree of serum protein binding: cephradine 26.6%, cephacetrile 36.3%, cephalothin 50%, and cefamandole 88%.", "PMID": 525989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2723", "title": "Antifolate activity of isoaminopterin in HeLa cells.", "content": "The antifolate activity and the transport characteristics of isoaminopterin (IA) in HeLa cells were studied and compared with those of methotrexate (MTX). Both IA and MTX inhibited the incorporation of [2-(14)C]deoxyuridine into HeLa cell DNA by 50% at a concentration of 0.09 muM by 8 h postaddition of the compounds. Unlike MTX, the inhibition of DNA synthesis by IA was time dependent and reached a maximum at 24 h. IA-induced inhibition was due to interference with folate metabolism, since it could be completely reversed with N(5)-formyl-tetrahydrofolate. Competitive transport experiments between IA and either radiolabeled MTX or radiolabeled folate showed that IA preferentially uses the reduced folate/MTX transport system. IA inhibited MTX uptake by 50% at a concentration of 6.8 muM but had a negligible effect on folate transport.", "contents": "Antifolate activity of isoaminopterin in HeLa cells. The antifolate activity and the transport characteristics of isoaminopterin (IA) in HeLa cells were studied and compared with those of methotrexate (MTX). Both IA and MTX inhibited the incorporation of [2-(14)C]deoxyuridine into HeLa cell DNA by 50% at a concentration of 0.09 muM by 8 h postaddition of the compounds. Unlike MTX, the inhibition of DNA synthesis by IA was time dependent and reached a maximum at 24 h. IA-induced inhibition was due to interference with folate metabolism, since it could be completely reversed with N(5)-formyl-tetrahydrofolate. Competitive transport experiments between IA and either radiolabeled MTX or radiolabeled folate showed that IA preferentially uses the reduced folate/MTX transport system. IA inhibited MTX uptake by 50% at a concentration of 6.8 muM but had a negligible effect on folate transport.", "PMID": 525990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2724", "title": "Effectiveness of nafcillin, methicillin, and cephalothin in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.", "content": "Nafcillin, methicillin, and cephalothin (40 mg/kg every 6 h) were all effective in reducing the number of Staphylococcus aureus in vegetations in rabbits with endocarditis. Nafcillin and methicillin reduced the number of S. aureus at a significantly faster rate than did cephalothin. Nafcillin and methicillin also reduced titers of the S. aureus more rapidly than did cephalothin in vitro, both in broth and in rabbit serum.", "contents": "Effectiveness of nafcillin, methicillin, and cephalothin in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Nafcillin, methicillin, and cephalothin (40 mg/kg every 6 h) were all effective in reducing the number of Staphylococcus aureus in vegetations in rabbits with endocarditis. Nafcillin and methicillin reduced the number of S. aureus at a significantly faster rate than did cephalothin. Nafcillin and methicillin also reduced titers of the S. aureus more rapidly than did cephalothin in vitro, both in broth and in rabbit serum.", "PMID": 525991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2725", "title": "Assay of flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The use of the antifungal agent flucytosine has been associated with dose-related hepatotoxicity and bone marrow depression, and measurement of plasma concentrations is useful in determining dosage schedules. The present study describes a rapid, simple, and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma flucytosine which may be completed within 30 min of receipt of a plasma sample. Sample preparation is minimal and merely involves precipitation of plasma protein before injection onto a reverse-phase column. The method is accurate and reproducible and yields results comparable to or perhaps slightly superior to those obtained by conventional microbiological assay. The value of the procedure for routine use is enhanced by the freedom from interference by a large range of medications administered concurrently with flucytosine.", "contents": "Assay of flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The use of the antifungal agent flucytosine has been associated with dose-related hepatotoxicity and bone marrow depression, and measurement of plasma concentrations is useful in determining dosage schedules. The present study describes a rapid, simple, and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma flucytosine which may be completed within 30 min of receipt of a plasma sample. Sample preparation is minimal and merely involves precipitation of plasma protein before injection onto a reverse-phase column. The method is accurate and reproducible and yields results comparable to or perhaps slightly superior to those obtained by conventional microbiological assay. The value of the procedure for routine use is enhanced by the freedom from interference by a large range of medications administered concurrently with flucytosine.", "PMID": 525993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2726", "title": "Biosynthesis of kitasamycin (leucomycin) by leucine analog-resistant mutants of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.", "content": "The biosynthesis of kitasamycin in Streptomyces kitasatoensis B-896 was profoundly influenced by the addition of precursors to complex and defined media: l-valine and l-leucine directed biosynthesis towards the pairs A(4)/A(5) (R(2) = butyryl) and A(1)/A(3) (R(2) = isovaleryl), respectively, and total kitasamycin titers were doubled and quadrupled, respectively. S. kitasatoensis B-896 was very resistant (>20 mg/ml) to alpha-aminobutyric acid, an analog of l-valine, but very susceptible to l-leucine analogs 5', 5', 5'-trifluoroleucine and 4-azaleucine (5 to 10 mug/ml). The inhibition by 4-azaleucine could be reversed by l-leucine, but by none of the other amino acids of the pyruvate family or the amino acids of the aspartate pathway. 4-Azaleucine-resistant mutants were isolated which in the absence of any precursors overproduced l-leucine and a kitasamycin complex mainly consisting of the pair A(1)/A(3). These 4-azaleucine-resistant mutants are presumed to be regulatory mutants in which alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, the first enzyme of the l-leucine pathway, has become either derepressed or desensitized to leucine feedback inhibition. l-Leucine-regulatory mutants have economic value: in the absence of expensive precursors, they produce a kitasamycin complex in which the most potent pair A(1)/A(3) is dominant and the least active components are absent.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of kitasamycin (leucomycin) by leucine analog-resistant mutants of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. The biosynthesis of kitasamycin in Streptomyces kitasatoensis B-896 was profoundly influenced by the addition of precursors to complex and defined media: l-valine and l-leucine directed biosynthesis towards the pairs A(4)/A(5) (R(2) = butyryl) and A(1)/A(3) (R(2) = isovaleryl), respectively, and total kitasamycin titers were doubled and quadrupled, respectively. S. kitasatoensis B-896 was very resistant (>20 mg/ml) to alpha-aminobutyric acid, an analog of l-valine, but very susceptible to l-leucine analogs 5', 5', 5'-trifluoroleucine and 4-azaleucine (5 to 10 mug/ml). The inhibition by 4-azaleucine could be reversed by l-leucine, but by none of the other amino acids of the pyruvate family or the amino acids of the aspartate pathway. 4-Azaleucine-resistant mutants were isolated which in the absence of any precursors overproduced l-leucine and a kitasamycin complex mainly consisting of the pair A(1)/A(3). These 4-azaleucine-resistant mutants are presumed to be regulatory mutants in which alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, the first enzyme of the l-leucine pathway, has become either derepressed or desensitized to leucine feedback inhibition. l-Leucine-regulatory mutants have economic value: in the absence of expensive precursors, they produce a kitasamycin complex in which the most potent pair A(1)/A(3) is dominant and the least active components are absent.", "PMID": 525992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2727", "title": "Ceftizoxime (FK 749), a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities.", "content": "FK 749 is a new parenteral cephalosporin derivative which is more active against various gram-negative bacilli, including the opportunistic pathogens such as Enterobacter, Citrobacter species, and Serratia marcescens, than cephalosporins and cephamycins such as cefotiam, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefmetazole. FK 749 was especially active against gram-negative organisms resistant to these related antibiotics. FK 749 was more potent in bactericidal activity than the other antibiotics, and the activity was clearly enhanced in the presence of 90% defibrinated rabbit blood. The therapeutic effect of subcutaneously injected FK 749 in mice infected with various gram-negative bacilli was far superior to that of cefotiam, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefmetazole and was almost the same as that of cefmetazole in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and that of ticarcillin in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FK 749 has, in general, nearly the same in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities as cefotaxime. The former had more potent bactericidal activity in the presence of the blood than the latter and showed more excellent therapeutic effect than cefotaxime against infections caused by large inoculum sizes.", "contents": "Ceftizoxime (FK 749), a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities. FK 749 is a new parenteral cephalosporin derivative which is more active against various gram-negative bacilli, including the opportunistic pathogens such as Enterobacter, Citrobacter species, and Serratia marcescens, than cephalosporins and cephamycins such as cefotiam, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefmetazole. FK 749 was especially active against gram-negative organisms resistant to these related antibiotics. FK 749 was more potent in bactericidal activity than the other antibiotics, and the activity was clearly enhanced in the presence of 90% defibrinated rabbit blood. The therapeutic effect of subcutaneously injected FK 749 in mice infected with various gram-negative bacilli was far superior to that of cefotiam, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefmetazole and was almost the same as that of cefmetazole in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and that of ticarcillin in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FK 749 has, in general, nearly the same in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities as cefotaxime. The former had more potent bactericidal activity in the presence of the blood than the latter and showed more excellent therapeutic effect than cefotaxime against infections caused by large inoculum sizes.", "PMID": 525994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2728", "title": "Inactivation of cephalosporins by Bacteroides.", "content": "We investigated the relationship between beta-lactamases of Bacteroides fragilis organisms and their resistance to cephalosporins. Timed killing curves were used to study the in vitro activity of three cephalosporins, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole, and a semisynthetic cephamycin, cefoxitin. Measurements of residual antibiotic concentrations in culture supernatants were made, and they were compared with the beta-lactamase activity of the microorganism. A cephalosporin-susceptible strain was rapidly killed by cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. Four cephalosporin-resistant strains were not killed by cephalothin, cefazolin, or cefamandole but were killed by cefoxitin. An inoculum effect was noted with cefazolin and not with cefoxitin. The resistant strains of Bacteroides inactivated the three cephalosporins, but there was no inactivation of cefoxitin. A constitutive beta-lactamase was detected in all the isolates of the B. fragilis group that were resistant to the cephalosporins. There was no distinction of the species based on isoelectric focusing of the enzyme. These data suggest that inactivation by beta-lactamase may be the mechanism for resistance of B. fragilis to the cephalosporins and would explain the enhanced in vitro activity of cefoxitin.", "contents": "Inactivation of cephalosporins by Bacteroides. We investigated the relationship between beta-lactamases of Bacteroides fragilis organisms and their resistance to cephalosporins. Timed killing curves were used to study the in vitro activity of three cephalosporins, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole, and a semisynthetic cephamycin, cefoxitin. Measurements of residual antibiotic concentrations in culture supernatants were made, and they were compared with the beta-lactamase activity of the microorganism. A cephalosporin-susceptible strain was rapidly killed by cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. Four cephalosporin-resistant strains were not killed by cephalothin, cefazolin, or cefamandole but were killed by cefoxitin. An inoculum effect was noted with cefazolin and not with cefoxitin. The resistant strains of Bacteroides inactivated the three cephalosporins, but there was no inactivation of cefoxitin. A constitutive beta-lactamase was detected in all the isolates of the B. fragilis group that were resistant to the cephalosporins. There was no distinction of the species based on isoelectric focusing of the enzyme. These data suggest that inactivation by beta-lactamase may be the mechanism for resistance of B. fragilis to the cephalosporins and would explain the enhanced in vitro activity of cefoxitin.", "PMID": 525995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2729", "title": "Amantadine aerosol in humans.", "content": "Seven well volunteers and three patients with a naturally occurring influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1)-like infection were given amantadine by small-particle aerosol with a Collison generator modified for this purpose. Inhalation periods for the volunteers were increased on consecutive weekends from 15 min to 1 h, 4 h, 9 h, and 2 consecutive days of 6 h each. The particle size was 1.2-micrometer mass median diameter, and the concentration of inhaled aerosol ranged from 47 to 75 microgram/liter. Estimates of retained doses in 9 h were 74 to 149 mg. About two-thirds of the dose was recovered in the urine. Pulmonary function studies did not vary significantly from base-line values and were within a normal range for five of seven volunteers. Two volunteers with a moderate reduction in mid-maximal flow before exposure had a total of three episodes of coughing and wheezing associated with moderate reductions in mid-maximal flow values. These episodes cleared spontaneously or improved promptly after isoproterenol therapy. The patients with influenza tolerated the treatment well and recovered promptly.", "contents": "Amantadine aerosol in humans. Seven well volunteers and three patients with a naturally occurring influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1)-like infection were given amantadine by small-particle aerosol with a Collison generator modified for this purpose. Inhalation periods for the volunteers were increased on consecutive weekends from 15 min to 1 h, 4 h, 9 h, and 2 consecutive days of 6 h each. The particle size was 1.2-micrometer mass median diameter, and the concentration of inhaled aerosol ranged from 47 to 75 microgram/liter. Estimates of retained doses in 9 h were 74 to 149 mg. About two-thirds of the dose was recovered in the urine. Pulmonary function studies did not vary significantly from base-line values and were within a normal range for five of seven volunteers. Two volunteers with a moderate reduction in mid-maximal flow before exposure had a total of three episodes of coughing and wheezing associated with moderate reductions in mid-maximal flow values. These episodes cleared spontaneously or improved promptly after isoproterenol therapy. The patients with influenza tolerated the treatment well and recovered promptly.", "PMID": 525996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2730", "title": "Rapid assay for determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole levels in serum by spectrofluorometry.", "content": "A rapid spectrofluorometric method for determining the levels of both trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from the same specimen of serum is described. The method involves stepwise extraction of the specimen first with chloroform at an alkaline pH (pH 9.0) for trimethoprim followed by n-butyl chloride at an acidic pH (pH 2.0) for sulfamethoxazole. To quantitate trimethoprim, the chloroform layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 295 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm. To determine sulfamethoxazole levels, the n-butyl chloride layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 285 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm. Relative intensities were linear (r greater than 0.99) over the concentration ranges of 0.5 to 40 microgram/ml for trimethoprim and 1 to 400 microgram/ml for sulfamethoxazole. Values obtained by this spectrofluorometric procedure were in excellent agreement with those obtained by a conventional fluorometric assay for trimethoprim and a colorimetric assay for sulfamethoxazole. Elevated levels of endogenous metabolic products and numerous other drugs, including a number of antimicrobial agents, did not interfere with the method. Although salicylates interfere with the determination of sulfamethoxazole, an appropriate correction can be made. This method can also be used to determine the drug levels in cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Rapid assay for determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole levels in serum by spectrofluorometry. A rapid spectrofluorometric method for determining the levels of both trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from the same specimen of serum is described. The method involves stepwise extraction of the specimen first with chloroform at an alkaline pH (pH 9.0) for trimethoprim followed by n-butyl chloride at an acidic pH (pH 2.0) for sulfamethoxazole. To quantitate trimethoprim, the chloroform layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 295 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm. To determine sulfamethoxazole levels, the n-butyl chloride layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 285 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm. Relative intensities were linear (r greater than 0.99) over the concentration ranges of 0.5 to 40 microgram/ml for trimethoprim and 1 to 400 microgram/ml for sulfamethoxazole. Values obtained by this spectrofluorometric procedure were in excellent agreement with those obtained by a conventional fluorometric assay for trimethoprim and a colorimetric assay for sulfamethoxazole. Elevated levels of endogenous metabolic products and numerous other drugs, including a number of antimicrobial agents, did not interfere with the method. Although salicylates interfere with the determination of sulfamethoxazole, an appropriate correction can be made. This method can also be used to determine the drug levels in cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 525997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2731", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and ampicillin in experimental meningitis.", "content": "The penetration of cefamandole and ampicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with and without pneumococcal meningitis was evaluated. In normal animals, a mean maximum concentration of 0.22 +/- 0.13 microgram of cefamandole per ml was measured in the spinal fluid after a dose of 150 mg/kg given intramuscularly; with 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, no antibiotic was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. With ampicillin, in intramuscular doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, the mean maximum concentrations encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid were 1.59 +/- 0.4 and 1.47 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml, respectively. Penetration of cefamandole, and to a lesser extent ampicillin, was increased after 24 h of experimental meningitis. With cefamandole, the concentration of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the usual inhibitory concentration for Haemophilus influenzae only with the 150 mg/kg dose. After 48 h of meningitis, there was a trend toward higher levels of antibiotic in the cerebrospinal fluid, but the difference between animals infected 24 versus 48 h was not statistically significant. In animals with meningitis, serum concentrations after 150 mg of cefamandole per kg and both ampicillin doses studied were 32 to 38% lower than the serum levels achieved in normal rabbits after identical doses of antibiotic.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and ampicillin in experimental meningitis. The penetration of cefamandole and ampicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with and without pneumococcal meningitis was evaluated. In normal animals, a mean maximum concentration of 0.22 +/- 0.13 microgram of cefamandole per ml was measured in the spinal fluid after a dose of 150 mg/kg given intramuscularly; with 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, no antibiotic was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. With ampicillin, in intramuscular doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, the mean maximum concentrations encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid were 1.59 +/- 0.4 and 1.47 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml, respectively. Penetration of cefamandole, and to a lesser extent ampicillin, was increased after 24 h of experimental meningitis. With cefamandole, the concentration of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the usual inhibitory concentration for Haemophilus influenzae only with the 150 mg/kg dose. After 48 h of meningitis, there was a trend toward higher levels of antibiotic in the cerebrospinal fluid, but the difference between animals infected 24 versus 48 h was not statistically significant. In animals with meningitis, serum concentrations after 150 mg of cefamandole per kg and both ampicillin doses studied were 32 to 38% lower than the serum levels achieved in normal rabbits after identical doses of antibiotic.", "PMID": 525998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2732", "title": "Biosynthetic pathway leading to gentamicin C2b.", "content": "Incubation of Micromonospora purpurea SC 1210 (NRRL 5467) with L-[methyl-14C]methionine yielded [methyl-14C]gentamicin A and methyl-14C-labeled antibiotic JI-20A in a molar radioactivity ratio of 9:2. We did not isolate methyl-14C-labeled gentamicin X2, which was expected as an intermediate based on the biosynthetic pathways proposed by others. Addition of methyl-14C-labeled antibiotic JI-20A to M. purpurea SC 1124 (NRRL 8102) yielded [methyl-14C]-gentamicin C1a and [methyl-14C]gentamicin C2b in variable molar radioactivity ratios. These data do not support the biosynthetic pathway leading to gentamicin C2b proposed by Testa and Tilley.", "contents": "Biosynthetic pathway leading to gentamicin C2b. Incubation of Micromonospora purpurea SC 1210 (NRRL 5467) with L-[methyl-14C]methionine yielded [methyl-14C]gentamicin A and methyl-14C-labeled antibiotic JI-20A in a molar radioactivity ratio of 9:2. We did not isolate methyl-14C-labeled gentamicin X2, which was expected as an intermediate based on the biosynthetic pathways proposed by others. Addition of methyl-14C-labeled antibiotic JI-20A to M. purpurea SC 1124 (NRRL 8102) yielded [methyl-14C]-gentamicin C1a and [methyl-14C]gentamicin C2b in variable molar radioactivity ratios. These data do not support the biosynthetic pathway leading to gentamicin C2b proposed by Testa and Tilley.", "PMID": 525999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2733", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime after intramuscular injection and intravenous infusion were determined. The mean peak serum level after the 500-mg intramuscular dose was 11.7 micrograms/ml, and it was 20.5 micrograms/ml after a 1,000-mg dose. The serum half-life was 1.2 and 1.3 h, respectively for the two doses. The apparent fractional volumes of distribution of 32 and 37 liters were not significantly different for the two doses, and the fractional serum clearance was approximately 315 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for both doses. The mean peak serum level after 1,000 mg administered by intravenous infusion over 30 min was 41.1 micrograms/ml. The half-life was 1.13 h, apparent volume of distribution was 33 liters, serum clearance 341 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and renal clearance was 130 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The pharmacology of cefotaxime is similar to the pharmacology of other cephalosporin antibiotics, but the low inhibitory levels which it has against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria suggest that lower dosage regimens should be possible.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime. The pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime after intramuscular injection and intravenous infusion were determined. The mean peak serum level after the 500-mg intramuscular dose was 11.7 micrograms/ml, and it was 20.5 micrograms/ml after a 1,000-mg dose. The serum half-life was 1.2 and 1.3 h, respectively for the two doses. The apparent fractional volumes of distribution of 32 and 37 liters were not significantly different for the two doses, and the fractional serum clearance was approximately 315 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for both doses. The mean peak serum level after 1,000 mg administered by intravenous infusion over 30 min was 41.1 micrograms/ml. The half-life was 1.13 h, apparent volume of distribution was 33 liters, serum clearance 341 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and renal clearance was 130 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The pharmacology of cefotaxime is similar to the pharmacology of other cephalosporin antibiotics, but the low inhibitory levels which it has against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria suggest that lower dosage regimens should be possible.", "PMID": 526000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2734", "title": "Clinical evaluation of mezlocillin.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of intravenous mezlocillin were determined in 25 patients with aerobic, anaerobic, and mixed infections. Included were pleuropulmonary, urinary tract, skin, and soft-tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and abdominal and breast abscess. Nineteen patients (76%) were cured without recurrence as determined by clinical and bacteriological parameters. In three, the infection recurred (12%); two patients failed (8%), and in one, it was indeterminate (4%). No serious adverse effects were noted except for severe thrombophlebitis in three (12%) patients. Our preliminary data suggest that mezlocillin is a safe (except for thrombophlebitis) and effective antibiotic in the treatment of aerobic anaerobic, and mixed infections.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of mezlocillin. The safety and efficacy of intravenous mezlocillin were determined in 25 patients with aerobic, anaerobic, and mixed infections. Included were pleuropulmonary, urinary tract, skin, and soft-tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and abdominal and breast abscess. Nineteen patients (76%) were cured without recurrence as determined by clinical and bacteriological parameters. In three, the infection recurred (12%); two patients failed (8%), and in one, it was indeterminate (4%). No serious adverse effects were noted except for severe thrombophlebitis in three (12%) patients. Our preliminary data suggest that mezlocillin is a safe (except for thrombophlebitis) and effective antibiotic in the treatment of aerobic anaerobic, and mixed infections.", "PMID": 526001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2735", "title": "Disk diffusion testing of susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei to antibacterial agents.", "content": "Although recent studies have suggested that some antibacterial agents have good activity against the rapidly growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei, an easily applicable method for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates is not yet available. We evaluated a disk diffusion method with Mueller-Hinton agar and 48-h readings with 59 strains of M. fortuitum and 11 strains of M. chelonei and compared the results to agar dilution susceptibilities for nine antimicrobial agents. All isolates were susceptible to 16 micrograms of amikacin or kanamycin per ml with minimum zone diameters of 14 and 18 mm, respectively. Amikacin inhibited 100% of isolates of M. fortuitum at 2 micrograms/ml, whereas 10 of 11 (91%) of M. chelonei strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4.0 micrograms/ml or greater. Doxycycline and minocycline had almost identical activities, inhibiting 44% of strains at 4.0 micrograms/ml, and both allowed easy differentiation between susceptible and resistant strains by disk diffusion. Although most isolates of M. chelonei grew better on 7H10 agar, this media gave two- to eight-fold higher minimum inhibitory concentrations than were obtained with Mueller-Hinton agar. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing appears to be a simple and reliable means of predicting susceptibility results for M. fortuitum and most isolates of M. chelonei by the agar dilution method.", "contents": "Disk diffusion testing of susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei to antibacterial agents. Although recent studies have suggested that some antibacterial agents have good activity against the rapidly growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei, an easily applicable method for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates is not yet available. We evaluated a disk diffusion method with Mueller-Hinton agar and 48-h readings with 59 strains of M. fortuitum and 11 strains of M. chelonei and compared the results to agar dilution susceptibilities for nine antimicrobial agents. All isolates were susceptible to 16 micrograms of amikacin or kanamycin per ml with minimum zone diameters of 14 and 18 mm, respectively. Amikacin inhibited 100% of isolates of M. fortuitum at 2 micrograms/ml, whereas 10 of 11 (91%) of M. chelonei strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4.0 micrograms/ml or greater. Doxycycline and minocycline had almost identical activities, inhibiting 44% of strains at 4.0 micrograms/ml, and both allowed easy differentiation between susceptible and resistant strains by disk diffusion. Although most isolates of M. chelonei grew better on 7H10 agar, this media gave two- to eight-fold higher minimum inhibitory concentrations than were obtained with Mueller-Hinton agar. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing appears to be a simple and reliable means of predicting susceptibility results for M. fortuitum and most isolates of M. chelonei by the agar dilution method.", "PMID": 526002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2736", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of ceforanide (BL-S786R) and cefazolin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and safety of ceforanide and cefazolin were compared in normal subjects after 30-min intravenous infusions of 2-, 3-, and 4-g single doses and 4-g twice-daily doses for 10 days. No significant differences were observed in plasma-renal pharmacokinetic parameters between single and multiple doses of ceforanide. Half-life (t((1/2)), 2.8 h), plasma clearance (Cl(p), 48 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), and renal clearance (Cl(0-12h) (r), 47 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); tubular secretion, 44%, and glomerular filtration, 56%) did not change with increased dose or on multiple dosing. No significant change was observed in t((1/2)) (1.9 h), area under the plasma concentration-time curve, Cl(r) (60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); tubular secretion, 80%, and glomerular filtration, 20%), or Cl(p) (75 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) for 4-g single doses compared with twice-daily administration of cefazolin. A small increase in cefazolin clearance was observed when plasma concentrations were greater than 100 mug/ml, when the single dose was increased from 2 to 4 g; this was a result of the decrease in percentage of plasma protein binding and increased renal clearance due to increased glomerular filtration. The increase in renal clearance resulted in a lack of linear proportionality of the plasma area under the curve with dose over a range of 2 to 4 for both cephalosporins, although this effect was much less marked with ceforanide. Both compounds were well tolerated both locally and systemically. There was no evidence of any change in renal function based on clearances of drug, p-aminohippuric acid, or creatinine, and other standard clinical parameters.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of ceforanide (BL-S786R) and cefazolin. The pharmacokinetics and safety of ceforanide and cefazolin were compared in normal subjects after 30-min intravenous infusions of 2-, 3-, and 4-g single doses and 4-g twice-daily doses for 10 days. No significant differences were observed in plasma-renal pharmacokinetic parameters between single and multiple doses of ceforanide. Half-life (t((1/2)), 2.8 h), plasma clearance (Cl(p), 48 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), and renal clearance (Cl(0-12h) (r), 47 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); tubular secretion, 44%, and glomerular filtration, 56%) did not change with increased dose or on multiple dosing. No significant change was observed in t((1/2)) (1.9 h), area under the plasma concentration-time curve, Cl(r) (60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); tubular secretion, 80%, and glomerular filtration, 20%), or Cl(p) (75 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) for 4-g single doses compared with twice-daily administration of cefazolin. A small increase in cefazolin clearance was observed when plasma concentrations were greater than 100 mug/ml, when the single dose was increased from 2 to 4 g; this was a result of the decrease in percentage of plasma protein binding and increased renal clearance due to increased glomerular filtration. The increase in renal clearance resulted in a lack of linear proportionality of the plasma area under the curve with dose over a range of 2 to 4 for both cephalosporins, although this effect was much less marked with ceforanide. Both compounds were well tolerated both locally and systemically. There was no evidence of any change in renal function based on clearances of drug, p-aminohippuric acid, or creatinine, and other standard clinical parameters.", "PMID": 526003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2737", "title": "Evaluation of the Bactec serum gentamicin assay.", "content": "A radiometric assay for gentamicin was compared with an established radioimmunoassay protocol. The coefficients of variation for within-run, day-to-day, and overall runs were consistently higher for the radiometric method as compared with the radioimmunoassay. The coefficient of correlation for 84 patient sera tested by the two methods for gentamicin levels was 0.82. Though less precise, the radiometric method was felt to be an acceptable means of determining gentamicin levels in laboratories where the radioimmunoassay is unavailable.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Bactec serum gentamicin assay. A radiometric assay for gentamicin was compared with an established radioimmunoassay protocol. The coefficients of variation for within-run, day-to-day, and overall runs were consistently higher for the radiometric method as compared with the radioimmunoassay. The coefficient of correlation for 84 patient sera tested by the two methods for gentamicin levels was 0.82. Though less precise, the radiometric method was felt to be an acceptable means of determining gentamicin levels in laboratories where the radioimmunoassay is unavailable.", "PMID": 526004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2738", "title": "Induction and prevention of experimental arteriovenous fistula infections.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) between the femoral vessels were prepared in 20 rabbits to determine if local endovascular infections could be induced and if antibiotic prophylaxis could prevent infection. Twenty-four hours after bacterial challenge with 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus all 20 AVF were culture positive, whereas 19 of the 20 contralateral, unoperated femoral vessels were sterile. Two rabbits with AVF, followed for 30 days after receiving staphylocci, had intermittently positive blood cultures and had positive cultures of the AVF and heart valves at autopsy. Two groups of ten rabbits with AVF received either prophylactic oxacillin or vancomycin 0.5 h before bacterial challenge. Only 2 of 10 animals receiving oxacillin and 1 of 10 receiving vancomycin had positive AVF cultures at 24 h, a significant reduction in the incidence of endovascular infection compared with that in controls (P less than 0.001 by Fisher's exact test). This model, which reliably results in infection, can be used to study the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of AVF infections.", "contents": "Induction and prevention of experimental arteriovenous fistula infections. Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) between the femoral vessels were prepared in 20 rabbits to determine if local endovascular infections could be induced and if antibiotic prophylaxis could prevent infection. Twenty-four hours after bacterial challenge with 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus all 20 AVF were culture positive, whereas 19 of the 20 contralateral, unoperated femoral vessels were sterile. Two rabbits with AVF, followed for 30 days after receiving staphylocci, had intermittently positive blood cultures and had positive cultures of the AVF and heart valves at autopsy. Two groups of ten rabbits with AVF received either prophylactic oxacillin or vancomycin 0.5 h before bacterial challenge. Only 2 of 10 animals receiving oxacillin and 1 of 10 receiving vancomycin had positive AVF cultures at 24 h, a significant reduction in the incidence of endovascular infection compared with that in controls (P less than 0.001 by Fisher's exact test). This model, which reliably results in infection, can be used to study the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of AVF infections.", "PMID": 526005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2739", "title": "LY127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, versus Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas.", "content": "One hundred eight clinical isolates of Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas spp. were tested in vitro against LY127935, cefamandole, cefoxitin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by broth microdilution. The activities of LY127935 were greater than or equal to those of the other antimicrobial agents against Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens. Inhibitions were greatest, however, for ticarcillin and carbenicillin versus Proteus morganii and gentamicin versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "LY127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, versus Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas. One hundred eight clinical isolates of Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas spp. were tested in vitro against LY127935, cefamandole, cefoxitin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by broth microdilution. The activities of LY127935 were greater than or equal to those of the other antimicrobial agents against Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens. Inhibitions were greatest, however, for ticarcillin and carbenicillin versus Proteus morganii and gentamicin versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 526006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2740", "title": "Amantadine aerosols in normal volunteers: pharmacology and safety testing.", "content": "The acceptability and pharmacology of intermittent aerosol administration of amantadine was assessed in healthy volunteers. Amantadine solutions of 2.5, 1.5, or 1.0 g/100 ml were used for 12 30-min, twice-daily aerosol treatments in 15 subjects. Overall, the aerosol treatments were well tolerated. During and up to 1 h after aerosol exposures, nasal irritation, rhinorrhea, dysgeusia, or a combination of symptoms was experienced by some of the subjects receiving either of the two higher amantadine concentrations. Aerosol treatments were associated with small but statistically significant decreases in maximal expiratory flow rates. One hour after aerosol treatments with the 1.0-g/100 ml solution, amantadine levels in nasal wash samples (mean, 30.3 micrograms/ml; range, 1.7 to 108 micrograms/ml) greatly exceeded blood and nasal wash levels reported after oral administration. Amantadine can be administered safely by small-particle aerosol to humans in doses that could be expected to exert an antiviral effect in influenza A virus infections.", "contents": "Amantadine aerosols in normal volunteers: pharmacology and safety testing. The acceptability and pharmacology of intermittent aerosol administration of amantadine was assessed in healthy volunteers. Amantadine solutions of 2.5, 1.5, or 1.0 g/100 ml were used for 12 30-min, twice-daily aerosol treatments in 15 subjects. Overall, the aerosol treatments were well tolerated. During and up to 1 h after aerosol exposures, nasal irritation, rhinorrhea, dysgeusia, or a combination of symptoms was experienced by some of the subjects receiving either of the two higher amantadine concentrations. Aerosol treatments were associated with small but statistically significant decreases in maximal expiratory flow rates. One hour after aerosol treatments with the 1.0-g/100 ml solution, amantadine levels in nasal wash samples (mean, 30.3 micrograms/ml; range, 1.7 to 108 micrograms/ml) greatly exceeded blood and nasal wash levels reported after oral administration. Amantadine can be administered safely by small-particle aerosol to humans in doses that could be expected to exert an antiviral effect in influenza A virus infections.", "PMID": 526007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2741", "title": "Mezlocillin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal functions.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenous bolus doses of 1.0 g of mezlocillin were studied in 13 persons with normal and reduced renal functions. In renal failure a moderate increase was observed for the terminal serum half-life(t1/2 beta). This changed from a mean of 1.1 h at a glomerular filtration rate of 100 ml/min to 1.6 h at 10 ml/min. The difference was not statistically significant. The excretion of unchanged drug in urine during 24 h was reduced from a mean of 59.4% (range, 52 to 77) in subjects with glomerular filtration rate above 50 ml/min to 10% (range, 7.9 to 12.1) in two patients with glomerular filtration rate of 10 to 20 ml/min. The volume of distribution during the beta-phase, Vd,b, was 14% of the body weight. Much of the antibiotic was metabolized, and this proportion increased upon reduction in renal function.", "contents": "Mezlocillin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal functions. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous bolus doses of 1.0 g of mezlocillin were studied in 13 persons with normal and reduced renal functions. In renal failure a moderate increase was observed for the terminal serum half-life(t1/2 beta). This changed from a mean of 1.1 h at a glomerular filtration rate of 100 ml/min to 1.6 h at 10 ml/min. The difference was not statistically significant. The excretion of unchanged drug in urine during 24 h was reduced from a mean of 59.4% (range, 52 to 77) in subjects with glomerular filtration rate above 50 ml/min to 10% (range, 7.9 to 12.1) in two patients with glomerular filtration rate of 10 to 20 ml/min. The volume of distribution during the beta-phase, Vd,b, was 14% of the body weight. Much of the antibiotic was metabolized, and this proportion increased upon reduction in renal function.", "PMID": 526008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2742", "title": "Variability in the susceptibility pattern of Bacteroides fragilis in four Detroit area hospitals.", "content": "Recent clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis selected at random from four Detroit area hospitals were collected over a 3-month period, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined within several days. The levels of antimicrobial agents used in this survey breached the concentration attainable in the patient's serum. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these isolates to five antimicrobial agents suggest that there is a 20% variation in the resistance to clindamycin and also up to 20% variation among the other four antibiotics in the four area hospitals. The changing susceptibility pattern of B. fragilis to antibiotic resistance suggests that minimum inhibitory concentrations should be determined for all isolates from serious clinical infections.", "contents": "Variability in the susceptibility pattern of Bacteroides fragilis in four Detroit area hospitals. Recent clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis selected at random from four Detroit area hospitals were collected over a 3-month period, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined within several days. The levels of antimicrobial agents used in this survey breached the concentration attainable in the patient's serum. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these isolates to five antimicrobial agents suggest that there is a 20% variation in the resistance to clindamycin and also up to 20% variation among the other four antibiotics in the four area hospitals. The changing susceptibility pattern of B. fragilis to antibiotic resistance suggests that minimum inhibitory concentrations should be determined for all isolates from serious clinical infections.", "PMID": 526009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2743", "title": "Susceptibility of Naegleria fowleri to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Growth of the pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri is inhibited by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC). delta 9-THC is amoebostatic at 5 to 50 micrograms/ml. delta 9-THC prevents enflagellation and encystment, but does not impair amoeboid movement. Calf serum at 10 and 20% (vol/vol) reduces the antiamoeba activity of delta 9-THC. Only 1-methoxy delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, of 17 cannabinoids tested, failed to inhibit growth of N. fowleri. Antinaeglerial activity was not markedly altered by opening the pyran ring, by converting the cyclohexyl ring to an aromatic ring, or by reversing the hydroxyl and pentyl groups on the benzene ring. delta 9-THC prevented the cytopathic effect of N. fowleri on African green monkey (Vero) cells and human epithelioma (HEp-2) cells in culture. delta 9-THC afforded modest protection to mice infected with N. fowleri.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Naegleria fowleri to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Growth of the pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri is inhibited by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC). delta 9-THC is amoebostatic at 5 to 50 micrograms/ml. delta 9-THC prevents enflagellation and encystment, but does not impair amoeboid movement. Calf serum at 10 and 20% (vol/vol) reduces the antiamoeba activity of delta 9-THC. Only 1-methoxy delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, of 17 cannabinoids tested, failed to inhibit growth of N. fowleri. Antinaeglerial activity was not markedly altered by opening the pyran ring, by converting the cyclohexyl ring to an aromatic ring, or by reversing the hydroxyl and pentyl groups on the benzene ring. delta 9-THC prevented the cytopathic effect of N. fowleri on African green monkey (Vero) cells and human epithelioma (HEp-2) cells in culture. delta 9-THC afforded modest protection to mice infected with N. fowleri.", "PMID": 526010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2744", "title": "Relative potencies of different anti-herpes agents in the topical treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection of athymic nude mice.", "content": "Thirteen established anti-herpes compounds have been directly compared in a single assay system for their effects on the development of herpetic skin lesions, and mortality associated therewith, in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice inoculated intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 (KOS). When applied topically (at 1% in a water-soluble ointment), phosphonoacetic acid, E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, acycloguanosine, and trisodium phosphonoformate emerged as the most active agents.", "contents": "Relative potencies of different anti-herpes agents in the topical treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection of athymic nude mice. Thirteen established anti-herpes compounds have been directly compared in a single assay system for their effects on the development of herpetic skin lesions, and mortality associated therewith, in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice inoculated intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 (KOS). When applied topically (at 1% in a water-soluble ointment), phosphonoacetic acid, E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, acycloguanosine, and trisodium phosphonoformate emerged as the most active agents.", "PMID": 526011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2745", "title": "Hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate in dialysis patients.", "content": "The hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate was examined in vivo in five dialysis patients and five subjects with normal renal function. The plasma half-life of cefamandole was prolonged in the patients with renal failure compared with normal subjects (18.3 +/- 4.5 [standard deviation] versus 10.35 +/- 1.4 min, P less than 0.01). The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole nafate best fit two-compartment, open-model kinetics. We conclude that patients with severe renal failure are capable of hydrolyzing cefamandole nafate to cefamandole and formate at a rate sufficiently rapid so as not to allow an accumulation of cefamandole nafate. The difference in half-life may be related to urinary excretion of cefamandole nafate in normal individuals.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate in dialysis patients. The hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate was examined in vivo in five dialysis patients and five subjects with normal renal function. The plasma half-life of cefamandole was prolonged in the patients with renal failure compared with normal subjects (18.3 +/- 4.5 [standard deviation] versus 10.35 +/- 1.4 min, P less than 0.01). The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole nafate best fit two-compartment, open-model kinetics. We conclude that patients with severe renal failure are capable of hydrolyzing cefamandole nafate to cefamandole and formate at a rate sufficiently rapid so as not to allow an accumulation of cefamandole nafate. The difference in half-life may be related to urinary excretion of cefamandole nafate in normal individuals.", "PMID": 526012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2746", "title": "In vitro activity of three tetracycline antibiotics against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus.", "content": "The in vitro activity of three tetracycline antibiotics against 127 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herella vaginicola) were compared. Almost all strains were susceptible to minocycline and doxycycline, whereas most strains were resistant to tetracycline.", "contents": "In vitro activity of three tetracycline antibiotics against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus. The in vitro activity of three tetracycline antibiotics against 127 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herella vaginicola) were compared. Almost all strains were susceptible to minocycline and doxycycline, whereas most strains were resistant to tetracycline.", "PMID": 526013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2747", "title": "Cyclopiazonic acid production by Penicillium camemberti Thom and natural occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheese.", "content": "Every Penicillium camemberti strain freshly isolated from 20 commercial cheese brands produced cyclopiazonic acid in two culture media at 25, 13, and 4 degrees C; the toxin yield was greatly dependent on the strain and environmental parameters (medium, temperature, and incubation time). The toxigenic ability appeared as a log-normal distribution. This mycotoxin was found in the crust (0.05 to 0.1 microgram/g in three samples, 0.1 to 0.2 microgram/g in five samples, and 0.4, 1, and 1.5 microgram/g in three other samples) but not in the inner part. When its acute toxicity is considered, doses eventually ingested by consumers are very low (lower than 4 microgram). Means for prevention are discussed. A highly toxigenic strength and rate appear to be necessary features leading to natural contamination in cheeses. The distribution of toxigenic ability makes possible without delay a choice of weakly toxic strains.", "contents": "Cyclopiazonic acid production by Penicillium camemberti Thom and natural occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheese. Every Penicillium camemberti strain freshly isolated from 20 commercial cheese brands produced cyclopiazonic acid in two culture media at 25, 13, and 4 degrees C; the toxin yield was greatly dependent on the strain and environmental parameters (medium, temperature, and incubation time). The toxigenic ability appeared as a log-normal distribution. This mycotoxin was found in the crust (0.05 to 0.1 microgram/g in three samples, 0.1 to 0.2 microgram/g in five samples, and 0.4, 1, and 1.5 microgram/g in three other samples) but not in the inner part. When its acute toxicity is considered, doses eventually ingested by consumers are very low (lower than 4 microgram). Means for prevention are discussed. A highly toxigenic strength and rate appear to be necessary features leading to natural contamination in cheeses. The distribution of toxigenic ability makes possible without delay a choice of weakly toxic strains.", "PMID": 526014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2748", "title": "Blue light inhibits mycotoxin production and increases total lipids and pigmentation in Alternaria alternata.", "content": "Light inhibits production of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, both polyketids produced by Alternaria alternata. This effect seems to be general because seven isolates of A. alternata with different alternariol- and alternariol monomethyl ether-producing abilities all respond to continuous light with reduced levels of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether when the mycotoxins were calculated on a microgram-per-milligram (dry weight) basis. Blue light inhibited alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether production 69 and 77%, respectively. Red light gave no reduction of toxin levels. Total lipids were increased 25% when mycelium was grown in blue light as compared with red light or darkness. In white or blue light, but not in red light or darkness, a red-brown pigment accumulated by the mycelium.", "contents": "Blue light inhibits mycotoxin production and increases total lipids and pigmentation in Alternaria alternata. Light inhibits production of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, both polyketids produced by Alternaria alternata. This effect seems to be general because seven isolates of A. alternata with different alternariol- and alternariol monomethyl ether-producing abilities all respond to continuous light with reduced levels of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether when the mycotoxins were calculated on a microgram-per-milligram (dry weight) basis. Blue light inhibited alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether production 69 and 77%, respectively. Red light gave no reduction of toxin levels. Total lipids were increased 25% when mycelium was grown in blue light as compared with red light or darkness. In white or blue light, but not in red light or darkness, a red-brown pigment accumulated by the mycelium.", "PMID": 526015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2749", "title": "Determination of endotoxins in sugar with the Limulus test.", "content": "The Limulus amebocyte lysate test has been used for determination of pyrogens in sugar of different qualities. All the samples of domestic white sugar and beet raw sugar produced in Sweden during 1976 had a very low content of endotoxins, less than 10 ng/g of sugar. Imported cane raw sugar was, however, highly contaminated. The highest value obtained corresponds to about 100 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin per g of raw sugar. Such crude sugar cannot, even after refining, be used for medical purposes. Instead, Swedish beet sugar is used as the raw material for production of invert sugar solutions for parenteral administration. The amount of endotoxin in this sugar is less than 1 ng/g.", "contents": "Determination of endotoxins in sugar with the Limulus test. The Limulus amebocyte lysate test has been used for determination of pyrogens in sugar of different qualities. All the samples of domestic white sugar and beet raw sugar produced in Sweden during 1976 had a very low content of endotoxins, less than 10 ng/g of sugar. Imported cane raw sugar was, however, highly contaminated. The highest value obtained corresponds to about 100 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin per g of raw sugar. Such crude sugar cannot, even after refining, be used for medical purposes. Instead, Swedish beet sugar is used as the raw material for production of invert sugar solutions for parenteral administration. The amount of endotoxin in this sugar is less than 1 ng/g.", "PMID": 526016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2750", "title": "Influence of pork consumption on human infection with Mycobacterium avian-intracellulare.", "content": "The hypothesis that eating pork from animals infected with organisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex is a significant cause of human mycobacteriosis was examined by skin testing students with purified protein derivative from M. intracellulare to determine their sensitivity to M. avium-intracellulare. No significant differences in sensitivity could be demonstrated between those individuals who had never eaten pork and those who ate pork routinely. It was concluded that sensitivity to purified protein derivative from M. intracellulare in this population did not involve eating pork.", "contents": "Influence of pork consumption on human infection with Mycobacterium avian-intracellulare. The hypothesis that eating pork from animals infected with organisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex is a significant cause of human mycobacteriosis was examined by skin testing students with purified protein derivative from M. intracellulare to determine their sensitivity to M. avium-intracellulare. No significant differences in sensitivity could be demonstrated between those individuals who had never eaten pork and those who ate pork routinely. It was concluded that sensitivity to purified protein derivative from M. intracellulare in this population did not involve eating pork.", "PMID": 526017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2751", "title": "[Development of cutaneous innervation in the chick: ultrastructural and quantitative analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the chick, at the thoracic level, the dorsal branches of spinal nerves form at 4 days of incubation (stage 25) and reach the skin between 5 1/2 and 6 days (stages 28-29). At 6 days, the growing nervous peripheral processes (\"axons\") form large bundles (200-1,000 fibers). At 10 days, young Schwann cells divide the bundles into groups of axons. The perineurium and endoneurium differentiate between 10 and 14 days (but epineurium is formed after hatching). At 14 days of incubation, the adult pattern of cutaneous innervation is established. At this same stage, myelogenesis begins but develops mainly after hatching : 1% of the axons is myelinated at 16 days of incubation, 4% at hatching, 40% in 6-week old chickens and 60% in adults. Thus, less than 10% of myelinated axons of the adult are already myelinated at hatching. Two modes of myelogenesis were observed: 1) early myelination, starting in the embryo around axons measuring about 1 micrometer in diameter: 2) delayed myelination, occurring in the older chickens after an increase in axon diameter. These observations suggest that there is, in the development of chick skin innervation, a critical stage (14-15 days of incubation) apparently corresponding to the stabilization of cutaneous nerve supply.", "contents": "[Development of cutaneous innervation in the chick: ultrastructural and quantitative analysis (author's transl)]. In the chick, at the thoracic level, the dorsal branches of spinal nerves form at 4 days of incubation (stage 25) and reach the skin between 5 1/2 and 6 days (stages 28-29). At 6 days, the growing nervous peripheral processes (\"axons\") form large bundles (200-1,000 fibers). At 10 days, young Schwann cells divide the bundles into groups of axons. The perineurium and endoneurium differentiate between 10 and 14 days (but epineurium is formed after hatching). At 14 days of incubation, the adult pattern of cutaneous innervation is established. At this same stage, myelogenesis begins but develops mainly after hatching : 1% of the axons is myelinated at 16 days of incubation, 4% at hatching, 40% in 6-week old chickens and 60% in adults. Thus, less than 10% of myelinated axons of the adult are already myelinated at hatching. Two modes of myelogenesis were observed: 1) early myelination, starting in the embryo around axons measuring about 1 micrometer in diameter: 2) delayed myelination, occurring in the older chickens after an increase in axon diameter. These observations suggest that there is, in the development of chick skin innervation, a critical stage (14-15 days of incubation) apparently corresponding to the stabilization of cutaneous nerve supply.", "PMID": 526018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2752", "title": "The nucleus of the basal optic root in the pigeon: an electron microscope study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the nucleus of the basal optic root in an avian species (Columba livia) was investigated. The ectomamillary nucleus (EMN) in which terminates the basal optic tract reveals three types of neurons: 1) small round neurons bearing a scanty cytoplasm in organelles, 2) medium-sized neurons, spindle-shaped with a dense population of organelles and 3) large multipolar neurons with well developed perikaryal elements. Some of these neurons have their inner plasma-membrane which fuse to make junctional zones alternating between attachment plates and gap junctions. The analysis of the neuropil displays four types of vesicle-containing profiles (VCP), Type I VCP, identified as optic terminals, are numerous (49%), contain round vesicles (500-550 A) and establish Gray type I contacts principally with dendrites. They also participate in serial and triadic arrangements. Type II VCP have lighter hyaloplasm and are less numerous (6,7%). Rounded vesicles (450-500 A) with a clear content synapse also with Gray type I active zones on dendrites. Some of these profiles have the peculiarity of both a chemical and electrical transmission known as mixed synapses. Type III VCP are larger and contain a mixed population of rounded and flattened vesicles which synapse according to Gray type II. Type IV VCP are characterized by a light hyaloplasm where the microtubules are a predominant organelle. Their active zones are also of Gray type II.", "contents": "The nucleus of the basal optic root in the pigeon: an electron microscope study. The ultrastructure of the nucleus of the basal optic root in an avian species (Columba livia) was investigated. The ectomamillary nucleus (EMN) in which terminates the basal optic tract reveals three types of neurons: 1) small round neurons bearing a scanty cytoplasm in organelles, 2) medium-sized neurons, spindle-shaped with a dense population of organelles and 3) large multipolar neurons with well developed perikaryal elements. Some of these neurons have their inner plasma-membrane which fuse to make junctional zones alternating between attachment plates and gap junctions. The analysis of the neuropil displays four types of vesicle-containing profiles (VCP), Type I VCP, identified as optic terminals, are numerous (49%), contain round vesicles (500-550 A) and establish Gray type I contacts principally with dendrites. They also participate in serial and triadic arrangements. Type II VCP have lighter hyaloplasm and are less numerous (6,7%). Rounded vesicles (450-500 A) with a clear content synapse also with Gray type I active zones on dendrites. Some of these profiles have the peculiarity of both a chemical and electrical transmission known as mixed synapses. Type III VCP are larger and contain a mixed population of rounded and flattened vesicles which synapse according to Gray type II. Type IV VCP are characterized by a light hyaloplasm where the microtubules are a predominant organelle. Their active zones are also of Gray type II.", "PMID": 526019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2753", "title": "[Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone radioimmunoassays in M\u00fcllerian ducts of control and testosterone propionate injected quail embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been quantitated by means of radioimmunoassay in M\u00fcllerian ducts (CM) from control quail embryos (6 to 8-day male and 6 to 15-day female) and from female embryos injected with 50 nanograms of testosterone propionate (PT) on the 8th day. These hormones are demonstrable in undifferentiated CM from 6-day control embryos. In control males although a highly significant decrease of the CM weight occurs during the CM involution, the detected amounts of androgens remain at a constant level. In control females, the right CM shows a slight increase of the androgen content during the rudimentation, i.e. from day 8 on; in the left CM: the highest steroid levels are found on the 6th day; while the CM differentiate, concentrations decrease and become similar to those found in neutral tissues. Given testosterone propionate on day 8 female embryos: right CM: both testosterone and DHT levels highly increase until day 14; the CM of treated embryos contain 8 times as much steroid as control; left CM: testosterone and DHT increase after injection until day 9,5; they slightly decrease between days 9,5 and 12, and then remain constant on day 14. Differences in concentrations are highly significant between CM of control and of PT - injected embryos. It seems that the binding sites of these androgens are more numerous during the involution and that bound testosterone or DHT could take a part in CM regression in male embryos and right CM rudimentation in female embryos.", "contents": "[Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone radioimmunoassays in M\u00fcllerian ducts of control and testosterone propionate injected quail embryos (author's transl)]. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been quantitated by means of radioimmunoassay in M\u00fcllerian ducts (CM) from control quail embryos (6 to 8-day male and 6 to 15-day female) and from female embryos injected with 50 nanograms of testosterone propionate (PT) on the 8th day. These hormones are demonstrable in undifferentiated CM from 6-day control embryos. In control males although a highly significant decrease of the CM weight occurs during the CM involution, the detected amounts of androgens remain at a constant level. In control females, the right CM shows a slight increase of the androgen content during the rudimentation, i.e. from day 8 on; in the left CM: the highest steroid levels are found on the 6th day; while the CM differentiate, concentrations decrease and become similar to those found in neutral tissues. Given testosterone propionate on day 8 female embryos: right CM: both testosterone and DHT levels highly increase until day 14; the CM of treated embryos contain 8 times as much steroid as control; left CM: testosterone and DHT increase after injection until day 9,5; they slightly decrease between days 9,5 and 12, and then remain constant on day 14. Differences in concentrations are highly significant between CM of control and of PT - injected embryos. It seems that the binding sites of these androgens are more numerous during the involution and that bound testosterone or DHT could take a part in CM regression in male embryos and right CM rudimentation in female embryos.", "PMID": 526020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2754", "title": "[Ultrastructural morphogenesis and functional differentiation of the dogfish thyroid follicle (author's transl)].", "content": "From the 20 mm stage, in the cells of the dogfish embryo thyroid, some Golgi vesicles get the ability to trap iodine. At subsequent stages, electrondense intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli are observed in the Golgi field; their membranes also trap iodine. These cavities increase in volume, draw toward the cellular periphery and export their contents in an intercellular space previously limited by tight junctions. The same events occur in several adjacent cells, which constitute the first follicular lumen. The last stage of follicular individualization is basement membrane formation. Arguments are given which support the hypothesis of the Golgi origin of intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli. Iodine organification just as thyroid hormones synthesis and secretion occur at 25 mm stage, when cells are not grouped in follicle. It is concluded that cells containing intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli are fully functional units.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural morphogenesis and functional differentiation of the dogfish thyroid follicle (author's transl)]. From the 20 mm stage, in the cells of the dogfish embryo thyroid, some Golgi vesicles get the ability to trap iodine. At subsequent stages, electrondense intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli are observed in the Golgi field; their membranes also trap iodine. These cavities increase in volume, draw toward the cellular periphery and export their contents in an intercellular space previously limited by tight junctions. The same events occur in several adjacent cells, which constitute the first follicular lumen. The last stage of follicular individualization is basement membrane formation. Arguments are given which support the hypothesis of the Golgi origin of intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli. Iodine organification just as thyroid hormones synthesis and secretion occur at 25 mm stage, when cells are not grouped in follicle. It is concluded that cells containing intracytoplasmic cavities with microvilli are fully functional units.", "PMID": 526021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2755", "title": "Rectal administration of diazepam in solution in the acute treatment of convulsions in infants and children.", "content": "In a prospective study 44 children, aged 6 months to 5 years, admitted to hospital with febrile convulsions or epilepsy, were treated with diazepam in solution administered rectally during 59 generalised attacks. Rectal administration of diazepam was effective in the acute treatment of convulsions in 80% of cases. In 10% the treatment failed, whereas diazepam administered intravenously had prompt effect; another 10% of the convulsions wer resistant to diazepam, irrespective of the route of administration. The therapeutic effect was significantly correlated with the duration of convulsions before treatment started. Early treatment (convulsions less than or equal to 15 minutes) had effect in 96%, and late treatment (convulsions greater than 15 minutes) in 57% of cases. A total of 317 children admitted with febrile convulsions were treated prophylactically with diazepam administered rectally whenever the temperature was greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C. No case of significant respiratory depression or other serious side effects was observed. The rapid and reliable anticonvulsant effect of diazepam given rectally and the very few side effects makes this treatment a valuable alternative to IV administration in childhood.", "contents": "Rectal administration of diazepam in solution in the acute treatment of convulsions in infants and children. In a prospective study 44 children, aged 6 months to 5 years, admitted to hospital with febrile convulsions or epilepsy, were treated with diazepam in solution administered rectally during 59 generalised attacks. Rectal administration of diazepam was effective in the acute treatment of convulsions in 80% of cases. In 10% the treatment failed, whereas diazepam administered intravenously had prompt effect; another 10% of the convulsions wer resistant to diazepam, irrespective of the route of administration. The therapeutic effect was significantly correlated with the duration of convulsions before treatment started. Early treatment (convulsions less than or equal to 15 minutes) had effect in 96%, and late treatment (convulsions greater than 15 minutes) in 57% of cases. A total of 317 children admitted with febrile convulsions were treated prophylactically with diazepam administered rectally whenever the temperature was greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C. No case of significant respiratory depression or other serious side effects was observed. The rapid and reliable anticonvulsant effect of diazepam given rectally and the very few side effects makes this treatment a valuable alternative to IV administration in childhood.", "PMID": 526027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2756", "title": "Water loss from the skin of term and preterm babies.", "content": "Water loss from the skin of term and preterm babies, nursed naked in incubators under neutral thermal conditions, was measured by a method based on estimating the water vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface. 199 sets of measurements were made on 78 babies whose gestational ages ranged from 26 to 41 weeks, during the first 4 weeks of life. Babies of 34 to 41 weeks' gestation had high water losses in the first 4 hours after birth, which then fell to low levels averaging 6 g/m2 per hour. Babies of 30 to 33 weeks' gestation had high water losses in the first week which then fell to levels similar to those of mature babies. Babies less than 30 weeks' gestation had strikingly high losses, averaging 32 g/m2 per hour in the first 4 days of life. At 2 weeks, levels were still higher than those of mature babies. Light-for-dates babies had skin water losses appropriate for their gestations. The high water losses in extremely preterm babies are probably transepidermal and the result of a thin, poorly keratinised stratum corneum. Water loss from the palms and soles was high in term babies and although low in preterm babies it rose steadily in the first 4 weeks of life. This is thought to represent the onset of emotional sweating. In terms of actual heat and water lost, skin water loss is relatively unimportant in term babies nursed naked under neutral thermal conditions. However, in babies less than 30 weeks' gestation, weighing less than 1 kg, skin water loss makes a major contribution to overall water balance. Furthermore, evaporative heat loss from the skin may exceed resting heat production. It is suggested that reduction of skin water loss in these babies may increase their chances of survival and their rates of growth.", "contents": "Water loss from the skin of term and preterm babies. Water loss from the skin of term and preterm babies, nursed naked in incubators under neutral thermal conditions, was measured by a method based on estimating the water vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface. 199 sets of measurements were made on 78 babies whose gestational ages ranged from 26 to 41 weeks, during the first 4 weeks of life. Babies of 34 to 41 weeks' gestation had high water losses in the first 4 hours after birth, which then fell to low levels averaging 6 g/m2 per hour. Babies of 30 to 33 weeks' gestation had high water losses in the first week which then fell to levels similar to those of mature babies. Babies less than 30 weeks' gestation had strikingly high losses, averaging 32 g/m2 per hour in the first 4 days of life. At 2 weeks, levels were still higher than those of mature babies. Light-for-dates babies had skin water losses appropriate for their gestations. The high water losses in extremely preterm babies are probably transepidermal and the result of a thin, poorly keratinised stratum corneum. Water loss from the palms and soles was high in term babies and although low in preterm babies it rose steadily in the first 4 weeks of life. This is thought to represent the onset of emotional sweating. In terms of actual heat and water lost, skin water loss is relatively unimportant in term babies nursed naked under neutral thermal conditions. However, in babies less than 30 weeks' gestation, weighing less than 1 kg, skin water loss makes a major contribution to overall water balance. Furthermore, evaporative heat loss from the skin may exceed resting heat production. It is suggested that reduction of skin water loss in these babies may increase their chances of survival and their rates of growth.", "PMID": 526028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2757", "title": "Role of viruses in febrile convulsions.", "content": "A disseminated viral illness was demonstrated by isolating a virus from the CSF, blood or urine in 27% of 73 children who were admitted to hospital after a first febrile convulsion. However, a viral aetiology could be implicated for 86% of the children after combining results of tissue culture, electron microscopy, mouse inoculation, complement fixation tests, and interferon assay. Parallel bacterial cultures showed a possible pathogen in 29% of children, but in only 4% was the pathogen isolated from the CSF, blood, or urine. No correlation was found between the nature of the pathogen (or evidence of its dissemination) and the severity of the convulsion, degree of fever, CSF protein, CSF white cells, or the WBC. The results suggest that a febrile convulsion could be a response to invasion of the blood stream or central nervous system by a micro-organism which is usually a virus. Invasion may be of such brief duration that successful isolation of the virus from the blood, CSF, or urine in not more commonly achieved.", "contents": "Role of viruses in febrile convulsions. A disseminated viral illness was demonstrated by isolating a virus from the CSF, blood or urine in 27% of 73 children who were admitted to hospital after a first febrile convulsion. However, a viral aetiology could be implicated for 86% of the children after combining results of tissue culture, electron microscopy, mouse inoculation, complement fixation tests, and interferon assay. Parallel bacterial cultures showed a possible pathogen in 29% of children, but in only 4% was the pathogen isolated from the CSF, blood, or urine. No correlation was found between the nature of the pathogen (or evidence of its dissemination) and the severity of the convulsion, degree of fever, CSF protein, CSF white cells, or the WBC. The results suggest that a febrile convulsion could be a response to invasion of the blood stream or central nervous system by a micro-organism which is usually a virus. Invasion may be of such brief duration that successful isolation of the virus from the blood, CSF, or urine in not more commonly achieved.", "PMID": 526029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2758", "title": "Family resemblances of height, weight, and body fatness.", "content": "In a study of 256 families, among whom were twins, midparent-adult son correlations for height, weight, and combined skinfold measurements were 0.67, 0.47, and 0.23 respectively. The corresponding midparent-adult daughter correlations were 0.63, 0.42, and 0.24. Midparent-growing offspring correlations were highest for height, less for weight, and insignificant for combined skinfold measurements. These data and the resemblances found between twins and siblings led us to conclude that there is a significant genetic contribution to the variation of height and weight, but that body fatness appears largely to be determined by environmental factors.", "contents": "Family resemblances of height, weight, and body fatness. In a study of 256 families, among whom were twins, midparent-adult son correlations for height, weight, and combined skinfold measurements were 0.67, 0.47, and 0.23 respectively. The corresponding midparent-adult daughter correlations were 0.63, 0.42, and 0.24. Midparent-growing offspring correlations were highest for height, less for weight, and insignificant for combined skinfold measurements. These data and the resemblances found between twins and siblings led us to conclude that there is a significant genetic contribution to the variation of height and weight, but that body fatness appears largely to be determined by environmental factors.", "PMID": 526030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2759", "title": "Vomiting after pyloromyotomy for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "An analysis of the factors which may predispose towards postoperative vomiting after pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was carried out in 72 infants at this hospital. 26 (36%) infants experienced moderate to severe postoperative vomiting of sufficient intensity to cause the postoperative feeding regimen to be modified or interrupted. Only two parameters were found to be of statistical significance. These were the state of the oesophageal mucous membrane on endoscopical examination and the presence of haematemesis in the preoperative period. No evidence for a gastric mucosal lesion could be found. An advanced oesophageal mucosal lesion was found in 30% of patients, and this was the source of the haemorrhage in all 11 in whom haematemesis was noted postoperatively. The stay in hospital was prolonged (8 days) in those infants with troublesome vomiting postoperatively compared with those with lesser problems (3 days).", "contents": "Vomiting after pyloromyotomy for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. An analysis of the factors which may predispose towards postoperative vomiting after pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was carried out in 72 infants at this hospital. 26 (36%) infants experienced moderate to severe postoperative vomiting of sufficient intensity to cause the postoperative feeding regimen to be modified or interrupted. Only two parameters were found to be of statistical significance. These were the state of the oesophageal mucous membrane on endoscopical examination and the presence of haematemesis in the preoperative period. No evidence for a gastric mucosal lesion could be found. An advanced oesophageal mucosal lesion was found in 30% of patients, and this was the source of the haemorrhage in all 11 in whom haematemesis was noted postoperatively. The stay in hospital was prolonged (8 days) in those infants with troublesome vomiting postoperatively compared with those with lesser problems (3 days).", "PMID": 526031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2760", "title": "Chronic pericardial constriction with effusion in childhood.", "content": "Five cases of children with nontuberculosis pericardial constriction with effusion are reported. The disease is not as rare as has been thought, and the aetiology in these cases was probably a previous virus infection. A previous diagnosis of hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, or protein-losing enteropathy had been made and the correct diagnosis was delayed for months or even years. Pericardiectomy produced immediate relief from symptoms in 2 patients but in 2 others there was evidence of poor myocardial function postoperatively.", "contents": "Chronic pericardial constriction with effusion in childhood. Five cases of children with nontuberculosis pericardial constriction with effusion are reported. The disease is not as rare as has been thought, and the aetiology in these cases was probably a previous virus infection. A previous diagnosis of hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, or protein-losing enteropathy had been made and the correct diagnosis was delayed for months or even years. Pericardiectomy produced immediate relief from symptoms in 2 patients but in 2 others there was evidence of poor myocardial function postoperatively.", "PMID": 526032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2761", "title": "Accuracy of pre- and postnatal assessment of gestational age.", "content": "The gestational age at delivery in a group of 20 neonates was estimated prenatally from measurements of the biparietal diameter made by ultrasound during pregnancy, and postnatally from the newborn infant's neurological and external physical criteria or maturity using the method of Dubowitz et al. (1970). These two assessments were compared with the gestational age at delivery calculated from the date of the last menstrual period (LMP) in mothers certain of their dates. Gestational age derived from the ultrasound data correlated well with that derived from the mother's LMP, and much better than did gestational age derived from the postnatal scoring system.", "contents": "Accuracy of pre- and postnatal assessment of gestational age. The gestational age at delivery in a group of 20 neonates was estimated prenatally from measurements of the biparietal diameter made by ultrasound during pregnancy, and postnatally from the newborn infant's neurological and external physical criteria or maturity using the method of Dubowitz et al. (1970). These two assessments were compared with the gestational age at delivery calculated from the date of the last menstrual period (LMP) in mothers certain of their dates. Gestational age derived from the ultrasound data correlated well with that derived from the mother's LMP, and much better than did gestational age derived from the postnatal scoring system.", "PMID": 526033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2762", "title": "Breast milk and breast feeding in very low birthweight infants.", "content": "The feeding of 17 babies weighing less than 1500 g was examined retrospectively. 12 babies started breast feeding at a mean weight of 1324 g and 10 of them were fully breast fed by a mean weight of 1600 g. Their weight gains were comparable with bottle-fed babies receiving expressed breast milk. Practical aspects of breast feeding were considered to be: a knowledgeable maternal and nursing attitude, close mother and baby contact, early expression of breast milk, and early suckling. The increased incidence of breast feeding by mothers of both low birthweight and term babies ensures regular supplies of fresh breast milk. Therefore, sterilisation or storage of breast milk there is unnecessary.", "contents": "Breast milk and breast feeding in very low birthweight infants. The feeding of 17 babies weighing less than 1500 g was examined retrospectively. 12 babies started breast feeding at a mean weight of 1324 g and 10 of them were fully breast fed by a mean weight of 1600 g. Their weight gains were comparable with bottle-fed babies receiving expressed breast milk. Practical aspects of breast feeding were considered to be: a knowledgeable maternal and nursing attitude, close mother and baby contact, early expression of breast milk, and early suckling. The increased incidence of breast feeding by mothers of both low birthweight and term babies ensures regular supplies of fresh breast milk. Therefore, sterilisation or storage of breast milk there is unnecessary.", "PMID": 526034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2763", "title": "Should we follow up children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome?", "content": "We reviewed 31 children who had had Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome without nephritis at least 5 years before. None was found to have progressive renal disease and these patients do not require the same long-term follow-up as those with clinical renal involvement.", "contents": "Should we follow up children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome? We reviewed 31 children who had had Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome without nephritis at least 5 years before. None was found to have progressive renal disease and these patients do not require the same long-term follow-up as those with clinical renal involvement.", "PMID": 526035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2764", "title": "The effect of antifungal agents on pancreatic and gastric secretion in rats.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of griseofulvin, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), and amphotericin B on pancreatic and gastric secretion after the administration of a single large dose, or repeated small doses for 3 weeks, in male albino rats. The exocrine functions of the main digestive glands were only slightly affected by griseofulvin and were not affected by 5-FC. In contrast, a single large dose of amphotericin B caused a marked inhibition of exocrine functions of the main digestive glands. The rats treated with 5-FC lost body weight markedly during 2 weeks of administration.", "contents": "The effect of antifungal agents on pancreatic and gastric secretion in rats. This study was designed to investigate the effects of griseofulvin, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), and amphotericin B on pancreatic and gastric secretion after the administration of a single large dose, or repeated small doses for 3 weeks, in male albino rats. The exocrine functions of the main digestive glands were only slightly affected by griseofulvin and were not affected by 5-FC. In contrast, a single large dose of amphotericin B caused a marked inhibition of exocrine functions of the main digestive glands. The rats treated with 5-FC lost body weight markedly during 2 weeks of administration.", "PMID": 526040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2765", "title": "Study of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "The erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was studied in porphyria cutanea tarda patients, compared to healthy controls, in an attempt to resolve the contradictions in the relevant literature data. In an in vitro experimental system, a study was also made of how the erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity varies on the action of the activators -SH and Zn2+. It was found that, compared to the healthy controls, the erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of porphyria cutanea tarda patients is significantly decreased, but it is restored to the original activity level on the addition of -SH and Zn2+. Since there is a general -SH requirement of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, the most obvious explanation for the decrease of the activity in the case of the patients is the shift of the natural redox systems of the erythrocytes, and the decrease of the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio.", "contents": "Study of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in porphyria cutanea tarda. The erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was studied in porphyria cutanea tarda patients, compared to healthy controls, in an attempt to resolve the contradictions in the relevant literature data. In an in vitro experimental system, a study was also made of how the erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity varies on the action of the activators -SH and Zn2+. It was found that, compared to the healthy controls, the erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of porphyria cutanea tarda patients is significantly decreased, but it is restored to the original activity level on the addition of -SH and Zn2+. Since there is a general -SH requirement of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, the most obvious explanation for the decrease of the activity in the case of the patients is the shift of the natural redox systems of the erythrocytes, and the decrease of the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio.", "PMID": 526041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2766", "title": "Is the excretion of sebum regulated?", "content": "The kinetics of sebum excretion on the forehead of volunteers were measured over a period of at least 7 h. The transmission data obtained by the ground glass method were transformed into weight (sebum/cm2). The excretion time function can be described by the equation: w = A . (1 - B . e -C.t). This nonlinear function is typical for modes of excretion in the biological field. Regulation of sebum excretion is probable. Objections against such regulation by feedback were discussed.", "contents": "Is the excretion of sebum regulated? The kinetics of sebum excretion on the forehead of volunteers were measured over a period of at least 7 h. The transmission data obtained by the ground glass method were transformed into weight (sebum/cm2). The excretion time function can be described by the equation: w = A . (1 - B . e -C.t). This nonlinear function is typical for modes of excretion in the biological field. Regulation of sebum excretion is probable. Objections against such regulation by feedback were discussed.", "PMID": 526042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2767", "title": "Soluble and insoluble collagen and elastin in the rat hair cycle.", "content": "Soluble and insoluble collagen and elastin were chemically evaluated in the dorsal skin of rats during the third hair cycle. Both fractions of collagen remain unchanged during anagen, while they increase considerably in the first days of telogen to drop afterwards. Elastin content gradually increases throughout anagen and falls in telogen. The authors suggest that the increasing amounts of collagen in the first part of telogen may be responsbile for the progressive block in the downwards movements of previously growing follicles into the dermis. Elastin data could be the result of a mechanical readjustment of skin to the expansion provoked by growing follicles.", "contents": "Soluble and insoluble collagen and elastin in the rat hair cycle. Soluble and insoluble collagen and elastin were chemically evaluated in the dorsal skin of rats during the third hair cycle. Both fractions of collagen remain unchanged during anagen, while they increase considerably in the first days of telogen to drop afterwards. Elastin content gradually increases throughout anagen and falls in telogen. The authors suggest that the increasing amounts of collagen in the first part of telogen may be responsbile for the progressive block in the downwards movements of previously growing follicles into the dermis. Elastin data could be the result of a mechanical readjustment of skin to the expansion provoked by growing follicles.", "PMID": 526043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2768", "title": "The phospholipid pattern in the involved and the uninvolved psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "The phospholipid pattern of the involved and the uninvolved epidermis from 48 psoriatic patients and of the normal epidermis from 23 healthy controls was determined by thin-layer chromatography. A higher amount of total phospholipids was found only in the involved psoriatic epidermis, whereas significant alterations in the phospholipid pattern were observed in the psoriatic lesion and in the lesion-free epidermis. Namely, the decrease of phosphatidylserine and the increase of phosphatidylinositol were identically present in both the involved and the uninvolved psoriatic epidermis. It seems likely that these alterations in the phospholipid pattern in psoriasis may be related to subclinical alterations of the epidermis in this disease.", "contents": "The phospholipid pattern in the involved and the uninvolved psoriatic epidermis. The phospholipid pattern of the involved and the uninvolved epidermis from 48 psoriatic patients and of the normal epidermis from 23 healthy controls was determined by thin-layer chromatography. A higher amount of total phospholipids was found only in the involved psoriatic epidermis, whereas significant alterations in the phospholipid pattern were observed in the psoriatic lesion and in the lesion-free epidermis. Namely, the decrease of phosphatidylserine and the increase of phosphatidylinositol were identically present in both the involved and the uninvolved psoriatic epidermis. It seems likely that these alterations in the phospholipid pattern in psoriasis may be related to subclinical alterations of the epidermis in this disease.", "PMID": 526045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2769", "title": "Comparative histological studies of regional lymph nodes of 201 melanoma patients. (Microscopic features in relation to individual age, site, and metastatic spread).", "content": "Since May 1968 a total of 2.108 regional lymph nodes (l.n.) dissected from 201 melanoma patients (86 axillary, 107 groin, and 8 neck) have become available for study. The purpose was to detect histological differences between the l.n. of 134 patients lacking and those of 67 patients exhibiting l.n. metastases, histologically verified in 104 of 706 nodes. The main finding is a more than six-fold increase in number and an eleven-fold increase in total area (evaluated by a microscope micrometer) of germinal centers in the lymph follicles of patients with, as compared to those without, l.n. metastases (P less than or equal to 0.05). Paracortical areas were found to be diminished in 56.7% of cases with metastatic spread. Accumulations of plasma cells were mainly seen in the nodes of elderly patients (48.4%) and of those exhibiting regional metastases (47.8%). The observation of numerous and dilated blood vessels in the interfollicular regions noticeably corresponded to the occurrence of lymphatic metastases (P less than or equal to 0.01), suggesting a \"tumor angiogenic factor\". A negative correlation with metastatic involvement was found as to histiocytosis of marginal sinuses and with respect to the observed fibrinoid hyalinosis of pulp vessels (P less than or equal to 0.01). The marked hyperplasia of lymph node B-lymphocyte regions as opposed to diminished T-lymphocyte areas prevailing in cases with metastatic melanoma is in accord with findings of humoral immunologic blocking activity and impaired T-cell response in advanced malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Comparative histological studies of regional lymph nodes of 201 melanoma patients. (Microscopic features in relation to individual age, site, and metastatic spread). Since May 1968 a total of 2.108 regional lymph nodes (l.n.) dissected from 201 melanoma patients (86 axillary, 107 groin, and 8 neck) have become available for study. The purpose was to detect histological differences between the l.n. of 134 patients lacking and those of 67 patients exhibiting l.n. metastases, histologically verified in 104 of 706 nodes. The main finding is a more than six-fold increase in number and an eleven-fold increase in total area (evaluated by a microscope micrometer) of germinal centers in the lymph follicles of patients with, as compared to those without, l.n. metastases (P less than or equal to 0.05). Paracortical areas were found to be diminished in 56.7% of cases with metastatic spread. Accumulations of plasma cells were mainly seen in the nodes of elderly patients (48.4%) and of those exhibiting regional metastases (47.8%). The observation of numerous and dilated blood vessels in the interfollicular regions noticeably corresponded to the occurrence of lymphatic metastases (P less than or equal to 0.01), suggesting a \"tumor angiogenic factor\". A negative correlation with metastatic involvement was found as to histiocytosis of marginal sinuses and with respect to the observed fibrinoid hyalinosis of pulp vessels (P less than or equal to 0.01). The marked hyperplasia of lymph node B-lymphocyte regions as opposed to diminished T-lymphocyte areas prevailing in cases with metastatic melanoma is in accord with findings of humoral immunologic blocking activity and impaired T-cell response in advanced malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 526044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2770", "title": "Animal experiments investigations on the action of topical corticoids on the normal guinea pig skin.", "content": "By means of the test procedure described, the action of topical corticosteroids on the untreated skin of guinea pigs may be exactly assessed and quantified. Of significance is the statistically verifiable observation that the steroid-induced epidermal hypoplasia is completely reversible after the withdrawal of the corticosteroid preparation. Moreover, the onset of a reactive epidermal spreading occurs, which exceeds the initial value to a small extent.", "contents": "Animal experiments investigations on the action of topical corticoids on the normal guinea pig skin. By means of the test procedure described, the action of topical corticosteroids on the untreated skin of guinea pigs may be exactly assessed and quantified. Of significance is the statistically verifiable observation that the steroid-induced epidermal hypoplasia is completely reversible after the withdrawal of the corticosteroid preparation. Moreover, the onset of a reactive epidermal spreading occurs, which exceeds the initial value to a small extent.", "PMID": 526047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2771", "title": "LDH isozymes in epidermis and skin carcinoma in hamsters.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogeanse (LDH) isozymes in the epidermis and in transplantable epidermal carcinoma from Syrian hamsters were studied by polyacrilamide electrophoresis. A 5-band pattern with occasional loss of 1--2 anode fractions in certain tumor samples is typical. In the epidermis of 14 to 15-day-old foetuses, in the regenerating epidermis, and in tumor cells cathode of M subunits predominate, in particular the fifth fraction in the last two cases. In the epidermis from new born, 25-day-old (growing stage of the hairs) and 60 to 80-day-old (resting stage of the hairs) animals a relative increase of the H subunits is striking. These results reveal a foetal-like pattern of LDH isozymes in regenerating and tumorous epidermis, as has been observed in other isozymes and in other tissues.", "contents": "LDH isozymes in epidermis and skin carcinoma in hamsters. Lactate dehydrogeanse (LDH) isozymes in the epidermis and in transplantable epidermal carcinoma from Syrian hamsters were studied by polyacrilamide electrophoresis. A 5-band pattern with occasional loss of 1--2 anode fractions in certain tumor samples is typical. In the epidermis of 14 to 15-day-old foetuses, in the regenerating epidermis, and in tumor cells cathode of M subunits predominate, in particular the fifth fraction in the last two cases. In the epidermis from new born, 25-day-old (growing stage of the hairs) and 60 to 80-day-old (resting stage of the hairs) animals a relative increase of the H subunits is striking. These results reveal a foetal-like pattern of LDH isozymes in regenerating and tumorous epidermis, as has been observed in other isozymes and in other tissues.", "PMID": 526048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2772", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma: venous capillary haemangioblastoma. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Histochemical and ultrastructural studies in two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma revealed that spindle cells have the pattern of venous capillary endothelium.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma: venous capillary haemangioblastoma. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies in two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma revealed that spindle cells have the pattern of venous capillary endothelium.", "PMID": 526049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2773", "title": "The quantitative distribution of percutaneously applied caffeine in the human skin.", "content": "The distribution coefficient of caffeine (water/n-Octanol) and the estimation of caffeine in urine after local application indicate to a high permeation rate of caffeine through the skin. This could be confirmed by using different vehicles in vivo and in vitro. 14C labeled caffeine penetrates rapidly the epidermis and corium. The maximum of absorption is reached at 100 min after local application in vivo. In vitro by absence of the transport possibilities of blood and lymph vessels, the concentration at 1,000 min after local application is 450 X higher than in vivo. Therefore, after 1,000 min in vivo the concentration of caffeine in the different skin layers is very low.", "contents": "The quantitative distribution of percutaneously applied caffeine in the human skin. The distribution coefficient of caffeine (water/n-Octanol) and the estimation of caffeine in urine after local application indicate to a high permeation rate of caffeine through the skin. This could be confirmed by using different vehicles in vivo and in vitro. 14C labeled caffeine penetrates rapidly the epidermis and corium. The maximum of absorption is reached at 100 min after local application in vivo. In vitro by absence of the transport possibilities of blood and lymph vessels, the concentration at 1,000 min after local application is 450 X higher than in vivo. Therefore, after 1,000 min in vivo the concentration of caffeine in the different skin layers is very low.", "PMID": 526050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2774", "title": "[Seminal vesicular cysts associated with renal agenesis, ipsilateral ureter and hemitrigone. Report of a case].", "content": "A case is presented of seminal vesicular cyst associated with kidney agenesia, ipsilateral ureter and hemitrigon; this is the 17th case presented in the world literature reviewed. A study is made of all the cases published and the authors recommend deferento-vesiculography as the best means of diagnosis and total excision of the cyst as the most effective treatment.", "contents": "[Seminal vesicular cysts associated with renal agenesis, ipsilateral ureter and hemitrigone. Report of a case]. A case is presented of seminal vesicular cyst associated with kidney agenesia, ipsilateral ureter and hemitrigon; this is the 17th case presented in the world literature reviewed. A study is made of all the cases published and the authors recommend deferento-vesiculography as the best means of diagnosis and total excision of the cyst as the most effective treatment.", "PMID": 526054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2775", "title": "[Monotopic coralliform calculus and simultaneous contralateral lithiasis].", "content": "A study is made of 15 patients with monotopic coralliform stones, suffering from simultaneous, contralateral, renoureteral lithiasis. There are certain special features in these patients which we consider to be sufficient to distinguish them as a separate group amond cases of lithiasis in general and coralliform stones in particular. The high percentage of septic complications observed in these patients demand special treatment within the field of urinary lithiasis.", "contents": "[Monotopic coralliform calculus and simultaneous contralateral lithiasis]. A study is made of 15 patients with monotopic coralliform stones, suffering from simultaneous, contralateral, renoureteral lithiasis. There are certain special features in these patients which we consider to be sufficient to distinguish them as a separate group amond cases of lithiasis in general and coralliform stones in particular. The high percentage of septic complications observed in these patients demand special treatment within the field of urinary lithiasis.", "PMID": 526055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2776", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the basal cells of the prostatic gland].", "content": "The ultrastructure of basal cell in canine and bovine prostate is studied. In the canine prostate only one type of basal cell could be specified, however in the bovine prostate type I and type II basal cells could be described. Canine basal cell and bovine type I have similar characteristic and never reach the alveolar lumen whereas bovine type II basal cell is columnar in shape, has numberous mitochondria in the apical pole and ocassionally reaches the alveolar lumen. Type II is a clearly defined intermediate cell between type I and secretory elements. All types of basal cells in both species have ultrastructural features which correspond to those of undifferentiated stem cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the basal cells of the prostatic gland]. The ultrastructure of basal cell in canine and bovine prostate is studied. In the canine prostate only one type of basal cell could be specified, however in the bovine prostate type I and type II basal cells could be described. Canine basal cell and bovine type I have similar characteristic and never reach the alveolar lumen whereas bovine type II basal cell is columnar in shape, has numberous mitochondria in the apical pole and ocassionally reaches the alveolar lumen. Type II is a clearly defined intermediate cell between type I and secretory elements. All types of basal cells in both species have ultrastructural features which correspond to those of undifferentiated stem cells.", "PMID": 526056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2777", "title": "[Parathyroid adenoma and renal lithiasis. Report of a case].", "content": "A case is presented of nephrolithiasis in a patient with no other symptoms than the urological ones and in which considerable hypercalcemia led to a study being carried out on his phospho-calcium metabolism and the diagnosis reached was primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a parathyroid adenoma. Surgical treatment was performed on the lithiasis and the adenoma as a result of which the symptoms completely disappeared and the biochemical readings returned to normal.", "contents": "[Parathyroid adenoma and renal lithiasis. Report of a case]. A case is presented of nephrolithiasis in a patient with no other symptoms than the urological ones and in which considerable hypercalcemia led to a study being carried out on his phospho-calcium metabolism and the diagnosis reached was primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a parathyroid adenoma. Surgical treatment was performed on the lithiasis and the adenoma as a result of which the symptoms completely disappeared and the biochemical readings returned to normal.", "PMID": 526057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2778", "title": "[Removal of calculi located in the navicular cavity by means of a Zeiss loop].", "content": "The authors present a case of a patient with recurring stones suffering from disectasia of the vesical neck. Two of the stones situated in the navicular cavity were easily removed by means of Zeiss' loop without any complications and therefore the authors think that this simple method may be used when attempts to remove the stone by means of forceps or other techniques have failed and before proceeding to an external meatotomy which in always more traumatic and this system may even be applied as the initial and best method in these patients. After having made a review of the bibliography at their disposal, the authors have found no descriptions of any case in which this method was used, as in the cases of ureteral lithiasis.", "contents": "[Removal of calculi located in the navicular cavity by means of a Zeiss loop]. The authors present a case of a patient with recurring stones suffering from disectasia of the vesical neck. Two of the stones situated in the navicular cavity were easily removed by means of Zeiss' loop without any complications and therefore the authors think that this simple method may be used when attempts to remove the stone by means of forceps or other techniques have failed and before proceeding to an external meatotomy which in always more traumatic and this system may even be applied as the initial and best method in these patients. After having made a review of the bibliography at their disposal, the authors have found no descriptions of any case in which this method was used, as in the cases of ureteral lithiasis.", "PMID": 526058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2779", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system and the antihypertensive effect of atenolol in man.", "content": "The effects on arterial pressure of saralasin and short-term (seven days) administration of the cardioselective beta-blocker atenolol were compared in 21 patients with various forms of hypertension. During saralasin administration mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased by 8.8 +/- 2.1 per cent. Atenolol administration was associated with a MAP fall of 23.6 +/- 2.9 per cent. The change in MAP induced by atenolol was higher than that produced by saralasin (P less than 0.001) and no significant correlation (r = 0.40, P greater than 0.05) between their respective effects was found. These results suggest that the antihypertensive action of atenolol is not related to pre-treatment activity of the renin-angiotensin system as estimated by the hypotensive effect of saralasin. Other mechanisms should be sought in order to explain the effectiveness of this betablocker in hypertensive patients.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system and the antihypertensive effect of atenolol in man. The effects on arterial pressure of saralasin and short-term (seven days) administration of the cardioselective beta-blocker atenolol were compared in 21 patients with various forms of hypertension. During saralasin administration mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased by 8.8 +/- 2.1 per cent. Atenolol administration was associated with a MAP fall of 23.6 +/- 2.9 per cent. The change in MAP induced by atenolol was higher than that produced by saralasin (P less than 0.001) and no significant correlation (r = 0.40, P greater than 0.05) between their respective effects was found. These results suggest that the antihypertensive action of atenolol is not related to pre-treatment activity of the renin-angiotensin system as estimated by the hypotensive effect of saralasin. Other mechanisms should be sought in order to explain the effectiveness of this betablocker in hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 526065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2780", "title": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of dopamine on urinary function in goats.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) and several blocking substances were administered into the 3rd ventricle of conscious goats to study the effects on water and electrolyte excretion. Intracerebroventricular infusion of DA in hydrated goats induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of both the urine flow rate and the renal free water clearance. A biphasic response pattern of urinary electrolyte excretion, consisting of an initial fall, followed by an increase in the excretion rate was observed. The antidiuretic effects induced by DA could be prevented by prior administration of haloperidol, pimozide or phentolamine into the 3rd ventricle. Atropine, hexamethonium or propranolol were ineffective. It seems that excitatory responses of periventricular neurons resulting in vasopressin release in the goat may be mediated by both alpha-adrenoceptors and excitatory DA receptors. Furthermore, single injection of haloperidol or pimozide into the 3rd ventricle of goats with a normal water balance induced both a significant diuretic response and an increase in renal free water clearance. The data suggest that endogenous DA in the hypothalamus could be responsible for vasopressin release.", "contents": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of dopamine on urinary function in goats. Dopamine (DA) and several blocking substances were administered into the 3rd ventricle of conscious goats to study the effects on water and electrolyte excretion. Intracerebroventricular infusion of DA in hydrated goats induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of both the urine flow rate and the renal free water clearance. A biphasic response pattern of urinary electrolyte excretion, consisting of an initial fall, followed by an increase in the excretion rate was observed. The antidiuretic effects induced by DA could be prevented by prior administration of haloperidol, pimozide or phentolamine into the 3rd ventricle. Atropine, hexamethonium or propranolol were ineffective. It seems that excitatory responses of periventricular neurons resulting in vasopressin release in the goat may be mediated by both alpha-adrenoceptors and excitatory DA receptors. Furthermore, single injection of haloperidol or pimozide into the 3rd ventricle of goats with a normal water balance induced both a significant diuretic response and an increase in renal free water clearance. The data suggest that endogenous DA in the hypothalamus could be responsible for vasopressin release.", "PMID": 526066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2781", "title": "Negative dromotropic effect of diazepam on the AV node of dog heart in situ.", "content": "Effect of diazepam on the AV nodal conductivity was studied using a direct perfusion technique of the canine AV node artery in situ. As compared to acetylcholine which induced a rapid onset of third degree AV block with prompt recovery, diazepam injected into the AV node artery in doses from 300 micrograms to 3 mg elicited first to third degree AV blocks of longer duration following gradual prolongation of PR interval. The response was not affected by bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy. Pretreatment of the AV node with hexamethonium or atropine also failed to modify the diazepam-induced AV blocks. Thus, diazepam seemed to suppress conductivity of the AV node by a direct action. The AV nodal tachycardia induced by infusion of norepinephrine was readily antagonized by a single injection of diazepam, but norepinephrine failed to reverse the AV block induced by diazepam infusion.", "contents": "Negative dromotropic effect of diazepam on the AV node of dog heart in situ. Effect of diazepam on the AV nodal conductivity was studied using a direct perfusion technique of the canine AV node artery in situ. As compared to acetylcholine which induced a rapid onset of third degree AV block with prompt recovery, diazepam injected into the AV node artery in doses from 300 micrograms to 3 mg elicited first to third degree AV blocks of longer duration following gradual prolongation of PR interval. The response was not affected by bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy. Pretreatment of the AV node with hexamethonium or atropine also failed to modify the diazepam-induced AV blocks. Thus, diazepam seemed to suppress conductivity of the AV node by a direct action. The AV nodal tachycardia induced by infusion of norepinephrine was readily antagonized by a single injection of diazepam, but norepinephrine failed to reverse the AV block induced by diazepam infusion.", "PMID": 526067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2782", "title": "DBM mice as a pharmacological model of maturity onset diabetes. Studies with metformin.", "content": "Hyperglycemic obese and hyperinsulinemic mice of DBM strain develop a diabetic syndrome which can be compared to human maturity onset diabetes. In this study 6 to 49 weeks old female mice were used. Hyperglycemia and concomitant obesity were observed at 9 weeks. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was maximum at 15--20 weeks, then decreased progressively with broad individual variations. Metformin, administered at 200 mg/kg per os, ineffective dosage in normal mice, showed a strong hypoglycemic effect in younger mice (11--18 weeks) with a plasma IRI decrease and no blood lactate and liver glycogen alteration. Plasma metformin concentration curve showed an exponential elimination fitted to a one compartment model with a plasma half-life of 2.7 hours. Metformin-induced hypoglycemia was lower in older mice (23--29 weeks) and corroborated their lower initial plasma IRI. All these results are in accordance with those reported in man and show that DBM mice provide a suitable model for a better understanding of antidiabetic drugs effects.", "contents": "DBM mice as a pharmacological model of maturity onset diabetes. Studies with metformin. Hyperglycemic obese and hyperinsulinemic mice of DBM strain develop a diabetic syndrome which can be compared to human maturity onset diabetes. In this study 6 to 49 weeks old female mice were used. Hyperglycemia and concomitant obesity were observed at 9 weeks. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was maximum at 15--20 weeks, then decreased progressively with broad individual variations. Metformin, administered at 200 mg/kg per os, ineffective dosage in normal mice, showed a strong hypoglycemic effect in younger mice (11--18 weeks) with a plasma IRI decrease and no blood lactate and liver glycogen alteration. Plasma metformin concentration curve showed an exponential elimination fitted to a one compartment model with a plasma half-life of 2.7 hours. Metformin-induced hypoglycemia was lower in older mice (23--29 weeks) and corroborated their lower initial plasma IRI. All these results are in accordance with those reported in man and show that DBM mice provide a suitable model for a better understanding of antidiabetic drugs effects.", "PMID": 526068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2783", "title": "Variation of postjunctional natures along the length of the rat vas deferens as a cause of regional difference in the sensitivity to norepinephrine.", "content": "Sensitivity to norepinephrine (expressed as pD2) was different between the prostatic and the epididymal half of the rat vas deferens. The epididymal half was more sensitive than the prostatic half; difference in pD2 was 0.826 +/- 0.095 (mean +/- S.E., 13 experiments). Between the two halves, nearly the same difference in pD2, 0.745 +/- 0.125 (6 experiments), was observed in the responses to methoxamine, which is not incorporated into the adrenergic nerve terminals. In the two halves, 3 x 10(-6) M phentolamine produced a smiliar decrease in pD2 of norepinephrine: 1.485 +/- 0.056 and 1.282 +/- 0.080 in the prostatic and epididymal half, respectively (6 experiments). Only in the prostatic half, 10(-5) M propranolol produced a slight increase in pD2 of norepinephrine, 0.344 +/- 0.133 (6 experiments). Sensitivity to K+ was also different between the two halves. These results suggest that the difference in the sensitivity to norepinephrine between the prostatic and the epididymal half is due to postjunctional natures varying along the length of the rat vas deferens.", "contents": "Variation of postjunctional natures along the length of the rat vas deferens as a cause of regional difference in the sensitivity to norepinephrine. Sensitivity to norepinephrine (expressed as pD2) was different between the prostatic and the epididymal half of the rat vas deferens. The epididymal half was more sensitive than the prostatic half; difference in pD2 was 0.826 +/- 0.095 (mean +/- S.E., 13 experiments). Between the two halves, nearly the same difference in pD2, 0.745 +/- 0.125 (6 experiments), was observed in the responses to methoxamine, which is not incorporated into the adrenergic nerve terminals. In the two halves, 3 x 10(-6) M phentolamine produced a smiliar decrease in pD2 of norepinephrine: 1.485 +/- 0.056 and 1.282 +/- 0.080 in the prostatic and epididymal half, respectively (6 experiments). Only in the prostatic half, 10(-5) M propranolol produced a slight increase in pD2 of norepinephrine, 0.344 +/- 0.133 (6 experiments). Sensitivity to K+ was also different between the two halves. These results suggest that the difference in the sensitivity to norepinephrine between the prostatic and the epididymal half is due to postjunctional natures varying along the length of the rat vas deferens.", "PMID": 526069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2784", "title": "An alteration in sensitivity to cholinergic agents on guinea-pig ilea and atria after repeated administration of an organophosphate and an antagonism by a carbamate.", "content": "The effect of 4-methylthiophenyl dipropylphosphate (propaphos, organophosphorus insecticide) and 2-sec-butylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate (BPMC, carbamate insecticide) on the sensitivity to the effects of acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCH) and nicotine was investigated on guinea-pig isolated ilea and atria. The response of these tissues to ACh was significantly enhanced in the presence of propaphos (3.3 x 10(-7) M) or BPMC (4.5 x 10(-6) M), while that to CCH was unaffected. The repeated administration of propaphos (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 7 days had no effect on the contractile responses of guinea-pig ilea to potassium chloride. The responses of ilea and atria to ACh and nicotine were markedly increased by the administration of propaphos, and the values of ED50 and ED80 for their responses were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the response to CCH was decreased as was demonstrated by a significant increase in these values. Pretreatment with BPMC (25 mg/kg/day p.o., 7 days) significantly reduced the alteration in the responsiveness of the tissues to ACh, CCH and nicotine produced by the propaphos administration. The activity of cholinesterase (ChE) declined by 50--70% in blood and tissues from propaphos-treated animals, and its inhibition was significnatly reduced by the pretreatment with PBMC to 30--40%. These results indicate that changes in synaptic ChE activity, as reflected by the changes in ChE activity of blood and tissues, may be responsible for the alteration in sensitivity of ilea and atria to cholinergic agents produced by the repeated administration of propaphos and for the antagonism by BPMC.", "contents": "An alteration in sensitivity to cholinergic agents on guinea-pig ilea and atria after repeated administration of an organophosphate and an antagonism by a carbamate. The effect of 4-methylthiophenyl dipropylphosphate (propaphos, organophosphorus insecticide) and 2-sec-butylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate (BPMC, carbamate insecticide) on the sensitivity to the effects of acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCH) and nicotine was investigated on guinea-pig isolated ilea and atria. The response of these tissues to ACh was significantly enhanced in the presence of propaphos (3.3 x 10(-7) M) or BPMC (4.5 x 10(-6) M), while that to CCH was unaffected. The repeated administration of propaphos (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 7 days had no effect on the contractile responses of guinea-pig ilea to potassium chloride. The responses of ilea and atria to ACh and nicotine were markedly increased by the administration of propaphos, and the values of ED50 and ED80 for their responses were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the response to CCH was decreased as was demonstrated by a significant increase in these values. Pretreatment with BPMC (25 mg/kg/day p.o., 7 days) significantly reduced the alteration in the responsiveness of the tissues to ACh, CCH and nicotine produced by the propaphos administration. The activity of cholinesterase (ChE) declined by 50--70% in blood and tissues from propaphos-treated animals, and its inhibition was significnatly reduced by the pretreatment with PBMC to 30--40%. These results indicate that changes in synaptic ChE activity, as reflected by the changes in ChE activity of blood and tissues, may be responsible for the alteration in sensitivity of ilea and atria to cholinergic agents produced by the repeated administration of propaphos and for the antagonism by BPMC.", "PMID": 526070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2785", "title": "The effect of atropine on acetylcholine-induced depressor responses in adult domestic fowl.", "content": "In pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing adult chickens, intravenous administration of acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT produced a dose-related fall in carotid arterial pressure, rise in central venous pressure and highly variable effects on heart rate. Atropine at low doses (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg) selectively antagnoized depressor-responses to acetylchline. The blockade persisted for 20 to 30 min. At medium doses (0.5 to 2 mg/kg) atropine strongly antagonized acetylcholine for 50 to 110 min, and also partially antagonized responses to 5-HT and histamine. At higher doses (6 mg/kg), atropine-induced cholinergic blockade persisted for 280 min. It also nonselectively and significantly blocked responses to histamine and 5-HT. Therefore, it is concluded that the effectiveness and persistence of cholinergic blockade in chickens depends upon the dose of atropine used. It seems to rule out the opinion that high doses of atropine are required for cholinergic blockade in chickens.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on acetylcholine-induced depressor responses in adult domestic fowl. In pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing adult chickens, intravenous administration of acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT produced a dose-related fall in carotid arterial pressure, rise in central venous pressure and highly variable effects on heart rate. Atropine at low doses (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg) selectively antagnoized depressor-responses to acetylchline. The blockade persisted for 20 to 30 min. At medium doses (0.5 to 2 mg/kg) atropine strongly antagonized acetylcholine for 50 to 110 min, and also partially antagonized responses to 5-HT and histamine. At higher doses (6 mg/kg), atropine-induced cholinergic blockade persisted for 280 min. It also nonselectively and significantly blocked responses to histamine and 5-HT. Therefore, it is concluded that the effectiveness and persistence of cholinergic blockade in chickens depends upon the dose of atropine used. It seems to rule out the opinion that high doses of atropine are required for cholinergic blockade in chickens.", "PMID": 526071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2786", "title": "Excitatory effects of ergot alkaloids and their derivatives on the excitability of an identifiable giant neuron of the African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac).", "content": "The effects of various ergot alkalids and related substances on the neuronal excitability were examined using a spontaneously firing neuron (PON, periodically oscillating neuron) identified in the suboesophageal ganglia of the African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). Of the substances examined, ergometrine and methylergometrine had a marked excitatory effect on the neuron (their critical concentration by bath application: 5 x 10(-6) kg/l). D-lysergic acid (the critical concentration: 3 x 10(-5) kg/l), D-lysergic acid amide (3 x 10(-5), D-lysergic acid 3-hydroxypiperidinamide (3 x 10(-5) and D-lysergic acid 4-hydroxypiperidinamide (10(-4) had also an excitatory effect which was weaker than that of the two alkaloids mentioned above. Agroclavine and elymoclavine had a very slight excitatory effect in some cases. The other substances examined, for example, lysergine, 9, 10-dihydro-D-lysergic acid, 9, 10-dihydro-D-lysergic acid amide, nicergoline, metergoline, methysergide, ergotamine, bromocriptine, lergotrile etc., had no effect on the neuron at a high concentration (10(-4) kg/l). When local (microdrop) application of ergometrine and methylergometrine in the physiological state was performed, the depolarizing shift of the PON membrane and exaggeration of the membrane potential oscillations were observed. In the Na+-free (replaced with Li+) state, local application of the two effective alkaloids produced a marked frequency increase of tonic spike discharges with depolarization of the neuronal membrane.", "contents": "Excitatory effects of ergot alkaloids and their derivatives on the excitability of an identifiable giant neuron of the African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). The effects of various ergot alkalids and related substances on the neuronal excitability were examined using a spontaneously firing neuron (PON, periodically oscillating neuron) identified in the suboesophageal ganglia of the African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). Of the substances examined, ergometrine and methylergometrine had a marked excitatory effect on the neuron (their critical concentration by bath application: 5 x 10(-6) kg/l). D-lysergic acid (the critical concentration: 3 x 10(-5) kg/l), D-lysergic acid amide (3 x 10(-5), D-lysergic acid 3-hydroxypiperidinamide (3 x 10(-5) and D-lysergic acid 4-hydroxypiperidinamide (10(-4) had also an excitatory effect which was weaker than that of the two alkaloids mentioned above. Agroclavine and elymoclavine had a very slight excitatory effect in some cases. The other substances examined, for example, lysergine, 9, 10-dihydro-D-lysergic acid, 9, 10-dihydro-D-lysergic acid amide, nicergoline, metergoline, methysergide, ergotamine, bromocriptine, lergotrile etc., had no effect on the neuron at a high concentration (10(-4) kg/l). When local (microdrop) application of ergometrine and methylergometrine in the physiological state was performed, the depolarizing shift of the PON membrane and exaggeration of the membrane potential oscillations were observed. In the Na+-free (replaced with Li+) state, local application of the two effective alkaloids produced a marked frequency increase of tonic spike discharges with depolarization of the neuronal membrane.", "PMID": 526072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2787", "title": "Central hypotensive action of alpha-methyldopa: an iontophoretic study in the cat.", "content": "The central site and mechanism of alpha-methyldopa-induced hypotension were examined with the microiontophoretic technique which permits the topical application of drugs to single neurons of the bulbar vasomotor center in decerebrate cats. Cardiovascular neurons were identified by their response to an increase in arterial blood pressure following a small intravenous pressor dose of norepinephrine. Microiontophoretic application of alpha-methyldopa was found to have an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous firing rate of cardiovascular neurons. Furthermore, alpha-methyldopa was found to completely block the excitatory response of cardiovascular neurons to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine. Non-cardiovascular neurons, recorded from the same brain area, were unaffected by iontophoretic application of alpha-methyldopa at the same or greater doses that produced responses in cardiovascular neurons. While peripheral factors cannot be entirely ruled out, the present findings are contrary to the postulate that alpha-methyldopa lowers arterial blood pressure by stimulating central alpha-adrenoceptors, causing a reduction of sympathetic outflow to the periphery. Rather, the data indicate that alpha-methyldopa or its metabolites act directly on central alpha-adrenoceptors in a manner which results in reduced activity.", "contents": "Central hypotensive action of alpha-methyldopa: an iontophoretic study in the cat. The central site and mechanism of alpha-methyldopa-induced hypotension were examined with the microiontophoretic technique which permits the topical application of drugs to single neurons of the bulbar vasomotor center in decerebrate cats. Cardiovascular neurons were identified by their response to an increase in arterial blood pressure following a small intravenous pressor dose of norepinephrine. Microiontophoretic application of alpha-methyldopa was found to have an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous firing rate of cardiovascular neurons. Furthermore, alpha-methyldopa was found to completely block the excitatory response of cardiovascular neurons to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine. Non-cardiovascular neurons, recorded from the same brain area, were unaffected by iontophoretic application of alpha-methyldopa at the same or greater doses that produced responses in cardiovascular neurons. While peripheral factors cannot be entirely ruled out, the present findings are contrary to the postulate that alpha-methyldopa lowers arterial blood pressure by stimulating central alpha-adrenoceptors, causing a reduction of sympathetic outflow to the periphery. Rather, the data indicate that alpha-methyldopa or its metabolites act directly on central alpha-adrenoceptors in a manner which results in reduced activity.", "PMID": 526073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2788", "title": "Effect of crowding on amphetamine-induced disaggregation of brain polyribosomes.", "content": "DL-amphetamine's actions on brain polyribosomes were studied in crowded and uncrowded mice. The administration of 20 mg/kg DL-amphetamine induced disaggregation of brain polyribosomes in both crowded and uncrowded mice 30 min post drug administration. However, the magnitude of polysome dissociation was observed to be greater in crowded animals than in uncrowded ones. In studying the dose-response relationship there appears to be a relationship between drug dose and polysome disaggregation in both groups of animals, although the effects were always greater in crowded mice. The magnitude of polysome dissociation appears to parallel both in the intensity of central nervous system stimulation, and degree of crowding. Haloperidol was able to block the increased locomotor activity due to drug dose and crowding at 1 mg/kg, and significatnly suppress disaggregation of brain polysomes in crowded animals. A possible role of the effects of crowding on the central nervous system in the presence of amphetamine as it relates to polysome dissociation has been presented.", "contents": "Effect of crowding on amphetamine-induced disaggregation of brain polyribosomes. DL-amphetamine's actions on brain polyribosomes were studied in crowded and uncrowded mice. The administration of 20 mg/kg DL-amphetamine induced disaggregation of brain polyribosomes in both crowded and uncrowded mice 30 min post drug administration. However, the magnitude of polysome dissociation was observed to be greater in crowded animals than in uncrowded ones. In studying the dose-response relationship there appears to be a relationship between drug dose and polysome disaggregation in both groups of animals, although the effects were always greater in crowded mice. The magnitude of polysome dissociation appears to parallel both in the intensity of central nervous system stimulation, and degree of crowding. Haloperidol was able to block the increased locomotor activity due to drug dose and crowding at 1 mg/kg, and significatnly suppress disaggregation of brain polysomes in crowded animals. A possible role of the effects of crowding on the central nervous system in the presence of amphetamine as it relates to polysome dissociation has been presented.", "PMID": 526074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2789", "title": "Potentiation of dopamine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens by low concentrations of its antagonists.", "content": "Pimozide (5--10 ng/ml), haloperidol (0.5--5 ng/ml) and yohimbine (2--5 ng/ml) selectively potentiated dopamine-induced and methoxamine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens. The concentration-response curves were significantly shifted to the left and the maximal responses were significantly increased. Responses of the vas deferens to noradrenaline were not so influenced. Concentrations of the antagonists in excess of 50 ng/ml produced concentrations-related parallel shifts of dopamine concentration-response curve to the right. These antagonists behaved in a similar manner towards methoxamine, a directly acting sympathomimetic amine which has a low affinity for neuronal uptake, suggesting that the mechanism of this potentiation may be independent of neuronal uptake inhibition.", "contents": "Potentiation of dopamine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens by low concentrations of its antagonists. Pimozide (5--10 ng/ml), haloperidol (0.5--5 ng/ml) and yohimbine (2--5 ng/ml) selectively potentiated dopamine-induced and methoxamine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens. The concentration-response curves were significantly shifted to the left and the maximal responses were significantly increased. Responses of the vas deferens to noradrenaline were not so influenced. Concentrations of the antagonists in excess of 50 ng/ml produced concentrations-related parallel shifts of dopamine concentration-response curve to the right. These antagonists behaved in a similar manner towards methoxamine, a directly acting sympathomimetic amine which has a low affinity for neuronal uptake, suggesting that the mechanism of this potentiation may be independent of neuronal uptake inhibition.", "PMID": 526075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2790", "title": "Effect of vasopressin on vascular smooth muscle from cold- and warm-acclimated rabbits.", "content": "Contractile properties of helical auricular arterial strips from warm- and cold-acclimated (WA and CA) rabbits were studied to determine whether vascular smooth muscle shows a cold-induced alteration in response to vasopressen (Vp), similar to the effect seen with catecholamines. The CA response was decreased at all Vp concentrations tested and the decreases were significant at doses between 0.4--100.0 mUnits Vp/ml. Results are discussed in relation to the altered renal tubular response to Vp which has previously been reported to occur in cold-acclimated animals.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin on vascular smooth muscle from cold- and warm-acclimated rabbits. Contractile properties of helical auricular arterial strips from warm- and cold-acclimated (WA and CA) rabbits were studied to determine whether vascular smooth muscle shows a cold-induced alteration in response to vasopressen (Vp), similar to the effect seen with catecholamines. The CA response was decreased at all Vp concentrations tested and the decreases were significant at doses between 0.4--100.0 mUnits Vp/ml. Results are discussed in relation to the altered renal tubular response to Vp which has previously been reported to occur in cold-acclimated animals.", "PMID": 526076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2791", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro effects of prazosin, nifedipine, and dihydralazine in isolated human mesenteric and crural vessels.", "content": "The inhibitory and relaxing effects of prazosin, nifedipine, and dihydralazine on contractions induced by noradrenaline (NA), or potassium (K+), were investigated in isolated human crural and mesenteric arteries and veins. Vascular ring preparations were suspended in organ baths and isometric tension was recorded. Prazosin was the most potent of the drugs in counteracting NA-induced contractions in all types of vessels except crural veins, in which the effect of nifedipine was the more pronounced. On K+-induced contractions prazosin was completely devoid of relaxing or inhibitory effects, whereas nifedipine was by far the most effective of the investigated drugs. Nifedipine had a more marked effect in venous than in arterial preparations from the peripheral circulation, but no such difference was seen in mesenteric vessels. Dihydralazine was found to have a very low potency in all types of vessels, and no difference between the effects on arterial and venous preparations was found. The results suggest that the in vitro effects of prazosin, nifedpine, and dihydralazine are different from those observed in vivo. Thus, the balance between the effects on arteries and veins in vitro was quite different from those reported in clinical studies on the three vasodilatators. The results give no support to the hypothesis of an unspecific vasodilatating effect of prazosin. The clinical usefulness of dihydralazine cannot be explained from the poor in vitro effects of the unmetabolized drug.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro effects of prazosin, nifedipine, and dihydralazine in isolated human mesenteric and crural vessels. The inhibitory and relaxing effects of prazosin, nifedipine, and dihydralazine on contractions induced by noradrenaline (NA), or potassium (K+), were investigated in isolated human crural and mesenteric arteries and veins. Vascular ring preparations were suspended in organ baths and isometric tension was recorded. Prazosin was the most potent of the drugs in counteracting NA-induced contractions in all types of vessels except crural veins, in which the effect of nifedipine was the more pronounced. On K+-induced contractions prazosin was completely devoid of relaxing or inhibitory effects, whereas nifedipine was by far the most effective of the investigated drugs. Nifedipine had a more marked effect in venous than in arterial preparations from the peripheral circulation, but no such difference was seen in mesenteric vessels. Dihydralazine was found to have a very low potency in all types of vessels, and no difference between the effects on arterial and venous preparations was found. The results suggest that the in vitro effects of prazosin, nifedpine, and dihydralazine are different from those observed in vivo. Thus, the balance between the effects on arteries and veins in vitro was quite different from those reported in clinical studies on the three vasodilatators. The results give no support to the hypothesis of an unspecific vasodilatating effect of prazosin. The clinical usefulness of dihydralazine cannot be explained from the poor in vitro effects of the unmetabolized drug.", "PMID": 526077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2792", "title": "The relative contribution of pre- and neonatal ethanol administration to changes in mice behavior.", "content": "Parent C57BL/10Bg and DBA/1Bg inbred mice were fed 10% ethanol in their drinking solution during mating and pregnancy and/or early post parturition period. The susceptibility to audiogenic seizures and the open field behavior of their offspring were tested at age 29--33 days. Our previous experiments have indicated that continuous exposure to ethanol during pre- and neonatal periods enhanced the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in both strains and decreased open field activity only in the strain C57. The present study, while confirming previous findings, assessed the relative contribution of the prenatal and the neonatal administration of ethanol to the behavioral changes. Among C57 mice, the neonatal period was most important for the induction of changes in seizures, but prenatal exposure which alone had no effect, enhanced the outcome of neonatal administration. Among DBA mice either period induced seizures, but the contribution of the neonatal period was the most significant. Early ethanol administration affected open field behavior only in C57 mice. There was an additive interaction between the two periods (latency), no effect by any period alone but together they produced a full effect (ambulation), or that either period alone was sufficent to produce a full effect (defecation).", "contents": "The relative contribution of pre- and neonatal ethanol administration to changes in mice behavior. Parent C57BL/10Bg and DBA/1Bg inbred mice were fed 10% ethanol in their drinking solution during mating and pregnancy and/or early post parturition period. The susceptibility to audiogenic seizures and the open field behavior of their offspring were tested at age 29--33 days. Our previous experiments have indicated that continuous exposure to ethanol during pre- and neonatal periods enhanced the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in both strains and decreased open field activity only in the strain C57. The present study, while confirming previous findings, assessed the relative contribution of the prenatal and the neonatal administration of ethanol to the behavioral changes. Among C57 mice, the neonatal period was most important for the induction of changes in seizures, but prenatal exposure which alone had no effect, enhanced the outcome of neonatal administration. Among DBA mice either period induced seizures, but the contribution of the neonatal period was the most significant. Early ethanol administration affected open field behavior only in C57 mice. There was an additive interaction between the two periods (latency), no effect by any period alone but together they produced a full effect (ambulation), or that either period alone was sufficent to produce a full effect (defecation).", "PMID": 526078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2793", "title": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats. I. Involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol.", "content": "The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake blockade in the mediation of the positive reinforcing peroperties of ethanol in male wistar rats was investigated. It was demonstrated that treatment with zimelidine (H102/09) a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, specifically attenuated ethanol consumption. In an attempt to extinguish the ethanol drinking response, ethanol preferring animals in a second experiment, were provided with ethanol as the only source of fluid in combination with zimelidine treatment. Animals treated in such a manner subsequently reduced their ethanol consumption when presented with a free-choice between ethanol and water. These results were attributed to an increased availability of central 5-HT, suggesting that central 5-HT mechanisms may in some way be involved in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol.", "contents": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats. I. Involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol. The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake blockade in the mediation of the positive reinforcing peroperties of ethanol in male wistar rats was investigated. It was demonstrated that treatment with zimelidine (H102/09) a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, specifically attenuated ethanol consumption. In an attempt to extinguish the ethanol drinking response, ethanol preferring animals in a second experiment, were provided with ethanol as the only source of fluid in combination with zimelidine treatment. Animals treated in such a manner subsequently reduced their ethanol consumption when presented with a free-choice between ethanol and water. These results were attributed to an increased availability of central 5-HT, suggesting that central 5-HT mechanisms may in some way be involved in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol.", "PMID": 526079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2794", "title": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats: II. Possible interaction with brain norepinephrine.", "content": "This experiment was undertaken to examine whether the attenuation of ethanol consumption following treatment with zimelidine (H102/09) could be due to an invasion of surplus serotonin into norepinephrine neurons. In an attempt to prevent this proposed invasion by serotonin, ethanol preferring animals were pre-treated with desmethylimipramine (DMI), a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, prior to treatment with zimelidine. The results demonstrated that those animals treated in such a manner consumed significantly more ethanol than those animals treated with zimelidine alone. Based on these results it is suggested that the observed attenuation of ethanol consumption following zimelidine treatment, could be partially due to a serotonin-induced functional depletion of norepinephrine.", "contents": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats: II. Possible interaction with brain norepinephrine. This experiment was undertaken to examine whether the attenuation of ethanol consumption following treatment with zimelidine (H102/09) could be due to an invasion of surplus serotonin into norepinephrine neurons. In an attempt to prevent this proposed invasion by serotonin, ethanol preferring animals were pre-treated with desmethylimipramine (DMI), a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, prior to treatment with zimelidine. The results demonstrated that those animals treated in such a manner consumed significantly more ethanol than those animals treated with zimelidine alone. Based on these results it is suggested that the observed attenuation of ethanol consumption following zimelidine treatment, could be partially due to a serotonin-induced functional depletion of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 526080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2795", "title": "Role of dopaminergic and GABA-ergic interactions in seizure susceptibility.", "content": "The seizure susceptibility to electroshock in mice is decreased by apomorphine and piribedil; the effect of the two dopaminergic agonists is reduced by haloperidol. The seizure susceptibility is not influenced, increased or reduced by the different doses of haloperidol. The seizure threshold is elevated by amino-oxyacetic acid; its effect is reduced by picrotoxin, haloperidol and reserpine, and not influenced by apomorphine. The interaction between dopaminergic and GABA-ergic systems has been established; however, its characteristics are different from the well known interaction in the nigrostriatal region.", "contents": "Role of dopaminergic and GABA-ergic interactions in seizure susceptibility. The seizure susceptibility to electroshock in mice is decreased by apomorphine and piribedil; the effect of the two dopaminergic agonists is reduced by haloperidol. The seizure susceptibility is not influenced, increased or reduced by the different doses of haloperidol. The seizure threshold is elevated by amino-oxyacetic acid; its effect is reduced by picrotoxin, haloperidol and reserpine, and not influenced by apomorphine. The interaction between dopaminergic and GABA-ergic systems has been established; however, its characteristics are different from the well known interaction in the nigrostriatal region.", "PMID": 526081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2796", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on experimental cortical epilepsy induced by tungstic acid gel in rats.", "content": "Effects of anticonvulsants were electroencephalographically (EEG) and behaviorally examined on experimental epilepsy induced by cortical application of tungstic acid gel in rats. The animals showed spike, spike and wave complex, and secondary generalized seizure (SGS) with high frequency components on EEG within 1 hr after the gel application. Such SGS often recurred with a constant interictal period over 2--3 hr. Behaviorally, head twitching, forelimb clonus, and violent convulsion with kangaroo posture occurred. Diphenylhydantoin Na (10--40 mg/kg, i.v.), phenobarbital Na (20, 40 mg/kg), and diazepam (0.5--2.0 mg/kg) shortened the duration of SGS and prolonged the interictal period. Trimethadione and dipropylacetate Na (160 mg/kg) shortened the duration but did not change the interictal period. In addition, diazepam, dipropylacetate, and taurine suppressed the interictal spikes. These drugs, except taurine, depressed kangaroo posture and changed it to weaker convulsive behavior. It is suggested that this epileptic model is suitable for predicting the effectiveness of a potential anticonvulsant in the epilepsies associated with the cortex and for elucidating its mode of action.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on experimental cortical epilepsy induced by tungstic acid gel in rats. Effects of anticonvulsants were electroencephalographically (EEG) and behaviorally examined on experimental epilepsy induced by cortical application of tungstic acid gel in rats. The animals showed spike, spike and wave complex, and secondary generalized seizure (SGS) with high frequency components on EEG within 1 hr after the gel application. Such SGS often recurred with a constant interictal period over 2--3 hr. Behaviorally, head twitching, forelimb clonus, and violent convulsion with kangaroo posture occurred. Diphenylhydantoin Na (10--40 mg/kg, i.v.), phenobarbital Na (20, 40 mg/kg), and diazepam (0.5--2.0 mg/kg) shortened the duration of SGS and prolonged the interictal period. Trimethadione and dipropylacetate Na (160 mg/kg) shortened the duration but did not change the interictal period. In addition, diazepam, dipropylacetate, and taurine suppressed the interictal spikes. These drugs, except taurine, depressed kangaroo posture and changed it to weaker convulsive behavior. It is suggested that this epileptic model is suitable for predicting the effectiveness of a potential anticonvulsant in the epilepsies associated with the cortex and for elucidating its mode of action.", "PMID": 526082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2797", "title": "Analgesic action of cyclazocine: blocking nociceptive responses induced by intra-arterial bradykinin-injection and tooth pulp stimulation.", "content": "Cyclazocine, a benzomorphan derivative, suppressed the flexor reflex of the hind-limb of intact rats induced by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin, a potent pain-producing substance, in a dose-dependent manner, without remarkable influence on motor performance. This suppressive effect was antagonized by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist. The ED50 values for cyclazocine were 0.054 mg/kg s.c., 5.6 mg/kg p.o., and 1/27, 1/11 of those for pentazocine by the respective routes of administration. In spinal rats, however, the inhibitory effect of cyclazocine and pentazocine on the bradykinin-induced flexor reflex was markedly reduced. Furthermore, cyclazocine as well as pentazocine selectively inhibited the EEG arousal response induced by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp, which elicits the single sensation of pain. These results indicate that cyclazocine in doses used had a specific analgesic action, and that the main site of action probably is in the supra-spinal structures, such as seen in the case of pentazocine.", "contents": "Analgesic action of cyclazocine: blocking nociceptive responses induced by intra-arterial bradykinin-injection and tooth pulp stimulation. Cyclazocine, a benzomorphan derivative, suppressed the flexor reflex of the hind-limb of intact rats induced by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin, a potent pain-producing substance, in a dose-dependent manner, without remarkable influence on motor performance. This suppressive effect was antagonized by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist. The ED50 values for cyclazocine were 0.054 mg/kg s.c., 5.6 mg/kg p.o., and 1/27, 1/11 of those for pentazocine by the respective routes of administration. In spinal rats, however, the inhibitory effect of cyclazocine and pentazocine on the bradykinin-induced flexor reflex was markedly reduced. Furthermore, cyclazocine as well as pentazocine selectively inhibited the EEG arousal response induced by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp, which elicits the single sensation of pain. These results indicate that cyclazocine in doses used had a specific analgesic action, and that the main site of action probably is in the supra-spinal structures, such as seen in the case of pentazocine.", "PMID": 526083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2798", "title": "Negative and positive chronotropic effects of procaine on the canine SA node in situ.", "content": "Effect of procaine on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in situ using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery. Procaine in doses from 100 mug to 1 mg produced a sinus depression followed by a prolonged phase of the increased heart rate. The depression became more prominent with increasing the dose. The threshold dose for inducing the tachycardiac response was lower, but the sinus acceleration was not proportional to the dose. The initial depression was not affected by atropine, whereas the occurrence of the stimulatory phase was inhibited by prior administration of propranolol or tetrodotoxin into the SA node artery or in the reserpine-treated dogs. The results indicate that the biphasic response is induced by a direct negative chronotropic action of procaine on the SA node and by an indirect effect mediated by an interaction with the postganglionic adrenergic nerves.", "contents": "Negative and positive chronotropic effects of procaine on the canine SA node in situ. Effect of procaine on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in situ using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery. Procaine in doses from 100 mug to 1 mg produced a sinus depression followed by a prolonged phase of the increased heart rate. The depression became more prominent with increasing the dose. The threshold dose for inducing the tachycardiac response was lower, but the sinus acceleration was not proportional to the dose. The initial depression was not affected by atropine, whereas the occurrence of the stimulatory phase was inhibited by prior administration of propranolol or tetrodotoxin into the SA node artery or in the reserpine-treated dogs. The results indicate that the biphasic response is induced by a direct negative chronotropic action of procaine on the SA node and by an indirect effect mediated by an interaction with the postganglionic adrenergic nerves.", "PMID": 526084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2799", "title": "Involvement of the cholinergic system in the precocious puberty caused by estradiol in immature female rats.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of 0.05 mug estradiol benzoate to sexually immature female rats caused precocious ovulation and a decreased acetylcholine content in the hypothalamus and the amygdala. A higher dose of estradiol benzoate, 2 mug/rat, did not stimulate ovulation but did cause a further decrease in the acetylcholine content in the hypothalamus and the amygdala. The steady state levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and the striatum were unchanged with either dose of estradiol. These observations suggest a relationship between the occurrence of ovulation and the decrease in the steady state level of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus and amygdala in sexually immature rats after estradiol treatment.", "contents": "Involvement of the cholinergic system in the precocious puberty caused by estradiol in immature female rats. Subcutaneous administration of 0.05 mug estradiol benzoate to sexually immature female rats caused precocious ovulation and a decreased acetylcholine content in the hypothalamus and the amygdala. A higher dose of estradiol benzoate, 2 mug/rat, did not stimulate ovulation but did cause a further decrease in the acetylcholine content in the hypothalamus and the amygdala. The steady state levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and the striatum were unchanged with either dose of estradiol. These observations suggest a relationship between the occurrence of ovulation and the decrease in the steady state level of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus and amygdala in sexually immature rats after estradiol treatment.", "PMID": 526085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2800", "title": "Biosynthesis of aryl carotenoids: inhibitor studies of chlorobactene biosynthesis in Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the aryl carotenoid, chlorobactene, was examined in the green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. Nicotine, which was used to inhibit carotenoid cyclization, caused the accumulation of the acyclic carotenoid, lycopene. Cells reincubated in fresh medium, after removal of nicotine, synthesized chlorobactene more readily from newly synthesized lycopene rather than from the pool of lycopene accumulated during nicotine inhibition. When the cells were reincubated in the presence of diphenylamine, which inhibited de novo carotenogenesis, a portion of the lycopene which had accumulated during nicotine inhibition was converted into chlorobactene. There was no evidence that neurosporene, rather than lycopene, was the precyclization intermediate. The involvement of gamma-carotene as the cyclic precursor of chlorobactene also was shown. The pathway for chlorobactene biosynthesis is discussed in terms of a possible arrangement of the enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of aryl carotenoids: inhibitor studies of chlorobactene biosynthesis in Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. The biosynthesis of the aryl carotenoid, chlorobactene, was examined in the green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. Nicotine, which was used to inhibit carotenoid cyclization, caused the accumulation of the acyclic carotenoid, lycopene. Cells reincubated in fresh medium, after removal of nicotine, synthesized chlorobactene more readily from newly synthesized lycopene rather than from the pool of lycopene accumulated during nicotine inhibition. When the cells were reincubated in the presence of diphenylamine, which inhibited de novo carotenogenesis, a portion of the lycopene which had accumulated during nicotine inhibition was converted into chlorobactene. There was no evidence that neurosporene, rather than lycopene, was the precyclization intermediate. The involvement of gamma-carotene as the cyclic precursor of chlorobactene also was shown. The pathway for chlorobactene biosynthesis is discussed in terms of a possible arrangement of the enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 526104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2801", "title": "[Supraventricular tachycardia in newborn infants and infants].", "content": "Four types of supraventricular tachycardia were identified in a retrospective study of 71 babies who presented under the age of 3 months. The arrhythmia originated in the atrium in the first two types (25% of cases, atrial tachycardia 10 cases, chaotic atrial tachycardia 7 cases). In the other types the arrhythmia originated at the atrioventricular node. Reciprocal rhythms were most common (62%) and those starting in the bundle of His the least common (5%). It is relatively easy to distinguish the different types which are important because treatment may vary. Overall 75% recover completely, 11% have sporadic recurrences and 10% have a chronic arrhythmia. The junctional varieties have the worst prognosis.", "contents": "[Supraventricular tachycardia in newborn infants and infants]. Four types of supraventricular tachycardia were identified in a retrospective study of 71 babies who presented under the age of 3 months. The arrhythmia originated in the atrium in the first two types (25% of cases, atrial tachycardia 10 cases, chaotic atrial tachycardia 7 cases). In the other types the arrhythmia originated at the atrioventricular node. Reciprocal rhythms were most common (62%) and those starting in the bundle of His the least common (5%). It is relatively easy to distinguish the different types which are important because treatment may vary. Overall 75% recover completely, 11% have sporadic recurrences and 10% have a chronic arrhythmia. The junctional varieties have the worst prognosis.", "PMID": 526111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2802", "title": "[Maturation of nerve conduction velocity from birth to 5 years of age].", "content": "The Hoffmann monosynaptic reflex was recorded in the soleus muscle in 105 healthy children aged between 2 days and 5 years. From this the nerve conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the sciatic nerve was calculated. The tibial nerve conduction velocity (motor) was also measured in 59 of these children. The conduction velocity in the proximal and distal parts of the nerve develop in parallel and in an exponential manner but the conduction velocity in the reflex arc (afferent and efferent) is always faster than the motor conduction. Conduction time slightly but significantly decreases during the first year despite the increase in length of the nerve. Thereafter the conduction time slowly increases and by 5 years the values are similar to those in the neonatal period.", "contents": "[Maturation of nerve conduction velocity from birth to 5 years of age]. The Hoffmann monosynaptic reflex was recorded in the soleus muscle in 105 healthy children aged between 2 days and 5 years. From this the nerve conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the sciatic nerve was calculated. The tibial nerve conduction velocity (motor) was also measured in 59 of these children. The conduction velocity in the proximal and distal parts of the nerve develop in parallel and in an exponential manner but the conduction velocity in the reflex arc (afferent and efferent) is always faster than the motor conduction. Conduction time slightly but significantly decreases during the first year despite the increase in length of the nerve. Thereafter the conduction time slowly increases and by 5 years the values are similar to those in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 526112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2803", "title": "[Peripheral retinal lesions in the premature infant].", "content": "The periphery of the retina was examined with the use of contact lenses at the age of 5 years in children who were born prematurely and weighed less than 1,500 g at birth. In this retrospective series 65% of the children were found to have lesions similar to the classical findings in retrolental fibroplasia although only to a minor degree. Low oxygen levels with a short duration of the exposure cannot completely prevent these sequalae. This retinopathy which is limited to the periphery, may account for the frequency and severity of myopia in children who were premature. Later in childhood and more rarely retinal detachment or tears may occur which cause severe visual impairment.", "contents": "[Peripheral retinal lesions in the premature infant]. The periphery of the retina was examined with the use of contact lenses at the age of 5 years in children who were born prematurely and weighed less than 1,500 g at birth. In this retrospective series 65% of the children were found to have lesions similar to the classical findings in retrolental fibroplasia although only to a minor degree. Low oxygen levels with a short duration of the exposure cannot completely prevent these sequalae. This retinopathy which is limited to the periphery, may account for the frequency and severity of myopia in children who were premature. Later in childhood and more rarely retinal detachment or tears may occur which cause severe visual impairment.", "PMID": 526113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2804", "title": "[Acute leukemia in 3 children with chronic juvenile arthritis treated with chlorambucil].", "content": "Three children out of a total of 40 who had been treated with chlorambucil for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed acute leukaemia. No malignancy was detected in 160 patients in those treated with steroids and/or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Chlorambucil may have induced the malignancies and its use should be avoided in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Acute leukemia in 3 children with chronic juvenile arthritis treated with chlorambucil]. Three children out of a total of 40 who had been treated with chlorambucil for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed acute leukaemia. No malignancy was detected in 160 patients in those treated with steroids and/or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Chlorambucil may have induced the malignancies and its use should be avoided in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 526114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2805", "title": "[\"Pedunculated tumor\" of the right ventricle in an infant].", "content": "A infant is reported who had pulmonary valve stenosis with a pedunculated throbus in the right ventricle. On angiocardiography this appeared as a tumour. The origin of the thrombus and the diagnostic problems interpreting the angiocardiographic appearances are discussed.", "contents": "[\"Pedunculated tumor\" of the right ventricle in an infant]. A infant is reported who had pulmonary valve stenosis with a pedunculated throbus in the right ventricle. On angiocardiography this appeared as a tumour. The origin of the thrombus and the diagnostic problems interpreting the angiocardiographic appearances are discussed.", "PMID": 526115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2806", "title": "[Value of the intravenous route for the use of phenobarbital in asphyxiated full term newborn infants].", "content": "Phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) was given intravenously to asphyxiated full term neonates who were less than 48 hours old. Further doses were given for 4 days (5 mgs/kg/d). Plasma levels were within the therapeutic range from 5 to 36 hours after the first injection but the maintenance dose always resulted in overdose by 5th day. The exact maintenance dose needs to be determined.", "contents": "[Value of the intravenous route for the use of phenobarbital in asphyxiated full term newborn infants]. Phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) was given intravenously to asphyxiated full term neonates who were less than 48 hours old. Further doses were given for 4 days (5 mgs/kg/d). Plasma levels were within the therapeutic range from 5 to 36 hours after the first injection but the maintenance dose always resulted in overdose by 5th day. The exact maintenance dose needs to be determined.", "PMID": 526116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2807", "title": "[The pediatrician and school difficulties].", "content": "Difficulties at school are amongst the most frequent encountered in paediatric practice but paediatricians are infrequently consulted by those who are responsible for the children from day to day. As a result decisions are often contrary to the elementary principles of physiology. Unfortunately the chronological age is still the important criteria for determining school progress. Thus the age for learning to read is fixed arbitrarily at 6 years. Small children have specific difficulties even though they are normal intellectually. Overall the rhythm of life of the child is not considered by the exacting scholastic requirements. Finally the school forgets the need of the sick child too easily and demands a major effort of adaptation without making any allowances itself.", "contents": "[The pediatrician and school difficulties]. Difficulties at school are amongst the most frequent encountered in paediatric practice but paediatricians are infrequently consulted by those who are responsible for the children from day to day. As a result decisions are often contrary to the elementary principles of physiology. Unfortunately the chronological age is still the important criteria for determining school progress. Thus the age for learning to read is fixed arbitrarily at 6 years. Small children have specific difficulties even though they are normal intellectually. Overall the rhythm of life of the child is not considered by the exacting scholastic requirements. Finally the school forgets the need of the sick child too easily and demands a major effort of adaptation without making any allowances itself.", "PMID": 526117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2808", "title": "[The inborn cervical block vertebra. Part I: morphology and localisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Reviewing the X-rays of 72 patients with 77 congenital block vertebrae of the spine a morphological classification of this deformity of the spine is given as well as a description of radiological signs. Four different basic types are found according to the degree of deformity. Definition and pathogenesis of the congenital block vertebra of the cervical spine are separated from acquired synostoses of vertebrae. The frequency of anatomical localisations is described as well as differences due to sex.", "contents": "[The inborn cervical block vertebra. Part I: morphology and localisation (author's transl)]. Reviewing the X-rays of 72 patients with 77 congenital block vertebrae of the spine a morphological classification of this deformity of the spine is given as well as a description of radiological signs. Four different basic types are found according to the degree of deformity. Definition and pathogenesis of the congenital block vertebra of the cervical spine are separated from acquired synostoses of vertebrae. The frequency of anatomical localisations is described as well as differences due to sex.", "PMID": 526121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2809", "title": "Damage analysis of the Harrington rod fracture after scoliosis operation.", "content": "Fracture of the distraction rod is one of the complications following operative treatment of scoliosis by the device of Harrington. It is reported to occur in about 7% of cases. We found this complication twice in our own number of 41 patients during a follow up period of 1 to 4 years. The rods had broken 18 and 23 months after operation, but we never saw a breakage in the 1st postoperative year during the time of cast fixation. The fracture surfaces of each rod were examined under the scanning electron microscope. In one case a fatigue fracture with two beginnings at the opposite sides of the rod was found in combination with a forced fracture in the middle. The number of alterations of load from the beginning of the fracture to the complete breakage was about 10,000. The X-ray showed a loss of correction in the curve of 20 degrees with a pseudoarthrosis visible in the fusion. In the other case a typical pure fatigue fracture was seen 23 months after the operation with 18,000 alterations of load. The X-ray showed only a slight loss of correction of less than 5 degrees and no pseudoarthrosis was visable, neither in the X-ray nor in the operative exploration of the fusion. The breakage of the distraction rod results not only from a pseudoarthrosis but also from other explained facts of the procedure. Further treatment depends on a proven pseudoarthrosis.", "contents": "Damage analysis of the Harrington rod fracture after scoliosis operation. Fracture of the distraction rod is one of the complications following operative treatment of scoliosis by the device of Harrington. It is reported to occur in about 7% of cases. We found this complication twice in our own number of 41 patients during a follow up period of 1 to 4 years. The rods had broken 18 and 23 months after operation, but we never saw a breakage in the 1st postoperative year during the time of cast fixation. The fracture surfaces of each rod were examined under the scanning electron microscope. In one case a fatigue fracture with two beginnings at the opposite sides of the rod was found in combination with a forced fracture in the middle. The number of alterations of load from the beginning of the fracture to the complete breakage was about 10,000. The X-ray showed a loss of correction in the curve of 20 degrees with a pseudoarthrosis visible in the fusion. In the other case a typical pure fatigue fracture was seen 23 months after the operation with 18,000 alterations of load. The X-ray showed only a slight loss of correction of less than 5 degrees and no pseudoarthrosis was visable, neither in the X-ray nor in the operative exploration of the fusion. The breakage of the distraction rod results not only from a pseudoarthrosis but also from other explained facts of the procedure. Further treatment depends on a proven pseudoarthrosis.", "PMID": 526122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2810", "title": "Antibiotic irrigation-perfusion treatment for chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "This paper reports 125 antibiotic irrigation-perfusion treatments of chronic osteomyelitic patients. The localisation of the osteomyelitic process, the duration of the disease, the duration of the treatment, the age distributions of the patients, and the results of the treatment are noted. The study revealed that only one third of the patients healed after the irrigation-perfusion treatment. This rate falls short of the results reported in the literature. The possible causes are discussed and emphasis is given to the technical problems. On the basis of this survey the author is of the opinion that this method is to be employed only in exceptional cases of bone infections. The indication and contraindications are precisely defined.", "contents": "Antibiotic irrigation-perfusion treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. This paper reports 125 antibiotic irrigation-perfusion treatments of chronic osteomyelitic patients. The localisation of the osteomyelitic process, the duration of the disease, the duration of the treatment, the age distributions of the patients, and the results of the treatment are noted. The study revealed that only one third of the patients healed after the irrigation-perfusion treatment. This rate falls short of the results reported in the literature. The possible causes are discussed and emphasis is given to the technical problems. On the basis of this survey the author is of the opinion that this method is to be employed only in exceptional cases of bone infections. The indication and contraindications are precisely defined.", "PMID": 526124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2811", "title": "[The supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children (author's transl)].", "content": "To find out the cause of posttraumatic varus and valgus deformity of the elbow a long-term follow-up examination of 183 dislocated and 20 undislocated supracondylar extension-fractures of the humerus was done. There were different methods of treatment: In most of the cases closed reduction was performed and fixation in acute angle-plaster or by percutaneous radial or radial and ulnar wires. 75% showed radiologically and 55% clinically an alteration of the carrying angle. The clear reason for this deformity was a rotation displacement, which leads in oblique fractures directly, in transverse fractures--caused by an instability--indirectly seldom to a valgus, in most of the cases to a varus deformity of the elbow. A special quotient to judge the rotation displacement is presented: the rotation failure quotient (rfq). There is no influence of lateral compression to the carrying angle. Lateral tilting is in any case a result of rotation displacement. Growth disturbance after supracondylar fractures is possible without lesion of the epiphysial plate: but as growth disturbances are seldom and their extent small, they are of no significant clinical importance. Extension displacement of the distal fragment will be spontaneously corrected in ca. 80% of all cases during the further growth. The clinical importance of posttraumatic deformities and the primary management to avoid them is discussed. The crossed percutaneous rotation-stable wire osteosynthesis is recommended as the best way of treatment. For all kinds of treatment the challenge is asked to avoid the ventral spur as a sign of rotation till consolidation of the fracture. By correct reposition in all other planes complicated measurements and reflections, as for instance the alpha-angle by Baumann, oblique or transverse fracture, pro- or supination of the forearm during fixation a.o. are unnecessary.", "contents": "[The supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children (author's transl)]. To find out the cause of posttraumatic varus and valgus deformity of the elbow a long-term follow-up examination of 183 dislocated and 20 undislocated supracondylar extension-fractures of the humerus was done. There were different methods of treatment: In most of the cases closed reduction was performed and fixation in acute angle-plaster or by percutaneous radial or radial and ulnar wires. 75% showed radiologically and 55% clinically an alteration of the carrying angle. The clear reason for this deformity was a rotation displacement, which leads in oblique fractures directly, in transverse fractures--caused by an instability--indirectly seldom to a valgus, in most of the cases to a varus deformity of the elbow. A special quotient to judge the rotation displacement is presented: the rotation failure quotient (rfq). There is no influence of lateral compression to the carrying angle. Lateral tilting is in any case a result of rotation displacement. Growth disturbance after supracondylar fractures is possible without lesion of the epiphysial plate: but as growth disturbances are seldom and their extent small, they are of no significant clinical importance. Extension displacement of the distal fragment will be spontaneously corrected in ca. 80% of all cases during the further growth. The clinical importance of posttraumatic deformities and the primary management to avoid them is discussed. The crossed percutaneous rotation-stable wire osteosynthesis is recommended as the best way of treatment. For all kinds of treatment the challenge is asked to avoid the ventral spur as a sign of rotation till consolidation of the fracture. By correct reposition in all other planes complicated measurements and reflections, as for instance the alpha-angle by Baumann, oblique or transverse fracture, pro- or supination of the forearm during fixation a.o. are unnecessary.", "PMID": 526123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2812", "title": "Extra-articular processes in osteoarthropathia psoriatica.", "content": "1. Osteo-articular manifestations in the context of osteoarthropathia psoriatica are characterized by two completely different processes. 2. The intra-capsular synovitis does not differ qualitatively in respect to twelve morphological characteristics from that of rheumatoid arthritis. Only RA-necroses never occur in psoriatic arthritis. 3. The extra-capsular process occurs at the compact as well as the spongy bone of the phalanges. The process shows no sign of a previous or current inflammation or of osteoclast activity. It is characterized by a focal loss of proteoglycan interstitial substance and the exposure of the collagen fiber matrix. 4. This focal proteoglycan loss sets off a process which takes place in four phases: a) Loss of proteoglycan interstitial substance and exposure of the preserved collagen fiber matrix of the bone. b) Deposition of osteoblast chains to the area of the exposed bone and formation of osteoid within the old collagen fiber framework. c) Remodelling of bone defects through filling in of the preserved collagen fiber matrix with newly formed woven bone. d) Reconstruction of this bone into lamellar bone, whereby excessive bone structure (\"protuberances\") may develop, but final balance of bone remains negative. 5. The described process, which begins with proteoglycan loss, is considered as an enzymatic disturbance, which is causatively connected to the skin process. Scintigraphic examinations indicate that this extra-articular process in the bone, in contrast to arthritis, in part clinically unobserved, is to a high percentage connected to the skin process and is, therefore, probably an integral part of psoriatic disease.", "contents": "Extra-articular processes in osteoarthropathia psoriatica. 1. Osteo-articular manifestations in the context of osteoarthropathia psoriatica are characterized by two completely different processes. 2. The intra-capsular synovitis does not differ qualitatively in respect to twelve morphological characteristics from that of rheumatoid arthritis. Only RA-necroses never occur in psoriatic arthritis. 3. The extra-capsular process occurs at the compact as well as the spongy bone of the phalanges. The process shows no sign of a previous or current inflammation or of osteoclast activity. It is characterized by a focal loss of proteoglycan interstitial substance and the exposure of the collagen fiber matrix. 4. This focal proteoglycan loss sets off a process which takes place in four phases: a) Loss of proteoglycan interstitial substance and exposure of the preserved collagen fiber matrix of the bone. b) Deposition of osteoblast chains to the area of the exposed bone and formation of osteoid within the old collagen fiber framework. c) Remodelling of bone defects through filling in of the preserved collagen fiber matrix with newly formed woven bone. d) Reconstruction of this bone into lamellar bone, whereby excessive bone structure (\"protuberances\") may develop, but final balance of bone remains negative. 5. The described process, which begins with proteoglycan loss, is considered as an enzymatic disturbance, which is causatively connected to the skin process. Scintigraphic examinations indicate that this extra-articular process in the bone, in contrast to arthritis, in part clinically unobserved, is to a high percentage connected to the skin process and is, therefore, probably an integral part of psoriatic disease.", "PMID": 526125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2813", "title": "The transgluteal approach to the hip joint.", "content": "A modified transgluteal approach to the hip joint without osteotomy of the trochanter is described. The advantage of this approach is a better view of the acetabular rim, prevention of gluteal muscle damage and protection of the superior gluteal nerve.", "contents": "The transgluteal approach to the hip joint. A modified transgluteal approach to the hip joint without osteotomy of the trochanter is described. The advantage of this approach is a better view of the acetabular rim, prevention of gluteal muscle damage and protection of the superior gluteal nerve.", "PMID": 526126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2814", "title": "The Chiari pelvic osteotomy--indications and results.", "content": "Chiaris pelvic osteotomy with or without intertrochanteric osteotomy was performed in more than 100 cases during the past ten years. An evaluation of 97 operations showed good results in younger patients (age groups from 5-17 years). In adults with evident signs of arthrosis a higher rate of failures was obvious and therefore the indication for the pelvic osteotomy in this group of patients should be restricted.", "contents": "The Chiari pelvic osteotomy--indications and results. Chiaris pelvic osteotomy with or without intertrochanteric osteotomy was performed in more than 100 cases during the past ten years. An evaluation of 97 operations showed good results in younger patients (age groups from 5-17 years). In adults with evident signs of arthrosis a higher rate of failures was obvious and therefore the indication for the pelvic osteotomy in this group of patients should be restricted.", "PMID": 526127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2815", "title": "Arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.", "content": "Since 1975 the usual treatment of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus at the Medical High School, L\u00fcbeck, has been arthrodesis of the metatarophalangeal joint of the great toe. We report 48 operations performed between 1975 and 1977 on 35 patients with a follow-up of 3-32 months. The operative technique, using the \"dynamic compression plate\" is described in detail. The patient's assessment and the clinical and radiological situations were recorded. There were only three poor results. Thus, arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint is considered to be a reliable therapeutic method in hallux valgus, with minimal post-operative complications. It compares well with other operations, including Keller's arthroplasty.", "contents": "Arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. Since 1975 the usual treatment of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus at the Medical High School, L\u00fcbeck, has been arthrodesis of the metatarophalangeal joint of the great toe. We report 48 operations performed between 1975 and 1977 on 35 patients with a follow-up of 3-32 months. The operative technique, using the \"dynamic compression plate\" is described in detail. The patient's assessment and the clinical and radiological situations were recorded. There were only three poor results. Thus, arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint is considered to be a reliable therapeutic method in hallux valgus, with minimal post-operative complications. It compares well with other operations, including Keller's arthroplasty.", "PMID": 526128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2816", "title": "Initial experiences with a total knee prosthesis implanted without bone cement.", "content": "Prosthetic loosening and stem fractures have been the most frequently encountered complications of knee arthroplasties using the Guepar Hinged prothesis. The insufficient intramedullary fixation of the stem and the use of cement in the femur and tibia are primarily responsible for these complications. In our clinic, we have used an altered Guepar Hinged prothesis since 1975. The femoral and tibial stems are lengthened with medullary nails, resulting in stems with high bending and torsional stress capacities. The fixation strength of these special long stems in the medullary cavities is such that we no longer use cement for this prosthesis. The initial results of our cementless implantation of these special long-stem knee prostheses, and the advantages of this method are reported.", "contents": "Initial experiences with a total knee prosthesis implanted without bone cement. Prosthetic loosening and stem fractures have been the most frequently encountered complications of knee arthroplasties using the Guepar Hinged prothesis. The insufficient intramedullary fixation of the stem and the use of cement in the femur and tibia are primarily responsible for these complications. In our clinic, we have used an altered Guepar Hinged prothesis since 1975. The femoral and tibial stems are lengthened with medullary nails, resulting in stems with high bending and torsional stress capacities. The fixation strength of these special long stems in the medullary cavities is such that we no longer use cement for this prosthesis. The initial results of our cementless implantation of these special long-stem knee prostheses, and the advantages of this method are reported.", "PMID": 526130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2817", "title": "[The motility of hip joint endoprostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The motility of a healthy hip joint normally seems to be better than the motility of an endoprosthesis. The movement of all models of endoprostheses must fulfill minimum requirements as well in total motility as in each way. The arithmetical investigation of the motility of commercial total endoprostheses shows good locomotion for most cases. Decisive is the relation between prosthesis head- and prosthesis neck diameter. Insufficient motility of endoprosthetic models results if especial--redundant--constructive details of the socket are selected. It seems to be more problematical to produce double cup endoprostheses which reveal sufficient function. Normally the motility of double cup prostheses must be essentially less than that of total endoprostheses or of a healthy hip joint. A special implant technique and various constructive assumptions are necessary to reach a sufficient functional result.", "contents": "[The motility of hip joint endoprostheses (author's transl)]. The motility of a healthy hip joint normally seems to be better than the motility of an endoprosthesis. The movement of all models of endoprostheses must fulfill minimum requirements as well in total motility as in each way. The arithmetical investigation of the motility of commercial total endoprostheses shows good locomotion for most cases. Decisive is the relation between prosthesis head- and prosthesis neck diameter. Insufficient motility of endoprosthetic models results if especial--redundant--constructive details of the socket are selected. It seems to be more problematical to produce double cup endoprostheses which reveal sufficient function. Normally the motility of double cup prostheses must be essentially less than that of total endoprostheses or of a healthy hip joint. A special implant technique and various constructive assumptions are necessary to reach a sufficient functional result.", "PMID": 526131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2818", "title": "Vascular extracellular tissue and atherosclerosis.", "content": "If at all successful, tis paper will emphasized the perspective  that the current understanding of the interactions between arterial walls and the flowing blood, the major events leading to the development of arterial diseases, still has many obvious gaps. Even as superficial and selective a discussion as this one points out the truism that any hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which considers only one of the structural elements in the artery wall is almost certainly incomplete. Decades ago, one of the great conceptual insights developed in the pioneering studies of intermediary metabolism was that well-integrated biochemical pathways have multiple interrelated controls. The many extracellular molecules present in aorta with both structural biochemistry and functions as yet only partially understood may well be components of analogous control systems.", "contents": "Vascular extracellular tissue and atherosclerosis. If at all successful, tis paper will emphasized the perspective  that the current understanding of the interactions between arterial walls and the flowing blood, the major events leading to the development of arterial diseases, still has many obvious gaps. Even as superficial and selective a discussion as this one points out the truism that any hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which considers only one of the structural elements in the artery wall is almost certainly incomplete. Decades ago, one of the great conceptual insights developed in the pioneering studies of intermediary metabolism was that well-integrated biochemical pathways have multiple interrelated controls. The many extracellular molecules present in aorta with both structural biochemistry and functions as yet only partially understood may well be components of analogous control systems.", "PMID": 526132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2819", "title": "Inhibitors of platelet function and atherogenesis.", "content": "Platelets play an important role in atherogenesis. This has given rise to the speculation that inhibitors of platelet function may prevent atherosclerotic changes. Two distinct therapeutic goals might be achieved by the use of inhibitors of platelet function in vascular disease - one, the prevention of thrombosis and, two, the prevention of atherosclerosis. The choice of inhibitor may well determine the goal achieved. Thus far, the data available indicate that inhibitors of platelet aggregation, such as aspirin, are the most effective in the prevention of thrombosis, while inhibitors of platelet adherence, such as dipyridamole, are likely to be the most effective in the prevention of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Inhibitors of platelet function and atherogenesis. Platelets play an important role in atherogenesis. This has given rise to the speculation that inhibitors of platelet function may prevent atherosclerotic changes. Two distinct therapeutic goals might be achieved by the use of inhibitors of platelet function in vascular disease - one, the prevention of thrombosis and, two, the prevention of atherosclerosis. The choice of inhibitor may well determine the goal achieved. Thus far, the data available indicate that inhibitors of platelet aggregation, such as aspirin, are the most effective in the prevention of thrombosis, while inhibitors of platelet adherence, such as dipyridamole, are likely to be the most effective in the prevention of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 526133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2820", "title": "Physiologic and pharmacologic implications of fibrinolysis.", "content": "According to the thrombogenetic (encrustation) theory of atherogenesis first postulated by Rokitansky, accretions of blood components including fibrin and platelets may be the initial event. Since fibrinolysis has a profound influence on the resolution of fibrin deposits, the role of fibrinolysis in atherogenesis is discussed. Evidences supporting this role include the demonstration of inhibitors of fibrinolysis, decreased circulating fibrinolytic activity in patients who are atherosclerotic, and inhibition of circulating fibrinolytic activity by several atherosclerosis-risk factors such as increasing age, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus. It is concluded that a combination of systemic inhibitions of fibrinolysis over a long-term period and a local vascular injury, play a decided role in atherogenesis.", "contents": "Physiologic and pharmacologic implications of fibrinolysis. According to the thrombogenetic (encrustation) theory of atherogenesis first postulated by Rokitansky, accretions of blood components including fibrin and platelets may be the initial event. Since fibrinolysis has a profound influence on the resolution of fibrin deposits, the role of fibrinolysis in atherogenesis is discussed. Evidences supporting this role include the demonstration of inhibitors of fibrinolysis, decreased circulating fibrinolytic activity in patients who are atherosclerotic, and inhibition of circulating fibrinolytic activity by several atherosclerosis-risk factors such as increasing age, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus. It is concluded that a combination of systemic inhibitions of fibrinolysis over a long-term period and a local vascular injury, play a decided role in atherogenesis.", "PMID": 526134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2821", "title": "[Functional morphology of the adrenergic innervation and adrenocontaining structures of the lymphoid organs].", "content": "Topography of adrenergic neural fibres and adrenodependent structures in lymphoid organs of some mammals (rat, cat, dog, guinea-pig, golden hamster) has been studied by means of Falck's method with other histochemical methods applied simultaneously. In thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and appendix adrenergic innervation is performed at the expense of adventitial vascular plexus and some neural fibres directed towards the organs' parenchyma. In the parenchyma of the lymphoid organs some fluorescent interfollicular macrophages and intrafollicular cells with serotonin and catecholamines in their cytoplasm were detected spectroscopically. These two types of cells respond differently to increasing amount of free amines in the organism. Orthochromic mast cells and elastic fibres also possess fluoresent properties which are connected with the presence of serotonin and catecholamines in the lymphoid organs.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the adrenergic innervation and adrenocontaining structures of the lymphoid organs]. Topography of adrenergic neural fibres and adrenodependent structures in lymphoid organs of some mammals (rat, cat, dog, guinea-pig, golden hamster) has been studied by means of Falck's method with other histochemical methods applied simultaneously. In thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and appendix adrenergic innervation is performed at the expense of adventitial vascular plexus and some neural fibres directed towards the organs' parenchyma. In the parenchyma of the lymphoid organs some fluorescent interfollicular macrophages and intrafollicular cells with serotonin and catecholamines in their cytoplasm were detected spectroscopically. These two types of cells respond differently to increasing amount of free amines in the organism. Orthochromic mast cells and elastic fibres also possess fluoresent properties which are connected with the presence of serotonin and catecholamines in the lymphoid organs.", "PMID": 526135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2822", "title": "[Cytophotometric study of the AChE-containing nerve cells and fibers of the rabbit heart after electrostimulation of the area hypothalamica posterior].", "content": "By means of cytophotometry and a computer in the cardiac intramural neural plexus of 17 experimental and 17 control rabbits acetilcholine esterase (AChE) activity (revealed by Karnovsky--Roots' method) was investigated. It was stated that a prolonged electrostimulation of the area hypothalamica posterior (AHP) produced statistically significant 2-fold decrease of AChE activity in the cardiac neural cells and fibres. When the stimulation of AHP was stopped, the decreased enzymatic activity was observed for the first two weeks, then by the end of the 4th week it again reached its control level. The results of the work were discussed in view of possible disorders of regulating vegetative-trophic effects of the posterior hypothalamus on innervative and executive tissue elements of the heart.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric study of the AChE-containing nerve cells and fibers of the rabbit heart after electrostimulation of the area hypothalamica posterior]. By means of cytophotometry and a computer in the cardiac intramural neural plexus of 17 experimental and 17 control rabbits acetilcholine esterase (AChE) activity (revealed by Karnovsky--Roots' method) was investigated. It was stated that a prolonged electrostimulation of the area hypothalamica posterior (AHP) produced statistically significant 2-fold decrease of AChE activity in the cardiac neural cells and fibres. When the stimulation of AHP was stopped, the decreased enzymatic activity was observed for the first two weeks, then by the end of the 4th week it again reached its control level. The results of the work were discussed in view of possible disorders of regulating vegetative-trophic effects of the posterior hypothalamus on innervative and executive tissue elements of the heart.", "PMID": 526136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2823", "title": "[Reaction of the elements of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in \"starting\" states].", "content": "Morphological elements of the system hypophysis--adrenals have been studied in 19 dogs. Nine animals were given single individually dosed physical loading (running in the treadmill) up to the III stage according to an original technique. The III stage of the organism's response is characterized, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, as a \"starting\" condition. The other 10 animals served as a control. Biometric, histologic, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic methods were used for the study. The \"starting\" conditions were demonstrated to determine variously directed dynamics and unequal involvment of cellular elements and zones of the system hypophysis--adrenals. The greatest reactive degree was noted in basophilic adenocytes and chromophobes, as well as in the medullar substance of the adrenals. Acidophils and cells of the fascicular zone play the least role in the response. Unequal participation of the adenohypophyseal cellular elements and the adrenal zones in the organism's response at the \"starting\" conditions form a predominance of certain processes of cellular activity in them.", "contents": "[Reaction of the elements of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in \"starting\" states]. Morphological elements of the system hypophysis--adrenals have been studied in 19 dogs. Nine animals were given single individually dosed physical loading (running in the treadmill) up to the III stage according to an original technique. The III stage of the organism's response is characterized, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, as a \"starting\" condition. The other 10 animals served as a control. Biometric, histologic, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic methods were used for the study. The \"starting\" conditions were demonstrated to determine variously directed dynamics and unequal involvment of cellular elements and zones of the system hypophysis--adrenals. The greatest reactive degree was noted in basophilic adenocytes and chromophobes, as well as in the medullar substance of the adrenals. Acidophils and cells of the fascicular zone play the least role in the response. Unequal participation of the adenohypophyseal cellular elements and the adrenal zones in the organism's response at the \"starting\" conditions form a predominance of certain processes of cellular activity in them.", "PMID": 526137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2824", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of vagotomy on the state of the exocrine portion of the rat pancreas].", "content": "Dynamics of reactions in the main components of the exocrine part of the rat pancreas (capillary, nerve, pancreocyte) was subjected to ultrastructural analysis at bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy within 24 hours--30 days. It was stated that certain ultrastructural shifts developed in all the components mentioned above; at first they are within the limits of physiological parameters (the first three days), and then destructive processes occur (up to destruction of a part of cells) reaching their maximum by the end of the first--beginning of the second week and having a focal character. Then compensatory-recovery rearrangements begin to predominate, and by the 30th day they result in a considerable but not yet complete normalization of the ultrastructural organization of the gland. Three stages (phases) can be mentioned in the development of the neurodistrophic process: the first--stress reaction of the organ and the whole organism to the operation; the second--predominance of destructive changes; the third--development of compensatory-adaptive processes. Possible mechanisms of the rearrangements occurring are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of vagotomy on the state of the exocrine portion of the rat pancreas]. Dynamics of reactions in the main components of the exocrine part of the rat pancreas (capillary, nerve, pancreocyte) was subjected to ultrastructural analysis at bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy within 24 hours--30 days. It was stated that certain ultrastructural shifts developed in all the components mentioned above; at first they are within the limits of physiological parameters (the first three days), and then destructive processes occur (up to destruction of a part of cells) reaching their maximum by the end of the first--beginning of the second week and having a focal character. Then compensatory-recovery rearrangements begin to predominate, and by the 30th day they result in a considerable but not yet complete normalization of the ultrastructural organization of the gland. Three stages (phases) can be mentioned in the development of the neurodistrophic process: the first--stress reaction of the organ and the whole organism to the operation; the second--predominance of destructive changes; the third--development of compensatory-adaptive processes. Possible mechanisms of the rearrangements occurring are discussed.", "PMID": 526138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2825", "title": "[Effect of progesterone and estrogens on the state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in pregnancy and labor].", "content": "Morphofunctional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system was studied in rats at late stages of pregnancy. No special differences both in function of the supraoptical and praventricular nuclei, and in the hypophysis of intact and pregnant rats at administration of progesterone were noted. When estrogenes were administered to pregnant animals, a sharp increase in functioning of the supraoptic and especially of the paraventricular nuclei was noted. The greatest activity of the supraoptic nucleus was observed at delivery that could be resulted from a stress reaction to pain.", "contents": "[Effect of progesterone and estrogens on the state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in pregnancy and labor]. Morphofunctional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system was studied in rats at late stages of pregnancy. No special differences both in function of the supraoptical and praventricular nuclei, and in the hypophysis of intact and pregnant rats at administration of progesterone were noted. When estrogenes were administered to pregnant animals, a sharp increase in functioning of the supraoptic and especially of the paraventricular nuclei was noted. The greatest activity of the supraoptic nucleus was observed at delivery that could be resulted from a stress reaction to pain.", "PMID": 526139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2826", "title": "[Functional and morphological basis for the nature of the microcirculatory bed reactions of the bulbar conjunctiva in experimental occlusion of the cranial mesenteric artery].", "content": "A complex analysis on changes occurring in conjunctival microcirculation and a number of indices of hemodynamics, hemorheology and metabolism at different time of experimental occlusion in the cranial mesenteric artery has demonstrated certain objective and many-sided correlations that prove a systemic character of biomicroscopical changes in the conjunctiva. The degree of changes in the conjunctival microcirculation depends on duration of occlusion. After a 3 hours' occlusion revascularization is accompanied by reversible general microcirculatory disorders that are registered in bulboconjunctiva. In a 6 and 12 hours' occlusion revascularization is characterized by increasing general changes in microcirculation.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological basis for the nature of the microcirculatory bed reactions of the bulbar conjunctiva in experimental occlusion of the cranial mesenteric artery]. A complex analysis on changes occurring in conjunctival microcirculation and a number of indices of hemodynamics, hemorheology and metabolism at different time of experimental occlusion in the cranial mesenteric artery has demonstrated certain objective and many-sided correlations that prove a systemic character of biomicroscopical changes in the conjunctiva. The degree of changes in the conjunctival microcirculation depends on duration of occlusion. After a 3 hours' occlusion revascularization is accompanied by reversible general microcirculatory disorders that are registered in bulboconjunctiva. In a 6 and 12 hours' occlusion revascularization is characterized by increasing general changes in microcirculation.", "PMID": 526140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2827", "title": "[DNA content and the endometrial cellular mitotic activity in the phase of menstrual bleeding].", "content": "Endometrium obtained during menses from 46 healthy women in reproductive age was investigated morphologically and cytospectrophotometrically in order to solve the problem on the source of the cells reepithelizing the uterine mucous membrane after desquamation. It was stated that desquamation takes place not in the whole functional layer of endometrium, some mucous fragments, covered with persisting luminal epithelium, are always preserved. During endometrial regeneration the cells of the luminal and glandular epithelia and those of endometrial stroma are predominantly diploid. The amount of premitotic cells in population is so small that they cannot secure any intensive cellular proliferation. Mitogenesis in endometrium is stimulated only after a complete restoration of the epithelial layer. It is suggested that persisting luminal epithelium is the source of cells for reepithelization; they migrate towards endometrial \"wounds\" and repair defects in the uterine mucosa during the regeneration phase.", "contents": "[DNA content and the endometrial cellular mitotic activity in the phase of menstrual bleeding]. Endometrium obtained during menses from 46 healthy women in reproductive age was investigated morphologically and cytospectrophotometrically in order to solve the problem on the source of the cells reepithelizing the uterine mucous membrane after desquamation. It was stated that desquamation takes place not in the whole functional layer of endometrium, some mucous fragments, covered with persisting luminal epithelium, are always preserved. During endometrial regeneration the cells of the luminal and glandular epithelia and those of endometrial stroma are predominantly diploid. The amount of premitotic cells in population is so small that they cannot secure any intensive cellular proliferation. Mitogenesis in endometrium is stimulated only after a complete restoration of the epithelial layer. It is suggested that persisting luminal epithelium is the source of cells for reepithelization; they migrate towards endometrial \"wounds\" and repair defects in the uterine mucosa during the regeneration phase.", "PMID": 526141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2828", "title": "[Formation of adaptive structures at tendon compression sites].", "content": "The structure of tendons in long and short human fibular muscles, in superficial and deep toe flexors of the dog hind paws has been studied histologically and histochemically. In the parts of tendons experienced pressing down, various degree of tendinous transformation into cartilaginous and osseous tissue has been revealed. The degree of transformation depends on the power of pressing factor and on the age of the individual. In the course of adaptive changes in these parts certain constructions appear that are oriented transversally to the tendinous fasciculi, but along the pressing vector and having the appearance of basophilic \"cross-bars\" and oxyphilic \"columns\". These constructions contain acidic mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) of chondroitinsulfates of A, B, C types and keratansulfate. In the course of reconstruction of cartilaginous tissue into the osseous, avascular tissue transforms into the tissue rich in blood vessels.", "contents": "[Formation of adaptive structures at tendon compression sites]. The structure of tendons in long and short human fibular muscles, in superficial and deep toe flexors of the dog hind paws has been studied histologically and histochemically. In the parts of tendons experienced pressing down, various degree of tendinous transformation into cartilaginous and osseous tissue has been revealed. The degree of transformation depends on the power of pressing factor and on the age of the individual. In the course of adaptive changes in these parts certain constructions appear that are oriented transversally to the tendinous fasciculi, but along the pressing vector and having the appearance of basophilic \"cross-bars\" and oxyphilic \"columns\". These constructions contain acidic mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) of chondroitinsulfates of A, B, C types and keratansulfate. In the course of reconstruction of cartilaginous tissue into the osseous, avascular tissue transforms into the tissue rich in blood vessels.", "PMID": 526142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2829", "title": "[Morphologic changes in skin tumors induced by pulsed laser radiation].", "content": "Pathomorphological changes in melanoma, basalioma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the human skin caused by impulse neodime laser radiation were studied. Laser radiation was found to exert damaging effects on the tumour of various degrees of intensity, the degenerative changes reaching the highest degree, necrosis, in the zone of the direct effect of the ray. Morphological changes in tissues developing under the influence of laser radiation are in many aspects similar to electrocoagulation necrosis. At the same time, foci of laser lesions have some features distinguishing them from common thermal injuries. Cytological examination was shown to be a highly effective method permitting to determine the degree of radical healing of skin tumors treated with the laser ray.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in skin tumors induced by pulsed laser radiation]. Pathomorphological changes in melanoma, basalioma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the human skin caused by impulse neodime laser radiation were studied. Laser radiation was found to exert damaging effects on the tumour of various degrees of intensity, the degenerative changes reaching the highest degree, necrosis, in the zone of the direct effect of the ray. Morphological changes in tissues developing under the influence of laser radiation are in many aspects similar to electrocoagulation necrosis. At the same time, foci of laser lesions have some features distinguishing them from common thermal injuries. Cytological examination was shown to be a highly effective method permitting to determine the degree of radical healing of skin tumors treated with the laser ray.", "PMID": 526160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2830", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the thymus gland (\"granulomatous thymoma\")].", "content": "Thirteen tumors of questionable genesis located in the thymus were studied. The microscopical structure of these tumors was identical to lymphogranulomatosis of other localization. Reactive proliferation of the thymic epithelium and cyst formation are characteristic of lymphogranulomatosis primarily developing in the thymus. The disease was not \"granulomatous thymoma\" since giant multinuclear cells by their structural characteristics corresponded to reticular elemens and the epithelial component was absent in extrathoracal formations.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the thymus gland (\"granulomatous thymoma\")]. Thirteen tumors of questionable genesis located in the thymus were studied. The microscopical structure of these tumors was identical to lymphogranulomatosis of other localization. Reactive proliferation of the thymic epithelium and cyst formation are characteristic of lymphogranulomatosis primarily developing in the thymus. The disease was not \"granulomatous thymoma\" since giant multinuclear cells by their structural characteristics corresponded to reticular elemens and the epithelial component was absent in extrathoracal formations.", "PMID": 526161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2831", "title": "[Changes in the urinary bladders of rats during experimental carcinogenesis].", "content": "Rats receiving with drinking water a 0.4% solution of a-butyl-N-butanol-nitrosamine developed by 4 months transitional cell papillomas and by 10 months transitional cell carcinomas in their urinary bladders. Histochemical examinations of the transitional epithelium in the course of malignization revealed a gradual decrease in the activity of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and increased activity of monoaminoxidase and beta-glucuronidase. A significantly increased activity of nonspecific acid phosphatase was observed in areas of squamous cell metaplasia.", "contents": "[Changes in the urinary bladders of rats during experimental carcinogenesis]. Rats receiving with drinking water a 0.4% solution of a-butyl-N-butanol-nitrosamine developed by 4 months transitional cell papillomas and by 10 months transitional cell carcinomas in their urinary bladders. Histochemical examinations of the transitional epithelium in the course of malignization revealed a gradual decrease in the activity of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and increased activity of monoaminoxidase and beta-glucuronidase. A significantly increased activity of nonspecific acid phosphatase was observed in areas of squamous cell metaplasia.", "PMID": 526162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2832", "title": "[Changes in neuromuscular synapses in myasthenia and lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid type without myasthemia].", "content": "Comparative electron microscopic examinations of 35 neuromuscular synapses were done in 3 patients with generalized myasthenia accompanied in 2 cases by thymus hyperplasia and in 1 case by lymphoepithelioma of the epithelial type after treatment with anticholinesterase drugs, and 33 neuromuscular synapses in a patient with lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid type without myasthenia who had not taken the above drugs. Similar changes of the synapse ultrastructure were found consisting in extension and reduction of the synaptic folds and secondary synaptic splits with the presence in them of granulo-fibrillar substance, and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. It is assumed that ultrastructural changes of postsynaptic membrane in myasthenia are non-specific and are not due to anticholinesterase drugs.", "contents": "[Changes in neuromuscular synapses in myasthenia and lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid type without myasthemia]. Comparative electron microscopic examinations of 35 neuromuscular synapses were done in 3 patients with generalized myasthenia accompanied in 2 cases by thymus hyperplasia and in 1 case by lymphoepithelioma of the epithelial type after treatment with anticholinesterase drugs, and 33 neuromuscular synapses in a patient with lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid type without myasthenia who had not taken the above drugs. Similar changes of the synapse ultrastructure were found consisting in extension and reduction of the synaptic folds and secondary synaptic splits with the presence in them of granulo-fibrillar substance, and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. It is assumed that ultrastructural changes of postsynaptic membrane in myasthenia are non-specific and are not due to anticholinesterase drugs.", "PMID": 526163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2833", "title": "[Electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of muscle tissue tumors].", "content": "The ultrastructure of striated and smooth muscle tumors of man was studied. A set of features indicating the histological origin of these tumors was established. The most informative feature for tumors of both groups is the presence of fragments of specific microfibrillar apparatus. An analysis of the extent of its development in the cell cytoplasm showed that this feature adequately reflects the tumor cataplasia. Thus, for rhabdomyosarcomas it was considered to be expedient to distinguish three groups according to the degree of the involvement of the myofibrillar apparatus (fibrillar, filamentous, and poorly differentiated types) which may be important for the prognostic evaluation of these tumors. Similar relationships were found with smooth muscle tumors. It is concluded that electron microscopy may be used successfully for differential diagnosis and determination of the degree of cataplasia of human muscle neoplasias.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of muscle tissue tumors]. The ultrastructure of striated and smooth muscle tumors of man was studied. A set of features indicating the histological origin of these tumors was established. The most informative feature for tumors of both groups is the presence of fragments of specific microfibrillar apparatus. An analysis of the extent of its development in the cell cytoplasm showed that this feature adequately reflects the tumor cataplasia. Thus, for rhabdomyosarcomas it was considered to be expedient to distinguish three groups according to the degree of the involvement of the myofibrillar apparatus (fibrillar, filamentous, and poorly differentiated types) which may be important for the prognostic evaluation of these tumors. Similar relationships were found with smooth muscle tumors. It is concluded that electron microscopy may be used successfully for differential diagnosis and determination of the degree of cataplasia of human muscle neoplasias.", "PMID": 526164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2834", "title": "[Interrelationship between atherosclerotic changes in different arterial basins].", "content": "The evaluation of atherosclerosis of 310 sets of arteries stained with sudan IV was done visually by the planimetric method using the WHO criteria. Based on the evaluation in each case of 50 arterial segments, standardized values were calculated for the 9 main basins which permitted to determine the place of each vascular area in the atherosclerotic process and to reveal its characteristic features in different basins. The development of atherosclerosis in the human arterial system was of systemic nature as indicated by significant positive correlations between various basins. The severity of the involvement of one vascular area, however, was not an adequate indication of the severity of involvement of the other systems. Since the area of the involvement did not always reflect the severity of the process, it is suggested that the severity of atherosclerosis be evaluated by strength of correlation between the area of raised lesions and severe stenoses and occlusions.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between atherosclerotic changes in different arterial basins]. The evaluation of atherosclerosis of 310 sets of arteries stained with sudan IV was done visually by the planimetric method using the WHO criteria. Based on the evaluation in each case of 50 arterial segments, standardized values were calculated for the 9 main basins which permitted to determine the place of each vascular area in the atherosclerotic process and to reveal its characteristic features in different basins. The development of atherosclerosis in the human arterial system was of systemic nature as indicated by significant positive correlations between various basins. The severity of the involvement of one vascular area, however, was not an adequate indication of the severity of involvement of the other systems. Since the area of the involvement did not always reflect the severity of the process, it is suggested that the severity of atherosclerosis be evaluated by strength of correlation between the area of raised lesions and severe stenoses and occlusions.", "PMID": 526165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2835", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the ovary upon exposure to low temperatures (-196 degrees C) using cryoprotection].", "content": "The biological action of deep freezing (-196 degrees C) on the ovary with the purpose of establishing the possibility of using low temperatures for long-term storage of this tissue was studied. The use of polyethylene oxide of molecular weight 400 at an optimal concentration (20%) for freezing at a rate of 1 degree per minute to -8 degrees C, then 10 degrees/min to --196 degrees C permits to retain the functional activity of the ovary and restoration of its function after transplantation.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the ovary upon exposure to low temperatures (-196 degrees C) using cryoprotection]. The biological action of deep freezing (-196 degrees C) on the ovary with the purpose of establishing the possibility of using low temperatures for long-term storage of this tissue was studied. The use of polyethylene oxide of molecular weight 400 at an optimal concentration (20%) for freezing at a rate of 1 degree per minute to -8 degrees C, then 10 degrees/min to --196 degrees C permits to retain the functional activity of the ovary and restoration of its function after transplantation.", "PMID": 526166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2836", "title": "[Morphology of the Fahr syndrome (idiopathic calcification of the cerebral vessels)].", "content": "Two observations of the Far syndrome manifested by calcification of the brain tissue, oligodendroglia, arterial walls, arterioles, capillaries and veins are described. In the first case, the Far syndrome developed against the background of hypoparathyreosis with longterm disturbance of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, in the second--against the background of endocrine polyadenomatosis (trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland, clear cell adenoma of the adrenals) with hyponatremia.", "contents": "[Morphology of the Fahr syndrome (idiopathic calcification of the cerebral vessels)]. Two observations of the Far syndrome manifested by calcification of the brain tissue, oligodendroglia, arterial walls, arterioles, capillaries and veins are described. In the first case, the Far syndrome developed against the background of hypoparathyreosis with longterm disturbance of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, in the second--against the background of endocrine polyadenomatosis (trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland, clear cell adenoma of the adrenals) with hyponatremia.", "PMID": 526168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2837", "title": "[Pathologic diagnosis of certain congenital heart defects].", "content": "Morphometrical examinations of 265 normally formed hearts collected at autopsies of infants under 2 years of age were used as a control of the heart weight and size of the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The time of anatomical closing of the arterial duct and oval window were established. Comparisons of the results of morphometry of normal and 173 malformed hearts with the tabulated data were used to develop objective criteria for pathological diagnosis of congenital heart diseases: open arterial duct and centrally located defect of the interatrial septum in infants dying within the first two months of life. The criteria for the detection of marginal forms of stenosis of the pulmonary trunk ostium and isolated coarctation of the aortal isthmus were established.", "contents": "[Pathologic diagnosis of certain congenital heart defects]. Morphometrical examinations of 265 normally formed hearts collected at autopsies of infants under 2 years of age were used as a control of the heart weight and size of the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The time of anatomical closing of the arterial duct and oval window were established. Comparisons of the results of morphometry of normal and 173 malformed hearts with the tabulated data were used to develop objective criteria for pathological diagnosis of congenital heart diseases: open arterial duct and centrally located defect of the interatrial septum in infants dying within the first two months of life. The criteria for the detection of marginal forms of stenosis of the pulmonary trunk ostium and isolated coarctation of the aortal isthmus were established.", "PMID": 526169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2838", "title": "Vidian neurectomy: neuroanatomical considerations and a report on a new surgical approach.", "content": "If conventional treatment fails, vidian neurectomy is a viable alternative for therapy of chronic rhinitis with recurrent polyposis of the nose and sinuses. From a neuroanatomical point of view beneficial and adverse effects of this surgical procedure are discussed. According to our own investigations and experiences, vidian neurectomy should be performed together with clearing out of the sinuses in every case. Beginning with this precondition a new surgical approach was developed: the vidian nerve is detected through a transethmoidal route in the pterygoid canal at the bottom of the sphenoid sinus and dissected using the operation microscope.", "contents": "Vidian neurectomy: neuroanatomical considerations and a report on a new surgical approach. If conventional treatment fails, vidian neurectomy is a viable alternative for therapy of chronic rhinitis with recurrent polyposis of the nose and sinuses. From a neuroanatomical point of view beneficial and adverse effects of this surgical procedure are discussed. According to our own investigations and experiences, vidian neurectomy should be performed together with clearing out of the sinuses in every case. Beginning with this precondition a new surgical approach was developed: the vidian nerve is detected through a transethmoidal route in the pterygoid canal at the bottom of the sphenoid sinus and dissected using the operation microscope.", "PMID": 526181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2839", "title": "[Autoradiographic investigations on the developing otic capsule of hamsters (author's transl)].", "content": "Cellular and intercellular metabolism of the developing otic capsule of the newborn hamster is investigated by means of autoradiography. The labelling patterns of periostal and endostal osteoblasts are compared with the finding on long bones. The low metabolic turnover within the cartilage before ossification and histological changes in an ossification center are discussed. The number of interglobular spaces decreases in the early phase of life and do not show activity. The globuli ossei appear to be a bony new formation. No indication for metaplastic development from the original cartilage was found. Labelling patterns appeared identical as in other developing ossicular bone. Intralacunar apposition of osteocytes was seen.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic investigations on the developing otic capsule of hamsters (author's transl)]. Cellular and intercellular metabolism of the developing otic capsule of the newborn hamster is investigated by means of autoradiography. The labelling patterns of periostal and endostal osteoblasts are compared with the finding on long bones. The low metabolic turnover within the cartilage before ossification and histological changes in an ossification center are discussed. The number of interglobular spaces decreases in the early phase of life and do not show activity. The globuli ossei appear to be a bony new formation. No indication for metaplastic development from the original cartilage was found. Labelling patterns appeared identical as in other developing ossicular bone. Intralacunar apposition of osteocytes was seen.", "PMID": 526182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2840", "title": "Hair cell degeneration in guinea pigs intoxicated with kanamycin during intrauterine life; a structural and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The structural ototoxic effect of kanamycin during intrauterine life has been shown in guinea pigs. The extent of the loss mostly affected the outer hair cells of the basal part of the cochlea. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated a hair cell degeneration pattern similar to that previously described in adult animals following antibiotic intoxication.", "contents": "Hair cell degeneration in guinea pigs intoxicated with kanamycin during intrauterine life; a structural and ultrastructural study. The structural ototoxic effect of kanamycin during intrauterine life has been shown in guinea pigs. The extent of the loss mostly affected the outer hair cells of the basal part of the cochlea. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated a hair cell degeneration pattern similar to that previously described in adult animals following antibiotic intoxication.", "PMID": 526183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2841", "title": "The applicability of porous polyethylene for tympanoplasty; an animal experimental study.", "content": "The problem of a replacement material for the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal, as well as for the obliteration of the radical cavity has not been solved satisfactor;ly so far. In order to examine the possible applicability of porous plastics, the posterior wall of the auditory canal of guinea pigs was first removed and then reconstructed using porous polyethylene and filling the bulla tympanica with fine polyethylene chips. One third of the animals had an infected middle ear at the time of implantation. Histologic assessments were made until 24 weeks after implantation. In 80% of the animals the implant settled well, even in cases where the middle ears had been originally infected. By proliferation of vessels and connective tissue, the polyethylene had almost been completely integrated into the surrounding tissue after one week. Extent and frequency of metaplastic osseous growth was greater inthe chip-filled bulla than in the reconstructedposterior wall(Fig. 9). After four weeks, the new osteoid substance was firmly connected with the regional bone (Fig. 4). According to these results, it would seem possible to use porous polyethylene even for the nonaseptic implant bed as it is found in the chronically infected middle ear.", "contents": "The applicability of porous polyethylene for tympanoplasty; an animal experimental study. The problem of a replacement material for the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal, as well as for the obliteration of the radical cavity has not been solved satisfactor;ly so far. In order to examine the possible applicability of porous plastics, the posterior wall of the auditory canal of guinea pigs was first removed and then reconstructed using porous polyethylene and filling the bulla tympanica with fine polyethylene chips. One third of the animals had an infected middle ear at the time of implantation. Histologic assessments were made until 24 weeks after implantation. In 80% of the animals the implant settled well, even in cases where the middle ears had been originally infected. By proliferation of vessels and connective tissue, the polyethylene had almost been completely integrated into the surrounding tissue after one week. Extent and frequency of metaplastic osseous growth was greater inthe chip-filled bulla than in the reconstructedposterior wall(Fig. 9). After four weeks, the new osteoid substance was firmly connected with the regional bone (Fig. 4). According to these results, it would seem possible to use porous polyethylene even for the nonaseptic implant bed as it is found in the chronically infected middle ear.", "PMID": 526184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2842", "title": "Supraglottic surgery in vestibular cancer.", "content": "This paper deals with the experience acquired in the E.N.T. Clinic of the University of Ferrara regarding horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy in vestibular cancer. The anatomical background of this functional surgery and the most important principles of the technique are specified. The results regard 121 cases (13 T1 cases, 93 T2 cases and 15 T4 cases) divided into three groups: 1. patients who had only surgery (68 cases); 2. patients who for various reasons also had complementary postoperative radiotherapy (39 cases); 3. patients with extralaryngeal expansion who had preoperative radiotherapy (14 cases). The high overall survival rate for the 121 cases is particularly significant, as is the shortening of the high-risk period to less than the usual 5 years. The 4-year cure rate is 78% and remains unchanged right through the 7-year follow-up. The authors feel that these data demonstrate further the validity of supraglottic laryngectomy when its precise indications are rigorously observed.", "contents": "Supraglottic surgery in vestibular cancer. This paper deals with the experience acquired in the E.N.T. Clinic of the University of Ferrara regarding horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy in vestibular cancer. The anatomical background of this functional surgery and the most important principles of the technique are specified. The results regard 121 cases (13 T1 cases, 93 T2 cases and 15 T4 cases) divided into three groups: 1. patients who had only surgery (68 cases); 2. patients who for various reasons also had complementary postoperative radiotherapy (39 cases); 3. patients with extralaryngeal expansion who had preoperative radiotherapy (14 cases). The high overall survival rate for the 121 cases is particularly significant, as is the shortening of the high-risk period to less than the usual 5 years. The 4-year cure rate is 78% and remains unchanged right through the 7-year follow-up. The authors feel that these data demonstrate further the validity of supraglottic laryngectomy when its precise indications are rigorously observed.", "PMID": 526185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2843", "title": "Congenital ossicular anomalies without malformations of the external ear.", "content": "Eighteen ears of congenital ossicular malformation without deformities of the external ear were presented. They were classified into three groups; eight incudostapedial joint separations, three malleus and/or incus fixations, and seven stapes fixations. The surgical correction for the first group was to connect the malleus handle to the stapes using a silicon tube specially designed or a gelfoam wire in the uncustomary way. This group showed the best surgical results with 35.4 dB of the average hearing gain in speech frequencies. In the second group, removal of the fixed part of the ossicles yielded satisfactory results, but mobilization failed to improve the hearing. For the group of stapes fixation, stapedectomy and the gelfoam wire prosthesis were performed. The result was not satisfactory in some cases with the undeveloped oval window. The embryological consideration leads us to the following conjecture; the incudostapedial joint separation results from the failure in build-up of \"the secondary continuity\", the malleus and/or incus fixation is the result of disturbances in separation process by the undifferentiated mesenchyme, and the stapes fixation is due to maldevelopment of the stapedial lamina. This classification for the congenital ossicular malformation is practically valid as it would suggest the maldeveloped point in ossicular genesis and results of surgical correction.", "contents": "Congenital ossicular anomalies without malformations of the external ear. Eighteen ears of congenital ossicular malformation without deformities of the external ear were presented. They were classified into three groups; eight incudostapedial joint separations, three malleus and/or incus fixations, and seven stapes fixations. The surgical correction for the first group was to connect the malleus handle to the stapes using a silicon tube specially designed or a gelfoam wire in the uncustomary way. This group showed the best surgical results with 35.4 dB of the average hearing gain in speech frequencies. In the second group, removal of the fixed part of the ossicles yielded satisfactory results, but mobilization failed to improve the hearing. For the group of stapes fixation, stapedectomy and the gelfoam wire prosthesis were performed. The result was not satisfactory in some cases with the undeveloped oval window. The embryological consideration leads us to the following conjecture; the incudostapedial joint separation results from the failure in build-up of \"the secondary continuity\", the malleus and/or incus fixation is the result of disturbances in separation process by the undifferentiated mesenchyme, and the stapes fixation is due to maldevelopment of the stapedial lamina. This classification for the congenital ossicular malformation is practically valid as it would suggest the maldeveloped point in ossicular genesis and results of surgical correction.", "PMID": 526186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2844", "title": "Electrocochleography and experimentally induced loudness recruitment.", "content": "The relationship between changes in loudness and the cochlear whole-nerve potential following experimentally produced deafness was studied in an animal model. Reaction time of a subject's response to an auditory stimulus has been shown to be an index of loudness in human experiments and has been adapted to nonhuman primates. In a series of experiments, four macaque monkeys were operantly conditioned to respond to 8-kHz tones over a range of 3--80 dB SPL, and their reaction times to pure tone stimuli were measured. Whole-nerve cochlear action potentials were recorded from chronic inner-ear electrodes. The relationship between behavioral and electrical measures of loudness recruitment were examined in animals with both temporary and permanent noise-induced hearing loss. Loudness recruitment was demonstrated experimentally after a 1-h exposure to a high-intensity 8-kHz octave band of noise. Excellent agreement was observed between the reaction time function and the action potential input-output function at intervals of 0.5, 12, 24, 48, and 84 h after exposure. Permanent hearing loss was produced in some of these animals by a much longer duration of exposure to the 8-kHz octave band of noise. Recruitment was observed in both the behavioral and the electrical measures. Histological studies of these damaged cochleas revealed primarily outer hair cell destruction, with a relative sparing of inner hair cells and nerve supply. The findings of this study are interpreted as strong support for the clinical electrocochleogram as an objective indicator of the presence of loudness recruitment.", "contents": "Electrocochleography and experimentally induced loudness recruitment. The relationship between changes in loudness and the cochlear whole-nerve potential following experimentally produced deafness was studied in an animal model. Reaction time of a subject's response to an auditory stimulus has been shown to be an index of loudness in human experiments and has been adapted to nonhuman primates. In a series of experiments, four macaque monkeys were operantly conditioned to respond to 8-kHz tones over a range of 3--80 dB SPL, and their reaction times to pure tone stimuli were measured. Whole-nerve cochlear action potentials were recorded from chronic inner-ear electrodes. The relationship between behavioral and electrical measures of loudness recruitment were examined in animals with both temporary and permanent noise-induced hearing loss. Loudness recruitment was demonstrated experimentally after a 1-h exposure to a high-intensity 8-kHz octave band of noise. Excellent agreement was observed between the reaction time function and the action potential input-output function at intervals of 0.5, 12, 24, 48, and 84 h after exposure. Permanent hearing loss was produced in some of these animals by a much longer duration of exposure to the 8-kHz octave band of noise. Recruitment was observed in both the behavioral and the electrical measures. Histological studies of these damaged cochleas revealed primarily outer hair cell destruction, with a relative sparing of inner hair cells and nerve supply. The findings of this study are interpreted as strong support for the clinical electrocochleogram as an objective indicator of the presence of loudness recruitment.", "PMID": 526187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2845", "title": "[Blockage of cochlear aqueduct for examination of perilymph (guinea pig) (author's transl)].", "content": "To prevent the perilymph (guinea pig) from contamination with CSF during the sampling the aqueductus cochleae (AC) was blocked by injection of tissue adhesive into the meningeal aperture. The control of an exact blockage of AC was carriedout by examination of perilymph-outflow after opening the cochlea (injection of fluorescein-Na into the CSF-space), analysis of perilymph-protein-concentration, macroscopic and microscopic examination of the temporal bones. In all cochleae we have found the same morphological structures, notwithstanding whether the AC was blocked (for a time from 30 min to 7 weeks) or not: The cochlear aqueduct is filled with a mesh of mesenchymal tissue, which grows more dense towards the cochlear aperture andcontinues into the round window membrane. From scala tympani the AC is always limited by one layer of cells forming a sort of membrane (under light microscope). It seems possible that CSF moves in the inner of the round window membrane between AC and subepithelian space of middle ear mucosa, whereas perilymph of scala tympani is not in direct contact with the flow of CSF. The scala tympanic side of the round window membrane may be a big area for diffusion and there also may be an exchange between CSF and perilymph. The outflow of CSF into the cochlea after experimental opening of the cochlea is an artifact, caused by damage of pressure equilibration between CSF-space and cochlea. 30 min and 5--7 weeks after blockage no morphologicaland electrophysiological alterations from those of the control ears were to be seen. The protein concentration, however, increased significantly 5--7 weeks after blockage from normally about 200 mg/100 ml toalmost the double especially in the scala tympani (see Table 1).", "contents": "[Blockage of cochlear aqueduct for examination of perilymph (guinea pig) (author's transl)]. To prevent the perilymph (guinea pig) from contamination with CSF during the sampling the aqueductus cochleae (AC) was blocked by injection of tissue adhesive into the meningeal aperture. The control of an exact blockage of AC was carriedout by examination of perilymph-outflow after opening the cochlea (injection of fluorescein-Na into the CSF-space), analysis of perilymph-protein-concentration, macroscopic and microscopic examination of the temporal bones. In all cochleae we have found the same morphological structures, notwithstanding whether the AC was blocked (for a time from 30 min to 7 weeks) or not: The cochlear aqueduct is filled with a mesh of mesenchymal tissue, which grows more dense towards the cochlear aperture andcontinues into the round window membrane. From scala tympani the AC is always limited by one layer of cells forming a sort of membrane (under light microscope). It seems possible that CSF moves in the inner of the round window membrane between AC and subepithelian space of middle ear mucosa, whereas perilymph of scala tympani is not in direct contact with the flow of CSF. The scala tympanic side of the round window membrane may be a big area for diffusion and there also may be an exchange between CSF and perilymph. The outflow of CSF into the cochlea after experimental opening of the cochlea is an artifact, caused by damage of pressure equilibration between CSF-space and cochlea. 30 min and 5--7 weeks after blockage no morphologicaland electrophysiological alterations from those of the control ears were to be seen. The protein concentration, however, increased significantly 5--7 weeks after blockage from normally about 200 mg/100 ml toalmost the double especially in the scala tympani (see Table 1).", "PMID": 526188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2846", "title": "Embryogenesis of the inner ear. I. Development and differentiation of the mammalian crista ampullaris in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The embryonic development of the crista ampullaris in the CBA/CBA mouse was followed comparatively in vivo and in vitro after explanation of the 13th gestational day otocyst. Special attention was paid to hair cell differentiation. In general the in vivo and the in vitro groups of inner ears showed a similar morphological maturation of hair cells on the ultrastructural level. The first sign of hair cell differentiation occurred on the 14th day in vivo and after 1 day in culture showing a thickening of microvilli presumably indicating the development of future sensory hairs. On the 16th day or after 3 days of in vitro culture the sensory hairs were regularely arranged with the kinocilium located at the cell periphery. Afferent nerve endings were identified on the 17th gestational day and some nerve terminals were suspected to be of efferent character appearing on the 18th day. On the day of birth there did not occur complete nerve chalices but a differentiation of hair cells into type I and II was indicated on the 19th gestational day by a slight difference in hair cell configuration and extension of innervation.", "contents": "Embryogenesis of the inner ear. I. Development and differentiation of the mammalian crista ampullaris in vivo and in vitro. The embryonic development of the crista ampullaris in the CBA/CBA mouse was followed comparatively in vivo and in vitro after explanation of the 13th gestational day otocyst. Special attention was paid to hair cell differentiation. In general the in vivo and the in vitro groups of inner ears showed a similar morphological maturation of hair cells on the ultrastructural level. The first sign of hair cell differentiation occurred on the 14th day in vivo and after 1 day in culture showing a thickening of microvilli presumably indicating the development of future sensory hairs. On the 16th day or after 3 days of in vitro culture the sensory hairs were regularely arranged with the kinocilium located at the cell periphery. Afferent nerve endings were identified on the 17th gestational day and some nerve terminals were suspected to be of efferent character appearing on the 18th day. On the day of birth there did not occur complete nerve chalices but a differentiation of hair cells into type I and II was indicated on the 19th gestational day by a slight difference in hair cell configuration and extension of innervation.", "PMID": 526189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2847", "title": "A slow brain stem response for low-frequency audiometry.", "content": "Proper choices of stimuli and of brain stem electric responses allow us to estimate peripheral auditory thresholds at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz with an accuracy of about +/- 10 dB. With the help of sedation (secobarbital), such audiograms may be obtained from each ear of a child of any age in a single session. Tone pips (filtered clicks) or very brief tone bursts give a frequency selectivity that is clinically adequate. The rise time must be adjusted to the center frequency. A rise time of two periods with a plateau from zero to one period gives a good compromise between frequency specificity and a synchronous neural discharge. The best threshold indicator for tone pips of 2 000 Hz or higher (or unfiltered clicks) is P6 (Jewett V). At 60 dB nHL its latency is 6.0-7.0 ms (for children of 1 year or older), but near threshold it is 8.0-9.5 ms. An input pass-band of 140-3 000 Hz is appropriate. The best threshold indicator at 500 or 1 000 Hz is a nearly neglected slower wave with a scalp-negative crest at about 10 ms following a 60-dB click. Latency is 15 ms following a 500-Hz tone pip at 15 dB SL. We call this wave \"slow negative (ten)\" or SN10. To see it well a wider input pass-band such as 40-3 000 Hz is needed. SN10 is usually obscured by P6 or by frequency-following response at stimulus levels above 35 dB SL. The details are given of a clinical routine that allows the determination (+/- 10 dB) of 8 threshold endpoints within about 80 min. Several precautions and limitations are discussed, and also the origin of the SN10 wave.", "contents": "A slow brain stem response for low-frequency audiometry. Proper choices of stimuli and of brain stem electric responses allow us to estimate peripheral auditory thresholds at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz with an accuracy of about +/- 10 dB. With the help of sedation (secobarbital), such audiograms may be obtained from each ear of a child of any age in a single session. Tone pips (filtered clicks) or very brief tone bursts give a frequency selectivity that is clinically adequate. The rise time must be adjusted to the center frequency. A rise time of two periods with a plateau from zero to one period gives a good compromise between frequency specificity and a synchronous neural discharge. The best threshold indicator for tone pips of 2 000 Hz or higher (or unfiltered clicks) is P6 (Jewett V). At 60 dB nHL its latency is 6.0-7.0 ms (for children of 1 year or older), but near threshold it is 8.0-9.5 ms. An input pass-band of 140-3 000 Hz is appropriate. The best threshold indicator at 500 or 1 000 Hz is a nearly neglected slower wave with a scalp-negative crest at about 10 ms following a 60-dB click. Latency is 15 ms following a 500-Hz tone pip at 15 dB SL. We call this wave \"slow negative (ten)\" or SN10. To see it well a wider input pass-band such as 40-3 000 Hz is needed. SN10 is usually obscured by P6 or by frequency-following response at stimulus levels above 35 dB SL. The details are given of a clinical routine that allows the determination (+/- 10 dB) of 8 threshold endpoints within about 80 min. Several precautions and limitations are discussed, and also the origin of the SN10 wave.", "PMID": 526190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2848", "title": "Intersubject variability of the auditory-evoked brain stem potentials.", "content": "The potential usefulness of the auditory-evoked brain stem potentials in audiological assessment has been the subject of increased clinical enquiry. Several requirements need to be met by any response parameter if it is to be clinically useful: parameters should show a clear, and ideally simple, relationship with stimulus intensity; they should be stable within any subject under fixed stimulation conditions and intersubject variability within any clinical group should be small. Response latency has been shown to satisfy the first two of these conditions. However, intersubject variability has been less clearly defined. In a sample of normal controls we have found that the standard deviation of latency at any specific intensity was substantial, exceeding the difference found between mean responses at neighbouring intensities of auditory stimulation. In an investigation of the origins of this variability we have found a clear gender difference, maximal for later components in which the male responses were significantly later than the female responses. The clinical significance of this finding can be seen in the latency intensity input/output function. By treating each gender group separately, intersubject variance values were reduced by approximately 40% compared with the total group variance, so enhancing the usefulness of latency as a parameter in the objective assessment of auditory function.", "contents": "Intersubject variability of the auditory-evoked brain stem potentials. The potential usefulness of the auditory-evoked brain stem potentials in audiological assessment has been the subject of increased clinical enquiry. Several requirements need to be met by any response parameter if it is to be clinically useful: parameters should show a clear, and ideally simple, relationship with stimulus intensity; they should be stable within any subject under fixed stimulation conditions and intersubject variability within any clinical group should be small. Response latency has been shown to satisfy the first two of these conditions. However, intersubject variability has been less clearly defined. In a sample of normal controls we have found that the standard deviation of latency at any specific intensity was substantial, exceeding the difference found between mean responses at neighbouring intensities of auditory stimulation. In an investigation of the origins of this variability we have found a clear gender difference, maximal for later components in which the male responses were significantly later than the female responses. The clinical significance of this finding can be seen in the latency intensity input/output function. By treating each gender group separately, intersubject variance values were reduced by approximately 40% compared with the total group variance, so enhancing the usefulness of latency as a parameter in the objective assessment of auditory function.", "PMID": 526191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2849", "title": "Recovery function of the human brain stem auditory-evoked potential.", "content": "Amplitude reduction and peak latency prolongation were observed in the human brain stem auditory-evoked potential (BEP) with preceding (conditioning) stimulation. At a conditioning interval (CI) of 5 ms the alteration of BEP was greater than at a CI of 10 ms. At a CI of 10 ms the amplitudes of some BEP components (e.g. waves I and II) were more decreased than those of others (e.g. wave V), while the peak latency prolongation did not show any obvious component selectivity. At a CI of 5 ms, the extent of the amplitude decrement of individual BEP components differed less, while the increase in the peak latencies of the later components was greater than that of the earlier components. The alterations of the parameters of the test BEPs at both CIs are ascribed to the desynchronization of intrinsic neural events. The differential amplitude reduction at a CI of 10 ms is explained by the different durations of neural firings determining various effects of desynchronization upon the amplitudes of individual BEP components. The decrease in the extent of the component selectivity and the preferential increase in the peak latencies of the later BEP components observed at a CI of 5 ms are explained by the intensification of the mechanism of the relative refractory period.", "contents": "Recovery function of the human brain stem auditory-evoked potential. Amplitude reduction and peak latency prolongation were observed in the human brain stem auditory-evoked potential (BEP) with preceding (conditioning) stimulation. At a conditioning interval (CI) of 5 ms the alteration of BEP was greater than at a CI of 10 ms. At a CI of 10 ms the amplitudes of some BEP components (e.g. waves I and II) were more decreased than those of others (e.g. wave V), while the peak latency prolongation did not show any obvious component selectivity. At a CI of 5 ms, the extent of the amplitude decrement of individual BEP components differed less, while the increase in the peak latencies of the later components was greater than that of the earlier components. The alterations of the parameters of the test BEPs at both CIs are ascribed to the desynchronization of intrinsic neural events. The differential amplitude reduction at a CI of 10 ms is explained by the different durations of neural firings determining various effects of desynchronization upon the amplitudes of individual BEP components. The decrease in the extent of the component selectivity and the preferential increase in the peak latencies of the later BEP components observed at a CI of 5 ms are explained by the intensification of the mechanism of the relative refractory period.", "PMID": 526192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2850", "title": "Use of frequency modulation combined with amplitude change to elicit frequency-specific whole-nerve response.", "content": "The averaged whole-nerve response to frequency modulation combined with amplitude change was recorded from the round window of the guinea pig. A downward shift of 20% in the frequency of a 500-Hz, 1-kHz or 2-kHz pure tone with an amplitude increase elicited the responses. The latency for each frequency was investigated at different intensities. The latency is greater for lower-frequency tones and this latency increase agrees well with the traveling wave delay for the intensity range used in this study. A downward shift with an amplitude decrease failed to yield the response. These findings suggest that the response to a downward shift of frequency with an amplitude increase results from new activation due to an apical extension of the envelope of the traveling wave and thus represents the activity in a restricted area of the basilar membrane. Thus, the frequency-modulated tone in downward direction with increased amplitude can be a frequency-specific stimulus.", "contents": "Use of frequency modulation combined with amplitude change to elicit frequency-specific whole-nerve response. The averaged whole-nerve response to frequency modulation combined with amplitude change was recorded from the round window of the guinea pig. A downward shift of 20% in the frequency of a 500-Hz, 1-kHz or 2-kHz pure tone with an amplitude increase elicited the responses. The latency for each frequency was investigated at different intensities. The latency is greater for lower-frequency tones and this latency increase agrees well with the traveling wave delay for the intensity range used in this study. A downward shift with an amplitude decrease failed to yield the response. These findings suggest that the response to a downward shift of frequency with an amplitude increase results from new activation due to an apical extension of the envelope of the traveling wave and thus represents the activity in a restricted area of the basilar membrane. Thus, the frequency-modulated tone in downward direction with increased amplitude can be a frequency-specific stimulus.", "PMID": 526193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2851", "title": "Scalp-recorded frequency-following responses in neonates.", "content": "Low-frequency tone bursts (250, 500 and 1 000 Hz) were used to elicit frequency-following responses (FFRs) from full-term, healthy neonates. Easily identifiable FFRs were recorded from all well babies with stimulation at low-to-moderate levels (30-45 dB HLn). The amplitude and threshold values of neonatal FFRs were not significantly different from those of normally hearing adults. As in the adult, neonatal FFRs elicited by tone burst stimuli of 250 and 500 Hz were of greater amplitude and were observed at lower stimulus levels than FFRs recorded at higher frequency stimuli. At stimulus levels of 65 dB HLn, latency to the first peak in the FFR decreased as a function of increasing stimulus frequency. Neonatal FFRs evoked by tone bursts of 250 and 500 Hz exhibited significantly longer latencies compared to FFR recordings obtained from adults. These results suggest that: (1) Low-frequency basilar membrane sensitivity in neonates can be assessed as early as the first day of life. (2) The response properties of the FFR recorded from neonates were similar to the response properties of the FFR recorded from the adult. (3) For infants who fail conventional brainstem-evoked response screening procedures and/or for infants who are born \"at risk\", the FFR holds great promise as an assessment technique to determine the integrity of the low-frequency-sensitive regions of the cochlea and auditory brainstem.", "contents": "Scalp-recorded frequency-following responses in neonates. Low-frequency tone bursts (250, 500 and 1 000 Hz) were used to elicit frequency-following responses (FFRs) from full-term, healthy neonates. Easily identifiable FFRs were recorded from all well babies with stimulation at low-to-moderate levels (30-45 dB HLn). The amplitude and threshold values of neonatal FFRs were not significantly different from those of normally hearing adults. As in the adult, neonatal FFRs elicited by tone burst stimuli of 250 and 500 Hz were of greater amplitude and were observed at lower stimulus levels than FFRs recorded at higher frequency stimuli. At stimulus levels of 65 dB HLn, latency to the first peak in the FFR decreased as a function of increasing stimulus frequency. Neonatal FFRs evoked by tone bursts of 250 and 500 Hz exhibited significantly longer latencies compared to FFR recordings obtained from adults. These results suggest that: (1) Low-frequency basilar membrane sensitivity in neonates can be assessed as early as the first day of life. (2) The response properties of the FFR recorded from neonates were similar to the response properties of the FFR recorded from the adult. (3) For infants who fail conventional brainstem-evoked response screening procedures and/or for infants who are born \"at risk\", the FFR holds great promise as an assessment technique to determine the integrity of the low-frequency-sensitive regions of the cochlea and auditory brainstem.", "PMID": 526194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2852", "title": "Periodicity, pulse interval and pitch.", "content": "In an analysis of the relation between perceived pitch and auditory nerve impulse pattern, the distinction between periodicity and pulse interval is emphasized. Periodicity has previously been shown not to be uniquely related to pitch, and it is now demonstrated that pulse interval is also not necessarily a pitch correlate.", "contents": "Periodicity, pulse interval and pitch. In an analysis of the relation between perceived pitch and auditory nerve impulse pattern, the distinction between periodicity and pulse interval is emphasized. Periodicity has previously been shown not to be uniquely related to pitch, and it is now demonstrated that pulse interval is also not necessarily a pitch correlate.", "PMID": 526195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2853", "title": "Luganda speech audiometry.", "content": "Monosyllabic, quasi-monosyllabic and disyllabic word lists have been constructed from Luganda language material. These lists readily afford a means for determining speech-hearing ability for Luganda-speaking subjects. The speech-audiometric curve obtained on normally hearing Luganda-speaking subjects with monosyllabic material has a form which is similar to that for the normal curve obtained with English monosyllabic word lists on English-speaking subjects. As indicated by previous authors, the form of the speech-audiometric curve is that of a cumulative distribution, making presentation of the data on arithmetical probability paper convenient. Since monosyllabic words are uncommon in the Luganda and other Bantu languages, it is considered that quasimonosyllabic lists might be preferred in clinical situations.", "contents": "Luganda speech audiometry. Monosyllabic, quasi-monosyllabic and disyllabic word lists have been constructed from Luganda language material. These lists readily afford a means for determining speech-hearing ability for Luganda-speaking subjects. The speech-audiometric curve obtained on normally hearing Luganda-speaking subjects with monosyllabic material has a form which is similar to that for the normal curve obtained with English monosyllabic word lists on English-speaking subjects. As indicated by previous authors, the form of the speech-audiometric curve is that of a cumulative distribution, making presentation of the data on arithmetical probability paper convenient. Since monosyllabic words are uncommon in the Luganda and other Bantu languages, it is considered that quasimonosyllabic lists might be preferred in clinical situations.", "PMID": 526196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2854", "title": "Influence of amplification on the discrimination of dichotic consonant-vowel syllables in a population with sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the premise that the long-term use of monaural amplification influences dichotic listening conditions in a population with sensorineural hearing losses. 30 subjects with moderate, bilateral sensorineural hearing losses and 10 normally-hearing adults were chosen for this study. 20 of the subjects with sensorineural hearing loss had worn amplification successfully for at least 1 year prior to testing. 10 of these subjects had worn amplification only on the right ear while the remaining 10 had worn amplification only on the left ear. All subjects received 60 monaural and dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) nonsense syllables presented at equal loudness levels using the most comfortable level (MCL) as the loudness criteria. While monaural scores revealed nonsignificant differences between ears for all subjects, using percentage of error, dichotic results produced a right-ear advantage for the right-ear-aided, unaided and normally-hearing subjects. A significant left-ear advantage was seen for the left-ear-aided subjects. Results of this study suggest that amplification introduces selective listening effects which alter reported dichotic test scores.", "contents": "Influence of amplification on the discrimination of dichotic consonant-vowel syllables in a population with sensorineural hearing loss. This study was designed to investigate the premise that the long-term use of monaural amplification influences dichotic listening conditions in a population with sensorineural hearing losses. 30 subjects with moderate, bilateral sensorineural hearing losses and 10 normally-hearing adults were chosen for this study. 20 of the subjects with sensorineural hearing loss had worn amplification successfully for at least 1 year prior to testing. 10 of these subjects had worn amplification only on the right ear while the remaining 10 had worn amplification only on the left ear. All subjects received 60 monaural and dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) nonsense syllables presented at equal loudness levels using the most comfortable level (MCL) as the loudness criteria. While monaural scores revealed nonsignificant differences between ears for all subjects, using percentage of error, dichotic results produced a right-ear advantage for the right-ear-aided, unaided and normally-hearing subjects. A significant left-ear advantage was seen for the left-ear-aided subjects. Results of this study suggest that amplification introduces selective listening effects which alter reported dichotic test scores.", "PMID": 526197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2855", "title": "Immunization of broiler breeder chickens against Newcastle disease with an oil-emulsion vaccine.", "content": "Antibody response was rapid and high in broiler breeder chickens receiving 1 or 2 vaccinations with oil-emulsion vaccine against Newcastle disease at 23 or at 23 and 26 weeks old. The antibody titers remained high during the 41-week experimental period. At 64 weeks old, about 41 weeks after vaccination, the geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer was 67 from the single vaccination, and 103 from the double vaccination. The immune response to live-virus vaccine given at 2, 9, 20, 30, 42, or 54 weeks of age via the drinking water was high, but uniformity was lacking in the antibody response in the breeders and maternal antibody response in the progeny. Maternal antibody levels in one-day-old chicks were related to the titers of antibody in the dams. Maternal antibody titers of chicks originated from breeder flocks that were vaccinated with the oil-emulsion vaccine remained high for all hatches.", "contents": "Immunization of broiler breeder chickens against Newcastle disease with an oil-emulsion vaccine. Antibody response was rapid and high in broiler breeder chickens receiving 1 or 2 vaccinations with oil-emulsion vaccine against Newcastle disease at 23 or at 23 and 26 weeks old. The antibody titers remained high during the 41-week experimental period. At 64 weeks old, about 41 weeks after vaccination, the geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer was 67 from the single vaccination, and 103 from the double vaccination. The immune response to live-virus vaccine given at 2, 9, 20, 30, 42, or 54 weeks of age via the drinking water was high, but uniformity was lacking in the antibody response in the breeders and maternal antibody response in the progeny. Maternal antibody levels in one-day-old chicks were related to the titers of antibody in the dams. Maternal antibody titers of chicks originated from breeder flocks that were vaccinated with the oil-emulsion vaccine remained high for all hatches.", "PMID": 526200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2856", "title": "A comparison of immune responses of broiler chickens to different methods of vaccination against Newcastle disease.", "content": "One-day-old broiler chicks from 4 groups of broiler breeder chickens were immunized by different methods of vaccination: 1) aerosol; 2) intratracheal; 3) drinking water; or 4) unvaccinated. The breeder flock from which the chicks were derived was vaccinated by one of the following methods: 1) a single injection of an oil-emulsion Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine; 2) two vaccinations with oil-emulsion NDV vaccine; 3) vaccination with a live NDV vaccine; and 4) unvaccinated controls. Aerosol vaccination induced higher serologic responses than water and intratracheal vaccination, as well as giving the highest levels of protection against challenge. Mortality ranged from 20% to 66% in all eight groups of birds vaccinated intratracheally and challenged at 6 weeks of age. Results of challenge tests, in agreement with results of HI tests, further demonstrated that intratracheal vaccination at one day of age does not elicit a satisfactory immune response in birds with a maternal antibody titer of 15 or higher.", "contents": "A comparison of immune responses of broiler chickens to different methods of vaccination against Newcastle disease. One-day-old broiler chicks from 4 groups of broiler breeder chickens were immunized by different methods of vaccination: 1) aerosol; 2) intratracheal; 3) drinking water; or 4) unvaccinated. The breeder flock from which the chicks were derived was vaccinated by one of the following methods: 1) a single injection of an oil-emulsion Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine; 2) two vaccinations with oil-emulsion NDV vaccine; 3) vaccination with a live NDV vaccine; and 4) unvaccinated controls. Aerosol vaccination induced higher serologic responses than water and intratracheal vaccination, as well as giving the highest levels of protection against challenge. Mortality ranged from 20% to 66% in all eight groups of birds vaccinated intratracheally and challenged at 6 weeks of age. Results of challenge tests, in agreement with results of HI tests, further demonstrated that intratracheal vaccination at one day of age does not elicit a satisfactory immune response in birds with a maternal antibody titer of 15 or higher.", "PMID": 526201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2857", "title": "Adaptation of chickens to their handler, and experimental results.", "content": "Chickens were adapted to their handler before the experiment. Adapted birds produced more antibody, had more blood protein, gained more weight, and were more resistant to Mycoplasma gallisepticum than unadapted birds. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not reduced for fasting for 48 hours in adapted birds but was in unadapted birds. Differences in antibody titers, blood protein, and weight gains between controls and birds fed 80 ppm of deoxycorticosterone could be demonstrated only with adapted birds.", "contents": "Adaptation of chickens to their handler, and experimental results. Chickens were adapted to their handler before the experiment. Adapted birds produced more antibody, had more blood protein, gained more weight, and were more resistant to Mycoplasma gallisepticum than unadapted birds. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not reduced for fasting for 48 hours in adapted birds but was in unadapted birds. Differences in antibody titers, blood protein, and weight gains between controls and birds fed 80 ppm of deoxycorticosterone could be demonstrated only with adapted birds.", "PMID": 526204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2858", "title": "Transmissibility of Australian strains of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "The transmission of Newcastle disease virus strains from infected to direct-, indirect-, and aerosol-contact groups of chickens was studied. Chickens 7, 21, and 63 days old were used in separate trials. Chicken age and virus strain were found to be important in spread of the virus. Strain V4 spread quickly to all contact groups and was classed as highly transmissible, whereas strain JA failed to infect all contact chickens of each age group, thus spreading less efficiently than strain V4. The viruses spread more readily among the 2 older groups. The significance of the transmissibility of Newcastle disease virus vaccine is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Transmissibility of Australian strains of Newcastle disease virus. The transmission of Newcastle disease virus strains from infected to direct-, indirect-, and aerosol-contact groups of chickens was studied. Chickens 7, 21, and 63 days old were used in separate trials. Chicken age and virus strain were found to be important in spread of the virus. Strain V4 spread quickly to all contact groups and was classed as highly transmissible, whereas strain JA failed to infect all contact chickens of each age group, thus spreading less efficiently than strain V4. The viruses spread more readily among the 2 older groups. The significance of the transmissibility of Newcastle disease virus vaccine is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 526198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2859", "title": "Newcastle disease virus--some properties of Australian strains.", "content": "Seventeen Australian strains of Newcastle disease virus were tested for their biological properties: mean death time, heat stability of the hemagglutinin and infectivity of the virus at 56 C, the elution time of virus from chicken erythrocytes, and the ability to hemagglutinate equine red blood cells. The strains differed considerably in their reactions. All had mean-death-time indices of 112 or greater, indicating that all were lentogenic. Strains were identified that had heat-labile and -stable hemagglutinin and infectivity, slow and fast elution, and variable ability to agglutinate equine erythrocytes. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of their usefulness in identifying exotic strains of the virus.", "contents": "Newcastle disease virus--some properties of Australian strains. Seventeen Australian strains of Newcastle disease virus were tested for their biological properties: mean death time, heat stability of the hemagglutinin and infectivity of the virus at 56 C, the elution time of virus from chicken erythrocytes, and the ability to hemagglutinate equine red blood cells. The strains differed considerably in their reactions. All had mean-death-time indices of 112 or greater, indicating that all were lentogenic. Strains were identified that had heat-labile and -stable hemagglutinin and infectivity, slow and fast elution, and variable ability to agglutinate equine erythrocytes. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of their usefulness in identifying exotic strains of the virus.", "PMID": 526199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2860", "title": "Spectral composition of the underwater environment and the refractive state of the eye.", "content": "Scientists and clinicians concerned with underwater vision have not considered the relationship between chromatic aberration, water color, and the refractive state of the eye. Recent research indicates that the red end of the visible spectrum is in focus when the eye is not accommodating. On this basis, and on the basis of the monochromatic nature of clear acquatic environments, it is suggested that divers may be myopic by as much as 1 D when underwater.", "contents": "Spectral composition of the underwater environment and the refractive state of the eye. Scientists and clinicians concerned with underwater vision have not considered the relationship between chromatic aberration, water color, and the refractive state of the eye. Recent research indicates that the red end of the visible spectrum is in focus when the eye is not accommodating. On this basis, and on the basis of the monochromatic nature of clear acquatic environments, it is suggested that divers may be myopic by as much as 1 D when underwater.", "PMID": 526211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2861", "title": "Immunization of White Pekin ducklings against Pasteurella anatipestifer infection.", "content": "Since Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) serotypes 1, 2, and 5 gave no significant protection against heterologous serotype challenge, a trivalent formalin-inactivated bacterin containing all these serotype cells was developed and tested in the laboratory. Two inoculations of bacterin in White Pekin ducklings at 10 and 17 days of age gave highly significant protection against challenge with virulent organisms. The protection lasted only 2 weeks after the second inoculation. A third bacterin inoculation given at 31 days or exposure to an active field infection during the period of protection extended protection to market age (7 wk). Aluminum-hydroxide-gel-adsorbed bacterin gave no better protection than bacterin without adjuvant. One inoculation of multiple oil-emulsion (MOE) bacterin gave absolute protection up to market age: unfortunately, it produced noticeable tissue reactions at the site of inoculation. Day-old ducklings were also responsive to PA bacterin, and developed significant immunity against experimental challenge.", "contents": "Immunization of White Pekin ducklings against Pasteurella anatipestifer infection. Since Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) serotypes 1, 2, and 5 gave no significant protection against heterologous serotype challenge, a trivalent formalin-inactivated bacterin containing all these serotype cells was developed and tested in the laboratory. Two inoculations of bacterin in White Pekin ducklings at 10 and 17 days of age gave highly significant protection against challenge with virulent organisms. The protection lasted only 2 weeks after the second inoculation. A third bacterin inoculation given at 31 days or exposure to an active field infection during the period of protection extended protection to market age (7 wk). Aluminum-hydroxide-gel-adsorbed bacterin gave no better protection than bacterin without adjuvant. One inoculation of multiple oil-emulsion (MOE) bacterin gave absolute protection up to market age: unfortunately, it produced noticeable tissue reactions at the site of inoculation. Day-old ducklings were also responsive to PA bacterin, and developed significant immunity against experimental challenge.", "PMID": 526203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2862", "title": "A modeling approach to the assessment of smooth pursuit eye movement.", "content": "We have proposed a quasilinear model of the oculomotor system in the performance of a smooth pursuit tracking task. Model parameters (gain, phase, and spectral purity) have been measured for 21 normal subjects at stimulus frequencies of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 Hz. The normal oculomotor system was found to be quite linear when tracking at the three lowest frequencies, with up to 95% of the output power being linearly correlated with the input stimulus. Data from patients with known pathology are presented to demonstrate model parameter sensitivity to oculomotor dysfunction.", "contents": "A modeling approach to the assessment of smooth pursuit eye movement. We have proposed a quasilinear model of the oculomotor system in the performance of a smooth pursuit tracking task. Model parameters (gain, phase, and spectral purity) have been measured for 21 normal subjects at stimulus frequencies of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 Hz. The normal oculomotor system was found to be quite linear when tracking at the three lowest frequencies, with up to 95% of the output power being linearly correlated with the input stimulus. Data from patients with known pathology are presented to demonstrate model parameter sensitivity to oculomotor dysfunction.", "PMID": 526212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2863", "title": "Cryptosporidia in the cloacal coprodeum of red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis).", "content": "Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in the cloacal coprodeum of two red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis). The parasites were adhered to the microvillus border of epithelial cells and their presence was associated with loss and atrophy of microvilli. Merozoites, trophozoites, gametes, and oocytes were identified with light and transmission electron microscopy. The coprodeal epithelium was hyperplastic and the lamina propria was infiltrated with moderate numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cryptosporidia in the cloacal coprodeum of red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis). Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in the cloacal coprodeum of two red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis). The parasites were adhered to the microvillus border of epithelial cells and their presence was associated with loss and atrophy of microvilli. Merozoites, trophozoites, gametes, and oocytes were identified with light and transmission electron microscopy. The coprodeal epithelium was hyperplastic and the lamina propria was infiltrated with moderate numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes.", "PMID": 526202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2864", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in conscious miniature swine during high sustained +Gz acceleration stress.", "content": "The two major factors limiting performance during high +Gz acceleration stress are loss of vision, and loss of consciousness. These symptoms are believed to occur as a result of insufficient blood flow to the retina and brain. This study was conducted to determine the effects of +Gz stress on regional cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 22 conscious, female, miniature swine with the radio-labeled microsphere technique. Acceleration exposures consisted of 60-S plateaus at +3Gz, +5Gz or +7Gz. Microsphere infusions were made before, during, 1.0-6.0 min after, and 10 min after +Gz. Blood flow to the retina was significantly decreased during exposure to +5Gz and ceased during exposure to +7Gz stress. Mean, resting control CBF was 34 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g. Exposure to +3Gz and +5Gz had no significant effect on CBF. Exposure to +7Gz appeared to cause a redistribution of CBF, with blood flow to the brain stem being preserved and flow to the cerebrum being diminished.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in conscious miniature swine during high sustained +Gz acceleration stress. The two major factors limiting performance during high +Gz acceleration stress are loss of vision, and loss of consciousness. These symptoms are believed to occur as a result of insufficient blood flow to the retina and brain. This study was conducted to determine the effects of +Gz stress on regional cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 22 conscious, female, miniature swine with the radio-labeled microsphere technique. Acceleration exposures consisted of 60-S plateaus at +3Gz, +5Gz or +7Gz. Microsphere infusions were made before, during, 1.0-6.0 min after, and 10 min after +Gz. Blood flow to the retina was significantly decreased during exposure to +5Gz and ceased during exposure to +7Gz stress. Mean, resting control CBF was 34 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g. Exposure to +3Gz and +5Gz had no significant effect on CBF. Exposure to +7Gz appeared to cause a redistribution of CBF, with blood flow to the brain stem being preserved and flow to the cerebrum being diminished.", "PMID": 526213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2865", "title": "Fowl cholera: cross-protection induced by Pasteurella multocida separated from infected turkey blood.", "content": "Crude liver homogenates from turkeys that died of fowl cholera produced by serotype 1 or 3 Pasteurella multocida induced cross-protection. Pasteurella multocida harvested from the blood of infected turkeys by a centrifugal technique were as immunogenic as the liver homogenates. Neither bacterial cell-free blood plasma nor washed P. multocida from infected turkeys induced significant cross-protection. Blood plasma containing P. multocida induced significant cross-protection. Pasteurella multocida grown in the turkey underwent bacteriolysis after thawing from a frozen state. Filtered lysates did not induce cross-protection when used as vaccines whereas unfiltered lysates did. Membrane filters impeded passage of immunogenic material.", "contents": "Fowl cholera: cross-protection induced by Pasteurella multocida separated from infected turkey blood. Crude liver homogenates from turkeys that died of fowl cholera produced by serotype 1 or 3 Pasteurella multocida induced cross-protection. Pasteurella multocida harvested from the blood of infected turkeys by a centrifugal technique were as immunogenic as the liver homogenates. Neither bacterial cell-free blood plasma nor washed P. multocida from infected turkeys induced significant cross-protection. Blood plasma containing P. multocida induced significant cross-protection. Pasteurella multocida grown in the turkey underwent bacteriolysis after thawing from a frozen state. Filtered lysates did not induce cross-protection when used as vaccines whereas unfiltered lysates did. Membrane filters impeded passage of immunogenic material.", "PMID": 526205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2866", "title": "Responses of domestic fowl to repeated +Gz acceleration.", "content": "The responses of domestic fowl to repeated exposures of 4 min to +6Gz (8 times daily, 5 d weekly) are reported. Survivorship curves for the test group of 48 birds divided into three response categories: mode I, highly susceptible, with all individuals dying on the first day; mode II, more tolerant, with mortality occurring within the first 20 d of treatment; and mode III, highly tolerant, with mortality occurring only after 20 d of treatment. Observations of lymphocyte frequency, an index of systemic stress, and postmortem observations indicate that this heterogeniety has a biological basis.", "contents": "Responses of domestic fowl to repeated +Gz acceleration. The responses of domestic fowl to repeated exposures of 4 min to +6Gz (8 times daily, 5 d weekly) are reported. Survivorship curves for the test group of 48 birds divided into three response categories: mode I, highly susceptible, with all individuals dying on the first day; mode II, more tolerant, with mortality occurring within the first 20 d of treatment; and mode III, highly tolerant, with mortality occurring only after 20 d of treatment. Observations of lymphocyte frequency, an index of systemic stress, and postmortem observations indicate that this heterogeniety has a biological basis.", "PMID": 526214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2867", "title": "The 24 hour cycle and nocturnal depression of human cardiac output.", "content": "The NASA-developed version of the impedance plethysmographic method for the determination of left ventricular stroke volume was applied to the investigation of daily variation of cardiovascular function. Hourly determinations of cardiac output and arterial pressure (auscultation) were obtained from two male subjects over the course of a 48-h period in the laboratory. Cardiac output displayed a strong 24-h cycle of nearly 1 1/min, peak-to-peak, cresting in the late evening hours. Nocturnal sleep was associated with a reduction of cardiac output characterized by a minimum in the early morning hours. It was concluded that a nocturnal, 24-h cyclic depression of waking cardiac output is exacerbated during sleep periods, and mechanisms for this exacerbation were suggested.", "contents": "The 24 hour cycle and nocturnal depression of human cardiac output. The NASA-developed version of the impedance plethysmographic method for the determination of left ventricular stroke volume was applied to the investigation of daily variation of cardiovascular function. Hourly determinations of cardiac output and arterial pressure (auscultation) were obtained from two male subjects over the course of a 48-h period in the laboratory. Cardiac output displayed a strong 24-h cycle of nearly 1 1/min, peak-to-peak, cresting in the late evening hours. Nocturnal sleep was associated with a reduction of cardiac output characterized by a minimum in the early morning hours. It was concluded that a nocturnal, 24-h cyclic depression of waking cardiac output is exacerbated during sleep periods, and mechanisms for this exacerbation were suggested.", "PMID": 526215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2868", "title": "Systolic time intervals and other cardiovascular changes following leg elevation.", "content": "Cardiovascular responses were noninvasively monitored as the legs of 16 supine human subjects were passively elevated to increase return of blood to the heart. Forearm vasodilation occurred promptly as previously observed by Roddie and Shepard (7). Arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. Ventricular performance, monitored by systolic-time-interval analysis, was enhanced after a delay of approximately 6 s, an effect which lasted throughout the 40-s leg-elevation period. All affected variables returned to control levels after the legs were lowered. This delayed response could result reflexly from stimulation of receptors in the left atrial region causing an increase in sympathetically mediated contractility or directly from the Frank-Starling mechanism in response to increased left ventricular filling.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals and other cardiovascular changes following leg elevation. Cardiovascular responses were noninvasively monitored as the legs of 16 supine human subjects were passively elevated to increase return of blood to the heart. Forearm vasodilation occurred promptly as previously observed by Roddie and Shepard (7). Arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. Ventricular performance, monitored by systolic-time-interval analysis, was enhanced after a delay of approximately 6 s, an effect which lasted throughout the 40-s leg-elevation period. All affected variables returned to control levels after the legs were lowered. This delayed response could result reflexly from stimulation of receptors in the left atrial region causing an increase in sympathetically mediated contractility or directly from the Frank-Starling mechanism in response to increased left ventricular filling.", "PMID": 526216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2869", "title": "Insecticide poisoning of peafowls and lead poisoning in a cockatoo.", "content": "The deaths of peafowls and a cockatoo were respectively traced to insecticide and lead toxicities. The specific insecticide could not be identified but was demonstrated in the liver by use of fruit flies. The liver of the cockatoo contained 7.1 ppm of lead. The source was presumably a plastic feeder painted with a leaded paint.", "contents": "Insecticide poisoning of peafowls and lead poisoning in a cockatoo. The deaths of peafowls and a cockatoo were respectively traced to insecticide and lead toxicities. The specific insecticide could not be identified but was demonstrated in the liver by use of fruit flies. The liver of the cockatoo contained 7.1 ppm of lead. The source was presumably a plastic feeder painted with a leaded paint.", "PMID": 526207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2870", "title": "A micromethod for plasma uric acid determinations in companion birds.", "content": "A simple inexpensive method is described for determining plasma uric acid levels in companion birds. Plasma uric acid concentrations in 33 healthy parakeets were determined by a modification of the uricase spectrophotometric procedure utilizing 50 microliters of plasma. The mean uric acid level in parakeets was 5.60 mg/dl blood plasma, with no significant difference between males and females. In White Leghorn chickens, however, the mean level of uric acid in plasma was 7.19 mg/dl in males and 3.05 mg/dl in females. This method may be useful for the diagnosis and study of gout in small birds.", "contents": "A micromethod for plasma uric acid determinations in companion birds. A simple inexpensive method is described for determining plasma uric acid levels in companion birds. Plasma uric acid concentrations in 33 healthy parakeets were determined by a modification of the uricase spectrophotometric procedure utilizing 50 microliters of plasma. The mean uric acid level in parakeets was 5.60 mg/dl blood plasma, with no significant difference between males and females. In White Leghorn chickens, however, the mean level of uric acid in plasma was 7.19 mg/dl in males and 3.05 mg/dl in females. This method may be useful for the diagnosis and study of gout in small birds.", "PMID": 526210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2871", "title": "Noise dosimeter measurements in the Air Force.", "content": "Personal noise dosimeter monitoring devices, operating on the Air Force rule of 4 dB per doubling time and 84 dB(A) criterion level, have been used for the past year in determining the occupational noise exposures of Air Force personnel working in hazardously noisy jobs. The research conducted by the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory has resulted to date in 418 8-h occupational noise exposure measurements being collected on 120 different individuals. The 8-h occupational noise levels ranged from 66-111 dB(A) with the median level at 84.5 dB(A). In addition, noise dosimeters have been used at Air Force bases across the country in an experimental effort to see how well their use would fit in with existing Air Force hearing conservation programs. A total of 567 noise data measurements have been received from various bases. The base response data noise exposures ranged from 60-101 dB(A) with a median level of 80.1 dB(A). Along with the 8-h occupational noise exposure study, 16 individuals wore an equal energy noise dosimeter for 24-h or more to determine their nonoccupational noise exposure. A total of 73 separate 24-h measurements were taken. The median daily A-weighted average sound level was 77 dB(A). This is only 2 dB higher than the median of 75 dB(A) found for the typical American by previous studies. Some of the merits of noise dosimeters, as well as some of the problems involved in setting up ongoing noise monitoring programs, are discussed.", "contents": "Noise dosimeter measurements in the Air Force. Personal noise dosimeter monitoring devices, operating on the Air Force rule of 4 dB per doubling time and 84 dB(A) criterion level, have been used for the past year in determining the occupational noise exposures of Air Force personnel working in hazardously noisy jobs. The research conducted by the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory has resulted to date in 418 8-h occupational noise exposure measurements being collected on 120 different individuals. The 8-h occupational noise levels ranged from 66-111 dB(A) with the median level at 84.5 dB(A). In addition, noise dosimeters have been used at Air Force bases across the country in an experimental effort to see how well their use would fit in with existing Air Force hearing conservation programs. A total of 567 noise data measurements have been received from various bases. The base response data noise exposures ranged from 60-101 dB(A) with a median level of 80.1 dB(A). Along with the 8-h occupational noise exposure study, 16 individuals wore an equal energy noise dosimeter for 24-h or more to determine their nonoccupational noise exposure. A total of 73 separate 24-h measurements were taken. The median daily A-weighted average sound level was 77 dB(A). This is only 2 dB higher than the median of 75 dB(A) found for the typical American by previous studies. Some of the merits of noise dosimeters, as well as some of the problems involved in setting up ongoing noise monitoring programs, are discussed.", "PMID": 526217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2872", "title": "Effects of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine on visual performance.", "content": "The effects of q.i.d. administration of 60 mg pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) tablets or pseudoephedrine-triprolidine (Actifed) tablets after 5 d of medication were measured on tests of night vision, color perception, stereopsis, and reaction time. Neither drug appeared to impair performance.", "contents": "Effects of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine on visual performance. The effects of q.i.d. administration of 60 mg pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) tablets or pseudoephedrine-triprolidine (Actifed) tablets after 5 d of medication were measured on tests of night vision, color perception, stereopsis, and reaction time. Neither drug appeared to impair performance.", "PMID": 526218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2873", "title": "Inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens in Iraq.", "content": "Eighteen outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were identified in broiler chickens in Baghdad in 1977 and 1978. The disease was seen mainly in 4-to-6-week-old broiler chickens. The mortality rate did not exceed 1% in any outbreak investigated. The most common gross findings were stellate or punctiform hemorrhagic areas in markedly fatty livers. Noticed in many cases were enlarged and pale kidneys, hemorrhagic lesions in the skeletal muscles, and pale fattened bone marrow. Histological examination of tissues revealed fat droplets and intranuclear inclusion bodies in degenerated liver cells. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in all cases. Only five cases had basophilic inclusions along with the eosinophilic ones. The etiologic agent was isolated on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 12-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The disease was produced experimentally in 4-week-old chicks using infected CAM suspension.", "contents": "Inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens in Iraq. Eighteen outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were identified in broiler chickens in Baghdad in 1977 and 1978. The disease was seen mainly in 4-to-6-week-old broiler chickens. The mortality rate did not exceed 1% in any outbreak investigated. The most common gross findings were stellate or punctiform hemorrhagic areas in markedly fatty livers. Noticed in many cases were enlarged and pale kidneys, hemorrhagic lesions in the skeletal muscles, and pale fattened bone marrow. Histological examination of tissues revealed fat droplets and intranuclear inclusion bodies in degenerated liver cells. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in all cases. Only five cases had basophilic inclusions along with the eosinophilic ones. The etiologic agent was isolated on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 12-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The disease was produced experimentally in 4-week-old chicks using infected CAM suspension.", "PMID": 526208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2874", "title": "Survey on eye comfort in aircraft: II. Use of ophthalmic solutions.", "content": "Flight attendants frequently use ophthalmic solutions (eye-drops) to relieve their eye discomfort while working in the aircraft. The purpose of this paper is to present some insight concerning the use of ophthalmic solutions by flight attendants. This paper follows Part I, a survey that evaluated some of the environmental conditions in the aircraft that influenced eye comfort. A questionnaire was developed in conjunction with the Air Safety Department of the Association of Flight Attendants. The common eye problem characterized by conjunctival redness and eye irritation occurred with 95% of the 774 respondents. Furthermore, 60% of these respondents indicated that they have used eyedrops while in flight. The majority of the respondents were using an ocular decongestant; however, this author suggests that the use of artificial tears would be more effective in relieving eye discomfort in the aircraft.", "contents": "Survey on eye comfort in aircraft: II. Use of ophthalmic solutions. Flight attendants frequently use ophthalmic solutions (eye-drops) to relieve their eye discomfort while working in the aircraft. The purpose of this paper is to present some insight concerning the use of ophthalmic solutions by flight attendants. This paper follows Part I, a survey that evaluated some of the environmental conditions in the aircraft that influenced eye comfort. A questionnaire was developed in conjunction with the Air Safety Department of the Association of Flight Attendants. The common eye problem characterized by conjunctival redness and eye irritation occurred with 95% of the 774 respondents. Furthermore, 60% of these respondents indicated that they have used eyedrops while in flight. The majority of the respondents were using an ocular decongestant; however, this author suggests that the use of artificial tears would be more effective in relieving eye discomfort in the aircraft.", "PMID": 526219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2875", "title": "Sickle cell trait and the aviator.", "content": "Sickle cell trait (SCT) for years has been a controversial disorder within the aerospace medicine community. Some authorities consider SCT to be an entirely benign condition without particular significance, at least to moderate altitudes. Others are in disagreement and consider it a serious enough threat that flying duties should be precluded for all individuals with this disorder. These issues are addressed by reviewing SCT, its relationship to altitude, and its risk to aviation. The author concludes that flying organizations must establish their own policy on flying status for individuals with SCT based upon mission peculiarities and the assessment of risk inherent in that mission.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait and the aviator. Sickle cell trait (SCT) for years has been a controversial disorder within the aerospace medicine community. Some authorities consider SCT to be an entirely benign condition without particular significance, at least to moderate altitudes. Others are in disagreement and consider it a serious enough threat that flying duties should be precluded for all individuals with this disorder. These issues are addressed by reviewing SCT, its relationship to altitude, and its risk to aviation. The author concludes that flying organizations must establish their own policy on flying status for individuals with SCT based upon mission peculiarities and the assessment of risk inherent in that mission.", "PMID": 526220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2876", "title": "Acanthocephalan parasitism in the Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana).", "content": "Acanthocephalan parasites of the species Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) formosus Van Cleave, 1918, were recovered from the intestinal tracts of two male and two female wild Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana). Parasitism by P. formosus was considered to be a contributory cause of death of these breeding adult bluebirds. This is the first reported recovery of acanthocephalan parasites from Western Bluebirds.", "contents": "Acanthocephalan parasitism in the Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana). Acanthocephalan parasites of the species Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) formosus Van Cleave, 1918, were recovered from the intestinal tracts of two male and two female wild Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana). Parasitism by P. formosus was considered to be a contributory cause of death of these breeding adult bluebirds. This is the first reported recovery of acanthocephalan parasites from Western Bluebirds.", "PMID": 526209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2877", "title": "Student pilots referred to the neuropsychiatry branch, USAFSAM 1968-78: implications for selection.", "content": "The case records of 76 student aviators referred to the Neuropsychiatry Branch of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine during the period 1968-78 are reviewed. Demographic and diagnostic data are provided including source of recruitment, age, marital status, aircraft flown, flying hours, and diagnostic categories. Psychophysiological categories are particularly scrutinized and cameo case histories provided. Implications for pilot selection are discussed.", "contents": "Student pilots referred to the neuropsychiatry branch, USAFSAM 1968-78: implications for selection. The case records of 76 student aviators referred to the Neuropsychiatry Branch of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine during the period 1968-78 are reviewed. Demographic and diagnostic data are provided including source of recruitment, age, marital status, aircraft flown, flying hours, and diagnostic categories. Psychophysiological categories are particularly scrutinized and cameo case histories provided. Implications for pilot selection are discussed.", "PMID": 526221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2878", "title": "Origin of flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces.", "content": "The years of World War II mark the first extensive use of flight nurses in the United States military. These select flight nurses in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, set the precedent for a unique field of nursing which has continued to the present day. This historical study traces the origin of flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces from 1937, when the need for specially designated flight nurses could not be justified, until 1942, when flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces became a reality.", "contents": "Origin of flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces. The years of World War II mark the first extensive use of flight nurses in the United States military. These select flight nurses in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, set the precedent for a unique field of nursing which has continued to the present day. This historical study traces the origin of flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces from 1937, when the need for specially designated flight nurses could not be justified, until 1942, when flight nursing in the United States Army Air Forces became a reality.", "PMID": 526222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2879", "title": "Physician-nurse collaboration: a nurse's perspective.", "content": "An epidemiologic follow-up study of aircrewmen with asymptomatic exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia was recently conducted by a physician-nurse team at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Using a general systems framework, this paper presents the nurse's perspective of the collaborative effort. Several system elements--such as input, throughout, output, cycles and feedback--are used to analyze the process of physician-nurse interaction during the course of the collaboration.", "contents": "Physician-nurse collaboration: a nurse's perspective. An epidemiologic follow-up study of aircrewmen with asymptomatic exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia was recently conducted by a physician-nurse team at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Using a general systems framework, this paper presents the nurse's perspective of the collaborative effort. Several system elements--such as input, throughout, output, cycles and feedback--are used to analyze the process of physician-nurse interaction during the course of the collaboration.", "PMID": 526223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2880", "title": "Lower body negative pressure box for +Gz simulation in the upright seated position.", "content": "The cost of purchasing and operating a human centrifuge is substantial. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is considered an acceptable experimental substitute for the +Gz stress of the centrifuge. Since civil aviation pilots are usually subjected to +Gz stress in an upright seated position, an upright seated version of the supine LBNP box was developed. In this version, a negative pressure of -40 torr is considered the equivalent of a 2 +Gz stress. This box has successfully withstood a test pressure of -120 torr. Pedal ergometry within the box is easily accomplished. The box was anthropometrically engineered to accommodate a human height range of 160-195 cm. Locating the box within an altitude chamber allows the application of LBNP at any level of chamber altitude. The total cost of fabrication is approximately $500.", "contents": "Lower body negative pressure box for +Gz simulation in the upright seated position. The cost of purchasing and operating a human centrifuge is substantial. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is considered an acceptable experimental substitute for the +Gz stress of the centrifuge. Since civil aviation pilots are usually subjected to +Gz stress in an upright seated position, an upright seated version of the supine LBNP box was developed. In this version, a negative pressure of -40 torr is considered the equivalent of a 2 +Gz stress. This box has successfully withstood a test pressure of -120 torr. Pedal ergometry within the box is easily accomplished. The box was anthropometrically engineered to accommodate a human height range of 160-195 cm. Locating the box within an altitude chamber allows the application of LBNP at any level of chamber altitude. The total cost of fabrication is approximately $500.", "PMID": 526224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2881", "title": "Effect of carotid pressoreceptor stimulation on integrated systemic venous bed.", "content": "In 9 mongrel dogs, venous return was completely drained from the caval veins to an oxygenator and returned to the femoral arteries with a roller pump. Perfusion rate of systemic circulation and blood pressures in both caval veins were kept constant. Changes in the oxygenator weight were recorded and reflected reciprocal changes in integrated systemic venous blood volume. The vagal nerves were dissected. The carotid sinuses were separately perfused with blood by means of a pump. In 25 experiments, increases in carotid sinus pressure of 15 to 74 mm Hg resulted in decreases in systemic arterial pressure of 10 to 57 mm Hg and increases in systemic venous blood volume of 1.1 to 4.7 ml/kg. On an average, systemic venous blood volume was changed by 1.25 +/- 0.08 ml/kg when the change in systemic arterial pressure was 10 mm Hg. It is concluded that the carotid sinus pressoreceptor reflex considerably alters the systemic venous capacity which in tern alters venous return and cardiac output. These changes in cardiac output are expected to be small, but sufficient to alter the arterial pressure considerably. Thus, they might contribute nearly as much as the reflex effect on total peripheral resistance to the reflex control of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Effect of carotid pressoreceptor stimulation on integrated systemic venous bed. In 9 mongrel dogs, venous return was completely drained from the caval veins to an oxygenator and returned to the femoral arteries with a roller pump. Perfusion rate of systemic circulation and blood pressures in both caval veins were kept constant. Changes in the oxygenator weight were recorded and reflected reciprocal changes in integrated systemic venous blood volume. The vagal nerves were dissected. The carotid sinuses were separately perfused with blood by means of a pump. In 25 experiments, increases in carotid sinus pressure of 15 to 74 mm Hg resulted in decreases in systemic arterial pressure of 10 to 57 mm Hg and increases in systemic venous blood volume of 1.1 to 4.7 ml/kg. On an average, systemic venous blood volume was changed by 1.25 +/- 0.08 ml/kg when the change in systemic arterial pressure was 10 mm Hg. It is concluded that the carotid sinus pressoreceptor reflex considerably alters the systemic venous capacity which in tern alters venous return and cardiac output. These changes in cardiac output are expected to be small, but sufficient to alter the arterial pressure considerably. Thus, they might contribute nearly as much as the reflex effect on total peripheral resistance to the reflex control of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 526254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2882", "title": "Myocardial substrate utilization and hemodynamics following repeated coronary flow reduction in pigs.", "content": "The effect of repeated local ischemia and reperfusion on myocardial metabolism and ventricular performance was studied in 12 open-chested pigs fasted overnight. Myocardial ischemia was induced by reduction of the flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery to 40% of control during 30 min. After 35 min of reperfusion a second 30-min occlusion period was started, again followed by a 35-min reperfusion period. At the end of both reperfusion periods coronary flow and coronary resistance had returned to control values. During control there was lactate uptake, but no significant uptake of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerdies, glycerol and inosine. During the first occlusion period the heart released lactate and inosine, and used glucose and FFA. At the end of the first reperfusion period lactate uptake approached control values, but inosine was still released by 10 of the 12 animals. In the second ischemic period, glucose and FFA were again taken up. Lactate and inosine were released, but the production was much smaller than during the first occlusion period. Depletion of myocardial glycogen and high-energy phosphates could be responsible for this quantitatively different response. Necrosis may have played a role, although enzyme release was minimal and only observed after the second occlusion period. Heart rate, peripheral resistance and ventricular filling pressure were virtually unchanged throughout the course of the experiments. Maximum rate of fall of left ventricular pressure (min LVdP/dt) decreased during ischemia and did not recover during reperfusion. Changes in min LVdP/dt and cardiac output were more closely related than changes in max LVdP/dt and cardiac output. This model cannot be used for the study of interventions during myocardial ischemia in which the animal serves as its own control.", "contents": "Myocardial substrate utilization and hemodynamics following repeated coronary flow reduction in pigs. The effect of repeated local ischemia and reperfusion on myocardial metabolism and ventricular performance was studied in 12 open-chested pigs fasted overnight. Myocardial ischemia was induced by reduction of the flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery to 40% of control during 30 min. After 35 min of reperfusion a second 30-min occlusion period was started, again followed by a 35-min reperfusion period. At the end of both reperfusion periods coronary flow and coronary resistance had returned to control values. During control there was lactate uptake, but no significant uptake of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerdies, glycerol and inosine. During the first occlusion period the heart released lactate and inosine, and used glucose and FFA. At the end of the first reperfusion period lactate uptake approached control values, but inosine was still released by 10 of the 12 animals. In the second ischemic period, glucose and FFA were again taken up. Lactate and inosine were released, but the production was much smaller than during the first occlusion period. Depletion of myocardial glycogen and high-energy phosphates could be responsible for this quantitatively different response. Necrosis may have played a role, although enzyme release was minimal and only observed after the second occlusion period. Heart rate, peripheral resistance and ventricular filling pressure were virtually unchanged throughout the course of the experiments. Maximum rate of fall of left ventricular pressure (min LVdP/dt) decreased during ischemia and did not recover during reperfusion. Changes in min LVdP/dt and cardiac output were more closely related than changes in max LVdP/dt and cardiac output. This model cannot be used for the study of interventions during myocardial ischemia in which the animal serves as its own control.", "PMID": 526255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2883", "title": "Degree of granulation of atrial cardiocytes: its decrease after aorto-caval fistula in the rat.", "content": "The experimental creation of an aorto-caval fistula in the rat leads to a decrease of the degree of granulation of atrial cardiocytes. This decrease is significant for granules distal to the nucleus and not for paranuclear granules. This partial degranulation reinforces the hypothesis according to which atrial cardiocytes participate in some sensitivity to local changes in blood pressure and flow.", "contents": "Degree of granulation of atrial cardiocytes: its decrease after aorto-caval fistula in the rat. The experimental creation of an aorto-caval fistula in the rat leads to a decrease of the degree of granulation of atrial cardiocytes. This decrease is significant for granules distal to the nucleus and not for paranuclear granules. This partial degranulation reinforces the hypothesis according to which atrial cardiocytes participate in some sensitivity to local changes in blood pressure and flow.", "PMID": 526257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2884", "title": "Transmural perfusion gradients distal to various degrees of coronary artery stenosis during resting flow or at maximal vasodilation.", "content": "Regional myocardial perfusion (assessed by 15 mu tracer microspheres) was determined at various levels of stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery in anesthetized dogs. Measurements during control and at three levels of stenosis produced by a micrometer-driven mechanical occluder were made in each heart. No change was found in the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow until 93% stenosis. At levels above 93% stenosis there was a linear decrease in subendocardial perfusion with only minor changes in subepicardial perfusion. During maximal vasodilation produced by reactive hyperemia, the decrease in subendocardial flow was observed at levels greater than 60% stenosis. It is concluded that the subendocardium of the left ventricle has a large vasodilator reserve and severe stenoses are required to disrupt flow when autoregulation is intact. When autoregulation is abolished, reduction in subendocardial flow occurs at lesser degrees of stenosis.", "contents": "Transmural perfusion gradients distal to various degrees of coronary artery stenosis during resting flow or at maximal vasodilation. Regional myocardial perfusion (assessed by 15 mu tracer microspheres) was determined at various levels of stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery in anesthetized dogs. Measurements during control and at three levels of stenosis produced by a micrometer-driven mechanical occluder were made in each heart. No change was found in the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow until 93% stenosis. At levels above 93% stenosis there was a linear decrease in subendocardial perfusion with only minor changes in subepicardial perfusion. During maximal vasodilation produced by reactive hyperemia, the decrease in subendocardial flow was observed at levels greater than 60% stenosis. It is concluded that the subendocardium of the left ventricle has a large vasodilator reserve and severe stenoses are required to disrupt flow when autoregulation is intact. When autoregulation is abolished, reduction in subendocardial flow occurs at lesser degrees of stenosis.", "PMID": 526256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2885", "title": "Influence of verapamil on cellular integrity and electrolyte concentrations of ischemic myocardial tissue in the cat.", "content": "Verapamil, at a dose of 1 mg/kg, was given intravenously to anesthetized cats one hour after coronary artery occlusion. Verapamil significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure, but produced an increase in heart rate, partially offsetting the reduction in myocardial oxygen demand resulting from the reduction in pressure. Verapamil failed to prevent the elevations in the S-T segment of the electrocardiogram observed in cats subjected to myocardial ischemia (MI) and given only the vehicle for verapamil (i.e., 0.9% NaCl). Moreover, verapamil also did not prevent the accumulation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in the circulating blood after MI. Nevertheless, verapamil significantly prevented the loss in CPK and in amino-nitrogen observed in the ischemic region of the myocardium, indicating some protective effect on myocardial integrity. The major effects of verapamil on electrolyte content of ischemic myocardial tissue were a decrease in sodium and an increase in potassium. However, calcium gain by the heart was not prevented by verapamil. Verapamil, therefore, exerts a partial degree of protection of the ischemic myocardium but exerts some other effects which do not help prevent the spread of ischemic damage in the myocardium.", "contents": "Influence of verapamil on cellular integrity and electrolyte concentrations of ischemic myocardial tissue in the cat. Verapamil, at a dose of 1 mg/kg, was given intravenously to anesthetized cats one hour after coronary artery occlusion. Verapamil significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure, but produced an increase in heart rate, partially offsetting the reduction in myocardial oxygen demand resulting from the reduction in pressure. Verapamil failed to prevent the elevations in the S-T segment of the electrocardiogram observed in cats subjected to myocardial ischemia (MI) and given only the vehicle for verapamil (i.e., 0.9% NaCl). Moreover, verapamil also did not prevent the accumulation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in the circulating blood after MI. Nevertheless, verapamil significantly prevented the loss in CPK and in amino-nitrogen observed in the ischemic region of the myocardium, indicating some protective effect on myocardial integrity. The major effects of verapamil on electrolyte content of ischemic myocardial tissue were a decrease in sodium and an increase in potassium. However, calcium gain by the heart was not prevented by verapamil. Verapamil, therefore, exerts a partial degree of protection of the ischemic myocardium but exerts some other effects which do not help prevent the spread of ischemic damage in the myocardium.", "PMID": 526260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2886", "title": "The mechanical properties of exposed human common carotid arteries in vivo.", "content": "In exposed common carotid arteries of 15 patients (36-74 years) undergoing neck surgery, the intra-arterial pressure (P) was recorded by means of a catheter-tip manometer and, at the same site, the external diameter (D) by means of a contact-free photoelectric device. On the average, the pulsatile diameter changes were 5.6% of the end-diastolic diameter at pulse pressures of about 50 mm Hg. Due to viscoelasticity, the P-D diagrams exhibited hysteresis loops. Using the criterion of loop elimination, an iterative procedure was applied which permitted, by the use of an appropriate computer program, the separation of the purely elastic and the purely viscous components of the P-D relationships. In all cases, the purely elastic P-D curves markedly deviated from linearity. The tangential elastic modulus (Et) and the pulse wave velocity (c) calculated from these curves were normalized by dividing these quantities by the respective end-diastolic values and plotted against the normalized external diameters. During each pulse cycle, Et increased, with increasing diameter, by a factor between 1.2 and 3.5, while c increased by a factor between 1.1 and 1.9 with reference to the respective end-diastolic values.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of exposed human common carotid arteries in vivo. In exposed common carotid arteries of 15 patients (36-74 years) undergoing neck surgery, the intra-arterial pressure (P) was recorded by means of a catheter-tip manometer and, at the same site, the external diameter (D) by means of a contact-free photoelectric device. On the average, the pulsatile diameter changes were 5.6% of the end-diastolic diameter at pulse pressures of about 50 mm Hg. Due to viscoelasticity, the P-D diagrams exhibited hysteresis loops. Using the criterion of loop elimination, an iterative procedure was applied which permitted, by the use of an appropriate computer program, the separation of the purely elastic and the purely viscous components of the P-D relationships. In all cases, the purely elastic P-D curves markedly deviated from linearity. The tangential elastic modulus (Et) and the pulse wave velocity (c) calculated from these curves were normalized by dividing these quantities by the respective end-diastolic values and plotted against the normalized external diameters. During each pulse cycle, Et increased, with increasing diameter, by a factor between 1.2 and 3.5, while c increased by a factor between 1.1 and 1.9 with reference to the respective end-diastolic values.", "PMID": 526259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2887", "title": "Relationship between epicardial and intramyocardial ST-segment voltage and myocardial blood flow during graded coronary constriction in the dog.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between electrographic ST-elevation and regional myocardial blood flow during graded coronary constriction. Electrograms from the epicardial surface, outer and inner layers of the myocardium were recorded. Regional blood flow to the outer and inner layers of the myocardium was measured by means of a heat-clearance method. With the application of a coronary constriction, myocardial blood flow to the inner layer began to decrease with a 75% coronary constriction, while flow to the outer layer was maintained at near normal up to least an 80% coronary constriction. Non-linear squares curve of between ST-elevation and the decrease in myocardial flow resulted in y = 18.80 exp-0.06x - 0.02 in the outer layer and y = 9.22 exp-0.02x - 1.54 in the inner layer. Also the non-linear squares curve of between epicardial ST-elevation and the decrease in myocardial flow resulted in y = 50.91 exp-0.11 x + 0.04 in the inner layer and y = 10.29 exp-0.07 x + 0.03 in the outer layer. The standard deviations of the coefficients of the latter two equations were higher than those of the former two equations. The higher values indicated larger variations of the parameter coefficients and data points. These results clearly demonstrated that a regional intramyocardial electrogram more closely reflects local ischemia than does an epicardial electrogram.", "contents": "Relationship between epicardial and intramyocardial ST-segment voltage and myocardial blood flow during graded coronary constriction in the dog. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between electrographic ST-elevation and regional myocardial blood flow during graded coronary constriction. Electrograms from the epicardial surface, outer and inner layers of the myocardium were recorded. Regional blood flow to the outer and inner layers of the myocardium was measured by means of a heat-clearance method. With the application of a coronary constriction, myocardial blood flow to the inner layer began to decrease with a 75% coronary constriction, while flow to the outer layer was maintained at near normal up to least an 80% coronary constriction. Non-linear squares curve of between ST-elevation and the decrease in myocardial flow resulted in y = 18.80 exp-0.06x - 0.02 in the outer layer and y = 9.22 exp-0.02x - 1.54 in the inner layer. Also the non-linear squares curve of between epicardial ST-elevation and the decrease in myocardial flow resulted in y = 50.91 exp-0.11 x + 0.04 in the inner layer and y = 10.29 exp-0.07 x + 0.03 in the outer layer. The standard deviations of the coefficients of the latter two equations were higher than those of the former two equations. The higher values indicated larger variations of the parameter coefficients and data points. These results clearly demonstrated that a regional intramyocardial electrogram more closely reflects local ischemia than does an epicardial electrogram.", "PMID": 526258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2888", "title": "[Maternal hemoglobin level and fetal and neonatal prognosis].", "content": "Maternal and feto-neonatal pathology in pregnant women with Hb values less than 10 gr./100 ml. in the last ten weeks of pregnancy was estimated. WHO considers HB values (gr./100 ml.) a valid and sufficient parameter for a clinical classification of the different degrees of anaemia in pregnancy: the authors agree with this suggestion.", "contents": "[Maternal hemoglobin level and fetal and neonatal prognosis]. Maternal and feto-neonatal pathology in pregnant women with Hb values less than 10 gr./100 ml. in the last ten weeks of pregnancy was estimated. WHO considers HB values (gr./100 ml.) a valid and sufficient parameter for a clinical classification of the different degrees of anaemia in pregnancy: the authors agree with this suggestion.", "PMID": 526343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2889", "title": "[Surgical treatment of obliterating arteriopathies of the lower limbs in the aged].", "content": "The Authors review 86 cases, aged over 70, needing surgical treatment because of atherosclerotic obstructive disease of the lower limb, stage III-IV. 35 patients underwent thigh amputation with 14% mortality in the early post-operative period (30 days) and 32% in the late post-operative period, considered up to 6 months. For 38 patients who underwent a revascularisation procedure mortality resulted 8% in the 30 post-operative days and 10% at 6 months. Escluding the aorto-iliac reconstructions through a trans-peritoneal approach, the overall mortality is limited to 3,2%. A major amputation was avoided in 76% of patients who underwent a revascularisation. On the base of their results the Authors discuss the indications of direct surgery in treatment of advanced ischemic lesions in elderly patients concluding that a surgical correction should be always considered in the aim of avoiding or limiting the amputation. In these high-risk elderly patients the extra-peritoneal aorto-iliac reconstructive technique must be preferred together with extraanatomical femoro-femoral or axillo-femoral by-passes.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of obliterating arteriopathies of the lower limbs in the aged]. The Authors review 86 cases, aged over 70, needing surgical treatment because of atherosclerotic obstructive disease of the lower limb, stage III-IV. 35 patients underwent thigh amputation with 14% mortality in the early post-operative period (30 days) and 32% in the late post-operative period, considered up to 6 months. For 38 patients who underwent a revascularisation procedure mortality resulted 8% in the 30 post-operative days and 10% at 6 months. Escluding the aorto-iliac reconstructions through a trans-peritoneal approach, the overall mortality is limited to 3,2%. A major amputation was avoided in 76% of patients who underwent a revascularisation. On the base of their results the Authors discuss the indications of direct surgery in treatment of advanced ischemic lesions in elderly patients concluding that a surgical correction should be always considered in the aim of avoiding or limiting the amputation. In these high-risk elderly patients the extra-peritoneal aorto-iliac reconstructive technique must be preferred together with extraanatomical femoro-femoral or axillo-femoral by-passes.", "PMID": 526344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2890", "title": "[Hygroma of the posterior cranial fossa. Case report].", "content": "Posterior fossa hygroma is a rare entity. In a series of 553 cases of surgically treated traumatic subdural lesions, reported by Jamieson and Yelland, only 14 were in the posterior fossa; of these 7 were hygromas and 7 haematomas, giving an incidence of only 1,4% of all subdural haematomas. This report describes a case of a posterior fossa hygroma, that occurred in a 16-years-old boy, 4 days after an occipital head injury.", "contents": "[Hygroma of the posterior cranial fossa. Case report]. Posterior fossa hygroma is a rare entity. In a series of 553 cases of surgically treated traumatic subdural lesions, reported by Jamieson and Yelland, only 14 were in the posterior fossa; of these 7 were hygromas and 7 haematomas, giving an incidence of only 1,4% of all subdural haematomas. This report describes a case of a posterior fossa hygroma, that occurred in a 16-years-old boy, 4 days after an occipital head injury.", "PMID": 526345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2891", "title": "[Transduodenal papillosphincterotomy in treatment of biliary lithiasis].", "content": "The Authors report 180 cases of transdudenal papillosphincterotomy. Medium follow-up at 5 years revealed a complete recovery in 87 of 100 controlled patients. Nine cases revealed persistence of some degree of dyspepsia, while a second operation was necessary for the remaining patients to remove recurrent calculi in 2 cases and because of Oddi's stenosis in other two cases. A 4,4% mortality operative was observed, following postoperative pancreatitis in 1,1%, duodenal fistula or haemorrhage in 1,6%, and 1,6% from other causes. On the basis of their results the Authors conclude that transduodenal papillosphincterotomy is an effective procedure in treating complicated lithiasic biliary disease when respecting the reported indications.", "contents": "[Transduodenal papillosphincterotomy in treatment of biliary lithiasis]. The Authors report 180 cases of transdudenal papillosphincterotomy. Medium follow-up at 5 years revealed a complete recovery in 87 of 100 controlled patients. Nine cases revealed persistence of some degree of dyspepsia, while a second operation was necessary for the remaining patients to remove recurrent calculi in 2 cases and because of Oddi's stenosis in other two cases. A 4,4% mortality operative was observed, following postoperative pancreatitis in 1,1%, duodenal fistula or haemorrhage in 1,6%, and 1,6% from other causes. On the basis of their results the Authors conclude that transduodenal papillosphincterotomy is an effective procedure in treating complicated lithiasic biliary disease when respecting the reported indications.", "PMID": 526346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2892", "title": "[Cytosegregosomes in the kidney tubule cells in a case of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) caused by gentamycin].", "content": "The Authors describe one case of acute renal insufficiency in a patient treated with high doses of gentamicin over a period of three weeks. The documentation includes electron microscope observations of needle biopsy material revealing the presence of electron-dense masses (cytosegregosomes) in the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules, such as had previously been described only in animal experiments and human autopsy studies. The clinical course and favorable outcome of this case of gentamicin-induced renal failuse afford the opportunity for some interesting considerations concerning the kinetics and toxic proclivities of this aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "contents": "[Cytosegregosomes in the kidney tubule cells in a case of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) caused by gentamycin]. The Authors describe one case of acute renal insufficiency in a patient treated with high doses of gentamicin over a period of three weeks. The documentation includes electron microscope observations of needle biopsy material revealing the presence of electron-dense masses (cytosegregosomes) in the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules, such as had previously been described only in animal experiments and human autopsy studies. The clinical course and favorable outcome of this case of gentamicin-induced renal failuse afford the opportunity for some interesting considerations concerning the kinetics and toxic proclivities of this aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "PMID": 526347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2893", "title": "[Trigeminal neuralgia: interpretation of the results of the Dandy method of rhizotomy].", "content": "The patterns of sensory loss in 29 cases of Juxta pontine trigeminal rhizotomy are reported. The section of 70% of the portio major gave a similar impairment of tactile, thermal and pain sensibility in the facial area corresponding to the portio of the nerve section in all the patients. These findings do not support Jannetta and Rand's statement that partial to complete section of the porto major at the pons with complete preservation of the intermediate fibre does not affect the perception of light touch. The reported data suggest:  1--intermediate fibres are not mode specific fibres for light touch; 2--clear separation between thermoalgesic and tactile afferent rootlets does not exist in the trigeminal root; 3--saving the portio minor and the intermediate fibres ensures the preservation of perception of tactile, thermal and pain sensibility, thus avoiding postoperative painful anesthesia and keratitis.", "contents": "[Trigeminal neuralgia: interpretation of the results of the Dandy method of rhizotomy]. The patterns of sensory loss in 29 cases of Juxta pontine trigeminal rhizotomy are reported. The section of 70% of the portio major gave a similar impairment of tactile, thermal and pain sensibility in the facial area corresponding to the portio of the nerve section in all the patients. These findings do not support Jannetta and Rand's statement that partial to complete section of the porto major at the pons with complete preservation of the intermediate fibre does not affect the perception of light touch. The reported data suggest:  1--intermediate fibres are not mode specific fibres for light touch; 2--clear separation between thermoalgesic and tactile afferent rootlets does not exist in the trigeminal root; 3--saving the portio minor and the intermediate fibres ensures the preservation of perception of tactile, thermal and pain sensibility, thus avoiding postoperative painful anesthesia and keratitis.", "PMID": 526349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2894", "title": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula between the subclavian artery and vein. (Discussion of a surgically treated case) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report a case of a congenital arteriovenous fistula between the subclavian artery and vein in a 42 years-old woman. The clinical examinations are discussed for the exact classification and the topographic localisation. The surgical treatment (extirpation of the fistula) is necessary especially because arteriovenous fistulas have a tendency to progress, which may lead to severe cardiac insufficiency, aneurismatic dilatations and risks of endocarditis.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula between the subclavian artery and vein. (Discussion of a surgically treated case) (author's transl)]. The Authors report a case of a congenital arteriovenous fistula between the subclavian artery and vein in a 42 years-old woman. The clinical examinations are discussed for the exact classification and the topographic localisation. The surgical treatment (extirpation of the fistula) is necessary especially because arteriovenous fistulas have a tendency to progress, which may lead to severe cardiac insufficiency, aneurismatic dilatations and risks of endocarditis.", "PMID": 526350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2895", "title": "[Neuropsychological studies of two subjects after the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum (Part 3. The tactile recognition) (author's transl)].", "content": "We made the neuropsychological tactile studies of two right-handed subjects who had undergone the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum for the pineal operation (the teratoma by the histopathological examination). The transaction grade was 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. In this paper we examined the tactile recognition neuropsychologically: A. Superficial sensory modalities: light touch, pain perception, temperature discriminations. B. Deep sensory modalities: vibration perception, position sense, motor sense. C. Perception of material: rough or smooth, heavy or light, hard or soft. D. Perception of size: appreciation of shape in two dimentions: circle, triangle, square, cross, rhomb, appreciation of form in three dimensions: ball, column, cone, trignonal prism, cube. E. Identification of simple objects: eraser, pencil, hair pencil, fountainpen, telephone, glasses. F. Identification of japanese letters: Kana (phonetic symbols) and Kanji (essentially nonphonetic logographic symbols representing lexical morphemes). According to the papers of Akelaitis, Van Vleuten, Goldstein, the subjects after the transection of the corpus callosum could name the objects and the card board letters placed in their right hands with their eyes closed, but they could not name in their left hand by contrast. In our subjects, the identification of simple objects and the identification of japanese letters were complete good. But they had the neuropsychological visual and auditive disorders. The result shows that the commissure fibres of the identification of the simple objects and letters of two hemispheres does not connect through the splenium of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological studies of two subjects after the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum (Part 3. The tactile recognition) (author's transl)]. We made the neuropsychological tactile studies of two right-handed subjects who had undergone the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum for the pineal operation (the teratoma by the histopathological examination). The transaction grade was 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. In this paper we examined the tactile recognition neuropsychologically: A. Superficial sensory modalities: light touch, pain perception, temperature discriminations. B. Deep sensory modalities: vibration perception, position sense, motor sense. C. Perception of material: rough or smooth, heavy or light, hard or soft. D. Perception of size: appreciation of shape in two dimentions: circle, triangle, square, cross, rhomb, appreciation of form in three dimensions: ball, column, cone, trignonal prism, cube. E. Identification of simple objects: eraser, pencil, hair pencil, fountainpen, telephone, glasses. F. Identification of japanese letters: Kana (phonetic symbols) and Kanji (essentially nonphonetic logographic symbols representing lexical morphemes). According to the papers of Akelaitis, Van Vleuten, Goldstein, the subjects after the transection of the corpus callosum could name the objects and the card board letters placed in their right hands with their eyes closed, but they could not name in their left hand by contrast. In our subjects, the identification of simple objects and the identification of japanese letters were complete good. But they had the neuropsychological visual and auditive disorders. The result shows that the commissure fibres of the identification of the simple objects and letters of two hemispheres does not connect through the splenium of the corpus callosum.", "PMID": 526359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2896", "title": "[Long-term prognosis of cerebral infarction--influence of arterial stenotic lesion for survival (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral four vessel angiography was performed in 85 patients with non-embolic cerebral infarction and followed for ten years. Of 45 patients with arterial stenosis of 25 per cent or more, 21 (46.7%) survived at 5 years and 12 (26.7%) at 10 years after onset of the stroke. In contrast, survivors of 45 patients with stenosis less than 25 per cent or with no stenotic lesion, were 35 (87.5%) at 5 years and 29 (72.5%) at 10 years after the onset. The survival rate of the former patients group was lower significantly than the expected survival rate in a general population. Arterial stenosis of 25 per cent or more suggested a trend of poor prognosis in patients with multiple stenosis, especially those of bilateral internal carotid arteries, and of better prognosis in patients with stenosis in vertebrobasilar system. Patients with stenosis of 50 per cent or more in sphenoidal portion of the middle cerebral artery seemed to have a poor prognosis than those in the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "[Long-term prognosis of cerebral infarction--influence of arterial stenotic lesion for survival (author's transl)]. Cerebral four vessel angiography was performed in 85 patients with non-embolic cerebral infarction and followed for ten years. Of 45 patients with arterial stenosis of 25 per cent or more, 21 (46.7%) survived at 5 years and 12 (26.7%) at 10 years after onset of the stroke. In contrast, survivors of 45 patients with stenosis less than 25 per cent or with no stenotic lesion, were 35 (87.5%) at 5 years and 29 (72.5%) at 10 years after the onset. The survival rate of the former patients group was lower significantly than the expected survival rate in a general population. Arterial stenosis of 25 per cent or more suggested a trend of poor prognosis in patients with multiple stenosis, especially those of bilateral internal carotid arteries, and of better prognosis in patients with stenosis in vertebrobasilar system. Patients with stenosis of 50 per cent or more in sphenoidal portion of the middle cerebral artery seemed to have a poor prognosis than those in the internal carotid artery.", "PMID": 526360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2897", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of EEG basic rhythms in epileptics (author's transl)].", "content": "Basic rhythms of EEG were quantitatively analyzed in 92 adult idiopathic epileptic patients and in 57 age-matched control subjects. Epileptic patients have been administered one or both of anticonvulsants, phenobarbital (PB) and diphenyl-hydantoin (DPH). Before the EEG study, blood samples were taken from patients and serum concentration of PB and DPH was examined with UV method. Dose and serum level correlation was statistically significant in both drugs but fairly inferior in DPH. Dominant posterior rhythms in awake subjects were restored in a medical computer. These data were transformed with a Fast Fourier method into amplitude spectra, which were expressed in percentage distribution of each frequency band, i.e. delta (1.0--3.5 Hz), theta (4.0--7.5), alpha (8.0--12.5) and beta activity (13.0--29.5 Hz). As the first result, it was found that slow wave activity significantly increased and alpha activity decreased in epileptics compared with control subjects. No difference was found in beta activity. So as the next step, the etiologies of abnormal slowness of epileptic EEG were investigated in relation to serum level of anticonvulsants, age of seizure onset, seizure frequency, duration of medication and seizure types. These analysis confirmed that slowing of epileptic EEG has statistically significant correlation with the following factors, 1) high serum level of anticonvulsants (PB greater than 20 microgram/ml), DPH greater than 15 microgram/ml) 2) high frequency of seizures (more than once per month) 3) seizure onset at young ages (0--5 yrs.) 4) psychomotor seizure type. When these slowing factors are plurally involved in one patient, the degree of EEG slowness increased in proportion to the numbers of these factors. On the other hand, if the comparison was made between epileptics without these factors and control subjects, strikingly no minimum differences was found in basic rhythms. This result induces the very important conclusion that epilepsy itself has no direct effect on slowing of basics rhythms and if there exists slowing, some secondary reasons must be searched. The author also speculated pathogenetic causes of EEG slowing by these factors and insisted that there exist very close interrelation between basic EEG rhythms and prognosis of epilepsy.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of EEG basic rhythms in epileptics (author's transl)]. Basic rhythms of EEG were quantitatively analyzed in 92 adult idiopathic epileptic patients and in 57 age-matched control subjects. Epileptic patients have been administered one or both of anticonvulsants, phenobarbital (PB) and diphenyl-hydantoin (DPH). Before the EEG study, blood samples were taken from patients and serum concentration of PB and DPH was examined with UV method. Dose and serum level correlation was statistically significant in both drugs but fairly inferior in DPH. Dominant posterior rhythms in awake subjects were restored in a medical computer. These data were transformed with a Fast Fourier method into amplitude spectra, which were expressed in percentage distribution of each frequency band, i.e. delta (1.0--3.5 Hz), theta (4.0--7.5), alpha (8.0--12.5) and beta activity (13.0--29.5 Hz). As the first result, it was found that slow wave activity significantly increased and alpha activity decreased in epileptics compared with control subjects. No difference was found in beta activity. So as the next step, the etiologies of abnormal slowness of epileptic EEG were investigated in relation to serum level of anticonvulsants, age of seizure onset, seizure frequency, duration of medication and seizure types. These analysis confirmed that slowing of epileptic EEG has statistically significant correlation with the following factors, 1) high serum level of anticonvulsants (PB greater than 20 microgram/ml), DPH greater than 15 microgram/ml) 2) high frequency of seizures (more than once per month) 3) seizure onset at young ages (0--5 yrs.) 4) psychomotor seizure type. When these slowing factors are plurally involved in one patient, the degree of EEG slowness increased in proportion to the numbers of these factors. On the other hand, if the comparison was made between epileptics without these factors and control subjects, strikingly no minimum differences was found in basic rhythms. This result induces the very important conclusion that epilepsy itself has no direct effect on slowing of basics rhythms and if there exists slowing, some secondary reasons must be searched. The author also speculated pathogenetic causes of EEG slowing by these factors and insisted that there exist very close interrelation between basic EEG rhythms and prognosis of epilepsy.", "PMID": 526363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2898", "title": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in autopsy cases with occlusion of the circle of Willis (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventeen autopsy cases with occlusion of the circle of Willis were examined clinicopathologically. These patients ranged in age from 8 years to 64 years and consisted of 6 males and 11 females. The following results were obtained. 1. Fresh and massive intracerebral hemorrhage was confirmed in 13 of 17 patients and cerebral infarct in 4 of 17 patients. 2. Among these 13 patients, massive hemorrhage was found in basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus of 9 patients, and in thalamus, cerebral peduncle and midbrain of 4 patients. 3. Rupture of the dilated muscular-type arteries was noted in the thalamus and basal ganglia in 2 of 13 patients. Ruptured arteries with organization of the lumen were found in the old hemorrhagic foci in one of them. 4. Overgrown and dilated arteries, branching off from the circle of Willis, were confirmed in 11 patients. These arteries consisted of \"perforating\" arteries well developed as collateral circulation. 5. No ruture in these arteries of the subarachnoidal spaces was found in 11 patients. In one of them, a small saccular aneurysm was found. These findings strongly suggest that in patients with occlusion of the circle of Willis intracerebral rupture of overgrown \"perforating\" arteries as collateral circulation may be the main cause of intracranial hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of the arteries may be repeated.", "contents": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in autopsy cases with occlusion of the circle of Willis (author's transl)]. Seventeen autopsy cases with occlusion of the circle of Willis were examined clinicopathologically. These patients ranged in age from 8 years to 64 years and consisted of 6 males and 11 females. The following results were obtained. 1. Fresh and massive intracerebral hemorrhage was confirmed in 13 of 17 patients and cerebral infarct in 4 of 17 patients. 2. Among these 13 patients, massive hemorrhage was found in basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus of 9 patients, and in thalamus, cerebral peduncle and midbrain of 4 patients. 3. Rupture of the dilated muscular-type arteries was noted in the thalamus and basal ganglia in 2 of 13 patients. Ruptured arteries with organization of the lumen were found in the old hemorrhagic foci in one of them. 4. Overgrown and dilated arteries, branching off from the circle of Willis, were confirmed in 11 patients. These arteries consisted of \"perforating\" arteries well developed as collateral circulation. 5. No ruture in these arteries of the subarachnoidal spaces was found in 11 patients. In one of them, a small saccular aneurysm was found. These findings strongly suggest that in patients with occlusion of the circle of Willis intracerebral rupture of overgrown \"perforating\" arteries as collateral circulation may be the main cause of intracranial hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of the arteries may be repeated.", "PMID": 526369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2899", "title": "[A case of multiple fusiform aneurysms presenting homonymous hemianopsia (author's transl)].", "content": "Fusiform Aneurysms are encountered in elderly persons with advanced arteriosclerosis. When they are enlarged to compress the neighboring structures, they may resemble tumors symptomatically. Especially when situated in close relation to the optic nerve or chiasmatic region, pituitary tumor is likely to be suspected. This is a case of 62 year old female with a giant fusiform aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery extending to the middle cerebral artery which caused left homonymous hemianopsia and a large aneurysm in the cavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery with fusiform extension of the distal portion of the carotid artery which presented left blepharoptosis, dilated pupil and total ophthalmoplegia. The basilar artery and the right meningohypophyseal artery showed fusiform dilatation as well. Systemic atherosclerotic change, abdominal aortic aneurysm, nephrosclerosis were also accompanied. The computed tomography demonstrated the aneurysms distinctly. Left oculomotor palsy disappeared after six months with residue of left homonymous hemianopsia. Surgical intervention was not attempted, because of the widely distributed constitutional aneurysms in the whole body.", "contents": "[A case of multiple fusiform aneurysms presenting homonymous hemianopsia (author's transl)]. Fusiform Aneurysms are encountered in elderly persons with advanced arteriosclerosis. When they are enlarged to compress the neighboring structures, they may resemble tumors symptomatically. Especially when situated in close relation to the optic nerve or chiasmatic region, pituitary tumor is likely to be suspected. This is a case of 62 year old female with a giant fusiform aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery extending to the middle cerebral artery which caused left homonymous hemianopsia and a large aneurysm in the cavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery with fusiform extension of the distal portion of the carotid artery which presented left blepharoptosis, dilated pupil and total ophthalmoplegia. The basilar artery and the right meningohypophyseal artery showed fusiform dilatation as well. Systemic atherosclerotic change, abdominal aortic aneurysm, nephrosclerosis were also accompanied. The computed tomography demonstrated the aneurysms distinctly. Left oculomotor palsy disappeared after six months with residue of left homonymous hemianopsia. Surgical intervention was not attempted, because of the widely distributed constitutional aneurysms in the whole body.", "PMID": 526370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2900", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic analysis of ACNU in brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish the standard of administration of ACNU against brain tumors, pharmacokinetic analysis of ACNU in tumor tissue, cystic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and blood was performed. The sample specimens were obtained sequentially after intravenous administration of 1--2 mg/kg/BW of ACNU and quantitatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in 3 cases of glioblastoma and each one case of astrocytoma, meningioma and brain metastasis. Concentrations of ACNU in blood was calculated by two compartment open model and those in cystic fluid was calculated by one compartment model using BMDP-3R program. The half-time in blood was 2.6--4.1 min, and its distribution was very fast. The penetration of ACNU into the tumor tissue was sufficient, because the central compartment was 23% and the tissue compartment was 77%. The transmission rate constant into the cyst was 1.8 and the elimination rate constant was 0.96. The maximum concentration in the cystic fluid 42 min after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg/BW of ACNU was 0.27--0. 35 mg/dl. In conclusion, 3--4 mg/kg/BW of ACNU should be injected intravenously at one time.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic analysis of ACNU in brain tumors (author's transl)]. In order to establish the standard of administration of ACNU against brain tumors, pharmacokinetic analysis of ACNU in tumor tissue, cystic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and blood was performed. The sample specimens were obtained sequentially after intravenous administration of 1--2 mg/kg/BW of ACNU and quantitatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in 3 cases of glioblastoma and each one case of astrocytoma, meningioma and brain metastasis. Concentrations of ACNU in blood was calculated by two compartment open model and those in cystic fluid was calculated by one compartment model using BMDP-3R program. The half-time in blood was 2.6--4.1 min, and its distribution was very fast. The penetration of ACNU into the tumor tissue was sufficient, because the central compartment was 23% and the tissue compartment was 77%. The transmission rate constant into the cyst was 1.8 and the elimination rate constant was 0.96. The maximum concentration in the cystic fluid 42 min after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg/BW of ACNU was 0.27--0. 35 mg/dl. In conclusion, 3--4 mg/kg/BW of ACNU should be injected intravenously at one time.", "PMID": 526372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2901", "title": "Halothane does not inhibit human neutrophil function in vitro.", "content": "Various indices of function of neutrophils from normal healthy volunteers have been examined after in vitro exposure to halothane. Random free movement on glass was unaffected, but random migration through millipore filters was slightly increased. There was no significant change in migration in response to casein chemotaxis. Phagocytosis, degranulation and the enhanced non-mitochondrial respiration associated with phagocytosis were unaffected. Electron-microscopic appearance at 30 s after exposure to latex particles was normal in all respects.", "contents": "Halothane does not inhibit human neutrophil function in vitro. Various indices of function of neutrophils from normal healthy volunteers have been examined after in vitro exposure to halothane. Random free movement on glass was unaffected, but random migration through millipore filters was slightly increased. There was no significant change in migration in response to casein chemotaxis. Phagocytosis, degranulation and the enhanced non-mitochondrial respiration associated with phagocytosis were unaffected. Electron-microscopic appearance at 30 s after exposure to latex particles was normal in all respects.", "PMID": 526376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2902", "title": "Brain water and electrolyte distribution during the inhalation of halothane.", "content": "The brain concentration of Na+, K+ and Cl-, water content and total brain osmolality were measured in six normocapnic dogs under pentobarbitone narcosis (30 mg kg-1). These studies were repeated in six additional dogs after exposure for 1 h to the inhalation of halothane 1% (end-tidal); there was an increase (P less than 0.05) in Na+, Cl- and water content but no change in K+ content in the grey matter, but in the white matter only Cl- increased (P less than 0.05). These findings were associated with a decrease in total brain osmolality (P less than 0.05) and a negative brain-cisternal c.s.f. osmotic gradient. The changes in the grey cortical matter were interpreted as a pattern of metabolic brain oedema related to interference with water-ion transport mechanisms across cell membranes. The observed brain-c.s.f. osmolality deficit could be related to a time-lag in the intracellular water-solute adjustment or to a deficit in osmotically active brain amino acids induced by the anaesthetic agent, or both.", "contents": "Brain water and electrolyte distribution during the inhalation of halothane. The brain concentration of Na+, K+ and Cl-, water content and total brain osmolality were measured in six normocapnic dogs under pentobarbitone narcosis (30 mg kg-1). These studies were repeated in six additional dogs after exposure for 1 h to the inhalation of halothane 1% (end-tidal); there was an increase (P less than 0.05) in Na+, Cl- and water content but no change in K+ content in the grey matter, but in the white matter only Cl- increased (P less than 0.05). These findings were associated with a decrease in total brain osmolality (P less than 0.05) and a negative brain-cisternal c.s.f. osmotic gradient. The changes in the grey cortical matter were interpreted as a pattern of metabolic brain oedema related to interference with water-ion transport mechanisms across cell membranes. The observed brain-c.s.f. osmolality deficit could be related to a time-lag in the intracellular water-solute adjustment or to a deficit in osmotically active brain amino acids induced by the anaesthetic agent, or both.", "PMID": 526377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2903", "title": "Methodology of a prospective study of changes in liver enzyme concentrations following repeat anaesthetics.", "content": "The methodology of a large prospective study on the influence of repeated anaesthetics on liver function is reported and the problems involved are discussed. The most suitable patients were those presenting for endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra, for urethral dilatation and for cervical implantation of radium. Blood samples were taken immediately before induction of anaesthesia and on days 3-4 and 13-15 after operation, when a clinical assessment of the patient was also carried out. The concentrations of six enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, serum cholinesterase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) werechosen specifically as indices of liver function. The eosinophil count was measured to reflect any hypersensitivity reaction. The non-Gaussian distribution of these necessitated using appropriate non-parametric tests together with parametric tests on logarithmic transformed data. In addition a quantal method was used to measure the frequency of patients showing an \"abnormal\" increase in enzyme concentrations.", "contents": "Methodology of a prospective study of changes in liver enzyme concentrations following repeat anaesthetics. The methodology of a large prospective study on the influence of repeated anaesthetics on liver function is reported and the problems involved are discussed. The most suitable patients were those presenting for endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra, for urethral dilatation and for cervical implantation of radium. Blood samples were taken immediately before induction of anaesthesia and on days 3-4 and 13-15 after operation, when a clinical assessment of the patient was also carried out. The concentrations of six enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, serum cholinesterase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) werechosen specifically as indices of liver function. The eosinophil count was measured to reflect any hypersensitivity reaction. The non-Gaussian distribution of these necessitated using appropriate non-parametric tests together with parametric tests on logarithmic transformed data. In addition a quantal method was used to measure the frequency of patients showing an \"abnormal\" increase in enzyme concentrations.", "PMID": 526378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2904", "title": "A prospective study of liver enzyme and other changes following repeat administration of halothane and enflurane.", "content": "A prospective study of liver enzymes and other measurements following repeat administrations of halothane or enflurane was carried out in patients undergoing minor urological operations. The patient populations were similar with respect to frequency of factors which might influence liver function, social habits, drug therapy and time intervals between administrations. Sixty-three received two or more administrations of halothane and 66 received two or more administrations of enflurane, both drugs given with nitrous oxide in oxygen. There was a greater frequency of increased enzymatic activity following repeat administrations of halothane than following enflurane and the average alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase concentrations were increased to a greater degree following halothane than enflurane. There was no change in the eosinophil count and no significant postoperative morbidity. Change in alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase occured more frequently in obese patients receiving halothane.", "contents": "A prospective study of liver enzyme and other changes following repeat administration of halothane and enflurane. A prospective study of liver enzymes and other measurements following repeat administrations of halothane or enflurane was carried out in patients undergoing minor urological operations. The patient populations were similar with respect to frequency of factors which might influence liver function, social habits, drug therapy and time intervals between administrations. Sixty-three received two or more administrations of halothane and 66 received two or more administrations of enflurane, both drugs given with nitrous oxide in oxygen. There was a greater frequency of increased enzymatic activity following repeat administrations of halothane than following enflurane and the average alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase concentrations were increased to a greater degree following halothane than enflurane. There was no change in the eosinophil count and no significant postoperative morbidity. Change in alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase occured more frequently in obese patients receiving halothane.", "PMID": 526379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2905", "title": "Morbidity after day-case gynaecological surgery. Comparison of enflurane with halothane.", "content": "In 105 patients undergoing day-case surgery recovery of consciousness was significantly faster after enfluane compared with halothane anaesthesia. There was no difference in postoperative morbidity between the two anaesthetic groups.", "contents": "Morbidity after day-case gynaecological surgery. Comparison of enflurane with halothane. In 105 patients undergoing day-case surgery recovery of consciousness was significantly faster after enfluane compared with halothane anaesthesia. There was no difference in postoperative morbidity between the two anaesthetic groups.", "PMID": 526380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2906", "title": "Local complications of thiopentone injection. A further report.", "content": "Cases of local complications following the injection of thiopentone and reported to Medical Defence Union and to the Medical Protection Society in the period 1970-77 were analysed. There was no case of gangrene distal to the site of injection, but two cases of isolated damage to nerves, muscles and tendons and two cases of local tissue necrosis at the site of injection. A comparison of the results of the present investigation with those of two previous investigations indicates that the frequency of such complications has diminished over the period 1957-77.", "contents": "Local complications of thiopentone injection. A further report. Cases of local complications following the injection of thiopentone and reported to Medical Defence Union and to the Medical Protection Society in the period 1970-77 were analysed. There was no case of gangrene distal to the site of injection, but two cases of isolated damage to nerves, muscles and tendons and two cases of local tissue necrosis at the site of injection. A comparison of the results of the present investigation with those of two previous investigations indicates that the frequency of such complications has diminished over the period 1957-77.", "PMID": 526381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2907", "title": "Comparison of etomidate in combination with fentanyl or diazepam, with thiopentone as an induction agent for general anaesthesia.", "content": "In 104 premedicated patients undergoing general surgery, anaesthesia was induced either with etomidate 0.3 mg kg-1 preceded by fentanyl 1.25 or 2.5 microgram kg-1 i.v.or diazepam 0.0625 or 0.125 mg kg-1 i.v., or with thiopentone preceded by fentanyl 1.25 microgram kg-1 i.v. Despite the use of fentanyl or diazepam, the frequency of pain on injection in patients receiving etomidate was between 32% and 53%, being rated as severe in 5-20% of patients. No pain was experienced by patients receiving thiopentone. The frequency of involuntary movement was 15-35% with etomidate and 15% with thiopentone. The frequency of both pain and involuntary muscle movements was least when fentanyl 2.5 microgram kg-1 preceded the administration of etomidate. There was no significant relationship between the pain and muscle movement; three of 10 patients given etomidate into a central vein had such movements.", "contents": "Comparison of etomidate in combination with fentanyl or diazepam, with thiopentone as an induction agent for general anaesthesia. In 104 premedicated patients undergoing general surgery, anaesthesia was induced either with etomidate 0.3 mg kg-1 preceded by fentanyl 1.25 or 2.5 microgram kg-1 i.v.or diazepam 0.0625 or 0.125 mg kg-1 i.v., or with thiopentone preceded by fentanyl 1.25 microgram kg-1 i.v. Despite the use of fentanyl or diazepam, the frequency of pain on injection in patients receiving etomidate was between 32% and 53%, being rated as severe in 5-20% of patients. No pain was experienced by patients receiving thiopentone. The frequency of involuntary movement was 15-35% with etomidate and 15% with thiopentone. The frequency of both pain and involuntary muscle movements was least when fentanyl 2.5 microgram kg-1 preceded the administration of etomidate. There was no significant relationship between the pain and muscle movement; three of 10 patients given etomidate into a central vein had such movements.", "PMID": 526382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2908", "title": "Effect of premedication on etomidate anaesthesia.", "content": "The effect of premedication upon the induction of anaesthesia with etomidate was studied in 74 adult patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Premedication with fentanyl plus atropine or with diazepam plus atropine decreased the frequency of involuntary muscle movements without modifying the pattern of the circulatory effects of etomidate, although fentanyl increased the frequency of apnoea. Pain at the site of injection was not modified by premedication.", "contents": "Effect of premedication on etomidate anaesthesia. The effect of premedication upon the induction of anaesthesia with etomidate was studied in 74 adult patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Premedication with fentanyl plus atropine or with diazepam plus atropine decreased the frequency of involuntary muscle movements without modifying the pattern of the circulatory effects of etomidate, although fentanyl increased the frequency of apnoea. Pain at the site of injection was not modified by premedication.", "PMID": 526383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2909", "title": "Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus.", "content": "Intra-uterine pressure was recorded by placing a Foley catheter in the extra-amniotic space before the termination of pregnancy in 25 patients, and Caesarean section in 12 patients. The effects of administration of i.v. ketamine 2 mg/kg body weight, sodium thiopentone 4 mg/kg body weight and ergometrine 0.5 mg, and intra-cervical 0.5% lignocaine 20 ml were measured in the first trimester of pregnancy, and i.v. ketamine and sodium thiopentone in late pregnancy. Ketamine was found to cause uterine contraction (mean increase 16.1 mm Hg) equal to ergometrine (mean increase 14.8 mm Hg) in early pregnancy, but exert no effect (mean decrease -- 1.33 mm Hg) in late pregnancy. Lignocaine in early pregnancy given as a paracervical block had no significant effect on intrauterine pressure (mean increase 0.33 mm Hg). Sodium thiopentone (mean decrease -- 4.28 mm Hg first trimester and -- 2.22 mm Hg at term) in late pregnancy had no significant effect on intra-uterine pressure.", "contents": "Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus. Intra-uterine pressure was recorded by placing a Foley catheter in the extra-amniotic space before the termination of pregnancy in 25 patients, and Caesarean section in 12 patients. The effects of administration of i.v. ketamine 2 mg/kg body weight, sodium thiopentone 4 mg/kg body weight and ergometrine 0.5 mg, and intra-cervical 0.5% lignocaine 20 ml were measured in the first trimester of pregnancy, and i.v. ketamine and sodium thiopentone in late pregnancy. Ketamine was found to cause uterine contraction (mean increase 16.1 mm Hg) equal to ergometrine (mean increase 14.8 mm Hg) in early pregnancy, but exert no effect (mean decrease -- 1.33 mm Hg) in late pregnancy. Lignocaine in early pregnancy given as a paracervical block had no significant effect on intrauterine pressure (mean increase 0.33 mm Hg). Sodium thiopentone (mean decrease -- 4.28 mm Hg first trimester and -- 2.22 mm Hg at term) in late pregnancy had no significant effect on intra-uterine pressure.", "PMID": 526384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2910", "title": "Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects.", "content": "The clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of ketamine, administered as an i.v. infusion, were studied in 31 patients. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2 mg kg-1 i.v. and maintained using an i.v. infusion of ketamine, supplemented by nitrous oxide. The plasma concentrations of ketamine, nor-ketamine and dehydro-nor-ketamine were analysed using gas-liquid chromatography. The average maintenance dose of ketamine was 41 +/- 21 microgram kg-1 min-1, but there was an obvious decrease in the dose required as anaesthesia progressed. This dose gave a stable plasma concentration of ketamine of 9.3 +/- 0.8 mumol litre-1. Patients recovered at 2.7 +/- 0.9 mumol litre-1. Plasma half-life of ketamine was 79 +/- 8 min. Maximum concentration of nor-ketamine was 4.7 +/- 2.4 mumol litre-1 and of dehydro-nor-ketamine 3.2 +/- 1.9 mumol litre-1. There were transient increases (15-30% of pre anaesthetic values) in arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output during operation. No post-operative respiratory depression was seen.", "contents": "Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. The clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of ketamine, administered as an i.v. infusion, were studied in 31 patients. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2 mg kg-1 i.v. and maintained using an i.v. infusion of ketamine, supplemented by nitrous oxide. The plasma concentrations of ketamine, nor-ketamine and dehydro-nor-ketamine were analysed using gas-liquid chromatography. The average maintenance dose of ketamine was 41 +/- 21 microgram kg-1 min-1, but there was an obvious decrease in the dose required as anaesthesia progressed. This dose gave a stable plasma concentration of ketamine of 9.3 +/- 0.8 mumol litre-1. Patients recovered at 2.7 +/- 0.9 mumol litre-1. Plasma half-life of ketamine was 79 +/- 8 min. Maximum concentration of nor-ketamine was 4.7 +/- 2.4 mumol litre-1 and of dehydro-nor-ketamine 3.2 +/- 1.9 mumol litre-1. There were transient increases (15-30% of pre anaesthetic values) in arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output during operation. No post-operative respiratory depression was seen.", "PMID": 526385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2911", "title": "Plasma viscosity and cremophor-containing anaesthetics.", "content": "The cremophor-containing anaesthetic agents, Althesin, propanidid and diazepam, were added to plasma in vitro and administered to patients. In vitro these anaesthetics, and cremophor alone in concentrations equal to those obtained in vivo, decreased the viscosity of plasma 45% at shear rate 11.5 s-1. In 11 patients given cremophor-containing anaesthetics to induce anaesthesia, plasma samples obtained 5 min after injection showed a mean decrease in viscosity of 42% compared with the pre-induction values. The effect on viscosity after a single dose disappeared in 50 min. Triton x-100 added to plasma caused a decrease in viscosity similar to that of cremophor. The interaction in vitro of cremophor and Triton x-100 with concentrated urea was found to be identical both in plasma and dextran. This suggests that cremophor acts by increasing the sheet of structured water around the protein molecules, thereby preventing the aggregation of proteins.", "contents": "Plasma viscosity and cremophor-containing anaesthetics. The cremophor-containing anaesthetic agents, Althesin, propanidid and diazepam, were added to plasma in vitro and administered to patients. In vitro these anaesthetics, and cremophor alone in concentrations equal to those obtained in vivo, decreased the viscosity of plasma 45% at shear rate 11.5 s-1. In 11 patients given cremophor-containing anaesthetics to induce anaesthesia, plasma samples obtained 5 min after injection showed a mean decrease in viscosity of 42% compared with the pre-induction values. The effect on viscosity after a single dose disappeared in 50 min. Triton x-100 added to plasma caused a decrease in viscosity similar to that of cremophor. The interaction in vitro of cremophor and Triton x-100 with concentrated urea was found to be identical both in plasma and dextran. This suggests that cremophor acts by increasing the sheet of structured water around the protein molecules, thereby preventing the aggregation of proteins.", "PMID": 526386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2912", "title": "Use of mandatory minute volume ventilation in the perioperative management of a patient with myasthenia.", "content": "The anaesthetic and postoperative management of a patient with established myasthenia gravis, using a mandatory minute volume system (MMV), are described. Before operation the patient was receiving large doses of anticholinesterases and steroids. The anaesthetic and postoperative drug therapy and management were simplified by the use of the MMV system.", "contents": "Use of mandatory minute volume ventilation in the perioperative management of a patient with myasthenia. The anaesthetic and postoperative management of a patient with established myasthenia gravis, using a mandatory minute volume system (MMV), are described. Before operation the patient was receiving large doses of anticholinesterases and steroids. The anaesthetic and postoperative drug therapy and management were simplified by the use of the MMV system.", "PMID": 526387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2913", "title": "The Johannesburg A-D circuit switch. A valve device for converting a co-axial Mapleson D into a co-axial Mapleson A system.", "content": "A simple valve device is described for a co-axial tubing anaesthetic system which enables selection of the circuit characteristics of either a modified Mapleson A system for spontaneous breathing or a modified Mapleson D system for controlled ventilation. Thus, the system allows an economical fresh gas flow to be used during either controlled or spontaneous ventilation. The mode of ventilation may be changed during anaesthesia without adjusting the patient tubing or the attachment of the system to the anaesthetic machine.", "contents": "The Johannesburg A-D circuit switch. A valve device for converting a co-axial Mapleson D into a co-axial Mapleson A system. A simple valve device is described for a co-axial tubing anaesthetic system which enables selection of the circuit characteristics of either a modified Mapleson A system for spontaneous breathing or a modified Mapleson D system for controlled ventilation. Thus, the system allows an economical fresh gas flow to be used during either controlled or spontaneous ventilation. The mode of ventilation may be changed during anaesthesia without adjusting the patient tubing or the attachment of the system to the anaesthetic machine.", "PMID": 526388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2914", "title": "Effect of an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent (labetalol) on haemodynamics in hypertension.", "content": "1 The effect of an intravenous bolus of labetalol (0.6--1.6 mg/kg body weight) on central and peripheral haemodynamics was studied in nine subjects with essential hypertension and in eleven subjects with chronic renal disease and hypertension. 2 The BP reduction amounting to 20/13 mmHg was entirely due to the lowering of the total peripheral vascular resistance. This also included the vascular resistance in the muscles. 3 This peripheral vasodilatation was not counteracted by a reflex increase of the cardiac output. 4 The reflex tachycardia and overshoot of BP in Valsalva's manoeuvre were largely abolished. 5 Central and peripheral venous BPs, vascular volume of the forearm and venous distensibility did not show any significant change after treatment with labetalol. 6 In spite of the lowering of the vascular resistance of the forearm by labetalol, forearm blood flow was not significantly affected due to the parallel decrease in the perfusion pressure. 7 Plasma renin activity fell after labetalol in all instances.", "contents": "Effect of an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent (labetalol) on haemodynamics in hypertension. 1 The effect of an intravenous bolus of labetalol (0.6--1.6 mg/kg body weight) on central and peripheral haemodynamics was studied in nine subjects with essential hypertension and in eleven subjects with chronic renal disease and hypertension. 2 The BP reduction amounting to 20/13 mmHg was entirely due to the lowering of the total peripheral vascular resistance. This also included the vascular resistance in the muscles. 3 This peripheral vasodilatation was not counteracted by a reflex increase of the cardiac output. 4 The reflex tachycardia and overshoot of BP in Valsalva's manoeuvre were largely abolished. 5 Central and peripheral venous BPs, vascular volume of the forearm and venous distensibility did not show any significant change after treatment with labetalol. 6 In spite of the lowering of the vascular resistance of the forearm by labetalol, forearm blood flow was not significantly affected due to the parallel decrease in the perfusion pressure. 7 Plasma renin activity fell after labetalol in all instances.", "PMID": 526390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2915", "title": "Effect of labetalol on continuous ambulatory blood pressure.", "content": "1 The hypotensive action of labetalol was evaluated during 24 h by continuous intra-arterial ambulatory monitoring in 14 patients. The dose used ranged from 300--1800 mg daily. 2 The drug caused a significant reduction of systolic BP in 19 and diastolic BP in 20 of the 24 h of monitoring. Heart rate was also reduced but less markedly than BP. 3 The rapid early morning increase in BP was also effectively controlled. 4 The mild pre-waking increase in BP was not significantly reduced. 5 Labetalol treatment reduced the variation in systolic BP from the lowest observed quarter-hourly mean as compared with pre-treatment values. 6 The quarter hourly mean values were consistently smooth and revealed no sudden variations which might have resulted from postural hypotension.", "contents": "Effect of labetalol on continuous ambulatory blood pressure. 1 The hypotensive action of labetalol was evaluated during 24 h by continuous intra-arterial ambulatory monitoring in 14 patients. The dose used ranged from 300--1800 mg daily. 2 The drug caused a significant reduction of systolic BP in 19 and diastolic BP in 20 of the 24 h of monitoring. Heart rate was also reduced but less markedly than BP. 3 The rapid early morning increase in BP was also effectively controlled. 4 The mild pre-waking increase in BP was not significantly reduced. 5 Labetalol treatment reduced the variation in systolic BP from the lowest observed quarter-hourly mean as compared with pre-treatment values. 6 The quarter hourly mean values were consistently smooth and revealed no sudden variations which might have resulted from postural hypotension.", "PMID": 526391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2916", "title": "Monotherapy with labetalol for hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "1 Labetalol was given to 41 hypertensive patients in a divided dosage of 150--2,400 mg daily for periods ranging from 1--64 months. 2 Monotherapy with labetalol was adequate in 12 out of 19 patients with essential hypertension and in 15 out of the 22 with renal hypertension. 3 Following a single dose of labetalol 200 mg orally a hypotensive response was seen between 1.5 and 2 hours. 4 In the doses used there was no exercise or postural hypotension. 5 No reduction in overall renal function attributable to labetalol was seen.", "contents": "Monotherapy with labetalol for hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. 1 Labetalol was given to 41 hypertensive patients in a divided dosage of 150--2,400 mg daily for periods ranging from 1--64 months. 2 Monotherapy with labetalol was adequate in 12 out of 19 patients with essential hypertension and in 15 out of the 22 with renal hypertension. 3 Following a single dose of labetalol 200 mg orally a hypotensive response was seen between 1.5 and 2 hours. 4 In the doses used there was no exercise or postural hypotension. 5 No reduction in overall renal function attributable to labetalol was seen.", "PMID": 526392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2917", "title": "Labetalol in severe and resistant hypertension.", "content": "1 The efficacy of labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension (diastolic greater than or equal to 115 mm Hg) was studied retrospectively. Ten patients were followed for more than 6 months. At 6 months, eight were well controlled and the mean dose in those was 975 mg daily. Four of these were receiving labetalol alone; two were on labetalol and diuretic only. 2 Three patients were resistant to doses of 1600, 1800 and 2400 mg daily respectively; two of these were controlled with increased doses of vasodilator drugs. In two cases labetalol had produced large falls in the standing BP while not influencing the supine BP. 3 Three other resistant patients were seen, of whom one merely required an increase in dose to 2200 mg daily and the addition of a diuretic. Both the others were elderly, had severe vascular disease, and suffered disabling postural hypotension on a dose of labetalol which did not influence the supine BP. 4 Labetalol can control severe hypertension. There remain patients whose supine BP is not influenced by a dose of labetalol which produces marked postural hypotension.", "contents": "Labetalol in severe and resistant hypertension. 1 The efficacy of labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension (diastolic greater than or equal to 115 mm Hg) was studied retrospectively. Ten patients were followed for more than 6 months. At 6 months, eight were well controlled and the mean dose in those was 975 mg daily. Four of these were receiving labetalol alone; two were on labetalol and diuretic only. 2 Three patients were resistant to doses of 1600, 1800 and 2400 mg daily respectively; two of these were controlled with increased doses of vasodilator drugs. In two cases labetalol had produced large falls in the standing BP while not influencing the supine BP. 3 Three other resistant patients were seen, of whom one merely required an increase in dose to 2200 mg daily and the addition of a diuretic. Both the others were elderly, had severe vascular disease, and suffered disabling postural hypotension on a dose of labetalol which did not influence the supine BP. 4 Labetalol can control severe hypertension. There remain patients whose supine BP is not influenced by a dose of labetalol which produces marked postural hypotension.", "PMID": 526395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2918", "title": "Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of labetalol in patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy.", "content": "1 Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of labetalol (labetalol Css) in 17 hypertensive patients undergoing chronic treatment with this drug, have been examined in relation to dose, fall in BP, and beta-blockade. 2 A significant relationship (rs = 0.81, P less than 0.001) was observed between labetalol Css and daily dose. 3 No correlation was found between labetalol Css and antihypertensive response. 4 In thirteen patients, there seemed to be significant relationship between labetalol Css and beta-blockade (rs = 0.72, P less than 0.005). In three patients, the degree of beta-blockade was disproportionate to the drug concentration.", "contents": "Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of labetalol in patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy. 1 Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of labetalol (labetalol Css) in 17 hypertensive patients undergoing chronic treatment with this drug, have been examined in relation to dose, fall in BP, and beta-blockade. 2 A significant relationship (rs = 0.81, P less than 0.001) was observed between labetalol Css and daily dose. 3 No correlation was found between labetalol Css and antihypertensive response. 4 In thirteen patients, there seemed to be significant relationship between labetalol Css and beta-blockade (rs = 0.72, P less than 0.005). In three patients, the degree of beta-blockade was disproportionate to the drug concentration.", "PMID": 526396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2919", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies of labetalol in hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of labetalol were studied in twelve hypertensive patients, ten of whom were not receiving other therapy. 2 Following intravenous administration there was a three- to fourfold variation in terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution and total plasma clearance. The mean elimination half-life was 3.25 hours. 3 Following oral administration the drug was absorbed rapidly. Systemic availability varied from 11-86% (mean 33%). 4 Plasma levels correlated poorly with the acute effect on BP, raising the possibility of labetalol acting in a deep tissue compartment or alternatively an active metabolite contributing to its effect.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies of labetalol in hypertensive subjects. 1 The pharmacokinetics of labetalol were studied in twelve hypertensive patients, ten of whom were not receiving other therapy. 2 Following intravenous administration there was a three- to fourfold variation in terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution and total plasma clearance. The mean elimination half-life was 3.25 hours. 3 Following oral administration the drug was absorbed rapidly. Systemic availability varied from 11-86% (mean 33%). 4 Plasma levels correlated poorly with the acute effect on BP, raising the possibility of labetalol acting in a deep tissue compartment or alternatively an active metabolite contributing to its effect.", "PMID": 526397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2920", "title": "Long-term treatment of hypertension with labetalol.", "content": "1 Thirty-two hypertensive patients have been treated with labetalol for periods of up to 7 years. 2 Ten patients observed for 6 years from time of stabilization of dosage, did not show any tolerance to labetalol. 3 Postural and exercise hypotension were not seen in these patients over this prolonged follow-up, although they were seen in other patients given over 2 g labetalol daily.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of hypertension with labetalol. 1 Thirty-two hypertensive patients have been treated with labetalol for periods of up to 7 years. 2 Ten patients observed for 6 years from time of stabilization of dosage, did not show any tolerance to labetalol. 3 Postural and exercise hypotension were not seen in these patients over this prolonged follow-up, although they were seen in other patients given over 2 g labetalol daily.", "PMID": 526398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2921", "title": "A comparison and an investigation of a potential synergistic effect of labetalol and bethanidine in patients with mild hypertension.", "content": "1 The effects of labetalol, bethanidine and combined treatment with both drugs were compared in a within-patient randomized cross-over study in mild essential hypertension. Attention was directed to whether or not labetalol and bethanidine differed in their pattern of effect on arterial BP and whether evidence of synergism was apparent. 2 At the doses used labetalol significantly lowered systolic and diastolic BPs and heart rate lying, sitting, standing and after exercise. The dose of bethanidine used did not affect heart rate significantly while lowering systolic and diastolic BPs only after exercise and less clearly on standing. Combined treatment lowered BPs on standing and after exercise and heart rate after exercise. 3 The type and frequency of side-effects were similar with bethanidine and labetalol but were much less with combined treatment. 4 No evidence of synergism was observed.", "contents": "A comparison and an investigation of a potential synergistic effect of labetalol and bethanidine in patients with mild hypertension. 1 The effects of labetalol, bethanidine and combined treatment with both drugs were compared in a within-patient randomized cross-over study in mild essential hypertension. Attention was directed to whether or not labetalol and bethanidine differed in their pattern of effect on arterial BP and whether evidence of synergism was apparent. 2 At the doses used labetalol significantly lowered systolic and diastolic BPs and heart rate lying, sitting, standing and after exercise. The dose of bethanidine used did not affect heart rate significantly while lowering systolic and diastolic BPs only after exercise and less clearly on standing. Combined treatment lowered BPs on standing and after exercise and heart rate after exercise. 3 The type and frequency of side-effects were similar with bethanidine and labetalol but were much less with combined treatment. 4 No evidence of synergism was observed.", "PMID": 526399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2922", "title": "Acute management of severe hypertension with oral labetalol.", "content": "1 Six previously untreated emergency admissions to hospital with severe hypertension were given oral treatment with labetalol. 2 Pre-treatment diastolic BP exceeded 130 mmHg, and clinical evidence of either accelerated hypertension or encephalopathy was present. 3 Hypotensive response after treatment followed two patterns. 4 Quick-responders (n = 3) showed a sharp fall in BP to normal levels within 2 h, which was subsequently sustained for 10 or more hours. The daily dose of labetalol eventually required to achieve good BP control in this group was relatively low: 600--1200 mg. 5 Slow-responders (n = 3) showed a gradual, less marked fall in BP, which was sustained for many hours. These patients required further doses of labetalol to reduce BP to normal. The eventual daily dose of labetalol that ensured good BP control was high: 1200--2400 mg. 6 Heart rate was little changed by treatment. 7 Complications or side-effects were not observed.", "contents": "Acute management of severe hypertension with oral labetalol. 1 Six previously untreated emergency admissions to hospital with severe hypertension were given oral treatment with labetalol. 2 Pre-treatment diastolic BP exceeded 130 mmHg, and clinical evidence of either accelerated hypertension or encephalopathy was present. 3 Hypotensive response after treatment followed two patterns. 4 Quick-responders (n = 3) showed a sharp fall in BP to normal levels within 2 h, which was subsequently sustained for 10 or more hours. The daily dose of labetalol eventually required to achieve good BP control in this group was relatively low: 600--1200 mg. 5 Slow-responders (n = 3) showed a gradual, less marked fall in BP, which was sustained for many hours. These patients required further doses of labetalol to reduce BP to normal. The eventual daily dose of labetalol that ensured good BP control was high: 1200--2400 mg. 6 Heart rate was little changed by treatment. 7 Complications or side-effects were not observed.", "PMID": 526400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2923", "title": "Comparison of effects on cerebral blood flow of rapid reduction in systemic arterial pressure by diazoxide and labetalol in hypertensive patients: preliminary findings.", "content": "1 Diazoxide 300 mg and labetalol 150 mg were each injected intravenously on separate occasions into five patients with essentail hypertension. The reduction in BP caused by labetalol was slightly greater than that produced by diazoxide. 2 In contrast the reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) by labetalol was not statistically significant, whereas diazoxide gave a greater and statistically significant reduction in CBF. 3 These observations suggest that labetalol may have an advantage over diazoxide for the rapid reduction in BP.", "contents": "Comparison of effects on cerebral blood flow of rapid reduction in systemic arterial pressure by diazoxide and labetalol in hypertensive patients: preliminary findings. 1 Diazoxide 300 mg and labetalol 150 mg were each injected intravenously on separate occasions into five patients with essentail hypertension. The reduction in BP caused by labetalol was slightly greater than that produced by diazoxide. 2 In contrast the reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) by labetalol was not statistically significant, whereas diazoxide gave a greater and statistically significant reduction in CBF. 3 These observations suggest that labetalol may have an advantage over diazoxide for the rapid reduction in BP.", "PMID": 526401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2924", "title": "Open evaluation of labetalol in the treatment of angina pectoris occurring in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1 In nine hypertensive subjects with angina pectoris, labetalol diminished the incidence of chest pain occurring spontaneously or induced by exercise. 2 Labetalol lowered BP in all subjects. 3 Exercise tolerance at maximum levels was increased by labetalol. 4 Improved cardiac function by labetalol may be related to decreased afterload on the left ventricle, and diminished oxygen utilization by the myocardium.", "contents": "Open evaluation of labetalol in the treatment of angina pectoris occurring in hypertensive patients. 1 In nine hypertensive subjects with angina pectoris, labetalol diminished the incidence of chest pain occurring spontaneously or induced by exercise. 2 Labetalol lowered BP in all subjects. 3 Exercise tolerance at maximum levels was increased by labetalol. 4 Improved cardiac function by labetalol may be related to decreased afterload on the left ventricle, and diminished oxygen utilization by the myocardium.", "PMID": 526402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2925", "title": "Use of labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy.", "content": "1 Labetalol, a hypotensive agent combining alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties, was used to treat severe hypertensive disease complicating pregnancy. 2 Effective reduction in BP was achieved in all but 3 of the 25 patients treated. Careful monitoring of feto-placental function was undertaken to ensure the maintenance of fetal well-being. Maternal and fetal side-effects were minimal and it was not necessary to discontinue the drug in any patient. 3 Labetalol was estimated in the cord blood of the fetus at delivery as well as in the breast milk of mothers on day 3 post partum. There were no adverse effects of the drug on the infants and significant hypotension did not occur. 4 The reults suggest that labetalol has a direct action on fetal lung maturation and this, together with its effective hypotensive effect, contributes to the low perinatal mortality (3.5%) observed. 5 Oculotoxicity due to the labetalol was not observed in the infants delivered. 6 It is concluded that the efficient hypotensive action of labetalol, together with apparent freedom from maternal and fetal side-effects, and consequent improved perinatal mortality, suggest that it is a suitable drug for use in pregnancy complicated by hypertension.", "contents": "Use of labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy. 1 Labetalol, a hypotensive agent combining alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties, was used to treat severe hypertensive disease complicating pregnancy. 2 Effective reduction in BP was achieved in all but 3 of the 25 patients treated. Careful monitoring of feto-placental function was undertaken to ensure the maintenance of fetal well-being. Maternal and fetal side-effects were minimal and it was not necessary to discontinue the drug in any patient. 3 Labetalol was estimated in the cord blood of the fetus at delivery as well as in the breast milk of mothers on day 3 post partum. There were no adverse effects of the drug on the infants and significant hypotension did not occur. 4 The reults suggest that labetalol has a direct action on fetal lung maturation and this, together with its effective hypotensive effect, contributes to the low perinatal mortality (3.5%) observed. 5 Oculotoxicity due to the labetalol was not observed in the infants delivered. 6 It is concluded that the efficient hypotensive action of labetalol, together with apparent freedom from maternal and fetal side-effects, and consequent improved perinatal mortality, suggest that it is a suitable drug for use in pregnancy complicated by hypertension.", "PMID": 526403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2926", "title": "Use of labetalol and methyldopa in pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "content": "1 Nineteen pregnant patients whose mean arterial pressure (MAP) was persistently greater than or equal to 103.3 mmHg were given labetalol or methyldopa. 2 Singificant falls (P less than 0.001) in BP only occurred in the group treated with labetalol, and daily BP control was better in this group. 3 Two severely hypertensive patients were successfully treated with intravenous labetalol. 4 There was a higher incidence of spontaneous labour in the labetalol group and a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the Bishop score of the cervix between the two groups. 5 There were no apparent detrimental effects on the foetus antenatally, during labour or post partum. 6 Slight breathlessness in one patient treated with labetalol was the only side-effect observed but drowsiness, headache and postural hypotension were reported in patients receiving methyldopa.", "contents": "Use of labetalol and methyldopa in pregnancy-induced hypertension. 1 Nineteen pregnant patients whose mean arterial pressure (MAP) was persistently greater than or equal to 103.3 mmHg were given labetalol or methyldopa. 2 Singificant falls (P less than 0.001) in BP only occurred in the group treated with labetalol, and daily BP control was better in this group. 3 Two severely hypertensive patients were successfully treated with intravenous labetalol. 4 There was a higher incidence of spontaneous labour in the labetalol group and a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the Bishop score of the cervix between the two groups. 5 There were no apparent detrimental effects on the foetus antenatally, during labour or post partum. 6 Slight breathlessness in one patient treated with labetalol was the only side-effect observed but drowsiness, headache and postural hypotension were reported in patients receiving methyldopa.", "PMID": 526404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2927", "title": "Use of labetalol during hypotensive anaesthesia and in the management of phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "1 The circulatory effects of labetalol have been studied in 88 patients undergoing plastic surgery, 8 patients with carcinoma of the breast, 10 with carcinoma in the head and neck, and in 2 patients with phaeochromocytoma, each anaesthetized twice. 2 The use of labetalol intravenously produced hypotension and a bloodless operating field in patients undergoing plastic surgery and in those undergoing radical surgery for the removal of carcinoma. 3 Two patients with phaeochromocytoma pre-treated with oral labetalol before anaesthesia, had well controlled BPs and heart rates during surgery, although in one instance additional intravenous labetalol was required. 4 Pre-operative preparation of patients with phaeochromocytoma with labetalol seems to be simpler and safer than previous techniques involving drugs with separate alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking effects.", "contents": "Use of labetalol during hypotensive anaesthesia and in the management of phaeochromocytoma. 1 The circulatory effects of labetalol have been studied in 88 patients undergoing plastic surgery, 8 patients with carcinoma of the breast, 10 with carcinoma in the head and neck, and in 2 patients with phaeochromocytoma, each anaesthetized twice. 2 The use of labetalol intravenously produced hypotension and a bloodless operating field in patients undergoing plastic surgery and in those undergoing radical surgery for the removal of carcinoma. 3 Two patients with phaeochromocytoma pre-treated with oral labetalol before anaesthesia, had well controlled BPs and heart rates during surgery, although in one instance additional intravenous labetalol was required. 4 Pre-operative preparation of patients with phaeochromocytoma with labetalol seems to be simpler and safer than previous techniques involving drugs with separate alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking effects.", "PMID": 526406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2928", "title": "Labetalol infusion in acute myocardial infarction with systemic hypertension.", "content": "1 Fifteen patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction and systemic BP of greater than 160/110 mmHg were treated with an incremental infusion of labetalol. 2 Systemic BPs were safely and effectively lowered to less than 130 mm Hg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic in all pateints. 3 Heart rate, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure cardiac index and stroke work index were significantly reduced. 4 The dose of labetalol varied from 30 mg--440 mg and was significantly higher (mean 295 mg) in those patients with pre-existing systemic hypertension compared with others (mean 133 mg). 5 No side-effects occurred and all patients survived to leave hospital.", "contents": "Labetalol infusion in acute myocardial infarction with systemic hypertension. 1 Fifteen patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction and systemic BP of greater than 160/110 mmHg were treated with an incremental infusion of labetalol. 2 Systemic BPs were safely and effectively lowered to less than 130 mm Hg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic in all pateints. 3 Heart rate, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure cardiac index and stroke work index were significantly reduced. 4 The dose of labetalol varied from 30 mg--440 mg and was significantly higher (mean 295 mg) in those patients with pre-existing systemic hypertension compared with others (mean 133 mg). 5 No side-effects occurred and all patients survived to leave hospital.", "PMID": 526407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2929", "title": "Effect of labetalol in hypertension during exercise and postural changes.", "content": "1 Fourteen hypertensive patients were studied by intra-arterial BP monitoring to quantify the effects of standardized physiological stresses: Valsalva manoeuvre, isometric, treadmill and bicycle exercise, and 60 degree tilting before and after labetalol treatment. 2 The dose of labetalol ranged from 100--600 mg three times daily and the response was judged on outpatient clinic recordings. 3 The drug produced a sustained reduction of BP and heart rate responses during dynamic exercise and the Valsalva manoeuvre, but the degree of change from the lowered baseline were not changed by labetalol. The fall in BP on cessation of exercise was decreased rather than increased. 4 The response to controlled isometric muscle contraction was affected in a similar fashion. 5 Tilting produced a fall in BP after treatment, and this was most marked in those patients on the highest doses. However, compensatory increases in diastolic BP were observed.", "contents": "Effect of labetalol in hypertension during exercise and postural changes. 1 Fourteen hypertensive patients were studied by intra-arterial BP monitoring to quantify the effects of standardized physiological stresses: Valsalva manoeuvre, isometric, treadmill and bicycle exercise, and 60 degree tilting before and after labetalol treatment. 2 The dose of labetalol ranged from 100--600 mg three times daily and the response was judged on outpatient clinic recordings. 3 The drug produced a sustained reduction of BP and heart rate responses during dynamic exercise and the Valsalva manoeuvre, but the degree of change from the lowered baseline were not changed by labetalol. The fall in BP on cessation of exercise was decreased rather than increased. 4 The response to controlled isometric muscle contraction was affected in a similar fashion. 5 Tilting produced a fall in BP after treatment, and this was most marked in those patients on the highest doses. However, compensatory increases in diastolic BP were observed.", "PMID": 526410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2930", "title": "Natural cytotoxic macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of mice.", "content": "Many strains of mice from various breeding institutes have natural cytotoxic macrophages. These macrophages can also be present in nude mice, suggesting that this cytotoxicity can be acquired without invovlvement of T cells. The natural cytotoxicity was non-specific for tumour cells, was not sensitive to trypsin treatment, was lost after 5 days incubation, but could be enhanced by foetal bovine serum. The presence of cytotoxic macrophages in the peritoneal cavity was not genetically or age controlled. Natural cytotoxic macrophages did not occur in germ-free mice. The possible causes of natural cytotoxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxic macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Many strains of mice from various breeding institutes have natural cytotoxic macrophages. These macrophages can also be present in nude mice, suggesting that this cytotoxicity can be acquired without invovlvement of T cells. The natural cytotoxicity was non-specific for tumour cells, was not sensitive to trypsin treatment, was lost after 5 days incubation, but could be enhanced by foetal bovine serum. The presence of cytotoxic macrophages in the peritoneal cavity was not genetically or age controlled. Natural cytotoxic macrophages did not occur in germ-free mice. The possible causes of natural cytotoxicity are discussed.", "PMID": 526427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2931", "title": "Cell-cycle distribution of urothelial tumour cells as measured by flow cytometry.", "content": "The fraction of cells in S + G2 + mitosis from 54 urothelial tumours was calculated by flow cytometry after acridine orange (AO) staining of cells obtained by bladder irrigation or biopsy. Fluorescence signals emitted by the AO-stained DNA and RNA of each cell were separated optically and measured for 5,000 cells per specimen. The patients were classified by the histology of their tumours and clinical data into 5 diagnostic categories: NED (no evidence of disease, but history of bladder tumour), 3; papilloma, 8; non-invasive papillary carcinoma, 8; carcinoma in situ, 17 and invasive carcinoma, 18. The fraction of cells with DNA values in S + G2 + M of the cell cycle varied between 7 and 57% of the total, with a wide range within each diagnostic category, but no statistically significant differences between the groups. The proportion of cells in S + G2 + M from an individual tumour was not correlated with histologic grade or clinical behaviour. The possibility that some tumour cells with DNA values above G1 level are quiescent cells arrested at S or G2 is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-cycle distribution of urothelial tumour cells as measured by flow cytometry. The fraction of cells in S + G2 + mitosis from 54 urothelial tumours was calculated by flow cytometry after acridine orange (AO) staining of cells obtained by bladder irrigation or biopsy. Fluorescence signals emitted by the AO-stained DNA and RNA of each cell were separated optically and measured for 5,000 cells per specimen. The patients were classified by the histology of their tumours and clinical data into 5 diagnostic categories: NED (no evidence of disease, but history of bladder tumour), 3; papilloma, 8; non-invasive papillary carcinoma, 8; carcinoma in situ, 17 and invasive carcinoma, 18. The fraction of cells with DNA values in S + G2 + M of the cell cycle varied between 7 and 57% of the total, with a wide range within each diagnostic category, but no statistically significant differences between the groups. The proportion of cells in S + G2 + M from an individual tumour was not correlated with histologic grade or clinical behaviour. The possibility that some tumour cells with DNA values above G1 level are quiescent cells arrested at S or G2 is discussed.", "PMID": 526428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2932", "title": "Influence of hyperthermia on the oxygen enhancement ratio for x-rays, measured in vivo.", "content": "The skin of mouse tail has been used to study the effect of hyperthermia on the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER). Heating was by immersion of a portion of the tail in hot water. Radiation was given either immediately before or after hyperthermia. The average skin reaction between 15 and 50 days after treatment was taken as the end-point. The OER in the absence of hyperthermia was 1.77, suggesting significant hypoxia of the skin. When hyperthermia was given after irradiation the measured value for the OER was not significantly different, but with prior hyperthermia the OER was increased to an average value of 2.3. This increase in OER is probably due to a transient increase in blood circulation following hyperthermia and causing improved tissue oxygenation during irradiation. As a consequence we would expect a greater thermal enhancement ratio for heat given before irradiation than afterwards, and this has frequently been observed with other normal tissues. There was no evidence that heat reduces OER, as has been reported by some authors on the basis of experiments performed on cells in vitro.", "contents": "Influence of hyperthermia on the oxygen enhancement ratio for x-rays, measured in vivo. The skin of mouse tail has been used to study the effect of hyperthermia on the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER). Heating was by immersion of a portion of the tail in hot water. Radiation was given either immediately before or after hyperthermia. The average skin reaction between 15 and 50 days after treatment was taken as the end-point. The OER in the absence of hyperthermia was 1.77, suggesting significant hypoxia of the skin. When hyperthermia was given after irradiation the measured value for the OER was not significantly different, but with prior hyperthermia the OER was increased to an average value of 2.3. This increase in OER is probably due to a transient increase in blood circulation following hyperthermia and causing improved tissue oxygenation during irradiation. As a consequence we would expect a greater thermal enhancement ratio for heat given before irradiation than afterwards, and this has frequently been observed with other normal tissues. There was no evidence that heat reduces OER, as has been reported by some authors on the basis of experiments performed on cells in vitro.", "PMID": 526429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2933", "title": "The quantitative response of human tumours to radiation and misonidazole.", "content": "Eleven patients with measurable subcutaneous or pulmonary metastases were selected for a study of the effectiveness of the radiosensitizer misonidazole (MIS). Evaluable data were obtained in 6 patients and radiosensitization demonstrated in 5. Patients were irradiated either before or after MIS, and each patient acted as his own control. Response to treatment in 5 cases was assessed in terms of growth delay, and radiation doses were selected in expectation of enhancement ratios of 1.2 to 1.5. In 1 case evidence of sensitization was obtained from differential tumour clearance from 2 areas of skin irradiated before or after MIS. Results in 4/5 growth-delay studies indicated enhancement ratios ranging from 1.1 to greater than 1.5. An enhancement ratio of 1.3 was measured in a case of squamous carcinoma treated by a 10-fraction course of irradiation. Evidence of sensitization was obtained in breast carcinoma, osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, prostatic carcinoma and synoviosarcoma. The results of this study support the view that MIS may improve the radiotherapeutic management of a wide range of tumours, although more extensive data are required to identify those categories of disease in which greatest benefit will be obtained, and to indicate the optimum radiation schedule.", "contents": "The quantitative response of human tumours to radiation and misonidazole. Eleven patients with measurable subcutaneous or pulmonary metastases were selected for a study of the effectiveness of the radiosensitizer misonidazole (MIS). Evaluable data were obtained in 6 patients and radiosensitization demonstrated in 5. Patients were irradiated either before or after MIS, and each patient acted as his own control. Response to treatment in 5 cases was assessed in terms of growth delay, and radiation doses were selected in expectation of enhancement ratios of 1.2 to 1.5. In 1 case evidence of sensitization was obtained from differential tumour clearance from 2 areas of skin irradiated before or after MIS. Results in 4/5 growth-delay studies indicated enhancement ratios ranging from 1.1 to greater than 1.5. An enhancement ratio of 1.3 was measured in a case of squamous carcinoma treated by a 10-fraction course of irradiation. Evidence of sensitization was obtained in breast carcinoma, osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, prostatic carcinoma and synoviosarcoma. The results of this study support the view that MIS may improve the radiotherapeutic management of a wide range of tumours, although more extensive data are required to identify those categories of disease in which greatest benefit will be obtained, and to indicate the optimum radiation schedule.", "PMID": 526430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2934", "title": "Changes in NMR relaxation times of adjacent muscle after implantation of malignant and normal tissue.", "content": "In separate experiments, normal foreign tissue and malignant tumour were implanted s.c. into the rat thigh. NMR T1 values of the adjacent normal muscle, resulting from local inflammatory reactions or from malignant invasion, were measured. Elevations in T1 of the underlying muscle occurred within 24 h in both experiments, and it is believed these were caused by rapid inflammatory and immunological reactions to the implants. However the T1 values of muscle samples adjacent to the non-malignant implants decreased during the 11 days after implantation, dropping to values within the normal range. In the second experiment there was progressive malignant invasion into the normal adjacent tissue and the elevated T1 values were maintained throughout the 12-day period. The effects of the implantation on tissue water content are discussed in relation to NMR T1 relaxation times, and the relevance to whole-body NMR imaging of elevated T1 values due to nonmalignant pathological states is considered.", "contents": "Changes in NMR relaxation times of adjacent muscle after implantation of malignant and normal tissue. In separate experiments, normal foreign tissue and malignant tumour were implanted s.c. into the rat thigh. NMR T1 values of the adjacent normal muscle, resulting from local inflammatory reactions or from malignant invasion, were measured. Elevations in T1 of the underlying muscle occurred within 24 h in both experiments, and it is believed these were caused by rapid inflammatory and immunological reactions to the implants. However the T1 values of muscle samples adjacent to the non-malignant implants decreased during the 11 days after implantation, dropping to values within the normal range. In the second experiment there was progressive malignant invasion into the normal adjacent tissue and the elevated T1 values were maintained throughout the 12-day period. The effects of the implantation on tissue water content are discussed in relation to NMR T1 relaxation times, and the relevance to whole-body NMR imaging of elevated T1 values due to nonmalignant pathological states is considered.", "PMID": 526431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2935", "title": "The carcinogenicity of 15,16-dihydro-11-methyl-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one.", "content": "Direct comparison of skin-tumour induction by 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one (I) and by benzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin, both by repeated application or by initiation with a single dose followed by promotion with croton oil, demonstrated that these two carcinogens have similar potency. After repeated application of (I) the mean latent period for skin-tumour induction was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose over a 10-fold dose range. Under these conditions, application of the aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone together with (I) inhibited tumour induction by about 40%. By contrast, in the 2-stage experiment, little effect on tumour incidence or latent period was observed when this inhibitor was applied with the single initiating dose of (I). Co-administration of the epoxide-hydratase inhibitor 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide caused enhancement by shortening the latent period. After s.c. injection of (I) into mice, a similar number of tumours was induced on skin remote from the site of injection by promotion with corton oil begun either one week or 6 months after initiation. Gastric instillation of (I) into female rats induced mammary adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity of 15,16-dihydro-11-methyl-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one. Direct comparison of skin-tumour induction by 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one (I) and by benzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin, both by repeated application or by initiation with a single dose followed by promotion with croton oil, demonstrated that these two carcinogens have similar potency. After repeated application of (I) the mean latent period for skin-tumour induction was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose over a 10-fold dose range. Under these conditions, application of the aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone together with (I) inhibited tumour induction by about 40%. By contrast, in the 2-stage experiment, little effect on tumour incidence or latent period was observed when this inhibitor was applied with the single initiating dose of (I). Co-administration of the epoxide-hydratase inhibitor 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide caused enhancement by shortening the latent period. After s.c. injection of (I) into mice, a similar number of tumours was induced on skin remote from the site of injection by promotion with corton oil begun either one week or 6 months after initiation. Gastric instillation of (I) into female rats induced mammary adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 526432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2936", "title": "Carcinogenicity of betel quid ingredients: feeding mice with aqueous extract and the polyphenol fraction of betel nut.", "content": "Male mice of inbred strains Swiss and C17 were fed daily 5 times a week by intragastric tube 0.1 ml of betel-nut aqueous extract, betel-leaf aqueous extract and the polyphenol fraction of betel nut. Male mice of corresponding strains fed 0.1 ml of distilled water served as controls. Treated and control mice were kept under observation and killed when moribund. Betel-nut aqueous extract induced tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in 58% Swiss mice and 25% C17 mice. The polyphenol fraction by the same route induced tumours at other sites in 17% of the mice. Betel-leaf aqueous extract failed to induce any tumour in the treated mice, which supports an earlier report of the lack of any carcinogenic principle in betel leaf, an essential constituent of betel quid. Results are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of betel quid ingredients: feeding mice with aqueous extract and the polyphenol fraction of betel nut. Male mice of inbred strains Swiss and C17 were fed daily 5 times a week by intragastric tube 0.1 ml of betel-nut aqueous extract, betel-leaf aqueous extract and the polyphenol fraction of betel nut. Male mice of corresponding strains fed 0.1 ml of distilled water served as controls. Treated and control mice were kept under observation and killed when moribund. Betel-nut aqueous extract induced tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in 58% Swiss mice and 25% C17 mice. The polyphenol fraction by the same route induced tumours at other sites in 17% of the mice. Betel-leaf aqueous extract failed to induce any tumour in the treated mice, which supports an earlier report of the lack of any carcinogenic principle in betel leaf, an essential constituent of betel quid. Results are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "PMID": 526433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2937", "title": "Neutrophil marrow profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and neutropenia.", "content": "Neutrophil marrow cellularity was determined in 14 neutropenic patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from measurements of neutrophil-normoblast ratios in marrow biopsies and ferrokinetic estimates of marrow normoblasts. A marrow profile was developed for each patient comprising the numbers of promyelocytes and myelocytes, of metamyelocytes and bands, and of segmented neutrophils in whole marrow. In each case a maturation ratio was calculated by dividing the number of metamyelocytes and bands by the number of promyelocytes and myelocytes. The physiologic marrow response to loss of neutrophils from circulation was assumed to be an increase in promyelocytes and myelocytes due to proliferation and influx, a reduction in segmented cells due to early release, and a normal maturation ratio. The results were interpreted in the light of the 95% confidence limits for data previously obtained from 13 normal subjects: in patients with neutropenia reduced or basal numbers of promyelocytes and myelocytes were interpreted as absence of the anticipated proliferative response; increased numbers of marrow segmented cells were attributed to failure of release; a low maturation ratio was assessed to reflect intramedullary cell loss. The pattern in two patients with Felty's syndrome was consistent with a physiological response to neutrophil destruction. The other 12 patients had neutrophil marrow abnormalities. Seven patients with Felty's syndrome and four patients without splenomegaly had absolute or relative hypoplasia of neutrophil marrow or low maturation ratios. One patient with a normal spleen size had an increased number of marrow segmented cells yet failed to mobilize cells normally in response to dialysis coil-activation of C3. Abnormalities of neutrophil marrow may contribute to neutropenia in RA irrespective of the presence of splenomegaly. Recognition of neutrophil marrow abnormalities in these patients may be of value in prognosis and management.", "contents": "Neutrophil marrow profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and neutropenia. Neutrophil marrow cellularity was determined in 14 neutropenic patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from measurements of neutrophil-normoblast ratios in marrow biopsies and ferrokinetic estimates of marrow normoblasts. A marrow profile was developed for each patient comprising the numbers of promyelocytes and myelocytes, of metamyelocytes and bands, and of segmented neutrophils in whole marrow. In each case a maturation ratio was calculated by dividing the number of metamyelocytes and bands by the number of promyelocytes and myelocytes. The physiologic marrow response to loss of neutrophils from circulation was assumed to be an increase in promyelocytes and myelocytes due to proliferation and influx, a reduction in segmented cells due to early release, and a normal maturation ratio. The results were interpreted in the light of the 95% confidence limits for data previously obtained from 13 normal subjects: in patients with neutropenia reduced or basal numbers of promyelocytes and myelocytes were interpreted as absence of the anticipated proliferative response; increased numbers of marrow segmented cells were attributed to failure of release; a low maturation ratio was assessed to reflect intramedullary cell loss. The pattern in two patients with Felty's syndrome was consistent with a physiological response to neutrophil destruction. The other 12 patients had neutrophil marrow abnormalities. Seven patients with Felty's syndrome and four patients without splenomegaly had absolute or relative hypoplasia of neutrophil marrow or low maturation ratios. One patient with a normal spleen size had an increased number of marrow segmented cells yet failed to mobilize cells normally in response to dialysis coil-activation of C3. Abnormalities of neutrophil marrow may contribute to neutropenia in RA irrespective of the presence of splenomegaly. Recognition of neutrophil marrow abnormalities in these patients may be of value in prognosis and management.", "PMID": 526442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2938", "title": "A method for the investigation of reticuloendothelial iron kinetics in man.", "content": "A colloidal suspension of hydrolysed radio-iron of high specific activity has been developed for the investigation of reticuloendothelial (RE) iron kinetics in man. Following intravenous injection this material is cleared rapidly by the RE system and the iron released intn to the endogenous RE iron load, and it has proved possible to measure RE iron release without disturbing the normal iron flow.", "contents": "A method for the investigation of reticuloendothelial iron kinetics in man. A colloidal suspension of hydrolysed radio-iron of high specific activity has been developed for the investigation of reticuloendothelial (RE) iron kinetics in man. Following intravenous injection this material is cleared rapidly by the RE system and the iron released intn to the endogenous RE iron load, and it has proved possible to measure RE iron release without disturbing the normal iron flow.", "PMID": 526443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2939", "title": "Transplacental transport in the rabbit of vitamin B12 bound to human transcobalamin I, II and III.", "content": "Transcobalamins I, II and III (TCI, TCII, TCIII) were purified from human serum, saturated with 57Co-vitamin B12 (57Co-B12), and injected into pregnant rabbits. Whole body retention of the 57Co-B12 averaged 91% and was similar for each of the three vitamin B12 binders. A maximum of 62% of the injected 57Co-B12 was found in fetal tissues when the vitamin was injected bound to TCII, but only 6--7% when bound to TCI or TCIII. Thus TCII is responsible for the delivery of vitamin B12 to the fetus.", "contents": "Transplacental transport in the rabbit of vitamin B12 bound to human transcobalamin I, II and III. Transcobalamins I, II and III (TCI, TCII, TCIII) were purified from human serum, saturated with 57Co-vitamin B12 (57Co-B12), and injected into pregnant rabbits. Whole body retention of the 57Co-B12 averaged 91% and was similar for each of the three vitamin B12 binders. A maximum of 62% of the injected 57Co-B12 was found in fetal tissues when the vitamin was injected bound to TCII, but only 6--7% when bound to TCI or TCIII. Thus TCII is responsible for the delivery of vitamin B12 to the fetus.", "PMID": 526444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2940", "title": "Mean cell volume in a working population: the effects of age, smoking, alcohol and oral contraception.", "content": "The effects of mean cell volume (MCV) of age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, menopausal status, and use of oral contraceptives have been studied as appropriate in 1596 white men and 892 white women in working populations in North-West London. In men, increasing age, smoking and alcohol consumption each make an independent contribution to MCV. In women, the effect of smoking is similar to that in men; the effect of alcohol is less obvious, possibly because of the low stated alcohol intake in women. The effect of alcohol on MCV in the population studied is not as marked as in hospital patients who admit to excessive alcohol consumption; this may partly be due to differences in methods of eliciting intake. There is a small increase in MCV following the menopause. Women on oral contraceptives show a rise in MCV with increasing age; this is not seen in women not on oral contraceptives. There is a strong inverse association between MCV and red blood cell count, which may be part of a mechanism to ensure constant oxygen carrying capactiy.", "contents": "Mean cell volume in a working population: the effects of age, smoking, alcohol and oral contraception. The effects of mean cell volume (MCV) of age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, menopausal status, and use of oral contraceptives have been studied as appropriate in 1596 white men and 892 white women in working populations in North-West London. In men, increasing age, smoking and alcohol consumption each make an independent contribution to MCV. In women, the effect of smoking is similar to that in men; the effect of alcohol is less obvious, possibly because of the low stated alcohol intake in women. The effect of alcohol on MCV in the population studied is not as marked as in hospital patients who admit to excessive alcohol consumption; this may partly be due to differences in methods of eliciting intake. There is a small increase in MCV following the menopause. Women on oral contraceptives show a rise in MCV with increasing age; this is not seen in women not on oral contraceptives. There is a strong inverse association between MCV and red blood cell count, which may be part of a mechanism to ensure constant oxygen carrying capactiy.", "PMID": 526445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2941", "title": "Effect of fibrin degradation products and thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis.", "content": "The effect of intravenous administration of homologous fibrin degradation products and thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was assessed in rabbits. The relative fibrinogen synthesis rate was calculated as a ratio of the amount of radiolabelled lysine incorporated into fibrinogen to the amount incorporated into albumin during the same measurement period. An increase in this ratio above control would indicate a relatively specific stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as compared with albumin, which is not an acute-phase reactant. Injection of 45 mg of 'early' or 'late' fibrin degradation products failed to produce a significant increase in the relative fibrinogen synthesis rate, suggesting that fibrin degradation products play no feedback role in controlling fibrinogen synthesis. Infusion of small amounts of homologous thrombin (15--25 NIH u) was followed by a small but statistically significant elevation of the relative fibrinogen synthesis rate. This was not accompanied by any increase in the levels of fibrinogen degradation products in plasma, or by any decrease in plasma fibrinogen concentration, possibly suggesting that thrombin can stimulate fibrinogen synthesis by a mechanism independent of significant fibrinogenolysis or intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Effect of fibrin degradation products and thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis. The effect of intravenous administration of homologous fibrin degradation products and thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was assessed in rabbits. The relative fibrinogen synthesis rate was calculated as a ratio of the amount of radiolabelled lysine incorporated into fibrinogen to the amount incorporated into albumin during the same measurement period. An increase in this ratio above control would indicate a relatively specific stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as compared with albumin, which is not an acute-phase reactant. Injection of 45 mg of 'early' or 'late' fibrin degradation products failed to produce a significant increase in the relative fibrinogen synthesis rate, suggesting that fibrin degradation products play no feedback role in controlling fibrinogen synthesis. Infusion of small amounts of homologous thrombin (15--25 NIH u) was followed by a small but statistically significant elevation of the relative fibrinogen synthesis rate. This was not accompanied by any increase in the levels of fibrinogen degradation products in plasma, or by any decrease in plasma fibrinogen concentration, possibly suggesting that thrombin can stimulate fibrinogen synthesis by a mechanism independent of significant fibrinogenolysis or intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 526446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2942", "title": "The chromatographic separation of factor VIII on aminohexyl sepharose.", "content": "A new method of factor VIII purification has been devised which involves chromatographic separation on aminohexyl-substituted agarose. Relatively large volumes of starting material can be processed compared to the volume of agarose employed and satisfactory yields are obtained. Factor-VIII-clotting activity is separated from the other related substances and resultant products appear to be stable. While separation of clotting activity occurs with relative ease, the antigen and ristocetin co-factor are hardly segregated, if at all. This provides a little more information about the interrelation of these substances. Results suggest that ion-exchange is involved in the mechanism of separation but additional hydrophobic or steric effects cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "The chromatographic separation of factor VIII on aminohexyl sepharose. A new method of factor VIII purification has been devised which involves chromatographic separation on aminohexyl-substituted agarose. Relatively large volumes of starting material can be processed compared to the volume of agarose employed and satisfactory yields are obtained. Factor-VIII-clotting activity is separated from the other related substances and resultant products appear to be stable. While separation of clotting activity occurs with relative ease, the antigen and ristocetin co-factor are hardly segregated, if at all. This provides a little more information about the interrelation of these substances. Results suggest that ion-exchange is involved in the mechanism of separation but additional hydrophobic or steric effects cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 526447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2943", "title": "A study of cryosurgery for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix.", "content": "We studied 22 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of severe dysplasia and 89 patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Twenty patients (18 per cent) had negative cervical smears for four to six years after diagnosis by biopsy of the cervix. The 91 patients with persistently abnormal smears were treated by cryosurgery, using a double freeze technique with nitrous oxide. Seventy-four (86 per cent) had persistently normal cervical smears after one treatment and eight after a second treatment while nine patients required conization for recurrently abnormal cervical smears. The duration of follow-up was five or six years in 48 patients (53 per cent). In a subsidiary study, material was obtained for histological examination from 72 patients with normal smears by endocervical curettage and multiple biopsies of the cervix; 8 showed slight atypia and 2 had residual carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "A study of cryosurgery for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. We studied 22 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of severe dysplasia and 89 patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Twenty patients (18 per cent) had negative cervical smears for four to six years after diagnosis by biopsy of the cervix. The 91 patients with persistently abnormal smears were treated by cryosurgery, using a double freeze technique with nitrous oxide. Seventy-four (86 per cent) had persistently normal cervical smears after one treatment and eight after a second treatment while nine patients required conization for recurrently abnormal cervical smears. The duration of follow-up was five or six years in 48 patients (53 per cent). In a subsidiary study, material was obtained for histological examination from 72 patients with normal smears by endocervical curettage and multiple biopsies of the cervix; 8 showed slight atypia and 2 had residual carcinoma in situ.", "PMID": 526449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2944", "title": "An improved method of fetal weight estimation using ultrasound measurements of fetal abdominal circumference.", "content": "A simple and accurate method is described for estimating fetal weight from a single fetal abdomen circumference measurement at the level of the umbilical vein. The abdominal circumference was converted into a weight centile for the maturity at the time of measurement so that the weight at delivery could be predicted. This method was tested on a population of fetuses presenting by the breech near term. Although the error between actual and predicted weights was 194 g (1 SD) for all the patients, for a large well-defined subgroup the error was much smaller, being only 104 g (1 SD).", "contents": "An improved method of fetal weight estimation using ultrasound measurements of fetal abdominal circumference. A simple and accurate method is described for estimating fetal weight from a single fetal abdomen circumference measurement at the level of the umbilical vein. The abdominal circumference was converted into a weight centile for the maturity at the time of measurement so that the weight at delivery could be predicted. This method was tested on a population of fetuses presenting by the breech near term. Although the error between actual and predicted weights was 194 g (1 SD) for all the patients, for a large well-defined subgroup the error was much smaller, being only 104 g (1 SD).", "PMID": 526450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2945", "title": "Intrapartum fetal monitoring with the cerebral function monitor.", "content": "We report a trial of the technical feasibility of monitoring the state of the fetal brain during labour using the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM). This device was developed for long-term monitoring of the electroencephalogram (EEG). A tripolar scalp electrode allows removal of the fetal electrocardiograph (ECG) from the fetal EEG. Technically satisfactory recordings were obtained from 15 fetuses during labour for periods of up to 6 1/2 hours before delivery. There were alterations of CFM trace with fetal distress and also during general anesthesia for Caesarean section.", "contents": "Intrapartum fetal monitoring with the cerebral function monitor. We report a trial of the technical feasibility of monitoring the state of the fetal brain during labour using the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM). This device was developed for long-term monitoring of the electroencephalogram (EEG). A tripolar scalp electrode allows removal of the fetal electrocardiograph (ECG) from the fetal EEG. Technically satisfactory recordings were obtained from 15 fetuses during labour for periods of up to 6 1/2 hours before delivery. There were alterations of CFM trace with fetal distress and also during general anesthesia for Caesarean section.", "PMID": 526451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2946", "title": "Measurement of fetal transcutaneous oxygen tension--problems and potential.", "content": "In a series of 39 fetuses, continuous intrapartum transcutaneous PO2 recordings were made using a commercially available skin electrode, applied to the shaven fetal scalp. The weak correlation between transcutaneous measurements and umbilical blood PO2 at delivery is believed to be due to scalp ischaemia produced by 'head to cervix' pressure during labour. This 'tonsure' effect presents a major obstacle to the use of surface electrodes for intrapartum blood gas monitoring from the fetal scalp in clinical obstetrics. Modification of the current technique may allow it to be used reliably for research.", "contents": "Measurement of fetal transcutaneous oxygen tension--problems and potential. In a series of 39 fetuses, continuous intrapartum transcutaneous PO2 recordings were made using a commercially available skin electrode, applied to the shaven fetal scalp. The weak correlation between transcutaneous measurements and umbilical blood PO2 at delivery is believed to be due to scalp ischaemia produced by 'head to cervix' pressure during labour. This 'tonsure' effect presents a major obstacle to the use of surface electrodes for intrapartum blood gas monitoring from the fetal scalp in clinical obstetrics. Modification of the current technique may allow it to be used reliably for research.", "PMID": 526452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2947", "title": "Continuous measurement of transcutaneous fetal oxygen tension during labour.", "content": "Transcutaneous scalp oxygen tension (tcPO2) was measured during labour in 40 fetuses, using a modified Clark electrode (Radiometer, Copenhagen). In 24 of the fetuses the recordings were of good quality during the second stage of labour. After delivery the acid-base status and oxygenation of the umbilical cord blood was measured. A correlation was found between the tcPO2 and umbilical artery oxygen saturation (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01) and umbilical artery PO2 (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01). Furuthermore, a positive correlation was found between the area beneath the recorded tcPO2 curve during the last 10 minutes and the umbilical artery pH (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05). The data suggest that continuous transcutaneous PO2 measurement may be of value in monitoring high risk patients during labour.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of transcutaneous fetal oxygen tension during labour. Transcutaneous scalp oxygen tension (tcPO2) was measured during labour in 40 fetuses, using a modified Clark electrode (Radiometer, Copenhagen). In 24 of the fetuses the recordings were of good quality during the second stage of labour. After delivery the acid-base status and oxygenation of the umbilical cord blood was measured. A correlation was found between the tcPO2 and umbilical artery oxygen saturation (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01) and umbilical artery PO2 (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01). Furuthermore, a positive correlation was found between the area beneath the recorded tcPO2 curve during the last 10 minutes and the umbilical artery pH (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05). The data suggest that continuous transcutaneous PO2 measurement may be of value in monitoring high risk patients during labour.", "PMID": 526453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2948", "title": "Amniotic fluid palmitic acid/stearic acid ratios. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and palmitic acid concentrations in the assessment of fetal lung maturity in diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, palmitic acid concentration and palmitic to stearic acid (P/S) ratio were estimated on samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 66 patients with diabetes. These were compared with similar estimates on amniotic fluid obtained from 127 non-diabetic patients. At 35 to 40 weeks, significant differences were observed between the L/S ratio and palmitic acid concentration in diabetics and non-diabetics, whereas the P/S ratio was similar in the two groups. The amniotic fluid L/S ratio, palmitic acid concentration, and P/S ratio were estimated on amniotic fluid obtained from 20 diabetic patients within 48 hours of induction, and the clinical outcome of the newborn infant was used to assess the predictive value of the three parameters. In 19 out of 20 diabetics the P/S ratio correctly predicted fetal lung maturity, whereas the palmitic acid concentration was correct in 12 patients and the L/S ratio in only 10 patients.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid palmitic acid/stearic acid ratios. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and palmitic acid concentrations in the assessment of fetal lung maturity in diabetic pregnancies. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, palmitic acid concentration and palmitic to stearic acid (P/S) ratio were estimated on samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 66 patients with diabetes. These were compared with similar estimates on amniotic fluid obtained from 127 non-diabetic patients. At 35 to 40 weeks, significant differences were observed between the L/S ratio and palmitic acid concentration in diabetics and non-diabetics, whereas the P/S ratio was similar in the two groups. The amniotic fluid L/S ratio, palmitic acid concentration, and P/S ratio were estimated on amniotic fluid obtained from 20 diabetic patients within 48 hours of induction, and the clinical outcome of the newborn infant was used to assess the predictive value of the three parameters. In 19 out of 20 diabetics the P/S ratio correctly predicted fetal lung maturity, whereas the palmitic acid concentration was correct in 12 patients and the L/S ratio in only 10 patients.", "PMID": 526454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2949", "title": "Mode of delivery and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Babies born by elective Caesarean section are more likely to develop the respiratory distress syndrome that babies born vaginally. We studied the amniotic fluid and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios in three groups of babies born at term: 20 were delivered vaginally after elective induction of labour; 20 were delivered by elective Caesarean section; and 14 by Caesarean section after spontaneous onset of labour. Babies born after induction of labour had higher pharyngeal L/S ratios than babies born by elective Caesarean section. Those born by Caesarean section after spontaneous onset of labour had significantly higher pharyngeal L/S ratios than those in both of the elective delivery groups. There were no significant differences in the amniotic fluid L/S ratios of the two groups who underwent elective delivery. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between length of labour and increase in the L/S ratio. These results indicate that, during labour, there is a release of fetal lung surfactant into the airways.", "contents": "Mode of delivery and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Babies born by elective Caesarean section are more likely to develop the respiratory distress syndrome that babies born vaginally. We studied the amniotic fluid and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios in three groups of babies born at term: 20 were delivered vaginally after elective induction of labour; 20 were delivered by elective Caesarean section; and 14 by Caesarean section after spontaneous onset of labour. Babies born after induction of labour had higher pharyngeal L/S ratios than babies born by elective Caesarean section. Those born by Caesarean section after spontaneous onset of labour had significantly higher pharyngeal L/S ratios than those in both of the elective delivery groups. There were no significant differences in the amniotic fluid L/S ratios of the two groups who underwent elective delivery. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between length of labour and increase in the L/S ratio. These results indicate that, during labour, there is a release of fetal lung surfactant into the airways.", "PMID": 526455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2950", "title": "Epidural analgesia and placental blood flow during labour in pregnancies complicated by hypertension.", "content": "Placental blood flow was measured during the first stage of labour in pregnancies complicated by essential hypertension or severe pre-eclampsia using a 133Xe clearance technique before and after segmental epidural analgesia. Analgesia was produced with 0.5 per cent plain bupivacaine in six patients with essential hypertension and in 11 patients with severe pre-eclampsia. After segmental epidural analgesia the placental blood flow was slightly but insiginificantly improved in most of the patients with pre-eclampsia and in half of the patients with essential hypertension, thus suggesting this analgesic method to be safe in hypertensive pregnancies in the absence of any substantial change in systemic blood pressure.", "contents": "Epidural analgesia and placental blood flow during labour in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Placental blood flow was measured during the first stage of labour in pregnancies complicated by essential hypertension or severe pre-eclampsia using a 133Xe clearance technique before and after segmental epidural analgesia. Analgesia was produced with 0.5 per cent plain bupivacaine in six patients with essential hypertension and in 11 patients with severe pre-eclampsia. After segmental epidural analgesia the placental blood flow was slightly but insiginificantly improved in most of the patients with pre-eclampsia and in half of the patients with essential hypertension, thus suggesting this analgesic method to be safe in hypertensive pregnancies in the absence of any substantial change in systemic blood pressure.", "PMID": 526456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2951", "title": "Relation between the karyopyknotic index and plasma oestrogen concentrations after the menopause.", "content": "The karyopyknotic index correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with the plasma oestradiol but not plasma oestrone concentration in 38 postmenopausal women. This ties with previous findings that postmenopausal women with superficial dyspareunia have a more severe degree of vaginal atrophy than asymptomatic women, and that oestradiol is probably more important biologically than oestrone.", "contents": "Relation between the karyopyknotic index and plasma oestrogen concentrations after the menopause. The karyopyknotic index correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with the plasma oestradiol but not plasma oestrone concentration in 38 postmenopausal women. This ties with previous findings that postmenopausal women with superficial dyspareunia have a more severe degree of vaginal atrophy than asymptomatic women, and that oestradiol is probably more important biologically than oestrone.", "PMID": 526457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2952", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube associated with tuberculous salpingitis. A case report.", "content": "A patient with co-existent carcinoma and tuberculosis of the Fallopian tube is described. Tuberculosis was diagnosed by the finding of numerous typical granulomata throughout the uterus, tubes and ovaries, and by exclusion of other possible causes of these; and carcinoma by the finding of solid tumour, with a marked anisocytic appearance, invading submucosa. Despite the well recognised epithelial hyperplasia seen in tuberculous salpingitis, there remains no evidence that the occurrence of carcinoma in such cases is other than fortuitous.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube associated with tuberculous salpingitis. A case report. A patient with co-existent carcinoma and tuberculosis of the Fallopian tube is described. Tuberculosis was diagnosed by the finding of numerous typical granulomata throughout the uterus, tubes and ovaries, and by exclusion of other possible causes of these; and carcinoma by the finding of solid tumour, with a marked anisocytic appearance, invading submucosa. Despite the well recognised epithelial hyperplasia seen in tuberculous salpingitis, there remains no evidence that the occurrence of carcinoma in such cases is other than fortuitous.", "PMID": 526458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2953", "title": "Continual monitoring of intraocular pressure: effect of central venous pressure, respiration, and eye movements on continual recordings of intraocular pressure in the rabbit, dog, and man.", "content": "A new method has been devised for continual monitoring of intraocular pressure by radiotelemetry. The use of this instrument for monitoring intraocular pressure by a variety of ophthalmic conditions is described.", "contents": "Continual monitoring of intraocular pressure: effect of central venous pressure, respiration, and eye movements on continual recordings of intraocular pressure in the rabbit, dog, and man. A new method has been devised for continual monitoring of intraocular pressure by radiotelemetry. The use of this instrument for monitoring intraocular pressure by a variety of ophthalmic conditions is described.", "PMID": 526459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2954", "title": "Retinal vein obstruction and intraocular pressure: abnormal postural response independent of facility of outflow.", "content": "Eleven patients with a central retinal vein obstruction and 18 with tributary vein obstruction were examined. The intraocular pressure of both eyes of each subject was measured while he was in the sitting position and again after he had been lying down for 15 minutes. Tonography was then carried out on both eyes. No correlation was found between the value of the coefficient of outflow and the magnitude of the rise in intraocular pressure occurring in any eye on the adoption of the supine position, and no correlation between the relative values of the coefficients of outflow in any pair of eyes and the occurrence of the obstruction in one eye rather than the other.", "contents": "Retinal vein obstruction and intraocular pressure: abnormal postural response independent of facility of outflow. Eleven patients with a central retinal vein obstruction and 18 with tributary vein obstruction were examined. The intraocular pressure of both eyes of each subject was measured while he was in the sitting position and again after he had been lying down for 15 minutes. Tonography was then carried out on both eyes. No correlation was found between the value of the coefficient of outflow and the magnitude of the rise in intraocular pressure occurring in any eye on the adoption of the supine position, and no correlation between the relative values of the coefficients of outflow in any pair of eyes and the occurrence of the obstruction in one eye rather than the other.", "PMID": 526460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2955", "title": "Intraocular pressure reduction in chronic simple glaucoma by continuous infusion of dilute pilocarpine solution.", "content": "Ten hospital outpatients with bilateral chronic simple glaucoma received a single drop of 2% pilocarpine to one eye and a continuous infusion of 0.1 % pilocarpine at a flow rate of 0.01 ml/min to the other eye (both solutions were at pH 7.2). On another occasion the treatments were reversed. Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter were made at 30 min intervals for 2 hours. The continuous infusion of dilute solution was as effective as the single drop of more concentrated solution in reducing IOP and in constricting the pupil; the drop was somewhat faster in producing its effect.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure reduction in chronic simple glaucoma by continuous infusion of dilute pilocarpine solution. Ten hospital outpatients with bilateral chronic simple glaucoma received a single drop of 2% pilocarpine to one eye and a continuous infusion of 0.1 % pilocarpine at a flow rate of 0.01 ml/min to the other eye (both solutions were at pH 7.2). On another occasion the treatments were reversed. Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter were made at 30 min intervals for 2 hours. The continuous infusion of dilute solution was as effective as the single drop of more concentrated solution in reducing IOP and in constricting the pupil; the drop was somewhat faster in producing its effect.", "PMID": 526461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2956", "title": "Acute closed-angle glaucoma: an investigation into the effect of delay in treatment.", "content": "A retrospective study of 212 eyes with acute closed-angle glaucoma is reported. A peak incidence in the sixth decade was noted and an increased incidence in females confirmed statistically. A surprising and often marked delay occurred in the presentation of many patients for treatment, but visual outcome was not influenced by such delay. Despite good control of intraocular pressure, many of the eyes suffered visual loss from optic nerve damage, and the visual outcome was not related to the height of intraocular pressure at presentation. Damage to the visual system occurred very early in the disease, probably with the initial acute rise of intraocular pressure, and eyes appear to vary in their susceptibility to such an insult. It does not appear that earlier presentation of the patient with acute glaucoma would significantly improve the visual outcome in terms of visual acuity. The short critical time before damage occurs to the eyes suggests a role for preventive ophthalmology in the detection and surgery of eyes at risk with shallow anterior chambers and narrow angles before they develop acute closed-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Acute closed-angle glaucoma: an investigation into the effect of delay in treatment. A retrospective study of 212 eyes with acute closed-angle glaucoma is reported. A peak incidence in the sixth decade was noted and an increased incidence in females confirmed statistically. A surprising and often marked delay occurred in the presentation of many patients for treatment, but visual outcome was not influenced by such delay. Despite good control of intraocular pressure, many of the eyes suffered visual loss from optic nerve damage, and the visual outcome was not related to the height of intraocular pressure at presentation. Damage to the visual system occurred very early in the disease, probably with the initial acute rise of intraocular pressure, and eyes appear to vary in their susceptibility to such an insult. It does not appear that earlier presentation of the patient with acute glaucoma would significantly improve the visual outcome in terms of visual acuity. The short critical time before damage occurs to the eyes suggests a role for preventive ophthalmology in the detection and surgery of eyes at risk with shallow anterior chambers and narrow angles before they develop acute closed-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 526462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2957", "title": "Management of acute closed-angle glaucoma with miotics and timolol.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of intramuscular or intravenous acetazolamide with frequent instillation of 2% or 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol, or with single drops of pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol or oily vehicles, and the hypotensive effect of topical timolol alone and together with pilocarpine was investigated in the treatment of acute closed-angle glaucoma in 75 patients (81 eyes). The results showed that there was no marked difference in the hypotensive effect whether pilocarpine was used frequently or in a single dose, in different concentrations, or in different vehicles after acetazolamide. Topical timolol alone was not effective enough to control the intraocular pressure in acute closed-angle glaucoma, but a good hypotensive effect was seen when topical timolol was followed by pilocarpine. It is concluded that 1 drop of pilocarpine 3 hours after intravenous or intramuscular acetazolamide or after topical timolol may be sufficient to terminate an acute attack. Topical timolol may serve as a valuable alternative when systemic medication is contraindicated.", "contents": "Management of acute closed-angle glaucoma with miotics and timolol. The hypotensive effect of intramuscular or intravenous acetazolamide with frequent instillation of 2% or 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol, or with single drops of pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol or oily vehicles, and the hypotensive effect of topical timolol alone and together with pilocarpine was investigated in the treatment of acute closed-angle glaucoma in 75 patients (81 eyes). The results showed that there was no marked difference in the hypotensive effect whether pilocarpine was used frequently or in a single dose, in different concentrations, or in different vehicles after acetazolamide. Topical timolol alone was not effective enough to control the intraocular pressure in acute closed-angle glaucoma, but a good hypotensive effect was seen when topical timolol was followed by pilocarpine. It is concluded that 1 drop of pilocarpine 3 hours after intravenous or intramuscular acetazolamide or after topical timolol may be sufficient to terminate an acute attack. Topical timolol may serve as a valuable alternative when systemic medication is contraindicated.", "PMID": 526463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2958", "title": "Transient open-angle glaucoma associated with sickle cell trait: report of 4 cases.", "content": "Four black patients, all with sickle trait (SA), developed transient open-angle glaucoma with blood in Schlemm's canal. In 3 patients the condition followed blunt trauma, while in the fourth no antecedent trauma was described. The intraocular pressure became normal in all 4 cases with the resolution of the haemorrhage from the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.", "contents": "Transient open-angle glaucoma associated with sickle cell trait: report of 4 cases. Four black patients, all with sickle trait (SA), developed transient open-angle glaucoma with blood in Schlemm's canal. In 3 patients the condition followed blunt trauma, while in the fourth no antecedent trauma was described. The intraocular pressure became normal in all 4 cases with the resolution of the haemorrhage from the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.", "PMID": 526464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2959", "title": "Ocular findings in sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease.", "content": "The ocular findings in 2 patients with sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease are described. One patient had proliferative sickle cell retinopathy with extensive autoinfarction of lesions. Sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease must be added to the list of conditions that may be associated with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy.", "contents": "Ocular findings in sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease. The ocular findings in 2 patients with sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease are described. One patient had proliferative sickle cell retinopathy with extensive autoinfarction of lesions. Sickle cell-haemoglobin O Arab disease must be added to the list of conditions that may be associated with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy.", "PMID": 526465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2960", "title": "Ocular findings in a case of haemoglobin H disease.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with known haemoglobin H disease who was found to have angioid streaks and retinal detachment. Angioid streaks have not previously been reported in cases of alpha-thalassaemia, and the question whether this is a chance association or otherwise is discussed.", "contents": "Ocular findings in a case of haemoglobin H disease. A case is reported of a patient with known haemoglobin H disease who was found to have angioid streaks and retinal detachment. Angioid streaks have not previously been reported in cases of alpha-thalassaemia, and the question whether this is a chance association or otherwise is discussed.", "PMID": 526466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2961", "title": "Ocular involvement in scleroderma.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) without renal failure were subjected to detailed clinical ophthalmic assessment. Abnormalities were frequent. However, many of these, including lens opacities, vitreous frosting, and arteriosclerotic changes, were considered to be age-related, and there were various incidental changes. Posterior subcapsular lens opacities in one patient were probably corticosteroid-induced. Changes related to scleroderma included eyelid abnormalities (stiffness or tightness in 11, telangiectasia in 8), deficient tear secretion (14 cases), and conjunctival abnormalities (injection 19 cases, vascular sludging 27 cases). Iris light reflux (6 cases) was possibly related to scleroderma. The changes related to scleroderma occurred in the 3 types classified according to the extent of skin involvement.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in scleroderma. Thirty-eight patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) without renal failure were subjected to detailed clinical ophthalmic assessment. Abnormalities were frequent. However, many of these, including lens opacities, vitreous frosting, and arteriosclerotic changes, were considered to be age-related, and there were various incidental changes. Posterior subcapsular lens opacities in one patient were probably corticosteroid-induced. Changes related to scleroderma included eyelid abnormalities (stiffness or tightness in 11, telangiectasia in 8), deficient tear secretion (14 cases), and conjunctival abnormalities (injection 19 cases, vascular sludging 27 cases). Iris light reflux (6 cases) was possibly related to scleroderma. The changes related to scleroderma occurred in the 3 types classified according to the extent of skin involvement.", "PMID": 526467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2962", "title": "Diagnosis and management of a wooden orbital foreign body: case report.", "content": "The case history of a patient with a retained wooden orbital foreign body is presented. The report illustrates the diagnostic limitations of orbital CAT scanning and ultrasonography. Systemic corticosteroid therapy facilitated the localisation and surgical removal of the foreign body.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of a wooden orbital foreign body: case report. The case history of a patient with a retained wooden orbital foreign body is presented. The report illustrates the diagnostic limitations of orbital CAT scanning and ultrasonography. Systemic corticosteroid therapy facilitated the localisation and surgical removal of the foreign body.", "PMID": 526468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2963", "title": "Phosphate transport and proteins with SH groups in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Phosphate transport in rat liver mitochondria was studied by following [32P] phosphate uptake within physiological concentrations. Transport inhibition due to mersalyl and protection by mersalyl against N-ethylmaleimide measured in those conditions corresponded to earlier results obtained by the swelling technique. When mitochondria were incubated with [3H] N-ethylmaleimide in the presence of mersalyl, the radioactive labeling in proteins of particles obtained after sonication was decreased in all fractions, but three proteins were both highly alkylated and also highly protected by mersalyl (M.W. 48,000 - 36,000 - 31,000). Two of these (M.W. 36,000 and 31,000) were partially purified by ultrogel chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Furthermore, it was shown that both phosphate and nigericin diminished labeling by N-ethylmaleimide in the final supernatant fraction. Two proteins (M.W. 98,000 and 31,000) were significantly alkylated by [3H] N-ethylmaleimide and protected by phosphate and nigericin.", "contents": "Phosphate transport and proteins with SH groups in rat liver mitochondria. Phosphate transport in rat liver mitochondria was studied by following [32P] phosphate uptake within physiological concentrations. Transport inhibition due to mersalyl and protection by mersalyl against N-ethylmaleimide measured in those conditions corresponded to earlier results obtained by the swelling technique. When mitochondria were incubated with [3H] N-ethylmaleimide in the presence of mersalyl, the radioactive labeling in proteins of particles obtained after sonication was decreased in all fractions, but three proteins were both highly alkylated and also highly protected by mersalyl (M.W. 48,000 - 36,000 - 31,000). Two of these (M.W. 36,000 and 31,000) were partially purified by ultrogel chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Furthermore, it was shown that both phosphate and nigericin diminished labeling by N-ethylmaleimide in the final supernatant fraction. Two proteins (M.W. 98,000 and 31,000) were significantly alkylated by [3H] N-ethylmaleimide and protected by phosphate and nigericin.", "PMID": 526469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2964", "title": "Preferential incorporation of an exogenous cytokinin, N6-benzyladenine, into 18S and 25S ribosomal RNA of tobacco cells in suspension culture.", "content": "Cytokinin-requiring tobacco cells were incubated for 10 h in the presence of a labeled cytokinin. N6-benzyl-[2-3H]Ade, and of [8-14C]Ado. After alkaline hydrolysis of total RNA and fractionation of the resulting nucleotides, 80 per cent of the 3H radioactivity of RNA were recovered as the N6-benzyl-Ado nucleotide, covalently inserted into polynucleotidic chains. The N6-benzyl-Ado nucleotide was not significantly labled by 14C: at most one part of this nucleotide per 10 000 may result from a transfer of the benzyl moiety to adenyl residues in preformed RNA. Thus, the covalent insertion of N6-benzyl-Ade into RNA involves the intact N6-substituted base. Total RNA was fractionated either by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All identified RNA species were shown to contain N6-benzyl-Ade. The insertion frequency, measured as the molecular proportion of N6-benzyl-Ade to the total base content, was 3 to 4 times larger in 25S and 18S rRNA than in 5S and 4S RNA. The amount of N6-benzyl-Ade inserted into cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA accounted for about 90 per cent of the amount incorporated into total RNA. Electrophoresis of denatured RNA in the presence of formamide provided additional evidence that N6-benzyl-Ade was indeed incorporated into RNA molecules.", "contents": "Preferential incorporation of an exogenous cytokinin, N6-benzyladenine, into 18S and 25S ribosomal RNA of tobacco cells in suspension culture. Cytokinin-requiring tobacco cells were incubated for 10 h in the presence of a labeled cytokinin. N6-benzyl-[2-3H]Ade, and of [8-14C]Ado. After alkaline hydrolysis of total RNA and fractionation of the resulting nucleotides, 80 per cent of the 3H radioactivity of RNA were recovered as the N6-benzyl-Ado nucleotide, covalently inserted into polynucleotidic chains. The N6-benzyl-Ado nucleotide was not significantly labled by 14C: at most one part of this nucleotide per 10 000 may result from a transfer of the benzyl moiety to adenyl residues in preformed RNA. Thus, the covalent insertion of N6-benzyl-Ade into RNA involves the intact N6-substituted base. Total RNA was fractionated either by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All identified RNA species were shown to contain N6-benzyl-Ade. The insertion frequency, measured as the molecular proportion of N6-benzyl-Ade to the total base content, was 3 to 4 times larger in 25S and 18S rRNA than in 5S and 4S RNA. The amount of N6-benzyl-Ade inserted into cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA accounted for about 90 per cent of the amount incorporated into total RNA. Electrophoresis of denatured RNA in the presence of formamide provided additional evidence that N6-benzyl-Ade was indeed incorporated into RNA molecules.", "PMID": 526470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2965", "title": "Demonstration of growth in porcine thyroid cell culture.", "content": "Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 20 per cent newborn calf serum (N.C.S.) allows porcine thyroid cell survival but not cell growth in vitro. In NCTC 109 medium supplemented with 20 per cent N.C.S. these cells actively grow and may be serially propagated. Cell population doubling time expressed as DNA doubling value is 3.5 days at 37 degrees C in 95 per cent air-5 per cent CO2. Thyrotropin does not affect porcine thyroid cell multiplication in vitro but stimulates the plating efficiency in primary cultures to about 130 per cent of controls. Cell selection was obtained by replacing media with Earle's balanced salt solution. This operation provoked death of nearly all cells by day 18 but subsequent addition of growth medium resulted in proliferation of epithelial cell clones. From generation 2 to generation 8, cells produce thyroglobulin but they do not actively trap iodide nor form follicles when thyrotropin is added to the media. Cell selection, demonstration of growth, as well as freeze-storage techniques described in this paper permit selection and storage of porcine thyroid cells and the potential constitution of cell collections.", "contents": "Demonstration of growth in porcine thyroid cell culture. Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 20 per cent newborn calf serum (N.C.S.) allows porcine thyroid cell survival but not cell growth in vitro. In NCTC 109 medium supplemented with 20 per cent N.C.S. these cells actively grow and may be serially propagated. Cell population doubling time expressed as DNA doubling value is 3.5 days at 37 degrees C in 95 per cent air-5 per cent CO2. Thyrotropin does not affect porcine thyroid cell multiplication in vitro but stimulates the plating efficiency in primary cultures to about 130 per cent of controls. Cell selection was obtained by replacing media with Earle's balanced salt solution. This operation provoked death of nearly all cells by day 18 but subsequent addition of growth medium resulted in proliferation of epithelial cell clones. From generation 2 to generation 8, cells produce thyroglobulin but they do not actively trap iodide nor form follicles when thyrotropin is added to the media. Cell selection, demonstration of growth, as well as freeze-storage techniques described in this paper permit selection and storage of porcine thyroid cells and the potential constitution of cell collections.", "PMID": 526471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2966", "title": "Effect of phosphate ions on the fluorescence of tryptophan derivatives. Implications in fluorescence investigation of protein-nucleic acid complexes.", "content": "In order to test the ability of phosphate groups to quench the fluorescence of tryptophan in protein-nucleic acid complexes we have studied the effect of various phosphate ions on the fluorescence of tryptophan derivatives. Unsubstituted and monoalkyl monoanions (H2PO4- and CH3OPO3H-) quench the fluorescence of all investigated indole derivatives while the dimethyl anion (CH3O)2 PO2- does not. This suggests that quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by phosphate monoanions requires the presence of an acidic OH group and could be due to a proton transfer from the phosphate ion to the indole chromophore. Trianions (PO4 3-4) which are strong proton acceptors quench the fluorescence of all tryptophan derivatives except N(1)methyl tryptophan. This result strongly supports our proposal that quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by phosphate trianions occurs through deprotonation of the NH indole group. Bianions (HPO '4(7), and CH3O PO3 2-3) quench the fluorescence of several indole derivatives including N-acetyl tryptophanamide but have no effect on tryptophan or N(1)-methyl tryptophan. From our results we conclude that phosphate groups of nucleic acids are not able to quench the fluorescence of tryptophyl residues in protein-nucleic acid complexes except if an accessible residue is located near a phosphorylated polynucleotide chain end.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate ions on the fluorescence of tryptophan derivatives. Implications in fluorescence investigation of protein-nucleic acid complexes. In order to test the ability of phosphate groups to quench the fluorescence of tryptophan in protein-nucleic acid complexes we have studied the effect of various phosphate ions on the fluorescence of tryptophan derivatives. Unsubstituted and monoalkyl monoanions (H2PO4- and CH3OPO3H-) quench the fluorescence of all investigated indole derivatives while the dimethyl anion (CH3O)2 PO2- does not. This suggests that quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by phosphate monoanions requires the presence of an acidic OH group and could be due to a proton transfer from the phosphate ion to the indole chromophore. Trianions (PO4 3-4) which are strong proton acceptors quench the fluorescence of all tryptophan derivatives except N(1)methyl tryptophan. This result strongly supports our proposal that quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by phosphate trianions occurs through deprotonation of the NH indole group. Bianions (HPO '4(7), and CH3O PO3 2-3) quench the fluorescence of several indole derivatives including N-acetyl tryptophanamide but have no effect on tryptophan or N(1)-methyl tryptophan. From our results we conclude that phosphate groups of nucleic acids are not able to quench the fluorescence of tryptophyl residues in protein-nucleic acid complexes except if an accessible residue is located near a phosphorylated polynucleotide chain end.", "PMID": 526473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2967", "title": "Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis.", "content": "Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12--14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats.A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The clinical effectiveness of SMR operant conditioning has been claimed for epilepsy, insomnia, and hyperkinesis concurrent with seizure disorders. The present report attempts to follow up and replicate preliminary findings that suggested the technique's successful application to hyperkinesis uncomplicated by a history of epilepsy. SMR was defined as 12--14-Hz EEG activity in the absence of high-voltage slow-wave activity between 4 and 7 Hz. Anticipated treatment effects were indexed by systematic behavioral assessments of undirected motor activity and short attention span in the classroom. EEG and behavioral indices were monitored in four hyperkinetic children under the following six conditions: (1) No Drug, (2) Drug Only, (3) Drug and SMR Training I, (4) Drug and SMR Reversal Training, (5) Drug and SMR Training II, (6) No Drug and SMR Training. All hyperkinetic subjects were maintained on a constant drug regimen throughout the phases employing chemotherapy. Contingent increases and decreases in SMR occurred in three of four training subjects and were associated with similar changes in classroom assessments of motor inactivity. Combining medication and SMR training resulted in substantial improvements that exceeded the effects of drugs alone and were sustained with SMR training after medication was withdrawn. In contrast, these physiological and behavioral changes were absent in one highly distractible subject who failed to acquire the SMR task. Finally, pretraining levels of SMR accurately reflected both the seve-ity of original motor deficits and the susceptibility of hyperkinetic subjects to both treatments. Although the procedure clearly reduced hyperkinetic behavior, a salient, specific therapeutic factor could not be identified due to the dual EEG contingency imposed combined with associated changes in EMG. Despite these and other qualifying factors, the findings suggested the prognostic and diagnostic value of the SMR in the disorder when overactivity rather than distractibility is the predominant behavioral deficit.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis. Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12--14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats.A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The clinical effectiveness of SMR operant conditioning has been claimed for epilepsy, insomnia, and hyperkinesis concurrent with seizure disorders. The present report attempts to follow up and replicate preliminary findings that suggested the technique's successful application to hyperkinesis uncomplicated by a history of epilepsy. SMR was defined as 12--14-Hz EEG activity in the absence of high-voltage slow-wave activity between 4 and 7 Hz. Anticipated treatment effects were indexed by systematic behavioral assessments of undirected motor activity and short attention span in the classroom. EEG and behavioral indices were monitored in four hyperkinetic children under the following six conditions: (1) No Drug, (2) Drug Only, (3) Drug and SMR Training I, (4) Drug and SMR Reversal Training, (5) Drug and SMR Training II, (6) No Drug and SMR Training. All hyperkinetic subjects were maintained on a constant drug regimen throughout the phases employing chemotherapy. Contingent increases and decreases in SMR occurred in three of four training subjects and were associated with similar changes in classroom assessments of motor inactivity. Combining medication and SMR training resulted in substantial improvements that exceeded the effects of drugs alone and were sustained with SMR training after medication was withdrawn. In contrast, these physiological and behavioral changes were absent in one highly distractible subject who failed to acquire the SMR task. Finally, pretraining levels of SMR accurately reflected both the seve-ity of original motor deficits and the susceptibility of hyperkinetic subjects to both treatments. Although the procedure clearly reduced hyperkinetic behavior, a salient, specific therapeutic factor could not be identified due to the dual EEG contingency imposed combined with associated changes in EMG. Despite these and other qualifying factors, the findings suggested the prognostic and diagnostic value of the SMR in the disorder when overactivity rather than distractibility is the predominant behavioral deficit.", "PMID": 526475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2968", "title": "The frontal electromyographic adaptation response. A potential source of confounding.", "content": "Undergraduates were recruited to provide a descriptive analysis of the frontal electromyographic (EMG) adaptation response. Following placement of sensors, subjects were instructed to lie quietly for 15 minutes. Averaging data across subjects, a statistically significant adaptation response was produced in the direction of relaxation that required about 11 minutes to stabilize. The adaptation course varied greatly among subjects as a function of the initial EMG value. A criterion of stability was recommended that would individualize the adaptation period.", "contents": "The frontal electromyographic adaptation response. A potential source of confounding. Undergraduates were recruited to provide a descriptive analysis of the frontal electromyographic (EMG) adaptation response. Following placement of sensors, subjects were instructed to lie quietly for 15 minutes. Averaging data across subjects, a statistically significant adaptation response was produced in the direction of relaxation that required about 11 minutes to stabilize. The adaptation course varied greatly among subjects as a function of the initial EMG value. A criterion of stability was recommended that would individualize the adaptation period.", "PMID": 526476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2969", "title": "A simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure recording to reduce experimenter scoring error.", "content": "The problem of scoring blood pressure recording output produced via conventional polygraph equipment is discussed and illustrated, and a simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure output is detailed.", "contents": "A simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure recording to reduce experimenter scoring error. The problem of scoring blood pressure recording output produced via conventional polygraph equipment is discussed and illustrated, and a simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure output is detailed.", "PMID": 526477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2970", "title": "Successful treatment of one case of tardive dyskinesia with electromyographic feedback from the masseter muscle.", "content": "Evidence from one case with a 15-month follow-up is presented to support the conclusion that electromyographic (EMG) feedback from the masseter was effective in controlling tardive dyskinesia, while a combination of EMG feedback from the frontalis and verbal muscle relaxation training were not.", "contents": "Successful treatment of one case of tardive dyskinesia with electromyographic feedback from the masseter muscle. Evidence from one case with a 15-month follow-up is presented to support the conclusion that electromyographic (EMG) feedback from the masseter was effective in controlling tardive dyskinesia, while a combination of EMG feedback from the frontalis and verbal muscle relaxation training were not.", "PMID": 526478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2971", "title": "Transient persistence of neural activity after periodic stimulation in the cat LGN.", "content": "Oscillatory neural activity recorded from gross concentric electrodes implanted in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of cat was investigated after trains of periodic electrical shock stimulation were applied to the contralateral optic nerve. Spectral analysis using repeated trials and spectral averaging revealed statistically significant spectral peaks (p less than 0.05) at the stimulus frequency when there was a 0.5 to 1.5 s delay between the last pulse of the stimulus train and the beginning of the data analysis window. This suggests that a loosely coupled neuronal net may allow for the continuation of activity far longer than the time accounted for by neuronal time constants and delays.", "contents": "Transient persistence of neural activity after periodic stimulation in the cat LGN. Oscillatory neural activity recorded from gross concentric electrodes implanted in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of cat was investigated after trains of periodic electrical shock stimulation were applied to the contralateral optic nerve. Spectral analysis using repeated trials and spectral averaging revealed statistically significant spectral peaks (p less than 0.05) at the stimulus frequency when there was a 0.5 to 1.5 s delay between the last pulse of the stimulus train and the beginning of the data analysis window. This suggests that a loosely coupled neuronal net may allow for the continuation of activity far longer than the time accounted for by neuronal time constants and delays.", "PMID": 526481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2972", "title": "An analysis of the peristaltic reflex.", "content": "A mathematical model describing the dynamics of the peristaltic reflex in an isolated intestinal segment is presented. The model is referred to a preparation that makes it possible to record the relevant mechanical and electrical variables during the course of the reflex. A simplified representation is used for the structure and the operation of the intrinsic nervous plexus, but the interaction between mechanical and elctrical events appears quite clearly and some features of the experimental data are well predicted.", "contents": "An analysis of the peristaltic reflex. A mathematical model describing the dynamics of the peristaltic reflex in an isolated intestinal segment is presented. The model is referred to a preparation that makes it possible to record the relevant mechanical and electrical variables during the course of the reflex. A simplified representation is used for the structure and the operation of the intrinsic nervous plexus, but the interaction between mechanical and elctrical events appears quite clearly and some features of the experimental data are well predicted.", "PMID": 526482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2973", "title": "Empirical examination of the threshold model of neuron firing.", "content": "An elementary model of neuronal activity involves temporal and spatial summation of postsynaptic currents that are elicited by presynaptic spikes and that, in turn, elicit postsynaptic potentials at a trigger zone; when the potential at the trigger zone exceeds a \"threshold\" level, a postsynaptic spike is generated. This paper describes three methods of estimating the \"summation function\", that is, the function of time that converts the synaptic current into potential at the trigger zone: namely, maximum likelihood, cross-correlation analysis and cross-spectral analysis. All three methods, when applied to input-output data collected on various neurons of Aplysia californica, give comparable results. As estimated, the summation function involved in the explored cells has an early positive-going swing that is large and brief. In the cell L5, but not in R2, there was also a late negative-going swing of longer duration.", "contents": "Empirical examination of the threshold model of neuron firing. An elementary model of neuronal activity involves temporal and spatial summation of postsynaptic currents that are elicited by presynaptic spikes and that, in turn, elicit postsynaptic potentials at a trigger zone; when the potential at the trigger zone exceeds a \"threshold\" level, a postsynaptic spike is generated. This paper describes three methods of estimating the \"summation function\", that is, the function of time that converts the synaptic current into potential at the trigger zone: namely, maximum likelihood, cross-correlation analysis and cross-spectral analysis. All three methods, when applied to input-output data collected on various neurons of Aplysia californica, give comparable results. As estimated, the summation function involved in the explored cells has an early positive-going swing that is large and brief. In the cell L5, but not in R2, there was also a late negative-going swing of longer duration.", "PMID": 526483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2974", "title": "EEG analysis gives model of neuronal template-matching mechanism for sensory search with olfactory bulb.", "content": "The spatial pattern of EEG activity at the surface of the olfactory bulb tends to be invariant with respect to input and to change to a new pattern whenever an animal is trained to expect or search for a particular odor. It is postulated here that the spatial EEG pattern is dependent on a neural template for that odor that is formed during training. This hypothesis is expressed in the form of a model consisting of an array of interconnected elements (1 X 10 or 6 X 6). Each element represents 2 excitatory and 2 inhibitory subsets of neurons with 3 types of internal feedback: negative, mutually excitatory, and mutually inhibitory. The elements are interconnected only by mutual excitation and mutual inhibition. Each neural subset is represented by a nonlinear differential equation; the connections are represented by modifiable coupling coefficients. With appropriate values of the time, coupling, and gain coefficients, and with input that is modelled on olfactory input, the set of 40 or 144 equations gives output that simulates the time and space patterns of the EEG. In the naive state the coefficients are uniform. A template is formed by giving input to selected elements, cross-correlating the outputs, and weighting the mutually excitatory coupling coefficient between each pair of elements by the corresponding correlation coefficient. When a template has been formed, input to nontemplate elements is treated as noise. Optionally a matched filter is made to simulate habituation by reducing the synaptic gain coefficients of those excitatory subsets that receive the noise. The model is tested by giving input to nontemplate elements and to none, part or all of the template elements. There are two outputs of the model. One is the spatial pattern Vj of the root mean square (rms) amplitudes of the individual outputs v(j, t) of the elements. The other output is the rms amplitude Erms of the ensemble average E(t) over v(j, t). The results show that Vj depends on the template and is relatively insensitive to input, whether or not input is given to template elements. However, Erms increases in proportion to the number of \"hits\" on the template. If the number of elements receiving noise does not exceed the number of elements in a template, or if the noise is matched with a habituation filter, then Erms rises above the noise level for a \"hit\" on any one or more template elements irrespective of location or combination. Vj conforms to the performance of the surface EEG. Erms is not yet accessible to physiological measurement.", "contents": "EEG analysis gives model of neuronal template-matching mechanism for sensory search with olfactory bulb. The spatial pattern of EEG activity at the surface of the olfactory bulb tends to be invariant with respect to input and to change to a new pattern whenever an animal is trained to expect or search for a particular odor. It is postulated here that the spatial EEG pattern is dependent on a neural template for that odor that is formed during training. This hypothesis is expressed in the form of a model consisting of an array of interconnected elements (1 X 10 or 6 X 6). Each element represents 2 excitatory and 2 inhibitory subsets of neurons with 3 types of internal feedback: negative, mutually excitatory, and mutually inhibitory. The elements are interconnected only by mutual excitation and mutual inhibition. Each neural subset is represented by a nonlinear differential equation; the connections are represented by modifiable coupling coefficients. With appropriate values of the time, coupling, and gain coefficients, and with input that is modelled on olfactory input, the set of 40 or 144 equations gives output that simulates the time and space patterns of the EEG. In the naive state the coefficients are uniform. A template is formed by giving input to selected elements, cross-correlating the outputs, and weighting the mutually excitatory coupling coefficient between each pair of elements by the corresponding correlation coefficient. When a template has been formed, input to nontemplate elements is treated as noise. Optionally a matched filter is made to simulate habituation by reducing the synaptic gain coefficients of those excitatory subsets that receive the noise. The model is tested by giving input to nontemplate elements and to none, part or all of the template elements. There are two outputs of the model. One is the spatial pattern Vj of the root mean square (rms) amplitudes of the individual outputs v(j, t) of the elements. The other output is the rms amplitude Erms of the ensemble average E(t) over v(j, t). The results show that Vj depends on the template and is relatively insensitive to input, whether or not input is given to template elements. However, Erms increases in proportion to the number of \"hits\" on the template. If the number of elements receiving noise does not exceed the number of elements in a template, or if the noise is matched with a habituation filter, then Erms rises above the noise level for a \"hit\" on any one or more template elements irrespective of location or combination. Vj conforms to the performance of the surface EEG. Erms is not yet accessible to physiological measurement.", "PMID": 526484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2975", "title": "The application of the Gierer-Meinhardt equations to the development of the retinotectal projection.", "content": "Model calculations are presented for the several properties of the development of the retinotectal projection in amphibians and fishes, using the Gierer-Meinhardt equations. One of these properties is the maintenance of topographic mapping between the retina and the tectum during their development despite the fact that the two tissues grow in morphologically different ways. Another is the existence of a \"critical period\", at which the coordinates of the retina with respect to the tectum are irrevocably determined. It is assumed that the connections between the retinal and the tectal cells are made on the correspondence of positional markers which are given as a form of the distribution of a specific activator, the dynamics of which is described by the Gierer-Meinhardt equations. The monotonic distributions of the activator and the existence of the critical period are shown by a computer simulation of the proliferating retina. Several changes of the retinotectal projection after surgical operations on the retina or the tectum are also explained.", "contents": "The application of the Gierer-Meinhardt equations to the development of the retinotectal projection. Model calculations are presented for the several properties of the development of the retinotectal projection in amphibians and fishes, using the Gierer-Meinhardt equations. One of these properties is the maintenance of topographic mapping between the retina and the tectum during their development despite the fact that the two tissues grow in morphologically different ways. Another is the existence of a \"critical period\", at which the coordinates of the retina with respect to the tectum are irrevocably determined. It is assumed that the connections between the retinal and the tectal cells are made on the correspondence of positional markers which are given as a form of the distribution of a specific activator, the dynamics of which is described by the Gierer-Meinhardt equations. The monotonic distributions of the activator and the existence of the critical period are shown by a computer simulation of the proliferating retina. Several changes of the retinotectal projection after surgical operations on the retina or the tectum are also explained.", "PMID": 526485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2976", "title": "A model describing nonlinearities in hearing by active processes with saturation at 40 dB.", "content": "Data from literature related to nonlinearities of the peripheral part of the hearing system are collected and extended by results from measurements of acoustical responses, masking, cubic difference tones and Zwicker tones. The data indicate 40 dB as a significant value for the dynamic range in neurophysiology as well as for the sensation level in psychoacoustics dividing the total level range into two areas of different characteristics. A preliminary model assuming that the outer hair cells act as an amplifier which contains saturation (corresponding to 40 dB) and feed back to sensitize the inner hair cells is used to describe the measured effects at least qualitatively.", "contents": "A model describing nonlinearities in hearing by active processes with saturation at 40 dB. Data from literature related to nonlinearities of the peripheral part of the hearing system are collected and extended by results from measurements of acoustical responses, masking, cubic difference tones and Zwicker tones. The data indicate 40 dB as a significant value for the dynamic range in neurophysiology as well as for the sensation level in psychoacoustics dividing the total level range into two areas of different characteristics. A preliminary model assuming that the outer hair cells act as an amplifier which contains saturation (corresponding to 40 dB) and feed back to sensitize the inner hair cells is used to describe the measured effects at least qualitatively.", "PMID": 526486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2977", "title": "Contents of trace elements in the human liver before birth.", "content": "A multielement analysis was carried out in nine fetal livers (age: 23 weeks of gestation to term) in comparison to an adult control group (n = 37). 15 elements (phosphorus to lead) were analyzed by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Significant differences between the two groups, expressed as ratios (R) of fetal to adult liver values were observed for copper (R = 16), zinc (R = 2.0), iron (R = 1.5), calcium (R = 1.34), selenium (R = 1.22), manganese (R = 0.7), and molybdenum (R = 0.13). An interesting point seems to be the inverse relation of copper and molybdenum. The negative correlation of these two trace elements which is known from animal experiments has now been confirmed in the human liver.", "contents": "Contents of trace elements in the human liver before birth. A multielement analysis was carried out in nine fetal livers (age: 23 weeks of gestation to term) in comparison to an adult control group (n = 37). 15 elements (phosphorus to lead) were analyzed by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Significant differences between the two groups, expressed as ratios (R) of fetal to adult liver values were observed for copper (R = 16), zinc (R = 2.0), iron (R = 1.5), calcium (R = 1.34), selenium (R = 1.22), manganese (R = 0.7), and molybdenum (R = 0.13). An interesting point seems to be the inverse relation of copper and molybdenum. The negative correlation of these two trace elements which is known from animal experiments has now been confirmed in the human liver.", "PMID": 526487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2978", "title": "Postnatal development of cardiac distribution in the pig.", "content": "Distribution of cardiac output was measured in 0- and 12-hour-old piglets using 103Ruthenium-labelled microspheres, 15 +/- 3 micrometer in diameter. The 12-hour-old piglets had remained with the sow and had suckled. Coronary and bronchial fractions of cardiac output were high in piglets at birth. The coronary fraction remained high at 12 h but the bronchial fraction decreased significantly (p less than 0.05). Percent cardiac output to the liver and upper gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and salivery gland in 12-hour-old piglets was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) by 138, 156, 85 and 109%, respectively, compared with piglets at birth. Preferential blood flow occurred to the lungs, adrenals, heart, thyroid and spleen at 0 h and to the adrenals, thyroid, heart, lungs and diaphragm at 12 h.", "contents": "Postnatal development of cardiac distribution in the pig. Distribution of cardiac output was measured in 0- and 12-hour-old piglets using 103Ruthenium-labelled microspheres, 15 +/- 3 micrometer in diameter. The 12-hour-old piglets had remained with the sow and had suckled. Coronary and bronchial fractions of cardiac output were high in piglets at birth. The coronary fraction remained high at 12 h but the bronchial fraction decreased significantly (p less than 0.05). Percent cardiac output to the liver and upper gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and salivery gland in 12-hour-old piglets was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) by 138, 156, 85 and 109%, respectively, compared with piglets at birth. Preferential blood flow occurred to the lungs, adrenals, heart, thyroid and spleen at 0 h and to the adrenals, thyroid, heart, lungs and diaphragm at 12 h.", "PMID": 526488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2979", "title": "Electrolyte composition of fetuses, placentas, and maternal plasma during the last trimester of gestation in the rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were sacrificed during their last trimester of pregnancy. Maternal plasma levels of calcium and zinc decreased during gestation, whereas calcium and zinc levels increased in fetuses as gestation progressed. Although sodium and potassium levels remained relatively constant in maternal plasma, the levels of these electrolytes in fetuses decreased with gestation. Magnesium levels remained relatively unchanged in both maternal plasma and fetuses. The changes in placenta electrolyte content resembled the pattern of changes in fetuses.", "contents": "Electrolyte composition of fetuses, placentas, and maternal plasma during the last trimester of gestation in the rat. Pregnant rats were sacrificed during their last trimester of pregnancy. Maternal plasma levels of calcium and zinc decreased during gestation, whereas calcium and zinc levels increased in fetuses as gestation progressed. Although sodium and potassium levels remained relatively constant in maternal plasma, the levels of these electrolytes in fetuses decreased with gestation. Magnesium levels remained relatively unchanged in both maternal plasma and fetuses. The changes in placenta electrolyte content resembled the pattern of changes in fetuses.", "PMID": 526489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2980", "title": "Effects of anemia and growth retardation on respiratory activity in the piglet.", "content": "Respiratory activity (RA) was assessed in a piglet model by giving chloralose (Ch), 6 mg/kg i.v. every 2 min, until the appearance of apnea. The total cumulative dose of Ch (mg/kg) which produced permanent apnea (lethal dose, LD) was determined. The slope of the dose-respiratory frequency curve (R = ae-lambda Ch) was also computed. The LD of Ch increased progressively with age, while respiratory frequency (lambda) decreased. However, in piglets with severe spontaneous anemia (hematocrit less than 10%), the LD of Ch was less than half that expected for the age groups, and the rate of reduction of gamma was much greater. The enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of RA may relate in part to anemia with reduced O2-carrying capacity to the CNS, and in part to growth retardation with delayed respiratory center maturation.", "contents": "Effects of anemia and growth retardation on respiratory activity in the piglet. Respiratory activity (RA) was assessed in a piglet model by giving chloralose (Ch), 6 mg/kg i.v. every 2 min, until the appearance of apnea. The total cumulative dose of Ch (mg/kg) which produced permanent apnea (lethal dose, LD) was determined. The slope of the dose-respiratory frequency curve (R = ae-lambda Ch) was also computed. The LD of Ch increased progressively with age, while respiratory frequency (lambda) decreased. However, in piglets with severe spontaneous anemia (hematocrit less than 10%), the LD of Ch was less than half that expected for the age groups, and the rate of reduction of gamma was much greater. The enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of RA may relate in part to anemia with reduced O2-carrying capacity to the CNS, and in part to growth retardation with delayed respiratory center maturation.", "PMID": 526490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2981", "title": "Postnatal maturation of phrenic, vagus, and intercostal nerves in the kitten.", "content": "In the present work, we have compared the histological maturation of the phrenic nerve, the internal and external intercostal nerves of the 8th space and the vagus nerve. At least three nerves from each category have been taken from different kittens each week during the first 2 months of postnatal life, and each month for kittens aged between 2 and 8 months. Compared to references obtained in the adult animal, the development of the number and diameter of myelinated fibers has been studied for each nerve. Moreover, the maturation of unmyelinated fibers of the phrenic nerve has been studied with the electrom microscope. There is a possibility of a cephalo-caudal maturation in the somatic nerves. Important differences exist between somatic nerve maturation and that of the vagus nerve.", "contents": "Postnatal maturation of phrenic, vagus, and intercostal nerves in the kitten. In the present work, we have compared the histological maturation of the phrenic nerve, the internal and external intercostal nerves of the 8th space and the vagus nerve. At least three nerves from each category have been taken from different kittens each week during the first 2 months of postnatal life, and each month for kittens aged between 2 and 8 months. Compared to references obtained in the adult animal, the development of the number and diameter of myelinated fibers has been studied for each nerve. Moreover, the maturation of unmyelinated fibers of the phrenic nerve has been studied with the electrom microscope. There is a possibility of a cephalo-caudal maturation in the somatic nerves. Important differences exist between somatic nerve maturation and that of the vagus nerve.", "PMID": 526491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2982", "title": "Saccharin- or quinine-induced changes in the rat pups following prolonged ingestion by the dam.", "content": "Effects presumably induced by a chronic free ingestion of saccharin (0.40 mg/ml) or of quinine (0.25 mg/ml) by female rats during the pregestative, gestative and lactating periods were investigated in the ensuing progeny. Preweaned pups were studied from birth up to weaning (21 days of age) by means of selected gross behavioral tests. The saccharin litters were mainly characterized by a slowering in the body growth evolution. The quinine pups demonstrate several physical anomalies: (1) congenital malformations in 5% of the animals; (2) a significantly reduced birth weight followed by a persistent growth retardation, and (3) a significant delay in the teeth eruption (1.6 and 2.6 days) and in the eye openings (1.6 days). In comparison to the untreated offspring, the saccharin pups showed minor effects whereas quinine-exposed rats were clearly impaired in several features of the postnatal physical development. Therefore, the addition of the sweetener to morphine solution may be convenient for the voluntary oral consumption of the narcotic. Conversely, quinine, used to habituate animals to drinking bitter solutions, has to be rejected in this narcotization procedure as being a harmful agent to the growing rat.", "contents": "Saccharin- or quinine-induced changes in the rat pups following prolonged ingestion by the dam. Effects presumably induced by a chronic free ingestion of saccharin (0.40 mg/ml) or of quinine (0.25 mg/ml) by female rats during the pregestative, gestative and lactating periods were investigated in the ensuing progeny. Preweaned pups were studied from birth up to weaning (21 days of age) by means of selected gross behavioral tests. The saccharin litters were mainly characterized by a slowering in the body growth evolution. The quinine pups demonstrate several physical anomalies: (1) congenital malformations in 5% of the animals; (2) a significantly reduced birth weight followed by a persistent growth retardation, and (3) a significant delay in the teeth eruption (1.6 and 2.6 days) and in the eye openings (1.6 days). In comparison to the untreated offspring, the saccharin pups showed minor effects whereas quinine-exposed rats were clearly impaired in several features of the postnatal physical development. Therefore, the addition of the sweetener to morphine solution may be convenient for the voluntary oral consumption of the narcotic. Conversely, quinine, used to habituate animals to drinking bitter solutions, has to be rejected in this narcotization procedure as being a harmful agent to the growing rat.", "PMID": 526492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2983", "title": "Urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens in premature infants and the newborn.", "content": "25 premature infants, 8 mature newborns and 25 children between 5 and 15 years of age were examined for urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens. For the characterization of the excreted GBM antigen, immunoelectrophoresis was applied. In the group of 25 premature infants 23 showed alpha-1-mobility, in the group of 8 mature newborns all showed alpha-1-mobility, and in the group of the 25 children aged 5--15 years 24 showed migration into the alpha-2-zone. Differentiating, whether the difference between the immature and mature GBM is quantitative or qualitative, the immunoelectrophoretical difference points to the interpretation that the premature GMB shows a unique chemical composition.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens in premature infants and the newborn. 25 premature infants, 8 mature newborns and 25 children between 5 and 15 years of age were examined for urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens. For the characterization of the excreted GBM antigen, immunoelectrophoresis was applied. In the group of 25 premature infants 23 showed alpha-1-mobility, in the group of 8 mature newborns all showed alpha-1-mobility, and in the group of the 25 children aged 5--15 years 24 showed migration into the alpha-2-zone. Differentiating, whether the difference between the immature and mature GBM is quantitative or qualitative, the immunoelectrophoretical difference points to the interpretation that the premature GMB shows a unique chemical composition.", "PMID": 526493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2984", "title": "Distribution of fluid between extracellular and intracellular compartments in the heart, lungs, liver and spleen of neonatal rats.", "content": "The volume of fluid in various tissue compartments of thoracic and abdominal viscera in neonatal rats has been calculated from the steady state distribution of radioindicators. During the first 3 weeks after birth, the volume of extracellular fluid (3H-inulin space) decreases at a similar rate (ca. 0.04 ml/g tissue/week) in heart, lungs, liver and spleen. Over the same postnatal period, the 51Cr tagged erythrocyte space (an estimate of vascularity) remains relatively constant in liver, increases slightly in the heart and spleen, and rises substantially (3-fold increase) in the lungs. The volume of parenchymal cell water, calculated from data for tissue water content and radioindicator spaces, tends to increase with age. However, the distribution of fluid between extracellular and intracellular compartments in 3-week-old animals is similar to that in adults.", "contents": "Distribution of fluid between extracellular and intracellular compartments in the heart, lungs, liver and spleen of neonatal rats. The volume of fluid in various tissue compartments of thoracic and abdominal viscera in neonatal rats has been calculated from the steady state distribution of radioindicators. During the first 3 weeks after birth, the volume of extracellular fluid (3H-inulin space) decreases at a similar rate (ca. 0.04 ml/g tissue/week) in heart, lungs, liver and spleen. Over the same postnatal period, the 51Cr tagged erythrocyte space (an estimate of vascularity) remains relatively constant in liver, increases slightly in the heart and spleen, and rises substantially (3-fold increase) in the lungs. The volume of parenchymal cell water, calculated from data for tissue water content and radioindicator spaces, tends to increase with age. However, the distribution of fluid between extracellular and intracellular compartments in 3-week-old animals is similar to that in adults.", "PMID": 526494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2985", "title": "Effect of progesterone treatment on the development and function of neonatal rat adrenals and testes.", "content": "The high progesterone (P) level of pregnancy was mimicked in neonatal male rats. The rats received 10, 30 or 100 microgram/g body weight of P in daily subcutaneous injections for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. It was expected that the treatment would yield developmental and functional changes similar to those possibly occurring under the influene of P in utero. P did not significantly affect the body weights of the animals, but significantly decreased the weights of the adrenals. Testicular weight was increased in the P-treated rats, and the number of Leydig cells was higher than in the controls. Peripheral serum testosterone and corticosterone, and testicular testosterone levels were only slightly decreased by the treatment. The changes observed in these neonatal animals suggest a regulatory function for P in the development of the fetal adrenal gland and testis.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone treatment on the development and function of neonatal rat adrenals and testes. The high progesterone (P) level of pregnancy was mimicked in neonatal male rats. The rats received 10, 30 or 100 microgram/g body weight of P in daily subcutaneous injections for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. It was expected that the treatment would yield developmental and functional changes similar to those possibly occurring under the influene of P in utero. P did not significantly affect the body weights of the animals, but significantly decreased the weights of the adrenals. Testicular weight was increased in the P-treated rats, and the number of Leydig cells was higher than in the controls. Peripheral serum testosterone and corticosterone, and testicular testosterone levels were only slightly decreased by the treatment. The changes observed in these neonatal animals suggest a regulatory function for P in the development of the fetal adrenal gland and testis.", "PMID": 526495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2986", "title": "Delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase activities of the ovine placenta and their role in the supply of fatty acids to the fetus.", "content": "Although the fatty acid compositions of the total  lipids of the sheep placenta and fetal plasma were shown to be broadly similar, they differed significantly from the fatty acid composition of the maternal plasma unesterified fatty acids, the plasma lipid component from which the fetus derives almost all of its requirements for pre-formed fatty acids. In particular, the placental and fetal plasma lipids displayed a 3-fold higher oleic acid/stearic acid ratio and contained a significantly higher proportion of arachidonic acid than the maternal unesterified fatty acids. These differences correlated well with the high delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase activities, respectively, shown to be present in sheep placental tissue in vitro. The levels of these enzymes in placental tissue contrasted with the relatively low desaturase activities found to be present in adult and neonatal sheep liver and in the placentas of other, non-ruminant, species. The possible role of such high levels of desaturase activity in the sheep placenta is discussed in relation to the particularly poor essential fatty acid status imposed upon the fetal ruminant.", "contents": "Delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase activities of the ovine placenta and their role in the supply of fatty acids to the fetus. Although the fatty acid compositions of the total  lipids of the sheep placenta and fetal plasma were shown to be broadly similar, they differed significantly from the fatty acid composition of the maternal plasma unesterified fatty acids, the plasma lipid component from which the fetus derives almost all of its requirements for pre-formed fatty acids. In particular, the placental and fetal plasma lipids displayed a 3-fold higher oleic acid/stearic acid ratio and contained a significantly higher proportion of arachidonic acid than the maternal unesterified fatty acids. These differences correlated well with the high delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase activities, respectively, shown to be present in sheep placental tissue in vitro. The levels of these enzymes in placental tissue contrasted with the relatively low desaturase activities found to be present in adult and neonatal sheep liver and in the placentas of other, non-ruminant, species. The possible role of such high levels of desaturase activity in the sheep placenta is discussed in relation to the particularly poor essential fatty acid status imposed upon the fetal ruminant.", "PMID": 526496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2987", "title": "Effects of maternal hypervitaminosis A on perinatal rat lung histology.", "content": "Retinyl acetate (160,000 USP/day in corn oil) was administered orally to pregnant Long-Evans rats during the last third of gestation. Postnatal evaluation of this treatment was assessed by examination of histologic sections of lung taken from stillborns and from pups that survived several hours. In all sections from treated litters, expansion of lung either did not appear to have occurred, or was not uniform. Control lung sections were uniformly expanded in all cases. It appears that hypervitaminosis A during the fetal period alters normal lung maturation. These data provide additional supporting evidence that the fetal period is susceptible to teratogens.", "contents": "Effects of maternal hypervitaminosis A on perinatal rat lung histology. Retinyl acetate (160,000 USP/day in corn oil) was administered orally to pregnant Long-Evans rats during the last third of gestation. Postnatal evaluation of this treatment was assessed by examination of histologic sections of lung taken from stillborns and from pups that survived several hours. In all sections from treated litters, expansion of lung either did not appear to have occurred, or was not uniform. Control lung sections were uniformly expanded in all cases. It appears that hypervitaminosis A during the fetal period alters normal lung maturation. These data provide additional supporting evidence that the fetal period is susceptible to teratogens.", "PMID": 526497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2988", "title": "Quantitative measurement of body motion using Schottky barrier silicon photodiode.", "content": "A new motion detection system has been developed using a laser beam and a Schottky barrier silicon photodiode. The system broadens the scope of gravitational center stabilography by facilitating the quantitative assessment of tremors of body appendages such as the hands and even the head. The system also eliminates cumbersome platforms and wire attachments previously used in gravitational center stabilography. The subject is asked to aim the beam at the photodiode. A quantitative off-center variation parameter, ARDS (Average Radial Distance Squared multiplied by time), was utilized in units of cm2 sec. A preliminary evaluation of the system shows that it is suitable for rapidly screening large numbers of subjects for localised neuromuscular control.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of body motion using Schottky barrier silicon photodiode. A new motion detection system has been developed using a laser beam and a Schottky barrier silicon photodiode. The system broadens the scope of gravitational center stabilography by facilitating the quantitative assessment of tremors of body appendages such as the hands and even the head. The system also eliminates cumbersome platforms and wire attachments previously used in gravitational center stabilography. The subject is asked to aim the beam at the photodiode. A quantitative off-center variation parameter, ARDS (Average Radial Distance Squared multiplied by time), was utilized in units of cm2 sec. A preliminary evaluation of the system shows that it is suitable for rapidly screening large numbers of subjects for localised neuromuscular control.", "PMID": 526517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2989", "title": "Hospital equipment management, maintenance and quality control in the Netherlands.", "content": "Before 1970, equipment maintenance and quality control in Dutch hospitals were not organised. There was little or no cooperation between physicians, hospital employees and instrument suppliers. Health services which are not nationalised are funded by non-profit making foundations. There were few regulations covering the supply and maintenance of equipment. However, the country is small enough for there to be considerable contact between instrument engineers. In the past eight years a new situation has arisen where rules are being formulated based on collective experiences. A better understanding has to grow between physicians, nurses and engineers, of each others' needs and possibilities in relation to the use of instruments and the necessity of maintenance. To keep quality on an acceptable level, exaggeration in one direction or another has to be avoided.", "contents": "Hospital equipment management, maintenance and quality control in the Netherlands. Before 1970, equipment maintenance and quality control in Dutch hospitals were not organised. There was little or no cooperation between physicians, hospital employees and instrument suppliers. Health services which are not nationalised are funded by non-profit making foundations. There were few regulations covering the supply and maintenance of equipment. However, the country is small enough for there to be considerable contact between instrument engineers. In the past eight years a new situation has arisen where rules are being formulated based on collective experiences. A better understanding has to grow between physicians, nurses and engineers, of each others' needs and possibilities in relation to the use of instruments and the necessity of maintenance. To keep quality on an acceptable level, exaggeration in one direction or another has to be avoided.", "PMID": 526518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2990", "title": "Falls from hospital beds as a result of poor mattress design: a case history.", "content": "Investigation of a series of falls from hospital beds showed that the cause was the poor design of the particular mattresses. Interior sprung mattresses of this construction are unstable at their edges and are particularly hazardous when used with the modern, rigid base hospital bed.", "contents": "Falls from hospital beds as a result of poor mattress design: a case history. Investigation of a series of falls from hospital beds showed that the cause was the poor design of the particular mattresses. Interior sprung mattresses of this construction are unstable at their edges and are particularly hazardous when used with the modern, rigid base hospital bed.", "PMID": 526521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2991", "title": "A comparison of two methods for making statistical inferences on Nei's measure of genetic distance.", "content": "The delta and jackknife methods can be used to estimate Nei's measure of genetic distance and calculate confidence intervals for this estimate. Computer stimulations were used to study the bias and variance of each estimator and the accuracy of the corresponding approximate 95% confidence intervals. The simulations were conducted using 3 sets of data and several sample sizes. The results showed: (1) the jackknife reduced bias; (2) in 8 out of 9 cases the variance and mean square error of the jackknife estimator were less; (3) a second order jackknife reduced the bias the most but suffered a corresponding increase in variance; (4) both the first order jackknife and delta methods yielded intervals whose confidence levels were approximately equal but less than 95%.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods for making statistical inferences on Nei's measure of genetic distance. The delta and jackknife methods can be used to estimate Nei's measure of genetic distance and calculate confidence intervals for this estimate. Computer stimulations were used to study the bias and variance of each estimator and the accuracy of the corresponding approximate 95% confidence intervals. The simulations were conducted using 3 sets of data and several sample sizes. The results showed: (1) the jackknife reduced bias; (2) in 8 out of 9 cases the variance and mean square error of the jackknife estimator were less; (3) a second order jackknife reduced the bias the most but suffered a corresponding increase in variance; (4) both the first order jackknife and delta methods yielded intervals whose confidence levels were approximately equal but less than 95%.", "PMID": 526522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2992", "title": "Predictive probability early termination plans for phase II clinical trials.", "content": "A phase II clinical trial is designed to gather data to help decide whether an experimental treatment has sufficient effectiveness to justify further study. In a one-arm trial with dichotomous outcome, we wish to test a simple null hypothesis on the Bernoulli parameter against a one-sided alternative in a sample of N patients. It is advisable to have a rule to terminate the trial early when evidence accumulates that the treatment is ineffective. Predictive probabilities based on the binomial distribution and beta and uniform prior distributions for the binomial parameter are found to be useful as the basis of group sequential designs. Size, power and average sample size for these designs are discussed. A process for the specification of an early termination plan, advice on the quantification of prior beliefs, and illustrative examples are included.", "contents": "Predictive probability early termination plans for phase II clinical trials. A phase II clinical trial is designed to gather data to help decide whether an experimental treatment has sufficient effectiveness to justify further study. In a one-arm trial with dichotomous outcome, we wish to test a simple null hypothesis on the Bernoulli parameter against a one-sided alternative in a sample of N patients. It is advisable to have a rule to terminate the trial early when evidence accumulates that the treatment is ineffective. Predictive probabilities based on the binomial distribution and beta and uniform prior distributions for the binomial parameter are found to be useful as the basis of group sequential designs. Size, power and average sample size for these designs are discussed. A process for the specification of an early termination plan, advice on the quantification of prior beliefs, and illustrative examples are included.", "PMID": 526523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2993", "title": "Distribution-free regression analysis of grouped survival data.", "content": "Methods based on regression models for logarithmic hazard functions, Cox models, are given for analysis of grouped and censored survival data. By making an approximation it is possible to obtain explicitly a maximum likelihood function involving only the regression parameters. This likelihood function is a convenient analog to Cox's partial likelihood for ungrouped data. The method is applied to data from a toxicological experiment.", "contents": "Distribution-free regression analysis of grouped survival data. Methods based on regression models for logarithmic hazard functions, Cox models, are given for analysis of grouped and censored survival data. By making an approximation it is possible to obtain explicitly a maximum likelihood function involving only the regression parameters. This likelihood function is a convenient analog to Cox's partial likelihood for ungrouped data. The method is applied to data from a toxicological experiment.", "PMID": 526524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2994", "title": "Methods for analyzing panel studies of acute health effects of air pollution.", "content": "New methods are presented for analyzing repeated binary health measurements of individuals exposed to varying levels of air pollution. The methods involve a separate logistic regression of response against environmental covariates for each individual. Parameters reflecting individual susceptibility to pollutants and weather are estimated using Cox's regression techniques (1970, 1972a). The individual parameters are combined to yield summary estimates of environmental effects. The approach does not require independence of successive health measurements. It is illustrated with data on asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area.", "contents": "Methods for analyzing panel studies of acute health effects of air pollution. New methods are presented for analyzing repeated binary health measurements of individuals exposed to varying levels of air pollution. The methods involve a separate logistic regression of response against environmental covariates for each individual. Parameters reflecting individual susceptibility to pollutants and weather are estimated using Cox's regression techniques (1970, 1972a). The individual parameters are combined to yield summary estimates of environmental effects. The approach does not require independence of successive health measurements. It is illustrated with data on asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area.", "PMID": 526525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2995", "title": "Optimal timing of multiple applications of pesticides with residual toxicity.", "content": "Optimal timing of pesticide applications depends upon many factors including pest population demography, crop susceptibility to damage, weather and the rate at which a pesticide loses its toxicity. An efficient numerical optimization procedure incorporating these factors is developed and applied to the control of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil [Hypera Brunneipennis (Boheman)]. The procedure differs from earlier approaches in that the state vector describes the schedule of previous pesticide applications. Population density and age structure are used indirectly in construction of an equation which estimates pest damage to the crop as a function of the state vector. This approach can be used to calculate optimal timing of multiple pesticide applications based on a more detailed population model than previously has been possible. Calculation of the optimal pesticide application schedule with 11 age classes and 28 decision periods required only 25 seconds of CPU time on an IBM 370/168 computer.", "contents": "Optimal timing of multiple applications of pesticides with residual toxicity. Optimal timing of pesticide applications depends upon many factors including pest population demography, crop susceptibility to damage, weather and the rate at which a pesticide loses its toxicity. An efficient numerical optimization procedure incorporating these factors is developed and applied to the control of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil [Hypera Brunneipennis (Boheman)]. The procedure differs from earlier approaches in that the state vector describes the schedule of previous pesticide applications. Population density and age structure are used indirectly in construction of an equation which estimates pest damage to the crop as a function of the state vector. This approach can be used to calculate optimal timing of multiple pesticide applications based on a more detailed population model than previously has been possible. Calculation of the optimal pesticide application schedule with 11 age classes and 28 decision periods required only 25 seconds of CPU time on an IBM 370/168 computer.", "PMID": 526526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2996", "title": "Designing and analyzing clinical trials which allow institutions to randomize patients to a subset of the treatments under study.", "content": "When patients have been randomized between different sets of treatments the treatment groups are not strictly comparable. However, if one can assume that biases which are introduced affect the outcome additively, then one can compare treatments across these institutional options. This is illustrated for dichotomous response data and censored survival data. We show how the sample size must be increased to allow for this analysis and how the randomization should be weighted to obtain the best power. These results have application to simultaneous trials by different cooperative groups which have one or more common treatment arms.", "contents": "Designing and analyzing clinical trials which allow institutions to randomize patients to a subset of the treatments under study. When patients have been randomized between different sets of treatments the treatment groups are not strictly comparable. However, if one can assume that biases which are introduced affect the outcome additively, then one can compare treatments across these institutional options. This is illustrated for dichotomous response data and censored survival data. We show how the sample size must be increased to allow for this analysis and how the randomization should be weighted to obtain the best power. These results have application to simultaneous trials by different cooperative groups which have one or more common treatment arms.", "PMID": 526527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2997", "title": "A useful method for the analysis of growth studies.", "content": "A group of parsimonious models for the analysis of animal growth curves is presented. The effects of correlations between the successive weights are reduced by analyzing the weight gained between the different weighing times. A model is developed for the resulting two-way table of group average gain curves (group by periods), using the two-way table modeling techniques proposed by Mandel. The coefficients in the fitted model are examined to determine what functions of the weight gain measurements will summarize the characteristics of the curves. In the second part of the analysis these statistics are computed for each animal and analyzed to determine the effects of the design variables on the growth of the animals. Experience has shown that in many instances total weight gain summarizes all the information in the curve. The conditions under which total gain provides an adequate summary are discussed. The model has been used in the analysis of rat, dog, hamster, guinea pig and swine growth curves. An example is included to illustrate the utility of the proposed approach.", "contents": "A useful method for the analysis of growth studies. A group of parsimonious models for the analysis of animal growth curves is presented. The effects of correlations between the successive weights are reduced by analyzing the weight gained between the different weighing times. A model is developed for the resulting two-way table of group average gain curves (group by periods), using the two-way table modeling techniques proposed by Mandel. The coefficients in the fitted model are examined to determine what functions of the weight gain measurements will summarize the characteristics of the curves. In the second part of the analysis these statistics are computed for each animal and analyzed to determine the effects of the design variables on the growth of the animals. Experience has shown that in many instances total weight gain summarizes all the information in the curve. The conditions under which total gain provides an adequate summary are discussed. The model has been used in the analysis of rat, dog, hamster, guinea pig and swine growth curves. An example is included to illustrate the utility of the proposed approach.", "PMID": 526528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2998", "title": "Immune reactions with cytotoxic activity to \"self\" in natural surveillance of aberrant cells.", "content": "Cytotoxic autoreactive lymphoid cells have been demonstrated to be a normal immunologic component in both normal and tumor-bearing organisms. The cells have a high antineoplastic potential. They are cytotoxic in vitro to non-immunogenic tumor cells, and a high in vivo activity of such cells may be positively correlated to in vivo regression of tumors. It is suggested that the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic autoreactive cells reflects a natural mechanism to removal of all types of aberrant cells of which malignant cells are only a subset. It is further deduced that such mechanisms must be independent of cell surface neoantigens, and that cytotoxic autoreactive mechanisms with high probability therefore also are efficient against spontaneous malignant tumors.", "contents": "Immune reactions with cytotoxic activity to \"self\" in natural surveillance of aberrant cells. Cytotoxic autoreactive lymphoid cells have been demonstrated to be a normal immunologic component in both normal and tumor-bearing organisms. The cells have a high antineoplastic potential. They are cytotoxic in vitro to non-immunogenic tumor cells, and a high in vivo activity of such cells may be positively correlated to in vivo regression of tumors. It is suggested that the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic autoreactive cells reflects a natural mechanism to removal of all types of aberrant cells of which malignant cells are only a subset. It is further deduced that such mechanisms must be independent of cell surface neoantigens, and that cytotoxic autoreactive mechanisms with high probability therefore also are efficient against spontaneous malignant tumors.", "PMID": 526529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_2999", "title": "Studies on the methodology and evaluation of the lymphocyte transformation microtest.", "content": "Optimum experimental conditions for the lymphocyte transformation microtest in healthy persons are described. The dependence of PHA stimulation on duration of culture, additions of serum and PHA concentration is investigated. A function of normal distribution pattern can be set up by determining the lymphocyte stimulability with four different PHA concentrations in the optimal stimulation range. With this function, the area under the curve, steepness, position and height of the maximum can be calculated. These parameters should serve for better interpretation of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Studies on the methodology and evaluation of the lymphocyte transformation microtest. Optimum experimental conditions for the lymphocyte transformation microtest in healthy persons are described. The dependence of PHA stimulation on duration of culture, additions of serum and PHA concentration is investigated. A function of normal distribution pattern can be set up by determining the lymphocyte stimulability with four different PHA concentrations in the optimal stimulation range. With this function, the area under the curve, steepness, position and height of the maximum can be calculated. These parameters should serve for better interpretation of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 526531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3000", "title": "In vitro granulopoiesis in oligoblastic leukaemia: prognostic value, characterization and serial cloning of bone marrow colony and cluster forming cells in agar culture.", "content": "The colony and cluster forming capacity of bone marrow cells (BM CFC and CluFC) in agar culture, was studied from 20 oligoblastic patients. 13 patients had a leukemic growth pattern and 12 of these died within one year after diagnosis. 7 patients had no leukemic growth and 4 are alive 16 to 90 months after diagnosis. Both the determination of the proportion of abnormally light buoyant density of CFC and CluFC and the study of their suiciding index were used to characterize more precisely the leukemic or nonleukemic status of patients. Because of the small number of patients involved in the later preliminary study, the prognostic significance cannot be valuated. Serial studies of individual patients showed different types of evolution in the growth pattern of BM CFC and CluFC. Either the increase of BM CFC and CluFC paralleled that of the myeloblasts, or there was a change in the growth pattern before AML transformation suggesting clonal evolution.", "contents": "In vitro granulopoiesis in oligoblastic leukaemia: prognostic value, characterization and serial cloning of bone marrow colony and cluster forming cells in agar culture. The colony and cluster forming capacity of bone marrow cells (BM CFC and CluFC) in agar culture, was studied from 20 oligoblastic patients. 13 patients had a leukemic growth pattern and 12 of these died within one year after diagnosis. 7 patients had no leukemic growth and 4 are alive 16 to 90 months after diagnosis. Both the determination of the proportion of abnormally light buoyant density of CFC and CluFC and the study of their suiciding index were used to characterize more precisely the leukemic or nonleukemic status of patients. Because of the small number of patients involved in the later preliminary study, the prognostic significance cannot be valuated. Serial studies of individual patients showed different types of evolution in the growth pattern of BM CFC and CluFC. Either the increase of BM CFC and CluFC paralleled that of the myeloblasts, or there was a change in the growth pattern before AML transformation suggesting clonal evolution.", "PMID": 526532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3001", "title": "Enrichment of murine granulomonocytic progenitors using a continuous linear Ficoll-Isopaque gradient.", "content": "Murine bone marrow was fractionated using a Ficoll-Isopaque continuous linear gradient characterized by an osmolarity of 290 mOsm constant throughout the gradient and a physiological pH of 7.4. The cellular peak detected prior to fractionation by means of a 405 nm light beam served as a guide for determining fraction collection. Under these conditions CFC enrichment was observed constantly for densities lower than that of the cellular peak. In 17 experiments the enrichment factor amounted to 3.6 +/- 1.4. Enrichment appeared to be due to both an increase in CFC concentration and an improvement in CFC cloning efficiency. A correlation between the concentration of CFC and that of undifferentiated blasts was observed. The CFC density distribution was dependent on the cell load. For cell loads lower than 25 x 10(6) the modal density of CFC was within the range 1.0615-1.0715. For cell loads higher than 25 x 10(6) there was a shift of the distribution curve towards higher density. Clu-CFC appeared to be denser than CFC. This increase in density may be due to a maturation process from CFC to Clu-FC as a maturation gradient with increasing density was found for the granulocytic series and for erythroblasts.", "contents": "Enrichment of murine granulomonocytic progenitors using a continuous linear Ficoll-Isopaque gradient. Murine bone marrow was fractionated using a Ficoll-Isopaque continuous linear gradient characterized by an osmolarity of 290 mOsm constant throughout the gradient and a physiological pH of 7.4. The cellular peak detected prior to fractionation by means of a 405 nm light beam served as a guide for determining fraction collection. Under these conditions CFC enrichment was observed constantly for densities lower than that of the cellular peak. In 17 experiments the enrichment factor amounted to 3.6 +/- 1.4. Enrichment appeared to be due to both an increase in CFC concentration and an improvement in CFC cloning efficiency. A correlation between the concentration of CFC and that of undifferentiated blasts was observed. The CFC density distribution was dependent on the cell load. For cell loads lower than 25 x 10(6) the modal density of CFC was within the range 1.0615-1.0715. For cell loads higher than 25 x 10(6) there was a shift of the distribution curve towards higher density. Clu-CFC appeared to be denser than CFC. This increase in density may be due to a maturation process from CFC to Clu-FC as a maturation gradient with increasing density was found for the granulocytic series and for erythroblasts.", "PMID": 526533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3002", "title": "Study of platelet membrane proteins through fluorescence polarization of diphenyl hexatriene.", "content": "Fluorescence polarization (FP) of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) has been currently interpreted as cell membrane fluidity. We studied here FP of DPH labelled platelets under activation of membrane enzymes and concluded that FP of DPH could rather reveal interactions with hydrophobic pockets of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Study of platelet membrane proteins through fluorescence polarization of diphenyl hexatriene. Fluorescence polarization (FP) of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) has been currently interpreted as cell membrane fluidity. We studied here FP of DPH labelled platelets under activation of membrane enzymes and concluded that FP of DPH could rather reveal interactions with hydrophobic pockets of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 526534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3003", "title": "Comparison of plasma deoxyribonuclease activity between normal and leukemic states in man and mice.", "content": "Plasma deoxyribonuclease (E.C.3.1.4.5.) activity was measured in patients suffering from acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia, in blastic phase and in remission, and in DBA2 mice, normal and bearing L1210 leukemia. No difference in enzymic activity could be observed between normal and leukemic states in human beings and mice.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma deoxyribonuclease activity between normal and leukemic states in man and mice. Plasma deoxyribonuclease (E.C.3.1.4.5.) activity was measured in patients suffering from acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia, in blastic phase and in remission, and in DBA2 mice, normal and bearing L1210 leukemia. No difference in enzymic activity could be observed between normal and leukemic states in human beings and mice.", "PMID": 526535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3004", "title": "Increased severity of the acute renal failure induced by HgCl2 on rats with reduced renal mass.", "content": "In rats unilaterally nephrectomized 2 days before and sham operated controls, an acute fenal failure (ARF) has been induced by subcutaneous HgCl2 injection. The uninephrectomized animals showed a more severe ARF than the sham operated, 60% of the former and 10% of the controls became anuric 48 hours after ARF induction. The increased diuresis and natriuresis produced by acute saline overload did not improve the severity of the ARF. The marked difference in the evolution of this model of ARF with respect to the glycerol induced ARF, which is ameliorated by reduction of renal mass, emphasizes the different pathogenetic mechanism of these two experimental models.", "contents": "Increased severity of the acute renal failure induced by HgCl2 on rats with reduced renal mass. In rats unilaterally nephrectomized 2 days before and sham operated controls, an acute fenal failure (ARF) has been induced by subcutaneous HgCl2 injection. The uninephrectomized animals showed a more severe ARF than the sham operated, 60% of the former and 10% of the controls became anuric 48 hours after ARF induction. The increased diuresis and natriuresis produced by acute saline overload did not improve the severity of the ARF. The marked difference in the evolution of this model of ARF with respect to the glycerol induced ARF, which is ameliorated by reduction of renal mass, emphasizes the different pathogenetic mechanism of these two experimental models.", "PMID": 526536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3005", "title": "Effect of levamisole on interferon production by PHA-stimulated human leukocyte cultures.", "content": "Mononuclear leukocytes of 10 normal blood donors were cultured in vitro and treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and/or levamisole. Interferon-like activity was investigated in the supernatant fluids of the cultures, using VSV as challenge virus. In most of the cases the PHA-stimulated interferon-like activity was slightly but significantly enhanced by levamisole. The antiviral activity produced in the supernatant fluids was characterized as interferon since it was trypsin sensitive, species specific and inhibited by specific antiserum. This interferon has the characteristic sensitivity to PH2 of immune interferon.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on interferon production by PHA-stimulated human leukocyte cultures. Mononuclear leukocytes of 10 normal blood donors were cultured in vitro and treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and/or levamisole. Interferon-like activity was investigated in the supernatant fluids of the cultures, using VSV as challenge virus. In most of the cases the PHA-stimulated interferon-like activity was slightly but significantly enhanced by levamisole. The antiviral activity produced in the supernatant fluids was characterized as interferon since it was trypsin sensitive, species specific and inhibited by specific antiserum. This interferon has the characteristic sensitivity to PH2 of immune interferon.", "PMID": 526537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3006", "title": "Hepatocarcinogenesis by aflatoxin B1: relationships between the cellular localization of the carcinogen and early histological changes in the rat liver.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 (and/or its fluorescent metabolites) was identified by fluorescence microscopy in the liver of rats fed with this carcinogen. The timing of appearance of the carcinogen in the cytoplasm and nuclei of hepatocytes is analysed in relation to the various early histological changes observed in the liver.", "contents": "Hepatocarcinogenesis by aflatoxin B1: relationships between the cellular localization of the carcinogen and early histological changes in the rat liver. Aflatoxin B1 (and/or its fluorescent metabolites) was identified by fluorescence microscopy in the liver of rats fed with this carcinogen. The timing of appearance of the carcinogen in the cytoplasm and nuclei of hepatocytes is analysed in relation to the various early histological changes observed in the liver.", "PMID": 526538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3007", "title": "Prostaglandins in human breast cancer. Identification of a cytosolic prostaglandin-9-keto-reductase activity.", "content": "Endogenous sources of prostaglandin production in human breast tumors were investigated by radioimmunoassay analysis of PGE2 and PGF2a productions and 3H-PGE2 conversion. PG synthetase located within the microsomal fraction mainly produced PGE2, while little PGF2a synthesis occured. In cytosol preparations. PGE2 is converted into PGF2a. In 15 tumor specimens, no relationship was observed between PGE2 production and the metabolic activity which varied widely from sample to sample. These findings demonstrate the presence of PG-9-keto-reductase in the cytosol from human breast tumors. A way of PGE2 inactivation by this enzyme is suggested since no less polar PGE2 metabolites were detected. It is concluded that PGE2 production by the microsomes will reflect the PG synthetase activity of a given human mammary carcinoma while metabolic conversion of PGE2 within the cytosol reflects the metabolic activity of the same sample. Both activities were otherwise apparently unlinked.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in human breast cancer. Identification of a cytosolic prostaglandin-9-keto-reductase activity. Endogenous sources of prostaglandin production in human breast tumors were investigated by radioimmunoassay analysis of PGE2 and PGF2a productions and 3H-PGE2 conversion. PG synthetase located within the microsomal fraction mainly produced PGE2, while little PGF2a synthesis occured. In cytosol preparations. PGE2 is converted into PGF2a. In 15 tumor specimens, no relationship was observed between PGE2 production and the metabolic activity which varied widely from sample to sample. These findings demonstrate the presence of PG-9-keto-reductase in the cytosol from human breast tumors. A way of PGE2 inactivation by this enzyme is suggested since no less polar PGE2 metabolites were detected. It is concluded that PGE2 production by the microsomes will reflect the PG synthetase activity of a given human mammary carcinoma while metabolic conversion of PGE2 within the cytosol reflects the metabolic activity of the same sample. Both activities were otherwise apparently unlinked.", "PMID": 526539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3008", "title": "Inducibility of microsomal enzymes in normal and pre-cancerous lung tissue. Synergistic action of 5-6 benzoflavon or methyl-cholanthrene in radiation induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "The inducibility of pulmonary microsomal enzymes and the biological effects of chronic induction by 5-6 benzoflavone and methylcholanthrene were compared in normal and precancerous rats. Two important points were shown out: a dose of 6000 WLM resulted in a permanent modification of the pulmonary microsomal enzymatic pool and 5-6 benzoflavon was a strong co-factor of radiation induced carcinogenesis. This synergistic action was demonstrated by a much shorter latency, moreover neo-formed tissue and epidermoid cancers with a particular morphology were observed. In all the cases cancers appeared within 100 days following the beginning of the chemical treatment.", "contents": "Inducibility of microsomal enzymes in normal and pre-cancerous lung tissue. Synergistic action of 5-6 benzoflavon or methyl-cholanthrene in radiation induced carcinogenesis. The inducibility of pulmonary microsomal enzymes and the biological effects of chronic induction by 5-6 benzoflavone and methylcholanthrene were compared in normal and precancerous rats. Two important points were shown out: a dose of 6000 WLM resulted in a permanent modification of the pulmonary microsomal enzymatic pool and 5-6 benzoflavon was a strong co-factor of radiation induced carcinogenesis. This synergistic action was demonstrated by a much shorter latency, moreover neo-formed tissue and epidermoid cancers with a particular morphology were observed. In all the cases cancers appeared within 100 days following the beginning of the chemical treatment.", "PMID": 526540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3009", "title": "Cortisol secretion following nomifensine administration in normal subjects.", "content": "The effects of the oral administration of nomifensine, which inhibits endogenous cathecolamine re-uptake, on secretion of prolactin and cortisol were investigated in 12 normal subjects. In all the volunteers, a significant decrease of prolactin levels was observed following nomifensine administration. Cortisol levels were unaffected by this pharmacological treatment. The role of hypothalamic dopaminergic inhibitory system on ACTH-cortisol axis is discussed.", "contents": "Cortisol secretion following nomifensine administration in normal subjects. The effects of the oral administration of nomifensine, which inhibits endogenous cathecolamine re-uptake, on secretion of prolactin and cortisol were investigated in 12 normal subjects. In all the volunteers, a significant decrease of prolactin levels was observed following nomifensine administration. Cortisol levels were unaffected by this pharmacological treatment. The role of hypothalamic dopaminergic inhibitory system on ACTH-cortisol axis is discussed.", "PMID": 526541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3010", "title": "Effect of quinidine on mitogen-induced human lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The effect of quinidine on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was examined using a microculture technique. The results showed that, at concentrations attainable during therapy, this drug exerted an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation. This inhibitory effect could be partially reversed by washing. The inhibitory effect was quite substantial when the drug was added 48 hours after the initiation of cultures. The clinical implications of this immunosuppressive property of quinidine are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of quinidine on mitogen-induced human lymphocyte transformation. The effect of quinidine on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was examined using a microculture technique. The results showed that, at concentrations attainable during therapy, this drug exerted an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation. This inhibitory effect could be partially reversed by washing. The inhibitory effect was quite substantial when the drug was added 48 hours after the initiation of cultures. The clinical implications of this immunosuppressive property of quinidine are discussed.", "PMID": 526542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3011", "title": "Simultaneous microscopic and biochemical findings in breast carcinoma. Preliminary results.", "content": "Intratumoral protein and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) content as well as median nuclear DNA amount were determined in breast carcinoma that could be classified by Bloom's grading. These data were analyzed in comparison with TNM classification. Higher protein contents have been displayed in T2 or N+ breast cancers than in T1 or N- tumors. Bloom's grading is strongly correlated to median nuclear DNA content and to some extent with protein and GPI amount. With these results, we have to think about the value of prognostic cytologic criteria. The relationship between intratumoral protein content and prognostic clinical or histological data requires our attention. This would seem to dictate a need for caution in expressing the results of some variables in function of protein content.", "contents": "Simultaneous microscopic and biochemical findings in breast carcinoma. Preliminary results. Intratumoral protein and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) content as well as median nuclear DNA amount were determined in breast carcinoma that could be classified by Bloom's grading. These data were analyzed in comparison with TNM classification. Higher protein contents have been displayed in T2 or N+ breast cancers than in T1 or N- tumors. Bloom's grading is strongly correlated to median nuclear DNA content and to some extent with protein and GPI amount. With these results, we have to think about the value of prognostic cytologic criteria. The relationship between intratumoral protein content and prognostic clinical or histological data requires our attention. This would seem to dictate a need for caution in expressing the results of some variables in function of protein content.", "PMID": 526543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3012", "title": "Proliferative effect of lithocholic acid on rat liver cell in culture.", "content": "In contrast to cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid (LCA) enhances the growth of rat liver cells in culture. Enhanced proliferation of LCA-treated rat liver cells persists even 12 days after LCA was removed. These findings could suggest a mutagenic effect of LCA, or a metabolite, on rat liver cells.", "contents": "Proliferative effect of lithocholic acid on rat liver cell in culture. In contrast to cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid (LCA) enhances the growth of rat liver cells in culture. Enhanced proliferation of LCA-treated rat liver cells persists even 12 days after LCA was removed. These findings could suggest a mutagenic effect of LCA, or a metabolite, on rat liver cells.", "PMID": 526544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3013", "title": "Cardenolide analogues: 10--characterization of cardiac glycosides by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "The potential of chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of naturally occurring and semi-synthetic cardiac glycosides has been investigated. Methane, isobutane and ammonia were used as reactant gases. With the exception of ouabain, the ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra of the cardiac glycosides examined in this work contained abundant [M + NH4]+ions and abundant fragment ions formed by cleavage of glycoside bonds. Ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry was found to provide a rapid and sensitive method for the characterization of the products of glycosidation reactions. In contrast, the methane and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra of the cardiac glycosides, with the exception of ouabain, did not contain protonated molecular ions and did not contain abundant fragment ions above m/z 400.", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues: 10--characterization of cardiac glycosides by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The potential of chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of naturally occurring and semi-synthetic cardiac glycosides has been investigated. Methane, isobutane and ammonia were used as reactant gases. With the exception of ouabain, the ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra of the cardiac glycosides examined in this work contained abundant [M + NH4]+ions and abundant fragment ions formed by cleavage of glycoside bonds. Ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry was found to provide a rapid and sensitive method for the characterization of the products of glycosidation reactions. In contrast, the methane and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra of the cardiac glycosides, with the exception of ouabain, did not contain protonated molecular ions and did not contain abundant fragment ions above m/z 400.", "PMID": 526557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3014", "title": "A chemical ionization selected ion monitoring assay for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid.", "content": "A methane chemical ionization quantitative assay for methylphenidate and its major metabolite, ritalinic acid, is described. Methylphenidate and the internal standard, ethylphenidate, were extracted from plasma samples and derivatized to prevent thermal decomposition in the gas chromatography. Ritalinic acid was esterified with diazomethane and extracted as methylphenidate. The intensity of the protonated molecular ion of the derivatized drug and internal standard was measured by selected ion monitoring. Calibration curves were prepared from drug standards dissolved in drug-free plasma, and the lower limit of the curves extended to 0.5 ng methylphenidate per ml plasma. The method was used to generate plasma decay curves for pediatric patients undergoing methylphenidate therapy.", "contents": "A chemical ionization selected ion monitoring assay for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid. A methane chemical ionization quantitative assay for methylphenidate and its major metabolite, ritalinic acid, is described. Methylphenidate and the internal standard, ethylphenidate, were extracted from plasma samples and derivatized to prevent thermal decomposition in the gas chromatography. Ritalinic acid was esterified with diazomethane and extracted as methylphenidate. The intensity of the protonated molecular ion of the derivatized drug and internal standard was measured by selected ion monitoring. Calibration curves were prepared from drug standards dissolved in drug-free plasma, and the lower limit of the curves extended to 0.5 ng methylphenidate per ml plasma. The method was used to generate plasma decay curves for pediatric patients undergoing methylphenidate therapy.", "PMID": 526558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3015", "title": "A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric chemical ionization assay for haloperidol with selected ion monitoring.", "content": "A new gas chromatographic mass spectrometric chemical ionization assay for haloperidol with selectedion monitoring is presented which provides for better combined selectivity and sensitivity than previous assays. Levels of haloperidol in 2 ml of human plasma were reproducibly measured down to subnanogram levels. Both methane and methane--ammonia chemical ionization spectra are presented for haloperidol and the internal standard trifluperidol.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric chemical ionization assay for haloperidol with selected ion monitoring. A new gas chromatographic mass spectrometric chemical ionization assay for haloperidol with selectedion monitoring is presented which provides for better combined selectivity and sensitivity than previous assays. Levels of haloperidol in 2 ml of human plasma were reproducibly measured down to subnanogram levels. Both methane and methane--ammonia chemical ionization spectra are presented for haloperidol and the internal standard trifluperidol.", "PMID": 526559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3016", "title": "A simple, rapid selected ion monitoring method for the determination of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in human urine.", "content": "A new procedure for the simultaneous measurement of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in human urine is described. Quantification was achieved by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring and deuterium labeled internal standards. The levels of measured prostaglandins ranged from 25 pg ml-1 of urine (PGE2) to 2500 pg ml-1 (PGF2 alhpa). The interassay coefficient of variation, determined by replicate analysis of four identical samples, was 1.9% for PGE2 and 0.8% for PGE2 alpha. The procedure takes a fraction of the time needed with published methods and can be conducted with as little as one-tenth of the daily urinary output.", "contents": "A simple, rapid selected ion monitoring method for the determination of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in human urine. A new procedure for the simultaneous measurement of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in human urine is described. Quantification was achieved by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring and deuterium labeled internal standards. The levels of measured prostaglandins ranged from 25 pg ml-1 of urine (PGE2) to 2500 pg ml-1 (PGF2 alhpa). The interassay coefficient of variation, determined by replicate analysis of four identical samples, was 1.9% for PGE2 and 0.8% for PGE2 alpha. The procedure takes a fraction of the time needed with published methods and can be conducted with as little as one-tenth of the daily urinary output.", "PMID": 526560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3017", "title": "Selected ion monitoring assay for the antidepressant maprotiline.", "content": "A procedure is described which permits the determination of maprotiline in biological fluids at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 150 ng ml-1. It relies on the use of N-desmethylclomipramine or isotope labeled maprotiline as the internal standard, on derivatization of the secondary amines with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and on the combined use of gas chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometry and computerized data handling. The assaying procedure is specific, accurate and precise. It is suitable for routine analyses and has sufficient sensitivity to permit monitoring the human blood levels expected from a single therapeutic dose for a week or longer. The method, which can monitor simultaneously isotope labeled and unlabeled maprotiline, can be used to great advantage for reducing variability problems encountered in bioavailability studies.", "contents": "Selected ion monitoring assay for the antidepressant maprotiline. A procedure is described which permits the determination of maprotiline in biological fluids at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 150 ng ml-1. It relies on the use of N-desmethylclomipramine or isotope labeled maprotiline as the internal standard, on derivatization of the secondary amines with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and on the combined use of gas chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometry and computerized data handling. The assaying procedure is specific, accurate and precise. It is suitable for routine analyses and has sufficient sensitivity to permit monitoring the human blood levels expected from a single therapeutic dose for a week or longer. The method, which can monitor simultaneously isotope labeled and unlabeled maprotiline, can be used to great advantage for reducing variability problems encountered in bioavailability studies.", "PMID": 526561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3018", "title": "N-acylglycines: gas chromatographic mass spectrometric identification and determination in urine by selected ion monitoring.", "content": "Eleven biologically interesting N-acylglycines have been synthesized and the gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of their trimethylsilyl derivatives studied, A sharp and reproducible gas chromatographic peak could be obtained for each N-acylglycine as the N, O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-N-acylglycine. By the use of these derivatives a sensitive and specific selected ion monitoring method for the determination of N-acylglycines in human urine has been developed.", "contents": "N-acylglycines: gas chromatographic mass spectrometric identification and determination in urine by selected ion monitoring. Eleven biologically interesting N-acylglycines have been synthesized and the gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of their trimethylsilyl derivatives studied, A sharp and reproducible gas chromatographic peak could be obtained for each N-acylglycine as the N, O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-N-acylglycine. By the use of these derivatives a sensitive and specific selected ion monitoring method for the determination of N-acylglycines in human urine has been developed.", "PMID": 526562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3019", "title": "Mass spectrometry in the elucidation of shikimate biotransformation products in the rat.", "content": "The biotransformation products of shikimate in the rat have been identified by electron impact mass spectrometry. Analysis of the metabolites produced after oral administration of shikimate resulted in the identification of hippurate, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate, hexahydrohippurate, benzoyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl-beta-D-glucuronides and two isomeric 3,4-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylates. Results showed that shikimate itself is not metabolized by rat tissues and that all metabolites produced were dependent upon initial metabolic transformations by gastrointestinal microrganisms. The various hippurate derivatives and glucuronide conjugates appear to arise via a conversion of shikimate to cyclohexanecarboxylate, which is then further metabolized by the rat tissues.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry in the elucidation of shikimate biotransformation products in the rat. The biotransformation products of shikimate in the rat have been identified by electron impact mass spectrometry. Analysis of the metabolites produced after oral administration of shikimate resulted in the identification of hippurate, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate, hexahydrohippurate, benzoyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl-beta-D-glucuronides and two isomeric 3,4-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylates. Results showed that shikimate itself is not metabolized by rat tissues and that all metabolites produced were dependent upon initial metabolic transformations by gastrointestinal microrganisms. The various hippurate derivatives and glucuronide conjugates appear to arise via a conversion of shikimate to cyclohexanecarboxylate, which is then further metabolized by the rat tissues.", "PMID": 526563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3020", "title": "Abnormal deoxyribose metabolites in the urine of a child with a possible new inborn error of metabolism.", "content": "The urinary extract of a child investigated because of strabismus was found to contain large amounts of a compound which was identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,4-lactone. This lactone has not been observed previously in urinary extracts. When ion-exchange chromatography was used to isolate the organic acids from urine, the major peaks obtained by gas chromatography were shown to be 2-deoxyerythropentonic acid, 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,5-lactone and 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,4,lactone. Another abnormal metabolite, 2-deoxyribitol, was also excreted by the patient although this compound could not be detected in the urine of normal children. It is proposed that these unusual compounds accumulate in the urine of this child as a result of a defect in the catabolism of 2-deoxyribose.", "contents": "Abnormal deoxyribose metabolites in the urine of a child with a possible new inborn error of metabolism. The urinary extract of a child investigated because of strabismus was found to contain large amounts of a compound which was identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,4-lactone. This lactone has not been observed previously in urinary extracts. When ion-exchange chromatography was used to isolate the organic acids from urine, the major peaks obtained by gas chromatography were shown to be 2-deoxyerythropentonic acid, 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,5-lactone and 2-deoxyerythropentono-1,4,lactone. Another abnormal metabolite, 2-deoxyribitol, was also excreted by the patient although this compound could not be detected in the urine of normal children. It is proposed that these unusual compounds accumulate in the urine of this child as a result of a defect in the catabolism of 2-deoxyribose.", "PMID": 526564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3021", "title": "The determination of terbutaline in human plasma by selected ion monitoring of the t-butyldimethylsilyl ether.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative determination of terbutaline in 2 ml human plasma. The drug is extracted from plasma as the terbutaline tetraphenylboron ion pair and determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of its t-butyldimethylsily ether. Salbutamol is used as internal standard. Quantification is achieved by selected ion monitoring of the ion m/z 482 derived from t-butyldimethylsilyl terbutaline and m/z 495 from t-butyldimethylsilyl salbutamol. The detection limit was estimated to be 250 pg terbutaline ml-1 plasma. The coefficient of variation at the level of 1 ng terbutaline ml-1 was 4.1% (n = 5).", "contents": "The determination of terbutaline in human plasma by selected ion monitoring of the t-butyldimethylsilyl ether. A method is described for the quantitative determination of terbutaline in 2 ml human plasma. The drug is extracted from plasma as the terbutaline tetraphenylboron ion pair and determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of its t-butyldimethylsily ether. Salbutamol is used as internal standard. Quantification is achieved by selected ion monitoring of the ion m/z 482 derived from t-butyldimethylsilyl terbutaline and m/z 495 from t-butyldimethylsilyl salbutamol. The detection limit was estimated to be 250 pg terbutaline ml-1 plasma. The coefficient of variation at the level of 1 ng terbutaline ml-1 was 4.1% (n = 5).", "PMID": 526565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3022", "title": "Remote group derivatives: limitations on the effectiveness of pyrrolidide derivatives of oxygen-containing fatty acids.", "content": "The pyrrolidides of a number of fatty acids containing oxygen functions (ether linkage, epoxide ring and hydroxyl group) have been prepared and their mass spectra recorded. Detailed analyses of these, supported by accurate mass measurement, indicate that the presence of the oxygen atom has a profound effect on the normal, sequential, mode of pyrrolidide fragmentation. Cleavage adjacent to the oxygen is enhanced, this being most marked in the spectra of those compounds containing an ether linkage. However, further fragmentation of the carbon chain distal to the pyrrolidide group is minimal and prevents any structural information being obtained. These findings indicate that the usefulness of the pyrrolidide derivative for structural elucidation purposes is severely limited in some cases when an oxygen atom is present in the chain. However, for both the epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, complementary derivatization methods are available.", "contents": "Remote group derivatives: limitations on the effectiveness of pyrrolidide derivatives of oxygen-containing fatty acids. The pyrrolidides of a number of fatty acids containing oxygen functions (ether linkage, epoxide ring and hydroxyl group) have been prepared and their mass spectra recorded. Detailed analyses of these, supported by accurate mass measurement, indicate that the presence of the oxygen atom has a profound effect on the normal, sequential, mode of pyrrolidide fragmentation. Cleavage adjacent to the oxygen is enhanced, this being most marked in the spectra of those compounds containing an ether linkage. However, further fragmentation of the carbon chain distal to the pyrrolidide group is minimal and prevents any structural information being obtained. These findings indicate that the usefulness of the pyrrolidide derivative for structural elucidation purposes is severely limited in some cases when an oxygen atom is present in the chain. However, for both the epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, complementary derivatization methods are available.", "PMID": 526566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3023", "title": "Identification and quantitation of urinary dicarboxylic acids as their dicyclohexyl esters in disease states by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Clinical studies were conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring of urinary dicarboxylic acids as dicyclohexyl esters. The dicyclohexyl esters of the dicarboxylic acids give characteristic electron impact mass spectra suitable for selected ion monitoring. The mass spectra exhibit a prominent acid + 1H ion and an (acid + 1H)-H2O ion for use as quantitating and confirming ions. The cyclohexyl esters are stable for days at room temperature and have excellent chromatographic properties. Dicarboxylic acid quantitation is performed within one hour using only 50 microliter of unpurified urine. A rapid method specifically for methylmalonic acid quantitation is described which has assisted physicians in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and methylmalonic aciduria. This procedure is applicable for screening urinary organic acids for detection of inborn errors of metabolism. The detection of a child with elevated medium length dicarboxylic acids in the terminal urine specimen is reported. This condition, previously described as an inborn error, is attributed to a terminal event. Finally, an increase in urinary succinic acid paralleling putrescine levels is described during a response to cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of urinary dicarboxylic acids as their dicyclohexyl esters in disease states by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Clinical studies were conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring of urinary dicarboxylic acids as dicyclohexyl esters. The dicyclohexyl esters of the dicarboxylic acids give characteristic electron impact mass spectra suitable for selected ion monitoring. The mass spectra exhibit a prominent acid + 1H ion and an (acid + 1H)-H2O ion for use as quantitating and confirming ions. The cyclohexyl esters are stable for days at room temperature and have excellent chromatographic properties. Dicarboxylic acid quantitation is performed within one hour using only 50 microliter of unpurified urine. A rapid method specifically for methylmalonic acid quantitation is described which has assisted physicians in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and methylmalonic aciduria. This procedure is applicable for screening urinary organic acids for detection of inborn errors of metabolism. The detection of a child with elevated medium length dicarboxylic acids in the terminal urine specimen is reported. This condition, previously described as an inborn error, is attributed to a terminal event. Finally, an increase in urinary succinic acid paralleling putrescine levels is described during a response to cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 526567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3024", "title": "Mass spectra of alpha-amino acid oxazolidinones.", "content": "2-Bis-(chlorodifluoromethyl)-4-substituted-1,3-oxazolidin-5-ones, a new type of alpha-amino acid derivative for gas chromatographic separation, have been studied by low resolution mass spectrometry. These derivatives are obtained by reacting alpha-amino acids with dichlorotetrafluoroacetone. Their structure has been established or confirmed for most protein amino acids and several non-protein alpha-amino acids. The mechanisms responsible for the mass spectral pattern have been rationalized. An interesting feature of this derivatization procedure is that it distinguishes aspartic and glutamic acid from the respective amides. The structure of asparagine and glutamine derivatives has been established. A survey of oxazolidinone mass spectra has provided a list of diagnostically useful ions. Each amino acid can be identified by one or two of its most abundant fragments.", "contents": "Mass spectra of alpha-amino acid oxazolidinones. 2-Bis-(chlorodifluoromethyl)-4-substituted-1,3-oxazolidin-5-ones, a new type of alpha-amino acid derivative for gas chromatographic separation, have been studied by low resolution mass spectrometry. These derivatives are obtained by reacting alpha-amino acids with dichlorotetrafluoroacetone. Their structure has been established or confirmed for most protein amino acids and several non-protein alpha-amino acids. The mechanisms responsible for the mass spectral pattern have been rationalized. An interesting feature of this derivatization procedure is that it distinguishes aspartic and glutamic acid from the respective amides. The structure of asparagine and glutamine derivatives has been established. A survey of oxazolidinone mass spectra has provided a list of diagnostically useful ions. Each amino acid can be identified by one or two of its most abundant fragments.", "PMID": 526568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3025", "title": "Analysis of tyrosine and deuterium labelled tyrosine in tissues and body fluids.", "content": "A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method has been developed to determine tyrosine and deuterium labelled tyrosine in biological samples using alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-Me Ty) or m-hydroxyphenylalanine as internal standards. With the latter standard both labelled and unlabelled tyrosine as well as alpha-Me Ty can be determined simultaneously, in for example human blood, following administration of alpha-Me Ty to inhibit catecholamine synthesis. After isolation of the amino acids on an ion exchange column (Amberlite IR 120) the butyl ester pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were prepared. In human plasma the precision of the method was determined at a level of 80 nmol tyrosine ml-1 and found to be +/- 5% (coefficient of variation, n = 10).", "contents": "Analysis of tyrosine and deuterium labelled tyrosine in tissues and body fluids. A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method has been developed to determine tyrosine and deuterium labelled tyrosine in biological samples using alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-Me Ty) or m-hydroxyphenylalanine as internal standards. With the latter standard both labelled and unlabelled tyrosine as well as alpha-Me Ty can be determined simultaneously, in for example human blood, following administration of alpha-Me Ty to inhibit catecholamine synthesis. After isolation of the amino acids on an ion exchange column (Amberlite IR 120) the butyl ester pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were prepared. In human plasma the precision of the method was determined at a level of 80 nmol tyrosine ml-1 and found to be +/- 5% (coefficient of variation, n = 10).", "PMID": 526569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3026", "title": "Use of t-butyldimethylchlorosilane/imidazole reagent for identification of molecular species of phospholipids by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of 1,2-diakyl, 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl, 1-alkyl-2-acyl and 1,2-diacyl glycerols were analysed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The characteristic fragment ions were as follows. The molecular weight determining ion was [M-57]+, which was formed by cleavage of the t-butyl radical from the molecular ion. The nature of the alk-1'-enyl residue could be determined by the presence of ions at [RCH-CH 56]+ and [RCH = CH + 130]+ (RCH = CH = alk-1'-enyl), and the alkyl residue by the ion at [R + 130]+(R = alkyl group). Ions giving information about the acyl group, [RCO]+, [RCO + 74]+ and [M-RCH = CHO, -RO or -RCOO]+ were also observed. The mass spectra of pairs of trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives showed differences in several respects. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives gave more effective information for elucidating the structure of phosphoglycerides.", "contents": "Use of t-butyldimethylchlorosilane/imidazole reagent for identification of molecular species of phospholipids by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of 1,2-diakyl, 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl, 1-alkyl-2-acyl and 1,2-diacyl glycerols were analysed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The characteristic fragment ions were as follows. The molecular weight determining ion was [M-57]+, which was formed by cleavage of the t-butyl radical from the molecular ion. The nature of the alk-1'-enyl residue could be determined by the presence of ions at [RCH-CH 56]+ and [RCH = CH + 130]+ (RCH = CH = alk-1'-enyl), and the alkyl residue by the ion at [R + 130]+(R = alkyl group). Ions giving information about the acyl group, [RCO]+, [RCO + 74]+ and [M-RCH = CHO, -RO or -RCOO]+ were also observed. The mass spectra of pairs of trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives showed differences in several respects. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives gave more effective information for elucidating the structure of phosphoglycerides.", "PMID": 526570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3027", "title": "Controlled transcutaneous powering of a chronically implanted telemetry device.", "content": "Radiofrequency (RF) powered subcutaneous transmitter devices offer the unique possibility of very long-term measurements from sites within the body under a variety of normal living conditions without percutaneous connections and concomitant dangers such as local tissue infection. Disturbances in the energy transport across the cutaneous barrier may, however, give rise to output data signal fluctuations, which are perceived as transients or drift. A RF-powered implanted biotelemetry device is proposed where the energy transport is controlled by continually optimizing the emission frequency and the duration of energy transfer.", "contents": "Controlled transcutaneous powering of a chronically implanted telemetry device. Radiofrequency (RF) powered subcutaneous transmitter devices offer the unique possibility of very long-term measurements from sites within the body under a variety of normal living conditions without percutaneous connections and concomitant dangers such as local tissue infection. Disturbances in the energy transport across the cutaneous barrier may, however, give rise to output data signal fluctuations, which are perceived as transients or drift. A RF-powered implanted biotelemetry device is proposed where the energy transport is controlled by continually optimizing the emission frequency and the duration of energy transfer.", "PMID": 526571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3028", "title": "A portable smoking pattern recorder.", "content": "An instrument has been developed which can be used to record the smoking patterns of human smokers in almost any location. The smoker is required to smoke the cigarette through an orifice plate cigarette holder connected to the recorder. The smoking pattern data are recorded onto a standard audio cassette as pressure and flow signals together with timing impulses and speech. The instrument is battery powered and can be built into a small brief case. The four channels of data are decoded on a separate instrument, which uses the timing signals to synchronise a data logger, thus making the whole system independent of tape speed errors. The speech channel is used to identify the smoker, cigarette, location, etc. Comparisons have been made of the performance of the portable recorder and a laboratory smoking analyser and data logger. It was found that data decoded from the portable recorder are generally within 1% of the values recorded directly on the laboratory instrument.", "contents": "A portable smoking pattern recorder. An instrument has been developed which can be used to record the smoking patterns of human smokers in almost any location. The smoker is required to smoke the cigarette through an orifice plate cigarette holder connected to the recorder. The smoking pattern data are recorded onto a standard audio cassette as pressure and flow signals together with timing impulses and speech. The instrument is battery powered and can be built into a small brief case. The four channels of data are decoded on a separate instrument, which uses the timing signals to synchronise a data logger, thus making the whole system independent of tape speed errors. The speech channel is used to identify the smoker, cigarette, location, etc. Comparisons have been made of the performance of the portable recorder and a laboratory smoking analyser and data logger. It was found that data decoded from the portable recorder are generally within 1% of the values recorded directly on the laboratory instrument.", "PMID": 526572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3029", "title": "Synchronization in biotelemetry systems with time division of channels.", "content": "In order to improve synchronization in biotelemetry systems, a relative pulse-width selector was designed. It employs a sawtooth generator, sample-and-hold and analogue comparator. The use of this selector creates a possibility of reducing the increase in the synchronizing pulse with respect to the channel pulses and eliminating tuning the transmitter's modulator and receiver's selector to each other. Two different selectors are described: a simple one for two different pulse widths and a more complicated one with a counter for any setting of pulse width in the system.", "contents": "Synchronization in biotelemetry systems with time division of channels. In order to improve synchronization in biotelemetry systems, a relative pulse-width selector was designed. It employs a sawtooth generator, sample-and-hold and analogue comparator. The use of this selector creates a possibility of reducing the increase in the synchronizing pulse with respect to the channel pulses and eliminating tuning the transmitter's modulator and receiver's selector to each other. Two different selectors are described: a simple one for two different pulse widths and a more complicated one with a counter for any setting of pulse width in the system.", "PMID": 526573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3030", "title": "Destruction of noise in biotelemetry.", "content": "The difference in statistical characteristics between physiological signals and noise creates the possibility of designing a selective circuit to separate signals from noise. Analysis shows that by an extremely low signal-to-noise ratio before the pulse conditioner in a biotelemetry system, the mixture of normal and spurious pulses are present at the demodulator input. The system of noise destruction analyzes the sequential distances between two following pulses and blanks all spurious pulses using the criteria of high autocorrelation of physiological signals in short intervals. Evaluation of the circuit demonstrates a dramatic increase in accuracy in the presence of strong interference because the system of noise destruction performs a linear extrapolation of free-of-noise parts of pulse flow into destroyed spaces. The equations to calculate selective thresholds and output errors are delineated. The noise destructor is especially useful in long-term monitoring and automatic data analysis because it prevents a formation of sharp noisy spikes at the biotelemetry system's output.", "contents": "Destruction of noise in biotelemetry. The difference in statistical characteristics between physiological signals and noise creates the possibility of designing a selective circuit to separate signals from noise. Analysis shows that by an extremely low signal-to-noise ratio before the pulse conditioner in a biotelemetry system, the mixture of normal and spurious pulses are present at the demodulator input. The system of noise destruction analyzes the sequential distances between two following pulses and blanks all spurious pulses using the criteria of high autocorrelation of physiological signals in short intervals. Evaluation of the circuit demonstrates a dramatic increase in accuracy in the presence of strong interference because the system of noise destruction performs a linear extrapolation of free-of-noise parts of pulse flow into destroyed spaces. The equations to calculate selective thresholds and output errors are delineated. The noise destructor is especially useful in long-term monitoring and automatic data analysis because it prevents a formation of sharp noisy spikes at the biotelemetry system's output.", "PMID": 526574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3031", "title": "Anxiety engendered by amniocentesis.", "content": "Anxiety was measured and compared in three groups of 12 pregnant couples undergoing amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders. Significant elevations in anxiety were found in all groups prior to counseling on the day of the procedure and prior to receiving test results. Women who had previously given birth to a child with a chromosomal disorder displayed higher anxiety levels prior to amniocentesis than women whose indication for the procedure was age. Fathers in the previous trisomy group had higher anxiety levels prior to the receipt of test results as well as before the amniocentesis when compared to fathers in the maternal-age group. An experimental group of couples in which the women were over 35, received weekly calls from the genetic counselor. This intervention did not reduce median anxiety scores significantly for either men or women but did lower anxiety among the minority of extremely anxious mothers. Parental anxiety levels were interpreted based on interview data. Conditions which promote anxiety were contrasted to those which diminish it. Suggestions were made for amniocentesis counseling earlier in pregnancy and for identifying parents who would benefit by extra attention from counselors.", "contents": "Anxiety engendered by amniocentesis. Anxiety was measured and compared in three groups of 12 pregnant couples undergoing amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders. Significant elevations in anxiety were found in all groups prior to counseling on the day of the procedure and prior to receiving test results. Women who had previously given birth to a child with a chromosomal disorder displayed higher anxiety levels prior to amniocentesis than women whose indication for the procedure was age. Fathers in the previous trisomy group had higher anxiety levels prior to the receipt of test results as well as before the amniocentesis when compared to fathers in the maternal-age group. An experimental group of couples in which the women were over 35, received weekly calls from the genetic counselor. This intervention did not reduce median anxiety scores significantly for either men or women but did lower anxiety among the minority of extremely anxious mothers. Parental anxiety levels were interpreted based on interview data. Conditions which promote anxiety were contrasted to those which diminish it. Suggestions were made for amniocentesis counseling earlier in pregnancy and for identifying parents who would benefit by extra attention from counselors.", "PMID": 526602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3032", "title": "Problems in counseling the epileptic mother.", "content": "Epileptics, medical colleagues, and the public must be educated regarding the teratogenicity of anticonvulsants to the developing fetus. To prevent the serious problems of the fetal hydantoin-barbiturate syndrome, epileptic mothers must be given counseling. There are numerous problems encountered in counseling any individual with genetic disorders and dull intellect. More than the usual time and effort and cooperation of many agencies is needed to achieve success in counseling.", "contents": "Problems in counseling the epileptic mother. Epileptics, medical colleagues, and the public must be educated regarding the teratogenicity of anticonvulsants to the developing fetus. To prevent the serious problems of the fetal hydantoin-barbiturate syndrome, epileptic mothers must be given counseling. There are numerous problems encountered in counseling any individual with genetic disorders and dull intellect. More than the usual time and effort and cooperation of many agencies is needed to achieve success in counseling.", "PMID": 526609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3033", "title": "Genetic counseling and parental self-concept change.", "content": "Twelve parents of children with genetic diseases (Klinefelter syndrome, trisomy 21, lactase deficiency, phenylketonemia, Noonan syndrome, ichthyosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, and trisomy 13) were tested with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale prior to and immediately after genetic counseling. Total Positive Score, indicative of self-esteem level, changed significantly. The score increased due to positive changes in the subjects' family, social, moral, physical and psychologic identity, and affect and behavior. This change is interpreted as an improvement in self-concept. Two other changes were only marginally insignificant, however. The Total Conflict decreased and that is a sign of improvement; but the NDS increased. Of the two scores, the NDS is the more powerful indicator and an increase in it is a signal for caution. Self-concept improvement with genetic counseling of parents whose progeny had one of the described diseases has, therefore, been documented. Carefully designed investigations of the future will verify factors which induce psychologic change and effect the management of disease.", "contents": "Genetic counseling and parental self-concept change. Twelve parents of children with genetic diseases (Klinefelter syndrome, trisomy 21, lactase deficiency, phenylketonemia, Noonan syndrome, ichthyosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, and trisomy 13) were tested with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale prior to and immediately after genetic counseling. Total Positive Score, indicative of self-esteem level, changed significantly. The score increased due to positive changes in the subjects' family, social, moral, physical and psychologic identity, and affect and behavior. This change is interpreted as an improvement in self-concept. Two other changes were only marginally insignificant, however. The Total Conflict decreased and that is a sign of improvement; but the NDS increased. Of the two scores, the NDS is the more powerful indicator and an increase in it is a signal for caution. Self-concept improvement with genetic counseling of parents whose progeny had one of the described diseases has, therefore, been documented. Carefully designed investigations of the future will verify factors which induce psychologic change and effect the management of disease.", "PMID": 526611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3034", "title": "Ultrastructural features of mast cells in human omental veins.", "content": "Mast cells are relatively common in human omental veins where they generally occur in the tunica adventitia and among the peripheral smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. The distance between mast cells and adjacent muscle cells is often as short as 1 micrometer. The tunica intima does not contain mast cells. With few exceptions the typical mast cells were oval in shape, had numerous slender projections and contained granules (0.3-0.7 micrometer) with characteristic stacks of lamellae and scrolls. A few elongated cells with processes containing granules filled with dense homogeneous matrix material were also detected and could represent so-called chromaffin mast cells. Noradrenergic axons and terminals identified by their large (85 nm) and small (50 nm) dense-cored vesicles are present in the vicinity of many mast cells which could allow various interactions between the two cell types and their released amines and ATP. Electrical field stimulation which affects the nerve terminals does not change the ultrastrcutre of the mast cells unless the alpha-blocking agent phentolamine (7.5 X 10-7 M) is present during the stimulation, when degranulation results.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of mast cells in human omental veins. Mast cells are relatively common in human omental veins where they generally occur in the tunica adventitia and among the peripheral smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. The distance between mast cells and adjacent muscle cells is often as short as 1 micrometer. The tunica intima does not contain mast cells. With few exceptions the typical mast cells were oval in shape, had numerous slender projections and contained granules (0.3-0.7 micrometer) with characteristic stacks of lamellae and scrolls. A few elongated cells with processes containing granules filled with dense homogeneous matrix material were also detected and could represent so-called chromaffin mast cells. Noradrenergic axons and terminals identified by their large (85 nm) and small (50 nm) dense-cored vesicles are present in the vicinity of many mast cells which could allow various interactions between the two cell types and their released amines and ATP. Electrical field stimulation which affects the nerve terminals does not change the ultrastrcutre of the mast cells unless the alpha-blocking agent phentolamine (7.5 X 10-7 M) is present during the stimulation, when degranulation results.", "PMID": 526619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3035", "title": "[Round cells of human sperm].", "content": "Many round cells are found whose number may become conspicuous. These cells may originate as well from germinal as from somatic lines. Electron microscopy is the only way to distinguish the two kinds of origin. In some specimens germinal cells predominate (spermattids, plurinuclear cells), in others there are many phagocytic cells which may ingest a great number of spermatozoa and this phenomeon may stimulate an azoospermy by failure of spermatogenesis. The study of human sperm (or testicular biopsies) by electron microscopy is needed to obtain the necessary information in order to orient diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.", "contents": "[Round cells of human sperm]. Many round cells are found whose number may become conspicuous. These cells may originate as well from germinal as from somatic lines. Electron microscopy is the only way to distinguish the two kinds of origin. In some specimens germinal cells predominate (spermattids, plurinuclear cells), in others there are many phagocytic cells which may ingest a great number of spermatozoa and this phenomeon may stimulate an azoospermy by failure of spermatogenesis. The study of human sperm (or testicular biopsies) by electron microscopy is needed to obtain the necessary information in order to orient diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.", "PMID": 526621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3036", "title": "[Changes in the fetal membranes of the rat after amniocentesis - preliminary observations].", "content": "With the aid of scanning electron microscopy the normal pattern of both faces of amnion and visceral yolk sac were described. The inner face of the amnion turned towards the amniotic cavity is overlaid by large pavimentous cells bearing numerous microvilli. The opposite face, which delimits the exocoelome, consists of flattened fibroblasts separated by a fundamental connective substance. The two faces of the visceral yolk sac also show very different patterns. The exocoelomic face is covered by pavimentous cells ; these are smaller and bear less microvilli than amniotic cells. The yolk sac endoderm appears built up with prismatic or cubic cells, whose apical part is bulging and possesses a dense covering of microvilli. Amniocentesis effects are then reported. This intervention seems to provoke fetal membrane modifications only after 15 hours. These modifications essentially concern the visceral yolk sac whose exocoelomic cells are covered by more numerous microvilli which may show an intensification of a secretory process.", "contents": "[Changes in the fetal membranes of the rat after amniocentesis - preliminary observations]. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy the normal pattern of both faces of amnion and visceral yolk sac were described. The inner face of the amnion turned towards the amniotic cavity is overlaid by large pavimentous cells bearing numerous microvilli. The opposite face, which delimits the exocoelome, consists of flattened fibroblasts separated by a fundamental connective substance. The two faces of the visceral yolk sac also show very different patterns. The exocoelomic face is covered by pavimentous cells ; these are smaller and bear less microvilli than amniotic cells. The yolk sac endoderm appears built up with prismatic or cubic cells, whose apical part is bulging and possesses a dense covering of microvilli. Amniocentesis effects are then reported. This intervention seems to provoke fetal membrane modifications only after 15 hours. These modifications essentially concern the visceral yolk sac whose exocoelomic cells are covered by more numerous microvilli which may show an intensification of a secretory process.", "PMID": 526622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3037", "title": "[Growth and morphologic characteristics of normal human endometrial cells in primary culture].", "content": "Monolayer cultures of endometrium were established from 59 normal women after hysterectomy. The technical procedure is described, allowing cells in monolayer to grow satisfactorily for more than 60 days, showing a doubling-time of about 4-5 days. During early passages, two cell populations are characterized by microscopic examination : confluent areas of epithelial polygonal cells and scattered fusiform fibroblastic cells. After the 8th passage, epithelial cells are no longer recognized : the monolayer is homogeneous and all cells are fibroblast-like. These cells are an interesting model system for steroid sex hormone studies.", "contents": "[Growth and morphologic characteristics of normal human endometrial cells in primary culture]. Monolayer cultures of endometrium were established from 59 normal women after hysterectomy. The technical procedure is described, allowing cells in monolayer to grow satisfactorily for more than 60 days, showing a doubling-time of about 4-5 days. During early passages, two cell populations are characterized by microscopic examination : confluent areas of epithelial polygonal cells and scattered fusiform fibroblastic cells. After the 8th passage, epithelial cells are no longer recognized : the monolayer is homogeneous and all cells are fibroblast-like. These cells are an interesting model system for steroid sex hormone studies.", "PMID": 526623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3038", "title": "[Mortality of carcinoma of uterine cervix in France : 1950-1976, trends and geography (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of changes in mortality due to carcinomas of cervix uteri in France between 1950 and 1976 was undertaken. Rates increased slightly over the whole period (0.44% per year). However, from 1950 to 1968 there was an increase (1.9% per year) and from 1969 to 1976 a decrease (1.17%). This decrease may be due partly to improvements in diagnosis, screening and cure. The geographical distribution has not shown any regional particularity. There is a high significant correlation with geographical distribution of breast cancer mortality, a hitherto unknown finding in France.", "contents": "[Mortality of carcinoma of uterine cervix in France : 1950-1976, trends and geography (author's transl)]. A study of changes in mortality due to carcinomas of cervix uteri in France between 1950 and 1976 was undertaken. Rates increased slightly over the whole period (0.44% per year). However, from 1950 to 1968 there was an increase (1.9% per year) and from 1969 to 1976 a decrease (1.17%). This decrease may be due partly to improvements in diagnosis, screening and cure. The geographical distribution has not shown any regional particularity. There is a high significant correlation with geographical distribution of breast cancer mortality, a hitherto unknown finding in France.", "PMID": 526627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3039", "title": "[Evaluation of screening for uterine cervix cancer: from theory to practice (author's transl)].", "content": "In many regions, screening for cervical cancer activities by means of cytology have developed \"on faith\", without fulfilling sufficient quality criteria (identification--smear taking--staining--reading--nomenclature of ciagnosis--communication with the practitioner). Progress made in cytological diagnosis and better knowledge epidemiological data make, at present, such a situation inacceptable from the point of view of public health expenses, as well as for the population of women concerned. Thorough evaluation of this problem shows that inadequate programmes could be more harmful than useful. It is then indispensable to evaluate the needs, then to create technical structures of good quality, before starting any mass screening campaign.", "contents": "[Evaluation of screening for uterine cervix cancer: from theory to practice (author's transl)]. In many regions, screening for cervical cancer activities by means of cytology have developed \"on faith\", without fulfilling sufficient quality criteria (identification--smear taking--staining--reading--nomenclature of ciagnosis--communication with the practitioner). Progress made in cytological diagnosis and better knowledge epidemiological data make, at present, such a situation inacceptable from the point of view of public health expenses, as well as for the population of women concerned. Thorough evaluation of this problem shows that inadequate programmes could be more harmful than useful. It is then indispensable to evaluate the needs, then to create technical structures of good quality, before starting any mass screening campaign.", "PMID": 526628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3040", "title": "[Natural history of the cervical precancerous lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The histogenesis of precancerous lesions and of carcinoma in situ has undergone deep changes over the past ten years. In particular, concepts of re-epidermisation by indirect metaplasia has made it possible to understand the progressive process which results what are generally described as dysplasias. These lesions were previously considered as being made up of two groups : regular dysplasia with slight or moderate dyskaryosis, with a good prognosis, and irregular dysplasia with severe dyskaryosis; but they are now felt to be non-obligatory stages in the same process which may stop for a time, regress or on the contrary accelerate and become an invasive carcinoma. There is no clearly defined limit between dysplasias and carcinoma in situ. These concepts are confirmed by cytology, histology and other methods (histophotometry, cytogenesis, biochemistry, etc). The aetiology of these lesions is involved with the hormonal environment and vaginal pH which would appear to play a role in the epidermoid differentiation of undifferentiated or reserve cells which are the basis of the constitution of preneoplastic lesions. The penetration of mutagens into these cells is explained by the hypothesis of amoeboid movements of undifferentiated cells which bring the nuclear heterochromatin into contact with the external surroundings where carcinogenic histones are found.", "contents": "[Natural history of the cervical precancerous lesions (author's transl)]. The histogenesis of precancerous lesions and of carcinoma in situ has undergone deep changes over the past ten years. In particular, concepts of re-epidermisation by indirect metaplasia has made it possible to understand the progressive process which results what are generally described as dysplasias. These lesions were previously considered as being made up of two groups : regular dysplasia with slight or moderate dyskaryosis, with a good prognosis, and irregular dysplasia with severe dyskaryosis; but they are now felt to be non-obligatory stages in the same process which may stop for a time, regress or on the contrary accelerate and become an invasive carcinoma. There is no clearly defined limit between dysplasias and carcinoma in situ. These concepts are confirmed by cytology, histology and other methods (histophotometry, cytogenesis, biochemistry, etc). The aetiology of these lesions is involved with the hormonal environment and vaginal pH which would appear to play a role in the epidermoid differentiation of undifferentiated or reserve cells which are the basis of the constitution of preneoplastic lesions. The penetration of mutagens into these cells is explained by the hypothesis of amoeboid movements of undifferentiated cells which bring the nuclear heterochromatin into contact with the external surroundings where carcinogenic histones are found.", "PMID": 526630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3041", "title": "[Precancerous lesions of the cervix. Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In gynaecological practice, the problem of precancerous lesions of the cervix arises under three different circumstances : --ectropion, --dysplasia, --in a young girl when the mother has taken Stilbestrol. The literature is reviewed in these three cases : --ectropion is an anatomical state which does not absolutely require treatment. According to the majority of authors it would not appear that its destruction is useful in the prophylaxis of carcinoma of the cervix; --dysplasia, although it does not always progress to a carcinoma, would seem to be a potentially malignant state, the diagnosis of which must be made by the combination of cytology, colposcopy and biopsy. Treatment is based upon the topography of the lesion, its severity and the age of the patient : either conservative if the patient is young and wishes to have children, or surgical (conisation or hysterectomy) if she is older, does not want any more children or has an additional gynaecological problem. --in the presence of a lesion in a young girl whose mother has taken Stilboestrol, precise diagnosis must be made by biopsy with surveillance and treatment of lesions of adenosis, either by progesterone pessaries or by excision.", "contents": "[Precancerous lesions of the cervix. Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. In gynaecological practice, the problem of precancerous lesions of the cervix arises under three different circumstances : --ectropion, --dysplasia, --in a young girl when the mother has taken Stilbestrol. The literature is reviewed in these three cases : --ectropion is an anatomical state which does not absolutely require treatment. According to the majority of authors it would not appear that its destruction is useful in the prophylaxis of carcinoma of the cervix; --dysplasia, although it does not always progress to a carcinoma, would seem to be a potentially malignant state, the diagnosis of which must be made by the combination of cytology, colposcopy and biopsy. Treatment is based upon the topography of the lesion, its severity and the age of the patient : either conservative if the patient is young and wishes to have children, or surgical (conisation or hysterectomy) if she is older, does not want any more children or has an additional gynaecological problem. --in the presence of a lesion in a young girl whose mother has taken Stilboestrol, precise diagnosis must be made by biopsy with surveillance and treatment of lesions of adenosis, either by progesterone pessaries or by excision.", "PMID": 526631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3042", "title": "[The role of colposcopy in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasias and intra-epithelial carcinomas of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Colposcopy plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasias of the uterine cervix. It may be used to assess the lesions recognising dysplasia, observing the degree of severity and indicating regions from which biopsies should be taken. It accurately defines the limits of the lesions by indicating the site of the squamo-columnar junction, on the ectocervix or in the cervical canal. In association with Schiller's test, it defines the peripheral limits of the lesions on the cervix or vagina and leads to the discovery of purely vaginal lesions. On the basis of such an assessment, it is possible to discuss appropriate method for reaching a histological diagnosis, perform selective biopsies or obtain surgical specimen, and the best form of treatment. Only colposcopy offers the possibility of determining the indications for local treatment and observing patients after treatment. Colposcopy must be accompanied by precise technique in the histological examination of biopsies and operative specimens. Colposcopy is not a routine method of examination. In order to be effective and reliable, it must be selective and performed by a specialised colposcopist.", "contents": "[The role of colposcopy in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasias and intra-epithelial carcinomas of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. Colposcopy plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasias of the uterine cervix. It may be used to assess the lesions recognising dysplasia, observing the degree of severity and indicating regions from which biopsies should be taken. It accurately defines the limits of the lesions by indicating the site of the squamo-columnar junction, on the ectocervix or in the cervical canal. In association with Schiller's test, it defines the peripheral limits of the lesions on the cervix or vagina and leads to the discovery of purely vaginal lesions. On the basis of such an assessment, it is possible to discuss appropriate method for reaching a histological diagnosis, perform selective biopsies or obtain surgical specimen, and the best form of treatment. Only colposcopy offers the possibility of determining the indications for local treatment and observing patients after treatment. Colposcopy must be accompanied by precise technique in the histological examination of biopsies and operative specimens. Colposcopy is not a routine method of examination. In order to be effective and reliable, it must be selective and performed by a specialised colposcopist.", "PMID": 526632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3043", "title": "[Study with serial sectioning of 312 preclinical cancers of the uterine cervix. Indications for selective treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied by step serial sectioning 312 cervix the most obtained by cold knife conization. They have studied too, the frequency of inadequate resection (i.e. non in sano conization) and clinically occult invasion according to the age of patients. Conization is adequate for the treatment of 70 per cent of women less than 30 years of age. But after 50 it is sufficient in only 22 per cent of the patients. Conization must be performed in most cases of grade III to V cervical smear (according to Papanicolaou's classification). The cervical cone must be studied by serial sectioning (every 500 microns). According to the result of this study the treatment must be selected : conization for in situ carcinoma resected in sano, simple hysterectomy for in situ carcinoma not resected in situ and Wertheim type operation for invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "[Study with serial sectioning of 312 preclinical cancers of the uterine cervix. Indications for selective treatment (author's transl)]. The authors have studied by step serial sectioning 312 cervix the most obtained by cold knife conization. They have studied too, the frequency of inadequate resection (i.e. non in sano conization) and clinically occult invasion according to the age of patients. Conization is adequate for the treatment of 70 per cent of women less than 30 years of age. But after 50 it is sufficient in only 22 per cent of the patients. Conization must be performed in most cases of grade III to V cervical smear (according to Papanicolaou's classification). The cervical cone must be studied by serial sectioning (every 500 microns). According to the result of this study the treatment must be selected : conization for in situ carcinoma resected in sano, simple hysterectomy for in situ carcinoma not resected in situ and Wertheim type operation for invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 526633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3044", "title": "[Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Experience of the Centre Oscar Labret of Lille (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix were seen in the \"Center Oscar Labret\" of Lille between 1953 and 1978. The best treatment appears to be only simple total hysterectomy. Twenty patients underwent such an operation. seven In the course attended of follow-up, among 36 patients who regularly the out-patient clinic, there was one case of persistent progression and one early vaginal recurrence of the carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "[Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Experience of the Centre Oscar Labret of Lille (author's transl)]. Forty cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix were seen in the \"Center Oscar Labret\" of Lille between 1953 and 1978. The best treatment appears to be only simple total hysterectomy. Twenty patients underwent such an operation. seven In the course attended of follow-up, among 36 patients who regularly the out-patient clinic, there was one case of persistent progression and one early vaginal recurrence of the carcinoma in situ.", "PMID": 526634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3045", "title": "[Permanent survey in the cancerology. Evaluation of the first three years of application of an automated system for recording and analysis of cancer data. Information Unit of the National Federation of French Cancer Control Centers].", "content": "A general oncological file system has been perfected and used since 1975 for the recording and analysis of data from twenty French centres. By virtue of the use of common basic language, the structures for the collection of information which have been developed (basic card containing clinical and therapeutic data as well as information concerning the course of the disease) represent a normalised medical record which has proved to be a useful tool in establishing regular statistical reviews (more than 265,000 records have been analysed in 3 years). This automatized system for the collection and exploitation of data offers a method which is suitable for studies aimed at improving knowledge of many aspects of malignant disease and the conditions of treatment. It makes possible the rapid collection of large numbers (more than 65,000 carcinomas in 2 years, including almost 40,000 not yet treated). Thorough analysis aids in revealing valuable facts, carrying out epidemiological studies and in perfecting therapeutic orientations.", "contents": "[Permanent survey in the cancerology. Evaluation of the first three years of application of an automated system for recording and analysis of cancer data. Information Unit of the National Federation of French Cancer Control Centers]. A general oncological file system has been perfected and used since 1975 for the recording and analysis of data from twenty French centres. By virtue of the use of common basic language, the structures for the collection of information which have been developed (basic card containing clinical and therapeutic data as well as information concerning the course of the disease) represent a normalised medical record which has proved to be a useful tool in establishing regular statistical reviews (more than 265,000 records have been analysed in 3 years). This automatized system for the collection and exploitation of data offers a method which is suitable for studies aimed at improving knowledge of many aspects of malignant disease and the conditions of treatment. It makes possible the rapid collection of large numbers (more than 65,000 carcinomas in 2 years, including almost 40,000 not yet treated). Thorough analysis aids in revealing valuable facts, carrying out epidemiological studies and in perfecting therapeutic orientations.", "PMID": 526635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3046", "title": "Medical hazards at sea.", "content": "With the advances in the conservative management of surgical emergencies over the last 20 years medical hazards at sea are relatively few and do not differ significantly from those experienced ashore. A modern luxury linear is a safe place in which to fall ill provided that adequate medical services are available. Most British shipping companies maintain comprehensive medical services both ashore and afloat which are concerned with not only treatment but also preventive medicine. It is essential that passengers discharged from hospital or under treatment are provided with full medical documentation and details of current medication so that the ship's physician or an overseas doctor is aware of the diagnosis and treatment. Many companies can arrange special facilities for invalid passengers provided adequate notice is given in advance. It is advisable to contact the medical services of the company concerned if medical problems are anticipated during the course of a sea voyage.", "contents": "Medical hazards at sea. With the advances in the conservative management of surgical emergencies over the last 20 years medical hazards at sea are relatively few and do not differ significantly from those experienced ashore. A modern luxury linear is a safe place in which to fall ill provided that adequate medical services are available. Most British shipping companies maintain comprehensive medical services both ashore and afloat which are concerned with not only treatment but also preventive medicine. It is essential that passengers discharged from hospital or under treatment are provided with full medical documentation and details of current medication so that the ship's physician or an overseas doctor is aware of the diagnosis and treatment. Many companies can arrange special facilities for invalid passengers provided adequate notice is given in advance. It is advisable to contact the medical services of the company concerned if medical problems are anticipated during the course of a sea voyage.", "PMID": 526698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3047", "title": "Different effects of current strength on inhibitory responses of the mouse vas deferens to methionine- and leucine-enkephalin.", "content": "The inhibitory potency of methionine (Met)-enkephalin on the field-stimulated mouse vas deferens was greatly increased by a reduction in current strength whilst that of leucine (Leu)-enkephalin increased only slightly. All currents were submaximal and all muscle twitches were neuronally evoked. These results suggest that inhibitory effects of Met- and Leu-enkephalin in the mouse vas deferens are not commonly mediated and provide a rapid method for ascertaining heterogeneity of enkephalin extracts.", "contents": "Different effects of current strength on inhibitory responses of the mouse vas deferens to methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. The inhibitory potency of methionine (Met)-enkephalin on the field-stimulated mouse vas deferens was greatly increased by a reduction in current strength whilst that of leucine (Leu)-enkephalin increased only slightly. All currents were submaximal and all muscle twitches were neuronally evoked. These results suggest that inhibitory effects of Met- and Leu-enkephalin in the mouse vas deferens are not commonly mediated and provide a rapid method for ascertaining heterogeneity of enkephalin extracts.", "PMID": 526704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3048", "title": "Inhibition of guinea-pig lymphocyte activation by histamine and histamine analogues.", "content": "1 The incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into guinea-pig lymphocytes stimulated by a plant lectin (concanavalin A), soluble antigen (tuberculin (P.P.D.)) and syngeneic hepatoma cells, was partially inhibited (50%) by histamine in vitro. 2 The effect of histamine on both mitogen and antigen dose-response curves suggests a non-competitive, probably physiological antagonism. 3 The inhibitory dose range of histamine lay between 10 nM and 30 microM with an ID50 of approximately 400 nM. 4 The potency order for histamine analogues for the inhibition of lymphocyte activation was histamine greater than or equal to 4-methylhistamine greater than 2-methylhistamine greater than 3-methylhistamine. This is in accord with the mediation of the response through an H2-receptor. 5 H2-receptor antagonists reversed the inhibitory effect of histamine in a dose-related manner, but both metiamide and burimamide, in high concentrations, augmented lymphocyte activation in their own right. This precluded the determination of affinity constants and made it impossible to state with certainty that the inhibition of lymphocyte activation by histamine was mediated by an H2-receptor.", "contents": "Inhibition of guinea-pig lymphocyte activation by histamine and histamine analogues. 1 The incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into guinea-pig lymphocytes stimulated by a plant lectin (concanavalin A), soluble antigen (tuberculin (P.P.D.)) and syngeneic hepatoma cells, was partially inhibited (50%) by histamine in vitro. 2 The effect of histamine on both mitogen and antigen dose-response curves suggests a non-competitive, probably physiological antagonism. 3 The inhibitory dose range of histamine lay between 10 nM and 30 microM with an ID50 of approximately 400 nM. 4 The potency order for histamine analogues for the inhibition of lymphocyte activation was histamine greater than or equal to 4-methylhistamine greater than 2-methylhistamine greater than 3-methylhistamine. This is in accord with the mediation of the response through an H2-receptor. 5 H2-receptor antagonists reversed the inhibitory effect of histamine in a dose-related manner, but both metiamide and burimamide, in high concentrations, augmented lymphocyte activation in their own right. This precluded the determination of affinity constants and made it impossible to state with certainty that the inhibition of lymphocyte activation by histamine was mediated by an H2-receptor.", "PMID": 526705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3049", "title": "Naloxone inhibits the anti-diarrhoeal activity of loperamide.", "content": "1 Subcutaneous prostaglandin E2 (2.5 mg/kg) produces profuse diarrhoea in fed rats. 2 Pretreatment of rats with subcutaneous loperamide (1.0 mg/kg) completely prevents prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea. If naloxone is administered prior to loperamide injections the activity of the antidiarrhoeal compound is completely destroyed. 3 These data provide strong evidence that the antidiarrhoeal activity of loperamide is mediated via the opiate receptor.", "contents": "Naloxone inhibits the anti-diarrhoeal activity of loperamide. 1 Subcutaneous prostaglandin E2 (2.5 mg/kg) produces profuse diarrhoea in fed rats. 2 Pretreatment of rats with subcutaneous loperamide (1.0 mg/kg) completely prevents prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea. If naloxone is administered prior to loperamide injections the activity of the antidiarrhoeal compound is completely destroyed. 3 These data provide strong evidence that the antidiarrhoeal activity of loperamide is mediated via the opiate receptor.", "PMID": 526706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3050", "title": "Involvement of SRS-A in the Schultz-Dale response of the guinea-pig small intestine.", "content": "1 The anaphylactic reaction of the guinea-pig ileum, the so called Schultz-Dale reaction, shows a biphasic response: a short rapid contraction followed by a partial relaxation and a slow contractile response. 2 Dose-response curves with ovalbumin as an antigen were obtained for the quick and slow contraction of this anaphylactic reaction. 3 Mepyramine (1 microgram/ml) blocked the rapid first contraction, but failed to abolish the slow one in about 50% of the animals studied. 4 The SRS-A antagonist, FPL 55712, significantly depressed the slow sustained contraction during the Schultz-Dale reaction. Disodiumcromoglycate was without effect on both phases when it was added 5 min before addition of the antigen. However, when added simultaneously with the antigen it produced a 30% suppression of the slow phase in the highest concentration used.", "contents": "Involvement of SRS-A in the Schultz-Dale response of the guinea-pig small intestine. 1 The anaphylactic reaction of the guinea-pig ileum, the so called Schultz-Dale reaction, shows a biphasic response: a short rapid contraction followed by a partial relaxation and a slow contractile response. 2 Dose-response curves with ovalbumin as an antigen were obtained for the quick and slow contraction of this anaphylactic reaction. 3 Mepyramine (1 microgram/ml) blocked the rapid first contraction, but failed to abolish the slow one in about 50% of the animals studied. 4 The SRS-A antagonist, FPL 55712, significantly depressed the slow sustained contraction during the Schultz-Dale reaction. Disodiumcromoglycate was without effect on both phases when it was added 5 min before addition of the antigen. However, when added simultaneously with the antigen it produced a 30% suppression of the slow phase in the highest concentration used.", "PMID": 526707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3051", "title": "Contractures elicited by tetraethylammonium in avian muscle treated with methohexitone.", "content": "1 The chick biventer cervicis muscle immersed in methohexitone (8.8 x 10(-5) M) responded to tetraethylammonium with contractures which were dose-related. The ED50 for tetraethylammonium was 2.1 x 10(-3) M. 2 In the absence of methohexitone, tetraethylammonium produced contractures only at much higher concentrations: these contractures were accompanied by fasciculations and neuromuscular block of the twitch fibres. 3 The contractures produced by tetraethylammonium in the presence of methohexitone were not reduced by exposure to botulinum toxin which eliminated all response of the muscle to indirect stimulation. 4 Tubocurarine (1.2 x 10(-6) M) displaced the dose-response curve for tetraethylammonium-methohexitone-induced contractures to the right. The dose-ratio was 15.63 +/- 1.98. 5 Physostigmine (1.8 x 10(-6) M) potentiated the activity of tetraethylammonium-methohexitone 3.26 or 3.84 fold, depending on the method of calculation used. 6 Physostigmine potentiated contractures elicited by indirect repetitive stimulation 4.8 to 6.0 fold more than it potentiated contractures due to tetraethylammonium-methohexitone. 7 It is concluded that in the presence of methohexitone, tetraethylammonium produces contractures of the chick muscle by releasing acetylcholine but also by a direct agonist action on the cholinoceptor.", "contents": "Contractures elicited by tetraethylammonium in avian muscle treated with methohexitone. 1 The chick biventer cervicis muscle immersed in methohexitone (8.8 x 10(-5) M) responded to tetraethylammonium with contractures which were dose-related. The ED50 for tetraethylammonium was 2.1 x 10(-3) M. 2 In the absence of methohexitone, tetraethylammonium produced contractures only at much higher concentrations: these contractures were accompanied by fasciculations and neuromuscular block of the twitch fibres. 3 The contractures produced by tetraethylammonium in the presence of methohexitone were not reduced by exposure to botulinum toxin which eliminated all response of the muscle to indirect stimulation. 4 Tubocurarine (1.2 x 10(-6) M) displaced the dose-response curve for tetraethylammonium-methohexitone-induced contractures to the right. The dose-ratio was 15.63 +/- 1.98. 5 Physostigmine (1.8 x 10(-6) M) potentiated the activity of tetraethylammonium-methohexitone 3.26 or 3.84 fold, depending on the method of calculation used. 6 Physostigmine potentiated contractures elicited by indirect repetitive stimulation 4.8 to 6.0 fold more than it potentiated contractures due to tetraethylammonium-methohexitone. 7 It is concluded that in the presence of methohexitone, tetraethylammonium produces contractures of the chick muscle by releasing acetylcholine but also by a direct agonist action on the cholinoceptor.", "PMID": 526708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3052", "title": "Functional antagonism as a means of determining dissociation constants and relative efficacies of sympathomimetic amines in guinea-pig isolated atria.", "content": "1 The positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to sympathomimetic amines were examined in guinea-pig isolated atria. 2 The order of potency measured from EC50 values was isoprenaline greater than orciprenaline greater than salbutamol greater than or equal to fenoterol greater than terbutaline. Terbutaline and salbutamol were partial agonists on rate and together with orciprenaline and fenoterol also on tension responses. 3 Functional antagonism by carbachol caused a rightwards shift of the dose-response curve and depression of the maximum response. The rate maxima for orciprenaline, fenoterol and terbutaline were above that of isoprenaline. All the tension maxima were below isoprenaline. 4 Dissociation constants (KA) and relative efficacies (er) were determined by analogy with irreversible antagonism. 5 The relative orders of affinity (KA) were isoprenaline greater than orciprenaline greater than fenoterol greater than salbutamol greater than terbutaline. Affinities were identical on rate and tension. 6 The relative efficacies were all greater than isoprenaline for rate responses. On tension they were the same or less than isoprenaline. 7 The implications of these results are discussed, in particular the fact that a partial agonist has a greater efficacy than a full agonist.", "contents": "Functional antagonism as a means of determining dissociation constants and relative efficacies of sympathomimetic amines in guinea-pig isolated atria. 1 The positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to sympathomimetic amines were examined in guinea-pig isolated atria. 2 The order of potency measured from EC50 values was isoprenaline greater than orciprenaline greater than salbutamol greater than or equal to fenoterol greater than terbutaline. Terbutaline and salbutamol were partial agonists on rate and together with orciprenaline and fenoterol also on tension responses. 3 Functional antagonism by carbachol caused a rightwards shift of the dose-response curve and depression of the maximum response. The rate maxima for orciprenaline, fenoterol and terbutaline were above that of isoprenaline. All the tension maxima were below isoprenaline. 4 Dissociation constants (KA) and relative efficacies (er) were determined by analogy with irreversible antagonism. 5 The relative orders of affinity (KA) were isoprenaline greater than orciprenaline greater than fenoterol greater than salbutamol greater than terbutaline. Affinities were identical on rate and tension. 6 The relative efficacies were all greater than isoprenaline for rate responses. On tension they were the same or less than isoprenaline. 7 The implications of these results are discussed, in particular the fact that a partial agonist has a greater efficacy than a full agonist.", "PMID": 526709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3053", "title": "Investigation of the mechanism of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "1 Dose-related increases in airways resistance (Raw) and decreases in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were recorded in guinea-pigs and rats following intravenous injection of propranolol and of the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, atenolol and practolol. 2 The bronchoconstriction reached a peak in 2 to 4 min and subsided within 15 min. Repeated injections caused identical responses in the airways. 3 The isomer (+)-propranolol, which has only weak beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, produced identical responses when given alone or when given after a dose of the racemate, sufficient to cause measurable beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the lungs. 4 After the initial bronchospasm had subsided, the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and the isomer, (+)-propranolol, produced potentiation of the bronchoconstrictor effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine. 5 Both the bronchospasm and the potentiation occurred in adrenal demedullated rats. 6 The results indicate that the bronchoconstrictor effects of these drugs are unrelated to beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the airway smooth muscle.", "contents": "Investigation of the mechanism of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. 1 Dose-related increases in airways resistance (Raw) and decreases in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were recorded in guinea-pigs and rats following intravenous injection of propranolol and of the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, atenolol and practolol. 2 The bronchoconstriction reached a peak in 2 to 4 min and subsided within 15 min. Repeated injections caused identical responses in the airways. 3 The isomer (+)-propranolol, which has only weak beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, produced identical responses when given alone or when given after a dose of the racemate, sufficient to cause measurable beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the lungs. 4 After the initial bronchospasm had subsided, the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and the isomer, (+)-propranolol, produced potentiation of the bronchoconstrictor effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine. 5 Both the bronchospasm and the potentiation occurred in adrenal demedullated rats. 6 The results indicate that the bronchoconstrictor effects of these drugs are unrelated to beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the airway smooth muscle.", "PMID": 526710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3054", "title": "Perceptions of and reactions to stressful situations: the utility of a general anxiety trait.", "content": "In a number of studies Magnusson & Ekehammer (1975 a) have hypothesized three or four situationally specific anxiety factors. This paper replicates their work but reveals the presence of a general anxiety trait (independent of situational influences) which accounts for five times as much variance as situational factors. The influence of the situation on anxiety is considerably less than Magnusson & Ekehammer have supposed, and is minimal compared with the utility of a general anxiety trait.", "contents": "Perceptions of and reactions to stressful situations: the utility of a general anxiety trait. In a number of studies Magnusson & Ekehammer (1975 a) have hypothesized three or four situationally specific anxiety factors. This paper replicates their work but reveals the presence of a general anxiety trait (independent of situational influences) which accounts for five times as much variance as situational factors. The influence of the situation on anxiety is considerably less than Magnusson & Ekehammer have supposed, and is minimal compared with the utility of a general anxiety trait.", "PMID": 526775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3055", "title": "The buddy system: a method for generalized reduction of inappropriate interpersonal behaviour of retarded-psychiatric patients.", "content": "Previous research has suggested a strategy for training social skills in chronic retarded-psychotic patients, but has not demonstrated extensive generalization or maintenance of gains. This study varied the standard training procedure (e.g. Bellack et al., 1976) in an attempt to improve generalization and maintenance. First, training involved instructions, modelling, role-playing, and feedback with daily problem situations rather than preselected, pre-written scenes. Second, each of the two patients treated served as a partner for the other; each patient monitored the other's behaviour and provided reinforcement, information and feedback to the 'buddy' (directly in the living environment). The procedure was effective in teaching appropriate social behaviours on the ward as well as in therapy sessions. Post-checks, taken 6 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment, indicated that improvements were maintained.", "contents": "The buddy system: a method for generalized reduction of inappropriate interpersonal behaviour of retarded-psychiatric patients. Previous research has suggested a strategy for training social skills in chronic retarded-psychotic patients, but has not demonstrated extensive generalization or maintenance of gains. This study varied the standard training procedure (e.g. Bellack et al., 1976) in an attempt to improve generalization and maintenance. First, training involved instructions, modelling, role-playing, and feedback with daily problem situations rather than preselected, pre-written scenes. Second, each of the two patients treated served as a partner for the other; each patient monitored the other's behaviour and provided reinforcement, information and feedback to the 'buddy' (directly in the living environment). The procedure was effective in teaching appropriate social behaviours on the ward as well as in therapy sessions. Post-checks, taken 6 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment, indicated that improvements were maintained.", "PMID": 526776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3056", "title": "A survey of badminton injuries.", "content": "A Badminton Injury Questionnaire (BIQ) was developed to survey the type and frequency of injuries that are likely to occur from playing competitive badminton. Two hundred and thirty-one players, ranging from club players to international champions, completed the survey which indicated an injury incidence rate of .09 and .14 injuries per person per year for male and female badminton players respectively. Badminton participation resulted in relatively few injuries, most of which were cramps, blisters, strains and sprains of the lower extremities and a surprisingly low incidence of tennis elbow.", "contents": "A survey of badminton injuries. A Badminton Injury Questionnaire (BIQ) was developed to survey the type and frequency of injuries that are likely to occur from playing competitive badminton. Two hundred and thirty-one players, ranging from club players to international champions, completed the survey which indicated an injury incidence rate of .09 and .14 injuries per person per year for male and female badminton players respectively. Badminton participation resulted in relatively few injuries, most of which were cramps, blisters, strains and sprains of the lower extremities and a surprisingly low incidence of tennis elbow.", "PMID": 526780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3057", "title": "Effect of water-training in the maintenance of cardiorespiratory endurance of athletes.", "content": "The effectiveness of water-training in maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance was investigated in 16 cross country athletes, 18--24 years. Following a competitive season, subjects were stress-tested (T1) and divided into three equated groups based on VO2 max. Group I (n=5) continued training as it had during the competition season. Group II (n=5) underwent an experimental period of water-training, and Group III (n=6) let their training lapse. Subjects in the water-training group exercised in deep water for 40 minutes, 6 days/week for 3 weeks, supported by a flotation device which permitted them to engage in a running type activity, resembling their natural running form. All subjects were retested after 3 weeks (T2). A non-significant F ratio from an analysis of variance at T1 confirmed the equality of the three groups in terms of VO2 max. Analysis of covariance at T2 using T1 VO2 max values as covariates revealed a significant (p less than .05) F ratio reflecting a significant (p less than .05) difference between the regular training group and the group which let its training lapse. The water-training group did not differ significantly from the regular training group indicating that the water-training programme prevented a significant decline in VO2 max.", "contents": "Effect of water-training in the maintenance of cardiorespiratory endurance of athletes. The effectiveness of water-training in maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance was investigated in 16 cross country athletes, 18--24 years. Following a competitive season, subjects were stress-tested (T1) and divided into three equated groups based on VO2 max. Group I (n=5) continued training as it had during the competition season. Group II (n=5) underwent an experimental period of water-training, and Group III (n=6) let their training lapse. Subjects in the water-training group exercised in deep water for 40 minutes, 6 days/week for 3 weeks, supported by a flotation device which permitted them to engage in a running type activity, resembling their natural running form. All subjects were retested after 3 weeks (T2). A non-significant F ratio from an analysis of variance at T1 confirmed the equality of the three groups in terms of VO2 max. Analysis of covariance at T2 using T1 VO2 max values as covariates revealed a significant (p less than .05) F ratio reflecting a significant (p less than .05) difference between the regular training group and the group which let its training lapse. The water-training group did not differ significantly from the regular training group indicating that the water-training programme prevented a significant decline in VO2 max.", "PMID": 526781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3058", "title": "Blood lactate concentrations during incremental work before and after maximum exercise.", "content": "Five male subjects performed three successive incremental work tests on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. The first and second tests were separated by thirty minutes of rest, the second and third by three minutes of maximum work. During the third test, venous blood lactate concentrations were still decreasing at work rates where they were increasing during the first two tests. The work rate at which rapid increases in lactate concentrations occurred during the final test coincided with the work rate where rapid increases occurred in the two initial tests. It was concluded that this point represented a threshold where a balance existed between removal and release of lactate from and into the plasma compartment, and did not coincide with the anaerobic threshold. It is postulated that steady state work at levels above this threshold would result in a continuous increase in venous lactate concentration.", "contents": "Blood lactate concentrations during incremental work before and after maximum exercise. Five male subjects performed three successive incremental work tests on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. The first and second tests were separated by thirty minutes of rest, the second and third by three minutes of maximum work. During the third test, venous blood lactate concentrations were still decreasing at work rates where they were increasing during the first two tests. The work rate at which rapid increases in lactate concentrations occurred during the final test coincided with the work rate where rapid increases occurred in the two initial tests. It was concluded that this point represented a threshold where a balance existed between removal and release of lactate from and into the plasma compartment, and did not coincide with the anaerobic threshold. It is postulated that steady state work at levels above this threshold would result in a continuous increase in venous lactate concentration.", "PMID": 526782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3059", "title": "Performance of a constant torque pedal device.", "content": "A constant-torque oscillatory pedal-crank device using vertical movement of the feet is described and its performance compared to a conventional rotational cycle. Using a generator to measure the power output the constant-torque device produced 33% less power and thus has no practical value as an alternative to the conventional pedal-crank system.", "contents": "Performance of a constant torque pedal device. A constant-torque oscillatory pedal-crank device using vertical movement of the feet is described and its performance compared to a conventional rotational cycle. Using a generator to measure the power output the constant-torque device produced 33% less power and thus has no practical value as an alternative to the conventional pedal-crank system.", "PMID": 526783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3060", "title": "Some physical efficiency tests on Bengalese football goalkeepers.", "content": "Simple anthropometric measurements and physical efficiency tests were conducted on 21 Football Goalkeepers from West Bengal, India. The age of the subjects varied between 18--24 years (av. 21.1). The Vital Capacity (total ml/cm of height, L/m2 of surface area) and the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (total, L/cm of height, L/kg of body weight, L/m2 of surface area, L/age) were noted to be higher in the subjects of the present study than those reported for average healthy Indian population, but lower than values from top Indian athletes. The values of grip strength observed in this study could not be compared because of unavailability of Indian norms. The higher values of physical efficiency tests observed in these subjects in comparison to those of average Indian populations were probably due to training effects.", "contents": "Some physical efficiency tests on Bengalese football goalkeepers. Simple anthropometric measurements and physical efficiency tests were conducted on 21 Football Goalkeepers from West Bengal, India. The age of the subjects varied between 18--24 years (av. 21.1). The Vital Capacity (total ml/cm of height, L/m2 of surface area) and the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (total, L/cm of height, L/kg of body weight, L/m2 of surface area, L/age) were noted to be higher in the subjects of the present study than those reported for average healthy Indian population, but lower than values from top Indian athletes. The values of grip strength observed in this study could not be compared because of unavailability of Indian norms. The higher values of physical efficiency tests observed in these subjects in comparison to those of average Indian populations were probably due to training effects.", "PMID": 526784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3061", "title": "Combined force injury of the elbow joint--the mechanism clarified.", "content": "An unusual elbow injury occurring as a result of a poorly executed breakfall in judo is recorded. The treatment, possible mechanism and outcome are described. The poor prognosis of severe lesions is emphasised with reference to current literature.", "contents": "Combined force injury of the elbow joint--the mechanism clarified. An unusual elbow injury occurring as a result of a poorly executed breakfall in judo is recorded. The treatment, possible mechanism and outcome are described. The poor prognosis of severe lesions is emphasised with reference to current literature.", "PMID": 526785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3062", "title": "Measuring radiographic bone density and irregularity in normal hands.", "content": "This paper describes a method of measuring the radiographic density of the proximal phalanges and metacarpals using a television image analyser. The site for measurement is highly definable and covers the majority of the middle 2/4ths of these bones. Measurements yield two figures; one for mean bone density and one for the density distribution factor (irregularity). Thirty pairs of normal female hands were radiographed and measured. Variations of density and irregularity bone by bone, with age and with dominance are described.", "contents": "Measuring radiographic bone density and irregularity in normal hands. This paper describes a method of measuring the radiographic density of the proximal phalanges and metacarpals using a television image analyser. The site for measurement is highly definable and covers the majority of the middle 2/4ths of these bones. Measurements yield two figures; one for mean bone density and one for the density distribution factor (irregularity). Thirty pairs of normal female hands were radiographed and measured. Variations of density and irregularity bone by bone, with age and with dominance are described.", "PMID": 526792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3063", "title": "Desmoid tumour: an angiographic study of five cases.", "content": "Compared with the frequent reports on the angiographic features of fibrosarcomas only a few similar studies concerning desmoid tumours have been published. Five patients with desmoid tumours and investigated by angiography are reported. The findings were normal in two instances. The forearm tumours of two patients were supplied by unusually large branches of anterior interosseous arteries with normal courses within the tumour. Increased vascularity was seen in these two tumours as well as in a fifth tumour of the buttock. These three tumours behaved more aggressively than the two with entirely normal angiographic appearances. On the basis of the literature and the findings in these five cases there might well exist a positive correlation between the degree of agressiveness of a desmoid tumour and its angiographic features as already established in the case of fibrosarcomas.", "contents": "Desmoid tumour: an angiographic study of five cases. Compared with the frequent reports on the angiographic features of fibrosarcomas only a few similar studies concerning desmoid tumours have been published. Five patients with desmoid tumours and investigated by angiography are reported. The findings were normal in two instances. The forearm tumours of two patients were supplied by unusually large branches of anterior interosseous arteries with normal courses within the tumour. Increased vascularity was seen in these two tumours as well as in a fifth tumour of the buttock. These three tumours behaved more aggressively than the two with entirely normal angiographic appearances. On the basis of the literature and the findings in these five cases there might well exist a positive correlation between the degree of agressiveness of a desmoid tumour and its angiographic features as already established in the case of fibrosarcomas.", "PMID": 526793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3064", "title": "Intravenous urography in neonates and infants. What dose of contrast should be used?", "content": "The dose of contrast to be used for IV urography in neonates and infants is discussed. Toxic levels are only just above the currently accepted doses of 2-4.4 ml contrast medium per kg bodyweight. The dangers of expressing the dose of contrast medium as a volume of contrast related to the patient's age are discussed. A case is presented who had a severe reaction following an acceptable dose expressed as volume for age, but probably excessive when expressed as ml per kg bodyweight. It is concluded that for IV urography in neonates and infants the dose of contrast must be related to weight of patient and not its age; no dehydration should be used; and the injection should be slow, taking about three minutes.", "contents": "Intravenous urography in neonates and infants. What dose of contrast should be used? The dose of contrast to be used for IV urography in neonates and infants is discussed. Toxic levels are only just above the currently accepted doses of 2-4.4 ml contrast medium per kg bodyweight. The dangers of expressing the dose of contrast medium as a volume of contrast related to the patient's age are discussed. A case is presented who had a severe reaction following an acceptable dose expressed as volume for age, but probably excessive when expressed as ml per kg bodyweight. It is concluded that for IV urography in neonates and infants the dose of contrast must be related to weight of patient and not its age; no dehydration should be used; and the injection should be slow, taking about three minutes.", "PMID": 526794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3065", "title": "The accuracy of ultrasound in the detection of cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The association of high amplitude echoes returned from the liver and cirrhosis is well recognized. There have been no reports in the literature as to the overall incidence of this finding in the clinical situation. We report our experience in a series of 67 patients with proven cirrhosis who had liver biopsy and an ultrasound examination within three months of one another. In 43 patients cirrhosis was suggested by recognition of a bright liver echo pattern. In 23 patients the liver echo pattern was normal, although additional relevant information was shown in half of this group. The detailed pathology has been analysed in an attempt to account for the false negative examinations, revealing a strong trend for cases of micronodular cirrhosis to give positive ultrasound examinations and macronodular cirrhosis negative examinations.", "contents": "The accuracy of ultrasound in the detection of cirrhosis of the liver. The association of high amplitude echoes returned from the liver and cirrhosis is well recognized. There have been no reports in the literature as to the overall incidence of this finding in the clinical situation. We report our experience in a series of 67 patients with proven cirrhosis who had liver biopsy and an ultrasound examination within three months of one another. In 43 patients cirrhosis was suggested by recognition of a bright liver echo pattern. In 23 patients the liver echo pattern was normal, although additional relevant information was shown in half of this group. The detailed pathology has been analysed in an attempt to account for the false negative examinations, revealing a strong trend for cases of micronodular cirrhosis to give positive ultrasound examinations and macronodular cirrhosis negative examinations.", "PMID": 526795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3066", "title": "Ultrasonic diffraction analysis in the investigation of liver disease.", "content": "An ultrasonic analytical method has been developed which is capable of remote, in vivo differentiation between various types of soft tissue on the basis of differences in their gross histological structure. The method is analogous to that employed in X-ray crystallography and is referred to as ultrasonic diffraction analysis. A clinical trial of this method in the investigation of liver disease in 70 patients is reported, in which a total of 416 ultrasonic diffraction patterns associated with various liver conditions have been analysed and related to independent follow-up information. The existance of a malignant condition of the liver has been identified in 95% of the cases involving focal metastatic deposits and in all of the 11 cases studied where the livers had diffuse malignant involvement. Cirrhosis and secondary involvement of the liver due to Hodgkin's disease have also been shown to exhibit specific tissue signatures which enable them to be differentiated from other hepatic disorders.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diffraction analysis in the investigation of liver disease. An ultrasonic analytical method has been developed which is capable of remote, in vivo differentiation between various types of soft tissue on the basis of differences in their gross histological structure. The method is analogous to that employed in X-ray crystallography and is referred to as ultrasonic diffraction analysis. A clinical trial of this method in the investigation of liver disease in 70 patients is reported, in which a total of 416 ultrasonic diffraction patterns associated with various liver conditions have been analysed and related to independent follow-up information. The existance of a malignant condition of the liver has been identified in 95% of the cases involving focal metastatic deposits and in all of the 11 cases studied where the livers had diffuse malignant involvement. Cirrhosis and secondary involvement of the liver due to Hodgkin's disease have also been shown to exhibit specific tissue signatures which enable them to be differentiated from other hepatic disorders.", "PMID": 526796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3067", "title": "The absorbed dose in the vicinity of an interface between two media irradiated by a 60Co source.", "content": "Monte Carlo techniques are used to generate the distribution of absorbed dose in the vicinity of an interface between two media. Computer-generated distributions for absorbers comprising the media carbon-copper, water-aluminium and aluminium-water are presented. The features of the distributions in regions of electron equilibrium and non-equilibrium, in particular finite discontinuities at the boundaries and subsequent build up or build down, are discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The difficulties inherent in interpreting ionization measurements in the neighbourhood of interfaces are outlined.", "contents": "The absorbed dose in the vicinity of an interface between two media irradiated by a 60Co source. Monte Carlo techniques are used to generate the distribution of absorbed dose in the vicinity of an interface between two media. Computer-generated distributions for absorbers comprising the media carbon-copper, water-aluminium and aluminium-water are presented. The features of the distributions in regions of electron equilibrium and non-equilibrium, in particular finite discontinuities at the boundaries and subsequent build up or build down, are discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The difficulties inherent in interpreting ionization measurements in the neighbourhood of interfaces are outlined.", "PMID": 526797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3068", "title": "A simplified method of monitoring muco-ciliary transport.", "content": "A radioactive powder, formed by drying 99Tcm sulphide colloid, was used as a tracer to determine both lung clearance and tracheal mucosal transport of inhaled particles simultaneously in normal and bronchiectatic subjects. No change in either parameter with posture was noted in normal subjects, but patients with bronchiectasis exhibited rapid lung clearance when supine and slow clearance when erect, demonstrating the inefficient muco-ciliary transport in these patients. The method seems of value in monitoring the progress of bronchiectatic patients.", "contents": "A simplified method of monitoring muco-ciliary transport. A radioactive powder, formed by drying 99Tcm sulphide colloid, was used as a tracer to determine both lung clearance and tracheal mucosal transport of inhaled particles simultaneously in normal and bronchiectatic subjects. No change in either parameter with posture was noted in normal subjects, but patients with bronchiectasis exhibited rapid lung clearance when supine and slow clearance when erect, demonstrating the inefficient muco-ciliary transport in these patients. The method seems of value in monitoring the progress of bronchiectatic patients.", "PMID": 526798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3069", "title": "Tumour regression during radiation treatment as a guide to prognosis.", "content": "The response to radiation treatment was studied in 110 patients with head and neck cancer with a minimum follow-up of two years. If the tumour had disappeared by the mid-point of treatment (3000 rad), a significantly more favourable prognosis was found in early (T1-2N0) tumours. On the other hand, whether these tumours had disappeared or were persisting at the end of treatment, there was no difference in the recurrence during the observation time of two years. In advanced tumours there was no significant relationship between disappearance by the mid-point of treatment and recurrence up to two years. But when an advanced tumour had disappeared at the end of treatment, the prognosis was significantly more favourable. The unpredictability and often impossibility of judging the prognosis in individual cases encourages the authors to stress the importance of executing the original individual surgical plan irrespective of radiation response.", "contents": "Tumour regression during radiation treatment as a guide to prognosis. The response to radiation treatment was studied in 110 patients with head and neck cancer with a minimum follow-up of two years. If the tumour had disappeared by the mid-point of treatment (3000 rad), a significantly more favourable prognosis was found in early (T1-2N0) tumours. On the other hand, whether these tumours had disappeared or were persisting at the end of treatment, there was no difference in the recurrence during the observation time of two years. In advanced tumours there was no significant relationship between disappearance by the mid-point of treatment and recurrence up to two years. But when an advanced tumour had disappeared at the end of treatment, the prognosis was significantly more favourable. The unpredictability and often impossibility of judging the prognosis in individual cases encourages the authors to stress the importance of executing the original individual surgical plan irrespective of radiation response.", "PMID": 526799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3070", "title": "Oral contraceptives and fatal subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "A case-control study was conducted of the deaths from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in women aged 15-44 in England and Wales in 1976. There was a small excess of oral contraceptive use by the women who died from SAH compared with their generally healthy practice-matched controls; this was not, however, statistically significant. Out of 134 women who died from SAH, 34 had a history of hypertension compared with only six of their controls. Renal disease and pre-eclamptic toxaemia were more commonly associated with hypertension in the dead women than in controls. No change in the annual mortality from SAH has been observed in the past 20 years such as might have been expected if the risks were high. Although current or past use of oral contraceptives may have increased the blood pressure and risk of SAH in a few women, the most important factor in determining this risk was hypertension. SAH should thus probably not be regarded as serious cause for concern in healthy non-hypertensive women using oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and fatal subarachnoid haemorrhage. A case-control study was conducted of the deaths from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in women aged 15-44 in England and Wales in 1976. There was a small excess of oral contraceptive use by the women who died from SAH compared with their generally healthy practice-matched controls; this was not, however, statistically significant. Out of 134 women who died from SAH, 34 had a history of hypertension compared with only six of their controls. Renal disease and pre-eclamptic toxaemia were more commonly associated with hypertension in the dead women than in controls. No change in the annual mortality from SAH has been observed in the past 20 years such as might have been expected if the risks were high. Although current or past use of oral contraceptives may have increased the blood pressure and risk of SAH in a few women, the most important factor in determining this risk was hypertension. SAH should thus probably not be regarded as serious cause for concern in healthy non-hypertensive women using oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 526813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3071", "title": "Improved combination chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with advanced-stage metastatic or unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma were given combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and 1,3-bis (2-chlorbethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Two patients achieved complete remission and 16 partial remission to give an overall response rate of 52%. Six further patients (17%) had stable disease, while in 11 (31%) the disease showed clear-cut progression despite treatment. The only pretreatment factors that suggested poor prognosis were poor initial patient performance and the stomach as the predominant site of disease. Patients responding to treatment had a significantly longer time to relapse (median 48 weeks) than patients with stable disease (median 16 weeks) and a significantly improved survival time (medians, 52 weeks with 30% of patients' living at 88 weeks and 32 weeks with all dead at 64 weeks respectively). Comparing these results with those in other reports indicated that the three-drug combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and either a nitrosourea or mitomycin was superior to single and two-drug regimens and currently represents the optimum treatment for advanced-stage gastric cancer. Gastric adenocarcinoma should now be considered to be a gastrointestinal malignancy that is relatively susceptible to chemotherapy, and studies of these improved chemotherapeutic regimens as post-surgical adjuvants may lead to further improvements in prognosis.", "contents": "Improved combination chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Thirty-five patients with advanced-stage metastatic or unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma were given combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and 1,3-bis (2-chlorbethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Two patients achieved complete remission and 16 partial remission to give an overall response rate of 52%. Six further patients (17%) had stable disease, while in 11 (31%) the disease showed clear-cut progression despite treatment. The only pretreatment factors that suggested poor prognosis were poor initial patient performance and the stomach as the predominant site of disease. Patients responding to treatment had a significantly longer time to relapse (median 48 weeks) than patients with stable disease (median 16 weeks) and a significantly improved survival time (medians, 52 weeks with 30% of patients' living at 88 weeks and 32 weeks with all dead at 64 weeks respectively). Comparing these results with those in other reports indicated that the three-drug combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and either a nitrosourea or mitomycin was superior to single and two-drug regimens and currently represents the optimum treatment for advanced-stage gastric cancer. Gastric adenocarcinoma should now be considered to be a gastrointestinal malignancy that is relatively susceptible to chemotherapy, and studies of these improved chemotherapeutic regimens as post-surgical adjuvants may lead to further improvements in prognosis.", "PMID": 526814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3072", "title": "Resetting of osmoreceptor response as cause of hyponatraemia in acute idiopathic polyneuritis.", "content": "In a patient with hyponatraemia associated with acute idiopathic polyneuritis plasma concentrations of antidiuretic hormone increased when hypertonic saline was infused intravenously, and urine osmolality rose concomitantly. A water load was excreted normally, while the plasma remained extremely hypo-osmolal. It is concluded that osmoregulation was functioning normally but was set abnormally low, possibly owing to a disturbance of the peripheral volume receptors.", "contents": "Resetting of osmoreceptor response as cause of hyponatraemia in acute idiopathic polyneuritis. In a patient with hyponatraemia associated with acute idiopathic polyneuritis plasma concentrations of antidiuretic hormone increased when hypertonic saline was infused intravenously, and urine osmolality rose concomitantly. A water load was excreted normally, while the plasma remained extremely hypo-osmolal. It is concluded that osmoregulation was functioning normally but was set abnormally low, possibly owing to a disturbance of the peripheral volume receptors.", "PMID": 526815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3073", "title": "Prevalence of rectal and pharyngeal infection in women with gonorrhoea in Sheffield.", "content": "The prevalence of gonococcal infection of the rectum and pharynx in 239 consecutive women with gonorrhoea presenting as named contacts was 47% and 10% respectively. In 2% of all patients the rectum and pharynx were each the sole sites of infection. Treatment failure occurred in three patients given a single dose of aqueous procaine penicillin 2.4 megaunits intramuscularly, two of whom had rectal infections; no treatment failures occurred in patients with pharyngeal infections. The incidence of rectal gonorrhoea significantly increased with the duration of infection (P less than 0.001). This suggests that autoinoculation from infected vaginal material is of major importance in the transmission of gonococcal infection to the rectum.", "contents": "Prevalence of rectal and pharyngeal infection in women with gonorrhoea in Sheffield. The prevalence of gonococcal infection of the rectum and pharynx in 239 consecutive women with gonorrhoea presenting as named contacts was 47% and 10% respectively. In 2% of all patients the rectum and pharynx were each the sole sites of infection. Treatment failure occurred in three patients given a single dose of aqueous procaine penicillin 2.4 megaunits intramuscularly, two of whom had rectal infections; no treatment failures occurred in patients with pharyngeal infections. The incidence of rectal gonorrhoea significantly increased with the duration of infection (P less than 0.001). This suggests that autoinoculation from infected vaginal material is of major importance in the transmission of gonococcal infection to the rectum.", "PMID": 526843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3074", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections.", "content": "The prevalence and clinical features of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were studied in men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), in their female sexual partners, and in other women. Of 92 patients with NGU, 36 (39%) were chlamydia-positive; although all had symptoms of urethritis, fewer than half had evident discharge. Clinical features of chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative NGU were indistinguishable. Most female contacts of chlamydia-positive patients with NGU were infected with C. trachomatis; contacts of chlamydia-negative patients with NGU seldom harboured chlamydia. Inflammatory and erosive changes were equally common in the uterine cervix of chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative women, although almost half of infected cases had no clinical signs of infection and no specific symptoms. In such women the present unavailability of sensitive screening techniques is a major obstacle to the effective control of chlamydial infection.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. The prevalence and clinical features of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were studied in men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), in their female sexual partners, and in other women. Of 92 patients with NGU, 36 (39%) were chlamydia-positive; although all had symptoms of urethritis, fewer than half had evident discharge. Clinical features of chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative NGU were indistinguishable. Most female contacts of chlamydia-positive patients with NGU were infected with C. trachomatis; contacts of chlamydia-negative patients with NGU seldom harboured chlamydia. Inflammatory and erosive changes were equally common in the uterine cervix of chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative women, although almost half of infected cases had no clinical signs of infection and no specific symptoms. In such women the present unavailability of sensitive screening techniques is a major obstacle to the effective control of chlamydial infection.", "PMID": 526844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3075", "title": "Antichlamydial antibodies in pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosed without laparoscopy was assessed by measuring antichlamydial antibodies in the patient's serum and by comparing the results with those in patients with uncomplicated non-specific genital infection (NSGI) and gonorrhoea and in non-infected controls. A modified microimmunofluorescence test was used. Patients with severe PID had significantly more positive antichlamydial IgG and IgM results than did control subjects, patients with gonorrhoea, and patients with NSGI. Less severe PID was associated with significantly raised levels of antichlamydial IgG antibodies compared with NSGI and controls and with raised levels of IgM antibodies compared with controls. Two patients with PID had lower genital tract gonorrhoea, one of whom had raised antichlamydial antibody levels. These findings may indicate a mixed infection and therapy should be reviewed in such patients. A serological diagnosis of chlamydial infection is relatively easy and cheap and enables a rapid diagnosis of chlamydial infection to be made.", "contents": "Antichlamydial antibodies in pelvic inflammatory disease. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosed without laparoscopy was assessed by measuring antichlamydial antibodies in the patient's serum and by comparing the results with those in patients with uncomplicated non-specific genital infection (NSGI) and gonorrhoea and in non-infected controls. A modified microimmunofluorescence test was used. Patients with severe PID had significantly more positive antichlamydial IgG and IgM results than did control subjects, patients with gonorrhoea, and patients with NSGI. Less severe PID was associated with significantly raised levels of antichlamydial IgG antibodies compared with NSGI and controls and with raised levels of IgM antibodies compared with controls. Two patients with PID had lower genital tract gonorrhoea, one of whom had raised antichlamydial antibody levels. These findings may indicate a mixed infection and therapy should be reviewed in such patients. A serological diagnosis of chlamydial infection is relatively easy and cheap and enables a rapid diagnosis of chlamydial infection to be made.", "PMID": 526845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3076", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the Fallopian tubes. Histological findings in two patients.", "content": "In two patients with acute salpingitis, C. trachomatis was isolated from the cervix. In one of the patients, the organism was also recovered from the Fallopian tubes, and in the other, chlamydial inclusions were found in Giemsa-stained tubal epithelial cells. A significant change in micro-immunofluorescence antibodies to C. trachomatis occurred in both patients during the course of the disease. The Fallopian tubes of both patients were removed and studied by conventional histological techniques and, in the case of one of them, by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the Fallopian tubes. Histological findings in two patients. In two patients with acute salpingitis, C. trachomatis was isolated from the cervix. In one of the patients, the organism was also recovered from the Fallopian tubes, and in the other, chlamydial inclusions were found in Giemsa-stained tubal epithelial cells. A significant change in micro-immunofluorescence antibodies to C. trachomatis occurred in both patients during the course of the disease. The Fallopian tubes of both patients were removed and studied by conventional histological techniques and, in the case of one of them, by transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 526846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3077", "title": "Rising incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "The incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam has increased by more than five-fold during 1977-78. In a retrospective study of 53 patients with chancroid seen at this clinic during this period, the results of smears were positive in 82% and of cultures in 84% (of those for whom cultures had been performed). Symptoms were generally mild. Treatment with co-trimoxazole was highly effective clinically, as confirmed by in-vitro sensitivity studies.", "contents": "Rising incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. The incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam has increased by more than five-fold during 1977-78. In a retrospective study of 53 patients with chancroid seen at this clinic during this period, the results of smears were positive in 82% and of cultures in 84% (of those for whom cultures had been performed). Symptoms were generally mild. Treatment with co-trimoxazole was highly effective clinically, as confirmed by in-vitro sensitivity studies.", "PMID": 526847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3078", "title": "Effect of injections of small doses of human fibroblast interferon into genital warts. A pilot study.", "content": "Eleven male patients with genital warts were given injections of fibroblast interferon (300 u) and placebo into the bases of two similar warts. The changes in size of the treated warts compared with that of the controls suggested that interferon did inhibit the growth of the warts. The dose given was probably insufficient for a dramatic effect. In one patient, however, a wart on the penile shaft was injected with interferon and did disappear within two weeks whereas an untreated meatal wart increased in size.", "contents": "Effect of injections of small doses of human fibroblast interferon into genital warts. A pilot study. Eleven male patients with genital warts were given injections of fibroblast interferon (300 u) and placebo into the bases of two similar warts. The changes in size of the treated warts compared with that of the controls suggested that interferon did inhibit the growth of the warts. The dose given was probably insufficient for a dramatic effect. In one patient, however, a wart on the penile shaft was injected with interferon and did disappear within two weeks whereas an untreated meatal wart increased in size.", "PMID": 526848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3079", "title": "Perigenital cutaneous schistosomiasis.", "content": "Perigenital cutaneous schistosomiasis was diagnosed in a patient who had no previous genitourinary or gastrointestinal symptoms suggesting schistosomiasis; his only symptom was a pruritic papular rash in the perineum. Late cutaneous schistosomiasis due to deposition of ova in the dermis is rare but can affect the genital and periumbilical areas. This report highlights the difficulty in diagnosing cutaneous schistosomiasis and the need for biopsy of itchy cutaneous lesions in patients from localities where the infection is endemic.", "contents": "Perigenital cutaneous schistosomiasis. Perigenital cutaneous schistosomiasis was diagnosed in a patient who had no previous genitourinary or gastrointestinal symptoms suggesting schistosomiasis; his only symptom was a pruritic papular rash in the perineum. Late cutaneous schistosomiasis due to deposition of ova in the dermis is rare but can affect the genital and periumbilical areas. This report highlights the difficulty in diagnosing cutaneous schistosomiasis and the need for biopsy of itchy cutaneous lesions in patients from localities where the infection is endemic.", "PMID": 526849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3080", "title": "Brain size and intelligence in man.", "content": "The relationship between brain size and intelligence was investigated in two ways. Cranial capacity was measured in people with known IQs. A very small correlation was found between cranial capacity and intelligence; but this was shown to be the result of the confounding effects of height. A large series of brains was also investigated, data being obtained on occupation from the case notes. When the effects of body height and weight were controlled for, it was possible to demonstrate a statistically significant, but very slight, relation between brain size and occupational group.", "contents": "Brain size and intelligence in man. The relationship between brain size and intelligence was investigated in two ways. Cranial capacity was measured in people with known IQs. A very small correlation was found between cranial capacity and intelligence; but this was shown to be the result of the confounding effects of height. A large series of brains was also investigated, data being obtained on occupation from the case notes. When the effects of body height and weight were controlled for, it was possible to demonstrate a statistically significant, but very slight, relation between brain size and occupational group.", "PMID": 526851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3081", "title": "Involvement of the trigeminal motor system in brain stem self-stimulation and stimulation-induced behavior.", "content": "Anatomical and behavioral correlates of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) at sites in the pons suggest the involvement of the trigeminal motor system in brain stimulation reward. 90% of the electrodes terminating in or dorsal to the trigeminal motor nucleus supported ICSS. Stimulation through these ICSS electrodes was usually accompanied by a display of repetitive jaw movement in the period following brain stimulation. There appeared to be a close relation between post-stimulation jaw movement and ICSS. In the motor nucleus there was a positive linear relationship between current intensity and duration of jaw movement. Optimal current intensities for ICSS induced long periods of jaw movement. Extensive lesions of the dorsal pons which included the locus ceruleus had no effect on ICSS in the trigeminal motor system. Therefore it seems unlikely that ICSS in the trigeminal system is mediated by noradrenergic neurons located in the dorsal pontine area. These data suggest that a centripetal analysis of ICSS sites along pathways afferent to the trigeminal motor system may lead to a more complete description of the anatomical correlates of brain stimulation reward. The functional implications of a trigeminal reinforcement mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Involvement of the trigeminal motor system in brain stem self-stimulation and stimulation-induced behavior. Anatomical and behavioral correlates of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) at sites in the pons suggest the involvement of the trigeminal motor system in brain stimulation reward. 90% of the electrodes terminating in or dorsal to the trigeminal motor nucleus supported ICSS. Stimulation through these ICSS electrodes was usually accompanied by a display of repetitive jaw movement in the period following brain stimulation. There appeared to be a close relation between post-stimulation jaw movement and ICSS. In the motor nucleus there was a positive linear relationship between current intensity and duration of jaw movement. Optimal current intensities for ICSS induced long periods of jaw movement. Extensive lesions of the dorsal pons which included the locus ceruleus had no effect on ICSS in the trigeminal motor system. Therefore it seems unlikely that ICSS in the trigeminal system is mediated by noradrenergic neurons located in the dorsal pontine area. These data suggest that a centripetal analysis of ICSS sites along pathways afferent to the trigeminal motor system may lead to a more complete description of the anatomical correlates of brain stimulation reward. The functional implications of a trigeminal reinforcement mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 526852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3082", "title": "The nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis in neotropical passerines.", "content": "The volume of the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis and the optic lobe were determined in 8 species of neotropical birds in the order Passeriformes: Pyrocephalus rubinus, Pitangus sulphuratus, Atticora fasciata, Molothrus bonariensis, Tangara nigrocincta, Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Euphonia xanthogaster and Spinus magellanicus. The ratio of the volume of the nucleus to the volume of the optic lobe was calculated for each species, and was found to be larger in all 8 species than in a series of nonpasserine species examined previously by Cobb. A possible relationship between the relative size of this nucleus and the auditory capabilities of birds is discussed.", "contents": "The nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis in neotropical passerines. The volume of the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis and the optic lobe were determined in 8 species of neotropical birds in the order Passeriformes: Pyrocephalus rubinus, Pitangus sulphuratus, Atticora fasciata, Molothrus bonariensis, Tangara nigrocincta, Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Euphonia xanthogaster and Spinus magellanicus. The ratio of the volume of the nucleus to the volume of the optic lobe was calculated for each species, and was found to be larger in all 8 species than in a series of nonpasserine species examined previously by Cobb. A possible relationship between the relative size of this nucleus and the auditory capabilities of birds is discussed.", "PMID": 526853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3083", "title": "Fever produced by intrahypothalamic pyrogen: effect of protein synthesis inhibition by anisomycin.", "content": "In the unrestrained cat, the inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin, given either subcutaneously (5.0--25.0 mg/kg) or directly into the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic area (1.0--25.0 micrograms) impaired the development of a bacterial fever. S. typhosa infused intravenously (1:10 dilution in 1 ml) or into AH/POA (1.0 microliter) evoked an intense fever which was either significantly delayed or prevented by anisomycin. Conversely, anisomycin failed to affect the typical hyperthermia evoked by 100 ng PGE2 or 1.0--7.0 micrograms 5-HT similarly infused into AH/POA. These data demonstrate that an intermediary humoral factor of unknown nature is required in the hyperthermic effector pathway underlying the febrile response.", "contents": "Fever produced by intrahypothalamic pyrogen: effect of protein synthesis inhibition by anisomycin. In the unrestrained cat, the inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin, given either subcutaneously (5.0--25.0 mg/kg) or directly into the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic area (1.0--25.0 micrograms) impaired the development of a bacterial fever. S. typhosa infused intravenously (1:10 dilution in 1 ml) or into AH/POA (1.0 microliter) evoked an intense fever which was either significantly delayed or prevented by anisomycin. Conversely, anisomycin failed to affect the typical hyperthermia evoked by 100 ng PGE2 or 1.0--7.0 micrograms 5-HT similarly infused into AH/POA. These data demonstrate that an intermediary humoral factor of unknown nature is required in the hyperthermic effector pathway underlying the febrile response.", "PMID": 526856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3084", "title": "The reactivity of the somesthetic S1 cortex during sleep and waking in the rat.", "content": "The reactivity of the somesthetic S1 cortex was studied in the rat, in the course of the seven principle stages of the sleep-waking cycle, in terms of the variation in amplitude of positive wave 4 of the evoked potential induced by stimulation of the thalamocortical radiations. The amplitude of positive wave 4 is minimal during waking with theta (attentive and/or active). It increases in the course of waking without theta, to reach its maximum during the stage of sleep with slow waves. The amplitude decreases with the deepening of slow sleep (spindles, intermediate stage) to a level near to waking without theta, during rapid sleep. No significant difference is observed during periods of eye movements bursts. The variability of the amplitude of intra-state responses is lowest in the phases of waking and paradoxical sleep. The recovery cycle of the S1 cortex responses is long (several hundreds of milliseconds). The rate of recovery is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the response to the conditioning stimulus. It is therefore higher during waking and rapid sleep than during the different stages of slow sleep. These results are integrated in the neurophysiological data of sleep in the rat.", "contents": "The reactivity of the somesthetic S1 cortex during sleep and waking in the rat. The reactivity of the somesthetic S1 cortex was studied in the rat, in the course of the seven principle stages of the sleep-waking cycle, in terms of the variation in amplitude of positive wave 4 of the evoked potential induced by stimulation of the thalamocortical radiations. The amplitude of positive wave 4 is minimal during waking with theta (attentive and/or active). It increases in the course of waking without theta, to reach its maximum during the stage of sleep with slow waves. The amplitude decreases with the deepening of slow sleep (spindles, intermediate stage) to a level near to waking without theta, during rapid sleep. No significant difference is observed during periods of eye movements bursts. The variability of the amplitude of intra-state responses is lowest in the phases of waking and paradoxical sleep. The recovery cycle of the S1 cortex responses is long (several hundreds of milliseconds). The rate of recovery is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the response to the conditioning stimulus. It is therefore higher during waking and rapid sleep than during the different stages of slow sleep. These results are integrated in the neurophysiological data of sleep in the rat.", "PMID": 526855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3085", "title": "Afferent connections of the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area in the rat.", "content": "The afferent projections to the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) of the rat hypothalamus have been studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Iontophoretic deposit of the marker was used in most animals, and consistent projections from the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, the lateral part of the substantia nigra and the parabigeminal nucleus (NPB) were observed. A comparison between NPB projections and projections from the neighboring tegmentum suggests that some neurons of the NPB project to both the RCA and the superior colliculus. Consequently, these NPB neurons might link visual information on its way toward the retrochiasmatic area which, in view of its strategic position, could play a role in neuroendocrine processes.", "contents": "Afferent connections of the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area in the rat. The afferent projections to the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) of the rat hypothalamus have been studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Iontophoretic deposit of the marker was used in most animals, and consistent projections from the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, the lateral part of the substantia nigra and the parabigeminal nucleus (NPB) were observed. A comparison between NPB projections and projections from the neighboring tegmentum suggests that some neurons of the NPB project to both the RCA and the superior colliculus. Consequently, these NPB neurons might link visual information on its way toward the retrochiasmatic area which, in view of its strategic position, could play a role in neuroendocrine processes.", "PMID": 526858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3086", "title": "Effects of melatonin on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation.", "content": "The acute effects of melatonin on the spontaneous activity of single cells in the mesencephalic reticular formation were studied in 40 male rats unanesthetized and immobilized with Flaxedil. One hundred and ten neurons were explored. Only 64 modified their spontaneous activity after the intravenous administration of melatonin. This response consisted of an increase in neural firing (6 neurons), decrease (55 neurons) and biphasic response of decrease and increase (3 neurons). When the effect of melatonin on the evoked activity in the mesencephalic neurons by peripheral stimulation (sciatic and photic) was checked an increase of the number of neurons that showed inhibitory responses to photic stimulation was found. No changes in blood pressure and EEG were observed at the doses of melatonin used (200, 400 and 600 micrograms/100 g of body weight). However, with doses of 600 micrograms a tendency toward synchronization was seen in the EEG. The present observations indicate an inhibitory effect of melatonin on the spontaneous neuronal activity of the mesencephalic reticular formation. This effect may contribute to the changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle and anticonvulsant action attributed to this hormone.", "contents": "Effects of melatonin on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation. The acute effects of melatonin on the spontaneous activity of single cells in the mesencephalic reticular formation were studied in 40 male rats unanesthetized and immobilized with Flaxedil. One hundred and ten neurons were explored. Only 64 modified their spontaneous activity after the intravenous administration of melatonin. This response consisted of an increase in neural firing (6 neurons), decrease (55 neurons) and biphasic response of decrease and increase (3 neurons). When the effect of melatonin on the evoked activity in the mesencephalic neurons by peripheral stimulation (sciatic and photic) was checked an increase of the number of neurons that showed inhibitory responses to photic stimulation was found. No changes in blood pressure and EEG were observed at the doses of melatonin used (200, 400 and 600 micrograms/100 g of body weight). However, with doses of 600 micrograms a tendency toward synchronization was seen in the EEG. The present observations indicate an inhibitory effect of melatonin on the spontaneous neuronal activity of the mesencephalic reticular formation. This effect may contribute to the changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle and anticonvulsant action attributed to this hormone.", "PMID": 526854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3087", "title": "Quantification of synaptic vesicles in hippocampus of aging rats and initial studies of possible relations to neurophysiology.", "content": "Synaptic vesicle populations were quantified in Schaffer-commissural synapses which terminate on CA1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites, in aging and young-mature rats. Vesicles were found to be reduced with age, and this effect was most pronounced in the oldest animals (e.g., 28 months) within the aged group. Numerical density of synaptic vesicles in aged rat hippocampus was reduced whether expressed as vesicles per terminal, vesicles per mu 2 of terminal, or vesicles per mu2 of terminal corrected for shrinkage or swelling as assessed by mitochondrial cross-sectional diameters. Counted synaptic terminal areas were not significantly different in the aged animals, although a trend toward reduced terminal size with aging was seen. The latter observation apparently rules out increased terminal swelling in aged rat synapses as a basis for reduced vesicle density. In some rats, neurophysiological studies were concomitantly performed. A significant correlation was found between the amplitude of the monosynaptic population spike after 20 min of 4 Hz stimulation of the Schaffer-commissural fibers and synaptic vesicle populations in terminals of these stimulated pathways. However, because of a low n this result must be viewed as preliminary.", "contents": "Quantification of synaptic vesicles in hippocampus of aging rats and initial studies of possible relations to neurophysiology. Synaptic vesicle populations were quantified in Schaffer-commissural synapses which terminate on CA1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites, in aging and young-mature rats. Vesicles were found to be reduced with age, and this effect was most pronounced in the oldest animals (e.g., 28 months) within the aged group. Numerical density of synaptic vesicles in aged rat hippocampus was reduced whether expressed as vesicles per terminal, vesicles per mu 2 of terminal, or vesicles per mu2 of terminal corrected for shrinkage or swelling as assessed by mitochondrial cross-sectional diameters. Counted synaptic terminal areas were not significantly different in the aged animals, although a trend toward reduced terminal size with aging was seen. The latter observation apparently rules out increased terminal swelling in aged rat synapses as a basis for reduced vesicle density. In some rats, neurophysiological studies were concomitantly performed. A significant correlation was found between the amplitude of the monosynaptic population spike after 20 min of 4 Hz stimulation of the Schaffer-commissural fibers and synaptic vesicle populations in terminals of these stimulated pathways. However, because of a low n this result must be viewed as preliminary.", "PMID": 526857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3088", "title": "Rat brain melanin at different ages and after various treatments.", "content": "Melanin was measured by a spectrophotofluorometric method in the brains of albino rats from birth to 20 months of age. The concentration of brain melanin increased from Day 1 until adult levels were reached at 1 month. Between 1 and 20 months of age no significant differences were found in brain melanin. Daily injections of alpha-MSH, MIF-I, melatonin, or diluent did not consistently alter the concentration of brain melanin and a high (40%) protein diet did not appear to increase it. After concurrent injections of alpha-MSH and theophylline, an initial elevation of the level of melanin in the brain of newborn rats was found beginning at Day 8 but by age 1 month the values had returned to control levels. The results show that the largest changes in the concentrations of melanin in the brains of rats occur with age during the first month after birth.", "contents": "Rat brain melanin at different ages and after various treatments. Melanin was measured by a spectrophotofluorometric method in the brains of albino rats from birth to 20 months of age. The concentration of brain melanin increased from Day 1 until adult levels were reached at 1 month. Between 1 and 20 months of age no significant differences were found in brain melanin. Daily injections of alpha-MSH, MIF-I, melatonin, or diluent did not consistently alter the concentration of brain melanin and a high (40%) protein diet did not appear to increase it. After concurrent injections of alpha-MSH and theophylline, an initial elevation of the level of melanin in the brain of newborn rats was found beginning at Day 8 but by age 1 month the values had returned to control levels. The results show that the largest changes in the concentrations of melanin in the brains of rats occur with age during the first month after birth.", "PMID": 526860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3089", "title": "Failure to detect radioimmunoassayable arginine vasotocin in mammalian pineals.", "content": "The presence of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) in pineal and neural lobes of a variety of species was evaluated by radioimmunoassay using two antisera. One antiserum recognizes only AVP, while the other cross-reacts 100% with both AVP and AVT. Only traces of AVP were detected in toad and chicken pituitaries and chicken pineals, tissues found to contain abundant AVT. On the other hand, pineals from rats and rabbits, while containing measurable quantities of AVP, did not contain detectable levels (less than 6 pg) of AVT. These results fail to demonstrate the presence of AVT in rat and rabbit pineals and strongly question the role of AVT as a physiological pineal hormone in mammals.", "contents": "Failure to detect radioimmunoassayable arginine vasotocin in mammalian pineals. The presence of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) in pineal and neural lobes of a variety of species was evaluated by radioimmunoassay using two antisera. One antiserum recognizes only AVP, while the other cross-reacts 100% with both AVP and AVT. Only traces of AVP were detected in toad and chicken pituitaries and chicken pineals, tissues found to contain abundant AVT. On the other hand, pineals from rats and rabbits, while containing measurable quantities of AVP, did not contain detectable levels (less than 6 pg) of AVT. These results fail to demonstrate the presence of AVT in rat and rabbit pineals and strongly question the role of AVT as a physiological pineal hormone in mammals.", "PMID": 526859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3090", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of ketamine used for induction of anaesthesia in patients with valvular heart disease.", "content": "The effects of induction of anaesthesia by ketamine 2 mg.kg-1 were studied in six patients with valvular heart disease before tracheal intubation and operation. Cardiac index was unaffected because a mean decrease in stroke index was compensated for a mean increase in heart rate. A significant increase was found in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial mean pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and central venous pressure. Systemic vascular resistance increased, but not significantly, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly by more than 150 per cent. Right ventricular minute work index increased in all patients, and the increase was as much as 400 per cent. Left ventricular minute work index increased in four of the six patients, but the magnitude of the increase was not so marked. It is therefore concluded that ketamine causes pronounced pulmonary vasoconstriction and an undesirable strain on the myocardium. Such effects could prove deleterious in patients with limited functional reserve of the right ventricle.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of ketamine used for induction of anaesthesia in patients with valvular heart disease. The effects of induction of anaesthesia by ketamine 2 mg.kg-1 were studied in six patients with valvular heart disease before tracheal intubation and operation. Cardiac index was unaffected because a mean decrease in stroke index was compensated for a mean increase in heart rate. A significant increase was found in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial mean pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and central venous pressure. Systemic vascular resistance increased, but not significantly, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly by more than 150 per cent. Right ventricular minute work index increased in all patients, and the increase was as much as 400 per cent. Left ventricular minute work index increased in four of the six patients, but the magnitude of the increase was not so marked. It is therefore concluded that ketamine causes pronounced pulmonary vasoconstriction and an undesirable strain on the myocardium. Such effects could prove deleterious in patients with limited functional reserve of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 526869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3091", "title": "Cardiovascular haemodynamics after induction of anaesthesia with althesin in patients with valvular heart disease.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of the induction of anaesthesia with Althesin 0.1 ml.kg-1 were studied in eight patients with valvular heart disease before tracheal intubation and surgery. A 20 per cent reduction in stroke index was compensated for by an increase in heart rate of similar magnitude. Cardiac index, mean arterial, pulmonary arterial, central venous and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and systemic vascular resistance were unaffected. Pulmonary vascular resistance declined by nearly 30 per cent. It is therefore conclude that Althesin causes only minimal cardiovascular depression in patients with valvular heart disease.", "contents": "Cardiovascular haemodynamics after induction of anaesthesia with althesin in patients with valvular heart disease. The haemodynamic effects of the induction of anaesthesia with Althesin 0.1 ml.kg-1 were studied in eight patients with valvular heart disease before tracheal intubation and surgery. A 20 per cent reduction in stroke index was compensated for by an increase in heart rate of similar magnitude. Cardiac index, mean arterial, pulmonary arterial, central venous and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and systemic vascular resistance were unaffected. Pulmonary vascular resistance declined by nearly 30 per cent. It is therefore conclude that Althesin causes only minimal cardiovascular depression in patients with valvular heart disease.", "PMID": 526870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3092", "title": "Effect of chlorobutanol on Limulus ventral photoreceptor latency: a model of a two component latent period.", "content": "Chlorobutanol (1,1,1-trichlor-2-methyl-2-propanol) decreases the duration of the latent period of Limulus ventral eye receptor potentials. This effect is both concentration and intensity dependent. Between 0.05 and 1 mM chlorobutanol in sea water the extent of latency shortening effect of chlorobutanol linear function of the logarithm of the chlorobutanol concentration. The latency shortening effect of chlorobutanol diminishes with decreasing intensity of stimulation and virtually disappears at intensities just exceeding threshold. These results are explained by postulating that the latent period is composed of two processes only one of which is sensitive to chlorobutanol and, further, that the duration of the chlorobutanol-sensitive process is not appreciably affected by the stimulating intensity. This model of a two component latent period may be tested experimentally. In several experiments prolonged exposure of ventral photoreceptor cells to chlorobutanol coupled with a short exposure to calcium deficient sea water produced a collapse of the receptor potential followed by a slow recovery after returning to perfusion with normal sea water. During the recovery a slow, low amplitude positive wave exists which has been tentatively called a prepotential.", "contents": "Effect of chlorobutanol on Limulus ventral photoreceptor latency: a model of a two component latent period. Chlorobutanol (1,1,1-trichlor-2-methyl-2-propanol) decreases the duration of the latent period of Limulus ventral eye receptor potentials. This effect is both concentration and intensity dependent. Between 0.05 and 1 mM chlorobutanol in sea water the extent of latency shortening effect of chlorobutanol linear function of the logarithm of the chlorobutanol concentration. The latency shortening effect of chlorobutanol diminishes with decreasing intensity of stimulation and virtually disappears at intensities just exceeding threshold. These results are explained by postulating that the latent period is composed of two processes only one of which is sensitive to chlorobutanol and, further, that the duration of the chlorobutanol-sensitive process is not appreciably affected by the stimulating intensity. This model of a two component latent period may be tested experimentally. In several experiments prolonged exposure of ventral photoreceptor cells to chlorobutanol coupled with a short exposure to calcium deficient sea water produced a collapse of the receptor potential followed by a slow recovery after returning to perfusion with normal sea water. During the recovery a slow, low amplitude positive wave exists which has been tentatively called a prepotential.", "PMID": 526861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3093", "title": "Effect of pancuronium on intraocular pressure changes induced by succinylcholine.", "content": "The study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of pretreatment with a small dose of pancuronium on intraocular pressure changes associated with administration of succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. Thirty patients divided into control and study groups were anaesthetized with sodium thiopentone (3-5 mg mg.kg-1) and intubation with the aid of succinylcholine (1 mg.kg-1). The control group received saline pretreatment while the study group received pancuronium 1 mg three minutes before succinylcholine. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide and oxygen (70:30). A Schiotz tonometer was used to measure intraocular pressure before induction of anaesthesia, one minute after succinylcholine and immediately after intubation. Patients in the control group demonstrated significant elevation of intraocular pressure at one minute after succinylcholine and immediately after intubation, while the study group showed no significant change at the same observation periods. These findings indicate that pretreatment with pancuronium 1 mg three minutes before succinylcholine may be beneficial in patients with high intraocular pressure and penetrating injuries of the eye.", "contents": "Effect of pancuronium on intraocular pressure changes induced by succinylcholine. The study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of pretreatment with a small dose of pancuronium on intraocular pressure changes associated with administration of succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. Thirty patients divided into control and study groups were anaesthetized with sodium thiopentone (3-5 mg mg.kg-1) and intubation with the aid of succinylcholine (1 mg.kg-1). The control group received saline pretreatment while the study group received pancuronium 1 mg three minutes before succinylcholine. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide and oxygen (70:30). A Schiotz tonometer was used to measure intraocular pressure before induction of anaesthesia, one minute after succinylcholine and immediately after intubation. Patients in the control group demonstrated significant elevation of intraocular pressure at one minute after succinylcholine and immediately after intubation, while the study group showed no significant change at the same observation periods. These findings indicate that pretreatment with pancuronium 1 mg three minutes before succinylcholine may be beneficial in patients with high intraocular pressure and penetrating injuries of the eye.", "PMID": 526872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3094", "title": "Quantitative demonstration of somatic synapse sprouting following dendritic deafferentation in neonatal rat interpeduncular nucleus.", "content": "Neonatal habenular lesions deafferent the dendrites of interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) neurons by preventing formation of S and crest synapses. The small number of synapses normally contacting IPN neuronal perikarya are of unknown, but non-habenular, origin. The number of synapses on IPN perikarya is significantly increased (p less than 0.001) when 10 control animals are compared to 7 animals with unilateral habenular lesions and 7 animals with bilateral lesions. The increases with bilateral lesions are approximately twice those resulting from unilateral lesions (p less than 0.01). This phenomenon involves sprouting of both the somatic synapses which contain spherical vesicles and those with flattened vesicle endings, and is greater when the latter are considered alone (p less than 0.001). Only the small group of somatic synapses with asymmetrical contacts failed to show a change. The increases suggest a postsynaptic control mechanism which acts in the direction of preserving synaptic input, but permits displacement of the site of input from dendrites to soma. Factors which may be important in determining this outcome are the production of the lesions prior to synaptogenesis, and the presumed shrinkage of the dendrites of the IPN neurons.", "contents": "Quantitative demonstration of somatic synapse sprouting following dendritic deafferentation in neonatal rat interpeduncular nucleus. Neonatal habenular lesions deafferent the dendrites of interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) neurons by preventing formation of S and crest synapses. The small number of synapses normally contacting IPN neuronal perikarya are of unknown, but non-habenular, origin. The number of synapses on IPN perikarya is significantly increased (p less than 0.001) when 10 control animals are compared to 7 animals with unilateral habenular lesions and 7 animals with bilateral lesions. The increases with bilateral lesions are approximately twice those resulting from unilateral lesions (p less than 0.01). This phenomenon involves sprouting of both the somatic synapses which contain spherical vesicles and those with flattened vesicle endings, and is greater when the latter are considered alone (p less than 0.001). Only the small group of somatic synapses with asymmetrical contacts failed to show a change. The increases suggest a postsynaptic control mechanism which acts in the direction of preserving synaptic input, but permits displacement of the site of input from dendrites to soma. Factors which may be important in determining this outcome are the production of the lesions prior to synaptogenesis, and the presumed shrinkage of the dendrites of the IPN neurons.", "PMID": 526865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3095", "title": "The effect of lidocaine on succinylcholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine on the increase of intraocular pressure induced by succinylcholine was studied in patients 6 to 85 years of age. Three groups of patients were studied. One group of eight patients received lidocaine 1 mg.kg-1 before succinylcholine and a control group of ten patients did not have lidocaine. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 5 mg.kg-1 and maintained with nitrous oxide 50 per cent with oxygen and halothane 1.0-1.5 per cent. The tracheae of all patients were intubated. Lidocaine in doses of 1.0 to 2.0 mg.kg-1 did not prevent transient rise in intraocular pressure following administration of succinylcholine and tracheal intubation.", "contents": "The effect of lidocaine on succinylcholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure. The effect of lidocaine on the increase of intraocular pressure induced by succinylcholine was studied in patients 6 to 85 years of age. Three groups of patients were studied. One group of eight patients received lidocaine 1 mg.kg-1 before succinylcholine and a control group of ten patients did not have lidocaine. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 5 mg.kg-1 and maintained with nitrous oxide 50 per cent with oxygen and halothane 1.0-1.5 per cent. The tracheae of all patients were intubated. Lidocaine in doses of 1.0 to 2.0 mg.kg-1 did not prevent transient rise in intraocular pressure following administration of succinylcholine and tracheal intubation.", "PMID": 526873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3096", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebellum and in centers of lateral line system of teleosts.", "content": "Using choline acetyltransferase as a marker of cholinergic activity, different cerebellar areas and brainstem nuclei were assayed in the goldfish and the catfish. Enzyme activity resulted remarkedly higher in archicerebellum than in paleocerebellum. In addition three brainstem nuclei related to lateral line system, showed high or very high levels of choline acetyltransferase. The results suggest that cholinergic transmission would play an important role in central circuits of lateral line system, including the projection towards archicerebellar areas.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebellum and in centers of lateral line system of teleosts. Using choline acetyltransferase as a marker of cholinergic activity, different cerebellar areas and brainstem nuclei were assayed in the goldfish and the catfish. Enzyme activity resulted remarkedly higher in archicerebellum than in paleocerebellum. In addition three brainstem nuclei related to lateral line system, showed high or very high levels of choline acetyltransferase. The results suggest that cholinergic transmission would play an important role in central circuits of lateral line system, including the projection towards archicerebellar areas.", "PMID": 526866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3097", "title": "Removable, conforming device for cooling the cortical surface.", "content": "A technique for cooling the cerebral cortex is described. It makes use of a neoprene bladder through which cold fluids is circulated. The flexible bladder is contained within a cylinder permanently attached to the skull. The bladder itself can be quickly installed and removed and conforms to the cortical surface with minimal pressure.", "contents": "Removable, conforming device for cooling the cortical surface. A technique for cooling the cerebral cortex is described. It makes use of a neoprene bladder through which cold fluids is circulated. The flexible bladder is contained within a cylinder permanently attached to the skull. The bladder itself can be quickly installed and removed and conforms to the cortical surface with minimal pressure.", "PMID": 526868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3098", "title": "Partial voltage clamping of Limulus ventral photoreceptor potentials: evidence of programmed conductance changes.", "content": "Light-initiated currents elicited by brief light stimuli from Limulus ventral photoreceptors bathed in normal sea water generally exhibit a smooth contour, although the unclamped receptor potential elicited by an identical light stimulus usually exhibits distinct C1 and C2 components. However, light-initiated currents obtained from cells exposed to chlorobutanol often exhibit two components. Data from such experiments indicate that peak C2 current is more strongly voltage dependent than peak C1 current, as in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells. The results of partial voltage clamp experiments with ventral photoreceptors in which the clamping episode terminated at different times during the receptor potential reveal relatively minor perturbations of the rebound receptor potential when compared with the unclamped control response. These findings suggest that the temporal pattern of the membrane conductance changes which underlie the receptor potential is determined prior to the occurrence of the receptor potential. It is likely that the program for these conductance changes is developed during the latent period of the receptor potential.", "contents": "Partial voltage clamping of Limulus ventral photoreceptor potentials: evidence of programmed conductance changes. Light-initiated currents elicited by brief light stimuli from Limulus ventral photoreceptors bathed in normal sea water generally exhibit a smooth contour, although the unclamped receptor potential elicited by an identical light stimulus usually exhibits distinct C1 and C2 components. However, light-initiated currents obtained from cells exposed to chlorobutanol often exhibit two components. Data from such experiments indicate that peak C2 current is more strongly voltage dependent than peak C1 current, as in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells. The results of partial voltage clamp experiments with ventral photoreceptors in which the clamping episode terminated at different times during the receptor potential reveal relatively minor perturbations of the rebound receptor potential when compared with the unclamped control response. These findings suggest that the temporal pattern of the membrane conductance changes which underlie the receptor potential is determined prior to the occurrence of the receptor potential. It is likely that the program for these conductance changes is developed during the latent period of the receptor potential.", "PMID": 526863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3099", "title": "Does prior dantrolene affect the in vitro diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility?", "content": "A therapeutic and prophylactic dose of dantrolene administered to malignant hyperthermia-susceptible pigs had no effect on the abnormal in vitro contracture response of subsequent muscle biopsies. The in vitro contracture response of MHS pig muscle to halothane and to caffeine was not altered by prior dantrolene treatment. It is concluded that prior dantrolene administration has no effect on the discrimination of porcine MSH by in vitro pharmacological testing.", "contents": "Does prior dantrolene affect the in vitro diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility? A therapeutic and prophylactic dose of dantrolene administered to malignant hyperthermia-susceptible pigs had no effect on the abnormal in vitro contracture response of subsequent muscle biopsies. The in vitro contracture response of MHS pig muscle to halothane and to caffeine was not altered by prior dantrolene treatment. It is concluded that prior dantrolene administration has no effect on the discrimination of porcine MSH by in vitro pharmacological testing.", "PMID": 526874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3100", "title": "Identification and distribution of alpha-melanotropin in discrete regions of the cat brain.", "content": "The distribution of alpha-melantropin-like material (alpha-MSH) was demonstrated in rat brain using a microdissection technique combined with radioimmunoassay. Highest concentrations of alpha-MSH were noted in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Particularly high concentrations were observed in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence, suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The thalamic paraventricular nucleus also contained high alpha-MSH concentrations. Moderate to low concentrations were noted in other thalamic, septal, amygdaloid and midbrain nuclei. Low concentrations were observed in cortical and striatal regions.", "contents": "Identification and distribution of alpha-melanotropin in discrete regions of the cat brain. The distribution of alpha-melantropin-like material (alpha-MSH) was demonstrated in rat brain using a microdissection technique combined with radioimmunoassay. Highest concentrations of alpha-MSH were noted in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Particularly high concentrations were observed in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence, suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The thalamic paraventricular nucleus also contained high alpha-MSH concentrations. Moderate to low concentrations were noted in other thalamic, septal, amygdaloid and midbrain nuclei. Low concentrations were observed in cortical and striatal regions.", "PMID": 526864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3101", "title": "Pancuronium for rapid induction technique for tracheal intubation.", "content": "Suxamethonium in a dose of 2 mg.kg-1 was compared to pancuronium in three different dosages (0.1 mg.kg-1, 0.15 mg.kg-1, 0.2 mg. kg-1) for a rapid induction (crash) technique for tracheal intubation. Pancuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1 was inferior to suxamethonium, but the larger doses of pancuronium were equally satisfactory. In those instances where suxamethonium is either contraindicated or undesirable, pancuronium in a dose of 0.15 mg.kg-1 is a suitable alternative for rapid induction for tracheal intubation.", "contents": "Pancuronium for rapid induction technique for tracheal intubation. Suxamethonium in a dose of 2 mg.kg-1 was compared to pancuronium in three different dosages (0.1 mg.kg-1, 0.15 mg.kg-1, 0.2 mg. kg-1) for a rapid induction (crash) technique for tracheal intubation. Pancuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1 was inferior to suxamethonium, but the larger doses of pancuronium were equally satisfactory. In those instances where suxamethonium is either contraindicated or undesirable, pancuronium in a dose of 0.15 mg.kg-1 is a suitable alternative for rapid induction for tracheal intubation.", "PMID": 526875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3102", "title": "A new aspect of the collision test principle: cell body distance from recording site.", "content": "A theoretical method is described for estimating the distance between a spike recording-site, possibly axonal, and the corresponding cell body of unknown location. The method requires that an orthodromic spike be recorded following an antidromic spike, with estimation of a collision interval analogous to that used for establishing antidromicity. To calculate the distance between recording-site and cell body, values are needed for the collision interval between antidromic and succeeding orthodromic spikes, the refractory period of the spike, and the antidromic conduction speed. Problems may arise in determining the last value. The method is illustrated with antidromic spikes recorded in the medial thalamus of the cat upon stimulating the caudate nucleus.", "contents": "A new aspect of the collision test principle: cell body distance from recording site. A theoretical method is described for estimating the distance between a spike recording-site, possibly axonal, and the corresponding cell body of unknown location. The method requires that an orthodromic spike be recorded following an antidromic spike, with estimation of a collision interval analogous to that used for establishing antidromicity. To calculate the distance between recording-site and cell body, values are needed for the collision interval between antidromic and succeeding orthodromic spikes, the refractory period of the spike, and the antidromic conduction speed. Problems may arise in determining the last value. The method is illustrated with antidromic spikes recorded in the medial thalamus of the cat upon stimulating the caudate nucleus.", "PMID": 526867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3103", "title": "Preservation of auditory-evoked brainstem responses in anaesthetized children.", "content": "In a series of six anaesthetized children we have been unable to demonstrate any effect of anaesthetic concentrations of halothane or thiopentone on the brainstem auditory-evoked response. The results imply preservation of brain stem function during anaesthesia with these drugs and suggest future application of anaesthesia to the testing of hearing disabilities in children, as well as application of evoked response audiometry to neurological critical care.", "contents": "Preservation of auditory-evoked brainstem responses in anaesthetized children. In a series of six anaesthetized children we have been unable to demonstrate any effect of anaesthetic concentrations of halothane or thiopentone on the brainstem auditory-evoked response. The results imply preservation of brain stem function during anaesthesia with these drugs and suggest future application of anaesthesia to the testing of hearing disabilities in children, as well as application of evoked response audiometry to neurological critical care.", "PMID": 526876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3104", "title": "Cardiac response of Nigerian hypertensives to anaesthesia and surgery.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the cardiac response of Nigerian hypertensives to anaesthesia and surgery, using systolic time intervals as an indication of ventricular function. Nine hypertensive and eight normotensive patients who were admitted for various operations had carotidogram, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram recorded simultaneously before induction of anaesthesia, after induction and during operation. The pre-ejection phase, (PEP) and the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were measured from the tracings and the ratio PEP/LVET was calculated. The results showed that for both normotensive patients and hypertensive patients there was a mean increase of the PEP/LVET ratio under anaesthesia and surgery, indicating deterioration of ventricular function. Hypertensive patients showed a much greater deviation from normal, approaching heart failure values. It is concluded that hypertensive patients seemed to be at greater risk during anaesthesia and surgery. The implication is that hypertensive patients should be adequately treated before operation.", "contents": "Cardiac response of Nigerian hypertensives to anaesthesia and surgery. This study was undertaken to determine the cardiac response of Nigerian hypertensives to anaesthesia and surgery, using systolic time intervals as an indication of ventricular function. Nine hypertensive and eight normotensive patients who were admitted for various operations had carotidogram, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram recorded simultaneously before induction of anaesthesia, after induction and during operation. The pre-ejection phase, (PEP) and the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were measured from the tracings and the ratio PEP/LVET was calculated. The results showed that for both normotensive patients and hypertensive patients there was a mean increase of the PEP/LVET ratio under anaesthesia and surgery, indicating deterioration of ventricular function. Hypertensive patients showed a much greater deviation from normal, approaching heart failure values. It is concluded that hypertensive patients seemed to be at greater risk during anaesthesia and surgery. The implication is that hypertensive patients should be adequately treated before operation.", "PMID": 526877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3105", "title": "Posterior laryngeal cleft - anaesthetic experiences.", "content": "Two cases of congenital posterior laryngeal cleft are reported which typify the anaesthetic techniques used for operation on this defect at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Although this anomaly of the airway is rare, it is potentially curable by surgery and should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress aggravated by feeding. The anaesthetic technique used for microlaryngeal surgery consisted of topical lidocaine, insufflation of oxygen and halothane with supplementary methoxyflurane and spontaneous ventilation. A nasotracheal tube is left in situ postoperatively until laryngeal oedema has subsided. The literature is reviewed and the relevant anaesthetic experience over a ten-year period at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, is summarized.", "contents": "Posterior laryngeal cleft - anaesthetic experiences. Two cases of congenital posterior laryngeal cleft are reported which typify the anaesthetic techniques used for operation on this defect at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Although this anomaly of the airway is rare, it is potentially curable by surgery and should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress aggravated by feeding. The anaesthetic technique used for microlaryngeal surgery consisted of topical lidocaine, insufflation of oxygen and halothane with supplementary methoxyflurane and spontaneous ventilation. A nasotracheal tube is left in situ postoperatively until laryngeal oedema has subsided. The literature is reviewed and the relevant anaesthetic experience over a ten-year period at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, is summarized.", "PMID": 526878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3106", "title": "[Accidental hypothermia: treatment of a case using peritoneal irrigation].", "content": "A case of accidental hypothermia is reported. This patient was rewarmed by using a peritoneal irrigation. Rewarming was rapid and without complication. The patient was discharged from the hospital free from any sequellae. Peritoneal irrigation constitutes a fast and effective technique of core body rewarming in cases of moderate or severe hypothermia. Another advantage of this method is that it can be accomplished without complicated equipment and that it can be used even in small community hospitals.", "contents": "[Accidental hypothermia: treatment of a case using peritoneal irrigation]. A case of accidental hypothermia is reported. This patient was rewarmed by using a peritoneal irrigation. Rewarming was rapid and without complication. The patient was discharged from the hospital free from any sequellae. Peritoneal irrigation constitutes a fast and effective technique of core body rewarming in cases of moderate or severe hypothermia. Another advantage of this method is that it can be accomplished without complicated equipment and that it can be used even in small community hospitals.", "PMID": 526879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3107", "title": "Safety modifications to mobile hypothermia units.", "content": "Major safety deficiencies of older mobile hypothermia units are described. Problems include absence of high or low temperature output limitation or of visual warning of abnormal operating temperatures. Modifications described provide two high temperature thermostats and one low temperature thermostat, which shut the unit down if the temperature limits are exceeded. Visual and auditory alarms were also added. Operators of mobile thermal units should be aware of the major safety deficiencies of some older models, and should insist on either modification, where appropriate, or replacement.", "contents": "Safety modifications to mobile hypothermia units. Major safety deficiencies of older mobile hypothermia units are described. Problems include absence of high or low temperature output limitation or of visual warning of abnormal operating temperatures. Modifications described provide two high temperature thermostats and one low temperature thermostat, which shut the unit down if the temperature limits are exceeded. Visual and auditory alarms were also added. Operators of mobile thermal units should be aware of the major safety deficiencies of some older models, and should insist on either modification, where appropriate, or replacement.", "PMID": 526880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3108", "title": "Laryngoscope blade with suction unit.", "content": "A laryngoscope blade incorporating a suction tube is described. Blood or secretions are automatically aspirated from the pharynx when the blade is inserted.", "contents": "Laryngoscope blade with suction unit. A laryngoscope blade incorporating a suction tube is described. Blood or secretions are automatically aspirated from the pharynx when the blade is inserted.", "PMID": 526881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3109", "title": "Analysis of dose-response patterns in mutation research.", "content": "Mutation induction data in unicellular systems can be described mathematically within the framework of single-event Poisson statistics. This formal description can be linked to various mechanistic models for mutation and killing. Such mathematical links between formalism and mechanism enable one to make use of the quantitative details of dose-response relations in drawing general inferences regarding the macromolecular processes involved in mutation and killing. Mutation yields, and in particular the position and magnitude of maximum yields, should be measured as carefully as possible as a means of verifying the apparent pattern of mutation induction kinetics suggested by double-logarithmic plots of mutation frequencies. For purely linear processes of mutation induction and exponential survival the maximum mutant yield is known to occur at the LD37 dose; however for non-linear kinetic patterns, the position and magnitude of the maximum yield shifts away from the LD37 in mathematically predictable ways. For any given pattern of killing and mutation, the ratio of the maximum mutant yields plotted over lethal hit units for two mutagens is a convenient measure of their relative mutagenic efficiencies.", "contents": "Analysis of dose-response patterns in mutation research. Mutation induction data in unicellular systems can be described mathematically within the framework of single-event Poisson statistics. This formal description can be linked to various mechanistic models for mutation and killing. Such mathematical links between formalism and mechanism enable one to make use of the quantitative details of dose-response relations in drawing general inferences regarding the macromolecular processes involved in mutation and killing. Mutation yields, and in particular the position and magnitude of maximum yields, should be measured as carefully as possible as a means of verifying the apparent pattern of mutation induction kinetics suggested by double-logarithmic plots of mutation frequencies. For purely linear processes of mutation induction and exponential survival the maximum mutant yield is known to occur at the LD37 dose; however for non-linear kinetic patterns, the position and magnitude of the maximum yield shifts away from the LD37 in mathematically predictable ways. For any given pattern of killing and mutation, the ratio of the maximum mutant yields plotted over lethal hit units for two mutagens is a convenient measure of their relative mutagenic efficiencies.", "PMID": 526885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3110", "title": "Soil populations of Rhizoctonia solani from areas of health and diseased beets within four sugarbeet fields differing in soil texture.", "content": "Both debris isolation and beet seed colonization methods were used to ascertain Rhizoctonia solani populations in areas of healthy (AH) and rhizoctonia crown rot diseased (DA) sugarbeets within four fields differing in soil texture over a 1-year period (August 1976 to July 1977). Inoculum densities were initially (August-October) higher in DA than in AH, but declined over the winter to levels similar to AH by June. As ascertained by the debris isolation method, AH populations remained low (mostly less than 30 colonies/50 g soil) throughout the year. High (90-422 colonies/50 g soil) DA inoculum densities were apparently sustained by active parasitism. Seasonal R. solani populations were postulated to consist of groupings of propagules differing in capacities for survival. Inoculum densities in AH and DA were similar in June indicating that factors other than inoculum density per se may initiate DA within beet fields. Soil textural differences did not adversely affect R. solani populations. Assays based on debris isolation depicted populations more accurately than did beet seed colonization assays. Most colonies developing in debris isolation plates originated from sclerotia.", "contents": "Soil populations of Rhizoctonia solani from areas of health and diseased beets within four sugarbeet fields differing in soil texture. Both debris isolation and beet seed colonization methods were used to ascertain Rhizoctonia solani populations in areas of healthy (AH) and rhizoctonia crown rot diseased (DA) sugarbeets within four fields differing in soil texture over a 1-year period (August 1976 to July 1977). Inoculum densities were initially (August-October) higher in DA than in AH, but declined over the winter to levels similar to AH by June. As ascertained by the debris isolation method, AH populations remained low (mostly less than 30 colonies/50 g soil) throughout the year. High (90-422 colonies/50 g soil) DA inoculum densities were apparently sustained by active parasitism. Seasonal R. solani populations were postulated to consist of groupings of propagules differing in capacities for survival. Inoculum densities in AH and DA were similar in June indicating that factors other than inoculum density per se may initiate DA within beet fields. Soil textural differences did not adversely affect R. solani populations. Assays based on debris isolation depicted populations more accurately than did beet seed colonization assays. Most colonies developing in debris isolation plates originated from sclerotia.", "PMID": 526886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3111", "title": "The fate of aflatoxin in naturally contaminated corn during the ethanol fermentation.", "content": "Corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin was used as a substrate in the ethanol fermentation. Distribution of toxin in several process and recovery fractions was identified. Although little degradation of the mycotoxin occurred during fermentation, no toxin appeared in the distilled alcohol. As accumulation of toxin in spent grains represents a potential problem in use of the material as animal feed, several decontamination procedures were tested. Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were identified as efficient agents of toxin degradation.", "contents": "The fate of aflatoxin in naturally contaminated corn during the ethanol fermentation. Corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin was used as a substrate in the ethanol fermentation. Distribution of toxin in several process and recovery fractions was identified. Although little degradation of the mycotoxin occurred during fermentation, no toxin appeared in the distilled alcohol. As accumulation of toxin in spent grains represents a potential problem in use of the material as animal feed, several decontamination procedures were tested. Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were identified as efficient agents of toxin degradation.", "PMID": 526887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3112", "title": "Silver-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from hospital patients.", "content": "The inclusion of agar medium containing 0.5 mM AgNO3 in the hospital laboratory replicating system for routine antibiotic-susceptibility determinations resulted in identification of species of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii) with silver resistance. Since the study began in October, 1975, 11 in-hospital patients receiving silver sulfadiazine for burn wound prophylaxis have yielded silver-resistant bacteria from their infected burns. During this treatment routine burn-site cultures from these patients yielded 230 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including 211 which were sulfonamide-resistant, 97 of which were also silver-resistant, and 38 of which were untested for silver resistance. Seven silver-resistant but sulfonamide-sensitive isolates were incidentally recovered from respiratory specimens from four nonburn patients with silver tracheostomy tubes, one silver-resistant sulfonamide-sensitive isolate was recovered from a small infected burn on the foot of an Emergency Room patient. Previous treatment of this burn was unknown. Representative AgNO3-resistant E. coli isolates from four patients were serologically untypable. Serotyping of representative isolates of K. pneumoniae showed a diversity of types except from two patients who had been in the same ward at the same time.", "contents": "Silver-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from hospital patients. The inclusion of agar medium containing 0.5 mM AgNO3 in the hospital laboratory replicating system for routine antibiotic-susceptibility determinations resulted in identification of species of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii) with silver resistance. Since the study began in October, 1975, 11 in-hospital patients receiving silver sulfadiazine for burn wound prophylaxis have yielded silver-resistant bacteria from their infected burns. During this treatment routine burn-site cultures from these patients yielded 230 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including 211 which were sulfonamide-resistant, 97 of which were also silver-resistant, and 38 of which were untested for silver resistance. Seven silver-resistant but sulfonamide-sensitive isolates were incidentally recovered from respiratory specimens from four nonburn patients with silver tracheostomy tubes, one silver-resistant sulfonamide-sensitive isolate was recovered from a small infected burn on the foot of an Emergency Room patient. Previous treatment of this burn was unknown. Representative AgNO3-resistant E. coli isolates from four patients were serologically untypable. Serotyping of representative isolates of K. pneumoniae showed a diversity of types except from two patients who had been in the same ward at the same time.", "PMID": 526888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3113", "title": "Identification of clinical isolates of selected species of Bacteroides: production of phenylacetic acid.", "content": "A total of 132 human clinical isolates were identified and tested for the production of phenylacetic acid. With the exception of B. vulgatus, B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus, and B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius, all other species under study produced phenylacetic acid. This property can thus serve as a basis for faster characterization of the strains in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Identification of clinical isolates of selected species of Bacteroides: production of phenylacetic acid. A total of 132 human clinical isolates were identified and tested for the production of phenylacetic acid. With the exception of B. vulgatus, B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus, and B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius, all other species under study produced phenylacetic acid. This property can thus serve as a basis for faster characterization of the strains in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 526889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3114", "title": "Production of alkaline phosphatase by epithelial cells and adherent bacteria of the bovine rumen and abomasum.", "content": "Three distinct bacterial populations have been defined in the bovine rumen: the rumen fluid population; the population associated with food particles; and the population adherent to the rumen epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been reported in cells of the first two populations and here we report that assays of rumen epithelial samples containing both tissue and bacteria also contain the enzyme. The reaction product technique has localized the enzyme both in adherent bacteria and in cell of the stratified squamous rumen epithelium. The epithelium of the abomasum shows much lower levels of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Production of alkaline phosphatase by epithelial cells and adherent bacteria of the bovine rumen and abomasum. Three distinct bacterial populations have been defined in the bovine rumen: the rumen fluid population; the population associated with food particles; and the population adherent to the rumen epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been reported in cells of the first two populations and here we report that assays of rumen epithelial samples containing both tissue and bacteria also contain the enzyme. The reaction product technique has localized the enzyme both in adherent bacteria and in cell of the stratified squamous rumen epithelium. The epithelium of the abomasum shows much lower levels of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 526890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3115", "title": "Mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevicompactum in two media.", "content": "Penicillium brevicompactum produces mycophenolic acid as it grows vegetatively, not only on a simple medium where growth is slow but also on a richer medium where growth is less restricted. The implications of this finding on the association of fungal secondary metabolism with the idiophase in liquid and solid culture are discussed.", "contents": "Mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevicompactum in two media. Penicillium brevicompactum produces mycophenolic acid as it grows vegetatively, not only on a simple medium where growth is slow but also on a richer medium where growth is less restricted. The implications of this finding on the association of fungal secondary metabolism with the idiophase in liquid and solid culture are discussed.", "PMID": 526891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3116", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of forest soil].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to evidence the aggregated structure of a forest soil as well as the presence of fungal hyphae external to soil aggregates. The supernatant of soil suspension in water mainly contained isolated bacteria, while ultrathin sections of aggregates frequently revealed groups of bacteria surrounded by a sheath of mucilage with adhering clay minerals on the outside. These results confirm the existence of two particular biotopes in the soil studied: one is located inside aggregates, and the other, in the inter-aggregate spaces.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of forest soil]. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evidence the aggregated structure of a forest soil as well as the presence of fungal hyphae external to soil aggregates. The supernatant of soil suspension in water mainly contained isolated bacteria, while ultrathin sections of aggregates frequently revealed groups of bacteria surrounded by a sheath of mucilage with adhering clay minerals on the outside. These results confirm the existence of two particular biotopes in the soil studied: one is located inside aggregates, and the other, in the inter-aggregate spaces.", "PMID": 526892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3117", "title": "A serological survey for Brucella canis in dogs in the Province of Quebec.", "content": "A serological survey for canine brucellosis has been conducted on 341 dogs from different regions of the province of Quebec. A significant titer was found in six sera (1.6%) with the 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Only two dogs presented titers >/= 1:200 which is considered as indicative of active infection.", "contents": "A serological survey for Brucella canis in dogs in the Province of Quebec. A serological survey for canine brucellosis has been conducted on 341 dogs from different regions of the province of Quebec. A significant titer was found in six sera (1.6%) with the 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Only two dogs presented titers >/= 1:200 which is considered as indicative of active infection.", "PMID": 526902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3118", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Saskatchewan.", "content": "Polioencephalomalacia similar to that in domestic ruminants was diagnosed in two wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with abnormal behaviour in Saskatchewan.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Saskatchewan. Polioencephalomalacia similar to that in domestic ruminants was diagnosed in two wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with abnormal behaviour in Saskatchewan.", "PMID": 526903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3119", "title": "The use of plastic plates for fixation of spinal fractures in the dog.", "content": "Plastic plates are a rapid and easy method to realign and stabilize the spinal column following a traumatic injury and may give greater bone-to-plate contact than metal plates. They distribute the pressure on the spinous processes over a larger surface area although plate slippage and spinous process fractures can occur as with any plate. Laminectomies should not be a routine procedure with plating but each patient should be evaluated individually and autogenous bone grafts may be used to advantage to promote fusion of vertebral bodies. In the two cases presented, the plastic plates achieved their purpose. However, it is essential that fusion of the vertebrae occurs before the plates slip or the spinous processes fracture.", "contents": "The use of plastic plates for fixation of spinal fractures in the dog. Plastic plates are a rapid and easy method to realign and stabilize the spinal column following a traumatic injury and may give greater bone-to-plate contact than metal plates. They distribute the pressure on the spinous processes over a larger surface area although plate slippage and spinous process fractures can occur as with any plate. Laminectomies should not be a routine procedure with plating but each patient should be evaluated individually and autogenous bone grafts may be used to advantage to promote fusion of vertebral bodies. In the two cases presented, the plastic plates achieved their purpose. However, it is essential that fusion of the vertebrae occurs before the plates slip or the spinous processes fracture.", "PMID": 526904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3120", "title": "Randomized phase II trial of rubidazone and adriamycin in women with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Thirty-eight females with advanced breast cancer who had failed prior chemotherapy were entered in a randomized study of rubidazone (150 mg/m2 iv over 1 hour) versus Adriamycin (60 mg/m2 iv over 5 minutes), both given every 4 weeks. The two treatment groups each contained 19 patients and were similar with respect to age, menopausal status, dominant disease status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, and prior hormonal therapy and chemotherapy exposure. No regressions (complete or partial) were observed with rubidazone, but four (21%) patients achieved regressions (one complete and three partial) with Adriamycin. Considering all cycles, hematologic toxicity included leukopenia (wbc count nadir of less than 4000/mm3) in 88% of patients receiving rubidazone and in 89% of those receiving Adriamycin. Three of eight patients treated with Adriamycin after rubidazone failure achieved a regression. Rubidazone appears to be of little value in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer who have failed prior chemotherapy.", "contents": "Randomized phase II trial of rubidazone and adriamycin in women with advanced breast cancer. Thirty-eight females with advanced breast cancer who had failed prior chemotherapy were entered in a randomized study of rubidazone (150 mg/m2 iv over 1 hour) versus Adriamycin (60 mg/m2 iv over 5 minutes), both given every 4 weeks. The two treatment groups each contained 19 patients and were similar with respect to age, menopausal status, dominant disease status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, and prior hormonal therapy and chemotherapy exposure. No regressions (complete or partial) were observed with rubidazone, but four (21%) patients achieved regressions (one complete and three partial) with Adriamycin. Considering all cycles, hematologic toxicity included leukopenia (wbc count nadir of less than 4000/mm3) in 88% of patients receiving rubidazone and in 89% of those receiving Adriamycin. Three of eight patients treated with Adriamycin after rubidazone failure achieved a regression. Rubidazone appears to be of little value in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer who have failed prior chemotherapy.", "PMID": 526908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3121", "title": "Analysis and interpretation of response rates for anticancer drugs.", "content": "A statistical method for interpreting data on the efficacy of anticancer agents is proposed. Tables were prepared for the retrospective analysis of studies evaluating the activity of anticancer agents against individual tumor types. The number of responding patients and the number of patients entered in the study were used to more objectively and formally determine the future disposition of the drug. Several examples of clinical studies show that use of our tables allows a more satisfactory and reliable classification than is often currently reported.", "contents": "Analysis and interpretation of response rates for anticancer drugs. A statistical method for interpreting data on the efficacy of anticancer agents is proposed. Tables were prepared for the retrospective analysis of studies evaluating the activity of anticancer agents against individual tumor types. The number of responding patients and the number of patients entered in the study were used to more objectively and formally determine the future disposition of the drug. Several examples of clinical studies show that use of our tables allows a more satisfactory and reliable classification than is often currently reported.", "PMID": 526909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3122", "title": "Two-stage plans for patient accrual in phase II cancer clinical trials.", "content": "This paper considers two-stage patient-accrual plans for phase II trials of anticancer drugs. The purpose is to identify the therapeutic level of drugs as either above or below a reference response rate. Using such a plan, decisions concerning the future disposition of drugs can be made more formally and objectively. The tables used to implement the plan are prepared for a 20% reference response rate, due to its wide acceptance in the design of phase II clinical trials.", "contents": "Two-stage plans for patient accrual in phase II cancer clinical trials. This paper considers two-stage patient-accrual plans for phase II trials of anticancer drugs. The purpose is to identify the therapeutic level of drugs as either above or below a reference response rate. Using such a plan, decisions concerning the future disposition of drugs can be made more formally and objectively. The tables used to implement the plan are prepared for a 20% reference response rate, due to its wide acceptance in the design of phase II clinical trials.", "PMID": 526910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3123", "title": "A mathematic model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to their spontaneous mutation rate.", "content": "A mathematic model has been developed relating the drug sensitivity of a tumor to its own spontaneous mutation rate towards phenotypic drug resistance. The proportion as well as the absolute numbers of resistant cells will increase with time and the fraction of resistant cells within tumor colonies of the same size with vary depending on whether mutation occurs as an early or late event. Analysis of the model indicates that the probability of the appearance of a resistant phenotype increases with the mutation rate. Furthermore, for any population of tumors with a non-zero mutation rate the likelihood of there being at least one resistant cell will go from a condition of low to high probability over a very short interval in the tumor's biologic history.", "contents": "A mathematic model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to their spontaneous mutation rate. A mathematic model has been developed relating the drug sensitivity of a tumor to its own spontaneous mutation rate towards phenotypic drug resistance. The proportion as well as the absolute numbers of resistant cells will increase with time and the fraction of resistant cells within tumor colonies of the same size with vary depending on whether mutation occurs as an early or late event. Analysis of the model indicates that the probability of the appearance of a resistant phenotype increases with the mutation rate. Furthermore, for any population of tumors with a non-zero mutation rate the likelihood of there being at least one resistant cell will go from a condition of low to high probability over a very short interval in the tumor's biologic history.", "PMID": 526911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3124", "title": "Sorbent removal of adriamycin in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Adriamycin adsorption to four sorbents, uncoated activated charcoal, acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal, a polystyrene non-ionic resin, and a pyrolized resin, was determined in vitro in aqueous and plasma solutions. Uncoated charcoal and pyrolized resin were most efficient in removing Adriamycin from these solutions. Four hours after an iv bolus of Adriamycin (2.5 mg/kg) to beagle dogs, acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal hemoperfusion was performed. Extraction of Adriamycin averaged 43% throughout the 3-hour hemoperfusion period and resulted in a 20-fold increase in total body elimination of Adriamycin but plasma drug concentrations returned towards control values following hemoperfusion. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma Adriamycin profiles suggested that reduction of tissue concentrations of Adriamycin could be attained if hemoperfusion periods were extended. It is suggested that hemoperfusion may be useful in reducing blood levels of Adriamycin in patients with hepatic disease or accidental overdosage, but that reduction of tissue levels of Adriamycin would require extended or repeated hemoperfusion treatments.", "contents": "Sorbent removal of adriamycin in vitro and in vivo. Adriamycin adsorption to four sorbents, uncoated activated charcoal, acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal, a polystyrene non-ionic resin, and a pyrolized resin, was determined in vitro in aqueous and plasma solutions. Uncoated charcoal and pyrolized resin were most efficient in removing Adriamycin from these solutions. Four hours after an iv bolus of Adriamycin (2.5 mg/kg) to beagle dogs, acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal hemoperfusion was performed. Extraction of Adriamycin averaged 43% throughout the 3-hour hemoperfusion period and resulted in a 20-fold increase in total body elimination of Adriamycin but plasma drug concentrations returned towards control values following hemoperfusion. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma Adriamycin profiles suggested that reduction of tissue concentrations of Adriamycin could be attained if hemoperfusion periods were extended. It is suggested that hemoperfusion may be useful in reducing blood levels of Adriamycin in patients with hepatic disease or accidental overdosage, but that reduction of tissue levels of Adriamycin would require extended or repeated hemoperfusion treatments.", "PMID": 526913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3125", "title": "Enhancement by thymidine of 5-fluorouracil's inhibition of thymidylate synthetase in human tumors.", "content": "The effects of thymidine (TdR) on the conversion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate and the resulting inhibition of thymidylate synthetase was determined in crude, human tissue extracts. TdR alone has no effect but it augmented the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase produced by 5-FU. TdR augmentation was probably mediated either by increasing 5-FU conversion to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate or by inhibiting 5-FU catabolism.", "contents": "Enhancement by thymidine of 5-fluorouracil's inhibition of thymidylate synthetase in human tumors. The effects of thymidine (TdR) on the conversion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate and the resulting inhibition of thymidylate synthetase was determined in crude, human tissue extracts. TdR alone has no effect but it augmented the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase produced by 5-FU. TdR augmentation was probably mediated either by increasing 5-FU conversion to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate or by inhibiting 5-FU catabolism.", "PMID": 526916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3126", "title": "Initial clinical studies with bruceantin.", "content": "A phase I clinical study of bruceantin was conducted in 66 patients with various types of advanced solid tumors to evaluate its toxicity and efficacy. The initial dose of 0.2 mg/m2/day x 5 days repeated at 2-week intervals was progressively increased to a maximum dose of 4.5 mg/m2/day. Hypotension was the dose-limiting toxic effect; it was delayed, cumulative, and occurred more often in patients with abnormal pretreatment liver function. Nausea, vomiting, and fever were common at higher doses, and diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia, paresthesia, and rash were observed in some patients. The hematologic toxicity of bruceantin was moderate at high doses and was manifested mainly as thrombocytopenia; it was more severe in patients with abnormal hepatic and renal functions. No objective tumor regressions were observed. The recommended dose of bruceantin is 3.5 mg/m2/day x 5 days for phase II studies.", "contents": "Initial clinical studies with bruceantin. A phase I clinical study of bruceantin was conducted in 66 patients with various types of advanced solid tumors to evaluate its toxicity and efficacy. The initial dose of 0.2 mg/m2/day x 5 days repeated at 2-week intervals was progressively increased to a maximum dose of 4.5 mg/m2/day. Hypotension was the dose-limiting toxic effect; it was delayed, cumulative, and occurred more often in patients with abnormal pretreatment liver function. Nausea, vomiting, and fever were common at higher doses, and diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia, paresthesia, and rash were observed in some patients. The hematologic toxicity of bruceantin was moderate at high doses and was manifested mainly as thrombocytopenia; it was more severe in patients with abnormal hepatic and renal functions. No objective tumor regressions were observed. The recommended dose of bruceantin is 3.5 mg/m2/day x 5 days for phase II studies.", "PMID": 526918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3127", "title": "Acute cardiovascular alterations induced by low doses of adriamycin, rubidazone, and daunorubicin in the anesthetized beagle dog.", "content": "Iv injections of Adriamycin (0.375-3.0 mg/kg), rubidazone (0.75-6.0 mg/kg), or daunorubicin (0.75-6.0 mg/kg) given within 1 minute produced immediate hypotension in anesthetized beagle dogs. The threshold hypotensive dose for Adriamycin (0.375 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/m2) was lower than that for either rubidazone (0.75 mg/kg) or daunorubicin (1.5 mg/kg). Recovery from hypotension was more rapid after administration of rubidazone or daunorubicin than after Adriamycin. Adriamycin (1.5-3.0 mg/kg) caused respiratory distress and depressed mean arterial pressure an average of 54%-82% for up to 30 minutes. The hypotension was almost eliminated when the Adriamycin (1.5 mg/kg) infusion period was extended to 15 minutes. Significant increases in plasma histamine concentrations, coinciding with the peak hypotensive response, were detected within 1 minute after infusion of either Adriamycin (1.5 mg/kg) or rubidazone (1.5 mg/kg). Similar effects were noted after 6.0 mg/kg of daunorubicin. It appears that the acute cardiovascular effects of the three anthracycline compounds are mediated through release of histamine.", "contents": "Acute cardiovascular alterations induced by low doses of adriamycin, rubidazone, and daunorubicin in the anesthetized beagle dog. Iv injections of Adriamycin (0.375-3.0 mg/kg), rubidazone (0.75-6.0 mg/kg), or daunorubicin (0.75-6.0 mg/kg) given within 1 minute produced immediate hypotension in anesthetized beagle dogs. The threshold hypotensive dose for Adriamycin (0.375 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/m2) was lower than that for either rubidazone (0.75 mg/kg) or daunorubicin (1.5 mg/kg). Recovery from hypotension was more rapid after administration of rubidazone or daunorubicin than after Adriamycin. Adriamycin (1.5-3.0 mg/kg) caused respiratory distress and depressed mean arterial pressure an average of 54%-82% for up to 30 minutes. The hypotension was almost eliminated when the Adriamycin (1.5 mg/kg) infusion period was extended to 15 minutes. Significant increases in plasma histamine concentrations, coinciding with the peak hypotensive response, were detected within 1 minute after infusion of either Adriamycin (1.5 mg/kg) or rubidazone (1.5 mg/kg). Similar effects were noted after 6.0 mg/kg of daunorubicin. It appears that the acute cardiovascular effects of the three anthracycline compounds are mediated through release of histamine.", "PMID": 526912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3128", "title": "1-year followup of cardiac status after adriamycin therapy.", "content": "To study the natural history of the alterations in cardiac function produced by Adriamycin therapy, serial M-mode echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and systolic time intervals were obtained in 15 patients prior to Adriamycin therapy and at 3-month intervals during and 1 year after cessation of therapy. The echocardiographic E-point septal separation increased from a median 0 dose value of 0.40 cm to 0.70 cm (P less than 0.003) at the time of the maximum dose of Adriamycin. The electrocardiographic frontal plane voltage decreased 13% (P less than 0.008) and the pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio increased from a median value of 0.37 to 0.40 (P less than 0.01) during this same period. During the first year after Adriamycin was discontinued, no significant change was noted in any of these values. Thus, as a group, the slight deterioration of ventricular function that occurred during Adriamycin therapy remained unimproved during the 1-year followup period.", "contents": "1-year followup of cardiac status after adriamycin therapy. To study the natural history of the alterations in cardiac function produced by Adriamycin therapy, serial M-mode echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and systolic time intervals were obtained in 15 patients prior to Adriamycin therapy and at 3-month intervals during and 1 year after cessation of therapy. The echocardiographic E-point septal separation increased from a median 0 dose value of 0.40 cm to 0.70 cm (P less than 0.003) at the time of the maximum dose of Adriamycin. The electrocardiographic frontal plane voltage decreased 13% (P less than 0.008) and the pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio increased from a median value of 0.37 to 0.40 (P less than 0.01) during this same period. During the first year after Adriamycin was discontinued, no significant change was noted in any of these values. Thus, as a group, the slight deterioration of ventricular function that occurred during Adriamycin therapy remained unimproved during the 1-year followup period.", "PMID": 526915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3129", "title": "Ocular assessment of patients treated with tamoxifen.", "content": "Tamoxifen is a specific estrogen antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer. In a previous study, corneal and retinal changes were reported in four patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen therapy for greater than 1 year. Nineteen patients treated with tamoxifen for periods of 3 months to 4 years at normal dose levels have been studied and no ocular changes attributable to the drug were observed.", "contents": "Ocular assessment of patients treated with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is a specific estrogen antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer. In a previous study, corneal and retinal changes were reported in four patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen therapy for greater than 1 year. Nineteen patients treated with tamoxifen for periods of 3 months to 4 years at normal dose levels have been studied and no ocular changes attributable to the drug were observed.", "PMID": 526917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3130", "title": "Phase I clinical evaluation of 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole.", "content": "2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, was given to 25 patients in a phase I study. The drug was administered by rapid iv infusion daily x 5 days at 3-week intervals at doses ranging from 150 to 1500 mg/m2/day. Side effects were observed with doses of greater than or equal to 1000 mg/m2/day and included nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine, and anemia. At doses of 1500 mg/m2, three patients had evidence of hemolysis (two had hemoglobinuria and one had acute intravascular hemolysis). The hemolysis was severe enough to cause death in one patient and necessitated abandoning further dose escalation. There was minimal or no myelosuppression at any dose level. No objective tumor regression was observed in any of the 16 patients evaluable for response. Further studies are recommended to carefully evaluate the etiology of the hemolysis before proceeding to a phase II trial. It is unlikely that this drug will prove to be useful unless methods for circumventing hemolysis are developed.", "contents": "Phase I clinical evaluation of 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole. 2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, was given to 25 patients in a phase I study. The drug was administered by rapid iv infusion daily x 5 days at 3-week intervals at doses ranging from 150 to 1500 mg/m2/day. Side effects were observed with doses of greater than or equal to 1000 mg/m2/day and included nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine, and anemia. At doses of 1500 mg/m2, three patients had evidence of hemolysis (two had hemoglobinuria and one had acute intravascular hemolysis). The hemolysis was severe enough to cause death in one patient and necessitated abandoning further dose escalation. There was minimal or no myelosuppression at any dose level. No objective tumor regression was observed in any of the 16 patients evaluable for response. Further studies are recommended to carefully evaluate the etiology of the hemolysis before proceeding to a phase II trial. It is unlikely that this drug will prove to be useful unless methods for circumventing hemolysis are developed.", "PMID": 526919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3131", "title": "Schedule-dependent synergism of methotrexate and vincristine against murine L1210 leukemia.", "content": "BD2F1 mice were inoculated with 10(6) L1210 murine lymphocytic leukemia cells and treated simultaneously with methotrexate and vincristine or with methotrexate followed by vincristine greater than or equal to 24 hours later. Four to six doses of methotrexate, 48 mg/kg ip, administered every 4 days beginning on Day 1 resulted in a 168%-228% increase in lifespan, while vincristine, at 0.5 mg/kg ip, given on the same schedule until death (two or three doses) gave only a 37% increase in lifespan. Simultaneous administration of both agents resulted in a therapeutic effect which was approximately additive. When vincristine was given 24 hours or 24 and 72 hours after the methotrexate, a further increase (70%-100%) in lifespan over that expected from an additive effect and long-term survivors (greater than 90 days) were obtained. Synergism between the two agents and long-term survivors were also seen with higher methotrexate concentrations (72 or 96 mg/kg) given in four or five courses. If therapy was initiated on Day 2 when the peritoneal tumor burden was approximately 2 x 10(7) cells, the combination of methotrexate with delayed vincristine still resulted in an increased therapeutic effect over that obtained with either drug alone, or that expected on an additive basis.", "contents": "Schedule-dependent synergism of methotrexate and vincristine against murine L1210 leukemia. BD2F1 mice were inoculated with 10(6) L1210 murine lymphocytic leukemia cells and treated simultaneously with methotrexate and vincristine or with methotrexate followed by vincristine greater than or equal to 24 hours later. Four to six doses of methotrexate, 48 mg/kg ip, administered every 4 days beginning on Day 1 resulted in a 168%-228% increase in lifespan, while vincristine, at 0.5 mg/kg ip, given on the same schedule until death (two or three doses) gave only a 37% increase in lifespan. Simultaneous administration of both agents resulted in a therapeutic effect which was approximately additive. When vincristine was given 24 hours or 24 and 72 hours after the methotrexate, a further increase (70%-100%) in lifespan over that expected from an additive effect and long-term survivors (greater than 90 days) were obtained. Synergism between the two agents and long-term survivors were also seen with higher methotrexate concentrations (72 or 96 mg/kg) given in four or five courses. If therapy was initiated on Day 2 when the peritoneal tumor burden was approximately 2 x 10(7) cells, the combination of methotrexate with delayed vincristine still resulted in an increased therapeutic effect over that obtained with either drug alone, or that expected on an additive basis.", "PMID": 526921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3132", "title": "Quantitative experimental evaluation of adriamycin cardiotoxicity in the mouse.", "content": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity was morphologically evaluated in mice treated iv ten times at three dose levels which were equal to fixed fractions of the LD50. Good correlation between the degenerative heart lesions, scored according to a nonparametric scoring system, and the doses was found and allowed calculation of a median cumulative cardiotoxic dose of 36.4 mg/kg of body weight (121.5 mg/m2). The method is suitable for quantitative screening of the potential cardiotoxicity of new anthracycline analogs under standardized conditions.", "contents": "Quantitative experimental evaluation of adriamycin cardiotoxicity in the mouse. Adriamycin cardiotoxicity was morphologically evaluated in mice treated iv ten times at three dose levels which were equal to fixed fractions of the LD50. Good correlation between the degenerative heart lesions, scored according to a nonparametric scoring system, and the doses was found and allowed calculation of a median cumulative cardiotoxic dose of 36.4 mg/kg of body weight (121.5 mg/m2). The method is suitable for quantitative screening of the potential cardiotoxicity of new anthracycline analogs under standardized conditions.", "PMID": 526920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3133", "title": "Phase II study of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "A phase II study of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) was carried out in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Four of 26 evaluable patients achieved partial responses and four showed minor responses. The maximum tolerated dose of AMSA was 30 mg/m2/day x 3 days and the dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression. Two of the AMSA responders had not responded to initial therapy with an Adriamycin-containing regimen, indicating a lack of cross-resistance between these two DNA binders.", "contents": "Phase II study of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) in metastatic breast cancer. A phase II study of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) was carried out in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Four of 26 evaluable patients achieved partial responses and four showed minor responses. The maximum tolerated dose of AMSA was 30 mg/m2/day x 3 days and the dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression. Two of the AMSA responders had not responded to initial therapy with an Adriamycin-containing regimen, indicating a lack of cross-resistance between these two DNA binders.", "PMID": 526929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3134", "title": "Phase I study of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA).", "content": "N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, an inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, was administered to 25 patients with advanced cancer by 10-minute infusion daily x 5 consecutive days to determine the toxicity and to look for evidence of therapeutic effect. Planned dose escalations ranged from 100 to 1250 mg/m2 (daily dose). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the most frequent toxic effects, with three of six patients treated at a daily dose of 1250 mg/m2 having severe diarrhea. Other toxic effects were encountered rarely and were not dose-limiting; these included mild leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, rash, stomatitis, and increases in SGOT. One patient with a widely metastatic carcinoid of unknown origin had an objective response lasting 6 weeks.", "contents": "Phase I study of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA). N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, an inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, was administered to 25 patients with advanced cancer by 10-minute infusion daily x 5 consecutive days to determine the toxicity and to look for evidence of therapeutic effect. Planned dose escalations ranged from 100 to 1250 mg/m2 (daily dose). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the most frequent toxic effects, with three of six patients treated at a daily dose of 1250 mg/m2 having severe diarrhea. Other toxic effects were encountered rarely and were not dose-limiting; these included mild leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, rash, stomatitis, and increases in SGOT. One patient with a widely metastatic carcinoid of unknown origin had an objective response lasting 6 weeks.", "PMID": 526923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3135", "title": "The delta and epsilon errors in the assessment of cancer clinical trials.", "content": "The error probabilities alpha and beta are widely used to compute sample sizes and to analyze results of clinical trials. These errors are, however, not the only probabilities to consider when assessing results of clinical studies. The rate of false positive (delta) and false negative (epsilon) results allows one to determine if an experimental finding is likely to reflect the true situation in the population of interest. The delta error is generally high in randomized phase III and in early phase II clinical trials in cancer patients, whereas the epsilon error is relatively low in these settings. This is essentially due to the small probability of detecting a more effective treatment or a new chemotherapeutic agent active in cancer. The delta error could be considerably reduced by increasing the sample sizes and by restricting the allowance made for the alpha error, which should be set at a 1% level as a minimum requirement.", "contents": "The delta and epsilon errors in the assessment of cancer clinical trials. The error probabilities alpha and beta are widely used to compute sample sizes and to analyze results of clinical trials. These errors are, however, not the only probabilities to consider when assessing results of clinical studies. The rate of false positive (delta) and false negative (epsilon) results allows one to determine if an experimental finding is likely to reflect the true situation in the population of interest. The delta error is generally high in randomized phase III and in early phase II clinical trials in cancer patients, whereas the epsilon error is relatively low in these settings. This is essentially due to the small probability of detecting a more effective treatment or a new chemotherapeutic agent active in cancer. The delta error could be considerably reduced by increasing the sample sizes and by restricting the allowance made for the alpha error, which should be set at a 1% level as a minimum requirement.", "PMID": 526924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3136", "title": "Phase I-II trial of methyl-GAG: a Southwest Oncology Group Pilot Study.", "content": "One hundred and nine patients with advanced malignancy, refractory to conventional therapy, were treated with a weekly schedule of methyl-GAG. Ninety-one patients (83%) were less than fully ambulatory. Sixty-five patients were fully evaluable for response. There were two complete and nine partial responses. An additional nine patients had objective tumor regressions and were classified as improved. The median duration of response was 5 months. Toxic effects were primarily mucositis (17 patients) and nausea and vomiting (14 patients). Sixty-seven patients had no manifestations of drug toxicity. Responses observed in a wide variety of solid tumors warrant further clinical trials.", "contents": "Phase I-II trial of methyl-GAG: a Southwest Oncology Group Pilot Study. One hundred and nine patients with advanced malignancy, refractory to conventional therapy, were treated with a weekly schedule of methyl-GAG. Ninety-one patients (83%) were less than fully ambulatory. Sixty-five patients were fully evaluable for response. There were two complete and nine partial responses. An additional nine patients had objective tumor regressions and were classified as improved. The median duration of response was 5 months. Toxic effects were primarily mucositis (17 patients) and nausea and vomiting (14 patients). Sixty-seven patients had no manifestations of drug toxicity. Responses observed in a wide variety of solid tumors warrant further clinical trials.", "PMID": 526927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3137", "title": "Phase I trial of bruceantin.", "content": "Bruceantin was administered to 33 patients with advanced solid tumors or hematologic neoplasms. The schedule consisted of four weekly iv injections at one dose level followed by a 2-week \"no-treatment\" period; this program was repeated every 6 weeks. A total of 156 weekly injections were given over a dose range of 0.8-8.5 mg/m2. Systolic and diastolic hypotension was dose-related and dose-limiting at doses of greater than or equal to 6.0 mg/m2. Transient febrile reactions were dose-related. Gastrointestinal toxicity was commonly observed but was not dose-limiting. There was no hematologic or renal toxicity; hepatic toxicity was subclinical and reversible. Of 18 patients evaluable for antitumor response one patient with adenocarcinoma of the cervix experienced a less than 50% disease regression lasting 10 months and one patient with pleural mesothelioma experienced disease stabilization lasting 4 months. A phase II study of bruceantin is recommended at a starting dose of 5.5 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks as a 4-hour iv infusion repeated at 6-week intervals.", "contents": "Phase I trial of bruceantin. Bruceantin was administered to 33 patients with advanced solid tumors or hematologic neoplasms. The schedule consisted of four weekly iv injections at one dose level followed by a 2-week \"no-treatment\" period; this program was repeated every 6 weeks. A total of 156 weekly injections were given over a dose range of 0.8-8.5 mg/m2. Systolic and diastolic hypotension was dose-related and dose-limiting at doses of greater than or equal to 6.0 mg/m2. Transient febrile reactions were dose-related. Gastrointestinal toxicity was commonly observed but was not dose-limiting. There was no hematologic or renal toxicity; hepatic toxicity was subclinical and reversible. Of 18 patients evaluable for antitumor response one patient with adenocarcinoma of the cervix experienced a less than 50% disease regression lasting 10 months and one patient with pleural mesothelioma experienced disease stabilization lasting 4 months. A phase II study of bruceantin is recommended at a starting dose of 5.5 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks as a 4-hour iv infusion repeated at 6-week intervals.", "PMID": 526926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3138", "title": "Treatment of mouse tumors with 7-con-O-methylnogarol and other analogs of the anthracycline antibiotic, nogalamycin.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic activity of analogs of the anthracycline antibiotic, nogalamycin, was investigated in the P388 and L1210 leukemias and the B16 melanoma in mice. Among the compounds tested, 7-con-O-methylnogarol was found to have superior activity. Depending on the route and schedule of administration, increases in lifespan (ILS) in excess of 100% were observed in all three tumor systems. Additional testing of 7-con-O-methylnogarol demonstrated significant activity in the murine colon 26 and colon 38 tumors and the CD8F1 mammary tumor. 7-Con-O-methylnogarol was not significantly effective against murine Lewis lung carcinoma, although ILSs of 38% and 29% were achieved in two experiments. Activity was observed against ip inoculated P388 leukemia after ip, sc, oral, and iv drug administration. 7-Con-O-methylnogarol was also highly active (ILS greater than or equal to 120%) after ip drug administration to mice with iv inoculated P388 leukemia. Significant ILS values resulted from a variety of schedules of administration against ip inoculated P388 leukemia and B16 melanoma. Experiments in which the time of single-dose administration was varied prior to the time of ip P388 leukemia inoculation showed that residual drug or bioactive drug-related materials remained in mice for 8 hours after 50 mg/kg administered ip and for 48 hours after 200 mg/kg administered sc.", "contents": "Treatment of mouse tumors with 7-con-O-methylnogarol and other analogs of the anthracycline antibiotic, nogalamycin. The chemotherapeutic activity of analogs of the anthracycline antibiotic, nogalamycin, was investigated in the P388 and L1210 leukemias and the B16 melanoma in mice. Among the compounds tested, 7-con-O-methylnogarol was found to have superior activity. Depending on the route and schedule of administration, increases in lifespan (ILS) in excess of 100% were observed in all three tumor systems. Additional testing of 7-con-O-methylnogarol demonstrated significant activity in the murine colon 26 and colon 38 tumors and the CD8F1 mammary tumor. 7-Con-O-methylnogarol was not significantly effective against murine Lewis lung carcinoma, although ILSs of 38% and 29% were achieved in two experiments. Activity was observed against ip inoculated P388 leukemia after ip, sc, oral, and iv drug administration. 7-Con-O-methylnogarol was also highly active (ILS greater than or equal to 120%) after ip drug administration to mice with iv inoculated P388 leukemia. Significant ILS values resulted from a variety of schedules of administration against ip inoculated P388 leukemia and B16 melanoma. Experiments in which the time of single-dose administration was varied prior to the time of ip P388 leukemia inoculation showed that residual drug or bioactive drug-related materials remained in mice for 8 hours after 50 mg/kg administered ip and for 48 hours after 200 mg/kg administered sc.", "PMID": 526931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3139", "title": "Phase I study of anguidine administered weekly.", "content": "Anguidine was administered on a weekly schedule to 20 patients. Gastrointestinal and neurologic toxic effects were dose-limiting for both 4- and 8-hour infusions of anguidine. Myelosuppression was infrequent and not dose-related. Recommended starting doses for weekly anguidine are 6.0 mg/m2 for patients with normal hepatic function and 3.5 mg/m2 for patients with liver dysfunction.", "contents": "Phase I study of anguidine administered weekly. Anguidine was administered on a weekly schedule to 20 patients. Gastrointestinal and neurologic toxic effects were dose-limiting for both 4- and 8-hour infusions of anguidine. Myelosuppression was infrequent and not dose-related. Recommended starting doses for weekly anguidine are 6.0 mg/m2 for patients with normal hepatic function and 3.5 mg/m2 for patients with liver dysfunction.", "PMID": 526932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3140", "title": "Phase I study of hycanthone.", "content": "Hycanthone, an antischistosomal drug possessing activity against experimental murine tumors, was administered by 20-minute infusion daily x 5 days to 12 patients with advanced cancer to determine dose-limiting toxicity and to look for therapeutic effect. No objective responses were seen. The dose-limiting toxic effect was acute hepatitis occurring in two of four patients treated at 100 mg/m2/day x 5. Moderate nausea and vomiting occurring on treatment days was the only other toxic effect. Hycanthone was not myelosuppressive. Assay of plasma concentrations of hycanthone revealed a plasma half-life of 3-5 hours and no accumulation of drug over the 5 days of treatment.", "contents": "Phase I study of hycanthone. Hycanthone, an antischistosomal drug possessing activity against experimental murine tumors, was administered by 20-minute infusion daily x 5 days to 12 patients with advanced cancer to determine dose-limiting toxicity and to look for therapeutic effect. No objective responses were seen. The dose-limiting toxic effect was acute hepatitis occurring in two of four patients treated at 100 mg/m2/day x 5. Moderate nausea and vomiting occurring on treatment days was the only other toxic effect. Hycanthone was not myelosuppressive. Assay of plasma concentrations of hycanthone revealed a plasma half-life of 3-5 hours and no accumulation of drug over the 5 days of treatment.", "PMID": 526930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3141", "title": "A carcinoembryonic antigen standardization experiment for the conduct of multi-institutional clinical trials. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.", "content": "The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group conducted a carcinoembryonic antigen standardization experiment to address the issue of reproducibility of assays performed at participating institutions and a central laboratory. Samples were drawn in quadruplicate from 37 patients, representing five participating institutions. Systematic biases were observed in four of the five institutions: two series were consistently higher and another two series were consistently lower than the corresponding central laboratory determinations. Significantly higher variations were found in three of the five series, comparing the sample variances associated with the matching assay series. Overall, the standard deviation associated with the central laboratory was one third that of the participating institutions. These results point toward the limitation of pooling multi-institutional carcinoembryonic antigen data. The use of multivariate models with parameters for institution comparison is proposed as a solution to this problem.", "contents": "A carcinoembryonic antigen standardization experiment for the conduct of multi-institutional clinical trials. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group conducted a carcinoembryonic antigen standardization experiment to address the issue of reproducibility of assays performed at participating institutions and a central laboratory. Samples were drawn in quadruplicate from 37 patients, representing five participating institutions. Systematic biases were observed in four of the five institutions: two series were consistently higher and another two series were consistently lower than the corresponding central laboratory determinations. Significantly higher variations were found in three of the five series, comparing the sample variances associated with the matching assay series. Overall, the standard deviation associated with the central laboratory was one third that of the participating institutions. These results point toward the limitation of pooling multi-institutional carcinoembryonic antigen data. The use of multivariate models with parameters for institution comparison is proposed as a solution to this problem.", "PMID": 526936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3142", "title": "Phase I evaluation of a weekly schedule of anguidine. Southeastern Cancer Study Group Committee on Gastrointestinal Malignancies.", "content": "A phase I evaluation of a weekly schedule of anguidine was undertaken as an alternative to the present continuous daily schedules. The dose ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 mg/m2 given as an infusion over 3 hours. No myelosuppression was noted at any dose level. The toxic effects included nausea and vomiting, hypotension, CNS symptoms (confusion, hallucinations, and psychomotor seizures), chills, fever, and diarrhea. A dose of 5 mg/m2 of anguidine produced acceptable toxicity.", "contents": "Phase I evaluation of a weekly schedule of anguidine. Southeastern Cancer Study Group Committee on Gastrointestinal Malignancies. A phase I evaluation of a weekly schedule of anguidine was undertaken as an alternative to the present continuous daily schedules. The dose ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 mg/m2 given as an infusion over 3 hours. No myelosuppression was noted at any dose level. The toxic effects included nausea and vomiting, hypotension, CNS symptoms (confusion, hallucinations, and psychomotor seizures), chills, fever, and diarrhea. A dose of 5 mg/m2 of anguidine produced acceptable toxicity.", "PMID": 526934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3143", "title": "Alterations of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with subacute adriamycin toxicity.", "content": "Single doses of Adriamycin (ADR) and isoproterenol in CDF rats produce significant increases in total serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, LDH isoenzymes, and LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio. Isoproterenol produced significant increases in LDH-1, LDH-2, and LDH-3 and the LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio; ADR produced significant increases in all isoenzymes, reflecting widespread toxicity, with peak levels of total LDH, LDH isoenzymes, and LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio at 48 hours after injection. While the increased LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio may suggest myocardial leakage with ADR administration, the results are too nonspecific to conclude that the heart is the primary source of serum LDH-1 and LDH-2.", "contents": "Alterations of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with subacute adriamycin toxicity. Single doses of Adriamycin (ADR) and isoproterenol in CDF rats produce significant increases in total serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, LDH isoenzymes, and LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio. Isoproterenol produced significant increases in LDH-1, LDH-2, and LDH-3 and the LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio; ADR produced significant increases in all isoenzymes, reflecting widespread toxicity, with peak levels of total LDH, LDH isoenzymes, and LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio at 48 hours after injection. While the increased LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio may suggest myocardial leakage with ADR administration, the results are too nonspecific to conclude that the heart is the primary source of serum LDH-1 and LDH-2.", "PMID": 526938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3144", "title": "Vindesine in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: a phase II study.", "content": "Vindesine, a new vinca alkaloid, has shown therapeutic activity in several human malignancies. A phase II study in 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was performed. Sixty percent of these patients had received prior chemotherapy. The starting dose was 3.0 mg/m2, which was escalated by 0.5 mg/m2 to a maximum of 4.5 mg/m2. Treatment was given once weekly for 7 weeks and every other week thereafter. Twenty-three patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. One complete remission (3 months), three partial remissions (5, 4, and 2+ months), and two minor responses (1.5 and 1 month) were seen. The major toxic effects were peripheral neuropathy, leukopenia, fever and myalgias, and alopecia. There was one drug-related death from leukopenia and sepsis. Vindesine has demonstrated therapeutic activity in esophageal carcinoma. Further studies with this agent are indicated.", "contents": "Vindesine in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: a phase II study. Vindesine, a new vinca alkaloid, has shown therapeutic activity in several human malignancies. A phase II study in 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was performed. Sixty percent of these patients had received prior chemotherapy. The starting dose was 3.0 mg/m2, which was escalated by 0.5 mg/m2 to a maximum of 4.5 mg/m2. Treatment was given once weekly for 7 weeks and every other week thereafter. Twenty-three patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. One complete remission (3 months), three partial remissions (5, 4, and 2+ months), and two minor responses (1.5 and 1 month) were seen. The major toxic effects were peripheral neuropathy, leukopenia, fever and myalgias, and alopecia. There was one drug-related death from leukopenia and sepsis. Vindesine has demonstrated therapeutic activity in esophageal carcinoma. Further studies with this agent are indicated.", "PMID": 526935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3145", "title": "Pulmonary hyaline membrane disease occurring in the course of VM-26 therapy.", "content": "During treatment with VM-26 a 20-year-old patient with metastatic medulloblastoma developed an acute, fulminating pulmonary illness. Open lung biopsy revealed advanced alveolar hyaline membrane formation with interstitial round cell infiltrate. This is the first reported case of podophyllotoxin-related pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary hyaline membrane disease occurring in the course of VM-26 therapy. During treatment with VM-26 a 20-year-old patient with metastatic medulloblastoma developed an acute, fulminating pulmonary illness. Open lung biopsy revealed advanced alveolar hyaline membrane formation with interstitial round cell infiltrate. This is the first reported case of podophyllotoxin-related pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 526943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3146", "title": "On the specificity and mode of action of a xylanase from Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.) Pil\u00e1t.", "content": "The mode of action of the extracellular endo-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-xylanase produced by Trametes hirsuta on a (4-0-methyl-D-glucurono)-D-xylan and a modified, essentially neutral D-xylan from white willow (Salix alba L.) has been studied. Xylotetraose and xylohexaose, together with aldotetraouronic and aldohexaouronic acids, were the main products. The acidic oligosaccharides had a 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid group attached to the non-reducing D-xylosyl end-group. The action pattern of the xylanase corresponds to that of a typical endo-enzyme that acts more readily in the middle of chain, and the specific region of its action appears to involve five D-xylosyl residues. The products of the enzymic treatment of the D-xylan have revealed a regular distribution of the 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups attached to the D-xylan backbone.", "contents": "On the specificity and mode of action of a xylanase from Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.) Pil\u00e1t. The mode of action of the extracellular endo-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-xylanase produced by Trametes hirsuta on a (4-0-methyl-D-glucurono)-D-xylan and a modified, essentially neutral D-xylan from white willow (Salix alba L.) has been studied. Xylotetraose and xylohexaose, together with aldotetraouronic and aldohexaouronic acids, were the main products. The acidic oligosaccharides had a 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid group attached to the non-reducing D-xylosyl end-group. The action pattern of the xylanase corresponds to that of a typical endo-enzyme that acts more readily in the middle of chain, and the specific region of its action appears to involve five D-xylosyl residues. The products of the enzymic treatment of the D-xylan have revealed a regular distribution of the 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups attached to the D-xylan backbone.", "PMID": 526952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3147", "title": "Conformational investigation on the bacterial polysaccharide xanthan.", "content": "The conformation of xanthan has been investigated as a function of temperature, ionic strength, and polymer concentration. A reversible transition induced by temperature is demonstrated; the melting temperature (TM) is directly correlated to the total ionic-strength and is independent of the polymer concentration. Measurements of circular dichroism show that the polysaccharide exists in a combination of only two characteristic conformations (random and ordered), regardless of the temperature and the concentrations of salt and polymer. Hydrodynamic measurements show that the hydrodynamic volume of both conformations is almost constant over the range of temperature investigated. The mechanism proposed by Morris for melting is confirmed, and a multichain process is excluded. The birefringence stability of the concentrated solutions is discussed.", "contents": "Conformational investigation on the bacterial polysaccharide xanthan. The conformation of xanthan has been investigated as a function of temperature, ionic strength, and polymer concentration. A reversible transition induced by temperature is demonstrated; the melting temperature (TM) is directly correlated to the total ionic-strength and is independent of the polymer concentration. Measurements of circular dichroism show that the polysaccharide exists in a combination of only two characteristic conformations (random and ordered), regardless of the temperature and the concentrations of salt and polymer. Hydrodynamic measurements show that the hydrodynamic volume of both conformations is almost constant over the range of temperature investigated. The mechanism proposed by Morris for melting is confirmed, and a multichain process is excluded. The birefringence stability of the concentrated solutions is discussed.", "PMID": 526953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3148", "title": "Phase II study of alternating cytoreductive and cycle-active combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Nineteen females with metastatic breast cancer (73% with visceral disease) treated with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) cytoreduction followed by, and then alternated with, an intensive \"cycle-active\" regimen were evaluable. Sixteen of the 19 (84%) patients responded to CAF prior to initiation of the cycle-active regimen, and median remission duration for CAF responders was 50 weeks. The regimen was tolerable and the remission rates and durations were at least as good as those seen with CAF alone. This regimen is now being compared with CAF in a randomized trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.", "contents": "Phase II study of alternating cytoreductive and cycle-active combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Nineteen females with metastatic breast cancer (73% with visceral disease) treated with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) cytoreduction followed by, and then alternated with, an intensive \"cycle-active\" regimen were evaluable. Sixteen of the 19 (84%) patients responded to CAF prior to initiation of the cycle-active regimen, and median remission duration for CAF responders was 50 weeks. The regimen was tolerable and the remission rates and durations were at least as good as those seen with CAF alone. This regimen is now being compared with CAF in a randomized trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.", "PMID": 526940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3149", "title": "Phase II evaluation of dianhydrogalactitol in advanced head and neck carcinomas.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the head and neck were treated with dianhydrogalactitol at a dose of 25 mg/m2 iv on each of 5 consecutive days monthly. All patients except one had received previous surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatments and 12 had received previous chemotherapy. Disease progression (or symptomatic deterioration) occurred in nine patients after the initial course and in eight others after two courses. In 11 patients, the disease remained stable during at least three courses; however, no instances of objective regression of disease were observed during treatment with dianhydrogalactitol despite significant toxic effects in most patients.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of dianhydrogalactitol in advanced head and neck carcinomas. Twenty-eight patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the head and neck were treated with dianhydrogalactitol at a dose of 25 mg/m2 iv on each of 5 consecutive days monthly. All patients except one had received previous surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatments and 12 had received previous chemotherapy. Disease progression (or symptomatic deterioration) occurred in nine patients after the initial course and in eight others after two courses. In 11 patients, the disease remained stable during at least three courses; however, no instances of objective regression of disease were observed during treatment with dianhydrogalactitol despite significant toxic effects in most patients.", "PMID": 526941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3150", "title": "Partial purification and properties of a bacterial isoamylase.", "content": "Isoamylase has been prepared by affinity chromatography of a commercial enzyme-preparation from a strain of Cytophaga (also known as a Flavobacterium or Polyangium). The enzyme was not very stable, but the stability could be improved by calcium ions. The enzyme had a very low but significant activity on pullulan and on alpha-dextrins having maltosyl side-chains. This observation, which is contrary to previous reports, has been related to the specificity of isoamylase and other bacterial debranching-enzymes.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of a bacterial isoamylase. Isoamylase has been prepared by affinity chromatography of a commercial enzyme-preparation from a strain of Cytophaga (also known as a Flavobacterium or Polyangium). The enzyme was not very stable, but the stability could be improved by calcium ions. The enzyme had a very low but significant activity on pullulan and on alpha-dextrins having maltosyl side-chains. This observation, which is contrary to previous reports, has been related to the specificity of isoamylase and other bacterial debranching-enzymes.", "PMID": 526954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3151", "title": "Structure of Klebsiella type 61 capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "An aldotriouronic acid was isolated from the acid hydrolyzate of the polysaccharide from Klebsiella Type 61 (K-61), and its structure was established. Degradation of the permethylated polysaccharide with base established the identity of the sugar unit preceding the glucosyluronic acid residue. The modes of linkage and the sequence of different sugar residues were further confirmed by Smith degradation of K-61. The anomeric configurations of the different sugar residues were determined by oxidation of peracetylated native, and carboxyl-reduced, polysaccharides with chromium trioxide. The anomeric configuration of nonreducing D-galactosyl side-chains was further confirmed by enzymic degradation of K-61. Finally, gentiobiose was identified in the partial, acid hydrolyzate of K-61. Based on these results, the structure assigned the repeating unit of K-61 was as follows.", "contents": "Structure of Klebsiella type 61 capsular polysaccharide. An aldotriouronic acid was isolated from the acid hydrolyzate of the polysaccharide from Klebsiella Type 61 (K-61), and its structure was established. Degradation of the permethylated polysaccharide with base established the identity of the sugar unit preceding the glucosyluronic acid residue. The modes of linkage and the sequence of different sugar residues were further confirmed by Smith degradation of K-61. The anomeric configurations of the different sugar residues were determined by oxidation of peracetylated native, and carboxyl-reduced, polysaccharides with chromium trioxide. The anomeric configuration of nonreducing D-galactosyl side-chains was further confirmed by enzymic degradation of K-61. Finally, gentiobiose was identified in the partial, acid hydrolyzate of K-61. Based on these results, the structure assigned the repeating unit of K-61 was as follows.", "PMID": 526955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3152", "title": "Arterialization of the portal vein in cirrhosis: the findings at celiac arteriography.", "content": "An angiographic study of a new operation for portal hypertension involving arterialization of the portal vein in combination with an end-to-side portacaval shunt is described. The angiographic appearances differ from those of end-to-side shunts alone. With the new operation there is, in particular, no significant change in the wedge pressure or in the hepatic artery size from preoperative to postoperative studies, and in the majority of patients, the liver size is also unchanged. The incidence of porto-systemic shunting from the portal vein to the low pressure caval system (66%) is lower than for end-to-side shunts alone. Changes are seen in the distal portal bed in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Arterialization of the portal vein in cirrhosis: the findings at celiac arteriography. An angiographic study of a new operation for portal hypertension involving arterialization of the portal vein in combination with an end-to-side portacaval shunt is described. The angiographic appearances differ from those of end-to-side shunts alone. With the new operation there is, in particular, no significant change in the wedge pressure or in the hepatic artery size from preoperative to postoperative studies, and in the majority of patients, the liver size is also unchanged. The incidence of porto-systemic shunting from the portal vein to the low pressure caval system (66%) is lower than for end-to-side shunts alone. Changes are seen in the distal portal bed in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 526967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3153", "title": "Radiologic investigation of splenic trauma.", "content": "The radiologic findings in blunt and penetrating splenic injuries are discussed with emphasis on the angiographic demonstration of these injuries. The angiographic findings are correlated with the time interval between trauma and radiologic investigation.", "contents": "Radiologic investigation of splenic trauma. The radiologic findings in blunt and penetrating splenic injuries are discussed with emphasis on the angiographic demonstration of these injuries. The angiographic findings are correlated with the time interval between trauma and radiologic investigation.", "PMID": 526968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3154", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter: technical problems encountered in the first forty patients.", "content": "Forty patients have undergone percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the iliac or femoral-popliteal system with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter. Technical problems ahve included experience with difficult antegrade puncture, production of intimal flaps, and loss of collateral vessels, as well as the need to develop an approach for recanalization of obstructions and for use of the balloon. Since problems in these areas may jeopardize the success of the procedure, they have been elucidated with some discussion of prevention. Preliminary results on the success of the procedure are included.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter: technical problems encountered in the first forty patients. Forty patients have undergone percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the iliac or femoral-popliteal system with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter. Technical problems ahve included experience with difficult antegrade puncture, production of intimal flaps, and loss of collateral vessels, as well as the need to develop an approach for recanalization of obstructions and for use of the balloon. Since problems in these areas may jeopardize the success of the procedure, they have been elucidated with some discussion of prevention. Preliminary results on the success of the procedure are included.", "PMID": 526969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3155", "title": "Autotransfusion in surgical practice.", "content": "The authors have used autotransfusion of intraoperatively collected blood in 58 vascular surgery cases over a period of more than two years. The clinical results confirm the experimental and laboratory studies on the quality of the autotransfused blood. A more liberal use of intraoperative autotransfusion is advocated. Intraoperative autotransfusion is a simple, safe, inexpensive and cost-effective technique. It saves homologous banked blood and provides a readily available, compatible, normothermic transfusate with superior hematologic qualities.", "contents": "Autotransfusion in surgical practice. The authors have used autotransfusion of intraoperatively collected blood in 58 vascular surgery cases over a period of more than two years. The clinical results confirm the experimental and laboratory studies on the quality of the autotransfused blood. A more liberal use of intraoperative autotransfusion is advocated. Intraoperative autotransfusion is a simple, safe, inexpensive and cost-effective technique. It saves homologous banked blood and provides a readily available, compatible, normothermic transfusate with superior hematologic qualities.", "PMID": 526963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3156", "title": "Indications and use of abdominal angiography in trauma.", "content": "A series of 148 angiographic examinations in patients with blunt abdominal trauma have been reviewed. The major indications for arteriography were: (1) manifestations of shock in conjunction with clinical signs of abdominal injury; (2) the necessity for differentiation of multiple abdominal injuries; and (3) clinical signs of delayed rupture. Few false positive or false negative results were noted. The typical angiographic findings are discussed.", "contents": "Indications and use of abdominal angiography in trauma. A series of 148 angiographic examinations in patients with blunt abdominal trauma have been reviewed. The major indications for arteriography were: (1) manifestations of shock in conjunction with clinical signs of abdominal injury; (2) the necessity for differentiation of multiple abdominal injuries; and (3) clinical signs of delayed rupture. Few false positive or false negative results were noted. The typical angiographic findings are discussed.", "PMID": 526970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3157", "title": "Anomalous venous connections involving the portal system.", "content": "Five cases representing four different venous anomalies involving the portal system are described. The clinical importance of these anomalies, especially in patients with portal hypertension, is stressed.", "contents": "Anomalous venous connections involving the portal system. Five cases representing four different venous anomalies involving the portal system are described. The clinical importance of these anomalies, especially in patients with portal hypertension, is stressed.", "PMID": 526971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3158", "title": "The place of angiography in the evaluation of traumatic injuries to the heart and coronary arteries.", "content": "The mechanisms leading to traumatic injuries of the heart and coronary arteries and the typical lesions found are analyzed in light of experience with a total of 21 cases from several centers. The indications for angiography are discussed. Early angiography may be used for the emergency verification of a valvular, coronary, or myocardial rupture after intensive treatment has stabilized the patient's condition; in such situations the relative indications for angiography versus immediate surgery must be determined. Delayed angiography may be used in the more usual situations in which clear, persistent anomalies of a clinical, electric, or radiologic nature are observed.", "contents": "The place of angiography in the evaluation of traumatic injuries to the heart and coronary arteries. The mechanisms leading to traumatic injuries of the heart and coronary arteries and the typical lesions found are analyzed in light of experience with a total of 21 cases from several centers. The indications for angiography are discussed. Early angiography may be used for the emergency verification of a valvular, coronary, or myocardial rupture after intensive treatment has stabilized the patient's condition; in such situations the relative indications for angiography versus immediate surgery must be determined. Delayed angiography may be used in the more usual situations in which clear, persistent anomalies of a clinical, electric, or radiologic nature are observed.", "PMID": 526972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3159", "title": "Right-sided cervical aortic arch associated with tetralogy of Fallot and peculiar tortuosity of the descending aorta.", "content": "A right-sided cervical aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, and a peculiar tortuosity of the descending aorta in which the aorta formed triple loops were diagnosed by angiocardiography in a 12-year-old girl. Histologic examination of the biopsied wall of the left subclavian artery, taken at the time of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, revealed no elastic-tissue defect.", "contents": "Right-sided cervical aortic arch associated with tetralogy of Fallot and peculiar tortuosity of the descending aorta. A right-sided cervical aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, and a peculiar tortuosity of the descending aorta in which the aorta formed triple loops were diagnosed by angiocardiography in a 12-year-old girl. Histologic examination of the biopsied wall of the left subclavian artery, taken at the time of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, revealed no elastic-tissue defect.", "PMID": 526973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3160", "title": "Value of arteriography in the evaluation of a sonolucent pancreatic mass.", "content": "A pseudoaneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery secondary to chronic pancreatitis was erroneously diagnosed as a pancreatic pseudocyst by abdominal plain films, barium gastrointestinal studies, and abdominal ultrasound. Because of the operative findings, it was necessary to interrupt surgery undertaken to drain the presumed pseudocyst. Angiography is strongly recommended as a preoperative study in patients with sonolucent pancreatic masses to distinguish pseudoaneurysms of pancreatic vessels from pseudocyts.", "contents": "Value of arteriography in the evaluation of a sonolucent pancreatic mass. A pseudoaneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery secondary to chronic pancreatitis was erroneously diagnosed as a pancreatic pseudocyst by abdominal plain films, barium gastrointestinal studies, and abdominal ultrasound. Because of the operative findings, it was necessary to interrupt surgery undertaken to drain the presumed pseudocyst. Angiography is strongly recommended as a preoperative study in patients with sonolucent pancreatic masses to distinguish pseudoaneurysms of pancreatic vessels from pseudocyts.", "PMID": 526974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3161", "title": "Thrombosis after phlebography: a comparison of two contrast media.", "content": "In two studies 267 consecutive patients with suspected leg vein thrombosis were examined by an 125I-fibrinogen uptake test (125I-FUT) and by phlebography. The ionic meglumine calcium metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) was used as the phlebographic contrast medium in 161 patients, and the non-ionic metrizamide (Amipaque) was used in 106. In these two groups 47 and 41 patients, respectively, had normal phlebograms as well as an initially normal 125I-FUT. After phlebography 29 (62%) of the patients who had received meglumine metrizoate had a significant rise in fibrinogen uptake, while such a rise was not found in patients examined with metrizamide. Repeat phlebography showed fresh deep-vein thrombosis in seven of the nine patients with increased uptake, indicating a complication rate of 48%. Consequently, we now use metrizamide in leg phlebogrphy; because of its expense a radioisotope test is employed as a screening procedure.", "contents": "Thrombosis after phlebography: a comparison of two contrast media. In two studies 267 consecutive patients with suspected leg vein thrombosis were examined by an 125I-fibrinogen uptake test (125I-FUT) and by phlebography. The ionic meglumine calcium metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) was used as the phlebographic contrast medium in 161 patients, and the non-ionic metrizamide (Amipaque) was used in 106. In these two groups 47 and 41 patients, respectively, had normal phlebograms as well as an initially normal 125I-FUT. After phlebography 29 (62%) of the patients who had received meglumine metrizoate had a significant rise in fibrinogen uptake, while such a rise was not found in patients examined with metrizamide. Repeat phlebography showed fresh deep-vein thrombosis in seven of the nine patients with increased uptake, indicating a complication rate of 48%. Consequently, we now use metrizamide in leg phlebogrphy; because of its expense a radioisotope test is employed as a screening procedure.", "PMID": 526976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3162", "title": "Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on monoamine content in the epithalamic area of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a fluorescence histochemical study.", "content": "Extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion was performed in a series of Mongolian gerbils. One or two weeks after the ganglionectomy the animals were injected with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Subsequently perfusion fixation was performed using the glyoxylic acid-paraformaldehydr-magnesium method (Lor\u00e9n et al., 1976) for fluorescence histochemical investigation of the monoamines of the pineal complex. In the ganglionectomized animals all of the blue-fluorescent sympathetic fibers in the pineal complex (superficial pineal gland, deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk) completely disappeared. The yellow indolamine fluorescence of the cells in the superficial pineal and the deep pineal, as well as in the pineal stalk, was markedly reduced after ganglionectomy. No change in the morphology or number of sympathetic fibers in the medial habenular nucleus was observed. These results indicate that the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers with perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion is necessary for maintaining a high indolamine content in all three parts of the pineal complex. In addition, the results also indicate that the deep pineal gland is a functional part of the pineal complex. The presence of a functionally active deep pineal, bordering the pineal recess, suggests that part of the pineal hormones might be secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on monoamine content in the epithalamic area of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a fluorescence histochemical study. Extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion was performed in a series of Mongolian gerbils. One or two weeks after the ganglionectomy the animals were injected with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Subsequently perfusion fixation was performed using the glyoxylic acid-paraformaldehydr-magnesium method (Lor\u00e9n et al., 1976) for fluorescence histochemical investigation of the monoamines of the pineal complex. In the ganglionectomized animals all of the blue-fluorescent sympathetic fibers in the pineal complex (superficial pineal gland, deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk) completely disappeared. The yellow indolamine fluorescence of the cells in the superficial pineal and the deep pineal, as well as in the pineal stalk, was markedly reduced after ganglionectomy. No change in the morphology or number of sympathetic fibers in the medial habenular nucleus was observed. These results indicate that the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers with perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion is necessary for maintaining a high indolamine content in all three parts of the pineal complex. In addition, the results also indicate that the deep pineal gland is a functional part of the pineal complex. The presence of a functionally active deep pineal, bordering the pineal recess, suggests that part of the pineal hormones might be secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 527008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3163", "title": "Association of centrioles with clusters of apical vesicles in mitotic thyroid epithelial cells. Are centrioles involved in directing secretion?", "content": "The ultrastructure of thyroid epithelial cells in mitosis has been investigated. A spatial association is described between clusters of apical vesicles (believed to contain thyroglobulin destined for secretion into the follicular lumen) and centrioles, in late prophase and late telophase cells. Quantitative techniques demonstrate the statistical significance of this association and suggest that it is not related to proximity of the Golgi apparatus or to the location of the centriole in the cell, which changes considerably during these phases of mitosis. The physical basis for this association remains uncertain, but microtubules emanating from the pericentriolar area may be involved. In interphase cells, centrioles are located very close to the follicular lumen, where the majority of apical vesicles are also found. The association of centrioles with clusters of apical vesicles also in mitotic cells suggests that in interphase cells the apically located centrioles may serve as a focus for apical vesicles, helping to direct these secretory vesicles toward the follicular lumen and to maintain cellular polarization. Previous studies demonstrating that centrioles can act as microtubule organizing centers in interphase cells and studies linking microtubules and secretion also tend to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Association of centrioles with clusters of apical vesicles in mitotic thyroid epithelial cells. Are centrioles involved in directing secretion? The ultrastructure of thyroid epithelial cells in mitosis has been investigated. A spatial association is described between clusters of apical vesicles (believed to contain thyroglobulin destined for secretion into the follicular lumen) and centrioles, in late prophase and late telophase cells. Quantitative techniques demonstrate the statistical significance of this association and suggest that it is not related to proximity of the Golgi apparatus or to the location of the centriole in the cell, which changes considerably during these phases of mitosis. The physical basis for this association remains uncertain, but microtubules emanating from the pericentriolar area may be involved. In interphase cells, centrioles are located very close to the follicular lumen, where the majority of apical vesicles are also found. The association of centrioles with clusters of apical vesicles also in mitotic cells suggests that in interphase cells the apically located centrioles may serve as a focus for apical vesicles, helping to direct these secretory vesicles toward the follicular lumen and to maintain cellular polarization. Previous studies demonstrating that centrioles can act as microtubule organizing centers in interphase cells and studies linking microtubules and secretion also tend to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 527009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3164", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the freeze-fractured pineal body of the rat.", "content": "The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the freeze-fractured pineal body of the rat. The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.", "PMID": 527010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3165", "title": "Granular pneumocytes and altitude: a stereological evaluation.", "content": "Stereological analysis demonstrates that the granular pneumocytes of mice native to high altitude (4660 m) are significantly larger than those of the same species (Phyllotis darwini) living at sea level. Such cells have larger nuclei and a significantly greater volume of mitochondria. There are both more and larger lamellar bodies in high altitude granular pneumocytes, resulting in about four times more surfactant per cell at high altitude.", "contents": "Granular pneumocytes and altitude: a stereological evaluation. Stereological analysis demonstrates that the granular pneumocytes of mice native to high altitude (4660 m) are significantly larger than those of the same species (Phyllotis darwini) living at sea level. Such cells have larger nuclei and a significantly greater volume of mitochondria. There are both more and larger lamellar bodies in high altitude granular pneumocytes, resulting in about four times more surfactant per cell at high altitude.", "PMID": 527011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3166", "title": "Maturation of secretory granules in the endosalpinx one to four days post coitum in sheep.", "content": "The ultrastructure of granules in the secretory cells of the endosalpinx of 20 Merino ewes was examined on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 post coitum. Based on the different frequency of granules of different size and structure on days one to four post coitum, one can assume that the ovoid, membrane-bounded secretory granules mature in five successive stages. In stage I small, electron-lucent vesicles with a finely granulated and filamentous content become apparent, initially in the neighbourhood of the Golgi complex. In stage II the granules become larger and progressively more electron-dense by an increase of the granulated material. In stage III, the primarily granulated content forms membranes, that lie in characteristic stacks at different angles to one another, separated by electron-dense areas. This structure fragments when the granule comes to lie beneath the surface of the cell (stage IV) and opens into the lumen of the oviduct, where its content is discharged in membrane fragments or vesicles (stage V). This discharge is mainly observed shortly before the egg is transported into the uterus.", "contents": "Maturation of secretory granules in the endosalpinx one to four days post coitum in sheep. The ultrastructure of granules in the secretory cells of the endosalpinx of 20 Merino ewes was examined on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 post coitum. Based on the different frequency of granules of different size and structure on days one to four post coitum, one can assume that the ovoid, membrane-bounded secretory granules mature in five successive stages. In stage I small, electron-lucent vesicles with a finely granulated and filamentous content become apparent, initially in the neighbourhood of the Golgi complex. In stage II the granules become larger and progressively more electron-dense by an increase of the granulated material. In stage III, the primarily granulated content forms membranes, that lie in characteristic stacks at different angles to one another, separated by electron-dense areas. This structure fragments when the granule comes to lie beneath the surface of the cell (stage IV) and opens into the lumen of the oviduct, where its content is discharged in membrane fragments or vesicles (stage V). This discharge is mainly observed shortly before the egg is transported into the uterus.", "PMID": 527012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3167", "title": "A new morphological aspect of the brush cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "The brush cells of the gallbladder epithelium of the mouse have microvilli not only at their luminal border but also on their lateral surface, from the level of the nucleus to the junctional complex. The lateral microvilli radiate from the brush cell in all directions, contain a core of filaments, and penetrate up to 3 mum into the adjacent cells. The microvilli in these locations display small desmosomes at their base.", "contents": "A new morphological aspect of the brush cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium. The brush cells of the gallbladder epithelium of the mouse have microvilli not only at their luminal border but also on their lateral surface, from the level of the nucleus to the junctional complex. The lateral microvilli radiate from the brush cell in all directions, contain a core of filaments, and penetrate up to 3 mum into the adjacent cells. The microvilli in these locations display small desmosomes at their base.", "PMID": 527013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3168", "title": "Structure of the testis in neonate and adult harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus.", "content": "The structure of the seminiferous tubules in neonate harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus, was essentially similar in one-, five- and ten-day old animals. The tubules were small in diameter, devoid of lumina and contained predominantly supportive cells. The interstitial cells in the neonates were large, numerous and highly vacuolated. They became smaller and appeared less active in the ten-day old animals compared with the one-day old seals, although they were still considerably more numerous and vacuolated than in testes taken from adult harp seals.", "contents": "Structure of the testis in neonate and adult harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus. The structure of the seminiferous tubules in neonate harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus, was essentially similar in one-, five- and ten-day old animals. The tubules were small in diameter, devoid of lumina and contained predominantly supportive cells. The interstitial cells in the neonates were large, numerous and highly vacuolated. They became smaller and appeared less active in the ten-day old animals compared with the one-day old seals, although they were still considerably more numerous and vacuolated than in testes taken from adult harp seals.", "PMID": 527014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3169", "title": "Long bone growth during prolonged intermittent corticosteroid treatment and subsequent rehabilitation.", "content": "Immature A/J mice were treated for up to 7 weeks intermittent doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide and were thereafter allowed to recover for 7 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative morphological measurements were performed on the epiphyseal cartilage plate and diaphyseal bone of the humerus. By the third injection significant structural changes were noted in the cartilaginous tissue followed by a complete cessation of bone growth. The hormonal inhibitory effect on long bone growth lasted throughout the experimental period. However, at the end of the recovery period the length of the humerus was 96% of the normal. In contrast, the humeral width at midshaft and the width of its medullary cavity revealed slower recovery, achieving only 80% of the control values. Following rehabilitation, the growth of experimental epiphyseal plates exceeded that of nontreated animals as their width and the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes were 131% and 125% of their controls respectively. Thus, in A/J mice (a highly susceptible inbred strain of mice) intermittent (every four days) administration of a long-acting corticosteroid hormone arrested endochondral and periosteal bone formation; the former, however, underwent full recovery following the termination of the hormonal treatment.", "contents": "Long bone growth during prolonged intermittent corticosteroid treatment and subsequent rehabilitation. Immature A/J mice were treated for up to 7 weeks intermittent doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide and were thereafter allowed to recover for 7 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative morphological measurements were performed on the epiphyseal cartilage plate and diaphyseal bone of the humerus. By the third injection significant structural changes were noted in the cartilaginous tissue followed by a complete cessation of bone growth. The hormonal inhibitory effect on long bone growth lasted throughout the experimental period. However, at the end of the recovery period the length of the humerus was 96% of the normal. In contrast, the humeral width at midshaft and the width of its medullary cavity revealed slower recovery, achieving only 80% of the control values. Following rehabilitation, the growth of experimental epiphyseal plates exceeded that of nontreated animals as their width and the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes were 131% and 125% of their controls respectively. Thus, in A/J mice (a highly susceptible inbred strain of mice) intermittent (every four days) administration of a long-acting corticosteroid hormone arrested endochondral and periosteal bone formation; the former, however, underwent full recovery following the termination of the hormonal treatment.", "PMID": 527015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3170", "title": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. I. Size and shape of cells, occurrence of mitoses.", "content": "An extensive hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops in the small intestine of the guinea pig oral to an experimental stenosis. The profiles of smooth muscle cells become larger and irregular in shape. From the analysis of serial sections the arrangement of the muscle cells is less orderly than in control muscles. Many muscle cells are split into two or more branches over part of their length. The average cell volume is 3--4 times that of control muscle cells; the cell surface increases less dramatically and, in spite of the appearance of deep invaginations of the cell membrane, the surface-to-volume ratio falls from 1.4 to 0.8. The average cell length is only slightly increased compared with controls. Smooth muscle cells in mitosis are observed in all the hypertrophic muscles examined, in both muscle layers; in the circular musculature they occur mainly found in the middle part of the layer.", "contents": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. I. Size and shape of cells, occurrence of mitoses. An extensive hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops in the small intestine of the guinea pig oral to an experimental stenosis. The profiles of smooth muscle cells become larger and irregular in shape. From the analysis of serial sections the arrangement of the muscle cells is less orderly than in control muscles. Many muscle cells are split into two or more branches over part of their length. The average cell volume is 3--4 times that of control muscle cells; the cell surface increases less dramatically and, in spite of the appearance of deep invaginations of the cell membrane, the surface-to-volume ratio falls from 1.4 to 0.8. The average cell length is only slightly increased compared with controls. Smooth muscle cells in mitosis are observed in all the hypertrophic muscles examined, in both muscle layers; in the circular musculature they occur mainly found in the middle part of the layer.", "PMID": 527016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3171", "title": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. II. Sarcoplasmic reticulum, caveolae and mitochondria.", "content": "The cytological features of hypertrophic smooth muscle cells are investigated in the small intestine of the guinea pig in which a hypertrophy is induced by an experimental stenosis. By freeze-fracture the cell membrane appears richer in intramembrane particles than that of control muscle cells, whereas the number of caveolae per unit surface of cell membrane shows little or no change (16--19 caveolae micron-2). In the sarcoplasm there is a conspicuous increase of both smooth and rough sarcoplasmic reticulum; extent was measured by surface and by volume. Unusual forms of reticulum also appear. Mitochondria are reduced (in percentage volume) to about half the control value.", "contents": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. II. Sarcoplasmic reticulum, caveolae and mitochondria. The cytological features of hypertrophic smooth muscle cells are investigated in the small intestine of the guinea pig in which a hypertrophy is induced by an experimental stenosis. By freeze-fracture the cell membrane appears richer in intramembrane particles than that of control muscle cells, whereas the number of caveolae per unit surface of cell membrane shows little or no change (16--19 caveolae micron-2). In the sarcoplasm there is a conspicuous increase of both smooth and rough sarcoplasmic reticulum; extent was measured by surface and by volume. Unusual forms of reticulum also appear. Mitochondria are reduced (in percentage volume) to about half the control value.", "PMID": 527017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3172", "title": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. III. Morphometric analysis and fluorescence histochemistry in the intact and sympathetically denervated pineal gland.", "content": "Morphometric analytical procedures were employed to study the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil following superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX). The purpose of this study was to define the effects of sympathetic denervation on the morphology of the gland at two time periods, 0500 and 1900 h (one hour before lights-on and lights-off, respectively). Fluorescence histochemistry was employed to determine catecholamine and indoleamine content in intact and denervated pineal glands. After SCGX, the pinealocytes decrease in size, concretions are prevented from forming, and the yellow fluorescence in the gland is lost. Following denervation a depression in the volume of most of the pinealocyte organelles, i.e., SER, RER/ribosomes, free cytoplasm, mitochondria and presumptive secretory vesicles, was also observed. However, synaptic ribbons increased in volume in the gerbils that had been killed at 1900 h. It appears that the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland is a requirement for the presumptive secretory activity of the pinealocytes.", "contents": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. III. Morphometric analysis and fluorescence histochemistry in the intact and sympathetically denervated pineal gland. Morphometric analytical procedures were employed to study the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil following superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX). The purpose of this study was to define the effects of sympathetic denervation on the morphology of the gland at two time periods, 0500 and 1900 h (one hour before lights-on and lights-off, respectively). Fluorescence histochemistry was employed to determine catecholamine and indoleamine content in intact and denervated pineal glands. After SCGX, the pinealocytes decrease in size, concretions are prevented from forming, and the yellow fluorescence in the gland is lost. Following denervation a depression in the volume of most of the pinealocyte organelles, i.e., SER, RER/ribosomes, free cytoplasm, mitochondria and presumptive secretory vesicles, was also observed. However, synaptic ribbons increased in volume in the gerbils that had been killed at 1900 h. It appears that the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland is a requirement for the presumptive secretory activity of the pinealocytes.", "PMID": 527018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3173", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral blood leukocytes of the chickens.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of \"sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation\", displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral blood leukocytes of the chickens. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of \"sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation\", displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.", "PMID": 527019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3174", "title": "Synaptic connections of the nervus connectivus in the frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta). An electron microscopic and iontophoretic study.", "content": "The course of the Nervus connectivus (N.c.), its branches, and synaptic connections within the frontal ganglion (FG) were investigated electron microscopically after cobalt iontophoresis of the N.c. The subsequent treatment of ultrathin sections with Timm's method was found to be very suitable for identifying the smallest branches. In the neuropil, fibers of the N.c. form Gray-I-type synapses, but also dyads are abundant, whereby the N.c. fibers occur exclusively in postsynaptic position with neurosecretory fibers. The possible role of these relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Synaptic connections of the nervus connectivus in the frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta). An electron microscopic and iontophoretic study. The course of the Nervus connectivus (N.c.), its branches, and synaptic connections within the frontal ganglion (FG) were investigated electron microscopically after cobalt iontophoresis of the N.c. The subsequent treatment of ultrathin sections with Timm's method was found to be very suitable for identifying the smallest branches. In the neuropil, fibers of the N.c. form Gray-I-type synapses, but also dyads are abundant, whereby the N.c. fibers occur exclusively in postsynaptic position with neurosecretory fibers. The possible role of these relationships is discussed.", "PMID": 527020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3175", "title": "Functional organization of some auditory nuclei in the guinea fowl demonstrated by the 2-deoxyglucose technique.", "content": "The auditory pathway of the Guinea Fowl was labeled with [C14]2-deoxy-D-glucose after stimulation with pure tones, harmonic tones and species-specific calls. In addition to other auditory nuclei, which showed more or less uniform labeling with the present technique, the n. mesencephalicus lateralis dorsalis (MLD) of the midbrain, as well as field L and parts of the hyperstriatum ventrale in the telencephalon, showed a stripe-pattern of labeling after stimulation with a pure tone. The position and orientation of the tone-activated striped areas in field L, observed after stimulation with different tones, correspond to isofrequency contours obtained with microelectrode recordings. The labeling of the three congruent tonotopically organized layers of field L (L1, L2, and L3) was not uniform along the anterior-posterior axis of the field. Harmonic tones produced multiple reactive stripes each of which corresponded to the stripe characteristic of a particular harmonic presented as a pure tone. The species-specific Iambus-call labeled the tonotopic area of field L that corresponds to the frequency band with the highest energy of the call. The hyperstriatum ventrale generally showed a weaker pattern of labeling that, however, resembled the labeling in field L.", "contents": "Functional organization of some auditory nuclei in the guinea fowl demonstrated by the 2-deoxyglucose technique. The auditory pathway of the Guinea Fowl was labeled with [C14]2-deoxy-D-glucose after stimulation with pure tones, harmonic tones and species-specific calls. In addition to other auditory nuclei, which showed more or less uniform labeling with the present technique, the n. mesencephalicus lateralis dorsalis (MLD) of the midbrain, as well as field L and parts of the hyperstriatum ventrale in the telencephalon, showed a stripe-pattern of labeling after stimulation with a pure tone. The position and orientation of the tone-activated striped areas in field L, observed after stimulation with different tones, correspond to isofrequency contours obtained with microelectrode recordings. The labeling of the three congruent tonotopically organized layers of field L (L1, L2, and L3) was not uniform along the anterior-posterior axis of the field. Harmonic tones produced multiple reactive stripes each of which corresponded to the stripe characteristic of a particular harmonic presented as a pure tone. The species-specific Iambus-call labeled the tonotopic area of field L that corresponds to the frequency band with the highest energy of the call. The hyperstriatum ventrale generally showed a weaker pattern of labeling that, however, resembled the labeling in field L.", "PMID": 527021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3176", "title": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the swelling of developing chick telencephalic slices.", "content": "An ultrastructural and biochemical study of the importance and localization of tissue swelling was performed on telencephalic slices of 1- and 30-day-old chicks incubated in an oxygenated or a non-oxygenated physiological medium. The swelling of slices is greater for 30-day-old chick material than for that from 1-day-old chicks. It also reaches higher values in the non-oxygenated than in the oxygenated medium. When the 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in an oxygenated medium, swelling mainly affects astrocytes, and especially the astrocytic endfeet. When they are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet are very swollen and in addition the swelling also affects the neurons and their organelles. Extracellular space is increased. When 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the tissue structures are well preserved. Swelling predominantly affects astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet. Neurons are not affected and the extracellular space is reduced. However, when they are incubated in an oxygenated medium, tissue structures are greatly affected showing a high degree of disorganization. Extracellular space is greatly increased. This study thus indicates that the best incubation conditions are an oxygenated medium for 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices which are characterized by an aerobic metabolism, and a non-oxygenated medium for 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices which have a predominantly anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the swelling of developing chick telencephalic slices. An ultrastructural and biochemical study of the importance and localization of tissue swelling was performed on telencephalic slices of 1- and 30-day-old chicks incubated in an oxygenated or a non-oxygenated physiological medium. The swelling of slices is greater for 30-day-old chick material than for that from 1-day-old chicks. It also reaches higher values in the non-oxygenated than in the oxygenated medium. When the 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in an oxygenated medium, swelling mainly affects astrocytes, and especially the astrocytic endfeet. When they are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet are very swollen and in addition the swelling also affects the neurons and their organelles. Extracellular space is increased. When 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the tissue structures are well preserved. Swelling predominantly affects astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet. Neurons are not affected and the extracellular space is reduced. However, when they are incubated in an oxygenated medium, tissue structures are greatly affected showing a high degree of disorganization. Extracellular space is greatly increased. This study thus indicates that the best incubation conditions are an oxygenated medium for 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices which are characterized by an aerobic metabolism, and a non-oxygenated medium for 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices which have a predominantly anaerobic metabolism.", "PMID": 527022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3177", "title": "Bone formation in cartilage produced by transplanted epiphyseal chondrocytes.", "content": "Chondrocytes were isolated from rat epiphyseal cartilage, cultured in vitro, and exposed to exogenous tracers which accumulated in their lysosomes. The cells were then injected into the posterior tibial muscle of animals from the same outbred strain, where they reconstructed calcifying hyaline cartilage. The mineralization of the tissue was followed by ingrowth of blood capillaries from the host bed. Macrophage-like cells surrounding the vessels phagocytized degenerated chondrocytes and unmineralized matrix, whereas multinucleated chondroclasts removed some of the mineralized cartilage matrix. Mesenchyme-like cells accompanying the invading vessels attached to the remaining septa of calcified cartilage matrix and developed into osteoblasts depositing bone matrix on the surface of these septa. The apparent lack of inherent tracer labeling of the lysosomes in the different bone cells indicate that they were derived from the host. No signs of transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells were observed. When isolated rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were injected into the wall of the hamster cheek pouch, calcifying cartilage was reconstructed without signs of subsequent ossification. Transplantation of cartilage reconstructed in the hamster into the dorsal muscles of rats was, however, followed by formation of bone by a sequence analogous to that described above. Such an osteogenetic response was also obtained when the cartilage had been devitalized before transplantation. These experiments show that calcified cartilage, developing in or grafted into an intramuscular site, is able to induce and serve as a substrate for endochondral bone formation, similar to that occurring during normal development. They further indicate that bone induction by calcified cartilage does not require the presence of living chondrocytes.", "contents": "Bone formation in cartilage produced by transplanted epiphyseal chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were isolated from rat epiphyseal cartilage, cultured in vitro, and exposed to exogenous tracers which accumulated in their lysosomes. The cells were then injected into the posterior tibial muscle of animals from the same outbred strain, where they reconstructed calcifying hyaline cartilage. The mineralization of the tissue was followed by ingrowth of blood capillaries from the host bed. Macrophage-like cells surrounding the vessels phagocytized degenerated chondrocytes and unmineralized matrix, whereas multinucleated chondroclasts removed some of the mineralized cartilage matrix. Mesenchyme-like cells accompanying the invading vessels attached to the remaining septa of calcified cartilage matrix and developed into osteoblasts depositing bone matrix on the surface of these septa. The apparent lack of inherent tracer labeling of the lysosomes in the different bone cells indicate that they were derived from the host. No signs of transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells were observed. When isolated rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were injected into the wall of the hamster cheek pouch, calcifying cartilage was reconstructed without signs of subsequent ossification. Transplantation of cartilage reconstructed in the hamster into the dorsal muscles of rats was, however, followed by formation of bone by a sequence analogous to that described above. Such an osteogenetic response was also obtained when the cartilage had been devitalized before transplantation. These experiments show that calcified cartilage, developing in or grafted into an intramuscular site, is able to induce and serve as a substrate for endochondral bone formation, similar to that occurring during normal development. They further indicate that bone induction by calcified cartilage does not require the presence of living chondrocytes.", "PMID": 527023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3178", "title": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. II. Morphometric analysis over a 24-hour period.", "content": "By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.", "contents": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. II. Morphometric analysis over a 24-hour period. By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.", "PMID": 527024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3179", "title": "A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. The neurons projecting to the neuro/intermediate lobe and those containing vasopressin and somatostatin.", "content": "A three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat's hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, depicting the neurons that project to the neuro-intermediate lobe of the pituitary, has been made by using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the neuro-intermediate lobe and by using immunocytochemistry with antisera to vasopressin and somatostatin. The overall picture illustrates the neurons situated in the walls of a pair of ill-defined cone-shaped tunnels, the apices pointing anteriorly. Among the neuronal aggregates in the tunnel wall two, the paraventricular and forniceal nuclei, appear similar in shape but clearly separated by a gap of at least 150 micrometers. Many of the vasopressin-positive neurons lie in the same nuclear aggregates with two notable exceptions: the suprachiasmatic nucleus contains many vasopressin-positive cells but does not project to the pituitary, and the forniceal aggregate, which does project to the pituitary, contains no vasopressin-positive cells. Somatostatin-positive cells are situated close to the third ventricle and their size is intermediate between parvocellular and magnocellular. Cell counts show only half the cells in the system lying in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the rest being in \"accessory nuclei\".", "contents": "A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. The neurons projecting to the neuro/intermediate lobe and those containing vasopressin and somatostatin. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat's hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, depicting the neurons that project to the neuro-intermediate lobe of the pituitary, has been made by using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the neuro-intermediate lobe and by using immunocytochemistry with antisera to vasopressin and somatostatin. The overall picture illustrates the neurons situated in the walls of a pair of ill-defined cone-shaped tunnels, the apices pointing anteriorly. Among the neuronal aggregates in the tunnel wall two, the paraventricular and forniceal nuclei, appear similar in shape but clearly separated by a gap of at least 150 micrometers. Many of the vasopressin-positive neurons lie in the same nuclear aggregates with two notable exceptions: the suprachiasmatic nucleus contains many vasopressin-positive cells but does not project to the pituitary, and the forniceal aggregate, which does project to the pituitary, contains no vasopressin-positive cells. Somatostatin-positive cells are situated close to the third ventricle and their size is intermediate between parvocellular and magnocellular. Cell counts show only half the cells in the system lying in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the rest being in \"accessory nuclei\".", "PMID": 527025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3180", "title": "Immuno-electron microscopical demonstration of vasopressin and oxytocin synapses in the limbic system of the rat.", "content": "The extensive distribution of exohypothalamic vasopressin or oxytocin containing nerve fibres is thought to be the anatomical basis for the involvement of these neuropeptides in central processes. Following light microscopic observations suggesting that these fibres terminate on other neurons, the present study was undertaken to demonstrate the existence of such endings in the limbic system, which is one of the main target areas for these peptides. For immunoelectron microscopy glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde perfused brains of male Wistar rats and Brattleboro rats, homozygous for diabetes insipidus, with and without postfixation in OsO4, were used. Post-embedding staining revealed false positive reaction product on all dense core vesicles, e.g., in the lateral septum. With pre-embedding staining, however, intense and specific reactions were observed for both vasopressin and oxytocin at their sites of production, as well as the neurohypophysis and in the extrahypothalamic limbic brain regions. In the lateral septum and habenular nucleus only vasopressin-containing synapses could be demonstrated, while in the medial nucleus of the amygdala synapses containing either vasopressin or oxytocin were observed. These peptide containing synapses do not seem to differ in any fundamental way from the classical transmitter-containing synapses in the brain.", "contents": "Immuno-electron microscopical demonstration of vasopressin and oxytocin synapses in the limbic system of the rat. The extensive distribution of exohypothalamic vasopressin or oxytocin containing nerve fibres is thought to be the anatomical basis for the involvement of these neuropeptides in central processes. Following light microscopic observations suggesting that these fibres terminate on other neurons, the present study was undertaken to demonstrate the existence of such endings in the limbic system, which is one of the main target areas for these peptides. For immunoelectron microscopy glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde perfused brains of male Wistar rats and Brattleboro rats, homozygous for diabetes insipidus, with and without postfixation in OsO4, were used. Post-embedding staining revealed false positive reaction product on all dense core vesicles, e.g., in the lateral septum. With pre-embedding staining, however, intense and specific reactions were observed for both vasopressin and oxytocin at their sites of production, as well as the neurohypophysis and in the extrahypothalamic limbic brain regions. In the lateral septum and habenular nucleus only vasopressin-containing synapses could be demonstrated, while in the medial nucleus of the amygdala synapses containing either vasopressin or oxytocin were observed. These peptide containing synapses do not seem to differ in any fundamental way from the classical transmitter-containing synapses in the brain.", "PMID": 527026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3181", "title": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. IV. Regio retrosplenialis.", "content": "Cortical lamination and parcellation of the retrosplenial region in the human brain is evaluated with the aid of frontal serial sections stained for nerve cells (15 micrometers), myelin sheaths (100 micrometers), and lipofuscin granules (800 micrometers). For the most part, the retrosplenial region is buried in the depth of the sulcus corporis callosi covering the posterior parts of the cingulate gyrus. It lies between the supracallosal derivatives of the allocortex (fascia dentata, cornu ammonis, subiculum) and the mature parietal isocortex. The region can be subdivided into five areas. The transitory periallocortical area ectosplenialis is followed by a richly differentiated proisocortical core displaying extremely externopyramidal, externoteniate, and astriate to unitostriate characteristics. The parvocellular core is averagely poor in pigment (typus clarus) and rich in myelinated fibres (typus dives). Minor structural differences allow for its subdivision into a lateral, an intermediate and a medial retrosplenial field. The accompanying area parasplenialis is adjacent to the equoteniate parietal isocortex. It is only weakly externopyramidal, externoteniate, and propebistriate. The already homotypical field shows an average pigmentation and myelin content. These structural features permit its classification as a belt area of the retrosplenial core.", "contents": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. IV. Regio retrosplenialis. Cortical lamination and parcellation of the retrosplenial region in the human brain is evaluated with the aid of frontal serial sections stained for nerve cells (15 micrometers), myelin sheaths (100 micrometers), and lipofuscin granules (800 micrometers). For the most part, the retrosplenial region is buried in the depth of the sulcus corporis callosi covering the posterior parts of the cingulate gyrus. It lies between the supracallosal derivatives of the allocortex (fascia dentata, cornu ammonis, subiculum) and the mature parietal isocortex. The region can be subdivided into five areas. The transitory periallocortical area ectosplenialis is followed by a richly differentiated proisocortical core displaying extremely externopyramidal, externoteniate, and astriate to unitostriate characteristics. The parvocellular core is averagely poor in pigment (typus clarus) and rich in myelinated fibres (typus dives). Minor structural differences allow for its subdivision into a lateral, an intermediate and a medial retrosplenial field. The accompanying area parasplenialis is adjacent to the equoteniate parietal isocortex. It is only weakly externopyramidal, externoteniate, and propebistriate. The already homotypical field shows an average pigmentation and myelin content. These structural features permit its classification as a belt area of the retrosplenial core.", "PMID": 527027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3182", "title": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. V. Regio anterogenualis.", "content": "Cortical lamination and parcellation of the anterogenual region in the human brain is studied in sections successively stained for nerve cells (15 micrometers), myelin sheaths (100 micrometers), and lipofuscin granules (800 micrometers). The anterogenual region covers a crescent-shaped territory in front of the genu corporis callosi. It abuts on the allocortex, i.e., the supracallosal derivatives of the cornu ammonis and subiculum on the one side, and the mature frontal isocortex on the other side. The region is divisible into four areas. The transitory unitoteniate area ectogenualis is followed by anterogenual core fields, which show an outstandingly internopyramidal and internoteniate character. Furthermore, the core is of the infraradiate type and shows only the lower band of Baillarger. It is magnocellular, generally poor in myelinated fibres (typus pauper) and rich in pigment (typus obscurus). Minor structural differences permit the distinction of the area anterogenualis simplex from the area anterogenualis magnoganglionaris. Especially in the magnoganglionic field, layer Vb is richly endowed with a large, particularly slender and pigment-laden type of pyramidal cell. Within the proisocortex this special constituent occurs only in the anterogenual region. Structural features indicate its relationship to the Betz-pyramids of the cingulate and precentral ganglionic core fields. The transitory area paragenualis can be considered a belt-area accompanying the anterogenual core. It is weakly internopyramidal and internoteniate, thereby mediating to the surrounding frontal isocortex.", "contents": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. V. Regio anterogenualis. Cortical lamination and parcellation of the anterogenual region in the human brain is studied in sections successively stained for nerve cells (15 micrometers), myelin sheaths (100 micrometers), and lipofuscin granules (800 micrometers). The anterogenual region covers a crescent-shaped territory in front of the genu corporis callosi. It abuts on the allocortex, i.e., the supracallosal derivatives of the cornu ammonis and subiculum on the one side, and the mature frontal isocortex on the other side. The region is divisible into four areas. The transitory unitoteniate area ectogenualis is followed by anterogenual core fields, which show an outstandingly internopyramidal and internoteniate character. Furthermore, the core is of the infraradiate type and shows only the lower band of Baillarger. It is magnocellular, generally poor in myelinated fibres (typus pauper) and rich in pigment (typus obscurus). Minor structural differences permit the distinction of the area anterogenualis simplex from the area anterogenualis magnoganglionaris. Especially in the magnoganglionic field, layer Vb is richly endowed with a large, particularly slender and pigment-laden type of pyramidal cell. Within the proisocortex this special constituent occurs only in the anterogenual region. Structural features indicate its relationship to the Betz-pyramids of the cingulate and precentral ganglionic core fields. The transitory area paragenualis can be considered a belt-area accompanying the anterogenual core. It is weakly internopyramidal and internoteniate, thereby mediating to the surrounding frontal isocortex.", "PMID": 527028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3183", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the neurosecretory canopy cell of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), with the use of the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique.", "content": "The paired, electrotonically coupled neurosecretory Canopy Cells (CC) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were microiontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Whole mount preparations and ultrathin sections of injected CC were studied to describe in detail the morphology of the CC, their axon tracts and neurohaemal areas. The CC release their secretory product at three different sites, viz. from the soma and from axon terminals in the intercerebral commissure and in the median lip nerve. Neural control over the CC occurs by few synapses found exclusively on the CC axon, not on the cell body. One type of \"en passant\" synapse was identified. Two morphologically distinct types of synapselike structures (SLS) are numerous. The site of electrotonic coupling between the two CC is most probably located in the cerebral commissure. Serial sectioning showed that the axons contact each other over more than 130 micrometers. The contact is very intimate and the axon membranes interdigitate in a complex manner. Gap junctions, which are often described as the sites of electrotonic coupling, were not found.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the neurosecretory canopy cell of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), with the use of the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. The paired, electrotonically coupled neurosecretory Canopy Cells (CC) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were microiontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Whole mount preparations and ultrathin sections of injected CC were studied to describe in detail the morphology of the CC, their axon tracts and neurohaemal areas. The CC release their secretory product at three different sites, viz. from the soma and from axon terminals in the intercerebral commissure and in the median lip nerve. Neural control over the CC occurs by few synapses found exclusively on the CC axon, not on the cell body. One type of \"en passant\" synapse was identified. Two morphologically distinct types of synapselike structures (SLS) are numerous. The site of electrotonic coupling between the two CC is most probably located in the cerebral commissure. Serial sectioning showed that the axons contact each other over more than 130 micrometers. The contact is very intimate and the axon membranes interdigitate in a complex manner. Gap junctions, which are often described as the sites of electrotonic coupling, were not found.", "PMID": 527029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3184", "title": "The retina of the phalangid, Opilio ravennae, with particular reference to arhabdomeric cells.", "content": "The retina of the phalangid, Opilio ravennae, consists of retinula cells with distal rhabdomeres, arhabdomeric cells, and sheath cells. The receptive segment of retinula cells shows a clear separation into a proximal rhabdom, organized into distinct rhabdom units formed by three or four retinula cells, and a distal rhabdom, consisting of an uninterrupted layer of contiguous rhabdomeres. One of the cells comprising a retinula unit, the so-called distal retinula cell (DRC), has two or three branches that pass laterally alongside the rhabdom, thereby separating the two or three principal retinula cells of a unit. The two morphologically distinct layers of the receptive segment differ with respect to the cellular origin of rhabdomeral microvilli: DRC-branches contribute very few microvilli to the proximal rhabdom and develop extremely large rhabdomeres in the distal rhabdom only, causing the rhabdom units to fuse. Principal retinula cells, on the other hand, comprise the majority of microvilli of the proximal rhabdom, but their rhabdomeres diminish in the distal rhabdom. It is argued that proximal and distal rhabdoms serve different functions in relation to the intensity of incident light. In animals fixed 4 h after sunset, pigment granules retreat from the distal two thirds of the receptive segment. A comparison of retinae of day- and night-adapted animals shows that there is a slight (approximately 15%) increase in the cross-sectional area of rhabdomeral microvilli in dark-adapted animals, which in volume corresponds to the loss of pigment granules from the receptive segment. The length of the receptive segment as well as the pattern and shape of rhabdom units, however, remain unchanged. Each retinula unit is associated with one arhabdomeric cell. Their cell bodies are located close to those of retinula cells, but are much smaller and do not contain pigment granules. The most remarkable feature is a long, slender distal dendrite that extends up to the base of the fused rhabdom where it increases in diameter and develops a number of lateral processes interdigitating with microvilli of the rhabdom. The most distal dendrite portion extends through the center of the fused rhabdom and has again a smooth outline. All dendrites end in the distal third of the proximal rhabdom and are never present in the layer of the contiguous distal rhabdom. Arhabdomeric cells are of essentially the same morphology in day- and night-adapted animals. They are interpreted as photoinsensitive secondary neurons involved in visual information-processing that channel current collected from retinula cells of the proximal rhabdom along the optic nerve. A comparison is made with morphological equivalents of these cells in other chelicerate species.", "contents": "The retina of the phalangid, Opilio ravennae, with particular reference to arhabdomeric cells. The retina of the phalangid, Opilio ravennae, consists of retinula cells with distal rhabdomeres, arhabdomeric cells, and sheath cells. The receptive segment of retinula cells shows a clear separation into a proximal rhabdom, organized into distinct rhabdom units formed by three or four retinula cells, and a distal rhabdom, consisting of an uninterrupted layer of contiguous rhabdomeres. One of the cells comprising a retinula unit, the so-called distal retinula cell (DRC), has two or three branches that pass laterally alongside the rhabdom, thereby separating the two or three principal retinula cells of a unit. The two morphologically distinct layers of the receptive segment differ with respect to the cellular origin of rhabdomeral microvilli: DRC-branches contribute very few microvilli to the proximal rhabdom and develop extremely large rhabdomeres in the distal rhabdom only, causing the rhabdom units to fuse. Principal retinula cells, on the other hand, comprise the majority of microvilli of the proximal rhabdom, but their rhabdomeres diminish in the distal rhabdom. It is argued that proximal and distal rhabdoms serve different functions in relation to the intensity of incident light. In animals fixed 4 h after sunset, pigment granules retreat from the distal two thirds of the receptive segment. A comparison of retinae of day- and night-adapted animals shows that there is a slight (approximately 15%) increase in the cross-sectional area of rhabdomeral microvilli in dark-adapted animals, which in volume corresponds to the loss of pigment granules from the receptive segment. The length of the receptive segment as well as the pattern and shape of rhabdom units, however, remain unchanged. Each retinula unit is associated with one arhabdomeric cell. Their cell bodies are located close to those of retinula cells, but are much smaller and do not contain pigment granules. The most remarkable feature is a long, slender distal dendrite that extends up to the base of the fused rhabdom where it increases in diameter and develops a number of lateral processes interdigitating with microvilli of the rhabdom. The most distal dendrite portion extends through the center of the fused rhabdom and has again a smooth outline. All dendrites end in the distal third of the proximal rhabdom and are never present in the layer of the contiguous distal rhabdom. Arhabdomeric cells are of essentially the same morphology in day- and night-adapted animals. They are interpreted as photoinsensitive secondary neurons involved in visual information-processing that channel current collected from retinula cells of the proximal rhabdom along the optic nerve. A comparison is made with morphological equivalents of these cells in other chelicerate species.", "PMID": 527030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3185", "title": "The effect of adenosine triphosphate, magnesium chloride and phospholipids on crystal formation in the demineralized shell-repair membrane of the snail, Helix pomatia L. An in vitro study.", "content": "The effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and phospholipids on the calcium-binding activity and crystal formation within the decalcified shell-repair membrane of the snail, Helix pomatia, was studied in vitro. The application of ATP produced a characteristic dual effect on calcification: (1) It strongly inhibited the formation of inorganic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. (2) It stimulated the development of organic crystalline bodies and induced deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate. The demineralized shell-repair membranes became white and rigid after incubation for 7 days in the medium containing 1.0 mM ATP. The inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on CaCO3 crystal formation was diminished by reduction of the concentration of MgCl2 in the incubation solution. Thus, after incubation for only 24h, 1.0 mM MgCl2 promoted the formation of birefringent CaCO3 crystals within the repair membranes. The principal effect of phospholipids on the demineralized shell-repair membrane was stimulatory, but after application of phospholipids to the medium, the formation of crystals proceeded slowly. The very large, composite crystals that were formed within the repair membranes showed strong birefringence. In all cases the development of the crystals and the organic crystalline bodies occurred in close vicinity to the amoebocytes. The role of ATP, MgCl2 and phospholipids in the recalcification of shell-repair membrane is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of adenosine triphosphate, magnesium chloride and phospholipids on crystal formation in the demineralized shell-repair membrane of the snail, Helix pomatia L. An in vitro study. The effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and phospholipids on the calcium-binding activity and crystal formation within the decalcified shell-repair membrane of the snail, Helix pomatia, was studied in vitro. The application of ATP produced a characteristic dual effect on calcification: (1) It strongly inhibited the formation of inorganic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. (2) It stimulated the development of organic crystalline bodies and induced deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate. The demineralized shell-repair membranes became white and rigid after incubation for 7 days in the medium containing 1.0 mM ATP. The inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on CaCO3 crystal formation was diminished by reduction of the concentration of MgCl2 in the incubation solution. Thus, after incubation for only 24h, 1.0 mM MgCl2 promoted the formation of birefringent CaCO3 crystals within the repair membranes. The principal effect of phospholipids on the demineralized shell-repair membrane was stimulatory, but after application of phospholipids to the medium, the formation of crystals proceeded slowly. The very large, composite crystals that were formed within the repair membranes showed strong birefringence. In all cases the development of the crystals and the organic crystalline bodies occurred in close vicinity to the amoebocytes. The role of ATP, MgCl2 and phospholipids in the recalcification of shell-repair membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 527031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3186", "title": "Lipid yolk synthesis in a marine teleost, Blennius pholis L.", "content": "The site of lipid yolk synthesis in the marine teleost Blennius pholis L. is examined. The relative distributions of cellular organelles and inclusions in the developing oocytes are analysed by morphometric analysis, which indicates that synthesis is probably endogenous occurring in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The role of lipid yolk in this species is discussed.", "contents": "Lipid yolk synthesis in a marine teleost, Blennius pholis L. The site of lipid yolk synthesis in the marine teleost Blennius pholis L. is examined. The relative distributions of cellular organelles and inclusions in the developing oocytes are analysed by morphometric analysis, which indicates that synthesis is probably endogenous occurring in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The role of lipid yolk in this species is discussed.", "PMID": 527032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3187", "title": "Phagocytic inability of Kurloff cells in the lung and spleen of the guinea pig.", "content": "Adult female guinea pigs received subcutaneous implants of diethylstilbestrol-cholestrol pellets which produced splenomegaly and increased numbers of splenic Kurloff cells. Latex spheres subsequently injected intravenously were not phagocytized by Kurloff cells within the lungs and spleen as examined with the electron microscope. This is considered as evidence that Kurloff cells are probably not phagocytic. The origin of these cells is discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytic inability of Kurloff cells in the lung and spleen of the guinea pig. Adult female guinea pigs received subcutaneous implants of diethylstilbestrol-cholestrol pellets which produced splenomegaly and increased numbers of splenic Kurloff cells. Latex spheres subsequently injected intravenously were not phagocytized by Kurloff cells within the lungs and spleen as examined with the electron microscope. This is considered as evidence that Kurloff cells are probably not phagocytic. The origin of these cells is discussed.", "PMID": 527033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3188", "title": "Profiles of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction changes induced by supine bicycle exercise in normals and patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "This paper presents the profiles of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) during and following supine bicycle exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease, as well as the relationship of the described patterns to clinical parameters. Twenty normal men and 40 patients with coronary artery disease were studied using gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography (EQ-EF). In the normals, during exercise, EF increased by a mean of 25% of the resting value, with an increase of no less than 11%. The exercise-limiting symptom in patients with coronary artery disease was angina pectoris in 20 and fatique in the other 20 patients. In the angina patients, there was a mean decrease in EF of 20%, and in the other coronary artery disease patients ejection fraction change little. Only two patients with coronary artery disease increased from a normal resting value to peak exercise by more than 11%, and they had isolated right coronary lesions. An \"overshoot\" elevation of ejection fraction above resting levels was demonstrated following termination of exercise in most patients. The patients with a significant fall in exercise ejection fraction more frequently had abnormal exercise-induced ECG changes as well as abnormal left ventriculograms and more severe coronary artery disease at cardiac catheterization than the patients with little change in ejection fraction. We conclude that 1) normals could be separated from most patients with significant coronary artery disease in this study population; 2) ejection fraction must be measured at maximal exercise for it to have diagnostic value, since there could be normal rise before and after peak exercise and an abnormal response missed; and 3) the ejection fraction response to exercise reflects the severity of the underlying coronary artery disease. The described patterns of exercise-induced changes in left ventricular ejection fraction are important to consider when using this new technique to diagnose and evaluate patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Profiles of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction changes induced by supine bicycle exercise in normals and patients with coronary heart disease. This paper presents the profiles of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) during and following supine bicycle exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease, as well as the relationship of the described patterns to clinical parameters. Twenty normal men and 40 patients with coronary artery disease were studied using gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography (EQ-EF). In the normals, during exercise, EF increased by a mean of 25% of the resting value, with an increase of no less than 11%. The exercise-limiting symptom in patients with coronary artery disease was angina pectoris in 20 and fatique in the other 20 patients. In the angina patients, there was a mean decrease in EF of 20%, and in the other coronary artery disease patients ejection fraction change little. Only two patients with coronary artery disease increased from a normal resting value to peak exercise by more than 11%, and they had isolated right coronary lesions. An \"overshoot\" elevation of ejection fraction above resting levels was demonstrated following termination of exercise in most patients. The patients with a significant fall in exercise ejection fraction more frequently had abnormal exercise-induced ECG changes as well as abnormal left ventriculograms and more severe coronary artery disease at cardiac catheterization than the patients with little change in ejection fraction. We conclude that 1) normals could be separated from most patients with significant coronary artery disease in this study population; 2) ejection fraction must be measured at maximal exercise for it to have diagnostic value, since there could be normal rise before and after peak exercise and an abnormal response missed; and 3) the ejection fraction response to exercise reflects the severity of the underlying coronary artery disease. The described patterns of exercise-induced changes in left ventricular ejection fraction are important to consider when using this new technique to diagnose and evaluate patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 527034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3189", "title": "Distribution and severity of coronary artery disease in 500 patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The distribution and severity of coronary disease in 500 patients with angina pectoris and at least one area of 50% or greater reduction of luminal diameter in a major coronary artery were compared with respect to patients' age and coronary arterial pattern. The coronary arterial patterns were separated into right (360 patients), mixed (89 patients), and left (51 patients) systems, depending upon the blood supply to the inferior surface of the left ventricle. The following relationships were noted: 1) In patients with angina pectoris, the distribution and severity of coronary artery disease is similar from the third to eighth decade. 2) Coronary arterial stenoses of 50-70% of greater reduction of luminal diameter involve most frequently the proximal portion of the major vessels. Coronary artery disease is multivessel in nature in 80% of cases. In single vessel disease the left anterior descending artery is involved most frequently. 3) The left main coronary artery is moderately to severely obstructed less frequently in individuals with left (2%) as compared to right (8%) and mixed (10%) systems. Otherwise, the distribution of coronary artery disease is similar in right, mixed, and left systems. 4) Coronary artery disease is a diffuse rather than a focal process. As demonstrated by coronary arteriography, patients with coronary artery disease have smaller vessels throughout the arterial tree as compared with individuals free of evident coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Distribution and severity of coronary artery disease in 500 patients with angina pectoris. The distribution and severity of coronary disease in 500 patients with angina pectoris and at least one area of 50% or greater reduction of luminal diameter in a major coronary artery were compared with respect to patients' age and coronary arterial pattern. The coronary arterial patterns were separated into right (360 patients), mixed (89 patients), and left (51 patients) systems, depending upon the blood supply to the inferior surface of the left ventricle. The following relationships were noted: 1) In patients with angina pectoris, the distribution and severity of coronary artery disease is similar from the third to eighth decade. 2) Coronary arterial stenoses of 50-70% of greater reduction of luminal diameter involve most frequently the proximal portion of the major vessels. Coronary artery disease is multivessel in nature in 80% of cases. In single vessel disease the left anterior descending artery is involved most frequently. 3) The left main coronary artery is moderately to severely obstructed less frequently in individuals with left (2%) as compared to right (8%) and mixed (10%) systems. Otherwise, the distribution of coronary artery disease is similar in right, mixed, and left systems. 4) Coronary artery disease is a diffuse rather than a focal process. As demonstrated by coronary arteriography, patients with coronary artery disease have smaller vessels throughout the arterial tree as compared with individuals free of evident coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 527035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3190", "title": "Comparison of digital boundary detection and semi-automated analysis of left ventricular cine angiograms.", "content": "A technique has been developed to analyze automatically 35 mm left ventricular cine angiograms with an image dissector and digital computer. The analysis procedure detected the ventricular boundary and aortic valve position, then calculated the projected left ventricular area and estimated volume, and performed a polar wall motion analysis as a function of time. The automated method was compared to a semi-automated method using a technician-operated electronic cursor linked to a mini-computer. The two methods were used to analyze a set of idealized ventricular models as well as normal and abnormal angiographic data. The volumetric and wall motion data for the idealized models calculated by the two methods were equivalent (r greater than 0.99). Volumetric analysis of the patients' ventriculograms produced correlation coefficients of 0.88-0.99. Corresponding wall motion data produced correlation coefficients of 0.72-0.94. The time necessary to analyze 30 frames of cine ventriculogram was approximately 30 minutes for each method.", "contents": "Comparison of digital boundary detection and semi-automated analysis of left ventricular cine angiograms. A technique has been developed to analyze automatically 35 mm left ventricular cine angiograms with an image dissector and digital computer. The analysis procedure detected the ventricular boundary and aortic valve position, then calculated the projected left ventricular area and estimated volume, and performed a polar wall motion analysis as a function of time. The automated method was compared to a semi-automated method using a technician-operated electronic cursor linked to a mini-computer. The two methods were used to analyze a set of idealized ventricular models as well as normal and abnormal angiographic data. The volumetric and wall motion data for the idealized models calculated by the two methods were equivalent (r greater than 0.99). Volumetric analysis of the patients' ventriculograms produced correlation coefficients of 0.88-0.99. Corresponding wall motion data produced correlation coefficients of 0.72-0.94. The time necessary to analyze 30 frames of cine ventriculogram was approximately 30 minutes for each method.", "PMID": 527036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3191", "title": "Low-cost comprehensive data system for cardiac patients.", "content": "Functional systems to collect, store and retrieve clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic information are needed to serve clinical research and quality control in the cardiac laboratory. Computers are ideally suited for this application, but high investment and maintenance costs are a barrier for their wider use. A low-cost data processing and procedure reporting system was developed using a programmable calculator, a floppy disk drive, and a printer. Files have been started on 750 consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiography. Each file contains a clinical profile (CP), angiographic interpretation (Al), and hemodynamic data. CP and Al are coded according to a data base definition appropriate for patient care (procedure report) and research analysis. Data input is simplified by the use of multiple choice forms and prompts appearing on the calculator alphanumeric display. One floppy disk may hold 400 patient files. Immediate access to stored information for cross reference, computations, and statistical work is possible in all patients, a patient category, or an individual case. Stored items may be retrieved in coded form for analysis or translated into sentences to generate a multiple-copy procedure report. Follow-up information may be subsequently added to the patient file. Operation requires minimal training and little expertise in computer technology.", "contents": "Low-cost comprehensive data system for cardiac patients. Functional systems to collect, store and retrieve clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic information are needed to serve clinical research and quality control in the cardiac laboratory. Computers are ideally suited for this application, but high investment and maintenance costs are a barrier for their wider use. A low-cost data processing and procedure reporting system was developed using a programmable calculator, a floppy disk drive, and a printer. Files have been started on 750 consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiography. Each file contains a clinical profile (CP), angiographic interpretation (Al), and hemodynamic data. CP and Al are coded according to a data base definition appropriate for patient care (procedure report) and research analysis. Data input is simplified by the use of multiple choice forms and prompts appearing on the calculator alphanumeric display. One floppy disk may hold 400 patient files. Immediate access to stored information for cross reference, computations, and statistical work is possible in all patients, a patient category, or an individual case. Stored items may be retrieved in coded form for analysis or translated into sentences to generate a multiple-copy procedure report. Follow-up information may be subsequently added to the patient file. Operation requires minimal training and little expertise in computer technology.", "PMID": 527037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3192", "title": "Fistulous communication between the left coronary artery and main pulmonary artery: a thirteen-year follow-up.", "content": "A patient with a fistula producing a 2:1 left-to-right shunt between the coronary arteries and pulmonary artery followed for 13 years is described. The patient remained asymptomatic and without significant electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, or angiographic changes. Large collateral vessels were demonstrated on initial and repeat angiographic studies. This case illustrates the natural history of coronary artery to pulmonary artery shunts and suggests that surgery may not be necessary, even in the presence of a very large communication.", "contents": "Fistulous communication between the left coronary artery and main pulmonary artery: a thirteen-year follow-up. A patient with a fistula producing a 2:1 left-to-right shunt between the coronary arteries and pulmonary artery followed for 13 years is described. The patient remained asymptomatic and without significant electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, or angiographic changes. Large collateral vessels were demonstrated on initial and repeat angiographic studies. This case illustrates the natural history of coronary artery to pulmonary artery shunts and suggests that surgery may not be necessary, even in the presence of a very large communication.", "PMID": 527038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3193", "title": "Demonstration of an inadvertently created aorto-coronary venous anastomosis: evidence against the clinical effectiveness of retrograde coronary venous perfusion.", "content": "Arterilization of the coronary venous system has been suggested as a means of myocardial perfusion. We recently studied a patient with a saphenous vein aorto=coronary venous bypass graft created inadvertently during surgery intended to bypass the anterior descending artery. We selectively injected onctrast into this graft during balloon occlusion of the coronary sinus both before and after sublingual nitroglycerin. No arterial visualization was demonstrated from the vein and no evidence to suggest perfusion of the myocardium was found.", "contents": "Demonstration of an inadvertently created aorto-coronary venous anastomosis: evidence against the clinical effectiveness of retrograde coronary venous perfusion. Arterilization of the coronary venous system has been suggested as a means of myocardial perfusion. We recently studied a patient with a saphenous vein aorto=coronary venous bypass graft created inadvertently during surgery intended to bypass the anterior descending artery. We selectively injected onctrast into this graft during balloon occlusion of the coronary sinus both before and after sublingual nitroglycerin. No arterial visualization was demonstrated from the vein and no evidence to suggest perfusion of the myocardium was found.", "PMID": 527039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3194", "title": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with large left-to-right shunt (anomalous right coronary artery).", "content": "A coronary arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed in a 20-year-old white male because of a continuous murmur atypically located along the left sternal border. Cardiac catheterization revealed a large left-to-right shunt, and selective coronary arteriography established the precise anatomic diagnosis. The patient was treated successfully by surgical reimplantation of the anomalous coronary artery into the aorta and ligation of its origin at the pulmonary artery. The embryological and clinical features of this anomaly are discussed, and mechanisms for its production are suggested. Attention is called to our observation of an apparent male sex predilection of this anomaly from review of the literature, in addition to the present patient. This is apparently the fourth patient with this anomaly whose condition was diagnosed antemortem by selective coronary arteriography and the fourth to have been treated by aortocoronary anastomosis providing an additive supply for both the present and the future. This is also the second case in the literature to have the transplanted right anomalous coronary artery demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. It is likely that, with increasing use of selective coronary arteriography inthe diagnostic work-up of cardiac patients, more cases will be discovered and treated surgically.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with large left-to-right shunt (anomalous right coronary artery). A coronary arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed in a 20-year-old white male because of a continuous murmur atypically located along the left sternal border. Cardiac catheterization revealed a large left-to-right shunt, and selective coronary arteriography established the precise anatomic diagnosis. The patient was treated successfully by surgical reimplantation of the anomalous coronary artery into the aorta and ligation of its origin at the pulmonary artery. The embryological and clinical features of this anomaly are discussed, and mechanisms for its production are suggested. Attention is called to our observation of an apparent male sex predilection of this anomaly from review of the literature, in addition to the present patient. This is apparently the fourth patient with this anomaly whose condition was diagnosed antemortem by selective coronary arteriography and the fourth to have been treated by aortocoronary anastomosis providing an additive supply for both the present and the future. This is also the second case in the literature to have the transplanted right anomalous coronary artery demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. It is likely that, with increasing use of selective coronary arteriography inthe diagnostic work-up of cardiac patients, more cases will be discovered and treated surgically.", "PMID": 527040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3195", "title": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma simulating pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "The angiographic and echocardiographic findings of a right ventricular pedunculated rhabdomyoma prolapsing through the pulmonic valve which mimicked the hypoxic spells of tetralogy of Fallot are presented. A dense mass of echoes was seen within the pulmonic valve during systole. The presence of right ventricular tumor was confirmed by angiography and surgery. The abnormal echoes were no longer seen following surgical excision of the tumor.", "contents": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma simulating pulmonic stenosis. The angiographic and echocardiographic findings of a right ventricular pedunculated rhabdomyoma prolapsing through the pulmonic valve which mimicked the hypoxic spells of tetralogy of Fallot are presented. A dense mass of echoes was seen within the pulmonic valve during systole. The presence of right ventricular tumor was confirmed by angiography and surgery. The abnormal echoes were no longer seen following surgical excision of the tumor.", "PMID": 527041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3196", "title": "Catheter tip entrapment with avulsion of tip: a potential complication of percutaneous transfemoral catheterization through aortofemoral bypass grafts.", "content": "A search of the literature revealed only one report [4] of catheter tip entrapment during percutaneous transfemoral catheterization in a patient with an aortofemoral bypass graft. We present another case.", "contents": "Catheter tip entrapment with avulsion of tip: a potential complication of percutaneous transfemoral catheterization through aortofemoral bypass grafts. A search of the literature revealed only one report [4] of catheter tip entrapment during percutaneous transfemoral catheterization in a patient with an aortofemoral bypass graft. We present another case.", "PMID": 527042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3197", "title": "Percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography using a femoral artery sheath.", "content": "Percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography with a standard angiographic catheter introduced through a femoral artery sheath has been performed in over 200 patients during the past 12 months. The use of the sheath for catheter introduction and manipulation offers several advantages, including the capability of monitoring two arterial pressures with only one arterial puncture, the minimization of time in which the guidewire is intravascular, the capability of using all types of catheters from a femoral artery percutaneous approach, and, most importantly, the complete elimination of patient discomfort during catheter changes. The disadvantages of the sheath technique are relatively minor. Thus, percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography through a femoral artery sheath can be performed safely and with relatively little trauma to the femoral artery.", "contents": "Percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography using a femoral artery sheath. Percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography with a standard angiographic catheter introduced through a femoral artery sheath has been performed in over 200 patients during the past 12 months. The use of the sheath for catheter introduction and manipulation offers several advantages, including the capability of monitoring two arterial pressures with only one arterial puncture, the minimization of time in which the guidewire is intravascular, the capability of using all types of catheters from a femoral artery percutaneous approach, and, most importantly, the complete elimination of patient discomfort during catheter changes. The disadvantages of the sheath technique are relatively minor. Thus, percutaneous left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography through a femoral artery sheath can be performed safely and with relatively little trauma to the femoral artery.", "PMID": 527043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3198", "title": "Left heart catheterization and angiography via the percutaneous femoral approach using an arterial sheath.", "content": "An arterial sheath with a proximal hemostasis valve and a side-arm extension tube was used in 562 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiography via the femoral approach. Serious complications were rare. There was one death, one peripheral embolism, and one episode of delayed groin hemorrhage. The incidence of minor complications, including hematoma formation, in this series compares favorably with our own and the reported experience of others using the conventional percutaneous femoral approach. The sheath technique facilitated catheter exchanges and reduced patient discomfort. In addition, femoral artery pressure could be monitored via the side arm of the sheath during the catheterization. This proved helpful during retrograde catheterization of patients with aortic stenosis, as well as in detection of damping of coronary artery catheter tip pressure during coronary arteriography and hypotension following left ventriculography. Based upon this experience, use of an arterial sheath has become our standard practice when left heart catheterization is performed via the femoral approach, and the use of several different catheters is anticipated.", "contents": "Left heart catheterization and angiography via the percutaneous femoral approach using an arterial sheath. An arterial sheath with a proximal hemostasis valve and a side-arm extension tube was used in 562 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiography via the femoral approach. Serious complications were rare. There was one death, one peripheral embolism, and one episode of delayed groin hemorrhage. The incidence of minor complications, including hematoma formation, in this series compares favorably with our own and the reported experience of others using the conventional percutaneous femoral approach. The sheath technique facilitated catheter exchanges and reduced patient discomfort. In addition, femoral artery pressure could be monitored via the side arm of the sheath during the catheterization. This proved helpful during retrograde catheterization of patients with aortic stenosis, as well as in detection of damping of coronary artery catheter tip pressure during coronary arteriography and hypotension following left ventriculography. Based upon this experience, use of an arterial sheath has become our standard practice when left heart catheterization is performed via the femoral approach, and the use of several different catheters is anticipated.", "PMID": 527044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3199", "title": "Transseptal and retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with the stent-mounted porcine xenograft valve prosthesis in the aortic position.", "content": "Cardiac catheterization techniques for measuring the systolic pressure gradient across the stent-mounted porcine xenograft in the aortic position and accomplishing left ventriculography are described. The transseptal technique is a rapid and predictable means of entering the left ventricle but requires a highly skilled operator. Retrograde left ventricular catheterization via the femoral artery is a technique familiar to all invasive cardiologists. Usually a pitfall catheter is used. In patients with the stent-mounted procine xenograft in the aortic position, we have found the A2 Multipurpose catheter to be the fastest and most predictable means of entering the left ventricle from the groin. Potential complications of retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with aortic valve prostheses are discussed.", "contents": "Transseptal and retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with the stent-mounted porcine xenograft valve prosthesis in the aortic position. Cardiac catheterization techniques for measuring the systolic pressure gradient across the stent-mounted porcine xenograft in the aortic position and accomplishing left ventriculography are described. The transseptal technique is a rapid and predictable means of entering the left ventricle but requires a highly skilled operator. Retrograde left ventricular catheterization via the femoral artery is a technique familiar to all invasive cardiologists. Usually a pitfall catheter is used. In patients with the stent-mounted procine xenograft in the aortic position, we have found the A2 Multipurpose catheter to be the fastest and most predictable means of entering the left ventricle from the groin. Potential complications of retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with aortic valve prostheses are discussed.", "PMID": 527045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3200", "title": "[Autochthonous amebiasis in the region of Nantes].", "content": "A retrospective study on amoebiasis observed in the central hospital in Nantes since twenty years, shows that, at least, 16 % of the intestinal cases and 1/6, 5 of 30 cases of hepatic amoebiasis are autochthonous.", "contents": "[Autochthonous amebiasis in the region of Nantes]. A retrospective study on amoebiasis observed in the central hospital in Nantes since twenty years, shows that, at least, 16 % of the intestinal cases and 1/6, 5 of 30 cases of hepatic amoebiasis are autochthonous.", "PMID": 527154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3201", "title": "[Persistence of visceral leishmaniasis in the southeast of France and recorded frequency of the disease in adults. Apropos of recent cases].", "content": "The authors report on 9 cases of mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) collected in the south-eastern part of France in 1978. They emphasize the more frequent occurrence of this disease in adults than children. Out of the 40 cases detected in this region between January 1975 and December 1978, 22 affected adults (55 percent) moreover, Kala-Azar appears to occur particularly in adults with decreased general resistance and diagnosis may be difficult because classical clinical features are no complete.", "contents": "[Persistence of visceral leishmaniasis in the southeast of France and recorded frequency of the disease in adults. Apropos of recent cases]. The authors report on 9 cases of mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) collected in the south-eastern part of France in 1978. They emphasize the more frequent occurrence of this disease in adults than children. Out of the 40 cases detected in this region between January 1975 and December 1978, 22 affected adults (55 percent) moreover, Kala-Azar appears to occur particularly in adults with decreased general resistance and diagnosis may be difficult because classical clinical features are no complete.", "PMID": 527155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3202", "title": "[Hepatic involvement in Trypanosoma rhodesiense trypanosomiasis].", "content": "The authors report a clinical and biological study of 40 cases of T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis. In 40% of cases there was a hepatomegaly, in 3 cases an ascitis, and biological abnormalities in 25% of cases. After having compared these results with other authors works (including T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense), they reached the conclusion that hepatic involvement in T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis in frequent, leading sometimes to transient acute hepatic failure.", "contents": "[Hepatic involvement in Trypanosoma rhodesiense trypanosomiasis]. The authors report a clinical and biological study of 40 cases of T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis. In 40% of cases there was a hepatomegaly, in 3 cases an ascitis, and biological abnormalities in 25% of cases. After having compared these results with other authors works (including T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense), they reached the conclusion that hepatic involvement in T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis in frequent, leading sometimes to transient acute hepatic failure.", "PMID": 527156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3203", "title": "[Verification of a focus of urinary bilharziasis in Khemis El Khechna (ex-Fondouk)].", "content": "At focus of urinary bilharziasis of Khemis El Khechna, non inspected since 1966, the urines of 1000 children were investigated. Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium, alive for the most part, were found in 78 samples (7.8%). The authors point out the dangers of the persistence and the possible spreading of this focus.", "contents": "[Verification of a focus of urinary bilharziasis in Khemis El Khechna (ex-Fondouk)]. At focus of urinary bilharziasis of Khemis El Khechna, non inspected since 1966, the urines of 1000 children were investigated. Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium, alive for the most part, were found in 78 samples (7.8%). The authors point out the dangers of the persistence and the possible spreading of this focus.", "PMID": 527157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3204", "title": "[Efficacy of UK 4271 (oxamniquine, Pfizer) in Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in western Africa (parasitological and serological study of 252 children)].", "content": "This study was conducted on 252 childrens afflicted with Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) living in endemic area and treated with doses of 15 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg of Oxamniquine. During eight months, parasitologic and serologic (Indirect fluorescent antibody test) controls were continued. A single per os dose of 15 mg/kg appears best and 87% cure rates were obtained with only 12% reinfestation. Antibody studies indicate, at this dosage, an antigenic stimulation that lasts at least 8 months, thus conferring a \"vaccinating\" action possible to be used with large population groups. Further studies show acceptable tolerance clinically of Oxamniquine and its ineffectiveness against S. haematobium. As mentioned by others, it appears that Oxamniquine has usefulness in treatment of schistosomiasis due to S. mansoni.", "contents": "[Efficacy of UK 4271 (oxamniquine, Pfizer) in Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in western Africa (parasitological and serological study of 252 children)]. This study was conducted on 252 childrens afflicted with Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) living in endemic area and treated with doses of 15 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg of Oxamniquine. During eight months, parasitologic and serologic (Indirect fluorescent antibody test) controls were continued. A single per os dose of 15 mg/kg appears best and 87% cure rates were obtained with only 12% reinfestation. Antibody studies indicate, at this dosage, an antigenic stimulation that lasts at least 8 months, thus conferring a \"vaccinating\" action possible to be used with large population groups. Further studies show acceptable tolerance clinically of Oxamniquine and its ineffectiveness against S. haematobium. As mentioned by others, it appears that Oxamniquine has usefulness in treatment of schistosomiasis due to S. mansoni.", "PMID": 527159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3205", "title": "[Spontaneous stercoral fistula due to oxyurids: apropos of 1 case].", "content": "A spontaneous stercoral fistula containing pinworms was observed in a patient, 35 years after an appendicectomy. The various surgical complications of oxyuriasis are reviewed, in particular, the possibilities for the parasite to traverse the intestinal wall. In the case reported here, it appears that infiltration occurred in the external wall of the caecum.", "contents": "[Spontaneous stercoral fistula due to oxyurids: apropos of 1 case]. A spontaneous stercoral fistula containing pinworms was observed in a patient, 35 years after an appendicectomy. The various surgical complications of oxyuriasis are reviewed, in particular, the possibilities for the parasite to traverse the intestinal wall. In the case reported here, it appears that infiltration occurred in the external wall of the caecum.", "PMID": 527160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3206", "title": "[Toxic effects of plant extracts on mosquito larvae].", "content": "Vegetable extracts prepared with 530 species belonging to 120 botanical families are biologically screened with fourth stage larvae of Aedes aegypti. About twenty species are selected. Eight species of Convolvulaceae are specially toxic.", "contents": "[Toxic effects of plant extracts on mosquito larvae]. Vegetable extracts prepared with 530 species belonging to 120 botanical families are biologically screened with fourth stage larvae of Aedes aegypti. About twenty species are selected. Eight species of Convolvulaceae are specially toxic.", "PMID": 527161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3207", "title": "Synthesis and preliminary antitumor evaluation of 4-(SR)-sulfido-cyclophosphamides.", "content": "Crystalline 4-(SR)-sulfidocyclophosphamides, sulfido derivatives of activated cyclophosphamide (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide), were synthesized by ozonation of cyclophosphamide and reaction of the intermediate 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide with various thiols (HSR). The products were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. 1H NMR and polarimetric analysis demonstrated that they consist of racemic cis-isomers that are stable in the crystalline state at room temperature. In aqueous solution these derivatives are hydrolyzed to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and the corresponding thiol, with half-lives ranging between 4 and 17 min at 37 degrees C and pH 7. The cytotoxicity of 4-(S-ethyl)- and 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide against Yoshida sarcoma ascites cells and the toxicity in rats were found to be practically identical with those of activated cyclophosphamide. A preliminary evaluation of the curative effect after a single IV injection of 4-(S-ethane)- and 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide in rats bearing Yoshida ascites sarcoma or of 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide in nu/nu mice bearing human breast carcinoma xenografts suggested that these sulfido derivatives possess the same oncostatic efficacy as activated cyclophosphamide itself.", "contents": "Synthesis and preliminary antitumor evaluation of 4-(SR)-sulfido-cyclophosphamides. Crystalline 4-(SR)-sulfidocyclophosphamides, sulfido derivatives of activated cyclophosphamide (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide), were synthesized by ozonation of cyclophosphamide and reaction of the intermediate 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide with various thiols (HSR). The products were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. 1H NMR and polarimetric analysis demonstrated that they consist of racemic cis-isomers that are stable in the crystalline state at room temperature. In aqueous solution these derivatives are hydrolyzed to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and the corresponding thiol, with half-lives ranging between 4 and 17 min at 37 degrees C and pH 7. The cytotoxicity of 4-(S-ethyl)- and 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide against Yoshida sarcoma ascites cells and the toxicity in rats were found to be practically identical with those of activated cyclophosphamide. A preliminary evaluation of the curative effect after a single IV injection of 4-(S-ethane)- and 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide in rats bearing Yoshida ascites sarcoma or of 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfidocyclophosphamide in nu/nu mice bearing human breast carcinoma xenografts suggested that these sulfido derivatives possess the same oncostatic efficacy as activated cyclophosphamide itself.", "PMID": 527208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3208", "title": "High-dose methotrexate: preliminary evaluation of a pharmacokinetic approach.", "content": "Clinical pharmacologic studies have been carried out in patients with head and neck tumors following 36-h continuous infusions of high-dose MTX (1.5 g/m2). The results indicated considerable variation in the amount of MTX in the blood of individual patients. To control these variations, a modified protocol was set up to try to attain the same MTX blood level in all subjects. The protocol has a pharmacokinetic basis and involves determination of the MTX kinetics in each patient. The information thus obtained allows us to compute a 36-h infusion dose so that the MTX plasma levels never exceed a threshold beyond which there is a risk of toxicity to the host. The computation is validated by taking a blood sample 6 h after the beginning of the infusion. If the MTX concentration is higher than its expected value, the infusion rate can then be immediately reduced. Analytical methods that will allow such a computation, the results of the clinical application of this pharmacokinetic approach, and some implications of such a method are discussed.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate: preliminary evaluation of a pharmacokinetic approach. Clinical pharmacologic studies have been carried out in patients with head and neck tumors following 36-h continuous infusions of high-dose MTX (1.5 g/m2). The results indicated considerable variation in the amount of MTX in the blood of individual patients. To control these variations, a modified protocol was set up to try to attain the same MTX blood level in all subjects. The protocol has a pharmacokinetic basis and involves determination of the MTX kinetics in each patient. The information thus obtained allows us to compute a 36-h infusion dose so that the MTX plasma levels never exceed a threshold beyond which there is a risk of toxicity to the host. The computation is validated by taking a blood sample 6 h after the beginning of the infusion. If the MTX concentration is higher than its expected value, the infusion rate can then be immediately reduced. Analytical methods that will allow such a computation, the results of the clinical application of this pharmacokinetic approach, and some implications of such a method are discussed.", "PMID": 527209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3209", "title": "A study of visual function in the premature infant.", "content": "Within the first week of life visual tracking and pattern differentiation were tested in 34 out of 47 premature infants born between 28--34 weeks of gestation. Positive results were achieved from 30 weeks onwards. Pattern differentiation was tested as soon as infants could be taken out of the incubator. Preference could be observed from 31 weeks post-conceptional age. Both functions showed comparable maturation to full-term controls by 34 weeks gestation.", "contents": "A study of visual function in the premature infant. Within the first week of life visual tracking and pattern differentiation were tested in 34 out of 47 premature infants born between 28--34 weeks of gestation. Positive results were achieved from 30 weeks onwards. Pattern differentiation was tested as soon as infants could be taken out of the incubator. Preference could be observed from 31 weeks post-conceptional age. Both functions showed comparable maturation to full-term controls by 34 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 527212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3210", "title": "Physiological basis of visual acuity and its development in kittens.", "content": "To answer the questions, (1) Which cells in the visual system are responsible for high visual acuity and (2) Does the function of the cells which provide high visual acuity develop postnatally; single cell studies have been made in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex of cats of different ages. Sustained-X retinal ganglion cells in the area centralis (the equivalent retinal position to the human fovea) set the upper limit of visual acuity. The cellular acuity develops postnatally until it reaches the adult level at 3--4 months-of-age. The improvement of acuity is associated with an increase in the strength of the inhibitory surround mechanism of the receptive field of sustained cells in the area centralis. The maturation of cellular acuity coincides with maturation of retinal and LGN synaptic organisation and of optic nerve myelination.", "contents": "Physiological basis of visual acuity and its development in kittens. To answer the questions, (1) Which cells in the visual system are responsible for high visual acuity and (2) Does the function of the cells which provide high visual acuity develop postnatally; single cell studies have been made in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex of cats of different ages. Sustained-X retinal ganglion cells in the area centralis (the equivalent retinal position to the human fovea) set the upper limit of visual acuity. The cellular acuity develops postnatally until it reaches the adult level at 3--4 months-of-age. The improvement of acuity is associated with an increase in the strength of the inhibitory surround mechanism of the receptive field of sustained cells in the area centralis. The maturation of cellular acuity coincides with maturation of retinal and LGN synaptic organisation and of optic nerve myelination.", "PMID": 527210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3211", "title": "Determination of 3-mercaptolactate, mercaptoacetate and N-acetylcysteine in urine by gas chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of 3-mercaptolactate, mercaptoacetate (thioglycolate) and N-acetylcysteine in urine. As these compounds are mainly excreted as their mixed disulfides with cysteine, they are first reduced to the free thiols by an insoluble polymer containing thiol groups. After purification by chromatography on an organomercurial adsorbent, the compounds are converted to benzyl derivatives by extractive alkylation and determined by gas chromatography. The identity of the compounds analyzed was verified by mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that mercaptolactate and mercaptoacetate are almost entirely excreted as their mixed disulfides with cysteine, whereas appreciable amounts of N-acetylcyteine are present as the symmetrical disulfide and the free thiol. The urinary excretion of the compounds from healthy human beings was also studied.", "contents": "Determination of 3-mercaptolactate, mercaptoacetate and N-acetylcysteine in urine by gas chromatography. A method is described for the determination of 3-mercaptolactate, mercaptoacetate (thioglycolate) and N-acetylcysteine in urine. As these compounds are mainly excreted as their mixed disulfides with cysteine, they are first reduced to the free thiols by an insoluble polymer containing thiol groups. After purification by chromatography on an organomercurial adsorbent, the compounds are converted to benzyl derivatives by extractive alkylation and determined by gas chromatography. The identity of the compounds analyzed was verified by mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that mercaptolactate and mercaptoacetate are almost entirely excreted as their mixed disulfides with cysteine, whereas appreciable amounts of N-acetylcyteine are present as the symmetrical disulfide and the free thiol. The urinary excretion of the compounds from healthy human beings was also studied.", "PMID": 527218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3212", "title": "Urine proteins after burn injury.", "content": "Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to examine the proteins present in urine during the first week following burn injury. Of the \"serum\" proteins present in the urine some glycoproteins were found to be in different relative proportions from those observed in serum. In patients sustaining severe burns the amount of protein excreted was increased compared to patients with mild burns and to controls. alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin detected in the urine of patients with severe burns was at times seen as a twin peak. This altered peak was of slower electrophoretic mobility and may represent a polymer of the protein or a complex of the protein with some other, possibly tissue-derived, protein.", "contents": "Urine proteins after burn injury. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to examine the proteins present in urine during the first week following burn injury. Of the \"serum\" proteins present in the urine some glycoproteins were found to be in different relative proportions from those observed in serum. In patients sustaining severe burns the amount of protein excreted was increased compared to patients with mild burns and to controls. alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin detected in the urine of patients with severe burns was at times seen as a twin peak. This altered peak was of slower electrophoretic mobility and may represent a polymer of the protein or a complex of the protein with some other, possibly tissue-derived, protein.", "PMID": 527219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3213", "title": "Increased catecholamine excretion after labetalol therapy: a spurious effect of drug metabolites.", "content": "Patients with essential hypertension were treated for four weeks with the alpha- and beta-adreno-receptor blocking agent labetalol. Urinary excretion of total catecholamines, metanephrine plus normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid was measured with various methods before and during treatment. An unidentified substance interfering with the fluorimetric method for catecholamines and the photometric assay for metanephrines caused falsely high values of those substances. Using appropriate methodology no changes of total catecholamines, metanephrine plus normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid excretion were found after labetalol therapy. Our findings are important in preventing errors in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma as well as in the evaluation of the effects of labetalol on the sympathetic nervous system in man.", "contents": "Increased catecholamine excretion after labetalol therapy: a spurious effect of drug metabolites. Patients with essential hypertension were treated for four weeks with the alpha- and beta-adreno-receptor blocking agent labetalol. Urinary excretion of total catecholamines, metanephrine plus normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid was measured with various methods before and during treatment. An unidentified substance interfering with the fluorimetric method for catecholamines and the photometric assay for metanephrines caused falsely high values of those substances. Using appropriate methodology no changes of total catecholamines, metanephrine plus normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid excretion were found after labetalol therapy. Our findings are important in preventing errors in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma as well as in the evaluation of the effects of labetalol on the sympathetic nervous system in man.", "PMID": 527220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3214", "title": "Changes in the visual evoked response during and after occlusion therapy for amblyopia.", "content": "The VER was studied in normal children aged 4--11 years and in 71 amblyopic children at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Changes in the VER in amblyopia are best observed with 20% contrast and small square sizes. The better eye of untreated amblyopia has a normal time-to-peak for P1 of the cortical response, while that of the amblyopic eye is delayed, the more so with poor binocular vision in partial agreement with our previous findings. We found with a high degree of significance that occlusion therapy renders the VER from the amblyopic eye more 'normal' but causes considerable delay in the VER from the covered eye, even though its visual acuity does not change. At the end of occlusion, these changes are usually reversible although not always completely in patients who have had prolonged occlusion.", "contents": "Changes in the visual evoked response during and after occlusion therapy for amblyopia. The VER was studied in normal children aged 4--11 years and in 71 amblyopic children at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Changes in the VER in amblyopia are best observed with 20% contrast and small square sizes. The better eye of untreated amblyopia has a normal time-to-peak for P1 of the cortical response, while that of the amblyopic eye is delayed, the more so with poor binocular vision in partial agreement with our previous findings. We found with a high degree of significance that occlusion therapy renders the VER from the amblyopic eye more 'normal' but causes considerable delay in the VER from the covered eye, even though its visual acuity does not change. At the end of occlusion, these changes are usually reversible although not always completely in patients who have had prolonged occlusion.", "PMID": 527215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3215", "title": "Evaluation of three clinical chemical routine methods for the determination of serum uric acid, by mass fragmentography.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic method for assay of serum uric acid was developed and used as a reference method to evaluate the accuracy of different routine methods used in clinical chemistry. [1,3-15N2]Uric acid was added to the serum sample and the mixture was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography. After conversion to the tetra-trimethylsilyl derivative the purified mixture was analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a multiple ion detector. Within-series imprecision of the reference method as calculated by means of relative standard deviation was 0.6%. The small difference between calculated and found value obtained in different recovery experiments could be explained by this degree of imprecision. In a comparison between results obtained with the reference method and different routine methods, a significant difference was observed only when using an uricase-oxygen consumption method.", "contents": "Evaluation of three clinical chemical routine methods for the determination of serum uric acid, by mass fragmentography. A mass fragmentographic method for assay of serum uric acid was developed and used as a reference method to evaluate the accuracy of different routine methods used in clinical chemistry. [1,3-15N2]Uric acid was added to the serum sample and the mixture was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography. After conversion to the tetra-trimethylsilyl derivative the purified mixture was analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a multiple ion detector. Within-series imprecision of the reference method as calculated by means of relative standard deviation was 0.6%. The small difference between calculated and found value obtained in different recovery experiments could be explained by this degree of imprecision. In a comparison between results obtained with the reference method and different routine methods, a significant difference was observed only when using an uricase-oxygen consumption method.", "PMID": 527221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3216", "title": "Binocular reflexes in the first 6 months of life: preliminary results of a study of normal infants.", "content": "The development of the binocular reflexes during the first 6 months of life was studied in 38 normal infants. Preliminary results indicate that the following reflex is well established by 2 months, convergence by 3 months and the corrective fusion reflex by the age of 5 months.", "contents": "Binocular reflexes in the first 6 months of life: preliminary results of a study of normal infants. The development of the binocular reflexes during the first 6 months of life was studied in 38 normal infants. Preliminary results indicate that the following reflex is well established by 2 months, convergence by 3 months and the corrective fusion reflex by the age of 5 months.", "PMID": 527213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3217", "title": "The significance of disturbances of the motor system of the eye in low vision children.", "content": "Defects of the neuromotor system of the eye found to occur in 80% of 70 visually impaired children. The influence of such defects on the developing visual acuity is discussed. Early and intensified treatment is suggested to minimize negative effects and promote visual development.", "contents": "The significance of disturbances of the motor system of the eye in low vision children. Defects of the neuromotor system of the eye found to occur in 80% of 70 visually impaired children. The influence of such defects on the developing visual acuity is discussed. Early and intensified treatment is suggested to minimize negative effects and promote visual development.", "PMID": 527214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3218", "title": "Refractive error in Yugoslav urban children aged between 3 and 7 years.", "content": "A sample of 583 Yugoslav urban children aged between 3 and 7 years, was tested for refraction. It was found that hypermetropia decreased between the ages of 3 and 6, but increased in the seventh year confirming other studies in this area.", "contents": "Refractive error in Yugoslav urban children aged between 3 and 7 years. A sample of 583 Yugoslav urban children aged between 3 and 7 years, was tested for refraction. It was found that hypermetropia decreased between the ages of 3 and 6, but increased in the seventh year confirming other studies in this area.", "PMID": 527217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3219", "title": "Hypomagnesaemia in diabetes.", "content": "The plasma magnesium (Mg) concentrations of 582 unselected diabetic outpatients and 140 control subjects were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mean plasma Mg (+/-S.D.) was significantly lower in the diabetic patients (0.737 +/- 0.071 mmol/l) than in the control subjects (0.810 +/- 0.057 mmol/l), and 146 (25%) diabetics had values below those of all control subjects except one. Plasma Mg correlated best with clinic blood glucose concentration (r = -0.32, p less than 0.001) and other significant associations were observed with glycosuria, age, sex, insulin therapy and biguanide therapy. Although its significance is unclear, hypomagnesaemia could conceivably predispose to ischaemic heart disease in diabetes.", "contents": "Hypomagnesaemia in diabetes. The plasma magnesium (Mg) concentrations of 582 unselected diabetic outpatients and 140 control subjects were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mean plasma Mg (+/-S.D.) was significantly lower in the diabetic patients (0.737 +/- 0.071 mmol/l) than in the control subjects (0.810 +/- 0.057 mmol/l), and 146 (25%) diabetics had values below those of all control subjects except one. Plasma Mg correlated best with clinic blood glucose concentration (r = -0.32, p less than 0.001) and other significant associations were observed with glycosuria, age, sex, insulin therapy and biguanide therapy. Although its significance is unclear, hypomagnesaemia could conceivably predispose to ischaemic heart disease in diabetes.", "PMID": 527222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3220", "title": "Glucose-oxidase electrode. Measurements of glucose in samples exhibiting high variability in oxygen content.", "content": "Measurements of glucose in samples exhibiting high variability in oxygen content present an important problem to solve for pO2 detection methods. Different solutions exist, all based on the stabilization of the pO2 sample before or during the measurement. The electrode described in this paper itself contains enough O2 to compensate for the variability of the sample oxygen content. The enzyme is cross-linked with gelatin using the bifunctional agent, glutaraldehyde. Amperometric enzyme electrodes have been constructed using these membranes. Measurements have been done by collecting the derivative in time of the signal given by the electrode for blood or plasma samples.", "contents": "Glucose-oxidase electrode. Measurements of glucose in samples exhibiting high variability in oxygen content. Measurements of glucose in samples exhibiting high variability in oxygen content present an important problem to solve for pO2 detection methods. Different solutions exist, all based on the stabilization of the pO2 sample before or during the measurement. The electrode described in this paper itself contains enough O2 to compensate for the variability of the sample oxygen content. The enzyme is cross-linked with gelatin using the bifunctional agent, glutaraldehyde. Amperometric enzyme electrodes have been constructed using these membranes. Measurements have been done by collecting the derivative in time of the signal given by the electrode for blood or plasma samples.", "PMID": 527223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3221", "title": "Visual development in successfully treated cases of congenital glaucoma.", "content": "The authors assessed visual functions in 10 children after operations for congenital glaucoma. All the children had had one or more operations previously and it was found that the visual development of the child was affected.", "contents": "Visual development in successfully treated cases of congenital glaucoma. The authors assessed visual functions in 10 children after operations for congenital glaucoma. All the children had had one or more operations previously and it was found that the visual development of the child was affected.", "PMID": 527216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3222", "title": "A quality control program to evaluate accuracy and precision of clinical chemistry determinations.", "content": "An external quality control program is described which, apart from documenting the routine performance of clinical chemistry laboratories with respect to accuracy and precision, also indicates the control efficiency of intra-laboratory quality control procedures. Participants are supplied with a large lot of stable control serum to be used in their intra-laboratory quality control program during a prolonged period of time. The statistical analysis of the submitted data consists of an analysis of variance scheme in order to separate systematic from random errors. The systematic laboratory errors are thereafter graded according to a scoring system independent of the standard deviation. The control efficiency of intra-laboratory quality control procedures is derived from a modified version of the measurability and controllability rules of Van der Grinten (1968) Stat. Neerl. 22, 43--63). Application of these rules in clinical chemistry laboratories is a first step towards a dynamic system of process deviation control. Merits of such an approach are discussed. Principles of the analysis of variance technique are dealt with. A graphical procedure to display its results is shown. Testing procedures to justify application of the analysis of variance technique are discussed and several features are illustrated.", "contents": "A quality control program to evaluate accuracy and precision of clinical chemistry determinations. An external quality control program is described which, apart from documenting the routine performance of clinical chemistry laboratories with respect to accuracy and precision, also indicates the control efficiency of intra-laboratory quality control procedures. Participants are supplied with a large lot of stable control serum to be used in their intra-laboratory quality control program during a prolonged period of time. The statistical analysis of the submitted data consists of an analysis of variance scheme in order to separate systematic from random errors. The systematic laboratory errors are thereafter graded according to a scoring system independent of the standard deviation. The control efficiency of intra-laboratory quality control procedures is derived from a modified version of the measurability and controllability rules of Van der Grinten (1968) Stat. Neerl. 22, 43--63). Application of these rules in clinical chemistry laboratories is a first step towards a dynamic system of process deviation control. Merits of such an approach are discussed. Principles of the analysis of variance technique are dealt with. A graphical procedure to display its results is shown. Testing procedures to justify application of the analysis of variance technique are discussed and several features are illustrated.", "PMID": 527225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3223", "title": "Development of gel filtration and specific analyses of urinary carbohydrate and protein material.", "content": "Hitherto investigations into urinary carbohydrate and proteinaceous macromolecular material has largely been restricted to non-dialysable fractions. We found that this limits the investigation to less than 1% of the total material present and we present a method for direct analysis of urine without prior concentration or extraction. This method extends existing techniques allowing deeper investigation into necessary and important chemical aspects of health and disease. The method is based on gel filtration using Bio-Gel P2. Means included to overcome the observed adsorption by the gel matrix of relevant material depend on use of high ionic concentration buffers for column elution. The problems of bacterial contamination of the gel matrix are discussed and the use of presterilised urine samples is proposed to prevent contamination. The coupling of the gel filtration column to three specific automated analyses allows simultaneous determination of uronic acid, neutral sugar and proteinaceous material.", "contents": "Development of gel filtration and specific analyses of urinary carbohydrate and protein material. Hitherto investigations into urinary carbohydrate and proteinaceous macromolecular material has largely been restricted to non-dialysable fractions. We found that this limits the investigation to less than 1% of the total material present and we present a method for direct analysis of urine without prior concentration or extraction. This method extends existing techniques allowing deeper investigation into necessary and important chemical aspects of health and disease. The method is based on gel filtration using Bio-Gel P2. Means included to overcome the observed adsorption by the gel matrix of relevant material depend on use of high ionic concentration buffers for column elution. The problems of bacterial contamination of the gel matrix are discussed and the use of presterilised urine samples is proposed to prevent contamination. The coupling of the gel filtration column to three specific automated analyses allows simultaneous determination of uronic acid, neutral sugar and proteinaceous material.", "PMID": 527226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3224", "title": "Use of immobilized enzymes in automated clinical analysis: determination of uric acid and glucose using immobilized enzymes in column form.", "content": "We studied the use of immobilized enzymes, covalently bound to alkylaminosilane derivative of porous glass, to automated clinical analysis on uric acid and glucose in blood, serum and urine. A microcolumn with an immobilized enzyme was prepared and used in an AutoAnalyzer I continuous flow system. Uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) from Candida utilis and glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) from Aspergillus niger were immobilized for the determination of uric acid and glucose, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide produced by these oxidases was colorimetrically determined using horse-radish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and a hydrogen acceptor in solution. Sensitivity and wash charactertistics of a column with immobilized enzyme, 1.5 mm of inner diameter and up to 40 mm in length, were satisfactory at an assay speed of 50 samples per hour. The results correlated well with those obtained by other well established methods utilizing the AutoAnalyzer system. The immobilized enzymes were sufficiently stable for at least two months of 2000 tests when used repeatedly. Clinical trials proved that this method is capable of replacing the soluble enzyme method, giving reliable and reproducible results at lower cost.", "contents": "Use of immobilized enzymes in automated clinical analysis: determination of uric acid and glucose using immobilized enzymes in column form. We studied the use of immobilized enzymes, covalently bound to alkylaminosilane derivative of porous glass, to automated clinical analysis on uric acid and glucose in blood, serum and urine. A microcolumn with an immobilized enzyme was prepared and used in an AutoAnalyzer I continuous flow system. Uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) from Candida utilis and glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) from Aspergillus niger were immobilized for the determination of uric acid and glucose, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide produced by these oxidases was colorimetrically determined using horse-radish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and a hydrogen acceptor in solution. Sensitivity and wash charactertistics of a column with immobilized enzyme, 1.5 mm of inner diameter and up to 40 mm in length, were satisfactory at an assay speed of 50 samples per hour. The results correlated well with those obtained by other well established methods utilizing the AutoAnalyzer system. The immobilized enzymes were sufficiently stable for at least two months of 2000 tests when used repeatedly. Clinical trials proved that this method is capable of replacing the soluble enzyme method, giving reliable and reproducible results at lower cost.", "PMID": 527227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3225", "title": "The frequency of patulous Eustachian tubes in pregnancy.", "content": "Two-hundred and seventy pregnant women (540 ears) were examined for patulous Eustachian tubes. The diagnosis was established by means of a Madsen Zo 70 electroacoustic impedance bridge. Nineteen of the patients were found to have patulous Eustachian tubes in 1 or both ears as evidenced by impedance variations synchronous with the respiration. Only 5 of these women had any subjective symptoms. Nine other women had symptoms, but their Eustachian tubes were closed at the time of examination. The results were related to the duration of the gestation, to oestrogen production and weight gain during pregnancy. A significant correlation was found was found between patulous Eustachian tube and elevated serum oestriol values.", "contents": "The frequency of patulous Eustachian tubes in pregnancy. Two-hundred and seventy pregnant women (540 ears) were examined for patulous Eustachian tubes. The diagnosis was established by means of a Madsen Zo 70 electroacoustic impedance bridge. Nineteen of the patients were found to have patulous Eustachian tubes in 1 or both ears as evidenced by impedance variations synchronous with the respiration. Only 5 of these women had any subjective symptoms. Nine other women had symptoms, but their Eustachian tubes were closed at the time of examination. The results were related to the duration of the gestation, to oestrogen production and weight gain during pregnancy. A significant correlation was found was found between patulous Eustachian tube and elevated serum oestriol values.", "PMID": 527242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3226", "title": "Influence of lingual muscular strength on articulatory proficiency.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lingual muscular strength (LMS) and articulatory proficiency in 45 normal and 45 lisping speakers utilizing a Lingual Force Scale designed specifically for this investigation. Results revealed that lispers exhibited significantly reduced LMS as compared to their matched controls. No significant differences in LMS between males and females with lisped speech, or between normal speaking males and females were found to exist at 5 age levels. Significant positive correlations were noted between age and LMS in both groups of subjects. In light of these findings, it might be suggested that lisping should not be viewed always as a purely functional disorder of the speech musculature.", "contents": "Influence of lingual muscular strength on articulatory proficiency. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lingual muscular strength (LMS) and articulatory proficiency in 45 normal and 45 lisping speakers utilizing a Lingual Force Scale designed specifically for this investigation. Results revealed that lispers exhibited significantly reduced LMS as compared to their matched controls. No significant differences in LMS between males and females with lisped speech, or between normal speaking males and females were found to exist at 5 age levels. Significant positive correlations were noted between age and LMS in both groups of subjects. In light of these findings, it might be suggested that lisping should not be viewed always as a purely functional disorder of the speech musculature.", "PMID": 527243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3227", "title": "Some tuning fork tests revisited.", "content": "The Weber, Rinne and Bing tests were examined in normally hearing and hearing impaired subjects, using different techniques. The Weber test was found to be most sensitive and reliable with the tuning fork stem placed on the upper incisors. The Rinne tests showed a transition point from Rinne positive to negative at 19 dB when performed using the normal loudness comparison technique and at 24 dB with a threshold comparison technique. The Bing test with the tuning fork placed either on the mastoid or the vertex showed a transition point from Bing positive to negative at approximately 9 dB air-bone gap.", "contents": "Some tuning fork tests revisited. The Weber, Rinne and Bing tests were examined in normally hearing and hearing impaired subjects, using different techniques. The Weber test was found to be most sensitive and reliable with the tuning fork stem placed on the upper incisors. The Rinne tests showed a transition point from Rinne positive to negative at 19 dB when performed using the normal loudness comparison technique and at 24 dB with a threshold comparison technique. The Bing test with the tuning fork placed either on the mastoid or the vertex showed a transition point from Bing positive to negative at approximately 9 dB air-bone gap.", "PMID": 527244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3228", "title": "Chromosome variants and abnormalities detected in 51 married couples with repeated spontaneous abortions.", "content": "Chromosome analysis of 51 married couples with repeated spontaneous abortions revealed a normal female karyotype in all wives, whereas 39 (76.5%) husbands showed a normal Y chromosome, 10 (19.6%) a Yq+, one (1.9%) a Yqs and one (1.9%) two Y chromosomes. The high incidence of Yq+ found in this investigation correlates with previous reports and indicates that the risk of spontaneous abortions is increased when the male partner has a large Y chromosome.", "contents": "Chromosome variants and abnormalities detected in 51 married couples with repeated spontaneous abortions. Chromosome analysis of 51 married couples with repeated spontaneous abortions revealed a normal female karyotype in all wives, whereas 39 (76.5%) husbands showed a normal Y chromosome, 10 (19.6%) a Yq+, one (1.9%) a Yqs and one (1.9%) two Y chromosomes. The high incidence of Yq+ found in this investigation correlates with previous reports and indicates that the risk of spontaneous abortions is increased when the male partner has a large Y chromosome.", "PMID": 527245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3229", "title": "Complete and partial trisomy of different segments of chromosome 8: case reports and review.", "content": "This report describes some of the clinical, chromosomal and radiological findings in three unrelated patients with trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome (T8ms), two first cousins with trisomy 8q and a patient with trisomy 8p. On the basis of the phenotypic and cytogenetic findings seen in our six patients and those noted in previous reports, we concur with Riccardi & Crandall (1978) that most physical malformations seen in T8ms are associated with trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 8.", "contents": "Complete and partial trisomy of different segments of chromosome 8: case reports and review. This report describes some of the clinical, chromosomal and radiological findings in three unrelated patients with trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome (T8ms), two first cousins with trisomy 8q and a patient with trisomy 8p. On the basis of the phenotypic and cytogenetic findings seen in our six patients and those noted in previous reports, we concur with Riccardi & Crandall (1978) that most physical malformations seen in T8ms are associated with trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 8.", "PMID": 527246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3230", "title": "Frontometaphyseal dysplasia with congenital urinary tract malformations.", "content": "A 12-year-old by with unusual face and hearing loss was diagnosed as having frontometaphyseal dysplasia. He also had congenital urinary tract malformations and chronic urinary tract infection. The cranial and facial bones of the patient were studied by roentgen cephalometric analysis.", "contents": "Frontometaphyseal dysplasia with congenital urinary tract malformations. A 12-year-old by with unusual face and hearing loss was diagnosed as having frontometaphyseal dysplasia. He also had congenital urinary tract malformations and chronic urinary tract infection. The cranial and facial bones of the patient were studied by roentgen cephalometric analysis.", "PMID": 527247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3231", "title": "The dermatoglyphic pattern of the trisomy 9p syndrome.", "content": "This paper shows that the study of dermatoglyphics is an objective aid in the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. The dermatologlyphic patterns of four patients with trisomy 9p were analyzed and compared with dermatoglyphic data from 63 published case reports on the condition. We consider that the following traits constitute the combination of dermatoglyphic patterns that is specific to trisomy 9p: an excess of arches on the fingertips and toes, a low total finger ridge count, the absence of digital triradii b and c, and the presence of zygodactylous triradii z, z' and z'', a simian crease, a single crease on the 5th finger, a hypothenar crease, a distally placed axial triradius t', a proximal or tibial arch or both on the hallux, and increased intensity of the plantar patterns. A \"phantom picture\" is constructed, which can be used for dermatoglyphic diagnosis of the trisomy 9p syndrome.", "contents": "The dermatoglyphic pattern of the trisomy 9p syndrome. This paper shows that the study of dermatoglyphics is an objective aid in the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. The dermatologlyphic patterns of four patients with trisomy 9p were analyzed and compared with dermatoglyphic data from 63 published case reports on the condition. We consider that the following traits constitute the combination of dermatoglyphic patterns that is specific to trisomy 9p: an excess of arches on the fingertips and toes, a low total finger ridge count, the absence of digital triradii b and c, and the presence of zygodactylous triradii z, z' and z'', a simian crease, a single crease on the 5th finger, a hypothenar crease, a distally placed axial triradius t', a proximal or tibial arch or both on the hallux, and increased intensity of the plantar patterns. A \"phantom picture\" is constructed, which can be used for dermatoglyphic diagnosis of the trisomy 9p syndrome.", "PMID": 527248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3232", "title": "Positive H-Y antigen testing in a case of XY gonadal absence syndrome.", "content": "H-Y antigen testing was positive in a case of pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syyndrome. In conclusion, H-Y antigen may be present even in the absence of testes. Also, the syndrome could not have originated from a defect in the H-Y antigen system.", "contents": "Positive H-Y antigen testing in a case of XY gonadal absence syndrome. H-Y antigen testing was positive in a case of pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syyndrome. In conclusion, H-Y antigen may be present even in the absence of testes. Also, the syndrome could not have originated from a defect in the H-Y antigen system.", "PMID": 527249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3233", "title": "Roberts' syndrome. I. Cytological evidence for a disturbance in chromatid pairing.", "content": "In the rare developmental disorder Roberts' syndrome, prophase and metaphase chromosomes display premature sister-chromatid separation, most prominently at certain regions in which the chromatin is composed of highly reiterated base sequences. In addition, interphase nuclei present a striking distortion in their contours. The observed abnormalities are interpreted as evidence for the presence of a genetically determined disturbance affecting the normal mechanisms for pairing and disjoining of sister chromatids.", "contents": "Roberts' syndrome. I. Cytological evidence for a disturbance in chromatid pairing. In the rare developmental disorder Roberts' syndrome, prophase and metaphase chromosomes display premature sister-chromatid separation, most prominently at certain regions in which the chromatin is composed of highly reiterated base sequences. In addition, interphase nuclei present a striking distortion in their contours. The observed abnormalities are interpreted as evidence for the presence of a genetically determined disturbance affecting the normal mechanisms for pairing and disjoining of sister chromatids.", "PMID": 527250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3234", "title": "The effect of culture temperature on the kinetics of human lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "The effect of varying the culture temperature on the growth kinetics of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been studied by a new method using a Coulter Channelyzer. Each of three subjects had a distinctive percentage of responding cells (P less than 0.01), greater after 22 hr culture than after 15 hr (P less than 0.05) due to continued recruitment, but these values were unmodified by variation of the culture temperature in the range 35 degrees C--39 degrees C. The incremental growth rate is the major descriptor of cellular growth and, not unexpectedly, each subject has a distinctive value (P less than 0.01) which is greater after culture for 22 hr than after 15 hr (P less than 0.05). We attribute the increase to the effect of recruitment in modifying the mean value of this parameter. These growth rates were similar at 35 degrees C and 37 degrees C (P less than 0.01), but higher at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.01). Lymphocytes cultured at 41 degrees C failed to grow satisfactorily in either the control or PHA-stimulated wells and it was obvious that cells were damaged at this temperature. Our results establish that PHA-stimulated lymphocytes grow more quickly at 39 degrees C than at 37 degrees C in the early stages of the first cell cycle, but that there is no increase in the number of responding cells at the higher temperature. The results suggest that moderate fever might have a beneficial effect on lymphocyte responses to infection.", "contents": "The effect of culture temperature on the kinetics of human lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin. The effect of varying the culture temperature on the growth kinetics of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been studied by a new method using a Coulter Channelyzer. Each of three subjects had a distinctive percentage of responding cells (P less than 0.01), greater after 22 hr culture than after 15 hr (P less than 0.05) due to continued recruitment, but these values were unmodified by variation of the culture temperature in the range 35 degrees C--39 degrees C. The incremental growth rate is the major descriptor of cellular growth and, not unexpectedly, each subject has a distinctive value (P less than 0.01) which is greater after culture for 22 hr than after 15 hr (P less than 0.05). We attribute the increase to the effect of recruitment in modifying the mean value of this parameter. These growth rates were similar at 35 degrees C and 37 degrees C (P less than 0.01), but higher at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.01). Lymphocytes cultured at 41 degrees C failed to grow satisfactorily in either the control or PHA-stimulated wells and it was obvious that cells were damaged at this temperature. Our results establish that PHA-stimulated lymphocytes grow more quickly at 39 degrees C than at 37 degrees C in the early stages of the first cell cycle, but that there is no increase in the number of responding cells at the higher temperature. The results suggest that moderate fever might have a beneficial effect on lymphocyte responses to infection.", "PMID": 527253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3235", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in IgA deficiency.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes (IC) were demonstrated in patients with serum IgA deficiency. Sixteen of thirty-one IgA deficient patients had serum IC detected by solid phase C1q radioimmunoassay for IgG class complexes. The presence of cryoglobulins (thirteen out of thirty-one patients) and increased polyethylene glycol precipitation (ten out of thirty patients) provided additional evidence for the presence of IC. Fourteen patients were asymptomatic but seven had clinical evidence of disease which could have been IC mediated: two with glomerulonephritis, three with polyarthritis, one with vasculitis and one with thyroiditis. Serum IC remained detectable in multiple samples over several months but this correlated poorly with the presence or absence of disease. Serum antibody to IgA was detected in fifteen out of thirty-one patients. There was no direct relationship between the presence of IC and the level of serum anti-IgA antibody; however, this antibody was shown to be present in the IC isolate in eight patients. It is proposed that a considerable portion of the IC load in IgA deficiency results from defective antigen exclusion at the level of the mucosa.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in IgA deficiency. Circulating immune complexes (IC) were demonstrated in patients with serum IgA deficiency. Sixteen of thirty-one IgA deficient patients had serum IC detected by solid phase C1q radioimmunoassay for IgG class complexes. The presence of cryoglobulins (thirteen out of thirty-one patients) and increased polyethylene glycol precipitation (ten out of thirty patients) provided additional evidence for the presence of IC. Fourteen patients were asymptomatic but seven had clinical evidence of disease which could have been IC mediated: two with glomerulonephritis, three with polyarthritis, one with vasculitis and one with thyroiditis. Serum IC remained detectable in multiple samples over several months but this correlated poorly with the presence or absence of disease. Serum antibody to IgA was detected in fifteen out of thirty-one patients. There was no direct relationship between the presence of IC and the level of serum anti-IgA antibody; however, this antibody was shown to be present in the IC isolate in eight patients. It is proposed that a considerable portion of the IC load in IgA deficiency results from defective antigen exclusion at the level of the mucosa.", "PMID": 527254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3236", "title": "Suppression of immunological responses in mice by treatment with amphotericin B.", "content": "The polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) caused a marked suppression of the cell-mediated immune response in mice. Similar treatment did not effect the humoral antibody response. The immunosuppressive property of the drug was related to its ability to inhibit the manifestation rather than the induction phase of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. In vitro AmB suppressed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The drug seemed to act at the proliferative phase of the response. Results presented show that the T cell response was much more sensitive to the action of AmB than was the B cell response. During AmB chemotherapy consideration must be given to the immunosuppressive properties of this drug.", "contents": "Suppression of immunological responses in mice by treatment with amphotericin B. The polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) caused a marked suppression of the cell-mediated immune response in mice. Similar treatment did not effect the humoral antibody response. The immunosuppressive property of the drug was related to its ability to inhibit the manifestation rather than the induction phase of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. In vitro AmB suppressed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The drug seemed to act at the proliferative phase of the response. Results presented show that the T cell response was much more sensitive to the action of AmB than was the B cell response. During AmB chemotherapy consideration must be given to the immunosuppressive properties of this drug.", "PMID": 527256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3237", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in carcinoma of uterine cervix.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were determined in the sera of forty-eight patients wital status by inhibition of rheumatoid factor (RF) maediated agglutination of IgG coated latex particles. The inhibitory activity was present in 63% of the sera from cervical cancer patients but only 13% of sera from control women contained this activity. Similarly, anticomplementary activity suggestive of the presence of immune complexes was present in 71% of sera from cancer patients and 13% of sera from control women. The incidence as well as the levels of immune complexes (IC) were higher in sera of patients with advanced stages of cancer as compared to those with Stage I cervical cancer. In addition, 95% of sera from cervical cancer patients had cryoblobulins, whereas only 20.8% sera from matched controls were positive for cryoprecipitates. All the cryoglobulins contained IgG type of immunoglobulin except one which had IgA immunoglobulins also. The complexes have not been characterized with regard to the nature of the antigen(s) present.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in carcinoma of uterine cervix. Circulating immune complexes were determined in the sera of forty-eight patients wital status by inhibition of rheumatoid factor (RF) maediated agglutination of IgG coated latex particles. The inhibitory activity was present in 63% of the sera from cervical cancer patients but only 13% of sera from control women contained this activity. Similarly, anticomplementary activity suggestive of the presence of immune complexes was present in 71% of sera from cancer patients and 13% of sera from control women. The incidence as well as the levels of immune complexes (IC) were higher in sera of patients with advanced stages of cancer as compared to those with Stage I cervical cancer. In addition, 95% of sera from cervical cancer patients had cryoblobulins, whereas only 20.8% sera from matched controls were positive for cryoprecipitates. All the cryoglobulins contained IgG type of immunoglobulin except one which had IgA immunoglobulins also. The complexes have not been characterized with regard to the nature of the antigen(s) present.", "PMID": 527257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3238", "title": "Immune response to syngeneic or autologous testicular cells in mice. I. Augmented delayed footpad reaction in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.", "content": "A delayed footpad reaction against syngeneic or autologous testicular cells was detected in mice of inbred C57BL/6, AKR and C3H/He strains. The reaction was only provoked to a measurable level if the immunization was preceded by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Footpad reaction was strongest on day 6 after immunization and was detected in both male and female mice. It was found that the reaction was elicited not only with the immunizing antigen, but also with allogeneic or xenogeneic testicular antigen in mice immunized with syngeneic testicular cells.", "contents": "Immune response to syngeneic or autologous testicular cells in mice. I. Augmented delayed footpad reaction in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. A delayed footpad reaction against syngeneic or autologous testicular cells was detected in mice of inbred C57BL/6, AKR and C3H/He strains. The reaction was only provoked to a measurable level if the immunization was preceded by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Footpad reaction was strongest on day 6 after immunization and was detected in both male and female mice. It was found that the reaction was elicited not only with the immunizing antigen, but also with allogeneic or xenogeneic testicular antigen in mice immunized with syngeneic testicular cells.", "PMID": 527259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3239", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation test with rabbit liver specific lipoprotein (RLSP) in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Cellular sensitization to rabbit liver specific lipoprotein (RLSP) has been investigated using a lymphocyte transformation test in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). A stimulation index greater than 2 was recorded in twenty out of twenty-five cases (eight of ten HBsAg positive and twelve of fiteen HBsAg negative) while values were lower than 2 in all the normal subjects. These results confirm the finding of sensitization to LSP in chronic active hepatitis irrespective of HBsAg status and show that rabbit LSP can be used as an alternative to the human antigen in the lymphocyte transformation test, and is further evidence that this liver membrane lipoprotein has antigenic determinants which have species-cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation test with rabbit liver specific lipoprotein (RLSP) in chronic active hepatitis. Cellular sensitization to rabbit liver specific lipoprotein (RLSP) has been investigated using a lymphocyte transformation test in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). A stimulation index greater than 2 was recorded in twenty out of twenty-five cases (eight of ten HBsAg positive and twelve of fiteen HBsAg negative) while values were lower than 2 in all the normal subjects. These results confirm the finding of sensitization to LSP in chronic active hepatitis irrespective of HBsAg status and show that rabbit LSP can be used as an alternative to the human antigen in the lymphocyte transformation test, and is further evidence that this liver membrane lipoprotein has antigenic determinants which have species-cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 527260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3240", "title": "Specificity of antibodies to heterologous glomerular and tubular basement membranes in BALB/c mice.", "content": "Balb/c mice were immunized with dog insoluble glomerular basement membrane (GBM) or tubular basement membrane (TBM). The titre of circulating antibodies was sequentially determined and their specificity was analysed using various soluble membrane fractions. Glomerular and tubular deposits were studied on serial biopsies by direct immunofluorescence. After elution, from whole kidneys, IgG fixation on normal mouse kidney sections was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence. The conclusions are the following: (a) after immunization with insoluble GBM, the antibodies are mainly directed against collagenous antigenic determinants shared by GBM and TBM; (b) after immunization with insoluble TBM, the antibodies are mainly directed against noncollagenous TBM-specific antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Specificity of antibodies to heterologous glomerular and tubular basement membranes in BALB/c mice. Balb/c mice were immunized with dog insoluble glomerular basement membrane (GBM) or tubular basement membrane (TBM). The titre of circulating antibodies was sequentially determined and their specificity was analysed using various soluble membrane fractions. Glomerular and tubular deposits were studied on serial biopsies by direct immunofluorescence. After elution, from whole kidneys, IgG fixation on normal mouse kidney sections was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence. The conclusions are the following: (a) after immunization with insoluble GBM, the antibodies are mainly directed against collagenous antigenic determinants shared by GBM and TBM; (b) after immunization with insoluble TBM, the antibodies are mainly directed against noncollagenous TBM-specific antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 527261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3241", "title": "Extrarenal immune complex type deposits induced by mercuric chloride in the Brown Norway rat.", "content": "It has been reported previously that HgCl2 chronically injected in the BN rat induced a biphasic renal disease. During the first stage, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies appeared and during the second stage, an immune-complex type glomerulonephritis was observed. In the present study, a systemic immune disease is described. During the first stage, antibasement membrane antibodies were observed in various extrarenal structures. Their localization has been found to depend mainly on the characteristics of the endothelium. During the second stage, immune-complex type deposits containing IgG and C3 were found in most vascular structures. Their localization did not apparently depend on the endothelial characteristics. Among the organs tested the lung was most often spared. The occurrence of immune complex deposits was found to depend on the dose of HgCl2 injected: deposits were absent in some high dose HgCl2-injected rats but they were very numerous in low dose HgCl2-injected rats. These deposits probably have a pthogenic role although no major histological lesion could be found. This model may help to explain immune complex type deposits in systemic diseases.", "contents": "Extrarenal immune complex type deposits induced by mercuric chloride in the Brown Norway rat. It has been reported previously that HgCl2 chronically injected in the BN rat induced a biphasic renal disease. During the first stage, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies appeared and during the second stage, an immune-complex type glomerulonephritis was observed. In the present study, a systemic immune disease is described. During the first stage, antibasement membrane antibodies were observed in various extrarenal structures. Their localization has been found to depend mainly on the characteristics of the endothelium. During the second stage, immune-complex type deposits containing IgG and C3 were found in most vascular structures. Their localization did not apparently depend on the endothelial characteristics. Among the organs tested the lung was most often spared. The occurrence of immune complex deposits was found to depend on the dose of HgCl2 injected: deposits were absent in some high dose HgCl2-injected rats but they were very numerous in low dose HgCl2-injected rats. These deposits probably have a pthogenic role although no major histological lesion could be found. This model may help to explain immune complex type deposits in systemic diseases.", "PMID": 527262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3242", "title": "Leucoattractants enhance complement receptors on human phagocytic cells.", "content": "The N-formyl-methionyl peptides, F-Met-Leu-Phe, F-Met-Met-Phe and F-Met-Phe, when tested at differing concentrations, proportionally increased both in vitro cell locomotion and the expression of surface receptors for C3b on human peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes. In contrast, the unformylated peptides, Met-Leu-Phe and Me-Met-Phe, had no chemotactic or complement receptor-enhancing activity at comparable concentrations. Casein and supernatants from human lymphocytes (cultured either in the presence or absence of phytohaemagglutinin), also recognized as chemotactic agents for human neutrophils and monocytes, enhanced C3b receptors on these cells in a similar dose-dependent fashion. These data, taken together with our previous findings with the eosinophil, suggest that in addition to promoting cell locomotion a further biological function of leucoattractants may be their capacity to render complement receptors more freely available thereby increasing the magnitude of adhesion of phagocytic cells to opsonized particles.", "contents": "Leucoattractants enhance complement receptors on human phagocytic cells. The N-formyl-methionyl peptides, F-Met-Leu-Phe, F-Met-Met-Phe and F-Met-Phe, when tested at differing concentrations, proportionally increased both in vitro cell locomotion and the expression of surface receptors for C3b on human peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes. In contrast, the unformylated peptides, Met-Leu-Phe and Me-Met-Phe, had no chemotactic or complement receptor-enhancing activity at comparable concentrations. Casein and supernatants from human lymphocytes (cultured either in the presence or absence of phytohaemagglutinin), also recognized as chemotactic agents for human neutrophils and monocytes, enhanced C3b receptors on these cells in a similar dose-dependent fashion. These data, taken together with our previous findings with the eosinophil, suggest that in addition to promoting cell locomotion a further biological function of leucoattractants may be their capacity to render complement receptors more freely available thereby increasing the magnitude of adhesion of phagocytic cells to opsonized particles.", "PMID": 527263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3243", "title": "Maturation-linked expression of the Fc (IgG) receptor on developing human bone marrow and peripheral blood granulocytes.", "content": "Expression of Fc(IgG) receptors, as demonstrated by IgG-coated ox cells and heat-aggregated IgG, was assessed on normal human peripheral blood and bone marrow neutrophils and their precursors. The results indicate that Fc receptor development is confined to post-mitotic granulocytes, being primarily associated with neutrophil segmentation. Fc receptors were not detected on myeloblasts or promyelocytes. A mean value of 79% and 99% Fc positive segmented neutrophils were found in bone marrow and peripheral blood respectively. This highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) appears to represent a morphologically indistinguishable terminal maturation stage. Inhibition studies with IgG show that the neutrophil Fc receptor is inhibited by aggregated but not, in contrast to the corresponding monocyte receptor, by monomeric (7S) IgG. Applications of these findings to the in vivo function of the neutrophil in health and pathology are discussed.", "contents": "Maturation-linked expression of the Fc (IgG) receptor on developing human bone marrow and peripheral blood granulocytes. Expression of Fc(IgG) receptors, as demonstrated by IgG-coated ox cells and heat-aggregated IgG, was assessed on normal human peripheral blood and bone marrow neutrophils and their precursors. The results indicate that Fc receptor development is confined to post-mitotic granulocytes, being primarily associated with neutrophil segmentation. Fc receptors were not detected on myeloblasts or promyelocytes. A mean value of 79% and 99% Fc positive segmented neutrophils were found in bone marrow and peripheral blood respectively. This highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) appears to represent a morphologically indistinguishable terminal maturation stage. Inhibition studies with IgG show that the neutrophil Fc receptor is inhibited by aggregated but not, in contrast to the corresponding monocyte receptor, by monomeric (7S) IgG. Applications of these findings to the in vivo function of the neutrophil in health and pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 527264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3244", "title": "IgA synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal and selectively IgA deficient subjects.", "content": "IgA secretion and intracellular IgA synthesis by PWM-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and IgA deficient subjects were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cultured lymphocytes from eleven out of twelve IgA deficient subjects had impaired or undetectable IgA production. Measurement of intracellular IgA showed that the defect was more basic than simply defective secretion by IgA plasma cells. Co-culture of lymphocytes from IgA deficient and normal subjects revealed defects in both the B and T cell populations of IgA deficient subjects. In one subject the defect was in the T cells, in another the B cells, and in two others both T and B cells were defective.", "contents": "IgA synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal and selectively IgA deficient subjects. IgA secretion and intracellular IgA synthesis by PWM-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and IgA deficient subjects were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cultured lymphocytes from eleven out of twelve IgA deficient subjects had impaired or undetectable IgA production. Measurement of intracellular IgA showed that the defect was more basic than simply defective secretion by IgA plasma cells. Co-culture of lymphocytes from IgA deficient and normal subjects revealed defects in both the B and T cell populations of IgA deficient subjects. In one subject the defect was in the T cells, in another the B cells, and in two others both T and B cells were defective.", "PMID": 527265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3245", "title": "Tissue C3b receptors.", "content": "Using fluorescein-labelled S. typhi coated with C3b (FBC) the presence of a receptor for C3b in normal human glomeruli has been confirmed. A quantitative system, counting the number of FBC bound per unit area of glomerulus, has been developed. Experimental variables have been studied to determine optimal conditions for FBC binding. Glomerular FBC binding has been shown to be dependent on FBC concentration, temperature and time of tissue incubation. A standardized procedure has been adopted. Using this technique we have examined a number of target tissues, including synovium, skin, lung, choroid plexus and uveal tract, which are frequently affected in systemic immune complex diseases. No evidence of this receptor has been found in these tissues. These results suggest a mechanism different from the C3b receptor operating to localise immune complexes in these non-renal sites.", "contents": "Tissue C3b receptors. Using fluorescein-labelled S. typhi coated with C3b (FBC) the presence of a receptor for C3b in normal human glomeruli has been confirmed. A quantitative system, counting the number of FBC bound per unit area of glomerulus, has been developed. Experimental variables have been studied to determine optimal conditions for FBC binding. Glomerular FBC binding has been shown to be dependent on FBC concentration, temperature and time of tissue incubation. A standardized procedure has been adopted. Using this technique we have examined a number of target tissues, including synovium, skin, lung, choroid plexus and uveal tract, which are frequently affected in systemic immune complex diseases. No evidence of this receptor has been found in these tissues. These results suggest a mechanism different from the C3b receptor operating to localise immune complexes in these non-renal sites.", "PMID": 527266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3246", "title": "Non-specific leucocyte migration inhibition of gynaecological carcinoma patients.", "content": "Leucocyte migration inhibition in the presence of tumour crude ovarian tissue antigen was demonstrated in 64.51% of ovarian cancer patients, in 58.18% of other gynaecological carcinoma patients and in 19.04% of healthy individuals. Patients with benign ovarian disease showed 12.5% leucocyte migration inhibition. No significant difference was seen between results obtained in the presence of ovarian carcinoma antigen and normal ovary antigen.", "contents": "Non-specific leucocyte migration inhibition of gynaecological carcinoma patients. Leucocyte migration inhibition in the presence of tumour crude ovarian tissue antigen was demonstrated in 64.51% of ovarian cancer patients, in 58.18% of other gynaecological carcinoma patients and in 19.04% of healthy individuals. Patients with benign ovarian disease showed 12.5% leucocyte migration inhibition. No significant difference was seen between results obtained in the presence of ovarian carcinoma antigen and normal ovary antigen.", "PMID": 527267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3247", "title": "Blood lymphocyte subpopulations in breast cancer patients following post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy.", "content": "The peripheral lymphocyte population was examined in sixty-five randomized breast cancer patients before and after post-operative adjuvant cyclic chemotherapy or local radiation therapy. During 10 months of chemotherapy total lymphocyte and T cell counts were reduced to 70% and non-T cells to about 50% of pretreatment values. The population of T cells was unaltered whereas the proportion of non-T cells was significantly reduced at the end of the period. Immediately after radiotherapy total lymphocyte and T cell counts were reduced to 30%, and non-T cells to 15% of pretreatment values. During 10 months' observation total lymphocyte and T cell counts increased to 70%, and non-T cells to 50--60% of pretreatment values.", "contents": "Blood lymphocyte subpopulations in breast cancer patients following post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The peripheral lymphocyte population was examined in sixty-five randomized breast cancer patients before and after post-operative adjuvant cyclic chemotherapy or local radiation therapy. During 10 months of chemotherapy total lymphocyte and T cell counts were reduced to 70% and non-T cells to about 50% of pretreatment values. The population of T cells was unaltered whereas the proportion of non-T cells was significantly reduced at the end of the period. Immediately after radiotherapy total lymphocyte and T cell counts were reduced to 30%, and non-T cells to 15% of pretreatment values. During 10 months' observation total lymphocyte and T cell counts increased to 70%, and non-T cells to 50--60% of pretreatment values.", "PMID": 527268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3248", "title": "The effects of azathioprine and levamisole on lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "Azathioprine at 10 micrograms per ml caused approximately a 50% inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD) or Veillonella induced in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. This suppression was significantly reduced in lymphocyte cultures from patients undergoing an eight week course of levamisole therapy. Azathioprine-induced suppression was also reversed when culturing lymphocytes in the presence of levamisole. On the other hand, levamisole in vitro failed to reverse the azathioprine suppression of cord blood lymphocyte responses.", "contents": "The effects of azathioprine and levamisole on lymphocyte stimulation. Azathioprine at 10 micrograms per ml caused approximately a 50% inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD) or Veillonella induced in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. This suppression was significantly reduced in lymphocyte cultures from patients undergoing an eight week course of levamisole therapy. Azathioprine-induced suppression was also reversed when culturing lymphocytes in the presence of levamisole. On the other hand, levamisole in vitro failed to reverse the azathioprine suppression of cord blood lymphocyte responses.", "PMID": 527269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3249", "title": "Systemic karyomegaly associated with chronic interstitial nephritis. A new disease entity?", "content": "In 3 patients, two 26 and one 29 years of age, a nephropathy was accidentally discovered which progressed to end stage renal failure within 4 to 6 years. Renal biopsy revealed an unusually marked karyomegaly particularly of the tubular epithelium. These cytopathological changes were associated with chronic interstitial nephritis. Biopsies of other organs, i.e. liver, colon, bronchus and lungs indicated in 2 patients a systemic distribution of the karyomegaly, particularly in mesenchymal cells. Neither the chronic interstitial nephritis nor the karyomegaly could be ascribed to a recognized etiology. This suggests, therefore, that there is a relationship between these changes. The karyomegaly could be the result of the action of some antimitotic agent such as chemical toxins or virus infections.", "contents": "Systemic karyomegaly associated with chronic interstitial nephritis. A new disease entity? In 3 patients, two 26 and one 29 years of age, a nephropathy was accidentally discovered which progressed to end stage renal failure within 4 to 6 years. Renal biopsy revealed an unusually marked karyomegaly particularly of the tubular epithelium. These cytopathological changes were associated with chronic interstitial nephritis. Biopsies of other organs, i.e. liver, colon, bronchus and lungs indicated in 2 patients a systemic distribution of the karyomegaly, particularly in mesenchymal cells. Neither the chronic interstitial nephritis nor the karyomegaly could be ascribed to a recognized etiology. This suggests, therefore, that there is a relationship between these changes. The karyomegaly could be the result of the action of some antimitotic agent such as chemical toxins or virus infections.", "PMID": 527271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3250", "title": "Serum vitamin A levels and associated abnormalities in patients on regular dialysis treatment.", "content": "Multivitamin preparations are commonly administered to regular dialysis treatment (RDT) patients. Serum Vitamin A was measured in 72 patients on RDT. Elevated serum Vitamin A levels (102.29 +/- 26.95 microgram/dl [3.57 +/- 0.94 mumoles/l]) were found in the dialysis population (normal 40.98 +/- 6.71 microgram/dl [1.43 +/- 0.23 mumoles/l]; P less than 0.0005). Serum Vitamin A levels increased with duration (months) of dialysis but not with frequency of dialysis (twice or thrice weekly). Patients taking a VitaminA-containing multivitamin preparation had higher serum Vitamin A levels than those on a non-Vitamin A supplemented diet. Bilaterally nephrectomized patients had the highest serum Vitamin A levels while patients with obstructive uropathy had the lowest levels. Serum Vitamin A levels did not correlate with symptoms of uremia. Positive correlations were found with serum levels of calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides. Patients receiving a Vitamin A supplement had higher serum cholesterol levels than non-supplemented patients. Vitamin A might be a factor in the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in RDT patients. We therefore advise discontinuing the long-term administration of Vitamin A-containing multivitamin supplements to patients on RDT.", "contents": "Serum vitamin A levels and associated abnormalities in patients on regular dialysis treatment. Multivitamin preparations are commonly administered to regular dialysis treatment (RDT) patients. Serum Vitamin A was measured in 72 patients on RDT. Elevated serum Vitamin A levels (102.29 +/- 26.95 microgram/dl [3.57 +/- 0.94 mumoles/l]) were found in the dialysis population (normal 40.98 +/- 6.71 microgram/dl [1.43 +/- 0.23 mumoles/l]; P less than 0.0005). Serum Vitamin A levels increased with duration (months) of dialysis but not with frequency of dialysis (twice or thrice weekly). Patients taking a VitaminA-containing multivitamin preparation had higher serum Vitamin A levels than those on a non-Vitamin A supplemented diet. Bilaterally nephrectomized patients had the highest serum Vitamin A levels while patients with obstructive uropathy had the lowest levels. Serum Vitamin A levels did not correlate with symptoms of uremia. Positive correlations were found with serum levels of calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides. Patients receiving a Vitamin A supplement had higher serum cholesterol levels than non-supplemented patients. Vitamin A might be a factor in the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in RDT patients. We therefore advise discontinuing the long-term administration of Vitamin A-containing multivitamin supplements to patients on RDT.", "PMID": 527272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3251", "title": "Pre-vs. post-dilutional hemofiltration.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of pre- and postdilution in hemofiltration are discussed, and formulae are derived for sieving coefficient, fractional clearance, and hemofiltration clearance. On the basis of these formulae the two methods are compared, and it is concluded that the present state of membranes is such that the postdilution method is more convenient and cheaper.", "contents": "Pre-vs. post-dilutional hemofiltration. The advantages and disadvantages of pre- and postdilution in hemofiltration are discussed, and formulae are derived for sieving coefficient, fractional clearance, and hemofiltration clearance. On the basis of these formulae the two methods are compared, and it is concluded that the present state of membranes is such that the postdilution method is more convenient and cheaper.", "PMID": 527273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3252", "title": "Renal artery thrombosis occurring in an adult with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: results of local treatment with streptokinase.", "content": "A 55 year old male with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (minimal glomerular lesions by light microscopy and negative immunofluorescent stainings) presented righ renal artery thrombosis as evidenced by clinical and arteriographic findings. Local Streptokinase infusion by means of a renal artery catheter resulted in revascularization of the arterial tree, although recovery of renal function was only partial.", "contents": "Renal artery thrombosis occurring in an adult with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: results of local treatment with streptokinase. A 55 year old male with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (minimal glomerular lesions by light microscopy and negative immunofluorescent stainings) presented righ renal artery thrombosis as evidenced by clinical and arteriographic findings. Local Streptokinase infusion by means of a renal artery catheter resulted in revascularization of the arterial tree, although recovery of renal function was only partial.", "PMID": 527274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3253", "title": "Percutaneous femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis: a single needle technique.", "content": "A method of single needle dialysis using femoral vein cannulation particularly suited for treatment of acute renal failure is described.", "contents": "Percutaneous femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis: a single needle technique. A method of single needle dialysis using femoral vein cannulation particularly suited for treatment of acute renal failure is described.", "PMID": 527275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3254", "title": "Renal vein fibrin degradation products (FDP's) in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In order to determine the role of intrarenal vascular coagulation (IVC) in chronic glomerulonephritis, coagulant parameters in renal blood (RVB), urine FDP's and renal histology were examined in 70 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). RVB was obtained by Seldinger's technique. A correlation was obtained between an increase of fibrinogen, FDP and soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in RVB and the degree of intraglomerular fibrin deposition shown on immunofluorescence. An increase of FDP's, SFMC and a slight decrease of fibrinolytic activity in RVB were observed in patients with CGN with decreased renal function or with the nephrotic syndrome. Daily excretion of FDP in the urine and the extent of intraglomerular fibrin deposition were greater in nephrotics than in non-nephrotics. We conclude that measurement of coagulation parameters in RVB is a reliable and sensitive method of assessing IVC, and that IVC plays an important role in aggravation of chronic glomerulonephritis, particularly when the nephrotic syndrome is present.", "contents": "Renal vein fibrin degradation products (FDP's) in glomerulonephritis. In order to determine the role of intrarenal vascular coagulation (IVC) in chronic glomerulonephritis, coagulant parameters in renal blood (RVB), urine FDP's and renal histology were examined in 70 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). RVB was obtained by Seldinger's technique. A correlation was obtained between an increase of fibrinogen, FDP and soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in RVB and the degree of intraglomerular fibrin deposition shown on immunofluorescence. An increase of FDP's, SFMC and a slight decrease of fibrinolytic activity in RVB were observed in patients with CGN with decreased renal function or with the nephrotic syndrome. Daily excretion of FDP in the urine and the extent of intraglomerular fibrin deposition were greater in nephrotics than in non-nephrotics. We conclude that measurement of coagulation parameters in RVB is a reliable and sensitive method of assessing IVC, and that IVC plays an important role in aggravation of chronic glomerulonephritis, particularly when the nephrotic syndrome is present.", "PMID": 527278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3255", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells in patients with glomerulopathies.", "content": "Out of 92 renal patients with various types of glomerulonephritis diagnosed by renal biopsy 49 (52 per cent) proved to be immune complex positive by the platelet aggregation test. The highest frequency of circulating immune complexes was found in Henoch-Schoenlein (5 out of 5) and IgA (4 out of 5) nephropathies. The occurrence of circulating immune complexes correlated well with the clinical activity of the renal disease. The phagocytic activity of the polymorphonuclear cells was investigated in 46 patients and depressed activity was detected in all but one of the patients. There was no relationship between the titer of circulating immune complexes in serum and the extent of phagocytic activity.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells in patients with glomerulopathies. Out of 92 renal patients with various types of glomerulonephritis diagnosed by renal biopsy 49 (52 per cent) proved to be immune complex positive by the platelet aggregation test. The highest frequency of circulating immune complexes was found in Henoch-Schoenlein (5 out of 5) and IgA (4 out of 5) nephropathies. The occurrence of circulating immune complexes correlated well with the clinical activity of the renal disease. The phagocytic activity of the polymorphonuclear cells was investigated in 46 patients and depressed activity was detected in all but one of the patients. There was no relationship between the titer of circulating immune complexes in serum and the extent of phagocytic activity.", "PMID": 527277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3256", "title": "Scintigraphic skeletal changes in non-dialyzed patients with advanced renal failure.", "content": "Technetium-99m-polyphosphate (Tc-PP) bone scintigraphy was performed in 51 patients with advanced renal failure in order to evaluate the applicability of this method in detection of metabolic bone changes in these patients. The creatinine clearance varied from 2 to 40 ml/min and none of the patients had previously been on dialysis treatment. The scintigrams were graded according to the focal and the generalized abnormal uptake of the tracer in the skeleton. 34 patients showed generalized scintigraphic changes and among these the changes in 18 patients were classified as severe. An inverse correlation was found between the kidney function and the generalized scintigraphic classification. Focal bone changes were found in 11 patients. In order to evaluate the influence of the lack of kidney function on the scintigraphic results, 3 patients with acute oliguric renal failure were examined. All had normal scintigrams. It is concluded that Tc-PP bone scintigraphy is a sensitive method in revealing renal osteodystrophy in non-dialyzed patients with advanced renal failure in agreement with previous reports on patients on chronic hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Scintigraphic skeletal changes in non-dialyzed patients with advanced renal failure. Technetium-99m-polyphosphate (Tc-PP) bone scintigraphy was performed in 51 patients with advanced renal failure in order to evaluate the applicability of this method in detection of metabolic bone changes in these patients. The creatinine clearance varied from 2 to 40 ml/min and none of the patients had previously been on dialysis treatment. The scintigrams were graded according to the focal and the generalized abnormal uptake of the tracer in the skeleton. 34 patients showed generalized scintigraphic changes and among these the changes in 18 patients were classified as severe. An inverse correlation was found between the kidney function and the generalized scintigraphic classification. Focal bone changes were found in 11 patients. In order to evaluate the influence of the lack of kidney function on the scintigraphic results, 3 patients with acute oliguric renal failure were examined. All had normal scintigrams. It is concluded that Tc-PP bone scintigraphy is a sensitive method in revealing renal osteodystrophy in non-dialyzed patients with advanced renal failure in agreement with previous reports on patients on chronic hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 527281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3257", "title": "A fall of plasma osmolality created at dialyzer and its possible effect on circulating blood volume.", "content": "A mathematical analysis of fluid exchange during hemodialysis therapy was performed in order to determine which factors affect the circulating blood volume, and hence the circulatory stability. It was found that both fluid removal and also the fall of plasma osmolality during the passage of blood through the dialyzer can affect the circulating blood colume profoundly. The later was found to accelerate the decrease of circulating blood volume by an indirect action on capillary refilling. Some treatment systems such as those involving recirculation or ultrafiltration were found to show a small fall in osmolality with a correspondingly small fall in blood pressure. This result seems to be compatible with clinical experiences reported earlier and may explain why some methods of treatment are accompanied by stable circulatory function in spite of rapid removal of large amounts of fluid.", "contents": "A fall of plasma osmolality created at dialyzer and its possible effect on circulating blood volume. A mathematical analysis of fluid exchange during hemodialysis therapy was performed in order to determine which factors affect the circulating blood volume, and hence the circulatory stability. It was found that both fluid removal and also the fall of plasma osmolality during the passage of blood through the dialyzer can affect the circulating blood colume profoundly. The later was found to accelerate the decrease of circulating blood volume by an indirect action on capillary refilling. Some treatment systems such as those involving recirculation or ultrafiltration were found to show a small fall in osmolality with a correspondingly small fall in blood pressure. This result seems to be compatible with clinical experiences reported earlier and may explain why some methods of treatment are accompanied by stable circulatory function in spite of rapid removal of large amounts of fluid.", "PMID": 527280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3258", "title": "Effects of serum and plasma from hemodialysis patients on the lymphoproliferative response.", "content": "The effect of serum and plasma from hemodialysis patients on the immune response was investigated in vitro using phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-, concanavalin A(Con A)-, and staphage lysate(SPL)-induced and spontaneous blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes from a healthy person. An immunosuppressive substance(s) was found to exist in these samples and markedly increased in activity after hemodialysis. This substances(s) was heat-labile (56 degrees C, 30 min) and had a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons or more. It was not related to heparin. The appearance of this substance(s) was not influenced by the patients' sex or age or by the duration of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Effects of serum and plasma from hemodialysis patients on the lymphoproliferative response. The effect of serum and plasma from hemodialysis patients on the immune response was investigated in vitro using phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-, concanavalin A(Con A)-, and staphage lysate(SPL)-induced and spontaneous blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes from a healthy person. An immunosuppressive substance(s) was found to exist in these samples and markedly increased in activity after hemodialysis. This substances(s) was heat-labile (56 degrees C, 30 min) and had a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons or more. It was not related to heparin. The appearance of this substance(s) was not influenced by the patients' sex or age or by the duration of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 527279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3259", "title": "Tc-99m-IDA hepatobiliary imaging: a fractured liver.", "content": "The authors describe the scintigraphic appearance of a fractured liver using a Tc-99m-IDA derivative. Tc-99m-IDA imaging provides both functional and morphologic information which is necessary in evaluating biliary tract trauma.", "contents": "Tc-99m-IDA hepatobiliary imaging: a fractured liver. The authors describe the scintigraphic appearance of a fractured liver using a Tc-99m-IDA derivative. Tc-99m-IDA imaging provides both functional and morphologic information which is necessary in evaluating biliary tract trauma.", "PMID": 527284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3260", "title": "Combined superior vena cava and pulmonary artery obstruction by an ascending aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A case report is presented on the use of intravenous radioisotope angiocardiography in the diagnosis of an atherosclerotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a 44-year-old man who presented with mild superior vena cava obstruction. In addition to outlining the site and extent of the aneurysm, intravenous Tc-99m-albumin radioisotope angiocardiography and blood pool imaging permitted demonstration of the site of obstruction of the cava, indicated the presence of venous collateral channels bringing about delayed filling of the right heart, and also detected obstruction of the right pulmonary artery by the aneurysm. The procedure is simple, rapid, and entirely noninvasive and permits both anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation of the abnormality.", "contents": "Combined superior vena cava and pulmonary artery obstruction by an ascending aortic aneurysm. A case report is presented on the use of intravenous radioisotope angiocardiography in the diagnosis of an atherosclerotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a 44-year-old man who presented with mild superior vena cava obstruction. In addition to outlining the site and extent of the aneurysm, intravenous Tc-99m-albumin radioisotope angiocardiography and blood pool imaging permitted demonstration of the site of obstruction of the cava, indicated the presence of venous collateral channels bringing about delayed filling of the right heart, and also detected obstruction of the right pulmonary artery by the aneurysm. The procedure is simple, rapid, and entirely noninvasive and permits both anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation of the abnormality.", "PMID": 527285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3261", "title": "First-pass or single-pass radionuclide angiography evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction using a microcomputer system.", "content": "Left ventricular ejection fractions of 31 patients determined from first-pass or single-pass radionuclide angiography from the anterior position using a microcomputer system and floppy disc were compared to angiographic catheterization data obtained from the right anterior oblique position. This study demonstrated a good correlation with r = 0.91. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative first-pass left ventricular ejection fraction data and contrast angiography using a microcomputer system and a floppy disc.", "contents": "First-pass or single-pass radionuclide angiography evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction using a microcomputer system. Left ventricular ejection fractions of 31 patients determined from first-pass or single-pass radionuclide angiography from the anterior position using a microcomputer system and floppy disc were compared to angiographic catheterization data obtained from the right anterior oblique position. This study demonstrated a good correlation with r = 0.91. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative first-pass left ventricular ejection fraction data and contrast angiography using a microcomputer system and a floppy disc.", "PMID": 527286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3262", "title": "Radioxenon ventilation studies with disposable apparatus: technique and application.", "content": "Modification of commercially supplied disposable apparatus for radioxenon ventilation imaging solved several problems: occasional poor inhalation of the initial bolus of gas, awkward initiation of the wash-out phase, and building up of pressure against which the patient must exhale in the wash-out phase. Two cases illustrate results of ventilation and perfusion imaging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism. A third case illustrates results before and after bullectomy, including quantitative data analysis of the wash-out phase. Although long-range economy is possible with permanent equipment, the use of the modified disposable apparatus may be preferable in certain circumstances.", "contents": "Radioxenon ventilation studies with disposable apparatus: technique and application. Modification of commercially supplied disposable apparatus for radioxenon ventilation imaging solved several problems: occasional poor inhalation of the initial bolus of gas, awkward initiation of the wash-out phase, and building up of pressure against which the patient must exhale in the wash-out phase. Two cases illustrate results of ventilation and perfusion imaging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism. A third case illustrates results before and after bullectomy, including quantitative data analysis of the wash-out phase. Although long-range economy is possible with permanent equipment, the use of the modified disposable apparatus may be preferable in certain circumstances.", "PMID": 527287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3263", "title": "Dental lesions causing abnormalities on skeletal scintigraphy.", "content": "The dental lesions of periodontitis, periodontal cysts, and tooth extraction were studied by Tc-99m phosphate scintigraphy of the jaws. Inflamed apical periodontal lesions caused a localized area of increased concentration of radiotracer regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Scintigrams may be positive up to eight months after dental extractions but tend to return to normal thereafter unless complications arise.", "contents": "Dental lesions causing abnormalities on skeletal scintigraphy. The dental lesions of periodontitis, periodontal cysts, and tooth extraction were studied by Tc-99m phosphate scintigraphy of the jaws. Inflamed apical periodontal lesions caused a localized area of increased concentration of radiotracer regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Scintigrams may be positive up to eight months after dental extractions but tend to return to normal thereafter unless complications arise.", "PMID": 527288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3264", "title": "Radionuclide cerebral angiography in moyamoya disease.", "content": "During the early arterial phase of a case of moyamoya disease, the radionuclide cerebral angiogram showed abnormal increased perfusion at the surface and the base of the head, but there was no recognizable activity in either middle cerebral artery. Contrast angiography demonstrated bilateral occlusion at the carotid siphon, characteristic net-like vascularities in the base of the brain, many anastomotic connections between the dural and cerebral branches, and collateral transdural circulation. The combination of radionuclide angiography, static brain imaging and CT scanning proved useful in investigating moyamoya disease.", "contents": "Radionuclide cerebral angiography in moyamoya disease. During the early arterial phase of a case of moyamoya disease, the radionuclide cerebral angiogram showed abnormal increased perfusion at the surface and the base of the head, but there was no recognizable activity in either middle cerebral artery. Contrast angiography demonstrated bilateral occlusion at the carotid siphon, characteristic net-like vascularities in the base of the brain, many anastomotic connections between the dural and cerebral branches, and collateral transdural circulation. The combination of radionuclide angiography, static brain imaging and CT scanning proved useful in investigating moyamoya disease.", "PMID": 527289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3265", "title": "Radionuclide scanning in patients with advanced malignant melanoma.", "content": "The results of liver, bone, and brain scans in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma were reviewed. The liver scan was initially positive in 18% (14/78) and ultimately in 32% (25/78). Serum alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated in 92%. These patients ultimately developed positive liver scans, while convincing hepatomegaly was noted in only 44%. Bone scans were eventually positive in 33% (16/49), all of whom had pain. Brain scans were positive in 15% (10/65), all of whom had CNS symptoms. In asymptomatic patients, bone and brain scans only rarely disclosed occult lesions.", "contents": "Radionuclide scanning in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. The results of liver, bone, and brain scans in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma were reviewed. The liver scan was initially positive in 18% (14/78) and ultimately in 32% (25/78). Serum alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated in 92%. These patients ultimately developed positive liver scans, while convincing hepatomegaly was noted in only 44%. Bone scans were eventually positive in 33% (16/49), all of whom had pain. Brain scans were positive in 15% (10/65), all of whom had CNS symptoms. In asymptomatic patients, bone and brain scans only rarely disclosed occult lesions.", "PMID": 527290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3266", "title": "Decreased lung perfusion due to broncholithiasis.", "content": "Two patients each with symptoms of an endobronchial lesion showed decreased unilateral lung perfusion upon radionuclide imaging. Chest films were normal except for hilar lymph node calcifications. Bronchography and tomography revealed compression and obstruction of the bronchial tree by the calcified lymph nodes, accounting for the patients' symptoms. Incomplete bronchial obstruction or collateral air drift accounted for the normal appearance of the lungs on the PA chest films.", "contents": "Decreased lung perfusion due to broncholithiasis. Two patients each with symptoms of an endobronchial lesion showed decreased unilateral lung perfusion upon radionuclide imaging. Chest films were normal except for hilar lymph node calcifications. Bronchography and tomography revealed compression and obstruction of the bronchial tree by the calcified lymph nodes, accounting for the patients' symptoms. Incomplete bronchial obstruction or collateral air drift accounted for the normal appearance of the lungs on the PA chest films.", "PMID": 527292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3267", "title": "Radionuclide imaging of splenic laceration and trauma.", "content": "Tc-99m colloids are the pharmaceuticals preferred in the radionuclide diagnosis of splenic rupture. Spleen scintigraphy is also the preferred diagnostic method. It is rapid, safe, and reliable and should be recommended in all clinical situation where diagnosis is in doubt. A most important point is its value in following the healing of a splenic rupture managed nonoperatively or by suturing or resection, treatment modalities which are increasingly used at the present time.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging of splenic laceration and trauma. Tc-99m colloids are the pharmaceuticals preferred in the radionuclide diagnosis of splenic rupture. Spleen scintigraphy is also the preferred diagnostic method. It is rapid, safe, and reliable and should be recommended in all clinical situation where diagnosis is in doubt. A most important point is its value in following the healing of a splenic rupture managed nonoperatively or by suturing or resection, treatment modalities which are increasingly used at the present time.", "PMID": 527294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3268", "title": "EEG data acquisition and preprocessing by microcomputer satellite system.", "content": "Recent development in computer technology allows already medium scale EEG data processing to be performed within the clinical neurophysiology department, if a fast minicomputer with adequate mass storage and graphical output facilities is used. Data acquisition, however, should be delegated to a microcomputer which also should take over as much preprocessing as possible. A system is presented, where one or several microcomputer-based satellite units perform analog-digital conversion, Fourier transformation (FFT), calculation of power spectra and crossproducts, as well as event related averaging or other preprocessing procedures. The units are connected to a fast central minicomputer, where a supervisor program loads the microprocessors with their programs, supervises their activity, receives preprocessed data and activates appropriate postprocessing programs to produce the final results.", "contents": "EEG data acquisition and preprocessing by microcomputer satellite system. Recent development in computer technology allows already medium scale EEG data processing to be performed within the clinical neurophysiology department, if a fast minicomputer with adequate mass storage and graphical output facilities is used. Data acquisition, however, should be delegated to a microcomputer which also should take over as much preprocessing as possible. A system is presented, where one or several microcomputer-based satellite units perform analog-digital conversion, Fourier transformation (FFT), calculation of power spectra and crossproducts, as well as event related averaging or other preprocessing procedures. The units are connected to a fast central minicomputer, where a supervisor program loads the microprocessors with their programs, supervises their activity, receives preprocessed data and activates appropriate postprocessing programs to produce the final results.", "PMID": 527323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3269", "title": "The rapid generation of strength-interval curves under computer control.", "content": "A system was developed to allow for the rapid evaluation of myocardial excitability and conduction in canine preparations. The stimulus strength required to excite a propagated response, as a function of time since the last depolarization, can be summarized by a strength--interval curve. Our system generates strength-interval curves under computer control with high accuracy and efficiciency. The conduction time of each ventricular response is also determined. At a heart rate of 2.5 Hz, the average time for curve generation is 94 s, an efficiency which is 85% of the theoretical maximum. This system has been employed in over 120 dogs to generate strength--interval curves during rapidly changing periods of myocardial ischemia and during interventions with various drugs.", "contents": "The rapid generation of strength-interval curves under computer control. A system was developed to allow for the rapid evaluation of myocardial excitability and conduction in canine preparations. The stimulus strength required to excite a propagated response, as a function of time since the last depolarization, can be summarized by a strength--interval curve. Our system generates strength-interval curves under computer control with high accuracy and efficiciency. The conduction time of each ventricular response is also determined. At a heart rate of 2.5 Hz, the average time for curve generation is 94 s, an efficiency which is 85% of the theoretical maximum. This system has been employed in over 120 dogs to generate strength--interval curves during rapidly changing periods of myocardial ischemia and during interventions with various drugs.", "PMID": 527324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3270", "title": "Mlab--a mathematical modeling tool.", "content": "An interactive interpreter called Mlab is described. One uses Mlab by typing commands. In this sense, Mlab is a programming language. It has various mathematical and graphical facilities which make it a useful tool for mathematical modeling. The curve fitting capabilities of Mlab are augmented with differential-equation-handling and matrix-manipulation capabilities which provide a powerful and civilized facility for curve fitting. Many people are engaged in this activity, and, in general, they use programs which are neither sufficiently general nor easy to use. (Some conventional programming is usually required, for example.) Mlab purports to be easier than alternate approaches. The nature of Mlab is discussed with accompanying examples. The main example is the use of curve fitting to determine molecular weight from ultracentrifuge data. This example was chosen because it exhibits a special feature of Mlab, namely the root operator, which appears in the definition of the model function.", "contents": "Mlab--a mathematical modeling tool. An interactive interpreter called Mlab is described. One uses Mlab by typing commands. In this sense, Mlab is a programming language. It has various mathematical and graphical facilities which make it a useful tool for mathematical modeling. The curve fitting capabilities of Mlab are augmented with differential-equation-handling and matrix-manipulation capabilities which provide a powerful and civilized facility for curve fitting. Many people are engaged in this activity, and, in general, they use programs which are neither sufficiently general nor easy to use. (Some conventional programming is usually required, for example.) Mlab purports to be easier than alternate approaches. The nature of Mlab is discussed with accompanying examples. The main example is the use of curve fitting to determine molecular weight from ultracentrifuge data. This example was chosen because it exhibits a special feature of Mlab, namely the root operator, which appears in the definition of the model function.", "PMID": 527325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3271", "title": "Dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol): a sensitizer in mascara.", "content": "A nickel-sensitized female patient developed a contact dermatitis reaction to her mascara that was maintained by her spectacle frames, which contained nickel. On patch testing, she reacted to dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol), which was present in her mascara, and to hypoallergenic adhesive tape containing methyl abietate. There was also cross-reactivity with colophony and abietic acid.", "contents": "Dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol): a sensitizer in mascara. A nickel-sensitized female patient developed a contact dermatitis reaction to her mascara that was maintained by her spectacle frames, which contained nickel. On patch testing, she reacted to dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol), which was present in her mascara, and to hypoallergenic adhesive tape containing methyl abietate. There was also cross-reactivity with colophony and abietic acid.", "PMID": 527327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3272", "title": "Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: adsorption onto human keratin layers in vivo.", "content": "An attempt has been made to determine the adsorption ability of surfactants by the human horny layers in vivo. For this purpose, a technique utilizing an acidic dye such as indigo carmine was applicable and convenient. Our in vivo study estimating adsorbing residual amounts of surfactants has revealed that there is a positive correlation between adsorbing and roughening effects. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of hand roughness is primarily related to the cumulative injury of the stratum corenum by adsorbing residual surfactant molecules.", "contents": "Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: adsorption onto human keratin layers in vivo. An attempt has been made to determine the adsorption ability of surfactants by the human horny layers in vivo. For this purpose, a technique utilizing an acidic dye such as indigo carmine was applicable and convenient. Our in vivo study estimating adsorbing residual amounts of surfactants has revealed that there is a positive correlation between adsorbing and roughening effects. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of hand roughness is primarily related to the cumulative injury of the stratum corenum by adsorbing residual surfactant molecules.", "PMID": 527328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3273", "title": "Human cutaneous vulvar reactivity to irritants.", "content": "To better understand the cutaneous reactivity of vulvar skin, two chemical irritants were applied topically to 21 subjects. The forearm of each subject served as a comparative control. Test sites remained open and were read at 24 hours. A significantly increased response to the irritants was noted on the vulvar skin.", "contents": "Human cutaneous vulvar reactivity to irritants. To better understand the cutaneous reactivity of vulvar skin, two chemical irritants were applied topically to 21 subjects. The forearm of each subject served as a comparative control. Test sites remained open and were read at 24 hours. A significantly increased response to the irritants was noted on the vulvar skin.", "PMID": 527329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3274", "title": "Age distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens.", "content": "The incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens present in the daily environment, such as chromium ion, cobalt, nickel and formaldehyde, is found to decrease in the fourth decade. It strongly suggests the presence of some immunoregulation in human beings, because sensitivity to these allergens should be equal in any decade.", "contents": "Age distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens. The incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens present in the daily environment, such as chromium ion, cobalt, nickel and formaldehyde, is found to decrease in the fourth decade. It strongly suggests the presence of some immunoregulation in human beings, because sensitivity to these allergens should be equal in any decade.", "PMID": 527330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3275", "title": "Itching erythema among post office workers caused by a photocopying machine with wet toner.", "content": "For two years the employees in a Danish post office complained of irritation of the eyes and the skin. The symptoms were of varying intensity and disappeared during absence from work. A photocopying machine using wet toner proved to be the cause of the symptoms. It has not been possible to ascribe the symptoms to specific chemicals.", "contents": "Itching erythema among post office workers caused by a photocopying machine with wet toner. For two years the employees in a Danish post office complained of irritation of the eyes and the skin. The symptoms were of varying intensity and disappeared during absence from work. A photocopying machine using wet toner proved to be the cause of the symptoms. It has not been possible to ascribe the symptoms to specific chemicals.", "PMID": 527331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3276", "title": "Histological changes in rabbits after application of medicaments and cosmetic bases.", "content": "A staged histological study of skin changes induced in rabbits by daily application of five bases used for topical medicaments and cosmetics, namely glycols, petrolatum, Modulan, Acetulan and Amerchol L 101, over periods of 100 days, is reported. Sections obtained every 10 days were examined for changes in the epithelium, in the character of the dermal infiltrate and in the superficial collagen fibers. Glycols showed no particular effects on the skin; petrolatum produced acanthosis and vacuolization in the epidermis, and mononuclear cell infiltration of the dermis but evident collagen changes. Lanolin derivatives produced acanthosis and vacuolization of the epidermis, with lymphomonouclear infiltration of the dermis and with dissociation of collagen; examination around the 30th day showed a tendency to basal layer disorganization by the infiltrate.", "contents": "Histological changes in rabbits after application of medicaments and cosmetic bases. A staged histological study of skin changes induced in rabbits by daily application of five bases used for topical medicaments and cosmetics, namely glycols, petrolatum, Modulan, Acetulan and Amerchol L 101, over periods of 100 days, is reported. Sections obtained every 10 days were examined for changes in the epithelium, in the character of the dermal infiltrate and in the superficial collagen fibers. Glycols showed no particular effects on the skin; petrolatum produced acanthosis and vacuolization in the epidermis, and mononuclear cell infiltration of the dermis but evident collagen changes. Lanolin derivatives produced acanthosis and vacuolization of the epidermis, with lymphomonouclear infiltration of the dermis and with dissociation of collagen; examination around the 30th day showed a tendency to basal layer disorganization by the infiltrate.", "PMID": 527332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3277", "title": "Nickel sensitivity: relationship between history and patch test reaction.", "content": "The prevalence of nickel sensitivity in 415 young adults was examined by patch testing with nickel sulphate 5% in pet. Before testing the persons filled in a questionnaire about personal or family history of atopy and skin reactions after metal contacts. Nickel sensitivity was found in 2.8% of males and 9.8% of females; 13 out of 28 persons with a history of metal contact dermatitis had negative patch test reactions to nickel; eight out of 23 persons with positive patch test reactions to nickel had never experienced skin reactions from metal contacts. These findings indicate that nickel sensitivity cannot be reliably predicted from pretest historical information.", "contents": "Nickel sensitivity: relationship between history and patch test reaction. The prevalence of nickel sensitivity in 415 young adults was examined by patch testing with nickel sulphate 5% in pet. Before testing the persons filled in a questionnaire about personal or family history of atopy and skin reactions after metal contacts. Nickel sensitivity was found in 2.8% of males and 9.8% of females; 13 out of 28 persons with a history of metal contact dermatitis had negative patch test reactions to nickel; eight out of 23 persons with positive patch test reactions to nickel had never experienced skin reactions from metal contacts. These findings indicate that nickel sensitivity cannot be reliably predicted from pretest historical information.", "PMID": 527333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3278", "title": "Abortion counselling by nurse specialists.", "content": "This paper describes additional training given to nurse specialists in family planning to cover abortion counselling. The primary counselling was carried out by general practitioners or family planning clinic doctors, following this the patient was referred to hospital for counselling by nurse specialists. Of the first 742 patients seen, 3.2% were not pregnant and a further 25 patients (3.4%) decided against termination, 21 after counselling, and 4 because of advanced gestation. The interval between nurse counselling and termination (TOP) was 3 to 9 days, and of 682 TOPs 566 (83%) were in the first trimester. The additional training for nurse specialists prevented the unnecessary wastage of resources as only 42 (5.1%) required a second visit to confirm blood test results, e.g. rubella titres, and only a further 44 (5.3%) required referral to medical social workers.", "contents": "Abortion counselling by nurse specialists. This paper describes additional training given to nurse specialists in family planning to cover abortion counselling. The primary counselling was carried out by general practitioners or family planning clinic doctors, following this the patient was referred to hospital for counselling by nurse specialists. Of the first 742 patients seen, 3.2% were not pregnant and a further 25 patients (3.4%) decided against termination, 21 after counselling, and 4 because of advanced gestation. The interval between nurse counselling and termination (TOP) was 3 to 9 days, and of 682 TOPs 566 (83%) were in the first trimester. The additional training for nurse specialists prevented the unnecessary wastage of resources as only 42 (5.1%) required a second visit to confirm blood test results, e.g. rubella titres, and only a further 44 (5.3%) required referral to medical social workers.", "PMID": 527339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3279", "title": "Serum prolactin concentrations related to copper or inert intrauterine devices (IUDs) in women.", "content": "A report that serum prolactin concentrations were almost doubled by the use of copper IUDs led us to study the effect of both copper and inert IUDs. We studied 105 normal women in whom all other prolactinergic factors had been excluded; 25 of them were using copper IUDs, 25 were using inert IUDs and there were 55 controls. No differences were found in the mean prolactin levels between these groups (4.3, 4.5 and 4.3 microgram/l, respectively). We conclude that copper and inert IUDs do not affect prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Serum prolactin concentrations related to copper or inert intrauterine devices (IUDs) in women. A report that serum prolactin concentrations were almost doubled by the use of copper IUDs led us to study the effect of both copper and inert IUDs. We studied 105 normal women in whom all other prolactinergic factors had been excluded; 25 of them were using copper IUDs, 25 were using inert IUDs and there were 55 controls. No differences were found in the mean prolactin levels between these groups (4.3, 4.5 and 4.3 microgram/l, respectively). We conclude that copper and inert IUDs do not affect prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 527340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3280", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of the Progestasert TM and Gravigard IUDs on dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "Data obtained from questionnaires on the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea in women using IUDs inserted randomly (146 of them Progestasert and 149 Copper 7) are analyzed. In both groups a reduction in the intensity of menstrual cramps was observed over 12 months of use. Although these reductions are significant in each group, they are slightly higher in Progestasert users. However, on comparing the reduction tendencies of both groups, the difference between them is not significant. No significant differences become apparent either when comparing premenstrual and intermenstrual camps. The usefulness of simple questionnaires directed at detecting the nature of pain in currently used family planning forms for IUD users is discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of the Progestasert TM and Gravigard IUDs on dysmenorrhoea. Data obtained from questionnaires on the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea in women using IUDs inserted randomly (146 of them Progestasert and 149 Copper 7) are analyzed. In both groups a reduction in the intensity of menstrual cramps was observed over 12 months of use. Although these reductions are significant in each group, they are slightly higher in Progestasert users. However, on comparing the reduction tendencies of both groups, the difference between them is not significant. No significant differences become apparent either when comparing premenstrual and intermenstrual camps. The usefulness of simple questionnaires directed at detecting the nature of pain in currently used family planning forms for IUD users is discussed.", "PMID": 527341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3281", "title": "Intravaginal contraception with the synthetic progestin, R2010.", "content": "Four women used polysiloxane vaginal rings of core design containing 50 mg of norgestrienone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxy-estra-4,9,11,trien-3-one). The treatment was given in three-week cycles, leaving one treatment-free week between the cycles. The patterns of bleeding were registered and plasma norgestrienone (R2010), estradiol, progesterone, and gonadotropins were determined. Altogether twelve cycles were studied. The patterns of bleeding were unsatisfactory; only one subject had regular bleedings, and two of these were preceded by a luteal phase. The mean plasma concentration of norgestrienone (R2010) produced by the rings was 0.9 ng/ml. Ovulation was observed in 25% of cycles studied. Some follicular activity was present in every subject as judged by estradiol peaks. Excluding LH peaks in subjects who ovulated, mild pituitary suppression was achieved by this treatment. The only side-effect complained of was acne in one subject. The ring was regarded as easy to use.", "contents": "Intravaginal contraception with the synthetic progestin, R2010. Four women used polysiloxane vaginal rings of core design containing 50 mg of norgestrienone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxy-estra-4,9,11,trien-3-one). The treatment was given in three-week cycles, leaving one treatment-free week between the cycles. The patterns of bleeding were registered and plasma norgestrienone (R2010), estradiol, progesterone, and gonadotropins were determined. Altogether twelve cycles were studied. The patterns of bleeding were unsatisfactory; only one subject had regular bleedings, and two of these were preceded by a luteal phase. The mean plasma concentration of norgestrienone (R2010) produced by the rings was 0.9 ng/ml. Ovulation was observed in 25% of cycles studied. Some follicular activity was present in every subject as judged by estradiol peaks. Excluding LH peaks in subjects who ovulated, mild pituitary suppression was achieved by this treatment. The only side-effect complained of was acne in one subject. The ring was regarded as easy to use.", "PMID": 527342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3282", "title": "Plasma levels of 15 (S) 15-methyl-PGF 2 alpha-methyl ester following vaginal administration for induction of abortion in women.", "content": "A single suppository containing 3.0 mg 15 (S)15-methyl-PGF2 alpha-methyl ester was administered vaginally in women to terminate mid-trimester pregnancy. Plasma levels of the drug (both methyl ester and free acid forms) were measured at different time intervals using deuterated carriers and gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry. 15(S)15-methyl PGF2 alpha (sum of methyl ester + free acid) was found to have a mean value of 1166 pg/ml plasma at 3 hrs after administration of the suppository. The mean levels were subsequently found to be maintained in the range of 1000 pg/ml. Preliminary studies showed that unlike the successfully aborted women, in those who did not abort within 30 hrs with this suppository, the plasma levels of the drug were not maintained for a sufficiently long time. The episodes of side effects, body surface area and the induction-abortion interval in relation to the plasma levels are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma levels of 15 (S) 15-methyl-PGF 2 alpha-methyl ester following vaginal administration for induction of abortion in women. A single suppository containing 3.0 mg 15 (S)15-methyl-PGF2 alpha-methyl ester was administered vaginally in women to terminate mid-trimester pregnancy. Plasma levels of the drug (both methyl ester and free acid forms) were measured at different time intervals using deuterated carriers and gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry. 15(S)15-methyl PGF2 alpha (sum of methyl ester + free acid) was found to have a mean value of 1166 pg/ml plasma at 3 hrs after administration of the suppository. The mean levels were subsequently found to be maintained in the range of 1000 pg/ml. Preliminary studies showed that unlike the successfully aborted women, in those who did not abort within 30 hrs with this suppository, the plasma levels of the drug were not maintained for a sufficiently long time. The episodes of side effects, body surface area and the induction-abortion interval in relation to the plasma levels are discussed.", "PMID": 527343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3283", "title": "Locational profiles: incoming veterinary students and outgoing new veterinarians, 1971-78, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University.", "content": "Relationships between the demographic areas of incoming veterinary students and first placement locations were examined during 1971-1978 for the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University. Seventy-four percent of the incoming students were New York residents whereas only 52 percent of the graduates selected New York sites for their first placement after graduation. Part of the net loss may be the result of temporary moves into the state to gain residence status, educational preparation and possibly some hope for improving admission eligibility. After completing their veterinary education, they are more likely to return to areas closely associated with family and childhood experiences for first placement choices or for advanced educational offerings. Three demographic classifications were used to identify patterns of movement into and out of the state (Urban, Suburban and Rural). No significant differences in area distribution patterns were observed between incoming and outgoing students/graduates. However, when the data were separated by sex, the outgoing distribution patterns were significantly different for female graduates (Urban and Rural areas preferred over Suburban). Sixty-five percent of the out-of-state placements were in New England and other Northeastern states, with Rural areas showing major strengths.", "contents": "Locational profiles: incoming veterinary students and outgoing new veterinarians, 1971-78, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. Relationships between the demographic areas of incoming veterinary students and first placement locations were examined during 1971-1978 for the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University. Seventy-four percent of the incoming students were New York residents whereas only 52 percent of the graduates selected New York sites for their first placement after graduation. Part of the net loss may be the result of temporary moves into the state to gain residence status, educational preparation and possibly some hope for improving admission eligibility. After completing their veterinary education, they are more likely to return to areas closely associated with family and childhood experiences for first placement choices or for advanced educational offerings. Three demographic classifications were used to identify patterns of movement into and out of the state (Urban, Suburban and Rural). No significant differences in area distribution patterns were observed between incoming and outgoing students/graduates. However, when the data were separated by sex, the outgoing distribution patterns were significantly different for female graduates (Urban and Rural areas preferred over Suburban). Sixty-five percent of the out-of-state placements were in New England and other Northeastern states, with Rural areas showing major strengths.", "PMID": 527344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3284", "title": "Evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally infected elk.", "content": "Anaplasmosis was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. Six non-splenectomized adult elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) that were inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with Anaplasma marginale became asymptomatic carriers. Although the exposed elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection they become seropositive by the serum and plasma rapid card agglutination (RCA) tests. Blood from the experimentally infected elk produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves and the carrier state persisted for at least one year. Infection did not occur when two elk were inoculated with 0.5 ml of frozen blood from known bovine carriers. The blood had been frozen for four weeks in liquid nitrogen with six percent dimethyl-sulfoxide.", "contents": "Evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally infected elk. Anaplasmosis was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. Six non-splenectomized adult elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) that were inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with Anaplasma marginale became asymptomatic carriers. Although the exposed elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection they become seropositive by the serum and plasma rapid card agglutination (RCA) tests. Blood from the experimentally infected elk produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves and the carrier state persisted for at least one year. Infection did not occur when two elk were inoculated with 0.5 ml of frozen blood from known bovine carriers. The blood had been frozen for four weeks in liquid nitrogen with six percent dimethyl-sulfoxide.", "PMID": 527345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3285", "title": "Trypanosoma theileri: a literature review and report of incidence in New York cattle.", "content": "The incidence of infection in adult dairy cattle in New York State with Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri (Laveran 1902) was determined by culturing buffy coats of peripheral blood samples in tissue culture growth media. Three sample groups of cattle were studied and revealed an overall rate of trypanosome infection of 44.4% (67 of 151) as determined by a single culture. Fifty-seven cows, representing four herds from three different geographic locations in the Southern-tier region of the state, comprised the first group. The infection rates of these herds ranged from 56.5 to 100%. The second group consisted of 81 cows randomly selected from animals admitted to the Large Animal Clinic of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. Trypanosoma theileri was cultured from 25.9% (21 of 81) of these animals. Repeated blood cultures from a third group of thirteen yearling heifers during the spring and summer revealed an increase in the infection rate from 0% in May, to 66.7% (8 of 12) in September, with 76.9% (10 of 13) positive at least once during this period. These findings are compared with the reported incidence of bovine T. theileri infections in other areas of the United States and in other countries.", "contents": "Trypanosoma theileri: a literature review and report of incidence in New York cattle. The incidence of infection in adult dairy cattle in New York State with Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri (Laveran 1902) was determined by culturing buffy coats of peripheral blood samples in tissue culture growth media. Three sample groups of cattle were studied and revealed an overall rate of trypanosome infection of 44.4% (67 of 151) as determined by a single culture. Fifty-seven cows, representing four herds from three different geographic locations in the Southern-tier region of the state, comprised the first group. The infection rates of these herds ranged from 56.5 to 100%. The second group consisted of 81 cows randomly selected from animals admitted to the Large Animal Clinic of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. Trypanosoma theileri was cultured from 25.9% (21 of 81) of these animals. Repeated blood cultures from a third group of thirteen yearling heifers during the spring and summer revealed an increase in the infection rate from 0% in May, to 66.7% (8 of 12) in September, with 76.9% (10 of 13) positive at least once during this period. These findings are compared with the reported incidence of bovine T. theileri infections in other areas of the United States and in other countries.", "PMID": 527346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3286", "title": "Aerosolized clenbuterol (NAB 365) and salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The effect of clenbuterol (NAB 365) in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of salbutamol in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Single doses of 20 microgram clenbuterol and 200 microgram salbutamol were given by inhalation 180 minutes before exercise to 9 patients. The exercise used was treadmill running. Clenbuterol offered complete protection to 7 patients, partial protection to 1 and no protection to 1 patient. Salbutamol offered complete protection to 5 patients, partial protection to 1 and no protection to 3 patients. One patient was not protected by any treatment. The protective effects of the two beta-adrenergic bronchodilator drugs were similar (p = 0.42 for FEV1 and p = 0.10 for FEF25-75%). Placebo failed to prevent exercised-induced asthma in any patient. No adverse reactions were manifested or reported by the patients.", "contents": "Aerosolized clenbuterol (NAB 365) and salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma. The effect of clenbuterol (NAB 365) in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of salbutamol in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Single doses of 20 microgram clenbuterol and 200 microgram salbutamol were given by inhalation 180 minutes before exercise to 9 patients. The exercise used was treadmill running. Clenbuterol offered complete protection to 7 patients, partial protection to 1 and no protection to 1 patient. Salbutamol offered complete protection to 5 patients, partial protection to 1 and no protection to 3 patients. One patient was not protected by any treatment. The protective effects of the two beta-adrenergic bronchodilator drugs were similar (p = 0.42 for FEV1 and p = 0.10 for FEF25-75%). Placebo failed to prevent exercised-induced asthma in any patient. No adverse reactions were manifested or reported by the patients.", "PMID": 527347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3287", "title": "Evaluation of tissue levels of cefamandole in severely ischaemic lower limbs using two regimens of dosage.", "content": "Cefamandole levels were measured in peripheral blood, and in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat samples taken from 20 patients during amputation of the leg for severe ischemia. Tissue samples were taken from both proximal and distal levels in the amputated limb. Cefamandole was administered as either a 2 g intravenous bolus given with induction of anaesthesia, or a combination of 1 g intramuscularly with the premedication plus 1 g intravenously with anaesthetic induction. Levels of cefamandole in serum and proximal muscle and fat samples were well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Cefamandole levels in more distal samples were somewhat lower but still achieved therapeutic levels in most cases. Higher tissue levels of cefamandole were achieved when 2 g were given intravenously as a bolus.", "contents": "Evaluation of tissue levels of cefamandole in severely ischaemic lower limbs using two regimens of dosage. Cefamandole levels were measured in peripheral blood, and in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat samples taken from 20 patients during amputation of the leg for severe ischemia. Tissue samples were taken from both proximal and distal levels in the amputated limb. Cefamandole was administered as either a 2 g intravenous bolus given with induction of anaesthesia, or a combination of 1 g intramuscularly with the premedication plus 1 g intravenously with anaesthetic induction. Levels of cefamandole in serum and proximal muscle and fat samples were well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Cefamandole levels in more distal samples were somewhat lower but still achieved therapeutic levels in most cases. Higher tissue levels of cefamandole were achieved when 2 g were given intravenously as a bolus.", "PMID": 527348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3288", "title": "Plasma lipoprotein changes during oral contraception.", "content": "Changes in plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration were measured in healthy young women who received 21-days' oral treatment with either norethisterone acetate (1, 2, or 5 mg daily) or ethinyloestradiol (20 or 50 microgram daily). Similar measurements were also made in groups of women receiving progestogens or oestrogens for gynaecological indications, and in women taking oral contraceptives. Oestrogens alone stimulate increases in HDL-cholesterol, while progestogens alone suppress the concentration. Combinations of oestrogens and progestogens have variable effects depending on the relative doses and chemical compositions of the two hormones. Because HDL-cholesterol concentration is thought to be negatively correlated to cardiovascular disease risks, products which induce a large decrease are to be avoided, though other risk factors must be taken into account in the selection of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Plasma lipoprotein changes during oral contraception. Changes in plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration were measured in healthy young women who received 21-days' oral treatment with either norethisterone acetate (1, 2, or 5 mg daily) or ethinyloestradiol (20 or 50 microgram daily). Similar measurements were also made in groups of women receiving progestogens or oestrogens for gynaecological indications, and in women taking oral contraceptives. Oestrogens alone stimulate increases in HDL-cholesterol, while progestogens alone suppress the concentration. Combinations of oestrogens and progestogens have variable effects depending on the relative doses and chemical compositions of the two hormones. Because HDL-cholesterol concentration is thought to be negatively correlated to cardiovascular disease risks, products which induce a large decrease are to be avoided, though other risk factors must be taken into account in the selection of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 527349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3289", "title": "Influence of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability in peripheral occlusive arterial disease.", "content": "Impaired red cell deformability  has been found in patients suffering from chronic peripheral vascular disorders, the implication being that microcirculatory blood flow is hindered and tissue hypoxaemia is aggravated. Measurement of erythrocyte deformability by a standard filtration technique for whole blood was carried out in 40 young healthy persons, in 25 untreated patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease and in 25 patients with matching vascular disease, before and after a 6-weeks' oral treatment with 400 mg pentoxifylline 4-times daily. The filtration rates were significantly lower in the patient groups compared to those of healthy volunteers. After the oral administration of pentoxifylline, a significant increase in filtration rates was observed pointing to an improvement in erythrocyte deformability. The findings suggest that by improving erythrocyte deformability pentoxifylline positively influences the microcirculatory blood fluidity, an important factor for efficient therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease.", "contents": "Influence of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability in peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Impaired red cell deformability  has been found in patients suffering from chronic peripheral vascular disorders, the implication being that microcirculatory blood flow is hindered and tissue hypoxaemia is aggravated. Measurement of erythrocyte deformability by a standard filtration technique for whole blood was carried out in 40 young healthy persons, in 25 untreated patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease and in 25 patients with matching vascular disease, before and after a 6-weeks' oral treatment with 400 mg pentoxifylline 4-times daily. The filtration rates were significantly lower in the patient groups compared to those of healthy volunteers. After the oral administration of pentoxifylline, a significant increase in filtration rates was observed pointing to an improvement in erythrocyte deformability. The findings suggest that by improving erythrocyte deformability pentoxifylline positively influences the microcirculatory blood fluidity, an important factor for efficient therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease.", "PMID": 527350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3290", "title": "Treatment of anxiety-related insomnia with chlormezanone.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients seen in general practice suffering from sleep disturbance due to mild neurotic anxiety were treated with 400 mg chlormezanone per night for 2 weeks. Patients' and doctors' assessments of quality of sleep and Hamilton anxiety rating scores were carried out initially and after 1 and 2 weeks. Patients also completed a daily record card assessing their sleep. The results suggest that chlormezanone produced prompt improvement within 2 nights of the start of treatment, and by the end of the study period only 2 (7%) patients still reported their sleep as being poor compared with 80% initially, and 19 (66%) rated their sleep as good or excellent. There was a steady reduction in anxiety rating scores throughout treatment. Only 1 patient reported a transient mild side-effect.", "contents": "Treatment of anxiety-related insomnia with chlormezanone. Twenty-nine patients seen in general practice suffering from sleep disturbance due to mild neurotic anxiety were treated with 400 mg chlormezanone per night for 2 weeks. Patients' and doctors' assessments of quality of sleep and Hamilton anxiety rating scores were carried out initially and after 1 and 2 weeks. Patients also completed a daily record card assessing their sleep. The results suggest that chlormezanone produced prompt improvement within 2 nights of the start of treatment, and by the end of the study period only 2 (7%) patients still reported their sleep as being poor compared with 80% initially, and 19 (66%) rated their sleep as good or excellent. There was a steady reduction in anxiety rating scores throughout treatment. Only 1 patient reported a transient mild side-effect.", "PMID": 527351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3291", "title": "A double-blind study of the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects of the beta-blocking drug penbutolol in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 10 hypertensive patients who were subject to frequent attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon and suffered from cold hands, to assess the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects of penbutolol. After a wash-out period of 2 weeks on placebo, patients received two 14-day treatment periods, in random order, with either 20 mg penbutolol twice daily or placebo separated by a second 2-week single-blind wash-out period on placebo. The results of digital blood flow measurements showed that penbutolol did not produce any additional vasoconstrictor effect on digital circulation. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "A double-blind study of the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects of the beta-blocking drug penbutolol in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 10 hypertensive patients who were subject to frequent attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon and suffered from cold hands, to assess the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects of penbutolol. After a wash-out period of 2 weeks on placebo, patients received two 14-day treatment periods, in random order, with either 20 mg penbutolol twice daily or placebo separated by a second 2-week single-blind wash-out period on placebo. The results of digital blood flow measurements showed that penbutolol did not produce any additional vasoconstrictor effect on digital circulation. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 527352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3292", "title": "A study of the effect of sulphinpyrazone ('Anturan') on blood viscosity.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of sulphinpyrazone on blood viscosity and its determinants (haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen and plasma viscosity) was carried out in 7 healthy male volunteers. Apart from a transient rise in fibrinogen (p less than 0.05) after 3 days of sulphinpyrazone treatment, no significant change in viscosity factors was seen over a 14-day period.", "contents": "A study of the effect of sulphinpyrazone ('Anturan') on blood viscosity. A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of sulphinpyrazone on blood viscosity and its determinants (haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen and plasma viscosity) was carried out in 7 healthy male volunteers. Apart from a transient rise in fibrinogen (p less than 0.05) after 3 days of sulphinpyrazone treatment, no significant change in viscosity factors was seen over a 14-day period.", "PMID": 527353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3293", "title": "Evaluation of a high nitrogen source amino acid solution ('Aminofusin' L Forte).", "content": "A new high concentration nitrogen source solution ('Aminofusin' L Forte) was evaluated in 9 patients requiring complete parenteral nutrition regimens. Excellent clinical tolerance was observed and the solution proved capable of maintaining patients in nitrogen balance. Although the non-essential part of the amino acid profile is incomplete, no significant deviations from the normal range in plasma amino acid concentrations were noted. It is concluded that the solution is a useful addition to the range of amino acid preparations available for intravenous feeding.", "contents": "Evaluation of a high nitrogen source amino acid solution ('Aminofusin' L Forte). A new high concentration nitrogen source solution ('Aminofusin' L Forte) was evaluated in 9 patients requiring complete parenteral nutrition regimens. Excellent clinical tolerance was observed and the solution proved capable of maintaining patients in nitrogen balance. Although the non-essential part of the amino acid profile is incomplete, no significant deviations from the normal range in plasma amino acid concentrations were noted. It is concluded that the solution is a useful addition to the range of amino acid preparations available for intravenous feeding.", "PMID": 527354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3294", "title": "Severe acidosis from acetazolamide in a diabetic patient.", "content": "An insulin-dependent diabetic patient with nephropathy developed severe acidosis after treatment with acetazolamide for glaucoma. A renal tubular abnormality may have allowed the usually self-limiting acidosis of acetazolamide to progress. It is suggested that the plasma electrolytes of patients at risk should be monitored.", "contents": "Severe acidosis from acetazolamide in a diabetic patient. An insulin-dependent diabetic patient with nephropathy developed severe acidosis after treatment with acetazolamide for glaucoma. A renal tubular abnormality may have allowed the usually self-limiting acidosis of acetazolamide to progress. It is suggested that the plasma electrolytes of patients at risk should be monitored.", "PMID": 527355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3295", "title": "Use of keto acids in inborn errors of urea synthesis.", "content": "Our experience with nitrogen-free analog therapy of these disorders indicates that these compounds are adequate nutritional supplements which are non-toxic and which promote mental and somatic growth. They prevent or reduce hyperammonemia for varying periods of time in three of these disorders, but as yet have not prevented hyperammonemic coma and death in infants with complete enzyme deficiencies. Further work wi-l be necessary to determine how impending hyperammonemic coma can be detected before it becomes irreversible, as asll as to improve the therapy of hyperammonemic coma when it develops.", "contents": "Use of keto acids in inborn errors of urea synthesis. Our experience with nitrogen-free analog therapy of these disorders indicates that these compounds are adequate nutritional supplements which are non-toxic and which promote mental and somatic growth. They prevent or reduce hyperammonemia for varying periods of time in three of these disorders, but as yet have not prevented hyperammonemic coma and death in infants with complete enzyme deficiencies. Further work wi-l be necessary to determine how impending hyperammonemic coma can be detected before it becomes irreversible, as asll as to improve the therapy of hyperammonemic coma when it develops.", "PMID": 527359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3296", "title": "Disorders of hemostasis in malignancy.", "content": "Disorders of hemostasis are frequent in malignant disease and their cause is often multifactorial and complex. Both primary (platelets and vessel walls) and secondary (coagulation factors) hemostasis are impaired, often concurrently. Therapy is most often directed toward the underlying disease; however, a knowledge of the complications and treatment of each malignancy will often prevent a number of the problems cited in this chapter. The hypercoagulable states are still poorly understood and need better definition, but their recognition, treatment and prevention may decrease morbidity significantly.", "contents": "Disorders of hemostasis in malignancy. Disorders of hemostasis are frequent in malignant disease and their cause is often multifactorial and complex. Both primary (platelets and vessel walls) and secondary (coagulation factors) hemostasis are impaired, often concurrently. Therapy is most often directed toward the underlying disease; however, a knowledge of the complications and treatment of each malignancy will often prevent a number of the problems cited in this chapter. The hypercoagulable states are still poorly understood and need better definition, but their recognition, treatment and prevention may decrease morbidity significantly.", "PMID": 527364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3297", "title": "[Spermatogenesis in a pteridophyte. 1. First stages of the motile apparatus].", "content": "The first appearance of the motile apparatus can be seen just before the last spermatogenous division. It is a granular cluster of electron dense material which sends out arms which are transformed into spindle-microtubules. After division, the latter disappear, and procentrioles differentiate in a blepharoplast from the material of the 'organizing centre' from which are successively born two different systems of microtubules. In addition, the motile apparatus is initiated in the cytoplasm away from the nucleus. It is only later that the centrioles are intimately combined with the nucleus through the medium of the microtubule ribbon, thus marking a fist stage in the maturation of the spermatozoon.", "contents": "[Spermatogenesis in a pteridophyte. 1. First stages of the motile apparatus]. The first appearance of the motile apparatus can be seen just before the last spermatogenous division. It is a granular cluster of electron dense material which sends out arms which are transformed into spindle-microtubules. After division, the latter disappear, and procentrioles differentiate in a blepharoplast from the material of the 'organizing centre' from which are successively born two different systems of microtubules. In addition, the motile apparatus is initiated in the cytoplasm away from the nucleus. It is only later that the centrioles are intimately combined with the nucleus through the medium of the microtubule ribbon, thus marking a fist stage in the maturation of the spermatozoon.", "PMID": 527371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3298", "title": "Plastid ultrastructural features in the various tissues of sunflower leaves.", "content": "In young sunflower leaves a cell differentiation gradient has been observed along the major leaf where the leaf basal cells are less differentiated than the apical ones. The tip-base gradient also affects plastid differentiation. Moreover, diverse differentiation speeds are observed among the plastids of the various leaf tissues. The first plastids to take on a well-differentiated appearance are those of the mesophyll. In both the epidermis and vein regions (i.e. in a monocellular sheath round the bundle) one can observe plastids with electron-dense intrathylakoid compartments and lightly stained membranes which, however, are numerous and well-arranged in the grana. The latter membranes have a definite appearance for some plastids. It is assumed that the cell's internal environment is able to control the rate of plastid differentiation.", "contents": "Plastid ultrastructural features in the various tissues of sunflower leaves. In young sunflower leaves a cell differentiation gradient has been observed along the major leaf where the leaf basal cells are less differentiated than the apical ones. The tip-base gradient also affects plastid differentiation. Moreover, diverse differentiation speeds are observed among the plastids of the various leaf tissues. The first plastids to take on a well-differentiated appearance are those of the mesophyll. In both the epidermis and vein regions (i.e. in a monocellular sheath round the bundle) one can observe plastids with electron-dense intrathylakoid compartments and lightly stained membranes which, however, are numerous and well-arranged in the grana. The latter membranes have a definite appearance for some plastids. It is assumed that the cell's internal environment is able to control the rate of plastid differentiation.", "PMID": 527372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3299", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism in three species of Indian snakes.", "content": "Interesting results regarding the polymorphic state of one or more pairs of macro-chromosomes in three species of colubrid snakes viz., Ahaetulla nasutus, Chrysopelea ornate and Acrochordus granulatus were obtained. Morphological variations were statistically estimated and idiograms prepared. These observations, when compared with those of the normal karyotypes, confirmed that the centric shifts were real and in all probability due to pericentric inversions. Such observations yield significant information regarding the mode of speciation in this group of animals.", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism in three species of Indian snakes. Interesting results regarding the polymorphic state of one or more pairs of macro-chromosomes in three species of colubrid snakes viz., Ahaetulla nasutus, Chrysopelea ornate and Acrochordus granulatus were obtained. Morphological variations were statistically estimated and idiograms prepared. These observations, when compared with those of the normal karyotypes, confirmed that the centric shifts were real and in all probability due to pericentric inversions. Such observations yield significant information regarding the mode of speciation in this group of animals.", "PMID": 527373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3300", "title": "Human tonsil lymphocytes in the transfer of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes have the ability to transfer cellular immunity. In this study, we investigated whether human tonsil lymphocytes could transfer cellular immunity. Human tonsil lymphocyte ultrafiltrates, after separation through gel filtration, showed five fractions in Sephadex-G-10, as well as four in Sephadex-G-25,4. The extracts and the fractions have characteristic biochemical as well as biological properties. The biological activity of ultrafiltrates from human tonsil lymphocytes was compared with the activity of ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, for identification studies of a 'Transfer Factor' from human tonsils. Ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ascher et al., 1976) and tested, showed similar biochemical and biological properties.", "contents": "Human tonsil lymphocytes in the transfer of cell-mediated immunity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes have the ability to transfer cellular immunity. In this study, we investigated whether human tonsil lymphocytes could transfer cellular immunity. Human tonsil lymphocyte ultrafiltrates, after separation through gel filtration, showed five fractions in Sephadex-G-10, as well as four in Sephadex-G-25,4. The extracts and the fractions have characteristic biochemical as well as biological properties. The biological activity of ultrafiltrates from human tonsil lymphocytes was compared with the activity of ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, for identification studies of a 'Transfer Factor' from human tonsils. Ultrafiltrates prepared from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ascher et al., 1976) and tested, showed similar biochemical and biological properties.", "PMID": 527374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3301", "title": "Endosymbiotic bacteria in Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae): association with cytoplasmic microtubules in Vaucheria sessilis.", "content": "Ultrastructural investigation has shown the presence of rod-shaped endosymbiotic bacteria in the cytoplasm of three species of Vaucheria. Particular attention is directed to the relationship in V. sessilis where the symbiont moves along the vegetative filament on cytoplasmic microtubules of the host.", "contents": "Endosymbiotic bacteria in Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae): association with cytoplasmic microtubules in Vaucheria sessilis. Ultrastructural investigation has shown the presence of rod-shaped endosymbiotic bacteria in the cytoplasm of three species of Vaucheria. Particular attention is directed to the relationship in V. sessilis where the symbiont moves along the vegetative filament on cytoplasmic microtubules of the host.", "PMID": 527375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3302", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tegument of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase activity of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis was studied by means of electron microscopy. Beta-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate. The reaction product was localized within the microtriches of the distal cytoplasm, and in the cytoplasm and processes of perinuclear cells. Activity was also demonstrated within circular and longitudinal muscle bundles and in calcareous corpuscles.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tegument of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis was studied by means of electron microscopy. Beta-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate. The reaction product was localized within the microtriches of the distal cytoplasm, and in the cytoplasm and processes of perinuclear cells. Activity was also demonstrated within circular and longitudinal muscle bundles and in calcareous corpuscles.", "PMID": 527376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3303", "title": "An ultrastructural study of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes from iota carrageenan injected mice.", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes harvested from peritoneal cavities of mice injected intraperitoneally 24 h previously with iota carrageenan were invariably vacuolated or lysed. The incidence of lysed cells was approximately 25%. Carrageenan could be identified as fibrillar material within phagolysosomes of varying size, and retention of the fibrillar structure of this material, even within lysed cells, suggests that iota carrageenan is relatively resistant to biochemical degradation and hence persists within the phagolysosomes. The limiting membranes of many of the larger vacuoles were frequently ruptured, probably indicating osmotic stress on these membranes as the phagolysosomes swell.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes from iota carrageenan injected mice. Mononuclear phagocytes harvested from peritoneal cavities of mice injected intraperitoneally 24 h previously with iota carrageenan were invariably vacuolated or lysed. The incidence of lysed cells was approximately 25%. Carrageenan could be identified as fibrillar material within phagolysosomes of varying size, and retention of the fibrillar structure of this material, even within lysed cells, suggests that iota carrageenan is relatively resistant to biochemical degradation and hence persists within the phagolysosomes. The limiting membranes of many of the larger vacuoles were frequently ruptured, probably indicating osmotic stress on these membranes as the phagolysosomes swell.", "PMID": 527377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3304", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Cassida syrtica Boh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).", "content": "Intraspecific polymorphism with regard to autosomes has been observed in Cassida syrtica, where an additional large autosome (marker chromosome) has been encountered in the diploid as well as the haploid set of chromosomes. The diploid number for the normal type is 18 (n = 8 + Xyp). Its polymorphic form reveals a diploid set of ninetten chromosomes with an exceptional karyotype (n = 8 + 1 Mt + Xyp).", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Cassida syrtica Boh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Intraspecific polymorphism with regard to autosomes has been observed in Cassida syrtica, where an additional large autosome (marker chromosome) has been encountered in the diploid as well as the haploid set of chromosomes. The diploid number for the normal type is 18 (n = 8 + Xyp). Its polymorphic form reveals a diploid set of ninetten chromosomes with an exceptional karyotype (n = 8 + 1 Mt + Xyp).", "PMID": 527378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3305", "title": "The effect of ascorbic acid on RNA and protein synthesis on two cultured cell lines in vitro.", "content": "Previous work in this laboratory has thrown some light on the possible mechanism involved in the anti-tumour activity of ascorbic acid (AA). In order to elucidate this mechanism further, the present studies, involving the effect of AA on protein and RNA synthesis, were carried out. The results obtained in this investigation may support the hypothesis previously put forward for the action of AA on cell proliferation.", "contents": "The effect of ascorbic acid on RNA and protein synthesis on two cultured cell lines in vitro. Previous work in this laboratory has thrown some light on the possible mechanism involved in the anti-tumour activity of ascorbic acid (AA). In order to elucidate this mechanism further, the present studies, involving the effect of AA on protein and RNA synthesis, were carried out. The results obtained in this investigation may support the hypothesis previously put forward for the action of AA on cell proliferation.", "PMID": 527379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3306", "title": "Nucleolar organizing regions of normal Chinese hamster and CHW cell line chromosomes.", "content": "The chromosome preparations from fibroblasts of normal male and female Chinese hamsters and the cell line CHW were stained with AgNO3. The silver stain was usually localized at the telomeres of autosomes. The marker chromosome M1 in the CHW cell line has Ag-NOR near the centre of the long arm, which indicates that either the long arms of two number 5 chromosomes fused at the telomeres or the intact telomeric region of one chromosome fused with one with a deleted telomere. The variation of Ag-NORs' number per cell and Ag-heteromorphism in chromosome number 4 were observed. The Ag-NORs of chromosome number 4 and 5 are in approximately the same position as the positive C-bands and these may play a role in the preservation of heterochromatin.", "contents": "Nucleolar organizing regions of normal Chinese hamster and CHW cell line chromosomes. The chromosome preparations from fibroblasts of normal male and female Chinese hamsters and the cell line CHW were stained with AgNO3. The silver stain was usually localized at the telomeres of autosomes. The marker chromosome M1 in the CHW cell line has Ag-NOR near the centre of the long arm, which indicates that either the long arms of two number 5 chromosomes fused at the telomeres or the intact telomeric region of one chromosome fused with one with a deleted telomere. The variation of Ag-NORs' number per cell and Ag-heteromorphism in chromosome number 4 were observed. The Ag-NORs of chromosome number 4 and 5 are in approximately the same position as the positive C-bands and these may play a role in the preservation of heterochromatin.", "PMID": 527380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3307", "title": "Colchicine, nocodazole and trifluralin: different effects of microtubule polymerization inhibitors on the uptake and migration of endosymbiotic algae in Hydra viridis.", "content": "Hydra viridis (= Chlorohydra viridissima) the freshwater coelenterate, is symbiotic. Each individual animal harbours Chlorella sp. in its endodermal cells. The symbiosis may be disestablished, the partners grown independently, and then re-established experimentally. The most effective method to produce alga-free hydra was developed by Pardy (1976). In this study algae from homogenized H. viridis, English (= European) strain, were either used directly or first grown in pure culture and then injected to re-establish the symbiosis. The uptake of algae grown in culture was compared with that of algae released directly from fresh hydra. Fewer cultured algae were taken up. Four strains were tested: English, Carolina, Frome, and Jubilee. Each takes up a characteristic number of Chlorella when injected in excess. Colchicine, nocodazole and trifluralin, were tested for their effects on either uptake or migration. Colchicine had no effect. Nocodazole and trifluralin reduced both the number of algae taken up and the rate at which they were transported to the distal region of the hydra digestive cell. The effects of these drugs tended to be proportional to the concentration between 10(-8) and 10(-5) M.", "contents": "Colchicine, nocodazole and trifluralin: different effects of microtubule polymerization inhibitors on the uptake and migration of endosymbiotic algae in Hydra viridis. Hydra viridis (= Chlorohydra viridissima) the freshwater coelenterate, is symbiotic. Each individual animal harbours Chlorella sp. in its endodermal cells. The symbiosis may be disestablished, the partners grown independently, and then re-established experimentally. The most effective method to produce alga-free hydra was developed by Pardy (1976). In this study algae from homogenized H. viridis, English (= European) strain, were either used directly or first grown in pure culture and then injected to re-establish the symbiosis. The uptake of algae grown in culture was compared with that of algae released directly from fresh hydra. Fewer cultured algae were taken up. Four strains were tested: English, Carolina, Frome, and Jubilee. Each takes up a characteristic number of Chlorella when injected in excess. Colchicine, nocodazole and trifluralin, were tested for their effects on either uptake or migration. Colchicine had no effect. Nocodazole and trifluralin reduced both the number of algae taken up and the rate at which they were transported to the distal region of the hydra digestive cell. The effects of these drugs tended to be proportional to the concentration between 10(-8) and 10(-5) M.", "PMID": 527381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3308", "title": "Enuresis: the clinical application of an etiologically based classification system.", "content": "Enuresis is a common problem of childhood, but both a theoretical understanding and an etiologically based clinical approach to the symptom are lacking. The present descriptive study was undertaken to delineate subgroups within large, heterogeneous populations of enuretic children between the ages of four and 14. A number of variables were assessed through a detailed parental history for 116 enuretic children. Several relevant and significant correlations were identified, but overall no clinically useful patterns involving sleep stages, psychopathology, environmental events, or medical or family history were discovered. The results of this study confirm recent work in the field of enuresis and emphasize the need for new research directions.", "contents": "Enuresis: the clinical application of an etiologically based classification system. Enuresis is a common problem of childhood, but both a theoretical understanding and an etiologically based clinical approach to the symptom are lacking. The present descriptive study was undertaken to delineate subgroups within large, heterogeneous populations of enuretic children between the ages of four and 14. A number of variables were assessed through a detailed parental history for 116 enuretic children. Several relevant and significant correlations were identified, but overall no clinically useful patterns involving sleep stages, psychopathology, environmental events, or medical or family history were discovered. The results of this study confirm recent work in the field of enuresis and emphasize the need for new research directions.", "PMID": 527389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3309", "title": "The emotional disturbance underlying alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and trichotillomania.", "content": "A psychological study on fifteen children with diverse etiologies of hair loss, viz., alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and trichotillomania was conducted in order to assess the degree of underlying psychodynamics in children with hair loss. The results confirm the relationship of the underlying emotional disturbance to the hair loss. Further, it appears that the more severe the psychopathology of the individual, the greater is the hair loss and/or the clinical manifestation of trichotillomania.", "contents": "The emotional disturbance underlying alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and trichotillomania. A psychological study on fifteen children with diverse etiologies of hair loss, viz., alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and trichotillomania was conducted in order to assess the degree of underlying psychodynamics in children with hair loss. The results confirm the relationship of the underlying emotional disturbance to the hair loss. Further, it appears that the more severe the psychopathology of the individual, the greater is the hair loss and/or the clinical manifestation of trichotillomania.", "PMID": 527390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3310", "title": "Lauretta Bender on autism: a review.", "content": "Lauretta Bender, internationally known as one of the pioneers in the field of child psychiatry, has written extensively on autism and other forms of childhood disturbance. This paper reviews and analyzes the development of her theories on autism, especially as it relates to childhood schizophrenia. Bender believes that the condition is one of the manifestations of schizophrenia occurring in earliest childhood. This review traces, through her writings and through personal contact, the development and elaboration of this view, and discusses influences on her work of Schilder, Gesell and others.", "contents": "Lauretta Bender on autism: a review. Lauretta Bender, internationally known as one of the pioneers in the field of child psychiatry, has written extensively on autism and other forms of childhood disturbance. This paper reviews and analyzes the development of her theories on autism, especially as it relates to childhood schizophrenia. Bender believes that the condition is one of the manifestations of schizophrenia occurring in earliest childhood. This review traces, through her writings and through personal contact, the development and elaboration of this view, and discusses influences on her work of Schilder, Gesell and others.", "PMID": 527391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3311", "title": "Mother-infant interaction as a function of maternal ratings of temperament.", "content": "Mother-infant pairs (N = 38) were observed at home when infants were three months old; mothers also completed a questionnaire measure of infant temperament. Infants who were rated as irregular in biological functioning received somewhat less responsive mothering. A subgroup of infants rated as difficult, that is, extremely irregular, nonadaptable, and negative in mood, were then compared with matched controls; mothers interacted less and were less responsive to the social bids of infants they rated as difficult. This pattern of lowered maternal responsiveness was still in evidence at an eight-month follow-up observation, suggesting that negative perceptions of infant behavior can be persistent effects on the quality of caretaking.", "contents": "Mother-infant interaction as a function of maternal ratings of temperament. Mother-infant pairs (N = 38) were observed at home when infants were three months old; mothers also completed a questionnaire measure of infant temperament. Infants who were rated as irregular in biological functioning received somewhat less responsive mothering. A subgroup of infants rated as difficult, that is, extremely irregular, nonadaptable, and negative in mood, were then compared with matched controls; mothers interacted less and were less responsive to the social bids of infants they rated as difficult. This pattern of lowered maternal responsiveness was still in evidence at an eight-month follow-up observation, suggesting that negative perceptions of infant behavior can be persistent effects on the quality of caretaking.", "PMID": 527392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3312", "title": "Home visits in child psychiatry.", "content": "Written from the viewpoint of a Foreign Medical School Graduate, this paper describes the use of psychiatric home visits in the Philippine Islands and the United States including a general explanation of the prevailing attitudes. Two case histories are used to illustrate the value of home visits in child psychiatry. A single home visit may be more revealing as to the cause of the pathology than numerous clinic sessions. The paper concludes with a brief literature survey followed by a summary discussion which presents the author's observations of personal gains derived from home visits.", "contents": "Home visits in child psychiatry. Written from the viewpoint of a Foreign Medical School Graduate, this paper describes the use of psychiatric home visits in the Philippine Islands and the United States including a general explanation of the prevailing attitudes. Two case histories are used to illustrate the value of home visits in child psychiatry. A single home visit may be more revealing as to the cause of the pathology than numerous clinic sessions. The paper concludes with a brief literature survey followed by a summary discussion which presents the author's observations of personal gains derived from home visits.", "PMID": 527393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3313", "title": "Speech skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children: a statistical study.", "content": "Forty-seven autistic and 128 mentally retarded children, ages 6 to 14, from a special school were assessed in terms of nine maladaptive behaviors and speech skill levels. The results indicated that the group of the mentally retarded children with withdrawal had significantly lower speech skill levels than the group of those without withdrawal, and the group of the autistic children with self-injury had significantly lower speech skill levels than the group of those without self-injury.", "contents": "Speech skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children: a statistical study. Forty-seven autistic and 128 mentally retarded children, ages 6 to 14, from a special school were assessed in terms of nine maladaptive behaviors and speech skill levels. The results indicated that the group of the mentally retarded children with withdrawal had significantly lower speech skill levels than the group of those without withdrawal, and the group of the autistic children with self-injury had significantly lower speech skill levels than the group of those without self-injury.", "PMID": 527394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3314", "title": "[Endobrachyesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus].", "content": "The columnar epithelium lined esophagus is usually the result of a chronic reflux disease. In the literature one can find more and more references to a malignant transformation of this columnar epithelium. Our own observations of 14 patients with an adenocarcinoma in a columnar-lined esophagus support this suspicion. Because the adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has therapeutic consequences other than a squamous carcinoma of the esophagus, the surgery has to give attention to this malignant transformation of the columnar-lined esophagus.", "contents": "[Endobrachyesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus]. The columnar epithelium lined esophagus is usually the result of a chronic reflux disease. In the literature one can find more and more references to a malignant transformation of this columnar epithelium. Our own observations of 14 patients with an adenocarcinoma in a columnar-lined esophagus support this suspicion. Because the adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has therapeutic consequences other than a squamous carcinoma of the esophagus, the surgery has to give attention to this malignant transformation of the columnar-lined esophagus.", "PMID": 527398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3315", "title": "[Esophageal myoplicature in the treatment of decompensated achalasia].", "content": "Heller's cardiomyotomy or one of the modifications are not sufficient in the third stage of achalasia. Additional surgery is required for reversion of the dilated and elongated esophagus. Two patients with third-grade achalasia were treated by cardiomyotomy in combined with esophagomyoplication and followed up for one year. The results were evaluated clinically, radiologically, manometrically, pH-metrically, and endoscopically. We concluded that esophagomyoplication satisfactorily completes cardiomyotomy in cases of third-grade achalasia.", "contents": "[Esophageal myoplicature in the treatment of decompensated achalasia]. Heller's cardiomyotomy or one of the modifications are not sufficient in the third stage of achalasia. Additional surgery is required for reversion of the dilated and elongated esophagus. Two patients with third-grade achalasia were treated by cardiomyotomy in combined with esophagomyoplication and followed up for one year. The results were evaluated clinically, radiologically, manometrically, pH-metrically, and endoscopically. We concluded that esophagomyoplication satisfactorily completes cardiomyotomy in cases of third-grade achalasia.", "PMID": 527399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3316", "title": "[Tracheoesophageal fistula after blunt thoracic trauma: recognition and treatment].", "content": "Three cases of tracheoesophageal fistula as a result of nonpenetrating chest trauma were surgically repaired. Another 31 cases were found in the literature. 'Thrown against a steering wheel' was the cause of injury in the majority of patients. Though the fistula became characteristically symptomatic 3 to 7 days after the accident, the diagnosis was often delayed for several months. No patient recovered without operation. After demarcation of the area of contusion and necrosis, especially in the esophagus wall, surgical repair is the therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Tracheoesophageal fistula after blunt thoracic trauma: recognition and treatment]. Three cases of tracheoesophageal fistula as a result of nonpenetrating chest trauma were surgically repaired. Another 31 cases were found in the literature. 'Thrown against a steering wheel' was the cause of injury in the majority of patients. Though the fistula became characteristically symptomatic 3 to 7 days after the accident, the diagnosis was often delayed for several months. No patient recovered without operation. After demarcation of the area of contusion and necrosis, especially in the esophagus wall, surgical repair is the therapy of choice.", "PMID": 527400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3317", "title": "[Early diagnosis of ileus by the gastrointestinal passage of a resorbable contrast medium and of recurrent intestinal obstruction].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus vs mechanical intestinal obstruction using Gastrografin is a useful method because a correct decision can be made for or against surgery in doubtful cases. Gastrografin is a valuable diagnostic aid in cases with pseudo-obstruction since recurrent obstruction often seems to be a pseudo-obstruction. We doubt if a recurrent obstruction should be treated by any method of intestinopexy.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of ileus by the gastrointestinal passage of a resorbable contrast medium and of recurrent intestinal obstruction]. The differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus vs mechanical intestinal obstruction using Gastrografin is a useful method because a correct decision can be made for or against surgery in doubtful cases. Gastrografin is a valuable diagnostic aid in cases with pseudo-obstruction since recurrent obstruction often seems to be a pseudo-obstruction. We doubt if a recurrent obstruction should be treated by any method of intestinopexy.", "PMID": 527401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3318", "title": "[Treatment of late occlusions and stenoses after an aortofemoral bypass operation].", "content": "Thirty-three patients with one or several late occlusions in 43 limbs of aortofemoral dacron grafts underwent 56 reconstructions because of impending limb loss. Thrombectomy alone with patch closure was less successful. Excision of the femoral anastomosis, resection of the distal part of the occluded prosthetic limb and replacement by a new velours graft tube together with profundaplasty and further downstream reconstruction revealed the best results. The early reocclusion rate was 10%, the late reocclusion rate was 10%. There was no operative mortality and no amputation. Two late deaths occurred, in one case due to grade III infection with sepsis. Another late graft infection was successfully managed by an extraanatomic bypass and excision of the infected limb. The reasons for late occlusions of aortofemoral grafts were found to be incomplete reconstruction of the outflow tract, technical failure at the time of primary reconstruction and progressive atherosclerosis. Hypertonus was common in all cases with progression of the disease. Technical details of the operative management for late occlusion are presented.", "contents": "[Treatment of late occlusions and stenoses after an aortofemoral bypass operation]. Thirty-three patients with one or several late occlusions in 43 limbs of aortofemoral dacron grafts underwent 56 reconstructions because of impending limb loss. Thrombectomy alone with patch closure was less successful. Excision of the femoral anastomosis, resection of the distal part of the occluded prosthetic limb and replacement by a new velours graft tube together with profundaplasty and further downstream reconstruction revealed the best results. The early reocclusion rate was 10%, the late reocclusion rate was 10%. There was no operative mortality and no amputation. Two late deaths occurred, in one case due to grade III infection with sepsis. Another late graft infection was successfully managed by an extraanatomic bypass and excision of the infected limb. The reasons for late occlusions of aortofemoral grafts were found to be incomplete reconstruction of the outflow tract, technical failure at the time of primary reconstruction and progressive atherosclerosis. Hypertonus was common in all cases with progression of the disease. Technical details of the operative management for late occlusion are presented.", "PMID": 527402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3319", "title": "[Retrocaval ureter: a rare differential diagnostic possibility in a suspicion of appendicitis].", "content": "The retrocaval ureter is a rare malformation and may simulate acute appendicitis. Diagnosis shoud be made by a lateral X-ray view of the inferior vena cava and the ureter simultaneously. Surgical treatment is mandatory in the case of flank pain and consists of nephrectomy or dismembered pyeloplasty in front of the vena cava inferior or finally, dismembered angioplasty of the vena cava inferior behind the ureter.", "contents": "[Retrocaval ureter: a rare differential diagnostic possibility in a suspicion of appendicitis]. The retrocaval ureter is a rare malformation and may simulate acute appendicitis. Diagnosis shoud be made by a lateral X-ray view of the inferior vena cava and the ureter simultaneously. Surgical treatment is mandatory in the case of flank pain and consists of nephrectomy or dismembered pyeloplasty in front of the vena cava inferior or finally, dismembered angioplasty of the vena cava inferior behind the ureter.", "PMID": 527403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3320", "title": "Obstruction of the respiratory pathways, its evaluation by methods of functional examination of the lungs and development in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "In 28 patients with cystic fibrosis aged 5--24 years the values of maximum expiratory flow rates (Vmax) at lower volume levels were assessed, as well as the \"specific\" conductance of the respiratory pathways (Gaw/TGV), the vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), RV/TLC and FRC/TLC ratios and the one-second forced expiration of the vital capacity (FEV1) to evaluate obstruction of the respiratory pathways. Most markedly and most frequently abnormal were the values of Vmax, RV and of the RV/TLC ratio. These findings revealed that in almost all patients with CF there was already during the initial examination an obstruction of the peripheral respiratory pathways and hyperinflation of the lungs. During repeated measurement of the above values of lung function in 15 patients with cystic fibrosis during a period of 1--5 years when the patients increased in height by 10 cm on average, the above values did not deteriorate on average. There was, however, an individual variability of the investigated values during this period. The comprehensive treatment provided in our country prevented in patients with CF a deterioration of obstruction of the respiratory pathways during the period of investigation.", "contents": "Obstruction of the respiratory pathways, its evaluation by methods of functional examination of the lungs and development in patients with cystic fibrosis. In 28 patients with cystic fibrosis aged 5--24 years the values of maximum expiratory flow rates (Vmax) at lower volume levels were assessed, as well as the \"specific\" conductance of the respiratory pathways (Gaw/TGV), the vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), RV/TLC and FRC/TLC ratios and the one-second forced expiration of the vital capacity (FEV1) to evaluate obstruction of the respiratory pathways. Most markedly and most frequently abnormal were the values of Vmax, RV and of the RV/TLC ratio. These findings revealed that in almost all patients with CF there was already during the initial examination an obstruction of the peripheral respiratory pathways and hyperinflation of the lungs. During repeated measurement of the above values of lung function in 15 patients with cystic fibrosis during a period of 1--5 years when the patients increased in height by 10 cm on average, the above values did not deteriorate on average. There was, however, an individual variability of the investigated values during this period. The comprehensive treatment provided in our country prevented in patients with CF a deterioration of obstruction of the respiratory pathways during the period of investigation.", "PMID": 527420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3321", "title": "Ekwall's method in social medicine.", "content": "The application of Ekwall's method is of considerable importance not only in medicine but also in social sciences and in all sciences concerned with man where qualitative information is used. The authors developed their own variant of Ekwall's method and used it for the evaluation of results of a survey concerned with children at risk. After an explanation of the essence of the method and principles of its application, the authors explain the variant for possible use in social medicine. An important contribution of this procedure is above all the possibility to evaluate the individual comprehensively according to defined signs and to assess accurately the distribution and also the order of comprehensively evaluated individuals of the investigated group.", "contents": "Ekwall's method in social medicine. The application of Ekwall's method is of considerable importance not only in medicine but also in social sciences and in all sciences concerned with man where qualitative information is used. The authors developed their own variant of Ekwall's method and used it for the evaluation of results of a survey concerned with children at risk. After an explanation of the essence of the method and principles of its application, the authors explain the variant for possible use in social medicine. An important contribution of this procedure is above all the possibility to evaluate the individual comprehensively according to defined signs and to assess accurately the distribution and also the order of comprehensively evaluated individuals of the investigated group.", "PMID": 527422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3322", "title": "Pulmonary metastases of thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "In a group of 840 patients with thyroid carcinoma the authors found pulmonary metastases in 123 patients, i. e. in 14.6%. In 78 pulmonary metastases were the only remote ones, in the remainder they were combined also with other remote metastates, almost always bone metastases. Cases of \"pure\" pulmonary metastases were found in the whole group without a proved relationship to age and histology, with a slight prdominance of men, while in patients with a combination of pulmonary and bone metastases follicular carcinoma predominates and it is found mainly in patients of more advanced age. The biological behaviour of these two groups differs completely, and this should be taken into account in the international TNM classification. When investigating the biological properties of thyroid carcinoma, we evaluated in detail in a recent publication (15) bone metastases. As all remote metastases of thyroid carcinoma are included according to the classification of WHO under the common sign M1 (9), we wanted to compare some factors in the incidence of pulmonary and bone metastases.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases of thyroid carcinoma. In a group of 840 patients with thyroid carcinoma the authors found pulmonary metastases in 123 patients, i. e. in 14.6%. In 78 pulmonary metastases were the only remote ones, in the remainder they were combined also with other remote metastates, almost always bone metastases. Cases of \"pure\" pulmonary metastases were found in the whole group without a proved relationship to age and histology, with a slight prdominance of men, while in patients with a combination of pulmonary and bone metastases follicular carcinoma predominates and it is found mainly in patients of more advanced age. The biological behaviour of these two groups differs completely, and this should be taken into account in the international TNM classification. When investigating the biological properties of thyroid carcinoma, we evaluated in detail in a recent publication (15) bone metastases. As all remote metastases of thyroid carcinoma are included according to the classification of WHO under the common sign M1 (9), we wanted to compare some factors in the incidence of pulmonary and bone metastases.", "PMID": 527423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3323", "title": "Measurement of tissue impedance in the prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The authors tested the possibilities of an apparatus for the assessment of tissue impedance -- DIACA LDN 200 -- in routine prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. They found that by assessment of the impedance it is possible to differentiate normal squamous epithelium from calumnar epithelium and pathological epithelium. The latter two cannot be differentiated reliably by the apparatus. Therefore DIACA is not suited as a single method for the detection of precancerous conditions but in combination with colposcopy it may provide reliable services. In the discussion the authors reflect where to include most aptly the above method in the complex of prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Recently a new apparatus, DIACA LDN 200, was introduced on the market which can be used to measure tissue impedance. This apparatus proved useful in the detection of precancerous conditions and early carcinoma of the intestine (1, 2, 3). The basic idea links up with the work of Zwinger and Vrana (5, 6, 7) which some time ago aroused considerable attention but never was introduced in practice on a major scale. It is therefore of interest to test whether measurement of tissue impedance by means of this apparatus can be used in gynaecology and whether we may count on this method as a screening procedure in the prevention of carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Measurement of tissue impedance in the prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The authors tested the possibilities of an apparatus for the assessment of tissue impedance -- DIACA LDN 200 -- in routine prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. They found that by assessment of the impedance it is possible to differentiate normal squamous epithelium from calumnar epithelium and pathological epithelium. The latter two cannot be differentiated reliably by the apparatus. Therefore DIACA is not suited as a single method for the detection of precancerous conditions but in combination with colposcopy it may provide reliable services. In the discussion the authors reflect where to include most aptly the above method in the complex of prevention of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Recently a new apparatus, DIACA LDN 200, was introduced on the market which can be used to measure tissue impedance. This apparatus proved useful in the detection of precancerous conditions and early carcinoma of the intestine (1, 2, 3). The basic idea links up with the work of Zwinger and Vrana (5, 6, 7) which some time ago aroused considerable attention but never was introduced in practice on a major scale. It is therefore of interest to test whether measurement of tissue impedance by means of this apparatus can be used in gynaecology and whether we may count on this method as a screening procedure in the prevention of carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 527424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3324", "title": "Management of late complications of Teflon sling repair for rectal prolapse.", "content": "Recurrent rectal prolapse or postoperative rectal stricture occurred in four of 88 patients (4.5 per cent) who underwent Teflon sling repair at the Lahey Clinic during the past 15 years. Management of these and six other similar patients referred for treatment suggests that young men appear to be at a higher risk for recurrence. Strictures may be more likely to develop in patients with a long history of prolapse or problems with constipation. Teflon sling repair followed by recurrent prolapse or stricture formation should probably be treated by low anterior resection.", "contents": "Management of late complications of Teflon sling repair for rectal prolapse. Recurrent rectal prolapse or postoperative rectal stricture occurred in four of 88 patients (4.5 per cent) who underwent Teflon sling repair at the Lahey Clinic during the past 15 years. Management of these and six other similar patients referred for treatment suggests that young men appear to be at a higher risk for recurrence. Strictures may be more likely to develop in patients with a long history of prolapse or problems with constipation. Teflon sling repair followed by recurrent prolapse or stricture formation should probably be treated by low anterior resection.", "PMID": 527425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3325", "title": "Use of omental pedicle graft to protect low anterior colonic anastomosis.", "content": "We feel that a pedicle graft of omentum makes an excellent protective wrapping about low anterior resections. We do not propose the technique to cover sloppily constructed anastomoses. Good nutrition, proper timing, adequate bowel preparation, and good surgical technique are the keys to successful low anterior resection, while omental pedicle grafting adds a further dimension in helping to assure a complication-free postoperative course.", "contents": "Use of omental pedicle graft to protect low anterior colonic anastomosis. We feel that a pedicle graft of omentum makes an excellent protective wrapping about low anterior resections. We do not propose the technique to cover sloppily constructed anastomoses. Good nutrition, proper timing, adequate bowel preparation, and good surgical technique are the keys to successful low anterior resection, while omental pedicle grafting adds a further dimension in helping to assure a complication-free postoperative course.", "PMID": 527426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3326", "title": "Use of glucagon in conjunction with the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapling device for low anterior anastomoses.", "content": "We have found intravenous glucagon useful in overcoming the spasm of the rectal stump that one sometimes encounters while performing transanal end-to-end anastomosis using the EEA stapling device.", "contents": "Use of glucagon in conjunction with the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapling device for low anterior anastomoses. We have found intravenous glucagon useful in overcoming the spasm of the rectal stump that one sometimes encounters while performing transanal end-to-end anastomosis using the EEA stapling device.", "PMID": 527427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3327", "title": "When should radiotherapy be given for rectal cancer?", "content": "There are a number of reasons why radiotherapy is better given before rather than after radical surgery for rectal cancer. When this policy is adopted, however, two related problems arise. First, how are patients requiring radiotherapy to be selected? Second, how are irradiated patients to be compared with unirradiated patients stage by stage in clinical trails? It is suggested that the Dukes' staging system in inappropriate for both, and that a clinical staging system for rectal cancer is urgently required to solve both these problems. The way in which such a staging system might be developed is indicated. In the meantime trials of adjuvant radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum should be interpreted with caution for two reasons. First, a reduction in local recurrence may not necessarily be reflected in a reduction in death rates. Second, since the origin of local recurrence is obscure, the radiation dose to the regional lymph nodes should be recorded carefully.", "contents": "When should radiotherapy be given for rectal cancer? There are a number of reasons why radiotherapy is better given before rather than after radical surgery for rectal cancer. When this policy is adopted, however, two related problems arise. First, how are patients requiring radiotherapy to be selected? Second, how are irradiated patients to be compared with unirradiated patients stage by stage in clinical trails? It is suggested that the Dukes' staging system in inappropriate for both, and that a clinical staging system for rectal cancer is urgently required to solve both these problems. The way in which such a staging system might be developed is indicated. In the meantime trials of adjuvant radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum should be interpreted with caution for two reasons. First, a reduction in local recurrence may not necessarily be reflected in a reduction in death rates. Second, since the origin of local recurrence is obscure, the radiation dose to the regional lymph nodes should be recorded carefully.", "PMID": 527428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3328", "title": "Intestinal obstruction following operation for inflammatory disease of the bowel.", "content": "Acute small-intestinal obstruction is not an uncommon complication following excisional operation for inflammatory disease of the bowel. In the Monash series the most common cause was adhesion formation. Stoma problems accounted for a small number. There was a special tendency for the complication to appear soon after the excisional surgery. A significant mortality rate accompanied obstructive complication and, over the long term, one in five patients needed further surgery for a recurrence.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction following operation for inflammatory disease of the bowel. Acute small-intestinal obstruction is not an uncommon complication following excisional operation for inflammatory disease of the bowel. In the Monash series the most common cause was adhesion formation. Stoma problems accounted for a small number. There was a special tendency for the complication to appear soon after the excisional surgery. A significant mortality rate accompanied obstructive complication and, over the long term, one in five patients needed further surgery for a recurrence.", "PMID": 527431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3329", "title": "Primary epithelial tumors of the appendix and a reappraisal of the appendiceal \"mucocele\".", "content": "A 28-year review of the records at Hines V.A. Medical Center revealed 17 primary epithelial tumors of the appendix. Five of these tumors were benign and 12 malignant. It is suggested that the term mucocele be abandoned, because it represents the end result rather than a definite pathologic entity. The majority of benign tumors and carcinoid tumors of the appendix are discovered incidentally to other procedures. The majority of adenocarcinomas cause symptoms and signs of appendicitis. Simple appendectomy is sufficient treatment of all benign tumors of the appendix, and for all carcinoids that show no gross local metastases and are less than 2 cm in diameter. Simple appendectomy followed by right hemicolectomy or initial right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice for all carcinoids of the appendix that show gross local metastases and are 2 cm or more in diameter and for all adenocarcinomas of the appendix, whether mucinous or colonic, in the absence of distant metastasis. A new classification for primary epithelial tumors of the appendix is suggested.", "contents": "Primary epithelial tumors of the appendix and a reappraisal of the appendiceal \"mucocele\". A 28-year review of the records at Hines V.A. Medical Center revealed 17 primary epithelial tumors of the appendix. Five of these tumors were benign and 12 malignant. It is suggested that the term mucocele be abandoned, because it represents the end result rather than a definite pathologic entity. The majority of benign tumors and carcinoid tumors of the appendix are discovered incidentally to other procedures. The majority of adenocarcinomas cause symptoms and signs of appendicitis. Simple appendectomy is sufficient treatment of all benign tumors of the appendix, and for all carcinoids that show no gross local metastases and are less than 2 cm in diameter. Simple appendectomy followed by right hemicolectomy or initial right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice for all carcinoids of the appendix that show gross local metastases and are 2 cm or more in diameter and for all adenocarcinomas of the appendix, whether mucinous or colonic, in the absence of distant metastasis. A new classification for primary epithelial tumors of the appendix is suggested.", "PMID": 527432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3330", "title": "Colorectal carcinoma: a decade of experience at the Lahey Clinic.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is the commonest visceral malignancy in this country today. Uncorrected five-year survival rates (1967-1971) for Dukes' A, B, and C lesions were 81 per cent, 62 per cent, and 33 per cent respectively, and are essentially the same as those observed in the previous five-year period (1962-1966). The actuarially corrected five-year survival rates for Dukes' A, B, and C lesions for the ten-year period (1962-1971) were 95 per cent, 90 per cent, and 55 per cent. Further improvement in these statistics depends on bringing the patient to operation with less advanced disease and possibly on supplementing resection with other modalities of therapy.", "contents": "Colorectal carcinoma: a decade of experience at the Lahey Clinic. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is the commonest visceral malignancy in this country today. Uncorrected five-year survival rates (1967-1971) for Dukes' A, B, and C lesions were 81 per cent, 62 per cent, and 33 per cent respectively, and are essentially the same as those observed in the previous five-year period (1962-1966). The actuarially corrected five-year survival rates for Dukes' A, B, and C lesions for the ten-year period (1962-1971) were 95 per cent, 90 per cent, and 55 per cent. Further improvement in these statistics depends on bringing the patient to operation with less advanced disease and possibly on supplementing resection with other modalities of therapy.", "PMID": 527433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3331", "title": "Outpatient anorectal surgery.", "content": "Over a period of 16 months, three-fourths of the proctologic surgery performed by our clinic was done on an outpatient basis. By doing so, 1,200 patient visits and approximately 300 histories, physicals, and discharge summaries are eliminated, while obviously benefiting patients and reducing health care costs. Thus, we can conclude that hospitalization is not necessary for the majority of proctologic surgery patients.", "contents": "Outpatient anorectal surgery. Over a period of 16 months, three-fourths of the proctologic surgery performed by our clinic was done on an outpatient basis. By doing so, 1,200 patient visits and approximately 300 histories, physicals, and discharge summaries are eliminated, while obviously benefiting patients and reducing health care costs. Thus, we can conclude that hospitalization is not necessary for the majority of proctologic surgery patients.", "PMID": 527434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3332", "title": "The effect of Lord's procedure on anal pressure.", "content": "In this study, the authors recorded pre- and postoperative anal resting pressures in 28 patients with hemorrhoidal disease and in 32 controls. No significant difference was found between these two groups preoperatively. In the patient population anal pressure was significantly lowered following Lord's anal dilation treatment. No such pressure reduction was recorded after a standard St. Mark's hemorrhoidectomy. Finally, the authors confirm that anal pressure measurements record only the tonus of the sphincter apparatus and are not influenced by the volume of the hemorrhoidal masses themselves.", "contents": "The effect of Lord's procedure on anal pressure. In this study, the authors recorded pre- and postoperative anal resting pressures in 28 patients with hemorrhoidal disease and in 32 controls. No significant difference was found between these two groups preoperatively. In the patient population anal pressure was significantly lowered following Lord's anal dilation treatment. No such pressure reduction was recorded after a standard St. Mark's hemorrhoidectomy. Finally, the authors confirm that anal pressure measurements record only the tonus of the sphincter apparatus and are not influenced by the volume of the hemorrhoidal masses themselves.", "PMID": 527435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3333", "title": "Volvulus of the transverse colon: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of transverse colon volvulus is reported, bringing the total number of collected cases in the English language medical literature to 45. Although this type of volvulus is rare, a definite pattern can be appreciated. Patients tend to be young, female, and give a history of chronic or recurrent difficulty in having bowel movements. A triad of underlying factors predisposes to the development of the volvulus: a distal impediment (either organic or functional) to the evacuation of the bowel, a redundant bowel and mesocolon and a fixed point around which the bowel can twist. The best treatment is resection with either anastomosis or exteriorization, depending on bowel viability.", "contents": "Volvulus of the transverse colon: report of case and review of the literature. A case of transverse colon volvulus is reported, bringing the total number of collected cases in the English language medical literature to 45. Although this type of volvulus is rare, a definite pattern can be appreciated. Patients tend to be young, female, and give a history of chronic or recurrent difficulty in having bowel movements. A triad of underlying factors predisposes to the development of the volvulus: a distal impediment (either organic or functional) to the evacuation of the bowel, a redundant bowel and mesocolon and a fixed point around which the bowel can twist. The best treatment is resection with either anastomosis or exteriorization, depending on bowel viability.", "PMID": 527437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3334", "title": "Giant condyloma (Buschke--Loewenstein tumor) of the anorectum.", "content": "A case of giant condyloma of Buschke and Loewenstein is presented. The clinical course and pathology of these tumors are reviewed. This case illustrates the delay in establishing the diagnosis in spite of numerous biopsies. It is emphasized that the only effective treatment is wide local excision.", "contents": "Giant condyloma (Buschke--Loewenstein tumor) of the anorectum. A case of giant condyloma of Buschke and Loewenstein is presented. The clinical course and pathology of these tumors are reviewed. This case illustrates the delay in establishing the diagnosis in spite of numerous biopsies. It is emphasized that the only effective treatment is wide local excision.", "PMID": 527438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3335", "title": "Electrical ileal perforation: an unusual complication of colonoscopy.", "content": "A case of electrical burn perforation of the ileum is described, occurring after colonoscopic snare polypectomy from the left colon. An adequate explanation of the cause of this complication has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Electrical ileal perforation: an unusual complication of colonoscopy. A case of electrical burn perforation of the ileum is described, occurring after colonoscopic snare polypectomy from the left colon. An adequate explanation of the cause of this complication has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 527439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3336", "title": "Survey of hemorrhoidectomy practices: open versus closed techniques.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Four hundred and forty-five (43.6%) were tabulated to establish criteria and results of surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. The most frequent indication for surgery, was internal and external hemorrhoids with mucosal prolapse. Significant differences were found in time required for complete healing, frequency of wound dehiscence, frequency of postoperative stenosis, and frequency of postoperative infection. Results did not support opinions that the closed technique was associated with significantly less pain, fewer complications, shorter hospital stay or earlier resumption of work.", "contents": "Survey of hemorrhoidectomy practices: open versus closed techniques. A questionnaire was sent to members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Four hundred and forty-five (43.6%) were tabulated to establish criteria and results of surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. The most frequent indication for surgery, was internal and external hemorrhoids with mucosal prolapse. Significant differences were found in time required for complete healing, frequency of wound dehiscence, frequency of postoperative stenosis, and frequency of postoperative infection. Results did not support opinions that the closed technique was associated with significantly less pain, fewer complications, shorter hospital stay or earlier resumption of work.", "PMID": 527445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3337", "title": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. VIII. Levator hiatus and tunnel: anatomy and function.", "content": "The anatomy of the levator hiatus and tunnel has been studied, aiming at the elucidation of their functional role in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence. The material comprised 25 cadavers studied by dissection and serial histologic sections. The levator hiatus occupies the anterior portion of the levator plate which consists of two \"crura,\" that bound the hiatus, and two \"lateral masses.\" Three crural patterns could be identified: classic, crural overlap and crural scissor. The levator tunnel is a muscular tube which surrounds the intrahiatal organs along their way down from the levator hiatius to the perineum. It is double sheathed, with an inner coat of the suspensory sling and an outer of the puborectalis. Both coats are of striped muscle bundles. The inner coat is a tunnel \"dilator,\" whereas the outer is a tunnel \"constrictor.\" The puborectalis not only acts as a \"common tunnel\" sphincter but provides an \"individual\" sphincter for each intrahiatal organ. A detailed study of the hiatal ligament which firmly binds the levator plate to the intrahiatal organs is presented. A \"tunnel septum\" could be identified to line the levator tunnel, and separate it from the intrahiatal organs. Its surgical significance as a landmark for mobilizing the intrahiatal organs from within the tunnel is stressed. The levator plate consists of two functionally separate zones: a lateral \"visceral support\" zone and medial \"dilator\" one. The double sphincteric control provided to each intrahiatal organ by the \"individual\" and \"common\" sphincters would suggest that unless both sphincters are destroyed, continence could be maintained by either. The role of the \"levator complex\" which comprises levator crura, tunnel and hiatal ligament in fixation of intrahiatal structures, as well as in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence, is discussed. The understanding of the anatomic details of the levator hiatus and tunnel could be of value in mobilizing the intrahiatal structures from within the levator tunnel with preservation of their voluntary sphincteric mechanism.", "contents": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. VIII. Levator hiatus and tunnel: anatomy and function. The anatomy of the levator hiatus and tunnel has been studied, aiming at the elucidation of their functional role in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence. The material comprised 25 cadavers studied by dissection and serial histologic sections. The levator hiatus occupies the anterior portion of the levator plate which consists of two \"crura,\" that bound the hiatus, and two \"lateral masses.\" Three crural patterns could be identified: classic, crural overlap and crural scissor. The levator tunnel is a muscular tube which surrounds the intrahiatal organs along their way down from the levator hiatius to the perineum. It is double sheathed, with an inner coat of the suspensory sling and an outer of the puborectalis. Both coats are of striped muscle bundles. The inner coat is a tunnel \"dilator,\" whereas the outer is a tunnel \"constrictor.\" The puborectalis not only acts as a \"common tunnel\" sphincter but provides an \"individual\" sphincter for each intrahiatal organ. A detailed study of the hiatal ligament which firmly binds the levator plate to the intrahiatal organs is presented. A \"tunnel septum\" could be identified to line the levator tunnel, and separate it from the intrahiatal organs. Its surgical significance as a landmark for mobilizing the intrahiatal organs from within the tunnel is stressed. The levator plate consists of two functionally separate zones: a lateral \"visceral support\" zone and medial \"dilator\" one. The double sphincteric control provided to each intrahiatal organ by the \"individual\" and \"common\" sphincters would suggest that unless both sphincters are destroyed, continence could be maintained by either. The role of the \"levator complex\" which comprises levator crura, tunnel and hiatal ligament in fixation of intrahiatal structures, as well as in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence, is discussed. The understanding of the anatomic details of the levator hiatus and tunnel could be of value in mobilizing the intrahiatal structures from within the levator tunnel with preservation of their voluntary sphincteric mechanism.", "PMID": 527446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3338", "title": "Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse.", "content": "The Ripstein procedure was used to effect a cure of rectal procidentia in 30 patients. There was no operative mortality, and morbidity was confined to problems related to two patients with intestinal obstruction, one with fecal impaction, and one with wound infection. We believe the operation to be the treatment of choice in patients to control the anatomic and clinical abnormalities related to rectal procidentia. Associated colonic abnormalities, such as an extremely redundant sigmoid or associated diverticulitis, may dictate the choice of a different procedure that does not require introduction of a foreign material.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse. The Ripstein procedure was used to effect a cure of rectal procidentia in 30 patients. There was no operative mortality, and morbidity was confined to problems related to two patients with intestinal obstruction, one with fecal impaction, and one with wound infection. We believe the operation to be the treatment of choice in patients to control the anatomic and clinical abnormalities related to rectal procidentia. Associated colonic abnormalities, such as an extremely redundant sigmoid or associated diverticulitis, may dictate the choice of a different procedure that does not require introduction of a foreign material.", "PMID": 527443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3339", "title": "Resected pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer.", "content": "A review of 35 patients who, over an 18-year preiod, underwent excision of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer, is presented. The cumulative five-year survival rate was 22 per cent, and this was significantly increased where the primary colonic cancer was Dukes' A or B. No difference in survival was found regarding the disease-free interval and the number of metastatic lesions. The follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer should always include yearly chest x-rays; and when metastases developed in the lungs alone, surgery for their removal is recommended.", "contents": "Resected pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. A review of 35 patients who, over an 18-year preiod, underwent excision of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer, is presented. The cumulative five-year survival rate was 22 per cent, and this was significantly increased where the primary colonic cancer was Dukes' A or B. No difference in survival was found regarding the disease-free interval and the number of metastatic lesions. The follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer should always include yearly chest x-rays; and when metastases developed in the lungs alone, surgery for their removal is recommended.", "PMID": 527448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3340", "title": "Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum in homosexual men: an observation of four cases.", "content": "Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum is an uncommon neoplasm which arises from the transitional zone (cloacogenic) epithelium. The transitional zone epithelium is derived from the embryonic cloacogenic membrane as is the epithelium of the vagina and uterine cervix in the female. Four cases of cloacogenic carcinoma in male homosexuals who have engaged in longstanding receptive and anal intercourse have been observed. This observation, along with the realization that the anorectal transitional zone shares a common embryologic origin with the uterine cervix, a site of cancer long known to be associated with factors related to sexual intercourse, leads to the serious question of the etiologic potential of receptive anal intercourse in the development of cloacogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum in homosexual men: an observation of four cases. Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum is an uncommon neoplasm which arises from the transitional zone (cloacogenic) epithelium. The transitional zone epithelium is derived from the embryonic cloacogenic membrane as is the epithelium of the vagina and uterine cervix in the female. Four cases of cloacogenic carcinoma in male homosexuals who have engaged in longstanding receptive and anal intercourse have been observed. This observation, along with the realization that the anorectal transitional zone shares a common embryologic origin with the uterine cervix, a site of cancer long known to be associated with factors related to sexual intercourse, leads to the serious question of the etiologic potential of receptive anal intercourse in the development of cloacogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 527449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3341", "title": "Gallbladder contraction as a test for vagal innervation.", "content": "A subthreshold dose of carbachol was used to test gallbladder reaction in a series of patients before operation, after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TA) and after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) because of duodenal ulcer. A small but statistically significant size reduction was seen before operation, a much higher reduction after TA and after PCV, that after TA being significantly higher than after PCV. It must be assumed that after PCV a number of gallbladders is in a state of denervation.", "contents": "Gallbladder contraction as a test for vagal innervation. A subthreshold dose of carbachol was used to test gallbladder reaction in a series of patients before operation, after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TA) and after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) because of duodenal ulcer. A small but statistically significant size reduction was seen before operation, a much higher reduction after TA and after PCV, that after TA being significantly higher than after PCV. It must be assumed that after PCV a number of gallbladders is in a state of denervation.", "PMID": 527457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3342", "title": "A prospective survey of 474 patients with anorectal abscess.", "content": "A prospective survey of patients with anorectal abscesses treated at Cook County Hospital over a 35-month period produced data on 474 patients. The peak incidence was in the third decade of life. Males were affected 1.76 times more frequently than females. Perianal abscess was the most common anatomic type (42 per cent), with ischiorectal abscess (20 per cent) being second. The supralevator space was involved in 7 per cent of the abscesses. Primary fistulotomy was performed when an anal fistula could be demonstrated (34 per cent). Our standardized method of treatment, utilizing radial incisions for drainage, produced satisfactory results with a complication rate of 3 per cent, an in-hospital reoperation rate of 0.6 per cent, and an average hospital stay of 5.7 days.", "contents": "A prospective survey of 474 patients with anorectal abscess. A prospective survey of patients with anorectal abscesses treated at Cook County Hospital over a 35-month period produced data on 474 patients. The peak incidence was in the third decade of life. Males were affected 1.76 times more frequently than females. Perianal abscess was the most common anatomic type (42 per cent), with ischiorectal abscess (20 per cent) being second. The supralevator space was involved in 7 per cent of the abscesses. Primary fistulotomy was performed when an anal fistula could be demonstrated (34 per cent). Our standardized method of treatment, utilizing radial incisions for drainage, produced satisfactory results with a complication rate of 3 per cent, an in-hospital reoperation rate of 0.6 per cent, and an average hospital stay of 5.7 days.", "PMID": 527452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3343", "title": "Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Loewenstein tumor) of the anus: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "The fifth patient with anorectal giant condyloma of Buschke and Loewenstein is reported. Review of the world literature is presented with a summary of previous case reports. The malignant behavior of giant condyloma is emphasized. Successful local extirpation without abdominoperineal resection can be peformed when indicated.", "contents": "Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Loewenstein tumor) of the anus: case report and review of the literature. The fifth patient with anorectal giant condyloma of Buschke and Loewenstein is reported. Review of the world literature is presented with a summary of previous case reports. The malignant behavior of giant condyloma is emphasized. Successful local extirpation without abdominoperineal resection can be peformed when indicated.", "PMID": 527451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3344", "title": "Potential pitfalls in computer tomography.", "content": "Some pseudotumours and pitfalls in computer tomography of the abdomen and the head are demonstrated. In abdominal CT the patient preparation is discussed.", "contents": "Potential pitfalls in computer tomography. Some pseudotumours and pitfalls in computer tomography of the abdomen and the head are demonstrated. In abdominal CT the patient preparation is discussed.", "PMID": 527458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3345", "title": "Perineal endometrioma in episiotomy incisions: clinical features and management.", "content": "Four patients, 23--34 years old, who developed endometriomas at the site of an episiotomy 19 months to 11-years postpartum are reported. Pain, Swelling and pruritus varying in intensity with the menstrual cycle were present in all. Complete excision is curative. Symptoms of incompletely excised endometriomas may be controlled by local hormonal injections or systemic hormonal manipulation. The anatomy of the endometrium and its physiologic behavior are reviewed. A concept of WHY endometriomas develop is presented which is compatible with the theories of HOW they occur.", "contents": "Perineal endometrioma in episiotomy incisions: clinical features and management. Four patients, 23--34 years old, who developed endometriomas at the site of an episiotomy 19 months to 11-years postpartum are reported. Pain, Swelling and pruritus varying in intensity with the menstrual cycle were present in all. Complete excision is curative. Symptoms of incompletely excised endometriomas may be controlled by local hormonal injections or systemic hormonal manipulation. The anatomy of the endometrium and its physiologic behavior are reviewed. A concept of WHY endometriomas develop is presented which is compatible with the theories of HOW they occur.", "PMID": 527447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3346", "title": "Risk evaluation of diagnostic x-ray examinations of the chest.", "content": "Mortality risk factors for individual organs for radiation-induced fatal malignancies were derived from epidemiological studies. A method to express the mortality risk due to diagnostic X-ray examinations of the chest in a single parameter, the somatically effective dose, is demonstrated. An estimate of the collective effective dose and the number of fatal malignancies as well as a calculation of the monies which could be justifiably spent in reducing the collective effective dose and hence the number of fatal malignancies by a shift from photofluorography to \"full size\" radiography will be given.", "contents": "Risk evaluation of diagnostic x-ray examinations of the chest. Mortality risk factors for individual organs for radiation-induced fatal malignancies were derived from epidemiological studies. A method to express the mortality risk due to diagnostic X-ray examinations of the chest in a single parameter, the somatically effective dose, is demonstrated. An estimate of the collective effective dose and the number of fatal malignancies as well as a calculation of the monies which could be justifiably spent in reducing the collective effective dose and hence the number of fatal malignancies by a shift from photofluorography to \"full size\" radiography will be given.", "PMID": 527459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3347", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the distal colon with evisceration of small intestine through the anus: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of evisceration of the small intestine through a spontaneous perforation of the distal large bowel are presented, and the literature is reviewed. The condition is associated with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure and a past history of rectal prolapse. The etiology and management of this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the distal colon with evisceration of small intestine through the anus: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two cases of evisceration of the small intestine through a spontaneous perforation of the distal large bowel are presented, and the literature is reviewed. The condition is associated with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure and a past history of rectal prolapse. The etiology and management of this problem are discussed.", "PMID": 527453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3348", "title": "Inflammatory fibroid polyp of sigmoid colon.", "content": "A case of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the sigmoid colon is presented. This is the eight case of this type of polyp in the colon and, to the best of our knowledge, the first one involving the sigmoid and producing intussusception. Symptomatology of the inflamed fibroid polyp in this part of the gut closely simulates gastrointestinal malignancy. The treatment is surgical excision of the polyp, or colonoscopic resection when it is possible. Intraoperative colonoscopy helps the surgeon to localize the lesion and to role out the existence of other lesions.", "contents": "Inflammatory fibroid polyp of sigmoid colon. A case of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the sigmoid colon is presented. This is the eight case of this type of polyp in the colon and, to the best of our knowledge, the first one involving the sigmoid and producing intussusception. Symptomatology of the inflamed fibroid polyp in this part of the gut closely simulates gastrointestinal malignancy. The treatment is surgical excision of the polyp, or colonoscopic resection when it is possible. Intraoperative colonoscopy helps the surgeon to localize the lesion and to role out the existence of other lesions.", "PMID": 527455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3349", "title": "Central neurons are depressed by iontophoretic and micropressure application of ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline.", "content": "In an attempt to circumvent the complexities of systemically administered ethanol and tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs), iontophoresis and micropressure application were used to test these agents in single rat neurons. Alcohol applied by either method depressed cerebellar Purkinje cells in a concentration-dependent, non-specific, local anesthetic-like manner. Tests of tetrahydropapaveroline.HCl (THP) on neurons from three brain areas also showed depression of spontaneous discharge, although, in contrast to ethanol, little or no local anesthetic-like action was observed, and at equivalent ejection currents or pressures, the THP depressions appeared to be more pronounced. The underlying mechanisms for these responses are unknown.", "contents": "Central neurons are depressed by iontophoretic and micropressure application of ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline. In an attempt to circumvent the complexities of systemically administered ethanol and tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs), iontophoresis and micropressure application were used to test these agents in single rat neurons. Alcohol applied by either method depressed cerebellar Purkinje cells in a concentration-dependent, non-specific, local anesthetic-like manner. Tests of tetrahydropapaveroline.HCl (THP) on neurons from three brain areas also showed depression of spontaneous discharge, although, in contrast to ethanol, little or no local anesthetic-like action was observed, and at equivalent ejection currents or pressures, the THP depressions appeared to be more pronounced. The underlying mechanisms for these responses are unknown.", "PMID": 527479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3350", "title": "Regional differences in high-affinity choline uptake in brain after acute and chronic treatment with ethanol.", "content": "A single  dose of ethanol has been shown to affect both striatal and hippocampal high-affinity choline uptake. This effect is probably mediated through effects of ethanol on acetylcholine release. Choline uptake has also been shown to be altered in ethanol-dependent animals, and these effects may be coupled to alterations in dopamine neurons which are produced by chronic ethanol feeding and withdrawal.", "contents": "Regional differences in high-affinity choline uptake in brain after acute and chronic treatment with ethanol. A single  dose of ethanol has been shown to affect both striatal and hippocampal high-affinity choline uptake. This effect is probably mediated through effects of ethanol on acetylcholine release. Choline uptake has also been shown to be altered in ethanol-dependent animals, and these effects may be coupled to alterations in dopamine neurons which are produced by chronic ethanol feeding and withdrawal.", "PMID": 527480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3351", "title": "Peptide--neurotransmitter interactions influencing ethanol tolerance.", "content": "Chronic exposure of mice to ethanol leads to the development of functional tolerance to the hypothermic and sedative effects of this drug. Treatment of the animals with the mammalian antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, results in a prolonged duration of such tolerance, in comparison to animals exposed to ethanol but not to the hormone. Another neurohypophyseal hormone, oxytocin, at an equimolar dose, is ineffective in maintaining tolerance. The centrally mediated  effects of arginine vasopressin on memory processes may be related to the hormone-induced prolongation of ethanol tolerance.", "contents": "Peptide--neurotransmitter interactions influencing ethanol tolerance. Chronic exposure of mice to ethanol leads to the development of functional tolerance to the hypothermic and sedative effects of this drug. Treatment of the animals with the mammalian antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, results in a prolonged duration of such tolerance, in comparison to animals exposed to ethanol but not to the hormone. Another neurohypophyseal hormone, oxytocin, at an equimolar dose, is ineffective in maintaining tolerance. The centrally mediated  effects of arginine vasopressin on memory processes may be related to the hormone-induced prolongation of ethanol tolerance.", "PMID": 527481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3352", "title": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of intracerebrally injected alkaloids.", "content": "Tetrahydroisoquinolines and beta-carbolines, substances which may form in the brain following the ingestion of alcohol, could be responsible for some of the behavioral effects of alcohol. When certain of these alkaloids are infused into the brain of the rat they induce an enhanced consumption of alcohol in a free-choice situation, both during infusion and for months after the cessation of infusion. In investigating the possible mechanism behind this permanent change in preference for alcohol, it does not appear that the post-synaptic side of the catecholamine neurons is involved. Likely candidates for future investigation include the pre-synaptic side of the catecholamine neurons and the serotonergic and opiate systems.", "contents": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of intracerebrally injected alkaloids. Tetrahydroisoquinolines and beta-carbolines, substances which may form in the brain following the ingestion of alcohol, could be responsible for some of the behavioral effects of alcohol. When certain of these alkaloids are infused into the brain of the rat they induce an enhanced consumption of alcohol in a free-choice situation, both during infusion and for months after the cessation of infusion. In investigating the possible mechanism behind this permanent change in preference for alcohol, it does not appear that the post-synaptic side of the catecholamine neurons is involved. Likely candidates for future investigation include the pre-synaptic side of the catecholamine neurons and the serotonergic and opiate systems.", "PMID": 527482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3353", "title": "A method of developmental assessment at four years and some associated findings.", "content": "A method of assessing the developmental status of 4-year-old children, which can be included in a comprehensive medical examination, is described. It was designed for research purposes, so that a global score, and separate scores for each sector of development, are obtained. Girls, children in the upper social classes, and those who attended nursery school had higher scores, in general, at this age. The importance of assessing and investigating the factors associated with lack of cooperation is stressed.", "contents": "A method of developmental assessment at four years and some associated findings. A method of assessing the developmental status of 4-year-old children, which can be included in a comprehensive medical examination, is described. It was designed for research purposes, so that a global score, and separate scores for each sector of development, are obtained. Girls, children in the upper social classes, and those who attended nursery school had higher scores, in general, at this age. The importance of assessing and investigating the factors associated with lack of cooperation is stressed.", "PMID": 527519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3354", "title": "Father-infant interaction at the first contact after delivery.", "content": "The behavior exhibited by human fathers at their first contact with the young was studied on 15 fathers of full-term infants delivered by cesarean section. The naked infant was presented to the father approximately 15 min after delivery, and photographs were taken every second during the first 7 min of contact. An orderly progression of behavior was observed: the father began touching the extremities, and then proceeded to touch the infant with his fingers and fingertips, then to use his palms and finally the dorsal side of his fingers. An increase in eye-to-eye contact over time was observed. It was concluded that the father displayed a very similar behavior, in his first contact with the young, as has been described previously for the mother.", "contents": "Father-infant interaction at the first contact after delivery. The behavior exhibited by human fathers at their first contact with the young was studied on 15 fathers of full-term infants delivered by cesarean section. The naked infant was presented to the father approximately 15 min after delivery, and photographs were taken every second during the first 7 min of contact. An orderly progression of behavior was observed: the father began touching the extremities, and then proceeded to touch the infant with his fingers and fingertips, then to use his palms and finally the dorsal side of his fingers. An increase in eye-to-eye contact over time was observed. It was concluded that the father displayed a very similar behavior, in his first contact with the young, as has been described previously for the mother.", "PMID": 527520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3355", "title": "Effect on lung growth of cervical cord section in the rabbit fetus.", "content": "Experiments were performed to clarify the mechanism by which cervical cord transection retards lung growth in the fetal rabbit. In 10 sets of fetuses operated on at 24 1/2 days gestation and studied 3--4 days later, cord section at C1--C3 (high section) caused a significantly greater reduction in lung weight and lung DNA than cord section at C5--C8 (low section) as compared with control littermates. Comparison with the lungs of additional control fetuses removed at the time of operation showed that high section had reduced lung growth by 70% and low section had reduced growth by 40% relative to sham-operated controls. The hypoplastic lungs of the high-section group had poorly expanded, thick-walled terminal sacs, while those of the low section group more nearly resembled the controls. Fetal weights and weights of liver, kidneys, thymus and diaphragm did not differ significantly between the groups, but the hearts of the low-section group were unduly large. In a separate 6 sets of fetuses tracheal ligation at the time of high-cord section was found to result in large fluid-filled lungs with a normal DNA content. The results indicate that preservation of an upper motor neurone supply to the phrenic nucleus is of critical importance for fetal lung growth, and confirm the growth-promoting effects of liquid distension of the fetal lungs. We conclude that normal fetal lung growth depends on development and maintenance of a sophisticated form of function involving integration of respiratory movements and lung lipid secretion. This functional control of fetal lung growth has important implications for perinatal medicine.", "contents": "Effect on lung growth of cervical cord section in the rabbit fetus. Experiments were performed to clarify the mechanism by which cervical cord transection retards lung growth in the fetal rabbit. In 10 sets of fetuses operated on at 24 1/2 days gestation and studied 3--4 days later, cord section at C1--C3 (high section) caused a significantly greater reduction in lung weight and lung DNA than cord section at C5--C8 (low section) as compared with control littermates. Comparison with the lungs of additional control fetuses removed at the time of operation showed that high section had reduced lung growth by 70% and low section had reduced growth by 40% relative to sham-operated controls. The hypoplastic lungs of the high-section group had poorly expanded, thick-walled terminal sacs, while those of the low section group more nearly resembled the controls. Fetal weights and weights of liver, kidneys, thymus and diaphragm did not differ significantly between the groups, but the hearts of the low-section group were unduly large. In a separate 6 sets of fetuses tracheal ligation at the time of high-cord section was found to result in large fluid-filled lungs with a normal DNA content. The results indicate that preservation of an upper motor neurone supply to the phrenic nucleus is of critical importance for fetal lung growth, and confirm the growth-promoting effects of liquid distension of the fetal lungs. We conclude that normal fetal lung growth depends on development and maintenance of a sophisticated form of function involving integration of respiratory movements and lung lipid secretion. This functional control of fetal lung growth has important implications for perinatal medicine.", "PMID": 527521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3356", "title": "Free amino acid, protein, and fat contents of breast milk from Guatemalan mothers consuming a corn-based diet.", "content": "Diet compositions and breast milk levels of free amino acids, protein, and lipid were compared in lactating American and Guatemalan women. The protein in the American diet derived principally from animal sources, whereas that in the Guatemalan diet was based most exclusively on cereal grains and legumes. Corn, in the form of cornmeal, was the predominant food. Because of these dietary differences, the Guatemalan women consumed significantly smaller amounts of protein than the American women. The concentrations of most of the free amino acids in aliquots of breast milk from the Guatemalan women were lower than those in samples from the American women. In particular, tryptophan and lysine levels were 23% and 29%, respectively, of the levels in the American breast milk samples. The Guatemalan samples contained less protein, and, when values from Guatemalan women who had nursed only for 6 mth or less were considered, the fat content was also less than in the American samples. The lipid content of the milk, however, did not differ between the two groups when the length of the lactation period was not controlled. The substantial cultural differences between the two groups in the frequency and duration of nursing probably prevented the identification of a clear dietary influence on milk lipid content. The correlations found between diet composition and either the amount of protein or the levels of free amino acids in breast milk suggest that, if a mother's diet is deficient in high-quality protein, the deficiency may be reflected in the composition of her milk, perhaps to the detriment of the nursing infant.", "contents": "Free amino acid, protein, and fat contents of breast milk from Guatemalan mothers consuming a corn-based diet. Diet compositions and breast milk levels of free amino acids, protein, and lipid were compared in lactating American and Guatemalan women. The protein in the American diet derived principally from animal sources, whereas that in the Guatemalan diet was based most exclusively on cereal grains and legumes. Corn, in the form of cornmeal, was the predominant food. Because of these dietary differences, the Guatemalan women consumed significantly smaller amounts of protein than the American women. The concentrations of most of the free amino acids in aliquots of breast milk from the Guatemalan women were lower than those in samples from the American women. In particular, tryptophan and lysine levels were 23% and 29%, respectively, of the levels in the American breast milk samples. The Guatemalan samples contained less protein, and, when values from Guatemalan women who had nursed only for 6 mth or less were considered, the fat content was also less than in the American samples. The lipid content of the milk, however, did not differ between the two groups when the length of the lactation period was not controlled. The substantial cultural differences between the two groups in the frequency and duration of nursing probably prevented the identification of a clear dietary influence on milk lipid content. The correlations found between diet composition and either the amount of protein or the levels of free amino acids in breast milk suggest that, if a mother's diet is deficient in high-quality protein, the deficiency may be reflected in the composition of her milk, perhaps to the detriment of the nursing infant.", "PMID": 527522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3357", "title": "Seasonality of birth in sporadic cretinism.", "content": "The seasonal distribution of birth dates of 31 patients with sporadic cretinism due to thyroid dysgenesis was analyzed in Osaka area for 14 years. The incidence was statistically high in the summer months. A hypothesis that some environmental factors such as viral infection may cause the disease is proposed.", "contents": "Seasonality of birth in sporadic cretinism. The seasonal distribution of birth dates of 31 patients with sporadic cretinism due to thyroid dysgenesis was analyzed in Osaka area for 14 years. The incidence was statistically high in the summer months. A hypothesis that some environmental factors such as viral infection may cause the disease is proposed.", "PMID": 527523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3358", "title": "Rapid whole blood lactate measurement in the fetus and mother during labour.", "content": "Using a new rapid method, fetal and maternal whole blood lactate was measured before the onset of labour at elective Caesarean section in 8 patients, during labour in 34 normal patients, and in a further 28 patients whose babies showed varying degrees of clinical depression and/or acid base abnormality at birth. The mean (+/- SEM) umbilical venous and arterial and maternal venous lactate values in the 8 cases delivered by elective Caesarean section were 1.20 (+/- 0.16), 1.46 (+/- 0.22) and 1.14 (+/- 0.46) mmol/l, respectively. For the normal group the mean fetal lactates (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour, and in the umbilical vein and artery, were 1.91 (+/- 0.25), 2.42 (+/- 0.46), 2.71 (+/- 0.19) and 3.09 (+/- 0.20) mmol/l, respectively. The mean maternal venous lactate (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour and at delivery were 1.07 (+/- 0.09), 1.45 (+/- 0.12) and 2.69 (+/- 0.24) mmol/l. the rise in fetal lactate throughout labour was due in part to the rise in maternal lactate. Increasing neonatal depression was associated with increasing fetal lacticacidaemia. This associationachieved statistical significance at delivery.", "contents": "Rapid whole blood lactate measurement in the fetus and mother during labour. Using a new rapid method, fetal and maternal whole blood lactate was measured before the onset of labour at elective Caesarean section in 8 patients, during labour in 34 normal patients, and in a further 28 patients whose babies showed varying degrees of clinical depression and/or acid base abnormality at birth. The mean (+/- SEM) umbilical venous and arterial and maternal venous lactate values in the 8 cases delivered by elective Caesarean section were 1.20 (+/- 0.16), 1.46 (+/- 0.22) and 1.14 (+/- 0.46) mmol/l, respectively. For the normal group the mean fetal lactates (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour, and in the umbilical vein and artery, were 1.91 (+/- 0.25), 2.42 (+/- 0.46), 2.71 (+/- 0.19) and 3.09 (+/- 0.20) mmol/l, respectively. The mean maternal venous lactate (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour and at delivery were 1.07 (+/- 0.09), 1.45 (+/- 0.12) and 2.69 (+/- 0.24) mmol/l. the rise in fetal lactate throughout labour was due in part to the rise in maternal lactate. Increasing neonatal depression was associated with increasing fetal lacticacidaemia. This associationachieved statistical significance at delivery.", "PMID": 527524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3359", "title": "The duration of maternal cigarette smoking, fetal and placental disorders.", "content": "Data from a large prospective study of pregnancy were used to determine whether the number of years a mother had smoked cigarettes influenced the development of common fetal and placental disorders. Three disorders increased in frequency when mothers had smoked for more than 6 yr: placenta previa +143%, abruptio placentae +72% and large placental infarcts +37% (all P less than 0.05). Mothers' current smoking habits had a smaller influence on the frequency of these disorders, and the effects of smoking were largely independent of maternal pregnancy weight gain. The placentas of smokers had microscopic evidences of underperfusion from the uterus. The placental abnormalities were influenced by both the number of years mothers had smoked and by their current smoking habits.", "contents": "The duration of maternal cigarette smoking, fetal and placental disorders. Data from a large prospective study of pregnancy were used to determine whether the number of years a mother had smoked cigarettes influenced the development of common fetal and placental disorders. Three disorders increased in frequency when mothers had smoked for more than 6 yr: placenta previa +143%, abruptio placentae +72% and large placental infarcts +37% (all P less than 0.05). Mothers' current smoking habits had a smaller influence on the frequency of these disorders, and the effects of smoking were largely independent of maternal pregnancy weight gain. The placentas of smokers had microscopic evidences of underperfusion from the uterus. The placental abnormalities were influenced by both the number of years mothers had smoked and by their current smoking habits.", "PMID": 527525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3360", "title": "Comparison of T4, T3, rT3 and TSH concentrations in cord blood and serum of infants up to 3 months of age.", "content": "T4, T3, TSH and rT3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in cord and postnatal (8--94 days of age) serum samples from randomly selected normal newborn infants (Group I). T4 and TSH levels also were determined in cord and postnatal sera from an additional group of apparently healthy infants 8--260 days of age, whose cord serum T4 levels were in the upper or lower 10% of the normal range of values (Group II). Postnatal T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were stable over this age range; there were no significant differences between male and female infant samples. However, there was a significant decrease in serum rT3 concentrations from 8 to 50 days of age. For the Group I infants, there were significant positive correlations between cord serum T4 and postnatal serum T4 levels, cord serum TSH and postnatal serum TSH levels, and cord serum rT3 and postnatal serum rT3 concentrations. For Group II infants, a significant positive correlation was found for cord T4--postnatal T4 serum concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison of T4, T3, rT3 and TSH concentrations in cord blood and serum of infants up to 3 months of age. T4, T3, TSH and rT3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in cord and postnatal (8--94 days of age) serum samples from randomly selected normal newborn infants (Group I). T4 and TSH levels also were determined in cord and postnatal sera from an additional group of apparently healthy infants 8--260 days of age, whose cord serum T4 levels were in the upper or lower 10% of the normal range of values (Group II). Postnatal T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were stable over this age range; there were no significant differences between male and female infant samples. However, there was a significant decrease in serum rT3 concentrations from 8 to 50 days of age. For the Group I infants, there were significant positive correlations between cord serum T4 and postnatal serum T4 levels, cord serum TSH and postnatal serum TSH levels, and cord serum rT3 and postnatal serum rT3 concentrations. For Group II infants, a significant positive correlation was found for cord T4--postnatal T4 serum concentrations.", "PMID": 527526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3361", "title": "A study of infant growth in relation to the type of feeding.", "content": "A total of 133 breast fed newborn babies, and 106 bottle fed babies, were selected and studied prospectively. Details taken of feeding practices have shown that by 5--7 wk of age bottle feeds had been introduced in about 50% of breast fed babies. Entirely breast fed babies received their first solid food later than breast-and-bottle fed or entirely bottle fed babies when such babies were in social class I, II or III, but in social class IV and V entirely breast fed babies were weaned at a similar age to those in the other two groups of babies. In the first 5--7 wk of life there was a significant negative correlation between the increase in skinfold thickness and the skinfold thickness at birth. The study has also shown that the present practice of feeding babies modified milks retards weight gain and the increase in subcutaneous fat in male babies.", "contents": "A study of infant growth in relation to the type of feeding. A total of 133 breast fed newborn babies, and 106 bottle fed babies, were selected and studied prospectively. Details taken of feeding practices have shown that by 5--7 wk of age bottle feeds had been introduced in about 50% of breast fed babies. Entirely breast fed babies received their first solid food later than breast-and-bottle fed or entirely bottle fed babies when such babies were in social class I, II or III, but in social class IV and V entirely breast fed babies were weaned at a similar age to those in the other two groups of babies. In the first 5--7 wk of life there was a significant negative correlation between the increase in skinfold thickness and the skinfold thickness at birth. The study has also shown that the present practice of feeding babies modified milks retards weight gain and the increase in subcutaneous fat in male babies.", "PMID": 527527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3362", "title": "Patterns of retarded fetal growth.", "content": "The measurement of weight, length and head circumference at birth was used to document the size and shape of infants born at term in a population where mothers are relatively short and underweight. Different patterns of intrauterine growth are proposed to explain the variation in the infant's appearance at birth. Most of the small-for-gestational-age infants were proportionately stunted. This pattern of fetal growth is probably characteristic of infants born to undernourished mothers in economically developing communities, and reflects prolonged intrauterine growth retardation.", "contents": "Patterns of retarded fetal growth. The measurement of weight, length and head circumference at birth was used to document the size and shape of infants born at term in a population where mothers are relatively short and underweight. Different patterns of intrauterine growth are proposed to explain the variation in the infant's appearance at birth. Most of the small-for-gestational-age infants were proportionately stunted. This pattern of fetal growth is probably characteristic of infants born to undernourished mothers in economically developing communities, and reflects prolonged intrauterine growth retardation.", "PMID": 527528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3363", "title": "Changes in body proportions over the first year of life: comparisons between 'light-for-dates' and 'appropriate-for-dates' term infants.", "content": "The ponderal index (PI) has been used to compare changes in body proportions over the first year of life in light-for-dates (LFD) and appropriate-for-dates (AFD) term infants. At birth the mean PI of the LFD infants was significantly lower than that of the AFD infants, but at 1 year there was no significant difference between the two groups. These findings indicate that LFD infants increase their weight relatively more than their length over the first year of postnatal life, to become similarly proportioned to AFD infants.", "contents": "Changes in body proportions over the first year of life: comparisons between 'light-for-dates' and 'appropriate-for-dates' term infants. The ponderal index (PI) has been used to compare changes in body proportions over the first year of life in light-for-dates (LFD) and appropriate-for-dates (AFD) term infants. At birth the mean PI of the LFD infants was significantly lower than that of the AFD infants, but at 1 year there was no significant difference between the two groups. These findings indicate that LFD infants increase their weight relatively more than their length over the first year of postnatal life, to become similarly proportioned to AFD infants.", "PMID": 527529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3364", "title": "Experimental intrauterine growth retardation in the rat. Evaluation of the Wigglesworth model.", "content": "The validity of the Wigglesworth experimental model to produce newborn rats that are small for gestational age by ligation of one of both uterine vessels was confirmed. Newborn rats from the opposite horns are used as controls in the classical model. It is concluded from this study that newborns from sham-operated dams are more satisfactory controls for newborn rats that are small for gestational age from ligated horns.", "contents": "Experimental intrauterine growth retardation in the rat. Evaluation of the Wigglesworth model. The validity of the Wigglesworth experimental model to produce newborn rats that are small for gestational age by ligation of one of both uterine vessels was confirmed. Newborn rats from the opposite horns are used as controls in the classical model. It is concluded from this study that newborns from sham-operated dams are more satisfactory controls for newborn rats that are small for gestational age from ligated horns.", "PMID": 527530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3365", "title": "[Reflections on primary care: a proposal for a conceptual framework].", "content": "The article begins with a general analysis of the salient health problems of most Latin American countries. It correlates the situation with changes that have come about in the various socioeconomic structures and take an historical approach to the different ways in which the health/disease phenomenon has been viewed, ways which are regarded as determined by the kind of care provided during particular eras. The author emphasizes the need to study the various theoretical framework of health and disease in order to be able to discern from the overall picture just where medicine is headed today and how medicine and nursing are practiced. She reflects on some factors that have limited the implementation of several of the more desirable aspects of health services delivery such as teamwork, reallocation of functions, and institutional regionalization. Lastly, she proposes a conceptual framework for primary care as a strategy for addressing the problems outlined.", "contents": "[Reflections on primary care: a proposal for a conceptual framework]. The article begins with a general analysis of the salient health problems of most Latin American countries. It correlates the situation with changes that have come about in the various socioeconomic structures and take an historical approach to the different ways in which the health/disease phenomenon has been viewed, ways which are regarded as determined by the kind of care provided during particular eras. The author emphasizes the need to study the various theoretical framework of health and disease in order to be able to discern from the overall picture just where medicine is headed today and how medicine and nursing are practiced. She reflects on some factors that have limited the implementation of several of the more desirable aspects of health services delivery such as teamwork, reallocation of functions, and institutional regionalization. Lastly, she proposes a conceptual framework for primary care as a strategy for addressing the problems outlined.", "PMID": 527533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3366", "title": "[Nursing in the National Health Plan of Honduras].", "content": "After summarizing the health situation in Honduras and describing the National Health Plan launched in 1973, the authors explain the changes that have come about in nursing, the difficulties that had to be surmounted to reach a new professional position, and the administrative decisions that had to be taken to devise a health policy. An account is given of the changes made in the training of nursing staff and in the functions that staff must perform in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the coverage extensive program. The article high-lights the role of the Nursing Division in the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare and the levels of coordination established with the other technical divisions and institutions responsible for the health personnel training. In closing, the article points out that the nursing sector represents the keystone of the model for the delivery of services to attain the goal of health for all by the year 2000.", "contents": "[Nursing in the National Health Plan of Honduras]. After summarizing the health situation in Honduras and describing the National Health Plan launched in 1973, the authors explain the changes that have come about in nursing, the difficulties that had to be surmounted to reach a new professional position, and the administrative decisions that had to be taken to devise a health policy. An account is given of the changes made in the training of nursing staff and in the functions that staff must perform in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the coverage extensive program. The article high-lights the role of the Nursing Division in the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare and the levels of coordination established with the other technical divisions and institutions responsible for the health personnel training. In closing, the article points out that the nursing sector represents the keystone of the model for the delivery of services to attain the goal of health for all by the year 2000.", "PMID": 527534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3367", "title": "[Educational technology in nursing: the conceptual framework and the experience of the Latin American centers].", "content": "In the first part of the article the assertion is made that educational corpus of technology should not be regarded as something apart, but as a corpus of teaching methods, techniques and resources rationally organized to solve problems of material and conceptual situations and processes. Several educational technologies are explained on the basis of their underlying theoretical frameworks, and grass-root educational technology is advocated because, while it does not emphasize efficiency, it is capable of inducing innovations that are effective in that they actually accomplish changes. The second part reviews the results of the Latin American Program for Educational Technology in Nursing, which PAHO conducts through a network of centers in the nursing schools of several countries. The purpose of the Program is to disseminate modern educational technology and to endeavor to harmonize nurse training with demands and trends in the delivery of health services.", "contents": "[Educational technology in nursing: the conceptual framework and the experience of the Latin American centers]. In the first part of the article the assertion is made that educational corpus of technology should not be regarded as something apart, but as a corpus of teaching methods, techniques and resources rationally organized to solve problems of material and conceptual situations and processes. Several educational technologies are explained on the basis of their underlying theoretical frameworks, and grass-root educational technology is advocated because, while it does not emphasize efficiency, it is capable of inducing innovations that are effective in that they actually accomplish changes. The second part reviews the results of the Latin American Program for Educational Technology in Nursing, which PAHO conducts through a network of centers in the nursing schools of several countries. The purpose of the Program is to disseminate modern educational technology and to endeavor to harmonize nurse training with demands and trends in the delivery of health services.", "PMID": 527535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3368", "title": "[An experimental educational model, a complementary Program for Licensure in regional nursing].", "content": "A brief review is given of the Supplementary Licentiate Program in Nursing at a Distance offered by the Nursing Departament of the Valle University, Cali, Colombia. The purpose of the Program is to allow general nurses to pursue studies without leaving their place of work, using an experimental education model; if the results are good, it will be extended to other levels of nursing training. The methodology describes the administrative process resultant from the already completed planning stage, and the gains made to date.", "contents": "[An experimental educational model, a complementary Program for Licensure in regional nursing]. A brief review is given of the Supplementary Licentiate Program in Nursing at a Distance offered by the Nursing Departament of the Valle University, Cali, Colombia. The purpose of the Program is to allow general nurses to pursue studies without leaving their place of work, using an experimental education model; if the results are good, it will be extended to other levels of nursing training. The methodology describes the administrative process resultant from the already completed planning stage, and the gains made to date.", "PMID": 527536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3369", "title": "[The future of nursing in Latin America].", "content": "The authors take up the subject with a retrospective review of the concepts of economic and social development, the health policy that has emerged in the last 25 years, and the salient characteristics of health practice and the training of nursing personnel. They interpret development in the health field and various approaches to the extension of the health services coverage that have been taken in the countries of Latin America through implementation of the strategies of primary care and community participation. Finally, they present several considerations on the future of nursing, with emphasis on a comprehensive view of the profession as an occupation and a social practice, after which they formulate a series of propositions that can serve as a basis for training of the nursing personnel that will be needed to serve society adequately.", "contents": "[The future of nursing in Latin America]. The authors take up the subject with a retrospective review of the concepts of economic and social development, the health policy that has emerged in the last 25 years, and the salient characteristics of health practice and the training of nursing personnel. They interpret development in the health field and various approaches to the extension of the health services coverage that have been taken in the countries of Latin America through implementation of the strategies of primary care and community participation. Finally, they present several considerations on the future of nursing, with emphasis on a comprehensive view of the profession as an occupation and a social practice, after which they formulate a series of propositions that can serve as a basis for training of the nursing personnel that will be needed to serve society adequately.", "PMID": 527537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3370", "title": "Properties and concentration of somatomedin A in various rat tissues.", "content": "The concentration of somatomedin A (SMA) in various rat tissues was determined directly by the radioreceptor assay in supernates of tissue homogenates at 100,000 x g for 60 min. The SMA concentrations in pancreas, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, testis, brain and muscle were 2.56, 2.40, 2.28, 2.16, 1.56, 1.44, 0.60 and 0.30 U/g of wet tissue, respectively. The SMA content in rat serum was 6.66 U/ml. The SMA concentration in tissues never exceeded that in serum. When the 100,000 x g pellet of liver was treated with a hypotonic solution, the SMA content in the hypotonic solution was about 35% of that in the initial supernate. This result indicates that about 30% of the SMA in liver was stored in organellae. SMA in tissues decreased with incubation at 37 degrees C, though SMA in serum did not. This decrease could be precluded by adding 0.75 mM HgCl2 to the liver homogenate. The SMA content of the liver homogenate was dependent on growth hormone in experiments both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Properties and concentration of somatomedin A in various rat tissues. The concentration of somatomedin A (SMA) in various rat tissues was determined directly by the radioreceptor assay in supernates of tissue homogenates at 100,000 x g for 60 min. The SMA concentrations in pancreas, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, testis, brain and muscle were 2.56, 2.40, 2.28, 2.16, 1.56, 1.44, 0.60 and 0.30 U/g of wet tissue, respectively. The SMA content in rat serum was 6.66 U/ml. The SMA concentration in tissues never exceeded that in serum. When the 100,000 x g pellet of liver was treated with a hypotonic solution, the SMA content in the hypotonic solution was about 35% of that in the initial supernate. This result indicates that about 30% of the SMA in liver was stored in organellae. SMA in tissues decreased with incubation at 37 degrees C, though SMA in serum did not. This decrease could be precluded by adding 0.75 mM HgCl2 to the liver homogenate. The SMA content of the liver homogenate was dependent on growth hormone in experiments both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 527558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3371", "title": "Degradation of somatomedin A by various organ homogenates from rats.", "content": "Degradative activities of somatomedin A (SMA) have been examined in various tissue homogenates of rat using trichloracetic acid precipitable radioactivity of 125I-SMA. Kidney and testis showed higher specific activities and liver and brain lower activities. They were dependent on SH reagents; 0.5 mM HgCl2 inhibited the degradative activity of liver completely and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) augmented the activity slightly. The activities in liver were separated by differential centrifugation; about 90 per cent of the total activity in the whole homogenate was recovered in the supernatant fraction at 100,00 x g for 60 min, and 10 per cent in the precipitate. The pH profile of each fraction was different; that of the supernatant showed a single peak at pH 7.4 and that of the pellet revealed two peaks at pH 5.9 and 7.4. However, both fractions showed similar SH-dependency.", "contents": "Degradation of somatomedin A by various organ homogenates from rats. Degradative activities of somatomedin A (SMA) have been examined in various tissue homogenates of rat using trichloracetic acid precipitable radioactivity of 125I-SMA. Kidney and testis showed higher specific activities and liver and brain lower activities. They were dependent on SH reagents; 0.5 mM HgCl2 inhibited the degradative activity of liver completely and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) augmented the activity slightly. The activities in liver were separated by differential centrifugation; about 90 per cent of the total activity in the whole homogenate was recovered in the supernatant fraction at 100,00 x g for 60 min, and 10 per cent in the precipitate. The pH profile of each fraction was different; that of the supernatant showed a single peak at pH 7.4 and that of the pellet revealed two peaks at pH 5.9 and 7.4. However, both fractions showed similar SH-dependency.", "PMID": 527559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3372", "title": "The clinical evaluation of the simultaneous measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha-subunit in sera of patients with trophoblastic diseases.", "content": "The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its free immunoreactive alpha-subunit (hCG-alpha) in the sera of patients with trophoblastic diseases were measured by hCG and hCG-alpha radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. In the sera of 12 women with hydatidiform mole large amounts of hCG and considerably high level of hCG-alpha were detected in all cases. After the evacuation of mole the serum level of these glycoproteins decreased, the leve of hCG-alpha declined more rapidly than hcg. in the sera of patients with destructive mole the concentration of hCG-alpha was usually lower than that of hCG. After hysterectomy and chemotherapy the levels of hCG-alpha declined practically paralleling that of hCG. However, when hCG had decreased to undetectable level, hCG-alpha could no longer be detected in all cases. Although in the serum of patient with choriocarcinoma involving the uterus and lungs the concentration of hCG-alpha was almost as high as that of hCG, the secretory pattern of hCG and hCG-alpha might not be closely related. The changes in the serum level of free hCG-alpha as well as that of hCG parelled the clinical course of the patients examined in this study. The present results suggest that measurements of the serum free hCG-alpha may be a useful parameter to follow the clinical course and to evaluate the efficacy of treatments of trophoblastic diseases.", "contents": "The clinical evaluation of the simultaneous measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha-subunit in sera of patients with trophoblastic diseases. The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its free immunoreactive alpha-subunit (hCG-alpha) in the sera of patients with trophoblastic diseases were measured by hCG and hCG-alpha radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. In the sera of 12 women with hydatidiform mole large amounts of hCG and considerably high level of hCG-alpha were detected in all cases. After the evacuation of mole the serum level of these glycoproteins decreased, the leve of hCG-alpha declined more rapidly than hcg. in the sera of patients with destructive mole the concentration of hCG-alpha was usually lower than that of hCG. After hysterectomy and chemotherapy the levels of hCG-alpha declined practically paralleling that of hCG. However, when hCG had decreased to undetectable level, hCG-alpha could no longer be detected in all cases. Although in the serum of patient with choriocarcinoma involving the uterus and lungs the concentration of hCG-alpha was almost as high as that of hCG, the secretory pattern of hCG and hCG-alpha might not be closely related. The changes in the serum level of free hCG-alpha as well as that of hCG parelled the clinical course of the patients examined in this study. The present results suggest that measurements of the serum free hCG-alpha may be a useful parameter to follow the clinical course and to evaluate the efficacy of treatments of trophoblastic diseases.", "PMID": 527560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3373", "title": "Post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis associated with painless thyroiditis and low radioactive iodine uptake were described. The surreptitious use of thyroid hormones or iodine was excluded. Although the clinical course was compatible with that of subacute thyroiditis, passing through the hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid and recovery phase, the patients showed a sustained elevation of serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody titer during the entire phase of the disease. Moreover, the histological findings obtained by the thyroid biopsy performed in a case were characteristic of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Furthermore, it was of interest that the disease recurred following every delivery in 2 cases, suggesting the possible role of immunological changes induced by pregnancy and delivery in the etiology of this disease.", "contents": "Post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis: report of two cases. Two patients with post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis associated with painless thyroiditis and low radioactive iodine uptake were described. The surreptitious use of thyroid hormones or iodine was excluded. Although the clinical course was compatible with that of subacute thyroiditis, passing through the hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid and recovery phase, the patients showed a sustained elevation of serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody titer during the entire phase of the disease. Moreover, the histological findings obtained by the thyroid biopsy performed in a case were characteristic of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Furthermore, it was of interest that the disease recurred following every delivery in 2 cases, suggesting the possible role of immunological changes induced by pregnancy and delivery in the etiology of this disease.", "PMID": 527561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3374", "title": "Serum estradiol and radial mineral content in postmenopausal females.", "content": "The serum estradiol concentration and bone mineral content of the right radius were determined in 34 postmenopausal females. Regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the serum estradiol concentration and bone mineral content of the right radius (r=0.477, p less than 0.01). These results support the view that the decreased level of serum estrogens is one of the major factors involved in the loss of bone mass with age.", "contents": "Serum estradiol and radial mineral content in postmenopausal females. The serum estradiol concentration and bone mineral content of the right radius were determined in 34 postmenopausal females. Regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the serum estradiol concentration and bone mineral content of the right radius (r=0.477, p less than 0.01). These results support the view that the decreased level of serum estrogens is one of the major factors involved in the loss of bone mass with age.", "PMID": 527562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3375", "title": "Measurement of forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography: influence of hand blood flow during sustained and intermittent isometric exercise.", "content": "The requirement for using an arterial occlusion cuff at the wrist when measuring forearm blood flows by plethysmography was tested on a total of 8 subjects at rest and during and after sustained and intermittent isometric exercise. The contribution of the venous effluent from the hand to the forearm flow during exercise was challenged by immersing the arm in water at 20, 34, and 40 degrees C. Occlusion of the circulation to the hand reduced the blood flow through the resting forearm at all water temperatures. There was an inverse relationship between the temperature of the water and the proportion in the reduction of forearm blood flow upon inflation of the wrist-cuff, ranging from 45 to 19% at 20 degrees to 40 degrees C, respectively. However, during sustained isometric exercise at 10% of the subjects maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) there was no reduction in the measured forearm flow when an arterial occlusion cuff was inflated aroung the wrist. Similarly, there was no alteration in the blood flow measured 2 s after each of a series of intermittent isometric contractions exerted at 20% or 60% MVC for 2 s whether or not circulation to the hand was occluded nor of the post-exercise hyperemia following 1 min of sustained contraction at 40% MVC. These results indicate that a wrist-cuff is not required for accurate measurement of forearm blood flows during or after isometric exercise.", "contents": "Measurement of forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography: influence of hand blood flow during sustained and intermittent isometric exercise. The requirement for using an arterial occlusion cuff at the wrist when measuring forearm blood flows by plethysmography was tested on a total of 8 subjects at rest and during and after sustained and intermittent isometric exercise. The contribution of the venous effluent from the hand to the forearm flow during exercise was challenged by immersing the arm in water at 20, 34, and 40 degrees C. Occlusion of the circulation to the hand reduced the blood flow through the resting forearm at all water temperatures. There was an inverse relationship between the temperature of the water and the proportion in the reduction of forearm blood flow upon inflation of the wrist-cuff, ranging from 45 to 19% at 20 degrees to 40 degrees C, respectively. However, during sustained isometric exercise at 10% of the subjects maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) there was no reduction in the measured forearm flow when an arterial occlusion cuff was inflated aroung the wrist. Similarly, there was no alteration in the blood flow measured 2 s after each of a series of intermittent isometric contractions exerted at 20% or 60% MVC for 2 s whether or not circulation to the hand was occluded nor of the post-exercise hyperemia following 1 min of sustained contraction at 40% MVC. These results indicate that a wrist-cuff is not required for accurate measurement of forearm blood flows during or after isometric exercise.", "PMID": 527576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3376", "title": "Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions.", "content": "In contraction of skeletal muscle a delay exists between the onset of electrical activity and measurable tension. This delay in electromechanical coupling has been stated to be between 30 and 100 ms. Thus, in rapid movements it may be possible for electromyographic (EMG) activity to have terminated before force can be detected. This study was designed to determine the dependence of the EMG-tension delay upon selected initial conditions at the time of muscle activation. The right forearms of 14 subjects were passively oscillated by a motor-driven dynamometer through flexion-extension cycles of 135 deg at an angular velocity of approximately equal to 0.5 rad/s. Upon presentation of a visual stimulus the subjects maximally contracted the relaxed elbow flexors during flexion, extension, and under isometric conditions. The muscle length at the time of the stimulus was the same in all three conditions. An on-line computer monitoring surface EMG (Biceps and Brachioradialis) and force calculated the electromechanical delay. The mean value for the delay under eccentric condition, 49.5 ms, was significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the delays during isometric (53.9 ms) and concentric activity (55.5 ms). It is suggested that the time required to stretch the series elastic component (SEC) represents the major portion of the measured delay and that during eccentric muscle activity the SEC is in a more favorable condition for rapid force development.", "contents": "Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions. In contraction of skeletal muscle a delay exists between the onset of electrical activity and measurable tension. This delay in electromechanical coupling has been stated to be between 30 and 100 ms. Thus, in rapid movements it may be possible for electromyographic (EMG) activity to have terminated before force can be detected. This study was designed to determine the dependence of the EMG-tension delay upon selected initial conditions at the time of muscle activation. The right forearms of 14 subjects were passively oscillated by a motor-driven dynamometer through flexion-extension cycles of 135 deg at an angular velocity of approximately equal to 0.5 rad/s. Upon presentation of a visual stimulus the subjects maximally contracted the relaxed elbow flexors during flexion, extension, and under isometric conditions. The muscle length at the time of the stimulus was the same in all three conditions. An on-line computer monitoring surface EMG (Biceps and Brachioradialis) and force calculated the electromechanical delay. The mean value for the delay under eccentric condition, 49.5 ms, was significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the delays during isometric (53.9 ms) and concentric activity (55.5 ms). It is suggested that the time required to stretch the series elastic component (SEC) represents the major portion of the measured delay and that during eccentric muscle activity the SEC is in a more favorable condition for rapid force development.", "PMID": 527577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3377", "title": "Muscle strength and body composition as determinants of blood pressure in young men.", "content": "The correlations of blood pressure to various indices of muscularity and fatness were studied in 183 young healthy men (mean age 19.7, SD 2.1 years). Systolic pressure showed significant positive correlations with body fat percentage, isometric strength of trunk extensors, body mass index, lean body mass, strength of leg extensors, heart rate, and the sum of four skinfolds. Diastolic pressure had significant positive correlations with body mass index, lean body mass, body fat percentage, sum of skinfolds, strength of leg extensors, strength of trunk extensors, and age. A stepwise selective multiple regression analysis for systolic pressure resulted in four significantly correlating variables: body fat percentage (p less than 0.001), heart rate (p less than 0.01), lean body mass (p less than 0.05), and strength of trunk extensors per kg body weight (p less than 0.05). For diastolic pressure the analysis resulted in two explaining variables: body mass index (p less than 0.001) and age (p less than 0.05). In a regression equation with 13 variables the strength of trunk flexors was negatively correlated with diastolic pressure. It is concluded that both fatness and muscularity are factors related to blood pressure in young men. The muscularity effect is more clearly associated with trunk and leg extensor strength.", "contents": "Muscle strength and body composition as determinants of blood pressure in young men. The correlations of blood pressure to various indices of muscularity and fatness were studied in 183 young healthy men (mean age 19.7, SD 2.1 years). Systolic pressure showed significant positive correlations with body fat percentage, isometric strength of trunk extensors, body mass index, lean body mass, strength of leg extensors, heart rate, and the sum of four skinfolds. Diastolic pressure had significant positive correlations with body mass index, lean body mass, body fat percentage, sum of skinfolds, strength of leg extensors, strength of trunk extensors, and age. A stepwise selective multiple regression analysis for systolic pressure resulted in four significantly correlating variables: body fat percentage (p less than 0.001), heart rate (p less than 0.01), lean body mass (p less than 0.05), and strength of trunk extensors per kg body weight (p less than 0.05). For diastolic pressure the analysis resulted in two explaining variables: body mass index (p less than 0.001) and age (p less than 0.05). In a regression equation with 13 variables the strength of trunk flexors was negatively correlated with diastolic pressure. It is concluded that both fatness and muscularity are factors related to blood pressure in young men. The muscularity effect is more clearly associated with trunk and leg extensor strength.", "PMID": 527578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3378", "title": "The influence of exercise on muscle lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Representative lysosomal enzyme activities were measured in muscles taken 0 h and 24 h after an acute exercise run that was completed without any overt signs of fatigue. The animals had progressed 2 and 4 weeks into a standard exercise program which typically produces adaptive changes in the working muscles. There was an increase in acetylglucosaminidase activity (12%) in the fast-twitch red muscle section of all animals that participated in the training program. This small increase may be representative of a delayed response found after more exhausting exercise. The single exercise bout, however, did not cause any acute change in lysosomal activity nor alter the partition of lysosomal enzymes between the \"free\" and particulate fractions. Thus, altered lysosomal enzyme activity does not appear to be a contributing influence that challenges muscle fiber homeostasis during moderately intense running.", "contents": "The influence of exercise on muscle lysosomal enzymes. Representative lysosomal enzyme activities were measured in muscles taken 0 h and 24 h after an acute exercise run that was completed without any overt signs of fatigue. The animals had progressed 2 and 4 weeks into a standard exercise program which typically produces adaptive changes in the working muscles. There was an increase in acetylglucosaminidase activity (12%) in the fast-twitch red muscle section of all animals that participated in the training program. This small increase may be representative of a delayed response found after more exhausting exercise. The single exercise bout, however, did not cause any acute change in lysosomal activity nor alter the partition of lysosomal enzymes between the \"free\" and particulate fractions. Thus, altered lysosomal enzyme activity does not appear to be a contributing influence that challenges muscle fiber homeostasis during moderately intense running.", "PMID": 527579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3379", "title": "The effect of changes in cardiac frequency on left and right ventricular dP/dt max at different contractile states of the myocardium.", "content": "In 17 canine heart-lung preparations the dependence of frequency potentiation of the right and left ventricular myocardium on the basic inotropic state of the heart was investigated. The effect of unipolar stimulation of the right atrium on dP/dt max in both ventricles was measured. The aortic pressure was maintained constant. Shortly after isolation of the heart, a stepwise increase of rate from 140 to 200 beats/min only had a very weak influence on left ventricular dP/dt max. With deterioration of the myocardium the frequency potentiation of dP/dt max increased considerably. End-diastolic pressure regularly decreased with rising cardiac frequency. Since the real positive inotropic effect is masked by the concomitant fall in diastolic loading, the end-diastolic pressure was maintained constant in a second group of 8 hearts during rate variation. The most pronounced inotropic effect was now found shortly after isolation of the heart. A rate increase of 30 beats/min resulted in a 20% rise of dP/dt max. The frequency potentiation decreased with deterioration of the heart resulting in a 12% dP/dt max increase at an estimated inotropic state of 50% of control. When the contractile state of the heart was improved above the control state by calcium application the frequency potentiation of the myocardium decreased. In the right ventricle similar results were obtained except for the fact that no significant correlation between the steepness of the frequency characteristics and the contractile state of the heart could be found when the end-diastolic pressure was kept constant.", "contents": "The effect of changes in cardiac frequency on left and right ventricular dP/dt max at different contractile states of the myocardium. In 17 canine heart-lung preparations the dependence of frequency potentiation of the right and left ventricular myocardium on the basic inotropic state of the heart was investigated. The effect of unipolar stimulation of the right atrium on dP/dt max in both ventricles was measured. The aortic pressure was maintained constant. Shortly after isolation of the heart, a stepwise increase of rate from 140 to 200 beats/min only had a very weak influence on left ventricular dP/dt max. With deterioration of the myocardium the frequency potentiation of dP/dt max increased considerably. End-diastolic pressure regularly decreased with rising cardiac frequency. Since the real positive inotropic effect is masked by the concomitant fall in diastolic loading, the end-diastolic pressure was maintained constant in a second group of 8 hearts during rate variation. The most pronounced inotropic effect was now found shortly after isolation of the heart. A rate increase of 30 beats/min resulted in a 20% rise of dP/dt max. The frequency potentiation decreased with deterioration of the heart resulting in a 12% dP/dt max increase at an estimated inotropic state of 50% of control. When the contractile state of the heart was improved above the control state by calcium application the frequency potentiation of the myocardium decreased. In the right ventricle similar results were obtained except for the fact that no significant correlation between the steepness of the frequency characteristics and the contractile state of the heart could be found when the end-diastolic pressure was kept constant.", "PMID": 527580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3380", "title": "Effect of long-term training and acute physical exercise on red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.", "content": "A statistically significant 10% increase (p less than 0.005) in mean red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, concomitantly with a mean 16% increase (p less than 0.001) in the predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was observed in 29 recruits, who were studied during 6 months of physical training in military service. The increase in 2,3-DPG was higher, the lower the initial 2,3-DPG and VO2max levels. The mean initial 2,3-DPG level was higher in the subjects with a higher initial VO2max. A strenuous but highly aerobic 21-km marching exercise elicited a mean 9% increase (p less than 0.005) in red cell 2,3-DPG concentration. A significantly greater response of 2,3-DPG to marching exercise was observed in subjects with a lower pre-test VO2max than in those with a higher pre-test VO2max. During another more competitive march 2,3-DPG remained almost unchanged and was associated with a tendency towards a negative correlation with the acccompanying lactate response (r = -0.60, p less than 0.05). Red cell 2,3-DPG response to a standardized exercise is considered to be a suitable indicator for evaluating the effect of training on an individual.", "contents": "Effect of long-term training and acute physical exercise on red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. A statistically significant 10% increase (p less than 0.005) in mean red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, concomitantly with a mean 16% increase (p less than 0.001) in the predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was observed in 29 recruits, who were studied during 6 months of physical training in military service. The increase in 2,3-DPG was higher, the lower the initial 2,3-DPG and VO2max levels. The mean initial 2,3-DPG level was higher in the subjects with a higher initial VO2max. A strenuous but highly aerobic 21-km marching exercise elicited a mean 9% increase (p less than 0.005) in red cell 2,3-DPG concentration. A significantly greater response of 2,3-DPG to marching exercise was observed in subjects with a lower pre-test VO2max than in those with a higher pre-test VO2max. During another more competitive march 2,3-DPG remained almost unchanged and was associated with a tendency towards a negative correlation with the acccompanying lactate response (r = -0.60, p less than 0.05). Red cell 2,3-DPG response to a standardized exercise is considered to be a suitable indicator for evaluating the effect of training on an individual.", "PMID": 527581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3381", "title": "Purification and properties of hydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii.", "content": "A hydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity from the soluble fraction of the rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii, the overall purification is 200 times with a yield of 14%. The pure enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain with Mr approximately 50 000 which contains 12 atoms of non-haem iron and 12 atoms of acid-labile sulphide. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by O2 and it is therefore purified under nitrogen and in the presence of sodium dithionite. The optical spectrum of the enzyme, after removal of the dithionite with air, shows a peak at 275 nm (epsilon 275 nm = 143 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder between 350 nm and 400 nm (epsilon 400 nm = 46 mM-1 cm-1). The enzyme catalyses hydrogen production from sodium dithionite at a low rate. The rate is greatly enhanced by addition of the electron donors flavodoxin, ferredoxin and methyl viologen. The kinetic data with these three electron donors suggest co-operativity, but no indication of self-association of the enzyme was obtained. Sodium chloride enhances the rate of hydrogen production with methyl viologen semiquinone and changes the kinetic behaviour of the enzyme with this electron donor, but causes inhibition of the reactions mediated by ferredoxin and flavodoxin. Two kinetic models were developed which are consistent with the kinetic data of the three electron donors tested. The apparent co-operativity for the hydrogen production can be fitted with the mathematical form of those models. The identical kinetic behaviour of the hydrogenase with the one-electron donors flavodoxin and methyl viologen semiquinone monomer and the two-electron donor ferredoxin indicates that the hydrogenase accepts two electrons in two separate, independent steps and further indicates that the two (4Fe-4S) clusters of the donor ferredoxin are independent. The interpretation of the kinetic data with methyl viologen semiquinone is complicated by the fact that the semiquinone dimerises, and that the formation of the dimer is enhanced by salt. Taking into account the association of this donor, the activity of the enzyme with methyl viologen semiquinone can be described by the sum of the activities of the enzyme with methyl viologen monomer and methyl viologen dimer. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of hydrogen gas with methyl and benzyl viologen as electron acceptors to their semiquinone forms; both electron acceptors show Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The hydrogen oxidation activity with both electron acceptors is stimulated by addition of sodium chloride. The kinetic data of the oxidation of hydrogen with the two-electron acceptors used are consistent with the porposed models, if it is assumed that the pathway followed is compulsory. At this moment no choice can be made between the models proposed.", "contents": "Purification and properties of hydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. A hydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity from the soluble fraction of the rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii, the overall purification is 200 times with a yield of 14%. The pure enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain with Mr approximately 50 000 which contains 12 atoms of non-haem iron and 12 atoms of acid-labile sulphide. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by O2 and it is therefore purified under nitrogen and in the presence of sodium dithionite. The optical spectrum of the enzyme, after removal of the dithionite with air, shows a peak at 275 nm (epsilon 275 nm = 143 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder between 350 nm and 400 nm (epsilon 400 nm = 46 mM-1 cm-1). The enzyme catalyses hydrogen production from sodium dithionite at a low rate. The rate is greatly enhanced by addition of the electron donors flavodoxin, ferredoxin and methyl viologen. The kinetic data with these three electron donors suggest co-operativity, but no indication of self-association of the enzyme was obtained. Sodium chloride enhances the rate of hydrogen production with methyl viologen semiquinone and changes the kinetic behaviour of the enzyme with this electron donor, but causes inhibition of the reactions mediated by ferredoxin and flavodoxin. Two kinetic models were developed which are consistent with the kinetic data of the three electron donors tested. The apparent co-operativity for the hydrogen production can be fitted with the mathematical form of those models. The identical kinetic behaviour of the hydrogenase with the one-electron donors flavodoxin and methyl viologen semiquinone monomer and the two-electron donor ferredoxin indicates that the hydrogenase accepts two electrons in two separate, independent steps and further indicates that the two (4Fe-4S) clusters of the donor ferredoxin are independent. The interpretation of the kinetic data with methyl viologen semiquinone is complicated by the fact that the semiquinone dimerises, and that the formation of the dimer is enhanced by salt. Taking into account the association of this donor, the activity of the enzyme with methyl viologen semiquinone can be described by the sum of the activities of the enzyme with methyl viologen monomer and methyl viologen dimer. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of hydrogen gas with methyl and benzyl viologen as electron acceptors to their semiquinone forms; both electron acceptors show Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The hydrogen oxidation activity with both electron acceptors is stimulated by addition of sodium chloride. The kinetic data of the oxidation of hydrogen with the two-electron acceptors used are consistent with the porposed models, if it is assumed that the pathway followed is compulsory. At this moment no choice can be made between the models proposed.", "PMID": 527582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3382", "title": "1,4-alpha-Glucan phosphorylase from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Purification, physico-chemical and kinetic properties.", "content": "Glycogen phosphorylase from macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was purified 76-fold to homogeneity. The native enzyme migrated as a single protein band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis coinciding with phosphorylase activity. After reduction in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate one protein band was detectable which corresponded to an Mr of 93 000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme determined by gel sieving or gradient-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 172000 and 186000, respectively. The enzyme contained about 1 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and less than 0.1 mol covalently bound phosphate per mol subunit. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. In the direction of phosphorolysis the kinetic data were determined by initial velocity studies, assuming a rapid equilibrium random mechanism. Glucose 1-phosphate and GDP-glucose were competitive inhibitors toward phosphate and noncompetitive to glycogen. 5'-AMP, a weak activator of the enzyme, counteracted the glucose-1-phosphate inhibition completely. Physarum phosphorylase was compared with phosphorylases from other sources on the basis of chemical and kinetic properties. No evidence for the presence of phosphorylated forms has yet been found.", "contents": "1,4-alpha-Glucan phosphorylase from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Purification, physico-chemical and kinetic properties. Glycogen phosphorylase from macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was purified 76-fold to homogeneity. The native enzyme migrated as a single protein band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis coinciding with phosphorylase activity. After reduction in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate one protein band was detectable which corresponded to an Mr of 93 000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme determined by gel sieving or gradient-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 172000 and 186000, respectively. The enzyme contained about 1 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and less than 0.1 mol covalently bound phosphate per mol subunit. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. In the direction of phosphorolysis the kinetic data were determined by initial velocity studies, assuming a rapid equilibrium random mechanism. Glucose 1-phosphate and GDP-glucose were competitive inhibitors toward phosphate and noncompetitive to glycogen. 5'-AMP, a weak activator of the enzyme, counteracted the glucose-1-phosphate inhibition completely. Physarum phosphorylase was compared with phosphorylases from other sources on the basis of chemical and kinetic properties. No evidence for the presence of phosphorylated forms has yet been found.", "PMID": 527584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3383", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells by daunomycin. Preferential inhibition of replicon initiation at low concentrations.", "content": "The effect of the intercalating agent daunomycin on DNA synthesis was studied in cultured bovine liver cells. At low daunomycin concentrations (1 and 2 muM) the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation decreased progressively with the duration of exposure to the inhibitor. This was accompanied by a shift of nascent DNA intermediates of replicon size to higher sedimentation values on sucrose gradients, indicating that daunomycin preferentially affects the initiation of replicating units, both in asynchronous and synchronized cells. At high daunomycin concentrations (12 muM) the rate of chain growth was also markedly reduced. This was indicated by a rapid and nearly complete cessation of the [3H]thymidine incorporation and an accumulation of nascent DNA intermediates of low molecular weight. These observations are discussed in relation to a pre-fork mode of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells by daunomycin. Preferential inhibition of replicon initiation at low concentrations. The effect of the intercalating agent daunomycin on DNA synthesis was studied in cultured bovine liver cells. At low daunomycin concentrations (1 and 2 muM) the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation decreased progressively with the duration of exposure to the inhibitor. This was accompanied by a shift of nascent DNA intermediates of replicon size to higher sedimentation values on sucrose gradients, indicating that daunomycin preferentially affects the initiation of replicating units, both in asynchronous and synchronized cells. At high daunomycin concentrations (12 muM) the rate of chain growth was also markedly reduced. This was indicated by a rapid and nearly complete cessation of the [3H]thymidine incorporation and an accumulation of nascent DNA intermediates of low molecular weight. These observations are discussed in relation to a pre-fork mode of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 527586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3384", "title": "Androgenic regulation of messenger RNA sequence complexity in accessory sexual tissues of the male rat studied with fractionated complementary DNA.", "content": "Effects of androgens on mRNA sequence complexity in the rat seminal vesicle have been investigated using complementary DNA fractionated on the basis of sequence abundance. Total cDNA complementary to poly(A)-rich RNA from normal rats was hybridised with an excess of the same RNA to controlled rot values and then the free cDNA was separated from cDNA . RNA hybrids by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Three cDNA fractions were obtained with very different hybridisation characteristics. Abundant cDNA hybridised to an excess of its parental RNA with an rot 1/2 of 2.46 x 10(-3) mol 1(-1) s and is complementary to about six or seven average-sized sequences. Use of hybrid-arrested translation in a cell-free protein-synthesising system has shown that this class of mRNA includes mRNAs coding for major androgen-dependent secretory proteins. Moderate and scarce cDNA fractions each showed more complex hybridization kinetics; computer analysis suggested each is complementary to two groups of average-sized sequences. Each cDNA fraction was hybridised to excess poly(A)-rich RNA from normal or castrated rats and the kinetics compared. Castration had no effect on the total number of sequences present in any class and did not alter the relative concentration of the scarce sequences. A small (threefold) decrease was seen in the concentration of abundant sequences with a larger (tenfold) decrease in the moderate class. Both de-reases were reversed by testosterone in vivo. The results are consistent with earlier studies where the effects of testosterone on seminal vesicle mRNA were followed using a translation assay and confirm that no gross differential effects are exerted on abundant mRNA coding for major secretory proteins. The cDNA fractions were also used to investigate the overlap in genetic expression between seminal vesicle and ventral prostate. Both tissues share all the scarce sequences in the same relative abundance. Less than 0.0015% and 0.004% of prostatic mRNA is complementary to seminal vesicle abundant and moderate sequences respectively. Similarly prostatic abundant sequences account for less than 0.004% of seminal vesicle mRNA.", "contents": "Androgenic regulation of messenger RNA sequence complexity in accessory sexual tissues of the male rat studied with fractionated complementary DNA. Effects of androgens on mRNA sequence complexity in the rat seminal vesicle have been investigated using complementary DNA fractionated on the basis of sequence abundance. Total cDNA complementary to poly(A)-rich RNA from normal rats was hybridised with an excess of the same RNA to controlled rot values and then the free cDNA was separated from cDNA . RNA hybrids by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Three cDNA fractions were obtained with very different hybridisation characteristics. Abundant cDNA hybridised to an excess of its parental RNA with an rot 1/2 of 2.46 x 10(-3) mol 1(-1) s and is complementary to about six or seven average-sized sequences. Use of hybrid-arrested translation in a cell-free protein-synthesising system has shown that this class of mRNA includes mRNAs coding for major androgen-dependent secretory proteins. Moderate and scarce cDNA fractions each showed more complex hybridization kinetics; computer analysis suggested each is complementary to two groups of average-sized sequences. Each cDNA fraction was hybridised to excess poly(A)-rich RNA from normal or castrated rats and the kinetics compared. Castration had no effect on the total number of sequences present in any class and did not alter the relative concentration of the scarce sequences. A small (threefold) decrease was seen in the concentration of abundant sequences with a larger (tenfold) decrease in the moderate class. Both de-reases were reversed by testosterone in vivo. The results are consistent with earlier studies where the effects of testosterone on seminal vesicle mRNA were followed using a translation assay and confirm that no gross differential effects are exerted on abundant mRNA coding for major secretory proteins. The cDNA fractions were also used to investigate the overlap in genetic expression between seminal vesicle and ventral prostate. Both tissues share all the scarce sequences in the same relative abundance. Less than 0.0015% and 0.004% of prostatic mRNA is complementary to seminal vesicle abundant and moderate sequences respectively. Similarly prostatic abundant sequences account for less than 0.004% of seminal vesicle mRNA.", "PMID": 527587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3385", "title": "Ligand competition curves as a diagnostic tool for delineating the nature of site-site interactions: theory.", "content": "A few molecular models have been developed in recent years to explain the mechanism of cooperative ligand binding. The concerted model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux and the sequential model of Koshland, N\u00e9methy and Filmer were formulated to account for positively cooperative binding. The pre-existent asymmetry model and the sequential model can account for negatively cooperative ligand binding. In most cases, however, it is virtually impossible to deduce the molecular mechanism of ligand binding solely from the shape of the binding isotherm. In the present study we suggest a new strategy for delineating the molecular mechanism responsible for cooperative ligand binding from binding isotherms. In this approach one examines the effect of one ligand on the cooperativity observed in the binding of another ligand, where the two ligands compete for the same set of binding sites. It is demonstrated that the cooperativity of ligand binding can be modulated when a competitive ligand is present in the protein-ligand binding mixture. A general mathematical formulation of this modulation is presented in thermodynamic terms, using model-independent parameters. The relation between the Hill coefficient at 50% ligand saturation with respect to ligand X in the absence, h(x), and in the presence of a competing ligand Z, h(x,z), is expressed in terms of the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the binding of the two ligands. Then the relationship between h(x) and h(x,z), in terms of the molecular parameters of the different allosteric models, is explored. This analysis reveals that the different allosteric models predict different relationships between h(x,z) and h(x). These differences are especially focused when Z binds non-cooperatively. Thus, it becomes possible, on the basis of ligand binding experiments alone, to decide which of the allosteric models best fits a set of experimental data.", "contents": "Ligand competition curves as a diagnostic tool for delineating the nature of site-site interactions: theory. A few molecular models have been developed in recent years to explain the mechanism of cooperative ligand binding. The concerted model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux and the sequential model of Koshland, N\u00e9methy and Filmer were formulated to account for positively cooperative binding. The pre-existent asymmetry model and the sequential model can account for negatively cooperative ligand binding. In most cases, however, it is virtually impossible to deduce the molecular mechanism of ligand binding solely from the shape of the binding isotherm. In the present study we suggest a new strategy for delineating the molecular mechanism responsible for cooperative ligand binding from binding isotherms. In this approach one examines the effect of one ligand on the cooperativity observed in the binding of another ligand, where the two ligands compete for the same set of binding sites. It is demonstrated that the cooperativity of ligand binding can be modulated when a competitive ligand is present in the protein-ligand binding mixture. A general mathematical formulation of this modulation is presented in thermodynamic terms, using model-independent parameters. The relation between the Hill coefficient at 50% ligand saturation with respect to ligand X in the absence, h(x), and in the presence of a competing ligand Z, h(x,z), is expressed in terms of the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the binding of the two ligands. Then the relationship between h(x) and h(x,z), in terms of the molecular parameters of the different allosteric models, is explored. This analysis reveals that the different allosteric models predict different relationships between h(x,z) and h(x). These differences are especially focused when Z binds non-cooperatively. Thus, it becomes possible, on the basis of ligand binding experiments alone, to decide which of the allosteric models best fits a set of experimental data.", "PMID": 527588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3386", "title": "HeLa cell cytoplasmic mRNA contains three classes of sequences: predominantly poly(A)-free, predominantly poly(A)-containing and bimorphic.", "content": "The mRNA species which exist in the HeLa cell polyribisomes in a form devoid of A sequences longer than 8 nucleotides constitute the poly(A)-free class of mRNA. The rapidly labelled component of this mRNA class shares no measurable sequence homology with poly(A)-containing RNA. If poly(A)-free mRNA larger than 12 S labelled for 2 h in vivo is hybridized with total cellular DNA, it hybridizes primarily with single-copy DNA. When a large excess of steady poly(A)-containing RNA is added before hybridization of labelled poly(A)-free RNA, no inhibition of hybridization occurs. This indicates the existence of a class of poly(A)-free mRNA with no poly(A)-containing counterpart. Some mRNA species can exist solely as poly(A)-containing mRNAs. These mRNAs in HeLa cells are found almost exclusively in the mRNA species present only a few times per cell (scarce sequences). Some mRNA species can exist in two forms, poly(A)containing and lacking, as evidenced by the translation data in vitro of Kaufmann et al. [Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 4801--4805 (1977)]. In addition, if cDNA to total poly(A)-containing mRNA is fractionated into abundant and scarce classes, 47% of the scarce class cDNA can be readily hybridized with poly(A)-free mRNA. 10% of the abundant cDNA to poly(A)-containing mRNA will hybridize with poly(A)-free sequences very rapidly while the other 90% hybridize 160 times more slowly, indicating two very different frequency distributions. The cytoplasmic metabolism of these three distinct mRNA classes is discussed.", "contents": "HeLa cell cytoplasmic mRNA contains three classes of sequences: predominantly poly(A)-free, predominantly poly(A)-containing and bimorphic. The mRNA species which exist in the HeLa cell polyribisomes in a form devoid of A sequences longer than 8 nucleotides constitute the poly(A)-free class of mRNA. The rapidly labelled component of this mRNA class shares no measurable sequence homology with poly(A)-containing RNA. If poly(A)-free mRNA larger than 12 S labelled for 2 h in vivo is hybridized with total cellular DNA, it hybridizes primarily with single-copy DNA. When a large excess of steady poly(A)-containing RNA is added before hybridization of labelled poly(A)-free RNA, no inhibition of hybridization occurs. This indicates the existence of a class of poly(A)-free mRNA with no poly(A)-containing counterpart. Some mRNA species can exist solely as poly(A)-containing mRNAs. These mRNAs in HeLa cells are found almost exclusively in the mRNA species present only a few times per cell (scarce sequences). Some mRNA species can exist in two forms, poly(A)containing and lacking, as evidenced by the translation data in vitro of Kaufmann et al. [Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 4801--4805 (1977)]. In addition, if cDNA to total poly(A)-containing mRNA is fractionated into abundant and scarce classes, 47% of the scarce class cDNA can be readily hybridized with poly(A)-free mRNA. 10% of the abundant cDNA to poly(A)-containing mRNA will hybridize with poly(A)-free sequences very rapidly while the other 90% hybridize 160 times more slowly, indicating two very different frequency distributions. The cytoplasmic metabolism of these three distinct mRNA classes is discussed.", "PMID": 527589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3387", "title": "The binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate to a fixed concentration of unenergised and succinate-energised submitochondrial particles.", "content": "The effect of the approximately hyperbolic relationship between fluorochrome concentration and light absorbed on the interpretation of data for the binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate to unenergised and succinate-energised submitochondrial particles has been investigated. If this is taken into account plots of fluorescence against fluorescence x [fluorochrome]-1 do not tend towards a maximum fluorescence value. The significance of this findings is discussed.", "contents": "The binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate to a fixed concentration of unenergised and succinate-energised submitochondrial particles. The effect of the approximately hyperbolic relationship between fluorochrome concentration and light absorbed on the interpretation of data for the binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate to unenergised and succinate-energised submitochondrial particles has been investigated. If this is taken into account plots of fluorescence against fluorescence x [fluorochrome]-1 do not tend towards a maximum fluorescence value. The significance of this findings is discussed.", "PMID": 527590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3388", "title": "Evidence by chemical modification for the involvement of one or more tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin in the binding of high-affinity heparin.", "content": "Tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin were modified with N-bromosuccinimide at near-neutral pH. The reaction was found to be specific for tryptophan at low levels of modification, i.e. when only up to 1--1.3 mol tryptophan/mol protein were oxidized. Further modification led to extensive side reactions. Modification of an average of about one tryptophanyl residue per protein molecule did not affect antithrombin activity measured in the absence of heparin, but decreased the activity assayed in the presence of heparin to about half the value given by unmodified antithrombin. Addition of an excess of high-affinity heparin to a similarly modified antithrombin sample resulted in much smaller circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence changes than those observed with the intact protein. Modification experiments in the presence of excess high-affinity heparin gave a definitely lower extent of modification than when heparin was excluded. These studies thus reinforce the conclusion from previous spectroscopic analyses that one or more tryptophanyl residues of antithrombin are involved in the binding of high-affinity heparin, presumably by being located at or close to the heparin binding site.", "contents": "Evidence by chemical modification for the involvement of one or more tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin in the binding of high-affinity heparin. Tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin were modified with N-bromosuccinimide at near-neutral pH. The reaction was found to be specific for tryptophan at low levels of modification, i.e. when only up to 1--1.3 mol tryptophan/mol protein were oxidized. Further modification led to extensive side reactions. Modification of an average of about one tryptophanyl residue per protein molecule did not affect antithrombin activity measured in the absence of heparin, but decreased the activity assayed in the presence of heparin to about half the value given by unmodified antithrombin. Addition of an excess of high-affinity heparin to a similarly modified antithrombin sample resulted in much smaller circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence changes than those observed with the intact protein. Modification experiments in the presence of excess high-affinity heparin gave a definitely lower extent of modification than when heparin was excluded. These studies thus reinforce the conclusion from previous spectroscopic analyses that one or more tryptophanyl residues of antithrombin are involved in the binding of high-affinity heparin, presumably by being located at or close to the heparin binding site.", "PMID": 527591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3389", "title": "Transport of D-lactate in perfused rat liver.", "content": "The transport of D-lactate across the plasma membrane was investigated in hemoglobin-free perfused rat livers, applying the multiple-indicator dilution technique (pulse labelling of D-lactate and indicator substances). The following results were obtained: 1. The steady state exchange rate at 1 mM D-lactate was 2.5 mumol x min-1 x g wet wt-1. It was proportional to the extracellular concentration in the range between 0.1 and 70 mM. 2. The transport of D-lactate was inhibited by L-lactate and pyruvate; 50% inhibition was observed at 40 mM L-lactate or 5 mM pyruvate. 3. The transport was also inhibited by alpha-cyanocinnamate and 4,4'-diisocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The inhibition by cyanocinnamate was complete (with 25 mM) and fully reversible, whereas the inhibition by diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid was incomplete and irreversible; it was dependent upon the amount of diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid bound by the liver. Maximal inhibition (80%) was observed with 2 mumol diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid bound per g wet weight. 4. The intracellular concentration (ci) of D-lactate was proportional to the extracellular concentration (ce); the ratio ci/ce was 0.5 throughout the concentration range studied. It decreased in the presence of L-lactate or pyruvate. It is concluded that the transport of D-lactate is carrier-mediated, and, at least partially, electroneutral.", "contents": "Transport of D-lactate in perfused rat liver. The transport of D-lactate across the plasma membrane was investigated in hemoglobin-free perfused rat livers, applying the multiple-indicator dilution technique (pulse labelling of D-lactate and indicator substances). The following results were obtained: 1. The steady state exchange rate at 1 mM D-lactate was 2.5 mumol x min-1 x g wet wt-1. It was proportional to the extracellular concentration in the range between 0.1 and 70 mM. 2. The transport of D-lactate was inhibited by L-lactate and pyruvate; 50% inhibition was observed at 40 mM L-lactate or 5 mM pyruvate. 3. The transport was also inhibited by alpha-cyanocinnamate and 4,4'-diisocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The inhibition by cyanocinnamate was complete (with 25 mM) and fully reversible, whereas the inhibition by diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid was incomplete and irreversible; it was dependent upon the amount of diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid bound by the liver. Maximal inhibition (80%) was observed with 2 mumol diisothiocyanostilbenedisulfonic acid bound per g wet weight. 4. The intracellular concentration (ci) of D-lactate was proportional to the extracellular concentration (ce); the ratio ci/ce was 0.5 throughout the concentration range studied. It decreased in the presence of L-lactate or pyruvate. It is concluded that the transport of D-lactate is carrier-mediated, and, at least partially, electroneutral.", "PMID": 527592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3390", "title": "Structural characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance of a reactive-site 13carbon-labelled basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor with the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 cleaved and Arg-39 removed.", "content": "With the use of an enzymatic replacement method, 90%-enriched [1-13C]lysine was introduced into the reactive site of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Characterization of the labelled inhibitor with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H NMR and chemical methods showed that while the reactive-site peptide bond Lys-15--Ala-16 was properly resynthesized, the polypeptide chain was cleaved at the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 and Arg-39 was removed. Detailed 1H NMR studies showed further that, with the exception of the immediate environment of the modification site, the average spatial structure of the native inhibitor was preserved in the modified protein. Compared to the native inhibitor, the thermal stability of the globular conformation was found to be reduced, interior amide protons exchanged at a faster rate and the internal mobility of aromatic rings located outside the immediate environment of the cleaved peptide bond was essentially unchanged. These observations coincide closely with previous reports on different modifications of the inhibitor and can be explained by a recently proposed dynamic multi-state model for globular proteins. Since the fundamental structural properties of the native inhibitor and full inhibitory activity are preserved after resynthesis, the [1-13C]lys-15-labelled inhibitor with the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 cleaved and Arg-39 removed should be suitable for 13C NMR studies of mechanistic aspects of proteinase-inhibitor interactions.", "contents": "Structural characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance of a reactive-site 13carbon-labelled basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor with the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 cleaved and Arg-39 removed. With the use of an enzymatic replacement method, 90%-enriched [1-13C]lysine was introduced into the reactive site of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Characterization of the labelled inhibitor with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H NMR and chemical methods showed that while the reactive-site peptide bond Lys-15--Ala-16 was properly resynthesized, the polypeptide chain was cleaved at the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 and Arg-39 was removed. Detailed 1H NMR studies showed further that, with the exception of the immediate environment of the modification site, the average spatial structure of the native inhibitor was preserved in the modified protein. Compared to the native inhibitor, the thermal stability of the globular conformation was found to be reduced, interior amide protons exchanged at a faster rate and the internal mobility of aromatic rings located outside the immediate environment of the cleaved peptide bond was essentially unchanged. These observations coincide closely with previous reports on different modifications of the inhibitor and can be explained by a recently proposed dynamic multi-state model for globular proteins. Since the fundamental structural properties of the native inhibitor and full inhibitory activity are preserved after resynthesis, the [1-13C]lys-15-labelled inhibitor with the peptide bond Arg-39--Ala-40 cleaved and Arg-39 removed should be suitable for 13C NMR studies of mechanistic aspects of proteinase-inhibitor interactions.", "PMID": 527593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3391", "title": "Specific labeling of a phosphate-transporting protein from rat-liver mitochondria by [203Hg]mersalyl.", "content": "1. A highly specific labeling of a phosphate-transporting protein from rat-liver mitochondria was obtained with [203Hg]mersalyl under the following conditions: (a) labeling of mitoplasts, isolated by the French-Press procedure; (b) washing of the isolated inner membranes with NaCl/octylglucoside. 2. The concentration-dependent labeling of the protein with mersalyl showed a biphasic saturation which correlated well with the protection and inhibition of phosphate transport. 3. The molecular weight (Mr 31000) and the amount of labeled carrier protein (24 nmol/g mitochondrial protein) at 100% protection correlated well with published data from the literature. 4. Gel filtration of the labeled protein in the presence of non-ionic detergents showed a molecular weight of at least twice of that obtained by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.", "contents": "Specific labeling of a phosphate-transporting protein from rat-liver mitochondria by [203Hg]mersalyl. 1. A highly specific labeling of a phosphate-transporting protein from rat-liver mitochondria was obtained with [203Hg]mersalyl under the following conditions: (a) labeling of mitoplasts, isolated by the French-Press procedure; (b) washing of the isolated inner membranes with NaCl/octylglucoside. 2. The concentration-dependent labeling of the protein with mersalyl showed a biphasic saturation which correlated well with the protection and inhibition of phosphate transport. 3. The molecular weight (Mr 31000) and the amount of labeled carrier protein (24 nmol/g mitochondrial protein) at 100% protection correlated well with published data from the literature. 4. Gel filtration of the labeled protein in the presence of non-ionic detergents showed a molecular weight of at least twice of that obtained by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.", "PMID": 527595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3392", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fenfluramine enantiomers in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of fenfluramine enantiomers were studied in normal volunteers following the administration of single of multiple doses of racemic fenfluramine hydrochloride. Plasma concentrations and half-lives were similar for both enantiomers after single 40 mg of 60 mg doses. However following chronic administration (2 x 40 mg for 10 days), significant differences were observed between the kinetic parameters of the two enantiomers, the l-form of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine accumulating in plasms more than the d-forms.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fenfluramine enantiomers in man. The pharmacokinetics of fenfluramine enantiomers were studied in normal volunteers following the administration of single of multiple doses of racemic fenfluramine hydrochloride. Plasma concentrations and half-lives were similar for both enantiomers after single 40 mg of 60 mg doses. However following chronic administration (2 x 40 mg for 10 days), significant differences were observed between the kinetic parameters of the two enantiomers, the l-form of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine accumulating in plasms more than the d-forms.", "PMID": 527596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3393", "title": "The fate of ticlopidine in the organism. II.--Distribution and elimination of ticlopidine 14C after a single oral administration in the rat.", "content": "In the Rat, distribution and elimination of Ticlopidine C14 after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg were studied and compared with that observed after a single intravenous injection of the same dose. The plasma decreases of total radioactivity were found to be identical regardless of adminstration route, indicating almost complete absorption of the labelled molecule. The elimination half-life, which was 1.56 +/- 0.08 days, was equivalent to the half-life measured after intravenous injection, and no difference in tissues distribution was observed. As in the case of intravenous injection, the radioactivity was eliminated principally in the feces and only to a slight degree in the urine.", "contents": "The fate of ticlopidine in the organism. II.--Distribution and elimination of ticlopidine 14C after a single oral administration in the rat. In the Rat, distribution and elimination of Ticlopidine C14 after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg were studied and compared with that observed after a single intravenous injection of the same dose. The plasma decreases of total radioactivity were found to be identical regardless of adminstration route, indicating almost complete absorption of the labelled molecule. The elimination half-life, which was 1.56 +/- 0.08 days, was equivalent to the half-life measured after intravenous injection, and no difference in tissues distribution was observed. As in the case of intravenous injection, the radioactivity was eliminated principally in the feces and only to a slight degree in the urine.", "PMID": 527597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3394", "title": "Quantitative determination of praziquantel in body fluids by gas liquid chromatography.", "content": "Praziquantel was determined in body fluids by gas liquid chromatography as follows: A known amount of an internal standard and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution was added to the sample to be analyzed. After extraction with methyl acetate/diisopropyl ether = 30/70, the organic extract was evaporated, the residue taken up in methylacetate and an aliquot injected for glc analysis. Separation was accomplished on a OV3 silicon oil phase, and for detection and quantitation, a thermoionic FID sensitized for nitrogen-containing compounds was used. The determination limit in serum is about 0.01 micrograms/ml. The relative standard deviation for serum concentrations of 0.1 micrograms/ml was found to be 4.5%.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of praziquantel in body fluids by gas liquid chromatography. Praziquantel was determined in body fluids by gas liquid chromatography as follows: A known amount of an internal standard and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution was added to the sample to be analyzed. After extraction with methyl acetate/diisopropyl ether = 30/70, the organic extract was evaporated, the residue taken up in methylacetate and an aliquot injected for glc analysis. Separation was accomplished on a OV3 silicon oil phase, and for detection and quantitation, a thermoionic FID sensitized for nitrogen-containing compounds was used. The determination limit in serum is about 0.01 micrograms/ml. The relative standard deviation for serum concentrations of 0.1 micrograms/ml was found to be 4.5%.", "PMID": 527598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3395", "title": "A fluorometric method for the determination of praziquantel in blood-plasma and urine.", "content": "Some physicochemical data of praziquantel which may have analytical relevance are reported. For the quantitative determination praziquantel is extracted from plasma or urine by means of organic solvents and then hydrolyzed in an aqueous alkaline solution. The hydrolyzed product is reacted with dansyl-chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonylchloride). The dansylated compound is separated and quantified fluorometrically. The limit of determination is 3 micrograms/l in blood plasma and 30 micrograms/d in urine. For both fluids, the imprecision is approximately 7.5%. The method is suitable for the determination of praziquantel in patients or healthy volunteers treated with therapeutic doses.", "contents": "A fluorometric method for the determination of praziquantel in blood-plasma and urine. Some physicochemical data of praziquantel which may have analytical relevance are reported. For the quantitative determination praziquantel is extracted from plasma or urine by means of organic solvents and then hydrolyzed in an aqueous alkaline solution. The hydrolyzed product is reacted with dansyl-chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonylchloride). The dansylated compound is separated and quantified fluorometrically. The limit of determination is 3 micrograms/l in blood plasma and 30 micrograms/d in urine. For both fluids, the imprecision is approximately 7.5%. The method is suitable for the determination of praziquantel in patients or healthy volunteers treated with therapeutic doses.", "PMID": 527599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3396", "title": "Localization of S-[methyl-14 C]adenosyl-L-methionine in pregnant mice and fetuses as determined by autoradiography.", "content": "The distribution of S-[methyl-14C]Adenosyl-L-methionine has been examined in pregnant mice using an autoradiographic technique. The results indicate that the compound crosses the placental barrier quite slowly and accumulates in some fetal tissues such as intestine, liver, kidney, eye and lung. The highest concentration is reached 12 hours after i.v. administration of the compound. In the placenta the labelling can be detected for a long time after administering the radioactive compound.", "contents": "Localization of S-[methyl-14 C]adenosyl-L-methionine in pregnant mice and fetuses as determined by autoradiography. The distribution of S-[methyl-14C]Adenosyl-L-methionine has been examined in pregnant mice using an autoradiographic technique. The results indicate that the compound crosses the placental barrier quite slowly and accumulates in some fetal tissues such as intestine, liver, kidney, eye and lung. The highest concentration is reached 12 hours after i.v. administration of the compound. In the placenta the labelling can be detected for a long time after administering the radioactive compound.", "PMID": 527601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3397", "title": "Esterase activity of rat muscle.", "content": "The esterasic capacity of a series of skeletal muscles in response to three hemisuccinate ester drugs was investigated in rats and compared to that on alpha-naphthylacetate as a reference esterase substrate. Marked variations between different muscles and between given muscles of animals of different sex were observed, indicative of a complex heterogeneity in muscular expression of esterase activity.", "contents": "Esterase activity of rat muscle. The esterasic capacity of a series of skeletal muscles in response to three hemisuccinate ester drugs was investigated in rats and compared to that on alpha-naphthylacetate as a reference esterase substrate. Marked variations between different muscles and between given muscles of animals of different sex were observed, indicative of a complex heterogeneity in muscular expression of esterase activity.", "PMID": 527602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3398", "title": "A correlation of clinical findings and CT in ischaemic cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "248 patients with an ischaemic stroke were investigated with computer tomography. A hypodense lesion was observed in 18% of TIAs, 76% of PRINDS and 95% of completed stroke patients. In the patients with TIA the hypodense lesions were mainly single ones, whereas completed stroke patients also had a significantly higher proportion of more bilateral lesions. Atrophy was present in 44% of TIA patients, 68% of PRIND patients and 82% of completed stroke patients. Atrophy was generalised in 60% of the patients and homolateral in only 16%. Contrast medium enhancement in a hypodense area occurred only in patients with PRIND and completed stroke and never in TIA aptients. Multiple lesions and atrophy were significantly more common in patients with dementia. The time course showed oedema initially in 47% of patients which fell to 25% after the 1st week. Contrast medium enhancement was present initially in 42% of the patients, rose to 70% until the 3rd week and then fell continuously until the 6th week. The change from an indistinct to a distinct outline of a lesion coincided with this.", "contents": "A correlation of clinical findings and CT in ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. 248 patients with an ischaemic stroke were investigated with computer tomography. A hypodense lesion was observed in 18% of TIAs, 76% of PRINDS and 95% of completed stroke patients. In the patients with TIA the hypodense lesions were mainly single ones, whereas completed stroke patients also had a significantly higher proportion of more bilateral lesions. Atrophy was present in 44% of TIA patients, 68% of PRIND patients and 82% of completed stroke patients. Atrophy was generalised in 60% of the patients and homolateral in only 16%. Contrast medium enhancement in a hypodense area occurred only in patients with PRIND and completed stroke and never in TIA aptients. Multiple lesions and atrophy were significantly more common in patients with dementia. The time course showed oedema initially in 47% of patients which fell to 25% after the 1st week. Contrast medium enhancement was present initially in 42% of the patients, rose to 70% until the 3rd week and then fell continuously until the 6th week. The change from an indistinct to a distinct outline of a lesion coincided with this.", "PMID": 527603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3399", "title": "Hematin and propranolol in acute intermittent porphyria. Full recovery from quadriplegic coma and respiratory failure.", "content": "The authors present a case of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) in an almost fatal relapse with quadriplegia, bulbar paralysis and coma. Intravenous hematin produced an immediate arousal from coma and allowed a gradual resumption of bulbar and autonomic functions. Persistent tachycardia and hypertension necessitated huge doses of intravenous propranolol. Both hematin and propranolol administrations were followed by a remarkable decrease in urinary amino-levulinic acid and porphobilinogen excretion. Nevertheless, after the acute stage, the patient was left with a severe generalized muscle wasting. After 7 months of intensive physical therapy, complete recovery of all neuromuscular functions was achieved. The modern aspects of the management of AIP are presented; the efficacy and the limits of hematin and propranolol therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Hematin and propranolol in acute intermittent porphyria. Full recovery from quadriplegic coma and respiratory failure. The authors present a case of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) in an almost fatal relapse with quadriplegia, bulbar paralysis and coma. Intravenous hematin produced an immediate arousal from coma and allowed a gradual resumption of bulbar and autonomic functions. Persistent tachycardia and hypertension necessitated huge doses of intravenous propranolol. Both hematin and propranolol administrations were followed by a remarkable decrease in urinary amino-levulinic acid and porphobilinogen excretion. Nevertheless, after the acute stage, the patient was left with a severe generalized muscle wasting. After 7 months of intensive physical therapy, complete recovery of all neuromuscular functions was achieved. The modern aspects of the management of AIP are presented; the efficacy and the limits of hematin and propranolol therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 527604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3400", "title": "The autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, the cerebrovascular reactivity and their interaction in the Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "The experimental study of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), of the cerebrovascular reactivity and of their interaction is performed in a confirmed case of Shy-Drager syndrome, by means of the xenon-clearance technique. The basal mean regional CBF is slightly depressed. The cerebrovascular reactivities to variation in paCO2 and to local cerebral activation are maintained. The inferior threshold of breaking of autoregulation is raised. A competition between the effects on CBF of autoregulation loss and of metabolic regulation is demonstrated. The latency of operation of the autoregulation is evoked by the analysis of the CBF measurements and is confirmed by the simultaneous EEG study.", "contents": "The autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, the cerebrovascular reactivity and their interaction in the Shy-Drager syndrome. The experimental study of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), of the cerebrovascular reactivity and of their interaction is performed in a confirmed case of Shy-Drager syndrome, by means of the xenon-clearance technique. The basal mean regional CBF is slightly depressed. The cerebrovascular reactivities to variation in paCO2 and to local cerebral activation are maintained. The inferior threshold of breaking of autoregulation is raised. A competition between the effects on CBF of autoregulation loss and of metabolic regulation is demonstrated. The latency of operation of the autoregulation is evoked by the analysis of the CBF measurements and is confirmed by the simultaneous EEG study.", "PMID": 527605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3401", "title": "Infantile form of so-called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: lipid biochemical studies, fatty acid analysis of cerebroside sulfatides and sphingomyelin, myelin density profile and lipid composition.", "content": "The biochemical analysis of a case of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, as determined by clinical and neuropathological findings, is presented. A diminished amount of solids is found, the amount of lipids is 30% of the normal as expressed in lyophilized tissue. The yield of myelin isolated by the density gradient is 1.8% of the normal. Phospholipid patterns show a reduction in ethanolamine phosphoglyceride, N-acetylneuraminic acid is extremely low and sphingolipids are largely reduced, cerebrosides being most affected (2.5% of the normal). In cerebrosides and sulfatides the decrease in very long chain fatty acids is important, but the deficiency in any type (including hydroxy compounds) is not too dramatic. According to the aspect under electron microscopy, the density profile, and the biochemical composition of the subfractions, isolated myelin is close to normal. The loss of the myelin sheath appears to reflect a Wallerian degeneration in the CNS: myelin loss is a secondary effect. This disease, from a biochemical point of view, seems to be the ideal control for leukodystrophies.", "contents": "Infantile form of so-called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: lipid biochemical studies, fatty acid analysis of cerebroside sulfatides and sphingomyelin, myelin density profile and lipid composition. The biochemical analysis of a case of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, as determined by clinical and neuropathological findings, is presented. A diminished amount of solids is found, the amount of lipids is 30% of the normal as expressed in lyophilized tissue. The yield of myelin isolated by the density gradient is 1.8% of the normal. Phospholipid patterns show a reduction in ethanolamine phosphoglyceride, N-acetylneuraminic acid is extremely low and sphingolipids are largely reduced, cerebrosides being most affected (2.5% of the normal). In cerebrosides and sulfatides the decrease in very long chain fatty acids is important, but the deficiency in any type (including hydroxy compounds) is not too dramatic. According to the aspect under electron microscopy, the density profile, and the biochemical composition of the subfractions, isolated myelin is close to normal. The loss of the myelin sheath appears to reflect a Wallerian degeneration in the CNS: myelin loss is a secondary effect. This disease, from a biochemical point of view, seems to be the ideal control for leukodystrophies.", "PMID": 527606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3402", "title": "Immunoglobulin G in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from epileptic patients treated with phenytoin.", "content": "Concentrations of IgG and titres of IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes were studied in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 21 phenytoin-treated patients; 11 of these had reduced serum IgA. The CSF IgG concentration was not reduced in any patient. A reduction of CSF IgG has been found earlier in phenytoin-treated patients, when other antisera to IgG were used for the determination of IgG concentration. The present findings therefore indicate that an alteration of the composition or quality of the CSF IgG is present in phenytoin-treated patients. 1 patient had a phenytoin-induced low serum concentration of IgG and IgA. In this patient the ratios CSF:serum were normal both for IgG concentration and for IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin G in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from epileptic patients treated with phenytoin. Concentrations of IgG and titres of IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes were studied in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 21 phenytoin-treated patients; 11 of these had reduced serum IgA. The CSF IgG concentration was not reduced in any patient. A reduction of CSF IgG has been found earlier in phenytoin-treated patients, when other antisera to IgG were used for the determination of IgG concentration. The present findings therefore indicate that an alteration of the composition or quality of the CSF IgG is present in phenytoin-treated patients. 1 patient had a phenytoin-induced low serum concentration of IgG and IgA. In this patient the ratios CSF:serum were normal both for IgG concentration and for IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes.", "PMID": 527607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3403", "title": "The sink action of cerebrospinal fluid in uremia.", "content": "The distribution of water, electrolytes and non-electrolytes in various compartments of the central nervous system was analyzed in rats subjected to various stages of uremia. After bilateral nephrectomy for various periods of time ranging from 1 to 18 h, there is a progressive hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. Although the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [K] progressively increases to a concentration of 6 mmol/l at 48 h post-nephrectomy, the ratio of CSF [K]/plasma [K] remains relatively constant throughout the duration of the uremic challenge; on the other hand, the concentration gradient for Na (CSF to plasma) markedly increases with progression of uremia. The steady rise in cellular [K] in both the choroid plexus and in at least one compartment of the cerebral cortex is presumably a reflection of stimulattion of the Na-K pump caused by a build-up in [K] in the extracellular fluids of the brain. The blood-brain and blood-CSF barrier systems to both 14C-urea and 131I remain intact 24--48 h after nephrectomy; and there is not any evidence of cerebral edema at any stage of uremia. Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that the CSF-sink effect is maintained even in advanced uremia.", "contents": "The sink action of cerebrospinal fluid in uremia. The distribution of water, electrolytes and non-electrolytes in various compartments of the central nervous system was analyzed in rats subjected to various stages of uremia. After bilateral nephrectomy for various periods of time ranging from 1 to 18 h, there is a progressive hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. Although the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [K] progressively increases to a concentration of 6 mmol/l at 48 h post-nephrectomy, the ratio of CSF [K]/plasma [K] remains relatively constant throughout the duration of the uremic challenge; on the other hand, the concentration gradient for Na (CSF to plasma) markedly increases with progression of uremia. The steady rise in cellular [K] in both the choroid plexus and in at least one compartment of the cerebral cortex is presumably a reflection of stimulattion of the Na-K pump caused by a build-up in [K] in the extracellular fluids of the brain. The blood-brain and blood-CSF barrier systems to both 14C-urea and 131I remain intact 24--48 h after nephrectomy; and there is not any evidence of cerebral edema at any stage of uremia. Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that the CSF-sink effect is maintained even in advanced uremia.", "PMID": 527608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3404", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism presenting with unusual neurological features.", "content": "A case of hyperparathyroidism, who presented with unusual complex neurological symptomatology is reported. Mental confusion, asterixis and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein with marked pleocytosis dominated the neurological picture. All these findings subsided upon correction of hypercalcemia, suggesting direct relationship between cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, asterixis and this metabolic disturbance.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism presenting with unusual neurological features. A case of hyperparathyroidism, who presented with unusual complex neurological symptomatology is reported. Mental confusion, asterixis and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein with marked pleocytosis dominated the neurological picture. All these findings subsided upon correction of hypercalcemia, suggesting direct relationship between cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, asterixis and this metabolic disturbance.", "PMID": 527609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3405", "title": "Effectiveness of simplified dosage schedules on the management of ambulant epileptic patients.", "content": "The effect of dosage schedules on plasma drug levels was evaluated in two groups of ambulant epileptic patients, whose treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or phenobarbital (PB) had been simplified by reducing the daily frequency of the dosage regimens. Although the patients received the same milligram per kilogram daily dosages of DPH or PB during the study, the mean plasma levels of the two drugs were significantly higher during the less-frequent dosage regimens. The results obtained suggest that twice-daily dosage schedules of DPH and once-daily dosage schedules of PB are advantageous over more complicated dosage schedules resulting in a higher compliance among ambulant epileptic patients.", "contents": "Effectiveness of simplified dosage schedules on the management of ambulant epileptic patients. The effect of dosage schedules on plasma drug levels was evaluated in two groups of ambulant epileptic patients, whose treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or phenobarbital (PB) had been simplified by reducing the daily frequency of the dosage regimens. Although the patients received the same milligram per kilogram daily dosages of DPH or PB during the study, the mean plasma levels of the two drugs were significantly higher during the less-frequent dosage regimens. The results obtained suggest that twice-daily dosage schedules of DPH and once-daily dosage schedules of PB are advantageous over more complicated dosage schedules resulting in a higher compliance among ambulant epileptic patients.", "PMID": 527610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3406", "title": "Porto-hepatic bypass by organohepatopexy in rats with prehepatic portal hypertension. Formation of new venous porto-hepatic collaterals following omento-, jejuno-, and splenohepatopexy, and their effect on portal vein pressure.", "content": "Transposition to the liver of the greater omentum; the jejunum, and the spleen in 3 groups of rats with prehepatic portal hypertension due to a calibrated portal vein stenosis with a diameter of 1.2 mm resulted in the formation of new venous collaterals from the transposed organs into the liver parenchyma. The collaterals were visualized macro- and microscopically, as well as angiographically, and were found to drain into intrahepatic branches of the portal vein, sinusoids, and hepatic veins. The portal vein pressure 8 weeks after stenosis and transposition was found to be significantly lower in rats with transposed organs than in controls. The collaterals were sufficiently well developed to significantly reduce the increase in portal vein pressure that follows acute occlusion of the portal vein and the natural splenorenal collaterals.", "contents": "Porto-hepatic bypass by organohepatopexy in rats with prehepatic portal hypertension. Formation of new venous porto-hepatic collaterals following omento-, jejuno-, and splenohepatopexy, and their effect on portal vein pressure. Transposition to the liver of the greater omentum; the jejunum, and the spleen in 3 groups of rats with prehepatic portal hypertension due to a calibrated portal vein stenosis with a diameter of 1.2 mm resulted in the formation of new venous collaterals from the transposed organs into the liver parenchyma. The collaterals were visualized macro- and microscopically, as well as angiographically, and were found to drain into intrahepatic branches of the portal vein, sinusoids, and hepatic veins. The portal vein pressure 8 weeks after stenosis and transposition was found to be significantly lower in rats with transposed organs than in controls. The collaterals were sufficiently well developed to significantly reduce the increase in portal vein pressure that follows acute occlusion of the portal vein and the natural splenorenal collaterals.", "PMID": 527612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3407", "title": "Amino acid incorporation into liver proteins during hemorrhagic shock in the dog.", "content": "Liver protein synthesis was studied with an in vitro method during and after 1 h of hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Protein synthesis was significantly decreased already 15 min after induction of hypovolemia and was about 50% of the initial value at the end of the shock period. 2 h following retransfusion, protein synthesis was normalized. Some of the underlying mechanisms leading to decreased protein synthesis in hemorrhagic shock are discussed. Serum concentrations of liver enzymes were unchanged during the shock period indicating that the liver metabolism may be affected without changes in parameters often used to evaluated liver function.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation into liver proteins during hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Liver protein synthesis was studied with an in vitro method during and after 1 h of hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Protein synthesis was significantly decreased already 15 min after induction of hypovolemia and was about 50% of the initial value at the end of the shock period. 2 h following retransfusion, protein synthesis was normalized. Some of the underlying mechanisms leading to decreased protein synthesis in hemorrhagic shock are discussed. Serum concentrations of liver enzymes were unchanged during the shock period indicating that the liver metabolism may be affected without changes in parameters often used to evaluated liver function.", "PMID": 527613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3408", "title": "Gastrointestinal propulsion and mixing in the rat during infusion of dopamine.", "content": "The influence of continuous intravenous infusion of dopamine on gastric evacuation, small bowel propulsion and mixing was studied in the rat. The study revealed no influence of dopamine infusion on gastrointestinal transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal propulsion and mixing in the rat during infusion of dopamine. The influence of continuous intravenous infusion of dopamine on gastric evacuation, small bowel propulsion and mixing was studied in the rat. The study revealed no influence of dopamine infusion on gastrointestinal transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 527614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3409", "title": "The effect of dextran on the platelet distribution and lysability of ex vivo thrombi in dogs.", "content": "Dextran infusion causes an increased lysability of ex vivo thrombi. This increased lysability is shown to be accompanied by a change in the distribution of 51Cr-labelled platelets. Rather than being localized to the head of the thrombus, after dextran infusion the platelets are found to be more evenly distributed. This change in platelet distribution is secondary to an effect of dextran on platelet function, probably via previously demonstrated impairment of the function of factor VIII. It is suggested that the increase in thrombus lysability is due to the change in platelet function.", "contents": "The effect of dextran on the platelet distribution and lysability of ex vivo thrombi in dogs. Dextran infusion causes an increased lysability of ex vivo thrombi. This increased lysability is shown to be accompanied by a change in the distribution of 51Cr-labelled platelets. Rather than being localized to the head of the thrombus, after dextran infusion the platelets are found to be more evenly distributed. This change in platelet distribution is secondary to an effect of dextran on platelet function, probably via previously demonstrated impairment of the function of factor VIII. It is suggested that the increase in thrombus lysability is due to the change in platelet function.", "PMID": 527615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3410", "title": "Infusion of purified antithrombin III to patients with fracture of the neck of the femur.", "content": "A purified antithrombin III (AT) preparation was infused in 8 patients with hip fractures, while 8 patients were observed as controls. The infusion was well tolerated by all patients, and the AT activity in plasma was significantly raised throughout an observation period of 48 h as compared with the controls.", "contents": "Infusion of purified antithrombin III to patients with fracture of the neck of the femur. A purified antithrombin III (AT) preparation was infused in 8 patients with hip fractures, while 8 patients were observed as controls. The infusion was well tolerated by all patients, and the AT activity in plasma was significantly raised throughout an observation period of 48 h as compared with the controls.", "PMID": 527616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3411", "title": "Circulating tissue thromboplastin during hip surgery.", "content": "An immunoradiometric assay for tissue thromboplastin has been established. Blood levels in 6 patients undergoing total hip replacement have been determined. In 3 patients, high levels of circulating apoprotein III were found at various stages of the operation, showing a release of tissue thromboplastin chiefly during impaction of the prosthesis into the femoral bone. The other 3 patients had low or undetectable levels.", "contents": "Circulating tissue thromboplastin during hip surgery. An immunoradiometric assay for tissue thromboplastin has been established. Blood levels in 6 patients undergoing total hip replacement have been determined. In 3 patients, high levels of circulating apoprotein III were found at various stages of the operation, showing a release of tissue thromboplastin chiefly during impaction of the prosthesis into the femoral bone. The other 3 patients had low or undetectable levels.", "PMID": 527617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3412", "title": "Age-associated changes in activities of rat hepatocytes. I. Protein synthesis.", "content": "Experiments involving simultaneous comparisons of cells from two animals establish an age-dependent decline in protein synthesis. Specific radioactivities of fractions from cells of aged animals (20+ months) are depressed 60% to 80% versus those from younger animals (2 to 14 months). Isotope ratio patterns derived by PAGE indicate that formation of a 20000 MW polypeptide of cytoribosomal origin is even more strongly and specifically depressed.", "contents": "Age-associated changes in activities of rat hepatocytes. I. Protein synthesis. Experiments involving simultaneous comparisons of cells from two animals establish an age-dependent decline in protein synthesis. Specific radioactivities of fractions from cells of aged animals (20+ months) are depressed 60% to 80% versus those from younger animals (2 to 14 months). Isotope ratio patterns derived by PAGE indicate that formation of a 20000 MW polypeptide of cytoribosomal origin is even more strongly and specifically depressed.", "PMID": 527618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3413", "title": "Ventilation, lung volumes and lung mechanics of young adult and old Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The breathing pattern, subdivisions of lung volume and quasistatic pressure-volume relationships of 15 and 65 week old hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) anesthetized with halothane were measured by plethysmography. Body weights, tidal volumes and minute volumes of the younger and older groups were nearly identical. All lung volumes were larger in the older hamsters but there were no significant age-related differences in the relative proportions of lung volume subdivisions. Quasistatic lung compliance was greater in the older group but differences in pressure-volume relationships were not significant when volume was expressed as percent of total lung capacity. It appears that hamster lungs undergo significant volume changes with age during adulthood, but the pattern of change is different from that observed in man and dogs.", "contents": "Ventilation, lung volumes and lung mechanics of young adult and old Syrian hamsters. The breathing pattern, subdivisions of lung volume and quasistatic pressure-volume relationships of 15 and 65 week old hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) anesthetized with halothane were measured by plethysmography. Body weights, tidal volumes and minute volumes of the younger and older groups were nearly identical. All lung volumes were larger in the older hamsters but there were no significant age-related differences in the relative proportions of lung volume subdivisions. Quasistatic lung compliance was greater in the older group but differences in pressure-volume relationships were not significant when volume was expressed as percent of total lung capacity. It appears that hamster lungs undergo significant volume changes with age during adulthood, but the pattern of change is different from that observed in man and dogs.", "PMID": 527619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3414", "title": "Life span and pathology in offspring following nicotine and methamphetamine exposure.", "content": "Seventy-nine primiparous Sprague-Dawley rats received s.c. injections of either 3.0 mg/Kg of pure nicotine, 5.0 mg/Kg of methamphetamine HCL, 5.0 MG/Kg of saline vehicle, or received no injections during the 21 day gestational and 19 day nursing period. Male offspring were divided into 3 groups at weaning. The autopsy animals (n = 80) were sacrificed at selected periods during the life span, the aging animals (n = 60) were weighed monthly until death, and the behavioral rats (n = 48) were monitored on a variety of behavioral tasks throughout their life span. Measures reported here include life span data, organ pathology and tumor formation. Significant differences among the four offspring groups were found for tumor incidence, gross pathology, and age at death in the autopsy group; and weight maintenance in the aging group.", "contents": "Life span and pathology in offspring following nicotine and methamphetamine exposure. Seventy-nine primiparous Sprague-Dawley rats received s.c. injections of either 3.0 mg/Kg of pure nicotine, 5.0 mg/Kg of methamphetamine HCL, 5.0 MG/Kg of saline vehicle, or received no injections during the 21 day gestational and 19 day nursing period. Male offspring were divided into 3 groups at weaning. The autopsy animals (n = 80) were sacrificed at selected periods during the life span, the aging animals (n = 60) were weighed monthly until death, and the behavioral rats (n = 48) were monitored on a variety of behavioral tasks throughout their life span. Measures reported here include life span data, organ pathology and tumor formation. Significant differences among the four offspring groups were found for tumor incidence, gross pathology, and age at death in the autopsy group; and weight maintenance in the aging group.", "PMID": 527620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3415", "title": "Living arrangements and well being in elderly women.", "content": "Psychosocial and health data were obtained from 50 black and 47 white females age 65 and over. The women were divided according to whether they lived alone, with spouse only, or with persons other than (or in addition to) the spouse. Those living alone were found to have lower life satisfaction, lower self-esteem, and higher social dysfunction than those living with spouse or others. No differences were found with respect to depression, somatization, diet, or activity level. There was a significant interaction effect between race and living arrangement with respect to anxiety, with blacks being less anxious than whites when living with others, and more anxious when living alone or with only a spouse.", "contents": "Living arrangements and well being in elderly women. Psychosocial and health data were obtained from 50 black and 47 white females age 65 and over. The women were divided according to whether they lived alone, with spouse only, or with persons other than (or in addition to) the spouse. Those living alone were found to have lower life satisfaction, lower self-esteem, and higher social dysfunction than those living with spouse or others. No differences were found with respect to depression, somatization, diet, or activity level. There was a significant interaction effect between race and living arrangement with respect to anxiety, with blacks being less anxious than whites when living with others, and more anxious when living alone or with only a spouse.", "PMID": 527621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3416", "title": "Tumor induced brain damage in rats: implications for behavioral and anatomical studies with aging animals.", "content": "In rats, spontaneously occurring tumors and infarcts induce damage which destroys or distorts regions of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. Despite such destruction, there may be no gross evidence of behavioral or metabolic pathology.", "contents": "Tumor induced brain damage in rats: implications for behavioral and anatomical studies with aging animals. In rats, spontaneously occurring tumors and infarcts induce damage which destroys or distorts regions of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. Despite such destruction, there may be no gross evidence of behavioral or metabolic pathology.", "PMID": 527622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3417", "title": "Age differences in the consistency of adults' associative responses.", "content": "Younger (mean age = 20) and older (mean age = 63) adults were asked to produce free associations to the same list of 24 verbal stimuli on each of four trials. Older adults tended to produce less common associations and their associations were less consistent across trials. Possible relationships between older adults' inconsistency in processing and their (a) poorer memory performance and (b) slower reaction times were discussed.", "contents": "Age differences in the consistency of adults' associative responses. Younger (mean age = 20) and older (mean age = 63) adults were asked to produce free associations to the same list of 24 verbal stimuli on each of four trials. Older adults tended to produce less common associations and their associations were less consistent across trials. Possible relationships between older adults' inconsistency in processing and their (a) poorer memory performance and (b) slower reaction times were discussed.", "PMID": 527623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3418", "title": "Comparison of the antitussive effects of codeine phosphate 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg and noscapine 30 mg using citric acid-induced cough in normal subjects.", "content": "1. Protection by codeine 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg, noscapine 30 mg, and placebo against citric acid-induced cough was determined in eighteen healthy subjects. 2. Drug differences occurred at 2 1/2 h following ingestion of the drugs but not at 1 1/4 h. 3. Only coideine 20 mg had a greater antitussive action than placebo, but dextromethorphan 30 mg also did not differ from codeine 20 mg. 4. This technique may offer a useful screening test for the activity of new potential antitussive compounds in man.", "contents": "Comparison of the antitussive effects of codeine phosphate 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg and noscapine 30 mg using citric acid-induced cough in normal subjects. 1. Protection by codeine 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg, noscapine 30 mg, and placebo against citric acid-induced cough was determined in eighteen healthy subjects. 2. Drug differences occurred at 2 1/2 h following ingestion of the drugs but not at 1 1/4 h. 3. Only coideine 20 mg had a greater antitussive action than placebo, but dextromethorphan 30 mg also did not differ from codeine 20 mg. 4. This technique may offer a useful screening test for the activity of new potential antitussive compounds in man.", "PMID": 527635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3419", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium following intravenous and oral administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were examined following single rapid intravenous injection and also following single oral doses to healthy female volunteers. After intravenous injection plasma levels of diclofenac fell rapidly and were below the limits of detection at 5.5 h postdosing. Individual drug profiles were described by a triexponential function and mean half-lives of the three exponential phases were 0.05, 0.26 and 1.1 h. After oral doses of enteric-coated tablets, the lag time between dosing and the appearance of drug in plasma varied between 1.0 and 4.5 h. However once drug absorption had commenced similar plasma drug profiles were obtained in different individuals. Peak plasma diclofenac levels ranged from 1.4 to 3.0 microgram . ml-1. The mean terminal drug half-life in plasma was 1.8 h after oral doses. This value was not significantly greater than the value of 1.1 h following intravenous doses. Fifty percent of orally dosed diclofenac did not reach the systemic circulation due, predominantly, to first-pass metabolism.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium following intravenous and oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were examined following single rapid intravenous injection and also following single oral doses to healthy female volunteers. After intravenous injection plasma levels of diclofenac fell rapidly and were below the limits of detection at 5.5 h postdosing. Individual drug profiles were described by a triexponential function and mean half-lives of the three exponential phases were 0.05, 0.26 and 1.1 h. After oral doses of enteric-coated tablets, the lag time between dosing and the appearance of drug in plasma varied between 1.0 and 4.5 h. However once drug absorption had commenced similar plasma drug profiles were obtained in different individuals. Peak plasma diclofenac levels ranged from 1.4 to 3.0 microgram . ml-1. The mean terminal drug half-life in plasma was 1.8 h after oral doses. This value was not significantly greater than the value of 1.1 h following intravenous doses. Fifty percent of orally dosed diclofenac did not reach the systemic circulation due, predominantly, to first-pass metabolism.", "PMID": 527637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3420", "title": "The disposition of intravenous doxapram in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenous doxapram in healthy individuals is consistent with a three-compartment open model. Doxapram was administered by bolus injection (1.5 mg . kg-1) and by intravenous infusion (6.5 mg . kg-1 for 2 h) to 5 subjects on separate occasions. There was no significant difference in mean terminal plasma half-lives (355 and 448 min) or in mean total body clearances 5.9 and 5.6 ml . min-1 . kg-1) following i.v. bolus injection or infusion respectively. In 3 subjects plasma doxapram concentrations during and after i. v. infusion agreed with those predicted from pharmacokinetic values obtained from the bolus injection study. Since mean steady-state concentrations (9.9 microgram . ml-1) would be reached only after an extended interval (mean 15.2 h), a variable-rate infusion regimen was calculated to produce and maintain a concentration of 2 microgram . ml-1 from 15--25 min onwards. A regimen in which the infusion rate is reduced step-wise is recommended to achieve early near-constant plasma doxapram concentrations.", "contents": "The disposition of intravenous doxapram in man. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous doxapram in healthy individuals is consistent with a three-compartment open model. Doxapram was administered by bolus injection (1.5 mg . kg-1) and by intravenous infusion (6.5 mg . kg-1 for 2 h) to 5 subjects on separate occasions. There was no significant difference in mean terminal plasma half-lives (355 and 448 min) or in mean total body clearances 5.9 and 5.6 ml . min-1 . kg-1) following i.v. bolus injection or infusion respectively. In 3 subjects plasma doxapram concentrations during and after i. v. infusion agreed with those predicted from pharmacokinetic values obtained from the bolus injection study. Since mean steady-state concentrations (9.9 microgram . ml-1) would be reached only after an extended interval (mean 15.2 h), a variable-rate infusion regimen was calculated to produce and maintain a concentration of 2 microgram . ml-1 from 15--25 min onwards. A regimen in which the infusion rate is reduced step-wise is recommended to achieve early near-constant plasma doxapram concentrations.", "PMID": 527638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3421", "title": "Ergotism in a patient with a portosystemic shunt.", "content": "A case of ergotism is described in a patient with Banti's syndrome in whom a porto-systemic shunt had been made three times. She was admitted to hospital with severe ischaemia of the extremities after having taken a single oral dose of 1 mg ergotamine tartrate. Her condition improved rapidly after 2 to 3 days and the circulation was normal after one week. The possible mechanism of ergotism in this patient is discussed. Although the plasma concentration of ergotamine was not measured, the likeliest explanation was that the serious side effects were related to the altered pharmacokinetics and loss of first-pass metabolism of the drug due to the venous bypass of the liver.", "contents": "Ergotism in a patient with a portosystemic shunt. A case of ergotism is described in a patient with Banti's syndrome in whom a porto-systemic shunt had been made three times. She was admitted to hospital with severe ischaemia of the extremities after having taken a single oral dose of 1 mg ergotamine tartrate. Her condition improved rapidly after 2 to 3 days and the circulation was normal after one week. The possible mechanism of ergotism in this patient is discussed. Although the plasma concentration of ergotamine was not measured, the likeliest explanation was that the serious side effects were related to the altered pharmacokinetics and loss of first-pass metabolism of the drug due to the venous bypass of the liver.", "PMID": 527639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3422", "title": "Differential effects of d- and l-propranolol on dopamine turnover stimulated by oxotremorine in striatal and mesolimbic areas of rat brain.", "content": "The effects of l-propranolol, d-propranolol and clonidine on homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats were studied under normal conditions and after treatment with oxotremorine or haloperidol. Thile propranolol and clonidine given alone had no significant effect on HVA levels in either area, l-propranolol (1--10 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.1 mg/kg), both significantly inhibited the elevation of striatal HVA, found 60 min after oxotremorine administration. Both l- and d-propranolol (2.5 mg/kg), reduced the effect of oxotremorine in the nucleus accumbens. Neither l-propranolol no clonidine affected the rise in HVA in either brain area seen after haloperidol. Our results suggest that propranolol may reduce cholinergic activation of dopaminergic pathways by two different mechanisms. One is stereospecific for the l-isomer and operates in the striatum and another, which is shared by both isomers, occurs in the nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "Differential effects of d- and l-propranolol on dopamine turnover stimulated by oxotremorine in striatal and mesolimbic areas of rat brain. The effects of l-propranolol, d-propranolol and clonidine on homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats were studied under normal conditions and after treatment with oxotremorine or haloperidol. Thile propranolol and clonidine given alone had no significant effect on HVA levels in either area, l-propranolol (1--10 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.1 mg/kg), both significantly inhibited the elevation of striatal HVA, found 60 min after oxotremorine administration. Both l- and d-propranolol (2.5 mg/kg), reduced the effect of oxotremorine in the nucleus accumbens. Neither l-propranolol no clonidine affected the rise in HVA in either brain area seen after haloperidol. Our results suggest that propranolol may reduce cholinergic activation of dopaminergic pathways by two different mechanisms. One is stereospecific for the l-isomer and operates in the striatum and another, which is shared by both isomers, occurs in the nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 527644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3423", "title": "Blockade of serotonin receptors on autonomic neurones by (-)-cocaine and some related compounds.", "content": "The interaction between (--)-cocaine and responses to 5-HT elicited through serotonin receptors on autonomic neurones has been investigated on the rabbit heart and the guinea-pig ileum. Low concentrations of (--)-cocaine or its stereoisomer, (4)-pseudococaine, produced shifts to the right of the 5-HT dose-response curves on heart and ileum with no depression of the maximum responses to electrical stimulation or dimethylphenylpiperazinium remained unaffected. A Schild analysis of data obtained on heart and ileum indicated competitive antagonism of 5-HT by (--)-cocaine. Antagonism of 5-HT by the cocaine isomers cannot be ascribed to local anaesthesia per se since neither lignocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine nor bu tacaine were selective antagonists of 5-HT. Similarly, inhibition of monoamine uptake seems of minimal relevance since desipramine proved only a weak antagonist of 5-HT on the heart and did not influence the 5-HT antagonist potency of (--)-cocaine. Selective blockade of 5-HT neuronal responses is a property shared by several structural analogues of (--)-cocaine and (+)-pseudococaine; nor-(--)-cocaine proved the most potent of these, being active at a concentration of 2 x 10(-8) M. These data indicate that (--)-cocaine and several of its derivatives inhibit 5-HT stimulation of both adrenergic and cholinergic autonomic neurones through competition with the agonist at serotonin receptor sties. Since morphine, the tool normally used to identify responses mediated through neuronal serotonin receptors, acts only at certain \"morphine-sensitive\" junctions and then, non-discriminately, the cocaine analogues, and particularly nor-(--)-cocaine would seem to offer real advantages as tools for differentiating such responses.", "contents": "Blockade of serotonin receptors on autonomic neurones by (-)-cocaine and some related compounds. The interaction between (--)-cocaine and responses to 5-HT elicited through serotonin receptors on autonomic neurones has been investigated on the rabbit heart and the guinea-pig ileum. Low concentrations of (--)-cocaine or its stereoisomer, (4)-pseudococaine, produced shifts to the right of the 5-HT dose-response curves on heart and ileum with no depression of the maximum responses to electrical stimulation or dimethylphenylpiperazinium remained unaffected. A Schild analysis of data obtained on heart and ileum indicated competitive antagonism of 5-HT by (--)-cocaine. Antagonism of 5-HT by the cocaine isomers cannot be ascribed to local anaesthesia per se since neither lignocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine nor bu tacaine were selective antagonists of 5-HT. Similarly, inhibition of monoamine uptake seems of minimal relevance since desipramine proved only a weak antagonist of 5-HT on the heart and did not influence the 5-HT antagonist potency of (--)-cocaine. Selective blockade of 5-HT neuronal responses is a property shared by several structural analogues of (--)-cocaine and (+)-pseudococaine; nor-(--)-cocaine proved the most potent of these, being active at a concentration of 2 x 10(-8) M. These data indicate that (--)-cocaine and several of its derivatives inhibit 5-HT stimulation of both adrenergic and cholinergic autonomic neurones through competition with the agonist at serotonin receptor sties. Since morphine, the tool normally used to identify responses mediated through neuronal serotonin receptors, acts only at certain \"morphine-sensitive\" junctions and then, non-discriminately, the cocaine analogues, and particularly nor-(--)-cocaine would seem to offer real advantages as tools for differentiating such responses.", "PMID": 527645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3424", "title": "Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulata inhibitory neurons.", "content": "Biochemical and electrophysiological and electrophysiological studies suggest that GABA agonists increase the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the zona compacta (ZC) of the substantia nigra despite a known GABAergic input to ZC cells. Using single-unit recording techniques we have investigated this \"paradoxical\" effect. One population of neurons located in the zona reticulata (ZR) of the substantia nigra was found to be 20 times more sensitive to iontophoretically applied GABA than ZC neurons. GABA introduced by means of microiontophoresis into the ZR caused an increase in ZC cell activity while glutamic acid introduced in the same manner produced an inhibition of ZC cells. The latter effect was blocked by low doses of picrotoxin. Muscimol (i.v.) caused a decrease in ZR cell activity at the same dose that caused a parallel increase in ZC cell firing rate. These data suggest that ZC cells receive an inhibitory GABAergic input from ZR cells that are in turn inhibited by low doses of GABA agonists. Such an anatomical arrangement would account for the \"paradoxical\" excitatory effect of GABA agonists on ZC neuron activity.", "contents": "Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulata inhibitory neurons. Biochemical and electrophysiological and electrophysiological studies suggest that GABA agonists increase the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the zona compacta (ZC) of the substantia nigra despite a known GABAergic input to ZC cells. Using single-unit recording techniques we have investigated this \"paradoxical\" effect. One population of neurons located in the zona reticulata (ZR) of the substantia nigra was found to be 20 times more sensitive to iontophoretically applied GABA than ZC neurons. GABA introduced by means of microiontophoresis into the ZR caused an increase in ZC cell activity while glutamic acid introduced in the same manner produced an inhibition of ZC cells. The latter effect was blocked by low doses of picrotoxin. Muscimol (i.v.) caused a decrease in ZR cell activity at the same dose that caused a parallel increase in ZC cell firing rate. These data suggest that ZC cells receive an inhibitory GABAergic input from ZR cells that are in turn inhibited by low doses of GABA agonists. Such an anatomical arrangement would account for the \"paradoxical\" excitatory effect of GABA agonists on ZC neuron activity.", "PMID": 527646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3425", "title": "Biphasic effects of morphine on cardiovascular system of the cat.", "content": "Morphine has been reported to both lower blood pressure (BP) and cause excitation in some species. These are seemingly contradictory effects. In this series of experiments, the actions of morphine on BP, heart rate (HR) and pupillary diameter were re-examined in sedated, paralyzed cats under 2 ranges of dosage and 3 types of sedative. Small doses (1--2 mg/kg) lowered BP and HR while larger doses (8--12 mg/kg) increased both BP and HR. The effect of morphine on pupillary diameter, however, was not biphasic in that increasing doses proportionally increased pupillary diameter. In adrenalectomized cats smaller doses of morphine decreased, but larger doses no longer increased, BP and HR as it has in the non-adrenalectomized animals. Morphine also no longer produced mydriasis in the adrenalectomized cats. The results suggest that, in the cat, morphine can have a biphasic effect and that the adrenals may play a role in the excitatory phase.", "contents": "Biphasic effects of morphine on cardiovascular system of the cat. Morphine has been reported to both lower blood pressure (BP) and cause excitation in some species. These are seemingly contradictory effects. In this series of experiments, the actions of morphine on BP, heart rate (HR) and pupillary diameter were re-examined in sedated, paralyzed cats under 2 ranges of dosage and 3 types of sedative. Small doses (1--2 mg/kg) lowered BP and HR while larger doses (8--12 mg/kg) increased both BP and HR. The effect of morphine on pupillary diameter, however, was not biphasic in that increasing doses proportionally increased pupillary diameter. In adrenalectomized cats smaller doses of morphine decreased, but larger doses no longer increased, BP and HR as it has in the non-adrenalectomized animals. Morphine also no longer produced mydriasis in the adrenalectomized cats. The results suggest that, in the cat, morphine can have a biphasic effect and that the adrenals may play a role in the excitatory phase.", "PMID": 527648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3426", "title": "Vagal bradycardia produced by microinjections of morphine-like drugs into the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "The site in the dog medulla oblongata where fentanyl or met-enkephalinamide produced vagal bradycardia was determined using microinjections. The nucleus ambiguus was found to be a selective and highly sensitive area for the vagal bradycardia.", "contents": "Vagal bradycardia produced by microinjections of morphine-like drugs into the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized dogs. The site in the dog medulla oblongata where fentanyl or met-enkephalinamide produced vagal bradycardia was determined using microinjections. The nucleus ambiguus was found to be a selective and highly sensitive area for the vagal bradycardia.", "PMID": 527649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3427", "title": "Antidepressants selectively antagonize the hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation.", "content": "Rats isolated at 16--18 days of age showed after 10--12 months a complex behavioural syndrome in which locomotor activity was markedly increased when compared to that of group-housed controls. The hyperactivity of the socially deprived animals was selectively blocked by clinically effective antidepressants but not by other classes of psychotropic drugs. The present animal model may be of value for the detection of new antidepressants and contribute to elucidate the aetiology of depression.", "contents": "Antidepressants selectively antagonize the hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation. Rats isolated at 16--18 days of age showed after 10--12 months a complex behavioural syndrome in which locomotor activity was markedly increased when compared to that of group-housed controls. The hyperactivity of the socially deprived animals was selectively blocked by clinically effective antidepressants but not by other classes of psychotropic drugs. The present animal model may be of value for the detection of new antidepressants and contribute to elucidate the aetiology of depression.", "PMID": 527650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3428", "title": "Morphine suppression of substantia nigra zona reticulata neurons in the rat: implicated role for a novel striatonigral feedback mechanism.", "content": "In lightly anesthetized rats, systemic administration of morphine exerted a naloxone-reversible suppression of spontaneously discharging neurons located primarily in the substantia nigra zona reticulata, either at rest or after their activation by microinjection of dopamine into the caudate nucleus. Inactivation of these neurons within the striatonigral feedback pathway is suggested to complement a direct action on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells by the opiate, resulting in the morphine suppression of caudate neuronal activities.", "contents": "Morphine suppression of substantia nigra zona reticulata neurons in the rat: implicated role for a novel striatonigral feedback mechanism. In lightly anesthetized rats, systemic administration of morphine exerted a naloxone-reversible suppression of spontaneously discharging neurons located primarily in the substantia nigra zona reticulata, either at rest or after their activation by microinjection of dopamine into the caudate nucleus. Inactivation of these neurons within the striatonigral feedback pathway is suggested to complement a direct action on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells by the opiate, resulting in the morphine suppression of caudate neuronal activities.", "PMID": 527651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3429", "title": "Effects of some antiarrhythmic agents on dog heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Significant decreases in state 3 oxygen consumption, respiratory control index (RCI), ADP : O ratio and phosphorylation rate were observed in the presence of 0.1-1.0 mM quinidine; 0.5 mM or greater concentrations elevated state 4 oxygen consumption. Lidocaine (1-2.5 mM) also depressed RCI and increased state 4 oxygen consumption but procaine amide (1-2.5 mM) was without effect. It is suggested that cardiodepression by quinidine may be associated with its ability to impair mitochondrial metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of some antiarrhythmic agents on dog heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Significant decreases in state 3 oxygen consumption, respiratory control index (RCI), ADP : O ratio and phosphorylation rate were observed in the presence of 0.1-1.0 mM quinidine; 0.5 mM or greater concentrations elevated state 4 oxygen consumption. Lidocaine (1-2.5 mM) also depressed RCI and increased state 4 oxygen consumption but procaine amide (1-2.5 mM) was without effect. It is suggested that cardiodepression by quinidine may be associated with its ability to impair mitochondrial metabolism.", "PMID": 527652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3430", "title": "Dopaminergic agonists and their influence on the oxygenation and function activity of underperfused brain tissue.", "content": "The effect of two dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine and bromocriptine) on electrical activity and oxygen supply of the brain was investigated in cats submitted to hypovolemic oligemia (mean arterial blood pressure: 45 mmHg). While both drugs stimulated the brain by prolonging the oligemia-induced seizures in the caudate nucleus and in the cerebral cortex, only apomorphine improved the pO2 distribution in the cortical tissue after 120 min oligemia. Bromocriptine, in contrast, had a beneficial effect of shorter duration. These data show that under conditions of incomplete ischemia the brain can still be activated. Furthermore, these results provide additional support for the biochemically founded hypothesis of different dopamine receptors in the brain.", "contents": "Dopaminergic agonists and their influence on the oxygenation and function activity of underperfused brain tissue. The effect of two dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine and bromocriptine) on electrical activity and oxygen supply of the brain was investigated in cats submitted to hypovolemic oligemia (mean arterial blood pressure: 45 mmHg). While both drugs stimulated the brain by prolonging the oligemia-induced seizures in the caudate nucleus and in the cerebral cortex, only apomorphine improved the pO2 distribution in the cortical tissue after 120 min oligemia. Bromocriptine, in contrast, had a beneficial effect of shorter duration. These data show that under conditions of incomplete ischemia the brain can still be activated. Furthermore, these results provide additional support for the biochemically founded hypothesis of different dopamine receptors in the brain.", "PMID": 527654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3431", "title": "Yohimbine blocks lateral hypothalamus-mediated behaviors.", "content": "There exist behavioral and physiological similarities between rats injected with yohimbine and those with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. The present study sought to determine if behaviors mediated by the lateral hypothalamus would be significantly altered by yohimbine. Deficits in performance of an active avoidance task have been observed after lateral hypothalamic lesions. Likewise, in the present experiment, yohimbine significantly reduced the ability of trained rats to perform in a similar paradigm. Systemic injections of yohimbine caused decrements in lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behaviors as well as in locomotor activity produced by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Similar behaviors mediated by the substantia nigra were relatively unaltered by yohimbine. A final experiment revealed that yohimbine reduces the enhanced glucose utilization normally observed at the lateral hypothalamus during electrical stimulation. These data support the view that the lateral hypothalamus may be an important target of yohimbine's CNS actions.", "contents": "Yohimbine blocks lateral hypothalamus-mediated behaviors. There exist behavioral and physiological similarities between rats injected with yohimbine and those with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. The present study sought to determine if behaviors mediated by the lateral hypothalamus would be significantly altered by yohimbine. Deficits in performance of an active avoidance task have been observed after lateral hypothalamic lesions. Likewise, in the present experiment, yohimbine significantly reduced the ability of trained rats to perform in a similar paradigm. Systemic injections of yohimbine caused decrements in lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behaviors as well as in locomotor activity produced by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Similar behaviors mediated by the substantia nigra were relatively unaltered by yohimbine. A final experiment revealed that yohimbine reduces the enhanced glucose utilization normally observed at the lateral hypothalamus during electrical stimulation. These data support the view that the lateral hypothalamus may be an important target of yohimbine's CNS actions.", "PMID": 527655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3432", "title": "Differential effects of acute and subacute HA-966 treatment on storage and release of striatal dopamine.", "content": "Acute injections of HA-966 (100 mg/kg) into rats caused a rapid elevation of dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels increased after a latency period of 0.5 h and 1 h respectively. Repeated (\"subacute\") HA-966 treatment produced a smaller DA increase than did single administration, while DOPAC and HVA rose at the same rate after both treatments. In HA-966-pretreated rats no tolerance for DA increase followed a lesion of the dopaminergic fibres. Acute as well as subacute HA-966 prevented the disappearance of DA after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine for about 3 h. In both cases DOPAC and HVA levels dropped sharply after HA-966. HA-966 had no influence on the decline of DOPAC and HVA levels after monoamine oxidase inhibition. It is concluded that the rises of DOPAC and HVA after HA-966 did not occur because the capacity of the vesicular DA stores was exceeded. Instead, HA-966 affects the storage mechanism for newly formed DA. Possible explanations for the observed tolerance to DA accumulation after HA-966 are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of acute and subacute HA-966 treatment on storage and release of striatal dopamine. Acute injections of HA-966 (100 mg/kg) into rats caused a rapid elevation of dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels increased after a latency period of 0.5 h and 1 h respectively. Repeated (\"subacute\") HA-966 treatment produced a smaller DA increase than did single administration, while DOPAC and HVA rose at the same rate after both treatments. In HA-966-pretreated rats no tolerance for DA increase followed a lesion of the dopaminergic fibres. Acute as well as subacute HA-966 prevented the disappearance of DA after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine for about 3 h. In both cases DOPAC and HVA levels dropped sharply after HA-966. HA-966 had no influence on the decline of DOPAC and HVA levels after monoamine oxidase inhibition. It is concluded that the rises of DOPAC and HVA after HA-966 did not occur because the capacity of the vesicular DA stores was exceeded. Instead, HA-966 affects the storage mechanism for newly formed DA. Possible explanations for the observed tolerance to DA accumulation after HA-966 are discussed.", "PMID": 527656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3433", "title": "Sodium ions and the development of the inotropic action of ouabain in guinea-pig heart.", "content": "Factors that determine the interaction of ouabain with the positive inotropic receptor were examined in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. The hearts were exposed to ouabain during a perfusion with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. The interaction of ouabain with the inotropic receptors under those conditions was estimated by subsequently perfusing the heart with a regular Krebs-Henseleit solution and monitoring the resting and developed tension. Ouabain failed to cause an increase in the force of contraction when the cardiac tissue was exposed to this agent in the absence of Na+ and Ca2+ either in the presence of a low or high concentration of K+. The absence of Ca2+ or the lack of contraction was not responsible for the failure of ouabain to interact with the inotropic receptor, since the exposure of cardiac tissue to ouabain in a Ca,+-free medium containing Na+ resulted in a development of the positive inotropic effect. Thus, ouabain does not interact with its inotropic receptor in the absence of Na+. The properties of the ouabain-receptor interaction resemble those of ouabain binding to Na+, K+-ATPase. In addition, ouabain increases the mobility of superficially bound Ca2+.", "contents": "Sodium ions and the development of the inotropic action of ouabain in guinea-pig heart. Factors that determine the interaction of ouabain with the positive inotropic receptor were examined in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. The hearts were exposed to ouabain during a perfusion with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. The interaction of ouabain with the inotropic receptors under those conditions was estimated by subsequently perfusing the heart with a regular Krebs-Henseleit solution and monitoring the resting and developed tension. Ouabain failed to cause an increase in the force of contraction when the cardiac tissue was exposed to this agent in the absence of Na+ and Ca2+ either in the presence of a low or high concentration of K+. The absence of Ca2+ or the lack of contraction was not responsible for the failure of ouabain to interact with the inotropic receptor, since the exposure of cardiac tissue to ouabain in a Ca,+-free medium containing Na+ resulted in a development of the positive inotropic effect. Thus, ouabain does not interact with its inotropic receptor in the absence of Na+. The properties of the ouabain-receptor interaction resemble those of ouabain binding to Na+, K+-ATPase. In addition, ouabain increases the mobility of superficially bound Ca2+.", "PMID": 527657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3434", "title": "Multiregional cerebral blood flow changes induced by a cholinomimetic drug.", "content": "The effect of parasympathomimetic drug, carbachol, on regional cerebral blood flow was tested in the rabbit with the 14C-ethanol tissue sampling technique. Intracarotid injection of carbachol significantly increased flow with respect to untreated control animals in 6 out of 10 structures sampled. However, compared with animals to which atropine was also administered, the flow increases were greater with carbachol alone. These effects are discussed in terms of muscarinic and nicotinic activation.", "contents": "Multiregional cerebral blood flow changes induced by a cholinomimetic drug. The effect of parasympathomimetic drug, carbachol, on regional cerebral blood flow was tested in the rabbit with the 14C-ethanol tissue sampling technique. Intracarotid injection of carbachol significantly increased flow with respect to untreated control animals in 6 out of 10 structures sampled. However, compared with animals to which atropine was also administered, the flow increases were greater with carbachol alone. These effects are discussed in terms of muscarinic and nicotinic activation.", "PMID": 527658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3435", "title": "p-Chloroamphetamine antagonism of cobaltous chloride-induced hypothermia in mice.", "content": "Serotonin levels were measured in the brains of mice at 2 h and 10 days following the administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. of p-chloroamphetamine HCl (PCA). A 44% reduction in the concentration of brain serotonin was noted 2 h after PCA injection. No significant change in brain serotonin was observed 10 days following PCA administration. The time course of the body temperature response to cobaltous chloride (25 mg/kg, i.p.) was recorded 60 min following pretreatment with PCA (10 mg/kg, i.p.). PCA reduced the hypothermic response by approximately 60%, presumably through the depletion of central 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "p-Chloroamphetamine antagonism of cobaltous chloride-induced hypothermia in mice. Serotonin levels were measured in the brains of mice at 2 h and 10 days following the administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. of p-chloroamphetamine HCl (PCA). A 44% reduction in the concentration of brain serotonin was noted 2 h after PCA injection. No significant change in brain serotonin was observed 10 days following PCA administration. The time course of the body temperature response to cobaltous chloride (25 mg/kg, i.p.) was recorded 60 min following pretreatment with PCA (10 mg/kg, i.p.). PCA reduced the hypothermic response by approximately 60%, presumably through the depletion of central 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 527659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3436", "title": "Failure of opiates to reverse dopamine inhibition of prolactin secretion in vitro.", "content": "To identify the site of action of opiate-induced prolactin elevation, in vitro rat hemipituitary incubations were performed in the presence of morphine, met-enkephalin, ala2-met5-enkephalinamide and dopamine (DA) and combinations of opiate with the catecholamine. No opiate stimulated prolactin release directly nor did any opiate block the inhibitory effect of DA. We conclude that this opiate endocrine action is not mediated at a pituitary level but may involve interference with hypothalamic DA release.", "contents": "Failure of opiates to reverse dopamine inhibition of prolactin secretion in vitro. To identify the site of action of opiate-induced prolactin elevation, in vitro rat hemipituitary incubations were performed in the presence of morphine, met-enkephalin, ala2-met5-enkephalinamide and dopamine (DA) and combinations of opiate with the catecholamine. No opiate stimulated prolactin release directly nor did any opiate block the inhibitory effect of DA. We conclude that this opiate endocrine action is not mediated at a pituitary level but may involve interference with hypothalamic DA release.", "PMID": 527660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3437", "title": "The failure of hydrogen peroxide to improve function in ischemically depressed myocardium.", "content": "The hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide might lend inotropic support to ischemically depressed myocardium was critically tested in a canine model. A coronary branch was perfused at reduced flow to depress mechanical function. Since hydrogen peroxide infusion into the perfusate failed to alter the segment's contractile force, it was concluded that the previously described beneficial effects of hydrogen peroxide infusions are probably not related to a restoration of contractility in ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "The failure of hydrogen peroxide to improve function in ischemically depressed myocardium. The hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide might lend inotropic support to ischemically depressed myocardium was critically tested in a canine model. A coronary branch was perfused at reduced flow to depress mechanical function. Since hydrogen peroxide infusion into the perfusate failed to alter the segment's contractile force, it was concluded that the previously described beneficial effects of hydrogen peroxide infusions are probably not related to a restoration of contractility in ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 527661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3438", "title": "Interaction of a potential antimigraine drug (Org GC 94) with the vasomotor action of serotonin.", "content": "The interaction of a potential anti-migraine drug (Org GC 94) with the vasomotor action of 5-HT in vitro in feline, canine and human intra- and extracranial arteries, as well as in vivo in the canine nasal vascular bed as been investigated. In the two in vitro preparations, i.e. using superfusion or bath techniques, the intracranial vessels were more sensitive to 5-HT vasoconstriction than the extracranial ones. As both the maximum contraction and the slope of the dose-response curves were reduced by increasing concentrations of Org GC 94, the antagonism of 5-HT did not involve competitive blockade of 5-HT receptors. The dilator response was tested in arteries brought to a higher tone with prostaglandin F2 alpha. 5-HT produced a dose-dependent dilatation which, like the vasoconstriction, was antagonized in a non-competitive manner by Org GC 94. Intra-arterial injections of 5-HT provoked nasal vasoconstriction and this response was clearly potentiated by Org GC 94 in low doses while higher doses inhibited the vascular response to 5-HT. The specific effect of Org GC 94 in vivo may be the potentiation of 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction. The hypothesis is discussed that the so-called anti-5-HT agents act in migraine patients as partial agonists of 5-HT, mimicking rather than antagonizing 5-HT.", "contents": "Interaction of a potential antimigraine drug (Org GC 94) with the vasomotor action of serotonin. The interaction of a potential anti-migraine drug (Org GC 94) with the vasomotor action of 5-HT in vitro in feline, canine and human intra- and extracranial arteries, as well as in vivo in the canine nasal vascular bed as been investigated. In the two in vitro preparations, i.e. using superfusion or bath techniques, the intracranial vessels were more sensitive to 5-HT vasoconstriction than the extracranial ones. As both the maximum contraction and the slope of the dose-response curves were reduced by increasing concentrations of Org GC 94, the antagonism of 5-HT did not involve competitive blockade of 5-HT receptors. The dilator response was tested in arteries brought to a higher tone with prostaglandin F2 alpha. 5-HT produced a dose-dependent dilatation which, like the vasoconstriction, was antagonized in a non-competitive manner by Org GC 94. Intra-arterial injections of 5-HT provoked nasal vasoconstriction and this response was clearly potentiated by Org GC 94 in low doses while higher doses inhibited the vascular response to 5-HT. The specific effect of Org GC 94 in vivo may be the potentiation of 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction. The hypothesis is discussed that the so-called anti-5-HT agents act in migraine patients as partial agonists of 5-HT, mimicking rather than antagonizing 5-HT.", "PMID": 527662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3439", "title": "Accumulation of drugs by resting or beating cardiac tissue.", "content": "The rate and degree of accumulation of 12 neutral, anionic and cationic drugs were studied in resting and 2 Hz-stimulated isolated left auricles of the guinea pig. The uptake process was accelerated in muscles driven electrically. The time needed to reach equilibrium was related to the extent of accumulation which in turn corresponded with the lipophilicity of the drug. The frequency-induced changes in the kinetics of the accumulation disappeared under reduced mechanical activity of the muscle. It is suggested that the increased mechanical activity enhances drug disposition within the extracellular space, so that more drug is available for transmembrane penetration.", "contents": "Accumulation of drugs by resting or beating cardiac tissue. The rate and degree of accumulation of 12 neutral, anionic and cationic drugs were studied in resting and 2 Hz-stimulated isolated left auricles of the guinea pig. The uptake process was accelerated in muscles driven electrically. The time needed to reach equilibrium was related to the extent of accumulation which in turn corresponded with the lipophilicity of the drug. The frequency-induced changes in the kinetics of the accumulation disappeared under reduced mechanical activity of the muscle. It is suggested that the increased mechanical activity enhances drug disposition within the extracellular space, so that more drug is available for transmembrane penetration.", "PMID": 527663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3440", "title": "Elevation of histamine levels in rat and mouse tissues by the deacetylation of administered N-acetylhistamine.", "content": "N-Acetylhistamine administered to mice and rats (200-800 mg/kg, i.p.) elevated tissue histamine levels to a considerable extent. N-Acetylhistamine was more potent to elevate histamine than was histidine, a precursor amino acid of histamine. From the present results and the distribution of N-acetylhistamine deacetylase in tissues, it could be concluded that the elevation of histamine was due to the deacetylation of N-acetylhistamine. In addition, a slight but significant amount of N-acetylhistamine was found in tissues of normal rats. The physiological role of the deacetylation of N-acetylhistamine is discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "Elevation of histamine levels in rat and mouse tissues by the deacetylation of administered N-acetylhistamine. N-Acetylhistamine administered to mice and rats (200-800 mg/kg, i.p.) elevated tissue histamine levels to a considerable extent. N-Acetylhistamine was more potent to elevate histamine than was histidine, a precursor amino acid of histamine. From the present results and the distribution of N-acetylhistamine deacetylase in tissues, it could be concluded that the elevation of histamine was due to the deacetylation of N-acetylhistamine. In addition, a slight but significant amount of N-acetylhistamine was found in tissues of normal rats. The physiological role of the deacetylation of N-acetylhistamine is discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 527665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3441", "title": "Effects of enkephalin analogue and naloxone on cat spinal cord dorsal root potentials.", "content": "A systemically active enkephalin analogue, FK33824, given intravenously depressed dorsal root potentials in cat spinal cord. The negative DR V and positive DR VI, measured by computer, were both decreased; this effect was reversed by small doses of intravenous naloxone. Naloxone, given alone, with no previous analogue produced no changes in dorsal root potentials suggesting the absence of a basal enkephalin tone. A second injection of FK33824 was much less effective that the first dose. The results were discussed in relation to presynaptic mechanisms for analgesia: we proposed that FK33824 causes presynaptic inhibition by modulation rather than by depolarization of primary afferent fibers.", "contents": "Effects of enkephalin analogue and naloxone on cat spinal cord dorsal root potentials. A systemically active enkephalin analogue, FK33824, given intravenously depressed dorsal root potentials in cat spinal cord. The negative DR V and positive DR VI, measured by computer, were both decreased; this effect was reversed by small doses of intravenous naloxone. Naloxone, given alone, with no previous analogue produced no changes in dorsal root potentials suggesting the absence of a basal enkephalin tone. A second injection of FK33824 was much less effective that the first dose. The results were discussed in relation to presynaptic mechanisms for analgesia: we proposed that FK33824 causes presynaptic inhibition by modulation rather than by depolarization of primary afferent fibers.", "PMID": 527666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3442", "title": "Analysis of the activation of dopamine metabolism by a serotonin uptake inhibitor.", "content": "The potentiation of the effect of haloperidol on rat striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by a serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor, CGP 6085 A, has been further investigated. The evidence that this effect of CGP 6085 A is related to its 5-HT uptake inhibitory properties is discussed. The potentiation was antagonized by scopolamine and baclofen, and disappeared more rapidly than the uptake inhibitory effects of CGP 6085 A, presumably because the effects of uptake inhibition were counteracted by a reduction in 5-HT synthesis. CGP 6085 A also potentiated the effects of fluphenazine and pimozide, but not those of a number of other neuroleptics. It also failed to restore the effect of haloperidol in animals treated chronically with the neuroleptic. These results appear to indicate that CGP 6085 A can only stimulate DA neurons if their activity is already above the resting level. The antagonism of this effect by scopolamine suggests that the site of action of the 5-HT uptake inhibitor is before a cholinergic neuron.", "contents": "Analysis of the activation of dopamine metabolism by a serotonin uptake inhibitor. The potentiation of the effect of haloperidol on rat striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by a serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor, CGP 6085 A, has been further investigated. The evidence that this effect of CGP 6085 A is related to its 5-HT uptake inhibitory properties is discussed. The potentiation was antagonized by scopolamine and baclofen, and disappeared more rapidly than the uptake inhibitory effects of CGP 6085 A, presumably because the effects of uptake inhibition were counteracted by a reduction in 5-HT synthesis. CGP 6085 A also potentiated the effects of fluphenazine and pimozide, but not those of a number of other neuroleptics. It also failed to restore the effect of haloperidol in animals treated chronically with the neuroleptic. These results appear to indicate that CGP 6085 A can only stimulate DA neurons if their activity is already above the resting level. The antagonism of this effect by scopolamine suggests that the site of action of the 5-HT uptake inhibitor is before a cholinergic neuron.", "PMID": 527667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3443", "title": "Decrease in muscarinic cholinergic response of the rat heart following treatment with 6-hydroxydopa.", "content": "Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) at birth produced a decrease in the number of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding sites in adult rat heart homogenates. The treatment caused hyposensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) but did not alter the maximal negative inotropic action of ACh in isolated atria of the rat. These results suggest that 6-OHDOPA affects the negative inotropic response to ACh by modifying the receptor number or through an effect on a step between receptor activation and biological response.", "contents": "Decrease in muscarinic cholinergic response of the rat heart following treatment with 6-hydroxydopa. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) at birth produced a decrease in the number of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding sites in adult rat heart homogenates. The treatment caused hyposensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) but did not alter the maximal negative inotropic action of ACh in isolated atria of the rat. These results suggest that 6-OHDOPA affects the negative inotropic response to ACh by modifying the receptor number or through an effect on a step between receptor activation and biological response.", "PMID": 527668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3444", "title": "The cardioactive properties of SC4453, a digoxin analogue with a C17 beta-pyridazine ring.", "content": "SC4453 is a digoxin analogue with a pyridazine instead of a lactone ring in C17 beta. SC4453 was compared with digoxin with respect to effect on contractility and on activity of the sodium pump in guinea-pig isolated left atria stimulated at 3.3 Hz. The two glycosides stimulated the sodium pump at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. At the time to peak inotropic effect, for a similar inhibition of the Na pump, the increase in systolic tension was higher with SC4453 than with digoxin, whereas the increase in diastolic tension was similar for both. These observations confirm that the inhibition of the Na pump is not the only mechanism responsible for the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "The cardioactive properties of SC4453, a digoxin analogue with a C17 beta-pyridazine ring. SC4453 is a digoxin analogue with a pyridazine instead of a lactone ring in C17 beta. SC4453 was compared with digoxin with respect to effect on contractility and on activity of the sodium pump in guinea-pig isolated left atria stimulated at 3.3 Hz. The two glycosides stimulated the sodium pump at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. At the time to peak inotropic effect, for a similar inhibition of the Na pump, the increase in systolic tension was higher with SC4453 than with digoxin, whereas the increase in diastolic tension was similar for both. These observations confirm that the inhibition of the Na pump is not the only mechanism responsible for the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides.", "PMID": 527669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3445", "title": "The relationship between morphine, aspartic acid and L-asparaginase in rats.", "content": "Morphine and aspartic acid were administered separately and in combination to 80 rats divided into 8 groups. Ten and 20 min following the injections, brain, liver and kidney L-asparaginase activity was determined. Morphine decreased brain and liver L-asparaginase activity and increased that of kidney. Aspartic acid completely antagonized the effect of morphine. Additionally 500 IU/kg L-asparaginase and 5 or 10 mg/kg morphine were i.v. injected into 56 rats divided into 5 groups. L-Asparaginase, which, in turn, increased motor activity, antagonized the morphine-induced hypoactivity and analgesia. These results support our previous findings.", "contents": "The relationship between morphine, aspartic acid and L-asparaginase in rats. Morphine and aspartic acid were administered separately and in combination to 80 rats divided into 8 groups. Ten and 20 min following the injections, brain, liver and kidney L-asparaginase activity was determined. Morphine decreased brain and liver L-asparaginase activity and increased that of kidney. Aspartic acid completely antagonized the effect of morphine. Additionally 500 IU/kg L-asparaginase and 5 or 10 mg/kg morphine were i.v. injected into 56 rats divided into 5 groups. L-Asparaginase, which, in turn, increased motor activity, antagonized the morphine-induced hypoactivity and analgesia. These results support our previous findings.", "PMID": 527670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3446", "title": "Post-tetanic potentiation in the innervated smooth muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The phenomenon of posttetanic potentiation of electrically evoked twitch contractions in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum was observed when (1) post-tetanic inhibition had been prevented by naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, and (2) the twitches had been diminished by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The origin of posttetanic potentiation at this muscarinic synapse appeared to be presynaptic.", "contents": "Post-tetanic potentiation in the innervated smooth muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum. The phenomenon of posttetanic potentiation of electrically evoked twitch contractions in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum was observed when (1) post-tetanic inhibition had been prevented by naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, and (2) the twitches had been diminished by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The origin of posttetanic potentiation at this muscarinic synapse appeared to be presynaptic.", "PMID": 527671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3447", "title": "[Sex difference and fine structure on epithelium cells of Bowman's capsule in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Bowman's capsules with cuboidal epithelium were found in 87.2%, 95.5%, 75.4%, 96.7%, 98.8% and 91.2% in the kidney of adult male C57BL/6J-ob, JCL-ICR, dd, E1, ASK and KK mice, respectively, while in 57.9%, 6.7%, 7.0%, 2.8% and 9.1% in adult female C57BL/6J-ob, JCL-ICR, dd, E1 and ASK mice, respectively. The renal corpuscles with cuboidal epithelium in Bowman's capsules of male JCL-ICR mice increased gradually in number from 5 to 10 weeks age. The surface of cuboidal epithelium cells was shown to have long cilia and dense microvilli, which were similar to those seen in proximal uriniferous tubules.", "contents": "[Sex difference and fine structure on epithelium cells of Bowman's capsule in mice (author's transl)]. Bowman's capsules with cuboidal epithelium were found in 87.2%, 95.5%, 75.4%, 96.7%, 98.8% and 91.2% in the kidney of adult male C57BL/6J-ob, JCL-ICR, dd, E1, ASK and KK mice, respectively, while in 57.9%, 6.7%, 7.0%, 2.8% and 9.1% in adult female C57BL/6J-ob, JCL-ICR, dd, E1 and ASK mice, respectively. The renal corpuscles with cuboidal epithelium in Bowman's capsules of male JCL-ICR mice increased gradually in number from 5 to 10 weeks age. The surface of cuboidal epithelium cells was shown to have long cilia and dense microvilli, which were similar to those seen in proximal uriniferous tubules.", "PMID": 527672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3448", "title": "[Effect of proximate environment on drug susceptibility of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was performed in order to elucidate the effect of proximate environment on drug susceptibility of mice. Three experiments were carried out independently. In the first experiment, mongrel and ddS mice produced under an unsatisfactory control of proximate environment were purchased, and acute toxicity tests of thiamine hydrochloride (B1HCl) and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH) were practiced at two different conditioned rooms. In the second experiment, ddY mice produced under the conventional environment controlled to a certain extent were purchased, and the toxic effect of B1HCl was examined under the similar environment. In the third experiment, the sensitivity to B1HCl of RFVL mice produced under the strict barrier system was tested at the severe air-conditioned room. LD50 and their fLD50 values were calculated by Litchfield-Wilcoxon's method, and the variance analyses were carried out. The severer the environmental control after the purchase of mice turned to the higher the drug sensitivity. This respect was more remarkable in INAH of which the toxic response is appeared slowly compared with B1HCl. Furthermore, seasonal variation was found in LD50 values. However, seasonal effect differed from rearing and experimental conditions. In the third experiment which these proximate environments were controlled severely, seasonal variation was very small. From the results of these experiments, it was defined that the use of animals produced under the satisfactory rearing condition and severe environmental control are necessary for animal experiments.", "contents": "[Effect of proximate environment on drug susceptibility of mice (author's transl)]. The present study was performed in order to elucidate the effect of proximate environment on drug susceptibility of mice. Three experiments were carried out independently. In the first experiment, mongrel and ddS mice produced under an unsatisfactory control of proximate environment were purchased, and acute toxicity tests of thiamine hydrochloride (B1HCl) and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH) were practiced at two different conditioned rooms. In the second experiment, ddY mice produced under the conventional environment controlled to a certain extent were purchased, and the toxic effect of B1HCl was examined under the similar environment. In the third experiment, the sensitivity to B1HCl of RFVL mice produced under the strict barrier system was tested at the severe air-conditioned room. LD50 and their fLD50 values were calculated by Litchfield-Wilcoxon's method, and the variance analyses were carried out. The severer the environmental control after the purchase of mice turned to the higher the drug sensitivity. This respect was more remarkable in INAH of which the toxic response is appeared slowly compared with B1HCl. Furthermore, seasonal variation was found in LD50 values. However, seasonal effect differed from rearing and experimental conditions. In the third experiment which these proximate environments were controlled severely, seasonal variation was very small. From the results of these experiments, it was defined that the use of animals produced under the satisfactory rearing condition and severe environmental control are necessary for animal experiments.", "PMID": 527673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3449", "title": "Genetic control of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).", "content": "Genetic control of blood pressure in the SHR strain was studied by three separate experiments which consist of cross analysis between the SHR and Donryu, two-way selecton for high and low blood pressure levels, and successive backcrosses to the parental strains. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The data from genetic crosses between the SHR and Donryu showed the phenotype segregation ratio of 1:1 at the backcross and 1:2:1 at the F2 generation. 2. Two-way selection for high and low blood pressure levels was performed from the F2 generation onward. The separation between the two lines occurred immediately after the first selection. Thereafter, the difference increased gradually with generation. The blood pressure level at the seventh generation of selection became approximately equal to those of the parental strains. 3. Two types of the successive backcross were performed from the F1 hybrids by mating the males showing the highest blood pressure level to Donryu females and the females showing the lowest blood pressure level to SHR males on the other. Bimodality was observed in the distribution of blood pressure levels at each generation. Their phenotypic segregation ratios were accordant with 1:1 on the whole. At the intercross generation during successive backcrosses, a trimodal distribution was observed. 4. These results confirmed that the hypertensive trait of the SHR is regulated by a single major gene and other several genes with minor effect. A gene symbol ht was proposed for this major gene. Concurrently, a congenic strain having the ht gene on the genetic background of the Donryu was developed by the successive backcross system.", "contents": "Genetic control of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Genetic control of blood pressure in the SHR strain was studied by three separate experiments which consist of cross analysis between the SHR and Donryu, two-way selecton for high and low blood pressure levels, and successive backcrosses to the parental strains. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The data from genetic crosses between the SHR and Donryu showed the phenotype segregation ratio of 1:1 at the backcross and 1:2:1 at the F2 generation. 2. Two-way selection for high and low blood pressure levels was performed from the F2 generation onward. The separation between the two lines occurred immediately after the first selection. Thereafter, the difference increased gradually with generation. The blood pressure level at the seventh generation of selection became approximately equal to those of the parental strains. 3. Two types of the successive backcross were performed from the F1 hybrids by mating the males showing the highest blood pressure level to Donryu females and the females showing the lowest blood pressure level to SHR males on the other. Bimodality was observed in the distribution of blood pressure levels at each generation. Their phenotypic segregation ratios were accordant with 1:1 on the whole. At the intercross generation during successive backcrosses, a trimodal distribution was observed. 4. These results confirmed that the hypertensive trait of the SHR is regulated by a single major gene and other several genes with minor effect. A gene symbol ht was proposed for this major gene. Concurrently, a congenic strain having the ht gene on the genetic background of the Donryu was developed by the successive backcross system.", "PMID": 527674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3450", "title": "[Comparative studies on release of enzymes from platelets during blood clotting in Rattus rattus flavitecus and Rattus norvegicus (author's transl)].", "content": "Increase of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) in serum and plasma level during blood clotting was compared in R. rattus flavitectus (black rat) and R. norvegicus (albino rat). Both the enzyme level increased by the release from platelets in process of clotting in rat as previously described (Emori T., Takahashi M. and Nagase S. (1978) Exp. Animals, 27, 167), but the change in black rat was very slight. Owing to search for the reason to prove the difference in this phenomenon, physiological and chemical properties of blood from both the animals were compared, and it was demonstrated that the content of plasma fibrinogen in black rat is higher than that in albino rat, while the platelet number contained in each ml of blood and the enzyme activities in each platelet are not different between them. The analysis of the membrane proteins from platelets of both the animals by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the fractional value of glycoproteins was found to be different between them.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on release of enzymes from platelets during blood clotting in Rattus rattus flavitecus and Rattus norvegicus (author's transl)]. Increase of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) in serum and plasma level during blood clotting was compared in R. rattus flavitectus (black rat) and R. norvegicus (albino rat). Both the enzyme level increased by the release from platelets in process of clotting in rat as previously described (Emori T., Takahashi M. and Nagase S. (1978) Exp. Animals, 27, 167), but the change in black rat was very slight. Owing to search for the reason to prove the difference in this phenomenon, physiological and chemical properties of blood from both the animals were compared, and it was demonstrated that the content of plasma fibrinogen in black rat is higher than that in albino rat, while the platelet number contained in each ml of blood and the enzyme activities in each platelet are not different between them. The analysis of the membrane proteins from platelets of both the animals by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the fractional value of glycoproteins was found to be different between them.", "PMID": 527675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3451", "title": "The age-related tumor incidence in Wistar-Imamichi rat.", "content": "The age-related incidences and types of spontaneous tumors were studied in 320 male and 354 female Wistar-Imamichi rats reared up to 130 weeks of age. The tumor incidence increased abruptly between 53 and 78 weeks of age, and 170 males and 269 females were shown to bear tumors during the observation period. Multiple tumors occurred in 62 males and 115 females. Most common were hypophyseal (male 69: female 224), mammary gland (29:99), testicular (74:0) and adrenal gland (26:21) tumors. The incidences of hypophyseal and testicular tumors increased with age. Tumors occurred in later stages of the observation period in the ovary, uterus and vagina (0:27), thyroid and parathyroid (13:12), skin (8:8), spleen and lymph nodes (8:7), pancreas (9:5), liver (3:7), lung (3:3), thymus (1:4), omentum and mesenterium (2:3), stomach and intestine (2:2), kidney and urinary bladder (1:2), right femur (0:1), and brain (0:1).", "contents": "The age-related tumor incidence in Wistar-Imamichi rat. The age-related incidences and types of spontaneous tumors were studied in 320 male and 354 female Wistar-Imamichi rats reared up to 130 weeks of age. The tumor incidence increased abruptly between 53 and 78 weeks of age, and 170 males and 269 females were shown to bear tumors during the observation period. Multiple tumors occurred in 62 males and 115 females. Most common were hypophyseal (male 69: female 224), mammary gland (29:99), testicular (74:0) and adrenal gland (26:21) tumors. The incidences of hypophyseal and testicular tumors increased with age. Tumors occurred in later stages of the observation period in the ovary, uterus and vagina (0:27), thyroid and parathyroid (13:12), skin (8:8), spleen and lymph nodes (8:7), pancreas (9:5), liver (3:7), lung (3:3), thymus (1:4), omentum and mesenterium (2:3), stomach and intestine (2:2), kidney and urinary bladder (1:2), right femur (0:1), and brain (0:1).", "PMID": 527676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3452", "title": "Characterization of a Friend virus-replicating target cell.", "content": "The FV-replicating target cell characterized in this study is an erythroid precursor cell, as shown by its response to bleeding and hypertransfusion. The target cell is not identical with the BFU-E compartment as demonstrated by different model velocities and different cell cycle characteristics as compared to BFU-E. Different sensitivity of FV-target cells and CFU-E to AMD, differences in the growth kinetics of both cell populations in bone marrow and spleen of mice after bleeding, and large quantitative differences of both cell populations in hemopoietic organs, suggest only partial identity or non-identity  of these two cell types. Finally it is shown that spleen colonies originating from FV-infected target cells are a primary erythroleukemic lesion, since they contain more Ep-independent CFU-E than do intercolony areas of the spleen.", "contents": "Characterization of a Friend virus-replicating target cell. The FV-replicating target cell characterized in this study is an erythroid precursor cell, as shown by its response to bleeding and hypertransfusion. The target cell is not identical with the BFU-E compartment as demonstrated by different model velocities and different cell cycle characteristics as compared to BFU-E. Different sensitivity of FV-target cells and CFU-E to AMD, differences in the growth kinetics of both cell populations in bone marrow and spleen of mice after bleeding, and large quantitative differences of both cell populations in hemopoietic organs, suggest only partial identity or non-identity  of these two cell types. Finally it is shown that spleen colonies originating from FV-infected target cells are a primary erythroleukemic lesion, since they contain more Ep-independent CFU-E than do intercolony areas of the spleen.", "PMID": 527691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3453", "title": "Surface antigens of murine hemopoietic stem cells. I. Cross reactivity of antisera against differentiated hemopoietic cells with bone marrow stem cells.", "content": "A model of multiply marked hemopoietic stem cells proposed by Till (1) has been tested with respect to antisera raised against differentiated murine hemopoietic cells. When absorbed with erythrocytes, antisera against CBA mouse lymph node lymphocytes, thymocytes, peritoneal macrophages and platelets cross-reacted strongly with pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) in bone marrow as determined by inhibition of spleen colony formation in lethally irradiated mice. Absorption of ATS, antimacrophage serum and antiplatelet serum with hemopoietic cells other than those used to prepare the antisera (e.g., ATS with neutrophils and platelets, antimacrophage serum with neutrophils, thymocytes and platelets and antiplatelet serum with neutrophils and thymocytes) did not reduce the activity of these antisera for CFUs whereas absorption with the inoculating cell type greatly reduced anti-stem cell activity. Absorption of these antisera with non-hemopoietic tissues such as brain, kidney, liver and testis in general had little effect on antistem cell activity, although a significant loss of activity was observed following absorption of antiplatelet serum with kidney. The antistem cell activity in ATS, antimacrophage serum and antiplatelet serum does not appear to be caused by antibodies against histocompatibility antigens sine bone marrow stem cells from histoincompatible C57BL and Balb/c mice were also sensitive to antisera against CBA mouse hemopoietic cells. In contrast to these findings, antisera against erythrocytes showed little cross-reactivity with CFUs, indicating that few antigens are held in common between erythrocytes and CFUs. We propose that nucleated hemopoietic cells and platelets retain cell line specific antigens in common with pluripotent stem cells from which they were derived, and that the continued expression of these antigens during differentiation may be involved in the differentiation process.", "contents": "Surface antigens of murine hemopoietic stem cells. I. Cross reactivity of antisera against differentiated hemopoietic cells with bone marrow stem cells. A model of multiply marked hemopoietic stem cells proposed by Till (1) has been tested with respect to antisera raised against differentiated murine hemopoietic cells. When absorbed with erythrocytes, antisera against CBA mouse lymph node lymphocytes, thymocytes, peritoneal macrophages and platelets cross-reacted strongly with pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) in bone marrow as determined by inhibition of spleen colony formation in lethally irradiated mice. Absorption of ATS, antimacrophage serum and antiplatelet serum with hemopoietic cells other than those used to prepare the antisera (e.g., ATS with neutrophils and platelets, antimacrophage serum with neutrophils, thymocytes and platelets and antiplatelet serum with neutrophils and thymocytes) did not reduce the activity of these antisera for CFUs whereas absorption with the inoculating cell type greatly reduced anti-stem cell activity. Absorption of these antisera with non-hemopoietic tissues such as brain, kidney, liver and testis in general had little effect on antistem cell activity, although a significant loss of activity was observed following absorption of antiplatelet serum with kidney. The antistem cell activity in ATS, antimacrophage serum and antiplatelet serum does not appear to be caused by antibodies against histocompatibility antigens sine bone marrow stem cells from histoincompatible C57BL and Balb/c mice were also sensitive to antisera against CBA mouse hemopoietic cells. In contrast to these findings, antisera against erythrocytes showed little cross-reactivity with CFUs, indicating that few antigens are held in common between erythrocytes and CFUs. We propose that nucleated hemopoietic cells and platelets retain cell line specific antigens in common with pluripotent stem cells from which they were derived, and that the continued expression of these antigens during differentiation may be involved in the differentiation process.", "PMID": 527692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3454", "title": "Turnover of circulating hematopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Short-term parabiosis of male and female CBA/CaJ mice was used to investigate the turnover of circulating hematopoietic stem cells. The exchange and subsequent disappearance of donor stem cells were monitored by spleen colony assay and chromosome analysis of individual colonies. The results revealed an exponential disappearance of pluripotent stem cells from blood with a characteristic half time of 1.7 h. Blood-borne stem cells were shown to be equilibrated with a subpopulation of marrow stem cells exhibiting a disappearance half time of 9.5 h. Splenectomy did not change the apparent rate of stem cell removal from the blood.", "contents": "Turnover of circulating hematopoietic stem cells. Short-term parabiosis of male and female CBA/CaJ mice was used to investigate the turnover of circulating hematopoietic stem cells. The exchange and subsequent disappearance of donor stem cells were monitored by spleen colony assay and chromosome analysis of individual colonies. The results revealed an exponential disappearance of pluripotent stem cells from blood with a characteristic half time of 1.7 h. Blood-borne stem cells were shown to be equilibrated with a subpopulation of marrow stem cells exhibiting a disappearance half time of 9.5 h. Splenectomy did not change the apparent rate of stem cell removal from the blood.", "PMID": 527693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3455", "title": "Thyroid hormones and protein synthesis in fetal mouse liver erythroid cells.", "content": "Hemoglobin synthesis represents an important step in the maturation of the developing erythron. In this study, we determined the effect of various thyroid hormones and analogs upon globin synthesis by fetal mouse liver erythroid cells. Globin synthesis was stimulated in 13--15 day fetal liver erythroid cells, whereas cells, whereas cells from 17 day fetuses were unresponsive. There was no correlation between stimulation of globin synthesis and reported calorigenic activity of the various hormones assayed.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and protein synthesis in fetal mouse liver erythroid cells. Hemoglobin synthesis represents an important step in the maturation of the developing erythron. In this study, we determined the effect of various thyroid hormones and analogs upon globin synthesis by fetal mouse liver erythroid cells. Globin synthesis was stimulated in 13--15 day fetal liver erythroid cells, whereas cells, whereas cells from 17 day fetuses were unresponsive. There was no correlation between stimulation of globin synthesis and reported calorigenic activity of the various hormones assayed.", "PMID": 527694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3456", "title": "Morphological and biochemical alterations of the lung after application of chlorphentermine.", "content": "The influence of short-term and chronic administration of chlorphentermine (Chlph) on the structure and phospholipid (PL)-content of the lungs was studied in guinea pigs. The drug was given daily in a dose of 40 mg per kg body weight i.p. The PL-content of the whole lung as well as the phosphatidyl choline (PC)-portion were estimated in animals treated with Chlph for 4, 5 and 6 weeks. In a further experiment, the influence of 2, 4 and 28 days application on the PL-content of the lung lavage fluid separated into the acellular and cellular (macrophage) fraction was examined. Morphologic studies of lung, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, brain, and pancreas supplemented the PL-content analysis. The amount of PL in the whole lung increases continuously with the duration of the treatment but only moderately. The PC-fraction of the total PL remains constant throughout the experiment. A substantially greater increase was detected in the lung lavage fluid whereby the cellular fraction is most affected. Very important is the result that the PL-content of the lung lavage fluid reaches its highest level already after two Chlph-injections. After short-term administration the morphological examination of the lung mainly shows inflammatory infiltrations, whereas after long-term application a foam cell reaction is mainly localized in the interstitium. The studies show that an increase of the amount of lung sufactant in guinea pigs is possible following Chlph administration.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical alterations of the lung after application of chlorphentermine. The influence of short-term and chronic administration of chlorphentermine (Chlph) on the structure and phospholipid (PL)-content of the lungs was studied in guinea pigs. The drug was given daily in a dose of 40 mg per kg body weight i.p. The PL-content of the whole lung as well as the phosphatidyl choline (PC)-portion were estimated in animals treated with Chlph for 4, 5 and 6 weeks. In a further experiment, the influence of 2, 4 and 28 days application on the PL-content of the lung lavage fluid separated into the acellular and cellular (macrophage) fraction was examined. Morphologic studies of lung, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, brain, and pancreas supplemented the PL-content analysis. The amount of PL in the whole lung increases continuously with the duration of the treatment but only moderately. The PC-fraction of the total PL remains constant throughout the experiment. A substantially greater increase was detected in the lung lavage fluid whereby the cellular fraction is most affected. Very important is the result that the PL-content of the lung lavage fluid reaches its highest level already after two Chlph-injections. After short-term administration the morphological examination of the lung mainly shows inflammatory infiltrations, whereas after long-term application a foam cell reaction is mainly localized in the interstitium. The studies show that an increase of the amount of lung sufactant in guinea pigs is possible following Chlph administration.", "PMID": 527695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3457", "title": "Antiinflammatory substances appearing during an acute inflammation and the alteration of their properties by isoproterenol (ISO). An in vivo investigation in rats.", "content": "It could be demonstrated that antiinflammatory substances appear during the course of an acute inflammation. The inhibition of leucocyte immigration into the site of inflammation (caused by Sephadex) was taken as criterion for the antiinflammatory property. The highest quantity or effect of the antiinflammatory substances was found on the 3rd day after inflammation has started. Not only the absolute number of cells but also the composition of the cellular exudate (compared with a fresh inflammation) was changed: The percentage rate of the neutrophils was reduced, whereas the portion of the eosinophils and the lymphocytes was increased. A permanent ISO application on the animals altered the quantity of the composition of these substances, in consequence of which the immigration of eosinophils and lymphocytes was promoted. The reaction of the neutrophils was unaffected.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory substances appearing during an acute inflammation and the alteration of their properties by isoproterenol (ISO). An in vivo investigation in rats. It could be demonstrated that antiinflammatory substances appear during the course of an acute inflammation. The inhibition of leucocyte immigration into the site of inflammation (caused by Sephadex) was taken as criterion for the antiinflammatory property. The highest quantity or effect of the antiinflammatory substances was found on the 3rd day after inflammation has started. Not only the absolute number of cells but also the composition of the cellular exudate (compared with a fresh inflammation) was changed: The percentage rate of the neutrophils was reduced, whereas the portion of the eosinophils and the lymphocytes was increased. A permanent ISO application on the animals altered the quantity of the composition of these substances, in consequence of which the immigration of eosinophils and lymphocytes was promoted. The reaction of the neutrophils was unaffected.", "PMID": 527696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3458", "title": "Myelin lipids in Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve.", "content": "Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve was produced by enucleation and the myelin output as well as its lipid composition were studied. In spite of the marked drop in the myelin mass, occurring very soon after enucleation the lipid composition of the corresponding myelin fractions did not change appreciably, phosphatidylcholine being the most resistant lipid species. However, from the very beginning of the degenerating process there appeared in the myelin lipid spectrum marked amounts of cholesteryl esters and phosphatidic acids and in the later period elevated amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine. Enhanced esterification of cholesterol could function as an early primary factor injuring the myelin membrane, the lysocompounds may be involved at a later stage in the pathomechanism of myelin decomposition in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Myelin lipids in Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve. Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve was produced by enucleation and the myelin output as well as its lipid composition were studied. In spite of the marked drop in the myelin mass, occurring very soon after enucleation the lipid composition of the corresponding myelin fractions did not change appreciably, phosphatidylcholine being the most resistant lipid species. However, from the very beginning of the degenerating process there appeared in the myelin lipid spectrum marked amounts of cholesteryl esters and phosphatidic acids and in the later period elevated amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine. Enhanced esterification of cholesterol could function as an early primary factor injuring the myelin membrane, the lysocompounds may be involved at a later stage in the pathomechanism of myelin decomposition in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 527697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3459", "title": "Effects of serum concentrations on the clonal growth of Syrian golden hamster fetal lung cells.", "content": "In order to gain an insight into the mechanisms of clonal growth of early-passage Syrian golden hamster fetal lung (SGHFL) cells, a study was undertaken, in which the effects of various serum concentrations on the cloning efficiency and on the colony size of these cells were examined. The results suggest that both cloning efficiency and colony size are influenced by at least two factors present in the serum.", "contents": "Effects of serum concentrations on the clonal growth of Syrian golden hamster fetal lung cells. In order to gain an insight into the mechanisms of clonal growth of early-passage Syrian golden hamster fetal lung (SGHFL) cells, a study was undertaken, in which the effects of various serum concentrations on the cloning efficiency and on the colony size of these cells were examined. The results suggest that both cloning efficiency and colony size are influenced by at least two factors present in the serum.", "PMID": 527698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3460", "title": "Egocentrism and inefficiency in the communication of families containing schizophrenic members.", "content": "Conceptual and methodological shortcomings of research on family and interactional psychopathology are owing mainly to the use of vague and ill-defined concepts of communication. Based on a theory of language use and communication within general social and cognitive psychology (e.g., Heider, Mead, Piaget, Rometvet) Blakar has outlined a methodology by which interaction is analyzed in terms of how and to what extent the participants (families) manage or fail to cope with the various prerequisites for successful communication under varying situational conditions. A study illustrating this program is presented: The interaction of twelve families, six with (Group S) and six without (Group N) a schizophrenic member, is analyzed in Blakar's communication conflict situation with respect to the members' ability to decenter and take the perspective of each other. Group S proved significantly more egocentric, their egocentric attitudes resulting, as would be expected, in very inefficient communication. Moreover, Group S were not able to adapt their pattern of communication to the changing situational requirements. Finally, the subtle interplay between the capacities and behavior of the individual members and the family system is illustrated: the egocentrism of the members resulted in \"closed systems,\" and the closed systems hindered adequate feedback, forcing the members to decenter.", "contents": "Egocentrism and inefficiency in the communication of families containing schizophrenic members. Conceptual and methodological shortcomings of research on family and interactional psychopathology are owing mainly to the use of vague and ill-defined concepts of communication. Based on a theory of language use and communication within general social and cognitive psychology (e.g., Heider, Mead, Piaget, Rometvet) Blakar has outlined a methodology by which interaction is analyzed in terms of how and to what extent the participants (families) manage or fail to cope with the various prerequisites for successful communication under varying situational conditions. A study illustrating this program is presented: The interaction of twelve families, six with (Group S) and six without (Group N) a schizophrenic member, is analyzed in Blakar's communication conflict situation with respect to the members' ability to decenter and take the perspective of each other. Group S proved significantly more egocentric, their egocentric attitudes resulting, as would be expected, in very inefficient communication. Moreover, Group S were not able to adapt their pattern of communication to the changing situational requirements. Finally, the subtle interplay between the capacities and behavior of the individual members and the family system is illustrated: the egocentrism of the members resulted in \"closed systems,\" and the closed systems hindered adequate feedback, forcing the members to decenter.", "PMID": 527700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3461", "title": "The relative value of empirical evidence.", "content": "Arguments between adherents of different therapeutic models are often based on the assumption that empirical evidence is ultimately the judge of the merits of the respective approaches. The gathering of empirical evidence, however, is programmed by epistemological premises that in turn are not tested by \"objective\" demonstration but rather by their congruence with prevailing sociocultural values. The epistemological premises behind indivdual- and systems-oriented models are incompatible, and respectively congruent with currently coexistent and opposite sociocultural values. Adherence to a particular model is thus based on epistemological-axiological positions rather than neutral objective evaluation.", "contents": "The relative value of empirical evidence. Arguments between adherents of different therapeutic models are often based on the assumption that empirical evidence is ultimately the judge of the merits of the respective approaches. The gathering of empirical evidence, however, is programmed by epistemological premises that in turn are not tested by \"objective\" demonstration but rather by their congruence with prevailing sociocultural values. The epistemological premises behind indivdual- and systems-oriented models are incompatible, and respectively congruent with currently coexistent and opposite sociocultural values. Adherence to a particular model is thus based on epistemological-axiological positions rather than neutral objective evaluation.", "PMID": 527701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3462", "title": "A study of the relationship between family interaction and individual symptomology over time.", "content": "The study was designed to answer two questions: (a) Can a relationship over time between family interaction and individual symptomatology be demonstrated? (B) Can it be shown that changes in interaction have more influence on changes in the symptom than vice versa. Five interaction dimensions were taped in weekly, three-quarter hour sessions over 20 weeks in five families, each consisting of a mother-father-child triad who met certain criteria and had an encopretic child. The interaction dimension scores were abstracted weekly from these sessions by content analyses relying on various scales. The derived ratio scores were then related to the number of days the child soiled himself in the week preceding and following the interaction measurement. The relationship was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and step-wise multiple regression analyses adjusted to account for the possible inflationary effects of taking measures from the same subjects more than once. The results of the analyses answered both questions posed by the study in the affirmative, thus supporting the rationale underlying family therapy.", "contents": "A study of the relationship between family interaction and individual symptomology over time. The study was designed to answer two questions: (a) Can a relationship over time between family interaction and individual symptomatology be demonstrated? (B) Can it be shown that changes in interaction have more influence on changes in the symptom than vice versa. Five interaction dimensions were taped in weekly, three-quarter hour sessions over 20 weeks in five families, each consisting of a mother-father-child triad who met certain criteria and had an encopretic child. The interaction dimension scores were abstracted weekly from these sessions by content analyses relying on various scales. The derived ratio scores were then related to the number of days the child soiled himself in the week preceding and following the interaction measurement. The relationship was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and step-wise multiple regression analyses adjusted to account for the possible inflationary effects of taking measures from the same subjects more than once. The results of the analyses answered both questions posed by the study in the affirmative, thus supporting the rationale underlying family therapy.", "PMID": 527702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3463", "title": "The family therapist behavior scale (FTBS): development and evaluation of a coding system.", "content": "This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a new coding system--The Family Therapist Behavior Scale (FTBS)--that was designed to identify and study clinically relevant verbal behaviors of short-term, problem-oriented family therapists. Validity was assessed by testing the scale's ability to discriminate significant, predicted differences between the in-therapy behaviors of eight beginning family therapists conducting observed interviews and eight advanced family therapists conducting supervisory interviews. All of the sessions, which were initial interviews, were videotaped. Two coders rated three five-minute samples from each of the 16 tapes with the FTBS. The validity results supported over 50 per cent of the 16 research hypotheses. The reliability analysis, based on the actual study data, indicated that the interrater reliability of the 19 category FTBS differed from chance at less than the .001 level of significance. The implications of these findings are examined and future research directions are identified.", "contents": "The family therapist behavior scale (FTBS): development and evaluation of a coding system. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a new coding system--The Family Therapist Behavior Scale (FTBS)--that was designed to identify and study clinically relevant verbal behaviors of short-term, problem-oriented family therapists. Validity was assessed by testing the scale's ability to discriminate significant, predicted differences between the in-therapy behaviors of eight beginning family therapists conducting observed interviews and eight advanced family therapists conducting supervisory interviews. All of the sessions, which were initial interviews, were videotaped. Two coders rated three five-minute samples from each of the 16 tapes with the FTBS. The validity results supported over 50 per cent of the 16 research hypotheses. The reliability analysis, based on the actual study data, indicated that the interrater reliability of the 19 category FTBS differed from chance at less than the .001 level of significance. The implications of these findings are examined and future research directions are identified.", "PMID": 527703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3464", "title": "Direct open supervision: a team approach.", "content": "Created in the absence of one-way mirror facilities, Direct Open Supervision combines elements of live supervision with team participation in training family therapists. The theory and application of this approach to direct supervision are described.", "contents": "Direct open supervision: a team approach. Created in the absence of one-way mirror facilities, Direct Open Supervision combines elements of live supervision with team participation in training family therapists. The theory and application of this approach to direct supervision are described.", "PMID": 527704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3465", "title": "The effects of sibling death on the surviving child: a family perspective.", "content": "The death of a child invariably affects the family, who in effect become survivors. Adaptations are made in order to secure a new family equilibrium attendant upon such a loss. Surviving siblings not infrequently become the focus of maneuvers unconsciously designed to alleviate guilt and control fate through silence and efforts to maintain silence, through substitution for the lost child, and through endowing the survivor-child with qualities of the deceased. Three types of clinically identifiable types of survivor-children are described. Families that emphasize silence and focus on guilt, families in which the child becomes incomparably precious, and families in which substitution and replacement provide the major theme lead respectively to the \"haunted,\" \"bound,\" and \"resurrected\" child. These children share many features, as do their families, but there appears to be a connection between the family defensive maneuver and the specific consequences for a child of the bereaved family.", "contents": "The effects of sibling death on the surviving child: a family perspective. The death of a child invariably affects the family, who in effect become survivors. Adaptations are made in order to secure a new family equilibrium attendant upon such a loss. Surviving siblings not infrequently become the focus of maneuvers unconsciously designed to alleviate guilt and control fate through silence and efforts to maintain silence, through substitution for the lost child, and through endowing the survivor-child with qualities of the deceased. Three types of clinically identifiable types of survivor-children are described. Families that emphasize silence and focus on guilt, families in which the child becomes incomparably precious, and families in which substitution and replacement provide the major theme lead respectively to the \"haunted,\" \"bound,\" and \"resurrected\" child. These children share many features, as do their families, but there appears to be a connection between the family defensive maneuver and the specific consequences for a child of the bereaved family.", "PMID": 527705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3466", "title": "Using systems theory to organize confusion.", "content": "This paper represents an initial step in applying to complex clinical situations the symbolic logic developed by G. Spencer Brown and elaborated by Francisco Varela. This way of modeling turns out to yield an interesting mixture of rigidity, ambiguity, and paradox, perhaps inevitable at our present level of understanding of systems containing feedback. Applying the Brown-Varela concepts seems a useful transitional step toweard the future use of more sophisticated quantitative models such as those of Powers and Forrester.", "contents": "Using systems theory to organize confusion. This paper represents an initial step in applying to complex clinical situations the symbolic logic developed by G. Spencer Brown and elaborated by Francisco Varela. This way of modeling turns out to yield an interesting mixture of rigidity, ambiguity, and paradox, perhaps inevitable at our present level of understanding of systems containing feedback. Applying the Brown-Varela concepts seems a useful transitional step toweard the future use of more sophisticated quantitative models such as those of Powers and Forrester.", "PMID": 527706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3467", "title": "[Antimicrobial activity of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. VIII].", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of a series of fluoro derivatives of benzothiadiazine and sulfonamides was studied. The compounds tested can be grouped as: a) 3-alkylmercapto derivatives of 6-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (III leads to VI); the 3-mercapto precursor (VII) and the related 3-picolinic salt (VIII); b) 3-trifluoromethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide and of its benzene substituted derivatives (IX leads to XVI); c) trifluoroacetylaminobenzenesulfonamides (XVII leads to XXV). Two of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds [(V) and (VI)] showed marked inhibitory activity against some strains of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus. None of the compounds tested proved active against Gram-negative schizomycetes (genera Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) or against yeasts (Candida).", "contents": "[Antimicrobial activity of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. VIII]. The antimicrobial activity of a series of fluoro derivatives of benzothiadiazine and sulfonamides was studied. The compounds tested can be grouped as: a) 3-alkylmercapto derivatives of 6-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (III leads to VI); the 3-mercapto precursor (VII) and the related 3-picolinic salt (VIII); b) 3-trifluoromethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide and of its benzene substituted derivatives (IX leads to XVI); c) trifluoroacetylaminobenzenesulfonamides (XVII leads to XXV). Two of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds [(V) and (VI)] showed marked inhibitory activity against some strains of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus. None of the compounds tested proved active against Gram-negative schizomycetes (genera Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) or against yeasts (Candida).", "PMID": 527707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3468", "title": "[Heteroarylalkanoic acids with potential anti-inflammatory activity].", "content": "A series of (3-oxodihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)acetic acids [compounds of type (A)] and (1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)oxyacetic acids [compounds of type (B)] were synthesised and tested for antiinflammatory activity. Preliminary tests showed certain compounds to have a significant level of antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema induced by carrageenan. It was found that the antiinflammatory activity of this series of compounds depends on the nature, number and position of the substituents on the benzene ring.", "contents": "[Heteroarylalkanoic acids with potential anti-inflammatory activity]. A series of (3-oxodihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)acetic acids [compounds of type (A)] and (1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)oxyacetic acids [compounds of type (B)] were synthesised and tested for antiinflammatory activity. Preliminary tests showed certain compounds to have a significant level of antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema induced by carrageenan. It was found that the antiinflammatory activity of this series of compounds depends on the nature, number and position of the substituents on the benzene ring.", "PMID": 527708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3469", "title": "In vitro action of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) on phrenic diaphragm preparations.", "content": "The action of uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) on the contractile response of the phrenic diaphragm preparation from guinea pig was investigated. UDPG activity was assayed on the preparation at rest or during the exercise; in this case indirect electrical stimulation of phrenic diaphragm preparation or direct stimulation of denervated or curarized muscle were employed. Krebs' solutions adequately modified with regard to glucose concentration were used. The effect of UDPG on the neuromuscular junction was also investigated by recording miniature end plate potentials. An effect of the drug on neuromuscular transmission and on glucose metabolism could be demonstrated.", "contents": "In vitro action of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) on phrenic diaphragm preparations. The action of uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) on the contractile response of the phrenic diaphragm preparation from guinea pig was investigated. UDPG activity was assayed on the preparation at rest or during the exercise; in this case indirect electrical stimulation of phrenic diaphragm preparation or direct stimulation of denervated or curarized muscle were employed. Krebs' solutions adequately modified with regard to glucose concentration were used. The effect of UDPG on the neuromuscular junction was also investigated by recording miniature end plate potentials. An effect of the drug on neuromuscular transmission and on glucose metabolism could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 527709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3470", "title": "Synthesis and photobiological properties of 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen: a major metabolite of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen.", "content": "Recently a major metabolite of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMeP) (a photochemotherapeutic agent), was isolated from the urine of mice and human volunteers receiving the drug orally; it was identified as 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen. The synthesis of this compound has been carried out to obtain a distinct confirmation of the structure of the urinary metabolite and to study its photochemical and photobiological properties. The results obtained showed that this interaction and photoreaction with DNA are very poor; this fact can be correlated with the presence of the ionizable carboxylic group that undergoes a repulsion by the phosphate residues of the macromolecule. This hypothesis is confirmed by the higher interaction and photoreaction with DNA of the 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen methyl ester in which, of course, the ionizable character is no more present. In connection with this very low photoreacting capacity with DNA, the synthesized metabolite proved lacking of photosensitizing effects on human and guinea pig skin. This fact provides an explanation of the very low photosensitizing properties of TMeP when given orally in contrast with the high activity after topical application.", "contents": "Synthesis and photobiological properties of 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen: a major metabolite of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. Recently a major metabolite of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMeP) (a photochemotherapeutic agent), was isolated from the urine of mice and human volunteers receiving the drug orally; it was identified as 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen. The synthesis of this compound has been carried out to obtain a distinct confirmation of the structure of the urinary metabolite and to study its photochemical and photobiological properties. The results obtained showed that this interaction and photoreaction with DNA are very poor; this fact can be correlated with the presence of the ionizable carboxylic group that undergoes a repulsion by the phosphate residues of the macromolecule. This hypothesis is confirmed by the higher interaction and photoreaction with DNA of the 4,8-dimethyl-5'-carboxypsoralen methyl ester in which, of course, the ionizable character is no more present. In connection with this very low photoreacting capacity with DNA, the synthesized metabolite proved lacking of photosensitizing effects on human and guinea pig skin. This fact provides an explanation of the very low photosensitizing properties of TMeP when given orally in contrast with the high activity after topical application.", "PMID": 527711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3471", "title": "[Immunological treatment of sarcoid skin lesions by old tuberculin, blood, and BCG (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of an immunological treatment of sarcoidosis by repeated subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood from a highly tuberculin sensitive donor with appropriate bloodgroup, and additional BCG is demonstrated in a group of 8 patients with sarcoid skin lesions. The average time of therapy was 2 1/2 years until healing was obtained.", "contents": "[Immunological treatment of sarcoid skin lesions by old tuberculin, blood, and BCG (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of an immunological treatment of sarcoidosis by repeated subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood from a highly tuberculin sensitive donor with appropriate bloodgroup, and additional BCG is demonstrated in a group of 8 patients with sarcoid skin lesions. The average time of therapy was 2 1/2 years until healing was obtained.", "PMID": 527744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3472", "title": "[Impetigo herpetiformis and PUVA-treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 20 years old pregnant woman, who fulfilled the criteria of the impetigo herpetiformis as well as later those of the pustular psoriasis Zumbusch in her clinical course. The impetigo herpetiformis is interpreted as a variant of the pustular psoriasis occurring during the pregnancy with lowered calcium-level, which increases the endogeneous eruption pressure. After negative attempts of treatment with Prednisolon, antibiotics, and later with Methotrexat an excellent therapeutic effect could be achieved by oral PUVA-treatment.", "contents": "[Impetigo herpetiformis and PUVA-treatment (author's transl)]. Report on a 20 years old pregnant woman, who fulfilled the criteria of the impetigo herpetiformis as well as later those of the pustular psoriasis Zumbusch in her clinical course. The impetigo herpetiformis is interpreted as a variant of the pustular psoriasis occurring during the pregnancy with lowered calcium-level, which increases the endogeneous eruption pressure. After negative attempts of treatment with Prednisolon, antibiotics, and later with Methotrexat an excellent therapeutic effect could be achieved by oral PUVA-treatment.", "PMID": 527745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3473", "title": "[Optimal measurement technic for the vasoconstrictor effect of corticosteroids. Comparative studies with reflection photometry and flow measurement].", "content": "In 20 healthy male test subjects, a non-specific ointment base was applied to the back of the hand over 16 hours. Two days later, the same ointment base with 0.25% triamcinolone acetonide was once more applied to the back of the hand over 16 hours. The light reflection of the skin was measured by reflection photometry and the heat transport coefficient was measured fluvographically under the condition of the tourniquet test. The results show that the vasoconstrictor effect of triamcinolone acetonide is best detected by the reflection photometric measurements. In fluvographic measurement, the heat transport coefficient is most affected in maximal reactive hyperemia when the tourniquet has been removed. Application of the base led to a reduction of the blood flow and the water content of the skin after 16 hours, whereas the water content of the skin was unaffected in the presence of triamcinolone acetonide.", "contents": "[Optimal measurement technic for the vasoconstrictor effect of corticosteroids. Comparative studies with reflection photometry and flow measurement]. In 20 healthy male test subjects, a non-specific ointment base was applied to the back of the hand over 16 hours. Two days later, the same ointment base with 0.25% triamcinolone acetonide was once more applied to the back of the hand over 16 hours. The light reflection of the skin was measured by reflection photometry and the heat transport coefficient was measured fluvographically under the condition of the tourniquet test. The results show that the vasoconstrictor effect of triamcinolone acetonide is best detected by the reflection photometric measurements. In fluvographic measurement, the heat transport coefficient is most affected in maximal reactive hyperemia when the tourniquet has been removed. Application of the base led to a reduction of the blood flow and the water content of the skin after 16 hours, whereas the water content of the skin was unaffected in the presence of triamcinolone acetonide.", "PMID": 527746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3474", "title": "Enzymatic modulation of the cell surface in malignant transformation of normal human mammary epithelial cells and in conversion of mammary carcinoma cells.", "content": "The effect of treatment with trypsin and neuraminidase on morphology, proliferation pattern, adhesiveness and ultrastructure of human normal mammary and carcinoma cell lines has been investigated. These criteria were chosen because they reflect on the cell surface function. Active enzymes were required to produce changes. If trypsinized and then allowed to grow in culture media supplemented with 'fibroblast growth-promoting factor', human normal mammary epithelial cells proliferated in a disorganized pattern with cells overlapping and piling up and developing ultrastructural characteristics of neoplastic cells. On the other hand, if treated with neuraminidase and then permitted to grow in presence of the 'fibroblast growth-promoting factor', mammary carcinoma cells proliferated in an organized pattern, forming one-cell-thick, fibroblast-like monolayers and ultrastructural characteristics of normal epithelial cells.", "contents": "Enzymatic modulation of the cell surface in malignant transformation of normal human mammary epithelial cells and in conversion of mammary carcinoma cells. The effect of treatment with trypsin and neuraminidase on morphology, proliferation pattern, adhesiveness and ultrastructure of human normal mammary and carcinoma cell lines has been investigated. These criteria were chosen because they reflect on the cell surface function. Active enzymes were required to produce changes. If trypsinized and then allowed to grow in culture media supplemented with 'fibroblast growth-promoting factor', human normal mammary epithelial cells proliferated in a disorganized pattern with cells overlapping and piling up and developing ultrastructural characteristics of neoplastic cells. On the other hand, if treated with neuraminidase and then permitted to grow in presence of the 'fibroblast growth-promoting factor', mammary carcinoma cells proliferated in an organized pattern, forming one-cell-thick, fibroblast-like monolayers and ultrastructural characteristics of normal epithelial cells.", "PMID": 527751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3475", "title": "Slow versus fast postthaw dilution for the recovery of lymphocytes in whole blood frozen in either dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol.", "content": "It was previously shown by the authors that human whole blood was cryoprotected by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for use as inoculum in short-term lymphocyte cultures. That procedure utilized a fast postthaw dilution where the cryoprotective agent was diluted in two steps. In this paper it is shown that a five-step 'slow' dilution technique is much superior to the two-step 'fast' dilution procedure, which significantly revises our original report of 1972. This method has strikingly improved the degree of blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The increase in amount of tritium incorporation was seen in cultures which were protected with either DMSO or glycerol. A similar effect was observed in unfrozen control cultures exposed to either cryoprotectant.", "contents": "Slow versus fast postthaw dilution for the recovery of lymphocytes in whole blood frozen in either dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol. It was previously shown by the authors that human whole blood was cryoprotected by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for use as inoculum in short-term lymphocyte cultures. That procedure utilized a fast postthaw dilution where the cryoprotective agent was diluted in two steps. In this paper it is shown that a five-step 'slow' dilution technique is much superior to the two-step 'fast' dilution procedure, which significantly revises our original report of 1972. This method has strikingly improved the degree of blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The increase in amount of tritium incorporation was seen in cultures which were protected with either DMSO or glycerol. A similar effect was observed in unfrozen control cultures exposed to either cryoprotectant.", "PMID": 527752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3476", "title": "Inhibition of spindle assembly by colchicine and of cell cycle by cycloheximide. Comparison and combination of their cytological action on cleavage mitoses.", "content": "In cleavage mitoses colchicine (2 x 10(-3) M) does not interrupt the cycle of chromatin and its action is exerted on all the mitotic phases. Cycloheximide (10(-3) M) prevent normal condensation of the chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope; it brings on various nuclear abnormalities, particularly irregularities in chromosome condensation. At 10(-4) M, cycloheximide allows some mitoses, often abnormal ones, but anaphase is inhibited. The action of colchicine, more efficient upon the spindle, obscures the action of cycloheximide when both substances are associated. In return, cycloheximide imposes its action upon chromosome condensation, so that the structure of the nuclei treated by both substances is determined by cycloheximide.", "contents": "Inhibition of spindle assembly by colchicine and of cell cycle by cycloheximide. Comparison and combination of their cytological action on cleavage mitoses. In cleavage mitoses colchicine (2 x 10(-3) M) does not interrupt the cycle of chromatin and its action is exerted on all the mitotic phases. Cycloheximide (10(-3) M) prevent normal condensation of the chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope; it brings on various nuclear abnormalities, particularly irregularities in chromosome condensation. At 10(-4) M, cycloheximide allows some mitoses, often abnormal ones, but anaphase is inhibited. The action of colchicine, more efficient upon the spindle, obscures the action of cycloheximide when both substances are associated. In return, cycloheximide imposes its action upon chromosome condensation, so that the structure of the nuclei treated by both substances is determined by cycloheximide.", "PMID": 527753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3477", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of developing hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture.", "content": "The ultrastructural surface features of tracheal epithelium at various times of development in organ culture were compared with those in the trachea of Syrian golden hamsters of similar age using scanning electron microscopy. Whole tracheal organ cultures, prepared from 3-day-old hamsters, were maintained in HEPES buffered CMRL 1066 medium with 0.2% bovine serum albumin. The ventral epithelial surface of trachea from 3-day-old animals was characterized by numerous microvillous cells, occasional well-developed cilia, and cells containing short cilia representing various stages of ciliary differentiation. After seven days in culture, an increased number of ciliated cells as well as developing cilia were seen. The epithelium after 14 days in culture appeared to have equal numbers of ciliated and microvillous cells, a pattern strikingly similar to that observed in vivo. After 21 days in culture, groups of well-developed cilia were interspersed with nonciliated cells covered with short, poorly developed surface microvilli. A similar pattern was found in the trachea of comparable age (24 days), with the exception of the microvillous cells; many being dome-shaped containing cluster of microvilli with prominent outlines. The tracheal organ culture, as developed in this investigation, appears to represent an excellent model for studying age-related effects of toxic and infectious agents on ciliated epithelial cells.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of developing hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture. The ultrastructural surface features of tracheal epithelium at various times of development in organ culture were compared with those in the trachea of Syrian golden hamsters of similar age using scanning electron microscopy. Whole tracheal organ cultures, prepared from 3-day-old hamsters, were maintained in HEPES buffered CMRL 1066 medium with 0.2% bovine serum albumin. The ventral epithelial surface of trachea from 3-day-old animals was characterized by numerous microvillous cells, occasional well-developed cilia, and cells containing short cilia representing various stages of ciliary differentiation. After seven days in culture, an increased number of ciliated cells as well as developing cilia were seen. The epithelium after 14 days in culture appeared to have equal numbers of ciliated and microvillous cells, a pattern strikingly similar to that observed in vivo. After 21 days in culture, groups of well-developed cilia were interspersed with nonciliated cells covered with short, poorly developed surface microvilli. A similar pattern was found in the trachea of comparable age (24 days), with the exception of the microvillous cells; many being dome-shaped containing cluster of microvilli with prominent outlines. The tracheal organ culture, as developed in this investigation, appears to represent an excellent model for studying age-related effects of toxic and infectious agents on ciliated epithelial cells.", "PMID": 527771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3478", "title": "Activation of satellite cells induced by chronic neostigmine administration in the rat.", "content": "Muscle fibrillation has been suggested as a possible trigger for activation of satellite cells, a well known phenomenon associated with denervation. In order to test such a hypothesis fibrillation has been induced in normally innervated muscles by chronic administration of neostigmine and the response of satellite cells has been observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results show that satellite cells protrude from the profile of the muscle fiber, become partially separated from the latter, and align in rows. Elongated structures and presumable new muscle fibers are observed after 14 days of treatment. It is concluded that the overactivity of muscle fibers which is induced during fibrillation causes activation and differentiation of satellite cells. This result is consistent with that of a previous experiment showing that satellite cells are activated during acute increase in workload.", "contents": "Activation of satellite cells induced by chronic neostigmine administration in the rat. Muscle fibrillation has been suggested as a possible trigger for activation of satellite cells, a well known phenomenon associated with denervation. In order to test such a hypothesis fibrillation has been induced in normally innervated muscles by chronic administration of neostigmine and the response of satellite cells has been observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results show that satellite cells protrude from the profile of the muscle fiber, become partially separated from the latter, and align in rows. Elongated structures and presumable new muscle fibers are observed after 14 days of treatment. It is concluded that the overactivity of muscle fibers which is induced during fibrillation causes activation and differentiation of satellite cells. This result is consistent with that of a previous experiment showing that satellite cells are activated during acute increase in workload.", "PMID": 527773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3479", "title": "In vitro inhibition of oocyte and follicular maturation and spawning in starfish (Asterias forbesi) by 2-4-dinitrophenol.", "content": "The in vitro effects of 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on spawning and follicular and oocyte maturation in starfish ovaries and its various cellular components were investigated. Spawning and oocyte and follicular maturation induced by starfish gonadotropin radial nerve factor (RNF) in isolated ovarian fragments were all inhibited by appropriate doses of DNP. DNP inhibits processes which occur shortly after addition of the gonadotropin; in ovarian fragments insensitivity to DNP inhibition occurred shortly after addition of RNF but prior to initiation of spawning. Spontaneous follicular and oocyte maturation which occurred following release of ovarian follicles into sea water was prevented by DNP. In non-spontaneously maturing follicles released from the ovary, DNP inhibited both follicle and oocyte maturation induced by the secondary stimulator of spawning and maturation, 1-methyladenine (1-MA). DNP also inhibited 1-MA induced meiotic maturation in isolated immature oocytes incubated in the absence of follicle cells. Inhibition of oocyte maturation was not associated with inhibition of 3H-1-MA incorporation by isolated oocytes. Immature oocytes incubated in the presence of DNP underwent maturation following washing and subsequent exposure to 1-MA. Immature oocytes initially exposed to both 1-MA and DNP, however, showed decreased maturation responsiveness following washing and re-exposure to 1-MA. The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of DNP on spawning and oocyte maturation are the result of direct effects on the oocytes and possibly other cells and tissues within the ovary.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of oocyte and follicular maturation and spawning in starfish (Asterias forbesi) by 2-4-dinitrophenol. The in vitro effects of 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on spawning and follicular and oocyte maturation in starfish ovaries and its various cellular components were investigated. Spawning and oocyte and follicular maturation induced by starfish gonadotropin radial nerve factor (RNF) in isolated ovarian fragments were all inhibited by appropriate doses of DNP. DNP inhibits processes which occur shortly after addition of the gonadotropin; in ovarian fragments insensitivity to DNP inhibition occurred shortly after addition of RNF but prior to initiation of spawning. Spontaneous follicular and oocyte maturation which occurred following release of ovarian follicles into sea water was prevented by DNP. In non-spontaneously maturing follicles released from the ovary, DNP inhibited both follicle and oocyte maturation induced by the secondary stimulator of spawning and maturation, 1-methyladenine (1-MA). DNP also inhibited 1-MA induced meiotic maturation in isolated immature oocytes incubated in the absence of follicle cells. Inhibition of oocyte maturation was not associated with inhibition of 3H-1-MA incorporation by isolated oocytes. Immature oocytes incubated in the presence of DNP underwent maturation following washing and subsequent exposure to 1-MA. Immature oocytes initially exposed to both 1-MA and DNP, however, showed decreased maturation responsiveness following washing and re-exposure to 1-MA. The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of DNP on spawning and oocyte maturation are the result of direct effects on the oocytes and possibly other cells and tissues within the ovary.", "PMID": 527774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3480", "title": "Variation of DNA polymerase activities in chick neural retina as a function of age.", "content": "The activities of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma and of thymidine kinase were determined in the chick neural retina at different stages of embryonic development (starting at seven days) and after hatching (up to five years). Crude extracts of neural retinae were fractionated by centrifugation on sucrose gradients and the enzymatic activities measured using specific assays. The DNA polymerase alpha activity decreases greatly between 7 and 11 days of incubation. This decrease parallels the decline in mitotic activity. However, a constant residual activity remains after hatching, even in the oldest animals. DNA polymerase beta activity increases slightly between 7 and 14 days of incubation; it then decreases slowly until seven days after hatching and remains constant thereafter. DNA polymerase gamma activity is maximal between 7 and 14 days of incubation and then decreases until hatching. The activity of thymidine kinase increases slightly during the embryonic life until hatching and remains almost constant thereafter. The implication of these enzymes in DNA replication and repair processes is discussed.", "contents": "Variation of DNA polymerase activities in chick neural retina as a function of age. The activities of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma and of thymidine kinase were determined in the chick neural retina at different stages of embryonic development (starting at seven days) and after hatching (up to five years). Crude extracts of neural retinae were fractionated by centrifugation on sucrose gradients and the enzymatic activities measured using specific assays. The DNA polymerase alpha activity decreases greatly between 7 and 11 days of incubation. This decrease parallels the decline in mitotic activity. However, a constant residual activity remains after hatching, even in the oldest animals. DNA polymerase beta activity increases slightly between 7 and 14 days of incubation; it then decreases slowly until seven days after hatching and remains constant thereafter. DNA polymerase gamma activity is maximal between 7 and 14 days of incubation and then decreases until hatching. The activity of thymidine kinase increases slightly during the embryonic life until hatching and remains almost constant thereafter. The implication of these enzymes in DNA replication and repair processes is discussed.", "PMID": 527776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3481", "title": "Changes of DNA ligases in chick neural retina as a function of age.", "content": "In the course of chick neural retina development, several forms of DNA ligase have been found. During embryonic life the major DNA ligase activity that is found at seven days is form I (8.2 S) which gradually decreases and disappears by 14 days after incubation, whereas form II (6.2 S) increases to reach a maximum at the time of hatching. Form II then decreases reaching a constant level by Day 7 and from that time new slow sedimenting forms also appear (forms III and IV). Form III(2 S) is first detectable at seven days and increases up to 90 days, whereas form IV (3 S) is the only form detected in the 17- and 18-month-old and also in the 5-year-old birds. These four forms display different elution patterns on phosphocellulose column chromatography. They also differ in their thermal stability and sensitivity towards N-ethylmaleimide.", "contents": "Changes of DNA ligases in chick neural retina as a function of age. In the course of chick neural retina development, several forms of DNA ligase have been found. During embryonic life the major DNA ligase activity that is found at seven days is form I (8.2 S) which gradually decreases and disappears by 14 days after incubation, whereas form II (6.2 S) increases to reach a maximum at the time of hatching. Form II then decreases reaching a constant level by Day 7 and from that time new slow sedimenting forms also appear (forms III and IV). Form III(2 S) is first detectable at seven days and increases up to 90 days, whereas form IV (3 S) is the only form detected in the 17- and 18-month-old and also in the 5-year-old birds. These four forms display different elution patterns on phosphocellulose column chromatography. They also differ in their thermal stability and sensitivity towards N-ethylmaleimide.", "PMID": 527777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3482", "title": "An experimental study on histamine H2-receptor antagonist on calcium, gastrin and histamine induced gastric acid secretion in rat.", "content": "The suppressive effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, on gastric secretion was investigated in Ghosh-Schild rat. The study above was done in basal state under infusing normal saline (1 ml/h) and stimulated state by histamine-di-chloride (3.5 mg/kg-h), tetragastrin (50 mcg/kg-h) or calcium chloride (4 mg/kg-h). Dose related increase of cimetidine (1.7, 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg-h) were observed and correlated with the degree of inhibition of acid secretion. Cimetidine had a potent inhibitory activity on either basal and stimulated acid output by the agents above. Basal acid secretion was completely abolished by 3.5 mg/kg-h of cimetidine to the level of anacidity. The degree of inhibition by the same dose of cimetidine was different among the agents used as stimulant on acid secretion and it followed in the order of calcium, gastrin and histamine subsequently. This study indicated that histamine H2-receptor participated the gastric secretion induced by either gastrin or calcium other than histamine itself. This fact indicated the important role of endogenous histamine in gastric secretion induced by calcium and gastrin.", "contents": "An experimental study on histamine H2-receptor antagonist on calcium, gastrin and histamine induced gastric acid secretion in rat. The suppressive effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, on gastric secretion was investigated in Ghosh-Schild rat. The study above was done in basal state under infusing normal saline (1 ml/h) and stimulated state by histamine-di-chloride (3.5 mg/kg-h), tetragastrin (50 mcg/kg-h) or calcium chloride (4 mg/kg-h). Dose related increase of cimetidine (1.7, 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg-h) were observed and correlated with the degree of inhibition of acid secretion. Cimetidine had a potent inhibitory activity on either basal and stimulated acid output by the agents above. Basal acid secretion was completely abolished by 3.5 mg/kg-h of cimetidine to the level of anacidity. The degree of inhibition by the same dose of cimetidine was different among the agents used as stimulant on acid secretion and it followed in the order of calcium, gastrin and histamine subsequently. This study indicated that histamine H2-receptor participated the gastric secretion induced by either gastrin or calcium other than histamine itself. This fact indicated the important role of endogenous histamine in gastric secretion induced by calcium and gastrin.", "PMID": 527795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3483", "title": "Studies on circulating soluble immune complexes of the liver disease. 2. Serum inhibitory activity of polyclonal rheumatoid factor binding to IgG-sepharose.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were tested in the liver disease by measuring polyclonal rheumatoid factor (pRF) inhibition activity. The test is based on the inhibition of 125I-pRF binding to IgG-p-azobenzamidoethyl Sepharose 6B. Normal levels of the test were less than 23%. The inhibition activity in sera with liver disease was found to correlate with severity of the disease, as defined by histological criteria. There were correlations of the activity with serum gamma-globulin concentration, seropositivities for rheumatoid factor and hepatitis B antigen.", "contents": "Studies on circulating soluble immune complexes of the liver disease. 2. Serum inhibitory activity of polyclonal rheumatoid factor binding to IgG-sepharose. Circulating immune complexes were tested in the liver disease by measuring polyclonal rheumatoid factor (pRF) inhibition activity. The test is based on the inhibition of 125I-pRF binding to IgG-p-azobenzamidoethyl Sepharose 6B. Normal levels of the test were less than 23%. The inhibition activity in sera with liver disease was found to correlate with severity of the disease, as defined by histological criteria. There were correlations of the activity with serum gamma-globulin concentration, seropositivities for rheumatoid factor and hepatitis B antigen.", "PMID": 527797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3484", "title": "A giant gallbladder.", "content": "A case of giant gallbladder is presented. A 36-yr-old female complaining of colicky pain and a mass in the right upper quadrant underwent cholecystectomy, when the giant gallbladder, 18 cm in length and 4 cm in maximum diameter, and an extremely long cystic duct was confirmed. Since neither marked biliary inflammation nor biliary obstruction was observed, this giant gallbladder is considered to be congenital.", "contents": "A giant gallbladder. A case of giant gallbladder is presented. A 36-yr-old female complaining of colicky pain and a mass in the right upper quadrant underwent cholecystectomy, when the giant gallbladder, 18 cm in length and 4 cm in maximum diameter, and an extremely long cystic duct was confirmed. Since neither marked biliary inflammation nor biliary obstruction was observed, this giant gallbladder is considered to be congenital.", "PMID": 527798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3485", "title": "Statistical considerations on the parameters in drug evaluation.", "content": "Some fundamental considerations are described on the parameters in clinical drug evaluation, and on the combination of them into a judgement on the usefulness of the drug. Regardless of the types of study, informal exploratory or formal controlled study, we must recognize that we work in the clinical field where many pitfalls of variability and bias are ambushing us.", "contents": "Statistical considerations on the parameters in drug evaluation. Some fundamental considerations are described on the parameters in clinical drug evaluation, and on the combination of them into a judgement on the usefulness of the drug. Regardless of the types of study, informal exploratory or formal controlled study, we must recognize that we work in the clinical field where many pitfalls of variability and bias are ambushing us.", "PMID": 527799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3486", "title": "Clinical features of silent stones at onset.", "content": "Abnormal laboratory findings and abnormal functional and morphologic findings of the bile duct are infrequent in silent stones, and the course and prognosis are favorable in the cases of silent stones with no such abnormalities. These cases can therefore be followed up internally, but because onset becomes frequent in the prolonged follow-up, early operation is mandatory when the laboratory study shows any abnormality.", "contents": "Clinical features of silent stones at onset. Abnormal laboratory findings and abnormal functional and morphologic findings of the bile duct are infrequent in silent stones, and the course and prognosis are favorable in the cases of silent stones with no such abnormalities. These cases can therefore be followed up internally, but because onset becomes frequent in the prolonged follow-up, early operation is mandatory when the laboratory study shows any abnormality.", "PMID": 527804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3487", "title": "Quantitative study of mucosal structure, enzyme activities and phenylalanine accumulation in jejunal biopsies of patients with early and late onset diabetes.", "content": "A study of the three-dimensional structure of the upper jejunal mucosa in diabetics has been carried out. The structural findings were related to 14C-L-phenylalanine uptake in vitro, sucrase activity in mucosal homogenates, and the enzyme content of the absorptive cells as measured cytophotometrically. A low grade mucosal transformation of the sprue-type was found, which was associated with decreased sucrase activity, and with no reduction in phenylalanine accumulation. On the other hand the specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, and succinic dehydrogenase in the surface cells remained unchanged.", "contents": "Quantitative study of mucosal structure, enzyme activities and phenylalanine accumulation in jejunal biopsies of patients with early and late onset diabetes. A study of the three-dimensional structure of the upper jejunal mucosa in diabetics has been carried out. The structural findings were related to 14C-L-phenylalanine uptake in vitro, sucrase activity in mucosal homogenates, and the enzyme content of the absorptive cells as measured cytophotometrically. A low grade mucosal transformation of the sprue-type was found, which was associated with decreased sucrase activity, and with no reduction in phenylalanine accumulation. On the other hand the specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, and succinic dehydrogenase in the surface cells remained unchanged.", "PMID": 527868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3488", "title": "Breath hydrogen in pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is an uncommon condition of unknown aetiology. Bacterial gas production may be an important aetiological factor, but experimental evidence in humans has been lacking. We have studied breath hydrogen excretion as an index of bacterial gas production in 12 patients with PCI and have shown that four out of five with demonstrable cysts produced unusually high levels of hydrogen while fasting. This abnormality has not been previously reported. One patient showed resolution of PCI after antibiotic treatment. These findings confirm the importance of bacterial gas production in the pathogenesis of PCI.", "contents": "Breath hydrogen in pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is an uncommon condition of unknown aetiology. Bacterial gas production may be an important aetiological factor, but experimental evidence in humans has been lacking. We have studied breath hydrogen excretion as an index of bacterial gas production in 12 patients with PCI and have shown that four out of five with demonstrable cysts produced unusually high levels of hydrogen while fasting. This abnormality has not been previously reported. One patient showed resolution of PCI after antibiotic treatment. These findings confirm the importance of bacterial gas production in the pathogenesis of PCI.", "PMID": 527869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3489", "title": "Clq metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The metabolism of pure radioiodine labelled Clq has been observed in five patients with ulcerative colitis, five patients with Crohn's disease, and in five control subjects. Both the fractional catabolic rate and the synthesis rate of Clq were increased in the five patients with Crohn's disease and in four of the five patients with ulcerative colitis. The fifth patient was in remission and had a normal synthesis rate. These results support the hypothesis that complement activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of these disease states and that the increased complement activation is primarily via the classical pathway.", "contents": "Clq metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The metabolism of pure radioiodine labelled Clq has been observed in five patients with ulcerative colitis, five patients with Crohn's disease, and in five control subjects. Both the fractional catabolic rate and the synthesis rate of Clq were increased in the five patients with Crohn's disease and in four of the five patients with ulcerative colitis. The fifth patient was in remission and had a normal synthesis rate. These results support the hypothesis that complement activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of these disease states and that the increased complement activation is primarily via the classical pathway.", "PMID": 527870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3490", "title": "Studies in primary hypomagnesaemia: evidence for defective carrier-mediated small intestinal transport of magnesium.", "content": "A 4 year old male with primary hypomagnesaemia was studied using balance and steady-state perfusion techniques. Magnesium balance was negative and could be accounted for by increased faecal losses, renal conservation being normal; calcium balance was normal. After oral magnesium therapy magnesium balance became positive. The perfusion studies demonstrated net loss of magnesium into the intestinal lumen when low concentrations (1 and 2 mmol/l) of magnesium were perfused in contrast with control subjects; whereas at high concentrations (10 mmol/l a net absorption of a magnitude similar to control values was observed. In the control subjects sequential perfusion of increasing concentrations of magnesium demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between rates of absorption and the lower concentrations (1, 2, and 4 mmol/l) with an apparent Km and Vmax of 4.5 mmol/l and 91 nmol/min/cm respectively. At the higher concentrations (6 and 10 mmol/l) the relationship was linear. These data suggest that two separate transport systems participate in the absorption of magnesium from the proximal small intestine; a carrier-mediated system which saturates at low intraluminal concentrations, and a simple diffusional process. The possibility of the second transport system being a carrier-mediated process with a very much higher Km cannot be excluded. In primary hypomagnaesaemia the results suggest that the primary abnormality is a defect in carrier-mediated transport of magnesium from low intraluminal concentrations of magnesium.", "contents": "Studies in primary hypomagnesaemia: evidence for defective carrier-mediated small intestinal transport of magnesium. A 4 year old male with primary hypomagnesaemia was studied using balance and steady-state perfusion techniques. Magnesium balance was negative and could be accounted for by increased faecal losses, renal conservation being normal; calcium balance was normal. After oral magnesium therapy magnesium balance became positive. The perfusion studies demonstrated net loss of magnesium into the intestinal lumen when low concentrations (1 and 2 mmol/l) of magnesium were perfused in contrast with control subjects; whereas at high concentrations (10 mmol/l a net absorption of a magnitude similar to control values was observed. In the control subjects sequential perfusion of increasing concentrations of magnesium demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between rates of absorption and the lower concentrations (1, 2, and 4 mmol/l) with an apparent Km and Vmax of 4.5 mmol/l and 91 nmol/min/cm respectively. At the higher concentrations (6 and 10 mmol/l) the relationship was linear. These data suggest that two separate transport systems participate in the absorption of magnesium from the proximal small intestine; a carrier-mediated system which saturates at low intraluminal concentrations, and a simple diffusional process. The possibility of the second transport system being a carrier-mediated process with a very much higher Km cannot be excluded. In primary hypomagnaesaemia the results suggest that the primary abnormality is a defect in carrier-mediated transport of magnesium from low intraluminal concentrations of magnesium.", "PMID": 527871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3491", "title": "Big and little gastrin responses to food in normal and ulcer subjects.", "content": "In normal, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer subjects the two main forms of gastrin, G17 and G34, were estimated by radioimmunoassay in fasting serum and after feeding. Two antisera were used: one showing high specificity for G17, the other specific for the common COOH-terminus of G17 and G34 and so allowing estimation of G34 by difference. Basal G17 was similar in gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and normal subjects and the increases of G17 after feeding were also similar in these groups. In contrast, basal G34 was similar in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects but raised in gastric ulcer subjects. After a meal the G34 concentration in both gastric and duodenal ulcer patients was significantly higher than normal. It is concluded that the higher post-prandial gastrin responses in peptic ulcer that have been previously described are due largely to increased G34.", "contents": "Big and little gastrin responses to food in normal and ulcer subjects. In normal, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer subjects the two main forms of gastrin, G17 and G34, were estimated by radioimmunoassay in fasting serum and after feeding. Two antisera were used: one showing high specificity for G17, the other specific for the common COOH-terminus of G17 and G34 and so allowing estimation of G34 by difference. Basal G17 was similar in gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and normal subjects and the increases of G17 after feeding were also similar in these groups. In contrast, basal G34 was similar in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects but raised in gastric ulcer subjects. After a meal the G34 concentration in both gastric and duodenal ulcer patients was significantly higher than normal. It is concluded that the higher post-prandial gastrin responses in peptic ulcer that have been previously described are due largely to increased G34.", "PMID": 527872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3492", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and duodenogastric reflux in man.", "content": "In six healthy individuals, the relationship between antroduodenal motor activity, duodenogastric reflux, and gastric emptying were simultaneously examined by combined use of multiple marker perfusion and miniature strain gauge transducers. An interdigestive pattern of motor activity was observed during the fasting period;duodenogastric reflux was of variable magnitude, but reproducible in each individual. Fasting reflux was significantly reduced during phase III of the interdigestive complex. Administration of 0.15 M sodium chloride into the stomach resulted in minor and inconsistent changes in antroduodenal motility, despite the rapid and similar pattern of gastric emptying in the six subjects. This study supports the concept that motor activity in the antroduodenal region does not affect gastric emptying of inert, isotonic fluids but may be involved in the regulation of duodenogastric reflux.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and duodenogastric reflux in man. In six healthy individuals, the relationship between antroduodenal motor activity, duodenogastric reflux, and gastric emptying were simultaneously examined by combined use of multiple marker perfusion and miniature strain gauge transducers. An interdigestive pattern of motor activity was observed during the fasting period;duodenogastric reflux was of variable magnitude, but reproducible in each individual. Fasting reflux was significantly reduced during phase III of the interdigestive complex. Administration of 0.15 M sodium chloride into the stomach resulted in minor and inconsistent changes in antroduodenal motility, despite the rapid and similar pattern of gastric emptying in the six subjects. This study supports the concept that motor activity in the antroduodenal region does not affect gastric emptying of inert, isotonic fluids but may be involved in the regulation of duodenogastric reflux.", "PMID": 527873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3493", "title": "Trypsin and lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic juice in patients with pancreatic disease.", "content": "Levels of immunoreactive trypsin were measured in pure pancreatic juice obtained endoscopically from 44 patients with suspected pancreatic disease. Patients with pancreatic cancer all had low trypsin concentrations (median 3.6 micrograms/ml, range 0.6--12.0), but those with chronic pancreatitis had very variable levels (median 14.2 micrograms/ml, range 3.2--76.8), showing a considerable overlap with patients without pancreatic disease (median 37.1 micrograms/ml, range 10.4--66.0). When levels of lactoferrin in pancreatic juice were measured, all patients with chronic pancreatitis were found to have much higher levels (all greater than 900 ng/ml) than control subjects or patients with pancreatic cancer (all less than 400 ng/ml). The combined measurement of trypsin and lactoferrin in pure pancreatic juice appeared to be more promising than any other currently available test for the separation of patients with pancreatic cancer from those with chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Trypsin and lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic juice in patients with pancreatic disease. Levels of immunoreactive trypsin were measured in pure pancreatic juice obtained endoscopically from 44 patients with suspected pancreatic disease. Patients with pancreatic cancer all had low trypsin concentrations (median 3.6 micrograms/ml, range 0.6--12.0), but those with chronic pancreatitis had very variable levels (median 14.2 micrograms/ml, range 3.2--76.8), showing a considerable overlap with patients without pancreatic disease (median 37.1 micrograms/ml, range 10.4--66.0). When levels of lactoferrin in pancreatic juice were measured, all patients with chronic pancreatitis were found to have much higher levels (all greater than 900 ng/ml) than control subjects or patients with pancreatic cancer (all less than 400 ng/ml). The combined measurement of trypsin and lactoferrin in pure pancreatic juice appeared to be more promising than any other currently available test for the separation of patients with pancreatic cancer from those with chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 527874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3494", "title": "Peroperative transduodenal biopsy of the pancreas.", "content": "Peroperative transduodenal biopsy of the pancreas was performed in 65 patients with the disposable Trucut needle. The technique described is simple, effective, and may reveal unsuspected malignancy. A histological diagnosis of malignancy is reliable but false negative diagnosis may arise because of failure to obtain representative samples.", "contents": "Peroperative transduodenal biopsy of the pancreas. Peroperative transduodenal biopsy of the pancreas was performed in 65 patients with the disposable Trucut needle. The technique described is simple, effective, and may reveal unsuspected malignancy. A histological diagnosis of malignancy is reliable but false negative diagnosis may arise because of failure to obtain representative samples.", "PMID": 527875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3495", "title": "Secretion of biliary lipids in young Chilean women with cholesterol gallstones.", "content": "The early appearance of cholesterol gallstones is very common in Chile. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, the size of the bile acid pool and the secretion of biliary lipids were studied in two groups of young women with normal weights and radiologically functioning gallbladders: nine with cholesterol gallstones and 14 healthy volunteers. The bile acid pool was similar in control and gallstone patients. The secretory rates of bile acids and phospholipids were comparable and significantly correlated in both groups. On the other hand, cholesterol output was higher in gallstone patients. In controls there was a significant correlation between the output of bile acids and cholesterol, but no correlation was found in the gallstone group. This study suggests that cholesterol hypersecretion into the bile is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease in young Chilean women with normal weights.", "contents": "Secretion of biliary lipids in young Chilean women with cholesterol gallstones. The early appearance of cholesterol gallstones is very common in Chile. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, the size of the bile acid pool and the secretion of biliary lipids were studied in two groups of young women with normal weights and radiologically functioning gallbladders: nine with cholesterol gallstones and 14 healthy volunteers. The bile acid pool was similar in control and gallstone patients. The secretory rates of bile acids and phospholipids were comparable and significantly correlated in both groups. On the other hand, cholesterol output was higher in gallstone patients. In controls there was a significant correlation between the output of bile acids and cholesterol, but no correlation was found in the gallstone group. This study suggests that cholesterol hypersecretion into the bile is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease in young Chilean women with normal weights.", "PMID": 527876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3496", "title": "Occurrence and polymorphism of bombesin-like peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals.", "content": "The gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds, especially stomach and upper small intestine, contains bombesin-like peptides. This has been unequivocally demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and bioassay. Concentrations of bombesin-like activity may range from a few ng to 500-600 ng per g fresh tissue. Last values refer to the chicken proventriculus, which has been the object of a more thorough investigation. The bombesin-like peptide of the chicken proventriculus showed a marked heterogeneity. All forms probably stem from a pro-bombesin, a large precursor molecule which is insoluble in methanol, acetone, and even boiling water, but may be cleaved by acid hydrolysis. Methanol extracts contain at least two forms of the bombesin-like peptide; HCl extracts at least three forms; HCl extracts of the residue of methanol extraction at least four forms. Whereas some forms--for example, the methanol extractable forms--probably pre-exist in the tissue, other forms may be artefacts arising from acid treatment. The various forms may be distinguished from each other not only by their elution profile, but also by bioassay. In fact, though all forms show the activity spectrum characteristic for the amphibian bombesin-like peptides, they present considerable quantitative differences in activity. Pro-bombesin(s) probably occur also in the rat and guinea-pig stomach; similarly, a clear-cut heterogeneity is appreciable for the bombesin-like peptide of the human gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Occurrence and polymorphism of bombesin-like peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals. The gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds, especially stomach and upper small intestine, contains bombesin-like peptides. This has been unequivocally demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and bioassay. Concentrations of bombesin-like activity may range from a few ng to 500-600 ng per g fresh tissue. Last values refer to the chicken proventriculus, which has been the object of a more thorough investigation. The bombesin-like peptide of the chicken proventriculus showed a marked heterogeneity. All forms probably stem from a pro-bombesin, a large precursor molecule which is insoluble in methanol, acetone, and even boiling water, but may be cleaved by acid hydrolysis. Methanol extracts contain at least two forms of the bombesin-like peptide; HCl extracts at least three forms; HCl extracts of the residue of methanol extraction at least four forms. Whereas some forms--for example, the methanol extractable forms--probably pre-exist in the tissue, other forms may be artefacts arising from acid treatment. The various forms may be distinguished from each other not only by their elution profile, but also by bioassay. In fact, though all forms show the activity spectrum characteristic for the amphibian bombesin-like peptides, they present considerable quantitative differences in activity. Pro-bombesin(s) probably occur also in the rat and guinea-pig stomach; similarly, a clear-cut heterogeneity is appreciable for the bombesin-like peptide of the human gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 527877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3497", "title": "Virus isolation studies in Crohn's disease: a negative report.", "content": "Homogenates of gut and mesenteric lymph node tissue from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and control patients were tested for cytopathic effect (CPE) production in a series of cell lines including rabbit ileal and W138 cells. A CPE was produced in W138 cells by tissue homogenates from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and control patients. Evidence was obtained to suggest that this effect, although superficially similar to a viral CPE, was due to toxic protein constituents of inflamed tissue homogenate.", "contents": "Virus isolation studies in Crohn's disease: a negative report. Homogenates of gut and mesenteric lymph node tissue from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and control patients were tested for cytopathic effect (CPE) production in a series of cell lines including rabbit ileal and W138 cells. A CPE was produced in W138 cells by tissue homogenates from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and control patients. Evidence was obtained to suggest that this effect, although superficially similar to a viral CPE, was due to toxic protein constituents of inflamed tissue homogenate.", "PMID": 527878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3498", "title": "Pancreatic response to secretion+CCK-PZ in European and North African adults and children.", "content": "Pancreatic response to intravenous secretin GIH (1CU/kg) +CCK-PZ (3CHRU/kg) was investigated in European and North African normal subjects. The pancreatic responses were compared in two groups of 38 normal male adults and in two groups of nine normal nurslings (less than 1 year). Body weight and age were similar in the two adult groups and in the two nursling groups. The peaks of volume, electrolytes, and enzymes were determined in samples of duodenal aspirate after hormonal stimulation. In adult subjects the flow rate and electrolytes were not statistically different in the two groups, while enzyme outputs were lower in the North African group -73% for lipase (P less than 0.001), -54% for phospholipase (P less than 0.01), and -35% for chymotrypsin (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, in both groups of nursling subjects all parameters of pancreatic secretion were identical. The difference in the pattern of the pancreatic response to exogenous hormonal stimulation observed between the two groups of adult subjects could be related to genetic or acquired differences. The second hypothesis is, however, the most probable because the pancreatic secretion was similar in both groups of nursling subjects.", "contents": "Pancreatic response to secretion+CCK-PZ in European and North African adults and children. Pancreatic response to intravenous secretin GIH (1CU/kg) +CCK-PZ (3CHRU/kg) was investigated in European and North African normal subjects. The pancreatic responses were compared in two groups of 38 normal male adults and in two groups of nine normal nurslings (less than 1 year). Body weight and age were similar in the two adult groups and in the two nursling groups. The peaks of volume, electrolytes, and enzymes were determined in samples of duodenal aspirate after hormonal stimulation. In adult subjects the flow rate and electrolytes were not statistically different in the two groups, while enzyme outputs were lower in the North African group -73% for lipase (P less than 0.001), -54% for phospholipase (P less than 0.01), and -35% for chymotrypsin (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, in both groups of nursling subjects all parameters of pancreatic secretion were identical. The difference in the pattern of the pancreatic response to exogenous hormonal stimulation observed between the two groups of adult subjects could be related to genetic or acquired differences. The second hypothesis is, however, the most probable because the pancreatic secretion was similar in both groups of nursling subjects.", "PMID": 527879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3499", "title": "Clinical relevance of an unfused pancreatic duct system.", "content": "In man, the main pancreatic duct is normally derived from ventral and dorsal embryological buds of the pancreas. In a minority of people, failure of fusion of the two buds results in separate drainage of the dorsal and ventral pancreas, so that the accessory duct provides the main drainage for the gland. Patients with this anomaly demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) have been investigated to assess whether non-fusion of the main pancreatic duct predisposes to the development of pancreatitis. A failure of fusion of the pancreatic ducts was seen in 21 out of 449 (4.7%) successful pancreatograms; four of these 21 patients had definite clinical evidence of pancreatitis and two patients had possible pancreatic disease, but in the remainder the anomaly was not considered to be clinically relevant. An abnormal pancreatogram suggesting pancreatitis was present in 116 out of the 428 patients (27.1%) with a normally fused duct system. The anomaly was found as frequently in the whole series as it was seen in patients with pancreatitis. These findings suggest that embryological failure of pancreatic duct fusion does not predispose to the development of pancreatitis. However, the presence of this anomaly may lead to misinterpretation of ultrasonographic and CT scan findings.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of an unfused pancreatic duct system. In man, the main pancreatic duct is normally derived from ventral and dorsal embryological buds of the pancreas. In a minority of people, failure of fusion of the two buds results in separate drainage of the dorsal and ventral pancreas, so that the accessory duct provides the main drainage for the gland. Patients with this anomaly demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) have been investigated to assess whether non-fusion of the main pancreatic duct predisposes to the development of pancreatitis. A failure of fusion of the pancreatic ducts was seen in 21 out of 449 (4.7%) successful pancreatograms; four of these 21 patients had definite clinical evidence of pancreatitis and two patients had possible pancreatic disease, but in the remainder the anomaly was not considered to be clinically relevant. An abnormal pancreatogram suggesting pancreatitis was present in 116 out of the 428 patients (27.1%) with a normally fused duct system. The anomaly was found as frequently in the whole series as it was seen in patients with pancreatitis. These findings suggest that embryological failure of pancreatic duct fusion does not predispose to the development of pancreatitis. However, the presence of this anomaly may lead to misinterpretation of ultrasonographic and CT scan findings.", "PMID": 527880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3500", "title": "Bile acid studies in patients with Crohn's colitis.", "content": "Bile acid studies were performed in patients with Crohn's disease, radiologically confined to the colon. The bile acid pool size of 10 patients with isolated Crohn's colitis was significantly lower than that of 10 normal control subjects (P less than 0.001) and of 10 ulcerative colitis patients (P less than 0.005). Measurements of 14C-excretion in breath and in 24 hours stool collections after the administration of 5 muCi 14C-glycocholate showed a normal 14C-excretion in breath and usually a markedly increased loss of 14C in the stool (greater than 7% of the dose). The simultaneous administration of 5 muCi 3H-polyethylene glycol MW 4000 (3H-PEG) as a marker indicated that the 14C/3H ratio in the patients with Crohn's colitis was significantly greater than in a control series of patients with diarrhoea not due to bile acid malabsorption. Studies on the composition of duodenal bile showed a significantly decreased concentration of deoxycholic acid in duodenal bile. These observations suggest bile acid malabsorption in patients with Crohn's disease apparently confined to the colon.", "contents": "Bile acid studies in patients with Crohn's colitis. Bile acid studies were performed in patients with Crohn's disease, radiologically confined to the colon. The bile acid pool size of 10 patients with isolated Crohn's colitis was significantly lower than that of 10 normal control subjects (P less than 0.001) and of 10 ulcerative colitis patients (P less than 0.005). Measurements of 14C-excretion in breath and in 24 hours stool collections after the administration of 5 muCi 14C-glycocholate showed a normal 14C-excretion in breath and usually a markedly increased loss of 14C in the stool (greater than 7% of the dose). The simultaneous administration of 5 muCi 3H-polyethylene glycol MW 4000 (3H-PEG) as a marker indicated that the 14C/3H ratio in the patients with Crohn's colitis was significantly greater than in a control series of patients with diarrhoea not due to bile acid malabsorption. Studies on the composition of duodenal bile showed a significantly decreased concentration of deoxycholic acid in duodenal bile. These observations suggest bile acid malabsorption in patients with Crohn's disease apparently confined to the colon.", "PMID": 527881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3501", "title": "Enterohepatic circulation rates of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in man.", "content": "The rate of enterohepatic cycling of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid was determined in five male subjects. Pool sizes were measured by isotope dilution technique after intraduodenal administration of 14C-labelled cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. The hourly hepatic secretion rate of bile acids was determined by an intestinal perfusion technique. From these data the cycling frequency was calculated. Chenodeoxycholic acid circulated on an average 1.34 (range, 1.13--1.57) times faster than cholic acid, probably because chenodeoxycholic acid to a larger extent than cholic acid is absorbed from the proximal small intestine and thus partly bypasses the hepaticoileal circuit. This difference in cycling rate may have methodological as well as physiological implications.", "contents": "Enterohepatic circulation rates of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in man. The rate of enterohepatic cycling of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid was determined in five male subjects. Pool sizes were measured by isotope dilution technique after intraduodenal administration of 14C-labelled cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. The hourly hepatic secretion rate of bile acids was determined by an intestinal perfusion technique. From these data the cycling frequency was calculated. Chenodeoxycholic acid circulated on an average 1.34 (range, 1.13--1.57) times faster than cholic acid, probably because chenodeoxycholic acid to a larger extent than cholic acid is absorbed from the proximal small intestine and thus partly bypasses the hepaticoileal circuit. This difference in cycling rate may have methodological as well as physiological implications.", "PMID": 527882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3502", "title": "Bile acid clearance in liver disease.", "content": "The disappearance of intravenously administered cholylglycine-14C was studied in the fasting and postprandial states in seven subjects with healthy livers and 10 patients with liver disease. In neither group was there any significant difference in the pattern of 14C disappearance. In another 10 patients with liver disease there was no significant change when a loading dose of cholylglycine was given orally two hours beforehand. Clearance of bile acids seems to be unimpaired in all except severe liver disease. The apparent deterioration in endogenous bile acid removal after meals may be due simply to the increased amount of bile acids which are in circulation and available for portosystemic shunting.", "contents": "Bile acid clearance in liver disease. The disappearance of intravenously administered cholylglycine-14C was studied in the fasting and postprandial states in seven subjects with healthy livers and 10 patients with liver disease. In neither group was there any significant difference in the pattern of 14C disappearance. In another 10 patients with liver disease there was no significant change when a loading dose of cholylglycine was given orally two hours beforehand. Clearance of bile acids seems to be unimpaired in all except severe liver disease. The apparent deterioration in endogenous bile acid removal after meals may be due simply to the increased amount of bile acids which are in circulation and available for portosystemic shunting.", "PMID": 527883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3503", "title": "Oxalate loading test: a screening test for steatorrhoea.", "content": "To investigate the possibility of measuring urinary oxalate output instead of faecal fat excretion as an outpatient screening test for steatorrhoea, we determined 24 hour urinary oxalate and five day faecal fat excretion before and during an oral load of sodium oxalate 600 mg daily (oxalate 4.44 mmol), in 32 patients with suspected malabsorption on a diet containing oxalate 30 mg (0.33 mmol), fat 50 g (180 mmol), and calcium 1 g (25 mmol). Nineteen patients proved to have steatorrhoea (mean faecal fat 62 mmol/24 h, range 19--186 mmol) of varying aetiologies. On the diet alone, urinary oxalate was raised in only nine of these patients (mean 0.25 mmol/24 h, range 0.08--0.59 mmol) (normal less than 0.20). By contrast, when the diet was supplemented with oral sodium oxalate, all 19 patients with steatorrhoea had hyperoxaluria (mean 0.91 mmol/24 h, range 0.46--1.44 mmol) (normal less than 0.44). There was a significant positive linear relationship between urinary oxalate and faecal fat when the 32 patients were on the high oxalate intake (r = 0.73, P less than 0.001), but not when they were on the low oxalate intake. Mean percentage absorption of orally administered oxalate was 5.8 +/- 0.99% (+/- 1 SD) in normal subjects and 14.7 +/- 6.0% (P less than 0.002) in patients with steatorrhoea. Measurement of urinary oxalate output during oral sodium oxalate loading appears to be a reliable and convenient screening test for steatorrhoea.", "contents": "Oxalate loading test: a screening test for steatorrhoea. To investigate the possibility of measuring urinary oxalate output instead of faecal fat excretion as an outpatient screening test for steatorrhoea, we determined 24 hour urinary oxalate and five day faecal fat excretion before and during an oral load of sodium oxalate 600 mg daily (oxalate 4.44 mmol), in 32 patients with suspected malabsorption on a diet containing oxalate 30 mg (0.33 mmol), fat 50 g (180 mmol), and calcium 1 g (25 mmol). Nineteen patients proved to have steatorrhoea (mean faecal fat 62 mmol/24 h, range 19--186 mmol) of varying aetiologies. On the diet alone, urinary oxalate was raised in only nine of these patients (mean 0.25 mmol/24 h, range 0.08--0.59 mmol) (normal less than 0.20). By contrast, when the diet was supplemented with oral sodium oxalate, all 19 patients with steatorrhoea had hyperoxaluria (mean 0.91 mmol/24 h, range 0.46--1.44 mmol) (normal less than 0.44). There was a significant positive linear relationship between urinary oxalate and faecal fat when the 32 patients were on the high oxalate intake (r = 0.73, P less than 0.001), but not when they were on the low oxalate intake. Mean percentage absorption of orally administered oxalate was 5.8 +/- 0.99% (+/- 1 SD) in normal subjects and 14.7 +/- 6.0% (P less than 0.002) in patients with steatorrhoea. Measurement of urinary oxalate output during oral sodium oxalate loading appears to be a reliable and convenient screening test for steatorrhoea.", "PMID": 527884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3504", "title": "Motor activity of the sigmoid colon in chronic constipation: comparative study with normal subjects.", "content": "Manometric studies of the sigmoid colon were performed on 17 healthy volunteers and on 49 constipated patients, after a long period of fasting (18--20 hours). Motility was recorded using perfused catheters at basal level during 45 minutes, then 60 minutes after a 0.5 mg intravenous injection of neostigmine, and, finally, 30 minutes during and after a meal. Motor activity was assessed by a motility index (per cent of activity x mean amplitude of waves). In both normal and constipated patients, the basal motility index was very low (respectively 82 +/- 16 and 110 +/- 113). This low level of activity was due to the long fasting period imposed on all the subjects. After neostigmine the motility index increased in both controls (347 +/- 256) and constipated patients (311 +/- 325); this test, however was found to be unreliable. The meal increased the motility index to significantly higher values than after neostigmine in controls (538 +/- 215). In constipated patients the mean meal motility index was comparable with that of controls (577 +/- 549) with a large distribution of individual values. Using the mean meal motility index +/- 2 SD of the control group as a term of comparison, the patients were segregated into three groups: 'hypomotor' patients (eight cases), 'normomotor' patients (33 cases), and 'hypermotor' patients (eight cases). From the evidence of this series of clinically well-defined constipated patients, it was concluded that only the meal test is able to segregate three significant patterns of sigmoid activity and that a large number (68%) of constipated patients exhibit normal sigmoid motor activity.", "contents": "Motor activity of the sigmoid colon in chronic constipation: comparative study with normal subjects. Manometric studies of the sigmoid colon were performed on 17 healthy volunteers and on 49 constipated patients, after a long period of fasting (18--20 hours). Motility was recorded using perfused catheters at basal level during 45 minutes, then 60 minutes after a 0.5 mg intravenous injection of neostigmine, and, finally, 30 minutes during and after a meal. Motor activity was assessed by a motility index (per cent of activity x mean amplitude of waves). In both normal and constipated patients, the basal motility index was very low (respectively 82 +/- 16 and 110 +/- 113). This low level of activity was due to the long fasting period imposed on all the subjects. After neostigmine the motility index increased in both controls (347 +/- 256) and constipated patients (311 +/- 325); this test, however was found to be unreliable. The meal increased the motility index to significantly higher values than after neostigmine in controls (538 +/- 215). In constipated patients the mean meal motility index was comparable with that of controls (577 +/- 549) with a large distribution of individual values. Using the mean meal motility index +/- 2 SD of the control group as a term of comparison, the patients were segregated into three groups: 'hypomotor' patients (eight cases), 'normomotor' patients (33 cases), and 'hypermotor' patients (eight cases). From the evidence of this series of clinically well-defined constipated patients, it was concluded that only the meal test is able to segregate three significant patterns of sigmoid activity and that a large number (68%) of constipated patients exhibit normal sigmoid motor activity.", "PMID": 527885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3505", "title": "Recurrent unilateral swelling of the parotid gland.", "content": "The clinical features of 109 patients with recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (24 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's disease were excluded) have been analysed to explore the best system of management. The cause was definitely a parotid duct calculus in 36 patients, and evidence is presented that the same diagnosis probably applied to another 59 patients. Features suggesting a diagnosis of calculus included age (greater than 29 years); duration of the attacks of pain (less than 24 hours); cessation of salivation on the affected side; and a spurt of saliva heralding the relief of symptoms. Only three patients in the definite calculus group (8.3%) had no physical signs. However, had physical examination not included inspection and palpation of the parotid duct and its orifice from within the mouth 75% of the proven calculi would have been missed. The intraoral and anteroposterior plain radiographs are likely to be helpful, and sialography even more so. A sialographic appearance of a stricture in the main duct with proximal dilatation is usually due to a claculus. It would appear that calculi are the cause of recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (after exclusion of Sj\u00f6gren's disease) in an overwhelming proportion of patients with this symptom.", "contents": "Recurrent unilateral swelling of the parotid gland. The clinical features of 109 patients with recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (24 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's disease were excluded) have been analysed to explore the best system of management. The cause was definitely a parotid duct calculus in 36 patients, and evidence is presented that the same diagnosis probably applied to another 59 patients. Features suggesting a diagnosis of calculus included age (greater than 29 years); duration of the attacks of pain (less than 24 hours); cessation of salivation on the affected side; and a spurt of saliva heralding the relief of symptoms. Only three patients in the definite calculus group (8.3%) had no physical signs. However, had physical examination not included inspection and palpation of the parotid duct and its orifice from within the mouth 75% of the proven calculi would have been missed. The intraoral and anteroposterior plain radiographs are likely to be helpful, and sialography even more so. A sialographic appearance of a stricture in the main duct with proximal dilatation is usually due to a claculus. It would appear that calculi are the cause of recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (after exclusion of Sj\u00f6gren's disease) in an overwhelming proportion of patients with this symptom.", "PMID": 527886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3506", "title": "Cervical mucus and prediction of the time of ovulation.", "content": "12 normal ovulatory women were studied during 17 menstrual cycles. The first day on which the women had increasing quantities of 0.1 ml or more clear cervical mucus (IQCCM) was closely related to the time of ovulation as monitored by basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum-luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone. The results show that the time of ovulation can be predicted clinically without specialized tests by observing the day of onset of IQCCM.", "contents": "Cervical mucus and prediction of the time of ovulation. 12 normal ovulatory women were studied during 17 menstrual cycles. The first day on which the women had increasing quantities of 0.1 ml or more clear cervical mucus (IQCCM) was closely related to the time of ovulation as monitored by basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum-luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone. The results show that the time of ovulation can be predicted clinically without specialized tests by observing the day of onset of IQCCM.", "PMID": 527887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3507", "title": "Ultrastructure of the syncytiotrophoblast of the human term placenta in EPH-gestosis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of normal full-term placentae and of placentae of patients with EPH-gestosis was studied. To minimalize artificial changes puncture biopsies during cesarian section were performed. The main ultrastructural alterations in cases of EPH-gestosis can be summarized as follows: loss of the characteristic three-zonal pattern, increased deposits of fibrinoid, rarefication of microvilli, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the syncytiotrophoblast of the human term placenta in EPH-gestosis. The ultrastructure of normal full-term placentae and of placentae of patients with EPH-gestosis was studied. To minimalize artificial changes puncture biopsies during cesarian section were performed. The main ultrastructural alterations in cases of EPH-gestosis can be summarized as follows: loss of the characteristic three-zonal pattern, increased deposits of fibrinoid, rarefication of microvilli, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 527888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3508", "title": "Significance of urinary enzymes in gestosis.", "content": "The levels of five enzymes were examined in the urine and the serum of pregnant women. They included leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (ABG), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). After establishing the normal curve and upper confidence limits in healthy pregnant patients (138 examinations in 52 women), the the enzymes were examined in the urine and the serum of 21 severe and 23 mildly toxemic cases. The mean urinary levels of ABG, AP and LAP in the severe cases were significantly higher than in the normals, and by examining all three enzymes, at least one of them was found to be above the upper confidence limit in 95% of the severely ill women. The changes did not show up early enough to form a good diagnostic and prognostic sign in moderate pregnancy-induced hypertension, but severe kidney damage may be revealed earlier than by the regular kidney function tests, and patients with a bad remote prognosis can be singled out by this method.", "contents": "Significance of urinary enzymes in gestosis. The levels of five enzymes were examined in the urine and the serum of pregnant women. They included leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (ABG), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). After establishing the normal curve and upper confidence limits in healthy pregnant patients (138 examinations in 52 women), the the enzymes were examined in the urine and the serum of 21 severe and 23 mildly toxemic cases. The mean urinary levels of ABG, AP and LAP in the severe cases were significantly higher than in the normals, and by examining all three enzymes, at least one of them was found to be above the upper confidence limit in 95% of the severely ill women. The changes did not show up early enough to form a good diagnostic and prognostic sign in moderate pregnancy-induced hypertension, but severe kidney damage may be revealed earlier than by the regular kidney function tests, and patients with a bad remote prognosis can be singled out by this method.", "PMID": 527889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3509", "title": "[Treatment of arthroses of the carpal bones and the first carpometacarpal joint with liquid silastic implants].", "content": "In cases of resection arthroplasties of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb we implant liquid silastic. This implant provides a good adaptation to the individual local situation and shows a good resistance to deformation. On the basis of our initial experience with this procedure we regard it as highly apt to provide an exactly fitting substitute in the wrist--especially in cases of an extirpation of the lunate bone.", "contents": "[Treatment of arthroses of the carpal bones and the first carpometacarpal joint with liquid silastic implants]. In cases of resection arthroplasties of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb we implant liquid silastic. This implant provides a good adaptation to the individual local situation and shows a good resistance to deformation. On the basis of our initial experience with this procedure we regard it as highly apt to provide an exactly fitting substitute in the wrist--especially in cases of an extirpation of the lunate bone.", "PMID": 527890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3510", "title": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the hand and its treatment by means of microvascular anastomosis].", "content": "In the management of arterio-venous fistulas in the extremities one is confronted with technical difficulties due to the small caliber of the vessels. Excision of the abnormal segment precludes direct reanastomosis. A case is presented in which the vessel defect was bridged by microsurgical arterial interposition.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the hand and its treatment by means of microvascular anastomosis]. In the management of arterio-venous fistulas in the extremities one is confronted with technical difficulties due to the small caliber of the vessels. Excision of the abnormal segment precludes direct reanastomosis. A case is presented in which the vessel defect was bridged by microsurgical arterial interposition.", "PMID": 527891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3511", "title": "[The ultrastructure of ganglia and newly formed tendon sheaths].", "content": "Comparative electron microscopic examination of ganglions (from the tendon sheaths and joint capsules of the hand) as well as that of newly formed tendon sheaths (after resection of digital flexors and their tendon sheaths) indicate that both are the result of an adaptive effect of the mesenchyma which enables the formation of a new synovial organ in the presence of an adequate stimulus.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of ganglia and newly formed tendon sheaths]. Comparative electron microscopic examination of ganglions (from the tendon sheaths and joint capsules of the hand) as well as that of newly formed tendon sheaths (after resection of digital flexors and their tendon sheaths) indicate that both are the result of an adaptive effect of the mesenchyma which enables the formation of a new synovial organ in the presence of an adequate stimulus.", "PMID": 527892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3512", "title": "[Radial nerve paralysis in congenital angioleiomyoma].", "content": "An isolated paralysis of the radial nerve in a newborn was reported. The displaced growth of the histologically proved angioleiomyoma caused a circumferential compression with subsequent atrophy of the nerve (Fig. 4). During operative treatment of the tumor, the damaged part of the nerve was resected, too. In a second stage the defect in the nerve was closed by suralis grafts. Possibly due to scar adhesions a good result was not obtained.", "contents": "[Radial nerve paralysis in congenital angioleiomyoma]. An isolated paralysis of the radial nerve in a newborn was reported. The displaced growth of the histologically proved angioleiomyoma caused a circumferential compression with subsequent atrophy of the nerve (Fig. 4). During operative treatment of the tumor, the damaged part of the nerve was resected, too. In a second stage the defect in the nerve was closed by suralis grafts. Possibly due to scar adhesions a good result was not obtained.", "PMID": 527893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3513", "title": "[Local-antibiotic treatment with gentamycin-PMMA-minichains in surgery of hand infections].", "content": "In bone and soft tissue infections surgical treatment is often indicated. Gentamycin-containing plastic beads permit an additional, highly effective local antibiotic therapy. Beads of smaller caliber have been developed for the use in hand surgery.", "contents": "[Local-antibiotic treatment with gentamycin-PMMA-minichains in surgery of hand infections]. In bone and soft tissue infections surgical treatment is often indicated. Gentamycin-containing plastic beads permit an additional, highly effective local antibiotic therapy. Beads of smaller caliber have been developed for the use in hand surgery.", "PMID": 527894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3514", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors of the soft tissue of the forearm: an atypical palmaris longus muscle].", "content": "Bellies of the palmaris longus which are situated in an atypical position can appear as tumors of soft tissues on the flexor side of the forearm. Besides a central position a distal bicipital and a doubled variant can be observed. We report the case of a 22 years old female patient, with a \"tumor\" on the flexor side of the forearm of plum-size. Previous surgery had been interrupted when musculature appeared. During the revision we found a belly of the palmaris longus in a central position, situated proximal to the flexor retinaculum. The belly of musculature was 5 cm long and 2 cm wide. After extirpation of the tendinous and muscular parts the patient was free of symptoms.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors of the soft tissue of the forearm: an atypical palmaris longus muscle]. Bellies of the palmaris longus which are situated in an atypical position can appear as tumors of soft tissues on the flexor side of the forearm. Besides a central position a distal bicipital and a doubled variant can be observed. We report the case of a 22 years old female patient, with a \"tumor\" on the flexor side of the forearm of plum-size. Previous surgery had been interrupted when musculature appeared. During the revision we found a belly of the palmaris longus in a central position, situated proximal to the flexor retinaculum. The belly of musculature was 5 cm long and 2 cm wide. After extirpation of the tendinous and muscular parts the patient was free of symptoms.", "PMID": 527895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3515", "title": "[Treatment of amputation of the distal finger phalanx with a neurovascular flap].", "content": "A method of covering defects of the distal phalanx with a sensible full thickness transposition flap is demonstrated using clinical cases. A laterally based full thickness flap with its palmar neurovascular bundle is mobilized in the injured finger. By stretching and displacing the neurovascular bundle the sensible full thickness flap can be placed on the defect.", "contents": "[Treatment of amputation of the distal finger phalanx with a neurovascular flap]. A method of covering defects of the distal phalanx with a sensible full thickness transposition flap is demonstrated using clinical cases. A laterally based full thickness flap with its palmar neurovascular bundle is mobilized in the injured finger. By stretching and displacing the neurovascular bundle the sensible full thickness flap can be placed on the defect.", "PMID": 527896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3516", "title": "[Functional results after reconstruction of severed flexor tendons by means of free flexor tendon grafts].", "content": "From 93 free flexor tendon grafts which have been performed in the years 1959--1976 because of flexor tendon laceration 85% could be reinvestigated after 6 years 10 months (average intervall). Three reinvestigation schemes for classification of the functional results were used (VERDAN/MICHON 1961, McKENZIE 1967, BUCK-GRAMCKO 1976). This had the advantage that marked differences in the classification schemes could be demonstrated. With 56% of very good and 22% of good results according to the classification of McKENZIE or 30% of very good and 26% of good results according to the classification of BUCK-GRAMCKO the results of free flexor tendon graft in the area of the thumb are significantly better than those in the fingers. In addition the relationship between the objective reinvestigation results of the operation and the subjective results appraised by the patients is demonstrated and shows that BUCK-GRAMCKO's classification comes closest to the patients evaluation.", "contents": "[Functional results after reconstruction of severed flexor tendons by means of free flexor tendon grafts]. From 93 free flexor tendon grafts which have been performed in the years 1959--1976 because of flexor tendon laceration 85% could be reinvestigated after 6 years 10 months (average intervall). Three reinvestigation schemes for classification of the functional results were used (VERDAN/MICHON 1961, McKENZIE 1967, BUCK-GRAMCKO 1976). This had the advantage that marked differences in the classification schemes could be demonstrated. With 56% of very good and 22% of good results according to the classification of McKENZIE or 30% of very good and 26% of good results according to the classification of BUCK-GRAMCKO the results of free flexor tendon graft in the area of the thumb are significantly better than those in the fingers. In addition the relationship between the objective reinvestigation results of the operation and the subjective results appraised by the patients is demonstrated and shows that BUCK-GRAMCKO's classification comes closest to the patients evaluation.", "PMID": 527897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3517", "title": "[The monodigital recognition test (MRT)--a sensitivity-specific variant of Moberg's pick-up test].", "content": "The Test for Mono-digital Recognition (MRT) is a procedure specifically designed for the measurement of gnostic performance. The new test was derived from MOBERG's Pick-up Test with the aim of eliminating its shortcomings. Additional injuries do not restrict the applicability of the MRT and the test is not confined to the skin area supplied by the median nerve. The MRT expresses the degree of gnostic disturbances by means of a point system. For testing a patient only two to four minutes are needed.", "contents": "[The monodigital recognition test (MRT)--a sensitivity-specific variant of Moberg's pick-up test]. The Test for Mono-digital Recognition (MRT) is a procedure specifically designed for the measurement of gnostic performance. The new test was derived from MOBERG's Pick-up Test with the aim of eliminating its shortcomings. Additional injuries do not restrict the applicability of the MRT and the test is not confined to the skin area supplied by the median nerve. The MRT expresses the degree of gnostic disturbances by means of a point system. For testing a patient only two to four minutes are needed.", "PMID": 527898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3518", "title": "Identification of helminth species by means of disc electrophoresis.", "content": "Soluble proteins of 25 helminth species of the classes Trematoda, Cestoidea and Nematoda, were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel columns. Differences between the species were investigated on the basis of Rm values of the bands. Protein spectra were complemented by the detection of lipoproteins and glycoproteins and by identification of LDH, SHD, peroxidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of comparison of protein spectra of parasitic worms belonging to three taxonomic classes it was found by means of numerical taxonomy that individual classes are characterized by a certain number of proteins of the same migration properties.", "contents": "Identification of helminth species by means of disc electrophoresis. Soluble proteins of 25 helminth species of the classes Trematoda, Cestoidea and Nematoda, were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel columns. Differences between the species were investigated on the basis of Rm values of the bands. Protein spectra were complemented by the detection of lipoproteins and glycoproteins and by identification of LDH, SHD, peroxidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of comparison of protein spectra of parasitic worms belonging to three taxonomic classes it was found by means of numerical taxonomy that individual classes are characterized by a certain number of proteins of the same migration properties.", "PMID": 527899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3519", "title": "Tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the lung of artificially infected cattle.", "content": "The tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the lung of cattle with an experimental infection was an inflammatory rim originating in the immediate vicinity of the cysts. The cysts recovered at days 83 and 102 p.i. contained living cysticerci. The rim was composed either of a layer of high histiocytes organized in palisades (at day 83 p.i.), or a lyer of flat histiocytes (at day 102 p.i.). The outer layer of the rim consisted of fibroblasts, reticular cells and a different number of eosinophil- and neutrophil luekocytes. On the periphery, the rim was formed by granulation tissue infiltrated with lymphoplasmocytes. At the border between the layers of the inflammatory rim there were conspicuous foci of a necrotic appearance typical of a tissue reaction to C. bovis.", "contents": "Tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the lung of artificially infected cattle. The tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the lung of cattle with an experimental infection was an inflammatory rim originating in the immediate vicinity of the cysts. The cysts recovered at days 83 and 102 p.i. contained living cysticerci. The rim was composed either of a layer of high histiocytes organized in palisades (at day 83 p.i.), or a lyer of flat histiocytes (at day 102 p.i.). The outer layer of the rim consisted of fibroblasts, reticular cells and a different number of eosinophil- and neutrophil luekocytes. On the periphery, the rim was formed by granulation tissue infiltrated with lymphoplasmocytes. At the border between the layers of the inflammatory rim there were conspicuous foci of a necrotic appearance typical of a tissue reaction to C. bovis.", "PMID": 527900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3520", "title": "Is Tettnang virus a possible arbovirus?", "content": "The paper describes the isolation of 21 identical virus strains during virus isolation experiments in SPF suckling mice strain ICR. The isolated strains were first identified as closely related or identical to Tettnang virus and later as closely related to mouse hepatitis virus. Tettnang virus seems not to be an arbovirus.", "contents": "Is Tettnang virus a possible arbovirus? The paper describes the isolation of 21 identical virus strains during virus isolation experiments in SPF suckling mice strain ICR. The isolated strains were first identified as closely related or identical to Tettnang virus and later as closely related to mouse hepatitis virus. Tettnang virus seems not to be an arbovirus.", "PMID": 527901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3521", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on males of trichinella species.", "content": "Ultrastructure of the cuticle and pseudobursa of adult males of four species of Trichinella has been studied by SEM. T. nativa differs markedly from T. spiralis, T. nelsoni and Trichinella sp. in the form of the pseudobursa. Trichinella sp. differs only slightly from T. spiralis and T. nelsoni. The ultrastructure of the cuticle revealed no characters suitable for the differentiation of the taxons under study.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on males of trichinella species. Ultrastructure of the cuticle and pseudobursa of adult males of four species of Trichinella has been studied by SEM. T. nativa differs markedly from T. spiralis, T. nelsoni and Trichinella sp. in the form of the pseudobursa. Trichinella sp. differs only slightly from T. spiralis and T. nelsoni. The ultrastructure of the cuticle revealed no characters suitable for the differentiation of the taxons under study.", "PMID": 527902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3522", "title": "Growth and production of anthracyclines in wild-type and mutant strains of Streptomyces galilaeus.", "content": "The course of growth curves with respect to the biosynthesis of anthracyclines was followed in the wild low-producing strain Streptomyces galilaeus JA 3043 and in its mutants G-167 (producing increased quantities of glycosides of epsilon-pyrromycinone) and J-14 (accumulating free epsilon-pyrromycinone). A two-phase type of fermentation (growth phase, production phase) was observed in strains JA 3043 and J-14. The maximum production of anthracyclines occurred only after the end of intense growth of the culture. Two phases of rapid growth separated by a phase of stagnation were observed in strain G-167. The second growth phase proceeded only during late hours of cultivation and was (as compared with the first phase) associated with an intensive biosynthesis of anthracyclines.", "contents": "Growth and production of anthracyclines in wild-type and mutant strains of Streptomyces galilaeus. The course of growth curves with respect to the biosynthesis of anthracyclines was followed in the wild low-producing strain Streptomyces galilaeus JA 3043 and in its mutants G-167 (producing increased quantities of glycosides of epsilon-pyrromycinone) and J-14 (accumulating free epsilon-pyrromycinone). A two-phase type of fermentation (growth phase, production phase) was observed in strains JA 3043 and J-14. The maximum production of anthracyclines occurred only after the end of intense growth of the culture. Two phases of rapid growth separated by a phase of stagnation were observed in strain G-167. The second growth phase proceeded only during late hours of cultivation and was (as compared with the first phase) associated with an intensive biosynthesis of anthracyclines.", "PMID": 527904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3523", "title": "Effect of aeration efficiency and carbon source on the production of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus.", "content": "Biosynthesis of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus during submerged cultivation is considerably influenced by aeration and by the concentration of glucose in the medium. At higher values of oxygen absorption rate both the production of epsilon-pyrromycinone glycosides in the wild strain JA 3043 and its production mutant G-167 and accumulation of free epsilon-pyrromycinone in the blocked mutant G-162 were found to be higher; the production of 7-deoxyaglycones was lower in all strains. The studied strains differed in the rate of glucose consumption and in the ability to utilize starch for the biosynthesis of anthracyclines. A two-fold concentration of glucose in the medium resulted in the G-162 strain in an increase of the yield of epsilon-pyrromycinone by 120%. The production of glycosides in strain G-167 increased even after exhaustion of glucose from the medium and the amount of 7-deoxyaglycones simultaneously decreased.", "contents": "Effect of aeration efficiency and carbon source on the production of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus. Biosynthesis of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus during submerged cultivation is considerably influenced by aeration and by the concentration of glucose in the medium. At higher values of oxygen absorption rate both the production of epsilon-pyrromycinone glycosides in the wild strain JA 3043 and its production mutant G-167 and accumulation of free epsilon-pyrromycinone in the blocked mutant G-162 were found to be higher; the production of 7-deoxyaglycones was lower in all strains. The studied strains differed in the rate of glucose consumption and in the ability to utilize starch for the biosynthesis of anthracyclines. A two-fold concentration of glucose in the medium resulted in the G-162 strain in an increase of the yield of epsilon-pyrromycinone by 120%. The production of glycosides in strain G-167 increased even after exhaustion of glucose from the medium and the amount of 7-deoxyaglycones simultaneously decreased.", "PMID": 527905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3524", "title": "Nitrosoguanidine-induced mutations in Streptomyces indicus.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of five 1-alkyl derivatives of 3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, viz. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopentyl and octyl, were tested on Streptomyces indicus. All the compounds were found to be mutagenic. The methyl and ethyl derivatives were most effective regarding mutational frequency. The effectiveness decreased with increasing number of C-atoms in the alkyl group of the mutagens. The compounds tested had a much higher mutagenic efficiency that UV-rays. A marked variation existed in antibiotic activity among the biochemical mutants: increase, decrease or complete absence of such activity were seen.", "contents": "Nitrosoguanidine-induced mutations in Streptomyces indicus. The mutagenic activities of five 1-alkyl derivatives of 3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, viz. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopentyl and octyl, were tested on Streptomyces indicus. All the compounds were found to be mutagenic. The methyl and ethyl derivatives were most effective regarding mutational frequency. The effectiveness decreased with increasing number of C-atoms in the alkyl group of the mutagens. The compounds tested had a much higher mutagenic efficiency that UV-rays. A marked variation existed in antibiotic activity among the biochemical mutants: increase, decrease or complete absence of such activity were seen.", "PMID": 527906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3525", "title": "Electron microscopy of some rock phosphate dissolving bacteria and fungi.", "content": "Bacteria Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa, B. megaterium and B. pulvifaciens, and fungi Aspergillus awamori, A. niger and Penicillium digitatum dissolve tricalcium phosphate and, much less, Mussorie and Udaipur rock phosphate. The solubilizing power of fungi was higher than that of bacteria, the highest being with A. awamori and A. niger, and with P. striata. Electron microscopy of the various cultures showed an electron-dense layer on the bacterial surface after negative staining. The size of phosphate particles decreased by the microbial action, with tricalcium phosphate from 140--250 to 30--90 nm after three weeks of incubation.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of some rock phosphate dissolving bacteria and fungi. Bacteria Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa, B. megaterium and B. pulvifaciens, and fungi Aspergillus awamori, A. niger and Penicillium digitatum dissolve tricalcium phosphate and, much less, Mussorie and Udaipur rock phosphate. The solubilizing power of fungi was higher than that of bacteria, the highest being with A. awamori and A. niger, and with P. striata. Electron microscopy of the various cultures showed an electron-dense layer on the bacterial surface after negative staining. The size of phosphate particles decreased by the microbial action, with tricalcium phosphate from 140--250 to 30--90 nm after three weeks of incubation.", "PMID": 527907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3526", "title": "Morphology, serology and biochemical characters of phage CVX-5, isolated from a patient with colitis.", "content": "Electronmicroscopic observations indicate that bacteriophage CVX-5 has an angular head with long spiral tail which is noncontractile, possibly having 2--3 tail fibres attached at the distal part of the tail. This phage is antigenically unrelated to any of the T-phages. Inhibition of phage CVX-5 multiplication by mitomycin C and incorporation of 3H-thymidine into this phage indicate that phage CVX-5 is a DNA phage.", "contents": "Morphology, serology and biochemical characters of phage CVX-5, isolated from a patient with colitis. Electronmicroscopic observations indicate that bacteriophage CVX-5 has an angular head with long spiral tail which is noncontractile, possibly having 2--3 tail fibres attached at the distal part of the tail. This phage is antigenically unrelated to any of the T-phages. Inhibition of phage CVX-5 multiplication by mitomycin C and incorporation of 3H-thymidine into this phage indicate that phage CVX-5 is a DNA phage.", "PMID": 527908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3527", "title": "Effect of the nonilluminated part of suspension on biomass production in an algal reactor.", "content": "The production of algal biomass in the illuminated and nonilluminated part of the suspension in an algal reactor was analyzed with regard to the biological inertia of the algae. The calculations indicate a considerable effect of nonilluminated part of the reactor on algal biomass production. The intensity of suspension stirring affects biomass production only slightly.", "contents": "Effect of the nonilluminated part of suspension on biomass production in an algal reactor. The production of algal biomass in the illuminated and nonilluminated part of the suspension in an algal reactor was analyzed with regard to the biological inertia of the algae. The calculations indicate a considerable effect of nonilluminated part of the reactor on algal biomass production. The intensity of suspension stirring affects biomass production only slightly.", "PMID": 527909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3528", "title": "Semicontinuous cultivation of autotrophic algae.", "content": "Mathematical expressions were derived for the dilution rate and concentration of algae determining the maximum biomass production in a semicontinuous algal culture.", "contents": "Semicontinuous cultivation of autotrophic algae. Mathematical expressions were derived for the dilution rate and concentration of algae determining the maximum biomass production in a semicontinuous algal culture.", "PMID": 527910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3529", "title": "Cell morphology and flagellation of nitrogen-fixing spirilla.", "content": "Twenty isolates of N2-fixing spirilla were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize and sugar cane grown in Egyptian and Belgian soils. Electron microscopy distinguished two morphological groups. The first includes short and thick curved rods with an unipolar flagellum while cells of the second group are much longer with the typical appearance of spiral cells and most probably possess a bipolar tuft of flagella.", "contents": "Cell morphology and flagellation of nitrogen-fixing spirilla. Twenty isolates of N2-fixing spirilla were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize and sugar cane grown in Egyptian and Belgian soils. Electron microscopy distinguished two morphological groups. The first includes short and thick curved rods with an unipolar flagellum while cells of the second group are much longer with the typical appearance of spiral cells and most probably possess a bipolar tuft of flagella.", "PMID": 527912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3530", "title": "Morphogenic effect of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose on Rhodosporidium toruloides.", "content": "The presence of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose in the growth medium caused marked morphological changes in the cells of Rhodosporidium toruloides. The originally elongated ellipsoidal cells grew spherically in the presence of the deoxy-sugar, displayed differences in cell division and separation, and were larger than the control cells. After exhaustion of glucose from the medium the cells died, although no lysis was observed. The morphological changes were accompanied by significant alterations in the carbohydrate composition of the cell wall. The wall of R. toruloides grown in the presence of the deoxy-sugar contains higher proportions of chitin and glucan, while the relative contents of mannose and galactose polymers decreased drastically in comparison to normal cells.", "contents": "Morphogenic effect of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose on Rhodosporidium toruloides. The presence of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose in the growth medium caused marked morphological changes in the cells of Rhodosporidium toruloides. The originally elongated ellipsoidal cells grew spherically in the presence of the deoxy-sugar, displayed differences in cell division and separation, and were larger than the control cells. After exhaustion of glucose from the medium the cells died, although no lysis was observed. The morphological changes were accompanied by significant alterations in the carbohydrate composition of the cell wall. The wall of R. toruloides grown in the presence of the deoxy-sugar contains higher proportions of chitin and glucan, while the relative contents of mannose and galactose polymers decreased drastically in comparison to normal cells.", "PMID": 527913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3531", "title": "Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 and its production of a growth promoting antibiotic.", "content": "Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 is a true thermophilic actinomycete isolated from a soil sample collected from the Saudi Arabian desert. It is characterized by the formation of single spores at the tips of dichotomously branched aerial mycelium and differs from Thermomonospora curvata and T. viridis in certain aspects. It produces a basic water-soluble antibiotic which is active against Gram-positive bacteria, moderately active against Gram-negative bacteria and inactive against fungi. At high concentrations, this antibiotic, stimulated the growth of both Hordeum coleoptile and lettuce hypocotyl.", "contents": "Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 and its production of a growth promoting antibiotic. Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 is a true thermophilic actinomycete isolated from a soil sample collected from the Saudi Arabian desert. It is characterized by the formation of single spores at the tips of dichotomously branched aerial mycelium and differs from Thermomonospora curvata and T. viridis in certain aspects. It produces a basic water-soluble antibiotic which is active against Gram-positive bacteria, moderately active against Gram-negative bacteria and inactive against fungi. At high concentrations, this antibiotic, stimulated the growth of both Hordeum coleoptile and lettuce hypocotyl.", "PMID": 527914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3532", "title": "Evidence of microchoerine evolution from Dielsdorf (Z\u00fcrich region, Switzerland)--a preliminary report.", "content": "Further evidence of parallel evolution of Necrolemur and Microchoerus is put forward. The two forms were found in a fissure filling of Upper Eocene age (Fons 4) from Dielsdorf (Z\u00fcrich region, Switzerland). Not only the dentition shows different morphs, but also postcranial material represents two vertical clingers and leapers of different size.", "contents": "Evidence of microchoerine evolution from Dielsdorf (Z\u00fcrich region, Switzerland)--a preliminary report. Further evidence of parallel evolution of Necrolemur and Microchoerus is put forward. The two forms were found in a fissure filling of Upper Eocene age (Fons 4) from Dielsdorf (Z\u00fcrich region, Switzerland). Not only the dentition shows different morphs, but also postcranial material represents two vertical clingers and leapers of different size.", "PMID": 527916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3533", "title": "Morphometric studies in the taxonomy of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus. L. 1760.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to verify the subspecific level of the two recent refugial groups of Orang-utan on Borneo and Sumatra. A total of 47 skulls from both regions were studied by means of 32 craniometric characters. Univariate analysis showed highly significant differences only in males, whereas multivariate statistical analysis led to complete discrimination in both sexes. These results support the assumption that the geographically isolated Orang groups are subspecies.", "contents": "Morphometric studies in the taxonomy of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus. L. 1760. The purpose of this study is to verify the subspecific level of the two recent refugial groups of Orang-utan on Borneo and Sumatra. A total of 47 skulls from both regions were studied by means of 32 craniometric characters. Univariate analysis showed highly significant differences only in males, whereas multivariate statistical analysis led to complete discrimination in both sexes. These results support the assumption that the geographically isolated Orang groups are subspecies.", "PMID": 527917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3534", "title": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 2. Cadaveric phenomena in low temperature surroundings (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated 14 kinds of findings of 15 cadavers in low temperature surroundings which had remained at known postmortem interval and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory, comparing with those at normal temperature. In low temperature surroundings, the onset and progress of the findings due to autolysis or putrefaction are retarded in a marked degree but the turbidity of the cornea which is considered to be due to physical or chemico-physical phenomenon is retarded merely in a slight degree. Hence, an erroneous determination of the postmortem interval can be avoided by taking care of the peculiarity. Even the cadavers at low temperature display in 3 to 5 months after death the findings whose degrees correspond to those of the cadavers at normal temperature in 4 to 7 days after death. Some fly-larvae pass the winter on cadavers demonstrating that the time of death was towards the end of autumn of the preceding year.", "contents": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 2. Cadaveric phenomena in low temperature surroundings (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated 14 kinds of findings of 15 cadavers in low temperature surroundings which had remained at known postmortem interval and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory, comparing with those at normal temperature. In low temperature surroundings, the onset and progress of the findings due to autolysis or putrefaction are retarded in a marked degree but the turbidity of the cornea which is considered to be due to physical or chemico-physical phenomenon is retarded merely in a slight degree. Hence, an erroneous determination of the postmortem interval can be avoided by taking care of the peculiarity. Even the cadavers at low temperature display in 3 to 5 months after death the findings whose degrees correspond to those of the cadavers at normal temperature in 4 to 7 days after death. Some fly-larvae pass the winter on cadavers demonstrating that the time of death was towards the end of autumn of the preceding year.", "PMID": 527921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3535", "title": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 3. Autopsy findings of the victims of cold exposure (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated the autopsy findings of 8 bodies died from cold. The conclusions are as follows: Pink colour of the blood in the left ventricle or the pulmonary veins, pink colour of the lungs and pink patches of the skin are fairly pathognomic findings of death from cold. Seven out of eight bodies have presented at least one of these findings. Subserous or submucous hemorrhage is less pathognomic and has been presented less frequently.", "contents": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 3. Autopsy findings of the victims of cold exposure (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the autopsy findings of 8 bodies died from cold. The conclusions are as follows: Pink colour of the blood in the left ventricle or the pulmonary veins, pink colour of the lungs and pink patches of the skin are fairly pathognomic findings of death from cold. Seven out of eight bodies have presented at least one of these findings. Subserous or submucous hemorrhage is less pathognomic and has been presented less frequently.", "PMID": 527922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3536", "title": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 4. An experimental study on the rise of temperature of dead body caused by the radiation of sunlight (author's transl)].", "content": "A sausage of 4 cm diameter and 15 cm length was chosen as a model of a part of human extremities. On the snowfield the model was stood on end and its temperature was recorded continuously by means of thermistor thermorecorder. The conclusions are as follows: In fine weather the temperature directly under the sunny surface of a model rose higher than the air temperature by 18 degrees C in the most remarkable case. Even in cloudy weather it rose fairly though lower than in fine weather. The rise of a model temperature became higher in February than in January. Even at a depth of 1.0 cm the temperature rose fairly though lower than directly under the surface. The temperature of the shady side of a model was equal to air temperature or snow temperature. It is presumed from these data that the temperature of a human dead body on snowfield becomes higher and reaches a optimum temperature for putrefaction at least partly by the radiation of sunlight. The presumption is supported by our experiences at the autopsies in cold district.", "contents": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 4. An experimental study on the rise of temperature of dead body caused by the radiation of sunlight (author's transl)]. A sausage of 4 cm diameter and 15 cm length was chosen as a model of a part of human extremities. On the snowfield the model was stood on end and its temperature was recorded continuously by means of thermistor thermorecorder. The conclusions are as follows: In fine weather the temperature directly under the sunny surface of a model rose higher than the air temperature by 18 degrees C in the most remarkable case. Even in cloudy weather it rose fairly though lower than in fine weather. The rise of a model temperature became higher in February than in January. Even at a depth of 1.0 cm the temperature rose fairly though lower than directly under the surface. The temperature of the shady side of a model was equal to air temperature or snow temperature. It is presumed from these data that the temperature of a human dead body on snowfield becomes higher and reaches a optimum temperature for putrefaction at least partly by the radiation of sunlight. The presumption is supported by our experiences at the autopsies in cold district.", "PMID": 527923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3537", "title": "[Milk spots on the parietal peritoneum over the pancreas in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "In adult dd-mice of both sexes, milk spots on the parietal peritoneum over the pancreas were studied by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The milk spots appeared like a leaf with a slender stalk adhering to the peritoneum or like a flat or disc-shaped mass on the pancreas. They varied in number from case to case, but they were, on the average, 2.1 +/- 0.6 in males and 4.0 +/- 0.7 in females. They were supplied with capillary vessels which had fenestrated endothelium. The milk spots were the same in structural details as the omental type I spots preveiously described.", "contents": "[Milk spots on the parietal peritoneum over the pancreas in the mouse (author's transl)]. In adult dd-mice of both sexes, milk spots on the parietal peritoneum over the pancreas were studied by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The milk spots appeared like a leaf with a slender stalk adhering to the peritoneum or like a flat or disc-shaped mass on the pancreas. They varied in number from case to case, but they were, on the average, 2.1 +/- 0.6 in males and 4.0 +/- 0.7 in females. They were supplied with capillary vessels which had fenestrated endothelium. The milk spots were the same in structural details as the omental type I spots preveiously described.", "PMID": 527925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3538", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies on ribosephosphate isomerase (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to know the clinical significance of serum ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI), the activity of this enzyme was determined in sera of normal subjects and patients with hepatic disorders or malignant tumors. Experimentally, the enzyme activity in sera and liver tissue was followed in rats with acute hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). The following results were obtained: 1) Serum RPI activity increased markedly in rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, whereas the activity in liver tissue decreased, both being related with reciprocally. 2) In the early phase of acute hepatitis, serum RPI activity increased and gradually decreased thereafter. No significant increase was observed in other hepatic disorders. 3) Both serum and liver RPI activity increased in rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-Me-DAB. 4) An increase in serum RPI activity was seen in higher percentage in cancer patients. Higher enzyme activity and its higher incidence were observed in patients with hepatic metastasis or primary hepatoma than in patients without metastasis. From these results it is concluded that serum RPI activity as a diagnostic aid is useful in estimating clinical course of hepatic disorders and also in diagnosing malignant tumors, especially in substantiating a diagnosis of metastasis to the liver.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies on ribosephosphate isomerase (author's transl)]. In order to know the clinical significance of serum ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI), the activity of this enzyme was determined in sera of normal subjects and patients with hepatic disorders or malignant tumors. Experimentally, the enzyme activity in sera and liver tissue was followed in rats with acute hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). The following results were obtained: 1) Serum RPI activity increased markedly in rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, whereas the activity in liver tissue decreased, both being related with reciprocally. 2) In the early phase of acute hepatitis, serum RPI activity increased and gradually decreased thereafter. No significant increase was observed in other hepatic disorders. 3) Both serum and liver RPI activity increased in rats with hepatoma induced by 3'-Me-DAB. 4) An increase in serum RPI activity was seen in higher percentage in cancer patients. Higher enzyme activity and its higher incidence were observed in patients with hepatic metastasis or primary hepatoma than in patients without metastasis. From these results it is concluded that serum RPI activity as a diagnostic aid is useful in estimating clinical course of hepatic disorders and also in diagnosing malignant tumors, especially in substantiating a diagnosis of metastasis to the liver.", "PMID": 527926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3539", "title": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 5. The blood shed on the snow (author's transl)].", "content": "By using bovine blood as a model, the authors have observed the forms and patterns of the blood drops shed or spurted on the snow and the extent of a large amount of blood absorbed in the deep snows, investigating the influence of the properties of snow upon them. It has been demonstrated that the polarographic method is most excellent for the purpose of determining the amount of blood absorbed in the snow.", "contents": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 5. The blood shed on the snow (author's transl)]. By using bovine blood as a model, the authors have observed the forms and patterns of the blood drops shed or spurted on the snow and the extent of a large amount of blood absorbed in the deep snows, investigating the influence of the properties of snow upon them. It has been demonstrated that the polarographic method is most excellent for the purpose of determining the amount of blood absorbed in the snow.", "PMID": 527934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3540", "title": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 2. Exogenous findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-four deceased who were killed from twenty cases of coal-mine accidents during fourteen years from 1965 to 1978 were autopsied in our laboratory and the following conclusions have been obtained, summarizing the exogenous findings on the bodies. At the explosion of methane gas and coal dust chemical energy stored in coal or methane is converted to mechanical energy and thermal energy which act upon the human bodies. Mechanical energy produces diverse injuries in the human bodies, among which only the coal-particle impression demonstrates directionality. Thermal energy produces burns when it acts directly upon the human bodies and among diverse substances produced by heat from the explosion coal-tar like substance adheres to the skin, soot adheres to the inside of the air passage, carbon monoxide produces carbon-monoxide hemoglobin after entering the blood through the lung. At gas spurt mechanical energy stored in methane which is adsorbed on coal under high pressure is set free to produce injuries on the human bodies, but thermal energy does not develop. The action of diverse sorts of energy upon the body differs extraordinarily according to the distance from an epicenter or the irregularities of pit, producing various exogenous findings on the bodies. Accordingly, general rules cannot be established to assume the sort and mode of an accident and it should be considered on a case-by-case basis.", "contents": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 2. Exogenous findings (author's transl)]. Thirty-four deceased who were killed from twenty cases of coal-mine accidents during fourteen years from 1965 to 1978 were autopsied in our laboratory and the following conclusions have been obtained, summarizing the exogenous findings on the bodies. At the explosion of methane gas and coal dust chemical energy stored in coal or methane is converted to mechanical energy and thermal energy which act upon the human bodies. Mechanical energy produces diverse injuries in the human bodies, among which only the coal-particle impression demonstrates directionality. Thermal energy produces burns when it acts directly upon the human bodies and among diverse substances produced by heat from the explosion coal-tar like substance adheres to the skin, soot adheres to the inside of the air passage, carbon monoxide produces carbon-monoxide hemoglobin after entering the blood through the lung. At gas spurt mechanical energy stored in methane which is adsorbed on coal under high pressure is set free to produce injuries on the human bodies, but thermal energy does not develop. The action of diverse sorts of energy upon the body differs extraordinarily according to the distance from an epicenter or the irregularities of pit, producing various exogenous findings on the bodies. Accordingly, general rules cannot be established to assume the sort and mode of an accident and it should be considered on a case-by-case basis.", "PMID": 527935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3541", "title": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 3. Causes of death (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-four deceased who were killed from twenty cases of coal-mine accidents during fourteen years from 1965 to 1978 were autopsied in our laboratory and their causes of death have been discussed. In the explosion of methane gas and coal dust chemical energy stored in coal or methane is converted to mechanical energy and thermal energy which act upon the human bodies to bring about seven sorts of causes of death. Deaths are caused more frequently by thermal energy directly or indirectly than by mechanical energy. It is a characteristic found in the explosions of coal mines which are large and closed underground spaces consisting of inflammable material. In gas spurt major cause of death is asphyxia from the lack of oxygen resulting from the substitution of air by methane gas and the effects of mechanical energy developed by gas spurt is slight in degree. In the coal-mine accidents the causes of death are so much concurred that is is difficult to certify the cause of death. A new concept of a cause of death has been proposed to solve such a problem.", "contents": "[Medico-legal studies on the deaths from coal-mine accidents. 3. Causes of death (author's transl)]. Thirty-four deceased who were killed from twenty cases of coal-mine accidents during fourteen years from 1965 to 1978 were autopsied in our laboratory and their causes of death have been discussed. In the explosion of methane gas and coal dust chemical energy stored in coal or methane is converted to mechanical energy and thermal energy which act upon the human bodies to bring about seven sorts of causes of death. Deaths are caused more frequently by thermal energy directly or indirectly than by mechanical energy. It is a characteristic found in the explosions of coal mines which are large and closed underground spaces consisting of inflammable material. In gas spurt major cause of death is asphyxia from the lack of oxygen resulting from the substitution of air by methane gas and the effects of mechanical energy developed by gas spurt is slight in degree. In the coal-mine accidents the causes of death are so much concurred that is is difficult to certify the cause of death. A new concept of a cause of death has been proposed to solve such a problem.", "PMID": 527936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3542", "title": "Nicotinic acid metabolism. 2,3-Dimethylmalate lyase.", "content": "1) A new enzyme, 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase, was purified from Clostridium barkeri to about 80% homogeneity. Some of the properties of the enzyme are described. 2) It is shown that the 2,3-dimethylmalic acid (m.p. 143 degrees C) described in the literature represents only one racemic pair. This pair is not attacked by 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase. 3) The isolation of both racemic pairs of 2,3-dimethylmalic acid is described. Half of one pair, m.p. 104-106 degrees C, was converted to propionate and pyruvate by 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase. 4) In combination with earlier work performed by E.R. Stadtman and coworkers the results given under points 1--3 establish 2,3-dimethylmalate as an intermediate in the degradation of nicotinic acid by C. barkeri. 5) Experimental evidence indicates the 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase is no acyl-S-enzyme and that it is different in this respect as well as in quaternary structure from the apparently related enzymes citrate lyase and citramalate lyase.", "contents": "Nicotinic acid metabolism. 2,3-Dimethylmalate lyase. 1) A new enzyme, 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase, was purified from Clostridium barkeri to about 80% homogeneity. Some of the properties of the enzyme are described. 2) It is shown that the 2,3-dimethylmalic acid (m.p. 143 degrees C) described in the literature represents only one racemic pair. This pair is not attacked by 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase. 3) The isolation of both racemic pairs of 2,3-dimethylmalic acid is described. Half of one pair, m.p. 104-106 degrees C, was converted to propionate and pyruvate by 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase. 4) In combination with earlier work performed by E.R. Stadtman and coworkers the results given under points 1--3 establish 2,3-dimethylmalate as an intermediate in the degradation of nicotinic acid by C. barkeri. 5) Experimental evidence indicates the 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase is no acyl-S-enzyme and that it is different in this respect as well as in quaternary structure from the apparently related enzymes citrate lyase and citramalate lyase.", "PMID": 527937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3543", "title": "Properties and substrate specificities of two neuraminidases from Trichomonas fetus.", "content": "Trichomonas fetus, a protozoon belonging to the class of flagellates causes vaginal infections in cows, leading to sterility or abortion in early stage of pregnancy. Two neuraminidases were isolated from the culture medium and purified by various procedures of gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and by affinity chromatography on N-(4-nitrophenyl)-oxamic acid-Sepharose 4B. The molecular weights of the two neuraminidases were determined as 320 000 (enzyme I) and 38 000 (enzyme II) respectively. However, enzyme I seems to consist of two isoenzymes containing four subunits of almost equal molecular weight. The pH optima of both enzymes depend on the substrates and range from pH 4.7 to 5.5. Due to the type of substrate, the Michaelis constants (Km) vary between 5.0 x 10(-2)M and 6.6 x 10(-3)M for enzyme I and between 1.4 x 10(-2)M and 4.9 x 10(-3)M for enzyme II. Among the different groups of NeuAc-containing substrates, i.e. glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides and synthetic ketosides, enzyme I preferably cleaves high molecular weight glycoprotein type substrates whereas enzyme II shows higher affinities to low-molecular weight oligosaccharides. The ganglioside II3NeuAcGgOse4Cer is susceptible to both enzymes only after removal of the lipophilic ceramide residue. Both enzymes show differences in the specificity towards alpha 2 leads 3 to 3, alpha 2 leads to 6, and alpha 2 leads to 8 glycosidic linkages of NeuAc. Taking the rate of cleavage of the alpha 2 leads to linkage in II3NeuAc-Lac as 100, enzyme I reveals 65 for the alpha 2 leads to 6 linkage in II6NeuAc-Lac, and 15 for the alpha 2 leads to 8 linkage in II3(comes from 2 alpha NeuAc8)2-Lac, whereas enzyme II exhibits values around 50 for both the alpha 2 leads to 6- and the alpha 2 leads to 8-linked substrates. The activity of neuraminidase I and II is not influenced by Ca2 but is inhibited by Cu2, Hg2, ann 4-hydroxymercurisulfonic acid. The inhibition by Hg2 and by the latter is reversible with enzyme I by addition of dithioerythritol.", "contents": "Properties and substrate specificities of two neuraminidases from Trichomonas fetus. Trichomonas fetus, a protozoon belonging to the class of flagellates causes vaginal infections in cows, leading to sterility or abortion in early stage of pregnancy. Two neuraminidases were isolated from the culture medium and purified by various procedures of gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and by affinity chromatography on N-(4-nitrophenyl)-oxamic acid-Sepharose 4B. The molecular weights of the two neuraminidases were determined as 320 000 (enzyme I) and 38 000 (enzyme II) respectively. However, enzyme I seems to consist of two isoenzymes containing four subunits of almost equal molecular weight. The pH optima of both enzymes depend on the substrates and range from pH 4.7 to 5.5. Due to the type of substrate, the Michaelis constants (Km) vary between 5.0 x 10(-2)M and 6.6 x 10(-3)M for enzyme I and between 1.4 x 10(-2)M and 4.9 x 10(-3)M for enzyme II. Among the different groups of NeuAc-containing substrates, i.e. glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides and synthetic ketosides, enzyme I preferably cleaves high molecular weight glycoprotein type substrates whereas enzyme II shows higher affinities to low-molecular weight oligosaccharides. The ganglioside II3NeuAcGgOse4Cer is susceptible to both enzymes only after removal of the lipophilic ceramide residue. Both enzymes show differences in the specificity towards alpha 2 leads 3 to 3, alpha 2 leads to 6, and alpha 2 leads to 8 glycosidic linkages of NeuAc. Taking the rate of cleavage of the alpha 2 leads to linkage in II3NeuAc-Lac as 100, enzyme I reveals 65 for the alpha 2 leads to 6 linkage in II6NeuAc-Lac, and 15 for the alpha 2 leads to 8 linkage in II3(comes from 2 alpha NeuAc8)2-Lac, whereas enzyme II exhibits values around 50 for both the alpha 2 leads to 6- and the alpha 2 leads to 8-linked substrates. The activity of neuraminidase I and II is not influenced by Ca2 but is inhibited by Cu2, Hg2, ann 4-hydroxymercurisulfonic acid. The inhibition by Hg2 and by the latter is reversible with enzyme I by addition of dithioerythritol.", "PMID": 527938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3544", "title": "Purification and characterization of a mitogenic lectin and a lectin-binding protein from Vicia sativa.", "content": "From the seeds of Vicia sativa, a novel mitogenic lectin was isolated. Purification was carried out by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The tetrameric lectin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of Mr 40 000; it consists of two large beta-subunits (Mr 14 000) and two small alpha-subunits (Mr 6000). The N-terminal sequence of both subunits and their amino acid compositions were determined. The lectin agglutinates human erythrocytes, preferring group B, and erythrocytes from rabbits and horses; no agglutination takes place with sheep erythrocytes. Agglutination is inhibited by mono-, di- and tri-saccharides with the configuration of glucose at the free 4-hydroxyl group. The lectin stimulates mitosis in lymphocytes of mice. From the seeds of the same plant, a protein was isolated which binds to the lectin described above. The lectin binder consists of subunits with a molecular weight of 53 500.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a mitogenic lectin and a lectin-binding protein from Vicia sativa. From the seeds of Vicia sativa, a novel mitogenic lectin was isolated. Purification was carried out by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The tetrameric lectin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of Mr 40 000; it consists of two large beta-subunits (Mr 14 000) and two small alpha-subunits (Mr 6000). The N-terminal sequence of both subunits and their amino acid compositions were determined. The lectin agglutinates human erythrocytes, preferring group B, and erythrocytes from rabbits and horses; no agglutination takes place with sheep erythrocytes. Agglutination is inhibited by mono-, di- and tri-saccharides with the configuration of glucose at the free 4-hydroxyl group. The lectin stimulates mitosis in lymphocytes of mice. From the seeds of the same plant, a protein was isolated which binds to the lectin described above. The lectin binder consists of subunits with a molecular weight of 53 500.", "PMID": 527939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3545", "title": "Studies of the specific role of the subunits of choriogonadotropin for biological, immunological and physical properties of the hormone. Digestion of choriogonadotropin and its isolated subunits with serine carboxypeptidase.", "content": "The residues 90-92 can be split off from the C-terminal region of the isolated alpha-subunit of choriogonadotropin (residues 88--92: -Tyr-Tyr-His-Lys-Ser-OH) by means of serine carboxypeptidase (des-Lys91,Ser92-alpha-subunit; des-(90-92)-alpha-subunit). However, when choriogonadotropin is digested by serine carboxypeptidase, only the residues 143-145 (-Leu-Pro-Gln-OH) form the C-terminus of the beta-subunit are released (des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin). Depending on the pH conditions, glutamine 145 and the residues 143-145, respectively, are liberated by digestion of the isolated beta-subunit (des-Gln145-beta-subunit and des-(143-145)-beta-subunit, respectively). The present study provides evidence that the C-termini of both the isolated subunits and those in choriogonadotropin are probably arranged on the surface of the molecules. The biological activity of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin is not significantly decreased. The immunological activity, however, is reduced when measured by complement fixation. In comparison to the native hormone, a four-fold amount of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin has to be applied to obtain highest complement fixation. The conformation of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin does not seem to differ from that of the native hormone, when estimated both by CD measurements and by Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence. The respective determinant therefore seems to depend, at least to some extent, on the sequence of the C-terminal region of the beta-subunit of the hormone; complement fixation, however, does not seem to be affected significantly, when the des-(143-145)-beta-subunit is compared with the native beta-subunit using an antiserum against the native beta-subunit. This provides evidence that this C-terminal determinant is possibly more immunogenic at the hormone than at the isolated beta-subunit. The biological activity of recombined choriogonadotropin in vivo as well as in vitro is markedly reduced when serine 92 is removed from the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit (des-Ser92,Lys91-alpha-native beta-subunit: 36% residual activity in vivo). Biological activity is lost when the residues 88-90 are removed by digestion of the des-Ser92,Lys91-alpha-subunit with carboxypeptidase A. Recombination products between a modified alpha-and the native beta-subunit show a reduced Anschoriogonadotropin fluorescence (des-Lys91,-Ser92-alpha + native beta-subunit: 52%; des-(88-92)-alpha- + native beta-subunit: 23%). The Ans-induced aggregation of choriogonadotropin, however, also takes place in those recombination products which display a low Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence, indicating that the reduction is probably not caused by a portion of the molecules losing their binding sites for Ans. Therefore the diminished Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence seems to signal small conformational changes. The CD spectra of the native and the des-(90-92)-alpha-subunit, however, seem not to differ significantly. It is shown that the release of amino acids from the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit causes a disturbance of the interaction between the subunits. This seems to prevent an effective conformational change of the beta-subunit which probably is a prerequisite for the binding of the hormone to the receptors of Leydig cells.", "contents": "Studies of the specific role of the subunits of choriogonadotropin for biological, immunological and physical properties of the hormone. Digestion of choriogonadotropin and its isolated subunits with serine carboxypeptidase. The residues 90-92 can be split off from the C-terminal region of the isolated alpha-subunit of choriogonadotropin (residues 88--92: -Tyr-Tyr-His-Lys-Ser-OH) by means of serine carboxypeptidase (des-Lys91,Ser92-alpha-subunit; des-(90-92)-alpha-subunit). However, when choriogonadotropin is digested by serine carboxypeptidase, only the residues 143-145 (-Leu-Pro-Gln-OH) form the C-terminus of the beta-subunit are released (des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin). Depending on the pH conditions, glutamine 145 and the residues 143-145, respectively, are liberated by digestion of the isolated beta-subunit (des-Gln145-beta-subunit and des-(143-145)-beta-subunit, respectively). The present study provides evidence that the C-termini of both the isolated subunits and those in choriogonadotropin are probably arranged on the surface of the molecules. The biological activity of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin is not significantly decreased. The immunological activity, however, is reduced when measured by complement fixation. In comparison to the native hormone, a four-fold amount of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin has to be applied to obtain highest complement fixation. The conformation of des-(143-145)-choriogonadotropin does not seem to differ from that of the native hormone, when estimated both by CD measurements and by Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence. The respective determinant therefore seems to depend, at least to some extent, on the sequence of the C-terminal region of the beta-subunit of the hormone; complement fixation, however, does not seem to be affected significantly, when the des-(143-145)-beta-subunit is compared with the native beta-subunit using an antiserum against the native beta-subunit. This provides evidence that this C-terminal determinant is possibly more immunogenic at the hormone than at the isolated beta-subunit. The biological activity of recombined choriogonadotropin in vivo as well as in vitro is markedly reduced when serine 92 is removed from the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit (des-Ser92,Lys91-alpha-native beta-subunit: 36% residual activity in vivo). Biological activity is lost when the residues 88-90 are removed by digestion of the des-Ser92,Lys91-alpha-subunit with carboxypeptidase A. Recombination products between a modified alpha-and the native beta-subunit show a reduced Anschoriogonadotropin fluorescence (des-Lys91,-Ser92-alpha + native beta-subunit: 52%; des-(88-92)-alpha- + native beta-subunit: 23%). The Ans-induced aggregation of choriogonadotropin, however, also takes place in those recombination products which display a low Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence, indicating that the reduction is probably not caused by a portion of the molecules losing their binding sites for Ans. Therefore the diminished Ans-choriogonadotropin fluorescence seems to signal small conformational changes. The CD spectra of the native and the des-(90-92)-alpha-subunit, however, seem not to differ significantly. It is shown that the release of amino acids from the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit causes a disturbance of the interaction between the subunits. This seems to prevent an effective conformational change of the beta-subunit which probably is a prerequisite for the binding of the hormone to the receptors of Leydig cells.", "PMID": 527940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3546", "title": "The lectin binding sites on the membranes of the nuclear envelope, mitochondria and the cell surface of human lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "The membranes of the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum, outer and inner mitochondrial leaflet and nuclear envelope were isolated from three human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Membrane components were separated by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gels incubated with the radioiodinated lectins from lentil, castor bean, scarlet runner bean, gorse seed and Roman snail. After gel slicing and counting, the molecular weights of the lectin binding sites were determined. About 20 glycoproteins were identified as constituents of the plasma membrane, a similar glycoprotein distribution was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The outer mitochondrial membrane contained some impurities from the plasma membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane lacked specific lectin receptors. Two prominent glycoproteins with molecular weights of 70 000 and 60 000 were identified with the castor bean lectin in the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "The lectin binding sites on the membranes of the nuclear envelope, mitochondria and the cell surface of human lymphoblastoid cells. The membranes of the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum, outer and inner mitochondrial leaflet and nuclear envelope were isolated from three human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Membrane components were separated by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gels incubated with the radioiodinated lectins from lentil, castor bean, scarlet runner bean, gorse seed and Roman snail. After gel slicing and counting, the molecular weights of the lectin binding sites were determined. About 20 glycoproteins were identified as constituents of the plasma membrane, a similar glycoprotein distribution was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The outer mitochondrial membrane contained some impurities from the plasma membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane lacked specific lectin receptors. Two prominent glycoproteins with molecular weights of 70 000 and 60 000 were identified with the castor bean lectin in the nuclear envelope.", "PMID": 527941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3547", "title": "Purification and characterization of an activator protein for the degradation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 by hexosaminidase A.", "content": "The activator protein for the degradation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 by hexosaminidase A was purified some 2 500-fold from normal human kidney. It has a molecular weight of approximately 25 000 is heat-stable up to 60 degrees C, possesses an isoelectric point of pH 4.8 and is digestible by proteases. Enzymic degradation of the lipid substrates in the presence of this activator proceeds optimally at pH 4.2. The mode of action of the activator was also studied: the protein most probably complexes lipid molecules and presents them to the enzyme which otherwise cannot attack the aggregates formed by the lipids in aqueous solution. The hydrolysis of water-soluble synthetic substrates is not affected by the activator protein. The activator is highly specific for hexosaminidase A: hydrolysis of glycolipids GA2 and GM2 by the hexosaminidase B isoenzyme is almost not enhanced by this protein. The isoenzymes' lipid substrate specificity measured in the presence of the activator is entirely different from that obtained with detergents and can satisfactorily account for the lipid storage pattern observed in patients with variant forms of infantile GM2- gangliosidosis.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an activator protein for the degradation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 by hexosaminidase A. The activator protein for the degradation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 by hexosaminidase A was purified some 2 500-fold from normal human kidney. It has a molecular weight of approximately 25 000 is heat-stable up to 60 degrees C, possesses an isoelectric point of pH 4.8 and is digestible by proteases. Enzymic degradation of the lipid substrates in the presence of this activator proceeds optimally at pH 4.2. The mode of action of the activator was also studied: the protein most probably complexes lipid molecules and presents them to the enzyme which otherwise cannot attack the aggregates formed by the lipids in aqueous solution. The hydrolysis of water-soluble synthetic substrates is not affected by the activator protein. The activator is highly specific for hexosaminidase A: hydrolysis of glycolipids GA2 and GM2 by the hexosaminidase B isoenzyme is almost not enhanced by this protein. The isoenzymes' lipid substrate specificity measured in the presence of the activator is entirely different from that obtained with detergents and can satisfactorily account for the lipid storage pattern observed in patients with variant forms of infantile GM2- gangliosidosis.", "PMID": 527942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3548", "title": "[Respiration at high altitudes, phosphate-protein interaction: the sequence of hemoglobins from guinea pig and dromedary (author's transl)].", "content": "The sequence of the main hemoglobin component of the guinea pig (Cavia aerea f. porcellus, Caviidae) and that of the hemoglobin of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Camelidae) is given. The sequence is obtained automatically by the sequenator using the quadrol and the propyne programme. The sequence of the alpha-and beta-chains of the guinea pig is compared with that of the human hemoglobin; the sequence of the dromedary in comparison to the Ilama shows in the alpha-chains five amino acid exchanges, in the beta-chains there are only two exchanges in beta 2 and beta 76. Beta 2 in dromedary is the P2-glycerate contact histidine. This sustains the interpretation of the high altitude respiration of the Ilama as mutation beta2His leads to Asn.", "contents": "[Respiration at high altitudes, phosphate-protein interaction: the sequence of hemoglobins from guinea pig and dromedary (author's transl)]. The sequence of the main hemoglobin component of the guinea pig (Cavia aerea f. porcellus, Caviidae) and that of the hemoglobin of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Camelidae) is given. The sequence is obtained automatically by the sequenator using the quadrol and the propyne programme. The sequence of the alpha-and beta-chains of the guinea pig is compared with that of the human hemoglobin; the sequence of the dromedary in comparison to the Ilama shows in the alpha-chains five amino acid exchanges, in the beta-chains there are only two exchanges in beta 2 and beta 76. Beta 2 in dromedary is the P2-glycerate contact histidine. This sustains the interpretation of the high altitude respiration of the Ilama as mutation beta2His leads to Asn.", "PMID": 527943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3549", "title": "[Increased urinary excretion of neopterin in patients with malignant tumors and with virus diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Heightened urinary concentrations of neopterin were detected in patients with malignant tumors. The levels of neopterin were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The normal range for male individuals was 280 +/- 1,7 ng neopterin/mg creatinin, for women 340 +/- 116 ng neopterin/mg creatinin. The values found in patients with malignant tumors were 1370 +/- 495 ng neopterin/mg creatinin and in patients with virus diseases 1637 +/- 696 ng neopterin/mg creatinin.", "contents": "[Increased urinary excretion of neopterin in patients with malignant tumors and with virus diseases (author's transl)]. Heightened urinary concentrations of neopterin were detected in patients with malignant tumors. The levels of neopterin were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The normal range for male individuals was 280 +/- 1,7 ng neopterin/mg creatinin, for women 340 +/- 116 ng neopterin/mg creatinin. The values found in patients with malignant tumors were 1370 +/- 495 ng neopterin/mg creatinin and in patients with virus diseases 1637 +/- 696 ng neopterin/mg creatinin.", "PMID": 527945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3550", "title": "Mapping of the urinary bladder: its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer.", "content": "The results of mapping of the urinary bladder are reported and discussed. It has been shown that Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica, and the vaginal type of squamous metaplasia are commonly found in normal bladders and thus cannot be considered as precancerous lesions. Mapping of cancerous bladders and related histologic and clinical observations strongly suggests that there are two distinct pathways in bladder neoplasia: the papillary pathway and the nonpapillary pathway. Papillary tumors with thin stalks must be considered as a focal expression of the proliferative potential of the urothelium. They are per se quite harmless but may be followed by other manifestations of neoplasia. Broad based papillary tumors, regardless of grade, may have \"pushy borders,\" which extend into the lamina propria but rarely invade the muscularis. Nonpapillary flat lesions, notably atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, appear to be the principal source of invasive and metastasizing bladder cancer. The presence of the flat lesions puts the patient at high risk for the development of invasive carcinoma. Methods of assessment of the cancerous bladder are suggested and discussed.", "contents": "Mapping of the urinary bladder: its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer. The results of mapping of the urinary bladder are reported and discussed. It has been shown that Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica, and the vaginal type of squamous metaplasia are commonly found in normal bladders and thus cannot be considered as precancerous lesions. Mapping of cancerous bladders and related histologic and clinical observations strongly suggests that there are two distinct pathways in bladder neoplasia: the papillary pathway and the nonpapillary pathway. Papillary tumors with thin stalks must be considered as a focal expression of the proliferative potential of the urothelium. They are per se quite harmless but may be followed by other manifestations of neoplasia. Broad based papillary tumors, regardless of grade, may have \"pushy borders,\" which extend into the lamina propria but rarely invade the muscularis. Nonpapillary flat lesions, notably atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, appear to be the principal source of invasive and metastasizing bladder cancer. The presence of the flat lesions puts the patient at high risk for the development of invasive carcinoma. Methods of assessment of the cancerous bladder are suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 527959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3551", "title": "Intracytoplasmic lumina in bladder carcinomas.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic lumina were identified in neoplastic cells from four human and three canine \"spontaneous\" bladder carcinomas. They were also found in N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly] formamide induced bladder carcinomas in rats as well as in cultured tumor cell lines derived from these experimental tumors. Intracytoplasmic lumina were readily recognized in 5 micrometer. paraffin embedded and 1 micrometer. epoxy embedded sections. Histochemically, intracytoplasmic lumina were strongly positive with PAS and alcian blue-PAS; mucicarmine stain was positive as unevenly distributed droplets. Ultrastructurally lumina were defined by a symmetric unit membrane; they displayed abundant pleomorphic microvilli, which contained prominent cytoskeletal elements. Step section electron microscopic study revealed continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space in only one case of experimental bladder carcinoma; otherwise they appeared to be entirely encompassed within the cytoplasm. No instance of exocytosis in relation to intracytoplasmic lumina was found. Our observations suggest that intracytoplasmic lumina may be rather frequent in several forms of urothelial carcinoma. They appear to be predominantly but not invariably intracytoplasmic. The mechanism that may determine the development of continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space and the adduced relationship between intracytoplasmic lumina and the process of secretion remain undetermined.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic lumina in bladder carcinomas. Intracytoplasmic lumina were identified in neoplastic cells from four human and three canine \"spontaneous\" bladder carcinomas. They were also found in N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly] formamide induced bladder carcinomas in rats as well as in cultured tumor cell lines derived from these experimental tumors. Intracytoplasmic lumina were readily recognized in 5 micrometer. paraffin embedded and 1 micrometer. epoxy embedded sections. Histochemically, intracytoplasmic lumina were strongly positive with PAS and alcian blue-PAS; mucicarmine stain was positive as unevenly distributed droplets. Ultrastructurally lumina were defined by a symmetric unit membrane; they displayed abundant pleomorphic microvilli, which contained prominent cytoskeletal elements. Step section electron microscopic study revealed continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space in only one case of experimental bladder carcinoma; otherwise they appeared to be entirely encompassed within the cytoplasm. No instance of exocytosis in relation to intracytoplasmic lumina was found. Our observations suggest that intracytoplasmic lumina may be rather frequent in several forms of urothelial carcinoma. They appear to be predominantly but not invariably intracytoplasmic. The mechanism that may determine the development of continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space and the adduced relationship between intracytoplasmic lumina and the process of secretion remain undetermined.", "PMID": 527960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3552", "title": "Vascular ectasias of the right colon in the elderly: a distinct pathologic entity.", "content": "Vascular ectasias (angiodysplasias, arteriovenous malformations) of the cecum and ascending colon are a frequent cause of lower intestinal bleeding in the elderly that has been overlooked by clinicians and pathologists. Their nature and etiology have been poorly understood until recently. This article reviews the previous literature and presents a complete and detailed description of these lesions based on the examination of 87 areas showing vascular ectasia from 26 colons. Their morphology spans a spectrum from small focal early lesions to multiple large late lesions. The early lesions are characterized by markedly dilated, large, tortuous submucosal veins with minimal dilatation of their tributaries in the mucosa. The late lesions showed further dilatation of submucosal veins and venules and extensive replacement of the overlying mucosa by racemose collections of dilated and thin walled venules and capillaries, three of which demonstrated rupture into the colonic lumen. The pathology of these lesions is considered to be specific enough to establish vascular ectasias of the colon as a distinct entity.", "contents": "Vascular ectasias of the right colon in the elderly: a distinct pathologic entity. Vascular ectasias (angiodysplasias, arteriovenous malformations) of the cecum and ascending colon are a frequent cause of lower intestinal bleeding in the elderly that has been overlooked by clinicians and pathologists. Their nature and etiology have been poorly understood until recently. This article reviews the previous literature and presents a complete and detailed description of these lesions based on the examination of 87 areas showing vascular ectasia from 26 colons. Their morphology spans a spectrum from small focal early lesions to multiple large late lesions. The early lesions are characterized by markedly dilated, large, tortuous submucosal veins with minimal dilatation of their tributaries in the mucosa. The late lesions showed further dilatation of submucosal veins and venules and extensive replacement of the overlying mucosa by racemose collections of dilated and thin walled venules and capillaries, three of which demonstrated rupture into the colonic lumen. The pathology of these lesions is considered to be specific enough to establish vascular ectasias of the colon as a distinct entity.", "PMID": 527961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3553", "title": "Peripheral spindled carcinoid tumor: a review of its ultrastructure, differential diagnosis, and biologic behavior.", "content": "The ultrastructure, differential diagnosis, and biologic behavior of the peripheral pulmonary spindled carcinoid tumor are reviewed. Electron microscopy is useful in distinguishing the spindled carcinoid from a variety of neoplasms with similar histologic features. The spindled morphology is a rare expression of the carcinoid tumor that is almost exclusively confined to the lung periphery. It appears that the spindled carcinoid without atypical features is fully capable of regional lymph node metastases in approximately 20 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "Peripheral spindled carcinoid tumor: a review of its ultrastructure, differential diagnosis, and biologic behavior. The ultrastructure, differential diagnosis, and biologic behavior of the peripheral pulmonary spindled carcinoid tumor are reviewed. Electron microscopy is useful in distinguishing the spindled carcinoid from a variety of neoplasms with similar histologic features. The spindled morphology is a rare expression of the carcinoid tumor that is almost exclusively confined to the lung periphery. It appears that the spindled carcinoid without atypical features is fully capable of regional lymph node metastases in approximately 20 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 527962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3554", "title": "Unusual ultrastructural features in a case of acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A case consistent with recurrent acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis but with atypical features is described. Light microscopy revealed a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. A spectrum of ultrastructural features, from the typical \"humpy bumpy\" subepithelial deposits to the apparent disappearance of the deposits within the epithelial cells, is presented. An unusual piling up of basement membrane material around the deposits is described, together with some areas showing an appearance reminiscent of membranous glomerulopathy. Resorption of the dense deposits within epithelial cells is suggested and a hypothesis advanced that the basement membrane reaction may indicate an incipient chronic immune complex lesion.", "contents": "Unusual ultrastructural features in a case of acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. A case consistent with recurrent acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis but with atypical features is described. Light microscopy revealed a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. A spectrum of ultrastructural features, from the typical \"humpy bumpy\" subepithelial deposits to the apparent disappearance of the deposits within the epithelial cells, is presented. An unusual piling up of basement membrane material around the deposits is described, together with some areas showing an appearance reminiscent of membranous glomerulopathy. Resorption of the dense deposits within epithelial cells is suggested and a hypothesis advanced that the basement membrane reaction may indicate an incipient chronic immune complex lesion.", "PMID": 527963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3555", "title": "Intrarenal vascular alterations in hemodialysis patients. A semiquantitative light microscopic study.", "content": "The intrarenal arterial and arteriolar changes in the kidneys of 80 patients with chronic renal insufficiency maintained on hemodialysis were studied semiquantitatively by light microscopy and histochemistry. Intimal proliferation was common and accounted for thickening of vessel walls and luminal narrowing. Fibrocollagenous and fibroelastotic intimal changes were located predominantly in the interlobular and arcuate arteries, whereas the fibromucinous intimal lesion was found mainly in the interlobar arteries. Thickening of the media was encountered in 25 per cent, and adventitial fibrosis in 20 per cent of the kidneys. Necrotizing arterial of arteriolar lesions were not seen. The significance of these alterations as a possible cause of renal ischemia and their role in the perpetuation of hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Intrarenal vascular alterations in hemodialysis patients. A semiquantitative light microscopic study. The intrarenal arterial and arteriolar changes in the kidneys of 80 patients with chronic renal insufficiency maintained on hemodialysis were studied semiquantitatively by light microscopy and histochemistry. Intimal proliferation was common and accounted for thickening of vessel walls and luminal narrowing. Fibrocollagenous and fibroelastotic intimal changes were located predominantly in the interlobular and arcuate arteries, whereas the fibromucinous intimal lesion was found mainly in the interlobar arteries. Thickening of the media was encountered in 25 per cent, and adventitial fibrosis in 20 per cent of the kidneys. Necrotizing arterial of arteriolar lesions were not seen. The significance of these alterations as a possible cause of renal ischemia and their role in the perpetuation of hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 527965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3556", "title": "Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the human heart muscle cell in acute coronary insufficiency.", "content": "In 13 patients with acute coronary insufficiency (intermediate syndrome, postinfarction angina, and progressive angina), samples of the ischemic area of the myocardium were studied with the electron microscope and by morphometric methods in order to describe quantitatively the mitochondrial population. Three indices were measured: the fractional volume of the mitochondrial compartment of the cytoplasm, the number of mitochondria per unit volume of heart tissue, and the average individual mitochondrial volume. As a control, the same study was performed on samples obtained from patients with chronic coronary insufficiency and mitral stenosis. In all the ischemic hearts the most conspicuous ultrastructural modification of the muscle cells consisted in an irregular distribution of the mitochondriranules. Generally, odd shaped mitochondria were found. The modifications were not diffuse, and almost normal heart muscle cells were seen alongside deeply altered ones. In addition a definite decrease in the fractional volume of the mitochondrial compartment was found, which was apparently due to a decrease in the number of mitochondria per unit volume of cytoplasm. The average individual mitochondrial volume was similar in acute coronary insufficiency and in the control cases. On the basis of this evidence it is postulated that in sublethal ischemia definite ultrastructural modifications of the heart muscle cells are associated with a decrease in the number of mitochondria per unit volume of cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the human heart muscle cell in acute coronary insufficiency. In 13 patients with acute coronary insufficiency (intermediate syndrome, postinfarction angina, and progressive angina), samples of the ischemic area of the myocardium were studied with the electron microscope and by morphometric methods in order to describe quantitatively the mitochondrial population. Three indices were measured: the fractional volume of the mitochondrial compartment of the cytoplasm, the number of mitochondria per unit volume of heart tissue, and the average individual mitochondrial volume. As a control, the same study was performed on samples obtained from patients with chronic coronary insufficiency and mitral stenosis. In all the ischemic hearts the most conspicuous ultrastructural modification of the muscle cells consisted in an irregular distribution of the mitochondriranules. Generally, odd shaped mitochondria were found. The modifications were not diffuse, and almost normal heart muscle cells were seen alongside deeply altered ones. In addition a definite decrease in the fractional volume of the mitochondrial compartment was found, which was apparently due to a decrease in the number of mitochondria per unit volume of cytoplasm. The average individual mitochondrial volume was similar in acute coronary insufficiency and in the control cases. On the basis of this evidence it is postulated that in sublethal ischemia definite ultrastructural modifications of the heart muscle cells are associated with a decrease in the number of mitochondria per unit volume of cytoplasm.", "PMID": 527966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3557", "title": "The histiocytoid hemangiomas. A unifying concept embracing several previously described entities of skin, soft tissue, large vessels, bone, and heart.", "content": "The proposal is made that a number of previously described entities of skin, soft tissue, large vessels, bone, and heart actually constitute different manifestations of the same basic process, characterized by the proliferation of a highly distinctive type of cell descriptively identified as a \"histiocytoid endothelial cell.\" The entities in question are angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and related cutaneous and subcutaneous disorders, atypical vascular proliferation of large vessels, hemangioendothelioma of bone, and endocardial benign angioreticuloma of the heart. The main cell that proliferates in all these conditions has the basic features of an endothelial cell, but also exhibits histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics that are more akin to those of a histiocyte. These unusual features could be the expression of a morphologic abnormality or represent an overgrowth of a specific and as yet undefined subpopulation of endothelial cells, such as Majno's \"contractile endothelial cell.\" Whether this group of proliferative diseases is of a reactive or a neoplastic nature is not immediately apparent, although the latter seems more likely. However, it is clear that the behavior of these lesions, as a group, is quite indolent and even self-limited, in contrast to the aggressive behavior and often fatal outcome of the true angiosarcomas that they so closely resemble on microscopic grounds. The term \"histiocytoid hemangioma\" is suggested for this group of disorders.", "contents": "The histiocytoid hemangiomas. A unifying concept embracing several previously described entities of skin, soft tissue, large vessels, bone, and heart. The proposal is made that a number of previously described entities of skin, soft tissue, large vessels, bone, and heart actually constitute different manifestations of the same basic process, characterized by the proliferation of a highly distinctive type of cell descriptively identified as a \"histiocytoid endothelial cell.\" The entities in question are angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and related cutaneous and subcutaneous disorders, atypical vascular proliferation of large vessels, hemangioendothelioma of bone, and endocardial benign angioreticuloma of the heart. The main cell that proliferates in all these conditions has the basic features of an endothelial cell, but also exhibits histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics that are more akin to those of a histiocyte. These unusual features could be the expression of a morphologic abnormality or represent an overgrowth of a specific and as yet undefined subpopulation of endothelial cells, such as Majno's \"contractile endothelial cell.\" Whether this group of proliferative diseases is of a reactive or a neoplastic nature is not immediately apparent, although the latter seems more likely. However, it is clear that the behavior of these lesions, as a group, is quite indolent and even self-limited, in contrast to the aggressive behavior and often fatal outcome of the true angiosarcomas that they so closely resemble on microscopic grounds. The term \"histiocytoid hemangioma\" is suggested for this group of disorders.", "PMID": 527967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3558", "title": "Nerve growth factor in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "In a case of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland assay was performed for nerve growth factor bioactivity. The tumor extract showed significant amounts of nerve growth factor bioactivity, but extracts of normal thyroid and other types of thyroid neoplasms showed no such bioactivity. Nerve growth factor may be useful as a tumor marker in the diagnosis and management of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. It may play a role in the development of associated tumors of neural crest origin and may contribute to the development of cachexia in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In a case of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland assay was performed for nerve growth factor bioactivity. The tumor extract showed significant amounts of nerve growth factor bioactivity, but extracts of normal thyroid and other types of thyroid neoplasms showed no such bioactivity. Nerve growth factor may be useful as a tumor marker in the diagnosis and management of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. It may play a role in the development of associated tumors of neural crest origin and may contribute to the development of cachexia in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "PMID": 527968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3559", "title": "Electron microscopic identity of talc in the liver of a narcotic addict.", "content": "In this report we identify the ultrastructural correlate of birefringent crystals that we found in biopsy specimens from an intravenous drug addict and that were presumed to be talc. By electron microscopy the crystals were electron dense and elongated with sharp edges and had an apparent lamination. The crystals were found within portal or granuloma macrophages and were often displaced or associated with section tears and knife marks. Weak electron diffraction patterns were obtained that were consistent with talc.", "contents": "Electron microscopic identity of talc in the liver of a narcotic addict. In this report we identify the ultrastructural correlate of birefringent crystals that we found in biopsy specimens from an intravenous drug addict and that were presumed to be talc. By electron microscopy the crystals were electron dense and elongated with sharp edges and had an apparent lamination. The crystals were found within portal or granuloma macrophages and were often displaced or associated with section tears and knife marks. Weak electron diffraction patterns were obtained that were consistent with talc.", "PMID": 527969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3560", "title": "11q aneuploidy: partial monosomy and trisomy in the children of a mother with a t(3;11)(p27;q23) translocation.", "content": "A woman with a balanced translocation t(3;11)(p27;q23) has had three abnormal children. The first child died in infancy, and of the two survivors who show segregation of the derivative maternal translocated chromosomes, one exhibits partial trisomy 11q and the other partial monosomy 11q. The two cases are compared with each other and with reported examples. Moreover, 11q break points are discussed.", "contents": "11q aneuploidy: partial monosomy and trisomy in the children of a mother with a t(3;11)(p27;q23) translocation. A woman with a balanced translocation t(3;11)(p27;q23) has had three abnormal children. The first child died in infancy, and of the two survivors who show segregation of the derivative maternal translocated chromosomes, one exhibits partial trisomy 11q and the other partial monosomy 11q. The two cases are compared with each other and with reported examples. Moreover, 11q break points are discussed.", "PMID": 527970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3561", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in cell lines from malignant lymphomas (lymphoma lines).", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in cells from three freshly established lymphoma lines, derived from two patients with Hodgkin's disease and one patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These values were compared to SCE rates found in cells from two long-established lymphoma lines (Raji and BJAB) and to those recorded in control cell lines of normal human donors. The highest SCE levels were demonstrated in the freshly established lymphoma lines, the lowest SCE values separated the lymphoblastoid cell lines from healthy controls, and the older lymphoma lines Raji and BJAB presented rates in between. The influences of BUDR concentration and of the duration of BUDR treatment on the frequency of SCEs were tested. Furthermore, the dependence of the SCE rate on the time interval between establishment of the cell line and its SCE investigation was considered. The connection between elevated SCE rates and the neoplastic nature of lymphoma lines is discussed.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in cell lines from malignant lymphomas (lymphoma lines). The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in cells from three freshly established lymphoma lines, derived from two patients with Hodgkin's disease and one patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These values were compared to SCE rates found in cells from two long-established lymphoma lines (Raji and BJAB) and to those recorded in control cell lines of normal human donors. The highest SCE levels were demonstrated in the freshly established lymphoma lines, the lowest SCE values separated the lymphoblastoid cell lines from healthy controls, and the older lymphoma lines Raji and BJAB presented rates in between. The influences of BUDR concentration and of the duration of BUDR treatment on the frequency of SCEs were tested. Furthermore, the dependence of the SCE rate on the time interval between establishment of the cell line and its SCE investigation was considered. The connection between elevated SCE rates and the neoplastic nature of lymphoma lines is discussed.", "PMID": 527971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3562", "title": "Quantitative studies on the arrangement of human metaphase chromosomes. VII. The association pattern of acrocentric chromosomes in carriers of Robertsonian translocations and in their relatives with normal karyotypes.", "content": "The pattern of association of acrocentric chromosomes was examined in ten and five carriers of a 15/21 and a 13/14 Robertsonian translocation, respectively, and was compared with that of the same numbers of relatives with normal karyotypes. In the carriers of 15/21 translocation, the number of large associations (involving more than two acrocentrics) and the association frequencies for individual acrocentric chromosomes, were significantly higher than in the control group. The mean number of associations of the single homologs of the translocation chromosomes was much higher than that of the other acrocentrics. In the carriers of 13/14 translocations, only the association frequency for chromosome 13 was higher than in the normal relatives. The uninvolved chromosomes homologous to those involved in translocation showed an insignificant increase in associations in comparison with the other acrocentrics. These results suggest that some mechanism within the cells compensates for the effect of missing acrocentrics or of acrocentrics lacking NORs on the number of associations. The possible relations of this phenomenon to the activity of the nucleolus organizing regions are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the arrangement of human metaphase chromosomes. VII. The association pattern of acrocentric chromosomes in carriers of Robertsonian translocations and in their relatives with normal karyotypes. The pattern of association of acrocentric chromosomes was examined in ten and five carriers of a 15/21 and a 13/14 Robertsonian translocation, respectively, and was compared with that of the same numbers of relatives with normal karyotypes. In the carriers of 15/21 translocation, the number of large associations (involving more than two acrocentrics) and the association frequencies for individual acrocentric chromosomes, were significantly higher than in the control group. The mean number of associations of the single homologs of the translocation chromosomes was much higher than that of the other acrocentrics. In the carriers of 13/14 translocations, only the association frequency for chromosome 13 was higher than in the normal relatives. The uninvolved chromosomes homologous to those involved in translocation showed an insignificant increase in associations in comparison with the other acrocentrics. These results suggest that some mechanism within the cells compensates for the effect of missing acrocentrics or of acrocentrics lacking NORs on the number of associations. The possible relations of this phenomenon to the activity of the nucleolus organizing regions are discussed.", "PMID": 527972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3563", "title": "Chromosomal radiosensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells at different cell cycle stages.", "content": "X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as in skin fibroblasts from ataxia telangiectasia patients, and from normal individuals were studied. At all stages of cell cycles-namely G0, G1, and G2, more aberrations were induced in AT cells than in normal cells. In addition, AT cells were sensitive to induction of chromosomal aberrations by tritium beta rays from incorporated radioactive thymidine. Possible reasons for the increased sensitivity of AT cells for induction of chromosomal aberrations by ionizing radiations are discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal radiosensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells at different cell cycle stages. X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as in skin fibroblasts from ataxia telangiectasia patients, and from normal individuals were studied. At all stages of cell cycles-namely G0, G1, and G2, more aberrations were induced in AT cells than in normal cells. In addition, AT cells were sensitive to induction of chromosomal aberrations by tritium beta rays from incorporated radioactive thymidine. Possible reasons for the increased sensitivity of AT cells for induction of chromosomal aberrations by ionizing radiations are discussed.", "PMID": 527973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3564", "title": "A comparison of constitutive heterochromatin staining methods in two cases of familial heterochromatin deficiencies.", "content": "Using DAPI staining after pretreatment with distamycin A we detected a familial deficiency of chromosome 16 heterochromatin. A distinct positively staining band, however, was seen after C-banding. Thus, by using these different heterochromatin staining methods, heterogeneity of the constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric region of human chromosome 16 was indicated. The same C-banding procedure was also applied to a previously described familial deficiency of chromosome 9 heterochromatin evidenced using distamycin A/DAPI staining and G 11 staining (Buys et al., 1979). In this case a C-band appeared to be virtually absent on the relevant chromosome. These staining methods may be valuable tools in the study of chromosome polymorphisms.", "contents": "A comparison of constitutive heterochromatin staining methods in two cases of familial heterochromatin deficiencies. Using DAPI staining after pretreatment with distamycin A we detected a familial deficiency of chromosome 16 heterochromatin. A distinct positively staining band, however, was seen after C-banding. Thus, by using these different heterochromatin staining methods, heterogeneity of the constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric region of human chromosome 16 was indicated. The same C-banding procedure was also applied to a previously described familial deficiency of chromosome 9 heterochromatin evidenced using distamycin A/DAPI staining and G 11 staining (Buys et al., 1979). In this case a C-band appeared to be virtually absent on the relevant chromosome. These staining methods may be valuable tools in the study of chromosome polymorphisms.", "PMID": 527974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3565", "title": "High incidence of the silent allele at cholinesterase locus I in Vysyas of Andhra Pradesh (S. India).", "content": "Four-hundred and ninety individuals belonging to the Vysya caste from Andhra Pradesh were screened for pseudocholinesterase variants at the E1 and E2 locus. A high incidence of the silent allele (gene frequency=0.1112) was recorded with homozygotes exceeding 2% of the population. Dibucaine- and fluoride-resistant alleles were found in a heterozygous form with the usual alleles in four individuals each. No C5+ variant at the E2 locus was found.", "contents": "High incidence of the silent allele at cholinesterase locus I in Vysyas of Andhra Pradesh (S. India). Four-hundred and ninety individuals belonging to the Vysya caste from Andhra Pradesh were screened for pseudocholinesterase variants at the E1 and E2 locus. A high incidence of the silent allele (gene frequency=0.1112) was recorded with homozygotes exceeding 2% of the population. Dibucaine- and fluoride-resistant alleles were found in a heterozygous form with the usual alleles in four individuals each. No C5+ variant at the E2 locus was found.", "PMID": 527975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3566", "title": "X pentasomy: a case and review.", "content": "A 49,XXXXX girl is reported. The most typical features of the patient are: severe mental retardation, serious dental anomalies, various anomalies of the bones, and a high rate of gonadotropins. The few similar cases so far described are reviewed to aid in delineation of this rare syndrome. The implications of Lyon's hypothesis on X-aneuploidies are also discussed.", "contents": "X pentasomy: a case and review. A 49,XXXXX girl is reported. The most typical features of the patient are: severe mental retardation, serious dental anomalies, various anomalies of the bones, and a high rate of gonadotropins. The few similar cases so far described are reviewed to aid in delineation of this rare syndrome. The implications of Lyon's hypothesis on X-aneuploidies are also discussed.", "PMID": 527976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3567", "title": "Lateral asymmetry of constitutive heterochromatin in human chromosomes.", "content": "Variations in lateral asymmetry of constitutive heterochromatin were studied in 30 normal individuals with reference to the chromosomal regions 1q12, 9q12, 15p11, 16q12 and Yq12. The technique consisted of growing human lymphocytes for one cell cycle in BrdU, staining with 33258 Hoechst, exposing them to UV light, treating them with 2 x SSC, and staining with Giemsa. This procedure revealed asymmetric staining in the region of constitutive heterochromatin in these chromosomal regions. Chromosomes 15, 16, and Y showed simple lateral asymmetry, whereas chromosome 1 showed both simple and compound asymmetry. In 15 cases, compound lateral asymmetry was evident in both homologues of chromosome 1, 12 cases showed compound lateral asymmetry in one homologue and simple lateral asymmetry in both the homologues. The centromere region of chromosome 9 stained symmetrically with this technique. The lateral asymmetry is presumed to reflect the strand bias in the distribution of thymine in satellite DNA fractions.", "contents": "Lateral asymmetry of constitutive heterochromatin in human chromosomes. Variations in lateral asymmetry of constitutive heterochromatin were studied in 30 normal individuals with reference to the chromosomal regions 1q12, 9q12, 15p11, 16q12 and Yq12. The technique consisted of growing human lymphocytes for one cell cycle in BrdU, staining with 33258 Hoechst, exposing them to UV light, treating them with 2 x SSC, and staining with Giemsa. This procedure revealed asymmetric staining in the region of constitutive heterochromatin in these chromosomal regions. Chromosomes 15, 16, and Y showed simple lateral asymmetry, whereas chromosome 1 showed both simple and compound asymmetry. In 15 cases, compound lateral asymmetry was evident in both homologues of chromosome 1, 12 cases showed compound lateral asymmetry in one homologue and simple lateral asymmetry in both the homologues. The centromere region of chromosome 9 stained symmetrically with this technique. The lateral asymmetry is presumed to reflect the strand bias in the distribution of thymine in satellite DNA fractions.", "PMID": 527977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3568", "title": "Partial trisomy 4q: two cases resulting from a familial translocation t(4;18)(q27;p11).", "content": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 4 was observed in two related patients, a child aged 2 years and a woman aged 42. Cytogenetic investigation revealed that their chromosome anomalies were due to segregation of a familial balanced translocation t(4;18)(q27;p11). Some clinical and cytogenetic considerations are noted.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 4q: two cases resulting from a familial translocation t(4;18)(q27;p11). Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 4 was observed in two related patients, a child aged 2 years and a woman aged 42. Cytogenetic investigation revealed that their chromosome anomalies were due to segregation of a familial balanced translocation t(4;18)(q27;p11). Some clinical and cytogenetic considerations are noted.", "PMID": 527978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3569", "title": "Partial trisomy 13q21toqter de novo due to a recombinant chromosome rec(13)dup q.", "content": "A female is described who has a karyotype with an additional distal half of 13q in a recombinant rec(13)dup q chromosome. Since her parents have normal karyotypes, the origin of her karyotype is assumed to be a premeiotic pericentric inversion de novo with crossing-over within the inversion loop at meiosis. By means of various banding techniques, the breaks preceding the rearrangement could be located exactly. The joint between the duplicated segment and the satellites of the receptor chromosome is of special note. The phenotype of the patient stated at the age of 9 months and at the age of 7 1/2 years was found to be related to the segments involved in the partial trisomy. The clinical features were largely in accordance with previous case reports having an identical extent of the triplicated 13q segment.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 13q21toqter de novo due to a recombinant chromosome rec(13)dup q. A female is described who has a karyotype with an additional distal half of 13q in a recombinant rec(13)dup q chromosome. Since her parents have normal karyotypes, the origin of her karyotype is assumed to be a premeiotic pericentric inversion de novo with crossing-over within the inversion loop at meiosis. By means of various banding techniques, the breaks preceding the rearrangement could be located exactly. The joint between the duplicated segment and the satellites of the receptor chromosome is of special note. The phenotype of the patient stated at the age of 9 months and at the age of 7 1/2 years was found to be related to the segments involved in the partial trisomy. The clinical features were largely in accordance with previous case reports having an identical extent of the triplicated 13q segment.", "PMID": 527979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3570", "title": "Serum-induced chromosome damage and neoplastic transformation of mouse cells in vitro.", "content": "In previous studies, mouse cells grown in medium supplemented with horse serum (HS) developed more chromosomal aberrations and underwent malignant transformation earlier than cells from the same pool grown with fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplement. In the present study cells derived from C3Hf/HeN mouse embryos were grown in medium NCTC-135 supplemented with various combinations of large- and small-molecule fractions of HS and FBS in an effort to determine the effective components. The results indicate that the large-molecule fraction of HS (mare or stallion) produces alterations in  chromosome number and structure. HS is also shown to cause chromatid breaks and exchanges at or near the centromere in contrast to fluorescent-light-induced breaks and exchange at or near the centromere in contrast to fluorescent-light-induced breaks which occur randomly along the chromatid. However, efforts to control completely chromosome stability and malignant transformation through the use of large- and small-molecule fractions of HS and FBS or combinations thereof were unsuccessful. In connection with this study, diagnosis of malignant transformation in vitro was made by a direct sampling method based on cytologic criteria previously described and documented. With one exception, the diagnoses of 11 different cell lines were consistent with results of in vivo assays.", "contents": "Serum-induced chromosome damage and neoplastic transformation of mouse cells in vitro. In previous studies, mouse cells grown in medium supplemented with horse serum (HS) developed more chromosomal aberrations and underwent malignant transformation earlier than cells from the same pool grown with fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplement. In the present study cells derived from C3Hf/HeN mouse embryos were grown in medium NCTC-135 supplemented with various combinations of large- and small-molecule fractions of HS and FBS in an effort to determine the effective components. The results indicate that the large-molecule fraction of HS (mare or stallion) produces alterations in  chromosome number and structure. HS is also shown to cause chromatid breaks and exchanges at or near the centromere in contrast to fluorescent-light-induced breaks and exchange at or near the centromere in contrast to fluorescent-light-induced breaks which occur randomly along the chromatid. However, efforts to control completely chromosome stability and malignant transformation through the use of large- and small-molecule fractions of HS and FBS or combinations thereof were unsuccessful. In connection with this study, diagnosis of malignant transformation in vitro was made by a direct sampling method based on cytologic criteria previously described and documented. With one exception, the diagnoses of 11 different cell lines were consistent with results of in vivo assays.", "PMID": 528007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3571", "title": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell cultures infected with mycoplasma.", "content": "Hamster BHK cells or secondary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts are not iodinated by lactoperoxidase in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. When such cell cultures are infected with a noncultivable strain of M. hyorhinis, endogenous peroxide generation is sufficient to permit nearly maximal iodination. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel pattern of iodinated cell surface polypeptides is essentially the same regardless of the source of peroxide and whether or not the cultures are infected with mycoplasma.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell cultures infected with mycoplasma. Hamster BHK cells or secondary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts are not iodinated by lactoperoxidase in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. When such cell cultures are infected with a noncultivable strain of M. hyorhinis, endogenous peroxide generation is sufficient to permit nearly maximal iodination. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel pattern of iodinated cell surface polypeptides is essentially the same regardless of the source of peroxide and whether or not the cultures are infected with mycoplasma.", "PMID": 528008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3572", "title": "Studies of alpha-protein in human cell cultures.", "content": "alpha-Protein growth fraction (AGF) eliminates the 60- to 90-day adaptive phase required to establish actively growing cultures of HeLa (Gey), human heart (Girardi), KB (Eagle) and other established cell lines in serum-free chemically defined medium A3. AGF is effective at less than 0.4 microgram per ml. By using the procedures described in the text, it is possible to culture HeLa cells in very simple media such as Eagle's basal medium. The properties of AGF are such that it may be adsorbed on glass or plastic flasks. Glass flasks treated with AGF retain full activity after washing with acetone, and treatment with ethyl ether and chemically defined medium. Adsorbed AGF is destroyed by trypsin. AGF can detoxify protamines, polylysines or histones. It will reverse the aggregation response induced by adding complexes composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and basic proteins. The results support the contention that highly adsorptive AGF functions at the cell surface and is capable of modifying the response of the cell to its environment.", "contents": "Studies of alpha-protein in human cell cultures. alpha-Protein growth fraction (AGF) eliminates the 60- to 90-day adaptive phase required to establish actively growing cultures of HeLa (Gey), human heart (Girardi), KB (Eagle) and other established cell lines in serum-free chemically defined medium A3. AGF is effective at less than 0.4 microgram per ml. By using the procedures described in the text, it is possible to culture HeLa cells in very simple media such as Eagle's basal medium. The properties of AGF are such that it may be adsorbed on glass or plastic flasks. Glass flasks treated with AGF retain full activity after washing with acetone, and treatment with ethyl ether and chemically defined medium. Adsorbed AGF is destroyed by trypsin. AGF can detoxify protamines, polylysines or histones. It will reverse the aggregation response induced by adding complexes composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and basic proteins. The results support the contention that highly adsorptive AGF functions at the cell surface and is capable of modifying the response of the cell to its environment.", "PMID": 528009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3573", "title": "Cell cultures derived from embryos and melanoma of poeciliid fish.", "content": "In poeciliid fish, melanoma of different degrees of malignancy can be produced by crossing specific genotypes. For a detailed investigation of the processes leading to proliferation or differentiation of the melanoma cells, it is necessary to establish cell cultures. The aim of the present study was to find out the optimal conditions for initiating and culturing poeciliid fish cells for the purpose of establishing cell cultures of melanoma. The optimal method was developed by using small pieces of late embryos as starting material and includes: (a) dispersion of tissue by mild stepwise treatment with a trypsin-EDTA mixture at low temperature; (b) culture of cells in the complex medium 199; (c) supplementation of medium with high percentage (20%) of fetal bovine serum; and (d) stabilization of pH by buffering the medium with HEPES. Under these conditions, primary and secondary cultures of embryonic cells have been initiated. An epithelial-like cell line has been subcultured for more than 80 passages. The method developed for embryonic tissues was used to start cell cultures from melanoma of platyfish-swordtail hybrids. Until now, only cells of rapidly growing malignant albino melanoma could be maintained in primary cultures. Secondary cultures could not be initiated since the melanoma cells tended to differentiate and stopped growing before a confluent monolayer was formed.", "contents": "Cell cultures derived from embryos and melanoma of poeciliid fish. In poeciliid fish, melanoma of different degrees of malignancy can be produced by crossing specific genotypes. For a detailed investigation of the processes leading to proliferation or differentiation of the melanoma cells, it is necessary to establish cell cultures. The aim of the present study was to find out the optimal conditions for initiating and culturing poeciliid fish cells for the purpose of establishing cell cultures of melanoma. The optimal method was developed by using small pieces of late embryos as starting material and includes: (a) dispersion of tissue by mild stepwise treatment with a trypsin-EDTA mixture at low temperature; (b) culture of cells in the complex medium 199; (c) supplementation of medium with high percentage (20%) of fetal bovine serum; and (d) stabilization of pH by buffering the medium with HEPES. Under these conditions, primary and secondary cultures of embryonic cells have been initiated. An epithelial-like cell line has been subcultured for more than 80 passages. The method developed for embryonic tissues was used to start cell cultures from melanoma of platyfish-swordtail hybrids. Until now, only cells of rapidly growing malignant albino melanoma could be maintained in primary cultures. Secondary cultures could not be initiated since the melanoma cells tended to differentiate and stopped growing before a confluent monolayer was formed.", "PMID": 528010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3574", "title": "L-Lactate or pyruvate stimulated growth of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Novikoff rat hepatoma cells (subline N1S1-67) grew when 30 mM L-lactate or pyruvate was substituted for D-glucose in Swim's medium 67 supplemented with dialyzed calf bovine serum. A 2.6-fold increase in cell number (1.34 generations) was obtained. RNA, DNA, protein and dry weight increased in proportion to the cell number. In control medium lacking L-lactate, pyruvate or D-glucose, cell growth of 0.42 generation was obtained. Growth with L-lactate was dependent on the L-lactate concentration up to 30 mM at which the greatest increase in cell number occurred. Significant growth did not occur when D-lactate, glycerol, acetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate or malate, each at 30 mM, was substituted for D-glucose. Growth in the medium containing L-lactate was not due to the utilization of D-glucose or some other substrate carried into the culture with the inoculum. Medium contamination by D-glucose was insufficient to explain the growth obtained in the medium containing L-lactate, but could have accounted for growth in the control medium. Throughout growth, the concentration of L-lactate in the medium remained unchanged. The increase in cell number cannot be explained by L-lactate triggering the utilization of glycogen, nor by oxidation and degradation of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, or carbohydrate moieties of glycoprotein in the medium. L-Lactate does not serve as a significant carbon or energy source in the growth of these cells.", "contents": "L-Lactate or pyruvate stimulated growth of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Novikoff rat hepatoma cells (subline N1S1-67) grew when 30 mM L-lactate or pyruvate was substituted for D-glucose in Swim's medium 67 supplemented with dialyzed calf bovine serum. A 2.6-fold increase in cell number (1.34 generations) was obtained. RNA, DNA, protein and dry weight increased in proportion to the cell number. In control medium lacking L-lactate, pyruvate or D-glucose, cell growth of 0.42 generation was obtained. Growth with L-lactate was dependent on the L-lactate concentration up to 30 mM at which the greatest increase in cell number occurred. Significant growth did not occur when D-lactate, glycerol, acetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate or malate, each at 30 mM, was substituted for D-glucose. Growth in the medium containing L-lactate was not due to the utilization of D-glucose or some other substrate carried into the culture with the inoculum. Medium contamination by D-glucose was insufficient to explain the growth obtained in the medium containing L-lactate, but could have accounted for growth in the control medium. Throughout growth, the concentration of L-lactate in the medium remained unchanged. The increase in cell number cannot be explained by L-lactate triggering the utilization of glycogen, nor by oxidation and degradation of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, or carbohydrate moieties of glycoprotein in the medium. L-Lactate does not serve as a significant carbon or energy source in the growth of these cells.", "PMID": 528011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3575", "title": "Vagal tone and effect of vagotomy on the circulatory response to arterial hypoxia.", "content": "The influence of vagotomy on resting vagal tone arterial Po2, the heart rate and blood pressure responses to different grades of hypoxia was studied in three species of anesthetized animals. Vagotomy without hypoxia produced a sustained increase in heart rate of dogs but not in rabbits or sheep. In the dogs, where this was studied more fully, heart rate showed sustained increase over several hours with no significant change in blood pressure or arterial Po2. It is concluded that there is species difference in the resting vagal tone during anesthesia. The relationships between graded arterial hypoxia with heart rate and blood pressure have been determined with and without intact vagus nerves. Before vagotomy hypoxia significantly increased the heart rate of dogs and sheep and reduced that of rabbits. Vagotomy decreased the bradycardia observed in rabbits, but did not change the response to hypoxia in dogs and sheep. The greater increase in heart rate of dogs calculated statistically and were due to the pre-existing resting vagal tone. After vagotomy, heart rate response to graded arterial hypoxia was increased rather than decreased in all animals.", "contents": "Vagal tone and effect of vagotomy on the circulatory response to arterial hypoxia. The influence of vagotomy on resting vagal tone arterial Po2, the heart rate and blood pressure responses to different grades of hypoxia was studied in three species of anesthetized animals. Vagotomy without hypoxia produced a sustained increase in heart rate of dogs but not in rabbits or sheep. In the dogs, where this was studied more fully, heart rate showed sustained increase over several hours with no significant change in blood pressure or arterial Po2. It is concluded that there is species difference in the resting vagal tone during anesthesia. The relationships between graded arterial hypoxia with heart rate and blood pressure have been determined with and without intact vagus nerves. Before vagotomy hypoxia significantly increased the heart rate of dogs and sheep and reduced that of rabbits. Vagotomy decreased the bradycardia observed in rabbits, but did not change the response to hypoxia in dogs and sheep. The greater increase in heart rate of dogs calculated statistically and were due to the pre-existing resting vagal tone. After vagotomy, heart rate response to graded arterial hypoxia was increased rather than decreased in all animals.", "PMID": 528030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3576", "title": "Antagonism of calcium-induced contractions by some non-specific spasmolytics in depolarized smooth muscles.", "content": "The effects of papaverine MgCl2, cocaine, DNP, KCN and khellin on responses of some rabbit and rat tissues to CaCl2 were studied in vitro in a depolarizing medium. Guinea pig taenia coli preparation was used for comparison. In rabbit tracheal chain and vas deferens and guinea pig taenia coli preparations all spasmolytics shifted the concentration-response curves of CaCl2 to the right without affecting the maxima or slopes. In rat tracheal chain and vas deferens preparations all spasmolytics shifted the concentration-response curves of CaCl2 to the right. Furthermore all agents (except cocaine in tracheal chain preparations) depressed the maximum responses. The slopes were unaffected in either preparations. The initial competition and subsequent noncompetition observed in certain tissues is discussed in the light of the reported poor capacity of some tissues to retain Ca++ and the absence of releasable firmly bound Ca++ (11).", "contents": "Antagonism of calcium-induced contractions by some non-specific spasmolytics in depolarized smooth muscles. The effects of papaverine MgCl2, cocaine, DNP, KCN and khellin on responses of some rabbit and rat tissues to CaCl2 were studied in vitro in a depolarizing medium. Guinea pig taenia coli preparation was used for comparison. In rabbit tracheal chain and vas deferens and guinea pig taenia coli preparations all spasmolytics shifted the concentration-response curves of CaCl2 to the right without affecting the maxima or slopes. In rat tracheal chain and vas deferens preparations all spasmolytics shifted the concentration-response curves of CaCl2 to the right. Furthermore all agents (except cocaine in tracheal chain preparations) depressed the maximum responses. The slopes were unaffected in either preparations. The initial competition and subsequent noncompetition observed in certain tissues is discussed in the light of the reported poor capacity of some tissues to retain Ca++ and the absence of releasable firmly bound Ca++ (11).", "PMID": 528032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3577", "title": "Relation of PTC responses and secretor status to blood groups.", "content": "Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were investigated in 102 medical students of Delhi University, and the distribution was found similar to that observed in the north Indians. Both faster and secretors had highest percentage in AB, O and in rr, while the lowest values were obtained in B and R1r.", "contents": "Relation of PTC responses and secretor status to blood groups. Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were investigated in 102 medical students of Delhi University, and the distribution was found similar to that observed in the north Indians. Both faster and secretors had highest percentage in AB, O and in rr, while the lowest values were obtained in B and R1r.", "PMID": 528033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3578", "title": "Effects of buphenin on the rat portal vein.", "content": "The vasodilator and tocolytic substance buphenin (10 mumol/l) stimulated the spontaneous phasic activity of some (8 out of 18) isolated rat portal vein preparations; 0,1-1 mmol/l buphenin diminished or abolished the activity in all preparations. The isotonic and isometric tonic contractions of portal vein in response to adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine (0,1-1 mumol/l) disappeared almost completely after addition of buphenin in equimolar concentrations, whereas acetylcholine contractions persisted. The beta-adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and dichloisoprenaline (10 mumol/l) only slightly antagonized the inhibitory effect of buphenin on the contractile responses to catecholamines. It is concluded that buphenin exerts dual action upon rat portal vein: the drug partially stimulates the beta-receptors and partially blocks the alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Effects of buphenin on the rat portal vein. The vasodilator and tocolytic substance buphenin (10 mumol/l) stimulated the spontaneous phasic activity of some (8 out of 18) isolated rat portal vein preparations; 0,1-1 mmol/l buphenin diminished or abolished the activity in all preparations. The isotonic and isometric tonic contractions of portal vein in response to adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine (0,1-1 mumol/l) disappeared almost completely after addition of buphenin in equimolar concentrations, whereas acetylcholine contractions persisted. The beta-adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and dichloisoprenaline (10 mumol/l) only slightly antagonized the inhibitory effect of buphenin on the contractile responses to catecholamines. It is concluded that buphenin exerts dual action upon rat portal vein: the drug partially stimulates the beta-receptors and partially blocks the alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 528031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3579", "title": "Peak expiratory flow rate in South Indian adults.", "content": "Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) was measured with a Wright Peak Flow Meter in 851 healthy men and women of two categories; Group I--students and staff of the Medical College constituting the middle income group, and Group II--healthy individuals from the poorer class with an income of less than Rs.200/-per month, forming the lower income group. In both categories women had much lower values than men, and in both sexes the values in the subjects of the poor income group was significantly lower. The PEFR was found to correlate best with height in subjects below 30 years, and with age in older subjects. The mean values, standard deviations and regression equations are given for the different groups. Present values are also compared with some western and Indian data.", "contents": "Peak expiratory flow rate in South Indian adults. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) was measured with a Wright Peak Flow Meter in 851 healthy men and women of two categories; Group I--students and staff of the Medical College constituting the middle income group, and Group II--healthy individuals from the poorer class with an income of less than Rs.200/-per month, forming the lower income group. In both categories women had much lower values than men, and in both sexes the values in the subjects of the poor income group was significantly lower. The PEFR was found to correlate best with height in subjects below 30 years, and with age in older subjects. The mean values, standard deviations and regression equations are given for the different groups. Present values are also compared with some western and Indian data.", "PMID": 528035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3580", "title": "Phagocytic response of leucocytes in secretors and non-secretors of ABH (O) blood group substances.", "content": "Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar socio-economic background was determined by standard agglutination inhibition test of the saliva. Phagocytic response of leucocyte was worked out by in vitro suspension technique and average number of cocci engulfed by leucocytes calculated in secretors/non-secretors of each blood group. Leucocytes of non-secretors of O and AB seem to have more and highly significant ingestion power as compared to secretors. Non secretors in group A & B also show more phagocytic activity. Relatively different concentration of the components of the blood group substances in secretors/non-secretors seems to affect phagocytic activity of the leucocytes.", "contents": "Phagocytic response of leucocytes in secretors and non-secretors of ABH (O) blood group substances. Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar socio-economic background was determined by standard agglutination inhibition test of the saliva. Phagocytic response of leucocyte was worked out by in vitro suspension technique and average number of cocci engulfed by leucocytes calculated in secretors/non-secretors of each blood group. Leucocytes of non-secretors of O and AB seem to have more and highly significant ingestion power as compared to secretors. Non secretors in group A & B also show more phagocytic activity. Relatively different concentration of the components of the blood group substances in secretors/non-secretors seems to affect phagocytic activity of the leucocytes.", "PMID": 528036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3581", "title": "Sialic acid in human semen.", "content": "Sialic acid of seminal fluid of eighty two human subjects has been studied in relation to infertility. Normozoospermic group had highest sialic acid content (94 mgm/100 ml of the fluid) and was significantly different from other groups. The lowest sialic acid level was observed in necrozoospermic group (54 mgm/100 ml of the fluid). Azoospermic (62 mgm/100 ml) and vasectomised group (73 mgm/100 ml) had 33 and 22 percent less sialic acid level respectively than normozoospermic group. For the pooled observation sialic acid was found to be correlated (r = 0.282, significant at 5 percent level) with the total sperm count.", "contents": "Sialic acid in human semen. Sialic acid of seminal fluid of eighty two human subjects has been studied in relation to infertility. Normozoospermic group had highest sialic acid content (94 mgm/100 ml of the fluid) and was significantly different from other groups. The lowest sialic acid level was observed in necrozoospermic group (54 mgm/100 ml of the fluid). Azoospermic (62 mgm/100 ml) and vasectomised group (73 mgm/100 ml) had 33 and 22 percent less sialic acid level respectively than normozoospermic group. For the pooled observation sialic acid was found to be correlated (r = 0.282, significant at 5 percent level) with the total sperm count.", "PMID": 528037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3582", "title": "A study of dynamic lung functions in textile workers.", "content": "The current study was done to determine the normal ventilatory dynamic indices in healthy male textile workers and to observe the influence of exposure to cotton dust. Toshiniwal's Expirograph is used to record the Forced Vital Capacity tracing and from this tracing, other Forced Expiratory Volumes like FEVO.5, FEVO.75 and FEV1.0 are calculated. The data was statistically analysed and compared with the values reported by various other workers. It was observed that all functional parameters showed a decline with age, both in the control as well as the exposed group. The mean values in the exposed group were generally lower than the controls, and the difference was larger and statistically significant in the subjects of 40-49 year age-group, may be because they were exposed to cotton dust for a long duration.", "contents": "A study of dynamic lung functions in textile workers. The current study was done to determine the normal ventilatory dynamic indices in healthy male textile workers and to observe the influence of exposure to cotton dust. Toshiniwal's Expirograph is used to record the Forced Vital Capacity tracing and from this tracing, other Forced Expiratory Volumes like FEVO.5, FEVO.75 and FEV1.0 are calculated. The data was statistically analysed and compared with the values reported by various other workers. It was observed that all functional parameters showed a decline with age, both in the control as well as the exposed group. The mean values in the exposed group were generally lower than the controls, and the difference was larger and statistically significant in the subjects of 40-49 year age-group, may be because they were exposed to cotton dust for a long duration.", "PMID": 528039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3583", "title": "Non-competitive inhibition of serum acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7) by vacor (N-3-pyridyl methyl-N'-P-nitrophenyl urea) in bandicoot rats.", "content": "Single dose (1 mg/rat) administration of VACOR (N-3-pyridyl methyl-N'-nitrophenyl urea) produced significant paralytic symptoms in rats. Such rats which lived for one week were sacrificed and serum AChE was extracted and purified by Sephadex column chromatography. The serum enzyme from the normal rats showed the existence of two isozymes on polyacrylamide gels which could be resolved through column chromatography. Both the isozymes showed non-competitive inhibition with VACOR in vitro; but to a varied degree. The ACh concentration increased by 70-75% in serum and 95-100% in erythrocytes of the poisoned rats. VACOR thus affects ACh hydrolysis thereby causing an accumulation of ACh in the serum of poisoned rats.", "contents": "Non-competitive inhibition of serum acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7) by vacor (N-3-pyridyl methyl-N'-P-nitrophenyl urea) in bandicoot rats. Single dose (1 mg/rat) administration of VACOR (N-3-pyridyl methyl-N'-nitrophenyl urea) produced significant paralytic symptoms in rats. Such rats which lived for one week were sacrificed and serum AChE was extracted and purified by Sephadex column chromatography. The serum enzyme from the normal rats showed the existence of two isozymes on polyacrylamide gels which could be resolved through column chromatography. Both the isozymes showed non-competitive inhibition with VACOR in vitro; but to a varied degree. The ACh concentration increased by 70-75% in serum and 95-100% in erythrocytes of the poisoned rats. VACOR thus affects ACh hydrolysis thereby causing an accumulation of ACh in the serum of poisoned rats.", "PMID": 528034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3584", "title": "Spermicidal activity of some halides.", "content": "Though most of the metallic ions are spermicidal in action, the present investigation emphasises the spermicidal activity of anions. Among the inorganic compounds screened at 4 concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 5%) halides are mainly spermicidal, except NaCl, KCl & CsCl which are spermiostatic; sulphates and nitrates are mainly spermiostatic except ZnSO4 at 1% concentration and above; CuSO4, Al2 (SO4)3, Uo2(NO3)2.6H2O and AgNO3 at 5% concentration where they become spermicidal.", "contents": "Spermicidal activity of some halides. Though most of the metallic ions are spermicidal in action, the present investigation emphasises the spermicidal activity of anions. Among the inorganic compounds screened at 4 concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 5%) halides are mainly spermicidal, except NaCl, KCl & CsCl which are spermiostatic; sulphates and nitrates are mainly spermiostatic except ZnSO4 at 1% concentration and above; CuSO4, Al2 (SO4)3, Uo2(NO3)2.6H2O and AgNO3 at 5% concentration where they become spermicidal.", "PMID": 528038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3585", "title": "Pathogenic synergism between Treponema hyodysenteriae and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs.", "content": "Gnotobiotic pigs were orally exposed to various anaerobes at 6 to 9 days of age and similarly inoculated with Treponema hyodysenteriae B204 3 to 6 days later. Watery diarrhea and fecal excretion of large quantities of mucus and some fibrin clots were observed 4 to 20 days after inoculation with B204 if other anaerobes were present. Colonic lesions characteristic of swine dysentery were observed when B204 was present with Fusobacterium necrophorum, three strains of Bacteroides vulgatus, a Clostridium species, and Listeria denitrificans individually and when some of these microbes were present in various combinations, but not when B204 was present alone. These results are consistent with the conclusion that T. hyodysenteriae is the primary pathogen in the etiology of swine dysentery and that the presence of one or more other anaerobes is a prerequisite for expression of pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae. This prerequisite can be met by a variety of anaerobes.", "contents": "Pathogenic synergism between Treponema hyodysenteriae and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs. Gnotobiotic pigs were orally exposed to various anaerobes at 6 to 9 days of age and similarly inoculated with Treponema hyodysenteriae B204 3 to 6 days later. Watery diarrhea and fecal excretion of large quantities of mucus and some fibrin clots were observed 4 to 20 days after inoculation with B204 if other anaerobes were present. Colonic lesions characteristic of swine dysentery were observed when B204 was present with Fusobacterium necrophorum, three strains of Bacteroides vulgatus, a Clostridium species, and Listeria denitrificans individually and when some of these microbes were present in various combinations, but not when B204 was present alone. These results are consistent with the conclusion that T. hyodysenteriae is the primary pathogen in the etiology of swine dysentery and that the presence of one or more other anaerobes is a prerequisite for expression of pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae. This prerequisite can be met by a variety of anaerobes.", "PMID": 528047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3586", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of two antigen extracts of Thermoactinomyces candidus.", "content": "A pyridine extract antigen and a double-dialysis antigen (DDA) obtained from Thermoactinomyces candidus were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, the heat lability, pronase sensitivity, and isolectric points of the components of the DDA were determined. By using antisera raised against crude pyridine extract antigen, two immunogenic components were resolved by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A similar analysis of DDA using antisera raised against crude DDA revealed 15 immunogens. All but six components were heat labile, whereas pronase had little effect on the number of resolvable components. Intermediate gel crossed immunoelectrophoresis using antiserum raised to whole spores detected six immunogenic components, four of which were also detected by the anti-DDA serum. A total of 19 bands were obtained when the DDA was subjected to flatbed isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. The isoelectric points for the various components were found to range from 3.5 to 5.7. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis using isoelectric focusing in the first dimension yielded at least 16 immunogenic components. Six components with isoelectric points falling in the range of 4.5 to 6.4 were found to be resistant to heat. A comparison with antigens obtained from other thermophilic actinomycetes is presented.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of two antigen extracts of Thermoactinomyces candidus. A pyridine extract antigen and a double-dialysis antigen (DDA) obtained from Thermoactinomyces candidus were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, the heat lability, pronase sensitivity, and isolectric points of the components of the DDA were determined. By using antisera raised against crude pyridine extract antigen, two immunogenic components were resolved by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A similar analysis of DDA using antisera raised against crude DDA revealed 15 immunogens. All but six components were heat labile, whereas pronase had little effect on the number of resolvable components. Intermediate gel crossed immunoelectrophoresis using antiserum raised to whole spores detected six immunogenic components, four of which were also detected by the anti-DDA serum. A total of 19 bands were obtained when the DDA was subjected to flatbed isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. The isoelectric points for the various components were found to range from 3.5 to 5.7. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis using isoelectric focusing in the first dimension yielded at least 16 immunogenic components. Six components with isoelectric points falling in the range of 4.5 to 6.4 were found to be resistant to heat. A comparison with antigens obtained from other thermophilic actinomycetes is presented.", "PMID": 528048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3587", "title": "Septum and adrenocortical function.", "content": "Dorsal septum is an intermediary centre in between the hippocampus and hypothalamus and it has got inhibitory influence over the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stimulation of the dorsal septum manifested with fall in adrenocortical output whereas its lesion has opposite response. Ventral septum is a facilitatory area regarding activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is a balancing centre lying in between the higher central nervous system structures and the hypothalamus. Stimulation and lesion of the ventral septum led to rise and fall in adrenal venous 17-OHCS output respectively. Adrenocortical response to stress of burn was not blocked or inhibited following lesion of the dorsal as well as ventall septum.", "contents": "Septum and adrenocortical function. Dorsal septum is an intermediary centre in between the hippocampus and hypothalamus and it has got inhibitory influence over the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stimulation of the dorsal septum manifested with fall in adrenocortical output whereas its lesion has opposite response. Ventral septum is a facilitatory area regarding activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is a balancing centre lying in between the higher central nervous system structures and the hypothalamus. Stimulation and lesion of the ventral septum led to rise and fall in adrenal venous 17-OHCS output respectively. Adrenocortical response to stress of burn was not blocked or inhibited following lesion of the dorsal as well as ventall septum.", "PMID": 528042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3588", "title": "The role of thyroid in clinical disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical axis--a prelminary communication.", "content": "The study of thyroid function in clinical conditions associated with the disorders of the hypothalamio-pituitary-adrenocortical axis indicated overt hypofunction of thyroid in all the three cases of Cushing's disease and subclinical hypo-or low normal function of thyroid in most of the cases of adrenogenital syndrome. It was suggested that hypo or low normal function of thyroid might facilitate excess elaboration of ACTH through CRF by swaying the balance of neurotransmitters at hypothalamus in favour of serotonin.", "contents": "The role of thyroid in clinical disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical axis--a prelminary communication. The study of thyroid function in clinical conditions associated with the disorders of the hypothalamio-pituitary-adrenocortical axis indicated overt hypofunction of thyroid in all the three cases of Cushing's disease and subclinical hypo-or low normal function of thyroid in most of the cases of adrenogenital syndrome. It was suggested that hypo or low normal function of thyroid might facilitate excess elaboration of ACTH through CRF by swaying the balance of neurotransmitters at hypothalamus in favour of serotonin.", "PMID": 528041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3589", "title": "Production of hydroxyl radical by human alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Stimulated human alveolar macrophages were demonstrated to oxidize B-methyl proprionaldehyde (methional) or 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid to ethylene (C2H4). Agents which are believed to scavenge the hydroxyl radical (.OH), sodium benzoate, and mannitol, as well as scavengers of superoxide anion (O2-) or hydrogen peroxide, decreased C2H4 production, implicaing .OH as the oxidizing radical. Differences in C2H4 rpoduction, as well as oxygen uptake and O2- release between human alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, were also documented.", "contents": "Production of hydroxyl radical by human alveolar macrophages. Stimulated human alveolar macrophages were demonstrated to oxidize B-methyl proprionaldehyde (methional) or 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid to ethylene (C2H4). Agents which are believed to scavenge the hydroxyl radical (.OH), sodium benzoate, and mannitol, as well as scavengers of superoxide anion (O2-) or hydrogen peroxide, decreased C2H4 production, implicaing .OH as the oxidizing radical. Differences in C2H4 rpoduction, as well as oxygen uptake and O2- release between human alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, were also documented.", "PMID": 528049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3590", "title": "Aggregation and adherence of Streptococcus sanguis: role of human salivary immunoglobulin A.", "content": "Fourteen freshly isolated strains of Streptococcus sanguis were obtained from the dental plaque of five healthy adults. Whole saliva was collected concomitant with the plaque isolates from the five subjects, and a second whole saliva sample was collected 10 weeks later. All possible combinations of the first five saliva samples, the second five saliva samples, and 14 strains of bacteria were tested for aggregation. Of the 140 combinations examined, 108 of 140 (77%) of the strains aggregated with the first saliva samples and 95 of 140 (68%) aggregated with the second saliva samples. Overall, 72% of the strains aggregated with both the first and second saliva samples. Removal of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from these same salivas resulted in 38 of 108 (35%) of the aggregates decreasing in intensity with the first saliva samples and 27 of 95 (29%) of the aggregates decreasing in intensity with the second saliva samples. No aggregates increased in intensity with saliva samples when IgA had been removed. Removal of IgA from saliva also resulted in a mean decrease of 46% in adherence of S. sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with the IgA-deficient saliva. Several strains of S. sanguis were shown to aggregate strongly with human salivary and colostral IgA. In addition, S. sanguis strain S7 showed a 31% stimulation of adherence to hydroxyapatite precoated with human salivary IgA over the uncoated controls. Stepwise removal of IgA from saliva resulted in a decrease in aggregation intensity from strong (4+) to weak (1+ to 2+). Similarly, the adherence of S. sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with these saliva samples decreased linearly as the salivary IgA was depleted. Alternatively, the addition of a small quantity of salivary IgA (20 mug/ml) to progressively diluted saliva maintained a high level of adherence and strong aggregation until the saliva dilutions reached between 1:8 in the adherence experiments and 1:32 for the aggregations. These data indicate that salivary IgA may play an important role in the microbial ecology of human dental plaque formation.", "contents": "Aggregation and adherence of Streptococcus sanguis: role of human salivary immunoglobulin A. Fourteen freshly isolated strains of Streptococcus sanguis were obtained from the dental plaque of five healthy adults. Whole saliva was collected concomitant with the plaque isolates from the five subjects, and a second whole saliva sample was collected 10 weeks later. All possible combinations of the first five saliva samples, the second five saliva samples, and 14 strains of bacteria were tested for aggregation. Of the 140 combinations examined, 108 of 140 (77%) of the strains aggregated with the first saliva samples and 95 of 140 (68%) aggregated with the second saliva samples. Overall, 72% of the strains aggregated with both the first and second saliva samples. Removal of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from these same salivas resulted in 38 of 108 (35%) of the aggregates decreasing in intensity with the first saliva samples and 27 of 95 (29%) of the aggregates decreasing in intensity with the second saliva samples. No aggregates increased in intensity with saliva samples when IgA had been removed. Removal of IgA from saliva also resulted in a mean decrease of 46% in adherence of S. sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with the IgA-deficient saliva. Several strains of S. sanguis were shown to aggregate strongly with human salivary and colostral IgA. In addition, S. sanguis strain S7 showed a 31% stimulation of adherence to hydroxyapatite precoated with human salivary IgA over the uncoated controls. Stepwise removal of IgA from saliva resulted in a decrease in aggregation intensity from strong (4+) to weak (1+ to 2+). Similarly, the adherence of S. sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with these saliva samples decreased linearly as the salivary IgA was depleted. Alternatively, the addition of a small quantity of salivary IgA (20 mug/ml) to progressively diluted saliva maintained a high level of adherence and strong aggregation until the saliva dilutions reached between 1:8 in the adherence experiments and 1:32 for the aggregations. These data indicate that salivary IgA may play an important role in the microbial ecology of human dental plaque formation.", "PMID": 528050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3591", "title": "Relationship between host age and susceptibility to oral colonization by Actinomyces viscosus in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The colonization of Actinomyces viscosus strain Ny-1R on the molar teeth of conventional and ex-germfree rats of various ages fed either a high-sucrose diet, a high-glucose diet, or laboratory chow was studied. Conventional rats directly after weaning and up to 30 days of age are less susceptible to experimental infection by strain Ny-1R than are older rats regardless of the test diet. The relationship between host age and susceptibility to infection is also demonstrable in ex-germfree rats fed a high-sucose diet. Host factors responsible for the differences in susceptibility were investigated. The results from these studies do not implicate host antibodies, host indigenous flora, or host saliva. In other studies, it was demonstrated that within the mouths of rats, strain Ny-1R preferentially colonizes in the pits and fissures of the molar teeth rather than on the dorsum of the tongue or on the vestibular mucosa. In short-term experiments, it was found that strain Ny-1R attaches to the first molars of 40-day-old conventional rats to a greater extent than it attaches to the first molars of 20-day-old rats. The differences in attachment and subsequent colonization of strain Ny-1R in 20- and 40-day-old rats may be related to the varying amounts of the reduced enamel epithelium and connective tissue present in the fissures of the molar teeth.", "contents": "Relationship between host age and susceptibility to oral colonization by Actinomyces viscosus in Sprague-Dawley rats. The colonization of Actinomyces viscosus strain Ny-1R on the molar teeth of conventional and ex-germfree rats of various ages fed either a high-sucrose diet, a high-glucose diet, or laboratory chow was studied. Conventional rats directly after weaning and up to 30 days of age are less susceptible to experimental infection by strain Ny-1R than are older rats regardless of the test diet. The relationship between host age and susceptibility to infection is also demonstrable in ex-germfree rats fed a high-sucose diet. Host factors responsible for the differences in susceptibility were investigated. The results from these studies do not implicate host antibodies, host indigenous flora, or host saliva. In other studies, it was demonstrated that within the mouths of rats, strain Ny-1R preferentially colonizes in the pits and fissures of the molar teeth rather than on the dorsum of the tongue or on the vestibular mucosa. In short-term experiments, it was found that strain Ny-1R attaches to the first molars of 40-day-old conventional rats to a greater extent than it attaches to the first molars of 20-day-old rats. The differences in attachment and subsequent colonization of strain Ny-1R in 20- and 40-day-old rats may be related to the varying amounts of the reduced enamel epithelium and connective tissue present in the fissures of the molar teeth.", "PMID": 528051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3592", "title": "The role of adrenal and pineal glands on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in adult male rats.", "content": "Although there have been reports on the effects of adrenal and pineal gland secretions on the hypothalamus and the pituitary, the maintenance of rhythmicity by these glands has not been reported so far. The present data deals with the alterations in the periodicity of hypothalamo-pituitary axis after the surgical removal of either adrenal, gonad or pineal in adult male rats. The data indicated an alteration in the 24 hour pattern of hypothalamic content of LHRH after adrenalectomy, castration or pinealectomy. In adrenalectomy group, the in vitro responsiveness of pituitary decreased at 0600 h and 100 h as compared to the intact rats, resulting in a low amplitude of LH circadian rhythm. The pituitaries of pinealectomized rats showed increased sensitivity at 1000 h and 1800 h which resulted in two peak LH concentration at those time intervals. Further, pinealectomized rats showed a selective five fold increase over 24 hr in serum FSH concentration as compared to intact rats suggesting dissociation in the release of FSH and LH.", "contents": "The role of adrenal and pineal glands on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in adult male rats. Although there have been reports on the effects of adrenal and pineal gland secretions on the hypothalamus and the pituitary, the maintenance of rhythmicity by these glands has not been reported so far. The present data deals with the alterations in the periodicity of hypothalamo-pituitary axis after the surgical removal of either adrenal, gonad or pineal in adult male rats. The data indicated an alteration in the 24 hour pattern of hypothalamic content of LHRH after adrenalectomy, castration or pinealectomy. In adrenalectomy group, the in vitro responsiveness of pituitary decreased at 0600 h and 100 h as compared to the intact rats, resulting in a low amplitude of LH circadian rhythm. The pituitaries of pinealectomized rats showed increased sensitivity at 1000 h and 1800 h which resulted in two peak LH concentration at those time intervals. Further, pinealectomized rats showed a selective five fold increase over 24 hr in serum FSH concentration as compared to intact rats suggesting dissociation in the release of FSH and LH.", "PMID": 528043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3593", "title": "Brain-pituitary-adrenal interrelationship in closed loop intestinal obstruction in man. Effects of stepwise removal of brain, midbrain section and frontal leucotomy in dogs after the same type of stress.", "content": "Volvulus shows high plasma 17-OHCS level and after operation there is a progressive fall. Brain-pituitary-adrenal interrelationship has been studied in experimental dogs using a different type of stressor i.e. closed loop intestinal obstruction. Midbrain section blocks the adrenocortical response. Frontal leucotomy leads to increased response after acute distension of the closed loop. Acute hypothalamectomy does not lead to blocking of the adrenocortical response to stress.", "contents": "Brain-pituitary-adrenal interrelationship in closed loop intestinal obstruction in man. Effects of stepwise removal of brain, midbrain section and frontal leucotomy in dogs after the same type of stress. Volvulus shows high plasma 17-OHCS level and after operation there is a progressive fall. Brain-pituitary-adrenal interrelationship has been studied in experimental dogs using a different type of stressor i.e. closed loop intestinal obstruction. Midbrain section blocks the adrenocortical response. Frontal leucotomy leads to increased response after acute distension of the closed loop. Acute hypothalamectomy does not lead to blocking of the adrenocortical response to stress.", "PMID": 528045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3594", "title": "Ultrastructure of gliding bacteria: scanning electron microscopy of Capnocytophaga sputigena, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga ochracea.", "content": "When examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, C. sputigena, and C. ochracea displayed three distinct growth zones: the original streak, an intermediate zone, and the advancing edge, or halo zone. On Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems)-soy-blood agar, the cells translocated by gliding. C. gingivalis and C. sputigena formed large, irregular isolated colonies, while C. ochracea formed a more confluent cell mass. The cells within the streak zone and in most of the intermediate zone were heaped into mounds, with the individual cells displaying a definite flow pattern, the latter characteristic of C. sputigena and C. gingivalis. The halo zone consisted of tracks of cells which appeared to have translocated back upon themselves, or were restricted in their outward movements by adjacent cells. Also present within the halo zone were small aggregates of cells, referred to as pioneer colonies. The cell surfaces of C. gingivalis and C. ochracea were smooth and free of any apparent extracellular material, whereas C. sputigena was covered with a thick amorphous material, as well as long, thick, cell surface-associated fibrils.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gliding bacteria: scanning electron microscopy of Capnocytophaga sputigena, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga ochracea. When examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, C. sputigena, and C. ochracea displayed three distinct growth zones: the original streak, an intermediate zone, and the advancing edge, or halo zone. On Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems)-soy-blood agar, the cells translocated by gliding. C. gingivalis and C. sputigena formed large, irregular isolated colonies, while C. ochracea formed a more confluent cell mass. The cells within the streak zone and in most of the intermediate zone were heaped into mounds, with the individual cells displaying a definite flow pattern, the latter characteristic of C. sputigena and C. gingivalis. The halo zone consisted of tracks of cells which appeared to have translocated back upon themselves, or were restricted in their outward movements by adjacent cells. Also present within the halo zone were small aggregates of cells, referred to as pioneer colonies. The cell surfaces of C. gingivalis and C. ochracea were smooth and free of any apparent extracellular material, whereas C. sputigena was covered with a thick amorphous material, as well as long, thick, cell surface-associated fibrils.", "PMID": 528052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3595", "title": "Inhibition of adsorption of Streptococcus mutans strains to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite by galactose and certain amines.", "content": "Adsorption of all of eight strains of Streptococcus mutans to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) surfaces was inhibited by galactose and melibiose, but not by other neutral sugars tested. This observation supports the hypothesis that lectin-like components participate in the attachment of these streptococci to salivary glycoproteins on saliva-treated hydroxyapatite surfaces. Adsorption of all strains was also inhibited by iodoacetate and spermine; other amines tested reduced adsorption of some strains, but not others.", "contents": "Inhibition of adsorption of Streptococcus mutans strains to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite by galactose and certain amines. Adsorption of all of eight strains of Streptococcus mutans to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) surfaces was inhibited by galactose and melibiose, but not by other neutral sugars tested. This observation supports the hypothesis that lectin-like components participate in the attachment of these streptococci to salivary glycoproteins on saliva-treated hydroxyapatite surfaces. Adsorption of all strains was also inhibited by iodoacetate and spermine; other amines tested reduced adsorption of some strains, but not others.", "PMID": 528053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3596", "title": "Genetic control of the murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to intracorneal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic studies indicate that resistance to corneal infection is dominant over susceptibility and is controlled by autosomal genes, at least one of which is located outside of the H-2 locus. On the basis of genetic complementation studies, the susceptible strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 each bear one resistance gene, since the F1 hybrid (BALB/c X C57BL/6) was uniformly resistant to infection.", "contents": "Genetic control of the murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to intracorneal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic studies indicate that resistance to corneal infection is dominant over susceptibility and is controlled by autosomal genes, at least one of which is located outside of the H-2 locus. On the basis of genetic complementation studies, the susceptible strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 each bear one resistance gene, since the F1 hybrid (BALB/c X C57BL/6) was uniformly resistant to infection.", "PMID": 528054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3597", "title": "Use of antibodies to purified Newcastle disease virus glycoproteins for strain comparisons and characterizations.", "content": "The H/N and F1 glycoproteins responsible for hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (H/N) activity and fusion (F1) activity were purified from several Newcastle disease virus strains and used to produce antisera. These antisera can be used to clearly distinguish the virus strains by a number of techniques including radioimmunoassay, and so provide a means of classifying new virus isolates. The variations detected between strains are not related to field virulence.", "contents": "Use of antibodies to purified Newcastle disease virus glycoproteins for strain comparisons and characterizations. The H/N and F1 glycoproteins responsible for hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (H/N) activity and fusion (F1) activity were purified from several Newcastle disease virus strains and used to produce antisera. These antisera can be used to clearly distinguish the virus strains by a number of techniques including radioimmunoassay, and so provide a means of classifying new virus isolates. The variations detected between strains are not related to field virulence.", "PMID": 528055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3598", "title": "Effect of cell-mediated immune factors on the replication of an attenuated temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus.", "content": "Studies of the in vivo multiplication of an attenuated temperature-sensitive strain of vaccinia virus (ts2) indicated that temperature sensitivity alone could not account for the attenuation. Immunodepressive treatment of intracerebrally inoculated mice had a dramatic stimulatory effect on the multiplication of the attenuated strain and suggested that establishment of ts2 infection in the mice was hindered by host defense mechanisms mediated by cellular elements. Experiments carried out in vitro with the 51Cr release assay showed that cells infected with the ts2 mutant represented more susceptible targets to the cytotoxic action of immune spleen cells than cells infected with the parent vaccinia strain. Moreover, it appeared that ts2 replication, compared with wild-type replication in vitro, was more inhibited by the immune spleen cells. Although this work did not evaluate the role of specifically sensitized lymphocytes within the lesions, indirect evidence suggests that lymphocytes could cause a more effective halt in ts2 virus multiplication than in wild-type multiplication.", "contents": "Effect of cell-mediated immune factors on the replication of an attenuated temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus. Studies of the in vivo multiplication of an attenuated temperature-sensitive strain of vaccinia virus (ts2) indicated that temperature sensitivity alone could not account for the attenuation. Immunodepressive treatment of intracerebrally inoculated mice had a dramatic stimulatory effect on the multiplication of the attenuated strain and suggested that establishment of ts2 infection in the mice was hindered by host defense mechanisms mediated by cellular elements. Experiments carried out in vitro with the 51Cr release assay showed that cells infected with the ts2 mutant represented more susceptible targets to the cytotoxic action of immune spleen cells than cells infected with the parent vaccinia strain. Moreover, it appeared that ts2 replication, compared with wild-type replication in vitro, was more inhibited by the immune spleen cells. Although this work did not evaluate the role of specifically sensitized lymphocytes within the lesions, indirect evidence suggests that lymphocytes could cause a more effective halt in ts2 virus multiplication than in wild-type multiplication.", "PMID": 528056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3599", "title": "Virulence of temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus in neonatal mice.", "content": "The virulence in neonatal mice of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis virus was determined by measurements of mean survival time and 50% lethal dose after intracerebral injection. For 11 ts mutants, mean survival time was determined by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) phenotype, RNA+ mutants killing the mice sooner than RNA- mutants for the same titer of virus injected. Mortality caused by seven ts mutants was, with one exception, correlated with the proportion of revertants recovered after death. A82, a presumed double mutant showing low reversion, showed no detectable lethality. The pathogenicity of this mutant could be detected by inhibition of weight gain, which was proportional to the titer of virus injected. A low-level persistence, independent of the titer injected, occurred up to 7 days after injection. This was followed by complete clearance. It is concluded that the virulence of Sindbis virus may be considerably altered by mutation, and that this is related to events occurring at the cellular level.", "contents": "Virulence of temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus in neonatal mice. The virulence in neonatal mice of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis virus was determined by measurements of mean survival time and 50% lethal dose after intracerebral injection. For 11 ts mutants, mean survival time was determined by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) phenotype, RNA+ mutants killing the mice sooner than RNA- mutants for the same titer of virus injected. Mortality caused by seven ts mutants was, with one exception, correlated with the proportion of revertants recovered after death. A82, a presumed double mutant showing low reversion, showed no detectable lethality. The pathogenicity of this mutant could be detected by inhibition of weight gain, which was proportional to the titer of virus injected. A low-level persistence, independent of the titer injected, occurred up to 7 days after injection. This was followed by complete clearance. It is concluded that the virulence of Sindbis virus may be considerably altered by mutation, and that this is related to events occurring at the cellular level.", "PMID": 528057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3600", "title": "Disproportionate elevation of the immunoglobulin G1 concentration in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "We determined immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass concentrations and studied their distributions in the cerebrospinal fluids of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, other inflammatory neurological diseases, and non-inflammatory diseases of the nervous system in comparison with a control group. In addition, the four subclass concentrations were measured in serum specimens of the multiple sclerosis and control groups. These data were correlated with the extent of local IgG synthesis in the subarachnoid spaces of the patients belonging to the different groups. We found a selective elevation of the IgG1 subclass in the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients, and there was only a very small overlap of the IgG1 ranges of the multiple sclerosis and control groups. No major differences were detected between the IgG subclass distributions in different courses of multiple sclerosis nor between multiple sclerosis and control sera. The group with non-inflammatory diseases showed a uniform elevation of all four subclasses and a greater overlap with the normal range. This latter feature was combined with an elevated IgG1 concentration in the group with other inflammatory diseases. It is concluded that locally synthesized IgG in the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients consists mainly of IgG1.", "contents": "Disproportionate elevation of the immunoglobulin G1 concentration in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with multiple sclerosis. We determined immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass concentrations and studied their distributions in the cerebrospinal fluids of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, other inflammatory neurological diseases, and non-inflammatory diseases of the nervous system in comparison with a control group. In addition, the four subclass concentrations were measured in serum specimens of the multiple sclerosis and control groups. These data were correlated with the extent of local IgG synthesis in the subarachnoid spaces of the patients belonging to the different groups. We found a selective elevation of the IgG1 subclass in the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients, and there was only a very small overlap of the IgG1 ranges of the multiple sclerosis and control groups. No major differences were detected between the IgG subclass distributions in different courses of multiple sclerosis nor between multiple sclerosis and control sera. The group with non-inflammatory diseases showed a uniform elevation of all four subclasses and a greater overlap with the normal range. This latter feature was combined with an elevated IgG1 concentration in the group with other inflammatory diseases. It is concluded that locally synthesized IgG in the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients consists mainly of IgG1.", "PMID": 528058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3601", "title": "Interaction of diphtheria toxin with phosphorylated molecules.", "content": "The binding of diphtheria toxin to 125I-labeled cell surface glycoproteins from hamster thymocytes was shown to be inhibited by nucleotides. The relative effectiveness of the nucleotides (at 5 mM) was found to be thymidine triphosphate greater than adenosine triphosphate greater than guanosine triphosphate greater than uridine triphosphate greater than cytidine triphosphate. When adenine-containing compounds were used, the relative effectiveness was determined to be adenosine tetraphosphate greater than adenosine triphosphate greater than adenosine diphosphate greater than adenosine monophosphate. In addition, tetrapolyphosphate, tripolyphosphate, inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid), and the highly phosphorylated proteins casein and phosvitin were also shown to be potent inhibitors of the binding of diphtheria toxin to 125I-labeled cell surface glycoproteins. Diphtheria toxin was shown to bind directly to 125I-casein; this binding was also inhibited by the highly phosphorylated compounds and was decreased by pretreatment of the 125I-casein with alkaline phosphatase. These results suggest that diphtheria toxin binds to regions of high phosphate density and raise the possibility that the site on the cell surface glycoproteins to which diphtheria toxin binds might be polyanionic in nature.", "contents": "Interaction of diphtheria toxin with phosphorylated molecules. The binding of diphtheria toxin to 125I-labeled cell surface glycoproteins from hamster thymocytes was shown to be inhibited by nucleotides. The relative effectiveness of the nucleotides (at 5 mM) was found to be thymidine triphosphate greater than adenosine triphosphate greater than guanosine triphosphate greater than uridine triphosphate greater than cytidine triphosphate. When adenine-containing compounds were used, the relative effectiveness was determined to be adenosine tetraphosphate greater than adenosine triphosphate greater than adenosine diphosphate greater than adenosine monophosphate. In addition, tetrapolyphosphate, tripolyphosphate, inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid), and the highly phosphorylated proteins casein and phosvitin were also shown to be potent inhibitors of the binding of diphtheria toxin to 125I-labeled cell surface glycoproteins. Diphtheria toxin was shown to bind directly to 125I-casein; this binding was also inhibited by the highly phosphorylated compounds and was decreased by pretreatment of the 125I-casein with alkaline phosphatase. These results suggest that diphtheria toxin binds to regions of high phosphate density and raise the possibility that the site on the cell surface glycoproteins to which diphtheria toxin binds might be polyanionic in nature.", "PMID": 528059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3602", "title": "Disseminated gonococcal infection in mice.", "content": "Gonococci do not readily cause disseminated infection in mice. To simulate some of the conditions leading to disseminated gonococcal infection in women, we suspended gonococci in mucin plus hemoglobin and studied the development of gonococcal bacteremia. The mucin-hemoglobin mixture was used because the menstruum appears to be involved in dissemination of gonococci from the genital tract during menstruation. Mice did not die after massive inocula of 10(9) gonococci given intraperitoneally in broth, but when gonococci were suspended in mucin (15%) alone, the 50% lethal dose was 10(8.4) and in 15% mucin plus 4% hemoglobin (M/H), the 50% lethal dose fell to 10(6.6). Sublethal doses produced local peritonitis and transient bacteremia. With larger inocula the local peritoneal infection progressed to fatal septicemia. Studies of the mechanism by which M/H lowered the 50% lethal dose showed that systemic clearance mechanisms were compromised, but not enough to account for the total decrease in the 50% lethal dose. If gonococci were given intravenously after intraperitoneal inoculation of M/H, sequestration of gonococci in the peritoneal cavity occurred, suggesting an effect on local peritoneal defenses. The effect on neutrophils appeared most significant, since numbers of neutrophils in the peritoneal fluid were decreased in the presence of M/H and neutrophils were destroyed by M/H in vitro. The serum bactericidal system was not affected. We conclude that M/H promotes gonococcal bacteremia by interference with phagocytosis and intracellular killing of gonococci. The model simulates the disseminated gonococcal infection cases in women which follow pelvic inflammatory disease in its progression from local peritonitis to transient or lethal bacteremia and in factors (mucin and hemoglobin) which enhance infection.", "contents": "Disseminated gonococcal infection in mice. Gonococci do not readily cause disseminated infection in mice. To simulate some of the conditions leading to disseminated gonococcal infection in women, we suspended gonococci in mucin plus hemoglobin and studied the development of gonococcal bacteremia. The mucin-hemoglobin mixture was used because the menstruum appears to be involved in dissemination of gonococci from the genital tract during menstruation. Mice did not die after massive inocula of 10(9) gonococci given intraperitoneally in broth, but when gonococci were suspended in mucin (15%) alone, the 50% lethal dose was 10(8.4) and in 15% mucin plus 4% hemoglobin (M/H), the 50% lethal dose fell to 10(6.6). Sublethal doses produced local peritonitis and transient bacteremia. With larger inocula the local peritoneal infection progressed to fatal septicemia. Studies of the mechanism by which M/H lowered the 50% lethal dose showed that systemic clearance mechanisms were compromised, but not enough to account for the total decrease in the 50% lethal dose. If gonococci were given intravenously after intraperitoneal inoculation of M/H, sequestration of gonococci in the peritoneal cavity occurred, suggesting an effect on local peritoneal defenses. The effect on neutrophils appeared most significant, since numbers of neutrophils in the peritoneal fluid were decreased in the presence of M/H and neutrophils were destroyed by M/H in vitro. The serum bactericidal system was not affected. We conclude that M/H promotes gonococcal bacteremia by interference with phagocytosis and intracellular killing of gonococci. The model simulates the disseminated gonococcal infection cases in women which follow pelvic inflammatory disease in its progression from local peritonitis to transient or lethal bacteremia and in factors (mucin and hemoglobin) which enhance infection.", "PMID": 528060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3603", "title": "Simple and rapid procedure for the selective removal of lysozyme from human saliva.", "content": "A simple and rapid method is described for the removal of lysozyme from human whole salivary supernatant. Saliva specimens were adsorbed with Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The saliva so treated was depleted of 95% of the lysozyme activity. Changes in total protein, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A, and the proportions of several anionic proteins were less than 10%. It is concluded that adsorption of saliva with M. lysodeikticus is a suitable procedure for the preparation of saliva that is selectively deficient in lysozyme.", "contents": "Simple and rapid procedure for the selective removal of lysozyme from human saliva. A simple and rapid method is described for the removal of lysozyme from human whole salivary supernatant. Saliva specimens were adsorbed with Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The saliva so treated was depleted of 95% of the lysozyme activity. Changes in total protein, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A, and the proportions of several anionic proteins were less than 10%. It is concluded that adsorption of saliva with M. lysodeikticus is a suitable procedure for the preparation of saliva that is selectively deficient in lysozyme.", "PMID": 528061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3604", "title": "Cytotaxin receptors of neutrophils: evidence that F-methionyl peptides and pepstatin share a common receptor.", "content": "Pepstatin, a chemotactic microbial pentapeptide, competes with f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe for binding to human neutrophils. Furthermore, porcine neutrophils, which neither specifically bind nor respond chemotactically to the synthetic f-methionyl peptides, also fail to respond chemotactically to pepstatin. These results suggest that pepstatin shares a receptor on the neutrophil with f-methionyl peptides, despite their completely different amino acid compositions. The specificity of this cytotaxin receptor may therefore be broader than expected and depend on ligand characteristics distinct from primary structure.", "contents": "Cytotaxin receptors of neutrophils: evidence that F-methionyl peptides and pepstatin share a common receptor. Pepstatin, a chemotactic microbial pentapeptide, competes with f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe for binding to human neutrophils. Furthermore, porcine neutrophils, which neither specifically bind nor respond chemotactically to the synthetic f-methionyl peptides, also fail to respond chemotactically to pepstatin. These results suggest that pepstatin shares a receptor on the neutrophil with f-methionyl peptides, despite their completely different amino acid compositions. The specificity of this cytotaxin receptor may therefore be broader than expected and depend on ligand characteristics distinct from primary structure.", "PMID": 528062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3605", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in lung cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility was studied in cultured lymphocytes from 21 healthy control subjects and from 15 lung cancer patients selected for radiation therapy. AHH inducibility of the patients was measured prior to, during and at the end of radiation therapy. Four of 15 patients had values comparable to the healthy controls. Cellular DNA and protein measurements of cultured lymphocytes were the same for patients and healthy controls. There was no significant difference in the percentage of lymphoblast formation and percentage of cell survival between the two groups. Radiation therapy reduces the number of lymphocytes in vivo and the amount of lymphoblast formation in vitro. AHH inducibulity is signifcantly lowered by radiation in the patients who had very high inducibility at pre-treatment level. DNA and protein contents of cultured lymphocytes did not change during radiation therapy.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in lung cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility was studied in cultured lymphocytes from 21 healthy control subjects and from 15 lung cancer patients selected for radiation therapy. AHH inducibility of the patients was measured prior to, during and at the end of radiation therapy. Four of 15 patients had values comparable to the healthy controls. Cellular DNA and protein measurements of cultured lymphocytes were the same for patients and healthy controls. There was no significant difference in the percentage of lymphoblast formation and percentage of cell survival between the two groups. Radiation therapy reduces the number of lymphocytes in vivo and the amount of lymphoblast formation in vitro. AHH inducibulity is signifcantly lowered by radiation in the patients who had very high inducibility at pre-treatment level. DNA and protein contents of cultured lymphocytes did not change during radiation therapy.", "PMID": 528067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3606", "title": "Serum, pituitary and urine concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in eight strains of mice with varying incidence of mammary tumors.", "content": "Eight inbred strains of mice with varying incidences of spontaneous mammary tumor were compared in regard to prolactin and growth hormone concentrations in sera, pituitary glands and urine. Serum prolactin was compared under basal conditions as well as after stimulation with perphenazine. Both hormones were measured with specific, homologous radioimmunoassays. Although some strains having a high incidence of mammary tumors had high levels of prolactin in sera, urine and pituitary glands, neither basal nor perphenazine-induced serum concentrations showed a consistent pattern across mouse strains that correlated with the incidence of mammary tumors. Growth hormone levels in sera, pituitary glands and urine also had no characteristic pattern that applied to all strains studied. The ratio of prolactin depleted from the pituitary gland to prolactin detected in serum after perphenazine injection, which reflected the metabolic clearance rate of prolactin, was highest in two strains with a high incidence of mammary tumors and relatively lower in low-tumor strains. These results suggest that if prolactin plays a part in mammary tumor development in mice, its mechanism varies with strains: while hyperprolactinemia may be the means in some strains, a peculiarity in the metabolism of the hormone may be more important in others.", "contents": "Serum, pituitary and urine concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in eight strains of mice with varying incidence of mammary tumors. Eight inbred strains of mice with varying incidences of spontaneous mammary tumor were compared in regard to prolactin and growth hormone concentrations in sera, pituitary glands and urine. Serum prolactin was compared under basal conditions as well as after stimulation with perphenazine. Both hormones were measured with specific, homologous radioimmunoassays. Although some strains having a high incidence of mammary tumors had high levels of prolactin in sera, urine and pituitary glands, neither basal nor perphenazine-induced serum concentrations showed a consistent pattern across mouse strains that correlated with the incidence of mammary tumors. Growth hormone levels in sera, pituitary glands and urine also had no characteristic pattern that applied to all strains studied. The ratio of prolactin depleted from the pituitary gland to prolactin detected in serum after perphenazine injection, which reflected the metabolic clearance rate of prolactin, was highest in two strains with a high incidence of mammary tumors and relatively lower in low-tumor strains. These results suggest that if prolactin plays a part in mammary tumor development in mice, its mechanism varies with strains: while hyperprolactinemia may be the means in some strains, a peculiarity in the metabolism of the hormone may be more important in others.", "PMID": 528068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3607", "title": "Contribution of macrophages to interactions between tumor cells and other tissues assessed in an in vitro system.", "content": "The modification of the tissues surrounding solid tumors is usually attributed exclusively to interactions between the normal tissues and the cancer cells in the tumor, in spite of the fact that tumors contain many different types of non-cancer cells including macrophages. As an experimental model for some facets of the cellular interactions between tumor and normal tissues, we have assessed the individual contributions of macrophages and cancer cells to the differential inhibition of neural retina (NR) cell aggregation by co-culturing NR cells with small numbers of macrophages or cancer cells alone, as well as with both natural (ascites tumors) and artificial mixtures. Cells from human colonic adenocarcinoma inhibited NR aggregation to a greater extent than normal colon mucosa. Aggregation of NR cells was inhibited by macrophages from mice and rats, and to a greater extent by cancer cell suspensions of mouse Ehrlich and rat Walker 256 lines from spinner culture or in the ascites form. Combinations of macrophages and cancer cells indicated that their inhibitory effects were neither additive nor synergistic. Cell-free media from macrophages and cancer cell cultures were equally effective inhibitors of aggregation. The results suggest that the interaction between a malignant tumor and the surrounding normal tissue can be modified by cancer cells, tumor macrophages and their products.", "contents": "Contribution of macrophages to interactions between tumor cells and other tissues assessed in an in vitro system. The modification of the tissues surrounding solid tumors is usually attributed exclusively to interactions between the normal tissues and the cancer cells in the tumor, in spite of the fact that tumors contain many different types of non-cancer cells including macrophages. As an experimental model for some facets of the cellular interactions between tumor and normal tissues, we have assessed the individual contributions of macrophages and cancer cells to the differential inhibition of neural retina (NR) cell aggregation by co-culturing NR cells with small numbers of macrophages or cancer cells alone, as well as with both natural (ascites tumors) and artificial mixtures. Cells from human colonic adenocarcinoma inhibited NR aggregation to a greater extent than normal colon mucosa. Aggregation of NR cells was inhibited by macrophages from mice and rats, and to a greater extent by cancer cell suspensions of mouse Ehrlich and rat Walker 256 lines from spinner culture or in the ascites form. Combinations of macrophages and cancer cells indicated that their inhibitory effects were neither additive nor synergistic. Cell-free media from macrophages and cancer cell cultures were equally effective inhibitors of aggregation. The results suggest that the interaction between a malignant tumor and the surrounding normal tissue can be modified by cancer cells, tumor macrophages and their products.", "PMID": 528069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3608", "title": "The relationship between sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration and gene mutation induction by several reactive polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolites in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The ability of three ultimate matabolites of benzo(a)-pyrene and of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene to induce 8-azaguanine mutants, sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations has been investigated. 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was shown to be an extremely efficient inducer of both mutants and sister-chromatid exchanges at 100% survival, whereas its geometrical isomer, 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide were comparatively weak. The potency of this compound, as both a mutagen and a sister-chromatid exchange inducer, gives further evidence that it may be the important carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene. 7-Bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene was a moderate mutagen and inducer of sister chromatid exchanges. Comparisons of the relative potencies of these four chemicals as inducers of both mutations and sister chromatid exchanges have indicated that these two phenomena are not directly related. The induction of sister chromatid exchanges also appears to be independent of the induction of chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "The relationship between sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration and gene mutation induction by several reactive polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolites in cultured mammalian cells. The ability of three ultimate matabolites of benzo(a)-pyrene and of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene to induce 8-azaguanine mutants, sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations has been investigated. 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was shown to be an extremely efficient inducer of both mutants and sister-chromatid exchanges at 100% survival, whereas its geometrical isomer, 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide were comparatively weak. The potency of this compound, as both a mutagen and a sister-chromatid exchange inducer, gives further evidence that it may be the important carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene. 7-Bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene was a moderate mutagen and inducer of sister chromatid exchanges. Comparisons of the relative potencies of these four chemicals as inducers of both mutations and sister chromatid exchanges have indicated that these two phenomena are not directly related. The induction of sister chromatid exchanges also appears to be independent of the induction of chromosome aberrations.", "PMID": 528071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3609", "title": "Analysis of chromosomal proteins of fractionated chromatin from rat liver and transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas.", "content": "The chromosomal proteins from a number of transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas (THC) induced by a single carcinogen or its derivatives and varying greatly in their growth rates were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyarcylamide gel electrophoresis. Before extraction and analysis of proteins, chromatin from hepatomas, as well as from normal and regenerating liver was fractionated into rapidly and slowly sedimenting gradient components. Ten non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) present in the tumors and ranging in molecular weight from 220,000 to 55,000, were absent from normal liver. Further, each rapidly growing tumor possessed more non-histone protein bands in the most rapidly sedimenting chromatin fractions than did corresponding, slowly growing tumor fractions. A number of single protein occurrences common only to normal liver and/or rapidly or slowly growing tumors were also found. In contrast, NHCP banding patterns of rapidly growing 70% hepatectomized rat liver were identical to those of non-dividing liver. Of particular interest was the finding that the prototypic \"minimal deviation tumor\" 9618A varied more in its  NHCP-banding pattern when compared to liver than did those tumors which were rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. These studies represent an initial attempt at seeking NHCP which might be uniquely related to the malignant process.", "contents": "Analysis of chromosomal proteins of fractionated chromatin from rat liver and transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas. The chromosomal proteins from a number of transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas (THC) induced by a single carcinogen or its derivatives and varying greatly in their growth rates were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyarcylamide gel electrophoresis. Before extraction and analysis of proteins, chromatin from hepatomas, as well as from normal and regenerating liver was fractionated into rapidly and slowly sedimenting gradient components. Ten non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) present in the tumors and ranging in molecular weight from 220,000 to 55,000, were absent from normal liver. Further, each rapidly growing tumor possessed more non-histone protein bands in the most rapidly sedimenting chromatin fractions than did corresponding, slowly growing tumor fractions. A number of single protein occurrences common only to normal liver and/or rapidly or slowly growing tumors were also found. In contrast, NHCP banding patterns of rapidly growing 70% hepatectomized rat liver were identical to those of non-dividing liver. Of particular interest was the finding that the prototypic \"minimal deviation tumor\" 9618A varied more in its  NHCP-banding pattern when compared to liver than did those tumors which were rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. These studies represent an initial attempt at seeking NHCP which might be uniquely related to the malignant process.", "PMID": 528072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3610", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of tumor-associated surface antigens on a Moloney leukemia virus-lymphoma, MBL-2.", "content": "Tumor-associated surface antigens (TASA) on a Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV)-induced lymphoma, MBL-2, in C57BL/6 mice (B6) were characterized. The surface proteins of MBL-2 cells were selectively radioiodinated and then extracted by Nonidet P40. The solubilized materials were then reacted with a variety of antisera: monospecific antisera to murine leukemia viral proteins (anti-gp69/71, anti-p30, anti-p15, anti-p12 and anti-p10), sera from B6 which regressed murine sarcoma tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (anti-MSV) and a rabbit anti-MBL-2 antiserum. The resulting radioimmune precipitates were analyzed and compared in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The following results were obtained. (1) Among all anti-viral protein antisera tested only anti-gp69/71 was active and detected a protein doublet of gp69/71 and its degradation fragments of 42,000 and 35,000 daltons. (2) Radioimmune precipitates prepared with anti-MSV showed a SDS-PAGE pattern similar to that seen with anti-gp69/71. This result indicated that the surface antigen detected by the anti-MSV serum on MBL-2 tumor cell was probably a viral envelope antigen. (3) The rabbit anti-MBL-2 serum detected on the cell membrane an antigen of approximately 95,000 daltons which was tumor-associated and did not appear to be related to virion components. The anti-MBL-2-serum still reacted with the 95,000 dalton antigen after absorption with disrupted M-MuLV virus and with gp69/71 and p30 purified from the virus.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of tumor-associated surface antigens on a Moloney leukemia virus-lymphoma, MBL-2. Tumor-associated surface antigens (TASA) on a Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV)-induced lymphoma, MBL-2, in C57BL/6 mice (B6) were characterized. The surface proteins of MBL-2 cells were selectively radioiodinated and then extracted by Nonidet P40. The solubilized materials were then reacted with a variety of antisera: monospecific antisera to murine leukemia viral proteins (anti-gp69/71, anti-p30, anti-p15, anti-p12 and anti-p10), sera from B6 which regressed murine sarcoma tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (anti-MSV) and a rabbit anti-MBL-2 antiserum. The resulting radioimmune precipitates were analyzed and compared in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The following results were obtained. (1) Among all anti-viral protein antisera tested only anti-gp69/71 was active and detected a protein doublet of gp69/71 and its degradation fragments of 42,000 and 35,000 daltons. (2) Radioimmune precipitates prepared with anti-MSV showed a SDS-PAGE pattern similar to that seen with anti-gp69/71. This result indicated that the surface antigen detected by the anti-MSV serum on MBL-2 tumor cell was probably a viral envelope antigen. (3) The rabbit anti-MBL-2 serum detected on the cell membrane an antigen of approximately 95,000 daltons which was tumor-associated and did not appear to be related to virion components. The anti-MBL-2-serum still reacted with the 95,000 dalton antigen after absorption with disrupted M-MuLV virus and with gp69/71 and p30 purified from the virus.", "PMID": 528073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3611", "title": "Lung tumors from PuO2-ZrO2 aerosol particles in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were given PuO2/ZrO2 particles via inhalation and/or Pu-laden ZrO2 ceramic 10-micron diameter microspheres lodged in the capillary bed of the lung. The mean initial lung burdens ranged from 8 nCi to 143 nCi for the six experimental groups of animals. Significant numbers of primary lung tumors (5-50% per group) were induced in those animals that received inhalation exposures. Additional alpha radiation administered via Pu-laden intravenous microspheres had little or no effect on tumorigenesis or the production of non-neoplastic, degenerative changes in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Lung tumors from PuO2-ZrO2 aerosol particles in Syrian hamsters. Syrian golden hamsters were given PuO2/ZrO2 particles via inhalation and/or Pu-laden ZrO2 ceramic 10-micron diameter microspheres lodged in the capillary bed of the lung. The mean initial lung burdens ranged from 8 nCi to 143 nCi for the six experimental groups of animals. Significant numbers of primary lung tumors (5-50% per group) were induced in those animals that received inhalation exposures. Additional alpha radiation administered via Pu-laden intravenous microspheres had little or no effect on tumorigenesis or the production of non-neoplastic, degenerative changes in the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 528076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3612", "title": "Anti-tumor potential of retinoic acid: stimulation of immune mediated effectors.", "content": "Data are presented on the effects of retinoic acid (RA) treatment on the in vivo growth of tumors in two mouse strains. Inhibition of tumor growth as a result of systemic RA injection was observed in three out of seven tumor models. Using adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated and fetal liver (A x TFL) reconstituted mice, we found that inhibition of tumor growth is not due to direct toxic effects of RA but rather appears to be the result of stimulation of thymus-dependent immune-mediated effectors to suppress tumor growth. Results suggest that only strongly immunogenic tumors are sensitive to in vivo retinoid inhibition.", "contents": "Anti-tumor potential of retinoic acid: stimulation of immune mediated effectors. Data are presented on the effects of retinoic acid (RA) treatment on the in vivo growth of tumors in two mouse strains. Inhibition of tumor growth as a result of systemic RA injection was observed in three out of seven tumor models. Using adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated and fetal liver (A x TFL) reconstituted mice, we found that inhibition of tumor growth is not due to direct toxic effects of RA but rather appears to be the result of stimulation of thymus-dependent immune-mediated effectors to suppress tumor growth. Results suggest that only strongly immunogenic tumors are sensitive to in vivo retinoid inhibition.", "PMID": 528077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3613", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy of murine leukemia. I. Irradiated tumor cell vaccine.", "content": "This report describes a new animal model for active, specific, systemic immunotherapy of leukemia. Mice were challenged (day 0) with 10(3) viable LSTRA cells and treated later with a vaccine containing 10(7) irradiated LSTRA cells. Four intraperitoneal or intravenous vaccine injections, on days 2, 9, 16 and 23, caused significant prolongation of survival; single injections by the same routes had inconsistent effects. Vaccine was not effective against a higher initial challenge dose, when given later in the course of tumor growth, when given intradermally or when used in weanling mice. The therapeutic effect was specific since a vaccine composed of an antigenically unrelated leukemia was ineffective. These results suggest that LSTRA is suitable for studying active, systemic, specific immunotherapy.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy of murine leukemia. I. Irradiated tumor cell vaccine. This report describes a new animal model for active, specific, systemic immunotherapy of leukemia. Mice were challenged (day 0) with 10(3) viable LSTRA cells and treated later with a vaccine containing 10(7) irradiated LSTRA cells. Four intraperitoneal or intravenous vaccine injections, on days 2, 9, 16 and 23, caused significant prolongation of survival; single injections by the same routes had inconsistent effects. Vaccine was not effective against a higher initial challenge dose, when given later in the course of tumor growth, when given intradermally or when used in weanling mice. The therapeutic effect was specific since a vaccine composed of an antigenically unrelated leukemia was ineffective. These results suggest that LSTRA is suitable for studying active, systemic, specific immunotherapy.", "PMID": 528078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3614", "title": "Active, specific immunotherapy of murine leukemia. II. Adjuvant effect of Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "We have previously shown that irradiated LSTRA cells (LX) were immunogenic and could prolong survival of mice bearing LSTRA tumors. This study demonstrated that addition of Corynebacterium parvum to the LX dramatically improved the strength of tumor immunity. In pretreatment-challenge experiments, C. parvum augmented the immunogenicity of 10(6) LX given intradermally, with an optimum dose of 0.14-1.4 microgram C. parvum per mouse. In therapy experiments (intraperitoneal vaccine treatment after tumor cell challenge), the therapeutic effect of 10(7) LX was improved by admixture of C. parvum, leading to a larger number of cured mice, permitting treatment of a larger challenge inoculum, and allowing later initiation of treatment than was possible with LX alone. Optimal dose of C. parvum for therapy was 1,400 microgram per mouse. Presensitization to C. parvum or use of repeated vaccine injections did not further improve the therapeutic effect. Cure of tumor-bearing mice by the mixed vaccine was tumor-specific. These results suggest that C. parvum is a potent adjuvant for use in active, tumor-specific immunotherapy.", "contents": "Active, specific immunotherapy of murine leukemia. II. Adjuvant effect of Corynebacterium parvum. We have previously shown that irradiated LSTRA cells (LX) were immunogenic and could prolong survival of mice bearing LSTRA tumors. This study demonstrated that addition of Corynebacterium parvum to the LX dramatically improved the strength of tumor immunity. In pretreatment-challenge experiments, C. parvum augmented the immunogenicity of 10(6) LX given intradermally, with an optimum dose of 0.14-1.4 microgram C. parvum per mouse. In therapy experiments (intraperitoneal vaccine treatment after tumor cell challenge), the therapeutic effect of 10(7) LX was improved by admixture of C. parvum, leading to a larger number of cured mice, permitting treatment of a larger challenge inoculum, and allowing later initiation of treatment than was possible with LX alone. Optimal dose of C. parvum for therapy was 1,400 microgram per mouse. Presensitization to C. parvum or use of repeated vaccine injections did not further improve the therapeutic effect. Cure of tumor-bearing mice by the mixed vaccine was tumor-specific. These results suggest that C. parvum is a potent adjuvant for use in active, tumor-specific immunotherapy.", "PMID": 528079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3615", "title": "Augmentation of natural killer activity by pyran copolymer in mice.", "content": "Treatment of older mice with pyran copolymer, a known interferon-inducer, was found to result in a rapid boosting of cell-mediated cytolytic activity against YAC-1 tumor target cells. The effector cells were characterized as being non-adherent and were presumed to be natural killer (NK) cells. Augmentation occurred in various lymphoid organs and was detectable 2-3 days after drug treatment. Differences in the levels of boosted activity among the lymphoid organs resulted when the route of administration was varied. The degree of augmentation was largely independent of the dose of pyran, but did vary among different strains of mice. Augmentation, moreover, was followed by a rapid decline by 5-7 days.", "contents": "Augmentation of natural killer activity by pyran copolymer in mice. Treatment of older mice with pyran copolymer, a known interferon-inducer, was found to result in a rapid boosting of cell-mediated cytolytic activity against YAC-1 tumor target cells. The effector cells were characterized as being non-adherent and were presumed to be natural killer (NK) cells. Augmentation occurred in various lymphoid organs and was detectable 2-3 days after drug treatment. Differences in the levels of boosted activity among the lymphoid organs resulted when the route of administration was varied. The degree of augmentation was largely independent of the dose of pyran, but did vary among different strains of mice. Augmentation, moreover, was followed by a rapid decline by 5-7 days.", "PMID": 528080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3616", "title": "A surgical approach for the infected diabetic foot.", "content": "Three hundred cases of major infection of the foot in diabetic patients are analysed. Based on our experience we have been able to define certain criteria which we have found useful in the management of these cases. It is felt that an aggressive surgical approach with careful surgical technique and the appropriate antibiotics can avert major radical amputation.", "contents": "A surgical approach for the infected diabetic foot. Three hundred cases of major infection of the foot in diabetic patients are analysed. Based on our experience we have been able to define certain criteria which we have found useful in the management of these cases. It is felt that an aggressive surgical approach with careful surgical technique and the appropriate antibiotics can avert major radical amputation.", "PMID": 528083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3617", "title": "External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures.", "content": "The Hoffmann external fixator was used to stabilize unstable pelvic fractures in 56 patients with multiple injuries. It was applied under general anaesthesia and the dislocated pelvis reduced and secured with a single tie bar. In 16 cases residual dislocation of less than 1.5 cm was noted after the reduction and the reduced position was maintained in 48 out of 51 cases, a minor redislocation occurred in the remaining 3 patients. Few complications could be attributed to the method, infection was noted in one patient, the iliac crest was fractured in one case and an exostosis of the iliac crest occurred in one youth. Forty-three patients were symptom free with regard to the pelvis at the time of review whereas 5 patients had residual pain and 3 diffuse symptoms. The technique of application is simple but requires two surgeons at the time of reduction and fixation of the pelvis.", "contents": "External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures. The Hoffmann external fixator was used to stabilize unstable pelvic fractures in 56 patients with multiple injuries. It was applied under general anaesthesia and the dislocated pelvis reduced and secured with a single tie bar. In 16 cases residual dislocation of less than 1.5 cm was noted after the reduction and the reduced position was maintained in 48 out of 51 cases, a minor redislocation occurred in the remaining 3 patients. Few complications could be attributed to the method, infection was noted in one patient, the iliac crest was fractured in one case and an exostosis of the iliac crest occurred in one youth. Forty-three patients were symptom free with regard to the pelvis at the time of review whereas 5 patients had residual pain and 3 diffuse symptoms. The technique of application is simple but requires two surgeons at the time of reduction and fixation of the pelvis.", "PMID": 528084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3618", "title": "Treatment of the femoral shaft fracture with a curved heat-treated COP clover-leaf nail.", "content": "The commonly used straight intramedullary nail has certain limitations and disadvantages. Following radiographic and metallurgical studies we have developed a curved heat-treated clover-leaf nail using a newly developed precipitation hardening stainless steel (COP). The nail is bent with a slot on the convex side and the radius of curvature is 115 cm which corresponds to the anatomical antero-lateral convexity of the human femur. The nail has been satisfactory in clinical use since 1971 and has provided not only more stable internal fixation but also allowed fixation of fractures beyond the middle third of the shaft.", "contents": "Treatment of the femoral shaft fracture with a curved heat-treated COP clover-leaf nail. The commonly used straight intramedullary nail has certain limitations and disadvantages. Following radiographic and metallurgical studies we have developed a curved heat-treated clover-leaf nail using a newly developed precipitation hardening stainless steel (COP). The nail is bent with a slot on the convex side and the radius of curvature is 115 cm which corresponds to the anatomical antero-lateral convexity of the human femur. The nail has been satisfactory in clinical use since 1971 and has provided not only more stable internal fixation but also allowed fixation of fractures beyond the middle third of the shaft.", "PMID": 528087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3619", "title": "Preoperative normovolaemic haemodilution with dextran 70 as a thromboembolic prophylaxis in total in hip replacement.", "content": "The effect of preoperative normovolaemic haemodilution with dextran 70 in 57 patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis, was evaluated with respect to the production of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The patients were randomly allocated to one group undergoing preoperative haemodilution and one control group receiving 500 ml dextran 70 during operation and again on the second postoperative day. Before operation blood was replaced by dextran 70 to lower the hematocrit to between 25 and 30. The blood drained from the patients was used to replace blood lost at operation. Between 10 and 14 days after operation the patients were examined by perfusion lung scan, chest radiography and bilateral phlebography. Twelve patients also had 133Xe ventilation scans. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the two groups did not differ significantly. Pulmonary embolism was significantly decreased in the preoperative haemodilution group. One patient in the control group had clinical symptoms of, and died from, pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Preoperative normovolaemic haemodilution with dextran 70 as a thromboembolic prophylaxis in total in hip replacement. The effect of preoperative normovolaemic haemodilution with dextran 70 in 57 patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis, was evaluated with respect to the production of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The patients were randomly allocated to one group undergoing preoperative haemodilution and one control group receiving 500 ml dextran 70 during operation and again on the second postoperative day. Before operation blood was replaced by dextran 70 to lower the hematocrit to between 25 and 30. The blood drained from the patients was used to replace blood lost at operation. Between 10 and 14 days after operation the patients were examined by perfusion lung scan, chest radiography and bilateral phlebography. Twelve patients also had 133Xe ventilation scans. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the two groups did not differ significantly. Pulmonary embolism was significantly decreased in the preoperative haemodilution group. One patient in the control group had clinical symptoms of, and died from, pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 528086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3620", "title": "The treatment of arthritis of the shoulder joint by double osteotomy.", "content": "This paper presents the new operations of double osteotomy of the shoulder for the treatment of painful arthritis. The procedure consists of osteotomy without displacement of the necks of both the scapula and the humerus. Sixteen patients who have had this operation have been followed for one to nine years (average 2 years 11 months). The results show good or excellent pain relief in 13 patients and a substantial increase in active abduction in 13 patients. Complications were few and none were serious. A possible reason for the reduction of pain is suggested and the advantages of this operation over arthrodesis and total shoulder replacement are discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of arthritis of the shoulder joint by double osteotomy. This paper presents the new operations of double osteotomy of the shoulder for the treatment of painful arthritis. The procedure consists of osteotomy without displacement of the necks of both the scapula and the humerus. Sixteen patients who have had this operation have been followed for one to nine years (average 2 years 11 months). The results show good or excellent pain relief in 13 patients and a substantial increase in active abduction in 13 patients. Complications were few and none were serious. A possible reason for the reduction of pain is suggested and the advantages of this operation over arthrodesis and total shoulder replacement are discussed.", "PMID": 528088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3621", "title": "Biomechanical study of the pitching elbow.", "content": "Medial-tension injuries of the pitching elbow are well recognized. One contributing factor is the extreme valgus which has been noted to occur during the acceleration phase of throwing. It is hypothesized that breaking pitches generate higher medial loading because of the pronation and supination required to impart spin to the ball. The pitching motion is a complex action of all body segments to produce maximum linear and angular acceleration of the ball. The purpose of this study was to correlate elbow loading with pitching style. We measured the forearm segment for axial and tangential (varus-valgus plane) acceleration using accelerometers attached to the forearm and hand. Muscle activity was measured by EMG. Forearm rotation was assessed by stroboscopic photography. Despite different delivery styles when throwing breaking pitches, each pitcher demonstrated patterns of muscle activity and acceleration which were similar. Deceleration forces were lower than acceleration forces. Pronation and supination were documented and contribute to the direction of ball spin. Accelerometers can be used to evaluate pitching mechanics. We suggest that the main factors causing an elbow injury are the amount of throwing and the force with which the ball is thrown.", "contents": "Biomechanical study of the pitching elbow. Medial-tension injuries of the pitching elbow are well recognized. One contributing factor is the extreme valgus which has been noted to occur during the acceleration phase of throwing. It is hypothesized that breaking pitches generate higher medial loading because of the pronation and supination required to impart spin to the ball. The pitching motion is a complex action of all body segments to produce maximum linear and angular acceleration of the ball. The purpose of this study was to correlate elbow loading with pitching style. We measured the forearm segment for axial and tangential (varus-valgus plane) acceleration using accelerometers attached to the forearm and hand. Muscle activity was measured by EMG. Forearm rotation was assessed by stroboscopic photography. Despite different delivery styles when throwing breaking pitches, each pitcher demonstrated patterns of muscle activity and acceleration which were similar. Deceleration forces were lower than acceleration forces. Pronation and supination were documented and contribute to the direction of ball spin. Accelerometers can be used to evaluate pitching mechanics. We suggest that the main factors causing an elbow injury are the amount of throwing and the force with which the ball is thrown.", "PMID": 528089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3622", "title": "A study on tension signs in lumbar disc hernia.", "content": "The laminae were removed from the lower lumbar spines of five cadavers within four hours of death. A short length of rubber tube was inserted between the nerve roots and the lumbar disc and the tension monitored using semiconductor pressure transducers. The angulatory stresses exerted on the lumbar nerve roots during tension sign tests were found to correspond to clinical experience.", "contents": "A study on tension signs in lumbar disc hernia. The laminae were removed from the lower lumbar spines of five cadavers within four hours of death. A short length of rubber tube was inserted between the nerve roots and the lumbar disc and the tension monitored using semiconductor pressure transducers. The angulatory stresses exerted on the lumbar nerve roots during tension sign tests were found to correspond to clinical experience.", "PMID": 528090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3623", "title": "Spinal osteotomy to correct kyphosis in spinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with severe tuberculous kyphosis have been treated at the National Murayama Hospital between 1966 and 1977. We have undertaken curettage of the foci and vertebral osteotomy through an anterior approach, followed by gradual correction with a halo pelvic distraction apparatus and subsequent vertebral fusion. Choice of this method depends upon the age of the patient, the degree of kyphosis before correction, and the presence of concomitant lesions. Details of postoperative management are given and their importance is emphasized. The major risks of correction are discussed and precautions suggested.", "contents": "Spinal osteotomy to correct kyphosis in spinal tuberculosis. Twenty-seven patients with severe tuberculous kyphosis have been treated at the National Murayama Hospital between 1966 and 1977. We have undertaken curettage of the foci and vertebral osteotomy through an anterior approach, followed by gradual correction with a halo pelvic distraction apparatus and subsequent vertebral fusion. Choice of this method depends upon the age of the patient, the degree of kyphosis before correction, and the presence of concomitant lesions. Details of postoperative management are given and their importance is emphasized. The major risks of correction are discussed and precautions suggested.", "PMID": 528091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3624", "title": "Physiological effects of increased tissue pressure.", "content": "The physiological effects of increased tissue pressure were studied using a model system in which known pressures were applied uniformly to the hindlimbs of rabbits for a period of 5 h. Muscle blood flow was monitored using a new argon washout technique. Muscle pO2, pCO2, and pAr were measured using a Teflon membrane catheter-mass spectrometer system. The myoneural conduction velocity served as a measure of the functional status of the limb. Higher tissue pressures led to successively greater compromise of muscle blood flow and pO2. Myoneural conduction velocity decreased significantly only when a pressure of 80 mm of mercury was applied, at which time muscle blood flow and pO2 were zero. These observations suggest that abnormalities of neuromuscular function are relatively late manifestations of a pressureinduced circulatory deficiency.", "contents": "Physiological effects of increased tissue pressure. The physiological effects of increased tissue pressure were studied using a model system in which known pressures were applied uniformly to the hindlimbs of rabbits for a period of 5 h. Muscle blood flow was monitored using a new argon washout technique. Muscle pO2, pCO2, and pAr were measured using a Teflon membrane catheter-mass spectrometer system. The myoneural conduction velocity served as a measure of the functional status of the limb. Higher tissue pressures led to successively greater compromise of muscle blood flow and pO2. Myoneural conduction velocity decreased significantly only when a pressure of 80 mm of mercury was applied, at which time muscle blood flow and pO2 were zero. These observations suggest that abnormalities of neuromuscular function are relatively late manifestations of a pressureinduced circulatory deficiency.", "PMID": 528092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3625", "title": "Appropriate nitroxoline dosage regimen design.", "content": "Clinically used dosage regimen of nitroxoline, three times 100 mg daily, was proved to be inappropriate because the successfulness of medical treatment was rarely sufficient. Nitroxoline, used as urinary antiseptic, exhibits its antibacterial activity in concentrations higher than 6 mg/l, as demonstrated in many \"in vitro\" experiments. This work deals with the most appropriate nitroxoline dosage form as well as with the optimal dosage regimen design. The data were obtained by the aid of the suitable pharmacokinetic model and multiple dosing simulation on analog-hybrid computer EAI 580. From the several studied alternatives two usable dosage forms with the necessary dose and corresponding dosage interval were selected.", "contents": "Appropriate nitroxoline dosage regimen design. Clinically used dosage regimen of nitroxoline, three times 100 mg daily, was proved to be inappropriate because the successfulness of medical treatment was rarely sufficient. Nitroxoline, used as urinary antiseptic, exhibits its antibacterial activity in concentrations higher than 6 mg/l, as demonstrated in many \"in vitro\" experiments. This work deals with the most appropriate nitroxoline dosage form as well as with the optimal dosage regimen design. The data were obtained by the aid of the suitable pharmacokinetic model and multiple dosing simulation on analog-hybrid computer EAI 580. From the several studied alternatives two usable dosage forms with the necessary dose and corresponding dosage interval were selected.", "PMID": 528093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3626", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of naproxen in healthy volunteers and in patients with diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of Naproxen administered as a single oral dose of 250 mg, have been determined in 7 healthy volunteers and 9 patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from diabetes mellitus with varying degrees of angiopathy. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations and to calculate the amount of drug in the central and peripheral compartments. In healthy volunteers the following values were obtained for various pharmacokinetic parameters: tmax = 2 hr; Cmax = 52.63 micrograms/ml; Ka = 1.893 hr-1; alpha = 0.393 hr-1; beta = 0.049 hr-1; K12 = 0.147 hr-1; K21 = 0.198 hr-1; K13 = 0.097 hr-1. In patients with severe diabetic microangiopathy, a decrease may be seen in the fraction of the dose absorbed shown by a decrease in the Cmax and the (AUC) 0--8 hr. The glomerular impairment of some patients leads to a decrease in the elimination constant.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of naproxen in healthy volunteers and in patients with diabetic microangiopathy. The pharmacokinetics of Naproxen administered as a single oral dose of 250 mg, have been determined in 7 healthy volunteers and 9 patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from diabetes mellitus with varying degrees of angiopathy. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations and to calculate the amount of drug in the central and peripheral compartments. In healthy volunteers the following values were obtained for various pharmacokinetic parameters: tmax = 2 hr; Cmax = 52.63 micrograms/ml; Ka = 1.893 hr-1; alpha = 0.393 hr-1; beta = 0.049 hr-1; K12 = 0.147 hr-1; K21 = 0.198 hr-1; K13 = 0.097 hr-1. In patients with severe diabetic microangiopathy, a decrease may be seen in the fraction of the dose absorbed shown by a decrease in the Cmax and the (AUC) 0--8 hr. The glomerular impairment of some patients leads to a decrease in the elimination constant.", "PMID": 528094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3627", "title": "In vitro and in vivo characteristics of some commercial phenobarbital tablets.", "content": "Using an incompletely randomized crossover study design, the oral bioavailability characteristics of 7 different brands of phenobarbital tablets, USP, 100 mg was investigated in 5 adult, male volunteers. From plasma drug concentration-time data, best estimates for the bioavailability parameters of peak plasma phenobarbital concentration (Cmax) and time to peak concentration (tmax) were obtained by curve fitting and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) computed with the trapezoid rule. No significant difference in Cmax or normalized AUC was seen for the 7 products investigated. Additionally, a difference in tmax was observed between 2 preparations (A and E) only (p less than or equal to 0.05). All drug products met USP requirements for weight variation and tablet disintegration and all but one product (D) exhibited reasonably good and similar dissolution characteristics in simulated gastric fluid. No correlation between various in vitro dissolution parameters and in vivo bioavailability of phenobarbital could be found for the 7 phenobarbital products studied.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo characteristics of some commercial phenobarbital tablets. Using an incompletely randomized crossover study design, the oral bioavailability characteristics of 7 different brands of phenobarbital tablets, USP, 100 mg was investigated in 5 adult, male volunteers. From plasma drug concentration-time data, best estimates for the bioavailability parameters of peak plasma phenobarbital concentration (Cmax) and time to peak concentration (tmax) were obtained by curve fitting and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) computed with the trapezoid rule. No significant difference in Cmax or normalized AUC was seen for the 7 products investigated. Additionally, a difference in tmax was observed between 2 preparations (A and E) only (p less than or equal to 0.05). All drug products met USP requirements for weight variation and tablet disintegration and all but one product (D) exhibited reasonably good and similar dissolution characteristics in simulated gastric fluid. No correlation between various in vitro dissolution parameters and in vivo bioavailability of phenobarbital could be found for the 7 phenobarbital products studied.", "PMID": 528095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3628", "title": "Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type II with etofibrate.", "content": "Seven patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II (four patients with type II A and three patients with type II B), who were experienced to be resistant to hypolipidemic drugs, were treated for 6 months with etofibrate, a double-ester of nicotinic acid and clofibrinic acid, at a dose of 0.3 g t.i.d. Mean serum cholesterol level decreased by up to 18% from a pre-treatment value of 7.7 +/- 1.4 mmol/l. The reduction of serum cholesterol was due both to a decrease in very low density (VLDL) and low density (LDL) lipoprotein cholesteral by 61 and 25%, respectively (after 6 months). Furthermore alpha-LP (HDL) cholesterol increased by 8%, (after 6 months). All seven patients had previously received clofibrate and had obtained a mean decrease in plasma cholesterol by 6%. There was a slight transient increase in S-ASAT and S-ALAT simultaneous with in increase in serum urate. However, these values returned after 3 months to pre-treatment level. No influence on glucose tolerance was recorded. There were no bothersome side effects except a transient discomfort in the form of flushing or acid indigestion which occurred after 1--2 months of treatment with etofibrate.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type II with etofibrate. Seven patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II (four patients with type II A and three patients with type II B), who were experienced to be resistant to hypolipidemic drugs, were treated for 6 months with etofibrate, a double-ester of nicotinic acid and clofibrinic acid, at a dose of 0.3 g t.i.d. Mean serum cholesterol level decreased by up to 18% from a pre-treatment value of 7.7 +/- 1.4 mmol/l. The reduction of serum cholesterol was due both to a decrease in very low density (VLDL) and low density (LDL) lipoprotein cholesteral by 61 and 25%, respectively (after 6 months). Furthermore alpha-LP (HDL) cholesterol increased by 8%, (after 6 months). All seven patients had previously received clofibrate and had obtained a mean decrease in plasma cholesterol by 6%. There was a slight transient increase in S-ASAT and S-ALAT simultaneous with in increase in serum urate. However, these values returned after 3 months to pre-treatment level. No influence on glucose tolerance was recorded. There were no bothersome side effects except a transient discomfort in the form of flushing or acid indigestion which occurred after 1--2 months of treatment with etofibrate.", "PMID": 528096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3629", "title": "Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II A with a new phenoxy-isobuturic acid derivative, procetofen.", "content": "Eleven patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II A, were treated for 3 months with a new compound, a phenoxy-isobuturic acid derivative, procetofen, at a dosage of 100 mg t.i.d. Mean plasma cholesterol decreased after 3 months by 25% from a pretreatment value of 10.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (p less than 0.001). The reduction of plasma cholesterol was apparently due not only to a decrease in LDL, as expressed from a marked reduction (15%) of the major LDL apolipoprotein moiety, apolipoprotein B, but also presumably to a decrease in VLDL as reflected from a marked reduction (45%, p less than 0.05) in plasma triglycerides. Furthermore, a marked favourable increase (28%, p less than 0.001) in HDL major apolipoprotein moiety, apolipoprotein A, was observed. No disagreeable side-effects were recorded, except for a skin rash in one patient.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II A with a new phenoxy-isobuturic acid derivative, procetofen. Eleven patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II A, were treated for 3 months with a new compound, a phenoxy-isobuturic acid derivative, procetofen, at a dosage of 100 mg t.i.d. Mean plasma cholesterol decreased after 3 months by 25% from a pretreatment value of 10.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (p less than 0.001). The reduction of plasma cholesterol was apparently due not only to a decrease in LDL, as expressed from a marked reduction (15%) of the major LDL apolipoprotein moiety, apolipoprotein B, but also presumably to a decrease in VLDL as reflected from a marked reduction (45%, p less than 0.05) in plasma triglycerides. Furthermore, a marked favourable increase (28%, p less than 0.001) in HDL major apolipoprotein moiety, apolipoprotein A, was observed. No disagreeable side-effects were recorded, except for a skin rash in one patient.", "PMID": 528097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3630", "title": "Effect of systemic autonomic inhibition on the hemodynamic response to antihypertensive therapy with timolol.", "content": "To evaluate the role of systemic autonomic tone in the hemodynamic response to beta-inhibitors, the hemodynamic effects of long-term timolol therapy were studied in hypertensive patients under two sets of conditions: at rest and after pharmacologic systemic autonomic inhibition (SAI). Hemodynamic studies were performed in every subject at the end of a 4-week placebo period and again at the end of a 9-week treatment period. The antihypertensive effect of timolol was associated with decreased cardiac output and unchanged peripheral resistance at rest and with unchanged cardiac output and decreased peripheral resistance after SAI. The hemodynamic response to SAI during the two studies was also markedly different. The findings provide evidence of increased alpha-adrenergic component of systemic autonomic tone during long-term therapy with timolol.", "contents": "Effect of systemic autonomic inhibition on the hemodynamic response to antihypertensive therapy with timolol. To evaluate the role of systemic autonomic tone in the hemodynamic response to beta-inhibitors, the hemodynamic effects of long-term timolol therapy were studied in hypertensive patients under two sets of conditions: at rest and after pharmacologic systemic autonomic inhibition (SAI). Hemodynamic studies were performed in every subject at the end of a 4-week placebo period and again at the end of a 9-week treatment period. The antihypertensive effect of timolol was associated with decreased cardiac output and unchanged peripheral resistance at rest and with unchanged cardiac output and decreased peripheral resistance after SAI. The hemodynamic response to SAI during the two studies was also markedly different. The findings provide evidence of increased alpha-adrenergic component of systemic autonomic tone during long-term therapy with timolol.", "PMID": 528098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3631", "title": "Serum atypical pseudocholinesterase and leprosy.", "content": "The frequency of the serum atypical pseudochloinesterase variant was significantly higher (p less than 0.005) in a group of 115 lepromatous leprosy patients than in a comparison group of 133 healthy individuals. This finding corroborates the results obtained in the group of patients from India, and supports the contention that the serum atypical pseudocholinesterase is one of the possible genetic factors involved in susceptibility to leprosy.", "contents": "Serum atypical pseudocholinesterase and leprosy. The frequency of the serum atypical pseudochloinesterase variant was significantly higher (p less than 0.005) in a group of 115 lepromatous leprosy patients than in a comparison group of 133 healthy individuals. This finding corroborates the results obtained in the group of patients from India, and supports the contention that the serum atypical pseudocholinesterase is one of the possible genetic factors involved in susceptibility to leprosy.", "PMID": 528104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3632", "title": "Exploring a new type of alcoholism survey.", "content": "A new type of method for surveying alcoholism and alcohol-abuse was tested in a way designed to cover about 20% of adults in a town of 50 000. The method proved able to identify types of alcohol-abuser which other survey techniques have difficulty with; it made no undue demands on respondents; and it is much more economical than conventional household surveys. However, more work is still needed on it, and for certain types of information the customary self-report is still going to be required.", "contents": "Exploring a new type of alcoholism survey. A new type of method for surveying alcoholism and alcohol-abuse was tested in a way designed to cover about 20% of adults in a town of 50 000. The method proved able to identify types of alcohol-abuser which other survey techniques have difficulty with; it made no undue demands on respondents; and it is much more economical than conventional household surveys. However, more work is still needed on it, and for certain types of information the customary self-report is still going to be required.", "PMID": 528108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3633", "title": "Respiratory abnormalities, smoking habits and ventilatory capacity in a highland community in Papua New Guinea: prevalence and effect on mortality.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic lung disease was investigated in 1284 adult residents of 11 villages situated at 1800 m in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Chronic cough, shortness of breath on exertion, bronchial hypersecretion, and adventitious chest sounds were increasingly common in both sexes from middle life onwards, and were associated with an irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect. Over the age of 45 years, 20% of men and 10% of women had an FEV1/FVC % less than 60%. The prevalence of active asthma was 0.25%. The smoking of home-grown, air-cured tobacco was not associated with chronic respiratory symptoms or reduction of ventilatory capacity. Smoking was, however, associated with recent cough symptom, bronchial hypersecretion and adventitiae. Mortality over the subsequent 5 years was increased 2--3 fold in those with adventitiae, but was not related to smoking status. The aetiological relevance of wood smoke in the houses and acute chest infections remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Respiratory abnormalities, smoking habits and ventilatory capacity in a highland community in Papua New Guinea: prevalence and effect on mortality. The prevalence of chronic lung disease was investigated in 1284 adult residents of 11 villages situated at 1800 m in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Chronic cough, shortness of breath on exertion, bronchial hypersecretion, and adventitious chest sounds were increasingly common in both sexes from middle life onwards, and were associated with an irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect. Over the age of 45 years, 20% of men and 10% of women had an FEV1/FVC % less than 60%. The prevalence of active asthma was 0.25%. The smoking of home-grown, air-cured tobacco was not associated with chronic respiratory symptoms or reduction of ventilatory capacity. Smoking was, however, associated with recent cough symptom, bronchial hypersecretion and adventitiae. Mortality over the subsequent 5 years was increased 2--3 fold in those with adventitiae, but was not related to smoking status. The aetiological relevance of wood smoke in the houses and acute chest infections remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 528109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3634", "title": "Iodization and thyroid status in relation to stillbirths and congenital anomalies.", "content": "Thyroid status is known to have an important bearing on the ability of a woman to conceive, and to bring a normal infant to term. Thyroid status has changed in a number of previously iodine deficient countries as a result of recent iodization programmes. In this study, examination has been made of changes in the rates of two pregnancy outcomes in Tasmania, a State of Australia, namely, stillbirth and infant death due to congenital anomalies. Tasmania began iodine supplementation in 1950. Stillbirth rates declined more rapidly than in Australia as a whole, but show a peak associated with the peak of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in 1966. Congenital anomalies causing death show an initial rise in the early 1950s. It is suggested that this is due to persistence of iodine deficiency in the foetus after maternal iodine status improved sufficiently to allow term delivery of a live infant. The later fall coincides with the reaching of reproductive age by the first cohort of Tasmanian women who had been iodine sufficient since childhood, who would therefore not deprive their own foetus of iodine. Examination of trends in New Zealand, Switzerland and Finland, which have each introduced iodization programmes, confirms the largely beneficial effect of iodine supplementation on the rate of infant death due to congenital anomalies.", "contents": "Iodization and thyroid status in relation to stillbirths and congenital anomalies. Thyroid status is known to have an important bearing on the ability of a woman to conceive, and to bring a normal infant to term. Thyroid status has changed in a number of previously iodine deficient countries as a result of recent iodization programmes. In this study, examination has been made of changes in the rates of two pregnancy outcomes in Tasmania, a State of Australia, namely, stillbirth and infant death due to congenital anomalies. Tasmania began iodine supplementation in 1950. Stillbirth rates declined more rapidly than in Australia as a whole, but show a peak associated with the peak of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in 1966. Congenital anomalies causing death show an initial rise in the early 1950s. It is suggested that this is due to persistence of iodine deficiency in the foetus after maternal iodine status improved sufficiently to allow term delivery of a live infant. The later fall coincides with the reaching of reproductive age by the first cohort of Tasmanian women who had been iodine sufficient since childhood, who would therefore not deprive their own foetus of iodine. Examination of trends in New Zealand, Switzerland and Finland, which have each introduced iodization programmes, confirms the largely beneficial effect of iodine supplementation on the rate of infant death due to congenital anomalies.", "PMID": 528110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3635", "title": "The relationship between infant mortality rates and medical care and socio-economic variables, Chile 1960-1970.", "content": "Infant mortality rates (IMR) have traditionally been considered useful as health status indicators, and changes in these rates are thought to reflect changes in both medical care services and socio-economic circumstances. In order to explore this relationship of IMR with medical core and socio-economic factors in a developing country, Chilean health zone data for the decade 1960--1970 were used to construct 25 variables which were then classified into groups representing antenatal-obstetric services, acute and preventive medical services and socio-economic variables. In an analysis which involved developing a series of linear multiple regression equations for each year of the decade 1960--1970 with IMR as the dependent variable, the percentage of births with professional attention proved to be the stronger variable.", "contents": "The relationship between infant mortality rates and medical care and socio-economic variables, Chile 1960-1970. Infant mortality rates (IMR) have traditionally been considered useful as health status indicators, and changes in these rates are thought to reflect changes in both medical care services and socio-economic circumstances. In order to explore this relationship of IMR with medical core and socio-economic factors in a developing country, Chilean health zone data for the decade 1960--1970 were used to construct 25 variables which were then classified into groups representing antenatal-obstetric services, acute and preventive medical services and socio-economic variables. In an analysis which involved developing a series of linear multiple regression equations for each year of the decade 1960--1970 with IMR as the dependent variable, the percentage of births with professional attention proved to be the stronger variable.", "PMID": 528111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3636", "title": "A methodology for determining high risk components in urban environments.", "content": "A method of data collection and analysis is proposed for identifying environmental indicators significant to community health. The methods were applied to a study of child mortality in the city of Cali, Colombia. Pridit analysis (principal component analysis of ridits) is described. The methods have potential usefulness for monitoring and health care planning.", "contents": "A methodology for determining high risk components in urban environments. A method of data collection and analysis is proposed for identifying environmental indicators significant to community health. The methods were applied to a study of child mortality in the city of Cali, Colombia. Pridit analysis (principal component analysis of ridits) is described. The methods have potential usefulness for monitoring and health care planning.", "PMID": 528112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3637", "title": "A mathematical model for the epidemiologic study of infectious diseases.", "content": "Many infectious diseases have been hypothesized to represent common virus infections in which only small proportions of cases result in clinically recognizable disease. In order to find a method of studying this class of diseases, a mathematical model of the age distribution of clinical disease was developed using poliomyelitis as a prototype. The model is shown to fit the age distribution of reported poliomyelitis in a variety of localities before the use of artificial immunization. The true yearly rate of infection is easily estimated and ranges from .11 in rural Sweden to 1.20 in Chile. The model accounts for several major features of poliomyelitis epidemiology, including the shift to older ages and the high rate of clinically apparent disease which were frequently observed in populations which could be expected to have a comparatively low rate of spread. An examination of the age distribution of other diseases by these methods may provide a method of identifying other common infections which only occasionally result in clinically apparent disease.", "contents": "A mathematical model for the epidemiologic study of infectious diseases. Many infectious diseases have been hypothesized to represent common virus infections in which only small proportions of cases result in clinically recognizable disease. In order to find a method of studying this class of diseases, a mathematical model of the age distribution of clinical disease was developed using poliomyelitis as a prototype. The model is shown to fit the age distribution of reported poliomyelitis in a variety of localities before the use of artificial immunization. The true yearly rate of infection is easily estimated and ranges from .11 in rural Sweden to 1.20 in Chile. The model accounts for several major features of poliomyelitis epidemiology, including the shift to older ages and the high rate of clinically apparent disease which were frequently observed in populations which could be expected to have a comparatively low rate of spread. An examination of the age distribution of other diseases by these methods may provide a method of identifying other common infections which only occasionally result in clinically apparent disease.", "PMID": 528113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3638", "title": "Experience with an independent study programme in epidemiology and biostatistics.", "content": "An independent study programme (ISP) was devised to permit self-paced learning in a combined epidemiology and biostatistics course for second-year medical students. The ISP was offered as an alternative to lecture instruction and the enrolment was restricted to 40 students out of a class of 176. The students who selected the ISP were superior to the remainder of the class with regard to MCAT scores and performance in first-year subjects. The ISP group scored higher on the examinations given in the course, including a set of 35 final examination questions which were identical for all students. This difference persisted even when the scores were adjusted for ability by use of MCAT scores. The time taken to complete the ISP varied considerably and there was no correlation between completion time and performance. Almost all the ISP students indicated satisfaction with the course and expressed a desire to have a similar option in subsequent courses.", "contents": "Experience with an independent study programme in epidemiology and biostatistics. An independent study programme (ISP) was devised to permit self-paced learning in a combined epidemiology and biostatistics course for second-year medical students. The ISP was offered as an alternative to lecture instruction and the enrolment was restricted to 40 students out of a class of 176. The students who selected the ISP were superior to the remainder of the class with regard to MCAT scores and performance in first-year subjects. The ISP group scored higher on the examinations given in the course, including a set of 35 final examination questions which were identical for all students. This difference persisted even when the scores were adjusted for ability by use of MCAT scores. The time taken to complete the ISP varied considerably and there was no correlation between completion time and performance. Almost all the ISP students indicated satisfaction with the course and expressed a desire to have a similar option in subsequent courses.", "PMID": 528114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3639", "title": "Resting metabolic rate, weight, surface area and body composition in obese women.", "content": "Resting metabolic rate was measured in 22 women with varying degrees of obesity. Body composition was estimated from total body potassium and from total body water, and creatinine excretion in urine was measured over a period of three weeks while the patients were on a creatinine and creatine-free reducing diet. Resting metabolic rate was highly significantly correlated with body weight, surface area, creatinine excretion and lean body mass calculated either from potassium or water measurements (P less than 0.001). Correlation with adipose tissue was less strong, and when multiple regression of both fat and lean on metabolic rate was performed, the relationship was seen to depend mostly on the mass of lean rather than adipose tissue. In obese people the water content of fat-free tissue is greater than that in normal subjects, so it is not valid to assume that fat content can be calculated accurately from a measurement of total body water.", "contents": "Resting metabolic rate, weight, surface area and body composition in obese women. Resting metabolic rate was measured in 22 women with varying degrees of obesity. Body composition was estimated from total body potassium and from total body water, and creatinine excretion in urine was measured over a period of three weeks while the patients were on a creatinine and creatine-free reducing diet. Resting metabolic rate was highly significantly correlated with body weight, surface area, creatinine excretion and lean body mass calculated either from potassium or water measurements (P less than 0.001). Correlation with adipose tissue was less strong, and when multiple regression of both fat and lean on metabolic rate was performed, the relationship was seen to depend mostly on the mass of lean rather than adipose tissue. In obese people the water content of fat-free tissue is greater than that in normal subjects, so it is not valid to assume that fat content can be calculated accurately from a measurement of total body water.", "PMID": 528117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3640", "title": "The association of obesity with infertility and related menstural abnormalities in women.", "content": "Historical data from 26 638 20-to 40-year women were used to study the association between obesity and menstrual abnormalities including evidence of infertility. It was found that women with evidence of anovulatory cycles, ie, irregular cycles greater than 36 days, and hirsutism, were more than 30 lb (13.6 kg) heavier than women with no menstrual abnormalities after adjusting for height and age. The percentage of women with evidence of anovulatory cycles was 2.6 per cent for women less than 20 per cent overweight, 4.0 per cent for women 20-49 per cent overweight, 5.8 per cent for women 50-74 per cent overweight., and 8.4 per cent for women more than 74 per cent overweight Women with a single menstrual abnormality including cycles greater than 36 days, irregular cycles, virile hair growth with facial hair, or heavy flow were also significantly heavier than women with normal values for these factors. A longer duration of obesity was associated with facial hair. Another analysis found that teenage obesity was greater for never-pregnant married women than for previously pregnant married women and for women having ovarian surgery for polycystic ovaries than for women having ovarian surgery for other reasons. This also supports an association of obesity with anovulatory cycles. These findings showing evidence of abnormal ovulation, menstrual abnormalities and excess hair growth in obese women may be explained by the recent studies of others demonstrating an association between obesity and hormonal imbalances.", "contents": "The association of obesity with infertility and related menstural abnormalities in women. Historical data from 26 638 20-to 40-year women were used to study the association between obesity and menstrual abnormalities including evidence of infertility. It was found that women with evidence of anovulatory cycles, ie, irregular cycles greater than 36 days, and hirsutism, were more than 30 lb (13.6 kg) heavier than women with no menstrual abnormalities after adjusting for height and age. The percentage of women with evidence of anovulatory cycles was 2.6 per cent for women less than 20 per cent overweight, 4.0 per cent for women 20-49 per cent overweight, 5.8 per cent for women 50-74 per cent overweight., and 8.4 per cent for women more than 74 per cent overweight Women with a single menstrual abnormality including cycles greater than 36 days, irregular cycles, virile hair growth with facial hair, or heavy flow were also significantly heavier than women with normal values for these factors. A longer duration of obesity was associated with facial hair. Another analysis found that teenage obesity was greater for never-pregnant married women than for previously pregnant married women and for women having ovarian surgery for polycystic ovaries than for women having ovarian surgery for other reasons. This also supports an association of obesity with anovulatory cycles. These findings showing evidence of abnormal ovulation, menstrual abnormalities and excess hair growth in obese women may be explained by the recent studies of others demonstrating an association between obesity and hormonal imbalances.", "PMID": 528119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3641", "title": "Acute effects of nicotine on plasma free fatty acid concentrations and on the response to cold stress, in lean and obese (genotype ob/ob) mice.", "content": "Lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) male and female mice were given nicotine by subcutaneous injection. Nicotine treatment was found to raise plasma free fatty acids by similar amounts in both lean and obese mice. In lean mice, nicotine caused depression of rectal temperature at ambient temperatures 22-25 degrees C and partially prevented the hypothermia in these mice when exposed to cold (o-3 degrees C). In obese mice, nicotine treatment did not alter either rectal temperature at 22-25 degrees C or the severe hypothermia on cold exposure. It is proposed that the effect of nicotine on free fatty acids is due to release of adrenal catecholamines and that this mechanism operates in both lean and obese animals. It is also proposed that, in obese mice under normal circumstances, there is a defect in the central nervous control of this adrenergic mechanism which may contribute to the observed fall in body temperature at low ambient temperatures.", "contents": "Acute effects of nicotine on plasma free fatty acid concentrations and on the response to cold stress, in lean and obese (genotype ob/ob) mice. Lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) male and female mice were given nicotine by subcutaneous injection. Nicotine treatment was found to raise plasma free fatty acids by similar amounts in both lean and obese mice. In lean mice, nicotine caused depression of rectal temperature at ambient temperatures 22-25 degrees C and partially prevented the hypothermia in these mice when exposed to cold (o-3 degrees C). In obese mice, nicotine treatment did not alter either rectal temperature at 22-25 degrees C or the severe hypothermia on cold exposure. It is proposed that the effect of nicotine on free fatty acids is due to release of adrenal catecholamines and that this mechanism operates in both lean and obese animals. It is also proposed that, in obese mice under normal circumstances, there is a defect in the central nervous control of this adrenergic mechanism which may contribute to the observed fall in body temperature at low ambient temperatures.", "PMID": 528120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3642", "title": "Lipogenesis in vivo in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice fed on diets with a high fat content.", "content": "The effect of variations in the fat content of the diet on fatty acid synthesis in vivo was determined in lean and genetically obese mice, using the 3H2O incorporation technique. In both lean and obese mice the rate of fatty acid synthesis was higher between 21.00 - 22.00 h than between 09.00 - 10.00 h. When lean mice were given a high fat (low-carbohydrate) diet the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass (whole mouse minus liver and adipose tissue) was less than in similar mice given a high-carbohydrate (low-fat) diet. In obese mice, the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass was unaffected, but liver fatty acid synthesis was reduced. In lean mice fed on diets containing a constant percentage of carbohydrate and protein, increasing the fat content of the diet (and decreasing the proportion of cellulose) produced a decrease in fatty acid synthesis in liver, adipose tissue and rest of carcass, when the measurements were made during the night-time feeding period. During the day-time, the effect of increasing the fat content of the diet was less marked. In obese mice, dietary fat did not supress either the day-time or the post-prandial night-time rate of fatty acid synthesis. It is suggested that the hyperinsulinaemia in obese mice may be able to overcome the inhibitory effect of dietary fat on fatty acid syntheses.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in vivo in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice fed on diets with a high fat content. The effect of variations in the fat content of the diet on fatty acid synthesis in vivo was determined in lean and genetically obese mice, using the 3H2O incorporation technique. In both lean and obese mice the rate of fatty acid synthesis was higher between 21.00 - 22.00 h than between 09.00 - 10.00 h. When lean mice were given a high fat (low-carbohydrate) diet the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass (whole mouse minus liver and adipose tissue) was less than in similar mice given a high-carbohydrate (low-fat) diet. In obese mice, the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass was unaffected, but liver fatty acid synthesis was reduced. In lean mice fed on diets containing a constant percentage of carbohydrate and protein, increasing the fat content of the diet (and decreasing the proportion of cellulose) produced a decrease in fatty acid synthesis in liver, adipose tissue and rest of carcass, when the measurements were made during the night-time feeding period. During the day-time, the effect of increasing the fat content of the diet was less marked. In obese mice, dietary fat did not supress either the day-time or the post-prandial night-time rate of fatty acid synthesis. It is suggested that the hyperinsulinaemia in obese mice may be able to overcome the inhibitory effect of dietary fat on fatty acid syntheses.", "PMID": 528121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3643", "title": "Resting metabolic rate in obese and normal weight women.", "content": "The relationship between resting metabolic rate and different parameters of body size was investigated among 28 female volunteers in the age group of 20--30 years. The resting metabolic rate of the subjects was determined indirectly by measuring the oxygen consumption in a closed circuit, in which the oxygen concentration was stabilised. The fat percentage of the body was determined by densitometry. The population was divided into two groups: the obese, with an average fat percentage of 33.6 and the normal-weight with an average fat percentage of 20.4. Mean values for the resting metabolic rate were 1550 kcal/24 h (6.488 MJ/24 h) for the obese and 1421 kcal/24 h (5.948 MJ/24 h) for the normal-weight group. The resting metabolic rate per kg body weight was lower in the obese than in the normal-weight persons. However, expressed per kg fat-free body mass, energy expenditure under resting conditions in the obese was higher than in the normal-weight. No single body parameter seems to be suitable in the explantation of RMR in women with substantially different fat content. The best prediction of resting metabolic rate in this population of obese and normal-weight women is obtained when both fat-free mass and fat mass are used as independent variables in a linear regression equation.", "contents": "Resting metabolic rate in obese and normal weight women. The relationship between resting metabolic rate and different parameters of body size was investigated among 28 female volunteers in the age group of 20--30 years. The resting metabolic rate of the subjects was determined indirectly by measuring the oxygen consumption in a closed circuit, in which the oxygen concentration was stabilised. The fat percentage of the body was determined by densitometry. The population was divided into two groups: the obese, with an average fat percentage of 33.6 and the normal-weight with an average fat percentage of 20.4. Mean values for the resting metabolic rate were 1550 kcal/24 h (6.488 MJ/24 h) for the obese and 1421 kcal/24 h (5.948 MJ/24 h) for the normal-weight group. The resting metabolic rate per kg body weight was lower in the obese than in the normal-weight persons. However, expressed per kg fat-free body mass, energy expenditure under resting conditions in the obese was higher than in the normal-weight. No single body parameter seems to be suitable in the explantation of RMR in women with substantially different fat content. The best prediction of resting metabolic rate in this population of obese and normal-weight women is obtained when both fat-free mass and fat mass are used as independent variables in a linear regression equation.", "PMID": 528122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3644", "title": "Granulocyte functions during treatment of obesity.", "content": "Food deprivation is known to suppress antimicrobial defence under certain conditions. This potentially negative consequence of weight reduction treatment for obesity was studied in 11 obese patients who were treated with a mixed, balanced 600 kcal(2.5MJ)/day diet for 4 weeks. The mean body weight fell from 103 +/- 5 to 95 +/- 6 kg. The antimicrobial defence was studied before and during the diet period by analyses of polymorphonuclear granulocyte bactericidal capacity and adherence. No signs of impaired granulocyte function were found. The possibility remains that during prolonged treatment by semistarvation host defence may be impaired, especially in grossly obese patients whose antimicrobial defence may be already impaired before treatment.", "contents": "Granulocyte functions during treatment of obesity. Food deprivation is known to suppress antimicrobial defence under certain conditions. This potentially negative consequence of weight reduction treatment for obesity was studied in 11 obese patients who were treated with a mixed, balanced 600 kcal(2.5MJ)/day diet for 4 weeks. The mean body weight fell from 103 +/- 5 to 95 +/- 6 kg. The antimicrobial defence was studied before and during the diet period by analyses of polymorphonuclear granulocyte bactericidal capacity and adherence. No signs of impaired granulocyte function were found. The possibility remains that during prolonged treatment by semistarvation host defence may be impaired, especially in grossly obese patients whose antimicrobial defence may be already impaired before treatment.", "PMID": 528123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3645", "title": "Tissue ascorbic acid, fenfluramine, and changes in fat metabolism.", "content": "Following initial weight gain, reduction in appetite and pronounced weight loss occurred in scorbutic unsupplemented guinea-pigs. Hepatic ascorbic acid levels were significantly reduced and cholesterol concentration increased in the liver. Fenfluramine administration caused immediate loss of weight and appetite in the scorbutic guinea-pigs, these changes being more pronounced in the males. Hepatic ascorbic acid, cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced to lower levels in the fenfluramine-treated scorbutic animals than in the scorbutic guinea-pigs receiving diet alone. In contrast, weight and appetite increased in vitamin-C-supplemented animals while they were receiving fenfluramine. Their hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels became significantly reduced. It has been shown that supplementary vitamin C can inhibit the anti-obesity and anorectic actions of fenfluramine and counteract its effect in raising tissue cholesterol.", "contents": "Tissue ascorbic acid, fenfluramine, and changes in fat metabolism. Following initial weight gain, reduction in appetite and pronounced weight loss occurred in scorbutic unsupplemented guinea-pigs. Hepatic ascorbic acid levels were significantly reduced and cholesterol concentration increased in the liver. Fenfluramine administration caused immediate loss of weight and appetite in the scorbutic guinea-pigs, these changes being more pronounced in the males. Hepatic ascorbic acid, cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced to lower levels in the fenfluramine-treated scorbutic animals than in the scorbutic guinea-pigs receiving diet alone. In contrast, weight and appetite increased in vitamin-C-supplemented animals while they were receiving fenfluramine. Their hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels became significantly reduced. It has been shown that supplementary vitamin C can inhibit the anti-obesity and anorectic actions of fenfluramine and counteract its effect in raising tissue cholesterol.", "PMID": 528124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3646", "title": "Effects of a combined behavioral and pharmacological program on weight loss.", "content": "The effects of an 'anorectic' drugs as an adjunct to a behavioral weight-loss programme were investigated. Four groups of 20 began an initial two weeks of instruction. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were instructed in a behavioral programme utilizing a food diary, stimulus control techniques, and reinforcement. Group 4 was instructed in a relaxation programme. Group 1 took phentermine resin 30 mg for eight weeks, followed by a placebo for eight. Group 2 took placebo for eight and phentermine for eight. Group 3 took placebo for 16. Group 4 took placebo for eight and phentermine for eight. All groups were followed for an additional eight weeks. A significant number of subjects in all behavioral groups achieved some weight loss. (A significant difference among the mean percentage body weight reduction for the three behavioral groups was also found.) In addition, a group of 'slow losers' who initially lost less than one half-pound (0.2 kg) per week and were subsequently placed on phentermine lost significantly more weight than a similar group which continued on placebo. These differences were maintained for 24 weeks.", "contents": "Effects of a combined behavioral and pharmacological program on weight loss. The effects of an 'anorectic' drugs as an adjunct to a behavioral weight-loss programme were investigated. Four groups of 20 began an initial two weeks of instruction. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were instructed in a behavioral programme utilizing a food diary, stimulus control techniques, and reinforcement. Group 4 was instructed in a relaxation programme. Group 1 took phentermine resin 30 mg for eight weeks, followed by a placebo for eight. Group 2 took placebo for eight and phentermine for eight. Group 3 took placebo for 16. Group 4 took placebo for eight and phentermine for eight. All groups were followed for an additional eight weeks. A significant number of subjects in all behavioral groups achieved some weight loss. (A significant difference among the mean percentage body weight reduction for the three behavioral groups was also found.) In addition, a group of 'slow losers' who initially lost less than one half-pound (0.2 kg) per week and were subsequently placed on phentermine lost significantly more weight than a similar group which continued on placebo. These differences were maintained for 24 weeks.", "PMID": 528125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3647", "title": "A method of quantifying cultural ideals of beauty and the obese.", "content": "A series of photographs of persons which had been varied by anamorphic lens to produce images both thinner and thicker than the originals were assessed by three experts in terms of percentage deviation from ideal body weight. Together with the photographs, five questions about preferences for body size were put to 341 persons who were also asked to assign each photograph to one of six basic categories of body weight in Puerto Rican culture.", "contents": "A method of quantifying cultural ideals of beauty and the obese. A series of photographs of persons which had been varied by anamorphic lens to produce images both thinner and thicker than the originals were assessed by three experts in terms of percentage deviation from ideal body weight. Together with the photographs, five questions about preferences for body size were put to 341 persons who were also asked to assign each photograph to one of six basic categories of body weight in Puerto Rican culture.", "PMID": 528126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3648", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of extremely obese women joining a diet group.", "content": "Fifty-eight women, desiring to lose at least 45 kg, participated in a diet group and completed a battery of personality inventories. Their scores differed significantly from normative data on several subscales of the personality inventories. As a group, these extremely obese women scored low on the Tennessee self-concept scales, particularly on the physical self-concept scale. On the Edwards personal preference schedule, they scored low on the deference, order, affiliation, nurturance, and endurance scales, and high on the dominance and heterosexuality scales. On the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, they scored high on the depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, and paranoia scales, and they scored low on the masculinity-feminity scale. The most striking finding was that these extremely obese women, who were not alcoholics, showed scores on alcoholism scales which are typical of an alcoholic population.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of extremely obese women joining a diet group. Fifty-eight women, desiring to lose at least 45 kg, participated in a diet group and completed a battery of personality inventories. Their scores differed significantly from normative data on several subscales of the personality inventories. As a group, these extremely obese women scored low on the Tennessee self-concept scales, particularly on the physical self-concept scale. On the Edwards personal preference schedule, they scored low on the deference, order, affiliation, nurturance, and endurance scales, and high on the dominance and heterosexuality scales. On the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, they scored high on the depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, and paranoia scales, and they scored low on the masculinity-feminity scale. The most striking finding was that these extremely obese women, who were not alcoholics, showed scores on alcoholism scales which are typical of an alcoholic population.", "PMID": 528127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3649", "title": "Psychological impediments to weight loss.", "content": "An understanding of the possible psychologic impediments to weight loss can promote improved therapeutic intervention for the obese patient. Certain psychological tasks are imposed by chronic medical illness including obesity. The universal stresses that accompany medical illness, the basic threat to self-esteem and sense of intactness, the fear--of loss of love and approval, of loss of control of function, of injury to body parts, of pain, and of guilt--all become psychological impediments thwarting weight loss and its maintenance. The physician's awareness of these psychological stresses helps him identify areas of necessary support.", "contents": "Psychological impediments to weight loss. An understanding of the possible psychologic impediments to weight loss can promote improved therapeutic intervention for the obese patient. Certain psychological tasks are imposed by chronic medical illness including obesity. The universal stresses that accompany medical illness, the basic threat to self-esteem and sense of intactness, the fear--of loss of love and approval, of loss of control of function, of injury to body parts, of pain, and of guilt--all become psychological impediments thwarting weight loss and its maintenance. The physician's awareness of these psychological stresses helps him identify areas of necessary support.", "PMID": 528129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3650", "title": "Effects of physical conditioning on cardiorespiratory function, body composition and serum lipids in relatively normal-weight and obese middle-aged women.", "content": "The primary purpose was to investigate the effects of a 12-week (4 day/week) physical conditioning program on cardiorespiratory function, body composition, and serum lipids (cholesterol and triglyceride concentration) in sedentary, middle-age women. A secondary purpose was to clarify the influence of excessive body fatness on the conditioning response. Forty-two 29 to 47-year-old premenopausal women volunteered; four were excluded and two dropped out, leaving 36 who completed the study, ie, 23 obese (O) (greater than 30 per cent fatness, mean = 38 per cent) and 13 lean to normal (N) (less than 30 per cent body fatness, mean = 25 per cent). The conditioning program included a 10-minute warm-up, 15 to 25 minutes of walking-jogging at an individually prescribed training heart rate corresponding to 75 per cent of maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) and a five-minute recovery period. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure at a given submaximal work load decreased in both N and O. VO2max increased (P less than 0.001 in both groups. The average increase in O was 15.0 per cent and 18.9 per cent and in N 12.6 per cent and 12.7 per cent when VO2max was expressed inlitre .min-1 and cm3.kg-1.min-1 respectively. HRmax remained unchanged in N, but decreased slightly (P less than 0.01) in O. Body weight remained essentially unchanged in N, yet decreased (P less than 0.001) in O. The sum of ten skinfolds decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in both groups, but with a greater reduction in O. Fatness decreased slightly in N (P less than 0.05) and more in O (P less than 0.001) while fat-free weight remained unchanged in both groups. The conditioning program had no effect on serum lipids in either group. Thus, a physical conditioning program of moderate intensity affected obese and leaner women in a similar fashion.", "contents": "Effects of physical conditioning on cardiorespiratory function, body composition and serum lipids in relatively normal-weight and obese middle-aged women. The primary purpose was to investigate the effects of a 12-week (4 day/week) physical conditioning program on cardiorespiratory function, body composition, and serum lipids (cholesterol and triglyceride concentration) in sedentary, middle-age women. A secondary purpose was to clarify the influence of excessive body fatness on the conditioning response. Forty-two 29 to 47-year-old premenopausal women volunteered; four were excluded and two dropped out, leaving 36 who completed the study, ie, 23 obese (O) (greater than 30 per cent fatness, mean = 38 per cent) and 13 lean to normal (N) (less than 30 per cent body fatness, mean = 25 per cent). The conditioning program included a 10-minute warm-up, 15 to 25 minutes of walking-jogging at an individually prescribed training heart rate corresponding to 75 per cent of maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) and a five-minute recovery period. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure at a given submaximal work load decreased in both N and O. VO2max increased (P less than 0.001 in both groups. The average increase in O was 15.0 per cent and 18.9 per cent and in N 12.6 per cent and 12.7 per cent when VO2max was expressed inlitre .min-1 and cm3.kg-1.min-1 respectively. HRmax remained unchanged in N, but decreased slightly (P less than 0.01) in O. Body weight remained essentially unchanged in N, yet decreased (P less than 0.001) in O. The sum of ten skinfolds decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in both groups, but with a greater reduction in O. Fatness decreased slightly in N (P less than 0.05) and more in O (P less than 0.001) while fat-free weight remained unchanged in both groups. The conditioning program had no effect on serum lipids in either group. Thus, a physical conditioning program of moderate intensity affected obese and leaner women in a similar fashion.", "PMID": 528131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3651", "title": "Pilot electromyographic studies of resting oral activity in obese and normal subjects.", "content": "Subjects were placed alone in a room where purposeful oral activity such as eating, talking and smoking was not permitted, while activity such as pursing the lips sucking on cheeks, grimaces etc was measured by a specially designed electromyometer. This was done via electrodes attached to the peri-oral area and was recorded in a standardized fashion. In contrast to expectations, total resting activity in the obese did not differ significantly from that of normals. However, the two groups differ in that the time lapse prior to major peaking is significantly shorter in normals than in the obese. Analysis of patterns of both obese and normals suggests cyclic activity of approximately 120 min duration, and this was confirmed with a small group of ten obese subjects. The implications of these findings, in terms of previous work on oral cycles in the obese as well as implications for future research, are discussed.", "contents": "Pilot electromyographic studies of resting oral activity in obese and normal subjects. Subjects were placed alone in a room where purposeful oral activity such as eating, talking and smoking was not permitted, while activity such as pursing the lips sucking on cheeks, grimaces etc was measured by a specially designed electromyometer. This was done via electrodes attached to the peri-oral area and was recorded in a standardized fashion. In contrast to expectations, total resting activity in the obese did not differ significantly from that of normals. However, the two groups differ in that the time lapse prior to major peaking is significantly shorter in normals than in the obese. Analysis of patterns of both obese and normals suggests cyclic activity of approximately 120 min duration, and this was confirmed with a small group of ten obese subjects. The implications of these findings, in terms of previous work on oral cycles in the obese as well as implications for future research, are discussed.", "PMID": 528132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3652", "title": "Short-term effects of energy density on salivation, hunger and appetite in obese subjects.", "content": "Obese patients were admitted to a metabolic unit for weight loss. On two paired-test days subjects were given disguised preloads of 100 kcal (0.42MJ) or 300 kcal (1.26MJ). When presented with a meal one hour after the preload, subjects salivated more and reported more hunger, but not appetite, after the low compared to the high preload. A different group of 14 subjects were given preloads of the same energy content (200 kcal, 0.84MJ) on paired-test days. On one day they took 1 g methyl cellulose with 100 ml water drink immediately before the preload. Neither the energy-dilution effect of the water, nor the effect of the methyl cellulose caused a significant decrease in salivation, hunger or appetite scores one hour after the preloads of equal energy content. These results show that salivation and hunger are inversely related to short-term changes in energy intake in obese subjects. Alterations in energy density without changing energy intake or the ingestion of methyl cellulose have no effect on salivation, hunger or appetite.", "contents": "Short-term effects of energy density on salivation, hunger and appetite in obese subjects. Obese patients were admitted to a metabolic unit for weight loss. On two paired-test days subjects were given disguised preloads of 100 kcal (0.42MJ) or 300 kcal (1.26MJ). When presented with a meal one hour after the preload, subjects salivated more and reported more hunger, but not appetite, after the low compared to the high preload. A different group of 14 subjects were given preloads of the same energy content (200 kcal, 0.84MJ) on paired-test days. On one day they took 1 g methyl cellulose with 100 ml water drink immediately before the preload. Neither the energy-dilution effect of the water, nor the effect of the methyl cellulose caused a significant decrease in salivation, hunger or appetite scores one hour after the preloads of equal energy content. These results show that salivation and hunger are inversely related to short-term changes in energy intake in obese subjects. Alterations in energy density without changing energy intake or the ingestion of methyl cellulose have no effect on salivation, hunger or appetite.", "PMID": 528133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3653", "title": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on tongue muscles of the rat. A morphometric study.", "content": "Daily administration of 200 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight to rats, for a period of 10 days, causes generalized hypertrophy of the tongue muscles. The data were confirmed with morphometric techniques, consisting of increased cytoplasm and decreased nuclei and empty spaces, obtained by the Chalkley technique, nuclei of similar volume, obtained with the use of karyometry, and larger areas of cross-sections of muscle fibers.", "contents": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on tongue muscles of the rat. A morphometric study. Daily administration of 200 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight to rats, for a period of 10 days, causes generalized hypertrophy of the tongue muscles. The data were confirmed with morphometric techniques, consisting of increased cytoplasm and decreased nuclei and empty spaces, obtained by the Chalkley technique, nuclei of similar volume, obtained with the use of karyometry, and larger areas of cross-sections of muscle fibers.", "PMID": 528151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3654", "title": "Bioassay of vitamin A in liquid supplements.", "content": "Vitamin A bioassay techniques based on liver storage in the chick were adapted for the assay of vitamin A in molasses based liquid supplements for cattle. Methods of administering the assayed supplement to the chicks were: 1) direct dosing of the supplement via four crop infusions at hourly intervals and 2) ether extraction, suspension in cottonseed oil with solvent removal in vacuo followed by direct crop dosing. The last method allowed a larger dosage with fewer analytical problems. Five sequential extractions were required for 97% recovery of the vitamin A from the molasses supplement. With the higher dosage range, the variance of response was a function of dose level. Transformation to a log dose - log response curve allowed a linear plot with homogeneity of variance. Detection of a 10% loss of vitamin A potency (P less than .10) was estimated to require 27 chicks per treatment by the slope ratio bioassay procedure.", "contents": "Bioassay of vitamin A in liquid supplements. Vitamin A bioassay techniques based on liver storage in the chick were adapted for the assay of vitamin A in molasses based liquid supplements for cattle. Methods of administering the assayed supplement to the chicks were: 1) direct dosing of the supplement via four crop infusions at hourly intervals and 2) ether extraction, suspension in cottonseed oil with solvent removal in vacuo followed by direct crop dosing. The last method allowed a larger dosage with fewer analytical problems. Five sequential extractions were required for 97% recovery of the vitamin A from the molasses supplement. With the higher dosage range, the variance of response was a function of dose level. Transformation to a log dose - log response curve allowed a linear plot with homogeneity of variance. Detection of a 10% loss of vitamin A potency (P less than .10) was estimated to require 27 chicks per treatment by the slope ratio bioassay procedure.", "PMID": 528152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3655", "title": "The effect of megadose ascorbate on some haemopoietic factors in the young guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of megadoses of ascorbate was studied on some haemopoietic factors in young apparently normal guinea pigs. Supplementation of 150 mg of the vitamin for 7 days resulted in significantly increased haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration. Total and unsaturated iron binding capacity were also increased in association with elevated plasma iron concentration. The difference of these results from the control animals, however, was not statistically significant. The improved haematological status in guinea pigs by ascorbate treatment could be attributed to haemoconcentration rather than to an effect of iron metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of megadose ascorbate on some haemopoietic factors in the young guinea pig. The effect of oral administration of megadoses of ascorbate was studied on some haemopoietic factors in young apparently normal guinea pigs. Supplementation of 150 mg of the vitamin for 7 days resulted in significantly increased haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration. Total and unsaturated iron binding capacity were also increased in association with elevated plasma iron concentration. The difference of these results from the control animals, however, was not statistically significant. The improved haematological status in guinea pigs by ascorbate treatment could be attributed to haemoconcentration rather than to an effect of iron metabolism.", "PMID": 528153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3656", "title": "Vitamin C and the anti-obesity effect of fenfluramine.", "content": "Increasing doses of fenfluramine were given to female guinea-pigs on a scorbutogenic diet with or without Ascorbic Acid (AA) supplementation. AA alone increased weight and appetite, hepatic and plasma AA. AA deficiency reduced weight after an initial rise. 10 mg/kg fenfluramine in association with the diet produced a gain in weight. Larger doses caused weight loss and reduced appetite. These effects were prevented by AA supplementation. Fenfluramine reduced hepatic and plasma AA significantly in comparison with the animals receiving the diet alone, or the diet with AA supplementation in the absence of fenfluramine administration. It is concluded that AA release plays an important role in the anti-obesity and anorectic actions of fenfluramine.", "contents": "Vitamin C and the anti-obesity effect of fenfluramine. Increasing doses of fenfluramine were given to female guinea-pigs on a scorbutogenic diet with or without Ascorbic Acid (AA) supplementation. AA alone increased weight and appetite, hepatic and plasma AA. AA deficiency reduced weight after an initial rise. 10 mg/kg fenfluramine in association with the diet produced a gain in weight. Larger doses caused weight loss and reduced appetite. These effects were prevented by AA supplementation. Fenfluramine reduced hepatic and plasma AA significantly in comparison with the animals receiving the diet alone, or the diet with AA supplementation in the absence of fenfluramine administration. It is concluded that AA release plays an important role in the anti-obesity and anorectic actions of fenfluramine.", "PMID": 528154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3657", "title": "Riboflavin nutriture of oral contraceptive users.", "content": "A Cross-Sectional and Follow-UP study of young women taking oral contraceptive agents (OCA) revealed no significant adverse effect of OCA Bon riboflavin nutriture. Three of 33 women in the Cross-Sectional study had biochemical evidence of deficiency, while only 1 of the 12 women in the Follow-Up study developed biochemical deficiency after a period of 3 months. The biochemical riboflavin status showed no relationship with the duration of OCA use. Dietary riboflavin intake was adequate in the majority of the subjects and revealed no correlation with activity coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity.", "contents": "Riboflavin nutriture of oral contraceptive users. A Cross-Sectional and Follow-UP study of young women taking oral contraceptive agents (OCA) revealed no significant adverse effect of OCA Bon riboflavin nutriture. Three of 33 women in the Cross-Sectional study had biochemical evidence of deficiency, while only 1 of the 12 women in the Follow-Up study developed biochemical deficiency after a period of 3 months. The biochemical riboflavin status showed no relationship with the duration of OCA use. Dietary riboflavin intake was adequate in the majority of the subjects and revealed no correlation with activity coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity.", "PMID": 528155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3658", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin status.", "content": "A cross-sectional and follow up study of oral contraceptive agent (OCA) users revealed no adverse effects of OCA on erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETK) or thiamin pyrophosphate effect (TPP effect). In the cross-sectional study group, thiamin intake was below the recommended in only 19.2 per cent subjects and thiamin intake/100 kcal/day revealed a significant negative correlation with TPP effect. Routine prophylactic administration of thiamin was not indicated in OCA users.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin status. A cross-sectional and follow up study of oral contraceptive agent (OCA) users revealed no adverse effects of OCA on erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETK) or thiamin pyrophosphate effect (TPP effect). In the cross-sectional study group, thiamin intake was below the recommended in only 19.2 per cent subjects and thiamin intake/100 kcal/day revealed a significant negative correlation with TPP effect. Routine prophylactic administration of thiamin was not indicated in OCA users.", "PMID": 528156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3659", "title": "[Flavonoids and pycnogenols].", "content": "Pycnogenols is the term put forward by the authors to designate flavan-3-ol derivatives, so as to distinguish these substances, upon chemical and pharmacological grounds, from the heterogeneous group of flavonoid compounds.", "contents": "[Flavonoids and pycnogenols]. Pycnogenols is the term put forward by the authors to designate flavan-3-ol derivatives, so as to distinguish these substances, upon chemical and pharmacological grounds, from the heterogeneous group of flavonoid compounds.", "PMID": 528157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3660", "title": "[Liver concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in rats treated, alone or in combination, with potassium metabisulfite, tannic acid, and ethanol].", "content": "Rats given tannic acid (3.2 p. 100 in diet) have lower biotin and total ascorbic acid liver contents (after 2 months), later they have higher vitamin B6 contents (after 6 months on the same diet). After 6 months riboflavin liver content is higher when ethanol replaces an equal amount of carbohydrate energy; this effect is reinforced by tannic acid. However liver vitamins contents was not affected by bisulfite.", "contents": "[Liver concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in rats treated, alone or in combination, with potassium metabisulfite, tannic acid, and ethanol]. Rats given tannic acid (3.2 p. 100 in diet) have lower biotin and total ascorbic acid liver contents (after 2 months), later they have higher vitamin B6 contents (after 6 months on the same diet). After 6 months riboflavin liver content is higher when ethanol replaces an equal amount of carbohydrate energy; this effect is reinforced by tannic acid. However liver vitamins contents was not affected by bisulfite.", "PMID": 528158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3661", "title": "Metabolic studies in rats under glucose and glycerol loading.", "content": "It has been found in rats that 40% glycerol, when added to standard diet, reduces the food intake and thus prevents weight gain. The subcutaneous application (40 mg/kg three times daily) has no effect. Under pair feeding conditions the oxygen consumption, the RQ value and body weight remain unaffected as compared with controls receiving glucose. It is concluded that reduction of body weight induced by glycerol feeding is due to reduced amount of food intake and not due to any alterations of energy metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in rats under glucose and glycerol loading. It has been found in rats that 40% glycerol, when added to standard diet, reduces the food intake and thus prevents weight gain. The subcutaneous application (40 mg/kg three times daily) has no effect. Under pair feeding conditions the oxygen consumption, the RQ value and body weight remain unaffected as compared with controls receiving glucose. It is concluded that reduction of body weight induced by glycerol feeding is due to reduced amount of food intake and not due to any alterations of energy metabolism.", "PMID": 528159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3662", "title": "Effect of lead on certain aspects of protein metabolism.", "content": "Administration of lead acetate (3.4 mg/100 g of body weight) by daily intraperitoneal route for 4 days in albino rats caused an increase in size of the liver and kidney. There was diminution of the protein content of the liver. Concentration of DNA decreased to a slight extent and protein/DNA ratio remained unaltered in liver and kidney. There was elevation of the concentration of RNA in both the organs. Protein/RNA ratio was reduced. RNA per unit amount of DNA was found to be increased and the activities of RNase and DNase in both the organs were reduced. There was also diminution of plasma protein level. The possible significance of these changes has been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of lead on certain aspects of protein metabolism. Administration of lead acetate (3.4 mg/100 g of body weight) by daily intraperitoneal route for 4 days in albino rats caused an increase in size of the liver and kidney. There was diminution of the protein content of the liver. Concentration of DNA decreased to a slight extent and protein/DNA ratio remained unaltered in liver and kidney. There was elevation of the concentration of RNA in both the organs. Protein/RNA ratio was reduced. RNA per unit amount of DNA was found to be increased and the activities of RNase and DNase in both the organs were reduced. There was also diminution of plasma protein level. The possible significance of these changes has been discussed.", "PMID": 528160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3663", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive usage on zinc and copper in serum and hair.", "content": "Zinc and copper concentration in serum and hair were determined in 12 women before the initiation of oral contraceptive therapy and after a period of 3 months and 6 months. A significant elevation in serum copper occured after the usage of oral contraceptive for 3 months. The taking of oral contraceptive agent (OCA) for a subsequent 3 month period caused no further significant increase in serum copper concentration. No significant effect of OCA on serum zinc and on hair concentration of these trace elements was noted. Further study is indicated to establish the significance of these on overall metabolism and on clinical consequences.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive usage on zinc and copper in serum and hair. Zinc and copper concentration in serum and hair were determined in 12 women before the initiation of oral contraceptive therapy and after a period of 3 months and 6 months. A significant elevation in serum copper occured after the usage of oral contraceptive for 3 months. The taking of oral contraceptive agent (OCA) for a subsequent 3 month period caused no further significant increase in serum copper concentration. No significant effect of OCA on serum zinc and on hair concentration of these trace elements was noted. Further study is indicated to establish the significance of these on overall metabolism and on clinical consequences.", "PMID": 528161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3664", "title": "Retrograde pancreatic venography after reduction of the arterial visceral flow: an experimental study.", "content": "To evaluate techniques for retrograde pancreatic venography similar to epinephrine renal venography, 35 dogs had transjugular portography before and after the infusion of various doses of vasopressin systemically or selectively into the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries, or after occlusion of the distal thoracic aorta. Increased filling of the peripheral portal branches resulted, but none of the techniques provided diagnostically useful enhanced pancreatic visualization.", "contents": "Retrograde pancreatic venography after reduction of the arterial visceral flow: an experimental study. To evaluate techniques for retrograde pancreatic venography similar to epinephrine renal venography, 35 dogs had transjugular portography before and after the infusion of various doses of vasopressin systemically or selectively into the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries, or after occlusion of the distal thoracic aorta. Increased filling of the peripheral portal branches resulted, but none of the techniques provided diagnostically useful enhanced pancreatic visualization.", "PMID": 528166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3665", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of vasodilators across iliac stenoses in dogs.", "content": "Blood flow and pressure gradients were measured in dogs across externally applied iliac artery stenoses following 3 minutes of reactive hyperemia and injection of tolazoline (0.4 mg/kg), papaverine (0.04 mg/kg), and prostaglandin E1 (0.033 micrograms/kg) into the iliac artery. Stenoses of borderline and definite hemodynamic significance at rest were produced. The gradients produced with all four modalities of vasodilatation following borderline stenosis were significantly greater than those produced with each modality before the induction of stenosis. The peak effects of all modes of vasodilatation occurred within 30 seconds, although the effects of prostaglandin E1 were continued the longest. Our results indicate that pharmacologic or reactive hyperemia can help assess the significance of borderline iliac stenoses in patients with intermittent claudication.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of vasodilators across iliac stenoses in dogs. Blood flow and pressure gradients were measured in dogs across externally applied iliac artery stenoses following 3 minutes of reactive hyperemia and injection of tolazoline (0.4 mg/kg), papaverine (0.04 mg/kg), and prostaglandin E1 (0.033 micrograms/kg) into the iliac artery. Stenoses of borderline and definite hemodynamic significance at rest were produced. The gradients produced with all four modalities of vasodilatation following borderline stenosis were significantly greater than those produced with each modality before the induction of stenosis. The peak effects of all modes of vasodilatation occurred within 30 seconds, although the effects of prostaglandin E1 were continued the longest. Our results indicate that pharmacologic or reactive hyperemia can help assess the significance of borderline iliac stenoses in patients with intermittent claudication.", "PMID": 528165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3666", "title": "Embolization of the spleen for treatment of splenomegaly and hypersplenism in patients with portal hypertension.", "content": "Splenectomy in cases of hypersplenism involves significant risk of serious complications, including infection, hemorrhage, portal systemic thrombosis, and necrosis of the stomach or small bowel. Alternative procedures such as transcatheter embolization have been associated with a high frequency of splenic or subphrenic abscess, preventing clinical use. We used partial splenic embolization under careful antibiotic protection to successfully treat thrombocytopenia in 18 patients, most of whom had hypersplenism and splenomegaly secondary to portal hypertension. Of the 30 embolizations performed, the only serious complications encountered were abscess in two patients (who had almost total infarction) and four cases of splenic vein thrombosis. We investigated the possible effect of splenic embolization on portal venous pressure in three patients and found no pressure change.", "contents": "Embolization of the spleen for treatment of splenomegaly and hypersplenism in patients with portal hypertension. Splenectomy in cases of hypersplenism involves significant risk of serious complications, including infection, hemorrhage, portal systemic thrombosis, and necrosis of the stomach or small bowel. Alternative procedures such as transcatheter embolization have been associated with a high frequency of splenic or subphrenic abscess, preventing clinical use. We used partial splenic embolization under careful antibiotic protection to successfully treat thrombocytopenia in 18 patients, most of whom had hypersplenism and splenomegaly secondary to portal hypertension. Of the 30 embolizations performed, the only serious complications encountered were abscess in two patients (who had almost total infarction) and four cases of splenic vein thrombosis. We investigated the possible effect of splenic embolization on portal venous pressure in three patients and found no pressure change.", "PMID": 528164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3667", "title": "Natural history of sick sinus syndrome following permanent pacemaker implantation.", "content": "Forty-four patients with sick sinue syndrome (SSS) who had been treated with a permanent pacemaker were followed for an average period of 39 months. Fifteen patients had bradyarrhythmia alone (group 1) and 29 had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (group 2). Eight patients, all from group 2, died within a short period following pacemaker implantation. They all had ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and a short history of the symptomatic dysrhythmia. Eleven patients developed stable chronic atrial fibrillation, which terminated the clinical syndrome. In the remaining 25 patients, all without evidence of ischemic heart disease, the dysrhythmia persisted although symptoms were successfully controlled following pacemaker therapy. Based on these observations and data obtained from other surveys, we delineated three courses of SSS: 1) a subacute course, characterized by a short-term survival; 2) a transient, self-limited course in which conversion to stable atrial fibrillation occurs; and 3) a chronic course, in which the dysrhythmia persists and permanent pacemaker therapy is indicated.", "contents": "Natural history of sick sinus syndrome following permanent pacemaker implantation. Forty-four patients with sick sinue syndrome (SSS) who had been treated with a permanent pacemaker were followed for an average period of 39 months. Fifteen patients had bradyarrhythmia alone (group 1) and 29 had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (group 2). Eight patients, all from group 2, died within a short period following pacemaker implantation. They all had ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and a short history of the symptomatic dysrhythmia. Eleven patients developed stable chronic atrial fibrillation, which terminated the clinical syndrome. In the remaining 25 patients, all without evidence of ischemic heart disease, the dysrhythmia persisted although symptoms were successfully controlled following pacemaker therapy. Based on these observations and data obtained from other surveys, we delineated three courses of SSS: 1) a subacute course, characterized by a short-term survival; 2) a transient, self-limited course in which conversion to stable atrial fibrillation occurs; and 3) a chronic course, in which the dysrhythmia persists and permanent pacemaker therapy is indicated.", "PMID": 528172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3668", "title": "A comparison of static and dynamic exercise soon after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The cardiovascular response to treadmill exercise testing and to isometric handgrip was compared in 20 selected patients three to five weeks after acute myocardial infarction. The heart rate and the heart rate-systolic blood pressure product were significantly higher during treadmill exercise than during two minutes of isometric handgrip sustained at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction. No significant difference in systolic blood pressure was noted between the two types of exercise while diastolic blood pressure was higher during isometric exercise. Asymptomatic ST-segment depression was noted in two patients during the the treadmill test and was absent during handgrip. Angina pectoris was not noted during either type of exercise. Ventricular ectopic activity was slightly more frequent during treadmill exercise. Isometric handgrip at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction may be performed safely soon after myocardial infarction and provides useful guidelines for performing many customary physical activities requiring upper extremity isometric exertion during early convalescence.", "contents": "A comparison of static and dynamic exercise soon after myocardial infarction. The cardiovascular response to treadmill exercise testing and to isometric handgrip was compared in 20 selected patients three to five weeks after acute myocardial infarction. The heart rate and the heart rate-systolic blood pressure product were significantly higher during treadmill exercise than during two minutes of isometric handgrip sustained at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction. No significant difference in systolic blood pressure was noted between the two types of exercise while diastolic blood pressure was higher during isometric exercise. Asymptomatic ST-segment depression was noted in two patients during the the treadmill test and was absent during handgrip. Angina pectoris was not noted during either type of exercise. Ventricular ectopic activity was slightly more frequent during treadmill exercise. Isometric handgrip at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction may be performed safely soon after myocardial infarction and provides useful guidelines for performing many customary physical activities requiring upper extremity isometric exertion during early convalescence.", "PMID": 528173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3669", "title": "Contrast absorption and pancreatic inflammation following experimental ERCP.", "content": "The effect of saline and contrast agents intraductally injected into the pancreatic duct in sufficient volume to cause acinarization was studied in normal rats and in rats with acute pancreatitis. The effect of pancreatic inflammation on the disappearance of injected contrast material was investigated by injecting meglumine diatrizoate and 125I into the pancreatic duct. The activity appeared quickly in the venous blood of normal rats (peak activity at 5 minutes after injection). In rats with sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis, the appearance of activity in the blood was retarded. Ninety-two percent of the rats demonstrated pancreatic atrophy or pancreatitis histologically four days following acinarization of intraductally injected saline or metrizamide, meglumine diatrizoate, or meglumine sodium diatrizoate.", "contents": "Contrast absorption and pancreatic inflammation following experimental ERCP. The effect of saline and contrast agents intraductally injected into the pancreatic duct in sufficient volume to cause acinarization was studied in normal rats and in rats with acute pancreatitis. The effect of pancreatic inflammation on the disappearance of injected contrast material was investigated by injecting meglumine diatrizoate and 125I into the pancreatic duct. The activity appeared quickly in the venous blood of normal rats (peak activity at 5 minutes after injection). In rats with sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis, the appearance of activity in the blood was retarded. Ninety-two percent of the rats demonstrated pancreatic atrophy or pancreatitis histologically four days following acinarization of intraductally injected saline or metrizamide, meglumine diatrizoate, or meglumine sodium diatrizoate.", "PMID": 528168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3670", "title": "2:1 atrioventricular block associated with mitral leaflet prolapse.", "content": "A case of mitral leaflet prolapse associated with 2:1 atrioventricular block is described. A His-bundle electrogram demonstrated an infra-Hisian level of block. Bradyarrhythmias and sudden death in this syndrome are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "2:1 atrioventricular block associated with mitral leaflet prolapse. A case of mitral leaflet prolapse associated with 2:1 atrioventricular block is described. A His-bundle electrogram demonstrated an infra-Hisian level of block. Bradyarrhythmias and sudden death in this syndrome are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 528174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3671", "title": "The pathology of end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The pattern of the renal disease and the pathological changes were studied in the kidneys of 80 autopsied patients who were maintained on hemodialysis for periods of up to seven years. Chronic pyelonephritis was most frequently encountered (25%); next in frequency were chronic glomerulonephritis (17.5%) and nephrosclerosis (17.5%). Moderate to severe intrarenal vascular changes were seen; intimal changes were most prominent. Statistically significant differences were observed in the distribution of the initimal lesions in intrarenal vessels of different calibres. Deposits of oxalate crystals, usually in the renal tubules, were encountered in all kidneys except four. Twenty-four patients (30%) showed acquired cystic kidney disease; renal calcification was observed in 61 others. The pathogenesis of these lesions in hemodialysis kidneys and their clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "The pathology of end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis patients. The pattern of the renal disease and the pathological changes were studied in the kidneys of 80 autopsied patients who were maintained on hemodialysis for periods of up to seven years. Chronic pyelonephritis was most frequently encountered (25%); next in frequency were chronic glomerulonephritis (17.5%) and nephrosclerosis (17.5%). Moderate to severe intrarenal vascular changes were seen; intimal changes were most prominent. Statistically significant differences were observed in the distribution of the initimal lesions in intrarenal vessels of different calibres. Deposits of oxalate crystals, usually in the renal tubules, were encountered in all kidneys except four. Twenty-four patients (30%) showed acquired cystic kidney disease; renal calcification was observed in 61 others. The pathogenesis of these lesions in hemodialysis kidneys and their clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 528175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3672", "title": "Hyponatremia in myxedema: a suggested therapeutic approach.", "content": "Two patients with myxedema coma and extreme hyponatremia associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone are described. Both recovered following i.v. hypertonic saline, furosemide and thyroxine. A review of 22 cases from the literature suggests that this therapeutic approach could improve the poor prognosis in this condition.", "contents": "Hyponatremia in myxedema: a suggested therapeutic approach. Two patients with myxedema coma and extreme hyponatremia associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone are described. Both recovered following i.v. hypertonic saline, furosemide and thyroxine. A review of 22 cases from the literature suggests that this therapeutic approach could improve the poor prognosis in this condition.", "PMID": 528176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3673", "title": "The effect of certain variables on the tumor and tissue distribution of tracers. Part 1; Carrier.", "content": "Buffalo rats bearing thigh-implanted strain-7777 Morris hepatomas were used as a model for studying the effect of carrier material on the body distribution, tumor uptake, excretion, and tumor-to-background ratios of 67Ga and 54Mn. An effort was also made to observe the changes in 67Ga and 54Mn concentrations induced by carrier in viable tumor and skeletal muscle, relative to their interstitial fluid space. This value is referred to as the Tissue Distribution Index. Carrier manipulation resulted in striking changes in the distribution of the two ions from the carrier-free state. The data also indicated a difference in the pharmacodynamics of 67Ga and 54Mn in malignant and healthy tissues which could be of importance to nuclear medicine and oncology.", "contents": "The effect of certain variables on the tumor and tissue distribution of tracers. Part 1; Carrier. Buffalo rats bearing thigh-implanted strain-7777 Morris hepatomas were used as a model for studying the effect of carrier material on the body distribution, tumor uptake, excretion, and tumor-to-background ratios of 67Ga and 54Mn. An effort was also made to observe the changes in 67Ga and 54Mn concentrations induced by carrier in viable tumor and skeletal muscle, relative to their interstitial fluid space. This value is referred to as the Tissue Distribution Index. Carrier manipulation resulted in striking changes in the distribution of the two ions from the carrier-free state. The data also indicated a difference in the pharmacodynamics of 67Ga and 54Mn in malignant and healthy tissues which could be of importance to nuclear medicine and oncology.", "PMID": 528167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3674", "title": "Muscle pathology in idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Muscles from patients with scoliosis were studied to determine the possible relationship between neuromuscular disease and idiopathic scoliosis. Biopsies taken from the paraspinal musculature, the gluteus maximus and other sites were examined and compared with control specimens taken from patients undergoing spinal surgery for other disorders. Morphological and morphometric examinations by light and electron microscopy revealed a wide range of pathological changes and an alteration in the normal distribution of fiber types in most muscles. Changes were mainly nonspecific, but one unusual feature in idiopathic scoliosis but not in the other types of scoliosis consisted of type I fiber atrophy in paraspinal and deltoid muscles of the concave side paraspinal muscle, the site of the maximum morphological changes. The localized muscle changes, which are disease and not deformity related, suggest that idiopathic scoliosis is a separate disease entity and that the central nervous system may be involved in its genesis.", "contents": "Muscle pathology in idiopathic scoliosis. Muscles from patients with scoliosis were studied to determine the possible relationship between neuromuscular disease and idiopathic scoliosis. Biopsies taken from the paraspinal musculature, the gluteus maximus and other sites were examined and compared with control specimens taken from patients undergoing spinal surgery for other disorders. Morphological and morphometric examinations by light and electron microscopy revealed a wide range of pathological changes and an alteration in the normal distribution of fiber types in most muscles. Changes were mainly nonspecific, but one unusual feature in idiopathic scoliosis but not in the other types of scoliosis consisted of type I fiber atrophy in paraspinal and deltoid muscles of the concave side paraspinal muscle, the site of the maximum morphological changes. The localized muscle changes, which are disease and not deformity related, suggest that idiopathic scoliosis is a separate disease entity and that the central nervous system may be involved in its genesis.", "PMID": 528177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3675", "title": "Computed tomographic cholangiography in a canine model of biliary obstruction.", "content": "The CT scanner was used to generate the time-density relationship for hepatic parenchyma following Iodipamide (Cholografin, E.R. Squibb Co., New York, N.Y.) infusion. The curves which resulted from the normal, acutely obstructed, and chronically obstructed biliary system are shown. The peak enhancement of parenchyma is seen to be blunted in acute obstruction prior to anatomic evidence of dilated ducts. This finding may be of value in the early diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Computed tomographic cholangiography in a canine model of biliary obstruction. The CT scanner was used to generate the time-density relationship for hepatic parenchyma following Iodipamide (Cholografin, E.R. Squibb Co., New York, N.Y.) infusion. The curves which resulted from the normal, acutely obstructed, and chronically obstructed biliary system are shown. The peak enhancement of parenchyma is seen to be blunted in acute obstruction prior to anatomic evidence of dilated ducts. This finding may be of value in the early diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 528169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3676", "title": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Population studies in Israel have shown that Jews born in Europe or America have the highest prevalence of juvenile diabetes mellitus and Jews born in Asia or Africa, the lowest. The rate in the Israel born, regardless of the father's place of birth, is intermediate between those of the other two groups. The rates for the group from Europe/American and for the Israel-born group increased during the years 1963-68, while that for the Asia/Africa group did not change. It is speculated that the differences in the rates of juvenile diabetes mellitus are related to different frequencies of certain HLA antigens in the different groups or to different associations with susceptibility genes to juvenile diabetes.", "contents": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus. Population studies in Israel have shown that Jews born in Europe or America have the highest prevalence of juvenile diabetes mellitus and Jews born in Asia or Africa, the lowest. The rate in the Israel born, regardless of the father's place of birth, is intermediate between those of the other two groups. The rates for the group from Europe/American and for the Israel-born group increased during the years 1963-68, while that for the Asia/Africa group did not change. It is speculated that the differences in the rates of juvenile diabetes mellitus are related to different frequencies of certain HLA antigens in the different groups or to different associations with susceptibility genes to juvenile diabetes.", "PMID": 528182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3677", "title": "Dialysis requirements in Israel.", "content": "Chronic dialysis is available in Israel to almost all patients who require it. During the last four years the mean number of new patients/million population per year was 44.5 (range, 39.5 to 48.6), excluding patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and lupus erythematosus. This number is close to that estimated in a previous study--53/million per year for the years 1965-66--and the discrepancy is probably methodological in nature. The stage of equilibrium for Israel, when the net gain in patients per year approaches zero, as forecast by the European Dialysis and Transplant Association, will be reached in 1983 with 261 dialysis patients/million population. At present, the number is about 171. Inadequately treated hypertension was found to considerably affect long-term survival.", "contents": "Dialysis requirements in Israel. Chronic dialysis is available in Israel to almost all patients who require it. During the last four years the mean number of new patients/million population per year was 44.5 (range, 39.5 to 48.6), excluding patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and lupus erythematosus. This number is close to that estimated in a previous study--53/million per year for the years 1965-66--and the discrepancy is probably methodological in nature. The stage of equilibrium for Israel, when the net gain in patients per year approaches zero, as forecast by the European Dialysis and Transplant Association, will be reached in 1983 with 261 dialysis patients/million population. At present, the number is about 171. Inadequately treated hypertension was found to considerably affect long-term survival.", "PMID": 528183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3678", "title": "Status of hypertension treatment in Israel.", "content": "A review of the records of 17 family practices in the Tel Aviv area showed that 31% of charts had no record of blood pressure readings. In other studies, only 45% of subjects with prescribed medication remained on treatment. Some of the patients who had started medication stopped going to the doctor of their own accord. Only 32% of those who remained on treatment had their blood pressure under control. Poor compliance, inadequate therapeutic regimen and high dropout rate explain the picture in Israel. A screening program for hypertension will fail if not accompanied by high-quality medical care and careful follow-up. When specially trained nurses joined doctors in the management of high blood pressure patients, a follow-up of 726 patients originally treated by a doctor alone and then by a doctor-nurse team for one year showed that the percentage of controlled hypertensives rose from 39.2 to 72.8% and the dropout rate fell from 30 to 0.65%. The adoption, on a national scale, of a doctor-nurse team approach for controlling hypertension is, therefore, strongly recommended.", "contents": "Status of hypertension treatment in Israel. A review of the records of 17 family practices in the Tel Aviv area showed that 31% of charts had no record of blood pressure readings. In other studies, only 45% of subjects with prescribed medication remained on treatment. Some of the patients who had started medication stopped going to the doctor of their own accord. Only 32% of those who remained on treatment had their blood pressure under control. Poor compliance, inadequate therapeutic regimen and high dropout rate explain the picture in Israel. A screening program for hypertension will fail if not accompanied by high-quality medical care and careful follow-up. When specially trained nurses joined doctors in the management of high blood pressure patients, a follow-up of 726 patients originally treated by a doctor alone and then by a doctor-nurse team for one year showed that the percentage of controlled hypertensives rose from 39.2 to 72.8% and the dropout rate fell from 30 to 0.65%. The adoption, on a national scale, of a doctor-nurse team approach for controlling hypertension is, therefore, strongly recommended.", "PMID": 528184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3679", "title": "Demography, morbidity and mortality in Israel: changes over 30 years.", "content": "The last 30 years have seen vast changes in the size and composition of the Jewish and Arab populations of Israel. The Jewish population has increased 4 1/2 times but the proportion of aged has increased 10-fold. Infant mortality has decreased considerably and life expectancy has increased for both sexes and both populations. Patterns of morbidity and mortality have changed from those characteristic of the Middle East to those commonly seen in developed countries, with ischemic heart disease, cancer and stroke the leading causes of death.", "contents": "Demography, morbidity and mortality in Israel: changes over 30 years. The last 30 years have seen vast changes in the size and composition of the Jewish and Arab populations of Israel. The Jewish population has increased 4 1/2 times but the proportion of aged has increased 10-fold. Infant mortality has decreased considerably and life expectancy has increased for both sexes and both populations. Patterns of morbidity and mortality have changed from those characteristic of the Middle East to those commonly seen in developed countries, with ischemic heart disease, cancer and stroke the leading causes of death.", "PMID": 528185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3680", "title": "Mortality and its causes among Moslems, Druze and Christians in Israel.", "content": "The mortality rates of Moslems, Druze and Christians in Israel have decreased strikingly since the early 1950s, mainly because of a decline in mortality among children and younger women. There has been an increase in mortality among middle-aged and elderly men. Mortality from infective diseases had declined, but these remain important causes of death, particularly among Moslems and Druze. Mortality from external causes has increased in recent years. The mortality rate from ischemic heart disease has risen sharply; it is especially high among Christian men. Mortality due to congenital anomalies is relatively high among Moslems and Druze.", "contents": "Mortality and its causes among Moslems, Druze and Christians in Israel. The mortality rates of Moslems, Druze and Christians in Israel have decreased strikingly since the early 1950s, mainly because of a decline in mortality among children and younger women. There has been an increase in mortality among middle-aged and elderly men. Mortality from infective diseases had declined, but these remain important causes of death, particularly among Moslems and Druze. Mortality from external causes has increased in recent years. The mortality rate from ischemic heart disease has risen sharply; it is especially high among Christian men. Mortality due to congenital anomalies is relatively high among Moslems and Druze.", "PMID": 528186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3681", "title": "Infant morbidity and mortality.", "content": "The steady decline in the infant mortality rate among Jews showed a temporary, distressing reversal during the years immediately following the establishment of the State of Israel, but thereafter the rate again declined and the reduction was maintained. The rate fell to 13.9/1,000 live births in 1977. During recent years, there has been a significant parallel fall in the number of deaths during the first six days of life, reaching 8.0/1,000 live births in 1977. Hospital admissions, as an indicator of morbidity, now show less children with infantile diarrhea, formerly a major cause of hospitalization. Although Israel has reached reasonably satisfactory standards of infant health, there remains much room for improvement.", "contents": "Infant morbidity and mortality. The steady decline in the infant mortality rate among Jews showed a temporary, distressing reversal during the years immediately following the establishment of the State of Israel, but thereafter the rate again declined and the reduction was maintained. The rate fell to 13.9/1,000 live births in 1977. During recent years, there has been a significant parallel fall in the number of deaths during the first six days of life, reaching 8.0/1,000 live births in 1977. Hospital admissions, as an indicator of morbidity, now show less children with infantile diarrhea, formerly a major cause of hospitalization. Although Israel has reached reasonably satisfactory standards of infant health, there remains much room for improvement.", "PMID": 528187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3682", "title": "Infective diseases in Israel. Changing patterns over 30 years.", "content": "Geography, climate, socioeconomic conditions and public health action are factors that have influenced the incidence and pattern of infective disease in Israel. During the British Mandate, the epidemiologic picture was dominated by tropical and subtropical diseases. The problems related to infective diseases and their control during the 30 years of Israel's statehood, especially those connected with the mass immigration of the 1950s, are examined in detail. Diphtheria, poliomyelitis and whooping cough were quickly brought under control by means of immunization programs, and measles, later and more slowly. Tuberculosis constituted a serious burden in the early years of the State but has been successfully subdued through the combined effects of BCG vaccination, screening, case finding, systematic chemotherapy and improved socioeconimic conditions. In contrast, diarrheal diseases--while eliminated as a major cause of infant mortality--are still highly prevalent in the general population. Some specific local infective disease problems of topical scientific interest are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Infective diseases in Israel. Changing patterns over 30 years. Geography, climate, socioeconomic conditions and public health action are factors that have influenced the incidence and pattern of infective disease in Israel. During the British Mandate, the epidemiologic picture was dominated by tropical and subtropical diseases. The problems related to infective diseases and their control during the 30 years of Israel's statehood, especially those connected with the mass immigration of the 1950s, are examined in detail. Diphtheria, poliomyelitis and whooping cough were quickly brought under control by means of immunization programs, and measles, later and more slowly. Tuberculosis constituted a serious burden in the early years of the State but has been successfully subdued through the combined effects of BCG vaccination, screening, case finding, systematic chemotherapy and improved socioeconimic conditions. In contrast, diarrheal diseases--while eliminated as a major cause of infant mortality--are still highly prevalent in the general population. Some specific local infective disease problems of topical scientific interest are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 528188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3683", "title": "Cancer patterns in Israel: selected aspects.", "content": "Data on cancer incidence in Israel have been collected by the Israel Cancer Registry since 1960. Overall incidence patterns are similar to those observed in other \"Westernized\" countries. In the total Jewish population, lung cancer accounts for one in seven cancers in males and breast cancer, for one in four cancers in females. The main time trends are: a decrease in stomach cancer, a halt in the increase of male lung cancer and a continuing rise for female lung cancer, female breast cancer, cancer of the colon and rectum, and malignant melanoma. Cancer of the uterine cervix may be on the rise in Israel-born women. The relatively high incidence of cancer of the esophagus in immigrants from Iran and Yemen and of cancer of the nasopharynx in immigrants from North Africa probably reflect incidence patterns in their countries of origin.", "contents": "Cancer patterns in Israel: selected aspects. Data on cancer incidence in Israel have been collected by the Israel Cancer Registry since 1960. Overall incidence patterns are similar to those observed in other \"Westernized\" countries. In the total Jewish population, lung cancer accounts for one in seven cancers in males and breast cancer, for one in four cancers in females. The main time trends are: a decrease in stomach cancer, a halt in the increase of male lung cancer and a continuing rise for female lung cancer, female breast cancer, cancer of the colon and rectum, and malignant melanoma. Cancer of the uterine cervix may be on the rise in Israel-born women. The relatively high incidence of cancer of the esophagus in immigrants from Iran and Yemen and of cancer of the nasopharynx in immigrants from North Africa probably reflect incidence patterns in their countries of origin.", "PMID": 528189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3684", "title": "Breast cancer in Israel: incidence and mortality, 1960-75.", "content": "Between 1960 and 1975, the incidence of breast cancer in Israel rose 20%. A steady rise in incidence was seen for women aged 60 or more years, whereas for women younger than 60 years, the incidence pattern was less regular, showing a definite rise only in the period 1970-75. Mortality from breast cancer also rose among women aged 60 or more years, but much more slowly than incidence. Among women younger than 60 years, breast cancer mortality was essentially unchanged. When mortality rates from a disease rise more slowly than incidence rates, it can be inferred that a greater proportion of new cases are being cured or are experiencing longer survival. It would appear that this is the case with breast cancer in Israel, and this trend, probably the result of earlier diagnosis, is encouraging.", "contents": "Breast cancer in Israel: incidence and mortality, 1960-75. Between 1960 and 1975, the incidence of breast cancer in Israel rose 20%. A steady rise in incidence was seen for women aged 60 or more years, whereas for women younger than 60 years, the incidence pattern was less regular, showing a definite rise only in the period 1970-75. Mortality from breast cancer also rose among women aged 60 or more years, but much more slowly than incidence. Among women younger than 60 years, breast cancer mortality was essentially unchanged. When mortality rates from a disease rise more slowly than incidence rates, it can be inferred that a greater proportion of new cases are being cured or are experiencing longer survival. It would appear that this is the case with breast cancer in Israel, and this trend, probably the result of earlier diagnosis, is encouraging.", "PMID": 528190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3685", "title": "Ischemic heart disease in Israel: changes over 30 years.", "content": "As in most of the industralized nations of the world, ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in the adult population of Israel. The first two and a half decades since the founding of the State in 1948 were typified by a constant rise in morbidity and mortality from this disease in all ethnic groups in this heterogeneous population. Major changes in health-related behavior in the immigrant groups resulted in a rise in the disease rates that ranked this country among those with the highest incidence rates in the world. Since 1972-74 there is evidence of a fall in mortality in all ethnic groups. There is less conclusive evidence of a possible fall in morbidity as reflected by hospital admissions. These reductions are too recent for their full significance and the possible factors involved to be clear.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease in Israel: changes over 30 years. As in most of the industralized nations of the world, ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in the adult population of Israel. The first two and a half decades since the founding of the State in 1948 were typified by a constant rise in morbidity and mortality from this disease in all ethnic groups in this heterogeneous population. Major changes in health-related behavior in the immigrant groups resulted in a rise in the disease rates that ranked this country among those with the highest incidence rates in the world. Since 1972-74 there is evidence of a fall in mortality in all ethnic groups. There is less conclusive evidence of a possible fall in morbidity as reflected by hospital admissions. These reductions are too recent for their full significance and the possible factors involved to be clear.", "PMID": 528191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3686", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Israel.", "content": "Rheuamtic fever and rheumatic heart disease are still important public health problems in Israel. Rheumatic fever is a seasonal disease, more common during the cold months of the year. A high incidence of rheumatic fever followed the immigration waves of the 1950s, in contrast with a decline in new cases over the last 10 years among both Jews and non-Jews. In the same period (1950s to 1975), a decline in the numbers of hospitalized patients was also reported. After 1970 mortality rates of rheumatic fever dropped to zero. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease has declined in children, as shown in school studies, but in adults, a different trend is seen. The number of hospitalized patients has increased, in parallel with the increasing population, to more than 3,000 hospitalized patients per year. While a plateau curve is seen in the mortality rates of males of all ethnic origins studied, among females there is a slight decline in mortality. The discrepancy between the decline in occurrence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in children and the increase in prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in adults is explained by the massive immigration from countries with a high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease.", "contents": "Epidemiologic aspects of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Israel. Rheuamtic fever and rheumatic heart disease are still important public health problems in Israel. Rheumatic fever is a seasonal disease, more common during the cold months of the year. A high incidence of rheumatic fever followed the immigration waves of the 1950s, in contrast with a decline in new cases over the last 10 years among both Jews and non-Jews. In the same period (1950s to 1975), a decline in the numbers of hospitalized patients was also reported. After 1970 mortality rates of rheumatic fever dropped to zero. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease has declined in children, as shown in school studies, but in adults, a different trend is seen. The number of hospitalized patients has increased, in parallel with the increasing population, to more than 3,000 hospitalized patients per year. While a plateau curve is seen in the mortality rates of males of all ethnic origins studied, among females there is a slight decline in mortality. The discrepancy between the decline in occurrence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in children and the increase in prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in adults is explained by the massive immigration from countries with a high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease.", "PMID": 528192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3687", "title": "On the shape of the hospital industry long run average cost curve.", "content": "Empirical studies of the hospital industry have produced conflicting results with respect to the shape of the industry's long run average cost (LRAC) curve. Some of the studies have found a classical U-shaped curve. Others have produced results indicating that the LRAC curve is much closer to being L-shaped. Some theoretical support exists for both sets of findings. While classical theory predicts that the LRAC curve will be U-shaped, Alchian has presented theoretical arguments explaining why such curves would be L-shaped. This paper reconciles the results of these studies. The basis for the reconciliation is recognition of the failure of individual hospitals to produce all their individual product lines at efficient volumes. Such inefficient production is feasible and perhaps common, given the incentive structure which exists under current cost reimbursement systems. The implication of this paper is that large hospitals may have a greater potential for scale economies than has previously been recognized.", "contents": "On the shape of the hospital industry long run average cost curve. Empirical studies of the hospital industry have produced conflicting results with respect to the shape of the industry's long run average cost (LRAC) curve. Some of the studies have found a classical U-shaped curve. Others have produced results indicating that the LRAC curve is much closer to being L-shaped. Some theoretical support exists for both sets of findings. While classical theory predicts that the LRAC curve will be U-shaped, Alchian has presented theoretical arguments explaining why such curves would be L-shaped. This paper reconciles the results of these studies. The basis for the reconciliation is recognition of the failure of individual hospitals to produce all their individual product lines at efficient volumes. Such inefficient production is feasible and perhaps common, given the incentive structure which exists under current cost reimbursement systems. The implication of this paper is that large hospitals may have a greater potential for scale economies than has previously been recognized.", "PMID": 528221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3688", "title": "Cost of elective surgery and utilization of ancillary services in teaching hospitals.", "content": "Measures of surgical utilization studied are the number of elective tests performed preoperatively and the total cost per case. The unit of analysis is a matched pair of patients who underwent the same elective procedure, one a Veterans Administration patient, and the other a municipal or voluntary hospital patient. Federal ownership of the hospital ahd the strongest impact on tests and cost per case. On average, costs for the VA patients were 52 percent more per case. The foreign medical graduate variable had a large positive (inflationary) effect on the number of tests, but a slight downward influence in the cost regressions. The fraction of surgeons with faculty appointments had a strong negative (curtailing) impact on elective testing, but an upward influence on cost per case. Additional variables such as age, average laboratory turnaround time, and fraction of the medical school's students doing their surgical clerkship at the hospital ahd a slight upward influence on utilization. The three policy issues raised in the study involve changing the hospital reimbursement incentives, targeting continuing education programs to categories of staff that need it most, and redistributing faculty and students.", "contents": "Cost of elective surgery and utilization of ancillary services in teaching hospitals. Measures of surgical utilization studied are the number of elective tests performed preoperatively and the total cost per case. The unit of analysis is a matched pair of patients who underwent the same elective procedure, one a Veterans Administration patient, and the other a municipal or voluntary hospital patient. Federal ownership of the hospital ahd the strongest impact on tests and cost per case. On average, costs for the VA patients were 52 percent more per case. The foreign medical graduate variable had a large positive (inflationary) effect on the number of tests, but a slight downward influence in the cost regressions. The fraction of surgeons with faculty appointments had a strong negative (curtailing) impact on elective testing, but an upward influence on cost per case. Additional variables such as age, average laboratory turnaround time, and fraction of the medical school's students doing their surgical clerkship at the hospital ahd a slight upward influence on utilization. The three policy issues raised in the study involve changing the hospital reimbursement incentives, targeting continuing education programs to categories of staff that need it most, and redistributing faculty and students.", "PMID": 528222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3689", "title": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonatal period. Revue of 19 cases proved by anatomopathologic examination].", "content": "Nineteen newborn infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, proved by autopsy or surgical examination, are presented. In this study the absence of blood in the stools and of pneumatosis intestinalis did not exclude the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis. The role of umbilical arterial and venous catheters and of exchange transfusion in the pathogenesis of the disease was less than has been previously reported. There was no evidence for emboli of thrombosis in the mesenteric vessels. On the other hand, the probable importance of nonocclusive mesenteric arterial insufficiency is supported by several observations, including the high incidence of antecedent hypoxaemic episodes, the time of onset of the subsequent gastrointestinal pathology and the localization of the lesions. An infectious component was demonstrated, but our results do not allow to state precisely the time of its occurrence.", "contents": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonatal period. Revue of 19 cases proved by anatomopathologic examination]. Nineteen newborn infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, proved by autopsy or surgical examination, are presented. In this study the absence of blood in the stools and of pneumatosis intestinalis did not exclude the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis. The role of umbilical arterial and venous catheters and of exchange transfusion in the pathogenesis of the disease was less than has been previously reported. There was no evidence for emboli of thrombosis in the mesenteric vessels. On the other hand, the probable importance of nonocclusive mesenteric arterial insufficiency is supported by several observations, including the high incidence of antecedent hypoxaemic episodes, the time of onset of the subsequent gastrointestinal pathology and the localization of the lesions. An infectious component was demonstrated, but our results do not allow to state precisely the time of its occurrence.", "PMID": 528223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3690", "title": "Relationship between clinical conditions, radiographic findings and pulmonary functions in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Clinical and radiological findings, quantified by special scores, in 36 patients with cystic fibrosis are compared with lung function measurements, including the ratio of RV/TLC and FEV/VC and the arterial blood gases at rest and during exercise. Although respiratory function tests were found to correlate well with both the pulmonary finding score and the chest radiographic score, distinction of three severity groups was possible only by a vector calculation of the blood gases in PaO2-PaCO2-diagram, at rest and during exercise. Thus, measurements of pO2 and pCO2 at rest and on exercise appear to be a helpful adjuvant to routine spirometry for the individual appraisal of the degree of lung involvement, performance and care level.", "contents": "Relationship between clinical conditions, radiographic findings and pulmonary functions in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clinical and radiological findings, quantified by special scores, in 36 patients with cystic fibrosis are compared with lung function measurements, including the ratio of RV/TLC and FEV/VC and the arterial blood gases at rest and during exercise. Although respiratory function tests were found to correlate well with both the pulmonary finding score and the chest radiographic score, distinction of three severity groups was possible only by a vector calculation of the blood gases in PaO2-PaCO2-diagram, at rest and during exercise. Thus, measurements of pO2 and pCO2 at rest and on exercise appear to be a helpful adjuvant to routine spirometry for the individual appraisal of the degree of lung involvement, performance and care level.", "PMID": 528224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3691", "title": "Complement in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Quantitative and functional assessments were made of both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation in sera from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis. The classical pathway functioned similarly in patients and controls as measured by CH50 titre. Alternative pathway function, initiated in patient sera by incubation with inulin, was equal to that of controls as determined by cleavage of Factor B and C3, and by the consumption of terminal components. Factor B, however, was more readily activated in patient than in control sera. This rapid alteration of Factor B did not lead to accelerated or more extensive activation of the terminal complement components via the alternative pathway when assessed by C3 cleavage and the consumption of terminal components. Thus, a complement deficiency was not found. The importance of the easily activated Factor B is undefined.", "contents": "Complement in cystic fibrosis. Quantitative and functional assessments were made of both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation in sera from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis. The classical pathway functioned similarly in patients and controls as measured by CH50 titre. Alternative pathway function, initiated in patient sera by incubation with inulin, was equal to that of controls as determined by cleavage of Factor B and C3, and by the consumption of terminal components. Factor B, however, was more readily activated in patient than in control sera. This rapid alteration of Factor B did not lead to accelerated or more extensive activation of the terminal complement components via the alternative pathway when assessed by C3 cleavage and the consumption of terminal components. Thus, a complement deficiency was not found. The importance of the easily activated Factor B is undefined.", "PMID": 528225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3692", "title": "Testicular volume and function in adolescence after breech delivery.", "content": "Testicular volume and pubertal development were investigated in 108 boys born by breech delivery aged 14 1/2 to 19 1/2 years. Mean testicular volume was slightly but not significantly lower than in a control group of the same age. Pubertal development was normal. One boy had unilateral and two boys bilateral testicular atrophy (one with azoospermia and one with oligospermia). In a control group of 135 boys delivered from vertex position ther were three cases with unilateral and none with bilateral testicular atrophy. In both groups all cases with unilateral testicular atrophy could be explained by postnatal testicular injury, whereas the two cases of bilateral atrophy in the group of breech delivered boys remained unexplained. They may have originated from local trauma during breech delivery. It is concluded that testicular atrophy as a complication of breech delivery is seen with a frequency of only 2% or less.", "contents": "Testicular volume and function in adolescence after breech delivery. Testicular volume and pubertal development were investigated in 108 boys born by breech delivery aged 14 1/2 to 19 1/2 years. Mean testicular volume was slightly but not significantly lower than in a control group of the same age. Pubertal development was normal. One boy had unilateral and two boys bilateral testicular atrophy (one with azoospermia and one with oligospermia). In a control group of 135 boys delivered from vertex position ther were three cases with unilateral and none with bilateral testicular atrophy. In both groups all cases with unilateral testicular atrophy could be explained by postnatal testicular injury, whereas the two cases of bilateral atrophy in the group of breech delivered boys remained unexplained. They may have originated from local trauma during breech delivery. It is concluded that testicular atrophy as a complication of breech delivery is seen with a frequency of only 2% or less.", "PMID": 528226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3693", "title": "[Multidisciplinary treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood].", "content": "From 1974 to 1978, 21 children with rhabdomyosarcoma were treated in a combined interdisciplinary protocol. All children received a polychemotherapy for 18 months. Radiotherapy and surgery were used according to the stage and localization of the tumor. The overall two-year survival rate is 86 +/- 9%, the tumor free survival rate is 78 +/- 11%. 7 patients have no evidence of disease after the end of treatment.", "contents": "[Multidisciplinary treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood]. From 1974 to 1978, 21 children with rhabdomyosarcoma were treated in a combined interdisciplinary protocol. All children received a polychemotherapy for 18 months. Radiotherapy and surgery were used according to the stage and localization of the tumor. The overall two-year survival rate is 86 +/- 9%, the tumor free survival rate is 78 +/- 11%. 7 patients have no evidence of disease after the end of treatment.", "PMID": 528227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3694", "title": "Pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets: report of a case.", "content": "A 19-month-old boy with repeated convulsions from the age of 7 months was found to have pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets. The convulsions were attributed to hypocalcaemia which is one of the main features of this type of rickets. High doses of vitamin D produced clinical, biochemical and radiographic cure.", "contents": "Pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets: report of a case. A 19-month-old boy with repeated convulsions from the age of 7 months was found to have pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets. The convulsions were attributed to hypocalcaemia which is one of the main features of this type of rickets. High doses of vitamin D produced clinical, biochemical and radiographic cure.", "PMID": 528228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3695", "title": "Congenital defect in intracellular cobalamin metabolism resulting in homocysteinuria and methylmalonic aciduria. I. Case report and histopathology.", "content": "The case is described of an infant who suffered from progressive, severe dystrophy, hemolytic and megaloblastic anemia, hematuria, proteinuria and slight uremia. He died at 4 months of age following two acute episodes of heart failure. Abnormally increased excretion of methylmalonate and homocystine was detected by our screening program for metabolic disorders. Amino acid analyses showed that the plasma and urine levels of methionine were very low whereas those of cystathionine were raised. Vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption or abnormal cobalamin transport were excluded by a normal serum total cobalamin and normal transcobalamins. These findings suggested a congenital error of cobalamin metabolism. Treatment with vitamin B12 resulted in a biochemical though not a clinical response. Postmortem examination revealed severe vascular lesions with changes in the kidney characteristic of thrombotic microangiopathy supporting a diagnosis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. It is assumed that the elevated plasma homocysteine induced the vascular lesions by causing detachment of endothelium.", "contents": "Congenital defect in intracellular cobalamin metabolism resulting in homocysteinuria and methylmalonic aciduria. I. Case report and histopathology. The case is described of an infant who suffered from progressive, severe dystrophy, hemolytic and megaloblastic anemia, hematuria, proteinuria and slight uremia. He died at 4 months of age following two acute episodes of heart failure. Abnormally increased excretion of methylmalonate and homocystine was detected by our screening program for metabolic disorders. Amino acid analyses showed that the plasma and urine levels of methionine were very low whereas those of cystathionine were raised. Vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption or abnormal cobalamin transport were excluded by a normal serum total cobalamin and normal transcobalamins. These findings suggested a congenital error of cobalamin metabolism. Treatment with vitamin B12 resulted in a biochemical though not a clinical response. Postmortem examination revealed severe vascular lesions with changes in the kidney characteristic of thrombotic microangiopathy supporting a diagnosis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. It is assumed that the elevated plasma homocysteine induced the vascular lesions by causing detachment of endothelium.", "PMID": 528229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3696", "title": "Human alveolar macrophages spontaneous reduction of BSPT salt.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages of non smoking and smoking human adults reduce BSPT salt spontaneously. The staining obtained is located on three cell membrane systems: the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the nuclear envelope. Methylene blue MB inhibits BSPT reduction. The smokers alvelolar macrophages have less positivity than those of the non smokers. The endogenous cell substrate revealed in this work is the initial common pathway of two different oxidative chains bounded to the microsome. One acts with cytochrome P 450 for chemical detoxification by hydroxylation, the other one acts with cytochrome B5 for lipid oxidation or peroxidation and both may be connected with the cell bactericidal system.", "contents": "Human alveolar macrophages spontaneous reduction of BSPT salt. Alveolar macrophages of non smoking and smoking human adults reduce BSPT salt spontaneously. The staining obtained is located on three cell membrane systems: the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the nuclear envelope. Methylene blue MB inhibits BSPT reduction. The smokers alvelolar macrophages have less positivity than those of the non smokers. The endogenous cell substrate revealed in this work is the initial common pathway of two different oxidative chains bounded to the microsome. One acts with cytochrome P 450 for chemical detoxification by hydroxylation, the other one acts with cytochrome B5 for lipid oxidation or peroxidation and both may be connected with the cell bactericidal system.", "PMID": 528230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3697", "title": "Acridine orange staining of the mammalian fibroblast cell coat.", "content": "Acridine orange selectively binds to glycos- and galactosaminoglycan (GAG) compounds in the presence of Na+ in low concentrations. We have worked out a cytochemical method, which is suitable for the specific demonstration of surface GAG components. The method consists of a glutaraldehyde prefixation, an acridine orange block-staining for 48 h and an OsO4 postfixation for some hours. The specificity of the staining was verified with the help of fluorimetric--in vitro--measurements and enzymatic digestions, respectively.", "contents": "Acridine orange staining of the mammalian fibroblast cell coat. Acridine orange selectively binds to glycos- and galactosaminoglycan (GAG) compounds in the presence of Na+ in low concentrations. We have worked out a cytochemical method, which is suitable for the specific demonstration of surface GAG components. The method consists of a glutaraldehyde prefixation, an acridine orange block-staining for 48 h and an OsO4 postfixation for some hours. The specificity of the staining was verified with the help of fluorimetric--in vitro--measurements and enzymatic digestions, respectively.", "PMID": 528231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3698", "title": "[Comparative endoscopic and histological findings in chronic sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies between endoscopic and histological findings in 93 patients with chronic sinusitis showed that the diagnosis based upon endoscopic mucosal appearances does not compare necessarily with the histological findings. Therefore the endoscopic findings are questionable indications for surgery without histological confirmation.", "contents": "[Comparative endoscopic and histological findings in chronic sinusitis (author's transl)]. Comparative studies between endoscopic and histological findings in 93 patients with chronic sinusitis showed that the diagnosis based upon endoscopic mucosal appearances does not compare necessarily with the histological findings. Therefore the endoscopic findings are questionable indications for surgery without histological confirmation.", "PMID": 528232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3699", "title": "[Temporary total deafness in disseminated encephalomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Total deafness, which recovered, in an 18 year old woman with disseminated encephalomyelitis is reported. The deafness involved the left ear, but vestibular abnormalities were demonstrated bilaterally. After some weeks both auditory and vestibular responses returned to normal but nearly 2 years later a temporary left ear hearing loss of 30 dB and a spontaneous nystagmus occurred.", "contents": "[Temporary total deafness in disseminated encephalomyelitis (author's transl)]. Total deafness, which recovered, in an 18 year old woman with disseminated encephalomyelitis is reported. The deafness involved the left ear, but vestibular abnormalities were demonstrated bilaterally. After some weeks both auditory and vestibular responses returned to normal but nearly 2 years later a temporary left ear hearing loss of 30 dB and a spontaneous nystagmus occurred.", "PMID": 528233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3700", "title": "[Extent and frequency of noise-induced hearing loss in miners depending on the intensity and duration of noise exposure].", "content": "The audiograms of 218 coalminers were studied and it was found that 37.7% had hearing losses attributable to noise. Based upon sound level measurements and duration of exposure the risk of hearing loss in mining can be also predicted and its statistical probability and its risk measured.", "contents": "[Extent and frequency of noise-induced hearing loss in miners depending on the intensity and duration of noise exposure]. The audiograms of 218 coalminers were studied and it was found that 37.7% had hearing losses attributable to noise. Based upon sound level measurements and duration of exposure the risk of hearing loss in mining can be also predicted and its statistical probability and its risk measured.", "PMID": 528234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3701", "title": "[Anesthesia and adenectomy under visual control with bipolar electrocoagulation].", "content": "To make complete removal of the adenoid tissues possible, it is necessary to perform surgery under optical control. The technique for the operation is described, utilizing newly-designed instruments and bipolar electrocoagulation for control of bleeding.", "contents": "[Anesthesia and adenectomy under visual control with bipolar electrocoagulation]. To make complete removal of the adenoid tissues possible, it is necessary to perform surgery under optical control. The technique for the operation is described, utilizing newly-designed instruments and bipolar electrocoagulation for control of bleeding.", "PMID": 528235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3702", "title": "[A trilobed rotation cheek flap for closure of facial defects (author's transl)].", "content": "Rotation flaps of the cheek as described by Imre and by Esser are well known. In some situations we use a \"tri-lobed cheek flap\" to close defects of the cheek, external nose or temple. This flap is described.", "contents": "[A trilobed rotation cheek flap for closure of facial defects (author's transl)]. Rotation flaps of the cheek as described by Imre and by Esser are well known. In some situations we use a \"tri-lobed cheek flap\" to close defects of the cheek, external nose or temple. This flap is described.", "PMID": 528236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3703", "title": "An atlas of microscopic dissection following the attic approach to the cat's middle ear.", "content": "A brief illustrated atlas demonstrates the progressive relationships of the anatomical structures of the cat's middle ear as one dissects these from the attic approach. There was an attempt to demonstrate the nerves of the lateral semicircular canal and the utricle but without preserving the footplate of the stapes to afford an unobstructed view of the nerves. For the first time, the anatomical features of the cat's middle are are brought together in a progressively illustrated and single source.", "contents": "An atlas of microscopic dissection following the attic approach to the cat's middle ear. A brief illustrated atlas demonstrates the progressive relationships of the anatomical structures of the cat's middle ear as one dissects these from the attic approach. There was an attempt to demonstrate the nerves of the lateral semicircular canal and the utricle but without preserving the footplate of the stapes to afford an unobstructed view of the nerves. For the first time, the anatomical features of the cat's middle are are brought together in a progressively illustrated and single source.", "PMID": 528290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3704", "title": "A multivariate strategy for prediction of psychoacoustic performance from electroacoustic characteristics of hearing aids.", "content": "Sentence length psychoacoustic material was processed through 16 hearing aids and presented to 220 listeners. Twenty-nine indices of electroacoustic performance were abstracted from a testing program under laboratory conditions. Through a multivariate statistical strategy, psychoacoustic achievement was shown to be positively correlated to and could be predicted by a knowledge of white noise gain, bandwidth below and above 1 kHz, frequency response regularity, and transiet distortion (multiple R = 0.77; F = 2.04; df = 5,10). It was concluded that a multivariate statistical tactic, when used with discretion, can be a useful and powerful tool to predict psychoacoustic performance from a knowledge of hearing aid electroacoustic characteristics.", "contents": "A multivariate strategy for prediction of psychoacoustic performance from electroacoustic characteristics of hearing aids. Sentence length psychoacoustic material was processed through 16 hearing aids and presented to 220 listeners. Twenty-nine indices of electroacoustic performance were abstracted from a testing program under laboratory conditions. Through a multivariate statistical strategy, psychoacoustic achievement was shown to be positively correlated to and could be predicted by a knowledge of white noise gain, bandwidth below and above 1 kHz, frequency response regularity, and transiet distortion (multiple R = 0.77; F = 2.04; df = 5,10). It was concluded that a multivariate statistical tactic, when used with discretion, can be a useful and powerful tool to predict psychoacoustic performance from a knowledge of hearing aid electroacoustic characteristics.", "PMID": 528289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3705", "title": "Cardiovascular response to acoustic stimuli in one-, two-, and three-month-old infants.", "content": "Fifteen normal infants were seen at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 months. Cardiac responses to auditory stimuli of various frequencies and intensities were evaluated to determine the effects of age of the infant, frequency of the stimulus, and intensity of the stimulus. Heart rate was measured by a fingertip pulse counter and recorded on a polygraph. While the heart rate was being monitored, the infant was presented with a series of tone bursts of 1.5-sec duration with an interstimulus interval of 13.5 sec. Frequencies and intensities of stimuli were found to have no effects on the response. The cardiac rate response was influenced more by the ages of the infants than by stimulus parameters. Variability of the data for two-month-old children seemed to indicate a transition occurring at this age. However, the major influence upon the response was found to be the prestimulus heart rate.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to acoustic stimuli in one-, two-, and three-month-old infants. Fifteen normal infants were seen at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 months. Cardiac responses to auditory stimuli of various frequencies and intensities were evaluated to determine the effects of age of the infant, frequency of the stimulus, and intensity of the stimulus. Heart rate was measured by a fingertip pulse counter and recorded on a polygraph. While the heart rate was being monitored, the infant was presented with a series of tone bursts of 1.5-sec duration with an interstimulus interval of 13.5 sec. Frequencies and intensities of stimuli were found to have no effects on the response. The cardiac rate response was influenced more by the ages of the infants than by stimulus parameters. Variability of the data for two-month-old children seemed to indicate a transition occurring at this age. However, the major influence upon the response was found to be the prestimulus heart rate.", "PMID": 528288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3706", "title": "Brainstem electrical responses from selected tone pip stimuli.", "content": "Brainstem-electrical responses were obtained from 10 normal hearing adult subjects using frequency specific tone pips as stimuli. The four frequency specific tone pips (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were diamond shaped with a 2.5-msec rise/fall time. Each tone pip was presented at four intensity levels (70, 50, 30, and 10 dB hearing threshold level), and graphic recordings were made for each frequency at the specific intensity levels. Frequency specific Wave V intensity-latency functions were plotted, and these results were compared to tone pip data obtained in previous studies. In addition, suggested test procedures for obtaining tone pip brainstem-evoked responses under diagnostic conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Brainstem electrical responses from selected tone pip stimuli. Brainstem-electrical responses were obtained from 10 normal hearing adult subjects using frequency specific tone pips as stimuli. The four frequency specific tone pips (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were diamond shaped with a 2.5-msec rise/fall time. Each tone pip was presented at four intensity levels (70, 50, 30, and 10 dB hearing threshold level), and graphic recordings were made for each frequency at the specific intensity levels. Frequency specific Wave V intensity-latency functions were plotted, and these results were compared to tone pip data obtained in previous studies. In addition, suggested test procedures for obtaining tone pip brainstem-evoked responses under diagnostic conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 528293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3707", "title": "Acoustic reflex thresholds using conventional and tracking methods.", "content": "Relationship between acoustic reflex thresholds obtained using conventional and tracking procedures was investigated. In the tracking method, the intensity of the stimulus from a self-recording audiometer is adjusted by the experimenter to bracket the acoustic reflex threshold as visually observed on the meter of an acoustic impedance measuring device. Acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained to pure tones of 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz. High correlations and no significant differences were obtained between the two threshold methods. It was concluded that the tracking method which allows easier control of stimulus parameters and response recording can provide acoustic reflex threshold data similar to those obtained using a conventional method.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex thresholds using conventional and tracking methods. Relationship between acoustic reflex thresholds obtained using conventional and tracking procedures was investigated. In the tracking method, the intensity of the stimulus from a self-recording audiometer is adjusted by the experimenter to bracket the acoustic reflex threshold as visually observed on the meter of an acoustic impedance measuring device. Acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained to pure tones of 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz. High correlations and no significant differences were obtained between the two threshold methods. It was concluded that the tracking method which allows easier control of stimulus parameters and response recording can provide acoustic reflex threshold data similar to those obtained using a conventional method.", "PMID": 528291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3708", "title": "Spread and detection of psoroptic scabies of cattle in the United States.", "content": "Psoroptic scabies of cattle causes substantial economic losses. An eradication program begun in 1905 virtually eradicated the disease by 1950. Complacency was followed by a resurgence of the disease, particularly in the 1970s, when more than 1,000 outbreaks were reported. Program effectiveness was reduced when the disease was often not detected or reported for several months after herds became infested. Further spread was enhanced by infested cattle moving undetected through market channels.", "contents": "Spread and detection of psoroptic scabies of cattle in the United States. Psoroptic scabies of cattle causes substantial economic losses. An eradication program begun in 1905 virtually eradicated the disease by 1950. Complacency was followed by a resurgence of the disease, particularly in the 1970s, when more than 1,000 outbreaks were reported. Program effectiveness was reduced when the disease was often not detected or reported for several months after herds became infested. Further spread was enhanced by infested cattle moving undetected through market channels.", "PMID": 528302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3709", "title": "Influence of high pass filtering on the intelligibility of amplitude-compressed speech.", "content": "Monosyllabic triplet word intelligibility scores were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired, loudness-recruiting subjects under two experimental conditions: (1) high-pass (1200 Hz)-filtered, linear amplification, and (2) high-pass (1200 Hz)-filtered, compression amplification using input-to-output ratios of 5:1 and 20:1. Test materials were administered at increased sensation levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 dB. In general, speech intelligibility was slightly enhanced for normal and hearing-impaired listeners, but only at lower sensation levels. Moreover, the improvement was observed only under the filtered, compression amplification condition for both groups. No important differences were observed between the two compression ratios used. This compression advantage may or may not be observed in clinical hearing aid evaluations.", "contents": "Influence of high pass filtering on the intelligibility of amplitude-compressed speech. Monosyllabic triplet word intelligibility scores were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired, loudness-recruiting subjects under two experimental conditions: (1) high-pass (1200 Hz)-filtered, linear amplification, and (2) high-pass (1200 Hz)-filtered, compression amplification using input-to-output ratios of 5:1 and 20:1. Test materials were administered at increased sensation levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 dB. In general, speech intelligibility was slightly enhanced for normal and hearing-impaired listeners, but only at lower sensation levels. Moreover, the improvement was observed only under the filtered, compression amplification condition for both groups. No important differences were observed between the two compression ratios used. This compression advantage may or may not be observed in clinical hearing aid evaluations.", "PMID": 528294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3710", "title": "A discussion of some temporal characteristics of electroacoustic impedance bridges.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to describe an acoustic method for measuring temporal characteristics of electroacoustic impedance bridges, and to present data on the temporal responses of three widely used electroacoustic instruments. The potential effects of these instrument parameters on measured characteristics of the acoustic reflex are discussed.", "contents": "A discussion of some temporal characteristics of electroacoustic impedance bridges. The purpose of this study was to describe an acoustic method for measuring temporal characteristics of electroacoustic impedance bridges, and to present data on the temporal responses of three widely used electroacoustic instruments. The potential effects of these instrument parameters on measured characteristics of the acoustic reflex are discussed.", "PMID": 528292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3711", "title": "A comparison of the effect on consonant discrimination of combining low- and high-frequency passbands in normal, congenital, and adventitious hearing-impaired subjects.", "content": "To investigate consonant information in low frequencies, a low-frequency band which contains negligible consonant information in isolation was added to a high-frequency band. There was a significant increase from the high-frequency band-alone score for normal-hearing subjects when the bands were presented at favorable low-frequency/high-frequency bands sensation levels either to the same ear or opposite ears. For congenitally and adventitiously hearing-impaired subjects, there was a significant increase only when the bands were presented to opposite ears. A clinical application of these results is split-band amplification whereby low frequencies were added to one aid and removed from the other aid. Removal of low frequencies from one aid reduces internal noise, attenuates unwanted background noise, reduces cochlear masking, and thus optimally amplifies that part of the speech spectrum which conveys most of the consonant information. The low-frequency response aid adds additional information, including pitch, rhythm, and intonation.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect on consonant discrimination of combining low- and high-frequency passbands in normal, congenital, and adventitious hearing-impaired subjects. To investigate consonant information in low frequencies, a low-frequency band which contains negligible consonant information in isolation was added to a high-frequency band. There was a significant increase from the high-frequency band-alone score for normal-hearing subjects when the bands were presented at favorable low-frequency/high-frequency bands sensation levels either to the same ear or opposite ears. For congenitally and adventitiously hearing-impaired subjects, there was a significant increase only when the bands were presented to opposite ears. A clinical application of these results is split-band amplification whereby low frequencies were added to one aid and removed from the other aid. Removal of low frequencies from one aid reduces internal noise, attenuates unwanted background noise, reduces cochlear masking, and thus optimally amplifies that part of the speech spectrum which conveys most of the consonant information. The low-frequency response aid adds additional information, including pitch, rhythm, and intonation.", "PMID": 528295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3712", "title": "Prognosis after surgical excision of fibrosarcomas in cats.", "content": "Forty-four cats from which fibrosarcomas had been excised were studied for a minimum of 3 years, of until death. Two factors, tumor site and mitotic index, were found to be of prognostic significance, but tumor size, duration of growth, and histologic appearance were not. Following removal of fibrosarcomas from the pinna or flank in 6 cats, none died as a result of the tumor but 24 of 35 (70%) cats with fibrosarcoma in the skin of the head, back, or limbs were euthanatized because of local recurrence, usually within 9 months of surgery. The median survival time of cats with a tumor of mitotic index 6 or more in the head, back, or limbs was 16 weeks, compared with 128 weeks when the mitotic index was less than 6. Eleven percent of cats developed pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "Prognosis after surgical excision of fibrosarcomas in cats. Forty-four cats from which fibrosarcomas had been excised were studied for a minimum of 3 years, of until death. Two factors, tumor site and mitotic index, were found to be of prognostic significance, but tumor size, duration of growth, and histologic appearance were not. Following removal of fibrosarcomas from the pinna or flank in 6 cats, none died as a result of the tumor but 24 of 35 (70%) cats with fibrosarcoma in the skin of the head, back, or limbs were euthanatized because of local recurrence, usually within 9 months of surgery. The median survival time of cats with a tumor of mitotic index 6 or more in the head, back, or limbs was 16 weeks, compared with 128 weeks when the mitotic index was less than 6. Eleven percent of cats developed pulmonary metastases.", "PMID": 528318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3713", "title": "Diabetes insipidus in a cow.", "content": "Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in a 6-year-old Holstein-Friesian cow with a history of recurrent fever, ketosis, lymphadenopathy, and inappetence. The diagnosis was based on the clinical findings, response to exogenous vasopressin, and lack of urine concentration in a water deprivation test. The disease gradually regressed over a period of 1 year and did not recur.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus in a cow. Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in a 6-year-old Holstein-Friesian cow with a history of recurrent fever, ketosis, lymphadenopathy, and inappetence. The diagnosis was based on the clinical findings, response to exogenous vasopressin, and lack of urine concentration in a water deprivation test. The disease gradually regressed over a period of 1 year and did not recur.", "PMID": 528321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3714", "title": "Anemia and osteopetrosis in a dog.", "content": "A 1-year-old, male Australian Shepherd Dog with consanguineous parents was discovered to have severe nonregenerative anemia associated with osteopetrosis. Diagnosis of the bone abnormality was established by skeletal radiography and microscopic examination of a rib biopsy specimen. The anemia was attributed to failure to develop normal marrow cavities combined with failure of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Although blood transfusions sustained the dog's life for 15 months, the dog died of a hemolytic transfusion reaction.", "contents": "Anemia and osteopetrosis in a dog. A 1-year-old, male Australian Shepherd Dog with consanguineous parents was discovered to have severe nonregenerative anemia associated with osteopetrosis. Diagnosis of the bone abnormality was established by skeletal radiography and microscopic examination of a rib biopsy specimen. The anemia was attributed to failure to develop normal marrow cavities combined with failure of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Although blood transfusions sustained the dog's life for 15 months, the dog died of a hemolytic transfusion reaction.", "PMID": 528324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3715", "title": "Histopathologic evidence for parvovirus infection in dogs.", "content": "Two dogs kenneled at a commercial establishment died of a disease manifested as severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Histopathologic findings in both dogs bore a striking resemblance to those typical of feline infectious enteritis. Viral particles resembling members of the Parvoviridae family were observed in the contents of the small intestine of one of the dogs. The disease was similar to the recently recognized canine gastroenteritis associated with a parvovirus-like agent.", "contents": "Histopathologic evidence for parvovirus infection in dogs. Two dogs kenneled at a commercial establishment died of a disease manifested as severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Histopathologic findings in both dogs bore a striking resemblance to those typical of feline infectious enteritis. Viral particles resembling members of the Parvoviridae family were observed in the contents of the small intestine of one of the dogs. The disease was similar to the recently recognized canine gastroenteritis associated with a parvovirus-like agent.", "PMID": 528325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3716", "title": "Crystalline corneal opacities in the Siberian Husky.", "content": "Bilaterally symmetric opacities were detected in the corneal stroma of 78 (14%) of 560 Siberian Huskies, aged 7 months to 12 years, examined in ophthalmology screening clinics. The opacities were round or horizontally oval and consisted of a diffuse gray homogeneous haze in the anterior stroma or an array of fine polychromatic crystals in the posterior stroma, or both. The corneas were not inflamed. The frequency of occurrence and density of the opacities increased with age. Several affected dogs were closely related, but a specific inheritance pattern could not be established. Light and electron microscopy disclosed clusters of extracellular, thin, needle-shaped, crystalline clefts. Histochemical stains on frozen sections identified neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol as components of the crystals.", "contents": "Crystalline corneal opacities in the Siberian Husky. Bilaterally symmetric opacities were detected in the corneal stroma of 78 (14%) of 560 Siberian Huskies, aged 7 months to 12 years, examined in ophthalmology screening clinics. The opacities were round or horizontally oval and consisted of a diffuse gray homogeneous haze in the anterior stroma or an array of fine polychromatic crystals in the posterior stroma, or both. The corneas were not inflamed. The frequency of occurrence and density of the opacities increased with age. Several affected dogs were closely related, but a specific inheritance pattern could not be established. Light and electron microscopy disclosed clusters of extracellular, thin, needle-shaped, crystalline clefts. Histochemical stains on frozen sections identified neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol as components of the crystals.", "PMID": 528326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3717", "title": "Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy in Brittany Spaniels: clinical manifestations.", "content": "A progressive neurologic disease was identified in a family of closely related Britanny Spaniel dogs. The disease developed in dogs less than 1 year old and characteristically resulted in paraspinal and proximal pelvic limb muscular atrophy. Neurologic examination, electrodiagnostic testing, and histologic studies indicated that the disease results from motor horn cell degeneration. A colony of affected dogs was established, and breeding studies incriminated an inherited basis for the disease.", "contents": "Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy in Brittany Spaniels: clinical manifestations. A progressive neurologic disease was identified in a family of closely related Britanny Spaniel dogs. The disease developed in dogs less than 1 year old and characteristically resulted in paraspinal and proximal pelvic limb muscular atrophy. Neurologic examination, electrodiagnostic testing, and histologic studies indicated that the disease results from motor horn cell degeneration. A colony of affected dogs was established, and breeding studies incriminated an inherited basis for the disease.", "PMID": 528327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3718", "title": "Central corneal endothelial cell counts in children.", "content": "Our data indicate that corneal endothelial cell density in a normal eye remains essentially unchanged from ages five to 20. Changes in cell density and morphology during the first five years of life need further investigation. In this study, the mean endothelial cell count of a normal population of children was 2696 cells/mm2. Children undergoing cataract aspiration had a mean cell loss from the normal of 7.2%. The cell loss rates for push-pull aspiration-irrigation or phacoemulsification cataract extraction were not statistically different. The implantation of an intraocular lens was associated with a 33.3% endothelial cell loss when compared to the control or normal population of eyes. A mean loss of 38.0% was noted when the IOL eyes were compared to their normal fellow eyes.", "contents": "Central corneal endothelial cell counts in children. Our data indicate that corneal endothelial cell density in a normal eye remains essentially unchanged from ages five to 20. Changes in cell density and morphology during the first five years of life need further investigation. In this study, the mean endothelial cell count of a normal population of children was 2696 cells/mm2. Children undergoing cataract aspiration had a mean cell loss from the normal of 7.2%. The cell loss rates for push-pull aspiration-irrigation or phacoemulsification cataract extraction were not statistically different. The implantation of an intraocular lens was associated with a 33.3% endothelial cell loss when compared to the control or normal population of eyes. A mean loss of 38.0% was noted when the IOL eyes were compared to their normal fellow eyes.", "PMID": 528331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3719", "title": "Sterile uveitis and intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Cases of sterile hypopyon following intraocular lens implantation, accumulated over a 4 1/2-year period, were subjected to critical clinical review and analysis. In approximately two-thirds of the cases, the anterior chamber cleared within three to four weeks without significant sequelae. The remaining cases followed a chronic or recurrent course. Recurrent anterior segment reaction appears to be a definite indication for early implant removal. The final visual results in this group of cases were less than satisfactory, suggesting that the appearance of sterile hypopyon after implant surgery is an ominous clinical sign which may prelude secondary membrane formation, chronic cystoid maculopathy, or even phthisis. The etiology of sterile hypopyon remains vague.", "contents": "Sterile uveitis and intraocular lens implantation. Cases of sterile hypopyon following intraocular lens implantation, accumulated over a 4 1/2-year period, were subjected to critical clinical review and analysis. In approximately two-thirds of the cases, the anterior chamber cleared within three to four weeks without significant sequelae. The remaining cases followed a chronic or recurrent course. Recurrent anterior segment reaction appears to be a definite indication for early implant removal. The final visual results in this group of cases were less than satisfactory, suggesting that the appearance of sterile hypopyon after implant surgery is an ominous clinical sign which may prelude secondary membrane formation, chronic cystoid maculopathy, or even phthisis. The etiology of sterile hypopyon remains vague.", "PMID": 528332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3720", "title": "A closed technique for repositioning dislocated iris plane lenses.", "content": "Of 450 iris plane IOL's implanted over a 3 1/2-year period, 20 (5%) dislocated. Four of these lenses dislocated into the vitreous and were either floated or surgically reoriented into the anterior chamber to give final visual acuities of 20/30 or better. Sixteen lenses dislocated into the anterior chamber and were repositioned using a closed bimanual technique. After lens repositioning, eighteen eyes achieved 20/30 or better vision. One eye's vision was 20/200 and another case had finger-counting vision.", "contents": "A closed technique for repositioning dislocated iris plane lenses. Of 450 iris plane IOL's implanted over a 3 1/2-year period, 20 (5%) dislocated. Four of these lenses dislocated into the vitreous and were either floated or surgically reoriented into the anterior chamber to give final visual acuities of 20/30 or better. Sixteen lenses dislocated into the anterior chamber and were repositioned using a closed bimanual technique. After lens repositioning, eighteen eyes achieved 20/30 or better vision. One eye's vision was 20/200 and another case had finger-counting vision.", "PMID": 528335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3721", "title": "The Shearing-style intraocular lens and the posterior chamber.", "content": "We observed the Shearing-style intraocular lens in human cadaver eyes and in dog eyes. In human cadaver eyes the lens loops rest in the ciliary body sulcus without exerting undue pressure; the only major problem occurred when the posterior capsule was torn and a loop found its way into the pars ciliaris of the ciliary body or into the vitreous base. Seven Shearing-style lenses were implanted in four dogs: six-month preliminary histopathology showed four of these lenses to be well tolerated with abundant synechiae formation around the loops. Two eyes exhibited loop pressure necrosis due to slight lens displacement.", "contents": "The Shearing-style intraocular lens and the posterior chamber. We observed the Shearing-style intraocular lens in human cadaver eyes and in dog eyes. In human cadaver eyes the lens loops rest in the ciliary body sulcus without exerting undue pressure; the only major problem occurred when the posterior capsule was torn and a loop found its way into the pars ciliaris of the ciliary body or into the vitreous base. Seven Shearing-style lenses were implanted in four dogs: six-month preliminary histopathology showed four of these lenses to be well tolerated with abundant synechiae formation around the loops. Two eyes exhibited loop pressure necrosis due to slight lens displacement.", "PMID": 528341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3722", "title": "Comparative endothelial biomicroscopy.", "content": "Calibrating comparative endothelial biomicroscopy with a corneal endothelial microscope (Heyer-Schulte Medical Optics), we have obtained clinically useful estimates of endothelial cell density. This simple and inexpensive technique allows rapid examination and evaluation of a large number of endothelial cells across various corneal diameters. It is, however, a clinical rather than investigative procedure and is not intended to replace the quantitative features of endothelial specular photomicrography for scientific studies.", "contents": "Comparative endothelial biomicroscopy. Calibrating comparative endothelial biomicroscopy with a corneal endothelial microscope (Heyer-Schulte Medical Optics), we have obtained clinically useful estimates of endothelial cell density. This simple and inexpensive technique allows rapid examination and evaluation of a large number of endothelial cells across various corneal diameters. It is, however, a clinical rather than investigative procedure and is not intended to replace the quantitative features of endothelial specular photomicrography for scientific studies.", "PMID": 528351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3723", "title": "The Knolle-Pearce irrigating loop.", "content": "Use of an irrigating lens loop which maximizes fluid flow eliminates the need for direct pressure or counter-pressure as the lens nucleus is removed from the anterior segment and also protects the internal structure of the globe from surgical trauma.", "contents": "The Knolle-Pearce irrigating loop. Use of an irrigating lens loop which maximizes fluid flow eliminates the need for direct pressure or counter-pressure as the lens nucleus is removed from the anterior segment and also protects the internal structure of the globe from surgical trauma.", "PMID": 528354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3724", "title": "An investigation of allied health faculty attitudes toward faculty development concepts.", "content": "Allied health faculty attitudes toward faculty development issues were determined by using a semantic differential technique. The faculty development issues included: (1) faculty evaluation by students, (2) faculty evaluation by peers, (3) faculty evaluation by chairperson and/or program director, (4) continuing education and (5) faculty tenure. Subjects (n=128) included students and graduates of a graduate program in allied health education and administration (program affiliates) with a master's degree in education. Other subjects included faculty located within geographic proximity to the graduate program who had received a master's degree other than in education as their most advanced degree (nonprogram affiliates). Differences in allied health faculty attitudes toward the faculty development issues were attributed to the degree to which faculty had been socialized into the educational system. Four factors emerged from factor analytic procedures on which subject attitudes were compared: the merit, organization, style and rigor of faculty development activities. Significant differences were found among program affiliates but no between program affiliates and nonprogram affiliates.", "contents": "An investigation of allied health faculty attitudes toward faculty development concepts. Allied health faculty attitudes toward faculty development issues were determined by using a semantic differential technique. The faculty development issues included: (1) faculty evaluation by students, (2) faculty evaluation by peers, (3) faculty evaluation by chairperson and/or program director, (4) continuing education and (5) faculty tenure. Subjects (n=128) included students and graduates of a graduate program in allied health education and administration (program affiliates) with a master's degree in education. Other subjects included faculty located within geographic proximity to the graduate program who had received a master's degree other than in education as their most advanced degree (nonprogram affiliates). Differences in allied health faculty attitudes toward the faculty development issues were attributed to the degree to which faculty had been socialized into the educational system. Four factors emerged from factor analytic procedures on which subject attitudes were compared: the merit, organization, style and rigor of faculty development activities. Significant differences were found among program affiliates but no between program affiliates and nonprogram affiliates.", "PMID": 528355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3725", "title": "Teacher evaluation in the health professions.", "content": "This paper reviews current concepts and practices of teacher evaluation as it exists in health professions educational programs. Problems associated with teacher evaluation and the necessity for well designed evaluation systems are explored. Recommendations are made for the development of objective teacher evaluation procedures.", "contents": "Teacher evaluation in the health professions. This paper reviews current concepts and practices of teacher evaluation as it exists in health professions educational programs. Problems associated with teacher evaluation and the necessity for well designed evaluation systems are explored. Recommendations are made for the development of objective teacher evaluation procedures.", "PMID": 528356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3726", "title": "Outcomes of teacher preparation in allied health sciences.", "content": "Formal preparation of allied health instructors for responsibilities of teaching and educational leadership has been encouraged through substantial federal grants, institutional funds and university programming. A review of the literature reveals very little regarding formal measurements of outcomes in terms of career progress of the graduates their professional activities and their level of satisfaction with the educational content and preparation as a teacher. This study focuses on the achievements and opinions of 106 graduates of a master's degree teacher preparation program. Graduates were found to be employed in positions commensurate with their preparation, and rewarded by their employers with career advancement, salary increases and promotions. The graduates believed that they had gained the skills needed. They also identified the strengths and weaknesses of the program. Implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Outcomes of teacher preparation in allied health sciences. Formal preparation of allied health instructors for responsibilities of teaching and educational leadership has been encouraged through substantial federal grants, institutional funds and university programming. A review of the literature reveals very little regarding formal measurements of outcomes in terms of career progress of the graduates their professional activities and their level of satisfaction with the educational content and preparation as a teacher. This study focuses on the achievements and opinions of 106 graduates of a master's degree teacher preparation program. Graduates were found to be employed in positions commensurate with their preparation, and rewarded by their employers with career advancement, salary increases and promotions. The graduates believed that they had gained the skills needed. They also identified the strengths and weaknesses of the program. Implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 528357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3727", "title": "Analyzing and developing effective instructional behaviors for allied health educators.", "content": "This article discusses interaction alaysis, a procedure for objectively recording and analyzing the verbal interchange between instructors and students, which can aid instructors in setting goals for improving their instruction. The following questions are addressed: Why should instructors study their own behaviors? What conditions are necessary for studying one's teaching behaviors? What is interaction analysis? How does one implement interaction analysis? How does one interpret the results of interaction analysis? What does research indicate about interaction analysis? The authors mention the well-known Flanders System of Interaction Analysis, and outline the use of a simpler system, the System for Coding Interaction with Multiple Phases (SCIMP), developed by Townsend.", "contents": "Analyzing and developing effective instructional behaviors for allied health educators. This article discusses interaction alaysis, a procedure for objectively recording and analyzing the verbal interchange between instructors and students, which can aid instructors in setting goals for improving their instruction. The following questions are addressed: Why should instructors study their own behaviors? What conditions are necessary for studying one's teaching behaviors? What is interaction analysis? How does one implement interaction analysis? How does one interpret the results of interaction analysis? What does research indicate about interaction analysis? The authors mention the well-known Flanders System of Interaction Analysis, and outline the use of a simpler system, the System for Coding Interaction with Multiple Phases (SCIMP), developed by Townsend.", "PMID": 528358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3728", "title": "Allied health careers special resources and services program: increasing the probabilities of success for 'high risk' students in allied health career programs.", "content": "This article describes a successful developmental program specifically designed for academically \"high risk\" students entering a two-year community college career program in allied health. The program consisted of providing an intensive three-week instructional program to students before they entered the allied health career program, and subsequently providing an ongoing support system of tutoring, counseling and career development activities. Participants attained higher levels of academic performance and retention than nonparticipants.", "contents": "Allied health careers special resources and services program: increasing the probabilities of success for 'high risk' students in allied health career programs. This article describes a successful developmental program specifically designed for academically \"high risk\" students entering a two-year community college career program in allied health. The program consisted of providing an intensive three-week instructional program to students before they entered the allied health career program, and subsequently providing an ongoing support system of tutoring, counseling and career development activities. Participants attained higher levels of academic performance and retention than nonparticipants.", "PMID": 528359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3729", "title": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. III. Production, structures and biological properties of neoviridogriseins I and III.", "content": "The high response of our isolate of Streptomyces griseoviridus was exploited to provoke the synthesis of new viridogrisein homologues by adding various amino acids to the culture medium in an attempt to replace the alanine, sarcosine, leucine and phenylsarcosine moieties of virdogrisein. Among the amino acids added, L- and DL-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and L-methionine gave new TLC spots which we named neoviridogriseins I and III and neoviridogrisein VII, respectively. The structures of neoviridogriseins I and III were elucidated: In both compounds, the alanine moiety of viridogrisein is replaced by a L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid residue; furthermore, in neoviridogrisein I, the allo-hydroxy-D-proline is replaced by D-proline.", "contents": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. III. Production, structures and biological properties of neoviridogriseins I and III. The high response of our isolate of Streptomyces griseoviridus was exploited to provoke the synthesis of new viridogrisein homologues by adding various amino acids to the culture medium in an attempt to replace the alanine, sarcosine, leucine and phenylsarcosine moieties of virdogrisein. Among the amino acids added, L- and DL-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and L-methionine gave new TLC spots which we named neoviridogriseins I and III and neoviridogrisein VII, respectively. The structures of neoviridogriseins I and III were elucidated: In both compounds, the alanine moiety of viridogrisein is replaced by a L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid residue; furthermore, in neoviridogrisein I, the allo-hydroxy-D-proline is replaced by D-proline.", "PMID": 528360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3730", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity of LY 127935 (6059-S), seven cephalosporins, three aminoglycosides, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin.", "content": "LY 127935 (6059-S), a new semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic was tested simultaneously with 6 cephalosporins, 3 aminoglycosides, carbenicillin and ticarcillin against 398 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. Many of the organisms were selected for study because of known resistance to one or more of the clinically available antibiotics tested. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Providencia were susceptible to LY 127935. Some resistant strains of Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter were also resistant to LY 127935, but many of the strains resistant to other antibiotics were susceptible to LY 127935. The activity of LY 127935 against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus bovis was similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine. LY 127935 was not active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus nor enterococcus.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity of LY 127935 (6059-S), seven cephalosporins, three aminoglycosides, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin. LY 127935 (6059-S), a new semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic was tested simultaneously with 6 cephalosporins, 3 aminoglycosides, carbenicillin and ticarcillin against 398 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. Many of the organisms were selected for study because of known resistance to one or more of the clinically available antibiotics tested. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Providencia were susceptible to LY 127935. Some resistant strains of Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter were also resistant to LY 127935, but many of the strains resistant to other antibiotics were susceptible to LY 127935. The activity of LY 127935 against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus bovis was similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine. LY 127935 was not active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus nor enterococcus.", "PMID": 528361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3731", "title": "Identification of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins by means of mass-spectrometry.", "content": "Electron-impact mass-spectrometry of the methyl esters of the isoxazolylpenicillins and of their active metabolites showed the latter to be formed from their parent compounds by hydroxylation of the 5-methyl group.", "contents": "Identification of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins by means of mass-spectrometry. Electron-impact mass-spectrometry of the methyl esters of the isoxazolylpenicillins and of their active metabolites showed the latter to be formed from their parent compounds by hydroxylation of the 5-methyl group.", "PMID": 528362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3732", "title": "Production of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine by a new species of Streptomyces and its herbicidal activity.", "content": "9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was produced by a new species of Streptomyces designated as S. herbaceus. Ara-A was found to have potent herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria adscendens and Chenopodium ficifolium by the treatment with ara-A before germination of these plants. However, Oryza sativa had strong resistance to ara-A.", "contents": "Production of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine by a new species of Streptomyces and its herbicidal activity. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was produced by a new species of Streptomyces designated as S. herbaceus. Ara-A was found to have potent herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria adscendens and Chenopodium ficifolium by the treatment with ara-A before germination of these plants. However, Oryza sativa had strong resistance to ara-A.", "PMID": 528365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3733", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl)kanamycin B (UK-31,214).", "content": "1-N-(1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propyl)kanamycin B was prepared and its in vitro activity against aminoglycoside-sensitive and aminoglycoside-resistant organisms was compared with that of kanamycin B and gentamicin. This kanamycin B derivative (code No. UK-31,214) demonstrated potent activity in all of these tests and gave good protection in experimental infections in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl)kanamycin B (UK-31,214). 1-N-(1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propyl)kanamycin B was prepared and its in vitro activity against aminoglycoside-sensitive and aminoglycoside-resistant organisms was compared with that of kanamycin B and gentamicin. This kanamycin B derivative (code No. UK-31,214) demonstrated potent activity in all of these tests and gave good protection in experimental infections in mice.", "PMID": 528375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3734", "title": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VI. Screening method for the specific inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis.", "content": "A screening method was established for selecting new specific inhibitors of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. In the primary test, culture broths of soil isolates were selected based on relative microbial activity. A culture, to be retained, must be active against Bacillus subtilis and lack activities against Acholeplasma laidawii. In the secondary test, inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis were identified by their ability to prevent the incorporation of meso-[3H]diaminopimelic acid but not to prevent the incorporation of L-[4C]leucine into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction of growing cells of Bacillus sp. ATCC 21206 (Dpm-). As the tertiary test, inhibitors with molecular weights under 1,000 were selected by passage through a Diaflo UM-2 membrane. By this screening procedure, six known antibiotics and one new one were picked out from ten thousand soil isolates.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VI. Screening method for the specific inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis. A screening method was established for selecting new specific inhibitors of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. In the primary test, culture broths of soil isolates were selected based on relative microbial activity. A culture, to be retained, must be active against Bacillus subtilis and lack activities against Acholeplasma laidawii. In the secondary test, inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis were identified by their ability to prevent the incorporation of meso-[3H]diaminopimelic acid but not to prevent the incorporation of L-[4C]leucine into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction of growing cells of Bacillus sp. ATCC 21206 (Dpm-). As the tertiary test, inhibitors with molecular weights under 1,000 were selected by passage through a Diaflo UM-2 membrane. By this screening procedure, six known antibiotics and one new one were picked out from ten thousand soil isolates.", "PMID": 528376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3735", "title": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VII. Azureomycins A and B, new antibiotics produced by Pseudonocardia azurea nov. sp. Taxonomy of the producing organism, isolation, characterization and biological properties.", "content": "Two new basic water-soluble antibiotics, azureomycins A and B, were isolated from the culture broth of an actinomycete, strain AM-3696, designated as Pseudonocardia azurea nov. sp. The antibiotics exhibit moderate antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria including penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium and Clostridium. They inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VII. Azureomycins A and B, new antibiotics produced by Pseudonocardia azurea nov. sp. Taxonomy of the producing organism, isolation, characterization and biological properties. Two new basic water-soluble antibiotics, azureomycins A and B, were isolated from the culture broth of an actinomycete, strain AM-3696, designated as Pseudonocardia azurea nov. sp. The antibiotics exhibit moderate antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria including penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium and Clostridium. They inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 528377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3736", "title": "Studies on antibiotics BN-227 and BN-227-F, new antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization.", "content": "The two new antibiotics, BN-227 and BN-227-F, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. BN-227. BN-227 has a molecular formula C7H9NO3, and melts at 115 degrees C. BN-227-F has a molecular formula C21H24N3O9Fe, and melts at 156 degrees C. BN-227-F is a chelate compound consisting of three similar ligands (antibiotic BN-227) and ferric ion. The two antibiotics have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on antibiotics BN-227 and BN-227-F, new antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization. The two new antibiotics, BN-227 and BN-227-F, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. BN-227. BN-227 has a molecular formula C7H9NO3, and melts at 115 degrees C. BN-227-F has a molecular formula C21H24N3O9Fe, and melts at 156 degrees C. BN-227-F is a chelate compound consisting of three similar ligands (antibiotic BN-227) and ferric ion. The two antibiotics have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 528378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3737", "title": "G1549, a new cyclic hydroxamic acid antibiotic, isolated from culture broth of Pseudomonas alcaligenes.", "content": "Antibiotic G1549, isolated from culture broth of Pseudomonas alcaligenes, is a new cyclic hydroxamic acid with a 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone structure that complexes with metals. The structure of G1549 is suggested to be 1-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone. In vitro, G1549 and its copper and ferric complexes show moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Topical application of G1549 and its copper and ferric complexes protect guinea pigs against cutaneous infection with Microsporum canis. The compounds, however, have some systemic toxicity in mice.", "contents": "G1549, a new cyclic hydroxamic acid antibiotic, isolated from culture broth of Pseudomonas alcaligenes. Antibiotic G1549, isolated from culture broth of Pseudomonas alcaligenes, is a new cyclic hydroxamic acid with a 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone structure that complexes with metals. The structure of G1549 is suggested to be 1-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone. In vitro, G1549 and its copper and ferric complexes show moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Topical application of G1549 and its copper and ferric complexes protect guinea pigs against cutaneous infection with Microsporum canis. The compounds, however, have some systemic toxicity in mice.", "PMID": 528379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3738", "title": "Gunacin, a new quinone antibiotic from Ustilago sp.", "content": "In a screening program for antibiotics which were antagonized by cysteine, a strain, which was characterized as Ustilago sp., was found to produce a new quinone antibiotic, gunacin. The molecular weight M+ = 348.084 determined by mass spectroscopy, corresponds to a molecular formula of C17H16O8. Further spectroscopic data prove that gunacin is a new antibiotic. The antibiotic possesses a good inhibitory effect against mycoplasmas and Gram-positive bacteria including multi-resistant strains. It also possesses a weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria with the exception of Proteus vulgaris, which is more strongly inhibited. The main activity against fungi is found against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Gunacin shows an inhibition of the DNA synthesis in vivo, is antagonized by mercapto compounds and possesses an acute toxicity of LD50 = 16 mg/kg i.p. and LD50 = 12 mg/kg i.v. in mice. Against HeLa-cell the antibiotic shows an ED50 = 12.11 microgram/ml. Thirty five microgram/ml of gunacin induces 1,063 interferon units.", "contents": "Gunacin, a new quinone antibiotic from Ustilago sp. In a screening program for antibiotics which were antagonized by cysteine, a strain, which was characterized as Ustilago sp., was found to produce a new quinone antibiotic, gunacin. The molecular weight M+ = 348.084 determined by mass spectroscopy, corresponds to a molecular formula of C17H16O8. Further spectroscopic data prove that gunacin is a new antibiotic. The antibiotic possesses a good inhibitory effect against mycoplasmas and Gram-positive bacteria including multi-resistant strains. It also possesses a weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria with the exception of Proteus vulgaris, which is more strongly inhibited. The main activity against fungi is found against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Gunacin shows an inhibition of the DNA synthesis in vivo, is antagonized by mercapto compounds and possesses an acute toxicity of LD50 = 16 mg/kg i.p. and LD50 = 12 mg/kg i.v. in mice. Against HeLa-cell the antibiotic shows an ED50 = 12.11 microgram/ml. Thirty five microgram/ml of gunacin induces 1,063 interferon units.", "PMID": 528380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3739", "title": "Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. IX. Oudemansin, an antifungal antibiotic from Oudemansiella mucida (Schrader ex Fr.) Hoehnel (Agaricales).", "content": "From mycelial cultures of Oudemansiella mucida a crystalline optically active antibiotic, oudemansin (2), has been isolated; its structure is closely related to strobilurin A (1). The relative configuration of oudemansin have been determined by X-ray analysis. The antibiotic exhibits strong antifungal properties and inhibits respiration in fungi, cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, and rat liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. IX. Oudemansin, an antifungal antibiotic from Oudemansiella mucida (Schrader ex Fr.) Hoehnel (Agaricales). From mycelial cultures of Oudemansiella mucida a crystalline optically active antibiotic, oudemansin (2), has been isolated; its structure is closely related to strobilurin A (1). The relative configuration of oudemansin have been determined by X-ray analysis. The antibiotic exhibits strong antifungal properties and inhibits respiration in fungi, cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, and rat liver mitochondria.", "PMID": 528381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3740", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. II. Chemical degradations of 14C-labelled clavulanic acid.", "content": "Two chemical degradations of clavulanic acid are described which are useful for locating label in 14C-clavulanate. In the first, the beta-hydroxyethylidene side chain of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate is removed by ozonolysis to give p-bromobenzyl (2R, 5R)-3,7-dioxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylate. The second involves the reaction of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate with dibenzylamine in methanol, to isolate the three beta-lactam carbons as methyl trans-3-(N-N-dibenzyl)amino acrylate. These techniques were used to degrade clavulanic acid derived from fermentations fed with 2-14C-acetate or universally 14C-labelled glycerol. The amount of label retained in the degradation products was in agreement with the distribution of 13C in clavulanic acid derived from 2-13C-acetate, or 1,3-13C2-glycerol, as observed by 13C-NMR.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. II. Chemical degradations of 14C-labelled clavulanic acid. Two chemical degradations of clavulanic acid are described which are useful for locating label in 14C-clavulanate. In the first, the beta-hydroxyethylidene side chain of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate is removed by ozonolysis to give p-bromobenzyl (2R, 5R)-3,7-dioxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylate. The second involves the reaction of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate with dibenzylamine in methanol, to isolate the three beta-lactam carbons as methyl trans-3-(N-N-dibenzyl)amino acrylate. These techniques were used to degrade clavulanic acid derived from fermentations fed with 2-14C-acetate or universally 14C-labelled glycerol. The amount of label retained in the degradation products was in agreement with the distribution of 13C in clavulanic acid derived from 2-13C-acetate, or 1,3-13C2-glycerol, as observed by 13C-NMR.", "PMID": 528382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3741", "title": "Syntheses of sporaricin analogues, 2-deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine and its 3-de-O-methyl compound.", "content": "2-Deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine (21) and 3-de-O-methyl-2-deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine (27) were prepared starting from lividamine. The syntheses include four key steps, that is, transformation of 2-deoxystreptamine moiety of lividamine to 4-N,3-O-didemethyl-2-deoxyfortamine, selective 4-N-methylation of the new aminocyclitol moiety, selective attachment of a glycyl residue to the methylamino group at C-4 and selective amination at C-6'.", "contents": "Syntheses of sporaricin analogues, 2-deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine and its 3-de-O-methyl compound. 2-Deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine (21) and 3-de-O-methyl-2-deoxy-4-N-glycyl-6-O-(alpha-nebrosaminyl)fortamine (27) were prepared starting from lividamine. The syntheses include four key steps, that is, transformation of 2-deoxystreptamine moiety of lividamine to 4-N,3-O-didemethyl-2-deoxyfortamine, selective 4-N-methylation of the new aminocyclitol moiety, selective attachment of a glycyl residue to the methylamino group at C-4 and selective amination at C-6'.", "PMID": 528383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3742", "title": "Orally active esters of cephalosporin antibiotics. II. Synthesis and biological properties of the acetoxymethyl ester of cefamandole.", "content": "The synthesis of the acetoxymethyl (AOM) ester of cefamandole (CM) is described. The sparingly soluble ester is shown to be well absorbed orally by mice, but only when administered in solution in a partially non-aqueous vehicle, 50% propylene glycol. Neither the ester in aqueous suspension nor the sodium salt of CM in solution is well absorbed orally. The rate of oral absorption of the ester from solution is very rapid as shown by the early peak time and shape of the plasma level curve. Oral bioavailability from solution is at least 60% and is apparently limited only by hydrolysis or precipitation of a variable portion of the ester dose in the intestinal lumen prior to absorption.", "contents": "Orally active esters of cephalosporin antibiotics. II. Synthesis and biological properties of the acetoxymethyl ester of cefamandole. The synthesis of the acetoxymethyl (AOM) ester of cefamandole (CM) is described. The sparingly soluble ester is shown to be well absorbed orally by mice, but only when administered in solution in a partially non-aqueous vehicle, 50% propylene glycol. Neither the ester in aqueous suspension nor the sodium salt of CM in solution is well absorbed orally. The rate of oral absorption of the ester from solution is very rapid as shown by the early peak time and shape of the plasma level curve. Oral bioavailability from solution is at least 60% and is apparently limited only by hydrolysis or precipitation of a variable portion of the ester dose in the intestinal lumen prior to absorption.", "PMID": 528384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3743", "title": "Immunological studies on sporamycin-treated animals.", "content": "Sporamycin showed a remarkable tumor regressive activity against sarcoma-180 with a single 5 mg/kg dose of intravenous administration. This antitumor effect on tumor and host animals was examined immunologically. As the results: (1) When sarcoma-180 tumor cells were used as an antigen macrophage migration inhibition reaction by spleen cells derived from the tumor-bearing mice treated with sporamycin was positive at day 7 approximately 14 after the medication and was negative thereafter. (2) The delayed hypersensitivity tested by the foot-pad reaction was positive in tumor-bearing mice treated with sporamycin, and no decrease of foot pad reaction was observed, whereas this reaction decreased remarkably in non-treated tumor-bearing mice. (3) Sarcoma-180 tumor cells were mixed with spleen cells derived from sporamycin-treated mice, and were inoculated into normal dd mice. The growth of tumor cells was inhibited markedly, but no inhibition of tumor growth was observed in case of spleen cells derived from non-treated tumor bearing mice. (4) Combined treatment of sporamycin with PS-K, an immunopotentiator, showed a remarkable synergistic effect.", "contents": "Immunological studies on sporamycin-treated animals. Sporamycin showed a remarkable tumor regressive activity against sarcoma-180 with a single 5 mg/kg dose of intravenous administration. This antitumor effect on tumor and host animals was examined immunologically. As the results: (1) When sarcoma-180 tumor cells were used as an antigen macrophage migration inhibition reaction by spleen cells derived from the tumor-bearing mice treated with sporamycin was positive at day 7 approximately 14 after the medication and was negative thereafter. (2) The delayed hypersensitivity tested by the foot-pad reaction was positive in tumor-bearing mice treated with sporamycin, and no decrease of foot pad reaction was observed, whereas this reaction decreased remarkably in non-treated tumor-bearing mice. (3) Sarcoma-180 tumor cells were mixed with spleen cells derived from sporamycin-treated mice, and were inoculated into normal dd mice. The growth of tumor cells was inhibited markedly, but no inhibition of tumor growth was observed in case of spleen cells derived from non-treated tumor bearing mice. (4) Combined treatment of sporamycin with PS-K, an immunopotentiator, showed a remarkable synergistic effect.", "PMID": 528385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3744", "title": "Studies on Actinomycetales producing antibiotics only on agar culture. I. Screening, taxonomy and morphology-productivity relationship of Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993.", "content": "Soil Actinomycetales that produce antibiotics during growth on agar but not in submerged culture were searched for and about 25 strains were obtained. One of these, Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993, which produces an antibiotic designated SF-1993 was studied taxonomically and morphologically. The antibiotic-productivity of strain SF-1993 was correlated with mycelial morphology. The vegetative mycelium was filamentous in antibiotic-producing agar cultures, but fragmented in non-producing submerged cultures. By maintaining submerged cells filamentous, production of antibiotic in the submerged fermentations was accomplished. Filamentation was maintained by the use of diluted media or non-fragmented mutant substrains.", "contents": "Studies on Actinomycetales producing antibiotics only on agar culture. I. Screening, taxonomy and morphology-productivity relationship of Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993. Soil Actinomycetales that produce antibiotics during growth on agar but not in submerged culture were searched for and about 25 strains were obtained. One of these, Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993, which produces an antibiotic designated SF-1993 was studied taxonomically and morphologically. The antibiotic-productivity of strain SF-1993 was correlated with mycelial morphology. The vegetative mycelium was filamentous in antibiotic-producing agar cultures, but fragmented in non-producing submerged cultures. By maintaining submerged cells filamentous, production of antibiotic in the submerged fermentations was accomplished. Filamentation was maintained by the use of diluted media or non-fragmented mutant substrains.", "PMID": 528390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3745", "title": "Studies on Actinomycetales producing antibiotics only on agar culture. II. Isolation, structure and biological properties of N-carbamoyl-D-glucosamine (substance SF-1993).", "content": "N-Carbamoyl-D-glucosamine was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces halstedii SF-1993. It showed weak antimicrobial activity against some Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi.", "contents": "Studies on Actinomycetales producing antibiotics only on agar culture. II. Isolation, structure and biological properties of N-carbamoyl-D-glucosamine (substance SF-1993). N-Carbamoyl-D-glucosamine was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces halstedii SF-1993. It showed weak antimicrobial activity against some Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi.", "PMID": 528391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3746", "title": "Structure of nanaomycin E, a new nanaomycin.", "content": "A new component, nanaomycin E, has been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rosa var, notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A, B, C and D. Nanaomycin E was an epoxy derivative of nanaomycin A and was converted into nanaomycin A and 4a-epi-nanaomycin B by treatment with sodium hydrosulfite in an acidic aqueous solution. 4a-epi-Nanaomycin B was quantiatively converted into nanaomycin A under alkaline conditions.", "contents": "Structure of nanaomycin E, a new nanaomycin. A new component, nanaomycin E, has been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rosa var, notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A, B, C and D. Nanaomycin E was an epoxy derivative of nanaomycin A and was converted into nanaomycin A and 4a-epi-nanaomycin B by treatment with sodium hydrosulfite in an acidic aqueous solution. 4a-epi-Nanaomycin B was quantiatively converted into nanaomycin A under alkaline conditions.", "PMID": 528392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3747", "title": "Enzymatic conversion of aclacinomycin A to Y by a specific oxidoreductase in Streptomyces.", "content": "A specific oxidoreductase converting aclacinomycin A to a new analog, aclacinomycin Y, was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture filtrate of aclacinomycin-producing microorganisms. The isolated enzyme was a weakly acidic protein (isoelectric point, 5.9) with a molecular weight of about 72,000. The enzymatic reaction requires molecular oxygen and has a pH optimum at 5.5. The enzyme catalyzed an oxidation of the terminal sugar, L-cinerulose, of the trisaccharide moiety of aclacinomycin A to L-aculose (2,3,6-trideoxyhex-2-enopyranos-4-ulose) with removal of two electrons. Studies of substrate specificity revealed that the enzyme is an oxidoreductase capable of modifying anthracyclic triglycosides by oxidizing their terminal sugars.", "contents": "Enzymatic conversion of aclacinomycin A to Y by a specific oxidoreductase in Streptomyces. A specific oxidoreductase converting aclacinomycin A to a new analog, aclacinomycin Y, was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture filtrate of aclacinomycin-producing microorganisms. The isolated enzyme was a weakly acidic protein (isoelectric point, 5.9) with a molecular weight of about 72,000. The enzymatic reaction requires molecular oxygen and has a pH optimum at 5.5. The enzyme catalyzed an oxidation of the terminal sugar, L-cinerulose, of the trisaccharide moiety of aclacinomycin A to L-aculose (2,3,6-trideoxyhex-2-enopyranos-4-ulose) with removal of two electrons. Studies of substrate specificity revealed that the enzyme is an oxidoreductase capable of modifying anthracyclic triglycosides by oxidizing their terminal sugars.", "PMID": 528393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3748", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin (AL-226) in rabbits.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of AL-226, a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, were studied after i.v. and i.m. administrations to rabbits at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg. The average values of the pharmacokinetic parameters after bolus i.v. administration of the antibiotic expressed by an open two-compartment kinetic model were: alpha = 0.131 min.-1, beta = 0.0341 min-1, K12 = 0.0287 min.-1, K21 = 0.0552 min.-1, K13 = 0.081 min.-1 a linear relationship between C0 and dose was found. The urinary excretion constants after i.v. administration were: 0.0266 min.-1, 0.0294 min-1, 0.0289 min.-1, 0.0306 min.-1, for doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters after i.v. administration were used to determine the absorption constant: 0.0525 min.-1, 0.057 min.-1, 0.0596 min.-1, 0.0511 min.-1, after i.m. administration for doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, respectively.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin (AL-226) in rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of AL-226, a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, were studied after i.v. and i.m. administrations to rabbits at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg. The average values of the pharmacokinetic parameters after bolus i.v. administration of the antibiotic expressed by an open two-compartment kinetic model were: alpha = 0.131 min.-1, beta = 0.0341 min-1, K12 = 0.0287 min.-1, K21 = 0.0552 min.-1, K13 = 0.081 min.-1 a linear relationship between C0 and dose was found. The urinary excretion constants after i.v. administration were: 0.0266 min.-1, 0.0294 min-1, 0.0289 min.-1, 0.0306 min.-1, for doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters after i.v. administration were used to determine the absorption constant: 0.0525 min.-1, 0.057 min.-1, 0.0596 min.-1, 0.0511 min.-1, after i.m. administration for doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, respectively.", "PMID": 528394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3749", "title": "Metabolism of tritium- and carbon-14-labeled tiamulin in dogs, rats, and pigs.", "content": "The metabolism of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate, labeled with 3H, 14C, or both, was studied in dogs, rats, and weanling pigs. After a dose of radiolabeled tiamulin, all three species excreted more radioactivity in feces (via bile) than in urine. Dogs absorbed 86% of a single oral dose of tiamulin-3H, and the disposition of the compound was similar after a single or multiple dosage regimen. The ratio of antimicrobial activity to total radioactivity in dog plasma was only about 0.25, and was still less in dog urine. After dosing with tiamulin-14C, rats and pigs excreted at least 1% of the dose as 14CO2 in expired air. In dual-labeled studies, pigs excreted less total 14C than 3H and had greater residues of 14C than 3H in edible tissues, blood, and plasma. After the administration of tiamulin-14C to pigs, radioactivity was incorporated into liver glycogen, indicating metabolic cleavage of the side chain of tiamulin. Tiamulin-3H is the isotopically-labeled compound of choice for studying metabolism and tissue residues in animals.", "contents": "Metabolism of tritium- and carbon-14-labeled tiamulin in dogs, rats, and pigs. The metabolism of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate, labeled with 3H, 14C, or both, was studied in dogs, rats, and weanling pigs. After a dose of radiolabeled tiamulin, all three species excreted more radioactivity in feces (via bile) than in urine. Dogs absorbed 86% of a single oral dose of tiamulin-3H, and the disposition of the compound was similar after a single or multiple dosage regimen. The ratio of antimicrobial activity to total radioactivity in dog plasma was only about 0.25, and was still less in dog urine. After dosing with tiamulin-14C, rats and pigs excreted at least 1% of the dose as 14CO2 in expired air. In dual-labeled studies, pigs excreted less total 14C than 3H and had greater residues of 14C than 3H in edible tissues, blood, and plasma. After the administration of tiamulin-14C to pigs, radioactivity was incorporated into liver glycogen, indicating metabolic cleavage of the side chain of tiamulin. Tiamulin-3H is the isotopically-labeled compound of choice for studying metabolism and tissue residues in animals.", "PMID": 528395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3750", "title": "Interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with phospholipid liposomes studies by microelectrophoresis.", "content": "Microelectrophoresis was found to be a rapid method for studying the interaction between aminoglycoside antibiotics and liposomes prepared from acid phospholipids. The ability to cause charge reversal of liposomes prepared from phosphatidyl inositol was ranked in the order neomycin greater than gentamicin greater than tobramycin greater than amikacin greater than kanamycin greater than ribostamycin greater than streptomycin greater than dihydrostreptomycin greater than Ca2+. Similar results were obtained with liposomes prepared from a mixture (8: 2) of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid, but no effect was detectable with neutral liposomes made from phosphatidyl choline only. The results support the view that the attraction between positively charged nitrogen groups on the antibiotics and the negatively charged groups of acidic phospholipids are predominantly responsible for the interaction. Extension of the studies to ionic strengths and calcium concentrations similar to those found in vivo showed a reduction, but not elimination, of the observed effects.", "contents": "Interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with phospholipid liposomes studies by microelectrophoresis. Microelectrophoresis was found to be a rapid method for studying the interaction between aminoglycoside antibiotics and liposomes prepared from acid phospholipids. The ability to cause charge reversal of liposomes prepared from phosphatidyl inositol was ranked in the order neomycin greater than gentamicin greater than tobramycin greater than amikacin greater than kanamycin greater than ribostamycin greater than streptomycin greater than dihydrostreptomycin greater than Ca2+. Similar results were obtained with liposomes prepared from a mixture (8: 2) of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid, but no effect was detectable with neutral liposomes made from phosphatidyl choline only. The results support the view that the attraction between positively charged nitrogen groups on the antibiotics and the negatively charged groups of acidic phospholipids are predominantly responsible for the interaction. Extension of the studies to ionic strengths and calcium concentrations similar to those found in vivo showed a reduction, but not elimination, of the observed effects.", "PMID": 528396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3751", "title": "Method for obtaining ovine uterine secretions from unilaterally pregnant ewes.", "content": "Development of the ovine conceptus was confined to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL) by placing a ligature around that uterine horn at a point near the uterine body on day 5 of pregnancy. On day 140 of gestation, seven of 10 ewes were still pregnant and from 21 to 815 ml of uterine fluid (488 +/- 94 ml, X +/- SEM) were collected from the nongravid uterine horn. Total recoverable protein (X +/- SEM) was 13.4 +/- 3.4 grams. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced proteins in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that protein composition of uterine fluid was distinct from that of colostrum, serum, amniotic fluid, and allantoic fluid, and revealed the presence of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of about 57,000 and 58,500, respectively, plus numerous other minor components. Gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose CL-6B suggested that these polypeptides formed a series of aggregates of high molecular weight when kept under nonreducing conditions. Glucose (.18 +/- .03 mg/ml), but not fructose, was present in uterine fluid. In addition, high levels of prostaglandin F (451.4 +/- 83.3 ng/ml) were present.", "contents": "Method for obtaining ovine uterine secretions from unilaterally pregnant ewes. Development of the ovine conceptus was confined to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL) by placing a ligature around that uterine horn at a point near the uterine body on day 5 of pregnancy. On day 140 of gestation, seven of 10 ewes were still pregnant and from 21 to 815 ml of uterine fluid (488 +/- 94 ml, X +/- SEM) were collected from the nongravid uterine horn. Total recoverable protein (X +/- SEM) was 13.4 +/- 3.4 grams. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced proteins in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that protein composition of uterine fluid was distinct from that of colostrum, serum, amniotic fluid, and allantoic fluid, and revealed the presence of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of about 57,000 and 58,500, respectively, plus numerous other minor components. Gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose CL-6B suggested that these polypeptides formed a series of aggregates of high molecular weight when kept under nonreducing conditions. Glucose (.18 +/- .03 mg/ml), but not fructose, was present in uterine fluid. In addition, high levels of prostaglandin F (451.4 +/- 83.3 ng/ml) were present.", "PMID": 528437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3752", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, and caffeine in soda beverages: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study for the determination of sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, and caffeine in 3 types of soda beverage, cola, grape, and lemon-lime, has been completed using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography with a muC18 column and acetic acid mobile phase. Recoveries for sodium saccharin were 98.6, 98.0, and 99.1%; for sodium benzoate, 100.6, 102.6, and 100.6%; and for caffeine, 100.8, 101.4, and 101.1%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, and caffeine in soda beverages: collaborative study. A collaborative study for the determination of sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, and caffeine in 3 types of soda beverage, cola, grape, and lemon-lime, has been completed using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography with a muC18 column and acetic acid mobile phase. Recoveries for sodium saccharin were 98.6, 98.0, and 99.1%; for sodium benzoate, 100.6, 102.6, and 100.6%; and for caffeine, 100.8, 101.4, and 101.1%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 528441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3753", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alpha- and beta-naphthylamines in FD&C Red No. 2 (amaranth).", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous quantitation of trace amounts of alpha- (alpha-NA) and beta-naphthylamines (beta-NA) with detectability in the 0.1 ppb range and sensitivity of 50 picomoles in certified food grade amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2; C.I. Food Red 9; CI 16185). The amaranth sample is extracted with benzene, and the evoporated residue is derivatized with perfluorooctanoic anhydride. The resulting derivatives are separated by gas-liquid chromatography and identified and quantitated by mass spectrometric monitoring of the m/e at 539.04. The method was used for quantitation of alpha-NA and beta-NA in randomly chosen samples of amaranth. Of 11 samples from different manufacturers, 5 were free of the beta-isomer; the remaining samples contained up to 1.2 ppb beta-NA. The concentration of alpha-NA ranged from no detectable amount to 970 ppb; the majority of the samples contained less than 7 ppb.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alpha- and beta-naphthylamines in FD&C Red No. 2 (amaranth). A method is described for the simultaneous quantitation of trace amounts of alpha- (alpha-NA) and beta-naphthylamines (beta-NA) with detectability in the 0.1 ppb range and sensitivity of 50 picomoles in certified food grade amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2; C.I. Food Red 9; CI 16185). The amaranth sample is extracted with benzene, and the evoporated residue is derivatized with perfluorooctanoic anhydride. The resulting derivatives are separated by gas-liquid chromatography and identified and quantitated by mass spectrometric monitoring of the m/e at 539.04. The method was used for quantitation of alpha-NA and beta-NA in randomly chosen samples of amaranth. Of 11 samples from different manufacturers, 5 were free of the beta-isomer; the remaining samples contained up to 1.2 ppb beta-NA. The concentration of alpha-NA ranged from no detectable amount to 970 ppb; the majority of the samples contained less than 7 ppb.", "PMID": 528442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3754", "title": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XXII. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in concentrates. Collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study was carried out which compared the official chemical method (43.B14-43.B24), the HPLC method according to Hofsass et al. including maleic anhydride treatment, and the HLPC procedure according to De Vries et al. for vitamin D concentrates. A total of 396 samples were distributed to 33 collaborators for analysis. Five laboratories performed both the chemical and the HPLC methods. Five laboratories performed the Hofsass method and 16 laboratories performed the De Vries method. The results for the chemical method agreed with the theoretical values for the samples, and the standard deviation was comparable to that obtained in previous AOAC collaborative studies. Collaborative results for the Hofsass method were low. In addition, incorrect use of a fixed conversion factor (1/0.586) and necessity of a double chromatogrpahic system on a non-treated and a treated vitamin D sample reduce the effectiveness of the method. There were no adverse reactions to the DE Vries HPLC method. It is recommended that the method be adopted official first action as an alternative procedure for determining vitamin D in concentrates, excluding powders containing irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol.", "contents": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XXII. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in concentrates. Collaborative study. A collaborative study was carried out which compared the official chemical method (43.B14-43.B24), the HPLC method according to Hofsass et al. including maleic anhydride treatment, and the HLPC procedure according to De Vries et al. for vitamin D concentrates. A total of 396 samples were distributed to 33 collaborators for analysis. Five laboratories performed both the chemical and the HPLC methods. Five laboratories performed the Hofsass method and 16 laboratories performed the De Vries method. The results for the chemical method agreed with the theoretical values for the samples, and the standard deviation was comparable to that obtained in previous AOAC collaborative studies. Collaborative results for the Hofsass method were low. In addition, incorrect use of a fixed conversion factor (1/0.586) and necessity of a double chromatogrpahic system on a non-treated and a treated vitamin D sample reduce the effectiveness of the method. There were no adverse reactions to the DE Vries HPLC method. It is recommended that the method be adopted official first action as an alternative procedure for determining vitamin D in concentrates, excluding powders containing irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol.", "PMID": 528443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3755", "title": "Semiautomated method for riboflavin in food products: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study was conducted comparing a semiautomated riboflavin method with a manual riboflavin method for 10 food products. Six laboratories provided results from the semiautomated method and 16 laboratories used the manual technique. The semiautomated method was more repeatable within a laboratory than was the manual method. The semiautomated method results compared favorably with the manual method for all 10 products.", "contents": "Semiautomated method for riboflavin in food products: collaborative study. A collaborative study was conducted comparing a semiautomated riboflavin method with a manual riboflavin method for 10 food products. Six laboratories provided results from the semiautomated method and 16 laboratories used the manual technique. The semiautomated method was more repeatable within a laboratory than was the manual method. The semiautomated method results compared favorably with the manual method for all 10 products.", "PMID": 528444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3756", "title": "Analysis of foods for iodine: interlaboratory study.", "content": "An accurate, reproducible method for less than or equal to 1 ppm iodine in foods is required for nutritional labeling. In order to ascertain the current status of iodine analysis in foods, 7 samples, representing different food classes, were analyzed by 8 laboratories. Six laboratories used their modifications of the Ce-As-I catalytic method preceded by alkaline dry ashing. Two laboratories used neutron activation analysis (NAA), with differing radiochemical separations. The study showed wide discrepancy in analytical results. Mean relative standard deviation for all laboratories was 77.9% between laboratories; 19.1% within-laboratories. Laboratories using NAA had only slightly better precision than did laboratories using the chemical method. The lowest level reported on the entire group of samples ranged among laboratories from 0.0089 to 0.65 ppm. Figures reported by a laboratory are, in general, consistently high or consistently low. The only differences in methodology which may possibly correlate with level of iodine obtained are the use of NAA technique and use of manual, rather than automated, colorimetry.", "contents": "Analysis of foods for iodine: interlaboratory study. An accurate, reproducible method for less than or equal to 1 ppm iodine in foods is required for nutritional labeling. In order to ascertain the current status of iodine analysis in foods, 7 samples, representing different food classes, were analyzed by 8 laboratories. Six laboratories used their modifications of the Ce-As-I catalytic method preceded by alkaline dry ashing. Two laboratories used neutron activation analysis (NAA), with differing radiochemical separations. The study showed wide discrepancy in analytical results. Mean relative standard deviation for all laboratories was 77.9% between laboratories; 19.1% within-laboratories. Laboratories using NAA had only slightly better precision than did laboratories using the chemical method. The lowest level reported on the entire group of samples ranged among laboratories from 0.0089 to 0.65 ppm. Figures reported by a laboratory are, in general, consistently high or consistently low. The only differences in methodology which may possibly correlate with level of iodine obtained are the use of NAA technique and use of manual, rather than automated, colorimetry.", "PMID": 528445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3757", "title": "Atomic absorption determination of tin in foods: collaborative study.", "content": "Samples of green beans, applesauce, and a fruit juice were fortified with tin at 3 levels. Collaborators were asked to digest the samples, using HNO3-H2SO4, add methanol to enhance the absorption signal, and aspirate directly, using a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Results were received from 8 laboratories including 4 from Europe. However, only 6 laboratories used the prescribed methodology. All results were considered acceptable. The method has been adopted as interim official first action.", "contents": "Atomic absorption determination of tin in foods: collaborative study. Samples of green beans, applesauce, and a fruit juice were fortified with tin at 3 levels. Collaborators were asked to digest the samples, using HNO3-H2SO4, add methanol to enhance the absorption signal, and aspirate directly, using a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Results were received from 8 laboratories including 4 from Europe. However, only 6 laboratories used the prescribed methodology. All results were considered acceptable. The method has been adopted as interim official first action.", "PMID": 528446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3758", "title": "Lead, fluoride, and other elements in bonemeal supplements.", "content": "The Pb, Cd, F, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ti, and Zn content of 20 commercial bonemeal supplements was determined. Samples were mineralized with nitric and perchloric acids prior to determination of all elements except F, for which a diffusion method was used. Pb and Cd were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, F was measured using an ion selective electrode, and all other elements were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy. The mean recoveries of Pb and F were 97 and 99%, respectively. The concentration range of Pb was 1.5-8.7 microgram/g. Cd was quantitated in only one sample at a level of 2.5 microgram/g; all other samples were estimated to contain less than 0.05 microgram Cd/g. The concentration of F ranged from 261 to 921 microgram/g.", "contents": "Lead, fluoride, and other elements in bonemeal supplements. The Pb, Cd, F, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ti, and Zn content of 20 commercial bonemeal supplements was determined. Samples were mineralized with nitric and perchloric acids prior to determination of all elements except F, for which a diffusion method was used. Pb and Cd were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, F was measured using an ion selective electrode, and all other elements were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy. The mean recoveries of Pb and F were 97 and 99%, respectively. The concentration range of Pb was 1.5-8.7 microgram/g. Cd was quantitated in only one sample at a level of 2.5 microgram/g; all other samples were estimated to contain less than 0.05 microgram Cd/g. The concentration of F ranged from 261 to 921 microgram/g.", "PMID": 528447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3759", "title": "Atomic absorption spectroscopic determination of molybdenum in plant tissue and blood plasma.", "content": "A method is presented for determining molybdenum in plant tissue and blood plasma by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The samples are digested with HNO3-HCIO4, and the metal is separated by chelation, extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone, and analyzed by AAS. Recoveries of molybdenum from fortified samples ranged from 92.0 to 98.9%. The limits of detection on the flame and graphite furnace were 10 and 2 ng/mL, respectively.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectroscopic determination of molybdenum in plant tissue and blood plasma. A method is presented for determining molybdenum in plant tissue and blood plasma by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The samples are digested with HNO3-HCIO4, and the metal is separated by chelation, extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone, and analyzed by AAS. Recoveries of molybdenum from fortified samples ranged from 92.0 to 98.9%. The limits of detection on the flame and graphite furnace were 10 and 2 ng/mL, respectively.", "PMID": 528448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3760", "title": "Microdiffusion and fluoride-specific electrode determination of fluoride in foods.", "content": "A simple and accurate method was developed for routine determination of fluoride in foods. Hydrogen fluoride is diffused 20 hr at 50 degrees C from fresh or freeze-dried samples (0.1 g dry wt) in polystyrene petri dishes containing 2 mL 40% HCIO4 and 0.3 g Ag2SO4, and is absorbed on the lids, previously spotted with 0.1 mL 0.5M NaOH. The absorbent layer is dissolved in 2 mL buffer solution, and the fluoride is measured potentiometrically. The method was verified by analysis of NBS Standard Reference Materials; recovery from 28 spiked infant foods (average = 99%, range = 75-135%); and comparison of results with colorimetry results for the same diffusates, after modification to handle 1 g samples. Relative standard deviations varied from 4 to 20% day to day. Detection limits were below 0.05 microgram/g dry weight.", "contents": "Microdiffusion and fluoride-specific electrode determination of fluoride in foods. A simple and accurate method was developed for routine determination of fluoride in foods. Hydrogen fluoride is diffused 20 hr at 50 degrees C from fresh or freeze-dried samples (0.1 g dry wt) in polystyrene petri dishes containing 2 mL 40% HCIO4 and 0.3 g Ag2SO4, and is absorbed on the lids, previously spotted with 0.1 mL 0.5M NaOH. The absorbent layer is dissolved in 2 mL buffer solution, and the fluoride is measured potentiometrically. The method was verified by analysis of NBS Standard Reference Materials; recovery from 28 spiked infant foods (average = 99%, range = 75-135%); and comparison of results with colorimetry results for the same diffusates, after modification to handle 1 g samples. Relative standard deviations varied from 4 to 20% day to day. Detection limits were below 0.05 microgram/g dry weight.", "PMID": 528449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3761", "title": "Minicolumn detection methods for aflatoxin in yellow corn: collaborative study.", "content": "The CPC modified method, the Holaday modified method, and the combination of the 2 procedures have been compared. The CPC modified method involves more cleanup steps but has a more sensitive column. The Holaday modified procedure has fewer cleanup steps, but the column is more difficult to interpret. The combination CPC-Holaday, which has proven to be the most satisfactory, combines the speed and simplicity of the Holaday extraction and the sensitivity of the Velasco minicolumn used in the CPC method. Levels of 10 ng/g were detected by 89% of the collaborating laboratories using the combination, Holaday-Velasco, method. The combination method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Minicolumn detection methods for aflatoxin in yellow corn: collaborative study. The CPC modified method, the Holaday modified method, and the combination of the 2 procedures have been compared. The CPC modified method involves more cleanup steps but has a more sensitive column. The Holaday modified procedure has fewer cleanup steps, but the column is more difficult to interpret. The combination CPC-Holaday, which has proven to be the most satisfactory, combines the speed and simplicity of the Holaday extraction and the sensitivity of the Velasco minicolumn used in the CPC method. Levels of 10 ng/g were detected by 89% of the collaborating laboratories using the combination, Holaday-Velasco, method. The combination method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 528450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3762", "title": "Production of aflatoxin in cocoa beans.", "content": "Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.", "contents": "Production of aflatoxin in cocoa beans. Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.", "PMID": 528451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3763", "title": "Extraction, cleanup, and quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1 ANd M1 in beef liver.", "content": "A method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs was applicable for aflatoxin B1 in liver, but ineffective for aflatoxin M1 in liver because of poor recovery of added aflatoxin and interferences in thin layer chromatography. The method was modified by the addition of citric acid to the extracting solvent and ammonium sulfate to the extract solution for removing protein. The elution system for silica gel column cleanup was also changed by substituting methanol for acetone, and adding a step for confirmation of aflatoxin M1 identity. The method has been used successfully for survey and research on aflatoxin residues in animal tissues.", "contents": "Extraction, cleanup, and quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1 ANd M1 in beef liver. A method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs was applicable for aflatoxin B1 in liver, but ineffective for aflatoxin M1 in liver because of poor recovery of added aflatoxin and interferences in thin layer chromatography. The method was modified by the addition of citric acid to the extracting solvent and ammonium sulfate to the extract solution for removing protein. The elution system for silica gel column cleanup was also changed by substituting methanol for acetone, and adding a step for confirmation of aflatoxin M1 identity. The method has been used successfully for survey and research on aflatoxin residues in animal tissues.", "PMID": 528452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3764", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloramine-T in food.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining chloramine-T (N-chloro-N-sodium-p-toluenesulfonadmie) in foods such as ice cream, minced meat, and shrimp is described. Deproteinized samples are treated with sulfite to convert chloramine-T to p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) and extracted, and HPLC analysis is performed on concentrated extracts. Sample extracts are chromatographed on a reverse phase 10 micrometers Lichrosorb RP-18 column with acetonitrile-water (190), and quantitated by an ultraviolet detector (220 nm) and digital integrator. The relationship between recorded peak area and concentration was linear to 0.600 micrograms p-TSA/microL. The detection limit was 2.5 ng pTSA/microL, corresponding to a chloramine-T concentration of 0.8 mg/kg in samples. Recoveries of added chloramine-T were 88% for ice cream, 73% for minced meat, and 51% for shrimp. Precision data indicate a relative standard deviation of 1.54 and 2.14% for the complete analysis of ice cream with levels of 15 and 63 mg chloramine-T/kg (n = 5 determinations), respectively. The HPLC method was applied to chloramine-T determinations in 62 ice cream, 25 minced meat, and 25 shrimp samples.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloramine-T in food. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining chloramine-T (N-chloro-N-sodium-p-toluenesulfonadmie) in foods such as ice cream, minced meat, and shrimp is described. Deproteinized samples are treated with sulfite to convert chloramine-T to p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) and extracted, and HPLC analysis is performed on concentrated extracts. Sample extracts are chromatographed on a reverse phase 10 micrometers Lichrosorb RP-18 column with acetonitrile-water (190), and quantitated by an ultraviolet detector (220 nm) and digital integrator. The relationship between recorded peak area and concentration was linear to 0.600 micrograms p-TSA/microL. The detection limit was 2.5 ng pTSA/microL, corresponding to a chloramine-T concentration of 0.8 mg/kg in samples. Recoveries of added chloramine-T were 88% for ice cream, 73% for minced meat, and 51% for shrimp. Precision data indicate a relative standard deviation of 1.54 and 2.14% for the complete analysis of ice cream with levels of 15 and 63 mg chloramine-T/kg (n = 5 determinations), respectively. The HPLC method was applied to chloramine-T determinations in 62 ice cream, 25 minced meat, and 25 shrimp samples.", "PMID": 528453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3765", "title": "Microdetermination of naphthionic acid in serum and amniotic fluid.", "content": "A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible microdetermination of naphthionic acid (NA) in serum and amniotic fluid is described. The detection limit of the method is 1 ng NA in 20 microL serum, and 3 ng NA in 50 microL amniotic fluid. The concentration of nonderivatized NA was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry (excitation 328 nm, emission 420 nm) of the supernate, after precipitation of proteins with absolute ethanol and heating for 30 min at 75 degrees C. Standard deviations of determinations for 2, 10, and 50 ng NA in 20 microL serum were 10.1, 7.59, and 7.64%, respectively. An analyst can perform about 100 determinations daily; results are available within 2 hr of sampling. A modification of the procedure to permit quantitation of NA in urine is also described.", "contents": "Microdetermination of naphthionic acid in serum and amniotic fluid. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible microdetermination of naphthionic acid (NA) in serum and amniotic fluid is described. The detection limit of the method is 1 ng NA in 20 microL serum, and 3 ng NA in 50 microL amniotic fluid. The concentration of nonderivatized NA was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry (excitation 328 nm, emission 420 nm) of the supernate, after precipitation of proteins with absolute ethanol and heating for 30 min at 75 degrees C. Standard deviations of determinations for 2, 10, and 50 ng NA in 20 microL serum were 10.1, 7.59, and 7.64%, respectively. An analyst can perform about 100 determinations daily; results are available within 2 hr of sampling. A modification of the procedure to permit quantitation of NA in urine is also described.", "PMID": 528454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3766", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of methscopolamine bromide in various veterinary formulations.", "content": "A reverse phase paired ion liquid chromatographic procedure is described for determining methscopolamine bromide (Pamine) in the presence of neomycin sulfate in 5 veterinary formulations (Biosol M). Methscopolamine bromide is separated from neomycin sulfate and other formulation excipients by extraction into ethanol. The sample preparations are then concentrated and dissolved in water before chromatography. Recovery of methscopolamine bromide added to 5 placebo formulations ranged from 99.7 to 100.7%, with relative standard deviations of less than 2%. Specificity of the method with regard to potential degradation products is demonstrated.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of methscopolamine bromide in various veterinary formulations. A reverse phase paired ion liquid chromatographic procedure is described for determining methscopolamine bromide (Pamine) in the presence of neomycin sulfate in 5 veterinary formulations (Biosol M). Methscopolamine bromide is separated from neomycin sulfate and other formulation excipients by extraction into ethanol. The sample preparations are then concentrated and dissolved in water before chromatography. Recovery of methscopolamine bromide added to 5 placebo formulations ranged from 99.7 to 100.7%, with relative standard deviations of less than 2%. Specificity of the method with regard to potential degradation products is demonstrated.", "PMID": 528455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3767", "title": "Colorimetric determination of hydralazine with 9-chloroacridine.", "content": "A spectrophotometric assay for hydralazine hydrochloride based on the interaction of the drug with 9-chloroacridine has been developed. The interaction shows an absorption maximum at 460 nm and is affected by temperature, heating time, and quantity of acridine reagent used. Color development is maximum when the drug is heated in the presence of a 30-fold molar excess of the acridine in a 50 +/- 1 degree C water bath for 1 hr. The method detects hydralazine hydrochloride in the 10(-5)--10(-6)M range with sensitivity to 0.2 micrograms/mL and 3--4% accuracy. Typical calibration data obtained from linear regression analysis of absorbance at various drug concentrations show r = 0.9997 (n = 6). Hydralazine can be determined in dosage forms that also contain varying quantities of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The 9-chloroacridine method is as sensitive as other spectrophotometric procedures for hydralazine but also more accurate and precise, and involves fewer manipulative steps.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of hydralazine with 9-chloroacridine. A spectrophotometric assay for hydralazine hydrochloride based on the interaction of the drug with 9-chloroacridine has been developed. The interaction shows an absorption maximum at 460 nm and is affected by temperature, heating time, and quantity of acridine reagent used. Color development is maximum when the drug is heated in the presence of a 30-fold molar excess of the acridine in a 50 +/- 1 degree C water bath for 1 hr. The method detects hydralazine hydrochloride in the 10(-5)--10(-6)M range with sensitivity to 0.2 micrograms/mL and 3--4% accuracy. Typical calibration data obtained from linear regression analysis of absorbance at various drug concentrations show r = 0.9997 (n = 6). Hydralazine can be determined in dosage forms that also contain varying quantities of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The 9-chloroacridine method is as sensitive as other spectrophotometric procedures for hydralazine but also more accurate and precise, and involves fewer manipulative steps.", "PMID": 528456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3768", "title": "Determination of edrophonium chloride injection USP in the presence of preservatives.", "content": "The determination of Edrophonium Chloride Injection involves a modification of a procedure for phenylephrine and offers an alternative to the compendial assay. Edrophonium chloride forms an ion-pair with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid which can be extracted with an immiscible solvent such as ether. When this procedure is coupled with partition chromatography, the drug can be isolated from preservatives and quantitatively determined by its ultraviolet absorbance. Recovery data on synthetic mixtures ranged from 99.8 to 101.9% and were in good agreement with the compendial method.", "contents": "Determination of edrophonium chloride injection USP in the presence of preservatives. The determination of Edrophonium Chloride Injection involves a modification of a procedure for phenylephrine and offers an alternative to the compendial assay. Edrophonium chloride forms an ion-pair with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid which can be extracted with an immiscible solvent such as ether. When this procedure is coupled with partition chromatography, the drug can be isolated from preservatives and quantitatively determined by its ultraviolet absorbance. Recovery data on synthetic mixtures ranged from 99.8 to 101.9% and were in good agreement with the compendial method.", "PMID": 528457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3769", "title": "Computerized gas-liquid chromatographic method for content uniformity analysis of dicyclomine hydrochloride capsules and tablets.", "content": "An automated, computerized method is presented for the content uniformity determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride capsules and tablets, using up to 4 automatic sampler-equipped gas chromatographs interfaced with a minicomputer. A 3% OV-17 column is used with anthracene as an internal standard. Five sample injections are bracketed by standard mixtures containing about 90 and 110% of the labeled dicyclomine hydrochloride. Data are taken on-line simultaneously from each gas chromatograph and a computer-generated report is produced. Calculations use a BASIC program with linear fit of the 90 and 110% standard mixture. Individual tablet or capsule results are printed in milligrams and per cent declared, including summary calculations of average, high, low, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The GLC results are comparable (within 1%) to those obtained using the USP procedure.", "contents": "Computerized gas-liquid chromatographic method for content uniformity analysis of dicyclomine hydrochloride capsules and tablets. An automated, computerized method is presented for the content uniformity determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride capsules and tablets, using up to 4 automatic sampler-equipped gas chromatographs interfaced with a minicomputer. A 3% OV-17 column is used with anthracene as an internal standard. Five sample injections are bracketed by standard mixtures containing about 90 and 110% of the labeled dicyclomine hydrochloride. Data are taken on-line simultaneously from each gas chromatograph and a computer-generated report is produced. Calculations use a BASIC program with linear fit of the 90 and 110% standard mixture. Individual tablet or capsule results are printed in milligrams and per cent declared, including summary calculations of average, high, low, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The GLC results are comparable (within 1%) to those obtained using the USP procedure.", "PMID": 528458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3770", "title": "Identification of analogs of the hallucinogen cyclohexamine.", "content": "The hallucinogenic drug 1-phenylcyclohexylamine and its N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-propyl-,N-isopropyl-, and N-(beta-phenylethyl)-derivatives are identified by spectroscopic techniques. Reference mass and infrarred spectra and gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic data are provided and discussed.", "contents": "Identification of analogs of the hallucinogen cyclohexamine. The hallucinogenic drug 1-phenylcyclohexylamine and its N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-propyl-,N-isopropyl-, and N-(beta-phenylethyl)-derivatives are identified by spectroscopic techniques. Reference mass and infrarred spectra and gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic data are provided and discussed.", "PMID": 528459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3771", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of piperazine and its salts in pharmaceuticals.", "content": "A spectrophotometric determination of piperazine and some of its salts is described. The method depends on the UV measurement of the N-nitroso derivatives formed by the interaction of piperazine with nitrous acid. The chromophore is developed by heating the reaction mixture at 80 degrees C for 15 min, at pH 2.3--2.6. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 1--15 micrograms/mL.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of piperazine and its salts in pharmaceuticals. A spectrophotometric determination of piperazine and some of its salts is described. The method depends on the UV measurement of the N-nitroso derivatives formed by the interaction of piperazine with nitrous acid. The chromophore is developed by heating the reaction mixture at 80 degrees C for 15 min, at pH 2.3--2.6. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 1--15 micrograms/mL.", "PMID": 528460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3772", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographics determination of Bayer 73 in fish, aquatic invertebrates, mud, and water.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is described for determining residues of Bayer 73 (2-aminoethanol salt of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) in fish muscle, aquatic invertebrates, mud, and water by analyzing for 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline (CNA), a hydrolysis product of Bayer 73. Bayer 73 residues are extracted from fish muscle tissue, invertebrates, and mud with acetone-formic acid (98+2), and partitioned from water samples with chloroform. After sample cleanup by solvent and acid-base partitioning, the concentrated extract is hydrolyzed with 2N NaOH and H2O2 for 10 min at 95 degrees C. The CNA is then partitioned into hexane-ethyl ether (7+3) and determined by electron capture GLC. Average recoveries were 88% for fish, 82% for invertebrates, 82% for mud, and 98% for water at 3 or more fortification levels.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographics determination of Bayer 73 in fish, aquatic invertebrates, mud, and water. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is described for determining residues of Bayer 73 (2-aminoethanol salt of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) in fish muscle, aquatic invertebrates, mud, and water by analyzing for 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline (CNA), a hydrolysis product of Bayer 73. Bayer 73 residues are extracted from fish muscle tissue, invertebrates, and mud with acetone-formic acid (98+2), and partitioned from water samples with chloroform. After sample cleanup by solvent and acid-base partitioning, the concentrated extract is hydrolyzed with 2N NaOH and H2O2 for 10 min at 95 degrees C. The CNA is then partitioned into hexane-ethyl ether (7+3) and determined by electron capture GLC. Average recoveries were 88% for fish, 82% for invertebrates, 82% for mud, and 98% for water at 3 or more fortification levels.", "PMID": 528461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3773", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiourea in citrus peels.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the detection and determination of thiourea in citrus peels. After the peel is extracted with ethyl ether, the ether extract is adsorbed on sodium sulfate together with water. Thiourea is recoverd from both the sodium sulfate and the peel residue with ethyl acetate-acetone(2+1). The extracted mixture is cleaned on an alumina column, the eluate is concentrated under vacuum, and thiourea is extracted from the concentrate with sodium carbonate solution. GLC was carried out on the prepared benzoyl derivative of thiourea. The average recoveries of thiourea from lemon peel were 85.3, 93.1, and 97.6% at the fortification levels of 1, 10, and 100 ppm, respectively. The detection limit was low as 0.08 ppm.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiourea in citrus peels. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the detection and determination of thiourea in citrus peels. After the peel is extracted with ethyl ether, the ether extract is adsorbed on sodium sulfate together with water. Thiourea is recoverd from both the sodium sulfate and the peel residue with ethyl acetate-acetone(2+1). The extracted mixture is cleaned on an alumina column, the eluate is concentrated under vacuum, and thiourea is extracted from the concentrate with sodium carbonate solution. GLC was carried out on the prepared benzoyl derivative of thiourea. The average recoveries of thiourea from lemon peel were 85.3, 93.1, and 97.6% at the fortification levels of 1, 10, and 100 ppm, respectively. The detection limit was low as 0.08 ppm.", "PMID": 528462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3774", "title": "Cleanup of biologigal samples for determining p,p'-DDT and its metabolites.", "content": "A method is described for extracting tissue samples with hexane-acetone and hydrolyzing the fat and protein with aqueous sodium hydroxide. p,p'-DDT and its metabolites are measured on a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector after cleanup on an alumina column. The new cleanup procedure gives 98% recoveries for p,p'-DDT and its metabolites added to fat in vitro, compared with 84% recovery by a modified commonly used method. Comparison by Student's t-test of the new method with the modified method on 32 cattle biopsy, 46 birds, and 20 fish samples for in vivo incurred p,pi-DDT residues showed that the results by the new method were significantly higher at the 95% confidence level. Alkali-hydrolyzed extract did not contaminate the detector. The new procedure avoids the use of dimethylformamide and shortens the time of analyses. A correlation (r=0.68) was observed between the fat-soluble protein concentration of the n-hexane extract and the p,p'-DDT residues.", "contents": "Cleanup of biologigal samples for determining p,p'-DDT and its metabolites. A method is described for extracting tissue samples with hexane-acetone and hydrolyzing the fat and protein with aqueous sodium hydroxide. p,p'-DDT and its metabolites are measured on a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector after cleanup on an alumina column. The new cleanup procedure gives 98% recoveries for p,p'-DDT and its metabolites added to fat in vitro, compared with 84% recovery by a modified commonly used method. Comparison by Student's t-test of the new method with the modified method on 32 cattle biopsy, 46 birds, and 20 fish samples for in vivo incurred p,pi-DDT residues showed that the results by the new method were significantly higher at the 95% confidence level. Alkali-hydrolyzed extract did not contaminate the detector. The new procedure avoids the use of dimethylformamide and shortens the time of analyses. A correlation (r=0.68) was observed between the fat-soluble protein concentration of the n-hexane extract and the p,p'-DDT residues.", "PMID": 528463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3775", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of bromide ion in lettuce: interlaboratory studies.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of bromide ion, as originally described for grain by Heuser and Scudamore, was adapted for use on lettuce, and later on products of other vegetable or of animal origin. After optimization of the ashing and derivatization conditions, 2 interlaboratory studies were carried out in The Netherlands. In the first, a preparatory study, 6 laboratories investigated freeze-dried lettuce; in the second definitive study, 8 laboratories investigated both freeze-dried and fresh lettuce. Four lots of lettuce with bromide contents ranging from about 5 to about 200 mg/kg were investigated. Average bromide contents (mg/kg) and between-laboratory coefficients of variation were 5.6 (11.0%), 13.3 (18.4%), 29.9 (8.3%), and 209 (12.8%). The results obtained are normal for the type of work and the conditions of the study. The method will be recommended for regulatory use in The Netherlands and in international organizations.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of bromide ion in lettuce: interlaboratory studies. The gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of bromide ion, as originally described for grain by Heuser and Scudamore, was adapted for use on lettuce, and later on products of other vegetable or of animal origin. After optimization of the ashing and derivatization conditions, 2 interlaboratory studies were carried out in The Netherlands. In the first, a preparatory study, 6 laboratories investigated freeze-dried lettuce; in the second definitive study, 8 laboratories investigated both freeze-dried and fresh lettuce. Four lots of lettuce with bromide contents ranging from about 5 to about 200 mg/kg were investigated. Average bromide contents (mg/kg) and between-laboratory coefficients of variation were 5.6 (11.0%), 13.3 (18.4%), 29.9 (8.3%), and 209 (12.8%). The results obtained are normal for the type of work and the conditions of the study. The method will be recommended for regulatory use in The Netherlands and in international organizations.", "PMID": 528464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3776", "title": "Colorimetric determination of caffeic acid in plant materials.", "content": "A new colorimetric method is described for determining caffeic acid content in plant materials. Caffeic acid is separated by thin layer chromatography from the alcoholic extract, and color is developed using 0.5% aqueous thiosemicarbazide solution under alkaline conditions. The absorbance is read at 475 nm. Lambert-Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 0.37-17.5 micrograms caffeic acid/mL. The method is reproducible and has been applied to the estimation of caffeic acid in carrot roots.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of caffeic acid in plant materials. A new colorimetric method is described for determining caffeic acid content in plant materials. Caffeic acid is separated by thin layer chromatography from the alcoholic extract, and color is developed using 0.5% aqueous thiosemicarbazide solution under alkaline conditions. The absorbance is read at 475 nm. Lambert-Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 0.37-17.5 micrograms caffeic acid/mL. The method is reproducible and has been applied to the estimation of caffeic acid in carrot roots.", "PMID": 528465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3777", "title": "Stability of three forms of vitamin B6 to laboratory light conditions.", "content": "Pyridoxine.HCl, pyridoxal.HCl, and pyridoxamine.2HCl solutions were exposed to several laboratory light treatments, and the resulting vitamin retentions were determined by the AOAC microbiological method. The 5 treatments compared were total darkness, regular laboratory light, low actinic glass protection, yellow incandescent light, and golden fluorescent light. All treatments were imposed for 8 and 15 hr, and with the vitamin solutions at both a low and a high pH. Regular laboratory light was the most destructive to the vitamins, with greater destruction at higher pH and longer exposure time in all cases. Pyridoxine retentions ranged from 97 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 66% (pH 7, 15 hr); pyridoxal from 97 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 55% (pH 6, 15 hr); and pyridoxamine from 81 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 47% (pH 8, 15 hr). Retentions in low actinic glassware or in clear glassware under yellow or golden fluorescent light were essentially com,lete, ranging from 94 to 106% over all treatments and all 3 forms. Results showed that either of the 2 subdued light conditions, yellow or golden fluorescent light, is suitable in vitamin B6 assays and that low actinic glassware is suitable for storing sample solutions.", "contents": "Stability of three forms of vitamin B6 to laboratory light conditions. Pyridoxine.HCl, pyridoxal.HCl, and pyridoxamine.2HCl solutions were exposed to several laboratory light treatments, and the resulting vitamin retentions were determined by the AOAC microbiological method. The 5 treatments compared were total darkness, regular laboratory light, low actinic glass protection, yellow incandescent light, and golden fluorescent light. All treatments were imposed for 8 and 15 hr, and with the vitamin solutions at both a low and a high pH. Regular laboratory light was the most destructive to the vitamins, with greater destruction at higher pH and longer exposure time in all cases. Pyridoxine retentions ranged from 97 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 66% (pH 7, 15 hr); pyridoxal from 97 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 55% (pH 6, 15 hr); and pyridoxamine from 81 (pH 4.5, 8 hr) to 47% (pH 8, 15 hr). Retentions in low actinic glassware or in clear glassware under yellow or golden fluorescent light were essentially com,lete, ranging from 94 to 106% over all treatments and all 3 forms. Results showed that either of the 2 subdued light conditions, yellow or golden fluorescent light, is suitable in vitamin B6 assays and that low actinic glassware is suitable for storing sample solutions.", "PMID": 528467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3778", "title": "Use of background correction to improve the accuracy of the selective reduction method for determining methyl mercury in fish.", "content": "Background correction is used with a previously published flameless atomic absorption method for the concurrent determination of inorganic and methyl mercury. The use of background correction simplifies the procedure, but, more importantly, eliminates errors in mercury readings due to broad band absorption by other volatile compounds produced during the determination.", "contents": "Use of background correction to improve the accuracy of the selective reduction method for determining methyl mercury in fish. Background correction is used with a previously published flameless atomic absorption method for the concurrent determination of inorganic and methyl mercury. The use of background correction simplifies the procedure, but, more importantly, eliminates errors in mercury readings due to broad band absorption by other volatile compounds produced during the determination.", "PMID": 528468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3779", "title": "Sample preparation of some shelled treenuts and peanuts in a vertical cutter-mixer for mycotoxin analysis.", "content": "A procedure has been devised for more rapid preparation of large samples of nutmeats (10-80 lb) for mycotoxin analysis without the use of grinding aids, by combining the grinding and mixing steps into one operation. Ease of cleaning equipment facilitates the preparation of several samples in a short time. The procedure was tested using shelled raw and roasted peanuts, and raw almonds, walnuts, and pecans. The reduction of particle size to pass a 20 mesh screen was attained using a 25 qt Hobart vertical cutter-mixer (VCM) equipped with standard serrated blades and a 40 qt VCM using either a standard serrated blade or a smooth-edge blade modified with sharp-edge notches to increase its cutting ability. Portions of ground composite were removed at various time intervals and particle sizes were measured. Original and check analyses of 12 naturally contaminated samples over a 3 year period indicate that this procedure is practical and reproducible.", "contents": "Sample preparation of some shelled treenuts and peanuts in a vertical cutter-mixer for mycotoxin analysis. A procedure has been devised for more rapid preparation of large samples of nutmeats (10-80 lb) for mycotoxin analysis without the use of grinding aids, by combining the grinding and mixing steps into one operation. Ease of cleaning equipment facilitates the preparation of several samples in a short time. The procedure was tested using shelled raw and roasted peanuts, and raw almonds, walnuts, and pecans. The reduction of particle size to pass a 20 mesh screen was attained using a 25 qt Hobart vertical cutter-mixer (VCM) equipped with standard serrated blades and a 40 qt VCM using either a standard serrated blade or a smooth-edge blade modified with sharp-edge notches to increase its cutting ability. Portions of ground composite were removed at various time intervals and particle sizes were measured. Original and check analyses of 12 naturally contaminated samples over a 3 year period indicate that this procedure is practical and reproducible.", "PMID": 528469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3780", "title": "Comparison of two extraction procedures for recovering nitrite from cured meat products.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the extent of loss of nitrite during the analytical workup of cured meats for nitrite analysis. Two extraction techniques were compared: (A) a relatively long (2 hr) and hot (80 degrees C) procedure carried out at the natural pH of the sample, and (B) the method of Sen and Donaldson that specifies an alkaline solution and much milder conditions (20 min at 50 degrees C at pH 8) for extraction. The data obtained suggest that considerable losses of nitrite can occur with the former procedure, especially in acidic samples. The overall percentage recoveries of added nitrite by the 2 methods ranged between 20 and 112, and 80 and 114, respectively. Average percentage recoveries for the acidic (pH less than 5) samples only were 47.2 for Method A as compared with 100.2 for Method B.", "contents": "Comparison of two extraction procedures for recovering nitrite from cured meat products. A study was undertaken to determine the extent of loss of nitrite during the analytical workup of cured meats for nitrite analysis. Two extraction techniques were compared: (A) a relatively long (2 hr) and hot (80 degrees C) procedure carried out at the natural pH of the sample, and (B) the method of Sen and Donaldson that specifies an alkaline solution and much milder conditions (20 min at 50 degrees C at pH 8) for extraction. The data obtained suggest that considerable losses of nitrite can occur with the former procedure, especially in acidic samples. The overall percentage recoveries of added nitrite by the 2 methods ranged between 20 and 112, and 80 and 114, respectively. Average percentage recoveries for the acidic (pH less than 5) samples only were 47.2 for Method A as compared with 100.2 for Method B.", "PMID": 528470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3781", "title": "Long-term storage of microorganisms used in antimicrobial effectiveness tests.", "content": "Liquid nitrogen storage of organisms designated in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (XIX) for the assessment of antimicrobial effectiveness is described. By use of simple apparatus and procedures, 85-95% viabilities of pre-frozen cells are attained immediately upon freezing. Viability levels have remained constant over a 3-year period and the use of such inocula has considerably improved the reliability of the test. The superiority of liquid nitrogen storage for microbial test inocular over other types of storage is discussed.", "contents": "Long-term storage of microorganisms used in antimicrobial effectiveness tests. Liquid nitrogen storage of organisms designated in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (XIX) for the assessment of antimicrobial effectiveness is described. By use of simple apparatus and procedures, 85-95% viabilities of pre-frozen cells are attained immediately upon freezing. Viability levels have remained constant over a 3-year period and the use of such inocula has considerably improved the reliability of the test. The superiority of liquid nitrogen storage for microbial test inocular over other types of storage is discussed.", "PMID": 528471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3782", "title": "Identification of nosiheptide in feeds and detection of residues in animal tissues.", "content": "Nosiheptic is determined in fermentation broths of Streptomyces actuosus either by a microbiological method using Staphylococcus aureus or, more easily, by an automated colorimetric method. The results obtained with both methods correspond well for concentrations greater than 100 microgram/mL with a standard deviation of 1-3%. For determination of nosiheptide as a feed additive, the microbiological assay is made more specific by pretreatment with petroleum ether and 1N HCl. Standard deviation is less than 4%, and the assay is sensitive to 1 ppm. Nosiheptide is identified in feed containing other frequently used antibiotics by thin layer chromatography with bioautography; sensitivity is 1 ppm. The absence of traces of nosiheptide in tissues of treated swine and broiler is confirmed by microbiological diffusion, sensitive to 0.025 ppm.", "contents": "Identification of nosiheptide in feeds and detection of residues in animal tissues. Nosiheptic is determined in fermentation broths of Streptomyces actuosus either by a microbiological method using Staphylococcus aureus or, more easily, by an automated colorimetric method. The results obtained with both methods correspond well for concentrations greater than 100 microgram/mL with a standard deviation of 1-3%. For determination of nosiheptide as a feed additive, the microbiological assay is made more specific by pretreatment with petroleum ether and 1N HCl. Standard deviation is less than 4%, and the assay is sensitive to 1 ppm. Nosiheptide is identified in feed containing other frequently used antibiotics by thin layer chromatography with bioautography; sensitivity is 1 ppm. The absence of traces of nosiheptide in tissues of treated swine and broiler is confirmed by microbiological diffusion, sensitive to 0.025 ppm.", "PMID": 528472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3783", "title": "Modified method for carbadox in feeds: collaborative study.", "content": "The official first action method for carbadox in swine feed, 42.C01-42.C04, was modified in 2 respects. First, the samples were leached overnight at room temperature instead of boiled for 1 hr. This change avoided problems with overheating and excessive evaporation. Second, the dilution scheme for samples spiked with carbadox standard solution was changed to give absorbance values that were within the optimum working range of all types of spectrophotometers. The modified procedure was collaboratively studied by 21 laboratories. The repeatability standard deviation (sigma0) and reproducibility standard deviation (sigmax) were sigma0 = 0.00029% and sigmax = 0.00056% (8.9% of grand mean) for feeds containing 0.00617% carbadox; and sigma = 0.0012% and sigmax = 0.0019% (9.3% of grand mean) for feeds containing 0.0198% carbadox. The between-laboratory variance ratio was significant for feeds containing 0.0198% carbadox. The mean per cent of intent values for feeds containing 0.00617% carbadox and 0.0198% carbadox were 102% and 104%, respectively. In general, the statistical results were comparable to those previously obtained for the official first action method. Consequently, the modified procedure is not recommended as a replacement for the official first action method.", "contents": "Modified method for carbadox in feeds: collaborative study. The official first action method for carbadox in swine feed, 42.C01-42.C04, was modified in 2 respects. First, the samples were leached overnight at room temperature instead of boiled for 1 hr. This change avoided problems with overheating and excessive evaporation. Second, the dilution scheme for samples spiked with carbadox standard solution was changed to give absorbance values that were within the optimum working range of all types of spectrophotometers. The modified procedure was collaboratively studied by 21 laboratories. The repeatability standard deviation (sigma0) and reproducibility standard deviation (sigmax) were sigma0 = 0.00029% and sigmax = 0.00056% (8.9% of grand mean) for feeds containing 0.00617% carbadox; and sigma = 0.0012% and sigmax = 0.0019% (9.3% of grand mean) for feeds containing 0.0198% carbadox. The between-laboratory variance ratio was significant for feeds containing 0.0198% carbadox. The mean per cent of intent values for feeds containing 0.00617% carbadox and 0.0198% carbadox were 102% and 104%, respectively. In general, the statistical results were comparable to those previously obtained for the official first action method. Consequently, the modified procedure is not recommended as a replacement for the official first action method.", "PMID": 528473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3784", "title": "Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for detection of residual penicillins in milk: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study was performed on a Bacillus stearothermophilus paper disk method designed to detect residual levels of 4 antibiotic drugs in whole market milk. This method is a modification of an earlier procedure developed for the International Dairy Federation. Whole milk samples spiked at low levels with ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G were sent frozen to 11 collaborating laboratories with instructions to assay them promptly according to the method provided. Five of the laboratories reported inconclusive results due to technical difficulties encountered with the method. The 6 remaining laboratories all detected levels of 0.005-0.008 microgram or unit/mL for penicillin G, ampicillin, and cephapirin and 0.05-0.08 microgram/mL for cloxacillin. The most commonly used official methods, the Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus) cylinder plate method and the Bacillus subtilis paper disk method, can detect levels of 0.01 and 0.05 unit penicillin G/mL, respectively. The B. stearothermophilus method is rapid, simple to perform, and more sensitive than present official methods. The method has been adopted as official first action for the detection of penicillins in milk.", "contents": "Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for detection of residual penicillins in milk: collaborative study. A collaborative study was performed on a Bacillus stearothermophilus paper disk method designed to detect residual levels of 4 antibiotic drugs in whole market milk. This method is a modification of an earlier procedure developed for the International Dairy Federation. Whole milk samples spiked at low levels with ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G were sent frozen to 11 collaborating laboratories with instructions to assay them promptly according to the method provided. Five of the laboratories reported inconclusive results due to technical difficulties encountered with the method. The 6 remaining laboratories all detected levels of 0.005-0.008 microgram or unit/mL for penicillin G, ampicillin, and cephapirin and 0.05-0.08 microgram/mL for cloxacillin. The most commonly used official methods, the Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus) cylinder plate method and the Bacillus subtilis paper disk method, can detect levels of 0.01 and 0.05 unit penicillin G/mL, respectively. The B. stearothermophilus method is rapid, simple to perform, and more sensitive than present official methods. The method has been adopted as official first action for the detection of penicillins in milk.", "PMID": 528474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3785", "title": "Isolation and characterization of chromatin subfractions from rat liver.", "content": "Rat-liver chromatin was digested with micrococcal nuclease at low ionic strength in the presence of a low concentration of CaCl2. The nuclease digest was successfully separated into three fractions, P1, P2, and P3, by gel filtration on a column of Sepharose 2B. P1 fraction was shown to be a mixture of long fragments of partially digested chromatin by the sedimentation profile or by electrophoresis of DNA. P2 fraction contained four histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in almost equal amounts, together with nonhistone protein of low molecular weight. The DNA was composed of three or four fragments less than 300 base pairs long. From the Kav value of the P2 fraction, the average size was estimated to be about 240 base pairs. On analytical ultracentrifugation, this fraction exhibited a monophasic boundary and a sedimentation value of 13.7S. P3 fraction contained nonhistone proteins which showed a molecular weight larger than that of H1 histone. The size of DNA was estimated to be less than 50 base pairs from the Kav value. Based on these results, the P2 fraction was concluded to consist of nucleosome monomer enriched in nonhistone proteins. The P3 fraction is presumably the nuclease-sensitive or internucleosome portion, which contains small amounts of nonhistone proteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of chromatin subfractions from rat liver. Rat-liver chromatin was digested with micrococcal nuclease at low ionic strength in the presence of a low concentration of CaCl2. The nuclease digest was successfully separated into three fractions, P1, P2, and P3, by gel filtration on a column of Sepharose 2B. P1 fraction was shown to be a mixture of long fragments of partially digested chromatin by the sedimentation profile or by electrophoresis of DNA. P2 fraction contained four histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in almost equal amounts, together with nonhistone protein of low molecular weight. The DNA was composed of three or four fragments less than 300 base pairs long. From the Kav value of the P2 fraction, the average size was estimated to be about 240 base pairs. On analytical ultracentrifugation, this fraction exhibited a monophasic boundary and a sedimentation value of 13.7S. P3 fraction contained nonhistone proteins which showed a molecular weight larger than that of H1 histone. The size of DNA was estimated to be less than 50 base pairs from the Kav value. Based on these results, the P2 fraction was concluded to consist of nucleosome monomer enriched in nonhistone proteins. The P3 fraction is presumably the nuclease-sensitive or internucleosome portion, which contains small amounts of nonhistone proteins.", "PMID": 528532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3786", "title": "Identification of suberimidate cross-linking sites of four histone sequences in H1-depleted chromatin. Histone arrangement in nucleosome core.", "content": "The arrangement of 8 histones in the nucleosome core has been investigated by identifying the sites of 4 histone sequences cross-linked with a bifunctional amino-group reagent, dimethyl suberimidate, selected from among 4 diimidoesters of various linker lengths examined. H1-depleted calf thymus chromatin was allowed to react with 14C-labeled suberimidate at pH 8.5 and 0 degrees C. The cross-linked chromatin was then digested exhaustively with trypsin. Almost all the histone fragments were released from the chromatin with 0.25 M HCl and chromatographed on several columns and on paper. Cross-linked peptides were detected by analyzing the content of radioactive suberimidoylbislysine after acid hydrolysis. The chromatographic procedure developed here showed that the whole histone fragments contained 29 mol% of the total linked reagent as suberimidoylbisylsine. The 5 finally purified cross-linked peptides were identified from the total and N-terminal amino acids of each pair of peptides separated by two-dimensional cellulose thin layer chromatography after cutting the linker by ammonolysis. Thus, intramolecular cross-linking was found between Lys-5 and Lys-9 of H2A, and Lys-34 and Lys-85 of H2B, while intermolecular cross-linking was found between Lys-24 (or 27) of H2B and Lys-74 of H2A, Lys-85 of H2B and Lys-91 of H4, and Lys-120 of H2B and Lys-115 of H3 and/or Lys-77 of H4. Most of these lysine residues are located in the DNA-binding segments of the 4 histone sequences identified previously [Kato, Y. & Iwai, K, (1977) J. Biochem. 81, 621--630]. All the 5 or 6 cross-links can be located in a heterotypic tetramer consisting of one molecule each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and a model of the histone arrangement in the tetramer is proposed. Two such tetramers may compose to the histone octamer in the nucleosome core.", "contents": "Identification of suberimidate cross-linking sites of four histone sequences in H1-depleted chromatin. Histone arrangement in nucleosome core. The arrangement of 8 histones in the nucleosome core has been investigated by identifying the sites of 4 histone sequences cross-linked with a bifunctional amino-group reagent, dimethyl suberimidate, selected from among 4 diimidoesters of various linker lengths examined. H1-depleted calf thymus chromatin was allowed to react with 14C-labeled suberimidate at pH 8.5 and 0 degrees C. The cross-linked chromatin was then digested exhaustively with trypsin. Almost all the histone fragments were released from the chromatin with 0.25 M HCl and chromatographed on several columns and on paper. Cross-linked peptides were detected by analyzing the content of radioactive suberimidoylbislysine after acid hydrolysis. The chromatographic procedure developed here showed that the whole histone fragments contained 29 mol% of the total linked reagent as suberimidoylbisylsine. The 5 finally purified cross-linked peptides were identified from the total and N-terminal amino acids of each pair of peptides separated by two-dimensional cellulose thin layer chromatography after cutting the linker by ammonolysis. Thus, intramolecular cross-linking was found between Lys-5 and Lys-9 of H2A, and Lys-34 and Lys-85 of H2B, while intermolecular cross-linking was found between Lys-24 (or 27) of H2B and Lys-74 of H2A, Lys-85 of H2B and Lys-91 of H4, and Lys-120 of H2B and Lys-115 of H3 and/or Lys-77 of H4. Most of these lysine residues are located in the DNA-binding segments of the 4 histone sequences identified previously [Kato, Y. & Iwai, K, (1977) J. Biochem. 81, 621--630]. All the 5 or 6 cross-links can be located in a heterotypic tetramer consisting of one molecule each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and a model of the histone arrangement in the tetramer is proposed. Two such tetramers may compose to the histone octamer in the nucleosome core.", "PMID": 528533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3787", "title": "Isolation and identification of the reaction product of alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.", "content": "The reaction product of enzymic dehydrogenation of alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde (HCMS) was isolated. The analytical data (elemental analyses, IR spectra, mass spectra, proton NMR spectra, and UV spectra) showed that the product was not alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic acid (HCMA), the expected primary product of HCMS dehydrogenation, but a lactone of HCMA. The structure of the lactone was tentatively determined as alpha-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. HCMS was converted stoichiometrically to the lactone by the purified NAD(P)-linked HCMS dehydrogenase. The lactone was actively metabolized by a cell-free extract prepared from Pseudomonas ochraceae grown on phthalic acid, suggesting that it may be a metabolic intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, a method for the chemical synthesis of the lactose of HCMA is presented and some of its chemical and biochemical properties are described.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of the reaction product of alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. The reaction product of enzymic dehydrogenation of alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde (HCMS) was isolated. The analytical data (elemental analyses, IR spectra, mass spectra, proton NMR spectra, and UV spectra) showed that the product was not alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic acid (HCMA), the expected primary product of HCMS dehydrogenation, but a lactone of HCMA. The structure of the lactone was tentatively determined as alpha-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. HCMS was converted stoichiometrically to the lactone by the purified NAD(P)-linked HCMS dehydrogenase. The lactone was actively metabolized by a cell-free extract prepared from Pseudomonas ochraceae grown on phthalic acid, suggesting that it may be a metabolic intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, a method for the chemical synthesis of the lactose of HCMA is presented and some of its chemical and biochemical properties are described.", "PMID": 528534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3788", "title": "Occurrence of GTP cyclohydrolase I in Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "A GTP cyclohydrolase which catalyzes the removal of carbon 8 of GTP as formic acid to yield a single pteridine compound occurs in an obligate thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 8005. The enzyme was purified 5.5-fold. Its molecular weight and Stoke's radius were estimated as 105,000 and 45.3 A, respectively. The Km for GTP was 0.98 microM. The temperature and pH optima for activity were 60-65 degrees C and 8.0-8.4, respectively. No divalent cation was required for the reaction. The pteridine product was 3'-triphosphate of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine (dihydroneopterin triphosphate), identified by isolating its immediate derivative, 2',3'-cyclic phosphate of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)pteridine (neopterin cyclic phosphate). The radioactive product from [8-14C]GTP agreed with 14C-formate. Molar ratio of formate release to pteridine formation was 1.0.", "contents": "Occurrence of GTP cyclohydrolase I in Bacillus stearothermophilus. A GTP cyclohydrolase which catalyzes the removal of carbon 8 of GTP as formic acid to yield a single pteridine compound occurs in an obligate thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 8005. The enzyme was purified 5.5-fold. Its molecular weight and Stoke's radius were estimated as 105,000 and 45.3 A, respectively. The Km for GTP was 0.98 microM. The temperature and pH optima for activity were 60-65 degrees C and 8.0-8.4, respectively. No divalent cation was required for the reaction. The pteridine product was 3'-triphosphate of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine (dihydroneopterin triphosphate), identified by isolating its immediate derivative, 2',3'-cyclic phosphate of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)pteridine (neopterin cyclic phosphate). The radioactive product from [8-14C]GTP agreed with 14C-formate. Molar ratio of formate release to pteridine formation was 1.0.", "PMID": 528535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3789", "title": "The effects of Na+ and Mg2+ on the thermal denaturation of native and acetylated spinach ferredoxins.", "content": "The effects of metal ions on the thermal denaturation and Mg2+ binding of native spinach ferredoxin and its acetylated derivative were investigated. The denaturation of ferredoxin in a metal-free solution at 40 degrees C was quickly prevented by the addition of Mg2+ or Na+ at appropriate concentrations. The metal concentrations required for 50% protection from thermal denaturation were 1.54 x 10(-4) M Mg2+ or 8.0 x 10(-3) M Na+ for native ferredoxin and 1.05 x 10(-3) M Mg2+ or 6.0 x 10(-2) M Na+ for acetylated ferredoxin. It was also found that native ferredoxin in the presence of over 20 mM Mg2+ was almost completely protected from thermal denaturation at 40 degrees C. The D-form which has been observed in acetylated ferredoxin by Masaki et al. (1977) (J. Biochem. 81, 1-9) was confirmed to be present in native ferredoxin at high temperature (49 degrees C) and is suggested to be an important form in the denaturation processes of the ferredoxin molecule.", "contents": "The effects of Na+ and Mg2+ on the thermal denaturation of native and acetylated spinach ferredoxins. The effects of metal ions on the thermal denaturation and Mg2+ binding of native spinach ferredoxin and its acetylated derivative were investigated. The denaturation of ferredoxin in a metal-free solution at 40 degrees C was quickly prevented by the addition of Mg2+ or Na+ at appropriate concentrations. The metal concentrations required for 50% protection from thermal denaturation were 1.54 x 10(-4) M Mg2+ or 8.0 x 10(-3) M Na+ for native ferredoxin and 1.05 x 10(-3) M Mg2+ or 6.0 x 10(-2) M Na+ for acetylated ferredoxin. It was also found that native ferredoxin in the presence of over 20 mM Mg2+ was almost completely protected from thermal denaturation at 40 degrees C. The D-form which has been observed in acetylated ferredoxin by Masaki et al. (1977) (J. Biochem. 81, 1-9) was confirmed to be present in native ferredoxin at high temperature (49 degrees C) and is suggested to be an important form in the denaturation processes of the ferredoxin molecule.", "PMID": 528536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3790", "title": "Isolation and properties of spiramycin I 3-hydroxyl acylase from Streptomyces and ambofaciens.", "content": "An enzyme preparation able to acylate the hydroxyl group at C-3 of the lactone ring of spiramycin was obtained from the spiramycin-producing strain, Streptomyces ambofaciens ISP-5053. The enzyme was purified about 33-fold from the crude extract by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose batchwise elution and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 8.5. The enzyme was activated by Ca2++, Mg2+, and Mn2+ in this order, but was inhibited by various SH reagents. Spiramycin I was the best substrate for the enzyme. The enzyme showed no preference between acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of spiramycin I 3-hydroxyl acylase from Streptomyces and ambofaciens. An enzyme preparation able to acylate the hydroxyl group at C-3 of the lactone ring of spiramycin was obtained from the spiramycin-producing strain, Streptomyces ambofaciens ISP-5053. The enzyme was purified about 33-fold from the crude extract by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose batchwise elution and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 8.5. The enzyme was activated by Ca2++, Mg2+, and Mn2+ in this order, but was inhibited by various SH reagents. Spiramycin I was the best substrate for the enzyme. The enzyme showed no preference between acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA.", "PMID": 528537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3791", "title": "Structure of Streptomyces erythraeus lysozyme at 6 A resolution.", "content": "A 6 A resolution electron density map has been calculated for a bacterial lysozyme produced by Streptomyces erythraeus. This lysozyme differs from the vertebrate lysozyme in its size, amino acid composition, and specificity. The structure was determined by the method of isomorphous replacement. Three heavy atom derivatives were obtained by soaking crystals of the lysozyme in HgCl2, K2PtCl4, and UO2(NO3)26H2O. The resulting electron density map clearly shows the molecular boundary. The molecule is ellipsoidal in shape with average dimensions 50 A X 35 A X 35 A. High resolution analysis and sequence analysis of the molecule are in progress.", "contents": "Structure of Streptomyces erythraeus lysozyme at 6 A resolution. A 6 A resolution electron density map has been calculated for a bacterial lysozyme produced by Streptomyces erythraeus. This lysozyme differs from the vertebrate lysozyme in its size, amino acid composition, and specificity. The structure was determined by the method of isomorphous replacement. Three heavy atom derivatives were obtained by soaking crystals of the lysozyme in HgCl2, K2PtCl4, and UO2(NO3)26H2O. The resulting electron density map clearly shows the molecular boundary. The molecule is ellipsoidal in shape with average dimensions 50 A X 35 A X 35 A. High resolution analysis and sequence analysis of the molecule are in progress.", "PMID": 528538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3792", "title": "Proteinase inhibitors from a mimosoideae legume, Albizzia julibrissin. Homologues of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz).", "content": "Four proteinase inhibitors, A-II, A-III, B-I, and B-II, were isolated from seeds of Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree) of the subfamily Mimosoideae, which is often regarded as the most primitive group of the Leguminosae plants. They were all of the high-molecular weight type (21,600 for A-II and A-III, and 19,000 for B-I and B-II), and composed of two polypeptide chains, linked together by a disulfide bond. A-II (A-III) inhibited bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin probably at an identical site. B-I (BII) inactivated bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and porcine elastase. Sequence analyses of A-II and B-II revealed a considerable homology with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) but suggested the presence of an about 20-amino acid insertion in the A-II molecule.", "contents": "Proteinase inhibitors from a mimosoideae legume, Albizzia julibrissin. Homologues of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz). Four proteinase inhibitors, A-II, A-III, B-I, and B-II, were isolated from seeds of Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree) of the subfamily Mimosoideae, which is often regarded as the most primitive group of the Leguminosae plants. They were all of the high-molecular weight type (21,600 for A-II and A-III, and 19,000 for B-I and B-II), and composed of two polypeptide chains, linked together by a disulfide bond. A-II (A-III) inhibited bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin probably at an identical site. B-I (BII) inactivated bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and porcine elastase. Sequence analyses of A-II and B-II revealed a considerable homology with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) but suggested the presence of an about 20-amino acid insertion in the A-II molecule.", "PMID": 528539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3793", "title": "Interaction of studies of a 100,000 dalton chymotryptic fragment of rabbit skeletal M-line protein with the S2 subfragment of myosin.", "content": "Controlled chymotryptic digestion of the 165,000 dalton component of the M-line of rabbit skeletal muscle, followed by Biogel P-150 chromatography of the digest, has led to the isolation of a homogeneous 100,000 dalton species. This fragment was found, by both sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration chromatography, to interact with heavy meromyosin subfragment 2 (HMM-S2). The persistence of this fragment, after chymotryptic digestion, to bind HMM-S2, along with the known insensitivity of the M-line to proteolysis, suggests a structural role for the parent 165,000 dalton component along the lines of the M-filament, as suggested by the Knappeis and Carlsen model for M-line structure.", "contents": "Interaction of studies of a 100,000 dalton chymotryptic fragment of rabbit skeletal M-line protein with the S2 subfragment of myosin. Controlled chymotryptic digestion of the 165,000 dalton component of the M-line of rabbit skeletal muscle, followed by Biogel P-150 chromatography of the digest, has led to the isolation of a homogeneous 100,000 dalton species. This fragment was found, by both sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration chromatography, to interact with heavy meromyosin subfragment 2 (HMM-S2). The persistence of this fragment, after chymotryptic digestion, to bind HMM-S2, along with the known insensitivity of the M-line to proteolysis, suggests a structural role for the parent 165,000 dalton component along the lines of the M-filament, as suggested by the Knappeis and Carlsen model for M-line structure.", "PMID": 528540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3794", "title": "The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin.", "content": "The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin was investigated by accurately measuring and analyzing the oxygen equilibrium curves of human adult hemoglobin in the presence and absence of various concentrations of one or two of the following materials: chloride (Cl-), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). Each equilibrium curve was analyzed according to the Adair equation to evaluate the four-step oxygen equilibrium constants (Adair constants) and the median oxygen pressure. The binding constants of the anions for the molecular species of hemoglobin carrying j oxygen molecules, Hb(O2)j(j=0,1,...,4), were evaluated from the dependences of the Adair constants and the median oxygen pressure on the anion concentration by introducing a model which takes the competitive binding of Cl- and DPG or IHP into account. Assumptions made in the model are: (a) the hemoglobin molecule has two oxygen-linked binding sites for Cl- which are equivalent and independent and (b) no Cl- can be bound to hemoglobin to which DPG or IHP is already bound and vice versa. Thus, we could obtain values for the intrinsic binding constants of Cl- and DPG, i.e., the constants in the absence of other competitive anions. For IHP, only the binding constants and apparent binding constants for Hb and Hb(O2)2 were obtained. Values of the Cl- binding constants and apparent binding constants for DPG and IHP, i.e., the binding constants in the presence of Cl- for Hb and Hb(O2)4, were in reasonable agreement with literature values. From the binding constants we calculated anion binding curves for Hb(O2)j(J=0,1,...,4), the number of anions bound to Hb(O2)J, And the relationship between fractional anion saturation of hemoglobin and fractional oxygen saturation. The numbers of released anions are not uniform with respect to oxygenation step. This non-uniformity is the reason for the changes in the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve with anion concentration changes and for the non-uniform dependences of the Adair constants on anion concentration, and also results in non-linear relations between anion saturation and oxygen saturation. The anion binding constants and various binding properties of the anions derived from those constants are consistent with those observed by other investigators using different techniques, indicating that the present model describes the oxygen-linked competitive anion binding well.", "contents": "The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin. The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin was investigated by accurately measuring and analyzing the oxygen equilibrium curves of human adult hemoglobin in the presence and absence of various concentrations of one or two of the following materials: chloride (Cl-), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). Each equilibrium curve was analyzed according to the Adair equation to evaluate the four-step oxygen equilibrium constants (Adair constants) and the median oxygen pressure. The binding constants of the anions for the molecular species of hemoglobin carrying j oxygen molecules, Hb(O2)j(j=0,1,...,4), were evaluated from the dependences of the Adair constants and the median oxygen pressure on the anion concentration by introducing a model which takes the competitive binding of Cl- and DPG or IHP into account. Assumptions made in the model are: (a) the hemoglobin molecule has two oxygen-linked binding sites for Cl- which are equivalent and independent and (b) no Cl- can be bound to hemoglobin to which DPG or IHP is already bound and vice versa. Thus, we could obtain values for the intrinsic binding constants of Cl- and DPG, i.e., the constants in the absence of other competitive anions. For IHP, only the binding constants and apparent binding constants for Hb and Hb(O2)2 were obtained. Values of the Cl- binding constants and apparent binding constants for DPG and IHP, i.e., the binding constants in the presence of Cl- for Hb and Hb(O2)4, were in reasonable agreement with literature values. From the binding constants we calculated anion binding curves for Hb(O2)j(J=0,1,...,4), the number of anions bound to Hb(O2)J, And the relationship between fractional anion saturation of hemoglobin and fractional oxygen saturation. The numbers of released anions are not uniform with respect to oxygenation step. This non-uniformity is the reason for the changes in the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve with anion concentration changes and for the non-uniform dependences of the Adair constants on anion concentration, and also results in non-linear relations between anion saturation and oxygen saturation. The anion binding constants and various binding properties of the anions derived from those constants are consistent with those observed by other investigators using different techniques, indicating that the present model describes the oxygen-linked competitive anion binding well.", "PMID": 528541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3795", "title": "A fluorescence stopped-flow study on troponin labeled with N-ethyl maleimide and N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide.", "content": "The kinetics of the conformational change of the troponin-C (TN-C) subunit in N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide (BIPM)-N-ethyl maleimide (NEM)-labeled troponin induced by calcium binding or removal were studied with the fluorescence stopped-flow method. The kinetic process of the conformational change was biphasic, the rate constants of the two phases were determined as a function of the free calcium ion concentration of the protein solution. The kinetic behaviour of the conformational change of TN-C in BIPM-NEM-labeled troponin was explained by a simple molecular kinetic mechanism: (Formula: see text) This molecular kinetic mechanism is different from that of the isolated TN-C which we found in the previous work (1). That is, formation of a complex of TN-C with troponin-I (TN-I) and troponin-T (TN-T) modifies the molecular kinetic mechanism of the conformational change of TN-C.", "contents": "A fluorescence stopped-flow study on troponin labeled with N-ethyl maleimide and N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide. The kinetics of the conformational change of the troponin-C (TN-C) subunit in N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide (BIPM)-N-ethyl maleimide (NEM)-labeled troponin induced by calcium binding or removal were studied with the fluorescence stopped-flow method. The kinetic process of the conformational change was biphasic, the rate constants of the two phases were determined as a function of the free calcium ion concentration of the protein solution. The kinetic behaviour of the conformational change of TN-C in BIPM-NEM-labeled troponin was explained by a simple molecular kinetic mechanism: (Formula: see text) This molecular kinetic mechanism is different from that of the isolated TN-C which we found in the previous work (1). That is, formation of a complex of TN-C with troponin-I (TN-I) and troponin-T (TN-T) modifies the molecular kinetic mechanism of the conformational change of TN-C.", "PMID": 528542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3796", "title": "Ultrastructural morphology of three-dimensional colonies of cells derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells were studied during anchorage-independent growth in semi solid medium (Methocel). The regular occurrence of mitotic figures both at the surface and within the colonies precludes the possibility of such colonies being formed by re-aggregation. The estimated population doubling time in the three-dimensional (3-D) colonies is consistent with those two-dimensional of (2-D) colonies. Structures resembling bile canaliculi were observed between the closely opposed membranes from the well packed adjacent cells. Cell surface and ultrastructural features of the colonies and individual cells are presented and comparisons made with 2-D growth of normal and malignant liver cells in vitro. The formation of 3-D colonies may not only be an assay for transformed cells but also for predicting the type of tumors produced by re-innoculation of the in vitro transformed cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphology of three-dimensional colonies of cells derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma. Cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells were studied during anchorage-independent growth in semi solid medium (Methocel). The regular occurrence of mitotic figures both at the surface and within the colonies precludes the possibility of such colonies being formed by re-aggregation. The estimated population doubling time in the three-dimensional (3-D) colonies is consistent with those two-dimensional of (2-D) colonies. Structures resembling bile canaliculi were observed between the closely opposed membranes from the well packed adjacent cells. Cell surface and ultrastructural features of the colonies and individual cells are presented and comparisons made with 2-D growth of normal and malignant liver cells in vitro. The formation of 3-D colonies may not only be an assay for transformed cells but also for predicting the type of tumors produced by re-innoculation of the in vitro transformed cells.", "PMID": 528563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3797", "title": "Comparison of a water-soluble and a water-insoluble podophyllotoxin derivative in murine neoplasms.", "content": "Comparison of a water-soluble (27-487) with a water-insoluble (VP-16-213) podophyllotoxin derivative in seven murine neoplasms revealed slight therapeutic superiortiy of VP-16-213 but also slightly greater toxicity when compared with 27-487. A strikingly good response of the Taper liver tumor to both compounds was observed, providing further incentive to the use of podophyllotoxin derivatives in human hepatomas.", "contents": "Comparison of a water-soluble and a water-insoluble podophyllotoxin derivative in murine neoplasms. Comparison of a water-soluble (27-487) with a water-insoluble (VP-16-213) podophyllotoxin derivative in seven murine neoplasms revealed slight therapeutic superiortiy of VP-16-213 but also slightly greater toxicity when compared with 27-487. A strikingly good response of the Taper liver tumor to both compounds was observed, providing further incentive to the use of podophyllotoxin derivatives in human hepatomas.", "PMID": 528564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3798", "title": "Virus-like particles induced by bromodeoxyuridine in melanoma and neuroblastoma of Xiphophorus.", "content": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) injected into the muscular tissue of fish bearing melanoma or neuroblastoma induces the production of virus-like particles in these tumors. The particles in the melanoma are morphologically similar to papovaviruses of polyoma-type, those in the neuroblastoma resemble oncornaviruses of B- and C-type.", "contents": "Virus-like particles induced by bromodeoxyuridine in melanoma and neuroblastoma of Xiphophorus. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) injected into the muscular tissue of fish bearing melanoma or neuroblastoma induces the production of virus-like particles in these tumors. The particles in the melanoma are morphologically similar to papovaviruses of polyoma-type, those in the neuroblastoma resemble oncornaviruses of B- and C-type.", "PMID": 528565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3799", "title": "Cytofluorimetric measurements on the DNA contents of tumor cells in human thyroid gland.", "content": "The relative DNA contents of thyroid cell nuclei were measured in surgically removed thyroid tissue of 50 patients by means of cytofluorimetry. Smears were prepared immediately after removal of the thyroid nodules according to the classical Feulgen technique. The fluorescence intensities were always compared with those of healthy thyroid tissue prepared in the same way. In each case samples were investigated by the usual histology. The observations indicate that differentiated carcinomas of thyroid gland have an increased DNA content of nuclei, at about the tetraploid level. Among them the follicular carcinomas (11 cases) showed an even higher DNA content of about 250% of the diploid level. Frequency distribution of the cell pools studied revealed a widely scattered aneuploidization of the malignant tumor cells. The benign adenomas displayed only a moderate increase of nuclear DNA content reaching only about 130% of the diploid value. Among the 22 adenomas classified histologically as of benign character, two cases showed very highly increased and widely scattered DNA contents. These latter two cases might be in process of malignant transformation. DNA cytofluorimetry may contribute to a more safe differential diagnosis of the \"follicular neoplasia\" of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Cytofluorimetric measurements on the DNA contents of tumor cells in human thyroid gland. The relative DNA contents of thyroid cell nuclei were measured in surgically removed thyroid tissue of 50 patients by means of cytofluorimetry. Smears were prepared immediately after removal of the thyroid nodules according to the classical Feulgen technique. The fluorescence intensities were always compared with those of healthy thyroid tissue prepared in the same way. In each case samples were investigated by the usual histology. The observations indicate that differentiated carcinomas of thyroid gland have an increased DNA content of nuclei, at about the tetraploid level. Among them the follicular carcinomas (11 cases) showed an even higher DNA content of about 250% of the diploid level. Frequency distribution of the cell pools studied revealed a widely scattered aneuploidization of the malignant tumor cells. The benign adenomas displayed only a moderate increase of nuclear DNA content reaching only about 130% of the diploid value. Among the 22 adenomas classified histologically as of benign character, two cases showed very highly increased and widely scattered DNA contents. These latter two cases might be in process of malignant transformation. DNA cytofluorimetry may contribute to a more safe differential diagnosis of the \"follicular neoplasia\" of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 528566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3800", "title": "Incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors in gastric cancer: an attempt in individualized chemotherapy.", "content": "Measurements of the rate of incorporation of radioactively labeled nucleic acid precursors into the DNA and RNA of gastric carcinoma cell suspensions indicated variable rates of proliferation for the tumors. The rate of incorporation generally correlates to the cytological level of differentiation of the carcinoma. Reduced differentiation of the tumors showed a corresponding increase in the rate of proliferation. Knowing the proliferation-dependent effect of most cytostatica, this results in a resistance to cytostatica of highly differentiated gastric cancers. The nucleic acid synthesis of proliferatively active tumors could only be partially inhibited by the cytostatica tested (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin). Carcinomas with metabolic possibility for compensation of the active mechanism of the cytostatica were biochemically resistant. Due to the resulting methodical problems and unaccountable patient-dependent causes of resistance, a conclusive statement about cytostatica-sensitive tumors is difficult to make in incorporation studies.", "contents": "Incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors in gastric cancer: an attempt in individualized chemotherapy. Measurements of the rate of incorporation of radioactively labeled nucleic acid precursors into the DNA and RNA of gastric carcinoma cell suspensions indicated variable rates of proliferation for the tumors. The rate of incorporation generally correlates to the cytological level of differentiation of the carcinoma. Reduced differentiation of the tumors showed a corresponding increase in the rate of proliferation. Knowing the proliferation-dependent effect of most cytostatica, this results in a resistance to cytostatica of highly differentiated gastric cancers. The nucleic acid synthesis of proliferatively active tumors could only be partially inhibited by the cytostatica tested (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin). Carcinomas with metabolic possibility for compensation of the active mechanism of the cytostatica were biochemically resistant. Due to the resulting methodical problems and unaccountable patient-dependent causes of resistance, a conclusive statement about cytostatica-sensitive tumors is difficult to make in incorporation studies.", "PMID": 528567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3801", "title": "Hepatic failure in a patient treated with dacarbazine (DTIC) for malignant melanoma.", "content": "A 55-year-old white woman received chemotherapy with DTIC after surgery for malignant melanoma (stage I, SSM IV, depth of invasion 12 mm). She died suddenly during the second treatment cycle. Autopsy revealed massive necrosis of the liver and thrombosis of the hepatic veins. The cause of the fatal outcome is attributed to the adverse toxic effects of DTIC.", "contents": "Hepatic failure in a patient treated with dacarbazine (DTIC) for malignant melanoma. A 55-year-old white woman received chemotherapy with DTIC after surgery for malignant melanoma (stage I, SSM IV, depth of invasion 12 mm). She died suddenly during the second treatment cycle. Autopsy revealed massive necrosis of the liver and thrombosis of the hepatic veins. The cause of the fatal outcome is attributed to the adverse toxic effects of DTIC.", "PMID": 528568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3802", "title": "Breast cancer in Israel: laterality and survival.", "content": "Laterality was examined in 10,702 cases of breast cancer in Israeli Jewish women. The overall left-right ratio was 1.04 and was higher in women over 60. The only population group with a left-right ratio less than 1 was the group of women born in Asian and Middle Eastern countries outside of Israel. There were no differences between the survival curves of women with right- or left-sided breast cancers at any stage. It is concluded that laterality of tumor is not an indicator of survival in breast cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer in Israel: laterality and survival. Laterality was examined in 10,702 cases of breast cancer in Israeli Jewish women. The overall left-right ratio was 1.04 and was higher in women over 60. The only population group with a left-right ratio less than 1 was the group of women born in Asian and Middle Eastern countries outside of Israel. There were no differences between the survival curves of women with right- or left-sided breast cancers at any stage. It is concluded that laterality of tumor is not an indicator of survival in breast cancer.", "PMID": 528569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3803", "title": "Defect in polyamine metabolism in a BHK cell mutant temperature-sensitive for rRNA maturation.", "content": "A mutant of BHK cells (ts422E) temperature-sensitive for processing 32S rRNA to 28S rRNA (Toniolo et al., '73) also loses the ability to synthesize polyamines and 5.8S rRNA when shifted to the non-permissive temperature (39 degrees). The activity of several enzymes not involved with polyamine synthesis, methylation of 32S rRNA, and small nuclear RNA production are apparently unaffected after at least 24 hours at 39 degrees. When cultures are returned to the permissive temperature (33 degrees), polyamine synthesizing capacity returns to normal as mature rRNA production resumes.", "contents": "Defect in polyamine metabolism in a BHK cell mutant temperature-sensitive for rRNA maturation. A mutant of BHK cells (ts422E) temperature-sensitive for processing 32S rRNA to 28S rRNA (Toniolo et al., '73) also loses the ability to synthesize polyamines and 5.8S rRNA when shifted to the non-permissive temperature (39 degrees). The activity of several enzymes not involved with polyamine synthesis, methylation of 32S rRNA, and small nuclear RNA production are apparently unaffected after at least 24 hours at 39 degrees. When cultures are returned to the permissive temperature (33 degrees), polyamine synthesizing capacity returns to normal as mature rRNA production resumes.", "PMID": 528570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3804", "title": "The effect of protease inhibitors and decreased temperature on the degradation of different classes of proteins in cultured hepatocytes.", "content": "Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain inhibited the degradation of long-lived proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes by 20-30%, probably by inhibiting lysosomal proteases: (1) Leupeptin and chymostatin decreased to a similar extent the degradation of an exogenous protein 125I-asialo fetuin, a process known to occur within lysosomes. (2) In extracts of cells treated with leupeptin, cathepsin B activity was inhibited by 35-50%. (3) Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain inhibited proteolysis by homogenates of liver lysosomes but not by the supernatant fraction. These agents, however, do not appear to rapidly permeate the membrane of isolated lysosomes. Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain did not inhibit the breakdown of short-lived normal cell proteins, and ones containing amino acid analogs. Even when the amount of abnormal proteins was increased, such that it comprised a large fraction of cell protein, the degradation of these polypeptides was still very rapid and not affected by these inhibitors. The pathway for the degradation of short-lived cell proteins thus appears distinct from that responsible for degradation of long-lived cell proteins. In accord with this conclusion, reduction of the temperature of cultures inhibited the breakdown of long-lived proteins to a much greater extent than it affected the breakdown of short-lived ones. Treatment of cultured hepatocytes with glucagon, or deprivation for serum or amino acids stimulated the degradation of the more stable cell proteins but did not affect the breakdown of 125I-asialo-fetuin. Under these conditions leupeptin and chymostatin inhibited the breakdown of long-lived cell proteins to the same extent as in control cultures. Thus, lysosomal enzymes seem to play an important role in protein breakdown both in fed hepatocytes and in cells where proteolysis is accelerated.", "contents": "The effect of protease inhibitors and decreased temperature on the degradation of different classes of proteins in cultured hepatocytes. Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain inhibited the degradation of long-lived proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes by 20-30%, probably by inhibiting lysosomal proteases: (1) Leupeptin and chymostatin decreased to a similar extent the degradation of an exogenous protein 125I-asialo fetuin, a process known to occur within lysosomes. (2) In extracts of cells treated with leupeptin, cathepsin B activity was inhibited by 35-50%. (3) Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain inhibited proteolysis by homogenates of liver lysosomes but not by the supernatant fraction. These agents, however, do not appear to rapidly permeate the membrane of isolated lysosomes. Leupeptin, chymostatin and antipain did not inhibit the breakdown of short-lived normal cell proteins, and ones containing amino acid analogs. Even when the amount of abnormal proteins was increased, such that it comprised a large fraction of cell protein, the degradation of these polypeptides was still very rapid and not affected by these inhibitors. The pathway for the degradation of short-lived cell proteins thus appears distinct from that responsible for degradation of long-lived cell proteins. In accord with this conclusion, reduction of the temperature of cultures inhibited the breakdown of long-lived proteins to a much greater extent than it affected the breakdown of short-lived ones. Treatment of cultured hepatocytes with glucagon, or deprivation for serum or amino acids stimulated the degradation of the more stable cell proteins but did not affect the breakdown of 125I-asialo-fetuin. Under these conditions leupeptin and chymostatin inhibited the breakdown of long-lived cell proteins to the same extent as in control cultures. Thus, lysosomal enzymes seem to play an important role in protein breakdown both in fed hepatocytes and in cells where proteolysis is accelerated.", "PMID": 528571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3805", "title": "Transmembrane potential and ionic content of rat alveolar macrophages.", "content": "The cell volume, cell water, intracellular ionic concentrations, and transmembrane potential of rat alveolar macrophages were determined. The measurements were made on cells which had been separated from the medium by centrifugation through dibutyl phthalate in order to greatly reduce the trapped extracellular space. The mean cell volume of the alveolar macrophages is 1,525 cubic microns and 72% of this volume is water. The intracellular fluid is high in Na+ (97 mM) and lower in K+ (50 mM) and the intracellular Cl- concentration in 64 mM. The transmembrane potential, as measured from the equilibrium distribution of tritiated triphenylmethyl phosphonium and by using the fluorescent probe, Di-S-C3(5), is approximately -37 millivolts. Neither Na+, K+, nor Cl- is distributed at equilibrium. However, the K+ permeability of alveolar macrophage membranes appears to be greater than Na+ permeability.", "contents": "Transmembrane potential and ionic content of rat alveolar macrophages. The cell volume, cell water, intracellular ionic concentrations, and transmembrane potential of rat alveolar macrophages were determined. The measurements were made on cells which had been separated from the medium by centrifugation through dibutyl phthalate in order to greatly reduce the trapped extracellular space. The mean cell volume of the alveolar macrophages is 1,525 cubic microns and 72% of this volume is water. The intracellular fluid is high in Na+ (97 mM) and lower in K+ (50 mM) and the intracellular Cl- concentration in 64 mM. The transmembrane potential, as measured from the equilibrium distribution of tritiated triphenylmethyl phosphonium and by using the fluorescent probe, Di-S-C3(5), is approximately -37 millivolts. Neither Na+, K+, nor Cl- is distributed at equilibrium. However, the K+ permeability of alveolar macrophage membranes appears to be greater than Na+ permeability.", "PMID": 528572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3806", "title": "Role of cytoplasmic ATP in the restoration and maintenance of a membrane permeability barrier in transformed mammalian cells.", "content": "Addition of ATP to medium surrounding intact, transformed 3T3 cells activates the formation of aqueous channels in the plasma membrane. This results in efflux of nucleotide pools and ions and entry into the cytosol of charged, phosphorylated species. In such permeabilized cells, glycolysis is totally dependent on the external addition of glucose, inorganic phosphate, ADP, K+, Mg2+ and NAD+ which restore lactic acid formation to levels found in untreated cells. As expected, such reconstitution of glycolytic activity is found to restore intracellular ATP levels. This is accompanied by sealing of the membrane channels so that efflux of nucleotide pools ceases. Pyruvate, a substrate for mitochondrial ATP synthesis, when provided along with ADP and inorganic phosphate also produces sealing of the membrane channels. On the other hand, reactivation of pentose phosphate shunt activity, which does not lead to ATP synthesis, does not induce restoration of the membrane permeability barrier. Furthermore, compounds which lower the internal ATP pool prevent sealing, and also render the plasma membrane more sensitive to external ATP (Rozengurt and Heppel, '79). Sealing of aqueous channels following restoration of the internal ATP pool is associated with phosphorylation of the inner membrane surface, and is unaffected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, microfilament or microtubular assembly. These results indicate the probable role of intracellular ATP in the restoration and/or maintenance of an active membrane barrier against efflux of small molecules and ions in transformed 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Role of cytoplasmic ATP in the restoration and maintenance of a membrane permeability barrier in transformed mammalian cells. Addition of ATP to medium surrounding intact, transformed 3T3 cells activates the formation of aqueous channels in the plasma membrane. This results in efflux of nucleotide pools and ions and entry into the cytosol of charged, phosphorylated species. In such permeabilized cells, glycolysis is totally dependent on the external addition of glucose, inorganic phosphate, ADP, K+, Mg2+ and NAD+ which restore lactic acid formation to levels found in untreated cells. As expected, such reconstitution of glycolytic activity is found to restore intracellular ATP levels. This is accompanied by sealing of the membrane channels so that efflux of nucleotide pools ceases. Pyruvate, a substrate for mitochondrial ATP synthesis, when provided along with ADP and inorganic phosphate also produces sealing of the membrane channels. On the other hand, reactivation of pentose phosphate shunt activity, which does not lead to ATP synthesis, does not induce restoration of the membrane permeability barrier. Furthermore, compounds which lower the internal ATP pool prevent sealing, and also render the plasma membrane more sensitive to external ATP (Rozengurt and Heppel, '79). Sealing of aqueous channels following restoration of the internal ATP pool is associated with phosphorylation of the inner membrane surface, and is unaffected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, microfilament or microtubular assembly. These results indicate the probable role of intracellular ATP in the restoration and/or maintenance of an active membrane barrier against efflux of small molecules and ions in transformed 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 528573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3807", "title": "An X-ray microanalysis survey of the concentration of elements in the cytoplasm of different mammalian cell types.", "content": "Electron probe energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on freeze-dried tissue sections. The dry weight concentration of elements (mmole/kg dry weight) was measured in the cytoplasm of several cell types from adult mice and rats. This comparative investigation showed: (1) That the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of element concentration from the cytoplasm of a specific cell type allows one to distinguish this specific cell type from other cell types with considerable accuracy. (2) That there is a relationship between the concentration of the various elements and the ultrastructural features of the cytoplasmic regions being analyzed. For example, areas rich in ribosomes are also rich in P, K and Mg. (3) These data support the idea that K is directly involved in the control of protein synthesis. The catalog of element concentrations in the cytoplasm of 13 cell types from both mice and rats should be of value to others who seek to answer various questions about these cell types.", "contents": "An X-ray microanalysis survey of the concentration of elements in the cytoplasm of different mammalian cell types. Electron probe energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on freeze-dried tissue sections. The dry weight concentration of elements (mmole/kg dry weight) was measured in the cytoplasm of several cell types from adult mice and rats. This comparative investigation showed: (1) That the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of element concentration from the cytoplasm of a specific cell type allows one to distinguish this specific cell type from other cell types with considerable accuracy. (2) That there is a relationship between the concentration of the various elements and the ultrastructural features of the cytoplasmic regions being analyzed. For example, areas rich in ribosomes are also rich in P, K and Mg. (3) These data support the idea that K is directly involved in the control of protein synthesis. The catalog of element concentrations in the cytoplasm of 13 cell types from both mice and rats should be of value to others who seek to answer various questions about these cell types.", "PMID": 528574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3808", "title": "Ribosome biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. IV. Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in growing and growth arrested cells.", "content": "Three parameters involved in the production of new ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were measured in Tetrahymena thermophilia: (i) the rate of synthesis of the rRNA precursor, (ii) the rate of processing of the RNA precursor and rRNA intermediates and (iii) the efficiency of utilization of the rRNA precursor in producing mature ribosomal RNA. These parameters were measured in cells in exponential growth and in cells starved in a dilute salt solution. Growing cells synthesize rRNA 20 times faster and process rRNA precursors and intermediates 10 to 15 times more rapidly than do starved cells. Both utilize their rRNA precursors with an efficiency of one in converting them to mature rRNA.", "contents": "Ribosome biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. IV. Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in growing and growth arrested cells. Three parameters involved in the production of new ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were measured in Tetrahymena thermophilia: (i) the rate of synthesis of the rRNA precursor, (ii) the rate of processing of the RNA precursor and rRNA intermediates and (iii) the efficiency of utilization of the rRNA precursor in producing mature ribosomal RNA. These parameters were measured in cells in exponential growth and in cells starved in a dilute salt solution. Growing cells synthesize rRNA 20 times faster and process rRNA precursors and intermediates 10 to 15 times more rapidly than do starved cells. Both utilize their rRNA precursors with an efficiency of one in converting them to mature rRNA.", "PMID": 528575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3809", "title": "Oocyte maturation: aberrant post-fusion responses of the rabbit primary oocyte to penetrating spermatozoa.", "content": "Primary oocytes cannot be fertilized normally; they begin to develop this capacity as meiosis resumes. To elucidate the changes involved in acquisition of their fertilizability, rabbit primary oocytes displaying a germinal vesicle (GV oocytes) were placed in Fallopian tubes inseminated previously with spermatozoa, recovered 2--5 h later and examined by light and electron microscopy. At least 4 aspects of GV oocyte/sperm interaction were abnormal. Although the vestments and oolemma seem normally receptive to spermatozoa, fusion with the oolemma of the primary oocyte did not elicit exocytosis of cortical granules, and consequently multiple entry of spermatozoa into the ooplasm was common. Secondly, the GV oocyte cortex failed to achieve a normal englufment of the anterior part of the sperm head. It sank into the ooplasm capped by only a small rostral vesicle or left the stable inner acrosomal membrane as a patch in the oolemma. Only rarely then was there significant dispersion of the sperm chromatin, and this remained surrounded by nuclear envelope. The persistence of this envelope constitutes a further aberrant feature, for it disappears immediately in secondary oocytes and was absent in primary oocytes in which germinal vesicle breakdown had occurred. The results are discussed with particular reference to current ideas about male pronucleus formation.", "contents": "Oocyte maturation: aberrant post-fusion responses of the rabbit primary oocyte to penetrating spermatozoa. Primary oocytes cannot be fertilized normally; they begin to develop this capacity as meiosis resumes. To elucidate the changes involved in acquisition of their fertilizability, rabbit primary oocytes displaying a germinal vesicle (GV oocytes) were placed in Fallopian tubes inseminated previously with spermatozoa, recovered 2--5 h later and examined by light and electron microscopy. At least 4 aspects of GV oocyte/sperm interaction were abnormal. Although the vestments and oolemma seem normally receptive to spermatozoa, fusion with the oolemma of the primary oocyte did not elicit exocytosis of cortical granules, and consequently multiple entry of spermatozoa into the ooplasm was common. Secondly, the GV oocyte cortex failed to achieve a normal englufment of the anterior part of the sperm head. It sank into the ooplasm capped by only a small rostral vesicle or left the stable inner acrosomal membrane as a patch in the oolemma. Only rarely then was there significant dispersion of the sperm chromatin, and this remained surrounded by nuclear envelope. The persistence of this envelope constitutes a further aberrant feature, for it disappears immediately in secondary oocytes and was absent in primary oocytes in which germinal vesicle breakdown had occurred. The results are discussed with particular reference to current ideas about male pronucleus formation.", "PMID": 528576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3810", "title": "Interaction of lectins with proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi system of rat liver.", "content": "The interaction of glycoproteins of rough and smooth microsomal and Golgi membranes with Sepharose-bound lectins has been studied. One of these lectins was a crude preparation from wheat germ lipase which was found to bind primarily to N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Rough microsomes, smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes contain glycoproteins which bind to Concanavalin A (Con A specific for mannose residues) in decreasing amounts in the order indicated (rough, smooth and Golgi) and to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, glucosamine-specific) and to the crude lipase preparation in increasing amounts in the order indicated. The small amount of binding of rough microsomes and Golgi membranes to Crotalaria (galactose-specific) increases substantially after neuraminidase treatment. Three submicrosomal particle preparations enriched either in AMPase or in NADH- or NADPH-oxidizing electron-transport enzymes contain glycoproteins which bind Con A and wheat germ agglutinin. The latter binding is sensitive to neuraminidase treatment. Two other submicrosomal particle preparations, both enriched in glucose-6-phosphatase activity, bind preferentially to WGA. This binding is, however, not sensitive to neuraminidase. Prolonged incubation with Ervilia lectin (mannose-specific) inhibits NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity, while the electron-transport chain involving cytochrome b5 is also inhibited by Crotalaria, indicating that both the flavoprotein and the cytochrome b5 are glycoproteins whose oligosaccharide chains have terminal mannose or galactose residues.", "contents": "Interaction of lectins with proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi system of rat liver. The interaction of glycoproteins of rough and smooth microsomal and Golgi membranes with Sepharose-bound lectins has been studied. One of these lectins was a crude preparation from wheat germ lipase which was found to bind primarily to N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Rough microsomes, smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes contain glycoproteins which bind to Concanavalin A (Con A specific for mannose residues) in decreasing amounts in the order indicated (rough, smooth and Golgi) and to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, glucosamine-specific) and to the crude lipase preparation in increasing amounts in the order indicated. The small amount of binding of rough microsomes and Golgi membranes to Crotalaria (galactose-specific) increases substantially after neuraminidase treatment. Three submicrosomal particle preparations enriched either in AMPase or in NADH- or NADPH-oxidizing electron-transport enzymes contain glycoproteins which bind Con A and wheat germ agglutinin. The latter binding is sensitive to neuraminidase treatment. Two other submicrosomal particle preparations, both enriched in glucose-6-phosphatase activity, bind preferentially to WGA. This binding is, however, not sensitive to neuraminidase. Prolonged incubation with Ervilia lectin (mannose-specific) inhibits NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity, while the electron-transport chain involving cytochrome b5 is also inhibited by Crotalaria, indicating that both the flavoprotein and the cytochrome b5 are glycoproteins whose oligosaccharide chains have terminal mannose or galactose residues.", "PMID": 528577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3811", "title": "A cytochemical and radioautographic study of the ultrastructural organization of puff-like fibrillar structures in plant interphase nuclei (Allium porrum).", "content": "Loose, fibrillar, spherical structures have been observed during recent years in interphase nuclei of both animal and plant cells. These nuclear formations have been referred to as karyosomes, fibrillar bodies, micropuffs and centromeres. In order to gain further information on the nature of these structures, a cytochemical and radioautographic investigation was undertaken using plant meristematic cells (Allium porrum). For that purpose roots were fixed with either formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde in order to carry out cytochemical tests for DNA, RNA and proteins. Certain of the preparations were also first digested with DNase, RNase or proteinase K and then stained according to different procedures. Other specimens were labelled with thymidine for high-resolution radioautographic observations. Staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) revealed that these nuclear puff-like formations consisted partly of a loose fibrillar meshwork containing nucleic acids. Part of this fine fibrillar reticulum persisted whether the preparations were digested with DNase or RNase before staining with DAB, thus indicating that these nuclear structures contained both DNA and RNA. The fact that these formations incorporate thymidine furnished additional support for the view that they correspond to specific chromosome segments. Staining with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid or digestion of specimens with proteinase K showed that these loose fibrillar structures also consisted of proteins. Judging from their ultrastructure, their association with the chromatin reticulum as well as from their cytochemical characteristics, these nuclear formations most likely correspond to centromeres. In view of the presence of DNA within these structures, it is possible to distinguish them from other equally spherical nuclear formations, observed in certain plant species, that have generally been referred to as karyosomes or micronucleoli and that appear to consist of ribonucleoproteins.", "contents": "A cytochemical and radioautographic study of the ultrastructural organization of puff-like fibrillar structures in plant interphase nuclei (Allium porrum). Loose, fibrillar, spherical structures have been observed during recent years in interphase nuclei of both animal and plant cells. These nuclear formations have been referred to as karyosomes, fibrillar bodies, micropuffs and centromeres. In order to gain further information on the nature of these structures, a cytochemical and radioautographic investigation was undertaken using plant meristematic cells (Allium porrum). For that purpose roots were fixed with either formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde in order to carry out cytochemical tests for DNA, RNA and proteins. Certain of the preparations were also first digested with DNase, RNase or proteinase K and then stained according to different procedures. Other specimens were labelled with thymidine for high-resolution radioautographic observations. Staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) revealed that these nuclear puff-like formations consisted partly of a loose fibrillar meshwork containing nucleic acids. Part of this fine fibrillar reticulum persisted whether the preparations were digested with DNase or RNase before staining with DAB, thus indicating that these nuclear structures contained both DNA and RNA. The fact that these formations incorporate thymidine furnished additional support for the view that they correspond to specific chromosome segments. Staining with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid or digestion of specimens with proteinase K showed that these loose fibrillar structures also consisted of proteins. Judging from their ultrastructure, their association with the chromatin reticulum as well as from their cytochemical characteristics, these nuclear formations most likely correspond to centromeres. In view of the presence of DNA within these structures, it is possible to distinguish them from other equally spherical nuclear formations, observed in certain plant species, that have generally been referred to as karyosomes or micronucleoli and that appear to consist of ribonucleoproteins.", "PMID": 528578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3812", "title": "Rectal papillae in Musca domestica: the cuticle and lateral membranes.", "content": "The role of specialized regions of insect rectal papillae in the regulation of water and ion uptake is well documented. Although the apparatus for active uptake of water or ions is located in various cell membranes, the absorbed molecules must first pass through the cuticle which lines the rectal epithelium. Most cuticle (e.g. abdominal) has been shown to be permeable only to molecules soluble in wax, and to be impermeable to water and ions. Obviously if such cuticle lined the rectum, absorption of water and ions would be severely restricted. The present freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer study was undertaken to investigate in more detail both the morphological features of the rectal papillae cuticle which could be responsible for its anomalous permeability and the various cell membranes involved in this transport. It has been suggested from permeability studies that the anomalous permeability of rectal papillae cuticle could be due to the lack of a complete wax layer over the surface of the rectal cuticle. The present study strongly supports this suggestion. Thus, the freeze-fracture micrographs have shown that a surface layer of the cuticle reacts during fracturing like a lipid bilayer. However, in rectal papilla cuticle this surface bilayer is interrupted at each epicuticular depression by areas of different fracturing behaviour. These discontinuities in the surface bilayer probably allow the rectal contents to contact directly the true cuticular matrix. They could, therefore, explain the case with which water and ions penetrate the rectal cuticle and so gain access to the underlying epithelial cells. Although similar discontinuities are present on some of the rectal cuticle surface external to the rectal papillae, they appear to be filled in by plugs of lipid-like material. The lateral plasma membranes of the rectal papillae cells are generally considered to be the main site of active transport. The present lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture study has shown that the lateral plasma membranes contain 3 distinct differentiations. Septate junctions are present at the apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial layer; a further membrane differentiation is found adjacent to the septate junctions; and thirdly, an array of short, variable length, non-anastomosing linear structures covers most of the lateral plasma membrane surface. These latter structures, unlike known types of cell junctions do not show equivalent arrays in apposing membranes even when the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent cells are closely apposed. The possible function of these structures is discussed.", "contents": "Rectal papillae in Musca domestica: the cuticle and lateral membranes. The role of specialized regions of insect rectal papillae in the regulation of water and ion uptake is well documented. Although the apparatus for active uptake of water or ions is located in various cell membranes, the absorbed molecules must first pass through the cuticle which lines the rectal epithelium. Most cuticle (e.g. abdominal) has been shown to be permeable only to molecules soluble in wax, and to be impermeable to water and ions. Obviously if such cuticle lined the rectum, absorption of water and ions would be severely restricted. The present freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer study was undertaken to investigate in more detail both the morphological features of the rectal papillae cuticle which could be responsible for its anomalous permeability and the various cell membranes involved in this transport. It has been suggested from permeability studies that the anomalous permeability of rectal papillae cuticle could be due to the lack of a complete wax layer over the surface of the rectal cuticle. The present study strongly supports this suggestion. Thus, the freeze-fracture micrographs have shown that a surface layer of the cuticle reacts during fracturing like a lipid bilayer. However, in rectal papilla cuticle this surface bilayer is interrupted at each epicuticular depression by areas of different fracturing behaviour. These discontinuities in the surface bilayer probably allow the rectal contents to contact directly the true cuticular matrix. They could, therefore, explain the case with which water and ions penetrate the rectal cuticle and so gain access to the underlying epithelial cells. Although similar discontinuities are present on some of the rectal cuticle surface external to the rectal papillae, they appear to be filled in by plugs of lipid-like material. The lateral plasma membranes of the rectal papillae cells are generally considered to be the main site of active transport. The present lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture study has shown that the lateral plasma membranes contain 3 distinct differentiations. Septate junctions are present at the apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial layer; a further membrane differentiation is found adjacent to the septate junctions; and thirdly, an array of short, variable length, non-anastomosing linear structures covers most of the lateral plasma membrane surface. These latter structures, unlike known types of cell junctions do not show equivalent arrays in apposing membranes even when the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent cells are closely apposed. The possible function of these structures is discussed.", "PMID": 528579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3813", "title": "Scanning electron-microscopic study of the uptake of Leishmania parasites by macrophages.", "content": "The interaction of promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Motile promastigotes attached to host cells by their flagellar tips to which the macrophages responded by producing rather closely fitting lamellar sheaths and progressively enveloping first the flagellum and then the body of the parasite. Lamellar advance during engulfment was rapid in the first 10 min but much slower later on. Fully engulfed parasites could be seen after 1 h but most parasites associated with host cells remained extracellular even after 4 h. On the other hand, parasites immobilized by fixation adhered by either their flagellar or somatic ends. Engulfment proceeded at a steady rate, and by 4 h most of them were completely engulfed. Both the attachment and engulfment stages of parasite uptake were inhibited by low temperature, cytochalasin D and mild fixation of macrophages. The rheological features of the host cells' response to parasite adherence indicate that invasion by parasites is through phagocytosis rather than penetration.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscopic study of the uptake of Leishmania parasites by macrophages. The interaction of promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Motile promastigotes attached to host cells by their flagellar tips to which the macrophages responded by producing rather closely fitting lamellar sheaths and progressively enveloping first the flagellum and then the body of the parasite. Lamellar advance during engulfment was rapid in the first 10 min but much slower later on. Fully engulfed parasites could be seen after 1 h but most parasites associated with host cells remained extracellular even after 4 h. On the other hand, parasites immobilized by fixation adhered by either their flagellar or somatic ends. Engulfment proceeded at a steady rate, and by 4 h most of them were completely engulfed. Both the attachment and engulfment stages of parasite uptake were inhibited by low temperature, cytochalasin D and mild fixation of macrophages. The rheological features of the host cells' response to parasite adherence indicate that invasion by parasites is through phagocytosis rather than penetration.", "PMID": 528580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3814", "title": "The effect of cell mass on the cell cycle timing and duration of S-phase in fission yeast.", "content": "Two isotopic methods for measuring DNA replication in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are described. The first is a method for measuring the total quantity of [3H]uracil incorporated into DNA after pulse labelling. The second is a means of detecting DNA replication in single cells by autoradiography. Both of these techniques have been used to investigate the timing and duration of S-phase in a series of mutant strains whose cell mass at division varies over a 3-fold range. The results support the hypothesis that in S. pombe there are 2 different controls over the timing of S-phase: an attainment of a critical cell mass and a dependency upon the completion of the previous mitosis coupled with a short minimum time in G1. Strains whose cell mass at birth is above this critical level initiate DNA replication almost immediately after septation, that is, very soon after the previous mitosis. Strains whose cell mass at birth is below the critical level do not initiate replication until the critical cell mass is attained. The duration of S-phase has been estimated from the proportion of cells whose nuclei are labelled after a pulse of given duration. S-phase is short in S. pombe, lasting only about 0.1 of a cell cycle in wild type. Cell mass at S-phase does not have any consistent effect on this length. We have also investigated the degree of synchrony of S-phase initiation in daughter cells, and have found that, in a cell cycle 240 min long, their S-phases are initiated within 1--2 min of each other. This result indicates that between sisters variability in the duration of the G1 phase is small compared with variability in the total cell cycle time, and argues against the hypothesis that the rate of cell cycle traverse is determined by a random transition in G1.", "contents": "The effect of cell mass on the cell cycle timing and duration of S-phase in fission yeast. Two isotopic methods for measuring DNA replication in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are described. The first is a method for measuring the total quantity of [3H]uracil incorporated into DNA after pulse labelling. The second is a means of detecting DNA replication in single cells by autoradiography. Both of these techniques have been used to investigate the timing and duration of S-phase in a series of mutant strains whose cell mass at division varies over a 3-fold range. The results support the hypothesis that in S. pombe there are 2 different controls over the timing of S-phase: an attainment of a critical cell mass and a dependency upon the completion of the previous mitosis coupled with a short minimum time in G1. Strains whose cell mass at birth is above this critical level initiate DNA replication almost immediately after septation, that is, very soon after the previous mitosis. Strains whose cell mass at birth is below the critical level do not initiate replication until the critical cell mass is attained. The duration of S-phase has been estimated from the proportion of cells whose nuclei are labelled after a pulse of given duration. S-phase is short in S. pombe, lasting only about 0.1 of a cell cycle in wild type. Cell mass at S-phase does not have any consistent effect on this length. We have also investigated the degree of synchrony of S-phase initiation in daughter cells, and have found that, in a cell cycle 240 min long, their S-phases are initiated within 1--2 min of each other. This result indicates that between sisters variability in the duration of the G1 phase is small compared with variability in the total cell cycle time, and argues against the hypothesis that the rate of cell cycle traverse is determined by a random transition in G1.", "PMID": 528581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3815", "title": "Isolation of a residual protein structure from nuclei of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A nuclear framework structure has been obtained from isolated interphase nuclei of Physarum polycephalum by extraction with 2.5 M NaCl and subsequent digestion with DNase. Whole-mount electron micrographs showed a nuclear lamina containing residual pore structures associated with the fibrous internal matrix. The matrix was continuous with fibrillar remnants of the nucleolus. The structure was shown to consist of 2 major polypeptides of 23,000 and 36,500 Daltons as well as 30 to 40 minor polypeptides of various molecular weight classes. The 2 major polypeptides were also prominent in preparations of the residual nucleolar material, suggesting that matrix proteins are common to both structures. The predominance of low-molecular-weight polypeptides in Physarum nuclear matrix suggests that there may be significant differences in composition of nuclear structural proteins between lower and higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Isolation of a residual protein structure from nuclei of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. A nuclear framework structure has been obtained from isolated interphase nuclei of Physarum polycephalum by extraction with 2.5 M NaCl and subsequent digestion with DNase. Whole-mount electron micrographs showed a nuclear lamina containing residual pore structures associated with the fibrous internal matrix. The matrix was continuous with fibrillar remnants of the nucleolus. The structure was shown to consist of 2 major polypeptides of 23,000 and 36,500 Daltons as well as 30 to 40 minor polypeptides of various molecular weight classes. The 2 major polypeptides were also prominent in preparations of the residual nucleolar material, suggesting that matrix proteins are common to both structures. The predominance of low-molecular-weight polypeptides in Physarum nuclear matrix suggests that there may be significant differences in composition of nuclear structural proteins between lower and higher eukaryotes.", "PMID": 528582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3816", "title": "Immunoelectron-microscopic studies of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi relationships in the intracellular transport process of lipoprotein particles in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi relationships in the intracellular transport process of secretory proteins in rat hepatocytes have been studied using lipoprotein particles as a marker for the secretory protein and cytochrome P-450 as a marker enzyme for the ER membranes. Ferritin immunoelectron-microscopic observation revealed that, while almost all the microsomal vesicles derived from ER membranes are heavily labelled with ferritin anti-cytochrome P-450 antibody conjugates, labelling of the small peripheral vesicles containing lipoprotein particles, the stacks of Golgi saccules, especially the outermost saccule which is sometimes fenestrated, condensing vacuoles in the trans-Golgi region and the secretion droplets of lipoprotein were scanty and at the control level. Such a characteristic pattern of labelling was especially evident when these structures were prepared from phenobarbital-treated rats. These findings indicate that the membranes of the small peripheral vesicles do not contain cytochrome P-450 and that the cytochrome is probably not transferred to Golgi saccules in the transport process of lipoprotein from ER to Golgi. It is suggested, therefore, that the small peripheral vesicles are formed by budding of the special regions of ER membrane where microsomal marker proteins such as cytochrome P-450 are excluded and the membrane proteins destined to the Golgi complexes are clustered. It is also shown that lysosomal membranes are not labelled with the anti P-450 antibody conjugates.", "contents": "Immunoelectron-microscopic studies of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi relationships in the intracellular transport process of lipoprotein particles in rat hepatocytes. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi relationships in the intracellular transport process of secretory proteins in rat hepatocytes have been studied using lipoprotein particles as a marker for the secretory protein and cytochrome P-450 as a marker enzyme for the ER membranes. Ferritin immunoelectron-microscopic observation revealed that, while almost all the microsomal vesicles derived from ER membranes are heavily labelled with ferritin anti-cytochrome P-450 antibody conjugates, labelling of the small peripheral vesicles containing lipoprotein particles, the stacks of Golgi saccules, especially the outermost saccule which is sometimes fenestrated, condensing vacuoles in the trans-Golgi region and the secretion droplets of lipoprotein were scanty and at the control level. Such a characteristic pattern of labelling was especially evident when these structures were prepared from phenobarbital-treated rats. These findings indicate that the membranes of the small peripheral vesicles do not contain cytochrome P-450 and that the cytochrome is probably not transferred to Golgi saccules in the transport process of lipoprotein from ER to Golgi. It is suggested, therefore, that the small peripheral vesicles are formed by budding of the special regions of ER membrane where microsomal marker proteins such as cytochrome P-450 are excluded and the membrane proteins destined to the Golgi complexes are clustered. It is also shown that lysosomal membranes are not labelled with the anti P-450 antibody conjugates.", "PMID": 528583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3817", "title": "Temperature effects on anaphase chromosome movement in the spermatocytes of two species of crane flies (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius).", "content": "Using phase-contrast cinemicrography on living crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius) spermatocytes, we have studied the effects of a range of temperatures (6--30 degrees C) on the anaphase I chromosome-to-pole movements of both autosomes and sex chromosomes. In contrast to previous work we have been able to study chromosome-to-pole velocities of autosomes without concurrent pole-to-pole elongation. In these cells we found that the higher the temperature, the faster was the autosomal chromosomes movement. From reviewing the literature we find that the general pattern of the effects of temperature on chromosome movement is similar whether or not pole-to-pole elongation occurs simultaneously with the chromosome-to-pole movement. Changes in cellular viscosities calculated from measurements of particulate Brownian movement do not seem to be able to account for the observed velocity differences due to temperature. Temperature effects on muscle contraction speed, flagellar beat frequency, ciliary beat frequency, granule flow in nerves, and chromosome movement have been compared, as have the activation energies for the rate-limiting steps in these motile systems: no distinction between possible mechanisms of force production is possible using these comparisons. The data show that even the different autosomes within single spermatocytes usually move at different speeds. These velocity differences cannot simply be related to chromosome size as the autosomes are visually indistinguishable. The sex chromosomes start their anaphase poleward movement after that of the autosomes, and move more slowly (by a factor of about 4), but their velocities appear to be affected by temperature in the same fashion as those of the autosomes. The interval between the onset of autosome anaphase and sex chromosome anaphase is also affected by temperature: the higher the temperature, the shorter the interval between the 2 stages. We have observed abnormalities in sex chromosome segregation, which may be due to temperature, but have not determined what the exact temperature shift conditions are that cause these abnormalities.", "contents": "Temperature effects on anaphase chromosome movement in the spermatocytes of two species of crane flies (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius). Using phase-contrast cinemicrography on living crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius) spermatocytes, we have studied the effects of a range of temperatures (6--30 degrees C) on the anaphase I chromosome-to-pole movements of both autosomes and sex chromosomes. In contrast to previous work we have been able to study chromosome-to-pole velocities of autosomes without concurrent pole-to-pole elongation. In these cells we found that the higher the temperature, the faster was the autosomal chromosomes movement. From reviewing the literature we find that the general pattern of the effects of temperature on chromosome movement is similar whether or not pole-to-pole elongation occurs simultaneously with the chromosome-to-pole movement. Changes in cellular viscosities calculated from measurements of particulate Brownian movement do not seem to be able to account for the observed velocity differences due to temperature. Temperature effects on muscle contraction speed, flagellar beat frequency, ciliary beat frequency, granule flow in nerves, and chromosome movement have been compared, as have the activation energies for the rate-limiting steps in these motile systems: no distinction between possible mechanisms of force production is possible using these comparisons. The data show that even the different autosomes within single spermatocytes usually move at different speeds. These velocity differences cannot simply be related to chromosome size as the autosomes are visually indistinguishable. The sex chromosomes start their anaphase poleward movement after that of the autosomes, and move more slowly (by a factor of about 4), but their velocities appear to be affected by temperature in the same fashion as those of the autosomes. The interval between the onset of autosome anaphase and sex chromosome anaphase is also affected by temperature: the higher the temperature, the shorter the interval between the 2 stages. We have observed abnormalities in sex chromosome segregation, which may be due to temperature, but have not determined what the exact temperature shift conditions are that cause these abnormalities.", "PMID": 528584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3818", "title": "Epithelial-fibroblastic organization in cultures grown from human embryonic kidney: its significance for morphogenesis in vivo.", "content": "The morphological behaviour of explants of human embryonic kidney has been studied in order to investigate the rules governing interactions between epithelial and fibroblastic cells from the same tissue. When the fragments are cultured, epithelia migrate out first and are followed, a few days later, by cables which grow out from the fragments and which are composed of multilayered fibroblasts. These cables extend through the epithelia to reach the substratum, to which they adhere. The epithelia maintain an upper surface free of spread fibroblasts and are unable to multilayer, although occasional rounded-up cells adhere to this surface. Fibroblasts, however, not only multilayer in the cables but can act as a substratum for epithelial cells which migrate on the cable surface. Fibroblasts and epithelia from kidney thus follow the same behavioural rules that govern the interactions between kidney epithelia and fibroblasts from different tissues. The suggestion that these rules derive from tissue differences and that cells from the same tissue are more tolerant of one another is not borne out. These observations and those reported by others are interpreted in terms of the functional properties of the cells in vivo. It is further pointed out that only those epithelia that maintain a free surface in vivo would be expected to show this property in vitro. Finally, the implications of cells with essentially the same properties generating more than one structure are considered.", "contents": "Epithelial-fibroblastic organization in cultures grown from human embryonic kidney: its significance for morphogenesis in vivo. The morphological behaviour of explants of human embryonic kidney has been studied in order to investigate the rules governing interactions between epithelial and fibroblastic cells from the same tissue. When the fragments are cultured, epithelia migrate out first and are followed, a few days later, by cables which grow out from the fragments and which are composed of multilayered fibroblasts. These cables extend through the epithelia to reach the substratum, to which they adhere. The epithelia maintain an upper surface free of spread fibroblasts and are unable to multilayer, although occasional rounded-up cells adhere to this surface. Fibroblasts, however, not only multilayer in the cables but can act as a substratum for epithelial cells which migrate on the cable surface. Fibroblasts and epithelia from kidney thus follow the same behavioural rules that govern the interactions between kidney epithelia and fibroblasts from different tissues. The suggestion that these rules derive from tissue differences and that cells from the same tissue are more tolerant of one another is not borne out. These observations and those reported by others are interpreted in terms of the functional properties of the cells in vivo. It is further pointed out that only those epithelia that maintain a free surface in vivo would be expected to show this property in vitro. Finally, the implications of cells with essentially the same properties generating more than one structure are considered.", "PMID": 528585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3819", "title": "Mitochondrial associations with specific microtubular components of the cortex of Tetrahymena thermophila. I. Cortical patterning of mitochondria.", "content": "Many of the mitochondria of Tetrahymena thermophila are localized in the cell cortex in regular, identifiable patterns. Two different mitochondrial patterns are seen; whether a cell expresses one or the other type apparently depends upon nutrient conditions in the culture and not upon other factors tested. Consistent associations between cortical mitochondria and certain of the cortical microtubular bands are seen at the light-microscopic level. Electron-microscopic observations confirm this and, furthermore, identify ultrastructural associations between cortical microtubules and the cortically located mitochondria. It appears that the cortical microtubular arrays serve as a guide for the localization (and thus patterning) of the cortical mitochondria.", "contents": "Mitochondrial associations with specific microtubular components of the cortex of Tetrahymena thermophila. I. Cortical patterning of mitochondria. Many of the mitochondria of Tetrahymena thermophila are localized in the cell cortex in regular, identifiable patterns. Two different mitochondrial patterns are seen; whether a cell expresses one or the other type apparently depends upon nutrient conditions in the culture and not upon other factors tested. Consistent associations between cortical mitochondria and certain of the cortical microtubular bands are seen at the light-microscopic level. Electron-microscopic observations confirm this and, furthermore, identify ultrastructural associations between cortical microtubules and the cortically located mitochondria. It appears that the cortical microtubular arrays serve as a guide for the localization (and thus patterning) of the cortical mitochondria.", "PMID": 528586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3820", "title": "The loss of morphogenetic potential and induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "The loss of morphogenetic potential in bean suspension cultures has been investigated by measuring the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity induced in the cells when they are transferred from a medium in which they are grown and maintained to an induction medium. The tissue has been grown in 2 types of medium: (1) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as the only growth hormone, and (2) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and coconut milk. When cells were grown in medium with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for a period of 5--10 subcultures and samples were transferred to the induction medium at intervals during the subcultures, the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and the number of xylem elements induced progressively declined. Cells grown in the presence of coconut milk did not lose the ability to induce phenylalanine ammonia-lyase or xylem elements. Cells grown in the presence of coconut milk were cloned and clones capable of producing different amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase when transferred to induction medium were obtained. However, clones producing low amounts of activity did not grow faster in the medium lacking coconut milk and no evidence was obtained to show that selective growth of non-inducible cells was responsible for the loss of morphogenetic potential. In addition to the induction brought about by the presence of naphthylacetic acid and kinetin in the induction medium the cells could also be stimulated to produce phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity by dilution at subculture. This increase in activity occurred within 10 h of the dilution, whereas that produced by the hormones in the induction medium occurred after 120 h. The induction produced by dilution also occurred in these cells which had lost their ability to respond to the hormonal induction. Thus the mechanism that produced the increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was intact but had lost its ability to respond to the hormones of the induction medium. The loss of inducibility was therefore probably not due to a genetic change in the cells brought about by continuous growth in a medium lacking coconut milk, but to reversible changes in the hormonal requirements of the cells necessary for induction.", "contents": "The loss of morphogenetic potential and induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris. The loss of morphogenetic potential in bean suspension cultures has been investigated by measuring the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity induced in the cells when they are transferred from a medium in which they are grown and maintained to an induction medium. The tissue has been grown in 2 types of medium: (1) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as the only growth hormone, and (2) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and coconut milk. When cells were grown in medium with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for a period of 5--10 subcultures and samples were transferred to the induction medium at intervals during the subcultures, the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and the number of xylem elements induced progressively declined. Cells grown in the presence of coconut milk did not lose the ability to induce phenylalanine ammonia-lyase or xylem elements. Cells grown in the presence of coconut milk were cloned and clones capable of producing different amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase when transferred to induction medium were obtained. However, clones producing low amounts of activity did not grow faster in the medium lacking coconut milk and no evidence was obtained to show that selective growth of non-inducible cells was responsible for the loss of morphogenetic potential. In addition to the induction brought about by the presence of naphthylacetic acid and kinetin in the induction medium the cells could also be stimulated to produce phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity by dilution at subculture. This increase in activity occurred within 10 h of the dilution, whereas that produced by the hormones in the induction medium occurred after 120 h. The induction produced by dilution also occurred in these cells which had lost their ability to respond to the hormonal induction. Thus the mechanism that produced the increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was intact but had lost its ability to respond to the hormones of the induction medium. The loss of inducibility was therefore probably not due to a genetic change in the cells brought about by continuous growth in a medium lacking coconut milk, but to reversible changes in the hormonal requirements of the cells necessary for induction.", "PMID": 528588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3821", "title": "An unusual cell surface modification: a double plasma membrane.", "content": "The occurrence of an unusual double plasma membrane structure is reported; it has been studied in conventional thin sections, after lanthanum-impregnation and with freeze-fracturing. This modification of the plasmalemma is found where the luminal cell membrane (I membrane) of gut microvilli in the haematophagous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, is surrounded by a second, outer membrane (O membrane), the 2 separated from one another by a highly regular I-O space of about 10 nm. Lanthanum impregnation reveals the presence of columns inclined at an angle, within this I-O space; as in the continuous junctions which link the lateral borders of these cells, these columns may maintain the very precise I-O distance. From the outer microvillar membranes radiate short spoke-like fibrils or sheets which encounter another more extensive system of myelin-like sheets. Freeze-fracturing reveals that the spoke-like sheets and the other ones which lie like a tube, around and parallel to the microvilli, contain linear ridges composed of particles, lying at random within layers of the myelin-like material which also extends into the lumen of the gut. The microvillar membanes, both O and I, fracture into faces containing rows of either PF particles or EF pits arranged as spiral ridges or grooves around the sides and across the tip of each microbillus. These could be the insertion sites of one or both of the I-O columns and spoke-like sheets while the sheets could represent a variant of peritrophic membrane. The double membrane may be a cellular device to increase the strength of the microvillar layer in these blood-sucking animals, since the cell layer must withstand great pressure owing to a sudden massive extension of the gut during a blood meal.", "contents": "An unusual cell surface modification: a double plasma membrane. The occurrence of an unusual double plasma membrane structure is reported; it has been studied in conventional thin sections, after lanthanum-impregnation and with freeze-fracturing. This modification of the plasmalemma is found where the luminal cell membrane (I membrane) of gut microvilli in the haematophagous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, is surrounded by a second, outer membrane (O membrane), the 2 separated from one another by a highly regular I-O space of about 10 nm. Lanthanum impregnation reveals the presence of columns inclined at an angle, within this I-O space; as in the continuous junctions which link the lateral borders of these cells, these columns may maintain the very precise I-O distance. From the outer microvillar membranes radiate short spoke-like fibrils or sheets which encounter another more extensive system of myelin-like sheets. Freeze-fracturing reveals that the spoke-like sheets and the other ones which lie like a tube, around and parallel to the microvilli, contain linear ridges composed of particles, lying at random within layers of the myelin-like material which also extends into the lumen of the gut. The microvillar membanes, both O and I, fracture into faces containing rows of either PF particles or EF pits arranged as spiral ridges or grooves around the sides and across the tip of each microbillus. These could be the insertion sites of one or both of the I-O columns and spoke-like sheets while the sheets could represent a variant of peritrophic membrane. The double membrane may be a cellular device to increase the strength of the microvillar layer in these blood-sucking animals, since the cell layer must withstand great pressure owing to a sudden massive extension of the gut during a blood meal.", "PMID": 528589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3822", "title": "Rhizoplast and rootlet system of the flagellar apparatus of Chlamydomonas moewusii.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of Chlamydomonas moewusii was examined in detail. Two rhizoplasts were found associated with the basal bodies of this biflagellate and were observed to extend to the central area of the cell. A segment of smooth endoplasmic reticulum ran parallel to each rhizoplast. These 2 segments anastomose beneath the basal bodies and the tubule proceeds over the top of the distal connecting fibre. A functional role for the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in these locations is discussed. Four sets of rootlet microtubules emanate from a region between the 2 basal bodies and the distal connecting fibre. Two sets have a three-over-one arrangement and the other 2 sets are doublets. Cytoplasmic microtubules were seen associated with possible nucleating sites on the rootlet microtubules. The association of the observed structures are discussed and compared to the flagellar apparatus of C. reinhardtii.", "contents": "Rhizoplast and rootlet system of the flagellar apparatus of Chlamydomonas moewusii. The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of Chlamydomonas moewusii was examined in detail. Two rhizoplasts were found associated with the basal bodies of this biflagellate and were observed to extend to the central area of the cell. A segment of smooth endoplasmic reticulum ran parallel to each rhizoplast. These 2 segments anastomose beneath the basal bodies and the tubule proceeds over the top of the distal connecting fibre. A functional role for the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in these locations is discussed. Four sets of rootlet microtubules emanate from a region between the 2 basal bodies and the distal connecting fibre. Two sets have a three-over-one arrangement and the other 2 sets are doublets. Cytoplasmic microtubules were seen associated with possible nucleating sites on the rootlet microtubules. The association of the observed structures are discussed and compared to the flagellar apparatus of C. reinhardtii.", "PMID": 528590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3823", "title": "Origin and spatial distribution of maternal messenger RNA during oogenesis of an insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus.", "content": "In order to investigate the origin and spatial distribution of maternal mRNA during oogenesis, in situ hybridization with [3H]-poly(U) was utilized for the detection of poly(A)-containing RNA [poly(A)+RNA] in histological sections of Oncopeltus fasciatus ovaries. In the germarium poly(A)+RNA was found to accumulate in the trophocyte cytoplasm concomitant with the maturation of these cells. Poly(A)+RNA was also detected in the trophic cores and nutritive tubes suggesting that these channels participate in the transport of trophocyte-derived mRNA to the oocytes. Although large amounts of poly(A)+RNA were also detected in the cytoplasm of the follicle cells, particularly during late vitellogenesis when pseudopod-like processes projected into the ooplasm, no evidence was obtained for the transport of poly(A)+RNA from these processes to the oocytes. The content of poly(A)+RNA in the oocyte cytoplasm continually increased during oogenesis. In stage 2--4 oocytes poly(A)+RNA accumulation occurred in the apparent absence of transcriptional activity in the germinal vesicle nuclei suggesting that most maternal mRNA molecules synthesized during early oogenesis are of trophocyte origin. Poly(A)+RNA also continued to accumulate after chorion formation, when the nutritive tubes are longer active in RNA transport. This implies that other sources of maternal mRNA may exist during late oogenesis. The distribution of poly(A)+RNA molecules in the oocyte cytoplasm appeared to be uniform throughout oogenesis with one exception. During late vitellogenesis poly(A)+RNA activity was significantly enhanced in the anterior and posterior periplasmic cytoplasms relative to the lateral periplasm and the endoplasm. After chorion formation these variations disappeared. The results suggest that maternal mRNA molecules arise from at least 2 sources during oogenesis. During late vitellogenesis these molecules appear to be subject to differential localization in the polar perimeters of the oocyte cytoplasm.", "contents": "Origin and spatial distribution of maternal messenger RNA during oogenesis of an insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus. In order to investigate the origin and spatial distribution of maternal mRNA during oogenesis, in situ hybridization with [3H]-poly(U) was utilized for the detection of poly(A)-containing RNA [poly(A)+RNA] in histological sections of Oncopeltus fasciatus ovaries. In the germarium poly(A)+RNA was found to accumulate in the trophocyte cytoplasm concomitant with the maturation of these cells. Poly(A)+RNA was also detected in the trophic cores and nutritive tubes suggesting that these channels participate in the transport of trophocyte-derived mRNA to the oocytes. Although large amounts of poly(A)+RNA were also detected in the cytoplasm of the follicle cells, particularly during late vitellogenesis when pseudopod-like processes projected into the ooplasm, no evidence was obtained for the transport of poly(A)+RNA from these processes to the oocytes. The content of poly(A)+RNA in the oocyte cytoplasm continually increased during oogenesis. In stage 2--4 oocytes poly(A)+RNA accumulation occurred in the apparent absence of transcriptional activity in the germinal vesicle nuclei suggesting that most maternal mRNA molecules synthesized during early oogenesis are of trophocyte origin. Poly(A)+RNA also continued to accumulate after chorion formation, when the nutritive tubes are longer active in RNA transport. This implies that other sources of maternal mRNA may exist during late oogenesis. The distribution of poly(A)+RNA molecules in the oocyte cytoplasm appeared to be uniform throughout oogenesis with one exception. During late vitellogenesis poly(A)+RNA activity was significantly enhanced in the anterior and posterior periplasmic cytoplasms relative to the lateral periplasm and the endoplasm. After chorion formation these variations disappeared. The results suggest that maternal mRNA molecules arise from at least 2 sources during oogenesis. During late vitellogenesis these molecules appear to be subject to differential localization in the polar perimeters of the oocyte cytoplasm.", "PMID": 528591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3824", "title": "Wall substructure of microtubules polymerized in vitro from tubulin of crayfish nerve cord and fixed with tannic acid.", "content": "Microtubules of axons of crayfish nerve cord normally have 12 wall protofilaments and microtubules of surrounding glial cells have 13 protofilaments. Tubulin was isolated from such nerve cords and polymerized in vitro; tannic acid staining of sedimented microtubules showed that microtubules with 12 and 13 wall protofilaments were present, suggesting that the ability to form a microtubule with a given number of protofilaments is inherent in the tubulin or its associated proteins. The temperature of polymerization was found to influence the number of protofilaments in resultant microtubules. With assembly at 20 degrees C, for example, most of the complete microtubules had 13 protofilaments, while at 40 degrees C most showed 10 protofilaments. It is suggested that the temperature of in vitro polymerization, among other factors, can influence the angle of binding between adjacent protofilaments and thus alter the number of protofilaments required to complete the circumference of the tubule.", "contents": "Wall substructure of microtubules polymerized in vitro from tubulin of crayfish nerve cord and fixed with tannic acid. Microtubules of axons of crayfish nerve cord normally have 12 wall protofilaments and microtubules of surrounding glial cells have 13 protofilaments. Tubulin was isolated from such nerve cords and polymerized in vitro; tannic acid staining of sedimented microtubules showed that microtubules with 12 and 13 wall protofilaments were present, suggesting that the ability to form a microtubule with a given number of protofilaments is inherent in the tubulin or its associated proteins. The temperature of polymerization was found to influence the number of protofilaments in resultant microtubules. With assembly at 20 degrees C, for example, most of the complete microtubules had 13 protofilaments, while at 40 degrees C most showed 10 protofilaments. It is suggested that the temperature of in vitro polymerization, among other factors, can influence the angle of binding between adjacent protofilaments and thus alter the number of protofilaments required to complete the circumference of the tubule.", "PMID": 528592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3825", "title": "Isolation, identification and quantitation of urinary organic acids.", "content": "An application of the HISLIB program for the comparison of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric profiles of urinary organic acids isolated by extraction and ion-exchange methods is described. Ion-exchange methods are clearly superior to solvent extraction in terms of the variety of compounds isolated. However, the former method has practical difficulties which make solvent extraction more attractive for rapid analyses. For the compounds isolated by both methods, the precision of analysis is similar, with standard deviations of relative concentration in the range 10--30% for most compounds.", "contents": "Isolation, identification and quantitation of urinary organic acids. An application of the HISLIB program for the comparison of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric profiles of urinary organic acids isolated by extraction and ion-exchange methods is described. Ion-exchange methods are clearly superior to solvent extraction in terms of the variety of compounds isolated. However, the former method has practical difficulties which make solvent extraction more attractive for rapid analyses. For the compounds isolated by both methods, the precision of analysis is similar, with standard deviations of relative concentration in the range 10--30% for most compounds.", "PMID": 528593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3826", "title": "Analysis of fatty acids from human lipids by gas chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, quantitative method is described for the analysis of fatty acids from human lipids, namely serum lipids and lipids from adipose tissue biopsies. The method includes extraction of serum lipids with chloroform--methanol, hydrolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide, methylation with methyl iodide and N,N-dimethylformamide and gas chromatographic analysis on a Supelcoport SP-2320 column. Fat biopsies are analysed without extraction. Optimal hydrolysis conditions have been investigated.", "contents": "Analysis of fatty acids from human lipids by gas chromatography. A rapid, quantitative method is described for the analysis of fatty acids from human lipids, namely serum lipids and lipids from adipose tissue biopsies. The method includes extraction of serum lipids with chloroform--methanol, hydrolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide, methylation with methyl iodide and N,N-dimethylformamide and gas chromatographic analysis on a Supelcoport SP-2320 column. Fat biopsies are analysed without extraction. Optimal hydrolysis conditions have been investigated.", "PMID": 528594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3827", "title": "Corticosteroid analysis in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of prednisone, prednisolone and cortisol in biological fluids was developed with dexamethasone as the internal standard. Samples are extracted with methylene chloride, washed with sodium hydroxide and then water, and chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column with UV detection at 254 nm. Sensitivity was greater than 15 ng for all four steroids. Specificity was supported by use of dual wave-length UV detection and/or radioimmunoassay. The assay has been applied in pharmacokinetic studies and a typical plasma concentration--time profile for the three steroids is presented for one subject who received 50 mg of prednisone.", "contents": "Corticosteroid analysis in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of prednisone, prednisolone and cortisol in biological fluids was developed with dexamethasone as the internal standard. Samples are extracted with methylene chloride, washed with sodium hydroxide and then water, and chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column with UV detection at 254 nm. Sensitivity was greater than 15 ng for all four steroids. Specificity was supported by use of dual wave-length UV detection and/or radioimmunoassay. The assay has been applied in pharmacokinetic studies and a typical plasma concentration--time profile for the three steroids is presented for one subject who received 50 mg of prednisone.", "PMID": 528595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3828", "title": "Determination of free, total, and esterified cholesterol by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for measuring free, total, and esterified cholesterol in blood serum in which reversed-phase liquid chromatography is used and the eluate is monitored at 200 nm. The sample for total cholesterol is prepared according to the Abell-Kendall procedure, and for free cholesterol an extract of serum--isopropanol (1:5, v/v) is used. The column is a muBondapak C18, 10 micrometers, and the mobile phase for total cholesterol is isopropanol--acetonitrile (50:50, v/v); for free cholesterol, it is isopropanol--acetonitrile--water (60:30:10). An approximation of the free cholesterol, triglycerides, and individual cholesteryl esters is obtained from single chromatograms of isopropanol extracts of serum if the first mobile phase is used. In a comparison study with the Abell-Kendall method for total cholesterol, the correlation is excellent and the precision is acceptable.", "contents": "Determination of free, total, and esterified cholesterol by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method is described for measuring free, total, and esterified cholesterol in blood serum in which reversed-phase liquid chromatography is used and the eluate is monitored at 200 nm. The sample for total cholesterol is prepared according to the Abell-Kendall procedure, and for free cholesterol an extract of serum--isopropanol (1:5, v/v) is used. The column is a muBondapak C18, 10 micrometers, and the mobile phase for total cholesterol is isopropanol--acetonitrile (50:50, v/v); for free cholesterol, it is isopropanol--acetonitrile--water (60:30:10). An approximation of the free cholesterol, triglycerides, and individual cholesteryl esters is obtained from single chromatograms of isopropanol extracts of serum if the first mobile phase is used. In a comparison study with the Abell-Kendall method for total cholesterol, the correlation is excellent and the precision is acceptable.", "PMID": 528596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3829", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of dopamine sulfoconjugates in urine after L-dopa administration.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the separation and determination of dopamine-3-O-sulfate (DM-3-S) and dopamine-4-O-sulfate (DM-4-S) in the urine of subjects administered L-DOPA. The method consists of sample preparation using cation- and anion-exchange resins followed by determination of the sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography. The addition recoveries were 96 +/- 2.9% (S.D.) for DM-3-S and 93 +/- 3.0% (S.D.) for DM-4-S. Twenty samples could be measured per day. When every 2-h urine specimen from normal subjects was analyzed after L-DOPA administration (0.5 g), the maximum excretion of each sulfate was observed in the second 2-h specimen. For the first 6 h 7.5 +/- 1.5% (S.D.) of the administered L-DOPA was excreted as DM-O-sulfates. During this time, the ratio of DM-4-S to the DM-O-sulfates was 11.7 +/- 0.58% (S.D.).", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of dopamine sulfoconjugates in urine after L-dopa administration. A procedure was developed for the separation and determination of dopamine-3-O-sulfate (DM-3-S) and dopamine-4-O-sulfate (DM-4-S) in the urine of subjects administered L-DOPA. The method consists of sample preparation using cation- and anion-exchange resins followed by determination of the sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography. The addition recoveries were 96 +/- 2.9% (S.D.) for DM-3-S and 93 +/- 3.0% (S.D.) for DM-4-S. Twenty samples could be measured per day. When every 2-h urine specimen from normal subjects was analyzed after L-DOPA administration (0.5 g), the maximum excretion of each sulfate was observed in the second 2-h specimen. For the first 6 h 7.5 +/- 1.5% (S.D.) of the administered L-DOPA was excreted as DM-O-sulfates. During this time, the ratio of DM-4-S to the DM-O-sulfates was 11.7 +/- 0.58% (S.D.).", "PMID": 528597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3830", "title": "Analytical isotachophoresis of uremic blood samples.", "content": "Uremic blood samples were analyzed for ionogenic substances using analytical isotachophoresis. Multicomponent separations proved that the uremic state shows significant differences from the normal state, especially with regard to anionic low-molecular-weight substances. As a quantitative parameter the ratio of anionic higher-molecular-weight substances to anionic low-molecular-weight substances is proposed: the HL ratio. Separation patterns and HL ratios were studied during nine weeks for one patient on chronic hemodialysis. The patient showed a low HL ratio due to excess of low-molecular-weight substances. Separation patterns before and after hemodialysis showed clear differences and the HL ratio increased. The method of analysis is neither time- nor sample-consuming and sample preparation is not needed. Experimental procedures are easily standardized and results are reliable.", "contents": "Analytical isotachophoresis of uremic blood samples. Uremic blood samples were analyzed for ionogenic substances using analytical isotachophoresis. Multicomponent separations proved that the uremic state shows significant differences from the normal state, especially with regard to anionic low-molecular-weight substances. As a quantitative parameter the ratio of anionic higher-molecular-weight substances to anionic low-molecular-weight substances is proposed: the HL ratio. Separation patterns and HL ratios were studied during nine weeks for one patient on chronic hemodialysis. The patient showed a low HL ratio due to excess of low-molecular-weight substances. Separation patterns before and after hemodialysis showed clear differences and the HL ratio increased. The method of analysis is neither time- nor sample-consuming and sample preparation is not needed. Experimental procedures are easily standardized and results are reliable.", "PMID": 528599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3831", "title": "Rapid separation of DNA constituents, bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, under the same chromatographic conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography with a reversed-phase column.", "content": "Four components of three sets of DNA constituents, bases, deoxyribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate, were sufficiently resolved under one set of chromatographic conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography with a reversed-phase column (Zorbax ODS) and the solvent 0.4 M NH4H2PO4 (pH 3.5). The effect of pH and salt concentration in the solvent on the retention of these compounds in the column was thoroughly investigated. Proportionality of peak height to the content, and reproducibility and recovery of the four bases were satisfactory under appropriate conditions and as little as 1 microgram of DNA could be analysed for its base composition by this method.", "contents": "Rapid separation of DNA constituents, bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, under the same chromatographic conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography with a reversed-phase column. Four components of three sets of DNA constituents, bases, deoxyribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate, were sufficiently resolved under one set of chromatographic conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography with a reversed-phase column (Zorbax ODS) and the solvent 0.4 M NH4H2PO4 (pH 3.5). The effect of pH and salt concentration in the solvent on the retention of these compounds in the column was thoroughly investigated. Proportionality of peak height to the content, and reproducibility and recovery of the four bases were satisfactory under appropriate conditions and as little as 1 microgram of DNA could be analysed for its base composition by this method.", "PMID": 528598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3832", "title": "Chlorpheniramine. I. Rapid quantitative analysis of chlorpheniramine in plasma, saliva and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method was developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of chlorpheniramine in plasma, saliva and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. A diethyl ether or hexane extract of the alkalinized biological samples was extracted with dilute acid which was chromatographed on a reversed-phase column using mixtures of acetonitrile and ammonium phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. Ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm was monitored for the detection and brompheniramine was employed as the internal standard for the quantitation. The effects of buffer, pH, and acetonitrile concentration in the mobile phase on the chromatographic separation were investigated. A mobile phase 20% acetonitrile in 0.0075 M phosphate buffer at a flow-rate of 2 ml/min was used for the assays of plasma and saliva samples. A similar mobile phase was used for urine samples. The drug and internal standard were eluted at retention volumes of less than 17 ml. The method can also be used to quantify two metabolites, didesmethyl- and desmethylchlorpheniramine, in the urine. The method can accurately measure chlorpheniramine levels down to 2 ng/ml in plasma or saliva using 1 ml of sample, and should be adequate for biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic studies. Various precautions for using the assay are discussed.", "contents": "Chlorpheniramine. I. Rapid quantitative analysis of chlorpheniramine in plasma, saliva and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method was developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of chlorpheniramine in plasma, saliva and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. A diethyl ether or hexane extract of the alkalinized biological samples was extracted with dilute acid which was chromatographed on a reversed-phase column using mixtures of acetonitrile and ammonium phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. Ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm was monitored for the detection and brompheniramine was employed as the internal standard for the quantitation. The effects of buffer, pH, and acetonitrile concentration in the mobile phase on the chromatographic separation were investigated. A mobile phase 20% acetonitrile in 0.0075 M phosphate buffer at a flow-rate of 2 ml/min was used for the assays of plasma and saliva samples. A similar mobile phase was used for urine samples. The drug and internal standard were eluted at retention volumes of less than 17 ml. The method can also be used to quantify two metabolites, didesmethyl- and desmethylchlorpheniramine, in the urine. The method can accurately measure chlorpheniramine levels down to 2 ng/ml in plasma or saliva using 1 ml of sample, and should be adequate for biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic studies. Various precautions for using the assay are discussed.", "PMID": 528601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3833", "title": "Reliable routine method for the determination of plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline by gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma. OV-17 is used in a 1 m long packed column, with a flame ionization detector and an electronic integrator. Five internal standards are added. The base-specific extraction procedure and the method of calibrating the chromatograph are described in detail. The accuracy, precision and reliability of the method are demonstrated by the results of nearly 700 determinations of each drug, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 400 ng/ml in the plasma. An interlaboratory comparison with a double radioactive isotope derivative assay for nortriptyline has also shown satisfactory agreement.", "contents": "Reliable routine method for the determination of plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline by gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma. OV-17 is used in a 1 m long packed column, with a flame ionization detector and an electronic integrator. Five internal standards are added. The base-specific extraction procedure and the method of calibrating the chromatograph are described in detail. The accuracy, precision and reliability of the method are demonstrated by the results of nearly 700 determinations of each drug, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 400 ng/ml in the plasma. An interlaboratory comparison with a double radioactive isotope derivative assay for nortriptyline has also shown satisfactory agreement.", "PMID": 528600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3834", "title": "Measurement of urinary pyrimidine bases and nucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid procedure for the isolation, separation, identification and measurement of urinary pyrimidine bases and nucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. The initial isolation of these compounds from urine was accomplished with small disposable ion-exchange columns. HPLC was performed on a silica gel column with a mobile phase composed of methylene chloride, methanol and 1 M aqueous ammonium formate buffer. Peaks were recorded at both 254 nm and 280 nm and the response ratio was used in combination with the elution volume for compound identification. The minimum detectable amount (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) ranged from 0.2 ng for uracil to 2.2 ng for cytidine. Linearity and recovery for thymine, uracil, uridine, pseudouridine, orotic acid and orotidine added to urine was demonstrated over almost a 10(3) concentration range. The potential application of this method for the study of inborn errors in the urea cycle is discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary pyrimidine bases and nucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid procedure for the isolation, separation, identification and measurement of urinary pyrimidine bases and nucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. The initial isolation of these compounds from urine was accomplished with small disposable ion-exchange columns. HPLC was performed on a silica gel column with a mobile phase composed of methylene chloride, methanol and 1 M aqueous ammonium formate buffer. Peaks were recorded at both 254 nm and 280 nm and the response ratio was used in combination with the elution volume for compound identification. The minimum detectable amount (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) ranged from 0.2 ng for uracil to 2.2 ng for cytidine. Linearity and recovery for thymine, uracil, uridine, pseudouridine, orotic acid and orotidine added to urine was demonstrated over almost a 10(3) concentration range. The potential application of this method for the study of inborn errors in the urea cycle is discussed.", "PMID": 528624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3835", "title": "A rapid, sensitive method for accurate determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio by thin-layer chromatography and reflectance spectrofluorometry.", "content": "A highly reproducible thin-layer chromatographic procedure has been developed for accurate determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Two interfering compounds, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine, have been investigated and eliminated by adsorption onto DEAE-cellulose. A uniform fluorescence staining procedure employing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein has been developed. Accurate quantitation was performed by direct measurement of the reflected fluorescence intensity of the lecithin and sphingomyelin fluorophore spots with a spectrofluorometer equipped with a thin-layer scanning attachment. Stability and reproducibility studies are reported.", "contents": "A rapid, sensitive method for accurate determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio by thin-layer chromatography and reflectance spectrofluorometry. A highly reproducible thin-layer chromatographic procedure has been developed for accurate determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Two interfering compounds, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine, have been investigated and eliminated by adsorption onto DEAE-cellulose. A uniform fluorescence staining procedure employing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein has been developed. Accurate quantitation was performed by direct measurement of the reflected fluorescence intensity of the lecithin and sphingomyelin fluorophore spots with a spectrofluorometer equipped with a thin-layer scanning attachment. Stability and reproducibility studies are reported.", "PMID": 528625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3836", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of plasma levels of d-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepine acid maleate (SCH-12679) and its major metabolites in aggressive mental retardites.", "content": "A sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the quantitative analysis of SCH-12679 (d-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine acid maleate) and its major metabolites in plasma of aggressive mental retardates receiving therapeutic doses of the medicament has been developed. The lower limits of detection are 20 ng/ml for SCH-12679, 0.5 ng/ml for 3-desmethyl SCH-12679 and 0.4 ng/ml for 7-desmethyl plus 8-desmethyl SCH-12679. SCH-12679 is estimated with a flame ionization detector. Its metabolites are quantitated using an electron-capture detector after conversion of the compounds to their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives by reaction with the appropriate anhydride. Data on plasma levels of unchanged SCH-12679, 3-desmethyl SCH-12679 and a combination of 7-desmethyl and 8-desmethyl SCH-12679 in fifteen patients treated with the medicament are presented.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of plasma levels of d-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepine acid maleate (SCH-12679) and its major metabolites in aggressive mental retardites. A sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the quantitative analysis of SCH-12679 (d-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine acid maleate) and its major metabolites in plasma of aggressive mental retardates receiving therapeutic doses of the medicament has been developed. The lower limits of detection are 20 ng/ml for SCH-12679, 0.5 ng/ml for 3-desmethyl SCH-12679 and 0.4 ng/ml for 7-desmethyl plus 8-desmethyl SCH-12679. SCH-12679 is estimated with a flame ionization detector. Its metabolites are quantitated using an electron-capture detector after conversion of the compounds to their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives by reaction with the appropriate anhydride. Data on plasma levels of unchanged SCH-12679, 3-desmethyl SCH-12679 and a combination of 7-desmethyl and 8-desmethyl SCH-12679 in fifteen patients treated with the medicament are presented.", "PMID": 528626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3837", "title": "Cimetidine assay in human plasma by liquid chromatography.", "content": "An assay for the determination of cimetidine in human plasma is described. Cimetidine was extracted from alkalized plasma with ethyl acetate, washed once over hydrochloric acid, re-extracted into ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in ethanol and injected into a liquid chromatograph. In vitro sulphoxidation was found to occur in whole blood, for which reason the assay was performed in plasma. The accuracy of the method was found to be within 3% and the lower limit for sensitivity was demonstrated to be 0.1 mg/l using 750 microliters plasma. Five volunteers received 1 g cimetidine perorally per day given in four doses with various intervals. Blood samples were drawn hourly, five dose intervals over two days. The average minimum concentration of plasma cimetidine was found to correlate significantly with the mean value of the area under the time/concentration curve over a period of three dose intervals (r = 0.96).", "contents": "Cimetidine assay in human plasma by liquid chromatography. An assay for the determination of cimetidine in human plasma is described. Cimetidine was extracted from alkalized plasma with ethyl acetate, washed once over hydrochloric acid, re-extracted into ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in ethanol and injected into a liquid chromatograph. In vitro sulphoxidation was found to occur in whole blood, for which reason the assay was performed in plasma. The accuracy of the method was found to be within 3% and the lower limit for sensitivity was demonstrated to be 0.1 mg/l using 750 microliters plasma. Five volunteers received 1 g cimetidine perorally per day given in four doses with various intervals. Blood samples were drawn hourly, five dose intervals over two days. The average minimum concentration of plasma cimetidine was found to correlate significantly with the mean value of the area under the time/concentration curve over a period of three dose intervals (r = 0.96).", "PMID": 528627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3838", "title": "Estimation of disaccharides in plasma and urine by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A technique for the estimation of disaccharides in plasma and urine using gas-liquid chromatography is described. The procedure involves the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives followed by injection of the reaction mixture directly onto the column. The method is precise, linear over a wide range and gives recoveries of 93--99%. The limit of sensitivity is 80 micrograms per 100 ml, but with modification of the volumes used, levels of 40 micrograms per 100 ml may be quantitated.", "contents": "Estimation of disaccharides in plasma and urine by gas-liquid chromatography. A technique for the estimation of disaccharides in plasma and urine using gas-liquid chromatography is described. The procedure involves the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives followed by injection of the reaction mixture directly onto the column. The method is precise, linear over a wide range and gives recoveries of 93--99%. The limit of sensitivity is 80 micrograms per 100 ml, but with modification of the volumes used, levels of 40 micrograms per 100 ml may be quantitated.", "PMID": 528633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3839", "title": "Charge-transfer and water-mediated adsorption. III. Adsorption on tryptophan-substituted Sephadex and Sepharose.", "content": "The adsorption of tyrosine, tryptophan and some related compounds on tryptophan and tryptophanyltryptophan gels is similar to but much stronger than that observed with the parent gel Sephadex G-25. The adsorption has been attributed mainly to charge transfer or redistribution of electrons and protons leading to pi-bonding and hydrogen bonding, in addition to hydrophobic adsorption. The participation of organized water surrounding the gel matrix, the ligands and the solute molecules has been considered. The application of this principle of adsorption has been exemplified by chromatographic experiments with a cellulase preparation of tryptophan-Sepharose 4B.", "contents": "Charge-transfer and water-mediated adsorption. III. Adsorption on tryptophan-substituted Sephadex and Sepharose. The adsorption of tyrosine, tryptophan and some related compounds on tryptophan and tryptophanyltryptophan gels is similar to but much stronger than that observed with the parent gel Sephadex G-25. The adsorption has been attributed mainly to charge transfer or redistribution of electrons and protons leading to pi-bonding and hydrogen bonding, in addition to hydrophobic adsorption. The participation of organized water surrounding the gel matrix, the ligands and the solute molecules has been considered. The application of this principle of adsorption has been exemplified by chromatographic experiments with a cellulase preparation of tryptophan-Sepharose 4B.", "PMID": 528636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3840", "title": "Titration curves of polypeptide chains by combined isoelectric focusing-electrophoresis in 8 M urea.", "content": "Titration curves of reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains can be successfully performed in 8 M urea-polyacrylamide gel plates by electrophoresis perpendicular to a stationary stack of focused carrier ampholytes. All buffers and thiol reagents with pK values in the range pH 3--10 should be removed, since their pH-dependent ionization affects the migration and apparent pI values of the protein chains. No blurring of the patterns below pH 4.5 is observed, as usually found in titration curves in the absence of urea, thus allowing the direct titration of Glu and Asp residues. It is not possible by the present technique to titrate any group below pH ca. 3 and above pH ca. 10, due to the lack of suitable carrier ampholytes and to a \"flooding\" phenomenon, with concomitant identical electrophoretic mobility for all protein species, irrespective of their relative pI values and amino acid composition. The \"electrophoretic titration curves\" thus obtained were well correlated with the overall amino acid composition of the polypeptide chains analyzed.", "contents": "Titration curves of polypeptide chains by combined isoelectric focusing-electrophoresis in 8 M urea. Titration curves of reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains can be successfully performed in 8 M urea-polyacrylamide gel plates by electrophoresis perpendicular to a stationary stack of focused carrier ampholytes. All buffers and thiol reagents with pK values in the range pH 3--10 should be removed, since their pH-dependent ionization affects the migration and apparent pI values of the protein chains. No blurring of the patterns below pH 4.5 is observed, as usually found in titration curves in the absence of urea, thus allowing the direct titration of Glu and Asp residues. It is not possible by the present technique to titrate any group below pH ca. 3 and above pH ca. 10, due to the lack of suitable carrier ampholytes and to a \"flooding\" phenomenon, with concomitant identical electrophoretic mobility for all protein species, irrespective of their relative pI values and amino acid composition. The \"electrophoretic titration curves\" thus obtained were well correlated with the overall amino acid composition of the polypeptide chains analyzed.", "PMID": 528637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3841", "title": "Simple and rapid method for the determination of progesterone in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "A method for estimating progesterone in rat plasma using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with electron-capture detection is described. By means of a column chromatographic technique for the extraction of progesterone from plasma, it is possible to isolate the steroid in such a specific way that, contrary to previously published methods, no additional chromatographic purification and separation steps are needed prior to the final GLC analysis. As a derivative for electron-capture detection we used the 3,20-di-O-pentafluorobenzyloxime of progesterone. This derivative is superior to those used hitherto with regard to sensitivity and stability. The high overall recovery (mean value, 89.4%) makes this method especially convenient for research work when only little plasma is available, or when the concentration of progesterone is very low.", "contents": "Simple and rapid method for the determination of progesterone in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. A method for estimating progesterone in rat plasma using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with electron-capture detection is described. By means of a column chromatographic technique for the extraction of progesterone from plasma, it is possible to isolate the steroid in such a specific way that, contrary to previously published methods, no additional chromatographic purification and separation steps are needed prior to the final GLC analysis. As a derivative for electron-capture detection we used the 3,20-di-O-pentafluorobenzyloxime of progesterone. This derivative is superior to those used hitherto with regard to sensitivity and stability. The high overall recovery (mean value, 89.4%) makes this method especially convenient for research work when only little plasma is available, or when the concentration of progesterone is very low.", "PMID": 528638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3842", "title": "Chromatographic isolation of thymic factors impairing neuromuscular transmission.", "content": "Thymopoietins I and II are chemically related peptides able to inhibit neuromuscular transmission. They were first isolated from bovine thymus by a protein-denaturating method, which may have destroyed other thymic factors displaying the same biological activity. The present investigation, based on a new gentle isolation procedure, suggests that thymopoietins are the only factors impairing neuromuscular transmission that are present in the thymus. The yield of the new procedure is at least twice as high as that of the original method.", "contents": "Chromatographic isolation of thymic factors impairing neuromuscular transmission. Thymopoietins I and II are chemically related peptides able to inhibit neuromuscular transmission. They were first isolated from bovine thymus by a protein-denaturating method, which may have destroyed other thymic factors displaying the same biological activity. The present investigation, based on a new gentle isolation procedure, suggests that thymopoietins are the only factors impairing neuromuscular transmission that are present in the thymus. The yield of the new procedure is at least twice as high as that of the original method.", "PMID": 528639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3843", "title": "Analysis of azanaphthalenes and their enzyme oxidation products by high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.", "content": "Adsorption and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been successfully used to separate metabolites from the parent heterocycles (isoquinoline, 3-methylisoquinoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline and cinnoline). Retention data are reported. The metabolites, hydroxyazanaphthalenes, which arise as a result of aldehyde oxidase catalysed oxidation, could be extracted in microgram quantities from incubation mixtures by n-butanol. Complete identification of the oxidation products was achieved by collecting fractions corresponding to each compound from the HPLC eluate and subjecting these to infrared and mass-spectral analysis.", "contents": "Analysis of azanaphthalenes and their enzyme oxidation products by high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Adsorption and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been successfully used to separate metabolites from the parent heterocycles (isoquinoline, 3-methylisoquinoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline and cinnoline). Retention data are reported. The metabolites, hydroxyazanaphthalenes, which arise as a result of aldehyde oxidase catalysed oxidation, could be extracted in microgram quantities from incubation mixtures by n-butanol. Complete identification of the oxidation products was achieved by collecting fractions corresponding to each compound from the HPLC eluate and subjecting these to infrared and mass-spectral analysis.", "PMID": 528640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3844", "title": "Quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of cefatrizine in serum and urine by fluorescence detection after post-column derivatization.", "content": "A fast, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of cefatrizine, an orally active cephalosporin, in serum and urine is proposed. The drug is determined by the internal standard method, using cephradine as the internal standard. The separation is carried out on a reversed-phase column, filled with octadecylsilane chemically bonded microparticles. The eluent is a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.025 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7). Quantitation is effected by fluorescence detection of the fluorophores formed after post-column derivatization with fluorescamine in a packed-bed reactor. The chromatographic conditions and the conditions for the post-column derivatization are discussed. The method has been applied to serum and urine samples, which were analysed after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid and injection of the clear supernatant. The accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure were investigated by the determination of the cefatrizine content in spiked serum and urine samples.", "contents": "Quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of cefatrizine in serum and urine by fluorescence detection after post-column derivatization. A fast, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of cefatrizine, an orally active cephalosporin, in serum and urine is proposed. The drug is determined by the internal standard method, using cephradine as the internal standard. The separation is carried out on a reversed-phase column, filled with octadecylsilane chemically bonded microparticles. The eluent is a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.025 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7). Quantitation is effected by fluorescence detection of the fluorophores formed after post-column derivatization with fluorescamine in a packed-bed reactor. The chromatographic conditions and the conditions for the post-column derivatization are discussed. The method has been applied to serum and urine samples, which were analysed after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid and injection of the clear supernatant. The accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure were investigated by the determination of the cefatrizine content in spiked serum and urine samples.", "PMID": 528641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3845", "title": "Class separation of bile lipids by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatography technique is described that permits separation of each class of bile lipid, such as cholesterol, free (unconjugated) bile acids, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids and phospholipids, in a single run. The use of silica gel G-aluminium pre-coated sheets facilitates further processing, such as the extraction in situ of each class of separated bile lipids for determination by conventional methods.", "contents": "Class separation of bile lipids by thin-layer chromatography. A thin-layer chromatography technique is described that permits separation of each class of bile lipid, such as cholesterol, free (unconjugated) bile acids, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids and phospholipids, in a single run. The use of silica gel G-aluminium pre-coated sheets facilitates further processing, such as the extraction in situ of each class of separated bile lipids for determination by conventional methods.", "PMID": 528642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3846", "title": "Protein binding of coherin and other small molecules by thin-layer gel chromatography.", "content": "The protein binding stoichiometry of small molecules is here determined on a nanomole scale by a simplified procedure utilizing chromatography on thin layers of cross-linked dextran gels. New data are presented on the thin layer chromatographic properties of representative ligands, including a-amino acids, peptides, dyes and fluorigenic reagents, in relation to their molecular weights, polar characteristics, gel water regain values and denaturants, providing criteria for the general application of this method to studies of ligand binding with large as well as small molecules. By this procedure coherin peptides, A1 and B1--4, respectively, bind to coherin C in the molar ratio, 2:1, with a binding constant of about 10(5) M-1. Coherin C is believed to act as a carrier peptide.", "contents": "Protein binding of coherin and other small molecules by thin-layer gel chromatography. The protein binding stoichiometry of small molecules is here determined on a nanomole scale by a simplified procedure utilizing chromatography on thin layers of cross-linked dextran gels. New data are presented on the thin layer chromatographic properties of representative ligands, including a-amino acids, peptides, dyes and fluorigenic reagents, in relation to their molecular weights, polar characteristics, gel water regain values and denaturants, providing criteria for the general application of this method to studies of ligand binding with large as well as small molecules. By this procedure coherin peptides, A1 and B1--4, respectively, bind to coherin C in the molar ratio, 2:1, with a binding constant of about 10(5) M-1. Coherin C is believed to act as a carrier peptide.", "PMID": 528649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3847", "title": "Rapid determination of DDT and related compounds in soils via carbon skeleton gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The levels of DDT and related compounds in soil samples from an apple orchard have been determined. Extraction of residues was achieved by cyclic steam extraction and by conventional solvent extraction methods allowing comparison of the two methods. Determination of the organochlorine residues present in the extracts was performed by gas-liquid chromatography-electron-capture detection and by carbon skeleton gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Excellent agreement between the two determination techniques was achieved. Prior to application of p,p'-DDT, a value of approximately 0.4 ppm was obtained for Delta DDT in the soil. The major component of this total was DDE. After spraying the apple trees with technical grade, p,p'-DDT, Delta DDT for the soil rose to 0.6 ppm. This increase was due to translocation of p,p'-DDT from the trees.", "contents": "Rapid determination of DDT and related compounds in soils via carbon skeleton gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The levels of DDT and related compounds in soil samples from an apple orchard have been determined. Extraction of residues was achieved by cyclic steam extraction and by conventional solvent extraction methods allowing comparison of the two methods. Determination of the organochlorine residues present in the extracts was performed by gas-liquid chromatography-electron-capture detection and by carbon skeleton gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Excellent agreement between the two determination techniques was achieved. Prior to application of p,p'-DDT, a value of approximately 0.4 ppm was obtained for Delta DDT in the soil. The major component of this total was DDE. After spraying the apple trees with technical grade, p,p'-DDT, Delta DDT for the soil rose to 0.6 ppm. This increase was due to translocation of p,p'-DDT from the trees.", "PMID": 528650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3848", "title": "Fingerprinting of carbohydrates of Streptococcus mutans by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A modified method is described for the analysis, by gas-liquid chromatography, of various sugars as the trimethylsilyl derivatives of their methyl glycosides. The technique was employed for the analysis of the cellular carbohydrate of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 and provided reproducible fingerprints, consisting of peaks due to glycerol, rhamnose, xylose, galactofuranse, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Absolute identification of the latter was by combined gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Fingerprinting of carbohydrates of Streptococcus mutans by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A modified method is described for the analysis, by gas-liquid chromatography, of various sugars as the trimethylsilyl derivatives of their methyl glycosides. The technique was employed for the analysis of the cellular carbohydrate of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 and provided reproducible fingerprints, consisting of peaks due to glycerol, rhamnose, xylose, galactofuranse, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Absolute identification of the latter was by combined gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 528651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3849", "title": "Determination of morphine and its major metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide, in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "The construction of an electrochemical detector flow cell for high-performance liquid chromatography from stainless steel, which also serves as the auxiliary electrode, is described. Glassy carbon is used for the working electrode in a novel configuration based on a hybrid of the wall-jet and thin-layer arrangements. Application of the detector to the determination of morphine in small blood samples is described. The metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide, is also determined by hydrolysis with beta-glucoronidase prior to extraction. The detector is capable of detecting less than 1 ng of morphine injected.", "contents": "Determination of morphine and its major metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide, in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The construction of an electrochemical detector flow cell for high-performance liquid chromatography from stainless steel, which also serves as the auxiliary electrode, is described. Glassy carbon is used for the working electrode in a novel configuration based on a hybrid of the wall-jet and thin-layer arrangements. Application of the detector to the determination of morphine in small blood samples is described. The metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide, is also determined by hydrolysis with beta-glucoronidase prior to extraction. The detector is capable of detecting less than 1 ng of morphine injected.", "PMID": 528652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3850", "title": "Determination of zomepirac in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific and precise high-pressure liquid-chromatographic method for the determination of the analgesic agent, zomepirac, in plasma samples is described. The lowest concentration of zomepirac that can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 20%) in a 2 ml plasma sample is 10 ng/ml. The standard curve is linear in the concentration range of 10 to 5000 ng/ml. To date, this procedure has been employed successfully in analysing over 10,000 clinical plasma samples.", "contents": "Determination of zomepirac in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific and precise high-pressure liquid-chromatographic method for the determination of the analgesic agent, zomepirac, in plasma samples is described. The lowest concentration of zomepirac that can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 20%) in a 2 ml plasma sample is 10 ng/ml. The standard curve is linear in the concentration range of 10 to 5000 ng/ml. To date, this procedure has been employed successfully in analysing over 10,000 clinical plasma samples.", "PMID": 528653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3851", "title": "Paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of phenol sulfates in synthetic mixtures, algal extracts and urine.", "content": "Phenol sulfate esters have been analyzed by paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The method provided direct, rapid chromatography of phenol sulfates in crude extracts of the red alga (Polysiphonia lanosa (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol 1',4-disulfate), of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene 2,5-disulfate), and in rat urine (resorcinol mono- and disulfates). Detector response (254 nm) was linear within the approximate range from 30--125 ng to 5--10 microgram. Semipreparative scale chromatography provided sufficient amounts of purified phenol sulfates for further analysis by paper electrophoresis.", "contents": "Paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of phenol sulfates in synthetic mixtures, algal extracts and urine. Phenol sulfate esters have been analyzed by paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The method provided direct, rapid chromatography of phenol sulfates in crude extracts of the red alga (Polysiphonia lanosa (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol 1',4-disulfate), of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene 2,5-disulfate), and in rat urine (resorcinol mono- and disulfates). Detector response (254 nm) was linear within the approximate range from 30--125 ng to 5--10 microgram. Semipreparative scale chromatography provided sufficient amounts of purified phenol sulfates for further analysis by paper electrophoresis.", "PMID": 528658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3852", "title": "Application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence method for the rapid determination of alpha-tocopherol in the plasma of cattle and pigs and its comparison with direct fluorescence and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection methods.", "content": "High-performance liquid chromatography is used to develop a sensitive method for the determination of tocopherol levels in the plasma of cattle and pigs. This method is compared with a similar method using UV detection and one using direct fluorescence determination of tocopherol. Finally a double injection technique used in conjunction with fluorescence detection is shown to enhance the rate of analysis of the tocopherol levels in bovine plasma extracts.", "contents": "Application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence method for the rapid determination of alpha-tocopherol in the plasma of cattle and pigs and its comparison with direct fluorescence and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection methods. High-performance liquid chromatography is used to develop a sensitive method for the determination of tocopherol levels in the plasma of cattle and pigs. This method is compared with a similar method using UV detection and one using direct fluorescence determination of tocopherol. Finally a double injection technique used in conjunction with fluorescence detection is shown to enhance the rate of analysis of the tocopherol levels in bovine plasma extracts.", "PMID": 528659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3853", "title": "Rapid and simple determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the low parts per 10(12) range.", "content": "A method for extracting aflatoxin M1 from milk is proposed in which the use of disposable Extrelut clean-up columns simplifies the analysis considerably in comparison with existing methods. The quantitative determination is based on one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence densitometric measurement. The detection limit is 5 ppt (parts per 10(12)) in milk and the recovery is 78 +/- 4% at a level of 50 ppt.", "contents": "Rapid and simple determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the low parts per 10(12) range. A method for extracting aflatoxin M1 from milk is proposed in which the use of disposable Extrelut clean-up columns simplifies the analysis considerably in comparison with existing methods. The quantitative determination is based on one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence densitometric measurement. The detection limit is 5 ppt (parts per 10(12)) in milk and the recovery is 78 +/- 4% at a level of 50 ppt.", "PMID": 528660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3854", "title": "Application of pattern recognition and feature extraction techniques to volatile constituent metabolic profiles obtained by capillary gas chromatography.", "content": "The applicability of threshold logic units, a form of nonparametric pattern recognition, to the processing of metabolic profile data obtained by high-efficiency glass capillary column gas chromatography has been investigated. The test data included profiles of the volatile constituents of urine from normal individuals and from individuals with diabetes mellitus. A feature extraction algorithm allowed for dimensionality reduction and indicated the constituents most important in the normal versus pathological distinction. With an optimum number of dimensions, a normal versus pathological prediction rate of 93.75% was achieved. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to identify important profile constituents.", "contents": "Application of pattern recognition and feature extraction techniques to volatile constituent metabolic profiles obtained by capillary gas chromatography. The applicability of threshold logic units, a form of nonparametric pattern recognition, to the processing of metabolic profile data obtained by high-efficiency glass capillary column gas chromatography has been investigated. The test data included profiles of the volatile constituents of urine from normal individuals and from individuals with diabetes mellitus. A feature extraction algorithm allowed for dimensionality reduction and indicated the constituents most important in the normal versus pathological distinction. With an optimum number of dimensions, a normal versus pathological prediction rate of 93.75% was achieved. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to identify important profile constituents.", "PMID": 528664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3855", "title": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of neutral sugars in human serum glycoproteins. Fucose, mannose, and galactose as predictors in ovarian and small cell lung carcinoma.", "content": "A precise and accurate gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of the neutral sugars L-fucose (6-deoxygalactose), mannose, galactose, and glucose in ethanol precipitates of human serum proteins. The chromatographic conditions and sample preparation resulted in short analysis time (20 min per run) and made routine analyses practicable (twelve samples per day). The alditol acetate derivatization yielded single derivatives for each sugar. Complete separation was achieved on a 2.0 m X 2 mm I.D. column with 2.0% Silar-7CP on Chromosorb W AW 80--100 mesh. The results of hydrolysis showed that the release of fucose and galactose preceded the release of mannose. Hydrolysis with AG 50 W-X8 (H+) ion-exchange resin in 0.5 N HCl at 100 degrees for 7 h optimized glycosidic bond cleavage with only minimal destruction of fucose, mannose and galactose. A combination of strong cation- and anion-exchange resin columns was used to remove chromatographic background of peptides, amino acids, amino sugars, and inorganic ions. An average R.S.D. of less than 4% with recovery of greater than 86% for the three sugars was achieved. The homogeneity of the chromatographic peaks for the neutral sugars of normal human serum glycoproteins was confirmed by GLC--mass spectrometry. Significantly elevated ratios of fucose, galactose, and mannose to serum protein were observed for patients with small cell lung and ovarian carcinomas.", "contents": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of neutral sugars in human serum glycoproteins. Fucose, mannose, and galactose as predictors in ovarian and small cell lung carcinoma. A precise and accurate gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of the neutral sugars L-fucose (6-deoxygalactose), mannose, galactose, and glucose in ethanol precipitates of human serum proteins. The chromatographic conditions and sample preparation resulted in short analysis time (20 min per run) and made routine analyses practicable (twelve samples per day). The alditol acetate derivatization yielded single derivatives for each sugar. Complete separation was achieved on a 2.0 m X 2 mm I.D. column with 2.0% Silar-7CP on Chromosorb W AW 80--100 mesh. The results of hydrolysis showed that the release of fucose and galactose preceded the release of mannose. Hydrolysis with AG 50 W-X8 (H+) ion-exchange resin in 0.5 N HCl at 100 degrees for 7 h optimized glycosidic bond cleavage with only minimal destruction of fucose, mannose and galactose. A combination of strong cation- and anion-exchange resin columns was used to remove chromatographic background of peptides, amino acids, amino sugars, and inorganic ions. An average R.S.D. of less than 4% with recovery of greater than 86% for the three sugars was achieved. The homogeneity of the chromatographic peaks for the neutral sugars of normal human serum glycoproteins was confirmed by GLC--mass spectrometry. Significantly elevated ratios of fucose, galactose, and mannose to serum protein were observed for patients with small cell lung and ovarian carcinomas.", "PMID": 528665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3856", "title": "Determination of plasma testosterone by mass fragmentography using testosterone-19-d3 as an internal standard. Comparison with radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Analytical procedures for the measurement of testosterone by mass fragmentography (MF) using trideuterated testosterone (testosterone-19,19,19-d3) are described. For the calculation of plasma testosterone, peak height ratios were measured by MF performed on the molecular ions of the TFA derivative of testosterone (m/e 480) and testosterone-19,19,19-d3 (m/e 483). The sensitivity of the method was judged from the lower limit of detection of the mass spectrometer which was at 10 pg. For the measurement of the precision, the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (C.V.) were calculated by using a pooled plasma sample; they were 3.15% and 1.79%, respectively. The specificity was investigated by the use of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the MF method was found to afford a highly selective technique. These results obtained by MF have been compared with the results obtained by a radioimmunoassay method.", "contents": "Determination of plasma testosterone by mass fragmentography using testosterone-19-d3 as an internal standard. Comparison with radioimmunoassay. Analytical procedures for the measurement of testosterone by mass fragmentography (MF) using trideuterated testosterone (testosterone-19,19,19-d3) are described. For the calculation of plasma testosterone, peak height ratios were measured by MF performed on the molecular ions of the TFA derivative of testosterone (m/e 480) and testosterone-19,19,19-d3 (m/e 483). The sensitivity of the method was judged from the lower limit of detection of the mass spectrometer which was at 10 pg. For the measurement of the precision, the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (C.V.) were calculated by using a pooled plasma sample; they were 3.15% and 1.79%, respectively. The specificity was investigated by the use of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the MF method was found to afford a highly selective technique. These results obtained by MF have been compared with the results obtained by a radioimmunoassay method.", "PMID": 528666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3857", "title": "Rapid method for the assay of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and aspartic acid in brain tissue and subcellular fractions.", "content": "The thin-layer electrophoretic separation at pH 4.8 of brain extracts and a procedure for fluorescent staining of the plates with fluorescamine are described for the rapid routine determination of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and aspartic acid in brain extracts and in particulate fractions of brain tissue. Automated sample application, electrophoretic separation using two chambers, and quantitation by in situ fluorescence scanning allows the assay of 280 samples within three working days. The method is reproducible (S.D. less than 8% of the mean) within the range of 0.2--2 nmole per spot. The staining procedure can be applied to a variety of related analytical problems. The method has proved useful for the determination of the specific radioactivities of GABA, glutamic acid and aspartic acid in metabolic studies.", "contents": "Rapid method for the assay of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and aspartic acid in brain tissue and subcellular fractions. The thin-layer electrophoretic separation at pH 4.8 of brain extracts and a procedure for fluorescent staining of the plates with fluorescamine are described for the rapid routine determination of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and aspartic acid in brain extracts and in particulate fractions of brain tissue. Automated sample application, electrophoretic separation using two chambers, and quantitation by in situ fluorescence scanning allows the assay of 280 samples within three working days. The method is reproducible (S.D. less than 8% of the mean) within the range of 0.2--2 nmole per spot. The staining procedure can be applied to a variety of related analytical problems. The method has proved useful for the determination of the specific radioactivities of GABA, glutamic acid and aspartic acid in metabolic studies.", "PMID": 528667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3858", "title": "The role of spectral selectivity in fluorescence detection for liquid chromatography.", "content": "The use of a cut-off filter has been compared with a monochromator for emission energy selection in the fluorescence detector used in the analysis of environmental samples for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography. The use of a cut-off filter can provide greater sensitivity for compounds that are well separated by the chromatography. However, samples that contain a large number of compounds often result in overlapping peaks, and for such samples, it has been found that the spectral selectivity of monochromatic emission selection reduces the interference due to compounds eluting near the compounds of analytical interest. This spectral selectivity results in greater sensitivity and a smaller quantitation error in the analysis of these complex samples.", "contents": "The role of spectral selectivity in fluorescence detection for liquid chromatography. The use of a cut-off filter has been compared with a monochromator for emission energy selection in the fluorescence detector used in the analysis of environmental samples for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography. The use of a cut-off filter can provide greater sensitivity for compounds that are well separated by the chromatography. However, samples that contain a large number of compounds often result in overlapping peaks, and for such samples, it has been found that the spectral selectivity of monochromatic emission selection reduces the interference due to compounds eluting near the compounds of analytical interest. This spectral selectivity results in greater sensitivity and a smaller quantitation error in the analysis of these complex samples.", "PMID": 528673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3859", "title": "A comparison of differential pulse and d.c. amperometric detection modes for the liquid chromatographic determination of oxalic acid.", "content": "Oxalic acid determinations are made using two modes of electrochemical detection, namely, classical d.c. and differential pulse, after separation by ion-pair, ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography. Peak height ratio plots are constructed and compared for uric acid and oxalic acid mixtures using both electrochemical detection modes. The enhanced selectivity realized by use of the differential pulse electrochemical detection mode is demonstrated.", "contents": "A comparison of differential pulse and d.c. amperometric detection modes for the liquid chromatographic determination of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid determinations are made using two modes of electrochemical detection, namely, classical d.c. and differential pulse, after separation by ion-pair, ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography. Peak height ratio plots are constructed and compared for uric acid and oxalic acid mixtures using both electrochemical detection modes. The enhanced selectivity realized by use of the differential pulse electrochemical detection mode is demonstrated.", "PMID": 528674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3860", "title": "Use of borohydride reduction in the separation of estrogen carbonyls.", "content": "The chromatographic behavior of the estrogen carbonyls, equilenin, equilin, and estrone, and their respective sodium borohydride reduction products has been studied. The separation of the 17 alpha-hydroxy reduced compounds is superior to the separations achieved for the parent carbonyls using both reversed-phase and normal-phase systems. The reductions appear quantitative by the chromatographic systems used but other work indicates that a small quantity of 17 alpha-hydroxy isomer is produced. The separations developed here have been used in the identification of 9-dehydroestrone, an impurity in estrone, and in the identification of the estrogens in a commercial aqueous suspension of estrogenic substances.", "contents": "Use of borohydride reduction in the separation of estrogen carbonyls. The chromatographic behavior of the estrogen carbonyls, equilenin, equilin, and estrone, and their respective sodium borohydride reduction products has been studied. The separation of the 17 alpha-hydroxy reduced compounds is superior to the separations achieved for the parent carbonyls using both reversed-phase and normal-phase systems. The reductions appear quantitative by the chromatographic systems used but other work indicates that a small quantity of 17 alpha-hydroxy isomer is produced. The separations developed here have been used in the identification of 9-dehydroestrone, an impurity in estrone, and in the identification of the estrogens in a commercial aqueous suspension of estrogenic substances.", "PMID": 528675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3861", "title": "Determination of chlorinated phenols in surface-treated lumber by HPLC.", "content": "A solution of internal standard in acetonitrile is used to extract samples of wood from lumber which had been commercially treated with chlorinated phenols. The tetrachlorophenol(TCP) and pentachlorophenol( PCP) were analytically separated from each other and from the other wood extractive compounds using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The ultraviolet (UV) absorptions of the TCP, PCP, and internal standard were automatically measured as they eluted. The UV absorption peaks were integrated, and the amounts of TCP and PCP present were calculated with a dedicated microcomputer. Compared with the method previously used, this method is faster (up to 144 samples per 48 hours), has the same accuracy and precision, and it is linear over the concentration range used.", "contents": "Determination of chlorinated phenols in surface-treated lumber by HPLC. A solution of internal standard in acetonitrile is used to extract samples of wood from lumber which had been commercially treated with chlorinated phenols. The tetrachlorophenol(TCP) and pentachlorophenol( PCP) were analytically separated from each other and from the other wood extractive compounds using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The ultraviolet (UV) absorptions of the TCP, PCP, and internal standard were automatically measured as they eluted. The UV absorption peaks were integrated, and the amounts of TCP and PCP present were calculated with a dedicated microcomputer. Compared with the method previously used, this method is faster (up to 144 samples per 48 hours), has the same accuracy and precision, and it is linear over the concentration range used.", "PMID": 528676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3862", "title": "The use of glass capillary columns for food and essential oil analysis.", "content": "Foods and essential oils represent complex mixtures whose components frequently embrace a wide range of functional groups and volatilities. The analyst concerned with these products may be interested in overall separation or \"fingerprinting,\" in correlating the amount of individual compounds with specific flavor notes, in the detection and measurement of specific substances such as nitrosamines or pesticides, or in following the progress of a biochemical reaction. Analytical speed and the sensitivity of the method may also be important, as well as the ability of reactive compounds to survive the analysis. Toward all of these goals, glass capillary gas chromatography offers distinct advantages.", "contents": "The use of glass capillary columns for food and essential oil analysis. Foods and essential oils represent complex mixtures whose components frequently embrace a wide range of functional groups and volatilities. The analyst concerned with these products may be interested in overall separation or \"fingerprinting,\" in correlating the amount of individual compounds with specific flavor notes, in the detection and measurement of specific substances such as nitrosamines or pesticides, or in following the progress of a biochemical reaction. Analytical speed and the sensitivity of the method may also be important, as well as the ability of reactive compounds to survive the analysis. Toward all of these goals, glass capillary gas chromatography offers distinct advantages.", "PMID": 528677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3863", "title": "The determination of oxalic acid in urine by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "A system for the determination of oxalic acid in human urine using ion exchange-ion pair, high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLCEC) is described. Urine is acidified with HCl, and excess CaCl2 is added to precipitate oxalate ion. The precipitate is isolated, redissolved in dilute sulfuric acid, and separated on a strong cation exchange column using an acetic acid-solium acetate-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate mobile phase adjusted to pH 2.8. Using an electrochemical detector at 1.25 volts vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE), oxalic acid exhibits a linear dynamic range from 1 to 1000 mg/liter with a detection limit of 0.1 mg/liter. Quantitative data are obtained by the method of standard addition in the clinically significant range from 5 to 40 mg/liter. Percentage recovery for spiked urine samples was 97.8% with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%.", "contents": "The determination of oxalic acid in urine by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A system for the determination of oxalic acid in human urine using ion exchange-ion pair, high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLCEC) is described. Urine is acidified with HCl, and excess CaCl2 is added to precipitate oxalate ion. The precipitate is isolated, redissolved in dilute sulfuric acid, and separated on a strong cation exchange column using an acetic acid-solium acetate-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate mobile phase adjusted to pH 2.8. Using an electrochemical detector at 1.25 volts vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE), oxalic acid exhibits a linear dynamic range from 1 to 1000 mg/liter with a detection limit of 0.1 mg/liter. Quantitative data are obtained by the method of standard addition in the clinically significant range from 5 to 40 mg/liter. Percentage recovery for spiked urine samples was 97.8% with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%.", "PMID": 528678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3864", "title": "Yersinia intermedia: temperature-dependent bacteriocin production.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica and related Yersinia species share many temperature-dependent biological attributes. The present report documents temperature-dependent production of a bacteriocin-like substance only among Yersinia strains which ferment L-rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and which have been tentatively designed Y. intermedia. When tested by the \"lawn-spotting\" technique at 25 and 37 degrees C, 7 of 15 Y. intermedia strains produced a bacteriocin only at 25 degrees C with a uniform spectrum of activity against 2 strains of Y. enterocolitica, 1 rhamnose-positive, raffinose-negative, melibiose-negative strain tentatively designated Y. frederiksenii, 8 Y. intermedia, and 3 sucrose- and acetylmethylcarbinol-negative yersinial isolates tested. Bacteriocin-like activity was not detected among the Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, or sucrose-negative yersinial strains tested. The exclusive activity of the Y. intermedia antibacterial substance only against yersiniae and not against other representative Enterobacteriaceae tested supports the placement of these microorganisms within the genus Yersinia and further establishes the singularity of Y. intermedia.", "contents": "Yersinia intermedia: temperature-dependent bacteriocin production. Yersinia enterocolitica and related Yersinia species share many temperature-dependent biological attributes. The present report documents temperature-dependent production of a bacteriocin-like substance only among Yersinia strains which ferment L-rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and which have been tentatively designed Y. intermedia. When tested by the \"lawn-spotting\" technique at 25 and 37 degrees C, 7 of 15 Y. intermedia strains produced a bacteriocin only at 25 degrees C with a uniform spectrum of activity against 2 strains of Y. enterocolitica, 1 rhamnose-positive, raffinose-negative, melibiose-negative strain tentatively designated Y. frederiksenii, 8 Y. intermedia, and 3 sucrose- and acetylmethylcarbinol-negative yersinial isolates tested. Bacteriocin-like activity was not detected among the Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, or sucrose-negative yersinial strains tested. The exclusive activity of the Y. intermedia antibacterial substance only against yersiniae and not against other representative Enterobacteriaceae tested supports the placement of these microorganisms within the genus Yersinia and further establishes the singularity of Y. intermedia.", "PMID": 528679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3865", "title": "Differentiation of Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus by gas-liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids and metabolic products.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) profiles of cellular fatty acids and metabolic products were useful in identifying strains of Peptococcus saccharolyticus, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Streptococcus intermedius. The GLC results supported the recent taxonomic decision to transfer aerotolerant Peptostreptococcus species to the genus Streptococcus. Because inconsistencies in the results prevented our differentiating Peptococcus prevotii. Peptococcus magnus, and Peptococcus variabilis by GLC, additional strains will have to been examined. These GLC techniques are amenable to routine use; however, for interlaboratory results to be meaningful, the classification and nomenclature of the anaerobic gram-positive cocci should be standardized.", "contents": "Differentiation of Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus by gas-liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids and metabolic products. Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) profiles of cellular fatty acids and metabolic products were useful in identifying strains of Peptococcus saccharolyticus, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Streptococcus intermedius. The GLC results supported the recent taxonomic decision to transfer aerotolerant Peptostreptococcus species to the genus Streptococcus. Because inconsistencies in the results prevented our differentiating Peptococcus prevotii. Peptococcus magnus, and Peptococcus variabilis by GLC, additional strains will have to been examined. These GLC techniques are amenable to routine use; however, for interlaboratory results to be meaningful, the classification and nomenclature of the anaerobic gram-positive cocci should be standardized.", "PMID": 528680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3866", "title": "Comparison of direct and standard antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing for bacteria isolated from blood.", "content": "To determine the reliability of early antimicrobial susceptibility testing, we compared the results of direct and standard single-disk diffusion methods for 581 positive blood cultures processed routinely by the clinical microbiology laboratory. The direct procedure differed from the standard one only in that the 0.5 McFarland inoculum was prepared from 1 ml of turbid broth rather than five isolated colonies from a subculture plate. A major discrepancy in results was defined as a change from susceptible to resistant or vice versa according to interpretive standards for zone diameters, whereas a minor discrepancy was defined as a shift to or from the intermediate category when paired direct and standard tests were compared. The overall agreement between the two methods was 94.6% of 2,308 comparisons. There were 119 minor (5.2%) and 6 major (0.3%) discrepancies. The major discrepancies were seen with three strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and one strain each of S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp. Direct susceptibility testing of positive blood cultures that were pure by gram-stained smear provided reliable results 24 to 36 h earlier than conventional procedures; therefore, we recommended this procedure to guide early antimicrobial therapy in patients with bacterial sepsis.", "contents": "Comparison of direct and standard antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing for bacteria isolated from blood. To determine the reliability of early antimicrobial susceptibility testing, we compared the results of direct and standard single-disk diffusion methods for 581 positive blood cultures processed routinely by the clinical microbiology laboratory. The direct procedure differed from the standard one only in that the 0.5 McFarland inoculum was prepared from 1 ml of turbid broth rather than five isolated colonies from a subculture plate. A major discrepancy in results was defined as a change from susceptible to resistant or vice versa according to interpretive standards for zone diameters, whereas a minor discrepancy was defined as a shift to or from the intermediate category when paired direct and standard tests were compared. The overall agreement between the two methods was 94.6% of 2,308 comparisons. There were 119 minor (5.2%) and 6 major (0.3%) discrepancies. The major discrepancies were seen with three strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and one strain each of S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp. Direct susceptibility testing of positive blood cultures that were pure by gram-stained smear provided reliable results 24 to 36 h earlier than conventional procedures; therefore, we recommended this procedure to guide early antimicrobial therapy in patients with bacterial sepsis.", "PMID": 528681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3867", "title": "Longitudinal survey of the distribution of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans in infants.", "content": "The establishment of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans was studied serologically in plaque samples collected from label surfaces of upper primary incisors of 22 infants (starting age, 5 to 13 months) over a period fo 30 months. Clinical examinations were also performed. No clear-cut association between the initiation of dental caries and previous detection of S. mutans was noted. However, all 12 of the infants with caries had S. mutans isolated at some time during the course of this study. The most common serotype isolated at the initial establishment of S. mutans on the tooth surfaces was serotype c, whereas types d, e, and g became established in a few cases. During the test period, changes in the distribution of serotypes of S. mutans were observed in some cases. The initiation of carious lesions could be found in a few cases even when S. mutans comprised about 1% or less of the total streptococcal count of the specimen from the tooth surfaces. Serotype d/g strains tended to develop carious lesions on smooth surfaces, although serotype c was isolated from almost all individuals who developed caries.", "contents": "Longitudinal survey of the distribution of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans in infants. The establishment of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans was studied serologically in plaque samples collected from label surfaces of upper primary incisors of 22 infants (starting age, 5 to 13 months) over a period fo 30 months. Clinical examinations were also performed. No clear-cut association between the initiation of dental caries and previous detection of S. mutans was noted. However, all 12 of the infants with caries had S. mutans isolated at some time during the course of this study. The most common serotype isolated at the initial establishment of S. mutans on the tooth surfaces was serotype c, whereas types d, e, and g became established in a few cases. During the test period, changes in the distribution of serotypes of S. mutans were observed in some cases. The initiation of carious lesions could be found in a few cases even when S. mutans comprised about 1% or less of the total streptococcal count of the specimen from the tooth surfaces. Serotype d/g strains tended to develop carious lesions on smooth surfaces, although serotype c was isolated from almost all individuals who developed caries.", "PMID": 528682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3868", "title": "Rapid differentiation of Streptomyces from Nocardia by liquid chromatography.", "content": "A liquid chromatographic method is described for analysis of aerobic actinomycetes for isomers of diaminopimelic acid. One or two colonies of organism were hydrolyzed with 6.0 mol of HCl per liter at 121 degrees C for 15 min. The hydrolysate was neutralized and buffered with an NaOH solution (3 mol/liter) containing 0.15 mol of sodium borate per liter. Precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride was used to form a fluorescent product for detection. Analysis was performed by reversed-phase, ion-pair chromatography. The L-diaminopimelic acid isomer was detected in all 10 strains of Streptomyces tested, and the meso-diaminopimelic acid isomer was detected in all 10 strains of Nocardia tested. Liquid chromatography was compared simultaneously with thin-layer chromatography in the analysis of three strains of aerobic actinomycetes. Liquid chromatography required less growth of the organisms, and analysis was completed within 1 h, compared with the 3 to 5 days required by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Rapid differentiation of Streptomyces from Nocardia by liquid chromatography. A liquid chromatographic method is described for analysis of aerobic actinomycetes for isomers of diaminopimelic acid. One or two colonies of organism were hydrolyzed with 6.0 mol of HCl per liter at 121 degrees C for 15 min. The hydrolysate was neutralized and buffered with an NaOH solution (3 mol/liter) containing 0.15 mol of sodium borate per liter. Precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride was used to form a fluorescent product for detection. Analysis was performed by reversed-phase, ion-pair chromatography. The L-diaminopimelic acid isomer was detected in all 10 strains of Streptomyces tested, and the meso-diaminopimelic acid isomer was detected in all 10 strains of Nocardia tested. Liquid chromatography was compared simultaneously with thin-layer chromatography in the analysis of three strains of aerobic actinomycetes. Liquid chromatography required less growth of the organisms, and analysis was completed within 1 h, compared with the 3 to 5 days required by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 528683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3869", "title": "Immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans in saliva of adults, children, and predentate infants.", "content": "Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans MT3 cells (serotype c) were sought, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the saliva of humans who either harbored or did not harbor detectable levels of this organism. Samples of unstimulated whole saliva from three adults and one child who were infected with S. mutans contained IgA which bound to MT3 cells. Saliva samples of two adults studied also contained IgA which reacted with S. mutans strains of serotypes e, g, a, and b, the latter two of which are rarely isolated from humans. The saliva of three children who did not harbor detectable levels of S. mutans and of three of five predentate infants also contained IgA reactive with MT3 cells. The latter observation is of special interest since S. mutans does not colonize the mouth before eruption of teeth. Thus, the presence of salivary IgA reactive with S. mutans cells is not necessarily related to present or past infection by this organism. Absorption with MT3 cells markedly reduced the reactivity of adult saliva without greatly altering the total concentration of IgA present; this suggests that the IgA was not binding to S. mutans MT3 cells via Fc receptors. The possibility that the antibodies which reacted with S. mutans MT3 may have been induced to other bacteria with cross-reactive antigens was supported by the finding that absorption of saliva with mixed bacterial growth derived from common dairy products significantly reduced its reactivity. Absorption experiments further suggested that a significant portion of the salivary IgA antibodies was binding to glucans on the cell surface.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans in saliva of adults, children, and predentate infants. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans MT3 cells (serotype c) were sought, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the saliva of humans who either harbored or did not harbor detectable levels of this organism. Samples of unstimulated whole saliva from three adults and one child who were infected with S. mutans contained IgA which bound to MT3 cells. Saliva samples of two adults studied also contained IgA which reacted with S. mutans strains of serotypes e, g, a, and b, the latter two of which are rarely isolated from humans. The saliva of three children who did not harbor detectable levels of S. mutans and of three of five predentate infants also contained IgA reactive with MT3 cells. The latter observation is of special interest since S. mutans does not colonize the mouth before eruption of teeth. Thus, the presence of salivary IgA reactive with S. mutans cells is not necessarily related to present or past infection by this organism. Absorption with MT3 cells markedly reduced the reactivity of adult saliva without greatly altering the total concentration of IgA present; this suggests that the IgA was not binding to S. mutans MT3 cells via Fc receptors. The possibility that the antibodies which reacted with S. mutans MT3 may have been induced to other bacteria with cross-reactive antigens was supported by the finding that absorption of saliva with mixed bacterial growth derived from common dairy products significantly reduced its reactivity. Absorption experiments further suggested that a significant portion of the salivary IgA antibodies was binding to glucans on the cell surface.", "PMID": 528684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3870", "title": "Synonymy of strains of Center for Disease Control group DF-1 with species of Capnocytophaga.", "content": "Of eight strains of Center for Disease Control group DF-1 examined, seven had 62 to 87% deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the neotype strain of Capnocytophaga ochracea and one had 72% deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strain of C. gingivalis. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology of four strains of Bacteroides ochraceus with the neotype strain of C. ochrecea was 76 to 86%.", "contents": "Synonymy of strains of Center for Disease Control group DF-1 with species of Capnocytophaga. Of eight strains of Center for Disease Control group DF-1 examined, seven had 62 to 87% deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the neotype strain of Capnocytophaga ochracea and one had 72% deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strain of C. gingivalis. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology of four strains of Bacteroides ochraceus with the neotype strain of C. ochrecea was 76 to 86%.", "PMID": 528685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3871", "title": "Detection, identification, and comparison of Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and DF-1.", "content": "Working independently, three laboratories had recognized considerable similarity among certain strains of dysgonic, fermentative, capnophilic, surface translocating, gram-negative bacilli referred to as Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and Center for Disease Control biogroup DF-1. To determine the relationship among these groups, 21 strains were exchanged and independently characterized by the three laboratories. Additionally, a fourth laboratory examined the deoxyribonucleic acid homologies of the same strains. Using methods common to dental microbiology, eight of the strains had been isolated from the gingival sulcus and periodontal lesions and identified as Capnocytophaga. Three strains isolated from blood and transtracheal aspirate had been characterized by conventional anaerobic methods and recorded as B. ochraceus. Ten strains isolated from sputum, blood, throat, spinal fluid, and tracheal aspirate had been identified as DF-1 with the methods of E. O. King and a buffered single-substrate technique. All strains were similar in respect to colonial and microscopic morphology, surface translocation, biochemical features, gas-liquid chromatograms of metabolic end products, and deoxyribonucleic acid composition. We conclude that these biogroups should be termed Capnocytophaga species.", "contents": "Detection, identification, and comparison of Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and DF-1. Working independently, three laboratories had recognized considerable similarity among certain strains of dysgonic, fermentative, capnophilic, surface translocating, gram-negative bacilli referred to as Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and Center for Disease Control biogroup DF-1. To determine the relationship among these groups, 21 strains were exchanged and independently characterized by the three laboratories. Additionally, a fourth laboratory examined the deoxyribonucleic acid homologies of the same strains. Using methods common to dental microbiology, eight of the strains had been isolated from the gingival sulcus and periodontal lesions and identified as Capnocytophaga. Three strains isolated from blood and transtracheal aspirate had been characterized by conventional anaerobic methods and recorded as B. ochraceus. Ten strains isolated from sputum, blood, throat, spinal fluid, and tracheal aspirate had been identified as DF-1 with the methods of E. O. King and a buffered single-substrate technique. All strains were similar in respect to colonial and microscopic morphology, surface translocation, biochemical features, gas-liquid chromatograms of metabolic end products, and deoxyribonucleic acid composition. We conclude that these biogroups should be termed Capnocytophaga species.", "PMID": 528686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3872", "title": "Plate assay for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin.", "content": "A plate assay which utilizes the addition of a blood agar overlay for detection of hemolysin by colonies of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona is described.", "contents": "Plate assay for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin. A plate assay which utilizes the addition of a blood agar overlay for detection of hemolysin by colonies of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona is described.", "PMID": 528687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3873", "title": "Survival of Ureaplasma urealyticum on different kinds of swabs.", "content": "The survival of Ureaplasma urealyticum on five different types of swabs routinely used for obtaining clinical specimens is limited to 1 h. Wooden applicator sticks inhibit the alkaline color change in broth and result in a significant loss of isolates if broth alone is used.", "contents": "Survival of Ureaplasma urealyticum on different kinds of swabs. The survival of Ureaplasma urealyticum on five different types of swabs routinely used for obtaining clinical specimens is limited to 1 h. Wooden applicator sticks inhibit the alkaline color change in broth and result in a significant loss of isolates if broth alone is used.", "PMID": 528688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3874", "title": "Sulfones and sulfonamides in dermatology today.", "content": "Although dapsone and sulfapyridine have been used for years in dermatology, there has not always been a clear understanding of how these agents work. Recent investigation, however, has shed new light on thes agents which now allows a more rational approach to their use. This review is an attempt to familiarize the clinician with how these agents work, in what disease states they are effective, how to administer them, what adverse effects may occur, and how to monitor the patient to detect these adverse effects.", "contents": "Sulfones and sulfonamides in dermatology today. Although dapsone and sulfapyridine have been used for years in dermatology, there has not always been a clear understanding of how these agents work. Recent investigation, however, has shed new light on thes agents which now allows a more rational approach to their use. This review is an attempt to familiarize the clinician with how these agents work, in what disease states they are effective, how to administer them, what adverse effects may occur, and how to monitor the patient to detect these adverse effects.", "PMID": 528697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3875", "title": "Heck's disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia).", "content": "A patient and his mother noted the insidious appearance of a distinctive benign papular eruption confined to the mucosa of the lips. The clinical pattern and histologic findings fulfill the criteria of a recently described entity, focal epithelial hyperplasia. An electron microscopic search for viral particles was negative. Arguments for both a viral and a hereditary pathogenesis have been put forth, but the etiology of the condition remains controversial. This disorder may be more frequently reported as dermatologists become increasingly aware of its existence.", "contents": "Heck's disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia). A patient and his mother noted the insidious appearance of a distinctive benign papular eruption confined to the mucosa of the lips. The clinical pattern and histologic findings fulfill the criteria of a recently described entity, focal epithelial hyperplasia. An electron microscopic search for viral particles was negative. Arguments for both a viral and a hereditary pathogenesis have been put forth, but the etiology of the condition remains controversial. This disorder may be more frequently reported as dermatologists become increasingly aware of its existence.", "PMID": 528698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3876", "title": "Eruptive nevocytic nevi following erythema multiforme.", "content": "A patient with erythema multiforme developed many nevocytic nevi, including a large cluster of such lesions at the sites of healed blisters. The development of eruptive nevocytic nevi in this pattern suggests that cutaneous injury plays a role in their pathogenesis.", "contents": "Eruptive nevocytic nevi following erythema multiforme. A patient with erythema multiforme developed many nevocytic nevi, including a large cluster of such lesions at the sites of healed blisters. The development of eruptive nevocytic nevi in this pattern suggests that cutaneous injury plays a role in their pathogenesis.", "PMID": 528699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3877", "title": "Bowen's disease and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Sixty-six confirmed cases of Bowen's disease (intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma) were seen from 1965 through 1976: twenty-four cases were treated surgically-four by excision (two recurrences) and twenty by desiccation and curettage (four recurrences); one was treated with x-ray radiation; and forty-one were treated with topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (three recurrences). Of the six surgical recurrences (25% recurrence), one was retreated by desiccation and curettage and five with 5-FU. Of the three recurrences after 5-FU (8% recurrence), all three were successfully retreated with 5-FU. In view of the generally high recurrence rate after all treatment modalities in Bowen's disease, related to both the ill-defined lateral margins and the frequent follicular involvement with the Bowen's process, prolonged treatment time is required for success with 5-FU. Treatment times employed were 4 to 12 weeks, with a median of 9 weeks. 5-FU concentration ranged from 1% to 3 % in propylene glycol. A 1% concentration of 5-FU was generally adequate on the face, except for occasional recalcitrant areas, such as the nose and eyebrow. A concentration of 2.5% to 3.0% was usually necessary for treatment of Bowen's disease on the other body areas.", "contents": "Bowen's disease and 5-fluorouracil. Sixty-six confirmed cases of Bowen's disease (intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma) were seen from 1965 through 1976: twenty-four cases were treated surgically-four by excision (two recurrences) and twenty by desiccation and curettage (four recurrences); one was treated with x-ray radiation; and forty-one were treated with topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (three recurrences). Of the six surgical recurrences (25% recurrence), one was retreated by desiccation and curettage and five with 5-FU. Of the three recurrences after 5-FU (8% recurrence), all three were successfully retreated with 5-FU. In view of the generally high recurrence rate after all treatment modalities in Bowen's disease, related to both the ill-defined lateral margins and the frequent follicular involvement with the Bowen's process, prolonged treatment time is required for success with 5-FU. Treatment times employed were 4 to 12 weeks, with a median of 9 weeks. 5-FU concentration ranged from 1% to 3 % in propylene glycol. A 1% concentration of 5-FU was generally adequate on the face, except for occasional recalcitrant areas, such as the nose and eyebrow. A concentration of 2.5% to 3.0% was usually necessary for treatment of Bowen's disease on the other body areas.", "PMID": 528700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3878", "title": "Localized acquired cutaneous pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Localized acquired cutaneous pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a new designation proposed for a nonheritable form of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), lacking the retinal and vascular stigmata associated with the inherited form of the disorder, but having skin lesions that are clinically, histologically, and ultrastructurally similar to those seen in the inherited type. A patient is presented with skin lesions confined to the chest and abdomen. Similar cases from the literature, some apparently idiopathic in multiparous black females and others with histories of cutaneous exposures to calcium salts, are grouped together as examples of the acquired form of PXE.", "contents": "Localized acquired cutaneous pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Localized acquired cutaneous pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a new designation proposed for a nonheritable form of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), lacking the retinal and vascular stigmata associated with the inherited form of the disorder, but having skin lesions that are clinically, histologically, and ultrastructurally similar to those seen in the inherited type. A patient is presented with skin lesions confined to the chest and abdomen. Similar cases from the literature, some apparently idiopathic in multiparous black females and others with histories of cutaneous exposures to calcium salts, are grouped together as examples of the acquired form of PXE.", "PMID": 528701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3879", "title": "Acanthosis nigricans presenting as hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles.", "content": "A patient with an unusual form of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis is described. On thorough physical examination, widespread acanthosis nigricans was discovered. We believe this patient's distinctive keratoderma represents acanthosis nigricans.", "contents": "Acanthosis nigricans presenting as hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. A patient with an unusual form of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis is described. On thorough physical examination, widespread acanthosis nigricans was discovered. We believe this patient's distinctive keratoderma represents acanthosis nigricans.", "PMID": 528702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3880", "title": "Malignant neoplasms associated with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn.", "content": "Nine patients with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn (NSJ) developed associated morphologically aggressive neoplasms. Four of the tumors were apocrine carcinomas, two of which metastasized to regional lymph nodes, and in one of the two generalized metastases developed. Three tumors were adnexal carcinomas with probable pilar differentiation, but none showed progression of the disease after wide surgical excision. One patient has squamous cell carcinoma and died with generalized metastasis, and one patient had a complex adnexal and squamous cell carcinoma with a large area of anaplastic carcinoma that recurred and invaded the skull.", "contents": "Malignant neoplasms associated with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn. Nine patients with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn (NSJ) developed associated morphologically aggressive neoplasms. Four of the tumors were apocrine carcinomas, two of which metastasized to regional lymph nodes, and in one of the two generalized metastases developed. Three tumors were adnexal carcinomas with probable pilar differentiation, but none showed progression of the disease after wide surgical excision. One patient has squamous cell carcinoma and died with generalized metastasis, and one patient had a complex adnexal and squamous cell carcinoma with a large area of anaplastic carcinoma that recurred and invaded the skull.", "PMID": 528703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3881", "title": "Influence of bromocriptine on plasma levels of prolactin and steroid hormones in the 20th week of pregnancy.", "content": "The influence of bromocriptine, a prolactin antagonist, on maternal plasma and amniotic fluid prolactin (PRL) was investigated in two pregnancies at the 20th week with medical indication for abortion. Voluntary consensus of the patients was obtained. Blood sample determinations demonstrated that bromocriptine inhibits the secretion of PRL both in plasma and amniotic fluid. Since no changes were observed in peripheral maternal steroid concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, delta 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, testosterone, estradiol, estriol, and cortisol, it is concluded that PRL does not seem to affect maternal and fetal adrenal cortex as supposed in amenorrhoic patients with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Influence of bromocriptine on plasma levels of prolactin and steroid hormones in the 20th week of pregnancy. The influence of bromocriptine, a prolactin antagonist, on maternal plasma and amniotic fluid prolactin (PRL) was investigated in two pregnancies at the 20th week with medical indication for abortion. Voluntary consensus of the patients was obtained. Blood sample determinations demonstrated that bromocriptine inhibits the secretion of PRL both in plasma and amniotic fluid. Since no changes were observed in peripheral maternal steroid concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, delta 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, testosterone, estradiol, estriol, and cortisol, it is concluded that PRL does not seem to affect maternal and fetal adrenal cortex as supposed in amenorrhoic patients with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 528777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3882", "title": "Correlation of platelet taurine levels with thyroid function.", "content": "Changes in neurotransmitter or neuromodular activity and levels have been thought to be responsible for some of the behavioral characteristics observed in patients with thyroid disease. To investigate these relationships, taurine, a proposed inhibitory neurotransmitter or modulator, was measured in platelets, which may serve as biochemical model for synaptosomes. Blood of euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients was collected. Thyroxine was determined by RIA. Platelets were separated using differential centrifugation techniques. The taurine in platelets was separated by ion exchange chromatography and was assayed spectrophotometrically as a product produced by coupling with dinitrofluorobenzene. In hypothyroid, untreated hyperthyroid and euthyroid individuals, taurine/platelet and number of platelets/ml of blood were inversely related. In propranolol-treated hyperthyroid patients, such a relation was not found. Following initial treatment with either antithyroid drugs (i.e. methimazole or propylthiouracil) and/or propranolol, taurine/platelet returned to euthyroid levels while plasma thyroxine levels remained elevated. These data implicate a relationship between taurine in platelets and the thyroid state in man.", "contents": "Correlation of platelet taurine levels with thyroid function. Changes in neurotransmitter or neuromodular activity and levels have been thought to be responsible for some of the behavioral characteristics observed in patients with thyroid disease. To investigate these relationships, taurine, a proposed inhibitory neurotransmitter or modulator, was measured in platelets, which may serve as biochemical model for synaptosomes. Blood of euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients was collected. Thyroxine was determined by RIA. Platelets were separated using differential centrifugation techniques. The taurine in platelets was separated by ion exchange chromatography and was assayed spectrophotometrically as a product produced by coupling with dinitrofluorobenzene. In hypothyroid, untreated hyperthyroid and euthyroid individuals, taurine/platelet and number of platelets/ml of blood were inversely related. In propranolol-treated hyperthyroid patients, such a relation was not found. Following initial treatment with either antithyroid drugs (i.e. methimazole or propylthiouracil) and/or propranolol, taurine/platelet returned to euthyroid levels while plasma thyroxine levels remained elevated. These data implicate a relationship between taurine in platelets and the thyroid state in man.", "PMID": 528776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3883", "title": "Elevated blood pressure after pinealectomy in the rat.", "content": "Previous observations have suggested a role for the pineal gland in regulation of blood pressure. To investigate this possibility, pinealectomy was performed in prepubertal (43-day-old) and postpubertal (55-day-old) male rats. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured by the tail cuff method in conscious pinealectomized (Px) and sham pinealectomized (ShPx) rats at various times. In the 3 weeks following surgery, the BP increase after Px was twice that after ShPx (p less than 0.05). During administration of 1% saline as the sole fluid source from day 96-123, hypertension (BP greater than 150 mmHg) was observed in those animals Px at day 43 (p less than 0.05 vs ShPx) but not in those Px on day 55. Moreover, saline consumption was increased in the hypertensive group compared to ShPx controls. There was no significant difference in mean body weight or heart rate between Px or ShPx groups. These data suggest that pinealectomy in the prepubertal period may result in a tendency to hypertension, measurable in conscious rats, which is unmasked by saline administration.", "contents": "Elevated blood pressure after pinealectomy in the rat. Previous observations have suggested a role for the pineal gland in regulation of blood pressure. To investigate this possibility, pinealectomy was performed in prepubertal (43-day-old) and postpubertal (55-day-old) male rats. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured by the tail cuff method in conscious pinealectomized (Px) and sham pinealectomized (ShPx) rats at various times. In the 3 weeks following surgery, the BP increase after Px was twice that after ShPx (p less than 0.05). During administration of 1% saline as the sole fluid source from day 96-123, hypertension (BP greater than 150 mmHg) was observed in those animals Px at day 43 (p less than 0.05 vs ShPx) but not in those Px on day 55. Moreover, saline consumption was increased in the hypertensive group compared to ShPx controls. There was no significant difference in mean body weight or heart rate between Px or ShPx groups. These data suggest that pinealectomy in the prepubertal period may result in a tendency to hypertension, measurable in conscious rats, which is unmasked by saline administration.", "PMID": 528779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3884", "title": "Study of bioassayable somatomedin on renal artery and vein.", "content": "Somatomedin was measured by rat bioassay in samples obtained from renal artery and vein, in order to study the role of this organ in the production of somatomedin activity. The results showed a significant difference, with an increase of the activity in the venous samples. According to the data reported in the literature with bioassay (low values) and radioreceptor assay (normal or high values) in nephropathic subjects, our results seem to suggest that the kidney mainly inactivates a specific somatomedin inhibitor.", "contents": "Study of bioassayable somatomedin on renal artery and vein. Somatomedin was measured by rat bioassay in samples obtained from renal artery and vein, in order to study the role of this organ in the production of somatomedin activity. The results showed a significant difference, with an increase of the activity in the venous samples. According to the data reported in the literature with bioassay (low values) and radioreceptor assay (normal or high values) in nephropathic subjects, our results seem to suggest that the kidney mainly inactivates a specific somatomedin inhibitor.", "PMID": 528780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3885", "title": "Detection of candida antigenemia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with invasive candidiasis.", "content": "Because of the difficulty in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, an assay that makes use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was developed to detect candida antigen. A cell-wall polysaccharide of Candida was extracted with hot formamide, ethanol precipitation, and gel filtration. Rabbit antiserum was tested by CIE against sera from 20 healthy individuals, 15 patients with mucosal candidiasis, and 48 compromised patients with cultures positive for Candida. Antigen was detected in sera from 13 patients by CIE; eight of these patients were eventually proven to have invasive disease. None of the antigen-negative patients for whom autopsy was performed had evidence of invasive candidiasis. Healthy individuals and patients with superficial mucosal candidiasis were also antigen-negative. The detection of candida antigenemia by CIE is specific for invasive disease and serves as a guide in initiation and follow through of antifungal therapy.", "contents": "Detection of candida antigenemia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with invasive candidiasis. Because of the difficulty in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, an assay that makes use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was developed to detect candida antigen. A cell-wall polysaccharide of Candida was extracted with hot formamide, ethanol precipitation, and gel filtration. Rabbit antiserum was tested by CIE against sera from 20 healthy individuals, 15 patients with mucosal candidiasis, and 48 compromised patients with cultures positive for Candida. Antigen was detected in sera from 13 patients by CIE; eight of these patients were eventually proven to have invasive disease. None of the antigen-negative patients for whom autopsy was performed had evidence of invasive candidiasis. Healthy individuals and patients with superficial mucosal candidiasis were also antigen-negative. The detection of candida antigenemia by CIE is specific for invasive disease and serves as a guide in initiation and follow through of antifungal therapy.", "PMID": 528786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3886", "title": "An acute rise in serum phosphorus after single-dose oral metyrapone.", "content": "Metyrapone, an 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, is widely used as a pharmacologic test for ACTH reserve. During studies on the pharmacodynamics of metyrapone and the response of plasma 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol, we fortuitously noted a consistent change in serum phosphate but no other routine laboratory chemistry determination. For these studies 12 control subjects were given oral methyrapone (30 mg/kg) at midnight. Serum phosphate (P) concentration was measured in fasting subjects at 08:00 on the morning before and after the administration of metyrapone. In 11 of 12 subjects, serum P increased from a mean of 3.6 +/- 0.7 (SD) mg/100 ml to a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.07 (SD) mg/100 ml on the morning following the drug. No increase in P was noted following the same dose of metyrapone in four patients on acute or chronic steroid therapy or in patients with primary or secondary hypoadrenocorticism. In addition, two addisonian patients were given either a saline or a hydrocortisone infusion for four hours. While the hydrocortisone infusion resulted in a drop in serum P, there was no decrease during saline infusions. These findings suggest that an acute rise in serum P after a single dose of metyrapone might be a rapid indicator of adrenocortical blockade leading to increased ACTH secretion, and cortisol and/or ACTH might play a role in P homeostasis.", "contents": "An acute rise in serum phosphorus after single-dose oral metyrapone. Metyrapone, an 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, is widely used as a pharmacologic test for ACTH reserve. During studies on the pharmacodynamics of metyrapone and the response of plasma 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol, we fortuitously noted a consistent change in serum phosphate but no other routine laboratory chemistry determination. For these studies 12 control subjects were given oral methyrapone (30 mg/kg) at midnight. Serum phosphate (P) concentration was measured in fasting subjects at 08:00 on the morning before and after the administration of metyrapone. In 11 of 12 subjects, serum P increased from a mean of 3.6 +/- 0.7 (SD) mg/100 ml to a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.07 (SD) mg/100 ml on the morning following the drug. No increase in P was noted following the same dose of metyrapone in four patients on acute or chronic steroid therapy or in patients with primary or secondary hypoadrenocorticism. In addition, two addisonian patients were given either a saline or a hydrocortisone infusion for four hours. While the hydrocortisone infusion resulted in a drop in serum P, there was no decrease during saline infusions. These findings suggest that an acute rise in serum P after a single dose of metyrapone might be a rapid indicator of adrenocortical blockade leading to increased ACTH secretion, and cortisol and/or ACTH might play a role in P homeostasis.", "PMID": 528778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3887", "title": "Gene duplication at an isocitrate dehydrogenase locus in Scaphiopus.", "content": "Spadefoot toads of the subgenus Scaphiopus have two isocitrate dehydrogenase loci, with no intergenic interaction between them. Toads of the subgenus Spea have three Idh loci, with intergenic enzymes formed between two of them, providing strong evidence for their homology and the origin of one through a duplication process. The Idh phenotype of interspecific hybrids is consistent with the theory of a gene duplication.", "contents": "Gene duplication at an isocitrate dehydrogenase locus in Scaphiopus. Spadefoot toads of the subgenus Scaphiopus have two isocitrate dehydrogenase loci, with no intergenic interaction between them. Toads of the subgenus Spea have three Idh loci, with intergenic enzymes formed between two of them, providing strong evidence for their homology and the origin of one through a duplication process. The Idh phenotype of interspecific hybrids is consistent with the theory of a gene duplication.", "PMID": 528783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3888", "title": "Evaluation in humans of a new, inactivated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (C-84).", "content": "A new, formalin-inactivated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus (C-84), prepared from an attenuated vaccine strain of virus (TC-83), was tested in humans. Only occasional, mild, local and systemic reactions were noted in 28 volunteers; no meaningful changes in clinical laboratory values occurred. The vaccine augmented preexisting titers of serum neutralizing antibody to VEE virus in seropositive recipients of TC-83 vaccine, and it induced high titers of neutralizing antibody in nonimmune subjects after one primary and two booster vaccinations. Circulating antibody persisted for at least 14 months in these persons. The neutralizing antibody produced after one dose of C-84 vaccine in immune subjects and after booster doses in nonimmune subjects had broad cross-reactivity within the VEE virus complex. The C-84 vaccine induced a VEE virus-specific lymphocyte transformation response. The vaccine was safe, and immunologic results showed it to be highly antigenic in healthy immune and nomimmune adults.", "contents": "Evaluation in humans of a new, inactivated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (C-84). A new, formalin-inactivated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus (C-84), prepared from an attenuated vaccine strain of virus (TC-83), was tested in humans. Only occasional, mild, local and systemic reactions were noted in 28 volunteers; no meaningful changes in clinical laboratory values occurred. The vaccine augmented preexisting titers of serum neutralizing antibody to VEE virus in seropositive recipients of TC-83 vaccine, and it induced high titers of neutralizing antibody in nonimmune subjects after one primary and two booster vaccinations. Circulating antibody persisted for at least 14 months in these persons. The neutralizing antibody produced after one dose of C-84 vaccine in immune subjects and after booster doses in nonimmune subjects had broad cross-reactivity within the VEE virus complex. The C-84 vaccine induced a VEE virus-specific lymphocyte transformation response. The vaccine was safe, and immunologic results showed it to be highly antigenic in healthy immune and nomimmune adults.", "PMID": 528788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3889", "title": "Protective efficacy of immunization with capsular antigen against experimental infection with Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "The protective efficacy afforded by immunization with the capsular antigen of Bacteroides fragilis against abscess formation and bacteremia due to this organism was studied in an experimental rat model of intraabdominal sepsis. Of unimmunized animals, animals immunized with methylated bovine serum albumin and complete Freund's adjuvant, and animals immunized with lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, greater than 90% developed abscesses when challenged intraperitoneally with strains of B. fragilis or Bacteroides distasonis (given with an enterococcus) or with the cecal contents of meat-fed rats. In contrast, animals immunized with B. fragilis capsular polysaccharide, given with or without methylated bovine serum albumin and complete Freund's adjuvant, and animals immunized with the outer membrane of B. fragilis strain 23745 were protected to a significant degree from abscesses caused by challenge with B. fragilis or B. distasonis. Such immunization had no overall effect on the development of abscesses in animals challenged with the entire cecal contents of meat-fed rats; however, B. fragilis was eliminated from the abscesses of these animals. Animals immunized with the capsular polysaccharide were protected from early B. fragilis bacteremia.", "contents": "Protective efficacy of immunization with capsular antigen against experimental infection with Bacteroides fragilis. The protective efficacy afforded by immunization with the capsular antigen of Bacteroides fragilis against abscess formation and bacteremia due to this organism was studied in an experimental rat model of intraabdominal sepsis. Of unimmunized animals, animals immunized with methylated bovine serum albumin and complete Freund's adjuvant, and animals immunized with lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, greater than 90% developed abscesses when challenged intraperitoneally with strains of B. fragilis or Bacteroides distasonis (given with an enterococcus) or with the cecal contents of meat-fed rats. In contrast, animals immunized with B. fragilis capsular polysaccharide, given with or without methylated bovine serum albumin and complete Freund's adjuvant, and animals immunized with the outer membrane of B. fragilis strain 23745 were protected to a significant degree from abscesses caused by challenge with B. fragilis or B. distasonis. Such immunization had no overall effect on the development of abscesses in animals challenged with the entire cecal contents of meat-fed rats; however, B. fragilis was eliminated from the abscesses of these animals. Animals immunized with the capsular polysaccharide were protected from early B. fragilis bacteremia.", "PMID": 528789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3890", "title": "Adverse effects of nosocomial infection.", "content": "The effects of noscomial infection on duration of hospital stay and outcome of hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each of 85 patients found to have qctive nosocomial infection during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973. The control patients were selected from all patients discharged from this hospital during the same time period; they were matched by exact primary discharge diagnosis, similar operative procedure, and age. Patients with a single infection remained in hospital on average 13.0 days longer than their matched controls, and those with two such infections stayed on average 35.4 days longer. This effect of extra stay associated with nosocomial infection was consistent when data were stratified by primary discharge diagnosis, hospital service, site of infection, or outcome of hospitalization. The outcome of hospitalization for these infected patients was slightly, but not significantly, worse than for their matched controls.", "contents": "Adverse effects of nosocomial infection. The effects of noscomial infection on duration of hospital stay and outcome of hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each of 85 patients found to have qctive nosocomial infection during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973. The control patients were selected from all patients discharged from this hospital during the same time period; they were matched by exact primary discharge diagnosis, similar operative procedure, and age. Patients with a single infection remained in hospital on average 13.0 days longer than their matched controls, and those with two such infections stayed on average 35.4 days longer. This effect of extra stay associated with nosocomial infection was consistent when data were stratified by primary discharge diagnosis, hospital service, site of infection, or outcome of hospitalization. The outcome of hospitalization for these infected patients was slightly, but not significantly, worse than for their matched controls.", "PMID": 528790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3891", "title": "Development of a statewide program for surveillance and reporting of hospital-acquired infections.", "content": "In 1974, a statewide program was begun to improve surveillance of nosocomial infection in Virginia hospitals. Infection control practitioners were trained at the University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottesville, and were encouraged to submit monthly surveillance reports for analysis. In the first three years of the project, 141 students from 65 hospitals within the state attended a two-week basic course, with eight to 10 students per class. Of the 98 Virginia hospitals that sent students, 75 (73%) submitted monthly reports. The consistency of reporting (number of monthly reports received divided by the number of possible reporting months) was 83%. The sensitivity of reported data was estimated in comparative daily prospective surveys to be 69% for participating hospitals, and the specificity was 99%. The crude infection rate for the first 1.1 million patients at risk was 3.3%.", "contents": "Development of a statewide program for surveillance and reporting of hospital-acquired infections. In 1974, a statewide program was begun to improve surveillance of nosocomial infection in Virginia hospitals. Infection control practitioners were trained at the University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottesville, and were encouraged to submit monthly surveillance reports for analysis. In the first three years of the project, 141 students from 65 hospitals within the state attended a two-week basic course, with eight to 10 students per class. Of the 98 Virginia hospitals that sent students, 75 (73%) submitted monthly reports. The consistency of reporting (number of monthly reports received divided by the number of possible reporting months) was 83%. The sensitivity of reported data was estimated in comparative daily prospective surveys to be 69% for participating hospitals, and the specificity was 99%. The crude infection rate for the first 1.1 million patients at risk was 3.3%.", "PMID": 528791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3892", "title": "Lack of specific effect of adenine arabinoside, human interferon, and ribavirin on in vitro production of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells continue to produce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after greater than 80 passages in vitro, but they do not express other markers of heaptitis B virus (HBV) replication. In this respect, they resemble most liver cells that are persistently infected with HBV. PLC/PRF/5 cells were cultured in the presence of adenine arabinoside, human fibroblast interferon, and ribavirin to determine whether production of HBsAg was sensitive to these antiviral agents. HBsAg released into culture media was detected by radioimmunoassay, and cellular protein synthesis was assessed by [3H]amino acid incorporation studies. A dose-related inhibition of HBsAg occurred with each antiviral agent that was tested, but in each case, this inhibition was matched by a reduction of cellular protein synthesis to a similar degree. Thus, no specific effect on the production of HBsAg was found with any of the antiviral agents tested.", "contents": "Lack of specific effect of adenine arabinoside, human interferon, and ribavirin on in vitro production of hepatitis B surface antigen. PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells continue to produce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after greater than 80 passages in vitro, but they do not express other markers of heaptitis B virus (HBV) replication. In this respect, they resemble most liver cells that are persistently infected with HBV. PLC/PRF/5 cells were cultured in the presence of adenine arabinoside, human fibroblast interferon, and ribavirin to determine whether production of HBsAg was sensitive to these antiviral agents. HBsAg released into culture media was detected by radioimmunoassay, and cellular protein synthesis was assessed by [3H]amino acid incorporation studies. A dose-related inhibition of HBsAg occurred with each antiviral agent that was tested, but in each case, this inhibition was matched by a reduction of cellular protein synthesis to a similar degree. Thus, no specific effect on the production of HBsAg was found with any of the antiviral agents tested.", "PMID": 528792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3893", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase: a polymorphism of Anoplarchus purpurescens: geographic variation in central California.", "content": "Previous studies on the muscle lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism of the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens in Puget Sound have demonstrated the existence of a clinal pattern of allele frequency. The LDH-A' allele was observed to increase toward the south, with several environmental factors showing correlation with this change in allele frequency. Populations from California were sampled in the present study to determine whether or not gene frequencies along an independent transect near the southern end of the species distribution are consistent with the interpretation that the geographic patterns reflect the influence of environmental factors. In California, the LDH-A' allele decreases in frequency to the south. This observation necessitates the reevaluation of possible environmental influences on the LDH polymorphism. Only one of several proposed hypotheses is completely consistent with the geographic patterns observed along both the Washington and California transects. However, the genetic differentiation along the California coast cannot be unequivically ascribed to the influence of environmental factors; current morphological data indicate the possibility of historical influences on the population genetic structure of California A. purpurescens.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase: a polymorphism of Anoplarchus purpurescens: geographic variation in central California. Previous studies on the muscle lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism of the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens in Puget Sound have demonstrated the existence of a clinal pattern of allele frequency. The LDH-A' allele was observed to increase toward the south, with several environmental factors showing correlation with this change in allele frequency. Populations from California were sampled in the present study to determine whether or not gene frequencies along an independent transect near the southern end of the species distribution are consistent with the interpretation that the geographic patterns reflect the influence of environmental factors. In California, the LDH-A' allele decreases in frequency to the south. This observation necessitates the reevaluation of possible environmental influences on the LDH polymorphism. Only one of several proposed hypotheses is completely consistent with the geographic patterns observed along both the Washington and California transects. However, the genetic differentiation along the California coast cannot be unequivically ascribed to the influence of environmental factors; current morphological data indicate the possibility of historical influences on the population genetic structure of California A. purpurescens.", "PMID": 528782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3894", "title": "[An experimental study on various internal fixations in fracture of a long bone (author's transl)].", "content": "In the operative treatment of a long bone fracture, the most important point is to secure the bone healing and to strengthen the bone after removal of internal fixation materials. In this regards, the author has analyzed the mechanical strength of various internal fixation methods (a plate, a medullary nail, screws and encircling wires) on the bone by using acrylics models. Experimental studies of their influences on the bone have also been performed especially investigating the decrease in the bone strength in rabbits. All of internal fixation materials are made of 316L stainless steel. Recently, there has been a tendency to use larger materials for internal fixations such as an AO compression plate or a K\u00fcntscher type medullary nail. However, it was found that the rigid plate fixation greatly affects the bone strength. A medullary nail produced less impairment to the bone. But this method is restricted in its application because of the weak fixability of the torsional load. On the other hand, the internal fixations with screws or encircling wires are weaker than the other methods especially against the bending load. Therefore the commencement of postoperative treatment will be delayed. But, these two methods have little influence on the bone during fixation.", "contents": "[An experimental study on various internal fixations in fracture of a long bone (author's transl)]. In the operative treatment of a long bone fracture, the most important point is to secure the bone healing and to strengthen the bone after removal of internal fixation materials. In this regards, the author has analyzed the mechanical strength of various internal fixation methods (a plate, a medullary nail, screws and encircling wires) on the bone by using acrylics models. Experimental studies of their influences on the bone have also been performed especially investigating the decrease in the bone strength in rabbits. All of internal fixation materials are made of 316L stainless steel. Recently, there has been a tendency to use larger materials for internal fixations such as an AO compression plate or a K\u00fcntscher type medullary nail. However, it was found that the rigid plate fixation greatly affects the bone strength. A medullary nail produced less impairment to the bone. But this method is restricted in its application because of the weak fixability of the torsional load. On the other hand, the internal fixations with screws or encircling wires are weaker than the other methods especially against the bending load. Therefore the commencement of postoperative treatment will be delayed. But, these two methods have little influence on the bone during fixation.", "PMID": 528797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3895", "title": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on vitamine B6 and collagen metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Although D-Penicillamine (D-PeA) administration is getting popular in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the mechanism by which D-PeA produced therapeutic effect has not been fully elucidated. D-PeA had been shown to exert an antivitamine B6 effect. However, it has not been precisely confirmed if clinical dose of D-PeA induces vitamine B6 (VB6) deficiency. In order to clarify these questions, biochemical analyses of bone and skin collagens and determination of VB6 content in soft tissues have been performed in the rats administrated therapeutic dose of D-PeA. VB6 deficiency was not observed in the brain and skin from rats fed on normal diet containing D-PeA (13.0--33.5 mg/kg wt). There were no significant changes in the stability of collagen from bone and skin. On the other hand, significant VB6 deficiency and reduced stability of collagen were observed in rats fed on VB6 deficient diet containing the same amount of D-PeA. Aldehyde formation of collagen molecule and cross-link formation of collagen were also found to be suppressed. The same results were obtained from analyses in rats fed on VB6 deficient diet without D-PeA administration. These data indicate that D-PeA is not capable of producing VB6 deficiency in the dosage employed in patients. However, in the treatment for patients who are not taking enough nutrition, the possibility of VB6 deficiency can not be neglected. Once VB6 deficiency is induced by D-PeA administration, severe connective tissue disorder may be produced, since VB6 is required for enzymic activity of lysyl oxidase. It is unlikely that the therapeutic effects of D-PeA in the treatment of RA are produced the the disturbance of collagen cross-link formation as discussed before. Immunologic reactions of D-PeA may play more important role in the improvement of clinical symptoms of this disease.", "contents": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on vitamine B6 and collagen metabolism (author's transl)]. Although D-Penicillamine (D-PeA) administration is getting popular in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the mechanism by which D-PeA produced therapeutic effect has not been fully elucidated. D-PeA had been shown to exert an antivitamine B6 effect. However, it has not been precisely confirmed if clinical dose of D-PeA induces vitamine B6 (VB6) deficiency. In order to clarify these questions, biochemical analyses of bone and skin collagens and determination of VB6 content in soft tissues have been performed in the rats administrated therapeutic dose of D-PeA. VB6 deficiency was not observed in the brain and skin from rats fed on normal diet containing D-PeA (13.0--33.5 mg/kg wt). There were no significant changes in the stability of collagen from bone and skin. On the other hand, significant VB6 deficiency and reduced stability of collagen were observed in rats fed on VB6 deficient diet containing the same amount of D-PeA. Aldehyde formation of collagen molecule and cross-link formation of collagen were also found to be suppressed. The same results were obtained from analyses in rats fed on VB6 deficient diet without D-PeA administration. These data indicate that D-PeA is not capable of producing VB6 deficiency in the dosage employed in patients. However, in the treatment for patients who are not taking enough nutrition, the possibility of VB6 deficiency can not be neglected. Once VB6 deficiency is induced by D-PeA administration, severe connective tissue disorder may be produced, since VB6 is required for enzymic activity of lysyl oxidase. It is unlikely that the therapeutic effects of D-PeA in the treatment of RA are produced the the disturbance of collagen cross-link formation as discussed before. Immunologic reactions of D-PeA may play more important role in the improvement of clinical symptoms of this disease.", "PMID": 528798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3896", "title": "[Biochemical studies on collagen and connectin from human skeletal muscle: age-related changes in the properties of elasticity (author's transl)].", "content": "Collagen and connectin, an intracellular elastic protein, play important roles in structural maintenance and mechanical continuity of skeletal muscle. The author has investigated age-related changes in these proteins from human skeletal muscles ranged from 6 lunar month to 79 years of age. The total content of collagen in skeletal muscle at 6 lunar month was 1.7% of wet weight of the tissue. This value was found to decrease to 0.8% by 5 years of age, and no significant change in this value was observed after 5 years of age. Collagen in skeletal muscle tissue was found to consist of 80% of Type I collagen, 19% of Type III collagen and 1% of Type IV collagen. The proportion of these genetically distinct types of collagen was constant throughout the whole life-span. The amount of soluble collagen and formation of reducible cross-links of collagen were found to decrease with age. Although the content of connection in skeletal muscle from human embryo was low, 0.9-1.1% of wet weight of the tissue, it gradually increased to 2.9% at 79 years of age. Following NaB3H4 reduction, connectin was found to contain the reducible cross-links derived from lysine- and hydroxylysine-aldehydes; two of them were identified as lysinonorleucine and histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine, and additional three reducible compounds were eluted between elution positions of dihydroxylysinonorleucine and lysinonorleucine from ion exchange chromatography. These findings strongly indicate that connectin and connective tissue proteins, collagen and elastin, share common features of cross-linking. Furthermore, these reducible cross-links were found to decrease with age. Thus, maturations of both connectin and collagen are apparently due to qualitative changes in their reducible cross-links.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on collagen and connectin from human skeletal muscle: age-related changes in the properties of elasticity (author's transl)]. Collagen and connectin, an intracellular elastic protein, play important roles in structural maintenance and mechanical continuity of skeletal muscle. The author has investigated age-related changes in these proteins from human skeletal muscles ranged from 6 lunar month to 79 years of age. The total content of collagen in skeletal muscle at 6 lunar month was 1.7% of wet weight of the tissue. This value was found to decrease to 0.8% by 5 years of age, and no significant change in this value was observed after 5 years of age. Collagen in skeletal muscle tissue was found to consist of 80% of Type I collagen, 19% of Type III collagen and 1% of Type IV collagen. The proportion of these genetically distinct types of collagen was constant throughout the whole life-span. The amount of soluble collagen and formation of reducible cross-links of collagen were found to decrease with age. Although the content of connection in skeletal muscle from human embryo was low, 0.9-1.1% of wet weight of the tissue, it gradually increased to 2.9% at 79 years of age. Following NaB3H4 reduction, connectin was found to contain the reducible cross-links derived from lysine- and hydroxylysine-aldehydes; two of them were identified as lysinonorleucine and histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine, and additional three reducible compounds were eluted between elution positions of dihydroxylysinonorleucine and lysinonorleucine from ion exchange chromatography. These findings strongly indicate that connectin and connective tissue proteins, collagen and elastin, share common features of cross-linking. Furthermore, these reducible cross-links were found to decrease with age. Thus, maturations of both connectin and collagen are apparently due to qualitative changes in their reducible cross-links.", "PMID": 528799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3897", "title": "[The effect of calcitonin on contractile function of skeletal muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "The analgesic effect of calcitonin in osteoporosis has been considered to originate from its actions on bone metabolism. However, the author assumed a possible presence of other mechanism, since the analgesic effect of calcitonin manifests in an extremely early phase in which an increase in bone mass is hardly conceivable. Namely, the author postulated that its analgesic effect is due to its actions on body trunk muscles, and investigated experimentally the effect of calcitonin on skeletal muscles. The following results were obtained. 1) Recovery from decreased twitch contraction of M. triceps surae was shown in vivo in rats treated with calcitonin, with dose-response relationship. 2) Calcitonin exerted no effect on partial blockade by dTc, in neuro-muscular junction. Therefore, the neuro-muscular junction is probably not the site of the actions of calcitonin. 3. In an in vitro study on isolated M. soleus, the decrease contraction was recovered after treatment with calcitonin. A correlation was found between this recovery and the dose of calcitonin. 4) In the calcitonin treated muscle, a pronounced persistence of normal contraction was demonstrated in contrast to the control group. 5) Calcitonin appears to facilitate Ca release through exerting actions on Ca transport system in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. From these results, it was shown that calcitonin appears to possess an activity to elevate contractile ability of skeletal muscles. This activity is considered to be derived from its effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum. This activity of calcitonin on contractile function of skeletal muscles indicates the presence of a mechanism relating to skeletal muscles in the analgesic effect on low back pain in osteoporosis.", "contents": "[The effect of calcitonin on contractile function of skeletal muscles (author's transl)]. The analgesic effect of calcitonin in osteoporosis has been considered to originate from its actions on bone metabolism. However, the author assumed a possible presence of other mechanism, since the analgesic effect of calcitonin manifests in an extremely early phase in which an increase in bone mass is hardly conceivable. Namely, the author postulated that its analgesic effect is due to its actions on body trunk muscles, and investigated experimentally the effect of calcitonin on skeletal muscles. The following results were obtained. 1) Recovery from decreased twitch contraction of M. triceps surae was shown in vivo in rats treated with calcitonin, with dose-response relationship. 2) Calcitonin exerted no effect on partial blockade by dTc, in neuro-muscular junction. Therefore, the neuro-muscular junction is probably not the site of the actions of calcitonin. 3. In an in vitro study on isolated M. soleus, the decrease contraction was recovered after treatment with calcitonin. A correlation was found between this recovery and the dose of calcitonin. 4) In the calcitonin treated muscle, a pronounced persistence of normal contraction was demonstrated in contrast to the control group. 5) Calcitonin appears to facilitate Ca release through exerting actions on Ca transport system in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. From these results, it was shown that calcitonin appears to possess an activity to elevate contractile ability of skeletal muscles. This activity is considered to be derived from its effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum. This activity of calcitonin on contractile function of skeletal muscles indicates the presence of a mechanism relating to skeletal muscles in the analgesic effect on low back pain in osteoporosis.", "PMID": 528800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3898", "title": "[The effect of hypophysectomy on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibia--electron microscopy and histochemistry of the epiphyseal proliferative zone (author's transl)].", "content": "It is a well-known fact that longitudinal bone growth is affected especially by hypophysis among other various endocrine organs. Using young rats, changes in body weight and in length of the tibia were studied after removal of hypophysis, and alterations occurring in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage plate of the tibia playing an important role in longitudinal bone growth were examined under light and electron microscopes, with special emphasis on the proliferative zone. Alterations of ATP-ase activity of ruthenium red affinity were also examined electron microscopically. Further, quantitative analyses of the alterations of cell organelles were performed using low power electron micrographs. 1) Following hypophysectomy, immediate suppression in weight gain occured, and little or no gain was seen from 14 to 28 days after removal of the gland with plateau in body weight. Longitudinal bone growth of tibia was also suppressed, and little or no growth was seen from the 14th day afterward as was the case for body weight. 2) Changes revealed by light microscopic examination included reduced width of epiphyseal cartilage plate, decreased number and disturbed arrangement of chondrocytes, rapid transition from proliferative zone to degenerative zone, and disturbed formation of the subchondral trabecula. 3) Electron microscopic examination revealed poor development of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cell of proliferative zone, Golgi apparatus ocnsisting of lamellae and a relatively large numbers of vesicles and pronounced decrease in vacuoles. In addition, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen granules were seen together with mitochondria exhibited swelling and elevation of electron density in their matrices. ATP-ase activity was decreased. In the cartilage matrix of the proliferative zone, collagen fibrils and ruthenium red positive granules were decreased in number. 4) Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were treated quantitatively by dividing the proliferative zone into two parts of upper and lower layers. The data showed marked decrease in the every item examined after hypophysectomy. 5) These results indicate that hypophysectomy causes a decrease in intracellular metabolism of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone with a reduced function of matrix formation. The suppression of longitudinal bone growth after hypophysectomy appears to occur under an intimate correlation with a decrease in matrix formation by the chondrocytes of proliferative zone and inhibition of proliferation of the cells in this zone.", "contents": "[The effect of hypophysectomy on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibia--electron microscopy and histochemistry of the epiphyseal proliferative zone (author's transl)]. It is a well-known fact that longitudinal bone growth is affected especially by hypophysis among other various endocrine organs. Using young rats, changes in body weight and in length of the tibia were studied after removal of hypophysis, and alterations occurring in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage plate of the tibia playing an important role in longitudinal bone growth were examined under light and electron microscopes, with special emphasis on the proliferative zone. Alterations of ATP-ase activity of ruthenium red affinity were also examined electron microscopically. Further, quantitative analyses of the alterations of cell organelles were performed using low power electron micrographs. 1) Following hypophysectomy, immediate suppression in weight gain occured, and little or no gain was seen from 14 to 28 days after removal of the gland with plateau in body weight. Longitudinal bone growth of tibia was also suppressed, and little or no growth was seen from the 14th day afterward as was the case for body weight. 2) Changes revealed by light microscopic examination included reduced width of epiphyseal cartilage plate, decreased number and disturbed arrangement of chondrocytes, rapid transition from proliferative zone to degenerative zone, and disturbed formation of the subchondral trabecula. 3) Electron microscopic examination revealed poor development of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cell of proliferative zone, Golgi apparatus ocnsisting of lamellae and a relatively large numbers of vesicles and pronounced decrease in vacuoles. In addition, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen granules were seen together with mitochondria exhibited swelling and elevation of electron density in their matrices. ATP-ase activity was decreased. In the cartilage matrix of the proliferative zone, collagen fibrils and ruthenium red positive granules were decreased in number. 4) Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were treated quantitatively by dividing the proliferative zone into two parts of upper and lower layers. The data showed marked decrease in the every item examined after hypophysectomy. 5) These results indicate that hypophysectomy causes a decrease in intracellular metabolism of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone with a reduced function of matrix formation. The suppression of longitudinal bone growth after hypophysectomy appears to occur under an intimate correlation with a decrease in matrix formation by the chondrocytes of proliferative zone and inhibition of proliferation of the cells in this zone.", "PMID": 528801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3899", "title": "Clinical results of the triangular external fixation device in serious lesions of the lower extremity.", "content": "Several types of external fixation devices exist among which those of Judet, Hoffmann, Wagner and M\u00fcller can be picked out, each of which has definite applications. Confronted with difficulty in the use and the defect of mechanical rigidity, we have been led to design a new type of the triangular external fixation device. As open fractures of the limbs in stage II and IV of Duparc and Cauchoix, and pseudoarthrosis infected need a considerable stability in addition to careful surgical treatment, so after a comparative mechanical study, and after codifying the most rigid installation, we have used it on several traffic accident victims.", "contents": "Clinical results of the triangular external fixation device in serious lesions of the lower extremity. Several types of external fixation devices exist among which those of Judet, Hoffmann, Wagner and M\u00fcller can be picked out, each of which has definite applications. Confronted with difficulty in the use and the defect of mechanical rigidity, we have been led to design a new type of the triangular external fixation device. As open fractures of the limbs in stage II and IV of Duparc and Cauchoix, and pseudoarthrosis infected need a considerable stability in addition to careful surgical treatment, so after a comparative mechanical study, and after codifying the most rigid installation, we have used it on several traffic accident victims.", "PMID": 528802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3900", "title": "Cell cycle synchronization of the mouse S-180 tumor following alternating period of hydroxyurea-blockade and release.", "content": "An attempt at synchronization was carried out by intravenous administration of hydroxyurea (HU) into mice bearing the S-180 solid tumor. Following HU blockade for 6.0 hrs equal to (Tc-Ts) period, 65% of all tumor cells were in S-phase. After 2 cycle blockade; HU blockade for 6 hrs, released for 7.5 hrs and reestablished for 6 hrs, 84% of tumor cells were gathered in S-phase with a sharp peak at G1-S junction. Appropriate cycles of HU infusion and release will synchronize significant increments of S-phase or mitotic cells in the S-180 tumor during predictable time intervals.", "contents": "Cell cycle synchronization of the mouse S-180 tumor following alternating period of hydroxyurea-blockade and release. An attempt at synchronization was carried out by intravenous administration of hydroxyurea (HU) into mice bearing the S-180 solid tumor. Following HU blockade for 6.0 hrs equal to (Tc-Ts) period, 65% of all tumor cells were in S-phase. After 2 cycle blockade; HU blockade for 6 hrs, released for 7.5 hrs and reestablished for 6 hrs, 84% of tumor cells were gathered in S-phase with a sharp peak at G1-S junction. Appropriate cycles of HU infusion and release will synchronize significant increments of S-phase or mitotic cells in the S-180 tumor during predictable time intervals.", "PMID": 528803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3901", "title": "Crystallographic study of rhinoliths.", "content": "Five nasal stones were extracted from five patients. The etiology and clinical picture have been discussed. The stones were analysed by a crystallographic method, using an X-ray diffraction technique. Their composition was identified as calcium phosphate.", "contents": "Crystallographic study of rhinoliths. Five nasal stones were extracted from five patients. The etiology and clinical picture have been discussed. The stones were analysed by a crystallographic method, using an X-ray diffraction technique. Their composition was identified as calcium phosphate.", "PMID": 528820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3902", "title": "Goldenhar's syndrome associated with anomalous internal auditory meatus.", "content": "A case of Goldenhar's syndrome associated with fifth, seventh, and eighth nerve involvement is described. Tomographic examination of the temporal bones showed evidence of an abnormal internal auditory meatus. Otoneurological examination suggested that involvement of the seventh and eighth nerves was closely related to the abnormality in the internal auditory meatus.", "contents": "Goldenhar's syndrome associated with anomalous internal auditory meatus. A case of Goldenhar's syndrome associated with fifth, seventh, and eighth nerve involvement is described. Tomographic examination of the temporal bones showed evidence of an abnormal internal auditory meatus. Otoneurological examination suggested that involvement of the seventh and eighth nerves was closely related to the abnormality in the internal auditory meatus.", "PMID": 528822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3903", "title": "Congenital choanal atresia and nerve deafness.", "content": "Four cases of bilateral congenital choanal atresia are presented. Three of them (75 per cent) were shown by Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) tests to have, in addition, congenital nerve deafness; and two had other congenital anomalies. Thus, congenital nerve deafness should be considered as a possible congenital anomaly associated with choanal atresia. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital choanal atresia can prevent death from asphyxia during the neonatal period, but after surgical correction of the atresia the possible existence of additional anomalies has to be determined and treated. By the use of electric response audiometry we are able to detect sensorineural hearing loss during the neonatal period and can plan the rehabilitation of deaf infants.", "contents": "Congenital choanal atresia and nerve deafness. Four cases of bilateral congenital choanal atresia are presented. Three of them (75 per cent) were shown by Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) tests to have, in addition, congenital nerve deafness; and two had other congenital anomalies. Thus, congenital nerve deafness should be considered as a possible congenital anomaly associated with choanal atresia. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital choanal atresia can prevent death from asphyxia during the neonatal period, but after surgical correction of the atresia the possible existence of additional anomalies has to be determined and treated. By the use of electric response audiometry we are able to detect sensorineural hearing loss during the neonatal period and can plan the rehabilitation of deaf infants.", "PMID": 528823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3904", "title": "Surgical findings and results of stapedectomy in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Nine patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and stapedial fixation (12 ears) are presented. Surgical findings as well as the immediate and long-term results of stapedectomy are described and compared with the results of previous authors. We found firmly fixed footplates in all 12 ears. Only 2 ears had thick and soft footplates. In 10 ears the stapes crura were abnormally slender and brittle, but only 1 had fractured. In 4 ears a troublesome bleeding tendency occurred during the operation. Both the immediate and the long-term hearing results were in general satisfactory.", "contents": "Surgical findings and results of stapedectomy in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nine patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and stapedial fixation (12 ears) are presented. Surgical findings as well as the immediate and long-term results of stapedectomy are described and compared with the results of previous authors. We found firmly fixed footplates in all 12 ears. Only 2 ears had thick and soft footplates. In 10 ears the stapes crura were abnormally slender and brittle, but only 1 had fractured. In 4 ears a troublesome bleeding tendency occurred during the operation. Both the immediate and the long-term hearing results were in general satisfactory.", "PMID": 528824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3905", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma.", "content": "Extramedullary plasmacytomas of the head and neck are very uncommon tumours. Three rare cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented-one each in the nose, larynx and maxilla.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma. Extramedullary plasmacytomas of the head and neck are very uncommon tumours. Three rare cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented-one each in the nose, larynx and maxilla.", "PMID": 528827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3906", "title": "Effect of L-thyroxine treatment on the levels of various hepatic metabolites in rats.", "content": "The effects of L-thyroxine (T4) treatment upon hepatic metabolism of control and T4 treated rats was studied. Livers were excised and freeze-clamped rapidly. The levels of adenine nucleotides and glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites were determined. The redox ratios of free pyridine nucleotides of cytoplasm and mitochondria were calculated from selected substrate concentrations. T4 treatment resulted in lower phosphorylation states and caused reduction in ratios of cytoplasmic NAD and NADP and reduction in the ratio of mitochondrial NAD. T4 treatment changed the redox state of NADP to a greater degree than that of NAD, implying disequilibrium of the transhydrogenase reaction. Changes in glycolytic intermediates were minimal and did not indicate significant \"crossover points\" of enzymatic change. The most striking changes in metabolites caused by T4 were: increase in citrate, increase in ketones, and decrease in alpha-ketoglutarate. The metabolic consequences of changes in metabolites and of redox states of NAD and NADP were discussed. The equilibrium of reactions interrelating the phosphorylation potential and redox state of cytoplasmic NAD was not altered by T4 treatment. Reduction of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NAD suggests a greater effect of T4 upon the transport of reducing equivalents into mitochondria than upon enhancement of oxidative capacity.", "contents": "Effect of L-thyroxine treatment on the levels of various hepatic metabolites in rats. The effects of L-thyroxine (T4) treatment upon hepatic metabolism of control and T4 treated rats was studied. Livers were excised and freeze-clamped rapidly. The levels of adenine nucleotides and glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites were determined. The redox ratios of free pyridine nucleotides of cytoplasm and mitochondria were calculated from selected substrate concentrations. T4 treatment resulted in lower phosphorylation states and caused reduction in ratios of cytoplasmic NAD and NADP and reduction in the ratio of mitochondrial NAD. T4 treatment changed the redox state of NADP to a greater degree than that of NAD, implying disequilibrium of the transhydrogenase reaction. Changes in glycolytic intermediates were minimal and did not indicate significant \"crossover points\" of enzymatic change. The most striking changes in metabolites caused by T4 were: increase in citrate, increase in ketones, and decrease in alpha-ketoglutarate. The metabolic consequences of changes in metabolites and of redox states of NAD and NADP were discussed. The equilibrium of reactions interrelating the phosphorylation potential and redox state of cytoplasmic NAD was not altered by T4 treatment. Reduction of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NAD suggests a greater effect of T4 upon the transport of reducing equivalents into mitochondria than upon enhancement of oxidative capacity.", "PMID": 528840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3907", "title": "Effects of outboard motor exhaust emissions on goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to outboard exhaust products in water or to toluene (a constituent of outboard motor exhaust water) via a continuous flow bioassay dosing apparatus. Various physiologic and pathologic changes were noted. In the blood a consistent decrease (p less than 0.05) in the partial pressure of oxygen, a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide, and significant decreases (p less than 0.05) in pH and oxygen saturation were found in many of the blood gas experiments. Laboratory experiments also indicated that these fish are capable of metabolizing toluene to hippuric acid (p less than 0.05). Exposure up to 30 days to these exhaust products produced gross and microscopic lesions in the high-, intermediate-, and low-dose fish. Grossly, livers were smaller and pale; intestines were empty of ingesta and feces; and gills were coated excessively with mucus. Microscopically, the livers of the exposed fish had a decreased cytoplasmic:nuclear ratio, gill filaments were fused, and some kidneys had tubular vacuolization.", "contents": "Effects of outboard motor exhaust emissions on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to outboard exhaust products in water or to toluene (a constituent of outboard motor exhaust water) via a continuous flow bioassay dosing apparatus. Various physiologic and pathologic changes were noted. In the blood a consistent decrease (p less than 0.05) in the partial pressure of oxygen, a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide, and significant decreases (p less than 0.05) in pH and oxygen saturation were found in many of the blood gas experiments. Laboratory experiments also indicated that these fish are capable of metabolizing toluene to hippuric acid (p less than 0.05). Exposure up to 30 days to these exhaust products produced gross and microscopic lesions in the high-, intermediate-, and low-dose fish. Grossly, livers were smaller and pale; intestines were empty of ingesta and feces; and gills were coated excessively with mucus. Microscopically, the livers of the exposed fish had a decreased cytoplasmic:nuclear ratio, gill filaments were fused, and some kidneys had tubular vacuolization.", "PMID": 528841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3908", "title": "Evaluation of dimethoate (Cygon 4E) for teratogenic activity in the cat.", "content": "A commercial formulation (Cygon 4E), containing 47.3 percent dimethoate and 52.7 percent of unknown ingredients, was administered orally in single daily doses of time-mated cats between the 14th and 22nd day of pregnancy. The cats were necropsied on the 43rd day of pregnancy. Fetal values for survival, body weight, and skeletal and visceral anomalies were obtained following conventional methods. The highest dose, 12 mg/kg, was associated with polydactyl in eight of the 39 fetuses, whereas the 6 and 3 mg/kg doses produced no evidence of teratogenicity or embryotoxicity.", "contents": "Evaluation of dimethoate (Cygon 4E) for teratogenic activity in the cat. A commercial formulation (Cygon 4E), containing 47.3 percent dimethoate and 52.7 percent of unknown ingredients, was administered orally in single daily doses of time-mated cats between the 14th and 22nd day of pregnancy. The cats were necropsied on the 43rd day of pregnancy. Fetal values for survival, body weight, and skeletal and visceral anomalies were obtained following conventional methods. The highest dose, 12 mg/kg, was associated with polydactyl in eight of the 39 fetuses, whereas the 6 and 3 mg/kg doses produced no evidence of teratogenicity or embryotoxicity.", "PMID": 528842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3909", "title": "Statistical design of toxicity assays: role of genetic structure of test animal population.", "content": "This paper considers certain statistical aspects of the problem of among-strain differences in cancer susceptibilities and how these differences may affect the design of toxicity assays. First, in order to investigate the magnitude of within-study, between-strain differences in tumor induction, the data of Innes et al. (1969) were examined. It was found that although there was a very high overall association between mouse strains with respect to the induction of hepatomas, several compounds showed evidence of strain-to-strain variability. Next, a number of long-term carcinogenicity studies with DDT were considered, and among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility for this compound were noted. Finally, it was shown that if susceptible subgroups do exist and certain simplifying assumptions are made, then in many cases tumor increases can be detected more readily by using several inbred mouse strains for study rather than a single outbread stock.", "contents": "Statistical design of toxicity assays: role of genetic structure of test animal population. This paper considers certain statistical aspects of the problem of among-strain differences in cancer susceptibilities and how these differences may affect the design of toxicity assays. First, in order to investigate the magnitude of within-study, between-strain differences in tumor induction, the data of Innes et al. (1969) were examined. It was found that although there was a very high overall association between mouse strains with respect to the induction of hepatomas, several compounds showed evidence of strain-to-strain variability. Next, a number of long-term carcinogenicity studies with DDT were considered, and among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility for this compound were noted. Finally, it was shown that if susceptible subgroups do exist and certain simplifying assumptions are made, then in many cases tumor increases can be detected more readily by using several inbred mouse strains for study rather than a single outbread stock.", "PMID": 528844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3910", "title": "The distribution and pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in rats by the pulmonary route.", "content": "Exposures (5 hr) of individual rats to atmospheres having styrene concentrations of from 50 to 2,000 ppm yield uptake blood profiles which show a continued and increasing absorption of styrene, proportional to the styrene atmospheric concentration, over the entire absorption period. Post-exposure elimination follows a dose-dependent two compartment model, similar to that observed after I.V. administration, although the initial stage of the elimination is more rapid and the terminal stage much slower than is observed in the I.V. case. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with zeroth-order input, is proposed to interpret the uptake kinetics. Tissue concentrations of styrene in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, brain and perirenal fat show a different pattern of distribution as the dose increases. At all exposure concentrations the concentration of styrene in the perirenal fat is ten times that in any organ. At the lowest exposure concentration the kidney registered the highest concentration while a higher level of styrene is found in the liver, brain and kidney as the exposure level increases and for these tissues the concentration of styrene is always greater than that in the blood.", "contents": "The distribution and pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in rats by the pulmonary route. Exposures (5 hr) of individual rats to atmospheres having styrene concentrations of from 50 to 2,000 ppm yield uptake blood profiles which show a continued and increasing absorption of styrene, proportional to the styrene atmospheric concentration, over the entire absorption period. Post-exposure elimination follows a dose-dependent two compartment model, similar to that observed after I.V. administration, although the initial stage of the elimination is more rapid and the terminal stage much slower than is observed in the I.V. case. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with zeroth-order input, is proposed to interpret the uptake kinetics. Tissue concentrations of styrene in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, brain and perirenal fat show a different pattern of distribution as the dose increases. At all exposure concentrations the concentration of styrene in the perirenal fat is ten times that in any organ. At the lowest exposure concentration the kidney registered the highest concentration while a higher level of styrene is found in the liver, brain and kidney as the exposure level increases and for these tissues the concentration of styrene is always greater than that in the blood.", "PMID": 528845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3911", "title": "Effect of chronic inhalation of sulfuric acid mist upon mucociliary clearance from the lungs of donkeys.", "content": "The effect of chronic inhalation exposures to sulfuric acid mist upon mucociliary clearance from the lungs was studied, using the donkey as an analogue for man. Four animals were exposed 1 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months. The mean mass concentration of acid mist was 102 microgram/m3 for two animals, and 106 microgram/m3 for the other two. The mass median aerodynamic diameter was approximately 0.5 micrometer. Clearance was monitored by serial, external in vivo measurements of the retention of an insoluble, radioactively tagged ferric oxide aerosol which was inhaled following exposure to the acid mist. Bronchial clearance became erratic within the first week of exposure; rates were significantly different, usually slower than control on many test days, although the degree of response varied among the four animals. Two animals exhibited a sustained impairment of clearance towards the end of the 6-month exposure period and continued to have erratic clearance during a 3-month follow-up period. No changes in the regional deposition of the ferric oxide occurred during the course of the study in any of the animals. It is proposed that alterations in bronchial mucociliary clearance may be an early, if not the first, physiologic effect resulting from the inhalation of sulfuric acid mist, and this may be a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis in populations exposed to the sulfur oxide-particulate-complex in the ambient air, which often includes sulfuric acid.", "contents": "Effect of chronic inhalation of sulfuric acid mist upon mucociliary clearance from the lungs of donkeys. The effect of chronic inhalation exposures to sulfuric acid mist upon mucociliary clearance from the lungs was studied, using the donkey as an analogue for man. Four animals were exposed 1 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months. The mean mass concentration of acid mist was 102 microgram/m3 for two animals, and 106 microgram/m3 for the other two. The mass median aerodynamic diameter was approximately 0.5 micrometer. Clearance was monitored by serial, external in vivo measurements of the retention of an insoluble, radioactively tagged ferric oxide aerosol which was inhaled following exposure to the acid mist. Bronchial clearance became erratic within the first week of exposure; rates were significantly different, usually slower than control on many test days, although the degree of response varied among the four animals. Two animals exhibited a sustained impairment of clearance towards the end of the 6-month exposure period and continued to have erratic clearance during a 3-month follow-up period. No changes in the regional deposition of the ferric oxide occurred during the course of the study in any of the animals. It is proposed that alterations in bronchial mucociliary clearance may be an early, if not the first, physiologic effect resulting from the inhalation of sulfuric acid mist, and this may be a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis in populations exposed to the sulfur oxide-particulate-complex in the ambient air, which often includes sulfuric acid.", "PMID": 528846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3912", "title": "In vitro biological effects of glass fibers.", "content": "Two glass fiber samples, which had previously been tested for their ability to induce mesotheliomata in rats, were subjected to size fractionation and the respirable fibers from each were collected. The sizes of the fibers in the total and respirable fractions were measured and all four materials were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activities against V79-4 cells, A549 cells, and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The respirable fraction from the coarser material had considerably enhanced activity (on a mass basis) compared with its parent (total) material. The respirable fraction of the other fiber was only slightly more active than the corresponding total sample. The fiber size distributions are discussed in relation to the observed biological activity of all four samples, and it is concluded that the cytotoxic activity of fibrous glass is determined by the number of fibers within certain size ranges. It is likely that in the systems used in this present paper, fibers less than 10 micrometer long are inactive. The relationship between these observations and those obtained with fibrous glass in vivo by Stanton et al. (1977) are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro biological effects of glass fibers. Two glass fiber samples, which had previously been tested for their ability to induce mesotheliomata in rats, were subjected to size fractionation and the respirable fibers from each were collected. The sizes of the fibers in the total and respirable fractions were measured and all four materials were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activities against V79-4 cells, A549 cells, and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The respirable fraction from the coarser material had considerably enhanced activity (on a mass basis) compared with its parent (total) material. The respirable fraction of the other fiber was only slightly more active than the corresponding total sample. The fiber size distributions are discussed in relation to the observed biological activity of all four samples, and it is concluded that the cytotoxic activity of fibrous glass is determined by the number of fibers within certain size ranges. It is likely that in the systems used in this present paper, fibers less than 10 micrometer long are inactive. The relationship between these observations and those obtained with fibrous glass in vivo by Stanton et al. (1977) are discussed.", "PMID": 528847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3913", "title": "Health aspects of radio and microwave radiation.", "content": "Recent publications are selectively reviewed to indicate the characteristics of radio and microwave interaction with biological systems. The emphasis is on low-level effects that occur at or below the currently accepted safety standard. This information is then used to examine the adequacy of existing emission and exposure standards for controlling the environmental levels of radio and microwave radiation, and safeguarding the general population from the deleterious effects resulting from typically encountered exposure in the United States.", "contents": "Health aspects of radio and microwave radiation. Recent publications are selectively reviewed to indicate the characteristics of radio and microwave interaction with biological systems. The emphasis is on low-level effects that occur at or below the currently accepted safety standard. This information is then used to examine the adequacy of existing emission and exposure standards for controlling the environmental levels of radio and microwave radiation, and safeguarding the general population from the deleterious effects resulting from typically encountered exposure in the United States.", "PMID": 528848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3914", "title": "DDT administration: haematological effects observed in the crowned guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris).", "content": "The continued use of chlorinated hydrocarbons as pesticides prompted an investigation into the effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on the blood of the crowned guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris). Birds were acclimated for 10 weeks, and haematological data obtained after this period served as baseline values. DDT was then administered per os at 75 ppm/kg body mass. This treatment was continued daily for 5 days. Subsequent blood analyses illustrated significant effects on several of the test parameters.", "contents": "DDT administration: haematological effects observed in the crowned guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris). The continued use of chlorinated hydrocarbons as pesticides prompted an investigation into the effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on the blood of the crowned guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris). Birds were acclimated for 10 weeks, and haematological data obtained after this period served as baseline values. DDT was then administered per os at 75 ppm/kg body mass. This treatment was continued daily for 5 days. Subsequent blood analyses illustrated significant effects on several of the test parameters.", "PMID": 528850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3915", "title": "Renal function impairment in secondary lead smelter workers: correlations with zinc protoporphyrin and blood lead levels.", "content": "Potential kidney function decrement with long-term lead exposure is important in the overall assessment of adverse health effects of lead in industrial workers or other exposed groups. Two clinical field studies of secondary lead smelter workers have shown that a significant proportion of workers had slightly to moderately elevated BUN and creatinine levels; the prevalence was higher in those with longer lead exposure. Since a decrement of kidney function with age has been documented, and, since duration of lead exposure may also be strongly related to age, it was necessary to assess the age dependent renal function decrement in a control (non-lead-exposed) population. BUN and creatinine levels in the lead-exposed workers showed a much more significant correlation with age than that which was found in the non-exposed population; the correlations between the indicators of renal function, BUN and creatinine, and duration of lead exposure remained statistically significant after removing the age-dependent decrement derived from the control population. Moreover, a highly significant correlation between BUN and zinc protoporphyrin levels was found. The results indicate a sizeable and significant decrement in kidney function in the secondary lead smelter workers studied; this effect was found to be lead-induced, by removing its age-dependency.", "contents": "Renal function impairment in secondary lead smelter workers: correlations with zinc protoporphyrin and blood lead levels. Potential kidney function decrement with long-term lead exposure is important in the overall assessment of adverse health effects of lead in industrial workers or other exposed groups. Two clinical field studies of secondary lead smelter workers have shown that a significant proportion of workers had slightly to moderately elevated BUN and creatinine levels; the prevalence was higher in those with longer lead exposure. Since a decrement of kidney function with age has been documented, and, since duration of lead exposure may also be strongly related to age, it was necessary to assess the age dependent renal function decrement in a control (non-lead-exposed) population. BUN and creatinine levels in the lead-exposed workers showed a much more significant correlation with age than that which was found in the non-exposed population; the correlations between the indicators of renal function, BUN and creatinine, and duration of lead exposure remained statistically significant after removing the age-dependent decrement derived from the control population. Moreover, a highly significant correlation between BUN and zinc protoporphyrin levels was found. The results indicate a sizeable and significant decrement in kidney function in the secondary lead smelter workers studied; this effect was found to be lead-induced, by removing its age-dependency.", "PMID": 528851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3916", "title": "Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vivo.", "content": "Sodium chlorite in drinking water was found to produce a slight but compensated anemia in rats after exposure to up to 500 ppm for 90 days. Decreases in hemoglobin, red cell count, and packed cell volume seen after 30 days exposure had substantially recovered by 90 days of treatment. Signs of adaptation remained in that 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentrations in the red cell remained elevated after 90 days exposure to 50 and 100 ppm CIO2-. However, dose-related decreases in erythrocyte glutathione levels, detected at chlorite levels as low as 50 ppm, remained decreased after 90 days exposure. While no other signs of overt toxicity were observed, the fact that hemolytic anemia was involved was confirmed by an increased turnover of red cells in cats exposed to CIO2-. Chlorite-induced decreases in glutathione in vivo were demonstrated to enhance formation of hydrogen peroxide when treated further with chlorite in vitro. Consequently, before a comprehensive determination of the hazards of chlorite in water can b: made, particular attention must be paid to individuals sensitive to hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vivo. Sodium chlorite in drinking water was found to produce a slight but compensated anemia in rats after exposure to up to 500 ppm for 90 days. Decreases in hemoglobin, red cell count, and packed cell volume seen after 30 days exposure had substantially recovered by 90 days of treatment. Signs of adaptation remained in that 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentrations in the red cell remained elevated after 90 days exposure to 50 and 100 ppm CIO2-. However, dose-related decreases in erythrocyte glutathione levels, detected at chlorite levels as low as 50 ppm, remained decreased after 90 days exposure. While no other signs of overt toxicity were observed, the fact that hemolytic anemia was involved was confirmed by an increased turnover of red cells in cats exposed to CIO2-. Chlorite-induced decreases in glutathione in vivo were demonstrated to enhance formation of hydrogen peroxide when treated further with chlorite in vitro. Consequently, before a comprehensive determination of the hazards of chlorite in water can b: made, particular attention must be paid to individuals sensitive to hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 528853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3917", "title": "Fate maps and cell differentiation in the amphibian embryo--an experimental study.", "content": "The aim of this paper is to test two different fate maps for the amphibian blastula with respect to their predictions concerning the process of cell differentiation. The first of these fate maps is the one proposed by Vogt, according to which all three germ layers can be projected on to the surface of the embryo. The second is a revision which claims that only endoderm and ectoderm are located in the surface, while the mesoderm is represented by free cells in the interior of the embryo. The testing has been performed by observing the differentiation of small explants of cells taken from various regions of the embryo. It was found that the spontaneous cell differentiation comprises three patterns: undifferentiated cells (free interior cells and circumpolar endodermal cells), fibroblast-like cells (the remaining endodermal cells) and epidermis (ectodermal cells). Further differentiation occurs only through induction, exerted either by the fibroblast-like endodermal cells or by heparan sulphate. When induced, the equatorial ectodermal cells give rise to swollen, hyaline cells (chordocytes), while the remaining ectodermal cells form a sequence of cell differentiation patterns, mesenchyme cells, nerve cells, melanophores and xanthophores. The free interior cells differentiate into striated muscle cells and elongated collagen-producing fibroblasts. Our results thus confirm the revised fate map, and they also give an insight into the mechanisms of the initial cell differentiations in the amphibian embryo.", "contents": "Fate maps and cell differentiation in the amphibian embryo--an experimental study. The aim of this paper is to test two different fate maps for the amphibian blastula with respect to their predictions concerning the process of cell differentiation. The first of these fate maps is the one proposed by Vogt, according to which all three germ layers can be projected on to the surface of the embryo. The second is a revision which claims that only endoderm and ectoderm are located in the surface, while the mesoderm is represented by free cells in the interior of the embryo. The testing has been performed by observing the differentiation of small explants of cells taken from various regions of the embryo. It was found that the spontaneous cell differentiation comprises three patterns: undifferentiated cells (free interior cells and circumpolar endodermal cells), fibroblast-like cells (the remaining endodermal cells) and epidermis (ectodermal cells). Further differentiation occurs only through induction, exerted either by the fibroblast-like endodermal cells or by heparan sulphate. When induced, the equatorial ectodermal cells give rise to swollen, hyaline cells (chordocytes), while the remaining ectodermal cells form a sequence of cell differentiation patterns, mesenchyme cells, nerve cells, melanophores and xanthophores. The free interior cells differentiate into striated muscle cells and elongated collagen-producing fibroblasts. Our results thus confirm the revised fate map, and they also give an insight into the mechanisms of the initial cell differentiations in the amphibian embryo.", "PMID": 528859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3918", "title": "Induction of renal cancers in rats by intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide (alpha Ni3S2) was studied following intrarenal (i.r.) injection in rats. Within 100 weeks after i.r. injection of 5 mg of alpha Ni3S2, renal cancers were found in 64 percent of Wistar-Lewis rats, 50 percent of NIH Black rats, 28 percent of Fischer rats and 0 percent of Long-Evans rats. These findings demonstrate significant differences in susceptibilities of the four rat strains to alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers. No renal cancers were found in male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of alpha Ni3S2 in dosages of 0.6, 1.2 or 2.5 mg. In male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of alpha Ni3S2 in dosages of 5 or 10 mg, the incidences of renal cancers were 28 percent and 75 percent, respectively. These findings demonstrate a dose response relationship for alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers. In male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of 10 mg of alpha Ni3S2 combined with 6.9 mg of Mn dust, the incidence of renal cancers was 32 percent, which differed significantly from the corresponding incidences of 75 percent and 0 percent in rats that received i.r. injections of only alpha Ni3S2 (10 mg) or Mn dust (6.9 mg). These findings demonstrate that alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers is inhibited by simultaneous administration of manganese dust. The 54 renal tumors that were found in this study were all malignant, and distant metastases were present in 69 percent of tumor-bearing rats. The histogenesis of alpha Ni3S2-induced renal tumors from epithelial or mesenchymal progenitor cells could not be definitely established.", "contents": "Induction of renal cancers in rats by intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide. The carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide (alpha Ni3S2) was studied following intrarenal (i.r.) injection in rats. Within 100 weeks after i.r. injection of 5 mg of alpha Ni3S2, renal cancers were found in 64 percent of Wistar-Lewis rats, 50 percent of NIH Black rats, 28 percent of Fischer rats and 0 percent of Long-Evans rats. These findings demonstrate significant differences in susceptibilities of the four rat strains to alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers. No renal cancers were found in male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of alpha Ni3S2 in dosages of 0.6, 1.2 or 2.5 mg. In male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of alpha Ni3S2 in dosages of 5 or 10 mg, the incidences of renal cancers were 28 percent and 75 percent, respectively. These findings demonstrate a dose response relationship for alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers. In male Fischer rats that received i.r. injection of 10 mg of alpha Ni3S2 combined with 6.9 mg of Mn dust, the incidence of renal cancers was 32 percent, which differed significantly from the corresponding incidences of 75 percent and 0 percent in rats that received i.r. injections of only alpha Ni3S2 (10 mg) or Mn dust (6.9 mg). These findings demonstrate that alpha Ni3S2-induction of renal cancers is inhibited by simultaneous administration of manganese dust. The 54 renal tumors that were found in this study were all malignant, and distant metastases were present in 69 percent of tumor-bearing rats. The histogenesis of alpha Ni3S2-induced renal tumors from epithelial or mesenchymal progenitor cells could not be definitely established.", "PMID": 528855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3919", "title": "On the 'clock' mechanism determining the time of tissue-specific enzyme development during ascidian embryogenesis. I. Acetylcholinesterase development in cleavage-arrested embryos.", "content": "During ascidian embryogenesis a tissue-specific enzyme, muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) may first be detected histochemically in the presumptive muscle cells of the neurula. In order to investigate the 'clock' or counting mechanism that is determining the time when AChE first appears, Whittaker's experiment (1973) has been repeated using eggs of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Embryos that had been permanently cleavage-arrested with cytochalasin B were able to differentiate AChE in their muscle lineage blastomeres. The time of first AChE occurrence in embryos that had been cleavage-arrested in the 32-cell stage with cytochalasin B was about the same as in normal embryos. This result indicates that the clock is not apparently regulated by the events of cytokinesis. The early gastrulae which had been arrested with colchicine or with colcemid could develop AChE activity, although no histochemically detectable AChE activity was observed in the cleavage-stage embryos that had been arrested with either drug. Therefore the clock does not seem to be controlled by the mitotic cycle of the nucleus. It is suggested that the cycle of DNA replication may be related to the regulation of the clock that is determining the time of development of histospecific protein.", "contents": "On the 'clock' mechanism determining the time of tissue-specific enzyme development during ascidian embryogenesis. I. Acetylcholinesterase development in cleavage-arrested embryos. During ascidian embryogenesis a tissue-specific enzyme, muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) may first be detected histochemically in the presumptive muscle cells of the neurula. In order to investigate the 'clock' or counting mechanism that is determining the time when AChE first appears, Whittaker's experiment (1973) has been repeated using eggs of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Embryos that had been permanently cleavage-arrested with cytochalasin B were able to differentiate AChE in their muscle lineage blastomeres. The time of first AChE occurrence in embryos that had been cleavage-arrested in the 32-cell stage with cytochalasin B was about the same as in normal embryos. This result indicates that the clock is not apparently regulated by the events of cytokinesis. The early gastrulae which had been arrested with colchicine or with colcemid could develop AChE activity, although no histochemically detectable AChE activity was observed in the cleavage-stage embryos that had been arrested with either drug. Therefore the clock does not seem to be controlled by the mitotic cycle of the nucleus. It is suggested that the cycle of DNA replication may be related to the regulation of the clock that is determining the time of development of histospecific protein.", "PMID": 528860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3920", "title": "Toxicity of chelated mercury.", "content": "The oral and iv acute toxicities of several mercury chelates were determined in mice in a search for relationships bearing on the effectiveness of various chelating agents in therapy. It was found that the toxicity was independent of the stability constant for the mercury chelate when the toxicity was expressed on a molar basis. For the mercury chelates of sulfhydryl containing chelating agents, the oral toxicity was unexpectedly low, presumably due to the poor absortion of these materials from the G.I. tract. The results suggest that the toxicities of mercury complexes are independent of the stability constant of the complex over the range of stability constant from 10(23) on down, provided chelation does not drastically alter the distribution of the complex in the body.", "contents": "Toxicity of chelated mercury. The oral and iv acute toxicities of several mercury chelates were determined in mice in a search for relationships bearing on the effectiveness of various chelating agents in therapy. It was found that the toxicity was independent of the stability constant for the mercury chelate when the toxicity was expressed on a molar basis. For the mercury chelates of sulfhydryl containing chelating agents, the oral toxicity was unexpectedly low, presumably due to the poor absortion of these materials from the G.I. tract. The results suggest that the toxicities of mercury complexes are independent of the stability constant of the complex over the range of stability constant from 10(23) on down, provided chelation does not drastically alter the distribution of the complex in the body.", "PMID": 528856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3921", "title": "Segmental innervation of the chick forelimb following embryonic manipulation.", "content": "A number of studies have shown that the segmental innervation of some muscles in the developing limb undergoes some modification during the earliest stages of ontogeny. These observations can be interpreted in support of the hypothesis that the motor axons and muscles are matched during this period of development. As a further test of this suggestion we have made a quantitative examination of the motor innervation of the chick forelimb under conditions of controlled abnormal development. Embryos were surgically manipulated at stages before the motor axons invade the limb. The operations were controlled such that forelimbs were induced with segments deleted or reduplicated or simply that a segment of the spinal cord had been deleted. In preparations with abnormal limbs the motor innervation of the muscles present was the same as for those muscles in the normal limb. Where a spinal segment had been deleted the limbs developed normally and their innervation was completed by the remaining brachial segments. These results suggest that any particular matching property of a developing muscle does not develop as a consequence of its position in the limb relative to those segments of the limb proximal to it. Furthermore, that some muscles which are normally innervated by two spinal segments can be completely innervated by one of those spinal segments, in the absence of the other, suggests that any matching between growing axons and developing muscle cells is hierarchical rather than strictly all-or-nothing.", "contents": "Segmental innervation of the chick forelimb following embryonic manipulation. A number of studies have shown that the segmental innervation of some muscles in the developing limb undergoes some modification during the earliest stages of ontogeny. These observations can be interpreted in support of the hypothesis that the motor axons and muscles are matched during this period of development. As a further test of this suggestion we have made a quantitative examination of the motor innervation of the chick forelimb under conditions of controlled abnormal development. Embryos were surgically manipulated at stages before the motor axons invade the limb. The operations were controlled such that forelimbs were induced with segments deleted or reduplicated or simply that a segment of the spinal cord had been deleted. In preparations with abnormal limbs the motor innervation of the muscles present was the same as for those muscles in the normal limb. Where a spinal segment had been deleted the limbs developed normally and their innervation was completed by the remaining brachial segments. These results suggest that any particular matching property of a developing muscle does not develop as a consequence of its position in the limb relative to those segments of the limb proximal to it. Furthermore, that some muscles which are normally innervated by two spinal segments can be completely innervated by one of those spinal segments, in the absence of the other, suggests that any matching between growing axons and developing muscle cells is hierarchical rather than strictly all-or-nothing.", "PMID": 528861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3922", "title": "Comparison of the clastogenic and carcinogenic effects of intravenous beta-propiolactone and benzo(a)pyrene in rats.", "content": "Scored at 24 hours, the LD-50 of a solution of beta-propiolactone administered intravenously to young rats was 225 +/- 55 mg/kg. Twenty-four hours after a single intravenous injection (100 mg/kg = 1.4 m mole/kg) of beta-propiolactone into male and female rats of both the Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley strains, the incidence of breaks found in the chromosomes of metaphase marrow cells was low (8.8 percent vs. 5.0 percent in controls). The s5 chromosomes were preferentially damaged. A 200 mg/kg dose increased the incidence modestly to 11.3 percent. In comparison, a single intravenous dose of benzo(a)pyrene (40 mg/kg = 0.16 m mole/kg) produced a break incidence of 19 percent. In long-term experiments multiple (five) intravenous injections (100 mg/kg each) of beta-propiolactone given in a 6 week period elicited only two neoplasms (a chloro-leukemia and a mammary fibroadenoma) among 37 animals during the following 12-13 months. In contrast, four injections of benzo(a)pyrene (40 mg/kg) produced a 14-times greater mammary tumor incidence in the Sprague-Dawley female rat than did beta-propiolactone. Marrow cell chromosome examination indicated no significant chromosomal changes due to the earlier beta-propiolactone treatment except for one animal with a consistent 43-chromosome karyotype resulting from S1 trisomy; no neoplasm was evident in that animal. Earlier treatment with benzo(a)pyrene produced a persistent and significant elevation in break incidence. Both the carcinogenic and clastogenic effects of intravenous beta-propiolactone are low in rats and are not comparable in magnitude to those produced by benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Comparison of the clastogenic and carcinogenic effects of intravenous beta-propiolactone and benzo(a)pyrene in rats. Scored at 24 hours, the LD-50 of a solution of beta-propiolactone administered intravenously to young rats was 225 +/- 55 mg/kg. Twenty-four hours after a single intravenous injection (100 mg/kg = 1.4 m mole/kg) of beta-propiolactone into male and female rats of both the Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley strains, the incidence of breaks found in the chromosomes of metaphase marrow cells was low (8.8 percent vs. 5.0 percent in controls). The s5 chromosomes were preferentially damaged. A 200 mg/kg dose increased the incidence modestly to 11.3 percent. In comparison, a single intravenous dose of benzo(a)pyrene (40 mg/kg = 0.16 m mole/kg) produced a break incidence of 19 percent. In long-term experiments multiple (five) intravenous injections (100 mg/kg each) of beta-propiolactone given in a 6 week period elicited only two neoplasms (a chloro-leukemia and a mammary fibroadenoma) among 37 animals during the following 12-13 months. In contrast, four injections of benzo(a)pyrene (40 mg/kg) produced a 14-times greater mammary tumor incidence in the Sprague-Dawley female rat than did beta-propiolactone. Marrow cell chromosome examination indicated no significant chromosomal changes due to the earlier beta-propiolactone treatment except for one animal with a consistent 43-chromosome karyotype resulting from S1 trisomy; no neoplasm was evident in that animal. Earlier treatment with benzo(a)pyrene produced a persistent and significant elevation in break incidence. Both the carcinogenic and clastogenic effects of intravenous beta-propiolactone are low in rats and are not comparable in magnitude to those produced by benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 528852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3923", "title": "Development of the tibiotarsus in the chick embryo: biosynthetic activities of histologically distinct regions.", "content": "The dynamics of the histological changes which occur in the distal half of the tibial portion of the embryonic chick tibiotarsus from day 8 to day 18 of incubation are correlated with the capacities of histologically distinct zones to incorporate isotopic precursors into mucopolysaccharides and collagen. At the distal end of the tibia, which abuts the suture line formed by the fusion of the two tarsals with the tibia, there persists throughout embryonic development a narrow band of small, round or oval, rapidly dividing chondrocytes which synthesize chondroitin SO4 and collagen at low rates. Just proximal to this zone is a broader zone of flattened, disc-shaped chondrocytes which divide more slowly and are extremely active in chondroitin SO4 and collagen synthesis. Proximal to the zone of flattened chondrocytes is a zone of non-dividing, hypertrophied chondrocytes which are large and round and increase continually in size going from the distal to the proximal end of the zone. The biosynthetic activities of the cells in this zone fall sharply with their distance from the zone of flattened chondrocytes. Finally, there is a fourth zone, the marrow cavity, formed by a proximal to distal disintegration of the hypertrophied chondrocytes, starting at mid-diaphysis. The marrow cavity is surrounded by a shell of periosteal and intra-membranous bone which extends to the distal end of the zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes. Our data suggest that as the tibiotarsus grows in length the small, round rapidly dividing cells of the tibia differentiate first to flattened chondrocytes which synthesize matrix at a high rate and ultimately to low activity, hypertrophying chondrocytes. This sequence proceeds in a linear fashion.", "contents": "Development of the tibiotarsus in the chick embryo: biosynthetic activities of histologically distinct regions. The dynamics of the histological changes which occur in the distal half of the tibial portion of the embryonic chick tibiotarsus from day 8 to day 18 of incubation are correlated with the capacities of histologically distinct zones to incorporate isotopic precursors into mucopolysaccharides and collagen. At the distal end of the tibia, which abuts the suture line formed by the fusion of the two tarsals with the tibia, there persists throughout embryonic development a narrow band of small, round or oval, rapidly dividing chondrocytes which synthesize chondroitin SO4 and collagen at low rates. Just proximal to this zone is a broader zone of flattened, disc-shaped chondrocytes which divide more slowly and are extremely active in chondroitin SO4 and collagen synthesis. Proximal to the zone of flattened chondrocytes is a zone of non-dividing, hypertrophied chondrocytes which are large and round and increase continually in size going from the distal to the proximal end of the zone. The biosynthetic activities of the cells in this zone fall sharply with their distance from the zone of flattened chondrocytes. Finally, there is a fourth zone, the marrow cavity, formed by a proximal to distal disintegration of the hypertrophied chondrocytes, starting at mid-diaphysis. The marrow cavity is surrounded by a shell of periosteal and intra-membranous bone which extends to the distal end of the zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes. Our data suggest that as the tibiotarsus grows in length the small, round rapidly dividing cells of the tibia differentiate first to flattened chondrocytes which synthesize matrix at a high rate and ultimately to low activity, hypertrophying chondrocytes. This sequence proceeds in a linear fashion.", "PMID": 528862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3924", "title": "Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vitro.", "content": "The ability of sodium chlorite to react with constituents of the erythrocyte, in vitro, was examined and compared to that of nitrite. The oxidative damage resulting from chlorite is fundamentally different from that of nitrite. Nitrite is slightly more potent as an oxidant of hemoglobin, while chlorite appears to be less specific in its oxidation of cellular constituents. Unlike nitrite, chlorite was found to deplete erythrocyte glutathione, which was accompanied by an increase in hydrogen peroxide generation. Chlorite also produced substantial changes in erythrocyte membrane morphology. These effects of chlorite are characteristic of compounds that produce oxidant-induced hemolytic anemia in vivo.", "contents": "Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vitro. The ability of sodium chlorite to react with constituents of the erythrocyte, in vitro, was examined and compared to that of nitrite. The oxidative damage resulting from chlorite is fundamentally different from that of nitrite. Nitrite is slightly more potent as an oxidant of hemoglobin, while chlorite appears to be less specific in its oxidation of cellular constituents. Unlike nitrite, chlorite was found to deplete erythrocyte glutathione, which was accompanied by an increase in hydrogen peroxide generation. Chlorite also produced substantial changes in erythrocyte membrane morphology. These effects of chlorite are characteristic of compounds that produce oxidant-induced hemolytic anemia in vivo.", "PMID": 528854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3925", "title": "Effect of oxygen concentration on morphogenesis of cranial neural folds and neural crest in cultured rat embryos.", "content": "Rat embryos, 9 1/2 days old, cultured with a 5% or 10% O2 gas phase underwent normal or near-normal cranial neurulation; however, culture at 20% or 40% O2 resulted in abnormal morphogenesis of the cranial neural folds from the 9-somite stage onwards, and the brain tube frequently failed to close. Normal morphogenesis was characterized by a narrowing V-shaped profile, development of a slightly concave neuroepithelial surface, and formation of a sharp mediad curvature of the most lateral region prior to midline apposition and fusion. These morphogenetic events were related to cellular changes within the neuroepithelium, namely cell death, onset of neural crest cell migration, and loss of apical microfilament bundles from the most lateral cells. In 20% and 40% O2-cultured embryos, failure of curvature of the neuroepithelium was associated with failure or retardation of the related cellular changes; it may therefore have been due to the maintenance of an excessive rigidity which opposed the forces involved in bringing about the final stage of brain-tube formation. Mitochondria in normal (low O2 and in vivo) embryos were of the anaerobic type, having few cristae; in high O2-cultured embryos they were of the characteristic aerobic type, indicating an adaptation to the abnormal environment.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen concentration on morphogenesis of cranial neural folds and neural crest in cultured rat embryos. Rat embryos, 9 1/2 days old, cultured with a 5% or 10% O2 gas phase underwent normal or near-normal cranial neurulation; however, culture at 20% or 40% O2 resulted in abnormal morphogenesis of the cranial neural folds from the 9-somite stage onwards, and the brain tube frequently failed to close. Normal morphogenesis was characterized by a narrowing V-shaped profile, development of a slightly concave neuroepithelial surface, and formation of a sharp mediad curvature of the most lateral region prior to midline apposition and fusion. These morphogenetic events were related to cellular changes within the neuroepithelium, namely cell death, onset of neural crest cell migration, and loss of apical microfilament bundles from the most lateral cells. In 20% and 40% O2-cultured embryos, failure of curvature of the neuroepithelium was associated with failure or retardation of the related cellular changes; it may therefore have been due to the maintenance of an excessive rigidity which opposed the forces involved in bringing about the final stage of brain-tube formation. Mitochondria in normal (low O2 and in vivo) embryos were of the anaerobic type, having few cristae; in high O2-cultured embryos they were of the characteristic aerobic type, indicating an adaptation to the abnormal environment.", "PMID": 528863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3926", "title": "Cell contact and positional communication in hydra.", "content": "Positional communication and the functional coupling of muscular reflexes were examined in grafted hydra. A head and distal gastric region inhibited head regeneration by a host sub-hypostome within 4--5 h of grafting. Functionally coupled pathways which indicated the presence of gap junctions also formed between graft and host during this time. It is suggested that gap junctions provide a channel for positional communication.", "contents": "Cell contact and positional communication in hydra. Positional communication and the functional coupling of muscular reflexes were examined in grafted hydra. A head and distal gastric region inhibited head regeneration by a host sub-hypostome within 4--5 h of grafting. Functionally coupled pathways which indicated the presence of gap junctions also formed between graft and host during this time. It is suggested that gap junctions provide a channel for positional communication.", "PMID": 528864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3927", "title": "In vitro studies on skeletogenic potential of membrane bone periosteal cells.", "content": "In the avian embryo ectomesenchyme cells, derived from the mesencephalic level of the cranial neural crest, migrate into the presumptive maxillary region and subsequently differentiate into the membrane bones and associated secondary cartilage of the upper jaw skeleton. The cartilage arises secondarily within the periosteum at points of articulation between membrane bones and provides an embryonic articulating surface. The stimulus for the differentiation of secondary cartilage is believed to be intermittent pressure and shear created at the developing embryonic movement. The development of one such system--the quadratojugal, has been analysed using organ and explant culture techniques and studied with particular reference to the differentiation of periosteal cells into secondary cartilage. A number of conclusions were reached. (1) Normally only cells at discrete loci express a chondrogenic potential in vivo: the periosteal cells at these sites of future articulation become committed to chondrogenesis during stage 35, more than 24 h before cartilage is identifiable in vivo. (2) However, cells with a 'latent' chondrogenic potential are widespread in membrane bone periosteum and occur over most, if not all, of the surface area of the bone. This potential is expressed in the 'permissive' environment created by submersion of the tissue in explant culture or in submerged organ culture. (3) This chondrogenic potential exists long before the time at which commitment of cartilage-forming cells occurs and even presumptive maxillary ectomesenchyme at stage 29 has a limited ability to form cartilage in vitro. It is suggested that spatial position is a principal factor controlling the differentiation of secondary cartilage. Ectomesenchyme cells with the potential to form secondary cartilage are widespread but it is only those cells whose migration from the neural crest positions them and their progeny at the site of a presumptive joint which subsequently express this potential. This epigenetic interpretation is discussed in the general context of development mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal patterns in which neural crest-derived cells differentiate to produce bone and cartilage during the formation of the head skeleton.", "contents": "In vitro studies on skeletogenic potential of membrane bone periosteal cells. In the avian embryo ectomesenchyme cells, derived from the mesencephalic level of the cranial neural crest, migrate into the presumptive maxillary region and subsequently differentiate into the membrane bones and associated secondary cartilage of the upper jaw skeleton. The cartilage arises secondarily within the periosteum at points of articulation between membrane bones and provides an embryonic articulating surface. The stimulus for the differentiation of secondary cartilage is believed to be intermittent pressure and shear created at the developing embryonic movement. The development of one such system--the quadratojugal, has been analysed using organ and explant culture techniques and studied with particular reference to the differentiation of periosteal cells into secondary cartilage. A number of conclusions were reached. (1) Normally only cells at discrete loci express a chondrogenic potential in vivo: the periosteal cells at these sites of future articulation become committed to chondrogenesis during stage 35, more than 24 h before cartilage is identifiable in vivo. (2) However, cells with a 'latent' chondrogenic potential are widespread in membrane bone periosteum and occur over most, if not all, of the surface area of the bone. This potential is expressed in the 'permissive' environment created by submersion of the tissue in explant culture or in submerged organ culture. (3) This chondrogenic potential exists long before the time at which commitment of cartilage-forming cells occurs and even presumptive maxillary ectomesenchyme at stage 29 has a limited ability to form cartilage in vitro. It is suggested that spatial position is a principal factor controlling the differentiation of secondary cartilage. Ectomesenchyme cells with the potential to form secondary cartilage are widespread but it is only those cells whose migration from the neural crest positions them and their progeny at the site of a presumptive joint which subsequently express this potential. This epigenetic interpretation is discussed in the general context of development mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal patterns in which neural crest-derived cells differentiate to produce bone and cartilage during the formation of the head skeleton.", "PMID": 528865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3928", "title": "Muscle-forming potential of the non-somitic cells of the early avian limb bud.", "content": "It has recently been shown that the musculature of the chick wing arises by migration of cells from the somites, and that on morphological grounds this process begins at about stage 14. We have carried out grafts of wing anlagen separate from the somites from quail donors to the extra-embryonic coelom of chicks, and find that anlagen from as early as stage 10 (11 pairs of somites) can give rise to muscle. We discuss the possible reasons for this finding, and conclude that in the absence of the cells normally giving rise to the musculature, mesodermal cells themselves can give rise to muscle.", "contents": "Muscle-forming potential of the non-somitic cells of the early avian limb bud. It has recently been shown that the musculature of the chick wing arises by migration of cells from the somites, and that on morphological grounds this process begins at about stage 14. We have carried out grafts of wing anlagen separate from the somites from quail donors to the extra-embryonic coelom of chicks, and find that anlagen from as early as stage 10 (11 pairs of somites) can give rise to muscle. We discuss the possible reasons for this finding, and conclude that in the absence of the cells normally giving rise to the musculature, mesodermal cells themselves can give rise to muscle.", "PMID": 528866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3929", "title": "Development of retinal synaptic arrays in the inner plexiform layer of dark-reared mice.", "content": "In the central area of the retina of mouse the rate of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) drops precipitously at about the time the eyes open. To determine if the visual input at eye opening provides a signal for the neurons to stop adding synapses, mice were raised in darkness during the period of maximal synaptogenesis and through eye opening. Retinal synaptic arrays of dark-reared and normally reared animals were compared quantitatively. The rate of synaptogenesis after eye opening in dark-reared mice indicated that the onset of visual stimulation was not the cue to stop synaptogenesis. However, the synaptic arrays of the IPL of dark-reared mice consistently had more conventional synapses than those of normally reared mice. It is concluded that the number of conventional synapses in the central retina was increased by dark-rearing.", "contents": "Development of retinal synaptic arrays in the inner plexiform layer of dark-reared mice. In the central area of the retina of mouse the rate of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) drops precipitously at about the time the eyes open. To determine if the visual input at eye opening provides a signal for the neurons to stop adding synapses, mice were raised in darkness during the period of maximal synaptogenesis and through eye opening. Retinal synaptic arrays of dark-reared and normally reared animals were compared quantitatively. The rate of synaptogenesis after eye opening in dark-reared mice indicated that the onset of visual stimulation was not the cue to stop synaptogenesis. However, the synaptic arrays of the IPL of dark-reared mice consistently had more conventional synapses than those of normally reared mice. It is concluded that the number of conventional synapses in the central retina was increased by dark-rearing.", "PMID": 528867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3930", "title": "Elevation of lesioned palatal shelves in vitro.", "content": "Fetuses were obtained from CD-1 mice at a time estimated to be 12 h prior to vivo secondary palate closure. One of the palatal shelves of each partially dissected fetal head was lesioned in one of five ways, the other left intact to serve as control. Single transverse cuts extending the width of the shelf were made at one of three positions along the longitudinal axis of the shelf: one-third, one-half or two-thirds the shelf length estimated from the rostral edge. Some specimens were cut in two places, dividing the shelf into three equal segments. Another group received a lesion which separated the caudal third of the shelf from its maxillary connections. All specimens were cultured for 18 h. At the end of the culture period the heads were fixed, examined and the degree of elevation of each shelf piece assessed. Intact, control shelves of all preparations were elevated in the rostral two-thirds of the shelf, while the caudal third was partially elevated. Results seen in lesioned shelves depended upon both the size of the segment and the region of the shelf contained in the segment. The rostral two-thirds of the shelf, the presumptive hard palate, whether intact or in segments elevated without physical connections to neighboring shelf tissue. Thus, it is unlikely that this elevation requires a wave of contraction be transmitted from the caudal soft palate region. In contrast, the presumptive soft palate requires continuity with the rostral portions of the shelf both to maintain structural stability and to elevate.", "contents": "Elevation of lesioned palatal shelves in vitro. Fetuses were obtained from CD-1 mice at a time estimated to be 12 h prior to vivo secondary palate closure. One of the palatal shelves of each partially dissected fetal head was lesioned in one of five ways, the other left intact to serve as control. Single transverse cuts extending the width of the shelf were made at one of three positions along the longitudinal axis of the shelf: one-third, one-half or two-thirds the shelf length estimated from the rostral edge. Some specimens were cut in two places, dividing the shelf into three equal segments. Another group received a lesion which separated the caudal third of the shelf from its maxillary connections. All specimens were cultured for 18 h. At the end of the culture period the heads were fixed, examined and the degree of elevation of each shelf piece assessed. Intact, control shelves of all preparations were elevated in the rostral two-thirds of the shelf, while the caudal third was partially elevated. Results seen in lesioned shelves depended upon both the size of the segment and the region of the shelf contained in the segment. The rostral two-thirds of the shelf, the presumptive hard palate, whether intact or in segments elevated without physical connections to neighboring shelf tissue. Thus, it is unlikely that this elevation requires a wave of contraction be transmitted from the caudal soft palate region. In contrast, the presumptive soft palate requires continuity with the rostral portions of the shelf both to maintain structural stability and to elevate.", "PMID": 528868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3931", "title": "The effect of prolonged decompaction on the development of the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum to a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line blocks compaction of cleaving mouse embryos. Cell division is not affected up to the 32-cell stage but intracellular junctions fail to develop. Removal of the antibody at this stage permits compaction to occur and a normal blastocyst develops. Prolonged decompaction beyond the 32-cell embryo results in an increasing proportion of malformed blastocysts in which trophectodermal cells predominate and functional inner cell mass (ICM) cells are reduced or absent. The relationship of compaction to the generation of ICM and trophectoderm lineages in the intact embryo is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged decompaction on the development of the preimplantation mouse embryo. A rabbit antiserum to a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line blocks compaction of cleaving mouse embryos. Cell division is not affected up to the 32-cell stage but intracellular junctions fail to develop. Removal of the antibody at this stage permits compaction to occur and a normal blastocyst develops. Prolonged decompaction beyond the 32-cell embryo results in an increasing proportion of malformed blastocysts in which trophectodermal cells predominate and functional inner cell mass (ICM) cells are reduced or absent. The relationship of compaction to the generation of ICM and trophectoderm lineages in the intact embryo is discussed.", "PMID": 528869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3932", "title": "Metabolic co-operation between embryonic and embryonal carcinoma cells of the mouse.", "content": "Mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells form permeable junctions at their homotypic cell-to-cell contacts which permit intercellular exchange of metabolites (metabolic co-operation). Hooper & Slack (1977) showed how this exchange could be detected by autoradiography as the transfer of [3H]nucleotides between PC13 (a pluripotential EC line) and PC13TG8 (a variant of PC13 which is deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase). We now show that cells taken from several different tissues of early mouse embryos, that is, from the morula, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, and the endoderm, mesoderm and embryonic ectoderm of the 8th day egg cylinder, are able to serve as donors of [3H] nucleotides to PC13TG8. In contrast, trophectodermal cells of cultured blastocysts, and the trophectodermal derivatives in the 8th day egg cylinder, that is, extra-embryonic ectoderm and ectoplacental cone cells, showed little or no metabolic co-operation with PC13TG8. With reference to some common properties of EC and embryonic cells, we suggest how our findings may provide insight into cell-to-cell interactions in the early mouse embryo.", "contents": "Metabolic co-operation between embryonic and embryonal carcinoma cells of the mouse. Mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells form permeable junctions at their homotypic cell-to-cell contacts which permit intercellular exchange of metabolites (metabolic co-operation). Hooper & Slack (1977) showed how this exchange could be detected by autoradiography as the transfer of [3H]nucleotides between PC13 (a pluripotential EC line) and PC13TG8 (a variant of PC13 which is deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase). We now show that cells taken from several different tissues of early mouse embryos, that is, from the morula, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, and the endoderm, mesoderm and embryonic ectoderm of the 8th day egg cylinder, are able to serve as donors of [3H] nucleotides to PC13TG8. In contrast, trophectodermal cells of cultured blastocysts, and the trophectodermal derivatives in the 8th day egg cylinder, that is, extra-embryonic ectoderm and ectoplacental cone cells, showed little or no metabolic co-operation with PC13TG8. With reference to some common properties of EC and embryonic cells, we suggest how our findings may provide insight into cell-to-cell interactions in the early mouse embryo.", "PMID": 528870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3933", "title": "Growth and differentiation of an embryonal carcinoma cell line (C145b).", "content": "Several cell and tumour lines were isolated from a single-embryo-derived teratocarcinoma and their karyotypes and differentiation in adult hosts recorded. The majority of cells contained normal karyotypes by banding. The cells were injected into blastocysts and although they sometimes colonized the yolk sac, they never colonized the embryo. Thus the possession of a normal karyotype is not a sufficient condition for embryo colonization. The loss of growth capacity was investigated by studying differentiation and tumourigenicity in a variety of circumstances. The change in appearance from an EC cell morphology to a big flat cell in culture leads to retardation of growth in adult hosts. When EC cells are injected into a blastocyst, the ability to grow progressively both in culture and in adult hosts is lost.", "contents": "Growth and differentiation of an embryonal carcinoma cell line (C145b). Several cell and tumour lines were isolated from a single-embryo-derived teratocarcinoma and their karyotypes and differentiation in adult hosts recorded. The majority of cells contained normal karyotypes by banding. The cells were injected into blastocysts and although they sometimes colonized the yolk sac, they never colonized the embryo. Thus the possession of a normal karyotype is not a sufficient condition for embryo colonization. The loss of growth capacity was investigated by studying differentiation and tumourigenicity in a variety of circumstances. The change in appearance from an EC cell morphology to a big flat cell in culture leads to retardation of growth in adult hosts. When EC cells are injected into a blastocyst, the ability to grow progressively both in culture and in adult hosts is lost.", "PMID": 528871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3934", "title": "The differentiation and proliferation of follicle cells during oocyte growth in Lacerta sicula.", "content": "The follicular epithelium of the lizard oocytes undergoes structural and morphological modifications throughout oocyte growth. During this process the number of follicle cells increases and the epithelium acquires a multilayered and polymorphic organization which is characterized by the appearance of large follicle cells (intermediate and pyriform cells). The number of large cells also increases during oocyte growth and this increase parallels that of small cells. However, only the small cells become labelled one hour after [3H-]thymidine administration. Large cells have been found labelled after a longer period of time, i.e. 4--5 months after isotope injection. All these results together indicate that large follicle cells arise from the differentiation of small cells.", "contents": "The differentiation and proliferation of follicle cells during oocyte growth in Lacerta sicula. The follicular epithelium of the lizard oocytes undergoes structural and morphological modifications throughout oocyte growth. During this process the number of follicle cells increases and the epithelium acquires a multilayered and polymorphic organization which is characterized by the appearance of large follicle cells (intermediate and pyriform cells). The number of large cells also increases during oocyte growth and this increase parallels that of small cells. However, only the small cells become labelled one hour after [3H-]thymidine administration. Large cells have been found labelled after a longer period of time, i.e. 4--5 months after isotope injection. All these results together indicate that large follicle cells arise from the differentiation of small cells.", "PMID": 528872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3935", "title": "The role of extracellular matrix in the formation of the sclerotome.", "content": "The development of the sclerotome is considered as a model for the formation of mesenchyme from an epithelium. In early epithelial somites, transmission and scanning electron microscopy indicate considerable ultrastructural similarity between the future sclerotome and dermamyotomal regions. Subsequently, these two regions diverge in their development. In the forming dermamyotome, junctional complexes become more extensive and the cells become elongated, closely applied to each other, and have angular surface contours. In the forming sclerotome, there is an early reduction in apical junctions. The cells elongate, keeping their original polarity, and acquire numerous filopodia which contain punctate junctions at sites of cell-to-cell contact. Associated with cellular extension is an expansion of the intercellular spaces which do not contain any ultrastructurally recognizable material. Evidence for a role of hyaluronic acid in the expansion of the intercellular spaces is presented. As identified by the susceptibility of cetylpyridinium chloride precipitates to Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chromatographic separation of chondroitinase ABC digestion products, as much as 64--68% of the [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explanted somites is hyaluronic acid. In addition, hyaluronidase-sensitive label is localized in the intercellular spaces of the sclerotome, as demonstrated by autoradiography. When Streptomyces hyaluronidase is injected in ovo into living embryos, the sclerotomal mesenchyme differentiates morphologically, but intercellular spaces are drastically reduced. It is hypothesized that the sclerotomal cells produce a hyaluronate-enriched extracellular matrix which is inflated by hydration to mediate the expansion of the sclerotomal mass towards the notochord.", "contents": "The role of extracellular matrix in the formation of the sclerotome. The development of the sclerotome is considered as a model for the formation of mesenchyme from an epithelium. In early epithelial somites, transmission and scanning electron microscopy indicate considerable ultrastructural similarity between the future sclerotome and dermamyotomal regions. Subsequently, these two regions diverge in their development. In the forming dermamyotome, junctional complexes become more extensive and the cells become elongated, closely applied to each other, and have angular surface contours. In the forming sclerotome, there is an early reduction in apical junctions. The cells elongate, keeping their original polarity, and acquire numerous filopodia which contain punctate junctions at sites of cell-to-cell contact. Associated with cellular extension is an expansion of the intercellular spaces which do not contain any ultrastructurally recognizable material. Evidence for a role of hyaluronic acid in the expansion of the intercellular spaces is presented. As identified by the susceptibility of cetylpyridinium chloride precipitates to Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chromatographic separation of chondroitinase ABC digestion products, as much as 64--68% of the [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explanted somites is hyaluronic acid. In addition, hyaluronidase-sensitive label is localized in the intercellular spaces of the sclerotome, as demonstrated by autoradiography. When Streptomyces hyaluronidase is injected in ovo into living embryos, the sclerotomal mesenchyme differentiates morphologically, but intercellular spaces are drastically reduced. It is hypothesized that the sclerotomal cells produce a hyaluronate-enriched extracellular matrix which is inflated by hydration to mediate the expansion of the sclerotomal mass towards the notochord.", "PMID": 528873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3936", "title": "The formation of muscles in regenerating limbs of the newt after denervation of the blastema.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment was to examine the relationship, if any, between nerve fibers and the formation of muscle pattern in the regenerating amphibian limb. During embryogenesis, nerve fibers grow into the limb bud at the time when the common muscle blastemas subdivide into individual muscle primordia, whereas in regeneration nerve fibers are always present. In order to learn whether or not the muscle pattern could be laid down in the absence of nerves we amputated 58 limbs of newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) at the mid humeral level and allowed them to regenerate to the medium-bud or late-bud stage. The limbs were then denervated. The majority of limbs denervated at the medium-bud stage either regressed or failed to regenerate further. Regeneration after denervation failed in 9 of 25 limbs denervated at the late-bud stages. In those limbs that continued to regenerate after denervation, the formation of individual muscle primordia did occur, following the same sequence with respect to the gross stage of regeneration as innervated regenerates. In comparing these results with our previous results on the development of muscular pattern in aneurogenic limbs of the axolotl, we conclude that in neither the embryonic nor the regenerating amphibian limb are nerve fibers directly involved in the subdivision of common muscle blastemas into the primordia of individual muscles.", "contents": "The formation of muscles in regenerating limbs of the newt after denervation of the blastema. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the relationship, if any, between nerve fibers and the formation of muscle pattern in the regenerating amphibian limb. During embryogenesis, nerve fibers grow into the limb bud at the time when the common muscle blastemas subdivide into individual muscle primordia, whereas in regeneration nerve fibers are always present. In order to learn whether or not the muscle pattern could be laid down in the absence of nerves we amputated 58 limbs of newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) at the mid humeral level and allowed them to regenerate to the medium-bud or late-bud stage. The limbs were then denervated. The majority of limbs denervated at the medium-bud stage either regressed or failed to regenerate further. Regeneration after denervation failed in 9 of 25 limbs denervated at the late-bud stages. In those limbs that continued to regenerate after denervation, the formation of individual muscle primordia did occur, following the same sequence with respect to the gross stage of regeneration as innervated regenerates. In comparing these results with our previous results on the development of muscular pattern in aneurogenic limbs of the axolotl, we conclude that in neither the embryonic nor the regenerating amphibian limb are nerve fibers directly involved in the subdivision of common muscle blastemas into the primordia of individual muscles.", "PMID": 528874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3937", "title": "Associative transfer and stimulus selection in classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response to serial compound CSs.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to determine whether in conditioning to a serial compound, CS1-CS2-UCS, there are (a) associative mechanisms operating to extend conditioning beyond the bounds of a CS-UCS contiguity gradient and (b) stimulus selection processes acting to attenuate the potency of CS-UCS contiguity. In Experiments 1 and 2, the CS2-UCS interval was held at .35 sec while the CS1-UCS interval was varied across groups from .75 to 2.75 sec. CS1 test trials revealed substantial CR acquisition at all CS1-UCS intervals. Moreover, Experiment 2 indicated that when the contribution of cross-modal generalization from CS2 to CS1 was factored out, there still remained a substantial level of conditioning, which Experiment 3 indicated was attributable to an associative mechanism like higher-order or sensory conditioning. The observation of CR acquisition at CS1-UCS intervals of 4.75, 8.75, and 18.75 sec in Experiment 4 suggested that serial compound training yields conditioning to CSs located well beyond the single CS contiguity gradient for the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Experiments 1 and 2 also indicated the presence of stimulus selection processes because, at the shorter CS1-UCS intervals (.75 and 1.25 sec), the levels of test-trial responding to CS2 fell below those observed to the less contiguous CS1.", "contents": "Associative transfer and stimulus selection in classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response to serial compound CSs. Four experiments were conducted to determine whether in conditioning to a serial compound, CS1-CS2-UCS, there are (a) associative mechanisms operating to extend conditioning beyond the bounds of a CS-UCS contiguity gradient and (b) stimulus selection processes acting to attenuate the potency of CS-UCS contiguity. In Experiments 1 and 2, the CS2-UCS interval was held at .35 sec while the CS1-UCS interval was varied across groups from .75 to 2.75 sec. CS1 test trials revealed substantial CR acquisition at all CS1-UCS intervals. Moreover, Experiment 2 indicated that when the contribution of cross-modal generalization from CS2 to CS1 was factored out, there still remained a substantial level of conditioning, which Experiment 3 indicated was attributable to an associative mechanism like higher-order or sensory conditioning. The observation of CR acquisition at CS1-UCS intervals of 4.75, 8.75, and 18.75 sec in Experiment 4 suggested that serial compound training yields conditioning to CSs located well beyond the single CS contiguity gradient for the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Experiments 1 and 2 also indicated the presence of stimulus selection processes because, at the shorter CS1-UCS intervals (.75 and 1.25 sec), the levels of test-trial responding to CS2 fell below those observed to the less contiguous CS1.", "PMID": 528875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3938", "title": "Loss of associability by a compound stimulus comprising excitatory and inhibitory elements.", "content": "In each of two experiments rats learned a discrimination between a stimulus (A) that signaled shock and a compound stimulus (AB) that signaled no shock. In Experiment 1 it was found that the AB compound acquired excitatory strength only slowly when, in a second phase of training, it was made to signal the occurrence of shock. In Experiment 2 the acquisition of inhibitory strength by the compound was similarly found to be retarded. This second experiment also replicated the results of Experiment 1. The relevance of these results to current theories of latent inhibition and attention is discussed.", "contents": "Loss of associability by a compound stimulus comprising excitatory and inhibitory elements. In each of two experiments rats learned a discrimination between a stimulus (A) that signaled shock and a compound stimulus (AB) that signaled no shock. In Experiment 1 it was found that the AB compound acquired excitatory strength only slowly when, in a second phase of training, it was made to signal the occurrence of shock. In Experiment 2 the acquisition of inhibitory strength by the compound was similarly found to be retarded. This second experiment also replicated the results of Experiment 1. The relevance of these results to current theories of latent inhibition and attention is discussed.", "PMID": 528876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3939", "title": "Latent inhibition of a CS during CS-US pairings.", "content": "In each of three experiments rats were trained by the conditioned-emotional-response technique with a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicting a relatively weak shock, the unconditioned stimulus (US). In the second stage of training the intensity of the shock was increased, and it was found that subjects for whom the same CS was used in both stages acquired further suppression less readily than subjects that experiences a new CS in the second stage. The implication of these results for theories of attention and for theories of habituation is discussed. It is suggested that associations formed by the test CS during the first stage of training reduce the readiness of the stimulus to enter into new associations, either because an association between the stimulus and the context reduces further processing of the stimulus or because the association between the test stimulus and the weak shock attenuates the formation of an association with the stronger shock.", "contents": "Latent inhibition of a CS during CS-US pairings. In each of three experiments rats were trained by the conditioned-emotional-response technique with a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicting a relatively weak shock, the unconditioned stimulus (US). In the second stage of training the intensity of the shock was increased, and it was found that subjects for whom the same CS was used in both stages acquired further suppression less readily than subjects that experiences a new CS in the second stage. The implication of these results for theories of attention and for theories of habituation is discussed. It is suggested that associations formed by the test CS during the first stage of training reduce the readiness of the stimulus to enter into new associations, either because an association between the stimulus and the context reduces further processing of the stimulus or because the association between the test stimulus and the weak shock attenuates the formation of an association with the stronger shock.", "PMID": 528877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3940", "title": "The eye blink as a time-locked response: implications for serial and second-order conditioning.", "content": "A series of experiments were conducted to determine what factors control responding to the first element of a two-element serial compound in rabbit eyelid conditioning. An examination of response topography indicated that the eye-blink CR is rigidly timed to occur when the US is expected. This response-system characteristic prevents the occurrence of a CR during the first element of a serial compound or during the second-order CS in second-order conditioning. The comparison of a serial gap procedure with conventional serial and trace conditioning procedures suggested that the associative strength of the first element of a serial CS is not strongly influenced by either a second-order conditioning process or by the variable-reinforcement principle.", "contents": "The eye blink as a time-locked response: implications for serial and second-order conditioning. A series of experiments were conducted to determine what factors control responding to the first element of a two-element serial compound in rabbit eyelid conditioning. An examination of response topography indicated that the eye-blink CR is rigidly timed to occur when the US is expected. This response-system characteristic prevents the occurrence of a CR during the first element of a serial compound or during the second-order CS in second-order conditioning. The comparison of a serial gap procedure with conventional serial and trace conditioning procedures suggested that the associative strength of the first element of a serial CS is not strongly influenced by either a second-order conditioning process or by the variable-reinforcement principle.", "PMID": 528878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3941", "title": "Differential effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after Pavlovian appetitive conditioning.", "content": "Three experiments with rat subjects investigated the effects of two methods of devaluing a food unconditioned stimulus (US) after pairings of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) with that US. Experiment 1 found no effect of postconditioning pairings of the food US with lithium chloride (LiCl) on general activity to a tone CS, even though those pairings substantially reduced food consumption. Experiments 2 and 3 compared the effects on conditioned responding of postconditioning pairings of food with LiCl and with high-speed rotation. In these experiments the general activity measure was supplemented by a detailed visual analysis of the rats' behavior. Experiment 2 found that food-rotation pairings had larger effects than food-LiCl pairings on general activity responding and on two detailed behavioral measures but that food-LiCl pairings had larger effects on food consumption and on one behavioral measure. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 and found that the ability of the CS to serve as a reinforcer for second-order conditioning after US devaluation was reduced more by food-LiCl pairings.", "contents": "Differential effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after Pavlovian appetitive conditioning. Three experiments with rat subjects investigated the effects of two methods of devaluing a food unconditioned stimulus (US) after pairings of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) with that US. Experiment 1 found no effect of postconditioning pairings of the food US with lithium chloride (LiCl) on general activity to a tone CS, even though those pairings substantially reduced food consumption. Experiments 2 and 3 compared the effects on conditioned responding of postconditioning pairings of food with LiCl and with high-speed rotation. In these experiments the general activity measure was supplemented by a detailed visual analysis of the rats' behavior. Experiment 2 found that food-rotation pairings had larger effects than food-LiCl pairings on general activity responding and on two detailed behavioral measures but that food-LiCl pairings had larger effects on food consumption and on one behavioral measure. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 and found that the ability of the CS to serve as a reinforcer for second-order conditioning after US devaluation was reduced more by food-LiCl pairings.", "PMID": 528879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3942", "title": "Aspects of the reinforcer learned in second-order Pavlovian conditioning.", "content": "Four experiments used an autoshaping procedure in pigeons to explore learning about the reinforcer in a second-order conditioning paradigm. Experiment 1 conditioned two visual second-order stimuli (S2), using as reinforcers two visual first-order stimuli (S1), each of which had previously been paired with food. Animals for which the S2 stimuli were each consistently paired with one particular S1 developed second-order responding more rapidly than did animals for which the identity of S1 varied from trial to trial. Moreover, following consistent pairings, extinction of an S1 had a depressive effect upon second-order responding which was peculiar to the S2 with which it had been paired. Both results suggest that in this preparation the organism identifies a particular S1 as the reinforcer for each S2. The remaining experiments examined the details of that identification. A compound S1, itself composed of two separable elements, was used to reinforce an S2. Subsequent extinction of either element of S1 led to a depression in the responding to S2, which indicates that both elements were involved in the second-order conditioning. Moreover, the use of several complex discriminations, which produced different behavior to S1 and to its elements, suggested that the organism had associated the S2 with the compound S1 rather than with its separate elements. However, even complete extinction of the response to S1 left some residual behavior to S2, which indicates that a portion of the second-order conditioning is independent of the current state of the reinforcer. These results demonstrate that in some situations the organism associates a conditioned stimulus with a rich representation of the reinforcer.", "contents": "Aspects of the reinforcer learned in second-order Pavlovian conditioning. Four experiments used an autoshaping procedure in pigeons to explore learning about the reinforcer in a second-order conditioning paradigm. Experiment 1 conditioned two visual second-order stimuli (S2), using as reinforcers two visual first-order stimuli (S1), each of which had previously been paired with food. Animals for which the S2 stimuli were each consistently paired with one particular S1 developed second-order responding more rapidly than did animals for which the identity of S1 varied from trial to trial. Moreover, following consistent pairings, extinction of an S1 had a depressive effect upon second-order responding which was peculiar to the S2 with which it had been paired. Both results suggest that in this preparation the organism identifies a particular S1 as the reinforcer for each S2. The remaining experiments examined the details of that identification. A compound S1, itself composed of two separable elements, was used to reinforce an S2. Subsequent extinction of either element of S1 led to a depression in the responding to S2, which indicates that both elements were involved in the second-order conditioning. Moreover, the use of several complex discriminations, which produced different behavior to S1 and to its elements, suggested that the organism had associated the S2 with the compound S1 rather than with its separate elements. However, even complete extinction of the response to S1 left some residual behavior to S2, which indicates that a portion of the second-order conditioning is independent of the current state of the reinforcer. These results demonstrate that in some situations the organism associates a conditioned stimulus with a rich representation of the reinforcer.", "PMID": 528880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3943", "title": "Acquisition, generalization, and discrimination reversal of a natural concept.", "content": "Pigeons rapidly acquired a discrimination between 40 pictures containing trees and 40 not containing trees. Differential reinforcement did not affect the discriminability of individual instances of trees. Generalization to new instances of tree pictures was better than to new instances of non-tree pictures. The level of discrimination did not depend on whether trees constituted the reinforced or the unreinforced category.", "contents": "Acquisition, generalization, and discrimination reversal of a natural concept. Pigeons rapidly acquired a discrimination between 40 pictures containing trees and 40 not containing trees. Differential reinforcement did not affect the discriminability of individual instances of trees. Generalization to new instances of tree pictures was better than to new instances of non-tree pictures. The level of discrimination did not depend on whether trees constituted the reinforced or the unreinforced category.", "PMID": 528881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3944", "title": "Effect of posttrial episodes on conditioning in compound conditioned stimuli.", "content": "The effect of signaled and nonsignaled posttrial episodes (PTEs) on conditioning to the target CS of a preceding compound CS-US trial was examined in two conditioned emotional response (CER) experiments with rats. Experiment 1 revealed that a nonsignaled PTE, a second shock US, interfered with conditioning to the preceding target CS and that the interference effect of the PTE was greater when it occurred 5 sec as opposed to 1,800 sec after the preceding compound CS-US trial. Experiment 2 revealed that if the shock PTE was signaled by a CS, its ability to interfere with conditioning was reduced. This second study also revealed that omission of an \"expected\" US interfered with conditioning to the target CS. The implications of these data for information processing models of Pavlovian conditioning are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of posttrial episodes on conditioning in compound conditioned stimuli. The effect of signaled and nonsignaled posttrial episodes (PTEs) on conditioning to the target CS of a preceding compound CS-US trial was examined in two conditioned emotional response (CER) experiments with rats. Experiment 1 revealed that a nonsignaled PTE, a second shock US, interfered with conditioning to the preceding target CS and that the interference effect of the PTE was greater when it occurred 5 sec as opposed to 1,800 sec after the preceding compound CS-US trial. Experiment 2 revealed that if the shock PTE was signaled by a CS, its ability to interfere with conditioning was reduced. This second study also revealed that omission of an \"expected\" US interfered with conditioning to the target CS. The implications of these data for information processing models of Pavlovian conditioning are discussed.", "PMID": 528882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3945", "title": "Ontogeny of second-order odor-aversion conditioning in neonatal rats.", "content": "In Experimental 1, rat pups 1, 3, 5, or 7 days old received a Phase 1 S1-US (Stimulus 1-unconditioned stimulus) pairing calculated to establish a first-order conditioned aversion to S1 (lemon scent). On the next day each pup received a Phase 2 S2-S1 pairing designed to establish a second-order aversion to S2 (orange scent). Pups at all ages displayed a first-order aversion to S1, but only pups given Phase 2 training when 6 or 8 days old displayed a second-order aversion to S2. Experiment 2 revealed that pups that received the S1-US pairing when 3 days old acquired an aversion to S2 if they were 6 days old when they received the S2-S1 pairing but not if they received the pairing when 4 days old. In Experiment 3, two Phase 2 treatments were compared. One was identical to that employed in Experiments 1 and 2: Pups 4 days old received a sequential exposure to S2 and S1. Another set of pups received a modified treatment: They were exposed first to S2 and then jointly to both S2 and S1. Only pups in the latter set displayed an aversion to S2. It is suggested that these results reflect developmental differences in the memory processes mediating the rat's experience with olfactory stimulation.", "contents": "Ontogeny of second-order odor-aversion conditioning in neonatal rats. In Experimental 1, rat pups 1, 3, 5, or 7 days old received a Phase 1 S1-US (Stimulus 1-unconditioned stimulus) pairing calculated to establish a first-order conditioned aversion to S1 (lemon scent). On the next day each pup received a Phase 2 S2-S1 pairing designed to establish a second-order aversion to S2 (orange scent). Pups at all ages displayed a first-order aversion to S1, but only pups given Phase 2 training when 6 or 8 days old displayed a second-order aversion to S2. Experiment 2 revealed that pups that received the S1-US pairing when 3 days old acquired an aversion to S2 if they were 6 days old when they received the S2-S1 pairing but not if they received the pairing when 4 days old. In Experiment 3, two Phase 2 treatments were compared. One was identical to that employed in Experiments 1 and 2: Pups 4 days old received a sequential exposure to S2 and S1. Another set of pups received a modified treatment: They were exposed first to S2 and then jointly to both S2 and S1. Only pups in the latter set displayed an aversion to S2. It is suggested that these results reflect developmental differences in the memory processes mediating the rat's experience with olfactory stimulation.", "PMID": 528883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3946", "title": "Spatial contiguity facilitates Pavlovian second-order conditioning.", "content": "Two experiments investigated the effects of spatial contiguity upon the formation of second-order conditioning in pigeon subjects. Experiment 1 used an autoshaping procedure to pair two visual stimuli, S2 and S1, after S1 had previously been paired with food. The resulting second-order conditioning of S2 was superior when both stimuli appeared on the same response key within a trial, compared with their appearing on different keys. Experiment 2 found a similar importance of spatial contiguity between S2 and S1 in a conditioned suppression paradigm. In addition, consistently presenting S2 and S1 in the same spatial location produced superior conditioning compared with varying their spatial relation from trial to trial. The design of these experiments was such as to imply that spatial contiguity facilitates performance by improving the formation of association rather than by promoting stimulus generalization or pseudoconditioning. Moreover, the observation of a facilitative effect of spatial contiguity between S1 and S2 in two different paradigms that use qualitatively different unconditioned stimuli and evoke different responses implies some generality for these findings. Consequently, these results suggest that spatially contiguous stimuli are especially associable in Pavlovian conditioning paradigms.", "contents": "Spatial contiguity facilitates Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Two experiments investigated the effects of spatial contiguity upon the formation of second-order conditioning in pigeon subjects. Experiment 1 used an autoshaping procedure to pair two visual stimuli, S2 and S1, after S1 had previously been paired with food. The resulting second-order conditioning of S2 was superior when both stimuli appeared on the same response key within a trial, compared with their appearing on different keys. Experiment 2 found a similar importance of spatial contiguity between S2 and S1 in a conditioned suppression paradigm. In addition, consistently presenting S2 and S1 in the same spatial location produced superior conditioning compared with varying their spatial relation from trial to trial. The design of these experiments was such as to imply that spatial contiguity facilitates performance by improving the formation of association rather than by promoting stimulus generalization or pseudoconditioning. Moreover, the observation of a facilitative effect of spatial contiguity between S1 and S2 in two different paradigms that use qualitatively different unconditioned stimuli and evoke different responses implies some generality for these findings. Consequently, these results suggest that spatially contiguous stimuli are especially associable in Pavlovian conditioning paradigms.", "PMID": 528884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3947", "title": "Differential effects of omission contingencies on various components of Pavlovian appetitive conditioned responding in rats.", "content": "Five experiments with rat subjects investigated the effects of omission and partial reinforcement contingencies on five individual behaviors evoked by visual and auditory conditioned stimuli paired with a food unconditioned stimulus. The effects of omission depended on the behavior on which that contingency was placed: One behavior was eliminated, one was unaffected, and three were reduced relative to the performance of yoked controls. Partial reinforcement resulted in lower frequencies of three behaviors and higher frequencies of two behaviors, compared with performance under consistent reinforcement. A partial reinforcement extinction effect was noted with one behavior but not with the others. These results are related to the possible role of instrumental conditioning contingencies in generating conditioned behavior in this appetitive conditioning preparation and to the independence of individual components of a complex conditioned response.", "contents": "Differential effects of omission contingencies on various components of Pavlovian appetitive conditioned responding in rats. Five experiments with rat subjects investigated the effects of omission and partial reinforcement contingencies on five individual behaviors evoked by visual and auditory conditioned stimuli paired with a food unconditioned stimulus. The effects of omission depended on the behavior on which that contingency was placed: One behavior was eliminated, one was unaffected, and three were reduced relative to the performance of yoked controls. Partial reinforcement resulted in lower frequencies of three behaviors and higher frequencies of two behaviors, compared with performance under consistent reinforcement. A partial reinforcement extinction effect was noted with one behavior but not with the others. These results are related to the possible role of instrumental conditioning contingencies in generating conditioned behavior in this appetitive conditioning preparation and to the independence of individual components of a complex conditioned response.", "PMID": 528885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3948", "title": "Influence of acoustic experience on the ontogeny of frequency generalization gradients in the chicken.", "content": "The role of auditory experience in the ontogeny of perceptual coding was investigated in hatching chickens. In Experiment 1, auditory frequency generalization gradients were determined by using a habituation-generalization paradigm and an orienting response. One-day and 3-4 day chicks were habituated to 800-Hz tones and then tested at five frequencies ranging from 800 to 1,000 Hz. One-day chicks displayed reliably flatter generalization gradients than 3-4-day chicks. In Experiment 2 an auditory deprivation method is described in which an ear impression compound was injected into the external ear. This method (a) is fully calibrated and provides approximately 40 dB of attenuation across a .125- to 4.0-kHz range, (b) appears to be fully reversible, and (c) is applicable prior to normal auditory experience as well as at subsequent stages. In Experiment 3, this method was used to investigate the effects of auditory deprivation on the \"perceptual sharpening\" described in Experimental 1. Chicks were deprived from Embryonic Day 18 1/2 to 3-4 days posthatch, at which time normal, deprived, and sham-operated chicks were tested as in Experiment 1. The generalization gradients of the deprived chicks were significantly flatter than those of the 3-4 day normal and sham-operated chicks and were similar to those of 1-day chicks. This effect cannot be attributed to (a) operative procedures, (b) changes in auditory thresholds, or (c) changes in response rate with age or condition. Thus the perceptual sharpening normally occurring between 1 and 3-4 days posthatch fails to occur during that time in the absence of a normal acoustic environment.", "contents": "Influence of acoustic experience on the ontogeny of frequency generalization gradients in the chicken. The role of auditory experience in the ontogeny of perceptual coding was investigated in hatching chickens. In Experiment 1, auditory frequency generalization gradients were determined by using a habituation-generalization paradigm and an orienting response. One-day and 3-4 day chicks were habituated to 800-Hz tones and then tested at five frequencies ranging from 800 to 1,000 Hz. One-day chicks displayed reliably flatter generalization gradients than 3-4-day chicks. In Experiment 2 an auditory deprivation method is described in which an ear impression compound was injected into the external ear. This method (a) is fully calibrated and provides approximately 40 dB of attenuation across a .125- to 4.0-kHz range, (b) appears to be fully reversible, and (c) is applicable prior to normal auditory experience as well as at subsequent stages. In Experiment 3, this method was used to investigate the effects of auditory deprivation on the \"perceptual sharpening\" described in Experimental 1. Chicks were deprived from Embryonic Day 18 1/2 to 3-4 days posthatch, at which time normal, deprived, and sham-operated chicks were tested as in Experiment 1. The generalization gradients of the deprived chicks were significantly flatter than those of the 3-4 day normal and sham-operated chicks and were similar to those of 1-day chicks. This effect cannot be attributed to (a) operative procedures, (b) changes in auditory thresholds, or (c) changes in response rate with age or condition. Thus the perceptual sharpening normally occurring between 1 and 3-4 days posthatch fails to occur during that time in the absence of a normal acoustic environment.", "PMID": 528886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3949", "title": "Effects of the number and form of stimuli on visual search in the pigeon.", "content": "Pigeons' pecks at small luminous forms on a large display field were photoelectrically recorded. Pecks to target (S+) forms were reinforced with food; pecks to distractor (S-) forms produced a short time-out. The speed and accuracy of search for a target declined as the number of distractors increased to a maximum of 15. Search was further impaired when the distractors were quite similar to the target. However, search was unaffected by a change in the number of potential targets (memory set size) from one to two, nor was it clearly affected by the use of several different distractor forms instead of a single repeated form. Search was swift over a large (50 degrees) visual field, in the apparent absence of substantial head and eye movements.", "contents": "Effects of the number and form of stimuli on visual search in the pigeon. Pigeons' pecks at small luminous forms on a large display field were photoelectrically recorded. Pecks to target (S+) forms were reinforced with food; pecks to distractor (S-) forms produced a short time-out. The speed and accuracy of search for a target declined as the number of distractors increased to a maximum of 15. Search was further impaired when the distractors were quite similar to the target. However, search was unaffected by a change in the number of potential targets (memory set size) from one to two, nor was it clearly affected by the use of several different distractor forms instead of a single repeated form. Search was swift over a large (50 degrees) visual field, in the apparent absence of substantial head and eye movements.", "PMID": 528887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3950", "title": "Learning when reward is delayed: a marking hypothesis.", "content": "Rats were trained on spatial discriminations in which reward was delayed for 1 min. Experiment 1 tested Lett's hypothesis that responses made in the home cage during the delay interval are less likely to interfere with learning than responses made in the maze. Experimental subjects were transferred to their home cages during the delay interval, and control subjects were picked up but then immediately replaced in the maze. Contrary to Lett's hypothesis, both groups learned. Further experiments suggested that handling following a choice response was the crucial variable in producing learning: No learning occurred when handling was delayed (Experiment 2) or omitted (Experiment 3). One possible explanation for the fact that handling facilitated learning is that it served to mark the preceding choice response in memory so that subjects were then more likely to recall it when subsequently reinforced. In accordance with this interpretation, learning was found to be just as strong when the choice response was followed by an intense light or noise as by handling (Experiment 4). The implication of marking for other phenomena such as avoidance, quasi-reinforcement, and the paradoxical effects of punishment is also discussed.", "contents": "Learning when reward is delayed: a marking hypothesis. Rats were trained on spatial discriminations in which reward was delayed for 1 min. Experiment 1 tested Lett's hypothesis that responses made in the home cage during the delay interval are less likely to interfere with learning than responses made in the maze. Experimental subjects were transferred to their home cages during the delay interval, and control subjects were picked up but then immediately replaced in the maze. Contrary to Lett's hypothesis, both groups learned. Further experiments suggested that handling following a choice response was the crucial variable in producing learning: No learning occurred when handling was delayed (Experiment 2) or omitted (Experiment 3). One possible explanation for the fact that handling facilitated learning is that it served to mark the preceding choice response in memory so that subjects were then more likely to recall it when subsequently reinforced. In accordance with this interpretation, learning was found to be just as strong when the choice response was followed by an intense light or noise as by handling (Experiment 4). The implication of marking for other phenomena such as avoidance, quasi-reinforcement, and the paradoxical effects of punishment is also discussed.", "PMID": 528888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3951", "title": "Learned suppression of ingestion: role of discriminative stimuli, ingestive responses, and aversive tastes.", "content": "Three experiments were designed to demonstrate that animals learn to suppress contact with aversive-tasting foods and fluids, and to investigate the behavioral mechanisms of this learning. In Experiment 1, domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) rapidly learned to suppress drinking during a visual stimulus (SQ) that signaled ingestion of a quinine solution but drank normally during a second visual stimulus (SW) that signaled water access. In Experiment 2, chicks in Group Con received oral infusions of quinine contingent upon drinking during SQ. Group Non received oral quinine infusions during SQ yoked to those of Group Con and noncontingent upon drinking. Only Group Con suppressed drinking during SQ. The third experiment investigated the contribution of the aversive taste and the postingestive effects into either the beak or the crop following drinking during SQ. Only the orally infused subjects suppressed drinking during SQ. These studies suggest that the relation between the drinking response and the aversive taste of quinine during SQ is crucial to the learned suppression of ingestion produced by the present procedures. The implications of these results for theories of food selection and Batesian mimicry are discussed.", "contents": "Learned suppression of ingestion: role of discriminative stimuli, ingestive responses, and aversive tastes. Three experiments were designed to demonstrate that animals learn to suppress contact with aversive-tasting foods and fluids, and to investigate the behavioral mechanisms of this learning. In Experiment 1, domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) rapidly learned to suppress drinking during a visual stimulus (SQ) that signaled ingestion of a quinine solution but drank normally during a second visual stimulus (SW) that signaled water access. In Experiment 2, chicks in Group Con received oral infusions of quinine contingent upon drinking during SQ. Group Non received oral quinine infusions during SQ yoked to those of Group Con and noncontingent upon drinking. Only Group Con suppressed drinking during SQ. The third experiment investigated the contribution of the aversive taste and the postingestive effects into either the beak or the crop following drinking during SQ. Only the orally infused subjects suppressed drinking during SQ. These studies suggest that the relation between the drinking response and the aversive taste of quinine during SQ is crucial to the learned suppression of ingestion produced by the present procedures. The implications of these results for theories of food selection and Batesian mimicry are discussed.", "PMID": 528889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3952", "title": "Drug-preexposure effects in flavor-aversion learning: associative interference by conditioned environmental stimuli.", "content": "Previous research has documented that exposure to a drug reduces the ability of the drug to support subsequent flavor-aversion learning. The four experiments reported here examined the hypothesis that this drug-preexposure effect is due to associative interference from environmental stimuli associated with the drug effects during preexposure. When distinctive environmental stimuli (confinement in a black compartment) were present during drug preexposure, these stimuli significantly disrupted subsequent flavor-aversion learning. Furthermore, flavor conditioning was not significantly disrupted when drug preexposure occurred in the absence of salient environmental stimuli or when the previously conditioned environmental stimuli were extinguished prior to flavor conditioning. It is significant, and in contrast to other published research, that flavor conditioning was not disrupted when the distinctive cues paired with the drug during preexposure were absent at the time of the flavor-drug pairing. These results are thus consistent with results from conventional studies of stimulus blocking and suggest that associative processes can play a major role in the drug-preexposure effect.", "contents": "Drug-preexposure effects in flavor-aversion learning: associative interference by conditioned environmental stimuli. Previous research has documented that exposure to a drug reduces the ability of the drug to support subsequent flavor-aversion learning. The four experiments reported here examined the hypothesis that this drug-preexposure effect is due to associative interference from environmental stimuli associated with the drug effects during preexposure. When distinctive environmental stimuli (confinement in a black compartment) were present during drug preexposure, these stimuli significantly disrupted subsequent flavor-aversion learning. Furthermore, flavor conditioning was not significantly disrupted when drug preexposure occurred in the absence of salient environmental stimuli or when the previously conditioned environmental stimuli were extinguished prior to flavor conditioning. It is significant, and in contrast to other published research, that flavor conditioning was not disrupted when the distinctive cues paired with the drug during preexposure were absent at the time of the flavor-drug pairing. These results are thus consistent with results from conventional studies of stimulus blocking and suggest that associative processes can play a major role in the drug-preexposure effect.", "PMID": 528890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3953", "title": "Disrupting the conditioned stimulus preexposure effect in flavor-aversion learning: effects of interoceptive distractor manipulations.", "content": "Rats exposed to a flavor prior to a conditioning trial involving that stimulus learn a significantly diminished flavor aversion relative to nonpreexposed control animals. A series of four experiments investigated the ability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) preexposure effect to be disrupted by the introduction of a distractor flavor stimulus between the preexposure and conditioning episodes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the preexposure effect could be reduced by a distractor presented immediately following the preexposure. In Experiment 2, it was discovered that a novel distractor was more effective than a familiar distractor, even though both stimuli were sensorily equivalent. Experiment 3 further analyzed the distractor effect and demonstrated that the magnitude of disruption was more pronounced with immediate than with delayed (3 hr) distractor manipulations. Finally, Experiment 4 assessed the effects of the distractor in the absence of CS preexposure. The relation of the results from these experiments to general information theory is discussed.", "contents": "Disrupting the conditioned stimulus preexposure effect in flavor-aversion learning: effects of interoceptive distractor manipulations. Rats exposed to a flavor prior to a conditioning trial involving that stimulus learn a significantly diminished flavor aversion relative to nonpreexposed control animals. A series of four experiments investigated the ability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) preexposure effect to be disrupted by the introduction of a distractor flavor stimulus between the preexposure and conditioning episodes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the preexposure effect could be reduced by a distractor presented immediately following the preexposure. In Experiment 2, it was discovered that a novel distractor was more effective than a familiar distractor, even though both stimuli were sensorily equivalent. Experiment 3 further analyzed the distractor effect and demonstrated that the magnitude of disruption was more pronounced with immediate than with delayed (3 hr) distractor manipulations. Finally, Experiment 4 assessed the effects of the distractor in the absence of CS preexposure. The relation of the results from these experiments to general information theory is discussed.", "PMID": 528891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3954", "title": "Control of instrumental behavior by deprivation stimuli.", "content": "In Experiment 1, rats were given one trial per day in a straight alley under food deprivation on half of the trials and under water deprivation on the other half. Wet mash was available in the goal box under food deprivation for Group H and under water deprivation for Group T, the other deprivation being nonrewarded for each group. After 15--18 trials both groups ran significantly faster on their rewarded than on their nonrewarded deprivation days. A third group showed that random variation of alley color retarded formation of the discrimination. A fourth group was run in a conditional discrimination in which under food deprivation wet mash was available in a black alley, nonreward in a white alley, and vice versa under water deprivation. This group took 114 trials to begin running significantly faster in their rewarded than in their nonrewarded alley under each deprivation. In Experiment 2, it was shown that prior learning about deprivation cues \"blocks\" learning about alley color when alley color is subsequently presented in compound with the deprivation cue but that when both alley color and deprivation cues are relevant from the start of training, the rat learns about both cues. It is suggested that previous studies have underestimated the importance of deprivation cues by using conditional discrimination designs, choice measures rather than speeds, and parameters that are not optimal for discrimination learning.", "contents": "Control of instrumental behavior by deprivation stimuli. In Experiment 1, rats were given one trial per day in a straight alley under food deprivation on half of the trials and under water deprivation on the other half. Wet mash was available in the goal box under food deprivation for Group H and under water deprivation for Group T, the other deprivation being nonrewarded for each group. After 15--18 trials both groups ran significantly faster on their rewarded than on their nonrewarded deprivation days. A third group showed that random variation of alley color retarded formation of the discrimination. A fourth group was run in a conditional discrimination in which under food deprivation wet mash was available in a black alley, nonreward in a white alley, and vice versa under water deprivation. This group took 114 trials to begin running significantly faster in their rewarded than in their nonrewarded alley under each deprivation. In Experiment 2, it was shown that prior learning about deprivation cues \"blocks\" learning about alley color when alley color is subsequently presented in compound with the deprivation cue but that when both alley color and deprivation cues are relevant from the start of training, the rat learns about both cues. It is suggested that previous studies have underestimated the importance of deprivation cues by using conditional discrimination designs, choice measures rather than speeds, and parameters that are not optimal for discrimination learning.", "PMID": 528892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3955", "title": "Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear.", "content": "If the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented independently of the conditioned stimulus (CS) following extinction, the conditioned response may be reinstated to the CS. Three experiments are reported that suggest that reinstatement is mediated by conditioning to contextual stimuli that are present during both US presentation and testing. Shocks presented to rats following the extinction of conditioned suppression reliably reinstated suppression to the CS, but only when they were presented in the context in which testing was later to occur. Reinstatement was also reversed by extinguishing fear to the context through nonreinforced exposure to the context between shock presentation and testing. Reinstatement was obtained in these experiments in spite of procedures that have been used in the past to minimize the influence of context conditioning. Moreover, fear of the context was never detected directly by depressed bar-press rates in the absence of the CS. The results do not support the hypothesis that reinstatement results from an increment in the strength of a memory of the US that has been weakened during extinction. Problems inherent in controlling and detecting levels of context conditioning that may influence behavior toward nominal CSs are discussed.", "contents": "Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear. If the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented independently of the conditioned stimulus (CS) following extinction, the conditioned response may be reinstated to the CS. Three experiments are reported that suggest that reinstatement is mediated by conditioning to contextual stimuli that are present during both US presentation and testing. Shocks presented to rats following the extinction of conditioned suppression reliably reinstated suppression to the CS, but only when they were presented in the context in which testing was later to occur. Reinstatement was also reversed by extinguishing fear to the context through nonreinforced exposure to the context between shock presentation and testing. Reinstatement was obtained in these experiments in spite of procedures that have been used in the past to minimize the influence of context conditioning. Moreover, fear of the context was never detected directly by depressed bar-press rates in the absence of the CS. The results do not support the hypothesis that reinstatement results from an increment in the strength of a memory of the US that has been weakened during extinction. Problems inherent in controlling and detecting levels of context conditioning that may influence behavior toward nominal CSs are discussed.", "PMID": 528893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3956", "title": "Contrast, component duration, and the following schedule of reinforcement.", "content": "Experiment 1 investigated component duration in a four-component multiple schedule designed to separate the effects of the preceding schedule of reinforcement from those of the following schedule of reinforcement. The preceding schedule in the preceding component had no consistent effect regardless of component duration. The following schedule was a powerful determinant of behavior, however, with higher response rates resulting from a following period of extinction. Moreover, the effect of the following schedule was greater with short component durations, which strongly suggests that component-duration effects previously found with multiple schedules are due generally to variation in the degree of control by the following schedule. Experiments 2--4 investigated the basis of the effects of the following schedule. In some situations differential responding in the following component was the controlling variable, but in others it was differential reinforcement in the following component. The results are consistent with the view that response rate during a stimulus is inversely related to the \"value\" of the following component, where the calculation of value must include both primary and conditioned reinforcement.", "contents": "Contrast, component duration, and the following schedule of reinforcement. Experiment 1 investigated component duration in a four-component multiple schedule designed to separate the effects of the preceding schedule of reinforcement from those of the following schedule of reinforcement. The preceding schedule in the preceding component had no consistent effect regardless of component duration. The following schedule was a powerful determinant of behavior, however, with higher response rates resulting from a following period of extinction. Moreover, the effect of the following schedule was greater with short component durations, which strongly suggests that component-duration effects previously found with multiple schedules are due generally to variation in the degree of control by the following schedule. Experiments 2--4 investigated the basis of the effects of the following schedule. In some situations differential responding in the following component was the controlling variable, but in others it was differential reinforcement in the following component. The results are consistent with the view that response rate during a stimulus is inversely related to the \"value\" of the following component, where the calculation of value must include both primary and conditioned reinforcement.", "PMID": 528894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3957", "title": "Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated that familiarity with the orthographic structure within a letter string can facilitate the processing of the component letters. The current research was directed at discovering the psychologically relevant properties of this structure. Two fundamental descriptions were independently varied in the construction of six-letter nonword strings. A probabilistic description based on the frequency of occurrence of letters in each position was factorially combined with a rule-governed description defined in terms of graphemic and phonological constraints. College sophomores and sixth-grade readers were asked to indicate whether or not a predesignated target letter was present in these strings. For both groups of readers, orthographic regularity and summed positional frequency were found to have only a small facilitative effect on reaction time (RT). In contrast, RTs to say \"no\" increased dramatically with increases in the number of letters in the catch string that were physically similar to the target letter. In another experiment, the letter string was presented for a short duration, followed immediately by masking stimulus and then the target letter. College students indicated whether or not the target was present in the test string. Accuracy of performance was critically dependent on the orthographic regularity and summed positional frequencies of the letters in the test string. No effect of letter similarity was observed. The large differences that were observed between these two tasks were accounted for in terms of the stages of processing that are critical for performance in the tasks.", "contents": "Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings. Previous research has demonstrated that familiarity with the orthographic structure within a letter string can facilitate the processing of the component letters. The current research was directed at discovering the psychologically relevant properties of this structure. Two fundamental descriptions were independently varied in the construction of six-letter nonword strings. A probabilistic description based on the frequency of occurrence of letters in each position was factorially combined with a rule-governed description defined in terms of graphemic and phonological constraints. College sophomores and sixth-grade readers were asked to indicate whether or not a predesignated target letter was present in these strings. For both groups of readers, orthographic regularity and summed positional frequency were found to have only a small facilitative effect on reaction time (RT). In contrast, RTs to say \"no\" increased dramatically with increases in the number of letters in the catch string that were physically similar to the target letter. In another experiment, the letter string was presented for a short duration, followed immediately by masking stimulus and then the target letter. College students indicated whether or not the target was present in the test string. Accuracy of performance was critically dependent on the orthographic regularity and summed positional frequencies of the letters in the test string. No effect of letter similarity was observed. The large differences that were observed between these two tasks were accounted for in terms of the stages of processing that are critical for performance in the tasks.", "PMID": 528895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3958", "title": "Features versus redundancy: comments on Massaro, Venezky, and Taylor's \"Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings\".", "content": "Massaro, Venezky, and Taylor (1979) found only a modest effect of familiarity on letter search, apparently because they pitted pseudowords (rather than real words) against nonwords and used lowercase rather than uppercase letters. Precuing the target letter seemed to reduce the familiarity effect they found yet further, but this conclusion is clouded by the fact that reaction time data were compared with accuracy data. Because similarity between target and nontarget letters tended to have more of an effect when familiarity had less of an effect. Massaro et al. proposed a successive model, with features being detected in the first stage and orthographic structure being used in a second stage. However, a concurrent model, with a self-terminating race between lower and higher level processes, can account for the data just as well. Data from Massaro et al. and from Krueger decisively demonstrate that there is a familiarity effect based on sequential redundancy over and above any effect based on spatial redundancy (Mason 1975). The Massaro et al. data also indicate that the relative familiarity effect is constant across various age groups (Krueger, Keen & Rublevich, 1974).", "contents": "Features versus redundancy: comments on Massaro, Venezky, and Taylor's \"Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings\". Massaro, Venezky, and Taylor (1979) found only a modest effect of familiarity on letter search, apparently because they pitted pseudowords (rather than real words) against nonwords and used lowercase rather than uppercase letters. Precuing the target letter seemed to reduce the familiarity effect they found yet further, but this conclusion is clouded by the fact that reaction time data were compared with accuracy data. Because similarity between target and nontarget letters tended to have more of an effect when familiarity had less of an effect. Massaro et al. proposed a successive model, with features being detected in the first stage and orthographic structure being used in a second stage. However, a concurrent model, with a self-terminating race between lower and higher level processes, can account for the data just as well. Data from Massaro et al. and from Krueger decisively demonstrate that there is a familiarity effect based on sequential redundancy over and above any effect based on spatial redundancy (Mason 1975). The Massaro et al. data also indicate that the relative familiarity effect is constant across various age groups (Krueger, Keen & Rublevich, 1974).", "PMID": 528896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3959", "title": "Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings: a reply to Krueger's comments.", "content": "In reply to Krueger, we address the issues of lowercase versus uppercase letter strings, words versus pseudowords, repeated letters in the test string, descriptions of orthographic structure, similarity effects, apples and oranges, and interactions of age with other variables.", "contents": "Orthographic regularity, positional frequency, and visual processing of letter strings: a reply to Krueger's comments. In reply to Krueger, we address the issues of lowercase versus uppercase letter strings, words versus pseudowords, repeated letters in the test string, descriptions of orthographic structure, similarity effects, apples and oranges, and interactions of age with other variables.", "PMID": 528897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3960", "title": "Cross-enhancement of the sour taste on single human taste papillae.", "content": "The subjective intensity of one taste quality can be increased by prior exposure of the tongue to a different taste quality stimulus. This phenomenon, called cross-enhancement, may be the result of interactions among the physiological mechanisms that code taste quality. Another possible explanation is that the water solvent of the second stimulus acquires a taste after exposure of the tongue to the first stimulus. This water taste could add to the taste of the solute in the second stimulus and result in an increase of its subjective intensity. A third possibility is that taste receptors on the tongue may be sensitized by exposure to a taste stimulus. Using a small number of highly trained subjects, we have demonstrated that sucrose can enhance the intensity of an acid taste on the single papilla. Neither water taste nor sweet taste system activation played any role in the mediation of this enhancement. Through a series of experimentally derived inferential steps, we conclude that this phenomenon depends on the removal of protons from the acid receptors. In addition, we have demonstrated in the single papilla, that suppression of the acid taste when in mixture with sucrose can occur without sweet system activity. We conclude that sugars, through their capacity to bind protons, act to reduce the availability of protons to the acid receptors.", "contents": "Cross-enhancement of the sour taste on single human taste papillae. The subjective intensity of one taste quality can be increased by prior exposure of the tongue to a different taste quality stimulus. This phenomenon, called cross-enhancement, may be the result of interactions among the physiological mechanisms that code taste quality. Another possible explanation is that the water solvent of the second stimulus acquires a taste after exposure of the tongue to the first stimulus. This water taste could add to the taste of the solute in the second stimulus and result in an increase of its subjective intensity. A third possibility is that taste receptors on the tongue may be sensitized by exposure to a taste stimulus. Using a small number of highly trained subjects, we have demonstrated that sucrose can enhance the intensity of an acid taste on the single papilla. Neither water taste nor sweet taste system activation played any role in the mediation of this enhancement. Through a series of experimentally derived inferential steps, we conclude that this phenomenon depends on the removal of protons from the acid receptors. In addition, we have demonstrated in the single papilla, that suppression of the acid taste when in mixture with sucrose can occur without sweet system activity. We conclude that sugars, through their capacity to bind protons, act to reduce the availability of protons to the acid receptors.", "PMID": 528898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3961", "title": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: I. Overview.", "content": "The present article reviews the major results and conclusions of two experiments on the mapping and planning of actual (campus buildings) and hypothetical (ideal town facilities) items in a two-dimensional space. Direct mapping (planning) techniques are preferred over the method of pair comparisons, especially in the case of the actual environment.", "contents": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: I. Overview. The present article reviews the major results and conclusions of two experiments on the mapping and planning of actual (campus buildings) and hypothetical (ideal town facilities) items in a two-dimensional space. Direct mapping (planning) techniques are preferred over the method of pair comparisons, especially in the case of the actual environment.", "PMID": 528899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3962", "title": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: II. A familiar environment.", "content": "This experiment tested the ability of people to recall the locations of buildings in a familiar campus setting. Ten graduate students represented the relative locations of buildings by pairwise distance judgments (on a 100-point scale) and by direct mapping of locations on a Tektronix cathode ray terminal. As evaluated by Stevens's power law, both methods led to accurate judgments of relative distance (the average exponent was close to 1). In addition, the pairwise judgments were analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and the buildings were located in a two-dimensional map. When asked to choose between the MDS representation and the map created directly on the Tektronix, all 10 subjects chose the latter as the more accurate. Moreover, 6 out of 10 subjects thought the direct map was more accurate than the actual map of the building locations. These results suggest that either pairwise judgment or direct mapping yield accurative representations of spatial relations in a familial environment, but that subjects favor the direct map.", "contents": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: II. A familiar environment. This experiment tested the ability of people to recall the locations of buildings in a familiar campus setting. Ten graduate students represented the relative locations of buildings by pairwise distance judgments (on a 100-point scale) and by direct mapping of locations on a Tektronix cathode ray terminal. As evaluated by Stevens's power law, both methods led to accurate judgments of relative distance (the average exponent was close to 1). In addition, the pairwise judgments were analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and the buildings were located in a two-dimensional map. When asked to choose between the MDS representation and the map created directly on the Tektronix, all 10 subjects chose the latter as the more accurate. Moreover, 6 out of 10 subjects thought the direct map was more accurate than the actual map of the building locations. These results suggest that either pairwise judgment or direct mapping yield accurative representations of spatial relations in a familial environment, but that subjects favor the direct map.", "PMID": 528900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3963", "title": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: III. A hypothetical environment.", "content": "This experiment investigated people's preferences for the location of facilities in an ideal town. Ten graduate students represented the relative locations of facilities (such as home, school, factory) by two methods: (a) pairwise ideal distances on a 100-point scale and (b) direct planning of locations on a Tektronix cathode ray screen. The pairwise distances were analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and the facilities were thus situated in a two-dimensional space. Subjects then expressed a preference between the direct plan and the one created by MDS. In addition, the rank order priorities of the facilities were determined for each subject. The entire procedure was repeated after 4 mo. A common central plan was evident in all cases (and rank order priorities were stable), but there was within-subject variability in the plans for different methods and test occasions. Despite such variability, subjects generally preferred their direct plan over the one created by MDS (based on pair estimates). A second group of subjects showed equal preference (on the average) for both types of town representations created by the first group. Both the pair and direct technique seem appropriate for studying cognitive representations of a hypothetical environment.", "contents": "Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: III. A hypothetical environment. This experiment investigated people's preferences for the location of facilities in an ideal town. Ten graduate students represented the relative locations of facilities (such as home, school, factory) by two methods: (a) pairwise ideal distances on a 100-point scale and (b) direct planning of locations on a Tektronix cathode ray screen. The pairwise distances were analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and the facilities were thus situated in a two-dimensional space. Subjects then expressed a preference between the direct plan and the one created by MDS. In addition, the rank order priorities of the facilities were determined for each subject. The entire procedure was repeated after 4 mo. A common central plan was evident in all cases (and rank order priorities were stable), but there was within-subject variability in the plans for different methods and test occasions. Despite such variability, subjects generally preferred their direct plan over the one created by MDS (based on pair estimates). A second group of subjects showed equal preference (on the average) for both types of town representations created by the first group. Both the pair and direct technique seem appropriate for studying cognitive representations of a hypothetical environment.", "PMID": 528901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3964", "title": "Accessing similarity and dimensional relations: effects of integrality and separability on the discovery of complex concepts.", "content": "A series of studies investigated how stimulus integrality and separability impact the cognitive accessibility of similarity and dimensional relations. A good deal of previous work has established that stimulus integrality and separability differentially determine perception; here, the question is whether they also have differential effects on conception. Are the principles that govern perception also principles that can be readily discovered in concept learning tasks? Is a similarity-based rule especially easy to abstract from integral stimuli and a dimensionally-based rule especially easy to abstract from separable stimuli? In Experiments 1 and 2, we measured the relative ease with which the two types of rules (similarity and dimensional) are discovered by adults with the two types of stimuli (integral and separable). In experiment 1, the two rules were made redundant and we asked which rule the subjects learned. In Experiment 2, one rule was made relevant and the other irrelevant, and we compared relative speeds of learning. The results from the studies led us to conclude (a) that dimensionally based rules are more accessible from separable than from integral stimuli; (b) that similarity-based rules are more accessible from integral than from separable stimul; and (c) that, in general, subjects have a bias to access dimensional relations in this type of task. Experiment 3 pursued an additional suggestion from Experiments 1 and 2 that the dimensional relations within integral stimuli are sometimes accessible, more so when larger interstimulus differences are encountered. In confirmation, Experiment 3 demonstrated that adult subjects are more successful in applying a dimensional rule to pairs of integral stimuli that differ by a small amount if they also have exposure to pairs of integral stimuli that differ by a large amount. In a later discussion, it was argued that such a finding is consistent with the notion that the \"dimensions\" of integral stimuli are merely arbitrary directions in the integral stimulus space, and some relevant pilot data to that effect were presented. Finally, Experiment 4 took up a developmental issue. Young children have sometimes produced perceptual responses governed by similarity relations when presented with stimuli that are separable for adults. Will they more readily access similarity-based or dimensionally-based relations from such stimuli in the concept learning tasks here? The results showed that both kindergarteners and fifth graders more readily access the dimensional relations. A final discussion integrated the findings from the several experiments, taking up the following issues: (a) the relation between the perception and the conception of stimulus relations and (b) the nonprimacy of the dimensional axes in the integral stimulus space.", "contents": "Accessing similarity and dimensional relations: effects of integrality and separability on the discovery of complex concepts. A series of studies investigated how stimulus integrality and separability impact the cognitive accessibility of similarity and dimensional relations. A good deal of previous work has established that stimulus integrality and separability differentially determine perception; here, the question is whether they also have differential effects on conception. Are the principles that govern perception also principles that can be readily discovered in concept learning tasks? Is a similarity-based rule especially easy to abstract from integral stimuli and a dimensionally-based rule especially easy to abstract from separable stimuli? In Experiments 1 and 2, we measured the relative ease with which the two types of rules (similarity and dimensional) are discovered by adults with the two types of stimuli (integral and separable). In experiment 1, the two rules were made redundant and we asked which rule the subjects learned. In Experiment 2, one rule was made relevant and the other irrelevant, and we compared relative speeds of learning. The results from the studies led us to conclude (a) that dimensionally based rules are more accessible from separable than from integral stimuli; (b) that similarity-based rules are more accessible from integral than from separable stimul; and (c) that, in general, subjects have a bias to access dimensional relations in this type of task. Experiment 3 pursued an additional suggestion from Experiments 1 and 2 that the dimensional relations within integral stimuli are sometimes accessible, more so when larger interstimulus differences are encountered. In confirmation, Experiment 3 demonstrated that adult subjects are more successful in applying a dimensional rule to pairs of integral stimuli that differ by a small amount if they also have exposure to pairs of integral stimuli that differ by a large amount. In a later discussion, it was argued that such a finding is consistent with the notion that the \"dimensions\" of integral stimuli are merely arbitrary directions in the integral stimulus space, and some relevant pilot data to that effect were presented. Finally, Experiment 4 took up a developmental issue. Young children have sometimes produced perceptual responses governed by similarity relations when presented with stimuli that are separable for adults. Will they more readily access similarity-based or dimensionally-based relations from such stimuli in the concept learning tasks here? The results showed that both kindergarteners and fifth graders more readily access the dimensional relations. A final discussion integrated the findings from the several experiments, taking up the following issues: (a) the relation between the perception and the conception of stimulus relations and (b) the nonprimacy of the dimensional axes in the integral stimulus space.", "PMID": 528902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3965", "title": "Processing determinants of reading speed.", "content": "Two groups of university undergraduates differing in reading ability were tested on a number of reaction-time tasks designed to determine the speed of encoding visual information at several different levels. In addition, the subjects were given tests of sensory functions, verbal and quantitative reasoning ability, short-term auditory memory span, and ability to comprehend spoken text. The groups did not differ on the sensory tests. However, the faster reader group had faster reaction times on all of the reaction-time tasks, and the size of the fast-reader advantage increased with the mean reaction time. Faster readers also performed more accurately in verbal and quantitative reasoning, short-term auditory memory, and speech comprehension. Regression analyses suggested that the ability to comprehend spoken material and speed of accessing overlearned memory codes for visually presented letters represented two important independent correlates of reading ability in our sample of subjects. Two variables reflecting these abilities--the percentage of correct answers to a listening comprehension test and the reaction time for correct responses in a letter-matching task--accounted for nearly all of the variance in reading ability tapped by both of our reading tests. In a second experiment, no reaction-time difference was found between fast and average readers in a matching task requiring no long-term memory code access but considerable visual information processing as indexed by overall mean reaction time. The results supported the conclusion that one skill allowing fast readers to capture more information from each reading fixation is faster access to letter codes from print.", "contents": "Processing determinants of reading speed. Two groups of university undergraduates differing in reading ability were tested on a number of reaction-time tasks designed to determine the speed of encoding visual information at several different levels. In addition, the subjects were given tests of sensory functions, verbal and quantitative reasoning ability, short-term auditory memory span, and ability to comprehend spoken text. The groups did not differ on the sensory tests. However, the faster reader group had faster reaction times on all of the reaction-time tasks, and the size of the fast-reader advantage increased with the mean reaction time. Faster readers also performed more accurately in verbal and quantitative reasoning, short-term auditory memory, and speech comprehension. Regression analyses suggested that the ability to comprehend spoken material and speed of accessing overlearned memory codes for visually presented letters represented two important independent correlates of reading ability in our sample of subjects. Two variables reflecting these abilities--the percentage of correct answers to a listening comprehension test and the reaction time for correct responses in a letter-matching task--accounted for nearly all of the variance in reading ability tapped by both of our reading tests. In a second experiment, no reaction-time difference was found between fast and average readers in a matching task requiring no long-term memory code access but considerable visual information processing as indexed by overall mean reaction time. The results supported the conclusion that one skill allowing fast readers to capture more information from each reading fixation is faster access to letter codes from print.", "PMID": 528903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3966", "title": "Selective inattention to anxiety-linked stimuli.", "content": "The term selective inattention as used here subsumes those phenomena whose primary function is the active blocking or attenuation of partially processed contents en route to conscious expression. Examples are anxiety-motivated forgetting or perceptual distortion and hypnotically induced negative hallucinations. Studies in the field of selective attention have typically been designed to explain what takes place in a task in which the subject is first instructed to attend to a particular stimulus and then to consciously execute that instruction as well as he can. The rejection of content in process is examined only sceondarily as a consequence of the acceptance of relevant information. In the present experiments and theorizing, the emphasis instead is on inhibitory operations that take place automatically, without conscious intent, in response to a potential anxiety reaction. Experiment 1 explored the interaction of anxiety-linked inattention with strength of a target stimulus. Three female subjects were programmed under hypnosis to respond posthypnotically in the On condition with prescribed degrees of anxiety when certain Blacky pictures popped into mind later ,t the end of experimental trials; in the Off conditionall pictures were to become neutral. With the three female subjects still under hypnosis, each of the loaded pictures was then paired with a four-letter work relevant to the individual's own version of what was happening in the picture. The waking recognition task, carried out with amnesia for the prior hypnotic programming, consisted of tachistoscopic exposure of loaded words and physically similar filler words at four durations within a baseline range of recognition accuracy from 50%--75% correct. The data yielded a curvilinear relationship in which the recognition of only the loaded words was significnatly lower in the On condition at the 60%--70% range of recognition accuracy but not at shorter or longer stimulus durations. Experiment 2, for which the prior hypnotic programming of the same three subjects was similar to Experiment 1, used an anagram approach to comparable four-letter words, except that pleasure-loaded words were introduced as a control along with filler words. Four durations of tachistoscopic exposure of the anagrams were used with each individual, and the major dependent variable was response latency measured in milliseconds. An independent measure of perceptual discriminability of the scrambled stimulus letters was obtained to isolate perceptual from cognitive aspects of the task. The results indicated that both low perceivability and high solvability increase the likelihood of response delays specifically in the presence of anxiety-linked stimuli. Experiment 3 was a nonhypnotic replication of Experiment 2, using 12 male and 13 female subjects. The potential affective loading of key anxiety and pleasure words was accomplished by structured scenarios for the Blacky pictures in which subjects were asked to place themselves as vividly as possible...", "contents": "Selective inattention to anxiety-linked stimuli. The term selective inattention as used here subsumes those phenomena whose primary function is the active blocking or attenuation of partially processed contents en route to conscious expression. Examples are anxiety-motivated forgetting or perceptual distortion and hypnotically induced negative hallucinations. Studies in the field of selective attention have typically been designed to explain what takes place in a task in which the subject is first instructed to attend to a particular stimulus and then to consciously execute that instruction as well as he can. The rejection of content in process is examined only sceondarily as a consequence of the acceptance of relevant information. In the present experiments and theorizing, the emphasis instead is on inhibitory operations that take place automatically, without conscious intent, in response to a potential anxiety reaction. Experiment 1 explored the interaction of anxiety-linked inattention with strength of a target stimulus. Three female subjects were programmed under hypnosis to respond posthypnotically in the On condition with prescribed degrees of anxiety when certain Blacky pictures popped into mind later ,t the end of experimental trials; in the Off conditionall pictures were to become neutral. With the three female subjects still under hypnosis, each of the loaded pictures was then paired with a four-letter work relevant to the individual's own version of what was happening in the picture. The waking recognition task, carried out with amnesia for the prior hypnotic programming, consisted of tachistoscopic exposure of loaded words and physically similar filler words at four durations within a baseline range of recognition accuracy from 50%--75% correct. The data yielded a curvilinear relationship in which the recognition of only the loaded words was significnatly lower in the On condition at the 60%--70% range of recognition accuracy but not at shorter or longer stimulus durations. Experiment 2, for which the prior hypnotic programming of the same three subjects was similar to Experiment 1, used an anagram approach to comparable four-letter words, except that pleasure-loaded words were introduced as a control along with filler words. Four durations of tachistoscopic exposure of the anagrams were used with each individual, and the major dependent variable was response latency measured in milliseconds. An independent measure of perceptual discriminability of the scrambled stimulus letters was obtained to isolate perceptual from cognitive aspects of the task. The results indicated that both low perceivability and high solvability increase the likelihood of response delays specifically in the presence of anxiety-linked stimuli. Experiment 3 was a nonhypnotic replication of Experiment 2, using 12 male and 13 female subjects. The potential affective loading of key anxiety and pleasure words was accomplished by structured scenarios for the Blacky pictures in which subjects were asked to place themselves as vividly as possible...", "PMID": 528904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3967", "title": "Information processing in the cerebral hemispheres: selective hemispheric activation and capacity limitations.", "content": "Several previous experiments have found that concurrently maintaining verbal information in memory influences visual laterality patterns (e.g., Hellige & Cox, 1976; Kinsbourne, 1975). The present article critically reviews existing experiments and reports five additional experiments designed to identify the mechanisms responsible for such effects. Experiment 1 demonstrates that laterality patterns are not influenced by a concurrent memory task that does not require verbal processing. (The verbal nature of the concurrent task was an important aspect of previous experiments.) Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to determined whether concurrent verbal memory primarily influences very early visuospatial processes or later processes such as those involved in visuospatial memory. In Experiment 2, observers indicated whether two simulteneously presented nonsense forms had the same shape. Observers held 0, 2, 4, or 6 words in memory during each shape judgment trial. Responses were faster when the forms were presented to the left visual field--right hemisphere (LVF-RH) than to the right visual field--left hemisphere (RVF-LH). This effect did not interact with memory set size. In Experiment 3, observers indicated whether either of two simultaneously presented forms was identical to a target form held in memory. Observers held 0, 2, or 6 words in memory on each trial. On same-as-target trials, responses were faster on LVF-RH trials than on RVF-LH trials in the no-word memory condition; this difference was reversed in the two-word and six-word conditions. The combined results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that concurrent verbal memory influences stages of processing beyond the initial registration of visuospatial information. Experiments 4 and 5 examined the influence of concurrent verbal memory on verbal laterality tasks. Observers indicated whether two simultaneously presented letters of different cases had the same name. In Experiment 4, different groups of observers held 0, 2, 4, or 6 words in memory on each letter-pair trial. In Experiment 5, memory set size was manipulated within subjects. On the same-pair trials of Experiment 4 and the first session of Experiment 5, responses in the no-memory condition were faster on RVF-LH trials than on LVF-RH trials; this difference was reversed in all of the work memory conditions. This shift is opposite to that found when the laterality task does not require verbal processing and further indicates that concurrent verbal memory influences processing stages beyond those that are common to the form-pair and letter-pair tasks. Neither directness-of-pathway nor attention-gradient laterality models can explain the entire pattern of results from the present experiments. Rather, the results suggest that the left hemisphere functions as a typical limited-capacity information processing system that can be influenced somewhat separately from the right hemisphere system.", "contents": "Information processing in the cerebral hemispheres: selective hemispheric activation and capacity limitations. Several previous experiments have found that concurrently maintaining verbal information in memory influences visual laterality patterns (e.g., Hellige & Cox, 1976; Kinsbourne, 1975). The present article critically reviews existing experiments and reports five additional experiments designed to identify the mechanisms responsible for such effects. Experiment 1 demonstrates that laterality patterns are not influenced by a concurrent memory task that does not require verbal processing. (The verbal nature of the concurrent task was an important aspect of previous experiments.) Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to determined whether concurrent verbal memory primarily influences very early visuospatial processes or later processes such as those involved in visuospatial memory. In Experiment 2, observers indicated whether two simulteneously presented nonsense forms had the same shape. Observers held 0, 2, 4, or 6 words in memory during each shape judgment trial. Responses were faster when the forms were presented to the left visual field--right hemisphere (LVF-RH) than to the right visual field--left hemisphere (RVF-LH). This effect did not interact with memory set size. In Experiment 3, observers indicated whether either of two simultaneously presented forms was identical to a target form held in memory. Observers held 0, 2, or 6 words in memory on each trial. On same-as-target trials, responses were faster on LVF-RH trials than on RVF-LH trials in the no-word memory condition; this difference was reversed in the two-word and six-word conditions. The combined results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that concurrent verbal memory influences stages of processing beyond the initial registration of visuospatial information. Experiments 4 and 5 examined the influence of concurrent verbal memory on verbal laterality tasks. Observers indicated whether two simultaneously presented letters of different cases had the same name. In Experiment 4, different groups of observers held 0, 2, 4, or 6 words in memory on each letter-pair trial. In Experiment 5, memory set size was manipulated within subjects. On the same-pair trials of Experiment 4 and the first session of Experiment 5, responses in the no-memory condition were faster on RVF-LH trials than on LVF-RH trials; this difference was reversed in all of the work memory conditions. This shift is opposite to that found when the laterality task does not require verbal processing and further indicates that concurrent verbal memory influences processing stages beyond those that are common to the form-pair and letter-pair tasks. Neither directness-of-pathway nor attention-gradient laterality models can explain the entire pattern of results from the present experiments. Rather, the results suggest that the left hemisphere functions as a typical limited-capacity information processing system that can be influenced somewhat separately from the right hemisphere system.", "PMID": 528905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3968", "title": "Contingency contrast effects in discrimination conditioning.", "content": "Three experiments observed differential electrodermal responding to signal stimuli (CSs) by contrasting positive, random, and negative contingencies between the signals and strong stimuli (UCSs). Experimentation began as a test of the proposition that electrodermal response to a random signal (or CSR) would lie between the response to a reinforced or excitatory stimulus (CS+) and that to a nonreinforced or inhibitory stimulus (CS- or CSI). A clear intermediate position for CSR did not result. Instead it appeared that CSR was operating as a mildly excitatory signal. This led to a second experiment where response to pairs of stimuli with different contingent relations could be compared in independent samples. The pairs were CS+ and CS-, CS+ and CSR, and CSR and CS-. Differential responding was observed in all pairs and response to CSR was significantly larger in the group receiving CSR with CS- than it was in the group receiving CSR with CS+. A contingency contrast effect was suggested. A third experiment explored the implications of a contingency contrast effect by varying overall UCS density, the duration of \"safety intervals,\" and the presence or absence of instructions about contingencies. The UCS density and instruction variables influenced the differential performance to CSR and CS-, a result that was interpreted as further evidence for a perceptual contingency-contrast effect. Some theoretical implications of such a contrast phenomenon are examined, as they apply to autonomic learning. The CS is interpreted as a signal supplying contingency information that is dependent upon a complex of factors in the stimulation environment.", "contents": "Contingency contrast effects in discrimination conditioning. Three experiments observed differential electrodermal responding to signal stimuli (CSs) by contrasting positive, random, and negative contingencies between the signals and strong stimuli (UCSs). Experimentation began as a test of the proposition that electrodermal response to a random signal (or CSR) would lie between the response to a reinforced or excitatory stimulus (CS+) and that to a nonreinforced or inhibitory stimulus (CS- or CSI). A clear intermediate position for CSR did not result. Instead it appeared that CSR was operating as a mildly excitatory signal. This led to a second experiment where response to pairs of stimuli with different contingent relations could be compared in independent samples. The pairs were CS+ and CS-, CS+ and CSR, and CSR and CS-. Differential responding was observed in all pairs and response to CSR was significantly larger in the group receiving CSR with CS- than it was in the group receiving CSR with CS+. A contingency contrast effect was suggested. A third experiment explored the implications of a contingency contrast effect by varying overall UCS density, the duration of \"safety intervals,\" and the presence or absence of instructions about contingencies. The UCS density and instruction variables influenced the differential performance to CSR and CS-, a result that was interpreted as further evidence for a perceptual contingency-contrast effect. Some theoretical implications of such a contrast phenomenon are examined, as they apply to autonomic learning. The CS is interpreted as a signal supplying contingency information that is dependent upon a complex of factors in the stimulation environment.", "PMID": 528906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3969", "title": "Comment on \"Information processing in the cerebral hemispheres: selective activation and capacity limitations\" by Hellige, Cox, and Litvac.", "content": "The attentional model of hemisphere differences proposed by Kinsbourne is reviewed, and some of the difficulties inherent in this model are pointed out. In particular, the difficulty of distinguishing shifts in the allocation of attention from changes of strategy is underlined, and the fact that the effect of imposing a concurrent memory load is uncertain, sometimes priming and sometimes depressing the performance of the loaded hemisphere, is seen as seriously limiting the predictive power of the model. Hellige, Cox, and Litvac attempted to clarify several aspects of Kinsbourne's theory. In their studies concurrent verbal loads produced complex and variable changes in the performance of both hemispheres. To explain these, they postulate a dual mechanism whereby general activation primes the performance of both hemispheres while selective activation acts to prime or to depress the performance of the left hemisphere. Although they succeeded in identifying some of the factors that govern the effects of selective activation, the effects of general activation are uncertain, so the overall outcome of concurrent memory loading is still difficult to predict.", "contents": "Comment on \"Information processing in the cerebral hemispheres: selective activation and capacity limitations\" by Hellige, Cox, and Litvac. The attentional model of hemisphere differences proposed by Kinsbourne is reviewed, and some of the difficulties inherent in this model are pointed out. In particular, the difficulty of distinguishing shifts in the allocation of attention from changes of strategy is underlined, and the fact that the effect of imposing a concurrent memory load is uncertain, sometimes priming and sometimes depressing the performance of the loaded hemisphere, is seen as seriously limiting the predictive power of the model. Hellige, Cox, and Litvac attempted to clarify several aspects of Kinsbourne's theory. In their studies concurrent verbal loads produced complex and variable changes in the performance of both hemispheres. To explain these, they postulate a dual mechanism whereby general activation primes the performance of both hemispheres while selective activation acts to prime or to depress the performance of the left hemisphere. Although they succeeded in identifying some of the factors that govern the effects of selective activation, the effects of general activation are uncertain, so the overall outcome of concurrent memory loading is still difficult to predict.", "PMID": 528907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3970", "title": "Framing pictures: the role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist.", "content": "In general, frame theories are theories about the representation and use of knowledge for pattern recognition. In the present article, the general properties of frame theories are discussed with regard to their implications for psychological processes, and an experiment is presented which tests whether this approach yields viable predictions about the manner in which people comprehend and remember pictures of real-world scenes. Normative ratings were used to construct six target pictures, each of which contained both expected and unexpected objects. Eye movements were then recorded as subjects who anticipated a difficult recognition test viewed the targets for 30 sec each. Then, the subjects were asked to discriminate the target pictures from distractors in which either expected or unexpected objects had been changed. One consequence of the embeddedness of frame systems is that global frames may function as \"semantic pattern detectors,\" so that the perceptual knowledge in them could be used for relatively automatic pattern recognition and comprehension. Thus, subjects might be able to identify expected objects by using automatized encoding procedures that operate on global physical features. In contrast, identification of unexpected objects (i.e., objects not represented in the currently active frame) should generally require more analysis of local visual details. These hypotheses were confirmed with the fixation duration data: First fixations to the unexpected objects were approximately twice as long as first fixations to the expected objects. On the recognition test, subjects generally noticed only the changes that had been made to the unexpected objects, despite the fact that the proportions of correct rejections were made conditional on whether the target objects had been fixated. These data are again consistent with the idea that local visual details of objects represented in the frame are not neccesary for identification and are thus not generally encoded. Further, since subjects usually did not notice when expected objects were deleted or replaced with different expected objects, it was concluded that if two events instantiate the same frame, they may often be indistinguishable, as long as any differences between them are represented as arguments in the frame. Thus, for the most part, the only information about an event that is episodically \"tagged\" is information which distinguishes that particular event from others of the same general class. The data reinforce the utility of a frame theory approach to perception and memory.", "contents": "Framing pictures: the role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist. In general, frame theories are theories about the representation and use of knowledge for pattern recognition. In the present article, the general properties of frame theories are discussed with regard to their implications for psychological processes, and an experiment is presented which tests whether this approach yields viable predictions about the manner in which people comprehend and remember pictures of real-world scenes. Normative ratings were used to construct six target pictures, each of which contained both expected and unexpected objects. Eye movements were then recorded as subjects who anticipated a difficult recognition test viewed the targets for 30 sec each. Then, the subjects were asked to discriminate the target pictures from distractors in which either expected or unexpected objects had been changed. One consequence of the embeddedness of frame systems is that global frames may function as \"semantic pattern detectors,\" so that the perceptual knowledge in them could be used for relatively automatic pattern recognition and comprehension. Thus, subjects might be able to identify expected objects by using automatized encoding procedures that operate on global physical features. In contrast, identification of unexpected objects (i.e., objects not represented in the currently active frame) should generally require more analysis of local visual details. These hypotheses were confirmed with the fixation duration data: First fixations to the unexpected objects were approximately twice as long as first fixations to the expected objects. On the recognition test, subjects generally noticed only the changes that had been made to the unexpected objects, despite the fact that the proportions of correct rejections were made conditional on whether the target objects had been fixated. These data are again consistent with the idea that local visual details of objects represented in the frame are not neccesary for identification and are thus not generally encoded. Further, since subjects usually did not notice when expected objects were deleted or replaced with different expected objects, it was concluded that if two events instantiate the same frame, they may often be indistinguishable, as long as any differences between them are represented as arguments in the frame. Thus, for the most part, the only information about an event that is episodically \"tagged\" is information which distinguishes that particular event from others of the same general class. The data reinforce the utility of a frame theory approach to perception and memory.", "PMID": 528908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3971", "title": "Orthography and familiarity effects in word processing.", "content": "Both orthographic regularity and visual familiarity have been implicated as contributors to the efficiency of processing visually presented words. Our studies sought to determine which of the internal codes representing words in the nervous system are facilitated by these two variables. To do this, sets of letter strings in which orthography and familiarity were factorially combined were used as the basis for physical, phonetic, semantic, and lexical judgments. The data indicated consistent effects of orthography on the activation of all codes. These effects were seen in same-different matching and in judgments of stimulus orientation, which are based on visual codes; in judgments of pronounceability based on phonetic codes; in judgments of meaningfulness based on semantic codes; and in lexical decisions, which are based on phonetic and semantic codes together. Familiarity, on the other hand, had a clear influence on the activation of semantic codes and to a lesser extent affected phonetic codes. Despite previous positive results found in matching letter strings, however, no influence of familiarity occurred in judgments based on visual codes once evidence for criterion shifting was eliminated. Our negative results included direct tests of facilitation in matching acronyms (e.g., FBI) and in matching both regular and irregular strings familiarized by specific training. It now appears that earlier findings of visual familiarity effects may be attributed to response biases resulting from the activation of higher level codes sensitive to familiarity, and to the use of small sets of training stimuli that allowed subjects to induce orthographic-like rules. The results obtained so far with our methods seem to reconcile an inconsistent literature by showing that speeded decisions based on visual codes are most strongly influenced by rule-governed processing mechanisms sensitive to orthographic structure, whereas decisions based on phonetic and semantic codes are affected about equally by rule-governed mechanisms and by stimulus-specific mechanisms sensitive to familiarity. This conclusion may lead to changes in notions of how effective various kinds of visual training are likely to be at different stages in the acquisition of reading skill.", "contents": "Orthography and familiarity effects in word processing. Both orthographic regularity and visual familiarity have been implicated as contributors to the efficiency of processing visually presented words. Our studies sought to determine which of the internal codes representing words in the nervous system are facilitated by these two variables. To do this, sets of letter strings in which orthography and familiarity were factorially combined were used as the basis for physical, phonetic, semantic, and lexical judgments. The data indicated consistent effects of orthography on the activation of all codes. These effects were seen in same-different matching and in judgments of stimulus orientation, which are based on visual codes; in judgments of pronounceability based on phonetic codes; in judgments of meaningfulness based on semantic codes; and in lexical decisions, which are based on phonetic and semantic codes together. Familiarity, on the other hand, had a clear influence on the activation of semantic codes and to a lesser extent affected phonetic codes. Despite previous positive results found in matching letter strings, however, no influence of familiarity occurred in judgments based on visual codes once evidence for criterion shifting was eliminated. Our negative results included direct tests of facilitation in matching acronyms (e.g., FBI) and in matching both regular and irregular strings familiarized by specific training. It now appears that earlier findings of visual familiarity effects may be attributed to response biases resulting from the activation of higher level codes sensitive to familiarity, and to the use of small sets of training stimuli that allowed subjects to induce orthographic-like rules. The results obtained so far with our methods seem to reconcile an inconsistent literature by showing that speeded decisions based on visual codes are most strongly influenced by rule-governed processing mechanisms sensitive to orthographic structure, whereas decisions based on phonetic and semantic codes are affected about equally by rule-governed mechanisms and by stimulus-specific mechanisms sensitive to familiarity. This conclusion may lead to changes in notions of how effective various kinds of visual training are likely to be at different stages in the acquisition of reading skill.", "PMID": 528909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3972", "title": "Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: sadder but wiser?", "content": "How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subjective and objective contingencies. According to the strong prediction, depressed individuals should underestimate the degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes relative to the objective degree of contingency. According to the weak prediction, depressed individuals merely should judge that there is a smaller degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes than nondepressed individuals should. In addition, the present investigation deduced a new strong prediction from the helplessness theory: Nondepressed individuals should overestimate the degree of contingency  between their responses and outcomes relative to the objective degree of contingency. In the experiments, depressed and nondepressed students were present with one of a series of problems varying in the actual degree of contingency. In each problem, subjects estimated the degree of contingency between their responses (pressing or not pressing a button) and an environmental outcome (onset of a green light). Performance on a behavioral task and estimates of the conditional probability of green light onset associated with the two response alternatives provided additional measures for assessing beliefs about contingencies. Depressed students' judgments of contingency were surprisingly accurate in all four experiments. Nondepressed students, on the other hand, overestimated the degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes when noncontingent outcomes were frequent and/or desired and underestimated the degree of contingency when contingent outcomes were undesired. Thus, predictions derived from social psychology concerning the linkage between subjective and objective contingencies were confirmed for nondepressed students but not for depressed students. Further, the predictions of helplessness theory received, at best, minimal support. The learned helplessness and self-serving motivational bias hypotheses are evaluated as explanations of the results. In addition, parallels are drawn between the present results and phenomena in cognitive psychology, social psychology, and animal learning. Finally, implications for cognitive illusions in normal people, appetitive helplessness, judgment of contingency between stimuli, and learning theory are discussed.", "contents": "Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: sadder but wiser? How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subjective and objective contingencies. According to the strong prediction, depressed individuals should underestimate the degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes relative to the objective degree of contingency. According to the weak prediction, depressed individuals merely should judge that there is a smaller degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes than nondepressed individuals should. In addition, the present investigation deduced a new strong prediction from the helplessness theory: Nondepressed individuals should overestimate the degree of contingency  between their responses and outcomes relative to the objective degree of contingency. In the experiments, depressed and nondepressed students were present with one of a series of problems varying in the actual degree of contingency. In each problem, subjects estimated the degree of contingency between their responses (pressing or not pressing a button) and an environmental outcome (onset of a green light). Performance on a behavioral task and estimates of the conditional probability of green light onset associated with the two response alternatives provided additional measures for assessing beliefs about contingencies. Depressed students' judgments of contingency were surprisingly accurate in all four experiments. Nondepressed students, on the other hand, overestimated the degree of contingency between their responses and outcomes when noncontingent outcomes were frequent and/or desired and underestimated the degree of contingency when contingent outcomes were undesired. Thus, predictions derived from social psychology concerning the linkage between subjective and objective contingencies were confirmed for nondepressed students but not for depressed students. Further, the predictions of helplessness theory received, at best, minimal support. The learned helplessness and self-serving motivational bias hypotheses are evaluated as explanations of the results. In addition, parallels are drawn between the present results and phenomena in cognitive psychology, social psychology, and animal learning. Finally, implications for cognitive illusions in normal people, appetitive helplessness, judgment of contingency between stimuli, and learning theory are discussed.", "PMID": 528910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3973", "title": "On measuring fuzziness: a comment on \"A fuzzy set approach to modifiers and vagueness in natural language\".", "content": "Hersh and Caramazza's application of fuzzy set theory to vagueness in natural language is criticized for including in their measures of fuzziness response variability due to experimental and statistical procedures.", "contents": "On measuring fuzziness: a comment on \"A fuzzy set approach to modifiers and vagueness in natural language\". Hersh and Caramazza's application of fuzzy set theory to vagueness in natural language is criticized for including in their measures of fuzziness response variability due to experimental and statistical procedures.", "PMID": 528911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3974", "title": "Encoding and use of detail information in picture recognition.", "content": "Subjects participated in a yes/no picture recognition experiment in which exposure time varied from 50 to 1,000 msec at the time of initial study. Following each study trial, half of the subjects, the detail at study and test (ST) group, reported whether they had observed a detail in the picture that they thought might help in subsequent recognition. The other half of the subjects, the detail at test only (T) group, did not attempt to name details during study. All of the subjects reported at the time of each test picture whether they were basing their yes/no recognition response on a specific detail in the picture or on the picture's general familiarity. The data provided strong support for a model which assumed that (a) there is a constant probability of encoding a detail during each successive unit of time at study and (b) a detail is named at test either if it was encoded at study or with some bias probability. ST subjects showed superior recognition memory performance relative to T subjects. Within the context of the aforementioned model, this superiority stems from two sources: ST subjects encode details at a faster rate than do T subjects and an encoded detail provided a better discriminative feature for ST subjects.", "contents": "Encoding and use of detail information in picture recognition. Subjects participated in a yes/no picture recognition experiment in which exposure time varied from 50 to 1,000 msec at the time of initial study. Following each study trial, half of the subjects, the detail at study and test (ST) group, reported whether they had observed a detail in the picture that they thought might help in subsequent recognition. The other half of the subjects, the detail at test only (T) group, did not attempt to name details during study. All of the subjects reported at the time of each test picture whether they were basing their yes/no recognition response on a specific detail in the picture or on the picture's general familiarity. The data provided strong support for a model which assumed that (a) there is a constant probability of encoding a detail during each successive unit of time at study and (b) a detail is named at test either if it was encoded at study or with some bias probability. ST subjects showed superior recognition memory performance relative to T subjects. Within the context of the aforementioned model, this superiority stems from two sources: ST subjects encode details at a faster rate than do T subjects and an encoded detail provided a better discriminative feature for ST subjects.", "PMID": 528912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3975", "title": "Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces.", "content": "In four studies, recognition memory for faces rated as similar to a prototype was found to be inferior to memory for faces rated as unusual in appearance. This result was obtained under both incidental and intentional learning conditions, at presentation rates ranging from 3 to 15 sec, and with retention intervals from 3 to 24 hr. A fifth experiment established interitem similarity as the structural basis of this typicality effect in recognition memory. Difficulties in interpreting the findings in terms of some current models for classification learning, depth of processing models, or present models of the word frequency effect are discussed.", "contents": "Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces. In four studies, recognition memory for faces rated as similar to a prototype was found to be inferior to memory for faces rated as unusual in appearance. This result was obtained under both incidental and intentional learning conditions, at presentation rates ranging from 3 to 15 sec, and with retention intervals from 3 to 24 hr. A fifth experiment established interitem similarity as the structural basis of this typicality effect in recognition memory. Difficulties in interpreting the findings in terms of some current models for classification learning, depth of processing models, or present models of the word frequency effect are discussed.", "PMID": 528913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3976", "title": "Fact and fantasy: the roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences.", "content": "In Experiment 1, pictures were presented to subjects two, five, or eight times, and subjects were asked to imagine each pciture two, five, or eight times. Subsequently, subjects estimated the number of times each picture had been presented. Their estimates of the frequency of these external events were influenced by imagination trials; this effect was greater for good imagers than for poor imagers. Experiment 2 involved a similar design in which subjects were asked either to imagine the same referent for a word or to imagine a different referent for a word on successive imagination trials. Consistency (same referent) did not increase the influence of imaginations on immediate judgments of external frequency. Thus, the results of Experiment 1 were attributed to the greater accuracy (as opposed to greater consistency) of good imagers' internal generations of the stimuli. Furthermore, variation (imagining different referents), like greater accuracy, increased the effects of imagination trials on immediate but not on delayed judgments of frequency. Possible mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. In general, the two studies show that qualitative characteristics of completely covert generations influence their impact on estimates of the frequency of external events.", "contents": "Fact and fantasy: the roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences. In Experiment 1, pictures were presented to subjects two, five, or eight times, and subjects were asked to imagine each pciture two, five, or eight times. Subsequently, subjects estimated the number of times each picture had been presented. Their estimates of the frequency of these external events were influenced by imagination trials; this effect was greater for good imagers than for poor imagers. Experiment 2 involved a similar design in which subjects were asked either to imagine the same referent for a word or to imagine a different referent for a word on successive imagination trials. Consistency (same referent) did not increase the influence of imaginations on immediate judgments of external frequency. Thus, the results of Experiment 1 were attributed to the greater accuracy (as opposed to greater consistency) of good imagers' internal generations of the stimuli. Furthermore, variation (imagining different referents), like greater accuracy, increased the effects of imagination trials on immediate but not on delayed judgments of frequency. Possible mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. In general, the two studies show that qualitative characteristics of completely covert generations influence their impact on estimates of the frequency of external events.", "PMID": 528914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3977", "title": "Transfer of stimulus differentiation and perceptual selection rules.", "content": "Three experiments examined the conditions under which transfer of stimulus differentiation occurs. Two experiments involved transfer in paired associate lists having identical stimuli and re-paired response terms compared with lists having different stimuli. In one experiment, transfer was determined for lists of three-word stimuli in which various elements were shared among the stimuli. The pattern of redundancy was such that the spatial position of a discriminative element was either consistent or not consistent in different items, or there was no discriminative element. Transfer of differentiation was obtained only when position was constant. In the second experiment, stimuli were single words and were either unrelated, rhymed, or were instances of common concepts. No evidence of transfer of differentiation was obtained with either rhymes or concepts. In the third experiment, subjects learned pairs in which the stimuli were single letters; then subjects transferred to a list in which either rhyming or unrelated stimuli began with the same letters. Transfer was not differential.", "contents": "Transfer of stimulus differentiation and perceptual selection rules. Three experiments examined the conditions under which transfer of stimulus differentiation occurs. Two experiments involved transfer in paired associate lists having identical stimuli and re-paired response terms compared with lists having different stimuli. In one experiment, transfer was determined for lists of three-word stimuli in which various elements were shared among the stimuli. The pattern of redundancy was such that the spatial position of a discriminative element was either consistent or not consistent in different items, or there was no discriminative element. Transfer of differentiation was obtained only when position was constant. In the second experiment, stimuli were single words and were either unrelated, rhymed, or were instances of common concepts. No evidence of transfer of differentiation was obtained with either rhymes or concepts. In the third experiment, subjects learned pairs in which the stimuli were single letters; then subjects transferred to a list in which either rhyming or unrelated stimuli began with the same letters. Transfer was not differential.", "PMID": 528915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3978", "title": "Visual and verbal memory for objects and their spatial locations.", "content": "Four experiments assessed the role of verbal and visual processing in memory for aspects of a simulated, real-world spatial display. Subjects viewed a three-dimensional model of a city with 16 bulidings that were placed on the display. The buildings were represented on the model with or without an accompanying name label on each buliding. After studying the display, subjects were tested on recall and recognition of the building names, picture recognition of the buildings, and spatial memory for where the bulidings had been located. Overall picture recognition accuracy was low, and the presence of a name label on each building significantly reduced picture recognition accuracy but improved relocation accuracy. Spatial location information was not encoded independently of verbal and visual identity information. However, location information was more accurately retained with memory for verbal than visual aspects of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical importance of differentiating memory for the identity of visual stimuli from descriptive memory for their physical characteristics in \"visual memory\" research.", "contents": "Visual and verbal memory for objects and their spatial locations. Four experiments assessed the role of verbal and visual processing in memory for aspects of a simulated, real-world spatial display. Subjects viewed a three-dimensional model of a city with 16 bulidings that were placed on the display. The buildings were represented on the model with or without an accompanying name label on each buliding. After studying the display, subjects were tested on recall and recognition of the building names, picture recognition of the buildings, and spatial memory for where the bulidings had been located. Overall picture recognition accuracy was low, and the presence of a name label on each building significantly reduced picture recognition accuracy but improved relocation accuracy. Spatial location information was not encoded independently of verbal and visual identity information. However, location information was more accurately retained with memory for verbal than visual aspects of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical importance of differentiating memory for the identity of visual stimuli from descriptive memory for their physical characteristics in \"visual memory\" research.", "PMID": 528916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3979", "title": "Transfer of persistence across behaviors.", "content": "Two experiments tested the applicability to human beings of findings with animals that the number of performances required for the reinforcement of one behavior affects the subsequent effort expended in other instrumental behaviors. In the first experiment, adult depressed psychiatric patients worked on a sorting task for the approval of a staff psychologist. The time spent and the work completed were increased by prior approval from a ward attendant for each completion of several custodial tasks, as compared to the ward attendant's approval for each completion of a single task or a no-pretreatment control condition. In the second experiment, preadolescent learning-disabled students who were required to read and spell correctly a greater number of words per reward token later spent more time and completed more work for reward tokens in mathematics, and handwriting. Two alternative interpretations of these results are evaluated: (a) The degree of accustomed effort per reinforcer becomes a learned component of behavior, or (b) high effort increases the habituation of frustration-produced disruptive responses. The results suggest that individual differences in general persistence may arise, in part, from an accumulation of effort training in the natural environment.", "contents": "Transfer of persistence across behaviors. Two experiments tested the applicability to human beings of findings with animals that the number of performances required for the reinforcement of one behavior affects the subsequent effort expended in other instrumental behaviors. In the first experiment, adult depressed psychiatric patients worked on a sorting task for the approval of a staff psychologist. The time spent and the work completed were increased by prior approval from a ward attendant for each completion of several custodial tasks, as compared to the ward attendant's approval for each completion of a single task or a no-pretreatment control condition. In the second experiment, preadolescent learning-disabled students who were required to read and spell correctly a greater number of words per reward token later spent more time and completed more work for reward tokens in mathematics, and handwriting. Two alternative interpretations of these results are evaluated: (a) The degree of accustomed effort per reinforcer becomes a learned component of behavior, or (b) high effort increases the habituation of frustration-produced disruptive responses. The results suggest that individual differences in general persistence may arise, in part, from an accumulation of effort training in the natural environment.", "PMID": 528917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3980", "title": "Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether preverbal infants, when presented with exemplars of an artificially constructed category, would abstract a prototypical representation of the category, and if so, whether this representation was formed by either \"counting\" or \"averaging\" the features that were varying among category members. Two experiments are reported. In Experiment 1, a set of stimuli was developed and tested for which it was demonstrated that adult subjects would readily abstruct either a modal or an average prototypical representation. The type of representation abstracted was found to be dependent on the discriminability of the feature values. In Experiment 2, 10-mo.-old infants were tested using a habituation paradigm with the stimuli developed in the first experiment. The results of this study indicated that the infants were also able to abstract the featural information that was varying among the exemplars of the category, and the infants formed an internal represenatation of the category by averaging feature values. Thus, the results clearly imply that infants are able to constructively process visual information and hence take a more active role in category formation than had been previously believed.", "contents": "Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether preverbal infants, when presented with exemplars of an artificially constructed category, would abstract a prototypical representation of the category, and if so, whether this representation was formed by either \"counting\" or \"averaging\" the features that were varying among category members. Two experiments are reported. In Experiment 1, a set of stimuli was developed and tested for which it was demonstrated that adult subjects would readily abstruct either a modal or an average prototypical representation. The type of representation abstracted was found to be dependent on the discriminability of the feature values. In Experiment 2, 10-mo.-old infants were tested using a habituation paradigm with the stimuli developed in the first experiment. The results of this study indicated that the infants were also able to abstract the featural information that was varying among the exemplars of the category, and the infants formed an internal represenatation of the category by averaging feature values. Thus, the results clearly imply that infants are able to constructively process visual information and hence take a more active role in category formation than had been previously believed.", "PMID": 528918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3981", "title": "Measuring the size of mental images.", "content": "Mental images seem to have a size; the experimental problem was to map that image size onto a scale of physical measurement. To this end, two experiments were conducted to measure the size of mental images in degrees of visual angle. In Experiment 1, college students employed light pointers to indicate the horizontal extent of projected mental images of words (the letter string, not the referent). Imagined words covered about 1.0 degress of visual angle per letter. In Experiment 2, a more objective eye-movement response was used to measure the visual angle size of imagined letter strings. Visual angle of eye movement was found to increase regularly as the letter distance between the fixation point and a probed letter position increased. Each letter occupied about 2.5 degrees of visual angle for the four-letter strings in the control/default size condition. Possible relations between eye movements and images are discussed.", "contents": "Measuring the size of mental images. Mental images seem to have a size; the experimental problem was to map that image size onto a scale of physical measurement. To this end, two experiments were conducted to measure the size of mental images in degrees of visual angle. In Experiment 1, college students employed light pointers to indicate the horizontal extent of projected mental images of words (the letter string, not the referent). Imagined words covered about 1.0 degress of visual angle per letter. In Experiment 2, a more objective eye-movement response was used to measure the visual angle size of imagined letter strings. Visual angle of eye movement was found to increase regularly as the letter distance between the fixation point and a probed letter position increased. Each letter occupied about 2.5 degrees of visual angle for the four-letter strings in the control/default size condition. Possible relations between eye movements and images are discussed.", "PMID": 528919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3982", "title": "Interaction of stimulus size and retinal eccentricity in metacontrast masking.", "content": "Metacontrast masking occurs both at the fovea and in the retinal periphery; foveally, the smallest stimulus elicited the strongest masking, whereas peripherally the reverse was the case. An analysis of variance showed a significant size effect, eccentricity effect, and size-eccentricity interaction. As stimulus size increased, the stimulus onset asynchrony of maximum masking shifted to greater values. Both foveal metacontrast and peak shifts contradicted predictions made by the hypothesis that metacontrast is mediated by an interaction of sustained and transient channels in the visual system. The data are consistent, however, with a lateral inhibitory model of metacontrast masking and stimulus coding.", "contents": "Interaction of stimulus size and retinal eccentricity in metacontrast masking. Metacontrast masking occurs both at the fovea and in the retinal periphery; foveally, the smallest stimulus elicited the strongest masking, whereas peripherally the reverse was the case. An analysis of variance showed a significant size effect, eccentricity effect, and size-eccentricity interaction. As stimulus size increased, the stimulus onset asynchrony of maximum masking shifted to greater values. Both foveal metacontrast and peak shifts contradicted predictions made by the hypothesis that metacontrast is mediated by an interaction of sustained and transient channels in the visual system. The data are consistent, however, with a lateral inhibitory model of metacontrast masking and stimulus coding.", "PMID": 528920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3983", "title": "Similarity effects in backward recognition masking.", "content": "Auditory backward recognition masking refers to the ability of a masking sound to terminate further perceptual resolution of a test sound presented slightly earlier in time. The present experiments were conducted to determine whether mask/test tone similarity effects in backward recognition masking could be reliably demonstrated. Although similarity effects were found in Experiments 1 and 2, only about 60% of the subjects demonstrated these effects. Experiment 3 was designed to isolate which stage of information processing is responsible for similarity effects. It was hypothesized that similarity effects are due to mask interference with the synthesized auditory memory of the test tone rather than to selective overwriting of a preperceptual auditory store: previous research has shown that interference in synthesized auditory memory depends on the similarity of the interfering stimulus to the items held in memory. By independently varying the backward masking interval and the interfering effect of the mask on the test tone memory, it was possible to demonstrate that similarity effects are indeed caused by mask interference in synthesized memory. The implications of these results are considered in the framework of auditory and visual masking.", "contents": "Similarity effects in backward recognition masking. Auditory backward recognition masking refers to the ability of a masking sound to terminate further perceptual resolution of a test sound presented slightly earlier in time. The present experiments were conducted to determine whether mask/test tone similarity effects in backward recognition masking could be reliably demonstrated. Although similarity effects were found in Experiments 1 and 2, only about 60% of the subjects demonstrated these effects. Experiment 3 was designed to isolate which stage of information processing is responsible for similarity effects. It was hypothesized that similarity effects are due to mask interference with the synthesized auditory memory of the test tone rather than to selective overwriting of a preperceptual auditory store: previous research has shown that interference in synthesized auditory memory depends on the similarity of the interfering stimulus to the items held in memory. By independently varying the backward masking interval and the interfering effect of the mask on the test tone memory, it was possible to demonstrate that similarity effects are indeed caused by mask interference in synthesized memory. The implications of these results are considered in the framework of auditory and visual masking.", "PMID": 528921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3984", "title": "Categories and context in the perception of isolated steady-state vowels.", "content": "The noncategorical perception of isolated vowels has been attributed to the availability of auditory memory in discrimination. In our first experiment, using vowels from an /i/-/I/epsilon) continuum in a same-different (AX) task and comparing the results with predictions derived from a separate identification test, we demonstrated that vowels are perceived more nearly categorically if auditory memory is degraded by extending the interstimulus interval and/or filling it with irrelevant vowel sounds. In a second experiment, we used a similar paradigm, but in addition to presenting a separate identification test, we elicited labeling responses to the AX pairs used in the discrimination task. We found that AX labeling responses predicted discrimination performance quite well, regardless of whether auditory memory was available, whereas the predictions from the separate identification test were more poorly matched by the obtained data. The AX labeling reponses showed large contrast effects (both proactive and retroactive) that were greatly reduced when auditory memory was interfered with. We conclude from the presence of these contrast effects that vowels are not perceived categorically (that is, absolutely). However, it seems that by taking the effects of context into account properly, discrimination performance can be quite accurately predicted from labeling data, suggesting that vowel discrimination, like consonant discrimination, may be mediated by phonetic labels.", "contents": "Categories and context in the perception of isolated steady-state vowels. The noncategorical perception of isolated vowels has been attributed to the availability of auditory memory in discrimination. In our first experiment, using vowels from an /i/-/I/epsilon) continuum in a same-different (AX) task and comparing the results with predictions derived from a separate identification test, we demonstrated that vowels are perceived more nearly categorically if auditory memory is degraded by extending the interstimulus interval and/or filling it with irrelevant vowel sounds. In a second experiment, we used a similar paradigm, but in addition to presenting a separate identification test, we elicited labeling responses to the AX pairs used in the discrimination task. We found that AX labeling responses predicted discrimination performance quite well, regardless of whether auditory memory was available, whereas the predictions from the separate identification test were more poorly matched by the obtained data. The AX labeling reponses showed large contrast effects (both proactive and retroactive) that were greatly reduced when auditory memory was interfered with. We conclude from the presence of these contrast effects that vowels are not perceived categorically (that is, absolutely). However, it seems that by taking the effects of context into account properly, discrimination performance can be quite accurately predicted from labeling data, suggesting that vowel discrimination, like consonant discrimination, may be mediated by phonetic labels.", "PMID": 528922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3985", "title": "Mental travel: some reservations.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to assess the extent of potential experimental demand characteristics inherent in the image-scanning paradigm. The results of the first \"mental travel\" experiment that pitted verbal versus imagery coding showed that (a) the positive correlation between physical distance and reaction time was replicated, and (b) when given a choice, subjects' reaction times varied as a function of verbal codes rather than imagery. To isolate the effects due to demand constraints from those produced by mode dominance, a nonexperiment in which subjects received only a description of the image-scanning procedure was conducted. Results demonstrated that subjects were capable of predicting the reaction time results for both verbal and imagery codes. The presence of experimental demand in the image-scanning paradigm necessitates caution when structural interpretations of visual images are considered.", "contents": "Mental travel: some reservations. Two experiments were conducted to assess the extent of potential experimental demand characteristics inherent in the image-scanning paradigm. The results of the first \"mental travel\" experiment that pitted verbal versus imagery coding showed that (a) the positive correlation between physical distance and reaction time was replicated, and (b) when given a choice, subjects' reaction times varied as a function of verbal codes rather than imagery. To isolate the effects due to demand constraints from those produced by mode dominance, a nonexperiment in which subjects received only a description of the image-scanning procedure was conducted. Results demonstrated that subjects were capable of predicting the reaction time results for both verbal and imagery codes. The presence of experimental demand in the image-scanning paradigm necessitates caution when structural interpretations of visual images are considered.", "PMID": 528923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3986", "title": "Auditory phase and frequency discrimination: a comparison of nine procedures.", "content": "Two auditory discrimination tasks were thoroughly investigated: discrimination of frequency differences from a sinusoidal signal of 200 Hz and discrimination of differences in relative phase of mixed sinusoids of 200 Hz and 400 Hz. For each task psychometric functions were constructed for three observers, using nine different psychophysical measurement procedures. These procedures included yes-no, two-interval forced-choice, and various fixed- and variable-standard designs that investigators have used in recent years. The data showed wide ranges of apparent sensitivity. For frequency discrimination, models derived from signal detection theory for each psychophysical procedure seem to account for the performance differences. For phase discrimination the models do not account for the data. We conclude that for some discriminative continua the assumptions of signal detection theory are appropriate, and underlying sensitivity may be derived from raw data by appropriate transformations. For other continua the models of signal detection theory are probably inappropriate; we speculate that phase might be discriminable only on the basis of comparison or change and suggest some tests of our hypothesis.", "contents": "Auditory phase and frequency discrimination: a comparison of nine procedures. Two auditory discrimination tasks were thoroughly investigated: discrimination of frequency differences from a sinusoidal signal of 200 Hz and discrimination of differences in relative phase of mixed sinusoids of 200 Hz and 400 Hz. For each task psychometric functions were constructed for three observers, using nine different psychophysical measurement procedures. These procedures included yes-no, two-interval forced-choice, and various fixed- and variable-standard designs that investigators have used in recent years. The data showed wide ranges of apparent sensitivity. For frequency discrimination, models derived from signal detection theory for each psychophysical procedure seem to account for the performance differences. For phase discrimination the models do not account for the data. We conclude that for some discriminative continua the assumptions of signal detection theory are appropriate, and underlying sensitivity may be derived from raw data by appropriate transformations. For other continua the models of signal detection theory are probably inappropriate; we speculate that phase might be discriminable only on the basis of comparison or change and suggest some tests of our hypothesis.", "PMID": 528924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3987", "title": "Choice reaction times for temporal numerosity.", "content": "Subjects watched rapidly presented visual sequences of two events until they decided which event was the more frequent. Accuracy was reduced both by increased rates of presentation and by the addition of more inconclusive information to the initial portion of the sequence. Response latencies were longest when there was no objective numerosity inbalance, and they decreased, for both correct responses and errors, when discrimination was relatively easy. The patterns of decision latencies for individual subjects could be represented on a continuum defined by the sensitivity of the latencies to the rate of event presentation and to the objective inbalance between the two events. The discussion points out formal and empirical similarities between sequential numerosity judgments and choice reaction times. The present results are discussed within the framework of a first-passage time model, to be developed formally in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Choice reaction times for temporal numerosity. Subjects watched rapidly presented visual sequences of two events until they decided which event was the more frequent. Accuracy was reduced both by increased rates of presentation and by the addition of more inconclusive information to the initial portion of the sequence. Response latencies were longest when there was no objective numerosity inbalance, and they decreased, for both correct responses and errors, when discrimination was relatively easy. The patterns of decision latencies for individual subjects could be represented on a continuum defined by the sensitivity of the latencies to the rate of event presentation and to the objective inbalance between the two events. The discussion points out formal and empirical similarities between sequential numerosity judgments and choice reaction times. The present results are discussed within the framework of a first-passage time model, to be developed formally in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 528925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3988", "title": "Depth of nontarget processing in an attention task.", "content": "Two studies examined the effect of the sensory discriminability of targets from nontargets on depth of nontarget processing. Subjects shadowed target words that were binaurally presented with coincident nontarget words. Targets and nontargets were spoken in the same male voice under low sensory discriminability and in male and female voices, respectively under high sensory discriminability. Across the two studies, depth of nontarget processing was assessed in three ways: extent to which shadowing accuracy was disrupted by a semantic overlap between targets and nontargets, expenditure of capacity (reaction time to subsidiary light signals), and nontarget recall. All three possible measures of depth of nontarget processing decreased as sensory discriminability increased. The data support the assumption of multiple-loci theories of attention that nontargets can be perceptually inhibited; they contraindicate the assumption of late-selection theories that perceptual processing is automatic and irrepressible.", "contents": "Depth of nontarget processing in an attention task. Two studies examined the effect of the sensory discriminability of targets from nontargets on depth of nontarget processing. Subjects shadowed target words that were binaurally presented with coincident nontarget words. Targets and nontargets were spoken in the same male voice under low sensory discriminability and in male and female voices, respectively under high sensory discriminability. Across the two studies, depth of nontarget processing was assessed in three ways: extent to which shadowing accuracy was disrupted by a semantic overlap between targets and nontargets, expenditure of capacity (reaction time to subsidiary light signals), and nontarget recall. All three possible measures of depth of nontarget processing decreased as sensory discriminability increased. The data support the assumption of multiple-loci theories of attention that nontargets can be perceptually inhibited; they contraindicate the assumption of late-selection theories that perceptual processing is automatic and irrepressible.", "PMID": 528926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3989", "title": "Effects of S-R mapping and response modality on performance in a Stroop Task.", "content": "Forty subjects performed a choice reaction time task in which the stimulus was the word Red or Green printed in either red or green ink. Subjects responded verbally in one block of trials and by key pressing in another block. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue, and for another group, the word was the relevant cue. Half of the subjects in each group were instructed to make the response that corresponded to the relevant cue (compatible S-R [stimulus-response] mapping); the other half were instructed to make the response that did not correspond (incompatible S-R mapping). In general, subjects who performed under compatible S-R mapping instructions reacted faster when the irrelevant cue corresponded to the response than when it did not. In contrast, subjects show performed under incompatible S-R mapping instructions reacted faster when there was a lack of correspondence between the irrelevant cue and the response than when there was correspondence. Results were consistent with a notion of logical recoding; that is, that instructing subjects to recode the relevant cue into the alternate color may have caused them to recode the irrelevant cue in the same logical manner. Results might also be interpreted to suggest that the Stroop effect is related to congruence between the relevant and the irrelevant cues rather than to correspondence between the irrelevant cue and the response.", "contents": "Effects of S-R mapping and response modality on performance in a Stroop Task. Forty subjects performed a choice reaction time task in which the stimulus was the word Red or Green printed in either red or green ink. Subjects responded verbally in one block of trials and by key pressing in another block. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue, and for another group, the word was the relevant cue. Half of the subjects in each group were instructed to make the response that corresponded to the relevant cue (compatible S-R [stimulus-response] mapping); the other half were instructed to make the response that did not correspond (incompatible S-R mapping). In general, subjects who performed under compatible S-R mapping instructions reacted faster when the irrelevant cue corresponded to the response than when it did not. In contrast, subjects show performed under incompatible S-R mapping instructions reacted faster when there was a lack of correspondence between the irrelevant cue and the response than when there was correspondence. Results were consistent with a notion of logical recoding; that is, that instructing subjects to recode the relevant cue into the alternate color may have caused them to recode the irrelevant cue in the same logical manner. Results might also be interpreted to suggest that the Stroop effect is related to congruence between the relevant and the irrelevant cues rather than to correspondence between the irrelevant cue and the response.", "PMID": 528927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3990", "title": "Spare the rod and spoil the icon.", "content": "Short-term visual storage was investigated with a successive field paradigm, so that correct performance depended upon combining visual information from two targets that were never on simultaneously. In the first two experiments, the stimuli consisted of two slides, each containing a 10' red dot on a gray surround, and separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) from 20 to 400 msec. Subjects had to determine if the dots were vertically or horizontally aligned. In Experiment 1, the stimuli had either no contrast for the rods or no luminance contrast for the cones or high contrast. At short ISIs the cone contrast determined performance, whereas at long ISIs the rod contrast determined performance. In fact, when the dots were invisible to the rods, the task was impossible for long ISIs. In Experiment 2, performance was compared for zero log rod contrast and for small departures from zero. Even a small departure from zero log rod contrast resulted in above-chance performance. In Experiment 3, the stimuli were luminous rectangles and the task was to decide whether or not a 4' spatial gap was present between the two successively presented rectangles. Wavelength, luminance, and ISI were varied under both photopic and scotopic adapting conditions. The result was that the rods performed the task for ISIs of 150 msec or longer under scotopic conditions and under the photopic conditions that we were able to test. The results of the experiments taken together are consistent with the hypothesis that the cone icon is short, whereas the rod icon is robust and long lasting.", "contents": "Spare the rod and spoil the icon. Short-term visual storage was investigated with a successive field paradigm, so that correct performance depended upon combining visual information from two targets that were never on simultaneously. In the first two experiments, the stimuli consisted of two slides, each containing a 10' red dot on a gray surround, and separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) from 20 to 400 msec. Subjects had to determine if the dots were vertically or horizontally aligned. In Experiment 1, the stimuli had either no contrast for the rods or no luminance contrast for the cones or high contrast. At short ISIs the cone contrast determined performance, whereas at long ISIs the rod contrast determined performance. In fact, when the dots were invisible to the rods, the task was impossible for long ISIs. In Experiment 2, performance was compared for zero log rod contrast and for small departures from zero. Even a small departure from zero log rod contrast resulted in above-chance performance. In Experiment 3, the stimuli were luminous rectangles and the task was to decide whether or not a 4' spatial gap was present between the two successively presented rectangles. Wavelength, luminance, and ISI were varied under both photopic and scotopic adapting conditions. The result was that the rods performed the task for ISIs of 150 msec or longer under scotopic conditions and under the photopic conditions that we were able to test. The results of the experiments taken together are consistent with the hypothesis that the cone icon is short, whereas the rod icon is robust and long lasting.", "PMID": 528928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3991", "title": "Iconic storage in the two hemispheres.", "content": "Three experiments have tested for the existence of laterality effects in iconic storage by employing a Sperling partial-report paradigm and lateralized presentations of alphabetical or pattern material. Even though an overall laterality effect was found in favor of the right visual field for the alphabetical material and in favor of the left visual field for the pattern material, the amount and time decay of partial-report advantage was similar in the two visual fields. These results indicate that hemispheric asymmetries occur beyond the iconic stage of visual information processing.", "contents": "Iconic storage in the two hemispheres. Three experiments have tested for the existence of laterality effects in iconic storage by employing a Sperling partial-report paradigm and lateralized presentations of alphabetical or pattern material. Even though an overall laterality effect was found in favor of the right visual field for the alphabetical material and in favor of the left visual field for the pattern material, the amount and time decay of partial-report advantage was similar in the two visual fields. These results indicate that hemispheric asymmetries occur beyond the iconic stage of visual information processing.", "PMID": 528929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3992", "title": "Coding left and right.", "content": "The present study compared the processing of direction for up and down arrows and for left and right arrows in visual displays. Experiment 1 demonstrated that it is more difficult to deal with left and right than with up and down when the two directions must be discriminated but not when they must simply be oriented to. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that telling left from right is harder regardless of whether the responses are manual or verbal. Experiment 4 showed that left-right discriminations take longer than up-down discriminations for judgments of position as well as direction. In Experiment 5 it was found that position information can intrude on direction judgments both within a dimension (e.g., a left arrow to the left of fixation is judged faster than a left arrow to the right of fixation) and across dimensions (e.g., judging vertically positioned left and right arrows is more difficult than judging horizontally positioned left and right arrows). There was indirect evidence in these experiments that although the spatial codes for up and down are symmetrical, the codes for left and right may be less so; this in turn could account for the greater difficulty of discriminating left from right.", "contents": "Coding left and right. The present study compared the processing of direction for up and down arrows and for left and right arrows in visual displays. Experiment 1 demonstrated that it is more difficult to deal with left and right than with up and down when the two directions must be discriminated but not when they must simply be oriented to. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that telling left from right is harder regardless of whether the responses are manual or verbal. Experiment 4 showed that left-right discriminations take longer than up-down discriminations for judgments of position as well as direction. In Experiment 5 it was found that position information can intrude on direction judgments both within a dimension (e.g., a left arrow to the left of fixation is judged faster than a left arrow to the right of fixation) and across dimensions (e.g., judging vertically positioned left and right arrows is more difficult than judging horizontally positioned left and right arrows). There was indirect evidence in these experiments that although the spatial codes for up and down are symmetrical, the codes for left and right may be less so; this in turn could account for the greater difficulty of discriminating left from right.", "PMID": 528930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3993", "title": "Visual classes and natural categories in the pigeon.", "content": "After being trained on an oak leaf pattern, pigeons responded to other oak leaf patterns but not to leaf patterns of other species. Thus, graphic variation among the instances of a species is \"transparent\" to the visual system. At this taxonomic level, concept formation is spontaneous rather than inductive. It is argued that such immediate generalization may be critical to the survival of the organism.", "contents": "Visual classes and natural categories in the pigeon. After being trained on an oak leaf pattern, pigeons responded to other oak leaf patterns but not to leaf patterns of other species. Thus, graphic variation among the instances of a species is \"transparent\" to the visual system. At this taxonomic level, concept formation is spontaneous rather than inductive. It is argued that such immediate generalization may be critical to the survival of the organism.", "PMID": 528931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3994", "title": "Rotation of objects in pictures viewed at an angle: evidence for different properties of two types of pictorial space.", "content": "As an observer views a picture from different viewing angles, objects in the picture appear to change orientation relative to the observer, but some objects change orientation more than others. This difference in rotation for different objects is called the differential rotation effect. The differential rotation is not, however, accompanied by corresponding changes in the perception of the spatial layout of objects in the picture. This lack of correspondence between the perception of rotation and the perception of spatial layout is a result of the fact that the information on a picture's surface defines two kinds of pictorial space with different properties. Rotation is perceived in terms of the pictorial space outside the picture, and spatial layout is perceived in terms of the pictorial space inside the picture.", "contents": "Rotation of objects in pictures viewed at an angle: evidence for different properties of two types of pictorial space. As an observer views a picture from different viewing angles, objects in the picture appear to change orientation relative to the observer, but some objects change orientation more than others. This difference in rotation for different objects is called the differential rotation effect. The differential rotation is not, however, accompanied by corresponding changes in the perception of the spatial layout of objects in the picture. This lack of correspondence between the perception of rotation and the perception of spatial layout is a result of the fact that the information on a picture's surface defines two kinds of pictorial space with different properties. Rotation is perceived in terms of the pictorial space outside the picture, and spatial layout is perceived in terms of the pictorial space inside the picture.", "PMID": 528932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3995", "title": "Figural relationship effects and mechanisms of visual masking.", "content": "In each of three visual pattern masking experiments, four curved letters (C, O, Q, S) and four angular letters (E, I, L, T) served as targets preceded or followed by either a curved mask (Q,S, and C superimposed) or an angular mask (T and E superimposed). With a dark fixation and interstimulus interval field and target-mask engergies that produce clearly identifiable targets, the following figural relationship effects were found. At stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) from 0 to 20 msec (in both forward and backward masking), target recognition was more accurate when targets and masks overlapped exactly (same features) than when they did not (different features). At backward masking SOAs beyond 20 msec, this pattern was reversed, but there was no such reversal in forward masking. Such results indicate that the dominant mechanism of masking at SOAs from 0 to 20 msec is luminance summation over time but that luminance summation gives way to feature-specific interference at longer SOAs. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that (a) luminance summation effects are reduced by using bright fixation and interstimulus fields and (b) feature-specific interference is eliminated by using low-energy (and, therefore, less than perfectly identifiable) targets and masks.", "contents": "Figural relationship effects and mechanisms of visual masking. In each of three visual pattern masking experiments, four curved letters (C, O, Q, S) and four angular letters (E, I, L, T) served as targets preceded or followed by either a curved mask (Q,S, and C superimposed) or an angular mask (T and E superimposed). With a dark fixation and interstimulus interval field and target-mask engergies that produce clearly identifiable targets, the following figural relationship effects were found. At stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) from 0 to 20 msec (in both forward and backward masking), target recognition was more accurate when targets and masks overlapped exactly (same features) than when they did not (different features). At backward masking SOAs beyond 20 msec, this pattern was reversed, but there was no such reversal in forward masking. Such results indicate that the dominant mechanism of masking at SOAs from 0 to 20 msec is luminance summation over time but that luminance summation gives way to feature-specific interference at longer SOAs. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that (a) luminance summation effects are reduced by using bright fixation and interstimulus fields and (b) feature-specific interference is eliminated by using low-energy (and, therefore, less than perfectly identifiable) targets and masks.", "PMID": 528933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3996", "title": "Divided attention: the whole is more than the sum of its parts.", "content": "A divided attention situation is more than the sum of its component single tasks. Emergent aspects of the whole situation must also be considered. Three examples illustrate this. (a) When several complex stimuli (e.g., letters) are identified at once, their perceived components or features must be appropriately bundled together. Otherwise, components of two different stimuli may appear combined. This (emergent) problem is shown to depend on attention to multiple stimuli, not simply their presentation. (b) In the psychological refractory period (PRP) situation, especial difficulties arise when stimulus-response mappings are different for first and second reactions. It appears that for each reaction there is some (emergent) uncertainty over which mapping to use. This is only one of many possible emergent processes in the PRP situation. (c) When the two hands perform different actions (internally programmed sequences of taps), there is some tendency for each hand to carry out the action assigned to the other. This again is only a small part of the (emergent) problem of motor coordination. Thus the simple idea of competition for limited resources captures only a part of the problem of divided attention. Performance under divided attention will reflect an interaction between resource limitation, single task processes, and emergent aspects of the whole situation.", "contents": "Divided attention: the whole is more than the sum of its parts. A divided attention situation is more than the sum of its component single tasks. Emergent aspects of the whole situation must also be considered. Three examples illustrate this. (a) When several complex stimuli (e.g., letters) are identified at once, their perceived components or features must be appropriately bundled together. Otherwise, components of two different stimuli may appear combined. This (emergent) problem is shown to depend on attention to multiple stimuli, not simply their presentation. (b) In the psychological refractory period (PRP) situation, especial difficulties arise when stimulus-response mappings are different for first and second reactions. It appears that for each reaction there is some (emergent) uncertainty over which mapping to use. This is only one of many possible emergent processes in the PRP situation. (c) When the two hands perform different actions (internally programmed sequences of taps), there is some tendency for each hand to carry out the action assigned to the other. This again is only a small part of the (emergent) problem of motor coordination. Thus the simple idea of competition for limited resources captures only a part of the problem of divided attention. Performance under divided attention will reflect an interaction between resource limitation, single task processes, and emergent aspects of the whole situation.", "PMID": 528934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3997", "title": "On the coordination of two-handed movements.", "content": "In a set of three experiments, we show that after an auditory \"go\" signal, subjects simultaneously initiate and terminate two-handed movements to targets of widely disparate difficulty. This is the case when the movements required are (a) lateral and away from the midline of the body (Experiment 1), (b) toward the midline of the body (Experiment 2), and (c) in the forward direction away from the body midline (Experiment 3). Kinematic data obtained from high-speed cinematography (200 frames/sec) point to a tight coordinative coupling between the two hands. Although the hands move at entirely different speeds to different points in space, times to peak velocity and acceleration are almost perfectly synchronous. We believe that the brain produces simultaneity of action as the optimal solution for the two-handed task by organizing functional groupings of muscles (coordinative structures) that are constrained to act as a single unit.", "contents": "On the coordination of two-handed movements. In a set of three experiments, we show that after an auditory \"go\" signal, subjects simultaneously initiate and terminate two-handed movements to targets of widely disparate difficulty. This is the case when the movements required are (a) lateral and away from the midline of the body (Experiment 1), (b) toward the midline of the body (Experiment 2), and (c) in the forward direction away from the body midline (Experiment 3). Kinematic data obtained from high-speed cinematography (200 frames/sec) point to a tight coordinative coupling between the two hands. Although the hands move at entirely different speeds to different points in space, times to peak velocity and acceleration are almost perfectly synchronous. We believe that the brain produces simultaneity of action as the optimal solution for the two-handed task by organizing functional groupings of muscles (coordinative structures) that are constrained to act as a single unit.", "PMID": 528935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3998", "title": "Contextual facilitation in a letter search task depends on how the prime is processed.", "content": "In a variety of situations it has been observed that the processing of a verbal stimulus is facilitated when it is preceded by an associated word. This article is concerned with determining whether such facilitation occurs automatically upon prime presentation or whether facilitation depends on the manner of processing the prime. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a letter search in a target word was facilitated when the target was preceded by either an identical or semantically associated word. If, however, a letter search was required in the prime as well as in the target (Experiment 2), the relative advantage enjoyed by targets preceded by identical-word primes disappeared. Experiment 3 replicated this loss of facilitation using semantically associated word pairs. Contextual facilitation thus appears to depend upon the mode of analysis of the prime. If the prime is analyzed as a meaningful unit, facilitation occurs. If, however, it is subjected to a more discrete, letter-by-letter analysis, the priming effect vanishes.", "contents": "Contextual facilitation in a letter search task depends on how the prime is processed. In a variety of situations it has been observed that the processing of a verbal stimulus is facilitated when it is preceded by an associated word. This article is concerned with determining whether such facilitation occurs automatically upon prime presentation or whether facilitation depends on the manner of processing the prime. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a letter search in a target word was facilitated when the target was preceded by either an identical or semantically associated word. If, however, a letter search was required in the prime as well as in the target (Experiment 2), the relative advantage enjoyed by targets preceded by identical-word primes disappeared. Experiment 3 replicated this loss of facilitation using semantically associated word pairs. Contextual facilitation thus appears to depend upon the mode of analysis of the prime. If the prime is analyzed as a meaningful unit, facilitation occurs. If, however, it is subjected to a more discrete, letter-by-letter analysis, the priming effect vanishes.", "PMID": 528936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_3999", "title": "Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition.", "content": "Semantic context and word frequency factors exert a strong influence on the time that it takes subjects to recognize words. Some of the explanations that have been offered for the effects of the two factors suggest that context and frequency should interact, and other explanations imply additivity. In a recent study, Schuberth and Eimas reported that context and frequency effects added to determine their subjects' reaction times in a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) task. The present experiment reexamines this question with improved procedures. The data show that context and frequency do interact, with a semantic context facilitating the processing of low-frequency words more than high-frequency words.", "contents": "Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition. Semantic context and word frequency factors exert a strong influence on the time that it takes subjects to recognize words. Some of the explanations that have been offered for the effects of the two factors suggest that context and frequency should interact, and other explanations imply additivity. In a recent study, Schuberth and Eimas reported that context and frequency effects added to determine their subjects' reaction times in a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) task. The present experiment reexamines this question with improved procedures. The data show that context and frequency do interact, with a semantic context facilitating the processing of low-frequency words more than high-frequency words.", "PMID": 528937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4000", "title": "Visual persistence and code selection in short-term memory for letters.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to examine temporal changes in visual and name codes and the relationship between them. Unlike earlier studies, the design included (a) several levels of visual similarity in addition to the conventional same case and different case conditions and (b) physical- as well as name-match tasks to provide direct evidence about subjects' retention of form information. The main results were as follows: First, the presence of multiple typefonts in the stimulus set does not eliminate convergence between the reaction time functions for the physical- and name-match conditions in a name-match task. Second, inclusion of a physical-match task, requiring subjects to retain form information, does not necessarily eliminate convergence in a primary, name-match task. When the secondary task does reduce convergence, however, the results suggest that it does this through its effect on the name-match function rather than on the physical-match function. Third, apart from difficulties with within-cluster typefont combinations, particularly at long interstimulus intervals, subjects can generally retain and use reliable information about letter form over the ISI range (.5--4.0 sec) used in the experiments. The results were thought to be consistent with the conclusion that convergence results from a combination of (a) a nonoptional decrease in the accessibility of the visual code as a function of increasing ISI and (b) an optional increase in the accessibility of the name code. Under ISI conditions at least, convergence cannot be attributed to either generation of a visual code of the alternative form of the target letter or to the absence of relevant form information.", "contents": "Visual persistence and code selection in short-term memory for letters. Four experiments were conducted to examine temporal changes in visual and name codes and the relationship between them. Unlike earlier studies, the design included (a) several levels of visual similarity in addition to the conventional same case and different case conditions and (b) physical- as well as name-match tasks to provide direct evidence about subjects' retention of form information. The main results were as follows: First, the presence of multiple typefonts in the stimulus set does not eliminate convergence between the reaction time functions for the physical- and name-match conditions in a name-match task. Second, inclusion of a physical-match task, requiring subjects to retain form information, does not necessarily eliminate convergence in a primary, name-match task. When the secondary task does reduce convergence, however, the results suggest that it does this through its effect on the name-match function rather than on the physical-match function. Third, apart from difficulties with within-cluster typefont combinations, particularly at long interstimulus intervals, subjects can generally retain and use reliable information about letter form over the ISI range (.5--4.0 sec) used in the experiments. The results were thought to be consistent with the conclusion that convergence results from a combination of (a) a nonoptional decrease in the accessibility of the visual code as a function of increasing ISI and (b) an optional increase in the accessibility of the name code. Under ISI conditions at least, convergence cannot be attributed to either generation of a visual code of the alternative form of the target letter or to the absence of relevant form information.", "PMID": 528938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4001", "title": "A model of unidimensional perceptual matching.", "content": "Faster same than different judgments typically are obtained when two letters are compared. When two tones that might differ only on frequency are compared, however, same judgments typically are slower than different judgments. A uniprocessor, unidimensional model, based on Krueger's noisy-operator theory, was fitted satisfactorily to data from four published studies of tone comparison. The model predicts faster response time on different judgments because of heterogeneity of difference. Because the second tone in a pair typically may be either higher or lower in frequency than the first, there will be a greater variety of perceived difference counts on different pairs than on same pairs. As a result, a large difference count will be decisive and will lead to an immediate \"different\" response, because it can be produced only by a different pair, whereas a small difference count will not be so decisive because it can be produced by either a same or a different pair. Consequently, there generally will be more rechecking on same than different pairs, and thus longer RT on same pairs.", "contents": "A model of unidimensional perceptual matching. Faster same than different judgments typically are obtained when two letters are compared. When two tones that might differ only on frequency are compared, however, same judgments typically are slower than different judgments. A uniprocessor, unidimensional model, based on Krueger's noisy-operator theory, was fitted satisfactorily to data from four published studies of tone comparison. The model predicts faster response time on different judgments because of heterogeneity of difference. Because the second tone in a pair typically may be either higher or lower in frequency than the first, there will be a greater variety of perceived difference counts on different pairs than on same pairs. As a result, a large difference count will be decisive and will lead to an immediate \"different\" response, because it can be produced only by a different pair, whereas a small difference count will not be so decisive because it can be produced by either a same or a different pair. Consequently, there generally will be more rechecking on same than different pairs, and thus longer RT on same pairs.", "PMID": 528939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4002", "title": "Perception of wheel-generated motions.", "content": "Data are presented on an old and familiar Gestalt demonstration--perceiving wheel-generated motions--in which the perceived motions of a rolling wheel are shown not to be obviously derived from the motions of the parts. The history of study of this phenomenon is presented, and contradictions in the literature are noted. The focus for experimentation is on the contrasting approaches found in Johansson's perceptual vector analysis and Wallach's arguments for the priority of object-relative displacement in the extraction of invariants. Johansson's approach asserts that common vectors are extracted from moving events first, whereas Wallach asserts that the motion of objects relative to each other is first. These two approaches yield different predictions about what ought to be seen when different configurations are viewed in rotation. In five experiments viewers rated how wheellike the movement of various point-light systems attached to a rolling wheel appeared to be. Results support Wallach's views over Johansson's. Viewer judgments of goodness in wheellike motion correspond highly with a mathematical description of the parameters of cycloidal motion for the geometric center of any system of lights on a rolling wheel. This specification can be made only after the extraction of object-relative displacement information. Number of lights and order of symmetry influence viewer judgments to a much lesser degree, and placement of a light at the wheel's center matters not at all.", "contents": "Perception of wheel-generated motions. Data are presented on an old and familiar Gestalt demonstration--perceiving wheel-generated motions--in which the perceived motions of a rolling wheel are shown not to be obviously derived from the motions of the parts. The history of study of this phenomenon is presented, and contradictions in the literature are noted. The focus for experimentation is on the contrasting approaches found in Johansson's perceptual vector analysis and Wallach's arguments for the priority of object-relative displacement in the extraction of invariants. Johansson's approach asserts that common vectors are extracted from moving events first, whereas Wallach asserts that the motion of objects relative to each other is first. These two approaches yield different predictions about what ought to be seen when different configurations are viewed in rotation. In five experiments viewers rated how wheellike the movement of various point-light systems attached to a rolling wheel appeared to be. Results support Wallach's views over Johansson's. Viewer judgments of goodness in wheellike motion correspond highly with a mathematical description of the parameters of cycloidal motion for the geometric center of any system of lights on a rolling wheel. This specification can be made only after the extraction of object-relative displacement information. Number of lights and order of symmetry influence viewer judgments to a much lesser degree, and placement of a light at the wheel's center matters not at all.", "PMID": 528940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4003", "title": "Variable criterion analysis of brightness effects in simple reaction time.", "content": "Using light onset as the stimulus in simple reaction time (SRT), the effect of stimulus intensity was studied in both between-subjects and within-subjects experimental designs. There was a strong intensity effect in both conditions but no significant interaction between the effect of stimulus intensity and the type of design. This differs from previous results with auditory stimuli where such an interaction has been demonstrated. When the criterion parameters of variable criterion theory were evaluated directly, the only significant effect was greater criterion variability in the between-subjects condition. Theoretical functions describing the growth of sensory strength for each intensity had different starting points and were largely parallel, showing only late temporal divergence. This provides an explanation of the rarity, in the SRT literature, of interactions between visual intensity and criterion variables. Correlations illustrating the relations between reaction time (RT) measures and theoretical criterion parameters are presented. Absence of the predicted relation between intensity and RT variability is evidence against theories relating RT to impulse rate treated as a Poisson process.", "contents": "Variable criterion analysis of brightness effects in simple reaction time. Using light onset as the stimulus in simple reaction time (SRT), the effect of stimulus intensity was studied in both between-subjects and within-subjects experimental designs. There was a strong intensity effect in both conditions but no significant interaction between the effect of stimulus intensity and the type of design. This differs from previous results with auditory stimuli where such an interaction has been demonstrated. When the criterion parameters of variable criterion theory were evaluated directly, the only significant effect was greater criterion variability in the between-subjects condition. Theoretical functions describing the growth of sensory strength for each intensity had different starting points and were largely parallel, showing only late temporal divergence. This provides an explanation of the rarity, in the SRT literature, of interactions between visual intensity and criterion variables. Correlations illustrating the relations between reaction time (RT) measures and theoretical criterion parameters are presented. Absence of the predicted relation between intensity and RT variability is evidence against theories relating RT to impulse rate treated as a Poisson process.", "PMID": 528941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4004", "title": "On the inhibitory nature of binocular rivalry suppression.", "content": "During binocular rivalry the average duration of a suppression phase depends on the stimulus strength (e.g., contrast) of the input to the suppressed eye. To determine if a similar relationship exists between stimulus strength and the inhibitory effect of suppression on test probe detectability, a series of experiments was performed. Using two-alternative forced-choice procedures, increment detection thresholds were measured during phases of dominance and suppression. Results from three trained observers show that detection performance is significantly impaired during suppression by an amount that is independent of any difference in contrast between the rivalrous stimuli. These data indicate that the magnitude of the inhibitory effect of suppression is governed by a mechanism other than that which determines suppression duration.", "contents": "On the inhibitory nature of binocular rivalry suppression. During binocular rivalry the average duration of a suppression phase depends on the stimulus strength (e.g., contrast) of the input to the suppressed eye. To determine if a similar relationship exists between stimulus strength and the inhibitory effect of suppression on test probe detectability, a series of experiments was performed. Using two-alternative forced-choice procedures, increment detection thresholds were measured during phases of dominance and suppression. Results from three trained observers show that detection performance is significantly impaired during suppression by an amount that is independent of any difference in contrast between the rivalrous stimuli. These data indicate that the magnitude of the inhibitory effect of suppression is governed by a mechanism other than that which determines suppression duration.", "PMID": 528942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4005", "title": "Levels of processing in visual illusions: the combination and interaction of distortion-producing mechanisms.", "content": "In order to assess the mode and sequence of interaction of visual-geometric illusion mechanisms, responses to simple and composite overestimation configurations were measured in 72 observers. Analysis suggests that some illusion mechanisms add their distortions to the outputs of others and that other mechanisms average. A logarithmic or near-logarithmic transformation seems to occur when illusory effects combine. A path analysis of the results suggests that some illusory mechanisms combine in a serial manner and that others operate on separate parallel channels. Notions based on simple addition of illusory effects and on serial linear processing are not supported by these analyses.", "contents": "Levels of processing in visual illusions: the combination and interaction of distortion-producing mechanisms. In order to assess the mode and sequence of interaction of visual-geometric illusion mechanisms, responses to simple and composite overestimation configurations were measured in 72 observers. Analysis suggests that some illusion mechanisms add their distortions to the outputs of others and that other mechanisms average. A logarithmic or near-logarithmic transformation seems to occur when illusory effects combine. A path analysis of the results suggests that some illusory mechanisms combine in a serial manner and that others operate on separate parallel channels. Notions based on simple addition of illusory effects and on serial linear processing are not supported by these analyses.", "PMID": 528943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4006", "title": "A fuzzy logical model of letter identification.", "content": "Stimuli were generated by factorially varying two sets of features that distinguish between two letter patterns. Subjects rated the degree to which each stimulus was an instance of one letter rather than the alternative. The obtained ratings were relatively continuous and systematic functions of the feature manipulations. The results were well accounted for by a model in which (a) each feature has an associated fuzzy predicate that is used to independently evaluate the degree to which it is true that the feature is present in the stimulus; (b) the featural truth values are integrated according to fuzzy logical expressions that correspond directly to propositional descriptions of each letter pattern; and (c) the resulting goodness of match to the stimulus for each letter is compared to that of the alternatives to determine the final identification.", "contents": "A fuzzy logical model of letter identification. Stimuli were generated by factorially varying two sets of features that distinguish between two letter patterns. Subjects rated the degree to which each stimulus was an instance of one letter rather than the alternative. The obtained ratings were relatively continuous and systematic functions of the feature manipulations. The results were well accounted for by a model in which (a) each feature has an associated fuzzy predicate that is used to independently evaluate the degree to which it is true that the feature is present in the stimulus; (b) the featural truth values are integrated according to fuzzy logical expressions that correspond directly to propositional descriptions of each letter pattern; and (c) the resulting goodness of match to the stimulus for each letter is compared to that of the alternatives to determine the final identification.", "PMID": 528944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4007", "title": "Ebbinghaus illusion: context, contour, and age influence the judged size of a circle amidst circles.", "content": "Subjects (groups of age 6, 8, 10, 12, and 21 years, with 60 or more persons per group) made comparative size judgments between a single circle and a standard circle that was flanked by four context circles. The context circles varied in diameter, proximity to the standard circle, and amount of circumference displayed. (When circumferences are complete, the display is the usual Ebbinghaus configuration. A variant consisted of the Ebbinghaus display with the outer three quarters of each context-circle circumference removed.) A contour-plus-context theory accounts for the data: Contours attract at every age level, and context (size of flanking circles relative to the standard circle) leads to constrast in judged size beyond age 6. Contour and context effects decreased with decreasing proximity between context circles and the standard circle.", "contents": "Ebbinghaus illusion: context, contour, and age influence the judged size of a circle amidst circles. Subjects (groups of age 6, 8, 10, 12, and 21 years, with 60 or more persons per group) made comparative size judgments between a single circle and a standard circle that was flanked by four context circles. The context circles varied in diameter, proximity to the standard circle, and amount of circumference displayed. (When circumferences are complete, the display is the usual Ebbinghaus configuration. A variant consisted of the Ebbinghaus display with the outer three quarters of each context-circle circumference removed.) A contour-plus-context theory accounts for the data: Contours attract at every age level, and context (size of flanking circles relative to the standard circle) leads to constrast in judged size beyond age 6. Contour and context effects decreased with decreasing proximity between context circles and the standard circle.", "PMID": 528945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4008", "title": "Influence of six types of visual structure on complexity judgments in children and adults.", "content": "Individuals at five grade levels (kindergarten, Grade 2, Grade 4, Grade 6, and college) made pair-comparison judgments of visual complexity. The influence of the presence or absence of six types of visual structure (double symmetry, vertical symmetry, horizontal symmetry, diagonal symmetry, checkerboard organization, and rotational organization) and of amount of contour were examined. Two general developmental trends were revealed: First, the age at which visual structure initially affected complexity judgments varied with the type of structure, independent of amount of contour, within the range of contour values used. Second, there was a uniform increase in the effect of structure on complexity judgments between the fourth and sixth grades. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of visual pattern encoding and complexity judgment.", "contents": "Influence of six types of visual structure on complexity judgments in children and adults. Individuals at five grade levels (kindergarten, Grade 2, Grade 4, Grade 6, and college) made pair-comparison judgments of visual complexity. The influence of the presence or absence of six types of visual structure (double symmetry, vertical symmetry, horizontal symmetry, diagonal symmetry, checkerboard organization, and rotational organization) and of amount of contour were examined. Two general developmental trends were revealed: First, the age at which visual structure initially affected complexity judgments varied with the type of structure, independent of amount of contour, within the range of contour values used. Second, there was a uniform increase in the effect of structure on complexity judgments between the fourth and sixth grades. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of visual pattern encoding and complexity judgment.", "PMID": 528946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4009", "title": "Comparison of changes in sensitivity and sensation: implications for the response-intensity function of the human photopic system.", "content": "Brightness magnitude estimations of foveally presented flashes deviate from a power function. Increment threshold functions for test lights presented upon these same flashes deviate drastically from a constant Weber fraction. These departures from the classic laws of sensation and sensitivity are shown to be in qualitative agreement and to be affected in similar ways by changes in steady adapting fields. Both sets of data can be fit over the lower range of flash intensities by models based on a saturating response function; both sets deviate from these models at high flash intensities in ways consistent with a nonsaturating response function.", "contents": "Comparison of changes in sensitivity and sensation: implications for the response-intensity function of the human photopic system. Brightness magnitude estimations of foveally presented flashes deviate from a power function. Increment threshold functions for test lights presented upon these same flashes deviate drastically from a constant Weber fraction. These departures from the classic laws of sensation and sensitivity are shown to be in qualitative agreement and to be affected in similar ways by changes in steady adapting fields. Both sets of data can be fit over the lower range of flash intensities by models based on a saturating response function; both sets deviate from these models at high flash intensities in ways consistent with a nonsaturating response function.", "PMID": 528947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4010", "title": "Chromatic information processing.", "content": "The investigation of visual processing mediated solely by chromatic information requires conditions preventing a subject's use of the luminance differences normally accompanying a chromatic change. In Experiment 1, which involved a discriminative reaction time (RT) task, chromatic and white stimuli of the same luminance were presented on a dimmer achromatic background. Subjects were instructed to respond only to the chromatic stimuli. RT was slowest at 570 nm and somewhat faster to short wavelengths than to long wavelengths. In Experiment 2, which compared two discriminative RT tasks, RT was faster when subjects responded to color than when they responded to white. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that a brighter white surround decreased the perceived brightness of chromatic stimuli as well as their perceptual similarity to white, but did not affect RT. The results are discussed in terms of the response strength of the chromatic processing channel.", "contents": "Chromatic information processing. The investigation of visual processing mediated solely by chromatic information requires conditions preventing a subject's use of the luminance differences normally accompanying a chromatic change. In Experiment 1, which involved a discriminative reaction time (RT) task, chromatic and white stimuli of the same luminance were presented on a dimmer achromatic background. Subjects were instructed to respond only to the chromatic stimuli. RT was slowest at 570 nm and somewhat faster to short wavelengths than to long wavelengths. In Experiment 2, which compared two discriminative RT tasks, RT was faster when subjects responded to color than when they responded to white. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that a brighter white surround decreased the perceived brightness of chromatic stimuli as well as their perceptual similarity to white, but did not affect RT. The results are discussed in terms of the response strength of the chromatic processing channel.", "PMID": 528948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4011", "title": "Internally augmented displays: contingent aftereffects as performance aids.", "content": "Previous research on visual contingent aftereffects has been concerned with examining the effects of various parameters (e.g., spatial frequency and luminance) on the adaptation to, and decay of, contingent aftereffects. The current study tested the viability of using visual contingent aftereffects in a display context. Using established characteristics of contingent aftereffects, a program of contingent aftereffect adaptation was designed. Studies were conducted to determine if subjects who were adapted to see visual contingent aftereffects invoked by a visual display could achieve more rapid or certain identification of a display under low luminance conditions. The results confirmed (a) that contingent aftereffects can improve performance on a visual discrimination task requiring information from a display and (b) that contingent aftereffects are more enhanced at low levels of illumination.", "contents": "Internally augmented displays: contingent aftereffects as performance aids. Previous research on visual contingent aftereffects has been concerned with examining the effects of various parameters (e.g., spatial frequency and luminance) on the adaptation to, and decay of, contingent aftereffects. The current study tested the viability of using visual contingent aftereffects in a display context. Using established characteristics of contingent aftereffects, a program of contingent aftereffect adaptation was designed. Studies were conducted to determine if subjects who were adapted to see visual contingent aftereffects invoked by a visual display could achieve more rapid or certain identification of a display under low luminance conditions. The results confirmed (a) that contingent aftereffects can improve performance on a visual discrimination task requiring information from a display and (b) that contingent aftereffects are more enhanced at low levels of illumination.", "PMID": 528949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4012", "title": "Sensory and cognitive factors in judgments of loudness.", "content": "One thousand Hertz tones were presented at equal or unequal intensities to the two ears. In a binaural-summation experiment, the presentation of components was simultaneous, the auditory system integrated the components automatically, and the subjects judged the loudness of the unitary sensation. In two cognitive-summation experiments, the presentation of components was successive, and the subjects had to integrate the two sensations consciously to judge their \"total loudness.\" Results of all three experiments are consistent with models of linear summation of \"loudness,\" but the loudness scales differ in the two tasks: The scales that underlie binaural summation and cognitive summation are nonlinearly related. This outcome suggests two nested processes: First, the auditory system transduces stimulus energy to loudness sensations by means of a nonlinear function; second, tasks that require subjects to judge combinational relations between sensations may impose additional nonlinear transformations on the sensations before the latter are combined.", "contents": "Sensory and cognitive factors in judgments of loudness. One thousand Hertz tones were presented at equal or unequal intensities to the two ears. In a binaural-summation experiment, the presentation of components was simultaneous, the auditory system integrated the components automatically, and the subjects judged the loudness of the unitary sensation. In two cognitive-summation experiments, the presentation of components was successive, and the subjects had to integrate the two sensations consciously to judge their \"total loudness.\" Results of all three experiments are consistent with models of linear summation of \"loudness,\" but the loudness scales differ in the two tasks: The scales that underlie binaural summation and cognitive summation are nonlinearly related. This outcome suggests two nested processes: First, the auditory system transduces stimulus energy to loudness sensations by means of a nonlinear function; second, tasks that require subjects to judge combinational relations between sensations may impose additional nonlinear transformations on the sensations before the latter are combined.", "PMID": 528950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4013", "title": "Stimulus information and sequential dependencies in magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching.", "content": "Descriptive models of magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching derived from two different approaches to psychophysical judgment, the response ratio hypothesis and the fuzzy judgment approach, are compared. The two approaches emphasize different bodies of facts but both attempt to account for sequential dependencies in psychophysical judgments. Both models suggest a hierarchical multiple linear regression model for such data. Some of the predictions of the models are explored in the context of two experiments in which the amount of stimulus information available to subjects in magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching tasks is varied. The fuzzy judgment approach generally does better in explaining the form of such data.", "contents": "Stimulus information and sequential dependencies in magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching. Descriptive models of magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching derived from two different approaches to psychophysical judgment, the response ratio hypothesis and the fuzzy judgment approach, are compared. The two approaches emphasize different bodies of facts but both attempt to account for sequential dependencies in psychophysical judgments. Both models suggest a hierarchical multiple linear regression model for such data. Some of the predictions of the models are explored in the context of two experiments in which the amount of stimulus information available to subjects in magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching tasks is varied. The fuzzy judgment approach generally does better in explaining the form of such data.", "PMID": 528951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4014", "title": "Time errors and differential sensation weighting.", "content": "Sixteen pairs of successive tones, with different amplitude combinations, were presented with 16 combinations of tone duration and interstimulus interval. A separate group of 12 subjects was assigned to each presentation condition and made comparative loudness judgments for each of the pairs. Perceived within-pair loudness differences were scaled by a Thurstonian method using the subjective width of the \"equal\" category as the unit. The scale differences were well described by weighted linear combinations of the sensation magnitudes of the tones in the pairs. The time error can be regarded as an effect of this differential weighting. For the longer interstimulus intervals, the weight of the second tone was the greater, causing the usual inverse relation between time error and stimulus intensity level. For the shorter interstimulus intervals, these effects were reversed. An analysis of the pattern of weights led to the development of two models, one of which is a generalization of Michels and Helson's time error model. The weights could be interpreted as reflecting the differential efficiency of the loudness information from the two compared stimuli.", "contents": "Time errors and differential sensation weighting. Sixteen pairs of successive tones, with different amplitude combinations, were presented with 16 combinations of tone duration and interstimulus interval. A separate group of 12 subjects was assigned to each presentation condition and made comparative loudness judgments for each of the pairs. Perceived within-pair loudness differences were scaled by a Thurstonian method using the subjective width of the \"equal\" category as the unit. The scale differences were well described by weighted linear combinations of the sensation magnitudes of the tones in the pairs. The time error can be regarded as an effect of this differential weighting. For the longer interstimulus intervals, the weight of the second tone was the greater, causing the usual inverse relation between time error and stimulus intensity level. For the shorter interstimulus intervals, these effects were reversed. An analysis of the pattern of weights led to the development of two models, one of which is a generalization of Michels and Helson's time error model. The weights could be interpreted as reflecting the differential efficiency of the loudness information from the two compared stimuli.", "PMID": 528952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4015", "title": "Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth.", "content": "Previous work supports the hypothesis that cardioidal strain, a nonlinear topological transformation, offers a plausible mathematical model for the perceived global changes in human craniofacial morphology due to growth. Experiment 1 examined the generality of the effect of this growth transformation on relative age judgments by applying it to profiles of a dog, bird, and monkey. Experiment 2 investigated the abstractness of this transformation by looking at its effect on perceived age level of a Volkswagen \"Beetle.\" In both experiments, cardioidal strain resulted in changes in the perceived age of the nonhuman profiles that were similar to those produced on human faces in earlier work. A second transformation, affine shear, failed to produce as significant an effect on perceived age as cardioidal strain when applied to the same structures. Because cardioidal strain produces changes in structures that do not share an isomorphism of rigid (Euclidian) local features or rigid feature configurations, this transformation seems both sufficiently general and abstract to specify what J.J. Gibson has called a \"higher-order invariant of perceptual information.", "contents": "Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth. Previous work supports the hypothesis that cardioidal strain, a nonlinear topological transformation, offers a plausible mathematical model for the perceived global changes in human craniofacial morphology due to growth. Experiment 1 examined the generality of the effect of this growth transformation on relative age judgments by applying it to profiles of a dog, bird, and monkey. Experiment 2 investigated the abstractness of this transformation by looking at its effect on perceived age level of a Volkswagen \"Beetle.\" In both experiments, cardioidal strain resulted in changes in the perceived age of the nonhuman profiles that were similar to those produced on human faces in earlier work. A second transformation, affine shear, failed to produce as significant an effect on perceived age as cardioidal strain when applied to the same structures. Because cardioidal strain produces changes in structures that do not share an isomorphism of rigid (Euclidian) local features or rigid feature configurations, this transformation seems both sufficiently general and abstract to specify what J.J. Gibson has called a \"higher-order invariant of perceptual information.", "PMID": 528953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4016", "title": "Optical motions as information for unsigned depth.", "content": "Optical  motions and gradients of retinal flow have been assumed to be an important source of information for the perception of spatial layout. In the case of lateral parallax, however, the complicating effects of smooth eye movements on retinal flow fields and the known insensitivity of the visual system to absolute motion suggest that optical motions alone cannot provide the basis for accurate perception of the direction (sign) of depth relations. At most they can provide information for \"unsigned\" depth. Results of two experiments support the view that differential optical motions result in a strong impression of separation of objects in depth, but that the determination of near/far relations normally depends on other sources of information.", "contents": "Optical motions as information for unsigned depth. Optical  motions and gradients of retinal flow have been assumed to be an important source of information for the perception of spatial layout. In the case of lateral parallax, however, the complicating effects of smooth eye movements on retinal flow fields and the known insensitivity of the visual system to absolute motion suggest that optical motions alone cannot provide the basis for accurate perception of the direction (sign) of depth relations. At most they can provide information for \"unsigned\" depth. Results of two experiments support the view that differential optical motions result in a strong impression of separation of objects in depth, but that the determination of near/far relations normally depends on other sources of information.", "PMID": 528954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4017", "title": "Relation between perceived depth and perceived motion in uniform flow fields.", "content": "Three experiments are reported that examined the nature of the perceptual linkage between perceived depth and perceived motion in bidirectional uniform velocity fields. In such displays there is systematic misperception of both the speeds and directions of motion of visual objects. It was found that the speed and the direction of perceived motion were related to objective velocity by the addition of a uniform velocity component across the visual field. It is proposed that this uniform component may be the result of compensation for incorrectly registered ocular rotation and that such an account may also apply to classical center-surround induced motion effects.", "contents": "Relation between perceived depth and perceived motion in uniform flow fields. Three experiments are reported that examined the nature of the perceptual linkage between perceived depth and perceived motion in bidirectional uniform velocity fields. In such displays there is systematic misperception of both the speeds and directions of motion of visual objects. It was found that the speed and the direction of perceived motion were related to objective velocity by the addition of a uniform velocity component across the visual field. It is proposed that this uniform component may be the result of compensation for incorrectly registered ocular rotation and that such an account may also apply to classical center-surround induced motion effects.", "PMID": 528955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4018", "title": "Programmed control of aimed movements revisited the role of target visibility and symmetry.", "content": "Reaction time prior to starting a 2-mm amplitude aimed movement was studied as a function to target size and experimental procedure. Consistent with a report by Klapp, choice reaction time increased as target size decreased when the visual signal that initiated the reaction time interval also indicated which of two targets was to be hit. This result implies response programming during the reaction time interval, with more programming time for slower movements to smaller targets. By contrast, in a simple reaction time procedure, there was no effect of target size on reaction time, suggesting that the response can be programmed in advance when the appropriate target is precued. This provided a control for speed-accuracy trade-off, supporting the programming interpretation of the choice reaction time result. In another condition in which both targets could be viewed while waiting for the auditory signal that initiated the reaction time interval and indicated which target to hit, choice reaction time was independent of target size provided that both possible targets on each trial were of the same size. The overall results suggest that response programs include both spatial and temporal information, and that parallel programming of different spatial goals is possible provided that the responses are of the same duration.", "contents": "Programmed control of aimed movements revisited the role of target visibility and symmetry. Reaction time prior to starting a 2-mm amplitude aimed movement was studied as a function to target size and experimental procedure. Consistent with a report by Klapp, choice reaction time increased as target size decreased when the visual signal that initiated the reaction time interval also indicated which of two targets was to be hit. This result implies response programming during the reaction time interval, with more programming time for slower movements to smaller targets. By contrast, in a simple reaction time procedure, there was no effect of target size on reaction time, suggesting that the response can be programmed in advance when the appropriate target is precued. This provided a control for speed-accuracy trade-off, supporting the programming interpretation of the choice reaction time result. In another condition in which both targets could be viewed while waiting for the auditory signal that initiated the reaction time interval and indicated which target to hit, choice reaction time was independent of target size provided that both possible targets on each trial were of the same size. The overall results suggest that response programs include both spatial and temporal information, and that parallel programming of different spatial goals is possible provided that the responses are of the same duration.", "PMID": 528956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4019", "title": "Moving attention through visual space.", "content": "Several experiments have shown that attention as measured by simple reaction time to luminance increments can be shifted in the visual field while the eyes are kept in a fixed position. The shift of attention appears to take place within 50 msec following a cue indicating the most likely position of the target. The present study reports that these shifts of attention can be time locked to a central cue. Moreover, they show that a probe event located between the cue and the target receives maximal facilitation from attention at a time prior to maximal facilitation at the target. These results provide support for an analogue movement of attention across the visual field that does not involve the suppression found during saccades.", "contents": "Moving attention through visual space. Several experiments have shown that attention as measured by simple reaction time to luminance increments can be shifted in the visual field while the eyes are kept in a fixed position. The shift of attention appears to take place within 50 msec following a cue indicating the most likely position of the target. The present study reports that these shifts of attention can be time locked to a central cue. Moreover, they show that a probe event located between the cue and the target receives maximal facilitation from attention at a time prior to maximal facilitation at the target. These results provide support for an analogue movement of attention across the visual field that does not involve the suppression found during saccades.", "PMID": 528957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4020", "title": "Cognitive influences on perceptual processing.", "content": "These experiments investigate the influence of frequency of occurrence of a visual stimulus (stimulus probability) on encoding processes, in an attempt to discover what sorts of mechanisms allow cognitive processes to modify perceptual processes. Experiments 1 and 2 show that frequently occurring visual letters do not facilitate encoding of visually similar letters. This implies that stimulus probability does not directly affect the feature detectors used in encoding the letters. Four more experiments provide evidence that stimulus probability has its effect on the availability of an abstract code that is generated by the encoding process from the visual input. Results from the experiments with letter stimuli could be interpreted using a model similar to the logogen model of Morton. Experiments with nonsense forms suggest that subjects use abstract codes in dealing with the forms only when the stimuli are constructed from a set of orthogonal features. A secondary finding was that visual quality has an effect that extends past the feature analysis stage and into a stage in which the visual input activities an abstract code. This result calls into question the common practice of interpreting the interaction of a factor with visual quality as evidence that the factor affects visual feature analysis.", "contents": "Cognitive influences on perceptual processing. These experiments investigate the influence of frequency of occurrence of a visual stimulus (stimulus probability) on encoding processes, in an attempt to discover what sorts of mechanisms allow cognitive processes to modify perceptual processes. Experiments 1 and 2 show that frequently occurring visual letters do not facilitate encoding of visually similar letters. This implies that stimulus probability does not directly affect the feature detectors used in encoding the letters. Four more experiments provide evidence that stimulus probability has its effect on the availability of an abstract code that is generated by the encoding process from the visual input. Results from the experiments with letter stimuli could be interpreted using a model similar to the logogen model of Morton. Experiments with nonsense forms suggest that subjects use abstract codes in dealing with the forms only when the stimuli are constructed from a set of orthogonal features. A secondary finding was that visual quality has an effect that extends past the feature analysis stage and into a stage in which the visual input activities an abstract code. This result calls into question the common practice of interpreting the interaction of a factor with visual quality as evidence that the factor affects visual feature analysis.", "PMID": 528958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4021", "title": "Adaptation of speech by nonspeech: evidence for complex acoustic cue detectors.", "content": "Three selective adaptation experiments were run, using nonspeech stimuli (music and noise) to adapt speech continua ([ba]-[wa] and [cha]-[sha]). The adaptors caused significant phoneme boundary shifts on the speech continua only when they matched in periodicity: Music stimuli adapted [ba]-[wa], whereas noise stimuli adapted [cha]-[sha]. However, such effects occurred even when the adaptors and test continua did not match in other simple acoustic cues (rise time or consonant duration). Spectral overlap of adaptors and test items was also found to be unnecessary for adaptation. The data support the existence of auditory processors sensitive to complex acoustic cues, as well as units that respond to more abstract properties. The latter are probably at a level previously thought to be phonetic. Asymmetrical adaptation was observed, arguing against an opponent-process arrangement of these units. A two-level acoustic model of the speech perception process is offered to account for the data.", "contents": "Adaptation of speech by nonspeech: evidence for complex acoustic cue detectors. Three selective adaptation experiments were run, using nonspeech stimuli (music and noise) to adapt speech continua ([ba]-[wa] and [cha]-[sha]). The adaptors caused significant phoneme boundary shifts on the speech continua only when they matched in periodicity: Music stimuli adapted [ba]-[wa], whereas noise stimuli adapted [cha]-[sha]. However, such effects occurred even when the adaptors and test continua did not match in other simple acoustic cues (rise time or consonant duration). Spectral overlap of adaptors and test items was also found to be unnecessary for adaptation. The data support the existence of auditory processors sensitive to complex acoustic cues, as well as units that respond to more abstract properties. The latter are probably at a level previously thought to be phonetic. Asymmetrical adaptation was observed, arguing against an opponent-process arrangement of these units. A two-level acoustic model of the speech perception process is offered to account for the data.", "PMID": 528959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4022", "title": "Quantification of the hierarchy of tonal functions within a diatonic context.", "content": "Listeners rated test tones falling in the octave range from middle to high C according to how well each completed a diatonic C major scale played in an adjacent octave just before the final test tone. Ratings were well explained in terms of three factors. The factors were distance in pitch height from the context tones, octave equivalence, and the following hierarchy of tonal functions: tonic tone, other tones of the major triad chord, other tones of a diatonic scale, and the nondiatonic tones. In these ratings, pitch height was more prominent for less musical listeners or with less musical (sinusoidal) tones, whereas octave equivalence and the tonal hierarchy prevailed for musical listeners, especially with harmonically richer tones. Ratings for quarter tones interpolated halfway between the halftone steps of the standard chromatic scale were approximately the averages of ratings for adjacent chromatic tones, suggesting failure to discriminate tones at this fine level of division.", "contents": "Quantification of the hierarchy of tonal functions within a diatonic context. Listeners rated test tones falling in the octave range from middle to high C according to how well each completed a diatonic C major scale played in an adjacent octave just before the final test tone. Ratings were well explained in terms of three factors. The factors were distance in pitch height from the context tones, octave equivalence, and the following hierarchy of tonal functions: tonic tone, other tones of the major triad chord, other tones of a diatonic scale, and the nondiatonic tones. In these ratings, pitch height was more prominent for less musical listeners or with less musical (sinusoidal) tones, whereas octave equivalence and the tonal hierarchy prevailed for musical listeners, especially with harmonically richer tones. Ratings for quarter tones interpolated halfway between the halftone steps of the standard chromatic scale were approximately the averages of ratings for adjacent chromatic tones, suggesting failure to discriminate tones at this fine level of division.", "PMID": 528960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4023", "title": "Letter information and orthographic context in word perception.", "content": "Theories of word perception in reading can be categorized in terms of the assumption made about whether or not a word context modifies the feature analysis of its component letters. Independence theories assume that the visual information passed on by feature analysis is independent of word context. Nonindependence theories assume that a word context directly influences visual analysis. Some nonindependence theories have assumed that word context enhances feature analysis of letters, others have assumed that word context overrides feature analysis of letters, and some have assumed that word context directs which letters are analyzed. The present experiment provided a critical test between the two classes of theories by independently varying orthographic context and visual letter information in a letter recognition task. The results contradict the qualitative predictions of the class of nonindependence theories and are accurately described by a quantification of independence theory.", "contents": "Letter information and orthographic context in word perception. Theories of word perception in reading can be categorized in terms of the assumption made about whether or not a word context modifies the feature analysis of its component letters. Independence theories assume that the visual information passed on by feature analysis is independent of word context. Nonindependence theories assume that a word context directly influences visual analysis. Some nonindependence theories have assumed that word context enhances feature analysis of letters, others have assumed that word context overrides feature analysis of letters, and some have assumed that word context directs which letters are analyzed. The present experiment provided a critical test between the two classes of theories by independently varying orthographic context and visual letter information in a letter recognition task. The results contradict the qualitative predictions of the class of nonindependence theories and are accurately described by a quantification of independence theory.", "PMID": 528961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4024", "title": "Secondary task modality, expectancy, and the measurement of attentional capacity.", "content": "Previous studies have obtained conflicting evidence regarding the effect of probe modality when a secondary probe task is used to measure attentional demands of a primary letter-matching task. The present experiments found no difference in the shape of the probe reaction time functions for auditory and visual probes as long as probe modality was known. When probes \"unexpectedly\" occurred in the modality that was different from the majority of the probes, differences were obtained. Only the unexpected auditory function changed, shape relative to the others, with reaction time to probes that occurred early in the matching task sequence being increased. The results are interpreted as supporting a role of attentional capacity in the activation of structures that accept relevant sensory input.", "contents": "Secondary task modality, expectancy, and the measurement of attentional capacity. Previous studies have obtained conflicting evidence regarding the effect of probe modality when a secondary probe task is used to measure attentional demands of a primary letter-matching task. The present experiments found no difference in the shape of the probe reaction time functions for auditory and visual probes as long as probe modality was known. When probes \"unexpectedly\" occurred in the modality that was different from the majority of the probes, differences were obtained. Only the unexpected auditory function changed, shape relative to the others, with reaction time to probes that occurred early in the matching task sequence being increased. The results are interpreted as supporting a role of attentional capacity in the activation of structures that accept relevant sensory input.", "PMID": 528962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4025", "title": "Implications of a transient-sustained dichotomy for the measurement of human performance.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that the human visual system has two components: a sustained system that will respond to static contrasts and a transient system that will only respond to rapid changes over time. The present article provides further support for a transient-sustained dichotomy of visual information processing by examining the effects of abrupt changes in visual stimulation in a variety of situations. Several experiments are reported in which stimuli are presented both with and without abrupt onsets. The results of these experiments, together with other evidence, suggest that the overall effects of abrupt changes in visual stimulation may be more extensive than has previously been suspected.", "contents": "Implications of a transient-sustained dichotomy for the measurement of human performance. Recent evidence suggests that the human visual system has two components: a sustained system that will respond to static contrasts and a transient system that will only respond to rapid changes over time. The present article provides further support for a transient-sustained dichotomy of visual information processing by examining the effects of abrupt changes in visual stimulation in a variety of situations. Several experiments are reported in which stimuli are presented both with and without abrupt onsets. The results of these experiments, together with other evidence, suggest that the overall effects of abrupt changes in visual stimulation may be more extensive than has previously been suspected.", "PMID": 528963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4026", "title": "Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex in humans in the absence of anticipatory changes in the middle ear reflex.", "content": "If a weak tone precedes an intense tone, then the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex elicited by the stronger stimulus is inhibited. It has been suggested that the leading stimulus gives rise to a protective middle ear reflex that attenuates the effective intensity of the second. This hypothesis was tested and disproved. In seven subjects intense tone bursts sufficient to elicit both intratympanic and eyeblink responses were presented sometimes alone and sometimes preceded at various lead times (25 to 400 msec) by a weak tone. The weak tone inhibited the amplitude of the eye blink to the strong tone, maximally at intervals of 100 to 200 msec, but was never seen to produce any of the anticipatory impedance changes that would be characteristic of middle ear reflex activity during the interval between the two stimuli.", "contents": "Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex in humans in the absence of anticipatory changes in the middle ear reflex. If a weak tone precedes an intense tone, then the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex elicited by the stronger stimulus is inhibited. It has been suggested that the leading stimulus gives rise to a protective middle ear reflex that attenuates the effective intensity of the second. This hypothesis was tested and disproved. In seven subjects intense tone bursts sufficient to elicit both intratympanic and eyeblink responses were presented sometimes alone and sometimes preceded at various lead times (25 to 400 msec) by a weak tone. The weak tone inhibited the amplitude of the eye blink to the strong tone, maximally at intervals of 100 to 200 msec, but was never seen to produce any of the anticipatory impedance changes that would be characteristic of middle ear reflex activity during the interval between the two stimuli.", "PMID": 528964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4027", "title": "Acoustic and phonological factors in vowel identification.", "content": "Vowels are better identified in a consonantal syllabic context than as isolated vowels. This finding is contrary to predictions from traditional theories of vowel perception. The poor perception of isolated vowels might be attributed to a lack of dynamic acoustic cues or to familiarity effects related to the phonological rules of English. Vowel identification tests were conducted using six talkers, nine vowels, and seven syllabic contexts. Consonantal context improved vowel identification; final consonants aided identification more than initial consonants. No consistent support was found for the effect of phonological rules but duration information was seen to play a critical role. Results constitute a challenge to traditional theories of vowel perception.", "contents": "Acoustic and phonological factors in vowel identification. Vowels are better identified in a consonantal syllabic context than as isolated vowels. This finding is contrary to predictions from traditional theories of vowel perception. The poor perception of isolated vowels might be attributed to a lack of dynamic acoustic cues or to familiarity effects related to the phonological rules of English. Vowel identification tests were conducted using six talkers, nine vowels, and seven syllabic contexts. Consonantal context improved vowel identification; final consonants aided identification more than initial consonants. No consistent support was found for the effect of phonological rules but duration information was seen to play a critical role. Results constitute a challenge to traditional theories of vowel perception.", "PMID": 528965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4028", "title": "Letter detection with rapid serial visual presentation: evidence against word superiority at feature extraction.", "content": "Letter detection typically is faster and more accurate in words than nonwords. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 tested the robustness of the word superiority effect using rapid serial visual presentation of words or nonwords. Letter detection was better in words even when the six-letter items were presented one after the other at rapid rates, up to about 10 items per second. At yet faster rates, however, the word advantage vanished. Experiments 4 and 5 tested whether word context aids feature extraction or the subsequent interpretation stage. In Experiment 4, subjects had to discriminate whether a mutilated A or mutilated E was present; in Experiment 5, subjects had merely to decide whether a mutilated A was present. Mutilation discrimination in Experiment 4 was better on words than nonwords; once a mutilation was detected, the word context revealed whether it was an A or an E. Mutilation detection in Experiment 5 did not differ between words and nonwords, though on words there was a response bias toward not reporting a mutilation as present. The results indicate that familiarity aids the interpretation process alone: Letters are not seen any more clearly or rapidly in words, but are simply filled in or inferred more accurately from the familiar context.", "contents": "Letter detection with rapid serial visual presentation: evidence against word superiority at feature extraction. Letter detection typically is faster and more accurate in words than nonwords. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 tested the robustness of the word superiority effect using rapid serial visual presentation of words or nonwords. Letter detection was better in words even when the six-letter items were presented one after the other at rapid rates, up to about 10 items per second. At yet faster rates, however, the word advantage vanished. Experiments 4 and 5 tested whether word context aids feature extraction or the subsequent interpretation stage. In Experiment 4, subjects had to discriminate whether a mutilated A or mutilated E was present; in Experiment 5, subjects had merely to decide whether a mutilated A was present. Mutilation discrimination in Experiment 4 was better on words than nonwords; once a mutilation was detected, the word context revealed whether it was an A or an E. Mutilation detection in Experiment 5 did not differ between words and nonwords, though on words there was a response bias toward not reporting a mutilation as present. The results indicate that familiarity aids the interpretation process alone: Letters are not seen any more clearly or rapidly in words, but are simply filled in or inferred more accurately from the familiar context.", "PMID": 528966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4029", "title": "Relation between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception.", "content": "Although subjects failed to detect a target displacement if it occurred near the time of a saccadic eye movement (a cognitive visual task), they were still able to point to the center of the target with an unseen pointer (a motor visual task). Pointing performance was not affected by detecting or failing to detect a stimulus displacement. The experiments demonstrate that some information that is available to a motor-oriented visual system is unavailable to the cognitive visual system, under conditions simulating normal perception.", "contents": "Relation between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. Although subjects failed to detect a target displacement if it occurred near the time of a saccadic eye movement (a cognitive visual task), they were still able to point to the center of the target with an unseen pointer (a motor visual task). Pointing performance was not affected by detecting or failing to detect a stimulus displacement. The experiments demonstrate that some information that is available to a motor-oriented visual system is unavailable to the cognitive visual system, under conditions simulating normal perception.", "PMID": 528967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4030", "title": "Prototype formation from imaged, kinesthetically, and visually presented geometric figures.", "content": "The issue of prototype formation from simple geometric figures presented in various modes was studied in four conditions. Base figures and their exemplars were scaled in terms of their physical similarity, which was considered to reflect cognitive similarity. Geometric exemplars were visually presented, imaged by the subject, and kinesthetically presented. Following initial presentation, a recognition task was given in which some old items, some new items, and the prototype (also a new item) were presented in the same modality as originally perceived. The results indicate that prototype formation spans a wide class of human experiences and that internal representations of geometric figures derived from experiences with one modality tend to be second-order isomorphic with similar experiences derived from another modality.", "contents": "Prototype formation from imaged, kinesthetically, and visually presented geometric figures. The issue of prototype formation from simple geometric figures presented in various modes was studied in four conditions. Base figures and their exemplars were scaled in terms of their physical similarity, which was considered to reflect cognitive similarity. Geometric exemplars were visually presented, imaged by the subject, and kinesthetically presented. Following initial presentation, a recognition task was given in which some old items, some new items, and the prototype (also a new item) were presented in the same modality as originally perceived. The results indicate that prototype formation spans a wide class of human experiences and that internal representations of geometric figures derived from experiences with one modality tend to be second-order isomorphic with similar experiences derived from another modality.", "PMID": 528968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4031", "title": "Studies of letter identification using qualitative error analysis: effects of speed stress, tachistoscopic presentation, and word context.", "content": "In Experiment 1 subjects named letters under a response deadline chosen so that an appreciable number of errors would be produced. The stimulus confusions were analyzed via the same mathematical models of stimulus recognition that have been applied to the confusion matrices generated in tachistoscopic experiments. Both the Luce choice model and the informed guessing model (a new model having a simple and elegant process interpretation) provided excellent fits to the data. The parameter values of the informed guessing model changed in logical and interpretable ways with changes in the response deadline. In Experiment 2 a direct comparison was made of the types of errors produced in the data-limited tachistoscopic situation and the resource-limited response deadline situation. It was found that, relative to the response deadline task, identification in the tachistoscopic task is much more likely to be based on partial information. In Experiments 3 and 4 the same research methodology was applied to the problem of the effect of a word context on letter perception. The methodology allowed this problem to be addressed in the context of both response deadline and tachistoscopic tasks. Several advantages of the methodology for investigating other issues of interest to cognitive psychologists are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of letter identification using qualitative error analysis: effects of speed stress, tachistoscopic presentation, and word context. In Experiment 1 subjects named letters under a response deadline chosen so that an appreciable number of errors would be produced. The stimulus confusions were analyzed via the same mathematical models of stimulus recognition that have been applied to the confusion matrices generated in tachistoscopic experiments. Both the Luce choice model and the informed guessing model (a new model having a simple and elegant process interpretation) provided excellent fits to the data. The parameter values of the informed guessing model changed in logical and interpretable ways with changes in the response deadline. In Experiment 2 a direct comparison was made of the types of errors produced in the data-limited tachistoscopic situation and the resource-limited response deadline situation. It was found that, relative to the response deadline task, identification in the tachistoscopic task is much more likely to be based on partial information. In Experiments 3 and 4 the same research methodology was applied to the problem of the effect of a word context on letter perception. The methodology allowed this problem to be addressed in the context of both response deadline and tachistoscopic tasks. Several advantages of the methodology for investigating other issues of interest to cognitive psychologists are discussed.", "PMID": 528969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4032", "title": "A demonstration of selection of analyzers for integral dimensions.", "content": "Three experiments investigated the integrality of height and width of rectangles and the ability of observers to selectively attend to only one dimension. In Experiment 1, redundancy gain and orthogonal interference were demonstrated in a same/different task. Orthogonal interference was due to the output of the \"irrelevant\" analyzer interfering with the output of the \"relevant\" analyzer. These results indicated that height and width are integral, but they can be most parsimoniously explained by assuming that rectangles are initially processed by separate dimensional analyzers. Experiment I demonstrated that with sufficient practice (160 trials), observers are able to selectively attend to the more frequently relevant dimension. Performance for the stressed dimension increased, whereas performance for the unstressed dimension declined. Experiment 3 also demonstrated that with sufficient practice (192 trials), observers are able to selectively attend to the relevant dimension and ignore the irrelevant dimension. Orthogonal interference disappeared. The results are discussed in terms of the ability of observers to modify the perceptual process.", "contents": "A demonstration of selection of analyzers for integral dimensions. Three experiments investigated the integrality of height and width of rectangles and the ability of observers to selectively attend to only one dimension. In Experiment 1, redundancy gain and orthogonal interference were demonstrated in a same/different task. Orthogonal interference was due to the output of the \"irrelevant\" analyzer interfering with the output of the \"relevant\" analyzer. These results indicated that height and width are integral, but they can be most parsimoniously explained by assuming that rectangles are initially processed by separate dimensional analyzers. Experiment I demonstrated that with sufficient practice (160 trials), observers are able to selectively attend to the more frequently relevant dimension. Performance for the stressed dimension increased, whereas performance for the unstressed dimension declined. Experiment 3 also demonstrated that with sufficient practice (192 trials), observers are able to selectively attend to the relevant dimension and ignore the irrelevant dimension. Orthogonal interference disappeared. The results are discussed in terms of the ability of observers to modify the perceptual process.", "PMID": 528970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4033", "title": "Holistic versus analytic process models: a reply.", "content": "Two classes of stimulus process models are considered in this reply to Dykes and Cooper. It is shown that analytic models which assume that stimuli are initially processed in terms of constituent dimensions do not account for large amounts of published data. It is also shown that the holistic-discriminability model that Dykes and Cooper reject is nonetheless consistent with their results and predicts all of the data for which their analytic model was constructed to account.", "contents": "Holistic versus analytic process models: a reply. Two classes of stimulus process models are considered in this reply to Dykes and Cooper. It is shown that analytic models which assume that stimuli are initially processed in terms of constituent dimensions do not account for large amounts of published data. It is also shown that the holistic-discriminability model that Dykes and Cooper reject is nonetheless consistent with their results and predicts all of the data for which their analytic model was constructed to account.", "PMID": 528971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4034", "title": "Transport and metabolism of bacilysin and other peptides by suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "L-Alanyl-L-tyrosine and glycyl-L-phenylalanine labelled with 14C competed with each other and with the dipeptide antibiotic bacilysin for transport into Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 in a medium which did not support growth. They also competed with other dipeptides and several tripeptides. The fast initial transport ofthe two labelled peptides appeared to show Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Neither was transported into a bacilysin-resistant mutant of S. aureus NCTC 6571, although tyrosine was taken up by the mutant as readily as it was by the parent strain. Uptake of alanyltyrosine or glycylphenylalanine was followed by rapid hydrolysis of the peptide and the excretion of tyrosine or phenylalanine. Glycine liberated from glycylphenylalanine was partly degraded and partly incorporated into the bacterial wall. The behaviour of these dipeptides paralleled the inactivation of bacilysin by suspensions of S. aureus and the appearance of its C-terminal amino acid, anticapsin, in the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Transport and metabolism of bacilysin and other peptides by suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus. L-Alanyl-L-tyrosine and glycyl-L-phenylalanine labelled with 14C competed with each other and with the dipeptide antibiotic bacilysin for transport into Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 in a medium which did not support growth. They also competed with other dipeptides and several tripeptides. The fast initial transport ofthe two labelled peptides appeared to show Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Neither was transported into a bacilysin-resistant mutant of S. aureus NCTC 6571, although tyrosine was taken up by the mutant as readily as it was by the parent strain. Uptake of alanyltyrosine or glycylphenylalanine was followed by rapid hydrolysis of the peptide and the excretion of tyrosine or phenylalanine. Glycine liberated from glycylphenylalanine was partly degraded and partly incorporated into the bacterial wall. The behaviour of these dipeptides paralleled the inactivation of bacilysin by suspensions of S. aureus and the appearance of its C-terminal amino acid, anticapsin, in the extracellular fluid.", "PMID": 528972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4035", "title": "Synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acids with uridine or 2'-O-methylribothymidine at position 54 in developing Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "In amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum the ribothymidine (rT) content of tRNA is 0.9 mol%, but decreases progressively during development into spores. To elucidate which nucleosides replace rT at position 54 in developmental tRNA we have characterized 'vegetative' and 'developmental' tRNAs from the slime mould. Specific tRNAs were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. During early developmental stages, all tRNA species that could be separated by this method were newly synthesized. A new tRNA with uridine in place of rT and having an electrophoretic mobility similar to 'vegetative' tRNAAsn was detected during the early preaggregation stage. This 'development' tRNA was also extracted from purified polysomes. When development proceeds from preaggregation to postaggregation, tRNAs accumulate with 2'-O-methylribothymidine in place of rT. We suggest that these developmental tRNAs are important for the synthesis of specific developmental proteins.", "contents": "Synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acids with uridine or 2'-O-methylribothymidine at position 54 in developing Dictyostelium discoideum. In amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum the ribothymidine (rT) content of tRNA is 0.9 mol%, but decreases progressively during development into spores. To elucidate which nucleosides replace rT at position 54 in developmental tRNA we have characterized 'vegetative' and 'developmental' tRNAs from the slime mould. Specific tRNAs were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. During early developmental stages, all tRNA species that could be separated by this method were newly synthesized. A new tRNA with uridine in place of rT and having an electrophoretic mobility similar to 'vegetative' tRNAAsn was detected during the early preaggregation stage. This 'development' tRNA was also extracted from purified polysomes. When development proceeds from preaggregation to postaggregation, tRNAs accumulate with 2'-O-methylribothymidine in place of rT. We suggest that these developmental tRNAs are important for the synthesis of specific developmental proteins.", "PMID": 528973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4036", "title": "Germination and outgrowth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe spores isolated by a simple batch centrifugation technique.", "content": "Spores of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been separated from vegetative cells by a simple and rapid centrifugation (800 g for 20 min) through a 35% Hypaque solution to a purity greater than 95%. Approximately 35% of the spores were recovered. Regrowth in EMM2 plus glucose showed that over 97% of the spores germinated within the first 2 h and outgrowth continued between 5 and 10 h. Sucrose induced germination in greater than 95% of the spores with a 1 h delay and outgrowth in 50% of the spores with a 3 h delay. There was little protein synthesis during germination but the protein content increased linearly coincident with outgrowth. The RNA content increased slightly during germination, but increased linearly 1 h before the onset of outgrowth and protein synthesis. After 8 h of regrowth, coincident with the onset of DNA synthesis, the rate of RNA synthesis was accelerated. The DNA content had increased 1.7-fold after 10 h of regrowth from a haploid level of 1.36 x 10(-8) microgram spore-1.", "contents": "Germination and outgrowth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe spores isolated by a simple batch centrifugation technique. Spores of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been separated from vegetative cells by a simple and rapid centrifugation (800 g for 20 min) through a 35% Hypaque solution to a purity greater than 95%. Approximately 35% of the spores were recovered. Regrowth in EMM2 plus glucose showed that over 97% of the spores germinated within the first 2 h and outgrowth continued between 5 and 10 h. Sucrose induced germination in greater than 95% of the spores with a 1 h delay and outgrowth in 50% of the spores with a 3 h delay. There was little protein synthesis during germination but the protein content increased linearly coincident with outgrowth. The RNA content increased slightly during germination, but increased linearly 1 h before the onset of outgrowth and protein synthesis. After 8 h of regrowth, coincident with the onset of DNA synthesis, the rate of RNA synthesis was accelerated. The DNA content had increased 1.7-fold after 10 h of regrowth from a haploid level of 1.36 x 10(-8) microgram spore-1.", "PMID": 528974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4037", "title": "Mutations affecting pigment synthesis in Mycobacterium aurum.", "content": "Pigmentation mutants of Mycobacterium aurum were isolated after chemical mutagenesis. Examination of the pigments extracted from these mutants indicated that at least 15 carotenoids were formed. beta-Carotene was not detected and the major carotene of M. aurum appeared to be leprotene. The possible biosynthetic pathway is discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "Mutations affecting pigment synthesis in Mycobacterium aurum. Pigmentation mutants of Mycobacterium aurum were isolated after chemical mutagenesis. Examination of the pigments extracted from these mutants indicated that at least 15 carotenoids were formed. beta-Carotene was not detected and the major carotene of M. aurum appeared to be leprotene. The possible biosynthetic pathway is discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 528975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4038", "title": "Mass selection of conditional mating mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "The mating reaction in Tetrahymena thermophila includes a starvation period and two distinct cell interactions, co-stimulation and cell pairing, before the cells are cytoplasmically joined as conjugants. A selection procedure for harvesting mutants unable to mate at a restrictive temperature has been developed. A conjugant pair consisting of one cycloheximide-resistant cell and one wild-type cell (cycloheximide-sensitive) was itself sensitive to the drug. By adding cycloheximide and nutrient medium to a cross made at the restrictive and grow. Repetition of the selection procedure enriched for cells unable to conjugate at the restrictive temperature. The selected cells were able to grow at 38 degrees C and could conjugate at 28 degrees C. This procedure may be narrowed to select specifically for cell interaction mutants.", "contents": "Mass selection of conditional mating mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila. The mating reaction in Tetrahymena thermophila includes a starvation period and two distinct cell interactions, co-stimulation and cell pairing, before the cells are cytoplasmically joined as conjugants. A selection procedure for harvesting mutants unable to mate at a restrictive temperature has been developed. A conjugant pair consisting of one cycloheximide-resistant cell and one wild-type cell (cycloheximide-sensitive) was itself sensitive to the drug. By adding cycloheximide and nutrient medium to a cross made at the restrictive and grow. Repetition of the selection procedure enriched for cells unable to conjugate at the restrictive temperature. The selected cells were able to grow at 38 degrees C and could conjugate at 28 degrees C. This procedure may be narrowed to select specifically for cell interaction mutants.", "PMID": 528976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4039", "title": "Invasion of mouse brain by Mount Elgon bat virus.", "content": "Mount Elgon bat virus killed mice up to 13 days of age when given intranasally. Virus reached the brain of these mice via the olfactory nerve route without obvious multiplication in any tissues other than the nasal mucosa of 1- to 6-day-old mice and in the absence of viraemia or circulating virus neutralizing antibody. Large amounts of interferon were, however, synthesized in brain where virus grew to high titres. In mice older than 13 days virus did not multiply in brain but it reached the olfactory bulbs and persisted until virus neutralizing antibody appeared in the nasopharynx. No antibody was detected in blood of the resistant mice, nor was interferon detected in their brains or nasal mucosa. Immunosuppression of the resistant mice with cyclophosphamide resulted in moderate virus growth in mid- and hind-brain accompanied by interferon synthesis and death of the mice. The local immune response prevented invasion of mid- and hind-brain in the resistant mice.", "contents": "Invasion of mouse brain by Mount Elgon bat virus. Mount Elgon bat virus killed mice up to 13 days of age when given intranasally. Virus reached the brain of these mice via the olfactory nerve route without obvious multiplication in any tissues other than the nasal mucosa of 1- to 6-day-old mice and in the absence of viraemia or circulating virus neutralizing antibody. Large amounts of interferon were, however, synthesized in brain where virus grew to high titres. In mice older than 13 days virus did not multiply in brain but it reached the olfactory bulbs and persisted until virus neutralizing antibody appeared in the nasopharynx. No antibody was detected in blood of the resistant mice, nor was interferon detected in their brains or nasal mucosa. Immunosuppression of the resistant mice with cyclophosphamide resulted in moderate virus growth in mid- and hind-brain accompanied by interferon synthesis and death of the mice. The local immune response prevented invasion of mid- and hind-brain in the resistant mice.", "PMID": 528977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4040", "title": "Characterization of influenza virus RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro.", "content": "Polyadenylated transcripts synthesized in vitro by detergent-disrupted influenza virus resemble virus mRNAs in that they possess the complement of the 3' terminus of the genome RNAs but lack sequences corresponding to the same 5' terminal region, including the homologous sequence of nucleotides 1 to 22. Transcription is initiated at the 3' terminus by both ApG and GpG as well as in the absence of added primer.", "contents": "Characterization of influenza virus RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro. Polyadenylated transcripts synthesized in vitro by detergent-disrupted influenza virus resemble virus mRNAs in that they possess the complement of the 3' terminus of the genome RNAs but lack sequences corresponding to the same 5' terminal region, including the homologous sequence of nucleotides 1 to 22. Transcription is initiated at the 3' terminus by both ApG and GpG as well as in the absence of added primer.", "PMID": 528978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4041", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by vaccinia virus. II. Studies on the role of virus-induced RNA synthesis.", "content": "Cytoplasmic RNA synthesis can be detected in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells in the presence of 2 micrograms/ml but not 20 micrograms/ml of actinomycin D. When RNA synthesis is observed protein synthesis is inhibited in infected, treated cells. We had previously noted that such a correlation may also be observed in infected, cycloheximide-treated cells. If actinomycin D (20 micrograms/ml) is added to these cells at various times after infection and treatment, the inhibition of protein synthesis seen upon removal of cycloheximide does not continue beyond the point to which it had developed before the actinomycin D was added. These results indicate that the inhibition of protein synthesis can be correlated with the amount of cytoplasmic RNA synthesized in infected cells and that this RNA synthesis and the subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis can be prevented by sufficiently high concentrations of actinomycin D. The cytoplasmic RNA which is synthesized does not appear to consist of double-stranded RNA nor of extensive self complementary regions. The cytoplasmic RNA synthesized in infected, cycloheximide treated cells appears to consist of early virus mRNA which can function as mRNA in vitro in a cell-free system derived from normal cells. An examination of the phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins shows six additional phosphoproteins in infected cells, two of which may be observed in infected cycloheximide-treated cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins cannot be directly correlated with the inhibition of overall protein synthesis seen in infected cycloheximide-treated cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by vaccinia virus. II. Studies on the role of virus-induced RNA synthesis. Cytoplasmic RNA synthesis can be detected in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells in the presence of 2 micrograms/ml but not 20 micrograms/ml of actinomycin D. When RNA synthesis is observed protein synthesis is inhibited in infected, treated cells. We had previously noted that such a correlation may also be observed in infected, cycloheximide-treated cells. If actinomycin D (20 micrograms/ml) is added to these cells at various times after infection and treatment, the inhibition of protein synthesis seen upon removal of cycloheximide does not continue beyond the point to which it had developed before the actinomycin D was added. These results indicate that the inhibition of protein synthesis can be correlated with the amount of cytoplasmic RNA synthesized in infected cells and that this RNA synthesis and the subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis can be prevented by sufficiently high concentrations of actinomycin D. The cytoplasmic RNA which is synthesized does not appear to consist of double-stranded RNA nor of extensive self complementary regions. The cytoplasmic RNA synthesized in infected, cycloheximide treated cells appears to consist of early virus mRNA which can function as mRNA in vitro in a cell-free system derived from normal cells. An examination of the phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins shows six additional phosphoproteins in infected cells, two of which may be observed in infected cycloheximide-treated cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins cannot be directly correlated with the inhibition of overall protein synthesis seen in infected cycloheximide-treated cells.", "PMID": 528979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4042", "title": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. IX. The physical locations of structural genes.", "content": "Several virus-specified proteins of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and type 5 (Ad5) can be distinguished by their differential electrophoretic mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. By comparing the physical maps of the genomes of interserotypic recombinants between ts mutants of these viruses with the pattern of proteins expressed, the physical locations of some genes can be determined on the adenovirus DNA molecule. The proteins of a total of 103 recombinants were analysed; 44 of these are of known DNA structure. Structural genes for the proteins analysed span the following loci on the conventional adenovirus map: V (30 to 43); III (43 to 44); II and 66K (55 to 57); 100K, 36K, 32K (69 to 71); IV (80 to 90).", "contents": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. IX. The physical locations of structural genes. Several virus-specified proteins of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and type 5 (Ad5) can be distinguished by their differential electrophoretic mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. By comparing the physical maps of the genomes of interserotypic recombinants between ts mutants of these viruses with the pattern of proteins expressed, the physical locations of some genes can be determined on the adenovirus DNA molecule. The proteins of a total of 103 recombinants were analysed; 44 of these are of known DNA structure. Structural genes for the proteins analysed span the following loci on the conventional adenovirus map: V (30 to 43); III (43 to 44); II and 66K (55 to 57); 100K, 36K, 32K (69 to 71); IV (80 to 90).", "PMID": 528980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4043", "title": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. V. Kinetic and size-class analyses of nuclear and messenger RNA in productive infection.", "content": "In human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) the kinetics of synthesis of Ad12-specific RNA were investigated. Using 2 h labelling periods, striking differences were observed in the time course and the rate of synthesis of virus RNA comparing the nuclear, cytoplasmic and polysomal RNA fractions. A protracted onset of virus RNA synthesis was followed by an exponential increase between 15 and 40 h p.i.; reaching a maximum at 40 to 45 h p.i., the fraction of the newly synthesized Ad12-specific RNA remained constant up to 66 h in the nucleus, but decreased in the cytoplasm. Characteristic patterns were found in the size distribution of Ad12-specific messenger RNA synthesized early and late in the infection cycle. By using 10 min labelling periods, the size distribution and the degree of polyadenylation of the primary transcripts were determined. Early in infection, the size distribution of the virus-specific nuclear RNA resembled that of the mRNA, whereas late after infection most of the label was found in high mol. wt. RNA sedimenting between 30 and 55S. Eighty percent of the nuclear RNA was polyadenylated and belonged to the high mol. wt. RNA class. During the early phase of infection, approx. 20% of the virus genome was found to be transcribed symmetrically, and later after infection the entire Ad12 genome. Symmetrical (self-complementary) transcripts were preferentially drived from the terminal parts of Ad12 DNA.", "contents": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. V. Kinetic and size-class analyses of nuclear and messenger RNA in productive infection. In human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) the kinetics of synthesis of Ad12-specific RNA were investigated. Using 2 h labelling periods, striking differences were observed in the time course and the rate of synthesis of virus RNA comparing the nuclear, cytoplasmic and polysomal RNA fractions. A protracted onset of virus RNA synthesis was followed by an exponential increase between 15 and 40 h p.i.; reaching a maximum at 40 to 45 h p.i., the fraction of the newly synthesized Ad12-specific RNA remained constant up to 66 h in the nucleus, but decreased in the cytoplasm. Characteristic patterns were found in the size distribution of Ad12-specific messenger RNA synthesized early and late in the infection cycle. By using 10 min labelling periods, the size distribution and the degree of polyadenylation of the primary transcripts were determined. Early in infection, the size distribution of the virus-specific nuclear RNA resembled that of the mRNA, whereas late after infection most of the label was found in high mol. wt. RNA sedimenting between 30 and 55S. Eighty percent of the nuclear RNA was polyadenylated and belonged to the high mol. wt. RNA class. During the early phase of infection, approx. 20% of the virus genome was found to be transcribed symmetrically, and later after infection the entire Ad12 genome. Symmetrical (self-complementary) transcripts were preferentially drived from the terminal parts of Ad12 DNA.", "PMID": 528981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4044", "title": "Sindbis virus RNA replication. I. Properties of the 38s RNA species.", "content": "Four species of single-stranded virus RNA (49S, 38S, 33S and 26S) were detected in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Sindbis virus. The relative amounts of these RNAs were unaffected by the m.o.i. There was also no significant difference in the molar proportions of the four RNA species when purified virion RNA was used as the inoculum. These findings suggest that the 38S and 33S species represent products of the transcription of non-defective virion RNAs. Kinetic analyses of RNA synthesis indicated that during a 1 min pulse more radioactivity was associated with the 38S than with the 49S RNA and as the length of the pulse increased, the ratio of 38S/49S decreased, with the 49S appearing as the predominant species. Furthermore, addition of cycloheximide within the first 3 h p.i. resulted in detection of only the 49S species. Synthese of all four species was unaffected when the drug was added after this time period. These data suggest that the 38S species may represent newly synthesized 49S molecules and some protein(s) synthesized within the first 3 h p.i. is necessary for maintaining the 38S conformational form.", "contents": "Sindbis virus RNA replication. I. Properties of the 38s RNA species. Four species of single-stranded virus RNA (49S, 38S, 33S and 26S) were detected in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Sindbis virus. The relative amounts of these RNAs were unaffected by the m.o.i. There was also no significant difference in the molar proportions of the four RNA species when purified virion RNA was used as the inoculum. These findings suggest that the 38S and 33S species represent products of the transcription of non-defective virion RNAs. Kinetic analyses of RNA synthesis indicated that during a 1 min pulse more radioactivity was associated with the 38S than with the 49S RNA and as the length of the pulse increased, the ratio of 38S/49S decreased, with the 49S appearing as the predominant species. Furthermore, addition of cycloheximide within the first 3 h p.i. resulted in detection of only the 49S species. Synthese of all four species was unaffected when the drug was added after this time period. These data suggest that the 38S species may represent newly synthesized 49S molecules and some protein(s) synthesized within the first 3 h p.i. is necessary for maintaining the 38S conformational form.", "PMID": 528982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4045", "title": "Amantadine-resistant and -sensitive influenza A strains and recombinants.", "content": "Several influenza A strains and recombinants of fowl plague virus (FPV) with a known gene constellation were tested for amantadine sensitivity under two different experimental conditions. In a haemagglutinin yield analysis of a single growth cycle experiment FPV was found to be highly sensitive to amantadine, while in the plaque reduction and inhibition test it was highly resistant. With the A3 Hong Kong and equi 2 strains the opposite observation was made. The A2 Singapore strain was sensitive while Ao PR8 was resistant in both tests. In the haemagglutinin yield analysis of a single growth cycle all recombinants carrying segment 4 (HA) of the resistant strain were resistent against amantadine, independent of the derivation of the other genes. In the plaque reduction and inhibition test recombinants carrying the haemagglutinin of the sensitive strain were either resistant or sensitive depending on the gene constellation. Drug sensitivity was transferred by the combination of segments 5 (NP) and 6 (NA). Segment 7 (M) of certain sensitive strains seems to counteract this effect. The results are compatible with the concept that amantadine resistance or sensitivity is not confined to a single gene product or a single mechanism.", "contents": "Amantadine-resistant and -sensitive influenza A strains and recombinants. Several influenza A strains and recombinants of fowl plague virus (FPV) with a known gene constellation were tested for amantadine sensitivity under two different experimental conditions. In a haemagglutinin yield analysis of a single growth cycle experiment FPV was found to be highly sensitive to amantadine, while in the plaque reduction and inhibition test it was highly resistant. With the A3 Hong Kong and equi 2 strains the opposite observation was made. The A2 Singapore strain was sensitive while Ao PR8 was resistant in both tests. In the haemagglutinin yield analysis of a single growth cycle all recombinants carrying segment 4 (HA) of the resistant strain were resistent against amantadine, independent of the derivation of the other genes. In the plaque reduction and inhibition test recombinants carrying the haemagglutinin of the sensitive strain were either resistant or sensitive depending on the gene constellation. Drug sensitivity was transferred by the combination of segments 5 (NP) and 6 (NA). Segment 7 (M) of certain sensitive strains seems to counteract this effect. The results are compatible with the concept that amantadine resistance or sensitivity is not confined to a single gene product or a single mechanism.", "PMID": 528983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4046", "title": "Normal lymphocyte interferon production in adult HBsAg-positive chronic active liver disease.", "content": "To challenge the hypothesis that interferon (IF) production in chronic hepatitis-B virus liver disease is defective, lymphocytes from 14 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD); from nine patients with chronic inactive liver disease (CILD), and from six healthy chronic carriers (HCC) were stimulated by Newcastle Disease virus. The patients with CILD showed a weak IF response by comparison with the controls (P less than 0.0005), whereas IF production by CALD patients and the HCC did not statistically differ from IF production in the healthy hepatitis-B surface antigen negative subjects who served as controls. These results indicate that IF treatment of CALD does not rely on a completely proved background.", "contents": "Normal lymphocyte interferon production in adult HBsAg-positive chronic active liver disease. To challenge the hypothesis that interferon (IF) production in chronic hepatitis-B virus liver disease is defective, lymphocytes from 14 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD); from nine patients with chronic inactive liver disease (CILD), and from six healthy chronic carriers (HCC) were stimulated by Newcastle Disease virus. The patients with CILD showed a weak IF response by comparison with the controls (P less than 0.0005), whereas IF production by CALD patients and the HCC did not statistically differ from IF production in the healthy hepatitis-B surface antigen negative subjects who served as controls. These results indicate that IF treatment of CALD does not rely on a completely proved background.", "PMID": 528984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4047", "title": "SSPE-BIKEN: a naturally arising hemagglutination-defective mutant of measles virus.", "content": "Biochemical and genetic methods have been used to investigate a defective variant of measles virus previously isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since its isolation, this syncytiogenic strain (SSPE-BIKEN) has remained cell-associated; infected cells do not hemadsorb and do not release infectious virus. Immune precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to study the synthesis of measles virion proteins in SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. All of the virion proteins were detected in immune precipitated whole cell extracts. However, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein was not detected on the cell surface by lactoperoxidase iodination. These results suggest that the failure of the HA protein to insert into the cell membrane accounts for the block in the release of infections virus. Radioactively labeled, noninfectious, virus-like particles have been purified from the media of SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. These particles contain virus nucleocapsid, nucleocapsid-associated, and membrane proteins, but very little HA and hemolysin proteins. Genetic complementation between SSPE-BIKEN and a temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus was observed and suggests that the SSPE isolate defect is due to a mutation. Additional evidence of a mutation is provided by the detection of low frequency revertant progeny in SSPE-BIKEN stocks. Our results support the hypothesis that genetic variants of measles virus are involved in the etiology of SSPE.", "contents": "SSPE-BIKEN: a naturally arising hemagglutination-defective mutant of measles virus. Biochemical and genetic methods have been used to investigate a defective variant of measles virus previously isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since its isolation, this syncytiogenic strain (SSPE-BIKEN) has remained cell-associated; infected cells do not hemadsorb and do not release infectious virus. Immune precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to study the synthesis of measles virion proteins in SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. All of the virion proteins were detected in immune precipitated whole cell extracts. However, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein was not detected on the cell surface by lactoperoxidase iodination. These results suggest that the failure of the HA protein to insert into the cell membrane accounts for the block in the release of infections virus. Radioactively labeled, noninfectious, virus-like particles have been purified from the media of SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. These particles contain virus nucleocapsid, nucleocapsid-associated, and membrane proteins, but very little HA and hemolysin proteins. Genetic complementation between SSPE-BIKEN and a temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus was observed and suggests that the SSPE isolate defect is due to a mutation. Additional evidence of a mutation is provided by the detection of low frequency revertant progeny in SSPE-BIKEN stocks. Our results support the hypothesis that genetic variants of measles virus are involved in the etiology of SSPE.", "PMID": 528985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4048", "title": "Modification of cognitive tempo on a haptic-visual matching task.", "content": "The present experiment investigated the modification of response latencies and error rates on a haptic-visual matching test via modeling procedures (N = 60 slow and fast responding primary school boys and girls). Twenty-four slow and 24 fast responders were exposed to one of four videotaped modeling conditions depicting refelctive or impulsive strategies that were either successful or unsuccessful. Immediately following exposure to the taped model, Ss were posttested, and changes in their latencies and error rates on the haptic-vusial matching test were assessed. The remaining six slow responders and six fact responders viewed no model but participated in the same posttest procedure, thus serving as no treatment controls. The principal results indicated that the viewing of the reflective-success model significantly increased the response latencies of all Ss, particularly slow responding Ss, and that the viewing of either reflective model (success or failure) significantly decreased the error rates of fast responding Ss. The impulsive model, on the other hand, had no significant effect on either response latencies or error rates.", "contents": "Modification of cognitive tempo on a haptic-visual matching task. The present experiment investigated the modification of response latencies and error rates on a haptic-visual matching test via modeling procedures (N = 60 slow and fast responding primary school boys and girls). Twenty-four slow and 24 fast responders were exposed to one of four videotaped modeling conditions depicting refelctive or impulsive strategies that were either successful or unsuccessful. Immediately following exposure to the taped model, Ss were posttested, and changes in their latencies and error rates on the haptic-vusial matching test were assessed. The remaining six slow responders and six fact responders viewed no model but participated in the same posttest procedure, thus serving as no treatment controls. The principal results indicated that the viewing of the reflective-success model significantly increased the response latencies of all Ss, particularly slow responding Ss, and that the viewing of either reflective model (success or failure) significantly decreased the error rates of fast responding Ss. The impulsive model, on the other hand, had no significant effect on either response latencies or error rates.", "PMID": 528986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4049", "title": "A developmental study of the regular-random numerosity illusion.", "content": "Perceived number is influenced by item arrangement. It has been shown previously with adults that a regular pattern of dots appears more numerous than a random pattern with the same physical number. The present study used similar stimuli: two sets of 37 dots arranged within circular areas, one regular and the other random. Forty-eight grade school students were tested; they ranged in age from 5.6 to 14.8 years and included 27 girls and 21 boys. The illusion was found to increase in strength from the second to the eighth grade. The results were discussed in relation to Birnbaum and Veit's theory of contrast with expectancy.", "contents": "A developmental study of the regular-random numerosity illusion. Perceived number is influenced by item arrangement. It has been shown previously with adults that a regular pattern of dots appears more numerous than a random pattern with the same physical number. The present study used similar stimuli: two sets of 37 dots arranged within circular areas, one regular and the other random. Forty-eight grade school students were tested; they ranged in age from 5.6 to 14.8 years and included 27 girls and 21 boys. The illusion was found to increase in strength from the second to the eighth grade. The results were discussed in relation to Birnbaum and Veit's theory of contrast with expectancy.", "PMID": 528987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4050", "title": "A developmental study of three-dimensional perception in Israeli children.", "content": "One hundred thirty-six 5- to 10-year-old Israeli male and female children were given three black and white photographs of a highway, a column of identical tanks, and a row of elephants, and were asked some questions on each one of the photographs in order to elicit responses of three-dimensional perception. The results showed a clear developmental pattern, quite similar to what has been found in other studies. It appears that the procedure used in the present study is an easier and probably more reliable way of assessing perspective responses than the original procedure of Piaget and Inhelder.", "contents": "A developmental study of three-dimensional perception in Israeli children. One hundred thirty-six 5- to 10-year-old Israeli male and female children were given three black and white photographs of a highway, a column of identical tanks, and a row of elephants, and were asked some questions on each one of the photographs in order to elicit responses of three-dimensional perception. The results showed a clear developmental pattern, quite similar to what has been found in other studies. It appears that the procedure used in the present study is an easier and probably more reliable way of assessing perspective responses than the original procedure of Piaget and Inhelder.", "PMID": 528988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4051", "title": "The \"Guinea Pig\" Formboard: its construction and some learning norms.", "content": "A formboard test was presented to 51 male (age 20-45) and 47 female (age 18-36) Ss having a college level education. The test attempted to follow a definite principle of construction in the six figures which comprise it. Each S was presented with a set of randomly arranged blocks and asked to put them where they belonged as quickly as possible. Three successively timed trials were given. Results indicate no significant sex differences in mean time on any of the trials; a trial-to-trail improvement that is almost identical for males and females; and virtually no differences when reversals of the first order in succeeding trials over previous trials are considered. The author suggests that the task offers promise for further study of the qualitative nature of formboard response and merits standardization on a group through various age levels.", "contents": "The \"Guinea Pig\" Formboard: its construction and some learning norms. A formboard test was presented to 51 male (age 20-45) and 47 female (age 18-36) Ss having a college level education. The test attempted to follow a definite principle of construction in the six figures which comprise it. Each S was presented with a set of randomly arranged blocks and asked to put them where they belonged as quickly as possible. Three successively timed trials were given. Results indicate no significant sex differences in mean time on any of the trials; a trial-to-trail improvement that is almost identical for males and females; and virtually no differences when reversals of the first order in succeeding trials over previous trials are considered. The author suggests that the task offers promise for further study of the qualitative nature of formboard response and merits standardization on a group through various age levels.", "PMID": 528989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4052", "title": "Dopa accumulation is a measure of dopamine synthesis in the median eminence and posterior pituitary.", "content": "A radioenzymatic assay was employed to measure the accumulation of DOPA in a variety of rat brain tissues 30 min after the administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor in order to estimate the activity of dopamine (DA) nerves which terminate in these regions. In the median eminence and posterior pituitary the accumulation of DOPA appears to occur primarily in DA nerves since: (1) the rate of synthesis of norepinephrine (NE), as estimated from the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of catecholamines, accounts for less than 10% of total catecholamine synthesis in these two brain regions; and (2) the accumulation of DOPA is not significantly altered when the NE concentrations in these regions are reduced to 40--50% of control by prior intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence and the posterior pituitary can be used to estimate the activity of tubero-infundibular and tuberohypophyseal DA nerves, respectively.", "contents": "Dopa accumulation is a measure of dopamine synthesis in the median eminence and posterior pituitary. A radioenzymatic assay was employed to measure the accumulation of DOPA in a variety of rat brain tissues 30 min after the administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor in order to estimate the activity of dopamine (DA) nerves which terminate in these regions. In the median eminence and posterior pituitary the accumulation of DOPA appears to occur primarily in DA nerves since: (1) the rate of synthesis of norepinephrine (NE), as estimated from the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of catecholamines, accounts for less than 10% of total catecholamine synthesis in these two brain regions; and (2) the accumulation of DOPA is not significantly altered when the NE concentrations in these regions are reduced to 40--50% of control by prior intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence and the posterior pituitary can be used to estimate the activity of tubero-infundibular and tuberohypophyseal DA nerves, respectively.", "PMID": 528993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4053", "title": "Attenuation of the gamma-butyrolactone-induced increase in DOPA accumulation by chronic ethanol administration.", "content": "The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase was studied in rats following chronic treatment with ethanol. The GBL-induced dopa accumulation was significantly decreased in ethanol-treated rats. With the increased duration of the ethanol treatment this effect appears to be more marked in the limbic forebrain. It is suggested that chronic ethanol treatment may produce a decreased sensitivity of central GABA receptors.", "contents": "Attenuation of the gamma-butyrolactone-induced increase in DOPA accumulation by chronic ethanol administration. The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase was studied in rats following chronic treatment with ethanol. The GBL-induced dopa accumulation was significantly decreased in ethanol-treated rats. With the increased duration of the ethanol treatment this effect appears to be more marked in the limbic forebrain. It is suggested that chronic ethanol treatment may produce a decreased sensitivity of central GABA receptors.", "PMID": 528994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4054", "title": "The role of monoamines for the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats.", "content": "Male albino rats given a bilateral injection of Baclofen (Lioresal) (12 micrograms/rat) in the cerebral ventricles showed a behavioral syndrome of activation + ataxia, paddling, tail-pinch hyperresponse and anesthesia. The phase of activation + ataxia was reduced by pretreatment of rats with H 44/68, FLA 63, reserpine, pimozide, phenoxybenzamine, oxypertine or chlorpromazine. The phase of paddling was reduced by pretreatment with FLA 63, reserpine, phenoxybenzamine, oxypertine, chlorpromazine, pimozide + phenoxybenzamine or apomorphine, while administration of clonidine instead of Baclofen caused paddling in non-pretreated rats. The phase of tail-pinch hyperresponse was reduced by reserpine, oxypertine, chlorpromazine or pimozide + phenoxybenzamine, while none of the pretreatments affected Baclofen-induced anesthesia. Drugs which affect mainly tryptaminergic or GABA-ergic functions failed to affect Baclofen-induced behaviors consistently. The findings suggest that dopaminergic and noradrenergic functions play a role in the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats.", "contents": "The role of monoamines for the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats. Male albino rats given a bilateral injection of Baclofen (Lioresal) (12 micrograms/rat) in the cerebral ventricles showed a behavioral syndrome of activation + ataxia, paddling, tail-pinch hyperresponse and anesthesia. The phase of activation + ataxia was reduced by pretreatment of rats with H 44/68, FLA 63, reserpine, pimozide, phenoxybenzamine, oxypertine or chlorpromazine. The phase of paddling was reduced by pretreatment with FLA 63, reserpine, phenoxybenzamine, oxypertine, chlorpromazine, pimozide + phenoxybenzamine or apomorphine, while administration of clonidine instead of Baclofen caused paddling in non-pretreated rats. The phase of tail-pinch hyperresponse was reduced by reserpine, oxypertine, chlorpromazine or pimozide + phenoxybenzamine, while none of the pretreatments affected Baclofen-induced anesthesia. Drugs which affect mainly tryptaminergic or GABA-ergic functions failed to affect Baclofen-induced behaviors consistently. The findings suggest that dopaminergic and noradrenergic functions play a role in the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats.", "PMID": 528996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4055", "title": "Effects of post-mortem storage on synaptic 5-HT binding and uptake in mammalian brain.", "content": "Synaptosomes and synaptic membranes were isolated from rat brain after various storage times and temperatures of the tissue. Synaptosomal 5-HT uptake was diminished by about 20% within the first hour after decapitation. No significant change in the incorporation rate was observed for the seven proceeding hours if the brains were stored at room temperature. After an initial decrease of about 15%, 5-HT incorporation remained constant for at least 24 hours if the tissue was stored at 4 degrees C. Electron micrographs showed that nerve endings were highly disrupted by freezing and thawing of the brains.--The capacity of high affinity 5-HT binding to the microsomal synaptic membrane fraction decreased with the first hour by about 13% to 120--130 fmoles 5-HT/mg protein and remained almost constant for the next eight hours. Freezing at --80 degrees C of whole brain or of isolated membranes did not affect 5-HT receptor interaction.--The capacity of specific 5-HT binding to membranes isolated from human post-mortem brain was comparable to that found with synaptic membranes from rat brain. In contrast to the control values, a significant decrease in 5-HT binding was observed in membrane fractions isolated from brain after cerebral insult.", "contents": "Effects of post-mortem storage on synaptic 5-HT binding and uptake in mammalian brain. Synaptosomes and synaptic membranes were isolated from rat brain after various storage times and temperatures of the tissue. Synaptosomal 5-HT uptake was diminished by about 20% within the first hour after decapitation. No significant change in the incorporation rate was observed for the seven proceeding hours if the brains were stored at room temperature. After an initial decrease of about 15%, 5-HT incorporation remained constant for at least 24 hours if the tissue was stored at 4 degrees C. Electron micrographs showed that nerve endings were highly disrupted by freezing and thawing of the brains.--The capacity of high affinity 5-HT binding to the microsomal synaptic membrane fraction decreased with the first hour by about 13% to 120--130 fmoles 5-HT/mg protein and remained almost constant for the next eight hours. Freezing at --80 degrees C of whole brain or of isolated membranes did not affect 5-HT receptor interaction.--The capacity of specific 5-HT binding to membranes isolated from human post-mortem brain was comparable to that found with synaptic membranes from rat brain. In contrast to the control values, a significant decrease in 5-HT binding was observed in membrane fractions isolated from brain after cerebral insult.", "PMID": 528997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4056", "title": "Comparison of dopamine synthesis regulation in the terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophyseal neurons.", "content": "The rate of accumulation of DOPA after the administration of decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD 1015) was determined in the striatum, olfactory tubercle, median eminence and posterior pituitary of the rat brain in order to obtain an index of the rate of synthesis of dopamine (DA) in the terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophyseal neurons, respectively. In all brain regions an increase in the concentration of DA by the administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor decreased DOPA accumulation while a decrease in the concnetration of DA by the administration of reserpine increased DOPA accumulation. These results indicate that end product inhibition plays a role in regulating DA synthesis in all four neuronal systems. Injections of DA agonists decreased and DA antagonists increased the accumulation of DOPA instriatum, olfactory tubercle and posterior pituitary, but not in median eminence. The administration of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and baclofen increased the concentration of DA and the accumulation of DOPA in the striatum, olfactory tubercle and posterior pituitary, and these effects were reversed by the administration of apomorphine. On the other hand, GBL and baclofen had no effect on the concentration of DA or the accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence. These two drugs did, however, reduce the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of DA in the median eminence suggesting that they inhibit the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerves just as they do DA nerves in other systems. These results suggest that the regulation of DA synthesis in terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and tuberohypophyseal nerves is different from that in tuberoinfundibular nerves in that the latter nerves appear to lack an autoreceptor regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Comparison of dopamine synthesis regulation in the terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophyseal neurons. The rate of accumulation of DOPA after the administration of decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD 1015) was determined in the striatum, olfactory tubercle, median eminence and posterior pituitary of the rat brain in order to obtain an index of the rate of synthesis of dopamine (DA) in the terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophyseal neurons, respectively. In all brain regions an increase in the concentration of DA by the administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor decreased DOPA accumulation while a decrease in the concnetration of DA by the administration of reserpine increased DOPA accumulation. These results indicate that end product inhibition plays a role in regulating DA synthesis in all four neuronal systems. Injections of DA agonists decreased and DA antagonists increased the accumulation of DOPA instriatum, olfactory tubercle and posterior pituitary, but not in median eminence. The administration of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and baclofen increased the concentration of DA and the accumulation of DOPA in the striatum, olfactory tubercle and posterior pituitary, and these effects were reversed by the administration of apomorphine. On the other hand, GBL and baclofen had no effect on the concentration of DA or the accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence. These two drugs did, however, reduce the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of DA in the median eminence suggesting that they inhibit the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerves just as they do DA nerves in other systems. These results suggest that the regulation of DA synthesis in terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and tuberohypophyseal nerves is different from that in tuberoinfundibular nerves in that the latter nerves appear to lack an autoreceptor regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 528998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4057", "title": "Origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol.", "content": "The origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG, a major metabolite of norepinephrine) in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated using brain and spinal cord perfusions with artificial CSF, electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the technique of retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rates of appearance of MHPG into ventricular-cisternal and lumbar-cisternal perfusates were about 12.4 and 19.2 ng/hour respectively. Probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the MHPG output in either preparation. Intravenous administration of 3 micrograms MHPG did not substantially enhance the outflow of the metabolite in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate, indicating that MHPG found in the perfusate is of central origin. Maximal activation of central norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the LC by electrical stimulation induced a 50% increase of MHPG levels in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate. In addition HRP was found to be retrogradely transported from the lateral ventricle to these LC-neurons. These findings indicate that MHPG in CSF originates, at least in part from NE of nerve terminals adjacent to the cerebral ventricles, which have their origin in the LC. We calculated that the fraction of MHPG formed in the central nervous system, that was released into the CSF was about 34%. It is concluded that MHPG in CSF is a measure for changes in central NE turnover and that a considerable portion is dependent upon the activity of LC neurons.", "contents": "Origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol. The origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG, a major metabolite of norepinephrine) in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated using brain and spinal cord perfusions with artificial CSF, electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the technique of retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rates of appearance of MHPG into ventricular-cisternal and lumbar-cisternal perfusates were about 12.4 and 19.2 ng/hour respectively. Probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the MHPG output in either preparation. Intravenous administration of 3 micrograms MHPG did not substantially enhance the outflow of the metabolite in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate, indicating that MHPG found in the perfusate is of central origin. Maximal activation of central norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the LC by electrical stimulation induced a 50% increase of MHPG levels in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate. In addition HRP was found to be retrogradely transported from the lateral ventricle to these LC-neurons. These findings indicate that MHPG in CSF originates, at least in part from NE of nerve terminals adjacent to the cerebral ventricles, which have their origin in the LC. We calculated that the fraction of MHPG formed in the central nervous system, that was released into the CSF was about 34%. It is concluded that MHPG in CSF is a measure for changes in central NE turnover and that a considerable portion is dependent upon the activity of LC neurons.", "PMID": 528999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4058", "title": "The effect of etoperidone, a new potential antidepressant drug, on the central serotonin system.", "content": "The effect of etoperidone--a non-tricyclic potential antidepressant drug--on the central serotonergic system was studied. It was demonstrated that this compound inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by 5-HTP in mice and rats (ED50 values amounted to 2.89 and 2.29 mg/kg i.p. respectively). In the flexor reflex preparation in spinal rats etoperidone used in doses lower than 1 mg/kg i.v. produced no effect, while doses of 1 mg/kg i.v. and higher had a stimulating action which occurred 10--15 min after injection. This stimulating action was abolished by 5-HT antagonists (cyproheptadine, danitracen) and by the drug metabolism inhibitor SKF-525A, but not by the 5-HT uptake inhibitor clomipramine. Etoperidone given in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg i.v. had no effect on the stimulating action of serotoninmimetics (LSD, quipazine, fenfluramine) on the flexor reflex, but it abolished the effect of LSD in rats pretreated with SKF-525A. The above findings indicate that etoperidone has a biphasic action on the serotonergic transmission, revealing characteristics of the 5-HT antagonist and agonist. The agonistic action is probably connected with the formation of a metabolite.", "contents": "The effect of etoperidone, a new potential antidepressant drug, on the central serotonin system. The effect of etoperidone--a non-tricyclic potential antidepressant drug--on the central serotonergic system was studied. It was demonstrated that this compound inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by 5-HTP in mice and rats (ED50 values amounted to 2.89 and 2.29 mg/kg i.p. respectively). In the flexor reflex preparation in spinal rats etoperidone used in doses lower than 1 mg/kg i.v. produced no effect, while doses of 1 mg/kg i.v. and higher had a stimulating action which occurred 10--15 min after injection. This stimulating action was abolished by 5-HT antagonists (cyproheptadine, danitracen) and by the drug metabolism inhibitor SKF-525A, but not by the 5-HT uptake inhibitor clomipramine. Etoperidone given in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg i.v. had no effect on the stimulating action of serotoninmimetics (LSD, quipazine, fenfluramine) on the flexor reflex, but it abolished the effect of LSD in rats pretreated with SKF-525A. The above findings indicate that etoperidone has a biphasic action on the serotonergic transmission, revealing characteristics of the 5-HT antagonist and agonist. The agonistic action is probably connected with the formation of a metabolite.", "PMID": 529000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4059", "title": "Usefulness of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) therapy in pathologies of neurosurgical competence.", "content": "The Authors, after giving some theoretical and pharmacodynamic opinions on GABA, report their clinical experience for 18 consecutive years with the use of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cases of central comas, psycho-organic post-operative syndromes, Parkinson's Disease. The drug, in the various above listed pathologies, shows respectively a wakening effect, with actual rising of the level of consciousness, a re-equilibrating action towards psycho-organic involutions, especially acute ones, and a considerable antiakinetic activity. After analyzing the original results obtained, considered especially in the light of the most modern researches on the importance of GABA-ergic mediation on the basal ganglia, some interesting neurofunctional hypotheses are put forward, which are connected with the problem of nervous conduction in human pathology. According to said hypotheses the aminoacid works clinically, owing to its role of inhibiting mediator (rather than of oxidable substrata), and is involved in extrapyramidal nigro-striatal lesions.", "contents": "Usefulness of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) therapy in pathologies of neurosurgical competence. The Authors, after giving some theoretical and pharmacodynamic opinions on GABA, report their clinical experience for 18 consecutive years with the use of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cases of central comas, psycho-organic post-operative syndromes, Parkinson's Disease. The drug, in the various above listed pathologies, shows respectively a wakening effect, with actual rising of the level of consciousness, a re-equilibrating action towards psycho-organic involutions, especially acute ones, and a considerable antiakinetic activity. After analyzing the original results obtained, considered especially in the light of the most modern researches on the importance of GABA-ergic mediation on the basal ganglia, some interesting neurofunctional hypotheses are put forward, which are connected with the problem of nervous conduction in human pathology. According to said hypotheses the aminoacid works clinically, owing to its role of inhibiting mediator (rather than of oxidable substrata), and is involved in extrapyramidal nigro-striatal lesions.", "PMID": 529001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4060", "title": "Autopsy findings in cases with a clinically uncertain cancer diagnosis.", "content": "Analysis of the post mortem and clinical evaluation of the underlying cause of death in 471 cancer patients showed that doubt in the clinical situation occurred in approximately one case in four. Doubt was of three kinds, that as to the site of origin of the cancer, that related to lack of morphological confirmation and that as to the aetiology of the disease process. In most cases in the first two groups the decision not to resolve the doubt until post mortem was made clinically. The majority of the others were admitted too late for the doubt to be resolved before death.", "contents": "Autopsy findings in cases with a clinically uncertain cancer diagnosis. Analysis of the post mortem and clinical evaluation of the underlying cause of death in 471 cancer patients showed that doubt in the clinical situation occurred in approximately one case in four. Doubt was of three kinds, that as to the site of origin of the cancer, that related to lack of morphological confirmation and that as to the aetiology of the disease process. In most cases in the first two groups the decision not to resolve the doubt until post mortem was made clinically. The majority of the others were admitted too late for the doubt to be resolved before death.", "PMID": 529009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4061", "title": "Critical evaluation of the hemispheric perfusion brain scanning using Tc99m labeled human albumin microspheres in cerebral ischemic disorders. Preliminary report.", "content": "Twentytwo patients, 11 with Completed Stroke and 11 with Transitory Ischemic Attacks, were submitted to the Perfusional Brain Scanning (PBS). In all cases the PBS demonstred a pathologic pattern. The test explored the conditions of the arteriolar tree and acquainted us with the degree of the ischemic damage and the functional value of the interhemispheric arterial collateral circle. Further informations on the morphology, site and extension of the lesion were obtained. The pathophysiologic aspects of the procedure are discussed and its safety assessed.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the hemispheric perfusion brain scanning using Tc99m labeled human albumin microspheres in cerebral ischemic disorders. Preliminary report. Twentytwo patients, 11 with Completed Stroke and 11 with Transitory Ischemic Attacks, were submitted to the Perfusional Brain Scanning (PBS). In all cases the PBS demonstred a pathologic pattern. The test explored the conditions of the arteriolar tree and acquainted us with the degree of the ischemic damage and the functional value of the interhemispheric arterial collateral circle. Further informations on the morphology, site and extension of the lesion were obtained. The pathophysiologic aspects of the procedure are discussed and its safety assessed.", "PMID": 529004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4062", "title": "A case of gastric teratoma.", "content": "This paper reports a case of gastric teratoma in a 3-mth-old boy, with macroscopic and microscopic observations. Forty-five instances of gastric teratoma, including the present case, have been reported.", "contents": "A case of gastric teratoma. This paper reports a case of gastric teratoma in a 3-mth-old boy, with macroscopic and microscopic observations. Forty-five instances of gastric teratoma, including the present case, have been reported.", "PMID": 529010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4063", "title": "Recognition memory alterations after severe head injury. Preliminary results in a series of 50 patients.", "content": "The Authors report a study on recognition memory in a series of 50 severe head injuries. The effect of cerebral trauma is expressed by reduction in recognition memory and in learning. A significant difference is found between frontal lesions and temporal lesions. Left temporal lobe damage causes a more severe deficit than right temporal lobe damage. Extradural and subdural haematomas cause no such severe deficit. Neurological syndrome of level of lesion significantly correlates with the performance. PTA duration shows no relation.", "contents": "Recognition memory alterations after severe head injury. Preliminary results in a series of 50 patients. The Authors report a study on recognition memory in a series of 50 severe head injuries. The effect of cerebral trauma is expressed by reduction in recognition memory and in learning. A significant difference is found between frontal lesions and temporal lesions. Left temporal lobe damage causes a more severe deficit than right temporal lobe damage. Extradural and subdural haematomas cause no such severe deficit. Neurological syndrome of level of lesion significantly correlates with the performance. PTA duration shows no relation.", "PMID": 529003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4064", "title": "Surgical trial in the vertebral flow alteration due to Kimmerle anomaly.", "content": "The Author reports 2 cases presenting vertebro-basilar insufficiency. In the first one, surgery was interrupted due to the hyperflexed positioning of the head which caused cardiorespiratory disorders and increased vertebro-basilar insufficiency. In the second case the patient, placed in a different position, survived the operation. The postoperative angiographic control confirmed the disobstruction of the vertebral flow at the level of the malformation. Electromyography detected the presence of innervation of tongue muscles.", "contents": "Surgical trial in the vertebral flow alteration due to Kimmerle anomaly. The Author reports 2 cases presenting vertebro-basilar insufficiency. In the first one, surgery was interrupted due to the hyperflexed positioning of the head which caused cardiorespiratory disorders and increased vertebro-basilar insufficiency. In the second case the patient, placed in a different position, survived the operation. The postoperative angiographic control confirmed the disobstruction of the vertebral flow at the level of the malformation. Electromyography detected the presence of innervation of tongue muscles.", "PMID": 529007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4065", "title": "Intravital and electron microscopic study of bradykinin-induced vascular permeability changes using FITC-dextran as a tracer.", "content": "Fluorescein-labelled dextran (FITC-dextran) of molecular weight 145,000 was used to study vascular permeability to macromolecules by intravital and electron microscopy. Anaesthetised hamsters prepared for intravital observation of the cheek pouch microvasculature were given an intravenous injection of FITC-dextran. Leakage of macromolecules was induced by topical application of bradykinin to the cheek pouch microvasculature and observed in fluorescent light. Leakages occurred only from postcapillary venules of a diameter well below 50 micrometer. The cheek pouch preparation was rapidly fixed by immersion and samples of tissue with intravitally identified leakages of FITC-dextran were studied by electron microscopy. FITC-dextran appeared as black precipitates in the vascular lumen and also outside the lumen in bradykinin-treated animals. In most animal; gaps were found between endothelial cells and these gaps contained dextran precipitates. The results support much other evidence that bradykinin induces macromolecular leakage by opening gaps between endothelial cells in postcapillary venules.", "contents": "Intravital and electron microscopic study of bradykinin-induced vascular permeability changes using FITC-dextran as a tracer. Fluorescein-labelled dextran (FITC-dextran) of molecular weight 145,000 was used to study vascular permeability to macromolecules by intravital and electron microscopy. Anaesthetised hamsters prepared for intravital observation of the cheek pouch microvasculature were given an intravenous injection of FITC-dextran. Leakage of macromolecules was induced by topical application of bradykinin to the cheek pouch microvasculature and observed in fluorescent light. Leakages occurred only from postcapillary venules of a diameter well below 50 micrometer. The cheek pouch preparation was rapidly fixed by immersion and samples of tissue with intravitally identified leakages of FITC-dextran were studied by electron microscopy. FITC-dextran appeared as black precipitates in the vascular lumen and also outside the lumen in bradykinin-treated animals. In most animal; gaps were found between endothelial cells and these gaps contained dextran precipitates. The results support much other evidence that bradykinin induces macromolecular leakage by opening gaps between endothelial cells in postcapillary venules.", "PMID": 529011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4066", "title": "Squamous carcinoma of the colorectum and its genesis.", "content": "A case of pure aquamous carcinoma of the rectum is presented, and the literature reviewed. Squamous carcinomas of the colorectum are rare tumours which have clinicopathological features in common with adenocarcinomas. Evidence is presented to support the proposal that most tumours of the large intestine that consist partly or completely of squamous elements arise from areas of squamous differentiation in pre-existing adenomas. The pathogenesis of squamous carcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma appears to be similar to that of adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma of the colorectum and its genesis. A case of pure aquamous carcinoma of the rectum is presented, and the literature reviewed. Squamous carcinomas of the colorectum are rare tumours which have clinicopathological features in common with adenocarcinomas. Evidence is presented to support the proposal that most tumours of the large intestine that consist partly or completely of squamous elements arise from areas of squamous differentiation in pre-existing adenomas. The pathogenesis of squamous carcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma appears to be similar to that of adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 529012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4067", "title": "Right-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in an anencephalic.", "content": "A case of the uncommon right-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages is presented--to our knowledge the 17th instance reported so far. The interest of this case resides in the fact that there were no associated major cardiac anomalies, and that it occurred in an anencephalic female. It is the second reported case of this association. Both cases had in common the presence of ventricular D-looping, normal relationships of the great arteries and only minor cardiac defects. The absence of major cardiac anomalies, in contrast to the more common left-sided juxtaposition, and the association with anencephaly which has not yet been reported in the left-sided variant of juxtaposition, are features which have to be emphasised.", "contents": "Right-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in an anencephalic. A case of the uncommon right-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages is presented--to our knowledge the 17th instance reported so far. The interest of this case resides in the fact that there were no associated major cardiac anomalies, and that it occurred in an anencephalic female. It is the second reported case of this association. Both cases had in common the presence of ventricular D-looping, normal relationships of the great arteries and only minor cardiac defects. The absence of major cardiac anomalies, in contrast to the more common left-sided juxtaposition, and the association with anencephaly which has not yet been reported in the left-sided variant of juxtaposition, are features which have to be emphasised.", "PMID": 529013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4068", "title": "Externality as a function of obesity in children: pervasive style or eating-specific attribute?", "content": "The developmental sources of the link between stylistic externality and food-related externality found in the obese by Schacter and others were explored by testing whether the externality phenomena that have been found to differentiate obese and normal adults are also discriminators of obese and normal children. The results suggest that obese children as young as 7-12 years of age show an external responsiveness to salient food cues but not yet a generally external perceptual style. The implications of these findings for the development of obese externality are examined.", "contents": "Externality as a function of obesity in children: pervasive style or eating-specific attribute? The developmental sources of the link between stylistic externality and food-related externality found in the obese by Schacter and others were explored by testing whether the externality phenomena that have been found to differentiate obese and normal adults are also discriminators of obese and normal children. The results suggest that obese children as young as 7-12 years of age show an external responsiveness to salient food cues but not yet a generally external perceptual style. The implications of these findings for the development of obese externality are examined.", "PMID": 529014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4069", "title": "Does aggression cause a preference for viewing media violence?", "content": "Virtually all of the research concerned with media violence has attempted to determine whether the viewing of violence is associated with or causes aggression. Little experimental research has been directed at understanding why persons view media violence. The present research experimentally tested the hypotheses that physical aggression and fantasy aggression would lead to a preference for viewing violence. In Experiment 1, undergraduate men and women were induced to express aggressive, nonaggressive, or no fantasies and were then given an opportunity to select film clips for viewing. The films chosen by men contained more violence than those chosen by women. In addition, aggressive fantasies in males, compared to nonaggressive fantasies, increased the preference for viewing violence. Experiment 2, using only males, replicated the results of the first study and also found that men who were given an opportunity to aggress physically, compared to those who had no such opportunity, were more likely to choose to view films containing violent content. These results provide an additional perspective on the relationship between the observation of violence and the expression of aggression by suggesting that the causal effects are bidirectional: Just as the viewing of violence may increase aggression, so, too, aggressive behavior may increase the preference for viewing violence.", "contents": "Does aggression cause a preference for viewing media violence? Virtually all of the research concerned with media violence has attempted to determine whether the viewing of violence is associated with or causes aggression. Little experimental research has been directed at understanding why persons view media violence. The present research experimentally tested the hypotheses that physical aggression and fantasy aggression would lead to a preference for viewing violence. In Experiment 1, undergraduate men and women were induced to express aggressive, nonaggressive, or no fantasies and were then given an opportunity to select film clips for viewing. The films chosen by men contained more violence than those chosen by women. In addition, aggressive fantasies in males, compared to nonaggressive fantasies, increased the preference for viewing violence. Experiment 2, using only males, replicated the results of the first study and also found that men who were given an opportunity to aggress physically, compared to those who had no such opportunity, were more likely to choose to view films containing violent content. These results provide an additional perspective on the relationship between the observation of violence and the expression of aggression by suggesting that the causal effects are bidirectional: Just as the viewing of violence may increase aggression, so, too, aggressive behavior may increase the preference for viewing violence.", "PMID": 529015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4070", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and its prodrugs bacampicillin and pivampicillin in man.", "content": "Five healthy fasting male subjects were each given single doses of intravenous ampicillin (471 mg), oral ampicillin tablets (495 mg), oral bacampicillin hydrochloride tablets (562 mg ampicillin equivalent), and oral pivampicillin hydrochloride capsules (491) mg ampicillin equivalent) in a crossover experiment. The resulting concentrations of ampicillin were determined in plasma and urine. The pharmacokinetic analysis was made according to a two-compartment open model. The total distribution volume of unbound ampicillin during the disposition phase was 0.247 +/- 0.045 (SD) liter/kg, which is only slightly more than the extracellular fluid, suggesting that tissue binding and intracellular distribution of ampicillin are limited. The bioavailability of the esters bacampicillin (86 +/- 11%) and pivampicillin (92 +/- 18%) was significantly greater than that of ampicillin (62 +/- 17%); however, the difference between the esters was not statistically significant. The adsorption for all drugs given orally proceeded at a constant rate, suggesting zero-order release rates from the products. The adsorption rate was highest for bacampicillin (0.89 +/- 0.39 of dose absorbed per minute), followed by pivampicillin (0.64 +/- 0.19) and ampicillin (0.58 +/- 0.16). Bacampicillin also had the shortest lag time for the start of absorption (7.0 +/- 0.9 min) under the present conditions. Thus, in comparison with ampicillin, the esters have a higher bioavailability, which, in fact, is close to the theoretically highest possible value by clearance concepts. The higher bioavailability in connection with higher absorption rates may be clinically important in ampicillin treatment by the oral route.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and its prodrugs bacampicillin and pivampicillin in man. Five healthy fasting male subjects were each given single doses of intravenous ampicillin (471 mg), oral ampicillin tablets (495 mg), oral bacampicillin hydrochloride tablets (562 mg ampicillin equivalent), and oral pivampicillin hydrochloride capsules (491) mg ampicillin equivalent) in a crossover experiment. The resulting concentrations of ampicillin were determined in plasma and urine. The pharmacokinetic analysis was made according to a two-compartment open model. The total distribution volume of unbound ampicillin during the disposition phase was 0.247 +/- 0.045 (SD) liter/kg, which is only slightly more than the extracellular fluid, suggesting that tissue binding and intracellular distribution of ampicillin are limited. The bioavailability of the esters bacampicillin (86 +/- 11%) and pivampicillin (92 +/- 18%) was significantly greater than that of ampicillin (62 +/- 17%); however, the difference between the esters was not statistically significant. The adsorption for all drugs given orally proceeded at a constant rate, suggesting zero-order release rates from the products. The adsorption rate was highest for bacampicillin (0.89 +/- 0.39 of dose absorbed per minute), followed by pivampicillin (0.64 +/- 0.19) and ampicillin (0.58 +/- 0.16). Bacampicillin also had the shortest lag time for the start of absorption (7.0 +/- 0.9 min) under the present conditions. Thus, in comparison with ampicillin, the esters have a higher bioavailability, which, in fact, is close to the theoretically highest possible value by clearance concepts. The higher bioavailability in connection with higher absorption rates may be clinically important in ampicillin treatment by the oral route.", "PMID": 529016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4071", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of phenylethylacetylurea (pheneturide), an old antiepileptic drug.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of pheneturide (a decarboxylation product of phenobarbital), used to prevent psychomotor seizures for many years, was studied in normal human volunteers. To measure the drug in plasma and urine, a highly sensitive and reproducible thin-layer chromatography-reflectance spectrophotometric assay was developed. The results show that pheneturide follows first-order kinetics in the dose range studied. Its half-life after single doses is 54 hr (range 31--90), and its total body clearance (100% nonrenal) is 2.6 liters/hr (range 1.73--3.59). After repetitive administration, half-life is 40 hr (but clearance remains unchanged because of a lower volume of distribution). Because of the long half-life, repetitive administration results in a continuous steady-state level and makes this drug (kinetically) ideal for long-term use.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of phenylethylacetylurea (pheneturide), an old antiepileptic drug. The pharmacokinetics of pheneturide (a decarboxylation product of phenobarbital), used to prevent psychomotor seizures for many years, was studied in normal human volunteers. To measure the drug in plasma and urine, a highly sensitive and reproducible thin-layer chromatography-reflectance spectrophotometric assay was developed. The results show that pheneturide follows first-order kinetics in the dose range studied. Its half-life after single doses is 54 hr (range 31--90), and its total body clearance (100% nonrenal) is 2.6 liters/hr (range 1.73--3.59). After repetitive administration, half-life is 40 hr (but clearance remains unchanged because of a lower volume of distribution). Because of the long half-life, repetitive administration results in a continuous steady-state level and makes this drug (kinetically) ideal for long-term use.", "PMID": 529017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4072", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of clonidine in the rat and cat.", "content": "To investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of clonidine, rats were given clonidine intravenously at 125, 250, and 500 micrograms/kg and blood clonidine concentrations were followed for 6 hr. The disposition of clonidine in two brain regions was studied in rats after an i.v. dose of 500 micrograms/kg. The liver clearance in rats was investigated by liver perfusion techniques. The results obtained indicate that the disposition characteristics of clonidine can be described by a two-compartment open model in both rats and cats. The penetration of clonidine into tissues is rapid, and brain levels in rats were about 1.7 times higher than blood levels. Brain tissues were found to be an indistinguisible part of the central (blood) compartment. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior was found for clonidine in rats at the doses used. This was demonstrated by a decrease of both the rate constant of distribution to the peripheral compartment and the overall elimination rate constant from the body, with increase in dose. As a consequence, the volume of distribution and the clearance both decreased with increasing dose. Possible explanations for the dose-dependent behavior of clonidine are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of clonidine in the rat and cat. To investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of clonidine, rats were given clonidine intravenously at 125, 250, and 500 micrograms/kg and blood clonidine concentrations were followed for 6 hr. The disposition of clonidine in two brain regions was studied in rats after an i.v. dose of 500 micrograms/kg. The liver clearance in rats was investigated by liver perfusion techniques. The results obtained indicate that the disposition characteristics of clonidine can be described by a two-compartment open model in both rats and cats. The penetration of clonidine into tissues is rapid, and brain levels in rats were about 1.7 times higher than blood levels. Brain tissues were found to be an indistinguisible part of the central (blood) compartment. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior was found for clonidine in rats at the doses used. This was demonstrated by a decrease of both the rate constant of distribution to the peripheral compartment and the overall elimination rate constant from the body, with increase in dose. As a consequence, the volume of distribution and the clearance both decreased with increasing dose. Possible explanations for the dose-dependent behavior of clonidine are discussed.", "PMID": 529018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4073", "title": "Multiple receptor responses: a new concept to describe the relationship between pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of a drug: studies on clonidine in the rat and cat.", "content": "The time course of an observed pharmacological effect is affected not only by the kinetics of the drug levels at the site of action but also by parameters such as the slope and maximum effect of the functional relationship between drug level and response. Using clonidine as a test drug, it was found that the kinetics of its effects on blood pressure and pain responses cannot be described by the time course of clonidine levels in the blood, brain, or the hypothetical tissue compartment of the two-compartment characteristics of this drug. However, the results can be explained assuming that the observed pharmacological effects of a drug are composed of the sum of responses from at least two receptor sites with different slopes and maximal effects. The effect of intravenously administered clonidine on blood pressure in the rat was found to be related to the blood concentrations at least at two receptor sites with opposite effects, one leading to a hypertensive and the other to a hypotensive response. Predictions indicate that a maximum decrease of arterial blood pressure is obtained when the steady-state blood concentration of clonidine is about 1 ng/ml and that no effect is seen at 10 ng/ml. Higher levels will produce an increase of the pressure. The kinetics of the analgesic effect of clonidine in the rat could best be related to the brain levels if the observed effect was considered to be derived from the sum of activity at two receptor sites each producing analgesia. The kinetics of the effects of clonidine on the nictitating membrane of the cat was found to be determined by the kinetics of the drug in the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment open model. Consideration of multiple receptor responses is suggested for future studies on the relationship between the kinetics of drug levels and pharmacological responses.", "contents": "Multiple receptor responses: a new concept to describe the relationship between pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of a drug: studies on clonidine in the rat and cat. The time course of an observed pharmacological effect is affected not only by the kinetics of the drug levels at the site of action but also by parameters such as the slope and maximum effect of the functional relationship between drug level and response. Using clonidine as a test drug, it was found that the kinetics of its effects on blood pressure and pain responses cannot be described by the time course of clonidine levels in the blood, brain, or the hypothetical tissue compartment of the two-compartment characteristics of this drug. However, the results can be explained assuming that the observed pharmacological effects of a drug are composed of the sum of responses from at least two receptor sites with different slopes and maximal effects. The effect of intravenously administered clonidine on blood pressure in the rat was found to be related to the blood concentrations at least at two receptor sites with opposite effects, one leading to a hypertensive and the other to a hypotensive response. Predictions indicate that a maximum decrease of arterial blood pressure is obtained when the steady-state blood concentration of clonidine is about 1 ng/ml and that no effect is seen at 10 ng/ml. Higher levels will produce an increase of the pressure. The kinetics of the analgesic effect of clonidine in the rat could best be related to the brain levels if the observed effect was considered to be derived from the sum of activity at two receptor sites each producing analgesia. The kinetics of the effects of clonidine on the nictitating membrane of the cat was found to be determined by the kinetics of the drug in the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment open model. Consideration of multiple receptor responses is suggested for future studies on the relationship between the kinetics of drug levels and pharmacological responses.", "PMID": 529019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4074", "title": "Number of exponential terms describing the solution of an N-compartmental mammillary model: vanishing exponentials.", "content": "The solution for a linear mammillary model is always described by a summation of m + 1 negative exponential terms with constant coefficients. m + 1 less than or equal to N, where N is the number of compartments in the model. m is equal to the number of distinct values for the peripheral Ej values. Use is made of matrix notation and the theorems of Browne concerning the eigenvalues of a matrix. The consequences of vanishing exponentials are derived, and in particular the apparent volume of distribution frequently calculated from experimental data is shown not to be unique.", "contents": "Number of exponential terms describing the solution of an N-compartmental mammillary model: vanishing exponentials. The solution for a linear mammillary model is always described by a summation of m + 1 negative exponential terms with constant coefficients. m + 1 less than or equal to N, where N is the number of compartments in the model. m is equal to the number of distinct values for the peripheral Ej values. Use is made of matrix notation and the theorems of Browne concerning the eigenvalues of a matrix. The consequences of vanishing exponentials are derived, and in particular the apparent volume of distribution frequently calculated from experimental data is shown not to be unique.", "PMID": 529020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4075", "title": "Potential pitfalls in the conventional pharmacokinetic studies: effects of the initial mixing of drug in blood and the pulmonary first-pass elimination.", "content": "The classical concept of assuming that an i.v. dose instantaneously distributes into the central or plasma compartment is reviewed, as is the potential for pulmonary first-pass effect. Based on available literature, the concept is shown to lead to serious errors in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters, particularly for drugs with high clearance.", "contents": "Potential pitfalls in the conventional pharmacokinetic studies: effects of the initial mixing of drug in blood and the pulmonary first-pass elimination. The classical concept of assuming that an i.v. dose instantaneously distributes into the central or plasma compartment is reviewed, as is the potential for pulmonary first-pass effect. Based on available literature, the concept is shown to lead to serious errors in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters, particularly for drugs with high clearance.", "PMID": 529021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4076", "title": "Nonlinear least-squares regression programs for microcomputers.", "content": "Nonlinear least-squares regression can be performed on a microcomputer with BASIC language capability and 8K or more bytes of random access memory. At least five nonlinear regression programs written in BASIC exist, two of which have been implemented on microcomputers. These programs and some of their characteriscics are described. Advantages and disadvantages of performing nonlinear regression on microcomputers are contrasted with use of nonlinear regression programs requiring large computers.", "contents": "Nonlinear least-squares regression programs for microcomputers. Nonlinear least-squares regression can be performed on a microcomputer with BASIC language capability and 8K or more bytes of random access memory. At least five nonlinear regression programs written in BASIC exist, two of which have been implemented on microcomputers. These programs and some of their characteriscics are described. Advantages and disadvantages of performing nonlinear regression on microcomputers are contrasted with use of nonlinear regression programs requiring large computers.", "PMID": 529022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4077", "title": "Steady-state plasma concentrations as a function of the absorption rate and dosing interval for drugs exhibiting concentration-dependent clearance: consequences for phenytoin therapy.", "content": "Model-dependent relationships describing the effects of absorption rate and dosing interval on steady-state phenytoin plasma concentrations are presented and discussed. Utilizing a range of operative Michaelis-Menten parameters that characterize phenytoin elimination via a single capacity-limited pathway, a situation assuming instantaneous absorption (case I) is compared with the situation in which continuous constant-rate absorption occurs (case II). The results of these comparisons demonstrate that average steady-state concentrations do not differ significantly between the two cases. Ratios (case I/case II) of areas under the curve during a steady-state dosing interval substantially deviating from unity are associated with high plasma clearances and clinically low phenytoin concentrations. When the same daily dose is maintained, but the dosing interval is altered (0.25, 0.33, 0.50, 1.0 day), little difference in the average steady-state levels is observed even when absorption is instantaneous. Differences between steady-state maximum and minimum concentrations increase with prolonged dosing intervals as well as faster absorbed phenytoin formulations, but for most patients these fluctuations are therapeutically insignificant. A dimensionless parameter, Q, which is a function of the individual patient's parameters and the dosing regimen, is introduced, and its relationship with steady-state phenytoin concentrations is discussed. Formulation-related differences in phenytoin dissolution rates that may result in significantly altered absorption rates should not affect average steady-state levels unless the extent of absorption is altered. More frequent dosing is not necessary to avoid increases in the average steady-state levels when rapidly absorbed phenytoin products are administered, but may be desirable if the required daily dose is high or the individual patient exhibits a narrow therapeutic range for this drug.", "contents": "Steady-state plasma concentrations as a function of the absorption rate and dosing interval for drugs exhibiting concentration-dependent clearance: consequences for phenytoin therapy. Model-dependent relationships describing the effects of absorption rate and dosing interval on steady-state phenytoin plasma concentrations are presented and discussed. Utilizing a range of operative Michaelis-Menten parameters that characterize phenytoin elimination via a single capacity-limited pathway, a situation assuming instantaneous absorption (case I) is compared with the situation in which continuous constant-rate absorption occurs (case II). The results of these comparisons demonstrate that average steady-state concentrations do not differ significantly between the two cases. Ratios (case I/case II) of areas under the curve during a steady-state dosing interval substantially deviating from unity are associated with high plasma clearances and clinically low phenytoin concentrations. When the same daily dose is maintained, but the dosing interval is altered (0.25, 0.33, 0.50, 1.0 day), little difference in the average steady-state levels is observed even when absorption is instantaneous. Differences between steady-state maximum and minimum concentrations increase with prolonged dosing intervals as well as faster absorbed phenytoin formulations, but for most patients these fluctuations are therapeutically insignificant. A dimensionless parameter, Q, which is a function of the individual patient's parameters and the dosing regimen, is introduced, and its relationship with steady-state phenytoin concentrations is discussed. Formulation-related differences in phenytoin dissolution rates that may result in significantly altered absorption rates should not affect average steady-state levels unless the extent of absorption is altered. More frequent dosing is not necessary to avoid increases in the average steady-state levels when rapidly absorbed phenytoin products are administered, but may be desirable if the required daily dose is high or the individual patient exhibits a narrow therapeutic range for this drug.", "PMID": 529023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4078", "title": "Time-dependent kinetics. V: Time course of drug levels during enzyme induction (one-compartment model).", "content": "Equations were derived to describe the time course of drug levels during auto- and heteroinduction under a variety of input conditions. These equations were based on a pharmacokinetic theory of induction which assumes that metabolic clearance increases exponentially to a maximum value and that the rate of this increase is governed by the degradation rate constant of the induced enzyme (k'). Closed form solutions could be obtained only for intravenous single-dose (case I) and multiple-dose (case IV) administration. For each of the other cases, constant-rate intravenous infusion (case III), oral single-dose administration (case II), and multiple-dose administration (case V), an exact solution (not closed form) and an approximation (closed form) were derived. Two sets of equations were derived for each of the five cases to take into consideration the possibility of a latency term (lambda). Plots of drug amount X (or concentration C) vs. time (t) were constructed. In case I, a log X vs. t plot was convex, the slope increasing with time. In case II, X increased, reached a peak, and decayed as in case I. In case III (lambda greater than 5 ln 2V/Q) C reached a preinduction steady state before decreasing to a lower (induced) steady state. The behavior of C vs. t for cases IV and V was similar to that for case III. Determination of parameters was attempted in case III. Nonlinear least-square fitting of generated data with 3-9% error yielded reasonable estimates of k'.", "contents": "Time-dependent kinetics. V: Time course of drug levels during enzyme induction (one-compartment model). Equations were derived to describe the time course of drug levels during auto- and heteroinduction under a variety of input conditions. These equations were based on a pharmacokinetic theory of induction which assumes that metabolic clearance increases exponentially to a maximum value and that the rate of this increase is governed by the degradation rate constant of the induced enzyme (k'). Closed form solutions could be obtained only for intravenous single-dose (case I) and multiple-dose (case IV) administration. For each of the other cases, constant-rate intravenous infusion (case III), oral single-dose administration (case II), and multiple-dose administration (case V), an exact solution (not closed form) and an approximation (closed form) were derived. Two sets of equations were derived for each of the five cases to take into consideration the possibility of a latency term (lambda). Plots of drug amount X (or concentration C) vs. time (t) were constructed. In case I, a log X vs. t plot was convex, the slope increasing with time. In case II, X increased, reached a peak, and decayed as in case I. In case III (lambda greater than 5 ln 2V/Q) C reached a preinduction steady state before decreasing to a lower (induced) steady state. The behavior of C vs. t for cases IV and V was similar to that for case III. Determination of parameters was attempted in case III. Nonlinear least-square fitting of generated data with 3-9% error yielded reasonable estimates of k'.", "PMID": 529024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4079", "title": "A priori lithium dosage regimen using population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters.", "content": "The important problem of initiation of long-term lithium treatment is tackled by means of the selection of an a priori dosage regimen based on the presumed efficacy of lithium and absence of toxicity. The pharmacokinetics of Li+ ion is represented by a four-compartment open model including the supposed first-order processes for the release of the active compound from the dosage form and its absorption. Experimental protocols for measurements of serum concentrations and of urinary amounts after single and multiple dosing to healthy volunteers were derived with several oral dosage forms. Estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters for each subject made it possible to validate the model for the various dosage forms. The interindividual variability of these parameters is taken into account by estimating the characteristics of the statistical distribution for the whole population. A dosage regimen is considered optimum when serum concentration profiles at steady state range from the threshold of efficacy (0.8 mmol/liter) to the threshold of toxicity (2.0 mmol/liter). When the number of daily intakes is fixed, the search for the optimum dose for the whole population is effected by minimizing the expected value of the random variable which characterizes the risks of excursion out of the therapeutic range. By this means universal dosages are shown to be unsatisfactory. However, certain dosage regimens individualized with respect to the renal clearance value of lithium and based on two or three daily intakes can give excellent results even when conventional dosage forms are used.", "contents": "A priori lithium dosage regimen using population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters. The important problem of initiation of long-term lithium treatment is tackled by means of the selection of an a priori dosage regimen based on the presumed efficacy of lithium and absence of toxicity. The pharmacokinetics of Li+ ion is represented by a four-compartment open model including the supposed first-order processes for the release of the active compound from the dosage form and its absorption. Experimental protocols for measurements of serum concentrations and of urinary amounts after single and multiple dosing to healthy volunteers were derived with several oral dosage forms. Estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters for each subject made it possible to validate the model for the various dosage forms. The interindividual variability of these parameters is taken into account by estimating the characteristics of the statistical distribution for the whole population. A dosage regimen is considered optimum when serum concentration profiles at steady state range from the threshold of efficacy (0.8 mmol/liter) to the threshold of toxicity (2.0 mmol/liter). When the number of daily intakes is fixed, the search for the optimum dose for the whole population is effected by minimizing the expected value of the random variable which characterizes the risks of excursion out of the therapeutic range. By this means universal dosages are shown to be unsatisfactory. However, certain dosage regimens individualized with respect to the renal clearance value of lithium and based on two or three daily intakes can give excellent results even when conventional dosage forms are used.", "PMID": 529025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4080", "title": "Drug elimination interactions: analysis using a mathematical model.", "content": "A mathematical model was developed to analyze the elimination kinetics of drug interactions in the rat. The model is based on physiological blood flow rates and organ weights and includes Michaelis-Menten equations for enzymatic processes which are involved in the elimination of the drug; competitive inhibition interactions are computed for shared pathways. Using data from the single drugs, the model can simulate the results of experiments of the acute warfarin-BSP interactions in rats.", "contents": "Drug elimination interactions: analysis using a mathematical model. A mathematical model was developed to analyze the elimination kinetics of drug interactions in the rat. The model is based on physiological blood flow rates and organ weights and includes Michaelis-Menten equations for enzymatic processes which are involved in the elimination of the drug; competitive inhibition interactions are computed for shared pathways. Using data from the single drugs, the model can simulate the results of experiments of the acute warfarin-BSP interactions in rats.", "PMID": 529026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4081", "title": "Interaction of phenylbutazone with racemic phenprocoumon and its enantiomers in rats.", "content": "The interaction of phenylbutazone with the enantiomers and racemic [3H]phenprocoumon was studied in male inbred Wistar-Lewis rats following a single i.v. dose of the three forms of phenprocoumon and chronic oral treatment with phenylbutazone (average plasma concentration of about 60 microgram/ml). Phenylbutazone augmented the anticoagulant effect of R(+), S(-), and R, S(+/-) phenprocoumon to a similar extent. The free fraction of drug in the plasma of the enantiomers and racemic phenprocoumon increased in the presence of phenylbutazone. However, the rate of elimination of total drug from plasma and liver and the distribution between liver and plasma of all three forms of phenprocoumon remained nearly unaffected by phenylbutazone. Thus there is no evidence for a stereoselective drug interaction between phenprocoumon and phenylbutazone. For racemic [oH]phenprocoumon it was possible to follow the kinetics of free drug in plasma and liver along with the time course of anticoagulant activity. In these studies, free drug concentrations in plasma and liver increased during treatment with phenylbutazone, but the elimination rate constant of free racemic phenprocoumon in plasma and liver remained essentially unchanged. Phenylbutazone markedly decreased the volume of distribution referenced to free drug and the clearance of free phenprocoumon (i.e., intrinsic metabolic clearance). Whereas the total (bound and unbound) drug concentration--effect relationship in plasma and liver was shifted to the left in rats treated with phenylbutazone, such shift was not seen in the free drug concentration--response relationship. In conclusion, the increase in the free concentration of phenprocoumon in plasma and liver and the concomitant decrease in the clearance of free drug are the mechanisms responsible for the marked and sustained enhancement of the anticoagulant effect which follows treatment with phenbutazone.", "contents": "Interaction of phenylbutazone with racemic phenprocoumon and its enantiomers in rats. The interaction of phenylbutazone with the enantiomers and racemic [3H]phenprocoumon was studied in male inbred Wistar-Lewis rats following a single i.v. dose of the three forms of phenprocoumon and chronic oral treatment with phenylbutazone (average plasma concentration of about 60 microgram/ml). Phenylbutazone augmented the anticoagulant effect of R(+), S(-), and R, S(+/-) phenprocoumon to a similar extent. The free fraction of drug in the plasma of the enantiomers and racemic phenprocoumon increased in the presence of phenylbutazone. However, the rate of elimination of total drug from plasma and liver and the distribution between liver and plasma of all three forms of phenprocoumon remained nearly unaffected by phenylbutazone. Thus there is no evidence for a stereoselective drug interaction between phenprocoumon and phenylbutazone. For racemic [oH]phenprocoumon it was possible to follow the kinetics of free drug in plasma and liver along with the time course of anticoagulant activity. In these studies, free drug concentrations in plasma and liver increased during treatment with phenylbutazone, but the elimination rate constant of free racemic phenprocoumon in plasma and liver remained essentially unchanged. Phenylbutazone markedly decreased the volume of distribution referenced to free drug and the clearance of free phenprocoumon (i.e., intrinsic metabolic clearance). Whereas the total (bound and unbound) drug concentration--effect relationship in plasma and liver was shifted to the left in rats treated with phenylbutazone, such shift was not seen in the free drug concentration--response relationship. In conclusion, the increase in the free concentration of phenprocoumon in plasma and liver and the concomitant decrease in the clearance of free drug are the mechanisms responsible for the marked and sustained enhancement of the anticoagulant effect which follows treatment with phenbutazone.", "PMID": 529027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4082", "title": "Regional and systemic serum concentrations of 5-fluorouracil after portal and intravenous infusion: an experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The serum and urinary concentrations of 5-FU after continuous portal and jugular infusion have been followed by means of a highly sensitive microbiological assay method. Our data indicate that more than 90% of 5-FU was eliminated in the liver after continuous portal infusion of 0.625 mg x kg-1 x hr-1, corresponding to a dose of 15 mg x kg-1 x 24 hr-1. Negligible amounts of intact 5-FU were excreted into the bile, and the urinary excretion was only a few percent of the amount infused. The arterial concentration was on average tenfold higher during the continuous jugular infusion than after the continuous portal infusion, indicating that the route of administration has a pronounced effect on the disposition of 5-FU. Twenty-three percent of the jugular dose reached the liver; 77% was degraded by extrahepatic metabolism. Of these, degradation in the prehepatic splanchnic area accounted for 15%.", "contents": "Regional and systemic serum concentrations of 5-fluorouracil after portal and intravenous infusion: an experimental study in dogs. The serum and urinary concentrations of 5-FU after continuous portal and jugular infusion have been followed by means of a highly sensitive microbiological assay method. Our data indicate that more than 90% of 5-FU was eliminated in the liver after continuous portal infusion of 0.625 mg x kg-1 x hr-1, corresponding to a dose of 15 mg x kg-1 x 24 hr-1. Negligible amounts of intact 5-FU were excreted into the bile, and the urinary excretion was only a few percent of the amount infused. The arterial concentration was on average tenfold higher during the continuous jugular infusion than after the continuous portal infusion, indicating that the route of administration has a pronounced effect on the disposition of 5-FU. Twenty-three percent of the jugular dose reached the liver; 77% was degraded by extrahepatic metabolism. Of these, degradation in the prehepatic splanchnic area accounted for 15%.", "PMID": 529028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4083", "title": "Nonlinear regression on multiple-dose data.", "content": "The examples are given to show how Metzler's nonlinear regression program can be used to estimate parameters in a model with multiple dosing. The model of one example is a set of equations involving sums of exponentials, whereas the other model is a set of differential equations reflecting first order absorption and Michaelis-Menten excretion. In both cases no data were given in one of the dosing intervals.", "contents": "Nonlinear regression on multiple-dose data. The examples are given to show how Metzler's nonlinear regression program can be used to estimate parameters in a model with multiple dosing. The model of one example is a set of equations involving sums of exponentials, whereas the other model is a set of differential equations reflecting first order absorption and Michaelis-Menten excretion. In both cases no data were given in one of the dosing intervals.", "PMID": 529029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4084", "title": "Suspending agent effects on steroid suspension dissolution profiles.", "content": "Dissolution profiles and particle-size analyses were determined for two lots of prednisolone acetate. The effects of common suspending agents on dissolution and particle-size distributions of these suspensions also were investigated. Lot-to-lot variation in the prednisolone acetate dissolution rate was observed and was apparently related to the percentage of fine particles within the distribution. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium inhibition of prednisolone acetate dissolution occurred with only one lot of raw material and seemed to be related to aggregation of the fine particles. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inhibited both prednisolone acetate lots and was observed with or without small particle aggregation. The dissolution variations observed have important implications in suspension formulation.", "contents": "Suspending agent effects on steroid suspension dissolution profiles. Dissolution profiles and particle-size analyses were determined for two lots of prednisolone acetate. The effects of common suspending agents on dissolution and particle-size distributions of these suspensions also were investigated. Lot-to-lot variation in the prednisolone acetate dissolution rate was observed and was apparently related to the percentage of fine particles within the distribution. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium inhibition of prednisolone acetate dissolution occurred with only one lot of raw material and seemed to be related to aggregation of the fine particles. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inhibited both prednisolone acetate lots and was observed with or without small particle aggregation. The dissolution variations observed have important implications in suspension formulation.", "PMID": 529033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4085", "title": "Corticosteroid determination in skin preparations by a reaction rate method.", "content": "A reaction rate method for the determination of beta-methasone, betamethasone valerate, triamcinolone acetonide, and fluocinolone acetonide is described. The method is based on a modification of the widely accepted blue tetrazolium reaction. Analysis times of 30--70 sec are required. Relative standard deviations of 0.3--1.9% are obtained, and the analytical working curves are linear. Analysis of pharmaceutical skin preparations by the new method gave results that correlated well with the time-consuming standard equilibrium method. Analysis of betamethasone and betamethasone valerate mixtures by measuring absorbance values at two different times was performed also.", "contents": "Corticosteroid determination in skin preparations by a reaction rate method. A reaction rate method for the determination of beta-methasone, betamethasone valerate, triamcinolone acetonide, and fluocinolone acetonide is described. The method is based on a modification of the widely accepted blue tetrazolium reaction. Analysis times of 30--70 sec are required. Relative standard deviations of 0.3--1.9% are obtained, and the analytical working curves are linear. Analysis of pharmaceutical skin preparations by the new method gave results that correlated well with the time-consuming standard equilibrium method. Analysis of betamethasone and betamethasone valerate mixtures by measuring absorbance values at two different times was performed also.", "PMID": 529034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4086", "title": "Effect of heparin injection on plasma protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate in rats.", "content": "Intravenous heparin injection significantly increased the free bilirubin and salicylate fractions in the plasma of rats. This effect occurred within 2 min after injection of 500 U of heparin/kg and lasted for 15--45 min (bilirubin) or for greater than 45 min (salicylate). In vitro addition of heparin to plasma had no quantitatively significant effect on the protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate. The in vivo effect of heparin on protein binding was reversible by treating the plasma with activated charcoal, a procedure known to remove fatty acids from albumin. Since protein binding affects the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the pharmacological activity of drugs, the heparin--drug interaction may have significant clinical implications. Use of heparinized plasma for exchange transfusion in the treatment of neonatal jaundice may be hazardous.", "contents": "Effect of heparin injection on plasma protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate in rats. Intravenous heparin injection significantly increased the free bilirubin and salicylate fractions in the plasma of rats. This effect occurred within 2 min after injection of 500 U of heparin/kg and lasted for 15--45 min (bilirubin) or for greater than 45 min (salicylate). In vitro addition of heparin to plasma had no quantitatively significant effect on the protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate. The in vivo effect of heparin on protein binding was reversible by treating the plasma with activated charcoal, a procedure known to remove fatty acids from albumin. Since protein binding affects the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the pharmacological activity of drugs, the heparin--drug interaction may have significant clinical implications. Use of heparinized plasma for exchange transfusion in the treatment of neonatal jaundice may be hazardous.", "PMID": 529035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4087", "title": "Correlation of urinary excretion with in vitro dissolution using several dissolution methods for hydrochlorothiazide formulations.", "content": "Four different hydrochlorothiazide formulations were prepared, and cumulative urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion was determined in a crossover study using six volunteers. A comparison of in vivo results showed that one formulation (Forumulation D) was significantly different from the others at 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 14 hr. A dissolution study was conducted on each formulation using the flask, USP basket, and magnetic basket methods at agitation speeds of 50, 100, and 150 rpm. Formulation D was significantly different from other formulations when determined using the USP basket method at 150 rpm and a sampling time of 10 min; the USP basket method at 100 rpm and a sampling time of 100 min; the flask method at 100 rpm and sampling times of 30, 40, 60, and 120 min; and the flask method at 150 rpm and sampling times of 30 and 40 min. Significant in vitro and in vivo correlations were found using a regression analysis and F test. With a correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals, it was established that the USP basket method at 150 rpm was the best predictor of urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion among the dissolution methods tested.", "contents": "Correlation of urinary excretion with in vitro dissolution using several dissolution methods for hydrochlorothiazide formulations. Four different hydrochlorothiazide formulations were prepared, and cumulative urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion was determined in a crossover study using six volunteers. A comparison of in vivo results showed that one formulation (Forumulation D) was significantly different from the others at 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 14 hr. A dissolution study was conducted on each formulation using the flask, USP basket, and magnetic basket methods at agitation speeds of 50, 100, and 150 rpm. Formulation D was significantly different from other formulations when determined using the USP basket method at 150 rpm and a sampling time of 10 min; the USP basket method at 100 rpm and a sampling time of 100 min; the flask method at 100 rpm and sampling times of 30, 40, 60, and 120 min; and the flask method at 150 rpm and sampling times of 30 and 40 min. Significant in vitro and in vivo correlations were found using a regression analysis and F test. With a correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals, it was established that the USP basket method at 150 rpm was the best predictor of urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion among the dissolution methods tested.", "PMID": 529036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4088", "title": "Flocculation of sulfamerazine suspensions by a cationic polymer.", "content": "Flocculation by a cationic polymer of sulfamerazine suspensions containing a wetting agent was evaluated. Suspensions with sufficient surfactant concentrations to ensure complete wetting were deflocculated. When the anionic surfactant, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, was used as a wetting agent, the suspensions were flocculated over a limited polymer concentration range. Flocculation was attributed to simultaneous interaction of a polymer molecule with more than one particle. At higher polymer concentrations, the particles were covered completely with polymer, leading to repulsion between the particles and deflocculation of the suspensions. The polymer concentration required for flocculation provided evidence for interaction between the anionic surfactant and the cationic polymer. Suspensions containing a nonionic surfactant also were flocculated using various polymer concentrations. When a surfactant mixture was employed in the suspensions, the peak sedimentation volume of flocculated systems and the concentration of polymer at the peak depended on the surfactant mixture composition.", "contents": "Flocculation of sulfamerazine suspensions by a cationic polymer. Flocculation by a cationic polymer of sulfamerazine suspensions containing a wetting agent was evaluated. Suspensions with sufficient surfactant concentrations to ensure complete wetting were deflocculated. When the anionic surfactant, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, was used as a wetting agent, the suspensions were flocculated over a limited polymer concentration range. Flocculation was attributed to simultaneous interaction of a polymer molecule with more than one particle. At higher polymer concentrations, the particles were covered completely with polymer, leading to repulsion between the particles and deflocculation of the suspensions. The polymer concentration required for flocculation provided evidence for interaction between the anionic surfactant and the cationic polymer. Suspensions containing a nonionic surfactant also were flocculated using various polymer concentrations. When a surfactant mixture was employed in the suspensions, the peak sedimentation volume of flocculated systems and the concentration of polymer at the peak depended on the surfactant mixture composition.", "PMID": 529037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4089", "title": "Solid-state acetylation of codeine phosphate by aspirin.", "content": "A nonsolvolytic (solid-state) acetylation of codeine phosphate in the presence of aspirin to yield acetylcodeine phosphate is reported. GLC assays for the simultaneous determination of aspirin and salicylic acid and codeine and acetylcodeine are described. The apparent heat of activation for codeine phosphate is estimated, and the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Solid-state acetylation of codeine phosphate by aspirin. A nonsolvolytic (solid-state) acetylation of codeine phosphate in the presence of aspirin to yield acetylcodeine phosphate is reported. GLC assays for the simultaneous determination of aspirin and salicylic acid and codeine and acetylcodeine are described. The apparent heat of activation for codeine phosphate is estimated, and the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 529038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4090", "title": "Simple epoxide analogs of trichothecans.", "content": "To define clearly the epoxide grouping role in trichothecan biological activity, a series of hindered epoxides was prepared. They possessed alpha, alpha'-substitution reminiscent of the epoxide environment of the natural products. None of these analogs demonstrated biological activities similar to the natural toxins.", "contents": "Simple epoxide analogs of trichothecans. To define clearly the epoxide grouping role in trichothecan biological activity, a series of hindered epoxides was prepared. They possessed alpha, alpha'-substitution reminiscent of the epoxide environment of the natural products. None of these analogs demonstrated biological activities similar to the natural toxins.", "PMID": 529039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4091", "title": "Structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (povidone-iodine).", "content": "Hydrogen triiodide adducts were prepared from N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-alkylpyrrolidone derivatives, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and their structures were investigated by IR spectra and X-ray structure analyses and compared with the structure of povidone-iodine USP. The results suggest that the iodine in povidone-iodine USP is complexed by the polymer such that a proton is fixed via a short hydrogen bond between two carbonyl groups of two pyrrolidone rings and that a triiodide anion is bound ionically to this cation.", "contents": "Structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (povidone-iodine). Hydrogen triiodide adducts were prepared from N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-alkylpyrrolidone derivatives, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and their structures were investigated by IR spectra and X-ray structure analyses and compared with the structure of povidone-iodine USP. The results suggest that the iodine in povidone-iodine USP is complexed by the polymer such that a proton is fixed via a short hydrogen bond between two carbonyl groups of two pyrrolidone rings and that a triiodide anion is bound ionically to this cation.", "PMID": 529040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4092", "title": "Effects of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide, and clofibric acid on binding of racemic warfarin and its enantiomers to human serum albumin.", "content": "The effect of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide, and clofibric acid on the binding of racemic warfarin and its enantiomers to human serum albumin was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Warfarin had one primary and two secondary binding sites on the albumin molecule. No difference in binding was detected at the primary binding site; the extent of R(+)-isomer binding at the secondary binding sites was 2.5 times greater than the corresponding S(-)-isomer binding. Phenylbutazone and warfarin appear to compete for the same primary binding site on the albumin molecule. Tolbutamide interferes with the binding of warfarin enantiomers at their secondary sites. Clofibric acid has a less pronounced effect on warfarin binding than does phenylbutazone or tolbutamide.", "contents": "Effects of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide, and clofibric acid on binding of racemic warfarin and its enantiomers to human serum albumin. The effect of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide, and clofibric acid on the binding of racemic warfarin and its enantiomers to human serum albumin was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Warfarin had one primary and two secondary binding sites on the albumin molecule. No difference in binding was detected at the primary binding site; the extent of R(+)-isomer binding at the secondary binding sites was 2.5 times greater than the corresponding S(-)-isomer binding. Phenylbutazone and warfarin appear to compete for the same primary binding site on the albumin molecule. Tolbutamide interferes with the binding of warfarin enantiomers at their secondary sites. Clofibric acid has a less pronounced effect on warfarin binding than does phenylbutazone or tolbutamide.", "PMID": 529041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4093", "title": "Catecholamine analogs as potential antitumor agents.", "content": "The structural requirements for murine P-388 leukemia activity in the dopamine series were investigated. Eight of the 31 analogs evaluated possessed reproducible antitumor activity. The ortho-aromatic hydroxyl groups were required for activity, but the aminoethyl side chain was not crucial since this group could be replaced by methyl or aminomethyl groups with the retention of activity. The lack of activity of O-alkylated and monosubstituted analogs suggests that o-quinone formation may be important for activity, a possibility supported by the observed P-388 activity of 5-hydroxydopamine compared with the inactivity of the 6-hydroxy isomer.", "contents": "Catecholamine analogs as potential antitumor agents. The structural requirements for murine P-388 leukemia activity in the dopamine series were investigated. Eight of the 31 analogs evaluated possessed reproducible antitumor activity. The ortho-aromatic hydroxyl groups were required for activity, but the aminoethyl side chain was not crucial since this group could be replaced by methyl or aminomethyl groups with the retention of activity. The lack of activity of O-alkylated and monosubstituted analogs suggests that o-quinone formation may be important for activity, a possibility supported by the observed P-388 activity of 5-hydroxydopamine compared with the inactivity of the 6-hydroxy isomer.", "PMID": 529042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4094", "title": "Adsorption of antineoplastic drugs to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles and their release in calf serum.", "content": "Conditions are described for attaching anticancer drugs to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles, a new drug delivery system for cells that exhibit endocytic uptake. They are ultrafine, metabolizable, and able to associate with various drugs in a nonspecific manner. Data are given for the in vitro degradation and for drug release from this new drug carrier system.", "contents": "Adsorption of antineoplastic drugs to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles and their release in calf serum. Conditions are described for attaching anticancer drugs to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles, a new drug delivery system for cells that exhibit endocytic uptake. They are ultrafine, metabolizable, and able to associate with various drugs in a nonspecific manner. Data are given for the in vitro degradation and for drug release from this new drug carrier system.", "PMID": 529043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4095", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic studies of reaction of hydralazine with biogenic aldehydes and ketones.", "content": "To understand hydrazone formation in hydralazine metabolism, the reaction of hydralazine with various biogenic aldehydes and ketones (acetone, pyruvic acid, acetoacetic acid, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde) in pH 7.4 buffer was studied for potential alterations in hydralazine pharmacokinetics secondary to alcoholism and diabetes. The corresponding hydrazones were isolated, and their structures were characterized. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the reactions. An aqueous solvent reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system was used to separate hydralazine and its derivatives. Reaction of hydralazine with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde produced the corresponding hydrazones. Formation of an s-triazolo ring system yielded the known s-triazolo[3,4-alpha]phthalazine and 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4-alpha]phthalazine metabolites, which also were isolated and characterized and suggested nonenzymatic metabolism.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic studies of reaction of hydralazine with biogenic aldehydes and ketones. To understand hydrazone formation in hydralazine metabolism, the reaction of hydralazine with various biogenic aldehydes and ketones (acetone, pyruvic acid, acetoacetic acid, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde) in pH 7.4 buffer was studied for potential alterations in hydralazine pharmacokinetics secondary to alcoholism and diabetes. The corresponding hydrazones were isolated, and their structures were characterized. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the reactions. An aqueous solvent reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system was used to separate hydralazine and its derivatives. Reaction of hydralazine with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde produced the corresponding hydrazones. Formation of an s-triazolo ring system yielded the known s-triazolo[3,4-alpha]phthalazine and 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4-alpha]phthalazine metabolites, which also were isolated and characterized and suggested nonenzymatic metabolism.", "PMID": 529044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4096", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of minocycline in human serum.", "content": "A rapid, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for minocycline in human serum is described. The drug and an internal standard (oxytetracycline) were extracted into ethyl acetate from 0.5 ml of buffered serum (pH 6.5). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 10-micrometer Lichrospher 100 CH 8 column with acetonitrile--citric acid (0.1 M) as the eluent. The column effluent was monitored at 352 nm. The assay was linear up to 3 micrograms/ml with a mean coefficient of variation of 3.3% (n = 6). An extraction recovery of 89.4 +/- 3.2% (mean +/- SD, n = 17) was obtained over the 0.5--2.6 micrograms/ml range. The detection limit averaged 50 ng/ml. A serum concentration-time profile in humans after oral intake is presented.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of minocycline in human serum. A rapid, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for minocycline in human serum is described. The drug and an internal standard (oxytetracycline) were extracted into ethyl acetate from 0.5 ml of buffered serum (pH 6.5). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 10-micrometer Lichrospher 100 CH 8 column with acetonitrile--citric acid (0.1 M) as the eluent. The column effluent was monitored at 352 nm. The assay was linear up to 3 micrograms/ml with a mean coefficient of variation of 3.3% (n = 6). An extraction recovery of 89.4 +/- 3.2% (mean +/- SD, n = 17) was obtained over the 0.5--2.6 micrograms/ml range. The detection limit averaged 50 ng/ml. A serum concentration-time profile in humans after oral intake is presented.", "PMID": 529045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4097", "title": "Sustained drug delivery systems II: Factors affecting release rates from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and related biodegradable polyesters.", "content": "The release rates of several steroids from films and capsules of homopolymers and copolymer of epsilon-caprolactone, DL-lactic acid, and glycolic acid were measured in vitro and in vivo for up to 200 days. Relatively constant release rates from capsules (reservoir devices) were observed only under certain conditions. Factors that influence the drug release kinetics were evaluated. Release from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-DL-lactic acid) was diffusion controlled. Release from poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) was associated with polymer degradation. Release from poly(DL-lactic acid) was very slow when diffusion controlled.", "contents": "Sustained drug delivery systems II: Factors affecting release rates from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and related biodegradable polyesters. The release rates of several steroids from films and capsules of homopolymers and copolymer of epsilon-caprolactone, DL-lactic acid, and glycolic acid were measured in vitro and in vivo for up to 200 days. Relatively constant release rates from capsules (reservoir devices) were observed only under certain conditions. Factors that influence the drug release kinetics were evaluated. Release from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-DL-lactic acid) was diffusion controlled. Release from poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) was associated with polymer degradation. Release from poly(DL-lactic acid) was very slow when diffusion controlled.", "PMID": 529046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4098", "title": "Antineoplastic agents LXIV: 1,4-Bis(2'-chloroethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dihydrogen dimaleate.", "content": "The 1,4-bis(2'-chloroethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dication (II) exhibits remarkable antineoplastic activity. Detailed evaluation of several dianion derivatives showed a curative response level against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, colon 26, CD8F1 mammary, and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (rat) tumor systems. In addition, significant cancer chemotherapeutic activity was found against the murine L-1210 lymphoid leukemia, colon 38, and B16 melanocarcinoma tumor systems. The bicyclo dication (II) first was isolated, evaluated, and stored as the diperchlorate derivative (IIa). Because of the promising anticancer activity of IIa, procedures were developed for obtaining other anion derivatives for comparative biological purposes. Several naturally occurring substances were evaluated, and the dihydrogen dimaleate derivative (IIi) obtained by an ion-exchange technique was the most suitable.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents LXIV: 1,4-Bis(2'-chloroethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dihydrogen dimaleate. The 1,4-bis(2'-chloroethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dication (II) exhibits remarkable antineoplastic activity. Detailed evaluation of several dianion derivatives showed a curative response level against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, colon 26, CD8F1 mammary, and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (rat) tumor systems. In addition, significant cancer chemotherapeutic activity was found against the murine L-1210 lymphoid leukemia, colon 38, and B16 melanocarcinoma tumor systems. The bicyclo dication (II) first was isolated, evaluated, and stored as the diperchlorate derivative (IIa). Because of the promising anticancer activity of IIa, procedures were developed for obtaining other anion derivatives for comparative biological purposes. Several naturally occurring substances were evaluated, and the dihydrogen dimaleate derivative (IIi) obtained by an ion-exchange technique was the most suitable.", "PMID": 529047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4099", "title": "Tablet position and basket type effects in spin-filter dissolution device.", "content": "The effects of stirring and basket placement on tablet dissolution using the previously developed Shah spin-filter device were investigated. Visualization of flow and dissolution patterns was possible by testing nondisintegrating colored tablets. Dissolution experiments were conducted on nondisintegrating double-layered tablets containing salicylic acid as the dissolving layer and ethylcellulose as an inert nondissolving layer. Visual observations revealed that color was drawn more rapidly from the tablet face resting on the bottom of the basket. Dissolution data from multilayered tablets revealed that when the salicylic acid face was resting on the bottom of the basket, the dissolution was appreciably more rapid than when it was facing up in the basket. This phenomenon was found for several stirring speeds.", "contents": "Tablet position and basket type effects in spin-filter dissolution device. The effects of stirring and basket placement on tablet dissolution using the previously developed Shah spin-filter device were investigated. Visualization of flow and dissolution patterns was possible by testing nondisintegrating colored tablets. Dissolution experiments were conducted on nondisintegrating double-layered tablets containing salicylic acid as the dissolving layer and ethylcellulose as an inert nondissolving layer. Visual observations revealed that color was drawn more rapidly from the tablet face resting on the bottom of the basket. Dissolution data from multilayered tablets revealed that when the salicylic acid face was resting on the bottom of the basket, the dissolution was appreciably more rapid than when it was facing up in the basket. This phenomenon was found for several stirring speeds.", "PMID": 529048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4100", "title": "Rapid compartment- and model-independent estimation of times required to attain various fractions of steady-state plasma level during multiple dosing of drugs obeying superposition principle and having various absorption or infusion kinetics.", "content": "A new general equation based only on plasma data was derived for rapid estimation of the average plasma level and the mean fraction of the steady-state plasma level attained during any multiple-dosing interval. It can be applied to any complex absorption or infusion kinetics (i.e., is not limited to zero-order or first-order kinetics) for drugs obeying linear disposition kinetic or superposition principles. The time, t, required to reach a certain mean fraction of the steady-state plasma level is equal to the time at which the plasma area from time zero to time t is equal to the same fraction of the plasma area from time zero to infinity (AUC0 leads to infinity) following a single dose. No other pharmacokinetic parameters are necessary.", "contents": "Rapid compartment- and model-independent estimation of times required to attain various fractions of steady-state plasma level during multiple dosing of drugs obeying superposition principle and having various absorption or infusion kinetics. A new general equation based only on plasma data was derived for rapid estimation of the average plasma level and the mean fraction of the steady-state plasma level attained during any multiple-dosing interval. It can be applied to any complex absorption or infusion kinetics (i.e., is not limited to zero-order or first-order kinetics) for drugs obeying linear disposition kinetic or superposition principles. The time, t, required to reach a certain mean fraction of the steady-state plasma level is equal to the time at which the plasma area from time zero to time t is equal to the same fraction of the plasma area from time zero to infinity (AUC0 leads to infinity) following a single dose. No other pharmacokinetic parameters are necessary.", "PMID": 529049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4101", "title": "Determination of ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol residues in ophthalmic solutions at proposed concentration limits.", "content": "A GLC method was developed for the determination of ethylene oxide and its two reaction products, ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene glycol, in ophthalmic solutions at the levels recently proposed by the Food and Drug Administration. The method requires no extractions, sample preparations, or elaborate trapping and concentrating techniques. All three components can be chromatographed on the same spiral glass column packed with a porous polymer absorbent.", "contents": "Determination of ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol residues in ophthalmic solutions at proposed concentration limits. A GLC method was developed for the determination of ethylene oxide and its two reaction products, ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene glycol, in ophthalmic solutions at the levels recently proposed by the Food and Drug Administration. The method requires no extractions, sample preparations, or elaborate trapping and concentrating techniques. All three components can be chromatographed on the same spiral glass column packed with a porous polymer absorbent.", "PMID": 529050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4102", "title": "Simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of papaverine in plasma.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay is described for the quantification of papaverine in plasma. A paired-ion, reversed-phase system was employed with detection at 254 nm. This procedure yielded reproducible results with a sensitivity of 2 ng/ml. Total extraction and quantification time was less than 1 hr. The suitability of this procedure for plasma sample analysis from a bioavailability study was demonstrated.", "contents": "Simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of papaverine in plasma. A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay is described for the quantification of papaverine in plasma. A paired-ion, reversed-phase system was employed with detection at 254 nm. This procedure yielded reproducible results with a sensitivity of 2 ng/ml. Total extraction and quantification time was less than 1 hr. The suitability of this procedure for plasma sample analysis from a bioavailability study was demonstrated.", "PMID": 529051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4103", "title": "Competitive inhibition between folic acid and methotrexate for transport carrier in the rat small intestine.", "content": "Folic acid absorption from the lumen of the rat small intestine in situ obeyed Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for absorption were 4.63 x 10(-7) M/min and 1.21 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Folic acid and methotrexate were mutual competitive inhibitors of absorption. Their Ki values were 1.28 x 10(-6) and 1.9 x 10(-5) M, respectively.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition between folic acid and methotrexate for transport carrier in the rat small intestine. Folic acid absorption from the lumen of the rat small intestine in situ obeyed Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for absorption were 4.63 x 10(-7) M/min and 1.21 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Folic acid and methotrexate were mutual competitive inhibitors of absorption. Their Ki values were 1.28 x 10(-6) and 1.9 x 10(-5) M, respectively.", "PMID": 529052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4104", "title": "Metabolic effects of a new hypolipidemic agent, ciprofibrate.", "content": "Ciprofibrate, a new orally effective hypolipidemic agent like clofibrate, suppressed tyloxapol-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Ciprofibrate at 10 mg/kg was effective. Clofibrate required a dosage of 180 mg/kg to suppress the tyloxapol effect. Norepinephrine-induced free fatty acid release was inhibited by clofibrate in rats in accordance with earlier findings. Ciprofibrate and lifibrate differed from clofibrate in that, at hypocholesterolemically effective doses, neither inhibited the hormone sensitive lipase in vivo.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of a new hypolipidemic agent, ciprofibrate. Ciprofibrate, a new orally effective hypolipidemic agent like clofibrate, suppressed tyloxapol-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Ciprofibrate at 10 mg/kg was effective. Clofibrate required a dosage of 180 mg/kg to suppress the tyloxapol effect. Norepinephrine-induced free fatty acid release was inhibited by clofibrate in rats in accordance with earlier findings. Ciprofibrate and lifibrate differed from clofibrate in that, at hypocholesterolemically effective doses, neither inhibited the hormone sensitive lipase in vivo.", "PMID": 529054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4105", "title": "GLC determination of S-2-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-cyanopyridine in human plasma.", "content": "S-2-(3-tert-Butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-cyanopyridine was recovered (approximately 90%) from human plasma and detected by conversion to a diheptafluorobutyryl derivative for electron-capture GLC. A homolog served as an internal standard. The method measures plasma drug concentrations at the 5-ng/ml level and is suitable for plasma analysis from humans who receive a therapeutic oral dose.", "contents": "GLC determination of S-2-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-cyanopyridine in human plasma. S-2-(3-tert-Butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-cyanopyridine was recovered (approximately 90%) from human plasma and detected by conversion to a diheptafluorobutyryl derivative for electron-capture GLC. A homolog served as an internal standard. The method measures plasma drug concentrations at the 5-ng/ml level and is suitable for plasma analysis from humans who receive a therapeutic oral dose.", "PMID": 529055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4106", "title": "Microencapsulation and dissolution parameters of undecenovanillylamide: a potential coyote deterrent.", "content": "The microencapsulation and dissolution of undecenovanillylamide (I), a potential coyote-aversive agent for use on sheep, were studied. While I has been shown to protect sheep, its short duration of action makes it economically unfeasible. Compound I microcapsules were prepared, and optimum conditions for encapsulation via complex coacervation were determined. Microcapsules that were hardened for 0.5, 1, and 2 hr, as well as I powder, were characterized according to their dissolution. Longer hardening times resulted in slower release, with all encapsulated I forms being released slower than the powder. The dissolution t50 for unencapsulated powder was less than 3 min; for microcapsules hardened for 30 min, the dissolution t50 was 7.3 min; for those hardened 60 min, the t50 was 17.7 min; and for those hardened 120 min, the t50 was 28 min. The encapsulated I would have a longer field life and, therefore, might be a viable economic and ecologic answer to coyote protection for sheep.", "contents": "Microencapsulation and dissolution parameters of undecenovanillylamide: a potential coyote deterrent. The microencapsulation and dissolution of undecenovanillylamide (I), a potential coyote-aversive agent for use on sheep, were studied. While I has been shown to protect sheep, its short duration of action makes it economically unfeasible. Compound I microcapsules were prepared, and optimum conditions for encapsulation via complex coacervation were determined. Microcapsules that were hardened for 0.5, 1, and 2 hr, as well as I powder, were characterized according to their dissolution. Longer hardening times resulted in slower release, with all encapsulated I forms being released slower than the powder. The dissolution t50 for unencapsulated powder was less than 3 min; for microcapsules hardened for 30 min, the dissolution t50 was 7.3 min; for those hardened 60 min, the t50 was 17.7 min; and for those hardened 120 min, the t50 was 28 min. The encapsulated I would have a longer field life and, therefore, might be a viable economic and ecologic answer to coyote protection for sheep.", "PMID": 529056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4107", "title": "Convenient synthesis of N-alkoxymethylbarbituric acids and N-alkoxymethylhydantoins.", "content": "A simple one-step method for the N-alkoxymethylation of barbituric acids and hydantoins is presented. The compounds are N-methoxymethylated or N-ethoxymethylated using phosphorus pentoxide and dimethoxymethane or diethoxymethane, respectively, in a chlorinated solvent. 1-Methoxymethyl-3-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin showed significant anticonvulsant activity in the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol test, while 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5-ethyl-5-(p-tolyl) barbituric acid was inactive.", "contents": "Convenient synthesis of N-alkoxymethylbarbituric acids and N-alkoxymethylhydantoins. A simple one-step method for the N-alkoxymethylation of barbituric acids and hydantoins is presented. The compounds are N-methoxymethylated or N-ethoxymethylated using phosphorus pentoxide and dimethoxymethane or diethoxymethane, respectively, in a chlorinated solvent. 1-Methoxymethyl-3-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin showed significant anticonvulsant activity in the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol test, while 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5-ethyl-5-(p-tolyl) barbituric acid was inactive.", "PMID": 529057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4108", "title": "Electron-capture GLC determination of pseudoephedrine in serum.", "content": "A GLC assay was developed for pseudoephedrine in serum using 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol as an internal standard. After extraction from serum with benzene under alkaline conditions, pseudoephedrine was derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and quantitated by electron-capture GLC. The method has a detection limit of approximately 0.02 microgram/ml of serum using 1-ml samples.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC determination of pseudoephedrine in serum. A GLC assay was developed for pseudoephedrine in serum using 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol as an internal standard. After extraction from serum with benzene under alkaline conditions, pseudoephedrine was derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and quantitated by electron-capture GLC. The method has a detection limit of approximately 0.02 microgram/ml of serum using 1-ml samples.", "PMID": 529058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4109", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XLIII: Concentration-dependent hepatic uptake of warfarin in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if hepatic warfarin uptake, which has a major quantitative effect on warfarin distribution in rats, is concentration dependent. Adult male rats received either 0.1 or 1.0 mg of racemic warfarin/kg iv and were killed 6 hr later. With increasing dose, the concentrations of free and total (free plus protein-bound) serum warfarin increased much more than proportionally, and the total warfarin concentration in the liver increased much less than proportionally. The liver to serum total warfarin concentration ratios 6 hr after injection of the 0.1- and 1.0-mg/kg doses were 11.3 +/- 1.7 and 0.814 +/- 0.222, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 6, p less than 0.001). The ratio of the total drug concentration in the liver to the free drug concentration in serum (mean +/- SD) was 866 +/- 105 in animals that received the 0.1-mg/kg dose and 111 +/- 42 in animals that received the 1.0-mg/kg dose (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that hepatic warfarin uptake decreases with increasing drug concentration and that this may cause the apparent volume of distribution of warfarin to decrease with increasing dose in rats.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XLIII: Concentration-dependent hepatic uptake of warfarin in rats. The purpose of this study was to determine if hepatic warfarin uptake, which has a major quantitative effect on warfarin distribution in rats, is concentration dependent. Adult male rats received either 0.1 or 1.0 mg of racemic warfarin/kg iv and were killed 6 hr later. With increasing dose, the concentrations of free and total (free plus protein-bound) serum warfarin increased much more than proportionally, and the total warfarin concentration in the liver increased much less than proportionally. The liver to serum total warfarin concentration ratios 6 hr after injection of the 0.1- and 1.0-mg/kg doses were 11.3 +/- 1.7 and 0.814 +/- 0.222, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 6, p less than 0.001). The ratio of the total drug concentration in the liver to the free drug concentration in serum (mean +/- SD) was 866 +/- 105 in animals that received the 0.1-mg/kg dose and 111 +/- 42 in animals that received the 1.0-mg/kg dose (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that hepatic warfarin uptake decreases with increasing drug concentration and that this may cause the apparent volume of distribution of warfarin to decrease with increasing dose in rats.", "PMID": 529059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4110", "title": "A voltage-clamp study of the light response in solitary rods of the tiger salamander.", "content": "1. Single, isolated, rod photoreceptors were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. These solitary cells retained the morphological features of rods of the intact retina and could be maintained in culture for several days. Solitary cells were penetrated with one or two micropipettes and their electrophysiology was studied by the voltage-clamp technique. 2. Intracellular recording with two micropipettes demonstrated that the inner segment of a solitary rod was effectively isopotential with the outer segment. 3. The time course of the voltage response to a flash resembled that of responses observed in rods in the intact retina. At low light intensities the response reached a peak in approximately 0.7 sec and then slowly declined. At high light intensities the time to peak response decreased and an initial transient arose as the response, after reaching the peak, quickly decreased to a less polarized plateau. 4. The normal voltage response could be compared with the current observed during a voltage clamp. At low light intensities the time course of the current response resembled the time course of the voltage response. When light intensity was increased the time course of the current response differed from the voltage response in that the time to peak amplitude remained relatively constant and an initial transient did not occur. It was possible to predict the current response produced by any intensity of light by using (i) an empirical equation which reproduced the time course of a dim response and (ii) the Michaelis-Menten equation. 5. The time course of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash was the same at different values of maintained voltage. 6. The maximum amplitude of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash or step of light was a non-linear function of membrane potential. It was relatively constant within the physiological range, decreased as the membrane potential was moved toward 0 mV, reversed polarity between 0 and 10 mV, and rapidly increased in magnitude as membrane potential was made more positive. Although this current was voltage dependent, no time dependence was evident (recording resolution greater than or equal to 5 msec). 7. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated an inward current which slowly developed after a hyperpolarizing voltage step. The effect of this voltage and time dependent current was to reduce, after a delay, the polarization initiated by light.", "contents": "A voltage-clamp study of the light response in solitary rods of the tiger salamander. 1. Single, isolated, rod photoreceptors were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. These solitary cells retained the morphological features of rods of the intact retina and could be maintained in culture for several days. Solitary cells were penetrated with one or two micropipettes and their electrophysiology was studied by the voltage-clamp technique. 2. Intracellular recording with two micropipettes demonstrated that the inner segment of a solitary rod was effectively isopotential with the outer segment. 3. The time course of the voltage response to a flash resembled that of responses observed in rods in the intact retina. At low light intensities the response reached a peak in approximately 0.7 sec and then slowly declined. At high light intensities the time to peak response decreased and an initial transient arose as the response, after reaching the peak, quickly decreased to a less polarized plateau. 4. The normal voltage response could be compared with the current observed during a voltage clamp. At low light intensities the time course of the current response resembled the time course of the voltage response. When light intensity was increased the time course of the current response differed from the voltage response in that the time to peak amplitude remained relatively constant and an initial transient did not occur. It was possible to predict the current response produced by any intensity of light by using (i) an empirical equation which reproduced the time course of a dim response and (ii) the Michaelis-Menten equation. 5. The time course of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash was the same at different values of maintained voltage. 6. The maximum amplitude of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash or step of light was a non-linear function of membrane potential. It was relatively constant within the physiological range, decreased as the membrane potential was moved toward 0 mV, reversed polarity between 0 and 10 mV, and rapidly increased in magnitude as membrane potential was made more positive. Although this current was voltage dependent, no time dependence was evident (recording resolution greater than or equal to 5 msec). 7. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated an inward current which slowly developed after a hyperpolarizing voltage step. The effect of this voltage and time dependent current was to reduce, after a delay, the polarization initiated by light.", "PMID": 529060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4111", "title": "Acid secretion from the completely isolated blood perfused canine stomach.", "content": "1. The canine gastric arterial supply was isolated and perfused by means of an extracorporeal circuit. The gastric venous blood was returned to the dog's venous system. Histamine acid phosphate (20 microgram min-1) infused intra-arterially gave a mean peak acid output of 2.3 m-mole per 10 min. 2. When a plateau of acid secretion was observed, the gastric venous blood was diverted to the oxygenator, by-passing the dog entirely (vascular isolation). This resulted in an immediate decrease in acid output which fell to or near zero by 90 min after isolation. 3. In three dogs, part of a lung was perfused in series with the stomach before total isolation of the gastric vasculature. With histamine stimulation, acid secretion was observed for about 1 hr with a peak acid output of 0.5 m-mole per 10 min during the period of total isolation. 4. Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) was given to five dogs approximately 1 hr before vascular isolation. After acid secretion reached a plateau (mean peak acid output 2.3 m-mole per 10 minutes), the gastric circulation was isolated by diverting the gastric venous blood to the oxygenator. Acid secretion was maintained for 50 min, after which it gradually declined to reach 30% of the peak value after 2 hr. 5. Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) and methysergide bimaleate (1 mg) were given I.V. to five dogs approximately 1 hr before vascular isolation. After acid secretion reached a plateau (peak output 3.0 m-mole per 10 min), the gastric circulation was isolated by diverting the gastric venous blood to the oxygenator. The plateau of secretion was maintained for a further 2 hr with no inhibition. 6. Methysergide bimaleate given alone did not prevent the inhibition of secretion caused by the total vascular isolation of the stomach. 7. These results suggest that in the isolated canine stomach preparation naturally occurring inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, which are normally metabolized at least in part in the lungs, accumulate in the circulation and may account for the observed suppression of acid secretion.", "contents": "Acid secretion from the completely isolated blood perfused canine stomach. 1. The canine gastric arterial supply was isolated and perfused by means of an extracorporeal circuit. The gastric venous blood was returned to the dog's venous system. Histamine acid phosphate (20 microgram min-1) infused intra-arterially gave a mean peak acid output of 2.3 m-mole per 10 min. 2. When a plateau of acid secretion was observed, the gastric venous blood was diverted to the oxygenator, by-passing the dog entirely (vascular isolation). This resulted in an immediate decrease in acid output which fell to or near zero by 90 min after isolation. 3. In three dogs, part of a lung was perfused in series with the stomach before total isolation of the gastric vasculature. With histamine stimulation, acid secretion was observed for about 1 hr with a peak acid output of 0.5 m-mole per 10 min during the period of total isolation. 4. Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) was given to five dogs approximately 1 hr before vascular isolation. After acid secretion reached a plateau (mean peak acid output 2.3 m-mole per 10 minutes), the gastric circulation was isolated by diverting the gastric venous blood to the oxygenator. Acid secretion was maintained for 50 min, after which it gradually declined to reach 30% of the peak value after 2 hr. 5. Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) and methysergide bimaleate (1 mg) were given I.V. to five dogs approximately 1 hr before vascular isolation. After acid secretion reached a plateau (peak output 3.0 m-mole per 10 min), the gastric circulation was isolated by diverting the gastric venous blood to the oxygenator. The plateau of secretion was maintained for a further 2 hr with no inhibition. 6. Methysergide bimaleate given alone did not prevent the inhibition of secretion caused by the total vascular isolation of the stomach. 7. These results suggest that in the isolated canine stomach preparation naturally occurring inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, which are normally metabolized at least in part in the lungs, accumulate in the circulation and may account for the observed suppression of acid secretion.", "PMID": 529072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4112", "title": "Lateral interactions in human cone dark adaptation.", "content": "1. The course of cone dark adaptation after exposure to a strong bleaching light depends on the size of the bleached region. Threshold for brief, tiny test flash centred in the bleached region is elevated more, and recovery is retarded by a small bleach. This effect has its parallel in the sensitization effect observed with steady backgrounds. 2. Previous results, that a similar sensitization effect is not observed in rod dark adaptation, are confirmed. 3. This sensitization effect in cone dark adaptation does not transfer binocularly, and is unaffected by pressure blinding during the bleaching exposure. 4. Threshold following a small bleach may be lowered by adding a steady annular background to the region surrounding the bleached patch. Conversely, bleaching the area surrounding a small, steady background can lower threshold for a test flash centred on the background. 5. These interactions between backgrounds and bleaches may be explained if bleaches produce long-lasting signals from neurones in the bleached area, which then lead into a spatially opponent stage of processing. 6. It is likely that the persisting signals come from the cone receptors, since the Bunsen-Roscoe Law (intensity-time reciprocity) holds for small bleaches as well as large, for durations up to about 3 sec.", "contents": "Lateral interactions in human cone dark adaptation. 1. The course of cone dark adaptation after exposure to a strong bleaching light depends on the size of the bleached region. Threshold for brief, tiny test flash centred in the bleached region is elevated more, and recovery is retarded by a small bleach. This effect has its parallel in the sensitization effect observed with steady backgrounds. 2. Previous results, that a similar sensitization effect is not observed in rod dark adaptation, are confirmed. 3. This sensitization effect in cone dark adaptation does not transfer binocularly, and is unaffected by pressure blinding during the bleaching exposure. 4. Threshold following a small bleach may be lowered by adding a steady annular background to the region surrounding the bleached patch. Conversely, bleaching the area surrounding a small, steady background can lower threshold for a test flash centred on the background. 5. These interactions between backgrounds and bleaches may be explained if bleaches produce long-lasting signals from neurones in the bleached area, which then lead into a spatially opponent stage of processing. 6. It is likely that the persisting signals come from the cone receptors, since the Bunsen-Roscoe Law (intensity-time reciprocity) holds for small bleaches as well as large, for durations up to about 3 sec.", "PMID": 529074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4113", "title": "After-effects of small adapting fields.", "content": "1. Sensitivity to a small test probe in the centre of a small, steady background is less than when the background is large (sensitization). When an equiluminous steady annulus is added to the region surrounding a small background, rod threshold takes several minutes to stabilize at its new, lower level. The after-effects of the small background follow a time course characteristic of cortical adaptation. 2. The sensitivity loss and time course of recovery after intense bleaching lights in the cone system depend markedly on the size of the retinal region bleached, although no such effect is observed in the rod system. If a steady annular surround is added to the region surrounding the bleached patch, threshold falls rapidly to the value it would have after a large-area bleach of the same intensity. 3. The interaction between bleaches and steady surrounds suggests that bleaches produce long-lasting signals in the cone receptors. 4. The different temporal properties of sensitization on rod backgrounds and sensitization after cone bleaches suggest that different mechanisms underlie the two phenomena. 5. In cone vision, if light is added to the area surrounding a small, steady background, the subsequent readjustment takes minutes to complete, as it does in rod vision. But in addition, for cones, a large proportion of the sensitivity loss caused by the small background can be rapidly restored, as it is with cone bleaches. 6. The above results, together with the known absence of sensitization in rod dark adaptation, are consistent with the hypothesis that sensitization occurs at least partly at the retinal level in the cone system, but not (or only weakly) in the rod system, and that there is an additional, probably cortical elevation, common to rod and cone systems, for small backgrounds, but not for small, brief bleaches.", "contents": "After-effects of small adapting fields. 1. Sensitivity to a small test probe in the centre of a small, steady background is less than when the background is large (sensitization). When an equiluminous steady annulus is added to the region surrounding a small background, rod threshold takes several minutes to stabilize at its new, lower level. The after-effects of the small background follow a time course characteristic of cortical adaptation. 2. The sensitivity loss and time course of recovery after intense bleaching lights in the cone system depend markedly on the size of the retinal region bleached, although no such effect is observed in the rod system. If a steady annular surround is added to the region surrounding the bleached patch, threshold falls rapidly to the value it would have after a large-area bleach of the same intensity. 3. The interaction between bleaches and steady surrounds suggests that bleaches produce long-lasting signals in the cone receptors. 4. The different temporal properties of sensitization on rod backgrounds and sensitization after cone bleaches suggest that different mechanisms underlie the two phenomena. 5. In cone vision, if light is added to the area surrounding a small, steady background, the subsequent readjustment takes minutes to complete, as it does in rod vision. But in addition, for cones, a large proportion of the sensitivity loss caused by the small background can be rapidly restored, as it is with cone bleaches. 6. The above results, together with the known absence of sensitization in rod dark adaptation, are consistent with the hypothesis that sensitization occurs at least partly at the retinal level in the cone system, but not (or only weakly) in the rod system, and that there is an additional, probably cortical elevation, common to rod and cone systems, for small backgrounds, but not for small, brief bleaches.", "PMID": 529077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4114", "title": "Hypothalamic sensitivity to leukocytic pyrogen of adult and new-born guinea-pigs.", "content": "1. Experiments were conducted to localize the hypothalamic site of action of microinjected leucocytic pyrogen and to compare the pyrogenic sensitivity of this locus in adult and new-born guinea-pigs.2. To identify the site reactive to leucocytic pyrogen, bilateral (0.8-1.0 mm from the mid line) injections of 1 microliter were made into conscious adult guinea-pigs via cannulas stereotaxically palced at 0.5 mm intervals and varying depths from the olfactory tegmentum to the mammillary bodies. Injections into the preoptic area produced sharp monophasic fevers with short latencies, whereas injections into circumjacent sites evoked smaller fevers with longer latencies. 3. To assess the ontogeny of the pyrogenic sensitivity of this locus, the febrile response to 1.00, 0.50, and 0.25 microliter leucocytic pyrogen injected bilaterally was compared to 0 to 5-, 6 to 12-, and 13 to 16-day old and in adult guinea-pigs. The minimum pyrogenic dose in both new-born and adult guinea-pigs was 0.25 microliter, but the 0 to 5-day old animals which responded with a fever to this dose were few in number and large in weight; 'small-for age' neonates became hypothermic. 4. The number of febrile animals increased with age; it also could be increased by increasing the dose of leucocytic pyrogen at any age. 5. These results suggest that febrile responsiveness may depend on the stage of development of, presumably, the pyrogen-receptive mechanism. They further imply that the preoptic sites where leucocytic pyrogen acts and thermoafferents are integrated may not be the same, since thermoregulatory capability is fully competent from birth.", "contents": "Hypothalamic sensitivity to leukocytic pyrogen of adult and new-born guinea-pigs. 1. Experiments were conducted to localize the hypothalamic site of action of microinjected leucocytic pyrogen and to compare the pyrogenic sensitivity of this locus in adult and new-born guinea-pigs.2. To identify the site reactive to leucocytic pyrogen, bilateral (0.8-1.0 mm from the mid line) injections of 1 microliter were made into conscious adult guinea-pigs via cannulas stereotaxically palced at 0.5 mm intervals and varying depths from the olfactory tegmentum to the mammillary bodies. Injections into the preoptic area produced sharp monophasic fevers with short latencies, whereas injections into circumjacent sites evoked smaller fevers with longer latencies. 3. To assess the ontogeny of the pyrogenic sensitivity of this locus, the febrile response to 1.00, 0.50, and 0.25 microliter leucocytic pyrogen injected bilaterally was compared to 0 to 5-, 6 to 12-, and 13 to 16-day old and in adult guinea-pigs. The minimum pyrogenic dose in both new-born and adult guinea-pigs was 0.25 microliter, but the 0 to 5-day old animals which responded with a fever to this dose were few in number and large in weight; 'small-for age' neonates became hypothermic. 4. The number of febrile animals increased with age; it also could be increased by increasing the dose of leucocytic pyrogen at any age. 5. These results suggest that febrile responsiveness may depend on the stage of development of, presumably, the pyrogen-receptive mechanism. They further imply that the preoptic sites where leucocytic pyrogen acts and thermoafferents are integrated may not be the same, since thermoregulatory capability is fully competent from birth.", "PMID": 529081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4115", "title": "The effects of sudden airway hypercapnia on the initiation of exercise hyperpnoea in man.", "content": "1. In three healthy individuals, the first breath of cycle ergometer exercise was characterized by increases of minute ventilation (VE) and pulmonary capillary CO2 output (VCO2), with little change of end-tidal PCO2, suggesting a concomitant increase of pulmonary blood flow (Q) and preservation of V/Q status. Functional residual capacity fell, depleting lung gas stores of O2 and CO2. 2. The following hypothesis purporting to account for the initiation of exercise hyperpnoea was examined (Filley, 1976): (a) assuming pulmonary capillary plasma to remain unexposed to carbonic anhydrase, its slow alkalinization consequent upon CO2 exchange causes a more acid plasma to enter the pulmonary veins if Q increases abruptly, as at exercise onset; (b) the fall of pulmonary venous plasma pH stimulates an intrapulmonary chemoreflux to elicit a proportionate hyperpnoea, so preserving arterial isocapnia; (c) the initial hyperpnoea should therefore be abolished if pulmonary capillary VCO2 is suppressed at exercise onset, as the absence of pulmonary capillary plasma alkalinization should sever the postulated intrapulmonary humoral link between Q and VE. 3. In the present study, while abrupt CO2 inhalation (approximately 6% in air) at exercise onset abolished pulmonary capillary VCO2 during the first breath of exercise, the initial hyperpnoea was unaffected. This observation argues against the hypothesis that exercise hyperpnoea is initiated by an intrapulmonary chemoreflex which detects perfusion-related changes in pulmonary venous plasma pH.", "contents": "The effects of sudden airway hypercapnia on the initiation of exercise hyperpnoea in man. 1. In three healthy individuals, the first breath of cycle ergometer exercise was characterized by increases of minute ventilation (VE) and pulmonary capillary CO2 output (VCO2), with little change of end-tidal PCO2, suggesting a concomitant increase of pulmonary blood flow (Q) and preservation of V/Q status. Functional residual capacity fell, depleting lung gas stores of O2 and CO2. 2. The following hypothesis purporting to account for the initiation of exercise hyperpnoea was examined (Filley, 1976): (a) assuming pulmonary capillary plasma to remain unexposed to carbonic anhydrase, its slow alkalinization consequent upon CO2 exchange causes a more acid plasma to enter the pulmonary veins if Q increases abruptly, as at exercise onset; (b) the fall of pulmonary venous plasma pH stimulates an intrapulmonary chemoreflux to elicit a proportionate hyperpnoea, so preserving arterial isocapnia; (c) the initial hyperpnoea should therefore be abolished if pulmonary capillary VCO2 is suppressed at exercise onset, as the absence of pulmonary capillary plasma alkalinization should sever the postulated intrapulmonary humoral link between Q and VE. 3. In the present study, while abrupt CO2 inhalation (approximately 6% in air) at exercise onset abolished pulmonary capillary VCO2 during the first breath of exercise, the initial hyperpnoea was unaffected. This observation argues against the hypothesis that exercise hyperpnoea is initiated by an intrapulmonary chemoreflex which detects perfusion-related changes in pulmonary venous plasma pH.", "PMID": 529086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4116", "title": "The morphology of group Ib afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat.", "content": "1. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into single Ib muscle afferent fibres in anaesthetized cats. Subsequently, histochemistry allowed the morphology of the axons and their collaterals in the lumbosacral spinal cord to be determined. 2. Eleven Ib axons were stained, seven from lateral gastrocneminus-soleus, one from medial gastrocnemius and three from muscles innervated by the posterior tibial nerve. Ten of the axons were traced into the dorsal roots and all but one (from the posterior tibial nerve) bifurcated upon entering the cord. Between 5.1 and 9.9 mm of each axon was stained and the fibres gave off eighty-four collaterals at intervals of 100-2300 micron, at an average spacing of about 900 micron. The spacing between collaterals on the (finer) descending axon branches was generally less than the intervals between collaterals on ascending branches. 3. All Ib collaterals had a characteristic morphology. The collaterals coursed cranially on a direct path through the dorsal horn to lamina IV or V before branching. They arborized widely in the intermediate region, mainly in lamina VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII. Occasionally, less extensive arborizations were seen more dorsally in lamina IV and V. The rostro-caudal extent of individual collateral arborizations was limited to 200-400 micron and there was no overlap between adjacent collaterals. Each terminal arborization gave rise to 56-384 boutons, mainly of them 'en passant' type. 4. The results are discussed in relation to previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies.", "contents": "The morphology of group Ib afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat. 1. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into single Ib muscle afferent fibres in anaesthetized cats. Subsequently, histochemistry allowed the morphology of the axons and their collaterals in the lumbosacral spinal cord to be determined. 2. Eleven Ib axons were stained, seven from lateral gastrocneminus-soleus, one from medial gastrocnemius and three from muscles innervated by the posterior tibial nerve. Ten of the axons were traced into the dorsal roots and all but one (from the posterior tibial nerve) bifurcated upon entering the cord. Between 5.1 and 9.9 mm of each axon was stained and the fibres gave off eighty-four collaterals at intervals of 100-2300 micron, at an average spacing of about 900 micron. The spacing between collaterals on the (finer) descending axon branches was generally less than the intervals between collaterals on ascending branches. 3. All Ib collaterals had a characteristic morphology. The collaterals coursed cranially on a direct path through the dorsal horn to lamina IV or V before branching. They arborized widely in the intermediate region, mainly in lamina VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII. Occasionally, less extensive arborizations were seen more dorsally in lamina IV and V. The rostro-caudal extent of individual collateral arborizations was limited to 200-400 micron and there was no overlap between adjacent collaterals. Each terminal arborization gave rise to 56-384 boutons, mainly of them 'en passant' type. 4. The results are discussed in relation to previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies.", "PMID": 529088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4117", "title": "The role of vasopressin in blood pressure regulation immediately following acute haemorrhage in the rat.", "content": "1. The possible pressor effect of vasopressin immediately after acute haemorrhage has been studied using anaesthetized Brattleboro rats with diabetes insipidus and rats of the Long Evans parent strain.2. A blood loss of 0.5% of the body weight caused a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, measured 10 min later, in Brattleboro rats, whereas this degree of haemorrhage was non-hypotensive in the control Long Evans rats. Following subsequent blood losses (each of 0.5% of the body weight), mean arterial blood pressure in Brattleboro rats was always significantly lower than in Long Evans rats.3. While no antidiuretic activity was at any time found in the plasma of Brattleboro rats, haemorrhages greater than 1% of the body weight were associated with marked increases in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) of Long Evans rats.4. When Brattleboro and Long Evans rats were subjected to a single haemorrhage of 2% of the body weight, the immediate decrease in arterial blood pressure was similar in the two groups. However, 5 and 10 min after the haemorrhage the arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the Long Evans rats. When vasopressin was infused into Brattleboro rats so that plasma levels of the hormone approached those found in Long Evans rats, the mean arterial blood pressure 0, 5 and 10 min after haemorrhage was similar to that in the Long Evans animals.5. It is concluded that in the anaesthetized rat, vasopressin plays an important role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure during the period immediately following acute haemorrhage.", "contents": "The role of vasopressin in blood pressure regulation immediately following acute haemorrhage in the rat. 1. The possible pressor effect of vasopressin immediately after acute haemorrhage has been studied using anaesthetized Brattleboro rats with diabetes insipidus and rats of the Long Evans parent strain.2. A blood loss of 0.5% of the body weight caused a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, measured 10 min later, in Brattleboro rats, whereas this degree of haemorrhage was non-hypotensive in the control Long Evans rats. Following subsequent blood losses (each of 0.5% of the body weight), mean arterial blood pressure in Brattleboro rats was always significantly lower than in Long Evans rats.3. While no antidiuretic activity was at any time found in the plasma of Brattleboro rats, haemorrhages greater than 1% of the body weight were associated with marked increases in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) of Long Evans rats.4. When Brattleboro and Long Evans rats were subjected to a single haemorrhage of 2% of the body weight, the immediate decrease in arterial blood pressure was similar in the two groups. However, 5 and 10 min after the haemorrhage the arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the Long Evans rats. When vasopressin was infused into Brattleboro rats so that plasma levels of the hormone approached those found in Long Evans rats, the mean arterial blood pressure 0, 5 and 10 min after haemorrhage was similar to that in the Long Evans animals.5. It is concluded that in the anaesthetized rat, vasopressin plays an important role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure during the period immediately following acute haemorrhage.", "PMID": 529092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4118", "title": "Responses of visual cortical cells to periodic and non-periodic stimuli.", "content": "1. The activity of neurones of the visual cortex (area 17) has been recorded in anaesthetized cats in response to gratings of different profile and to single light and dark bars. 2. At very low spatial frequencies, outside the frequency response range to sinusoidal gratings, the response to square-wave drifting gratings is obtainable from a combination of the response to the single bars of the grating presented in isolation. At higher spatial frequencies this is no longer true. 3. At very low spatial frequencies the responses to square-wave gratings and to missing-fundamental gratings (obtained by subtraction from the square-wave grating of its fundamental gratings (obtained by subtraction from the square-wave grating of its fundamental harmonic) are very similar. 4. At spatial frequencies near the peak of the spatial frequency tuning curve of the cell, the responses to square-wave grating and to sinusoidal gratings are very similar. At these spatial frequencies the response to the missing-fundamental grating is practically zero. 5. At spatial frequencies lower than that of best sensitivity for the cell, the response to square-wave gratings is correlated with the 1st and 3rd harmonic of the stimulus. 6. We conclude that at very low spatial frequencies of the grating the response of cortical cells is correlated with the light or dark edges (or light or dark bars) of the stimulus, because the edges contain high frequencies within the range of sensitivity of the cells. At higher spatial frequencies the results are interpreted best by assuming that cortical cells respond to the harmonics of the visual periodic stimulus. 7. When a background of dynamic visual noise is added to increase the spontaneous discharge of simple cells, their response to visual stimuli becomes linear or quasi-linear. The stimuli could be either single bars or gratings.", "contents": "Responses of visual cortical cells to periodic and non-periodic stimuli. 1. The activity of neurones of the visual cortex (area 17) has been recorded in anaesthetized cats in response to gratings of different profile and to single light and dark bars. 2. At very low spatial frequencies, outside the frequency response range to sinusoidal gratings, the response to square-wave drifting gratings is obtainable from a combination of the response to the single bars of the grating presented in isolation. At higher spatial frequencies this is no longer true. 3. At very low spatial frequencies the responses to square-wave gratings and to missing-fundamental gratings (obtained by subtraction from the square-wave grating of its fundamental gratings (obtained by subtraction from the square-wave grating of its fundamental harmonic) are very similar. 4. At spatial frequencies near the peak of the spatial frequency tuning curve of the cell, the responses to square-wave grating and to sinusoidal gratings are very similar. At these spatial frequencies the response to the missing-fundamental grating is practically zero. 5. At spatial frequencies lower than that of best sensitivity for the cell, the response to square-wave gratings is correlated with the 1st and 3rd harmonic of the stimulus. 6. We conclude that at very low spatial frequencies of the grating the response of cortical cells is correlated with the light or dark edges (or light or dark bars) of the stimulus, because the edges contain high frequencies within the range of sensitivity of the cells. At higher spatial frequencies the results are interpreted best by assuming that cortical cells respond to the harmonics of the visual periodic stimulus. 7. When a background of dynamic visual noise is added to increase the spontaneous discharge of simple cells, their response to visual stimuli becomes linear or quasi-linear. The stimuli could be either single bars or gratings.", "PMID": 529093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4119", "title": "The effect of carbon dioxide on the tonic and the rhythmic discharges of expiratory bulbospinal neurones.", "content": "1. Extracellular micro-electrodes were used to measure the responses of expiratory bulbospinal neurones to CO2 in anaesthetized, paralyzed cats, ventilated with O2. Simultaneous measurements were made of phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve filament discharges. 2. Hypocapnia produced tonic activity in some of the expiratory neurones and in expiratory filaments but rendered the phrenic and inspiratory filaments silent. 3. A graded excitatory effect of CO2 on tonic activity of both the neurones and the filaments was seen which progressed smoothly and continuously to rhythmic activity as CO2 was increased and to zero as CO2 was decreased. 4. Increases in blood pressure produced effects which were opposite to those produced by CO2, and which had a faster time course. 5. The CO2 response curves of those units showing tonic activity were indistinguishable from the CO2 response curves of those which did not. 6. A mid line lesion in the medulla interrupted inspiratory activity, converting activity of expiratory bulbospinal neurones from periodic to ionic firing patterns. 7. Following such lesions the CO2 threshold for rhythmic excitation of medullary neurones was elevated and the slopes of their CO2 response curves were reduced. 8. These findings fully confirm the hypothesis put forward by Bainton, Kirkwood & Sears (1978b) that bulbospinal respiratory neurones convey both tonic and rhythmic excitation to spinal respiratory motoneurones and that the rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles derives from a period inhibition of expiratory bulbospinal neurones which are subjected to a tonic CO2 dependent excitation which is continuously variable over the physiological range.", "contents": "The effect of carbon dioxide on the tonic and the rhythmic discharges of expiratory bulbospinal neurones. 1. Extracellular micro-electrodes were used to measure the responses of expiratory bulbospinal neurones to CO2 in anaesthetized, paralyzed cats, ventilated with O2. Simultaneous measurements were made of phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve filament discharges. 2. Hypocapnia produced tonic activity in some of the expiratory neurones and in expiratory filaments but rendered the phrenic and inspiratory filaments silent. 3. A graded excitatory effect of CO2 on tonic activity of both the neurones and the filaments was seen which progressed smoothly and continuously to rhythmic activity as CO2 was increased and to zero as CO2 was decreased. 4. Increases in blood pressure produced effects which were opposite to those produced by CO2, and which had a faster time course. 5. The CO2 response curves of those units showing tonic activity were indistinguishable from the CO2 response curves of those which did not. 6. A mid line lesion in the medulla interrupted inspiratory activity, converting activity of expiratory bulbospinal neurones from periodic to ionic firing patterns. 7. Following such lesions the CO2 threshold for rhythmic excitation of medullary neurones was elevated and the slopes of their CO2 response curves were reduced. 8. These findings fully confirm the hypothesis put forward by Bainton, Kirkwood & Sears (1978b) that bulbospinal respiratory neurones convey both tonic and rhythmic excitation to spinal respiratory motoneurones and that the rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles derives from a period inhibition of expiratory bulbospinal neurones which are subjected to a tonic CO2 dependent excitation which is continuously variable over the physiological range.", "PMID": 529096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4120", "title": "Properties of single central Ia afferent fibres projecting to motoneurones.", "content": "1. Electrical potentials in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord evoked by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres were recorded using low impedance, bevelled micropipette electrodes and the spike triggered averaging technique. 2. Axonal potentials from the Ia fibres recorded extracellularly appeared as brief triphasic predominantly negative potentials. 3. Terminal potentials recorded in regions of Ia afferent termination appeared as brief diphasic positive-negative waves, often with additional wavelets. 4. Focal synaptic potentials, recorded extracellularly in regions of the medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent termination, appeared as slow (about 10 msec duration) negative potentials following terminal potentials. 5. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials, recorded intracellularly in Ia target cells of the medial gastrocnemius, appeared as slow (about 10 msec duration) positive potentials following terminal potentials. 6. Analysis of the temporal progression of these potentials through the spinal cord allowed calculations of the Ia conduction velocity in the dorsal funiculus stem axon (50-60 m/sec), in major collateral branches (8-19 m/sec) and in terminal branches (0.2-1.0 m/sec). 7. The number of major collateral branches (nine or fewer) and their spacing along the spinal cord (1071 micron mean value) were determined by analysing the extent of the triceps surae motoneurone column. 8. The structural and functional properties of medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres are discussed in relation to recent single fibre anatomical data and the present single fibre electrophysiological data.", "contents": "Properties of single central Ia afferent fibres projecting to motoneurones. 1. Electrical potentials in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord evoked by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres were recorded using low impedance, bevelled micropipette electrodes and the spike triggered averaging technique. 2. Axonal potentials from the Ia fibres recorded extracellularly appeared as brief triphasic predominantly negative potentials. 3. Terminal potentials recorded in regions of Ia afferent termination appeared as brief diphasic positive-negative waves, often with additional wavelets. 4. Focal synaptic potentials, recorded extracellularly in regions of the medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent termination, appeared as slow (about 10 msec duration) negative potentials following terminal potentials. 5. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials, recorded intracellularly in Ia target cells of the medial gastrocnemius, appeared as slow (about 10 msec duration) positive potentials following terminal potentials. 6. Analysis of the temporal progression of these potentials through the spinal cord allowed calculations of the Ia conduction velocity in the dorsal funiculus stem axon (50-60 m/sec), in major collateral branches (8-19 m/sec) and in terminal branches (0.2-1.0 m/sec). 7. The number of major collateral branches (nine or fewer) and their spacing along the spinal cord (1071 micron mean value) were determined by analysing the extent of the triceps surae motoneurone column. 8. The structural and functional properties of medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres are discussed in relation to recent single fibre anatomical data and the present single fibre electrophysiological data.", "PMID": 529100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4121", "title": "Properties of single fibre excitatory post-synaptic potentials in triceps surae motoneurones.", "content": "1. E.p.s.p.s and terminal potentials (t.p.s) produced by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres were examined with intracellular microelectrodes in cat triceps surae motoneurones. 2. Simple terminal potentials (t.p.s) appeared as positive-negative diphasic waves with a single positive peak. Shape indices of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in conjunction with simple t.p.s indicate that these e.p.s.p.s were generated at an electrotonically confined compartment on the motoneurone somadendritic membrane. 3. Compound t.p.s. were similar ones, except that they had two or more positive peaks. Shape indices of e.p.s.p.s recorded in conjunction with compound t.p.s indicate that these e.p.s.p.s were generated at two or more electrotonically separate compartments. 4. E.p.s.p. latency and post-synaptic electrotonic delay were determined for a group of single fibre e.p.s.p.s with simple t.p.s. The shortest recorded latency was 0.26 msec. By subtracting estimated electrotonic delay, the shortest synaptic delay obtained for a medial gastrocnemius Ia single fibre e.p.s.p. was 0.17 msec. 5. The finding of a significant synaptic delay supports the hypothesis that the Ia-motoneurone synapse is a chemically mediated synapse.", "contents": "Properties of single fibre excitatory post-synaptic potentials in triceps surae motoneurones. 1. E.p.s.p.s and terminal potentials (t.p.s) produced by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres were examined with intracellular microelectrodes in cat triceps surae motoneurones. 2. Simple terminal potentials (t.p.s) appeared as positive-negative diphasic waves with a single positive peak. Shape indices of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in conjunction with simple t.p.s indicate that these e.p.s.p.s were generated at an electrotonically confined compartment on the motoneurone somadendritic membrane. 3. Compound t.p.s. were similar ones, except that they had two or more positive peaks. Shape indices of e.p.s.p.s recorded in conjunction with compound t.p.s indicate that these e.p.s.p.s were generated at two or more electrotonically separate compartments. 4. E.p.s.p. latency and post-synaptic electrotonic delay were determined for a group of single fibre e.p.s.p.s with simple t.p.s. The shortest recorded latency was 0.26 msec. By subtracting estimated electrotonic delay, the shortest synaptic delay obtained for a medial gastrocnemius Ia single fibre e.p.s.p. was 0.17 msec. 5. The finding of a significant synaptic delay supports the hypothesis that the Ia-motoneurone synapse is a chemically mediated synapse.", "PMID": 529102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4122", "title": "Isopotentiality and an optical determination of series resistance in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.", "content": "1. Photoreceptor somas in the ventral rudimentary eye of Limulus polyphemus were impaled with three micropipettes. Two micropipettes were connected in a voltage-clamp circuit and the cells were stimulated by brief flashes. The third micropipette did not measure any significant deviations from the 'clamped' voltage during responses to the flashes, in several geometries of electrode placement, even for very bright flashes. Therefore using the described techniques there is no evidence for spatial non-uniformity of intracellular voltage in the soma of these photoreceptors. 2. A voltage-sensitive dye was used to monitor light-induced changes in membrane voltage while intracellular voltage was held clamped by a feed-back circuit. With a known series resistance connected between the bath and ground the dye recorded a light-induced change in membrane voltage. When there was no added series resistance, the light-induced change was smaller and often undetectable. From these data the naturally occurring series resistance was calculated to be less than or equal to 30 k omega. 3. From these measurements, as well as from calculations for a model spherical cell, we conclude that membrane potential can be controlled to within 2 mV using our micropipette 'point clamp' methods, for all but the brightest stimuli.", "contents": "Isopotentiality and an optical determination of series resistance in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. 1. Photoreceptor somas in the ventral rudimentary eye of Limulus polyphemus were impaled with three micropipettes. Two micropipettes were connected in a voltage-clamp circuit and the cells were stimulated by brief flashes. The third micropipette did not measure any significant deviations from the 'clamped' voltage during responses to the flashes, in several geometries of electrode placement, even for very bright flashes. Therefore using the described techniques there is no evidence for spatial non-uniformity of intracellular voltage in the soma of these photoreceptors. 2. A voltage-sensitive dye was used to monitor light-induced changes in membrane voltage while intracellular voltage was held clamped by a feed-back circuit. With a known series resistance connected between the bath and ground the dye recorded a light-induced change in membrane voltage. When there was no added series resistance, the light-induced change was smaller and often undetectable. From these data the naturally occurring series resistance was calculated to be less than or equal to 30 k omega. 3. From these measurements, as well as from calculations for a model spherical cell, we conclude that membrane potential can be controlled to within 2 mV using our micropipette 'point clamp' methods, for all but the brightest stimuli.", "PMID": 529105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4123", "title": "Saturation of the response to light in Limulus ventral photoreceptor.", "content": "1. Limulus ventral photoreceptor cells were voltage-clamped with two intracellular micro-electrodes. The light-induced membrane current was recorded for brief stimuli. From observation of discrete waves (quantum bumps) at low stimulus energies and the early receptor potential at high energies, the stimulus energy was related to the number of rhodopsin molecules photosiomerized. 2. In the dark-adapted cell the log (peak light-induced current) reached almost its maximum value when about 10(3) of the 10(9) rhodopsin molecules in the cell were photoisomerized. 3. The magnitude of the maximum light-induced current was not significantly altered after iontophoresis of EGTA into the cell. This treatment is known to counteract the Ca2+-mediated reduction in sensitivity to light. 4. Current pulses were injected into the unclamped cell during the receptor potential. The form of the voltage deflexion (a step followed by a curve) suggested that the effective electrical equivalent of the cell was a membrane capacitance in parallel with a light-dependent membrane resistance, Rm, and in series with another, light-invariant, resistance, Rs. Rs ranged from 7 to 24 k omega (five cells). 5. During a receptor potential the ratio Rm/Rs was never observed to fall below 1.7 no matter how intense the light flash. Hence, it is concluded that the light-induced current saturated essentially because Rm fell to a minimum value. 6. Charging curves gave a value for the capacitance, and hence the area, of the surface membrane. From this it was estimated that there were 10(5)-10(6) microvilli on each cell. 7. These results show that the light-induced increase in membrane conductance in a dark-adapted cell comes close to its maximum value when the number of photoisomerizations is about 1/1000 the total number of microvilli. We suggest that absorption of a photon by a rhodopsin molecule in a microvillus causes an increase in membrane conductance on parts of the surface membrane beyond that microvillus. 8. In the presence of moderate background illumination the sensitivity to non-saturating superimposed flashes was greatly decreased (e.g. by 10(3) while the saturating light-induced current was only slightly decreased (e.g. by 15%). At higher background intensities the saturating light-induced current was further decreased (e.g., with a background that photoisomerized 10(6.25) molecules per second the saturating light-induced current was reduced by 47%).", "contents": "Saturation of the response to light in Limulus ventral photoreceptor. 1. Limulus ventral photoreceptor cells were voltage-clamped with two intracellular micro-electrodes. The light-induced membrane current was recorded for brief stimuli. From observation of discrete waves (quantum bumps) at low stimulus energies and the early receptor potential at high energies, the stimulus energy was related to the number of rhodopsin molecules photosiomerized. 2. In the dark-adapted cell the log (peak light-induced current) reached almost its maximum value when about 10(3) of the 10(9) rhodopsin molecules in the cell were photoisomerized. 3. The magnitude of the maximum light-induced current was not significantly altered after iontophoresis of EGTA into the cell. This treatment is known to counteract the Ca2+-mediated reduction in sensitivity to light. 4. Current pulses were injected into the unclamped cell during the receptor potential. The form of the voltage deflexion (a step followed by a curve) suggested that the effective electrical equivalent of the cell was a membrane capacitance in parallel with a light-dependent membrane resistance, Rm, and in series with another, light-invariant, resistance, Rs. Rs ranged from 7 to 24 k omega (five cells). 5. During a receptor potential the ratio Rm/Rs was never observed to fall below 1.7 no matter how intense the light flash. Hence, it is concluded that the light-induced current saturated essentially because Rm fell to a minimum value. 6. Charging curves gave a value for the capacitance, and hence the area, of the surface membrane. From this it was estimated that there were 10(5)-10(6) microvilli on each cell. 7. These results show that the light-induced increase in membrane conductance in a dark-adapted cell comes close to its maximum value when the number of photoisomerizations is about 1/1000 the total number of microvilli. We suggest that absorption of a photon by a rhodopsin molecule in a microvillus causes an increase in membrane conductance on parts of the surface membrane beyond that microvillus. 8. In the presence of moderate background illumination the sensitivity to non-saturating superimposed flashes was greatly decreased (e.g. by 10(3) while the saturating light-induced current was only slightly decreased (e.g. by 15%). At higher background intensities the saturating light-induced current was further decreased (e.g., with a background that photoisomerized 10(6.25) molecules per second the saturating light-induced current was reduced by 47%).", "PMID": 529107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4124", "title": "Internal effects of divalent cations on potassium permeability in molluscan neurones.", "content": "1. Electrophoretic injection of Ca ions into Aplysia pace-maker neurones activates an outward current, carried primarily by K ions, whose magnitude is determined by the intensity and duration of the injection current, the position of the injection electrode within the cell and the holding potential. 2. The efflux of K ions measured with an extracellular K sensitive electrode is a linear function of the Ca activated outward current and disappears at its reversal potential. 3. The outward current decays exponentially with an early and late phase. The early but not the late phase is temperature dependent with a Q10 of about 3-5. 4. Of the divalent cations which activate the outward current, Ca is the most effective followed by Cd, Hg, Sr, Mn and Fe. Injections of Ba, Co, Cu, Mg, Ni and Zn are ineffective. 5. Low temperatures or prolonged injection of Cd or Hg, increase the amplitude of the outward current activated by Ca. 6. Prolonged injection of Ba inhibits the Ca activated outward current and reduces substantially all currents carried by K ions. 7. It is concluded that the effectiveness of a divalent cation in activating the K current is, in part, related to its ionic radius, and that the site of activation can accommodate ionic radii between about 0.76 and 1.13 A.", "contents": "Internal effects of divalent cations on potassium permeability in molluscan neurones. 1. Electrophoretic injection of Ca ions into Aplysia pace-maker neurones activates an outward current, carried primarily by K ions, whose magnitude is determined by the intensity and duration of the injection current, the position of the injection electrode within the cell and the holding potential. 2. The efflux of K ions measured with an extracellular K sensitive electrode is a linear function of the Ca activated outward current and disappears at its reversal potential. 3. The outward current decays exponentially with an early and late phase. The early but not the late phase is temperature dependent with a Q10 of about 3-5. 4. Of the divalent cations which activate the outward current, Ca is the most effective followed by Cd, Hg, Sr, Mn and Fe. Injections of Ba, Co, Cu, Mg, Ni and Zn are ineffective. 5. Low temperatures or prolonged injection of Cd or Hg, increase the amplitude of the outward current activated by Ca. 6. Prolonged injection of Ba inhibits the Ca activated outward current and reduces substantially all currents carried by K ions. 7. It is concluded that the effectiveness of a divalent cation in activating the K current is, in part, related to its ionic radius, and that the site of activation can accommodate ionic radii between about 0.76 and 1.13 A.", "PMID": 529110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4125", "title": "Pigment transformation and electrical responses in retinula cells of drone, Apis mellifera male.", "content": "1. Receptor potentials in honeybee drone retinula cells were recorded with intracellular micro-electrodes in the dorsal part of the superfused retina. The light stimuli were sufficiently weak that the response amplitude was proportional to the intensity. 2. Responses to stimuli of different wave-lengths, although of different amplitude, all had the same time course. 3. The maximal sensitivity in all the cells recorded from was to a wave-length between 450 and 460 nm. 4. Microspectrophotometry showed the presence of a pigment with two stable states, interconvertible by light, absorbing maximally at 445 nm (rhodopsin) and 505 nm (metarhodopsin). 5. There was a good match between the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin and the spectral sensitivity of retinula cells. 6. Transformation of a large fraction of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin by light reduced the sensitivity of the retinula cell but did not alter the shape of the relative spectral sensitivity curve or the time course of the responses. 7. It is concluded that for weak lights the receptor potential is determined only by the number of rhodopsin molecules that absorb photons: neither the presence of metarhodopsin nor its phototransformation to rhodopsin produces a detectable effect.", "contents": "Pigment transformation and electrical responses in retinula cells of drone, Apis mellifera male. 1. Receptor potentials in honeybee drone retinula cells were recorded with intracellular micro-electrodes in the dorsal part of the superfused retina. The light stimuli were sufficiently weak that the response amplitude was proportional to the intensity. 2. Responses to stimuli of different wave-lengths, although of different amplitude, all had the same time course. 3. The maximal sensitivity in all the cells recorded from was to a wave-length between 450 and 460 nm. 4. Microspectrophotometry showed the presence of a pigment with two stable states, interconvertible by light, absorbing maximally at 445 nm (rhodopsin) and 505 nm (metarhodopsin). 5. There was a good match between the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin and the spectral sensitivity of retinula cells. 6. Transformation of a large fraction of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin by light reduced the sensitivity of the retinula cell but did not alter the shape of the relative spectral sensitivity curve or the time course of the responses. 7. It is concluded that for weak lights the receptor potential is determined only by the number of rhodopsin molecules that absorb photons: neither the presence of metarhodopsin nor its phototransformation to rhodopsin produces a detectable effect.", "PMID": 529115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4126", "title": "Epithelial transport pathways of rat colon determined in vivo by impulse response analysis.", "content": "1. A method is described for studying transepithelial pathways for the movement of different solutes and water. Using  the blood and the secretory curves of changing tracer activity following an intravenous bolus, the rate of transit of molecules together with their impulse response functions, which reflect the transfer processes can be examined. 2. Movements of Na, Cl, I, urea and water from blood to lumen across rat colonic epithelium were all consistent with simple diffusion through a paracellular route. Most of the secreted K, however, passed through a K selective route associated with a significant K epithelial pool. 3. Adding cyanide to the luminal solution caused a reversible fall of transepithelial potential difference associated with changes in the impulse response functions of water, urea and K indicating reduction of the restriction on diffusion. Cellular K content was unaffected. 4. K entered the bulk of the epithelial cellular K almost exclusively from the blood side. A small epithelial K pool, identified by studies with a miniature GM counter, had kinetic characteristics like those of the K selective pathway observed in the studies of impulse response functions.", "contents": "Epithelial transport pathways of rat colon determined in vivo by impulse response analysis. 1. A method is described for studying transepithelial pathways for the movement of different solutes and water. Using  the blood and the secretory curves of changing tracer activity following an intravenous bolus, the rate of transit of molecules together with their impulse response functions, which reflect the transfer processes can be examined. 2. Movements of Na, Cl, I, urea and water from blood to lumen across rat colonic epithelium were all consistent with simple diffusion through a paracellular route. Most of the secreted K, however, passed through a K selective route associated with a significant K epithelial pool. 3. Adding cyanide to the luminal solution caused a reversible fall of transepithelial potential difference associated with changes in the impulse response functions of water, urea and K indicating reduction of the restriction on diffusion. Cellular K content was unaffected. 4. K entered the bulk of the epithelial cellular K almost exclusively from the blood side. A small epithelial K pool, identified by studies with a miniature GM counter, had kinetic characteristics like those of the K selective pathway observed in the studies of impulse response functions.", "PMID": 529121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4127", "title": "Ionic conductances of membranes in ciliated and deciliated Paramecium.", "content": "1. Paramecium caudatum was deciliated with ethanol. The ionic conductance of the membrane was investigated with constant current, voltage clamp and mechanical stimuli. 2. The resting potential was not modified by the removal of the cilia. The dependence of the resting potential on the extracellular concentrations of Ca and K was the same in deciliated and control cells. 3. The input resistance in deciliated and ciliated cells increased after the ethanol treatment. 4. The membrane capacitance decreased to 48% after deciliation, suggesting that the ciliary surface area is equal to the somatic surface area. 5. Deciliation completely removed the regenerative response (graded action potential) elicited by depolarizing current pulses or mechanical stimuli. 6. Deciliated cells retained the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing mechanoreceptor responses. 7. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated the loss of the early inward current in deciliated cells; it was restored during ciliary regeneration. Steady-state current-voltage relationships were unchanged by deciliation. 8. The time courses of the recovery of the membrane capacitance and of the early inward current were similar, suggesting that the number of voltage-sensitive Ca channels is proportional to the ciliary membrane area. 9. We conclude that the voltage-sensitive Ca channels reside in the ciliary membrane (in confirmation of Dunlap, 1976; Ogura & Takahashi, 1976), while mechanoreceptor channels, rectifier channels and resting conductances are localized in the somatic membrane.", "contents": "Ionic conductances of membranes in ciliated and deciliated Paramecium. 1. Paramecium caudatum was deciliated with ethanol. The ionic conductance of the membrane was investigated with constant current, voltage clamp and mechanical stimuli. 2. The resting potential was not modified by the removal of the cilia. The dependence of the resting potential on the extracellular concentrations of Ca and K was the same in deciliated and control cells. 3. The input resistance in deciliated and ciliated cells increased after the ethanol treatment. 4. The membrane capacitance decreased to 48% after deciliation, suggesting that the ciliary surface area is equal to the somatic surface area. 5. Deciliation completely removed the regenerative response (graded action potential) elicited by depolarizing current pulses or mechanical stimuli. 6. Deciliated cells retained the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing mechanoreceptor responses. 7. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated the loss of the early inward current in deciliated cells; it was restored during ciliary regeneration. Steady-state current-voltage relationships were unchanged by deciliation. 8. The time courses of the recovery of the membrane capacitance and of the early inward current were similar, suggesting that the number of voltage-sensitive Ca channels is proportional to the ciliary membrane area. 9. We conclude that the voltage-sensitive Ca channels reside in the ciliary membrane (in confirmation of Dunlap, 1976; Ogura & Takahashi, 1976), while mechanoreceptor channels, rectifier channels and resting conductances are localized in the somatic membrane.", "PMID": 529122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4128", "title": "Membrane potential, chloride exchange, and chloride conductance in Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells.", "content": "1. The steady-state tracer exchange flux of chloride was measured at 10-150 mM external chloride concentration, substituting either lactate or sucrose for chloride. The chloride flux saturates in both cases with a K 1/2 about 50 and 15 mM, respectively. 2. The inhibitory effect of other monovalent anions on the chloride transport was investigated by measuring the 36Cl- efflux into media where either bromide, nitrate, or thiocyanate had been substituted for part of the chloride. The sequence of increasing affinity for the chloride transport system was found to be: Br- less than Cl- less than SCN- = NO3-. 3. The chloride steady-state exchange flux in the presence of nitrate can be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics with nitrate as a competitive inhibitor of the chloride flux. 4. The apparent activation energy (EA) was determined to be 67 +/- 6.2 kJ/mole, and was constant between 7 and 38 degrees C. 5. The membrane potential (Vm) was measured as a function of the concentration of external K+, substituting K+ for Na+. The transference number of K+ (tK) was estimated from the slope of Vm vs. log10 (K+)e, and tCl and tNa were calculated, neglecting current carried by ions other than Cl-, K+, and Na+. The diffusional net flux of K+ was calculated from the steady-state exchange flux of 42K+, assuming the flux ratio equation to be valid. From this value the K+ conductance and the Na+ and Cl- conductances were calculated. The experiments showed that GCl, GNa, and GK are all about 14 muS/cm2. 6. The net (conductive) chloride permeability derived from the chloride conductance was 4 x 10(-8) cm/sec compared with the apparent permeability of 6 x 10(-7) cm/sec as calculated from the chloride tracer exchange flux. These data suggest that about 95% of the chloride transport is mediated by an electrically silent exchange diffusion. 7. Comparable effects of phloretin (0.25 mM) on the net (conductive) permeability and the apparent permeability to chloride (about 80% inhibition) may indicate that the chloride exchange and conductance pathways are not completely separate and distinct modes of transport, but may involve common elements. The reduced chloride permeability in the presence of phloretin is estimated to be two orders of magnitude larger than the ground permeability of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Membrane potential, chloride exchange, and chloride conductance in Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells. 1. The steady-state tracer exchange flux of chloride was measured at 10-150 mM external chloride concentration, substituting either lactate or sucrose for chloride. The chloride flux saturates in both cases with a K 1/2 about 50 and 15 mM, respectively. 2. The inhibitory effect of other monovalent anions on the chloride transport was investigated by measuring the 36Cl- efflux into media where either bromide, nitrate, or thiocyanate had been substituted for part of the chloride. The sequence of increasing affinity for the chloride transport system was found to be: Br- less than Cl- less than SCN- = NO3-. 3. The chloride steady-state exchange flux in the presence of nitrate can be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics with nitrate as a competitive inhibitor of the chloride flux. 4. The apparent activation energy (EA) was determined to be 67 +/- 6.2 kJ/mole, and was constant between 7 and 38 degrees C. 5. The membrane potential (Vm) was measured as a function of the concentration of external K+, substituting K+ for Na+. The transference number of K+ (tK) was estimated from the slope of Vm vs. log10 (K+)e, and tCl and tNa were calculated, neglecting current carried by ions other than Cl-, K+, and Na+. The diffusional net flux of K+ was calculated from the steady-state exchange flux of 42K+, assuming the flux ratio equation to be valid. From this value the K+ conductance and the Na+ and Cl- conductances were calculated. The experiments showed that GCl, GNa, and GK are all about 14 muS/cm2. 6. The net (conductive) chloride permeability derived from the chloride conductance was 4 x 10(-8) cm/sec compared with the apparent permeability of 6 x 10(-7) cm/sec as calculated from the chloride tracer exchange flux. These data suggest that about 95% of the chloride transport is mediated by an electrically silent exchange diffusion. 7. Comparable effects of phloretin (0.25 mM) on the net (conductive) permeability and the apparent permeability to chloride (about 80% inhibition) may indicate that the chloride exchange and conductance pathways are not completely separate and distinct modes of transport, but may involve common elements. The reduced chloride permeability in the presence of phloretin is estimated to be two orders of magnitude larger than the ground permeability of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 529133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4129", "title": "[State of the art and prospects on the use of radiofrequency and microwave hyperthermia in cancer treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of microwave hyperthermia for cancer treatment is dealt with, first analyzing the present state of the art, second from a prospective viewpoint. Follow current topics are considered: a) biological data from experiments in vitro and of animals; b) fundamental therapeutic modalities: total body hyperthermia, local hyperthermia; c) technological problems: irradiation frequency, applicators, dosimetry (non-interfering probes, microwave radiometers); d) results of preliminary clinical investigations. Prospects refer to following topics: a) technological: improvement or design of systems for producing and controlling hyperthermia; b) fundamental: models, phantoms and postoperative specimens; dielectric and thermal properties on tissues; part of the vascularization; c) clinical: treatment procedures, long-term therapeutic trials (exclusive or combined hyperthermia, cancerous and healthy tissues).", "contents": "[State of the art and prospects on the use of radiofrequency and microwave hyperthermia in cancer treatment (author's transl)]. The use of microwave hyperthermia for cancer treatment is dealt with, first analyzing the present state of the art, second from a prospective viewpoint. Follow current topics are considered: a) biological data from experiments in vitro and of animals; b) fundamental therapeutic modalities: total body hyperthermia, local hyperthermia; c) technological problems: irradiation frequency, applicators, dosimetry (non-interfering probes, microwave radiometers); d) results of preliminary clinical investigations. Prospects refer to following topics: a) technological: improvement or design of systems for producing and controlling hyperthermia; b) fundamental: models, phantoms and postoperative specimens; dielectric and thermal properties on tissues; part of the vascularization; c) clinical: treatment procedures, long-term therapeutic trials (exclusive or combined hyperthermia, cancerous and healthy tissues).", "PMID": 529220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4130", "title": "[Treatment of tumors by local hyperthermia in urology and gynecology (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study by the authors, on the effects of local-regional hyperthermia on bladder B.N.A. induced carcinoma of the dog has been going on since 1966. The authors have observed complete disappearance in the animals of the mucosa and sub-mucosa neoplasia, even after 6 years from the date of treatment. The sterilization of the neoplastic surface was checked by several histological sections observations on two excised bladders. As the results showed no negative secondary effects, the authors have started, since 1973, a clinical study of hyperthermia treatment of the bladder, vagina, female urethra and rectum stump carcinoma. Heat was obtained and introduced into the bladder by leans of an apparatus specifically designed for this purpose; the double-circuit terminal probe supplies a thermocouple controlled constant temperature. We are submitting the cases treated together with a discussion on results obtained and problems faced.", "contents": "[Treatment of tumors by local hyperthermia in urology and gynecology (author's transl)]. An experimental study by the authors, on the effects of local-regional hyperthermia on bladder B.N.A. induced carcinoma of the dog has been going on since 1966. The authors have observed complete disappearance in the animals of the mucosa and sub-mucosa neoplasia, even after 6 years from the date of treatment. The sterilization of the neoplastic surface was checked by several histological sections observations on two excised bladders. As the results showed no negative secondary effects, the authors have started, since 1973, a clinical study of hyperthermia treatment of the bladder, vagina, female urethra and rectum stump carcinoma. Heat was obtained and introduced into the bladder by leans of an apparatus specifically designed for this purpose; the double-circuit terminal probe supplies a thermocouple controlled constant temperature. We are submitting the cases treated together with a discussion on results obtained and problems faced.", "PMID": 529219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4131", "title": "[Experimental study of the relative biological effectiveness (R.B.E.) of a fast neutron beam (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary experimentation has been done with the synchrocyclotron (28 MeV deuton) in Lyon. The different characteristics of the beam have been determined through various dosimetric measurements. C57Bl mice have been irradiated with single doses and fractionated schedules (5 sessions). 7 day survival has been analysed. Comparison of neutron and cobalt gamma ray shows a R.B.E. of 1.95 for single dose and 2.5 for five fractions. This work is a confirmation of the effect of fractionation on the R.B.E. of the neutrons.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the relative biological effectiveness (R.B.E.) of a fast neutron beam (author's transl)]. A preliminary experimentation has been done with the synchrocyclotron (28 MeV deuton) in Lyon. The different characteristics of the beam have been determined through various dosimetric measurements. C57Bl mice have been irradiated with single doses and fractionated schedules (5 sessions). 7 day survival has been analysed. Comparison of neutron and cobalt gamma ray shows a R.B.E. of 1.95 for single dose and 2.5 for five fractions. This work is a confirmation of the effect of fractionation on the R.B.E. of the neutrons.", "PMID": 529221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4132", "title": "[Endocurietherapy in cancer of the bladder. A new technique by implant of 192iridium with Cyponil tubes (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors propose a new technique of interstitial implant in cancer of the bladder based on the direct implant of 192 Iridium with Cyponil tubes. The tubes are roughly 2 metres in length with a radioactive wire in one third of the tube length. These wires are kept in a lead container during the complete implantation of the tube. After opening the bladder the uncharged part of the tube is passed through the inner walls by means of surgical needles. The number of the tubes depends on the size of the tumour and they are placed parallel to each other. They are then drawn until the radioactive part covers the tumour site. One end of the Cyponil tube is then pulled through the urethra and stitched to the skin, the other end is drawn through the surgical incision and attached to the abdominal skin. A Folley catheter is put on the bladder is such a way as to keep it blown up. It is then sutured. A radiography is carried out so as to determine the dosage. At the end of the therapy the stitches of the Cyponil tubes are cut and are removed by extraction.", "contents": "[Endocurietherapy in cancer of the bladder. A new technique by implant of 192iridium with Cyponil tubes (author's transl)]. The Authors propose a new technique of interstitial implant in cancer of the bladder based on the direct implant of 192 Iridium with Cyponil tubes. The tubes are roughly 2 metres in length with a radioactive wire in one third of the tube length. These wires are kept in a lead container during the complete implantation of the tube. After opening the bladder the uncharged part of the tube is passed through the inner walls by means of surgical needles. The number of the tubes depends on the size of the tumour and they are placed parallel to each other. They are then drawn until the radioactive part covers the tumour site. One end of the Cyponil tube is then pulled through the urethra and stitched to the skin, the other end is drawn through the surgical incision and attached to the abdominal skin. A Folley catheter is put on the bladder is such a way as to keep it blown up. It is then sutured. A radiography is carried out so as to determine the dosage. At the end of the therapy the stitches of the Cyponil tubes are cut and are removed by extraction.", "PMID": 529223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4133", "title": "[Use of rapid C.T. scanners in renal affections (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages obtained by the use of the new rapid scanners have made computer tomography the method of choice for the investigation of kidney lesions. In fact, the benefits of the second generation of scanners, which were already of excellent quality, have been even furthur increased by the use of the rapid scanners which can be used to study the vascularization of renal lesions, for which traditional nephrotomography has been employed for a long period.", "contents": "[Use of rapid C.T. scanners in renal affections (author's transl)]. The advantages obtained by the use of the new rapid scanners have made computer tomography the method of choice for the investigation of kidney lesions. In fact, the benefits of the second generation of scanners, which were already of excellent quality, have been even furthur increased by the use of the rapid scanners which can be used to study the vascularization of renal lesions, for which traditional nephrotomography has been employed for a long period.", "PMID": 529224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4134", "title": "[Inversion of the right hemi-diaphragm associated with abundant pleural effusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological appearance and the physiopathological consequences of the phenomenon of the inversion of the diaphragm on the left side associated with abundant pleural effusion, were studied by Felson and his school as early as 1965. Echotomography reveals that the phenomenon occurs on the right side in exactly the same way.", "contents": "[Inversion of the right hemi-diaphragm associated with abundant pleural effusion (author's transl)]. The radiological appearance and the physiopathological consequences of the phenomenon of the inversion of the diaphragm on the left side associated with abundant pleural effusion, were studied by Felson and his school as early as 1965. Echotomography reveals that the phenomenon occurs on the right side in exactly the same way.", "PMID": 529225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4135", "title": "[Discitis in small children (author's transl)].", "content": "Discitis was diagnosed in 5 children under 3 years of age, the initial clinical manifestations being difficulty in walking and abdominal pains in one case. Diagnosis was not made before periods varying from 8 days to 3 months, and no etiological basis for the disease was discovered. Pinching of the disc was always present in the first radiographic image, and the vertebral plate was ill-defined in 3 cases. Repeat radiological examinations were carried out in 3 children after 6 months, 2 and 5 years respectively. There was partial restauration of the disc space in 2 cases; the last one presented signs of late collapse after early recuperation. Early perilesional bone sclerosis was noted in 2 cases, while it was posterior and late in one child. There were no sequelae (fusion, vertebra plana, scoliosis). Two investigations are essential if a disc lesion is suspected: -- radiography of the spinal column, even if there are no disturbances in walking or abdominal pains. -- scintigraphy with technitium 99, which is the only means of establishing an early diagnosis.", "contents": "[Discitis in small children (author's transl)]. Discitis was diagnosed in 5 children under 3 years of age, the initial clinical manifestations being difficulty in walking and abdominal pains in one case. Diagnosis was not made before periods varying from 8 days to 3 months, and no etiological basis for the disease was discovered. Pinching of the disc was always present in the first radiographic image, and the vertebral plate was ill-defined in 3 cases. Repeat radiological examinations were carried out in 3 children after 6 months, 2 and 5 years respectively. There was partial restauration of the disc space in 2 cases; the last one presented signs of late collapse after early recuperation. Early perilesional bone sclerosis was noted in 2 cases, while it was posterior and late in one child. There were no sequelae (fusion, vertebra plana, scoliosis). Two investigations are essential if a disc lesion is suspected: -- radiography of the spinal column, even if there are no disturbances in walking or abdominal pains. -- scintigraphy with technitium 99, which is the only means of establishing an early diagnosis.", "PMID": 529226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4136", "title": "[Chronic unilateral obstruction to pulmonary venous return. A study on 6 cases and review of the published literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 6 cases of unilateral obstruction to pulmonary venous return: two cases of Halasz syndrome and postoperative obstruction of the reimplanted collector vein, one patient with Halasz syndrome and spontaneous obstruction of the vein in the form of a scimitar, one case of neoplastic invasion of the atrium-vein junction, one with unilateral absence of the right intra- and extraparenchymatous regions of the pulmonary veins, and lastly, a case of juxta-auricular interruption in the right pulmonary veins. The anatomy and physiopathology of the collateral venous pathways are briefly described, together with the relations between systemic arterial hypervascularization and pulmonary venous obstruction. The authors then review the radiological, clinical, and angiohemodynamic features of the unilateral venous obstruction syndrome, and conclude that precise diagnosis of venous occlusion, its location, and its tolerance are essential for deciding the therapeutic measures required.", "contents": "[Chronic unilateral obstruction to pulmonary venous return. A study on 6 cases and review of the published literature (author's transl)]. The authors describe 6 cases of unilateral obstruction to pulmonary venous return: two cases of Halasz syndrome and postoperative obstruction of the reimplanted collector vein, one patient with Halasz syndrome and spontaneous obstruction of the vein in the form of a scimitar, one case of neoplastic invasion of the atrium-vein junction, one with unilateral absence of the right intra- and extraparenchymatous regions of the pulmonary veins, and lastly, a case of juxta-auricular interruption in the right pulmonary veins. The anatomy and physiopathology of the collateral venous pathways are briefly described, together with the relations between systemic arterial hypervascularization and pulmonary venous obstruction. The authors then review the radiological, clinical, and angiohemodynamic features of the unilateral venous obstruction syndrome, and conclude that precise diagnosis of venous occlusion, its location, and its tolerance are essential for deciding the therapeutic measures required.", "PMID": 529227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4137", "title": "[Value of profile aortography for the topographic diagnosis of intraperitoneal masses: a report on 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The superior mesenteric artery was found to be displaced posteriorly in 5 patients with intraperitoneal masses. In 3 cases, the mass was a mesenteric tumor, and in the 2 other cases a tumor arising from the retroperitoneal area which had grown into the mesentery. The authors emphasize, therefore, the value of defining the position of the superior mesenteric artery in the sagittal plane for the topographic diagnosis of intraperitoneal masses. This investigation does not, however, eliminate the possibility of a retroperitoneal origin of the tumoral mass.", "contents": "[Value of profile aortography for the topographic diagnosis of intraperitoneal masses: a report on 5 cases (author's transl)]. The superior mesenteric artery was found to be displaced posteriorly in 5 patients with intraperitoneal masses. In 3 cases, the mass was a mesenteric tumor, and in the 2 other cases a tumor arising from the retroperitoneal area which had grown into the mesentery. The authors emphasize, therefore, the value of defining the position of the superior mesenteric artery in the sagittal plane for the topographic diagnosis of intraperitoneal masses. This investigation does not, however, eliminate the possibility of a retroperitoneal origin of the tumoral mass.", "PMID": 529228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4138", "title": "[The value of arteriography in the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic secondary impotence (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic investigations in 9 patients with partial or total post-traumatic secondary impotence present for several years, confirmed the presence of traumatic vascular lesions involving, in nearly all cases, the artery of the penis or its branches (cavernous and bulbar arteries). Selective angiography of the pudendal arteries was able to guide treatment in 5 of these patients. Epigastrocavernous anastomoses, according to the microsurgical procedure developed by Michal, were performed with excellent results in 3 cases.", "contents": "[The value of arteriography in the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic secondary impotence (author's transl)]. Angiographic investigations in 9 patients with partial or total post-traumatic secondary impotence present for several years, confirmed the presence of traumatic vascular lesions involving, in nearly all cases, the artery of the penis or its branches (cavernous and bulbar arteries). Selective angiography of the pudendal arteries was able to guide treatment in 5 of these patients. Epigastrocavernous anastomoses, according to the microsurgical procedure developed by Michal, were performed with excellent results in 3 cases.", "PMID": 529229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4139", "title": "[Contribution of panoramic tomography in exploration of maxillary sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "Panoramic tomography (orthopantomography) is useful in exploration of maxillary sinuses, specially of its floor and its connection with teeth alveoles. Interest of this examination in the diagnosis of sinusian cyst of polypus, apical teeth cyst growing in the sinus, fistula from mouth to sinus, repeating sinusitis by dental infectious focus, sinusian stranger corps and finally, in the schedule or surveillance of the extension of sinus maxillary cancer to the posterior wall, particularly to the pterygomaxillary fossae.", "contents": "[Contribution of panoramic tomography in exploration of maxillary sinuses (author's transl)]. Panoramic tomography (orthopantomography) is useful in exploration of maxillary sinuses, specially of its floor and its connection with teeth alveoles. Interest of this examination in the diagnosis of sinusian cyst of polypus, apical teeth cyst growing in the sinus, fistula from mouth to sinus, repeating sinusitis by dental infectious focus, sinusian stranger corps and finally, in the schedule or surveillance of the extension of sinus maxillary cancer to the posterior wall, particularly to the pterygomaxillary fossae.", "PMID": 529230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4140", "title": "[Arthropneumotomography in recurrent dislocations and subluxations of the shoulder. Methods, results, and indications in 45 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the results of arthropneumotomography in 45 patients with recurrent dislocations or subluxations of the shoulder. The method used is given in detail and the need for excellent quality glenoid profile sections, as described by Bernageau, is emphasized. The results are analyzed for bone lesions, capsuloligamentary lesions, and intra-articular foreign bodies. The two latter conditions are specifically demonstrated by arthropneumotomography. These results are then described radiological and surgical correlations, and the indications defined. Arthropneumotomography is therefore of value when a decision is to be taken as to the need for operation.", "contents": "[Arthropneumotomography in recurrent dislocations and subluxations of the shoulder. Methods, results, and indications in 45 cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe the results of arthropneumotomography in 45 patients with recurrent dislocations or subluxations of the shoulder. The method used is given in detail and the need for excellent quality glenoid profile sections, as described by Bernageau, is emphasized. The results are analyzed for bone lesions, capsuloligamentary lesions, and intra-articular foreign bodies. The two latter conditions are specifically demonstrated by arthropneumotomography. These results are then described radiological and surgical correlations, and the indications defined. Arthropneumotomography is therefore of value when a decision is to be taken as to the need for operation.", "PMID": 529231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4141", "title": "[Arterial thrombosis induced by direct electric current. Clinical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors have demonstrated that it is possible to induce arterial thrombosis by applying direct electric current (10 mA -V). By the use of this method several thromboses were formed in the rabbit. This technique is now well established and the first clinical applications on human arteries give rise to considerable hopes, since it is simple, reliable, and much less dangerous than other types of embolisation. Experiments are being done to apply this technique to aneurysms.", "contents": "[Arterial thrombosis induced by direct electric current. Clinical applications (author's transl)]. Authors have demonstrated that it is possible to induce arterial thrombosis by applying direct electric current (10 mA -V). By the use of this method several thromboses were formed in the rabbit. This technique is now well established and the first clinical applications on human arteries give rise to considerable hopes, since it is simple, reliable, and much less dangerous than other types of embolisation. Experiments are being done to apply this technique to aneurysms.", "PMID": 529232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4142", "title": "[Severe urinary tract and cutaneous lesions after umbilical cord artery puncture and direct injection of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate to the newborn in the delivery room. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of necrotizing and calcifying lesions of low urinary tract, buttock and adjacent perineum are reported. These lesions have been induced by direct syringe injection into an umbilical artery of 42% sodium bicarbonate solution at the dose of 5 to 6 ml/kg of body weight. Radiographic examinations are very important to study the urinary tract lesions. These have been surgically controlled in two cases. The follow up ranges from 10 to 21 1/2 months. On the bladder initial necrotizing lesions are followed by calcification and parietal retraction. These bladder lesions induce a more or less important ureterohydronephrosis. To these constant lesions are variably associated urethral calcifications and stenosis, distal ureter calcifications. These lesions seem to be related to the sodium bicarbonate hyperosmolality, to the injection conditions, and to the local hemodynamic features.", "contents": "[Severe urinary tract and cutaneous lesions after umbilical cord artery puncture and direct injection of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate to the newborn in the delivery room. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. Three cases of necrotizing and calcifying lesions of low urinary tract, buttock and adjacent perineum are reported. These lesions have been induced by direct syringe injection into an umbilical artery of 42% sodium bicarbonate solution at the dose of 5 to 6 ml/kg of body weight. Radiographic examinations are very important to study the urinary tract lesions. These have been surgically controlled in two cases. The follow up ranges from 10 to 21 1/2 months. On the bladder initial necrotizing lesions are followed by calcification and parietal retraction. These bladder lesions induce a more or less important ureterohydronephrosis. To these constant lesions are variably associated urethral calcifications and stenosis, distal ureter calcifications. These lesions seem to be related to the sodium bicarbonate hyperosmolality, to the injection conditions, and to the local hemodynamic features.", "PMID": 529233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4143", "title": "[Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A young girl aged 13 years was hospitalized for metaphyseal fractures of both knees, and was found to have idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis which followed a favourable course over a period of one year. The authors recall the difficulties encountered in diagnosing this rare affection as no specific biological changes have been demonstrated. The criteria used are: the age of the patient, the disease usually becoming evident in the prepuberty period, the contrast between the very severe osteoporosis noted on radiological examination and the perfect general condtion of the patient, the negative biological tests results, and finally, the spontaneous repair of the osteoporosis in one to four years.", "contents": "[Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (author's transl)]. A young girl aged 13 years was hospitalized for metaphyseal fractures of both knees, and was found to have idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis which followed a favourable course over a period of one year. The authors recall the difficulties encountered in diagnosing this rare affection as no specific biological changes have been demonstrated. The criteria used are: the age of the patient, the disease usually becoming evident in the prepuberty period, the contrast between the very severe osteoporosis noted on radiological examination and the perfect general condtion of the patient, the negative biological tests results, and finally, the spontaneous repair of the osteoporosis in one to four years.", "PMID": 529234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4144", "title": "[Post-traumatic resorption of a vertebral body in a patient with spondylarthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Rheumatoid pelvispondylitis in the lumbar spine can be the cause of a fracture of a vertebral body following usually minimal trauma. If no treatment is applied, a pseudo-arthrosis with severe bone resorption can occur. The whole vertebral body was affected in this way in the case reported.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic resorption of a vertebral body in a patient with spondylarthritis (author's transl)]. Rheumatoid pelvispondylitis in the lumbar spine can be the cause of a fracture of a vertebral body following usually minimal trauma. If no treatment is applied, a pseudo-arthrosis with severe bone resorption can occur. The whole vertebral body was affected in this way in the case reported.", "PMID": 529235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4145", "title": "Acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion: problems of pre-operative diagnosis.", "content": "I report five cases of occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery from one general practice; four of these occurred in one year.THE COMMON CLINICAL FEATURES WERE: acute diarrhoea and vomiting in elderly persons (all over 70) with abdominal pain and distension and shock. All had a previous history of auricular fibrillation and cardiac failure and past episodes of clinical arterial occlusive disorders had been experienced by four. Each diagnosis was confirmed at operation and all five patients died. It is important for general practitioners to recognize this syndrome.", "contents": "Acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion: problems of pre-operative diagnosis. I report five cases of occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery from one general practice; four of these occurred in one year.THE COMMON CLINICAL FEATURES WERE: acute diarrhoea and vomiting in elderly persons (all over 70) with abdominal pain and distension and shock. All had a previous history of auricular fibrillation and cardiac failure and past episodes of clinical arterial occlusive disorders had been experienced by four. Each diagnosis was confirmed at operation and all five patients died. It is important for general practitioners to recognize this syndrome.", "PMID": 529238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4146", "title": "Primary medical care in Bhutan.", "content": "I describe a systematic method of planning primary medical services for Bhutan in the light of the needs of the community and coping with current problems which include an infant mortality rate of 153. Objectives were defined which included decentralizing decision taking as much as possible by establishing relatively independent health units consisting of a team of three staff caring for about 10,000 people.I believe that the principle of adapting health services to meet the needs of the local community is equally valid in the United Kingdom.", "contents": "Primary medical care in Bhutan. I describe a systematic method of planning primary medical services for Bhutan in the light of the needs of the community and coping with current problems which include an infant mortality rate of 153. Objectives were defined which included decentralizing decision taking as much as possible by establishing relatively independent health units consisting of a team of three staff caring for about 10,000 people.I believe that the principle of adapting health services to meet the needs of the local community is equally valid in the United Kingdom.", "PMID": 529239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4147", "title": "Counselling in the European Economic Community.", "content": "Counselling is becoming increasingly important in modern general practice and the relationship between counsellors and general practitioners varies in different places and in different countries. Through a Stanning Overseas Fellowship I had the opportunity of examining this relationship in several countries in Europe in order to compare and contrast arrangements.", "contents": "Counselling in the European Economic Community. Counselling is becoming increasingly important in modern general practice and the relationship between counsellors and general practitioners varies in different places and in different countries. Through a Stanning Overseas Fellowship I had the opportunity of examining this relationship in several countries in Europe in order to compare and contrast arrangements.", "PMID": 529240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4148", "title": "An evaluation of direct access radiology in general practice.", "content": "An analysis of the use of direct access to radiology by 71 general practitioners in Scotland is described and is based on 2,596 x-ray examinations in 2,409 patients during a period of six months. Almost half of the patients had to travel more than five miles for their examinations, but time lost in travelling was a much less important factor than the interval elapsing before the requested examination was completed. Nearly one third waited at least two weeks. Referral for diagnosis was by far the commonest reason and direct access was estimated to save 270 hospital outpatient appointments per month. I believe that general practitioners under-use rather than abuse radiology, which might be extended by a selective system of appointments.", "contents": "An evaluation of direct access radiology in general practice. An analysis of the use of direct access to radiology by 71 general practitioners in Scotland is described and is based on 2,596 x-ray examinations in 2,409 patients during a period of six months. Almost half of the patients had to travel more than five miles for their examinations, but time lost in travelling was a much less important factor than the interval elapsing before the requested examination was completed. Nearly one third waited at least two weeks. Referral for diagnosis was by far the commonest reason and direct access was estimated to save 270 hospital outpatient appointments per month. I believe that general practitioners under-use rather than abuse radiology, which might be extended by a selective system of appointments.", "PMID": 529241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4149", "title": "Persistent lone atrial fibrillation--its prognosis after clinical diagnosis.", "content": "Eighty-three patients whose atrial fibrillation appeared to be permanent and the sole cardiac abnormality at the time of diagnosis were followed for one to 19 years (mean 7.5 years). None suffered systemic embolism. Three died, none of cardiac disease. Sinus rhythm returned in seven. Another six developed features suggestive of other heart disease. In the remaining 67, the initial diagnosis of persistent lone atrial fibrillation remained tenable and they remained well.The medium-term prognosis for patients with this disorder seems good.", "contents": "Persistent lone atrial fibrillation--its prognosis after clinical diagnosis. Eighty-three patients whose atrial fibrillation appeared to be permanent and the sole cardiac abnormality at the time of diagnosis were followed for one to 19 years (mean 7.5 years). None suffered systemic embolism. Three died, none of cardiac disease. Sinus rhythm returned in seven. Another six developed features suggestive of other heart disease. In the remaining 67, the initial diagnosis of persistent lone atrial fibrillation remained tenable and they remained well.The medium-term prognosis for patients with this disorder seems good.", "PMID": 529243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4150", "title": "Prescribing procrastination.", "content": "In his everyday work the family physician sees many patients whose problems have been diagnosed but for whom postponement of an active treatment plan is indicated. The physician must therefore prescribe procrastination in a carefully planned way. I describe some ideas and practical methods for doing this.", "contents": "Prescribing procrastination. In his everyday work the family physician sees many patients whose problems have been diagnosed but for whom postponement of an active treatment plan is indicated. The physician must therefore prescribe procrastination in a carefully planned way. I describe some ideas and practical methods for doing this.", "PMID": 529244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4151", "title": "Social workers in primary health care: the general practitioner's viewpoint.", "content": "The success of general practitioner/social worker collaboration in primary care depends largely on how the doctors perceive the attachment.We examined the replies of a group of general practitioners to a series of questions about such an attachment. Although the collaboration may lead to more work for the doctors, it was much appreciated by them.", "contents": "Social workers in primary health care: the general practitioner's viewpoint. The success of general practitioner/social worker collaboration in primary care depends largely on how the doctors perceive the attachment.We examined the replies of a group of general practitioners to a series of questions about such an attachment. Although the collaboration may lead to more work for the doctors, it was much appreciated by them.", "PMID": 529245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4152", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte secretory and metabolic responses to immunoglobulin aggregates.", "content": "Biologic activities of soluble immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates, insoluble IgG aggregates and precipitates resulting from addition of serum containing rheumatoid factor (RF) to soluble or insoluble IgG aggregates were examined in terms of lysosomal enzyme release and/or stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Granular enzyme release and HMP stimulation were consistently greater for insoluble aggregates and complexes than for soluble aggregates and controls. One role of IgM rheumatoid factor may be its ability to convert relatively inactive soluble IgG aggregates into insoluble IgG-RF complexes capable of stimulating selective release of PMN lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte secretory and metabolic responses to immunoglobulin aggregates. Biologic activities of soluble immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates, insoluble IgG aggregates and precipitates resulting from addition of serum containing rheumatoid factor (RF) to soluble or insoluble IgG aggregates were examined in terms of lysosomal enzyme release and/or stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Granular enzyme release and HMP stimulation were consistently greater for insoluble aggregates and complexes than for soluble aggregates and controls. One role of IgM rheumatoid factor may be its ability to convert relatively inactive soluble IgG aggregates into insoluble IgG-RF complexes capable of stimulating selective release of PMN lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 529248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4153", "title": "Correlative studies of lymphocyte transformation and plasma protein levels in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation was studied in 24 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 21 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 23 control subjects (CS). Enhanced transformation was found in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (p less than 0.01) and human aggregated gamma globulin (p less than 0.025), but not to inulin, for AS patients. Correlation coefficients between the concentrations of each of 8 AS plasma proteins and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in autologous plasma showed significance only for C-reactive protein (CRP). However, co-culture experiments with PHA in autologous and allogeneic (AB) plasma, and in CRP-devoid AB serum showed no specific enhancing effect by AS plasma on lymphocyte responses. Although these studied demonstrate that AS is frequently characterized by enhanced in vitro transformation to T lymphocyte dependent mitogens, this response does not appear to be related to the known immunoregulatory properties of CRP.", "contents": "Correlative studies of lymphocyte transformation and plasma protein levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Lymphocyte transformation was studied in 24 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 21 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 23 control subjects (CS). Enhanced transformation was found in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (p less than 0.01) and human aggregated gamma globulin (p less than 0.025), but not to inulin, for AS patients. Correlation coefficients between the concentrations of each of 8 AS plasma proteins and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in autologous plasma showed significance only for C-reactive protein (CRP). However, co-culture experiments with PHA in autologous and allogeneic (AB) plasma, and in CRP-devoid AB serum showed no specific enhancing effect by AS plasma on lymphocyte responses. Although these studied demonstrate that AS is frequently characterized by enhanced in vitro transformation to T lymphocyte dependent mitogens, this response does not appear to be related to the known immunoregulatory properties of CRP.", "PMID": 529247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4154", "title": "The clinical significance of protein-bound hydroxyproline fractions in sera of patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Clq levels in sera of adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were found to be significantly higher than corresponding levels of normal subjects (p less than 10(-3)) The increase in Clq observed in RA was not seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic polyarticular gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease of bone, or Hodgkin's disease. Clq levels were determined both chemically (calculated) from the protein-bound hydroxyproline content of the euglobulin fraction) and by radial immunodiffusion. Although the estimates of Clq by these 2 methods did not agree, the increase of Clq in RA was found by the use of either method.", "contents": "The clinical significance of protein-bound hydroxyproline fractions in sera of patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis. Clq levels in sera of adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were found to be significantly higher than corresponding levels of normal subjects (p less than 10(-3)) The increase in Clq observed in RA was not seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic polyarticular gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease of bone, or Hodgkin's disease. Clq levels were determined both chemically (calculated) from the protein-bound hydroxyproline content of the euglobulin fraction) and by radial immunodiffusion. Although the estimates of Clq by these 2 methods did not agree, the increase of Clq in RA was found by the use of either method.", "PMID": 529249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4155", "title": "Hepatic abnormalities in adult onset Still's disease.", "content": "Five patients with adult onset Still's disease are reported. Three had abnormal liver function tests (LFT) prior to receiving salicylates. Liver biopsy in 1 of these 3 and in another with normal LFT was abnormal. The elevated LFT returned to normal with high dose salicylate therapy coincident with remission of disease activity. It is proposed that hepatic abnormalities in Still's disease frequently reflect the underlying disease and not salicylate hepatotoxicity (SH).", "contents": "Hepatic abnormalities in adult onset Still's disease. Five patients with adult onset Still's disease are reported. Three had abnormal liver function tests (LFT) prior to receiving salicylates. Liver biopsy in 1 of these 3 and in another with normal LFT was abnormal. The elevated LFT returned to normal with high dose salicylate therapy coincident with remission of disease activity. It is proposed that hepatic abnormalities in Still's disease frequently reflect the underlying disease and not salicylate hepatotoxicity (SH).", "PMID": 529250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4156", "title": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, phalangeal and synovial metastases associated with bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "A 61-year-old woman with bronchogenic carcinoma simultaneously developed hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA), phalangeal metastases, and metastatic carcinoma of the synovium. The right knee synovium showed several blood vessels containing carcinomatous cells. Although the association of HOA phalangeal and synovial metastases in this case is likely a chance occurrence, awareness of this possibility is extremely valuable as it has important therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, phalangeal and synovial metastases associated with bronchogenic carcinoma. A 61-year-old woman with bronchogenic carcinoma simultaneously developed hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA), phalangeal metastases, and metastatic carcinoma of the synovium. The right knee synovium showed several blood vessels containing carcinomatous cells. Although the association of HOA phalangeal and synovial metastases in this case is likely a chance occurrence, awareness of this possibility is extremely valuable as it has important therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 529251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4157", "title": "Plasmapheresis combined with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in uncontrolled active systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A case is described of severe systemic lupus erythematosus, uncontrolled with moderate dosage of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide, which responded quickly after 3 courses of plasmapheresis. The result obtained with combination corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and plasmapheresis was maintained for more than 18 months.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis combined with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in uncontrolled active systemic lupus erythematosus. A case is described of severe systemic lupus erythematosus, uncontrolled with moderate dosage of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide, which responded quickly after 3 courses of plasmapheresis. The result obtained with combination corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and plasmapheresis was maintained for more than 18 months.", "PMID": 529252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4158", "title": "Lactic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 20 samples from normal controls were studied for lactic acid levels. Ten samples were obtained from SLE patients with active central nervous system (CNS) involvement and 12 from SLE patients with inactive CNS disease. The mean CSF lactic acid level in patients with SLE was 17.24 +/- 1.25 mg/dl (range 31-10.2 mg/dl) which was not statistically different to the normal control mean of 14.75 +/- 0.9 mg/dl (range 9-28 mg/dl). Thus, lactic acid levels in active or inactive CNS disease of SLE appear to be normal. Due to the fact that lactic acid levels are elevated in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis, lactic acid levels can be of potential value in the differentiation between bacterial meningitis and CNS involvement of SLE.", "contents": "Lactic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 20 samples from normal controls were studied for lactic acid levels. Ten samples were obtained from SLE patients with active central nervous system (CNS) involvement and 12 from SLE patients with inactive CNS disease. The mean CSF lactic acid level in patients with SLE was 17.24 +/- 1.25 mg/dl (range 31-10.2 mg/dl) which was not statistically different to the normal control mean of 14.75 +/- 0.9 mg/dl (range 9-28 mg/dl). Thus, lactic acid levels in active or inactive CNS disease of SLE appear to be normal. Due to the fact that lactic acid levels are elevated in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis, lactic acid levels can be of potential value in the differentiation between bacterial meningitis and CNS involvement of SLE.", "PMID": 529253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4159", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease. Appearance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein following corticosteroid treatment.", "content": "Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein are the serological marker of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Five patients are presented who had negative or low titer anti-RNP antibodies despite characteristic MCTD. In all 5 patients antibodies to RNP appeared after they had taken prednisone for periods ranging from 3 wk to 15 months.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease. Appearance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein following corticosteroid treatment. Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein are the serological marker of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Five patients are presented who had negative or low titer anti-RNP antibodies despite characteristic MCTD. In all 5 patients antibodies to RNP appeared after they had taken prednisone for periods ranging from 3 wk to 15 months.", "PMID": 529254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4160", "title": "Long-term evaluation of colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with PSS, 4 with CRST syndrome, and 4 with localized scleroderma have been treated with colchicine at the maximum tolerated individual doses for an average of 39 months (range 19--57). All but 2 of the 19 patients with generalized scleroderma and 3 of those with localized scleroderma improved. Patients who had had scleroderma for less than 5 yr when begun on colchicine, and those who received total doses of colchicine of more than 1,438 mg, scored a significantly higher mean response index than those with longer disease duration, or those who received less colchicine.", "contents": "Long-term evaluation of colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma. Fifteen patients with PSS, 4 with CRST syndrome, and 4 with localized scleroderma have been treated with colchicine at the maximum tolerated individual doses for an average of 39 months (range 19--57). All but 2 of the 19 patients with generalized scleroderma and 3 of those with localized scleroderma improved. Patients who had had scleroderma for less than 5 yr when begun on colchicine, and those who received total doses of colchicine of more than 1,438 mg, scored a significantly higher mean response index than those with longer disease duration, or those who received less colchicine.", "PMID": 529256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4161", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in a child with mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is characterized by high titers of antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in patients with features of several rheumatic diseases. We describe a child whose MCTD included arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, mucocutaneous ulcerations, sclerodermatous skin changes, restrictive lung disease, reduced carbon monoxide pulmonary diffusing capacity, abnormal esophogeal motility, and severe pulmonary hypertension. High antibody titers to ds-DNA and RNP were present. Clinical improvement followed therapy with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Improvement in the degree of pulmonary hypertension was documented by repeat cardiac catheterization 8 months after the initiation of combination therapy.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in a child with mixed connective tissue disease. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is characterized by high titers of antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in patients with features of several rheumatic diseases. We describe a child whose MCTD included arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, mucocutaneous ulcerations, sclerodermatous skin changes, restrictive lung disease, reduced carbon monoxide pulmonary diffusing capacity, abnormal esophogeal motility, and severe pulmonary hypertension. High antibody titers to ds-DNA and RNP were present. Clinical improvement followed therapy with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Improvement in the degree of pulmonary hypertension was documented by repeat cardiac catheterization 8 months after the initiation of combination therapy.", "PMID": 529255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4162", "title": "The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis among B27 positive normal individuals--a reassessment.", "content": "Previous workers reported symptomatic, but undiagnosed, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in some 20% of blood donors with HLA B27. As part of an ongoing population study, we compared 139 B27 positive individuals with 128 controls and found no differences in spinal mobility or back pain. There were no differences when all available radiographs were compared. No case of AS was identified. It is concluded that AS occurs in far less than 20% of B27 positive individuals and that the prevalence of AS is of the order predicted by conventional epidemiological surveys. Although HLA typing can be helpful in excluding AS suspected on clinical grounds, it cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis among B27 positive normal individuals--a reassessment. Previous workers reported symptomatic, but undiagnosed, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in some 20% of blood donors with HLA B27. As part of an ongoing population study, we compared 139 B27 positive individuals with 128 controls and found no differences in spinal mobility or back pain. There were no differences when all available radiographs were compared. No case of AS was identified. It is concluded that AS occurs in far less than 20% of B27 positive individuals and that the prevalence of AS is of the order predicted by conventional epidemiological surveys. Although HLA typing can be helpful in excluding AS suspected on clinical grounds, it cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 529257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4163", "title": "Resocialization of Chimpanzees. Ten years of experience at the Primate Foundation of Arizona.", "content": "Sixty-one chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from various sources and backgrounds have been resocialized in a cage setting and integrated into social unit groupings. Rehabilitated animals have been temporarily recycled into non-destructive research and breeding projects.", "contents": "Resocialization of Chimpanzees. Ten years of experience at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. Sixty-one chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from various sources and backgrounds have been resocialized in a cage setting and integrated into social unit groupings. Rehabilitated animals have been temporarily recycled into non-destructive research and breeding projects.", "PMID": 529271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4164", "title": "Immunopathologic aspects of the HBsAg carrier state in chimpanzees.", "content": "The tissue distribution of hepatitis B virus antigens was correlated with the distribution of immunoglobulins and complement and with histopathological changes. Although no circulating antibody was detected, the participation of humoral immune mechanisms in the elimination of HBsAg from the circulation was suggested by presence of HBsAg, immunoglobulins, and C'3 in germinal centers of mesenteric lymph nodes and HBsAg mixed with immunoglobulins in the mesangium of kidney glomeruli. The results support the hypothesis that the immune status of HBV chimpanzee carriers is associated with hyporesponsiveness rather than tolerance.", "contents": "Immunopathologic aspects of the HBsAg carrier state in chimpanzees. The tissue distribution of hepatitis B virus antigens was correlated with the distribution of immunoglobulins and complement and with histopathological changes. Although no circulating antibody was detected, the participation of humoral immune mechanisms in the elimination of HBsAg from the circulation was suggested by presence of HBsAg, immunoglobulins, and C'3 in germinal centers of mesenteric lymph nodes and HBsAg mixed with immunoglobulins in the mesangium of kidney glomeruli. The results support the hypothesis that the immune status of HBV chimpanzee carriers is associated with hyporesponsiveness rather than tolerance.", "PMID": 529272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4165", "title": "Structure and formation of ankylosis in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The structure of ankylotic teeth in Xenopus laevis was studied by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy as well as by microradiography in decalcified and undecalcified specimens. The mature teeth of Xenopus laevis are calcified from the crown to the base, fused to the jaw bone, and have no uncalcified area, such as a fibrous ring separating the tooth into the crown and pedicle. Microradiography shows that the mature tooth and jaw bone appear as an X-ray opaque area, except for the basal region of the dentine. This region is composed of an X-ray translucent area and an X-ray opaque thin layer on the lingual side of the translucent area. The mature tooth is composed of two differently calcified areas: (1) a highly calcified area, which makes up almost all of the tooth and contains a thin layer of the basal dentine on the lingual side, and (2) a lowly calcified basal dentine, which is fused to the jaw bone. Therefore, the lowly calcified area does not completely separate the dentine and jaw bone. Repeating banding patterns among the collagen fibrils differ among the dentine-forming area and the matrices of dentine and jaw bone. During the formation of ankylosis of the tooth germ, collagen bundles in the dentine-forming area accumulate directly on the surface of the jaw bone. Consequently, the mature teeth of Xenopus laevis fuse to the jaw bone directly without the mediation of the other structures.", "contents": "Structure and formation of ankylosis in Xenopus laevis. The structure of ankylotic teeth in Xenopus laevis was studied by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy as well as by microradiography in decalcified and undecalcified specimens. The mature teeth of Xenopus laevis are calcified from the crown to the base, fused to the jaw bone, and have no uncalcified area, such as a fibrous ring separating the tooth into the crown and pedicle. Microradiography shows that the mature tooth and jaw bone appear as an X-ray opaque area, except for the basal region of the dentine. This region is composed of an X-ray translucent area and an X-ray opaque thin layer on the lingual side of the translucent area. The mature tooth is composed of two differently calcified areas: (1) a highly calcified area, which makes up almost all of the tooth and contains a thin layer of the basal dentine on the lingual side, and (2) a lowly calcified basal dentine, which is fused to the jaw bone. Therefore, the lowly calcified area does not completely separate the dentine and jaw bone. Repeating banding patterns among the collagen fibrils differ among the dentine-forming area and the matrices of dentine and jaw bone. During the formation of ankylosis of the tooth germ, collagen bundles in the dentine-forming area accumulate directly on the surface of the jaw bone. Consequently, the mature teeth of Xenopus laevis fuse to the jaw bone directly without the mediation of the other structures.", "PMID": 529293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4166", "title": "The timing of the onset of osteogenesis in the tibia of the embryonic chick.", "content": "Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow  the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification. An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hambilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid: the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses. These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.", "contents": "The timing of the onset of osteogenesis in the tibia of the embryonic chick. Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow  the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification. An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hambilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid: the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses. These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.", "PMID": 529294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4167", "title": "Negative attitudes toward masturbation in sex therapy.", "content": "The incidence of masturbation in males and females as reported by Kinsey was cited as basic data to support Gagnon and Simon's theoretical conceptions of differences in the psychosexual development of males and females. The use of masturbation as treatment in sex therapy was reviewed. An inventory to measure negative attitudes toward masturbation was described, and four research studies supporting its construct validity was summarized. The affective-cognitive structure of masturbation-guilt was posited to inhibit masturbatory behavior and to elicit negative affects such as guilt and disgust as a consequence of masturbation. The use of the inventory measuring negative attitudes toward masturbation was illustrated using the P-LI-SS-IT model. Intensive therapy from a gestalt sex therapy perspective was illustrated as integrating the negative masturbatory schema into self-regulating awareness-expression cycles. A caution to sex therapists alerted them to the importance of awareness of emotions, fantasy, and sociosexual meanings in sex therapy rather than using masturbation as a packaged technique.", "contents": "Negative attitudes toward masturbation in sex therapy. The incidence of masturbation in males and females as reported by Kinsey was cited as basic data to support Gagnon and Simon's theoretical conceptions of differences in the psychosexual development of males and females. The use of masturbation as treatment in sex therapy was reviewed. An inventory to measure negative attitudes toward masturbation was described, and four research studies supporting its construct validity was summarized. The affective-cognitive structure of masturbation-guilt was posited to inhibit masturbatory behavior and to elicit negative affects such as guilt and disgust as a consequence of masturbation. The use of the inventory measuring negative attitudes toward masturbation was illustrated using the P-LI-SS-IT model. Intensive therapy from a gestalt sex therapy perspective was illustrated as integrating the negative masturbatory schema into self-regulating awareness-expression cycles. A caution to sex therapists alerted them to the importance of awareness of emotions, fantasy, and sociosexual meanings in sex therapy rather than using masturbation as a packaged technique.", "PMID": 529297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4168", "title": "The role of dreams in sex therapy.", "content": "The interpretive use of dreams has become an established part of all dynamic psychotherapies. Their usefulness in sex therapy has thus far not been acknowledged. For the psychodynamically oriented sex therapist dreams can be particularly valuable in furnishing an understanding of those unconscious factors that cause sexual dysfunction, those that perpetuate dysfunction, and those that interfere with efforts to treat the dysfunction. By utilizing and integrating dream material into the sex therapy format, treatment is more likely to be successful and in a shorter period of time than can be accomplished by either sex therapy or psychoanalytic psychotherapy alone.", "contents": "The role of dreams in sex therapy. The interpretive use of dreams has become an established part of all dynamic psychotherapies. Their usefulness in sex therapy has thus far not been acknowledged. For the psychodynamically oriented sex therapist dreams can be particularly valuable in furnishing an understanding of those unconscious factors that cause sexual dysfunction, those that perpetuate dysfunction, and those that interfere with efforts to treat the dysfunction. By utilizing and integrating dream material into the sex therapy format, treatment is more likely to be successful and in a shorter period of time than can be accomplished by either sex therapy or psychoanalytic psychotherapy alone.", "PMID": 529298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4169", "title": "Social skills training as an adjunct to sex therapy.", "content": "Many single men and women with sex problems lack the skills or confidence to meet potential partners and develop relationships. Social skills training is presented as a useful adjunct to sex therapy with such individuals. The relative strengths of group, workshop, and individual formats are discussed as well as screening procedures, important issues and methods in such training, and the results achieved by it. As more sex therapists break away from the couples model of treatment and work with men and women without partners, the need for social skills training will increase.", "contents": "Social skills training as an adjunct to sex therapy. Many single men and women with sex problems lack the skills or confidence to meet potential partners and develop relationships. Social skills training is presented as a useful adjunct to sex therapy with such individuals. The relative strengths of group, workshop, and individual formats are discussed as well as screening procedures, important issues and methods in such training, and the results achieved by it. As more sex therapists break away from the couples model of treatment and work with men and women without partners, the need for social skills training will increase.", "PMID": 529299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4170", "title": "Developmental human sexuality: the introduction of a new curriculum in child psychiatry training.", "content": "The training objectives, content and course evaluation results of a new curriculum offering, Developmental Human Sexuality, for child and adult psychiatric residents are described and discussed.", "contents": "Developmental human sexuality: the introduction of a new curriculum in child psychiatry training. The training objectives, content and course evaluation results of a new curriculum offering, Developmental Human Sexuality, for child and adult psychiatric residents are described and discussed.", "PMID": 529300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4171", "title": "Psychotherapy of an aging transvestite.", "content": "Proper categorization of individuals with gender dysphoria allows rational psychotherapy. The treatment of an aging transvestite who requested sexual reassignment is presented to demonstrate the clinical features of the disorder and the course of the illness. The initial task was to place the patient into the proper clinical category of individuals with gender dysphorias. The clinical details of this disorder include an episoidic course with individuals who have previously had clear masculine identities. In the past they have been labeled secondary or marginal transsexuals as well as fetishtic cross-dressers. The patient, who had a long-standing history of cross-dressing, reacted to specific life stresses by the symptomatic wish for sexual reassignment. The individual psychotherapy consisted of phases of symptomatic expression, emerging depression, interpersonal awareness, symptom resolution and disavowel of the wish for sexual reassignment. The genesis of this perversion appears to be identification with a phallic maternal figure. Discussion of the descriptive and dynamic literature is reported in relation to the reported case. Identification of important losses in this patient's recent life allowed proper diagnosis and appropriate ongoing therapy to prevent the patient from irreversible surgery for a condition that was a symptom not an ingrained belief of gender dysphoria.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of an aging transvestite. Proper categorization of individuals with gender dysphoria allows rational psychotherapy. The treatment of an aging transvestite who requested sexual reassignment is presented to demonstrate the clinical features of the disorder and the course of the illness. The initial task was to place the patient into the proper clinical category of individuals with gender dysphorias. The clinical details of this disorder include an episoidic course with individuals who have previously had clear masculine identities. In the past they have been labeled secondary or marginal transsexuals as well as fetishtic cross-dressers. The patient, who had a long-standing history of cross-dressing, reacted to specific life stresses by the symptomatic wish for sexual reassignment. The individual psychotherapy consisted of phases of symptomatic expression, emerging depression, interpersonal awareness, symptom resolution and disavowel of the wish for sexual reassignment. The genesis of this perversion appears to be identification with a phallic maternal figure. Discussion of the descriptive and dynamic literature is reported in relation to the reported case. Identification of important losses in this patient's recent life allowed proper diagnosis and appropriate ongoing therapy to prevent the patient from irreversible surgery for a condition that was a symptom not an ingrained belief of gender dysphoria.", "PMID": 529301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4172", "title": "What to do when non transsexuals seek sex reassignment surgery.", "content": "A request for sex reassignment by a non-transsexual frequently leads to a serious confrontation between the patient and therapist. Therapists should explore and resolve the specific issues that have lead to such requests. As those issues are resolved, the non-transsexual usually drops his/her demands for sex reassignment.", "contents": "What to do when non transsexuals seek sex reassignment surgery. A request for sex reassignment by a non-transsexual frequently leads to a serious confrontation between the patient and therapist. Therapists should explore and resolve the specific issues that have lead to such requests. As those issues are resolved, the non-transsexual usually drops his/her demands for sex reassignment.", "PMID": 529302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4173", "title": "A study of media effectiveness for sickle cell anemia education in a rural community.", "content": "A study was done in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, in order to determine the relative effectiveness of the various mass media (television, radio, and newspaper) in delivering an educational message about sickle cell anemia. The study also focused on different subpopulations. It was found that subpopulations varied in the extent to which they were reached by the message through a given medium. This indicates that any plan for media utilization in a campaign for sickle cell anemia education should take into consideration the subpopulation at which the message is aimed.", "contents": "A study of media effectiveness for sickle cell anemia education in a rural community. A study was done in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, in order to determine the relative effectiveness of the various mass media (television, radio, and newspaper) in delivering an educational message about sickle cell anemia. The study also focused on different subpopulations. It was found that subpopulations varied in the extent to which they were reached by the message through a given medium. This indicates that any plan for media utilization in a campaign for sickle cell anemia education should take into consideration the subpopulation at which the message is aimed.", "PMID": 529303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4174", "title": "Total lung irradiation and chemotherapy in pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix and endometrium.", "content": "Despite the radiocurability of stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix, palliation of patients with pulmonary metastases has been disappointing. Four patients with pulmonary metastases (three from cervical and one from endometrial carcinoma) were treated with total lung irradiation, followed two to three weeks after termination of radiotherapy with combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristine 1.4 mg/m(2) IV+ adriamycin 50 mg/m(2) IV + cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2) IV repeated at four-week intervals. Radiotherapy was delivered through a Co(60) teletherapy unit in a daily dosage of 100 rads in anterior and posterior opposing fields. After completion of irradiation in one lung, the other lung was similarly treated if involved with gross disease. Two out of four patients (both with cervix SCC) obtained complete tumor regression, whereas the other two patients had stabilization of their pulmonary lesions. The survival of the two responders was 216+ and 621 days from the start of irradiation. The two nonresponders survived 56 and 109 days. Except for one patient who died of pulmonary metastases, the remaining three patients died of metastases elsewhere. While only one patient developed radiation pneumonitis, all four had alopecia and leukopenia <4000/mm(3) from chemotherapy. Total lung irradiation and combination chemotherapy appear to have activity in the treatment of pulmonary metastases from SCC of the cervix and warrant further exploration.", "contents": "Total lung irradiation and chemotherapy in pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix and endometrium. Despite the radiocurability of stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix, palliation of patients with pulmonary metastases has been disappointing. Four patients with pulmonary metastases (three from cervical and one from endometrial carcinoma) were treated with total lung irradiation, followed two to three weeks after termination of radiotherapy with combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristine 1.4 mg/m(2) IV+ adriamycin 50 mg/m(2) IV + cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2) IV repeated at four-week intervals. Radiotherapy was delivered through a Co(60) teletherapy unit in a daily dosage of 100 rads in anterior and posterior opposing fields. After completion of irradiation in one lung, the other lung was similarly treated if involved with gross disease. Two out of four patients (both with cervix SCC) obtained complete tumor regression, whereas the other two patients had stabilization of their pulmonary lesions. The survival of the two responders was 216+ and 621 days from the start of irradiation. The two nonresponders survived 56 and 109 days. Except for one patient who died of pulmonary metastases, the remaining three patients died of metastases elsewhere. While only one patient developed radiation pneumonitis, all four had alopecia and leukopenia <4000/mm(3) from chemotherapy. Total lung irradiation and combination chemotherapy appear to have activity in the treatment of pulmonary metastases from SCC of the cervix and warrant further exploration.", "PMID": 529304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4175", "title": "Perinatal asphyxia II: Clinical management of multisystemic sequelae.", "content": "This paper discusses the management of multisystemic sequelae of perinatal asphyxia. Appropriate intrapartum and subsequent adequate neonatal monitoring are an absolute necessity for the early detection of systemic dysfunctions. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures applicable to the various organ malfunctions are described.", "contents": "Perinatal asphyxia II: Clinical management of multisystemic sequelae. This paper discusses the management of multisystemic sequelae of perinatal asphyxia. Appropriate intrapartum and subsequent adequate neonatal monitoring are an absolute necessity for the early detection of systemic dysfunctions. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures applicable to the various organ malfunctions are described.", "PMID": 529305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4176", "title": "Effect of type and duration of anemia on placental weight and villous histology.", "content": "The effect of anemia during pregnancy on placental weight and villous histology has been studied in a group of Nigerian women. It has been shown that the weight of the placenta is not dependent on the type or duration of anemia that is present. Neither is there a correlation between these two aspects of anemia and the histological feature of villous fibrosis, which is an earmark of the placenta in anemia.", "contents": "Effect of type and duration of anemia on placental weight and villous histology. The effect of anemia during pregnancy on placental weight and villous histology has been studied in a group of Nigerian women. It has been shown that the weight of the placenta is not dependent on the type or duration of anemia that is present. Neither is there a correlation between these two aspects of anemia and the histological feature of villous fibrosis, which is an earmark of the placenta in anemia.", "PMID": 529306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4177", "title": "Pneumonectomy in Nigeria: indications and results.", "content": "This report reviews the authors' experience with 35 pneumonectomies over a ten-year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The most common indications for pneumonectomy were TB-destroyed lung and life threatening pulmonary hemorrhage due to suppurative lung disease. Malignant tumors of the lung were featured twice as the cause for pneumonectomies in this study.Results show that until 1973, when most pneumonectomies were performed for TB-destroyed lungs, the mortality rate was nine percent, but after 1973, when more pneumonectomies were performed for life threatening hemoptysis, the mortality rose to 29 percent.From this study, it will appear that penumonectomy carries a grave prognosis when performed for suppurative lung disease, when there is active and massive hemorrhage, and when performed under emergency conditions.", "contents": "Pneumonectomy in Nigeria: indications and results. This report reviews the authors' experience with 35 pneumonectomies over a ten-year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The most common indications for pneumonectomy were TB-destroyed lung and life threatening pulmonary hemorrhage due to suppurative lung disease. Malignant tumors of the lung were featured twice as the cause for pneumonectomies in this study.Results show that until 1973, when most pneumonectomies were performed for TB-destroyed lungs, the mortality rate was nine percent, but after 1973, when more pneumonectomies were performed for life threatening hemoptysis, the mortality rose to 29 percent.From this study, it will appear that penumonectomy carries a grave prognosis when performed for suppurative lung disease, when there is active and massive hemorrhage, and when performed under emergency conditions.", "PMID": 529307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4178", "title": "Obstructed groin hernia in a tropical African population.", "content": "In a 15-month period, at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, 44 cases of obstructed hernia were treated by emergency operation. More than 94 percent were inguinal, but femoral hernia was not common. The ratio of females to males was 1:6.4, and more than 68 percent of hernias occurred on the right side. The youngest patient was two weeks old. One incarcerated hernial sac contained an ileoileal intussusception and a segment of sigmoid colon.", "contents": "Obstructed groin hernia in a tropical African population. In a 15-month period, at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, 44 cases of obstructed hernia were treated by emergency operation. More than 94 percent were inguinal, but femoral hernia was not common. The ratio of females to males was 1:6.4, and more than 68 percent of hernias occurred on the right side. The youngest patient was two weeks old. One incarcerated hernial sac contained an ileoileal intussusception and a segment of sigmoid colon.", "PMID": 529309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4179", "title": "Do psychiatric outpatients need professionals?", "content": "A large majority of psychiatric outpatients (70 percent) could be diagnosed by nonprofessionals, and an even larger proportion, 80 percent, of 36 patients evaluated could be treated by nonprofessionals. Where the nonprofessional needed professional assistance to diagnose and treat the patient, it was a medical doctor rather than a mental health professional who was needed in every case except one. The 36 psychiatric outpatients all had \"problems of daily living\" rather than \"real\" psychiatric illness.", "contents": "Do psychiatric outpatients need professionals? A large majority of psychiatric outpatients (70 percent) could be diagnosed by nonprofessionals, and an even larger proportion, 80 percent, of 36 patients evaluated could be treated by nonprofessionals. Where the nonprofessional needed professional assistance to diagnose and treat the patient, it was a medical doctor rather than a mental health professional who was needed in every case except one. The 36 psychiatric outpatients all had \"problems of daily living\" rather than \"real\" psychiatric illness.", "PMID": 529310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4180", "title": "Intravenous iron-dextran in the treatment of iron deficient anemia.", "content": "Administration of oral ferrous salts is the preferred method of treatment for anemia due to iron deficiency. However, in certain clinical situations, the response to oral therapy may be suboptimal. Parenteral iron therapy is effective in these instances and may produce a faster response than the oral route.Of 30 patients treated by total dose intravenous infusion of iron-dextran, a prompt reticulocytosis occurred in all patients except one case associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hematologic improvement in this case followed remission of the systemic lupus erythematosus. Hematologic response was complete in 18 patients in five to nine weeks, but could not be evaluated in 11 cases because of recurrent bleeding. There were two adverse reactions: generalized pruritus after injection in one patient, and superficial thrombophlebitis at the injection site of another.The response to therapy in iron deficient anemia is dependent on bone marrow capacity, the severity of the anemia, and the availability of iron. Response was fastest in those who had been severely anemic for prolonged periods of time. Total dose infusion with iron-dextran is a safe and effective treatment for iron deficient anemia in selected cases. Initial response appears to be faster than that on oral therapy with the exception of those with a mild degree of anemia.", "contents": "Intravenous iron-dextran in the treatment of iron deficient anemia. Administration of oral ferrous salts is the preferred method of treatment for anemia due to iron deficiency. However, in certain clinical situations, the response to oral therapy may be suboptimal. Parenteral iron therapy is effective in these instances and may produce a faster response than the oral route.Of 30 patients treated by total dose intravenous infusion of iron-dextran, a prompt reticulocytosis occurred in all patients except one case associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hematologic improvement in this case followed remission of the systemic lupus erythematosus. Hematologic response was complete in 18 patients in five to nine weeks, but could not be evaluated in 11 cases because of recurrent bleeding. There were two adverse reactions: generalized pruritus after injection in one patient, and superficial thrombophlebitis at the injection site of another.The response to therapy in iron deficient anemia is dependent on bone marrow capacity, the severity of the anemia, and the availability of iron. Response was fastest in those who had been severely anemic for prolonged periods of time. Total dose infusion with iron-dextran is a safe and effective treatment for iron deficient anemia in selected cases. Initial response appears to be faster than that on oral therapy with the exception of those with a mild degree of anemia.", "PMID": 529311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4181", "title": "A study of tubo-ovarian abscess at Howard University Hospital (1965 through 1975).", "content": "Unruptured tubo-ovarian abscess was diagnosed in 40 patients over ten years. This was three percent of 1,154 patients admitted to Howard University Hospital for pelvic inflammatory disease. The admitting diagnosis was 33 percent correct.The treatment was individualized with 23 percent receiving total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Twelve young women received unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.We feel that early detection and aggressive medical treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease will decrease the incidence of tubo-ovarian abscess and the necessity for surgery.", "contents": "A study of tubo-ovarian abscess at Howard University Hospital (1965 through 1975). Unruptured tubo-ovarian abscess was diagnosed in 40 patients over ten years. This was three percent of 1,154 patients admitted to Howard University Hospital for pelvic inflammatory disease. The admitting diagnosis was 33 percent correct.The treatment was individualized with 23 percent receiving total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Twelve young women received unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.We feel that early detection and aggressive medical treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease will decrease the incidence of tubo-ovarian abscess and the necessity for surgery.", "PMID": 529312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4182", "title": "Education for humanism in a pro-white, anti-black society.", "content": "Humanism has been defined as \"any system or way of thought or action concerned with the interests and ideals of people.\" Racism has been defined as \"pro-white, anti-black paranoia.\" This paper treats the factors in the American racist society that serve to erode humanistic values. This erosion is especially pronounced in a racist, capitalistic society that subjugates blacks and engages in exploitation based on profit-making. The author poses six hypotheses that define the problems, implicit in which reside solutions.", "contents": "Education for humanism in a pro-white, anti-black society. Humanism has been defined as \"any system or way of thought or action concerned with the interests and ideals of people.\" Racism has been defined as \"pro-white, anti-black paranoia.\" This paper treats the factors in the American racist society that serve to erode humanistic values. This erosion is especially pronounced in a racist, capitalistic society that subjugates blacks and engages in exploitation based on profit-making. The author poses six hypotheses that define the problems, implicit in which reside solutions.", "PMID": 529313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4183", "title": "International health--a traveler's alert.", "content": "The human population of the earth is estimated to be approximately four billion people, the majority of whom live in developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They are the poorer segment of the world's population and live in the world's warmest places. Infectious communicable endemic diseases also abound in these poverty areas. Millions of Americans travel to these less developed countries (LDCs), thus exposing themselves to unfamiliar health conditions. The United States no longer requires an immunization certificate for travelers from these LDCs. Tropical diseases also represent a type of pathology infrequently seen by many American medical practitioners. Additionally, the curricula of medical schools allocate only a fractional amount of time to specific disease problems of LDCs. Important gaps exist in both knowledge and application of knowledge in terms of many such diseases.The international travelers to LDCs must not be lulled into believing that travel precautions are unnecessary. Lack of preparedness can be hazardous and even fatal to international travelers. Those who purchase souvenirs such as art works and handicrafts often are not aware that these items may pose health hazards. The health professions, particularly the public health department official, should develop a continuing health education regimen in the area of health care for international travelers. The American traveling public deserves better service in this matter.", "contents": "International health--a traveler's alert. The human population of the earth is estimated to be approximately four billion people, the majority of whom live in developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They are the poorer segment of the world's population and live in the world's warmest places. Infectious communicable endemic diseases also abound in these poverty areas. Millions of Americans travel to these less developed countries (LDCs), thus exposing themselves to unfamiliar health conditions. The United States no longer requires an immunization certificate for travelers from these LDCs. Tropical diseases also represent a type of pathology infrequently seen by many American medical practitioners. Additionally, the curricula of medical schools allocate only a fractional amount of time to specific disease problems of LDCs. Important gaps exist in both knowledge and application of knowledge in terms of many such diseases.The international travelers to LDCs must not be lulled into believing that travel precautions are unnecessary. Lack of preparedness can be hazardous and even fatal to international travelers. Those who purchase souvenirs such as art works and handicrafts often are not aware that these items may pose health hazards. The health professions, particularly the public health department official, should develop a continuing health education regimen in the area of health care for international travelers. The American traveling public deserves better service in this matter.", "PMID": 529316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4184", "title": "Rapport as a factor in the diagnosis and treatment of physical illness.", "content": "If one fully recognizes that a patient's physical illness belongs to him, one is then led to believe that the patient has a crucial part in his treatment process-that he has information, thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to his illness that are important to diagnosis and treatment. The art of engaging the patient's willingness to share that information, and effectively encouraging his involvement in such a way as to maximize his benefits from a prescribed treatment regimen, may be defined as rapport-and it is crucial to each phase of the diagnostic and treatment process.", "contents": "Rapport as a factor in the diagnosis and treatment of physical illness. If one fully recognizes that a patient's physical illness belongs to him, one is then led to believe that the patient has a crucial part in his treatment process-that he has information, thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to his illness that are important to diagnosis and treatment. The art of engaging the patient's willingness to share that information, and effectively encouraging his involvement in such a way as to maximize his benefits from a prescribed treatment regimen, may be defined as rapport-and it is crucial to each phase of the diagnostic and treatment process.", "PMID": 529317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4185", "title": "Experience of children with sickle cell anemia in a regular summer camp.", "content": "The Sickle Cell Program of the Queens Hospital Center Affiliation of the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center arranged for a group of children from the hospital Sickle Cell Clinic to spend one week during the summer of 1978 in a sleepaway camp for healthy children. This paper analyz\u00ebs the results of the experience.", "contents": "Experience of children with sickle cell anemia in a regular summer camp. The Sickle Cell Program of the Queens Hospital Center Affiliation of the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center arranged for a group of children from the hospital Sickle Cell Clinic to spend one week during the summer of 1978 in a sleepaway camp for healthy children. This paper analyz\u00ebs the results of the experience.", "PMID": 529318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4186", "title": "The relationship of diet to blood pressure control.", "content": "Sodium restriction has become an integral part of the medical management of hypertension. In general the degree of sodium restriction recommended by physicians depends upon the severity of the disease. The commonly prescribed sodium restricted diets are classified as mild and moderate. Mild sodium restriction refers to a diet in which 3.0-4.0 gm of sodium are allowed per day. Moderate sodium restriction is indicated when hypertension is more severe; 1-2 gm of sodium are allowed daily. Sodium added in the processing of foods contributes significantly to the sodium content of the diet. \"Convenience\" and \"fast\" foods are high in sodium and are not allowed the hypertensive patients. Significant advances have occurred in the past decade in the medical management of hypertension. The sodium-restricted diet remains the cornerstone of effective blood pressure control. Therefore, nutrition must become an integral part of the hypertensive treatment program.", "contents": "The relationship of diet to blood pressure control. Sodium restriction has become an integral part of the medical management of hypertension. In general the degree of sodium restriction recommended by physicians depends upon the severity of the disease. The commonly prescribed sodium restricted diets are classified as mild and moderate. Mild sodium restriction refers to a diet in which 3.0-4.0 gm of sodium are allowed per day. Moderate sodium restriction is indicated when hypertension is more severe; 1-2 gm of sodium are allowed daily. Sodium added in the processing of foods contributes significantly to the sodium content of the diet. \"Convenience\" and \"fast\" foods are high in sodium and are not allowed the hypertensive patients. Significant advances have occurred in the past decade in the medical management of hypertension. The sodium-restricted diet remains the cornerstone of effective blood pressure control. Therefore, nutrition must become an integral part of the hypertensive treatment program.", "PMID": 529319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4187", "title": "Ego functioning during latency.", "content": "The latency period is an extremely important transition between the preschool years and adolescence. Normal ego functioning is described, especially cognition, socialization, motor development, and defensive functions.", "contents": "Ego functioning during latency. The latency period is an extremely important transition between the preschool years and adolescence. Normal ego functioning is described, especially cognition, socialization, motor development, and defensive functions.", "PMID": 529320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4188", "title": "International health: why are we involved?", "content": "The question is often raised by various segments of black America about the logic of American involvement in international health, and why black American universities and health scientists should devote energies in this area when there are so many domestic health needs.The government's position recognizes that ignorance, want, and despair breed subversion and are counterproductive to world peace. America is economically linked to Africa and other developing nations. Black Americans are likewise linked with greater cultural ties. Black American institutions and health scientists cannot be content with merely addressing the health needs of black people domestically. The health care needs of black people around the world cry out for help.It is recognized that the domestic health needs are great and the manpower inadequate. However, black Americans have always had barriers and seemingly impossible tasks. President Obasanjo of Nigeria indicated that for black Americans \"... there are two bridges to cross. The first concerns their relationship to the society in which they must live, and the second is the question of their relationship with their origins. The two are interwoven and interconnected, but still capable of separate treatment.\"", "contents": "International health: why are we involved? The question is often raised by various segments of black America about the logic of American involvement in international health, and why black American universities and health scientists should devote energies in this area when there are so many domestic health needs.The government's position recognizes that ignorance, want, and despair breed subversion and are counterproductive to world peace. America is economically linked to Africa and other developing nations. Black Americans are likewise linked with greater cultural ties. Black American institutions and health scientists cannot be content with merely addressing the health needs of black people domestically. The health care needs of black people around the world cry out for help.It is recognized that the domestic health needs are great and the manpower inadequate. However, black Americans have always had barriers and seemingly impossible tasks. President Obasanjo of Nigeria indicated that for black Americans \"... there are two bridges to cross. The first concerns their relationship to the society in which they must live, and the second is the question of their relationship with their origins. The two are interwoven and interconnected, but still capable of separate treatment.\"", "PMID": 529324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4189", "title": "Endogenous uveitis in children.", "content": "Endogenous uveitis, with its ocular sequalae, accounts for a significant number of blind children in the world today. Even though these children are asymptomatic by ophthalmic history, they usually present with ocular pathology compatible with chronic intraocular inflammation. Although loss of vision is invariably due to cataract formation, fluorescein angiogram, binocular indirect ophthalmoloscopy, and fundus contact lens examination often reveal pathology of the optic nerve and retina, accounting for a significant degree of visual loss. While actual etiologic agents are usually not identified in the majority of children, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, and childhood arthropathies occur with such high frequency that mention is made of these diseases. Conventional surgical procedures for ocular sequalae such as cataract and glaucoma, are known to yield poor results. Corticosteroids administered either topically, periocularly, or systemically appear to be of value in the treatment of these diseases, although control studies have not been done. Efforts to lessen the visual morbidity in these children should begin by a cross-fertilization of information between primary care physicians, pediatricians, and ophthalmologists.", "contents": "Endogenous uveitis in children. Endogenous uveitis, with its ocular sequalae, accounts for a significant number of blind children in the world today. Even though these children are asymptomatic by ophthalmic history, they usually present with ocular pathology compatible with chronic intraocular inflammation. Although loss of vision is invariably due to cataract formation, fluorescein angiogram, binocular indirect ophthalmoloscopy, and fundus contact lens examination often reveal pathology of the optic nerve and retina, accounting for a significant degree of visual loss. While actual etiologic agents are usually not identified in the majority of children, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, and childhood arthropathies occur with such high frequency that mention is made of these diseases. Conventional surgical procedures for ocular sequalae such as cataract and glaucoma, are known to yield poor results. Corticosteroids administered either topically, periocularly, or systemically appear to be of value in the treatment of these diseases, although control studies have not been done. Efforts to lessen the visual morbidity in these children should begin by a cross-fertilization of information between primary care physicians, pediatricians, and ophthalmologists.", "PMID": 529323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4190", "title": "Predicting minority student performance in the first medical school year.", "content": "Impressions and anecdotal evidence have raised concerns that traditional cognitive measures of past performance may not be predictive of the performance among minority students in medical school. This study assessed the relationship between nine objective measures and actual first year academic performance for cohorts of minority students enrolled in a single medical school between 1973 and 1976.The findings support previous impressions that objective measures together explain less than half of the variance in academic performance. Furthermore, the cumulative undergraduate college average and the competitiveness of the undergraduate college are consistently the strongest predictors of academic performance among this group.", "contents": "Predicting minority student performance in the first medical school year. Impressions and anecdotal evidence have raised concerns that traditional cognitive measures of past performance may not be predictive of the performance among minority students in medical school. This study assessed the relationship between nine objective measures and actual first year academic performance for cohorts of minority students enrolled in a single medical school between 1973 and 1976.The findings support previous impressions that objective measures together explain less than half of the variance in academic performance. Furthermore, the cumulative undergraduate college average and the competitiveness of the undergraduate college are consistently the strongest predictors of academic performance among this group.", "PMID": 529325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4191", "title": "Digitalis in pneumonectomy and its implication.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1977, 87 patients underwent pneumonectomy at Rhode Island Hospital. Postoperatively, 25 patients developed arrhythmia (29 percent), giving rise to hemodynamic deterioration necessitating aggressive treatment. There were nine hospital deaths (10 percent). The effect of preoperative digitalis was analyzed in 68 patients over age 50 years.In Group 1, digoxin was not used until the onset of arrhythmia. There were 40 patients in this group; 18 developed arrhythmia (45 percent) with four deaths (22 percent).In Group 2, patients were given digitalis preoperatively. There were 28 patients; six developed arrhythmia (21 percent) with no deaths.Thus, the high incidence (45 percent in Group 1 and 21 percent in Group 2), as well as risk of mortality (4/18 patients) from arrhythmia following pneumonectomy, in patients over 50 years of age without digitalization, is a strong indication for preoperative digitalis.", "contents": "Digitalis in pneumonectomy and its implication. Between 1968 and 1977, 87 patients underwent pneumonectomy at Rhode Island Hospital. Postoperatively, 25 patients developed arrhythmia (29 percent), giving rise to hemodynamic deterioration necessitating aggressive treatment. There were nine hospital deaths (10 percent). The effect of preoperative digitalis was analyzed in 68 patients over age 50 years.In Group 1, digoxin was not used until the onset of arrhythmia. There were 40 patients in this group; 18 developed arrhythmia (45 percent) with four deaths (22 percent).In Group 2, patients were given digitalis preoperatively. There were 28 patients; six developed arrhythmia (21 percent) with no deaths.Thus, the high incidence (45 percent in Group 1 and 21 percent in Group 2), as well as risk of mortality (4/18 patients) from arrhythmia following pneumonectomy, in patients over 50 years of age without digitalization, is a strong indication for preoperative digitalis.", "PMID": 529326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4192", "title": "Metastatic brain tumors in two predominantly black hospitals: a statistical analysis.", "content": "A retrospective statistical analysis was done on metastatic brain tumors collected from two predominantly black hospitals in Washington, DC. A composite African series of metastatic brain tumors was also constructed for comparison. The results indicate that bronchogenic carcinoma is the predominant metastatic brain tumor (45.2 percent) among American blacks in Washington, DC, and chorioepithelioma, the most common (20.0 percent) among African blacks. In comparing these two series, much dissimilarity in the pattern of tumor distribution between these two genetically related ethnic groups suggests an important environmental role in the genesis of metastatic brain tumors.The present study also reveals a relatively high proportional frequency of prostatic carcinoma among metastatic brain tumors in blacks (3.8 percent in Washington, DC, and 2.1 percent in Africa).", "contents": "Metastatic brain tumors in two predominantly black hospitals: a statistical analysis. A retrospective statistical analysis was done on metastatic brain tumors collected from two predominantly black hospitals in Washington, DC. A composite African series of metastatic brain tumors was also constructed for comparison. The results indicate that bronchogenic carcinoma is the predominant metastatic brain tumor (45.2 percent) among American blacks in Washington, DC, and chorioepithelioma, the most common (20.0 percent) among African blacks. In comparing these two series, much dissimilarity in the pattern of tumor distribution between these two genetically related ethnic groups suggests an important environmental role in the genesis of metastatic brain tumors.The present study also reveals a relatively high proportional frequency of prostatic carcinoma among metastatic brain tumors in blacks (3.8 percent in Washington, DC, and 2.1 percent in Africa).", "PMID": 529327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4193", "title": "Sjogren syndrome presenting as pulmonary pseudolymphoma: report of a case.", "content": "A case of pulmonary pseudolymphoma and Sjogren syndrome is presented. Unusually, the lung involvement preceded the salivary disease by more than two years. The initial gammopathy and abnormal serologies are more consistent with uncomplicated Sjogren syndrome, but were present when the pseudolymphoma was solely apparent.", "contents": "Sjogren syndrome presenting as pulmonary pseudolymphoma: report of a case. A case of pulmonary pseudolymphoma and Sjogren syndrome is presented. Unusually, the lung involvement preceded the salivary disease by more than two years. The initial gammopathy and abnormal serologies are more consistent with uncomplicated Sjogren syndrome, but were present when the pseudolymphoma was solely apparent.", "PMID": 529328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4194", "title": "Reflections on the current status of the national sickle cell disease program in the United States.", "content": "Some clouds of concern now appear on the horizon for the national sickle cell disease program. There is flagging general attention by the black population and a dilution of interest in and visibility of the sickle cell problem brought about by political maneuvering to bring the program under the legislative umbrella of many other genetic diseases (which occur predominantly in Caucasians). In addition, the federal program has recently phased-out six comprehensive sickle cell centers and imposed budgetary cutbacks in the remaining centers. The victims of this disease, the black population in general, and the researchers and investigators who seek ways to bring this disease under control need reassurance from the current national administration that the sickle cell program will not be permitted to die a slow death from financial attrition, attenuation of interest, and skillful neglect leading to the phasing-out of another \"minority project.\" The national sickle cell program, in the relatively short span of six years, has made significant and notable progress not only in research endeavor but also in improved patient care and community-wide education. In this context, certainly, the positive aspects of the national sickle cell disease program continue to far outweigh any negative ones.(1)", "contents": "Reflections on the current status of the national sickle cell disease program in the United States. Some clouds of concern now appear on the horizon for the national sickle cell disease program. There is flagging general attention by the black population and a dilution of interest in and visibility of the sickle cell problem brought about by political maneuvering to bring the program under the legislative umbrella of many other genetic diseases (which occur predominantly in Caucasians). In addition, the federal program has recently phased-out six comprehensive sickle cell centers and imposed budgetary cutbacks in the remaining centers. The victims of this disease, the black population in general, and the researchers and investigators who seek ways to bring this disease under control need reassurance from the current national administration that the sickle cell program will not be permitted to die a slow death from financial attrition, attenuation of interest, and skillful neglect leading to the phasing-out of another \"minority project.\" The national sickle cell program, in the relatively short span of six years, has made significant and notable progress not only in research endeavor but also in improved patient care and community-wide education. In this context, certainly, the positive aspects of the national sickle cell disease program continue to far outweigh any negative ones.(1)", "PMID": 529329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4195", "title": "A follow-up study of the geographic distribution of selected malignancies among Kentucky residents, 1969-1976.", "content": "A study of 533 brain tumors, 339 lung tumors, and 299 breast tumors was made in a contiguous six-county area of Kentucky to determine if a previous clustering of brain tumors with a rate 3.37 times the state rate still existed. No significant difference in incidence by age, sex, or race could be found between this six-county area and the entire state. It was therefore concluded that either the original study constituted a statistical artifact, or that the factors responsible for the initial observed increase are no longer operative.", "contents": "A follow-up study of the geographic distribution of selected malignancies among Kentucky residents, 1969-1976. A study of 533 brain tumors, 339 lung tumors, and 299 breast tumors was made in a contiguous six-county area of Kentucky to determine if a previous clustering of brain tumors with a rate 3.37 times the state rate still existed. No significant difference in incidence by age, sex, or race could be found between this six-county area and the entire state. It was therefore concluded that either the original study constituted a statistical artifact, or that the factors responsible for the initial observed increase are no longer operative.", "PMID": 529330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4196", "title": "Experience with bronchiectasis in Nigeria.", "content": "Between April 1975 and March 1978, 54 patients were treated for bronchiectasis at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. The sex distribution was equal and ages of the patients ranged from five to 67 years with a peak incidence of the disease in the third and fourth decades of life.One third of the patients had tuberculous bronchiectasis with destroyed left lung syndrome, another third had chronic sinusitis, while nine percent had sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. One case of Kartagener syndrome, pulmonary aspergillosis, poliomyelitis, and aspiration of a foreign body were associated with bronchiectasis.Factors influencing the clinical course and prognosis of this disease in this environment include life threatening hemoptysis, bilateral disease, associated lung abscess or empyema, malnutrition, and chronic anemia.Twenty-six patients were treated conservatively with one death, while 28 patients were treated surgically with three deaths. Twenty percent of the surgical patients developed recurrent bronchiectasis within one to 31/2 years, in lobes which were bronchographically free of disease prior to surgery. These findings suggest that bronchiectasis is a progressive disease and that elective surgery for localized disease probably does not affect its clinical and natural history in this environment.", "contents": "Experience with bronchiectasis in Nigeria. Between April 1975 and March 1978, 54 patients were treated for bronchiectasis at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. The sex distribution was equal and ages of the patients ranged from five to 67 years with a peak incidence of the disease in the third and fourth decades of life.One third of the patients had tuberculous bronchiectasis with destroyed left lung syndrome, another third had chronic sinusitis, while nine percent had sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. One case of Kartagener syndrome, pulmonary aspergillosis, poliomyelitis, and aspiration of a foreign body were associated with bronchiectasis.Factors influencing the clinical course and prognosis of this disease in this environment include life threatening hemoptysis, bilateral disease, associated lung abscess or empyema, malnutrition, and chronic anemia.Twenty-six patients were treated conservatively with one death, while 28 patients were treated surgically with three deaths. Twenty percent of the surgical patients developed recurrent bronchiectasis within one to 31/2 years, in lobes which were bronchographically free of disease prior to surgery. These findings suggest that bronchiectasis is a progressive disease and that elective surgery for localized disease probably does not affect its clinical and natural history in this environment.", "PMID": 529331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4197", "title": "Effects of cockroach salivary secretions and serum on human blood cells.", "content": "Salivary fluids of Blaberus craniifer, a common pest species of cockroach, were found to produce leukocytolysis and hemagglutination reactions of human blood cells under in vitro conditions. Blood sera from these insects produced similar reactions, as well as the capacity to lyse human erythrocytes. The cockroach is known to regurgitate while feeding. These findings suggest the potential of the insect to induce adverse effects on human blood cells as a consequence of persons being bitten or having lesions that serve as skin sites for cockroach feeding.", "contents": "Effects of cockroach salivary secretions and serum on human blood cells. Salivary fluids of Blaberus craniifer, a common pest species of cockroach, were found to produce leukocytolysis and hemagglutination reactions of human blood cells under in vitro conditions. Blood sera from these insects produced similar reactions, as well as the capacity to lyse human erythrocytes. The cockroach is known to regurgitate while feeding. These findings suggest the potential of the insect to induce adverse effects on human blood cells as a consequence of persons being bitten or having lesions that serve as skin sites for cockroach feeding.", "PMID": 529332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4198", "title": "Bilateral pneumothoraces secondary to colonic endoscopy.", "content": "Fiberoptic colonoscopy has significantly altered the managment of patients with colonic diseases. Complications of colonoscopy are not common, but most often include hemorrhage and perforation. This report describes an unusual and interesting case of colonic perforation related to fiberoptic colonoscopy in which the perforation presented as bilateral pneumothoraces.", "contents": "Bilateral pneumothoraces secondary to colonic endoscopy. Fiberoptic colonoscopy has significantly altered the managment of patients with colonic diseases. Complications of colonoscopy are not common, but most often include hemorrhage and perforation. This report describes an unusual and interesting case of colonic perforation related to fiberoptic colonoscopy in which the perforation presented as bilateral pneumothoraces.", "PMID": 529333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4199", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Carcinoma of the esophagus, previously thought to be rare in West Africa, is now known to be relatively common in Ibadan. In a 39-month period, extending from January 1975 to March 1978, 30 cases of esophageal carcinoma were seen on the surgical service of the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Males were affected more than females by a ratio of 2.3 to 1, and the highest incidence was found in the sixth and seventh decades. Many of the affected people belong to the low socioeconomic class. The predominant cell type is the squamous cell carcinoma and the most common site is the lower third of the esophagus (51.85 percent), followed by the mid-thoracic esophagus (29.6 percent). Because most patients presented very late in the course of the disease, only 11 patients had esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy. Six of these (54.6 percent) recovered from the operation and were discharged. Only one patient had an insertion of a Mousseau-Barbin tube. In our environment, where there is no adequate radiotherapy facility, resection of esophageal carcinoma is recommended when feasible, even as a palliative measure.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus. Carcinoma of the esophagus, previously thought to be rare in West Africa, is now known to be relatively common in Ibadan. In a 39-month period, extending from January 1975 to March 1978, 30 cases of esophageal carcinoma were seen on the surgical service of the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Males were affected more than females by a ratio of 2.3 to 1, and the highest incidence was found in the sixth and seventh decades. Many of the affected people belong to the low socioeconomic class. The predominant cell type is the squamous cell carcinoma and the most common site is the lower third of the esophagus (51.85 percent), followed by the mid-thoracic esophagus (29.6 percent). Because most patients presented very late in the course of the disease, only 11 patients had esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy. Six of these (54.6 percent) recovered from the operation and were discharged. Only one patient had an insertion of a Mousseau-Barbin tube. In our environment, where there is no adequate radiotherapy facility, resection of esophageal carcinoma is recommended when feasible, even as a palliative measure.", "PMID": 529334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4200", "title": "Echocardiographic comparison of black and white hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to compare cardiac structure and function in 35 pairs of hypertensive blacks and hypertensive whites matched for age, sex, level and known duration of hypertension, treatment status, and renin level.Echocardiographic abnormalities were common in both groups and included increased ventricular septal thickness and/or left ventricular free-wall thickness in 51 percent of black hypertensives and 69 percent of white hypertensives. Paired analysis indicated no significant difference between black and white hypertensive subjects in any of the echocardiographic parameters including ventricular transverse dimensions (at end diastole and at end systole), left atrial and aortic root dimensions, left ventricular ejection fraction, and mitral valve E-F slope. Thus echocardiographic evaluation of black and white hypertensive subjects, matched for clinical characteristics, suggests a similar prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the two groups.", "contents": "Echocardiographic comparison of black and white hypertensive subjects. Echocardiography was used to compare cardiac structure and function in 35 pairs of hypertensive blacks and hypertensive whites matched for age, sex, level and known duration of hypertension, treatment status, and renin level.Echocardiographic abnormalities were common in both groups and included increased ventricular septal thickness and/or left ventricular free-wall thickness in 51 percent of black hypertensives and 69 percent of white hypertensives. Paired analysis indicated no significant difference between black and white hypertensive subjects in any of the echocardiographic parameters including ventricular transverse dimensions (at end diastole and at end systole), left atrial and aortic root dimensions, left ventricular ejection fraction, and mitral valve E-F slope. Thus echocardiographic evaluation of black and white hypertensive subjects, matched for clinical characteristics, suggests a similar prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the two groups.", "PMID": 529335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4201", "title": "Radiology of the acute surgical abdomen in infants and young children.", "content": "The most common nontraumatic acute surgical lesions of the infant abdomen are considered. These abdominal lesions are divided into those which do and do not cause bowel obstruction. Lesions causing bowel obstruction are almost always identified as being surgical and are usually appropriately treated. Most common in this group are incarcerated inguinal hernia and malrotation. Among the non-obstructive lesions, appendicitis is the most common and frequently very difficult to diagnose in this age group. The early use of a barium enema is advocated if appendicitis is a diagnostic possibility. Profound ileus can be seen in a variety of medical conditions and several examples are cited.", "contents": "Radiology of the acute surgical abdomen in infants and young children. The most common nontraumatic acute surgical lesions of the infant abdomen are considered. These abdominal lesions are divided into those which do and do not cause bowel obstruction. Lesions causing bowel obstruction are almost always identified as being surgical and are usually appropriately treated. Most common in this group are incarcerated inguinal hernia and malrotation. Among the non-obstructive lesions, appendicitis is the most common and frequently very difficult to diagnose in this age group. The early use of a barium enema is advocated if appendicitis is a diagnostic possibility. Profound ileus can be seen in a variety of medical conditions and several examples are cited.", "PMID": 529337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4202", "title": "Hematologic and myelogenous effects of inhaled benzene in the pig and the rat.", "content": "Four groups of 4 domestic pigs were exposed to 0, 20, 100, and 500 ppm benzene vapor 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 3 wk. Two groups of 10 rats were exposed to 0 and 500 ppm: the exposed rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 3 wk, the nonexposed rats for 6 h/d, 5 d. Rats were killed within 72 h after exposure; values for pigs were obtained shortly after exposure and on final examination at 4-16 wk after exposure. Pigs were evaluated for changes in white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin level, lymphocyte count, proportion of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes, myeloid-erythroid ratio, and presence of multinucleate erythroblasts. With the exception of the E-rosette test, the same parameters were measured in the rat. Statistically significant (p less than 0.05) depression of white cell counts, total lymphocytes, and proportion of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes was observed in pigs exposed to 500 ppm; recovery to values not significantly different from control values was observed on final examination. Fewer postexposure effects were seen at 100 ppm, and there were no significant differences from control values at 20 ppm. Both pigs and rats exposed to 500 ppm showed a significant decrease in the mean myeloid-erythroid ratio within 72 h. These values returned to normal in the pig 4-16 wk after exposure; recovery in the rat was not evaluated. An increased number of bone marrow erythroblasts with more than 2 nuclei was found on final examination of pigs exposed to 500 and 100 ppm, but the difference was significant only at the 100-ppm level because of the variability at the higher level. A significant increase (p less than 0.004) in multinucleate cells was seen in the rats exposed to 500 ppm.", "contents": "Hematologic and myelogenous effects of inhaled benzene in the pig and the rat. Four groups of 4 domestic pigs were exposed to 0, 20, 100, and 500 ppm benzene vapor 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 3 wk. Two groups of 10 rats were exposed to 0 and 500 ppm: the exposed rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 3 wk, the nonexposed rats for 6 h/d, 5 d. Rats were killed within 72 h after exposure; values for pigs were obtained shortly after exposure and on final examination at 4-16 wk after exposure. Pigs were evaluated for changes in white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin level, lymphocyte count, proportion of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes, myeloid-erythroid ratio, and presence of multinucleate erythroblasts. With the exception of the E-rosette test, the same parameters were measured in the rat. Statistically significant (p less than 0.05) depression of white cell counts, total lymphocytes, and proportion of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes was observed in pigs exposed to 500 ppm; recovery to values not significantly different from control values was observed on final examination. Fewer postexposure effects were seen at 100 ppm, and there were no significant differences from control values at 20 ppm. Both pigs and rats exposed to 500 ppm showed a significant decrease in the mean myeloid-erythroid ratio within 72 h. These values returned to normal in the pig 4-16 wk after exposure; recovery in the rat was not evaluated. An increased number of bone marrow erythroblasts with more than 2 nuclei was found on final examination of pigs exposed to 500 and 100 ppm, but the difference was significant only at the 100-ppm level because of the variability at the higher level. A significant increase (p less than 0.004) in multinucleate cells was seen in the rats exposed to 500 ppm.", "PMID": 529338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4203", "title": "Toxicity of 0.4- and 0.8-microm sulfuric acid aerosols in the guinea pig.", "content": "To determine mortality caused by inhaled sulfuric acid mist, groups of Hartley guinea pigs 2-3 mo old were exposed for 8 h to graded concentrations of aerosols of 0.4 or 0.8 microm mass median aerodynamic diameter. Relative humidity during exposures was maintained at 70-80%. Based on probit analysis, the concentration required to produce 50% mortality (LC50) for deaths to 21 d after exposure was 30 mg/m3 for the 0.8-microm aerosol. For the 0.4-microm aerosol, the LC50 was above 109 mg/m3, the highest concentration obtainable at that particle size. At both particle sizes, the animals either tended to develop severe dyspnea and die minutes (0.4 microm) or hours (0.8 microm) thereafter or appeared nearly unaffected. Lesions in animals that died as a results of 0.4-microm exposures were restricted to hyperinflation; animals that died as a result of 0.8-microm exposures also showed hemorrhage and transudation. No gross or histopathologic changes were observed in animals that appeared unaffected during exposure. Differences in total and/or regional respiratory tract deposition may account for the different responses to the two aerosols.", "contents": "Toxicity of 0.4- and 0.8-microm sulfuric acid aerosols in the guinea pig. To determine mortality caused by inhaled sulfuric acid mist, groups of Hartley guinea pigs 2-3 mo old were exposed for 8 h to graded concentrations of aerosols of 0.4 or 0.8 microm mass median aerodynamic diameter. Relative humidity during exposures was maintained at 70-80%. Based on probit analysis, the concentration required to produce 50% mortality (LC50) for deaths to 21 d after exposure was 30 mg/m3 for the 0.8-microm aerosol. For the 0.4-microm aerosol, the LC50 was above 109 mg/m3, the highest concentration obtainable at that particle size. At both particle sizes, the animals either tended to develop severe dyspnea and die minutes (0.4 microm) or hours (0.8 microm) thereafter or appeared nearly unaffected. Lesions in animals that died as a results of 0.4-microm exposures were restricted to hyperinflation; animals that died as a result of 0.8-microm exposures also showed hemorrhage and transudation. No gross or histopathologic changes were observed in animals that appeared unaffected during exposure. Differences in total and/or regional respiratory tract deposition may account for the different responses to the two aerosols.", "PMID": 529339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4204", "title": "Human biochemical response to ozone and vitamin E.", "content": "To determine whether vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol) supplementation of the diet provides protection from inhaled oxidants such as ozone (O3) in community air pollution, its effects were studied in healthy adult volunteers, Experimental groups received 800 or 1600 IU of vitamin E for 9 wk or more; control groups received placebos. Double-blind conditions were maintained throughout the study. Biochemical parameters studied included red blood cell fragility; hematocrit and hemoglobin values; red cell glutathione concentration; and the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase. No significant differences between the responses of the supplemented and placebo groups to a controlled O3 exposure (0.5 ppm for 2 h) were found for any of these parameters. The results indicate that vitamin E supplementation in humans, at the levels employed in this experiment, gives no added protection against blood biochemical effects of O3 in intermittently exercising subjects under exposure conditoins simulating summer ambient air pollution episodes.", "contents": "Human biochemical response to ozone and vitamin E. To determine whether vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol) supplementation of the diet provides protection from inhaled oxidants such as ozone (O3) in community air pollution, its effects were studied in healthy adult volunteers, Experimental groups received 800 or 1600 IU of vitamin E for 9 wk or more; control groups received placebos. Double-blind conditions were maintained throughout the study. Biochemical parameters studied included red blood cell fragility; hematocrit and hemoglobin values; red cell glutathione concentration; and the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase. No significant differences between the responses of the supplemented and placebo groups to a controlled O3 exposure (0.5 ppm for 2 h) were found for any of these parameters. The results indicate that vitamin E supplementation in humans, at the levels employed in this experiment, gives no added protection against blood biochemical effects of O3 in intermittently exercising subjects under exposure conditoins simulating summer ambient air pollution episodes.", "PMID": 529340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4205", "title": "Toxicity of abrin and ricin in mice and dogs.", "content": "Mice and dogs, were treated iv with the cytostatic proteins abrin and ricin and observed for clinical, biochemical, and morphological aberrations. In both mice and dogs death occurred within a narrow dose range. Dogs given toxic doses of ricin and abrin showed weakness, anorexia, apathy, and moderate fever. No signs attributable to the central nervous system were observed. Dogs dying from intoxication expired after 15-40 h. After nonlethal doses the animals recovered, apparently completely, in 1-3 wk. No delayed changed were observed in dogs after 4 mo. Abrin and ricin, in contrast to most other cytostatic agents, did not inhibit myelopolesis. However, after sublethal dpses a rapid but translent decrease of peripheral thrombocytes was observed. No evidence for specific liver damage or impairment of kidney function was obtained. Few abnormalities were observed at autopsy or on microscopic and electron microscopic examination of the tissues, in contrast to the findings of some earlier investigators. The results indicate that in mice and dogs given sublethal doses of highly purified toxins the symptoms are reversible. There was no finding militating against a phase 1 clinical trial.", "contents": "Toxicity of abrin and ricin in mice and dogs. Mice and dogs, were treated iv with the cytostatic proteins abrin and ricin and observed for clinical, biochemical, and morphological aberrations. In both mice and dogs death occurred within a narrow dose range. Dogs given toxic doses of ricin and abrin showed weakness, anorexia, apathy, and moderate fever. No signs attributable to the central nervous system were observed. Dogs dying from intoxication expired after 15-40 h. After nonlethal doses the animals recovered, apparently completely, in 1-3 wk. No delayed changed were observed in dogs after 4 mo. Abrin and ricin, in contrast to most other cytostatic agents, did not inhibit myelopolesis. However, after sublethal dpses a rapid but translent decrease of peripheral thrombocytes was observed. No evidence for specific liver damage or impairment of kidney function was obtained. Few abnormalities were observed at autopsy or on microscopic and electron microscopic examination of the tissues, in contrast to the findings of some earlier investigators. The results indicate that in mice and dogs given sublethal doses of highly purified toxins the symptoms are reversible. There was no finding militating against a phase 1 clinical trial.", "PMID": 529341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4206", "title": "Interspecies comparison of carcionogenic potency.", "content": "For guidance in decisions on how to safeguard humans from carcinogens, it is necessary to use data on carcinogenesis in animals. This paper disucsses how such data, combined with human experience, may be used quantitatively in such decisions. It is demonstrated empirically that good correlations exist between different species for suitably defined carcinogenic potencies for various chemicals. This allows sufficient accuracy in extrapolating form animal data to human risk to support a logical scheme for the evaluation of such risks. Some recommendations for future research are given.", "contents": "Interspecies comparison of carcionogenic potency. For guidance in decisions on how to safeguard humans from carcinogens, it is necessary to use data on carcinogenesis in animals. This paper disucsses how such data, combined with human experience, may be used quantitatively in such decisions. It is demonstrated empirically that good correlations exist between different species for suitably defined carcinogenic potencies for various chemicals. This allows sufficient accuracy in extrapolating form animal data to human risk to support a logical scheme for the evaluation of such risks. Some recommendations for future research are given.", "PMID": 529342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4207", "title": "Toxicity of Secalonic acid D.", "content": "Toxicity of secalonic acid D was examined by using lethality, growth retardation, and histopathology as indexes. The ip LD50 values of 37, 31, and 27 mg/kg were obtained for Charles River CD-1, Texas (ICR), and Sprague-Dawley (CF-1) strains of mice, respectively. The ip LD50 was 52 mg/kg in female CD-1 mice. The iv LD50 was 25 mg/kg in CD-1 male mice. Oral LD50 values of 400 mg/kg in male CD-1 mice and 25 and greater than 400 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley day-old and weanling (21 d) rats of both sexes, respectively, were obtained. Doses of 20 mg/kg or more ip retarded growth and doses of 30 mg/kg or more ip were lethal to CD-1 mice. Oral doses required to produce such effects in day-old rats were 5 and 20 mg/kg (or higher), respectively. All ip doses of secalonic acid D caused pulmonary atelectases and foccal peritonitis in male CD-1 mice. The latter involved surfaces of abdominal viscera and produced limited subcapsular necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. Exposure to a single lethal dose iv (25 mg/kg or more) of secalonic acid D caused limited hepatic portal necrosis but no peritonitis or other associated local effects observed in CD-1 male mice after ip exposure. Cytoplasmic liposis and loss of glycogen and RNA from hepatocytes were observed in a single mouse receiving 50 mg/kg iv. Death resulting from cardiac and/or pulmonary insufficiency was suggested by atelectasis, pulmonary hemorrhages and edema, and massive atrial dilation in mice that died after lethal ip or iv doses of secalonic acid D. Five daily sublethal ip doses in CD-1 male mice resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LD50, 11.5 mg/kg) indicating cumulative effects.", "contents": "Toxicity of Secalonic acid D. Toxicity of secalonic acid D was examined by using lethality, growth retardation, and histopathology as indexes. The ip LD50 values of 37, 31, and 27 mg/kg were obtained for Charles River CD-1, Texas (ICR), and Sprague-Dawley (CF-1) strains of mice, respectively. The ip LD50 was 52 mg/kg in female CD-1 mice. The iv LD50 was 25 mg/kg in CD-1 male mice. Oral LD50 values of 400 mg/kg in male CD-1 mice and 25 and greater than 400 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley day-old and weanling (21 d) rats of both sexes, respectively, were obtained. Doses of 20 mg/kg or more ip retarded growth and doses of 30 mg/kg or more ip were lethal to CD-1 mice. Oral doses required to produce such effects in day-old rats were 5 and 20 mg/kg (or higher), respectively. All ip doses of secalonic acid D caused pulmonary atelectases and foccal peritonitis in male CD-1 mice. The latter involved surfaces of abdominal viscera and produced limited subcapsular necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. Exposure to a single lethal dose iv (25 mg/kg or more) of secalonic acid D caused limited hepatic portal necrosis but no peritonitis or other associated local effects observed in CD-1 male mice after ip exposure. Cytoplasmic liposis and loss of glycogen and RNA from hepatocytes were observed in a single mouse receiving 50 mg/kg iv. Death resulting from cardiac and/or pulmonary insufficiency was suggested by atelectasis, pulmonary hemorrhages and edema, and massive atrial dilation in mice that died after lethal ip or iv doses of secalonic acid D. Five daily sublethal ip doses in CD-1 male mice resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LD50, 11.5 mg/kg) indicating cumulative effects.", "PMID": 529343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4208", "title": "Distribution, retention, and elimination of pyrene in rats after inhalation.", "content": "Pyrene was measured in tissues of Fischer 344 rats are various times after inhalation of pyrene aerosols (500 microgram/l; mass median diameter, 0.3-0., micrometer) for 1 h. Significant quantities of pyrene were found in nasal turbinates, trachea, lungs, kidney, and liver immediately after exposure. Clearance from the respiratory tract was rapid; concentrations in the trachea and lungs 48 h after exposure were 20 and 5% of the concentrations present 1/2 h after exposure. Pyrene also cleared from liver and kidney at a relatively rapid rate; concentrations in these tissues 48 h after exposure were approximately 10% of those 1/2 h after exposure. Concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract 24 h after exposure were 4 times those found 1/2 h after exposure. Pyrene cleared from the gastrointestinal tract approximately 4 d after exposure. Thus, inhaled pyrene is rapidly cleared from the respiratory tract by mucocilliary action from the trachea and bronchi and by translocation from the respiratory tract to the liver and kidney; it is eliminated primarily through the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Distribution, retention, and elimination of pyrene in rats after inhalation. Pyrene was measured in tissues of Fischer 344 rats are various times after inhalation of pyrene aerosols (500 microgram/l; mass median diameter, 0.3-0., micrometer) for 1 h. Significant quantities of pyrene were found in nasal turbinates, trachea, lungs, kidney, and liver immediately after exposure. Clearance from the respiratory tract was rapid; concentrations in the trachea and lungs 48 h after exposure were 20 and 5% of the concentrations present 1/2 h after exposure. Pyrene also cleared from liver and kidney at a relatively rapid rate; concentrations in these tissues 48 h after exposure were approximately 10% of those 1/2 h after exposure. Concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract 24 h after exposure were 4 times those found 1/2 h after exposure. Pyrene cleared from the gastrointestinal tract approximately 4 d after exposure. Thus, inhaled pyrene is rapidly cleared from the respiratory tract by mucocilliary action from the trachea and bronchi and by translocation from the respiratory tract to the liver and kidney; it is eliminated primarily through the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 529344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4209", "title": "Normal levels of cadmium in diet, urine, blood, and tissues of inhabitants of the United States.", "content": "Cd was measured in the feces, urine, blood, and hair of U.S. inhabitants without known high Cd exposure in Chicago, Illinois, and Dallas, Texas, and in autopsy tissues of accident victims in Dallas. The average intake of Cd in food was estimated to be 13-16 microgram/d and was higher for males than females. The average levels of Cd were 0.59-0.77 microgram/l in urine, 0.09-0.11 microgram per 100 ml in blood, 0.83-1.10 microgram/g in hair, 21 microgram/g in kidney cortex, 1.2 microgram/g in liver, 0.067 microgram/g in muscle, 0.58 microgram/g in pancreas, and 0.040 microgram/g in fat. Hair Cd was higher for males than females. Cd levels increased with age in urine and all tissues and were higher in cigarette smokers than nonsmokers in urine, blood, and all tissues.", "contents": "Normal levels of cadmium in diet, urine, blood, and tissues of inhabitants of the United States. Cd was measured in the feces, urine, blood, and hair of U.S. inhabitants without known high Cd exposure in Chicago, Illinois, and Dallas, Texas, and in autopsy tissues of accident victims in Dallas. The average intake of Cd in food was estimated to be 13-16 microgram/d and was higher for males than females. The average levels of Cd were 0.59-0.77 microgram/l in urine, 0.09-0.11 microgram per 100 ml in blood, 0.83-1.10 microgram/g in hair, 21 microgram/g in kidney cortex, 1.2 microgram/g in liver, 0.067 microgram/g in muscle, 0.58 microgram/g in pancreas, and 0.040 microgram/g in fat. Hair Cd was higher for males than females. Cd levels increased with age in urine and all tissues and were higher in cigarette smokers than nonsmokers in urine, blood, and all tissues.", "PMID": 529345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4210", "title": "Investigation of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. I. A preliminary biological screening for molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine.", "content": "A preliminary biological screening for molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in Folk-medicine was carried out. 78 samples belonging to 51 species, 45 genera and 28 families were screened. The aqueous extracts of 18 samples belonging to 8 species, 6 genera and 5 families were found to be active against Bulinus truncatus and 7 of these were also found to be active against Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Successive extraction of the 18 active samples with petroleum ether, ethanol and water showed that the petroleum ether extracts of only 4 samples were active against Bulinus truncatus; while the alcoholic extracts of 16 samples were found to be active against the same snail species. Only the alcoholic extracts of 4 samples were proved to be active against Biomphalaria pfeifferi. In the successive extraction technique, only the aqueous extract of Gardenia vogelii fruit pulp was proved to be active against the two snail species tested.", "contents": "Investigation of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. I. A preliminary biological screening for molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. A preliminary biological screening for molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in Folk-medicine was carried out. 78 samples belonging to 51 species, 45 genera and 28 families were screened. The aqueous extracts of 18 samples belonging to 8 species, 6 genera and 5 families were found to be active against Bulinus truncatus and 7 of these were also found to be active against Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Successive extraction of the 18 active samples with petroleum ether, ethanol and water showed that the petroleum ether extracts of only 4 samples were active against Bulinus truncatus; while the alcoholic extracts of 16 samples were found to be active against the same snail species. Only the alcoholic extracts of 4 samples were proved to be active against Biomphalaria pfeifferi. In the successive extraction technique, only the aqueous extract of Gardenia vogelii fruit pulp was proved to be active against the two snail species tested.", "PMID": 529347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4211", "title": "Investigation of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. II. Molluscicidal activity of the different morphological organs of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn \"abu gotna\" family Thymelaeaceae.", "content": "The molluscicidal activity of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn leaf, stem and root was studied. Each morphological part was extracted with cold and boiling water, different organic solvent and successively with organic solvents of increasing polarity. Throughout it was found that the extracts of the root were the most potent followed by the stem. Boiling water extracts were more potent than cold water extracts, while in case of extraction with different organic solvents, the petroleum ether extracts of the root and stem were the most potent, while for the leaf, the ethanolic extract was the most potent. On successive extraction, the petroleum ether extracts of all organs were the most potent. Saponification of the petroleum ether extract of the root was carried out and the activity of the different fractions were tested. Different extract fractions were obtained from the 80 per cent ethanolic percolate of the root. Some of the physical properties and the phytochemical screening of the successive extractives of the three organs were studied.", "contents": "Investigation of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. II. Molluscicidal activity of the different morphological organs of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn \"abu gotna\" family Thymelaeaceae. The molluscicidal activity of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn leaf, stem and root was studied. Each morphological part was extracted with cold and boiling water, different organic solvent and successively with organic solvents of increasing polarity. Throughout it was found that the extracts of the root were the most potent followed by the stem. Boiling water extracts were more potent than cold water extracts, while in case of extraction with different organic solvents, the petroleum ether extracts of the root and stem were the most potent, while for the leaf, the ethanolic extract was the most potent. On successive extraction, the petroleum ether extracts of all organs were the most potent. Saponification of the petroleum ether extract of the root was carried out and the activity of the different fractions were tested. Different extract fractions were obtained from the 80 per cent ethanolic percolate of the root. Some of the physical properties and the phytochemical screening of the successive extractives of the three organs were studied.", "PMID": 529348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4212", "title": "Evaluation of the paralyzed face.", "content": "The face is a dynamic organ of expression and communication. It is the most important area for recognition and identification of an individual. Paralysis of the face disturbs these social factors deeply. An understanding of facial movment and anatomy is presented to allow for better cosmetic and functional analysis. Hence, medico-legal documentation and the selection of the appropriate techniques for surgical rehabilitation becomes a simpler task.", "contents": "Evaluation of the paralyzed face. The face is a dynamic organ of expression and communication. It is the most important area for recognition and identification of an individual. Paralysis of the face disturbs these social factors deeply. An understanding of facial movment and anatomy is presented to allow for better cosmetic and functional analysis. Hence, medico-legal documentation and the selection of the appropriate techniques for surgical rehabilitation becomes a simpler task.", "PMID": 529356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4213", "title": "The use of lymphocyte transformation and IgM estimation as diagnostic aids in leukaemoid reactions.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with lymphocytosis and sometimes accompanied by splenomegaly selected from our difficult diagnostic cases over the past two years are presented. The clinical and laboratory features pointed to one of the following: chronic lymphatic leukaemia without lymphadenopathy, lymphosarcoma or other lymphoreticular tumour, tropical splenomegaly syndrome with a lymphatic leukaemoid reaction. The precise diagnosis was usually made by haemotological laboratory tests - viz. (a) Lymphocytes transformation test (LTT) (b) Serum/Plasma IgM estimation. It was found that: (1) There was markedly raised IgM in the responders i.e. patients with Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome (TSS) whose spleens regressed following treatment with antimalarials, contrasting the normal levels of IgM in the non-responders to antimalarial therapy. (2) The PHA - Lymphocytes Transformation in the TSS was normal while that of Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia (CLL) was abnormally low. These combined tests (LTT & IgM) are recommended as investigations for leukaemoid reactions involving lymphocytes.", "contents": "The use of lymphocyte transformation and IgM estimation as diagnostic aids in leukaemoid reactions. Twenty-two patients with lymphocytosis and sometimes accompanied by splenomegaly selected from our difficult diagnostic cases over the past two years are presented. The clinical and laboratory features pointed to one of the following: chronic lymphatic leukaemia without lymphadenopathy, lymphosarcoma or other lymphoreticular tumour, tropical splenomegaly syndrome with a lymphatic leukaemoid reaction. The precise diagnosis was usually made by haemotological laboratory tests - viz. (a) Lymphocytes transformation test (LTT) (b) Serum/Plasma IgM estimation. It was found that: (1) There was markedly raised IgM in the responders i.e. patients with Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome (TSS) whose spleens regressed following treatment with antimalarials, contrasting the normal levels of IgM in the non-responders to antimalarial therapy. (2) The PHA - Lymphocytes Transformation in the TSS was normal while that of Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia (CLL) was abnormally low. These combined tests (LTT & IgM) are recommended as investigations for leukaemoid reactions involving lymphocytes.", "PMID": 529352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4214", "title": "A focus of human fascioliasis in the Nile Delta, Egypt.", "content": "This study was carried out in Abis II village. A representative sample of the population was examined for parasitic infections. Of these 40 cases were positive for Fasciola ova and the diagnosis was confirmed. The prevalence of fascioliasis was 7.3 per cent. The egg size was determined in both human and animal samples. Although the ova measurements corresponded in many instances to Fasciola hepatica, yet the identification of the Fasciola spp. needs further investigations.", "contents": "A focus of human fascioliasis in the Nile Delta, Egypt. This study was carried out in Abis II village. A representative sample of the population was examined for parasitic infections. Of these 40 cases were positive for Fasciola ova and the diagnosis was confirmed. The prevalence of fascioliasis was 7.3 per cent. The egg size was determined in both human and animal samples. Although the ova measurements corresponded in many instances to Fasciola hepatica, yet the identification of the Fasciola spp. needs further investigations.", "PMID": 529351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4215", "title": "Extratemporal facial rehabilitation.", "content": "Treatment of the paralyzed face has made significant advances over the past 30 years. Evaluation of the paralyzed face with the concepts of early and delayed extratemporal facial rehabilitation and a review of the multiple methods of re-animation are discussed. Dynamic reconstruction is preferred to static methods except under special circumstnces. The many modalities of treatment include nerve grafting or crossover, regional muscle transposition or free muscle grafts, muscle interdigitation, and nerve implantation with the static methods of fascial stripping and rhytidectomy used in exceptional cases.", "contents": "Extratemporal facial rehabilitation. Treatment of the paralyzed face has made significant advances over the past 30 years. Evaluation of the paralyzed face with the concepts of early and delayed extratemporal facial rehabilitation and a review of the multiple methods of re-animation are discussed. Dynamic reconstruction is preferred to static methods except under special circumstnces. The many modalities of treatment include nerve grafting or crossover, regional muscle transposition or free muscle grafts, muscle interdigitation, and nerve implantation with the static methods of fascial stripping and rhytidectomy used in exceptional cases.", "PMID": 529357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4216", "title": "Chronic hepatitis B antigenaemia in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "content": "Thirty-five male patients with decompensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis were longitudinally studied and divided into 3 Groups; with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs) and a control group negative to both. Patients with HBsAg were persistently carrying the antigen as estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for up to 3 years and when compared with the other 2 groups, they had significantly higher serum glutamic transaminases, their liver biopsy showed more destructive liver cell lesions in the form of chronic active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, they were refractory to diuretic treatment and had higher mortality rate (64% in 3 years compared to 22% and 33% in the other 2 groups). The majority of patients with dual infection are at greater risk in spreading hepatitis B as they proved to carry the 'e' antigen.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis B antigenaemia in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Thirty-five male patients with decompensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis were longitudinally studied and divided into 3 Groups; with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs) and a control group negative to both. Patients with HBsAg were persistently carrying the antigen as estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for up to 3 years and when compared with the other 2 groups, they had significantly higher serum glutamic transaminases, their liver biopsy showed more destructive liver cell lesions in the form of chronic active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, they were refractory to diuretic treatment and had higher mortality rate (64% in 3 years compared to 22% and 33% in the other 2 groups). The majority of patients with dual infection are at greater risk in spreading hepatitis B as they proved to carry the 'e' antigen.", "PMID": 529349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4217", "title": "Laryngotracheobronchitis--a continuing challenge in child health care.", "content": "Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) continues to occur in epidemics necessitating many hospital admissions. A short barking cough, stridor with a crowing sound on inspiration, and retractions of the intercostal respiratory muscles are hallmarks of the disease. LTB is most frequently a viral disease causing acute inflammation of the subglottic area, the trachea, and the segmental bronchus. Increasing subglottic edema and generalized fatigue of patients with this disease can cause progression of airway obstruction. Respiratory and cardiac arrest follow unless an immediate airway is established. The management of LTB is primarily medical and consists of moist air, sedation, close observation, and occasionally antibiotics. Patients with respiratory difficulties severe enough to require intubation should undergo direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy to rule out other causes of airway obstruction.", "contents": "Laryngotracheobronchitis--a continuing challenge in child health care. Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) continues to occur in epidemics necessitating many hospital admissions. A short barking cough, stridor with a crowing sound on inspiration, and retractions of the intercostal respiratory muscles are hallmarks of the disease. LTB is most frequently a viral disease causing acute inflammation of the subglottic area, the trachea, and the segmental bronchus. Increasing subglottic edema and generalized fatigue of patients with this disease can cause progression of airway obstruction. Respiratory and cardiac arrest follow unless an immediate airway is established. The management of LTB is primarily medical and consists of moist air, sedation, close observation, and occasionally antibiotics. Patients with respiratory difficulties severe enough to require intubation should undergo direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy to rule out other causes of airway obstruction.", "PMID": 529358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4218", "title": "Immunological evaluation of children undergoing tonsillectomy.", "content": "This study was carried out on 80 patients undergoing tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis. Twenty healthy school children in the same age group were investigated for control values. Ten children were also available for evaluation of any immunological change after tonsillectomy. No significant variation was seen in the serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels before and after tonsillectomy. Peripheral absolute lymphocyte count was higher in the pre-operative cases as compared to the control group, and this count became near normal following tonsillectomy. Skin tests with recall antigens PPD and Candida and contact sensitizing agent 2:4 DNCB showed an improved cell mediated immune response following tonsillectomy.", "contents": "Immunological evaluation of children undergoing tonsillectomy. This study was carried out on 80 patients undergoing tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis. Twenty healthy school children in the same age group were investigated for control values. Ten children were also available for evaluation of any immunological change after tonsillectomy. No significant variation was seen in the serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels before and after tonsillectomy. Peripheral absolute lymphocyte count was higher in the pre-operative cases as compared to the control group, and this count became near normal following tonsillectomy. Skin tests with recall antigens PPD and Candida and contact sensitizing agent 2:4 DNCB showed an improved cell mediated immune response following tonsillectomy.", "PMID": 529359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4219", "title": "An unusual cutaneous amoebic ulcer.", "content": "A case of cutaneous amoebic ulcer, a rare extra-intestinal lesion in the skin of the leg, is presented. The diagnosis was made after examination of ulcer exudate and skin biopsy. The possible mode of infection of the skin is discussed.", "contents": "An unusual cutaneous amoebic ulcer. A case of cutaneous amoebic ulcer, a rare extra-intestinal lesion in the skin of the leg, is presented. The diagnosis was made after examination of ulcer exudate and skin biopsy. The possible mode of infection of the skin is discussed.", "PMID": 529353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4220", "title": "Congenital angiodysplasia of the parotid area--report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of angiodysplasia of the parotid area are reported. Both appeared to consist of an anomalous mature venous mass. Both patients complained of a swelling which grew hard and bulged when the internal jugular vein pressure was elevated. Venography demonstrated venous enlargement while arteriography failed to demonstrate small arterial communications such as were present in one case. Radical surgical resection was successfully performed. Pathogenesis, classification, and treatment of these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital angiodysplasia of the parotid area--report of two cases. Two cases of angiodysplasia of the parotid area are reported. Both appeared to consist of an anomalous mature venous mass. Both patients complained of a swelling which grew hard and bulged when the internal jugular vein pressure was elevated. Venography demonstrated venous enlargement while arteriography failed to demonstrate small arterial communications such as were present in one case. Radical surgical resection was successfully performed. Pathogenesis, classification, and treatment of these lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 529361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4221", "title": "Ectopic thyroid tissue--a review of the literature.", "content": "With only two cases in 20 years in their service and considering the low incidence of ectopic thyroid gland, the authors present a review of the literature with emphasis on clinical and pathological description and modern medical or surgical management of this entity known as ectopic thyroid gland.", "contents": "Ectopic thyroid tissue--a review of the literature. With only two cases in 20 years in their service and considering the low incidence of ectopic thyroid gland, the authors present a review of the literature with emphasis on clinical and pathological description and modern medical or surgical management of this entity known as ectopic thyroid gland.", "PMID": 529362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4222", "title": "Leprosy in Libya (Benghazi): a clinical study.", "content": "A clinical study of leprosy as it occurs in the Eastern part of Libyan Arab Republic (Benghazi) is presented. Lepromatous leprosy was the commonest type (76.47%) observed. Maximum number of cases were seen in the age group 20--49 years. An insight into the magnitude of the leprosy problem in the Libyan Arab Republic is presented.", "contents": "Leprosy in Libya (Benghazi): a clinical study. A clinical study of leprosy as it occurs in the Eastern part of Libyan Arab Republic (Benghazi) is presented. Lepromatous leprosy was the commonest type (76.47%) observed. Maximum number of cases were seen in the age group 20--49 years. An insight into the magnitude of the leprosy problem in the Libyan Arab Republic is presented.", "PMID": 529355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4223", "title": "Surgical treatment of extensive tumors of the lateral face and auricular area by radical soft tissue and subtotal temporal bone excision with deltopectoral flap coverage.", "content": "A method of excision of extensive tumor in the parotid and peri-auricular area with a partial temporal bone excision in discontinuity, has been described. In selected tumors local control has been as satisfactory as following more radical en bloc soft tissue and temporal bone excisions and without significant morbidity or operative deaths. The results in 15 patients treated by this method are described. The authors believe that the small number of patients in this and other reported series does not accurately reflect the frequency of tumors which could be treated successfully by this method, but does reflect a reluctance to advise the better known radical en bloc temporal bone excision with its associated morbidity and operative mortality.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of extensive tumors of the lateral face and auricular area by radical soft tissue and subtotal temporal bone excision with deltopectoral flap coverage. A method of excision of extensive tumor in the parotid and peri-auricular area with a partial temporal bone excision in discontinuity, has been described. In selected tumors local control has been as satisfactory as following more radical en bloc soft tissue and temporal bone excisions and without significant morbidity or operative deaths. The results in 15 patients treated by this method are described. The authors believe that the small number of patients in this and other reported series does not accurately reflect the frequency of tumors which could be treated successfully by this method, but does reflect a reluctance to advise the better known radical en bloc temporal bone excision with its associated morbidity and operative mortality.", "PMID": 529363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4224", "title": "Management of brachial plexus tumors.", "content": "Three cases are reported of brachial plexus tumors that presented as a lump in the neck. Problems that arise when faced with such a diagnosis are discussed. A suggested protocol of management of these cases is described. The possibility of a brachial plexus tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with a mass in the neck.", "contents": "Management of brachial plexus tumors. Three cases are reported of brachial plexus tumors that presented as a lump in the neck. Problems that arise when faced with such a diagnosis are discussed. A suggested protocol of management of these cases is described. The possibility of a brachial plexus tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with a mass in the neck.", "PMID": 529364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4225", "title": "Diagnostic precision in a new rotatory vestibular test.", "content": "Quantification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex for the purpose of clinical diagnostics is dependent upon measurements within that portion of the dynamic range which has a constant gain, independent of visual contamination. Head oscillation at about 3 Hz is characterized by unity gain irrespective of visual influence. At lower frequencies visual tracking dominates compensatory eye movements and fixation suppression of the VOR can be quantified precisely. The new test is based upon power spectral analysis of compensatory eye movements during rotatory stimulation on a powerful hydraulic rotation chair. There is evidence suggesting that this test can precisely quantify vestibular lesions and provide side detection of peripheral damage.", "contents": "Diagnostic precision in a new rotatory vestibular test. Quantification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex for the purpose of clinical diagnostics is dependent upon measurements within that portion of the dynamic range which has a constant gain, independent of visual contamination. Head oscillation at about 3 Hz is characterized by unity gain irrespective of visual influence. At lower frequencies visual tracking dominates compensatory eye movements and fixation suppression of the VOR can be quantified precisely. The new test is based upon power spectral analysis of compensatory eye movements during rotatory stimulation on a powerful hydraulic rotation chair. There is evidence suggesting that this test can precisely quantify vestibular lesions and provide side detection of peripheral damage.", "PMID": 529366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4226", "title": "[A procedure for avoiding reflux in uretero-ileal implantations during enterocystoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Excellent results are obtained when treating infiltrating bladder cancer without lymph node invasion, by means of a total prostatocystectomy and replacement enterocystoplasty using an ileal loop: 66 per cent survival after 5 years and 51 per cent after 9 years. It appeared logical to the authors to try to prevent urine reflux into the ureters in order to prolong survival. Their procedure consists of burying half of the length of the 4 cm long ureteral stump between the mucous and muscle layers, leaving the other half free in the ileal lumen. No cases of stenosis or reflex occurred during 10 consecutive ureteral implantations in 6 patients, but there has been an insufficient follow-up period for any definite conclusions to be drawn.", "contents": "[A procedure for avoiding reflux in uretero-ileal implantations during enterocystoplasty (author's transl)]. Excellent results are obtained when treating infiltrating bladder cancer without lymph node invasion, by means of a total prostatocystectomy and replacement enterocystoplasty using an ileal loop: 66 per cent survival after 5 years and 51 per cent after 9 years. It appeared logical to the authors to try to prevent urine reflux into the ureters in order to prolong survival. Their procedure consists of burying half of the length of the 4 cm long ureteral stump between the mucous and muscle layers, leaving the other half free in the ileal lumen. No cases of stenosis or reflex occurred during 10 consecutive ureteral implantations in 6 patients, but there has been an insufficient follow-up period for any definite conclusions to be drawn.", "PMID": 529367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4227", "title": "[Double ureter with one blind branch (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the 22nd case of double ureter to be published in the literature, in which one ureteral branch had a blind ending and did not terminate in any parenchyma. The condition was discovered during on antireflux operation for reflux in the lower pelvis of one Kidney which was known to be duplicated, and reflux in an apparently single contralateral pelvis. The pathological implications of this blind ureter are not well defined. The embryogenesis of the ureter and of ureteral duplications is reviewed and a general classification of double, bifid, and blind ureters outlined. Double ureter with one blind branch are three times more frequent in women than in men and are associated in 30 per cent of cases with contralateral bifid or duplicated ureters. The published literature is reviewed in detail.", "contents": "[Double ureter with one blind branch (author's transl)]. The authors report the 22nd case of double ureter to be published in the literature, in which one ureteral branch had a blind ending and did not terminate in any parenchyma. The condition was discovered during on antireflux operation for reflux in the lower pelvis of one Kidney which was known to be duplicated, and reflux in an apparently single contralateral pelvis. The pathological implications of this blind ureter are not well defined. The embryogenesis of the ureter and of ureteral duplications is reviewed and a general classification of double, bifid, and blind ureters outlined. Double ureter with one blind branch are three times more frequent in women than in men and are associated in 30 per cent of cases with contralateral bifid or duplicated ureters. The published literature is reviewed in detail.", "PMID": 529370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4228", "title": "[Revascularization of bladder neoplasms after percutaneous embolization of the hypogastric arteries].", "content": "The authors report a case of revascularization through the inferior mesenteric artery of a bladder tumor, which had previously been treated by embolization of both hypogastric arteries because of hemorrhage. Percutaneous embolization of the hypogastric arteries with various types of material has stimulated considerable interest among urologists, when used to treat hematuria which cannot be checked in patients with inoperable vesical neoplasms. As described by various authors, a tissue adhesive, N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Blue histoacryl = Braun), which produces definite and irreversible circulatory arrest in the circulation in the neoplastic mass, was studied. The use of this material, introduced into clinical practice in Italy, especially by Giulian's school after many animal experimental studies, appeared to the authors to be elective in certain cases studied. The first patients in which it was used produced very convincing results as the hemorrhagic symptoms stopped immediately, without any obvious secondary reactions being observed. In one case, however, the immediate good result was followed by a return of the hemorrhage 6 months later.", "contents": "[Revascularization of bladder neoplasms after percutaneous embolization of the hypogastric arteries]. The authors report a case of revascularization through the inferior mesenteric artery of a bladder tumor, which had previously been treated by embolization of both hypogastric arteries because of hemorrhage. Percutaneous embolization of the hypogastric arteries with various types of material has stimulated considerable interest among urologists, when used to treat hematuria which cannot be checked in patients with inoperable vesical neoplasms. As described by various authors, a tissue adhesive, N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Blue histoacryl = Braun), which produces definite and irreversible circulatory arrest in the circulation in the neoplastic mass, was studied. The use of this material, introduced into clinical practice in Italy, especially by Giulian's school after many animal experimental studies, appeared to the authors to be elective in certain cases studied. The first patients in which it was used produced very convincing results as the hemorrhagic symptoms stopped immediately, without any obvious secondary reactions being observed. In one case, however, the immediate good result was followed by a return of the hemorrhage 6 months later.", "PMID": 529371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4229", "title": "[Cowper's canals and glands. Pathological manifestations and radiologic aspects].", "content": "From 11 personal case studies, the authors conduct a general review of the problems raised by Cowper's glands. Cowper's glands, accessory sexual glands, are made up of main glands situated behind and on either side of the bulbar urethra right at the level of the urolgenital diaphragm and of accessory glands situated in the thickness of the bulbar spongy body. The main glands are drained by long canals (several centimeters in length) which empty into the bulbar urethra by paramedian orifices. The fusion of these canals into one single canal at the urethral opening, although rare, could lead to obstruction. These canals can be the site of cystic dilatation ranging from a few millimeters to as much as 6 cm in diameter. These cysts are rarely due to terminal canal obstruction as the result of chronic inflammatory urethritis. Most often they are congenital. The cysts which develop at the level of the accessory glands are usually obstructive while those which develop at the level of the main glands rather have a perineal expansion. The indicative signs of this particular pathology are not specific (pyuria, hematuria, enureis, known urethral stenosis, dysuria with pollakuria, perineal pain with post voiding urethral dripping). Voiding urethrography investigation (the best) shows: --either cystic dilatation seen as a lacuna on the ventral aspect of the urethra, --or opacification of the dilated cavities of the exretory canals which have been spontaneously broken or opened by endoscopic manoeuvres. The opacification of these cavities leads often to the erroneous interpretation of \"diverticula\" of \"incomplete duplication of the urethra\" and yet their essential characteristic is twofold: they are oriented in an anterior-posterior direction with respect to the urethra and lead back and away from it; they have a canal type of morphology for at least part of their course.", "contents": "[Cowper's canals and glands. Pathological manifestations and radiologic aspects]. From 11 personal case studies, the authors conduct a general review of the problems raised by Cowper's glands. Cowper's glands, accessory sexual glands, are made up of main glands situated behind and on either side of the bulbar urethra right at the level of the urolgenital diaphragm and of accessory glands situated in the thickness of the bulbar spongy body. The main glands are drained by long canals (several centimeters in length) which empty into the bulbar urethra by paramedian orifices. The fusion of these canals into one single canal at the urethral opening, although rare, could lead to obstruction. These canals can be the site of cystic dilatation ranging from a few millimeters to as much as 6 cm in diameter. These cysts are rarely due to terminal canal obstruction as the result of chronic inflammatory urethritis. Most often they are congenital. The cysts which develop at the level of the accessory glands are usually obstructive while those which develop at the level of the main glands rather have a perineal expansion. The indicative signs of this particular pathology are not specific (pyuria, hematuria, enureis, known urethral stenosis, dysuria with pollakuria, perineal pain with post voiding urethral dripping). Voiding urethrography investigation (the best) shows: --either cystic dilatation seen as a lacuna on the ventral aspect of the urethra, --or opacification of the dilated cavities of the exretory canals which have been spontaneously broken or opened by endoscopic manoeuvres. The opacification of these cavities leads often to the erroneous interpretation of \"diverticula\" of \"incomplete duplication of the urethra\" and yet their essential characteristic is twofold: they are oriented in an anterior-posterior direction with respect to the urethra and lead back and away from it; they have a canal type of morphology for at least part of their course.", "PMID": 529372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4230", "title": "[General pharmacology of cefadroxil (author's transl)].", "content": "The general pharmacological properties of cefadroxil which is a new semisynthetized cephalosporin were examined and following results were obtained. 1) Cefadroxil had no appreciable influences on the central nervous system in mice and the EEG in cats. 2) Cefadroxil had no effects on the isolated smooth muscle organs. 3) Cefadroxil had no effects on the passage of charcoal meal in mice and the motility of the stomach in situ in rabbits. 4) Cefadroxil inhibited the gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. 5) Cefadroxil induced no marked changes in the respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram and femoral blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Cefadroxil had no effects on the isolated hearts and ear vessles of rabbits. 6) Cefadroxil decreased the urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) in first three hours in rats. 7) Cefadroxil increased the biliary secretion in rats. No significant effects of cefadroxil were found in the other pharmacological experiments.", "contents": "[General pharmacology of cefadroxil (author's transl)]. The general pharmacological properties of cefadroxil which is a new semisynthetized cephalosporin were examined and following results were obtained. 1) Cefadroxil had no appreciable influences on the central nervous system in mice and the EEG in cats. 2) Cefadroxil had no effects on the isolated smooth muscle organs. 3) Cefadroxil had no effects on the passage of charcoal meal in mice and the motility of the stomach in situ in rabbits. 4) Cefadroxil inhibited the gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. 5) Cefadroxil induced no marked changes in the respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram and femoral blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Cefadroxil had no effects on the isolated hearts and ear vessles of rabbits. 6) Cefadroxil decreased the urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) in first three hours in rats. 7) Cefadroxil increased the biliary secretion in rats. No significant effects of cefadroxil were found in the other pharmacological experiments.", "PMID": 529420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4231", "title": "[Absorption and excretion in constant infusion of cephaloridine (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 6 healthy adult male volunteers, who were divided in halves, the serum and urinary levels of cephaloridine were determined during and after 2-hour constant drip infusion of 2 g cephaloridine dissolved in 500 ml physiological saline solution (= Group I) and 1-hour constant drip infusion of 1.5 g solution (= Group II); besides, pharmacokinetic analysis was made for one-compartment and two-compartment models. On the basis of the values of serum levels obtained from this trial, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and simulation curves of serum levels for various doses (0.5 approximately 2 g) and duration (1 approximately 4 hours) of cephaloridine drip infusion were drawn.", "contents": "[Absorption and excretion in constant infusion of cephaloridine (author's transl)]. Using 6 healthy adult male volunteers, who were divided in halves, the serum and urinary levels of cephaloridine were determined during and after 2-hour constant drip infusion of 2 g cephaloridine dissolved in 500 ml physiological saline solution (= Group I) and 1-hour constant drip infusion of 1.5 g solution (= Group II); besides, pharmacokinetic analysis was made for one-compartment and two-compartment models. On the basis of the values of serum levels obtained from this trial, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and simulation curves of serum levels for various doses (0.5 approximately 2 g) and duration (1 approximately 4 hours) of cephaloridine drip infusion were drawn.", "PMID": 529422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4232", "title": "Histopathological subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in childhood in Iraq.", "content": "The histopathologic studies of 103 patients under 16-years old with Hodgkin's disease including 5 cases who had staging laparotomy during the last 10 years were reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. No significant sex differences among subtypes were noted. 2. Associated glomerulopathy, nephrotic syndromes, and amyloidosis were occasionally found. 3. In childhood, lymphomas excluding leukemia are the most frequent malignancies. Among the lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease predominates. 4. The most frequent subtype both in the original biopsy and after staging laparatomy was mixed cellularity. The nodular sclerosis type was the rarest. The subtypes generally did not change during the subsequent biopsies and in laparotomy done up to 6 months later. 5. Lymphomas were most frequently noted in cervical area. Males are affected more severely than females. The peak incidence was around 8 years. A brief review and discussion on the comparison of data from other countries are also given.", "contents": "Histopathological subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in childhood in Iraq. The histopathologic studies of 103 patients under 16-years old with Hodgkin's disease including 5 cases who had staging laparotomy during the last 10 years were reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. No significant sex differences among subtypes were noted. 2. Associated glomerulopathy, nephrotic syndromes, and amyloidosis were occasionally found. 3. In childhood, lymphomas excluding leukemia are the most frequent malignancies. Among the lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease predominates. 4. The most frequent subtype both in the original biopsy and after staging laparatomy was mixed cellularity. The nodular sclerosis type was the rarest. The subtypes generally did not change during the subsequent biopsies and in laparotomy done up to 6 months later. 5. Lymphomas were most frequently noted in cervical area. Males are affected more severely than females. The peak incidence was around 8 years. A brief review and discussion on the comparison of data from other countries are also given.", "PMID": 529487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4233", "title": "Incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine and [15N]-choline into phospholipids in various organ tissues of young and adult mice after the intraperitoneal injection.", "content": "Incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine into phospholipids in various organ tissues of 12-days-old and adult mice was investigated in the time course after the intraperitoneal injection. The incorporation of [15N]-choline into phosphatidylcholine was also investigated only in adult mice. Concentration of 15N-atom% excess in different phospholipids was determined by optical emission spectroscopic 15N-analyser. It was found that the incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine into phosphatidylethanolamine gave different rates in various organ tissues. The [15N]-phosphatidylethanolamine was converted into [15N]-phosphatidylcholine only in liver which gave the highest incorporation rate of [15]-ethanolamine into phosphatidylethanolamine. The rates of transmethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine were estimated and found to be much higher in young mice than in adult, even if the time lag in the transmethylation was observed in young mice. Also, it was noted that [15N]-choline was actively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine specifically in liver, but hardly in the extrahepatic organ tissues. The phosphatidylcholine synthesized in liver seemed to be rather transferred directly to the extrahepatic organ tissues.", "contents": "Incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine and [15N]-choline into phospholipids in various organ tissues of young and adult mice after the intraperitoneal injection. Incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine into phospholipids in various organ tissues of 12-days-old and adult mice was investigated in the time course after the intraperitoneal injection. The incorporation of [15N]-choline into phosphatidylcholine was also investigated only in adult mice. Concentration of 15N-atom% excess in different phospholipids was determined by optical emission spectroscopic 15N-analyser. It was found that the incorporation of [15N]-ethanolamine into phosphatidylethanolamine gave different rates in various organ tissues. The [15N]-phosphatidylethanolamine was converted into [15N]-phosphatidylcholine only in liver which gave the highest incorporation rate of [15]-ethanolamine into phosphatidylethanolamine. The rates of transmethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine were estimated and found to be much higher in young mice than in adult, even if the time lag in the transmethylation was observed in young mice. Also, it was noted that [15N]-choline was actively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine specifically in liver, but hardly in the extrahepatic organ tissues. The phosphatidylcholine synthesized in liver seemed to be rather transferred directly to the extrahepatic organ tissues.", "PMID": 529488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4234", "title": "Effect of disinfectants with and without usage of detergent for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to find a safer, more rapid and easier disinfection process for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (F.F.B.) by using ordinary disinfectants and a detergent. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aures, E. coli, Serratia marcescens and Candida albicans were used as sources of contamination. The mixed bacterial growth preparations for contamination of the F.F.B. were the same as those previously mentioned in our study. Comparative bacteriological studies, between glutaraldehyde (GA) ethylalcohol (AL) and chlorhexidine (CHX) with and without usage of benzalkonium chloride (B.C.) solution and sterile water (W) as the detergent were performed and the following conclusions were obtained: 1. Contaminating microorganisms were reduced from 10(-3)/ml to 10(-4)/ml colony count after flushing with W and B.C. This procedure is very helpful for consecutive rapid disinfections or sterilizations of the F.F.B. 2. The effect of disinfectants with usage of a detergent was much better than without a detergent. Required immersion time in the disinfectants with detergent was reduced to periods as short as 60 seconds. 3. Of the three disinfectants, the most effective was CHX, GA next, and AL third. 4. Unsatisfactory disinfection occurred in some instances when there were functional disorders with the F.F.B. despite adequate amounts of disinfectant and detergent.", "contents": "Effect of disinfectants with and without usage of detergent for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. The purpose of this study was to find a safer, more rapid and easier disinfection process for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (F.F.B.) by using ordinary disinfectants and a detergent. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aures, E. coli, Serratia marcescens and Candida albicans were used as sources of contamination. The mixed bacterial growth preparations for contamination of the F.F.B. were the same as those previously mentioned in our study. Comparative bacteriological studies, between glutaraldehyde (GA) ethylalcohol (AL) and chlorhexidine (CHX) with and without usage of benzalkonium chloride (B.C.) solution and sterile water (W) as the detergent were performed and the following conclusions were obtained: 1. Contaminating microorganisms were reduced from 10(-3)/ml to 10(-4)/ml colony count after flushing with W and B.C. This procedure is very helpful for consecutive rapid disinfections or sterilizations of the F.F.B. 2. The effect of disinfectants with usage of a detergent was much better than without a detergent. Required immersion time in the disinfectants with detergent was reduced to periods as short as 60 seconds. 3. Of the three disinfectants, the most effective was CHX, GA next, and AL third. 4. Unsatisfactory disinfection occurred in some instances when there were functional disorders with the F.F.B. despite adequate amounts of disinfectant and detergent.", "PMID": 529489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4235", "title": "Effect of a streptococcal preparation on the complement system.", "content": "Streptococcal preparation OK-432 (Picibanil), clinically being used as an immunopotentiator, has been shown to activate the complement system either through the classical or the alternative pathway in vitro [15]. In this experiment, OK-432 was found to increase serum complement level in guinea pigs, and in human without malignancy, when investigated by hemolytic assay using sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) for the classical pathway activity and unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes (RaE) for the alternative pathway activity. Assay of complement components revealed a significant increase in C3, but decrease in Clq, while no specific tendency was observed in C4, C5, C9, properdin, C3 activator and Cl-inhibitor. These evidences suggested that OK-432 might potentiate immune response of the host by elevating serum complement level, in addition to activate the complement system.", "contents": "Effect of a streptococcal preparation on the complement system. Streptococcal preparation OK-432 (Picibanil), clinically being used as an immunopotentiator, has been shown to activate the complement system either through the classical or the alternative pathway in vitro [15]. In this experiment, OK-432 was found to increase serum complement level in guinea pigs, and in human without malignancy, when investigated by hemolytic assay using sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) for the classical pathway activity and unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes (RaE) for the alternative pathway activity. Assay of complement components revealed a significant increase in C3, but decrease in Clq, while no specific tendency was observed in C4, C5, C9, properdin, C3 activator and Cl-inhibitor. These evidences suggested that OK-432 might potentiate immune response of the host by elevating serum complement level, in addition to activate the complement system.", "PMID": 529490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4236", "title": "The in vitro effect of metal ions on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.", "content": "The effects of a total of 15 metals on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) were investigated in vitro. The degree of inhibition of the ALA-D activity by copper, tin, mercury and silver was almost equal to that by lead, when the metal was added to the hemolysate of whole blood at the concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/l in the ALA-D assay. Magnesium, manganese and beryllium had no effect on the ALA-D activity at the same concentrations. Zinc had a mild activating effect on ALA-D at the optimum concentrations and it eliminated the inhibitory effect of lead to some extent. However, the inhibitory effects of both mercury and cadmium on ALA-D were not quite eliminated even by the addition of zinc. These facts seem to suggest that the inhibition mechanism of lead on ALA-D differs from those of other metals.", "contents": "The in vitro effect of metal ions on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. The effects of a total of 15 metals on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) were investigated in vitro. The degree of inhibition of the ALA-D activity by copper, tin, mercury and silver was almost equal to that by lead, when the metal was added to the hemolysate of whole blood at the concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/l in the ALA-D assay. Magnesium, manganese and beryllium had no effect on the ALA-D activity at the same concentrations. Zinc had a mild activating effect on ALA-D at the optimum concentrations and it eliminated the inhibitory effect of lead to some extent. However, the inhibitory effects of both mercury and cadmium on ALA-D were not quite eliminated even by the addition of zinc. These facts seem to suggest that the inhibition mechanism of lead on ALA-D differs from those of other metals.", "PMID": 529558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4237", "title": "[A theoretical study on the maximum permissible concentration of mercury vapor (author's transl)].", "content": "Mercury concentrations in the brain of man exposed to mercury vapor at or around the maximum permissible concentration were estimated by two mathematical models using informatins obtained from human and animal experiments. (formula: see text) Ac=concentration in the brain, C=concentration in air, V=ventilation volume, T=daily exposure time, R=proportion of mercury vapor retained after a single inhalation, D=proportion distributed to the brain, W=weight of the brain, b=elimination constant of mercury vapor in the brain, d=elimination constant of mercuric mercury in the brain, c=proportion of oxidization of elemental mercury in the brain. Model 1 is composed from a simple hypothesis that mercury vapor retained in the brain takes a single elimination coefficient, and in Model 2, a modification of Model 1, the part of elemental mercury retained in the brain is oxidized and thus has a different biological half-time from elemental mercury. During exposure to mercury vapor at the concentration of 0.05 mgHg/m3, estimated concentrations in the brain by Model 1 do not exceed a hypothetical critical concentration in the brain of 1.0 micrometerHg/g tissue but the estimated concentration by Model 2 exceeds this level.", "contents": "[A theoretical study on the maximum permissible concentration of mercury vapor (author's transl)]. Mercury concentrations in the brain of man exposed to mercury vapor at or around the maximum permissible concentration were estimated by two mathematical models using informatins obtained from human and animal experiments. (formula: see text) Ac=concentration in the brain, C=concentration in air, V=ventilation volume, T=daily exposure time, R=proportion of mercury vapor retained after a single inhalation, D=proportion distributed to the brain, W=weight of the brain, b=elimination constant of mercury vapor in the brain, d=elimination constant of mercuric mercury in the brain, c=proportion of oxidization of elemental mercury in the brain. Model 1 is composed from a simple hypothesis that mercury vapor retained in the brain takes a single elimination coefficient, and in Model 2, a modification of Model 1, the part of elemental mercury retained in the brain is oxidized and thus has a different biological half-time from elemental mercury. During exposure to mercury vapor at the concentration of 0.05 mgHg/m3, estimated concentrations in the brain by Model 1 do not exceed a hypothetical critical concentration in the brain of 1.0 micrometerHg/g tissue but the estimated concentration by Model 2 exceeds this level.", "PMID": 529559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4238", "title": "Sampling and analysis of organic solvent vapours--with special reference to sampling tubes for a short time and for the working period.", "content": "The present paper concerns the sampling and analysis of organic solvent vapours for a short period of time and for the working period. Porous polymer beads, Porapak Q, was applied to the adsorbent of the sampling tube for mixed vapours of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and xylenes). The adsorbent was packed in stainless steel column of a suitable size, and the adsorbed vapours were released by heating in the flasher then analysed by gas chromatography. The concentrations of the mixed vapours could be measured simultaneously with sufficient recoveries at the ordinary concentrations in the working yeard. The sampling conditions by pumps and the practical recoveries were tested. Being sucked with the vacuum pump using a Gastek detection tube (100 ml), the recoveries proved to be almost 100%. Being sucked with portable diaphragmatic pumps at a slow flow rate (22 ml/min), the recoveries were constant with only small variations. At a relatively fast flow rate (220-230 ml/min), the recoveries were not so high as those at the slow flow rate. These findings indicate that the sampling tube with Porapak Q is useful for aromatic compounds not only as a room air sampler for a short period of time but also as a personal air sampler.", "contents": "Sampling and analysis of organic solvent vapours--with special reference to sampling tubes for a short time and for the working period. The present paper concerns the sampling and analysis of organic solvent vapours for a short period of time and for the working period. Porous polymer beads, Porapak Q, was applied to the adsorbent of the sampling tube for mixed vapours of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and xylenes). The adsorbent was packed in stainless steel column of a suitable size, and the adsorbed vapours were released by heating in the flasher then analysed by gas chromatography. The concentrations of the mixed vapours could be measured simultaneously with sufficient recoveries at the ordinary concentrations in the working yeard. The sampling conditions by pumps and the practical recoveries were tested. Being sucked with the vacuum pump using a Gastek detection tube (100 ml), the recoveries proved to be almost 100%. Being sucked with portable diaphragmatic pumps at a slow flow rate (22 ml/min), the recoveries were constant with only small variations. At a relatively fast flow rate (220-230 ml/min), the recoveries were not so high as those at the slow flow rate. These findings indicate that the sampling tube with Porapak Q is useful for aromatic compounds not only as a room air sampler for a short period of time but also as a personal air sampler.", "PMID": 529562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4239", "title": "[A study on the vibration hazards due to using bush cutters (author's transl)].", "content": "Bush cutters were introduced into Japanese forestry for cutting bush in 1957 or thereabout. Thereafter, they have been used widely not only in forestry but also in agriculture, public engineering, etc. In spite of the fact that vibration acceleration levels of the bush cutters are high, vibration hazards due to using these tools have not been studied. The reason lies in few professions using bush cutters exclusively. Moreover, the tool is only used seasonally from June to September. The author examined 641 bush cutters users in the State Forestry in southern Kyushu and compared the results with a sample of chain saw users matched by age, duration of use, and district. The prevalence rate of Raynaud's phenomenon is 0.4% at 4 years after beginning the use of bush cutters, 4.0% after 10 years and 9.2% after 18 years. The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in chain saw users is twice as great as that in bush cutter users. Bush cutter users are attacked by Raynaud's phenomenon after about 1,000 hours' use of the tool. The difference is regarded to depend on the difference in the density of use and the difference in the levels of vibration acceleration. The vibration hazards due to using bush cutters were characterized by relatively mild complaints in the upper extremities, together with disturbances of peripheral circulation but not always with peripheral neuropathy.", "contents": "[A study on the vibration hazards due to using bush cutters (author's transl)]. Bush cutters were introduced into Japanese forestry for cutting bush in 1957 or thereabout. Thereafter, they have been used widely not only in forestry but also in agriculture, public engineering, etc. In spite of the fact that vibration acceleration levels of the bush cutters are high, vibration hazards due to using these tools have not been studied. The reason lies in few professions using bush cutters exclusively. Moreover, the tool is only used seasonally from June to September. The author examined 641 bush cutters users in the State Forestry in southern Kyushu and compared the results with a sample of chain saw users matched by age, duration of use, and district. The prevalence rate of Raynaud's phenomenon is 0.4% at 4 years after beginning the use of bush cutters, 4.0% after 10 years and 9.2% after 18 years. The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in chain saw users is twice as great as that in bush cutter users. Bush cutter users are attacked by Raynaud's phenomenon after about 1,000 hours' use of the tool. The difference is regarded to depend on the difference in the density of use and the difference in the levels of vibration acceleration. The vibration hazards due to using bush cutters were characterized by relatively mild complaints in the upper extremities, together with disturbances of peripheral circulation but not always with peripheral neuropathy.", "PMID": 529563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4240", "title": "[Studies on the change of spontaneous locomotor activities in rats due to forced exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have devised an apparatus for monitoring the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats, with which the patterns of locomotor activity under the condition of light-dark cycle (light period: twelve hours from 6 a.m., dark period: the other half of the day) were analysed. In addition, changes in locomotor activities due to forced exercise (swimming) were recorded. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The patterns of locomotor activities in rats recorded by the monitor showed the same patterns as reported already by other researchers. The authors believe that this new apparatus can be used practically as a locomotor activity monitor. 2. Due to exhaustive exercise by swimming, changes of the ultradian rhythm in rats were observed. 3. By loading of swimming, locomotor activities in rats decreased significantly, especially in the dark period. These results suggest that this newly devised apparatus is useful as a locomotor activity monitor, and that the fatigue in rats caused by physical load can be shown as the change in locomotor activities.", "contents": "[Studies on the change of spontaneous locomotor activities in rats due to forced exercise (author's transl)]. The authors have devised an apparatus for monitoring the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats, with which the patterns of locomotor activity under the condition of light-dark cycle (light period: twelve hours from 6 a.m., dark period: the other half of the day) were analysed. In addition, changes in locomotor activities due to forced exercise (swimming) were recorded. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The patterns of locomotor activities in rats recorded by the monitor showed the same patterns as reported already by other researchers. The authors believe that this new apparatus can be used practically as a locomotor activity monitor. 2. Due to exhaustive exercise by swimming, changes of the ultradian rhythm in rats were observed. 3. By loading of swimming, locomotor activities in rats decreased significantly, especially in the dark period. These results suggest that this newly devised apparatus is useful as a locomotor activity monitor, and that the fatigue in rats caused by physical load can be shown as the change in locomotor activities.", "PMID": 529567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4241", "title": "[Studies on the items for diagnosis of the vibration disease. Part 1. Examination of healthy workers using vibratory tools].", "content": "1,215 male workers using bush cleaners in Hokkaido were examined by the method based on the notification of the Labor Standard Bureau. The results obtained from clinically normal 548 workers among them were analysed especially on the finger skin temperature, vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength. 1) Data of the vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength and endurable grip strength showed normal distributions. Data of the finger skin temperature, however, showed a skewed distribution. 2) In parallel with aging, the vibratory sense threshold increased, in other words, lowered in function, and the maximum grip strength lowered. 3) The endurable grip strength measured by the five-time repetition method decreased along with aging. 4) Values of one-tail limit of the finger skin temperature were calculated in all 548 workers, and those of the vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength and endurable grip strength were done in each age group. The values were compared with the already proposed criteria and discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the items for diagnosis of the vibration disease. Part 1. Examination of healthy workers using vibratory tools]. 1,215 male workers using bush cleaners in Hokkaido were examined by the method based on the notification of the Labor Standard Bureau. The results obtained from clinically normal 548 workers among them were analysed especially on the finger skin temperature, vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength. 1) Data of the vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength and endurable grip strength showed normal distributions. Data of the finger skin temperature, however, showed a skewed distribution. 2) In parallel with aging, the vibratory sense threshold increased, in other words, lowered in function, and the maximum grip strength lowered. 3) The endurable grip strength measured by the five-time repetition method decreased along with aging. 4) Values of one-tail limit of the finger skin temperature were calculated in all 548 workers, and those of the vibratory sense threshold, maximum grip strength and endurable grip strength were done in each age group. The values were compared with the already proposed criteria and discussed.", "PMID": 529569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4242", "title": "Hypoglycemia in mice administered with fusarenon-X.", "content": "Histological observation combined with determination of the serum glucose level and histochemical detection of liver glycogen was undertaken to examine the acute toxicity of fusarenon-X (FX) in mice. Mice intraperitoneally injected with a sublethal dose of the toxin showed rapidly developed hypoglycemia followed by depletion of liver glycogen. Mitotic inhibition was observed in many visceral organs and most markedly in the intestinal crypt cells, where the mitotic figures completely disappeared prior to the increase in number of the degenerated and nucrotic cells. No glycosuria was found. The disturbing effect of FX on the oral glucose tolerance test suggested the involvement of accelerated glycolysis and, more likely, of intestinal malabsorption.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia in mice administered with fusarenon-X. Histological observation combined with determination of the serum glucose level and histochemical detection of liver glycogen was undertaken to examine the acute toxicity of fusarenon-X (FX) in mice. Mice intraperitoneally injected with a sublethal dose of the toxin showed rapidly developed hypoglycemia followed by depletion of liver glycogen. Mitotic inhibition was observed in many visceral organs and most markedly in the intestinal crypt cells, where the mitotic figures completely disappeared prior to the increase in number of the degenerated and nucrotic cells. No glycosuria was found. The disturbing effect of FX on the oral glucose tolerance test suggested the involvement of accelerated glycolysis and, more likely, of intestinal malabsorption.", "PMID": 529597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4243", "title": "Field assessment of B-2 as a new molluscicide for the control of Oncomelania nosophora.", "content": "Sodium 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol named B-2 was evaluated for application in the field as a molluscicde against Oncomelania nosophora. A dosage of 10 g/m2 as 25% liquid form or 25 g/m2 as 10% granular form of B-2 was suggested as a standard dose for the control of O. nosophora. The residual concentration of B-2 in the soil after application was observed to decrease more rapidly than did that of NaPCP. The residual level of B-2 in the rice grains harvested from the paddy field in which the chemical was applied at most 4 times during the planting season did not exceed 0.03 ppm.", "contents": "Field assessment of B-2 as a new molluscicide for the control of Oncomelania nosophora. Sodium 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol named B-2 was evaluated for application in the field as a molluscicde against Oncomelania nosophora. A dosage of 10 g/m2 as 25% liquid form or 25 g/m2 as 10% granular form of B-2 was suggested as a standard dose for the control of O. nosophora. The residual concentration of B-2 in the soil after application was observed to decrease more rapidly than did that of NaPCP. The residual level of B-2 in the rice grains harvested from the paddy field in which the chemical was applied at most 4 times during the planting season did not exceed 0.03 ppm.", "PMID": 529598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4244", "title": "Renal disease due to schistosomiasis of the lower urinary tract.", "content": "The literature concerning renal impairment and damage due to vesical schistosomiasis has been reviewed, with emphasis on radiologic, biochemical, and renographic studies of renal function in affected persons. Presently available evidence suggests that infections due to S. haematobium constitute an important public health problem because they are widely prevalent. A high proportion of affected persons suffer renal impairment and damage due to obstructive uropathic lesions in the lower urinary tract and, probably, through direct immunologic involvement of the kidney. It is therefore important that efforts should be intensified to better define the size and scope of the problem, and to control the disease.", "contents": "Renal disease due to schistosomiasis of the lower urinary tract. The literature concerning renal impairment and damage due to vesical schistosomiasis has been reviewed, with emphasis on radiologic, biochemical, and renographic studies of renal function in affected persons. Presently available evidence suggests that infections due to S. haematobium constitute an important public health problem because they are widely prevalent. A high proportion of affected persons suffer renal impairment and damage due to obstructive uropathic lesions in the lower urinary tract and, probably, through direct immunologic involvement of the kidney. It is therefore important that efforts should be intensified to better define the size and scope of the problem, and to control the disease.", "PMID": 529672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4245", "title": "Renal tubular transport and catabolism of proteins and peptides.", "content": "The kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of proteins and peptides. Current evidence indicates that only the proximal tubule possesses the mechanism for degradation or transport of these substances and reabsorption of metabolic products. Proteins and large polypeptides filtered at the glomerulus are absorbed from proximal tubular fluid by luminal endocytosis into apical vacuoles. These fuse with primary lysosomes, where hydrolysis occurs followed by diffusion of metabolites out of the cells and into the blood. Recent evidence indicates that small linear peptides are handled by a different mechanism. It is likely that small peptides are degraded at the luminal surface of the brush border of proximal tubules, which contains many hydrolytic enzymes, by the process of membrane or contact digestion with reabsorption of the breakdown products. The probable biological significance of proximal tubular mechanisms for handling of proteins and peptides are conservation of amino acids, inactivation of toxic substances, and participation in the regulation of the circulating level of protein and peptide hormones.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport and catabolism of proteins and peptides. The kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of proteins and peptides. Current evidence indicates that only the proximal tubule possesses the mechanism for degradation or transport of these substances and reabsorption of metabolic products. Proteins and large polypeptides filtered at the glomerulus are absorbed from proximal tubular fluid by luminal endocytosis into apical vacuoles. These fuse with primary lysosomes, where hydrolysis occurs followed by diffusion of metabolites out of the cells and into the blood. Recent evidence indicates that small linear peptides are handled by a different mechanism. It is likely that small peptides are degraded at the luminal surface of the brush border of proximal tubules, which contains many hydrolytic enzymes, by the process of membrane or contact digestion with reabsorption of the breakdown products. The probable biological significance of proximal tubular mechanisms for handling of proteins and peptides are conservation of amino acids, inactivation of toxic substances, and participation in the regulation of the circulating level of protein and peptide hormones.", "PMID": 529676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4246", "title": "Effects of dextran on lysosomal ultrastructure and protein digestion in renal proximal tubule.", "content": "The effects of dextran on renal ultrastructure and on the handling of protein by renal proximal tubules were evaluated in dextran-tolerant rats. In vivo and in vitro systems were studied by a combination of electron microscope and cell fractionation techniques. Dextran was demonstrated by electron microscopy in endocytic vacuoles and lysosomes ing a dextran-retaining fixative, and there was an increase in the number and size of the lysosomes in the proximal tubule cells using a dextran-retaining fixative, and there was an increase in the number and size of the lysosomes in dextran-treated rats. A lysosomal accumulation of dextran was also demonstrated when 3H-dextran T-80 was injected i.v. and the renal cortex analyzed by tissue fractionation. When radioactive lysozyme was injected into dextran-treated rats, there was less filtration of the protein in the kidneys than there was in the controls, but the rate of degradation of the labeled protein in slices prepared from the renal cortex and incubated in vitro was the same in the two groups. Electron microscope autoradiography revealed that radioactive lysozyme reabsorbed by the tubule cells had a similar location in both control- and dextran-treated rats. It is concluded that lysosomal protein catabolism is not altered by the presence of dextran despite pronounced ultrastructural changes in the lysosomal system. The decreased filtration of labeled protein after dextran infusion is probably related to the decreased GFR during and immediately after the dextran infusion.", "contents": "Effects of dextran on lysosomal ultrastructure and protein digestion in renal proximal tubule. The effects of dextran on renal ultrastructure and on the handling of protein by renal proximal tubules were evaluated in dextran-tolerant rats. In vivo and in vitro systems were studied by a combination of electron microscope and cell fractionation techniques. Dextran was demonstrated by electron microscopy in endocytic vacuoles and lysosomes ing a dextran-retaining fixative, and there was an increase in the number and size of the lysosomes in the proximal tubule cells using a dextran-retaining fixative, and there was an increase in the number and size of the lysosomes in dextran-treated rats. A lysosomal accumulation of dextran was also demonstrated when 3H-dextran T-80 was injected i.v. and the renal cortex analyzed by tissue fractionation. When radioactive lysozyme was injected into dextran-treated rats, there was less filtration of the protein in the kidneys than there was in the controls, but the rate of degradation of the labeled protein in slices prepared from the renal cortex and incubated in vitro was the same in the two groups. Electron microscope autoradiography revealed that radioactive lysozyme reabsorbed by the tubule cells had a similar location in both control- and dextran-treated rats. It is concluded that lysosomal protein catabolism is not altered by the presence of dextran despite pronounced ultrastructural changes in the lysosomal system. The decreased filtration of labeled protein after dextran infusion is probably related to the decreased GFR during and immediately after the dextran infusion.", "PMID": 529677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4247", "title": "Excretion and synthesis of basement membrane disaccharide units in Masugi nephritis.", "content": "During nephrotoxic nephritis in the rat, an increased urinary excretion of glucosyl-galactosyl hydroxylysine and of galactosyl-hydroxylysine has been observed in the autologous phase of the disease. This due mainly to an elevation of the polypeptide-bound fraction of these hydroxylysyl glucosides with a molecular weight over 1,000 daltons. The levels of both urinary hydroxylysyl glucosides were correlated with proteinuria. Their increased excretion appears to originate in the lysed glomerular basement membrane. At the same stage of nephrotoxic nephritis, an increased glucosyl transferase activity could be demonstrated in the isolated glomeruli, correlated with albuminuria, attesting a higher turn-over of the disaccharide units of the glomerular basement membrane.", "contents": "Excretion and synthesis of basement membrane disaccharide units in Masugi nephritis. During nephrotoxic nephritis in the rat, an increased urinary excretion of glucosyl-galactosyl hydroxylysine and of galactosyl-hydroxylysine has been observed in the autologous phase of the disease. This due mainly to an elevation of the polypeptide-bound fraction of these hydroxylysyl glucosides with a molecular weight over 1,000 daltons. The levels of both urinary hydroxylysyl glucosides were correlated with proteinuria. Their increased excretion appears to originate in the lysed glomerular basement membrane. At the same stage of nephrotoxic nephritis, an increased glucosyl transferase activity could be demonstrated in the isolated glomeruli, correlated with albuminuria, attesting a higher turn-over of the disaccharide units of the glomerular basement membrane.", "PMID": 529679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4248", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of Bence Jones proteins in the rat: importance of protein isoelectric point.", "content": "Bence Jones proteins (BJP) were isolated from the urine of 12 patients with multiple myeloma and various degrees of renal dysfunction. Proteins were characterized as to type (six type lambda and five type kappa), isoelectric point (pI), and secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD). Clinical renal function was more impaired with type-lambda proteins and with proteins of pI greater than 5.7. CD studies distinguished kappa from lambda proteins in most cases but did not correlate with nephrotoxicity. Protein dimer preparations were tested for nephrotoxicity in aciduric, hydropenic, female, Sprague Dawley rats by following renal function and morphology over 6 hours after injection i.p. of 300 mg of protein. Twelve rats of urine pH less than 5.5 injected with four BJP of pI less than 5.7 showed a mean rise in SUN of 5.3 mg/dl and in creatinine of 0.06 mg/dl, compared with a mean rise of 28.0 mg/dl (SUN) and 0.75 mg/dl (creatinine) in 21 rats injected with seven BJP of pI greater than 5.7 (P less than 0.01). Seven sodium-bicarbonate-fed rats of urine pH greater than 8 injected with a BJP of pI 6.2 showed mean rise in SUN of 1.8 mg/dl and in creatinine of 0.01 mg/dl, compared with 19.3 mg/dl (SUN) and 0.55 mg/dl (creatinine) in 7 aciduric rats injected with the same BJP (P = 0.009). Morphologic and immunohistologic studies showed distal cast formation in 9 rats with acute deterioration in renal function. It is concluded that BJP of pI greater than urine pH are acutely nephrotoxic in the rat by a mechanism that may involve a charge interaction in the distal nephron.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of Bence Jones proteins in the rat: importance of protein isoelectric point. Bence Jones proteins (BJP) were isolated from the urine of 12 patients with multiple myeloma and various degrees of renal dysfunction. Proteins were characterized as to type (six type lambda and five type kappa), isoelectric point (pI), and secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD). Clinical renal function was more impaired with type-lambda proteins and with proteins of pI greater than 5.7. CD studies distinguished kappa from lambda proteins in most cases but did not correlate with nephrotoxicity. Protein dimer preparations were tested for nephrotoxicity in aciduric, hydropenic, female, Sprague Dawley rats by following renal function and morphology over 6 hours after injection i.p. of 300 mg of protein. Twelve rats of urine pH less than 5.5 injected with four BJP of pI less than 5.7 showed a mean rise in SUN of 5.3 mg/dl and in creatinine of 0.06 mg/dl, compared with a mean rise of 28.0 mg/dl (SUN) and 0.75 mg/dl (creatinine) in 21 rats injected with seven BJP of pI greater than 5.7 (P less than 0.01). Seven sodium-bicarbonate-fed rats of urine pH greater than 8 injected with a BJP of pI 6.2 showed mean rise in SUN of 1.8 mg/dl and in creatinine of 0.01 mg/dl, compared with 19.3 mg/dl (SUN) and 0.55 mg/dl (creatinine) in 7 aciduric rats injected with the same BJP (P = 0.009). Morphologic and immunohistologic studies showed distal cast formation in 9 rats with acute deterioration in renal function. It is concluded that BJP of pI greater than urine pH are acutely nephrotoxic in the rat by a mechanism that may involve a charge interaction in the distal nephron.", "PMID": 529681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4249", "title": "Macromolecule transport across glomerular capillaries: application of pore theory.", "content": "Developments in the hydrodynamic theory of solute transport through porous membranes are reviewed, with emphasis on their application to macromolecule movement across capillary walls. A model that treats the capillary wall as a barrier containing uniform cylindrical pores, and permeating solutes as hard spheres, is shown to be successful in describing the size-selectivity of the glomerulus. Influences of various hemodynamic perturbations on solute transport are also accounted for by this approach. Possible extensions and modification of the theory, to account for the influence of molecular charge and other factors on glomerular permeability properties, are discussed.", "contents": "Macromolecule transport across glomerular capillaries: application of pore theory. Developments in the hydrodynamic theory of solute transport through porous membranes are reviewed, with emphasis on their application to macromolecule movement across capillary walls. A model that treats the capillary wall as a barrier containing uniform cylindrical pores, and permeating solutes as hard spheres, is shown to be successful in describing the size-selectivity of the glomerulus. Influences of various hemodynamic perturbations on solute transport are also accounted for by this approach. Possible extensions and modification of the theory, to account for the influence of molecular charge and other factors on glomerular permeability properties, are discussed.", "PMID": 529682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4250", "title": "Glomerular albumin filtration: a comparison of micropuncture studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney with in vivo experimental conditions.", "content": "Glomerular albumin filtration was investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney and compared with in vivo experiments. Applying micropuncture techniques, we obtained samples from the glomerulus or adjacent early proximal convoluted tubules (EPT) of cortical nephrons and analyzed them for albumin using ultramicrodisc electrophoresis. By determining albumin in glomerular filtrate, we could calculate the sieving coefficient (EPTalb/Palb) directly. The control in vivo value was 0.27 +/- 0.05 X 10(-3) (N = 11). In the isolated perfused rat kidney, the sieving coefficient was 2.1 +/- 0.8 X 10(-3), N = 18 (30 g/liter albumin in perfusate) and 2.3 +/- 0.8 X 10(-3), N = 13 (50 g/liter albumin in perfusate), which is approximately eight times the control in vivo value. With elevated renal venous pressure (20 cm H2O), it increased further to 5.4 +/- 1.6 X 10(-3), N = 8. In all experiments, GFR and proximal transit times were similar to the in vivo controls. Although no major morphologic changes could be detected in any instance, the albumin filtration was greatly elevated. These data confirm the role of a functional barrier in the prevention of glomerular albumin filtration.", "contents": "Glomerular albumin filtration: a comparison of micropuncture studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney with in vivo experimental conditions. Glomerular albumin filtration was investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney and compared with in vivo experiments. Applying micropuncture techniques, we obtained samples from the glomerulus or adjacent early proximal convoluted tubules (EPT) of cortical nephrons and analyzed them for albumin using ultramicrodisc electrophoresis. By determining albumin in glomerular filtrate, we could calculate the sieving coefficient (EPTalb/Palb) directly. The control in vivo value was 0.27 +/- 0.05 X 10(-3) (N = 11). In the isolated perfused rat kidney, the sieving coefficient was 2.1 +/- 0.8 X 10(-3), N = 18 (30 g/liter albumin in perfusate) and 2.3 +/- 0.8 X 10(-3), N = 13 (50 g/liter albumin in perfusate), which is approximately eight times the control in vivo value. With elevated renal venous pressure (20 cm H2O), it increased further to 5.4 +/- 1.6 X 10(-3), N = 8. In all experiments, GFR and proximal transit times were similar to the in vivo controls. Although no major morphologic changes could be detected in any instance, the albumin filtration was greatly elevated. These data confirm the role of a functional barrier in the prevention of glomerular albumin filtration.", "PMID": 529684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4251", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of the juxtapapillary racemose hemangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "The racemose hemangioma sometimes resembles the retinal angiogliomatosis and the retinal and pigment epithelium hamartoma. Dirty gray opacity and hypervascularity of the juxtapapillary retina are the common symptoms, the variety of the hypervascularity as well as the condition of the pigment epithelium make the different features.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of the juxtapapillary racemose hemangioma (author's transl)]. The racemose hemangioma sometimes resembles the retinal angiogliomatosis and the retinal and pigment epithelium hamartoma. Dirty gray opacity and hypervascularity of the juxtapapillary retina are the common symptoms, the variety of the hypervascularity as well as the condition of the pigment epithelium make the different features.", "PMID": 529736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4252", "title": "[Case of malignant melanoma of the choroid operated on as retinal detachment (clinical aspects)].", "content": "Report of a case of secondary retinal detachment that was refered to as a month after having had an operation using an identating technique. Through echography and axial computarized tomography the presence of an intraocular tumour was verified. This case stresses the importance of diaphanoscopy in detachment surgery as well as that of echography and scanning in dubious cases.", "contents": "[Case of malignant melanoma of the choroid operated on as retinal detachment (clinical aspects)]. Report of a case of secondary retinal detachment that was refered to as a month after having had an operation using an identating technique. Through echography and axial computarized tomography the presence of an intraocular tumour was verified. This case stresses the importance of diaphanoscopy in detachment surgery as well as that of echography and scanning in dubious cases.", "PMID": 529737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4253", "title": "[Case od malignant melanoma of the choroid operated on as retinal detachment (pathology)].", "content": "Histopathological study of an eye that had been enucleated following the suspicion of malignant tumour, after an ephemeral success of an operation for retinal detachment, confirmed the presence of a malignant melanoma. The importance of diaphagnoscopy in retinal detachment cases is stressed by this observation.", "contents": "[Case od malignant melanoma of the choroid operated on as retinal detachment (pathology)]. Histopathological study of an eye that had been enucleated following the suspicion of malignant tumour, after an ephemeral success of an operation for retinal detachment, confirmed the presence of a malignant melanoma. The importance of diaphagnoscopy in retinal detachment cases is stressed by this observation.", "PMID": 529738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4254", "title": "[Sebaceous carcinoma of eyelid presenting as dry-eye-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of sebaceous gland carcinoma presenting as a dry-eye-syndrome is documented. In spite of total removal of the primary tumor, as confirmed histopathologically, the patient developed metastases to the neck lymph nodes several months after orbital exenteration. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Sebaceous carcinoma of eyelid presenting as dry-eye-syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of sebaceous gland carcinoma presenting as a dry-eye-syndrome is documented. In spite of total removal of the primary tumor, as confirmed histopathologically, the patient developed metastases to the neck lymph nodes several months after orbital exenteration. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 529739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4255", "title": "[Secondary glaucoma mechanisms (author's transl)].", "content": "A new classification of the glaucomas concerned with the mechanisms of the intraocular pressure rise is presented. We differentiate hyperproduction and outflowblock glaucomas. The latter are divided into pre-, intra- and postrabecular forms. It is stressed that a gonioscopically open angle can be hydrodynamically closed and vice versa. This classification is based on the anatomical location of the outflow blockage and not on the gonioscopic impression.", "contents": "[Secondary glaucoma mechanisms (author's transl)]. A new classification of the glaucomas concerned with the mechanisms of the intraocular pressure rise is presented. We differentiate hyperproduction and outflowblock glaucomas. The latter are divided into pre-, intra- and postrabecular forms. It is stressed that a gonioscopically open angle can be hydrodynamically closed and vice versa. This classification is based on the anatomical location of the outflow blockage and not on the gonioscopic impression.", "PMID": 529740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4256", "title": "[General guidelines for the implantation of prepupillary lenses. (author's transl)].", "content": "The general guidelines for the implantation of prepupillary lenses concern the patient (right of impartial orientation, right of decision with regard to the nature of the future aphakic prosthesis), the ophthalmologist (duty of relevant orientation, duty to accept the patient's decision) and the ophthalmo-surgeon (right to reject an implantation). Following a thorough training in implant surgery general conditions, such as technical and personnel means have carefully to be estimated before starting with the implantation of intraocular lenses.", "contents": "[General guidelines for the implantation of prepupillary lenses. (author's transl)]. The general guidelines for the implantation of prepupillary lenses concern the patient (right of impartial orientation, right of decision with regard to the nature of the future aphakic prosthesis), the ophthalmologist (duty of relevant orientation, duty to accept the patient's decision) and the ophthalmo-surgeon (right to reject an implantation). Following a thorough training in implant surgery general conditions, such as technical and personnel means have carefully to be estimated before starting with the implantation of intraocular lenses.", "PMID": 529741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4257", "title": "[Laser trabeculotomy and laser iridectomy. 3 Years' experience with the Glaucoma Research Laser (Britt) (author's transl)].", "content": "This report presents a 3-year study of treatment of the anterior portion of the eye with the Glaucom Research Laser, Model 152, made by Britt Corp. Los Angeles. This study deals specifically with laser trabeculotomy and iridectomy. In this period of time 176 eyes were treated with trabeculotomy and 60 with iridectomy. All types of glaucoma were represented. The technique and the results are demonstrated. This pulsed Argon laser permits surgery with a high rate of success without any serious complications.", "contents": "[Laser trabeculotomy and laser iridectomy. 3 Years' experience with the Glaucoma Research Laser (Britt) (author's transl)]. This report presents a 3-year study of treatment of the anterior portion of the eye with the Glaucom Research Laser, Model 152, made by Britt Corp. Los Angeles. This study deals specifically with laser trabeculotomy and iridectomy. In this period of time 176 eyes were treated with trabeculotomy and 60 with iridectomy. All types of glaucoma were represented. The technique and the results are demonstrated. This pulsed Argon laser permits surgery with a high rate of success without any serious complications.", "PMID": 529742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4258", "title": "[Strabismological terminology (author's transl)].", "content": "Differences and confusion in strabismological terminology are pointed out, i.e. in fixation behaviour, in classification of strabismuc angle, in naming of scotomas. On the whole about 20 differences in different languages are discussed.", "contents": "[Strabismological terminology (author's transl)]. Differences and confusion in strabismological terminology are pointed out, i.e. in fixation behaviour, in classification of strabismuc angle, in naming of scotomas. On the whole about 20 differences in different languages are discussed.", "PMID": 529743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4259", "title": "[Orthophorization. The binocular position of the eyes after a Kestenbaum operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Orthophorization is a slow mechanism that compensates disturbances in the binocular eye position. Normal binocular vision is a prerequisite. Because of orthophorization patients who have undergone a Kestenbaum operation for ocular torticollis remain orthophoric postoperatively.", "contents": "[Orthophorization. The binocular position of the eyes after a Kestenbaum operation (author's transl)]. Orthophorization is a slow mechanism that compensates disturbances in the binocular eye position. Normal binocular vision is a prerequisite. Because of orthophorization patients who have undergone a Kestenbaum operation for ocular torticollis remain orthophoric postoperatively.", "PMID": 529744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4260", "title": "[A simple test for the comparative measurement of cyclodeviation (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple home-made addition to the tangent-screen allows determination by a test which, although subjective, is anatomical and not sensorial. It is felt that comparison with sensory tests is important since these are often fallacious.", "contents": "[A simple test for the comparative measurement of cyclodeviation (author's transl)]. A simple home-made addition to the tangent-screen allows determination by a test which, although subjective, is anatomical and not sensorial. It is felt that comparison with sensory tests is important since these are often fallacious.", "PMID": 529745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4261", "title": "[Diagnostic value of anesthesia for the surgery of strabismus].", "content": "There is no clinical test to detect a blockade. Under Anesthesia it is possible to discover a suspected blockade, so this test is quite helpful. Even in small babies this test can be applied in order to dected a pseudoparalysis of the external recti. We decide to operate after evaluation of the clinical facts and the findings under anesthesia according to the Zato test. We especially observe the positions of the eyes during normal breathing and the position under deep anesthesia.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of anesthesia for the surgery of strabismus]. There is no clinical test to detect a blockade. Under Anesthesia it is possible to discover a suspected blockade, so this test is quite helpful. Even in small babies this test can be applied in order to dected a pseudoparalysis of the external recti. We decide to operate after evaluation of the clinical facts and the findings under anesthesia according to the Zato test. We especially observe the positions of the eyes during normal breathing and the position under deep anesthesia.", "PMID": 529746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4262", "title": "[Twins with congenital oculomotor apraxia (Cogan's syndrome)].", "content": "Cogan (1952) described a syndrome he called congenital ocular motor apraxia. The syndrome is characterized by 1. absence of voluntary gaze movements and fast phase of optokinetic response in horizontal direction, 2. typical jerky head movements in attempted gaze to either side, 3. nomral random movements and 4. normal vertical eye movements. A report is given on this disorder in the case of female twins.", "contents": "[Twins with congenital oculomotor apraxia (Cogan's syndrome)]. Cogan (1952) described a syndrome he called congenital ocular motor apraxia. The syndrome is characterized by 1. absence of voluntary gaze movements and fast phase of optokinetic response in horizontal direction, 2. typical jerky head movements in attempted gaze to either side, 3. nomral random movements and 4. normal vertical eye movements. A report is given on this disorder in the case of female twins.", "PMID": 529747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4263", "title": "[Strabismus in cerebral paretic and normal children. Comparison of motoric symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations of 94 children with cerebral palsies have shown 55% strabismus incidence. Motoric symptoms like varying angles, nystagmus (latens), A-V phenomena, dissociated hypertropia and compulsive head postures are presented, frequently more often than in a number of comparison cases of undamaged squinting children. However, these symptoms have not permanently been found even in severly damaged children. With the exception of compulsive head postures, no symptoms are found in strabismus cases of cerebral paretic children that do not occur in congenital strabismus patients as well. A frequent family heredity strain of strabismus has also been noted. There is a striking proportion of divergence cases (27%). The authors do not believe in a simple damaging etiology. Pleoptic-orthoptic exercises are hardly ever practicable. Early operation may improve the initial situation as far as the neuropediatric therapy is concerned.", "contents": "[Strabismus in cerebral paretic and normal children. Comparison of motoric symptoms (author's transl)]. Investigations of 94 children with cerebral palsies have shown 55% strabismus incidence. Motoric symptoms like varying angles, nystagmus (latens), A-V phenomena, dissociated hypertropia and compulsive head postures are presented, frequently more often than in a number of comparison cases of undamaged squinting children. However, these symptoms have not permanently been found even in severly damaged children. With the exception of compulsive head postures, no symptoms are found in strabismus cases of cerebral paretic children that do not occur in congenital strabismus patients as well. A frequent family heredity strain of strabismus has also been noted. There is a striking proportion of divergence cases (27%). The authors do not believe in a simple damaging etiology. Pleoptic-orthoptic exercises are hardly ever practicable. Early operation may improve the initial situation as far as the neuropediatric therapy is concerned.", "PMID": 529748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4264", "title": "[Diplopia frequency as a result of the surgical treatment of concomitant squint].", "content": "Postoperative diplopia in cases of congenital strabismus or early onset occured in 5% of patients operated on in 1977. We cannot calculate the frequency of diplopia in children operated on up to the age of 9 years old (290 cases) since no child suffered from diplopia. Its incidence-5% (9 out of 177 cases) relates to patients older than 9 years at the time of surgery, 6 patients out of 20 cases with consecutive exotropia complained of diplopia (following revision surgery). Amblyopia - foveal or eccentric fixation-alone seems to be a less important risk than consecutive exotropia. Preoperative wearing of prism to compensate the objective angle of squint over a few days can reduce but not exclude the general risk of postoperative diplopia.", "contents": "[Diplopia frequency as a result of the surgical treatment of concomitant squint]. Postoperative diplopia in cases of congenital strabismus or early onset occured in 5% of patients operated on in 1977. We cannot calculate the frequency of diplopia in children operated on up to the age of 9 years old (290 cases) since no child suffered from diplopia. Its incidence-5% (9 out of 177 cases) relates to patients older than 9 years at the time of surgery, 6 patients out of 20 cases with consecutive exotropia complained of diplopia (following revision surgery). Amblyopia - foveal or eccentric fixation-alone seems to be a less important risk than consecutive exotropia. Preoperative wearing of prism to compensate the objective angle of squint over a few days can reduce but not exclude the general risk of postoperative diplopia.", "PMID": 529749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4265", "title": "[Better prognosis for amblyopics by means of full prismatic correction after monocular treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Binocular training with full prismatic correction after the monocular therapy by occlusion brings a further improvement of the visual acuity as well as shown in a study of 29% (138 cases) of 469 selected cases with binocular problems and 43% (260 cases) of about 600 unselected cases of squint actually in treatment in the practice and orthoptic years the strength of the prisms is determined with the monocular covertest, in elder patients with the Polatest. If the amblyopia is connected with squint, an operation will only be performed after the amblyopia is improved and some degree of binocularity is reached by means of prisms. - 80% of the selected and 48% of the unselected cases reached a visual acuity of 1,0 on the amblyopic eye, including originally severe cases with eccentric fixation. In about 80% of all cases binocular single vision and stereopsis were reached. Failures were mainly due to remaining eccentric fixation, mostly connected with severe ARC, too advanced age at ting the prisms, too long intervals between controls etc.) - Finally, the importance of cooperation with an orthoptist and the social medical aspects of better chances for amblyopics are accentuated.", "contents": "[Better prognosis for amblyopics by means of full prismatic correction after monocular treatment (author's transl)]. Binocular training with full prismatic correction after the monocular therapy by occlusion brings a further improvement of the visual acuity as well as shown in a study of 29% (138 cases) of 469 selected cases with binocular problems and 43% (260 cases) of about 600 unselected cases of squint actually in treatment in the practice and orthoptic years the strength of the prisms is determined with the monocular covertest, in elder patients with the Polatest. If the amblyopia is connected with squint, an operation will only be performed after the amblyopia is improved and some degree of binocularity is reached by means of prisms. - 80% of the selected and 48% of the unselected cases reached a visual acuity of 1,0 on the amblyopic eye, including originally severe cases with eccentric fixation. In about 80% of all cases binocular single vision and stereopsis were reached. Failures were mainly due to remaining eccentric fixation, mostly connected with severe ARC, too advanced age at ting the prisms, too long intervals between controls etc.) - Finally, the importance of cooperation with an orthoptist and the social medical aspects of better chances for amblyopics are accentuated.", "PMID": 529750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4266", "title": "[Eye-hand coordination in squint sufferers].", "content": "The localisation of an object close at hand and grasping it with the hand is the result of a complicated sequence of nerve impulses involving close co-operation between optical, perceptive and psychological stimuli, which are integrated in the central nervous system and lead to a well-directed command-movement. Disturbances of coordination between eye and hand in cases of amblyopia and concomitant strabismus are described. The individual authors suggest different forms of traeatment. In our opinion these are not genuine disturbances of hand-eye coordination. In amblyopia we have an ambiguity of localisation due to fact that the fixation is not stable. In the case of strabismus the error of spatial localisation can be explained by the unnatural examination methods, and by the abnormal position of the eye in the orbit. There is no denying the results gained by localisation treatment, but these the results can also be achieved by another mechanism not only in amblyopia but also in strabismus.", "contents": "[Eye-hand coordination in squint sufferers]. The localisation of an object close at hand and grasping it with the hand is the result of a complicated sequence of nerve impulses involving close co-operation between optical, perceptive and psychological stimuli, which are integrated in the central nervous system and lead to a well-directed command-movement. Disturbances of coordination between eye and hand in cases of amblyopia and concomitant strabismus are described. The individual authors suggest different forms of traeatment. In our opinion these are not genuine disturbances of hand-eye coordination. In amblyopia we have an ambiguity of localisation due to fact that the fixation is not stable. In the case of strabismus the error of spatial localisation can be explained by the unnatural examination methods, and by the abnormal position of the eye in the orbit. There is no denying the results gained by localisation treatment, but these the results can also be achieved by another mechanism not only in amblyopia but also in strabismus.", "PMID": 529751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4267", "title": "[Effects of inconspicuous bionocular defects, their diagnosis and suggestions for therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Unclear asthenopic complaints are often due to intermittant loss of binocularity. Simple tests are described, based on the characteristic features of physiological binocularity. They can be used to demonstrate an intermittant alternating or unilateral central scotoma which may be the result of the interaction of primarily sensory or primarily motor dysfunctions. Hence particular importance must be attached to using these methods with varying distances and directions of vision. The findings obtained from these tests should be the starting point of therapy.", "contents": "[Effects of inconspicuous bionocular defects, their diagnosis and suggestions for therapy (author's transl)]. Unclear asthenopic complaints are often due to intermittant loss of binocularity. Simple tests are described, based on the characteristic features of physiological binocularity. They can be used to demonstrate an intermittant alternating or unilateral central scotoma which may be the result of the interaction of primarily sensory or primarily motor dysfunctions. Hence particular importance must be attached to using these methods with varying distances and directions of vision. The findings obtained from these tests should be the starting point of therapy.", "PMID": 529752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4268", "title": "[Reoperation of the internal or external rectus in case of undercorrection (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper presents a new reoperationtechnic in case of undercorrection. First the different possibilities of surgical technics are reviewed and than the new approach outlined. Between the primary (physiological) insertion and the secondary insertion (after a conventional recession) there is usually some episcleral connective tissue formation. This tissue is carefully dissected without cutting the link between the muscle and the tongue. The secondary insertion is then cut off and the elongated muscle reattached at the secondary insertion. Pictures illustrate the procedure. This method is especially useful in case of narrow palpebral fissue, increased rigidity of the internal rectus and in case of small angle exotropia for distance.", "contents": "[Reoperation of the internal or external rectus in case of undercorrection (author's transl)]. The present paper presents a new reoperationtechnic in case of undercorrection. First the different possibilities of surgical technics are reviewed and than the new approach outlined. Between the primary (physiological) insertion and the secondary insertion (after a conventional recession) there is usually some episcleral connective tissue formation. This tissue is carefully dissected without cutting the link between the muscle and the tongue. The secondary insertion is then cut off and the elongated muscle reattached at the secondary insertion. Pictures illustrate the procedure. This method is especially useful in case of narrow palpebral fissue, increased rigidity of the internal rectus and in case of small angle exotropia for distance.", "PMID": 529753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4269", "title": "[Variations in the muscular insertion, the course and elasticity of the muscles in people suffering from squint (author's transl)].", "content": "Variations in the area of the insertions of the rectus muscles are quite often observed. We have been paying more attention to these changes during the past year, and therefore we measured the distance of insertion from the corneal limbus during 310 squint operations. Furthermore we noted the width of the tendon at the insertion, atypical forms of insertions and finally we tried to evaluate the factor of muscular elasticity. The findings are as follows: 1. The arithmetical mean of the distance of insertion from the limbus was slightly less than cited in literature on this subject. It was not unusual to find variations of up to 4mm, even between the same muscles of both eyes. This seems to have little influence on the primary position and on the success of surgical interventions; when they do not exceed the measures cited in our paper. The relatively great area of contact will balance these variations. 2. We could not find a correlation between anomalies of refraction and the distance of insertions of the limbus. The insertions of higher degree hyperopia was not closer to the limbus. 3. The arithmetical mean of the width of tendon conformed to the values as shown in the literature. A range up to 8 mm for the medial rectus, up to 5,5 mm for the lateral rectus and up to 2,5 mm for the vertical rectus were observed. 4. We could see variations of the insertions: upward and downward and furthermore different lines of insertions: arched and step-like. These anomalies were found 52 times among the 310 muscles measured. 5. An increased muscular rigidity was felt in 56 medial rectus and in 13 lateral rectus muscels. In 21 cases the course of the horizontal muscles was atypical, i.e., they ran from below diagonally out of the orbita.", "contents": "[Variations in the muscular insertion, the course and elasticity of the muscles in people suffering from squint (author's transl)]. Variations in the area of the insertions of the rectus muscles are quite often observed. We have been paying more attention to these changes during the past year, and therefore we measured the distance of insertion from the corneal limbus during 310 squint operations. Furthermore we noted the width of the tendon at the insertion, atypical forms of insertions and finally we tried to evaluate the factor of muscular elasticity. The findings are as follows: 1. The arithmetical mean of the distance of insertion from the limbus was slightly less than cited in literature on this subject. It was not unusual to find variations of up to 4mm, even between the same muscles of both eyes. This seems to have little influence on the primary position and on the success of surgical interventions; when they do not exceed the measures cited in our paper. The relatively great area of contact will balance these variations. 2. We could not find a correlation between anomalies of refraction and the distance of insertions of the limbus. The insertions of higher degree hyperopia was not closer to the limbus. 3. The arithmetical mean of the width of tendon conformed to the values as shown in the literature. A range up to 8 mm for the medial rectus, up to 5,5 mm for the lateral rectus and up to 2,5 mm for the vertical rectus were observed. 4. We could see variations of the insertions: upward and downward and furthermore different lines of insertions: arched and step-like. These anomalies were found 52 times among the 310 muscles measured. 5. An increased muscular rigidity was felt in 56 medial rectus and in 13 lateral rectus muscels. In 21 cases the course of the horizontal muscles was atypical, i.e., they ran from below diagonally out of the orbita.", "PMID": 529754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4270", "title": "Humoral immune response to natural infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits.", "content": "Sera from 4 generations of a family of rabbits having a natural Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were investigated. Antibodies were demonstrated in a litter of newborn rabbits and in another litter 11 days old. Histoloigcal examination of the brains and kidneys of these animals failed to reveal lesions attributable to the disease. Sera from a further litter of 2 rabbits, taken at weekly intervals from 4 to 42 weeks of age, revealed a low initial antibody titre which regressed to an undetectable level. After an interval, titres rose and then plateaued to the end of the period of observation. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infections in the dams of all the litters were confirmed by antibody assay and by histology. Parallel titration of samples treated and not treated with 2-mercaptoethanol showed that the india-ink immunoreaction demonstrates only immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "Humoral immune response to natural infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Sera from 4 generations of a family of rabbits having a natural Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were investigated. Antibodies were demonstrated in a litter of newborn rabbits and in another litter 11 days old. Histoloigcal examination of the brains and kidneys of these animals failed to reveal lesions attributable to the disease. Sera from a further litter of 2 rabbits, taken at weekly intervals from 4 to 42 weeks of age, revealed a low initial antibody titre which regressed to an undetectable level. After an interval, titres rose and then plateaued to the end of the period of observation. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infections in the dams of all the litters were confirmed by antibody assay and by histology. Parallel titration of samples treated and not treated with 2-mercaptoethanol showed that the india-ink immunoreaction demonstrates only immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 529764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4271", "title": "Routine chromosome screening in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) using orbital sinus blood.", "content": "Blood from the posterior orbital sinus of Syrian hamsters, obtained under halothane anaesthesia, can be cultured to give large numbers of metaphase chromosome spreads for analysis. The procedure has been used for rapid routine screening of the karyotypes of all offspring in a breeding colony where translocations are present. Results can be obtained within 3 days of collecting the blood sample.", "contents": "Routine chromosome screening in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) using orbital sinus blood. Blood from the posterior orbital sinus of Syrian hamsters, obtained under halothane anaesthesia, can be cultured to give large numbers of metaphase chromosome spreads for analysis. The procedure has been used for rapid routine screening of the karyotypes of all offspring in a breeding colony where translocations are present. Results can be obtained within 3 days of collecting the blood sample.", "PMID": 529766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4272", "title": "Cardiac puncture in the mouse through the anterior thoracic aperture.", "content": "The puncture is performed during ether anaesthesia and will usually give 0.6-0.8 ml within 10-15 s. Blood volumes up to 1 ml have frequently been obtained from adult mice with this method.", "contents": "Cardiac puncture in the mouse through the anterior thoracic aperture. The puncture is performed during ether anaesthesia and will usually give 0.6-0.8 ml within 10-15 s. Blood volumes up to 1 ml have frequently been obtained from adult mice with this method.", "PMID": 529768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4273", "title": "Production of ultraviolet-light-induced skin erythema in the hairless rat: a comparison with the haired rat in screening for anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "The onset of this erythema in response to different times of exposure corresponds closely to that in the haired animal. Orally administered phenylbutazone (30 mg/kg) or subcutaneously administered fluocinolone acetonide (10 mg/kg) have an equivalent antierythemic effect on haired and hairless animals. The hairless rat may therefore be an attractive alternative to its haired counterpart in this model since, prior to irradiation, it requires no depilation--which itself may affect subsequent erythema production.", "contents": "Production of ultraviolet-light-induced skin erythema in the hairless rat: a comparison with the haired rat in screening for anti-inflammatory drugs. The onset of this erythema in response to different times of exposure corresponds closely to that in the haired animal. Orally administered phenylbutazone (30 mg/kg) or subcutaneously administered fluocinolone acetonide (10 mg/kg) have an equivalent antierythemic effect on haired and hairless animals. The hairless rat may therefore be an attractive alternative to its haired counterpart in this model since, prior to irradiation, it requires no depilation--which itself may affect subsequent erythema production.", "PMID": 529769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4274", "title": "Hydronephrosis in ACI/N rats.", "content": "Of 45 ACI/N rats 9 were found with renal agenesis and 2 with hydronephrosis. The hydronephrosis may have been due to faulty development of the mesonephric duct.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis in ACI/N rats. Of 45 ACI/N rats 9 were found with renal agenesis and 2 with hydronephrosis. The hydronephrosis may have been due to faulty development of the mesonephric duct.", "PMID": 529770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4275", "title": "A new guinea pig mutant with abnormal hair production and immunodeficiency.", "content": "Hairless guinea pigs were born in a closed colony of Hartley guinea pigs. At birth, hairless guinea pigs were smaller than littermates, had wrinkled skin and stunted vibrissae. The most striking abnormality histologically was distension of the upper portion of the pilary canal with thickening of the epidermis. Hairlessness resulted from production of abnormal hair shafts. Preliminary work indicated that in addition to hairlessness, the guinea pigs were athymic or hypothymic. Initial immunologic studies showed that the guinea pigs also were agammaglobulinemic. Animals that survived the weaning period died of infections that are usually associated with immunodeficiencies, such as systemic cytomegalovirus, systemic balantidiasis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.", "contents": "A new guinea pig mutant with abnormal hair production and immunodeficiency. Hairless guinea pigs were born in a closed colony of Hartley guinea pigs. At birth, hairless guinea pigs were smaller than littermates, had wrinkled skin and stunted vibrissae. The most striking abnormality histologically was distension of the upper portion of the pilary canal with thickening of the epidermis. Hairlessness resulted from production of abnormal hair shafts. Preliminary work indicated that in addition to hairlessness, the guinea pigs were athymic or hypothymic. Initial immunologic studies showed that the guinea pigs also were agammaglobulinemic. Animals that survived the weaning period died of infections that are usually associated with immunodeficiencies, such as systemic cytomegalovirus, systemic balantidiasis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.", "PMID": 529772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4276", "title": "Exteriorization of the bile duct in germfree rats.", "content": "A modified T cannula and a cannula housing receptacle was employed to cannulate the bile duct of germfree rats. Bile was collected without anesthesia or sedation. During collection, the rat was restrained in a plastic holder where it was free to eat.", "contents": "Exteriorization of the bile duct in germfree rats. A modified T cannula and a cannula housing receptacle was employed to cannulate the bile duct of germfree rats. Bile was collected without anesthesia or sedation. During collection, the rat was restrained in a plastic holder where it was free to eat.", "PMID": 529774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4277", "title": "The woodchuck, Marmota monax, as a laboratory animal.", "content": "The woodchuck or groundhog (Marmota monax) has been used as a biomedical model for studies of obesity and energy balance, endocrine and metabolic function, central nervous system control mechanisms and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neoplastic disease. Methods of care of a woodchuck colony, techniques for handling, restraint, anesthesia, blood sampling and breeding were developed.", "contents": "The woodchuck, Marmota monax, as a laboratory animal. The woodchuck or groundhog (Marmota monax) has been used as a biomedical model for studies of obesity and energy balance, endocrine and metabolic function, central nervous system control mechanisms and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neoplastic disease. Methods of care of a woodchuck colony, techniques for handling, restraint, anesthesia, blood sampling and breeding were developed.", "PMID": 529775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4278", "title": "Ureteral catheter system for renal function studies in conscious rabbits.", "content": "To overcome the problem of obstruction of ureteral catheters with blood clots, a ureteral catheter was constructed which had a double lumen. Irrigation of blood from the catheter was accomplished by perfusion of heparinized saline through a small inner catheter. In renal function studies performed in 12 rabbits using this system, no instances of catheter obstruction occurred.", "contents": "Ureteral catheter system for renal function studies in conscious rabbits. To overcome the problem of obstruction of ureteral catheters with blood clots, a ureteral catheter was constructed which had a double lumen. Irrigation of blood from the catheter was accomplished by perfusion of heparinized saline through a small inner catheter. In renal function studies performed in 12 rabbits using this system, no instances of catheter obstruction occurred.", "PMID": 529776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4279", "title": "A simple light-level recording device to monitor lighting in animal quarters.", "content": "The performance of lighting timers in animal rooms was tested with a portable light-level recorder. The instrument monitored the light and dark phases under various degrees of illumination. This inexpensive method of electronic surveillance ensured the validity of experiments dependent on photoperiodicity.", "contents": "A simple light-level recording device to monitor lighting in animal quarters. The performance of lighting timers in animal rooms was tested with a portable light-level recorder. The instrument monitored the light and dark phases under various degrees of illumination. This inexpensive method of electronic surveillance ensured the validity of experiments dependent on photoperiodicity.", "PMID": 529777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4280", "title": "Pneumatic whistle for animal hearing tests.", "content": "A hand activated pneumatic whistle produced a stable acoustic burst. The whistle was adjustable and the frequency could be selected over a range of 6-14 kilohertz. The whistle was useful in screening hearing in animals.", "contents": "Pneumatic whistle for animal hearing tests. A hand activated pneumatic whistle produced a stable acoustic burst. The whistle was adjustable and the frequency could be selected over a range of 6-14 kilohertz. The whistle was useful in screening hearing in animals.", "PMID": 529778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4281", "title": "A method to provide secure attachment of miniature electric connectors in free-moving animals.", "content": "A connection assembly for miniature electric plug and socket systems used in the recording and stimulation of the brain in free-moving animals was constructed from sew-on dress snaps. Two male portions of the snaps were cemented to the miniature electric socket or the dental acrylic mound that attached the socket to the skull. The female portions of the snaps were sewn to the ends of an elastic band. The wires that lead to the commutator passed through a hole in the elastic band. The plug and socket were securely attached to one another by snapping the elastic band to the skull.", "contents": "A method to provide secure attachment of miniature electric connectors in free-moving animals. A connection assembly for miniature electric plug and socket systems used in the recording and stimulation of the brain in free-moving animals was constructed from sew-on dress snaps. Two male portions of the snaps were cemented to the miniature electric socket or the dental acrylic mound that attached the socket to the skull. The female portions of the snaps were sewn to the ends of an elastic band. The wires that lead to the commutator passed through a hole in the elastic band. The plug and socket were securely attached to one another by snapping the elastic band to the skull.", "PMID": 529779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4282", "title": "Dysplasia of the lymphatics with lymphoedema, generalized lymphangiectasis, chylothorax and \"pseudo-storage-disease\".", "content": "A patient showing an unusual association of various abnormalities of the lymphatic vascular system is reported. These abnormalities became first evident in early childhood and consisted of lymphoedema of the left leg, lymphangiectasis in various organs and occlusion of the thoracic duct at its entrance into the venous angle. Chylous effusions and subcutaneous chyloedema appeared in adolescence. Diagnostic biopsies of spleen, liver and bone-marrow revealed the presence of multiple foamcells, suggesting the diagnoses of lipid storage disease. The patient died from severe honeycomb-lungs at the age of 20. This case cannot be attributed to one of the wellknown disease entities of the lymphatic system. The \"pseudo\"-storage disease is regarded as secondary to the backflow of chylus into the tissues.", "contents": "Dysplasia of the lymphatics with lymphoedema, generalized lymphangiectasis, chylothorax and \"pseudo-storage-disease\". A patient showing an unusual association of various abnormalities of the lymphatic vascular system is reported. These abnormalities became first evident in early childhood and consisted of lymphoedema of the left leg, lymphangiectasis in various organs and occlusion of the thoracic duct at its entrance into the venous angle. Chylous effusions and subcutaneous chyloedema appeared in adolescence. Diagnostic biopsies of spleen, liver and bone-marrow revealed the presence of multiple foamcells, suggesting the diagnoses of lipid storage disease. The patient died from severe honeycomb-lungs at the age of 20. This case cannot be attributed to one of the wellknown disease entities of the lymphatic system. The \"pseudo\"-storage disease is regarded as secondary to the backflow of chylus into the tissues.", "PMID": 529825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4283", "title": "Microvascular alterations in the lymph node during the BCG-induced immune response.", "content": "Previous studies have shown significant microvascular changes during the evolution of the immune response. In order to assess the BCG-induced microvascular alterations in the lymph node, we injected the left foot pad of 23 rabbits with 1.6 x 10(6) live BCG/kg weight; the right side served as control. Following a period of 1 to 50 days, microangiography and histology of the popliteal lymph nodes were carried out. On the side where BCG was injected, the lymph nodes initially showed a moderately increased cortical, and later, a markedly increased medullary hypervascularity. Histologically, there was mixed mononuclear cellular infiltration followed by granuloma formation. This latter was temporally related to the florid medullary hypervascularity. No significant changes were present on the control side. The hypervascularity induced by BCG was more intense and longer lasting than that seen with other antigens such as Typhoid 0 or bovine serum albumin. The results indicate a prominent vascular component in the BCG-induced primary immune response within the regional lymph node.", "contents": "Microvascular alterations in the lymph node during the BCG-induced immune response. Previous studies have shown significant microvascular changes during the evolution of the immune response. In order to assess the BCG-induced microvascular alterations in the lymph node, we injected the left foot pad of 23 rabbits with 1.6 x 10(6) live BCG/kg weight; the right side served as control. Following a period of 1 to 50 days, microangiography and histology of the popliteal lymph nodes were carried out. On the side where BCG was injected, the lymph nodes initially showed a moderately increased cortical, and later, a markedly increased medullary hypervascularity. Histologically, there was mixed mononuclear cellular infiltration followed by granuloma formation. This latter was temporally related to the florid medullary hypervascularity. No significant changes were present on the control side. The hypervascularity induced by BCG was more intense and longer lasting than that seen with other antigens such as Typhoid 0 or bovine serum albumin. The results indicate a prominent vascular component in the BCG-induced primary immune response within the regional lymph node.", "PMID": 529826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4284", "title": "Distribution and role of lymph vessels of the bursa Fabricii.", "content": "The fine distribution of lymph vessels in the bursa of Fabricius and the efferent lymph vessels coming from the bursa were demonstrated. The lymph vessels never entered lymphoid follicles, whereas the blood vessels pierced the cortex of lymphoid follicles and formed a network at the boundary between the cortex and medulla of lymphoid follicles. The lymph vessels commenced in the immediate exterior of lymphoid follicles. A large number of lymphoid cells were found in the lumen of the lymph vessels. Migration of lymphoid cells from the cortex of lymphoid follicles to the lymph vessels was also observed. Therefore, it was assumed that the lymph vessels of the bursa are important in the transport of lymphoid cells from the bursa to the blood stream.", "contents": "Distribution and role of lymph vessels of the bursa Fabricii. The fine distribution of lymph vessels in the bursa of Fabricius and the efferent lymph vessels coming from the bursa were demonstrated. The lymph vessels never entered lymphoid follicles, whereas the blood vessels pierced the cortex of lymphoid follicles and formed a network at the boundary between the cortex and medulla of lymphoid follicles. The lymph vessels commenced in the immediate exterior of lymphoid follicles. A large number of lymphoid cells were found in the lumen of the lymph vessels. Migration of lymphoid cells from the cortex of lymphoid follicles to the lymph vessels was also observed. Therefore, it was assumed that the lymph vessels of the bursa are important in the transport of lymphoid cells from the bursa to the blood stream.", "PMID": 529827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4285", "title": "Lymphocytosis in rats treated with polyacids.", "content": "Inoculation of rats i.v. with dextran sulfate or polymethacrylic acid causes lymphocytosis. Electron microscopy of sections of cervical lymph nodes in control rats showed active passage of small lymphocytes through the high endothelial cells (HEC) of the post-capillary venules. In treated rats there was no indication of such passage: the HEC were free of small lymphocytes; and in about 25% of the venules apparently stationary lymphocytes, lacking microvilli, were found appressed to the luminal walls of the HEC.", "contents": "Lymphocytosis in rats treated with polyacids. Inoculation of rats i.v. with dextran sulfate or polymethacrylic acid causes lymphocytosis. Electron microscopy of sections of cervical lymph nodes in control rats showed active passage of small lymphocytes through the high endothelial cells (HEC) of the post-capillary venules. In treated rats there was no indication of such passage: the HEC were free of small lymphocytes; and in about 25% of the venules apparently stationary lymphocytes, lacking microvilli, were found appressed to the luminal walls of the HEC.", "PMID": 529828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4286", "title": "Roentgenographic and clinical signs in yellow nail syndrome.", "content": "The yellow nail syndrome is a rare condition consisting of thickened opaque yellow nails, lymphedema and respiratory symptoms such as bronchitis or pleural effusions. In a 25-year-old woman, presenting all clinical signs of this syndrome, lymphangiography revealed impaired lymphdrainage of both legs. Both, number and size of the lymph vessels and regional lymph nodes were found to be reduced and several extravasations of the contrast medium were noted. Lymphangiography may help to establish the diagnosis of yellow nail syndrome, especially if the assocation of clinical anomalies is incomplete.", "contents": "Roentgenographic and clinical signs in yellow nail syndrome. The yellow nail syndrome is a rare condition consisting of thickened opaque yellow nails, lymphedema and respiratory symptoms such as bronchitis or pleural effusions. In a 25-year-old woman, presenting all clinical signs of this syndrome, lymphangiography revealed impaired lymphdrainage of both legs. Both, number and size of the lymph vessels and regional lymph nodes were found to be reduced and several extravasations of the contrast medium were noted. Lymphangiography may help to establish the diagnosis of yellow nail syndrome, especially if the assocation of clinical anomalies is incomplete.", "PMID": 529829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4287", "title": "Generalized lipomatosis of lymph nodes: a lymphographic problem in differentiating from malignancy. A case presentation.", "content": "Lymphography in a 50-year-old male patient showed suspicious lymph nodes in the para-aortal regions. Exploratory laparotomy and histological examination of biopsied material gave no evidence of tumor or lymphoma. The lymph nodes had distinct lipomatous changes. The differential diagnosis of positive lymphography is discussed.", "contents": "Generalized lipomatosis of lymph nodes: a lymphographic problem in differentiating from malignancy. A case presentation. Lymphography in a 50-year-old male patient showed suspicious lymph nodes in the para-aortal regions. Exploratory laparotomy and histological examination of biopsied material gave no evidence of tumor or lymphoma. The lymph nodes had distinct lipomatous changes. The differential diagnosis of positive lymphography is discussed.", "PMID": 529830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4288", "title": "Possibilities of studying the deep-sub-fascial lymphatic system of the lower limbs.", "content": "After mentioning the lymphangiographical methods for the study of the lower limb channels, the authors illustrate a new technique which allows, in at least 15% of cases, the simultaneous study of both the superficial and deep lymphatic systems.", "contents": "Possibilities of studying the deep-sub-fascial lymphatic system of the lower limbs. After mentioning the lymphangiographical methods for the study of the lower limb channels, the authors illustrate a new technique which allows, in at least 15% of cases, the simultaneous study of both the superficial and deep lymphatic systems.", "PMID": 529831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4289", "title": "The influence of atropine and adrenaline on basal lymph flow in the neck region.", "content": "The effect of atropine (0.5 mg/i.v.) and adrenaline (5 pg/min.) on basal lymph flow in the neck region was studied in 15 patients. No significant stimulatory effect of these drugs on basal lymph flow was registrated.", "contents": "The influence of atropine and adrenaline on basal lymph flow in the neck region. The effect of atropine (0.5 mg/i.v.) and adrenaline (5 pg/min.) on basal lymph flow in the neck region was studied in 15 patients. No significant stimulatory effect of these drugs on basal lymph flow was registrated.", "PMID": 529832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4290", "title": "Spleen regeneration in mice after gamma irradiation and administration of thymosin.", "content": "The effect of thymosin (thymic humoral factor isolated from calf thymus) on regeneration of the spleen in mice after whole-body gamma irradiation was studied. Thymosin, in varied dosages (0.1--2.0 mg/day) applied subcutaneously before and after radiation exposure, stimulated splenic regeneration as indicated by increased splenic weight, number of endogenous splenic colonies and 59Fe and 125IUdR incorporation into the spleen. A control extract of brain tissue (cerebrosin) isolated in the same way as thymosin was applied to mice to verify specificity of thymosin. After cerebrosin application, a mild increase also was observed. Whereas a near maximal effect of thymosin was reached at a dosage of 0.1 mg, a comparable response with cerebrosin required a dosage of 1.0 mg. These data suggest that administration of thymosin has both a specific and non-specific effect on splenic regeneration and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "Spleen regeneration in mice after gamma irradiation and administration of thymosin. The effect of thymosin (thymic humoral factor isolated from calf thymus) on regeneration of the spleen in mice after whole-body gamma irradiation was studied. Thymosin, in varied dosages (0.1--2.0 mg/day) applied subcutaneously before and after radiation exposure, stimulated splenic regeneration as indicated by increased splenic weight, number of endogenous splenic colonies and 59Fe and 125IUdR incorporation into the spleen. A control extract of brain tissue (cerebrosin) isolated in the same way as thymosin was applied to mice to verify specificity of thymosin. After cerebrosin application, a mild increase also was observed. Whereas a near maximal effect of thymosin was reached at a dosage of 0.1 mg, a comparable response with cerebrosin required a dosage of 1.0 mg. These data suggest that administration of thymosin has both a specific and non-specific effect on splenic regeneration and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells.", "PMID": 529833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4291", "title": "Loss of hybridizable ribosomal DNA from human post-mitotic tissues during aging: I. Age-dependent loss in human myocardium.", "content": "DNA obtained from 29 male humans at autopsy was hybridized in liquid phase with tritium-labelled 18 and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in order to determine whether a change in the dosage in rDNA, which codes for rRNA, occurs during human aging. The individuals ranged in age from 3 months to 76 years. It was found that the amount of rDNA hybridizable per 260 nm absorption unit by DNA decreases by about 0.5% per year with a regression coefficient of about -0.83. These findings confirm earlier ones from this laboratory and indicate either a loss of these key genes during aging of humans or decreased hybridizability due to some other factor or factors. In any event, this degree of loss or inactivation of genes involving an all protein synthesis would seem to impair function of post-mitotic cells in response to maximal stress to about the same degree that function is lost in various human organ systems during aging, as defined by Shock and others.", "contents": "Loss of hybridizable ribosomal DNA from human post-mitotic tissues during aging: I. Age-dependent loss in human myocardium. DNA obtained from 29 male humans at autopsy was hybridized in liquid phase with tritium-labelled 18 and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in order to determine whether a change in the dosage in rDNA, which codes for rRNA, occurs during human aging. The individuals ranged in age from 3 months to 76 years. It was found that the amount of rDNA hybridizable per 260 nm absorption unit by DNA decreases by about 0.5% per year with a regression coefficient of about -0.83. These findings confirm earlier ones from this laboratory and indicate either a loss of these key genes during aging of humans or decreased hybridizability due to some other factor or factors. In any event, this degree of loss or inactivation of genes involving an all protein synthesis would seem to impair function of post-mitotic cells in response to maximal stress to about the same degree that function is lost in various human organ systems during aging, as defined by Shock and others.", "PMID": 529837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4292", "title": "Loss of hybridizable ribosomal DNA from human post-mitotic tissues during aging: II. Age-dependent loss in human cerebral cortex--hippocampal and somatosensory cortex comparison.", "content": "DNA was isolated from the hippocampal and from the somatosensory cortex of 13 humans (at autopsy). In both the cortex and hippocampus, the loss of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as measured through hybridization in the liquid phase, approximates about 0.9% per year. The r value for somatosensory cortex was about -0.7 and that for the hippocampus was about -0.91. The correlation coefficient between the sets of two samples derived from the same individual (two different areas) in +0.945. These results are consistent with those reported concurrently for human myocardium and with earlier studies conducted with beagle dogs, in which only post-mitotic tissues (brain, heart and skeletal muscle) showed measurable decrements in these key genes. To the degree that the synthesis of new proteins is essential for sustained mental activity, these results are consistent with the observations that Nissl substance is more slowly replenished, following exhaustive work by motor cortical cells, and the fact that many older persons experience mental fatigue during continuous mental work at earlier times than do younger persons. The mechanism of loss is not certain, but may well be related to inadequacies in DNA repair systems, thereby allowing deletion of tandemly duplicated genes through cross-over \"episome\" formation, followed by degradation of the excised DNA segments. The ratio of loss of rDNA hybridizability in human and dogs in about 1 to 7, which approximates the relative ratios of their lifespans (reciprocals).", "contents": "Loss of hybridizable ribosomal DNA from human post-mitotic tissues during aging: II. Age-dependent loss in human cerebral cortex--hippocampal and somatosensory cortex comparison. DNA was isolated from the hippocampal and from the somatosensory cortex of 13 humans (at autopsy). In both the cortex and hippocampus, the loss of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as measured through hybridization in the liquid phase, approximates about 0.9% per year. The r value for somatosensory cortex was about -0.7 and that for the hippocampus was about -0.91. The correlation coefficient between the sets of two samples derived from the same individual (two different areas) in +0.945. These results are consistent with those reported concurrently for human myocardium and with earlier studies conducted with beagle dogs, in which only post-mitotic tissues (brain, heart and skeletal muscle) showed measurable decrements in these key genes. To the degree that the synthesis of new proteins is essential for sustained mental activity, these results are consistent with the observations that Nissl substance is more slowly replenished, following exhaustive work by motor cortical cells, and the fact that many older persons experience mental fatigue during continuous mental work at earlier times than do younger persons. The mechanism of loss is not certain, but may well be related to inadequacies in DNA repair systems, thereby allowing deletion of tandemly duplicated genes through cross-over \"episome\" formation, followed by degradation of the excised DNA segments. The ratio of loss of rDNA hybridizability in human and dogs in about 1 to 7, which approximates the relative ratios of their lifespans (reciprocals).", "PMID": 529838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4293", "title": "Differences between transfer RNA methylase activity in human diploid fibroblasts during in vitro and in vivo aging.", "content": "The change of the specific activity of S-adenosylmethionine: tRNA methyltransferase in cultures of human diploid fibroblasts at different passages has been measured and compared with that in the same type of cells derived from donors of different ages. Whereas the specific activity of tRNA methylase in the in vitro aged cells was found to decline gradually with increasing passage number of the culture, a different activity--age relationship was observed for this enzyme in cells derived from donors of different ages. The activity of tRNA methylase is high in the fetal cells and drops drastically in the \"newborn\" cells. After a further 10% decline, the activity of this enzyme reaches a steady low level in the postnatal cells from donors ranging in age from 3 months to 94 years. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the assumption that the results obtained from in vitro aging experiments reflect the biochemistry of aging in vivo. The \"fetal\" enzyme can methylate the \"aged\" tRNA but the \"aged\" enzyme cannot methylate the \"fetal\" tRNA. The fetal cells contain enzyme activities specific for the formation of m1A, m5C and m1G. These activities are low or deficient in \"aged\" cells. Control experiments showed that all of these results are due neither to the presence of inhibitor or stimulator in the extract nor to effects related to the population density, sex or growth rate of the culture.", "contents": "Differences between transfer RNA methylase activity in human diploid fibroblasts during in vitro and in vivo aging. The change of the specific activity of S-adenosylmethionine: tRNA methyltransferase in cultures of human diploid fibroblasts at different passages has been measured and compared with that in the same type of cells derived from donors of different ages. Whereas the specific activity of tRNA methylase in the in vitro aged cells was found to decline gradually with increasing passage number of the culture, a different activity--age relationship was observed for this enzyme in cells derived from donors of different ages. The activity of tRNA methylase is high in the fetal cells and drops drastically in the \"newborn\" cells. After a further 10% decline, the activity of this enzyme reaches a steady low level in the postnatal cells from donors ranging in age from 3 months to 94 years. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the assumption that the results obtained from in vitro aging experiments reflect the biochemistry of aging in vivo. The \"fetal\" enzyme can methylate the \"aged\" tRNA but the \"aged\" enzyme cannot methylate the \"fetal\" tRNA. The fetal cells contain enzyme activities specific for the formation of m1A, m5C and m1G. These activities are low or deficient in \"aged\" cells. Control experiments showed that all of these results are due neither to the presence of inhibitor or stimulator in the extract nor to effects related to the population density, sex or growth rate of the culture.", "PMID": 529839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4294", "title": "Effect of ageing on the response of the rat isolated testicular capsule to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandins.", "content": "The response of the rat isolated testicular capsule to norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh) and prostaglandins (PG) was found to be age-dependent. The testicular capsular contractions attributable to smooth muscle cells located within the tunica albuginea may be involved in the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis and into the epididymis. With an increase in age of the age of the rat there was a concomitant increase in mass of the testis, thickness of the capsule and the amount of smooth muscle fibers present in the tunica albuginea. The response to the addition of equimolar concentrations of NE and PGA2 became progressively greater as the age of the animal increased. However, the response of the testicular capsule to ACh remained constant throughout adulthood, while PGF2 alpha became progressively less stimulatory as the age of the animal increased. These findings suggest that neurohumoral agents may have an important role in the maintenance of testicular capsular contractions with regard to ageing.", "contents": "Effect of ageing on the response of the rat isolated testicular capsule to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandins. The response of the rat isolated testicular capsule to norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh) and prostaglandins (PG) was found to be age-dependent. The testicular capsular contractions attributable to smooth muscle cells located within the tunica albuginea may be involved in the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis and into the epididymis. With an increase in age of the age of the rat there was a concomitant increase in mass of the testis, thickness of the capsule and the amount of smooth muscle fibers present in the tunica albuginea. The response to the addition of equimolar concentrations of NE and PGA2 became progressively greater as the age of the animal increased. However, the response of the testicular capsule to ACh remained constant throughout adulthood, while PGF2 alpha became progressively less stimulatory as the age of the animal increased. These findings suggest that neurohumoral agents may have an important role in the maintenance of testicular capsular contractions with regard to ageing.", "PMID": 529840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4295", "title": "The effect of age on the protein degradation system in the nematode Turbatrix aceti.", "content": "The administration of 0.2% of the amino acid analogues canavanine and 6-fluorotryptophan to young nematode cultures caused the appearance of inactive but antigenically reactive aldolase molecules at levels comparable to those found in old untreated cultures. Concomitant with the rapid appearance of inactive enzyme molecules a rapid rate of mortality could be detected. Mortality, however, ceased when a massive disappearance of inactive molecules could be observed. Subsequently, mortality resumed at a rate similar to that found in untreated cultures. The NaH14CO3 method of Swick and Ip (J. Biol. Chem., 249 (1974) 6836-6841) was used to estimate the half-life of proteins. The half-life of total soluble proteins in old and intermediate age animals was 4 times and 2.5 times longer, respectively, than that of young nematodes. No differences could be discerned in the half-lives of total proteins between analogue-treated and control animals of young and intermediate ages. However, the rate of disposal of inactive molecules was slower in intermediate age as compared to young animals as it was closely related to the general rate of protein degradation in the different age groups. The results suggest that (a) the proportion of inactive enzyme molecules encountered in old animals is potentially detrimental, (b) the decline in efficiency of the degradation system in older animals may account for the accumulation of altered protein molecules in aging organisms.", "contents": "The effect of age on the protein degradation system in the nematode Turbatrix aceti. The administration of 0.2% of the amino acid analogues canavanine and 6-fluorotryptophan to young nematode cultures caused the appearance of inactive but antigenically reactive aldolase molecules at levels comparable to those found in old untreated cultures. Concomitant with the rapid appearance of inactive enzyme molecules a rapid rate of mortality could be detected. Mortality, however, ceased when a massive disappearance of inactive molecules could be observed. Subsequently, mortality resumed at a rate similar to that found in untreated cultures. The NaH14CO3 method of Swick and Ip (J. Biol. Chem., 249 (1974) 6836-6841) was used to estimate the half-life of proteins. The half-life of total soluble proteins in old and intermediate age animals was 4 times and 2.5 times longer, respectively, than that of young nematodes. No differences could be discerned in the half-lives of total proteins between analogue-treated and control animals of young and intermediate ages. However, the rate of disposal of inactive molecules was slower in intermediate age as compared to young animals as it was closely related to the general rate of protein degradation in the different age groups. The results suggest that (a) the proportion of inactive enzyme molecules encountered in old animals is potentially detrimental, (b) the decline in efficiency of the degradation system in older animals may account for the accumulation of altered protein molecules in aging organisms.", "PMID": 529841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4296", "title": "[Value of hemophagocytosis in the morphological examination of the bone marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemophagocytosis or the process of ingestion of blood cells by phagocytes and macrophages of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MFS), is a phenomenon that rarely could be observed in the morphological examination of the bone marrow aspirate. Occasionally it is present in certain pathologic conditions such as, malignant histiocitosis, autimmune hemolytic anemia, or some chronic inflammatory diseases. The capacity of ingestion is not an exlusive property of the phagocytes and macrophages of the MFS, so that different neoplastic cells can show it too. This study analyzes the presence of hemophagocytosis by neoplastic cells in a total of 552 bone marrow aspirates corresponding to a series of 130 patients with acute leukemia and 422 patients with diverse solid tumors. In the group of patients with acute leukemia, hemophagocytosis by blastic cells was observed in five cases with acute monocytic leukemia. In the other group with solid tumors, hemophagocytosis was present in three patients with oat-cell lung carcinomas and diffuse bone marrow metastases. The interest of the evaluation of hemophagocytosis by neoplastic cells in the morphological examination of the bone marrow is stressed, as well as it possible value in the cytological diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. However, in these circumstances a sdiffuse metastases by solid tumors should be always discarded, since their cytomorphological characteristics are in most cases superimposed to those of the leukemic bone marrow infiltrate.", "contents": "[Value of hemophagocytosis in the morphological examination of the bone marrow (author's transl)]. The hemophagocytosis or the process of ingestion of blood cells by phagocytes and macrophages of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MFS), is a phenomenon that rarely could be observed in the morphological examination of the bone marrow aspirate. Occasionally it is present in certain pathologic conditions such as, malignant histiocitosis, autimmune hemolytic anemia, or some chronic inflammatory diseases. The capacity of ingestion is not an exlusive property of the phagocytes and macrophages of the MFS, so that different neoplastic cells can show it too. This study analyzes the presence of hemophagocytosis by neoplastic cells in a total of 552 bone marrow aspirates corresponding to a series of 130 patients with acute leukemia and 422 patients with diverse solid tumors. In the group of patients with acute leukemia, hemophagocytosis by blastic cells was observed in five cases with acute monocytic leukemia. In the other group with solid tumors, hemophagocytosis was present in three patients with oat-cell lung carcinomas and diffuse bone marrow metastases. The interest of the evaluation of hemophagocytosis by neoplastic cells in the morphological examination of the bone marrow is stressed, as well as it possible value in the cytological diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. However, in these circumstances a sdiffuse metastases by solid tumors should be always discarded, since their cytomorphological characteristics are in most cases superimposed to those of the leukemic bone marrow infiltrate.", "PMID": 529860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4297", "title": "[Usefulness of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme, CK-MB, in the diagnosis of myocardial necrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "With the objective of evaluating the clinical usefulness of a new immunologic method (Merck-1-Test CK-MB), in the determination of the CK-MB activity, 48 patients admitted to the Coronary Unit for angina pectoris were studied. Samples of blood were gathered upon admission and every 4 hours for 48-72 hours, determining in each one of them the total CPK, SGOT, LDH, and CK-MB; electrocardiograms (ECG) were taken and all possible causes for the increase in the enzymatic activity were recorded. Results were analyzed in order to study the following aspects: in the patients in which an acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed the CK-MB activity was studied, also the relation of CK-MB to the remaining parameters, each parameter's sensitivity and specificity and the relationship of the CK-MB to the prognosis of the patients. The usefulness of CF-MB in the differential diagnosis of myocardial necrosis and variations in the total CKP curve in the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction unrelated to myocardial necrosis were evaluated too. The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis of the data. The immunological method has the advantages of its sensitivity and easily and quickly performance (15 minutes), but it has the disadvantage that it detects CK-BB (elevated in cebrovascular disorders). Twenty-four hours after the onset of symptoms, the negativity of CK-MB does not exclude the diagnosis of a myocardial necrosis. CK-MB is more sensitive than total CPK in diagnosing the extent of the area of necrosis. CK-MB is very specific for myocardial necrosis but less sensitive than other parameters. A positive CK-MB upon the patient's admission confirmed the diagnosis of necrosis in 60 percent of the cases, but in 18 percent error was induced because of false positives. CK-MB permitted confirmations of the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in 33 percent of cases in which there was only a suggestion of necrosis by the ECG. The variation in the curve of total CPK in the course of an acute myocardial infarction is subjected to such a great number of factors intercurrent with time, that caution should be exercised in trying to relate a specific elevation of total CPK to an unsuccessful maneuver or to a possible extension of the area of necrosis.", "contents": "[Usefulness of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme, CK-MB, in the diagnosis of myocardial necrosis (author's transl)]. With the objective of evaluating the clinical usefulness of a new immunologic method (Merck-1-Test CK-MB), in the determination of the CK-MB activity, 48 patients admitted to the Coronary Unit for angina pectoris were studied. Samples of blood were gathered upon admission and every 4 hours for 48-72 hours, determining in each one of them the total CPK, SGOT, LDH, and CK-MB; electrocardiograms (ECG) were taken and all possible causes for the increase in the enzymatic activity were recorded. Results were analyzed in order to study the following aspects: in the patients in which an acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed the CK-MB activity was studied, also the relation of CK-MB to the remaining parameters, each parameter's sensitivity and specificity and the relationship of the CK-MB to the prognosis of the patients. The usefulness of CF-MB in the differential diagnosis of myocardial necrosis and variations in the total CKP curve in the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction unrelated to myocardial necrosis were evaluated too. The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis of the data. The immunological method has the advantages of its sensitivity and easily and quickly performance (15 minutes), but it has the disadvantage that it detects CK-BB (elevated in cebrovascular disorders). Twenty-four hours after the onset of symptoms, the negativity of CK-MB does not exclude the diagnosis of a myocardial necrosis. CK-MB is more sensitive than total CPK in diagnosing the extent of the area of necrosis. CK-MB is very specific for myocardial necrosis but less sensitive than other parameters. A positive CK-MB upon the patient's admission confirmed the diagnosis of necrosis in 60 percent of the cases, but in 18 percent error was induced because of false positives. CK-MB permitted confirmations of the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in 33 percent of cases in which there was only a suggestion of necrosis by the ECG. The variation in the curve of total CPK in the course of an acute myocardial infarction is subjected to such a great number of factors intercurrent with time, that caution should be exercised in trying to relate a specific elevation of total CPK to an unsuccessful maneuver or to a possible extension of the area of necrosis.", "PMID": 529861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4298", "title": "[Arterial hypertension in the island of Tenerife. I. Incidence (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial hypertension is one of the most frequent pathologic situations in general practice. The purpose of the present study has been to discover the real incidence of blood hypertension among people in the island of Tenerife, and its possible relation to several factors, such as age, sex, constitution, type of work, alimentary habits, and pathologic background, as well as the distribution of the disease according to the different altimetric zones of the island. A total of 1,728 individuals of both sexes (ages ranged from 13 to 74 years) were included in the study. Arterial hypertension was demonstrated in 19 percent of the subjects, borderline values were recorded in 11 percent of the individuals; 70 percent of the population exhibited normal arterial tension values. The incidence of blood hypertension increased progressively with age, and was similar in both sexes up until 44 years of age; in the older group hypertension was significantly higher among women. An important finding was the discovery that 90 percent of the hypertensive people were unaware of their condition, were aware but received no treatment, or were treated but were not kept under control. The younger the individual was, the higher was the proportion of subjects without treatment; 32 percent of the patients were under 45 years of age. In this group of young hypertensive people 83 percent of them did not receive anti-hypertensive therapy. while 16 percent of the same group were taking medication but did not have the disease under control.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension in the island of Tenerife. I. Incidence (author's transl)]. Arterial hypertension is one of the most frequent pathologic situations in general practice. The purpose of the present study has been to discover the real incidence of blood hypertension among people in the island of Tenerife, and its possible relation to several factors, such as age, sex, constitution, type of work, alimentary habits, and pathologic background, as well as the distribution of the disease according to the different altimetric zones of the island. A total of 1,728 individuals of both sexes (ages ranged from 13 to 74 years) were included in the study. Arterial hypertension was demonstrated in 19 percent of the subjects, borderline values were recorded in 11 percent of the individuals; 70 percent of the population exhibited normal arterial tension values. The incidence of blood hypertension increased progressively with age, and was similar in both sexes up until 44 years of age; in the older group hypertension was significantly higher among women. An important finding was the discovery that 90 percent of the hypertensive people were unaware of their condition, were aware but received no treatment, or were treated but were not kept under control. The younger the individual was, the higher was the proportion of subjects without treatment; 32 percent of the patients were under 45 years of age. In this group of young hypertensive people 83 percent of them did not receive anti-hypertensive therapy. while 16 percent of the same group were taking medication but did not have the disease under control.", "PMID": 529864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4299", "title": "[Response of the autonomous nervous system of the heart in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The vegetative response of the heart in 80 diabetic patients and 24 controls was evaluated by means of four tests: cyclic variations, Valsalva's maneuver, static muscular exercises and postural hypotension. This methodology indicates that vegetative alterations of the heart in the diabetic subjects are frequent (56.25 per cent). The parameters which are first affected are the cyclic variations and the Valsalva's maneuver, and that this disorder increases with the duration of the diabetes, showing a clear correlation with the appearance of peripheral somatic polyneuropathy. Although from a clinical point of view orthostatic hypotension is the more obvious manifestation, its implication in other situations, such as unexplained tachycardia, silent myocardial infarction and sudden death in the diabetic patient, lends great importance to this little-known form of degenerative disorder in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Response of the autonomous nervous system of the heart in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The vegetative response of the heart in 80 diabetic patients and 24 controls was evaluated by means of four tests: cyclic variations, Valsalva's maneuver, static muscular exercises and postural hypotension. This methodology indicates that vegetative alterations of the heart in the diabetic subjects are frequent (56.25 per cent). The parameters which are first affected are the cyclic variations and the Valsalva's maneuver, and that this disorder increases with the duration of the diabetes, showing a clear correlation with the appearance of peripheral somatic polyneuropathy. Although from a clinical point of view orthostatic hypotension is the more obvious manifestation, its implication in other situations, such as unexplained tachycardia, silent myocardial infarction and sudden death in the diabetic patient, lends great importance to this little-known form of degenerative disorder in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 529862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4300", "title": "[The use of 125I-fibrinogen in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in medical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 38 \"high risk\" selected cases of deep venous thrombosis were studied in an internal Medicine Department. Fibrinogen-125I was used. Phlebographic verification was sought in those cases with a positive response to the fibrinogen. From the 38 cases 13 turned out to be positive; in 8 the venous thrombus was identify by venography. In two cases the dorsal venous arch could not be filled. In one case the phlebography could not be carried out. In the remaining two cases the venography did not show a thrombus but there was a pathologic fracture with hematoma and an ossifying myositis, respectively. Both cases were interpreted as false positives to the radioactive fibrinogen. One of them had suggestive clinical manifestations of deep venous thrombosis. Of the eight cases which were positive to the venography and radioactive fibrinogen only four showed a clinical picture suggestive of deep venous thrombosis. If the three cases with negative venographies are included only 36.3 percent of the patients had clinical manifestations. Among the 25 cases which were negative to the radioactive fibrinogen none of them had a clinical picture of deep venous thrombosis, although in 64 percent of them at least one of the clinical signs collected during the physical examination was positive. The correlation between fibrinogen-125I and phlebography turned out to be 80 percent.", "contents": "[The use of 125I-fibrinogen in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in medical practice (author's transl)]. A series of 38 \"high risk\" selected cases of deep venous thrombosis were studied in an internal Medicine Department. Fibrinogen-125I was used. Phlebographic verification was sought in those cases with a positive response to the fibrinogen. From the 38 cases 13 turned out to be positive; in 8 the venous thrombus was identify by venography. In two cases the dorsal venous arch could not be filled. In one case the phlebography could not be carried out. In the remaining two cases the venography did not show a thrombus but there was a pathologic fracture with hematoma and an ossifying myositis, respectively. Both cases were interpreted as false positives to the radioactive fibrinogen. One of them had suggestive clinical manifestations of deep venous thrombosis. Of the eight cases which were positive to the venography and radioactive fibrinogen only four showed a clinical picture suggestive of deep venous thrombosis. If the three cases with negative venographies are included only 36.3 percent of the patients had clinical manifestations. Among the 25 cases which were negative to the radioactive fibrinogen none of them had a clinical picture of deep venous thrombosis, although in 64 percent of them at least one of the clinical signs collected during the physical examination was positive. The correlation between fibrinogen-125I and phlebography turned out to be 80 percent.", "PMID": 529863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4301", "title": "[Influence of the albumin fraction in the plasma oncotic pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "This work analyzes the influence which albumin fraction exerts upon plasma oncotic pressure. With this objective three different groups were studied, each one of which was composed of subjects with identical total proteinemia and variable albuminemia. The first group: nine subjects with 6.2 g/100 ml proteinemia and albumin values between 3.2 and 3.8 g/100 ml; the second group: seven healthy subjects with 6.4 g/100 ml proteinemia and the level of albumina between 3 and 4 g/100 ml; the third group: subjects with proteinemia at 6.6 g/100 ml and extreme values of albumin between 3.1 and 4.3 g/100 ml. Plasma oncotic pressure was determined by means of an electronic osmometer, according to the described technique. With a proteinemia constant at 6.2 g/100 ml, a 0.6 percent fluctuation of the albumin concentration induced a variation in the plasma oncotic pressure of up to 20.4 per cent. In cases of proteinemia remaining constant at 6.4 g/100 ml, the oscillation of albumin levels between 3 and 4 g/100 ml represented a change in the plasmatic oncotic pressure of 32.58 per cent. In the third group, the influence of the albuminemia was lesser (23.1 per cent variability in the plasma oncotic pressure, with an oscillation of 1.2 g/100 ml in albuminemia). The existence of variable values of plasma oncotic pressure corresponding to cases with identical proteinemia and albuminemia, lead us to consider the powerful influence exerted upon the plasma oncotic pressure by other factors which affect the mass-structure and the electrical charges of proteins.", "contents": "[Influence of the albumin fraction in the plasma oncotic pressure (author's transl)]. This work analyzes the influence which albumin fraction exerts upon plasma oncotic pressure. With this objective three different groups were studied, each one of which was composed of subjects with identical total proteinemia and variable albuminemia. The first group: nine subjects with 6.2 g/100 ml proteinemia and albumin values between 3.2 and 3.8 g/100 ml; the second group: seven healthy subjects with 6.4 g/100 ml proteinemia and the level of albumina between 3 and 4 g/100 ml; the third group: subjects with proteinemia at 6.6 g/100 ml and extreme values of albumin between 3.1 and 4.3 g/100 ml. Plasma oncotic pressure was determined by means of an electronic osmometer, according to the described technique. With a proteinemia constant at 6.2 g/100 ml, a 0.6 percent fluctuation of the albumin concentration induced a variation in the plasma oncotic pressure of up to 20.4 per cent. In cases of proteinemia remaining constant at 6.4 g/100 ml, the oscillation of albumin levels between 3 and 4 g/100 ml represented a change in the plasmatic oncotic pressure of 32.58 per cent. In the third group, the influence of the albuminemia was lesser (23.1 per cent variability in the plasma oncotic pressure, with an oscillation of 1.2 g/100 ml in albuminemia). The existence of variable values of plasma oncotic pressure corresponding to cases with identical proteinemia and albuminemia, lead us to consider the powerful influence exerted upon the plasma oncotic pressure by other factors which affect the mass-structure and the electrical charges of proteins.", "PMID": 529866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4302", "title": "[The behaviour of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products in myocardial infarction. Justification of a prognostic index (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products in 52 patients with myocardial infarction was analyzed with the aim of finding an evolutive prognostic index for these patients. According to the clinical course the patients who developed complications were separated from those who did not develop them; a special distinction was made of those complications classified as being of thromboembolic type. In the same way those patients who died were analyzed differentially from those who did not. When these facts were related to the behaviour of fibrinogen and of fibrinogen degradation products the following facts were observed: 1) There was an increase of fibrinogen which reached its maximum on the 5th and 6th days and which returned to normal limits on approximately the 9th day. The greatest increase was reached in those patients who developed thromboembolic complications, although the study did not allow to establish significant differences between this group and the rest of the cases. A reactive and nonspecific behaviour was suggested. 2) Fibrinogen degradation productes reached its maximum increase during the 48 hours after the myocardial infarction, without significant differences between both groups. Therefore it does not seem that a prognostic and evolutive assessment can be derived from the study of the changes in the fibrinogen time and fibrinogen degradation products in patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[The behaviour of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products in myocardial infarction. Justification of a prognostic index (author's transl)]. The behaviour of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products in 52 patients with myocardial infarction was analyzed with the aim of finding an evolutive prognostic index for these patients. According to the clinical course the patients who developed complications were separated from those who did not develop them; a special distinction was made of those complications classified as being of thromboembolic type. In the same way those patients who died were analyzed differentially from those who did not. When these facts were related to the behaviour of fibrinogen and of fibrinogen degradation products the following facts were observed: 1) There was an increase of fibrinogen which reached its maximum on the 5th and 6th days and which returned to normal limits on approximately the 9th day. The greatest increase was reached in those patients who developed thromboembolic complications, although the study did not allow to establish significant differences between this group and the rest of the cases. A reactive and nonspecific behaviour was suggested. 2) Fibrinogen degradation productes reached its maximum increase during the 48 hours after the myocardial infarction, without significant differences between both groups. Therefore it does not seem that a prognostic and evolutive assessment can be derived from the study of the changes in the fibrinogen time and fibrinogen degradation products in patients with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 529865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4303", "title": "[Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated to a type B acute hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 42-year-old male patient suffers an acute hepatitis with positive HBs Ag and approximately 2 months after its onset, an acute polyneuritis with lessening of conduction velocity and albumino-cytologic dissociation appeared. Both conditions recuperated synchronously in a few months. This association has been only slightly referred to previously, and the majority of cases lacked facts important to the establishment of a diagnosis. The polyneuritis is possibly secondary to the viral alteration, either directly or due to an ensuing immunological alteration. Besides, there is the possibility that a clinical or sub-clinical demyelinizing neuropathy that does not fill the criteria of a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome may complicate a hepatitis, or that an acute polyneuritis may associate itself to an autoimmune hepatitis.", "contents": "[Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated to a type B acute hepatitis (author's transl)]. A 42-year-old male patient suffers an acute hepatitis with positive HBs Ag and approximately 2 months after its onset, an acute polyneuritis with lessening of conduction velocity and albumino-cytologic dissociation appeared. Both conditions recuperated synchronously in a few months. This association has been only slightly referred to previously, and the majority of cases lacked facts important to the establishment of a diagnosis. The polyneuritis is possibly secondary to the viral alteration, either directly or due to an ensuing immunological alteration. Besides, there is the possibility that a clinical or sub-clinical demyelinizing neuropathy that does not fill the criteria of a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome may complicate a hepatitis, or that an acute polyneuritis may associate itself to an autoimmune hepatitis.", "PMID": 529867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4304", "title": "[Bisalbuminemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A general review of bisalbuminemia is presented. Besides congenital bisalbuminemia there is an acquired form of bisalbuminemia that appears following treatment with high dosis of penicillin and cephalosporin, or in cases of acute pancreatitis after the development of a pancreatic pseudocyst. There is one type of abnormal albumin that migrates faster than normal albumin (rapid variant) and another type that is slower (slow variant). Different subtypes of each one have been recognized. There is no immunological difference between normal albumin and the variants. From a clinical point of view, bisalbuminemia per se does not cause any observable alterations. This is an important finding, however, because of the possibility that some physiologic or pharmacologic substances may not be bound to the abnormal variants as well as to normal albumin. When bisalbuminemia appears following an episode of pancreatitis it may be indicative of a pancreatic pseudocyst.", "contents": "[Bisalbuminemia (author's transl)]. A general review of bisalbuminemia is presented. Besides congenital bisalbuminemia there is an acquired form of bisalbuminemia that appears following treatment with high dosis of penicillin and cephalosporin, or in cases of acute pancreatitis after the development of a pancreatic pseudocyst. There is one type of abnormal albumin that migrates faster than normal albumin (rapid variant) and another type that is slower (slow variant). Different subtypes of each one have been recognized. There is no immunological difference between normal albumin and the variants. From a clinical point of view, bisalbuminemia per se does not cause any observable alterations. This is an important finding, however, because of the possibility that some physiologic or pharmacologic substances may not be bound to the abnormal variants as well as to normal albumin. When bisalbuminemia appears following an episode of pancreatitis it may be indicative of a pancreatic pseudocyst.", "PMID": 529868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4305", "title": "[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis with acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is relatively frequent in rural agricultural or cattle areas. In the severe forms of the disease renal affection is frequent, but the incidence of acute renal insufficiency is far lesser. Three cases of acute renal insufficiency in adult male patients secondary to an infection by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae are presented. Two of the patients resided in urban areas and only one of which presented professional risk. The clinical polymorphysm of the illness is confirmed, having observed not only the absence of fever but also that of jaundice. The former history of chronic alcoholism, present in two cases, determined diagnostic difficulties with acute alcoholic hepatitis. The serologic diagnosis is often positive only at the end of the second week, and the need to carry out a series of seroaglutinations is to be insisted upon. The types of renal impairment in leptospirosis are reviewed and the presence of acute renal insufficiency is stressed, including those patients with less severe forms of the disease, and especially those without Weil's syndrome. All of the patients had to be treated with dialysis, although two of them had a conserved diuresis after an initial brief period of oliguria.", "contents": "[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis with acute renal failure (author's transl)]. Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is relatively frequent in rural agricultural or cattle areas. In the severe forms of the disease renal affection is frequent, but the incidence of acute renal insufficiency is far lesser. Three cases of acute renal insufficiency in adult male patients secondary to an infection by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae are presented. Two of the patients resided in urban areas and only one of which presented professional risk. The clinical polymorphysm of the illness is confirmed, having observed not only the absence of fever but also that of jaundice. The former history of chronic alcoholism, present in two cases, determined diagnostic difficulties with acute alcoholic hepatitis. The serologic diagnosis is often positive only at the end of the second week, and the need to carry out a series of seroaglutinations is to be insisted upon. The types of renal impairment in leptospirosis are reviewed and the presence of acute renal insufficiency is stressed, including those patients with less severe forms of the disease, and especially those without Weil's syndrome. All of the patients had to be treated with dialysis, although two of them had a conserved diuresis after an initial brief period of oliguria.", "PMID": 529871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4306", "title": "[Pheochromocytoma and sudden death (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of pheochromocytoma are described in which sudden death was the form of the initial clinical presentation in almost all of them. After a brief review on the history and the incidence of the tumor within the general population, diverse cases are analyzed from a clinical point of view and in relation to the data appeared in the literature. In the analysis of the symptoms emphasis is placed on the important psychomotor manifestations which are present in the majority of those patients and which causes serious difficulties in the initial diagnosis. All of the patients showed signs of shock at the time of being observed or during the course of this observation, and in the majority of them the presence of acute pulmonary edema was confirmed; facts which we attribute to an initial hypertensive episode associated to a left heart failure. The onset of the crisis in two patients was related to known triggering factors: anesthesia and sulpiride. In other two patients associated conditions were diagnosed: medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in one of them, and cystic necrosis of the middle layer of the aorta in the other.", "contents": "[Pheochromocytoma and sudden death (author's transl)]. Five cases of pheochromocytoma are described in which sudden death was the form of the initial clinical presentation in almost all of them. After a brief review on the history and the incidence of the tumor within the general population, diverse cases are analyzed from a clinical point of view and in relation to the data appeared in the literature. In the analysis of the symptoms emphasis is placed on the important psychomotor manifestations which are present in the majority of those patients and which causes serious difficulties in the initial diagnosis. All of the patients showed signs of shock at the time of being observed or during the course of this observation, and in the majority of them the presence of acute pulmonary edema was confirmed; facts which we attribute to an initial hypertensive episode associated to a left heart failure. The onset of the crisis in two patients was related to known triggering factors: anesthesia and sulpiride. In other two patients associated conditions were diagnosed: medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in one of them, and cystic necrosis of the middle layer of the aorta in the other.", "PMID": 529872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4307", "title": "[Cysticercosis and angiomatosis. Clinicopathological study of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a discussion of the clinical condition of a 49-year-old patient who had been presenting intermittent episodes of intracranial hypertension since the age of 9, at which time she suddenly began a serious psychic deterioration which impaired her normal intellectual development. A new episode of intracranial hypertension led to the emergency admittance to the medical center, and was the cause of death. The cerebral post mortem study showed a large ventricular dilatation and the existence of a translucent cysticercus of a lobular shape which was adhered by a fine filament ot the internal wall of the right ventricle, very near to Monro's foramen; the possibility, therefore, was attributed to it of having had the effect of a valve mechanism which might have been causing the crises and the intracranial hypertension. At the same time, it was also observed that there existed an angiomatosis at the level of the temporal lobe, which does not seem to be related to the process, especially because of its small area and the integrity of the blood vessels.", "contents": "[Cysticercosis and angiomatosis. Clinicopathological study of one case (author's transl)]. This is a discussion of the clinical condition of a 49-year-old patient who had been presenting intermittent episodes of intracranial hypertension since the age of 9, at which time she suddenly began a serious psychic deterioration which impaired her normal intellectual development. A new episode of intracranial hypertension led to the emergency admittance to the medical center, and was the cause of death. The cerebral post mortem study showed a large ventricular dilatation and the existence of a translucent cysticercus of a lobular shape which was adhered by a fine filament ot the internal wall of the right ventricle, very near to Monro's foramen; the possibility, therefore, was attributed to it of having had the effect of a valve mechanism which might have been causing the crises and the intracranial hypertension. At the same time, it was also observed that there existed an angiomatosis at the level of the temporal lobe, which does not seem to be related to the process, especially because of its small area and the integrity of the blood vessels.", "PMID": 529873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4308", "title": "[Argyriasis. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of argyriasis in a 45-year-old woman is reported. When the patient was 34 she took for a period of 25 months a silver-containing pharmacological product (colloidal silicon with 0.5 percent of silver) in order to treat an intestinal dyspepsia with diarrheic episodes. A few months after discontinuing the treatment a cutaneous pigmentation of a greyish-blue color extending over the whole body, developed. There was also discoloration of the nails, hair, and of the oral and gingival mucosae. The differential diagnosis with other conditions that also develop anomalies of cutaneous pigmentation was established. It is thought that the appearance of the silver poisoning is due to different factors such as the quantity of silver intake, the individual sensitivity to the metal, and the greater or lesser period of exposure to sunlight. The importance of the skin biopsy in order to confirm the diagnosis is commented on. Typical pathologic findings include the presence of silver granules in the basal membrane of sudoriparous glands, around the pilosebaceous follicles, and in the connective tissue. Lastly, the authors insist on the necessity to avoid the prescription of silver-salt containing drugs as far as possible, since the cutaneous pigmentation is irreversible.", "contents": "[Argyriasis. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of argyriasis in a 45-year-old woman is reported. When the patient was 34 she took for a period of 25 months a silver-containing pharmacological product (colloidal silicon with 0.5 percent of silver) in order to treat an intestinal dyspepsia with diarrheic episodes. A few months after discontinuing the treatment a cutaneous pigmentation of a greyish-blue color extending over the whole body, developed. There was also discoloration of the nails, hair, and of the oral and gingival mucosae. The differential diagnosis with other conditions that also develop anomalies of cutaneous pigmentation was established. It is thought that the appearance of the silver poisoning is due to different factors such as the quantity of silver intake, the individual sensitivity to the metal, and the greater or lesser period of exposure to sunlight. The importance of the skin biopsy in order to confirm the diagnosis is commented on. Typical pathologic findings include the presence of silver granules in the basal membrane of sudoriparous glands, around the pilosebaceous follicles, and in the connective tissue. Lastly, the authors insist on the necessity to avoid the prescription of silver-salt containing drugs as far as possible, since the cutaneous pigmentation is irreversible.", "PMID": 529874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4309", "title": "[Immunopathologic implications of cryoglobulins (author's transl)].", "content": "Cryoglobulins are proteins which appear in the serum of some patients. Their basic characteristic is their power to precipitate at low temperatures. In this work a review is made of the data presented by several authors in regard to the origin, isolation, classification, and precipitation mechanism, as well as of the factors which influence the cryoprecipitability. We also set out the most probable etiopathogenic theories and the possible clinical findings in those patients who have these proteins altered in their serum. Finally we comment on the treatment with special reference to penicillamine.", "contents": "[Immunopathologic implications of cryoglobulins (author's transl)]. Cryoglobulins are proteins which appear in the serum of some patients. Their basic characteristic is their power to precipitate at low temperatures. In this work a review is made of the data presented by several authors in regard to the origin, isolation, classification, and precipitation mechanism, as well as of the factors which influence the cryoprecipitability. We also set out the most probable etiopathogenic theories and the possible clinical findings in those patients who have these proteins altered in their serum. Finally we comment on the treatment with special reference to penicillamine.", "PMID": 529875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4310", "title": "Evaluation and management of nutritional status before surgery.", "content": "Preoperative evaluation of all patients should include evaluation of nutritional status. Factors of greatest clinical usefulness are nutritional history correlated with the clinical situation, and measures of body height and weight, serum albumin concentration, and muscle mass. Depressed immune function suggested by a lack of skin test reactivity to standard antigens may correlate with the risk of postoperative complications and death, but further studies are required to determine the specific relation of nutrient deficiencies and immune function. Micronutrient deficiencies must be identified and corrected rapidly. Nutritional support in patients with nutritional deficiencies should be started preoperatively either by enteral or intravenous techniques and continued postoperatively.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of nutritional status before surgery. Preoperative evaluation of all patients should include evaluation of nutritional status. Factors of greatest clinical usefulness are nutritional history correlated with the clinical situation, and measures of body height and weight, serum albumin concentration, and muscle mass. Depressed immune function suggested by a lack of skin test reactivity to standard antigens may correlate with the risk of postoperative complications and death, but further studies are required to determine the specific relation of nutrient deficiencies and immune function. Micronutrient deficiencies must be identified and corrected rapidly. Nutritional support in patients with nutritional deficiencies should be started preoperatively either by enteral or intravenous techniques and continued postoperatively.", "PMID": 529886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4311", "title": "Cardiac risk factors in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.", "content": "Cardiac risks of noncardiac surgery are associated with some noncardiac risk factors but are primarily a function of the patient's underlying cardiac disease. Elective surgery should only be performed when the patient is in optimal condition--i.e., with no evidence of heart failure, at least 6 months after a previous myocardial infarction, and so forth. Careful monitoring of fluid status should lead to reduced cardiac morbidity and mortality after surgery in these patients.", "contents": "Cardiac risk factors in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Cardiac risks of noncardiac surgery are associated with some noncardiac risk factors but are primarily a function of the patient's underlying cardiac disease. Elective surgery should only be performed when the patient is in optimal condition--i.e., with no evidence of heart failure, at least 6 months after a previous myocardial infarction, and so forth. Careful monitoring of fluid status should lead to reduced cardiac morbidity and mortality after surgery in these patients.", "PMID": 529887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4312", "title": "Pulmonary risk factors in surgery.", "content": "The altered pattern of ventilation and the diminution in lung vol-mes after general anesthesia and surgery predispose the postoperative patient to develop serious pulmonary complications. Many additional risk factors are readily identifiable and often reversible. Careful attention to these allows the institution of therapy which can greatly diminish the incidence of serious postoperative pulmonary complications. In patients for whom thoracic surgery is contemplated, the identification and quantification of risk factor helps identify those individuals in whom surgical risk is prohibitively great, or who will not likely tolerate lung resections of major or minor extent.", "contents": "Pulmonary risk factors in surgery. The altered pattern of ventilation and the diminution in lung vol-mes after general anesthesia and surgery predispose the postoperative patient to develop serious pulmonary complications. Many additional risk factors are readily identifiable and often reversible. Careful attention to these allows the institution of therapy which can greatly diminish the incidence of serious postoperative pulmonary complications. In patients for whom thoracic surgery is contemplated, the identification and quantification of risk factor helps identify those individuals in whom surgical risk is prohibitively great, or who will not likely tolerate lung resections of major or minor extent.", "PMID": 529888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4313", "title": "The preoperative patient wit hypertension.", "content": "Preoperative medical evaluation of the hypertensive patient has a dual focus: (1) to establish an appropriate level of blood pressure control before anesthesia and surgery; and (2) to assess the degree of cardiovascular impairment, with particular attention to brain, heart, and kidney. Close communication between clinician and anesthesiologist can do much to ensure the patient's safety. Interpretation of  the results of the preoperative examination is aided by the clinician's prior knowledge of the patient: the onset and history of his hypertension, his record of compliance to an antihypertensive regimen, his blood pressure response during previous hospitalizations and surgical procedures. Though there is no longer any question that antihypertensive medications should be continued in the preoperative period, side-effects of thiazide therapy may need treatment before or during surgery. Again, the clinician's fuller knowledge of the patient will help to alert the anesthesiologist to the need for special caution.", "contents": "The preoperative patient wit hypertension. Preoperative medical evaluation of the hypertensive patient has a dual focus: (1) to establish an appropriate level of blood pressure control before anesthesia and surgery; and (2) to assess the degree of cardiovascular impairment, with particular attention to brain, heart, and kidney. Close communication between clinician and anesthesiologist can do much to ensure the patient's safety. Interpretation of  the results of the preoperative examination is aided by the clinician's prior knowledge of the patient: the onset and history of his hypertension, his record of compliance to an antihypertensive regimen, his blood pressure response during previous hospitalizations and surgical procedures. Though there is no longer any question that antihypertensive medications should be continued in the preoperative period, side-effects of thiazide therapy may need treatment before or during surgery. Again, the clinician's fuller knowledge of the patient will help to alert the anesthesiologist to the need for special caution.", "PMID": 529889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4314", "title": "Preoperative endocrine and metabolic considerations.", "content": "Patients with endocrine dysfunction have an increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. Identification of such patients prior to surgery, and preoperative management to achieve normal hormonal status may prevent or lessen episodes of morbidity. Diabetics undergoing elective surgical procedures can be managed by any number of approaches. Whatever the method used, close monitoring of blood glucose levels is imperative.", "contents": "Preoperative endocrine and metabolic considerations. Patients with endocrine dysfunction have an increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. Identification of such patients prior to surgery, and preoperative management to achieve normal hormonal status may prevent or lessen episodes of morbidity. Diabetics undergoing elective surgical procedures can be managed by any number of approaches. Whatever the method used, close monitoring of blood glucose levels is imperative.", "PMID": 529891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4315", "title": "The preoperative patient with an asymptomatic cervical bruit.", "content": "At the time of this writing there appears to be little evidence that cervical bruits are good indicators of stenosis or plaque in the underlying carotid artery in asymptomatic patients, or that the finding of a carotid bruit places the patient at greater risk of postoperative stroke. The mortality and morbidity of angiography and endarterectomy are too high to risk their use in a group of asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "The preoperative patient with an asymptomatic cervical bruit. At the time of this writing there appears to be little evidence that cervical bruits are good indicators of stenosis or plaque in the underlying carotid artery in asymptomatic patients, or that the finding of a carotid bruit places the patient at greater risk of postoperative stroke. The mortality and morbidity of angiography and endarterectomy are too high to risk their use in a group of asymptomatic patients.", "PMID": 529892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4316", "title": "The emotional impact of surgery and the value of informed consent.", "content": "The process of obtaining consent detailed here contains within it most of the therapeutic techniques useful in the prevention and treatment of usual postoperative psychological complications. You will note that at various points the physician will have; given information, utilized suggestions, reflected feelings, allowed ventilation and catharsis, clarified, desensitized, increased self-esteem, given reassurance, fostered identification, supported healthy defenses, encouraged autonomy, control, and responsibility, and done some social engineering. These psychotherapeutic techniques have been built into the content and process of eliciting consent. In addition, and most importantly, the process has fostered the growth of the doctor-patient relationship, the ultimate therapeutic weapon in managing most postoperative psychological reactions.", "contents": "The emotional impact of surgery and the value of informed consent. The process of obtaining consent detailed here contains within it most of the therapeutic techniques useful in the prevention and treatment of usual postoperative psychological complications. You will note that at various points the physician will have; given information, utilized suggestions, reflected feelings, allowed ventilation and catharsis, clarified, desensitized, increased self-esteem, given reassurance, fostered identification, supported healthy defenses, encouraged autonomy, control, and responsibility, and done some social engineering. These psychotherapeutic techniques have been built into the content and process of eliciting consent. In addition, and most importantly, the process has fostered the growth of the doctor-patient relationship, the ultimate therapeutic weapon in managing most postoperative psychological reactions.", "PMID": 529893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4317", "title": "The general medicine consult service in a university teaching hospital.", "content": "A general internal medicine consult service that provides continuity of care, availability, and preoperative out-patient consultation was instituted at UCDMC in September 1977. The volume and source of consultations increased dramatically with little impact on the medical specialty consult services. We believe the organization of our consult service has helped to provide optimal training in an often neglected area of Internal Medicine.", "contents": "The general medicine consult service in a university teaching hospital. A general internal medicine consult service that provides continuity of care, availability, and preoperative out-patient consultation was instituted at UCDMC in September 1977. The volume and source of consultations increased dramatically with little impact on the medical specialty consult services. We believe the organization of our consult service has helped to provide optimal training in an often neglected area of Internal Medicine.", "PMID": 529894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4318", "title": "[Psychogenic hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible causes of psychogenic hearing loss and aggravating deafness are compared. The evaluation of anamnesis, speech reception thresholds, hearing threshold levels and recuitment tests, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and simulation tests for the differential diagnosis is discussed. Therapeutical consequences are talked about. A case report will demonstrate in-debth how a minor noise-induced hearing loss due to having worked in a noisy environment for 25 years, was dominated by psychogenic hearing disorders of a considerable degree.", "contents": "[Psychogenic hearing loss (author's transl)]. The possible causes of psychogenic hearing loss and aggravating deafness are compared. The evaluation of anamnesis, speech reception thresholds, hearing threshold levels and recuitment tests, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and simulation tests for the differential diagnosis is discussed. Therapeutical consequences are talked about. A case report will demonstrate in-debth how a minor noise-induced hearing loss due to having worked in a noisy environment for 25 years, was dominated by psychogenic hearing disorders of a considerable degree.", "PMID": 529951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4319", "title": "[Behaviour of the fast brain stem response P6 under noise influence, an \"objective noise audiometry\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The fast brain stem response can be recorded even at the threshold; it informs on hearing in the high frequency range of greater than or equal to 2000 cps. Especially in those frequencies often the differentiation between sensorial and neural hearing impairment is of interest--f. e. controlling the pure tone threshold in noise: at sensorial hearing loss tones remain heard within noise of equal loudness unaltered, at neural hearing loss the tone vanishes in noise, e. g. the tone-intensity must be increased to make the tone arise again. This phenomenon known from subjective audiometry mentally can be transferred to the recording of acoustic evoked potentials and can be proved by the behaviour of latency of P6: at sensorial hearing loss the latency is prolonged (corresponding to minus 20 dB) but the response furthermore is recorded in the noise as well as at the click masked threshold; at neural hearing loss, however, the response can be recorded again with a click-intensity, which exceeds that of the noise clearly.", "contents": "[Behaviour of the fast brain stem response P6 under noise influence, an \"objective noise audiometry\" (author's transl)]. The fast brain stem response can be recorded even at the threshold; it informs on hearing in the high frequency range of greater than or equal to 2000 cps. Especially in those frequencies often the differentiation between sensorial and neural hearing impairment is of interest--f. e. controlling the pure tone threshold in noise: at sensorial hearing loss tones remain heard within noise of equal loudness unaltered, at neural hearing loss the tone vanishes in noise, e. g. the tone-intensity must be increased to make the tone arise again. This phenomenon known from subjective audiometry mentally can be transferred to the recording of acoustic evoked potentials and can be proved by the behaviour of latency of P6: at sensorial hearing loss the latency is prolonged (corresponding to minus 20 dB) but the response furthermore is recorded in the noise as well as at the click masked threshold; at neural hearing loss, however, the response can be recorded again with a click-intensity, which exceeds that of the noise clearly.", "PMID": 529952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4320", "title": "[The influence of cerebral aging on directional hearing and the indication to applicate a binaural hearing aid (author's transl)].", "content": "For demonstrating the influence of cerebral growing old on directional hearing three groups of 20--30 years, 40--50 years and 70--90 years old persons have been tested. It could be shown that the ability to differentiate small changes of direction was diminished, the old persons recognized only changes of 50 degrees and 60 degrees to 100%. The indication to applicate a stereophonic hearing aid has been discussed and the importance to select patients by testing directional hearing for fitting binaural aids is emphasized.", "contents": "[The influence of cerebral aging on directional hearing and the indication to applicate a binaural hearing aid (author's transl)]. For demonstrating the influence of cerebral growing old on directional hearing three groups of 20--30 years, 40--50 years and 70--90 years old persons have been tested. It could be shown that the ability to differentiate small changes of direction was diminished, the old persons recognized only changes of 50 degrees and 60 degrees to 100%. The indication to applicate a stereophonic hearing aid has been discussed and the importance to select patients by testing directional hearing for fitting binaural aids is emphasized.", "PMID": 529953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4321", "title": "[The effect of the noise level on the occupational hearing loss. Observations carried cut in 25,544 industrial workers (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with the investigations carried out into the effects of the exposure level on the hearing thresholds in the range of 0.5--4 kHz. The investigations are based on the data of 25,544 workers exposed to noise at their working places (\"noise workers\"). The hearing thresholds at 0.5 and 1 kHz practically do not differ in any level class nor do they differ from the thresholds of the persons exposed to under 85 dB(A). Starting with 2 kHz the hearing loss is intensified with an increase in frequency and exposure level. The effects of the exposure levels of 85 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A) are dependent linearly on the level; with an exposure of 85 dB(A) to 90 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A) are dependent linearly on the level; with an exposure of 85 dB(A) to 90 dB(A) the risk of a noise-induced damages to be paid to the person concerned, is nearly as high as with exposures of 90 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A). At exposures of under 85 dB(A) the hearing losses are significantly smaller. These data suggest that 85 dB(A) must be regarded as the critical intensity. A difference in the development of noise-induced hearing losses dependent on the exposure level was not discovered; in all level classes examined the hearing loss develops linearly to the number of noise-years.", "contents": "[The effect of the noise level on the occupational hearing loss. Observations carried cut in 25,544 industrial workers (author's transl)]. The paper deals with the investigations carried out into the effects of the exposure level on the hearing thresholds in the range of 0.5--4 kHz. The investigations are based on the data of 25,544 workers exposed to noise at their working places (\"noise workers\"). The hearing thresholds at 0.5 and 1 kHz practically do not differ in any level class nor do they differ from the thresholds of the persons exposed to under 85 dB(A). Starting with 2 kHz the hearing loss is intensified with an increase in frequency and exposure level. The effects of the exposure levels of 85 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A) are dependent linearly on the level; with an exposure of 85 dB(A) to 90 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A) are dependent linearly on the level; with an exposure of 85 dB(A) to 90 dB(A) the risk of a noise-induced damages to be paid to the person concerned, is nearly as high as with exposures of 90 dB(A) to 96.9 dB(A). At exposures of under 85 dB(A) the hearing losses are significantly smaller. These data suggest that 85 dB(A) must be regarded as the critical intensity. A difference in the development of noise-induced hearing losses dependent on the exposure level was not discovered; in all level classes examined the hearing loss develops linearly to the number of noise-years.", "PMID": 529954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4322", "title": "[The value of SISI test for audiological examination (author's transl)].", "content": "The reliability of SISI Test for audiological evaluation of hearing impairment is investigated basing on audiometric findings of 604 subjects. In addition to the dependence of SISI scores on the age of the subjects the influence of sound pressure level and frequency is discussed. Comparing SISI results with those of other differential diagnostic tests we find that SISI test tends to indicate haircell lesions even though other tests exhibit a different site of the lesion. Particularly in cases of uncertain, complex hearing impairments (noise plus other causes) SISI test frequently shows false-positive results. Therefore SISI scores should be interpreted carefully especially with regard to legal examination of noise induced hearing impairment.", "contents": "[The value of SISI test for audiological examination (author's transl)]. The reliability of SISI Test for audiological evaluation of hearing impairment is investigated basing on audiometric findings of 604 subjects. In addition to the dependence of SISI scores on the age of the subjects the influence of sound pressure level and frequency is discussed. Comparing SISI results with those of other differential diagnostic tests we find that SISI test tends to indicate haircell lesions even though other tests exhibit a different site of the lesion. Particularly in cases of uncertain, complex hearing impairments (noise plus other causes) SISI test frequently shows false-positive results. Therefore SISI scores should be interpreted carefully especially with regard to legal examination of noise induced hearing impairment.", "PMID": 529955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4323", "title": "[Automatic storage for the analysis of audiometric values (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis by means of electronic data-processing is necessary at audiometric surveys because of the great number of audiometric values. To clear off the dates of the audiometric curves is long-winded and therefore expensive. That's the reason why we developed an operating system which allows to store on recording tape the dates of the Hearing Threshold Level and some extra informations about the test person immediately at the survey. The Hearing Threshold has to be appointed in a manner which is usually practiced in the clinic. We have described the setup of the unit and the graphic representation of the audiometric curves by means of a XY-recorder. The system has proved to be a success at the survey of 1,300 employees working in noisy areas. The analysis of the Hearing Threshold Levels could take place immediately after the investigation.", "contents": "[Automatic storage for the analysis of audiometric values (author's transl)]. An analysis by means of electronic data-processing is necessary at audiometric surveys because of the great number of audiometric values. To clear off the dates of the audiometric curves is long-winded and therefore expensive. That's the reason why we developed an operating system which allows to store on recording tape the dates of the Hearing Threshold Level and some extra informations about the test person immediately at the survey. The Hearing Threshold has to be appointed in a manner which is usually practiced in the clinic. We have described the setup of the unit and the graphic representation of the audiometric curves by means of a XY-recorder. The system has proved to be a success at the survey of 1,300 employees working in noisy areas. The analysis of the Hearing Threshold Levels could take place immediately after the investigation.", "PMID": 529956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4324", "title": "[The clock at the audiometer (author's transl)].", "content": "The latencies of on- and off-responses on tonal stimuli have been measured by a pair of electronic clocks. Short responding times have not been forced and interaction between audiometrist and subjects has been perserved. Experienced probands and patients reacted by lengthening of reaction time near threshold and near thresholds in masking noise. In most cases stimuli at threshold levels have not been responded completely. Recruitment is not the only possible cause for short latencies at threshold levels.", "contents": "[The clock at the audiometer (author's transl)]. The latencies of on- and off-responses on tonal stimuli have been measured by a pair of electronic clocks. Short responding times have not been forced and interaction between audiometrist and subjects has been perserved. Experienced probands and patients reacted by lengthening of reaction time near threshold and near thresholds in masking noise. In most cases stimuli at threshold levels have not been responded completely. Recruitment is not the only possible cause for short latencies at threshold levels.", "PMID": 529957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4325", "title": "[Tumor associated antigens induce humoral and cellular immune response to laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Tissue from larynx carcinomas or cultured tumor cells were incubated in the presence of patient's sera and binding of IgG antibodies was measured. Sera of 47 from 50 patients showed antibodies against their own malignomas. Furthermore 20% possessed antibodies crossreacting with isolated cultured larynx carcinoma cells. Moreover lymphocytes prepared from patient's blood lysed isolated carcinoma cells. The experiments suggest the presence of tumor associated antigens on the surface of larynx carcinoma cells.", "contents": "[Tumor associated antigens induce humoral and cellular immune response to laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)]. Tissue from larynx carcinomas or cultured tumor cells were incubated in the presence of patient's sera and binding of IgG antibodies was measured. Sera of 47 from 50 patients showed antibodies against their own malignomas. Furthermore 20% possessed antibodies crossreacting with isolated cultured larynx carcinoma cells. Moreover lymphocytes prepared from patient's blood lysed isolated carcinoma cells. The experiments suggest the presence of tumor associated antigens on the surface of larynx carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 529958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4326", "title": "Lipid binding properties of a factor necessary for linoleic acid desaturation.", "content": "Suspension and centrifugation of crude microsomes of rat liver in low ionic strength solution separated a soluble protein fraction that is necessary for the full activity of the linoleic acid desaturase. The fraction partially purified through Sephadex G-150 still retains lipids which are mainly constituted by phosphatidycholine. Linoleic acid predominates in the fatty acid composition. By NaCl gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis in gelatinized cellulose acetate, the factor behaves like a lipoprotein. The factor binds linoleic acid and linoleyl-CoA that are desaturated to gamma-linolenic acid when incubated with washed microsomes. Albumin does not replace the factor.", "contents": "Lipid binding properties of a factor necessary for linoleic acid desaturation. Suspension and centrifugation of crude microsomes of rat liver in low ionic strength solution separated a soluble protein fraction that is necessary for the full activity of the linoleic acid desaturase. The fraction partially purified through Sephadex G-150 still retains lipids which are mainly constituted by phosphatidycholine. Linoleic acid predominates in the fatty acid composition. By NaCl gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis in gelatinized cellulose acetate, the factor behaves like a lipoprotein. The factor binds linoleic acid and linoleyl-CoA that are desaturated to gamma-linolenic acid when incubated with washed microsomes. Albumin does not replace the factor.", "PMID": 529999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4327", "title": "The effect of hibernation on the positional distribution of ethanolamineglycerophospholipid fatty acids in hamster brain membranes.", "content": "Microsomal and myelin membrane fractions were prepared from the brains of warm-adapted (room temperature) and hibernating Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Ethanolamineglycerophospholipids were isolated and subjected to a fractionation scheme to separate the fatty acids of the plasmenylethanolamine and the phosphatidylethanolamine 1 and 2 positions. The major changes in microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine with hibernation were relative increases in 18:1 at the 1 position and 20:4(n-6) in the 2 position. In myelin, 18:1 increased and 18:0 decreased at the 1 position while the 2 position showed an increase in 16:0 and a decrease in 22:6(n-3). Plasmenylethanolamine fatty acids also changed in microsomes and myelin although the magnitudes were not as great and confined to longer chain fatty acids. In both membranes, fatty acid alterations were position-specific, and no new types of fatty acids were introduced at any position.", "contents": "The effect of hibernation on the positional distribution of ethanolamineglycerophospholipid fatty acids in hamster brain membranes. Microsomal and myelin membrane fractions were prepared from the brains of warm-adapted (room temperature) and hibernating Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Ethanolamineglycerophospholipids were isolated and subjected to a fractionation scheme to separate the fatty acids of the plasmenylethanolamine and the phosphatidylethanolamine 1 and 2 positions. The major changes in microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine with hibernation were relative increases in 18:1 at the 1 position and 20:4(n-6) in the 2 position. In myelin, 18:1 increased and 18:0 decreased at the 1 position while the 2 position showed an increase in 16:0 and a decrease in 22:6(n-3). Plasmenylethanolamine fatty acids also changed in microsomes and myelin although the magnitudes were not as great and confined to longer chain fatty acids. In both membranes, fatty acid alterations were position-specific, and no new types of fatty acids were introduced at any position.", "PMID": 530000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4328", "title": "Kidney lipids: changes caused by dietary 9-trans, 12-trans-octadecadienoate.", "content": "Trans,trans-linoleate at 50 and 100% of dietary fat decreased kidney size and altered its composition. Trans,trans-linoleate as the sole source of dietary fat impaired growth and caused more severe symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency than was observed with hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). The concentration of renal cholesterol, phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) were also decreased. Linoleic (18:2), homo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n6) were significantly depressed in lipid classes, especially in PL and CE, by dietary trans,trans-linoleate. The increase in eicosatrienoate (20:3n9), especially in PL and CE of kidneys of rats fed HCO (essential fatty acid deficient), was slight in rats fed 100% trans,trans-linoleate, indicating that the trans,trans acid probably inhibited acyl elongation and desaturation.", "contents": "Kidney lipids: changes caused by dietary 9-trans, 12-trans-octadecadienoate. Trans,trans-linoleate at 50 and 100% of dietary fat decreased kidney size and altered its composition. Trans,trans-linoleate as the sole source of dietary fat impaired growth and caused more severe symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency than was observed with hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). The concentration of renal cholesterol, phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) were also decreased. Linoleic (18:2), homo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n6) were significantly depressed in lipid classes, especially in PL and CE, by dietary trans,trans-linoleate. The increase in eicosatrienoate (20:3n9), especially in PL and CE of kidneys of rats fed HCO (essential fatty acid deficient), was slight in rats fed 100% trans,trans-linoleate, indicating that the trans,trans acid probably inhibited acyl elongation and desaturation.", "PMID": 530001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4329", "title": "Identification of methyl-branched fatty acids from the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs.", "content": "A concentrate of branched chain fatty acids (as methyl esters) was prepared from the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue lipids of lambs receiving a carbohydrate-rich (cereal diet). This was accomplished by procedures which allowed the removal of unsaturated components by peroxidation and straight chain saturated components by urea-adduct formation. The concentrate was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and was shown to consist of a complex mixture of saturated methyl-substituted fatty acids. Methyl substitution occurred on even-numbered carbon atoms (relative to the carboxyl group) and the chain lengths of the acids ranged from 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Acids with one methyl substituent in the fatty acyl chain were most abundant; di-, tri- and tetramethyl-substituted acids were also present. The biosynthesis of these methyl-substituted acids is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Identification of methyl-branched fatty acids from the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. A concentrate of branched chain fatty acids (as methyl esters) was prepared from the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue lipids of lambs receiving a carbohydrate-rich (cereal diet). This was accomplished by procedures which allowed the removal of unsaturated components by peroxidation and straight chain saturated components by urea-adduct formation. The concentrate was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and was shown to consist of a complex mixture of saturated methyl-substituted fatty acids. Methyl substitution occurred on even-numbered carbon atoms (relative to the carboxyl group) and the chain lengths of the acids ranged from 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Acids with one methyl substituent in the fatty acyl chain were most abundant; di-, tri- and tetramethyl-substituted acids were also present. The biosynthesis of these methyl-substituted acids is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 530002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4330", "title": "The lipid composition of erythrocytes in European cattle and buffalo steers.", "content": "This study compared the lipid composition of the red blood cells of European cattle and of buffalo steers at the same level of feed intake in a thermoneutral environment. The mean volumes of the erythrocytes and their lipid content were greater in buffalo than those in cattle. However, the amounts of phospholipid and cholesterol in cells of equal volume were higher in buffalo than in cattle. In contrast, the phospholipid level at a given cholesterol level was higher in cattle than in buffalo. The distribution of the different molecular species of phospholipids in the red cells of the two breeds were similar, but there were significant distinctions in their fatty acid patterns, notably in the levels of 24:0 and 24:1 in the sphingomyelin fractions. The proportion of total monounsaturated acids in the erythrocytes were similar from both breeds. However, there was a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a corresponding lower content of total saturated fatty acids in the red cells from buffalo than in those from cattle. The breed differences in erythrocyte lipid composition are discussed in relation to breed differences in red cell characters and could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of environmental adaptation.", "contents": "The lipid composition of erythrocytes in European cattle and buffalo steers. This study compared the lipid composition of the red blood cells of European cattle and of buffalo steers at the same level of feed intake in a thermoneutral environment. The mean volumes of the erythrocytes and their lipid content were greater in buffalo than those in cattle. However, the amounts of phospholipid and cholesterol in cells of equal volume were higher in buffalo than in cattle. In contrast, the phospholipid level at a given cholesterol level was higher in cattle than in buffalo. The distribution of the different molecular species of phospholipids in the red cells of the two breeds were similar, but there were significant distinctions in their fatty acid patterns, notably in the levels of 24:0 and 24:1 in the sphingomyelin fractions. The proportion of total monounsaturated acids in the erythrocytes were similar from both breeds. However, there was a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a corresponding lower content of total saturated fatty acids in the red cells from buffalo than in those from cattle. The breed differences in erythrocyte lipid composition are discussed in relation to breed differences in red cell characters and could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of environmental adaptation.", "PMID": 530004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4331", "title": "Volatile hydrocarbon and carbonyl products of lipid peroxidation: a comparison of pentane, ethane, hexanal, and acetone as in vivo indices.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine whether respiratory hexanal and acetone as well as pentane and ethane could be measured as potential indices of lipid peroxidation in vivo. The tests of induction of lipid peroxidation in rats included injection of iron-dextran and the vitamin E deficiency status. Injection of 460 mg of iron/100 g body wt over a 28-day period increased pentane and ethane production 4- and 6-fold, respectively. Hexanal production was increased 7-fold after injection of 60 mg of iron/100 g body wt, and then it fell back to the preinjection level in spite of continued injection of iron-dextran. Acetone production was lower in iron-injected rats than in controls, and it was ca. 10-fold higher in fasted vitamin E-deficient rats than in vitamin E-supplemented rats, being ca 48 and 5 nmol/100 g/min, respectively. It was observed that halomethane injection did not increase hexanal production, while acetone and pentane production were increased. Pentane and hexanal, but not acetone, were found to arise from decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide in vitro. It was concluded that hydrocarbon gases are better indices of lipid peroxidation than hexanal, which is enzymatically metabolized, and acetone, the production of which is dominated by factors such as altered carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Volatile hydrocarbon and carbonyl products of lipid peroxidation: a comparison of pentane, ethane, hexanal, and acetone as in vivo indices. A study was undertaken to determine whether respiratory hexanal and acetone as well as pentane and ethane could be measured as potential indices of lipid peroxidation in vivo. The tests of induction of lipid peroxidation in rats included injection of iron-dextran and the vitamin E deficiency status. Injection of 460 mg of iron/100 g body wt over a 28-day period increased pentane and ethane production 4- and 6-fold, respectively. Hexanal production was increased 7-fold after injection of 60 mg of iron/100 g body wt, and then it fell back to the preinjection level in spite of continued injection of iron-dextran. Acetone production was lower in iron-injected rats than in controls, and it was ca. 10-fold higher in fasted vitamin E-deficient rats than in vitamin E-supplemented rats, being ca 48 and 5 nmol/100 g/min, respectively. It was observed that halomethane injection did not increase hexanal production, while acetone and pentane production were increased. Pentane and hexanal, but not acetone, were found to arise from decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide in vitro. It was concluded that hydrocarbon gases are better indices of lipid peroxidation than hexanal, which is enzymatically metabolized, and acetone, the production of which is dominated by factors such as altered carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 530005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4332", "title": "Effect of calcium on absorption of fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro.", "content": "The effect of Ca++ on jejunal osmiophilic particles was studied in a recirculating system which was not contaminated with plasma lipoproteins. An isolated, infused segment of rat jejunum was suspended in a bath of liquid paraffin. Transudate, containing osmiophilic particles, appeared like beads of sweat on the serosal surface, and fell to the bottom of the bath. In the range of 25-38 C, 30 C proved to be optimal for histological preservation of villous architecture. Production of transudate, 20 mg/min/g of jejunum, and transport of [14C] oleate proceeded nearly linearly after the first 30 min. Necrosis of mid-villus and crypt cells became obvious by light microscopy after one hour. Therefore, transudate was collected between the period of 30-60 min. Shadow casting of transudates, produced when saline was infused, revealed that 86 +/- 9 (SD) % of osmiophilic particles was less than 800 A in diameter; 13 +/- 8% was 800-1000 A; 0.4 +1- 0.5% was 1000 - 2000 A. Corresponding values were 58 +/- 10, 25 +/- 5, and 16 +/- 5% when 5 mM [14C] oleate + 2.5 mM monoolein was infused; 75% of the transported [14C] appeared in triglyceride. Adding 2 mM Ca++ to the infusion doubled the transport of [14C] triglyceride without increasing particle size further. We conclude that luminal Ca++ increases the absorption of luminal fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on absorption of fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro. The effect of Ca++ on jejunal osmiophilic particles was studied in a recirculating system which was not contaminated with plasma lipoproteins. An isolated, infused segment of rat jejunum was suspended in a bath of liquid paraffin. Transudate, containing osmiophilic particles, appeared like beads of sweat on the serosal surface, and fell to the bottom of the bath. In the range of 25-38 C, 30 C proved to be optimal for histological preservation of villous architecture. Production of transudate, 20 mg/min/g of jejunum, and transport of [14C] oleate proceeded nearly linearly after the first 30 min. Necrosis of mid-villus and crypt cells became obvious by light microscopy after one hour. Therefore, transudate was collected between the period of 30-60 min. Shadow casting of transudates, produced when saline was infused, revealed that 86 +/- 9 (SD) % of osmiophilic particles was less than 800 A in diameter; 13 +/- 8% was 800-1000 A; 0.4 +1- 0.5% was 1000 - 2000 A. Corresponding values were 58 +/- 10, 25 +/- 5, and 16 +/- 5% when 5 mM [14C] oleate + 2.5 mM monoolein was infused; 75% of the transported [14C] appeared in triglyceride. Adding 2 mM Ca++ to the infusion doubled the transport of [14C] triglyceride without increasing particle size further. We conclude that luminal Ca++ increases the absorption of luminal fatty acid by rat jejunum in vitro.", "PMID": 530007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4333", "title": "Incorporation of cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids into the membranes of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The incorporation of dietary isomeric fatty acids into the membranes of liver mitochondria was investigated. Three groups of rats were fed diets containing 3% sunflower seed oil plus 15%, 20%, or 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil. A fourth group was fed 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil, but no sunflower seed oil. All diets were given for 3, 6, or 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, the content of trans fatty acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was 15--19% of the total fatty acids. The composition of the trans- and the cis-octadecenoic acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was similar for all groups supplemented with sunflower seed oil (SO), irrespective of time and dietary level of partially hydrogenated arachis oil (HAO). The cis 18:1 (n-8), which was a major isomer of the partially hydrogenated arachis oil, was almost excluded from the mitochondrial fatty acids. Likewise, the content of trans 18:1 (n-8) was considerably lower in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. On the contrary, the content of trans 18:1 (n-6) was higher in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. In the group fed without sunflower seed oil, isomers of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were observed in the lipids of mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Incorporation of cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids into the membranes of rat liver mitochondria. The incorporation of dietary isomeric fatty acids into the membranes of liver mitochondria was investigated. Three groups of rats were fed diets containing 3% sunflower seed oil plus 15%, 20%, or 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil. A fourth group was fed 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil, but no sunflower seed oil. All diets were given for 3, 6, or 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, the content of trans fatty acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was 15--19% of the total fatty acids. The composition of the trans- and the cis-octadecenoic acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was similar for all groups supplemented with sunflower seed oil (SO), irrespective of time and dietary level of partially hydrogenated arachis oil (HAO). The cis 18:1 (n-8), which was a major isomer of the partially hydrogenated arachis oil, was almost excluded from the mitochondrial fatty acids. Likewise, the content of trans 18:1 (n-8) was considerably lower in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. On the contrary, the content of trans 18:1 (n-6) was higher in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. In the group fed without sunflower seed oil, isomers of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were observed in the lipids of mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 530008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4334", "title": "The synchronization of muscle activity and body segment movements during a running cycle.", "content": "Locomotor patterns of running were studied using computerization to synchronize electromyography (EMG) and cinematography (CMG). Surface electrodes monitored the muscle action potentials from rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles as 10 female subjects ran on a treadmill at speeds of 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s. Averaged integrated electromyograms were formulated to represent action potential levels for various sub-sections of the running cycle. Beginning at foot contact, the running cycle was dominated initially by muscle activity concerned with stabilization. The co-contraction of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semimembranosus, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and triceps surae were associated with clockwise rotation (running from left to right) of the thigh, leg and foot in providing a stable base during the early support phase. Lower limb stabilization then gave way to the powerful driving thrust of the mid and late support phases. This period was characterized by increases in the activity levels from triceps surae and biceps femoris. The co-ordination of inertial effects and secondary muscular activity was associated with leg flexion as the thigh changed direction and with leg extension during the swing phase of running. This conclusion was supported by both EMG and resultant muscle moment of force date. Increased activity from semimembranosus and semitendinosus occurred with cessation of thigh flexion and leg extension prior to the subsequent heel strike. Tibialis anterior also eccentrically contracted to place the foot on the treadmill under control. The increase in the running speed was related to an increase in muscle action potential (in parts of the cycle) where the particular muscle was functional. This increase was paralleled kinetically by an increase in the resultant muscle moment of force level.", "contents": "The synchronization of muscle activity and body segment movements during a running cycle. Locomotor patterns of running were studied using computerization to synchronize electromyography (EMG) and cinematography (CMG). Surface electrodes monitored the muscle action potentials from rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles as 10 female subjects ran on a treadmill at speeds of 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s. Averaged integrated electromyograms were formulated to represent action potential levels for various sub-sections of the running cycle. Beginning at foot contact, the running cycle was dominated initially by muscle activity concerned with stabilization. The co-contraction of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semimembranosus, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and triceps surae were associated with clockwise rotation (running from left to right) of the thigh, leg and foot in providing a stable base during the early support phase. Lower limb stabilization then gave way to the powerful driving thrust of the mid and late support phases. This period was characterized by increases in the activity levels from triceps surae and biceps femoris. The co-ordination of inertial effects and secondary muscular activity was associated with leg flexion as the thigh changed direction and with leg extension during the swing phase of running. This conclusion was supported by both EMG and resultant muscle moment of force date. Increased activity from semimembranosus and semitendinosus occurred with cessation of thigh flexion and leg extension prior to the subsequent heel strike. Tibialis anterior also eccentrically contracted to place the foot on the treadmill under control. The increase in the running speed was related to an increase in muscle action potential (in parts of the cycle) where the particular muscle was functional. This increase was paralleled kinetically by an increase in the resultant muscle moment of force level.", "PMID": 530022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4335", "title": "Functional variability of the lower extremity during the support phase of running.", "content": "The purpose of the research was to determine the variability of selected parameters during the support phase of running between consecutive right footfalls, and the included left footfall, as well as to acquire additional descriptive data on lower extremity function. Eleven college aged male runners were filmed (200 fps) from the rear and side while running on a treadmill at 4.29--4.47 m/sec. The statistical analysis of the mean absolute differences for temporal events between the three footfalls resulted in no significant differences. An estimate of event variability was calculated to be the actual time +/- 0.0110 sec or the percentage +/- 4.98% at the 95% confidence interval. Comparisons between the absolute deviations of selected body part positions and/or orientations for the test conditions resulted in no statistically significant differences. Estimates of variability ranging from 1.78--4.08 deg were calculated. Even though no statistically significant differences were obtained, the magnitude of the variability obtained for the parameters evaluated would seem to indicate a need for calculating representative or average values if subtle differences in lower extremity function are to be detected.", "contents": "Functional variability of the lower extremity during the support phase of running. The purpose of the research was to determine the variability of selected parameters during the support phase of running between consecutive right footfalls, and the included left footfall, as well as to acquire additional descriptive data on lower extremity function. Eleven college aged male runners were filmed (200 fps) from the rear and side while running on a treadmill at 4.29--4.47 m/sec. The statistical analysis of the mean absolute differences for temporal events between the three footfalls resulted in no significant differences. An estimate of event variability was calculated to be the actual time +/- 0.0110 sec or the percentage +/- 4.98% at the 95% confidence interval. Comparisons between the absolute deviations of selected body part positions and/or orientations for the test conditions resulted in no statistically significant differences. Estimates of variability ranging from 1.78--4.08 deg were calculated. Even though no statistically significant differences were obtained, the magnitude of the variability obtained for the parameters evaluated would seem to indicate a need for calculating representative or average values if subtle differences in lower extremity function are to be detected.", "PMID": 530023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4336", "title": "Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running.", "content": "Four main characteristics were distinguished on the basis of an analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running which determine the special exercise capacities of a sprinter: a) the ability for rapid attainment of speed in start momentum; b) ability for attaining maximal strength; c) ability for maintaining maximal running speed; d) ability to resist fatigue in the final phase of running. These properties are relatively conditioned and effected, to different degrees, by training. Distinctions between qualified sprinters and beginners are observed in display of maximal running speed, but these distinctions are not observed in display of staring speed and in abilities to resist fatigue.", "contents": "Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running. Four main characteristics were distinguished on the basis of an analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running which determine the special exercise capacities of a sprinter: a) the ability for rapid attainment of speed in start momentum; b) ability for attaining maximal strength; c) ability for maintaining maximal running speed; d) ability to resist fatigue in the final phase of running. These properties are relatively conditioned and effected, to different degrees, by training. Distinctions between qualified sprinters and beginners are observed in display of maximal running speed, but these distinctions are not observed in display of staring speed and in abilities to resist fatigue.", "PMID": 530024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4337", "title": "Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance.", "content": "Laboratory and field assessments were made on eighteen male distance runners. Performance data were obtained for distances of 3.2, 9.7, 15, 19.3 km (n = 18) and the marathon (n = 13). Muscle fiber composition expressed as percent of slow twitch fibers (%ST), maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), running economy (Vo2 for a treadmill velocity of 268 m/min), and the Vo2 and treadmill velocity corresponding to the onset of plasma lactate accumulation (OPLA) were determined for each subject. %ST (R greater than or equal to .47), Vo2max (r greater than or equal to .83), running economy (r greater than or equal to .49), Vo2 in ml/kg min corresponding to the OPLA (r greater than or equal to .91) and the treadmill velocity corresponding to the OPLA (r greater than or equal to .91) were significantly (p less than .05) related to performance at all distances. Multiple regression analysis howed that the treadmill velocity corresponding to the OPLA was most closely related to performance and the addition of other factors did not significantly raise the multiple R values suggesting that these other variables may interact with the purpose of keeping plasma lactates low during distance races. The slowest and fastest marathoners ran their marathons 7 and 3 m/min faster than their treadmill velocities corresponding to their OPLA which indicates that this relationship is independent of the competitive level of the runner. Runners appear to set a race pace which allows the utilization of the largest possible Vo2 which just avoids the exponential rise in plasma lactate.", "contents": "Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Laboratory and field assessments were made on eighteen male distance runners. Performance data were obtained for distances of 3.2, 9.7, 15, 19.3 km (n = 18) and the marathon (n = 13). Muscle fiber composition expressed as percent of slow twitch fibers (%ST), maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), running economy (Vo2 for a treadmill velocity of 268 m/min), and the Vo2 and treadmill velocity corresponding to the onset of plasma lactate accumulation (OPLA) were determined for each subject. %ST (R greater than or equal to .47), Vo2max (r greater than or equal to .83), running economy (r greater than or equal to .49), Vo2 in ml/kg min corresponding to the OPLA (r greater than or equal to .91) and the treadmill velocity corresponding to the OPLA (r greater than or equal to .91) were significantly (p less than .05) related to performance at all distances. Multiple regression analysis howed that the treadmill velocity corresponding to the OPLA was most closely related to performance and the addition of other factors did not significantly raise the multiple R values suggesting that these other variables may interact with the purpose of keeping plasma lactates low during distance races. The slowest and fastest marathoners ran their marathons 7 and 3 m/min faster than their treadmill velocities corresponding to their OPLA which indicates that this relationship is independent of the competitive level of the runner. Runners appear to set a race pace which allows the utilization of the largest possible Vo2 which just avoids the exponential rise in plasma lactate.", "PMID": 530025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4338", "title": "The effect of retabolil and training on activity of RNA polymerase in skeletal muscles.", "content": "One hundred and twenty male albino rats weighing 180--200 g were used to determine the effect of anabolic steroid hormones on adaptive changes in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA both in sedentary animals and in animals involved in a training program. One injection of Retabolil (0.1 mg/100 g body weight) increased the alpha-amanitin insensitive RNA polymerase activity of nuclei from skeletal muscles. Fourteen h after this hormone injection the enzyme activity was 45% higher than in control animals and it remained at this level for 4 days. Under these conditions a selective binding of 19-nortestosterone with cytoplasmic proteins of skeletal muscle was found. Physical training increased the RNA polymerase activity by 50% (P less than 0.05). It was found that the testosterone binding capacity of a cytoplasmic extract from trained animals was 70% greater than that of the control animals (P less than 0.05). Four injections of Retabolil during training resulted in an additional increase of RNA polymerase activity of 40% (P less than 0.05) but reduced the testosterone binding capacity of the cytoplasmic proteins that occurred with training by 21%. The findings demonstrate the effect of anabolic hormones in the regulation of RNA synthesis in skeletal muscle nuclei in the process of their adaptation to systematic physical training.", "contents": "The effect of retabolil and training on activity of RNA polymerase in skeletal muscles. One hundred and twenty male albino rats weighing 180--200 g were used to determine the effect of anabolic steroid hormones on adaptive changes in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA both in sedentary animals and in animals involved in a training program. One injection of Retabolil (0.1 mg/100 g body weight) increased the alpha-amanitin insensitive RNA polymerase activity of nuclei from skeletal muscles. Fourteen h after this hormone injection the enzyme activity was 45% higher than in control animals and it remained at this level for 4 days. Under these conditions a selective binding of 19-nortestosterone with cytoplasmic proteins of skeletal muscle was found. Physical training increased the RNA polymerase activity by 50% (P less than 0.05). It was found that the testosterone binding capacity of a cytoplasmic extract from trained animals was 70% greater than that of the control animals (P less than 0.05). Four injections of Retabolil during training resulted in an additional increase of RNA polymerase activity of 40% (P less than 0.05) but reduced the testosterone binding capacity of the cytoplasmic proteins that occurred with training by 21%. The findings demonstrate the effect of anabolic hormones in the regulation of RNA synthesis in skeletal muscle nuclei in the process of their adaptation to systematic physical training.", "PMID": 530026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4339", "title": "Proteinuria in the exercising dog.", "content": "Exercise proteinuria is a transient condition often observed following heavy exercise in man. A general belief is that exercise proteinuria in man is partially due to the decline in renal blood flow (RBF) associated with exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise proteinuria occurs in the dog, an animal whose RBF is constant during exercise. Chronic bladder cannulas were surgically implanted in four female mongrel dogs. Urine from both kidneys was collected prior to, during, and after heavy treadmill exercise (30 minutes duration, 5mph, and 15% grade). Urine protein concentration was determined by the biuret method. When compared to resting control urine, protein concentration during exercise increased by 47 percent (P less than .01). Urine flow rate at rest, .17 +/- .02 ml/min, decreased to .09 +/- .01 ml/min (P less than .01) during exercise, resulting in a small but not statistically significant decline in protein excretion. In twenty-six tests, when comparisons were made between resting and post-exercise periods, urine flow rate was identical, urine protein concentration was significantly highently elevated (P less than .01). These data indicate that exercise proteinuria may occur in the absence of changes in RBF.", "contents": "Proteinuria in the exercising dog. Exercise proteinuria is a transient condition often observed following heavy exercise in man. A general belief is that exercise proteinuria in man is partially due to the decline in renal blood flow (RBF) associated with exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise proteinuria occurs in the dog, an animal whose RBF is constant during exercise. Chronic bladder cannulas were surgically implanted in four female mongrel dogs. Urine from both kidneys was collected prior to, during, and after heavy treadmill exercise (30 minutes duration, 5mph, and 15% grade). Urine protein concentration was determined by the biuret method. When compared to resting control urine, protein concentration during exercise increased by 47 percent (P less than .01). Urine flow rate at rest, .17 +/- .02 ml/min, decreased to .09 +/- .01 ml/min (P less than .01) during exercise, resulting in a small but not statistically significant decline in protein excretion. In twenty-six tests, when comparisons were made between resting and post-exercise periods, urine flow rate was identical, urine protein concentration was significantly highently elevated (P less than .01). These data indicate that exercise proteinuria may occur in the absence of changes in RBF.", "PMID": 530027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4340", "title": "Changes in bone mineral content following ligamentous knee injuries.", "content": "In 44 patients with clinical signs of ligamentous injuries to the knee-joint without fracture, the bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in the proximal end of the tibia and the fibula. The injuries caused a loss of an average 10% in those patients who had no signs of complete tears of knee ligaments and were therefore treated only with an ace-bandage and for a shortime, whereas the loss was 18% in those who were operated on with repair of ligamental injuries followed by plaster immobilization. Repeated injuries did not seem to cause further loss of mineral. There were no signs of restoration within the first year. The pre-injury bone mineral content was in these patients above that of an unselected control population, however, the post-traumatic loss of mineral brought the values down into a normal range.", "contents": "Changes in bone mineral content following ligamentous knee injuries. In 44 patients with clinical signs of ligamentous injuries to the knee-joint without fracture, the bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in the proximal end of the tibia and the fibula. The injuries caused a loss of an average 10% in those patients who had no signs of complete tears of knee ligaments and were therefore treated only with an ace-bandage and for a shortime, whereas the loss was 18% in those who were operated on with repair of ligamental injuries followed by plaster immobilization. Repeated injuries did not seem to cause further loss of mineral. There were no signs of restoration within the first year. The pre-injury bone mineral content was in these patients above that of an unselected control population, however, the post-traumatic loss of mineral brought the values down into a normal range.", "PMID": 530028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4341", "title": "Age at menarche, family size, and birth order in athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976.", "content": "Age at menarache, family size, and birth order in 145 athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976, were determined through interview. The athletes represented 27 countries, but 76% came from Canada, Great Britain and the United States. On the average, athletes attained menarche later than the general population in their respective countries, the mean age at menarche for the sample of 139 athletes who had attained menarche at the time of the survey being 13.66 +/- 0.12 years. Six athletes had not yet attained menarche at the time of the survey. Gymnasts, runners and rowers attained menarche significantly later than swimmers, but gymnasts, runners, rowers and jumpers/hurdlers did not differ significantly among themselves in the age at menarche. Correlations between age at menarche and family size and birth order were significant, but low to moderate in magnitude. Athletes from larger families tended to have, on the average, later menarche than those from smaller families, this trend being more apparent in rowers and track and field athletes.", "contents": "Age at menarche, family size, and birth order in athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976. Age at menarache, family size, and birth order in 145 athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976, were determined through interview. The athletes represented 27 countries, but 76% came from Canada, Great Britain and the United States. On the average, athletes attained menarche later than the general population in their respective countries, the mean age at menarche for the sample of 139 athletes who had attained menarche at the time of the survey being 13.66 +/- 0.12 years. Six athletes had not yet attained menarche at the time of the survey. Gymnasts, runners and rowers attained menarche significantly later than swimmers, but gymnasts, runners, rowers and jumpers/hurdlers did not differ significantly among themselves in the age at menarche. Correlations between age at menarche and family size and birth order were significant, but low to moderate in magnitude. Athletes from larger families tended to have, on the average, later menarche than those from smaller families, this trend being more apparent in rowers and track and field athletes.", "PMID": 530029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4342", "title": "Tennis: the effects of grip firmness on ball velocity after impact.", "content": "The effects of grip firmness on the ball velocity after impact has been investigated in tennis. The average horizontal velocity of the ball prior to contact and after completion of contact was determined by a motion-picture camera. A tennis ball was fired from a machine to impact with a tennis racket, which was fixed in several different positions. No significant difference was found between the velocity of the ball after impact with a racket which was horizontally clamped and with a racket in a balanced, upright position. The velocity ratio (post-impact vs pre-impact velocity) was an inverse function of the velocity of impact.", "contents": "Tennis: the effects of grip firmness on ball velocity after impact. The effects of grip firmness on the ball velocity after impact has been investigated in tennis. The average horizontal velocity of the ball prior to contact and after completion of contact was determined by a motion-picture camera. A tennis ball was fired from a machine to impact with a tennis racket, which was fixed in several different positions. No significant difference was found between the velocity of the ball after impact with a racket which was horizontally clamped and with a racket in a balanced, upright position. The velocity ratio (post-impact vs pre-impact velocity) was an inverse function of the velocity of impact.", "PMID": 530030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4343", "title": "[Human trypanosomiasis foci in OCCGE member countries: present situation (author's transl)].", "content": "Using official epidemiological informations, authors study evolution of sleeping sickness epidemiological situation in seven OCCGE countries: Benin, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. 745 new cases were diagnosed in 1977 and more than 600 in 1978. We observe the extinction of historic foci in Niger and Senegal, the persistance of foci in Upper Volta and Mali and the reviviscence of foci in Benin, Ivory Coast and Togo. One of the prominent points of the present endemia is the importance of people migrations, especially between Ivory Coast and Upper Volta. It would be of major interest to enter upon an epidemiological study of this problem. An outline of situation in neighbouring countries is given. The important reviviscence of certain foci must lead to increase energies for medical surveys and vector control.", "contents": "[Human trypanosomiasis foci in OCCGE member countries: present situation (author's transl)]. Using official epidemiological informations, authors study evolution of sleeping sickness epidemiological situation in seven OCCGE countries: Benin, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. 745 new cases were diagnosed in 1977 and more than 600 in 1978. We observe the extinction of historic foci in Niger and Senegal, the persistance of foci in Upper Volta and Mali and the reviviscence of foci in Benin, Ivory Coast and Togo. One of the prominent points of the present endemia is the importance of people migrations, especially between Ivory Coast and Upper Volta. It would be of major interest to enter upon an epidemiological study of this problem. An outline of situation in neighbouring countries is given. The important reviviscence of certain foci must lead to increase energies for medical surveys and vector control.", "PMID": 530040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4344", "title": "[Is the first dental eruption a good criterion to fix the time of anti-measles immunization? (author's transl)].", "content": "The anti-measles immunization must be given to children aged about 9 months. When identity and sanitary cards are lacking, the first dental eruption has been considered as a good indicator of the age. This study shows that at the critical age of 8-9 months this eruption is not a good criterion.", "contents": "[Is the first dental eruption a good criterion to fix the time of anti-measles immunization? (author's transl)]. The anti-measles immunization must be given to children aged about 9 months. When identity and sanitary cards are lacking, the first dental eruption has been considered as a good indicator of the age. This study shows that at the critical age of 8-9 months this eruption is not a good criterion.", "PMID": 530041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4345", "title": "[An experience of primary health care education in Mauritania].", "content": "Volunteers are instructed during one month: they receive some basic training in hygiene, infectious diseases, and primary therapy using the few drugs which should exist in each family. A two years experience has given encouraging results with, among others, an increase in the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases detected, and of the population attending vaccinations.", "contents": "[An experience of primary health care education in Mauritania]. Volunteers are instructed during one month: they receive some basic training in hygiene, infectious diseases, and primary therapy using the few drugs which should exist in each family. A two years experience has given encouraging results with, among others, an increase in the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases detected, and of the population attending vaccinations.", "PMID": 530042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4346", "title": "[Immunization campaign in Ethiopia (author's transl)].", "content": "In the framework of the smallpox eradication worldwide programme, WHO, the Ethiopian, and the French governments signed a cooperation agreement by which the French Army Medical Service, based in the French Afars and Issas Territory (TFAI), was designated to carry out an immunization campaign in the ethiopian districts along the border with TFAI. With the every-day collaboration of the ethiopian governmental and traditional authorities, 44,000 people were immunized by the medical and paramedical personnel of 5 \"ground teams\" with heavy equipment and all-track vehicles and 1 \"air-team\" with helicopteres. In the same time (7 Feb. - 8 March 1974), the teams collected epidemiological informations on five selected tropical diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, bilharziosis, cholera, small-pox; a team from the TFAI Hygiene and Epidemiological Service investigated thoroughly the Kalo area. The ethiopian border districts are under-equiped with medical and hygiene facilities, and the population is used to go to the TFAI dispensaries and hospitals. TFAI being free of malaria, bilharziosis and smallpox, the French Medical Service has to maintain a firm grip on possible spreading. Kalo area might be a favorable reservoir due to the prevailing ecological conditions. Tuberculosis is so widely common that any control in the TFAI would imply a BCG campaign on both sides of the border within an inter-governmental plan of operations.", "contents": "[Immunization campaign in Ethiopia (author's transl)]. In the framework of the smallpox eradication worldwide programme, WHO, the Ethiopian, and the French governments signed a cooperation agreement by which the French Army Medical Service, based in the French Afars and Issas Territory (TFAI), was designated to carry out an immunization campaign in the ethiopian districts along the border with TFAI. With the every-day collaboration of the ethiopian governmental and traditional authorities, 44,000 people were immunized by the medical and paramedical personnel of 5 \"ground teams\" with heavy equipment and all-track vehicles and 1 \"air-team\" with helicopteres. In the same time (7 Feb. - 8 March 1974), the teams collected epidemiological informations on five selected tropical diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, bilharziosis, cholera, small-pox; a team from the TFAI Hygiene and Epidemiological Service investigated thoroughly the Kalo area. The ethiopian border districts are under-equiped with medical and hygiene facilities, and the population is used to go to the TFAI dispensaries and hospitals. TFAI being free of malaria, bilharziosis and smallpox, the French Medical Service has to maintain a firm grip on possible spreading. Kalo area might be a favorable reservoir due to the prevailing ecological conditions. Tuberculosis is so widely common that any control in the TFAI would imply a BCG campaign on both sides of the border within an inter-governmental plan of operations.", "PMID": 530043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4347", "title": "[Clinical and biological symptoms of T. gambiense tryponosomiasis in the meningo-encephalitic period (author's transl)].", "content": "Main clinical symptoms are reviewed in the first part of the article. They consist in mental alertness disorder, motorial confusion and quite constantly in reflexes and abnormal movements due to brain stem lesion. The author reports on 22 cases. No correlation appears between prognosis and epileptiform seizures. Bertran's prognostical score has given contradictory indications. Neujan's criteria have not been very reliable to select treatment schedule. No correlation has been observed between biological data on the one hand and clinical symptoms as well as lethal evolution on the other hand.", "contents": "[Clinical and biological symptoms of T. gambiense tryponosomiasis in the meningo-encephalitic period (author's transl)]. Main clinical symptoms are reviewed in the first part of the article. They consist in mental alertness disorder, motorial confusion and quite constantly in reflexes and abnormal movements due to brain stem lesion. The author reports on 22 cases. No correlation appears between prognosis and epileptiform seizures. Bertran's prognostical score has given contradictory indications. Neujan's criteria have not been very reliable to select treatment schedule. No correlation has been observed between biological data on the one hand and clinical symptoms as well as lethal evolution on the other hand.", "PMID": 530039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4348", "title": "[Place and importance of specific surgery in a national program for control of leprosy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to get a representative sample of the population, a survey was conducted in an rural district of the Republic of Mali. The data collected give evidence that the number of specific surgical indications can be correctly evaluated not from the number of leprosy patients numbered, but by applying a ratio of 5,5 per cent to the whole population. This easy evaluation is important for the management of any public health programme.", "contents": "[Place and importance of specific surgery in a national program for control of leprosy (author's transl)]. In order to get a representative sample of the population, a survey was conducted in an rural district of the Republic of Mali. The data collected give evidence that the number of specific surgical indications can be correctly evaluated not from the number of leprosy patients numbered, but by applying a ratio of 5,5 per cent to the whole population. This easy evaluation is important for the management of any public health programme.", "PMID": 530044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4349", "title": "[A case of retinitis in a patient with schistosomiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of pure macular oedema. After ruling out all other etiologies, the diagnosis of schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni was established, with parasitologic and serologic proofs. The specific treatment was followed up by a progressive restoration associated with an acute increase of eosinophila. The question of ocular damages in schistosomiasis is exposed according to the existant litterature: 1) Presence of schistosoma eggs in the ocular area. 2) Presence of adult schistosome in the eyeball. 3) Ocular troubles assumed to be in relation with the presence of adult worm or to larva.", "contents": "[A case of retinitis in a patient with schistosomiasis (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of pure macular oedema. After ruling out all other etiologies, the diagnosis of schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni was established, with parasitologic and serologic proofs. The specific treatment was followed up by a progressive restoration associated with an acute increase of eosinophila. The question of ocular damages in schistosomiasis is exposed according to the existant litterature: 1) Presence of schistosoma eggs in the ocular area. 2) Presence of adult schistosome in the eyeball. 3) Ocular troubles assumed to be in relation with the presence of adult worm or to larva.", "PMID": 530045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4350", "title": "[Corneal sensibility in 57 black Africans. A study based on 113 biomicroscopically normal ocular globes (author's transl)].", "content": "This study of the corneal sensitivity in 57 sahelian black Africans with a biomicroscopically normal cornea demonstrated that most of them (80,8 p. 100) had a normal corneal esthesia. The others (19,2 p. 100) having an hypoesthesia are older than the average age of this group and have a lower sociocultural status.", "contents": "[Corneal sensibility in 57 black Africans. A study based on 113 biomicroscopically normal ocular globes (author's transl)]. This study of the corneal sensitivity in 57 sahelian black Africans with a biomicroscopically normal cornea demonstrated that most of them (80,8 p. 100) had a normal corneal esthesia. The others (19,2 p. 100) having an hypoesthesia are older than the average age of this group and have a lower sociocultural status.", "PMID": 530047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4351", "title": "[An Ota's naevus in a West African child (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a case of Ota's naevus fuscocaeruleus ophtalmomaxillaris in an african child. The authors are not aware of a previous report of this deformity in Africa (South of the Sahara). They review the clinical and histological features of this naevus and describe in this case a pigmentary infiltration of corneal stroma.", "contents": "[An Ota's naevus in a West African child (author's transl)]. Report of a case of Ota's naevus fuscocaeruleus ophtalmomaxillaris in an african child. The authors are not aware of a previous report of this deformity in Africa (South of the Sahara). They review the clinical and histological features of this naevus and describe in this case a pigmentary infiltration of corneal stroma.", "PMID": 530046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4352", "title": "[Onchocerciasis chemotherapy. II. Evaluation of two therapeutic schemes on microfilarial density, utilising the association diethylcarbamazine and levamisole (author's transl)].", "content": "As the study of the association diethylcarbamazine-levamisole gave encouraging results on the dermal microfilarial density of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893), the authors followed it up in order to determine the optimum regimen for mass treatment. Two therapeutic schemes have been tested: A--Initial treatment: 14 days with the dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg of diethylcarbamazine and 120 mg of levamisole progressively reached in four days. After one year: a single dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg and 60 mg for five days. B--Initial treatment: 7 days with the same dosis as above. After one year: dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg and 60 mg for seven days. It appears that scheme A may be considered as the best baseline to achieve the optimum regimen for the mass treatment of onchocerciasis. The aim of such a treatment is to decrease the dermal microfilarial density to a level compatible with the patient good condition.", "contents": "[Onchocerciasis chemotherapy. II. Evaluation of two therapeutic schemes on microfilarial density, utilising the association diethylcarbamazine and levamisole (author's transl)]. As the study of the association diethylcarbamazine-levamisole gave encouraging results on the dermal microfilarial density of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893), the authors followed it up in order to determine the optimum regimen for mass treatment. Two therapeutic schemes have been tested: A--Initial treatment: 14 days with the dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg of diethylcarbamazine and 120 mg of levamisole progressively reached in four days. After one year: a single dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg and 60 mg for five days. B--Initial treatment: 7 days with the same dosis as above. After one year: dayly dosis of respectively 200 mg and 60 mg for seven days. It appears that scheme A may be considered as the best baseline to achieve the optimum regimen for the mass treatment of onchocerciasis. The aim of such a treatment is to decrease the dermal microfilarial density to a level compatible with the patient good condition.", "PMID": 530049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4353", "title": "[A parasitologic survey conducted in Touraine (France) in a group of South East Asia refugees (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty refugees (23 from 5 lao families and 17 from 3 cambodian families) previously and routinely treated against intestinal parasites, underwent stools and serum controls: 77 p. 100 had still intestinal parasites but 61 p. 100 had a normal blood cells count without hypereosinophilia. The parasites so detected were: Clonorchis sinensis, Heterophyes heterophyes, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba coli.", "contents": "[A parasitologic survey conducted in Touraine (France) in a group of South East Asia refugees (author's transl)]. Forty refugees (23 from 5 lao families and 17 from 3 cambodian families) previously and routinely treated against intestinal parasites, underwent stools and serum controls: 77 p. 100 had still intestinal parasites but 61 p. 100 had a normal blood cells count without hypereosinophilia. The parasites so detected were: Clonorchis sinensis, Heterophyes heterophyes, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba coli.", "PMID": 530050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4354", "title": "[Distribution of HBs antigen in Tananarive (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey has been conducted among blood donors and patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver carcinomas and various causes of liver dysfunction or enlargement. The frequency is 5,4 p. 100 among blood donors and 50 p. 100 among cases of hepatitis.", "contents": "[Distribution of HBs antigen in Tananarive (author's transl)]. This survey has been conducted among blood donors and patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver carcinomas and various causes of liver dysfunction or enlargement. The frequency is 5,4 p. 100 among blood donors and 50 p. 100 among cases of hepatitis.", "PMID": 530052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4355", "title": "[The central venous catheterization: its value in medical and surgical emergencies in tropical areas (author's transl)].", "content": "The central venous catheterization is obtained by placing a catheter in the superior or inferior vena cava after puncturing the subclavian vein, the external or the internal jugular, or the femoral ones. The corresponding technics are discribed with their complications, contraindications and advantages. Their value in tropical practice of resuscitation is emphasized.", "contents": "[The central venous catheterization: its value in medical and surgical emergencies in tropical areas (author's transl)]. The central venous catheterization is obtained by placing a catheter in the superior or inferior vena cava after puncturing the subclavian vein, the external or the internal jugular, or the femoral ones. The corresponding technics are discribed with their complications, contraindications and advantages. Their value in tropical practice of resuscitation is emphasized.", "PMID": 530053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4356", "title": "[Loco-regional anesthesia in remote medical units. III. Anesthesia of upper-limb: the intravenous loco-regional anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The loco-regional intravenous anesthesia has the great advantage of its simplicity. It is a good complement of the plexic blocks for anesthesia of the upper limb, but it must be discarded in case of lasting interventions because of the tourniquet, or in case of large damages through which the anesthesic fluid leak out, or if a long hemostatic checking may be foreseen.", "contents": "[Loco-regional anesthesia in remote medical units. III. Anesthesia of upper-limb: the intravenous loco-regional anesthesia (author's transl)]. The loco-regional intravenous anesthesia has the great advantage of its simplicity. It is a good complement of the plexic blocks for anesthesia of the upper limb, but it must be discarded in case of lasting interventions because of the tourniquet, or in case of large damages through which the anesthesic fluid leak out, or if a long hemostatic checking may be foreseen.", "PMID": 530054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4357", "title": "[Echography in the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of amoebic liver abcesses (author's transl)].", "content": "Echography has in amoebic liver abscesses, a great value for confirming the diagnosis, localizing the cavities and controlling their size. Therefore it contributes greatly to fix the best treatment, and it is nowadays, in tropical areas, a good substitute to isotopic examinations because of the cost and transport safety requirements of isotopes.", "contents": "[Echography in the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of amoebic liver abcesses (author's transl)]. Echography has in amoebic liver abscesses, a great value for confirming the diagnosis, localizing the cavities and controlling their size. Therefore it contributes greatly to fix the best treatment, and it is nowadays, in tropical areas, a good substitute to isotopic examinations because of the cost and transport safety requirements of isotopes.", "PMID": 530051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4358", "title": "Electron microscopic evidence of Phosfon D-induced alterations in the membranes of the dermatophytic fungus Microsporum cookei.", "content": "The dermatophytic fungus Microsporum cookei was cultivated for 24 h in the presence of subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations (50 and 100 micrograms/ml) of Phosfon D, a growth retardant for higher plants also affecting fungal development, and its toxic effects were examined at the ultrastructural level. In both treatments, Phosfon D attacked the membranes, whose structural integrity was clearly compromised with damage of particular severity to mitochondria, nuclei and endoplasmic reticulum. In the instance of fungal growth suppression, the compound also caused plasmolytic and autolytic phenomena, sometimes accompanied by plasma membrane breakages. The submicroscopic effects observed confirm that Prosfon D is an antifungal compound which displays its toxic effects in the area of lipid metabolism, probably preventing the synthesis of fundamental components of the cellular membranes, such as unsaturated fatty acids and sterols.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evidence of Phosfon D-induced alterations in the membranes of the dermatophytic fungus Microsporum cookei. The dermatophytic fungus Microsporum cookei was cultivated for 24 h in the presence of subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations (50 and 100 micrograms/ml) of Phosfon D, a growth retardant for higher plants also affecting fungal development, and its toxic effects were examined at the ultrastructural level. In both treatments, Phosfon D attacked the membranes, whose structural integrity was clearly compromised with damage of particular severity to mitochondria, nuclei and endoplasmic reticulum. In the instance of fungal growth suppression, the compound also caused plasmolytic and autolytic phenomena, sometimes accompanied by plasma membrane breakages. The submicroscopic effects observed confirm that Prosfon D is an antifungal compound which displays its toxic effects in the area of lipid metabolism, probably preventing the synthesis of fundamental components of the cellular membranes, such as unsaturated fatty acids and sterols.", "PMID": 530091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4359", "title": "Chlorhexidine resistance and the lipids of Providencia stuartii.", "content": "The lipid composition of Providencia stuartii has been shown to resemble closely that of Proteus mirabilis. The ability of some Pv, stuartii strains to survive exposure to high concentrations of the antiseptic chlorhexidine could not be explained in terms of differences in lipid content between sensitive and resistant strains. In addition, resistance could not be attributed to either reduced adsorption of the antiseptic or to its gross enzymic degradation.", "contents": "Chlorhexidine resistance and the lipids of Providencia stuartii. The lipid composition of Providencia stuartii has been shown to resemble closely that of Proteus mirabilis. The ability of some Pv, stuartii strains to survive exposure to high concentrations of the antiseptic chlorhexidine could not be explained in terms of differences in lipid content between sensitive and resistant strains. In addition, resistance could not be attributed to either reduced adsorption of the antiseptic or to its gross enzymic degradation.", "PMID": 530092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4360", "title": "Improved microphotometry by compensating for fluctuations in the illumination.", "content": "Behind a beam-splitter in the illuminator, the irradiation of an area conjugated to the object plane is measured by a silicon photodiode and used as a reference signal. Analog division of the photomulitplier signal by this reference acts like stabilizing the light source by a factor greater than 25. A technical realization of the optical and electronical components as well as experimental results are described.", "contents": "Improved microphotometry by compensating for fluctuations in the illumination. Behind a beam-splitter in the illuminator, the irradiation of an area conjugated to the object plane is measured by a silicon photodiode and used as a reference signal. Analog division of the photomulitplier signal by this reference acts like stabilizing the light source by a factor greater than 25. A technical realization of the optical and electronical components as well as experimental results are described.", "PMID": 530093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4361", "title": "Metabolic state dependent preservation of cells by fixatives for electron microscopy.", "content": "The preservation of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuoles and cytoplasm by various fixatives after various pretreatments of ethothelial heart cells from Xenopus laevis tadpoles in tissue culture was investigated. The study was based on phase contrast cinemicrographic recordings and on qualitative and quantitative observations with the electron microscope. Three fixatives were used: 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide postfixation, fixation only with 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer and the fixing medium according to Dalton. Cells were either not treated or pretreated for 20 min: 10 microM FCCP (Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone) or 4 mM KCN. The superiority of glutaraldehyde was exemplified by its very rapid action, good preservation of cytoplasm, vacuoles, and mitochondria. It was the only medium which maintained an electron density of the mithochondria matrix. In both of the other fixatives swelling of mitochondria and coagulated appearance of cytoplasm (in phase contrast) was more pronounced in cells pretreated with metabolic inhibitors than in controls. Observations with the light microscope have been confirmed by morphometry of electron micrographs of mitochondria. The relation of matrix space to intracristal space is changed in opposite directions after glutaraldehyde and after the Dalton-type fixation. The results indicate a higher sensitivity against fixation artifacts in cells under pathological conditions than normal cells.", "contents": "Metabolic state dependent preservation of cells by fixatives for electron microscopy. The preservation of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuoles and cytoplasm by various fixatives after various pretreatments of ethothelial heart cells from Xenopus laevis tadpoles in tissue culture was investigated. The study was based on phase contrast cinemicrographic recordings and on qualitative and quantitative observations with the electron microscope. Three fixatives were used: 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide postfixation, fixation only with 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer and the fixing medium according to Dalton. Cells were either not treated or pretreated for 20 min: 10 microM FCCP (Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone) or 4 mM KCN. The superiority of glutaraldehyde was exemplified by its very rapid action, good preservation of cytoplasm, vacuoles, and mitochondria. It was the only medium which maintained an electron density of the mithochondria matrix. In both of the other fixatives swelling of mitochondria and coagulated appearance of cytoplasm (in phase contrast) was more pronounced in cells pretreated with metabolic inhibitors than in controls. Observations with the light microscope have been confirmed by morphometry of electron micrographs of mitochondria. The relation of matrix space to intracristal space is changed in opposite directions after glutaraldehyde and after the Dalton-type fixation. The results indicate a higher sensitivity against fixation artifacts in cells under pathological conditions than normal cells.", "PMID": 530094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4362", "title": "Dissociation of rat colonic mucosa into single epithelial cells and their microscopic visualization.", "content": "Repeated incubation of rat colonic mucosa with phosphate-buffered mannitol yields morphologically intact single cell suspensions which are easily visualized microscopically with trypan blue. Cell dimensions are determined by means of a Nikon microcomparator.", "contents": "Dissociation of rat colonic mucosa into single epithelial cells and their microscopic visualization. Repeated incubation of rat colonic mucosa with phosphate-buffered mannitol yields morphologically intact single cell suspensions which are easily visualized microscopically with trypan blue. Cell dimensions are determined by means of a Nikon microcomparator.", "PMID": 530095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4363", "title": "Mycoplasma pulmonis arthritis in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Clinical and biological features.", "content": "Congenitally athymic BALB/cA nu/nu mice were employed to elucidate the role of the thymus in experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis strain m53 infection, and nu/+ mice were used for comparison. Chronic polyarthritis was frequently produced in both of nu/nu and nu/+ mice by intravenous injection of the organisms. Macroscopically, nu/nu mice developed severer arthritis and a much lower grade of resolution than nu/+ mice. Periarticular abscess, conjunctivitis, and emaciation were observed in some of the nu/nu mice, but not in the nu/+ mice. Mycoplasmas were isolated from joints and other tissues (including periarticular abscesses and eyelids) of infected nu/nu mice at higher frequencies as well as in greater quantities, and did not show any elimination trends for at least 20 weeks after inoculation. However, nu/+ mice, mycoplasmas were almost exclusively located in joints, and distribution of organisms to the other organs disappeared soon after the infection. Increases in complement-fixing antibody titers were not related to the inhibition of mycoplasmal spread. Thymus-dependent functions that may in some way prevent growth and spread of mycoplasmas in mice are discussed.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pulmonis arthritis in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Clinical and biological features. Congenitally athymic BALB/cA nu/nu mice were employed to elucidate the role of the thymus in experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis strain m53 infection, and nu/+ mice were used for comparison. Chronic polyarthritis was frequently produced in both of nu/nu and nu/+ mice by intravenous injection of the organisms. Macroscopically, nu/nu mice developed severer arthritis and a much lower grade of resolution than nu/+ mice. Periarticular abscess, conjunctivitis, and emaciation were observed in some of the nu/nu mice, but not in the nu/+ mice. Mycoplasmas were isolated from joints and other tissues (including periarticular abscesses and eyelids) of infected nu/nu mice at higher frequencies as well as in greater quantities, and did not show any elimination trends for at least 20 weeks after inoculation. However, nu/+ mice, mycoplasmas were almost exclusively located in joints, and distribution of organisms to the other organs disappeared soon after the infection. Increases in complement-fixing antibody titers were not related to the inhibition of mycoplasmal spread. Thymus-dependent functions that may in some way prevent growth and spread of mycoplasmas in mice are discussed.", "PMID": 530100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4364", "title": "Disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus by membrane lipid isolated from tobacco leaves and polyornithine.", "content": "In vitro disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions occurred in the presence of both polyornithine and a lipid fraction isolated from tobacco leaf membrane. The latter could be replaced by lecithine. Disassembly of 10 microgram of TMV virions was attained in the presence of a 500-mg leaf equivalent of membrane lipid and 20 microgram of polyornithine in 1 ml of 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 30 C. Similarity and dissimilarity between the in vitro disassembly and the in vivo uncoating  mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus by membrane lipid isolated from tobacco leaves and polyornithine. In vitro disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions occurred in the presence of both polyornithine and a lipid fraction isolated from tobacco leaf membrane. The latter could be replaced by lecithine. Disassembly of 10 microgram of TMV virions was attained in the presence of a 500-mg leaf equivalent of membrane lipid and 20 microgram of polyornithine in 1 ml of 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 30 C. Similarity and dissimilarity between the in vitro disassembly and the in vivo uncoating  mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 530101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4365", "title": "Susceptibility of Ad12-transformed S (+) and S (-) mouse cells to cell-mediated immunity in vitro.", "content": "Adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed mouse cells were examined for their susceptibility to cell-mediated immunity in vitro, with respect to the activity of the virus-specific surface (S) antigen in the cells. A transformed cell line, C57AT1, was established from embryonic cells of C57BL/6 mice by Ad12 infection. In fluorescent antibody tests, the transformed cells were positive for the S antigen when the cells were maintained as cultures, whereas when the cells were grown as tumors in animals they became negative for the antigen (referred to as S(+) and S(-) cells, respectively). These S(+) and S(-) cells were subjected to the 51Cr-release test for cell lysis by immune spleen cells (ISC) raised in syngeneic mice by Ad12 infection. When the S(+) cells at various passage levels were exposed to ISC, all of them were lysed extensively and to a similar extent irrespective of their passage history. In contrast, the S(-) cells were consistently refractory to the action of ISC. In addition, the cytotoxic action of ISC was markedly impeded by pretreating the S(+) cells with antiserum to the S antigen, or the ISC with anti-Thy-1,2 serum plus complement. Taken these findings together, the S(+) cells were assumed to be injured by ISC through direct interaction of the S antigen with T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Ad12-transformed S (+) and S (-) mouse cells to cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed mouse cells were examined for their susceptibility to cell-mediated immunity in vitro, with respect to the activity of the virus-specific surface (S) antigen in the cells. A transformed cell line, C57AT1, was established from embryonic cells of C57BL/6 mice by Ad12 infection. In fluorescent antibody tests, the transformed cells were positive for the S antigen when the cells were maintained as cultures, whereas when the cells were grown as tumors in animals they became negative for the antigen (referred to as S(+) and S(-) cells, respectively). These S(+) and S(-) cells were subjected to the 51Cr-release test for cell lysis by immune spleen cells (ISC) raised in syngeneic mice by Ad12 infection. When the S(+) cells at various passage levels were exposed to ISC, all of them were lysed extensively and to a similar extent irrespective of their passage history. In contrast, the S(-) cells were consistently refractory to the action of ISC. In addition, the cytotoxic action of ISC was markedly impeded by pretreating the S(+) cells with antiserum to the S antigen, or the ISC with anti-Thy-1,2 serum plus complement. Taken these findings together, the S(+) cells were assumed to be injured by ISC through direct interaction of the S antigen with T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 530102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4366", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide-induced mediators assisting the proliferative response of C3H/HeJ thymocytes to concanavalin A.", "content": "3H-Thymidine uptake of thymocytes from LPS-responder Balb/c mice in the presence of a submitogenic dose (0.5 microgram/ml) of con A in vitro was significantly enhanced by adding LPS (0.1 to 2.5 microgram/ml), while the uptake of thymocytes from LPS-nonresponder C3H/HeJ was not enhanced by LPS. However, \"endotoxin soups,\" which were prepared from the supernatants of LPS-responder murine spleen cell cultures in the presence of LPS, clearly increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into C3H/HeJ thymocytes in the presence of this small amount of con A. The soup prepared from C3H/HeJ spleen cell cultures did not show any synergistic effect with con A. Even if the major histocompatibility between soup-producer cells and responder cells to con A was different, the soups were still effective. The active substance in the \"endotoxin soups\" was eluted through a Sepharose CL-4B column, and its molecular size was estimated to be about 20,000 daltons. The activity of the soups was destroyed by heating at 70 C for 30 min or at 80 C for 10 min. Digestion with trypsin destroyed the activity of the soups, but digestion with DNase or RNase did not. The role of the active substance in the soups in synergy with con A and its relation to the synergistic effect of con A and LPS are discussed.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide-induced mediators assisting the proliferative response of C3H/HeJ thymocytes to concanavalin A. 3H-Thymidine uptake of thymocytes from LPS-responder Balb/c mice in the presence of a submitogenic dose (0.5 microgram/ml) of con A in vitro was significantly enhanced by adding LPS (0.1 to 2.5 microgram/ml), while the uptake of thymocytes from LPS-nonresponder C3H/HeJ was not enhanced by LPS. However, \"endotoxin soups,\" which were prepared from the supernatants of LPS-responder murine spleen cell cultures in the presence of LPS, clearly increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into C3H/HeJ thymocytes in the presence of this small amount of con A. The soup prepared from C3H/HeJ spleen cell cultures did not show any synergistic effect with con A. Even if the major histocompatibility between soup-producer cells and responder cells to con A was different, the soups were still effective. The active substance in the \"endotoxin soups\" was eluted through a Sepharose CL-4B column, and its molecular size was estimated to be about 20,000 daltons. The activity of the soups was destroyed by heating at 70 C for 30 min or at 80 C for 10 min. Digestion with trypsin destroyed the activity of the soups, but digestion with DNase or RNase did not. The role of the active substance in the soups in synergy with con A and its relation to the synergistic effect of con A and LPS are discussed.", "PMID": 530103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4367", "title": "[Numerical systematics of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas].", "content": "In 290 strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, 120 morphological and physiologo-biochemical characters were studied and the results obtained thereby were analyzed by the methods of numerical taxonomy using computers. The majority of strains were subdivided into 11 clusters: Ps. aeruginosa (1), Ps. putida (2), Ps. rathonis (5), Ps. syringae (8), Ps. pseudoalcaligenes (9), Ps. maltophilia (10), Ps. acidovorans (11), Ps. testosteroni (12), Ps. mendocina (13), Ps. cepacia (14), Ps. fluorescens (3). The latter cluster included also the strains identified earlier as Ps. aurantiaca, Ps. lemonnieri, Ps. fluoro-violaceus, and Ps. aureofaciens. Three clusters contained strains which could not be identified and probably should be regarded as distinct species. The characteristics have been selected useful for diagnostics of the above Pseudomonas bacteria and the subgroups of Ps. fluorescens.", "contents": "[Numerical systematics of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas]. In 290 strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, 120 morphological and physiologo-biochemical characters were studied and the results obtained thereby were analyzed by the methods of numerical taxonomy using computers. The majority of strains were subdivided into 11 clusters: Ps. aeruginosa (1), Ps. putida (2), Ps. rathonis (5), Ps. syringae (8), Ps. pseudoalcaligenes (9), Ps. maltophilia (10), Ps. acidovorans (11), Ps. testosteroni (12), Ps. mendocina (13), Ps. cepacia (14), Ps. fluorescens (3). The latter cluster included also the strains identified earlier as Ps. aurantiaca, Ps. lemonnieri, Ps. fluoro-violaceus, and Ps. aureofaciens. Three clusters contained strains which could not be identified and probably should be regarded as distinct species. The characteristics have been selected useful for diagnostics of the above Pseudomonas bacteria and the subgroups of Ps. fluorescens.", "PMID": 530131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4368", "title": "[New genus of budding bacteria Angulomicrobium tetraedrale having radially symmetrical cells].", "content": "The growth cycle and the ultrathin structure were compared in two strains of polygonal bacteria. Due to the presence of radial symmetry, the type of division, the character of metabolism and physiology in common, the polygonal bacteria are classed as a separate genus, Angulomicrobium nov. gen. It would be too early to divide the genus into species. The diagnosis of the new genus and the species A. tetraedrale nov. gen. nov. sp. is presented.", "contents": "[New genus of budding bacteria Angulomicrobium tetraedrale having radially symmetrical cells]. The growth cycle and the ultrathin structure were compared in two strains of polygonal bacteria. Due to the presence of radial symmetry, the type of division, the character of metabolism and physiology in common, the polygonal bacteria are classed as a separate genus, Angulomicrobium nov. gen. It would be too early to divide the genus into species. The diagnosis of the new genus and the species A. tetraedrale nov. gen. nov. sp. is presented.", "PMID": 530132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4369", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of marine luminescent bacteria and their mutants].", "content": "The aim of this work was to study the submicroscopic organization of luminescent bacteria belonging to the genera Photobacterium and Lucibacterium as well as that of their \"dark\" mutants incapable of luminescence. The ultrastructural organization of all studied bacteria is typical of gram-negative species. The luminescent bacteria are characterized by the presence, in their cytoplasm, of osmophilic formations 22--110 nm in size. The cells of \"dark\" mutants accumulate volutin and contain complex membrane systems which are related to decelerated growth of the cultures.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of marine luminescent bacteria and their mutants]. The aim of this work was to study the submicroscopic organization of luminescent bacteria belonging to the genera Photobacterium and Lucibacterium as well as that of their \"dark\" mutants incapable of luminescence. The ultrastructural organization of all studied bacteria is typical of gram-negative species. The luminescent bacteria are characterized by the presence, in their cytoplasm, of osmophilic formations 22--110 nm in size. The cells of \"dark\" mutants accumulate volutin and contain complex membrane systems which are related to decelerated growth of the cultures.", "PMID": 530133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4370", "title": "[Blakeslea trispora mutants with a disrupted sexual process].", "content": "Three groups of Blakeslea trispora (+) and (-) mutants were obtained and their phenotypical characteristics were studied as well as biochemical changes in the course of mating and the ability to synthesize carotenoids when the sexual process of these mutants was disordered. The first group of mutants synthesized carotenoids at the control level, the second group produced them below the control level, and the third group accumulated less than 1% of carotenoids as compared to the control. The difference in the yields of carotenoids among the three groups of mutants in the mated culture is attributed to the presence (or absence) of the ability to synthesize trisporic acids in them.", "contents": "[Blakeslea trispora mutants with a disrupted sexual process]. Three groups of Blakeslea trispora (+) and (-) mutants were obtained and their phenotypical characteristics were studied as well as biochemical changes in the course of mating and the ability to synthesize carotenoids when the sexual process of these mutants was disordered. The first group of mutants synthesized carotenoids at the control level, the second group produced them below the control level, and the third group accumulated less than 1% of carotenoids as compared to the control. The difference in the yields of carotenoids among the three groups of mutants in the mated culture is attributed to the presence (or absence) of the ability to synthesize trisporic acids in them.", "PMID": 530134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4371", "title": "[Microorganisms of the upper layers of the atmosphere].", "content": "Samples for microbiological studies were taken at a high altitude using meterological rockets with specially constructed analyzers so that no extraneous microorganisms could get into them before sampling. The analyzers were sterilized by gamma-irradiation before sampling. For the first time, microscopic fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria were detected at a height of 48--77 km. Five among six of the microbial species were found to contain pigments. The prevalence of these forms at high altitudes suggests that natural selection may take place in the upper atmospheric layer since cells containing chromogenic pigments (carotenoids, melanins) are more resistant to the action of ultraviolet rays.", "contents": "[Microorganisms of the upper layers of the atmosphere]. Samples for microbiological studies were taken at a high altitude using meterological rockets with specially constructed analyzers so that no extraneous microorganisms could get into them before sampling. The analyzers were sterilized by gamma-irradiation before sampling. For the first time, microscopic fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria were detected at a height of 48--77 km. Five among six of the microbial species were found to contain pigments. The prevalence of these forms at high altitudes suggests that natural selection may take place in the upper atmospheric layer since cells containing chromogenic pigments (carotenoids, melanins) are more resistant to the action of ultraviolet rays.", "PMID": 530135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4372", "title": "[Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in the waters of certain regions of the Western and Central Atlantic].", "content": "The incidence of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in water was determined by the method of plating on solid media. Vertical distribution of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microflora was different near the shore and in the open ocean; the incidence of the microorganisms was low in the surface water layer but increased at depths of 25 and 75 m in the open ocean in contrast to regions near the shore. Pure bacterial and fungal cultures were isolated and their properties were described. The cultures were grown in a liquid mineral medium with diesel fuel and 50 cultures out of 66 were found to be true hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms surviving under the laboratory conditions. It was shown that bacteria and fungi have grown on tarballs collected from the surface of the ocean during their incubation at 30 degrees C.", "contents": "[Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in the waters of certain regions of the Western and Central Atlantic]. The incidence of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in water was determined by the method of plating on solid media. Vertical distribution of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microflora was different near the shore and in the open ocean; the incidence of the microorganisms was low in the surface water layer but increased at depths of 25 and 75 m in the open ocean in contrast to regions near the shore. Pure bacterial and fungal cultures were isolated and their properties were described. The cultures were grown in a liquid mineral medium with diesel fuel and 50 cultures out of 66 were found to be true hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms surviving under the laboratory conditions. It was shown that bacteria and fungi have grown on tarballs collected from the surface of the ocean during their incubation at 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 530136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4373", "title": "[Number of bacteria and features of their activity in hypersaline reservoirs of the Crimea].", "content": "The incidence of bacteria, their biomass production, and heterotrophic assimilation of CO2 by bacterioplankton were studied in the Crimean hypersaline water reservoirs from May to October of 1974. The total incidence of bacteria in the natural brine of these reservoirs varied from 20 to 70 x 10(6) cells per 1 ml. Such a high bacterial number may be caused by the combined action of water evaporation which increased the concentration of bacterial cells and active growth of microflora. Low values of bacterial production and heterotrophic CO2 assimilation should be attributed to weak activity of microflora in the reservoirs.", "contents": "[Number of bacteria and features of their activity in hypersaline reservoirs of the Crimea]. The incidence of bacteria, their biomass production, and heterotrophic assimilation of CO2 by bacterioplankton were studied in the Crimean hypersaline water reservoirs from May to October of 1974. The total incidence of bacteria in the natural brine of these reservoirs varied from 20 to 70 x 10(6) cells per 1 ml. Such a high bacterial number may be caused by the combined action of water evaporation which increased the concentration of bacterial cells and active growth of microflora. Low values of bacterial production and heterotrophic CO2 assimilation should be attributed to weak activity of microflora in the reservoirs.", "PMID": 530137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4374", "title": "New aid to management of septicaemia: rapid direct antibiotic susceptibility testing.", "content": "A rapid and reliable method of performing direct antibiotic susceptibility tests on positive blood cultures has been developed. A result is now available five hours after laboratory confirmation of septicaemia. An evaluation involving 55 blood-culture isolates demonstrated an over-all correlation of 97.8% when results obtained by the rapid direct Autobac l method were compared to those obtained by definitive testing procedures. The method is particularly applicable to isolates of Staphyloccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Enterobacteriaceae. It is especially significant because of the recent emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance amongst hospital strains of these bacteria with many isolates showing resistance to antibiotics frequently used in the empirical treatment of septicaemia. The rapid availability of a reliable antibiogram is important in allowing early appropriate chemotherapy and, hence, in the reduction of septicaemia-associated morbidity and mortality, and the length of stay in hospital.", "contents": "New aid to management of septicaemia: rapid direct antibiotic susceptibility testing. A rapid and reliable method of performing direct antibiotic susceptibility tests on positive blood cultures has been developed. A result is now available five hours after laboratory confirmation of septicaemia. An evaluation involving 55 blood-culture isolates demonstrated an over-all correlation of 97.8% when results obtained by the rapid direct Autobac l method were compared to those obtained by definitive testing procedures. The method is particularly applicable to isolates of Staphyloccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Enterobacteriaceae. It is especially significant because of the recent emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance amongst hospital strains of these bacteria with many isolates showing resistance to antibiotics frequently used in the empirical treatment of septicaemia. The rapid availability of a reliable antibiogram is important in allowing early appropriate chemotherapy and, hence, in the reduction of septicaemia-associated morbidity and mortality, and the length of stay in hospital.", "PMID": 530143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4375", "title": "Surveying antibiotic use in a general teaching hospital.", "content": "Four antibiotic surveys were carried out in a teaching hospital within the framework of an intensive drug monitoring system during 1976-1978. The proportion of inpatients receiving antibiotic therapy at any one time varied from 25% to 32%. Penicillin, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole were the most frequently used antibiotics. The use of cloxacillin increased over the survey period. Approximately 85% of presumed infections were treated before the results of microbiological tests became available. Between 29% and 39% of all courses of antibiotics were given for prophylaxis of infection. Between 13% and 30% of patients received more than one antibiotic concurrently; indication for such combined use appeared inadequate in 31% to 80% of courses.", "contents": "Surveying antibiotic use in a general teaching hospital. Four antibiotic surveys were carried out in a teaching hospital within the framework of an intensive drug monitoring system during 1976-1978. The proportion of inpatients receiving antibiotic therapy at any one time varied from 25% to 32%. Penicillin, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole were the most frequently used antibiotics. The use of cloxacillin increased over the survey period. Approximately 85% of presumed infections were treated before the results of microbiological tests became available. Between 29% and 39% of all courses of antibiotics were given for prophylaxis of infection. Between 13% and 30% of patients received more than one antibiotic concurrently; indication for such combined use appeared inadequate in 31% to 80% of courses.", "PMID": 530144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4376", "title": "Cancer mortality in selected New South Wales localities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies.", "content": "The standardized cancer mortality ratios for selected localities in New South Wales with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies were examined. The cancer mortality ratios for both fluoridated and non-fluoridated localities were spread along a continuum. Two localities (one fluoridated, one non-fluoridated) had standardized mortality ratios significantly lower than the New South Wales State average. No relationship was found between cancer deaths and whether water supplies had been fluoridated or not.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in selected New South Wales localities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies. The standardized cancer mortality ratios for selected localities in New South Wales with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies were examined. The cancer mortality ratios for both fluoridated and non-fluoridated localities were spread along a continuum. Two localities (one fluoridated, one non-fluoridated) had standardized mortality ratios significantly lower than the New South Wales State average. No relationship was found between cancer deaths and whether water supplies had been fluoridated or not.", "PMID": 530145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4377", "title": "[Distribution of thermophilic sulfate reducing bacteria in the oil-bearing strata of Apsheron and Western Siberia].", "content": "Enrichment cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria were obtained by inoculating the water of high-temperature gas and oil-bearing strata. A study of the morphology of these cells has shown that the thermophilic bacterium Desulfovibrio thermophilus occurs in the deposits of the Apsheron Peninsula while Desulfootomaculum nigrificans is found in the deposits of West Siberia. The former organism is involved in the accumulation of H2S in the Apsheron strata. The temperature of the strata is believed to be the factor which regulates the incidence of bacteria.", "contents": "[Distribution of thermophilic sulfate reducing bacteria in the oil-bearing strata of Apsheron and Western Siberia]. Enrichment cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria were obtained by inoculating the water of high-temperature gas and oil-bearing strata. A study of the morphology of these cells has shown that the thermophilic bacterium Desulfovibrio thermophilus occurs in the deposits of the Apsheron Peninsula while Desulfootomaculum nigrificans is found in the deposits of West Siberia. The former organism is involved in the accumulation of H2S in the Apsheron strata. The temperature of the strata is believed to be the factor which regulates the incidence of bacteria.", "PMID": 530138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4378", "title": "[Transformation of the herbicide 2,4-D in an Azotobacter culture].", "content": "Transformation of the herbicide 2,4-D[14C] was studied in the cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter agile. These cultures assimilated 2,4-D and metabolized it. The products of transformation included phenol derivatives, water-soluble products, and carbon dioxide. About 15% of the herbicide taken up by the cells was bound to protein.", "contents": "[Transformation of the herbicide 2,4-D in an Azotobacter culture]. Transformation of the herbicide 2,4-D[14C] was studied in the cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter agile. These cultures assimilated 2,4-D and metabolized it. The products of transformation included phenol derivatives, water-soluble products, and carbon dioxide. About 15% of the herbicide taken up by the cells was bound to protein.", "PMID": 530139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4379", "title": "Renal pelvic carcinoma in the Hunter Valley.", "content": "In the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, the incidence of renal pelvic carcinoma was found to be very high, and there appeared to be a causal relationship with analgesic abuse. The crude incidence rate was calculated at 1.6/100000 population per year. In half of the cases of renal pelvic carcinoma, there was evidence of analgesic abuse and/or analgesic nephropathy with papillary necrosis; in this group the male/female ratio was 1/2.6, and there was a tendency for the cancers to occur at a younger age. Tumours associated with analgesic nephropathy were more often poorly differentiated and in a more advanced stage at the time of diagnosis than those not associated with analgesic nephropathy. Multiple tumours were equally common in both groups, but coexistent flat carcinoma in situ tended to be more common in cases associated with analgesic nephropathy.", "contents": "Renal pelvic carcinoma in the Hunter Valley. In the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, the incidence of renal pelvic carcinoma was found to be very high, and there appeared to be a causal relationship with analgesic abuse. The crude incidence rate was calculated at 1.6/100000 population per year. In half of the cases of renal pelvic carcinoma, there was evidence of analgesic abuse and/or analgesic nephropathy with papillary necrosis; in this group the male/female ratio was 1/2.6, and there was a tendency for the cancers to occur at a younger age. Tumours associated with analgesic nephropathy were more often poorly differentiated and in a more advanced stage at the time of diagnosis than those not associated with analgesic nephropathy. Multiple tumours were equally common in both groups, but coexistent flat carcinoma in situ tended to be more common in cases associated with analgesic nephropathy.", "PMID": 530147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4380", "title": "[Effect of ubiquinones and their analogs on the respiratory chain enzyme activity of Candida guilliermondii yeasts].", "content": "The effect of ubiquinones with different length of their chain (CoQ0, CoQ1, CoQ2, CoQ6, CoQ9) and their synthetic analogues (analogues of ubiquinone-1, hexahydroubiquinone-4, monophytylquinone, diphytylquinone, triphytylquinone) on the activity of ubiquinone dependent enzyme systems was studied in mitochondrial fractions from the yeast Candida guilliermondii. All of the ubiquinone homologues studied activated these systems. The synthetic analogues of ubiquinone nonspecifically inhibited the activity of NADH2-oxidase system. The inhibition was reversible when CoQ0 and CoQ1, but not CoQ6 and CoQ9, were added to the system. In the succinate-CoQ-reductase system, the inhibition caused by the analogues of ubiquinone was eliminated when all of the tested homologues were added to the system. In contrast to other analogues of ubiquinone, hexahydroubiquinone-4 was an inhibitor for the NADH2-oxidase system and an activator for the succinate-CoQ-reductase system, and eliminated the inhibiting action of other ubiquinone analogues in this system. Similar action of ubiquinone homologues was shown in the elimination of the inhibition of ubiquinone dependent systems caused by the specific inhibitors of electron transport, viz. rotenone and antimycin A.", "contents": "[Effect of ubiquinones and their analogs on the respiratory chain enzyme activity of Candida guilliermondii yeasts]. The effect of ubiquinones with different length of their chain (CoQ0, CoQ1, CoQ2, CoQ6, CoQ9) and their synthetic analogues (analogues of ubiquinone-1, hexahydroubiquinone-4, monophytylquinone, diphytylquinone, triphytylquinone) on the activity of ubiquinone dependent enzyme systems was studied in mitochondrial fractions from the yeast Candida guilliermondii. All of the ubiquinone homologues studied activated these systems. The synthetic analogues of ubiquinone nonspecifically inhibited the activity of NADH2-oxidase system. The inhibition was reversible when CoQ0 and CoQ1, but not CoQ6 and CoQ9, were added to the system. In the succinate-CoQ-reductase system, the inhibition caused by the analogues of ubiquinone was eliminated when all of the tested homologues were added to the system. In contrast to other analogues of ubiquinone, hexahydroubiquinone-4 was an inhibitor for the NADH2-oxidase system and an activator for the succinate-CoQ-reductase system, and eliminated the inhibiting action of other ubiquinone analogues in this system. Similar action of ubiquinone homologues was shown in the elimination of the inhibition of ubiquinone dependent systems caused by the specific inhibitors of electron transport, viz. rotenone and antimycin A.", "PMID": 530141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4381", "title": "Retrospective survey of neurotraumatic admissions to a teaching hospital: comparison of data on spinal injuries after 10 to 16 years.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 202 patients with spine and cord injuries who were treated in the Prince Henry Hospital and the Prince of Wales Hospital from January, 1960, to December, 1965, was published in 1968. Ten years later, 98 patients with spine and cord injuries who were admitted over a two-year period (January, 1975, to December, 1976) were similarly studied. The data of the two surveys were compared, and changes in clinical and epidemiological features were evaluated.", "contents": "Retrospective survey of neurotraumatic admissions to a teaching hospital: comparison of data on spinal injuries after 10 to 16 years. A retrospective survey of 202 patients with spine and cord injuries who were treated in the Prince Henry Hospital and the Prince of Wales Hospital from January, 1960, to December, 1965, was published in 1968. Ten years later, 98 patients with spine and cord injuries who were admitted over a two-year period (January, 1975, to December, 1976) were similarly studied. The data of the two surveys were compared, and changes in clinical and epidemiological features were evaluated.", "PMID": 530165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4382", "title": "Massive adrenal haemorrhage complicating adrenal neoplasm.", "content": "Two patients presented to hospital with clinical features of acute retroperitoneal haemorrhage. In each case, laparotomy revealed massive adrenal haemorrhage, and histological evidence of underlying neoplasia was eventually found.", "contents": "Massive adrenal haemorrhage complicating adrenal neoplasm. Two patients presented to hospital with clinical features of acute retroperitoneal haemorrhage. In each case, laparotomy revealed massive adrenal haemorrhage, and histological evidence of underlying neoplasia was eventually found.", "PMID": 530166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4383", "title": "Vechile-occupant fatalities after legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts in Australia: different trends between the sexes.", "content": "The protective value of legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts has been supported by Australian and overseas experience. An evaluation of changes during the period from 1957 to 1977 in the incidence of road crash fatalities for male and female vehicle occupants in Victoria and the rest of Australia (that is, in Australia minus Victoria) is presented. Reduction in the number of fatalities and the fatality rate in the number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles) for vehicle occupants has resulted largely from statistically significant decreases for male drivers and adult passengers, especially females. However, the fatality rates have remained within the 95% confidence limits of expected post-legislation values for female drivers in Victoria and the rest of Australia, and for male adult passengers in the rest of Australia. There has been virtually no reduction in road crash fatalities for passengers less than 17 years of age. Hypotheses are advanced to explain these findings and further countermeasures are suggested.", "contents": "Vechile-occupant fatalities after legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts in Australia: different trends between the sexes. The protective value of legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts has been supported by Australian and overseas experience. An evaluation of changes during the period from 1957 to 1977 in the incidence of road crash fatalities for male and female vehicle occupants in Victoria and the rest of Australia (that is, in Australia minus Victoria) is presented. Reduction in the number of fatalities and the fatality rate in the number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles) for vehicle occupants has resulted largely from statistically significant decreases for male drivers and adult passengers, especially females. However, the fatality rates have remained within the 95% confidence limits of expected post-legislation values for female drivers in Victoria and the rest of Australia, and for male adult passengers in the rest of Australia. There has been virtually no reduction in road crash fatalities for passengers less than 17 years of age. Hypotheses are advanced to explain these findings and further countermeasures are suggested.", "PMID": 530168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4384", "title": "Effective use of blood in elective surgical procedures.", "content": "The preoperative requests for crossmatching of blood in elective surgical procedures were studied at the Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. The study revealed that surgeons order crossmatched blood on the basis of habit. This led to considerable time-expiry of blood, and to unnecessary use of laboratory personnel's time and reagents. The statistical information collected during the study was used to educate the surgeons to change their blood-ordering practice. In procedures where excessive blood loss is unlikely to occur, as a stand-by, a \"group-and-screen\" procedure was substituted for crossmatching. A firm recommendation for maximum blood order in elective surgical procedures was also made. It is estimated that this approach would save approximately $80,000 per year per 350-bed general hospital in Australia.", "contents": "Effective use of blood in elective surgical procedures. The preoperative requests for crossmatching of blood in elective surgical procedures were studied at the Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. The study revealed that surgeons order crossmatched blood on the basis of habit. This led to considerable time-expiry of blood, and to unnecessary use of laboratory personnel's time and reagents. The statistical information collected during the study was used to educate the surgeons to change their blood-ordering practice. In procedures where excessive blood loss is unlikely to occur, as a stand-by, a \"group-and-screen\" procedure was substituted for crossmatching. A firm recommendation for maximum blood order in elective surgical procedures was also made. It is estimated that this approach would save approximately $80,000 per year per 350-bed general hospital in Australia.", "PMID": 530169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4385", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm: a review of 12 years surgical experience.", "content": "A personal series of 187 consecutive resections for abdominal aortic aneurysm between 1967 and 1979 has been reviewed. The cases are classified as elective, acute or ruptured. Aetiology, presenting symptoms, investigations, management, complications and deaths are discussed. The hospital mortality rate in elective and acute cases was 4.7%, and in ruptured aneurysms was 27.8%.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm: a review of 12 years surgical experience. A personal series of 187 consecutive resections for abdominal aortic aneurysm between 1967 and 1979 has been reviewed. The cases are classified as elective, acute or ruptured. Aetiology, presenting symptoms, investigations, management, complications and deaths are discussed. The hospital mortality rate in elective and acute cases was 4.7%, and in ruptured aneurysms was 27.8%.", "PMID": 530170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4386", "title": "Trapped finger injury.", "content": "Forty-one patients with trapped finger injuries, 50% of whom were three years of age or younger, were studied. All patients were treated with a conservative regimen, and a satisfactory result in terms of the appearance and function was achieved in 95% of patients, thus eliminating the need for more complex surgical procedures. In the paediatric age group, a secure dressing is imperative for the satisfactory union of tissue. Such a regimen eliminates the need for hospital admission and general anaesthesia, and, in terms of the final result, supports the hypothesis that, in the very young, a certain amount of regeneration occurs to compensate for lost tissue.", "contents": "Trapped finger injury. Forty-one patients with trapped finger injuries, 50% of whom were three years of age or younger, were studied. All patients were treated with a conservative regimen, and a satisfactory result in terms of the appearance and function was achieved in 95% of patients, thus eliminating the need for more complex surgical procedures. In the paediatric age group, a secure dressing is imperative for the satisfactory union of tissue. Such a regimen eliminates the need for hospital admission and general anaesthesia, and, in terms of the final result, supports the hypothesis that, in the very young, a certain amount of regeneration occurs to compensate for lost tissue.", "PMID": 530171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4387", "title": "Treatment of alcoholic lactic acidosis.", "content": "The treatment of lactic acidosis has been unsatisfactory in the past. The present paper describes the beneficial effects of treatment with thiamine in this condition.", "contents": "Treatment of alcoholic lactic acidosis. The treatment of lactic acidosis has been unsatisfactory in the past. The present paper describes the beneficial effects of treatment with thiamine in this condition.", "PMID": 530172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4388", "title": "Patterns of growth in Queensland schoolchildren, 1911 to 1976.", "content": "The heights, weights and skinfold thicknesses of 4466 Queensland schoolchildren, who were aged from six to 12 years and were measured in 1976, have been analysed and compared with the results of previous surveys conducted in 1911 and 1950. The 1976 study shows that Aboriginal children are generally smaller than Caucasian children, that Caucasian children in Queensland do not differ significantly from those in New South Wales, and that social class differences in stature have disappeared. Comparisons with the previous studies suggest that the secular increases in height and weight have become much smaller in the last 26 years.", "contents": "Patterns of growth in Queensland schoolchildren, 1911 to 1976. The heights, weights and skinfold thicknesses of 4466 Queensland schoolchildren, who were aged from six to 12 years and were measured in 1976, have been analysed and compared with the results of previous surveys conducted in 1911 and 1950. The 1976 study shows that Aboriginal children are generally smaller than Caucasian children, that Caucasian children in Queensland do not differ significantly from those in New South Wales, and that social class differences in stature have disappeared. Comparisons with the previous studies suggest that the secular increases in height and weight have become much smaller in the last 26 years.", "PMID": 530183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4389", "title": "Availability of schedule 3 preparations from community pharmacies.", "content": "A survey was conducted to determine the ease with which commonly misused schedule 3 (S3) preparations could be purchased from 29 randomly selected pharmacies. The proprietary formulations chosen for study were Phensedyl linctus, Avil tablets and Ponderax tablets. The regulations governing the sale of S3 preparations in South Australia state that they must be sold under the direct supervision of a registered pharmacist, but, in the majority of cases, this did not occur. In a follow-up study where pharmacists were questioned on their knowledge of the regulations, all indicated that they were aware of the details of the regulations and complied with them.", "contents": "Availability of schedule 3 preparations from community pharmacies. A survey was conducted to determine the ease with which commonly misused schedule 3 (S3) preparations could be purchased from 29 randomly selected pharmacies. The proprietary formulations chosen for study were Phensedyl linctus, Avil tablets and Ponderax tablets. The regulations governing the sale of S3 preparations in South Australia state that they must be sold under the direct supervision of a registered pharmacist, but, in the majority of cases, this did not occur. In a follow-up study where pharmacists were questioned on their knowledge of the regulations, all indicated that they were aware of the details of the regulations and complied with them.", "PMID": 530184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4390", "title": "Late survival after coronary surgery.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two patients have been followed for five to eight years after cardiac revascularization. The over-all mortality of 2% compares closely with the expected mortality of a normal population. Seventy percent of patients remain essentially angina free at an average follow-up period of six years. Late infarction, assuming all \"coronary\" deaths were so caused, occurred at a rate of 3.7% yearly.", "contents": "Late survival after coronary surgery. One hundred and twenty-two patients have been followed for five to eight years after cardiac revascularization. The over-all mortality of 2% compares closely with the expected mortality of a normal population. Seventy percent of patients remain essentially angina free at an average follow-up period of six years. Late infarction, assuming all \"coronary\" deaths were so caused, occurred at a rate of 3.7% yearly.", "PMID": 530185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4391", "title": "Crystalluria during flucytosine therapy.", "content": "A case of urinary crystalluria occurring in a patient during treatment with flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) is presented. A reduction in the dosage of the 5-fluorocytosine resulted in a marked decrease in the excretion of urinary gravel which was shown to be a coprecipitate of 5-fluorocytosine and uric acid.", "contents": "Crystalluria during flucytosine therapy. A case of urinary crystalluria occurring in a patient during treatment with flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) is presented. A reduction in the dosage of the 5-fluorocytosine resulted in a marked decrease in the excretion of urinary gravel which was shown to be a coprecipitate of 5-fluorocytosine and uric acid.", "PMID": 530186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4392", "title": "Diarrhoea as a side effect of amoxycillin therapy.", "content": "The incidence of loose bowel actions in hospitalized children who were receiving amoxycillin mixture has been studied. A total of 293 patients were observed for the occurrence of loose bowel actions considered not to be due to their disease-state; some 19% of these patients suffered this side effect. The incidence was extremely high in the youngest children, but it diminished as age increased. A control group of patients showed a significantly lower (P less than 0.025) percentage incidence (7.4%) than children who were receiving amoxycillin mixture (18.8%). The dosage per kilogram of body weight per day was found to be unassociated with the incidence of diarrhoea in children below the age of two years; but above that age, children receiving higher doses of amoxycillin mixture were more likely to suffer this side effect than those receiving low doses.", "contents": "Diarrhoea as a side effect of amoxycillin therapy. The incidence of loose bowel actions in hospitalized children who were receiving amoxycillin mixture has been studied. A total of 293 patients were observed for the occurrence of loose bowel actions considered not to be due to their disease-state; some 19% of these patients suffered this side effect. The incidence was extremely high in the youngest children, but it diminished as age increased. A control group of patients showed a significantly lower (P less than 0.025) percentage incidence (7.4%) than children who were receiving amoxycillin mixture (18.8%). The dosage per kilogram of body weight per day was found to be unassociated with the incidence of diarrhoea in children below the age of two years; but above that age, children receiving higher doses of amoxycillin mixture were more likely to suffer this side effect than those receiving low doses.", "PMID": 530187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4393", "title": "Age and sex specific reference limits for carbohydrate tolerance.", "content": "Glucose estimations in the absence of diabetic symptoms may lead to diagnostic problems when clinicians are confronted with borderline results. This study on 28 581 estimations of post-prandial plasma glucose values gives age and sex specific reference limits derived from regression analysis at the 97.5 percentage point. A linear relationship exists between age and glucose tolerance in both sexes which is affected by the time of specimen collection. No evidence was found in support of bimodality; hence, it is believed that the observed diminution of carbohydrate tolerance with age is characteristic of the entire population.", "contents": "Age and sex specific reference limits for carbohydrate tolerance. Glucose estimations in the absence of diabetic symptoms may lead to diagnostic problems when clinicians are confronted with borderline results. This study on 28 581 estimations of post-prandial plasma glucose values gives age and sex specific reference limits derived from regression analysis at the 97.5 percentage point. A linear relationship exists between age and glucose tolerance in both sexes which is affected by the time of specimen collection. No evidence was found in support of bimodality; hence, it is believed that the observed diminution of carbohydrate tolerance with age is characteristic of the entire population.", "PMID": 530189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4394", "title": "Visual loss caused by corneal crystals in myeloma: rapid improvement and plasma exchange and chemotherapy.", "content": "Recognition of needle-like crystals in the cornea of a patient with deteriorating visual acuity initiated laboratory studies which demonstrated underlying multiple myeloma. Crystal deposition in the cornea occurs only rarely in multiple myeloma, and evidently reflects an unusual tendency for certain paraproteins to form numerous small aggregates which are deposited particularly within, and between, corneal epithelial cells. Treatment with chemotherapy, plus repeated plasma exchange with a normal plasma protein product resulted in significant depletion of crystals, and improvement in visual acuity over a period of three weeks. Accelerated clearance of paraprotein by plasmapheresis appeared to contribute materially to the rapidity of recovery, since recovery was considerably faster than in reported cases where treatment was with chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "Visual loss caused by corneal crystals in myeloma: rapid improvement and plasma exchange and chemotherapy. Recognition of needle-like crystals in the cornea of a patient with deteriorating visual acuity initiated laboratory studies which demonstrated underlying multiple myeloma. Crystal deposition in the cornea occurs only rarely in multiple myeloma, and evidently reflects an unusual tendency for certain paraproteins to form numerous small aggregates which are deposited particularly within, and between, corneal epithelial cells. Treatment with chemotherapy, plus repeated plasma exchange with a normal plasma protein product resulted in significant depletion of crystals, and improvement in visual acuity over a period of three weeks. Accelerated clearance of paraprotein by plasmapheresis appeared to contribute materially to the rapidity of recovery, since recovery was considerably faster than in reported cases where treatment was with chemotherapy alone.", "PMID": 530190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4395", "title": "Female doctors in Victoria, 1977.", "content": "A survey of medical manpower in Victoria in 1977 revealed that 17% of registered medical practitioners were female and that the proportion of females was much higher among younger graduates. Seventy-eight per cent of female doctors were currently working in Victoria, compared with 82% of male doctors; 3.8% were \"not working temporarily\" compared with 0.6% of male doctors; and 3.9% were \"retired\" compared with 1.9% of male doctors. Female doctors accounted for only 8% of specialists in private practive, compared with 15% of general practitioners, more than 20% of salaried staff members of hospitals and other semigovernment and government bodies, and 40% of the staff members of community health centres. Thirty-eight per cent of female doctors were working part time. The need for part-time training programmes and part-time work, and the difficulties of female graduates becoming specialists are discussed. The implications of increasing proportions of female doctors entering the medical work force during the next decade, and the lower average working hours of female doctors compared with those of males, are considered in relation to the increasing supply of medical manpower in Australia.", "contents": "Female doctors in Victoria, 1977. A survey of medical manpower in Victoria in 1977 revealed that 17% of registered medical practitioners were female and that the proportion of females was much higher among younger graduates. Seventy-eight per cent of female doctors were currently working in Victoria, compared with 82% of male doctors; 3.8% were \"not working temporarily\" compared with 0.6% of male doctors; and 3.9% were \"retired\" compared with 1.9% of male doctors. Female doctors accounted for only 8% of specialists in private practive, compared with 15% of general practitioners, more than 20% of salaried staff members of hospitals and other semigovernment and government bodies, and 40% of the staff members of community health centres. Thirty-eight per cent of female doctors were working part time. The need for part-time training programmes and part-time work, and the difficulties of female graduates becoming specialists are discussed. The implications of increasing proportions of female doctors entering the medical work force during the next decade, and the lower average working hours of female doctors compared with those of males, are considered in relation to the increasing supply of medical manpower in Australia.", "PMID": 530191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4396", "title": "Cholelithiasis: length-of-stay analysis in two series of surgical patients.", "content": "Two series of patients undergoing surgical treatment for cholelithiasis at Hornsby Hospital are described. Data are drawn from the routine morbidity reporting system of the hospital and processed by manual techniques. The morbidity data presented in this analysis demonstrate the capacity of currently operating reporting systems to provide diagnosis-specific information, and to describe the behaviour of relevant subgroups within a \"diagnostic population\". The need for specificity when attempting to make comparisons of length-of-stay \"performance\" either between or within hospitals is highlighted.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis: length-of-stay analysis in two series of surgical patients. Two series of patients undergoing surgical treatment for cholelithiasis at Hornsby Hospital are described. Data are drawn from the routine morbidity reporting system of the hospital and processed by manual techniques. The morbidity data presented in this analysis demonstrate the capacity of currently operating reporting systems to provide diagnosis-specific information, and to describe the behaviour of relevant subgroups within a \"diagnostic population\". The need for specificity when attempting to make comparisons of length-of-stay \"performance\" either between or within hospitals is highlighted.", "PMID": 530195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4397", "title": "Colonization of an amputation site by Flavobacterium odoratum after gentamicin therapy.", "content": "Flavobacterium odoratum was isolated from the stumps of the amputated toes of a debilitated patient. Gentamicin therapy and the poor state of health of the patient provided suitable conditions for this gentamicin-resistant species to multiply. When the gentamicin therapy was stopped, and as the patient's heal improved, F. odoratum gradually disappeared to be replaced by Staphylococcus aureus. This appears to be the first report of the isolation of F. odoratum in Australia, and it indicates the potential of this resistant species to act as a source of infection for groups at risk.", "contents": "Colonization of an amputation site by Flavobacterium odoratum after gentamicin therapy. Flavobacterium odoratum was isolated from the stumps of the amputated toes of a debilitated patient. Gentamicin therapy and the poor state of health of the patient provided suitable conditions for this gentamicin-resistant species to multiply. When the gentamicin therapy was stopped, and as the patient's heal improved, F. odoratum gradually disappeared to be replaced by Staphylococcus aureus. This appears to be the first report of the isolation of F. odoratum in Australia, and it indicates the potential of this resistant species to act as a source of infection for groups at risk.", "PMID": 530210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4398", "title": "Caesarean-section rates in Australia: a population-based audit.", "content": "Caesarean-section rates are increasing rapidly in Australia, and in many other Western countries. Private health-fund data for each State of Australia show marked differences in caesarean-section rates between States. Comparison between Western Australia and South Australia showed that these differences could be related to the proportion of specialist obstetricians per capita in each of the States. Although stillbirth rates are lower in the States with high caesarean-section rates, perinatal mortality rates, which include stillbirths, are not significantly different between States. Since the populations of Australian States are reasonably homogeneous, justification for performing more caesarean sections must be questioned.", "contents": "Caesarean-section rates in Australia: a population-based audit. Caesarean-section rates are increasing rapidly in Australia, and in many other Western countries. Private health-fund data for each State of Australia show marked differences in caesarean-section rates between States. Comparison between Western Australia and South Australia showed that these differences could be related to the proportion of specialist obstetricians per capita in each of the States. Although stillbirth rates are lower in the States with high caesarean-section rates, perinatal mortality rates, which include stillbirths, are not significantly different between States. Since the populations of Australian States are reasonably homogeneous, justification for performing more caesarean sections must be questioned.", "PMID": 530211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4399", "title": "Spontaneous abortions and terminations of pregnancy: histological differences.", "content": "Curettings from eight gravid uteri are compared with material curetted from 2081 uteri after spontaneous abortions. The outstanding feature of the spontaneous material is the decidual polymorph infiltrate. This was absent in seven of the termination specimens. The one case exhibiting a polymorph infiltrate showed other features of degeneration which suggested that a spontaneous abortion may have been developing before termination occurred. This difference between terminated and spontaneously aborted material may provide a basis for elucidating mechanisms in the latter.", "contents": "Spontaneous abortions and terminations of pregnancy: histological differences. Curettings from eight gravid uteri are compared with material curetted from 2081 uteri after spontaneous abortions. The outstanding feature of the spontaneous material is the decidual polymorph infiltrate. This was absent in seven of the termination specimens. The one case exhibiting a polymorph infiltrate showed other features of degeneration which suggested that a spontaneous abortion may have been developing before termination occurred. This difference between terminated and spontaneously aborted material may provide a basis for elucidating mechanisms in the latter.", "PMID": 530212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4400", "title": "Preventing poor-quality medical care: knowledge/action disconsonance.", "content": "Studies to evaluate quality of hospital care by means of the method of criteria auditing have yielded dubious results. More evidence of its efficiency and effectiveness should be sought before action to adapt or adopt such methods in Australia could be taken.", "contents": "Preventing poor-quality medical care: knowledge/action disconsonance. Studies to evaluate quality of hospital care by means of the method of criteria auditing have yielded dubious results. More evidence of its efficiency and effectiveness should be sought before action to adapt or adopt such methods in Australia could be taken.", "PMID": 530213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4401", "title": "Initial changes in the free carbohydrate profile of rat lens and retina following streptozotocin-induced diabetes.", "content": "The changes in the concentration profile of free carbohydrates (glucose, sorbitol, fructose and myo-inositol) in rat lens and retina were studied in the first 5 days following induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. In both tissues, the total concentration of free carbohydrate increased markedly in this period. In the lens, the major component was sorbitol, whereas in the retina the major component was glucose. Myoinositol loss occurred only in the lens. The significance of these early changes in carbohydrate concentrations are discussed in relation to the development of subsequent metabolic derangements.", "contents": "Initial changes in the free carbohydrate profile of rat lens and retina following streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The changes in the concentration profile of free carbohydrates (glucose, sorbitol, fructose and myo-inositol) in rat lens and retina were studied in the first 5 days following induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. In both tissues, the total concentration of free carbohydrate increased markedly in this period. In the lens, the major component was sorbitol, whereas in the retina the major component was glucose. Myoinositol loss occurred only in the lens. The significance of these early changes in carbohydrate concentrations are discussed in relation to the development of subsequent metabolic derangements.", "PMID": 530267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4402", "title": "An inducible n-alkane hydroxylase system containing cytochrome \"O\" from Candida lipolytica.", "content": "In this work the terminal oxidase system of C. lipolytica grown on n-alkanes was identified, and partially purified. Spectral characteristics typical of cytochrome O are obtained, inhibition and photodissociation of CO are reported.", "contents": "An inducible n-alkane hydroxylase system containing cytochrome \"O\" from Candida lipolytica. In this work the terminal oxidase system of C. lipolytica grown on n-alkanes was identified, and partially purified. Spectral characteristics typical of cytochrome O are obtained, inhibition and photodissociation of CO are reported.", "PMID": 530268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4403", "title": "A rapid and sensitive method for detection of proteins in polyacrylamide SDS gels: staining with ethidium bromide.", "content": "We describe here a fluorometric method of detection of proteins fractionated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-SDS gels. This method, using ethidium bromide as fluorescent dye, is performed within 40 minutes after the end of the electrophoretic run. It does not require treatment of proteins prior to electrophoresis, and entails neither fixation of proteins in the gel, nor destaining. It is sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.5 - 1.0 microgram of protein per band. Furthermore, the simultaneous electrophoretic resolution and detection of protein and RNA on a single SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel is reported.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive method for detection of proteins in polyacrylamide SDS gels: staining with ethidium bromide. We describe here a fluorometric method of detection of proteins fractionated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-SDS gels. This method, using ethidium bromide as fluorescent dye, is performed within 40 minutes after the end of the electrophoretic run. It does not require treatment of proteins prior to electrophoresis, and entails neither fixation of proteins in the gel, nor destaining. It is sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.5 - 1.0 microgram of protein per band. Furthermore, the simultaneous electrophoretic resolution and detection of protein and RNA on a single SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel is reported.", "PMID": 530269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4404", "title": "Increased susceptibility of activated rat liver chromatin to DNAse I.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin activated by partial hepatectomy is more susceptible to the action of DNAse I than control chromatin isolated from intact liver. The study on the transfer of chromatin material to the acid-soluble fraction reveals a higher rate of activated chromatin degradation. Activated chromatin shows also an increased capacity for ethidium bromide (EB) binding as estimated from the isotherms of adsorption. The difference in EB binding between activated and control chromatin is abolished after DNAse I treatment. Conditions of mild digestion with DNAse I have been found under which the number of binding sites for EB per nucleotide decreases to almost the same level in activated and non-activated chromatin. The results suggest a preferential degradation of those DNA sequences in activated chromatin that are responsible for the increase in the ligand binding.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility of activated rat liver chromatin to DNAse I. Rat liver chromatin activated by partial hepatectomy is more susceptible to the action of DNAse I than control chromatin isolated from intact liver. The study on the transfer of chromatin material to the acid-soluble fraction reveals a higher rate of activated chromatin degradation. Activated chromatin shows also an increased capacity for ethidium bromide (EB) binding as estimated from the isotherms of adsorption. The difference in EB binding between activated and control chromatin is abolished after DNAse I treatment. Conditions of mild digestion with DNAse I have been found under which the number of binding sites for EB per nucleotide decreases to almost the same level in activated and non-activated chromatin. The results suggest a preferential degradation of those DNA sequences in activated chromatin that are responsible for the increase in the ligand binding.", "PMID": 530270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4405", "title": "Tissue-specific ribosomal protein composition.", "content": "Membrane-bound and free polysomes from murine liver and kidney were isolated under identical conditions and their ribosomal proteins were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that these ribosome subpopulations are quantitatively and qualitatively similar except for the presence of one additional protein in the kidney-bound polysomal fraction.", "contents": "Tissue-specific ribosomal protein composition. Membrane-bound and free polysomes from murine liver and kidney were isolated under identical conditions and their ribosomal proteins were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that these ribosome subpopulations are quantitatively and qualitatively similar except for the presence of one additional protein in the kidney-bound polysomal fraction.", "PMID": 530271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4406", "title": "Metabolically stable ribonucleoproteins in the chromatin of pigeon bone marrow cells.", "content": "Ribonucleoproteins with buoyant density 1.4 carrying metabolically stable RNA species with sedimentation coefficients up to 28S have been detected in the 0.35M NaCl extracts from pigeon bone marrow chromatin. It is suggested that they correspond to the slowly metabolizing interchromatin particles.", "contents": "Metabolically stable ribonucleoproteins in the chromatin of pigeon bone marrow cells. Ribonucleoproteins with buoyant density 1.4 carrying metabolically stable RNA species with sedimentation coefficients up to 28S have been detected in the 0.35M NaCl extracts from pigeon bone marrow chromatin. It is suggested that they correspond to the slowly metabolizing interchromatin particles.", "PMID": 530272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4407", "title": "A simple and fast electrophoretic method for elution of nucleic acids from gels.", "content": "A very convenient electrophoretic procedure for DNA or RNA elution from agarose or polyacrylamide gels is described. The gel piece with nucleic acid to be eluted is contained in a dialysis bag filled with buffer and elution is carried out in a horizontal electrophoresis apparatus. The nucleic acid is recovered with a high yield and can be used, without prior treatment, in further enzymatic or chemical reactions. Results obtained with DNA are presented here.", "contents": "A simple and fast electrophoretic method for elution of nucleic acids from gels. A very convenient electrophoretic procedure for DNA or RNA elution from agarose or polyacrylamide gels is described. The gel piece with nucleic acid to be eluted is contained in a dialysis bag filled with buffer and elution is carried out in a horizontal electrophoresis apparatus. The nucleic acid is recovered with a high yield and can be used, without prior treatment, in further enzymatic or chemical reactions. Results obtained with DNA are presented here.", "PMID": 530273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4408", "title": "Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in subcellular fractions of mouse fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was found to be present at a high level in neoplastic cytosol and microsomes, 3.45 and 9.90 nmoles NADH/min mg protein, respectively. This remains in accordance with the high rate of RNA and protein synthesis in the neoplastic process.", "contents": "Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in subcellular fractions of mouse fibrosarcoma. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was found to be present at a high level in neoplastic cytosol and microsomes, 3.45 and 9.90 nmoles NADH/min mg protein, respectively. This remains in accordance with the high rate of RNA and protein synthesis in the neoplastic process.", "PMID": 530274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4409", "title": "Histone: oxidation by peroxidase alters its interaction with DNA.", "content": "When histone is oxidized by peroxidase, its basicity (hence its complexing with DNA) is reduced: this reduction causes further alterations in the effect of histone upon the heat denaturation, acid precipitation, and breakdown by DNase of DNA, alterations which indicate that the regulation by histone of DNA expression may become abnormal. If oxidized species of histone should accumulate in the tissues in old age, the alteration mentioned might be a contributory factor of senescence.", "contents": "Histone: oxidation by peroxidase alters its interaction with DNA. When histone is oxidized by peroxidase, its basicity (hence its complexing with DNA) is reduced: this reduction causes further alterations in the effect of histone upon the heat denaturation, acid precipitation, and breakdown by DNase of DNA, alterations which indicate that the regulation by histone of DNA expression may become abnormal. If oxidized species of histone should accumulate in the tissues in old age, the alteration mentioned might be a contributory factor of senescence.", "PMID": 530275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4410", "title": "[Regeneration of the proximal kidney tubules after sublimate-induced necrosis in the rate. Scanning electron microscopic studies].", "content": "Necrosis of the proximal tubules of the kidney in white rats has been produced by a relative small doses (1,5 mg/kg) of sublimate. Necrosis of the epithelial cells and their regeneration was studied during 10 days by scanning electron microscopy. Parallelism of the various regressive and regenerative processes was noted, attention was paid to the correlation existing between them. Periodicity of normal and necrotic segments was also observed. As a sequal of the necrosis the basement membranes became denuded, later in the first period of the regeneration flattened epithelial cells--having no microvilluses--covered them. On the surface of the latter, in a very short period (several hours) gradually microvilluses, regular brush-border and interdigitation of the cells were formed. In 10-17 days the regenerated epithelium could hardly be distinguished by scanning electron microscopy from the normal one.", "contents": "[Regeneration of the proximal kidney tubules after sublimate-induced necrosis in the rate. Scanning electron microscopic studies]. Necrosis of the proximal tubules of the kidney in white rats has been produced by a relative small doses (1,5 mg/kg) of sublimate. Necrosis of the epithelial cells and their regeneration was studied during 10 days by scanning electron microscopy. Parallelism of the various regressive and regenerative processes was noted, attention was paid to the correlation existing between them. Periodicity of normal and necrotic segments was also observed. As a sequal of the necrosis the basement membranes became denuded, later in the first period of the regeneration flattened epithelial cells--having no microvilluses--covered them. On the surface of the latter, in a very short period (several hours) gradually microvilluses, regular brush-border and interdigitation of the cells were formed. In 10-17 days the regenerated epithelium could hardly be distinguished by scanning electron microscopy from the normal one.", "PMID": 530281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4411", "title": "[Electron microscopic changes in the liver in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Liver biopsy specimen of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus was studied by light- and electron microscopy. On the background of the nonspecific hepatitis of a mild degree ultrastructural changes of the liver were revealed. Diffuse damage to the mitochondria and the vascular pole of the cells have been found. In the vascular endothelial cells of the liver presence of the so called tubuloreticular inclusions was observed. This can be regarded as the manifestation of the systematic disease in the liver.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic changes in the liver in systemic lupus erythematosus]. Liver biopsy specimen of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus was studied by light- and electron microscopy. On the background of the nonspecific hepatitis of a mild degree ultrastructural changes of the liver were revealed. Diffuse damage to the mitochondria and the vascular pole of the cells have been found. In the vascular endothelial cells of the liver presence of the so called tubuloreticular inclusions was observed. This can be regarded as the manifestation of the systematic disease in the liver.", "PMID": 530282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4412", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of oral leukoplakia].", "content": "Buccal mucosa of six patients with leukoplakia and normal controls was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Findings have shown that: 1. there is a difference between the surface epithelial cells of the normal mucosa and those of the mucosa with leukoplakia; 2. according to the various clinical forms of the leukoplakia there are differences between the epithelial cells: in leukoplakia verrucosa presence of keratinized epithelial cells, in leukoplakia erosiva absence of the cell-connecting structures seems to be a characteristic feature; 3. in leukoplakia erosiva with dysplasia atypical arrangement of the cytoplasmic processes of surface epithelial cells can be observed; 4. the most striking difference was revealed between the cells of the normal mucosa and those of leukoplakia erosiva.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of oral leukoplakia]. Buccal mucosa of six patients with leukoplakia and normal controls was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Findings have shown that: 1. there is a difference between the surface epithelial cells of the normal mucosa and those of the mucosa with leukoplakia; 2. according to the various clinical forms of the leukoplakia there are differences between the epithelial cells: in leukoplakia verrucosa presence of keratinized epithelial cells, in leukoplakia erosiva absence of the cell-connecting structures seems to be a characteristic feature; 3. in leukoplakia erosiva with dysplasia atypical arrangement of the cytoplasmic processes of surface epithelial cells can be observed; 4. the most striking difference was revealed between the cells of the normal mucosa and those of leukoplakia erosiva.", "PMID": 530283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4413", "title": "[1st isolation of the Wright(a) erythrocyte antigen from Soviet blood donors].", "content": "Since the immunizing effect of rare erythrocytic antigens it is necessary to emphysize, that the same recipient should not get repeatedly erythrocyte-transfusion from the same donor.", "contents": "[1st isolation of the Wright(a) erythrocyte antigen from Soviet blood donors]. Since the immunizing effect of rare erythrocytic antigens it is necessary to emphysize, that the same recipient should not get repeatedly erythrocyte-transfusion from the same donor.", "PMID": 530284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4414", "title": "[Isolation of immune complexes from the vascular wall in experimental immunovasculitis].", "content": "In experimental immunvasculitis immunocomplexes of the vessel wall have been detected by indirect immunofluorescence method. In the aortic intima linear deposition, in the small arteries and arterioles segmental fluorescence was observed in all layers of the vessel wall. In some regions a marked positive perivascular reaction was also revealed. Immuncomplexes of the vessel wall may play a part in the preservation and prolongation of the alterations of the vessel wall.", "contents": "[Isolation of immune complexes from the vascular wall in experimental immunovasculitis]. In experimental immunvasculitis immunocomplexes of the vessel wall have been detected by indirect immunofluorescence method. In the aortic intima linear deposition, in the small arteries and arterioles segmental fluorescence was observed in all layers of the vessel wall. In some regions a marked positive perivascular reaction was also revealed. Immuncomplexes of the vessel wall may play a part in the preservation and prolongation of the alterations of the vessel wall.", "PMID": 530285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4415", "title": "[Causes and possible prevention of motorcycle accidents].", "content": "Author reviews the main causes of motorcycle-accidents, the most frequent types of injuries with regard to their rate, severity and localization. Executive and technical ways of prevention are briefly reported.", "contents": "[Causes and possible prevention of motorcycle accidents]. Author reviews the main causes of motorcycle-accidents, the most frequent types of injuries with regard to their rate, severity and localization. Executive and technical ways of prevention are briefly reported.", "PMID": 530286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4416", "title": "[Experimental model for the study of the teratogenic interaction of chemical agents and drugs (toluene and acetylsalicylic acid)].", "content": "On the 10th-13th days of pregnancy toluene (3600 mg/m3) by inhalation) and on 12th day acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg/kg of body weight per os) were administered to CFY rats and the common effect of these agents was studied. It was established that: 1. the maternal toxicity increased, i.e. increased the mortality rate, decreased the consumption of the food and the gain of weight, increased the relative weight of the liver; 2. the foetal toxicity increased, i.e. increased the mortality rate of foetuses, the rate of the loss of the body weight, the number of the anomalies of the sternum and the incidence of the supernumerary ribs. It is believed, that the non-teratogenic toluene rises the utilization of the glycine and the level of the free salicylic-acid, consequently the embryotoxic effect of the acetylsalicylic-acid. The danger of the occurrence of malformations as an effect of interaction of chemical agents and drugs taken in therapeutic doses is stressed.", "contents": "[Experimental model for the study of the teratogenic interaction of chemical agents and drugs (toluene and acetylsalicylic acid)]. On the 10th-13th days of pregnancy toluene (3600 mg/m3) by inhalation) and on 12th day acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg/kg of body weight per os) were administered to CFY rats and the common effect of these agents was studied. It was established that: 1. the maternal toxicity increased, i.e. increased the mortality rate, decreased the consumption of the food and the gain of weight, increased the relative weight of the liver; 2. the foetal toxicity increased, i.e. increased the mortality rate of foetuses, the rate of the loss of the body weight, the number of the anomalies of the sternum and the incidence of the supernumerary ribs. It is believed, that the non-teratogenic toluene rises the utilization of the glycine and the level of the free salicylic-acid, consequently the embryotoxic effect of the acetylsalicylic-acid. The danger of the occurrence of malformations as an effect of interaction of chemical agents and drugs taken in therapeutic doses is stressed.", "PMID": 530287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4417", "title": "[The use of ethyl acetate for the embedding of tissue specimen].", "content": "Author for the prevention of detrimental health effects of benzene-homologs instead of xylene recommends the use of aethyl-acetate for the embedding process. It dissolves the warm paraffin, easily evaporates, mingles with acetone and isopropyl-alcohol and does not harden the tissue specimens.", "contents": "[The use of ethyl acetate for the embedding of tissue specimen]. Author for the prevention of detrimental health effects of benzene-homologs instead of xylene recommends the use of aethyl-acetate for the embedding process. It dissolves the warm paraffin, easily evaporates, mingles with acetone and isopropyl-alcohol and does not harden the tissue specimens.", "PMID": 530288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4418", "title": "[Medico-legal aspects of complications of the puncturing of the subclavian vein].", "content": "Three fatal cases of the puncture of the vena subclavia are reported and medicolegal aspects of this emergency operation are discussed. Punctures of the vena subclavia--as an emergency operation--has no contraindications. Undesirable consequences, when the operation was carried out with due skills and in due circumstances--will not provide grounds for negligence.", "contents": "[Medico-legal aspects of complications of the puncturing of the subclavian vein]. Three fatal cases of the puncture of the vena subclavia are reported and medicolegal aspects of this emergency operation are discussed. Punctures of the vena subclavia--as an emergency operation--has no contraindications. Undesirable consequences, when the operation was carried out with due skills and in due circumstances--will not provide grounds for negligence.", "PMID": 530289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4419", "title": "Tissue distribution of radioactivity from ochratoxin A-14C in rats.", "content": "Examination of the distribution of radioactivity in rat tissues during the first 24 hr after administration of ochratoxin A-14C demonstrated maximum accumulation in stomach and kidney. The highest counts were observed in stomach, lung, kidney, thymus, spleen and heart during the first 6 hr after treatment, whereas the brain, liver muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum exhibited the greatest counts at 18 hr after toxin exposure.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of radioactivity from ochratoxin A-14C in rats. Examination of the distribution of radioactivity in rat tissues during the first 24 hr after administration of ochratoxin A-14C demonstrated maximum accumulation in stomach and kidney. The highest counts were observed in stomach, lung, kidney, thymus, spleen and heart during the first 6 hr after treatment, whereas the brain, liver muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum exhibited the greatest counts at 18 hr after toxin exposure.", "PMID": 530296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4420", "title": "Influence of trace elements and nitrogen sources on versicolorin production by a mutant strain of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "content": "A mutant strain of Aspergillus parasiticus blocked in aflatoxin biosynthesis accumulates versicolorin A and versicolorin C. The effect of trace elements on the growth and versicolorin production by this strain was studied in a defined medium. The omission of manganese was slightly stimulatory to versicolorin production; when zinc was omitted from the medium, no detectable versicolorins were produced. Experiments on nitrogen sources in a high-sucrose medium indicated that fourfold to fivefold increases in versicolorin yields could be obtained by substituting 3 ml/l corn steep liquor or 0.1 M NH4NO3 for the 0.023 M (NH4)2SO3 used previously as the nitrogen source in studies on versicolorin production by this strain. These improved yields will facilitate attempts to accumulate enough versicolorin A and versicolorin C for toxicity and carcinogenicity testing. Chromatographic profiles of mycelial extracts of cultures grown in a defined medium with 0.1 M NH4NO3 as the nitrogen source revealed 2 previously unrecognized compounds. The accumulation of these new metabolites in a mutant blocked in aflatoxin production may indicate that they are biosynthetically related to aflatoxin.", "contents": "Influence of trace elements and nitrogen sources on versicolorin production by a mutant strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. A mutant strain of Aspergillus parasiticus blocked in aflatoxin biosynthesis accumulates versicolorin A and versicolorin C. The effect of trace elements on the growth and versicolorin production by this strain was studied in a defined medium. The omission of manganese was slightly stimulatory to versicolorin production; when zinc was omitted from the medium, no detectable versicolorins were produced. Experiments on nitrogen sources in a high-sucrose medium indicated that fourfold to fivefold increases in versicolorin yields could be obtained by substituting 3 ml/l corn steep liquor or 0.1 M NH4NO3 for the 0.023 M (NH4)2SO3 used previously as the nitrogen source in studies on versicolorin production by this strain. These improved yields will facilitate attempts to accumulate enough versicolorin A and versicolorin C for toxicity and carcinogenicity testing. Chromatographic profiles of mycelial extracts of cultures grown in a defined medium with 0.1 M NH4NO3 as the nitrogen source revealed 2 previously unrecognized compounds. The accumulation of these new metabolites in a mutant blocked in aflatoxin production may indicate that they are biosynthetically related to aflatoxin.", "PMID": 530298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4421", "title": "Spore ultrastructure in Sporothrix schenckii.", "content": "Pathogenic strains of Sporothrix schenkii may show triangular spores, whose angular shape is maintained by a tie-beam effect in the inner cell wall structure. This difference in wall structure lies adjacent to a folded and possibly more active part of the spore cytoplasm. The supposed generation of asci in old cultures was simulated by the death of hyphae which are reinvaded by intrahyphal growth with intrahyphal spore production, while true asci were not seen.", "contents": "Spore ultrastructure in Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogenic strains of Sporothrix schenkii may show triangular spores, whose angular shape is maintained by a tie-beam effect in the inner cell wall structure. This difference in wall structure lies adjacent to a folded and possibly more active part of the spore cytoplasm. The supposed generation of asci in old cultures was simulated by the death of hyphae which are reinvaded by intrahyphal growth with intrahyphal spore production, while true asci were not seen.", "PMID": 530299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4422", "title": "Is dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase involved in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic neurons?", "content": "The dopamine (DA)-receptor mediated changes in striatal acetylcholine (ACh) levels have been studied to determine if this effect involves a D1-(adenylate cyclase dependent) or D2-(not linked to an adenylate cyclase) type of DA-receptor, Various DA-agonists (apomorphine, N-diphenethylamine derivatives) increased striatal ACh levels in both intact and 6-OHDA lesioned rats whereas only apomorphine stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of striatal homogenates. The N-diphenethylamine compounds (RU 24213, RU 24926 and RU 26933) were without effect either on basal or DA-stimulated activities of this enzyme. In contrast, D-LSD (which acts as a partial agonist of the striatal DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase) did not modify the striatal ACh content. More interestingly, an intrastriatal injection of cholera toxin greatly stimulated striatal adenylate cyclase without altering ACh concentrations. Both haloperidol and methergoline antagonized the DA stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but only haloperidol decreased striatal ACh levels. These results indicate that the DA receptor involved in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic neurons is of the D2-type.", "contents": "Is dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase involved in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic neurons? The dopamine (DA)-receptor mediated changes in striatal acetylcholine (ACh) levels have been studied to determine if this effect involves a D1-(adenylate cyclase dependent) or D2-(not linked to an adenylate cyclase) type of DA-receptor, Various DA-agonists (apomorphine, N-diphenethylamine derivatives) increased striatal ACh levels in both intact and 6-OHDA lesioned rats whereas only apomorphine stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of striatal homogenates. The N-diphenethylamine compounds (RU 24213, RU 24926 and RU 26933) were without effect either on basal or DA-stimulated activities of this enzyme. In contrast, D-LSD (which acts as a partial agonist of the striatal DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase) did not modify the striatal ACh content. More interestingly, an intrastriatal injection of cholera toxin greatly stimulated striatal adenylate cyclase without altering ACh concentrations. Both haloperidol and methergoline antagonized the DA stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but only haloperidol decreased striatal ACh levels. These results indicate that the DA receptor involved in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic neurons is of the D2-type.", "PMID": 530305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4423", "title": "The longitudinal intraluminal concentration gradient in the perfused rat jejunum and the appropriate mean concentration for calculation of the absorption rate.", "content": "In anaesthetized rats, jejunal segments 30 cm in length were perfused (rates:0.1, 0.2,0.5 ml/min) with solutions containing antipyrine, salicylic acid, urea, L-lysine, L- and D-phenylalanine. The intraluminal concentration was determined approx. 10, 20, and 30 cm from the inflow cannula. The intraluminal concentration gradients were almost exponential and corresponded to the gradient predicted for a laminar flow through a solute-permeable circular tube. This gradient has a slightly greater curvature than the exponential one. Theoretical considerations showed that the logarithmic mean (Co-Cz)/ln(Co/Cz) of the in- and outflow concentration is the best average value for application in non-integrated absorption equations. This is also valid for the temporal concentration gradient after single administration of a substance into an intestinal segment.", "contents": "The longitudinal intraluminal concentration gradient in the perfused rat jejunum and the appropriate mean concentration for calculation of the absorption rate. In anaesthetized rats, jejunal segments 30 cm in length were perfused (rates:0.1, 0.2,0.5 ml/min) with solutions containing antipyrine, salicylic acid, urea, L-lysine, L- and D-phenylalanine. The intraluminal concentration was determined approx. 10, 20, and 30 cm from the inflow cannula. The intraluminal concentration gradients were almost exponential and corresponded to the gradient predicted for a laminar flow through a solute-permeable circular tube. This gradient has a slightly greater curvature than the exponential one. Theoretical considerations showed that the logarithmic mean (Co-Cz)/ln(Co/Cz) of the in- and outflow concentration is the best average value for application in non-integrated absorption equations. This is also valid for the temporal concentration gradient after single administration of a substance into an intestinal segment.", "PMID": 530306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4424", "title": "The regional localization of R28935 in the cat brain as dependent on the route of administration.", "content": "Intravenous injection of the antihypertensive agent R2835 and its pharmacologically less active threo-isomer R29814 resulted in a distribution profile in the cat brain which differed from the regional localization after administration via the left vertebral artery. Although the two isomers had the same physico-chemical properties, R28935 penetrated more readily into the CNS. Intravenous administration resulted in almost equal levels in all brain parts, whereas after injection into the vertebral artery caudal structures contained more of both compounds that rostral structures. Differences existed between the concentrations in homotopic brain areas, especially in the brain stem. From comparison of the levels of R28935 after injection of an equiactive dose either i.v. or into the vertebral artery it is tempting to speculate that the mesencephalic tegmentum, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the inferior colliculi and/or the locus coeruleus are possible sites of the hypotensive action.", "contents": "The regional localization of R28935 in the cat brain as dependent on the route of administration. Intravenous injection of the antihypertensive agent R2835 and its pharmacologically less active threo-isomer R29814 resulted in a distribution profile in the cat brain which differed from the regional localization after administration via the left vertebral artery. Although the two isomers had the same physico-chemical properties, R28935 penetrated more readily into the CNS. Intravenous administration resulted in almost equal levels in all brain parts, whereas after injection into the vertebral artery caudal structures contained more of both compounds that rostral structures. Differences existed between the concentrations in homotopic brain areas, especially in the brain stem. From comparison of the levels of R28935 after injection of an equiactive dose either i.v. or into the vertebral artery it is tempting to speculate that the mesencephalic tegmentum, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the inferior colliculi and/or the locus coeruleus are possible sites of the hypotensive action.", "PMID": 530307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4425", "title": "Effects of ethacrynic acid on electrolyte and fluid transport by the guinea pig gallbladder.", "content": "The effect of ethacrynic acid on fluid and electrolyte transport by the guinea pig gallbladder was investigated in vitro. 10-4M ethacrynic acid, applied to the serosal side, inhibited fluid and sodium chloride absorption. The reduction in salt absorption was accounted for by a 3 muEq/cm2h decrease in the unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl from mucosa to serosa with no change in the fluxes from serosa to mucosa. Ethacrynic acid (10-4 M) had no effect on HCO3 - Cl exchange, PGE1-induced fluid secretion and inulin permeability. At 10-3 M, ethacrynic acid markedly increased both the serosa to mucosa fluxes of Na and Cl, and the inulin permeability. Examination by light and electron microscopy of gallbladder tissue treated with 10-3 M ethacrynic acid revealed large intracellular vacuoles and occasionally ruptured apical cell membranes. Only slight morphological changes were seen by 10-4 M ethacrynic acid with no changes in the controls and ouabain treated gallbladders. The effects of ethacrynic acid are remarkably different from those of furosemide which has been previously shown to inhibit only the HCO3 secretion leaving fluid and NaCl absorption unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of ethacrynic acid on electrolyte and fluid transport by the guinea pig gallbladder. The effect of ethacrynic acid on fluid and electrolyte transport by the guinea pig gallbladder was investigated in vitro. 10-4M ethacrynic acid, applied to the serosal side, inhibited fluid and sodium chloride absorption. The reduction in salt absorption was accounted for by a 3 muEq/cm2h decrease in the unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl from mucosa to serosa with no change in the fluxes from serosa to mucosa. Ethacrynic acid (10-4 M) had no effect on HCO3 - Cl exchange, PGE1-induced fluid secretion and inulin permeability. At 10-3 M, ethacrynic acid markedly increased both the serosa to mucosa fluxes of Na and Cl, and the inulin permeability. Examination by light and electron microscopy of gallbladder tissue treated with 10-3 M ethacrynic acid revealed large intracellular vacuoles and occasionally ruptured apical cell membranes. Only slight morphological changes were seen by 10-4 M ethacrynic acid with no changes in the controls and ouabain treated gallbladders. The effects of ethacrynic acid are remarkably different from those of furosemide which has been previously shown to inhibit only the HCO3 secretion leaving fluid and NaCl absorption unchanged.", "PMID": 530308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4426", "title": "In vitro and in vivo disposition of 3H-methiothepin in brain tissues. Relationship to the effects of acute treatment with methiothepin on central serotoninergic receptors.", "content": "A single treatment with a large dose of methiothepin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induced, as early as the 2nd day after injection, a significant increase (+20--35%) in the number of specific binding sites for 3H-5-HT in forebrain areas, particularly the hippocampus. Experiments with 3H-methiothepin indicated that the drug remained firmly bound to brain membranes thus maintaining a local concentration high enough to effectively block 5-HT receptors for 10--12 h after its peripheral administration. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the occupancy of central 5-HT receptor sites by methiothepin for several hours was sufficient to induce a supersensitivity phenomenon within the two following days. Although 3H-methiothepin was a useful marker for analyzing the disposition and the kinetics of the 5-HT antagonist in brain tissues, it could not be used as a specific ligand of 5-HT receptors in brain since under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions most of 3H-methiothepin bound to non-specific sites, especially to the lipid component of the membranes.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo disposition of 3H-methiothepin in brain tissues. Relationship to the effects of acute treatment with methiothepin on central serotoninergic receptors. A single treatment with a large dose of methiothepin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induced, as early as the 2nd day after injection, a significant increase (+20--35%) in the number of specific binding sites for 3H-5-HT in forebrain areas, particularly the hippocampus. Experiments with 3H-methiothepin indicated that the drug remained firmly bound to brain membranes thus maintaining a local concentration high enough to effectively block 5-HT receptors for 10--12 h after its peripheral administration. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the occupancy of central 5-HT receptor sites by methiothepin for several hours was sufficient to induce a supersensitivity phenomenon within the two following days. Although 3H-methiothepin was a useful marker for analyzing the disposition and the kinetics of the 5-HT antagonist in brain tissues, it could not be used as a specific ligand of 5-HT receptors in brain since under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions most of 3H-methiothepin bound to non-specific sites, especially to the lipid component of the membranes.", "PMID": 530311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4427", "title": "The synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane in the mouse brain in vivo. Influence of drug induced convulsions, hypoxia and the anticonvulsants trimethadione and diazepam.", "content": "1. The i.v. administration of convulsant doses of penetrazole or picrotoxin induced an increase in PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2-like immunoreactive material in mouse brain tissue. The onset of increase coincided with the appearance of clonic seizures. 2. The anticonvulsant drugs trimethadione and diazepam reduced both convulsions and increase of the above arachidonic acid metabolites induced by pentetrazole or picrotoxin. 3. In synaptosomal preparations of the brain, neither pentetrazole (10(-3) mol 1(-1) picrotoxin (10(-4) mol 1(-1) nor trimethadione (5 x 10(-4) mol 1(-1)) had any influence on cyclooxygenase activity as indicated by the unimpaired PGF2 alpha-synthesis. 4. Under hypoxic conditions at equal durations as the seizures, the formation of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 was less than 10% of the amount occurring after penetrazole-induced convulsions. 5. It is concluded that the seizure-induced rise of PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2 is the result of increased central nervous activity.", "contents": "The synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane in the mouse brain in vivo. Influence of drug induced convulsions, hypoxia and the anticonvulsants trimethadione and diazepam. 1. The i.v. administration of convulsant doses of penetrazole or picrotoxin induced an increase in PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2-like immunoreactive material in mouse brain tissue. The onset of increase coincided with the appearance of clonic seizures. 2. The anticonvulsant drugs trimethadione and diazepam reduced both convulsions and increase of the above arachidonic acid metabolites induced by pentetrazole or picrotoxin. 3. In synaptosomal preparations of the brain, neither pentetrazole (10(-3) mol 1(-1) picrotoxin (10(-4) mol 1(-1) nor trimethadione (5 x 10(-4) mol 1(-1)) had any influence on cyclooxygenase activity as indicated by the unimpaired PGF2 alpha-synthesis. 4. Under hypoxic conditions at equal durations as the seizures, the formation of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 was less than 10% of the amount occurring after penetrazole-induced convulsions. 5. It is concluded that the seizure-induced rise of PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2 is the result of increased central nervous activity.", "PMID": 530313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4428", "title": "Effect of cryptands on cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "Cryptands are possibly useful synthetical models for passive ion carriers in biomembranes. Five mainly Na+ and K+ complex forming cryptands were studied in cardiac Purkinje fibres by means of standard microelectrode technique. Even at high concentrations the cryptands 22, 221 and 222 showed no effect. Possibly they are not lipophilic enough to accumulate within the membrane. The more lipophilic cryptands 222B and 222D caused a decrease of overshoot and maximal rate of rise (Vmax), a pronounced loss of plateau and a shortening of the action potential, while the resting potential was only slightly depolarized. 222B made some fibres inexcitable at normal resting potentials; only by increase in stimulation voltage a regular response was obtained. After about 20 min both cryptands (5 x 10(-5) mol/l) depolarized the fibres leading to irreversible inexcitability. The availability of the fast sodium current (\"h infinity\"-curve) was measured using Weidmann's (1955) technique. With 222B the h infinity-curve-showed a shift in the hyperpolarizing direction, and the maximal Vmax was diminished.", "contents": "Effect of cryptands on cardiac Purkinje fibres. Cryptands are possibly useful synthetical models for passive ion carriers in biomembranes. Five mainly Na+ and K+ complex forming cryptands were studied in cardiac Purkinje fibres by means of standard microelectrode technique. Even at high concentrations the cryptands 22, 221 and 222 showed no effect. Possibly they are not lipophilic enough to accumulate within the membrane. The more lipophilic cryptands 222B and 222D caused a decrease of overshoot and maximal rate of rise (Vmax), a pronounced loss of plateau and a shortening of the action potential, while the resting potential was only slightly depolarized. 222B made some fibres inexcitable at normal resting potentials; only by increase in stimulation voltage a regular response was obtained. After about 20 min both cryptands (5 x 10(-5) mol/l) depolarized the fibres leading to irreversible inexcitability. The availability of the fast sodium current (\"h infinity\"-curve) was measured using Weidmann's (1955) technique. With 222B the h infinity-curve-showed a shift in the hyperpolarizing direction, and the maximal Vmax was diminished.", "PMID": 530315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4429", "title": "Extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat brain cortex slices.", "content": "Rat brain cortex slices preincubated with 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine were superfused with physiological salt solution and stimulated electrically, or they were superfused with Ca2+-free solution containing 25 mM K+ and stimulated by introduction of 1.3 mM CaCl2 for 2 min. After blockade of neuronal 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) uptake with clomipramine or paroxetine, the 3H overflow evoked by both methods of stimulation was decreased by unlabelled 5-HT and increased by methiothepin. The inhibition caused by 5-HT was antagonized by simultaneous administration of methiothepin. The inhibition by 5-HT of Ca2+-induced overflow was also observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that 5-HT regulates its own release from central serotoninergic neurones by activating presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors, thus decreasing the availability of Ca2+ for stimulus-release coupling.", "contents": "Extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat brain cortex slices. Rat brain cortex slices preincubated with 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine were superfused with physiological salt solution and stimulated electrically, or they were superfused with Ca2+-free solution containing 25 mM K+ and stimulated by introduction of 1.3 mM CaCl2 for 2 min. After blockade of neuronal 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) uptake with clomipramine or paroxetine, the 3H overflow evoked by both methods of stimulation was decreased by unlabelled 5-HT and increased by methiothepin. The inhibition caused by 5-HT was antagonized by simultaneous administration of methiothepin. The inhibition by 5-HT of Ca2+-induced overflow was also observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that 5-HT regulates its own release from central serotoninergic neurones by activating presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors, thus decreasing the availability of Ca2+ for stimulus-release coupling.", "PMID": 530316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4430", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of dihydrodigitoxin in the cat. A comparison with digitoxin.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of digitoxin (DGT) and its derivative hydrogenated at the unsaturated lactone ring have been studied using the 3H-labelled compounds in cats. Blood level data could be described by an open three compartment body model. The biological half-lives of dihydrodigitoxin (DH-DGT) and DGT are rather similar (0.12, 0.48, 20.4 h, and 0.11, 0.43, 31.8 h, respectively), whereas the volume of distribution of DH-DGT is about 1/10 from that of DGT (0.241 versus 2.581). Especially in myocardial tissue a significantly lower DH-DGT concentration was measured, indicating the loss of affinity to cardenolide binding sites by hydrogenation. Dihydrodigitoxinic acid was detected as the main metabolite of DH-DGT.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of dihydrodigitoxin in the cat. A comparison with digitoxin. Pharmacokinetics of digitoxin (DGT) and its derivative hydrogenated at the unsaturated lactone ring have been studied using the 3H-labelled compounds in cats. Blood level data could be described by an open three compartment body model. The biological half-lives of dihydrodigitoxin (DH-DGT) and DGT are rather similar (0.12, 0.48, 20.4 h, and 0.11, 0.43, 31.8 h, respectively), whereas the volume of distribution of DH-DGT is about 1/10 from that of DGT (0.241 versus 2.581). Especially in myocardial tissue a significantly lower DH-DGT concentration was measured, indicating the loss of affinity to cardenolide binding sites by hydrogenation. Dihydrodigitoxinic acid was detected as the main metabolite of DH-DGT.", "PMID": 530320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4431", "title": "The influence of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid on human fibroblasts cultivated in vitro.", "content": "The authors studied the in vitro effects of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid on growth activity of EUE human fibroblasts. They investigated the course and intensity of macromolecular syntheses, mainly DNA synthesis in these cells. Going by the results obtained it can be concluded that the cytotoxic effects of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid are also connected with its genotoxic effects, since that substance will induce damage to DNA in human cells.", "contents": "The influence of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid on human fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. The authors studied the in vitro effects of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid on growth activity of EUE human fibroblasts. They investigated the course and intensity of macromolecular syntheses, mainly DNA synthesis in these cells. Going by the results obtained it can be concluded that the cytotoxic effects of 5-nitro-2-furyl acrylic acid are also connected with its genotoxic effects, since that substance will induce damage to DNA in human cells.", "PMID": 530334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4432", "title": "Cell proliferation in the thymus of Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mice.", "content": "Thymic involution of Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing Swiss and NMRI mice was associated with an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into thymus DNA and an enhanced activity of adenosine deaminase. The apparent depletion time constants, which were determined by the following time course of the retention of 3H-DNA, indicated that the rate cell depletion was increased in the thymus of tumor bearing mice. The results suggest that the thymic involution was correlated with an increased proliferative activity and an accelerated depletion of thymic cells.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in the thymus of Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mice. Thymic involution of Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing Swiss and NMRI mice was associated with an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into thymus DNA and an enhanced activity of adenosine deaminase. The apparent depletion time constants, which were determined by the following time course of the retention of 3H-DNA, indicated that the rate cell depletion was increased in the thymus of tumor bearing mice. The results suggest that the thymic involution was correlated with an increased proliferative activity and an accelerated depletion of thymic cells.", "PMID": 530335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4433", "title": "The prognostic value of serum innumoglobulin levels in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations have been measured in 31 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and related to disease activity and clinical stage. The patients with active untreated disease, the mean IgA concentration was significantly above the normal mean level and the mean IgM concentration was normal. No significant correlation was found between high IgA concentrations and liver involvement. There were decreased mean IgA and IgM concentrations during remission. The changes in immunoglobulin concentrations were found to be dependent on the clinical stage. The data suggest that in certain patients with active Hodgkin's lymphoma, the humoral-mediated immunity may be affected in addition to the cellular-mediated immunity.", "contents": "The prognostic value of serum innumoglobulin levels in Hodgkin's disease. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations have been measured in 31 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and related to disease activity and clinical stage. The patients with active untreated disease, the mean IgA concentration was significantly above the normal mean level and the mean IgM concentration was normal. No significant correlation was found between high IgA concentrations and liver involvement. There were decreased mean IgA and IgM concentrations during remission. The changes in immunoglobulin concentrations were found to be dependent on the clinical stage. The data suggest that in certain patients with active Hodgkin's lymphoma, the humoral-mediated immunity may be affected in addition to the cellular-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 530336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4434", "title": "Does lymphography promote dissemination of tumorous disease?", "content": "In two groups of patients with malignant melanoma on the lower limb and with metastases in the inguinal lymph nodes the authors followed the time of appearance of lung metastases and the survival time. In one group lymphography of the extremity was performed, the other one served as a control. Tabulated time data were mutually evaluated between the two groups by the parametric T-test and with the aid of the nonparametric Me-test. No significant difference was found between the two groups, not even with 20% probability. Thus, lymphography is not likely to have an influence on deissemination of malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Does lymphography promote dissemination of tumorous disease? In two groups of patients with malignant melanoma on the lower limb and with metastases in the inguinal lymph nodes the authors followed the time of appearance of lung metastases and the survival time. In one group lymphography of the extremity was performed, the other one served as a control. Tabulated time data were mutually evaluated between the two groups by the parametric T-test and with the aid of the nonparametric Me-test. No significant difference was found between the two groups, not even with 20% probability. Thus, lymphography is not likely to have an influence on deissemination of malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 530337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4435", "title": "Combination of lymph node and lung metastases in thyroid cancer.", "content": "In thyroid cancer patients with pulmonary metastasis lymph nodes involvement was found in 62.6%. The incidence of lymph nodes metastases is discussed in relation to the age of patients and to the stage of the disease.", "contents": "Combination of lymph node and lung metastases in thyroid cancer. In thyroid cancer patients with pulmonary metastasis lymph nodes involvement was found in 62.6%. The incidence of lymph nodes metastases is discussed in relation to the age of patients and to the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 530338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4436", "title": "[Roentgenological aspect of the basilar artery and its significance in clinical diagnosis--angiographical study a of the basilar artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Topometric study of basilar arteries was performed, using 130 normal vertebral angiograms of cases consisting of 83 males and 47 females aged 2 to 67 (mean = 38.1). The cases having clinically and/or neuroradiologically had obvious positive findings such as cerebral atrophies, cerebrovascular diseases and space-taking lesions were excluded. Selective vertebral angiography using Seldinger's technique in 120 cases and retrograde brachial angiography in remaining 10 cases was carried out. The following results were obtained. 1) The position of vertebrobasilar junction was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean distance of 0.3 mm +/- 3.6 leftward from the midline. 2) The length of basilar artery was 25.5 mm +/- 6.6 in frontal view and 32.8 mm +/- 5.8 in lateral view. 3) The position of basilar bifurcation was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean of 0.0 mm +/- 2.0 from the midline, and 9.3 mm +/- 4.7 above the Twining's line and 24.5 mm +/- 3.4 posterior from tuberculum sellae in lateral view. 4) As for the configulation of basilar artery in frontal view, 'straight type' was common in young age and 'curved type' in old age. 'Curved type' was divided into four subtypes. The concave rightwards curved type and/ or the reversed S-formed tortuous type were almost twice many as the concave leftwards curved type and/or the S-formed tortuous type. This result seemed to support the reports on the hemodynamic mechanism of verteral arteries that the dominant flow was present on the left side at the rate of 50 to 80%. 5) Internal diameter of basilar artery at the point of 1 cm proximal to the apex was measured. The mean value was 3.3 mm +/- 0.6 in frontal view and 3.2 mm +/- 0.5 in lateral view. Maximum diameter of basilar artery was 3.5 mm +/- 0.7 in frontal view and 3.6 mm +/- 0.6 in lateral view.", "contents": "[Roentgenological aspect of the basilar artery and its significance in clinical diagnosis--angiographical study a of the basilar artery (author's transl)]. Topometric study of basilar arteries was performed, using 130 normal vertebral angiograms of cases consisting of 83 males and 47 females aged 2 to 67 (mean = 38.1). The cases having clinically and/or neuroradiologically had obvious positive findings such as cerebral atrophies, cerebrovascular diseases and space-taking lesions were excluded. Selective vertebral angiography using Seldinger's technique in 120 cases and retrograde brachial angiography in remaining 10 cases was carried out. The following results were obtained. 1) The position of vertebrobasilar junction was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean distance of 0.3 mm +/- 3.6 leftward from the midline. 2) The length of basilar artery was 25.5 mm +/- 6.6 in frontal view and 32.8 mm +/- 5.8 in lateral view. 3) The position of basilar bifurcation was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean of 0.0 mm +/- 2.0 from the midline, and 9.3 mm +/- 4.7 above the Twining's line and 24.5 mm +/- 3.4 posterior from tuberculum sellae in lateral view. 4) As for the configulation of basilar artery in frontal view, 'straight type' was common in young age and 'curved type' in old age. 'Curved type' was divided into four subtypes. The concave rightwards curved type and/ or the reversed S-formed tortuous type were almost twice many as the concave leftwards curved type and/or the S-formed tortuous type. This result seemed to support the reports on the hemodynamic mechanism of verteral arteries that the dominant flow was present on the left side at the rate of 50 to 80%. 5) Internal diameter of basilar artery at the point of 1 cm proximal to the apex was measured. The mean value was 3.3 mm +/- 0.6 in frontal view and 3.2 mm +/- 0.5 in lateral view. Maximum diameter of basilar artery was 3.5 mm +/- 0.7 in frontal view and 3.6 mm +/- 0.6 in lateral view.", "PMID": 530361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4437", "title": "[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of spinal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period from October 1977 through February 1979, 41 cases of spinal diseases were studied by either EMI Whole Body Scanner, CT 5005 or EMI Head Scanner, CT 1010. Slices were 10 mm or 13 mm thick. (1) disc diseases 15 cases (2) ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament 10 (3) congenital anomalies 5 (4) spinal cord tumors 6 (5) trauma 3 (6) narrow cervical spinal canal 3 (7) calcification of ligamentum flavum 1 (8) spinal arteriovenous malformation 1. Results obtained are as follows: 1) A precise determination of vertebral level scanned by C.T. is important. 2) Plain spinal C.T. is of diagnostic value in detecting bony lesions and lipoma. Meningioma showed positive images in the enhanced spinal C.T. 3) The spinal cord cannot be distinguished from the surrounding C.S.F. except for that at C1 level. 4) C.T. metrizamide myelography can appraise adjacent structures that may impinge on the spinal subarachnoid space, as well as structures contained in the space.", "contents": "[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of spinal disease (author's transl)]. During the period from October 1977 through February 1979, 41 cases of spinal diseases were studied by either EMI Whole Body Scanner, CT 5005 or EMI Head Scanner, CT 1010. Slices were 10 mm or 13 mm thick. (1) disc diseases 15 cases (2) ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament 10 (3) congenital anomalies 5 (4) spinal cord tumors 6 (5) trauma 3 (6) narrow cervical spinal canal 3 (7) calcification of ligamentum flavum 1 (8) spinal arteriovenous malformation 1. Results obtained are as follows: 1) A precise determination of vertebral level scanned by C.T. is important. 2) Plain spinal C.T. is of diagnostic value in detecting bony lesions and lipoma. Meningioma showed positive images in the enhanced spinal C.T. 3) The spinal cord cannot be distinguished from the surrounding C.S.F. except for that at C1 level. 4) C.T. metrizamide myelography can appraise adjacent structures that may impinge on the spinal subarachnoid space, as well as structures contained in the space.", "PMID": 530363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4438", "title": "[Vitreous hemorrhage as a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (Terson's syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "We represent a case of vitreous hemorrhage due to subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm of the right vertebral artery to draw attention to this complication. A 53-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of generalized headache and reduced visual acuity of both eyes. On admission the patient was alert and there were moderate nuchal stiffness and mild symmetrical hyperreflexia in the extremities. Ophthalmological consultation revealed bilateral retinal, subhyaloid and vitreous hemorrhages. Four-vessel angiography demonstrated an aneurysm of the right vertebral artery. At operation, it became clear that the aneurysm was a dissecting one. The vertebral artery was clipped at the most proximal intracranial portion. Postoperative course was smooth and uneventful except deteriorated visual acuity. His visual acuity deteriorated continuously to hand movements 18 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. His visual acuity, however, gradually improved without specific treatment. At the time of  this writing, his visual acuity is 1.0 on both sides. Vitreous hemorrhage is a rare complication following a reptured aneurysm. Pertinent literature concerning fundal hemorrhage, especially vitreous hemorrhage, associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage suggests that it may occur as a result of sudden increase of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Vitreous hemorrhage as a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (Terson's syndrome) (author's transl)]. We represent a case of vitreous hemorrhage due to subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm of the right vertebral artery to draw attention to this complication. A 53-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of generalized headache and reduced visual acuity of both eyes. On admission the patient was alert and there were moderate nuchal stiffness and mild symmetrical hyperreflexia in the extremities. Ophthalmological consultation revealed bilateral retinal, subhyaloid and vitreous hemorrhages. Four-vessel angiography demonstrated an aneurysm of the right vertebral artery. At operation, it became clear that the aneurysm was a dissecting one. The vertebral artery was clipped at the most proximal intracranial portion. Postoperative course was smooth and uneventful except deteriorated visual acuity. His visual acuity deteriorated continuously to hand movements 18 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. His visual acuity, however, gradually improved without specific treatment. At the time of  this writing, his visual acuity is 1.0 on both sides. Vitreous hemorrhage is a rare complication following a reptured aneurysm. Pertinent literature concerning fundal hemorrhage, especially vitreous hemorrhage, associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage suggests that it may occur as a result of sudden increase of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 530366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4439", "title": "[A case of accessory middle cerebral artery associated with internal carotid artery aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of accessory middle cerebral artery associated with internal carotid artery aneurysm was reported. A 50-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting and conciousness disturbance. Lumbar puncture showed bloody CSF. Right carotid angiogram revealed saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery and accessory middle cerebral artery originating from the horizontal portion of the right anterior cerebral artery. No other vascular lesion was observed on other angiograms. Operation was performed 2 days after admission. The neck of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperative aseptic meningitis was cured by frequent lumbar punctures, and her course was uneventful. The etiological hypothesis of these cerebral vascular anomalies was briefly discussed.", "contents": "[A case of accessory middle cerebral artery associated with internal carotid artery aneurysm (author's transl)]. A case of accessory middle cerebral artery associated with internal carotid artery aneurysm was reported. A 50-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting and conciousness disturbance. Lumbar puncture showed bloody CSF. Right carotid angiogram revealed saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery and accessory middle cerebral artery originating from the horizontal portion of the right anterior cerebral artery. No other vascular lesion was observed on other angiograms. Operation was performed 2 days after admission. The neck of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperative aseptic meningitis was cured by frequent lumbar punctures, and her course was uneventful. The etiological hypothesis of these cerebral vascular anomalies was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 530368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4440", "title": "[A case of spontaneous hematomyelia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneous hematomyelia was reported with a review of the literature. A 39-year-old woman, with sudden onset of pain in her left neck and arm 13 days previously, presented with a progressive flaccid tetraplegia below C5, dissociated sensory loss from C7 through Th4 dermatome and a minimal deep sensory loss in her right leg. Myelography revealed a symmetrical enlargement of the spinal cord at the leve of C5, C6 and C7. Laminectomy was performed and intramedullary blood clot, which was located in the region of C6 and C7, was evacuated. However, there were no vascular anomalies not only in macroscopic findings but also in histological examination. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient gradually improved in her motility. At 5 month' follow-up examination she continued to do well with a minimal sensory loss of all modalities below the level of C7. Report of 16 patients with spontaneous hematomyelia including our case have been reviewed. Incidence of spontaneous hematomyelia without vascular anomalies or hemorrhagic diathesis very rare, being found in only 4 cases. In cases with good outcome the intramedullary hematoma was found to be located below the lower cervical region and limited within 2 spinal segments in its extent. Good postoperative results were obtained in 5 out of 7 patients who received surgical intervention, suggesting an essential importance of early diagnosis and surgery.", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous hematomyelia (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneous hematomyelia was reported with a review of the literature. A 39-year-old woman, with sudden onset of pain in her left neck and arm 13 days previously, presented with a progressive flaccid tetraplegia below C5, dissociated sensory loss from C7 through Th4 dermatome and a minimal deep sensory loss in her right leg. Myelography revealed a symmetrical enlargement of the spinal cord at the leve of C5, C6 and C7. Laminectomy was performed and intramedullary blood clot, which was located in the region of C6 and C7, was evacuated. However, there were no vascular anomalies not only in macroscopic findings but also in histological examination. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient gradually improved in her motility. At 5 month' follow-up examination she continued to do well with a minimal sensory loss of all modalities below the level of C7. Report of 16 patients with spontaneous hematomyelia including our case have been reviewed. Incidence of spontaneous hematomyelia without vascular anomalies or hemorrhagic diathesis very rare, being found in only 4 cases. In cases with good outcome the intramedullary hematoma was found to be located below the lower cervical region and limited within 2 spinal segments in its extent. Good postoperative results were obtained in 5 out of 7 patients who received surgical intervention, suggesting an essential importance of early diagnosis and surgery.", "PMID": 530369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4441", "title": "Persistence of the synkinetic patterns of the cervical spine.", "content": "The typical features of the sagittal synkinetic patterns shown on anteroposterior pictures after returning the head and neck from maximum lateral inclination to the neutral position, as well as the possibility to remove them by means of manual mobilisation, seem to indicate that they represent the residua of synkineses in the sagittal plane. From this point of view there exists a fundamental difference between kineses and synkineses, the latter being, by contrast, characterised by a very small range but a relatively great tendency to persist. The possible role of these phenomena in the pathogenesis of segmental blockades is discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of the synkinetic patterns of the cervical spine. The typical features of the sagittal synkinetic patterns shown on anteroposterior pictures after returning the head and neck from maximum lateral inclination to the neutral position, as well as the possibility to remove them by means of manual mobilisation, seem to indicate that they represent the residua of synkineses in the sagittal plane. From this point of view there exists a fundamental difference between kineses and synkineses, the latter being, by contrast, characterised by a very small range but a relatively great tendency to persist. The possible role of these phenomena in the pathogenesis of segmental blockades is discussed.", "PMID": 530426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4442", "title": "Comparison of consistency of meningiomas and CT appearances.", "content": "Computed tomograms of meningiomas in which the consistency of the tumour had been specifically noted at surgery were reviewed. Those showing diffuse calcification or evidence of marked cystic or necrotic changes were excluded, leaving 77 tumours of which 46 were hard and 31 soft. Ninety per cent of the hard tumours were of increased attenuation; the other 10% were isodense with brain. Forty-nine per cent of the soft meningiomas were of high attenuation, but 35% were isodense and 16% were of lower than brain attenuation. There was a greater incidence of marked intracerebral oedema around the hard tumours. All hypodense tumours enhanced to greater than brain attenuation; mean enhancement was relatively less in the tumours of high plain scan attenuation regardless of consistency and there was no relationship between degree of enhancement and either the consistency or with the amount of vascularity as estimated by the surgeon or histologist.", "contents": "Comparison of consistency of meningiomas and CT appearances. Computed tomograms of meningiomas in which the consistency of the tumour had been specifically noted at surgery were reviewed. Those showing diffuse calcification or evidence of marked cystic or necrotic changes were excluded, leaving 77 tumours of which 46 were hard and 31 soft. Ninety per cent of the hard tumours were of increased attenuation; the other 10% were isodense with brain. Forty-nine per cent of the soft meningiomas were of high attenuation, but 35% were isodense and 16% were of lower than brain attenuation. There was a greater incidence of marked intracerebral oedema around the hard tumours. All hypodense tumours enhanced to greater than brain attenuation; mean enhancement was relatively less in the tumours of high plain scan attenuation regardless of consistency and there was no relationship between degree of enhancement and either the consistency or with the amount of vascularity as estimated by the surgeon or histologist.", "PMID": 530427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4443", "title": "Subclinical organic psychosyndromes on intrathecal injection of metrizamide for lumbar myelography.", "content": "Eighteen patients with symptoms and signs of possible lumbar disc herniation, who had no evidence of a preexisting organic psychosyndrome were included in the study. An organic psychosyndrome was found in six of them 10 h after lumbar myelography with metrizamide. The psychosyndrome, which was characterized by impaired memory and depression, could be demonstrated only by psychometric methods. In these patients metrizamide could be demonstrated within the basal cisterns by computed tomography 8 h after lumbar injection of the contrast medium. The organic psychosyndrome was completely reversible; five days after myelography it could not be detected any more by psychometric means. The development of an organic psychosyndrome in six of the 18 patients suggests a neurotoxic effect of metrizamide. This assumption is supported by hypo- and areflexia in four patients after intrathecal metrizamide as well as by EEG changes seen in three patients after myelography. There was no correlation between the EEG changes or reflex abnormalities and the organic psychosyndrome.", "contents": "Subclinical organic psychosyndromes on intrathecal injection of metrizamide for lumbar myelography. Eighteen patients with symptoms and signs of possible lumbar disc herniation, who had no evidence of a preexisting organic psychosyndrome were included in the study. An organic psychosyndrome was found in six of them 10 h after lumbar myelography with metrizamide. The psychosyndrome, which was characterized by impaired memory and depression, could be demonstrated only by psychometric methods. In these patients metrizamide could be demonstrated within the basal cisterns by computed tomography 8 h after lumbar injection of the contrast medium. The organic psychosyndrome was completely reversible; five days after myelography it could not be detected any more by psychometric means. The development of an organic psychosyndrome in six of the 18 patients suggests a neurotoxic effect of metrizamide. This assumption is supported by hypo- and areflexia in four patients after intrathecal metrizamide as well as by EEG changes seen in three patients after myelography. There was no correlation between the EEG changes or reflex abnormalities and the organic psychosyndrome.", "PMID": 530428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4444", "title": "CT fogging effect with ischemic cerebral infarcts.", "content": "Systematic CT studies on ten patients with persistent ischemic cerebral infarct revealed a constant phenomenon, the fogging effect. The hypodense infarct at the beginning will be isodense, or close to isodense, on the plain CT during the seond of third weeks and at a later stage will be hypodense again. The fogging infarcted area shows homogeneous intensive contrast enhancement. Knowledge of the fogging effect is important for correct interpretation of the CT image and the indication for contrast medium CT. CT without contrast medium may lead to misinterpretation during the second and third weeks after the onset of cerebral infarction.", "contents": "CT fogging effect with ischemic cerebral infarcts. Systematic CT studies on ten patients with persistent ischemic cerebral infarct revealed a constant phenomenon, the fogging effect. The hypodense infarct at the beginning will be isodense, or close to isodense, on the plain CT during the seond of third weeks and at a later stage will be hypodense again. The fogging infarcted area shows homogeneous intensive contrast enhancement. Knowledge of the fogging effect is important for correct interpretation of the CT image and the indication for contrast medium CT. CT without contrast medium may lead to misinterpretation during the second and third weeks after the onset of cerebral infarction.", "PMID": 530429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4445", "title": "The value of computed tomography in cerebral syphilis.", "content": "The computed tomographic findings of three patients with cerebral syphilis, including cerebral gumma, which regressed completely under penicillin therapy, syphilitic angiitis with cerbral infarction, and syphilitic cerebral atrophy, are reported. CT is unable to provide specific diagnostic data for these conditions. The etiology can be clarified only by taking into consideration the clinical findings and course, the serological results, and the result of therapy.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography in cerebral syphilis. The computed tomographic findings of three patients with cerebral syphilis, including cerebral gumma, which regressed completely under penicillin therapy, syphilitic angiitis with cerbral infarction, and syphilitic cerebral atrophy, are reported. CT is unable to provide specific diagnostic data for these conditions. The etiology can be clarified only by taking into consideration the clinical findings and course, the serological results, and the result of therapy.", "PMID": 530430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4446", "title": "Bilateral reversible thalamic lesions on computed tomography.", "content": "Bilateral approximately symmetrical hypodense areas located in the thalamus were encountered in two patients who recovered clinically. Regression of the lesions could be observed on CT. The clinical symptoms corresponded to the thalamic location. Since these two patients recovered, no autopsy material is available to prove the nature of the causative lesion, although the etiology is most probably inflammatory.", "contents": "Bilateral reversible thalamic lesions on computed tomography. Bilateral approximately symmetrical hypodense areas located in the thalamus were encountered in two patients who recovered clinically. Regression of the lesions could be observed on CT. The clinical symptoms corresponded to the thalamic location. Since these two patients recovered, no autopsy material is available to prove the nature of the causative lesion, although the etiology is most probably inflammatory.", "PMID": 530431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4447", "title": "Transsphenoidal meningocele with hypothalamic insufficiency.", "content": "A 16-year-old girl with transsphenoidal meningocele and signs of hypothalamic insufficiency is presented. Hormonal disturbances have been reported in only three similar cases in the literature. The radiological criteria for the diagnosis are discussed with emphasis on the differential diagnosis of a persistent cranipharyngeal canal. Based on the present case and studies of the pertinent literature we propose that all patients exhibiting signs of dysraphism of the base of the skull should be thoroughly investigated for hormonal disturbances. Children with cleft palate should be examined for possible concomitant dysraphism of the skull.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal meningocele with hypothalamic insufficiency. A 16-year-old girl with transsphenoidal meningocele and signs of hypothalamic insufficiency is presented. Hormonal disturbances have been reported in only three similar cases in the literature. The radiological criteria for the diagnosis are discussed with emphasis on the differential diagnosis of a persistent cranipharyngeal canal. Based on the present case and studies of the pertinent literature we propose that all patients exhibiting signs of dysraphism of the base of the skull should be thoroughly investigated for hormonal disturbances. Children with cleft palate should be examined for possible concomitant dysraphism of the skull.", "PMID": 530432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4448", "title": "Bilateral false aneurysms after carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are not common. Various etiological factors have been enumerated. A case with bilateral carotid aneurysms following endarterectomy is presented.", "contents": "Bilateral false aneurysms after carotid endarterectomy. Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are not common. Various etiological factors have been enumerated. A case with bilateral carotid aneurysms following endarterectomy is presented.", "PMID": 530434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4449", "title": "Hypervascular cavernous angioma at angiography.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations usually do not present any diagnostic difficulty on the angiograms. However, small cryptic and cavernous angiomas cannot be demonstrated directly by arteriography because of either sluggish circulation or thrombosis. The present communication documents a relatively rare case of histologically proven cavernous angioma with a hypervascular pattern on the arteriogram.", "contents": "Hypervascular cavernous angioma at angiography. Arteriovenous malformations usually do not present any diagnostic difficulty on the angiograms. However, small cryptic and cavernous angiomas cannot be demonstrated directly by arteriography because of either sluggish circulation or thrombosis. The present communication documents a relatively rare case of histologically proven cavernous angioma with a hypervascular pattern on the arteriogram.", "PMID": 530433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4450", "title": "Vertebra plana Calv\u00e9.", "content": "The differential diagnostic problems of a case of vertebra plana Calv\u00e9 having a rare location in the cervical spine are discussed. The various theories of aetiology and pathogenesis are considered briefly. The differentiation from inflammatory and tumourous diseases of the vertebral column is of great importance for therapeutic reasons. Skeletal scintigraphy was used for the first time for differential diagnosis in the case presented.", "contents": "Vertebra plana Calv\u00e9. The differential diagnostic problems of a case of vertebra plana Calv\u00e9 having a rare location in the cervical spine are discussed. The various theories of aetiology and pathogenesis are considered briefly. The differentiation from inflammatory and tumourous diseases of the vertebral column is of great importance for therapeutic reasons. Skeletal scintigraphy was used for the first time for differential diagnosis in the case presented.", "PMID": 530435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4451", "title": "[Preliminary considerations on the behavior of single plasmatic free fatty acids in obese subjects exposed to lipolytic stimulus before and after a period of caloric restriction].", "content": "The compositions of the plasma free fatty acid picture changes in relation of the metabolic situation, which is not that theoretically predictable from the adipocyte triglycerides. After a meal, this is due to the existence of a labile storage pool, which derives its features directly from those of the food lipids. In the fasting subject, when this compartment has exhausted its remains, the failure of the NEFA picture to correspond to that of the fats constituting the stabel pool may be attributable to selective release, or to preferential utilisation of each fatty acid. Analysis of the composition performed a very short time after a supramaximal lipolytic stimulus, i.e. when the release of fatty acids surpasses their peripheral removal, by confirming the differences noted under basal conditions, suggests that the first theory used to explain the phenomenon is most likely the correct one.", "contents": "[Preliminary considerations on the behavior of single plasmatic free fatty acids in obese subjects exposed to lipolytic stimulus before and after a period of caloric restriction]. The compositions of the plasma free fatty acid picture changes in relation of the metabolic situation, which is not that theoretically predictable from the adipocyte triglycerides. After a meal, this is due to the existence of a labile storage pool, which derives its features directly from those of the food lipids. In the fasting subject, when this compartment has exhausted its remains, the failure of the NEFA picture to correspond to that of the fats constituting the stabel pool may be attributable to selective release, or to preferential utilisation of each fatty acid. Analysis of the composition performed a very short time after a supramaximal lipolytic stimulus, i.e. when the release of fatty acids surpasses their peripheral removal, by confirming the differences noted under basal conditions, suggests that the first theory used to explain the phenomenon is most likely the correct one.", "PMID": 530444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4452", "title": "[Prevention of breast cancer. An initiative launched by the Varese/3 southern outer health consortium (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a breast tumour prevention campaign conducted in 1977-78 by the Varese/3 Southern Outer Health Consortium are described. All women aged 30-65 yr were asked to come for a clinical examination of the breast by suitably trained midwives. Periodic self-examination was explained on this occasion and a card was prepared with historical data for evaluation of the risk factors. 4708 of the 8226 women approached came for examination (57%). Of those subjected to further diagnostic tests, 170 are still under out-patient control, while 34 have been hospitalised with a neoplastic incidence of the order of 1.28%, coupled with a pathological picture with various probabilities of degeneration. On the whole, it is felt that the most useful feature of the venture was its contribution towards the health education of the female population, and its bringing out of risk factors. A favourable judgement is passed on the campaign and its continuation is suggested.", "contents": "[Prevention of breast cancer. An initiative launched by the Varese/3 southern outer health consortium (author's transl)]. The results of a breast tumour prevention campaign conducted in 1977-78 by the Varese/3 Southern Outer Health Consortium are described. All women aged 30-65 yr were asked to come for a clinical examination of the breast by suitably trained midwives. Periodic self-examination was explained on this occasion and a card was prepared with historical data for evaluation of the risk factors. 4708 of the 8226 women approached came for examination (57%). Of those subjected to further diagnostic tests, 170 are still under out-patient control, while 34 have been hospitalised with a neoplastic incidence of the order of 1.28%, coupled with a pathological picture with various probabilities of degeneration. On the whole, it is felt that the most useful feature of the venture was its contribution towards the health education of the female population, and its bringing out of risk factors. A favourable judgement is passed on the campaign and its continuation is suggested.", "PMID": 530445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4453", "title": "Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei.", "content": "The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.", "contents": "Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei. The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.", "PMID": 530459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4454", "title": "The posterior pretectal nucleus: evidence for a direct projection to the inferior olive of the cat.", "content": "In our horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study of the afferents to the medullary raphe nuclei in the cat, HRP uptake by damaged axons en route to the inferior olive (IO) was thought to be responsible for retrograde labelling of specific midbrain nuclei. To control for such indirect labelling, HRP was injected iontophoretically into the inferior olive. The location of retrogradely labelled neurons was related to the specific locus of HRP injection within the IO. Injection of HRP into the caudal dorsal accessory olive resulted in dense neuronal labelling in the ipsilateral caudal pole of the posterior pretectal nucleus (PPN). There was no labelling of the nucleus of Darkschevitch (Dk), interstitial nucleus of Cajal (ICA) or Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). In contrast, an injection focussed more rostrally, into the rostral, dorsal accessory, the medial accessory and the principal olive, produced dense labelling of Dk, ICA and EW; there was much less PPN labelling. It is concluded that labelling of Dk and PPN after HRP injections rostral to the IO, is due, at least in part, to uptake of HRP by damaged medial longitudinal fasciculus axons en route to the inferior olive. The direct PPN-inferior olivary projection provides a potential disynaptic retino-cerebellar connection, which may be involved in rapidly timed eye-body coordinate movements.", "contents": "The posterior pretectal nucleus: evidence for a direct projection to the inferior olive of the cat. In our horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study of the afferents to the medullary raphe nuclei in the cat, HRP uptake by damaged axons en route to the inferior olive (IO) was thought to be responsible for retrograde labelling of specific midbrain nuclei. To control for such indirect labelling, HRP was injected iontophoretically into the inferior olive. The location of retrogradely labelled neurons was related to the specific locus of HRP injection within the IO. Injection of HRP into the caudal dorsal accessory olive resulted in dense neuronal labelling in the ipsilateral caudal pole of the posterior pretectal nucleus (PPN). There was no labelling of the nucleus of Darkschevitch (Dk), interstitial nucleus of Cajal (ICA) or Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). In contrast, an injection focussed more rostrally, into the rostral, dorsal accessory, the medial accessory and the principal olive, produced dense labelling of Dk, ICA and EW; there was much less PPN labelling. It is concluded that labelling of Dk and PPN after HRP injections rostral to the IO, is due, at least in part, to uptake of HRP by damaged medial longitudinal fasciculus axons en route to the inferior olive. The direct PPN-inferior olivary projection provides a potential disynaptic retino-cerebellar connection, which may be involved in rapidly timed eye-body coordinate movements.", "PMID": 530460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4455", "title": "Trunk-ocular reflex in the rabbit.", "content": "The trunk-ocular reflex of the rabbit was investigated by recording EMGs of right lateral rectus and splenius muscles. The skull and the chest of the rabbit were restrained and the lower part of the trunk was flexed laterally around the axis at the TH10--11 intervertebral joint. Two kinds of eye movements, small with short latencies and large with longer latencies, were induced counter to the direction of the lateral flexion. The latency of the former was 158 msec (range: 64--200 msec) and that of the latter was 255 msec (range: 180--380 msec).", "contents": "Trunk-ocular reflex in the rabbit. The trunk-ocular reflex of the rabbit was investigated by recording EMGs of right lateral rectus and splenius muscles. The skull and the chest of the rabbit were restrained and the lower part of the trunk was flexed laterally around the axis at the TH10--11 intervertebral joint. Two kinds of eye movements, small with short latencies and large with longer latencies, were induced counter to the direction of the lateral flexion. The latency of the former was 158 msec (range: 64--200 msec) and that of the latter was 255 msec (range: 180--380 msec).", "PMID": 530461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4456", "title": "Neurons of the motor cortex projecting commonly on the caudate nucleus and the lower brain stem in the cat.", "content": "The cortico-caudate projections due to collateral axons of cortico-spinal and/or cortico-bulbar fibers were explored. In 34 cats, 59 neurons in the motor cortex were extracellularly identified to be antidromically activated by stimulation of the caudate nucleus (Cd). Thirty four neurons responded antidromically only to Cd-stimulation, and they were irresponsive to thalamic stimulation. Contrarily, 25 neurons responded antidromically not only to Cd-stimulation but also to stimulation of the cerebral peduncle and/or the medullary pyramid. 40% of the latter were orthodromically activated by thalamic stimulations. They were considered to be important in coordinating the cerebellum and the basal ganglia system.", "contents": "Neurons of the motor cortex projecting commonly on the caudate nucleus and the lower brain stem in the cat. The cortico-caudate projections due to collateral axons of cortico-spinal and/or cortico-bulbar fibers were explored. In 34 cats, 59 neurons in the motor cortex were extracellularly identified to be antidromically activated by stimulation of the caudate nucleus (Cd). Thirty four neurons responded antidromically only to Cd-stimulation, and they were irresponsive to thalamic stimulation. Contrarily, 25 neurons responded antidromically not only to Cd-stimulation but also to stimulation of the cerebral peduncle and/or the medullary pyramid. 40% of the latter were orthodromically activated by thalamic stimulations. They were considered to be important in coordinating the cerebellum and the basal ganglia system.", "PMID": 530462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4457", "title": "LSD's effect on neuron populations in visual cortex gauged by transient responses of extracellular potassium evoked by optical stimuli.", "content": "The effects of systemic LSD (10--25 micrograms/kg) on visually evoked [K+]o responses from the striate cortex have been investigated in cats. Elevation of [K+]o was dependent on the orientation, and direction of stimulus movement and showed ocular dominance. LSD most commonly produced a depression of [K+]o transients and a deterioration in their directional selectivity. These observations suggest that the effect of LSD is to produce a net depression in visually evoked neuronal firing.", "contents": "LSD's effect on neuron populations in visual cortex gauged by transient responses of extracellular potassium evoked by optical stimuli. The effects of systemic LSD (10--25 micrograms/kg) on visually evoked [K+]o responses from the striate cortex have been investigated in cats. Elevation of [K+]o was dependent on the orientation, and direction of stimulus movement and showed ocular dominance. LSD most commonly produced a depression of [K+]o transients and a deterioration in their directional selectivity. These observations suggest that the effect of LSD is to produce a net depression in visually evoked neuronal firing.", "PMID": 530463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4458", "title": "Pontine afferents to the medullary respiratory system: anatomofunctional correlation.", "content": "A direct projection from the parabrachialis medialis, K\u00f6lliker-Fuse complex (PMKF) to the bulbar respiratory area is shown using autoradiography. Perikarya of PMKF project to the medulla, labelled fibers and terminals being located radially to the fourth ventricle from the nucleus hypoglossus to the ambiguus. The functional importance of this projection is demonstrated in pharmacological studies using iontophoresis of L-glutamate which enable identification of somatodendritic discharges. A good correlations exists between the localization in the medulla of labelled fibers and terminals and that of an inspiratory background activity related to inspiratory fibers or terminals.", "contents": "Pontine afferents to the medullary respiratory system: anatomofunctional correlation. A direct projection from the parabrachialis medialis, K\u00f6lliker-Fuse complex (PMKF) to the bulbar respiratory area is shown using autoradiography. Perikarya of PMKF project to the medulla, labelled fibers and terminals being located radially to the fourth ventricle from the nucleus hypoglossus to the ambiguus. The functional importance of this projection is demonstrated in pharmacological studies using iontophoresis of L-glutamate which enable identification of somatodendritic discharges. A good correlations exists between the localization in the medulla of labelled fibers and terminals and that of an inspiratory background activity related to inspiratory fibers or terminals.", "PMID": 530464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4459", "title": "Interhemispheric engram transfer in chick.", "content": "Monocular training on a one-trial passive avoidance task in the young chick has been shown to establish an engram in the forebrain hemisphere contralateral to the trained eye, and hence interocular transfer of this task must involve the naive hemisphere making access to the engram in the opposite hemisphere. We have studied the consequences for the untrained hemisphere of accessing a unilateral engram during two short term stages of its consolidation, by conducting interocular transfer tests at 7.5 min and 30 min after learning, prior to onset of amnesia induced by intracranial injection of ouabain or cycloheximide. Testing the naive hemisphere 24 h later indicated that engram transfer had occurred in chicks receiving one access trial at 7.5 min, during the first stage of consolidation of the unilateral engram. At 30 min, during second consolidation stage, five access trials were required to achieve engram transfer. These experiments confirm the findings from the rat that engram transfer can follow from making access to the unilateral engram. However, it has not previously been recognised that interhemispheric memory transfer depends on the recency of formation of the unilateral engram.", "contents": "Interhemispheric engram transfer in chick. Monocular training on a one-trial passive avoidance task in the young chick has been shown to establish an engram in the forebrain hemisphere contralateral to the trained eye, and hence interocular transfer of this task must involve the naive hemisphere making access to the engram in the opposite hemisphere. We have studied the consequences for the untrained hemisphere of accessing a unilateral engram during two short term stages of its consolidation, by conducting interocular transfer tests at 7.5 min and 30 min after learning, prior to onset of amnesia induced by intracranial injection of ouabain or cycloheximide. Testing the naive hemisphere 24 h later indicated that engram transfer had occurred in chicks receiving one access trial at 7.5 min, during the first stage of consolidation of the unilateral engram. At 30 min, during second consolidation stage, five access trials were required to achieve engram transfer. These experiments confirm the findings from the rat that engram transfer can follow from making access to the unilateral engram. However, it has not previously been recognised that interhemispheric memory transfer depends on the recency of formation of the unilateral engram.", "PMID": 530465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4460", "title": "Cell kinetic in retinal cell morphogenesis.", "content": "The nuclear volumes and the percentage of pycnosis were studied in the various forms of retinal cells as related to the critical stages of morphogenesis. Each cell type was found to have a different mode of nuclear volume increase. The percentage of pycnosis was found to be highest at the stages when the inner and outer segments were established, i.e., a stage when the retinal circuitry was completed.", "contents": "Cell kinetic in retinal cell morphogenesis. The nuclear volumes and the percentage of pycnosis were studied in the various forms of retinal cells as related to the critical stages of morphogenesis. Each cell type was found to have a different mode of nuclear volume increase. The percentage of pycnosis was found to be highest at the stages when the inner and outer segments were established, i.e., a stage when the retinal circuitry was completed.", "PMID": 530467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4461", "title": "In vivo incorporation of exogenous [1-14C]stearic acid into neurons and astrocytes.", "content": "Exogenous stearic acid is needed to synthesize the membranes of neurons and astrocytes. Subcutaneously injected [1-14C]acid is taken up through the 'blood brain barrier' and incorporated into lipids of both cell types, the specific radioactivity being higher in astrocytes as compared to neurons (2200 and 800 cpm/mg proteins, respectively), 20 h after injection. Phospholipids contain high amount of radioactivity (80% in astrocytes, 65% in neurons); glycosphingolipids contain low quantities of label in the two cell types. The injected acid is partly metabolized in the brain by elongation and desaturation (thus providing very long chains, saturated mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated); it is also partly degraded into acetate units (utilized for synthesis of palmitic acid).", "contents": "In vivo incorporation of exogenous [1-14C]stearic acid into neurons and astrocytes. Exogenous stearic acid is needed to synthesize the membranes of neurons and astrocytes. Subcutaneously injected [1-14C]acid is taken up through the 'blood brain barrier' and incorporated into lipids of both cell types, the specific radioactivity being higher in astrocytes as compared to neurons (2200 and 800 cpm/mg proteins, respectively), 20 h after injection. Phospholipids contain high amount of radioactivity (80% in astrocytes, 65% in neurons); glycosphingolipids contain low quantities of label in the two cell types. The injected acid is partly metabolized in the brain by elongation and desaturation (thus providing very long chains, saturated mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated); it is also partly degraded into acetate units (utilized for synthesis of palmitic acid).", "PMID": 530468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4462", "title": "Evidence for the occurrence of early modifications in the 'glia limitans' layer of the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse.", "content": "A comparative EM study of the marginal zone of the neocortex in E15 foetuses of normal and 'reeler' mice was carried out. In the mutant a direct contact between 'proneurons' and the superficial basal lamina bordering the 'glia limitans' layer was observed. Since this phenomenon occurs with a much higher frequency in the mutant than in the normal animal, it is thought to be important in the genesis of the 'reeler' anomaly. In the discussion, different hypotheses concerning the possible nature, mechanism and importance of the interaction described are suggested.", "contents": "Evidence for the occurrence of early modifications in the 'glia limitans' layer of the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse. A comparative EM study of the marginal zone of the neocortex in E15 foetuses of normal and 'reeler' mice was carried out. In the mutant a direct contact between 'proneurons' and the superficial basal lamina bordering the 'glia limitans' layer was observed. Since this phenomenon occurs with a much higher frequency in the mutant than in the normal animal, it is thought to be important in the genesis of the 'reeler' anomaly. In the discussion, different hypotheses concerning the possible nature, mechanism and importance of the interaction described are suggested.", "PMID": 530469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4463", "title": "Node-like areas of intramembraneous particles in the unensheathed axons of dystrophic mice.", "content": "The unensheathed axons in the spinal roots of adult dystrophic mice were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In most areas of these abnormal fibers the distribution of intramembraneous particles was similar to that of the internodal segments of normal axons with many more particles on the PF (internal) leaflets of these axonal surface membranes than on their EF (external) leaflets. However, patches of axonal membranes were also observed in which the distribution of intramembraneous particles resembled that seen in nodes of Ranvier.", "contents": "Node-like areas of intramembraneous particles in the unensheathed axons of dystrophic mice. The unensheathed axons in the spinal roots of adult dystrophic mice were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In most areas of these abnormal fibers the distribution of intramembraneous particles was similar to that of the internodal segments of normal axons with many more particles on the PF (internal) leaflets of these axonal surface membranes than on their EF (external) leaflets. However, patches of axonal membranes were also observed in which the distribution of intramembraneous particles resembled that seen in nodes of Ranvier.", "PMID": 530470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4464", "title": "Stress induced grooming in the rat--an endorphin mediated syndrome.", "content": "Exposure of adult male Sprague--Dawley rats to a non-traumatic noise-light stress procedure subsequently increased grooming behavior in a novel environment. The grooming syndrome was marginally facilitated by adrenalectomy and by hypophysectomy. Opiate blockade by naltrexone returned grooming to basal levels. This suggests that stress induced grooming is not dependent upon pituitary-adrenal integrity for its expression, although it may be modulated by the latter. On the other hand this form of grooming may depend upon an endogenous opiate system.", "contents": "Stress induced grooming in the rat--an endorphin mediated syndrome. Exposure of adult male Sprague--Dawley rats to a non-traumatic noise-light stress procedure subsequently increased grooming behavior in a novel environment. The grooming syndrome was marginally facilitated by adrenalectomy and by hypophysectomy. Opiate blockade by naltrexone returned grooming to basal levels. This suggests that stress induced grooming is not dependent upon pituitary-adrenal integrity for its expression, although it may be modulated by the latter. On the other hand this form of grooming may depend upon an endogenous opiate system.", "PMID": 530471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4465", "title": "Barium ions block the acetylcholine evoked slow H-response in the neurones of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The effects of barium ions on slow acetylcholine (Ach) H receptor activated hyperpolarization has been studied. The results provide evidence of a sensitive and reversible blocking action of Ba2+ on the involved potassium conductance. 3-Aminopyridine (3-AP) also attenuated the slow H-response by 50%, showing partial effectiveness. TEA+ sensitively inhibited the Ach evoked hyperpolarization interacting with the receptors.", "contents": "Barium ions block the acetylcholine evoked slow H-response in the neurones of Helix pomatia L. The effects of barium ions on slow acetylcholine (Ach) H receptor activated hyperpolarization has been studied. The results provide evidence of a sensitive and reversible blocking action of Ba2+ on the involved potassium conductance. 3-Aminopyridine (3-AP) also attenuated the slow H-response by 50%, showing partial effectiveness. TEA+ sensitively inhibited the Ach evoked hyperpolarization interacting with the receptors.", "PMID": 530472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4466", "title": "Topographical arrangement of hypoglossal motoneurons: an HRP study in the cat.", "content": "Myotopical localization of hypoglossal motoneurons and representation of the main branches of the hypoglossal nerve within the hypoglossal nucleus were examined in the cat by the HRP method. The hypoglossal nucleus is divided cytoarchitectonically into the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions; the medial and lateral branches of the hypoglossal nerve are represented respectively in the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions. The genioglossus motoneurons are located in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial division, and the geniohyoid motoneurons are in the most ventral part of the ventromedial division. The hypoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons are located in the lateral and dorsolateral parts of the dorsolateral division.", "contents": "Topographical arrangement of hypoglossal motoneurons: an HRP study in the cat. Myotopical localization of hypoglossal motoneurons and representation of the main branches of the hypoglossal nerve within the hypoglossal nucleus were examined in the cat by the HRP method. The hypoglossal nucleus is divided cytoarchitectonically into the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions; the medial and lateral branches of the hypoglossal nerve are represented respectively in the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions. The genioglossus motoneurons are located in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial division, and the geniohyoid motoneurons are in the most ventral part of the ventromedial division. The hypoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons are located in the lateral and dorsolateral parts of the dorsolateral division.", "PMID": 530473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4467", "title": "Electron microscopy of synapses in reptile spinal cord.", "content": "The spinal cord of the reptile Anolis carolinensis was examined by electron microscopy. Motor neurons appear as multipolar cells 30-60 micrometer in diameter. Two types of synaptic endings are endings are present on motor neurons. The first type is characterized by distinct synaptic clefts measuring 15-20 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and by clear presynaptic vesicles. The second type of synapse, which is less common, is characterized by gap junctions between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. At these synapses, there are also clusters of clear vesicles close to the presynaptic membrane adjacent to the gap junction. These findings indicate that both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission are present in the spinal cord of Anolis.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of synapses in reptile spinal cord. The spinal cord of the reptile Anolis carolinensis was examined by electron microscopy. Motor neurons appear as multipolar cells 30-60 micrometer in diameter. Two types of synaptic endings are endings are present on motor neurons. The first type is characterized by distinct synaptic clefts measuring 15-20 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and by clear presynaptic vesicles. The second type of synapse, which is less common, is characterized by gap junctions between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. At these synapses, there are also clusters of clear vesicles close to the presynaptic membrane adjacent to the gap junction. These findings indicate that both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission are present in the spinal cord of Anolis.", "PMID": 530475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4468", "title": "Stress induced Straub tail elevation. Further behavioral evidence in rats for the involvement of endorphins in stress.", "content": "Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats briefly immersed in cold water and forced to swim showed Straub tail elevation, a typical sign of opiate stimulation, upon removal. The presence of Straub tail was a function of degree of immersion and was reversed by naloxone. This suggests the Straub tail response may be a novel behavioral index of stress-induced endorphin release.", "contents": "Stress induced Straub tail elevation. Further behavioral evidence in rats for the involvement of endorphins in stress. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats briefly immersed in cold water and forced to swim showed Straub tail elevation, a typical sign of opiate stimulation, upon removal. The presence of Straub tail was a function of degree of immersion and was reversed by naloxone. This suggests the Straub tail response may be a novel behavioral index of stress-induced endorphin release.", "PMID": 530476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4469", "title": "Effects of periodic saccades on the body sway in human subjects.", "content": "The body sway in upright standing was decreased by periodic saccades. The decrease was also observed during voluntary rapid eye movements in complete darkness, indicating that the visual information was not concerned with the decrease of the sway. Continuous eye rotations did not affect the body sway, showing that the repetitive activation of eye muscle proprioceptors was not the cause of the sway reduction. These results suggest that some information related to the execution of saccades may affect the spinal motor system and cause the stabilization of the standing posture.", "contents": "Effects of periodic saccades on the body sway in human subjects. The body sway in upright standing was decreased by periodic saccades. The decrease was also observed during voluntary rapid eye movements in complete darkness, indicating that the visual information was not concerned with the decrease of the sway. Continuous eye rotations did not affect the body sway, showing that the repetitive activation of eye muscle proprioceptors was not the cause of the sway reduction. These results suggest that some information related to the execution of saccades may affect the spinal motor system and cause the stabilization of the standing posture.", "PMID": 530477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4470", "title": "Development of visual cortical orientation specificity after dark-rearing: role of extraocular proprioception.", "content": "Six-week-old dark reared kittens exposed to light for 6 h: (1) with head and body tightly cast into plaster; or (2) free to move around in the animal room. A few days before the visual experience, the ophthalmic branch of the 5th nerve was severed bilaterally in experimental kittens, in order to suppress most of the proprioceptive afferents from extraocular muscles. Electrophysiological analysis of the properties of the receptive fields of visual cortical cells shows that only 6% (group 1) and 11% (group 2) of the cells were selective to orientation as opposed to 67% (group 1) or 32% (group 2) observed in the non-operated kittens.", "contents": "Development of visual cortical orientation specificity after dark-rearing: role of extraocular proprioception. Six-week-old dark reared kittens exposed to light for 6 h: (1) with head and body tightly cast into plaster; or (2) free to move around in the animal room. A few days before the visual experience, the ophthalmic branch of the 5th nerve was severed bilaterally in experimental kittens, in order to suppress most of the proprioceptive afferents from extraocular muscles. Electrophysiological analysis of the properties of the receptive fields of visual cortical cells shows that only 6% (group 1) and 11% (group 2) of the cells were selective to orientation as opposed to 67% (group 1) or 32% (group 2) observed in the non-operated kittens.", "PMID": 530478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4471", "title": "Thalamic afferents to the visual cortex in congenitally anophthalmic mice.", "content": "Retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the thalamic afferents to the primary visual cortex (area 17) in mutant H1-ZRDCT-An ('eyeless') mice, in which the eyes are missing throughout development. Injections of HRP that were localised to a subregion of area 17, resulted in the labelling of a group of neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, showing the existence of a point-to-point connectivity. Many labelled cells were also found in other posterior thalamic nuclei especially in the lateral posterior nucleus which in normal animals contain very few or no labelled cells.", "contents": "Thalamic afferents to the visual cortex in congenitally anophthalmic mice. Retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the thalamic afferents to the primary visual cortex (area 17) in mutant H1-ZRDCT-An ('eyeless') mice, in which the eyes are missing throughout development. Injections of HRP that were localised to a subregion of area 17, resulted in the labelling of a group of neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, showing the existence of a point-to-point connectivity. Many labelled cells were also found in other posterior thalamic nuclei especially in the lateral posterior nucleus which in normal animals contain very few or no labelled cells.", "PMID": 530479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4472", "title": "Behavioural stages in memory formation.", "content": "Day-old chickens trained in pairs on an aversive discrimination task yielded a retention function with two points of reduced retention, at 15 and 55 min after learning. These points of temporary reduction in retention were interpreted as reflecting change-over of recall from three successive phases in memory formation. Chicks trained in isolation showed the same retention function as paired chicks except that the second point of reduced retention occurred at 70 min after learning. It was suggested that isolation prolonged the availability for recall of the second phase of memory formation. The findings are consistent with and support a three phase, behaviourally sequentially dependent, model of memory formation previously postulated on the basis of pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Behavioural stages in memory formation. Day-old chickens trained in pairs on an aversive discrimination task yielded a retention function with two points of reduced retention, at 15 and 55 min after learning. These points of temporary reduction in retention were interpreted as reflecting change-over of recall from three successive phases in memory formation. Chicks trained in isolation showed the same retention function as paired chicks except that the second point of reduced retention occurred at 70 min after learning. It was suggested that isolation prolonged the availability for recall of the second phase of memory formation. The findings are consistent with and support a three phase, behaviourally sequentially dependent, model of memory formation previously postulated on the basis of pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 530480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4473", "title": "Asymmetry of optokinetic trace phenomena induced by unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of substantia nigra in the rabbit.", "content": "Prolonged (1 h) optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is followed in darkness by reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN) lasting 20-30 min in intact rabbits. Unilateral 6-OHDA lesion (10 microgram/5 microliter) of left substantia nigra did not disturb symmetry of the OKN reactions to monocular stimulation of either eye but weakened RPN induced by stimulation of the right eye. This RPN asymmetry was unaffected by amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) but was reversed by apomorphine (1 mg/kg). It is concluded that the nigrostriatal system contributes to the development of the neural trace underlying RPN.", "contents": "Asymmetry of optokinetic trace phenomena induced by unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of substantia nigra in the rabbit. Prolonged (1 h) optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is followed in darkness by reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN) lasting 20-30 min in intact rabbits. Unilateral 6-OHDA lesion (10 microgram/5 microliter) of left substantia nigra did not disturb symmetry of the OKN reactions to monocular stimulation of either eye but weakened RPN induced by stimulation of the right eye. This RPN asymmetry was unaffected by amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) but was reversed by apomorphine (1 mg/kg). It is concluded that the nigrostriatal system contributes to the development of the neural trace underlying RPN.", "PMID": 530481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4474", "title": "The effects of chronic treatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blocker zimelidine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms. Evidence for the induction of a low affinity binding site for 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Male rats were treated with saline or the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor zimelidine (10 mumol/kg postoperatively) twice daily for a period of 14 days. The effects of this treatment on [5-3H]HT binding in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and on 5-HT synthesis were examined. Long-term treatment with zimelidine induced a low affinity site for 5-HT (Kd approximately 20 nM) in both areas and a reduced number of high affinity binding sites in the hypothalamus. Long-term zimelidine treatment did not attenuate the feed-back mediated inhibition of 5-HT synthesis. These findings suggest that chronic zimelidine treatment could result in a reduced activity at postsynaptic 5-HT receptor sites.", "contents": "The effects of chronic treatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blocker zimelidine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms. Evidence for the induction of a low affinity binding site for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Male rats were treated with saline or the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor zimelidine (10 mumol/kg postoperatively) twice daily for a period of 14 days. The effects of this treatment on [5-3H]HT binding in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and on 5-HT synthesis were examined. Long-term treatment with zimelidine induced a low affinity site for 5-HT (Kd approximately 20 nM) in both areas and a reduced number of high affinity binding sites in the hypothalamus. Long-term zimelidine treatment did not attenuate the feed-back mediated inhibition of 5-HT synthesis. These findings suggest that chronic zimelidine treatment could result in a reduced activity at postsynaptic 5-HT receptor sites.", "PMID": 530482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4475", "title": "Loss of nerve cell bodies in caudal locus coeruleus following treatment of neonates with 6-hydroxydopa.", "content": "The locus coeruleus is a well defined nucleus in cresylechtviolet preparations and the perikarya are easily distinguished. The coeruleus neurons are thought to be noradrenergic and during development can be selectively affected by the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA). In 6-month-old rats that were treated on day of birth with 6-OHDOPA (60 mg/kg, i.p.) there was a 32% loss of nerve cell bodies in the locus coeruleus. While it was apparent that loss of cell bodies occurred throughout the entire nucleus, the greatest loss of perikarya was from the caudal extent of the nucleus. It is known that sprouting of noradrenergic terminals occurs in the cerebellum of rats following treatment of newborns with 6-OHDOPA. That there are fewer cell bodies to contribute additional terminals further dramatizes this sprouting phenomenon.", "contents": "Loss of nerve cell bodies in caudal locus coeruleus following treatment of neonates with 6-hydroxydopa. The locus coeruleus is a well defined nucleus in cresylechtviolet preparations and the perikarya are easily distinguished. The coeruleus neurons are thought to be noradrenergic and during development can be selectively affected by the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA). In 6-month-old rats that were treated on day of birth with 6-OHDOPA (60 mg/kg, i.p.) there was a 32% loss of nerve cell bodies in the locus coeruleus. While it was apparent that loss of cell bodies occurred throughout the entire nucleus, the greatest loss of perikarya was from the caudal extent of the nucleus. It is known that sprouting of noradrenergic terminals occurs in the cerebellum of rats following treatment of newborns with 6-OHDOPA. That there are fewer cell bodies to contribute additional terminals further dramatizes this sprouting phenomenon.", "PMID": 530483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4476", "title": "Locus ceruleus somata contain both acetylcholin esterase and norepinephrine: direct histochemical demonstration on the same tissue section.", "content": "In the same brain section stained first for catecholamines and then for acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), it was found that neuronal somata in locus ceruleus containing norepinephrine also contained the cholinergic degradative enzyme. Cell body shapes were fusiform, pyramidal, round, or oval. Maximum soma extent ranged from 10--40 micrometers, with the proportion of large diameter neurons increasing, and the smaller diameter cells decreasing, from rostral to caudal cerulear levels. Medium-sized neurons were roughly constant throughout the nucleus. Acetylcholinesterase may be associated with cerulear somata and proximal processes containing norepinephrine to inactivate a cholinergic input to that structure.", "contents": "Locus ceruleus somata contain both acetylcholin esterase and norepinephrine: direct histochemical demonstration on the same tissue section. In the same brain section stained first for catecholamines and then for acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), it was found that neuronal somata in locus ceruleus containing norepinephrine also contained the cholinergic degradative enzyme. Cell body shapes were fusiform, pyramidal, round, or oval. Maximum soma extent ranged from 10--40 micrometers, with the proportion of large diameter neurons increasing, and the smaller diameter cells decreasing, from rostral to caudal cerulear levels. Medium-sized neurons were roughly constant throughout the nucleus. Acetylcholinesterase may be associated with cerulear somata and proximal processes containing norepinephrine to inactivate a cholinergic input to that structure.", "PMID": 530484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4477", "title": "Myoinositol turnover in the intact brain of conscious and anesthetized rabbits.", "content": "Turnover of myo-inositol in the intact brain of the conscious or anesthetized rabbit was estimated from the rate of appearance of endogenous myo-inositol in the cerebroventricular compartment. The rate of appearance of brain-produced myoinositol was determined by isotope dilution during ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing [14C]myoinositol. Removal of the labelled compound from the perfusate was also determined. A mean value of 5.6 nmol/min was obtained for the rate of appearance of cerebral myoinositol in conscious rabbits. Pentobarbital anesthesia caused a 30% decrease in the rate of appearance of myoinositol in the perfusate without significantly altering its fractional rate of removal.", "contents": "Myoinositol turnover in the intact brain of conscious and anesthetized rabbits. Turnover of myo-inositol in the intact brain of the conscious or anesthetized rabbit was estimated from the rate of appearance of endogenous myo-inositol in the cerebroventricular compartment. The rate of appearance of brain-produced myoinositol was determined by isotope dilution during ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing [14C]myoinositol. Removal of the labelled compound from the perfusate was also determined. A mean value of 5.6 nmol/min was obtained for the rate of appearance of cerebral myoinositol in conscious rabbits. Pentobarbital anesthesia caused a 30% decrease in the rate of appearance of myoinositol in the perfusate without significantly altering its fractional rate of removal.", "PMID": 530485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4478", "title": "Origin of the rubrospinal tract of the rat.", "content": "The location of cells of origin of the rat rubrospinal tract has been determined by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Rubral neurons projecting to cervical spinal levels are found in dorsal and medial portions of the nucleus while those sending fibers to lumbar cord levels are located ventrally and ventrolaterally within the nucleus. No cells in the rostral one-half of the nucleus were labelled in this study. The results indicate that the rat rubrospinal tract originates from somatotopically-organized groups of neurons in the caudal one-half of the red nucleus.", "contents": "Origin of the rubrospinal tract of the rat. The location of cells of origin of the rat rubrospinal tract has been determined by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Rubral neurons projecting to cervical spinal levels are found in dorsal and medial portions of the nucleus while those sending fibers to lumbar cord levels are located ventrally and ventrolaterally within the nucleus. No cells in the rostral one-half of the nucleus were labelled in this study. The results indicate that the rat rubrospinal tract originates from somatotopically-organized groups of neurons in the caudal one-half of the red nucleus.", "PMID": 530486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4479", "title": "Early histogenesis in the mouse cerebral cortex: a Golgi study.", "content": "The early histogenesis in the cerebral cortex of the mouse was studied with a modification of the rapid Golgi method. Three stages can be distinguished first, a period during which the telencephalon is exclusively populated with neuroepithelial cells (till E12); secondly the transient stage of the primordial cortical organization, characterized by the presence, in the outer part of the neural tube, of a loose network of primitive horizontal nerve cells and third, the appearance of the early cortical plate (E14) which contains closely packed, radial bipolar nerve cells. In addition to some salient morphological features of the various cell types, the technique also reveals the importance of efferent fibers from the cortex during the early cortical development.", "contents": "Early histogenesis in the mouse cerebral cortex: a Golgi study. The early histogenesis in the cerebral cortex of the mouse was studied with a modification of the rapid Golgi method. Three stages can be distinguished first, a period during which the telencephalon is exclusively populated with neuroepithelial cells (till E12); secondly the transient stage of the primordial cortical organization, characterized by the presence, in the outer part of the neural tube, of a loose network of primitive horizontal nerve cells and third, the appearance of the early cortical plate (E14) which contains closely packed, radial bipolar nerve cells. In addition to some salient morphological features of the various cell types, the technique also reveals the importance of efferent fibers from the cortex during the early cortical development.", "PMID": 530488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4480", "title": "Beta adrenergic stimulant suppression of efferent activity of the adrenal nerve.", "content": "Efferent activity was recorded from nerve filaments dissected from the sympathetic nerve branches to the adrenal gland (adrenal nerve). An infusion of isoproterenol into the carotid artery suppressed the discharge of the adrenal nerve as did an equal dose of epinephrine whereas systemic blood pressure descended after isoproterenol injection. The beta blocking agent inhibited the suppression after epinephrine and isoproterenol application. The results suggest the existence of reflex inhibition of adrenal nerve activity through beta adrenergic receptors besides that of baroreceptors.", "contents": "Beta adrenergic stimulant suppression of efferent activity of the adrenal nerve. Efferent activity was recorded from nerve filaments dissected from the sympathetic nerve branches to the adrenal gland (adrenal nerve). An infusion of isoproterenol into the carotid artery suppressed the discharge of the adrenal nerve as did an equal dose of epinephrine whereas systemic blood pressure descended after isoproterenol injection. The beta blocking agent inhibited the suppression after epinephrine and isoproterenol application. The results suggest the existence of reflex inhibition of adrenal nerve activity through beta adrenergic receptors besides that of baroreceptors.", "PMID": 530489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4481", "title": "Ultrastructure of acetylcholinesterase containing striato-nigral neurons transporting HRP retrogradely.", "content": "The fine structure of striato-nigral efferent neurons, retrogradely labeled with HRP, was studied. The neuron showed a medium sized ovoid or tri-angular perikaryon. Short or medium lengthened granular endoplasmic reticula, having a tendency to wind and pile up in stacks were observed. This neurons corresponds to a type III neuron according to our classification [4,5]. The neuron showed reaction products, indicating AChE activity, in the granular endoplasmic reticula and plasma membrane.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of acetylcholinesterase containing striato-nigral neurons transporting HRP retrogradely. The fine structure of striato-nigral efferent neurons, retrogradely labeled with HRP, was studied. The neuron showed a medium sized ovoid or tri-angular perikaryon. Short or medium lengthened granular endoplasmic reticula, having a tendency to wind and pile up in stacks were observed. This neurons corresponds to a type III neuron according to our classification [4,5]. The neuron showed reaction products, indicating AChE activity, in the granular endoplasmic reticula and plasma membrane.", "PMID": 530490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4482", "title": "Endogenous brain angiotensin II disrupts passive avoidance behavior in rats.", "content": "The presence of angiotensinogen, the precursor of angiotensin II (ANG II), in brain tissue and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allows stimulation of endogenous brain ANG II by renin. Passive avoidance tests were performed in female Wistar rats. The animals received an electrical shock after entering a black box on the first experimental day. Avoidance was tested every 24 h for 5 consecutive days. Renin in doses of 0.01 and 0.1 units was injected once into the lateral brain ventricles 2 min before the first test. CSF ANG II increased from 40 to 4547 and 5152 fmol per ml (means), respectively. A dose-dependent disruption of avoidance learning was observed, the frequency to enter the black box increasing from 11% (control) to 29% and 46%, and the latency decreasing from 165 (control) to 143 and 116 sec, respectively. These effects were statistically significant (P less than 0.001) for more than 24 h and returned to control levels after 48 to 120 h. Administration of the converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 i.v.t. prior to renin injections abolished the renin effects. Injections of renin given 22 h after learning were without effect.", "contents": "Endogenous brain angiotensin II disrupts passive avoidance behavior in rats. The presence of angiotensinogen, the precursor of angiotensin II (ANG II), in brain tissue and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allows stimulation of endogenous brain ANG II by renin. Passive avoidance tests were performed in female Wistar rats. The animals received an electrical shock after entering a black box on the first experimental day. Avoidance was tested every 24 h for 5 consecutive days. Renin in doses of 0.01 and 0.1 units was injected once into the lateral brain ventricles 2 min before the first test. CSF ANG II increased from 40 to 4547 and 5152 fmol per ml (means), respectively. A dose-dependent disruption of avoidance learning was observed, the frequency to enter the black box increasing from 11% (control) to 29% and 46%, and the latency decreasing from 165 (control) to 143 and 116 sec, respectively. These effects were statistically significant (P less than 0.001) for more than 24 h and returned to control levels after 48 to 120 h. Administration of the converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 i.v.t. prior to renin injections abolished the renin effects. Injections of renin given 22 h after learning were without effect.", "PMID": 530491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4483", "title": "A presynaptic action of dopamine on globus pallidus afferents to substantia nigra in the rat.", "content": "Dopamine applied iontophoretically onto substantia nigra and adjacent reticular formation units, changed the pattern of response evoked in these cells by stimulation of the globus pallidus. This change was reversible and was sensitive to iontophoretically applied dopamine. It is proposed that this effect is brought about by an interaction of dopamine with dopamine receptors located on afferent fibres coming from the globus pallidus.", "contents": "A presynaptic action of dopamine on globus pallidus afferents to substantia nigra in the rat. Dopamine applied iontophoretically onto substantia nigra and adjacent reticular formation units, changed the pattern of response evoked in these cells by stimulation of the globus pallidus. This change was reversible and was sensitive to iontophoretically applied dopamine. It is proposed that this effect is brought about by an interaction of dopamine with dopamine receptors located on afferent fibres coming from the globus pallidus.", "PMID": 530492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4484", "title": "Neurite outgrowth elicited by embryonic chick heart: partial purification of the active factor.", "content": "Chick heart explants stimulate a dense outgrowth of neurites in co-cultured spinal, sympathetic and ciliary ganglia. A factor sharing these properties was partially purified by gel filtration of extract prepared from lyophilized 18-day embryonic hearts. The active factor has an apparent molecular weight of roughly 40,000 and is evidently distinct from nerve growth factor (NGF) by stimulating the parasympathetic ciliary neurons and by lack of cross-reactivity with antibodies to NGF.", "contents": "Neurite outgrowth elicited by embryonic chick heart: partial purification of the active factor. Chick heart explants stimulate a dense outgrowth of neurites in co-cultured spinal, sympathetic and ciliary ganglia. A factor sharing these properties was partially purified by gel filtration of extract prepared from lyophilized 18-day embryonic hearts. The active factor has an apparent molecular weight of roughly 40,000 and is evidently distinct from nerve growth factor (NGF) by stimulating the parasympathetic ciliary neurons and by lack of cross-reactivity with antibodies to NGF.", "PMID": 530494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4485", "title": "Identification of the superior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by the HRP method.", "content": "Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) bathing of either the intermediofacial nerve or the chorda tympani, the localization of the superior salivatory nucleus that gives rise to parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands was identified in the cat. The superior salivatory nucleus demonstrated by this study does not exist in the pons but does exist in the dorsal part of the reticular formation of the rostral medulla oblongata. Neurons of this nucleus were generally medium-sized and multipolar, with densely stained Nissl substance.", "contents": "Identification of the superior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by the HRP method. Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) bathing of either the intermediofacial nerve or the chorda tympani, the localization of the superior salivatory nucleus that gives rise to parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands was identified in the cat. The superior salivatory nucleus demonstrated by this study does not exist in the pons but does exist in the dorsal part of the reticular formation of the rostral medulla oblongata. Neurons of this nucleus were generally medium-sized and multipolar, with densely stained Nissl substance.", "PMID": 530495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4486", "title": "Supraspinal inhibition of spinal neurones responding to nociceptive stimulation.", "content": "A study of the tonic descending inhibition present on neurones of laminase IV and V in the lumbar spinal cord of anaesthetized cats has been made employing reversible blocking of the spinal cord by cooling. The results suggest that neurones of both laminase are subject to a similar degree of inhibitory control and imply that they are equally important to the spinal transmission of noxious input.", "contents": "Supraspinal inhibition of spinal neurones responding to nociceptive stimulation. A study of the tonic descending inhibition present on neurones of laminase IV and V in the lumbar spinal cord of anaesthetized cats has been made employing reversible blocking of the spinal cord by cooling. The results suggest that neurones of both laminase are subject to a similar degree of inhibitory control and imply that they are equally important to the spinal transmission of noxious input.", "PMID": 530496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4487", "title": "The effect of morphine applied locally to mesencephalic dopamine cell bodies on spontaneous motor activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of local application of morphine (5 microgram) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) on spontaneous activity was studied in the rat. Morphine in the VTA but not SNc produced an enhancement of locomotor activity which became progressively augmented with repeated injections. This effect could be blocked by systemic injections of naloxone or haloperidol. It is suggested that stimulation of opiate receptors in the vicinity of dopamine cell bodies can increase the activity of ascending mesencephalic dopamine neurones.", "contents": "The effect of morphine applied locally to mesencephalic dopamine cell bodies on spontaneous motor activity in the rat. The effect of local application of morphine (5 microgram) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) on spontaneous activity was studied in the rat. Morphine in the VTA but not SNc produced an enhancement of locomotor activity which became progressively augmented with repeated injections. This effect could be blocked by systemic injections of naloxone or haloperidol. It is suggested that stimulation of opiate receptors in the vicinity of dopamine cell bodies can increase the activity of ascending mesencephalic dopamine neurones.", "PMID": 530497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4488", "title": "Ortho-antidromic latency fitting and identification of antidromically activated CNS long-axoned neurones.", "content": "The intrinsic errors of the collision test were evaluated in extracellular recordings of cat's pyramidal tract (PT)-units. A modified collision technique by means of paired and suitably timed PT-stimuli allowed the demonstration of the ortho-antidromic latency fitting. This method could represent an important counterproof to the true antidromic activation of CNS long-aconed neurons.", "contents": "Ortho-antidromic latency fitting and identification of antidromically activated CNS long-axoned neurones. The intrinsic errors of the collision test were evaluated in extracellular recordings of cat's pyramidal tract (PT)-units. A modified collision technique by means of paired and suitably timed PT-stimuli allowed the demonstration of the ortho-antidromic latency fitting. This method could represent an important counterproof to the true antidromic activation of CNS long-aconed neurons.", "PMID": 530498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4489", "title": "On a possible neural mechanism underlying a finding by Evarts and Fromm.", "content": "A finding by Evarts and Fromm [1] that the number of unit firings in certain pyramidal-tract neurons is very large for very small, but precise, movements suggests that the mathematical Law of Large Numbers may be operating here. According to this law, under suitable conditions the average of a large number of variables is very precisely defined--its deviation from its ideal value being less the larger the number of variables. Such an algorithm operating in the nervous system might generate precision of muscle control from the frequency of firing of neutrons belonging to a certain neuron system.", "contents": "On a possible neural mechanism underlying a finding by Evarts and Fromm. A finding by Evarts and Fromm [1] that the number of unit firings in certain pyramidal-tract neurons is very large for very small, but precise, movements suggests that the mathematical Law of Large Numbers may be operating here. According to this law, under suitable conditions the average of a large number of variables is very precisely defined--its deviation from its ideal value being less the larger the number of variables. Such an algorithm operating in the nervous system might generate precision of muscle control from the frequency of firing of neutrons belonging to a certain neuron system.", "PMID": 530499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4490", "title": "A refractory period after brief activation of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "A two pulse technique was used to study the decay of mechanical activation in TTX poisoned mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle fibres. A two microelectrode point voltage clamp technique was used with visual endpoint determination of the threshold potential for activation. The excitatory effect of a brief (0.5-2.0 msec) depolarizing pulse decayed quickly and became inhibitory. In EDL fibres the peak inhibition was 0.5-1.0 msec after the termination of the conditioning pulse and decayed within 3.0 msec. Inhibition was less pronounced in soleus fibres and decayed more slowly. It is suggested that inhibition may be responsible for a refractory period in excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "A refractory period after brief activation of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. A two pulse technique was used to study the decay of mechanical activation in TTX poisoned mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle fibres. A two microelectrode point voltage clamp technique was used with visual endpoint determination of the threshold potential for activation. The excitatory effect of a brief (0.5-2.0 msec) depolarizing pulse decayed quickly and became inhibitory. In EDL fibres the peak inhibition was 0.5-1.0 msec after the termination of the conditioning pulse and decayed within 3.0 msec. Inhibition was less pronounced in soleus fibres and decayed more slowly. It is suggested that inhibition may be responsible for a refractory period in excitation-contraction coupling.", "PMID": 530500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4491", "title": "Demonstration of a direct projection from the intralaminar central lateral nucleus to the primary visual cortex.", "content": "Orthograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing techniques were used to demonstrate the existence of a direct projection from the central lateral nucleus of the intralaminar complex of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex of the cat. The projection is sparser than the projections from the thalamic non-specific nuclei to other cortical areas of the cat which have been described in the past [9,20,21]. The projection to primary visual cortex is most dense in cortical layers I and VI. It does not appear to have a well-defined topographical organization within this cortical area.", "contents": "Demonstration of a direct projection from the intralaminar central lateral nucleus to the primary visual cortex. Orthograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing techniques were used to demonstrate the existence of a direct projection from the central lateral nucleus of the intralaminar complex of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex of the cat. The projection is sparser than the projections from the thalamic non-specific nuclei to other cortical areas of the cat which have been described in the past [9,20,21]. The projection to primary visual cortex is most dense in cortical layers I and VI. It does not appear to have a well-defined topographical organization within this cortical area.", "PMID": 530501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4492", "title": "Plasticity in synaptic appositions of optic nerve afferents under different lighting conditions.", "content": "The influence of constant light and darkness (14 days) on the ultrastructure of synaptic appositions of optic nerve afferents has been studied in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hooded rats. Light exposure causes a general loss of postsynaptic density (PD) material, whereas after constant darkness the postsynaptic densities are thicker and the number of subjunctional bodies is higher. Accordingly, there are changes in the relative number of 'asymmetrical' (excitatory?) and 'symmetrical' (inhibitory?) synaptic appositions in optic and non-optic synapses. This phenomenon seems to reflect an adaptive response of the postsynaptic neurons to a long-term change of input activity.", "contents": "Plasticity in synaptic appositions of optic nerve afferents under different lighting conditions. The influence of constant light and darkness (14 days) on the ultrastructure of synaptic appositions of optic nerve afferents has been studied in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hooded rats. Light exposure causes a general loss of postsynaptic density (PD) material, whereas after constant darkness the postsynaptic densities are thicker and the number of subjunctional bodies is higher. Accordingly, there are changes in the relative number of 'asymmetrical' (excitatory?) and 'symmetrical' (inhibitory?) synaptic appositions in optic and non-optic synapses. This phenomenon seems to reflect an adaptive response of the postsynaptic neurons to a long-term change of input activity.", "PMID": 530502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4493", "title": "Improvement of learned behavior through cholinergic stimulation of the caudate nucleus.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that cholinergic activity of the head of the caudate nucleus (CN) is involved in the processes underlying instrumental performance, the effects of microinjections of several doses of choline into this structure on lever pressing behavior were assessed. A dose-dependent modification of performance was found: small doses improve and large doses impair level pressing, while choline applications into the parietal cortex were without effect. The facilitatory effects were reproduced by microinjections of acetylcholine into the CN. These data further support our working hypothesis.", "contents": "Improvement of learned behavior through cholinergic stimulation of the caudate nucleus. To test the hypothesis that cholinergic activity of the head of the caudate nucleus (CN) is involved in the processes underlying instrumental performance, the effects of microinjections of several doses of choline into this structure on lever pressing behavior were assessed. A dose-dependent modification of performance was found: small doses improve and large doses impair level pressing, while choline applications into the parietal cortex were without effect. The facilitatory effects were reproduced by microinjections of acetylcholine into the CN. These data further support our working hypothesis.", "PMID": 530503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4494", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on alpha-melanotropin in discrete regions of the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of hypophysectomy on alpha-melanotropin (alpha MSH) concentrations in discrete brain regions was investigated. Hypophysectomy resulted in a 38-69% decrease in alpha MSH concentration in alpha MSH terminal regions 4 weeks after surgery. In contrast, the alpha MSH concentration in the arcuate nucleus, site of alpha MSH containing perikary, was unaffected by hypophysectomy. These results indicate that the brain alpha MSH system is distinct from, but related to that of the pituitary.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on alpha-melanotropin in discrete regions of the rat brain. The effect of hypophysectomy on alpha-melanotropin (alpha MSH) concentrations in discrete brain regions was investigated. Hypophysectomy resulted in a 38-69% decrease in alpha MSH concentration in alpha MSH terminal regions 4 weeks after surgery. In contrast, the alpha MSH concentration in the arcuate nucleus, site of alpha MSH containing perikary, was unaffected by hypophysectomy. These results indicate that the brain alpha MSH system is distinct from, but related to that of the pituitary.", "PMID": 530504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4495", "title": "Is clonidine an adenosine antagonist?", "content": "Clonidine has been reported to possess the ability to block the depressant actions of purine compounds on the firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons. In studies on rats anaesthetized either with nitrous oxide and methoxyflurane or urethane, it was not possible to confirm this observation. Rather clonidine enhanced the depressant actions of iontophoretically applied adenosine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP).", "contents": "Is clonidine an adenosine antagonist? Clonidine has been reported to possess the ability to block the depressant actions of purine compounds on the firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons. In studies on rats anaesthetized either with nitrous oxide and methoxyflurane or urethane, it was not possible to confirm this observation. Rather clonidine enhanced the depressant actions of iontophoretically applied adenosine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP).", "PMID": 530505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4496", "title": "Oxygen consumption of rat tissue slices exposed to methylmercury in vitro.", "content": "The physiological significance of damage from methylmercury exposure was assessed by comparing the oxygen consumption of rat liver, kidney and brain tissue slices after direct exposure to methylmercury chloride. Standard Warburg respirometers were used. Methylmercury chloride was added during the preparation of the experimental flasks and the tissues were preincubated for up to one hour. Oxygen consumption was accelerated by tipping sodium succinate into the main chamber from the sidearm. During the ensuing 3 h of observation, oxygen was consumed at a uniform rate and all the organ slices were equally inhibited at the respective concentrations of methyl-mercury tested. Brain slices without excess succinate were slightly more sensitive to the presence of methylmercury, but this difference was significant only at 2 . 10(-4) M methylmercury. The results suggest (a) that all three organs are about equally sensitive to direct toxic insult by methylmercury under standardized conditions, (b) that any difference observed is due to metabolic reserve capacity and (c) that organ damage induced by methylmercury cannot be attributed to a direct interference with the glycolytic machinery of the cells since organ tissue levels at the point of intoxication are considerably lower.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of rat tissue slices exposed to methylmercury in vitro. The physiological significance of damage from methylmercury exposure was assessed by comparing the oxygen consumption of rat liver, kidney and brain tissue slices after direct exposure to methylmercury chloride. Standard Warburg respirometers were used. Methylmercury chloride was added during the preparation of the experimental flasks and the tissues were preincubated for up to one hour. Oxygen consumption was accelerated by tipping sodium succinate into the main chamber from the sidearm. During the ensuing 3 h of observation, oxygen was consumed at a uniform rate and all the organ slices were equally inhibited at the respective concentrations of methyl-mercury tested. Brain slices without excess succinate were slightly more sensitive to the presence of methylmercury, but this difference was significant only at 2 . 10(-4) M methylmercury. The results suggest (a) that all three organs are about equally sensitive to direct toxic insult by methylmercury under standardized conditions, (b) that any difference observed is due to metabolic reserve capacity and (c) that organ damage induced by methylmercury cannot be attributed to a direct interference with the glycolytic machinery of the cells since organ tissue levels at the point of intoxication are considerably lower.", "PMID": 530506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4497", "title": "Locomotion in the decerebrate stingray.", "content": "Stingrays swim with an active elevation-depression sequence of the pectoral fin resembling an extension-flexion sequence. During forward locomotion this sequence passes caudally along the pectoral fin. Immediately following high decerebration, stingrays are capable of locomotion, and the pattern of muscle activity closely resembles that of intact animals. Spontaneous and midbrain evoked rhythmic motoneuron discharges can be recorded in paralyzed decerebrated animals. In contrast to dogfish sharks, stringrays with high spinal transections do not locomote.", "contents": "Locomotion in the decerebrate stingray. Stingrays swim with an active elevation-depression sequence of the pectoral fin resembling an extension-flexion sequence. During forward locomotion this sequence passes caudally along the pectoral fin. Immediately following high decerebration, stingrays are capable of locomotion, and the pattern of muscle activity closely resembles that of intact animals. Spontaneous and midbrain evoked rhythmic motoneuron discharges can be recorded in paralyzed decerebrated animals. In contrast to dogfish sharks, stringrays with high spinal transections do not locomote.", "PMID": 530507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4498", "title": "Inhibition of aminotransferase enzyme systems by gabaculine.", "content": "Addition of gabaculine to brain and liver extracts caused great inhibition of GABA-T activity, a much lesser but still significant inhibition of ALA-T activity, and very little inhibition of ASP-T activity. In contrast, intramuscular administration of gabaculine to mice resulted in considerable inhibition of all three enzyme activities in liver, the order of sensitivity being ALA-T greater than GABA-T greater than ASP-T. The effect of the administered gabaculine on the brain enzyme activities was more along the lines seen in the in vitro experiments but, even here, the relative sensitivities of GABA-T and ALA-T to the inhibition were much more similar than might have been predicted from the in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Inhibition of aminotransferase enzyme systems by gabaculine. Addition of gabaculine to brain and liver extracts caused great inhibition of GABA-T activity, a much lesser but still significant inhibition of ALA-T activity, and very little inhibition of ASP-T activity. In contrast, intramuscular administration of gabaculine to mice resulted in considerable inhibition of all three enzyme activities in liver, the order of sensitivity being ALA-T greater than GABA-T greater than ASP-T. The effect of the administered gabaculine on the brain enzyme activities was more along the lines seen in the in vitro experiments but, even here, the relative sensitivities of GABA-T and ALA-T to the inhibition were much more similar than might have been predicted from the in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 530508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4499", "title": "Disappearance and recovery of catecholamine innervation in brain regions of adult goldfish following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment.", "content": "The effect of 6-OHDA treatment on catecholamine innervation was studied in the cerebellum, optic tectum and lobus vagi of the goldfish. Catecholamine terminals completely disappeared in less than two weeks after intraventricular injection of 10 microgram 6-OHDA. In periods comprised between 40 days and 4 months after drug injection, catecholamine terminals reappeared to a different degree. The cerebellum showed the highest recovery and, as far as the valvula cerebelli was concerned, also over-innervation. The remarkable power to restore catecholamine innervation led to a distribution of reappearing terminals similar to that of normal animals in the different layers of the three structures examined.", "contents": "Disappearance and recovery of catecholamine innervation in brain regions of adult goldfish following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. The effect of 6-OHDA treatment on catecholamine innervation was studied in the cerebellum, optic tectum and lobus vagi of the goldfish. Catecholamine terminals completely disappeared in less than two weeks after intraventricular injection of 10 microgram 6-OHDA. In periods comprised between 40 days and 4 months after drug injection, catecholamine terminals reappeared to a different degree. The cerebellum showed the highest recovery and, as far as the valvula cerebelli was concerned, also over-innervation. The remarkable power to restore catecholamine innervation led to a distribution of reappearing terminals similar to that of normal animals in the different layers of the three structures examined.", "PMID": 530509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4500", "title": "Lophozozymus pictor toxin: a potent inhibitor of synaptosomal GABA uptake.", "content": "A partially purified toxin obtained from the coral reef crab, Lophozozymus pictor was found to be a potent inhibitor of Na+-dependent [14C]-GABA uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Inhibition was potentiated in the presence of external K+. The I50 value for the toxin was found to be in the region of 10 microgram/ml at a GABA concentration of 2 microM. The inhibition showed substrate competition.", "contents": "Lophozozymus pictor toxin: a potent inhibitor of synaptosomal GABA uptake. A partially purified toxin obtained from the coral reef crab, Lophozozymus pictor was found to be a potent inhibitor of Na+-dependent [14C]-GABA uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Inhibition was potentiated in the presence of external K+. The I50 value for the toxin was found to be in the region of 10 microgram/ml at a GABA concentration of 2 microM. The inhibition showed substrate competition.", "PMID": 530510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4501", "title": "Serum and mucopolysaccharide (glycosaminoglycans) levels in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Serum acid glycosaminoglycans (GAG) levels were measured in 50 normals and 177 samples from different types of psychiatric patients. Mean levels were significantly higher in paranoid type schizophrenia, organic brain syndrome associated psychosis and manic type manic-depressive psychosis. The levels returned to slightly above the normal range upon partial remission in paranoid schizophrenics. In catatonic and hebephrenic schizophrenias the values were in the upper part of normal range. The levels were either in upper normal range or slightly higher in non-psychotic organic brain syndrome. In depressed type manic depressive psychosis levels were either lower than normal or in the lower part of normal range.", "contents": "Serum and mucopolysaccharide (glycosaminoglycans) levels in psychiatric patients. Serum acid glycosaminoglycans (GAG) levels were measured in 50 normals and 177 samples from different types of psychiatric patients. Mean levels were significantly higher in paranoid type schizophrenia, organic brain syndrome associated psychosis and manic type manic-depressive psychosis. The levels returned to slightly above the normal range upon partial remission in paranoid schizophrenics. In catatonic and hebephrenic schizophrenias the values were in the upper part of normal range. The levels were either in upper normal range or slightly higher in non-psychotic organic brain syndrome. In depressed type manic depressive psychosis levels were either lower than normal or in the lower part of normal range.", "PMID": 530511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4502", "title": "The influence of calcium on short-term memory.", "content": "Using a passive avoidance behavioural task in day-old chickens, it is possible by intracranial injection of appropriate drugs to separate out three phases of memory formation. The duration of the first such phase, called short-term memory, is increased when the intracranial calcium ion concentration is raised and the phase is practically abolished by injection of lanthanum ions.", "contents": "The influence of calcium on short-term memory. Using a passive avoidance behavioural task in day-old chickens, it is possible by intracranial injection of appropriate drugs to separate out three phases of memory formation. The duration of the first such phase, called short-term memory, is increased when the intracranial calcium ion concentration is raised and the phase is practically abolished by injection of lanthanum ions.", "PMID": 530512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4503", "title": "Axonal microtubules: their regulation by the electrical activity of the nerve.", "content": "The effect of nerve impulses upon the axonal microtubules was studied in the sural nerve of the cat. We showed that a sustained activity (40 impulses/sec for 2 h) determines a difference in microtubule counts: the active nerve exhibited 24% more profiles than the resting one. In addition, microtubules of the active nerve appear to be less sensitive to the depolymerizing action of colchicine. We propose that the action potential leads to a decrease of the disassembly rate constant of microtubules.", "contents": "Axonal microtubules: their regulation by the electrical activity of the nerve. The effect of nerve impulses upon the axonal microtubules was studied in the sural nerve of the cat. We showed that a sustained activity (40 impulses/sec for 2 h) determines a difference in microtubule counts: the active nerve exhibited 24% more profiles than the resting one. In addition, microtubules of the active nerve appear to be less sensitive to the depolymerizing action of colchicine. We propose that the action potential leads to a decrease of the disassembly rate constant of microtubules.", "PMID": 530513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4504", "title": "Encoding of graded noxious skin heating by neurons in posterior thalamus and adjacent areas in the cat.", "content": "Impulse discharges were recorded from 62 single units in the posterior thalamic and adjacent nuclei of the cat which received input from hindlimb cutaneous nerves. Noxious radiant heating (e.g., 50 degrees C for 10 sec) of the hindpaw excited 32% of the units. The magnitude of heat-evoked unit discharges was graded with the intensity of noxious heating. Such units had large cutaneous receptive fields spanning 2 or more limbs, and responded to strong mechanical stimuli (pressure, pinch). About half of the units responded also to light stimuli such as hair bending or touch.", "contents": "Encoding of graded noxious skin heating by neurons in posterior thalamus and adjacent areas in the cat. Impulse discharges were recorded from 62 single units in the posterior thalamic and adjacent nuclei of the cat which received input from hindlimb cutaneous nerves. Noxious radiant heating (e.g., 50 degrees C for 10 sec) of the hindpaw excited 32% of the units. The magnitude of heat-evoked unit discharges was graded with the intensity of noxious heating. Such units had large cutaneous receptive fields spanning 2 or more limbs, and responded to strong mechanical stimuli (pressure, pinch). About half of the units responded also to light stimuli such as hair bending or touch.", "PMID": 530514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4505", "title": "High resolution radioautographic identification of [3H]GABA labeled neurons in the rat nucleus raphe dorsalis.", "content": "Following intraventricular administration of [3H]GABA into the lateral ventricle of the rat radioautography demonstrates the presence of labeled cell bodies and fibers within the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD). Pharmacological controls suggest that labeled perikarya whose diameter does not exceed 10 micrometer and which are not probably more than ten in the entire NRD could be GABAergic. The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) pretreatment support the hypothesis  that labeled fibers could belong at least to two populations: ones being probably serotonergic and the others being possibly GABAergic. These results are in good agreement with the existence of an intrinsic GABAergic system within the rat NRD.", "contents": "High resolution radioautographic identification of [3H]GABA labeled neurons in the rat nucleus raphe dorsalis. Following intraventricular administration of [3H]GABA into the lateral ventricle of the rat radioautography demonstrates the presence of labeled cell bodies and fibers within the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD). Pharmacological controls suggest that labeled perikarya whose diameter does not exceed 10 micrometer and which are not probably more than ten in the entire NRD could be GABAergic. The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) pretreatment support the hypothesis  that labeled fibers could belong at least to two populations: ones being probably serotonergic and the others being possibly GABAergic. These results are in good agreement with the existence of an intrinsic GABAergic system within the rat NRD.", "PMID": 530515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4506", "title": "The cerebellar projection from the paratrigeminal nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The cerebellar afferent projection from the paratrigeminal nucleus (PTN) was studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish perioxidase (HRP). Most of the afferent fibres reach the cerebellar lobules I, II, V (hemispheral part), VIIIB and IX, the paramedian lobule and the fastigial nucleus. The total distribution of the cerebellar afferents is shown in Fig. 2. The findings extend Chan-Palay's [2,3] recent studies on the cytology, synaptic organization and neurotransmitter content of the paratrigeminal nucleus in monkey and rat.", "contents": "The cerebellar projection from the paratrigeminal nucleus in the cat. The cerebellar afferent projection from the paratrigeminal nucleus (PTN) was studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish perioxidase (HRP). Most of the afferent fibres reach the cerebellar lobules I, II, V (hemispheral part), VIIIB and IX, the paramedian lobule and the fastigial nucleus. The total distribution of the cerebellar afferents is shown in Fig. 2. The findings extend Chan-Palay's [2,3] recent studies on the cytology, synaptic organization and neurotransmitter content of the paratrigeminal nucleus in monkey and rat.", "PMID": 530516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4507", "title": "Afferent connections of the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.", "content": "The laterodorsal thalamic afferent connections have been studied by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The following new sources of projections to the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus (LD) were observed: the zona incerta, the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (bilaterally), the lateral hypothalamus and the precentral agranular cortex.", "contents": "Afferent connections of the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. The laterodorsal thalamic afferent connections have been studied by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The following new sources of projections to the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus (LD) were observed: the zona incerta, the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (bilaterally), the lateral hypothalamus and the precentral agranular cortex.", "PMID": 530517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4508", "title": "The anatomical localization of descending pressor pathways in the cat spinal cord.", "content": "Functional evidence suggests the location of descending pressor pathways in the bilateral dorsolateral funiculus (DLF). To investigate the anatomical course of these pathways, orthograde degeneration studies were conducted following unilateral lesions of the DLF at the C6-C7 spinal level. Degenerating fiber tracts were localized exclusively in the ipsilateral DLF. Degeneration was also demonstrated in the central portion of the intermediate spinal gray matter, but little or no degeneration in the intermediolateral cell column. This evidence suggests that these descending pathways do not terminate on sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies or their proximal dendrites, but perhaps upon their more distal dendrites or interneurons.", "contents": "The anatomical localization of descending pressor pathways in the cat spinal cord. Functional evidence suggests the location of descending pressor pathways in the bilateral dorsolateral funiculus (DLF). To investigate the anatomical course of these pathways, orthograde degeneration studies were conducted following unilateral lesions of the DLF at the C6-C7 spinal level. Degenerating fiber tracts were localized exclusively in the ipsilateral DLF. Degeneration was also demonstrated in the central portion of the intermediate spinal gray matter, but little or no degeneration in the intermediolateral cell column. This evidence suggests that these descending pathways do not terminate on sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies or their proximal dendrites, but perhaps upon their more distal dendrites or interneurons.", "PMID": 530518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4509", "title": "Visually guided reaching in the cat reared in fixed or random frequency stroboscopic light.", "content": "The effect of deprivation of visual perception of movement in a visuo-motor task has been tested in cats reared in stroboscopic light since birth. Three cats were reared in light of fixed (2 flash/sec, flash duration 2 msec) and three in light of random (between 0.5 and 3.5 flash/sec) frequency. These 6 animals, together with 6 control cats, underwent (as adults) a test of visual control of reaching for a target with a paw, with operant conditioning. While the cats raised in fixed frequency stroboscopic conditions (FFS) showed no deficit, those raised in random frequency condition (RFS) exhibited significantly less precise guidance than FFS and control animals.", "contents": "Visually guided reaching in the cat reared in fixed or random frequency stroboscopic light. The effect of deprivation of visual perception of movement in a visuo-motor task has been tested in cats reared in stroboscopic light since birth. Three cats were reared in light of fixed (2 flash/sec, flash duration 2 msec) and three in light of random (between 0.5 and 3.5 flash/sec) frequency. These 6 animals, together with 6 control cats, underwent (as adults) a test of visual control of reaching for a target with a paw, with operant conditioning. While the cats raised in fixed frequency stroboscopic conditions (FFS) showed no deficit, those raised in random frequency condition (RFS) exhibited significantly less precise guidance than FFS and control animals.", "PMID": 530519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4510", "title": "Effects of stimulation of the frontal cortex on identified output VMT cells in the rat.", "content": "The neurons located in the mesencephalic ventro-medial tegmentum (VMT) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens, the septum and the frontal cortex were identified by the antidromic activation method. The activity of single VMT cells was extracellularly recorded in Ketamine anaesthetized rats. The effect of the stimulation of the medial frontal cortex on the activity of these identified VMT cells has been studied. The main response observed was an excitation which was followed in some cases by a depression of the spontaneous discharge of the cells.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation of the frontal cortex on identified output VMT cells in the rat. The neurons located in the mesencephalic ventro-medial tegmentum (VMT) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens, the septum and the frontal cortex were identified by the antidromic activation method. The activity of single VMT cells was extracellularly recorded in Ketamine anaesthetized rats. The effect of the stimulation of the medial frontal cortex on the activity of these identified VMT cells has been studied. The main response observed was an excitation which was followed in some cases by a depression of the spontaneous discharge of the cells.", "PMID": 530520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4511", "title": "Distribution of thalamic input to different dendrites of a spiny stellate cell in mouse sensorimotor cortex.", "content": "A Golgi impregnated, gold-toned [2] spiney stellate cell from layer IV of mouse SmI cortex was reconstructed in three dimensions from serial thin sections to assess the apatial relationships of the synapses onto its dendrites. The distribution of thalamocortical (TC) synapses with the reconstructed dendrites is presented in this report. Thalamocortical axon terminals were labeled by lesion induced degeneration which, in mouse SmI cortex, may reliably indicate the numbers of thalamocortical axon terminals. Results indicate that thalamocortical synapses, which are distributed over most regions of the dendritic tree, are arranged in a regular, periodic fashion on parts of two of the reconstructed dendrites. In these regions, the necks of spines receiving thalamocortical input attach to the dendrite shaft at intervals of about 5 micrometers. In many other regions of the dendritic tree, two spines receiving thalamocortical synapses are separated by a similar interval. Further studies are expected to determine the extent to which dendrites of spiny stellate cells and of other kinds of cortical neurons are contacted in a periodic fashion by thalamocortical axon terminals.", "contents": "Distribution of thalamic input to different dendrites of a spiny stellate cell in mouse sensorimotor cortex. A Golgi impregnated, gold-toned [2] spiney stellate cell from layer IV of mouse SmI cortex was reconstructed in three dimensions from serial thin sections to assess the apatial relationships of the synapses onto its dendrites. The distribution of thalamocortical (TC) synapses with the reconstructed dendrites is presented in this report. Thalamocortical axon terminals were labeled by lesion induced degeneration which, in mouse SmI cortex, may reliably indicate the numbers of thalamocortical axon terminals. Results indicate that thalamocortical synapses, which are distributed over most regions of the dendritic tree, are arranged in a regular, periodic fashion on parts of two of the reconstructed dendrites. In these regions, the necks of spines receiving thalamocortical input attach to the dendrite shaft at intervals of about 5 micrometers. In many other regions of the dendritic tree, two spines receiving thalamocortical synapses are separated by a similar interval. Further studies are expected to determine the extent to which dendrites of spiny stellate cells and of other kinds of cortical neurons are contacted in a periodic fashion by thalamocortical axon terminals.", "PMID": 530521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4512", "title": "The role of pattern vision in the increase of visual cortex acetylcholinesterase after first exposure of dark reared rats to light.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in homogenates from motor and visual cortex of rats reared for 7 weeks in darkness was compared to levels in normally reared and dark reared littermates exposed to 3-h periods of controlled illumination. AChE levels in the visual cortex of animals fitted with light-diffusing scleral contact occluders, and therefore lacking normally organized visual information, were elevated 17% over dark-reared animals, but were not significantly different from levels in animals exposed to lighting conditions permitting detailed pattern discrimination. There were no differences between conditions in motor cortex AChE. We conclude that higher order perceptual processing is not necessary for the light-stimulated increase in visual cortex AChE in the rat.", "contents": "The role of pattern vision in the increase of visual cortex acetylcholinesterase after first exposure of dark reared rats to light. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in homogenates from motor and visual cortex of rats reared for 7 weeks in darkness was compared to levels in normally reared and dark reared littermates exposed to 3-h periods of controlled illumination. AChE levels in the visual cortex of animals fitted with light-diffusing scleral contact occluders, and therefore lacking normally organized visual information, were elevated 17% over dark-reared animals, but were not significantly different from levels in animals exposed to lighting conditions permitting detailed pattern discrimination. There were no differences between conditions in motor cortex AChE. We conclude that higher order perceptual processing is not necessary for the light-stimulated increase in visual cortex AChE in the rat.", "PMID": 530522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4513", "title": "Increased utilization of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens but not in the cerebral cortex after dorsal raphe lesion in the rat.", "content": "Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and dopamine (DA) levels were estimated in the frontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens and the striatum of the rat after electrolytical lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus. The efficiency of this lesion was tested by measuring the decline in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum. 5-HT levels were reduced by 90% when compared to those of sham-operated rats 11 days after the lesion. As revealed both by the increase in DOPAC levels and in the DOPAC/DA ratio, the rate of DA utilization was markedly increased in the nucleus accumbens, slightly enhanced in the striatum and in contrast remained unaffected in the frontal cerebral cortex 4 days after the lesion. Changes in DOPAC levels in the nucleus accumbens were also seen 11 and 30 days after the lesion but they were less pronounced than those observed at 4 days. These results suggest that neurons originating from the dorsal raphe and projecting to the ventro-tegmental area are regulating the activity of the meso-nucleus accumbens dopaminergic neurons but not that of the meso-cortical dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "Increased utilization of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens but not in the cerebral cortex after dorsal raphe lesion in the rat. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and dopamine (DA) levels were estimated in the frontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens and the striatum of the rat after electrolytical lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus. The efficiency of this lesion was tested by measuring the decline in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum. 5-HT levels were reduced by 90% when compared to those of sham-operated rats 11 days after the lesion. As revealed both by the increase in DOPAC levels and in the DOPAC/DA ratio, the rate of DA utilization was markedly increased in the nucleus accumbens, slightly enhanced in the striatum and in contrast remained unaffected in the frontal cerebral cortex 4 days after the lesion. Changes in DOPAC levels in the nucleus accumbens were also seen 11 and 30 days after the lesion but they were less pronounced than those observed at 4 days. These results suggest that neurons originating from the dorsal raphe and projecting to the ventro-tegmental area are regulating the activity of the meso-nucleus accumbens dopaminergic neurons but not that of the meso-cortical dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 530523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4514", "title": "Lipid composition of sciatic nerve from dysmyelinating trembler mouse.", "content": "The amounts and the distribution of the various lipids were studied in the sciatic nerves from normal and trembler mice. When compared to the normal, the total lipidic amount was reduced by 66% in the trembler mouse, and each class of lipid was decreased nearly the same way, except for the cholesterol esters the value of which increased five times. The level of each individual phospholipid was decreased, phosphatidylcholine being the least affected and phosphatidylserine the most altered.", "contents": "Lipid composition of sciatic nerve from dysmyelinating trembler mouse. The amounts and the distribution of the various lipids were studied in the sciatic nerves from normal and trembler mice. When compared to the normal, the total lipidic amount was reduced by 66% in the trembler mouse, and each class of lipid was decreased nearly the same way, except for the cholesterol esters the value of which increased five times. The level of each individual phospholipid was decreased, phosphatidylcholine being the least affected and phosphatidylserine the most altered.", "PMID": 530524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4515", "title": "Stimulating effect of angiotensin II on the spontaneous release of newly synthetized [3H]dopamine in rat striatal slices.", "content": "Angiotensin II (A II) (10(-6) M, 10(-5) M, 5 . 10(-5) M) stimulated the spontaneous release of [3H]dopamine (DA) continuously synthetized from [3H]tyrosine in striatal slices of the rat. The A II-evoked release of [3H]-DA was prevented when slices were superfused with a calcium-free medium containing EGTA 5 . 10(-4) M. It was also suppressed in the presence of the potent antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin.", "contents": "Stimulating effect of angiotensin II on the spontaneous release of newly synthetized [3H]dopamine in rat striatal slices. Angiotensin II (A II) (10(-6) M, 10(-5) M, 5 . 10(-5) M) stimulated the spontaneous release of [3H]dopamine (DA) continuously synthetized from [3H]tyrosine in striatal slices of the rat. The A II-evoked release of [3H]-DA was prevented when slices were superfused with a calcium-free medium containing EGTA 5 . 10(-4) M. It was also suppressed in the presence of the potent antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin.", "PMID": 530525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4516", "title": "Intracellular recordings from sympathetic preganglionic neurones.", "content": "In anaesthetised cats the response of the soma dendritic region of sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPN) recorded intracellularly in T3 spinal segment was studied following excitation of third thoracic white ramus and following orthodromic inputs. Most cells had action potentials of short duration. Many cells were active. Decreases in membrane potential were relatively short lasting, less than 40 msec and a change of 5 mV was sufficient to discharge the cell. Increases in membrane potential were also evident.", "contents": "Intracellular recordings from sympathetic preganglionic neurones. In anaesthetised cats the response of the soma dendritic region of sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPN) recorded intracellularly in T3 spinal segment was studied following excitation of third thoracic white ramus and following orthodromic inputs. Most cells had action potentials of short duration. Many cells were active. Decreases in membrane potential were relatively short lasting, less than 40 msec and a change of 5 mV was sufficient to discharge the cell. Increases in membrane potential were also evident.", "PMID": 530526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4517", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical evidence for decreased noradrenaline synthesis in sympathetic neurones of aged rats.", "content": "Measurements of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of noradrenaline (NA) in sympathetic neuronal perikarya of aged (24-month) and younger (4-month) control rats revealed little or no NA fluorescence in many sympathetic neurones of aged rats: neuronal fluorescence in younger rats was substantially greater. Monoamine oxidase inhibition increased NA fluorescence in all rats, but the increase was greater in the 4-month controls. Reserpine administration caused an almost complete disappearance of NA fluorescence after 12 h. However, normal NA levels were restored in the 4-month controls after 48 h but not for 7 days in the aged rats.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical evidence for decreased noradrenaline synthesis in sympathetic neurones of aged rats. Measurements of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of noradrenaline (NA) in sympathetic neuronal perikarya of aged (24-month) and younger (4-month) control rats revealed little or no NA fluorescence in many sympathetic neurones of aged rats: neuronal fluorescence in younger rats was substantially greater. Monoamine oxidase inhibition increased NA fluorescence in all rats, but the increase was greater in the 4-month controls. Reserpine administration caused an almost complete disappearance of NA fluorescence after 12 h. However, normal NA levels were restored in the 4-month controls after 48 h but not for 7 days in the aged rats.", "PMID": 530527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4518", "title": "A system of cells in the unstimulated rat brain characterized by preferential accumulation of [3H]deoxyglucose.", "content": "An autoradiographic technique using cryostat sections is described which permits visualization of a system of small, probably glial cells accumulating 2-[3H]deoxyglucose (2-[3H]DG). These cells are localized mainly in periventricular regions and in certain parts of white matter. Deoxyglucose uptake of these cells is not influenced by various experimental conditions. An attempt to demonstrate by this technique activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory centers following water withdrawal for 3 days was unsuccessful.", "contents": "A system of cells in the unstimulated rat brain characterized by preferential accumulation of [3H]deoxyglucose. An autoradiographic technique using cryostat sections is described which permits visualization of a system of small, probably glial cells accumulating 2-[3H]deoxyglucose (2-[3H]DG). These cells are localized mainly in periventricular regions and in certain parts of white matter. Deoxyglucose uptake of these cells is not influenced by various experimental conditions. An attempt to demonstrate by this technique activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory centers following water withdrawal for 3 days was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 530528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4519", "title": "Tremor: role of striatal cholinergic neurons and the effect of intrastriatal kainic acid.", "content": "Rats injected intrastriatally with kainic acid (KA) showed increased tremor responses to arecoline and tremorine, but not to harmaline. Since KA significantly reduced both pre- and postsynaptic measurements of cholinergic function in the striatum, the results indicate that integrity of the striatal cholinergic system is not essential to tremor response. Further investigations of cholinergic function in the brains of rats injected with KA did not reveal evidence of cholinergic supersensitivity; thus, the altered responses to cholinergic agents may reflect KA-associated destruction of some pathway normally opposing the behavioral output of cholinergic stimulation. If, as recently proposed, intrastriatal injection of KA produces an animal model of Huntington's disease (HD), then these results may also be relevant to experimental therapeutics of this disorder.", "contents": "Tremor: role of striatal cholinergic neurons and the effect of intrastriatal kainic acid. Rats injected intrastriatally with kainic acid (KA) showed increased tremor responses to arecoline and tremorine, but not to harmaline. Since KA significantly reduced both pre- and postsynaptic measurements of cholinergic function in the striatum, the results indicate that integrity of the striatal cholinergic system is not essential to tremor response. Further investigations of cholinergic function in the brains of rats injected with KA did not reveal evidence of cholinergic supersensitivity; thus, the altered responses to cholinergic agents may reflect KA-associated destruction of some pathway normally opposing the behavioral output of cholinergic stimulation. If, as recently proposed, intrastriatal injection of KA produces an animal model of Huntington's disease (HD), then these results may also be relevant to experimental therapeutics of this disorder.", "PMID": 530529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4520", "title": "Effects of long-term administration and withdrawal of clonidine on activity of sympathetic efferent nerve unit in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Daily administration of clonidine for 5 weeks (approx. 300 micrograms/kg/day, p.o.) produced significant decreases in blood pressure and renal sympathetic efferent activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After cessation of clonidine administration, blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity recovered rapidly from the depressed levels to the untreated control levels. These findings could indicate that clonidine-induced hypotension and its rapid recovery to control after withdrawal of clonidine are caused by corresponding changes in sympathetic efferent nerve activity.", "contents": "Effects of long-term administration and withdrawal of clonidine on activity of sympathetic efferent nerve unit in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Daily administration of clonidine for 5 weeks (approx. 300 micrograms/kg/day, p.o.) produced significant decreases in blood pressure and renal sympathetic efferent activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After cessation of clonidine administration, blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity recovered rapidly from the depressed levels to the untreated control levels. These findings could indicate that clonidine-induced hypotension and its rapid recovery to control after withdrawal of clonidine are caused by corresponding changes in sympathetic efferent nerve activity.", "PMID": 530530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4521", "title": "Antinociceptive action following microinjection of methionine-enkephalin in the nucleus raphe magnus of the rat.", "content": "The analgesic effect of the microinjection of low doses of methione-enkephalin (20 micrograms in 0.5 microliter) into the caudal brain stem of the unrestrained rat was investigated by means of one vocalisation test. Immediate short duration significant increases in threshold (21%) were seen from sites in the nucleus raph\u00e9 magnus (NRM). Delayed effects were seen from sites immediately adjacent to this nucleus; sites more lateral produced no significant effect. These results lend further support to the postulated role of NRM in antinociception.", "contents": "Antinociceptive action following microinjection of methionine-enkephalin in the nucleus raphe magnus of the rat. The analgesic effect of the microinjection of low doses of methione-enkephalin (20 micrograms in 0.5 microliter) into the caudal brain stem of the unrestrained rat was investigated by means of one vocalisation test. Immediate short duration significant increases in threshold (21%) were seen from sites in the nucleus raph\u00e9 magnus (NRM). Delayed effects were seen from sites immediately adjacent to this nucleus; sites more lateral produced no significant effect. These results lend further support to the postulated role of NRM in antinociception.", "PMID": 530531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4522", "title": "Benzodiazepine binding after in vivo elevation of GABA.", "content": "[3H]Diazepam binding was measured in rat cortical membranes. Acute and chronic amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) pretreatment greatly increased GABA levels, but did not alter diazepam binding. The GABA normally present was sufficient to maximally stimulate diazepam binding. In in vivo binding studies, acute and chronic AOAA treatment increased the amount of [3H]diazepam in the brain at the time of sacrifice, thus increasing both specific and nonspecific binding and leaving unchanged the fraction of drug specifically bound. Fluctuation of brain GABA may not affect benzodiazepine binding unless the normal concentration is greatly depressed.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine binding after in vivo elevation of GABA. [3H]Diazepam binding was measured in rat cortical membranes. Acute and chronic amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) pretreatment greatly increased GABA levels, but did not alter diazepam binding. The GABA normally present was sufficient to maximally stimulate diazepam binding. In in vivo binding studies, acute and chronic AOAA treatment increased the amount of [3H]diazepam in the brain at the time of sacrifice, thus increasing both specific and nonspecific binding and leaving unchanged the fraction of drug specifically bound. Fluctuation of brain GABA may not affect benzodiazepine binding unless the normal concentration is greatly depressed.", "PMID": 530532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4523", "title": "Catecholamine turnover changes in hypothalamus and dorsal midline area of the caudal medulla oblongata of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The central noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) turnover in 15--16-week-old stroke prone, spontaneously hypertensive (sp-SH) female rats in an advanced stage of hypertension was found to differ from that of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) control rats. The catecholamine (CA) levels were measured after inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). in the hypertensive rats the dopamine (DA) and NA levels and the NA turnover were reduced in the hypothalamus, while in the dorsal part of the caudal medulla oblongata NA levels and A turnover were reduced. Changes in hypothalamic DA and NA mechanisms and in A mechanisms in medulla oblongata may therefore be of importance in the blood pressure regulation of sp-SH rats.", "contents": "Catecholamine turnover changes in hypothalamus and dorsal midline area of the caudal medulla oblongata of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The central noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) turnover in 15--16-week-old stroke prone, spontaneously hypertensive (sp-SH) female rats in an advanced stage of hypertension was found to differ from that of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) control rats. The catecholamine (CA) levels were measured after inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). in the hypertensive rats the dopamine (DA) and NA levels and the NA turnover were reduced in the hypothalamus, while in the dorsal part of the caudal medulla oblongata NA levels and A turnover were reduced. Changes in hypothalamic DA and NA mechanisms and in A mechanisms in medulla oblongata may therefore be of importance in the blood pressure regulation of sp-SH rats.", "PMID": 530533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4524", "title": "Effects of sulpiride isomers on the control of anterior pituitary secretion in normal man.", "content": "The effects of (+)- and (-)-sulpiride on anterior pituitary hormone secretion (LH, FSH, PL, hGH, TSH) have been studied in five normal men. Both (+)- and (-)-sulpiride increase PL and TSH secretion and decrease LH and FSH secretion, whereas they do not seem to affect hGH secretion. These results are discussed in view of the different action of (+)- and (-)-sulpiride on DA receptors in the forebrain with respect to DA receptors involved in the control of anterior pituitary secretion.", "contents": "Effects of sulpiride isomers on the control of anterior pituitary secretion in normal man. The effects of (+)- and (-)-sulpiride on anterior pituitary hormone secretion (LH, FSH, PL, hGH, TSH) have been studied in five normal men. Both (+)- and (-)-sulpiride increase PL and TSH secretion and decrease LH and FSH secretion, whereas they do not seem to affect hGH secretion. These results are discussed in view of the different action of (+)- and (-)-sulpiride on DA receptors in the forebrain with respect to DA receptors involved in the control of anterior pituitary secretion.", "PMID": 530534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4525", "title": "A colour-dependent abnormality in human visual detection of stimulus motion and spatial structure.", "content": "We have studied the wavelength dependence of visual responses in a single human subject, M.W., who has an unusual visual defect. It is shown that for red stimuli, both spatial resolution for grating patterns and detection of target movement are grossly abnormal. On the basis of these and other [8] experimental data, we argue that M.W.'s response pattern implies interdependent central visual processing of colour, movement and spatial structure. We examine this conclusion in relation to recent anatomical and electrophysiological findings.", "contents": "A colour-dependent abnormality in human visual detection of stimulus motion and spatial structure. We have studied the wavelength dependence of visual responses in a single human subject, M.W., who has an unusual visual defect. It is shown that for red stimuli, both spatial resolution for grating patterns and detection of target movement are grossly abnormal. On the basis of these and other [8] experimental data, we argue that M.W.'s response pattern implies interdependent central visual processing of colour, movement and spatial structure. We examine this conclusion in relation to recent anatomical and electrophysiological findings.", "PMID": 530535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4526", "title": "Definitive disruption of spatial delayed alternation in rats after lesions in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum.", "content": "Prefrontal system dysfunction are revealed in rats in delayed response tasks. In view of the anatomical projections existing from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum to the prefrontal system we have done this research in order to determine whether cognitive processes are impaired after mesencephalic lesions. Rats learned spatial delayed alternation in a T-maze. After acquisition they were randomly divided in two groups; the experimental group received lesions in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum at the level of the A10 cell bodies. These lesions induced definitive disruption of the retention of the delayed alternation and the rats were unable to relearn the task. However, these animals were able to perform normally in an operant conditioning with food reinforcement indicating the specificity of the deficit observed with respect to the delayed alteration task. The possible modulating role of dopaminergic A10 neurones is hypothetized.", "contents": "Definitive disruption of spatial delayed alternation in rats after lesions in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum. Prefrontal system dysfunction are revealed in rats in delayed response tasks. In view of the anatomical projections existing from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum to the prefrontal system we have done this research in order to determine whether cognitive processes are impaired after mesencephalic lesions. Rats learned spatial delayed alternation in a T-maze. After acquisition they were randomly divided in two groups; the experimental group received lesions in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum at the level of the A10 cell bodies. These lesions induced definitive disruption of the retention of the delayed alternation and the rats were unable to relearn the task. However, these animals were able to perform normally in an operant conditioning with food reinforcement indicating the specificity of the deficit observed with respect to the delayed alteration task. The possible modulating role of dopaminergic A10 neurones is hypothetized.", "PMID": 530536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4527", "title": "Segmental motor innervation of the cat diaphragm.", "content": "In ten anaesthetized adult cats, bipolar recording electrodes were inserted in different muscular bundles of each hemi-diaphragm. Both stimulation and section of the phrenic cervical branches were made. The upper phrenic cervical branch innervates both the sternal and lateral portions of the diaphragm whereas the lower phrenic cervical branch innervates both the lateral and dorso-caudal portions.", "contents": "Segmental motor innervation of the cat diaphragm. In ten anaesthetized adult cats, bipolar recording electrodes were inserted in different muscular bundles of each hemi-diaphragm. Both stimulation and section of the phrenic cervical branches were made. The upper phrenic cervical branch innervates both the sternal and lateral portions of the diaphragm whereas the lower phrenic cervical branch innervates both the lateral and dorso-caudal portions.", "PMID": 530537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4528", "title": "Significance of presynaptic formations in early stages of cochlear synaptogenesis.", "content": "Very early stages of cochlear synaptogenesis are described in inner (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) of cat foetuses. Ten days before birth (DBB) well-formed synaptic contacts were found between afferent dendrites and both IHCs and OHCs. At the IHC level a preliminary stage before functioning has been proposed. But at the OHC level where the adult cell membrane becomes mainly postsynaptic, we could only formulate hypotheses based on phylogenetic considerations (afferents precede efferents), or on embryology (presynaptic specializations play a role in the arrival and growth of fibers around the hair cell).", "contents": "Significance of presynaptic formations in early stages of cochlear synaptogenesis. Very early stages of cochlear synaptogenesis are described in inner (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) of cat foetuses. Ten days before birth (DBB) well-formed synaptic contacts were found between afferent dendrites and both IHCs and OHCs. At the IHC level a preliminary stage before functioning has been proposed. But at the OHC level where the adult cell membrane becomes mainly postsynaptic, we could only formulate hypotheses based on phylogenetic considerations (afferents precede efferents), or on embryology (presynaptic specializations play a role in the arrival and growth of fibers around the hair cell).", "PMID": 530538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4529", "title": "An experimental model for the evaluation of vitrectomy instruments.", "content": "A scleral window was designed for implantation in human autopsy eyes. This model provides direct visualization of the pars plana, vitreous base and peripheral retina. Using this model, one can directly observe vitrectomy instruments entering the globe, and can evaluate the cutting ability of a variety of instruments. The model can also be used to provide practical experience, analogous to clinical vitrectomy, and is therefore useful as a training device.", "contents": "An experimental model for the evaluation of vitrectomy instruments. A scleral window was designed for implantation in human autopsy eyes. This model provides direct visualization of the pars plana, vitreous base and peripheral retina. Using this model, one can directly observe vitrectomy instruments entering the globe, and can evaluate the cutting ability of a variety of instruments. The model can also be used to provide practical experience, analogous to clinical vitrectomy, and is therefore useful as a training device.", "PMID": 530542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4530", "title": "Toxicity of antibiotic combinations for vitrectomy infusion fluid.", "content": "We have found that gentamicin 8 microgram/ml in various combinations with methicillin 25 microgram/ml, oxacillin 10 microgram/ml, clindamycin 10 microgram/ml and penicillin 80 microgram/ml to be nontoxic to the retina when used in vitreous replacement fluid.", "contents": "Toxicity of antibiotic combinations for vitrectomy infusion fluid. We have found that gentamicin 8 microgram/ml in various combinations with methicillin 25 microgram/ml, oxacillin 10 microgram/ml, clindamycin 10 microgram/ml and penicillin 80 microgram/ml to be nontoxic to the retina when used in vitreous replacement fluid.", "PMID": 530543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4531", "title": "Late vitrectomy in double perforating ocular injuries.", "content": "Three double perforating eye injuries were managed satisfactorily with vitrectomy six to twelve weeks after injury. This timing of surgery may be advantageous, in that inflammation may be less and the risk of hemorrhage lower. All eyes in our series had spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment, making surgery technically easier. Serial ultrasonography is essential in these cases, and in the presence of retinal detachment, earlier surgery may be indicated.", "contents": "Late vitrectomy in double perforating ocular injuries. Three double perforating eye injuries were managed satisfactorily with vitrectomy six to twelve weeks after injury. This timing of surgery may be advantageous, in that inflammation may be less and the risk of hemorrhage lower. All eyes in our series had spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment, making surgery technically easier. Serial ultrasonography is essential in these cases, and in the presence of retinal detachment, earlier surgery may be indicated.", "PMID": 530544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4532", "title": "A method for recording vitreoretinal relationships.", "content": "A method for recording vitreoretinal relationships is described. The system includes designations for the extent and height of posterior hyaloid detachment and for sites of abnormal vitreoretinal adhesions. The method may be used for preoperative evaluation of eyes prior to vitrectomy surgery or for the follow-up of patients with vitreoretinal disease.", "contents": "A method for recording vitreoretinal relationships. A method for recording vitreoretinal relationships is described. The system includes designations for the extent and height of posterior hyaloid detachment and for sites of abnormal vitreoretinal adhesions. The method may be used for preoperative evaluation of eyes prior to vitrectomy surgery or for the follow-up of patients with vitreoretinal disease.", "PMID": 530545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4533", "title": "Vascular tufts of the pupillary border causing a spontaneous hyphaema.", "content": "In 3 patients a spontaneous haemorrhage in the anterior chamber originated from vascular tufts at the pupillary border. These vascular tufts were hardly visible by slitlamp observation, but could be visualized well with fluorescein angiography. The patients were aged 50 years or more and in 2 of them the vascular tufts were found in both eyes. The haemorrhages disappeared spontaneously under conservative therapy and only in 1 case caused a transient glaucoma. Of 115 randomly chosen out-patients, 4 cases were found with the same vascular tufts on the pupillary border, but without any symptom. All the patients who had vascular tufts, with or without haemorrhage in the anterior chamber, were in the sixth decade or older. We think that these vascular lesions are caused by cardiovascular diseases and by elevated venous pressure caused by intrathoracic processes. Diabetes and intraocular diseases were excluded in our patients.", "contents": "Vascular tufts of the pupillary border causing a spontaneous hyphaema. In 3 patients a spontaneous haemorrhage in the anterior chamber originated from vascular tufts at the pupillary border. These vascular tufts were hardly visible by slitlamp observation, but could be visualized well with fluorescein angiography. The patients were aged 50 years or more and in 2 of them the vascular tufts were found in both eyes. The haemorrhages disappeared spontaneously under conservative therapy and only in 1 case caused a transient glaucoma. Of 115 randomly chosen out-patients, 4 cases were found with the same vascular tufts on the pupillary border, but without any symptom. All the patients who had vascular tufts, with or without haemorrhage in the anterior chamber, were in the sixth decade or older. We think that these vascular lesions are caused by cardiovascular diseases and by elevated venous pressure caused by intrathoracic processes. Diabetes and intraocular diseases were excluded in our patients.", "PMID": 530546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4534", "title": "Essential progressive iris atrophy. Report of two cases.", "content": "Chandler's syndrome and essential progressive iris atrophy, we believe, are two entities of the same syndrome. We have presented a case which could be considered a perfect intermediate. The mechanical 'stretch' theory of Campbell et al., supported to an extent by the light and electron microscopic findings of Rodrigues et al., is untenable in view of the observation in our patient that the first, and broad, peripheral anterior synechia was opposite the position of the displacement of the pupil. Every case in which corneal abnormality, glaucoma and iris changes are found, should be checked explicitly, with specular microscopy and gonioscopy, for corneal endothelial changes and in order to locate the area of predilection of peripheral anterior synechiae.", "contents": "Essential progressive iris atrophy. Report of two cases. Chandler's syndrome and essential progressive iris atrophy, we believe, are two entities of the same syndrome. We have presented a case which could be considered a perfect intermediate. The mechanical 'stretch' theory of Campbell et al., supported to an extent by the light and electron microscopic findings of Rodrigues et al., is untenable in view of the observation in our patient that the first, and broad, peripheral anterior synechia was opposite the position of the displacement of the pupil. Every case in which corneal abnormality, glaucoma and iris changes are found, should be checked explicitly, with specular microscopy and gonioscopy, for corneal endothelial changes and in order to locate the area of predilection of peripheral anterior synechiae.", "PMID": 530547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4535", "title": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "A case of gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina is presented. The serum level of ornithine was 788 mumol/l. The clinical features, the error of metabolism, the inheritance and the treatment of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. A case of gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina is presented. The serum level of ornithine was 788 mumol/l. The clinical features, the error of metabolism, the inheritance and the treatment of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 530548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4536", "title": "Degenerative apparent anophthalmia with complex choristoma of orbit. A clinicopathological case report.", "content": "A case of a peculiar congenital mass in the left orbit is described in a 6-year-old girl from Thailand. The most appropriate name for this malformation, which we have not found described in the literature, seems to be 'degenerative apparent anophthalmia with complex choristoma of the orbit'. Some unknown environmental influence is suggested.", "contents": "Degenerative apparent anophthalmia with complex choristoma of orbit. A clinicopathological case report. A case of a peculiar congenital mass in the left orbit is described in a 6-year-old girl from Thailand. The most appropriate name for this malformation, which we have not found described in the literature, seems to be 'degenerative apparent anophthalmia with complex choristoma of the orbit'. Some unknown environmental influence is suggested.", "PMID": 530549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4537", "title": "Early morphological changes of the corneal epithelium after burning with hydrochloric acid. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The morphological changes of the corneal epithelium after burning with hydrochloric acid were examined using a scanning electron microscope. A drop of hydrochloric acid of differing concentrations (1--0.000001 N HCl) was applied under standardized conditions to normal rabbit eyes for a reaction period of 5 or 30 min. The changes in the cell surface, which are dependent on the concentration of the acid, include a loss of microvilli and microplicae, outlining of the cell nucleus, disruption of the intercellular spaces, cell desquamation and even the most severe damage to the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the corneal epithelial cells.", "contents": "Early morphological changes of the corneal epithelium after burning with hydrochloric acid. A scanning electron microscope study. The morphological changes of the corneal epithelium after burning with hydrochloric acid were examined using a scanning electron microscope. A drop of hydrochloric acid of differing concentrations (1--0.000001 N HCl) was applied under standardized conditions to normal rabbit eyes for a reaction period of 5 or 30 min. The changes in the cell surface, which are dependent on the concentration of the acid, include a loss of microvilli and microplicae, outlining of the cell nucleus, disruption of the intercellular spaces, cell desquamation and even the most severe damage to the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the corneal epithelial cells.", "PMID": 530550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4538", "title": "[Eye manifestations of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis].", "content": "A report is given on 10 children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) whose clinical illness began with visual or mental impairment. All patients showed typical clinical and neurologic features and various ophthalmological manifestations. The latter correspond to lesions generally dealt with in a number of reports and demonstrate for the individual case that ophthalmological manifestation can precede clinical manifestation. The ophthalmologist can give an important contribution to the diagnosis. In some cases the focal retinal lesions can be similar to retinal lesions in the case of toxoplasmosis. A positive antibody titer for toxoplasmosis, which can occur parallel with the typical measles or SSPE virus antibody titer, occasionally causes the misdiagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquisita. In the 10 cases reported on, the diagnosis SSPE was confirmed on the basis of the typical clinical features and elevated measles virus antibody titer. In no case the permission for autopsy was gained. The genesis of SSPE is discussed with reference to a genetic defect, to an autoimmune reaction, or as a result of a measles virus-like infection. In the diagnosis, primarily unclear 'focal retinal lesions' should be at any rate investigated with respect to measles or SSPE virus antibody titer.", "contents": "[Eye manifestations of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]. A report is given on 10 children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) whose clinical illness began with visual or mental impairment. All patients showed typical clinical and neurologic features and various ophthalmological manifestations. The latter correspond to lesions generally dealt with in a number of reports and demonstrate for the individual case that ophthalmological manifestation can precede clinical manifestation. The ophthalmologist can give an important contribution to the diagnosis. In some cases the focal retinal lesions can be similar to retinal lesions in the case of toxoplasmosis. A positive antibody titer for toxoplasmosis, which can occur parallel with the typical measles or SSPE virus antibody titer, occasionally causes the misdiagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquisita. In the 10 cases reported on, the diagnosis SSPE was confirmed on the basis of the typical clinical features and elevated measles virus antibody titer. In no case the permission for autopsy was gained. The genesis of SSPE is discussed with reference to a genetic defect, to an autoimmune reaction, or as a result of a measles virus-like infection. In the diagnosis, primarily unclear 'focal retinal lesions' should be at any rate investigated with respect to measles or SSPE virus antibody titer.", "PMID": 530551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4539", "title": "Videopupillographic and VER investigations in patients with congenital and acquired lesions of the optic radiation.", "content": "In 9 patients with congenital and acquired lesions of the optic radiation, videopupillographic investigations have been employed to determine the pupillographic threshold in the homonymous field defect. The study includes 3 patients suffering from congenital porencephalic cysts. The pupillary response was graded as akinetic, hypokinetic or eukinetic. These classifications yield some diagnostic clues as to the nature of the lesion. An attempt was made using the VER response in these patients to correlate the findings.", "contents": "Videopupillographic and VER investigations in patients with congenital and acquired lesions of the optic radiation. In 9 patients with congenital and acquired lesions of the optic radiation, videopupillographic investigations have been employed to determine the pupillographic threshold in the homonymous field defect. The study includes 3 patients suffering from congenital porencephalic cysts. The pupillary response was graded as akinetic, hypokinetic or eukinetic. These classifications yield some diagnostic clues as to the nature of the lesion. An attempt was made using the VER response in these patients to correlate the findings.", "PMID": 530552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4540", "title": "[Dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction: so-called posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia in Fisher's syndrome].", "content": "The anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia, a dissociated ophthalmoplegia of adduction secondary to an ipsilateral supranuclear paresis of the internal rectus, represents a well-know clinical picture. The dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction, however, sometimes referred to as posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia, is debated. Such an oculomotor disturbance emerging from an ophthalmoplegic polyneuropathy (Fisher syndrome) is presented and illustrated by oculographic tracings. A secondary finding was a limited range of accommodation. Oculographically, the dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction reflects a true mirror image of the anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Because of anatomical considerations the dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction cannot be regarded as internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and the terminology of posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia is not tenable. Discussing the pathophysiology of the Fisher Syndrome, it is reflected upon an infranuclear lesion causing an ocular motility disorder featuring supranuclear aspects, and avoiding limitations of peripheral nerve damage.", "contents": "[Dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction: so-called posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia in Fisher's syndrome]. The anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia, a dissociated ophthalmoplegia of adduction secondary to an ipsilateral supranuclear paresis of the internal rectus, represents a well-know clinical picture. The dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction, however, sometimes referred to as posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia, is debated. Such an oculomotor disturbance emerging from an ophthalmoplegic polyneuropathy (Fisher syndrome) is presented and illustrated by oculographic tracings. A secondary finding was a limited range of accommodation. Oculographically, the dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction reflects a true mirror image of the anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Because of anatomical considerations the dissociated ophthalmoplegia of abduction cannot be regarded as internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and the terminology of posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia is not tenable. Discussing the pathophysiology of the Fisher Syndrome, it is reflected upon an infranuclear lesion causing an ocular motility disorder featuring supranuclear aspects, and avoiding limitations of peripheral nerve damage.", "PMID": 530553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4541", "title": "[Systematic deviations of saccadic eye movements in Wallenberg syndrome].", "content": "A patient suffering from lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome) is presented, exhibiting a striking bias of all saccadic eye movements toward the side of the lesion. Oculographic tracings demonstrate this oculomotor disorder. Other disturbances of ocular motility which resemble this one superficially are discussed. Interruption of fixation leads to a gliding movement veeringly to the side of the infarction. Since all saccades generated under different circumstances are affected, it is contemplated where the pathological signal is intruded into the prenuclear level, to adulterate all saccades causing lateropulsion of saccadic eye movements.", "contents": "[Systematic deviations of saccadic eye movements in Wallenberg syndrome]. A patient suffering from lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome) is presented, exhibiting a striking bias of all saccadic eye movements toward the side of the lesion. Oculographic tracings demonstrate this oculomotor disorder. Other disturbances of ocular motility which resemble this one superficially are discussed. Interruption of fixation leads to a gliding movement veeringly to the side of the infarction. Since all saccades generated under different circumstances are affected, it is contemplated where the pathological signal is intruded into the prenuclear level, to adulterate all saccades causing lateropulsion of saccadic eye movements.", "PMID": 530554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4542", "title": "Genetic study and surgical correction of euryblepharon.", "content": "Euryblepharon is a rare congenital anomaly of the palpebral fissure which consists of an increase in its width. A case has been described in which this characteristic is very marked, and associated with ectropion, lagophthalmos, corneal ulcers; also congenital malformations as twisted feet, hypospadia and inguinal hernia. Apart from a limited increase of the palpebral fissure in the mother, the familiar anamnesis is negative, and likewise examination of the cariogram and research of eventual metabolic modifications. An estimation of the various surgical techniques proposed revealed insufficient strictness regarding the standards generally followed in palpebral plastic surgery. Consequently, a technical variation was set up that will satisfy the needs of correct anatomical-surgical practice.", "contents": "Genetic study and surgical correction of euryblepharon. Euryblepharon is a rare congenital anomaly of the palpebral fissure which consists of an increase in its width. A case has been described in which this characteristic is very marked, and associated with ectropion, lagophthalmos, corneal ulcers; also congenital malformations as twisted feet, hypospadia and inguinal hernia. Apart from a limited increase of the palpebral fissure in the mother, the familiar anamnesis is negative, and likewise examination of the cariogram and research of eventual metabolic modifications. An estimation of the various surgical techniques proposed revealed insufficient strictness regarding the standards generally followed in palpebral plastic surgery. Consequently, a technical variation was set up that will satisfy the needs of correct anatomical-surgical practice.", "PMID": 530555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4543", "title": "Effect of timolol on the permeability of corneal endothelium.", "content": "The effect of short-term administration of timolol on the permeability of the corneal endothelium to fluorescein was measured in normal subjects (single drop) and in a small group of glaucoma patients (one week's treatment). No effect on the endothelium was found in the normal eyes. In the glaucomatous eyes, endothelial permeability was higher than normal when measured after one week without topical medications and normal when measured after one week on timolol treatment. No evidence was found that short-term administration of this drug disturbs the barrier function of the endothelium.", "contents": "Effect of timolol on the permeability of corneal endothelium. The effect of short-term administration of timolol on the permeability of the corneal endothelium to fluorescein was measured in normal subjects (single drop) and in a small group of glaucoma patients (one week's treatment). No effect on the endothelium was found in the normal eyes. In the glaucomatous eyes, endothelial permeability was higher than normal when measured after one week without topical medications and normal when measured after one week on timolol treatment. No evidence was found that short-term administration of this drug disturbs the barrier function of the endothelium.", "PMID": 530556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4544", "title": "The influence of systemic drugs on tear constituents.", "content": "Tears of patients and laboratory animals on systemic medications have been analyzed for the presence and influence of these agents on tear constituents. Antibiotic penetration into tears, drugs stimulating or retarding lacrimation, and effects on tear electrolytes, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins are reviewed from the literature. Important applications to clinical practice such as contact lens wear, general anesthesia, eye infections, and epiphora or dry eye symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of systemic drugs on tear constituents. Tears of patients and laboratory animals on systemic medications have been analyzed for the presence and influence of these agents on tear constituents. Antibiotic penetration into tears, drugs stimulating or retarding lacrimation, and effects on tear electrolytes, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins are reviewed from the literature. Important applications to clinical practice such as contact lens wear, general anesthesia, eye infections, and epiphora or dry eye symptoms are discussed.", "PMID": 530558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4545", "title": "Interim report: National Registry of Possible Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects.", "content": "Recent data concerning 1%, 2.4%, and 10% topical ocular phenylephrine, topical ocular local anesthetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diazepam, liquid high-protein diets, sodium fluoride gel, naproxen, and thiabendazole are reviewed. Clinicians are encouraged to report possible adverse drug reactions to the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, which has been moved to the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, Portland, OR 97201.", "contents": "Interim report: National Registry of Possible Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Recent data concerning 1%, 2.4%, and 10% topical ocular phenylephrine, topical ocular local anesthetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diazepam, liquid high-protein diets, sodium fluoride gel, naproxen, and thiabendazole are reviewed. Clinicians are encouraged to report possible adverse drug reactions to the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, which has been moved to the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, Portland, OR 97201.", "PMID": 530559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4546", "title": "Nabilone: a pressure-reducing synthetic benzopyran in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Nabilone is a synthesized crystalline benzopyran that resembles the cannabinols but is not a tetrahydrocannabinol. Oral administration of 0.5 to 2 mg to patients with open-angle glaucoma reduced the intraocular pressure from 10% to 54% with an average of 28%. Administration of a topical ophthalmic nabilone solution (0.1 mg/drop) to both eyes of adult albino rabbits (1.5 to 3.5 kg) lowered the IOP an average of 25%. The peak action of the nabilone administered in this manner was 60 minutes, with a return to normal IOP by 180 minutes. Tolerance developed in rabbits after one week of topical administration.", "contents": "Nabilone: a pressure-reducing synthetic benzopyran in open-angle glaucoma. Nabilone is a synthesized crystalline benzopyran that resembles the cannabinols but is not a tetrahydrocannabinol. Oral administration of 0.5 to 2 mg to patients with open-angle glaucoma reduced the intraocular pressure from 10% to 54% with an average of 28%. Administration of a topical ophthalmic nabilone solution (0.1 mg/drop) to both eyes of adult albino rabbits (1.5 to 3.5 kg) lowered the IOP an average of 25%. The peak action of the nabilone administered in this manner was 60 minutes, with a return to normal IOP by 180 minutes. Tolerance developed in rabbits after one week of topical administration.", "PMID": 530560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4547", "title": "Drug reactions reported in a survey of South Carolina.", "content": "A survey of the membership of the South Carolina Ophthalmological Society revealed an average of 3 1/2 patient drug reactions per year per physician using topical diagnostic drugs in the office. The reactions to the drugs included topical allergic responses, acute glaucoma, cardiovascular collapse, and one death. All of the reactions had previous been attributed to these drugs in the literature. Suggestions are presented to prevent these reactions from occurring or to better prepare the ophthalmologist and his staff to manage these problems when they do arise.", "contents": "Drug reactions reported in a survey of South Carolina. A survey of the membership of the South Carolina Ophthalmological Society revealed an average of 3 1/2 patient drug reactions per year per physician using topical diagnostic drugs in the office. The reactions to the drugs included topical allergic responses, acute glaucoma, cardiovascular collapse, and one death. All of the reactions had previous been attributed to these drugs in the literature. Suggestions are presented to prevent these reactions from occurring or to better prepare the ophthalmologist and his staff to manage these problems when they do arise.", "PMID": 530561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4548", "title": "Timolol--further observations.", "content": "Data from clinical records of patients using timolol confirm the ocular hypotensive effect of the drug in secondary glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and when used in combination with various other forms of glaucoma therapy. No serious local or systemic side effects were noted. Although many adrenergic agents ultimately produce tachyphylaxis, this effect is infrequent in timolol therapy.", "contents": "Timolol--further observations. Data from clinical records of patients using timolol confirm the ocular hypotensive effect of the drug in secondary glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and when used in combination with various other forms of glaucoma therapy. No serious local or systemic side effects were noted. Although many adrenergic agents ultimately produce tachyphylaxis, this effect is infrequent in timolol therapy.", "PMID": 530562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4549", "title": "Timolol: its effectiveness in different types of glaucoma.", "content": "A study is presented on the effectiveness of timolol maleate in the treatment of 76 cases of various types of glaucoma. Timolol lowered intraocular pressure significantly in almost every diagnostic category, although there was marked variability within the diagnostic categories themselves. The therapeutic trial approach is suggested as an aid in selecting persons who will respond adequately to timolol drops.", "contents": "Timolol: its effectiveness in different types of glaucoma. A study is presented on the effectiveness of timolol maleate in the treatment of 76 cases of various types of glaucoma. Timolol lowered intraocular pressure significantly in almost every diagnostic category, although there was marked variability within the diagnostic categories themselves. The therapeutic trial approach is suggested as an aid in selecting persons who will respond adequately to timolol drops.", "PMID": 530564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4550", "title": "Diabetic macular edema and argon laser photocoagulation: a prospective randomized study.", "content": "Loss of vision from diabetic retinopathy can result from complications of neovascular proliferation, or frequently, from macular edema secondary to background diabetic retinopathy. Although the benefits of photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy have been clarified by the National Eye Institute's collaborative diabetic retinopathy study, those for background diabetic retinopathy with macular edema remain unclear. Several articles have described the visual benefits and reduction of edema following photocoagulation of eyes with background diabetic retinopathy and macular edema, but only Patz's study was prospectively designed utilizing a random assignment of laser treatment for one eye with the other eye remaining untreated. This article reports the two-year results of a similar prospective study in which one eye in each of 39 patients with symmetrical macular edema secondary to background diabetic retinopathy was randomly selected to receive argon laser photocoagulation, while the fellow eye remained untreated.", "contents": "Diabetic macular edema and argon laser photocoagulation: a prospective randomized study. Loss of vision from diabetic retinopathy can result from complications of neovascular proliferation, or frequently, from macular edema secondary to background diabetic retinopathy. Although the benefits of photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy have been clarified by the National Eye Institute's collaborative diabetic retinopathy study, those for background diabetic retinopathy with macular edema remain unclear. Several articles have described the visual benefits and reduction of edema following photocoagulation of eyes with background diabetic retinopathy and macular edema, but only Patz's study was prospectively designed utilizing a random assignment of laser treatment for one eye with the other eye remaining untreated. This article reports the two-year results of a similar prospective study in which one eye in each of 39 patients with symmetrical macular edema secondary to background diabetic retinopathy was randomly selected to receive argon laser photocoagulation, while the fellow eye remained untreated.", "PMID": 530565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4551", "title": "XXXV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Allergic granulomatous nodules of the eyelid and conjunctiva.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of granulomas of the conjunctiva or eyelids were studied, and the clinical and pathologic features were tabled. All cases showed the histologic features of the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, that is a giant cell and eosinophil granulomatous reaction to an antigen-antibody precipitate originally described in relation to parasites or fungi. Seven typical cases were selected for detailed description; in four of these cases, unidentified nematodes were the cause of the condition.", "contents": "XXXV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Allergic granulomatous nodules of the eyelid and conjunctiva. Twenty-two cases of granulomas of the conjunctiva or eyelids were studied, and the clinical and pathologic features were tabled. All cases showed the histologic features of the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, that is a giant cell and eosinophil granulomatous reaction to an antigen-antibody precipitate originally described in relation to parasites or fungi. Seven typical cases were selected for detailed description; in four of these cases, unidentified nematodes were the cause of the condition.", "PMID": 530569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4552", "title": "Retinal detachments and topical ocular miotics.", "content": "There is increasing suspicion that topical ocular miotic therapy in selected persons may precipitate retinal detachments. This is a rare event and probably does not occur in patients free of retinal pathology. Data supporting a possible cause and effect relationship, obtained from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, a survey of the Retina Society, medicolegal decisions, and a review of the literature, is presented.", "contents": "Retinal detachments and topical ocular miotics. There is increasing suspicion that topical ocular miotic therapy in selected persons may precipitate retinal detachments. This is a rare event and probably does not occur in patients free of retinal pathology. Data supporting a possible cause and effect relationship, obtained from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, a survey of the Retina Society, medicolegal decisions, and a review of the literature, is presented.", "PMID": 530570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4553", "title": "Similarity of the intraocular pressure response to different corticosteroid esters when compliance is controlled.", "content": "Fifty-four subjects with initial intraocular pressures under 20 mm Hg received a different commercial corticosteroid ester of prednisolone or dexamethasone in each eye for three to six weeks. Compliance was controlled. The intraocular pressure responses of the two eyes of a subject were similar. It was concluded that the absorptions of all four corticosteroids were in excess of the minimum amounts needed to maximally elevate pressure. Subjects complained that prednisolone acetate was irritating. Corticosteroid-induced uveitis developed in 3% (3) of the eyes.", "contents": "Similarity of the intraocular pressure response to different corticosteroid esters when compliance is controlled. Fifty-four subjects with initial intraocular pressures under 20 mm Hg received a different commercial corticosteroid ester of prednisolone or dexamethasone in each eye for three to six weeks. Compliance was controlled. The intraocular pressure responses of the two eyes of a subject were similar. It was concluded that the absorptions of all four corticosteroids were in excess of the minimum amounts needed to maximally elevate pressure. Subjects complained that prednisolone acetate was irritating. Corticosteroid-induced uveitis developed in 3% (3) of the eyes.", "PMID": 530571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4554", "title": "The evolution of the anterior chamber implant up to, and including, the Choyce Mark IX.", "content": "Since 1963, the Choyce Mark VIII lens, a quadrupedal, anterior chamber implant, has proved satisfactory following conventional intracapsular surgery in eyes of normal size, but less successful after primary extracapsular procedures and in small eyes. Reducing some of its dimensions by as much as 30% enables the surgeon to treat a much wider range of cataract problems through a smaller incision. The reduced-size version is known as the Choyce Mark IX anterior chamber implant. The quadrupedal principle has been preserved.", "contents": "The evolution of the anterior chamber implant up to, and including, the Choyce Mark IX. Since 1963, the Choyce Mark VIII lens, a quadrupedal, anterior chamber implant, has proved satisfactory following conventional intracapsular surgery in eyes of normal size, but less successful after primary extracapsular procedures and in small eyes. Reducing some of its dimensions by as much as 30% enables the surgeon to treat a much wider range of cataract problems through a smaller incision. The reduced-size version is known as the Choyce Mark IX anterior chamber implant. The quadrupedal principle has been preserved.", "PMID": 530573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4555", "title": "Binkhorst Lecture (Part 1). Experimental cataract surgery.", "content": "The use of intraocular lenses in cataract surgery leads to a greater corneal complication rate than surgical treatment without such devices. It has been assumed that the predominant reason for this is surgical trauma at the time of lens insertion. A laboratory study to verify and analyze this difference has been carried out, the cat being used as an experimental model. This first report evaluates the effect of the usual steps of cataract extraction on the density of corneal endothelial cells.", "contents": "Binkhorst Lecture (Part 1). Experimental cataract surgery. The use of intraocular lenses in cataract surgery leads to a greater corneal complication rate than surgical treatment without such devices. It has been assumed that the predominant reason for this is surgical trauma at the time of lens insertion. A laboratory study to verify and analyze this difference has been carried out, the cat being used as an experimental model. This first report evaluates the effect of the usual steps of cataract extraction on the density of corneal endothelial cells.", "PMID": 530575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4556", "title": "Protection of corneal endothelium during intraocular lens implantation using polymacon, a new surgical technique.", "content": "A controlled series of intraocular lens implantations on paired cat eyes was performed to determine if a polymacon sheet (Bausch & Lomb plano-T soft contact lens) could protect the corneal endothelium from damage caused by contact with a methyl methacrylate intraocular lens. A new surgical technique has been developed that reduces the endothelial cell loss from 51% (standard implantation technique) to 9% (new polymacon-shield technique).", "contents": "Protection of corneal endothelium during intraocular lens implantation using polymacon, a new surgical technique. A controlled series of intraocular lens implantations on paired cat eyes was performed to determine if a polymacon sheet (Bausch & Lomb plano-T soft contact lens) could protect the corneal endothelium from damage caused by contact with a methyl methacrylate intraocular lens. A new surgical technique has been developed that reduces the endothelial cell loss from 51% (standard implantation technique) to 9% (new polymacon-shield technique).", "PMID": 530576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4557", "title": "Retinal detachment and pseudophakia.", "content": "A consecutive series of pseudophakic retinal detachments was statistically compared with a matched group of aphakic retinal detachments. Distribution of breaks, anatomic results, and final visual acuities were tabulated. Success in reattachment was equal in the two groups, but final visual acuities were better in the aphakic group. Emphasis was placed on the intraoperative ophthalmoscopic examination of pseudophakic eyes with compromised peripheral fundus visibility.", "contents": "Retinal detachment and pseudophakia. A consecutive series of pseudophakic retinal detachments was statistically compared with a matched group of aphakic retinal detachments. Distribution of breaks, anatomic results, and final visual acuities were tabulated. Success in reattachment was equal in the two groups, but final visual acuities were better in the aphakic group. Emphasis was placed on the intraoperative ophthalmoscopic examination of pseudophakic eyes with compromised peripheral fundus visibility.", "PMID": 530577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4558", "title": "Early detection of retinal involvement in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry.", "content": "Vitreous fluorophotometry is a new quantitative method for evaluation of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The application of this method to a series of diabetic patients with apparently normal fundi revealed the presence of a significant breakdown of the BRB in the early stages of retinal involvement in diabetes. This alteration of the BRB appears to be the earliest clinically detectable change to occur in the retina in diabetes. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values, indicating a more marked breakdown of the BRB, occurred in patients who were under worse metabolic control. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values were also associated with the development of visible retinal lesions.", "contents": "Early detection of retinal involvement in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry. Vitreous fluorophotometry is a new quantitative method for evaluation of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The application of this method to a series of diabetic patients with apparently normal fundi revealed the presence of a significant breakdown of the BRB in the early stages of retinal involvement in diabetes. This alteration of the BRB appears to be the earliest clinically detectable change to occur in the retina in diabetes. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values, indicating a more marked breakdown of the BRB, occurred in patients who were under worse metabolic control. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values were also associated with the development of visible retinal lesions.", "PMID": 530578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4559", "title": "CO2 laser in vitreoretinal surgery: 1. Quantitative investigation of the effects of CO2 laser radiation on ocular tissue.", "content": "Scleral, lens, and vitreoretinal tissue was incised using CO2 laser radiation in a controlled and predictable fashion without producing untoward effects on neighboring ocular tissue. The penetration depth of infrared radiation into normal human vitreous was measured and was found to be exceedingly small. A quantitative correlation was observed between the CO2 laser power and the depth of penetration in scleral-chorio-retinal wall incisions and in lens tissue from human eyebank eyes. The results of this investigation suggest that the CO2 laser may be  useful in intravitreal surgery, full-thickness scleral-chorio-retinal wall resections, transvitreal chorioretinal biopsy, and even dissolution of cataracts.", "contents": "CO2 laser in vitreoretinal surgery: 1. Quantitative investigation of the effects of CO2 laser radiation on ocular tissue. Scleral, lens, and vitreoretinal tissue was incised using CO2 laser radiation in a controlled and predictable fashion without producing untoward effects on neighboring ocular tissue. The penetration depth of infrared radiation into normal human vitreous was measured and was found to be exceedingly small. A quantitative correlation was observed between the CO2 laser power and the depth of penetration in scleral-chorio-retinal wall incisions and in lens tissue from human eyebank eyes. The results of this investigation suggest that the CO2 laser may be  useful in intravitreal surgery, full-thickness scleral-chorio-retinal wall resections, transvitreal chorioretinal biopsy, and even dissolution of cataracts.", "PMID": 530579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4560", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmology update.", "content": "One source of ophthalmologic concern today is the normal computed tomography (CT) scan. The most important tests in any patient with visual loss are the history, fields, and office visit findings. A visual field examination should be obtained before a CT scan. The importance of aiming the CT machine by the history is stressed, and conservative approach to optic nerve sheath meningiomas is advised.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmology update. One source of ophthalmologic concern today is the normal computed tomography (CT) scan. The most important tests in any patient with visual loss are the history, fields, and office visit findings. A visual field examination should be obtained before a CT scan. The importance of aiming the CT machine by the history is stressed, and conservative approach to optic nerve sheath meningiomas is advised.", "PMID": 530581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4561", "title": "Surgical lesions of the intracranial optic nerves and optic chiasm.", "content": "Compressive tumors and vascular lesions affecting the intracranial optic nerves and optic chiasm are of interest to both the neurosurgeon and the neuro-ophthalmologist. Common types of tumors that occur in the chiasmal and parasellar regions are discussed in terms of their course, neuro-ophthalmologic implications, and surgical treatment by the transsphenoidal approach as opposed to the standard subfrontal approach. Vascular lesions that cause visual distrubances, including intracranial aneurysms and arteries acting as compressive lesions of the chiasm and nerves or in conjunction with tumors, are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical lesions of the intracranial optic nerves and optic chiasm. Compressive tumors and vascular lesions affecting the intracranial optic nerves and optic chiasm are of interest to both the neurosurgeon and the neuro-ophthalmologist. Common types of tumors that occur in the chiasmal and parasellar regions are discussed in terms of their course, neuro-ophthalmologic implications, and surgical treatment by the transsphenoidal approach as opposed to the standard subfrontal approach. Vascular lesions that cause visual distrubances, including intracranial aneurysms and arteries acting as compressive lesions of the chiasm and nerves or in conjunction with tumors, are discussed.", "PMID": 530582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4562", "title": "Presumed phlebitis of the optic disc.", "content": "The clinical picture of unilateral disc edema suggests the presence of ocular, orbital, or intracranial disease. This report focuses on a poorly appreciated and often overlooked cause of unilateral disc edema, presumed phlebitis of the optic disc, along with a review of the  literature. Typical case presentations are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the neurophthalmologic approach to this entity. An appropriate diagnostic evaluation and indications for treatment are presented. Awareness of this syndrome can eliminate extensive neurodiagnostic procedures for the patient with a typical clinical picture.", "contents": "Presumed phlebitis of the optic disc. The clinical picture of unilateral disc edema suggests the presence of ocular, orbital, or intracranial disease. This report focuses on a poorly appreciated and often overlooked cause of unilateral disc edema, presumed phlebitis of the optic disc, along with a review of the  literature. Typical case presentations are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the neurophthalmologic approach to this entity. An appropriate diagnostic evaluation and indications for treatment are presented. Awareness of this syndrome can eliminate extensive neurodiagnostic procedures for the patient with a typical clinical picture.", "PMID": 530583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4563", "title": "Results of excision of advanced epithelial downgrowth.", "content": "Advanced epithelial downgrowth was excised in 14 patients. The technique involved excision under direct observation of the epithelium found as bands in the anterior chamber and as membranes in the front and back of the iris, over the ciliary body, on the front and back surfaces of intraocular lenses, and over the vitreous face. In the first nine cases, cryoapplication was used to destroy the epithelium on the back of the cornea. In three patients, in spite of repeated applications, the epithelium was unaffected by freezing. In these cases the epithelial downgrowth was excised by scraping it free from the back of the cornea. In four eyes the whole cornea was removed both for visualization of the extent of the growth of the epithelium throughout the anterior and posterior chamber and to scrape the epithelium free. Thereafter the cornea was replaced. Eleven of the 14 eyes have remained free of epithelial downgrowth from 18 months to eight years postoperatively. Penetrating corneal transplantations were performed in six eyes because of corneal edema; these have remained transparent. Although two eyes have vision better than 20/40, the majority have 20/200.", "contents": "Results of excision of advanced epithelial downgrowth. Advanced epithelial downgrowth was excised in 14 patients. The technique involved excision under direct observation of the epithelium found as bands in the anterior chamber and as membranes in the front and back of the iris, over the ciliary body, on the front and back surfaces of intraocular lenses, and over the vitreous face. In the first nine cases, cryoapplication was used to destroy the epithelium on the back of the cornea. In three patients, in spite of repeated applications, the epithelium was unaffected by freezing. In these cases the epithelial downgrowth was excised by scraping it free from the back of the cornea. In four eyes the whole cornea was removed both for visualization of the extent of the growth of the epithelium throughout the anterior and posterior chamber and to scrape the epithelium free. Thereafter the cornea was replaced. Eleven of the 14 eyes have remained free of epithelial downgrowth from 18 months to eight years postoperatively. Penetrating corneal transplantations were performed in six eyes because of corneal edema; these have remained transparent. Although two eyes have vision better than 20/40, the majority have 20/200.", "PMID": 530584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4564", "title": "Extended wear of CAB contact lenses in aphakic patients.", "content": "In order to assess the applicability and safety of cellulose acetate buterate (CAB) contact lenses for extended wear in aphakia, 139 lenses were fitted in 102 aphakic patients. These lenses were removed periodically for cleaning only. There has been an average follow-up of 24.75 months on 99 patients (135 lenses), with a success rate of 80%. No serious complications or corneal vascularization have occurred. The major problems encountered were due to lack of tint, increased tendency to accumulate mucus, and the need for periodic insertion and removal.", "contents": "Extended wear of CAB contact lenses in aphakic patients. In order to assess the applicability and safety of cellulose acetate buterate (CAB) contact lenses for extended wear in aphakia, 139 lenses were fitted in 102 aphakic patients. These lenses were removed periodically for cleaning only. There has been an average follow-up of 24.75 months on 99 patients (135 lenses), with a success rate of 80%. No serious complications or corneal vascularization have occurred. The major problems encountered were due to lack of tint, increased tendency to accumulate mucus, and the need for periodic insertion and removal.", "PMID": 530585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4565", "title": "Applied optical principles: keratometry.", "content": "The optical correction of the aphakic eye requires the addition of a significant amount of vergence power to the corneal interface by one of three modalities: spectacle, contact lens, or intraocular lens. No matter which modality is chosen, based upon Gullstrand's parameters, the corneal interface provides approximately 74% of the effective vergence power of the eye; therefore, it is essential to understand the principles underlying the clinical assessment of the refracting power of the cornea. This presentation briefly reviews selected principles underlying the determination of corneal curvature and toricity by keratometry, as well as their relationship to the correcting spectacle lenses, and emphasizes the necessity of surveying the topography of the cornea for the greatest accuracy in these measurements.", "contents": "Applied optical principles: keratometry. The optical correction of the aphakic eye requires the addition of a significant amount of vergence power to the corneal interface by one of three modalities: spectacle, contact lens, or intraocular lens. No matter which modality is chosen, based upon Gullstrand's parameters, the corneal interface provides approximately 74% of the effective vergence power of the eye; therefore, it is essential to understand the principles underlying the clinical assessment of the refracting power of the cornea. This presentation briefly reviews selected principles underlying the determination of corneal curvature and toricity by keratometry, as well as their relationship to the correcting spectacle lenses, and emphasizes the necessity of surveying the topography of the cornea for the greatest accuracy in these measurements.", "PMID": 530586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4566", "title": "Defects of vision through aphakic spectacle lenses.", "content": "The following defects of aphakic vision will be reviewed: (1) magnification, which causes false orientation (due to excessive overall magnification of aphakic spectacles, resulting in false depth, and false projection) and distortion (due to excessive peripheral magnification of aphakic spectacles, resulting in pincushioning and concave contracture of the peripheral visual field); (2) swim; (3) image aberrations due to defects of focus through the periphery of aphakic spectacle lenses, resulting from radial astigmatism, curvature of image plane, spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration; (4) restricted peripheral visual field due to small lens size, the roving ring scotoma, and the unrefracted area outside the field of view of aphakic spectacle lenses; (5) near vision problems; (6) weight, thickness, and cosmetic appearance of aphakic eyeglasses; and (7) inaccurate spectacle prescription due to faulty measurement of vertex distance, inaccurate lens duplication, pantoscopic tilt, turning of head during refraction, and rotation of eye during refraction.", "contents": "Defects of vision through aphakic spectacle lenses. The following defects of aphakic vision will be reviewed: (1) magnification, which causes false orientation (due to excessive overall magnification of aphakic spectacles, resulting in false depth, and false projection) and distortion (due to excessive peripheral magnification of aphakic spectacles, resulting in pincushioning and concave contracture of the peripheral visual field); (2) swim; (3) image aberrations due to defects of focus through the periphery of aphakic spectacle lenses, resulting from radial astigmatism, curvature of image plane, spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration; (4) restricted peripheral visual field due to small lens size, the roving ring scotoma, and the unrefracted area outside the field of view of aphakic spectacle lenses; (5) near vision problems; (6) weight, thickness, and cosmetic appearance of aphakic eyeglasses; and (7) inaccurate spectacle prescription due to faulty measurement of vertex distance, inaccurate lens duplication, pantoscopic tilt, turning of head during refraction, and rotation of eye during refraction.", "PMID": 530587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4567", "title": "Newer designs of aphakic spectacle eyeglasses.", "content": "This paper discusses the four available types of plastic aphakic spectacle lenses, which include (1) nonaspheric nonlineticular, (2)hardly aspheric lenticular and moderately aspheric lenticular, (3) mildly aspheric nonlenticular, and (4) highly aspheric nonlenticular in much larger eye size but adjusted closer to the eye to produce an enlarged visual field and suppress the \"jack-in-the-box\" phenomenon. Absolute size of the refracted peripheral visual fields through these types will be compared for the stationary eye in primary fixation. These visual fields were performed on the Amark projection perimeter. Helpful hints will be presented on how to determine if the patient has obtained the types of lenses prescribed and how to best prescribe each of these lenses.", "contents": "Newer designs of aphakic spectacle eyeglasses. This paper discusses the four available types of plastic aphakic spectacle lenses, which include (1) nonaspheric nonlineticular, (2)hardly aspheric lenticular and moderately aspheric lenticular, (3) mildly aspheric nonlenticular, and (4) highly aspheric nonlenticular in much larger eye size but adjusted closer to the eye to produce an enlarged visual field and suppress the \"jack-in-the-box\" phenomenon. Absolute size of the refracted peripheral visual fields through these types will be compared for the stationary eye in primary fixation. These visual fields were performed on the Amark projection perimeter. Helpful hints will be presented on how to determine if the patient has obtained the types of lenses prescribed and how to best prescribe each of these lenses.", "PMID": 530588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4568", "title": "Physiology of monocular aphakia.", "content": "The refraction of the unilateral aphakic patient has been aided by recent improvements in the ophthalmometer. New techniques simplify retinoscopic assessment of the patient. Choice of the type of correction, ie, spectacle, contact lens, contact lens-spectacle combination, or intraocular lens, depends on several factors. One factor is image size difference in aphakic and phakic eyes, particularly if removal of a second cataract is not imminent and vision is good in both eyes. Simple approaches that allow approximate size correction and effective restoration of binocularity are described. The current status of correction of vision in unilateral aphakic infants and young children is also discussed.", "contents": "Physiology of monocular aphakia. The refraction of the unilateral aphakic patient has been aided by recent improvements in the ophthalmometer. New techniques simplify retinoscopic assessment of the patient. Choice of the type of correction, ie, spectacle, contact lens, contact lens-spectacle combination, or intraocular lens, depends on several factors. One factor is image size difference in aphakic and phakic eyes, particularly if removal of a second cataract is not imminent and vision is good in both eyes. Simple approaches that allow approximate size correction and effective restoration of binocularity are described. The current status of correction of vision in unilateral aphakic infants and young children is also discussed.", "PMID": 530589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4569", "title": "Soft lens design in aphakia.", "content": "Because of their size and mass, weight is a major concern in the fitting of soft gel lenses. Lenticular design is necessary, and there are essentially two lens designs for aphakia: the spin-cast lens of Bausch & Lomb and the lathe-cut lenses of the other manufacturers. A solution to the problem of weight in a single cut soft contact lens is presented.", "contents": "Soft lens design in aphakia. Because of their size and mass, weight is a major concern in the fitting of soft gel lenses. Lenticular design is necessary, and there are essentially two lens designs for aphakia: the spin-cast lens of Bausch & Lomb and the lathe-cut lenses of the other manufacturers. A solution to the problem of weight in a single cut soft contact lens is presented.", "PMID": 530590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4570", "title": "Prolonged wearing contact lenses and preliminary results.", "content": "Extended wear contact lenses are sure to gain approval sometime during 1979. Four such lenses are briefly described, and the author's experience with one of them is discussed. The characteristics that differentiate these lenses from daily wear lenses are the high water content and the thinness.", "contents": "Prolonged wearing contact lenses and preliminary results. Extended wear contact lenses are sure to gain approval sometime during 1979. Four such lenses are briefly described, and the author's experience with one of them is discussed. The characteristics that differentiate these lenses from daily wear lenses are the high water content and the thinness.", "PMID": 530591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4571", "title": "The eye movement disorders of progressive supranuclear palsy.", "content": "In addition to the gross disturbances of vertical gaze, patients with progressive supranuclear palsy may show abnormalities in the saccadic and pursuit subsystems of horizontal gaze. Saccades are slower and smaller than normal. An attempt to elicit a large amplitude saccade will often result in a series of \"fractionated\" saccades. Pursuit eye movements become saccadic. The quick phases of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus are of low amplitude. In the study presented, eye movements of 13 patients were recorded clinically and by electro-oculography, and data from the two methods, compared.", "contents": "The eye movement disorders of progressive supranuclear palsy. In addition to the gross disturbances of vertical gaze, patients with progressive supranuclear palsy may show abnormalities in the saccadic and pursuit subsystems of horizontal gaze. Saccades are slower and smaller than normal. An attempt to elicit a large amplitude saccade will often result in a series of \"fractionated\" saccades. Pursuit eye movements become saccadic. The quick phases of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus are of low amplitude. In the study presented, eye movements of 13 patients were recorded clinically and by electro-oculography, and data from the two methods, compared.", "PMID": 530592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4572", "title": "Infant vision testing by a behavioral method.", "content": "A behavioral method of screening binocular infant vision called forced choice preferential looking (FPL) has been developed. Clinical trials of the FPL test for young infants are reported here. The test aids nonspecialized personnel in early identification of bilateral ocular abnormalities and anomalies of binocular cooperation (strabismus). It is not possible to screen for monocular eye disease or amblyopia with this test. Modifications of the FPL test may offer new ways of assessing other aspects of visual function early in life.", "contents": "Infant vision testing by a behavioral method. A behavioral method of screening binocular infant vision called forced choice preferential looking (FPL) has been developed. Clinical trials of the FPL test for young infants are reported here. The test aids nonspecialized personnel in early identification of bilateral ocular abnormalities and anomalies of binocular cooperation (strabismus). It is not possible to screen for monocular eye disease or amblyopia with this test. Modifications of the FPL test may offer new ways of assessing other aspects of visual function early in life.", "PMID": 530593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4573", "title": "Laser scotometry in drusen and pits of the optic nerve head.", "content": "Laser scotometry is an accurate means of detecting dense blind spots. A small low-energy spot is guided across the fundus from nonseeing to seeing areas. Patient responses are recorded on fundus photographys, allowing direct correlation with fundus pathology. Accuracy to less than 1 degree is feasible. All typical optic nerve drusen tested with this technique had field defects. In cases of optic nerve pits, dense scotomas correlated with the shape of visible nerve fiber defects rather than with the shape of serous retinal detachments.", "contents": "Laser scotometry in drusen and pits of the optic nerve head. Laser scotometry is an accurate means of detecting dense blind spots. A small low-energy spot is guided across the fundus from nonseeing to seeing areas. Patient responses are recorded on fundus photographys, allowing direct correlation with fundus pathology. Accuracy to less than 1 degree is feasible. All typical optic nerve drusen tested with this technique had field defects. In cases of optic nerve pits, dense scotomas correlated with the shape of visible nerve fiber defects rather than with the shape of serous retinal detachments.", "PMID": 530594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4574", "title": "Self-injected retinal emboli.", "content": "Twelve patients with bilateral intraretinal talc emboli were examined. Each patient had self-injected large doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin) for one or more years. All fundi showed yellow-white particles in the macular area, and two eyes had reduced vision secondary to retinal vascular occlusion. The clinical syndrome, ophthalmoscopic appearance, and fluorescein angiographic findings of self-injected retinal emboli are presented, and the pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Self-injected retinal emboli. Twelve patients with bilateral intraretinal talc emboli were examined. Each patient had self-injected large doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin) for one or more years. All fundi showed yellow-white particles in the macular area, and two eyes had reduced vision secondary to retinal vascular occlusion. The clinical syndrome, ophthalmoscopic appearance, and fluorescein angiographic findings of self-injected retinal emboli are presented, and the pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 530595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4575", "title": "Argon laser trabeculotomy:long-term follow-up.", "content": "A five-year follow-up of argon laser trabeculectomy in a group of 28 male patients with bilateral patients with bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma showed an overall mean pressure drop of 10.3 mm Hg in treated eyes. Twenty percent of the treated eyes had a pressure less than 20 mm Hg up to two years after treatment. No specific laser parameters were associated with pressure lowering. The pressure drop appears more patient dependent than treatment dependent. A randomized clinical trial is suggested.", "contents": "Argon laser trabeculotomy:long-term follow-up. A five-year follow-up of argon laser trabeculectomy in a group of 28 male patients with bilateral patients with bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma showed an overall mean pressure drop of 10.3 mm Hg in treated eyes. Twenty percent of the treated eyes had a pressure less than 20 mm Hg up to two years after treatment. No specific laser parameters were associated with pressure lowering. The pressure drop appears more patient dependent than treatment dependent. A randomized clinical trial is suggested.", "PMID": 530598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4576", "title": "Unilateral tonsillar enlargement.", "content": "Unilateral tonsillar enlargement may result from infection, chronic inflammatory response, or neoplasm. Neoplasms that commonly produce a unilaterally enlarged tonsil include lymphomas (lymphocytic and histiocytic types) and squamous cell carcinomas. Rarer tumors include extramedullary plasmacytomas, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, and metastatic neoplasms. Sixteen cases of unilateral tonsillar enlargement owing to causes other than squamous cell carcinoma are reviewed. When examining a patient with unilateral tonsillar enlargement, diagnosis of a neoplastic disease must be considered.", "contents": "Unilateral tonsillar enlargement. Unilateral tonsillar enlargement may result from infection, chronic inflammatory response, or neoplasm. Neoplasms that commonly produce a unilaterally enlarged tonsil include lymphomas (lymphocytic and histiocytic types) and squamous cell carcinomas. Rarer tumors include extramedullary plasmacytomas, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, and metastatic neoplasms. Sixteen cases of unilateral tonsillar enlargement owing to causes other than squamous cell carcinoma are reviewed. When examining a patient with unilateral tonsillar enlargement, diagnosis of a neoplastic disease must be considered.", "PMID": 530694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4577", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon disease of cartilaginous transformation of synovial membrane with formation of loose bodies within the joint space. A case involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is presented. In the TMJ, this disorder occurs more often in females and is usually on the right side. Symptoms include preauricular swelling, pain, and tenderness. Radiographs of the TMJ may be normal, but frequently show multiple, partially calcified loose bodies within the joint. Treatment consists of removal of the loose bodies together with all affected synovium. If the meniscus is excised, reconstruction with a Silastic prosthesis is recommended.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint. Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon disease of cartilaginous transformation of synovial membrane with formation of loose bodies within the joint space. A case involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is presented. In the TMJ, this disorder occurs more often in females and is usually on the right side. Symptoms include preauricular swelling, pain, and tenderness. Radiographs of the TMJ may be normal, but frequently show multiple, partially calcified loose bodies within the joint. Treatment consists of removal of the loose bodies together with all affected synovium. If the meniscus is excised, reconstruction with a Silastic prosthesis is recommended.", "PMID": 530695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4578", "title": "Vasodilating agents in augmentation of skin flap survival.", "content": "Skin flap necrosis is a serious problem in reconstructive head and neck surgery. Currently, the only clinically effective means of preventing flap necrosis is delay. Hypothesized mechanisms of delayed and experimental methods of increasing flap survival are discussed. Investigative data supporting the use of phentolamine to augment flap survival are presented.", "contents": "Vasodilating agents in augmentation of skin flap survival. Skin flap necrosis is a serious problem in reconstructive head and neck surgery. Currently, the only clinically effective means of preventing flap necrosis is delay. Hypothesized mechanisms of delayed and experimental methods of increasing flap survival are discussed. Investigative data supporting the use of phentolamine to augment flap survival are presented.", "PMID": 530697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4579", "title": "Mucocele of the sphenoid sinus: report of a case.", "content": "A case is presented in which a sphenoid sinus mucocele was indicated by rapidly progressive blindness in the left eye. Recognition and extension of the mucocele was made possible with a computerized tomographic (CT) scan and tomograms, which outlined its boundaries and the involvement of the maxillary sinus, the ethmoid, and the left orbit. Immediate decompression and marsupialization of the cyst through the left maxillary sinus, using the Caldwell-Luc approach, gave excellent results. Immediate improvement of vision was noted and almost complete return of vision occured within six weeks.", "contents": "Mucocele of the sphenoid sinus: report of a case. A case is presented in which a sphenoid sinus mucocele was indicated by rapidly progressive blindness in the left eye. Recognition and extension of the mucocele was made possible with a computerized tomographic (CT) scan and tomograms, which outlined its boundaries and the involvement of the maxillary sinus, the ethmoid, and the left orbit. Immediate decompression and marsupialization of the cyst through the left maxillary sinus, using the Caldwell-Luc approach, gave excellent results. Immediate improvement of vision was noted and almost complete return of vision occured within six weeks.", "PMID": 530696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4580", "title": "Mucosal tattooing in oral cavity carcinoma.", "content": "Tattooing provides accurate localization for tumor surgery following radiation therapy. This paper describes studies done on tattooing technique and instruments available currently. Procedures tested included hypodermic needles and three types of surgical instruments. Chemical tested included india ink, iron oxide, and colored pigments. India ink and iron oxide used with the Spaulding-Rogers Outliner gave satisfactory tattoos.", "contents": "Mucosal tattooing in oral cavity carcinoma. Tattooing provides accurate localization for tumor surgery following radiation therapy. This paper describes studies done on tattooing technique and instruments available currently. Procedures tested included hypodermic needles and three types of surgical instruments. Chemical tested included india ink, iron oxide, and colored pigments. India ink and iron oxide used with the Spaulding-Rogers Outliner gave satisfactory tattoos.", "PMID": 530699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4581", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma in a patient with a coexisting functional adenoma.", "content": "Fourteen case reports have been published in which \"hot\" nodules have been documented as carcinoma, with or without coexisting adenomas. The diagnosis of these lesions is difficult, since hot nodules usually represent benign disease. These carcinomas are not functional, but represent coexistence of a functional area or a malignant degeneration. Hot nodule carcinomas should be suspected in high-risk patients. A euthyroid, 31-year-old woman who, as a teenager, had radiotherapy for acne is reported. She was followed up with yearly scans for a hot nodule in the right lower lobe of her thyroid. When she was 36, a node was discovered in the right side of her neck, and carcinoma was suspected. Surgical excision revealed a papillary-follicular carcinoma adjacent to an adenoma with metastases to regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma in a patient with a coexisting functional adenoma. Fourteen case reports have been published in which \"hot\" nodules have been documented as carcinoma, with or without coexisting adenomas. The diagnosis of these lesions is difficult, since hot nodules usually represent benign disease. These carcinomas are not functional, but represent coexistence of a functional area or a malignant degeneration. Hot nodule carcinomas should be suspected in high-risk patients. A euthyroid, 31-year-old woman who, as a teenager, had radiotherapy for acne is reported. She was followed up with yearly scans for a hot nodule in the right lower lobe of her thyroid. When she was 36, a node was discovered in the right side of her neck, and carcinoma was suspected. Surgical excision revealed a papillary-follicular carcinoma adjacent to an adenoma with metastases to regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 530698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4582", "title": "Infectious and noninfectious complications in major head and neck surgery.", "content": "The Hemovac drainage system was required postoperatively for 156 patients who had undergone major head and neck surgical treatment. This study distinguishes infectious complications from noninfectious complications by the aerobic and anaerobic cultures that were taken from the Hemovac line drainage and any subsequent complications. The 33% complication rate included only those of the head and neck and excluded general medical complications. Of the 52 patients having complications, 19 had infectious, 24 had noninfectious, and nine had both infectious and noninfectious complications.", "contents": "Infectious and noninfectious complications in major head and neck surgery. The Hemovac drainage system was required postoperatively for 156 patients who had undergone major head and neck surgical treatment. This study distinguishes infectious complications from noninfectious complications by the aerobic and anaerobic cultures that were taken from the Hemovac line drainage and any subsequent complications. The 33% complication rate included only those of the head and neck and excluded general medical complications. Of the 52 patients having complications, 19 had infectious, 24 had noninfectious, and nine had both infectious and noninfectious complications.", "PMID": 530700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4583", "title": "Endoscopic nomenclature for bronchopulmonary anatomy.", "content": "Development of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) has allowed visualization of the peripheral tracheobronchial tree to the level of fifth-order bronchi. Examination of this area requires an extended anatomic nomenclature to describe the pathology of findings. A system of description is presented that combines the concepts of Jackson and Huber, Boyden, Ikeda, and Weibel into a practical endoscopic shorthand lettering designation for endobronchial anatomy. Using the system, a sub-sub-subsegmental (fifth order) bronchus in the right lung could be designated RB1b1 alpha. The principles are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Endoscopic nomenclature for bronchopulmonary anatomy. Development of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) has allowed visualization of the peripheral tracheobronchial tree to the level of fifth-order bronchi. Examination of this area requires an extended anatomic nomenclature to describe the pathology of findings. A system of description is presented that combines the concepts of Jackson and Huber, Boyden, Ikeda, and Weibel into a practical endoscopic shorthand lettering designation for endobronchial anatomy. Using the system, a sub-sub-subsegmental (fifth order) bronchus in the right lung could be designated RB1b1 alpha. The principles are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 530701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4584", "title": "Squamous metaplasia of the middle ear mucosa during vitamin A deprivation.", "content": "Adult and juvenile albino rats were maintained on a vitamin A-free test diet for 2 to 28 weeks. Histologic study of the middle ear and eustachian tube mucosa of these animals showed extensive focal squamous metaplasia when compared with the control group. Keratinization of large areas of normally columnar, ciliated epithelium was observed without frank keratoma formation. In over half of the most vitamin A-deficient animals, acute otitis media with effusion was found. It is hypothesized that vitamin A deficiency disrupts the mucocilliary clearing mechanism in the middle ear and eustachian tube, which may lead to effusion and otitis media.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia of the middle ear mucosa during vitamin A deprivation. Adult and juvenile albino rats were maintained on a vitamin A-free test diet for 2 to 28 weeks. Histologic study of the middle ear and eustachian tube mucosa of these animals showed extensive focal squamous metaplasia when compared with the control group. Keratinization of large areas of normally columnar, ciliated epithelium was observed without frank keratoma formation. In over half of the most vitamin A-deficient animals, acute otitis media with effusion was found. It is hypothesized that vitamin A deficiency disrupts the mucocilliary clearing mechanism in the middle ear and eustachian tube, which may lead to effusion and otitis media.", "PMID": 530703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4585", "title": "The significance of lysosomal enzymes in middle ear effusions.", "content": "Although lysosomal enzymes have been demonstrated in middle ear effusions by several investigations, the exact source of these enzymes and the role they play in the maintenance and progression of otitis media with effusion have not been thoroughly studied. The source of lysosomal enzymes in middle ear fluids and their possible role in the inflammatory process in otitis media with effusion are explored.", "contents": "The significance of lysosomal enzymes in middle ear effusions. Although lysosomal enzymes have been demonstrated in middle ear effusions by several investigations, the exact source of these enzymes and the role they play in the maintenance and progression of otitis media with effusion have not been thoroughly studied. The source of lysosomal enzymes in middle ear fluids and their possible role in the inflammatory process in otitis media with effusion are explored.", "PMID": 530704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4586", "title": "Antigenicity of the guinea pig's tympanic membrane.", "content": "The immunogenicity of the middle ear constituents is a matter of prime importance. In this work, the authors were interested in the antigenicity of the guinea pig's tymphanic membrane. They reached the conclusion, after developing an antiserum (IgG), that the tympanic membrane of the guinea pig can be antigenic in the rabbit. After purification and absorption, a cross-reactivity remains between the tympanic membrane and the mucosae of the upper respiratory system.", "contents": "Antigenicity of the guinea pig's tympanic membrane. The immunogenicity of the middle ear constituents is a matter of prime importance. In this work, the authors were interested in the antigenicity of the guinea pig's tymphanic membrane. They reached the conclusion, after developing an antiserum (IgG), that the tympanic membrane of the guinea pig can be antigenic in the rabbit. After purification and absorption, a cross-reactivity remains between the tympanic membrane and the mucosae of the upper respiratory system.", "PMID": 530705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4587", "title": "Electron microscopic findings in presbycusic degeneration of the basal turn of the human cochlea.", "content": "Three human temporal bones with presbycusis affecting the basal turn of the cochlea were studied by light and electron microscopy. Conditions in two ears examined by light microscopy were typical of primary neural degeneration, with a descending audiometric pattern, loss of cochlear neurons in the basal turn, and preservation of the organ of Corti. Ultrastructural analysis revealed normal hair cells and marked degenerative changes of the remaining neural fibers, expecially in the basal turn. These changes included a decrease in the number of synapses at the base of hair cells, accumulation of cellular debris in the spiral bundles, abnormalities of the dendritic fibers and their sheaths in the osseous spiral lamina, and degenerative changes in the spiral ganglion cells and axons. These changes were interpreted as an intermediate stage of degeneration prior to total loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cells as visualized by light microscopy. In the third ear the changes observed were typical of primary degeneration of hair and supporting cells in the basal turn with secondary neural degeneration. Additional observations at an ultrastructural level included maintenance of the tight junctions of the scala media despite loss of both hair and supporting cells, suggesting a capacity for cellular \"healing\" in the inner ear. Degenerative changes were found in the remaining neural fibers in the osseous spiral lamina. In addition, there was marked thickening of the basilar membrane in the basal turn, which consisted of an increased number of fibrils and an accumulation of amorphous osmiophilic material in the basilar membrane. This finding supports the concept that mechanical alterations may occur in presbycusis of the basal turn.", "contents": "Electron microscopic findings in presbycusic degeneration of the basal turn of the human cochlea. Three human temporal bones with presbycusis affecting the basal turn of the cochlea were studied by light and electron microscopy. Conditions in two ears examined by light microscopy were typical of primary neural degeneration, with a descending audiometric pattern, loss of cochlear neurons in the basal turn, and preservation of the organ of Corti. Ultrastructural analysis revealed normal hair cells and marked degenerative changes of the remaining neural fibers, expecially in the basal turn. These changes included a decrease in the number of synapses at the base of hair cells, accumulation of cellular debris in the spiral bundles, abnormalities of the dendritic fibers and their sheaths in the osseous spiral lamina, and degenerative changes in the spiral ganglion cells and axons. These changes were interpreted as an intermediate stage of degeneration prior to total loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cells as visualized by light microscopy. In the third ear the changes observed were typical of primary degeneration of hair and supporting cells in the basal turn with secondary neural degeneration. Additional observations at an ultrastructural level included maintenance of the tight junctions of the scala media despite loss of both hair and supporting cells, suggesting a capacity for cellular \"healing\" in the inner ear. Degenerative changes were found in the remaining neural fibers in the osseous spiral lamina. In addition, there was marked thickening of the basilar membrane in the basal turn, which consisted of an increased number of fibrils and an accumulation of amorphous osmiophilic material in the basilar membrane. This finding supports the concept that mechanical alterations may occur in presbycusis of the basal turn.", "PMID": 530702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4588", "title": "Hearing aid performance relative to site of lesion.", "content": "This study investigated hearing aid acceptance and use as functions of the probable site of a lesion: conductive, cochlear, neural, and central as determined by an audiometric test battery. Results indicate significantly better acceptance of aids in conductive and cochlear disorders than in more central neural and central disorders.", "contents": "Hearing aid performance relative to site of lesion. This study investigated hearing aid acceptance and use as functions of the probable site of a lesion: conductive, cochlear, neural, and central as determined by an audiometric test battery. Results indicate significantly better acceptance of aids in conductive and cochlear disorders than in more central neural and central disorders.", "PMID": 530706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4589", "title": "Detection of middle ear disease in cleft-palate patients.", "content": "A prospective study of 17 cleft-palate patients under the age of 37 months was performed. The otoscopic findings, as reported by the primary physician and otolaryngologist, were compared with the results of tympanometry. Preoperatively, all tympanograms were abnormal. Ears with an AS pattern were not described as abnormal by any physician, and postoperatively, these ears all progresses to a more advanced stage of disease.", "contents": "Detection of middle ear disease in cleft-palate patients. A prospective study of 17 cleft-palate patients under the age of 37 months was performed. The otoscopic findings, as reported by the primary physician and otolaryngologist, were compared with the results of tympanometry. Preoperatively, all tympanograms were abnormal. Ears with an AS pattern were not described as abnormal by any physician, and postoperatively, these ears all progresses to a more advanced stage of disease.", "PMID": 530707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4590", "title": "Evidence for intracochlear impedance changes following ethacrynic acid administration.", "content": "The effects of intra-arterial 30-, 40-, and 50-mg/kg doses of ethacrynic acid upon cochlear function in guinea pigs were studied for periods of three to five hours. Cochlear potentials recorded in the first turn included the endocochlear potential, whole nerve response, cochlear microphonics, and summating potentials in scala media, scala tympani, and scala vestibuli. Evidence of organ of Corti damage at 50 mg/kg was found in addition to electrical impedance changes in the cochlear membranes at all dose levels.", "contents": "Evidence for intracochlear impedance changes following ethacrynic acid administration. The effects of intra-arterial 30-, 40-, and 50-mg/kg doses of ethacrynic acid upon cochlear function in guinea pigs were studied for periods of three to five hours. Cochlear potentials recorded in the first turn included the endocochlear potential, whole nerve response, cochlear microphonics, and summating potentials in scala media, scala tympani, and scala vestibuli. Evidence of organ of Corti damage at 50 mg/kg was found in addition to electrical impedance changes in the cochlear membranes at all dose levels.", "PMID": 530708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4591", "title": "The penetration of gentamicin and neomycin into perilymph across the round window membrane.", "content": "Many commonly employed otic drops contain aminoglycoside antibiotics that may be toxic to the inner ear. A variety of chemicals such as ionic solutions, certain anesthetics, and epinephrine have been shown to diffuse across the round window membrane into the perilymph. Twelve adult cats were studied in this experiment. The auditory bulla was exposed and solutions containing gentamicin or neomycin concentrations similar to that commonly used in otic drops were applied to the round window niche for 15 minutes and washed with saline solution. The gentamicin and neomycin concentrations in the round window niche wash and the perilymph were then assayed by a radioenzymatic method. Concentrations of both antibiotics were observed in the perilymph. Thus, the round window membrane is a route through which these ototoxins may gain access to the inner ear.", "contents": "The penetration of gentamicin and neomycin into perilymph across the round window membrane. Many commonly employed otic drops contain aminoglycoside antibiotics that may be toxic to the inner ear. A variety of chemicals such as ionic solutions, certain anesthetics, and epinephrine have been shown to diffuse across the round window membrane into the perilymph. Twelve adult cats were studied in this experiment. The auditory bulla was exposed and solutions containing gentamicin or neomycin concentrations similar to that commonly used in otic drops were applied to the round window niche for 15 minutes and washed with saline solution. The gentamicin and neomycin concentrations in the round window niche wash and the perilymph were then assayed by a radioenzymatic method. Concentrations of both antibiotics were observed in the perilymph. Thus, the round window membrane is a route through which these ototoxins may gain access to the inner ear.", "PMID": 530709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4592", "title": "Perilymph fistulae: variability of symptoms and results of surgery.", "content": "A perilymphatic fistula of a labyrinthine window may initially present with various cochlear or vestibular symptoms. Vestibular perilymph leaks can occur spontaneously with or without hearing loss and are most readily diagnosed by a positive Hennebert's sign. Surgical correction is indicated and should initially consist of grafting of the perilymph leak. A significant incidence of recurrence warrants further investigation of grafting materials and techniques.", "contents": "Perilymph fistulae: variability of symptoms and results of surgery. A perilymphatic fistula of a labyrinthine window may initially present with various cochlear or vestibular symptoms. Vestibular perilymph leaks can occur spontaneously with or without hearing loss and are most readily diagnosed by a positive Hennebert's sign. Surgical correction is indicated and should initially consist of grafting of the perilymph leak. A significant incidence of recurrence warrants further investigation of grafting materials and techniques.", "PMID": 530710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4593", "title": "The freeze-injection method of hypertrophic scar and keloid reduction.", "content": "Hypertrophic scars and keloids continue to plague the head and neck surgeon as an unpredictable consequence of trauma or incision. The myriad suggested methods of revising such lesions indicate that no one method is foolproof. The application of conventional cryotherapy to the lesion, followed by the dilute intralesional triamcinalone injection, offers several advantages over other methods.", "contents": "The freeze-injection method of hypertrophic scar and keloid reduction. Hypertrophic scars and keloids continue to plague the head and neck surgeon as an unpredictable consequence of trauma or incision. The myriad suggested methods of revising such lesions indicate that no one method is foolproof. The application of conventional cryotherapy to the lesion, followed by the dilute intralesional triamcinalone injection, offers several advantages over other methods.", "PMID": 530712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4594", "title": "Virtual image of the incus from a saline lens: an aid to safe dissection of the mastoid antrum.", "content": "Dissection of the antrum requires judicious visualization of the tegmen, horizontal canal, incus, and facial nerve. Inadvertent contact with the incus by the power drill may cause significant acoustic trauma. An effective \"early warning device\" accurately predicting exposure of the incus may be constructed with the saline irrigation fluid. The formation of the meniscus at the antrum permits visualization of the image of the incus around the corner of the bony canal wall overhang. A thin-lens model of this phenomenon has been created for first-order analysis of the optics, and it provides useful criteria for using this image. Image minification, displacement, and distortion were analyzed. A more complex model was then created to assess the impact of changing meniscus shape. The latter helped in understanding an added \"swinging-door effect\" noted as the meniscus was altered. The model predicted accurately the phenomena as observed in the temporal bone preparation. Illustrative examples of the optics and photographic demonstrations of the phenomena are presented.", "contents": "Virtual image of the incus from a saline lens: an aid to safe dissection of the mastoid antrum. Dissection of the antrum requires judicious visualization of the tegmen, horizontal canal, incus, and facial nerve. Inadvertent contact with the incus by the power drill may cause significant acoustic trauma. An effective \"early warning device\" accurately predicting exposure of the incus may be constructed with the saline irrigation fluid. The formation of the meniscus at the antrum permits visualization of the image of the incus around the corner of the bony canal wall overhang. A thin-lens model of this phenomenon has been created for first-order analysis of the optics, and it provides useful criteria for using this image. Image minification, displacement, and distortion were analyzed. A more complex model was then created to assess the impact of changing meniscus shape. The latter helped in understanding an added \"swinging-door effect\" noted as the meniscus was altered. The model predicted accurately the phenomena as observed in the temporal bone preparation. Illustrative examples of the optics and photographic demonstrations of the phenomena are presented.", "PMID": 530711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4595", "title": "[Eventration of the diaphragm in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "31 children with eventration of the diaphragm were observed at the surgical department of the University Children's Hospital in Z\u00fcrich from 1960 to 1975. 27 of the 31 children were less than one year old. In 14 of the cases the eventration was caused by a congenital hypoplasia of the diaphragm, in 12 by a traumatic paralysis of the phrenic nerve and in 3 cases it occurred postoperatively. 2 children had acquired the eventration later on in childhood. 18 of the 31 children were operated upon, 13 were treated conservatively. All except one survived and were examined again 3 to 15 years later. The various pathological anatomical forms, the clinical picture, signs and symptoms and the indication for conservative or operative treatment are discussed and illustrated by typical cases of the present series.", "contents": "[Eventration of the diaphragm in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. 31 children with eventration of the diaphragm were observed at the surgical department of the University Children's Hospital in Z\u00fcrich from 1960 to 1975. 27 of the 31 children were less than one year old. In 14 of the cases the eventration was caused by a congenital hypoplasia of the diaphragm, in 12 by a traumatic paralysis of the phrenic nerve and in 3 cases it occurred postoperatively. 2 children had acquired the eventration later on in childhood. 18 of the 31 children were operated upon, 13 were treated conservatively. All except one survived and were examined again 3 to 15 years later. The various pathological anatomical forms, the clinical picture, signs and symptoms and the indication for conservative or operative treatment are discussed and illustrated by typical cases of the present series.", "PMID": 530718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4596", "title": "The two-stage concept of rhytidectomy.", "content": "The two-stage concept is a plan for the management of rhytidectomy patients. Preoperatively, all patients are told that they may need a minor secondary temporal tuck-up procedure 6 to 12 months after surgical treatment. Although only 20% of patients require this secondary surgical procedure, the possibility of its need encourages all patients to return for follow-up and removes a source of patient discontent. The indications for the secondary procedure are significant gravitational jowling and malar sagging developing 6 to 12 months after the primary surgical treatment. The technique is described in detail.", "contents": "The two-stage concept of rhytidectomy. The two-stage concept is a plan for the management of rhytidectomy patients. Preoperatively, all patients are told that they may need a minor secondary temporal tuck-up procedure 6 to 12 months after surgical treatment. Although only 20% of patients require this secondary surgical procedure, the possibility of its need encourages all patients to return for follow-up and removes a source of patient discontent. The indications for the secondary procedure are significant gravitational jowling and malar sagging developing 6 to 12 months after the primary surgical treatment. The technique is described in detail.", "PMID": 530713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4597", "title": "[Experiences about ductus arteriosus closure with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia have been operated upon the last two years. Three cases of these have successfully been operated in conventional way. In seven cases ductus arteriosus was closed. Only two cases survived. A preoperative evaluation is to be done. Depending on the blood-gas-analysis, the cases can be divided into cases belonging to the survival zone and cases belonging to the fatal zone according to Boix-Ochoa. If it is possible to increase the oxygen uptake and to expire the carbonic acid, the results seem to be good after conventional operation. If it not will be possible to increase the oxygen saturation and not even possible to reduce the CO2 pressure with a ventilator with 100 per cent oxygen, the cases are to be considered inoperable. In fatal zone cases, where a reduction of PCO2 is possible, but there are no possibilities to get an increased oxygen saturation, an operative closing of ductus can be tried if heart anoxia is treated with the aid of an oxygenator.", "contents": "[Experiences about ductus arteriosus closure with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)]. Ten cases of posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia have been operated upon the last two years. Three cases of these have successfully been operated in conventional way. In seven cases ductus arteriosus was closed. Only two cases survived. A preoperative evaluation is to be done. Depending on the blood-gas-analysis, the cases can be divided into cases belonging to the survival zone and cases belonging to the fatal zone according to Boix-Ochoa. If it is possible to increase the oxygen uptake and to expire the carbonic acid, the results seem to be good after conventional operation. If it not will be possible to increase the oxygen saturation and not even possible to reduce the CO2 pressure with a ventilator with 100 per cent oxygen, the cases are to be considered inoperable. In fatal zone cases, where a reduction of PCO2 is possible, but there are no possibilities to get an increased oxygen saturation, an operative closing of ductus can be tried if heart anoxia is treated with the aid of an oxygenator.", "PMID": 530719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4598", "title": "[Epidemiology of measles and mumps. 1st part: measles (author's transl)].", "content": "Measles morbidity is seen to follow a cyclic pattern with peaks and ebbs every 2--3 years. The maximum in the annual course is found in the second quarter, the peak of the age-specific morbidity in Central Europe in the 4th year of life. At 15 years of age, seroconversion is practically 100%. Complications can be expected in 6,7% of cases, mortality in about 1:10,000. Encephalitis occurs in about 1,2% of cases and is often followed by neurological and psychical damage.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of measles and mumps. 1st part: measles (author's transl)]. Measles morbidity is seen to follow a cyclic pattern with peaks and ebbs every 2--3 years. The maximum in the annual course is found in the second quarter, the peak of the age-specific morbidity in Central Europe in the 4th year of life. At 15 years of age, seroconversion is practically 100%. Complications can be expected in 6,7% of cases, mortality in about 1:10,000. Encephalitis occurs in about 1,2% of cases and is often followed by neurological and psychical damage.", "PMID": 530720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4599", "title": "Office organization and experiences with hearing aid dispensing.", "content": "Roles of the otolaryngologist and the audiologist in providing hearing health care are expanding as a result of current trends in amplification technology, legislation, and patient populations. Within clinic dispensing of hearing aids has become a part of this role expansion. Requirements for setting up a dispensary, fitting procedures, fee analysis, and statistical results of 4 1/2 years' experience are discussed. On the basis of the benefits described, direct dispensing is advocated.", "contents": "Office organization and experiences with hearing aid dispensing. Roles of the otolaryngologist and the audiologist in providing hearing health care are expanding as a result of current trends in amplification technology, legislation, and patient populations. Within clinic dispensing of hearing aids has become a part of this role expansion. Requirements for setting up a dispensary, fitting procedures, fee analysis, and statistical results of 4 1/2 years' experience are discussed. On the basis of the benefits described, direct dispensing is advocated.", "PMID": 530714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4600", "title": "[Epidemiology of measles and mumps. 2nd part: mumps (author's transl)].", "content": "Similar to measles, mumps morbidity is also seen to follow an undulating course with a 2--3 years rhythm as well as having an annual peak in the second quarter. The peak of the age specific morbidity, however, is found in the 7th--8th year of life and consequently part of the infections only appear later in adulthood. Most of the infections remain subclinical and only about 12% are recorded. Morality is about 1 : 100 000, meningitis occurs in about 1,5% of the infections and is benign in most cases. Encephalitis occurs in about 0,9% of cases and frequently leads to brain damage.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of measles and mumps. 2nd part: mumps (author's transl)]. Similar to measles, mumps morbidity is also seen to follow an undulating course with a 2--3 years rhythm as well as having an annual peak in the second quarter. The peak of the age specific morbidity, however, is found in the 7th--8th year of life and consequently part of the infections only appear later in adulthood. Most of the infections remain subclinical and only about 12% are recorded. Morality is about 1 : 100 000, meningitis occurs in about 1,5% of the infections and is benign in most cases. Encephalitis occurs in about 0,9% of cases and frequently leads to brain damage.", "PMID": 530721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4601", "title": "A new approach to measure restlessness.", "content": "A new method to measure restlessness is described. It consists mainly of recording thoracic electrical impedance and measuring the amount of movement artifacts appearing in the pneumographs. Technical equipment and data evaluation are described; an example of typical data is given together with proposals as to how the method may be automated. Potential applications in different fields of interest are described.", "contents": "A new approach to measure restlessness. A new method to measure restlessness is described. It consists mainly of recording thoracic electrical impedance and measuring the amount of movement artifacts appearing in the pneumographs. Technical equipment and data evaluation are described; an example of typical data is given together with proposals as to how the method may be automated. Potential applications in different fields of interest are described.", "PMID": 530722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4602", "title": "[Newborn cardiotoxicity after tocolysis with fenoterolhydrobromide].", "content": "In the clinical treatment of imminent premature birth, sympathomimetic amines have greatly increased in importance as an interruptor of labor pains. The purpose of this report is to discuss the clinical findings on the basis of 30 newborns admitted to our hospital (between April 1977 and June 1978) after long-term treatment of the mother and Fenoterol (Partusisten). The predominant clinical findings were: tachycardia, paroxysmal dyspnea, cyanosis, metabolic acidosis, congestive heart failure and, in the ECG, cardiac arrhythmias and T-wave inversions in the left precordial chest leads. A high correlation was found between the clinical degree of alteration and changes in both the ECG and the VCG. In all patients these changes have normalized within 8 weeks. The histological findings of 3 deceased newborns revealed typical although not specific features such as: polyploid cells especially in the subendocardial region and a streamlined fatty degeneration of the myocardium. These findings, however, cannot prove with certainty the cardiotoxic effect of Fenoterol on the myocardium, but it appears possible that an especially high dosage of Fenoterol given i. v. can cause myocardial complications. Our findings suggest that catecholamin derivates should be applicated only with extreme caution.", "contents": "[Newborn cardiotoxicity after tocolysis with fenoterolhydrobromide]. In the clinical treatment of imminent premature birth, sympathomimetic amines have greatly increased in importance as an interruptor of labor pains. The purpose of this report is to discuss the clinical findings on the basis of 30 newborns admitted to our hospital (between April 1977 and June 1978) after long-term treatment of the mother and Fenoterol (Partusisten). The predominant clinical findings were: tachycardia, paroxysmal dyspnea, cyanosis, metabolic acidosis, congestive heart failure and, in the ECG, cardiac arrhythmias and T-wave inversions in the left precordial chest leads. A high correlation was found between the clinical degree of alteration and changes in both the ECG and the VCG. In all patients these changes have normalized within 8 weeks. The histological findings of 3 deceased newborns revealed typical although not specific features such as: polyploid cells especially in the subendocardial region and a streamlined fatty degeneration of the myocardium. These findings, however, cannot prove with certainty the cardiotoxic effect of Fenoterol on the myocardium, but it appears possible that an especially high dosage of Fenoterol given i. v. can cause myocardial complications. Our findings suggest that catecholamin derivates should be applicated only with extreme caution.", "PMID": 530723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4603", "title": "[Experiences with aldactone in pediatric cardiology (author's transl)].", "content": "In Pediatric Cardiology for many years the usage of spironolactone (Aldactone) and Canreonat-K+ (Aldactone pro injectione) had been experienced. The efficiency of aldactone was controlled by clinical parameters, electrolytes, discontinuity of the drug and in some cases by radioimmunologic measurement of the plasma aldosterone concentration. The treatment with aldactone in combination with digitalis gave good clinical results in cases with and without signs of secondary hyperaldosteronism. The recommended dosage i. v. and orally was for infancy 2--3 mg/kg/die the first 2--4 days and afterwards 1,5--2 mg/kg/die, for later childhood 4--5 mg/kg/die for 3--5 days and afterwards 2--3 mg/kg/die. Special attention should be paid to hyperkaliemia, over 6 mval serum K+ the aldactone administration was interrupted.", "contents": "[Experiences with aldactone in pediatric cardiology (author's transl)]. In Pediatric Cardiology for many years the usage of spironolactone (Aldactone) and Canreonat-K+ (Aldactone pro injectione) had been experienced. The efficiency of aldactone was controlled by clinical parameters, electrolytes, discontinuity of the drug and in some cases by radioimmunologic measurement of the plasma aldosterone concentration. The treatment with aldactone in combination with digitalis gave good clinical results in cases with and without signs of secondary hyperaldosteronism. The recommended dosage i. v. and orally was for infancy 2--3 mg/kg/die the first 2--4 days and afterwards 1,5--2 mg/kg/die, for later childhood 4--5 mg/kg/die for 3--5 days and afterwards 2--3 mg/kg/die. Special attention should be paid to hyperkaliemia, over 6 mval serum K+ the aldactone administration was interrupted.", "PMID": 530724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4604", "title": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. I. Method, patients, diagnoses (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study is undertaken in order to assess the kind and frequency of complications which occurred in 700 heart catheterizations performed in 539 infants and children. This paper deals with the distribution of age groups and diagnoses. The percentages of the different age groups resemble closely those of the \"Cooperative Study\" of Braunwald and ass. (1968) with the exception that newborns and infants are represented in greater number. This id due to a more active approach to investigation of cardiac malformations in infancy. With regard to the diagnoses those malformations are highly represented which are susceptible to low-risk surgery (Ductus Botalli, atrial septal defect, coarctation, pulmonic and aortic stenosis) and those where surgery is inevitable (tetralogy, transposition of great arteries). Aortic stenosis, too, shows a higher than real incidence because the exact degree of severity can be ascertained only by use of invasive methods. On the other hand there are relatively few ventricular septal defects, because many of them diminish spontaneously in size and do not need catheterization. The rare anomalies are represented in small numbers.", "contents": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. I. Method, patients, diagnoses (author's transl)]. A retrospective study is undertaken in order to assess the kind and frequency of complications which occurred in 700 heart catheterizations performed in 539 infants and children. This paper deals with the distribution of age groups and diagnoses. The percentages of the different age groups resemble closely those of the \"Cooperative Study\" of Braunwald and ass. (1968) with the exception that newborns and infants are represented in greater number. This id due to a more active approach to investigation of cardiac malformations in infancy. With regard to the diagnoses those malformations are highly represented which are susceptible to low-risk surgery (Ductus Botalli, atrial septal defect, coarctation, pulmonic and aortic stenosis) and those where surgery is inevitable (tetralogy, transposition of great arteries). Aortic stenosis, too, shows a higher than real incidence because the exact degree of severity can be ascertained only by use of invasive methods. On the other hand there are relatively few ventricular septal defects, because many of them diminish spontaneously in size and do not need catheterization. The rare anomalies are represented in small numbers.", "PMID": 530725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4605", "title": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. II. Complications (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reviewed the complications of 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children performed between 1970 and 1978 with a frequency of 55 to 113 investigations per year. Arrhythmias occurred on 70 occasions (10%), death within 24 hours: 14 (2%), extravasation of contrast media: 11 (1,6%), perforation by catheter: 6 (0,9%), cyanotic spells 5 (0,7%), myocardial ischemia: 4 (0,6%), respiratory arrest: 4 (0,6%), convulsions: 2 (0,3%), wound infection: 2 (0,3%), icterus 2 (0.3%), lung atelactasis: 1 (0,15%), bacterial endocarditis: 1 (0,15%), pyrexia: 1 (0,15%), exanthema: 1 (0,15%), pulmonary edema: 1 (0,15%), meningitis purulenta and hepatitis as possible complications: 1 (0,15%) each. The mortality figue of 2% lies well within the range of rates reported by Ho and ass. (1972): 1,5%, Stanger and ass. (1974): 3,0%, Rowe (1978): 0,95%, and Graham (1978): 2,9%. Mortality mainly occurs in sick neonates and infants with complex cardiac malformations. It could be lowered by a more aggressive approach to diagnostic work-up of suspected cardiac disease, as well as by using more sophisticated catheterization techniques and material and by introducing intensive care principles on the infant ward. Catheter related mortality (e. g. by perforation, severe arrhythmia) could be reduced to zero during the last three years. Myocardial staining by contrast media and electrocardiographic alterations suggesting myocardial ischemia occurred comparatively often but were never followed by serious or long lasting sequelae. Their occurrence was not related to the diagnosis or to the age of the patient. Respiratory arrest and convulsions could only be observed in sick infants. The seizures were not directly related to angiocardiography. All other complications were incidental events. Arrhythmias and vascular complications are discussed in separate papers.", "contents": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. II. Complications (author's transl)]. The author reviewed the complications of 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children performed between 1970 and 1978 with a frequency of 55 to 113 investigations per year. Arrhythmias occurred on 70 occasions (10%), death within 24 hours: 14 (2%), extravasation of contrast media: 11 (1,6%), perforation by catheter: 6 (0,9%), cyanotic spells 5 (0,7%), myocardial ischemia: 4 (0,6%), respiratory arrest: 4 (0,6%), convulsions: 2 (0,3%), wound infection: 2 (0,3%), icterus 2 (0.3%), lung atelactasis: 1 (0,15%), bacterial endocarditis: 1 (0,15%), pyrexia: 1 (0,15%), exanthema: 1 (0,15%), pulmonary edema: 1 (0,15%), meningitis purulenta and hepatitis as possible complications: 1 (0,15%) each. The mortality figue of 2% lies well within the range of rates reported by Ho and ass. (1972): 1,5%, Stanger and ass. (1974): 3,0%, Rowe (1978): 0,95%, and Graham (1978): 2,9%. Mortality mainly occurs in sick neonates and infants with complex cardiac malformations. It could be lowered by a more aggressive approach to diagnostic work-up of suspected cardiac disease, as well as by using more sophisticated catheterization techniques and material and by introducing intensive care principles on the infant ward. Catheter related mortality (e. g. by perforation, severe arrhythmia) could be reduced to zero during the last three years. Myocardial staining by contrast media and electrocardiographic alterations suggesting myocardial ischemia occurred comparatively often but were never followed by serious or long lasting sequelae. Their occurrence was not related to the diagnosis or to the age of the patient. Respiratory arrest and convulsions could only be observed in sick infants. The seizures were not directly related to angiocardiography. All other complications were incidental events. Arrhythmias and vascular complications are discussed in separate papers.", "PMID": 530726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4606", "title": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examination. III. Irregularities of heart (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of heart rhythm, observed during 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children, are discussed. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia has been observed in 25  investigations (3,6%), sinus bradycardia in 18 (2,6%), junctional rhythm in 10 (1,4%), second degree AV-block in 9 (1,3%), ventricular fibrillation in 8 (1,1%), sinus tachycardia in 7 (1%), complete block in 7 (1%), asystole and atrial flutter in 2 (0,3%) each, and ventricular tachycardia in 1 (0,15%). Supraventricular tachycardia occurred equally in all ages without preference of a special malformation. The two patients with WPW-syndrome, however, showed this disorder in each of three catheterizations. Propranolol and verapamil succeeded in terminating the attacks. Junctional rhythm and sinus tachycardia presented equal behavior and benignity. Sinus bradycardia, second and third degree AV-block, and especially ventricular fibrillation occurred mostly in neonates and infants, many of them cyanotic and suffering from complex malformations and therefore needing multiple catheter manipulations. Bradycardia was in two, asystole in one of the very sick neonates associated with subsequent death within 24 hours. Once asystole resulted in immediate death after pulmonary angiography in a child with severe pulmonary hypertension. Ventricular fibrillation could be terminated promptly by DC countershock in all patients, but three of the children died subsequently. Complete block occurred only in children with systemic right ventricular pressure, 4 of the 7 patients having pulmonary hypertension, too. In two instances the block subsided spontaneously, the rest could successfully be treated with orciprenaline (Alupent R). Life threatening arrhythmias became less frequent as a consequence of earlier investigation, if severe heart disease was suspected, and by closer control of cyanosis, acidosis and temperature before, during, and after catheterization.", "contents": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examination. III. Irregularities of heart (author's transl)]. Disturbances of heart rhythm, observed during 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children, are discussed. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia has been observed in 25  investigations (3,6%), sinus bradycardia in 18 (2,6%), junctional rhythm in 10 (1,4%), second degree AV-block in 9 (1,3%), ventricular fibrillation in 8 (1,1%), sinus tachycardia in 7 (1%), complete block in 7 (1%), asystole and atrial flutter in 2 (0,3%) each, and ventricular tachycardia in 1 (0,15%). Supraventricular tachycardia occurred equally in all ages without preference of a special malformation. The two patients with WPW-syndrome, however, showed this disorder in each of three catheterizations. Propranolol and verapamil succeeded in terminating the attacks. Junctional rhythm and sinus tachycardia presented equal behavior and benignity. Sinus bradycardia, second and third degree AV-block, and especially ventricular fibrillation occurred mostly in neonates and infants, many of them cyanotic and suffering from complex malformations and therefore needing multiple catheter manipulations. Bradycardia was in two, asystole in one of the very sick neonates associated with subsequent death within 24 hours. Once asystole resulted in immediate death after pulmonary angiography in a child with severe pulmonary hypertension. Ventricular fibrillation could be terminated promptly by DC countershock in all patients, but three of the children died subsequently. Complete block occurred only in children with systemic right ventricular pressure, 4 of the 7 patients having pulmonary hypertension, too. In two instances the block subsided spontaneously, the rest could successfully be treated with orciprenaline (Alupent R). Life threatening arrhythmias became less frequent as a consequence of earlier investigation, if severe heart disease was suspected, and by closer control of cyanosis, acidosis and temperature before, during, and after catheterization.", "PMID": 530727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4607", "title": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. IV. Vascular complications (author's transl)].", "content": "The review of 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children revealed arterial occlusion in 30 instances after 175 catheterizations (17,1%), but 29 of them after 88 arteriotomies (32,9%) and only 1 after 87 percutaneous arterial catheterizations (1,1%). In two cases thrombectomy of the femoral artery was necessary, brachial artery occlusion was never felt to indicate surgical intervention. Since percutaneous sheath catheterization is used in combination with systemic heparinization no obvious occlusion occurred after about 80 investigations. This may be due to a minimum of intimal damage by the sheath and prohibition of thrombus growth at the site of puncture. Occlusive thrombosis of the femoral vein has been assessed clinically and sometimes angiographically in 7 cases out of 468 (0,4%). In two older children the vein was explored and thrombectomy performed. All other were cyanotic infants; in two of them femoral vein occlusion became manifest as late as two days after investigation by venous cutdown. Thrombosis of inferior vena cava has never been observed neither early nor late. Venous bleeding occurred in 6 infants after vessel disruption and 1 arterial hematoma in a boy because of incomplete compression of puncture site. In 4 instances the catheter could not be inserted because the vessels were too small or too spastic. One time a spring guide entered a small artery in the groin or small pelvic region. Forceful withdrawal stripped the arter. -- This study reveals that the most frequent complication, i. e. arterial occlusion, after adoption of modern techniques does not occur more frequently than in institutions with a larger number of catheterizations per year.", "contents": "[The risks involved in the heart catheter examination. A retrospective evaluation of the complications after 700 examinations. IV. Vascular complications (author's transl)]. The review of 700 heart catheterizations in infants and children revealed arterial occlusion in 30 instances after 175 catheterizations (17,1%), but 29 of them after 88 arteriotomies (32,9%) and only 1 after 87 percutaneous arterial catheterizations (1,1%). In two cases thrombectomy of the femoral artery was necessary, brachial artery occlusion was never felt to indicate surgical intervention. Since percutaneous sheath catheterization is used in combination with systemic heparinization no obvious occlusion occurred after about 80 investigations. This may be due to a minimum of intimal damage by the sheath and prohibition of thrombus growth at the site of puncture. Occlusive thrombosis of the femoral vein has been assessed clinically and sometimes angiographically in 7 cases out of 468 (0,4%). In two older children the vein was explored and thrombectomy performed. All other were cyanotic infants; in two of them femoral vein occlusion became manifest as late as two days after investigation by venous cutdown. Thrombosis of inferior vena cava has never been observed neither early nor late. Venous bleeding occurred in 6 infants after vessel disruption and 1 arterial hematoma in a boy because of incomplete compression of puncture site. In 4 instances the catheter could not be inserted because the vessels were too small or too spastic. One time a spring guide entered a small artery in the groin or small pelvic region. Forceful withdrawal stripped the arter. -- This study reveals that the most frequent complication, i. e. arterial occlusion, after adoption of modern techniques does not occur more frequently than in institutions with a larger number of catheterizations per year.", "PMID": 530728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4608", "title": "[Renal upper pole calyceal obstruction: clinical and radiological significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstruction of the superior renal calyces due to intrarenal vascular compressions is assumed on the basis of a characteristic sharply defined oblique filling defect with or without blunting of the fornices. Scintillation camera renography shows prolonged retention in the superior collecting system of the involved kidney. 11 out of 23 children had a symptomatology of recurrent hematuria, other origins of hematuria were excluded. 5 patients had urinary tract infection, the remaining 7 had normal urinary findings. Renal function was always normal. There is no correlation between severity of blunting and hematuria. In contrast to other studies which included only patients with blunting and ectasis even cases without blunting of the fornices have a clinical symptomatology. Deterioration of radiologic appearance and kidney function was not found. Any idiopathic hematuria should be investigated for calyceal obstruction. Uncomplicated cases require no therapy, long term follow-ups with regard to complications such as urinary tract infection and urolithiasis are indicated.", "contents": "[Renal upper pole calyceal obstruction: clinical and radiological significance (author's transl)]. Obstruction of the superior renal calyces due to intrarenal vascular compressions is assumed on the basis of a characteristic sharply defined oblique filling defect with or without blunting of the fornices. Scintillation camera renography shows prolonged retention in the superior collecting system of the involved kidney. 11 out of 23 children had a symptomatology of recurrent hematuria, other origins of hematuria were excluded. 5 patients had urinary tract infection, the remaining 7 had normal urinary findings. Renal function was always normal. There is no correlation between severity of blunting and hematuria. In contrast to other studies which included only patients with blunting and ectasis even cases without blunting of the fornices have a clinical symptomatology. Deterioration of radiologic appearance and kidney function was not found. Any idiopathic hematuria should be investigated for calyceal obstruction. Uncomplicated cases require no therapy, long term follow-ups with regard to complications such as urinary tract infection and urolithiasis are indicated.", "PMID": 530729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4609", "title": "[Computerized tomography in hydrocephalus of infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Prior to invention of computerized tomography, the coincidence of hydrocephalus and brain tumors in early infancy resulted in diagnostic problems, frequently. Two cases with primarily insufficient diagnosis are reported. In spite of the necessity of deep sedation or general anesthesia at the present, computerized tomography has turned out to be highly perferable to other common methods.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography in hydrocephalus of infancy (author's transl)]. Prior to invention of computerized tomography, the coincidence of hydrocephalus and brain tumors in early infancy resulted in diagnostic problems, frequently. Two cases with primarily insufficient diagnosis are reported. In spite of the necessity of deep sedation or general anesthesia at the present, computerized tomography has turned out to be highly perferable to other common methods.", "PMID": 530730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4610", "title": "[Pediatric pharmacology of azlocilin (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic investigations of acylureido-penicillins azlocillin in newborns, infants and school shildren showed age dependend results. The differences were especially evident in a prolongation of the serum half-life to 2,56 hours in newborns compared to 0.94 hours in school children. On the basis of our pharmacokinetic results and of the dosages resulting from the data the antibiotic was used clinically in twenty eight patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and one patient with a Proteus mirabilis infection. The results were much better in infections of the urinary tract than in infections of the respiratory tract. This might be due to an observe bacterial presistence in spite of highly effective levels of azlocillin in bronchial secretion. The tolerance to the antibiotic was good.", "contents": "[Pediatric pharmacology of azlocilin (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetic investigations of acylureido-penicillins azlocillin in newborns, infants and school shildren showed age dependend results. The differences were especially evident in a prolongation of the serum half-life to 2,56 hours in newborns compared to 0.94 hours in school children. On the basis of our pharmacokinetic results and of the dosages resulting from the data the antibiotic was used clinically in twenty eight patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and one patient with a Proteus mirabilis infection. The results were much better in infections of the urinary tract than in infections of the respiratory tract. This might be due to an observe bacterial presistence in spite of highly effective levels of azlocillin in bronchial secretion. The tolerance to the antibiotic was good.", "PMID": 530731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4611", "title": "[Plexus paresis and smallpox vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "Paresis of the left side upper plexus brachialis is diagnosed to a boy of 2;8 years. The trouble appeared after a smallpox vaccination, which had been carried out successfully. There are no symptoms of CNS-disturbance. serumneuritis and virogenic radiculatis are discussed as pathogenic variants. Although postvaccinal peripheral nervous lesions very seldom occur, it does seem possible that the ailment in question could be a consequence of the smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "[Plexus paresis and smallpox vaccination (author's transl)]. Paresis of the left side upper plexus brachialis is diagnosed to a boy of 2;8 years. The trouble appeared after a smallpox vaccination, which had been carried out successfully. There are no symptoms of CNS-disturbance. serumneuritis and virogenic radiculatis are discussed as pathogenic variants. Although postvaccinal peripheral nervous lesions very seldom occur, it does seem possible that the ailment in question could be a consequence of the smallpox vaccination.", "PMID": 530732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4612", "title": "[Salmonella-cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritis is an endemic disease in our region, extraintestinal manifestations however are rare. We report a 8 years old girl who presented after 4 days of an unspecific diarrheal disease with watery liquid stools, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever above 39 Grad C and symptoms and signs of an acute abdominal emergency. Mid abdominal laparotomy disclosed a cholecystitis with reactive peritonitis. Cultures of bile showed Salmonella group B as the causative organism. Cholecystectomy was performed, postoperatively Gentamycin later Chloramphenicol was administered. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Cholecystitis is a rare disease in pediatrics. Gallstones don't seem to play a roll in the etiology unlike in adults. It usually follow serious systemic infections or postoperatively after unrelated abdominal surgery due to overgrowth of the biliary system and organisms contaminating the upper gastrointestinal tract (biliary stasis, dehydration). Salmonella enteritidis as a cause of a cholecystitis is a rare event.", "contents": "[Salmonella-cholecystitis (author's transl)]. Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritis is an endemic disease in our region, extraintestinal manifestations however are rare. We report a 8 years old girl who presented after 4 days of an unspecific diarrheal disease with watery liquid stools, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever above 39 Grad C and symptoms and signs of an acute abdominal emergency. Mid abdominal laparotomy disclosed a cholecystitis with reactive peritonitis. Cultures of bile showed Salmonella group B as the causative organism. Cholecystectomy was performed, postoperatively Gentamycin later Chloramphenicol was administered. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Cholecystitis is a rare disease in pediatrics. Gallstones don't seem to play a roll in the etiology unlike in adults. It usually follow serious systemic infections or postoperatively after unrelated abdominal surgery due to overgrowth of the biliary system and organisms contaminating the upper gastrointestinal tract (biliary stasis, dehydration). Salmonella enteritidis as a cause of a cholecystitis is a rare event.", "PMID": 530733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4613", "title": "[Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis as a complication of neonatal intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prematurely born infant of a diabetic mother a purulent arthritis with osteomyelitis of the elbow occurred 18 days after an enterobacter aerogenes-septicemia was proved. Enterobacter (aerobacter) aerogenes is a nosocomial gramnegative germ, that is more and more regarded responsible for infection of the newborn in intensive care units. In accordance with the literature recording a high rate functional loss after septic arthritis also our patient suffered from a mobility deficiency in his right elbow a year after the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis as a complication of neonatal intensive care (author's transl)]. In a prematurely born infant of a diabetic mother a purulent arthritis with osteomyelitis of the elbow occurred 18 days after an enterobacter aerogenes-septicemia was proved. Enterobacter (aerobacter) aerogenes is a nosocomial gramnegative germ, that is more and more regarded responsible for infection of the newborn in intensive care units. In accordance with the literature recording a high rate functional loss after septic arthritis also our patient suffered from a mobility deficiency in his right elbow a year after the onset of the disease.", "PMID": 530734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4614", "title": "Chronic pain: which patients may a pain-management program help?", "content": "To ascertain whether chronic-pain patients who are likely to benefit from a pain-management program can be identified before treatment, we studied for differences discernible at the beginning of treatment a group who succeeded and did well at 1-year follow-up (n = 34) and a group who failed (n = 35). The two groups differed significantly (P less than 0.01) in regard to duration of pain, work time lost, number of operations, subjective pain level, and drug dependency. Deviations on the MMPI were greater in failures than in successes; but the differences were not statistically significant. A 7-item rating scale based on these data differentiated a favorable group (including 71% of the successes) from an unfavorable group (including 86% of the failures). This scale should be helpful in selection of candidates for a pain-management program, even though it needs further validation.", "contents": "Chronic pain: which patients may a pain-management program help? To ascertain whether chronic-pain patients who are likely to benefit from a pain-management program can be identified before treatment, we studied for differences discernible at the beginning of treatment a group who succeeded and did well at 1-year follow-up (n = 34) and a group who failed (n = 35). The two groups differed significantly (P less than 0.01) in regard to duration of pain, work time lost, number of operations, subjective pain level, and drug dependency. Deviations on the MMPI were greater in failures than in successes; but the differences were not statistically significant. A 7-item rating scale based on these data differentiated a favorable group (including 71% of the successes) from an unfavorable group (including 86% of the failures). This scale should be helpful in selection of candidates for a pain-management program, even though it needs further validation.", "PMID": 530738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4615", "title": "Signal detection theory and pain research.", "content": "Rollman [13,14] has clearly raised important questions about the application of signal detection (TSD) procedures to the study of the perceived painfulness of stimuli. Researchers have often failed to realize that the discriminability of two usually painful stimuli need not be related to their reported painfulness. Thus indices of discrimination accuracy derived form TSD are logically (though not necessarily empirically) independent of the analgesic properties of any treatment. However, Rollman misleadingly gives the impression that he is questioning the general validity of the application of TSD to answering questions in pain research. This is not the case. Procedures derived from TSD may play an important part in answering questions of interest to pain researchers especially as Rollman has exaggerated the practical difficulties associated with TSD experiments. It must be emphasized that there is no one TSD model as Rollman often seems to imply but a variety of models [5,9]. The usefulness of any model in any situation is a matter for experiment. Rollman has certainly criticized effectively one dubious analogy to TSD procedures which pain researchers have used. That is not the same as questioning the general usefulness of TSD models.", "contents": "Signal detection theory and pain research. Rollman [13,14] has clearly raised important questions about the application of signal detection (TSD) procedures to the study of the perceived painfulness of stimuli. Researchers have often failed to realize that the discriminability of two usually painful stimuli need not be related to their reported painfulness. Thus indices of discrimination accuracy derived form TSD are logically (though not necessarily empirically) independent of the analgesic properties of any treatment. However, Rollman misleadingly gives the impression that he is questioning the general validity of the application of TSD to answering questions in pain research. This is not the case. Procedures derived from TSD may play an important part in answering questions of interest to pain researchers especially as Rollman has exaggerated the practical difficulties associated with TSD experiments. It must be emphasized that there is no one TSD model as Rollman often seems to imply but a variety of models [5,9]. The usefulness of any model in any situation is a matter for experiment. Rollman has certainly criticized effectively one dubious analogy to TSD procedures which pain researchers have used. That is not the same as questioning the general usefulness of TSD models.", "PMID": 530737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4616", "title": "The effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of coexisting pain and depression.", "content": "A group of moderately to severely depressed individuals with moderate anxiety were studied to determine the frequency and nature of pain complaints and their response to doxepin. It was discovered that 100% of these subjects had chronic pain complaints, most of which paralleled the course of depression. Headache was most commonly noted. Doxepin's analgesic effects were intimately associated with its antidepressant effects. There was a highly significant relationship between improvement of depression and reduction of pain on doxepin (P less than 0.005). Conversely, patients who obtained minimal antidepressant effect also obtained minimal analgesic effect. Psychophysiologic and biochemical hypotheses of this association of pain and depression are discussed.", "contents": "The effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of coexisting pain and depression. A group of moderately to severely depressed individuals with moderate anxiety were studied to determine the frequency and nature of pain complaints and their response to doxepin. It was discovered that 100% of these subjects had chronic pain complaints, most of which paralleled the course of depression. Headache was most commonly noted. Doxepin's analgesic effects were intimately associated with its antidepressant effects. There was a highly significant relationship between improvement of depression and reduction of pain on doxepin (P less than 0.005). Conversely, patients who obtained minimal antidepressant effect also obtained minimal analgesic effect. Psychophysiologic and biochemical hypotheses of this association of pain and depression are discussed.", "PMID": 530739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4617", "title": "Pain and the marital relationship: psychiatric distress.", "content": "Psychologic assessment and treatment of the family of the chronic pain patient has been thought to be of benefit in the outcome of pain therapy. The present study was designed to determine the presence of psychologic symptoms in the spouses of pain patients and the relationship of distress levels between the marital pair. Forty-four couples were studied. Demographic data was collected and each individual completed the SCL-90, a widely used and validated measure of psychologic symptom severity. There was a significant correlation (P = less than 0.001) on psychiatric distress scores between pain patients and their spouses particularly when pain patient distress scores were high. Distress levels tended to decrease with age and were highest among the unemployed and lowest in the retired. In addition spouses were significantly higher than nonpatient norms on most symptom subscales. These data underline the importance of conjoint assessment of the chronic pain patient and the spouse, and have implications for treatment.", "contents": "Pain and the marital relationship: psychiatric distress. Psychologic assessment and treatment of the family of the chronic pain patient has been thought to be of benefit in the outcome of pain therapy. The present study was designed to determine the presence of psychologic symptoms in the spouses of pain patients and the relationship of distress levels between the marital pair. Forty-four couples were studied. Demographic data was collected and each individual completed the SCL-90, a widely used and validated measure of psychologic symptom severity. There was a significant correlation (P = less than 0.001) on psychiatric distress scores between pain patients and their spouses particularly when pain patient distress scores were high. Distress levels tended to decrease with age and were highest among the unemployed and lowest in the retired. In addition spouses were significantly higher than nonpatient norms on most symptom subscales. These data underline the importance of conjoint assessment of the chronic pain patient and the spouse, and have implications for treatment.", "PMID": 530740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4618", "title": "The internal structure of the McGill pain questionnaire in dysmenorrhoea patients.", "content": "The McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to 166 women attending Gynaecology Clinics complaining of dysmenorrhoea. Responses were subjected to factor analysis with 4 dimensions emerging. These reflected sensory qualities of the pain experience and factors related to the reaction component of the pain. These results are considered in relation to factorial analysis of the MPQ among back patients and in terms of treatment implications.", "contents": "The internal structure of the McGill pain questionnaire in dysmenorrhoea patients. The McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to 166 women attending Gynaecology Clinics complaining of dysmenorrhoea. Responses were subjected to factor analysis with 4 dimensions emerging. These reflected sensory qualities of the pain experience and factors related to the reaction component of the pain. These results are considered in relation to factorial analysis of the MPQ among back patients and in terms of treatment implications.", "PMID": 530741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4619", "title": "The nature of pain that may accompany cancer of the lung.", "content": "The pains that may accompany cancer of the lung vary from relatively benign to very severe. Careful clinical observation will establish that the pains occur in distinct syndromes (patterns). Six syndromes have been identified and described. When a syndrome has been established it tends to persist, although a second syndrome may be added. Recognition of the syndromes helps the clinician to make a prognosis and to plan for management of the pain.", "contents": "The nature of pain that may accompany cancer of the lung. The pains that may accompany cancer of the lung vary from relatively benign to very severe. Careful clinical observation will establish that the pains occur in distinct syndromes (patterns). Six syndromes have been identified and described. When a syndrome has been established it tends to persist, although a second syndrome may be added. Recognition of the syndromes helps the clinician to make a prognosis and to plan for management of the pain.", "PMID": 530743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4620", "title": "The origin of multinucleate giant cells in myeloma kidney from mononuclear phagocytes: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of a biopsy of a myeloma kidney has shown structural relationships between the multinucleate giant cells which characterize this condition and macrophage polykarya. On the other hand, no evidence was found of any resemblance to renal tubular cells. Moreover the electron microscopic observations indicate that these multinucleate giant cells, in common with the mononuclear phagocytes, attempt to ingest the cast material which in addition becomes fibrillar in the zones of endocytosis. No such phenomena were observed in the vicinity of tubular cells. In conclusion the ultrastructural evidence suggests that the multinucleate giant cells of myeloma kidney are derived from mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "The origin of multinucleate giant cells in myeloma kidney from mononuclear phagocytes: an ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural examination of a biopsy of a myeloma kidney has shown structural relationships between the multinucleate giant cells which characterize this condition and macrophage polykarya. On the other hand, no evidence was found of any resemblance to renal tubular cells. Moreover the electron microscopic observations indicate that these multinucleate giant cells, in common with the mononuclear phagocytes, attempt to ingest the cast material which in addition becomes fibrillar in the zones of endocytosis. No such phenomena were observed in the vicinity of tubular cells. In conclusion the ultrastructural evidence suggests that the multinucleate giant cells of myeloma kidney are derived from mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 530747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4621", "title": "Prostatic aspiration cytology.", "content": "The results of cytological examination of 1280 transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate from 1122 patients over a period of 10 years are given. The technique was used for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. The microscopic appearances including classification according to differentiation are described and illustrated. Of the 1280 aspirates examined 467 were diagnosed as carcinoma. In 469 cases, it was possible to compare the cytology with the results of histological examination. In this group, 255 cases of prostatic carcinoma were diagnosed: 53% by both cytology and histology, 20% by cytology alone and 27% by histology alone. The findings show that the Franzen needle biopsy technique has an important role to play in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Prostatic aspiration cytology. The results of cytological examination of 1280 transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate from 1122 patients over a period of 10 years are given. The technique was used for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. The microscopic appearances including classification according to differentiation are described and illustrated. Of the 1280 aspirates examined 467 were diagnosed as carcinoma. In 469 cases, it was possible to compare the cytology with the results of histological examination. In this group, 255 cases of prostatic carcinoma were diagnosed: 53% by both cytology and histology, 20% by cytology alone and 27% by histology alone. The findings show that the Franzen needle biopsy technique has an important role to play in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 530750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4622", "title": "Quantitative studies of Hb Bart's levels and red cell indices in alpha thalassaemia trait in Mediterraneans.", "content": "Haemoglobin Bart's was detected and quantitated in 42 babies during a survey of cord blood from neonates of Mediterranean origin. The distribution of Hb Bart's levels for the group appeared to be bi-modal, with modes at 2.0% and 5.5%. Haematological data obtained from 21 babies during the first week of life showed a highly significant reduction in average MCV (86.3 +/- 7.7 fl) and MCH (27.8 +/- 6.0 pg) in comparison with a control group of babies. However, there was no significant correlation between these parameters and Hb Bart's levels. Haematological data were available on 57 parents of the Hb Bart's babies and HbH preparations were positive in 28 cases (49%). Examination of red cell indices showed a highly significant reduction in the average MCV and MCH of parents with positive HbH preparations, and a diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia (based on the presence of HbH inclusion bodies and reductions in MCV and/or MCH) was made in at least one parent in the majority of couples with both partners tested, suggesting that alpha-thalassaemia trait in people of Mediterranean origin is generally associated with detectable haematological changes.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of Hb Bart's levels and red cell indices in alpha thalassaemia trait in Mediterraneans. Haemoglobin Bart's was detected and quantitated in 42 babies during a survey of cord blood from neonates of Mediterranean origin. The distribution of Hb Bart's levels for the group appeared to be bi-modal, with modes at 2.0% and 5.5%. Haematological data obtained from 21 babies during the first week of life showed a highly significant reduction in average MCV (86.3 +/- 7.7 fl) and MCH (27.8 +/- 6.0 pg) in comparison with a control group of babies. However, there was no significant correlation between these parameters and Hb Bart's levels. Haematological data were available on 57 parents of the Hb Bart's babies and HbH preparations were positive in 28 cases (49%). Examination of red cell indices showed a highly significant reduction in the average MCV and MCH of parents with positive HbH preparations, and a diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia (based on the presence of HbH inclusion bodies and reductions in MCV and/or MCH) was made in at least one parent in the majority of couples with both partners tested, suggesting that alpha-thalassaemia trait in people of Mediterranean origin is generally associated with detectable haematological changes.", "PMID": 530752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4623", "title": "Low-calcium/high phosphorus rickets in rats. I. Mast cell changes.", "content": "Weanling rats were given a low Ca (0.003%)/high P (0.64%) diet with and without vitamin D for periods up to 5 weeks. This was associated with hypocalcaemia, rachitic bone changes and increased bone resorption. These changes preceded the accumulation of large numbers of mast cells in long bone metaphyses. Mast cells did not increase in the epiphyses of long bones or in caudal vertebrae, tooth pulp, skin and other organs. A light and electron microscopic study showed that most mast cells had raised secretory activity, as evidenced by variability in the structure of granules and loss of granule contents, particularly in animals with the lowest serum calcium levels. It was not possible to relate the position of a mast cell to an area of active bone formation or resorption. The increase in mast cells might be related more to the maintenance of connective tissue integrity in areas of rapid bone remodelling.", "contents": "Low-calcium/high phosphorus rickets in rats. I. Mast cell changes. Weanling rats were given a low Ca (0.003%)/high P (0.64%) diet with and without vitamin D for periods up to 5 weeks. This was associated with hypocalcaemia, rachitic bone changes and increased bone resorption. These changes preceded the accumulation of large numbers of mast cells in long bone metaphyses. Mast cells did not increase in the epiphyses of long bones or in caudal vertebrae, tooth pulp, skin and other organs. A light and electron microscopic study showed that most mast cells had raised secretory activity, as evidenced by variability in the structure of granules and loss of granule contents, particularly in animals with the lowest serum calcium levels. It was not possible to relate the position of a mast cell to an area of active bone formation or resorption. The increase in mast cells might be related more to the maintenance of connective tissue integrity in areas of rapid bone remodelling.", "PMID": 530754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4624", "title": "Visceral oedema and increased vascular permeability in early experimental hypertension.", "content": "Increased vascular permeability and visceral oedema without significant hypertension or arterial damage was found in clip-nephrectomized rats dying in the first post-operative week. Increased vascular permeability was demonstrated by intravenous colloidal carbon labelling, and was restricted to capillaries and venules. Rats surviving the first week became hypertensive, and visceral oedema with predominantly venular and capillary labelling continued, although carbon was now present in arteries also, associated with smooth muscle necrosis. These results suggest that the pressor and permeability effects of renal artery constriction are independent.", "contents": "Visceral oedema and increased vascular permeability in early experimental hypertension. Increased vascular permeability and visceral oedema without significant hypertension or arterial damage was found in clip-nephrectomized rats dying in the first post-operative week. Increased vascular permeability was demonstrated by intravenous colloidal carbon labelling, and was restricted to capillaries and venules. Rats surviving the first week became hypertensive, and visceral oedema with predominantly venular and capillary labelling continued, although carbon was now present in arteries also, associated with smooth muscle necrosis. These results suggest that the pressor and permeability effects of renal artery constriction are independent.", "PMID": 530755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4625", "title": "The effects of temporary fluid restriction in clip-nephrectomized rats.", "content": "Constriction of the remaining renal artery in unilaterally nephrectomized rats is associated with a high mortality in the early post-operative phase before hypertension has developed. The high mortality is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, mesenteric and pancreatic oedema. Temporary post-operative water restriction reduces this mortality and also modifies subsequent blood pressure elevation, heart weight and cardiac index in surviving animals.", "contents": "The effects of temporary fluid restriction in clip-nephrectomized rats. Constriction of the remaining renal artery in unilaterally nephrectomized rats is associated with a high mortality in the early post-operative phase before hypertension has developed. The high mortality is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, mesenteric and pancreatic oedema. Temporary post-operative water restriction reduces this mortality and also modifies subsequent blood pressure elevation, heart weight and cardiac index in surviving animals.", "PMID": 530756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4626", "title": "A functional parathyroid gland adenoma of transitional oxyphil cells. A light and ultrastructural study.", "content": "This report describes light and ultrastructural features of a functional parathyroid gland adenoma, principally composed of transitional oxyphil cells, in a 64-yr-old hypertensive black woman. She was hospitalized for repeated episodes of headaches, lethargy, and dizzy spells. Her serum calcium level was 2.92 mmol/l and immunoassay for parathormone was 390 pg/ml. On neck exploration, the left lower parathyroid gland was found enlarged and therefore removed in toto. The serum calcium and phosphate levels returned to normal following parathyroidectomy. Microscopically, the diagnosis of functional oxyphil adenoma was made. On ultrastructural examination, the tumour was composed principally of transitional cells, occasional typical, and degenerating oxyphil cells. The predominant transitional cells were rich in mitochondria and contained multiple active Golgi complexes, stacked profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a few secretory granules. On the other hand, typical oxyphil cells were tightly packed with mitochondria at the expense of other organelles. It appeared that neoplastic oxyphil cells were chief cells transformed in response to some unknown oncogenic stimulus.", "contents": "A functional parathyroid gland adenoma of transitional oxyphil cells. A light and ultrastructural study. This report describes light and ultrastructural features of a functional parathyroid gland adenoma, principally composed of transitional oxyphil cells, in a 64-yr-old hypertensive black woman. She was hospitalized for repeated episodes of headaches, lethargy, and dizzy spells. Her serum calcium level was 2.92 mmol/l and immunoassay for parathormone was 390 pg/ml. On neck exploration, the left lower parathyroid gland was found enlarged and therefore removed in toto. The serum calcium and phosphate levels returned to normal following parathyroidectomy. Microscopically, the diagnosis of functional oxyphil adenoma was made. On ultrastructural examination, the tumour was composed principally of transitional cells, occasional typical, and degenerating oxyphil cells. The predominant transitional cells were rich in mitochondria and contained multiple active Golgi complexes, stacked profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a few secretory granules. On the other hand, typical oxyphil cells were tightly packed with mitochondria at the expense of other organelles. It appeared that neoplastic oxyphil cells were chief cells transformed in response to some unknown oncogenic stimulus.", "PMID": 530757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4627", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix of probable Wolffian origin.", "content": "An unusual type of adenocarcinoma involving the endocervix and the lower segment of the uterus resulting in a vaginal vault recurrence 7 years after hysterectomy is discussed. Features of the tumour which suggest a probable Wolffian duct (or mesonephric) origin are outlined.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix of probable Wolffian origin. An unusual type of adenocarcinoma involving the endocervix and the lower segment of the uterus resulting in a vaginal vault recurrence 7 years after hysterectomy is discussed. Features of the tumour which suggest a probable Wolffian duct (or mesonephric) origin are outlined.", "PMID": 530758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4628", "title": "Empirical description of effects of exercise on mood.", "content": "18 experienced joggers showed altered Mood Adjective Check List responding after jogging 12.5 miles, highlighted by increased pleasantness. Results support a broad-spectrum, unipolar approach to quantification of exercise-induced mood change.", "contents": "Empirical description of effects of exercise on mood. 18 experienced joggers showed altered Mood Adjective Check List responding after jogging 12.5 miles, highlighted by increased pleasantness. Results support a broad-spectrum, unipolar approach to quantification of exercise-induced mood change.", "PMID": 530769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4629", "title": "Relationships among selected perceptual-motor tests and teachers' rankings as a function of children's age and sex.", "content": "28 third grade (M = 8.4 yr.) and 28 sixth grade (M = 11.8 yr.) children were administered the Body Coordination Test and Gross Motor Skill Test to assess the relationship between these measures as a function of age, sex, and the subjective ratings (ranks) of their physical education teacher. Scores were significantly correlated (.76) for all as were scores within each grade and sex. The teachers' subjective ranking of younger subjects on their general physical performance was significantly related to scores on both tests but only moderately related to general coordination and unrelated to somatic development. Significant correlations were observed for the older subjects for all ranks on the Gross Motor Skill Test but were only moderately related or unrelated on the Body Coordination Test. These tests may have utility in evaluating motor developmental differences among children.", "contents": "Relationships among selected perceptual-motor tests and teachers' rankings as a function of children's age and sex. 28 third grade (M = 8.4 yr.) and 28 sixth grade (M = 11.8 yr.) children were administered the Body Coordination Test and Gross Motor Skill Test to assess the relationship between these measures as a function of age, sex, and the subjective ratings (ranks) of their physical education teacher. Scores were significantly correlated (.76) for all as were scores within each grade and sex. The teachers' subjective ranking of younger subjects on their general physical performance was significantly related to scores on both tests but only moderately related to general coordination and unrelated to somatic development. Significant correlations were observed for the older subjects for all ranks on the Gross Motor Skill Test but were only moderately related or unrelated on the Body Coordination Test. These tests may have utility in evaluating motor developmental differences among children.", "PMID": 530770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4630", "title": "Differentiated perceptions of exertion: part I. mode of integration of regional signals.", "content": "The mode of sensory integration of differentiated perceptions of exertion from the legs and chest was determined during sub-maximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. The over-all rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower than the rating for the legs and higher than that for the chest at each pedalling rate. Local signals from the legs dominated the sensory process. Central signals were less pronounced. The mean of the ratings for the legs and chest was slightly but significantly higher than the over-all rating at each pedalling rate. Therefore, the integration process at the superordinate level of sensory processing appeared as a weighted average of the involved regional signals.", "contents": "Differentiated perceptions of exertion: part I. mode of integration of regional signals. The mode of sensory integration of differentiated perceptions of exertion from the legs and chest was determined during sub-maximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. The over-all rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower than the rating for the legs and higher than that for the chest at each pedalling rate. Local signals from the legs dominated the sensory process. Central signals were less pronounced. The mean of the ratings for the legs and chest was slightly but significantly higher than the over-all rating at each pedalling rate. Therefore, the integration process at the superordinate level of sensory processing appeared as a weighted average of the involved regional signals.", "PMID": 530771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4631", "title": "Differentiated perceptions of exertion: part II. relationship to local and central physiological responses.", "content": "Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion in the legs and chest were compared to local and central physiological adjustments during submaximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Differentiated reports of exertion from the legs were considered to be local signals and reports from the chest to be central signals. Ratings of exertion for the legs, chest and over-all body were each significantly higher at 40 rpm than 60 or 80 rpm. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, ventilation and respiratory rate were also higher at 40 rpm. Lactic acid, pH, and pCO2 were similar between pedalling rates. Lactic acid did not operate differentially to influence local perceptual signals from the legs. Central measures of respiratory and aerobic metabolic adjustments were consistent with the more intense regional report of chest exertion at 40 rpm.", "contents": "Differentiated perceptions of exertion: part II. relationship to local and central physiological responses. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion in the legs and chest were compared to local and central physiological adjustments during submaximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Differentiated reports of exertion from the legs were considered to be local signals and reports from the chest to be central signals. Ratings of exertion for the legs, chest and over-all body were each significantly higher at 40 rpm than 60 or 80 rpm. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, ventilation and respiratory rate were also higher at 40 rpm. Lactic acid, pH, and pCO2 were similar between pedalling rates. Lactic acid did not operate differentially to influence local perceptual signals from the legs. Central measures of respiratory and aerobic metabolic adjustments were consistent with the more intense regional report of chest exertion at 40 rpm.", "PMID": 530773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4632", "title": "Monocular and binocular visual evoked potentials before and after cataract surgery.", "content": "Visual evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) were recorded from an individual with a mature cataract in one eye. Stimulation was both monocular and binocular and VEPs were obtained from three occipital scalp sites. Comparisons of recordings taken prior to cataract removal and after removal showed a dramatic increase in amplitude of potentials derived through stimulation of the affected eye. Slight differences in hemispheric amplitude prior to surgery suggest a greater degree of opacity in one portion of the affected lens.", "contents": "Monocular and binocular visual evoked potentials before and after cataract surgery. Visual evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) were recorded from an individual with a mature cataract in one eye. Stimulation was both monocular and binocular and VEPs were obtained from three occipital scalp sites. Comparisons of recordings taken prior to cataract removal and after removal showed a dramatic increase in amplitude of potentials derived through stimulation of the affected eye. Slight differences in hemispheric amplitude prior to surgery suggest a greater degree of opacity in one portion of the affected lens.", "PMID": 530774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4633", "title": "Responsiveness of pre- and non-delinquents to incentive aspects of a reinforcing event.", "content": "A learning task, a six-position modification of a Fellows (1967) sequence, was used to examine the differences in responsiveness to symbolic and tangible incentives with 24 pre-delinquent and 25 non-delinquent 15-yr.-old boys. Under the low-incentive condition, only the symbolic incentive was available while under the high-incentive condition a symbolic and material reinforcer was employed. The high-incentive condition had no significant effect on the non-delinquents but did significantly affect the delinquents. Also, the high-incentive delinquent group performed similarly to both non-delinquent groups. Recommendations for research are given.", "contents": "Responsiveness of pre- and non-delinquents to incentive aspects of a reinforcing event. A learning task, a six-position modification of a Fellows (1967) sequence, was used to examine the differences in responsiveness to symbolic and tangible incentives with 24 pre-delinquent and 25 non-delinquent 15-yr.-old boys. Under the low-incentive condition, only the symbolic incentive was available while under the high-incentive condition a symbolic and material reinforcer was employed. The high-incentive condition had no significant effect on the non-delinquents but did significantly affect the delinquents. Also, the high-incentive delinquent group performed similarly to both non-delinquent groups. Recommendations for research are given.", "PMID": 530775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4634", "title": "Body perception in athletes and non-athletes.", "content": "20 male athletes and 20 control subjects were required to make estimates of the length of their body dimensions and of external comparison objects. Athletes were more accurate in judging body dimensions than comparison objects while the reverse pattern was demonstrated by non-athletes. The results are discussed on the basis of the possible influence of sports activities on body perception.", "contents": "Body perception in athletes and non-athletes. 20 male athletes and 20 control subjects were required to make estimates of the length of their body dimensions and of external comparison objects. Athletes were more accurate in judging body dimensions than comparison objects while the reverse pattern was demonstrated by non-athletes. The results are discussed on the basis of the possible influence of sports activities on body perception.", "PMID": 530776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4635", "title": "Pupillary responses to pictures and descriptions of sex-stereotyped stimuli.", "content": "An attempt was made to replicate Hess and Polt's (1960) report of sex differences in pupillary responses to sex-stereotyped pictures. Some methodological refinements were used that seem desirable for future studies. College men and women were either shown or told they would be shown pictures of a semi-nude man, a semi-nude woman, a baby, and a landscape. With resting pupil size as covariate, a three-factor analysis of covariance did not show sex differences in response to visually presented stimuli. Men responded more to verbal than visual mode of presentation and more than women to verbal stimuli. Contrary to previous results, men responded as much or more than women to verbal or visual presentation of baby stimuli. The verbal or anticipatory mode seems to be at least as sensitive as the visual and eliminates problems of control of visual materials.", "contents": "Pupillary responses to pictures and descriptions of sex-stereotyped stimuli. An attempt was made to replicate Hess and Polt's (1960) report of sex differences in pupillary responses to sex-stereotyped pictures. Some methodological refinements were used that seem desirable for future studies. College men and women were either shown or told they would be shown pictures of a semi-nude man, a semi-nude woman, a baby, and a landscape. With resting pupil size as covariate, a three-factor analysis of covariance did not show sex differences in response to visually presented stimuli. Men responded more to verbal than visual mode of presentation and more than women to verbal stimuli. Contrary to previous results, men responded as much or more than women to verbal or visual presentation of baby stimuli. The verbal or anticipatory mode seems to be at least as sensitive as the visual and eliminates problems of control of visual materials.", "PMID": 530779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4636", "title": "Hemispheric superiorities on a unilateral tactile test: relationship to cognitive dimensions.", "content": "Subjects, 30 male and 30 female, were administered a unilateral tactile test, which requires the subject to judge line orientations. More field-independent individuals in the sample perceived line orientation significantly more accurately with their left hand than with their right hand, while more field-dependent individuals showed no significant lateral difference. However, a similar pattern was observed when a verbal comprehension measure was used as a criterion. The results are discussed as they relate to the hypothesis of a link between psychological differentiation and cerebral specialization.", "contents": "Hemispheric superiorities on a unilateral tactile test: relationship to cognitive dimensions. Subjects, 30 male and 30 female, were administered a unilateral tactile test, which requires the subject to judge line orientations. More field-independent individuals in the sample perceived line orientation significantly more accurately with their left hand than with their right hand, while more field-dependent individuals showed no significant lateral difference. However, a similar pattern was observed when a verbal comprehension measure was used as a criterion. The results are discussed as they relate to the hypothesis of a link between psychological differentiation and cerebral specialization.", "PMID": 530778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4637", "title": "College women with differential linguistic-quantitative ability patterns: performance on two visual serial-search tasks.", "content": "Two groups of 14 college women, equated on College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores but showing a discrepancy of at least 150 points between the scores on the Verbal and Mathematical Aptitude Test, were compared on two visual serial-search tasks; a 2 X 2 mixed factorial design was used. There was a trend in the direction of more rapid visual serial-search by the low linguistic-high quantitative subjects than for the high linguistic-low quantitative subjects. Consonant with earlier findings, visual serial-search time was significantly faster for number targets than for letter targets. Between ability patterns and target characteristics there was no significant interaction. The need to include more complex visual serial-tracking tasks in any reexamination of the observed results was noted.", "contents": "College women with differential linguistic-quantitative ability patterns: performance on two visual serial-search tasks. Two groups of 14 college women, equated on College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores but showing a discrepancy of at least 150 points between the scores on the Verbal and Mathematical Aptitude Test, were compared on two visual serial-search tasks; a 2 X 2 mixed factorial design was used. There was a trend in the direction of more rapid visual serial-search by the low linguistic-high quantitative subjects than for the high linguistic-low quantitative subjects. Consonant with earlier findings, visual serial-search time was significantly faster for number targets than for letter targets. Between ability patterns and target characteristics there was no significant interaction. The need to include more complex visual serial-tracking tasks in any reexamination of the observed results was noted.", "PMID": 530781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4638", "title": "Response bias in deaf and hearing subjects as a function of motivational factors.", "content": "This experiment assessed the effect of different payoff matrices on 6 deaf and 6 hearing subjects on a visual brightness discrimination task. Subjects were required to make forced-choice responses to three different monetary payoff conditions, designed to induce a liberal, a conservative, and an equal-bias response criterion, respectively. The results showed that the deaf did not select the superior response strategies they had exhibited in a previous study (Bross, 1979) on the effect of changes in stimulus probability. Furthermore, the deaf earned significantly less money than the controls for all three conditions, indicating that the introduction of motivational demands affects their response strategies adversely.", "contents": "Response bias in deaf and hearing subjects as a function of motivational factors. This experiment assessed the effect of different payoff matrices on 6 deaf and 6 hearing subjects on a visual brightness discrimination task. Subjects were required to make forced-choice responses to three different monetary payoff conditions, designed to induce a liberal, a conservative, and an equal-bias response criterion, respectively. The results showed that the deaf did not select the superior response strategies they had exhibited in a previous study (Bross, 1979) on the effect of changes in stimulus probability. Furthermore, the deaf earned significantly less money than the controls for all three conditions, indicating that the introduction of motivational demands affects their response strategies adversely.", "PMID": 530780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4639", "title": "Visual pattern perception: a multidimensional analysis of development of children's reading skills.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the extent to which there are visual pattern processing deficits which are related to differential reading skill of young children. Discrimination problems were constructed using visual patterns with features known to be processed differentially by the central nervous system based upon neurophysiological data. Analysis of variance and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze the discrimination latencies of kindergarten through third grade children (12 per grade) who were classified either as good or poor readers. The results show that there are no pattern-specific effects which discriminate good from poor readers. Rather, good readers process all patterns more efficiently than do poor readers, and efficiency improves with age for all readers studied. This suggests that the locus of the reading deficit occurs at levels in the nervous system beyond where pattern-feature processing occurs.", "contents": "Visual pattern perception: a multidimensional analysis of development of children's reading skills. This study was designed to assess the extent to which there are visual pattern processing deficits which are related to differential reading skill of young children. Discrimination problems were constructed using visual patterns with features known to be processed differentially by the central nervous system based upon neurophysiological data. Analysis of variance and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze the discrimination latencies of kindergarten through third grade children (12 per grade) who were classified either as good or poor readers. The results show that there are no pattern-specific effects which discriminate good from poor readers. Rather, good readers process all patterns more efficiently than do poor readers, and efficiency improves with age for all readers studied. This suggests that the locus of the reading deficit occurs at levels in the nervous system beyond where pattern-feature processing occurs.", "PMID": 530782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4640", "title": "Representation of complex emotional and abstract meanings by simple forms.", "content": "Using curved and angular line drawings, several investigators found a relation between form and meaning in individuals reared before the age of television. In the present study 60 university students who had been exposed to television from earliest childhood were asked to indicate whether a curved or angular figure best represented each of 40 emotion or abstract concepts. For 36 of the concepts the frequencies were significantly different from a chance level, and it was concluded that television viewing had no adverse effect on the fittingness of form and meaning. Several possible explanations for the phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Representation of complex emotional and abstract meanings by simple forms. Using curved and angular line drawings, several investigators found a relation between form and meaning in individuals reared before the age of television. In the present study 60 university students who had been exposed to television from earliest childhood were asked to indicate whether a curved or angular figure best represented each of 40 emotion or abstract concepts. For 36 of the concepts the frequencies were significantly different from a chance level, and it was concluded that television viewing had no adverse effect on the fittingness of form and meaning. Several possible explanations for the phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 530783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4641", "title": "Time-varied noise effects on color-word test performance.", "content": "The effects of continuous and time-varied 85 dBA broadband noise on the performance of a Stroop-type color-word test and a related word-reading task were investigated. 10 subjects served in one of three groups receiving either continuous, periodic, or aperiodic noise. All subjects performed in both low noise (65 dBA) and high noise (85 dBA) conditions on 80 trials of both word reading and color naming. Median reaction times in the word-reading task were unaffected by either noise intensity or the time-varied aspects of the noise. However, median reaction times in the color-naming task were significantly elevated in the 85-dBA noise condition. Also, reaction times in the high aperiodic noise condition were significantly elevated relative to the continuous and periodic noise conditions. Results are discussed within the framework of arousal, filter, and information theories.", "contents": "Time-varied noise effects on color-word test performance. The effects of continuous and time-varied 85 dBA broadband noise on the performance of a Stroop-type color-word test and a related word-reading task were investigated. 10 subjects served in one of three groups receiving either continuous, periodic, or aperiodic noise. All subjects performed in both low noise (65 dBA) and high noise (85 dBA) conditions on 80 trials of both word reading and color naming. Median reaction times in the word-reading task were unaffected by either noise intensity or the time-varied aspects of the noise. However, median reaction times in the color-naming task were significantly elevated in the 85-dBA noise condition. Also, reaction times in the high aperiodic noise condition were significantly elevated relative to the continuous and periodic noise conditions. Results are discussed within the framework of arousal, filter, and information theories.", "PMID": 530785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4642", "title": "An approach to prediction of performance using behavioral and physiological variables.", "content": "10 male, middle-distance runners selected for their potential or actual success in running 1500 metres were subjected to laboratory tests of VO2 max and run time at 85% VO2 max. Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1962), data were collected from the runners from which they were given a score on the Extraversion/Introversion dimension of personality. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between 1500 m. run times and VO2 max, 85% utilization of VO2 max, and Extraversion scores. The highest correlation was between Extraversion and the 1500-m. run (r = .75). The multiple correlation between times for the 1500-m. run and Extraversion with VO2 max was .77. The results support the value of building comprehensive profiles for the athlete which include not only physiological and anatomical variables but behavioral measures as well.", "contents": "An approach to prediction of performance using behavioral and physiological variables. 10 male, middle-distance runners selected for their potential or actual success in running 1500 metres were subjected to laboratory tests of VO2 max and run time at 85% VO2 max. Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1962), data were collected from the runners from which they were given a score on the Extraversion/Introversion dimension of personality. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between 1500 m. run times and VO2 max, 85% utilization of VO2 max, and Extraversion scores. The highest correlation was between Extraversion and the 1500-m. run (r = .75). The multiple correlation between times for the 1500-m. run and Extraversion with VO2 max was .77. The results support the value of building comprehensive profiles for the athlete which include not only physiological and anatomical variables but behavioral measures as well.", "PMID": 530784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4643", "title": "A new Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST): II. cross-cultural comparison between England and Japan.", "content": "A comparison was made of the scores of 171 Japanese boys and 156 Japanese girls, and of 204 English boys and 165 English girls, on the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test. Also compared were 145 male and 163 female Japanese students, with 38 male and 73 female English students. Japanese children had scores significantly higher than English children, while Japanese students had scores significantly lower than English students. There was little evidence of age increments in score for either group of children. Difficulty levels of the 42 item-pairs were very similar in the two cultures, as were internal (split-half) reliabilities. It is concluded that cultural differences between the two countries, as far as visual aesthetic appreciation is concerned, seem at best minimal.", "contents": "A new Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST): II. cross-cultural comparison between England and Japan. A comparison was made of the scores of 171 Japanese boys and 156 Japanese girls, and of 204 English boys and 165 English girls, on the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test. Also compared were 145 male and 163 female Japanese students, with 38 male and 73 female English students. Japanese children had scores significantly higher than English children, while Japanese students had scores significantly lower than English students. There was little evidence of age increments in score for either group of children. Difficulty levels of the 42 item-pairs were very similar in the two cultures, as were internal (split-half) reliabilities. It is concluded that cultural differences between the two countries, as far as visual aesthetic appreciation is concerned, seem at best minimal.", "PMID": 530787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4644", "title": "Relationships among spatial skills, communication skills, and field independence in deaf students.", "content": "The hypotheses that deaf students would be more field-dependent than hearing students and that their competence in communication skills would be positively related to field-independence were supported for a group of 77 male and 67 female deaf students. Step-wise multiple regression analyses of the data showed that for females spatial skills followed by communication skills were significant predictors of field-independence; for males spatial skills followed by the extent of hearing loss were significant predictors of field-independence. Sex differences found on tests of field-independence and spatial relations were consistent with those obtained from the hearing population. It was suggested that socialization experiences and competence in communication skills may influence development of field-independence in deaf students.", "contents": "Relationships among spatial skills, communication skills, and field independence in deaf students. The hypotheses that deaf students would be more field-dependent than hearing students and that their competence in communication skills would be positively related to field-independence were supported for a group of 77 male and 67 female deaf students. Step-wise multiple regression analyses of the data showed that for females spatial skills followed by communication skills were significant predictors of field-independence; for males spatial skills followed by the extent of hearing loss were significant predictors of field-independence. Sex differences found on tests of field-independence and spatial relations were consistent with those obtained from the hearing population. It was suggested that socialization experiences and competence in communication skills may influence development of field-independence in deaf students.", "PMID": 530788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4645", "title": "Validity of perceptions during recovery from maximal exercise in men and women.", "content": "The Borg Scale, widely used to measure perceptions of exercise, has not been validated for use during recovery. Heart rate was used as the validity criterion. 11 untrained men and 10 untrained women were run to exhaustion on a treadmill. Heart rate and recovery ratings were obtained at :15, :45, 1:15, 1:45, 2:30, 3:30 and 4:30 min. following exercise. No significant differences were observed between sexes for both heart rate and recovery ratings. Trend analysis showed recovery ratings to be linear between :45 and at 4:30 while heart rate is best described by two linear trends with a break point at 2:30. Percent recovery was significantly faster for recovery ratings at :45, 1:15, 1:45 and 4:30. Heart rate and recovery ratings were not significantly correlated at any time point. A perceptual scale should be designed which more closely approximates metabolic response during recovery.", "contents": "Validity of perceptions during recovery from maximal exercise in men and women. The Borg Scale, widely used to measure perceptions of exercise, has not been validated for use during recovery. Heart rate was used as the validity criterion. 11 untrained men and 10 untrained women were run to exhaustion on a treadmill. Heart rate and recovery ratings were obtained at :15, :45, 1:15, 1:45, 2:30, 3:30 and 4:30 min. following exercise. No significant differences were observed between sexes for both heart rate and recovery ratings. Trend analysis showed recovery ratings to be linear between :45 and at 4:30 while heart rate is best described by two linear trends with a break point at 2:30. Percent recovery was significantly faster for recovery ratings at :45, 1:15, 1:45 and 4:30. Heart rate and recovery ratings were not significantly correlated at any time point. A perceptual scale should be designed which more closely approximates metabolic response during recovery.", "PMID": 530789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4646", "title": "Annoyance response of nonsmokers to cigarette smoke.", "content": "In three experiments, nonsmoking subjects rated their annoyance by task environments while either exposed or not exposed to ambient tobacco smoke. In Exps. 1 and 2 subjects rated annoyance with the environment while exposed to three intensities of noise, and in Exp. 3 subjects rated annoyance while performing multiplication problems under conditions of high and low task motivation. The source of the ambient smoke in Exp. 1 was a smoke pump. For Exps. 2 and 3, the source of the smoke was confederate subjects. No differences in annoyance were obtained in Exps. 1 and 2 as a function of exposure to smoke. Exp. 3 showed that nonsmokers' annoyance to a task environment is dependent upon task motivation and exposure to ambient smoke. In Exp. 3 nonsmokers exposed to smoke were more annoyed than those not exposed under low motivating conditions. When nonsmokers were highly motivated in the task environment those exposed to smoke were significantly less annoyed than those not exposed.", "contents": "Annoyance response of nonsmokers to cigarette smoke. In three experiments, nonsmoking subjects rated their annoyance by task environments while either exposed or not exposed to ambient tobacco smoke. In Exps. 1 and 2 subjects rated annoyance with the environment while exposed to three intensities of noise, and in Exp. 3 subjects rated annoyance while performing multiplication problems under conditions of high and low task motivation. The source of the ambient smoke in Exp. 1 was a smoke pump. For Exps. 2 and 3, the source of the smoke was confederate subjects. No differences in annoyance were obtained in Exps. 1 and 2 as a function of exposure to smoke. Exp. 3 showed that nonsmokers' annoyance to a task environment is dependent upon task motivation and exposure to ambient smoke. In Exp. 3 nonsmokers exposed to smoke were more annoyed than those not exposed under low motivating conditions. When nonsmokers were highly motivated in the task environment those exposed to smoke were significantly less annoyed than those not exposed.", "PMID": 530791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4647", "title": "Perception and perceptual-motor integration: there is a difference.", "content": "Explored the independence of perceptual and perceptual-motor performance in a group of second graders with effects of chronological age and intelligence controlled. Resulting correlation indicated that 16% of the variance of one variable is predictable from the other variable, supporting the growing evidence that these two skills are to a large degree independent.", "contents": "Perception and perceptual-motor integration: there is a difference. Explored the independence of perceptual and perceptual-motor performance in a group of second graders with effects of chronological age and intelligence controlled. Resulting correlation indicated that 16% of the variance of one variable is predictable from the other variable, supporting the growing evidence that these two skills are to a large degree independent.", "PMID": 530792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4648", "title": "Effect of information feedback on temporal discrimination in concurrent and post-feedback measures.", "content": "College students estimated time intervals (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec.) where one group (N = 20) received information feedback in terms of actual interval durations and a second group (N = 18) received no information. Theshold measures were then taken for all subjects using the method of constant stimuli (comparison stimuli of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec. and a 7-sec. standard). In addition to increased accuracy and consistency of judgments, the feedback group showed a decreasing Weber fraction during the estimation phase, while the Weber fraction for the no-feedback group increased. The feedback group retained only a slight advantage in subsequent threshold measures; group differences in difference thresholds and derived nonparametric estimates of d' were nonsignificant.", "contents": "Effect of information feedback on temporal discrimination in concurrent and post-feedback measures. College students estimated time intervals (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec.) where one group (N = 20) received information feedback in terms of actual interval durations and a second group (N = 18) received no information. Theshold measures were then taken for all subjects using the method of constant stimuli (comparison stimuli of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec. and a 7-sec. standard). In addition to increased accuracy and consistency of judgments, the feedback group showed a decreasing Weber fraction during the estimation phase, while the Weber fraction for the no-feedback group increased. The feedback group retained only a slight advantage in subsequent threshold measures; group differences in difference thresholds and derived nonparametric estimates of d' were nonsignificant.", "PMID": 530793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4649", "title": "Variations in perception of short time intervals during menstrual cycle.", "content": "The hypothesis that women experience heightened sensitivity and responsivity premenstrually was tested by asking 10 women to produce short time intervals at four phases of the menstrual cycle. 10 men were assigned to \"pseudo-cycles\" and tested as a control. The test was based on the assumption that a greater sensitivity to stimuli is reflected in a \"slowing down\" of subjective time. The women produced the shortest time intervals three to four days before menses, confirming the hypothesis.", "contents": "Variations in perception of short time intervals during menstrual cycle. The hypothesis that women experience heightened sensitivity and responsivity premenstrually was tested by asking 10 women to produce short time intervals at four phases of the menstrual cycle. 10 men were assigned to \"pseudo-cycles\" and tested as a control. The test was based on the assumption that a greater sensitivity to stimuli is reflected in a \"slowing down\" of subjective time. The women produced the shortest time intervals three to four days before menses, confirming the hypothesis.", "PMID": 530794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4650", "title": "Hemisphere differences and judgments of simultaneity of brief light flashes.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the possibility of hemispheric specialization for judgments of the simultaneity of two light flashes. Right-handed subjects adjusted two light flashes until they appeared simultaneous. The comparison of measures derived from the two possible orders of the light flashes suggested that the right hemisphere of right-handed subjects performed the function of ordering visual stimuli in time. Two further experiments examined an alternative explanation, that of a left-to-right scanning mechanism, the results of which also suggested a hemisphere explanation. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of previous research and theories which located a temporal ordering mechanism in the speech hemisphere.", "contents": "Hemisphere differences and judgments of simultaneity of brief light flashes. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the possibility of hemispheric specialization for judgments of the simultaneity of two light flashes. Right-handed subjects adjusted two light flashes until they appeared simultaneous. The comparison of measures derived from the two possible orders of the light flashes suggested that the right hemisphere of right-handed subjects performed the function of ordering visual stimuli in time. Two further experiments examined an alternative explanation, that of a left-to-right scanning mechanism, the results of which also suggested a hemisphere explanation. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of previous research and theories which located a temporal ordering mechanism in the speech hemisphere.", "PMID": 530795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4651", "title": "A left-ear advantage for chords in non-musicians.", "content": "Contrasting with previous reports, left-ear advantage was found for recognition of chords by non-musicians (n = 16). It is suggested that the less memory is involved the more the effect may appear in musically naive subjects.", "contents": "A left-ear advantage for chords in non-musicians. Contrasting with previous reports, left-ear advantage was found for recognition of chords by non-musicians (n = 16). It is suggested that the less memory is involved the more the effect may appear in musically naive subjects.", "PMID": 530796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4652", "title": "Schematic concept formation: psychophysical analysis of early reading skill.", "content": "The relation between the perception of class structure and reading skill was studied within the context of a schematic concept-formation task. Computer generation techniques were utilized to construct visual pattern-classification problems with controlled levels of inter-class pattern similarity of class discrimination difficulty. Children with reading problems were less efficient in their ability to assign patterns to classes than were children without reading problems. It was possible to assess reliably individual subjects' reading skill on the basis of their ability to perform the task.", "contents": "Schematic concept formation: psychophysical analysis of early reading skill. The relation between the perception of class structure and reading skill was studied within the context of a schematic concept-formation task. Computer generation techniques were utilized to construct visual pattern-classification problems with controlled levels of inter-class pattern similarity of class discrimination difficulty. Children with reading problems were less efficient in their ability to assign patterns to classes than were children without reading problems. It was possible to assess reliably individual subjects' reading skill on the basis of their ability to perform the task.", "PMID": 530797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4653", "title": "The Slingerland Screening Tests for identifying children with specific language disability: screening for learning disabilities in first grade.", "content": "The responses on the Slingerland tests of 29 learning disabled and 11 nondisabled children in Grade 1 distinguished the two groups, except for copying (near vision). Copying (far vision) and auditory, visual, and kinesthetic perception and discrimination together were the strongest predictors of group membership.", "contents": "The Slingerland Screening Tests for identifying children with specific language disability: screening for learning disabilities in first grade. The responses on the Slingerland tests of 29 learning disabled and 11 nondisabled children in Grade 1 distinguished the two groups, except for copying (near vision). Copying (far vision) and auditory, visual, and kinesthetic perception and discrimination together were the strongest predictors of group membership.", "PMID": 530798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4654", "title": "Influence of an intertrial interval on sequential effects related to preparatory period duration for reaction time-task.", "content": "In reaction time tasks, where the moment of occurrence of the response signal is uncertain, the temporal constraints of preparatory processes imply that subjects distribute their preparation during the preparatory period. The notion of cost of preparation has been proposed to explain the time course of these processes. This experiment was run to determine the effect of the cost of preparation on a serial-RT task and on a RT task where a rest interval of various possible durations (3, 6, or 9 sec.) is introduced. 12 subjects were tested. Data show that the amount spent on preparation during a trial affects the subject's performance during the next trials. But an hypothesis about memory search must also be advanced to explain the effect of the rest interval on the relationship of RT and the current preparatory period.", "contents": "Influence of an intertrial interval on sequential effects related to preparatory period duration for reaction time-task. In reaction time tasks, where the moment of occurrence of the response signal is uncertain, the temporal constraints of preparatory processes imply that subjects distribute their preparation during the preparatory period. The notion of cost of preparation has been proposed to explain the time course of these processes. This experiment was run to determine the effect of the cost of preparation on a serial-RT task and on a RT task where a rest interval of various possible durations (3, 6, or 9 sec.) is introduced. 12 subjects were tested. Data show that the amount spent on preparation during a trial affects the subject's performance during the next trials. But an hypothesis about memory search must also be advanced to explain the effect of the rest interval on the relationship of RT and the current preparatory period.", "PMID": 530799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4655", "title": "Temporal duration as a function of information processing.", "content": "Estimation of duration has been shown to be a function of the amount and manner of organization of information processed during an interval. It was assumed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information reduces the actual amount of information stored. It was predicted that the use of an organizational schema will result in relatively shorter estimates of duration. Eighteen undergraduate subjects made estimates of intervals (.58 to 3.0 sec.) during which they watched film animations of moving geometric forms. In a second condition the same subjects were instructed to organize the animation as representing social interaction. An interaction showed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information resulted in smaller estimates for the longer intervals.", "contents": "Temporal duration as a function of information processing. Estimation of duration has been shown to be a function of the amount and manner of organization of information processed during an interval. It was assumed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information reduces the actual amount of information stored. It was predicted that the use of an organizational schema will result in relatively shorter estimates of duration. Eighteen undergraduate subjects made estimates of intervals (.58 to 3.0 sec.) during which they watched film animations of moving geometric forms. In a second condition the same subjects were instructed to organize the animation as representing social interaction. An interaction showed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information resulted in smaller estimates for the longer intervals.", "PMID": 530800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4656", "title": "Dichhaptic perception of forms by normal adults.", "content": "Dichhaptic perception of nonsense forms was examined in familial righthanders. In Exp. 1, 15 males and 15 females performed similarly, obtaining a non-significant right-hand superiority with a 5-sec. memory interval between presentation of stimuli and their choice-recognition response. Individual differences in Block Design scaled scores but not State or Trait anxiety were related to hand performance for both sexes. One strategy on a questionnaire was related to performance of males. Exp. 2 was a replication with the memory interval removed. A significant right-hand superiority was obtained and different strategies were related to performance of males and females.", "contents": "Dichhaptic perception of forms by normal adults. Dichhaptic perception of nonsense forms was examined in familial righthanders. In Exp. 1, 15 males and 15 females performed similarly, obtaining a non-significant right-hand superiority with a 5-sec. memory interval between presentation of stimuli and their choice-recognition response. Individual differences in Block Design scaled scores but not State or Trait anxiety were related to hand performance for both sexes. One strategy on a questionnaire was related to performance of males. Exp. 2 was a replication with the memory interval removed. A significant right-hand superiority was obtained and different strategies were related to performance of males and females.", "PMID": 530801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4657", "title": "Development of the perception of invariants: substance and shape.", "content": "Three experiments investigated the perception of substance and shape as invariant properties of objects by three-month-old infants. In experiment 1, infants were habituated to two differently shaped objects undergoing a rigid motion. After habituation of the infants, the objects were presented undergoing a different rigid motion, or undergoing a deforming motion, or undergoing the same rigid motion. Habituation was maintained to the new rigid motion, indicating that the two rigid motions were perceived as sharing an invariant property. Dishabituation, on the other hand, occurred when a deforming motion followed a rigid one. In experiment 2, infants were habituated to one shape undergoing two different rigid motions. After habituation, the shape was changed but the same two motions continued. Dishabituation occurred, compared to a group with no shape change, indicating that shape is distinguished as an invariant property over two rigid motions. In experiment 3, habituation to a shape undergoing two rigid motions was followed by a new shape presented motionless, or the same shape presented motionless. Cessation of motion did not prevent recognition of shape as invariant. Two properties of an object, substance and shape, thus appear to be detectable as invariant in an event sequence, an instance of \"phenomenal doubling\" at an early age.", "contents": "Development of the perception of invariants: substance and shape. Three experiments investigated the perception of substance and shape as invariant properties of objects by three-month-old infants. In experiment 1, infants were habituated to two differently shaped objects undergoing a rigid motion. After habituation of the infants, the objects were presented undergoing a different rigid motion, or undergoing a deforming motion, or undergoing the same rigid motion. Habituation was maintained to the new rigid motion, indicating that the two rigid motions were perceived as sharing an invariant property. Dishabituation, on the other hand, occurred when a deforming motion followed a rigid one. In experiment 2, infants were habituated to one shape undergoing two different rigid motions. After habituation, the shape was changed but the same two motions continued. Dishabituation occurred, compared to a group with no shape change, indicating that shape is distinguished as an invariant property over two rigid motions. In experiment 3, habituation to a shape undergoing two rigid motions was followed by a new shape presented motionless, or the same shape presented motionless. Cessation of motion did not prevent recognition of shape as invariant. Two properties of an object, substance and shape, thus appear to be detectable as invariant in an event sequence, an instance of \"phenomenal doubling\" at an early age.", "PMID": 530802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4658", "title": "Scanning visual images: implications for the representation of space.", "content": "This study investigated whether reaction time to detect an item within an image increases as a monotonic function of the relative or the absolute distance from the starting item to the probed item with the image. It was found that when relative probed distances were manipulated and absolute distances kept constant and, conversely, when absolute distances were manipulated and relative distances kept constant, reaction times were invariant across relative distance but increased as a function of increasing absolute distance. This result may be interpreted either in terms of operations within an imaginal representation or in terms of operations on propositional statements underlying the image.", "contents": "Scanning visual images: implications for the representation of space. This study investigated whether reaction time to detect an item within an image increases as a monotonic function of the relative or the absolute distance from the starting item to the probed item with the image. It was found that when relative probed distances were manipulated and absolute distances kept constant and, conversely, when absolute distances were manipulated and relative distances kept constant, reaction times were invariant across relative distance but increased as a function of increasing absolute distance. This result may be interpreted either in terms of operations within an imaginal representation or in terms of operations on propositional statements underlying the image.", "PMID": 530803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4659", "title": "Flexibility in the choice of distinctive features in visual search with blocked and random designs.", "content": "An experiment is reported which demonstrates that the features used to detect a character in arrays of similar forms are a function of the stimulus context in which the target is embedded. With the use of blocked and randomised design it was shown that prior knowledge of the background aided search when the feature which was relevant for one backgroind was irrelevant for another, but no significant effect of prior knowledge was obtained when the same feature was useful for the backgrounds.", "contents": "Flexibility in the choice of distinctive features in visual search with blocked and random designs. An experiment is reported which demonstrates that the features used to detect a character in arrays of similar forms are a function of the stimulus context in which the target is embedded. With the use of blocked and randomised design it was shown that prior knowledge of the background aided search when the feature which was relevant for one backgroind was irrelevant for another, but no significant effect of prior knowledge was obtained when the same feature was useful for the backgrounds.", "PMID": 530804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4660", "title": "The effects of verbal meaning and response categorisation on the fragmentation of steadily fixated patterns.", "content": "Studies of steady visual stimulation have suggested that the subjective meaning of a stimulus may determine the form and degree of its perceptual fragmentation. This was tested for steady fixation by presenting a letter of the alphabet (\"L\") in a sequence of other letters which were either normally oriented or inverted. No evidence was found for greater stability in the former case. An investigation of the categorisation of subjective disappearances showed that, although the stability of pattern components was not determined by reporting these singly or in conjunction, the disappearances of the whole pattern were significantly increased by reporting only these as opposed to reporting disappearances of each component. Response to stimulated subjective disappearances also showed that the effect was due to the nature rather than the number of response categories. In the final experiment all subjects fixated a rotated letter, after half had received pretraining in the recognition of rotated letters. No effects of the pretraining were apparent, for either level of response categorisation, and it was concluded that the processes underlying subjective disappearances in steady fixation are not modified by the meaningfulness of a stimulus. The involvement of central processes was, however, indicated by the effects of response categorisation and the influence of simulated disappearances on pattern stability in a trial subsequent to their presentation.", "contents": "The effects of verbal meaning and response categorisation on the fragmentation of steadily fixated patterns. Studies of steady visual stimulation have suggested that the subjective meaning of a stimulus may determine the form and degree of its perceptual fragmentation. This was tested for steady fixation by presenting a letter of the alphabet (\"L\") in a sequence of other letters which were either normally oriented or inverted. No evidence was found for greater stability in the former case. An investigation of the categorisation of subjective disappearances showed that, although the stability of pattern components was not determined by reporting these singly or in conjunction, the disappearances of the whole pattern were significantly increased by reporting only these as opposed to reporting disappearances of each component. Response to stimulated subjective disappearances also showed that the effect was due to the nature rather than the number of response categories. In the final experiment all subjects fixated a rotated letter, after half had received pretraining in the recognition of rotated letters. No effects of the pretraining were apparent, for either level of response categorisation, and it was concluded that the processes underlying subjective disappearances in steady fixation are not modified by the meaningfulness of a stimulus. The involvement of central processes was, however, indicated by the effects of response categorisation and the influence of simulated disappearances on pattern stability in a trial subsequent to their presentation.", "PMID": 530805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4661", "title": "Information used in judging impending collision.", "content": "Many subhuman species and human infants, children, and adults can use two-dimensional information of relative rate of angular-size change to anticipate collisions between the self and approaching objects or surfaces. But extant studies have not determined what information is used when subjects view simulated approach events providing two-dimensional information and three-dimensional information (distance and distance change), as well as lower-order visual information contained in real approach events. Three experiments suggest that, given these several possibilities, adults' judgments of collision time are best predicted by two-dimensional spatiotemporal values which are invariant over object sizes, distances traversed, approach velocities, and several lower-order variables such as absolute angular size. However, collision time is substantially underestimated, with absolute amount of underestimation increasing as a function of actual time-to-collision. Large constant errors and loss of judgment linearity beyond about 10 s to contact time suggest that current models of human performances based on use of time-to-collision information require modified assumptions of operator efficiency.", "contents": "Information used in judging impending collision. Many subhuman species and human infants, children, and adults can use two-dimensional information of relative rate of angular-size change to anticipate collisions between the self and approaching objects or surfaces. But extant studies have not determined what information is used when subjects view simulated approach events providing two-dimensional information and three-dimensional information (distance and distance change), as well as lower-order visual information contained in real approach events. Three experiments suggest that, given these several possibilities, adults' judgments of collision time are best predicted by two-dimensional spatiotemporal values which are invariant over object sizes, distances traversed, approach velocities, and several lower-order variables such as absolute angular size. However, collision time is substantially underestimated, with absolute amount of underestimation increasing as a function of actual time-to-collision. Large constant errors and loss of judgment linearity beyond about 10 s to contact time suggest that current models of human performances based on use of time-to-collision information require modified assumptions of operator efficiency.", "PMID": 530806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4662", "title": "A new motion illusion.", "content": "Two instances of a new illusion of motion were discovered. In the first, when observers tracked a spot of light moving vertically in a field of stationary vertical lines, the lines appeared to move in the same direction as the spot. If observers did not track the spot, the lines appeared stationary. The second instance was designed to see if the same illusion would occur when the spot appeared to move as a result of induced motion. In this display a vertically moving grid of horizontal lines surrounded a stationary vertical line. A stationary spot of light could be projected on the line. If the subject fixated the spot, both spot and line appeared to move against the grid. If the spot was absent, the line appeared to move along with the grid. The implications of this illusion for theories of induced motion are discussed.", "contents": "A new motion illusion. Two instances of a new illusion of motion were discovered. In the first, when observers tracked a spot of light moving vertically in a field of stationary vertical lines, the lines appeared to move in the same direction as the spot. If observers did not track the spot, the lines appeared stationary. The second instance was designed to see if the same illusion would occur when the spot appeared to move as a result of induced motion. In this display a vertically moving grid of horizontal lines surrounded a stationary vertical line. A stationary spot of light could be projected on the line. If the subject fixated the spot, both spot and line appeared to move against the grid. If the spot was absent, the line appeared to move along with the grid. The implications of this illusion for theories of induced motion are discussed.", "PMID": 530807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4663", "title": "Illusory contours as the solution to a problem.", "content": "The perception of certain figures with illusory contours entails a reversal of figure and ground. It is hypothesized that this process occurs in two stages. First, some factor must suggest or cue the reversal. Experiments are described that isolate three such factors, namely, alignment of physically present contours, recognized incompletion of parts of the stimulus array, and set. Once cued, however, other experiments indicate that in a further stage of processing the solution is examined with respect to its compatibility with the stimulus display or with other preceptual properties to which the display gives rise. Only if such compatibility is present will the perception of a figure with illusory contours be maintained.", "contents": "Illusory contours as the solution to a problem. The perception of certain figures with illusory contours entails a reversal of figure and ground. It is hypothesized that this process occurs in two stages. First, some factor must suggest or cue the reversal. Experiments are described that isolate three such factors, namely, alignment of physically present contours, recognized incompletion of parts of the stimulus array, and set. Once cued, however, other experiments indicate that in a further stage of processing the solution is examined with respect to its compatibility with the stimulus display or with other preceptual properties to which the display gives rise. Only if such compatibility is present will the perception of a figure with illusory contours be maintained.", "PMID": 530808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4664", "title": "Cerebral asymmetries in random-dot stereopsis: reversal of direction with changes in dot size.", "content": "Visual field differences in stereoscopic form recognition using Julesz-type random dot stereograms were investigated. Dot size was varied in order to test the possibility that variations in the carrier dimension have contributed to past estimates of visual field differences. Twelve male and twelve female subjects, all right-handed, appeared for three test sessions-one with each different dot size. In each session the stimuli were flashed twenty-four times in each visual field, for 120 ms. Results showed no overall visual field effect, but a highly significant interaction between visual field and dot size. For small dots, left visual field superiority was observed, as previously reported by Durnford and Kimura. With large dots, however, the right visual field  was superior. This reversal of visual field differences  as a function of dot size implies that there is no consistent cerebral hemispheric specialization for stereopsis or stereoscopic form recognition per se. Instead, it appears that there is relative hemispheric specialization for responding to the carrier of stereoscopic information.", "contents": "Cerebral asymmetries in random-dot stereopsis: reversal of direction with changes in dot size. Visual field differences in stereoscopic form recognition using Julesz-type random dot stereograms were investigated. Dot size was varied in order to test the possibility that variations in the carrier dimension have contributed to past estimates of visual field differences. Twelve male and twelve female subjects, all right-handed, appeared for three test sessions-one with each different dot size. In each session the stimuli were flashed twenty-four times in each visual field, for 120 ms. Results showed no overall visual field effect, but a highly significant interaction between visual field and dot size. For small dots, left visual field superiority was observed, as previously reported by Durnford and Kimura. With large dots, however, the right visual field  was superior. This reversal of visual field differences  as a function of dot size implies that there is no consistent cerebral hemispheric specialization for stereopsis or stereoscopic form recognition per se. Instead, it appears that there is relative hemispheric specialization for responding to the carrier of stereoscopic information.", "PMID": 530809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4665", "title": "Surfaces with steep variations in depth pose difficulties for orientationally tuned disparity filters.", "content": "Surfaces possessing steep variations in depth present severe difficulties for orientationally tuned filter models of stereopsis. These difficulties are discussed in connection with a random-dot stereogram depicting a surface with steep horizontal corrugations. As expected on theoretical grounds, we find that a vertical +/- 45 degrees orientationally filtered version of this stereogram cannot be fused. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a horizontal +/- 45 degrees filtered version can be fused only with difficulty and its stereo percept is poor compared to that of the unfiltered original. It is concluded that orientated filters seem ill-designed to mediate the extraction of disparity cues, at least in the cases under consideration.", "contents": "Surfaces with steep variations in depth pose difficulties for orientationally tuned disparity filters. Surfaces possessing steep variations in depth present severe difficulties for orientationally tuned filter models of stereopsis. These difficulties are discussed in connection with a random-dot stereogram depicting a surface with steep horizontal corrugations. As expected on theoretical grounds, we find that a vertical +/- 45 degrees orientationally filtered version of this stereogram cannot be fused. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a horizontal +/- 45 degrees filtered version can be fused only with difficulty and its stereo percept is poor compared to that of the unfiltered original. It is concluded that orientated filters seem ill-designed to mediate the extraction of disparity cues, at least in the cases under consideration.", "PMID": 530810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4666", "title": "Individual differences in the visual component of prism adaptation.", "content": "The centrality of individual differences in the visual component of perceptual adaptation was examined in a massed-practice-terminal-exposure, prism-viewing paradigm. With positive (adaptive) adjustments in the judgment of the visual straight-ahead, target-pointing aftereffects were found to be equivalent to the sum of the visual and proprioceptive (head-arm) aftereffects. For subjects showing negative visual adjustments to prism exposure, the target-pointing aftereffect was not significantly different from the change in proprioception alone. Implications of these findings for hypotheses concerning the process of perceptual adaptation are discussed.", "contents": "Individual differences in the visual component of prism adaptation. The centrality of individual differences in the visual component of perceptual adaptation was examined in a massed-practice-terminal-exposure, prism-viewing paradigm. With positive (adaptive) adjustments in the judgment of the visual straight-ahead, target-pointing aftereffects were found to be equivalent to the sum of the visual and proprioceptive (head-arm) aftereffects. For subjects showing negative visual adjustments to prism exposure, the target-pointing aftereffect was not significantly different from the change in proprioception alone. Implications of these findings for hypotheses concerning the process of perceptual adaptation are discussed.", "PMID": 530811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4667", "title": "Adaptation effects on the apparent \"squareness\" of square-wave gratings.", "content": "Adaptation to a 9 cycles deg-1 sine wave makes the apparent brightness profile of a 3 cycles deg-1 square wave look less \"square\" even when it  does not look like that of a sine wave. Adaptation to a 3 cycles deg-1 sine wave has no noticeable effect. Hypotheses based on \"excitation patterns\" across spatial-frequency-selective channels can account for these results; it is not clear whether variations in local light adaptation can also account for them.", "contents": "Adaptation effects on the apparent \"squareness\" of square-wave gratings. Adaptation to a 9 cycles deg-1 sine wave makes the apparent brightness profile of a 3 cycles deg-1 square wave look less \"square\" even when it  does not look like that of a sine wave. Adaptation to a 3 cycles deg-1 sine wave has no noticeable effect. Hypotheses based on \"excitation patterns\" across spatial-frequency-selective channels can account for these results; it is not clear whether variations in local light adaptation can also account for them.", "PMID": 530812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4668", "title": "Symmetry perception and spatial-frequency channels.", "content": "It is known that the sum of a random-dot array with vertical bilateral symmetry and one with horizontal bilateral symmetry appears as a random array. Here we show that if the vertically and horizontally symmetrical arrays are spatially filtered, so that their respective spectra are 2 octaves apart, then their superposition does not appear random, but both symmetries can be simultaneously perceived. The low-band array has a stronger perceptual weight than the high-band array. These demonstrations give further evidence that frequency channels are before symmetry perception.", "contents": "Symmetry perception and spatial-frequency channels. It is known that the sum of a random-dot array with vertical bilateral symmetry and one with horizontal bilateral symmetry appears as a random array. Here we show that if the vertically and horizontally symmetrical arrays are spatially filtered, so that their respective spectra are 2 octaves apart, then their superposition does not appear random, but both symmetries can be simultaneously perceived. The low-band array has a stronger perceptual weight than the high-band array. These demonstrations give further evidence that frequency channels are before symmetry perception.", "PMID": 530813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4669", "title": "Effects of acute lactic acidosis on some hemodynamic and hematologic values in three cows.", "content": "Some hemodynamic and hematologic effects of acute experimental lactic acidemia in 3 healthy cows are presented. Lactic acidemia was induced by intravenous infusion of a 10% solution of racemic lactic acid. The prominent features of the acidification of the blood were increases in carotid artery blood pressure and responses to intravenously injected norepinephrine, slight bradycardia and slight hyperventilation. Intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria was a constant finding. Otherwise, no adverse effects of the acidemia were noted. These changes were paralleled by a progressive fall in arterial blood pH, base excess and PCO2 and increasing venous blood L (+)-lactate concentrations A reasonable explanation for the hemodynamic effects of the acidemia is peripheral vasoconstriction elicited by either stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system or increased sensitivity of vasoconstrictive receptors. The results are discussed with special reference to primary lactic acidosis encountered in grain engorgement in ruminants and to the secondary lactic acidosis of shock. These conditions are characterized by hemoconcentration and hypovolemia. Therefore, the results of this study of healthy normovolemic cows may not be valid in the severely dehydrated, hemoconcentrated and acidemic cow as hypotension is reported in the literature in connection with ruminal acidosis in sheep.", "contents": "Effects of acute lactic acidosis on some hemodynamic and hematologic values in three cows. Some hemodynamic and hematologic effects of acute experimental lactic acidemia in 3 healthy cows are presented. Lactic acidemia was induced by intravenous infusion of a 10% solution of racemic lactic acid. The prominent features of the acidification of the blood were increases in carotid artery blood pressure and responses to intravenously injected norepinephrine, slight bradycardia and slight hyperventilation. Intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria was a constant finding. Otherwise, no adverse effects of the acidemia were noted. These changes were paralleled by a progressive fall in arterial blood pH, base excess and PCO2 and increasing venous blood L (+)-lactate concentrations A reasonable explanation for the hemodynamic effects of the acidemia is peripheral vasoconstriction elicited by either stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system or increased sensitivity of vasoconstrictive receptors. The results are discussed with special reference to primary lactic acidosis encountered in grain engorgement in ruminants and to the secondary lactic acidosis of shock. These conditions are characterized by hemoconcentration and hypovolemia. Therefore, the results of this study of healthy normovolemic cows may not be valid in the severely dehydrated, hemoconcentrated and acidemic cow as hypotension is reported in the literature in connection with ruminal acidosis in sheep.", "PMID": 530816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4670", "title": "Enema in the horse. Distribution and rehydrating effect.", "content": "In the first series of experiments enema containing a water soluble marker was given to two groups of horses fasted for 1 and 18 hours, respectively. The marker was only in 1 out of 14 experiments found orally of the pelvic flexure (Table II). Fasting seemed to facilitate the flow in oral direction. The results were discussed with the possible significance in the treatment of large intestinal impactions. In the second series the effect of enemas on water, electrolyte and acid-base status in the acute furosemide-dehydrated horse was studied. Moderate acidifying and hypokalemic effect was encountered, while no effect was demonstrated on the water balance. The choice of method is questioned, and no conclusion is given with relation to a rehydrating effect of enemas.", "contents": "Enema in the horse. Distribution and rehydrating effect. In the first series of experiments enema containing a water soluble marker was given to two groups of horses fasted for 1 and 18 hours, respectively. The marker was only in 1 out of 14 experiments found orally of the pelvic flexure (Table II). Fasting seemed to facilitate the flow in oral direction. The results were discussed with the possible significance in the treatment of large intestinal impactions. In the second series the effect of enemas on water, electrolyte and acid-base status in the acute furosemide-dehydrated horse was studied. Moderate acidifying and hypokalemic effect was encountered, while no effect was demonstrated on the water balance. The choice of method is questioned, and no conclusion is given with relation to a rehydrating effect of enemas.", "PMID": 530817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4671", "title": "Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. III. Ununited medical coronoid process of the ulna and osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle. Surgical procedure for correction and postoperative investigation.", "content": "A surgical procedure for medial arthrotomy in the elbow joint is described. Surgery was performed in an endeavour to remove an ununited coronoid process and/or a loose piece of cartilage from the humeral condyle. A long term follow up investigation of 58 operated and 20 unoperated dogs was undertaken. The prognosis of dogs operated upon because of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle, was fairly good; 11 of 15 dogs (73.3%) being reported as showing no signs of lameness. When dogs with the both diagnoses were judged together, the percentage of dogs reported not to be lame was 48.3 among operated dogs and 45 among unoperated dogs. However, dogs operated upon, recovered somewhat sooner than unoperated dogs. Of 38 dogs (58 joints) which were clinically and radiographically re-examined by the author, it was found that severe arthrosis (degree 3) developed in about 60% of the joints, no matter whether surgical treatment was carried out or not. However, 19 of these dogs were not lame, or only revealed lameness occasionally.", "contents": "Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. III. Ununited medical coronoid process of the ulna and osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle. Surgical procedure for correction and postoperative investigation. A surgical procedure for medial arthrotomy in the elbow joint is described. Surgery was performed in an endeavour to remove an ununited coronoid process and/or a loose piece of cartilage from the humeral condyle. A long term follow up investigation of 58 operated and 20 unoperated dogs was undertaken. The prognosis of dogs operated upon because of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle, was fairly good; 11 of 15 dogs (73.3%) being reported as showing no signs of lameness. When dogs with the both diagnoses were judged together, the percentage of dogs reported not to be lame was 48.3 among operated dogs and 45 among unoperated dogs. However, dogs operated upon, recovered somewhat sooner than unoperated dogs. Of 38 dogs (58 joints) which were clinically and radiographically re-examined by the author, it was found that severe arthrosis (degree 3) developed in about 60% of the joints, no matter whether surgical treatment was carried out or not. However, 19 of these dogs were not lame, or only revealed lameness occasionally.", "PMID": 530818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4672", "title": "Renal and mammary excretion of sulfadimidine in buffaloes.", "content": "The renal and mammary excretion of sulfadimidine was investigated in 8 lactating buffaloes after intravenous administration. The results showed that sulfadimidine was bound to the proteins in plasma (39--59 per cent) and milk (5.5 per cent). The renal handling of sulfadimidine was influenced by the variations in the urinary pH and the concentration of non-protein-bound drug. From the results it is concluded that glomerular filtration, back diffusion and active tubular secretion are involved in the renal handling of sulfadimidine in buffaloes. The results of mammary excretion showed that sulfadimidine is excreted into milk of buffaloes in concentration lower than in plasma. The ratio between the concentration of sulfadimidine in milk and plasma increases when the pH of milk increases. The results are consistant with the theory that drugs are excreted through the mammary gland by passive diffusion.", "contents": "Renal and mammary excretion of sulfadimidine in buffaloes. The renal and mammary excretion of sulfadimidine was investigated in 8 lactating buffaloes after intravenous administration. The results showed that sulfadimidine was bound to the proteins in plasma (39--59 per cent) and milk (5.5 per cent). The renal handling of sulfadimidine was influenced by the variations in the urinary pH and the concentration of non-protein-bound drug. From the results it is concluded that glomerular filtration, back diffusion and active tubular secretion are involved in the renal handling of sulfadimidine in buffaloes. The results of mammary excretion showed that sulfadimidine is excreted into milk of buffaloes in concentration lower than in plasma. The ratio between the concentration of sulfadimidine in milk and plasma increases when the pH of milk increases. The results are consistant with the theory that drugs are excreted through the mammary gland by passive diffusion.", "PMID": 530819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4673", "title": "[Red cell filterability, smoking and cardiovascular risk factors (author's transl)].", "content": "Red cell deformability, which allows cells of 7 mu diameter to flow through capillaries not larger than 3 mu, can be approached by the measure of blood filterability on nuclepore 5 mu filters. Filterability is reduced in arterial diseases. We have, in 72 patients, correlated red cell filterability, with the number of cardiovascular risk factors present high blood pressure, overweight, diabetes, hyperuricemia, hyperlipemia smoking). There is a statistical difference between groups with risk factors present as a whole and with O risk factor (p less than 0.01). The difference is highly significant between O and 4 risk factors (p less than 0.0005). Filterability decrease is also directly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (less than 0.05) and decrease is enhanced by smoking two cigarettes.", "contents": "[Red cell filterability, smoking and cardiovascular risk factors (author's transl)]. Red cell deformability, which allows cells of 7 mu diameter to flow through capillaries not larger than 3 mu, can be approached by the measure of blood filterability on nuclepore 5 mu filters. Filterability is reduced in arterial diseases. We have, in 72 patients, correlated red cell filterability, with the number of cardiovascular risk factors present high blood pressure, overweight, diabetes, hyperuricemia, hyperlipemia smoking). There is a statistical difference between groups with risk factors present as a whole and with O risk factor (p less than 0.01). The difference is highly significant between O and 4 risk factors (p less than 0.0005). Filterability decrease is also directly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (less than 0.05) and decrease is enhanced by smoking two cigarettes.", "PMID": 530822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4674", "title": "[The influence of blood glucose on the filtrability of red cells in diabets. Variations after connection to an artificial pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "In 36 treated diabetics (15 with insulin, 21 with oral hypoglycaemic agents) without any detectable arterial atheromatous lesion, there was a negative correlation between the filtrability of red cells and blood glucose levels (r = - 0.60) on the one hand and, secondly, glycosylated haemoglobin levels (r = - 0.40). In 17 insulindependents diabetics connected to an artificial pancreas, normalisation of blood glucose was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the filtrability of red cells, and improvement of spontaneous platelet agregation. Good control of diabetes would thus appear to be necessary to reduce the incidence of microangiopathy.", "contents": "[The influence of blood glucose on the filtrability of red cells in diabets. Variations after connection to an artificial pancreas (author's transl)]. In 36 treated diabetics (15 with insulin, 21 with oral hypoglycaemic agents) without any detectable arterial atheromatous lesion, there was a negative correlation between the filtrability of red cells and blood glucose levels (r = - 0.60) on the one hand and, secondly, glycosylated haemoglobin levels (r = - 0.40). In 17 insulindependents diabetics connected to an artificial pancreas, normalisation of blood glucose was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the filtrability of red cells, and improvement of spontaneous platelet agregation. Good control of diabetes would thus appear to be necessary to reduce the incidence of microangiopathy.", "PMID": 530823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4675", "title": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients: presence of high concentrations of aluminium in the lysosomes of the cerebral cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Sampling of brain tissue of two patients who died of dialysis encephalopathy syndrome have been studied using a combined electron microscope-electron microprobe x-ray analyzer. X-ray microanalysis showed that aluminium is present in high concentration in lysosomes of brain cells. This concentration is approximately one thousand-fold that which is normally measured in the grey matter. In these lysosomes, aluminium is present in needle like microcrystalline form of 0.006 micron diameter and 0.08 micron long on the average; in these crystals, aluminium is associated with phosphorus in a ratio of one atom of aluminium per atom of phosphorus. Similar lesions have been observed in the rat after intraperitoneal injections of water-soluble aluminium salts.", "contents": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients: presence of high concentrations of aluminium in the lysosomes of the cerebral cells (author's transl)]. Sampling of brain tissue of two patients who died of dialysis encephalopathy syndrome have been studied using a combined electron microscope-electron microprobe x-ray analyzer. X-ray microanalysis showed that aluminium is present in high concentration in lysosomes of brain cells. This concentration is approximately one thousand-fold that which is normally measured in the grey matter. In these lysosomes, aluminium is present in needle like microcrystalline form of 0.006 micron diameter and 0.08 micron long on the average; in these crystals, aluminium is associated with phosphorus in a ratio of one atom of aluminium per atom of phosphorus. Similar lesions have been observed in the rat after intraperitoneal injections of water-soluble aluminium salts.", "PMID": 530824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4676", "title": "[Type A1 branchydactyly. Study of one family (author's transl)].", "content": "Five members of a kindred with type A1 brachydactyly were ascertained. The middle phalanges of the last four fingers were short, rudimentary or absent, and the proximal phalanges of the thumbs and great toes were shortened. Emergence of the brachydactyly in the children of an unaffected woman suggested the possibility of a half chromatid mutation or of a premutation. The pedigree was then consistant with autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance for brachydactyly.", "contents": "[Type A1 branchydactyly. Study of one family (author's transl)]. Five members of a kindred with type A1 brachydactyly were ascertained. The middle phalanges of the last four fingers were short, rudimentary or absent, and the proximal phalanges of the thumbs and great toes were shortened. Emergence of the brachydactyly in the children of an unaffected woman suggested the possibility of a half chromatid mutation or of a premutation. The pedigree was then consistant with autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance for brachydactyly.", "PMID": 530825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4677", "title": "[Hypouricaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypouricaemia (blood level blow 2 mg/100 ml or 12 mumol/100 ml) is rarely observed, i.e., in less than 1% of hospitalized patients. Hypouricaemia can be induced by any of three mechanisms: a decrease in uric acid synthesis due to deficient xanthine oxydase (e.g., hereditary xanthinuria, severe liver disease, treatment with allopurinol); increased uricolysis due to drug therapy; increased urinary excretion of uric acid. This increased urinary excretion is due to abnormal uric acid transport in the proximal tubule. It is sometimes observed alone (primary hereditary anomaly of tubular uric acid transport, severe liver disease or neoplasia, drugs, or contrast media). It can also be observed in association with other proximal tubular anomalies, constituting a Fanconi syndrom. Among observations of hypouricaemia, 50% result from drug therapy and approximately 30% are secondary to liver diseases or neoplasia. It has no special clinical consequence. Nevertheless, the observation of hypouricaemia in a patient should indicate the possibility of drug intoxication or an underlying disease, in particular neoplasia. Measurement of uric acid clearance is a simple method of determining the mechanism responsible and of guiding diagnosis.", "contents": "[Hypouricaemia (author's transl)]. Hypouricaemia (blood level blow 2 mg/100 ml or 12 mumol/100 ml) is rarely observed, i.e., in less than 1% of hospitalized patients. Hypouricaemia can be induced by any of three mechanisms: a decrease in uric acid synthesis due to deficient xanthine oxydase (e.g., hereditary xanthinuria, severe liver disease, treatment with allopurinol); increased uricolysis due to drug therapy; increased urinary excretion of uric acid. This increased urinary excretion is due to abnormal uric acid transport in the proximal tubule. It is sometimes observed alone (primary hereditary anomaly of tubular uric acid transport, severe liver disease or neoplasia, drugs, or contrast media). It can also be observed in association with other proximal tubular anomalies, constituting a Fanconi syndrom. Among observations of hypouricaemia, 50% result from drug therapy and approximately 30% are secondary to liver diseases or neoplasia. It has no special clinical consequence. Nevertheless, the observation of hypouricaemia in a patient should indicate the possibility of drug intoxication or an underlying disease, in particular neoplasia. Measurement of uric acid clearance is a simple method of determining the mechanism responsible and of guiding diagnosis.", "PMID": 530826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4678", "title": "[Myocardial protection by perfusion in deep hypothermia (10 degrees C) with or without cardioplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique of myocardial protection using a perfusion circuit in deep hypothermia via the ascending aorta or by selective cannulation of the coronaries has been used over a period of 2 years in almost 200 patients undergoing surgery requiring prolonged aortic clamping. It ensures rapid and homogeneous cooling of the myocardium (10-12 degrees C) and meets its reduced oxygen needs. It may be completed by cardioplegia (infusion of potassium chloride or lidocaine using an automatic syringe at a determined level). This simple technique permits a rapid spontaneous return of normal effective cardiac action. No low cardiac output syndromes have been seen since it has been used. Laboratory, histological, biochemical and haemodynamic studies carried out have confirmed its harmless nature.", "contents": "[Myocardial protection by perfusion in deep hypothermia (10 degrees C) with or without cardioplegia (author's transl)]. A technique of myocardial protection using a perfusion circuit in deep hypothermia via the ascending aorta or by selective cannulation of the coronaries has been used over a period of 2 years in almost 200 patients undergoing surgery requiring prolonged aortic clamping. It ensures rapid and homogeneous cooling of the myocardium (10-12 degrees C) and meets its reduced oxygen needs. It may be completed by cardioplegia (infusion of potassium chloride or lidocaine using an automatic syringe at a determined level). This simple technique permits a rapid spontaneous return of normal effective cardiac action. No low cardiac output syndromes have been seen since it has been used. Laboratory, histological, biochemical and haemodynamic studies carried out have confirmed its harmless nature.", "PMID": 530827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4679", "title": "[Data processing in clinical nuclear medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of data processing into clinical nuclear medicine, significant advances could be achieved above all through the development of quantitative gamma camera scintigraphy, which is nowadays one of the most important fields of computer application. The technological properties of an adequate computer system for nuclear medicine use are dependent on a scale on the necessities of gamma camera sequential scintigraphy. If the computer capacity to carry out fast sequential scintigraphy is available, the system can be used for all modern scintigraphic procedures as well as for other tasks. If we look back on the experience gathered in more than ten years, the following areas can be named in which the use of computers appears worthwile and desirable: 1. scintigraphic diagnostics 2. functional diagnostics 3. medical record printout 4. operational management of the department, documentation and retrieval of the patients data 5. planning of therapy. Because of the importance of quantitative sequential scintigraphy, in many nuclear medicine departments two or more gamma camera computer systems are used. For reasons of costs, however, it will not be justifiable to connect each gamma camera with a separate effective data system. Therefore systems have been tested in which several gamma cameras are connected to a host computer via microprocessor-controlled buffer systems and by means of DMA interfaces. From practical experience, critera were worked out to draw up a computer concept for data processing in clinical nuclear medicine.", "contents": "[Data processing in clinical nuclear medicine (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of data processing into clinical nuclear medicine, significant advances could be achieved above all through the development of quantitative gamma camera scintigraphy, which is nowadays one of the most important fields of computer application. The technological properties of an adequate computer system for nuclear medicine use are dependent on a scale on the necessities of gamma camera sequential scintigraphy. If the computer capacity to carry out fast sequential scintigraphy is available, the system can be used for all modern scintigraphic procedures as well as for other tasks. If we look back on the experience gathered in more than ten years, the following areas can be named in which the use of computers appears worthwile and desirable: 1. scintigraphic diagnostics 2. functional diagnostics 3. medical record printout 4. operational management of the department, documentation and retrieval of the patients data 5. planning of therapy. Because of the importance of quantitative sequential scintigraphy, in many nuclear medicine departments two or more gamma camera computer systems are used. For reasons of costs, however, it will not be justifiable to connect each gamma camera with a separate effective data system. Therefore systems have been tested in which several gamma cameras are connected to a host computer via microprocessor-controlled buffer systems and by means of DMA interfaces. From practical experience, critera were worked out to draw up a computer concept for data processing in clinical nuclear medicine.", "PMID": 530841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4680", "title": "[Application of harmonic analysis in quantitative heart scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative scintigraphy of the heart after equilibrium distribution of a radioactive tracer permits the measurement of time activity curves in the left ventricle during a representative heart cycle with great statistical accuracy. In the range of ventricular volumes which usually occur, the time activity curve corresponds with sufficient accuracy to the ventricular volume variation during one heart cycle. In cardiological terms, the parameters ejection fraction as well as maximum rates of ejection and filling have proved useful for evaluation of hemodynamic performance. By application of Fourier's analysis, criteria are to be attained in addition for evaluation of the volume curve as a whole. Thus the entire information contained in the volume curve is completely described in a Fourier spectrum. Because of the statistical noise, the volume curves drawn up from scintigraphic techniques require smoothing procedures, especially in determination of the differential quotients of ejection and filling rate. Smoothing by means of sliding average procedures causes a systematic deformation of the systolic dip and other similar regions of the curve, since the curve smoothened in this way does not converge towards the original curve at these points. Resynthesis after Fouier transformation seems to be an ideal method of smoothing because of its convergence in the minimum quadratic error for the type of function concerned.", "contents": "[Application of harmonic analysis in quantitative heart scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Quantitative scintigraphy of the heart after equilibrium distribution of a radioactive tracer permits the measurement of time activity curves in the left ventricle during a representative heart cycle with great statistical accuracy. In the range of ventricular volumes which usually occur, the time activity curve corresponds with sufficient accuracy to the ventricular volume variation during one heart cycle. In cardiological terms, the parameters ejection fraction as well as maximum rates of ejection and filling have proved useful for evaluation of hemodynamic performance. By application of Fourier's analysis, criteria are to be attained in addition for evaluation of the volume curve as a whole. Thus the entire information contained in the volume curve is completely described in a Fourier spectrum. Because of the statistical noise, the volume curves drawn up from scintigraphic techniques require smoothing procedures, especially in determination of the differential quotients of ejection and filling rate. Smoothing by means of sliding average procedures causes a systematic deformation of the systolic dip and other similar regions of the curve, since the curve smoothened in this way does not converge towards the original curve at these points. Resynthesis after Fouier transformation seems to be an ideal method of smoothing because of its convergence in the minimum quadratic error for the type of function concerned.", "PMID": 530842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4681", "title": "[Time resolution of scintigraphically determined left ventricular volume curves (author's transl)].", "content": "In 25 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and in 15 patients without heart disease, gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy was done with 15 mCi 99mTc-HSA in LAO projection. Scintigraphic data were collected in list mode by means of a gamma camera connected to a computer system (Siemens 330). A cumulative scintigram scintigram sequence with a time resolution of 100, 50 and 25 frames/sec was constructed using several hundred heart cycles of equal duration. After background correction volume curves of the left ventricle with a time resolution of 25, 50 and 100 Hz were obtained and the following parameters of these curves were compaired: ejection fraction, maximum ejection rate and maximum filling rate. It could be demonstrated that smoothing by sliding average requires a time resolution of at least 50 Hz, whereas in volume curves smoothed by Fourier-Analysis a time resolution of only 25 Hz is necessary. However, using a time resolution of 25 Hz, the course of the volume curve can not always be clearly demonstrated, so that time resolution of 50 Hz combined with Fourier-Analysis for the gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy is preferred.", "contents": "[Time resolution of scintigraphically determined left ventricular volume curves (author's transl)]. In 25 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and in 15 patients without heart disease, gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy was done with 15 mCi 99mTc-HSA in LAO projection. Scintigraphic data were collected in list mode by means of a gamma camera connected to a computer system (Siemens 330). A cumulative scintigram scintigram sequence with a time resolution of 100, 50 and 25 frames/sec was constructed using several hundred heart cycles of equal duration. After background correction volume curves of the left ventricle with a time resolution of 25, 50 and 100 Hz were obtained and the following parameters of these curves were compaired: ejection fraction, maximum ejection rate and maximum filling rate. It could be demonstrated that smoothing by sliding average requires a time resolution of at least 50 Hz, whereas in volume curves smoothed by Fourier-Analysis a time resolution of only 25 Hz is necessary. However, using a time resolution of 25 Hz, the course of the volume curve can not always be clearly demonstrated, so that time resolution of 50 Hz combined with Fourier-Analysis for the gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy is preferred.", "PMID": 530843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4682", "title": "[Accuracy of liver scintigraphy in focal liver disease; a comparison with postmortem studies in 159 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent literature numerous papers have been published concerning the accuracy of scintigraphic detection of liver metastases. Unfortunately however, the problem of false positive results is not particularly discussed in these papers. Because of the lack of information it was our aim to compare our own scintigraphic results with postmortem histopathological findings. Our investigations were carried out in 139 patients with various types of malignancy. Included in the investigations were 20 patients with primary liver tumor. The interval between scintigraphic examination and the histological verification ranged from 3 days to 1 year. In 62 of the patients with liver metastases, histopathology revealed liver metastases, while 77 patients showed no liver involvement. We arrived at the correct diagnosis \"liver metastasis\" in 50 out of 62 patients (80.6%). False negative scintigrams (19.4%) were found in most of the respective cases when diffuse malignant involvement such as leukemia and Hodgkin's disease was present, and also when the size of the metastases was less than 2 cm in diameter. Fifty six out of 77 patients (72.7%) without histopathological evidence of liver metastases revealed negative scintigrams. Twenty one (27.3%) false positive scintigrams were mostly due to (diffuse) nonmalignant disease e.g. fibrosis and cirrhosis. The overall accuracy of liver scintigraphy in our study was 76.2%. In 18 of 20 (90%) patients with focal liver disease correct diagnosis was established. 7 patients with benign liver tumors and 11 of 13 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma showed focal defects. Considering the fact that liver scintigraphy is a non-invasive procedure, it can be recommended as screening method. In connection with sonography and computer tomography liver scintigraphy can undoubtedly improve the diagnostic accuracy in detecting liver metastases and primary liver tumors.", "contents": "[Accuracy of liver scintigraphy in focal liver disease; a comparison with postmortem studies in 159 cases (author's transl)]. In recent literature numerous papers have been published concerning the accuracy of scintigraphic detection of liver metastases. Unfortunately however, the problem of false positive results is not particularly discussed in these papers. Because of the lack of information it was our aim to compare our own scintigraphic results with postmortem histopathological findings. Our investigations were carried out in 139 patients with various types of malignancy. Included in the investigations were 20 patients with primary liver tumor. The interval between scintigraphic examination and the histological verification ranged from 3 days to 1 year. In 62 of the patients with liver metastases, histopathology revealed liver metastases, while 77 patients showed no liver involvement. We arrived at the correct diagnosis \"liver metastasis\" in 50 out of 62 patients (80.6%). False negative scintigrams (19.4%) were found in most of the respective cases when diffuse malignant involvement such as leukemia and Hodgkin's disease was present, and also when the size of the metastases was less than 2 cm in diameter. Fifty six out of 77 patients (72.7%) without histopathological evidence of liver metastases revealed negative scintigrams. Twenty one (27.3%) false positive scintigrams were mostly due to (diffuse) nonmalignant disease e.g. fibrosis and cirrhosis. The overall accuracy of liver scintigraphy in our study was 76.2%. In 18 of 20 (90%) patients with focal liver disease correct diagnosis was established. 7 patients with benign liver tumors and 11 of 13 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma showed focal defects. Considering the fact that liver scintigraphy is a non-invasive procedure, it can be recommended as screening method. In connection with sonography and computer tomography liver scintigraphy can undoubtedly improve the diagnostic accuracy in detecting liver metastases and primary liver tumors.", "PMID": 530844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4683", "title": "[Investigations on 131I-hippurate-clearance in obstructive-uropathy; extraction of para-aminohippuric acid and 131I-hippurate in the acutely obstructed canine kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of more recent clinical and experimental investigations have thrown doubt on the usefulness of determining the individual 131I-hippurate clearance for evaluation of the function of acutely obstructed kidneys. There is a significant difference (5% level) between the kidney performance determined with external measurement on the one hand and with PAH and 125I-hippurate clearance in the steady state on the other. With the steady state method, the restriction of function to be expected in consequence of urinary obstruction is demonstrated, whereas with simultaneous measurement with catheterless 131I-hippurate clearance, an increase in function is detected. In the clearance studies carried out in the conventional way with PAH and 125I-hippurate, it was difficult to determine quantitatively the urine produced during urinary obstruction. The renal extraction of p-aminohippuric acid and 131I-hippurate was therefore determined in simultaneous measurement in six dogs before and after acute urinary obstruction with a constant plasma level of the test substances. The results obtained with this very elaborate method which is, however, independent of urine collection show that an acute urinary obstruction leads to a decrease of renal extraction both of PAH and of 131I-hippurate. Since with conventional clearance, the measurement result is proportional to the amount of substance excreted with the urine, a restriction of function must also result with the steady state methods in determining the performance of acutely obstructed kidneys. The results of the extraction investigations hence confirm the results of the clearance studies mentioned. In addition, they show that the \"increase\" of renal performance immediately after an experimentally induced urinary obstruction repeatedly found with catheterless determination of 131I-hippurate-clearance cannot be explained by a different kinetic behavior of PAH and 131I-hippurate in the acutely obstructed kidney.", "contents": "[Investigations on 131I-hippurate-clearance in obstructive-uropathy; extraction of para-aminohippuric acid and 131I-hippurate in the acutely obstructed canine kidney (author's transl)]. The results of more recent clinical and experimental investigations have thrown doubt on the usefulness of determining the individual 131I-hippurate clearance for evaluation of the function of acutely obstructed kidneys. There is a significant difference (5% level) between the kidney performance determined with external measurement on the one hand and with PAH and 125I-hippurate clearance in the steady state on the other. With the steady state method, the restriction of function to be expected in consequence of urinary obstruction is demonstrated, whereas with simultaneous measurement with catheterless 131I-hippurate clearance, an increase in function is detected. In the clearance studies carried out in the conventional way with PAH and 125I-hippurate, it was difficult to determine quantitatively the urine produced during urinary obstruction. The renal extraction of p-aminohippuric acid and 131I-hippurate was therefore determined in simultaneous measurement in six dogs before and after acute urinary obstruction with a constant plasma level of the test substances. The results obtained with this very elaborate method which is, however, independent of urine collection show that an acute urinary obstruction leads to a decrease of renal extraction both of PAH and of 131I-hippurate. Since with conventional clearance, the measurement result is proportional to the amount of substance excreted with the urine, a restriction of function must also result with the steady state methods in determining the performance of acutely obstructed kidneys. The results of the extraction investigations hence confirm the results of the clearance studies mentioned. In addition, they show that the \"increase\" of renal performance immediately after an experimentally induced urinary obstruction repeatedly found with catheterless determination of 131I-hippurate-clearance cannot be explained by a different kinetic behavior of PAH and 131I-hippurate in the acutely obstructed kidney.", "PMID": 530845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4684", "title": "[The influence of vitamin B 12 premedication on the result of the Schilling test (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of previous administration of vitamin B 12 on the Schilling test was examined in 10 patients, repeating the test during and 10 days after vitamin B 12 treatment. Under vitamin B 12 medication, the patients showed a significantly decreased vitamin B 12 urinary excretion. Ten days after vitamin B 12, repeat Schilling test demonstrated comparable results with baseline values except for one patient, who persistently had a low value.", "contents": "[The influence of vitamin B 12 premedication on the result of the Schilling test (author's transl)]. The effect of previous administration of vitamin B 12 on the Schilling test was examined in 10 patients, repeating the test during and 10 days after vitamin B 12 treatment. Under vitamin B 12 medication, the patients showed a significantly decreased vitamin B 12 urinary excretion. Ten days after vitamin B 12, repeat Schilling test demonstrated comparable results with baseline values except for one patient, who persistently had a low value.", "PMID": 530846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4685", "title": "[Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in parodontopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 20 patients (of these 8 without parodontopathy and 12 with parodontitis marginalis profunda), a quantitative scintigraphy of the jaw bones was carried out after application of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate with a gamma camera computer system. In 8 patients without parodontopathies, approximately the same metabolic activity in the bone was found in the os occipitale as well as in the mandible and maxilla. The 12 patients with parodontitis marginalis profunda showed in contrast to this an appreciable raised bone metabolism in the region of the affected jaw bone. This finding was in agreement with corresponding alterations in the X-ray of the jaw. The use of bone scintigraphy in marginal parodontopathies thus provides in addition to the radiological finding information on processes of bone transformation and degradation which can be registered quantitatively. Digital analysis enables control of the course of therapie.", "contents": "[Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in parodontopathy (author's transl)]. In a total of 20 patients (of these 8 without parodontopathy and 12 with parodontitis marginalis profunda), a quantitative scintigraphy of the jaw bones was carried out after application of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate with a gamma camera computer system. In 8 patients without parodontopathies, approximately the same metabolic activity in the bone was found in the os occipitale as well as in the mandible and maxilla. The 12 patients with parodontitis marginalis profunda showed in contrast to this an appreciable raised bone metabolism in the region of the affected jaw bone. This finding was in agreement with corresponding alterations in the X-ray of the jaw. The use of bone scintigraphy in marginal parodontopathies thus provides in addition to the radiological finding information on processes of bone transformation and degradation which can be registered quantitatively. Digital analysis enables control of the course of therapie.", "PMID": 530847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4686", "title": "[Morphological and functional evaluation criteria of hepatobiliary functional scintigraphy with 99mTc-diethyl-IDA in hepatocellular jaundice].", "content": "In 31 patients with histologically proven hepatocellular jaundice hepatobiliary scintigraphy with Tc-99m labelled IDA derivatives was performed. Results were classified under morphological (demonstration of liver parenchyma, ductus choledochus, bile ducts, gallbladder, kidney) and functional (Tmax, half time of bile excretion, appearance of activity in ductus choledochus, gallbladder, and intestines) criteria. The liver parenchyma could be demonstrated in 90.3% of cases, ductus choledochus in 71%, and the gallbladder in 72.4%. The type of tracer excretion into the intestines showed 9.5% activity accumulation in the gallbladder with late bile excretion into the intestines and 90.5% early activity excretion into the duodenum with late filling of the gallbladder. The intrahepatic bile ducts were demonstrated in 22.6% (left hepatic duct) and 6.5% (right hepatic duct). In 35.5% of cases the kidneys were still visible after 15 min p.i. All cases showed - sometimes delayed - bile excretion into the GI tract. The time of appearance of activity in ductus choledochus (18.4 min) and gallbladder (39.5 min) was delayed. The liver histogram showed likewise delayed values concerning Tmax (14.3 min) and half life of tracer excretion (greater than 30 min) when compared to controls. The differentiation of hepatocellular jaundice from obstructive jaundice is possible by the demonstration of bile excretion into the intestines, normal width of the bile ducts, and filling of the gallbladder.", "contents": "[Morphological and functional evaluation criteria of hepatobiliary functional scintigraphy with 99mTc-diethyl-IDA in hepatocellular jaundice]. In 31 patients with histologically proven hepatocellular jaundice hepatobiliary scintigraphy with Tc-99m labelled IDA derivatives was performed. Results were classified under morphological (demonstration of liver parenchyma, ductus choledochus, bile ducts, gallbladder, kidney) and functional (Tmax, half time of bile excretion, appearance of activity in ductus choledochus, gallbladder, and intestines) criteria. The liver parenchyma could be demonstrated in 90.3% of cases, ductus choledochus in 71%, and the gallbladder in 72.4%. The type of tracer excretion into the intestines showed 9.5% activity accumulation in the gallbladder with late bile excretion into the intestines and 90.5% early activity excretion into the duodenum with late filling of the gallbladder. The intrahepatic bile ducts were demonstrated in 22.6% (left hepatic duct) and 6.5% (right hepatic duct). In 35.5% of cases the kidneys were still visible after 15 min p.i. All cases showed - sometimes delayed - bile excretion into the GI tract. The time of appearance of activity in ductus choledochus (18.4 min) and gallbladder (39.5 min) was delayed. The liver histogram showed likewise delayed values concerning Tmax (14.3 min) and half life of tracer excretion (greater than 30 min) when compared to controls. The differentiation of hepatocellular jaundice from obstructive jaundice is possible by the demonstration of bile excretion into the intestines, normal width of the bile ducts, and filling of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 530848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4687", "title": "[The normal liver-spleen scintigram with the gamma camera (author's transl)].", "content": "In 104 patients without liver disease, liver spleen scintigrams were analysed according to uniform criteria. The scintigrams were taken after application of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in at least six projections with the gamma camera and coupled data processing. As a significant difference compared to scanner scintigraphy, a non-homogeneous storage pattern is frequently also found in the healthy liver, especially in the ventral projection. Superimpositions or impressions caused by extra- or intrahepatic structures were also more frequent and more pronounced than with scanner scintigraphy. As expected, there were no appreciable differences with regard to the liver forms. The following quantitative parameters were determined (mean +/- SD): maximum vertical diameter of the liver: 199 +/- 20.0 mm, maximum horizontal diameter: 219 +/- 19.8 mm; liver area (ventral projection): 187 +/- 27.3 cm2; spleen area (dorsal projection): 55.3 +/- 15.9 cm2; index of liver size (liver area divided by the normal weight of the patient as determined from a given table): mean +/- SD = 2.69 +/- 0.58 (ventral projection); spleen area index (spleen area divded by body surface): mean = 3.03 +/- 0.81 (dorsal projection). The choice of projection did not have any appreciable effect on the area dimensions and indices, so that with super-imposition of organs these values can be determined with sufficient accuracy even from oblique projections.", "contents": "[The normal liver-spleen scintigram with the gamma camera (author's transl)]. In 104 patients without liver disease, liver spleen scintigrams were analysed according to uniform criteria. The scintigrams were taken after application of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in at least six projections with the gamma camera and coupled data processing. As a significant difference compared to scanner scintigraphy, a non-homogeneous storage pattern is frequently also found in the healthy liver, especially in the ventral projection. Superimpositions or impressions caused by extra- or intrahepatic structures were also more frequent and more pronounced than with scanner scintigraphy. As expected, there were no appreciable differences with regard to the liver forms. The following quantitative parameters were determined (mean +/- SD): maximum vertical diameter of the liver: 199 +/- 20.0 mm, maximum horizontal diameter: 219 +/- 19.8 mm; liver area (ventral projection): 187 +/- 27.3 cm2; spleen area (dorsal projection): 55.3 +/- 15.9 cm2; index of liver size (liver area divided by the normal weight of the patient as determined from a given table): mean +/- SD = 2.69 +/- 0.58 (ventral projection); spleen area index (spleen area divded by body surface): mean = 3.03 +/- 0.81 (dorsal projection). The choice of projection did not have any appreciable effect on the area dimensions and indices, so that with super-imposition of organs these values can be determined with sufficient accuracy even from oblique projections.", "PMID": 530849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4688", "title": "[Animal experiments with 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA in acute complete bile duct occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish whether a complete obstructive jaundice can abolish the accumulation of diethyl-HIDA (EHIDA) in the liver parenchyma, the common bile duct was ligated in 14 mongrel dogs. Before as well as at regular intervals after ligature of the common bile duct, a sequence scintigraphy was performed with 2 mCi 99mTc-EHIDA. For evaluation, time-activity curves (Tmax, T1/2), and analogue scintigrams as well as laboratory parameters were used for assessment. Up to seven weeks after ligation of the common bile duct, there was a marked accumulation of EHIDA in the liver parenchyma. The relative liver uptake (liver/background ratio) fell from 8.9 to 2.7, whereas conversely the cholestasis indicators aP and bilirubine rose markedly. Tmax did not show any significant alterations, whereas T1/2 was prolonged from about one week after ligation. Because of the duct ligation, there was no excretion of activity into the intestines. Immediately after ligation of the common bile duct, the gallbladder was shown up as a \"hot\" area in which the majority of the applied activity appeared from about one hour p.i. Begining with the fifth to the seventh day after ligation, the gallbladder was seen as a \"cold\" area in the liver paraenchyma. Bilirubine and aP were raised by about 50 times the initial value. With longer lasting cholestasis, the scintigram no longer altered whereas bilirubine and aP rose further. Histological examination after ligation for more than five weeks showed slight alterations as a whole. Gamma-GT and in particular GPT were likewise slightly raised compared to bilirubine and aP. The conclusion was drawn from this that the good accumulation of EHIDA in the liver parenchyma which is to be observed without exception even in cholestasis lasting for several weeks could be explained by a relatively slight hepatocellular damage. Only when there is a consecutive parenchymal damage in extrahepatic jaundice, accumulation of EHIDA in the liver can be abolished.", "contents": "[Animal experiments with 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA in acute complete bile duct occlusion (author's transl)]. In order to establish whether a complete obstructive jaundice can abolish the accumulation of diethyl-HIDA (EHIDA) in the liver parenchyma, the common bile duct was ligated in 14 mongrel dogs. Before as well as at regular intervals after ligature of the common bile duct, a sequence scintigraphy was performed with 2 mCi 99mTc-EHIDA. For evaluation, time-activity curves (Tmax, T1/2), and analogue scintigrams as well as laboratory parameters were used for assessment. Up to seven weeks after ligation of the common bile duct, there was a marked accumulation of EHIDA in the liver parenchyma. The relative liver uptake (liver/background ratio) fell from 8.9 to 2.7, whereas conversely the cholestasis indicators aP and bilirubine rose markedly. Tmax did not show any significant alterations, whereas T1/2 was prolonged from about one week after ligation. Because of the duct ligation, there was no excretion of activity into the intestines. Immediately after ligation of the common bile duct, the gallbladder was shown up as a \"hot\" area in which the majority of the applied activity appeared from about one hour p.i. Begining with the fifth to the seventh day after ligation, the gallbladder was seen as a \"cold\" area in the liver paraenchyma. Bilirubine and aP were raised by about 50 times the initial value. With longer lasting cholestasis, the scintigram no longer altered whereas bilirubine and aP rose further. Histological examination after ligation for more than five weeks showed slight alterations as a whole. Gamma-GT and in particular GPT were likewise slightly raised compared to bilirubine and aP. The conclusion was drawn from this that the good accumulation of EHIDA in the liver parenchyma which is to be observed without exception even in cholestasis lasting for several weeks could be explained by a relatively slight hepatocellular damage. Only when there is a consecutive parenchymal damage in extrahepatic jaundice, accumulation of EHIDA in the liver can be abolished.", "PMID": 530850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4689", "title": "Necrotic changes of the adrenal cortex following orthostatic collapse in rabbits.", "content": "The adreal gland was studied in 56 adult male rabbits; 44 had been subjected to orthostatic collapse, and 12 served as controls. The animals either died from collapse or were sacrificed at regular intervals up to 30 days after the experimental procedure. Nuclear pyknosis was seen in cortical cells of animals dying in collapse. At 6 or more hours following collapse, necrosis was found involving single cells, or rarely small groups of cells mainly in the zona fasciculata. Regenerative areas were present at 7 and 15 days after collapse. This necrosis may be related to a nutritive disturbance, largely hypoxic in nature (hypovolemia with blood stasis and thrombosis). The adrenal medulla showed only degranulation.", "contents": "Necrotic changes of the adrenal cortex following orthostatic collapse in rabbits. The adreal gland was studied in 56 adult male rabbits; 44 had been subjected to orthostatic collapse, and 12 served as controls. The animals either died from collapse or were sacrificed at regular intervals up to 30 days after the experimental procedure. Nuclear pyknosis was seen in cortical cells of animals dying in collapse. At 6 or more hours following collapse, necrosis was found involving single cells, or rarely small groups of cells mainly in the zona fasciculata. Regenerative areas were present at 7 and 15 days after collapse. This necrosis may be related to a nutritive disturbance, largely hypoxic in nature (hypovolemia with blood stasis and thrombosis). The adrenal medulla showed only degranulation.", "PMID": 530888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4690", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in autopsy cases. Its incidence and clinicopathologic significance.", "content": "In a study of 1729 consecutive autopsies, the histopathologic diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) confirmed by the presence of microthrombi in more than two organs was made in 51 cases. Among them, 38 cases (74.5%) were clinically not suspected of having DIC. Microthrombi were most frequent in the kidneys, followed by the lungs, spleen, adrenals, heart, brain, and liver, in descending order of frequency. Furthermore, a wide variety of visceral lesions was another important histologic feature of DIC. Kidney lesions assumed a position of prime importance, and special attention was given to the high frequency of acute renal failure due to so-called acute tubular necrosis and bilateral renal cortical necrosis. Infections, often associated with shock, and malignancies were the most common underlying causes of DIC. DIC is a frequent, often fatal pathophysiologic condition complicating many disorders. The true incidence of DIC at autopsy may be higher. It should be noted that demonstration of microthrombi and visceral alterations related to intravascular clotting is important for the evaluation of cases suspected of having DIC.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in autopsy cases. Its incidence and clinicopathologic significance. In a study of 1729 consecutive autopsies, the histopathologic diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) confirmed by the presence of microthrombi in more than two organs was made in 51 cases. Among them, 38 cases (74.5%) were clinically not suspected of having DIC. Microthrombi were most frequent in the kidneys, followed by the lungs, spleen, adrenals, heart, brain, and liver, in descending order of frequency. Furthermore, a wide variety of visceral lesions was another important histologic feature of DIC. Kidney lesions assumed a position of prime importance, and special attention was given to the high frequency of acute renal failure due to so-called acute tubular necrosis and bilateral renal cortical necrosis. Infections, often associated with shock, and malignancies were the most common underlying causes of DIC. DIC is a frequent, often fatal pathophysiologic condition complicating many disorders. The true incidence of DIC at autopsy may be higher. It should be noted that demonstration of microthrombi and visceral alterations related to intravascular clotting is important for the evaluation of cases suspected of having DIC.", "PMID": 530889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4691", "title": "Collagen dysplasia and matrix vesicles. Researches with the electron microscope into the problem of so-called \"weakness of the vessel wall\".", "content": "Quite diverse pathological changes of the wall of a blood-vessel can lead to quantitatively and qualitatively altered collagen, as well as to the production of matrix vesicles. It can be demonstrated morphologically that changes--particularly qualitative changes--in collagen are accompanied by a more or less severe loss of function. Possible causal connections between the appearance simultaneously of matrix vesicles (in which lysosomal enzymes can be demonstrated) and altered vascular collagen are discussed.", "contents": "Collagen dysplasia and matrix vesicles. Researches with the electron microscope into the problem of so-called \"weakness of the vessel wall\". Quite diverse pathological changes of the wall of a blood-vessel can lead to quantitatively and qualitatively altered collagen, as well as to the production of matrix vesicles. It can be demonstrated morphologically that changes--particularly qualitative changes--in collagen are accompanied by a more or less severe loss of function. Possible causal connections between the appearance simultaneously of matrix vesicles (in which lysosomal enzymes can be demonstrated) and altered vascular collagen are discussed.", "PMID": 530892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4692", "title": "The endothelial surface of large veins of rabbit: scanning electron microscopic observations.", "content": "The following veins of the rabbit were fixed by perfusion and studied systematically by scanning electron microscopy: sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, external jugular vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, greater saphenous, and femoral veins. One result is that the shape and arrangement of endothelial cells of the veins are obviously influenced by hemodynamic shear forces. Two types of subendothelial fibres were demonstrated: \"cross-fibers\" which correspond to the circular inner muscle cells of the media, and \"longitudinal fibers\" which correspond to the intimal meshwork of connective tissue fibers. Regional differences are demonstrated in the occurrence of these fibres. Moreover, five morphologically different venous valve types are observed. The functional significance of these different valve types is not yet known.", "contents": "The endothelial surface of large veins of rabbit: scanning electron microscopic observations. The following veins of the rabbit were fixed by perfusion and studied systematically by scanning electron microscopy: sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, external jugular vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, greater saphenous, and femoral veins. One result is that the shape and arrangement of endothelial cells of the veins are obviously influenced by hemodynamic shear forces. Two types of subendothelial fibres were demonstrated: \"cross-fibers\" which correspond to the circular inner muscle cells of the media, and \"longitudinal fibers\" which correspond to the intimal meshwork of connective tissue fibers. Regional differences are demonstrated in the occurrence of these fibres. Moreover, five morphologically different venous valve types are observed. The functional significance of these different valve types is not yet known.", "PMID": 530893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4693", "title": "Duct elastosis in infiltrating carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Duct elastosis was studied in 219 patients subjected to radical mastectomy for infiltrating carcinoma of the breast, with a 10-year follow-up. Duct elastosis is a frequent finding in infiltrating breast cancer (65% of our cases). It develops in tumors of all three grades of malignancy, but it is more frequent in tumors of low grade malignancy (76% and 74% in grades I and II, respectively, and 47% in grade III tumors). In spite of their greater incidence in low malignancy tumors, the elastotic cases have a greater metastatic ratio than the non-elastotic cases (66% vs 45%). The elastotic cases also contain a significantly greater proportion of scirrhous tumors than the non-elastotic cases (86% vs. 32%). Duct elastosis and scirrhous reaction are two processes which develop in parallel, but are not related etiologically. They seem to be correlated with more advanced stages of the neoplastic disease. The influence of duct elastosis upon the ten year survival of the patients is unfavorable. this influence is not direct, and it is particularly evident in the metastatic cases. It seems to be related to the greater duration of the neoplastic disease and to the slow clinical course of tumors of low degree of malignancy.", "contents": "Duct elastosis in infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Duct elastosis was studied in 219 patients subjected to radical mastectomy for infiltrating carcinoma of the breast, with a 10-year follow-up. Duct elastosis is a frequent finding in infiltrating breast cancer (65% of our cases). It develops in tumors of all three grades of malignancy, but it is more frequent in tumors of low grade malignancy (76% and 74% in grades I and II, respectively, and 47% in grade III tumors). In spite of their greater incidence in low malignancy tumors, the elastotic cases have a greater metastatic ratio than the non-elastotic cases (66% vs 45%). The elastotic cases also contain a significantly greater proportion of scirrhous tumors than the non-elastotic cases (86% vs. 32%). Duct elastosis and scirrhous reaction are two processes which develop in parallel, but are not related etiologically. They seem to be correlated with more advanced stages of the neoplastic disease. The influence of duct elastosis upon the ten year survival of the patients is unfavorable. this influence is not direct, and it is particularly evident in the metastatic cases. It seems to be related to the greater duration of the neoplastic disease and to the slow clinical course of tumors of low degree of malignancy.", "PMID": 530894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4694", "title": "[The cytologic differentiation of prostatis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologists are often confronted with unexpected prostatitis in aspiration biopsy smears, because clinically prostatitis may lead to suspicious induration of the prostate similar to carcinoma and therefore subject to diagnostic biopsy. The question is whether cytodiagnosis is a reliable method for the exact morphologic diagnosis of prostatitis. The following paper attempts to answer this question. The basis of our cytologic differentiation of prostatitis was a series of 129 cases of prostatitis in 664 aspiration biopsies according to Franz\u00e9n. In 82 of these 129 cases, we had simultaneously performed a transrectal needle punch biopsy, which allowed a diagnostic comparison between the cytologic and histologic diagnosis with special reference to the reliability of cytology. Epithelial atypias were classified into 4 grades: Grade 1: No atypia; Grade 2: Slight atypia; Grade 3: Marked atypia; Grade 4: Malignant epithelium. Cytomorphologic characteristics of each grade are described. We found 6 different types in 4 main groups of prostatitis: 1. Acute prostatitis, purulent and abscessing types. 2. Chronic prostatitis. 3. Chronic relapsing prostatitis. 4. Granulomatous prostatitis, non specific and specific types. All types showed classic cytomorphologic inflammatory criteria. Marked atypias were found in group 3 and 4. Differential diagnosis with respect to carcinoma is not difficult, however, because marked atypias in these groups of prostatitis almost always appear focally. The diagnostic agreement between cytology and histology in 82 cases was found to be 87,6%. Our results showed that prostatis may be adequately diagnosed with cytology and may be differentiated into 6 different types. However, differentiation between periductal and interstitial forms of chronic prostatitis is impossible with cytology. Reliable cytodiagnosis of prostatitis requires a good aspiration smear, so that at least one half of slide is covered with material from the prostate. Furthermore, epithelial atypias must be present to prove the presence of prostatitis. Because of the good reliability of the cytologic differentiation of prostatitis, aspiration biopsy may be a valuable aid to the clinician in the primary diagnosis of prostatitis, especially the chronic type, which currently is sometimes uncertain.", "contents": "[The cytologic differentiation of prostatis (author's transl)]. Cytologists are often confronted with unexpected prostatitis in aspiration biopsy smears, because clinically prostatitis may lead to suspicious induration of the prostate similar to carcinoma and therefore subject to diagnostic biopsy. The question is whether cytodiagnosis is a reliable method for the exact morphologic diagnosis of prostatitis. The following paper attempts to answer this question. The basis of our cytologic differentiation of prostatitis was a series of 129 cases of prostatitis in 664 aspiration biopsies according to Franz\u00e9n. In 82 of these 129 cases, we had simultaneously performed a transrectal needle punch biopsy, which allowed a diagnostic comparison between the cytologic and histologic diagnosis with special reference to the reliability of cytology. Epithelial atypias were classified into 4 grades: Grade 1: No atypia; Grade 2: Slight atypia; Grade 3: Marked atypia; Grade 4: Malignant epithelium. Cytomorphologic characteristics of each grade are described. We found 6 different types in 4 main groups of prostatitis: 1. Acute prostatitis, purulent and abscessing types. 2. Chronic prostatitis. 3. Chronic relapsing prostatitis. 4. Granulomatous prostatitis, non specific and specific types. All types showed classic cytomorphologic inflammatory criteria. Marked atypias were found in group 3 and 4. Differential diagnosis with respect to carcinoma is not difficult, however, because marked atypias in these groups of prostatitis almost always appear focally. The diagnostic agreement between cytology and histology in 82 cases was found to be 87,6%. Our results showed that prostatis may be adequately diagnosed with cytology and may be differentiated into 6 different types. However, differentiation between periductal and interstitial forms of chronic prostatitis is impossible with cytology. Reliable cytodiagnosis of prostatitis requires a good aspiration smear, so that at least one half of slide is covered with material from the prostate. Furthermore, epithelial atypias must be present to prove the presence of prostatitis. Because of the good reliability of the cytologic differentiation of prostatitis, aspiration biopsy may be a valuable aid to the clinician in the primary diagnosis of prostatitis, especially the chronic type, which currently is sometimes uncertain.", "PMID": 530895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4695", "title": "[The current status of neuropathology in the Federal Republic of Germany 1979 (author's transl)].", "content": "This article describes changes in neuropathologic work towards a more intravital diagnostic aid, the increase in university neuropathologic departments, and the increased amount of neuropathology in teaching and examinations. These positive developments contrast with some genuine problems: the clinically oriented departments of neuropathology in some big research centers have been closed or altered and the personal staff of the university departments has been reduced. Subspeciality training in neuropathology within pathology should be supplemented by the possibility of entering neuropathology by way of neurology and psychiatry. Neuropathology should be connected to the neurosciences since this is the prerequisite to attain and maintain international research standards. However, the conditions necessary to achieve this aim personally and institutionally should be made available to all pathologists, clinicians, and administrators concerned with this subject.", "contents": "[The current status of neuropathology in the Federal Republic of Germany 1979 (author's transl)]. This article describes changes in neuropathologic work towards a more intravital diagnostic aid, the increase in university neuropathologic departments, and the increased amount of neuropathology in teaching and examinations. These positive developments contrast with some genuine problems: the clinically oriented departments of neuropathology in some big research centers have been closed or altered and the personal staff of the university departments has been reduced. Subspeciality training in neuropathology within pathology should be supplemented by the possibility of entering neuropathology by way of neurology and psychiatry. Neuropathology should be connected to the neurosciences since this is the prerequisite to attain and maintain international research standards. However, the conditions necessary to achieve this aim personally and institutionally should be made available to all pathologists, clinicians, and administrators concerned with this subject.", "PMID": 530896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4696", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of biodestruction of polyurethanes synthetized on the basis of simple and complex polyesters].", "content": "In model liquids and experimental animals (rats, rabbits) with the aid of physico-mechanical and histological methods (using interferentially polarizating microscopy) a comparative evaluation was made of the biodestruction of polyurethanes from synthetized simple and complex polyesters. The tissue reaction to intra-abdominal, intramuscular and subcutaneous implantation of perforated stripes of A-19 and Nr. 36 polymer was moderate. Two weeks post-operative increased volumetric biodestruction of the polymers was observed. The course was different in various standards and depended upon the chemical structure of the polymers. Taking into account the slight macrophage tissue reaction, in counterdistinction to the significant volumetric biodestruction which envolved the entire width of the polymer strip, it is assumed that the destruction of the investigated polyurethane composition (adhesive KL-3) takes place by hydrolysis 3 to 6 months post-implant.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of biodestruction of polyurethanes synthetized on the basis of simple and complex polyesters]. In model liquids and experimental animals (rats, rabbits) with the aid of physico-mechanical and histological methods (using interferentially polarizating microscopy) a comparative evaluation was made of the biodestruction of polyurethanes from synthetized simple and complex polyesters. The tissue reaction to intra-abdominal, intramuscular and subcutaneous implantation of perforated stripes of A-19 and Nr. 36 polymer was moderate. Two weeks post-operative increased volumetric biodestruction of the polymers was observed. The course was different in various standards and depended upon the chemical structure of the polymers. Taking into account the slight macrophage tissue reaction, in counterdistinction to the significant volumetric biodestruction which envolved the entire width of the polymer strip, it is assumed that the destruction of the investigated polyurethane composition (adhesive KL-3) takes place by hydrolysis 3 to 6 months post-implant.", "PMID": 530897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4697", "title": "[Behavior of glycoproteins and blood serum proteins in rats after PVC implantation].", "content": "Determination of soluble protein level and bound sialic acid in 0,15 M SSA (seromucoid) as well as of protein levels and total sialic acid (NANA) were made both in blood serum and serous fluid. These tests were performed before and after subcutaneous and intra-abdominal implantation of different PVC samples. The subcutaneous implantation of samples caused the appearance of serous fluid and subsequently inflammation characterized by an increase of levels of sialic acid and seromucoid--the so-called \"acute protein reaction\". There were also observed the increased electrophoretic alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin levels. Intra-abdominal implantation caused a decrease in the sialic acid level. Also the albumin fraction decreased but the concentration of the alpha 1 globulin fraction stayed within normal limits.", "contents": "[Behavior of glycoproteins and blood serum proteins in rats after PVC implantation]. Determination of soluble protein level and bound sialic acid in 0,15 M SSA (seromucoid) as well as of protein levels and total sialic acid (NANA) were made both in blood serum and serous fluid. These tests were performed before and after subcutaneous and intra-abdominal implantation of different PVC samples. The subcutaneous implantation of samples caused the appearance of serous fluid and subsequently inflammation characterized by an increase of levels of sialic acid and seromucoid--the so-called \"acute protein reaction\". There were also observed the increased electrophoretic alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin levels. Intra-abdominal implantation caused a decrease in the sialic acid level. Also the albumin fraction decreased but the concentration of the alpha 1 globulin fraction stayed within normal limits.", "PMID": 530898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4698", "title": "[Medico-physiological basis of functional properties and classification of elastic products for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases of veins of the lower limbs].", "content": "Chronic diseases of the venous system of the lower extremities and concomitant disorders in haemodynamics and vessel architecture are discussed. Data are presented suggesting correlation between the disease frequency and sex, age or profession. There are also discussed the problems of prophylaxis and treatment of these diseases, with particular reference to elastic man-made fiber products. On the basis of the presented data a classification scheme was made; there are also given the work properties and indications concerning the use of various elastic textiles for prophylaxis and treatment of venous system diseases.", "contents": "[Medico-physiological basis of functional properties and classification of elastic products for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases of veins of the lower limbs]. Chronic diseases of the venous system of the lower extremities and concomitant disorders in haemodynamics and vessel architecture are discussed. Data are presented suggesting correlation between the disease frequency and sex, age or profession. There are also discussed the problems of prophylaxis and treatment of these diseases, with particular reference to elastic man-made fiber products. On the basis of the presented data a classification scheme was made; there are also given the work properties and indications concerning the use of various elastic textiles for prophylaxis and treatment of venous system diseases.", "PMID": 530899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4699", "title": "In vitro studies on the role of the macrophages of resistant and susceptible chickens with Marek's disease.", "content": "Macrophages, from susceptible S- and resistant K-strain White Leghorn chickens, were studied in vitro to determine their contribution to the dynamics of Marek's disease (MD) and possible role in genetic resistance to this disease. In relation to basic macrophage properties (morphology, cell spreading, enzyme levels, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis) there were no significant differences between S- and K-strain macrophages. Both macrophage strains were observed to respond to JM virus by phagocytic responses, but no viral replication or transference of infectivity was observed within inoculated macrophage cultures. In general, there were no differences between S- and K-strain macrophages in vitro that may account for the genetic resistance or susceptibility to MD.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the role of the macrophages of resistant and susceptible chickens with Marek's disease. Macrophages, from susceptible S- and resistant K-strain White Leghorn chickens, were studied in vitro to determine their contribution to the dynamics of Marek's disease (MD) and possible role in genetic resistance to this disease. In relation to basic macrophage properties (morphology, cell spreading, enzyme levels, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis) there were no significant differences between S- and K-strain macrophages. Both macrophage strains were observed to respond to JM virus by phagocytic responses, but no viral replication or transference of infectivity was observed within inoculated macrophage cultures. In general, there were no differences between S- and K-strain macrophages in vitro that may account for the genetic resistance or susceptibility to MD.", "PMID": 530900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4700", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of narasin in battery raised broiler chickens.", "content": "The anticoccidial activity of the ionophorus antibiotic narasin was tested against six species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria mivati, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria tenella) in battery-raised broilers. Feeding ration medicated with 60, 80, or 100 ppm narasin significantly improved weight gains during the periods of D 0 to D7 and D 0 to D 14 (D 0 = day of inoculation with sporulated oocysts), compared with the weight gains in corresponding inoculated groups fed unmedicated feed. A similar protective effect of the medication was seen with feed conversion ratios (feed consumed/bird weight) and coccidiosis-induced mortality. With most species studied, 40 and 60 ppm narasin was not as efficacious as 80 or 100 ppm. The maximum numerial improvement in weight gain and feed conversion ratio was with 80 ppm narasin. Gross intestinal lesion scores were reduced by medication compared with the scores in birds fed unmedicated feed. The overall trend was for a larger reduction in lesion score with higher drug levels. Narasin at 80 or 100 ppm was generally more effective in controlling individual or mixed species infections of coccidia than 99 ppm monensin.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of narasin in battery raised broiler chickens. The anticoccidial activity of the ionophorus antibiotic narasin was tested against six species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria mivati, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria tenella) in battery-raised broilers. Feeding ration medicated with 60, 80, or 100 ppm narasin significantly improved weight gains during the periods of D 0 to D7 and D 0 to D 14 (D 0 = day of inoculation with sporulated oocysts), compared with the weight gains in corresponding inoculated groups fed unmedicated feed. A similar protective effect of the medication was seen with feed conversion ratios (feed consumed/bird weight) and coccidiosis-induced mortality. With most species studied, 40 and 60 ppm narasin was not as efficacious as 80 or 100 ppm. The maximum numerial improvement in weight gain and feed conversion ratio was with 80 ppm narasin. Gross intestinal lesion scores were reduced by medication compared with the scores in birds fed unmedicated feed. The overall trend was for a larger reduction in lesion score with higher drug levels. Narasin at 80 or 100 ppm was generally more effective in controlling individual or mixed species infections of coccidia than 99 ppm monensin.", "PMID": 530901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4701", "title": "Enhancement of the anticoccidial activity of polyether antibiotics in chickens by tiamulin.", "content": "The anticoccidial activities of monensin and lasalocid have been studied separately and in combination with tiamulin, a new pleuromutilin derivative. Combinations of constant tiamulin concentration (.0125%) in drinking water with various levels of polyether anticoccidials (6.3 to 125 ppm) in feed and conversely of constant levels of anticoccidials with various concentrations of tiamulin were used. The prophylactic efficacy of these combined treatments in battery raised broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella was evaluated. Assessment of the parameters mortality, weight gain, dropping scores, lesion scores, and oocyst output showed that simultaneous application of tiamulin significantly improved the anticoccidial activity of the polyethers. As tiamulin alone is without anticoccidial activity, this phenomenon was considered to result from an interaction between tiamulin and the polyethers leading to a slower metabolic degradation of the latter. Thus tissue levels adequate for maximum anticoccidial activity would be attained with lower polyether dose levels. Experiments using isolated perfused rat liver showed that elimination of monensin was reduced by 60% in the presence of tiamulin.", "contents": "Enhancement of the anticoccidial activity of polyether antibiotics in chickens by tiamulin. The anticoccidial activities of monensin and lasalocid have been studied separately and in combination with tiamulin, a new pleuromutilin derivative. Combinations of constant tiamulin concentration (.0125%) in drinking water with various levels of polyether anticoccidials (6.3 to 125 ppm) in feed and conversely of constant levels of anticoccidials with various concentrations of tiamulin were used. The prophylactic efficacy of these combined treatments in battery raised broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella was evaluated. Assessment of the parameters mortality, weight gain, dropping scores, lesion scores, and oocyst output showed that simultaneous application of tiamulin significantly improved the anticoccidial activity of the polyethers. As tiamulin alone is without anticoccidial activity, this phenomenon was considered to result from an interaction between tiamulin and the polyethers leading to a slower metabolic degradation of the latter. Thus tissue levels adequate for maximum anticoccidial activity would be attained with lower polyether dose levels. Experiments using isolated perfused rat liver showed that elimination of monensin was reduced by 60% in the presence of tiamulin.", "PMID": 530903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4702", "title": "Specific immune gammaglobulin in the control of Mycoplasma meleagridis.", "content": "Turkey embryos naturally infected with Mycoplasma meleagridis were treated with different fractions of turkey immunoglobulins obtained from either abattoir or hyperimmune sera. The whole crude globulin fraction, IgG or IgM, were injected directly into the yolk sac of infected embryos. Embryos that died during incubation were broken out, aged, and the yolk sac contents cultured for M. meleagridis. All globulin treatments significantly reduced embryo mortality; purified IgG from abattoir sera appeared to be the most effective in this regard, whereas the crude globulin fraction from the same source was least effective. All surviving poults were kept under observation for 21 days after hatching and monitored for further mortality, presence of skeletal deformities, airsacculitis, and serological presence of M. meleagridis. On the basis of these data it is readily apparent that injection of homologous specific immune gammaglobulins may be an attractive method for enhancing passive immunity transfer and thereby reducing the deleterious effects of egg-transmitted M. meleagridis. Of particular significance is the finding that globulin fractions from naturally immune turkeys offer quantitatively similar protection as compared to those derived from hyperimmune birds.", "contents": "Specific immune gammaglobulin in the control of Mycoplasma meleagridis. Turkey embryos naturally infected with Mycoplasma meleagridis were treated with different fractions of turkey immunoglobulins obtained from either abattoir or hyperimmune sera. The whole crude globulin fraction, IgG or IgM, were injected directly into the yolk sac of infected embryos. Embryos that died during incubation were broken out, aged, and the yolk sac contents cultured for M. meleagridis. All globulin treatments significantly reduced embryo mortality; purified IgG from abattoir sera appeared to be the most effective in this regard, whereas the crude globulin fraction from the same source was least effective. All surviving poults were kept under observation for 21 days after hatching and monitored for further mortality, presence of skeletal deformities, airsacculitis, and serological presence of M. meleagridis. On the basis of these data it is readily apparent that injection of homologous specific immune gammaglobulins may be an attractive method for enhancing passive immunity transfer and thereby reducing the deleterious effects of egg-transmitted M. meleagridis. Of particular significance is the finding that globulin fractions from naturally immune turkeys offer quantitatively similar protection as compared to those derived from hyperimmune birds.", "PMID": 530904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4703", "title": "Fatty acid binding protein in the intestine of the chicken.", "content": "The mucosa of the mesenteric intestine of the chicken has been found to contain a fatty acid binding protein (FABP) with a molecular weight of less than 12,400. The protein is present in the newly hatched chick before ingestion of feed and in the adult bird. When a low-fat diet is fed, the concentration of the FABP is highest in the proximal portion of the intestine and decreases posteriorly. When a high-fat diet is fed, an increase occurs in the amount of FABP in the lower section of the intestine.", "contents": "Fatty acid binding protein in the intestine of the chicken. The mucosa of the mesenteric intestine of the chicken has been found to contain a fatty acid binding protein (FABP) with a molecular weight of less than 12,400. The protein is present in the newly hatched chick before ingestion of feed and in the adult bird. When a low-fat diet is fed, the concentration of the FABP is highest in the proximal portion of the intestine and decreases posteriorly. When a high-fat diet is fed, an increase occurs in the amount of FABP in the lower section of the intestine.", "PMID": 530905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4704", "title": "Effect of Eimeria species on the appearance of radioactivity in the blood of chicks fed radio-labeled glucose or 3-0-methyl-D-glucose.", "content": "Results of five trials with four species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. brunetti) failed to demonstrate any interference with glucose absorption in the parasitized intestines of intact chick hosts. In addition, circulating blood radioactivity in severely parasitized chicks, as evidenced by weight gain data and intestinal lesion scores, was significantly higher than that in control chicks following oral administration of 14C-glucose or 3-0-methyl-D-14C-glucose at 6 days postinfection. During the recovery phase of the infection (14 to 21 days postinfection), severely infected chicks rapidly gained weight and the blood radioactivity of parasitized chicks was consistently higher than that of uninfected control chicks. No significant differences in weight or blood radioactivity were observed during the post-recovery period (28 to 35 days postinfection).", "contents": "Effect of Eimeria species on the appearance of radioactivity in the blood of chicks fed radio-labeled glucose or 3-0-methyl-D-glucose. Results of five trials with four species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. brunetti) failed to demonstrate any interference with glucose absorption in the parasitized intestines of intact chick hosts. In addition, circulating blood radioactivity in severely parasitized chicks, as evidenced by weight gain data and intestinal lesion scores, was significantly higher than that in control chicks following oral administration of 14C-glucose or 3-0-methyl-D-14C-glucose at 6 days postinfection. During the recovery phase of the infection (14 to 21 days postinfection), severely infected chicks rapidly gained weight and the blood radioactivity of parasitized chicks was consistently higher than that of uninfected control chicks. No significant differences in weight or blood radioactivity were observed during the post-recovery period (28 to 35 days postinfection).", "PMID": 530906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4705", "title": "Passage of feed through the adult rooster.", "content": "Five experiments were made to measure the time required for feed residues to clear the alimentary canal. The cumulative production of excreta dry matter was the primary criterion of measurement although attempts were made to adopt a stained particle technique. The latter was confounded by the production of metabolic and endogenous wastes. When full-fed adult roosters were taken off feed the residues within their alimentary canals were voided within 24 hr. Subsequent experiments involved placing known quantities of feed in the crops of starved roosters and measuring excreta production. Finely ground corn, wheat, oats, and barley (30 g) cleared the alimentary canal in 24 hr. The amount of wheat or wheat bran (10, 20, 30 g) placed in the crop affected the rate of passage but clearance was completed within 24 hr. A confounding factor was that the production of metabolic and endogenous waste decreased with the degree of starvation which was a function of feed input. Corrections based on the excreta production of negative control birds were not wholly satisfactory. The rate of excreta production was affected by the duration of starvation prior to the feeding of coarsely ground corn, soybean meal, and meat meal. The time of feeding also had a small effect. However, neither variable was of practical importance. It was found that while corn and soybean meal resideus cleared the alimentary canal in 24 hr meat meal required about 30 hr. Alfalfa, fish meal, and wheat fed as pellets produced more excreta than when fed as meals. Pellets appeared to have the faster rate of passage through the alimentary canal. Both alfalfa and fish meal required more than 24 hr to pass through the birds.", "contents": "Passage of feed through the adult rooster. Five experiments were made to measure the time required for feed residues to clear the alimentary canal. The cumulative production of excreta dry matter was the primary criterion of measurement although attempts were made to adopt a stained particle technique. The latter was confounded by the production of metabolic and endogenous wastes. When full-fed adult roosters were taken off feed the residues within their alimentary canals were voided within 24 hr. Subsequent experiments involved placing known quantities of feed in the crops of starved roosters and measuring excreta production. Finely ground corn, wheat, oats, and barley (30 g) cleared the alimentary canal in 24 hr. The amount of wheat or wheat bran (10, 20, 30 g) placed in the crop affected the rate of passage but clearance was completed within 24 hr. A confounding factor was that the production of metabolic and endogenous waste decreased with the degree of starvation which was a function of feed input. Corrections based on the excreta production of negative control birds were not wholly satisfactory. The rate of excreta production was affected by the duration of starvation prior to the feeding of coarsely ground corn, soybean meal, and meat meal. The time of feeding also had a small effect. However, neither variable was of practical importance. It was found that while corn and soybean meal resideus cleared the alimentary canal in 24 hr meat meal required about 30 hr. Alfalfa, fish meal, and wheat fed as pellets produced more excreta than when fed as meals. Pellets appeared to have the faster rate of passage through the alimentary canal. Both alfalfa and fish meal required more than 24 hr to pass through the birds.", "PMID": 530908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4706", "title": "An improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The present paper describes an improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl. With this technique, the operative procedures are the same as in the transbuccal approach of Hill and Parkes (1934), except that the drilling angle is the same as in the oral approach of Rothchild (1948a,b), since the present anatomical investigation indicates that the hypophysis lies at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface of the palate. An apparatus that was made to restrain the fowl head facilitates the operative procedure; even a novice can perform fowl hypophysectomy in more than 70% of the cases.", "contents": "An improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl. The present paper describes an improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl. With this technique, the operative procedures are the same as in the transbuccal approach of Hill and Parkes (1934), except that the drilling angle is the same as in the oral approach of Rothchild (1948a,b), since the present anatomical investigation indicates that the hypophysis lies at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface of the palate. An apparatus that was made to restrain the fowl head facilitates the operative procedure; even a novice can perform fowl hypophysectomy in more than 70% of the cases.", "PMID": 530909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4707", "title": "Evaluation of ammonia stress and coccidiosis on broiler performance.", "content": "Eighty broiler chickens were randomly assigned to each of 12 chambers in a controlled environment poultry facility. Ammonia gas was injected at 0, 50, or 100 ppm from 28 to 53 days of age. All chicks, except the control pens, were innoculated with coccidia at 36 days of age. No significant differences were found in mortality, but weight gains were significantly reduced in chambers that received ammonia gas. This was probably due to the increase in severity of air sac and intestinal lesions in the ammonia pens.", "contents": "Evaluation of ammonia stress and coccidiosis on broiler performance. Eighty broiler chickens were randomly assigned to each of 12 chambers in a controlled environment poultry facility. Ammonia gas was injected at 0, 50, or 100 ppm from 28 to 53 days of age. All chicks, except the control pens, were innoculated with coccidia at 36 days of age. No significant differences were found in mortality, but weight gains were significantly reduced in chambers that received ammonia gas. This was probably due to the increase in severity of air sac and intestinal lesions in the ammonia pens.", "PMID": 530910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4708", "title": "The effect of hypophysectomy upon corticosterone-induced ovulation in the hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "When the ovary of a laying hen contains a mature follicle, ovulation can be induced by an injection of corticosterone. The dose which is required to consistently induce a premature ovulation causes the plasma concentration of corticosterone in the peripheral blood to rise to levels which are higher than those normally observed during the ovulation cycle. The accompanying rise and fall in progesterone which follows an injection of corticosterone. It was concluded that the pituitary gland for both ovulation and progesterone secretion to occur.", "contents": "The effect of hypophysectomy upon corticosterone-induced ovulation in the hen (Gallus domesticus). When the ovary of a laying hen contains a mature follicle, ovulation can be induced by an injection of corticosterone. The dose which is required to consistently induce a premature ovulation causes the plasma concentration of corticosterone in the peripheral blood to rise to levels which are higher than those normally observed during the ovulation cycle. The accompanying rise and fall in progesterone which follows an injection of corticosterone. It was concluded that the pituitary gland for both ovulation and progesterone secretion to occur.", "PMID": 530911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4709", "title": "Safety evaluation of salinomycin in broiler chickens reared in floor pens.", "content": "Salinomycin (Coxistac), a new broad spectrum anticoccidial, was tested in broilers reared in floor pens for safety at 50, 60, 80, 100, and 160 ppm fed continuously from 1 to 56 days of age. Four trials were conducted. Comparisons were made to unmedicated controls and in three trials to monensin to monensin at 80, 100, and 121 ppm. The weight gains at 50 and 60 ppm of salinomycin and 80 and 100 ppm of monensin were statistically comparable and equivalent to or better than controls. The weight gain at 80 ppm of salinomycin was slightly below controls but comparable to 121 ppm monensin. Levels of 100 and 160 ppm of salinomycin depressed weight gain. Feed conversion for all treatments except 160 ppm salinomycin were comparable.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of salinomycin in broiler chickens reared in floor pens. Salinomycin (Coxistac), a new broad spectrum anticoccidial, was tested in broilers reared in floor pens for safety at 50, 60, 80, 100, and 160 ppm fed continuously from 1 to 56 days of age. Four trials were conducted. Comparisons were made to unmedicated controls and in three trials to monensin to monensin at 80, 100, and 121 ppm. The weight gains at 50 and 60 ppm of salinomycin and 80 and 100 ppm of monensin were statistically comparable and equivalent to or better than controls. The weight gain at 80 ppm of salinomycin was slightly below controls but comparable to 121 ppm monensin. Levels of 100 and 160 ppm of salinomycin depressed weight gain. Feed conversion for all treatments except 160 ppm salinomycin were comparable.", "PMID": 530912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4710", "title": "Testicular response of non-breeding pheasants to human chorionic gonadotropin, chicken pituitary extract, and photoperiod.", "content": "This investigation was designed to compare the testicular response of non-breeding pheasants to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), chicken pituitary extract (CPE), and extended photoperiod exposure (20L:4D) by analyzing testicular weights, testicular histology, and plasma testosterone levels. Exposure to 20L:4D increased testicular weights and plasma testosterone levels significantly (P less than .01) and recovered spermatogenesis completely. Injections of CPE increased testicular weights (P less than .01) and recovered spermatogenesis partially, but had no significant effect on plasma testosterone levels. Effects of HCG were non-significant. It is suggested that either doses of HCG and CPE used in this study were not enough or non-breeding pheasants require pheasant gonadotropins for the complete recovery of testicular function.", "contents": "Testicular response of non-breeding pheasants to human chorionic gonadotropin, chicken pituitary extract, and photoperiod. This investigation was designed to compare the testicular response of non-breeding pheasants to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), chicken pituitary extract (CPE), and extended photoperiod exposure (20L:4D) by analyzing testicular weights, testicular histology, and plasma testosterone levels. Exposure to 20L:4D increased testicular weights and plasma testosterone levels significantly (P less than .01) and recovered spermatogenesis completely. Injections of CPE increased testicular weights (P less than .01) and recovered spermatogenesis partially, but had no significant effect on plasma testosterone levels. Effects of HCG were non-significant. It is suggested that either doses of HCG and CPE used in this study were not enough or non-breeding pheasants require pheasant gonadotropins for the complete recovery of testicular function.", "PMID": 530913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4711", "title": "New observations on the structure of the hen ovum at ovulation.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the perivitelline layer (PL) of a hen body cavity ovum revealed dispersed groups of atrophied granulosa cells. Those overlying the animal pole were flattened and had numerous ramifying processes which penetrated the porous ground substance of the PL. Alternatively, the granulosa cells overlying the vegetal pole were rounded and formed fewer processes which penetrated a nonporous ground substance. The latter observation suggests that the PL is not structurally uniform in all ova.", "contents": "New observations on the structure of the hen ovum at ovulation. Scanning electron microscopy of the perivitelline layer (PL) of a hen body cavity ovum revealed dispersed groups of atrophied granulosa cells. Those overlying the animal pole were flattened and had numerous ramifying processes which penetrated the porous ground substance of the PL. Alternatively, the granulosa cells overlying the vegetal pole were rounded and formed fewer processes which penetrated a nonporous ground substance. The latter observation suggests that the PL is not structurally uniform in all ova.", "PMID": 530914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4712", "title": "[Tumours markers. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is characterized by high circulating levels of calcitonin (CT) and of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), these markers enable the diagnosis of the tumour, the assessment of the efficacy of treatment and the detection of metastases at a subclinical stage. In 130 patients with a primary tumour and/or metastases, CT level was high. In 120 of them (92%), CEA level was also high. There was a positive correlation between levels of CT and of CEA, and both assays should be included in the preoperative examinations. Following removal of the tumour, normalisation of CEA levels takes several weeks, in contrast to CT where normalisation is rapid. Finally, these estimations may be used to detect familial forms at a subclinical stage. This enabled us to detect 16 new cases of MCT amongst 77 subjects studied.", "contents": "[Tumours markers. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is characterized by high circulating levels of calcitonin (CT) and of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), these markers enable the diagnosis of the tumour, the assessment of the efficacy of treatment and the detection of metastases at a subclinical stage. In 130 patients with a primary tumour and/or metastases, CT level was high. In 120 of them (92%), CEA level was also high. There was a positive correlation between levels of CT and of CEA, and both assays should be included in the preoperative examinations. Following removal of the tumour, normalisation of CEA levels takes several weeks, in contrast to CT where normalisation is rapid. Finally, these estimations may be used to detect familial forms at a subclinical stage. This enabled us to detect 16 new cases of MCT amongst 77 subjects studied.", "PMID": 530945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4713", "title": "[Acute renal failure due to non traumatic rhabdomyolysis. 11 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous nuclear disease was found twice: Mc Ardle disease, dermatomyositis. Causative factors were: strenous exercise, hyperthermia, intoxication, influenza. Myalgias and/or myoedema was recorded in ten cases, associated with an hypovolemia of variable severity in eight. Oligo-anuria was observed in eight cases. The acute renal failure (ARF) was characterized by an increase in the serum creatinin more important than the rise in the blood urea and, in some cases, severe metabolic disturbances: hyperkaliema (6 cases), hypocalcemia (5 cases), hyperphosphatemia (5 cases) and hyperuricemia (5 cases). Diagnosis was made by the increase in sera of the muscles enzymes, specially the CPK and the search for myoglobinuria, positive during the first seven days. A complete recovery of renal function was observed in the nine survivors with a transient and moderate hypercalcemia in three. Three patients had persistant neuro-muscular deficiencies. Non traumatic rhabdomyolysis is not a rare cause of ARF and should be considered when the etiology of ARF is uncertain.", "contents": "[Acute renal failure due to non traumatic rhabdomyolysis. 11 cases (author's transl)]. Previous nuclear disease was found twice: Mc Ardle disease, dermatomyositis. Causative factors were: strenous exercise, hyperthermia, intoxication, influenza. Myalgias and/or myoedema was recorded in ten cases, associated with an hypovolemia of variable severity in eight. Oligo-anuria was observed in eight cases. The acute renal failure (ARF) was characterized by an increase in the serum creatinin more important than the rise in the blood urea and, in some cases, severe metabolic disturbances: hyperkaliema (6 cases), hypocalcemia (5 cases), hyperphosphatemia (5 cases) and hyperuricemia (5 cases). Diagnosis was made by the increase in sera of the muscles enzymes, specially the CPK and the search for myoglobinuria, positive during the first seven days. A complete recovery of renal function was observed in the nine survivors with a transient and moderate hypercalcemia in three. Three patients had persistant neuro-muscular deficiencies. Non traumatic rhabdomyolysis is not a rare cause of ARF and should be considered when the etiology of ARF is uncertain.", "PMID": 530946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4714", "title": "[A dominant form of pseudoachondroplastic dysplasia. A familial case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a family of 5 subjects suffering from pseudoachondroplastic dysplasia in an autosomal dominant form. The interest of this report lies in the radiological documents obtained in the subjects at different ages (3, 18 and 63 years) and the extreme rarity of autosomal dominant forms since only six familial cases of this type have been described up to the present time.", "contents": "[A dominant form of pseudoachondroplastic dysplasia. A familial case (author's transl)]. The authors report a family of 5 subjects suffering from pseudoachondroplastic dysplasia in an autosomal dominant form. The interest of this report lies in the radiological documents obtained in the subjects at different ages (3, 18 and 63 years) and the extreme rarity of autosomal dominant forms since only six familial cases of this type have been described up to the present time.", "PMID": 530947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4715", "title": "[Hepatitis: the problem of terminology (author's transl)].", "content": "Every case of hepatitis must be defined as far as possible on the basis of four reference criteria: aetiological, clinical presentation, histological and course. Each criterion offers information concerning the classification, severity and course of the disease. The use of these criteria makes it possible to avoid all errors of interpretation and to avoid imprecise terminology, a typical example of which is \"subacute hepatitis\" which for some implies severe acute hepatitis running a prolonged course and for others the existence of confluent necrosis without it being possible to say whether this should be classified amongst cases of acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. The terms acute and chronic should retain their clinical significance, the term aggressive should retain a histological significance and, insofar as the piecemeal necrosis which characterises it is seen in both types of hepatitis, it should be dissociated, in terms of classification, from chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Hepatitis: the problem of terminology (author's transl)]. Every case of hepatitis must be defined as far as possible on the basis of four reference criteria: aetiological, clinical presentation, histological and course. Each criterion offers information concerning the classification, severity and course of the disease. The use of these criteria makes it possible to avoid all errors of interpretation and to avoid imprecise terminology, a typical example of which is \"subacute hepatitis\" which for some implies severe acute hepatitis running a prolonged course and for others the existence of confluent necrosis without it being possible to say whether this should be classified amongst cases of acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. The terms acute and chronic should retain their clinical significance, the term aggressive should retain a histological significance and, insofar as the piecemeal necrosis which characterises it is seen in both types of hepatitis, it should be dissociated, in terms of classification, from chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 530948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4716", "title": "[Flat foot: treatment by sub-talar arthrodesis with reposition of the talus calcaneum (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1962, the authors have used a technique of sub-talar arthrodesis combined with talar-calcaneal reposition (\"horseman\" operation) in cases of valgus flat foot, accompanied by symptoms, in moderate forms with exaggerated talar-calcaneal divergence and verticalisation of the talus. This operation involves only the sub-talar joint. The mid-tarsal joint is untouched. Technique must be precise in order to avoid hyper or hypo-correction. The results are constantly good. The mid-tarsal joint remains free, which offers a definite advantage in comparison with classical double tarsectomy.", "contents": "[Flat foot: treatment by sub-talar arthrodesis with reposition of the talus calcaneum (author's transl)]. Since 1962, the authors have used a technique of sub-talar arthrodesis combined with talar-calcaneal reposition (\"horseman\" operation) in cases of valgus flat foot, accompanied by symptoms, in moderate forms with exaggerated talar-calcaneal divergence and verticalisation of the talus. This operation involves only the sub-talar joint. The mid-tarsal joint is untouched. Technique must be precise in order to avoid hyper or hypo-correction. The results are constantly good. The mid-tarsal joint remains free, which offers a definite advantage in comparison with classical double tarsectomy.", "PMID": 530949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4717", "title": "Endocytosis in erythrocytes and their ghosts.", "content": "Study of endocytosis in human erythrocytes and their ghosts provides an opportunity for the elucidation of the steps involved in membrane invagination and fusion. The specific preparation being studied should be described with great care since circumstances that produce endocytosis may differ among the several available preparations. For example, in resealed red ghosts the addition of 0.5 to 1 mM Ca stimulates Mg-ATP-induced endocytosis, whereas in intact erythrocytes Ca addition stimulates primaquine-induced endocytosis and inhibits vinblastine-induced endocytosis. Furthermore, Ca inhibits endocytosis in white ghosts. EDTA can produce endocytosis in white ghosts but not in resealed red ghosts. In studies with white ghosts, incubation with EDTA, trypsin, or Mg-ATP produced endocytosis, whereas the prior addition of an antispectrin antibody prevented endocytosis. When the white ghost vacuoles were harvested they were found to be depleted of spectrin. These observations lead to the hypothesis that endocytic vacuoles are formed in areas of the membrane that have been substantially freed of spectrin.", "contents": "Endocytosis in erythrocytes and their ghosts. Study of endocytosis in human erythrocytes and their ghosts provides an opportunity for the elucidation of the steps involved in membrane invagination and fusion. The specific preparation being studied should be described with great care since circumstances that produce endocytosis may differ among the several available preparations. For example, in resealed red ghosts the addition of 0.5 to 1 mM Ca stimulates Mg-ATP-induced endocytosis, whereas in intact erythrocytes Ca addition stimulates primaquine-induced endocytosis and inhibits vinblastine-induced endocytosis. Furthermore, Ca inhibits endocytosis in white ghosts. EDTA can produce endocytosis in white ghosts but not in resealed red ghosts. In studies with white ghosts, incubation with EDTA, trypsin, or Mg-ATP produced endocytosis, whereas the prior addition of an antispectrin antibody prevented endocytosis. When the white ghost vacuoles were harvested they were found to be depleted of spectrin. These observations lead to the hypothesis that endocytic vacuoles are formed in areas of the membrane that have been substantially freed of spectrin.", "PMID": 531034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4718", "title": "The membrane abnormalities in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).", "content": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells are characterized by an abnormal membrane which interacts abnormally with normal serum complement. These abnormal reactions occur at two levels of the sequence: 1) All abnormal PNH cells fix more C3 than normal cells for a given activation of complement; 2) PNH III cells are more readily lysed by a given number of assembled terminal complexes. The nature of the lesion yielding these abnormal reactions is not known.", "contents": "The membrane abnormalities in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells are characterized by an abnormal membrane which interacts abnormally with normal serum complement. These abnormal reactions occur at two levels of the sequence: 1) All abnormal PNH cells fix more C3 than normal cells for a given activation of complement; 2) PNH III cells are more readily lysed by a given number of assembled terminal complexes. The nature of the lesion yielding these abnormal reactions is not known.", "PMID": 531036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4719", "title": "Hemolytic anemias associated with deficient or dysfunctional spectrin.", "content": "Elliptocytes from patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) form elliptical ghosts and membrane skeletons. The composition of HE skeletons is quantitatively normal; however, in some but not all kindreds the major membrane skeletal protein, spectrin, is abnormally heat-sensitive, presumably due to a molecular defect which diminishes its conformational stability. Red cells from four mutants of the common house mouse (Mus musculus) with severe, recessive hemolytic anemias show marked membrane budding, fragmentation, and spherocytosis, which suggest membrane instability. Ghosts spontaneously vesiculate and are spectrin-deficient. The amount of spectrin varies from none to one-half the normal amount and correlates with the clinical severity of the four mutations. The cause of this deficiency remains to be determined. These mutants prove that spectrin is a critical determinant of membrane structural integrity and provide a unique opportunity to test, in intact red cells, putative functions of spectrin. Spectrin extracted from ghosts at low ionic strength is heterogeneous. At physiologic ionic strengths part (46 +/- 5%) is polymerized (P-spectrin) and complexed with actin, and part remains as nonpolymerized spectrin dimers and tetramers (NP-spectrin). We postulate that these are native membrane species which exist in a metabolically controlled equilibrium in vivo and that the proportion of these species regulates membrane shape, strength, and flexibility.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemias associated with deficient or dysfunctional spectrin. Elliptocytes from patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) form elliptical ghosts and membrane skeletons. The composition of HE skeletons is quantitatively normal; however, in some but not all kindreds the major membrane skeletal protein, spectrin, is abnormally heat-sensitive, presumably due to a molecular defect which diminishes its conformational stability. Red cells from four mutants of the common house mouse (Mus musculus) with severe, recessive hemolytic anemias show marked membrane budding, fragmentation, and spherocytosis, which suggest membrane instability. Ghosts spontaneously vesiculate and are spectrin-deficient. The amount of spectrin varies from none to one-half the normal amount and correlates with the clinical severity of the four mutations. The cause of this deficiency remains to be determined. These mutants prove that spectrin is a critical determinant of membrane structural integrity and provide a unique opportunity to test, in intact red cells, putative functions of spectrin. Spectrin extracted from ghosts at low ionic strength is heterogeneous. At physiologic ionic strengths part (46 +/- 5%) is polymerized (P-spectrin) and complexed with actin, and part remains as nonpolymerized spectrin dimers and tetramers (NP-spectrin). We postulate that these are native membrane species which exist in a metabolically controlled equilibrium in vivo and that the proportion of these species regulates membrane shape, strength, and flexibility.", "PMID": 531037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4720", "title": "A model for the action of the anion exchange protein of the red blood cell.", "content": "Kinetic information on anion transport suggests that a mobile carrier system is involved in which the carrier-anion complex is able to spontaneously traverse the membrane. A second anion-binding site, the modifier, can when occupied reduce the rate of transport. Chemical studies with inhibitory probes suggest that the carrier and modifier sites are located in a specific transmembrane protein, band 3. The modifier site is accessible only from the internal surface but the carrier (transport) site is accessible from both the external and cytoplasmic surfaces. This information is discussed in terms of a model in which the anion traverses the membrane via a protein pathway. Transport involves conformational changes such that the transport site is alternately exposed to the external and cytoplasmic sides.", "contents": "A model for the action of the anion exchange protein of the red blood cell. Kinetic information on anion transport suggests that a mobile carrier system is involved in which the carrier-anion complex is able to spontaneously traverse the membrane. A second anion-binding site, the modifier, can when occupied reduce the rate of transport. Chemical studies with inhibitory probes suggest that the carrier and modifier sites are located in a specific transmembrane protein, band 3. The modifier site is accessible only from the internal surface but the carrier (transport) site is accessible from both the external and cytoplasmic surfaces. This information is discussed in terms of a model in which the anion traverses the membrane via a protein pathway. Transport involves conformational changes such that the transport site is alternately exposed to the external and cytoplasmic sides.", "PMID": 531039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4721", "title": "Erythrocyte disorders leading to potassium loss and cellular dehydration.", "content": "RBC K loss and cellular dehydration are associated with a variety of normal and abnormal erythrocyte conditions. In some cases (normal RBC aging, pyruvate-kinase-deficient RBCs and irreversibly sickled cells) cation and water changes are related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and to increased RBC calcium content. In other disorders, such as hereditary xerocytosis, cation depletion and cellular hydration are not related to altered energy or calcium metabolism. Rather, this condition is thought to be due to a structural membrane defect which is manifested by imbalanced cation leaks (K less greater than Na gain) for which the active cation transport is unable to compensate. None of the disorders described here are associated with known structural membrane alterations. The fact that K loss and cellular dehydration are common to several RBC disorders suggests that this phenomenon may have a direct role in membrane injury. This hypothesis is supported by two separate observations: 1)Formation of irreversible sickled cells in vitro is prevented if K and water loss are inhibited, and these effects are independent of ATP depletion and calcium accumulation; 2) the mean critical hemolytic volume is markedly reduced in K- and water-depleted normal RBCs. RBC dehydration without intracellular cation depletion, however, is not associated with changes in mean critical hemolytic volume. These data thus indicate that K loss may have a direct role in RBC membrane injury. The mechanism by which this occurs and the associated alterations in membrane structure, however, remain to be identified.", "contents": "Erythrocyte disorders leading to potassium loss and cellular dehydration. RBC K loss and cellular dehydration are associated with a variety of normal and abnormal erythrocyte conditions. In some cases (normal RBC aging, pyruvate-kinase-deficient RBCs and irreversibly sickled cells) cation and water changes are related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and to increased RBC calcium content. In other disorders, such as hereditary xerocytosis, cation depletion and cellular hydration are not related to altered energy or calcium metabolism. Rather, this condition is thought to be due to a structural membrane defect which is manifested by imbalanced cation leaks (K less greater than Na gain) for which the active cation transport is unable to compensate. None of the disorders described here are associated with known structural membrane alterations. The fact that K loss and cellular dehydration are common to several RBC disorders suggests that this phenomenon may have a direct role in membrane injury. This hypothesis is supported by two separate observations: 1)Formation of irreversible sickled cells in vitro is prevented if K and water loss are inhibited, and these effects are independent of ATP depletion and calcium accumulation; 2) the mean critical hemolytic volume is markedly reduced in K- and water-depleted normal RBCs. RBC dehydration without intracellular cation depletion, however, is not associated with changes in mean critical hemolytic volume. These data thus indicate that K loss may have a direct role in RBC membrane injury. The mechanism by which this occurs and the associated alterations in membrane structure, however, remain to be identified.", "PMID": 531041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4722", "title": "Action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward lipids of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The activity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes is enhanced significantly following ghosting of the membrane. The specificity observed is phosphatidylethanolamine greater than phosphatidylcholine and is the reverse of that expected from model studies with individual phospholipids. It is shown, utilizing phospholipid mixtures, that the activity and specificity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 is dependent on the presence of other lipids and their organization.", "contents": "Action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward lipids of erythrocyte membranes. The activity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes is enhanced significantly following ghosting of the membrane. The specificity observed is phosphatidylethanolamine greater than phosphatidylcholine and is the reverse of that expected from model studies with individual phospholipids. It is shown, utilizing phospholipid mixtures, that the activity and specificity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 is dependent on the presence of other lipids and their organization.", "PMID": 531042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4723", "title": "Psychotomimetics potentiate locomotor hyperactivity induced by dopaminergic drugs.", "content": "The spontaneous locomotor activity of rats was investigated in an open-field test. Apomorphine and d,1-amphetamine caused a dose dependent increase of locomotor activity. LSD, mescaline, and DMT in low doses were ineffective, when given alone, but caused a strong potentiation of the hypermotility induced by apomorphine and d,1-amphetamine. Cyproheptadine antagonized the potentiating effect of LSD without affecting the hypermotility induced by apomorphine, indicating a causal serotonergic involvement in the potentiation effect.", "contents": "Psychotomimetics potentiate locomotor hyperactivity induced by dopaminergic drugs. The spontaneous locomotor activity of rats was investigated in an open-field test. Apomorphine and d,1-amphetamine caused a dose dependent increase of locomotor activity. LSD, mescaline, and DMT in low doses were ineffective, when given alone, but caused a strong potentiation of the hypermotility induced by apomorphine and d,1-amphetamine. Cyproheptadine antagonized the potentiating effect of LSD without affecting the hypermotility induced by apomorphine, indicating a causal serotonergic involvement in the potentiation effect.", "PMID": 531070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4724", "title": "Postnatal alpha-methylphenylalanine treatment effects on adult mouse locomotor activity and avoidance learning.", "content": "Neonatal mice were injected for five days with a combination of alpha-methylphenylalanine and phenylalanine to determine the influences of excess phenylalanine during development upon the behavior of these mice as adults. Spontaneous activity, bolus production, passive avoidance learning, simple active avoidance learning and complex active avoidance learning were tested in mice treated at two different postnatal periods. The results show that the treatments during development produced adult behavioral alterations compared to controls. The effects were most pronounced in mice treated in the postnatal period immediately after birth. The behavioral effects can be summarized as increased emotionality and generalized, stimulus-induced activity as well as decreased passive avoidance performance and complex active avoidance performance. These behavioral deficits are consistent with those usually reported in various models of human phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Postnatal alpha-methylphenylalanine treatment effects on adult mouse locomotor activity and avoidance learning. Neonatal mice were injected for five days with a combination of alpha-methylphenylalanine and phenylalanine to determine the influences of excess phenylalanine during development upon the behavior of these mice as adults. Spontaneous activity, bolus production, passive avoidance learning, simple active avoidance learning and complex active avoidance learning were tested in mice treated at two different postnatal periods. The results show that the treatments during development produced adult behavioral alterations compared to controls. The effects were most pronounced in mice treated in the postnatal period immediately after birth. The behavioral effects can be summarized as increased emotionality and generalized, stimulus-induced activity as well as decreased passive avoidance performance and complex active avoidance performance. These behavioral deficits are consistent with those usually reported in various models of human phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 531071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4725", "title": "Modification of motor activity, passive avoidance conditioning and evoked potentials by microinjections of picrotoxin in both caudate nuclei in cats.", "content": "Inhibition of movements is the result of the caudate nucleus (CN) activity. This action seems to be necessary for passive avoidance conditioning (PAC). Much data indicates that GABA has inhibitory effects in the CN. The present report provides further evidence for GABA inhibition in th4 CN. In cats, the acquisition session of a PAC response was carried out following the bilateral administration of 6 microgram of picrotoxin or saline in the CN. Twenty four hours later (1st test session) the animals were placed in the security compartment and remained there during 600 sec. In the second test, the cats injected with picrotoxin crossed to the other compartment while the subjects injected with saline did not move. Another series of acute experiments were also carried out. Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the CN produced by nucleus centralis medialis electrical stimulation. After picrotoxin application the first and second peaks, which could represent EPSPs, incraeased while the third peak, which could represent IPSPs, decreased. In conclusion, it seems that GABAergic intracaudate transmission maintains a lower level of neuronal discharges and probably participates in the maintenance of a PAC but not in its acquisition.", "contents": "Modification of motor activity, passive avoidance conditioning and evoked potentials by microinjections of picrotoxin in both caudate nuclei in cats. Inhibition of movements is the result of the caudate nucleus (CN) activity. This action seems to be necessary for passive avoidance conditioning (PAC). Much data indicates that GABA has inhibitory effects in the CN. The present report provides further evidence for GABA inhibition in th4 CN. In cats, the acquisition session of a PAC response was carried out following the bilateral administration of 6 microgram of picrotoxin or saline in the CN. Twenty four hours later (1st test session) the animals were placed in the security compartment and remained there during 600 sec. In the second test, the cats injected with picrotoxin crossed to the other compartment while the subjects injected with saline did not move. Another series of acute experiments were also carried out. Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the CN produced by nucleus centralis medialis electrical stimulation. After picrotoxin application the first and second peaks, which could represent EPSPs, incraeased while the third peak, which could represent IPSPs, decreased. In conclusion, it seems that GABAergic intracaudate transmission maintains a lower level of neuronal discharges and probably participates in the maintenance of a PAC but not in its acquisition.", "PMID": 531072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4726", "title": "Exploratory behaviour and aversive thresholds following intra-amygdaloid application of opiates in rats.", "content": "Rats were bilaterally implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the central or medial nucleus of the amygdala. Microinjections of morphine (10 microgram) at both sites significantly elevated the threshold of response in the flinch-jump test; but only at medial sites did naloxone (1 microgram) antagonise this effect. However, in the hole-board test, an opposite pattern of results emerged. Morphine injections into the central nucleus produced naloxone-reversible reductions in both exploration and activity whilst, in the medial nucleus, the morphine-induced decrease in exploration was not reversed by naloxone. It is concluded that (1) the presence or absence of naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors cannot always be deduced on the basis of a single behavioural test and (2) within the amygdaloid complex, two distinct naloxone-sensitive opiate systems appear to be involved in the modulation of behavioural responses to different forms of stimulation.", "contents": "Exploratory behaviour and aversive thresholds following intra-amygdaloid application of opiates in rats. Rats were bilaterally implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the central or medial nucleus of the amygdala. Microinjections of morphine (10 microgram) at both sites significantly elevated the threshold of response in the flinch-jump test; but only at medial sites did naloxone (1 microgram) antagonise this effect. However, in the hole-board test, an opposite pattern of results emerged. Morphine injections into the central nucleus produced naloxone-reversible reductions in both exploration and activity whilst, in the medial nucleus, the morphine-induced decrease in exploration was not reversed by naloxone. It is concluded that (1) the presence or absence of naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors cannot always be deduced on the basis of a single behavioural test and (2) within the amygdaloid complex, two distinct naloxone-sensitive opiate systems appear to be involved in the modulation of behavioural responses to different forms of stimulation.", "PMID": 531073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4727", "title": "Nose-poking and head-dipping behaviors in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol.", "content": "In three experiments pregnant female rats consumed liquid diets containing various amounts of the total calories in the form of ethanol. In the first study, offspring of these females were tested in a nose-poking paradigm. The frequency of this response was found to be a direct function of the level of alcohol exposure in utero. In a second study when nose poking produced the onset of a dim light, animals prenatally exposed to alcohol were again found to poke more often, and this effect was not attenuated by preweanling handling. Finally, the generality of these findings became evident when head dipping rather than nose poking was examined; head-dip frequency was higher in alcohol-exposed offspring, and this effect was independent of stimulus complexity. Additionally, offspring body weights and survival rates following this prenatal alcohol exposure are presented.", "contents": "Nose-poking and head-dipping behaviors in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol. In three experiments pregnant female rats consumed liquid diets containing various amounts of the total calories in the form of ethanol. In the first study, offspring of these females were tested in a nose-poking paradigm. The frequency of this response was found to be a direct function of the level of alcohol exposure in utero. In a second study when nose poking produced the onset of a dim light, animals prenatally exposed to alcohol were again found to poke more often, and this effect was not attenuated by preweanling handling. Finally, the generality of these findings became evident when head dipping rather than nose poking was examined; head-dip frequency was higher in alcohol-exposed offspring, and this effect was independent of stimulus complexity. Additionally, offspring body weights and survival rates following this prenatal alcohol exposure are presented.", "PMID": 531074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4728", "title": "Methadone depression of visual signal detection performance.", "content": "In order to determine the origin of a previously reported slowing of simple visual reaction time in subjects receiving single doses of oral methadone, three well-trained subjects performed. a modified double flash detection task several times after single doses of 5 mg and 10 mg of oral methadone and a placebo. A Theory of Signal Detectability analysis allowed for a clear distinction between drug-induced changes in visual sensitivity and changes in response bias. It was found that methadone reduced visual sensitivity. The peak depression in detection as well as the duration of the depressed performance were dose-related. Depression in performance paralleled the subjective effect of the drug in each subject. Averaged visual evoked potentials showed significant changes at peak drug effect to the onset of each of the pair of stimuli. It was concluded that methadone depresses visual function by acting on the visual parts of the central nervous system. The retina, midbrain and thalamic visual nuclei were discussed as possible sites of action of methadone.", "contents": "Methadone depression of visual signal detection performance. In order to determine the origin of a previously reported slowing of simple visual reaction time in subjects receiving single doses of oral methadone, three well-trained subjects performed. a modified double flash detection task several times after single doses of 5 mg and 10 mg of oral methadone and a placebo. A Theory of Signal Detectability analysis allowed for a clear distinction between drug-induced changes in visual sensitivity and changes in response bias. It was found that methadone reduced visual sensitivity. The peak depression in detection as well as the duration of the depressed performance were dose-related. Depression in performance paralleled the subjective effect of the drug in each subject. Averaged visual evoked potentials showed significant changes at peak drug effect to the onset of each of the pair of stimuli. It was concluded that methadone depresses visual function by acting on the visual parts of the central nervous system. The retina, midbrain and thalamic visual nuclei were discussed as possible sites of action of methadone.", "PMID": 531075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4729", "title": "Reinforcement with intragastric infusions of ethanol: blocking effect of FLA 57.", "content": "Suppression of oral intake of ethanol by FLA 57 has been reported for rats and was attributed to an inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. We have demonstrated the ability of FLA 57 (50 mg/kg, IP) to suppress bar-pressing for intragastric (IG) delivery of doses of ethanol (25 mg/kg). This indicates that the effect on oral intake of ethanol may not be attributed to a taste factor, e.g., a decreased palatability of the ethanol solution. The same dose of FLA 57 did not suppress responding for IG doses of sweet milk. Thus, there was not an impairment of appetitive behavior in general through some nonspecific depressant or toxic action. Furthermore, the primary reinforcing action of ethanol, when used to establish a buzzer as a conditioned reinforcer through repeated pairings, was blocked if FLA 57 was given before pairings. This was evidenced by a failure of such rats to bar-press above the baseline level in a later test of conditioned reinforcement, which contrasted with the increased responding seen for rats receiving saline instead of FLA 57 before ethanol. These data support the previous findings on oral ethanol and confirm that FLA 57 can impair the mechanism by which ethanol produces positive reinforcement in rats.", "contents": "Reinforcement with intragastric infusions of ethanol: blocking effect of FLA 57. Suppression of oral intake of ethanol by FLA 57 has been reported for rats and was attributed to an inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. We have demonstrated the ability of FLA 57 (50 mg/kg, IP) to suppress bar-pressing for intragastric (IG) delivery of doses of ethanol (25 mg/kg). This indicates that the effect on oral intake of ethanol may not be attributed to a taste factor, e.g., a decreased palatability of the ethanol solution. The same dose of FLA 57 did not suppress responding for IG doses of sweet milk. Thus, there was not an impairment of appetitive behavior in general through some nonspecific depressant or toxic action. Furthermore, the primary reinforcing action of ethanol, when used to establish a buzzer as a conditioned reinforcer through repeated pairings, was blocked if FLA 57 was given before pairings. This was evidenced by a failure of such rats to bar-press above the baseline level in a later test of conditioned reinforcement, which contrasted with the increased responding seen for rats receiving saline instead of FLA 57 before ethanol. These data support the previous findings on oral ethanol and confirm that FLA 57 can impair the mechanism by which ethanol produces positive reinforcement in rats.", "PMID": 531076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4730", "title": "Destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: effect on d-amphetamine self-administration.", "content": "Control rats initiate self-administration of d-amphetamine and achieve stable injection rates within 7-10 days. Rats in which dopamine nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens were destroyed by bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not initiate self-administration of d-amphetamine when tested for as long as 19 days. In rats previously trained to self-administer d-amphetamine, 6-OHDA injections into nucleus accumbens abolished d-amphetamine self-administration. These results suggest that dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens are necessary for both the acquisition and maintenance of d-amphetamine self-administration.", "contents": "Destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: effect on d-amphetamine self-administration. Control rats initiate self-administration of d-amphetamine and achieve stable injection rates within 7-10 days. Rats in which dopamine nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens were destroyed by bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not initiate self-administration of d-amphetamine when tested for as long as 19 days. In rats previously trained to self-administer d-amphetamine, 6-OHDA injections into nucleus accumbens abolished d-amphetamine self-administration. These results suggest that dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens are necessary for both the acquisition and maintenance of d-amphetamine self-administration.", "PMID": 531077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4731", "title": "Performance effects with repeated-response measures during pimozide-produced dopamine receptor blockade.", "content": "Rats were trained to lever-press for either food reward or brain-stimulation reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Following training each animal was extinguished (i.e. tested with the reward omitted) under the influence of pimozide (0.25 mg/Kg or 0.5 mg/Kg). Pimozide produced a dose-dependent reduction in the mean number of responses to extinction made by rats in ecach group. In a second experiment, pimozide produced a similar dose-dependent decrease in the performance of a naturally occurring behavior (nose-poking) that had never been associated with reward. These data suggest that dopamine receptor blockade can produce a perofrmance deficit in situations which require repetitive responses, and that this deficit is unrelated to the presence or absence of reward.", "contents": "Performance effects with repeated-response measures during pimozide-produced dopamine receptor blockade. Rats were trained to lever-press for either food reward or brain-stimulation reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Following training each animal was extinguished (i.e. tested with the reward omitted) under the influence of pimozide (0.25 mg/Kg or 0.5 mg/Kg). Pimozide produced a dose-dependent reduction in the mean number of responses to extinction made by rats in ecach group. In a second experiment, pimozide produced a similar dose-dependent decrease in the performance of a naturally occurring behavior (nose-poking) that had never been associated with reward. These data suggest that dopamine receptor blockade can produce a perofrmance deficit in situations which require repetitive responses, and that this deficit is unrelated to the presence or absence of reward.", "PMID": 531078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4732", "title": "Properties of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase from pigeon brain.", "content": "Epinephrine concentration in pigeon hypothalamus was higher on an absolute basis and as a percentage of total catecholamine concentration that in other regions of pigeon brain or in rat hypothalamus. Norepinephrine N-methyltransferase (NMT; the epinephrine-forming enzyme) from pigeon brain had Km values for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and L-norepinephrine of 24 +/- 1 and 101 +/- 4 micrometer, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by excess L-norepinephrine and by several arylakylamines that earlier had been identified as NMT inhibitors with the enzyme from mammalian brain and adrenal medulla. These results indicate that pigeon brain NMT is similar to that in mammalian brain and adrenal glands and can be inhibited by agents previously used to deplete brain epinephrine selectively in rats. The use of pigeons as experimental subjects in studies on the possible role of epinephrine-forming neurons in behavior is suggested.", "contents": "Properties of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase from pigeon brain. Epinephrine concentration in pigeon hypothalamus was higher on an absolute basis and as a percentage of total catecholamine concentration that in other regions of pigeon brain or in rat hypothalamus. Norepinephrine N-methyltransferase (NMT; the epinephrine-forming enzyme) from pigeon brain had Km values for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and L-norepinephrine of 24 +/- 1 and 101 +/- 4 micrometer, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by excess L-norepinephrine and by several arylakylamines that earlier had been identified as NMT inhibitors with the enzyme from mammalian brain and adrenal medulla. These results indicate that pigeon brain NMT is similar to that in mammalian brain and adrenal glands and can be inhibited by agents previously used to deplete brain epinephrine selectively in rats. The use of pigeons as experimental subjects in studies on the possible role of epinephrine-forming neurons in behavior is suggested.", "PMID": 531079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4733", "title": "Suppression of deprivation-induced food and water intake in rats and mice by naloxone.", "content": "Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, was administered to male and female rats and male mice after periods of food or water deprivation ranging from 12 to 48 hr. Naloxone (0.01-10 mg/kg) reduced postdeprivational water intake in most groups of rats and mice in a dose-related manner. Naloxone suppression of water consumption appeared to be independent of sexual differences in rats, and phase of the diurnal cycle, and length of the deprivation interval in both rats and mice. Postdeprivational food intake in male rats and mice was also reduced by naloxone in a dose-dependent fashion. This naloxone effect was less pronounced than actions observed with water intake, and tended to diminish with lengthening food deprivation periods. In general, mice appeared to be less sensitive than rats to naloxone suppression of food and water intake. Naloxone appears to markedly reduce appetitive behavior, particularly water intake, following deprivation in both rats and mice. The fact that low doses of naloxone can elicit these effects suggests that the drug is acting at specific tissue sites, possibly endorphine recpetors.", "contents": "Suppression of deprivation-induced food and water intake in rats and mice by naloxone. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, was administered to male and female rats and male mice after periods of food or water deprivation ranging from 12 to 48 hr. Naloxone (0.01-10 mg/kg) reduced postdeprivational water intake in most groups of rats and mice in a dose-related manner. Naloxone suppression of water consumption appeared to be independent of sexual differences in rats, and phase of the diurnal cycle, and length of the deprivation interval in both rats and mice. Postdeprivational food intake in male rats and mice was also reduced by naloxone in a dose-dependent fashion. This naloxone effect was less pronounced than actions observed with water intake, and tended to diminish with lengthening food deprivation periods. In general, mice appeared to be less sensitive than rats to naloxone suppression of food and water intake. Naloxone appears to markedly reduce appetitive behavior, particularly water intake, following deprivation in both rats and mice. The fact that low doses of naloxone can elicit these effects suggests that the drug is acting at specific tissue sites, possibly endorphine recpetors.", "PMID": 531080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4734", "title": "Autoradiographic comparison of neuronal and glial protein metabolism in rat hippocampus after food-motivated or footshock-motivated conditioning.", "content": "Quantitative autoradiography has shown that initial food-motivated conditioning results in an increase in 3H-phenylalanine incorporation into cytoplasmic proteins of rat hippocampal neurons. After 3 daily conditioning trials, the incorporation returned to an active control (pseudoconditioning) level while after 6 daily trials, the incorporation was decreased. No changes were revealed in the cells of hippocampal perineuronal glia. Four hours after a footshock-motivated passive avoidance trial, incorporation of 3H-phenylalanine was increased both in the neurons and in their perineuronal glia of rat hippocampus. By the time of a consolidation of this conditioning, such increase still remained perineuronal glia. An importance of the emotional background is outlined for a participation of glial cells in learning-induced metabolic changes in the nervous system.", "contents": "Autoradiographic comparison of neuronal and glial protein metabolism in rat hippocampus after food-motivated or footshock-motivated conditioning. Quantitative autoradiography has shown that initial food-motivated conditioning results in an increase in 3H-phenylalanine incorporation into cytoplasmic proteins of rat hippocampal neurons. After 3 daily conditioning trials, the incorporation returned to an active control (pseudoconditioning) level while after 6 daily trials, the incorporation was decreased. No changes were revealed in the cells of hippocampal perineuronal glia. Four hours after a footshock-motivated passive avoidance trial, incorporation of 3H-phenylalanine was increased both in the neurons and in their perineuronal glia of rat hippocampus. By the time of a consolidation of this conditioning, such increase still remained perineuronal glia. An importance of the emotional background is outlined for a participation of glial cells in learning-induced metabolic changes in the nervous system.", "PMID": 531081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4735", "title": "Human serum albumin as a 'silent receptor' for drugs and endogenous substances.", "content": "Most drugs are bound to human serum albumin (HSA) via a few high affinity binding sites and several sites of much lower affinity. There is now increasing evidence that the actual number of high affinity drug-binding sites of HSA is rather small. Thus, each of these binding sites binds several drugs of very different chemical and pharmacological properties with relative high affinity. On the other hand these drug-binding sites can in some cases be very specific and even stereoselective, as demonstrated by the stereospecific binding of drugs to some of these binding sites. The discrepancy between both observations can be explained by the conformational adaptability of the HSA-binding sites.", "contents": "Human serum albumin as a 'silent receptor' for drugs and endogenous substances. Most drugs are bound to human serum albumin (HSA) via a few high affinity binding sites and several sites of much lower affinity. There is now increasing evidence that the actual number of high affinity drug-binding sites of HSA is rather small. Thus, each of these binding sites binds several drugs of very different chemical and pharmacological properties with relative high affinity. On the other hand these drug-binding sites can in some cases be very specific and even stereoselective, as demonstrated by the stereospecific binding of drugs to some of these binding sites. The discrepancy between both observations can be explained by the conformational adaptability of the HSA-binding sites.", "PMID": 531084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4736", "title": "Effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on wound healing in the rat.", "content": "The administration of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside in 11 daily doses of 300--400 mg/kg p.o. stimulates wound healing by granulation in the rat. The preparation may counteract the inhibitory effect of prednisone on the formation of granulation tissue. In five doses of 300--1,000 mg/kg daily p.o. it augments the tensile strength of cicatricial tissue to a statistically significant degree.", "contents": "Effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on wound healing in the rat. The administration of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside in 11 daily doses of 300--400 mg/kg p.o. stimulates wound healing by granulation in the rat. The preparation may counteract the inhibitory effect of prednisone on the formation of granulation tissue. In five doses of 300--1,000 mg/kg daily p.o. it augments the tensile strength of cicatricial tissue to a statistically significant degree.", "PMID": 531085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4737", "title": "Determination of histamine and its metabolic products in the pig gastric mucosa.", "content": "This paper describes analytical techniques for quantitative and qualitative determination of histamine and its metabolites (N tau-methylhistamine, N alpha-methylhistamine and N alpha, N alpha-dimethylhistamine) in the pig gastric mucosa. These metabolites and N alpha-acetylhistamine, imidazolyl-4-acetic acid and N tau-methylimidazolylacetic acid were synthesized as reference compounds and analyzed by using the dansylation technique. TLC of dansylated mucosal extracts in various solvents (in situ fluorescence measurements) in combination with TLC/IR and TLC/MS transfer technique demonstrated the presence of histamine. The only metabolite was N tau-methylhistamine.", "contents": "Determination of histamine and its metabolic products in the pig gastric mucosa. This paper describes analytical techniques for quantitative and qualitative determination of histamine and its metabolites (N tau-methylhistamine, N alpha-methylhistamine and N alpha, N alpha-dimethylhistamine) in the pig gastric mucosa. These metabolites and N alpha-acetylhistamine, imidazolyl-4-acetic acid and N tau-methylimidazolylacetic acid were synthesized as reference compounds and analyzed by using the dansylation technique. TLC of dansylated mucosal extracts in various solvents (in situ fluorescence measurements) in combination with TLC/IR and TLC/MS transfer technique demonstrated the presence of histamine. The only metabolite was N tau-methylhistamine.", "PMID": 531086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4738", "title": "Prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human gastric mucosa. Inhibition by nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The effects of various nonsteroid anti-inflammatory compounds on human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase were tested. It is shown that fenamates, indomethacin and diclofenac-Na were relatively specific inhibitors of prostaglandin E2 action at the level of the mucosal cyclase activity. The results suggest that inhibition of prostaglandin E2-activated adenylate cyclase might at least in part contribute to the ulcerogenic effects of certain nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human gastric mucosa. Inhibition by nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents. The effects of various nonsteroid anti-inflammatory compounds on human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase were tested. It is shown that fenamates, indomethacin and diclofenac-Na were relatively specific inhibitors of prostaglandin E2 action at the level of the mucosal cyclase activity. The results suggest that inhibition of prostaglandin E2-activated adenylate cyclase might at least in part contribute to the ulcerogenic effects of certain nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 531087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4739", "title": "On the deconvolution of exponential response functions.", "content": "The deconvolution or unfolding of exponential response functions from experimental data has been examined through the use of a Bayesian based algorithm. The algorithm, which is founded upon the concepts of probability, ensures positivity of solution. This constraint leads to a significant reduction in the growth of statistical noise in deconvolved data when compared with the more common linear unfolding techniques. The algorithm is an iterative procedure which, in the absence of statistical noise, can ultimately result in complete signal recovery. When noise is present one must balance the degree with which the response function is removed against the growth in the noise and, at some point, terminate the iterative process. Criteria for determining the point at which this 'best estimate' is attained are examined and an operationally realisable test is given. Comparison of results is made with the inverse filter solution which, for an exponential response function, is shown to consist of the sum of the observed data and its first derivative.", "contents": "On the deconvolution of exponential response functions. The deconvolution or unfolding of exponential response functions from experimental data has been examined through the use of a Bayesian based algorithm. The algorithm, which is founded upon the concepts of probability, ensures positivity of solution. This constraint leads to a significant reduction in the growth of statistical noise in deconvolved data when compared with the more common linear unfolding techniques. The algorithm is an iterative procedure which, in the absence of statistical noise, can ultimately result in complete signal recovery. When noise is present one must balance the degree with which the response function is removed against the growth in the noise and, at some point, terminate the iterative process. Criteria for determining the point at which this 'best estimate' is attained are examined and an operationally realisable test is given. Comparison of results is made with the inverse filter solution which, for an exponential response function, is shown to consist of the sum of the observed data and its first derivative.", "PMID": 531088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4740", "title": "Dynamic spatial resolution.", "content": "The study of the dynamic behaviour of radiopharmaceuticals within a patient using a scintillation camera with data acquisition and processing facilities often presents analytical problems because of the limited data available. In the effort to maintain good spatial resolution sensitivity is often needlessly reduced producing further limitation in the statistical accuracy within regions of interest. It is shown that for a particular dynamic study and scintillation camera combination an optimum design of collimator exists, often of much greater sensitivity and poorer resolution than those used hitherto. A simple method is given for producing data for any system which will provide the basic information necessary to read off optimal collimator design parameters.", "contents": "Dynamic spatial resolution. The study of the dynamic behaviour of radiopharmaceuticals within a patient using a scintillation camera with data acquisition and processing facilities often presents analytical problems because of the limited data available. In the effort to maintain good spatial resolution sensitivity is often needlessly reduced producing further limitation in the statistical accuracy within regions of interest. It is shown that for a particular dynamic study and scintillation camera combination an optimum design of collimator exists, often of much greater sensitivity and poorer resolution than those used hitherto. A simple method is given for producing data for any system which will provide the basic information necessary to read off optimal collimator design parameters.", "PMID": 531089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4741", "title": "A theoretical study of quantitative flow measurements with constant infusion of short-lived isotopes.", "content": "Recent developments in the technique of constant infusion and in emission computed tomography have provided a new method for quantitative regional flow measurements. This paper re-examines critically the theoretical relationship between flow and radioactivity during constant infusion of short-lived isotopes. Sensitivity analysis is used to assess the accuracy of the method. Criteria for the selection of an appropriate half-life to meet accuracy requirements are also discussed. A method for the determination of the distribution volume of the tracer is proposed.", "contents": "A theoretical study of quantitative flow measurements with constant infusion of short-lived isotopes. Recent developments in the technique of constant infusion and in emission computed tomography have provided a new method for quantitative regional flow measurements. This paper re-examines critically the theoretical relationship between flow and radioactivity during constant infusion of short-lived isotopes. Sensitivity analysis is used to assess the accuracy of the method. Criteria for the selection of an appropriate half-life to meet accuracy requirements are also discussed. A method for the determination of the distribution volume of the tracer is proposed.", "PMID": 531090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4742", "title": "A simple method for correcting left ventricular equilibrium radionuclide angiography for the effects of arrhythmias.", "content": "A simple method of correcting equilibrium radionuclide angiographic data for the effects of arrhythmias is proposed. This involves no further acquisition time or inconvenience to the patient. This correction is necessary in patients with marked arrhythmias as the left ventricular time-activity curve (LVTAC) becomes distorted with greater sampling time in the first few frames of the LVTAC than in later frames. This will show on the LVTAC as greater counts in the first few frames and will lead to an overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion. The method proposed normalises each frame to make the contribution from a non-cardiac region constant over the cardiac cycle. Results of the correction are presented and discussed.", "contents": "A simple method for correcting left ventricular equilibrium radionuclide angiography for the effects of arrhythmias. A simple method of correcting equilibrium radionuclide angiographic data for the effects of arrhythmias is proposed. This involves no further acquisition time or inconvenience to the patient. This correction is necessary in patients with marked arrhythmias as the left ventricular time-activity curve (LVTAC) becomes distorted with greater sampling time in the first few frames of the LVTAC than in later frames. This will show on the LVTAC as greater counts in the first few frames and will lead to an overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion. The method proposed normalises each frame to make the contribution from a non-cardiac region constant over the cardiac cycle. Results of the correction are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 531091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4743", "title": "The role of water in microwave absorption by biological material with particular reference to microwave hazards.", "content": "The problem of the absorption of the energy of plane electromagnetic radiation by an aqueous solution of macromolecules is considered. A simplified model for the hydrated molecule is employed, consisting of a spherical shell of bound water surrounding a spherical core. The power deposition per unit volume of the shell is calculated in the frequency range 100 MHz-100 GHz for several bound water relaxation frequencies. In each case the corresponding values are also calculated for free water for comparison. The values obtained for the bound water are shown to be significantly higher than those for the free water up to frequencies of at least 1 GHz. The maximum difference between these two sets of values is of the order of a factor of five and occurs roughly at the bound water relaxation frequency. Because of the strong coupling between the bound water molecules and the macromolecules present in biological material this result could be a significant factor in the explanation of the biological effects of microwaves at a molecular level.", "contents": "The role of water in microwave absorption by biological material with particular reference to microwave hazards. The problem of the absorption of the energy of plane electromagnetic radiation by an aqueous solution of macromolecules is considered. A simplified model for the hydrated molecule is employed, consisting of a spherical shell of bound water surrounding a spherical core. The power deposition per unit volume of the shell is calculated in the frequency range 100 MHz-100 GHz for several bound water relaxation frequencies. In each case the corresponding values are also calculated for free water for comparison. The values obtained for the bound water are shown to be significantly higher than those for the free water up to frequencies of at least 1 GHz. The maximum difference between these two sets of values is of the order of a factor of five and occurs roughly at the bound water relaxation frequency. Because of the strong coupling between the bound water molecules and the macromolecules present in biological material this result could be a significant factor in the explanation of the biological effects of microwaves at a molecular level.", "PMID": 531092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4744", "title": "Dielectric properties of brain tissue between 0.01 and 10 GHz.", "content": "Dielectric permittivity and conductivity are reported for grey and white matter from dog brain tissue between 0.01 and 10 GHz. Between 0.01 and approximately 1 GHz, the permittivity decreases and conductivity increases as a power law of frequency. Above 1 GHz, the conductivity increases quadratically with frequency due to dipolar reorientation of free water molecules in tissue; the apparent rotational relaxation frequency at 37 degrees C is 21--25 GHz, slightly below the 25 GHz characteristic frequency of pure water at that temperature. The microwave data are analysed using the Maxwell mixture theory applicable for a suspension of nonconducting, low permittivity spheres in bulk water. From the increase in conductivity above 1 GHz, and the tissue permittivity at 2--4 GHz, the apparent volume fraction of water is approximately 0.70 and 0.55 for grey and white matter, respectively, about 10--15% lower than respective values from the literature. This discrepancy is apparently due to a small fraction of water which does not contribute to the tissue permittivity above 1 GHz. Empirical equations are given to summarise the dielectric properties of 'average' brain tissue at 37 degrees C for future theoretical studies of microwave absorption in the head.", "contents": "Dielectric properties of brain tissue between 0.01 and 10 GHz. Dielectric permittivity and conductivity are reported for grey and white matter from dog brain tissue between 0.01 and 10 GHz. Between 0.01 and approximately 1 GHz, the permittivity decreases and conductivity increases as a power law of frequency. Above 1 GHz, the conductivity increases quadratically with frequency due to dipolar reorientation of free water molecules in tissue; the apparent rotational relaxation frequency at 37 degrees C is 21--25 GHz, slightly below the 25 GHz characteristic frequency of pure water at that temperature. The microwave data are analysed using the Maxwell mixture theory applicable for a suspension of nonconducting, low permittivity spheres in bulk water. From the increase in conductivity above 1 GHz, and the tissue permittivity at 2--4 GHz, the apparent volume fraction of water is approximately 0.70 and 0.55 for grey and white matter, respectively, about 10--15% lower than respective values from the literature. This discrepancy is apparently due to a small fraction of water which does not contribute to the tissue permittivity above 1 GHz. Empirical equations are given to summarise the dielectric properties of 'average' brain tissue at 37 degrees C for future theoretical studies of microwave absorption in the head.", "PMID": 531093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4745", "title": "Temperature distributions obtained with diathermy electrodes implanted into a phantom.", "content": "Uniform patterns of heating in a homogeneous phantom were obtained by implanting shortwave diathermy electrodes in a particular configuration. The methods of heating and measurement are described. The technique can be considered for applying localized hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer.", "contents": "Temperature distributions obtained with diathermy electrodes implanted into a phantom. Uniform patterns of heating in a homogeneous phantom were obtained by implanting shortwave diathermy electrodes in a particular configuration. The methods of heating and measurement are described. The technique can be considered for applying localized hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer.", "PMID": 531094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4746", "title": "Relationships between energy fluence and energy incident on, emitted by or imparted to a body.", "content": "From knowledge of the energy and angular distribution of the fluence around a body, the energy incident on, emitted by or imparted to a body can be calculated. The calculation is easily performed if the quantity 'vectorial fluence' is used. Examples taken from the literature are used to illustrate the erroneous results obtained by integrating energy fluence over area instead of integrating the scalar product of vectorial energy fluence and vectorial area.", "contents": "Relationships between energy fluence and energy incident on, emitted by or imparted to a body. From knowledge of the energy and angular distribution of the fluence around a body, the energy incident on, emitted by or imparted to a body can be calculated. The calculation is easily performed if the quantity 'vectorial fluence' is used. Examples taken from the literature are used to illustrate the erroneous results obtained by integrating energy fluence over area instead of integrating the scalar product of vectorial energy fluence and vectorial area.", "PMID": 531095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4747", "title": "A critique of Katz's 'high LET constraint on low LET survival'.", "content": "Katz's interpretation of the connexion between RBE and LET is contrasted with a version published previously by Burch. The implications of Katz's model for dose-response relations apply only at ultra-high absorbed doses in Burch's model. In the latter, the shoulder on type-C survival curves for mammalian cells is explained in terms of Haynes' repair model. Under certain conditions the repair model becomes mathematically equivalent to the 'alpha--beta' model; under some other conditions it becomes equivalent to the 'two-component' model. The formulation of a new repair hypothesis, based on the idea of an inducible repair mechanism, is also set out. It is argued that Katz's 'supralinearity index' is appropriate to the induction of (rare) mutations but inappropriate to cell survival, for which an alternative index is proposed. Certain plausible hypotheses of radiobiological action conflict with Katz's 'logical constraint' which, it is contended, is neither logical nor valid. In conclusion, although experimental findings for some radiobiological systems conform to Katz's 'constraint', the frequently observed violations should not necessarily be regarded as artefacts.", "contents": "A critique of Katz's 'high LET constraint on low LET survival'. Katz's interpretation of the connexion between RBE and LET is contrasted with a version published previously by Burch. The implications of Katz's model for dose-response relations apply only at ultra-high absorbed doses in Burch's model. In the latter, the shoulder on type-C survival curves for mammalian cells is explained in terms of Haynes' repair model. Under certain conditions the repair model becomes mathematically equivalent to the 'alpha--beta' model; under some other conditions it becomes equivalent to the 'two-component' model. The formulation of a new repair hypothesis, based on the idea of an inducible repair mechanism, is also set out. It is argued that Katz's 'supralinearity index' is appropriate to the induction of (rare) mutations but inappropriate to cell survival, for which an alternative index is proposed. Certain plausible hypotheses of radiobiological action conflict with Katz's 'logical constraint' which, it is contended, is neither logical nor valid. In conclusion, although experimental findings for some radiobiological systems conform to Katz's 'constraint', the frequently observed violations should not necessarily be regarded as artefacts.", "PMID": 531096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4748", "title": "A technique for high-sensitivity alpha autoradiography of bronchial epithelium tissue.", "content": "A technique for low-level alpha-particle autoradiography of bronchial epithelium utilising the plastic track detector, CR-39, is described. This plastic is new to the field of nuclear track detection and is very sensitive to alpha-particles. The recording properties of CR-39 for alpha-particles are described in detail and the technique for autoradiography discussed. This technique includes two methods of background reduction enabling activities as low as 2 alpha-particles cm-2 to be detected. The location of the point of emission of an alpha-particle from the tissue surface can be determined to an accuracy of a few micrometers. Determination of the lower limit to the energy of individual alpha-particles is possible from measurements of their range in the plastic. Examples are given of the determination of the microdistribution of alpha-particle active nuclei in bronchial tissue including the observation of two 'hot-spots' in the epithelium sample which are attributed to the presence of small particles of uranium with its daughter products.", "contents": "A technique for high-sensitivity alpha autoradiography of bronchial epithelium tissue. A technique for low-level alpha-particle autoradiography of bronchial epithelium utilising the plastic track detector, CR-39, is described. This plastic is new to the field of nuclear track detection and is very sensitive to alpha-particles. The recording properties of CR-39 for alpha-particles are described in detail and the technique for autoradiography discussed. This technique includes two methods of background reduction enabling activities as low as 2 alpha-particles cm-2 to be detected. The location of the point of emission of an alpha-particle from the tissue surface can be determined to an accuracy of a few micrometers. Determination of the lower limit to the energy of individual alpha-particles is possible from measurements of their range in the plastic. Examples are given of the determination of the microdistribution of alpha-particle active nuclei in bronchial tissue including the observation of two 'hot-spots' in the epithelium sample which are attributed to the presence of small particles of uranium with its daughter products.", "PMID": 531097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4749", "title": "Thin-layer thermoluminescent dosemeters based on high-temperature self-adhesive tape.", "content": "Dosimetric material was fabricated by coating commercially available self-adhesive tape able to withstand temperatures up to 400 degrees C with thermoluminescent lithium fluoride crystals. Tests were made on dosemeters of about one centimetre diameter cut from the coated tape. High loading and reproducibility was further by spreading the crystalline materials onto heated tape. Reproducibility was further improved when sieved and washed ground crystalline material was used. Dosemeters with various loadings were fabricated and representative batches with loadings of 12.2 mg cm-2 and 5.9 mg cm-2 were tested for reproducibility, matching, sensitivity to light and photon energy dependence. The dosemeters show exceptional reproducibility and matching, are simple and inexpensive to make and are ideal for many applications where thin-layer dosemeters with approximate tissue equivalence are required.", "contents": "Thin-layer thermoluminescent dosemeters based on high-temperature self-adhesive tape. Dosimetric material was fabricated by coating commercially available self-adhesive tape able to withstand temperatures up to 400 degrees C with thermoluminescent lithium fluoride crystals. Tests were made on dosemeters of about one centimetre diameter cut from the coated tape. High loading and reproducibility was further by spreading the crystalline materials onto heated tape. Reproducibility was further improved when sieved and washed ground crystalline material was used. Dosemeters with various loadings were fabricated and representative batches with loadings of 12.2 mg cm-2 and 5.9 mg cm-2 were tested for reproducibility, matching, sensitivity to light and photon energy dependence. The dosemeters show exceptional reproducibility and matching, are simple and inexpensive to make and are ideal for many applications where thin-layer dosemeters with approximate tissue equivalence are required.", "PMID": 531098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4750", "title": "High-level gamma-ray dosimetry using common TLD phosphors.", "content": "Thermoluminescence of high temperature peaks, ultraviolet radiation (253.7 nm) induced thermoluminescence and phosphorescence, damage effects and optical density changes in a few common TLD phosphors namely CaSO4 : Tm, CaSO4 : Dy, LiF TLD-100 and Li2B4O7 : Mn were studied from the point of view of measuring high level gamma doses (10(2)--10(6) Gy).", "contents": "High-level gamma-ray dosimetry using common TLD phosphors. Thermoluminescence of high temperature peaks, ultraviolet radiation (253.7 nm) induced thermoluminescence and phosphorescence, damage effects and optical density changes in a few common TLD phosphors namely CaSO4 : Tm, CaSO4 : Dy, LiF TLD-100 and Li2B4O7 : Mn were studied from the point of view of measuring high level gamma doses (10(2)--10(6) Gy).", "PMID": 531099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4751", "title": "Modifications of ouabain inhibition of xenon accumulation in red blood cells. Implications regarding cell water structuring.", "content": "Ouabain is known to depress uptake of xenon by red blood cells, but it is now found that the depressive effects of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) or heavy water are even more marked. Ouabain partly reverses those effects in a manner suggesting it exerts a constant action on xenon exchange regardless of the presence or absence of PSP or D2O. Processes analogous to exchange diffusion between certain anesthetic substances and xenon were also observed. The theoretical consequences of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Modifications of ouabain inhibition of xenon accumulation in red blood cells. Implications regarding cell water structuring. Ouabain is known to depress uptake of xenon by red blood cells, but it is now found that the depressive effects of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) or heavy water are even more marked. Ouabain partly reverses those effects in a manner suggesting it exerts a constant action on xenon exchange regardless of the presence or absence of PSP or D2O. Processes analogous to exchange diffusion between certain anesthetic substances and xenon were also observed. The theoretical consequences of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 531109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4752", "title": "A physical model of nerve axon. II: Action potential and excitation currents. Voltage-clamp studies of chemical driving forces of Na+ and K+ in squid giant axon.", "content": "An adsorption model of nerve axon has been extended to account for the origin of membrane currents observed under voltage-clamp conditions. Differing from the Hodgkin-Huxley model, which attributes excitation solely to a change of ionic conductances of the membrane, the present model proposes that a layer of axoplasm attached to the membrane (axon cortex) can undergo conformational changes and hence modulate selectivity for mobile ions. To test the model, a two-step voltage-clamp study was made of the chemical driving forces of Na+ and K+ ions in squid giant axon. The forces were measured by determining the instantaneous current-voltage relation when membrane current is carried by Na+ only or K+ only. The data indicate that the chemical driving force varies as a function of time and does not agree with the Nernst relation during the early phase of excitation. Implications of the observations are discussed.", "contents": "A physical model of nerve axon. II: Action potential and excitation currents. Voltage-clamp studies of chemical driving forces of Na+ and K+ in squid giant axon. An adsorption model of nerve axon has been extended to account for the origin of membrane currents observed under voltage-clamp conditions. Differing from the Hodgkin-Huxley model, which attributes excitation solely to a change of ionic conductances of the membrane, the present model proposes that a layer of axoplasm attached to the membrane (axon cortex) can undergo conformational changes and hence modulate selectivity for mobile ions. To test the model, a two-step voltage-clamp study was made of the chemical driving forces of Na+ and K+ ions in squid giant axon. The forces were measured by determining the instantaneous current-voltage relation when membrane current is carried by Na+ only or K+ only. The data indicate that the chemical driving force varies as a function of time and does not agree with the Nernst relation during the early phase of excitation. Implications of the observations are discussed.", "PMID": 531110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4753", "title": "Biological symptoms of depression.", "content": "Frequency of occurrence of various biological symptoms in relation to intensity of depression and neuroticism was studied in 37 depressed patients. The best indicator of depression severity and neuroticism were, respectively, early waking and excessive dreaming, when the symptoms were studied individually. A group of biological symptoms predicting the severity of depression was found via stepwise multiple regression analysis of variance. No such grouping was found for neuroticism. However, only neuroticism was found for neuroticism. However, only neuroticism was found to be a useful predictor of the biological symptoms when taken as a whole.", "contents": "Biological symptoms of depression. Frequency of occurrence of various biological symptoms in relation to intensity of depression and neuroticism was studied in 37 depressed patients. The best indicator of depression severity and neuroticism were, respectively, early waking and excessive dreaming, when the symptoms were studied individually. A group of biological symptoms predicting the severity of depression was found via stepwise multiple regression analysis of variance. No such grouping was found for neuroticism. However, only neuroticism was found for neuroticism. However, only neuroticism was found to be a useful predictor of the biological symptoms when taken as a whole.", "PMID": 531139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4754", "title": "Psychological correlates of progression of atherosclerosis in men.", "content": "Patients who underwent repetitive repetitive coronary angiograms at an average interval of 17 months completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (n = 66) and were given the Rosenman diagnostic interview to measure Type A behavior (n = 45). Significant progression of coronary artery disease was judged to be an increase in occlusion of 25% or more, or progression to total occlusion in any vessel. At subsequent study, 30% of the patients showed evidence of progression. Progression was much more likely in patients with initially more severe disease and was marginally related to cigarette smoking when initial level of disease was controlled. Interview assessment of Type A did not discriminate reliably between the groups in the smaller sample of patients given this measure. There was significant positive association between magnitude of Activity Survey Type A scores and progression of disease, although mean scores on the Type A scale were not reliably different between the Progression and No Progression groups. The pattern of results suggested that extreme Type B subjects (classified by Activity Survey) were unlikely to show progression over this time period.", "contents": "Psychological correlates of progression of atherosclerosis in men. Patients who underwent repetitive repetitive coronary angiograms at an average interval of 17 months completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (n = 66) and were given the Rosenman diagnostic interview to measure Type A behavior (n = 45). Significant progression of coronary artery disease was judged to be an increase in occlusion of 25% or more, or progression to total occlusion in any vessel. At subsequent study, 30% of the patients showed evidence of progression. Progression was much more likely in patients with initially more severe disease and was marginally related to cigarette smoking when initial level of disease was controlled. Interview assessment of Type A did not discriminate reliably between the groups in the smaller sample of patients given this measure. There was significant positive association between magnitude of Activity Survey Type A scores and progression of disease, although mean scores on the Type A scale were not reliably different between the Progression and No Progression groups. The pattern of results suggested that extreme Type B subjects (classified by Activity Survey) were unlikely to show progression over this time period.", "PMID": 531140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4755", "title": "Conditioned suppression of a thymus-independent antibody response.", "content": "An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in mice by pairing cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug, with the consumption of saccharin, a novel drinking solution. Two weeks after conditioning, animals were injected with the hapten trinitrophenyl (TNP) coupled to the thymus-independent carrier, lipopolysaccharide. Serum antibodies to TNP were titered 6 days later by passive hemagglutination. Relative to control groups, conditioned animals provided with saccharin at the time of antigenic stimulation and, again, 3 days later showed a significant attenuation of their anti-TNP antibody response. In a second experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) consisted of the novel saccharin drinking solution plus the noxious internal effects of an injection of LiCl. Conditioned animals reexposed to the CS again showed the lowest antibody titers, but differed significantly from only one of the control groups. Taken together, the results of these experiments confirm previous reports of conditioned immunosuppression and suggest that the effects of conditioning on a primary humoral antibody response can be observed in response to a T-cell independent antigen in the mouse.", "contents": "Conditioned suppression of a thymus-independent antibody response. An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in mice by pairing cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug, with the consumption of saccharin, a novel drinking solution. Two weeks after conditioning, animals were injected with the hapten trinitrophenyl (TNP) coupled to the thymus-independent carrier, lipopolysaccharide. Serum antibodies to TNP were titered 6 days later by passive hemagglutination. Relative to control groups, conditioned animals provided with saccharin at the time of antigenic stimulation and, again, 3 days later showed a significant attenuation of their anti-TNP antibody response. In a second experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) consisted of the novel saccharin drinking solution plus the noxious internal effects of an injection of LiCl. Conditioned animals reexposed to the CS again showed the lowest antibody titers, but differed significantly from only one of the control groups. Taken together, the results of these experiments confirm previous reports of conditioned immunosuppression and suggest that the effects of conditioning on a primary humoral antibody response can be observed in response to a T-cell independent antigen in the mouse.", "PMID": 531142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4756", "title": "Aspects of visual perception in radiography.", "content": "The author has presented experimental results to validate the hypothesis that visual search techniques are related to the practice of radiography. A group of radiographers raised their performance on a film-viewing task from 56%-76% as a consequence of visual search practice and it is suggested that this is important to radiographers undertaking quality control, evaluation of imaging systems and pattern recognition. The final part of the paper considers the need to match the visual abilities of prospective students with the job requirements. Two simple tools are described.", "contents": "Aspects of visual perception in radiography. The author has presented experimental results to validate the hypothesis that visual search techniques are related to the practice of radiography. A group of radiographers raised their performance on a film-viewing task from 56%-76% as a consequence of visual search practice and it is suggested that this is important to radiographers undertaking quality control, evaluation of imaging systems and pattern recognition. The final part of the paper considers the need to match the visual abilities of prospective students with the job requirements. Two simple tools are described.", "PMID": 531185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4757", "title": "Biopsy techniques in the investigation of diseases of the lung, mediastinum, and chest wall.", "content": "Closed biopsy techniques  are available for the investigation of diseases of the mediastinum, hilus, and chest wall as well as for pulmonary and pleural disease. Biopsy via the bronchoscope is of greatest value in the diagnosis of endobronchial lesions, especially those that are centrally sited, and of diffuse pulmonary disease including opportunistic infections. Fluoroscopically controlled fiberoptic bronchoscopy is beginning to replace the transcatheter biopsy technique. In general, the use of large needles for biopsy should be avoided. Percutaneous fine  needle biopsy is an effective means of sampling lesions of the mediastinum, hilus, and chest wall. However, this mode of biopsy is most widely used as a safe and highly accurate means of diagnosing localized pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Biopsy techniques in the investigation of diseases of the lung, mediastinum, and chest wall. Closed biopsy techniques  are available for the investigation of diseases of the mediastinum, hilus, and chest wall as well as for pulmonary and pleural disease. Biopsy via the bronchoscope is of greatest value in the diagnosis of endobronchial lesions, especially those that are centrally sited, and of diffuse pulmonary disease including opportunistic infections. Fluoroscopically controlled fiberoptic bronchoscopy is beginning to replace the transcatheter biopsy technique. In general, the use of large needles for biopsy should be avoided. Percutaneous fine  needle biopsy is an effective means of sampling lesions of the mediastinum, hilus, and chest wall. However, this mode of biopsy is most widely used as a safe and highly accurate means of diagnosing localized pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 531191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4758", "title": "Interventional radiologic procedures in the investigation of lesions of the breast.", "content": "The interventional radiologist who performs mammography does far more than read films; he examines every patient, punctures cysts, and localizes other breast lesions for precise excisional biopsy. With specimen radiography, he can confirm that suspicious lesions are completely removed by the surgeon and that the tissue in question is selected by the pathologist for examination. Pneumocystography can save the patient the unnecessary, disfiguring surgical removal of benign cysts. Those patients requiring biopsy may be scheduled for the procedure at once, and close cooperation with the surgeon greatly reduces the time the patient must wait to find out whether or not she has breast cancer. Thus, the interventional radiologist can improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis of breast lesions, establish a definitive diagnosis and expedite the therapeutic management of benign cysts, and save the patient much of the anxiety commonly experienced in waiting for diagnostic results. The end result is better care at a lower cost to the patient and to society.", "contents": "Interventional radiologic procedures in the investigation of lesions of the breast. The interventional radiologist who performs mammography does far more than read films; he examines every patient, punctures cysts, and localizes other breast lesions for precise excisional biopsy. With specimen radiography, he can confirm that suspicious lesions are completely removed by the surgeon and that the tissue in question is selected by the pathologist for examination. Pneumocystography can save the patient the unnecessary, disfiguring surgical removal of benign cysts. Those patients requiring biopsy may be scheduled for the procedure at once, and close cooperation with the surgeon greatly reduces the time the patient must wait to find out whether or not she has breast cancer. Thus, the interventional radiologist can improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis of breast lesions, establish a definitive diagnosis and expedite the therapeutic management of benign cysts, and save the patient much of the anxiety commonly experienced in waiting for diagnostic results. The end result is better care at a lower cost to the patient and to society.", "PMID": 531198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4759", "title": "Technical considerations of interventional radiology. Unit design and coordination of diagnostic pathology services.", "content": "With close cooperation between the clinician, radiologist, and pathologist, and with exacting attention to detail, the combined techniques of interventional radiology and diagnostic cytopathology can provide a definitive diagnosis in a large variety of clinical situations. Undoubtedly, the increasing interest in utilization of these methods will expand the number of patients who can benefit from these rapid, safe, relatively inexpensive, and highly accurate diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "Technical considerations of interventional radiology. Unit design and coordination of diagnostic pathology services. With close cooperation between the clinician, radiologist, and pathologist, and with exacting attention to detail, the combined techniques of interventional radiology and diagnostic cytopathology can provide a definitive diagnosis in a large variety of clinical situations. Undoubtedly, the increasing interest in utilization of these methods will expand the number of patients who can benefit from these rapid, safe, relatively inexpensive, and highly accurate diagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 531199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4760", "title": "Prostaglandin E antagonist activity of 11-deoxy-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin E1.", "content": "11-Deoxy-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin E1 is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin E-induced contractions of the gerbil colon. The antagonism is directed specifically against the prostaglandin E receptor and is not manifested when contractions are induced by either prostaglandin F2 alpha or acetylcholine.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E antagonist activity of 11-deoxy-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin E1. 11-Deoxy-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin E1 is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin E-induced contractions of the gerbil colon. The antagonism is directed specifically against the prostaglandin E receptor and is not manifested when contractions are induced by either prostaglandin F2 alpha or acetylcholine.", "PMID": 531217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4761", "title": "Variability in rates of urine prostaglandin E excretion.", "content": "Urine prostaglandin E excretion rates were determined by hepatic receptor assay in three groups of conscious animals. Although 24-hour urine collections gave reproducibly similar levels of prostaglandin E excretion rates, levels obtained with consecutive 20-minute urine collections were extremely variable despite no obvious changes in renal function. Since short urine collection periods are used frequently in physiologic studies, the significance of variations in prostaglandin excretion rates in these studies may have to be re-evaluated.", "contents": "Variability in rates of urine prostaglandin E excretion. Urine prostaglandin E excretion rates were determined by hepatic receptor assay in three groups of conscious animals. Although 24-hour urine collections gave reproducibly similar levels of prostaglandin E excretion rates, levels obtained with consecutive 20-minute urine collections were extremely variable despite no obvious changes in renal function. Since short urine collection periods are used frequently in physiologic studies, the significance of variations in prostaglandin excretion rates in these studies may have to be re-evaluated.", "PMID": 531218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4762", "title": "Preparation and biochemical properties of PGH3.", "content": "PGH3 was biosynthesised from all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) by an acetone-pentane powder of ram seminal vesicles and its structure was confirmed by GLC-MS after its reduction to PGF 3 alpha. PGH3 was transformed by horse platelet microsomes to TXB3, and by aortic microsomes to delta 17-6-keto-PGF 1 alpha. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by GLC-MS.", "contents": "Preparation and biochemical properties of PGH3. PGH3 was biosynthesised from all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) by an acetone-pentane powder of ram seminal vesicles and its structure was confirmed by GLC-MS after its reduction to PGF 3 alpha. PGH3 was transformed by horse platelet microsomes to TXB3, and by aortic microsomes to delta 17-6-keto-PGF 1 alpha. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by GLC-MS.", "PMID": 531219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4763", "title": "The mechanism of prostaglandin action on the early pregnant human uterus.", "content": "To extend observations in 11 weeks pregnant patients the mechanism of prostaglandin (PG) action has been examined in 6 weeks pregnant women (LMP). In 10 gravidas menstrual induction was attempted with a single slow release vaginal suppository containing 3000 microgram (155)-methyl PGF2 alpha methyl ester (U-36,384). In 10 additional gravidas menstruation was provoked by the intramuscular injection of 500 microgram 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide (Sulproston) at 4 hour intervals, totalling 1250 +/- 154 microgram. The PGF2 alpha and PGE2-analogues provoked similar changes in hormone levels and uterine function, sequentially measured by radioimmunoassays and the recording of intrauterine pressure. However, the effects of the intramuscular regimen developed earlier. Both treatments successfully terminated early pregnancy with clinical symptoms of menstruation if they irreversible compromised the conceptus within 12 hours. However, while both formulations represent advances in postconceptional therapy, only further modifications may closely approximate the \"ideal\" method of non-surgical menstrual induction.", "contents": "The mechanism of prostaglandin action on the early pregnant human uterus. To extend observations in 11 weeks pregnant patients the mechanism of prostaglandin (PG) action has been examined in 6 weeks pregnant women (LMP). In 10 gravidas menstrual induction was attempted with a single slow release vaginal suppository containing 3000 microgram (155)-methyl PGF2 alpha methyl ester (U-36,384). In 10 additional gravidas menstruation was provoked by the intramuscular injection of 500 microgram 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide (Sulproston) at 4 hour intervals, totalling 1250 +/- 154 microgram. The PGF2 alpha and PGE2-analogues provoked similar changes in hormone levels and uterine function, sequentially measured by radioimmunoassays and the recording of intrauterine pressure. However, the effects of the intramuscular regimen developed earlier. Both treatments successfully terminated early pregnancy with clinical symptoms of menstruation if they irreversible compromised the conceptus within 12 hours. However, while both formulations represent advances in postconceptional therapy, only further modifications may closely approximate the \"ideal\" method of non-surgical menstrual induction.", "PMID": 531221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4764", "title": "Bradykinin-stimulated release of [3H]arachidonic acid from phospholipids of HSDM1C1 cells: comparison of diacyl phospholipids and plasmalogens as sources of prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "Ethanolamine plasmalogens (1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines) of many tissues contain high levels of arachidonate at their 2-position, and in certain tissues have been implicated as possible donors of arachidonate required in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. In the present study, [3H]arachidonate-labeled phospholipids of HSDM1C1 cells, a cell line derived from a mouse fibrosarcoma, were examined to determine the donor of the arachidonic acid released upon bradykinin stimulation of the synthesis of PGE2. HSDM1C1 cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid for 24 hr in serum-free medium were used in most of the experiments and had the following distribution of label among the cellular lipids; phosphatidylcholine (33%), phosphatidylinositol (20%), diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (15%), ethanolamine plasmalogen (15%), and less polar lipids )16%). Bradykinin treatment stimulated a rapid hydrolysis of [3H]arachidonate from the cellular lipids and conversion of the released acid to PGE2, which was secreted into the medium. The label was released predominantly from phosphatidylinositol and possibly from phosphatidylcholine with no detectable change in the labeling of diacyl- or 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. The ethanolamine plasmalogens, therefore, do not appear to be involved in the stimulated release of arachidonate in the HSDM1C1 cells. Indomethacin blocked the bradykinin-stimulated synthesis of PGE2 and to a lesser degree inhibited the release of [3H]arachidonate from the cellular lipids into the medium.", "contents": "Bradykinin-stimulated release of [3H]arachidonic acid from phospholipids of HSDM1C1 cells: comparison of diacyl phospholipids and plasmalogens as sources of prostaglandin precursors. Ethanolamine plasmalogens (1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines) of many tissues contain high levels of arachidonate at their 2-position, and in certain tissues have been implicated as possible donors of arachidonate required in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. In the present study, [3H]arachidonate-labeled phospholipids of HSDM1C1 cells, a cell line derived from a mouse fibrosarcoma, were examined to determine the donor of the arachidonic acid released upon bradykinin stimulation of the synthesis of PGE2. HSDM1C1 cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid for 24 hr in serum-free medium were used in most of the experiments and had the following distribution of label among the cellular lipids; phosphatidylcholine (33%), phosphatidylinositol (20%), diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (15%), ethanolamine plasmalogen (15%), and less polar lipids )16%). Bradykinin treatment stimulated a rapid hydrolysis of [3H]arachidonate from the cellular lipids and conversion of the released acid to PGE2, which was secreted into the medium. The label was released predominantly from phosphatidylinositol and possibly from phosphatidylcholine with no detectable change in the labeling of diacyl- or 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. The ethanolamine plasmalogens, therefore, do not appear to be involved in the stimulated release of arachidonate in the HSDM1C1 cells. Indomethacin blocked the bradykinin-stimulated synthesis of PGE2 and to a lesser degree inhibited the release of [3H]arachidonate from the cellular lipids into the medium.", "PMID": 531222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4765", "title": "Characterization of the stimulatory effects of PGF2alpha on the release of arachidonic acid.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma were cultured in the presence of radioactive arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid. More than 90% of each labeled fatty acid was incorporated into a phospholipid fraction by the cells in 18 hrs. Arachidonic acid was evenly incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, while both palmitic acid and linoleic acid were almost entirely incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. The position of phosphatidylcholine where the fatty acids were incorporated was different for each fatty acid. The ratio of the amount of fatty acid incorporated into the 2-position to the amount incorporated into the 1-position of phosphatidylcholine for each fatty acid was greater than 90% for arachidonic acid, 2:1 for palmitic acid and 5:1 for linoleic acid. In the case of phosphatidylethanolamine, most arachidonic acid (greater than 90%) was incorporated into the 2-position. PGF2alpha caused the stimulation of arachidonic acid release but not of palmitic acid and linoleic acid from pre-labeled fibroblasts. The serum in the medium was completely replaceable by bovine serum albumin. The effect of PGF2Alpha increased with an increasing concentration of bovine serum albumin, suggesting that serum only acts as a \"trap\" for released arachidonic acid. The effect of PGF2Alpha was greater than bradykinin, and no synergistic effect was seen, although an additive effect was observed. The effect of PGF2Alpha depended on the concentration of calcium ions under magnesium-supplemented conditions.", "contents": "Characterization of the stimulatory effects of PGF2alpha on the release of arachidonic acid. Fibroblasts derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma were cultured in the presence of radioactive arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid. More than 90% of each labeled fatty acid was incorporated into a phospholipid fraction by the cells in 18 hrs. Arachidonic acid was evenly incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, while both palmitic acid and linoleic acid were almost entirely incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. The position of phosphatidylcholine where the fatty acids were incorporated was different for each fatty acid. The ratio of the amount of fatty acid incorporated into the 2-position to the amount incorporated into the 1-position of phosphatidylcholine for each fatty acid was greater than 90% for arachidonic acid, 2:1 for palmitic acid and 5:1 for linoleic acid. In the case of phosphatidylethanolamine, most arachidonic acid (greater than 90%) was incorporated into the 2-position. PGF2alpha caused the stimulation of arachidonic acid release but not of palmitic acid and linoleic acid from pre-labeled fibroblasts. The serum in the medium was completely replaceable by bovine serum albumin. The effect of PGF2Alpha increased with an increasing concentration of bovine serum albumin, suggesting that serum only acts as a \"trap\" for released arachidonic acid. The effect of PGF2Alpha was greater than bradykinin, and no synergistic effect was seen, although an additive effect was observed. The effect of PGF2Alpha depended on the concentration of calcium ions under magnesium-supplemented conditions.", "PMID": 531223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4766", "title": "Biological activities of prostaglandin H1 analogs.", "content": "The influences of epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl analogs of PGH1 on washed rabbit platelets, isolated smooth muscles and perfused heart preparations were investigated. On washed rabbit platelets, 11,9-epoxymethano and 11,9-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 produced a platelet aggregation whereas 9,11-epoxymethano and 9,11-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 produced an inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. On iso-ated rabbit thoracic aorta strips, 9,11-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 showed strong contracting activity (5 times as active as 11,9-epoxymethano PGH2 and 31 times as active as PGH2). All the analogs of PGH1 caused contraction of guinea pig tracheal muscle and caused an increase of perfusion pressure in guinea pig heart, though 11,9-epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl PGH1 were far more active than 9,11-epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl PGH1. Differences in biological activities between 11,9-epoxymethano and  epoxycarbonyl PGH1 indicate that the orientation of functional groups at C9 and C11 influences biological activities.", "contents": "Biological activities of prostaglandin H1 analogs. The influences of epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl analogs of PGH1 on washed rabbit platelets, isolated smooth muscles and perfused heart preparations were investigated. On washed rabbit platelets, 11,9-epoxymethano and 11,9-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 produced a platelet aggregation whereas 9,11-epoxymethano and 9,11-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 produced an inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. On iso-ated rabbit thoracic aorta strips, 9,11-epoxycarbonyl PGH1 showed strong contracting activity (5 times as active as 11,9-epoxymethano PGH2 and 31 times as active as PGH2). All the analogs of PGH1 caused contraction of guinea pig tracheal muscle and caused an increase of perfusion pressure in guinea pig heart, though 11,9-epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl PGH1 were far more active than 9,11-epoxymethano and epoxycarbonyl PGH1. Differences in biological activities between 11,9-epoxymethano and  epoxycarbonyl PGH1 indicate that the orientation of functional groups at C9 and C11 influences biological activities.", "PMID": 531224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4767", "title": "Prostaglandins V (1). Synthesis and pharmacology of (+/-)-11-deoxy-10-hydroxyprostaglandin E1 methyl ester.", "content": "(+/-)-Deoxy-10-hydroxy-PGE1 methyl ester (Va) has been synthesised via conjugate addition of the cuprate (III) to the 5-tetrahydropyranyloxycyclopentenone (IId). Va was found to be 0.1 times as active as PGE1 as a uterine stimulant in the anaesthetized pregnant rat, 0.25 times as active as PGE1 in causing vasodepression in the anaesthetized cat, and approximately equiactive to PGE1 in inducing bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Prostaglandins V (1). Synthesis and pharmacology of (+/-)-11-deoxy-10-hydroxyprostaglandin E1 methyl ester. (+/-)-Deoxy-10-hydroxy-PGE1 methyl ester (Va) has been synthesised via conjugate addition of the cuprate (III) to the 5-tetrahydropyranyloxycyclopentenone (IId). Va was found to be 0.1 times as active as PGE1 as a uterine stimulant in the anaesthetized pregnant rat, 0.25 times as active as PGE1 in causing vasodepression in the anaesthetized cat, and approximately equiactive to PGE1 in inducing bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 531225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4768", "title": "Release and specific binding of prostaglandins in bovine pineal gland.", "content": "Incubated bovine pineal glands released prostaglandin E-and prostglandin F-like material (304 +/- 20 and 582 +/- 56 pg/mg dry tissue wt/h, respectively) and the release was increased 2.2 2.9-fold by adding 10(-4)-10(-6)M of norepinephrine to the medium. Binding assays revealed the existence of high affinity binding of 3H-prostaglandin E2 (3H-PGE2) and 3H-prostaglandin F1 alpha (3H-PGF2 alpha) in low speed supernatants of pineal homogenates. Binding was increased by increasing Ca++ concentration in medium up to 2 mM, was heat labile and was depressed following incubation with trypsin. In subcellular fractionation studies maximal 3H-PG binding was found in the 27000 x g pellet. Scatchard analysis of 3H-PGE2 binding revealed the presence of a single population of binding sites with a Kd= 1.2 nM and a binding site concentration of 1-2 pmoles/g protein. A single population of binding sites for 3H-PGF2 alpha was also detected with a Kd= 1.7 nM and a similar binding site concentration. Non-radioactive PGE1 and PGE2 were almost equally effective to compete for 3H-PGE1 binding sites (ED50= 5 and 2 nM, respectively). Unlabeled PGF1 was relatively ineffective to compete for 3H-PGE2 binding (ED50 greater than 1000 nM) but displaced effectively 3H-PGF2 alpha binding (ED20=1.2 nM).", "contents": "Release and specific binding of prostaglandins in bovine pineal gland. Incubated bovine pineal glands released prostaglandin E-and prostglandin F-like material (304 +/- 20 and 582 +/- 56 pg/mg dry tissue wt/h, respectively) and the release was increased 2.2 2.9-fold by adding 10(-4)-10(-6)M of norepinephrine to the medium. Binding assays revealed the existence of high affinity binding of 3H-prostaglandin E2 (3H-PGE2) and 3H-prostaglandin F1 alpha (3H-PGF2 alpha) in low speed supernatants of pineal homogenates. Binding was increased by increasing Ca++ concentration in medium up to 2 mM, was heat labile and was depressed following incubation with trypsin. In subcellular fractionation studies maximal 3H-PG binding was found in the 27000 x g pellet. Scatchard analysis of 3H-PGE2 binding revealed the presence of a single population of binding sites with a Kd= 1.2 nM and a binding site concentration of 1-2 pmoles/g protein. A single population of binding sites for 3H-PGF2 alpha was also detected with a Kd= 1.7 nM and a similar binding site concentration. Non-radioactive PGE1 and PGE2 were almost equally effective to compete for 3H-PGE1 binding sites (ED50= 5 and 2 nM, respectively). Unlabeled PGF1 was relatively ineffective to compete for 3H-PGE2 binding (ED50 greater than 1000 nM) but displaced effectively 3H-PGF2 alpha binding (ED20=1.2 nM).", "PMID": 531226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4769", "title": "Antigen-antibody complexes stimulate the synthesis and release of prostaglandins by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Antigen-antibody complexes (Ag/Ab) formed at equivalence stimulate the release of arachidonic acid and synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha by resident mouse peritoneal macrophages. Prostaglandin synthesis and secretion is stimulated by submicrogram quantities of Ag/Ab which increases in a dose-dependent manner. This release is time-dependent and occurs in the absence of any loss of cell viability as indicated by increased cellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase without concomitant loss of this activity to the media and the continued secretion of a constitutive cellular product, lysozyme. The stimulated synthesis of prostaglandins by Ag/Ab is inhibited by indomethacin and physiological levels of antiinflammatory glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Antigen-antibody complexes stimulate the synthesis and release of prostaglandins by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Antigen-antibody complexes (Ag/Ab) formed at equivalence stimulate the release of arachidonic acid and synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha by resident mouse peritoneal macrophages. Prostaglandin synthesis and secretion is stimulated by submicrogram quantities of Ag/Ab which increases in a dose-dependent manner. This release is time-dependent and occurs in the absence of any loss of cell viability as indicated by increased cellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase without concomitant loss of this activity to the media and the continued secretion of a constitutive cellular product, lysozyme. The stimulated synthesis of prostaglandins by Ag/Ab is inhibited by indomethacin and physiological levels of antiinflammatory glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 531227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4770", "title": "Formation of 1a, 1b dihomoprostaglandin E2 by rabbit renal intersititial cell cultures.", "content": "Growing cultures of rabbit renal interstitial cells released 1a, 1b dihomoprostaglandin E2 into the culture medium. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data indicate that much larger amounts of PGE2 were released.", "contents": "Formation of 1a, 1b dihomoprostaglandin E2 by rabbit renal intersititial cell cultures. Growing cultures of rabbit renal interstitial cells released 1a, 1b dihomoprostaglandin E2 into the culture medium. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data indicate that much larger amounts of PGE2 were released.", "PMID": 531228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4771", "title": "Evidence for an extra-renal origin of urinary prostaglandin E2 in healthy men.", "content": "In order to verify the validity of the assumption that male urinary Prostaglandin (PG) E2 reflects its renal production, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in the renal venous plasma (RVP) and urine (U) of 12 male and 4 female healthy volunteers. While women had a similar PGE2/PFG2 alpha ratio in RVP (0.59 +/- 0.18) and U (0.41 + 0.06), men and a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher ratio in U (1.43 +/- 1.72) as compared to RVP (0.54 +/- 0.16). This was largely due to considerably higher and more variable U-PGE1 concentrations (roughly 6 times higher than female values), despite almost identical RVP levels. The possibility of an increased U excretion of a cross-reacting member of the PG-system, as a cause of such apparently high PGE2-like immunoreactivity (LI), was ruled out by TLC characterization of PGE2-LI with three different anti-PGE1 sera. Thus, male U-PGE2 may variably reflect an extra-renal source, such as contamination with trace amounts of seminal fluid. It is concluded that, unless such a contamination can be monitored and corrected for, measurement of male U-PGE1 should be considered of questionable relevance to renal PG-synthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for an extra-renal origin of urinary prostaglandin E2 in healthy men. In order to verify the validity of the assumption that male urinary Prostaglandin (PG) E2 reflects its renal production, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in the renal venous plasma (RVP) and urine (U) of 12 male and 4 female healthy volunteers. While women had a similar PGE2/PFG2 alpha ratio in RVP (0.59 +/- 0.18) and U (0.41 + 0.06), men and a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher ratio in U (1.43 +/- 1.72) as compared to RVP (0.54 +/- 0.16). This was largely due to considerably higher and more variable U-PGE1 concentrations (roughly 6 times higher than female values), despite almost identical RVP levels. The possibility of an increased U excretion of a cross-reacting member of the PG-system, as a cause of such apparently high PGE2-like immunoreactivity (LI), was ruled out by TLC characterization of PGE2-LI with three different anti-PGE1 sera. Thus, male U-PGE2 may variably reflect an extra-renal source, such as contamination with trace amounts of seminal fluid. It is concluded that, unless such a contamination can be monitored and corrected for, measurement of male U-PGE1 should be considered of questionable relevance to renal PG-synthesis.", "PMID": 531229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4772", "title": "Chemospecific deuteration of prostaglandin silyl ethers.", "content": "Complete chemical selectivity (i.e., chemospecificity) has been achieved in the homogeneous deuteration of C5-C6 and endocyclic C10-C11 prostaglandin double bonds without arrangement or partial reduction of C13-C14- or C8-C12 double bonds. The homogeneous deuteration reaction utilizes protection of the C13-C14 double bond as the C15O-silyl ether and protection of the carboxyl group as the methyl ester prior to reduction under molecular deuterium with tris(triphenylphosphine)chlorohodium (I) (Wilkinson's catalyst) in 60:40 acetone:benzene at 25 degrees C. The reaction has been used to prepare six specifically deuterated prostaglandin: 5,6-dideuterio-PGE1 alpha 5,6-dideuterio-PGE1, 5,6-dideuterio-PGB1, 3,3,4,4,5,6-hexadeuterio-PGF1 alpha, 5,6,10,11-tetradeuterio-11-deoxy-PGE1, and 10, 11-dideuterio-11-deoxy-PGE1.", "contents": "Chemospecific deuteration of prostaglandin silyl ethers. Complete chemical selectivity (i.e., chemospecificity) has been achieved in the homogeneous deuteration of C5-C6 and endocyclic C10-C11 prostaglandin double bonds without arrangement or partial reduction of C13-C14- or C8-C12 double bonds. The homogeneous deuteration reaction utilizes protection of the C13-C14 double bond as the C15O-silyl ether and protection of the carboxyl group as the methyl ester prior to reduction under molecular deuterium with tris(triphenylphosphine)chlorohodium (I) (Wilkinson's catalyst) in 60:40 acetone:benzene at 25 degrees C. The reaction has been used to prepare six specifically deuterated prostaglandin: 5,6-dideuterio-PGE1 alpha 5,6-dideuterio-PGE1, 5,6-dideuterio-PGB1, 3,3,4,4,5,6-hexadeuterio-PGF1 alpha, 5,6,10,11-tetradeuterio-11-deoxy-PGE1, and 10, 11-dideuterio-11-deoxy-PGE1.", "PMID": 531230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4773", "title": "The refief of primary dysmenorrhea by ketoprofen and indomethacin.", "content": "The prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors ketoprofen and indomethacin were compared in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in a double-blind, cross-over trial involving 23 patients. Each drug was used for 2-4 days during 3 consecutive menstruations in randomized order. Good or moderate overall relief was obtained in 60 of the 68 ketoprofen-treated menstruations (88%). A dysmenorrhea score, based on subjective estimations of 8 symptoms, similarly decreased from a mean (+/- S.E.M.) basal level of 9.6 +/- 0.6 to 3.6 +/- 0.3 during ketoprofen treatment and to 4.0 +/- 0.3 during indomethacin. Both drugs relieved pelvic and lower back pains and eliminated vomiting and diarrhea in 82-97% of the cycles whereas headache, fatigue and nervousness were less frequently alleviated (40-67%). Eighteen of the 23 women (78%) had been unable to work during the first day of menstruation, the rate of working days lost was reduced to 4% with ketoprofen and 9 with indomethacin. Mild side-effects occurred during 12 ketoprofen and 14 indomethacin therapies. Ketoprofen thus seems to be as effective and tolerable as  indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "The refief of primary dysmenorrhea by ketoprofen and indomethacin. The prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors ketoprofen and indomethacin were compared in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in a double-blind, cross-over trial involving 23 patients. Each drug was used for 2-4 days during 3 consecutive menstruations in randomized order. Good or moderate overall relief was obtained in 60 of the 68 ketoprofen-treated menstruations (88%). A dysmenorrhea score, based on subjective estimations of 8 symptoms, similarly decreased from a mean (+/- S.E.M.) basal level of 9.6 +/- 0.6 to 3.6 +/- 0.3 during ketoprofen treatment and to 4.0 +/- 0.3 during indomethacin. Both drugs relieved pelvic and lower back pains and eliminated vomiting and diarrhea in 82-97% of the cycles whereas headache, fatigue and nervousness were less frequently alleviated (40-67%). Eighteen of the 23 women (78%) had been unable to work during the first day of menstruation, the rate of working days lost was reduced to 4% with ketoprofen and 9 with indomethacin. Mild side-effects occurred during 12 ketoprofen and 14 indomethacin therapies. Ketoprofen thus seems to be as effective and tolerable as  indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.", "PMID": 531231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4774", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors and endometriosis.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) may be involved in the development of the symptoms of endometriosis. Therefore 18 patients with pelvic endometriosis were treated in placebo controlled double-blind trial with different prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors. These drugs were: acetylsalicylic acid (0.5 g x 3) exerting a weak PG-synthetase inhibition, indomethacin (25 mg x 3) inhibiting PG-synthetase, and as a representative of fenamates, tolfenamic acid (200 mg x 3), which both inhibits PG-synthetase and antagonizes PGs at the target level. The therapeutic effect was evaluated using a specific endometriosis score separately during menstruation and in premenstrum. Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors did not alleviate premenstrual complaints better than placebo. During menstruation tolfenamic acid relieved endometriotic symptoms more effectively than placebo while indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid did not differ from placebo. A drug which inhibit both the synthesis and action of PGs can thus be used in the alleviation of secondary dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors and endometriosis. Prostaglandins (PGs) may be involved in the development of the symptoms of endometriosis. Therefore 18 patients with pelvic endometriosis were treated in placebo controlled double-blind trial with different prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors. These drugs were: acetylsalicylic acid (0.5 g x 3) exerting a weak PG-synthetase inhibition, indomethacin (25 mg x 3) inhibiting PG-synthetase, and as a representative of fenamates, tolfenamic acid (200 mg x 3), which both inhibits PG-synthetase and antagonizes PGs at the target level. The therapeutic effect was evaluated using a specific endometriosis score separately during menstruation and in premenstrum. Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors did not alleviate premenstrual complaints better than placebo. During menstruation tolfenamic acid relieved endometriotic symptoms more effectively than placebo while indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid did not differ from placebo. A drug which inhibit both the synthesis and action of PGs can thus be used in the alleviation of secondary dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis.", "PMID": 531232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4775", "title": "The use of oral prostaglandin E2 in the management of intrauterine fetal death.", "content": "12 otherwise healthy patients with intrauterine fetal death 1 to 6 weeks earlier were treated with oral prostaglandin E2. 9 of the 12 patients delivered within 48 hours after treatment began. 2 others delivered with 48 hours after unsuccessful treatment ceased. In a third patient the cervix relaxed after treatment, and the uterine contents were removed by curettage. No serious complications, such as hemorrhage occurred. The uterus seemed surprisingly responsive to oral prostaglandin E2 in cases of intrauterine fetal death.", "contents": "The use of oral prostaglandin E2 in the management of intrauterine fetal death. 12 otherwise healthy patients with intrauterine fetal death 1 to 6 weeks earlier were treated with oral prostaglandin E2. 9 of the 12 patients delivered within 48 hours after treatment began. 2 others delivered with 48 hours after unsuccessful treatment ceased. In a third patient the cervix relaxed after treatment, and the uterine contents were removed by curettage. No serious complications, such as hemorrhage occurred. The uterus seemed surprisingly responsive to oral prostaglandin E2 in cases of intrauterine fetal death.", "PMID": 531233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4776", "title": "[Free will in emotional and mental disorders].", "content": "The much used and popular word 'freedom' is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression 'freedom of will' is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.", "contents": "[Free will in emotional and mental disorders]. The much used and popular word 'freedom' is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression 'freedom of will' is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.", "PMID": 531234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4777", "title": "[Emitted cerebral activity and attention processes in a group of schizophrenic methodologic problems].", "content": "This is a study of the relationship between cerebral events and visual attentional processes of schizophrenic patients by means of a spectral analysis method described in this paper. With recorded data it is possible to study the EEG, standard visual evoked potential, visual evoked potention with attention and visual 'emitted' potentials when stimuli were expected but absent. Compared with the summation method and unitary analysis, the spectral analysis method appears very interesting, especially for the study of 'emitted' potentials because it avoids the subjectivity of operators and reduces the number of stimulations. The results show the interest of this simple reliable and effective method for the detection and objectivation of evoked activities with only very few (10) stimulations.", "contents": "[Emitted cerebral activity and attention processes in a group of schizophrenic methodologic problems]. This is a study of the relationship between cerebral events and visual attentional processes of schizophrenic patients by means of a spectral analysis method described in this paper. With recorded data it is possible to study the EEG, standard visual evoked potential, visual evoked potention with attention and visual 'emitted' potentials when stimuli were expected but absent. Compared with the summation method and unitary analysis, the spectral analysis method appears very interesting, especially for the study of 'emitted' potentials because it avoids the subjectivity of operators and reduces the number of stimulations. The results show the interest of this simple reliable and effective method for the detection and objectivation of evoked activities with only very few (10) stimulations.", "PMID": 531235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4778", "title": "[The recovered patient and his psychosis. A confrontation by videotape].", "content": "Patients in complete or partial remission were shown a videotape of their acute psychotic illness, if possible in the presence of one of their relatives. The tape was then discussed with the patients and their relatives. The videotape and the discussion were recorded again, thus allowing for an analysis of verbal and nonverbal reactions and attitudes of the participants. The psychologically unique situation of direct confrontation with the acute psychotic state enables certain problems in this area to be more closely examined and indirectly highlights possibilities of different therapeutic approaches. The investigations will be continued.", "contents": "[The recovered patient and his psychosis. A confrontation by videotape]. Patients in complete or partial remission were shown a videotape of their acute psychotic illness, if possible in the presence of one of their relatives. The tape was then discussed with the patients and their relatives. The videotape and the discussion were recorded again, thus allowing for an analysis of verbal and nonverbal reactions and attitudes of the participants. The psychologically unique situation of direct confrontation with the acute psychotic state enables certain problems in this area to be more closely examined and indirectly highlights possibilities of different therapeutic approaches. The investigations will be continued.", "PMID": 531236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4779", "title": "A comparative study of involutional depressive patients in French Canada and in Hungary.", "content": "The data dealing with 200 involutional depressive patients who were treated in Quebec City and in Budapest are presented. A questionnaire prepared for this purpose is produced and evaluated. Half of the Canadian and 80% of the Hungarian patients were personally interviewed by the author. Those patients with organic brain syndromes were not included in the population studied. Besides many similarities between the two groups, there were also symptomatological differences observed, e.g. the agitated type of involutional melancholy occurred twice as often in Canada as in Hungary, the apathetic cases were rarer in Canada, and the illness began earlier among Canadian women. Self-blame in Canada was often linked to religious observation. Two typical syndromes in male and female patients are detailed as special disease patterns. The symptomatology of this disorder has become identical in the last few years in both countries, therefore it is improbable that a similar study in the future could point out the differences described here.", "contents": "A comparative study of involutional depressive patients in French Canada and in Hungary. The data dealing with 200 involutional depressive patients who were treated in Quebec City and in Budapest are presented. A questionnaire prepared for this purpose is produced and evaluated. Half of the Canadian and 80% of the Hungarian patients were personally interviewed by the author. Those patients with organic brain syndromes were not included in the population studied. Besides many similarities between the two groups, there were also symptomatological differences observed, e.g. the agitated type of involutional melancholy occurred twice as often in Canada as in Hungary, the apathetic cases were rarer in Canada, and the illness began earlier among Canadian women. Self-blame in Canada was often linked to religious observation. Two typical syndromes in male and female patients are detailed as special disease patterns. The symptomatology of this disorder has become identical in the last few years in both countries, therefore it is improbable that a similar study in the future could point out the differences described here.", "PMID": 531237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4780", "title": "[Development of high-sensitivity radio gas chromatography--specific characteristics of a long path internal gas flow proportional counter (author's transl)].", "content": "A long path internal gas flow proportional counter was devised was to be used as a high sensitivity detector for radio gas chromatography, and its performance characteristics were investigated. The long path counter tube used for this detector has a sufficiently long passage in comparison with the diameter. The counter tube for general use is made of brass or copper tube 1 cm in diameter, 100 cm in length with a mirror finish on all internal surface, and the center electrode is of tungsten wire 0.05 mm in diameter. For actual use, several of these counter tubes are connected in series in assembly to hold the total volume of a gas sample in the counting system over a desired counting period. Thus this flow detector as an integral type one and gives directly a counting rate. Experiments showed that the dynamic counting efficiencies of tritium and carbon-14 were about 90% and equal to the static counting efficiencies. Furthermore, with this detector, the counting rate does not appear to be affected by minor variations of the effective inner volume of the counter tube and the flow rate of counting gas.", "contents": "[Development of high-sensitivity radio gas chromatography--specific characteristics of a long path internal gas flow proportional counter (author's transl)]. A long path internal gas flow proportional counter was devised was to be used as a high sensitivity detector for radio gas chromatography, and its performance characteristics were investigated. The long path counter tube used for this detector has a sufficiently long passage in comparison with the diameter. The counter tube for general use is made of brass or copper tube 1 cm in diameter, 100 cm in length with a mirror finish on all internal surface, and the center electrode is of tungsten wire 0.05 mm in diameter. For actual use, several of these counter tubes are connected in series in assembly to hold the total volume of a gas sample in the counting system over a desired counting period. Thus this flow detector as an integral type one and gives directly a counting rate. Experiments showed that the dynamic counting efficiencies of tritium and carbon-14 were about 90% and equal to the static counting efficiencies. Furthermore, with this detector, the counting rate does not appear to be affected by minor variations of the effective inner volume of the counter tube and the flow rate of counting gas.", "PMID": 531238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4781", "title": "Determination of the dew point and the frost point below 0 degrees C making use of the beta-ray backscattering and the electric conductivity on the narrow surface of insulated layer.", "content": "It is necessary to distinguish between the dew point and the frost point below 0 degrees C. The freezing of the dew and the melting of the frost are respectively detected by the rapid decrease and the increase of the conduction current on the narrow surface of insulated layer made of epoxy, 0.5 mm in width and 10 mm in length, on which the dew deposits. The dew point -9 degrees C and the frost point -8 degrees C in the humidity 21% at the temperature 13 degrees C are clearly distinguished in this method.", "contents": "Determination of the dew point and the frost point below 0 degrees C making use of the beta-ray backscattering and the electric conductivity on the narrow surface of insulated layer. It is necessary to distinguish between the dew point and the frost point below 0 degrees C. The freezing of the dew and the melting of the frost are respectively detected by the rapid decrease and the increase of the conduction current on the narrow surface of insulated layer made of epoxy, 0.5 mm in width and 10 mm in length, on which the dew deposits. The dew point -9 degrees C and the frost point -8 degrees C in the humidity 21% at the temperature 13 degrees C are clearly distinguished in this method.", "PMID": 531239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4782", "title": "[Diagnostic system for assessment of left ventricular function with 99mTc-albumin (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic system is described that obtains a set of serial gated images (SGI) covering the entire cardiac cycles and left ventricular (LV) volume curve (VC) with high temporal resolution (10 msec). The system consists of two functional parts. The one, which is based upon an inexpensive modification of multiformat imaging device, yields SGI. The other, which is based on a minicomputer system, acquires data only from around about LV area and yields LVVC from ECG P wave without the reconstruction of these images. In as little as 5 min result, which is also corrected uniformity of gamma-camera, is given.", "contents": "[Diagnostic system for assessment of left ventricular function with 99mTc-albumin (author's transl)]. Diagnostic system is described that obtains a set of serial gated images (SGI) covering the entire cardiac cycles and left ventricular (LV) volume curve (VC) with high temporal resolution (10 msec). The system consists of two functional parts. The one, which is based upon an inexpensive modification of multiformat imaging device, yields SGI. The other, which is based on a minicomputer system, acquires data only from around about LV area and yields LVVC from ECG P wave without the reconstruction of these images. In as little as 5 min result, which is also corrected uniformity of gamma-camera, is given.", "PMID": 531241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4783", "title": "[Clinical significance of serum bile acid radioimmunoassay in hepatobiliary diseases--with special reference to the CG/SLCG ratio (author's transl)].", "content": "Both serum cholylglycine (CG) and sulfolithocholylglycine (SLCG) levels were radioimmunoassayed by PEG method in 209 samples (204 hepatobiliary diseases, 5 normal controls). 1) The results revealed that serum bile acid levels were excellent indicators for hepatic dysfunction in comparison with the conventional liver function tests. 2) Means of 19.4 +/- 9.3 microgram/dl for CG and 21.7 +/- 6.7 microgram/dl for SLCG were obtained in controls. Most hepatobiliary diseases demonstrated abnormally high bile acid levels, with extremely high CG values in conditions with bile stasis. 3) To differentiate various hepatobiliary diseases more clearly, the ratio of the primary and secondary bile acids (CG/SLCG ratio) was introduced (1.0 +/- 0.6 for controls). In cases of bile stasis, CG/SLCG ratios ranged from 7.8 +/- 4.8 for intrahepatic cholestasis to 34.8 +/- 27.6 for congenital biliary atresia, while other hepatic disorders demonstrated relatively low values. We conclude that the CG/SLCG ratio is a useful index for cholestasis. Diagnosis of the congenital biliary atresia could be possible.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of serum bile acid radioimmunoassay in hepatobiliary diseases--with special reference to the CG/SLCG ratio (author's transl)]. Both serum cholylglycine (CG) and sulfolithocholylglycine (SLCG) levels were radioimmunoassayed by PEG method in 209 samples (204 hepatobiliary diseases, 5 normal controls). 1) The results revealed that serum bile acid levels were excellent indicators for hepatic dysfunction in comparison with the conventional liver function tests. 2) Means of 19.4 +/- 9.3 microgram/dl for CG and 21.7 +/- 6.7 microgram/dl for SLCG were obtained in controls. Most hepatobiliary diseases demonstrated abnormally high bile acid levels, with extremely high CG values in conditions with bile stasis. 3) To differentiate various hepatobiliary diseases more clearly, the ratio of the primary and secondary bile acids (CG/SLCG ratio) was introduced (1.0 +/- 0.6 for controls). In cases of bile stasis, CG/SLCG ratios ranged from 7.8 +/- 4.8 for intrahepatic cholestasis to 34.8 +/- 27.6 for congenital biliary atresia, while other hepatic disorders demonstrated relatively low values. We conclude that the CG/SLCG ratio is a useful index for cholestasis. Diagnosis of the congenital biliary atresia could be possible.", "PMID": 531242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4784", "title": "[Behaviors of nitrato complexes of nitrosylruthenium in aqueous solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitrato nitrosylruthenium complexes [RuNO(NO3)x(H2O)5-x] (3-x)+ readily dissociate in aqueous solutions with decrease in pH and increase in electrical conductivity of the solutions. This study aimed to elucidate the behaviours of dissociation of the complexes with time. The change in the amount of undissociated complexes was determined with time. The results indicated that the dissociation was a multi-order reaction involving both protolysis and hydrolysis. The protolysis completed in relatively short period within(several tens of minutes), but it depended on the concentration of the complexes in the solution. The completion of the protolysis and the formation of the resulting dissociation products were observed by absorption spectrometry. The dissociation products, which were assumed as aquohydroxy complexes, underwent the successive step-wise dissociation for a prolonged period as revealed by pH measurements. The rate constants involved in the step-wise dissociation, process were obtained. The degree of dissociation and dissociation constant of the complexes were measured by conductometry.", "contents": "[Behaviors of nitrato complexes of nitrosylruthenium in aqueous solutions (author's transl)]. Nitrato nitrosylruthenium complexes [RuNO(NO3)x(H2O)5-x] (3-x)+ readily dissociate in aqueous solutions with decrease in pH and increase in electrical conductivity of the solutions. This study aimed to elucidate the behaviours of dissociation of the complexes with time. The change in the amount of undissociated complexes was determined with time. The results indicated that the dissociation was a multi-order reaction involving both protolysis and hydrolysis. The protolysis completed in relatively short period within(several tens of minutes), but it depended on the concentration of the complexes in the solution. The completion of the protolysis and the formation of the resulting dissociation products were observed by absorption spectrometry. The dissociation products, which were assumed as aquohydroxy complexes, underwent the successive step-wise dissociation for a prolonged period as revealed by pH measurements. The rate constants involved in the step-wise dissociation, process were obtained. The degree of dissociation and dissociation constant of the complexes were measured by conductometry.", "PMID": 531248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4785", "title": "[Formation of indium-111 in alpha and helium-3 bombardment of natural cadmium (author's transl)].", "content": "Formation cross sections and thick-target yields were studied in detail for alpha reactions and helium-3 reactions of natural cadmium in the energy range 10-40 MeV in order to determine the optimum condition for the production of medical use 11In. The helium-3 reactions were found to give higher 111In yield; namely, at the optimum helium-3 particle energy of 40 MeV and with the cadmium foil of 280 mg/cm2 thickness the amount of 11In produced was 270 muCi/muA . h. A cooling-time of 54 hours was required for the best radiochemical purity. The extraction of HBr-isopropyl ether followed by the anion exchange method was found to be the best chemical method for the carrier-free indium-111 separation.", "contents": "[Formation of indium-111 in alpha and helium-3 bombardment of natural cadmium (author's transl)]. Formation cross sections and thick-target yields were studied in detail for alpha reactions and helium-3 reactions of natural cadmium in the energy range 10-40 MeV in order to determine the optimum condition for the production of medical use 11In. The helium-3 reactions were found to give higher 111In yield; namely, at the optimum helium-3 particle energy of 40 MeV and with the cadmium foil of 280 mg/cm2 thickness the amount of 11In produced was 270 muCi/muA . h. A cooling-time of 54 hours was required for the best radiochemical purity. The extraction of HBr-isopropyl ether followed by the anion exchange method was found to be the best chemical method for the carrier-free indium-111 separation.", "PMID": 531249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4786", "title": "[Metabolism of 14C-miloxacin in rats--metabolites in urine, bile and feces (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolation and characterization of metabolites of miloxacin, a new antimicrobial agent, were undertaken with rats. 14C-Miloxacin was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and urine, bile and feces were collected. The metabolites extracted from the biological samples were isolated by column and thin-layer chromatographies. Characterization of the isolated metabolites was carried out by comparison with the authentic materials in various physicochemical analyses. Eight metabolites together with intact miloxacin were identified; containing the metabolites of N-demethoxy (M-1), catechol (M-3) and 6-methoxy (M-2 and M-4) types and their conjugates with glucuronic acid.", "contents": "[Metabolism of 14C-miloxacin in rats--metabolites in urine, bile and feces (author's transl)]. Isolation and characterization of metabolites of miloxacin, a new antimicrobial agent, were undertaken with rats. 14C-Miloxacin was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and urine, bile and feces were collected. The metabolites extracted from the biological samples were isolated by column and thin-layer chromatographies. Characterization of the isolated metabolites was carried out by comparison with the authentic materials in various physicochemical analyses. Eight metabolites together with intact miloxacin were identified; containing the metabolites of N-demethoxy (M-1), catechol (M-3) and 6-methoxy (M-2 and M-4) types and their conjugates with glucuronic acid.", "PMID": 531250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4787", "title": "Study on trace impurity elements in highly purified iron and aluminum by neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Activation analysis was carried out on the purified iron and aluminum to study the behavior of trace impurities on purification process, and to estimate the purity of the purified samples. Thermal neutrons with high Cd ratio through D2O column or graphite column were used for the activation of samples to reduce the interference effects by fast neutrons, the reactions, (n, p) or (n, a), from matrix elements. On the zone refined aluminum, the segregation of impurity elements was cleary observed. In the case of iron, decrease of impurity content was confirmed on superposing the various purification processes.", "contents": "Study on trace impurity elements in highly purified iron and aluminum by neutron activation analysis. Activation analysis was carried out on the purified iron and aluminum to study the behavior of trace impurities on purification process, and to estimate the purity of the purified samples. Thermal neutrons with high Cd ratio through D2O column or graphite column were used for the activation of samples to reduce the interference effects by fast neutrons, the reactions, (n, p) or (n, a), from matrix elements. On the zone refined aluminum, the segregation of impurity elements was cleary observed. In the case of iron, decrease of impurity content was confirmed on superposing the various purification processes.", "PMID": 531257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4788", "title": "[Study on decontamination of radioactive ruthenium by steel wool in waste solution (author's transl)].", "content": "Tracer experiments were done in order to establish a decontamination process of 106Ru in radioactive waste solution by column method paying special attention on the solution of nitratonitrosyl complex of Ru which is often encountered as a low level radioactive waste solution. It turned out that metallic iron was the most effective decontaminating agent among the several tens of materials tested. The decontamination factor (DF) of 106Ru increased in proportion to the total surface area of iron and it sensitively depended on the oxidation state of the surface as revealed by the batchwise and columnwise tests. Iron samples with high corrosiveness gave a much larger DF than those with low corrosiveness. The decontamination process proceeded as iron was being oxidized via Fe(metal)leads toFe(II)leads toFe(III). As the results, the DF initially increased after initiating the passage of water through the column but it then decreased as the oxidation process became inactive. An excellent durability up to 10000 bed volumes was demonstrated by the column method at a high average DF of 150.", "contents": "[Study on decontamination of radioactive ruthenium by steel wool in waste solution (author's transl)]. Tracer experiments were done in order to establish a decontamination process of 106Ru in radioactive waste solution by column method paying special attention on the solution of nitratonitrosyl complex of Ru which is often encountered as a low level radioactive waste solution. It turned out that metallic iron was the most effective decontaminating agent among the several tens of materials tested. The decontamination factor (DF) of 106Ru increased in proportion to the total surface area of iron and it sensitively depended on the oxidation state of the surface as revealed by the batchwise and columnwise tests. Iron samples with high corrosiveness gave a much larger DF than those with low corrosiveness. The decontamination process proceeded as iron was being oxidized via Fe(metal)leads toFe(II)leads toFe(III). As the results, the DF initially increased after initiating the passage of water through the column but it then decreased as the oxidation process became inactive. An excellent durability up to 10000 bed volumes was demonstrated by the column method at a high average DF of 150.", "PMID": 531258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4789", "title": "[Clinical significance of urinary CEA measurement as a screening test of bladder cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Non-infected urine samples of twenty six preoperative bladder cancers were examined by urinary CEA radioimmunoassay and exfoliative cytology. There were 65% of urinary CEA positivity and 58% of cytological positivity (class III, IV, V). CEA measurements were positive in 8 of 11 negative cytology cases (class I and II). Exfoliative cytological examination failed to detect most of well differentiated transitional cell carcinomas, while urinary CEA study detected 4 of 6 such cases. Combination of both urinary CEA measurement and cytology resulted in 85% of positivity. Therefore we recommend routine use of this combination as a screening system of bladder cancer.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of urinary CEA measurement as a screening test of bladder cancer (author's transl)]. Non-infected urine samples of twenty six preoperative bladder cancers were examined by urinary CEA radioimmunoassay and exfoliative cytology. There were 65% of urinary CEA positivity and 58% of cytological positivity (class III, IV, V). CEA measurements were positive in 8 of 11 negative cytology cases (class I and II). Exfoliative cytological examination failed to detect most of well differentiated transitional cell carcinomas, while urinary CEA study detected 4 of 6 such cases. Combination of both urinary CEA measurement and cytology resulted in 85% of positivity. Therefore we recommend routine use of this combination as a screening system of bladder cancer.", "PMID": 531259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4790", "title": "[The genus Anastrepha (Diptera; Tephritidae) in the principal fruits of Costa Rica and its reduction to human pseudomyiasis].", "content": "Three species of Anastrepha are usually found independently in 9 fruits from different regions of Costa Rica. A striata was found in 5, and A. serpentina and A. obliqua in each of 3 different fruits. During the harvest season, these larvae frequently produce intestinal pseudomyiasis, especially in children.", "contents": "[The genus Anastrepha (Diptera; Tephritidae) in the principal fruits of Costa Rica and its reduction to human pseudomyiasis]. Three species of Anastrepha are usually found independently in 9 fruits from different regions of Costa Rica. A striata was found in 5, and A. serpentina and A. obliqua in each of 3 different fruits. During the harvest season, these larvae frequently produce intestinal pseudomyiasis, especially in children.", "PMID": 531267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4791", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of Hb C trait and polycythaemia vera.", "content": "A slow abnormal haemoglobin was found in a 27 year-old Negro man who had polycythaemia vera. Chemical and structural analysis showed it to be Hb C. The oxygen affinity showed a normal P50 value. Clinical and haematological investigations are described and discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of Hb C trait and polycythaemia vera. A slow abnormal haemoglobin was found in a 27 year-old Negro man who had polycythaemia vera. Chemical and structural analysis showed it to be Hb C. The oxygen affinity showed a normal P50 value. Clinical and haematological investigations are described and discussed.", "PMID": 531268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4792", "title": "[Anatomo-pathological alterations of the lung in hemorrhagic shock studied with lungs fixed by classical method and when expanded (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied lungs of 14 dogs that have been submitted to hemorrhagic shock. The right lung was fixed in the ordinary way and the left lung in expansion. They examine preparations of a 11 lobes of both lungs. Vacuolar degeneration of the cells of the terminal bronchioles and the respiratory bronchioles, hypertrophy of the cells of the alveolar sac of mild degree were constant findings. Alveolar edema of some intensity was observed in all preparations. Atelectasias of severe degree were only seen in preparations fixed in the ordinary way.", "contents": "[Anatomo-pathological alterations of the lung in hemorrhagic shock studied with lungs fixed by classical method and when expanded (author's transl)]. The authors have studied lungs of 14 dogs that have been submitted to hemorrhagic shock. The right lung was fixed in the ordinary way and the left lung in expansion. They examine preparations of a 11 lobes of both lungs. Vacuolar degeneration of the cells of the terminal bronchioles and the respiratory bronchioles, hypertrophy of the cells of the alveolar sac of mild degree were constant findings. Alveolar edema of some intensity was observed in all preparations. Atelectasias of severe degree were only seen in preparations fixed in the ordinary way.", "PMID": 531271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4793", "title": "[Frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma in pregnant women and their newborn in Sao Paulo City, Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "In 80 apparently healthy pregnant women and their newborns tested for toxoplasmosis through the dye-test (RSF) greater than or equal to 1:16, were found respectively 50% and 38.7% positives. The positive mothers had positive newborns. The major part with the same titers as their mothers or one titer lower. The negative mothers had negative healthy newborns with one exception, considered \"false positive reaction\". The great majority of positive newborns were found negative at the 8th month, and the other until the 12th month. It's emphazised that the maternal and the newborn serology must be done at the same time. This considerations should be remembered when asymptomatic newborns with positive serology for toxoplasmosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma in pregnant women and their newborn in Sao Paulo City, Brazil (author's transl)]. In 80 apparently healthy pregnant women and their newborns tested for toxoplasmosis through the dye-test (RSF) greater than or equal to 1:16, were found respectively 50% and 38.7% positives. The positive mothers had positive newborns. The major part with the same titers as their mothers or one titer lower. The negative mothers had negative healthy newborns with one exception, considered \"false positive reaction\". The great majority of positive newborns were found negative at the 8th month, and the other until the 12th month. It's emphazised that the maternal and the newborn serology must be done at the same time. This considerations should be remembered when asymptomatic newborns with positive serology for toxoplasmosis are discussed.", "PMID": 531272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4794", "title": "[Effect of saralasin infusion on glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion in hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Saralasin (S) infusion, at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg/min IV, decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 18 hypertensive patients. This effect was more pronounced in those patients with angiotensinogenic hypertension due to the somation of the effects of S upon renal vasculature and systemic arterial pressure. A decrease in urinary sodium excretion was also observed being more intense in those patients whose systemic pressure also decreased during S infusion. In group II (10 hypertensive patients) infusion of S in increasing doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg/min) a progressive decrease in GFR was observed only when the arterial pressure also decreased. However urinary sodium excretion decreased progressively as S doses increased. This effect was not related to S effect upon arterial pressure. This observation indicates that S, like angiotensin II, has a direct effect upon the renal tubules evoking an increase of sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "[Effect of saralasin infusion on glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. Saralasin (S) infusion, at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg/min IV, decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 18 hypertensive patients. This effect was more pronounced in those patients with angiotensinogenic hypertension due to the somation of the effects of S upon renal vasculature and systemic arterial pressure. A decrease in urinary sodium excretion was also observed being more intense in those patients whose systemic pressure also decreased during S infusion. In group II (10 hypertensive patients) infusion of S in increasing doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg/min) a progressive decrease in GFR was observed only when the arterial pressure also decreased. However urinary sodium excretion decreased progressively as S doses increased. This effect was not related to S effect upon arterial pressure. This observation indicates that S, like angiotensin II, has a direct effect upon the renal tubules evoking an increase of sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 531273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4795", "title": "[Genetics of anapheline populations. III. Electrophoretic analysis of Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Genetic variation at 26 loci in a natural population of Anopheles aquasalis has been studied by zymogram technique. Average proportion of polymorphic loci is 23% (criterion I) and 34% (criterion II). On the average 8.1% of the genome is in heterozygous condition in each individual. The degree of genetic variability varies from locus to locus. Some enzymes such as AO, alpha-GPDH, 3 loci of HK, 3 loci of LAP, 3 loci of MDH, GOT, 3 loci of ODH and one locus of EST (EST-4), are monomorphic. Of the rest, proportion of heterozygosity varies from the minimum of 0.041 at Xdh-2 to a maximum of 0.493 at Est-2. Similarly, except for the loci Est-2 and Est-3, proportion of heterozygote individuals is extremely low. A. aquasalis has a higher genetic identity with A. evansae (I = 0.625) than with A. argyritarsis (I = 0.543). There seems to be direct correlation between the genetic variability of a species and its capacity to explore diverse ecological nitches.", "contents": "[Genetics of anapheline populations. III. Electrophoretic analysis of Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) (author's transl)]. Genetic variation at 26 loci in a natural population of Anopheles aquasalis has been studied by zymogram technique. Average proportion of polymorphic loci is 23% (criterion I) and 34% (criterion II). On the average 8.1% of the genome is in heterozygous condition in each individual. The degree of genetic variability varies from locus to locus. Some enzymes such as AO, alpha-GPDH, 3 loci of HK, 3 loci of LAP, 3 loci of MDH, GOT, 3 loci of ODH and one locus of EST (EST-4), are monomorphic. Of the rest, proportion of heterozygosity varies from the minimum of 0.041 at Xdh-2 to a maximum of 0.493 at Est-2. Similarly, except for the loci Est-2 and Est-3, proportion of heterozygote individuals is extremely low. A. aquasalis has a higher genetic identity with A. evansae (I = 0.625) than with A. argyritarsis (I = 0.543). There seems to be direct correlation between the genetic variability of a species and its capacity to explore diverse ecological nitches.", "PMID": 531274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4796", "title": "Influence of clofibrate on plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rats.", "content": "Effects of clofibrate on plasma lecithin: cholesterole acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, plasma lipid levels and hepatic cholesterol content were examined in rats with clofibrate treatment for a short period of time. The results show that the administration of the drug for three weeks produces substantial shifts in hepatic cholesterol fractions and induces changes in the plasma LCAT enzyme. It is suggested that clofibrate increases plasma LCAT activity by induction of the enzyme on the microsomal fraction of the hepatic cell and subsequent secretion by the liver. Presumably clofibrate treatment also produces an increase in the rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in the rat liver.", "contents": "Influence of clofibrate on plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rats. Effects of clofibrate on plasma lecithin: cholesterole acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, plasma lipid levels and hepatic cholesterol content were examined in rats with clofibrate treatment for a short period of time. The results show that the administration of the drug for three weeks produces substantial shifts in hepatic cholesterol fractions and induces changes in the plasma LCAT enzyme. It is suggested that clofibrate increases plasma LCAT activity by induction of the enzyme on the microsomal fraction of the hepatic cell and subsequent secretion by the liver. Presumably clofibrate treatment also produces an increase in the rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in the rat liver.", "PMID": 531275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4797", "title": "[Hematin treatment of acute intermittent porphyria. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A young woman with acute intermittent porphyria in profound relapse and severe nervous and respiratory involvement was treated by intravenous infusions of hematin, followed by improvement of symptoms. The diet with high carbohydrate and protein content and a B-adrenergic blocking agent, not showed any beneficial effect on acute attack. The infusion of hematin was followed by a lowering effect on urine porphybilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid and clinical improvement. The return to normal of porphyrin precursors in the urine was accompanied by almost complete clinical remission. The relationship of remission and repression of delta-aminolevulinic acid, decrease of urinary levels of porphyrin precursors, pulmonaries tests and electromyograms, were discussed.", "contents": "[Hematin treatment of acute intermittent porphyria. A case report (author's transl)]. A young woman with acute intermittent porphyria in profound relapse and severe nervous and respiratory involvement was treated by intravenous infusions of hematin, followed by improvement of symptoms. The diet with high carbohydrate and protein content and a B-adrenergic blocking agent, not showed any beneficial effect on acute attack. The infusion of hematin was followed by a lowering effect on urine porphybilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid and clinical improvement. The return to normal of porphyrin precursors in the urine was accompanied by almost complete clinical remission. The relationship of remission and repression of delta-aminolevulinic acid, decrease of urinary levels of porphyrin precursors, pulmonaries tests and electromyograms, were discussed.", "PMID": 531276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4798", "title": "Oxytalan fibers in the Schistosoma mansoni tegument.", "content": "In order to elucidate the nature of the fibrous network present in Schistosoma mansoni tegument, adult worms were studied by light and electron microscopy. It was suggested that this network is formed by bundles of tubular microfibrils 10--12 nm in diameter, similar to oxytalan microfibrils present in higher animals.", "contents": "Oxytalan fibers in the Schistosoma mansoni tegument. In order to elucidate the nature of the fibrous network present in Schistosoma mansoni tegument, adult worms were studied by light and electron microscopy. It was suggested that this network is formed by bundles of tubular microfibrils 10--12 nm in diameter, similar to oxytalan microfibrils present in higher animals.", "PMID": 531277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4799", "title": "Electron microscopy of collagen resorption by fibroblasts in wound repair of the albino rat skin.", "content": "The ultra-structural study of rat skin repair process at 7, 14 and 21 days has shown a greater collagenous resorption activity on the seventh days of the repair process.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of collagen resorption by fibroblasts in wound repair of the albino rat skin. The ultra-structural study of rat skin repair process at 7, 14 and 21 days has shown a greater collagenous resorption activity on the seventh days of the repair process.", "PMID": 531278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4800", "title": "[Anatomical findings in 30 cases of acute severe traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "A variety of lesions of varying complexity were noted during pathological examinations of the brain in 30 cases of acute severe traumatic coma, of whom 27 survived for less than 10 days. \"Diffuse brain damage\" were present in all cases and contusions were frequently noted (83 p. 100). The lesions appear immediately after, and are directly related to the injury. Ischemic lesions were present in 66 p. 100 of cases and their mechanisms of production are various and interwoven. The frequency of respiratory difficulties associated with brain injuries is stressed. Two thirds of the cases with brain stem lesions (80 p. 100) were secondary to phenomena related to trans-tentorial herniation. Clinical examinations of these patients with acute severe coma demonstrates the difficulties encountered in assessing prognosis based on clinical findings within the first 48 hours.", "contents": "[Anatomical findings in 30 cases of acute severe traumatic coma (author's transl)]. A variety of lesions of varying complexity were noted during pathological examinations of the brain in 30 cases of acute severe traumatic coma, of whom 27 survived for less than 10 days. \"Diffuse brain damage\" were present in all cases and contusions were frequently noted (83 p. 100). The lesions appear immediately after, and are directly related to the injury. Ischemic lesions were present in 66 p. 100 of cases and their mechanisms of production are various and interwoven. The frequency of respiratory difficulties associated with brain injuries is stressed. Two thirds of the cases with brain stem lesions (80 p. 100) were secondary to phenomena related to trans-tentorial herniation. Clinical examinations of these patients with acute severe coma demonstrates the difficulties encountered in assessing prognosis based on clinical findings within the first 48 hours.", "PMID": 531315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4801", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical study in severe head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourty-one cases have been studied, using the research of 10 brain stem reflexes, leading to define 6 levels of axial disturbances. The anatomical post-mortem findings allowed the authors to assume that primary brain stem damages are scarcely found (4 p. 100), as compared with diffuse brain damage (93 p. 100). The amount of supratentorial diffuse lesions seems to be the most important factor to determine the level of axial disturbance: the larger supra-tentorial lesion the lower brain stem dysfunction level. The authors emphasize the special value of corneo-pterygoidal reflex as a borderline in the rostro-caudal deterioration process of theCNS, following severe head injury.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical study in severe head injury (author's transl)]. Fourty-one cases have been studied, using the research of 10 brain stem reflexes, leading to define 6 levels of axial disturbances. The anatomical post-mortem findings allowed the authors to assume that primary brain stem damages are scarcely found (4 p. 100), as compared with diffuse brain damage (93 p. 100). The amount of supratentorial diffuse lesions seems to be the most important factor to determine the level of axial disturbance: the larger supra-tentorial lesion the lower brain stem dysfunction level. The authors emphasize the special value of corneo-pterygoidal reflex as a borderline in the rostro-caudal deterioration process of theCNS, following severe head injury.", "PMID": 531316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4802", "title": "[EEG in post-traumatic coma. Diagnostic and prognostic value (author's transl)].", "content": "This study concerns 1600 post-traumatic acute comas, who underwent combined clinical and EEG examinations. The EEG has been recorded accurately bedside several times a day throughout the acute stage. The obtained EEG patterns, generally considered to be polimorphous and extremely variable, can be classified into five basic groups corresponding to progressive deterioration of the cerebral electrogenesis: borderline, changeable, sleep-like, monotonous and silent. Borderline, sleep-like and changeable patterns, even though they indicate a varying degree of impairment of cerebral electrogenesis, prove nevertheless that the brain is capable of elaborating physiological rhythms and of modifying its activity in a spontaneous or evoked manner. True slow monotonous activity indicates an extreme degree of cerebral impairment; flattening, up to EEG silence, indicates the onset of brain death. Focal slowing and/or flattening, which often lacks surgical significance, is not considered in this classification. Focal or generalized irritative activity in the early stages, however, indicates a more severe condition. EEG has often proved to be an useful means supporting the diagnostic and prognostic value of clinical examination.", "contents": "[EEG in post-traumatic coma. Diagnostic and prognostic value (author's transl)]. This study concerns 1600 post-traumatic acute comas, who underwent combined clinical and EEG examinations. The EEG has been recorded accurately bedside several times a day throughout the acute stage. The obtained EEG patterns, generally considered to be polimorphous and extremely variable, can be classified into five basic groups corresponding to progressive deterioration of the cerebral electrogenesis: borderline, changeable, sleep-like, monotonous and silent. Borderline, sleep-like and changeable patterns, even though they indicate a varying degree of impairment of cerebral electrogenesis, prove nevertheless that the brain is capable of elaborating physiological rhythms and of modifying its activity in a spontaneous or evoked manner. True slow monotonous activity indicates an extreme degree of cerebral impairment; flattening, up to EEG silence, indicates the onset of brain death. Focal slowing and/or flattening, which often lacks surgical significance, is not considered in this classification. Focal or generalized irritative activity in the early stages, however, indicates a more severe condition. EEG has often proved to be an useful means supporting the diagnostic and prognostic value of clinical examination.", "PMID": 531317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4803", "title": "[EEG and clinical study of 107 patients with acute severe traumatic comas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the EEG recordings of 107 patients with acute severe cranial trauma and signs of axial lesions. The initial EEG included: sleep patterns, alternating tracings, alpha band tracings which were either nonreactive pseudo-alpha or modulated alpha often reactive, and diffuse slow wave tracings. They found no particular tracing corresponding to a precise level of rostrocaudal destructuration, but some associations were seen more frequently. EEG sleep patterns and alternating tracings were never observed in brain stem lesions, the activity recorded being of low voltage, rigid, and non-reactive. The presence of spontaneous fluctuations (with sleep rhythms in some cases) and reactivity in other levels (mesodiencephalic junction, diencephalic and cortical-subcortical) are good prognostic signs. Focalised EEG signs are seen especially in the more rostral levels.", "contents": "[EEG and clinical study of 107 patients with acute severe traumatic comas (author's transl)]. The authors describe the EEG recordings of 107 patients with acute severe cranial trauma and signs of axial lesions. The initial EEG included: sleep patterns, alternating tracings, alpha band tracings which were either nonreactive pseudo-alpha or modulated alpha often reactive, and diffuse slow wave tracings. They found no particular tracing corresponding to a precise level of rostrocaudal destructuration, but some associations were seen more frequently. EEG sleep patterns and alternating tracings were never observed in brain stem lesions, the activity recorded being of low voltage, rigid, and non-reactive. The presence of spontaneous fluctuations (with sleep rhythms in some cases) and reactivity in other levels (mesodiencephalic junction, diencephalic and cortical-subcortical) are good prognostic signs. Focalised EEG signs are seen especially in the more rostral levels.", "PMID": 531319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4804", "title": "[Post-traumatic coma from diffuse brain lesions. A correlative study of the levels of dysfunction and the EEG nyctohemeral aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen EEG and polygraphic recordings were performed during a 24-hour period in 11 patients with post-traumatic coma. Spontaneous fluctuations, reactivity, and the organization of electrical activity were studied throughout the nyctohemeral period. The results were compared with the data obtained from clinical examinations evaluated in terms of the level of neurological dysfunction. The level of impairment of the EEG was usually a valid indication of the level of neurological dysfunction, the EEG results being sometimes more precise than the clinical data. In regard to the prognosis, the disappearance in the EEG of any fluctuations coincided with an unfavourable evolution.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic coma from diffuse brain lesions. A correlative study of the levels of dysfunction and the EEG nyctohemeral aspects (author's transl)]. Thirteen EEG and polygraphic recordings were performed during a 24-hour period in 11 patients with post-traumatic coma. Spontaneous fluctuations, reactivity, and the organization of electrical activity were studied throughout the nyctohemeral period. The results were compared with the data obtained from clinical examinations evaluated in terms of the level of neurological dysfunction. The level of impairment of the EEG was usually a valid indication of the level of neurological dysfunction, the EEG results being sometimes more precise than the clinical data. In regard to the prognosis, the disappearance in the EEG of any fluctuations coincided with an unfavourable evolution.", "PMID": 531321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4805", "title": "[Hemodynamic and metabolic changes at various levels of cerebral dysfunction during severe traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (DSC) and oxygen consumption were measured in a series of patients in the acute phase of severe brain injury, and the results analyzed as a function of the level of cerebral dysfunction determined clinically. The most frequent modifications were increased cerebral blood flow and reduced oxygen consumption, whatever the degree of dysfunction. Hemodynamic data has no prognostic value whereas oxygen consumption results are more valid. Increased cerebral blood flow is noted constantly in patients at a level of mesencephalic dysfunction. Reduced O2 consumption associated with increased blood flow is the result of a disturbance in the blood flow-metabolism ratio and could be due to cerebral vasodilatation. This great increase in cerebral vasodilatation observed in cerebral dysfunction syndromes is in favour of the existence of a central neurogenic system in the brain stem regulating cerebral blood circulation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and metabolic changes at various levels of cerebral dysfunction during severe traumatic coma (author's transl)]. Cerebral blood flow (DSC) and oxygen consumption were measured in a series of patients in the acute phase of severe brain injury, and the results analyzed as a function of the level of cerebral dysfunction determined clinically. The most frequent modifications were increased cerebral blood flow and reduced oxygen consumption, whatever the degree of dysfunction. Hemodynamic data has no prognostic value whereas oxygen consumption results are more valid. Increased cerebral blood flow is noted constantly in patients at a level of mesencephalic dysfunction. Reduced O2 consumption associated with increased blood flow is the result of a disturbance in the blood flow-metabolism ratio and could be due to cerebral vasodilatation. This great increase in cerebral vasodilatation observed in cerebral dysfunction syndromes is in favour of the existence of a central neurogenic system in the brain stem regulating cerebral blood circulation.", "PMID": 531322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4806", "title": "[Correlations between intracranial pressure (I.C.P.) and EEG changes during traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 55 polygraphic recording (ICP, EEG, EMG, EOG, Respiration, and ECG) were made in 20 comatose patients following cranial injuries, during the week after the injury. Whenever the ICP was stable, and without waves, and whatever the mean values were, the EEG tracing was slow, monomorphic, of large amplitude, and nonreactive. Each time that ICP recordings included Lundberg's B waves, the EEG tracings showed alternating bursts of slow waves and periods of rapid activity, with or without typical sleep patterns. The ICP increases each time there is flattening of the tracing and diminishes with the reappearance (spontaneous or provoked) of slow waves. The artificial respiration is not always involved in determining these phenomena.", "contents": "[Correlations between intracranial pressure (I.C.P.) and EEG changes during traumatic coma (author's transl)]. A total of 55 polygraphic recording (ICP, EEG, EMG, EOG, Respiration, and ECG) were made in 20 comatose patients following cranial injuries, during the week after the injury. Whenever the ICP was stable, and without waves, and whatever the mean values were, the EEG tracing was slow, monomorphic, of large amplitude, and nonreactive. Each time that ICP recordings included Lundberg's B waves, the EEG tracings showed alternating bursts of slow waves and periods of rapid activity, with or without typical sleep patterns. The ICP increases each time there is flattening of the tracing and diminishes with the reappearance (spontaneous or provoked) of slow waves. The artificial respiration is not always involved in determining these phenomena.", "PMID": 531323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4807", "title": "[Electro-neurological correlations of the early stages of acute traumatic secondary midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and sixty-five EEGs were analysed from 140 patients in postraumatic coma with secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar syndrome. The EEG-pattern was related to the stage of midbrain of bulbar syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. There was a close relation between EEG-pattern and the grade of rostro-caudal impairment. A decrease in the number of different EEG-patterns was associated with increasing intra-cranial pressure. An unfavourable state of coma was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities, alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. In deep stages of coma the neurological examination reveals no lateralizing signs at all. The EEG gives the only hint to a local cerebral lesion. EEG-abnormalities due to the herniation itself interferred with the EEG-changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases the above mentioned regularities were blurred.", "contents": "[Electro-neurological correlations of the early stages of acute traumatic secondary midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome (author's transl)]. One hundred and sixty-five EEGs were analysed from 140 patients in postraumatic coma with secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar syndrome. The EEG-pattern was related to the stage of midbrain of bulbar syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. There was a close relation between EEG-pattern and the grade of rostro-caudal impairment. A decrease in the number of different EEG-patterns was associated with increasing intra-cranial pressure. An unfavourable state of coma was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities, alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. In deep stages of coma the neurological examination reveals no lateralizing signs at all. The EEG gives the only hint to a local cerebral lesion. EEG-abnormalities due to the herniation itself interferred with the EEG-changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases the above mentioned regularities were blurred.", "PMID": 531318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4808", "title": "[Correlations between intracranial pressure variations and EEG changes in patients with cranial trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Polygraphic studies were performed over periods of 14 to 76 hours in 30 patients with reccent closed cranial injuries. Correlations between ICP and EEG findings were rarely found (3/16) in cases of cerebral dysfunction of mesodiencephalic or lower levels, where both ICP and EEG were usually stable. Correlations are regularly found in diencephalic or higher (10/14) levels and their presence is of favourable prognostic significance. Generally, delta waves at 1,5-2 cs, high in amplitude (type A) accompany reduced or low ICP levels,while a rapid and low voltage tracing (type B) is associated with raised or high levels of ICP. In the latter cases, a very slow (0.5 cs) and low in amplitude tracing (type C) can progressively replace the type B. The classical periodic or alternating tracing associates alternate sequences of type A and B and is observed simultaneously with type B pressure waves. These correlations are analogous with those observed during the evolution of intracranial tumors or hydrocephalus. The EEG modifications are probably related more to the pathological lesion than to a direct action of fluctuations in ICP.", "contents": "[Correlations between intracranial pressure variations and EEG changes in patients with cranial trauma (author's transl)]. Polygraphic studies were performed over periods of 14 to 76 hours in 30 patients with reccent closed cranial injuries. Correlations between ICP and EEG findings were rarely found (3/16) in cases of cerebral dysfunction of mesodiencephalic or lower levels, where both ICP and EEG were usually stable. Correlations are regularly found in diencephalic or higher (10/14) levels and their presence is of favourable prognostic significance. Generally, delta waves at 1,5-2 cs, high in amplitude (type A) accompany reduced or low ICP levels,while a rapid and low voltage tracing (type B) is associated with raised or high levels of ICP. In the latter cases, a very slow (0.5 cs) and low in amplitude tracing (type C) can progressively replace the type B. The classical periodic or alternating tracing associates alternate sequences of type A and B and is observed simultaneously with type B pressure waves. These correlations are analogous with those observed during the evolution of intracranial tumors or hydrocephalus. The EEG modifications are probably related more to the pathological lesion than to a direct action of fluctuations in ICP.", "PMID": 531324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4809", "title": "[EEG sleep patterns in post-traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG sleep patterns were observed in 44 cases of cranial injuries examined within 24 hours of the traumatic incident. Young people were involved, as more than half of these cases were noted in patients under 15 years of age. Two main types of tracing were observed: EEG sleep pattern with slow waves were seen mainly in children; but sleep patterns of low amplitude appeared generally in adolescents and adults. There was usually a favourable outcome in this series, as there was only one death the day after the accident, in a pateint with multiple injuries and only two cases of post-traumatic epilepsy.", "contents": "[EEG sleep patterns in post-traumatic coma (author's transl)]. EEG sleep patterns were observed in 44 cases of cranial injuries examined within 24 hours of the traumatic incident. Young people were involved, as more than half of these cases were noted in patients under 15 years of age. Two main types of tracing were observed: EEG sleep pattern with slow waves were seen mainly in children; but sleep patterns of low amplitude appeared generally in adolescents and adults. There was usually a favourable outcome in this series, as there was only one death the day after the accident, in a pateint with multiple injuries and only two cases of post-traumatic epilepsy.", "PMID": 531320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4810", "title": "[Semiologic aspects of traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "After studying 85 patients with severe traumatic coma and reviewing the published literature, the authors propose a simple clinical procedure for the diagnostic of such cases. This classification is based on signs without any ambiguity, easily recognized by different physicians, and of pathognomonic significance. These include reaction to pain, testing four reflexes integrated at different levels in the brain stem, pupil morphology, and spontaneous ocular movements. The clinical features corresponding to different levels of dysfunction in the brain are described and their characteristics outlined. The importance of motor reactivity to pain associated to the brain stem reflexes (fronto-orbicular, photomotor, horizontal and vertical oculo-encephalic) is stressed.", "contents": "[Semiologic aspects of traumatic coma (author's transl)]. After studying 85 patients with severe traumatic coma and reviewing the published literature, the authors propose a simple clinical procedure for the diagnostic of such cases. This classification is based on signs without any ambiguity, easily recognized by different physicians, and of pathognomonic significance. These include reaction to pain, testing four reflexes integrated at different levels in the brain stem, pupil morphology, and spontaneous ocular movements. The clinical features corresponding to different levels of dysfunction in the brain are described and their characteristics outlined. The importance of motor reactivity to pain associated to the brain stem reflexes (fronto-orbicular, photomotor, horizontal and vertical oculo-encephalic) is stressed.", "PMID": 531326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4811", "title": "[Evoked brain stem potentials in cases of traumatic coma of: value in determining the degree of brain stem dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "Auditory brainstem potentials were recorded in 22 comatose patients in whom the level of brainstem dysfunction was defined by the clinical assessment of brainstem reflexes and posture. The patients with cortico-subcortical or diencephalic levels showed normal brainstem potentials. The other patients showed a relationship between the abnormalities of the different components of the brainstem potentials and the clinical levels of brainstem dysfunction caused by the rostro-caudal evolution. Alteration of wave V seemed to be related to a midbrain dysfunction, alteration of wave III to a pontine dysfunction and alteration of waves I and II to a lower brainstem dysfunction.", "contents": "[Evoked brain stem potentials in cases of traumatic coma of: value in determining the degree of brain stem dysfunction (author's transl)]. Auditory brainstem potentials were recorded in 22 comatose patients in whom the level of brainstem dysfunction was defined by the clinical assessment of brainstem reflexes and posture. The patients with cortico-subcortical or diencephalic levels showed normal brainstem potentials. The other patients showed a relationship between the abnormalities of the different components of the brainstem potentials and the clinical levels of brainstem dysfunction caused by the rostro-caudal evolution. Alteration of wave V seemed to be related to a midbrain dysfunction, alteration of wave III to a pontine dysfunction and alteration of waves I and II to a lower brainstem dysfunction.", "PMID": 531325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4812", "title": "[Severe traumatic coma from diffuse brain lesions (neuropathological aspects) (author's transl)].", "content": "From a review of recent literature, and pathological study of more than 100 personal cases, the authors describe the most interesting of these \"diffuse\" lesions; they only recall the most common types of lesions (contusions, vascular lesions, edema and its consequences - especially on brain stem); but a more detailed description is given of less known lesions of corpus callosum, brain stem and white matter, which have a more complex pathogeny (direct physical injury, anoxia-ischaemia, edema), and which they consider to be factors which worsen or protract the coma. \"Biochemical\" lesions (basic myelinic protein, liberated \"false\" neurotransmitters) are also discussed.", "contents": "[Severe traumatic coma from diffuse brain lesions (neuropathological aspects) (author's transl)]. From a review of recent literature, and pathological study of more than 100 personal cases, the authors describe the most interesting of these \"diffuse\" lesions; they only recall the most common types of lesions (contusions, vascular lesions, edema and its consequences - especially on brain stem); but a more detailed description is given of less known lesions of corpus callosum, brain stem and white matter, which have a more complex pathogeny (direct physical injury, anoxia-ischaemia, edema), and which they consider to be factors which worsen or protract the coma. \"Biochemical\" lesions (basic myelinic protein, liberated \"false\" neurotransmitters) are also discussed.", "PMID": 531327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4813", "title": "[Influence of choline on amnesia in Alzheimer's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with Alzheimer's disease presenting whith memory difficulties and no significant intellectual deterioration were treated with 9 grams daily. Choline base orally for 3 weeks. Quantitative testing, which evaluate memory capabilities such as learning and recall after delays of 1 hour and 24 hours, were used before and after the administration of Choline. The results of a global statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in the performances obtained before and after choline. However, in two patients, recall performance improvement was confirmed clinically. Most likely, these two patients were suffering from an mild foorm of Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "[Influence of choline on amnesia in Alzheimer's disease (author's transl)]. Eight patients with Alzheimer's disease presenting whith memory difficulties and no significant intellectual deterioration were treated with 9 grams daily. Choline base orally for 3 weeks. Quantitative testing, which evaluate memory capabilities such as learning and recall after delays of 1 hour and 24 hours, were used before and after the administration of Choline. The results of a global statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in the performances obtained before and after choline. However, in two patients, recall performance improvement was confirmed clinically. Most likely, these two patients were suffering from an mild foorm of Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 531411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4814", "title": "[Failure of voluntary eyelid closure, motor impersistence and hemispheric functional specialization. A report on 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The impossibility of voluntary closing of the eyelids is usually reported in the published literature as being associated with bilateral cerebral lesions. In the three cases reported by the authors, this rare symptom was caused by unilateral lesions of the right hemisphere. The inability to close the eyelids voluntarily is, with these types of lesion, a transient sign which is rapidly replaced by difficulty in maintaining the consign. The physiopathology of motor impersistence (neglect of instructions), and of absence of voluntarily closing of the eyelids may be connected. Two associated mechanisms are discussed : preferential activation of the left hemisphere during a verbal consign and a fault in interhemispheric inhibition.", "contents": "[Failure of voluntary eyelid closure, motor impersistence and hemispheric functional specialization. A report on 3 cases (author's transl)]. The impossibility of voluntary closing of the eyelids is usually reported in the published literature as being associated with bilateral cerebral lesions. In the three cases reported by the authors, this rare symptom was caused by unilateral lesions of the right hemisphere. The inability to close the eyelids voluntarily is, with these types of lesion, a transient sign which is rapidly replaced by difficulty in maintaining the consign. The physiopathology of motor impersistence (neglect of instructions), and of absence of voluntarily closing of the eyelids may be connected. Two associated mechanisms are discussed : preferential activation of the left hemisphere during a verbal consign and a fault in interhemispheric inhibition.", "PMID": 531412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4815", "title": "[Argyll Robertson in a case of malignant lymphoma with ciliary involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case malignant lymphoma associated with a pseudotabetic syndrome including ataxia, tendon areflexia and an Argyll Robertson pupil. Blood and CSF serological tests for syphilis were negative. Death occurred after 11 years of evolution. An autopsy revealed a malignant lymphoma with mediastinal and retroperitoneal tumor proliferation as well as infiltration of peripheral nerves, in particular the ciliary nerves and one ciliary ganglion examined. No lesion was found in the mesencephalon. The importance of this case lies in its contribution to the location of the pathological changes in the presence of an Argyll Robertson pupil.", "contents": "[Argyll Robertson in a case of malignant lymphoma with ciliary involvement (author's transl)]. The authors report a case malignant lymphoma associated with a pseudotabetic syndrome including ataxia, tendon areflexia and an Argyll Robertson pupil. Blood and CSF serological tests for syphilis were negative. Death occurred after 11 years of evolution. An autopsy revealed a malignant lymphoma with mediastinal and retroperitoneal tumor proliferation as well as infiltration of peripheral nerves, in particular the ciliary nerves and one ciliary ganglion examined. No lesion was found in the mesencephalon. The importance of this case lies in its contribution to the location of the pathological changes in the presence of an Argyll Robertson pupil.", "PMID": 531408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4816", "title": "[A case of familial muscle weakness corrected by exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptom described as muscle weakness corrected by exercise appears to be part of the recessive form of congenital myotonia, of which it can constitute the dominant clinical manifestation in some cases. This symptom coincides with decrements of the action of potentials to repetitive stimulations in the electromyogram, which may be particularly severe in these same cases. These observations contribute to the modification and precision of the description of the recessive form of Thomsen's disease, but their pathogenicity remains unclear.", "contents": "[A case of familial muscle weakness corrected by exercise (author's transl)]. The symptom described as muscle weakness corrected by exercise appears to be part of the recessive form of congenital myotonia, of which it can constitute the dominant clinical manifestation in some cases. This symptom coincides with decrements of the action of potentials to repetitive stimulations in the electromyogram, which may be particularly severe in these same cases. These observations contribute to the modification and precision of the description of the recessive form of Thomsen's disease, but their pathogenicity remains unclear.", "PMID": 531413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4817", "title": "[Benign forms of multiple sclerosis : a revaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 38 cases of benign forms of MS, defined as those allowing a normal or nearly normal social, occupational, and family life over a \"long\" period of tens of years, for at least 15 years (mean : 28 years, range : 15 to 68 years).--Forms with rare relapses with long intervals between them (18 cases), and a mean period of 14 years (5 to 30) between the first and second episode.--Recurrent forms (17 cases) with frequent attacks (one or two a year), including 8 cases with no further relapses after an average period of 10 years, and 9 cases with continuation at the same rhythm for 15 to 23 years.--Secondarily progressive forms belonging to both types--8 in the first and 3 in the second--characterized by the late onset (mean : 25 years, range : 15 to 47 years) of a progressive paraplegia.--Slow forms (3 cases) with an early but only slowly evolving progressive phase, which fall into a border line category of benign forms. Independently of the mean age of onset (26 years); the predominence of females (2.2); and the symptomatology of the first attack (40 p. 100 involve the cranial nerves, and 40 p. 100 have pyramidal signs), the two essential characteristics of benign forms are the remarkable regression of relapses (rare of frequent) and the absence of a progressive phase. Once the 10-year point has been passed without permanent disability the prognosis is good, but with the reserve that the disease can become worse at a later stage.", "contents": "[Benign forms of multiple sclerosis : a revaluation (author's transl)]. The authors studied 38 cases of benign forms of MS, defined as those allowing a normal or nearly normal social, occupational, and family life over a \"long\" period of tens of years, for at least 15 years (mean : 28 years, range : 15 to 68 years).--Forms with rare relapses with long intervals between them (18 cases), and a mean period of 14 years (5 to 30) between the first and second episode.--Recurrent forms (17 cases) with frequent attacks (one or two a year), including 8 cases with no further relapses after an average period of 10 years, and 9 cases with continuation at the same rhythm for 15 to 23 years.--Secondarily progressive forms belonging to both types--8 in the first and 3 in the second--characterized by the late onset (mean : 25 years, range : 15 to 47 years) of a progressive paraplegia.--Slow forms (3 cases) with an early but only slowly evolving progressive phase, which fall into a border line category of benign forms. Independently of the mean age of onset (26 years); the predominence of females (2.2); and the symptomatology of the first attack (40 p. 100 involve the cranial nerves, and 40 p. 100 have pyramidal signs), the two essential characteristics of benign forms are the remarkable regression of relapses (rare of frequent) and the absence of a progressive phase. Once the 10-year point has been passed without permanent disability the prognosis is good, but with the reserve that the disease can become worse at a later stage.", "PMID": 531414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4818", "title": "[Amiodaron neuropathy: clinical and pathological study of a new drug induced lipidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of amiodaron-induced neuropathy in a seventy one years old man. First signs appeared seventeen months after the treatment was started with 400 mg/day for one year and continued with 200 mg/day. Examination on the 29th month disclosed a severe sensory and motor deficit of the limbs with distal predominancy. Motor nerve conduction velocity was strongly impaired without modification of distal latencies. Fundi were normal. The patient improved quickly after drug withdrawal. The authors review the rare similar cases reported in the literature and attempt to describe the clinical caracteristics of amiodaron neuropathy. Qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscopical studies of nerve, muscle and skin biopsies, including teased fibers preparations were performed and they disclosed a marked reduction of the number of myelinated fibers. Wallerian degeneration predominated (31 p. 100) other segmental demyalination (25 p. 100). Numerous polymorphous lipid-laden lysosomes were present in Schwann cells, fibrocytes, pericytes, endothelial and muscle cells. These previously undescribed morphological findings are similar to those present in perhexiline maleate intoxications. We believe amiodaron neuropathy is a new neuropathy with drug-induced lipidosis.", "contents": "[Amiodaron neuropathy: clinical and pathological study of a new drug induced lipidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of amiodaron-induced neuropathy in a seventy one years old man. First signs appeared seventeen months after the treatment was started with 400 mg/day for one year and continued with 200 mg/day. Examination on the 29th month disclosed a severe sensory and motor deficit of the limbs with distal predominancy. Motor nerve conduction velocity was strongly impaired without modification of distal latencies. Fundi were normal. The patient improved quickly after drug withdrawal. The authors review the rare similar cases reported in the literature and attempt to describe the clinical caracteristics of amiodaron neuropathy. Qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscopical studies of nerve, muscle and skin biopsies, including teased fibers preparations were performed and they disclosed a marked reduction of the number of myelinated fibers. Wallerian degeneration predominated (31 p. 100) other segmental demyalination (25 p. 100). Numerous polymorphous lipid-laden lysosomes were present in Schwann cells, fibrocytes, pericytes, endothelial and muscle cells. These previously undescribed morphological findings are similar to those present in perhexiline maleate intoxications. We believe amiodaron neuropathy is a new neuropathy with drug-induced lipidosis.", "PMID": 531409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4819", "title": "[Polymorphism of the continuous muscle fibers activity syndrome. Possible relationship with Morvan's fibrillary chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases presenting the main features of the continuous muscle activity syndrome (neuromyotonia) are reported. The clinical particularities between the two patients are under lined. The second case is special because of its acute and reversible evolution and the possible role of gold salts in its etiology. This latter point suggests Morvan's fibrillary chorea. The possible relationships between the two syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of the continuous muscle fibers activity syndrome. Possible relationship with Morvan's fibrillary chorea (author's transl)]. Two cases presenting the main features of the continuous muscle activity syndrome (neuromyotonia) are reported. The clinical particularities between the two patients are under lined. The second case is special because of its acute and reversible evolution and the possible role of gold salts in its etiology. This latter point suggests Morvan's fibrillary chorea. The possible relationships between the two syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 531415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4820", "title": "[Recurrent familial neuropathy due to compression (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a family, of which 13 members had peripheral neuropathy manifesting as episodes of paralysies usually provoked by minor compression of nerve trunks. Nerve and muscle biopsies in two patients, demonstrated many thickenings of the myelin sheath (\"tomacula\"). Electron microscopy investigations are used as a basis for discussing the origin and place of this affection among other hereditary neuropathies.", "contents": "[Recurrent familial neuropathy due to compression (author's transl)]. The authors describe a family, of which 13 members had peripheral neuropathy manifesting as episodes of paralysies usually provoked by minor compression of nerve trunks. Nerve and muscle biopsies in two patients, demonstrated many thickenings of the myelin sheath (\"tomacula\"). Electron microscopy investigations are used as a basis for discussing the origin and place of this affection among other hereditary neuropathies.", "PMID": 531410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4821", "title": "[Syphilitic meningo-encephalitis with probable associated arteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 21-year-old woman was referred for consultation because of sensory and motor disorders of sudden onset but on lung duration. Neurological examination was normal. Lumbar puncture confirmed the presence of a clear liquid meningitis. Arteriography demonstrated segmental arteritis of the anterior cerebral vessels. Systematic serological tests were positive for syphilis. The authors discuss the relation between arteritis and syphilitic meningitis in this young woman taking oral contraceptives.", "contents": "[Syphilitic meningo-encephalitis with probable associated arteritis (author's transl)]. A 21-year-old woman was referred for consultation because of sensory and motor disorders of sudden onset but on lung duration. Neurological examination was normal. Lumbar puncture confirmed the presence of a clear liquid meningitis. Arteriography demonstrated segmental arteritis of the anterior cerebral vessels. Systematic serological tests were positive for syphilis. The authors discuss the relation between arteritis and syphilitic meningitis in this young woman taking oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 531416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4822", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the extrahepatic biliary tract].", "content": "In our Service of Gastroenterology (Hospital Colonia) there were 16 patients in whom surgical plastic repair of the biliary tract was done. Out of these, the files of 11 were reviewed; national and international related medical literature is reviewed. In all cases the lesion was related to previous surgery. The main symptoms were: jaundice, acolia, coluria and pain. Laboratory tests were of help in preoperelative diagnosis and postoperative follow up. Operative findings were section and or ligature of the hepatic duct or the common bile duct. In 6 patients and end to end anastomosis was made, in 4 cases a biliary-digestive tract anastomosis and in one case an internal fistula was closed and common bile dilatation performed. In 8 patients results were considered good, in 2 they were bad, and one case was lost. There were complications in 6 patients, these consisted in wound infections and pneumonia. Four patients were reoperated, one because of a residual common bile duct stone one because of stenosis and two because of insuficient treatment at the first operation. Patients were followed from 6 months to 15 years. The tube was left for more than 11 months in 70% of the cases. There was no immediate mortality. One patient died after 4 years of secundary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the extrahepatic biliary tract]. In our Service of Gastroenterology (Hospital Colonia) there were 16 patients in whom surgical plastic repair of the biliary tract was done. Out of these, the files of 11 were reviewed; national and international related medical literature is reviewed. In all cases the lesion was related to previous surgery. The main symptoms were: jaundice, acolia, coluria and pain. Laboratory tests were of help in preoperelative diagnosis and postoperative follow up. Operative findings were section and or ligature of the hepatic duct or the common bile duct. In 6 patients and end to end anastomosis was made, in 4 cases a biliary-digestive tract anastomosis and in one case an internal fistula was closed and common bile dilatation performed. In 8 patients results were considered good, in 2 they were bad, and one case was lost. There were complications in 6 patients, these consisted in wound infections and pneumonia. Four patients were reoperated, one because of a residual common bile duct stone one because of stenosis and two because of insuficient treatment at the first operation. Patients were followed from 6 months to 15 years. The tube was left for more than 11 months in 70% of the cases. There was no immediate mortality. One patient died after 4 years of secundary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 531436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4823", "title": "[Infections caused by gram negative anaerobic bacteria and other associated bacterial strains].", "content": "Between November 1975--December 1977, in the Laboratory of Microbiology, National Institute of Nutrition, Mexico, 156 cultures for anaerobic bacteria were grown on 118 cases with a clinical picture suggestive of anaerobic infection. There were 42 positive cultures (26.9%) from which 18 (42.8%) grew a mixed flora (aerobicanaerobic). Those 42 cultures came from 35 patients (29.6%) and the 18 mixed cultures came from 18 cases (15.25% global and 51.42% of the cases with anaerobic flora). The highest positive marks were obtained from material provenient from the abdominal cavity, and lesser indexes were obtained from lungs, blood, bone and sinovial cavities. The overall mortality was registered in 24 cases (20.33%) but only in 6 cases (5.8% global and 25% of the total cases) a positive anaerobic culture was obtained. In these 6 cases the cause of death was secondary to the principal disease, and only in one case the patient died from septicemia. The diagnosis of anaerobic infection resides mainly in the clinical findings, secondly in a positive gram stain, and thirdly in the identification of the etiologic agent, that will aid in the choice of a more specific therapy, which must include a surgical excision of the affected tissues.", "contents": "[Infections caused by gram negative anaerobic bacteria and other associated bacterial strains]. Between November 1975--December 1977, in the Laboratory of Microbiology, National Institute of Nutrition, Mexico, 156 cultures for anaerobic bacteria were grown on 118 cases with a clinical picture suggestive of anaerobic infection. There were 42 positive cultures (26.9%) from which 18 (42.8%) grew a mixed flora (aerobicanaerobic). Those 42 cultures came from 35 patients (29.6%) and the 18 mixed cultures came from 18 cases (15.25% global and 51.42% of the cases with anaerobic flora). The highest positive marks were obtained from material provenient from the abdominal cavity, and lesser indexes were obtained from lungs, blood, bone and sinovial cavities. The overall mortality was registered in 24 cases (20.33%) but only in 6 cases (5.8% global and 25% of the total cases) a positive anaerobic culture was obtained. In these 6 cases the cause of death was secondary to the principal disease, and only in one case the patient died from septicemia. The diagnosis of anaerobic infection resides mainly in the clinical findings, secondly in a positive gram stain, and thirdly in the identification of the etiologic agent, that will aid in the choice of a more specific therapy, which must include a surgical excision of the affected tissues.", "PMID": 531438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4824", "title": "Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol).", "content": "The blood level curves of diclofenac have been studied following its administration to young and old volunteers, and results of studies performed on olderly patients and those with renal disease are reported. The investigations on young volunteers show that when the enteric-coated tablets are taken there is a delay in the onset of absorption but thereafter absorption and elimination are rapid, with a terminal elimination half-life of 1.2 hours. The relevance of these observations to the patient who is receiving the drug chronically and who is older, ill and often on drugs is discussed. Clearly, all the different factors which may affect the handling of the drug have not yet been evaluated, but the studies carried out so far suggest that the blood level profile obtained is not materially affected by age, renal impairment or chronic administration.", "contents": "Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). The blood level curves of diclofenac have been studied following its administration to young and old volunteers, and results of studies performed on olderly patients and those with renal disease are reported. The investigations on young volunteers show that when the enteric-coated tablets are taken there is a delay in the onset of absorption but thereafter absorption and elimination are rapid, with a terminal elimination half-life of 1.2 hours. The relevance of these observations to the patient who is receiving the drug chronically and who is older, ill and often on drugs is discussed. Clearly, all the different factors which may affect the handling of the drug have not yet been evaluated, but the studies carried out so far suggest that the blood level profile obtained is not materially affected by age, renal impairment or chronic administration.", "PMID": 531447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4825", "title": "Comparisons of tolerability findings in international clinical trials.", "content": "This report summarizes tolerability results from over 30 000 patients treated with diclofenac in clinical trials in rheumatic and other indications in 21 countries. Comparative trials indicates that 75-150 mg daily of diclofenac is better tolerated than similar doses of indomethacin and 1.5-5 g daily of aspirin, and at least as well tolerated as 600-1200 mg of ibuprofen and 500 mg daily of naproxen. In general practice populations unwanted effects can be expected in about 18% of patients and will result in discontinuation in about 4%. Gastrointestinal disturbances were the most frequent unwanted effects with diclofenac, occurring in about 8% of patients. Mild CNS effects also occurred infrequently in about 1.5% and dermatological effects in about 1%; cardiovascular effects also occurred in about 1%. As over 80% of unwanted effects and all of the discontinuations for intolerability occurred in the first six months, the tolerability of diclofenac does not decrease with time.", "contents": "Comparisons of tolerability findings in international clinical trials. This report summarizes tolerability results from over 30 000 patients treated with diclofenac in clinical trials in rheumatic and other indications in 21 countries. Comparative trials indicates that 75-150 mg daily of diclofenac is better tolerated than similar doses of indomethacin and 1.5-5 g daily of aspirin, and at least as well tolerated as 600-1200 mg of ibuprofen and 500 mg daily of naproxen. In general practice populations unwanted effects can be expected in about 18% of patients and will result in discontinuation in about 4%. Gastrointestinal disturbances were the most frequent unwanted effects with diclofenac, occurring in about 8% of patients. Mild CNS effects also occurred infrequently in about 1.5% and dermatological effects in about 1%; cardiovascular effects also occurred in about 1%. As over 80% of unwanted effects and all of the discontinuations for intolerability occurred in the first six months, the tolerability of diclofenac does not decrease with time.", "PMID": 531446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4826", "title": "The chemistry of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol).", "content": "The study of phenylbutazone and of the major anti-inflammatory agents which followed a decade later provided target criteria for a research project aimed at the synthesis of a new anti-inflammatory agent with superior activity and tolerability. Diclofenac fulfils the steric and physicochemical criteria, and the absence of a heterocyclic ring from its chemical structure may have a beneficial influence on its tolerability.", "contents": "The chemistry of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). The study of phenylbutazone and of the major anti-inflammatory agents which followed a decade later provided target criteria for a research project aimed at the synthesis of a new anti-inflammatory agent with superior activity and tolerability. Diclofenac fulfils the steric and physicochemical criteria, and the absence of a heterocyclic ring from its chemical structure may have a beneficial influence on its tolerability.", "PMID": 531448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4827", "title": "[Aspiration biopsy of the pancreas].", "content": "Biopsy of the pancreas frequently is followed by complications, this is why the transoperative aspiration biopsy has been recomended. During the last 2 years we used this procedure in 46 patients; in each case, one or several aspirations were done in the more-representative area of the pancreatic pathology. With the aspirated material a smear was fixed and treated with H-E stain. Biopsy was negative for carcinoma in 30 patients (65.2%), positive in 12 (26.0%), insuficient material results in other 4 (8.6%) we consider that the procedure was useful in the 82.6% of the cases and help to elect more adecuate surgical tecnic. There were no complications and we concluded that this is not a harmful procedure. The correct interpretation of the citology depends on the experience of the pathologyst with this method, to increase the percentage of correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[Aspiration biopsy of the pancreas]. Biopsy of the pancreas frequently is followed by complications, this is why the transoperative aspiration biopsy has been recomended. During the last 2 years we used this procedure in 46 patients; in each case, one or several aspirations were done in the more-representative area of the pancreatic pathology. With the aspirated material a smear was fixed and treated with H-E stain. Biopsy was negative for carcinoma in 30 patients (65.2%), positive in 12 (26.0%), insuficient material results in other 4 (8.6%) we consider that the procedure was useful in the 82.6% of the cases and help to elect more adecuate surgical tecnic. There were no complications and we concluded that this is not a harmful procedure. The correct interpretation of the citology depends on the experience of the pathologyst with this method, to increase the percentage of correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 531437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4828", "title": "[Incidence of the parasite Trichostrongylus among the population of the higher altitude areas of Romania].", "content": "The population in two higher regions of the country were examined for the presence of Trichostrongylus, finding a proportion of 0.76% of 412 subjects in one area and 0.73% of 527 subjects in the other. There was a reduced density of eggs in the stools. All the subjects investigated were apparently healthy.", "contents": "[Incidence of the parasite Trichostrongylus among the population of the higher altitude areas of Romania]. The population in two higher regions of the country were examined for the presence of Trichostrongylus, finding a proportion of 0.76% of 412 subjects in one area and 0.73% of 527 subjects in the other. There was a reduced density of eggs in the stools. All the subjects investigated were apparently healthy.", "PMID": 531442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4829", "title": "[Dynamics of streptococcal infections and prevention of post-streptococcal diseases in children's communities of Timi\u015foara].", "content": "An analysis was carried out of the dynamics of circulation of the beta-haemolytic streptococcus in pre-school and in school children in the first two years of primary school. The study was performed simultaneously in two groups of children (an experimental and a control group) and allowed, after confrontation of the results obtained, to evaluate correctly the investigations performed, that is the detection of the acute disease and of healthy carriers by bacteriological examinations and early detection of post-streptococcal complications with the aid of serologic examinations (ASLO). The importance is stressed, of living conditions in the family and at school, as well as of individual factors (hereditary, hormonal, immunologic, etc.) in the development of late complications. Thus the measures proposed by the authors are aimed not only at the medical aspects, but also to the social-organizatoric ones.", "contents": "[Dynamics of streptococcal infections and prevention of post-streptococcal diseases in children's communities of Timi\u015foara]. An analysis was carried out of the dynamics of circulation of the beta-haemolytic streptococcus in pre-school and in school children in the first two years of primary school. The study was performed simultaneously in two groups of children (an experimental and a control group) and allowed, after confrontation of the results obtained, to evaluate correctly the investigations performed, that is the detection of the acute disease and of healthy carriers by bacteriological examinations and early detection of post-streptococcal complications with the aid of serologic examinations (ASLO). The importance is stressed, of living conditions in the family and at school, as well as of individual factors (hereditary, hormonal, immunologic, etc.) in the development of late complications. Thus the measures proposed by the authors are aimed not only at the medical aspects, but also to the social-organizatoric ones.", "PMID": 531443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4830", "title": "[Peliosis hepatis].", "content": "A 35 years old female with peliosis hepatis is reported. She came to us complaining of muscular aches. The only positive finding at the physical examination was a normal size liver but palpable in a deep breath; it was hard, no tender, with smooth surface. The laboratory work up was negative except for a mild increase in transaminase values. The liver biopsy disclosed the characteristic lacunar spaces fulfilled with blood. This is an unusual case because it was not associated with any other former or present disease. A review of the pertinent literature was made.", "contents": "[Peliosis hepatis]. A 35 years old female with peliosis hepatis is reported. She came to us complaining of muscular aches. The only positive finding at the physical examination was a normal size liver but palpable in a deep breath; it was hard, no tender, with smooth surface. The laboratory work up was negative except for a mild increase in transaminase values. The liver biopsy disclosed the characteristic lacunar spaces fulfilled with blood. This is an unusual case because it was not associated with any other former or present disease. A review of the pertinent literature was made.", "PMID": 531441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4831", "title": "[Effectiveness of radical treatment in infections with antochthonous strains of P. malariae].", "content": "The present paper reports on the results obtained in longitudinal serological investigations (indirect immunofluorescence and species homologous antigen) carried out with a review to evaluating the efficiency of the radical treatment in malaria caused by residual autochtonous P. malariae strains. In acute infections the treatment was followed by progressive decrease in the antibody level, tending towards zero in the course of a year; in the latent, asymptomatic infection, antibodies persisted at high levels for several years after the treatment, indicating persistence of the parasite and, hence, inefficiency of the treatment.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of radical treatment in infections with antochthonous strains of P. malariae]. The present paper reports on the results obtained in longitudinal serological investigations (indirect immunofluorescence and species homologous antigen) carried out with a review to evaluating the efficiency of the radical treatment in malaria caused by residual autochtonous P. malariae strains. In acute infections the treatment was followed by progressive decrease in the antibody level, tending towards zero in the course of a year; in the latent, asymptomatic infection, antibodies persisted at high levels for several years after the treatment, indicating persistence of the parasite and, hence, inefficiency of the treatment.", "PMID": 531444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4832", "title": "[Is it necessary to routinely use nasogastric intubation and subhepatic (Penrose) drainage after an uncomplicated cholecystectomy?].", "content": "140 surgical patients were studied at the Navy Medical Center in Mexico City. All of them had a cholecystectomy performed. In addition, 29 patients were treated for hiatal hernia with troncular vagotomy, pyloroplasty and hiatal repair. 7 of them had a prophylactic appendectomy. Group A was treated with gastric intubation and subhepatic drainage. Group B received neither. Postoperative morbidity and hospitalization time less in Group B. It is suggested by the authors not to be use nasogastric intubation nor subhepatic drainage after elective cholecystectomy, although there are special circumstances where one or both procedures are indicated.", "contents": "[Is it necessary to routinely use nasogastric intubation and subhepatic (Penrose) drainage after an uncomplicated cholecystectomy?]. 140 surgical patients were studied at the Navy Medical Center in Mexico City. All of them had a cholecystectomy performed. In addition, 29 patients were treated for hiatal hernia with troncular vagotomy, pyloroplasty and hiatal repair. 7 of them had a prophylactic appendectomy. Group A was treated with gastric intubation and subhepatic drainage. Group B received neither. Postoperative morbidity and hospitalization time less in Group B. It is suggested by the authors not to be use nasogastric intubation nor subhepatic drainage after elective cholecystectomy, although there are special circumstances where one or both procedures are indicated.", "PMID": 531440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4833", "title": "[Prevention of cholelithiasis with ascorbic acid. Experimental study in hamsters].", "content": "Cholesterol lithogenesis is the end result of hepatic microsomal enzymatic alterations which determine an increase in cholesterol synthesis (HMG CoA reductase) and a decrease in its transformation into bile salts (7 alpha hydroxylase). Therefore biliary cholesterol excretion is increased while bile salt excretion is diminished. Ascorbic Acid (A.A.) seems capable of reversing those enzymatic derrangements in scorbutic animals. Since hamsters are able to synthesize A.A., we evaluated its effect used in high doses during diet induced lithogenesis. Two groups of 6 weeks old, male hamsters, were fed with a lithogenic diet for 30 days. Group A received the usual amount of A.A. contained in the diet (0.25 mg/day/manster) while group B had supplementary A.A. added to drinking water (5 mg/day/hamster). Thirteen out of twenty of group A (65%) and 5 out of 20 of group B (25%) developed cholesterol calculi (p 0.05). Less stones were found in the gallbladders of hamsters fed with supplementary A.A. It is concluded that A.A. in this model, has an inhibitory effect on lithogenesis. The possible mechanism seems to be related to A.A. influence on the microsomal enzymes involved in lithogenesis. These findings, plus the lack of undesirable secondary effects of supplementary A.A. suggest a potential therapeutic role in human cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Prevention of cholelithiasis with ascorbic acid. Experimental study in hamsters]. Cholesterol lithogenesis is the end result of hepatic microsomal enzymatic alterations which determine an increase in cholesterol synthesis (HMG CoA reductase) and a decrease in its transformation into bile salts (7 alpha hydroxylase). Therefore biliary cholesterol excretion is increased while bile salt excretion is diminished. Ascorbic Acid (A.A.) seems capable of reversing those enzymatic derrangements in scorbutic animals. Since hamsters are able to synthesize A.A., we evaluated its effect used in high doses during diet induced lithogenesis. Two groups of 6 weeks old, male hamsters, were fed with a lithogenic diet for 30 days. Group A received the usual amount of A.A. contained in the diet (0.25 mg/day/manster) while group B had supplementary A.A. added to drinking water (5 mg/day/hamster). Thirteen out of twenty of group A (65%) and 5 out of 20 of group B (25%) developed cholesterol calculi (p 0.05). Less stones were found in the gallbladders of hamsters fed with supplementary A.A. It is concluded that A.A. in this model, has an inhibitory effect on lithogenesis. The possible mechanism seems to be related to A.A. influence on the microsomal enzymes involved in lithogenesis. These findings, plus the lack of undesirable secondary effects of supplementary A.A. suggest a potential therapeutic role in human cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 531439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4834", "title": "[Rapid method of testing microbiol sensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "The conventional technique for determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics is slow and a more rapid method becomes mandatory. The authors tested microbial sensitivity to antibiotics by measuring turbidity of the cultures in fluid medium. The method offers an orientation in the choice of an elective antibiotic within at most 4 hours.", "contents": "[Rapid method of testing microbiol sensitivity to antibiotics]. The conventional technique for determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics is slow and a more rapid method becomes mandatory. The authors tested microbial sensitivity to antibiotics by measuring turbidity of the cultures in fluid medium. The method offers an orientation in the choice of an elective antibiotic within at most 4 hours.", "PMID": 531445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4835", "title": "[Rheumatoid foot. Practical podiatric problems].", "content": "The rheumatoid foot may obtain relief from practical local measures that prevent the excessive use of drug therapy. These include the decrease in inflammatory phenomena thanks to local injections of corticoids (eventually synoviorthesis), the prevention of deformations through the use of various apparatuses, the protection of the skin of the palms and the nails that are fragile and rapidly altered by local hygiene care. The maintaining of sufficient support and normal walking through the use of plantar prostheses or custommade toe prostheses and by wearing shoes of excellent quality, the maintainance and preservation of articular flexibility and muscular trophicity by adapted kinestherapy and ergo therapy. Major deformations that, while they cannot be modified do not require surgery, can be alleviated with \"custom-made shoes\" which are at the same time light, adapted and good looking. Whatever the treatment used, local measures are the most effective at any given time.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid foot. Practical podiatric problems]. The rheumatoid foot may obtain relief from practical local measures that prevent the excessive use of drug therapy. These include the decrease in inflammatory phenomena thanks to local injections of corticoids (eventually synoviorthesis), the prevention of deformations through the use of various apparatuses, the protection of the skin of the palms and the nails that are fragile and rapidly altered by local hygiene care. The maintaining of sufficient support and normal walking through the use of plantar prostheses or custommade toe prostheses and by wearing shoes of excellent quality, the maintainance and preservation of articular flexibility and muscular trophicity by adapted kinestherapy and ergo therapy. Major deformations that, while they cannot be modified do not require surgery, can be alleviated with \"custom-made shoes\" which are at the same time light, adapted and good looking. Whatever the treatment used, local measures are the most effective at any given time.", "PMID": 531468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4836", "title": "[Prognosis of chronic systemic-type juvenile arthritis (Still's disease). Numerical analysis of 82 cases].", "content": "This study deals with 82 cases of systemic-type chronic juvenile arthritis, 27 of which were followed up over a period of more than 7 years, the development of inflammation of the disease, the extnet of destructive bone lesions and the final functional prognosis. Their conclusion is that, contrary to the traditional notion, this condition often continues to develop beyond adolescence and it often brings about deep-set deterioration of the bones (especially at the wrist and the hip), which has a heavy bearing on the functional prognosis.", "contents": "[Prognosis of chronic systemic-type juvenile arthritis (Still's disease). Numerical analysis of 82 cases]. This study deals with 82 cases of systemic-type chronic juvenile arthritis, 27 of which were followed up over a period of more than 7 years, the development of inflammation of the disease, the extnet of destructive bone lesions and the final functional prognosis. Their conclusion is that, contrary to the traditional notion, this condition often continues to develop beyond adolescence and it often brings about deep-set deterioration of the bones (especially at the wrist and the hip), which has a heavy bearing on the functional prognosis.", "PMID": 531469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4837", "title": "[Study of circulating fatty globules by filtration of the serum in primary osteonecrosis of the femoral head].", "content": "The authors carried out in a group of 21 aseptic osteonecroses of the femoral head, a study of circulating fatty globules using a filtering technique on a millipore filter. 7 of these patients showed a normal lipid count, 10 had isolated increases of the prebetalipoproteins, 2 had a type IV hyperlipemia, 1 a type III hyperlipemia, and 1 a global hypolipemia. In all cases, no fatty globules were found. Decreases in the level of triglycerides and prebetalipoproteins were noted after filtering but the differences were not significant. These observations do not add support to the theory of fatty microembolism of aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "[Study of circulating fatty globules by filtration of the serum in primary osteonecrosis of the femoral head]. The authors carried out in a group of 21 aseptic osteonecroses of the femoral head, a study of circulating fatty globules using a filtering technique on a millipore filter. 7 of these patients showed a normal lipid count, 10 had isolated increases of the prebetalipoproteins, 2 had a type IV hyperlipemia, 1 a type III hyperlipemia, and 1 a global hypolipemia. In all cases, no fatty globules were found. Decreases in the level of triglycerides and prebetalipoproteins were noted after filtering but the differences were not significant. These observations do not add support to the theory of fatty microembolism of aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.", "PMID": 531470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4838", "title": "[The calcaneus in the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome].", "content": "The authors report on 43 cases of calcaneitis seen out of 121 cases of Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome. They describe the three developmental stages and show that the polymorphism of the radiological aspects realized depend on the very great variability of the speed of development of the pathological process from one case to another. Calcaneitis of the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome always ends in cure.", "contents": "[The calcaneus in the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome]. The authors report on 43 cases of calcaneitis seen out of 121 cases of Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome. They describe the three developmental stages and show that the polymorphism of the radiological aspects realized depend on the very great variability of the speed of development of the pathological process from one case to another. Calcaneitis of the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome always ends in cure.", "PMID": 531471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4839", "title": "[Osteoid osteoma of the foot. Apropos of 4 personal cases].", "content": "On the basis of four personal cases of osteoid osteomas of the foot, the authors study their frequency, their localization, and their clinical and radiological manifestations. They insist on the special difficulties of diagnosing this condition due to its atypical and uncertain radiological outline, and also on methods of further investigation : arteriography and especially isotopic scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Osteoid osteoma of the foot. Apropos of 4 personal cases]. On the basis of four personal cases of osteoid osteomas of the foot, the authors study their frequency, their localization, and their clinical and radiological manifestations. They insist on the special difficulties of diagnosing this condition due to its atypical and uncertain radiological outline, and also on methods of further investigation : arteriography and especially isotopic scintigraphy.", "PMID": 531472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4840", "title": "Reliability in the determination of speech reception threshold (SRT).", "content": "Clinical measurements of the speech reception threshold (SRT) have been made in order to determine the parameter values of a psychometric function. SRT measurements were then simulated in a computer to obtain, among other things, the standard deviation of a number of measurements from one and the same \"patient\". \"Patients\" with poor speech discrimination resulted in bad reliability of the SRT and great sensitivity to the hearing level at which the test started. New methods are proposed here, which are both faster and less susceptible to influence from the patient's speech discrimination.", "contents": "Reliability in the determination of speech reception threshold (SRT). Clinical measurements of the speech reception threshold (SRT) have been made in order to determine the parameter values of a psychometric function. SRT measurements were then simulated in a computer to obtain, among other things, the standard deviation of a number of measurements from one and the same \"patient\". \"Patients\" with poor speech discrimination resulted in bad reliability of the SRT and great sensitivity to the hearing level at which the test started. New methods are proposed here, which are both faster and less susceptible to influence from the patient's speech discrimination.", "PMID": 531473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4841", "title": "Frequency selectivity and speech discrimination in sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Two supposed measures of auditory frequency selectivity--the critical band (CB) in loudness summation and the psychoacoustic tuning curve (PTC), Both measured at 1 kHz--were compared with the capacity for speech discrimination in patients with various cochlear disorders and a relatively flat audiometric pattern. The CB in loudness summation was correlated neither to the degree of hearing loss nor to the speech discrimination score. In contrast, the PTC changed with increasing hearing loss in the same manner as the electrophysiological tuning curve (FTC), i.e. rapidly deteriorating beyond normal limit values when the hearing loss exceeded 30--40 dB (HL). Nearly the same dependency of the degree of the hearing loss was demonstrated for the speech discrimination score (determined in noise and after filtering of the signal) and a significant correlation was present between this score and cochlear tuning, as expressed by the PTC. It is proposed that the PTC is a more valid measure of auditory frequency selectivity than the CB in loudness summation. If this is accepted the results seem to support the hypothesis of impaired frequency selectivity as a major cause for deteriorated speech discrimination in patients with cochlear disorders.", "contents": "Frequency selectivity and speech discrimination in sensorineural hearing loss. Two supposed measures of auditory frequency selectivity--the critical band (CB) in loudness summation and the psychoacoustic tuning curve (PTC), Both measured at 1 kHz--were compared with the capacity for speech discrimination in patients with various cochlear disorders and a relatively flat audiometric pattern. The CB in loudness summation was correlated neither to the degree of hearing loss nor to the speech discrimination score. In contrast, the PTC changed with increasing hearing loss in the same manner as the electrophysiological tuning curve (FTC), i.e. rapidly deteriorating beyond normal limit values when the hearing loss exceeded 30--40 dB (HL). Nearly the same dependency of the degree of the hearing loss was demonstrated for the speech discrimination score (determined in noise and after filtering of the signal) and a significant correlation was present between this score and cochlear tuning, as expressed by the PTC. It is proposed that the PTC is a more valid measure of auditory frequency selectivity than the CB in loudness summation. If this is accepted the results seem to support the hypothesis of impaired frequency selectivity as a major cause for deteriorated speech discrimination in patients with cochlear disorders.", "PMID": 531474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4842", "title": "Further interpretation of the threshold of octave masking (TOM) test.", "content": "The threshold of octave masking (TOM) test was administered to normal-hearing and sensorineural-impaired listeners at four test frequencies; 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. The TOM value was found to be inversely proportional to the degree of hearing loss at the masker frequency. Results indicate that the TOM test is capable of distinguishing subjects with sensorineural involvement from those with normal hearing and of providing a measure of the degree of sensory dysfunction. Examination of the slope of octave masking dysfunction. Examination of the slope of octave masking revealed that once the influence of hearing loss is overcome at higher intensities the sensorineural ear performs essentially the same as the normal ear in a tone-on-tone masking task.", "contents": "Further interpretation of the threshold of octave masking (TOM) test. The threshold of octave masking (TOM) test was administered to normal-hearing and sensorineural-impaired listeners at four test frequencies; 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. The TOM value was found to be inversely proportional to the degree of hearing loss at the masker frequency. Results indicate that the TOM test is capable of distinguishing subjects with sensorineural involvement from those with normal hearing and of providing a measure of the degree of sensory dysfunction. Examination of the slope of octave masking dysfunction. Examination of the slope of octave masking revealed that once the influence of hearing loss is overcome at higher intensities the sensorineural ear performs essentially the same as the normal ear in a tone-on-tone masking task.", "PMID": 531475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4843", "title": "Brain stem electric response audiometry and middle ear effusion.", "content": "Brain stem electric response audiometry has been performed in a group of 41 difficult-to-test children under the age of 8 years. All ears were examined with the pneumatic otomicroscope prior to determination of response thresholds, and middle ear effusion found in 24 (29.3%). Seven of the 14 children requiring hearing aid amplification had fluid in 12 ears (42.9%). The importance of early recognition and treatment of middle ear pathology in children with sensori-neural hearing loss is stressed, and routine otomicroscopy by the attending otologist is recommended.", "contents": "Brain stem electric response audiometry and middle ear effusion. Brain stem electric response audiometry has been performed in a group of 41 difficult-to-test children under the age of 8 years. All ears were examined with the pneumatic otomicroscope prior to determination of response thresholds, and middle ear effusion found in 24 (29.3%). Seven of the 14 children requiring hearing aid amplification had fluid in 12 ears (42.9%). The importance of early recognition and treatment of middle ear pathology in children with sensori-neural hearing loss is stressed, and routine otomicroscopy by the attending otologist is recommended.", "PMID": 531476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4844", "title": "Multiple probe frequency acoustic reflex measurements.", "content": "Acoustic reflex impedance measurements are made on forty-seven normal and two otosclerotic ears using fixed probe frequencies from 220 to 2000 Hz. In general, the reflex increases the middle ear impedance up to 700 Hz probe frequency and decreases it thereafter. It is postulated that this characteristic is related to removal of the cochlear fluid resistance due to stapes decoupling. At one probe frequency in the range 500--900 Hz, the reflex of 50% of the normal ears has either a diphasic pattern or shows no change in the impedance vector length. The accompanying phase change is always monophasic. In the otosclerotic ear the diphasic reflex is present for every probe frequency. These factors should be taken into account when probe frequencies greater than 220 Hz are used for reflex measurement.", "contents": "Multiple probe frequency acoustic reflex measurements. Acoustic reflex impedance measurements are made on forty-seven normal and two otosclerotic ears using fixed probe frequencies from 220 to 2000 Hz. In general, the reflex increases the middle ear impedance up to 700 Hz probe frequency and decreases it thereafter. It is postulated that this characteristic is related to removal of the cochlear fluid resistance due to stapes decoupling. At one probe frequency in the range 500--900 Hz, the reflex of 50% of the normal ears has either a diphasic pattern or shows no change in the impedance vector length. The accompanying phase change is always monophasic. In the otosclerotic ear the diphasic reflex is present for every probe frequency. These factors should be taken into account when probe frequencies greater than 220 Hz are used for reflex measurement.", "PMID": 531477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4845", "title": "Impedance changes elicited by tactile and electrocutaneous stimulation.", "content": "In each of 24 randomly selected outpatient the size of the impedance changes elicited by touching the skin in the ipsilateral cavum conchae with cotton wool were compared with those elicited by electrical stimulation of the same skin area. Pulse trains of 0.5 s duration, consisting of individual squarewave constant current pulses of frequency 200 Hz and duration 1 ms, were used. In all ears a current of 0.5-1 mA produced impedance change of about the same size as the tactile stimulus. Therefore, in testing the middle ear function observation of impedance changes elicited by tactile as well as electrical stimulation can be used. Electrical stimulation, however, has the following advantages: 1) Artifacts produced by accidently touching the probe tip are avoided. 2) The electrical stimulus is well defined and reproducible.", "contents": "Impedance changes elicited by tactile and electrocutaneous stimulation. In each of 24 randomly selected outpatient the size of the impedance changes elicited by touching the skin in the ipsilateral cavum conchae with cotton wool were compared with those elicited by electrical stimulation of the same skin area. Pulse trains of 0.5 s duration, consisting of individual squarewave constant current pulses of frequency 200 Hz and duration 1 ms, were used. In all ears a current of 0.5-1 mA produced impedance change of about the same size as the tactile stimulus. Therefore, in testing the middle ear function observation of impedance changes elicited by tactile as well as electrical stimulation can be used. Electrical stimulation, however, has the following advantages: 1) Artifacts produced by accidently touching the probe tip are avoided. 2) The electrical stimulus is well defined and reproducible.", "PMID": 531478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4846", "title": "Comparison of ascending and bracketing methods in pure tone audiometry. A multi-laboratory study.", "content": "Four laboratories participated in this study to compare ascending and bracketing methods in manual determination of hearing thresholds using attenuators with 5 dB step. In all, 214 ears were measured. No significant difference was found between mean thresholds obtained with the two methods in the frequency range 0.5--6 kHz; the four-laboratory, six-frequency grand mean difference was -0.31 dB. The variability among subjects also remained essentially the same for the two methods. However, the bracketing method required a significantly longer test time than the ascending method.", "contents": "Comparison of ascending and bracketing methods in pure tone audiometry. A multi-laboratory study. Four laboratories participated in this study to compare ascending and bracketing methods in manual determination of hearing thresholds using attenuators with 5 dB step. In all, 214 ears were measured. No significant difference was found between mean thresholds obtained with the two methods in the frequency range 0.5--6 kHz; the four-laboratory, six-frequency grand mean difference was -0.31 dB. The variability among subjects also remained essentially the same for the two methods. However, the bracketing method required a significantly longer test time than the ascending method.", "PMID": 531479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4847", "title": "Variations in plasma protein concentrations in individuals with ulcerative colitis: analytical and biological factors.", "content": "Eight plasma proteins were determined in specimens taken every second day during a 14 day period from eleven patients with acute ulcerative colitis. The intra-individual variations in the concentrations of albumin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM and complement factors C3 and C4 were larger than expected in normal persons. A two-way analysis of variance was applied to the normalized protein values to estimate to what extent the observed variations could be explained by analytical errors and the influence of biological factors general to all proteins, such as changes in plasma volume and distribution between plasma and extravascular space. In half the non-operated patients the changes in all proteins could be explained by the above mentioned variations. The individual variations seen in the concentrations of haptoglobin, C4 and IgM occurred at random compared to the clinical state of the disease. Only the operated patients showed a more systematic sequence of protein changes.", "contents": "Variations in plasma protein concentrations in individuals with ulcerative colitis: analytical and biological factors. Eight plasma proteins were determined in specimens taken every second day during a 14 day period from eleven patients with acute ulcerative colitis. The intra-individual variations in the concentrations of albumin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM and complement factors C3 and C4 were larger than expected in normal persons. A two-way analysis of variance was applied to the normalized protein values to estimate to what extent the observed variations could be explained by analytical errors and the influence of biological factors general to all proteins, such as changes in plasma volume and distribution between plasma and extravascular space. In half the non-operated patients the changes in all proteins could be explained by the above mentioned variations. The individual variations seen in the concentrations of haptoglobin, C4 and IgM occurred at random compared to the clinical state of the disease. Only the operated patients showed a more systematic sequence of protein changes.", "PMID": 531480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4848", "title": "Serum bile acids after a test meal in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The serum levels of conjugated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid have been studied before and during a 4 h period after the intake of a liquid test meal in seven control subjects and in fourteen patients with Crohn's disease. The concentrations of serum bile acids were determined by radioimmunoassay. The control group showed a postprandial increase of both conjugates with a return to the fasting level for cholic acid within 4 h. The chenodeoxycholic acid conjugate did not return to the fasting level within the test period. The serum bile acid concentration in Crohn's disease divided the patients in two groups; one group with decreased or normal fasting levels and low postprandial increase and another group with elevated fasting levels and a postprandial increase without return to the fasting levels within the test period.", "contents": "Serum bile acids after a test meal in Crohn's disease. The serum levels of conjugated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid have been studied before and during a 4 h period after the intake of a liquid test meal in seven control subjects and in fourteen patients with Crohn's disease. The concentrations of serum bile acids were determined by radioimmunoassay. The control group showed a postprandial increase of both conjugates with a return to the fasting level for cholic acid within 4 h. The chenodeoxycholic acid conjugate did not return to the fasting level within the test period. The serum bile acid concentration in Crohn's disease divided the patients in two groups; one group with decreased or normal fasting levels and low postprandial increase and another group with elevated fasting levels and a postprandial increase without return to the fasting levels within the test period.", "PMID": 531481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4849", "title": "The relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma proteins in clinical materials and models.", "content": "The relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma proteins was studied within homogenous clinical material and in vitro models. In acute phase reactions, fibrinogen was the likely cause of the ESR-elevation, but there were significant associations between the ESR and the concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin, C3, haptoglobin and albumin. In chronic diseases, the ESR-elevation was probably caused by fibrinogen, mono- or polyclonal increase of IgG, IgA, IgM alone or in combinations. In multiple myeloma of the IgG and IgA subtypes, significant correlations were found between the ESR and the monoclonal proteins or between the ESR and the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow. Model studies showed that the ESR increased linearly with the concentrations of fibrinogen or gammaglobulin (IgG) when these exceeded normal thresholds. The ESR was slightly decreased by increasing concentrations of albumin. Albumin had a synergistic effect on the ESR together with gamma-globulin, but not together with fibrinogen.", "contents": "The relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma proteins in clinical materials and models. The relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma proteins was studied within homogenous clinical material and in vitro models. In acute phase reactions, fibrinogen was the likely cause of the ESR-elevation, but there were significant associations between the ESR and the concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin, C3, haptoglobin and albumin. In chronic diseases, the ESR-elevation was probably caused by fibrinogen, mono- or polyclonal increase of IgG, IgA, IgM alone or in combinations. In multiple myeloma of the IgG and IgA subtypes, significant correlations were found between the ESR and the monoclonal proteins or between the ESR and the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow. Model studies showed that the ESR increased linearly with the concentrations of fibrinogen or gammaglobulin (IgG) when these exceeded normal thresholds. The ESR was slightly decreased by increasing concentrations of albumin. Albumin had a synergistic effect on the ESR together with gamma-globulin, but not together with fibrinogen.", "PMID": 531482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4850", "title": "Rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human myoglobin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for quantitation of serum myoglobin in healthy individuals and patients with different diseases is described. Purified myoglobin was labelled by an 125I-labelled ester (N-succinimidyl 3-(-4 hydroxy, 5-[125I]iodophenyl) propionate), a commercially available antiserum was used, and the antigen-antibody complex was precipitated with polyethylene glycol 6000. The rapid assay can be performed within 1 h at 37 degrees C with a detection limit of 45 micrograms/l. Prolonged incubation at 4 degrees C for 18 or 72 h gives a detection limit of 6 and 2 micrograms/l, respectively. The mean coefficient of variation of the routine assay was 11%. In healthy human subjects a significant difference in mean serum myoglobin concentration was found between 43 women (34 +/- 17 micrograms/l) and 51 mean 47 +/- 15 micrograms/l). In twenty patients admitted to hospital with the clinical diagnosis acute myocardial infarction, the serum myoglobin concentration profiles were in close agreement with the final diagnosis. In three patients with myocardial infarction serum samples were taken every 2 h after the acute episode, and serum myoglobin levels were compared with the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human myoglobin. A radioimmunoassay for quantitation of serum myoglobin in healthy individuals and patients with different diseases is described. Purified myoglobin was labelled by an 125I-labelled ester (N-succinimidyl 3-(-4 hydroxy, 5-[125I]iodophenyl) propionate), a commercially available antiserum was used, and the antigen-antibody complex was precipitated with polyethylene glycol 6000. The rapid assay can be performed within 1 h at 37 degrees C with a detection limit of 45 micrograms/l. Prolonged incubation at 4 degrees C for 18 or 72 h gives a detection limit of 6 and 2 micrograms/l, respectively. The mean coefficient of variation of the routine assay was 11%. In healthy human subjects a significant difference in mean serum myoglobin concentration was found between 43 women (34 +/- 17 micrograms/l) and 51 mean 47 +/- 15 micrograms/l). In twenty patients admitted to hospital with the clinical diagnosis acute myocardial infarction, the serum myoglobin concentration profiles were in close agreement with the final diagnosis. In three patients with myocardial infarction serum samples were taken every 2 h after the acute episode, and serum myoglobin levels were compared with the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB.", "PMID": 531483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4851", "title": "Effect of myocardial ischaemia and antilipolytic agents on lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in the in situ dog heart.", "content": "Myocardial metabolism was studied in open-chest dogs before and during induction of myocardial ischaemia by coronary artery occlusion. Blood was sampled from a local coronary vein draining ischaemic tissue and from coronary sinus draining predominantly nonischaemic tissue. In the basal state, induction of myocardial ischaemia stimulated myocardial lipolysis as shown by release of glycerol from the ischaemic zone. During isoprenaline infusion, free fatty acids (FFA) extraction across the ischaemic myocardium was substantially increased, but no glycerol release occurred. Pretreatment with nicotinic acid or sodium salicylate markedly depressed FFA extraction across ischaemic myocardium, both during basal and isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis and nicotinic acid most likely inhibited lipolysis in the ischaemic zone. Thus, reduced severity of acute ischaemic injury by antilipolytic treatment might be due to a combination of inhibited myocardial lipolysis and reduced FFA extraction.", "contents": "Effect of myocardial ischaemia and antilipolytic agents on lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in the in situ dog heart. Myocardial metabolism was studied in open-chest dogs before and during induction of myocardial ischaemia by coronary artery occlusion. Blood was sampled from a local coronary vein draining ischaemic tissue and from coronary sinus draining predominantly nonischaemic tissue. In the basal state, induction of myocardial ischaemia stimulated myocardial lipolysis as shown by release of glycerol from the ischaemic zone. During isoprenaline infusion, free fatty acids (FFA) extraction across the ischaemic myocardium was substantially increased, but no glycerol release occurred. Pretreatment with nicotinic acid or sodium salicylate markedly depressed FFA extraction across ischaemic myocardium, both during basal and isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis and nicotinic acid most likely inhibited lipolysis in the ischaemic zone. Thus, reduced severity of acute ischaemic injury by antilipolytic treatment might be due to a combination of inhibited myocardial lipolysis and reduced FFA extraction.", "PMID": 531484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4852", "title": "Measurements of cardiac stroke volume in various body positions in pregnancy and during Caesarean section: a comparison between thermodilution and impedance cardiography.", "content": "A total of 220 simultaneous pairs of measurements of cardiac stroke volume were made in twelve women before and during Caesarean section in order to compare impedance cardiography with the thermodilution method. A significantly higher coefficient of correlation was found before (r = 0.77) than during anaesthesia (r = 0.55). Further, there was a significant difference in the slope of the regression lines: before anaesthesia the slope was 1.07 and during anaesthesia with thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and suxamethonium it was 0.45. Significant changes in the intercept on the Y-axis were found before (-13.9 ml) and during anaesthesia (33.4 ml). When the uterus was displaced upwards and to the left from the 15 degrees tilt position the stroke volume and the cardiac output were increased when measured by both methods to nearly the same values as in the left lateral position. It is concluded that the impedance method is reliable for measuring cardiac stroke volume in late pregnancy under physiological conditions in the conscious patient, but that it cannot replace the thermodilution method in pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Measurements of cardiac stroke volume in various body positions in pregnancy and during Caesarean section: a comparison between thermodilution and impedance cardiography. A total of 220 simultaneous pairs of measurements of cardiac stroke volume were made in twelve women before and during Caesarean section in order to compare impedance cardiography with the thermodilution method. A significantly higher coefficient of correlation was found before (r = 0.77) than during anaesthesia (r = 0.55). Further, there was a significant difference in the slope of the regression lines: before anaesthesia the slope was 1.07 and during anaesthesia with thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and suxamethonium it was 0.45. Significant changes in the intercept on the Y-axis were found before (-13.9 ml) and during anaesthesia (33.4 ml). When the uterus was displaced upwards and to the left from the 15 degrees tilt position the stroke volume and the cardiac output were increased when measured by both methods to nearly the same values as in the left lateral position. It is concluded that the impedance method is reliable for measuring cardiac stroke volume in late pregnancy under physiological conditions in the conscious patient, but that it cannot replace the thermodilution method in pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 531485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4853", "title": "Metabolism in hypothermically perfused human kidney carcinoma: incorporation rate of leucine into proteins.", "content": "Protein synthesis in tumour-involved human kidneys was studied before, during and after hypothermic perfusion. Before and after perfusion the incorporation rate of leucine into tumour and kidney cortex proteins was determined by incubation of tissue slices at 37 degrees C. During perfusion the incorporation of leucine from the perfusate into tumour and kidney cortex proteins was determined. Before hypothermic perfusion the incorporation rate of leucine into proteins at 37 degrees C was almost the same in kidney cortex and tumour. Leucine was incorporated linearly with time into kidney cortex and tumour proteins during hypothermic perfusion but the incorporation rate was 3-4 times higher into kidney cortex proteins than into tumour proteins. After 6 days of hypothermic perfusion the leucine incorporation rate into proteins at 37 degrees C was depressed by 50% in kidney cortex and by 90% in tumour tissue. The specific activity of leucine in the perfusate decreased during the perfusion period indicating a release of leucine from degradation of proteins. It is concluded that the effect of hypothermic perfusion on protein synthesis was more pronounced in the tumour than in the normal renal parenchyma.", "contents": "Metabolism in hypothermically perfused human kidney carcinoma: incorporation rate of leucine into proteins. Protein synthesis in tumour-involved human kidneys was studied before, during and after hypothermic perfusion. Before and after perfusion the incorporation rate of leucine into tumour and kidney cortex proteins was determined by incubation of tissue slices at 37 degrees C. During perfusion the incorporation of leucine from the perfusate into tumour and kidney cortex proteins was determined. Before hypothermic perfusion the incorporation rate of leucine into proteins at 37 degrees C was almost the same in kidney cortex and tumour. Leucine was incorporated linearly with time into kidney cortex and tumour proteins during hypothermic perfusion but the incorporation rate was 3-4 times higher into kidney cortex proteins than into tumour proteins. After 6 days of hypothermic perfusion the leucine incorporation rate into proteins at 37 degrees C was depressed by 50% in kidney cortex and by 90% in tumour tissue. The specific activity of leucine in the perfusate decreased during the perfusion period indicating a release of leucine from degradation of proteins. It is concluded that the effect of hypothermic perfusion on protein synthesis was more pronounced in the tumour than in the normal renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 531486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4854", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB assay by electrophoresis.", "content": "A method for determination of the creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) is reported: separation of the isoenzymes was done by electrophoresis and the activity of the isoenzyme bands quantitated by scanning fluorometry. Total CK activity was used for calculation of CK-MB level. The precision of the method was satisfactory: coefficient of variation 5-10%. Its accuracy good: CK-MB was consistently found in high concentrations in tissue extracts of myocardium, but was virtually absent in skeletal muscle and could not be demonstrated in serum from patients with skeletal muscle damage. The sensitivity of the method fitted its clinical use: CK-MB was undetectable (less than 5 U/l) in normal sera, below 30 U/l in seventy-six out of seventy-seven patients in whom the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was disproved, and above 30 U/l in all seventy-two patients with AMI according to WHO criteria. The CK-MB concentration in serum rises to a maximum about 20 h after onset of clinical symptoms of AMI and reaches baseline levels 20-30 h later. The electrophoretic CK-MB method is easy, fast and reliable and is considered as an important diagnostic test for AMI.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB assay by electrophoresis. A method for determination of the creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) is reported: separation of the isoenzymes was done by electrophoresis and the activity of the isoenzyme bands quantitated by scanning fluorometry. Total CK activity was used for calculation of CK-MB level. The precision of the method was satisfactory: coefficient of variation 5-10%. Its accuracy good: CK-MB was consistently found in high concentrations in tissue extracts of myocardium, but was virtually absent in skeletal muscle and could not be demonstrated in serum from patients with skeletal muscle damage. The sensitivity of the method fitted its clinical use: CK-MB was undetectable (less than 5 U/l) in normal sera, below 30 U/l in seventy-six out of seventy-seven patients in whom the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was disproved, and above 30 U/l in all seventy-two patients with AMI according to WHO criteria. The CK-MB concentration in serum rises to a maximum about 20 h after onset of clinical symptoms of AMI and reaches baseline levels 20-30 h later. The electrophoretic CK-MB method is easy, fast and reliable and is considered as an important diagnostic test for AMI.", "PMID": 531487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4855", "title": "Interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts: results from the Finnish proficiency testing programme in haematological morphology, 1974-1977.", "content": "The interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts in the Finnish proficiency testing programme in haematological morphology is presented. During 1974-1977 altogether twenty-four different blood smears with neither leukocytosis nor abnormal leukocytes were examined by the participants. During this period 206 laboratories participated in the voluntary programme. The interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts was analyzed for band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Except for band neutrophils and monocytes the observed variations were found to closely match the known random sampling variation which is inherent in the method for estimating the proportions of the various leukocytes of peripheral blood. It is suggested that the results point to variations in the definitions to differentiate band vs. segmented neutrophils and monocytes vs. lymphocytes. Interlaboratory proficiency testing is considered to offer an effective means to investigate the quality of morphologic analyses as practised on a day to day basis in the participating laboratories.", "contents": "Interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts: results from the Finnish proficiency testing programme in haematological morphology, 1974-1977. The interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts in the Finnish proficiency testing programme in haematological morphology is presented. During 1974-1977 altogether twenty-four different blood smears with neither leukocytosis nor abnormal leukocytes were examined by the participants. During this period 206 laboratories participated in the voluntary programme. The interlaboratory variation of leukocyte differential counts was analyzed for band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Except for band neutrophils and monocytes the observed variations were found to closely match the known random sampling variation which is inherent in the method for estimating the proportions of the various leukocytes of peripheral blood. It is suggested that the results point to variations in the definitions to differentiate band vs. segmented neutrophils and monocytes vs. lymphocytes. Interlaboratory proficiency testing is considered to offer an effective means to investigate the quality of morphologic analyses as practised on a day to day basis in the participating laboratories.", "PMID": 531488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4856", "title": "Renal metabolic rate during changes in bicarbonate-dependent sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules.", "content": "Previous studies indicate that water and at least 2 mol NaCl are reabsorbed in the proximal tubules for each mol NaHCO3 reabsorbed. To examine the effect on cortical energy metabolism of variations in this bicarbonate-dependent sodium reabsorption, the cortical metabolic rate was examined in anaesthetized dogs by the heat production technique during continuous infusion of saline and ethacrynic acid. Sodium reabsorption was altered either by intravenous infusion of a large dose of acetazolamide (500 mg/kg body wt) or by changing plasma Pco2 during metabolic alkalosis. Acetazolamide reduced bicarbonate reabsorption by 71 +/- 2%, sodium reabsorption by 54 +/- 2% and cortical heat production by 21 +/- 3%. A rise in Pco2 to 16.4 +/- 1.3 kPa during metabolic alkalosis increased sodium reabsorption by 25 +/- 3% and cortical heat production by 14 +/- 2%. A similar elevation of plasma Pco2 during metabolic acidosis had no effect on electrolyte reabsorption or the cortical metabolic rate. A reduction in Pco2 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 kPa reduced sodium reabsorption by 40 +/- 3% and cortical heat production by 19 +/- 2%. We conclude that a rise in proximal tubular reabsorption requires energy. However, the changes in energy requirement are small, accounting for previous failures to observe significant changes in cortical energy metabolism during less extensive changes of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules.", "contents": "Renal metabolic rate during changes in bicarbonate-dependent sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules. Previous studies indicate that water and at least 2 mol NaCl are reabsorbed in the proximal tubules for each mol NaHCO3 reabsorbed. To examine the effect on cortical energy metabolism of variations in this bicarbonate-dependent sodium reabsorption, the cortical metabolic rate was examined in anaesthetized dogs by the heat production technique during continuous infusion of saline and ethacrynic acid. Sodium reabsorption was altered either by intravenous infusion of a large dose of acetazolamide (500 mg/kg body wt) or by changing plasma Pco2 during metabolic alkalosis. Acetazolamide reduced bicarbonate reabsorption by 71 +/- 2%, sodium reabsorption by 54 +/- 2% and cortical heat production by 21 +/- 3%. A rise in Pco2 to 16.4 +/- 1.3 kPa during metabolic alkalosis increased sodium reabsorption by 25 +/- 3% and cortical heat production by 14 +/- 2%. A similar elevation of plasma Pco2 during metabolic acidosis had no effect on electrolyte reabsorption or the cortical metabolic rate. A reduction in Pco2 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 kPa reduced sodium reabsorption by 40 +/- 3% and cortical heat production by 19 +/- 2%. We conclude that a rise in proximal tubular reabsorption requires energy. However, the changes in energy requirement are small, accounting for previous failures to observe significant changes in cortical energy metabolism during less extensive changes of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules.", "PMID": 531489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4857", "title": "Histamine metabolism in severe obesity before and after jejuno-ileostomy.", "content": "Histamine metabolism was studied in three patients during histamine-reduced diet before and at intervals after jejuno-ileostomy by analyses of the urinary excretion of non-labelled and 14C-labelled histamine and its metabolites. Labelled histamine was administered intravenously and orally. The preoperative excretion of free histamine and its endogenously formed metabolites was essentially the same as in controls. After intestinal bypass the inactivation of [14C]histamine by both routes of administration was not impaired. Pronounced increases in the excretion of non-labelled conjugated histamine (acetylhistamine) and methylimidazoleacetic acid were found at different intervals postoperatively. This was probably due to histamine synthesis by intestinal bacteria since the diet only contained minute quantities of histamine. It is concluded that the increased urinary excretion of conjugated histamine after intestinal bypass indicated an abnormal bacterial activity in the intestine.", "contents": "Histamine metabolism in severe obesity before and after jejuno-ileostomy. Histamine metabolism was studied in three patients during histamine-reduced diet before and at intervals after jejuno-ileostomy by analyses of the urinary excretion of non-labelled and 14C-labelled histamine and its metabolites. Labelled histamine was administered intravenously and orally. The preoperative excretion of free histamine and its endogenously formed metabolites was essentially the same as in controls. After intestinal bypass the inactivation of [14C]histamine by both routes of administration was not impaired. Pronounced increases in the excretion of non-labelled conjugated histamine (acetylhistamine) and methylimidazoleacetic acid were found at different intervals postoperatively. This was probably due to histamine synthesis by intestinal bacteria since the diet only contained minute quantities of histamine. It is concluded that the increased urinary excretion of conjugated histamine after intestinal bypass indicated an abnormal bacterial activity in the intestine.", "PMID": 531490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4858", "title": "A rapid polyethylene glycol assay for gastric intrinsic factor.", "content": "The use of polyethylene glycol (mol. wt 4000) in a rapid radioassay for intrinsic factor is reported. The assay is based on the observation that polyethylene glycol precipitates the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex in the presence of serum from patients with pernicious anaemia having auto-antibodies against intrinsic factor. The assay was found highly reproducible (CV 1.8%) and well correlated to the classical method using coated charcoal in the separation step.", "contents": "A rapid polyethylene glycol assay for gastric intrinsic factor. The use of polyethylene glycol (mol. wt 4000) in a rapid radioassay for intrinsic factor is reported. The assay is based on the observation that polyethylene glycol precipitates the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex in the presence of serum from patients with pernicious anaemia having auto-antibodies against intrinsic factor. The assay was found highly reproducible (CV 1.8%) and well correlated to the classical method using coated charcoal in the separation step.", "PMID": 531491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4859", "title": "Intrarenal venous and cortical catheter pressures in the dog kidney.", "content": "To examine the validity of intrarenal venous pressure (IRVP) as a measure of peritubular capillary pressure when obtained with a method applicable in man, IRVP was measured with a 0.9 mm o.d. catheter introduced retrograde into interlobar veins of anesthetized dogs and was compared with a modified needle pressure (cortical catheter pressure = RCCP) measured simultaneously in the same kidneys. In twelve dogs with a mean experimental kidney control sodium excretion of 91 +/- 15 (SEM) micronmol/min IRVP averaged 16.0 +/- 1.1 mmHg and was significantly lower than the average RCCP of 22.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg (P less than 0.001). These pressures compare well with the reported micropuncture pressures in the peritubular capillaries and proximal tubules, respectively, at comparable levels of sodium excretion. IRVP fell significantly during reduction of renal perfusion pressure within the range of autoregulation of renal blood flow and increased during elevation of renal pelvic pressure (PP). At at PP of 60 mmHg, when urine flow had stopped, the PP-IRVP gradient was 22.7 +/- 3.1 and increased to 36.7 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.001) at a PP of 80. Acute renal vein constriction always increased IRVP before renal vein pressure reached the preceeding control level of IRVP. Increased urine flow during saline volume expansion and furosemid infusion was associated with increased IRVP. The results when compared with micropuncture data indicate that IRVP is a satisfactory expression of peritubular capillary pressure in the experimental conditions included in the study.", "contents": "Intrarenal venous and cortical catheter pressures in the dog kidney. To examine the validity of intrarenal venous pressure (IRVP) as a measure of peritubular capillary pressure when obtained with a method applicable in man, IRVP was measured with a 0.9 mm o.d. catheter introduced retrograde into interlobar veins of anesthetized dogs and was compared with a modified needle pressure (cortical catheter pressure = RCCP) measured simultaneously in the same kidneys. In twelve dogs with a mean experimental kidney control sodium excretion of 91 +/- 15 (SEM) micronmol/min IRVP averaged 16.0 +/- 1.1 mmHg and was significantly lower than the average RCCP of 22.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg (P less than 0.001). These pressures compare well with the reported micropuncture pressures in the peritubular capillaries and proximal tubules, respectively, at comparable levels of sodium excretion. IRVP fell significantly during reduction of renal perfusion pressure within the range of autoregulation of renal blood flow and increased during elevation of renal pelvic pressure (PP). At at PP of 60 mmHg, when urine flow had stopped, the PP-IRVP gradient was 22.7 +/- 3.1 and increased to 36.7 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.001) at a PP of 80. Acute renal vein constriction always increased IRVP before renal vein pressure reached the preceeding control level of IRVP. Increased urine flow during saline volume expansion and furosemid infusion was associated with increased IRVP. The results when compared with micropuncture data indicate that IRVP is a satisfactory expression of peritubular capillary pressure in the experimental conditions included in the study.", "PMID": 531492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4860", "title": "Postglomerular vascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures during acute saline volume expansion in normotensive man.", "content": "The importance of the peritubular physical factors as mediators of the natriuretic response to saline volume expansion was examined in twenty normotensive, hydropenic indivduals. Intrarenal venous pressure (IRVP), used as a measure of peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure, and efferent arteriolar colloid osmotic pressure, calculated from arterial colloid osmotic pressure and the filtration fraction, were measured before and during sustained volume expansion with 0.9% NaCl, increasing the body weight by 3% and plasma volume about 20%. During expansion there was a significant increase in urine flow from 1.1 +/0 0.1 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min and sodium excretion from 161 +/- 12 to 551 +/- 61 microEq/min. Efferent colloid osmotic pressure fell from 31.9 +/- 0.6 to 23.6 +/- 0.5 mmHg (P less than 0.001) while IRVP changed from 24.8 +/- 0.8 to 25.1 +/- 0.9 mmHg (P greater than 0.10). In eight individuals IRVP increased during saline loading but later fell during sustained expansion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow did not change significantly. It is concluded that increase in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is not necessary either to induce or to maintain the natriuresis of a moderate saline volume expansion. Although the fall in postglomerular vascular colloid osmotic pressure is a possible mediator of the natriuretic response, the change in peritubular transcapillary net driving force produced by a modest saline volume expansion is probably small.", "contents": "Postglomerular vascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures during acute saline volume expansion in normotensive man. The importance of the peritubular physical factors as mediators of the natriuretic response to saline volume expansion was examined in twenty normotensive, hydropenic indivduals. Intrarenal venous pressure (IRVP), used as a measure of peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure, and efferent arteriolar colloid osmotic pressure, calculated from arterial colloid osmotic pressure and the filtration fraction, were measured before and during sustained volume expansion with 0.9% NaCl, increasing the body weight by 3% and plasma volume about 20%. During expansion there was a significant increase in urine flow from 1.1 +/0 0.1 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min and sodium excretion from 161 +/- 12 to 551 +/- 61 microEq/min. Efferent colloid osmotic pressure fell from 31.9 +/- 0.6 to 23.6 +/- 0.5 mmHg (P less than 0.001) while IRVP changed from 24.8 +/- 0.8 to 25.1 +/- 0.9 mmHg (P greater than 0.10). In eight individuals IRVP increased during saline loading but later fell during sustained expansion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow did not change significantly. It is concluded that increase in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is not necessary either to induce or to maintain the natriuresis of a moderate saline volume expansion. Although the fall in postglomerular vascular colloid osmotic pressure is a possible mediator of the natriuretic response, the change in peritubular transcapillary net driving force produced by a modest saline volume expansion is probably small.", "PMID": 531493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4861", "title": "Balance of net base in the rat: adaptation to and recovery from sustained hypercapnia.", "content": "Net base and mineral balances were evaluated in a group of male 350 g Wistar rats exposed to 10% carbon dioxide in air for 10 days with a view to identifying the source of net base subject to retention during renal compensation of sustained respiratory acidosis. In response to hypercapnia, the rate of renal net acid excretion rose but insignificantly. However, a rise in whole body net base concentration from about 215 mmol/kg to about 250 mmol/kg came about by ongoing gastrointestinal absorption in the weight-losing animal, absorbed net base being distributed to extracellular and non-extracellular compartments of the body, presumably including bone. During an 8-day recovery period, a small decrement in whole body net base concentration was observed.", "contents": "Balance of net base in the rat: adaptation to and recovery from sustained hypercapnia. Net base and mineral balances were evaluated in a group of male 350 g Wistar rats exposed to 10% carbon dioxide in air for 10 days with a view to identifying the source of net base subject to retention during renal compensation of sustained respiratory acidosis. In response to hypercapnia, the rate of renal net acid excretion rose but insignificantly. However, a rise in whole body net base concentration from about 215 mmol/kg to about 250 mmol/kg came about by ongoing gastrointestinal absorption in the weight-losing animal, absorbed net base being distributed to extracellular and non-extracellular compartments of the body, presumably including bone. During an 8-day recovery period, a small decrement in whole body net base concentration was observed.", "PMID": 531494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4862", "title": "In vivo haemodynamic evaluation of the Hall-Kaster central flow prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "The first in vivo haemodynamic observations of the recently developed Hall-Kaster central flow prosthetic heart valve are reported. Haemodynamic evaluation of valve function was performed both in acute and chronic experiments following implantation of the Hall-Kaster prosthesis in the mitral position in dogs. These studies showed a low transvalvular pressure gradient, an effective opening angle of about 70 degrees and good diastolic flow through both the large and small orifices of the prosthesis. A slow rotational movement was depicted by the disc during opening and closure.", "contents": "In vivo haemodynamic evaluation of the Hall-Kaster central flow prosthetic heart valve. The first in vivo haemodynamic observations of the recently developed Hall-Kaster central flow prosthetic heart valve are reported. Haemodynamic evaluation of valve function was performed both in acute and chronic experiments following implantation of the Hall-Kaster prosthesis in the mitral position in dogs. These studies showed a low transvalvular pressure gradient, an effective opening angle of about 70 degrees and good diastolic flow through both the large and small orifices of the prosthesis. A slow rotational movement was depicted by the disc during opening and closure.", "PMID": 531495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4863", "title": "Fatty acid metabolism during hypothermic perfusion of the isolated dog kidney.", "content": "Perfusion of isolated dog kidneys was performed at 8--12 degrees C using an albumin solution containing caprylic acid (about 6 mmol/l) and long-chain fatty acids (about 0.5 mmol/l). During 48 h the amounts of caprylic acid in the perfusate fell by about 3 mmol, whereas long-chain FFA increased by 0.2--0.3 mmol and small amounts of arachidonic acid appeared. [14C]palmitate or [14C]linoleate--when added--decreased by about 10% in the perfusate. The decrease was mainly due to exchange with kidney phospholipid fatty acids. Only about 0.4% was recovered as [14C]CO2. The amounts of total phospholipids in kidney tissue decreased by up to 10% during the perfusion (when 10% kidney weight gain was taken into account), whereas lysophospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids remained essentially unchanged. The distribution of fatty acids in the total phospholipid fraction was strikingly altered. The relative amounts of arachidonic acid increased, whereas all other major fatty acids decreased. Synthesis of arachidonic acid by chain elongation of perfusate [14C]linoleic acid could not be demonstrated, and no evidence was found for a significant increase of the total amounts of arachidonic acid. The possibility that arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids in the kidney are preferentially preserved during the hypothermic conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Fatty acid metabolism during hypothermic perfusion of the isolated dog kidney. Perfusion of isolated dog kidneys was performed at 8--12 degrees C using an albumin solution containing caprylic acid (about 6 mmol/l) and long-chain fatty acids (about 0.5 mmol/l). During 48 h the amounts of caprylic acid in the perfusate fell by about 3 mmol, whereas long-chain FFA increased by 0.2--0.3 mmol and small amounts of arachidonic acid appeared. [14C]palmitate or [14C]linoleate--when added--decreased by about 10% in the perfusate. The decrease was mainly due to exchange with kidney phospholipid fatty acids. Only about 0.4% was recovered as [14C]CO2. The amounts of total phospholipids in kidney tissue decreased by up to 10% during the perfusion (when 10% kidney weight gain was taken into account), whereas lysophospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids remained essentially unchanged. The distribution of fatty acids in the total phospholipid fraction was strikingly altered. The relative amounts of arachidonic acid increased, whereas all other major fatty acids decreased. Synthesis of arachidonic acid by chain elongation of perfusate [14C]linoleic acid could not be demonstrated, and no evidence was found for a significant increase of the total amounts of arachidonic acid. The possibility that arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids in the kidney are preferentially preserved during the hypothermic conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 531496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4864", "title": "Gastric flow measured with hydrogen clearance technique.", "content": "Regional gastric flow could be measured by hydrogen clearance technique. This method permitted the simultaneous measurement of flow in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis of both the antrum and corpus in anesthetized dogs. The main advantage of this method compared with other techniques used for gastric microcirculatory studies is that it offers the opportunity of repeated flow determinations in an anatomically identical area under various experimental conditions.", "contents": "Gastric flow measured with hydrogen clearance technique. Regional gastric flow could be measured by hydrogen clearance technique. This method permitted the simultaneous measurement of flow in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis of both the antrum and corpus in anesthetized dogs. The main advantage of this method compared with other techniques used for gastric microcirculatory studies is that it offers the opportunity of repeated flow determinations in an anatomically identical area under various experimental conditions.", "PMID": 531497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4865", "title": "The effect of cholestyramine on bile acid kinetics in healthy controls.", "content": "Serum lipids and the kinetics of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid (C) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), were studied in six normolipidaemic subjects before and during treatment with cholestyramine (12 g/day). After therapy, total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by about 15%. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in the pool size, synthesis, and fractional turnover rate (FTR) of C and in the synthesis and FTR of CD. In spite of the enhanced formation of CD, the CD pool size decreased in all subjects, on average by more than 50%. The combined pool size of C and CD remained constant, but the mean total bile acid formation increased by a factor of 2.9. It is suggested that the different responses of C and CD, with an augmented contribution of C to the total amounts of bile acid produced, reflect an enhanced hepatic cholesterogenesis and, possibly, that C and CD to some extent originate from different cholesterol precursor pools.", "contents": "The effect of cholestyramine on bile acid kinetics in healthy controls. Serum lipids and the kinetics of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid (C) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), were studied in six normolipidaemic subjects before and during treatment with cholestyramine (12 g/day). After therapy, total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by about 15%. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in the pool size, synthesis, and fractional turnover rate (FTR) of C and in the synthesis and FTR of CD. In spite of the enhanced formation of CD, the CD pool size decreased in all subjects, on average by more than 50%. The combined pool size of C and CD remained constant, but the mean total bile acid formation increased by a factor of 2.9. It is suggested that the different responses of C and CD, with an augmented contribution of C to the total amounts of bile acid produced, reflect an enhanced hepatic cholesterogenesis and, possibly, that C and CD to some extent originate from different cholesterol precursor pools.", "PMID": 531498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4866", "title": "Ampicillin concentrations in pancreatic fluid bile obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).", "content": "To investigate the distribution of ampicillin to the pancreas, ampicillin concentrations in pancreatic fluid obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were determined. Alternatively, ampicillin concentrations in bile obtained via ERCP were determined. Ten subjects with non-acute biliary-tract or pancreatic disease received a single dose of ampicillin (250 or 500 mg) parentally before ERCP. Timed simultaneous specimens of blood and pancreatic fluid or bile were obtained. Serum concentrations of ampicillin were measured in all subjects. In six of seven subjects no ampicillin was detectable in pancreatic fluid; in the seventh less than 1 microgram/ml was found. Pancreatic duct anatomy did not appear to correlate with pancreatic fluid concentrations. Failure to detect ampicillin in pancreatic fluid may account for results of clinical studies in which no clinical benefit from ampicillin has been found. Low or undetectable concentrations of ampicillin were found in bile; these concentrations in bile obtained at ERCP are similar to those found previously in bile recovered at biliary-tract surgery.", "contents": "Ampicillin concentrations in pancreatic fluid bile obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). To investigate the distribution of ampicillin to the pancreas, ampicillin concentrations in pancreatic fluid obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were determined. Alternatively, ampicillin concentrations in bile obtained via ERCP were determined. Ten subjects with non-acute biliary-tract or pancreatic disease received a single dose of ampicillin (250 or 500 mg) parentally before ERCP. Timed simultaneous specimens of blood and pancreatic fluid or bile were obtained. Serum concentrations of ampicillin were measured in all subjects. In six of seven subjects no ampicillin was detectable in pancreatic fluid; in the seventh less than 1 microgram/ml was found. Pancreatic duct anatomy did not appear to correlate with pancreatic fluid concentrations. Failure to detect ampicillin in pancreatic fluid may account for results of clinical studies in which no clinical benefit from ampicillin has been found. Low or undetectable concentrations of ampicillin were found in bile; these concentrations in bile obtained at ERCP are similar to those found previously in bile recovered at biliary-tract surgery.", "PMID": 531499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4867", "title": "Microvasculature of the human pancreas. A microangiographic study.", "content": "The microvasculature of six human pancreases was studied immediately after resection. Three of the pancreases were histologically normal, two were fibrotic, and one was inflamed. Immediately after resection a 10% Micropaque (Nicholas) solution was infused into the lienal artery for 1 h, and the tissue was studied by microangiography. The microvasculature of the normal human pancreas is very similar to the pancreatic microvasculature of the rat. Changes produced by inflammation in human pancreas seem to be similar to changes in the rat pancreas with experimental pancreatitis. Remarkable histologic changes of the pancreas cause only small changes in the anatomic arrangement of the arteries and arterioles, and slightly more changes in the acinar capillaries, which may explain the diagnostic difficulties associated with angiography of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Microvasculature of the human pancreas. A microangiographic study. The microvasculature of six human pancreases was studied immediately after resection. Three of the pancreases were histologically normal, two were fibrotic, and one was inflamed. Immediately after resection a 10% Micropaque (Nicholas) solution was infused into the lienal artery for 1 h, and the tissue was studied by microangiography. The microvasculature of the normal human pancreas is very similar to the pancreatic microvasculature of the rat. Changes produced by inflammation in human pancreas seem to be similar to changes in the rat pancreas with experimental pancreatitis. Remarkable histologic changes of the pancreas cause only small changes in the anatomic arrangement of the arteries and arterioles, and slightly more changes in the acinar capillaries, which may explain the diagnostic difficulties associated with angiography of pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 531500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4868", "title": "The effect of experimental pancreatitis and diabetes on the microvasculature of the rat pancreas.", "content": "Experimental diabetes was produced in 59 rats by intravenous injection of streptozotocin, and the rats were studied from 9 days to 4 months later. Experimental pancreatitis was produced in 28 rats by injecting sodium taurocholate, 3% or 6% solution in saline, into the pancreatic duct. These rats were studied with microangiography from 2 h to 4 days later. Experimental diabetes caused atrophy of the islets of Langerhans but did not cause any changes in the vessels of the exocrine pancreas, liver, or kidney up to 4 months. Capillary filling of the young, long-term diabetic rats was poor in all the examined organs, and the muscle arterioles showed variation of caliber. A 3% sodium taurocholate solution produced mild pancreatitis and little or no changes in the vasculature, whereas a 6% solution caused severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis with local extravasations and poor capillary filling. It is concluded that diagnostically useful vascular changes appear in the pancreas only if severe pancreatitis is present.", "contents": "The effect of experimental pancreatitis and diabetes on the microvasculature of the rat pancreas. Experimental diabetes was produced in 59 rats by intravenous injection of streptozotocin, and the rats were studied from 9 days to 4 months later. Experimental pancreatitis was produced in 28 rats by injecting sodium taurocholate, 3% or 6% solution in saline, into the pancreatic duct. These rats were studied with microangiography from 2 h to 4 days later. Experimental diabetes caused atrophy of the islets of Langerhans but did not cause any changes in the vessels of the exocrine pancreas, liver, or kidney up to 4 months. Capillary filling of the young, long-term diabetic rats was poor in all the examined organs, and the muscle arterioles showed variation of caliber. A 3% sodium taurocholate solution produced mild pancreatitis and little or no changes in the vasculature, whereas a 6% solution caused severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis with local extravasations and poor capillary filling. It is concluded that diagnostically useful vascular changes appear in the pancreas only if severe pancreatitis is present.", "PMID": 531501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4869", "title": "Gastric and colorectal cancer in Greenland. Diagnostic basis and minimum incidence.", "content": "Forty-three gastric cancers, 38 colon cancers, and 26 cancers of the rectum were diagnosed among indigenous Greenlanders in the 20-year period 1955--1974. When cases based on clinical evidence only were excluded, a comparison with Danes showed significant deficits for male gastric cancers for 1960--1964 and female rectal cancers for 1970--1974. For the 20 years as a whole, gastric cancers in females were significantly lower than expected. Eleven clinical gastric cancers, 5 clinical colon cancers, and an additional 34 malignancies suspected of being primary gastrointestinal cancers had not been exhaustively investigated, mainly owing to metastatic spread and old age at the time of diagnosis. It seems reasonable to assume that the incidences of gastric cancer and of colorectal cancer in Greenland did not differ greatly from the incidences in Denmark during the study period in spite of dietary differences. A more regular use of rather simple examinations in the diagnostic routine is necessary for future epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Gastric and colorectal cancer in Greenland. Diagnostic basis and minimum incidence. Forty-three gastric cancers, 38 colon cancers, and 26 cancers of the rectum were diagnosed among indigenous Greenlanders in the 20-year period 1955--1974. When cases based on clinical evidence only were excluded, a comparison with Danes showed significant deficits for male gastric cancers for 1960--1964 and female rectal cancers for 1970--1974. For the 20 years as a whole, gastric cancers in females were significantly lower than expected. Eleven clinical gastric cancers, 5 clinical colon cancers, and an additional 34 malignancies suspected of being primary gastrointestinal cancers had not been exhaustively investigated, mainly owing to metastatic spread and old age at the time of diagnosis. It seems reasonable to assume that the incidences of gastric cancer and of colorectal cancer in Greenland did not differ greatly from the incidences in Denmark during the study period in spite of dietary differences. A more regular use of rather simple examinations in the diagnostic routine is necessary for future epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 531502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4870", "title": "Liver copper content in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and associated liver disorders.", "content": "In 45 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (9 with Crohn's disease and 36 with ulcerative colitis) and associated liver disorders, increased liver copper content (above 100 microgram/g dry weight) was found in 14 (31%). These patients represented about 50% of the patients with either biliary cirrhosis or pericholangitis. Four of the patients had levels regarded as compatible with hepatolenticular degeneration (greater than 250 microgram/g dry weight). In patients with chronic active hepatitis or non-specific changes in liver tissue, normal levels were found. The patients with Crohn's disease also had normal levels. Plasma ceruloplasmin was normal or increased in all. Determination of urinary copper output gave little diagnostic information. Alkaline phosphatases were markedly increased in most of the patients with increased liver copper concentration. In patients with ulcerative colitis and enhanced alkaline phosphatases, elevated liver copper content should be suspected and chelation therapy should be considered.", "contents": "Liver copper content in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and associated liver disorders. In 45 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (9 with Crohn's disease and 36 with ulcerative colitis) and associated liver disorders, increased liver copper content (above 100 microgram/g dry weight) was found in 14 (31%). These patients represented about 50% of the patients with either biliary cirrhosis or pericholangitis. Four of the patients had levels regarded as compatible with hepatolenticular degeneration (greater than 250 microgram/g dry weight). In patients with chronic active hepatitis or non-specific changes in liver tissue, normal levels were found. The patients with Crohn's disease also had normal levels. Plasma ceruloplasmin was normal or increased in all. Determination of urinary copper output gave little diagnostic information. Alkaline phosphatases were markedly increased in most of the patients with increased liver copper concentration. In patients with ulcerative colitis and enhanced alkaline phosphatases, elevated liver copper content should be suspected and chelation therapy should be considered.", "PMID": 531503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4871", "title": "Endoscopic duodenal biopsies in coeliac disease and duodenitis.", "content": "Endoscopic duodenal biopsies were taken from 27 patients with suspected coeliac disease and compared with intubation capsule jejunal biopsies. The specimens were reported without knowledge of the patients' names or symptoms. In 24 patients (89%), coeliac disease could either be diagnosed or excluded with 100% accuracy, despite the inability to orientate the biopsies correctly. Six biopsies were considered technically unsatisfactory, but only in three (11%) was it impossible to exclude coeliac disease. Duodenal biopsies were also taken from 118 consecutive patients attending for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and 1 patient with coeliac disease was discovered. We conclude that endoscopic duodenal biopsies are a reliable and worthwhile screening test for coeliac disease in certain patients attending for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "contents": "Endoscopic duodenal biopsies in coeliac disease and duodenitis. Endoscopic duodenal biopsies were taken from 27 patients with suspected coeliac disease and compared with intubation capsule jejunal biopsies. The specimens were reported without knowledge of the patients' names or symptoms. In 24 patients (89%), coeliac disease could either be diagnosed or excluded with 100% accuracy, despite the inability to orientate the biopsies correctly. Six biopsies were considered technically unsatisfactory, but only in three (11%) was it impossible to exclude coeliac disease. Duodenal biopsies were also taken from 118 consecutive patients attending for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and 1 patient with coeliac disease was discovered. We conclude that endoscopic duodenal biopsies are a reliable and worthwhile screening test for coeliac disease in certain patients attending for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "PMID": 531504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4872", "title": "Mortality and autopsy rate for gastrointestinal diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.", "content": "Gastrointestinal diseases accounted for about 10% of all natural deaths in Finland in 1955--1973. Total mortality for these diseases decreased slightly amongst young and middle-aged people in 1955--1973. This was mainly because mortality for ulcerative diseases of the stomach and the small intestine decreased continuously in practically all are groups, and also because the death rates of men and women from malignant neoplasms of the stomach decreased slightly but linearly at all ages. The autopsy rates increased highly significantly in all major categories of deaths between 1963 and 1973. In 1973 the autopsy rate for diseases of the digestive system (the ninth ICD main group) was 67%. This rate exceeded highly significantly the mean autopsy rate recorded for all (38%) and all natural deaths (33%). The autopsy rate for gastrointestinal malignancies was 26%, which in turn was highly significantly lower than the average rate for all and all natural deaths. The highest single autopsy rates in 1973 were recorded for ulcer of the duodenum (87%), diseases of the pancreas (78%), cholelithiasis (77%), and chronic enteritis and ulcerative colitis (76%). The present results suggest that the mortality statistics of Finland are obviously more reliable for the gastrointestinal diseases as a cause of death than in most other major categories of diseases.", "contents": "Mortality and autopsy rate for gastrointestinal diseases in Finland in 1955--1973. Gastrointestinal diseases accounted for about 10% of all natural deaths in Finland in 1955--1973. Total mortality for these diseases decreased slightly amongst young and middle-aged people in 1955--1973. This was mainly because mortality for ulcerative diseases of the stomach and the small intestine decreased continuously in practically all are groups, and also because the death rates of men and women from malignant neoplasms of the stomach decreased slightly but linearly at all ages. The autopsy rates increased highly significantly in all major categories of deaths between 1963 and 1973. In 1973 the autopsy rate for diseases of the digestive system (the ninth ICD main group) was 67%. This rate exceeded highly significantly the mean autopsy rate recorded for all (38%) and all natural deaths (33%). The autopsy rate for gastrointestinal malignancies was 26%, which in turn was highly significantly lower than the average rate for all and all natural deaths. The highest single autopsy rates in 1973 were recorded for ulcer of the duodenum (87%), diseases of the pancreas (78%), cholelithiasis (77%), and chronic enteritis and ulcerative colitis (76%). The present results suggest that the mortality statistics of Finland are obviously more reliable for the gastrointestinal diseases as a cause of death than in most other major categories of diseases.", "PMID": 531505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4873", "title": "Atopy in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with ulcerative colitis and 35 with Crohn's disease have been investigated for evidence of reaginic hypersensitivity and compared with control subjects. There was no difference in the frequency of a personal or family history of atopy or in serum IgE levels. Similarly, no overall difference was noted in prick test responses to 21 allergens. However, further analysis of prick test responses showed that patients with inflammatory bowel disease responded more frequently to food allergens. This was highly significant when compared with healthy controls (p less than 0.001). The relevance of this finding to the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "contents": "Atopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Thirty-nine patients with ulcerative colitis and 35 with Crohn's disease have been investigated for evidence of reaginic hypersensitivity and compared with control subjects. There was no difference in the frequency of a personal or family history of atopy or in serum IgE levels. Similarly, no overall difference was noted in prick test responses to 21 allergens. However, further analysis of prick test responses showed that patients with inflammatory bowel disease responded more frequently to food allergens. This was highly significant when compared with healthy controls (p less than 0.001). The relevance of this finding to the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "PMID": 531506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4874", "title": "Pressure profiles in ileal pouch outlets.", "content": "Water-perfused open-tip catheters were used to measure the pressure profiles in the nipple valve of the continent ileostomy. In in vitro studies the conditions required to measure the yield pressure in collapsed vessels like the nipple valve were determined. Flow rates below 4--5 ml/min should not be used when measuring the pressure with open-tip catheters size Ch 8. At lower flow rates the yield pressure was underestimated. When appropriate flow rates were used, a moderate increase of the perfusional flow rate did not increase the measured pressure notably. Measurements were performed in 31 patients with continent or incontinent ileostomy reservoirs. Nineteen patients had outlets with a nipple valve, and 12 patients outlets without such a valve. In most cases it was possible to distinguish a pressure zone in the outlet. The length of the pressure zone was fairly constant in consecutive measurements, whereas the pressure varied, presumably owing to contractile activity, in the outlet. In continent patients with nipple valve outlets the pressure was significantly higher than in patients who were incontinent owing to nipple valve sliding. In patients who were incontinent owing to fistula formation the pressure was of the same order of magnitude as in continent patients.", "contents": "Pressure profiles in ileal pouch outlets. Water-perfused open-tip catheters were used to measure the pressure profiles in the nipple valve of the continent ileostomy. In in vitro studies the conditions required to measure the yield pressure in collapsed vessels like the nipple valve were determined. Flow rates below 4--5 ml/min should not be used when measuring the pressure with open-tip catheters size Ch 8. At lower flow rates the yield pressure was underestimated. When appropriate flow rates were used, a moderate increase of the perfusional flow rate did not increase the measured pressure notably. Measurements were performed in 31 patients with continent or incontinent ileostomy reservoirs. Nineteen patients had outlets with a nipple valve, and 12 patients outlets without such a valve. In most cases it was possible to distinguish a pressure zone in the outlet. The length of the pressure zone was fairly constant in consecutive measurements, whereas the pressure varied, presumably owing to contractile activity, in the outlet. In continent patients with nipple valve outlets the pressure was significantly higher than in patients who were incontinent owing to nipple valve sliding. In patients who were incontinent owing to fistula formation the pressure was of the same order of magnitude as in continent patients.", "PMID": 531507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4875", "title": "Intestinal villous atrophy in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Three out of 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) had total or subtotal villous atrophy in a suction biopsy taken from the upper jejunum. One of the three patients had a history of intestinal dysfunction. The patients with abnormal intestinal mucosa had lower levels of serum albumin and higher levels of IgG than patients without intestinal mucosal changes. The occurrence of intestinal villous atrophy in CAH may be due to a genetically determined disposition to CAH and coeliac disease associated with HLA-B8, which was carried by all three patients. The present findings have led to trials with gluten-free diet in CAH associated with intestinal villous atrophy.", "contents": "Intestinal villous atrophy in chronic active hepatitis. Three out of 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) had total or subtotal villous atrophy in a suction biopsy taken from the upper jejunum. One of the three patients had a history of intestinal dysfunction. The patients with abnormal intestinal mucosa had lower levels of serum albumin and higher levels of IgG than patients without intestinal mucosal changes. The occurrence of intestinal villous atrophy in CAH may be due to a genetically determined disposition to CAH and coeliac disease associated with HLA-B8, which was carried by all three patients. The present findings have led to trials with gluten-free diet in CAH associated with intestinal villous atrophy.", "PMID": 531508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4876", "title": "Blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with acute gastric ulcer.", "content": "An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum of cats by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres, 15 +/- 5 microns in diameter, labelled with 141Ce, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall. The radioactivity of a blod reference sample and of tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. The gastric tissue samples were examined microscopically, and the level of gastrin in serum was determined. Two groups of anaesthetized animals were used: in one group of animals blood flow was determined 24 h after ulcer induction and in a group of control animals 24 h after laparotomy. In the ulcer animals the gastric blood flow as increased both in the mucosa and in the muscularis in a zone around the ulcer. Microscopic examination revealed tissue necrosis corresponding to the floor of the ulcer and acute inflammatory changes in the gastric wall around the necrotic area. The serum gastrin concentration tended to increase after ulcer induction.", "contents": "Blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with acute gastric ulcer. An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum of cats by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres, 15 +/- 5 microns in diameter, labelled with 141Ce, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall. The radioactivity of a blod reference sample and of tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. The gastric tissue samples were examined microscopically, and the level of gastrin in serum was determined. Two groups of anaesthetized animals were used: in one group of animals blood flow was determined 24 h after ulcer induction and in a group of control animals 24 h after laparotomy. In the ulcer animals the gastric blood flow as increased both in the mucosa and in the muscularis in a zone around the ulcer. Microscopic examination revealed tissue necrosis corresponding to the floor of the ulcer and acute inflammatory changes in the gastric wall around the necrotic area. The serum gastrin concentration tended to increase after ulcer induction.", "PMID": 531509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4877", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with acute gastric ulcer.", "content": "An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum of cats by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres, 15 +/- microns in diameter, labelled with 141Ce, 46Sc, and 85Sr, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall. The radioactivity of a blood reference sample and of tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. The blood flow distribution was determined before, 1/2 h, and 1 h after an intravenous infusion of indomethacin in a dose of 3 mg/kg. Two groups of anaesthetized animals were used: animals with a 24-h gastric ulcer and control animals 24 h after laparotomy. In the control animals indomethacin caused a mean reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow of approximately 50%. The flow reduction was about the same in different regions of the stomach. In the muscularis there was no change in blood flow after indomethacin. The blood flow was reduced in the duodenum and jejunum but not in the other intestinal organs studied. The blood pressure and cardiac output remained unchanged. In the ulcer group indomethacin caused about the same reduction in mucosal blood flow. However, the blood flow was reduced less in the ulcer region and tended to increase in the mucosa around the ulcer 1 h after indomethacin infusion.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with acute gastric ulcer. An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum of cats by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres, 15 +/- microns in diameter, labelled with 141Ce, 46Sc, and 85Sr, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall. The radioactivity of a blood reference sample and of tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. The blood flow distribution was determined before, 1/2 h, and 1 h after an intravenous infusion of indomethacin in a dose of 3 mg/kg. Two groups of anaesthetized animals were used: animals with a 24-h gastric ulcer and control animals 24 h after laparotomy. In the control animals indomethacin caused a mean reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow of approximately 50%. The flow reduction was about the same in different regions of the stomach. In the muscularis there was no change in blood flow after indomethacin. The blood flow was reduced in the duodenum and jejunum but not in the other intestinal organs studied. The blood pressure and cardiac output remained unchanged. In the ulcer group indomethacin caused about the same reduction in mucosal blood flow. However, the blood flow was reduced less in the ulcer region and tended to increase in the mucosa around the ulcer 1 h after indomethacin infusion.", "PMID": 531510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4878", "title": "The value of the 14C breath test in the assessment of fat absorption.", "content": "The absorption of oral 14C-glyceryl tripalmitate was tested in 77 subjects by hourly interval sampling of breath 14CO2 for up to 6 h. A highly significant correlation was obtained between maximum breath 14CO2 activity and faecal fat excretion. The test was very effective in differentiating between patients with and without steatorrhoea. Repetition of this examination with oral 14C-palmitic acid demonstrated normal absorption in pancreatic steatorrhoea but impaired absorption in intestinal steatorrhoea, thus enabling these conditions to be distinguished. The 14C breath tests are most useful as simple and inexpensive outpatient screening tests for steatorrhoea.", "contents": "The value of the 14C breath test in the assessment of fat absorption. The absorption of oral 14C-glyceryl tripalmitate was tested in 77 subjects by hourly interval sampling of breath 14CO2 for up to 6 h. A highly significant correlation was obtained between maximum breath 14CO2 activity and faecal fat excretion. The test was very effective in differentiating between patients with and without steatorrhoea. Repetition of this examination with oral 14C-palmitic acid demonstrated normal absorption in pancreatic steatorrhoea but impaired absorption in intestinal steatorrhoea, thus enabling these conditions to be distinguished. The 14C breath tests are most useful as simple and inexpensive outpatient screening tests for steatorrhoea.", "PMID": 531511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4879", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on oesophageal peristalsis and gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure. A study in normal subjects.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to measure the amplitude, the duration, and the velocity of the peristaltic pressure wave in the lower part of the oesophagus in the basal state and at different time intervals after oral intake of 10 and 20 mg metoclopramide. In addition, gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure was measured in the basal state and 90 min after the intake of metoclopramide. The pressure studies were carried out in eight healthy subjects, using a pressure probe consisting of two open-tip polyethylene catheters that were fed by a capillary tubular system and connected to external pressure transducers. Sphincter pressure was measured (intermittent withdrawal), and the probe was positioned with the distal opening 5 cm orally to the sphincter. Dry and wet (bolus, 5 ml of water) swallows were made in randomized order in the basal state and at the time intervals after the intake of metoclopramide. Finally, the sphincter pressure measurement was repeated. No differences were seen with regard to the peristaltic activity: amplitude, duration, or velocity. Sphincter pressure rose from 12 to 19 mmHg after 10 mg (p less than 0.05) and from 13 to 20 mmHg after 20 mg metoclopramide (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between basal values and the response to 10 or 20 mg metoclopramide.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on oesophageal peristalsis and gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure. A study in normal subjects. The aim of the present study was to measure the amplitude, the duration, and the velocity of the peristaltic pressure wave in the lower part of the oesophagus in the basal state and at different time intervals after oral intake of 10 and 20 mg metoclopramide. In addition, gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure was measured in the basal state and 90 min after the intake of metoclopramide. The pressure studies were carried out in eight healthy subjects, using a pressure probe consisting of two open-tip polyethylene catheters that were fed by a capillary tubular system and connected to external pressure transducers. Sphincter pressure was measured (intermittent withdrawal), and the probe was positioned with the distal opening 5 cm orally to the sphincter. Dry and wet (bolus, 5 ml of water) swallows were made in randomized order in the basal state and at the time intervals after the intake of metoclopramide. Finally, the sphincter pressure measurement was repeated. No differences were seen with regard to the peristaltic activity: amplitude, duration, or velocity. Sphincter pressure rose from 12 to 19 mmHg after 10 mg (p less than 0.05) and from 13 to 20 mmHg after 20 mg metoclopramide (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between basal values and the response to 10 or 20 mg metoclopramide.", "PMID": 531512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4880", "title": "The effect of a test meal on plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and secretin in man.", "content": "In six fasting healthy young male students a 15-min test meal consisting of 160 ml milk, 200 ml coffee, 70 g bread, 3.5 g butter, 35 g cheese, and 30 g ham (45 g carbohydrates, 30 g proteins, and 25 g fat) caused a late but significant elevation in plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), an early and sustained significant rise in plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), but no significant change in plasma secretin.", "contents": "The effect of a test meal on plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and secretin in man. In six fasting healthy young male students a 15-min test meal consisting of 160 ml milk, 200 ml coffee, 70 g bread, 3.5 g butter, 35 g cheese, and 30 g ham (45 g carbohydrates, 30 g proteins, and 25 g fat) caused a late but significant elevation in plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), an early and sustained significant rise in plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), but no significant change in plasma secretin.", "PMID": 531513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4881", "title": "Hepatic handling of a gamma-emitting bile salt derivative, 123I-cholylglycylhistamine, in the dog.", "content": "The hepatic handling of the bile salt derivative 123I-cholylglycylhistamine has been compared with that of the physiologic bile salt taurocholate in boxer dogs equipped with a Thomas duodenal cannula. After intravenous injection of trace amounts, 123I-cholylglycylhistamine and 14C-taurocholate disappeared from plasma with nearly identical disappearance rate constants. Excellent scintiscans of the liver were obtained with the Anger camera after injection of 3 mCi of 123I-cholylglycylhistamine. Monitoring of radioactivity over a hepatic region of interest revealed rapid uptake of 123I-cholylglycylhistamine by the liver, which reached a maximum 5.7 +/- 0.4 min after injection. The biliary excretion rates of the compounds closely paralleled each other, reaching their maximum within 15 min after injection. Cumulative biliary excretion within 45 min was 58.5 +/- 2.9% and 61.4 +/- 5.0% of the dose for 123I-cholylglycylhistamine and 14C-taurocholate, respectively. Modification of the side chain and gamma-labelling of bile salts may provide scintigraphic agents for the study of the biliary system, which in the behaviour closely resemble the physiologic parent compounds.", "contents": "Hepatic handling of a gamma-emitting bile salt derivative, 123I-cholylglycylhistamine, in the dog. The hepatic handling of the bile salt derivative 123I-cholylglycylhistamine has been compared with that of the physiologic bile salt taurocholate in boxer dogs equipped with a Thomas duodenal cannula. After intravenous injection of trace amounts, 123I-cholylglycylhistamine and 14C-taurocholate disappeared from plasma with nearly identical disappearance rate constants. Excellent scintiscans of the liver were obtained with the Anger camera after injection of 3 mCi of 123I-cholylglycylhistamine. Monitoring of radioactivity over a hepatic region of interest revealed rapid uptake of 123I-cholylglycylhistamine by the liver, which reached a maximum 5.7 +/- 0.4 min after injection. The biliary excretion rates of the compounds closely paralleled each other, reaching their maximum within 15 min after injection. Cumulative biliary excretion within 45 min was 58.5 +/- 2.9% and 61.4 +/- 5.0% of the dose for 123I-cholylglycylhistamine and 14C-taurocholate, respectively. Modification of the side chain and gamma-labelling of bile salts may provide scintigraphic agents for the study of the biliary system, which in the behaviour closely resemble the physiologic parent compounds.", "PMID": 531514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4882", "title": "Gastric bile acids before and after Roux-en-Y transposition for bile reflux gastritis and in asymptomatic controls.", "content": "Eight patients with severe postgastrectomy syndromes for predominantly bile reflux gastritis were examined by quantification of bile acids in the gastric remnant before and after a standardized liquid meal. Gastroscopy with biopsy and determination of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying were performed. Six of the patients were also studied 3 months after Roux-en-Y transposition. Controls consisted of six completely asymptomatic partially gastrectomized patients studied 4--11 years postoperatively and six healthy students without any history of gastrointestinal disease. The healthy subjects had virtually no reflux of bile acids in the fasting state or after a meal. Both the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients had reflux in the fasting state and postprandially. The reflux of bile acids was, however, significantly greater late in the fasting period and early in the postprandial period in the symptomatic patients than in those without symptoms. The Roux-en-Y transposition eliminated the bile acid reflux and the symptoms of bile reflux gastritis but did not change the gastric emptying pattern. In patients with reflux gastritis the acid disappearance in the gastric remnant was moderate and the maximal acid output was unchanged after Roux-en-Y transposition.", "contents": "Gastric bile acids before and after Roux-en-Y transposition for bile reflux gastritis and in asymptomatic controls. Eight patients with severe postgastrectomy syndromes for predominantly bile reflux gastritis were examined by quantification of bile acids in the gastric remnant before and after a standardized liquid meal. Gastroscopy with biopsy and determination of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying were performed. Six of the patients were also studied 3 months after Roux-en-Y transposition. Controls consisted of six completely asymptomatic partially gastrectomized patients studied 4--11 years postoperatively and six healthy students without any history of gastrointestinal disease. The healthy subjects had virtually no reflux of bile acids in the fasting state or after a meal. Both the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients had reflux in the fasting state and postprandially. The reflux of bile acids was, however, significantly greater late in the fasting period and early in the postprandial period in the symptomatic patients than in those without symptoms. The Roux-en-Y transposition eliminated the bile acid reflux and the symptoms of bile reflux gastritis but did not change the gastric emptying pattern. In patients with reflux gastritis the acid disappearance in the gastric remnant was moderate and the maximal acid output was unchanged after Roux-en-Y transposition.", "PMID": 531515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4883", "title": "Cimetidine treatment of recurrent ulcer.", "content": "Twenty-one consecutive patients with endoscopically proven recurrent ulcer were treated continuously with cimetidine, 1 g daily for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks' treatment 18 (86%) of the patients were free of symptoms, and the ulcers had healed in 17 (81%). At the 8th-week examination symptoms had disappeared, and ulcers were healed in 19 patients (91%). Within 6 weeks after withdrawal of cimetidine six patients (28%) presented recurrence of ulcers and symptoms. This study demonstrates that recurrent ulcer patients respond to cimetidine with regard to healing of ulcers and disappearance of symptoms, as do unoperated duodenal ulcer patients. Because operation for recurrent ulcer carries an increased mortality, we suggest that cimetidine should be attempted in the treatment.", "contents": "Cimetidine treatment of recurrent ulcer. Twenty-one consecutive patients with endoscopically proven recurrent ulcer were treated continuously with cimetidine, 1 g daily for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks' treatment 18 (86%) of the patients were free of symptoms, and the ulcers had healed in 17 (81%). At the 8th-week examination symptoms had disappeared, and ulcers were healed in 19 patients (91%). Within 6 weeks after withdrawal of cimetidine six patients (28%) presented recurrence of ulcers and symptoms. This study demonstrates that recurrent ulcer patients respond to cimetidine with regard to healing of ulcers and disappearance of symptoms, as do unoperated duodenal ulcer patients. Because operation for recurrent ulcer carries an increased mortality, we suggest that cimetidine should be attempted in the treatment.", "PMID": 531516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4884", "title": "Measurement of duodeno-gastric reflux in dogs.", "content": "For the elaboration of a formula estimating the reflux volume of duodenal secretion into the stomach, gastric and duodenal secretion have been studied during pentagastrin and secretin stimulation. In the stimulated gastric secretion the concentration of sodium varied with the secretion rate, whereas the concentration of chloride was nearly constant. The concentration of sodium in duodenal juice was constant, but the chloride concentration dropped significantly during secretin stimulation. Secretin induces duodenal reflux. When duodenal reflux occurs, a substantial amount of the sodium in gastric juice is attributable to intruding duodenal juice. The formula gives the duodenal reflux volume in 15-min samples on the basis of the sodium in gastric secretion and in the duodenal juice. A concentration of sodium in samples of gastric juice twice exceeding the concentration of sodium in maximally stimulated gastric secretion (8 +/- 2 mmol/l, mean +/- S.D.) may suggest 'contamination' of the samples with duodenal juice. The present formula allows for quantitative determination of this 'contamination.'", "contents": "Measurement of duodeno-gastric reflux in dogs. For the elaboration of a formula estimating the reflux volume of duodenal secretion into the stomach, gastric and duodenal secretion have been studied during pentagastrin and secretin stimulation. In the stimulated gastric secretion the concentration of sodium varied with the secretion rate, whereas the concentration of chloride was nearly constant. The concentration of sodium in duodenal juice was constant, but the chloride concentration dropped significantly during secretin stimulation. Secretin induces duodenal reflux. When duodenal reflux occurs, a substantial amount of the sodium in gastric juice is attributable to intruding duodenal juice. The formula gives the duodenal reflux volume in 15-min samples on the basis of the sodium in gastric secretion and in the duodenal juice. A concentration of sodium in samples of gastric juice twice exceeding the concentration of sodium in maximally stimulated gastric secretion (8 +/- 2 mmol/l, mean +/- S.D.) may suggest 'contamination' of the samples with duodenal juice. The present formula allows for quantitative determination of this 'contamination.'", "PMID": 531517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4885", "title": "Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation in Crohn's disease.", "content": "In a prospective study of liver function in 19 patients with Crohn's disease, examination of liver biopsies showed a sinusoidal dilatation in 16 patients. This dilatation was moderate in 5 cases and pronounced in 6 cases and was associated with a closely parallel dilatation of the centrilobular vein. There was no correlation between these diffuse vascular changes and the site of the bowel disease, the clinical presentation, and the course of the disease. The pathogenesis of this sinusoidal dilatation is unknown.", "contents": "Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation in Crohn's disease. In a prospective study of liver function in 19 patients with Crohn's disease, examination of liver biopsies showed a sinusoidal dilatation in 16 patients. This dilatation was moderate in 5 cases and pronounced in 6 cases and was associated with a closely parallel dilatation of the centrilobular vein. There was no correlation between these diffuse vascular changes and the site of the bowel disease, the clinical presentation, and the course of the disease. The pathogenesis of this sinusoidal dilatation is unknown.", "PMID": 531518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4886", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy of gray-scale ultrasonography compared with ERP and arteriography in the detection of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Forty patients who underwent ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), and selective arteriography examinations and who had a finding of or were suspected of having pancreatic carcinoma in one or several of these examinations form the basis of the study. Nineteen pancreatic carcinomas were verified at operation. Eighteen of these could be detected with ERP, 18 with arteriography, and 15 with sonography. ERP had no, arteriography one and sonography one false-negative finding. All methods had difficulties in distinguishing carcinoma from other pancreatic diseases, and therefore there were many false-positive findings.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy of gray-scale ultrasonography compared with ERP and arteriography in the detection of pancreatic carcinoma. Forty patients who underwent ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), and selective arteriography examinations and who had a finding of or were suspected of having pancreatic carcinoma in one or several of these examinations form the basis of the study. Nineteen pancreatic carcinomas were verified at operation. Eighteen of these could be detected with ERP, 18 with arteriography, and 15 with sonography. ERP had no, arteriography one and sonography one false-negative finding. All methods had difficulties in distinguishing carcinoma from other pancreatic diseases, and therefore there were many false-positive findings.", "PMID": 531519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4887", "title": "Penetration of cephradine and cefazolin into ulcers of patients suffering from peripheral arterial circulatory insufficiency.", "content": "11 patients with peripheral arterial circulatory insufficiency with ulcers on the big toe or on the heel were given 1 g of cephradine intravenously (i.v.) and later 1 g of cefazolin i.v., two cephalosporins with different degrees of protein binding. Antibiotic concentrations were followed in serum and wound secretions after the injections. The peripheral circulatory state of the patients and the degree of protein binding of the cephalosporins used seemed to be of minor importance for the concentrations of the antibiotics in the ulcers, i.e. the infectious focus, compared to local factors such as the bacterial flora of the ulcers. In-vitro studies with bacterial strains isolated from the ulcers of 2 of the patients indicated that beta-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria might be at least part of the explanation for the low concentrations in wound secretion of one or other of the agents used in 4 out of the 11 patients.", "contents": "Penetration of cephradine and cefazolin into ulcers of patients suffering from peripheral arterial circulatory insufficiency. 11 patients with peripheral arterial circulatory insufficiency with ulcers on the big toe or on the heel were given 1 g of cephradine intravenously (i.v.) and later 1 g of cefazolin i.v., two cephalosporins with different degrees of protein binding. Antibiotic concentrations were followed in serum and wound secretions after the injections. The peripheral circulatory state of the patients and the degree of protein binding of the cephalosporins used seemed to be of minor importance for the concentrations of the antibiotics in the ulcers, i.e. the infectious focus, compared to local factors such as the bacterial flora of the ulcers. In-vitro studies with bacterial strains isolated from the ulcers of 2 of the patients indicated that beta-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria might be at least part of the explanation for the low concentrations in wound secretion of one or other of the agents used in 4 out of the 11 patients.", "PMID": 531521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4888", "title": "Granulocyte function during prophylaxis with doxycycline.", "content": "The influence of doxycycline on granulocyte migration was investigated on patients undergoing fracture surgery. The granulocyte migration of the patients was depressed when doxycycline was administered. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a decreased granulocyte adherence to glass as well as a decrease in number of filopods per cell in the presence of doxycycline.", "contents": "Granulocyte function during prophylaxis with doxycycline. The influence of doxycycline on granulocyte migration was investigated on patients undergoing fracture surgery. The granulocyte migration of the patients was depressed when doxycycline was administered. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a decreased granulocyte adherence to glass as well as a decrease in number of filopods per cell in the presence of doxycycline.", "PMID": 531522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4889", "title": "Local and Gastrointestinal reactions to intravenously administered cefoxitin and cefuroxime.", "content": "Side effects of cefoxitin and cefuroxime were noted in 2 different studies during intravenous treatment for at least 14 days. In the cefoxitin group of 33 patients thrombophlebitis was observed in 3 cases and diarrhoea in 4 cases. In the cefuroxime group of 31 patients 1 case of thrombophlebitis was noted and 5 cases of diarrhoea occurred. Most patients with diarrhoea had decreased renal function or received higher dosage of the antibodies than the other patients.", "contents": "Local and Gastrointestinal reactions to intravenously administered cefoxitin and cefuroxime. Side effects of cefoxitin and cefuroxime were noted in 2 different studies during intravenous treatment for at least 14 days. In the cefoxitin group of 33 patients thrombophlebitis was observed in 3 cases and diarrhoea in 4 cases. In the cefuroxime group of 31 patients 1 case of thrombophlebitis was noted and 5 cases of diarrhoea occurred. Most patients with diarrhoea had decreased renal function or received higher dosage of the antibodies than the other patients.", "PMID": 531523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4890", "title": "Experience of the Rieser operation for chronic female urethritis. A follow-up study of 42 cases.", "content": "Forty-two women with chronic urethritis of 2 to 30 (mean 10.7) years' duration underwent the Charles Rieser operation. The symptoms in all cases were severe and therapy-resistant. The follow-up time was 2 to 27 (mean 12.8) months. Two patients were almost asymptomatic, 6 had only minor persistent symptoms, 8 were somewhat improved but still had symptoms requiring therapy, and 25 had not benefited by the Rieser operation. Two patients had more severe symptoms postoperatively than preoperatively. Initial improvement, lasting 0.5 to 13 (mean 3.9) months had occurred in 28 patients, but was often followed by deterioration. Stress incontinence, present preoperatively in 11 women, was improved in 4 cases and unchanged in 7 after the operation. Sacro-iliitis was associated with the chronic urethritis is 5 patients. It was not improved by the operation. The procedure's mode of action and the complications are discussed.", "contents": "Experience of the Rieser operation for chronic female urethritis. A follow-up study of 42 cases. Forty-two women with chronic urethritis of 2 to 30 (mean 10.7) years' duration underwent the Charles Rieser operation. The symptoms in all cases were severe and therapy-resistant. The follow-up time was 2 to 27 (mean 12.8) months. Two patients were almost asymptomatic, 6 had only minor persistent symptoms, 8 were somewhat improved but still had symptoms requiring therapy, and 25 had not benefited by the Rieser operation. Two patients had more severe symptoms postoperatively than preoperatively. Initial improvement, lasting 0.5 to 13 (mean 3.9) months had occurred in 28 patients, but was often followed by deterioration. Stress incontinence, present preoperatively in 11 women, was improved in 4 cases and unchanged in 7 after the operation. Sacro-iliitis was associated with the chronic urethritis is 5 patients. It was not improved by the operation. The procedure's mode of action and the complications are discussed.", "PMID": 531524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4891", "title": "A morphological study on the effect of cyproterone acetate on human prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Sixteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with 200 mg of Cyproterone acetate daily. No other kind of hormonal treatment was given. Transrectal biopsies of the prostate were taken before the treatment was started, and at regular intervals afterwards. The treatment period lasted from 3 to 16 months, with an average of 9 months. A thorough examination of multiple sections from all specimens revealed no convincing signs of cellular involution. The study has demonstrated no specific or significant atrophic changes following Cyproterone acetate therapy. Some possible explanations regarding the effect of Cyproterone acetate on human malignant prostatic tissue are discussed.", "contents": "A morphological study on the effect of cyproterone acetate on human prostatic carcinoma. Sixteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with 200 mg of Cyproterone acetate daily. No other kind of hormonal treatment was given. Transrectal biopsies of the prostate were taken before the treatment was started, and at regular intervals afterwards. The treatment period lasted from 3 to 16 months, with an average of 9 months. A thorough examination of multiple sections from all specimens revealed no convincing signs of cellular involution. The study has demonstrated no specific or significant atrophic changes following Cyproterone acetate therapy. Some possible explanations regarding the effect of Cyproterone acetate on human malignant prostatic tissue are discussed.", "PMID": 531525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4892", "title": "Malignant testis tumors. Survival in 53 patients with minimum 5 years observation time.", "content": "Survival rate of 53 patients with malignant testis tumors treated during the years 1956-1971 is reported. The observation time is from 5 to 20 years. Thirty-three patients are still alive. Eighteen out of 20 patients with pure seminoma stage A-B are alive, and 1 out of 3 in stage C. Of the 30 patients with non-seminomatous tumors all 8 patients in stage A are alive, while only 1 out of 9 in stage B, and 1 out of 9 patients in stage C have survived. Four patients (including 3 children) which could not be classified according to stage are all alive. All the patients who did not survive died within 5 years after the diagnosis. A new treatment protocol for testicular malignancies is described.", "contents": "Malignant testis tumors. Survival in 53 patients with minimum 5 years observation time. Survival rate of 53 patients with malignant testis tumors treated during the years 1956-1971 is reported. The observation time is from 5 to 20 years. Thirty-three patients are still alive. Eighteen out of 20 patients with pure seminoma stage A-B are alive, and 1 out of 3 in stage C. Of the 30 patients with non-seminomatous tumors all 8 patients in stage A are alive, while only 1 out of 9 in stage B, and 1 out of 9 patients in stage C have survived. Four patients (including 3 children) which could not be classified according to stage are all alive. All the patients who did not survive died within 5 years after the diagnosis. A new treatment protocol for testicular malignancies is described.", "PMID": 531526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4893", "title": "Tumours of the renal pelvis and ureter. Symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.", "content": "Forty-two cases of tumour of the renal pelvis and/or ureter are presented. The primary tumour was in the renal pelvis in 25 cases and in the ureter in nine. A co-existent tumour elsewhere in the uroepithelium was found in 16 of these 34 patients. In the remaining eight patients, tumour of the urinary bladder was the initial diagnosis, but tumours of the upper urinary tract subsequently appeared. The principal symptom (38 of 42 cases) was haematuria, but flank pain and a mass in the kidney region also occurred. In most cases the diagnosis was indicated by the urograms and was confirmed by retrograde pyelography. Nephro-ureterectomy was done in most of the patients. The possibility that local tumour resection may be sufficient is briefly discussed. The tumours were classified as papillary in 24 patients and as solid in nine. There was no histologic classification in nine cases. The mean observation time was 29 months. Since new growths tend to arise at other sites in the uro-epithelium, follow-up examination should always include cystoscopy and urography. The prognosis was particularly poor in solid tumours: two-thirds of these patients died in the first postoperative year. Survival was clearly dependent on the tumour differentiation. High-grade tumours carried a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Tumours of the renal pelvis and ureter. Symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Forty-two cases of tumour of the renal pelvis and/or ureter are presented. The primary tumour was in the renal pelvis in 25 cases and in the ureter in nine. A co-existent tumour elsewhere in the uroepithelium was found in 16 of these 34 patients. In the remaining eight patients, tumour of the urinary bladder was the initial diagnosis, but tumours of the upper urinary tract subsequently appeared. The principal symptom (38 of 42 cases) was haematuria, but flank pain and a mass in the kidney region also occurred. In most cases the diagnosis was indicated by the urograms and was confirmed by retrograde pyelography. Nephro-ureterectomy was done in most of the patients. The possibility that local tumour resection may be sufficient is briefly discussed. The tumours were classified as papillary in 24 patients and as solid in nine. There was no histologic classification in nine cases. The mean observation time was 29 months. Since new growths tend to arise at other sites in the uro-epithelium, follow-up examination should always include cystoscopy and urography. The prognosis was particularly poor in solid tumours: two-thirds of these patients died in the first postoperative year. Survival was clearly dependent on the tumour differentiation. High-grade tumours carried a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 531527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4894", "title": "Antithrombin III in uremia.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT-III) was measured immunologically in 20 uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis and in 10 non-dialysed uremic patients. The dialysed patients had slightly elevated AT-III levels. The non-dialysed patients had significantly elevated AT-III levels. A negative correlation was found between AT-III and serum creatinine and between AT-III and serum albumin. AT-III did not correlate to the heparin amount required for hemodialysis. A negative correlation was found between the heparin requirement and serum albumin. It is suggested, that serum albumin might facilitate the action of AT-III and heparin. It is also suggested, that AT-III levels may be high in active renal disease, decreasing as uremia advances.", "contents": "Antithrombin III in uremia. Antithrombin III (AT-III) was measured immunologically in 20 uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis and in 10 non-dialysed uremic patients. The dialysed patients had slightly elevated AT-III levels. The non-dialysed patients had significantly elevated AT-III levels. A negative correlation was found between AT-III and serum creatinine and between AT-III and serum albumin. AT-III did not correlate to the heparin amount required for hemodialysis. A negative correlation was found between the heparin requirement and serum albumin. It is suggested, that serum albumin might facilitate the action of AT-III and heparin. It is also suggested, that AT-III levels may be high in active renal disease, decreasing as uremia advances.", "PMID": 531528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4895", "title": "Urological septicemia. A retrospective study.", "content": "In order to investigate the clinical course and outcome of septicemia in urological patients, data were collected retrospectively from all patients admitted to a specialized urological department, in whom positive blood cultures were drawn. During a 5-year period 91 patients were registered with urosepsis corresponding to an incidence of 1.2%. In non-iatrogenic urosepsis due to ureteral obstruction women dominated over men, however, in iatrogenic disease--after investigative manoeuvres as well as after surgery--men by large dominated the material. Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for almost 75% of the septicemias and for 99% of the cases where septic shock was present. Where a urinary infection was demonstrated prior to septicemia (45%- identical bacteria were subsequently found in the blood, whether the focus had been successfully treated or not. Septic shock developed in 20 of the patients of whom 3 died. This overall mortality of 3% occurred only in patients with comcomitant serious disease. In general the course of septicemia was benign and the complication rate low. It is concluded that in urological patients septicemia is a less serious problem than in gastroenterological patients. The possible explanation for this is discussed in relation to the more discrete diagnostic and therapeutical procedures in the urological clinic.", "contents": "Urological septicemia. A retrospective study. In order to investigate the clinical course and outcome of septicemia in urological patients, data were collected retrospectively from all patients admitted to a specialized urological department, in whom positive blood cultures were drawn. During a 5-year period 91 patients were registered with urosepsis corresponding to an incidence of 1.2%. In non-iatrogenic urosepsis due to ureteral obstruction women dominated over men, however, in iatrogenic disease--after investigative manoeuvres as well as after surgery--men by large dominated the material. Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for almost 75% of the septicemias and for 99% of the cases where septic shock was present. Where a urinary infection was demonstrated prior to septicemia (45%- identical bacteria were subsequently found in the blood, whether the focus had been successfully treated or not. Septic shock developed in 20 of the patients of whom 3 died. This overall mortality of 3% occurred only in patients with comcomitant serious disease. In general the course of septicemia was benign and the complication rate low. It is concluded that in urological patients septicemia is a less serious problem than in gastroenterological patients. The possible explanation for this is discussed in relation to the more discrete diagnostic and therapeutical procedures in the urological clinic.", "PMID": 531529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4896", "title": "Blood pressure measurements in the conscious rat. An improved photoelectric, sphygmomanometric device.", "content": "A photoelectric device for repeated, noninvasive registration of blood pressure in the tail of the rat was built, mainly using available materials and components. A description of the measuring system is given. Comparison between blood pressure measurements performed simultaneously in the tail of the rat and intravascularly in the aorta are in good agreement.", "contents": "Blood pressure measurements in the conscious rat. An improved photoelectric, sphygmomanometric device. A photoelectric device for repeated, noninvasive registration of blood pressure in the tail of the rat was built, mainly using available materials and components. A description of the measuring system is given. Comparison between blood pressure measurements performed simultaneously in the tail of the rat and intravascularly in the aorta are in good agreement.", "PMID": 531530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4897", "title": "Urinary bladder tumours in children. Case report of inverted papilloma.", "content": "A short review is given of tumours of the urinary bladder in children, and the first case of an inverted papilloma in a child is reported. The tumour was situated in the trigone of the bladder and was successfully extirpated, with no recurrence at follow-up 9 months later. It was histologically typical of these tumours. The 105 patients described in the literature had an average age of 55 years, whereas the present case is the first to be described arising during the first two decades of life. The most frequent symptoms of such tumours are haematuria and urinary obstruction. It is suggested that the treatment of choice is transurethral excision. The term Brunnian adenoma is recommended for use with this tumour, in order to avoid the impression given by the name papilloma of the bladder, that the tumour is malignant.", "contents": "Urinary bladder tumours in children. Case report of inverted papilloma. A short review is given of tumours of the urinary bladder in children, and the first case of an inverted papilloma in a child is reported. The tumour was situated in the trigone of the bladder and was successfully extirpated, with no recurrence at follow-up 9 months later. It was histologically typical of these tumours. The 105 patients described in the literature had an average age of 55 years, whereas the present case is the first to be described arising during the first two decades of life. The most frequent symptoms of such tumours are haematuria and urinary obstruction. It is suggested that the treatment of choice is transurethral excision. The term Brunnian adenoma is recommended for use with this tumour, in order to avoid the impression given by the name papilloma of the bladder, that the tumour is malignant.", "PMID": 531531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4898", "title": "Renal adenomatosis. Report of an autopsy case.", "content": "An incidental finding at autopsy of a 72-year-old man was that both kidneys contained more than a hundred small (diameter 1-7 mm) white tumours, which could be classified as benign adenomas both histologically and at electron microscopy. The relationship between renal adenoma and renal adenocarcinoma is discussed, and it is concluded that this case represents a benign condition. The appropriate designation for this new entity is renal adenomatosis.", "contents": "Renal adenomatosis. Report of an autopsy case. An incidental finding at autopsy of a 72-year-old man was that both kidneys contained more than a hundred small (diameter 1-7 mm) white tumours, which could be classified as benign adenomas both histologically and at electron microscopy. The relationship between renal adenoma and renal adenocarcinoma is discussed, and it is concluded that this case represents a benign condition. The appropriate designation for this new entity is renal adenomatosis.", "PMID": 531532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4899", "title": "Principles of treatment in chiropractic.", "content": "An attempt has here been made to summarize some views on chiropractic methods of examination and treatment as well as some theories on the origin of the disturbances. The general and mechanical examination has been described and examples given of adjustments of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines. A chiropractic adjustment has been defined and the mechanisms of an adjustment of a diarthrodial joint discussed. Functional disturbances in the intervertebral joints, the intervertebral discs, and the foramina intervetebralia are also considered.", "contents": "Principles of treatment in chiropractic. An attempt has here been made to summarize some views on chiropractic methods of examination and treatment as well as some theories on the origin of the disturbances. The general and mechanical examination has been described and examples given of adjustments of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines. A chiropractic adjustment has been defined and the mechanisms of an adjustment of a diarthrodial joint discussed. Functional disturbances in the intervertebral joints, the intervertebral discs, and the foramina intervetebralia are also considered.", "PMID": 531534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4900", "title": "Principles of examination and treatment in manual medicine.", "content": "Manual medicine is a diagnostic and therapeutic technique, comprising the use of the hands. It is a complement to general medical diagnosis and therapy of the locomotor system, underlining the value of the information which can be obtained by manual contact with the patient. Particularly the physician's work within manual medicine will be discussed. Some general medical principles are looked upon as obvious: The physician's general responsibility, the necessity of a correct diagnosis, prescription of correct medication or surgery, organization of rehabilitation and evaluation of work capacity.", "contents": "Principles of examination and treatment in manual medicine. Manual medicine is a diagnostic and therapeutic technique, comprising the use of the hands. It is a complement to general medical diagnosis and therapy of the locomotor system, underlining the value of the information which can be obtained by manual contact with the patient. Particularly the physician's work within manual medicine will be discussed. Some general medical principles are looked upon as obvious: The physician's general responsibility, the necessity of a correct diagnosis, prescription of correct medication or surgery, organization of rehabilitation and evaluation of work capacity.", "PMID": 531535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4901", "title": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. III. Study of haemolytic complement in serum and phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils.", "content": "The total level of haemolytic complement in serum, and the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils were found to be significantly increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis prior to treatment. A relationship could not, however, be demonstrated between the elevation in the two studied values and the extent of tuberculous changes in the lungs of the patients.", "contents": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. III. Study of haemolytic complement in serum and phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils. The total level of haemolytic complement in serum, and the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils were found to be significantly increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis prior to treatment. A relationship could not, however, be demonstrated between the elevation in the two studied values and the extent of tuberculous changes in the lungs of the patients.", "PMID": 531536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4902", "title": "Serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Evaluation of two years' experience.", "content": "Two years' experience of a simple serological test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis has been evaluated. This test fails to distinguish clearly between tuberculous and non-tuberculous patients. There is an unacceptably high incidence of false positive and false negative results, although the latter would be reduced by taking the highest titre values of several samples from one patient. Modification of the test to eliminate IgM agglutination produced a marked fall in false positive results. These preliminary results suggest that this modified test is more useful, in that a positive test is a strong indication of tuberculosis. The use of a Coombs' test to agglutinate incomplete complexes did not improve results.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Evaluation of two years' experience. Two years' experience of a simple serological test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis has been evaluated. This test fails to distinguish clearly between tuberculous and non-tuberculous patients. There is an unacceptably high incidence of false positive and false negative results, although the latter would be reduced by taking the highest titre values of several samples from one patient. Modification of the test to eliminate IgM agglutination produced a marked fall in false positive results. These preliminary results suggest that this modified test is more useful, in that a positive test is a strong indication of tuberculosis. The use of a Coombs' test to agglutinate incomplete complexes did not improve results.", "PMID": 531537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4903", "title": "Lung cancer. Symptoms, signs and diagnostic criteria.", "content": "A consecutive hospital series of 1 053 patients treated for lung cancer during the period 1962 through 1971 has been studied. Clinical symptoms were present more often in men than in women and in 42% symptoms had been noted more than 6 months prior to the diagnosis. Peripheral tumours gave less symptoms than central ones. Although in 22% of the patients the tumour was discovered on a chest film in the absence of relevant symptoms, 12% only had been detected by regular mass X-ray screening. More than 40% of the peripherally located tumours were clinically silent. Squamous cell and anaplastic small cell cancers were predominantly centrally located (80 and 90%, respectively) against 65% and 74% for adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated large cell tumours.", "contents": "Lung cancer. Symptoms, signs and diagnostic criteria. A consecutive hospital series of 1 053 patients treated for lung cancer during the period 1962 through 1971 has been studied. Clinical symptoms were present more often in men than in women and in 42% symptoms had been noted more than 6 months prior to the diagnosis. Peripheral tumours gave less symptoms than central ones. Although in 22% of the patients the tumour was discovered on a chest film in the absence of relevant symptoms, 12% only had been detected by regular mass X-ray screening. More than 40% of the peripherally located tumours were clinically silent. Squamous cell and anaplastic small cell cancers were predominantly centrally located (80 and 90%, respectively) against 65% and 74% for adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated large cell tumours.", "PMID": 531538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4904", "title": "Lung cancer. Treatment and early results.", "content": "Of 1053 patients with primary cancer of the lung, 549 (52%) underwent thoracotomy and 40% a presumably radical resection. Lobectomies were performed in 227 patients (41% of those operated), pneumonectomy in 160 (29%). Early mortality (death within 30 days) was 5.5% with the highest figure (11%) after pneumonectomy, 5% after explorative thoracotomy and 3% after lobectomy. Cardiorespiratory failure and myocardial infarction occurred in 19 (3.5%) of the operated cases and were responsible for 14 early deaths. Bronchopleural fistula developed in 11 patients. Of 874 morphologically classified tumours, squamous cell composed 45%, undifferentiated large cell 17%, small cell anaplastic 14%, adenocarcinoma 19%, carcinoid 2% and others 3%. Of 21 tumours typed as small cell anasplastic prior to therapy, six were differently classified at the later (postoperative/postmortal) stage.", "contents": "Lung cancer. Treatment and early results. Of 1053 patients with primary cancer of the lung, 549 (52%) underwent thoracotomy and 40% a presumably radical resection. Lobectomies were performed in 227 patients (41% of those operated), pneumonectomy in 160 (29%). Early mortality (death within 30 days) was 5.5% with the highest figure (11%) after pneumonectomy, 5% after explorative thoracotomy and 3% after lobectomy. Cardiorespiratory failure and myocardial infarction occurred in 19 (3.5%) of the operated cases and were responsible for 14 early deaths. Bronchopleural fistula developed in 11 patients. Of 874 morphologically classified tumours, squamous cell composed 45%, undifferentiated large cell 17%, small cell anaplastic 14%, adenocarcinoma 19%, carcinoid 2% and others 3%. Of 21 tumours typed as small cell anasplastic prior to therapy, six were differently classified at the later (postoperative/postmortal) stage.", "PMID": 531539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4905", "title": "Treatment of recurrent pleural effusion by pleurodesis with quinacrine. Comparison between instillation by repeated thoracenteses and by tube drainage.", "content": "A total of 121 pleurodeses using instillations of quinacrine (mepacrine) in patients with recurrent pleural effusion were performed. All but three patients suffered from pleural malignancy. A comparison was made between the results achieved by repeated thoracenteses (73 cases) and by simultaneous tube drainage (48 cases). Tube drainage shortened the treatment and lowered the number of painful interventions. There was no difference in the quality of pleurodesis achieved by the two methods. The treatment failed in 12% of patients treated by repeated thoracenteses and in 14% of those treated by tube drainage. Patients with pleurodeses survive longer than non-treated subjects and have a considerably better quality of life.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent pleural effusion by pleurodesis with quinacrine. Comparison between instillation by repeated thoracenteses and by tube drainage. A total of 121 pleurodeses using instillations of quinacrine (mepacrine) in patients with recurrent pleural effusion were performed. All but three patients suffered from pleural malignancy. A comparison was made between the results achieved by repeated thoracenteses (73 cases) and by simultaneous tube drainage (48 cases). Tube drainage shortened the treatment and lowered the number of painful interventions. There was no difference in the quality of pleurodesis achieved by the two methods. The treatment failed in 12% of patients treated by repeated thoracenteses and in 14% of those treated by tube drainage. Patients with pleurodeses survive longer than non-treated subjects and have a considerably better quality of life.", "PMID": 531540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4906", "title": "Corticosteroid therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. A prospective evaluation of alternate day and daily dosage in stage II disease.", "content": "Thirty-nine sarcoidosis patients with pulmonary infiltrations (stage II) of less than 5 years duration and not treated earlier with corticosteroids were randomly allocated for treatment with methylprednisolone for 7 months or for observation without therapy. Every other treated patient was given the drugs daily and every other followed an alternate-day regimen. After 7 months the chest radiographic finding, the forced vital capacity and the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide were superior in the treated group. There was no difference between the two drug regimens. After 24 and 48 months no statistically significant differences between the untreated and the treated groups were found.", "contents": "Corticosteroid therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. A prospective evaluation of alternate day and daily dosage in stage II disease. Thirty-nine sarcoidosis patients with pulmonary infiltrations (stage II) of less than 5 years duration and not treated earlier with corticosteroids were randomly allocated for treatment with methylprednisolone for 7 months or for observation without therapy. Every other treated patient was given the drugs daily and every other followed an alternate-day regimen. After 7 months the chest radiographic finding, the forced vital capacity and the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide were superior in the treated group. There was no difference between the two drug regimens. After 24 and 48 months no statistically significant differences between the untreated and the treated groups were found.", "PMID": 531541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4907", "title": "[Local reactions after repeated tetanus vaccinations].", "content": "Subjects who had exhibited a strong local reaction after vaccination with tetanus toxoid showed a high serum antitoxin titer. This observation confirms earlier findings published in the United States. Since the falloff rate in tetanus antitoxin, year by year, is no more than 30%, such patients should not receive a new booster injection in the following 10 years unless the risk of tetanus is considered great. When boostering these persons, the dose of tetanus toxoid can be reduced to 1-2 Lf.", "contents": "[Local reactions after repeated tetanus vaccinations]. Subjects who had exhibited a strong local reaction after vaccination with tetanus toxoid showed a high serum antitoxin titer. This observation confirms earlier findings published in the United States. Since the falloff rate in tetanus antitoxin, year by year, is no more than 30%, such patients should not receive a new booster injection in the following 10 years unless the risk of tetanus is considered great. When boostering these persons, the dose of tetanus toxoid can be reduced to 1-2 Lf.", "PMID": 531542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4908", "title": "[Isoelectric focusing and agar electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic patients].", "content": "Both isoelectric focusing and routine agar gel electrophoresis have been carried out on the CSF, and in some cases also on the corresponding serum, from 452 control subjects and patients with neurological diseases among whom cases with multiple sclerosis (MS) predominated. Comparison of the results confirms the superiority of electrofocusing over gel electrophoresis for the evaluation of oligoclonal immune reactions of the CNS. Over 90% of the MS patients showed discontinuous subfractionation of the gamma-globulins, mostly confined to the CSF, whereas with agar gel electrophoresis an identical effect could be seen only in about 60% of the same patients. Of special interest is the fact that by isoelectric focusing an additional 20% of MS patients whose gamma-globulin content, cell count and plasma cell findings in the CSF are within normal limits show oligoclonal CSF immune reactions. Thus, after appropriate screening by routine electrophoresis to reduce the number of analyses, the relatively laborious method of isoelectric focusing is an effective addition to the usual CSF investigations.", "contents": "[Isoelectric focusing and agar electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic patients]. Both isoelectric focusing and routine agar gel electrophoresis have been carried out on the CSF, and in some cases also on the corresponding serum, from 452 control subjects and patients with neurological diseases among whom cases with multiple sclerosis (MS) predominated. Comparison of the results confirms the superiority of electrofocusing over gel electrophoresis for the evaluation of oligoclonal immune reactions of the CNS. Over 90% of the MS patients showed discontinuous subfractionation of the gamma-globulins, mostly confined to the CSF, whereas with agar gel electrophoresis an identical effect could be seen only in about 60% of the same patients. Of special interest is the fact that by isoelectric focusing an additional 20% of MS patients whose gamma-globulin content, cell count and plasma cell findings in the CSF are within normal limits show oligoclonal CSF immune reactions. Thus, after appropriate screening by routine electrophoresis to reduce the number of analyses, the relatively laborious method of isoelectric focusing is an effective addition to the usual CSF investigations.", "PMID": 531543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4909", "title": "[Elements of the prognosis of invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. Study in terms of the clinical stage and histologic criteria].", "content": "The prognosis in 143 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was studied in terms of clinical stage and various histological parameters. The results were compared with those in the world literature. In our series the clinical stage proved to be the most decisive element in the prognosis: the survival rates of stages I to IV were 77.1%, 58.3%, 28.6% and 0% at five years and 65.7%, 51.7%, 20.0% and 0% at ten years. The majority of deaths due to cancer occurred in the first five years after treatment. The prognosis was less favorable when the carcinoma occurred on the cervical stump after subtotal hysterectomy. The authors found Wentz and Reagan's histological classification adopted by the WHO to be difficult if not impossible to apply uniformly without error, due to numerous mixed forms. In addition, it has no statistically significant prognostic value. Among the other parameters considered in this study, only the type of stroma appeared to have some prognostic value. The prognosis was less favorable in tumors with a stroma of the fibrous type.", "contents": "[Elements of the prognosis of invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. Study in terms of the clinical stage and histologic criteria]. The prognosis in 143 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was studied in terms of clinical stage and various histological parameters. The results were compared with those in the world literature. In our series the clinical stage proved to be the most decisive element in the prognosis: the survival rates of stages I to IV were 77.1%, 58.3%, 28.6% and 0% at five years and 65.7%, 51.7%, 20.0% and 0% at ten years. The majority of deaths due to cancer occurred in the first five years after treatment. The prognosis was less favorable when the carcinoma occurred on the cervical stump after subtotal hysterectomy. The authors found Wentz and Reagan's histological classification adopted by the WHO to be difficult if not impossible to apply uniformly without error, due to numerous mixed forms. In addition, it has no statistically significant prognostic value. Among the other parameters considered in this study, only the type of stroma appeared to have some prognostic value. The prognosis was less favorable in tumors with a stroma of the fibrous type.", "PMID": 531544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4910", "title": "[Rubella infection during pregnancy. Results of serologic diagnosis 1975-1978].", "content": "The sera of 663 pregnant women with unknown immune status were tested for HI rubella antibodies between 1975 and 1978 because of exposure to rubella or presence of clinical symptoms. The majority of sera were from women in the first three months of pregnancy. Comparison of the distribution of antibody titers with those in a control group of 670 nonpregnant women of the same age showed no significant difference. The percentage of seronegative subjects was 8.6 in pregnant and 10.5 in nonpregnant women. Eighteen women (2.7%) became infected with rubella virus during pregnancy. Ten of these were devoid of rubella antibodies, representing 17.5% of the seronegatives. Diagnosis was confirmed by seroconversion and rise in antibody titer. The remaining 8 women had antibodies in the first blood specimen. Diagnosis was established by a fourfold or greater increase in titer or by the demonstration of rubella specific IgM-antibodies in a single specimen. It is of interest that almost all the pregnant women with rubella infection had clinical symptoms such as fever or exanthem. The results of this study show that the aim of complete rubella prophylaxis in women of childbearing age has not yet been achieved. It is therefore necessary to increase the uptake of rubella vaccine by schoolgirls and reduce the percentage of seronegative adult women by single vaccination and vaccination in the postpartum period.", "contents": "[Rubella infection during pregnancy. Results of serologic diagnosis 1975-1978]. The sera of 663 pregnant women with unknown immune status were tested for HI rubella antibodies between 1975 and 1978 because of exposure to rubella or presence of clinical symptoms. The majority of sera were from women in the first three months of pregnancy. Comparison of the distribution of antibody titers with those in a control group of 670 nonpregnant women of the same age showed no significant difference. The percentage of seronegative subjects was 8.6 in pregnant and 10.5 in nonpregnant women. Eighteen women (2.7%) became infected with rubella virus during pregnancy. Ten of these were devoid of rubella antibodies, representing 17.5% of the seronegatives. Diagnosis was confirmed by seroconversion and rise in antibody titer. The remaining 8 women had antibodies in the first blood specimen. Diagnosis was established by a fourfold or greater increase in titer or by the demonstration of rubella specific IgM-antibodies in a single specimen. It is of interest that almost all the pregnant women with rubella infection had clinical symptoms such as fever or exanthem. The results of this study show that the aim of complete rubella prophylaxis in women of childbearing age has not yet been achieved. It is therefore necessary to increase the uptake of rubella vaccine by schoolgirls and reduce the percentage of seronegative adult women by single vaccination and vaccination in the postpartum period.", "PMID": 531545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4911", "title": "[Various aspects of respiratory emergencies in non-hospital practice].", "content": "Classical symptoms and signs common to most pulmonary diseases, such as dyspnea, cough, chest pain and cyanosis, are reviewed to assess their significance for diagnosis and evaluation of the degree of impairment in acute respiratory failure. While frequently useful for diagnosis, they are often inadequate to determine the degree of emergency. In each particular etiology other information is needed to obtain an objective and quantitative assessment. Two examples selected for their frequency are considered: barbiturate intoxication and severe exacerbations of asthma. The severity of barbiturate poisoning can be assessed clinically in the light of the degree of central nervous depression. Classical signs and wheezing are poorly correlated with the intensity of acute asthmatic attacks, but high-risk patients can be identified by seeking neglected physical findings such as pulsus paradoxus and sternomastoid muscle contraction. In many other pulmonary emergencies further studies are required to assess the usefulness of various clinical signs as objective indices of the severity of respiratory impairment.", "contents": "[Various aspects of respiratory emergencies in non-hospital practice]. Classical symptoms and signs common to most pulmonary diseases, such as dyspnea, cough, chest pain and cyanosis, are reviewed to assess their significance for diagnosis and evaluation of the degree of impairment in acute respiratory failure. While frequently useful for diagnosis, they are often inadequate to determine the degree of emergency. In each particular etiology other information is needed to obtain an objective and quantitative assessment. Two examples selected for their frequency are considered: barbiturate intoxication and severe exacerbations of asthma. The severity of barbiturate poisoning can be assessed clinically in the light of the degree of central nervous depression. Classical signs and wheezing are poorly correlated with the intensity of acute asthmatic attacks, but high-risk patients can be identified by seeking neglected physical findings such as pulsus paradoxus and sternomastoid muscle contraction. In many other pulmonary emergencies further studies are required to assess the usefulness of various clinical signs as objective indices of the severity of respiratory impairment.", "PMID": 531546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4912", "title": "[Respiratory failure and surgery].", "content": "The question whether a patient may be amenable to surgery involving anesthesia depends on many different factors and can only be answered by the anesthetist-surgeon team. The internist, on the other hand, will determine the degree of functional impairment of particular organ systems and cooperate in preoperative preparation of the patient. Patients with obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly at risk, especially during the postoperative period. The search for pulmonary symptoms is therefore extremly important. The limiting values given in medical literature are not absolute. Through preoperative therapy, the choice of suitable anesthetic methods and optimal postoperative care in an efficient intensive care unit, the risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity for this \"poor risk patient\" can be reduced almost to the level of the average surgical patient.", "contents": "[Respiratory failure and surgery]. The question whether a patient may be amenable to surgery involving anesthesia depends on many different factors and can only be answered by the anesthetist-surgeon team. The internist, on the other hand, will determine the degree of functional impairment of particular organ systems and cooperate in preoperative preparation of the patient. Patients with obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly at risk, especially during the postoperative period. The search for pulmonary symptoms is therefore extremly important. The limiting values given in medical literature are not absolute. Through preoperative therapy, the choice of suitable anesthetic methods and optimal postoperative care in an efficient intensive care unit, the risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity for this \"poor risk patient\" can be reduced almost to the level of the average surgical patient.", "PMID": 531547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4913", "title": "[Clinical value of human thyroglobulin measurement].", "content": "A direct radioimmunoassay for human serum thyroglobulin (TG) has been developed. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 7.5 ng/ml. The serum values in normal subjects were between 0 and 44 ng/ml (n = 34, 21 female subjects, 13 male subjects). In 22 of the 34 subjects, TG was not detectable. The mean value of TG in a group of 19 subjects with multinodular goiter was 115.8 +/- 62.7 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). A group of 16 thyrotoxic individuals also had an elevated TG concentration (107 +/- 71 ng/ml). The serum TG levels in 6 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma with metastases were much more elevated than in any other clinical situation (3430 +/- 1100 ng/ml). In patients with thyroid cancer in clinical remission (n = 9), the TG levels were normal. In 2 patients with non-differentiated thyroid tumors, TG was not detectable. The major methodological problem in TG determination is the presence of anti-TG autoantibodies which may interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Clinical value of human thyroglobulin measurement]. A direct radioimmunoassay for human serum thyroglobulin (TG) has been developed. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 7.5 ng/ml. The serum values in normal subjects were between 0 and 44 ng/ml (n = 34, 21 female subjects, 13 male subjects). In 22 of the 34 subjects, TG was not detectable. The mean value of TG in a group of 19 subjects with multinodular goiter was 115.8 +/- 62.7 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). A group of 16 thyrotoxic individuals also had an elevated TG concentration (107 +/- 71 ng/ml). The serum TG levels in 6 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma with metastases were much more elevated than in any other clinical situation (3430 +/- 1100 ng/ml). In patients with thyroid cancer in clinical remission (n = 9), the TG levels were normal. In 2 patients with non-differentiated thyroid tumors, TG was not detectable. The major methodological problem in TG determination is the presence of anti-TG autoantibodies which may interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 531548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4914", "title": "[Electrocardiographic manifestations of myocardial ischemia].", "content": "The ECG is an indirect and non-specific test of myocardial ischemia, which means that the limits in respect to sensitivity and specificity must be evaluated. The dynamic Holter ECG is a useful method, particularly if pain appears during the recording time. The exercise test as an example of additional stress is of great general interest, especially in man; stress-testing is particularly useful in explaining the origin of atypical anginal pain. Hence the interpretation criteria must be closely followed rather than enlarged as long as the indication for diagnostic coronary-angiography is limited by the result of exercise testing. When other non-invasive methods are not readily available it should be possible to broaden the diagnostic criteria to increase sensitivity; by the same token, the number of false positive tests will be controlled by these complementary non-invasive methods.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic manifestations of myocardial ischemia]. The ECG is an indirect and non-specific test of myocardial ischemia, which means that the limits in respect to sensitivity and specificity must be evaluated. The dynamic Holter ECG is a useful method, particularly if pain appears during the recording time. The exercise test as an example of additional stress is of great general interest, especially in man; stress-testing is particularly useful in explaining the origin of atypical anginal pain. Hence the interpretation criteria must be closely followed rather than enlarged as long as the indication for diagnostic coronary-angiography is limited by the result of exercise testing. When other non-invasive methods are not readily available it should be possible to broaden the diagnostic criteria to increase sensitivity; by the same token, the number of false positive tests will be controlled by these complementary non-invasive methods.", "PMID": 531552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4915", "title": "[The diagnosis of coronary disease and of myocardial ischemia by means of echocardiography].", "content": "An attempt is made to define the respective roles of one- and two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of coronary heart disease and myocardial ischemia. The two methods have their advantages and drawbacks and are complementary. Echocardiography provides information on the motion of the various ventricular segments; when the technical quality of the recording is good, it shows excellent correlation with left ventriculography. Echocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia usually implies provocative manoeuvres which are difficult to perform. Finally, echocardiography is an excellent method for the evaluation and follow-up of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of coronary disease and of myocardial ischemia by means of echocardiography]. An attempt is made to define the respective roles of one- and two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of coronary heart disease and myocardial ischemia. The two methods have their advantages and drawbacks and are complementary. Echocardiography provides information on the motion of the various ventricular segments; when the technical quality of the recording is good, it shows excellent correlation with left ventriculography. Echocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia usually implies provocative manoeuvres which are difficult to perform. Finally, echocardiography is an excellent method for the evaluation and follow-up of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 531553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4916", "title": "[Determinants of left ventricular function in aortic stenosis. Analysis based on pre and postoperative hemodynamic studies].", "content": "In 11 preoperative patients with aortic stenosis the isovolumic contractile indices Vpm and Vmax were normal (group N). In 8 patients with aortic stenosis these indices were depressed (group D). Peak systolic circumferential wall stress (afterload) did not differ in the two groups and showed a similar decrease after successful valve replacement. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly in group D from 48 to 71% and remained unchanged in group N (70 and 75%). It is concluded that the significant improvement in ejection performance in group D at similar afterload conditions as in group N is indicative for an impaired preoperative myocardial contractile state.", "contents": "[Determinants of left ventricular function in aortic stenosis. Analysis based on pre and postoperative hemodynamic studies]. In 11 preoperative patients with aortic stenosis the isovolumic contractile indices Vpm and Vmax were normal (group N). In 8 patients with aortic stenosis these indices were depressed (group D). Peak systolic circumferential wall stress (afterload) did not differ in the two groups and showed a similar decrease after successful valve replacement. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly in group D from 48 to 71% and remained unchanged in group N (70 and 75%). It is concluded that the significant improvement in ejection performance in group D at similar afterload conditions as in group N is indicative for an impaired preoperative myocardial contractile state.", "PMID": 531554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4917", "title": "[Radionuclide determination of the left ventricular ejection fraction under stress: comparison with angiocardiography].", "content": "Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) determined by first pass radionuclide (Nucl.) and biplane contrast angiocardiography (Angio.) was compared in 62 patients with suspected coronary artery disease under resting conditions and in 32/62 patients during bicycle ergometry at identical work load. At rest both methods correlated with r = 0.81 with similar heart rates in both determinations. The mean value of LVEF (Nucl.) was lower than the mean value of LVEF (Angio.), at 50 +/- 2 (SE) % and 58 +/- 2% respectively (p less than 0.001). During exercise a significant correlation between the two methods was again found (r = 0.76). This time no difference was detected between the mean values for LVEF (50 +/- 3% [Nucl.] vs 48 +/- 2% [Angio.], n.s.), which may be explained by the higher heart rates during the invasive study (123 +/- 5/min [Angio.] vs. 108 +/- 4/min [Nucl.], p less than 0.001), resulting in a higher degree of ischemia and hence a lower LVEF. The interobserver variability did not differ between the two methods.", "contents": "[Radionuclide determination of the left ventricular ejection fraction under stress: comparison with angiocardiography]. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) determined by first pass radionuclide (Nucl.) and biplane contrast angiocardiography (Angio.) was compared in 62 patients with suspected coronary artery disease under resting conditions and in 32/62 patients during bicycle ergometry at identical work load. At rest both methods correlated with r = 0.81 with similar heart rates in both determinations. The mean value of LVEF (Nucl.) was lower than the mean value of LVEF (Angio.), at 50 +/- 2 (SE) % and 58 +/- 2% respectively (p less than 0.001). During exercise a significant correlation between the two methods was again found (r = 0.76). This time no difference was detected between the mean values for LVEF (50 +/- 3% [Nucl.] vs 48 +/- 2% [Angio.], n.s.), which may be explained by the higher heart rates during the invasive study (123 +/- 5/min [Angio.] vs. 108 +/- 4/min [Nucl.], p less than 0.001), resulting in a higher degree of ischemia and hence a lower LVEF. The interobserver variability did not differ between the two methods.", "PMID": 531555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4918", "title": "[Muscle fiber hypertrophy and myocardial function of the left ventricle in patients with chronic volume stress and cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Left ventricular angiography and endomyocardial biopsy were performed in 10 patients with aortic insufficiency and in 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Muscle fibre diameter and interstitial fibrosis were determined. In aortic insufficiency the diameter of muscle fibres is highest in the endstage, while in congestive cardiomyopathy it is highest in the earliest stage.", "contents": "[Muscle fiber hypertrophy and myocardial function of the left ventricle in patients with chronic volume stress and cardiomyopathy]. Left ventricular angiography and endomyocardial biopsy were performed in 10 patients with aortic insufficiency and in 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Muscle fibre diameter and interstitial fibrosis were determined. In aortic insufficiency the diameter of muscle fibres is highest in the endstage, while in congestive cardiomyopathy it is highest in the earliest stage.", "PMID": 531556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4919", "title": "[The effect of slight to moderate stenoses on the coronary reserve and hemodynamics].", "content": "The effect of slight to moderate stenosis (less than or equal to 50% of external diameter) on the coronary reserve and coronary hemodynamics has been studied in 8 pigs. The coronary reserve was measured by the technique of reactive hyperemia, which consists of brief total occlusion of the artery concerned and sudden relaxation. The decrease in coronary reserve is directly proportional to the degree of stenosis. At 73% of stenosis the coronary reserve is completely abolished and the zone perfused by the stenosed artery is unable to increase its flow when needed. Slight to moderate stenosis soon causes the appearance of pressure gradients through the stenosis. The gradient increases simultaneously and proportionately to the increase of flow and is directly proportional to the degree of stenosis. These gradients decrease the perfusion pressure, and this induces an unhomogeneous distribution of myocardiac perfusion.", "contents": "[The effect of slight to moderate stenoses on the coronary reserve and hemodynamics]. The effect of slight to moderate stenosis (less than or equal to 50% of external diameter) on the coronary reserve and coronary hemodynamics has been studied in 8 pigs. The coronary reserve was measured by the technique of reactive hyperemia, which consists of brief total occlusion of the artery concerned and sudden relaxation. The decrease in coronary reserve is directly proportional to the degree of stenosis. At 73% of stenosis the coronary reserve is completely abolished and the zone perfused by the stenosed artery is unable to increase its flow when needed. Slight to moderate stenosis soon causes the appearance of pressure gradients through the stenosis. The gradient increases simultaneously and proportionately to the increase of flow and is directly proportional to the degree of stenosis. These gradients decrease the perfusion pressure, and this induces an unhomogeneous distribution of myocardiac perfusion.", "PMID": 531557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4920", "title": "[Plasma myoglobin level as a course criterium in patients with acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Myoglobin and the enzymatic activity of creatine phosphokinase CK), MB-isoenzyme of CK (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) were serially determined in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Additionally the same parameters were assessed in 5 patients with angina pectoris for 24 hours after bicycle ergometry. 10 in-patients served as controls. Myoglobin was determined by radioimmunoassay and the other enzyme activities according to the current kinetic methods. Comparison of myoglobin with the enzymatic parameters showed that the myoglobin peak occurs 5.6 hours after the beginning of the sampling period, i.e. 7.3 hours earlier than CK and CK-MB and 11.6 hours earlier than GOT. In analogy to this finding the descending limb of the myoglobin curve was significantly earlier at a level of one third of the peak value, i.e. 8.2 hours earlier than CK-MB, 18.8 hours earlier than CK and 27.3 hours earlier than GOT. No signs of myocardial necrosis in terms of myoglobin or enzymatic activity could be detected after bicycle ergometry. It is concluded that myoglobin is a more sensitive parameter for assessment of the acute phase in patients with myocardial infarction than the usualy enzymatic parameters.", "contents": "[Plasma myoglobin level as a course criterium in patients with acute myocardial infarct]. Myoglobin and the enzymatic activity of creatine phosphokinase CK), MB-isoenzyme of CK (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) were serially determined in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Additionally the same parameters were assessed in 5 patients with angina pectoris for 24 hours after bicycle ergometry. 10 in-patients served as controls. Myoglobin was determined by radioimmunoassay and the other enzyme activities according to the current kinetic methods. Comparison of myoglobin with the enzymatic parameters showed that the myoglobin peak occurs 5.6 hours after the beginning of the sampling period, i.e. 7.3 hours earlier than CK and CK-MB and 11.6 hours earlier than GOT. In analogy to this finding the descending limb of the myoglobin curve was significantly earlier at a level of one third of the peak value, i.e. 8.2 hours earlier than CK-MB, 18.8 hours earlier than CK and 27.3 hours earlier than GOT. No signs of myocardial necrosis in terms of myoglobin or enzymatic activity could be detected after bicycle ergometry. It is concluded that myoglobin is a more sensitive parameter for assessment of the acute phase in patients with myocardial infarction than the usualy enzymatic parameters.", "PMID": 531558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4921", "title": "[Hemodynamic consequences of the furosemide treatment of cardiac insufficiency in recent myocardial infarct].", "content": "Furosemide was administered intravenously to 11 patients with cardiac failure after acute myocardial infarction. After an initial loading dose furosemide was given four-hourly if the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) was not normalized, i.e. less than or equal to 15 mm Hg. The comparison of the hemodynamic results with the results of a previous study with nitrates was as follows: like the nitrates furosemide lowered the PCW early, i.e. within 15 minutes from 22 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 5 mm Hg, but the therapeutic objective (PCW less than or equal to 15 mm Hg) was reached later than with nitrates. During the 24-hour observation period PCW and total peripheral resistance decreased steadily. The decrease of cardiac index to critical low values in some patients after a mean of 7.5 hours of therapy, and of the mean arterial pressure from 100 +/- 13 to 91 +/- 14 mm Hg, may limit the use of furosemide alone in these patients. During nitrate therapy PCW started to rise again after 12 hours in some patients, necessitating higher doses of nitrates with a corresponding decrease of diuresis. A combination of both forms of therapy may be of value and needs further investigation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic consequences of the furosemide treatment of cardiac insufficiency in recent myocardial infarct]. Furosemide was administered intravenously to 11 patients with cardiac failure after acute myocardial infarction. After an initial loading dose furosemide was given four-hourly if the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) was not normalized, i.e. less than or equal to 15 mm Hg. The comparison of the hemodynamic results with the results of a previous study with nitrates was as follows: like the nitrates furosemide lowered the PCW early, i.e. within 15 minutes from 22 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 5 mm Hg, but the therapeutic objective (PCW less than or equal to 15 mm Hg) was reached later than with nitrates. During the 24-hour observation period PCW and total peripheral resistance decreased steadily. The decrease of cardiac index to critical low values in some patients after a mean of 7.5 hours of therapy, and of the mean arterial pressure from 100 +/- 13 to 91 +/- 14 mm Hg, may limit the use of furosemide alone in these patients. During nitrate therapy PCW started to rise again after 12 hours in some patients, necessitating higher doses of nitrates with a corresponding decrease of diuresis. A combination of both forms of therapy may be of value and needs further investigation.", "PMID": 531559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4922", "title": "[Tetralogy of Fallot: results of 77 hemodynamic controls after complete correction].", "content": "77 patients (representing 91% of all survivors) underwent catheterization within 5 months of surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The data show that residual pulmonary gradient is significantly higher in patients with infundibular and valvular stenoses than in patients with infundibular stenoses only, whereas the method of intracardiac repair (patch) had no influence on residual gradient. Significant pulmonary insufficiency was found almost exclusively when a patch was extended through the pulmonary annulus. Hemodynamic results were excellent in 37% of cases, good in 51%, satisfactory in 3% and unsatisfactory in 9%. Finally, primary intracardiac repair in children below 4 years of age yielded excellent or good results in all cases: this suggests that toal correction should be performed without previous aorto-pulmonary anastomoses in this youngest group of patients.", "contents": "[Tetralogy of Fallot: results of 77 hemodynamic controls after complete correction]. 77 patients (representing 91% of all survivors) underwent catheterization within 5 months of surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The data show that residual pulmonary gradient is significantly higher in patients with infundibular and valvular stenoses than in patients with infundibular stenoses only, whereas the method of intracardiac repair (patch) had no influence on residual gradient. Significant pulmonary insufficiency was found almost exclusively when a patch was extended through the pulmonary annulus. Hemodynamic results were excellent in 37% of cases, good in 51%, satisfactory in 3% and unsatisfactory in 9%. Finally, primary intracardiac repair in children below 4 years of age yielded excellent or good results in all cases: this suggests that toal correction should be performed without previous aorto-pulmonary anastomoses in this youngest group of patients.", "PMID": 531560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4923", "title": "[Medical education].", "content": "There can be no doubt about the need for more comprehensive medical education. Increasing pressure has been brought to bear from outside on health care, calling for humanization and extension into hitherto neglected areas such as health disorders due to psychological, professional, familial and environmental problems. A new education and re-education programme must include an ethical basis, communication and cooperation with patients and exchange of the biomedical model for a biopsychosocial model of disease.", "contents": "[Medical education]. There can be no doubt about the need for more comprehensive medical education. Increasing pressure has been brought to bear from outside on health care, calling for humanization and extension into hitherto neglected areas such as health disorders due to psychological, professional, familial and environmental problems. A new education and re-education programme must include an ethical basis, communication and cooperation with patients and exchange of the biomedical model for a biopsychosocial model of disease.", "PMID": 531561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4924", "title": "[Massive heroin intoxication. Hemodynamic studies].", "content": "Acute hemodynamic changes during heroin overdose have not been frequently reported. We observed 2 male patients aged 24 and 21 years admitted in coma and shock and presenting severe mixed acidosis, with, respectively, pH 6.80, PaCO2 72 mm Hg, PaO2 70 mm Hg, BE -18 mEq/l, lactic acid 16.5 mmol/l, and pH 6.86, PaCO2 94 mm Hg, PaO2 46 mm Hg, BE -16 mEq/l, lactic acid 5.45 mmol/l. The hemodynamic data of the first patient showed a low output failure state associated with high filling pressures, suggesting biventricular heart failure. In the second case, clinically and radiologically marked pulmonary edema was associated with a hyperdynamic state and moderately elevated pulmonary artery pressure, but normal pulmonary capillary pressure. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms of those different, hemodynamic patterns are discussed.", "contents": "[Massive heroin intoxication. Hemodynamic studies]. Acute hemodynamic changes during heroin overdose have not been frequently reported. We observed 2 male patients aged 24 and 21 years admitted in coma and shock and presenting severe mixed acidosis, with, respectively, pH 6.80, PaCO2 72 mm Hg, PaO2 70 mm Hg, BE -18 mEq/l, lactic acid 16.5 mmol/l, and pH 6.86, PaCO2 94 mm Hg, PaO2 46 mm Hg, BE -16 mEq/l, lactic acid 5.45 mmol/l. The hemodynamic data of the first patient showed a low output failure state associated with high filling pressures, suggesting biventricular heart failure. In the second case, clinically and radiologically marked pulmonary edema was associated with a hyperdynamic state and moderately elevated pulmonary artery pressure, but normal pulmonary capillary pressure. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms of those different, hemodynamic patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 531562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4925", "title": "[Atenolol in the treatment of angina pectoris].", "content": "18 patients with angina pectoris participated in a double blind trial with atenolol (100 mg and 200 mg once daily, or 100 mg twice daily) and propranolol (80 mg twice daily). The number of anginal attacks (NAP), the number of days free of pain (NAFT), consumption of sublingual nitroglycerin (NNT) and bicycle ergometry data (EFE) were recorded. Atenolol given in a dose of 100 g twice daily significantly reduced NAP and NNT as compared with the other dose schedules for atenolol and propranolol. There was, however, no difference between NAFT and EFE under any of the treatment schedules mentioned above. Only with 100 mg atenolol twice daily was it possible to reduce heart rate at rest and immediately after exercise testing, and also diastolic blood pressure (at rest, upright and after stress testing). In spite of the long plasma T 1/2 (= 24 hours) reported by others, atenolol given twice daily seems to be the most effective schedule. It is concluded that atenolol (100 mg twice daily) has a more potent anti-anginal effect than propranolol (80 mg twice daily). In addition, atenolol has the advantage of being cardioselective.", "contents": "[Atenolol in the treatment of angina pectoris]. 18 patients with angina pectoris participated in a double blind trial with atenolol (100 mg and 200 mg once daily, or 100 mg twice daily) and propranolol (80 mg twice daily). The number of anginal attacks (NAP), the number of days free of pain (NAFT), consumption of sublingual nitroglycerin (NNT) and bicycle ergometry data (EFE) were recorded. Atenolol given in a dose of 100 g twice daily significantly reduced NAP and NNT as compared with the other dose schedules for atenolol and propranolol. There was, however, no difference between NAFT and EFE under any of the treatment schedules mentioned above. Only with 100 mg atenolol twice daily was it possible to reduce heart rate at rest and immediately after exercise testing, and also diastolic blood pressure (at rest, upright and after stress testing). In spite of the long plasma T 1/2 (= 24 hours) reported by others, atenolol given twice daily seems to be the most effective schedule. It is concluded that atenolol (100 mg twice daily) has a more potent anti-anginal effect than propranolol (80 mg twice daily). In addition, atenolol has the advantage of being cardioselective.", "PMID": 531563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4926", "title": "[Hyperventilation and airway resistance. Bronchial spasms after hyperventilation].", "content": "Airway resistance, FEV1.0 and lung volume were measured by body plethysmography before and after voluntary hyperventilation. In normal subjects, resistance increased to 130--140% of the initial value measured before hyperventilation. The same increase was observed in silicosis patients without chronic obstructive bronchitis. Asthmatic patients in an asymptomatic phase showed a rise in airway resistance to an average of 255% of the nearly normal initial values, and also a reduction in FEV1.0. In normal subjects and asthmatic patients, the administration of bronchodilators inhibits the rise in airway resistance induced by hyperventilation. The hyperventilation test can be used to identify increased susceptibility to bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "[Hyperventilation and airway resistance. Bronchial spasms after hyperventilation]. Airway resistance, FEV1.0 and lung volume were measured by body plethysmography before and after voluntary hyperventilation. In normal subjects, resistance increased to 130--140% of the initial value measured before hyperventilation. The same increase was observed in silicosis patients without chronic obstructive bronchitis. Asthmatic patients in an asymptomatic phase showed a rise in airway resistance to an average of 255% of the nearly normal initial values, and also a reduction in FEV1.0. In normal subjects and asthmatic patients, the administration of bronchodilators inhibits the rise in airway resistance induced by hyperventilation. The hyperventilation test can be used to identify increased susceptibility to bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 531564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4927", "title": "[Minoxidil in treatment resistant hypertension].", "content": "22 patients (4 female, 18 male, mean age 47 +/- 10.7 years) with severe essential hypertension (n = 21) and renovascular hypertension (n = 1) were treated with a mean daily dosage of 16.3 +/- 5.1 mg minoxidil for up to 42 weeks. In addition, all patients received a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide) and a beta-blocker (pindolol or propranolol). 8 patients were treated simultaneously with alpha-methyl-dopa. Within one week minoxidil led to a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic supine blood pressure (p less than or equal to 0.005) from 201.3 +/- 29.0/125.4 +/- 19.2 mm Hg to 172.8 +/- 28.3/106.0 +/- 19.9 mm Hg. The maximum initial blood pressure response was observed after 3 weeks with a mean daily dosage of 12.2 +/- 9.4 mg of minoxidil (160.5 +/- 20.7/99.4 +/- 13.8 MM Hg, p less than or equal to 0.001). Throughout the remaining period a constant and significant reduction in supine systolic and diastolic and upright diastolic blood pressure was achieved (p less than 0.005-less than 0.001) whereas at times systolic blood pressure values could not be lowered significantly. Body weight and pulse rate showed no significant changes throughout the study. In some cases furosemide had to be added by up to 500 mg/day to counteract minoxidil induced water and salt retention. Only moderate doses of beta-blockers were required to prevent a drug induced rise in pulse rate. In these patients a significant change in renal function was not observed. The results show that minoxidil is a potent drug in the treatment of severe essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Minoxidil in treatment resistant hypertension]. 22 patients (4 female, 18 male, mean age 47 +/- 10.7 years) with severe essential hypertension (n = 21) and renovascular hypertension (n = 1) were treated with a mean daily dosage of 16.3 +/- 5.1 mg minoxidil for up to 42 weeks. In addition, all patients received a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide) and a beta-blocker (pindolol or propranolol). 8 patients were treated simultaneously with alpha-methyl-dopa. Within one week minoxidil led to a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic supine blood pressure (p less than or equal to 0.005) from 201.3 +/- 29.0/125.4 +/- 19.2 mm Hg to 172.8 +/- 28.3/106.0 +/- 19.9 mm Hg. The maximum initial blood pressure response was observed after 3 weeks with a mean daily dosage of 12.2 +/- 9.4 mg of minoxidil (160.5 +/- 20.7/99.4 +/- 13.8 MM Hg, p less than or equal to 0.001). Throughout the remaining period a constant and significant reduction in supine systolic and diastolic and upright diastolic blood pressure was achieved (p less than 0.005-less than 0.001) whereas at times systolic blood pressure values could not be lowered significantly. Body weight and pulse rate showed no significant changes throughout the study. In some cases furosemide had to be added by up to 500 mg/day to counteract minoxidil induced water and salt retention. Only moderate doses of beta-blockers were required to prevent a drug induced rise in pulse rate. In these patients a significant change in renal function was not observed. The results show that minoxidil is a potent drug in the treatment of severe essential hypertension.", "PMID": 531565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4928", "title": "[Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, a turning point in dialysis treatment?].", "content": "Clinical experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is described in 12 patients. A survey over 8 months shows satisfactory results. Besides the numerous advantages of this treatment, peritonitis represents the main problem. Technical developments in the future will aim at a reduction of this risk.", "contents": "[Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, a turning point in dialysis treatment?]. Clinical experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is described in 12 patients. A survey over 8 months shows satisfactory results. Besides the numerous advantages of this treatment, peritonitis represents the main problem. Technical developments in the future will aim at a reduction of this risk.", "PMID": 531566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4929", "title": "[Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteopathy].", "content": "9 patients with advanced renal failure and renal osteodystrophy documented by iliac crest biopsy were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (average dose 0.53 micrograms per day) for 6 months. Under 1,25-DHCC there was a statistically significant increase in serum calcium and decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and immune parathyroid hormone. Histomorphometric evaluation of posttreatment bone biopsies showed reduction of osteoclastic resorption and endosteal fibrosis. Osteoid volume decreased in most cases. In 3 patients with predominant fibroosteoclasia, bone turnover practically normalized. Bone mineral content of the radius (photoabsorptiometry) did not change with treatment. Transient hypercalcemia occurred in 5 patients and was easily corrected by adjustment of 1,25-DHCC dosage.", "contents": "[Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteopathy]. 9 patients with advanced renal failure and renal osteodystrophy documented by iliac crest biopsy were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (average dose 0.53 micrograms per day) for 6 months. Under 1,25-DHCC there was a statistically significant increase in serum calcium and decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and immune parathyroid hormone. Histomorphometric evaluation of posttreatment bone biopsies showed reduction of osteoclastic resorption and endosteal fibrosis. Osteoid volume decreased in most cases. In 3 patients with predominant fibroosteoclasia, bone turnover practically normalized. Bone mineral content of the radius (photoabsorptiometry) did not change with treatment. Transient hypercalcemia occurred in 5 patients and was easily corrected by adjustment of 1,25-DHCC dosage.", "PMID": 531567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4930", "title": "[is there an osteomalacia component in femur neck fractures?].", "content": "In 29 patients with fractures of the femoral neck (group A) and 22 patients operated on for osteoarthritis of the hip (group) B), plasma levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were compared with the results of histological bone tests. A third group of 19 patients at the Geriatric hospital served as a control in this age group for 25-OH-D3 values (group C). The average level of 25-OH-D3 was 9.64 +/- 5.8 micrograms/l in group A and 13.25 +/- 7.6 micrograms/l in group B. This difference is not significant. On the other hand, the difference between groups B and C (9.31 +/- 4.04) is significant (2 p less than 0.05). Evaluation of the histological sections did not reveal evidence of osteomalacia. Generally speaking, the levels of plasma 25-OH-D3 in these patients were low, but without signs of osteomalacia on histological evaluation.", "contents": "[is there an osteomalacia component in femur neck fractures?]. In 29 patients with fractures of the femoral neck (group A) and 22 patients operated on for osteoarthritis of the hip (group) B), plasma levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were compared with the results of histological bone tests. A third group of 19 patients at the Geriatric hospital served as a control in this age group for 25-OH-D3 values (group C). The average level of 25-OH-D3 was 9.64 +/- 5.8 micrograms/l in group A and 13.25 +/- 7.6 micrograms/l in group B. This difference is not significant. On the other hand, the difference between groups B and C (9.31 +/- 4.04) is significant (2 p less than 0.05). Evaluation of the histological sections did not reveal evidence of osteomalacia. Generally speaking, the levels of plasma 25-OH-D3 in these patients were low, but without signs of osteomalacia on histological evaluation.", "PMID": 531569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4931", "title": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia].", "content": "The leading symptom in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is renal lithiasis and not osteopathy. The most abundant circulating forms of parathyroid hormone in pHPT represent COOH-terminal fragments with molecular weights ranging from 4000 to 7000. Radioimmunnoassays making use of antibodies directed to CCOH-terminal parts of human parathyroid hormone are therefore suitable in distinguishing patients with pHPT from control subjects and patients with hypercalcemia unrelated to hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia]. The leading symptom in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is renal lithiasis and not osteopathy. The most abundant circulating forms of parathyroid hormone in pHPT represent COOH-terminal fragments with molecular weights ranging from 4000 to 7000. Radioimmunnoassays making use of antibodies directed to CCOH-terminal parts of human parathyroid hormone are therefore suitable in distinguishing patients with pHPT from control subjects and patients with hypercalcemia unrelated to hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 531570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4932", "title": "[Fibrinogen metabolism and plasma fibrinopeptide A in disseminated neoplasms].", "content": "FPA immunoreactivity was elevated in 14 out of 15 patients with disseminated neoplasia. Two of the patients showed signs of DIC, two had clinically evident thrombosis and one a positive 125I-fibrinogen uptake test suggesting thrombosis. Infusion of heparin produced a prompt fall in FPA levels. FPA immunoreactivity correlated well with the turnover of intravasal 125I-fibrinogen. The results confirm that the RIA of FPA provides a specific and quantitative index of the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and indirectly of the thrombin action in vivo.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen metabolism and plasma fibrinopeptide A in disseminated neoplasms]. FPA immunoreactivity was elevated in 14 out of 15 patients with disseminated neoplasia. Two of the patients showed signs of DIC, two had clinically evident thrombosis and one a positive 125I-fibrinogen uptake test suggesting thrombosis. Infusion of heparin produced a prompt fall in FPA levels. FPA immunoreactivity correlated well with the turnover of intravasal 125I-fibrinogen. The results confirm that the RIA of FPA provides a specific and quantitative index of the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and indirectly of the thrombin action in vivo.", "PMID": 531571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4933", "title": "Instrumentation and data processing in cardiovascular nuclear medicine: evaluation of ventricular function.", "content": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine encompasses a variety of clinical procedures. Some of these procedures place demands on the imaging and data processing equipment that far exceeds those associated with other nuclear medicine procedures. This paper is devoted to an evaluation of the imaging and data processing requirements for two of the more demanding studies in cardiovascular nuclear medicine--first transit and gated equilibrium measurement of ventricular function. Imaging instrumentation and collimation, computer system hardware, and computer acquisition and analysis software are each treated as they apply to these procedures.", "contents": "Instrumentation and data processing in cardiovascular nuclear medicine: evaluation of ventricular function. Cardiovascular nuclear medicine encompasses a variety of clinical procedures. Some of these procedures place demands on the imaging and data processing equipment that far exceeds those associated with other nuclear medicine procedures. This paper is devoted to an evaluation of the imaging and data processing requirements for two of the more demanding studies in cardiovascular nuclear medicine--first transit and gated equilibrium measurement of ventricular function. Imaging instrumentation and collimation, computer system hardware, and computer acquisition and analysis software are each treated as they apply to these procedures.", "PMID": 531578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4934", "title": "First-pass radionuclide assessment of right and left ventricular performance in patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease.", "content": "First-pass radionuclide angiocardiography allows noninvasive determination of right and left ventricular performance from a single study. Analysis is made from the high frequency components of the regional radionuclide time-activity curves. Both regional and global ventricular performance can be assessed at rest and during exercise. Sequential studies can be performed to evaluate therapeutic interventions. This technique has been applied in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease and has been shown to have major clinical impact.", "contents": "First-pass radionuclide assessment of right and left ventricular performance in patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease. First-pass radionuclide angiocardiography allows noninvasive determination of right and left ventricular performance from a single study. Analysis is made from the high frequency components of the regional radionuclide time-activity curves. Both regional and global ventricular performance can be assessed at rest and during exercise. Sequential studies can be performed to evaluate therapeutic interventions. This technique has been applied in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease and has been shown to have major clinical impact.", "PMID": 531579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4935", "title": "Radionuclide evaluation of left ventricular function with nonimaging probes.", "content": "Portable nonimaging probes have been developed that can evaluate left ventricular function using radionuclide techniques. Two modes of data acquisition are possible with these probe systems, first-pass and gated. Precordial radiocardiograms obtained after a bolus injection can be used to determine cardiac output, pulmonary transit time, pulmonary blood volume, left ventricle ejection fraction, and left-to-right shunts. Gated techniques can be used to determine left ventricular ejection fraction and sytolic time intervals. Probe-determined indices of left ventricular function agree excellently with comparable measurements determined by conventional camera-computer methods as well as by invasive techniques. These have begun to be used in a preliminary manner in a variety of clinical problems associated with left ventricular dysfunction. This review discusses the types of probe systems available, the methods used in positioning them, and details the specifics of their data acquisition and processing capacity. The major criticisms of probe methods are that they are nonimaging and that they measure global rather than regional left ventricular function. In spite of these criticisms, probe systems, because of their portability, high sensitivity, and relatively low cost are useful supplements to conventional camera-computer systems for the measurement of parameters of left ventricular performance using radionuclide techniques.", "contents": "Radionuclide evaluation of left ventricular function with nonimaging probes. Portable nonimaging probes have been developed that can evaluate left ventricular function using radionuclide techniques. Two modes of data acquisition are possible with these probe systems, first-pass and gated. Precordial radiocardiograms obtained after a bolus injection can be used to determine cardiac output, pulmonary transit time, pulmonary blood volume, left ventricle ejection fraction, and left-to-right shunts. Gated techniques can be used to determine left ventricular ejection fraction and sytolic time intervals. Probe-determined indices of left ventricular function agree excellently with comparable measurements determined by conventional camera-computer methods as well as by invasive techniques. These have begun to be used in a preliminary manner in a variety of clinical problems associated with left ventricular dysfunction. This review discusses the types of probe systems available, the methods used in positioning them, and details the specifics of their data acquisition and processing capacity. The major criticisms of probe methods are that they are nonimaging and that they measure global rather than regional left ventricular function. In spite of these criticisms, probe systems, because of their portability, high sensitivity, and relatively low cost are useful supplements to conventional camera-computer systems for the measurement of parameters of left ventricular performance using radionuclide techniques.", "PMID": 531581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4936", "title": "Of linens and laces--the eighth anniversary of the gated blood pool scan.", "content": "Evaluation of ventricular performance is essential in the diagnosis and long-term management of patients with heart disease. This can be most easily performed clinically using simple tools. When more definitive objective assessment of cardiac function is indicated, the equilibrium gated blood pool study provides reliable angiographic evaluation of the heart. It will continue as a mainstay in the armamentarium of cardiology.", "contents": "Of linens and laces--the eighth anniversary of the gated blood pool scan. Evaluation of ventricular performance is essential in the diagnosis and long-term management of patients with heart disease. This can be most easily performed clinically using simple tools. When more definitive objective assessment of cardiac function is indicated, the equilibrium gated blood pool study provides reliable angiographic evaluation of the heart. It will continue as a mainstay in the armamentarium of cardiology.", "PMID": 531580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4937", "title": "Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. II. The manubrium and sternum.", "content": "Thirty-six manubriosternal composites from skeletally immature cadavers were examined morphologically and radiographically. Sternebral ossification followed certain patterns. The manubrium (first sternebra) usually had one primary ossification center and one or two smaller centers. These usually were caudad to the major center (longitudinally bifid). The second sternebra invariably had only one ossification center. The third and fourth sternebrae had latitudinal (right-left) bifid ossification centers, undoubtedly a result of the original formation of the sternum from two longitudinal mesenchymal anlagen. Occasionally the fourth sternebra exhibited longitudinally bifid ossification. The usual pattern was ossification of four sternebrae, although a fifth was intermittently present. The xiphisternum (not a true sternebra) was infrequently ossified.", "contents": "Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. II. The manubrium and sternum. Thirty-six manubriosternal composites from skeletally immature cadavers were examined morphologically and radiographically. Sternebral ossification followed certain patterns. The manubrium (first sternebra) usually had one primary ossification center and one or two smaller centers. These usually were caudad to the major center (longitudinally bifid). The second sternebra invariably had only one ossification center. The third and fourth sternebrae had latitudinal (right-left) bifid ossification centers, undoubtedly a result of the original formation of the sternum from two longitudinal mesenchymal anlagen. Occasionally the fourth sternebra exhibited longitudinally bifid ossification. The usual pattern was ossification of four sternebrae, although a fifth was intermittently present. The xiphisternum (not a true sternebra) was infrequently ossified.", "PMID": 531583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4938", "title": "Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. III. The clavicle.", "content": "Thirty-one pairs of clavicles obtained from human cadavers ranging in age from full-term stillborn to fourteen years were studied morphologically and radiographically. Specimen roentgenography using air/cartilage interfacing demonstrated the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses. Overall longitudinal growth appeared to occur to a greater degree in the sternal end, which also developed a secondary ossification center. No comparable ossification was seen in the acromion. The curve patterns differed in the acromial and sternal ends. The sternoclavicular joint has a meniscus throughout postnatal development. This was demonstrated by air arthrography. Finally, the sternoclavicular joint was dislocated anteriorly and posteriorly to duplicate trauma to this region. Roentgenographic aspects of development are discussed and illustrated to provide a reference index.", "contents": "Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. III. The clavicle. Thirty-one pairs of clavicles obtained from human cadavers ranging in age from full-term stillborn to fourteen years were studied morphologically and radiographically. Specimen roentgenography using air/cartilage interfacing demonstrated the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses. Overall longitudinal growth appeared to occur to a greater degree in the sternal end, which also developed a secondary ossification center. No comparable ossification was seen in the acromion. The curve patterns differed in the acromial and sternal ends. The sternoclavicular joint has a meniscus throughout postnatal development. This was demonstrated by air arthrography. Finally, the sternoclavicular joint was dislocated anteriorly and posteriorly to duplicate trauma to this region. Roentgenographic aspects of development are discussed and illustrated to provide a reference index.", "PMID": 531584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4939", "title": "Multiple loose bodies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Intra-articular loose bodies are usually secondary to osteochondral fractures, osteochondritis dissecans, synovial osteochondromatosis, and degenerative arthritis. The authors report four patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis and multiple loose bodies in a variety of joints. All patients have remained active despite their disease, suggesting that the loose body production was secondary to trauma of continued activity superimposed on joints containing pannus and eroded cartilage.", "contents": "Multiple loose bodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Intra-articular loose bodies are usually secondary to osteochondral fractures, osteochondritis dissecans, synovial osteochondromatosis, and degenerative arthritis. The authors report four patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis and multiple loose bodies in a variety of joints. All patients have remained active despite their disease, suggesting that the loose body production was secondary to trauma of continued activity superimposed on joints containing pannus and eroded cartilage.", "PMID": 531585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4940", "title": "Osteopathia striata and focal dermal hypoplasia.", "content": "A 43-year old female, presenting with pain in the left knee, attributed to a stress fracture of the tibia, was found to have osteopathia striata and numerous other congenital anomalies, not only of the skeleton, but also of other tissue systems. Of the latter the most important was the presence of focal dermal hypoplasia, a disorder of the skin. Review of the radiological and dermatological literature has shown this to be the fourteenth case in which these excessively rare entities have been associated. Such an association is considered to be more than a coincidence. A radiological diagnosis of osteopathia striata, therefore, should be followed by a careful dermatological examination for focal dermal hypoplasia. Conversely, diagnosis of this rare dermatological disease should indicate the necessity for radiological survey of the skeleton.", "contents": "Osteopathia striata and focal dermal hypoplasia. A 43-year old female, presenting with pain in the left knee, attributed to a stress fracture of the tibia, was found to have osteopathia striata and numerous other congenital anomalies, not only of the skeleton, but also of other tissue systems. Of the latter the most important was the presence of focal dermal hypoplasia, a disorder of the skin. Review of the radiological and dermatological literature has shown this to be the fourteenth case in which these excessively rare entities have been associated. Such an association is considered to be more than a coincidence. A radiological diagnosis of osteopathia striata, therefore, should be followed by a careful dermatological examination for focal dermal hypoplasia. Conversely, diagnosis of this rare dermatological disease should indicate the necessity for radiological survey of the skeleton.", "PMID": 531586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4941", "title": "Mechanical evaluation of the Dwyer screw-cable attachment.", "content": "A critical portion of the Dwyer technique is the crimping of the screw head to prevent the cable from slipping. Initally, Dwyer designed a hydraulic mechanism to crimp the screw head. However, this instrument was cumbersome to use and presented potential sterility problems. Today the Simmons crimper is used by the majority of orthopaedic surgeons. It is the purpose of this paper to report the studies conducted on 1) different materials used for the fabrication of the screws, and 2) the significance of the variations in the jaw opening using the Simmons mechanical crimper.", "contents": "Mechanical evaluation of the Dwyer screw-cable attachment. A critical portion of the Dwyer technique is the crimping of the screw head to prevent the cable from slipping. Initally, Dwyer designed a hydraulic mechanism to crimp the screw head. However, this instrument was cumbersome to use and presented potential sterility problems. Today the Simmons crimper is used by the majority of orthopaedic surgeons. It is the purpose of this paper to report the studies conducted on 1) different materials used for the fabrication of the screws, and 2) the significance of the variations in the jaw opening using the Simmons mechanical crimper.", "PMID": 531615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4942", "title": "Anterior and posterior spinal fusion for paralytic scoliosis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with paralytic scoliosis were treated with a combination of anterior and posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. The sequence was anterior surgery first in 19 patients and posterior surgery first in 4. The average age was 14.4 years. Preoperative correction with a halo-hoop apparatus was performed in 12 patients. The average preoperative curve for the group measured 100 degrees, and the average postoperative curve at a mean follow-up time of 21 months was 37 degrees. The mean loss of correction was 8 degrees. Although superior hook dislodgment occurred in 5 patients, no pseudarthrosis or beinding of the fusion mass was documented.", "contents": "Anterior and posterior spinal fusion for paralytic scoliosis. Twenty-three patients with paralytic scoliosis were treated with a combination of anterior and posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. The sequence was anterior surgery first in 19 patients and posterior surgery first in 4. The average age was 14.4 years. Preoperative correction with a halo-hoop apparatus was performed in 12 patients. The average preoperative curve for the group measured 100 degrees, and the average postoperative curve at a mean follow-up time of 21 months was 37 degrees. The mean loss of correction was 8 degrees. Although superior hook dislodgment occurred in 5 patients, no pseudarthrosis or beinding of the fusion mass was documented.", "PMID": 531616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4943", "title": "Intercostal nerve transfer to lumbar nerve roots. Part I: development of an animal model and cadaver studies.", "content": "This is a description of the development of an animal model for intercostal nerve transfer and saphenous nerve grafting to lumbar nerve roots in the dog. Further, the technical feasibility of intercostal nerve transfer and autogenous sural nerve grafting to the lumbar and sacral nerve roots in the adult and infant human cadaaver is demonstrated graphically.", "contents": "Intercostal nerve transfer to lumbar nerve roots. Part I: development of an animal model and cadaver studies. This is a description of the development of an animal model for intercostal nerve transfer and saphenous nerve grafting to lumbar nerve roots in the dog. Further, the technical feasibility of intercostal nerve transfer and autogenous sural nerve grafting to the lumbar and sacral nerve roots in the adult and infant human cadaaver is demonstrated graphically.", "PMID": 531617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4944", "title": "Intercostal nerve transfer to lumbar nerve roots. Part II: Neuropathologic findings in the animal model.", "content": "These are the neuropathologic findings in dogs 8-11 months after a unilateral intercostal nerve transfer and anastomosis to a lumbar nerve root were performed. This is a follow-up study of a procedure that was initially carried out in the adult and infant human cadaver and subsequently in an animal model by Malik and Buhr, as reported in this issue of Spine. At the time of sacrifice, the animals in this study had lost the limp that they had postoperatively. The results demonstrate the viability of the intercostal nerve transfer and its anastomosis to the lumbar motor root. There was supplied by a lumbar nerve root that had been operated upon, but the basis of this was not definitely established.", "contents": "Intercostal nerve transfer to lumbar nerve roots. Part II: Neuropathologic findings in the animal model. These are the neuropathologic findings in dogs 8-11 months after a unilateral intercostal nerve transfer and anastomosis to a lumbar nerve root were performed. This is a follow-up study of a procedure that was initially carried out in the adult and infant human cadaver and subsequently in an animal model by Malik and Buhr, as reported in this issue of Spine. At the time of sacrifice, the animals in this study had lost the limp that they had postoperatively. The results demonstrate the viability of the intercostal nerve transfer and its anastomosis to the lumbar motor root. There was supplied by a lumbar nerve root that had been operated upon, but the basis of this was not definitely established.", "PMID": 531618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4945", "title": "Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis. A combined approach for reduction and stabilization.", "content": "A technique for combined posterior and anterior reduction of spondylolisthesis is presented. Preliminary results suggest that this is a valid technique for obtaining satisfactory reduction of the deformity and stabilization in severe cases of spondylolisthesis (greater than 50%). The indications for this approach and possible complications are described in detail.", "contents": "Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis. A combined approach for reduction and stabilization. A technique for combined posterior and anterior reduction of spondylolisthesis is presented. Preliminary results suggest that this is a valid technique for obtaining satisfactory reduction of the deformity and stabilization in severe cases of spondylolisthesis (greater than 50%). The indications for this approach and possible complications are described in detail.", "PMID": 531619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4946", "title": "Reduction of severe spondylolisthesis. A preliminary report.", "content": "This report describes the development of a technique for reduction and fusion of spondylolisthesis that includes posterior mobilization with alartransverse fusion, halo-femoral traction with the patient in some extension, and finally, anterior interbody fusion of the lumbosacral joint. The report emphasizes the technique, which has been employed in the care of 8 patients thus far.", "contents": "Reduction of severe spondylolisthesis. A preliminary report. This report describes the development of a technique for reduction and fusion of spondylolisthesis that includes posterior mobilization with alartransverse fusion, halo-femoral traction with the patient in some extension, and finally, anterior interbody fusion of the lumbosacral joint. The report emphasizes the technique, which has been employed in the care of 8 patients thus far.", "PMID": 531620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4947", "title": "Needle placement of myelography.", "content": "Proper placement of the entire bevel of the spinal needle within the subarachnoid space at myelography is necessary to prevent partial extra-arachnoid deposition of the contrast medium. A Cuatico aspiration cannula passed through the spinal needle at the time of spinal puncture serves to indicate the depth of the needle tip within the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Needle placement of myelography. Proper placement of the entire bevel of the spinal needle within the subarachnoid space at myelography is necessary to prevent partial extra-arachnoid deposition of the contrast medium. A Cuatico aspiration cannula passed through the spinal needle at the time of spinal puncture serves to indicate the depth of the needle tip within the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 531623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4948", "title": "A comparison of radiographic findings in fusion and nonfusion patients ten or more years following lumbar disc surgery.", "content": "Ninety-six patients who had undergone disc excision and midline spinal fusion and 36 patients who had had simple disc excision had spinal radiographs made 10 or more years postoperatively. Claw spurs were found most commonly at the L2-3 and L3-4 levels in fusion patients, particularly male laborers. Traction spurs with segmental hypermobility were found more commonly at the L4-5 level in patients whose spines were not fused, particularly women. Total lumbar flexion-extension was greater in nonfusion than in fusion patients, but the L1-3 mobility was greater in those who had undergone fusion, suggesting a compensatory increase in the range of lumbar motion. Segmental mobility at levels of surgery in nonfusion patients was similar in those with good and those with poor clinical results. Disc space narrowing was common at levels of operation, but did not correspond to the clinical result. Pseudarthrosis was demonstrated in 26% of fusion patients, but was of no clinical significance. Although complex radiographic changes follow lumbar disc surgery, with or without failure, it is concluded that the plane radiograph is of little aid in determining the source of postoperative pain. The sole exception is that of acquired spondylolysis, which was found in 2.5% of this group of fusion patients, and was clearly associated with a poor clinical outcome. Symptomatic degenerative disc disease at levels above lumbar spinal fusions appears to be an uncommon clinical problem.", "contents": "A comparison of radiographic findings in fusion and nonfusion patients ten or more years following lumbar disc surgery. Ninety-six patients who had undergone disc excision and midline spinal fusion and 36 patients who had had simple disc excision had spinal radiographs made 10 or more years postoperatively. Claw spurs were found most commonly at the L2-3 and L3-4 levels in fusion patients, particularly male laborers. Traction spurs with segmental hypermobility were found more commonly at the L4-5 level in patients whose spines were not fused, particularly women. Total lumbar flexion-extension was greater in nonfusion than in fusion patients, but the L1-3 mobility was greater in those who had undergone fusion, suggesting a compensatory increase in the range of lumbar motion. Segmental mobility at levels of surgery in nonfusion patients was similar in those with good and those with poor clinical results. Disc space narrowing was common at levels of operation, but did not correspond to the clinical result. Pseudarthrosis was demonstrated in 26% of fusion patients, but was of no clinical significance. Although complex radiographic changes follow lumbar disc surgery, with or without failure, it is concluded that the plane radiograph is of little aid in determining the source of postoperative pain. The sole exception is that of acquired spondylolysis, which was found in 2.5% of this group of fusion patients, and was clearly associated with a poor clinical outcome. Symptomatic degenerative disc disease at levels above lumbar spinal fusions appears to be an uncommon clinical problem.", "PMID": 531621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4949", "title": "A study of Tinea capitis in Libya (Benghazi).", "content": "Tinea capitis formed 20% of all superficial mycotic infections, which in turn represented 12% of all skin disease diagnosed at the skin outpatient department of Al-Jamaheria hospital in Benghazi. The majority (94%) of tinea capitis occurred in children. A sample of 200 cases cultured revealed Trichophyton schoenleinii to be the most prevalent species of dermatophyte (69.5%) followed by Microsporum audouinii. (23.8%).", "contents": "A study of Tinea capitis in Libya (Benghazi). Tinea capitis formed 20% of all superficial mycotic infections, which in turn represented 12% of all skin disease diagnosed at the skin outpatient department of Al-Jamaheria hospital in Benghazi. The majority (94%) of tinea capitis occurred in children. A sample of 200 cases cultured revealed Trichophyton schoenleinii to be the most prevalent species of dermatophyte (69.5%) followed by Microsporum audouinii. (23.8%).", "PMID": 531713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4950", "title": "Prototheca stagnora, an encapsulated organism.", "content": "The type species of Prototheca stagnora, SEC-L-1690 (ATCC 16528) (2) was found to have a large capsule surrounding the cells, in India ink preparations. Cryptococcus neoformans and P. stagnora are very similar organisms in their morphology and they should be differentiated by their reproduction process or by their biochemical and physiological characteristics.", "contents": "Prototheca stagnora, an encapsulated organism. The type species of Prototheca stagnora, SEC-L-1690 (ATCC 16528) (2) was found to have a large capsule surrounding the cells, in India ink preparations. Cryptococcus neoformans and P. stagnora are very similar organisms in their morphology and they should be differentiated by their reproduction process or by their biochemical and physiological characteristics.", "PMID": 531714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4951", "title": "Wangiella dermatitidis isolated from bats in Manaus Brazil.", "content": "Wangiella dermatitidis was isolated for the first time from the macroscopically asymptomatic internal organs of 2 Phyllostomus discolor, 1 Molossus molossus, 1 Sturnira lilium and 1 Myotis albescens among bats captured in the region of Manaus, Brazil. The dermatiaceous fungi isolated exhibited polymorphism at 25 and 37 degrees C, showing toruloid hyphae, integrated and terminal phialides without collarettes and yeast-like cells. The fungi did not hydrolyze gelatin, casein or starch. Some ecological aspects of bats in relationship to the epidemiology of phaeohyphomycosis are discussed.", "contents": "Wangiella dermatitidis isolated from bats in Manaus Brazil. Wangiella dermatitidis was isolated for the first time from the macroscopically asymptomatic internal organs of 2 Phyllostomus discolor, 1 Molossus molossus, 1 Sturnira lilium and 1 Myotis albescens among bats captured in the region of Manaus, Brazil. The dermatiaceous fungi isolated exhibited polymorphism at 25 and 37 degrees C, showing toruloid hyphae, integrated and terminal phialides without collarettes and yeast-like cells. The fungi did not hydrolyze gelatin, casein or starch. Some ecological aspects of bats in relationship to the epidemiology of phaeohyphomycosis are discussed.", "PMID": 531715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4952", "title": "Association of ABO blood group and outcome of coccidioidal infection.", "content": "Dissemination of fungal infection due to Coccidioides immitis has been previously shown to be related to hereditary factors. Two associations reported to date are race (e.g., Filipino and black ancestry) and HLA histocompatibility type (HLA-19). In the present study of 105 patients a significant association of blood group B and dissemination is demonstrated. C. immitis is known to possess antigens with blood group A activity. Previous epidemiologic studies have also shown HLA-A9 and blood group B are both more common in persons of black and Filipino ancestry. Further studies are needed to define whether these are independent variables, and may define subgroups at particularly high risk following coccidioidal infection.", "contents": "Association of ABO blood group and outcome of coccidioidal infection. Dissemination of fungal infection due to Coccidioides immitis has been previously shown to be related to hereditary factors. Two associations reported to date are race (e.g., Filipino and black ancestry) and HLA histocompatibility type (HLA-19). In the present study of 105 patients a significant association of blood group B and dissemination is demonstrated. C. immitis is known to possess antigens with blood group A activity. Previous epidemiologic studies have also shown HLA-A9 and blood group B are both more common in persons of black and Filipino ancestry. Further studies are needed to define whether these are independent variables, and may define subgroups at particularly high risk following coccidioidal infection.", "PMID": 531716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4953", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of saprobic and parasitic forms of Coccidioides immitis.", "content": "During studies of both saprobic and parasitic cycles of Coccidioides immitis, we found that the hyphae contained septa with simple pores, Woronin bodies, pinocytotic vesicles and/or lomasomes. The alternating thallic arthroconidia were released by fracturing of the adjacent sterile cells. The endospores were formed by progressive cleavage of the spherules. The taxonomic classification of C. immitis still remains obscure.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of saprobic and parasitic forms of Coccidioides immitis. During studies of both saprobic and parasitic cycles of Coccidioides immitis, we found that the hyphae contained septa with simple pores, Woronin bodies, pinocytotic vesicles and/or lomasomes. The alternating thallic arthroconidia were released by fracturing of the adjacent sterile cells. The endospores were formed by progressive cleavage of the spherules. The taxonomic classification of C. immitis still remains obscure.", "PMID": 531717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4954", "title": "Use of morpho-physiological characteristics for differentiation of the species of Prototheca.", "content": "Fifty-two cultures of Prototheca spp. isolated from water and 7 isolates received from a culture collection were tested for their ability to assimilate carbon and nitrogen sources. Based upon these findings and on micromorphological features of the isolates a rapid method allowing differentiation of Prototheca spp. in culture is presented.", "contents": "Use of morpho-physiological characteristics for differentiation of the species of Prototheca. Fifty-two cultures of Prototheca spp. isolated from water and 7 isolates received from a culture collection were tested for their ability to assimilate carbon and nitrogen sources. Based upon these findings and on micromorphological features of the isolates a rapid method allowing differentiation of Prototheca spp. in culture is presented.", "PMID": 531718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4955", "title": "Liberation of protoplasts from the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by enzymatic treatment.", "content": "Spherical and osmotically sensitive protoplasts were released from cultures of the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides basilienisis strain IVIC Pb9 through the action of a mixture of crude enzyme preparations: alpha and beta-glucanases and chitinase, obtained from culture filtrates of Cladosporium resinae, Basidiomycete QM 806 and Streptomyces sp respectively. The highest efficiency of protoplast liberation was achieved when each crude enzyme preparation was used at 1 mg/ml.", "contents": "Liberation of protoplasts from the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by enzymatic treatment. Spherical and osmotically sensitive protoplasts were released from cultures of the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides basilienisis strain IVIC Pb9 through the action of a mixture of crude enzyme preparations: alpha and beta-glucanases and chitinase, obtained from culture filtrates of Cladosporium resinae, Basidiomycete QM 806 and Streptomyces sp respectively. The highest efficiency of protoplast liberation was achieved when each crude enzyme preparation was used at 1 mg/ml.", "PMID": 531719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4956", "title": "Growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes on individual amino acids.", "content": "Trichophyton mentagrophytes was tested for its ability to utilize individual amino acids as a source of carbon and nitrogen in basal medium containing 0.4 mM magnesium sulphate (0.1 g/l) in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH6.5. Growth was quantitated by measurement of both dry weight and fungal protein. Seventeen naturally occurring amino acids supported growth, serving as a source of both carbon and nitrogen. Seven amino acids failed to support growth under these conditions; however three of these could be metabolized for nitrogen, but not for carbon.", "contents": "Growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes on individual amino acids. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was tested for its ability to utilize individual amino acids as a source of carbon and nitrogen in basal medium containing 0.4 mM magnesium sulphate (0.1 g/l) in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH6.5. Growth was quantitated by measurement of both dry weight and fungal protein. Seventeen naturally occurring amino acids supported growth, serving as a source of both carbon and nitrogen. Seven amino acids failed to support growth under these conditions; however three of these could be metabolized for nitrogen, but not for carbon.", "PMID": 531720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4957", "title": "Malassezia pityrosporum pachydermatis (Weidman) Dodge 1935.", "content": "Priority of the name Malassezia pachydermatis (Weidman) Dodge 1935 is indicated for the microorganism which has been called Pityrosporum pachydermatis Weidman 1925 and P. canis Gustafson 1955. M. pachydermatis is here further characterized in culture with information drawn from 2 recent isolates, in particular the presence of spiral grooves on the inner surface of the cell wall, good growth on Mycosel agar, rapid production of urease, and assimilation of glucose by the Wickerham method.", "contents": "Malassezia pityrosporum pachydermatis (Weidman) Dodge 1935. Priority of the name Malassezia pachydermatis (Weidman) Dodge 1935 is indicated for the microorganism which has been called Pityrosporum pachydermatis Weidman 1925 and P. canis Gustafson 1955. M. pachydermatis is here further characterized in culture with information drawn from 2 recent isolates, in particular the presence of spiral grooves on the inner surface of the cell wall, good growth on Mycosel agar, rapid production of urease, and assimilation of glucose by the Wickerham method.", "PMID": 531721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4958", "title": "Filamentous fungal growth assay: correlation between [U-14C] glucose uptake and dry weight determinations.", "content": "The filamentous fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes was grown in [U-14C] glucose supplemented nutrient broth. Growth was monitored in 200 microliter microcultures and 5 ml macrocultures by measuring the incorporation of 14C into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble macromolecules and in macrocultures by dry weight determination. Adjustment of the specific activity of the [U-14C] glucose medium supplement from 1080 muCi/mmole to 108 muCi/mmole decreased the rate of isotope uptake and prolonged availability so that growth beyond 36 h could be monitored radiometrically. The dry mycelial weight of the fungus was directly proportional (r = 0.995) to the amount of isotope incorporated. Isotope uptake in microcultures and macrocultures was kinetically identical. These data clearly indicate that the uptake of 14C by T. mentagrophytes can be used to monitor fungal growth accurately in both macrocultures and microcultures.", "contents": "Filamentous fungal growth assay: correlation between [U-14C] glucose uptake and dry weight determinations. The filamentous fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes was grown in [U-14C] glucose supplemented nutrient broth. Growth was monitored in 200 microliter microcultures and 5 ml macrocultures by measuring the incorporation of 14C into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble macromolecules and in macrocultures by dry weight determination. Adjustment of the specific activity of the [U-14C] glucose medium supplement from 1080 muCi/mmole to 108 muCi/mmole decreased the rate of isotope uptake and prolonged availability so that growth beyond 36 h could be monitored radiometrically. The dry mycelial weight of the fungus was directly proportional (r = 0.995) to the amount of isotope incorporated. Isotope uptake in microcultures and macrocultures was kinetically identical. These data clearly indicate that the uptake of 14C by T. mentagrophytes can be used to monitor fungal growth accurately in both macrocultures and microcultures.", "PMID": 531722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4959", "title": "Mortality reporting in SSA linked data: preliminary results.", "content": "The earnings and benefit data of the Social Security Administration represent a fairly large and balanced sample of present and past wage earners nationwide. Since the incentives for reporting deaths to the Social Security Administration mean that deaths are reported as a matter of course, this data base serves as an interesting prospect for examining problems of differential mortality. Variables available include age, race, sex, industry, and place of employment. To check on the coverage and content differences between social security and death certificate data, a sample study is being undertaken that links the two sources for 1975 decedents. This article provides a preliminary examination of the differences between the presumably complete frame of death certificates and the social security record data. Related efforts now in progress to improve available information for use in further mortality research are also discussed briefly.", "contents": "Mortality reporting in SSA linked data: preliminary results. The earnings and benefit data of the Social Security Administration represent a fairly large and balanced sample of present and past wage earners nationwide. Since the incentives for reporting deaths to the Social Security Administration mean that deaths are reported as a matter of course, this data base serves as an interesting prospect for examining problems of differential mortality. Variables available include age, race, sex, industry, and place of employment. To check on the coverage and content differences between social security and death certificate data, a sample study is being undertaken that links the two sources for 1975 decedents. This article provides a preliminary examination of the differences between the presumably complete frame of death certificates and the social security record data. Related efforts now in progress to improve available information for use in further mortality research are also discussed briefly.", "PMID": 531726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4960", "title": "Subjective retirement.", "content": "An individual's identification of his retirement situation does not necessarily coincide with the retirement concept as defined by objective measures. Self-evaluation of retirement status by respondents to the Retirement History Study has been analyzed to discover to what extent their subjective assessment of retirement matched the situation predicted by objective measures. For those completely retired or not retired, the self-evaluation was closely related to the number of hours worked. A \"partly retired\" response was not as well-predicted, to some extent because of definitional problems. Pension receipt and, to a lesser degree, aging had some significance as predictors, but other demographic and attitudinal factors were not significant. Analysis of the partly retired suggests the relative importance of gradual retirement during the period 1969--75.", "contents": "Subjective retirement. An individual's identification of his retirement situation does not necessarily coincide with the retirement concept as defined by objective measures. Self-evaluation of retirement status by respondents to the Retirement History Study has been analyzed to discover to what extent their subjective assessment of retirement matched the situation predicted by objective measures. For those completely retired or not retired, the self-evaluation was closely related to the number of hours worked. A \"partly retired\" response was not as well-predicted, to some extent because of definitional problems. Pension receipt and, to a lesser degree, aging had some significance as predictors, but other demographic and attitudinal factors were not significant. Analysis of the partly retired suggests the relative importance of gradual retirement during the period 1969--75.", "PMID": 531727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4961", "title": "Serologic responses to treatment of 128 patients with late latent syphilis.", "content": "One hundred twenty-eight patients who had been treated for late latent syphilis were followed. Benzathine penicillin G (2.4 X 10(6) units given intramuscularly once a week for two weeks) was administered to 123 patients, and five patients were given tetracycline (500 mg orally four times daily for 12 days). Of these patients, 56 (44%) became seronegative within five years, and 72 (56%) had persistently positive reagin tests.", "contents": "Serologic responses to treatment of 128 patients with late latent syphilis. One hundred twenty-eight patients who had been treated for late latent syphilis were followed. Benzathine penicillin G (2.4 X 10(6) units given intramuscularly once a week for two weeks) was administered to 123 patients, and five patients were given tetracycline (500 mg orally four times daily for 12 days). Of these patients, 56 (44%) became seronegative within five years, and 72 (56%) had persistently positive reagin tests.", "PMID": 531723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4962", "title": "Resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid and pyrimidine auxotrophy: a new bidirectional selective system for mammalian cells.", "content": "We have isolated a clone of murine erythroleukemic cells which will yield a population when a single cell is suspended in a medium composed of dialyzed sera and small molecules. We report that it is feasible--in one experiment--to screen more than 10 of these cells for growth under selective media containing 10(-4) M 5-fluoroorotic acid and 10(-4) M uridine. Cells capable of sustained growth in such media were eventually recovered. Clones of these cells, unlike clones of the parental population, required uridine for growth and contained only 0.39% as much orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, less than 0.5% as much 5-fluoroorotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and 0.013% as much orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase activity as the parental clones. The parental and variant clones had similar levels of activity for six other enzymes that participate in pyrimidine metabolism.", "contents": "Resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid and pyrimidine auxotrophy: a new bidirectional selective system for mammalian cells. We have isolated a clone of murine erythroleukemic cells which will yield a population when a single cell is suspended in a medium composed of dialyzed sera and small molecules. We report that it is feasible--in one experiment--to screen more than 10 of these cells for growth under selective media containing 10(-4) M 5-fluoroorotic acid and 10(-4) M uridine. Cells capable of sustained growth in such media were eventually recovered. Clones of these cells, unlike clones of the parental population, required uridine for growth and contained only 0.39% as much orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, less than 0.5% as much 5-fluoroorotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and 0.013% as much orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase activity as the parental clones. The parental and variant clones had similar levels of activity for six other enzymes that participate in pyrimidine metabolism.", "PMID": 531730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4963", "title": "Erythromycin resistance in mouse L cells.", "content": "The sensitivity of mouse cell lines in culture to the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin stearate, was investigated. Both resistant and sensitive lines were found. Experiments indicated that in sensitive cells erythromycin stearate inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis. Mutants resistant to erythromycin stearate were selected from the line LM(TK-), and these are also less sensitive to other macrolide antibiotics such as carbomycin and spiramycin. Attempts to transfer the erythromycin resistance of either the mutants or naturally resistant lines by fusion of cytoplasts with sensitive cells were unsuccessful, and it is concluded that resistance to erythromycin stearate is controlled by nuclear genetic factors.", "contents": "Erythromycin resistance in mouse L cells. The sensitivity of mouse cell lines in culture to the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin stearate, was investigated. Both resistant and sensitive lines were found. Experiments indicated that in sensitive cells erythromycin stearate inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis. Mutants resistant to erythromycin stearate were selected from the line LM(TK-), and these are also less sensitive to other macrolide antibiotics such as carbomycin and spiramycin. Attempts to transfer the erythromycin resistance of either the mutants or naturally resistant lines by fusion of cytoplasts with sensitive cells were unsuccessful, and it is concluded that resistance to erythromycin stearate is controlled by nuclear genetic factors.", "PMID": 531731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4964", "title": "Pediculosis pubis in a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "The symptoms, clinical findings, epidemiology, and associated sexually transmitted diseases are described for 121 patients with pediculosis pubis who were seen in a clinic. Phthirus pubis was observed in the pubic hair of 118 patients, and in 38 men (37.3%) and 18 women (94.7%) the pubic region was the sole area of involvement. Pruritus was reported by 104 patients (85.9%), while excoriations were observed in 30 (24.8%) and maculae ceruleae in one. The median waits from detection of organisms to presentation at the clinic were two days for men and one day for women. This motivation for medical care was fortuitous, because 31.4% of the patients infested with P. pubis had other sexually transmitted diseases.", "contents": "Pediculosis pubis in a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The symptoms, clinical findings, epidemiology, and associated sexually transmitted diseases are described for 121 patients with pediculosis pubis who were seen in a clinic. Phthirus pubis was observed in the pubic hair of 118 patients, and in 38 men (37.3%) and 18 women (94.7%) the pubic region was the sole area of involvement. Pruritus was reported by 104 patients (85.9%), while excoriations were observed in 30 (24.8%) and maculae ceruleae in one. The median waits from detection of organisms to presentation at the clinic were two days for men and one day for women. This motivation for medical care was fortuitous, because 31.4% of the patients infested with P. pubis had other sexually transmitted diseases.", "PMID": 531724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4965", "title": "Epidemiologic follow-up study of patients with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Thorough epidemiologic assessment by trained personnel is important in the management of all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Results of interviewing and an intensive epidemiologic follow-up study of 58 cases of gonococcal PID are presented. A total of 34 (49%) of the 69 male contacts examined were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Twenty-three (68%) of the 34 were symptomatic, and 11 (32%) were asymptomatic. The interviews with the 58 patients who had PID clearly revealed their lack of comprehension of the nature of their infection. Nineteen (33%) of the 58 admitted reexposure after treatment to one of their contacts before he was examined. Intensive epidemiologic follow-up efforts and comprehensive education must be included in the routine management of patients with gonococcal PID; cooperative efforts by hospitals and local or state health departments are necessary components of treatment and prevention.", "contents": "Epidemiologic follow-up study of patients with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Thorough epidemiologic assessment by trained personnel is important in the management of all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Results of interviewing and an intensive epidemiologic follow-up study of 58 cases of gonococcal PID are presented. A total of 34 (49%) of the 69 male contacts examined were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Twenty-three (68%) of the 34 were symptomatic, and 11 (32%) were asymptomatic. The interviews with the 58 patients who had PID clearly revealed their lack of comprehension of the nature of their infection. Nineteen (33%) of the 58 admitted reexposure after treatment to one of their contacts before he was examined. Intensive epidemiologic follow-up efforts and comprehensive education must be included in the routine management of patients with gonococcal PID; cooperative efforts by hospitals and local or state health departments are necessary components of treatment and prevention.", "PMID": 531725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4966", "title": "Necessity for two human chromosomes for human chorionic gonadotropin production in human-mouse hybrids.", "content": "Through a series of human-mouse hybrids we have identified that two human chromosomes, 10 and 18, must be present for production of the pregnancy protein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Human choriocarcinoma cells producing hCG were hybridized to mouse cells. From 49 independent clones three hybrid clones continued to produce whole hCG. Chromosomal analysis was done on the 3 producer clones and 5 nonproducer clones. The additional 41 nonproducer clones were genetically characterized by isozymes. Only when chromosomes 10 and 18 were present in a clone would the whole hCG molecule be produced. Clones with only 10 or only 18 did not produce hormone. Nine subclones of a producer clone confirmed this observation. Three subclones retaining both 10 and 18 continued to produce hCG. This study demonstrated the need to use cellular chromosome data and population enzyme data to identify two chromosomes necessary for hCG production in heterogeneous human-mouse hybrids.", "contents": "Necessity for two human chromosomes for human chorionic gonadotropin production in human-mouse hybrids. Through a series of human-mouse hybrids we have identified that two human chromosomes, 10 and 18, must be present for production of the pregnancy protein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Human choriocarcinoma cells producing hCG were hybridized to mouse cells. From 49 independent clones three hybrid clones continued to produce whole hCG. Chromosomal analysis was done on the 3 producer clones and 5 nonproducer clones. The additional 41 nonproducer clones were genetically characterized by isozymes. Only when chromosomes 10 and 18 were present in a clone would the whole hCG molecule be produced. Clones with only 10 or only 18 did not produce hormone. Nine subclones of a producer clone confirmed this observation. Three subclones retaining both 10 and 18 continued to produce hCG. This study demonstrated the need to use cellular chromosome data and population enzyme data to identify two chromosomes necessary for hCG production in heterogeneous human-mouse hybrids.", "PMID": 531732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4967", "title": "Different Chinese hamster cell lines express a G1 period for different reasons.", "content": "Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the absence of G1(G1-condition) in two lines of Chinese hamster cells is dominant over the presence of G1(G1+condition) in a variety of intraspecific cell hybrids. G1+ mutants or variants cna be isolated from G1- cells following mutagenesis and selection. These G1+ mutants fall into multiple complementation groups based on their abilities to form G1- cell hybrids with one another. This is evidence that different mutants have G1 intervals for different reasons, possibly as the result of deficiencies in functions necessary for G1- cell cycles. In this report we have used cell hybrid analysis to ask whether cells of different, naturally occurring G1+ lines of Chinese hamster are able to complement to produce G1- hybrids. We have found three complementation groups among the four G1+ cell lines examined. Therefore, these lines define three different reasons or bases for the existence of a G1 interval. These results lead us to suggest that multiple requirements must be met for these cells to start the S period, but that failure to fulfill only a single and different requirement is responsible for the presence of a G1 interval in any given cell line.", "contents": "Different Chinese hamster cell lines express a G1 period for different reasons. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the absence of G1(G1-condition) in two lines of Chinese hamster cells is dominant over the presence of G1(G1+condition) in a variety of intraspecific cell hybrids. G1+ mutants or variants cna be isolated from G1- cells following mutagenesis and selection. These G1+ mutants fall into multiple complementation groups based on their abilities to form G1- cell hybrids with one another. This is evidence that different mutants have G1 intervals for different reasons, possibly as the result of deficiencies in functions necessary for G1- cell cycles. In this report we have used cell hybrid analysis to ask whether cells of different, naturally occurring G1+ lines of Chinese hamster are able to complement to produce G1- hybrids. We have found three complementation groups among the four G1+ cell lines examined. Therefore, these lines define three different reasons or bases for the existence of a G1 interval. These results lead us to suggest that multiple requirements must be met for these cells to start the S period, but that failure to fulfill only a single and different requirement is responsible for the presence of a G1 interval in any given cell line.", "PMID": 531733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4968", "title": "Analysis of discontinuous variation in albumin production by hepatoma cells at the cellular level.", "content": "The clonal variation in the rate of albumin production in cultured rat hepatoma cells has been studied on a cellular basis by immunoperoxidase techniques using specific antisera against rat serum albumin. Previously, it has been shown that an array of clonal hepatoma cell populations that produce serum albumin at different rates can be isolated simply by subcloning a single clonal hepatoma cell line (Fu5). The present study demonstrates conclusively that this phenotypic variation is the result of quantal shifts in the rate of albumin production in the individual cells and is not due to changes in the percentage of albumin-producing cells. Also, by analyzing individual colonies as they develop from single cells, it was possible to establish that the rate of variation in albumin content in several hepatoma cell clones is on the order of 0.5-1.4 10(-2) per cell per generation. This variation in albumin content probably reflects shifts in the rate of albumin synthesis. Even after several sequential subclonings, the same clonal variation persists. The variants are not the result of fluctuations in albumin synthesis with different phases of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Analysis of discontinuous variation in albumin production by hepatoma cells at the cellular level. The clonal variation in the rate of albumin production in cultured rat hepatoma cells has been studied on a cellular basis by immunoperoxidase techniques using specific antisera against rat serum albumin. Previously, it has been shown that an array of clonal hepatoma cell populations that produce serum albumin at different rates can be isolated simply by subcloning a single clonal hepatoma cell line (Fu5). The present study demonstrates conclusively that this phenotypic variation is the result of quantal shifts in the rate of albumin production in the individual cells and is not due to changes in the percentage of albumin-producing cells. Also, by analyzing individual colonies as they develop from single cells, it was possible to establish that the rate of variation in albumin content in several hepatoma cell clones is on the order of 0.5-1.4 10(-2) per cell per generation. This variation in albumin content probably reflects shifts in the rate of albumin synthesis. Even after several sequential subclonings, the same clonal variation persists. The variants are not the result of fluctuations in albumin synthesis with different phases of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 531734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4969", "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by purine deoxyribonucleosides.", "content": "The effects of purine deoxyribonucleosides on bromodeoxyurdine (BrdU) mutagenesis in Syrian hamster melanoma cells were determined. Both deoxyguanosine (dG) and deoxyadenosine (dA) were found to stimulate mutagenesis without changing the amount of BrdU in DNA. In addition, the stimulation of mutagenesis by dG and dA was suppressed by the addition of deoxycytidine (dC). These results suggest that BrdU mutagenesis involves the perturbation of dC metabolism, which perturbation is enhanced by dGTP and dATP. The mutagenic activity of dG in the absence of BrdU was tested, as was that of thymidine (dT), which we had shown previously to stimulate BrdU mutageneis. With dG alone, no increase above the spontaneous mutation frequency was detected. However, at extremely high concentration, dT in the absence of BrdU was slightly mutagenic, and the mutagenesis by dT was enhanced by dG and suppressed by dC.", "contents": "Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by purine deoxyribonucleosides. The effects of purine deoxyribonucleosides on bromodeoxyurdine (BrdU) mutagenesis in Syrian hamster melanoma cells were determined. Both deoxyguanosine (dG) and deoxyadenosine (dA) were found to stimulate mutagenesis without changing the amount of BrdU in DNA. In addition, the stimulation of mutagenesis by dG and dA was suppressed by the addition of deoxycytidine (dC). These results suggest that BrdU mutagenesis involves the perturbation of dC metabolism, which perturbation is enhanced by dGTP and dATP. The mutagenic activity of dG in the absence of BrdU was tested, as was that of thymidine (dT), which we had shown previously to stimulate BrdU mutageneis. With dG alone, no increase above the spontaneous mutation frequency was detected. However, at extremely high concentration, dT in the absence of BrdU was slightly mutagenic, and the mutagenesis by dT was enhanced by dG and suppressed by dC.", "PMID": 531735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4970", "title": "Personality and morbid obesity. Implications for dietary management through behavior modification.", "content": "Psychological investigations have failed to reveal a distinct personality type or psychodynamic conflict pattern in moderately and massively obese persons. Many of the psychological problems noted in the obese such as anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem seem to be the result of, rather than the cause of, the obese state. Morbidly obese persons share an addictive behavior pattern that is also seen in persons with other types of addictions. The extent of their obesity points to the strong substance abuse component of the eating disorder. Behavior modification programs aimed at changing problematic eating patterns and teaching self-management skills in relation to food consumption have been moderately successful and have been shown to result in a mean post-treatment weiht loss of seven to 16 pounds. However, the majority of morbidly obese persons will not lose enough weight to make this an effective treatment program for them.", "contents": "Personality and morbid obesity. Implications for dietary management through behavior modification. Psychological investigations have failed to reveal a distinct personality type or psychodynamic conflict pattern in moderately and massively obese persons. Many of the psychological problems noted in the obese such as anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem seem to be the result of, rather than the cause of, the obese state. Morbidly obese persons share an addictive behavior pattern that is also seen in persons with other types of addictions. The extent of their obesity points to the strong substance abuse component of the eating disorder. Behavior modification programs aimed at changing problematic eating patterns and teaching self-management skills in relation to food consumption have been moderately successful and have been shown to result in a mean post-treatment weiht loss of seven to 16 pounds. However, the majority of morbidly obese persons will not lose enough weight to make this an effective treatment program for them.", "PMID": 531736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4971", "title": "Energy regulation in morbid obesity by multidisciplinary therapy.", "content": "Regulation of energy expenditure should be directed toward fat mobilization and oxidation with concomitant preservation of lean body mass. This requires a multidisciplinary approach. The key surgical component of a gastric bypass is a properly sized pouch and stoma outlet. Compliance with a diet of approximately 800 to 1200 kcal per day, limited to three small meals and two snacks is the desired result. Weight loss should average 10 to 15 pounds monthly when surgery is added to intense medical, nutritional, and behavior therapy to ensure that the weight is reduced to desirable levels.", "contents": "Energy regulation in morbid obesity by multidisciplinary therapy. Regulation of energy expenditure should be directed toward fat mobilization and oxidation with concomitant preservation of lean body mass. This requires a multidisciplinary approach. The key surgical component of a gastric bypass is a properly sized pouch and stoma outlet. Compliance with a diet of approximately 800 to 1200 kcal per day, limited to three small meals and two snacks is the desired result. Weight loss should average 10 to 15 pounds monthly when surgery is added to intense medical, nutritional, and behavior therapy to ensure that the weight is reduced to desirable levels.", "PMID": 531737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4972", "title": "Surgical experience with jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity with our current bowel length dimensional considerations has achieved good results in 74 per cent of patients. Morbidity and mortality are significant and must limit wide application of the procedure.", "contents": "Surgical experience with jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity with our current bowel length dimensional considerations has achieved good results in 74 per cent of patients. Morbidity and mortality are significant and must limit wide application of the procedure.", "PMID": 531738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4973", "title": "Gallstones, obesity, and jejunoileostomy.", "content": "An attempt has been made to identify the causes of increased cholesterol gallstone formation in obese patients both before and following jejunoileostomy. The prime lithogenic mechanism in obesity seems to be increased cholesterol mobilization and excretion in the bile. In jejunoileal bypass, a host of factors, including possible limited bile salt synthesis, increased bile salt loss, and bacterial alteration of bile acids, along with the effects of rapid weight loss, may play a role. The identification and understanding of these factors will be important if attempts at prevention by administratin of antibiotics to reduce bacterial overgrowth, or by giving chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acid to replenish the diminished bile acid pools, are to be carried out.", "contents": "Gallstones, obesity, and jejunoileostomy. An attempt has been made to identify the causes of increased cholesterol gallstone formation in obese patients both before and following jejunoileostomy. The prime lithogenic mechanism in obesity seems to be increased cholesterol mobilization and excretion in the bile. In jejunoileal bypass, a host of factors, including possible limited bile salt synthesis, increased bile salt loss, and bacterial alteration of bile acids, along with the effects of rapid weight loss, may play a role. The identification and understanding of these factors will be important if attempts at prevention by administratin of antibiotics to reduce bacterial overgrowth, or by giving chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acid to replenish the diminished bile acid pools, are to be carried out.", "PMID": 531742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4974", "title": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "The gastric bypass operation is designed to decrease the size of the food receptacle so that a limited number of calories can be ingested. All food ingested is absorbed normally, thus eliminating problems that mey be associated with metabolic derangements. Although it is possible to overeat the gastric pouch, the overall result of gastric bypass, in terms of weight loss, is quite satisfactory, and the mortality rate of less than 2 per cent and the morbidity rate of less than 20 per cent are also acceptable. Late complications following gastric bypass are low: specifically, nephrolithiasis is eight to 10 times less frequent than after jejunoileal bypass. Liver disease has not been seen following gastric bypass.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity. The gastric bypass operation is designed to decrease the size of the food receptacle so that a limited number of calories can be ingested. All food ingested is absorbed normally, thus eliminating problems that mey be associated with metabolic derangements. Although it is possible to overeat the gastric pouch, the overall result of gastric bypass, in terms of weight loss, is quite satisfactory, and the mortality rate of less than 2 per cent and the morbidity rate of less than 20 per cent are also acceptable. Late complications following gastric bypass are low: specifically, nephrolithiasis is eight to 10 times less frequent than after jejunoileal bypass. Liver disease has not been seen following gastric bypass.", "PMID": 531743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4975", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia: diagnosis, treatment and investigations of a skeletal muscle lesion.", "content": "A center for the diagnosis and research for malignant hyperthermia is established within the Research Division of the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. In this Research Conference we define malignant hyperthermia, present its brief history, and describe the diagnostic procedures and directions of research in our laboratory. Although rare in occurrence, malignant hyperthermia is a significant disease entity because it (a) has a high morbidity and mortality; (b) is of genetic basis; and (c) for lack of a simple diagnostic test, it's occurrence is unexpected. The primary defect appears to occur in skeletal muscle, thus the diagnostic test and research efforts center upon abnormal pharmacologic and biochemical responses of skeletal muscle from affected subjects.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia: diagnosis, treatment and investigations of a skeletal muscle lesion. A center for the diagnosis and research for malignant hyperthermia is established within the Research Division of the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. In this Research Conference we define malignant hyperthermia, present its brief history, and describe the diagnostic procedures and directions of research in our laboratory. Although rare in occurrence, malignant hyperthermia is a significant disease entity because it (a) has a high morbidity and mortality; (b) is of genetic basis; and (c) for lack of a simple diagnostic test, it's occurrence is unexpected. The primary defect appears to occur in skeletal muscle, thus the diagnostic test and research efforts center upon abnormal pharmacologic and biochemical responses of skeletal muscle from affected subjects.", "PMID": 531756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4976", "title": "Basic ethical principles in the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects.", "content": "Moral postures concerning research involving human subjects are diverse in part because of the diversity of issues at stake in, for example, disputes over conflicts of rights and duties, concerning values, and with regard to duties to persons with interests in goods and values. I have presented three ethical principles around which to gather these questions: I) respect for human subjects as free agents; II) concern to foster the best interests of human subjects; and III) concern to maximize the benefits accruable to society. I have indicated that these three abstract considerations arise around four procedural foci for research involving humans: A) the requirement of free and informed consent of competent human subjects; B) the requirement of proxy consent from incompetent human subjects; C) the avoidance of coercion in the consent context; and D) an interest in having research involving humans redound to the general good of society. These are at best guidelines, or outlines, of the central ethical issues at stake. They must in each case of research be applied with care and followed with prudence. One can never have a means of simply deducing answers. Basic ethical principles represent, rather, our best attempt to map out the terrain of rights and values.", "contents": "Basic ethical principles in the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. Moral postures concerning research involving human subjects are diverse in part because of the diversity of issues at stake in, for example, disputes over conflicts of rights and duties, concerning values, and with regard to duties to persons with interests in goods and values. I have presented three ethical principles around which to gather these questions: I) respect for human subjects as free agents; II) concern to foster the best interests of human subjects; and III) concern to maximize the benefits accruable to society. I have indicated that these three abstract considerations arise around four procedural foci for research involving humans: A) the requirement of free and informed consent of competent human subjects; B) the requirement of proxy consent from incompetent human subjects; C) the avoidance of coercion in the consent context; and D) an interest in having research involving humans redound to the general good of society. These are at best guidelines, or outlines, of the central ethical issues at stake. They must in each case of research be applied with care and followed with prudence. One can never have a means of simply deducing answers. Basic ethical principles represent, rather, our best attempt to map out the terrain of rights and values.", "PMID": 531757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4977", "title": "[Fertility of dairy cattle in Kenya (author's transl)].", "content": "The fertility of dairy cattle was studied on thirty-three government farms in Kenya for five years. Most parameters of fertility showed marked differences between the various farms. Some farms showed considerable annual variations, whereas others continued to have good results during all these years and other farms only obtained results far below average. Dairy cattle fertility was fairly satisfactory with an average conception rate of 51 per cent after first inseminations and averaging two inseminations for each conception. However, the disappointing average calving-interval of 413 days was primarily due to the long parturition-to-first-insemination interval of ninety-three days on an average, and on average of 123 days in 1975. The frequency of normal heat- en service intervals (17-25 days) was too low by approximately 50 per cent, which was caused by the inefficiency of oestrus detection.", "contents": "[Fertility of dairy cattle in Kenya (author's transl)]. The fertility of dairy cattle was studied on thirty-three government farms in Kenya for five years. Most parameters of fertility showed marked differences between the various farms. Some farms showed considerable annual variations, whereas others continued to have good results during all these years and other farms only obtained results far below average. Dairy cattle fertility was fairly satisfactory with an average conception rate of 51 per cent after first inseminations and averaging two inseminations for each conception. However, the disappointing average calving-interval of 413 days was primarily due to the long parturition-to-first-insemination interval of ninety-three days on an average, and on average of 123 days in 1975. The frequency of normal heat- en service intervals (17-25 days) was too low by approximately 50 per cent, which was caused by the inefficiency of oestrus detection.", "PMID": 531875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4978", "title": "[Incidence of udder infection in bovine primiparae and milking order (author's transl)].", "content": "On four farms taking part in a mastitis prevention programme, milking primiparous animals first failed to result in a significant decrease of the level of udder infection during the first half of lactation. This result may nevertheless be regarded as positive, as there was a rise in infection level among the older animals of the experimental group and a decline in the controls at the same time.", "contents": "[Incidence of udder infection in bovine primiparae and milking order (author's transl)]. On four farms taking part in a mastitis prevention programme, milking primiparous animals first failed to result in a significant decrease of the level of udder infection during the first half of lactation. This result may nevertheless be regarded as positive, as there was a rise in infection level among the older animals of the experimental group and a decline in the controls at the same time.", "PMID": 531876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4979", "title": "[Nutrition as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of ulcers of the sole in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of eight dairy cows, one fed a high (6 kg.) and one fed a low (1 kg.) level of concentrates before calving were compared with regard to the incidence of haemorrhage in the horny sole of the hind claws. These lesions are considered to be a symptom of subclinical laminitis and a possible preliminary stage of ulcer of the sole. In both groups, more as well as more severe lesions were observed within five to eight weeks after calving than there were two weeks prior to parturition. After calving, the incidence of these lesions was significantly higher in the 'high concentrate group' than it was in the 'low concentrate group'.", "contents": "[Nutrition as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of ulcers of the sole in cattle (author's transl)]. Two groups of eight dairy cows, one fed a high (6 kg.) and one fed a low (1 kg.) level of concentrates before calving were compared with regard to the incidence of haemorrhage in the horny sole of the hind claws. These lesions are considered to be a symptom of subclinical laminitis and a possible preliminary stage of ulcer of the sole. In both groups, more as well as more severe lesions were observed within five to eight weeks after calving than there were two weeks prior to parturition. After calving, the incidence of these lesions was significantly higher in the 'high concentrate group' than it was in the 'low concentrate group'.", "PMID": 531877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4980", "title": "[Purposeful (blood-)horse breeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Horse-breeding in the Netherlands is briefly reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the number of foals of various breeds. Some effects of inbreeding in Friesian horses are discussed. As regards methods selection, attention is mainly paid to saddle horses. The role of veterinarians (from the point of view of selection for soundness) is described. Selection is based on the results of studies in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht. A number of these results are reviewed.", "contents": "[Purposeful (blood-)horse breeding (author's transl)]. Horse-breeding in the Netherlands is briefly reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the number of foals of various breeds. Some effects of inbreeding in Friesian horses are discussed. As regards methods selection, attention is mainly paid to saddle horses. The role of veterinarians (from the point of view of selection for soundness) is described. Selection is based on the results of studies in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht. A number of these results are reviewed.", "PMID": 531878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4981", "title": "[Economic aspects of disease in animals, with special reference to dairy cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "The factors mainly determining the losses caused by animal diseases, and the manner in which the economic effects are felt by the various groups of those concerned, are considered with reference to each form of disease. The losses on farm level due to those diseases among dairy cattle, which are common in most areas but vary in degree on each farm are discussed in greater detail. The losses are quantitated in part after differentiation of three components, namely prior to disposal (less efficient production and cost of veterinary treatment), on disposal (reduced slaughter value and idle production factors), and missed future income due to forced replacement. Moreover, the decision to replace animals is considered, also with reference to cows with disease. Finally, the question of which extension of veterinary knowledge is desirable to promote economic research, is discussed.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of disease in animals, with special reference to dairy cattle (author's transl)]. The factors mainly determining the losses caused by animal diseases, and the manner in which the economic effects are felt by the various groups of those concerned, are considered with reference to each form of disease. The losses on farm level due to those diseases among dairy cattle, which are common in most areas but vary in degree on each farm are discussed in greater detail. The losses are quantitated in part after differentiation of three components, namely prior to disposal (less efficient production and cost of veterinary treatment), on disposal (reduced slaughter value and idle production factors), and missed future income due to forced replacement. Moreover, the decision to replace animals is considered, also with reference to cows with disease. Finally, the question of which extension of veterinary knowledge is desirable to promote economic research, is discussed.", "PMID": 531879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4982", "title": "[Field experience of infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "In flocks of broiler chickens showing a high incidence of I.B. infection, double vaccination against I.B. with the H120 strain on the first and 18th-20th day of life, will prevent the disease, and the results of fattening will be improved.", "contents": "[Field experience of infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens (author's transl)]. In flocks of broiler chickens showing a high incidence of I.B. infection, double vaccination against I.B. with the H120 strain on the first and 18th-20th day of life, will prevent the disease, and the results of fattening will be improved.", "PMID": 531880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4983", "title": "Bismuth intoxication: bismuth level in pig brain lipids and in subcellular fractions.", "content": "Experimental intoxications of pigs were performed. It seems to be confirmed that bismuth crosses the blood-brain barrier. An organic derivative, trivinyl-bismuth, is more active than the inorganic salt of bismuth. In the brain, bismuth is preferentially found in synaptosomes. Bismuth is found in brain lipids of control pigs at very low levels. In intoxicated pigs, the level of bismuth is increased mainly in cerebellum and then in thalamus. Bismuth is partly associated to lipids. There is not a correlation between the level of bismuth in blood and in brain lipids. However, in the trivinyl intoxicated pig, a high level of blood bismuth is concomittant to a high level of brain lipid bismuth. The high content of this metal in cerebellum lipid extract may be of functional significance.", "contents": "Bismuth intoxication: bismuth level in pig brain lipids and in subcellular fractions. Experimental intoxications of pigs were performed. It seems to be confirmed that bismuth crosses the blood-brain barrier. An organic derivative, trivinyl-bismuth, is more active than the inorganic salt of bismuth. In the brain, bismuth is preferentially found in synaptosomes. Bismuth is found in brain lipids of control pigs at very low levels. In intoxicated pigs, the level of bismuth is increased mainly in cerebellum and then in thalamus. Bismuth is partly associated to lipids. There is not a correlation between the level of bismuth in blood and in brain lipids. However, in the trivinyl intoxicated pig, a high level of blood bismuth is concomittant to a high level of brain lipid bismuth. The high content of this metal in cerebellum lipid extract may be of functional significance.", "PMID": 531883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4984", "title": "[Teratogenic effect of dicrotophos on the embryonic chick tibia ; histological and cytological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The organophosphorus insecticide dicrotophos injected at 4 days of incubation into the yolk sac of hen'eggs determined achondroplasia with tibiotarsus deformities. These malformations were studied at different stages of embryogenesis using different histological methods. After injecting 0,5 mg per egg, the size of the hindlimbs was decreased by 50% and the growth was much less (from 20 to 30% of the normal) When giving the toxic et the level of 1 mg per egg. Light and electron microscopical observations showed a reduction or a lack of the proliferative zones and a decrease in the secretory activity of the chondrocytes which may possibly be related to the growth retardation. Using adaptated techniques for mineralized tissue examination and scanning microscope, a disorganized and an asymmetrical deposition of the periosteal osseous lamellae was observed.", "contents": "[Teratogenic effect of dicrotophos on the embryonic chick tibia ; histological and cytological studies (author's transl)]. The organophosphorus insecticide dicrotophos injected at 4 days of incubation into the yolk sac of hen'eggs determined achondroplasia with tibiotarsus deformities. These malformations were studied at different stages of embryogenesis using different histological methods. After injecting 0,5 mg per egg, the size of the hindlimbs was decreased by 50% and the growth was much less (from 20 to 30% of the normal) When giving the toxic et the level of 1 mg per egg. Light and electron microscopical observations showed a reduction or a lack of the proliferative zones and a decrease in the secretory activity of the chondrocytes which may possibly be related to the growth retardation. Using adaptated techniques for mineralized tissue examination and scanning microscope, a disorganized and an asymmetrical deposition of the periosteal osseous lamellae was observed.", "PMID": 531884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4985", "title": "[Absorption kinetics of nitrate and nitrite in the intestine of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In situ perfusions into the small intestine of rats showed the absorption kinetics of nitrate and nitrite. This absorption is important since the rate rises to 50% for nitrates and 80% for nitrites in our experimental conditions. These compounds are excreted in the biliary secretion and, with the nitrate perfusions, nitrite appearance in the perfusion medium indicates some reduction potentiality either in the liver or in the entero-cells. These results are all the more interesting as men daily ingest nitrates and nitrites with many foods.", "contents": "[Absorption kinetics of nitrate and nitrite in the intestine of rats (author's transl)]. In situ perfusions into the small intestine of rats showed the absorption kinetics of nitrate and nitrite. This absorption is important since the rate rises to 50% for nitrates and 80% for nitrites in our experimental conditions. These compounds are excreted in the biliary secretion and, with the nitrate perfusions, nitrite appearance in the perfusion medium indicates some reduction potentiality either in the liver or in the entero-cells. These results are all the more interesting as men daily ingest nitrates and nitrites with many foods.", "PMID": 531885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4986", "title": "[Comparative study of digoxin determination by E.L.I.S.A. and radioimmunoassay techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is based on a double blind interlaboratory comparison between radioimmunoassay and E.L.I.S.A. digoxin determination. The correlation between digoxin values found with these two methods is good (r = 0.96 for therapeutic and toxic ranges 1,0 ng/ml - 5,5 ng/ml). The results indicate good repeatability, reproducibility and precision. The determination by E.L.I.S.A. can be performed with sera or plasma. The presence of haemolysis makes no appreciable difference in results. No variation is observed when different kits are used from an identical lot. However digoxin gives an important cross reactivity with digitoxin in Enzymeimmunoassay. Therefore it is necessary to know exactly the digitalis glycoside before the determination in order to avoid significant error.", "contents": "[Comparative study of digoxin determination by E.L.I.S.A. and radioimmunoassay techniques (author's transl)]. This study is based on a double blind interlaboratory comparison between radioimmunoassay and E.L.I.S.A. digoxin determination. The correlation between digoxin values found with these two methods is good (r = 0.96 for therapeutic and toxic ranges 1,0 ng/ml - 5,5 ng/ml). The results indicate good repeatability, reproducibility and precision. The determination by E.L.I.S.A. can be performed with sera or plasma. The presence of haemolysis makes no appreciable difference in results. No variation is observed when different kits are used from an identical lot. However digoxin gives an important cross reactivity with digitoxin in Enzymeimmunoassay. Therefore it is necessary to know exactly the digitalis glycoside before the determination in order to avoid significant error.", "PMID": 531886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4987", "title": "Toxicological evaluation of arsenic in edible seaweed, Hizikia species.", "content": "Young male Wistar rats were fed with chows containing marketed Hizikia preparation. Hizikia-arsenic could be absorbed at the rate comparable to arsenic trioxide, and accumulated primarily in blood. Intake and excretion of arsenic from Hizikia-diet reached a steady state within 4 days of administration as was the case of arsenic trioxide. Biological half-life in blood and urine was also essentially the same in the 2 groups. Rats kept for 3 weeks on the chows containing up to 20% Hizikia did not show significant growth retardation as compared with the controls, while those on 50% Hizikia-diet were markedly emaciated. In a 38-week feeding experiment, 4 groups of rats were given 20% Hizikia-diets made from various Hizikia preparations (final arsenic concentrations; 9, 16, 21 and 21 ppm, respectively). For positive controls, 2 groups were given arsenic trioxide diets (24 and 50 ppm as arsenic). Growth retardation was minimum both in Hizikia and arsenic groups with no relation to the arsenic dose. Changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and pathology of major organs and skin were also essentially negative in all groups. The maximum no-effect level observed in the present study was compared with the possible amount of arsenic taken via seaweed in mankind.", "contents": "Toxicological evaluation of arsenic in edible seaweed, Hizikia species. Young male Wistar rats were fed with chows containing marketed Hizikia preparation. Hizikia-arsenic could be absorbed at the rate comparable to arsenic trioxide, and accumulated primarily in blood. Intake and excretion of arsenic from Hizikia-diet reached a steady state within 4 days of administration as was the case of arsenic trioxide. Biological half-life in blood and urine was also essentially the same in the 2 groups. Rats kept for 3 weeks on the chows containing up to 20% Hizikia did not show significant growth retardation as compared with the controls, while those on 50% Hizikia-diet were markedly emaciated. In a 38-week feeding experiment, 4 groups of rats were given 20% Hizikia-diets made from various Hizikia preparations (final arsenic concentrations; 9, 16, 21 and 21 ppm, respectively). For positive controls, 2 groups were given arsenic trioxide diets (24 and 50 ppm as arsenic). Growth retardation was minimum both in Hizikia and arsenic groups with no relation to the arsenic dose. Changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and pathology of major organs and skin were also essentially negative in all groups. The maximum no-effect level observed in the present study was compared with the possible amount of arsenic taken via seaweed in mankind.", "PMID": 531901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4988", "title": "Effect of chloroform on the activities of liver enzymes in rats.", "content": "Rats were dosed once, 5 times or 10 times with chloroform (0.5-50 mg/kg) and the liver enzyme activities were determined. Chloroform induced much change in the 24 enzymes investigated but caused only minimal liver enlargement. The main enzymic changes were: stimulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, increased breakdown of protein and nucleic acids, hexose phosphate shunt activity was reduced leading to a shortage of NADPH in the cell, adrenal medullary and cortical secretion were stimulated. These results show that ingestion of chloroform even in small amounts causes distinct changes in liver cell metabolism as indicated by enzyme activities. Some of the changes are similar to, but others differ from, those seen with larger and anaesthetic doses. In most cases a transition between these 2 types of effects can be seen.", "contents": "Effect of chloroform on the activities of liver enzymes in rats. Rats were dosed once, 5 times or 10 times with chloroform (0.5-50 mg/kg) and the liver enzyme activities were determined. Chloroform induced much change in the 24 enzymes investigated but caused only minimal liver enlargement. The main enzymic changes were: stimulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, increased breakdown of protein and nucleic acids, hexose phosphate shunt activity was reduced leading to a shortage of NADPH in the cell, adrenal medullary and cortical secretion were stimulated. These results show that ingestion of chloroform even in small amounts causes distinct changes in liver cell metabolism as indicated by enzyme activities. Some of the changes are similar to, but others differ from, those seen with larger and anaesthetic doses. In most cases a transition between these 2 types of effects can be seen.", "PMID": 531902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4989", "title": "Hematological changes produced in mice by ochratoxin A.", "content": "The effects of ochratoxin A (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on clotting time, hemoglobin, total count of red blood cells and white blood cells and differential count of white blood cells were studied in mice. This mycotoxin caused a significant decrease in the hemoglobin level and in the total count of red blood cells. Among white blood cells there was a significant increase in small lymphocytes and a significant fall in the count of neutrophils, basophils and monocytes in treated mice. The administration of ochratoxin A also prolonged the clotting time by more than 6-fold.", "contents": "Hematological changes produced in mice by ochratoxin A. The effects of ochratoxin A (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on clotting time, hemoglobin, total count of red blood cells and white blood cells and differential count of white blood cells were studied in mice. This mycotoxin caused a significant decrease in the hemoglobin level and in the total count of red blood cells. Among white blood cells there was a significant increase in small lymphocytes and a significant fall in the count of neutrophils, basophils and monocytes in treated mice. The administration of ochratoxin A also prolonged the clotting time by more than 6-fold.", "PMID": 531904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4990", "title": "A simple method to control Brugia timori by diethylcarbamazine administration.", "content": "The results of mass treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per kg body-weight followed one year later by short term selective re-treatment in a highly endemic area of Brugia timori are described. The criteria for selection of re-treatment are simple and practical for use in rural areas. The microfilaria rate by finger prick decreased from 24% to 0 and by Nuclepore filtration from 30% to 2.5%. The disease rates were also affected favourably. 88% of persons receiving the drug reacted to treatment, this percentage slightly exceeding the total filarial infection rate (71%). The prevalence, onset, duration and nature of side reactions are briefly discussed and related to the presence of microfilaraemia and disease manifestations among the study population.", "contents": "A simple method to control Brugia timori by diethylcarbamazine administration. The results of mass treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per kg body-weight followed one year later by short term selective re-treatment in a highly endemic area of Brugia timori are described. The criteria for selection of re-treatment are simple and practical for use in rural areas. The microfilaria rate by finger prick decreased from 24% to 0 and by Nuclepore filtration from 30% to 2.5%. The disease rates were also affected favourably. 88% of persons receiving the drug reacted to treatment, this percentage slightly exceeding the total filarial infection rate (71%). The prevalence, onset, duration and nature of side reactions are briefly discussed and related to the presence of microfilaraemia and disease manifestations among the study population.", "PMID": 531906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4991", "title": "The use of an Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial antigen skin test in an epidemiological survey of onchocerciasis in Guatemala.", "content": "Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae obtained from onchocercal nodules were used as antigenic material for a skin test. This antigen is as specific as those previously employed in skin tests, detecting 85.2% of the persons with positive diagnostic signs of onchocerciasis in endemic areas. A low rate of false positives was found in the control group in nonendemic areas. The positive rate of reactions in the persons without positive signs in the endemic areas might be due to the presences of cases not detected as a result of palpation for nodules and two skin biopsies. In the examination of the residents of several populations, a close correlation was found between the positive rates of skin tests and the presence of infection. From these findings, we conclude that the skin test using the microfilarial antigen is a suitable procedure for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. The skin test could also be useful as an epidemiological tool in assessing the effectiveness of control programmes.", "contents": "The use of an Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial antigen skin test in an epidemiological survey of onchocerciasis in Guatemala. Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae obtained from onchocercal nodules were used as antigenic material for a skin test. This antigen is as specific as those previously employed in skin tests, detecting 85.2% of the persons with positive diagnostic signs of onchocerciasis in endemic areas. A low rate of false positives was found in the control group in nonendemic areas. The positive rate of reactions in the persons without positive signs in the endemic areas might be due to the presences of cases not detected as a result of palpation for nodules and two skin biopsies. In the examination of the residents of several populations, a close correlation was found between the positive rates of skin tests and the presence of infection. From these findings, we conclude that the skin test using the microfilarial antigen is a suitable procedure for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. The skin test could also be useful as an epidemiological tool in assessing the effectiveness of control programmes.", "PMID": 531907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4992", "title": "Hepatitis B virus infection in children. A sero-epidemiological study in three endemic areas.", "content": "The occurrence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs was studied in 254 children aged 0 to 19 years from three areas in Greenland and West Africa, endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Age specific prevalence rates for HBsAg increased in all areas until the age of 10 years while the prevalence of anti-HBs showed a continuous rise and reached maximum level of 44 to 80% in the age group 15 to 19 years. The study results indicate that in these areas infection with HBV occurs throughout childhood, and that HBsAg carriership is derived mainly from infection in the first decade of life, but not only neonatal infection, Such data are necessary for all areas in which attempts to control HBV infection are being made.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus infection in children. A sero-epidemiological study in three endemic areas. The occurrence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs was studied in 254 children aged 0 to 19 years from three areas in Greenland and West Africa, endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Age specific prevalence rates for HBsAg increased in all areas until the age of 10 years while the prevalence of anti-HBs showed a continuous rise and reached maximum level of 44 to 80% in the age group 15 to 19 years. The study results indicate that in these areas infection with HBV occurs throughout childhood, and that HBsAg carriership is derived mainly from infection in the first decade of life, but not only neonatal infection, Such data are necessary for all areas in which attempts to control HBV infection are being made.", "PMID": 531908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4993", "title": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 1. General epidemiological features.", "content": "In 1977 Zaria, in Northern Nigeria, was affected by a severe epidemic of group A meningococcal infection, 1,257 patients being admitted to hospital with the disease during a three-month period. The epidemic started towards the end of the dry season when it was hot, dry and dusty and finished shortly after the onset of the rains. The over-all attack rate was 3.6 per 1,000 but this varied considerably from area to area within the town. Few cases occurred amongst those belonging to the upper social classes. The disease was seen most frequently amongst those from five to 14 years old and there was a strong male preponderance. The over-all mortality was 8.3% but mortality was much higher (40.6%) amongst 67 patients with acute meningococcaemia.", "contents": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 1. General epidemiological features. In 1977 Zaria, in Northern Nigeria, was affected by a severe epidemic of group A meningococcal infection, 1,257 patients being admitted to hospital with the disease during a three-month period. The epidemic started towards the end of the dry season when it was hot, dry and dusty and finished shortly after the onset of the rains. The over-all attack rate was 3.6 per 1,000 but this varied considerably from area to area within the town. Few cases occurred amongst those belonging to the upper social classes. The disease was seen most frequently amongst those from five to 14 years old and there was a strong male preponderance. The over-all mortality was 8.3% but mortality was much higher (40.6%) amongst 67 patients with acute meningococcaemia.", "PMID": 531909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4994", "title": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 2. The changing clinical pattern.", "content": "1,003 patients with meningococcal disease admitted to a single hospital during the course of a three-month epidemic were studied. A progressive decline in mortality, especially among patients with acute meningococcaemia, and a falling incidence of systemic and severe neurological complications among patients with meningitis were observed. It is suggested that the virulence of the causative group A meningococcus declined as the epidemic progressed.", "contents": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 2. The changing clinical pattern. 1,003 patients with meningococcal disease admitted to a single hospital during the course of a three-month epidemic were studied. A progressive decline in mortality, especially among patients with acute meningococcaemia, and a falling incidence of systemic and severe neurological complications among patients with meningitis were observed. It is suggested that the virulence of the causative group A meningococcus declined as the epidemic progressed.", "PMID": 531910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4995", "title": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 3. Meningococcal carriage.", "content": "Meningococcal carriage was studied in household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal disease and in controls. The carriage rate of group A meningococci among 1,098 household contacts was low (3.8%) and only slightly higher than the carriage rate found among 416 controls (2.6%). However, higher carrier rates were found among those in close contact with a patient. Carriage was found most frequently among children and young adults and was commoner in adult females than in adult males. Sulphonamides had no effect on carriage and all 60 strains tested in vitro were resistant to sodium sulphadiazine at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 3. Meningococcal carriage. Meningococcal carriage was studied in household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal disease and in controls. The carriage rate of group A meningococci among 1,098 household contacts was low (3.8%) and only slightly higher than the carriage rate found among 416 controls (2.6%). However, higher carrier rates were found among those in close contact with a patient. Carriage was found most frequently among children and young adults and was commoner in adult females than in adult males. Sulphonamides had no effect on carriage and all 60 strains tested in vitro were resistant to sodium sulphadiazine at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 531911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4996", "title": "HLA-A1, B8, DRw3 in patients with a distinct form of lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Subacute cutaneous LE was identified by the presence of widespread nonscarring skin lesions with histologic features of LE. The HLA antigens A1,B8,DRw3 were increased in patients with this condition. The frequency of DRw3 in this group was 77% compared to 24% in controls (p less than 0.001). The relative risk with HLA-DRw3 for the subacute cutaneous LE group was 10.8 (p less than 0.001). HLA-A1,B8 antigens were not increased in discoid LE or in the systemic LE group. The results illustrate the value of identifying homogeneous groups of patients for finding meaningful HLA associations.", "contents": "HLA-A1, B8, DRw3 in patients with a distinct form of lupus erythematosus. Subacute cutaneous LE was identified by the presence of widespread nonscarring skin lesions with histologic features of LE. The HLA antigens A1,B8,DRw3 were increased in patients with this condition. The frequency of DRw3 in this group was 77% compared to 24% in controls (p less than 0.001). The relative risk with HLA-DRw3 for the subacute cutaneous LE group was 10.8 (p less than 0.001). HLA-A1,B8 antigens were not increased in discoid LE or in the systemic LE group. The results illustrate the value of identifying homogeneous groups of patients for finding meaningful HLA associations.", "PMID": 531931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4997", "title": "HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis maculopathy.", "content": "Sixty-four patients that fulfill the clinical criteria of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome were typed for common histocompatibility antigens. The clinical criteria included the presence of multiple peripheral punched out choroidal atropic scars, a clear vitreous, and compatible macular disciform lesions in at least one eye. Thirty-four patients were found to have HLA-B7, which is statistically significant at the p less than 0.005 level when compared to a normal population. Though this is statistically significant, other factors must be involved, as there still remain many patients with this clinical picture who do not demonstrate a common histocompatibility antigen.", "contents": "HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis maculopathy. Sixty-four patients that fulfill the clinical criteria of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome were typed for common histocompatibility antigens. The clinical criteria included the presence of multiple peripheral punched out choroidal atropic scars, a clear vitreous, and compatible macular disciform lesions in at least one eye. Thirty-four patients were found to have HLA-B7, which is statistically significant at the p less than 0.005 level when compared to a normal population. Though this is statistically significant, other factors must be involved, as there still remain many patients with this clinical picture who do not demonstrate a common histocompatibility antigen.", "PMID": 531932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4998", "title": "Butvar B-98 as a thin support film.", "content": "Support films prepared from butvar B-98 resin are mechanically stable, electron transparent, and possess minimum intrinsic structure. A simple procedure for routine preparation of support films using this resin is provided.", "contents": "Butvar B-98 as a thin support film. Support films prepared from butvar B-98 resin are mechanically stable, electron transparent, and possess minimum intrinsic structure. A simple procedure for routine preparation of support films using this resin is provided.", "PMID": 531984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_4999", "title": "Prlonged bubble production by transient isobaric counter-equilibration of helium against nitrogen.", "content": "The production of systemic gas bubbles by isobaric counter-equilibration of helium against 5 atmospheres saturated nitrox (0.3 ATA O2 in both mixes) in awake goats was demonstrated. Sixteen animal exposures (8 dives, 2 animals per dive) to a sudden isobaric gas switch from saturation on N2 to He were conducted; 8 saturations occurred at 132 fsw and 8 at 198 fsw. Central venous bubbles were detected acoustically by means of a Doppler ultrasonic cuff surgically implanted around the inferior vena cava of each animal. Bubbles occurred from 20 to 60 min after the switch in both the 132 fsw and 198 fsw exposures, but were not always present in the 132 fsw exposure, and did not persist for as long. Bubbles or other Doppler events were often detected for the entire isobaric period-12 h-following the gas switch in the 198 fsw exposures. Decompressions were conducted according to the USN saturation tables and were uneventful, with only occasional bubbles. Supersaturation ratios calculated to have occurred for a considerable period after the gas switch were approximately 1.15 (tissue gas tension pi, divided by ambient hydrostatic pressure, P) with maxima at 1.26 for the faster tissues. These values are limiting ones in USN decompression only for the slower tissues. In general, therefore, these results argue for reducing the permissible ascent criteria for the faster tissues-assuming bubbles are to be avoided-and allowing more time at stops for non-saturation decompression. Gas switches from a more soluble to a less soluble and/or more rapidly diffusing gas should therefore be avoided until physiological limits are well worked out.", "contents": "Prlonged bubble production by transient isobaric counter-equilibration of helium against nitrogen. The production of systemic gas bubbles by isobaric counter-equilibration of helium against 5 atmospheres saturated nitrox (0.3 ATA O2 in both mixes) in awake goats was demonstrated. Sixteen animal exposures (8 dives, 2 animals per dive) to a sudden isobaric gas switch from saturation on N2 to He were conducted; 8 saturations occurred at 132 fsw and 8 at 198 fsw. Central venous bubbles were detected acoustically by means of a Doppler ultrasonic cuff surgically implanted around the inferior vena cava of each animal. Bubbles occurred from 20 to 60 min after the switch in both the 132 fsw and 198 fsw exposures, but were not always present in the 132 fsw exposure, and did not persist for as long. Bubbles or other Doppler events were often detected for the entire isobaric period-12 h-following the gas switch in the 198 fsw exposures. Decompressions were conducted according to the USN saturation tables and were uneventful, with only occasional bubbles. Supersaturation ratios calculated to have occurred for a considerable period after the gas switch were approximately 1.15 (tissue gas tension pi, divided by ambient hydrostatic pressure, P) with maxima at 1.26 for the faster tissues. These values are limiting ones in USN decompression only for the slower tissues. In general, therefore, these results argue for reducing the permissible ascent criteria for the faster tissues-assuming bubbles are to be avoided-and allowing more time at stops for non-saturation decompression. Gas switches from a more soluble to a less soluble and/or more rapidly diffusing gas should therefore be avoided until physiological limits are well worked out.", "PMID": 531992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5000", "title": "Effects of aspirin and dipyridamole on platelet function, hematology, and blood chemistry of saturation divers.", "content": "Twenty-four young male divers were assigned randomly to 4 treatment groups: Group I received aspirin (325 mg) three times daily; II received dipyridamole (75 mg) three times daily; III received both drug regimens; and IV received matching placebo. Double-blind procedures were followed. Treatment began 24 h prior to a 48-h saturation dive (inclusive of 17 h decompression) at a simulated depth of 18.3 m and continued throughout and for 3 days after the dive. A post-dive reduction in circulating platelet count was observed in all groups, except the group that received aspirin only. Platelet survival was shortened in all treatment groups. Five cases of Type I decompression sickness occurred and were treated by recompression, two in the aspirin plus dipyridamole group, two in the dipyridamole group, and one in the placebo group. Blood chemistry and hematology profiles showed that divers with decompression sickness had more elevated GOT, GPT, CPK, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and greater reductions in platelet count, Platelet Factor 4 and Thrombin Clotting Time than most other subjects. Subjects receiving either aspirin or aspirin plus dipyridamole had fewer changes in these parameters. Failure of aspirin to potentiate, or add to, dipyridamole may be due to other actions of aspirin such as inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis. Further studies of the role of antiplatelet drugs in decompression sickness are warranted.", "contents": "Effects of aspirin and dipyridamole on platelet function, hematology, and blood chemistry of saturation divers. Twenty-four young male divers were assigned randomly to 4 treatment groups: Group I received aspirin (325 mg) three times daily; II received dipyridamole (75 mg) three times daily; III received both drug regimens; and IV received matching placebo. Double-blind procedures were followed. Treatment began 24 h prior to a 48-h saturation dive (inclusive of 17 h decompression) at a simulated depth of 18.3 m and continued throughout and for 3 days after the dive. A post-dive reduction in circulating platelet count was observed in all groups, except the group that received aspirin only. Platelet survival was shortened in all treatment groups. Five cases of Type I decompression sickness occurred and were treated by recompression, two in the aspirin plus dipyridamole group, two in the dipyridamole group, and one in the placebo group. Blood chemistry and hematology profiles showed that divers with decompression sickness had more elevated GOT, GPT, CPK, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and greater reductions in platelet count, Platelet Factor 4 and Thrombin Clotting Time than most other subjects. Subjects receiving either aspirin or aspirin plus dipyridamole had fewer changes in these parameters. Failure of aspirin to potentiate, or add to, dipyridamole may be due to other actions of aspirin such as inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis. Further studies of the role of antiplatelet drugs in decompression sickness are warranted.", "PMID": 531993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5001", "title": "Solubility of oxygen in a seawater medium in equilibrium with a high-pressure oxy-helium atmosphere.", "content": "The molar oxygen concentration in a seawater medium in equilibrium with a high-pressure oxygen-helium atmosphere was measured directly in pressurized subsamples, using a modified version of the Winkler oxygen analysis. At a partial pressure of oxygen of 1 atm or less, its concentration in the aqueous phase was adequately described by Henry's Law at total pressures up to 600 atm. This phenomenon, which permits a straightforward determination of dissolved oxygen within hyperbaric systems, resulted from pressure-induced compensatory alterations in the Henry's Law variables rather than from a true obedience to the Ideal Gas Law. If the partial pressure of a gas contributes significantly to the hydrostatic pressure, Henry's Law is no longer adequate for determining its solubility within the compressed medium.", "contents": "Solubility of oxygen in a seawater medium in equilibrium with a high-pressure oxy-helium atmosphere. The molar oxygen concentration in a seawater medium in equilibrium with a high-pressure oxygen-helium atmosphere was measured directly in pressurized subsamples, using a modified version of the Winkler oxygen analysis. At a partial pressure of oxygen of 1 atm or less, its concentration in the aqueous phase was adequately described by Henry's Law at total pressures up to 600 atm. This phenomenon, which permits a straightforward determination of dissolved oxygen within hyperbaric systems, resulted from pressure-induced compensatory alterations in the Henry's Law variables rather than from a true obedience to the Ideal Gas Law. If the partial pressure of a gas contributes significantly to the hydrostatic pressure, Henry's Law is no longer adequate for determining its solubility within the compressed medium.", "PMID": 531994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5002", "title": "Adrenal function and the incidence of bends after decompression in mice: effect of adrenalectomy, corticosteroids, decompression intensity, and time of day.", "content": "The adrenocortical endocrine subsystem has been demonstrated to enhance mammalian tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, including hypoxia and temperature extremes. In a series of factorial experiments, mice were exposed to one of three elevated hydrostatic pressures for 30 min and then decompressed (0.75 atm/s). It was demonstrated that 1) tolerance to decompression does not differ significantly (P greater than 0.3) in surgically intact, sham adrenalectomized, or in adrenalectomized animals; 2) intraperitoneal administration of pharmacologic doses (0.4, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mouse) or corticosterone or deoxycorticosterone acetate does not significantly enhance (P greater than 0.1) survivorship when compared to vehicle-injected controls; and 3) the incidence of decompression sickness (DS) does not fluctuate with time of day (P greater than 0.4). In a fourth study, the plasma concentration of corticosterone was quantitated in 1) colony control mice, 2) mice exposed to the 1-ATA chamber environment (chamber control), or 3) mice compressed to 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 ATA and then decompressed. In general, plasma corticosterone in symptom-free mice was elevated approximately threefold (P less than 0.05) by exposure to the 1-ATA chamber environment and by decompression from 3 to 11 ATA. At 11 ATA, plasma corticosterone levels in decompressed mice exhibiting decompression sickness symptoms were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) compared to the levels observed in decompressed symptom-free mice. These studies indicate that adrenocortical function does not enhance tolerance to decompression in mice.", "contents": "Adrenal function and the incidence of bends after decompression in mice: effect of adrenalectomy, corticosteroids, decompression intensity, and time of day. The adrenocortical endocrine subsystem has been demonstrated to enhance mammalian tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, including hypoxia and temperature extremes. In a series of factorial experiments, mice were exposed to one of three elevated hydrostatic pressures for 30 min and then decompressed (0.75 atm/s). It was demonstrated that 1) tolerance to decompression does not differ significantly (P greater than 0.3) in surgically intact, sham adrenalectomized, or in adrenalectomized animals; 2) intraperitoneal administration of pharmacologic doses (0.4, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mouse) or corticosterone or deoxycorticosterone acetate does not significantly enhance (P greater than 0.1) survivorship when compared to vehicle-injected controls; and 3) the incidence of decompression sickness (DS) does not fluctuate with time of day (P greater than 0.4). In a fourth study, the plasma concentration of corticosterone was quantitated in 1) colony control mice, 2) mice exposed to the 1-ATA chamber environment (chamber control), or 3) mice compressed to 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 ATA and then decompressed. In general, plasma corticosterone in symptom-free mice was elevated approximately threefold (P less than 0.05) by exposure to the 1-ATA chamber environment and by decompression from 3 to 11 ATA. At 11 ATA, plasma corticosterone levels in decompressed mice exhibiting decompression sickness symptoms were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) compared to the levels observed in decompressed symptom-free mice. These studies indicate that adrenocortical function does not enhance tolerance to decompression in mice.", "PMID": 531995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5003", "title": "Diffusion and nucleation of gas in gel and some implications for the development of decompression procedures.", "content": "Attention is directed to certain incongruities among accepted diving procedures in order to emphasize the need for a more complete understanding of the interactions between the factors involved in diving and decompression and in the onset of decompression sickness. It is suggested that physiological responses derived from the effects of diffusion and nucleation of gas in tissue might be interpreted in terms of similar events in specimens of gelatin subjected to patterns of compression and decompression. A model for behavior of specimens in gel is developed and conformity with the results of a program of experimentation is demonstrated. With the insight provided by this model, a substantial analogy between important aspects of the behavior of gel and tissue is claimed and application of this model to the refinement and development of diving and decompression procedures is proposed.", "contents": "Diffusion and nucleation of gas in gel and some implications for the development of decompression procedures. Attention is directed to certain incongruities among accepted diving procedures in order to emphasize the need for a more complete understanding of the interactions between the factors involved in diving and decompression and in the onset of decompression sickness. It is suggested that physiological responses derived from the effects of diffusion and nucleation of gas in tissue might be interpreted in terms of similar events in specimens of gelatin subjected to patterns of compression and decompression. A model for behavior of specimens in gel is developed and conformity with the results of a program of experimentation is demonstrated. With the insight provided by this model, a substantial analogy between important aspects of the behavior of gel and tissue is claimed and application of this model to the refinement and development of diving and decompression procedures is proposed.", "PMID": 531997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5004", "title": "Alterations in seizure mechanisms caused by oxygen high pressure, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and pyridoxine.", "content": "High pressure oxygen (HBO) and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) both cause grand mal seizures, brain glycogen degradation, and inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Brain glycogen degradation is a sudden process that is perhaps initiated by convulsions in the case of UDMH-poisoning, but a gradual decrease in glycogen is detectable before the onset of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity symptoms. UDMH injection causes consecutive convulsions that follow a predictable sequence. (Time to convulsions is referred to as the induction period, and time between convulsions as the interictal period.) After a single injection of UDMH, there is a gradual decrease in resistance to HBO during the induction period, measured as time to convulsions breathing 100% oxygen at 6 ATA; in the first interictal period, this time is only 4 1/2 min in comparison with a control value of 26 min for untreated rats. Administration of pyridoxine, a B6-vitamin, 2 h after UDMH injection in the first interictal period, resulted in an immediate tenfold increase in resistance to oxygen toxicity, from 4 1/2 to 48 min. Pyridoxine may reverse the inhibitary effect of UDMH on GAD, and there is perhaps an accumulation of substrate, which is made available when GAD inhibition is diminishing. Simultaneous injection of pyridoxine and UDMH causes no convulsions, no change in brain glycogen levels, and an unchanged or increased resistance to HBO, measured two and three hours after injection.", "contents": "Alterations in seizure mechanisms caused by oxygen high pressure, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and pyridoxine. High pressure oxygen (HBO) and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) both cause grand mal seizures, brain glycogen degradation, and inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Brain glycogen degradation is a sudden process that is perhaps initiated by convulsions in the case of UDMH-poisoning, but a gradual decrease in glycogen is detectable before the onset of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity symptoms. UDMH injection causes consecutive convulsions that follow a predictable sequence. (Time to convulsions is referred to as the induction period, and time between convulsions as the interictal period.) After a single injection of UDMH, there is a gradual decrease in resistance to HBO during the induction period, measured as time to convulsions breathing 100% oxygen at 6 ATA; in the first interictal period, this time is only 4 1/2 min in comparison with a control value of 26 min for untreated rats. Administration of pyridoxine, a B6-vitamin, 2 h after UDMH injection in the first interictal period, resulted in an immediate tenfold increase in resistance to oxygen toxicity, from 4 1/2 to 48 min. Pyridoxine may reverse the inhibitary effect of UDMH on GAD, and there is perhaps an accumulation of substrate, which is made available when GAD inhibition is diminishing. Simultaneous injection of pyridoxine and UDMH causes no convulsions, no change in brain glycogen levels, and an unchanged or increased resistance to HBO, measured two and three hours after injection.", "PMID": 531996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5005", "title": "Ultrasonic imaging system for the study of decompression-induced gas bubbles.", "content": "An high-resolution pulse echo ultrasonic imaging system has been developed to study decompression-induced gas bubbles. It was considered necessary that the system be capable of detecting gas bubbles with a diameter of 10 micrometer and up and be able to monitor the growth of these bubbles. In addition the system needed to be capable of distinguishing separate gas bubbles from within an area containing a number of bubbles and allowing their position to be accurately located. The current system is capable of detecting bubbles as small as 10 micrometer and of resolving bubbles separated by 0.8 mm in azimuth and 0.4 mm in range, and these values correspond to the maximum accuracy of location. Finally, it has been shown that the technique is extremely unlikely to induce any bubble formation by means of cavitation or thermal mechanisms. It is concluded that the system represents a powerful method for studying the factors controlling bubble formation.", "contents": "Ultrasonic imaging system for the study of decompression-induced gas bubbles. An high-resolution pulse echo ultrasonic imaging system has been developed to study decompression-induced gas bubbles. It was considered necessary that the system be capable of detecting gas bubbles with a diameter of 10 micrometer and up and be able to monitor the growth of these bubbles. In addition the system needed to be capable of distinguishing separate gas bubbles from within an area containing a number of bubbles and allowing their position to be accurately located. The current system is capable of detecting bubbles as small as 10 micrometer and of resolving bubbles separated by 0.8 mm in azimuth and 0.4 mm in range, and these values correspond to the maximum accuracy of location. Finally, it has been shown that the technique is extremely unlikely to induce any bubble formation by means of cavitation or thermal mechanisms. It is concluded that the system represents a powerful method for studying the factors controlling bubble formation.", "PMID": 531998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5006", "title": "Management of a complex diving accident.", "content": "After the accidental ascent of a diving bell from 80 m, one diver died from pulmonary barotrauma and the other-though grossly ill-survived. After recompression therapy, this diver was tetraplegic with evidence of patchy microcirculatory damage of brain, cord, liver, kidneys, and gut. All systems eventually returned to normal, except the spinal cord, mainly because of the post-recompression phase of management, in which pharmacological doses of steroids, hyperbaric oxygen, and dextran were used. Although function returned in the upper limbs, the diver remained paraplegic.", "contents": "Management of a complex diving accident. After the accidental ascent of a diving bell from 80 m, one diver died from pulmonary barotrauma and the other-though grossly ill-survived. After recompression therapy, this diver was tetraplegic with evidence of patchy microcirculatory damage of brain, cord, liver, kidneys, and gut. All systems eventually returned to normal, except the spinal cord, mainly because of the post-recompression phase of management, in which pharmacological doses of steroids, hyperbaric oxygen, and dextran were used. Although function returned in the upper limbs, the diver remained paraplegic.", "PMID": 531999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5007", "title": "Non-penetrative percussion stunning of sheep and calves.", "content": "Attempts were made to stun lambs, adult sheep and calves by a non-penetrative percussive method. Using an adapted Cash pistol, with a concave padded impact head, impulses were produced which effectively stunned 96% of lambs but induced brain haemorrhages in up to 7% of the animals. The signs and duration of an effective percussive stun were observed and recorded. Calves were readily stunned by percussive methods but brain haemorrhages frequently occurred. Impulses sufficiently large to stun adult sheep, with a non-penetrating impact head, were produced from an adapted Hantover pneumatic cattle stunner. Comparative trials, using electrical and percussive stunners, demonstrated a significant decrease in the prevalence of blood splash in lambs stunned by percussion.", "contents": "Non-penetrative percussion stunning of sheep and calves. Attempts were made to stun lambs, adult sheep and calves by a non-penetrative percussive method. Using an adapted Cash pistol, with a concave padded impact head, impulses were produced which effectively stunned 96% of lambs but induced brain haemorrhages in up to 7% of the animals. The signs and duration of an effective percussive stun were observed and recorded. Calves were readily stunned by percussive methods but brain haemorrhages frequently occurred. Impulses sufficiently large to stun adult sheep, with a non-penetrating impact head, were produced from an adapted Hantover pneumatic cattle stunner. Comparative trials, using electrical and percussive stunners, demonstrated a significant decrease in the prevalence of blood splash in lambs stunned by percussion.", "PMID": 532045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5008", "title": "Surgical and non-surgical transfer of bovine embryos.", "content": "Methods of transferring one bovine embryo to the ipsilateral uterine horn have been compared. In heifers mid-ventral surgical laparotomy under general anaesthesia (n=22) was compared with flank surgery with paravertebral anaesthesia (n=21). Pregnancy rate was higher with a midventral approach (P less than 0.05) (77.3 per cent of 42.9 per cent respectively). In heifers mid-ventral surgery (n=36) was compared with two methods of non-surgical transfer either using the Cassou insemination gun (n=36) or a modification of it (n=39) with embryos collected on days 7, 8 or 10 after oestrus. There were no  differences in pregnancy rate between methods or different ages of embryos (methods: 55.6, 55.6, 43.6 per cent respectively; Day: 48.8, 55.8, 48.1 per cent respectively) but the condition score of recipients affected success (P less than 0.05). Of 10 cows which each received an embryo using the modified Cassou gun eight became pregnant.", "contents": "Surgical and non-surgical transfer of bovine embryos. Methods of transferring one bovine embryo to the ipsilateral uterine horn have been compared. In heifers mid-ventral surgical laparotomy under general anaesthesia (n=22) was compared with flank surgery with paravertebral anaesthesia (n=21). Pregnancy rate was higher with a midventral approach (P less than 0.05) (77.3 per cent of 42.9 per cent respectively). In heifers mid-ventral surgery (n=36) was compared with two methods of non-surgical transfer either using the Cassou insemination gun (n=36) or a modification of it (n=39) with embryos collected on days 7, 8 or 10 after oestrus. There were no  differences in pregnancy rate between methods or different ages of embryos (methods: 55.6, 55.6, 43.6 per cent respectively; Day: 48.8, 55.8, 48.1 per cent respectively) but the condition score of recipients affected success (P less than 0.05). Of 10 cows which each received an embryo using the modified Cassou gun eight became pregnant.", "PMID": 532048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5009", "title": "The effect of lupinosis on liver copper, selenium and zinc concentrations in merino sheep.", "content": "Merino wether weaners were exposed to toxic lupin stubbles for periods of one, two and six to nine weeks, and the effect on their liver copper, selenium and zinc concentrations studied. After the one week period there was a slight decrease in liver copper and selenium concentrations in sheep severely affected with lupinosis. This was attributed to loss of these elements from necrotic cells, and greatly increased quantities of fat in the liver. In the same period liver zinc concentrations declined and were negatively correlated with the degree of liver injury. After two weeks or more of exposure to toxic lupins a positive correlation existed between both the liver copper and selenium concentrations, and the degree of liver injury. Furthermore, total liver copper and selenium levels were also positively correlated with the degree of liver injury. Liver zinc concentrations were negatively correlated with the degree of liver injury. It is suggested that when the liver is under the influence of the toxins causing lupinosis for more than two weeks, it stores copper and selenium, and loses zinc.", "contents": "The effect of lupinosis on liver copper, selenium and zinc concentrations in merino sheep. Merino wether weaners were exposed to toxic lupin stubbles for periods of one, two and six to nine weeks, and the effect on their liver copper, selenium and zinc concentrations studied. After the one week period there was a slight decrease in liver copper and selenium concentrations in sheep severely affected with lupinosis. This was attributed to loss of these elements from necrotic cells, and greatly increased quantities of fat in the liver. In the same period liver zinc concentrations declined and were negatively correlated with the degree of liver injury. After two weeks or more of exposure to toxic lupins a positive correlation existed between both the liver copper and selenium concentrations, and the degree of liver injury. Furthermore, total liver copper and selenium levels were also positively correlated with the degree of liver injury. Liver zinc concentrations were negatively correlated with the degree of liver injury. It is suggested that when the liver is under the influence of the toxins causing lupinosis for more than two weeks, it stores copper and selenium, and loses zinc.", "PMID": 532049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5010", "title": "Sedation of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with xylazine.", "content": "Doses of 100 to 300 mg of a 10 per cent solution of xylazine satisfactorily sedated six elephants ranging from 150 to 255 cm shoulder height. At these dosages all animals were sedated in the standing position. The time taken to produce the initial signs of sedation ranged from 10 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 4 minutes and the effects lasted from 60 +/- 8 to 100 +/- 15 minutes. The time taken from injection to complete recovery ranged from 360 +/- 31 to 540 +/- 21 minutes. Recovery was uncomplicated. Repeated administration of as much as seven injections per animal at intervals of three to four days had no adverse effects. Disturbances during induction delayed the onset of action of the drug.", "contents": "Sedation of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with xylazine. Doses of 100 to 300 mg of a 10 per cent solution of xylazine satisfactorily sedated six elephants ranging from 150 to 255 cm shoulder height. At these dosages all animals were sedated in the standing position. The time taken to produce the initial signs of sedation ranged from 10 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 4 minutes and the effects lasted from 60 +/- 8 to 100 +/- 15 minutes. The time taken from injection to complete recovery ranged from 360 +/- 31 to 540 +/- 21 minutes. Recovery was uncomplicated. Repeated administration of as much as seven injections per animal at intervals of three to four days had no adverse effects. Disturbances during induction delayed the onset of action of the drug.", "PMID": 532050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5011", "title": "Detachment of the ischial tuberosity sows.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of five cases of detachment of the ischial tuberosity are described. In two cases, the detachment occurred unilaterally; one was a gilt showing severe lameness which precluded mating and the other was a uniparous sow which showed only slight lameness. Three gilts which were affected bilaterally developed progressive lameness during pregnancy and were unable to stand after farrowing. One of these gilts died and two had to be slaughtered. The diagnostic features of the epiphyseal detachment were shortening of the caudal extremity of the ischium, palpation of the displaced ischial tuberosity and crepitation elicited by pressing the displace tuberosity against the ischium.", "contents": "Detachment of the ischial tuberosity sows. The clinical and pathological features of five cases of detachment of the ischial tuberosity are described. In two cases, the detachment occurred unilaterally; one was a gilt showing severe lameness which precluded mating and the other was a uniparous sow which showed only slight lameness. Three gilts which were affected bilaterally developed progressive lameness during pregnancy and were unable to stand after farrowing. One of these gilts died and two had to be slaughtered. The diagnostic features of the epiphyseal detachment were shortening of the caudal extremity of the ischium, palpation of the displaced ischial tuberosity and crepitation elicited by pressing the displace tuberosity against the ischium.", "PMID": 532056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5012", "title": "Persistent truncus arteriosus communis in a two-year-old steer.", "content": "A two-year-old Hereford-cross steer was presented for routine embalming. Dissection of the heart and great vessels revealed a persistent truncus arteriosus type A2. Despite complete mixing of pulmonary and aortic blood, this animal had survived to adulthood.", "contents": "Persistent truncus arteriosus communis in a two-year-old steer. A two-year-old Hereford-cross steer was presented for routine embalming. Dissection of the heart and great vessels revealed a persistent truncus arteriosus type A2. Despite complete mixing of pulmonary and aortic blood, this animal had survived to adulthood.", "PMID": 532058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5013", "title": "Congenital vestibular disease in the English cocker spaniel.", "content": "Congenital and probable developmental vestibular disease is reported in a litter of English cocker spaniel puppies. The syndrome was marked by loss of balance and ataxia initially, but subsequent compensation has left only one individual with \"permanent\" head tilt.", "contents": "Congenital vestibular disease in the English cocker spaniel. Congenital and probable developmental vestibular disease is reported in a litter of English cocker spaniel puppies. The syndrome was marked by loss of balance and ataxia initially, but subsequent compensation has left only one individual with \"permanent\" head tilt.", "PMID": 532059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5014", "title": "Field studies in sheep with multicomponent clostridial vaccines.", "content": "Two commercially available multicomponent clostridial vaccines were studied under field conditions in sheep. An eight-component vaccine designed for use in an initial dose volume of 5 ml with subsequent injections of 2 ml produced significantly better results than a seven-component vaccine designed for use in a dose volume of 2 ml.", "contents": "Field studies in sheep with multicomponent clostridial vaccines. Two commercially available multicomponent clostridial vaccines were studied under field conditions in sheep. An eight-component vaccine designed for use in an initial dose volume of 5 ml with subsequent injections of 2 ml produced significantly better results than a seven-component vaccine designed for use in a dose volume of 2 ml.", "PMID": 532068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5015", "title": "Experimental pneumonia in red deer (Cervus elaphus L) produced by an ovine chlamydia.", "content": "An isolate of Chlamydia psittaci from ovine pneumonia produced extensive pneumonia in red deer after endobronchial inoculation. Associated clinical signs lasting for several days included pyrexia, inappetance, increased pulse and respiration rate, and physical distress after handling, but no coughing or upper respiratory symptoms. Histologically, an acute exudative reaction was present after two days, and an early proliferative response after seven days. Both the clinical and pathological responses were more marked than those usually associated with chlamydial pneumonia in other large animals after endobronchial infection. A small survey for chlamydial antibody in wild red deer was negative.", "contents": "Experimental pneumonia in red deer (Cervus elaphus L) produced by an ovine chlamydia. An isolate of Chlamydia psittaci from ovine pneumonia produced extensive pneumonia in red deer after endobronchial inoculation. Associated clinical signs lasting for several days included pyrexia, inappetance, increased pulse and respiration rate, and physical distress after handling, but no coughing or upper respiratory symptoms. Histologically, an acute exudative reaction was present after two days, and an early proliferative response after seven days. Both the clinical and pathological responses were more marked than those usually associated with chlamydial pneumonia in other large animals after endobronchial infection. A small survey for chlamydial antibody in wild red deer was negative.", "PMID": 532073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5016", "title": "Yersiniosis in a free-living fallow deer.", "content": "A case of yersiniosis in a free-living fallow deer is described. Pathological examination revealed an emaciated carcase with numerous abscesses of various sizes throughout the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Staining of material from the abscesses showed a small Gram-negative coccobacillus which was identified as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1A.", "contents": "Yersiniosis in a free-living fallow deer. A case of yersiniosis in a free-living fallow deer is described. Pathological examination revealed an emaciated carcase with numerous abscesses of various sizes throughout the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Staining of material from the abscesses showed a small Gram-negative coccobacillus which was identified as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1A.", "PMID": 532074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5017", "title": "[Attempts to control trichophytosis by introducing medicated forage containing purified sulfur and methionine].", "content": "Experiments including 1197 calves either suffering from Trichophytia or being in contact with diseased animals were carried out. Medicative fodder containing 1% sulfur or 1% purified sulfur plus 0.4% methionin was fed on the calves for 30 days. It was established that the fodder containing 1% sulfur plus 0.4% methionin had better therapeutic effect--96.39%, while the effect of fodder having 1% sulfur was 85.57%. Medicative fodder had no negative effect on calf development, on their liver function and on the morphology of leucocytes and erythrocytes in the blood.", "contents": "[Attempts to control trichophytosis by introducing medicated forage containing purified sulfur and methionine]. Experiments including 1197 calves either suffering from Trichophytia or being in contact with diseased animals were carried out. Medicative fodder containing 1% sulfur or 1% purified sulfur plus 0.4% methionin was fed on the calves for 30 days. It was established that the fodder containing 1% sulfur plus 0.4% methionin had better therapeutic effect--96.39%, while the effect of fodder having 1% sulfur was 85.57%. Medicative fodder had no negative effect on calf development, on their liver function and on the morphology of leucocytes and erythrocytes in the blood.", "PMID": 532088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5018", "title": "[Changes in the composition of the colostrum from cows and buffaloes and its significance in the nutrition of newborn calves].", "content": "Investigations on the chemical composition of cow and buffalo cow colostrum were carried out with a view of using the latter most rationally as the only nutrition for newborns in the first days of their life. It was established that following calving the chemical composition of cow and buffalo cow colsotrum changes very fast within hours and days. The dry matter of cow colostrum is reduced from 29.05% at the time of calving to 12.26% on the 7th day; organic matter--from 28.01% to 12.50%, respectively; protein--from 15.09% to 6.06%; fats--from 10.0% to 4.3%, etc. In buffalo cows dry matter is reduced from 27.61% 2 h post calving to 16.85% on the 7th day; organic matter--from 26.21% to 15.88%, respectively; protein--from 18.19% to 8.50%; fats--from 10.0% to 7.2%, etc. It is necessary to begin feeding newborn calves and buffalos with colostrum 1--2 h after calving at the latest.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of the colostrum from cows and buffaloes and its significance in the nutrition of newborn calves]. Investigations on the chemical composition of cow and buffalo cow colostrum were carried out with a view of using the latter most rationally as the only nutrition for newborns in the first days of their life. It was established that following calving the chemical composition of cow and buffalo cow colsotrum changes very fast within hours and days. The dry matter of cow colostrum is reduced from 29.05% at the time of calving to 12.26% on the 7th day; organic matter--from 28.01% to 12.50%, respectively; protein--from 15.09% to 6.06%; fats--from 10.0% to 4.3%, etc. In buffalo cows dry matter is reduced from 27.61% 2 h post calving to 16.85% on the 7th day; organic matter--from 26.21% to 15.88%, respectively; protein--from 18.19% to 8.50%; fats--from 10.0% to 7.2%, etc. It is necessary to begin feeding newborn calves and buffalos with colostrum 1--2 h after calving at the latest.", "PMID": 532089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5019", "title": "[Nature and specificity of the auxilliary rabbit test in the diagnosis of swine fever].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with the aim to reveal the causes for the inhibited temperature reaction in rabbits to swine pest virus strain K in case of previous injection with virulent pest virus. It was established that in the serum of rabbits injected with virulent swine pest virus specific antibodies are found, which are capable to neutralize the lappinized K virus introduced later. This phenomenon which is specific enough and highly sensitive can be used with success as an auxiliary biological test in classical swine pest diagnosis.", "contents": "[Nature and specificity of the auxilliary rabbit test in the diagnosis of swine fever]. Experiments were carried out with the aim to reveal the causes for the inhibited temperature reaction in rabbits to swine pest virus strain K in case of previous injection with virulent pest virus. It was established that in the serum of rabbits injected with virulent swine pest virus specific antibodies are found, which are capable to neutralize the lappinized K virus introduced later. This phenomenon which is specific enough and highly sensitive can be used with success as an auxiliary biological test in classical swine pest diagnosis.", "PMID": 532090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5020", "title": "[Eimeria tenella studies in quails and Eimeria kofoidi studies in chickens].", "content": "Studies on two types of coccidiosis E. tenella isolated from diseased chickens and E. kofidi isolated from diseased young quails were carried out. Ten 14 day-old quails of the species Alektor is graeca cypriatis and thirty 10-, 20-and 30 day-old chickens of the White Plymuth breed were used. By cross invasion of sporulated oocysts of both coccidia types the shizogonal development in non-specific host birds was observed. It was established that E. tenella finds suitable conditions for an endogenis development no matter how slight, in the coecum of the non-specific host-the young quails, E. kofoidi, however, does not find similar suitable conditions for its development in the alimentary tract of chickens and passes transit. Under certain definite conditions quails can be a potential reservoir of E. tenella in nature.", "contents": "[Eimeria tenella studies in quails and Eimeria kofoidi studies in chickens]. Studies on two types of coccidiosis E. tenella isolated from diseased chickens and E. kofidi isolated from diseased young quails were carried out. Ten 14 day-old quails of the species Alektor is graeca cypriatis and thirty 10-, 20-and 30 day-old chickens of the White Plymuth breed were used. By cross invasion of sporulated oocysts of both coccidia types the shizogonal development in non-specific host birds was observed. It was established that E. tenella finds suitable conditions for an endogenis development no matter how slight, in the coecum of the non-specific host-the young quails, E. kofoidi, however, does not find similar suitable conditions for its development in the alimentary tract of chickens and passes transit. Under certain definite conditions quails can be a potential reservoir of E. tenella in nature.", "PMID": 532091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5021", "title": "[Vaccination schemes against Newcastle disease in poultry].", "content": "Two schemes of vaccination against pseudo-pest (A and B) were tested on broiler-chickens and two schemes (C and D)--on parent form birds. Vaccine of the La Sota strain was used for the broilers and was administered twice at differing age after the spray method. For the parent birds La Sota strain vaccine was used also--twice after the spray method, plus a vaccine of the strain Komarov--twice intramuscularly and as aerosol (scheme C) and the vaccine strain La Sota spray and aerosol alone (scheme D). Immunity induced in birds after immunization was followed serologically by the titre of serum antihaemaglutinins and by provocation with a highly virulent pseudo-pest virus strain. The 4 schemes of immunization tested comparatively ensure solid immunity of birds to pseudo-pest. Better production index results were obtained from broiler chickens vaccinated after scheme B and parental form birds vaccinated after scheme C.", "contents": "[Vaccination schemes against Newcastle disease in poultry]. Two schemes of vaccination against pseudo-pest (A and B) were tested on broiler-chickens and two schemes (C and D)--on parent form birds. Vaccine of the La Sota strain was used for the broilers and was administered twice at differing age after the spray method. For the parent birds La Sota strain vaccine was used also--twice after the spray method, plus a vaccine of the strain Komarov--twice intramuscularly and as aerosol (scheme C) and the vaccine strain La Sota spray and aerosol alone (scheme D). Immunity induced in birds after immunization was followed serologically by the titre of serum antihaemaglutinins and by provocation with a highly virulent pseudo-pest virus strain. The 4 schemes of immunization tested comparatively ensure solid immunity of birds to pseudo-pest. Better production index results were obtained from broiler chickens vaccinated after scheme B and parental form birds vaccinated after scheme C.", "PMID": 532092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5022", "title": "[Enzymatic activity study of the organs and blood serum of geese].", "content": "Studies on organ homogenates of 22 one-year-old healthy geese indicated ubiquiternal distribution of GOT and GPT transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, aldolase and kreatine phosphokinase, without the presence of any pronounced organ specificity of some of the named enzymes. It is presumed that the investigation on these enzymes in goose blood serum can be of use only for determining the degree and the course of a given disease, but not for organ-localization of the disease's process.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity study of the organs and blood serum of geese]. Studies on organ homogenates of 22 one-year-old healthy geese indicated ubiquiternal distribution of GOT and GPT transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, aldolase and kreatine phosphokinase, without the presence of any pronounced organ specificity of some of the named enzymes. It is presumed that the investigation on these enzymes in goose blood serum can be of use only for determining the degree and the course of a given disease, but not for organ-localization of the disease's process.", "PMID": 532093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5023", "title": "[Diacetyl content and the organoleptic evaluation of cow's milk cultured butter].", "content": "Diacetyl content of cow butter is one of the factors determining its quality. It is a metabolic product of aroma producing lactic acid streptococci. The gradation of diacetyl water solutions and the correlation between diacetyl quantity in cow butter and its taste, flavour and aroma evaluation were assessed by smelling. It was confirmed that experienced degustators of dairy butter can distinguish and grade diacetyl water solutions in a comparatively very good order. A satisfactory correlation was observed between the organoleptic evaluation of the taste, flavour and aroma of cow sour cream butter. In the opinion of experienced degustators of cow butter the latter can be graded only organoleptically.", "contents": "[Diacetyl content and the organoleptic evaluation of cow's milk cultured butter]. Diacetyl content of cow butter is one of the factors determining its quality. It is a metabolic product of aroma producing lactic acid streptococci. The gradation of diacetyl water solutions and the correlation between diacetyl quantity in cow butter and its taste, flavour and aroma evaluation were assessed by smelling. It was confirmed that experienced degustators of dairy butter can distinguish and grade diacetyl water solutions in a comparatively very good order. A satisfactory correlation was observed between the organoleptic evaluation of the taste, flavour and aroma of cow sour cream butter. In the opinion of experienced degustators of cow butter the latter can be graded only organoleptically.", "PMID": 532094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5024", "title": "[Invasiveness and immunogenicity of Babesia ovis in sheep].", "content": "Studies aiming to determine the invasion-ability and immunogeneity of B. ovis during the incubation period, the acute and the abating stages of the disease were carried out. It was established that in the first days of the incubation period blood is susceptible to invasion, but recipients which pull through the illness acquire immunity. It is proven that in case blood is taken late in the course of the disease and inoculated, the recipients undergo a more acute infection, but after recovery they are no more susceptible to reinvasion. It was observed that the main forms developed by babesia in sheep are piriformig, ring-like and anaplasmodic, while the percentage of total paresetemia increases in the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Invasiveness and immunogenicity of Babesia ovis in sheep]. Studies aiming to determine the invasion-ability and immunogeneity of B. ovis during the incubation period, the acute and the abating stages of the disease were carried out. It was established that in the first days of the incubation period blood is susceptible to invasion, but recipients which pull through the illness acquire immunity. It is proven that in case blood is taken late in the course of the disease and inoculated, the recipients undergo a more acute infection, but after recovery they are no more susceptible to reinvasion. It was observed that the main forms developed by babesia in sheep are piriformig, ring-like and anaplasmodic, while the percentage of total paresetemia increases in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 532095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5025", "title": "[Production of a Babesia ovis extract and its testing for antigenic properties].", "content": "An extract of the parasitic erythrocyte stroma sediment of Babesia ovis was produced. Parasite infestation of the erythrocytes was from 23 to 25%. The sediment was destroyed by three methods: 1) By ultrasound; 2) by twenty-fold freezing and unfreezing in liquid nitrogen; 3) by lyophylization. The supernatant of the destroyed sediment, obtained by ultracentrifugation of 103,5000 g per 1 h was tested as antigen in RCB, RAGP, RIHA. Positive result was obtained for all three reactions with homologous antiserums of lambs immunized with live vaccine and plasmic antigen. In case heterologic anti A. ovis serum and normal sheep serum were used the result was negative. Compared to the \"standard\" corpuscular antigen for RCB and to the plasmic antigen the extract proved more active.", "contents": "[Production of a Babesia ovis extract and its testing for antigenic properties]. An extract of the parasitic erythrocyte stroma sediment of Babesia ovis was produced. Parasite infestation of the erythrocytes was from 23 to 25%. The sediment was destroyed by three methods: 1) By ultrasound; 2) by twenty-fold freezing and unfreezing in liquid nitrogen; 3) by lyophylization. The supernatant of the destroyed sediment, obtained by ultracentrifugation of 103,5000 g per 1 h was tested as antigen in RCB, RAGP, RIHA. Positive result was obtained for all three reactions with homologous antiserums of lambs immunized with live vaccine and plasmic antigen. In case heterologic anti A. ovis serum and normal sheep serum were used the result was negative. Compared to the \"standard\" corpuscular antigen for RCB and to the plasmic antigen the extract proved more active.", "PMID": 532096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5026", "title": "New techniques in the evaluation of cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Numerous reports in the literature indicate that various noninvasive vascular techniques can now be used to evaluate atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation. This article reviews noninvasive screening techniques currently available and being developed. Particular emphasis has been placed on the practicality of these techniques as well as their limitations. Our conclusions are that noninvasive techniques cannot be used as definitive screening tests for cerebrovascular disease. Although these tests are frequently useful when positive, the false negative rate of these tests would appear to be significant and variable in different hands. Nonstenotic ulcers are usually not detected and total occlusion often not differentiated from stenosis. These tests should be viewed as the beginning rather than the end result of a developing field. At present, contrast arteriography remains the definitive test to evaluate the presence and significance of extracranial cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "New techniques in the evaluation of cerebrovascular disease. Numerous reports in the literature indicate that various noninvasive vascular techniques can now be used to evaluate atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation. This article reviews noninvasive screening techniques currently available and being developed. Particular emphasis has been placed on the practicality of these techniques as well as their limitations. Our conclusions are that noninvasive techniques cannot be used as definitive screening tests for cerebrovascular disease. Although these tests are frequently useful when positive, the false negative rate of these tests would appear to be significant and variable in different hands. Nonstenotic ulcers are usually not detected and total occlusion often not differentiated from stenosis. These tests should be viewed as the beginning rather than the end result of a developing field. At present, contrast arteriography remains the definitive test to evaluate the presence and significance of extracranial cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 532141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5027", "title": "The epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Los Angeles county.", "content": "More than 300 new cases of thyroid cancer are diagnosed in Los Angeles County every year. The age-adjusted annual incidence rates of this disease for all races combined are 2.4 for males and 6.1 for females. Rates for women are more than twice rates for men in each major ethnic group. Blacks of both sexes have the lowest rates; Japanese, Chinese, other Asians and Spanish-surnamed whites all have rates that are as high as or higher than rates among non-Spanish-surnamed whites. Other demographic patterns include the excess of thyroid cancer among Jewish residents of Los Angeles. There have been an increase in thyroid cancer incidence and a decline in mortality for this disease in the United States over the past several decades. Several possible explanations can be made for these trends. Also, the risk factors for thyroid cancer deserve review.", "contents": "The epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Los Angeles county. More than 300 new cases of thyroid cancer are diagnosed in Los Angeles County every year. The age-adjusted annual incidence rates of this disease for all races combined are 2.4 for males and 6.1 for females. Rates for women are more than twice rates for men in each major ethnic group. Blacks of both sexes have the lowest rates; Japanese, Chinese, other Asians and Spanish-surnamed whites all have rates that are as high as or higher than rates among non-Spanish-surnamed whites. Other demographic patterns include the excess of thyroid cancer among Jewish residents of Los Angeles. There have been an increase in thyroid cancer incidence and a decline in mortality for this disease in the United States over the past several decades. Several possible explanations can be made for these trends. Also, the risk factors for thyroid cancer deserve review.", "PMID": 532142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5028", "title": "[Importance of x-ray examination to endoscopic diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiologic and endoscopic examinations were performed in 166 histologically verified carcinomas of the stomach. 71% of the carcinomas were diagnosed at the first examination by X-ray and/or endoscopy. By a second examination of the radiologically but not endoscopically suspected the percentage of diagnosed carcinomas was increased to 83%. Though the results of endoscopy on an average are somewhat better due to the practicability of biopsy, X-ray examination cannot be renounced. In early cancer the most reliable diagnosis is to be realized by endoscopy on the basis of X-ray findings.", "contents": "[Importance of x-ray examination to endoscopic diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Radiologic and endoscopic examinations were performed in 166 histologically verified carcinomas of the stomach. 71% of the carcinomas were diagnosed at the first examination by X-ray and/or endoscopy. By a second examination of the radiologically but not endoscopically suspected the percentage of diagnosed carcinomas was increased to 83%. Though the results of endoscopy on an average are somewhat better due to the practicability of biopsy, X-ray examination cannot be renounced. In early cancer the most reliable diagnosis is to be realized by endoscopy on the basis of X-ray findings.", "PMID": 532178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5029", "title": "[Mesothelioma of the peritoneum with pulmonary metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of the case history of a female patient suffering from malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. Exceptional findings were a dense nodular hematogenic dissemination over both lungs and the duration of disease, which till now extends over 35 months. Pathogenesis, course of disease, diagnosis therapy and epicrisis are discussed.", "contents": "[Mesothelioma of the peritoneum with pulmonary metastases (author's transl)]. Report of the case history of a female patient suffering from malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. Exceptional findings were a dense nodular hematogenic dissemination over both lungs and the duration of disease, which till now extends over 35 months. Pathogenesis, course of disease, diagnosis therapy and epicrisis are discussed.", "PMID": 532179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5030", "title": "[Experiences with psychoprophylaxis in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "From February 1978 to March 1979 186 women were prepared for delivery by the psychoprophylactic method. The results are very similar to those of many other authors. The experiences are positive both in medical-somatic and in psychological respect.", "contents": "[Experiences with psychoprophylaxis in obstetrics (author's transl)]. From February 1978 to March 1979 186 women were prepared for delivery by the psychoprophylactic method. The results are very similar to those of many other authors. The experiences are positive both in medical-somatic and in psychological respect.", "PMID": 532180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5031", "title": "The pregnant worker: who bears the burden?", "content": "The article reviews the history of pregnancy disability legislation and links the recent Congressional action to include pregnancy discrimination under Title VII to women's increasing labor force participation.", "contents": "The pregnant worker: who bears the burden? The article reviews the history of pregnancy disability legislation and links the recent Congressional action to include pregnancy discrimination under Title VII to women's increasing labor force participation.", "PMID": 532181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5032", "title": "Family-centered care activities by size of maternity service.", "content": "Fifty-four of the 55 New York City maternity services in operation as of January 1, 1978 responded to a questionnaire eliciting information as to the availability of certain family-centered care practices. The larger maternity units, especially those in which more than 2,000 live births occur annually, were noted to have a higher prevalence and greater extent of family-centered care activities than the smaller units. Although size alone cannot be isolated as the critical factor in this analysis, its association with other factors helps explain the differences observed.", "contents": "Family-centered care activities by size of maternity service. Fifty-four of the 55 New York City maternity services in operation as of January 1, 1978 responded to a questionnaire eliciting information as to the availability of certain family-centered care practices. The larger maternity units, especially those in which more than 2,000 live births occur annually, were noted to have a higher prevalence and greater extent of family-centered care activities than the smaller units. Although size alone cannot be isolated as the critical factor in this analysis, its association with other factors helps explain the differences observed.", "PMID": 532182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5033", "title": "The metabolism of isamoxole in the rat and guinea-pig.", "content": "1. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of isamoxole, (2-methyl-N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)propanamide), a compound with anti-allergy properties, has been studied in the rat and guinea-pig. 2. The compound was well-absorbed by both species after oral doses of 50 to 150 mg/kg. It underwent extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, and was excreted as a mixture of metabolites, predominantly in the urine, within 48 h. 3. Three major routes of metabolism were involved, namely deacylation, oxidative ring scission and alkyl oxidation. 4. A major plasma and urine metabolite was 1-butyl-3-(1-carboxyethyl)urea, and this was accompanied by low levels of its cyclized product 3-butyl-5-methylhydantoin.", "contents": "The metabolism of isamoxole in the rat and guinea-pig. 1. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of isamoxole, (2-methyl-N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)propanamide), a compound with anti-allergy properties, has been studied in the rat and guinea-pig. 2. The compound was well-absorbed by both species after oral doses of 50 to 150 mg/kg. It underwent extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, and was excreted as a mixture of metabolites, predominantly in the urine, within 48 h. 3. Three major routes of metabolism were involved, namely deacylation, oxidative ring scission and alkyl oxidation. 4. A major plasma and urine metabolite was 1-butyl-3-(1-carboxyethyl)urea, and this was accompanied by low levels of its cyclized product 3-butyl-5-methylhydantoin.", "PMID": 532211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5034", "title": "Epoxides as obligatory intermediates in the metabolism of alpha-halohydrins.", "content": "1. The metabolism of several dihalopropanols has been studied in the rat. Irrespective of their structure, each compound produced the same two mercapturic acids, excreted as urinary metabolites. 2. The mercapturic acid metabolites of the dihalopropanols were identified as N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine and N,N'-bis-acetyl-S,S'-(1,3-bis-cysteinyl)propan-2-ol. Depending on the halogen present, each dihalopropanol produced beta-chlorolactate or beta-bromolactate as oxidative metabolites. 3. From the metabolic pathway of these compounds, it is inferred that an epoxide is an intermediate in their metabolism. 4. The metabolism of 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol has been investigated in the rat and the isolation of one mercapturic acid, N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine, confirms that an epoxide intermediate is involved.", "contents": "Epoxides as obligatory intermediates in the metabolism of alpha-halohydrins. 1. The metabolism of several dihalopropanols has been studied in the rat. Irrespective of their structure, each compound produced the same two mercapturic acids, excreted as urinary metabolites. 2. The mercapturic acid metabolites of the dihalopropanols were identified as N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine and N,N'-bis-acetyl-S,S'-(1,3-bis-cysteinyl)propan-2-ol. Depending on the halogen present, each dihalopropanol produced beta-chlorolactate or beta-bromolactate as oxidative metabolites. 3. From the metabolic pathway of these compounds, it is inferred that an epoxide is an intermediate in their metabolism. 4. The metabolism of 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol has been investigated in the rat and the isolation of one mercapturic acid, N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine, confirms that an epoxide intermediate is involved.", "PMID": 532212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5035", "title": "Oxidative biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene by human lung microsomal fractions prepared from surgical specimens.", "content": "1. Microsomal fractions were prepared from 15--50 g specimens of human lung tissue (mostly alveolar) obtained at surgical resections of 13 middle-aged male patients suffering from different pulmonary tumours. Marker enzyme assays indicated that the frations contained about 25% of the endoplasmic reticulum of the homogenate and about 10% of its mitochondrial membranes. 2. The content of cytochrome b5 corresponded to that of rodent lung microsomes, whereas the apparent content of cytochrom P-450 was much lower. 3. The extent of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism varied 13-fold between individuals in the group and was not detectable in about 40% of the cases. 4. The dihydrodiols as % of total metabolites formed was higher than in laboratory animals, the 7,8-dihydrodiol in most cases amounting to more than 40% of total dihydrodiols. 5. The apparent rate of hydroxylation was stimulated by 1 mM 2-diethylaminothyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate and by 1 mM 1,2-oxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, but inhibited moderately by 0.1 mM metyrapone and extensively by 0.05 mM 7,8-benzoflavone. 6. Ethoxyresorufin deethylation qualitatively paralleled benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation among individuals.", "contents": "Oxidative biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene by human lung microsomal fractions prepared from surgical specimens. 1. Microsomal fractions were prepared from 15--50 g specimens of human lung tissue (mostly alveolar) obtained at surgical resections of 13 middle-aged male patients suffering from different pulmonary tumours. Marker enzyme assays indicated that the frations contained about 25% of the endoplasmic reticulum of the homogenate and about 10% of its mitochondrial membranes. 2. The content of cytochrome b5 corresponded to that of rodent lung microsomes, whereas the apparent content of cytochrom P-450 was much lower. 3. The extent of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism varied 13-fold between individuals in the group and was not detectable in about 40% of the cases. 4. The dihydrodiols as % of total metabolites formed was higher than in laboratory animals, the 7,8-dihydrodiol in most cases amounting to more than 40% of total dihydrodiols. 5. The apparent rate of hydroxylation was stimulated by 1 mM 2-diethylaminothyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate and by 1 mM 1,2-oxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, but inhibited moderately by 0.1 mM metyrapone and extensively by 0.05 mM 7,8-benzoflavone. 6. Ethoxyresorufin deethylation qualitatively paralleled benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation among individuals.", "PMID": 532213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5036", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of the antioxidant ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the rat.", "content": "1. The metabolism of ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) in rat has been investigated. Urinary metabolites were identified by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. The major metabolic reaction was de-ethylation which gave rise to 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and an oxidation product, 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone. Other reactions were hydroxylation to four different hydroxylated metabolites and one dihydroxylated metabolite. A total of 95% of the dose (100 mg/kg) was accounted for.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of the antioxidant ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the rat. 1. The metabolism of ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) in rat has been investigated. Urinary metabolites were identified by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. The major metabolic reaction was de-ethylation which gave rise to 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and an oxidation product, 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone. Other reactions were hydroxylation to four different hydroxylated metabolites and one dihydroxylated metabolite. A total of 95% of the dose (100 mg/kg) was accounted for.", "PMID": 532214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5037", "title": "Studies of the biliary excretion and metabolites of the antioxidant ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the rat.", "content": "1. Biliary excretion and metabolites of ethoxyquin, and gastro-intestinal absorption of ethoxyquin were studied in rat. 2. An average of 28 and 36% of the dose of 14C following intragastric administration of [14C]ethoxyquin was recovered in the bile of bile-duct cannulated rats in 12 and 24 h, respectively. 3. By g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, 75 to 85% of the 14C excreted in the 12 h bile was identified as unchanged ethoxyquin, and the following metabolites were isolated and identified: 8-hydroxy-ethoxyquin, hydroxylated 8-hydroxy-ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-quinolone, hydroxylated 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-quinolone, 6-ethoxy-2,4-dimethylquinoline and 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone. 4. Three groups of rats were used in the biliary excretion experiments, and the effect of standardization of experimental conditions was demonstrated. Infusion of sodium taurocholate following bile-duct cannulation did not affect the biliary excretion kinetics of ethoxyquin. 5. Only about 3% of the radioactivity administered was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract via the lymphatic pathway in thoracic-duct connulated rats within 24 h. It was concluded that ethoxyquin was absorbed primarily by the portal route.", "contents": "Studies of the biliary excretion and metabolites of the antioxidant ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the rat. 1. Biliary excretion and metabolites of ethoxyquin, and gastro-intestinal absorption of ethoxyquin were studied in rat. 2. An average of 28 and 36% of the dose of 14C following intragastric administration of [14C]ethoxyquin was recovered in the bile of bile-duct cannulated rats in 12 and 24 h, respectively. 3. By g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, 75 to 85% of the 14C excreted in the 12 h bile was identified as unchanged ethoxyquin, and the following metabolites were isolated and identified: 8-hydroxy-ethoxyquin, hydroxylated 8-hydroxy-ethoxyquin, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-quinolone, hydroxylated 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-quinolone, 6-ethoxy-2,4-dimethylquinoline and 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone. 4. Three groups of rats were used in the biliary excretion experiments, and the effect of standardization of experimental conditions was demonstrated. Infusion of sodium taurocholate following bile-duct cannulation did not affect the biliary excretion kinetics of ethoxyquin. 5. Only about 3% of the radioactivity administered was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract via the lymphatic pathway in thoracic-duct connulated rats within 24 h. It was concluded that ethoxyquin was absorbed primarily by the portal route.", "PMID": 532215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5038", "title": "Mercapturic acid occurrence in fish bile. A terminal product of metabolism of the herbicide molinate.", "content": "1. Molinate sulphoxide, an oxidation metabolite of molinate, is cleaved in vitro by Japanese carp liver cytosol fraction, indicating the presence of GSH-S-transferase activity, since cleavage of the sulphoxide is dependent on the amount of supernatant protein and GSH in the assay medium. 2. Molinate mercapturate was identified as a major metabolite recovered from bile of carp treated with molinate. 3. The structure of the mercapturate was established by co-chromatography with an authentic standard in three t.l.c. systems and by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Mercapturic acid occurrence in fish bile. A terminal product of metabolism of the herbicide molinate. 1. Molinate sulphoxide, an oxidation metabolite of molinate, is cleaved in vitro by Japanese carp liver cytosol fraction, indicating the presence of GSH-S-transferase activity, since cleavage of the sulphoxide is dependent on the amount of supernatant protein and GSH in the assay medium. 2. Molinate mercapturate was identified as a major metabolite recovered from bile of carp treated with molinate. 3. The structure of the mercapturate was established by co-chromatography with an authentic standard in three t.l.c. systems and by mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 532216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5039", "title": "Some properties of the sulphoxidases and sulphoxide reductases of the cestode Moniezia expansa, the nematode Ascaris suum and mouse liver.", "content": "1. The anthelmintics bithionol, phenothiazine, albendazole and fenbendazole were oxidized to sulphoxides by enzymes in the cytosol of the proglottids of the cestode Moniezia expansa and the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells of the nematode Ascaris suum. Enzymes in these tissues were also able to reduce these sulphoxides to the thioethers in the absence of oxygen. 2. Sulphoxidation and sulphoxide reduction also occurred in mouse liver enzyme preparations. About 20% of the sulphoxidation activity was not associated with microsomes and was not inhibited by CO; about 50% of the reductase activity was found in the microsomes. 3. The pH optima for sulphoxidases from both helminths were in the range 7.0--7.2, and both required NADH or NADPH for activity. Low molecular weight thiols and flavins did not affect sulphoxidation. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 0.1 mM Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ or Zn2+ and by p-chloromercuribenzoate or N-ethylmaleimide. 4. Both helminth sulphoxide reductases displayed pH optima in the range 1.2--7.4, and required NADH or NADPH for activity. Oxygen inhibited the reductases.", "contents": "Some properties of the sulphoxidases and sulphoxide reductases of the cestode Moniezia expansa, the nematode Ascaris suum and mouse liver. 1. The anthelmintics bithionol, phenothiazine, albendazole and fenbendazole were oxidized to sulphoxides by enzymes in the cytosol of the proglottids of the cestode Moniezia expansa and the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells of the nematode Ascaris suum. Enzymes in these tissues were also able to reduce these sulphoxides to the thioethers in the absence of oxygen. 2. Sulphoxidation and sulphoxide reduction also occurred in mouse liver enzyme preparations. About 20% of the sulphoxidation activity was not associated with microsomes and was not inhibited by CO; about 50% of the reductase activity was found in the microsomes. 3. The pH optima for sulphoxidases from both helminths were in the range 7.0--7.2, and both required NADH or NADPH for activity. Low molecular weight thiols and flavins did not affect sulphoxidation. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 0.1 mM Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ or Zn2+ and by p-chloromercuribenzoate or N-ethylmaleimide. 4. Both helminth sulphoxide reductases displayed pH optima in the range 1.2--7.4, and required NADH or NADPH for activity. Oxygen inhibited the reductases.", "PMID": 532217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5040", "title": "Metabolism of phenformin in the rat and guinea-pig.", "content": "1. Following administration of [2'-14C]phenformin to rat and guinea pig, the guinea-pig showed a slower rate of excretion of radioactivity than the rat, together with a slower rate of metabolism, which may partly explain the increased pharmacological response of the guinea-pig to the drug. 2. The rat eliminated 26% of an intraduodenal dose of [2'-14C]phenformin (20 mg/kg) in the bile in 6 h compared to 6% in the guinea-pig. 3. The rat excreted large amounts of 4-hydroxyphenformin (free and conjugated with glucuronic acid) and also some unchanged phenformin, but the extent of metabolism varied with dose and route of administration. 4. The guinea-pig excreted no 4-hydroxyphenformin after an oral dose (25 mg/kg) and only a small amount after i.p. administration (12.5 mg/kg). After oral administration, guinea-pig urine contained an unidentified metabolite, and its glucuronide, which may be a product of aliphatic C- or N-hydroxylation and which accounted for 47% of the 24 h urinary radioactivity (17% of the dose). Guinea-pig faeces contained an unidentified metabolite which had similar chromatographic properties to the novel urinary metabolite.", "contents": "Metabolism of phenformin in the rat and guinea-pig. 1. Following administration of [2'-14C]phenformin to rat and guinea pig, the guinea-pig showed a slower rate of excretion of radioactivity than the rat, together with a slower rate of metabolism, which may partly explain the increased pharmacological response of the guinea-pig to the drug. 2. The rat eliminated 26% of an intraduodenal dose of [2'-14C]phenformin (20 mg/kg) in the bile in 6 h compared to 6% in the guinea-pig. 3. The rat excreted large amounts of 4-hydroxyphenformin (free and conjugated with glucuronic acid) and also some unchanged phenformin, but the extent of metabolism varied with dose and route of administration. 4. The guinea-pig excreted no 4-hydroxyphenformin after an oral dose (25 mg/kg) and only a small amount after i.p. administration (12.5 mg/kg). After oral administration, guinea-pig urine contained an unidentified metabolite, and its glucuronide, which may be a product of aliphatic C- or N-hydroxylation and which accounted for 47% of the 24 h urinary radioactivity (17% of the dose). Guinea-pig faeces contained an unidentified metabolite which had similar chromatographic properties to the novel urinary metabolite.", "PMID": 532218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5041", "title": "Metabolites of 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (CERM) 1841) in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. In rats and dogs dosed with 14C-labelled 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine hydrochloride, the 14C was excreted in the urine. The 14C eliminated in the faeces of dog was significantly higher than for rat. 2. Conjugated metabolites, mostly glucuronides, accounted for the greater part of the urinary radioactivity in both species. 3. Biotransformation products were predominantly acids in both species, followed by significant amounts of basic metabolites, with very little neutral substances. 4. The major urinary metabolite in rats was 3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid and 3-trifluoromethylhipuric acid. In the dog it was 3-trifluoromethylmandelic acid in addition to the benzoic acid and its conjugate. The basic products identified in the urine of both species were unchanged drug and 1-amino-2-hydroxy-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethane, with the first predominating.", "contents": "Metabolites of 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (CERM) 1841) in rats and dogs. 1. In rats and dogs dosed with 14C-labelled 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine hydrochloride, the 14C was excreted in the urine. The 14C eliminated in the faeces of dog was significantly higher than for rat. 2. Conjugated metabolites, mostly glucuronides, accounted for the greater part of the urinary radioactivity in both species. 3. Biotransformation products were predominantly acids in both species, followed by significant amounts of basic metabolites, with very little neutral substances. 4. The major urinary metabolite in rats was 3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid and 3-trifluoromethylhipuric acid. In the dog it was 3-trifluoromethylmandelic acid in addition to the benzoic acid and its conjugate. The basic products identified in the urine of both species were unchanged drug and 1-amino-2-hydroxy-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethane, with the first predominating.", "PMID": 532219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5042", "title": "The oxidative metabolism of 1-bromopropane in the rat.", "content": "1. The metabolism of 1-bromopropane in the rat has been re-investigated. The previously known metabolites have been isolated and confirmed as the three mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-propyl cysteine, N-acetyl-S-propyl cysteine-S-oxide and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)cysteine. 2. Three further metabolites have been isolated from the urine of rats treated with 4-bromopropane. These have been identified as 3-bromopropionic acid and the mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine. 3. The metabolites of 3-bromopropanol and 3-chloropropanol in the rat have been shown to be the mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine and the corresponding 2-carboxyethyl halide. 4. Studies with 1-bromopropane and the 3-halopropanols in vitro indicate that oxidation of C3 and C2 of 1-bromopropane occurs before conjugation of the alkyl group with glutathione. The implications of these studies are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the biosynthesis of the S-(2-hydroxyalkyl)mercapturic acid metabolites derived from the alkyl halides.", "contents": "The oxidative metabolism of 1-bromopropane in the rat. 1. The metabolism of 1-bromopropane in the rat has been re-investigated. The previously known metabolites have been isolated and confirmed as the three mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-propyl cysteine, N-acetyl-S-propyl cysteine-S-oxide and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)cysteine. 2. Three further metabolites have been isolated from the urine of rats treated with 4-bromopropane. These have been identified as 3-bromopropionic acid and the mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine. 3. The metabolites of 3-bromopropanol and 3-chloropropanol in the rat have been shown to be the mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine and the corresponding 2-carboxyethyl halide. 4. Studies with 1-bromopropane and the 3-halopropanols in vitro indicate that oxidation of C3 and C2 of 1-bromopropane occurs before conjugation of the alkyl group with glutathione. The implications of these studies are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the biosynthesis of the S-(2-hydroxyalkyl)mercapturic acid metabolites derived from the alkyl halides.", "PMID": 532220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5043", "title": "[Time-dependent changes in the lactic acid level of ischemic muscle tissue under conditions of arterial embolism, simulated in animal experiments].", "content": "It may be summarized that under the condition of embolism in animal experiments the lactate level is significantly changed depending on the duration of ischemia. Thus, for judgement of a hypoxic damage of muscle tissue this parameter appears to be useful. A more precise analysis would be imaginable, when the degree of tissue damage could be stated according to a certain lactate level. For this, however, the reported results must be compared with a randomized series of human patients suffering from arterial embolism, since the present studies concern the muscles of rats.", "contents": "[Time-dependent changes in the lactic acid level of ischemic muscle tissue under conditions of arterial embolism, simulated in animal experiments]. It may be summarized that under the condition of embolism in animal experiments the lactate level is significantly changed depending on the duration of ischemia. Thus, for judgement of a hypoxic damage of muscle tissue this parameter appears to be useful. A more precise analysis would be imaginable, when the degree of tissue damage could be stated according to a certain lactate level. For this, however, the reported results must be compared with a randomized series of human patients suffering from arterial embolism, since the present studies concern the muscles of rats.", "PMID": 532232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5044", "title": "[The mineral composition of veins and arteries as a function of age].", "content": "In the present investigation the contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc were determined in ashes of cadaver material from great saphenous veins and arteries.", "contents": "[The mineral composition of veins and arteries as a function of age]. In the present investigation the contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc were determined in ashes of cadaver material from great saphenous veins and arteries.", "PMID": 532233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5045", "title": "[A membrane-thin-layer oxygenator for experimental organ perfusions].", "content": "The authors describe device and functioning of a new efficacious membrane thin-layer oxygenator, specially developed for experiments on the isolated hearts of small animals. Compared with customary oxygenators with direct oxygenation, advantages arise from the separation of gas and perfusion solution, and its small volume for filling (7,5 ml). The diffusion capacity of the oxygenator (exchange surface 980 cm2) was tried by means of a hemoglobin-free modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with various flow values at 37 degrees C, depending on the gage of the layer. At the optimal gage of 0,15 mm and a flow value of 15 ml/minute a perfusion solution can be oxygenated from 0 to 570 torr, and an airequilibrated solution up to 646 torr. Measurements of oxygen consumption in the isolated perfused rat heart proved that the diffusion capacity of the membrane thin-layer oxygenator will suffice the oxygenation of the coronary minute volume of the arrested heart according to Langendorff as well as of the working heart according to Morgan. Primarily this oxygenator is useful for experimental organ perfusion in metabolic and functional tests, and organ preservation. Its functioning principles, however, also permit its use as thins-layer dialysator.", "contents": "[A membrane-thin-layer oxygenator for experimental organ perfusions]. The authors describe device and functioning of a new efficacious membrane thin-layer oxygenator, specially developed for experiments on the isolated hearts of small animals. Compared with customary oxygenators with direct oxygenation, advantages arise from the separation of gas and perfusion solution, and its small volume for filling (7,5 ml). The diffusion capacity of the oxygenator (exchange surface 980 cm2) was tried by means of a hemoglobin-free modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with various flow values at 37 degrees C, depending on the gage of the layer. At the optimal gage of 0,15 mm and a flow value of 15 ml/minute a perfusion solution can be oxygenated from 0 to 570 torr, and an airequilibrated solution up to 646 torr. Measurements of oxygen consumption in the isolated perfused rat heart proved that the diffusion capacity of the membrane thin-layer oxygenator will suffice the oxygenation of the coronary minute volume of the arrested heart according to Langendorff as well as of the working heart according to Morgan. Primarily this oxygenator is useful for experimental organ perfusion in metabolic and functional tests, and organ preservation. Its functioning principles, however, also permit its use as thins-layer dialysator.", "PMID": 532234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5046", "title": "[The significance of structural changes in parenchymatous organs in ileus of the small intestine and their therapeutic consequences].", "content": "Basing on animal experiments, histologic, immune-histochemic, and laboratory examinations were performed on the purpose to investigate the injuring of parenchymatous organs in small gut ileus. Organs with primary shock could be distinguished from organs damaged by toxins, with a special position of the liver in the source area of the portal system. The course of intestinal occlusion disease is marked by comprising several circuli vitiosi. The relation between the damage of parenchymatous organs, their dysregulations, the post-agression syndrome, and the drivable therapeutic consequences are discussed. Particularly in the postoperative period the post-aggression syndrome must be paid attention to.", "contents": "[The significance of structural changes in parenchymatous organs in ileus of the small intestine and their therapeutic consequences]. Basing on animal experiments, histologic, immune-histochemic, and laboratory examinations were performed on the purpose to investigate the injuring of parenchymatous organs in small gut ileus. Organs with primary shock could be distinguished from organs damaged by toxins, with a special position of the liver in the source area of the portal system. The course of intestinal occlusion disease is marked by comprising several circuli vitiosi. The relation between the damage of parenchymatous organs, their dysregulations, the post-agression syndrome, and the drivable therapeutic consequences are discussed. Particularly in the postoperative period the post-aggression syndrome must be paid attention to.", "PMID": 532235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5047", "title": "[Various cytological foundations and consequences of cryosurgery].", "content": "The methodically and strictly localized destruction of tissue presumes a precise knowledge of the physically conditioned and cytologically provable alterations after the influence of deep temperatures. According to generally effective principles of cold-biology it is referred to organspecific and functional-anatomic particularities which have to be considered in the cryosurgery.", "contents": "[Various cytological foundations and consequences of cryosurgery]. The methodically and strictly localized destruction of tissue presumes a precise knowledge of the physically conditioned and cytologically provable alterations after the influence of deep temperatures. According to generally effective principles of cold-biology it is referred to organspecific and functional-anatomic particularities which have to be considered in the cryosurgery.", "PMID": 532236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5048", "title": "[The functional behavior of peripheral circulation in cryogenic surgery].", "content": "The reactive behaviour of little vessels of the circulatory periphery against the effect of extremely deep temperatures was examined in a sense of a microflow measurement by means of the intravital microcinematography. The results obtained by mathematical analysis of the single figure demonstrate that the vessels of microcirculation are remarkably resistant against rapid withdrawal of heat. In this way the quickly recovered blood-flow in the periphery of circulation can reduce detrimentally the time of tissue thawing treated by cryosurgery. Both the shortening of the thawing phase after cryosurgery conditioned by hemodynamics and the development of a cold edema can be met by experimentally confirmed adrenergic influence of the vasoconstriction under local anesthesia.", "contents": "[The functional behavior of peripheral circulation in cryogenic surgery]. The reactive behaviour of little vessels of the circulatory periphery against the effect of extremely deep temperatures was examined in a sense of a microflow measurement by means of the intravital microcinematography. The results obtained by mathematical analysis of the single figure demonstrate that the vessels of microcirculation are remarkably resistant against rapid withdrawal of heat. In this way the quickly recovered blood-flow in the periphery of circulation can reduce detrimentally the time of tissue thawing treated by cryosurgery. Both the shortening of the thawing phase after cryosurgery conditioned by hemodynamics and the development of a cold edema can be met by experimentally confirmed adrenergic influence of the vasoconstriction under local anesthesia.", "PMID": 532237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5049", "title": "[Ultrasonic evaluation of the bone condition. III. Differentiation of the leg echograph].", "content": "The echogram from bones in vivo or in model trials consists of the echoes of bones and soft tissues. Under certain conditions, the fore part of this echogram (total echogram) consists of bone echoes only, the intermediate part of echoes from bone and soft tissue with perhaps different amplitudes, whereas the hind part contains only soft tissue echoes. When frequency and distance of the sound head are too high the fore part might be absent, that is when the distance of the sound head becomes larger than 60 mm at a frequency of 1 MHz and a sound head diameter of 30 mm. The amplitude of soft tissue echoes in the intermediate part of the total echogram at greater distances can be higher than the amplitudes of the bone echoes. A definite valuation of these bone echoes by electronic suppression of the total echogram is impossible in that case. For these reasons, controlling the course of fracture healing by help of conventional ultrasonic devices with a frequency of 1 MHz is more difficult than supposed hitherto.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic evaluation of the bone condition. III. Differentiation of the leg echograph]. The echogram from bones in vivo or in model trials consists of the echoes of bones and soft tissues. Under certain conditions, the fore part of this echogram (total echogram) consists of bone echoes only, the intermediate part of echoes from bone and soft tissue with perhaps different amplitudes, whereas the hind part contains only soft tissue echoes. When frequency and distance of the sound head are too high the fore part might be absent, that is when the distance of the sound head becomes larger than 60 mm at a frequency of 1 MHz and a sound head diameter of 30 mm. The amplitude of soft tissue echoes in the intermediate part of the total echogram at greater distances can be higher than the amplitudes of the bone echoes. A definite valuation of these bone echoes by electronic suppression of the total echogram is impossible in that case. For these reasons, controlling the course of fracture healing by help of conventional ultrasonic devices with a frequency of 1 MHz is more difficult than supposed hitherto.", "PMID": 532238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5050", "title": "[Pretreatment of donors with sodium selenite-a method for the conditioning of tissues for cryoconservation].", "content": "Investigations about the protective effect of the pretreatment of albino rats with different concentrations of sodium selenite in sodium chloride solution were carried out. Albino rats, serving as a control group, had only a pretreatment with sodium chloride solution. The following results were obtained: 1. An intraperitoneal application of 2 microgram sodium selenite per kg body weight over three days shows a significant increase of contractility of frozen and afterwards re-thawed fragments of heart-muscle after storage -196 degrees C. 2. The increase or decrease of the sodium selenite dose by the factor ten had no effect on the preservation of the contractility of fragments of the heart-muscle after storage -196 degrees C in comparison to the control group. 3. A differentiated observation of the injuries under frozen preservation permitted the conclusion that the pretreatment with sodium selenite for the most parts will be protective in the phase below 0 degrees.", "contents": "[Pretreatment of donors with sodium selenite-a method for the conditioning of tissues for cryoconservation]. Investigations about the protective effect of the pretreatment of albino rats with different concentrations of sodium selenite in sodium chloride solution were carried out. Albino rats, serving as a control group, had only a pretreatment with sodium chloride solution. The following results were obtained: 1. An intraperitoneal application of 2 microgram sodium selenite per kg body weight over three days shows a significant increase of contractility of frozen and afterwards re-thawed fragments of heart-muscle after storage -196 degrees C. 2. The increase or decrease of the sodium selenite dose by the factor ten had no effect on the preservation of the contractility of fragments of the heart-muscle after storage -196 degrees C in comparison to the control group. 3. A differentiated observation of the injuries under frozen preservation permitted the conclusion that the pretreatment with sodium selenite for the most parts will be protective in the phase below 0 degrees.", "PMID": 532239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5051", "title": "[Tumor localization in vivo on the basis of scintigraphic detection of clostridium rods by means of 131J-labeled antibodies and F(ab')2 antibody fragments].", "content": "The authors report about investigations for localization of tumours in vivo by scintigrafic iddntification of Clostridium butyricum Jena H8 by 131I-labelled antibodies and by 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies in mouse transplantation-tumour UVT 15264. The application of 131I-labelled anti-clostridial-rod-antibodies in tumour bearing mice demonstrates increase of radioactivity in tumours of animals, pretreated by spores, as well as in animals without pretreatment. These appearently unspecific increases of radioactivity could not be demonstrated by application of 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies directed against clostridial rods, but also the specific fixation of 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies in tumours of mice, pretreated by clostridial spores, could not be demonstrated. The results are discussed with regard to further investigations.", "contents": "[Tumor localization in vivo on the basis of scintigraphic detection of clostridium rods by means of 131J-labeled antibodies and F(ab')2 antibody fragments]. The authors report about investigations for localization of tumours in vivo by scintigrafic iddntification of Clostridium butyricum Jena H8 by 131I-labelled antibodies and by 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies in mouse transplantation-tumour UVT 15264. The application of 131I-labelled anti-clostridial-rod-antibodies in tumour bearing mice demonstrates increase of radioactivity in tumours of animals, pretreated by spores, as well as in animals without pretreatment. These appearently unspecific increases of radioactivity could not be demonstrated by application of 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies directed against clostridial rods, but also the specific fixation of 131I-labelled F(ab')2-fragment antibodies in tumours of mice, pretreated by clostridial spores, could not be demonstrated. The results are discussed with regard to further investigations.", "PMID": 532240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5052", "title": "[Postoperative small intestinal absorption after cholecystectomy].", "content": "The postoperative resorption in the small intestine after cholecystectomie was found out by means of the modified D-xylose resorption test on the 2-th, 4-th, 6-th an 8-th postoperative day for 14 patients. The velocity and the dimension of the enteral resorption of D-xylose was lower in the immediate postoperative phase. The dimension of the D-xylose resorption was normalized on 4. p. o. day and obtained the preoperative starting-value on the 8-th postoperative day. The myoelectrical activity of the small intestine normalized in a shorter time after cholecystectomy than the enteral resorption. A formal parallelism consists between the normalisation of the motoric activity of the stomach and the xylose-resorption in the immidiate postoperative phase. For the small intestine resorption in the postoperative phase completely clarified and required further investigations. The influences of electrolyte displacement and disturbances of the microcirculation in the postoperative period in the small intestine resorption were discussed.", "contents": "[Postoperative small intestinal absorption after cholecystectomy]. The postoperative resorption in the small intestine after cholecystectomie was found out by means of the modified D-xylose resorption test on the 2-th, 4-th, 6-th an 8-th postoperative day for 14 patients. The velocity and the dimension of the enteral resorption of D-xylose was lower in the immediate postoperative phase. The dimension of the D-xylose resorption was normalized on 4. p. o. day and obtained the preoperative starting-value on the 8-th postoperative day. The myoelectrical activity of the small intestine normalized in a shorter time after cholecystectomy than the enteral resorption. A formal parallelism consists between the normalisation of the motoric activity of the stomach and the xylose-resorption in the immidiate postoperative phase. For the small intestine resorption in the postoperative phase completely clarified and required further investigations. The influences of electrolyte displacement and disturbances of the microcirculation in the postoperative period in the small intestine resorption were discussed.", "PMID": 532241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5053", "title": "[Parenteral protein substitution in tumor patients].", "content": "The substitution of protein deficiency by a standardized dosage of 48...60 g human albumin and 160 g amino acids divided over 4 days is hardly less effective as the substitution by the same dosage of amino acids alone. Insignificant differences of the preoperative und postoperative effect of the substitution therapy in patients with tumors of esophagus or stomach and colorectal cancer are discussed and seem to confirm the conclusion to perform the parenteral substitution of protein deficiency economical better only by the administration of amino acid solutions. The additional administration of non-protein calories in the meaning of parenteral nutrition seems to be dispensable if the simultaneous enteral alimentation satisfies these requirements. The relative substitution dosage of amino acids should not fall below 2,5 g . kg-1 divided over 4 days.", "contents": "[Parenteral protein substitution in tumor patients]. The substitution of protein deficiency by a standardized dosage of 48...60 g human albumin and 160 g amino acids divided over 4 days is hardly less effective as the substitution by the same dosage of amino acids alone. Insignificant differences of the preoperative und postoperative effect of the substitution therapy in patients with tumors of esophagus or stomach and colorectal cancer are discussed and seem to confirm the conclusion to perform the parenteral substitution of protein deficiency economical better only by the administration of amino acid solutions. The additional administration of non-protein calories in the meaning of parenteral nutrition seems to be dispensable if the simultaneous enteral alimentation satisfies these requirements. The relative substitution dosage of amino acids should not fall below 2,5 g . kg-1 divided over 4 days.", "PMID": 532242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5054", "title": "[Roentgenmorphology of the upper stomach after prophylactic reflux surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of vagotomy, of proximal and of total gastrectomy with antireflux-surgery can lead to a characteristic roentgenmorphology of the lower esophagus and the upper stomach. The fundoplication or hemifundoplication may have a tumorlike shape, may open up or may slide down. The knowledge of the preceding operation and of the symptoms allows a correct interpretation of the x-ray findings in most cases.", "contents": "[Roentgenmorphology of the upper stomach after prophylactic reflux surgery (author's transl)]. The combination of vagotomy, of proximal and of total gastrectomy with antireflux-surgery can lead to a characteristic roentgenmorphology of the lower esophagus and the upper stomach. The fundoplication or hemifundoplication may have a tumorlike shape, may open up or may slide down. The knowledge of the preceding operation and of the symptoms allows a correct interpretation of the x-ray findings in most cases.", "PMID": 532243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5055", "title": "[Whole gut irrigation for cleansing the bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "Whole gut irrigation with an isotonic electrolyte solution is said to be an effective, easily and rapidly performed cleansing preparation for colonoscopy. We studied the effect of this method upon water and electrolyte metabolism and on intestinal transit. 35 patients were prepared for colonoscopy by whole gut irrigation via a gastric or duodenal tube. We observed a weight gain of 1.8 +/- 0.3 kg (mean +/- SD) and an increase in serum sodium and chloride. These changes were almost completely reversible within 24 hours. During the irrigation the intestinal transit time shortened by about 50%. The results demonstrate that whole gut irrigation has only slight side effects, but caution is warranted in patients with disturbed tolerance of sodium and water.", "contents": "[Whole gut irrigation for cleansing the bowel (author's transl)]. Whole gut irrigation with an isotonic electrolyte solution is said to be an effective, easily and rapidly performed cleansing preparation for colonoscopy. We studied the effect of this method upon water and electrolyte metabolism and on intestinal transit. 35 patients were prepared for colonoscopy by whole gut irrigation via a gastric or duodenal tube. We observed a weight gain of 1.8 +/- 0.3 kg (mean +/- SD) and an increase in serum sodium and chloride. These changes were almost completely reversible within 24 hours. During the irrigation the intestinal transit time shortened by about 50%. The results demonstrate that whole gut irrigation has only slight side effects, but caution is warranted in patients with disturbed tolerance of sodium and water.", "PMID": 532244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5056", "title": "[Dietary habits of patients with ulcerative colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The nutritional habits of 114 patients with ulcerative colitis were investigated by means of questionnaires and compared with a control group of 114 persons matched to age, sex and social status. The differences between both groups can be explained by an adaptation of dietary habits of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). Patients with ulcerative colitis consumed significantly more cereal products and potatoes but significantly less milk products, coffee, tea, fruit-juice, lemonade, vegetables, fruit and alcohol than the control group.", "contents": "[Dietary habits of patients with ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. The nutritional habits of 114 patients with ulcerative colitis were investigated by means of questionnaires and compared with a control group of 114 persons matched to age, sex and social status. The differences between both groups can be explained by an adaptation of dietary habits of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). Patients with ulcerative colitis consumed significantly more cereal products and potatoes but significantly less milk products, coffee, tea, fruit-juice, lemonade, vegetables, fruit and alcohol than the control group.", "PMID": 532245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5057", "title": "[Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve (author's transl)].", "content": "The fatty tissue of the ileocecal valve was examined in 100 autopsies. Diffuse submucosal fatty tissue was found in a different amount among children, juveniles and adults in 93% of the cases. There was no correlation between the amount of the fatty tissue and obesity or intraabdominal adhesions. As fat deposit in the ileocecal valve already can be seen in the first years of life and as it is not depleted in malnutrition it should be considered as normal and an important factor for the structure and the function of the valve. Therefore the term lipomatosis, which refers to a pathological excess of fatty tissue, no longer should be used in connection with submucosal fat in the ileocecal valve.", "contents": "[Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve (author's transl)]. The fatty tissue of the ileocecal valve was examined in 100 autopsies. Diffuse submucosal fatty tissue was found in a different amount among children, juveniles and adults in 93% of the cases. There was no correlation between the amount of the fatty tissue and obesity or intraabdominal adhesions. As fat deposit in the ileocecal valve already can be seen in the first years of life and as it is not depleted in malnutrition it should be considered as normal and an important factor for the structure and the function of the valve. Therefore the term lipomatosis, which refers to a pathological excess of fatty tissue, no longer should be used in connection with submucosal fat in the ileocecal valve.", "PMID": 532246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5058", "title": "[Successful treatment of cardiac failure in haemochromatosis by prednisolone and phlebotomies (author's transl)].", "content": "In a female 53 year old patient with severe heart failure in haemochromatosis, not responding to digitalis, treatment with prednisolone (40 mg/da) and phlebotomies eventually led to a permanent remission. She is symptom free 4 years after the event. Phlebotomy every 4--6 weeks is the only actual treatment.", "contents": "[Successful treatment of cardiac failure in haemochromatosis by prednisolone and phlebotomies (author's transl)]. In a female 53 year old patient with severe heart failure in haemochromatosis, not responding to digitalis, treatment with prednisolone (40 mg/da) and phlebotomies eventually led to a permanent remission. She is symptom free 4 years after the event. Phlebotomy every 4--6 weeks is the only actual treatment.", "PMID": 532247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5059", "title": "[Lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic secretion of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "As compared to 20 controls, 14 patients with chronic pancreatitis showed a significantly higher lactoferrin level in pure pancreatic secretion. The determination of lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic secretion is an important parameter in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic secretion of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. As compared to 20 controls, 14 patients with chronic pancreatitis showed a significantly higher lactoferrin level in pure pancreatic secretion. The determination of lactoferrin levels in pure pancreatic secretion is an important parameter in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 532248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5060", "title": "[Intervention: a survey in Switzerland].", "content": "Medicine is always in some way an intervention. In old age one can usefully divide the rehabilitation intervention action in the following three groups: 1. The preventive rehabilitation by still healthy elderly persons to prevent the changes of old age. 2. The general rehabilitation by each elderly and ill person to keep the stay in bed as short as possible and to improve the independence of the patient and 3. the purposive rehabilitation by certain illness (hemiplegia) which mostly needs an entire treatening team. The rehabilitation keeps certain rules but it has to be individualised for each patient. Further the predominant principles are quoted, even though incomplet, after which the medical and social arrangements and services are bild on.", "contents": "[Intervention: a survey in Switzerland]. Medicine is always in some way an intervention. In old age one can usefully divide the rehabilitation intervention action in the following three groups: 1. The preventive rehabilitation by still healthy elderly persons to prevent the changes of old age. 2. The general rehabilitation by each elderly and ill person to keep the stay in bed as short as possible and to improve the independence of the patient and 3. the purposive rehabilitation by certain illness (hemiplegia) which mostly needs an entire treatening team. The rehabilitation keeps certain rules but it has to be individualised for each patient. Further the predominant principles are quoted, even though incomplet, after which the medical and social arrangements and services are bild on.", "PMID": 532249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5061", "title": "[Intervention methods in the practice of gerontology; the Geneva experience].", "content": "The definition of intervention: modifying the course of events - can be both a challenge or an invitation to criticism. The real question in geriatrics is what should be done - not what can be done. In our article we have tried to describe our geriatric action in Geneva. Multidisciplinary services, an attempt at integrated psychiatry, the geriatric hospital and day hospital are described. The new programs include patient discussion groups, instructions for medical students, for doctors, staff, volunteers, and a nurses dossier. Most important is the intervention of the aged subject himself - the help the young aged can give to the old aged with proper training and direction.", "contents": "[Intervention methods in the practice of gerontology; the Geneva experience]. The definition of intervention: modifying the course of events - can be both a challenge or an invitation to criticism. The real question in geriatrics is what should be done - not what can be done. In our article we have tried to describe our geriatric action in Geneva. Multidisciplinary services, an attempt at integrated psychiatry, the geriatric hospital and day hospital are described. The new programs include patient discussion groups, instructions for medical students, for doctors, staff, volunteers, and a nurses dossier. Most important is the intervention of the aged subject himself - the help the young aged can give to the old aged with proper training and direction.", "PMID": 532250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5062", "title": "[Intervention measures in the Netherlands].", "content": "The authors begin with an overview of the policy measures for the aging dutch population from a behavioral and social scientific point of view. They describe these measures chronologically. It appears that first the basic needs (income and health) received the most attention, followed by (public) health and housing. The last area to receive attention was the social-cultural development of the individual older person. In the second part the concept of intervention is discussed. Every measure can not be interpreted as intervention. Many measures are a necessary answer to real problems. But their impact is not directly to change the roots of the ageing fenomenon. In the last part the authors discuss the conditions for a realistic strategy of intervention. These conditions concern not only the definition of old age, but also the attitude toward old age. A life-span outlook in students, as well as in adults and older people, bridges the gap in attitudes between young-adult and the adult-old people. Examples for educational systems from the University of Nijmegen are given.", "contents": "[Intervention measures in the Netherlands]. The authors begin with an overview of the policy measures for the aging dutch population from a behavioral and social scientific point of view. They describe these measures chronologically. It appears that first the basic needs (income and health) received the most attention, followed by (public) health and housing. The last area to receive attention was the social-cultural development of the individual older person. In the second part the concept of intervention is discussed. Every measure can not be interpreted as intervention. Many measures are a necessary answer to real problems. But their impact is not directly to change the roots of the ageing fenomenon. In the last part the authors discuss the conditions for a realistic strategy of intervention. These conditions concern not only the definition of old age, but also the attitude toward old age. A life-span outlook in students, as well as in adults and older people, bridges the gap in attitudes between young-adult and the adult-old people. Examples for educational systems from the University of Nijmegen are given.", "PMID": 532251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5063", "title": "Topographic analysis of AChE-positive Renshaw elements: a light- and electronmicroscopic histochemical study on the morphological basis of recurrent inhibition.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic structures of Renshaw elements as the morphological basis of the recurrent inhibition were studied by means of the histochemical localization of AChE. Renshaw elements were identified as periodically repeating bulbous dendritic dilatations of AChE-negative interneurons, equipped with numerous AChE-positive motoneuronal axon collaterals. Cumulative patterns obtained by analyzing consecutive sections from segment L5 of the cat spinal cord show that the area of the most frequent occurrence of Renshaw elements nearly coincides with the dendritic arborization of the 3. type interneuron described by MATSUSHITA. The role of the Renshaw elements in recurrent inhibition is supported by the fact that they occur in largest number in those areas of the ventral horn where the Renshaw inhibition can be elicited electrophysiologically.", "contents": "Topographic analysis of AChE-positive Renshaw elements: a light- and electronmicroscopic histochemical study on the morphological basis of recurrent inhibition. Light and electron microscopic structures of Renshaw elements as the morphological basis of the recurrent inhibition were studied by means of the histochemical localization of AChE. Renshaw elements were identified as periodically repeating bulbous dendritic dilatations of AChE-negative interneurons, equipped with numerous AChE-positive motoneuronal axon collaterals. Cumulative patterns obtained by analyzing consecutive sections from segment L5 of the cat spinal cord show that the area of the most frequent occurrence of Renshaw elements nearly coincides with the dendritic arborization of the 3. type interneuron described by MATSUSHITA. The role of the Renshaw elements in recurrent inhibition is supported by the fact that they occur in largest number in those areas of the ventral horn where the Renshaw inhibition can be elicited electrophysiologically.", "PMID": 532261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5064", "title": "[Intervention possibilities in the geriatric rehabilitation clinic].", "content": "Aged people often are incapable to get on with their homes, for instance with the use of the bathroom, WC, and the kitchen, especially after illness. The author listet the most important localities of problems and difficulties, and proved the therapeutical ways suitable for geriatrical and reha-hospitals to make aged people fit for living at home. The outcome of these researches and the results of working on this base during one year are reported.", "contents": "[Intervention possibilities in the geriatric rehabilitation clinic]. Aged people often are incapable to get on with their homes, for instance with the use of the bathroom, WC, and the kitchen, especially after illness. The author listet the most important localities of problems and difficulties, and proved the therapeutical ways suitable for geriatrical and reha-hospitals to make aged people fit for living at home. The outcome of these researches and the results of working on this base during one year are reported.", "PMID": 532252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5065", "title": "[Intervention possibilities in the geronto-psychiatric department of a psychiatric hospital].", "content": "There are three possibilities of intervention for the gerontological departments of the great hospitals of mental health. While as a first step the medical and psychiatric first aid is given in the admission departments, special departments for rehabilitation and daycare offer as well programs for social training, such as cooking, shopping, traffic lessons, contact to offices etc., which accelerate the resocialisation of mentally handicapped old people. From the participation of the patient in a list of activities we gain hints to the possible result of rehabilitation. Ambulance and visits of a psychiatric consultant in the institutions of the local care for the aged complete the therapy program in the part of prevention and after treatment.", "contents": "[Intervention possibilities in the geronto-psychiatric department of a psychiatric hospital]. There are three possibilities of intervention for the gerontological departments of the great hospitals of mental health. While as a first step the medical and psychiatric first aid is given in the admission departments, special departments for rehabilitation and daycare offer as well programs for social training, such as cooking, shopping, traffic lessons, contact to offices etc., which accelerate the resocialisation of mentally handicapped old people. From the participation of the patient in a list of activities we gain hints to the possible result of rehabilitation. Ambulance and visits of a psychiatric consultant in the institutions of the local care for the aged complete the therapy program in the part of prevention and after treatment.", "PMID": 532255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5066", "title": "Morphology of muscle fibres in amphibian submandibular muscle.", "content": "The microscopic organization and ultrastructure of the submandibular muscle of 10 species of Amphibia were compared. Among other fibre features the diameter of fibres, their content of mitochondria and fat, organization of sarcomeres: morphology of Z-line, M-band and sarcoplasmic reticulum were taken into consideration and 4 main types of muscle fibres were distinguished. They correspond to tonic (slow) and phasic (red, white and intermediate) ones. Slight variety of fibre morphology and of fibre elements among the examined species was found. Special attention to the variety of fibre morphology among the established types has been paid and the existence of continuous \"spectrum\" of fibres was suggested. The correlation of frequency of fibres of particular types with the body size, gular oscillation frequency, and some other characteristics of the submandibular muscle in the examined species was discussed. Also the zonal arrangement of muscle according to the fibre types, as well as possible dynamic nature of muscle fibres were emphasised.", "contents": "Morphology of muscle fibres in amphibian submandibular muscle. The microscopic organization and ultrastructure of the submandibular muscle of 10 species of Amphibia were compared. Among other fibre features the diameter of fibres, their content of mitochondria and fat, organization of sarcomeres: morphology of Z-line, M-band and sarcoplasmic reticulum were taken into consideration and 4 main types of muscle fibres were distinguished. They correspond to tonic (slow) and phasic (red, white and intermediate) ones. Slight variety of fibre morphology and of fibre elements among the examined species was found. Special attention to the variety of fibre morphology among the established types has been paid and the existence of continuous \"spectrum\" of fibres was suggested. The correlation of frequency of fibres of particular types with the body size, gular oscillation frequency, and some other characteristics of the submandibular muscle in the examined species was discussed. Also the zonal arrangement of muscle according to the fibre types, as well as possible dynamic nature of muscle fibres were emphasised.", "PMID": 532262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5067", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cell group X of Onuf in the cat sacral spinal cord.", "content": "The cell group X of Onuf, originally described in humans, is identifiable in the cat at the ventrolateral margin of the ventral horn in the S1-S2 cord level. This nucleus is composed of medium-sized, oval neurons which were arranged longitudinally. Ultrastructurally, the most unique feature of this nucleus are the extremely well-developed longitudinal dendritic bundles in which more than 1500 dendritic profiles were counted in a single plane of the transverse section. In the dendritic bundles there are dendro-dendritic direct appositions without specialized structures and with desmosome-like contacts. However, gap junctions were not found. The group X neurons possessed many axo-dendritic synapses whereas axo-somatic were only infrequently encountered. In addition, dendritic crest synapses were rarely observed. The significance of the large dendritic bundles and the possible role of the cell group X are discussed in relation to somatic as well as autonomic motoneurons.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cell group X of Onuf in the cat sacral spinal cord. The cell group X of Onuf, originally described in humans, is identifiable in the cat at the ventrolateral margin of the ventral horn in the S1-S2 cord level. This nucleus is composed of medium-sized, oval neurons which were arranged longitudinally. Ultrastructurally, the most unique feature of this nucleus are the extremely well-developed longitudinal dendritic bundles in which more than 1500 dendritic profiles were counted in a single plane of the transverse section. In the dendritic bundles there are dendro-dendritic direct appositions without specialized structures and with desmosome-like contacts. However, gap junctions were not found. The group X neurons possessed many axo-dendritic synapses whereas axo-somatic were only infrequently encountered. In addition, dendritic crest synapses were rarely observed. The significance of the large dendritic bundles and the possible role of the cell group X are discussed in relation to somatic as well as autonomic motoneurons.", "PMID": 532263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5068", "title": "[Synapses of the superior cervical ganglion of the white rat].", "content": "In the complexe system of synapses in the white rat's superior cervical ganglion, authors show the existence of: 1 - somato-somatic neuronal synapses 2 - somatic synapses between S.I.F. cells 3 - recurrent auto-synapses They moreover mention widening of synaptic cleft of the synapses between S.I.F. cells and their processes.", "contents": "[Synapses of the superior cervical ganglion of the white rat]. In the complexe system of synapses in the white rat's superior cervical ganglion, authors show the existence of: 1 - somato-somatic neuronal synapses 2 - somatic synapses between S.I.F. cells 3 - recurrent auto-synapses They moreover mention widening of synaptic cleft of the synapses between S.I.F. cells and their processes.", "PMID": 532264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5069", "title": "[The effect of Solcoseryl on explant cultures of the hippocampus].", "content": "Explants of hippocampus from fetal rats were cultivated in Maximow chambers in semisynthetic medium up to 12 days in vitro. The cultures were fixed Bouin, slided 15 micron, coloured with Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and some morphological parameters were tested. 1. The nerve fiber index increased by influence of 1% Solcoseryl in relation to control cultures, which growed in minimal medium. An essential stimulation was observed by application of placentar serum and embryonal extract into the culture medium. 2. Die decrease of the number of neurons and glial cells per unit of area and a small decrease of the area of neuron nuclei was discussed in relation to the effect of the pharmacon Solcoseryl on O2- consumption. 3. Solcoseryl (firm Solco AG, Base) is an extract of calf blood. It can not substitute other tissue extracts.", "contents": "[The effect of Solcoseryl on explant cultures of the hippocampus]. Explants of hippocampus from fetal rats were cultivated in Maximow chambers in semisynthetic medium up to 12 days in vitro. The cultures were fixed Bouin, slided 15 micron, coloured with Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and some morphological parameters were tested. 1. The nerve fiber index increased by influence of 1% Solcoseryl in relation to control cultures, which growed in minimal medium. An essential stimulation was observed by application of placentar serum and embryonal extract into the culture medium. 2. Die decrease of the number of neurons and glial cells per unit of area and a small decrease of the area of neuron nuclei was discussed in relation to the effect of the pharmacon Solcoseryl on O2- consumption. 3. Solcoseryl (firm Solco AG, Base) is an extract of calf blood. It can not substitute other tissue extracts.", "PMID": 532265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5070", "title": "[Intervention measures in the German Federal Republic-current state of services for the aged].", "content": "The paper outlines some determinants of the formation and present situation of the several kinds of services for the aged with regard to a broad concept of intervention. There are some obstacles for the idea of intervention: -the nearly uncontrolled growth of the number of places in homes for the aged, -the present situation of the medical system, -lack of trained staff, -lack of tools for assessment and evaluation. Nevertheless the disproof of the deficit theory of aging made a lot of people wait for practical suggestions in respect of intervention.", "contents": "[Intervention measures in the German Federal Republic-current state of services for the aged]. The paper outlines some determinants of the formation and present situation of the several kinds of services for the aged with regard to a broad concept of intervention. There are some obstacles for the idea of intervention: -the nearly uncontrolled growth of the number of places in homes for the aged, -the present situation of the medical system, -lack of trained staff, -lack of tools for assessment and evaluation. Nevertheless the disproof of the deficit theory of aging made a lot of people wait for practical suggestions in respect of intervention.", "PMID": 532258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5071", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of treatment and care; psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine and social therapy].", "content": "A short discourse describing the better known treatment modalities in the area of psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy is followed by an explanation of different areas of use (methods of implimentation, types of treatment-groups, and institutional as well as other relevant influences). This is presented with special regard to the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany). Worthy of special emphasis is the discrepancy between the existing needs for such treatment possibilities and the degree to which the need is fulfilled. This discrepancy is largely due to the prejudices and the lack of knowledge of such psychological supports among the elderly population and their families, as well as the remaining population; this is also the result of the discriminatory attitude of psychotherapists toward the elderly population.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of treatment and care; psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine and social therapy]. A short discourse describing the better known treatment modalities in the area of psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy is followed by an explanation of different areas of use (methods of implimentation, types of treatment-groups, and institutional as well as other relevant influences). This is presented with special regard to the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany). Worthy of special emphasis is the discrepancy between the existing needs for such treatment possibilities and the degree to which the need is fulfilled. This discrepancy is largely due to the prejudices and the lack of knowledge of such psychological supports among the elderly population and their families, as well as the remaining population; this is also the result of the discriminatory attitude of psychotherapists toward the elderly population.", "PMID": 532256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5072", "title": "[Intervention gerontology: remarks from the psychiatric viewpoint].", "content": "The american authors describe intervention as a preventive, especially behaviour therapeutic informed measure. It tries to influence the biographical development. Psychiatric care of need and psychiatric crisis demand a medical therapy on the up-to-date occasion or an institutional long-termed provision. Intervention programs contact themselves with the multidimensional disposition, ecological aspects, and permanent informations of concerned people and the persons of their environment.", "contents": "[Intervention gerontology: remarks from the psychiatric viewpoint]. The american authors describe intervention as a preventive, especially behaviour therapeutic informed measure. It tries to influence the biographical development. Psychiatric care of need and psychiatric crisis demand a medical therapy on the up-to-date occasion or an institutional long-termed provision. Intervention programs contact themselves with the multidimensional disposition, ecological aspects, and permanent informations of concerned people and the persons of their environment.", "PMID": 532260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5073", "title": "Interrelationships between Sertoli cells and germ cells in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "The interrelationships of the Sertoli cells and germ cells in the Syrian hamster were examined using the electron microscope. Demosome-like junctions were observed attaching Sertoli cells to spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In the region of the junctions dense plaques lay on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the plasmalemma of the opposing cells. Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filaments converged in the area of the junctions and inserted into the subsurface densities. Filaments were not observed associated with the subsurface densities of the germ cells. In the region of the junctions a 15...20 nm gap, filled with an attenuate amorphous substance, separated the plasmalemmata. Another attachment device termed \"junctional specialization\" occurred between Sertoli cells, and preleptotene spermatocytes and all successive developmental steps in the germ cell line in the hamster. The junctional specializations consisted of a mantel of Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filament lying subjacent to the Sertoli cell plasmalemma and an opposed cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. In stages VII-VIII preleptotene supermatocytes were observed in transit from the basal compartment to the adluminal compartment. While Sertoli-Sertoli junctions adluminal to the spermatocytes remained intact, typical Sertoli-Sertoli junctions formed between opposed Sertoli cell processes basal to the spermatocytes. It is proposed that, during the passage of spermatocytes in to the adluminal compartment, junctional specializations associated with preleptotene spermatocytes in the basal compartment migrate basal to the spermatocytes and contribute to formation of Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. Treatment of seminiferous tubules with hypertonic media was used to demonstrate that the junctional specializations function in cell-to-cell adhesion. Data indicated that these junctions function to retain the developing spermatids within the seminiferous epithelijm until the time of spermiation. At spermination the junctional specializations disappear and the spermatids drift off into the tubule lumen.", "contents": "Interrelationships between Sertoli cells and germ cells in the Syrian hamster. The interrelationships of the Sertoli cells and germ cells in the Syrian hamster were examined using the electron microscope. Demosome-like junctions were observed attaching Sertoli cells to spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In the region of the junctions dense plaques lay on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the plasmalemma of the opposing cells. Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filaments converged in the area of the junctions and inserted into the subsurface densities. Filaments were not observed associated with the subsurface densities of the germ cells. In the region of the junctions a 15...20 nm gap, filled with an attenuate amorphous substance, separated the plasmalemmata. Another attachment device termed \"junctional specialization\" occurred between Sertoli cells, and preleptotene spermatocytes and all successive developmental steps in the germ cell line in the hamster. The junctional specializations consisted of a mantel of Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filament lying subjacent to the Sertoli cell plasmalemma and an opposed cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. In stages VII-VIII preleptotene supermatocytes were observed in transit from the basal compartment to the adluminal compartment. While Sertoli-Sertoli junctions adluminal to the spermatocytes remained intact, typical Sertoli-Sertoli junctions formed between opposed Sertoli cell processes basal to the spermatocytes. It is proposed that, during the passage of spermatocytes in to the adluminal compartment, junctional specializations associated with preleptotene spermatocytes in the basal compartment migrate basal to the spermatocytes and contribute to formation of Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. Treatment of seminiferous tubules with hypertonic media was used to demonstrate that the junctional specializations function in cell-to-cell adhesion. Data indicated that these junctions function to retain the developing spermatids within the seminiferous epithelijm until the time of spermiation. At spermination the junctional specializations disappear and the spermatids drift off into the tubule lumen.", "PMID": 532266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5074", "title": "Studies of calcitonin cells and parathyroid gland of house shrew, Suncus murinus in response to experimental hypercalcemia.", "content": "1. Hypercalcemia was induced in S. murinus by alternate day intramuscular injections of vitamin D (25 000 IU) and by providing them 1% CaCl2 solution (prepared in tap water) for drinking. 2. After such a treatment the serum calcium values recorded a rise as compared to those of the control specimens. 3. The histological picture of the thyroid of the treated specimens reveals increased number of calcitonin cells. This observation is supported by the occurrence of mitotic figures among them. 4. Perpetual calcium challenge results in degranulation of the secretory material (calcitonin) among these cells (at 26th and 30th day of treatment). 5. It also results in degenerative changes in certain number of C cells. 6. The blood capillaries around these cells get dilated and secretory granules of C cells tend to gather at the periphery of cytoplasm and towards vascular pole. 7. The parathyroid shows atrophic changes.", "contents": "Studies of calcitonin cells and parathyroid gland of house shrew, Suncus murinus in response to experimental hypercalcemia. 1. Hypercalcemia was induced in S. murinus by alternate day intramuscular injections of vitamin D (25 000 IU) and by providing them 1% CaCl2 solution (prepared in tap water) for drinking. 2. After such a treatment the serum calcium values recorded a rise as compared to those of the control specimens. 3. The histological picture of the thyroid of the treated specimens reveals increased number of calcitonin cells. This observation is supported by the occurrence of mitotic figures among them. 4. Perpetual calcium challenge results in degranulation of the secretory material (calcitonin) among these cells (at 26th and 30th day of treatment). 5. It also results in degenerative changes in certain number of C cells. 6. The blood capillaries around these cells get dilated and secretory granules of C cells tend to gather at the periphery of cytoplasm and towards vascular pole. 7. The parathyroid shows atrophic changes.", "PMID": 532267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5075", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. I. Ultrastructure of denervated Herbst corpusles.", "content": "The degenerative changes in the HERBST corpusles have been investigated at ultrastructural level during the 3rd h to 1 year after nerve section. The earliest changes have been established in the nerve ending followed by the remaining nonmyelinated and myelinated portion of the receptor nerve fibre. The changes reflect the retrograde character of the degenerative process. The receptor cell elements pass through the stage of activation followed by their destruction and elimination. The Schwann receptor cells fullfill the pagocytotic role in the elimination of the axonal debris, after that they have been also completely eliminated. Their places are occupied by the activated fibroblasts and developed collagen fibrils. One part of the perineural cells persist a long time after denervation and they preserve the common although modified receptor configuration.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. I. Ultrastructure of denervated Herbst corpusles. The degenerative changes in the HERBST corpusles have been investigated at ultrastructural level during the 3rd h to 1 year after nerve section. The earliest changes have been established in the nerve ending followed by the remaining nonmyelinated and myelinated portion of the receptor nerve fibre. The changes reflect the retrograde character of the degenerative process. The receptor cell elements pass through the stage of activation followed by their destruction and elimination. The Schwann receptor cells fullfill the pagocytotic role in the elimination of the axonal debris, after that they have been also completely eliminated. Their places are occupied by the activated fibroblasts and developed collagen fibrils. One part of the perineural cells persist a long time after denervation and they preserve the common although modified receptor configuration.", "PMID": 532268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5076", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. II. Ultrastructure of denervated Grandry corpuscles.", "content": "The ultrastructure of denervated Grandry corpuscles reveals the retrograde character of degenerative changes in the receptor nerve fibre. The denervation affects also the specific cell elements: the Schwann receptor cells and specialized cells. The both cell types pass through the phase of activation followed by degeneration and elimination. The process is significantly prolonged by the specialized cells. The Schwann receptor cells appear more dynamic and sensitive elements in the process of degeneration. After the full elimination of the specialized cells the denervated receptors cannot be established.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. II. Ultrastructure of denervated Grandry corpuscles. The ultrastructure of denervated Grandry corpuscles reveals the retrograde character of degenerative changes in the receptor nerve fibre. The denervation affects also the specific cell elements: the Schwann receptor cells and specialized cells. The both cell types pass through the phase of activation followed by degeneration and elimination. The process is significantly prolonged by the specialized cells. The Schwann receptor cells appear more dynamic and sensitive elements in the process of degeneration. After the full elimination of the specialized cells the denervated receptors cannot be established.", "PMID": 532269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5077", "title": "A comparative study on the distribution of non-specific esterase amongst the various constituents of retinas of some vertebrates.", "content": "A wide coverage of the retinae of a large number of animals (Calotes, Varanus, Naja, Athene, Passer, Streptopelia, Psittacula and Funambulus) from the point of view of the histoenzymological distribution of non-specific esterase amongst the various constituents reveals mostly identical patterns. They are as follows: 1. Outer segments - positive in all cases. 2. Outer plexiform layer - equipped with enzymatic activity in all the instances. 3. Inner nuclear layer - thin cytoplasmic rim of the neurons characterized by positive activity; the nuclei of the neurons are completely negative. 4. Inner plexiform layer - this layer is endowed with the enzymatic activity. 5. Ganglion cells - negative in all cases. 6. Nerve fibres of the layer of nerve fibres, situated adjasent to ganglion cells are positive in all the animals; in case of squirrel oligodandroglial cells present in the region have demonstrated activity of a high order. On of the high-lights of the present contribution is demarcation of the inner plexiform layer into three stratified zones, equipped with enzymatic activity in Calotes, Streptopelia, Naja and Funambulus. Such stratifications are not seen in Varanus, Passer and Psittacula. The significance of the various patterns and the equipment of the enzyme in various constituents at various locals have been discussed in relation to the metabolic functions, zone-wise and interzone-wise in visual processes of various animals.", "contents": "A comparative study on the distribution of non-specific esterase amongst the various constituents of retinas of some vertebrates. A wide coverage of the retinae of a large number of animals (Calotes, Varanus, Naja, Athene, Passer, Streptopelia, Psittacula and Funambulus) from the point of view of the histoenzymological distribution of non-specific esterase amongst the various constituents reveals mostly identical patterns. They are as follows: 1. Outer segments - positive in all cases. 2. Outer plexiform layer - equipped with enzymatic activity in all the instances. 3. Inner nuclear layer - thin cytoplasmic rim of the neurons characterized by positive activity; the nuclei of the neurons are completely negative. 4. Inner plexiform layer - this layer is endowed with the enzymatic activity. 5. Ganglion cells - negative in all cases. 6. Nerve fibres of the layer of nerve fibres, situated adjasent to ganglion cells are positive in all the animals; in case of squirrel oligodandroglial cells present in the region have demonstrated activity of a high order. On of the high-lights of the present contribution is demarcation of the inner plexiform layer into three stratified zones, equipped with enzymatic activity in Calotes, Streptopelia, Naja and Funambulus. Such stratifications are not seen in Varanus, Passer and Psittacula. The significance of the various patterns and the equipment of the enzyme in various constituents at various locals have been discussed in relation to the metabolic functions, zone-wise and interzone-wise in visual processes of various animals.", "PMID": 532270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5078", "title": "Observations under the electron microscope on the localization of phosphatases in epithelial cells of Cowper's glands in rats.", "content": "The positive results of the reactions for alkaline and acid phosphatases were obtained in epithelial cells of Cowper's glands in rats. Observations under the electron microscope allowed us to state that alkaline phosphatase was localized in the cell's areola, in membranes of smooth intraplasmic reticulum and in the basement membrane of the epithelium. The acid phosphatase was seen in primary lysosomes as well as in the secondary ones, which are seldom seen on unincubated specimens.", "contents": "Observations under the electron microscope on the localization of phosphatases in epithelial cells of Cowper's glands in rats. The positive results of the reactions for alkaline and acid phosphatases were obtained in epithelial cells of Cowper's glands in rats. Observations under the electron microscope allowed us to state that alkaline phosphatase was localized in the cell's areola, in membranes of smooth intraplasmic reticulum and in the basement membrane of the epithelium. The acid phosphatase was seen in primary lysosomes as well as in the secondary ones, which are seldom seen on unincubated specimens.", "PMID": 532271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5079", "title": "[Inhibition of a conditioned reflex evoked emotional response as an \"instrument\" of avoidance].", "content": "A method has been elaborated of training the human subjects to avoid electric shocks by overcoming the \"fear\" caused by a warning signal. A previously elaborated differentiated conditioned skin-galvanic response (SGR) to a sound stimulus served as a criterion of the emotional reaction. The SGR was projected on an oscilloscope screen. The electric shock was automatically delivered at the moment when the amplitude of the conditioned SGR exceeded the level marked on the screen. The subject was instructed, by overcoming the \"fear\", to retain the SGR amplitude below the level. If the subject succeeded in overcoming the conditioned SGR to the signal, the shock was not delivered. Since, the suppression of the conditioned SGR served as a \"instrument\" of avoidance and became consolidated as a habit based on a positive reinforcement. The subjects developed a stable attraction to repetition of training sessions in which they learned to suppress the \"anxiety\" caused by a signal of \"threat\".", "contents": "[Inhibition of a conditioned reflex evoked emotional response as an \"instrument\" of avoidance]. A method has been elaborated of training the human subjects to avoid electric shocks by overcoming the \"fear\" caused by a warning signal. A previously elaborated differentiated conditioned skin-galvanic response (SGR) to a sound stimulus served as a criterion of the emotional reaction. The SGR was projected on an oscilloscope screen. The electric shock was automatically delivered at the moment when the amplitude of the conditioned SGR exceeded the level marked on the screen. The subject was instructed, by overcoming the \"fear\", to retain the SGR amplitude below the level. If the subject succeeded in overcoming the conditioned SGR to the signal, the shock was not delivered. Since, the suppression of the conditioned SGR served as a \"instrument\" of avoidance and became consolidated as a habit based on a positive reinforcement. The subjects developed a stable attraction to repetition of training sessions in which they learned to suppress the \"anxiety\" caused by a signal of \"threat\".", "PMID": 532338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5080", "title": "[Changes in evoked potentials during differentiation inhibition].", "content": "Evoked responses (EPs) of the auditory and the sensorimotor cortical areas were studied in experiments on cats during formation of a positive food-procuring conditioned reflex to a rhythmic sequence of clicks and during formation of the differentiation inhibition in response to the clicks of the same parameters, but with different frequency. In the positive conditioned reflex the EPs amplitude in the sensorimotor cortex increases; they are enriched by late components and in their general configuration they become much similar to EPs in the auditory area. The EPs patterns both in the auditory and in the sensorimotor areas considerably change in response to the differentiation stimulus, but differently in each of the sites.", "contents": "[Changes in evoked potentials during differentiation inhibition]. Evoked responses (EPs) of the auditory and the sensorimotor cortical areas were studied in experiments on cats during formation of a positive food-procuring conditioned reflex to a rhythmic sequence of clicks and during formation of the differentiation inhibition in response to the clicks of the same parameters, but with different frequency. In the positive conditioned reflex the EPs amplitude in the sensorimotor cortex increases; they are enriched by late components and in their general configuration they become much similar to EPs in the auditory area. The EPs patterns both in the auditory and in the sensorimotor areas considerably change in response to the differentiation stimulus, but differently in each of the sites.", "PMID": 532340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5081", "title": "[Program and feedback in the systems organization of a motor act].", "content": "After simultaneous visual dereceptation, aimed jumps in cats, reinforced by electric shocks, are restored, while those with food reward are irreversibly lost. Yet, after a two-stage dereceptation, the aimed jumps reappeared even in case when they had food reinforcement. The adequacy of their performance depended on the stability of the distance between the starting sites. The possibility of local cortical control of motor units was demonstrated which is considered as a component of the general mechanism of urgent identification of the motor system state, via somatic afferent pathways. The ablation of their higher link (the medial lemniscus) at the level where it enters the thalamus, disturbs the biomechanics of the aimed jump, increasing the number of multisensory responses of single sensorimotor cortical units. It is suggested that the motivation and the program of the movement corrected by feedback, provide for its adaptive character.", "contents": "[Program and feedback in the systems organization of a motor act]. After simultaneous visual dereceptation, aimed jumps in cats, reinforced by electric shocks, are restored, while those with food reward are irreversibly lost. Yet, after a two-stage dereceptation, the aimed jumps reappeared even in case when they had food reinforcement. The adequacy of their performance depended on the stability of the distance between the starting sites. The possibility of local cortical control of motor units was demonstrated which is considered as a component of the general mechanism of urgent identification of the motor system state, via somatic afferent pathways. The ablation of their higher link (the medial lemniscus) at the level where it enters the thalamus, disturbs the biomechanics of the aimed jump, increasing the number of multisensory responses of single sensorimotor cortical units. It is suggested that the motivation and the program of the movement corrected by feedback, provide for its adaptive character.", "PMID": 532339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5082", "title": "[Stable shifts in systemic arterial pressure in a controlled experiment with feedback].", "content": "On the bases of experiments with bio-control feed-back connection (automatically triggering electro-cutaneous, stimulation), a model evolved permitting to achieve stable directed changes in the levels of the systemic arterial pressure (AP) in curarized rabbits and cats. Two variants of reactions are possible: 1) gradual formation of a new raised or lowered level of AP with its pronounced retention after the end of learning, and 2) reaction of following type with directed rise in AP, which is observed only during learning. It is found that the stable shifts of the AP level are accompanied by changes in the periodicity of the third order AP waves, the heart rate showing no significant changes. It is assumed that the changes in the characteristics of the third order waves reflect the rearrangement of the mechanisms providing for homeostasis.", "contents": "[Stable shifts in systemic arterial pressure in a controlled experiment with feedback]. On the bases of experiments with bio-control feed-back connection (automatically triggering electro-cutaneous, stimulation), a model evolved permitting to achieve stable directed changes in the levels of the systemic arterial pressure (AP) in curarized rabbits and cats. Two variants of reactions are possible: 1) gradual formation of a new raised or lowered level of AP with its pronounced retention after the end of learning, and 2) reaction of following type with directed rise in AP, which is observed only during learning. It is found that the stable shifts of the AP level are accompanied by changes in the periodicity of the third order AP waves, the heart rate showing no significant changes. It is assumed that the changes in the characteristics of the third order waves reflect the rearrangement of the mechanisms providing for homeostasis.", "PMID": 532341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5083", "title": "[Visual cortical evoked potentials in emotionally unstable persons threatened with electrocutaneous stimulation].", "content": "In preliminarily selected (by a number of parameters) highly emotional subjects, evoked potentials were recorded from parietal, central, frontal and temporal cortical areas, in the first part of the experiment -- in response to indifferent light flashes (which served as a signal to achieve a precise movement), and in the second part -- in response to the same flashes, but with preliminary information of the subject on a possible electrocutaneous stimulation (in case of an error in task performing). It is found that with the threat of the electro-cutaneous stimulation the major changes are observed in the frontal, temporal and central areas. An increase in the latencies of the IV, V, VI components and P300 wave was recorded. At the same time the amplitude of the V component and that of the P300 wave decreased. The IV component was enhanced. In extreme situation the activity directed to avoid the electrostimulation was disturbed (errors of movement performance increased by 3.7 kg). The cortical mechanisms of the organization of the emotional behaviour in extreme situations are discussed.", "contents": "[Visual cortical evoked potentials in emotionally unstable persons threatened with electrocutaneous stimulation]. In preliminarily selected (by a number of parameters) highly emotional subjects, evoked potentials were recorded from parietal, central, frontal and temporal cortical areas, in the first part of the experiment -- in response to indifferent light flashes (which served as a signal to achieve a precise movement), and in the second part -- in response to the same flashes, but with preliminary information of the subject on a possible electrocutaneous stimulation (in case of an error in task performing). It is found that with the threat of the electro-cutaneous stimulation the major changes are observed in the frontal, temporal and central areas. An increase in the latencies of the IV, V, VI components and P300 wave was recorded. At the same time the amplitude of the V component and that of the P300 wave decreased. The IV component was enhanced. In extreme situation the activity directed to avoid the electrostimulation was disturbed (errors of movement performance increased by 3.7 kg). The cortical mechanisms of the organization of the emotional behaviour in extreme situations are discussed.", "PMID": 532343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5084", "title": "[Complex form of adaptive behavior in rats].", "content": "Two problems have been dealth with: a) are rats able by self-learning to form purposive associations, involving elements of reasoning object activity and b) at what age period are they most capable of purposive tool activity. The experiments were performed on 55 rats aged from two to three, five to six and eight to ten months. It was established that tool activity in rats appeared on the 14th to 34th experimental day in 14.5% of all the experimental animals. By age groups the activity was distributed as follows; at the age of two to three months the problem presented was solved by 10% of the individuals, at five to six months -- by 30% and at eight to ten months, by 0%. Thus tool thinking as one of the forms of animals' higher adaptation to surroundings, is inherent not only in anthropoids but in species much lower in the evolutionary scale. By the form of its realization thinking activity in rats is less plastic than in apes and in our experimental conditions, it was not exhibited by all the rats.", "contents": "[Complex form of adaptive behavior in rats]. Two problems have been dealth with: a) are rats able by self-learning to form purposive associations, involving elements of reasoning object activity and b) at what age period are they most capable of purposive tool activity. The experiments were performed on 55 rats aged from two to three, five to six and eight to ten months. It was established that tool activity in rats appeared on the 14th to 34th experimental day in 14.5% of all the experimental animals. By age groups the activity was distributed as follows; at the age of two to three months the problem presented was solved by 10% of the individuals, at five to six months -- by 30% and at eight to ten months, by 0%. Thus tool thinking as one of the forms of animals' higher adaptation to surroundings, is inherent not only in anthropoids but in species much lower in the evolutionary scale. By the form of its realization thinking activity in rats is less plastic than in apes and in our experimental conditions, it was not exhibited by all the rats.", "PMID": 532344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5085", "title": "[Effectiveness of different types of reinforcement in a controlled experiment].", "content": "The paper shows the possibility for animals to learn to change the form of their own evoked electrical brain activity in the course of a controlled experiment. The stimulation of the brain and cutaneous pain stimuli served for rats as the reinforcing factor. The presence of two factos, functioning throughout such reinforcement, is shown: specific one, providing for the adaptive change in the evoked response, and non-specific one, always lowering the EP amplitude due to general activation. The learning is successful only in case when both factors act in one direction.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of different types of reinforcement in a controlled experiment]. The paper shows the possibility for animals to learn to change the form of their own evoked electrical brain activity in the course of a controlled experiment. The stimulation of the brain and cutaneous pain stimuli served for rats as the reinforcing factor. The presence of two factos, functioning throughout such reinforcement, is shown: specific one, providing for the adaptive change in the evoked response, and non-specific one, always lowering the EP amplitude due to general activation. The learning is successful only in case when both factors act in one direction.", "PMID": 532345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5086", "title": "[Differences in hypothalamic monoaminergic mechanisms in heterogeneous conditioned reflexes in rats].", "content": "Monoamines and aminoacids were microinjected in the middle medial hypothalamus of rats following the elaboration of conditioned food-procuring or avoidance reflexes. The glutamine acid had no effect on the avoidance reflex (AR), but stimulated the motor activity and the food-procuring reflex (FR), shortening its latencies, increasing the number of the conditioned food-procuring movements and the reflex size. Dopamine decreased the motor activity, but did not influence the AR latencies, whereas norepinephrine prolonged the AR latencies without changing the motor activity. Both catecholamines, while having no effect on the muscle tone, suppressed FR, prolonging the latencies and decreasing the reflex and the number of conditioned food-procuring movements. Local administration into the hypothalamus of GABA prolonged the latencies of heteromodal conditioned reflexes, whereas the serotonin had no effect on the recorded FR parameters, but facilitated AR significantly reducing its latencies.", "contents": "[Differences in hypothalamic monoaminergic mechanisms in heterogeneous conditioned reflexes in rats]. Monoamines and aminoacids were microinjected in the middle medial hypothalamus of rats following the elaboration of conditioned food-procuring or avoidance reflexes. The glutamine acid had no effect on the avoidance reflex (AR), but stimulated the motor activity and the food-procuring reflex (FR), shortening its latencies, increasing the number of the conditioned food-procuring movements and the reflex size. Dopamine decreased the motor activity, but did not influence the AR latencies, whereas norepinephrine prolonged the AR latencies without changing the motor activity. Both catecholamines, while having no effect on the muscle tone, suppressed FR, prolonging the latencies and decreasing the reflex and the number of conditioned food-procuring movements. Local administration into the hypothalamus of GABA prolonged the latencies of heteromodal conditioned reflexes, whereas the serotonin had no effect on the recorded FR parameters, but facilitated AR significantly reducing its latencies.", "PMID": 532342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5087", "title": "[Visual evoked potentials to structured stimuli in children with cataracts].", "content": "EPs elicited by diffuse light flashes and check patterns, were studied in children and juveniles with congenital and traumatic cataract, during different periods and various durations of deprivation, as well as in a control group of children and juveniles with normal vision. Specific age characteristics were found in the EPs to check patterns in seven years-old children. In children with congenital cataracts significant changes in the shape and amplitude-temporal EP parameters were recorded. In children with traumatic cataracts, presumably developed after the end of the sensitive period, the changes in EPs were much less pronounced. The obtained data are discussed from the point of view of the duration of the sensitive period of the formation of the visual function in humans and of informative value of different EP components.", "contents": "[Visual evoked potentials to structured stimuli in children with cataracts]. EPs elicited by diffuse light flashes and check patterns, were studied in children and juveniles with congenital and traumatic cataract, during different periods and various durations of deprivation, as well as in a control group of children and juveniles with normal vision. Specific age characteristics were found in the EPs to check patterns in seven years-old children. In children with congenital cataracts significant changes in the shape and amplitude-temporal EP parameters were recorded. In children with traumatic cataracts, presumably developed after the end of the sensitive period, the changes in EPs were much less pronounced. The obtained data are discussed from the point of view of the duration of the sensitive period of the formation of the visual function in humans and of informative value of different EP components.", "PMID": 532346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5088", "title": "[Horseradish peroxidase study of the associative connections of the motor region of the cerebral cortex in cats].", "content": "Somatotopic organization of the body representation in the motor cortex of the cat's brain and a high degree of differentiation in the organization of associative projections between the motor and the somatosensory cortex was shown by means of retrograde transport of horse-radish peroxidase. Pyramid and stellate neurones of the second and the third cortical layers participate in the formation of these projections and interconnections.", "contents": "[Horseradish peroxidase study of the associative connections of the motor region of the cerebral cortex in cats]. Somatotopic organization of the body representation in the motor cortex of the cat's brain and a high degree of differentiation in the organization of associative projections between the motor and the somatosensory cortex was shown by means of retrograde transport of horse-radish peroxidase. Pyramid and stellate neurones of the second and the third cortical layers participate in the formation of these projections and interconnections.", "PMID": 532348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5089", "title": "[Comparative study of interneuronal relations in the auditory cortex of awake and anesthetized cats].", "content": "The character of interneuronal relations in the auditory cortex of alert and anaesthetized cats (nembutal) with chronicly inplanted electrodes was studied with the method of statistic analysis of cross-intervals of the two impulse series. The analysis of the histograms, obtained by means of processing a neuronal activity, showed that nembutal did not eliminate the dependent relations between neurones and that in the majority of cases the types of these relations are either retained or supplemented with new components. Experiments with a reduced dose of nembutal permitted to trace in time the changes in the amount of the inhibitory and excitatory interrelations in the anaesthetized state, and to compare these changes to the changes in the frequency of spike activity. It was found that nembutal predominantly suppresses the activity of the neurones, generating small spikes. The number of inhibitory connections is reduced simultaneously. Such synchroneity permits to assume the participation of the neurones generating small spikes in the establishment of inhibitory interrelations in the cat auditory cortex.", "contents": "[Comparative study of interneuronal relations in the auditory cortex of awake and anesthetized cats]. The character of interneuronal relations in the auditory cortex of alert and anaesthetized cats (nembutal) with chronicly inplanted electrodes was studied with the method of statistic analysis of cross-intervals of the two impulse series. The analysis of the histograms, obtained by means of processing a neuronal activity, showed that nembutal did not eliminate the dependent relations between neurones and that in the majority of cases the types of these relations are either retained or supplemented with new components. Experiments with a reduced dose of nembutal permitted to trace in time the changes in the amount of the inhibitory and excitatory interrelations in the anaesthetized state, and to compare these changes to the changes in the frequency of spike activity. It was found that nembutal predominantly suppresses the activity of the neurones, generating small spikes. The number of inhibitory connections is reduced simultaneously. Such synchroneity permits to assume the participation of the neurones generating small spikes in the establishment of inhibitory interrelations in the cat auditory cortex.", "PMID": 532347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5090", "title": "[Synaptic reactions of sensomotor cortex neurons to stimulation of emotionally significant brain structures].", "content": "The study deals with synaptic and spike responses of neurones in the rat sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the lateral and medial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. The activity of 57 neurones was recorded, 41 of them intracellularly and quasi-intracellularly, in response to the stimulation of sites in these structures, which were previously identified as \"emotionally/ significant. No considerable differences in the effects of the stimulation of different \"emotiogenic\" zones were found. The stimulation parameters, differing from the \"behavioural\" ones by a greater strength, elicited in the majority of neurones clear post-synaptic responses, often in the form of EPSP-IPSP. Latencies of the responses varied from 3 to 80 msec. The most stable and pronounced responses were obtained to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. No significant correlations of the latencies of the responses to the stimulation of different \"emotiogenic\" structures were found.", "contents": "[Synaptic reactions of sensomotor cortex neurons to stimulation of emotionally significant brain structures]. The study deals with synaptic and spike responses of neurones in the rat sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the lateral and medial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. The activity of 57 neurones was recorded, 41 of them intracellularly and quasi-intracellularly, in response to the stimulation of sites in these structures, which were previously identified as \"emotionally/ significant. No considerable differences in the effects of the stimulation of different \"emotiogenic\" zones were found. The stimulation parameters, differing from the \"behavioural\" ones by a greater strength, elicited in the majority of neurones clear post-synaptic responses, often in the form of EPSP-IPSP. Latencies of the responses varied from 3 to 80 msec. The most stable and pronounced responses were obtained to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. No significant correlations of the latencies of the responses to the stimulation of different \"emotiogenic\" structures were found.", "PMID": 532350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5091", "title": "[Space-time organization of recruitment in rabbit cerebral cortex].", "content": "The spatio-temporal organization of the recruiting responses in the cerebral cortex was studied in an acute experiment on alert rabbits. Local low-frequency stimulation of the thalamic central medial nucleus leads to the appearance of both \"generalized\" and \"local\" spindles. Temporal shifts of 0.1--2 sec. occur in the appearance of the \"generalized\" spindles. The performed analysis permits the assumption that under local stimulation the spatio-temporal dynamics of the recruiting response is connected with the appearance of several spindle pacemakers which differ in their characteristics, e. g. in the speed of the excitability recovery and in their interrelations.", "contents": "[Space-time organization of recruitment in rabbit cerebral cortex]. The spatio-temporal organization of the recruiting responses in the cerebral cortex was studied in an acute experiment on alert rabbits. Local low-frequency stimulation of the thalamic central medial nucleus leads to the appearance of both \"generalized\" and \"local\" spindles. Temporal shifts of 0.1--2 sec. occur in the appearance of the \"generalized\" spindles. The performed analysis permits the assumption that under local stimulation the spatio-temporal dynamics of the recruiting response is connected with the appearance of several spindle pacemakers which differ in their characteristics, e. g. in the speed of the excitability recovery and in their interrelations.", "PMID": 532352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5092", "title": "[Genetic analysis of laterality in house mice (Mus musculus L.)].", "content": "An attempt was made to obtain with the help of selection-genetic method, mice lines with genetically determined differences in lateralization of the fore-legs (right-, left-handedness). In 5 generations of selection, 302 animals-offsprings were studied, obtained through crossing of the lines CBA X C57BL/6. Two parameters of asymmetry were investigated: direction and degree. It is shown that the genotype controls the degree of the lateralization of the fore-legs, whereas the direction of lateralization is not subjected to a rigid genetic control. In the studied mice population, \"right-handed\" mice prevail over \"left-handed\" ones, which seems to be due to their dwelling conditions in the early ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of laterality in house mice (Mus musculus L.)]. An attempt was made to obtain with the help of selection-genetic method, mice lines with genetically determined differences in lateralization of the fore-legs (right-, left-handedness). In 5 generations of selection, 302 animals-offsprings were studied, obtained through crossing of the lines CBA X C57BL/6. Two parameters of asymmetry were investigated: direction and degree. It is shown that the genotype controls the degree of the lateralization of the fore-legs, whereas the direction of lateralization is not subjected to a rigid genetic control. In the studied mice population, \"right-handed\" mice prevail over \"left-handed\" ones, which seems to be due to their dwelling conditions in the early ontogenesis.", "PMID": 532349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5093", "title": "[Characteristics of the neuronal activity of structures of the hippocampal formation (presubiculum)].", "content": "Analysis of neuronal activity of presubiculum was performed in unanaesthetized rabbits. The level of spontaneous activity was high, in 33% of neurones it consisted in high frequency bursts which periodically followed regularly with alternating frequencies from 0.5 cps up to 15.0 cps. Presubicular neurones responded to sensory stimuli of various modalities, but visual stimuli were the most effective. Responses of specific, patterned type dominated over simple phasic and tonic effects. Various types of incremental dynamics were observed with repeated stimulation, habituation was present only in a limited number of neurones (15%). Comparison of presubicular neuronal characteristics with those of other sub-divisions of the hippocampal formation revealed a significant resemblance between presubiculum and the entorhinal cortex and a strong difference from subiculum.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the neuronal activity of structures of the hippocampal formation (presubiculum)]. Analysis of neuronal activity of presubiculum was performed in unanaesthetized rabbits. The level of spontaneous activity was high, in 33% of neurones it consisted in high frequency bursts which periodically followed regularly with alternating frequencies from 0.5 cps up to 15.0 cps. Presubicular neurones responded to sensory stimuli of various modalities, but visual stimuli were the most effective. Responses of specific, patterned type dominated over simple phasic and tonic effects. Various types of incremental dynamics were observed with repeated stimulation, habituation was present only in a limited number of neurones (15%). Comparison of presubicular neuronal characteristics with those of other sub-divisions of the hippocampal formation revealed a significant resemblance between presubiculum and the entorhinal cortex and a strong difference from subiculum.", "PMID": 532353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5094", "title": "[Occupational medicine in Switzerland].", "content": "In this text, sent to the editors shortly before his death, the author makes some personal comments concerning the articles on the organization of occupational medicine that appeared in this Journal in March, 1978 (vol. 23, No. 1). The author points to the fact, that the discipline of Medicine of Accidents has almost entirely disappeared from the curriculum of Swiss Medical Schools, and that Occupational Medicine is given very little attention. As a Founder of the Swiss Society of Social Medecine he feels that the old Medicine of Accidents, having developed in part into Occupational Medicine, and Social Medicine form two distinct branches of Medicine, each with its own field of activities.", "contents": "[Occupational medicine in Switzerland]. In this text, sent to the editors shortly before his death, the author makes some personal comments concerning the articles on the organization of occupational medicine that appeared in this Journal in March, 1978 (vol. 23, No. 1). The author points to the fact, that the discipline of Medicine of Accidents has almost entirely disappeared from the curriculum of Swiss Medical Schools, and that Occupational Medicine is given very little attention. As a Founder of the Swiss Society of Social Medecine he feels that the old Medicine of Accidents, having developed in part into Occupational Medicine, and Social Medicine form two distinct branches of Medicine, each with its own field of activities.", "PMID": 532358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5095", "title": "[Tobacco consumption in Switzerland 1950-1978].", "content": "This article discusses the statistical bases for the estimation of tobacco consumption in Switzerland. Estimates for cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco are given from 1950 to 1978.", "contents": "[Tobacco consumption in Switzerland 1950-1978]. This article discusses the statistical bases for the estimation of tobacco consumption in Switzerland. Estimates for cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco are given from 1950 to 1978.", "PMID": 532359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5096", "title": "[Alcohol in an industrial organization. Reflections on the practical health, social and political aspects].", "content": "From figures obtained during prophylactic examinations in a large enterprise of the metal branch, the author reflects about the consumption of alcohol and its consequences. He treats the problem not only on the level of a tight working community, but he also mentions several aspects of the alcohol problem in a societal framework.", "contents": "[Alcohol in an industrial organization. Reflections on the practical health, social and political aspects]. From figures obtained during prophylactic examinations in a large enterprise of the metal branch, the author reflects about the consumption of alcohol and its consequences. He treats the problem not only on the level of a tight working community, but he also mentions several aspects of the alcohol problem in a societal framework.", "PMID": 532360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5097", "title": "[Analysis of the forms of cross correlation functions of cortical neuron spike activity].", "content": "The study concerns the distribution of significant extremums on the graphs of crosscorrelation functions of unit activity in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas of alert, non-immobilized and unanaesthetized rabbits. It is assumed that the major factor determining a relatively high level of concordance between the discharges of the neurones in the same cortical microvolume is the parallel influence they receive from a common source. At the same time, for units which are far apart, such influence may be only one of the conditions determining the degree of efficiency of their functional interaction.", "contents": "[Analysis of the forms of cross correlation functions of cortical neuron spike activity]. The study concerns the distribution of significant extremums on the graphs of crosscorrelation functions of unit activity in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas of alert, non-immobilized and unanaesthetized rabbits. It is assumed that the major factor determining a relatively high level of concordance between the discharges of the neurones in the same cortical microvolume is the parallel influence they receive from a common source. At the same time, for units which are far apart, such influence may be only one of the conditions determining the degree of efficiency of their functional interaction.", "PMID": 532351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5098", "title": "[Analysis of the power spectra and coherence functions of neocortical biopotentials during formation of a posture dominant].", "content": "The computer analysis was given to simultaneous records of the electrical activity of the premotor, motor, parietal and visual areas of the right and the left hemispheres during the creation of the posture dominant through polarization of the premotor area of the right cerebral hemisphere of a rabbit. The formation of the dominant was accompanied by a general rearrangement of the whole neocortex electrical activity toward an increase in the power of delta-frequency and the rise of the level of the coherence between biopotentials within the same range. After switching off of the direct current, the same form of biopotentials' rearrangement pertained, as during the current action; in some rabbits a small rise in the power spectrum as well as an increase in the coherence function was also noticed within the beta-range.", "contents": "[Analysis of the power spectra and coherence functions of neocortical biopotentials during formation of a posture dominant]. The computer analysis was given to simultaneous records of the electrical activity of the premotor, motor, parietal and visual areas of the right and the left hemispheres during the creation of the posture dominant through polarization of the premotor area of the right cerebral hemisphere of a rabbit. The formation of the dominant was accompanied by a general rearrangement of the whole neocortex electrical activity toward an increase in the power of delta-frequency and the rise of the level of the coherence between biopotentials within the same range. After switching off of the direct current, the same form of biopotentials' rearrangement pertained, as during the current action; in some rabbits a small rise in the power spectrum as well as an increase in the coherence function was also noticed within the beta-range.", "PMID": 532354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5099", "title": "[Follow-up survey of vasectomy in Finland].", "content": "A follow-up study of 107 healthy males was conducted on average 4.7 years after vasectomy. Altogether 24 % of the subjects mentioned great satisfaction with the outcome of the surgical procedure; 74 % of the patients reported \"general satisfaction\", and only 2 % appeared dissatisfied with regard to the performed vasectomy. In no instance had postoperative psychiatric complications been observed. In 32 % of the patients the sexual potency was said to have improved after vasectomy, whereas 3 % reported impairment of sexual function following the operation.", "contents": "[Follow-up survey of vasectomy in Finland]. A follow-up study of 107 healthy males was conducted on average 4.7 years after vasectomy. Altogether 24 % of the subjects mentioned great satisfaction with the outcome of the surgical procedure; 74 % of the patients reported \"general satisfaction\", and only 2 % appeared dissatisfied with regard to the performed vasectomy. In no instance had postoperative psychiatric complications been observed. In 32 % of the patients the sexual potency was said to have improved after vasectomy, whereas 3 % reported impairment of sexual function following the operation.", "PMID": 532362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5100", "title": "[Typing ACP isoenzymes in blood stains: test limits and temperature dependancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two series of test blood stains of known red-cell acid phosphatase types A, AB, AC, B, BC, and C are applied to two different types of stain carriers (glass and cotton) and stored at different temperature ranges: (a) 37 degrees C at high air humidity, (b) 22 degrees C, (c) 4 degrees C, and (d) - 20 degrees C. Electrophoresis is carried out either on cellulose-acetate-foils or on thin agarose layers. Visualisation of the isoenzyme sites is achieved using umbelliferyl phosphate as a substrate. The most important results are: Electrophoresis on \"Cellogel\"-foils turns out advantageous compared to agarose since (a) less stain material is required, (b) reproducibility is rather reliable, and (c) electrophoretic separation is clearer. Blood stains on glass are identified after longer periods of storage than stains on cotton. If stains are stored at room temperature the time limits of demonstration are in the range of 3 to 6 weeks. The size of the sample necessary for demonstrating varies widely. Approximately twenty to twenty-five per cent of a blood drop are needed. The method described is recommended as practicable and reliable.", "contents": "[Typing ACP isoenzymes in blood stains: test limits and temperature dependancy (author's transl)]. Two series of test blood stains of known red-cell acid phosphatase types A, AB, AC, B, BC, and C are applied to two different types of stain carriers (glass and cotton) and stored at different temperature ranges: (a) 37 degrees C at high air humidity, (b) 22 degrees C, (c) 4 degrees C, and (d) - 20 degrees C. Electrophoresis is carried out either on cellulose-acetate-foils or on thin agarose layers. Visualisation of the isoenzyme sites is achieved using umbelliferyl phosphate as a substrate. The most important results are: Electrophoresis on \"Cellogel\"-foils turns out advantageous compared to agarose since (a) less stain material is required, (b) reproducibility is rather reliable, and (c) electrophoretic separation is clearer. Blood stains on glass are identified after longer periods of storage than stains on cotton. If stains are stored at room temperature the time limits of demonstration are in the range of 3 to 6 weeks. The size of the sample necessary for demonstrating varies widely. Approximately twenty to twenty-five per cent of a blood drop are needed. The method described is recommended as practicable and reliable.", "PMID": 532363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5101", "title": "[Injury pattern of the hyoid bone].", "content": "Based on the classification of hyoid bone into hyperbola-, parabola-, and horseshoe-shaped types, conditions were stimulated under planar and punctiform ventral force as well as in case of strangulation in photoelastic experiment. The results thus obtained were compared to those from former investigations in the field of bone tissue density. Hence, each hyoid type shows characteristic patterns of lesion of its own. The patterns of fractures and localizations which had been expected theoretically could be verified when compared to lesions that occurred in vital state. Then it turned out that horizontal fractures were typical of lesions of hyperbolic hyoid bones and vertical fractures of the cornu maius typical of lesions of parabolic hyoid bones.", "contents": "[Injury pattern of the hyoid bone]. Based on the classification of hyoid bone into hyperbola-, parabola-, and horseshoe-shaped types, conditions were stimulated under planar and punctiform ventral force as well as in case of strangulation in photoelastic experiment. The results thus obtained were compared to those from former investigations in the field of bone tissue density. Hence, each hyoid type shows characteristic patterns of lesion of its own. The patterns of fractures and localizations which had been expected theoretically could be verified when compared to lesions that occurred in vital state. Then it turned out that horizontal fractures were typical of lesions of hyperbolic hyoid bones and vertical fractures of the cornu maius typical of lesions of parabolic hyoid bones.", "PMID": 532364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5102", "title": "Amino acid content in fresh sperm and sperm stains.", "content": "Seminal fluid was studied biochemically for sperm identification in stains. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of amino acids in samples of fresh sperm has been alayzed. These findings were compared to the results of a similar study of fresh samples and stains of urine, saliva, vaginal fluor, and sweat. The results obtained show a specific and relatively constant level of amino acids in each of five biological liquids. There was no significant variation in results between fresh samples and stains.", "contents": "Amino acid content in fresh sperm and sperm stains. Seminal fluid was studied biochemically for sperm identification in stains. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of amino acids in samples of fresh sperm has been alayzed. These findings were compared to the results of a similar study of fresh samples and stains of urine, saliva, vaginal fluor, and sweat. The results obtained show a specific and relatively constant level of amino acids in each of five biological liquids. There was no significant variation in results between fresh samples and stains.", "PMID": 532365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5103", "title": "[Investigations to determine the time of death, late post mortem, by means of electrophoresis of inner organs (author's transl)].", "content": "In CAF-electrophoresis, extracts of cardiac muscle and of kidney tissue, after storage at 4 degrees C, show a roughly linear increase of the equivalent to the Albumin fraction. This increase depends on the time elapsed and is explained by the relatively high stability of this fraction compared to organ proteins, which appear in the globulin region. Thus, a sort of internal standard exists and can be used as a parameter for the determination of the post mortem period. Hepatic tissue is less suitable for this kind of investigations as the relation of the post mortem period and the values of the relative concentration of the fraction do not show the linearity found in cardiac muscle and kidney tissue. Splenic tissue shows no distinct trend and the findings are of little value. The present investigations were arranged in such a way that taking the order of magnitude for the equivalent of the Albumin fraction as a guideline led to a determination of the maximum post mortem period, i.e., the maximum period of time the body lay after the hour of death. The tables of this paper show the figures for the individual organs.", "contents": "[Investigations to determine the time of death, late post mortem, by means of electrophoresis of inner organs (author's transl)]. In CAF-electrophoresis, extracts of cardiac muscle and of kidney tissue, after storage at 4 degrees C, show a roughly linear increase of the equivalent to the Albumin fraction. This increase depends on the time elapsed and is explained by the relatively high stability of this fraction compared to organ proteins, which appear in the globulin region. Thus, a sort of internal standard exists and can be used as a parameter for the determination of the post mortem period. Hepatic tissue is less suitable for this kind of investigations as the relation of the post mortem period and the values of the relative concentration of the fraction do not show the linearity found in cardiac muscle and kidney tissue. Splenic tissue shows no distinct trend and the findings are of little value. The present investigations were arranged in such a way that taking the order of magnitude for the equivalent of the Albumin fraction as a guideline led to a determination of the maximum post mortem period, i.e., the maximum period of time the body lay after the hour of death. The tables of this paper show the figures for the individual organs.", "PMID": 532366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5104", "title": "Erosive intervertebral osteochondrosis in association with generalized osteoarthritis and chondroc alcinosis; anatomico-radiological study of a case.", "content": "This paper concerns a radiological and postmortem study of an 81-year-old woman with diffuse intervertebral osteochondrosis (T12-L1 severe erosion) in association with generalized osteoarthritis and articular chondrocalcinosis. Varying degrees of cartilage plate flaws with cartilaginous Schmorl's nodes and vertebral plateaux erosion are shown to occur without calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in situ. Differential diagnosis between intervertebral osteochondrosis and infectious spondylitis may require a combination of tomographic evolution over time, bone scans and biopsy, the latter being not always conclusive.", "contents": "Erosive intervertebral osteochondrosis in association with generalized osteoarthritis and chondroc alcinosis; anatomico-radiological study of a case. This paper concerns a radiological and postmortem study of an 81-year-old woman with diffuse intervertebral osteochondrosis (T12-L1 severe erosion) in association with generalized osteoarthritis and articular chondrocalcinosis. Varying degrees of cartilage plate flaws with cartilaginous Schmorl's nodes and vertebral plateaux erosion are shown to occur without calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in situ. Differential diagnosis between intervertebral osteochondrosis and infectious spondylitis may require a combination of tomographic evolution over time, bone scans and biopsy, the latter being not always conclusive.", "PMID": 532370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5105", "title": "[Pathomorphosis of the stratum synoviale].", "content": "The stratum synoviale is a sort of central point in the synovial system. That is the reason why we also find corresponding modifications in the stratum synoviale in most of the joint diseases. They will be discussed in the appropriate shortness, summarized in tables and their histological appearance form will also be partly represented.", "contents": "[Pathomorphosis of the stratum synoviale]. The stratum synoviale is a sort of central point in the synovial system. That is the reason why we also find corresponding modifications in the stratum synoviale in most of the joint diseases. They will be discussed in the appropriate shortness, summarized in tables and their histological appearance form will also be partly represented.", "PMID": 532371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5106", "title": "[Venous pseudothromosis of the lower leg after popliteal cyst rupture in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "During the course of only one year popliteal cyst ruptures simulating deep venous thrombosis were diagnosed in six patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The characteristic history and some specific physical findings are reported which are indicative of a pseudo-thrombophlebitis. Laboratory investigations were of limited value whereas a simplified contrast-arthrography demonstrated the synovial ruptures. In the rheumatoid patient a synovial cyst rupture rather than deep venous thrombosis should  be primarily suspected and arthrography should be the first radiographic measure.", "contents": "[Venous pseudothromosis of the lower leg after popliteal cyst rupture in rheumatoid arthritis]. During the course of only one year popliteal cyst ruptures simulating deep venous thrombosis were diagnosed in six patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The characteristic history and some specific physical findings are reported which are indicative of a pseudo-thrombophlebitis. Laboratory investigations were of limited value whereas a simplified contrast-arthrography demonstrated the synovial ruptures. In the rheumatoid patient a synovial cyst rupture rather than deep venous thrombosis should  be primarily suspected and arthrography should be the first radiographic measure.", "PMID": 532372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5107", "title": "[Contact thermography in assessing inflammatory joint diseases].", "content": "Cutaneous hyperthermia represents a symptom of inflammatory joint diseases and \"activated\" arthroses. Arthritis and arthrosis may be differentiated by the different distribution and extent of hyperthermia. In an equal number of different joint diseases the symptoms and signs and the course of the diseases were investigated with the aid of contact thermography. The results indicate different exact localisations of temperature changes in the affected joints which together with the clinical findings may make it possible to establish differential diagnostic definitions between arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In the authors' opinion contact thermography is, however, not suited for observations of the course of the diseases.", "contents": "[Contact thermography in assessing inflammatory joint diseases]. Cutaneous hyperthermia represents a symptom of inflammatory joint diseases and \"activated\" arthroses. Arthritis and arthrosis may be differentiated by the different distribution and extent of hyperthermia. In an equal number of different joint diseases the symptoms and signs and the course of the diseases were investigated with the aid of contact thermography. The results indicate different exact localisations of temperature changes in the affected joints which together with the clinical findings may make it possible to establish differential diagnostic definitions between arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In the authors' opinion contact thermography is, however, not suited for observations of the course of the diseases.", "PMID": 532373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5108", "title": "[DNFB reaction in bladder cancer, an immunological study].", "content": "It is stated that the determination of the reactivity against the primary antigen dinitrofluorbenzol by means of the epicutaneous skin test before the beginning of a therapy may give an essential reference to the spreading of the tumour and to the prognosis. The course control in patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder should therefore consist not only of clinical but also of immunological examinations.", "contents": "[DNFB reaction in bladder cancer, an immunological study]. It is stated that the determination of the reactivity against the primary antigen dinitrofluorbenzol by means of the epicutaneous skin test before the beginning of a therapy may give an essential reference to the spreading of the tumour and to the prognosis. The course control in patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder should therefore consist not only of clinical but also of immunological examinations.", "PMID": 532391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5109", "title": "[Immunological studies after the cryosurgical treatment of urologic tumors].", "content": "It is stated that a general final evidence is not yet possible from the existing results of immunological investigations and it may be possible only when taking into consideration the extensive furthering controls mentioned. On the basis of the therefore further existing uncertainty in the evaluation of the immunological valency of the cryotherapy, which is expressed also in literature, the originally optimistic suggestions concerning an increased immune response to the cryotherapy must be judged critically. Even when the clininically favourable courses after cryotherapy, above all in the treatment of the penis carcinoma, may be impressible--a cryospecific immune reaction was not to be proved by the test systems at our disposal.", "contents": "[Immunological studies after the cryosurgical treatment of urologic tumors]. It is stated that a general final evidence is not yet possible from the existing results of immunological investigations and it may be possible only when taking into consideration the extensive furthering controls mentioned. On the basis of the therefore further existing uncertainty in the evaluation of the immunological valency of the cryotherapy, which is expressed also in literature, the originally optimistic suggestions concerning an increased immune response to the cryotherapy must be judged critically. Even when the clininically favourable courses after cryotherapy, above all in the treatment of the penis carcinoma, may be impressible--a cryospecific immune reaction was not to be proved by the test systems at our disposal.", "PMID": 532392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5110", "title": "[Organ preservation in intra- and extracorporeal kidney surgery].", "content": "With the help of cases of own patients is reported on the possibility of organ preservation in intra- and extracorporal renal surgery. In 5 patients with tumours, 3 patients with coral calculi and one patient with an extended disease of the ureter five times the extracorporal renal surgery with following autotransplantation and initial pulsatile fall stream perfusion was performed. Four times the in-situ-perfusion with hypothermic Collins solution and in-situ-operation was performed. Indication and advantages for the different methods are demarcated.", "contents": "[Organ preservation in intra- and extracorporeal kidney surgery]. With the help of cases of own patients is reported on the possibility of organ preservation in intra- and extracorporal renal surgery. In 5 patients with tumours, 3 patients with coral calculi and one patient with an extended disease of the ureter five times the extracorporal renal surgery with following autotransplantation and initial pulsatile fall stream perfusion was performed. Four times the in-situ-perfusion with hypothermic Collins solution and in-situ-operation was performed. Indication and advantages for the different methods are demarcated.", "PMID": 532393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5111", "title": "[Effect of anticholinergics on bladder tonus and on the voiding function].", "content": "When the anticholinergic drugs with an effect which above all peripherally and selectively affects the urinary bladder the following may be proved: 1. Increase of the capacity of the urinary bladder according to the initial situation, 2. no influence on the intravesical pressure in maximum filling of the bladder, 3. decrease of the maximum intravesical pressure during the miction, 4. decrease of the rate of the flow of the urine and 5. increase of the maximum urethral pressure as well as no influence on the functional length of the urethra. From these parameters the adequate clinical application in diseases of the urinary bladder may be derived and at a strong indication good successes in treatment can be achieved.", "contents": "[Effect of anticholinergics on bladder tonus and on the voiding function]. When the anticholinergic drugs with an effect which above all peripherally and selectively affects the urinary bladder the following may be proved: 1. Increase of the capacity of the urinary bladder according to the initial situation, 2. no influence on the intravesical pressure in maximum filling of the bladder, 3. decrease of the maximum intravesical pressure during the miction, 4. decrease of the rate of the flow of the urine and 5. increase of the maximum urethral pressure as well as no influence on the functional length of the urethra. From these parameters the adequate clinical application in diseases of the urinary bladder may be derived and at a strong indication good successes in treatment can be achieved.", "PMID": 532394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5112", "title": "[Lesions of the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors stress the advantage of the operative treatment of fresh lesions of the cervical spine versus conservative treatment. The anterior approach after Cloward with additional osteosynthesis of the adjacing vertebrae proved to be superior.", "contents": "[Lesions of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. The authors stress the advantage of the operative treatment of fresh lesions of the cervical spine versus conservative treatment. The anterior approach after Cloward with additional osteosynthesis of the adjacing vertebrae proved to be superior.", "PMID": 532398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5113", "title": "[Interlocking medullary nailing in closed fractures of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for operative treatment of fractures of the tibia are relative. The use of medullary nailing can be enlarged by the interlocking method. A convenient device for insertion of the screw-bolts simplifies the action.", "contents": "[Interlocking medullary nailing in closed fractures of the tibia (author's transl)]. The indications for operative treatment of fractures of the tibia are relative. The use of medullary nailing can be enlarged by the interlocking method. A convenient device for insertion of the screw-bolts simplifies the action.", "PMID": 532399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5114", "title": "[Cartilage transplantation in the knee joint experiment - clinic - technique (author's transl)].", "content": "In the knee joints of 195 animals autologous, stored and fresh homologous osteochondral grafts were implanted. Even after 2 years the ultrastructural examination indicates that autologous and fresh homologous grafts survive. The stored grafts are absorbed. The clinical results after transplantation of 38 patients as well as the technique of transplantation are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Cartilage transplantation in the knee joint experiment - clinic - technique (author's transl)]. In the knee joints of 195 animals autologous, stored and fresh homologous osteochondral grafts were implanted. Even after 2 years the ultrastructural examination indicates that autologous and fresh homologous grafts survive. The stored grafts are absorbed. The clinical results after transplantation of 38 patients as well as the technique of transplantation are demonstrated.", "PMID": 532400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5115", "title": "[Hip near osteosynthesis, total hip replacement and prevention of thromboembolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of physiotherapy and pharmacological treatment in preventing thromboembolic disease at hip-near operations was compared from 1971 to 1978 in 787 patients being more than 60 years old. Physiotherapy alone and its completion by Dextran and Acetyl-salicylic-acid turned out to be insufficient. It was only by low-dose Heparin in combination with Dihydroergotamin (Dihydergot) and continuing physiotherapy that the rate of thromboembolism could be lowered effectively.", "contents": "[Hip near osteosynthesis, total hip replacement and prevention of thromboembolism (author's transl)]. The effect of physiotherapy and pharmacological treatment in preventing thromboembolic disease at hip-near operations was compared from 1971 to 1978 in 787 patients being more than 60 years old. Physiotherapy alone and its completion by Dextran and Acetyl-salicylic-acid turned out to be insufficient. It was only by low-dose Heparin in combination with Dihydroergotamin (Dihydergot) and continuing physiotherapy that the rate of thromboembolism could be lowered effectively.", "PMID": 532401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5116", "title": "[Wound infections in orthopaedic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1967 to 1977 we analysed the healing of wounds from orthopaedic surgery. We directed our special attention to the results of the year 1977, as a result of efforts toward permanent hygienic education of the staff and personnel. We observed disturbed wound healing in 5,7% and manifest wound infections in 1,4%. The spectrum of pathogens consisted of 50% grampositive and gramnegative bacteria respectively.", "contents": "[Wound infections in orthopaedic surgery (author's transl)]. From 1967 to 1977 we analysed the healing of wounds from orthopaedic surgery. We directed our special attention to the results of the year 1977, as a result of efforts toward permanent hygienic education of the staff and personnel. We observed disturbed wound healing in 5,7% and manifest wound infections in 1,4%. The spectrum of pathogens consisted of 50% grampositive and gramnegative bacteria respectively.", "PMID": 532402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5117", "title": "[Breast cancer detection and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The records of the district offices for cancer control in Berlin and K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen were used in order to analyse changes in the detection and management of female breast cancer between 1955 and 1974. The proportion of new cases younger than 45 years has increased from 8 percent to about 13 percent. Since 1970 there has been an increase in stage I and a decrease of stage IV. From 1960 to 1969 only 71 percent of all patients were radically operated upon, but in 1973/74 the proportion rose to nearly 75 percent. The tendency to extend the indication for radical surgery affects elderly women (65 to 74 years) more than younger patients. Survival rate depends on clinical stage, age and mode of treatment. It can be expected that the survival rate will increase with more radical surgery.", "contents": "[Breast cancer detection and treatment (author's transl)]. The records of the district offices for cancer control in Berlin and K\u00f6nigs Wusterhausen were used in order to analyse changes in the detection and management of female breast cancer between 1955 and 1974. The proportion of new cases younger than 45 years has increased from 8 percent to about 13 percent. Since 1970 there has been an increase in stage I and a decrease of stage IV. From 1960 to 1969 only 71 percent of all patients were radically operated upon, but in 1973/74 the proportion rose to nearly 75 percent. The tendency to extend the indication for radical surgery affects elderly women (65 to 74 years) more than younger patients. Survival rate depends on clinical stage, age and mode of treatment. It can be expected that the survival rate will increase with more radical surgery.", "PMID": 532403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5118", "title": "[The importance of early detection concerning treatment of cancer of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "This analysis of 1100 cases with cancer of the female breast treated by classical radical mastectomy demonstrates an improvement of the 5-year-survival-rate from 53,0% (1960-1964) to 61,2% (1968-1972). In this period we observed an increase of cases with cancernegative lymphnodes from 39,0% to 50,8%. This improvement is the result of earlier diagnosis because there has been no selection for surgical treatment during this period. Additional methods of treatment (irradiation, chemotherapy) are without convincing influence on survival rates. Therefore, earlier detection and radical surgical treatment will play the dominating role in the near future.", "contents": "[The importance of early detection concerning treatment of cancer of the female breast (author's transl)]. This analysis of 1100 cases with cancer of the female breast treated by classical radical mastectomy demonstrates an improvement of the 5-year-survival-rate from 53,0% (1960-1964) to 61,2% (1968-1972). In this period we observed an increase of cases with cancernegative lymphnodes from 39,0% to 50,8%. This improvement is the result of earlier diagnosis because there has been no selection for surgical treatment during this period. Additional methods of treatment (irradiation, chemotherapy) are without convincing influence on survival rates. Therefore, earlier detection and radical surgical treatment will play the dominating role in the near future.", "PMID": 532404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5119", "title": "[Thoracic surgery in Sweden; its structure and perspective (author's transl)].", "content": "In Sweden thoracic surgery is a surgical specialty. Treatment is organized by 5 hospitals for thoracic surgery. In 3 clinics there is although open heart surgery. From 1969 to 1977 the number of interventions on the lung, mediastinum and chest wall rose by 35%, the reason is the increasing number of patients with bronchogenic cancer. Vascular surgery (peripheral vessels) is mostly performed by general surgeons, pacemaker surgery in district hospitals. From a prospective study there is no reason to change the organization of thoracic surgery in Sweden during the next years.", "contents": "[Thoracic surgery in Sweden; its structure and perspective (author's transl)]. In Sweden thoracic surgery is a surgical specialty. Treatment is organized by 5 hospitals for thoracic surgery. In 3 clinics there is although open heart surgery. From 1969 to 1977 the number of interventions on the lung, mediastinum and chest wall rose by 35%, the reason is the increasing number of patients with bronchogenic cancer. Vascular surgery (peripheral vessels) is mostly performed by general surgeons, pacemaker surgery in district hospitals. From a prospective study there is no reason to change the organization of thoracic surgery in Sweden during the next years.", "PMID": 532405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5120", "title": "[Cardiac tamponade following open-heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac tamponade occurred in 9 (1,8%) of 488 patients following open-heart surgery. Delayed cardiac tamponade was observed in one case (0,2%). The mediastinal tamponade was caused by early occlusion of the chest tubes, pericardium closure and administration of anticoagulants. A reliable sign of mediastinal tamponade is the expanding cardiac silhouette demonstrated by roentgenogram. In outpatients receiving anticoagulants following open-heart procedures a life-threatening delayed cardiac tamponade may develop.", "contents": "[Cardiac tamponade following open-heart surgery (author's transl)]. Cardiac tamponade occurred in 9 (1,8%) of 488 patients following open-heart surgery. Delayed cardiac tamponade was observed in one case (0,2%). The mediastinal tamponade was caused by early occlusion of the chest tubes, pericardium closure and administration of anticoagulants. A reliable sign of mediastinal tamponade is the expanding cardiac silhouette demonstrated by roentgenogram. In outpatients receiving anticoagulants following open-heart procedures a life-threatening delayed cardiac tamponade may develop.", "PMID": 532406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5121", "title": "[Legal aspects of acute alcoholic intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the legal aspects of acute alcoholic intoxication. Everybody is obliged in case of helplessness to organise help. Every doctor confronted with an acute alcoholic should careful examine the situation not to overlook other concomitant acute diseases.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of acute alcoholic intoxication (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the legal aspects of acute alcoholic intoxication. Everybody is obliged in case of helplessness to organise help. Every doctor confronted with an acute alcoholic should careful examine the situation not to overlook other concomitant acute diseases.", "PMID": 532407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5122", "title": "[Urgent care of alcoholics; problems and expenses (author's transl)].", "content": "The burden for the medical staff in the emergency and Surgical Department of the Friedrichshain-Hospital, Berlin taking care of intoxicated alcoholics and the expenses to society are discussed.", "contents": "[Urgent care of alcoholics; problems and expenses (author's transl)]. The burden for the medical staff in the emergency and Surgical Department of the Friedrichshain-Hospital, Berlin taking care of intoxicated alcoholics and the expenses to society are discussed.", "PMID": 532408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5123", "title": "[Clinical problems in the ambulatory care of injured patients under the effect of alcohol].", "content": "During a 10 months period in 1978 we observed 609 emergency patients suffering from alcoholic intoxication in combination with traumatic lesions of the skull. 10% of these patients had to be sent to the surgical department after 7 hours of observation at the ambulance-station. The mortality rate of these patients came up to 13%.", "contents": "[Clinical problems in the ambulatory care of injured patients under the effect of alcohol]. During a 10 months period in 1978 we observed 609 emergency patients suffering from alcoholic intoxication in combination with traumatic lesions of the skull. 10% of these patients had to be sent to the surgical department after 7 hours of observation at the ambulance-station. The mortality rate of these patients came up to 13%.", "PMID": 532409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5124", "title": "[Alcohol intoxication and its differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute alcohol intoxication causes a lot of diagnostic problems. Every doctor should be well informed about its differential diagnostic aspects. Carelessness concerning diagnosis can be detrimental to the patient and the physician as well.", "contents": "[Alcohol intoxication and its differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Acute alcohol intoxication causes a lot of diagnostic problems. Every doctor should be well informed about its differential diagnostic aspects. Carelessness concerning diagnosis can be detrimental to the patient and the physician as well.", "PMID": 532410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5125", "title": "[Determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid in second half of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Phospholipids were established from amniotic gluid, between the 34th and 42nd weeks of pregnancy, using a modified technique of thin-layer chromatography to identify lecithin and sphingomyelin according to Gluck. Two different approaches were taken to quantitative determination of phospholipids.", "contents": "[Determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid in second half of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Phospholipids were established from amniotic gluid, between the 34th and 42nd weeks of pregnancy, using a modified technique of thin-layer chromatography to identify lecithin and sphingomyelin according to Gluck. Two different approaches were taken to quantitative determination of phospholipids.", "PMID": 532412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5126", "title": "[Studies into aetiology of hyaline membrane disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The courses of gestation were re-examined of 171 newborns who had died of hyaline membrane disease. Premature births accounted for 91.81 per cent of the cases reviewed, while 73.24 per cent had undergone gestation between 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Premature placental detachment, hydramnion, and twin pregnancy were among the major factors contributive to gestational complications. Perinatal asphyxia played a substantive role in 53.21 per cent of all cases under review. In newborns delivered on term the development of RDS was in almost all cases attributable to acidosis. Early complications were analysed for newborns involved in steroid prophylaxis. The frequency of cerebral haemorrhage was nearly identical with findings recorded from a control group. A significant difference was not even recorded from cases of inflammatory complications.", "contents": "[Studies into aetiology of hyaline membrane disease (author's transl)]. The courses of gestation were re-examined of 171 newborns who had died of hyaline membrane disease. Premature births accounted for 91.81 per cent of the cases reviewed, while 73.24 per cent had undergone gestation between 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Premature placental detachment, hydramnion, and twin pregnancy were among the major factors contributive to gestational complications. Perinatal asphyxia played a substantive role in 53.21 per cent of all cases under review. In newborns delivered on term the development of RDS was in almost all cases attributable to acidosis. Early complications were analysed for newborns involved in steroid prophylaxis. The frequency of cerebral haemorrhage was nearly identical with findings recorded from a control group. A significant difference was not even recorded from cases of inflammatory complications.", "PMID": 532413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5127", "title": "[Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio \"its prognostic importance to pregnancy\" of diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio was determined by the authors, applying Gluck's technique to 98 amniotic fluid samples of 55 pregnant patients with diabetes, depending on gestational age. Amniocentesis was preceded by ultrasonic placentography. Carbohydrate metabolism of this group was kept under optimum management and regulation. Its L/S ratio (3.1) was twice as much as that recorded from another group of patients (1.5) without adequate management of the carbohydrate metabolism. The rate of complications in the first group was below that in the second. -- It has been emphasised by the authors that variation in the L/S ratio along with gestational age depended not only on the severity of the given course of diabetes but, as well, on the management of the carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. They found that in any pregnancy under the conditions of diabetes the L/S ratio was an important criterion for diagnostic assessment of foetal lung maturity.", "contents": "[Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio \"its prognostic importance to pregnancy\" of diabetics (author's transl)]. The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio was determined by the authors, applying Gluck's technique to 98 amniotic fluid samples of 55 pregnant patients with diabetes, depending on gestational age. Amniocentesis was preceded by ultrasonic placentography. Carbohydrate metabolism of this group was kept under optimum management and regulation. Its L/S ratio (3.1) was twice as much as that recorded from another group of patients (1.5) without adequate management of the carbohydrate metabolism. The rate of complications in the first group was below that in the second. -- It has been emphasised by the authors that variation in the L/S ratio along with gestational age depended not only on the severity of the given course of diabetes but, as well, on the management of the carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. They found that in any pregnancy under the conditions of diabetes the L/S ratio was an important criterion for diagnostic assessment of foetal lung maturity.", "PMID": 532414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5128", "title": "[Animal experiments to study placental passage of Sombrevin and Hexobarbital and their concentrations in various foetal organ systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were conducted into 55 rabbits and their 327 foetuses to measure the two intravenously applied anaesthetics, Sombrevin and Hexobarbital, for their passage through the placenta and for the concentrations which eventually settle in various organ systems of the foetuses. Fast placental passage, but in different concentrations, was established for either anaesthetic. Sombrevin was found to reach the foetal organism only in low quantity and for short-time retention, whereas Hexobarbital passed the placental barrier in much higher concentration to stay detectably for a longer period of time in the foetal blood. While Sombrevin was not recordable from foetal organs, its intraplacental buildup reached higher concentrations. Relatively high concentrations of Hexobarbital were recordable from both the placenta and vital foetal organs. The conclusions so far derived from those animal experiments seem to suggest a superiority of Sombrevin over Hexobarbital and regard to applicability to obstetric anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Animal experiments to study placental passage of Sombrevin and Hexobarbital and their concentrations in various foetal organ systems (author's transl)]. Studies were conducted into 55 rabbits and their 327 foetuses to measure the two intravenously applied anaesthetics, Sombrevin and Hexobarbital, for their passage through the placenta and for the concentrations which eventually settle in various organ systems of the foetuses. Fast placental passage, but in different concentrations, was established for either anaesthetic. Sombrevin was found to reach the foetal organism only in low quantity and for short-time retention, whereas Hexobarbital passed the placental barrier in much higher concentration to stay detectably for a longer period of time in the foetal blood. While Sombrevin was not recordable from foetal organs, its intraplacental buildup reached higher concentrations. Relatively high concentrations of Hexobarbital were recordable from both the placenta and vital foetal organs. The conclusions so far derived from those animal experiments seem to suggest a superiority of Sombrevin over Hexobarbital and regard to applicability to obstetric anaesthesia.", "PMID": 532415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5129", "title": "[Lymphadenitis caused by toxoplasmosis during gravidity -- an aetiological factor in congenital damage to the child (author's transl)].", "content": "Even simple lymphadenitis during pregnancy may possibly be an acquired lymphatic form of toxoplasmosis with all detrimental consequences to the foetus.", "contents": "[Lymphadenitis caused by toxoplasmosis during gravidity -- an aetiological factor in congenital damage to the child (author's transl)]. Even simple lymphadenitis during pregnancy may possibly be an acquired lymphatic form of toxoplasmosis with all detrimental consequences to the foetus.", "PMID": 532416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5130", "title": "[Carcino-embryonic-antigen (CEA) in adenocarcinoma of uterine corpus (author's transl)].", "content": "Sandwich radio-immune assay was used before, parallel with as well as following surgical and radiation therapies on 73 patients in a follow-up check for an assessment of the clinical value of CEA im adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. CEA levels were increased in only 17 per cent of all cases. The strongest drops in CEA levels in correlation with patients' clinical response to therapy were recorded from those probands who had undergone surgery followed by Co60 irradiation. While CEA determination is, generally, recommended for monitoring of therapy and for the detection of recurrent corpus carcinomas, only pathological CEA levels should be considered as being relevant to clinical action, since the rate of false negative values has been as high as 34 per cent.", "contents": "[Carcino-embryonic-antigen (CEA) in adenocarcinoma of uterine corpus (author's transl)]. Sandwich radio-immune assay was used before, parallel with as well as following surgical and radiation therapies on 73 patients in a follow-up check for an assessment of the clinical value of CEA im adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. CEA levels were increased in only 17 per cent of all cases. The strongest drops in CEA levels in correlation with patients' clinical response to therapy were recorded from those probands who had undergone surgery followed by Co60 irradiation. While CEA determination is, generally, recommended for monitoring of therapy and for the detection of recurrent corpus carcinomas, only pathological CEA levels should be considered as being relevant to clinical action, since the rate of false negative values has been as high as 34 per cent.", "PMID": 532418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5131", "title": "[Betaglucuronidase activity in ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Beta-glucuronidase activity was recorded from the tissue of 45 ovarian carcinomas and compared to the activity in normal human ovarian tissue. Mean activities were 1442 micrograms Ph./h/g tissue in ovarian carcinomas and 574 micrograms Ph./h/g in intact ovarian tissue. No relationship was found to exist between the amount of beta-glucuronidase activity and the stage of the disease.", "contents": "[Betaglucuronidase activity in ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)]. Beta-glucuronidase activity was recorded from the tissue of 45 ovarian carcinomas and compared to the activity in normal human ovarian tissue. Mean activities were 1442 micrograms Ph./h/g tissue in ovarian carcinomas and 574 micrograms Ph./h/g in intact ovarian tissue. No relationship was found to exist between the amount of beta-glucuronidase activity and the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 532419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5132", "title": "[Malignant ovarian tumours in young women up to 35 (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen malignant ovarian tumours in women up to the age of 35 years under treatment at the Gynaecological Department of Charit\u00e9, between 1958 and 1957, are reported in this paper. They accounted for 3.9 per cent of all malignant ovarian tumours treated over the above period of time. Histological findings and curative results are discussed. Five-year healing was conspicuously high and accounted for 66.6 per cent. Twin malignoma developed in two cases and was accompanied by gravidity in one of them.", "contents": "[Malignant ovarian tumours in young women up to 35 (author's transl)]. Fourteen malignant ovarian tumours in women up to the age of 35 years under treatment at the Gynaecological Department of Charit\u00e9, between 1958 and 1957, are reported in this paper. They accounted for 3.9 per cent of all malignant ovarian tumours treated over the above period of time. Histological findings and curative results are discussed. Five-year healing was conspicuously high and accounted for 66.6 per cent. Twin malignoma developed in two cases and was accompanied by gravidity in one of them.", "PMID": 532420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5133", "title": "[Results of cytological routine checks (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 1930 cytological routine smears taken from patients on the gynaecological ward. Findings included Pap. III eight times and Pap. IV in nine cases. Histological elucidation of all Pap. IV and the repeated Pap. III findings revealed the presence of six carcinomas in situ, two carcinomas of pavement epithelium, and two severe dysplasias. This shows that cytological routine checks can be meaningful and useful to the patients, even if undertaken in a small hospital.", "contents": "[Results of cytological routine checks (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 1930 cytological routine smears taken from patients on the gynaecological ward. Findings included Pap. III eight times and Pap. IV in nine cases. Histological elucidation of all Pap. IV and the repeated Pap. III findings revealed the presence of six carcinomas in situ, two carcinomas of pavement epithelium, and two severe dysplasias. This shows that cytological routine checks can be meaningful and useful to the patients, even if undertaken in a small hospital.", "PMID": 532421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5134", "title": "[Results of sociogynaecological examination for fitness of working women (author's transl)].", "content": "Gynaecological fitness examinations were made on 25,413 women in employment by medical officers affiliated to the Industrial Medicine Research Association of the GDR, between 1972 and 1977. Gynaecological findings and diseases with impact upon occupational fitness were recorded from 22 per cent of the probands. Resulting limitations of employment were established for one to two per cent of them. - Significant correlations between occupational factors, on the one hand, and gynaecological diseases, on the other, so far have been established only for descent of genital organs in response to heavy physical work. - Gynaecological findings and diseases were recordable in the following order: 1. menopause (only for age group beyond 44), 2. tumours, 3. discorders of cycle, 4. positional alterations, 5. inflammatory disease, 6. mammary diseases. - The findings recordable from women on night shift (n = 1,339) were not higher than those recorded from women doing day shift work only. - No differences regarding the incidence of gynaecological findings were established either between women in full employment, on the one hand, and those doing reduced working hours, on the other.", "contents": "[Results of sociogynaecological examination for fitness of working women (author's transl)]. Gynaecological fitness examinations were made on 25,413 women in employment by medical officers affiliated to the Industrial Medicine Research Association of the GDR, between 1972 and 1977. Gynaecological findings and diseases with impact upon occupational fitness were recorded from 22 per cent of the probands. Resulting limitations of employment were established for one to two per cent of them. - Significant correlations between occupational factors, on the one hand, and gynaecological diseases, on the other, so far have been established only for descent of genital organs in response to heavy physical work. - Gynaecological findings and diseases were recordable in the following order: 1. menopause (only for age group beyond 44), 2. tumours, 3. discorders of cycle, 4. positional alterations, 5. inflammatory disease, 6. mammary diseases. - The findings recordable from women on night shift (n = 1,339) were not higher than those recorded from women doing day shift work only. - No differences regarding the incidence of gynaecological findings were established either between women in full employment, on the one hand, and those doing reduced working hours, on the other.", "PMID": 532422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5135", "title": "[Preliminary experience obtained from pregnancy attitude questionnaire (author's transl)].", "content": "An approach to measuring attitudes towards pregnancy (S-S-G by Lukesch and Lukesch, 1976) is described in this paper together with preliminary results so far obtained from random samples in the GDR. Findings have suggested an obvious need for adjusting the Normal Category to GDR conditions. Attitudes taken during pregnancy also were found to depend more strongly on whether the given pregnancy had been planned or not. Differences between attitudes towards pregnancy were quite clearly associated also with the education factor and resulting occupational status.", "contents": "[Preliminary experience obtained from pregnancy attitude questionnaire (author's transl)]. An approach to measuring attitudes towards pregnancy (S-S-G by Lukesch and Lukesch, 1976) is described in this paper together with preliminary results so far obtained from random samples in the GDR. Findings have suggested an obvious need for adjusting the Normal Category to GDR conditions. Attitudes taken during pregnancy also were found to depend more strongly on whether the given pregnancy had been planned or not. Differences between attitudes towards pregnancy were quite clearly associated also with the education factor and resulting occupational status.", "PMID": 532423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5136", "title": "[Relevance of complementary methods to examine patients with intra-uterine pathological phenomena (author's transl)].", "content": "The following examination procedures have been used for diagnosis of intra-uterine pathological signs: hysteroscopy, prior to and following curretage, radio-isotope diagnosis of the endometrium, quantitative measurement of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) in the endometrium, determination of mitosis in the endometrium, assessment of hormonal condition in the organisms, with reference to findings of the karyopycnotic index, and quantitative radio-immunochemical hormone determination. The best possible effect of all methods will be obtainable from their complex use. Particular attention will have to be given to the use of additional and complementary diagnostic methods within the course of a given therapy. The need is stressed by the authors for very careful examination of all patients hospitalised for endometrial complaints. Diagnosis should be focused at the pathological process in the endometrium proper, in the first phase, and at the detection of a general disease as well as at an assessment of the patient's hormonal situation, in the second phase.", "contents": "[Relevance of complementary methods to examine patients with intra-uterine pathological phenomena (author's transl)]. The following examination procedures have been used for diagnosis of intra-uterine pathological signs: hysteroscopy, prior to and following curretage, radio-isotope diagnosis of the endometrium, quantitative measurement of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) in the endometrium, determination of mitosis in the endometrium, assessment of hormonal condition in the organisms, with reference to findings of the karyopycnotic index, and quantitative radio-immunochemical hormone determination. The best possible effect of all methods will be obtainable from their complex use. Particular attention will have to be given to the use of additional and complementary diagnostic methods within the course of a given therapy. The need is stressed by the authors for very careful examination of all patients hospitalised for endometrial complaints. Diagnosis should be focused at the pathological process in the endometrium proper, in the first phase, and at the detection of a general disease as well as at an assessment of the patient's hormonal situation, in the second phase.", "PMID": 532424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5137", "title": "[Diagnosis of blastomyces infection in genital region (author's transl)].", "content": "Bismuth-containing Sabouraud's glucose agar was used as an indicator medium. Preliminary experience is reported in this paper. Blastomyces infection was properly identified in some 82 per cent of all cases checked, and falsely negative results cropped up in 18 per cent. The causes are discussed. The medium is considered by the authors are being suitable for the diagnosis of blastomyces infection in the genital region of women.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of blastomyces infection in genital region (author's transl)]. Bismuth-containing Sabouraud's glucose agar was used as an indicator medium. Preliminary experience is reported in this paper. Blastomyces infection was properly identified in some 82 per cent of all cases checked, and falsely negative results cropped up in 18 per cent. The causes are discussed. The medium is considered by the authors are being suitable for the diagnosis of blastomyces infection in the genital region of women.", "PMID": 532425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5138", "title": "[Experience in paediatric gynaecology from practice in Debrecen (author's transl)].", "content": "A ten-year record of experience obtained from an outpatient centre of paediatric gynaecology is reported in this paper. Reference is made in greater detail to organisational setup, examination techniques, diseases established, and principles of the therapy. A new instrument for vaginal discharge sampling is described.", "contents": "[Experience in paediatric gynaecology from practice in Debrecen (author's transl)]. A ten-year record of experience obtained from an outpatient centre of paediatric gynaecology is reported in this paper. Reference is made in greater detail to organisational setup, examination techniques, diseases established, and principles of the therapy. A new instrument for vaginal discharge sampling is described.", "PMID": 532426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5139", "title": "[Therapeutic application of clomiphen to women with functional sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "Clomiphen citrate doses of 50 mg or 100 mg per die were administered over five days to 150 infertile women with menstrual disorders. The conception rate eventually achieved was 38.7 per cent (58 cases). The most favourable results were obtained from patients with anovulatory oligomenorrhoea (53.9 per cent), secondary infertility (63.3 per cent), and those treated between one and three months (81.2 per cent).", "contents": "[Therapeutic application of clomiphen to women with functional sterility (author's transl)]. Clomiphen citrate doses of 50 mg or 100 mg per die were administered over five days to 150 infertile women with menstrual disorders. The conception rate eventually achieved was 38.7 per cent (58 cases). The most favourable results were obtained from patients with anovulatory oligomenorrhoea (53.9 per cent), secondary infertility (63.3 per cent), and those treated between one and three months (81.2 per cent).", "PMID": 532427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5140", "title": "[Induced abortion in primigravidae and subsequent pregnancy, with particular consideration of underweight (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention was given to the relationship between induced abortion in primigravidae and the course as well as outcome of subsequent pregnancy. Reference is made to the women hospitalised for childbirth in the obstetric ward of the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977. Chi-square testing revealed highly significant differences between women with preceding legal abortion, on the one hand, and those without, on the other, with regard to birth weight of the newborn, duration of pregnancy, cervical insufficiency, need for cerclage, imminent abortion, morbidity during pregnancy inside and outside hospital, and the need for using shute forceps on delivery. No difference was established regarding the occurrence of Rh incompatibility, pyelonephritis of the pregnant women, iron deficit anaemia, and gestosis during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Induced abortion in primigravidae and subsequent pregnancy, with particular consideration of underweight (author's transl)]. Attention was given to the relationship between induced abortion in primigravidae and the course as well as outcome of subsequent pregnancy. Reference is made to the women hospitalised for childbirth in the obstetric ward of the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977. Chi-square testing revealed highly significant differences between women with preceding legal abortion, on the one hand, and those without, on the other, with regard to birth weight of the newborn, duration of pregnancy, cervical insufficiency, need for cerclage, imminent abortion, morbidity during pregnancy inside and outside hospital, and the need for using shute forceps on delivery. No difference was established regarding the occurrence of Rh incompatibility, pyelonephritis of the pregnant women, iron deficit anaemia, and gestosis during pregnancy.", "PMID": 532428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5141", "title": "[Polydimensional studies into frequency of \"infants of low birth weight\", with reference to age, parity, and occupation (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective polydimensional studies were conducted into correlations between age, parity, and occupation (social status) of gravidae, on the one hand, and deliveries of \"infants of low birth weight\", on the other. The reference group amounted to 16.729 newborns, twins and stillbirth excluded, with 5.85 per cent of those newborns with low birth weights up to 2,500 g. Included in the above figure are all newborns delivered in the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977.--Any single factor quoted, age, parity, and occupation, was found to affect birth weight, effects being by the following order: parity, age, occupation.", "contents": "[Polydimensional studies into frequency of \"infants of low birth weight\", with reference to age, parity, and occupation (author's transl)]. Retrospective polydimensional studies were conducted into correlations between age, parity, and occupation (social status) of gravidae, on the one hand, and deliveries of \"infants of low birth weight\", on the other. The reference group amounted to 16.729 newborns, twins and stillbirth excluded, with 5.85 per cent of those newborns with low birth weights up to 2,500 g. Included in the above figure are all newborns delivered in the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977.--Any single factor quoted, age, parity, and occupation, was found to affect birth weight, effects being by the following order: parity, age, occupation.", "PMID": 532429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5142", "title": "[Typical ultrasonographs of primary abdominal pregnancy with surviving child (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare case of a primary abdominal pregnancy, developed up to the 29th week, is shown. Ultrasonographic pictures (Vidoson Siemens) of different situations and stages in the course of the pregnancy are demonstrated. Despite all fears, there was no difficulty in operating due to the location of placenta and fetus. So far the child's development has been satisfactory.", "contents": "[Typical ultrasonographs of primary abdominal pregnancy with surviving child (author's transl)]. The rare case of a primary abdominal pregnancy, developed up to the 29th week, is shown. Ultrasonographic pictures (Vidoson Siemens) of different situations and stages in the course of the pregnancy are demonstrated. Despite all fears, there was no difficulty in operating due to the location of placenta and fetus. So far the child's development has been satisfactory.", "PMID": 532431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5143", "title": "[Dilatol for hypertension therapy in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Dilatol (Nylidrin), a betamimetic used for tocolysis, was applied to ten hypertensive women in advanced pregnancy and produced in them characteristic effects with favourable impact upon oxygen supply to the foetuses, such as significant lowering of diastolic pressure, decrease in total peripheral resistance which reflected increase in uteroplacental blood flow, as well as rises in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Nylidrin, therefore, may be recommended as a hypotensive drug in the treatment of arterial hypertension in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Dilatol for hypertension therapy in pregnancy (author's transl)]. Dilatol (Nylidrin), a betamimetic used for tocolysis, was applied to ten hypertensive women in advanced pregnancy and produced in them characteristic effects with favourable impact upon oxygen supply to the foetuses, such as significant lowering of diastolic pressure, decrease in total peripheral resistance which reflected increase in uteroplacental blood flow, as well as rises in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Nylidrin, therefore, may be recommended as a hypotensive drug in the treatment of arterial hypertension in pregnancy.", "PMID": 532432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5144", "title": "[Indications for induction of labour beyond full term (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are diagnosis, therapy, and results in the context of suspicion of overdue pregnancy of cases recorded between 1974 and 1977. The presumed data of delivery rather than the calculated date is taken for reference. That approach has been taken against the background of a high-accuracy determination scale which, in turn, is based on complete case history data and current findings. The intention has been widest possible limitation of the probability of having deliveries overdue by 14 days. Such overdue deliveries were reduced to 240 in 13,172 pregnancies (1.82 per cent) by using this approach. In that context, an unambiguous differentiation was made between testing for possible labour onset and induction of labour, the latter being defined as strictly indicated obstetric action for the unlimited purpose of complete childbirth. Absence of possible labour onset, 14 days beyond term, was an indication for induction of labour in 188 women. Peripartal and real perinatal mortality (one malformation) was zero in 240 cases. Acidosis, but not in advanced stage, was recorded from five per cent of the newborns. The risk now can be more conveniently calculated. In other words, it is more systematically taken in unavoidable cases, an aspect meeting not only the demand on efficient obstetric action but legal requirements, as well.", "contents": "[Indications for induction of labour beyond full term (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are diagnosis, therapy, and results in the context of suspicion of overdue pregnancy of cases recorded between 1974 and 1977. The presumed data of delivery rather than the calculated date is taken for reference. That approach has been taken against the background of a high-accuracy determination scale which, in turn, is based on complete case history data and current findings. The intention has been widest possible limitation of the probability of having deliveries overdue by 14 days. Such overdue deliveries were reduced to 240 in 13,172 pregnancies (1.82 per cent) by using this approach. In that context, an unambiguous differentiation was made between testing for possible labour onset and induction of labour, the latter being defined as strictly indicated obstetric action for the unlimited purpose of complete childbirth. Absence of possible labour onset, 14 days beyond term, was an indication for induction of labour in 188 women. Peripartal and real perinatal mortality (one malformation) was zero in 240 cases. Acidosis, but not in advanced stage, was recorded from five per cent of the newborns. The risk now can be more conveniently calculated. In other words, it is more systematically taken in unavoidable cases, an aspect meeting not only the demand on efficient obstetric action but legal requirements, as well.", "PMID": 532433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5145", "title": "[Blood pressures in gestosis patients under general anaesthesia following hypotensive treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective evaluation was made of the blood pressures of 131 patients with hypertensive late gestosis who had undergone caesarean section for maternal or foetal indications, between 1971 and 1977. Rauwolfia preparations should be avoided in both long-term and acute hypotensive treatment of late gestosis patients not only for their unfavourable impact upon circulation at large, but also for their cumulative effects in terms of drastic depression of blood pressure in case of anaesthesia necessary for whatever reason. Acute hypotensive-sedative treatment should be discontinued and resumed, only if necessary, not until anaesthesia is over following surgical termination of pregnancy. Imminent eclamptic fit would be the only exception acceptable. Anaesthesia should be induced, using the base anesthetic propanidid which worked extremely well in terms of circulatory stabilisation. It is obviously superior to barbiturates in that particular respect.", "contents": "[Blood pressures in gestosis patients under general anaesthesia following hypotensive treatment (author's transl)]. A retrospective evaluation was made of the blood pressures of 131 patients with hypertensive late gestosis who had undergone caesarean section for maternal or foetal indications, between 1971 and 1977. Rauwolfia preparations should be avoided in both long-term and acute hypotensive treatment of late gestosis patients not only for their unfavourable impact upon circulation at large, but also for their cumulative effects in terms of drastic depression of blood pressure in case of anaesthesia necessary for whatever reason. Acute hypotensive-sedative treatment should be discontinued and resumed, only if necessary, not until anaesthesia is over following surgical termination of pregnancy. Imminent eclamptic fit would be the only exception acceptable. Anaesthesia should be induced, using the base anesthetic propanidid which worked extremely well in terms of circulatory stabilisation. It is obviously superior to barbiturates in that particular respect.", "PMID": 532434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5146", "title": "[Parturition of women with cardiac defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 115 childbirths of 98 women with concomitant cardiac defect hospitalised in the Obstetric Department of the Regional Hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt, GDR. Coincidence of childbirth and defect accounted for 0.3 per cent, with mitral faults clearly taking first position with 40 per cent. Forty-seven per cent of the defects were congenital. The cases were subdivided by severity according to the N.Y.H.A. scale, with 76 per cent coming under State I, 19 under State II, and only five under State III.--Spontaneous births occurred in 56 per cent, while 27 per cent were forceps deliveries and 13 per cent caesarean sections, but no section performed for purely cardiac indications. No remarkable complications were experienced intra-operatively nor postoperatively. Five per cent (five cases) of all vaginal deliveries had to be completed by vaginal extraction for cardiovascular complications, including three cases of cardiac defects in State III.--No peripartum loss of cardiac patients was recorded. Two patients with State III mitral defects, however, died of aggravating cardiovascular decompensation, five or six years after delivery. Perinatal mortality was as low as 0.8 per cent. Premature births accounted for 13.6 per cent, while hypotrophic infants were found in 6.8 per cent of the cases under review.--The above findings and their implications are discussed and conclusions drawn for obstetric practice, with some emphasis being laid on programmed delivery as the optional method, more generous indication of primary section for State III cardiac defects, and long-term aftercare in the context of internal medicine.", "contents": "[Parturition of women with cardiac defect (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 115 childbirths of 98 women with concomitant cardiac defect hospitalised in the Obstetric Department of the Regional Hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt, GDR. Coincidence of childbirth and defect accounted for 0.3 per cent, with mitral faults clearly taking first position with 40 per cent. Forty-seven per cent of the defects were congenital. The cases were subdivided by severity according to the N.Y.H.A. scale, with 76 per cent coming under State I, 19 under State II, and only five under State III.--Spontaneous births occurred in 56 per cent, while 27 per cent were forceps deliveries and 13 per cent caesarean sections, but no section performed for purely cardiac indications. No remarkable complications were experienced intra-operatively nor postoperatively. Five per cent (five cases) of all vaginal deliveries had to be completed by vaginal extraction for cardiovascular complications, including three cases of cardiac defects in State III.--No peripartum loss of cardiac patients was recorded. Two patients with State III mitral defects, however, died of aggravating cardiovascular decompensation, five or six years after delivery. Perinatal mortality was as low as 0.8 per cent. Premature births accounted for 13.6 per cent, while hypotrophic infants were found in 6.8 per cent of the cases under review.--The above findings and their implications are discussed and conclusions drawn for obstetric practice, with some emphasis being laid on programmed delivery as the optional method, more generous indication of primary section for State III cardiac defects, and long-term aftercare in the context of internal medicine.", "PMID": 532435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5147", "title": "Endocrinology of pregnancy. I. Denominations of concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, effective thyroxine, thyreotrophin and growth hormone in normal pregnancy, labour and in cord blood.", "content": "Concentrations and activities of the following agents were estimated: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), effective thyroxine (ETR), thyreotrophin (TSH), and growth hormone (HGH). Blood samples were collected in pregnancy, labour and from the umbilical cord of the newborns. It was demonstrated that in normal pregnancy the concentrations of T3, ETR, and TSH did not differ significantly from the values considered as normal in non-pregnant women. The concentration of T4 was distinctly higher in the course of pregnancy (139 to 157 nmol/l versus 110 nmol/l in non-pregnant subjects). The HGH concentration increased during pregnancy from 5.6 to 14.3 micrograms/l. The cord blood demonstrated comparable values of ETR and HGH and in half of the cases of TSH also with those observed in the mothers. In the other one half of the cases, TSH activity was fourtimes higher than the material value. The T3 and T4 were lower than values in the mothers. The results presented are the normal values for further planned investigations of endocrinology of pregnancy, especially for studies into course of pregnancy in women who work in noxious conditions.", "contents": "Endocrinology of pregnancy. I. Denominations of concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, effective thyroxine, thyreotrophin and growth hormone in normal pregnancy, labour and in cord blood. Concentrations and activities of the following agents were estimated: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), effective thyroxine (ETR), thyreotrophin (TSH), and growth hormone (HGH). Blood samples were collected in pregnancy, labour and from the umbilical cord of the newborns. It was demonstrated that in normal pregnancy the concentrations of T3, ETR, and TSH did not differ significantly from the values considered as normal in non-pregnant women. The concentration of T4 was distinctly higher in the course of pregnancy (139 to 157 nmol/l versus 110 nmol/l in non-pregnant subjects). The HGH concentration increased during pregnancy from 5.6 to 14.3 micrograms/l. The cord blood demonstrated comparable values of ETR and HGH and in half of the cases of TSH also with those observed in the mothers. In the other one half of the cases, TSH activity was fourtimes higher than the material value. The T3 and T4 were lower than values in the mothers. The results presented are the normal values for further planned investigations of endocrinology of pregnancy, especially for studies into course of pregnancy in women who work in noxious conditions.", "PMID": 532436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5148", "title": "Experimental studies on the neurohormonal control of female puberty.", "content": "Experiments were performed in rats to study the role played by ovarian estrogens, the hypothalamus, the medicortical amygdala, and the ventral hipopcampus in the neurohormonal control of female sexual maturation. The results obtained demonstrated that the ovulation-inducing effect of a single administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to immature female rats is not tantamount to the induction of precocious puberty. Long-term treatment with very low doses of EB, however, can accelerate sexual maturation, although it was established that the endogenous ovarian estrogen secretion during prepuberal life is not essential for the maturation of the cyclic ovarian function. Implantation of very low quantities of EB into the mediobasal hypothalamus of ovariectomized immature and postpuberal female rats revealed that the hypothalamic sensitivity to the LH-inhibiting effect of estrogen exhibits a gradual decrease that begins some days prior to the onset of puberty. It may be responsible for a temporary elevation of the LH level in the blood triggering final maturation of the ovarian follicles and an increase of estrogen secretion. - Studies on the influence of the limbic system on female sexual maturation lead to the following conclusions: 1. The mediocortical amygdala has an essential function in the maturation of the positive estrogen feedback. 2. An LH-inhibiting activity not related to the negative estrogen feedback is exerted by this nuclear region during critical periods of sexual maturation. It may form an additional protective mechanism against precocious stimulation of the ovaries. 3. By means of its stimulatory action on growth hormone and FSH secretion, the ventral hippocampus may be involved, by cholinergic mechanisms, in the interrelationships between metabolism and the onset of female puberty. The results which suggest a significant role of the limbic system in the control of female sexual maturation will be discussed with regard to recent data obtained in girls and women.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the neurohormonal control of female puberty. Experiments were performed in rats to study the role played by ovarian estrogens, the hypothalamus, the medicortical amygdala, and the ventral hipopcampus in the neurohormonal control of female sexual maturation. The results obtained demonstrated that the ovulation-inducing effect of a single administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to immature female rats is not tantamount to the induction of precocious puberty. Long-term treatment with very low doses of EB, however, can accelerate sexual maturation, although it was established that the endogenous ovarian estrogen secretion during prepuberal life is not essential for the maturation of the cyclic ovarian function. Implantation of very low quantities of EB into the mediobasal hypothalamus of ovariectomized immature and postpuberal female rats revealed that the hypothalamic sensitivity to the LH-inhibiting effect of estrogen exhibits a gradual decrease that begins some days prior to the onset of puberty. It may be responsible for a temporary elevation of the LH level in the blood triggering final maturation of the ovarian follicles and an increase of estrogen secretion. - Studies on the influence of the limbic system on female sexual maturation lead to the following conclusions: 1. The mediocortical amygdala has an essential function in the maturation of the positive estrogen feedback. 2. An LH-inhibiting activity not related to the negative estrogen feedback is exerted by this nuclear region during critical periods of sexual maturation. It may form an additional protective mechanism against precocious stimulation of the ovaries. 3. By means of its stimulatory action on growth hormone and FSH secretion, the ventral hippocampus may be involved, by cholinergic mechanisms, in the interrelationships between metabolism and the onset of female puberty. The results which suggest a significant role of the limbic system in the control of female sexual maturation will be discussed with regard to recent data obtained in girls and women.", "PMID": 532437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5149", "title": "Soluble fibrin-monomer complexes in normal pregnancy.", "content": "The protamine sulphate test of Lipinski and Worovski was used by the authors investigate the amount of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes (SFMC) in women with normal pregnancy. Those complexes were found to increase considerably during the second and even more the third trimester of pregnancy. The high level of SFMC in plasma, probably, reflected increased activity of blood coagulability toward the end of normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Soluble fibrin-monomer complexes in normal pregnancy. The protamine sulphate test of Lipinski and Worovski was used by the authors investigate the amount of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes (SFMC) in women with normal pregnancy. Those complexes were found to increase considerably during the second and even more the third trimester of pregnancy. The high level of SFMC in plasma, probably, reflected increased activity of blood coagulability toward the end of normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 532438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5150", "title": "Changes in maternal circulation provoked by uterine contractions.", "content": "The authors investigated changes in blood flow to the lower half of the body of pregnant women in supine and lateral positions toward the end of pregnancy and during uterine contractions. Electroplethysmographic recordings taken to that end from the legs of probands revealed significant decline in blood supply during uterine contractions. The changes recorded were statistically significant. In some cases, no change at all was caused by uterine contraction or positioning. Uterine activity was recorded by intra-uterine pressure registration. With the parturient in lateral position blood flows under review proved to be better than in supine position.", "contents": "Changes in maternal circulation provoked by uterine contractions. The authors investigated changes in blood flow to the lower half of the body of pregnant women in supine and lateral positions toward the end of pregnancy and during uterine contractions. Electroplethysmographic recordings taken to that end from the legs of probands revealed significant decline in blood supply during uterine contractions. The changes recorded were statistically significant. In some cases, no change at all was caused by uterine contraction or positioning. Uterine activity was recorded by intra-uterine pressure registration. With the parturient in lateral position blood flows under review proved to be better than in supine position.", "PMID": 532439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5151", "title": "International cooperation to collect obstetric data.", "content": "Reported are preliminary results of an international collection of data initiated by FIGO. Data of 33.000 deliveries in 19 countries, five countries each in South America, Africa, and Asia and four in Europe provided a good basis for comparison and called attention to shortcomings in each individual country and to the need for more progress in obstetric treatment. - Sociological and demographic items in a questionnaire bring into focus the importance of both family planning and sexual education. - The authors consider this data collection a preliminary study for modernisation of Tauffer Statistics.", "contents": "International cooperation to collect obstetric data. Reported are preliminary results of an international collection of data initiated by FIGO. Data of 33.000 deliveries in 19 countries, five countries each in South America, Africa, and Asia and four in Europe provided a good basis for comparison and called attention to shortcomings in each individual country and to the need for more progress in obstetric treatment. - Sociological and demographic items in a questionnaire bring into focus the importance of both family planning and sexual education. - The authors consider this data collection a preliminary study for modernisation of Tauffer Statistics.", "PMID": 532440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5152", "title": "Developmental changes in uptake of 3H-progesterone by rat ovaries.", "content": "3H-progesterone uptakes by the ovaries and skeletal muscles were compared in newborn female Wistar rats and in other females aged five, ten, 15, 20, 25, and 50 days, two hours after one single intraperitoneal injection of 50 muCi/100 g body weight. The ratio of the concentration of radioactivity between the ovaries and the skeletal muscle increased significantly at the age of 15 days. The increase in ovary/skeletal muscle raio (characterised by a logistic curve) suggests the first appearance of specific binding capacity for progesterone, coinciding with an increase in plasma progesterone level and beginning of the distince atretic changes in compact and cavitated follicles simultaneously with the attainment of capability to ovulate following adequate exogenous gonadotropic stimulation. The early postnatal period of protective short-term treatment, using progesterone, against the early androgen or oestrogen syndrome of anovulatory sterility and/or noxious long-term treatment, using progesterone, inducing a delayed anovulatory syndrome precedes the beginning of preferential accumulation of 3H-progesterone in the ovary.", "contents": "Developmental changes in uptake of 3H-progesterone by rat ovaries. 3H-progesterone uptakes by the ovaries and skeletal muscles were compared in newborn female Wistar rats and in other females aged five, ten, 15, 20, 25, and 50 days, two hours after one single intraperitoneal injection of 50 muCi/100 g body weight. The ratio of the concentration of radioactivity between the ovaries and the skeletal muscle increased significantly at the age of 15 days. The increase in ovary/skeletal muscle raio (characterised by a logistic curve) suggests the first appearance of specific binding capacity for progesterone, coinciding with an increase in plasma progesterone level and beginning of the distince atretic changes in compact and cavitated follicles simultaneously with the attainment of capability to ovulate following adequate exogenous gonadotropic stimulation. The early postnatal period of protective short-term treatment, using progesterone, against the early androgen or oestrogen syndrome of anovulatory sterility and/or noxious long-term treatment, using progesterone, inducing a delayed anovulatory syndrome precedes the beginning of preferential accumulation of 3H-progesterone in the ovary.", "PMID": 532441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5153", "title": "Haptoglobins act similar to antibodies. Steps of discovery. Analogous conclusions from pure preparations, umbilical cord sera and animal sera.", "content": "The haptoglobins in man and in mammals are agglutinin-like-substances for streptococci having the T4 antigen. The kind of the agglutinin-like behaviour depends on the genetic type of the haptoglobins. Haptoglobins of the types Hp 2-2, Hp 2-2 like and Hp 2-1 are hightitred complete agglutinins (titre in the range between 1:200 up to 1:3000 and higher) whereas haptoglobins of the type Hp 1-1 are \"blocking antibodies\". - The steps of the discovery and evidence are presented in detail. Different questions dealing with the clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "Haptoglobins act similar to antibodies. Steps of discovery. Analogous conclusions from pure preparations, umbilical cord sera and animal sera. The haptoglobins in man and in mammals are agglutinin-like-substances for streptococci having the T4 antigen. The kind of the agglutinin-like behaviour depends on the genetic type of the haptoglobins. Haptoglobins of the types Hp 2-2, Hp 2-2 like and Hp 2-1 are hightitred complete agglutinins (titre in the range between 1:200 up to 1:3000 and higher) whereas haptoglobins of the type Hp 1-1 are \"blocking antibodies\". - The steps of the discovery and evidence are presented in detail. Different questions dealing with the clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 532442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5154", "title": "[Activities in social gynaecology for prepartal - prenatal attention (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of what is being done in the GDR in the context of social gynaecology, with reference being made to the subject proper as well as to its position in society and the tasks relating to it. Prepartal attention is described as an example. An appraisal of various concepts of social gynaecology has shown that these have always depended on the social conditions under which they have come into being. Their potentials and outcome are in conformity with those conditions, as well. Attempts have been made to define social gynaecology by the ways it is practised in certain \"charitable\" institutions or with closer reference to certain groups of people. However, such attempts have proved to be unacceptable to practitioners in the GDR where social gynaecology is considered a discipline of research and education to provide a profound scientific basis for action in reality. It is a social component of public health and an integral element of gynaecology and obstetrics.", "contents": "[Activities in social gynaecology for prepartal - prenatal attention (author's transl)]. An account is given of what is being done in the GDR in the context of social gynaecology, with reference being made to the subject proper as well as to its position in society and the tasks relating to it. Prepartal attention is described as an example. An appraisal of various concepts of social gynaecology has shown that these have always depended on the social conditions under which they have come into being. Their potentials and outcome are in conformity with those conditions, as well. Attempts have been made to define social gynaecology by the ways it is practised in certain \"charitable\" institutions or with closer reference to certain groups of people. However, such attempts have proved to be unacceptable to practitioners in the GDR where social gynaecology is considered a discipline of research and education to provide a profound scientific basis for action in reality. It is a social component of public health and an integral element of gynaecology and obstetrics.", "PMID": 532443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5155", "title": "[Oestriol - its application to clinical practice in gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Oestriol preparations were applied to 107 patients with genital decent or genital prolapse. The treatment was both presurgical and postoperative. Oestriol was found to have strong effects on the vaginal epithelium, and the absence of any proliferative effect upon the endometrium was confirmed. The defence position of both the vagina and the lower urinary pathways was improved by oestriol. Microcirculation in central and peripheral vascular zones was increased in response to the administration of oestriol preparations. The postoperative period was without any complications. Postsurgical hospitalisation was reduced from 18.6 +/- 1.5 to 15.6 +/- 0.7 days.", "contents": "[Oestriol - its application to clinical practice in gynaecology (author's transl)]. Oestriol preparations were applied to 107 patients with genital decent or genital prolapse. The treatment was both presurgical and postoperative. Oestriol was found to have strong effects on the vaginal epithelium, and the absence of any proliferative effect upon the endometrium was confirmed. The defence position of both the vagina and the lower urinary pathways was improved by oestriol. Microcirculation in central and peripheral vascular zones was increased in response to the administration of oestriol preparations. The postoperative period was without any complications. Postsurgical hospitalisation was reduced from 18.6 +/- 1.5 to 15.6 +/- 0.7 days.", "PMID": 532444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5156", "title": "[Interaction of placental hormones in mother-embryo system (author's transl)].", "content": "Described in this paper is the relationship between chorionic gonadotrophin, placental lactogen, progesterone, oestradiol and oestriol in the blood of mother and embryo. The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) in the mother's blood toward the full term of pregnancy were found to be between 300 and 800 times as high as those in foetal blood. No arteriovenous difference in concentration between the same hormones was recorded from the vessels of the umbilical cord. While the concentrations of progesterone, unconjugated oestriol, and total oestriol in the mother's blood were lower than those in foetal blood, the opposite was true for oestradiol which was lower in foetal blood. Clearly reduced levels of progesterone, unconjugated oestriol, and oestradiol but increased levels of total oestriol were recorded from the umbilical artery, as compared to the umbilical vein. The above findings are intended to encourage thinking about selective penetrability of the placenta, whenever hormone preparations are prescribed in advanced pregnancy.", "contents": "[Interaction of placental hormones in mother-embryo system (author's transl)]. Described in this paper is the relationship between chorionic gonadotrophin, placental lactogen, progesterone, oestradiol and oestriol in the blood of mother and embryo. The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) in the mother's blood toward the full term of pregnancy were found to be between 300 and 800 times as high as those in foetal blood. No arteriovenous difference in concentration between the same hormones was recorded from the vessels of the umbilical cord. While the concentrations of progesterone, unconjugated oestriol, and total oestriol in the mother's blood were lower than those in foetal blood, the opposite was true for oestradiol which was lower in foetal blood. Clearly reduced levels of progesterone, unconjugated oestriol, and oestradiol but increased levels of total oestriol were recorded from the umbilical artery, as compared to the umbilical vein. The above findings are intended to encourage thinking about selective penetrability of the placenta, whenever hormone preparations are prescribed in advanced pregnancy.", "PMID": 532445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5157", "title": "[Late sequels EPH gestosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The courses of the following three groups of pregnancies were studied in the context of 146 women, with twelve years, on average, having elapsed from their first pregnancies: 1. Normal pregnancies without EPH gestosis (58 cases); 2. Pregnancies with EPH gestosis (58 cases); 3. Pregnancies with eclampsia (30 cases). - All clinical findings and statistical calculations were evaluated by means of electronic data processing. - Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were established in follow-up checks, usually twelve years from pregnancy. They were normal, following normal pregnancies. Statistically secured blood pressures measured from patients with gestosis or eclampsia during their first pregnancy were higher than those recorded from patients in a control group, but pathological values were established in but few cases. - The following, more specialised checks proved or particular importance for an evaluation of EPH gestosis and its effects on liver function following pregnancy: serum electrophoresis, thymol test, SGOT, SGPT, direct and indirect bilirubin, blood and urinary sugar, serum cholesterol, and total fats. - The above results are likely to show that EPH gestosis and its effects are relatively well tolerated by the liver. However, discrete disorders characterised by dysproteinaemia without cellular decay and icterus may occur in certain instances.", "contents": "[Late sequels EPH gestosis (author's transl)]. The courses of the following three groups of pregnancies were studied in the context of 146 women, with twelve years, on average, having elapsed from their first pregnancies: 1. Normal pregnancies without EPH gestosis (58 cases); 2. Pregnancies with EPH gestosis (58 cases); 3. Pregnancies with eclampsia (30 cases). - All clinical findings and statistical calculations were evaluated by means of electronic data processing. - Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were established in follow-up checks, usually twelve years from pregnancy. They were normal, following normal pregnancies. Statistically secured blood pressures measured from patients with gestosis or eclampsia during their first pregnancy were higher than those recorded from patients in a control group, but pathological values were established in but few cases. - The following, more specialised checks proved or particular importance for an evaluation of EPH gestosis and its effects on liver function following pregnancy: serum electrophoresis, thymol test, SGOT, SGPT, direct and indirect bilirubin, blood and urinary sugar, serum cholesterol, and total fats. - The above results are likely to show that EPH gestosis and its effects are relatively well tolerated by the liver. However, discrete disorders characterised by dysproteinaemia without cellular decay and icterus may occur in certain instances.", "PMID": 532446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5158", "title": "[Effects of labour on parameters of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of several types of uterine contractility in labour on the essential compounds of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied. It has been concluded that the quality (type) of uterine activity is the defnite factor of the dynamic changes of free fatty acids concentration and of the proportions between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism carbohydrates. The results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of labour on parameters of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in blood (author's transl)]. The influence of several types of uterine contractility in labour on the essential compounds of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied. It has been concluded that the quality (type) of uterine activity is the defnite factor of the dynamic changes of free fatty acids concentration and of the proportions between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism carbohydrates. The results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 532447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5159", "title": "[Use of types W 401 external tocometer and BMT 504 foetal monitor for external tocography and recording of foetal movements (author's transl)].", "content": "Described in this paper is an external tocometer, Type W 401, for complementary use to Type BMT 504 foetal monitor (VEB Messger\u00e4tewerk Zw\u00f6nitz, GDR). Its applications can be expanded by combination with additional measuring and recording instruments of the BMT series. This will widen possibilities for differentiated external tocography and systematic monitoring of foetal movements. Recording examples are given.", "contents": "[Use of types W 401 external tocometer and BMT 504 foetal monitor for external tocography and recording of foetal movements (author's transl)]. Described in this paper is an external tocometer, Type W 401, for complementary use to Type BMT 504 foetal monitor (VEB Messger\u00e4tewerk Zw\u00f6nitz, GDR). Its applications can be expanded by combination with additional measuring and recording instruments of the BMT series. This will widen possibilities for differentiated external tocography and systematic monitoring of foetal movements. Recording examples are given.", "PMID": 532448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5160", "title": "[Rare position of transcervically penetrated IUP DANA-Super in intact gravidity (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is an IUP (DANA-Super) which, after penetration of the uterine cervix, took an unusual position in the excavatio vesica uterina. The proband concerned was a case of intact intra-uterine gravidity in the second-to-third month, following 18 months of sterility.", "contents": "[Rare position of transcervically penetrated IUP DANA-Super in intact gravidity (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is an IUP (DANA-Super) which, after penetration of the uterine cervix, took an unusual position in the excavatio vesica uterina. The proband concerned was a case of intact intra-uterine gravidity in the second-to-third month, following 18 months of sterility.", "PMID": 532449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5161", "title": "[Surgical treatment of prolapse of vaginal stump (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolapse of the vaginal stump, following hysterectomy, is relatively rare. Its treatment is not always gratifying for its high rate of recurrence. -- While there is a great number of proposed surgical approaches to prolapse, the author actually resorted to one vaginal and one abdominal method for his own surgical treatment of 24 patients with prolapse of the vaginal stump. The vaginal method was the one proposed by Symmonds and Pratt and the abdominal was promontory fixation. The latter method appeared to be the safest with regard to recurrence.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of prolapse of vaginal stump (author's transl)]. Prolapse of the vaginal stump, following hysterectomy, is relatively rare. Its treatment is not always gratifying for its high rate of recurrence. -- While there is a great number of proposed surgical approaches to prolapse, the author actually resorted to one vaginal and one abdominal method for his own surgical treatment of 24 patients with prolapse of the vaginal stump. The vaginal method was the one proposed by Symmonds and Pratt and the abdominal was promontory fixation. The latter method appeared to be the safest with regard to recurrence.", "PMID": 532450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5162", "title": "[New aspiration technique in gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Described in this paper is a vacuum pump for endometrial biopsy and hysterosalpingography in attention to sterility patients on an outpatient department basis. The pump provides several advantages over other equipment, though it is easily applicable and inexpensive.", "contents": "[New aspiration technique in gynaecology (author's transl)]. Described in this paper is a vacuum pump for endometrial biopsy and hysterosalpingography in attention to sterility patients on an outpatient department basis. The pump provides several advantages over other equipment, though it is easily applicable and inexpensive.", "PMID": 532451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5163", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the cervix wtih metastasation and recurrence (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 201 patients who had been treated for carcinoma of the cervix with recurrence and metastasation, between 1960 and 1970. -- Three quarters of all cases had been irradiated before. Standardised methods of metaphylaxis are described together with their relevance to early detection of recurrence. Reference is made also to the present approach taken to carcinoma of the cervix with recurrence and metastasation following exclusive surgical treatment or surgery plus irradiation or exclusive irradiation. Various radiotherapies, surgical techniques, and methods of treatment, using cytostatics, are expounded.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the cervix wtih metastasation and recurrence (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 201 patients who had been treated for carcinoma of the cervix with recurrence and metastasation, between 1960 and 1970. -- Three quarters of all cases had been irradiated before. Standardised methods of metaphylaxis are described together with their relevance to early detection of recurrence. Reference is made also to the present approach taken to carcinoma of the cervix with recurrence and metastasation following exclusive surgical treatment or surgery plus irradiation or exclusive irradiation. Various radiotherapies, surgical techniques, and methods of treatment, using cytostatics, are expounded.", "PMID": 532452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5164", "title": "[Experience from use of Cardiff system (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 128 tocometrically controlled oxytocin infusions, using the Cardiff system. The oxytocic intervals were clearly shorter in comparison to conventional oxytocin drip infusion. However, more deliveries had to be completed surgically for foetal emergency situations, which, probably, was attributable to excessive rapid increase in oxytocin infusion rate due to the instruments used.", "contents": "[Experience from use of Cardiff system (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 128 tocometrically controlled oxytocin infusions, using the Cardiff system. The oxytocic intervals were clearly shorter in comparison to conventional oxytocin drip infusion. However, more deliveries had to be completed surgically for foetal emergency situations, which, probably, was attributable to excessive rapid increase in oxytocin infusion rate due to the instruments used.", "PMID": 532453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5165", "title": "[Risk of infertility following foetography and amniofoetography (author's transl)].", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis was made of 297 women. Amniocentesis was performed on 220 women to set up an amnion cell culture and on 77 women (26 per cent) for foetography and amniofoetography. Abortion occurred to nine per cent of those women following intra-amniotic injection of contrast medium, while premature delivery occurred to another 28.6 per cent of the probands. Perinatal mortality accounted for 13 per cent. Amniocentesis for amnion cell culturing was following by abortion of 3.2 per cent of the probands and by premature delivery of 2.3 per cent, while perinatal mortality was but slightly increased, the rate being 2.3 per cent. The differences were statistically secured. Foetography and amniofoetography should be followed by prophylactic cerclage.", "contents": "[Risk of infertility following foetography and amniofoetography (author's transl)]. Prenatal diagnosis was made of 297 women. Amniocentesis was performed on 220 women to set up an amnion cell culture and on 77 women (26 per cent) for foetography and amniofoetography. Abortion occurred to nine per cent of those women following intra-amniotic injection of contrast medium, while premature delivery occurred to another 28.6 per cent of the probands. Perinatal mortality accounted for 13 per cent. Amniocentesis for amnion cell culturing was following by abortion of 3.2 per cent of the probands and by premature delivery of 2.3 per cent, while perinatal mortality was but slightly increased, the rate being 2.3 per cent. The differences were statistically secured. Foetography and amniofoetography should be followed by prophylactic cerclage.", "PMID": 532454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5166", "title": "[Infertility--a risk factor in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Definitions are offered for the concepts of sterility and infertility. The notion of infertility is expanded to cover not only habitual abortions (three or more miscarriages) but, as well, deliveries of defective children. --Five-hundred and fifty-five pregnancies so far have occurred to 240 infertile probands, among them 78 with habitual abortions and 162 with damaged children. Only one in ten of those pregnancies resulted in clinically intact live birth. --Abortion was the result of 95 per cent of all pregnancies of the women with habitual abortion. The same applied to 25 per cent of all pregnancies of the above women with defective children (e.g. Down's syndrome, neural tube defects, diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, and progressive muscular dystrophy). A damaged child was born in more than 50 per cent of the latter pregnancy cases. --The number of children born by 162 women has been 181, with only 96 of them alive. The causality relationship between abortion and birth of defective children is discussed. --Infertile women should be given special attention, before conception takes place, and they should be kept under intensive care to the end of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Infertility--a risk factor in obstetrics (author's transl)]. Definitions are offered for the concepts of sterility and infertility. The notion of infertility is expanded to cover not only habitual abortions (three or more miscarriages) but, as well, deliveries of defective children. --Five-hundred and fifty-five pregnancies so far have occurred to 240 infertile probands, among them 78 with habitual abortions and 162 with damaged children. Only one in ten of those pregnancies resulted in clinically intact live birth. --Abortion was the result of 95 per cent of all pregnancies of the women with habitual abortion. The same applied to 25 per cent of all pregnancies of the above women with defective children (e.g. Down's syndrome, neural tube defects, diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, and progressive muscular dystrophy). A damaged child was born in more than 50 per cent of the latter pregnancy cases. --The number of children born by 162 women has been 181, with only 96 of them alive. The causality relationship between abortion and birth of defective children is discussed. --Infertile women should be given special attention, before conception takes place, and they should be kept under intensive care to the end of pregnancy.", "PMID": 532455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5167", "title": "[Noise and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The response of women to aural and extra-aural effects of noise is not stronger than that of men. --2. General response of pregnant women does not differ from that of non-pregnant women or men under the impact of noise. --3. Foetal heart rate responses usually do not exceed generally known spontaneous variation of instantaneous foetal heart rate up to an equivalent permanent sound level of 90 dB (AI). Pulse noise produces startle reflex in the foetus. --4. For pregnant women in the GDR, the permissible limit in terms of equivalent permanent sound level of vocational environments has been reduced from 90 dB to 80 dB (AI), which reflects the extraordinary standards of health protection introduced for mother and child.", "contents": "[Noise and pregnancy (author's transl)]. 1. The response of women to aural and extra-aural effects of noise is not stronger than that of men. --2. General response of pregnant women does not differ from that of non-pregnant women or men under the impact of noise. --3. Foetal heart rate responses usually do not exceed generally known spontaneous variation of instantaneous foetal heart rate up to an equivalent permanent sound level of 90 dB (AI). Pulse noise produces startle reflex in the foetus. --4. For pregnant women in the GDR, the permissible limit in terms of equivalent permanent sound level of vocational environments has been reduced from 90 dB to 80 dB (AI), which reflects the extraordinary standards of health protection introduced for mother and child.", "PMID": 532456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5168", "title": "[Space-demanding intracranial processes in puerperium (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to aspects of differential diagnosis in the context of three space-demanding intracranial processes in puerperae. Puerperal psychosis with no organic cause had been the primary appraisal due to the absence or only discrete appearance of neurological symptoms and the superficial, apparent presence of psychopathological phenomena. --Comprehensive neurological testing is required, if cerebroorganic disorders are to be ruled out safely. Neuroradiological methods, such as cerebroscintigraphy and cerebral angiography, may be necessary. Close interdisciplinary cooperation will be essential to effective diagnosis with minimum stress on mother and child.", "contents": "[Space-demanding intracranial processes in puerperium (author's transl)]. Reference is made to aspects of differential diagnosis in the context of three space-demanding intracranial processes in puerperae. Puerperal psychosis with no organic cause had been the primary appraisal due to the absence or only discrete appearance of neurological symptoms and the superficial, apparent presence of psychopathological phenomena. --Comprehensive neurological testing is required, if cerebroorganic disorders are to be ruled out safely. Neuroradiological methods, such as cerebroscintigraphy and cerebral angiography, may be necessary. Close interdisciplinary cooperation will be essential to effective diagnosis with minimum stress on mother and child.", "PMID": 532457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5169", "title": "[Abdominal reposition of puerperally inverted uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "Inversion of uterus in puerperium is an extremely rare case and always accompanied by severe shock. To the obstetrician such event is almost always unexpected and calls for immediate decision and action. Dry manual reposition usually is impossible for tough inversion pressure, while severe disadvantages are implied in vaginal surgery with incision of the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus. Therefore, an abdominal method is recommended by the author, leaning on Huntington's technique. First, the shock is brought under control. Then the inverted uterus is levered out of the inversion funnel to complete reversion, step by step, with a pair of bullet forceps inserted after each step, four altogether. The uterus of two cases was completely reversed by means of that simple method in 30 minutes only. Even the most careful and vigilant obstetrician may find himself trapped in such rare situation of spontaneous uterus inversion due to the constitution of a particular patient. The procedure suggested in this paper, therefore, may be an approach practicable even in smaller and less equipped hospitals, when it comes to the need for immediate remedial action to cope with that most dangerous complication.", "contents": "[Abdominal reposition of puerperally inverted uterus (author's transl)]. Inversion of uterus in puerperium is an extremely rare case and always accompanied by severe shock. To the obstetrician such event is almost always unexpected and calls for immediate decision and action. Dry manual reposition usually is impossible for tough inversion pressure, while severe disadvantages are implied in vaginal surgery with incision of the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus. Therefore, an abdominal method is recommended by the author, leaning on Huntington's technique. First, the shock is brought under control. Then the inverted uterus is levered out of the inversion funnel to complete reversion, step by step, with a pair of bullet forceps inserted after each step, four altogether. The uterus of two cases was completely reversed by means of that simple method in 30 minutes only. Even the most careful and vigilant obstetrician may find himself trapped in such rare situation of spontaneous uterus inversion due to the constitution of a particular patient. The procedure suggested in this paper, therefore, may be an approach practicable even in smaller and less equipped hospitals, when it comes to the need for immediate remedial action to cope with that most dangerous complication.", "PMID": 532458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5170", "title": "[Release of ovulation by application of gonadotrophin as well as by radio-immunological assay of oestradiol and progesterone in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of gonadotrophins to release ovulation is indicated for women with urgent desire for children and no positive response to clomiphene therapy. (Hence, a negative selection is made.) --The authors checked 100 therapeutic gonadotrophin series, with 69 patients involved. Oestrogens and progesterones were followed up by radio-immunological hormone analysis. --Ovulation occurred in 54 cases. Twelve patients developed ovarian reaction with oestrogen rise, while no ovarian response at all was recordable from 34 patients. Six women became pregnant under gonadotrophin therapy and two following the treatment. The results are compared with literature data.", "contents": "[Release of ovulation by application of gonadotrophin as well as by radio-immunological assay of oestradiol and progesterone in serum (author's transl)]. The use of gonadotrophins to release ovulation is indicated for women with urgent desire for children and no positive response to clomiphene therapy. (Hence, a negative selection is made.) --The authors checked 100 therapeutic gonadotrophin series, with 69 patients involved. Oestrogens and progesterones were followed up by radio-immunological hormone analysis. --Ovulation occurred in 54 cases. Twelve patients developed ovarian reaction with oestrogen rise, while no ovarian response at all was recordable from 34 patients. Six women became pregnant under gonadotrophin therapy and two following the treatment. The results are compared with literature data.", "PMID": 532459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5171", "title": "[Pregestational secretory change in endometrium in infertility (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of secretory transformation in connection with infertility was studied by morphologico-histochemical analysis. The results seem to provide evidence to the effect that severe secretory insufficiency of surface epithelium is the major pathological phenomenon recordable from the endometrium in cases of infertility. Defective function of epithelial oestrogen receptors and disorders in endometrial regeneration during one cycle have to be taken into consideration regarding the pathogenesis of segmental insufficiency of secretory endometrial transformation. More elucidation will depend, last but not least, on immunological response which often lies within all endometrial strata.", "contents": "[Pregestational secretory change in endometrium in infertility (author's transl)]. The degree of secretory transformation in connection with infertility was studied by morphologico-histochemical analysis. The results seem to provide evidence to the effect that severe secretory insufficiency of surface epithelium is the major pathological phenomenon recordable from the endometrium in cases of infertility. Defective function of epithelial oestrogen receptors and disorders in endometrial regeneration during one cycle have to be taken into consideration regarding the pathogenesis of segmental insufficiency of secretory endometrial transformation. More elucidation will depend, last but not least, on immunological response which often lies within all endometrial strata.", "PMID": 532460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5172", "title": "[Fructose--its importance to quality of human ejaculate (author's transl)].", "content": "No statistically significant differences regarding fructose in one millilitre and ejaculated volume were established from a comparison between 95 ejaculates, among them 14 normospermatic, 47 asthenospermatic, 16 oligospermatic with more than ten million of spermia in one millilitre, six oligospermatic with less than ten million, and twelve azoospermatic. Very low and statistically insignificant correlations, also, were found to exist between the fructose level in a given ejaculate and other qualitative parameters, such as volume, sperm count, as well as morphology and motility of spermia one hour and five hours after ejaculation. The correlation coefficient usually was close to zero. These results seem to cast doubt at the diagnostic value of fructose determination in spermatological routine tests. However, studies into the correlations between fructose, glucose and, perhaps, other sugars in both clinically intact males and patients with metabolic disorders might produce new insights into the dynamics of glucose metabolism in ejaculated semen.", "contents": "[Fructose--its importance to quality of human ejaculate (author's transl)]. No statistically significant differences regarding fructose in one millilitre and ejaculated volume were established from a comparison between 95 ejaculates, among them 14 normospermatic, 47 asthenospermatic, 16 oligospermatic with more than ten million of spermia in one millilitre, six oligospermatic with less than ten million, and twelve azoospermatic. Very low and statistically insignificant correlations, also, were found to exist between the fructose level in a given ejaculate and other qualitative parameters, such as volume, sperm count, as well as morphology and motility of spermia one hour and five hours after ejaculation. The correlation coefficient usually was close to zero. These results seem to cast doubt at the diagnostic value of fructose determination in spermatological routine tests. However, studies into the correlations between fructose, glucose and, perhaps, other sugars in both clinically intact males and patients with metabolic disorders might produce new insights into the dynamics of glucose metabolism in ejaculated semen.", "PMID": 532461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5173", "title": "[Primary ovarian echinococciasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ovarian echinococciasis is reported, with reference being made to three cases. Primary intra-ovarian settlement of parasites usually is rejected. The condition rather is similar to that of common ovarian tumours, and the echicococcal vesicle is detected not until laparotomy is performed. Hints as to the type of tumour can be derived only from the given case history. A characteristic shadow caused by calcareous deposits sometimes is depicted in the radiograph. Hysterectomy, with both adnexae included, is the optional treatment in the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Primary ovarian echinococciasis (author's transl)]. Ovarian echinococciasis is reported, with reference being made to three cases. Primary intra-ovarian settlement of parasites usually is rejected. The condition rather is similar to that of common ovarian tumours, and the echicococcal vesicle is detected not until laparotomy is performed. Hints as to the type of tumour can be derived only from the given case history. A characteristic shadow caused by calcareous deposits sometimes is depicted in the radiograph. Hysterectomy, with both adnexae included, is the optional treatment in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 532462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5174", "title": "[Diagnosis of spinal diseases by cerebrospinal fluid examination].", "content": "In this work, changes in the cerebrospinal fluid in acute and chronic polyneuritis as well as in the Guillan-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome are discussed and and it is pointed out that a specific coordination of the inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid syndromes to certain pathogens or noxae cannot be made. For the differentiation of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome and existence of increased gamma-globulin bands with identical mobility in the serum is pointed out. In myelitic disease pictures, acute and chronic cerebrospinal fluid syndromes are distinguished also in the cerebrospinal fluid according to the clinical course; regular changes, however, cannot be derived. Syphilitic cerebrospinal-fluid syndromes can easily be differentiated by their immunoactive findings. In multiple sclerosis, we distinguish between typical and atypical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Above all, the oligoclonal bands, i. e. the discontinuous proceeding of the gamma-globulin zone and the existence of several bands in the agar gel electrophoresis, play an essential role. In 95 per cent of the cases, oligoclonal bands can be shown. There are no greater differences with respect to oligoclonal bands between intermittent and chronic-progressive courses. For the differential diagnosis of haemorrhagic syndromes, the cerebrospinal fluid cell picture can make a considerable contribution. Macrophages loaded with erythrocytes indicate that a haemorrhage occurred 12 to 18 hours before; macrophages loaded with haemosiderin indicate a haemorrhage that occurred 6 to 8 days before; and macrophages loaded with erythrocytes and haemosiderin indicate a seeping haemorrhage or an event that occurred several times. The Nonne-Froin syndrome indicates a massive protein increase often with a regular or only slightly increased number of cells. The importance of the Queckenstedt tests is pointed out. A particular role is played by meningitis carcinomatosa et sarcomatosa with the demonstration of a great number of tumour cells.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of spinal diseases by cerebrospinal fluid examination]. In this work, changes in the cerebrospinal fluid in acute and chronic polyneuritis as well as in the Guillan-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome are discussed and and it is pointed out that a specific coordination of the inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid syndromes to certain pathogens or noxae cannot be made. For the differentiation of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome and existence of increased gamma-globulin bands with identical mobility in the serum is pointed out. In myelitic disease pictures, acute and chronic cerebrospinal fluid syndromes are distinguished also in the cerebrospinal fluid according to the clinical course; regular changes, however, cannot be derived. Syphilitic cerebrospinal-fluid syndromes can easily be differentiated by their immunoactive findings. In multiple sclerosis, we distinguish between typical and atypical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Above all, the oligoclonal bands, i. e. the discontinuous proceeding of the gamma-globulin zone and the existence of several bands in the agar gel electrophoresis, play an essential role. In 95 per cent of the cases, oligoclonal bands can be shown. There are no greater differences with respect to oligoclonal bands between intermittent and chronic-progressive courses. For the differential diagnosis of haemorrhagic syndromes, the cerebrospinal fluid cell picture can make a considerable contribution. Macrophages loaded with erythrocytes indicate that a haemorrhage occurred 12 to 18 hours before; macrophages loaded with haemosiderin indicate a haemorrhage that occurred 6 to 8 days before; and macrophages loaded with erythrocytes and haemosiderin indicate a seeping haemorrhage or an event that occurred several times. The Nonne-Froin syndrome indicates a massive protein increase often with a regular or only slightly increased number of cells. The importance of the Queckenstedt tests is pointed out. A particular role is played by meningitis carcinomatosa et sarcomatosa with the demonstration of a great number of tumour cells.", "PMID": 532463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5175", "title": "[Long-term results of plastic skull repairs with acrylic resins].", "content": "In the period from the beginning of 1956 until June 1978, we closed 312 skull gaps with acrylic resin. We used Palacos G (group I) 205 times and Refobacin Palacos R (group II) 107 times. Owing to the antibiotic action of Palacos, the infection rate, which was 6.8 per cent in the first group, could be lowered to 1.07 per cent even with a larger range of indications. The cosmetic results were very satisfactory. Owing to only slight changes in consistency and elasticity, a good protection of the brain was ensured. With the exception of one patient who temporarily showed psychic alterations, the acrylic resin was not felt as a foreign body. Disagreeable sensations, especially in case of the action of heat and cold such as are occasionally mentioned by wearers of metal plates, did not occur in our patients. Formation of neoplasms caused by polymethyl methacrylate has been found in none of the patients during the observation period of 20 years. The plastic repair with acrylic resin can be carried out quickly and in a simple manner. It may be used in all regions of the cranium. Even larger defects can be closed in this way.", "contents": "[Long-term results of plastic skull repairs with acrylic resins]. In the period from the beginning of 1956 until June 1978, we closed 312 skull gaps with acrylic resin. We used Palacos G (group I) 205 times and Refobacin Palacos R (group II) 107 times. Owing to the antibiotic action of Palacos, the infection rate, which was 6.8 per cent in the first group, could be lowered to 1.07 per cent even with a larger range of indications. The cosmetic results were very satisfactory. Owing to only slight changes in consistency and elasticity, a good protection of the brain was ensured. With the exception of one patient who temporarily showed psychic alterations, the acrylic resin was not felt as a foreign body. Disagreeable sensations, especially in case of the action of heat and cold such as are occasionally mentioned by wearers of metal plates, did not occur in our patients. Formation of neoplasms caused by polymethyl methacrylate has been found in none of the patients during the observation period of 20 years. The plastic repair with acrylic resin can be carried out quickly and in a simple manner. It may be used in all regions of the cranium. Even larger defects can be closed in this way.", "PMID": 532464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5176", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the structural variability of activated Schwann cells].", "content": "The structural variability of Schwann cell is studied on transsectioned sciatic nerves of rats using the electron microscope. Corresponding to histological and cytological changes in the proximal nerve stump and in the growing sprouts processes of regression and progression take place in different phases of nerve regeneration. Under this conditions the Schwann-cells can show a considerably varying ultrastructural cytology. Besides typical Schwann cells modulations can be distinguished differing in their organelle composition, such as light-cells, macrophage-like cells and highly synthetic active and roliferative forms. The importance of these cell modulations is discussed in relation to the functional properties of Schwann cells.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the structural variability of activated Schwann cells]. The structural variability of Schwann cell is studied on transsectioned sciatic nerves of rats using the electron microscope. Corresponding to histological and cytological changes in the proximal nerve stump and in the growing sprouts processes of regression and progression take place in different phases of nerve regeneration. Under this conditions the Schwann-cells can show a considerably varying ultrastructural cytology. Besides typical Schwann cells modulations can be distinguished differing in their organelle composition, such as light-cells, macrophage-like cells and highly synthetic active and roliferative forms. The importance of these cell modulations is discussed in relation to the functional properties of Schwann cells.", "PMID": 532465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5177", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of meningiomas in childhood and adolescence].", "content": "In a period of 15 years, 16 intracranial meningiomas of the childhood and adolescence were examined radiologically. The neuroradiological findings obtained are analysed and compared with those obtained in adults. The particularities resulting from this comparison, which above all concern the angiographic picture of meningiomas in juvenile patients, are worked out and discussed. As a result, some conclusions can be drawn which may be of practical importance: As is the case with other cerebral tumours in childhood, meningiomas in most cases give rise to reliable radiological signs of an increase in intracranial pressure. The changes of the cranial bones indicating the presence of a meningioma, which are well-known signs in adults, are found in children almost as frequently. While pneumo-encephalography in most cases permits a reliable localisation of the tumour, it does not permit a diagnostic statement with respect to the kind of the tumour. In three patients the air filling made larger cysts visible which obviously occur more frequently in children than in adults. The angiographic picture of meningiomas in childhood often differs from that in adults with regard to the vascularisation type as well as the phase course, so that differential-diagnostic difficulties may arise. However, when considering the above mentioned peculiarities of the vascular picture of memingiomas in children, it appears to be possible to make a preoperative diagnosis of the kind of the tumour with the help of the angiogram also for children. The increased vascular supply via branches of the A. carotis externa, which is frequently found in neningiomas, cannot in our opinion be considered as a decisive type-diagnostic criterion; it must be considered as an expression of an increased participation of the dura and thus also occurs in other space-occupying intracranial processes.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of meningiomas in childhood and adolescence]. In a period of 15 years, 16 intracranial meningiomas of the childhood and adolescence were examined radiologically. The neuroradiological findings obtained are analysed and compared with those obtained in adults. The particularities resulting from this comparison, which above all concern the angiographic picture of meningiomas in juvenile patients, are worked out and discussed. As a result, some conclusions can be drawn which may be of practical importance: As is the case with other cerebral tumours in childhood, meningiomas in most cases give rise to reliable radiological signs of an increase in intracranial pressure. The changes of the cranial bones indicating the presence of a meningioma, which are well-known signs in adults, are found in children almost as frequently. While pneumo-encephalography in most cases permits a reliable localisation of the tumour, it does not permit a diagnostic statement with respect to the kind of the tumour. In three patients the air filling made larger cysts visible which obviously occur more frequently in children than in adults. The angiographic picture of meningiomas in childhood often differs from that in adults with regard to the vascularisation type as well as the phase course, so that differential-diagnostic difficulties may arise. However, when considering the above mentioned peculiarities of the vascular picture of memingiomas in children, it appears to be possible to make a preoperative diagnosis of the kind of the tumour with the help of the angiogram also for children. The increased vascular supply via branches of the A. carotis externa, which is frequently found in neningiomas, cannot in our opinion be considered as a decisive type-diagnostic criterion; it must be considered as an expression of an increased participation of the dura and thus also occurs in other space-occupying intracranial processes.", "PMID": 532466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5178", "title": "Choroid plexus carcinoma. Case report.", "content": "Plexus-chorioideus carcinomata or malignant plexus papillomas are very rare; only few cases have been described in the literature. A further observation is added now. In a 13-year-old girl, signs of brain pressure occured two weeks before admission to a hospital. Scintigraphy and vertebral angiography showed a process in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle which was removed by temporo-parietal trephination. The tumour had the size of an apricot and a reddish colouration, it proceeded from the plexus. After-irradiation with 5 000 rad. Six years after the operation, signs of brain pressure appeared again. Neuroradiologically the process was located in the right cerebellar hemisphere. After trephination of the cerebellum, the largely vascularised tumour, which appeared to originate from the tela choroidea of the 4th ventricle, could be removed. The further course was without pathological findings. Histologically, the typical criteria were found: Invasion of surrounding brain structures, loss of the regular papillary structure, malignisation of the cells and originating from the plexus choroideus.", "contents": "Choroid plexus carcinoma. Case report. Plexus-chorioideus carcinomata or malignant plexus papillomas are very rare; only few cases have been described in the literature. A further observation is added now. In a 13-year-old girl, signs of brain pressure occured two weeks before admission to a hospital. Scintigraphy and vertebral angiography showed a process in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle which was removed by temporo-parietal trephination. The tumour had the size of an apricot and a reddish colouration, it proceeded from the plexus. After-irradiation with 5 000 rad. Six years after the operation, signs of brain pressure appeared again. Neuroradiologically the process was located in the right cerebellar hemisphere. After trephination of the cerebellum, the largely vascularised tumour, which appeared to originate from the tela choroidea of the 4th ventricle, could be removed. The further course was without pathological findings. Histologically, the typical criteria were found: Invasion of surrounding brain structures, loss of the regular papillary structure, malignisation of the cells and originating from the plexus choroideus.", "PMID": 532467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5179", "title": "Medullary emergency.", "content": "32 patients with symptoms and signs of medullary compression were submitted as emergencies to clinical and radiological examination in our hospital during a 5-year period. None of the patients was able to walk on admission. 27 emergency operations were performed to relieve medullary compression. If a single lesion in plain radiographs was well correlated with clinical symptoms and signs, the myelogram did not reveal crucial information. Young patients--aged 29 years or less--or patients with moderate symptoms on admission usually regained their ability to walk; as well as patients with a negative myelogram. On the other hand, old patients--aged 60 years or more--were only exceptionally able to walk later on. Other unfavourable signs were: a lesion of the thoracic spine, a total block in the myelogram, and a metastatic lesion. Our results of an emergency treatment were not better than the results of unhurried series reported in the literature.", "contents": "Medullary emergency. 32 patients with symptoms and signs of medullary compression were submitted as emergencies to clinical and radiological examination in our hospital during a 5-year period. None of the patients was able to walk on admission. 27 emergency operations were performed to relieve medullary compression. If a single lesion in plain radiographs was well correlated with clinical symptoms and signs, the myelogram did not reveal crucial information. Young patients--aged 29 years or less--or patients with moderate symptoms on admission usually regained their ability to walk; as well as patients with a negative myelogram. On the other hand, old patients--aged 60 years or more--were only exceptionally able to walk later on. Other unfavourable signs were: a lesion of the thoracic spine, a total block in the myelogram, and a metastatic lesion. Our results of an emergency treatment were not better than the results of unhurried series reported in the literature.", "PMID": 532468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5180", "title": "[Extra-intracranial arterial bypass for cerebral trauma].", "content": "A report is given on a young patient with a cerebral haemorrhage due to an occlusion of the A. carotis interna and the median main stem in which a regression of the one-sided symptoms could be achieved by a microneurosurgical establishment of an extra-intracranial anastomosis. The improvement of the cerebral perfusion could be objectivated angiographically and scintigraphically. The case shows that the prognosis of the cerebro-vascular lesion, especially in young and middle-aged patients, can be improved by surgical formation of collaterals. This gives hope for a further development of this method of treatment.", "contents": "[Extra-intracranial arterial bypass for cerebral trauma]. A report is given on a young patient with a cerebral haemorrhage due to an occlusion of the A. carotis interna and the median main stem in which a regression of the one-sided symptoms could be achieved by a microneurosurgical establishment of an extra-intracranial anastomosis. The improvement of the cerebral perfusion could be objectivated angiographically and scintigraphically. The case shows that the prognosis of the cerebro-vascular lesion, especially in young and middle-aged patients, can be improved by surgical formation of collaterals. This gives hope for a further development of this method of treatment.", "PMID": 532469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5181", "title": "[Sciatic pain and intervertebral disc prolapse after gynecologic operations].", "content": "Among 65 patients operated by lumbar disc in 1977 we encountered 5 women after gynecological tumour operations. 4 of those patients not became symptom free. The relation of mechanical factors, obstruction and circulation changes seemed to be of importance for the evaluation of ischialgia in those cases and led to spinal root and root sheath damages.", "contents": "[Sciatic pain and intervertebral disc prolapse after gynecologic operations]. Among 65 patients operated by lumbar disc in 1977 we encountered 5 women after gynecological tumour operations. 4 of those patients not became symptom free. The relation of mechanical factors, obstruction and circulation changes seemed to be of importance for the evaluation of ischialgia in those cases and led to spinal root and root sheath damages.", "PMID": 532470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5182", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization and subcellular distribution of hexokinase isoenzymes in red blood cells of rabbits.", "content": "The isoenzyme pattern of hexokinase in rabbit red cells (erythrocytes, fetal erythrocytes and reticulocytes) were determined by means of agarose gel and disc electrophoresis. One duplicated hexokinase (4a and 4b according to the IUPAC-nomenclature) was detected in rabbit erythrocytes as also described for human erythrocytes. Besides the isoenzymes 4a and 4b reticulocytes also contain hexokinase 2 and 3 like rabbit and rat liver. The high KM glucose phosphorylating enzyme, hexokinase 1 could be demonstrated only under specific conditions in the reticulocytes during the initial stage of the anemia. After the fractionation of reticulocyte homogenates the total hexokinase activity was recovered in the mitochondria and cytosol to nearly equal amounts as revealed by the distribution of markers. Hexokinase 2 and 3 were detectable in reticulocytes and in isolated mitochondria only after the addition of certain dissociating agents. In contrast to the tightly bound mitochondrial hexokinases 2 and 3 the type 4a and 4b are more loosely bound and exhibit a bilocal distribution between mitochondria and cytosol of reticulocytes.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization and subcellular distribution of hexokinase isoenzymes in red blood cells of rabbits. The isoenzyme pattern of hexokinase in rabbit red cells (erythrocytes, fetal erythrocytes and reticulocytes) were determined by means of agarose gel and disc electrophoresis. One duplicated hexokinase (4a and 4b according to the IUPAC-nomenclature) was detected in rabbit erythrocytes as also described for human erythrocytes. Besides the isoenzymes 4a and 4b reticulocytes also contain hexokinase 2 and 3 like rabbit and rat liver. The high KM glucose phosphorylating enzyme, hexokinase 1 could be demonstrated only under specific conditions in the reticulocytes during the initial stage of the anemia. After the fractionation of reticulocyte homogenates the total hexokinase activity was recovered in the mitochondria and cytosol to nearly equal amounts as revealed by the distribution of markers. Hexokinase 2 and 3 were detectable in reticulocytes and in isolated mitochondria only after the addition of certain dissociating agents. In contrast to the tightly bound mitochondrial hexokinases 2 and 3 the type 4a and 4b are more loosely bound and exhibit a bilocal distribution between mitochondria and cytosol of reticulocytes.", "PMID": 532487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5183", "title": "Effect of magnesium on ATP-generating and ATP-utilizing reactions in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.", "content": "The effect of magnesium on the energy metabolism of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells was investigated using a method which allows to change the cellular content of magnesium rapidly at constant low calcium concentration. Cells, which have lost some of their magnesium, accumulate lactate slightly faster than non-treated cells. Mg-loading of these cells decreases the glycolytic flux rates to about 20% under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The corresponding changes of some glycolytic metabolites suggest an inhibition of the HK-PFK-system. A similar inhibitory effect of Mg on O2-consumption in the absence and presence of glucose to about 20% and 15%, respectively, was observed. Despite the inhibition of the ATP-generating systems the ATP concentration increases under all conditions investigated, indicating an inhibition of ATP consuming systems. From experiments in the presence of ouabain, which inhibits the aerobic glycolysis to about 40% and 20%, in Mg-depleted and Mg-loaded cells, respectively, it is concluded that magnesium affects the active monovalent cation transport. Removal of magnesium increases the activity of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase and vice versa, presumably via changes of the cell membrane permeability.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium on ATP-generating and ATP-utilizing reactions in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The effect of magnesium on the energy metabolism of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells was investigated using a method which allows to change the cellular content of magnesium rapidly at constant low calcium concentration. Cells, which have lost some of their magnesium, accumulate lactate slightly faster than non-treated cells. Mg-loading of these cells decreases the glycolytic flux rates to about 20% under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The corresponding changes of some glycolytic metabolites suggest an inhibition of the HK-PFK-system. A similar inhibitory effect of Mg on O2-consumption in the absence and presence of glucose to about 20% and 15%, respectively, was observed. Despite the inhibition of the ATP-generating systems the ATP concentration increases under all conditions investigated, indicating an inhibition of ATP consuming systems. From experiments in the presence of ouabain, which inhibits the aerobic glycolysis to about 40% and 20%, in Mg-depleted and Mg-loaded cells, respectively, it is concluded that magnesium affects the active monovalent cation transport. Removal of magnesium increases the activity of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase and vice versa, presumably via changes of the cell membrane permeability.", "PMID": 532488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5184", "title": "[Relationship between Na+ and monosaccharide influx across the microvilli membrane depending on the energy state of the intestinal mucosa wall].", "content": "1. An energy dependence of the Na+ influx and of the \"extra-Na+ influx\" across the microvilli membrane was demonstrated in an in vitro preparation of the rat jejunum by adjustment of low ATP/ADP quotients. The monosaccharide influx does not show this dependence. 2. The similar relationship of monosaccharide-dependent Na+ influx and Na+ influx without monosaccharide with the energy state in the mucosa cells suggests a common control system. 3. A constant stoichiometry between monosaccharide and \"extra-Na+ influx\" can be maintained only under constant intracellular conditions. 4. The changes of the Na+ and K+ influxes by so-called Na+ dependently transported monosaccharides correspond to those which can be elicited by lowering the ATP/ADP ratio in the in vitro preparation. 5. A mechanism is discussed in which an ATP-utilizing reaction is stimulated in the microvilli owing to the monosaccharide transport, thus locally discontinuing the condition for uncoupling of an (Na, K)-ATPase and eliciting an \"extra-Na+ influx\".", "contents": "[Relationship between Na+ and monosaccharide influx across the microvilli membrane depending on the energy state of the intestinal mucosa wall]. 1. An energy dependence of the Na+ influx and of the \"extra-Na+ influx\" across the microvilli membrane was demonstrated in an in vitro preparation of the rat jejunum by adjustment of low ATP/ADP quotients. The monosaccharide influx does not show this dependence. 2. The similar relationship of monosaccharide-dependent Na+ influx and Na+ influx without monosaccharide with the energy state in the mucosa cells suggests a common control system. 3. A constant stoichiometry between monosaccharide and \"extra-Na+ influx\" can be maintained only under constant intracellular conditions. 4. The changes of the Na+ and K+ influxes by so-called Na+ dependently transported monosaccharides correspond to those which can be elicited by lowering the ATP/ADP ratio in the in vitro preparation. 5. A mechanism is discussed in which an ATP-utilizing reaction is stimulated in the microvilli owing to the monosaccharide transport, thus locally discontinuing the condition for uncoupling of an (Na, K)-ATPase and eliciting an \"extra-Na+ influx\".", "PMID": 532489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5185", "title": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in rat kidney after repeated administrations of p-aminohippurate or sodium chloride.", "content": "During PAH excretion and 18 h after repeated PAH administrations to rats, renal cortical SDH activity was unchanged in comparison with untreated controls. On the other hand, 18 h after repeated administrations of 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl solution, SDH activity was decreased by about 20% in kidney cortex. In outer medulla SDH activity was decreased 18 h after all pretreatments. The decline of SDH activity was observed whenever an increased urinary Na excretion occurred, except that PAH was repeatedly administered. The probability is discussed that substrate-induced stimulation of the carrier system for weak organic acids is accompanied by an increase of mitochondrial activity in kidney cortex.", "contents": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in rat kidney after repeated administrations of p-aminohippurate or sodium chloride. During PAH excretion and 18 h after repeated PAH administrations to rats, renal cortical SDH activity was unchanged in comparison with untreated controls. On the other hand, 18 h after repeated administrations of 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl solution, SDH activity was decreased by about 20% in kidney cortex. In outer medulla SDH activity was decreased 18 h after all pretreatments. The decline of SDH activity was observed whenever an increased urinary Na excretion occurred, except that PAH was repeatedly administered. The probability is discussed that substrate-induced stimulation of the carrier system for weak organic acids is accompanied by an increase of mitochondrial activity in kidney cortex.", "PMID": 532490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5186", "title": "[A fast and simple micromethod for estimating proteins].", "content": "The assay is based on the property of proteins to form a complex with bromophenol blue. In alkaline solution this complex shows an intensive blue colour which is well measurable at 598 nm. The method is especially useful for small volumes (5-50 microliter) with a content of 5-30 micrograms of protein. By modification the test can be also used for the measurement of higher amounts of protein.", "contents": "[A fast and simple micromethod for estimating proteins]. The assay is based on the property of proteins to form a complex with bromophenol blue. In alkaline solution this complex shows an intensive blue colour which is well measurable at 598 nm. The method is especially useful for small volumes (5-50 microliter) with a content of 5-30 micrograms of protein. By modification the test can be also used for the measurement of higher amounts of protein.", "PMID": 532491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5187", "title": "Effect of oestrogenic, and androgenic and gestagenic hormones on the gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis) in the snail Helix pomatia.", "content": "In the ovotestis of Helix pomatia both oogenesis and spermatogenesis were influenced by treatments with steroid hormones produced in the gonads of higher vertebrates. Testosterone influenced gametogenesis to a small degree. Progesterone and oestrone-acetate at first stimulated ovogenesis, but they also acted on spermatogenesis. All three hormones examined influenced oogenesis in a conspicuous and significant way, while their effect on spermatogenesis was indistinct.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogenic, and androgenic and gestagenic hormones on the gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis) in the snail Helix pomatia. In the ovotestis of Helix pomatia both oogenesis and spermatogenesis were influenced by treatments with steroid hormones produced in the gonads of higher vertebrates. Testosterone influenced gametogenesis to a small degree. Progesterone and oestrone-acetate at first stimulated ovogenesis, but they also acted on spermatogenesis. All three hormones examined influenced oogenesis in a conspicuous and significant way, while their effect on spermatogenesis was indistinct.", "PMID": 532492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5188", "title": "The use of acridine orange for testing blood platelet integrity.", "content": "Two processes are involved in the accumulation of acridine orange in human blood platelets. One follows a diffusion like kinetics and is independent of the ATP level whereas the second one can be completely abolished by ATP depletion. The acridine orange incorporation rate seems to be a suitable parameter for testing platelet integrity. It reflects very sensitively the influence of the preparation method as well as of anticoagulating substances used on the stability of platelet suspensions. The rates of acridine orange incorporation and of aggregation were measured in platelet-rich plasma and in saline suspended platelets after gel filtration, respectively, over a period of 120 min storage. Both rates are influenced to a different degree by anticoagulating agents such as citrate, heparin and EDTA. When contact with anticoagulating agents during platelet preparation is avoided, platelets show a constant acridine orange incorporation and aggregation during storage and the smallest morphological alteration.", "contents": "The use of acridine orange for testing blood platelet integrity. Two processes are involved in the accumulation of acridine orange in human blood platelets. One follows a diffusion like kinetics and is independent of the ATP level whereas the second one can be completely abolished by ATP depletion. The acridine orange incorporation rate seems to be a suitable parameter for testing platelet integrity. It reflects very sensitively the influence of the preparation method as well as of anticoagulating substances used on the stability of platelet suspensions. The rates of acridine orange incorporation and of aggregation were measured in platelet-rich plasma and in saline suspended platelets after gel filtration, respectively, over a period of 120 min storage. Both rates are influenced to a different degree by anticoagulating agents such as citrate, heparin and EDTA. When contact with anticoagulating agents during platelet preparation is avoided, platelets show a constant acridine orange incorporation and aggregation during storage and the smallest morphological alteration.", "PMID": 532493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5189", "title": "[Membrane current and Ca++-transport during the action potential of the rabbit atrium changed by acetylcholine and extracellular Ca++-concentration].", "content": "Using a modified sucrose gap technique action potential and phase plane trajectories of trabeculae from the left rabbit's auricle were recorded. By means of a numerical treatment and some mathematical model interpretations from these measurements current-voltage-(I-V)-relationships and the amount of inward transported calcium are calculated. A time independent K+-current shows that a voltage region within the anomalous rectification should exist. By acetylcholine the anomalous rectification is abolished and the inward transported amount of Ca-ions by the action potential (Q) decreases. A conductance of the K+-current gK will be dimished by decreasing the extracellular calcium concentration. The amount of inward transported calcium does not change significantly by variation of the extracellular calcium concentration. The calcium amount Q should contribute 17% of the calcium necessary for maximum contraction.", "contents": "[Membrane current and Ca++-transport during the action potential of the rabbit atrium changed by acetylcholine and extracellular Ca++-concentration]. Using a modified sucrose gap technique action potential and phase plane trajectories of trabeculae from the left rabbit's auricle were recorded. By means of a numerical treatment and some mathematical model interpretations from these measurements current-voltage-(I-V)-relationships and the amount of inward transported calcium are calculated. A time independent K+-current shows that a voltage region within the anomalous rectification should exist. By acetylcholine the anomalous rectification is abolished and the inward transported amount of Ca-ions by the action potential (Q) decreases. A conductance of the K+-current gK will be dimished by decreasing the extracellular calcium concentration. The amount of inward transported calcium does not change significantly by variation of the extracellular calcium concentration. The calcium amount Q should contribute 17% of the calcium necessary for maximum contraction.", "PMID": 532494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5190", "title": "[Effect of cesium ions on the electrotropic actions of acetylcholine in the rabbit atrium].", "content": "Cs+ (15-20 mM) decreases the electrotropic vagal effects on an isolated vagal innervated rabbit atrium. By means of investigating the action potentials and the phase plane trajectories of trabeculae from the rabbit atrium using a modified single sucrose gap technique the anomalous rectification disappears and also the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on action potential duration. We presume that the anomalous rectification should be a necessary condition of electrotropic vagal (ACh) action on the rabbit atrium.", "contents": "[Effect of cesium ions on the electrotropic actions of acetylcholine in the rabbit atrium]. Cs+ (15-20 mM) decreases the electrotropic vagal effects on an isolated vagal innervated rabbit atrium. By means of investigating the action potentials and the phase plane trajectories of trabeculae from the rabbit atrium using a modified single sucrose gap technique the anomalous rectification disappears and also the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on action potential duration. We presume that the anomalous rectification should be a necessary condition of electrotropic vagal (ACh) action on the rabbit atrium.", "PMID": 532495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5191", "title": "[Effect of metyrapone on bile flow and bile acid excretion in Wistar rats].", "content": "The influence of metyrapone on bile flow and excretion of mono-(MBA), di-(DBA) and trihydroxy-(TBA)-bile acids was investigated in adult male Wistar rats after single and repeated pretreatment. MBA were not found in the rat bile. Metyrapone administration (200 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) 1 h before onset of a 3-hour bile collection period diminished bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. The relation TBA/DBA was changed towards DBA. Similar results were found after repeated administration 12 h after the last metyrapone injection (4 x 50 mg/kg b.w. i.p. per day for 4 consecutive days). But 60 h after the last metyrapone administration bile flow and the excretion of TBA were enhanced and the TBA/DBA ratio was changed towards TBA. The possible influence of metyrapone on bile acid hydroxylation is discussed and compared with metyrapone action on hydroxylation of foreign compounds.", "contents": "[Effect of metyrapone on bile flow and bile acid excretion in Wistar rats]. The influence of metyrapone on bile flow and excretion of mono-(MBA), di-(DBA) and trihydroxy-(TBA)-bile acids was investigated in adult male Wistar rats after single and repeated pretreatment. MBA were not found in the rat bile. Metyrapone administration (200 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) 1 h before onset of a 3-hour bile collection period diminished bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. The relation TBA/DBA was changed towards DBA. Similar results were found after repeated administration 12 h after the last metyrapone injection (4 x 50 mg/kg b.w. i.p. per day for 4 consecutive days). But 60 h after the last metyrapone administration bile flow and the excretion of TBA were enhanced and the TBA/DBA ratio was changed towards TBA. The possible influence of metyrapone on bile acid hydroxylation is discussed and compared with metyrapone action on hydroxylation of foreign compounds.", "PMID": 532497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5192", "title": "[Pharmacologic influence on secondary generalized fibrinolysis].", "content": "Secondary generalized hyperfibrinolysis was induced by thrombin infusion or batroxobin injection in rats. To follow intravascular fibrinolysis quantitatively, an electroimmuno-assay was used for determination of the fibrin degradation products formed. Anticoagulants (heparin, hirudin), antifibrinolytics (EACA, PAMBA, AMCA), and synthetic (APPA) and naturally occurring (aprotinin) protease inhibitors were studied with regard to their influence on secondary fibrinolysis. The potency and duration of action of the antifibrinolytics tested correspond to their antifibrinolytic activity measured in vitro and to their pharmacokinetics. Formation of degradation products is initiated after the appearance of fibrin monomer or fibrin, respectively. Due to their antithrombin action heparin, hirudin, and APPA prevent the thrombin-induced fibrin formation and thus the induction of secondary fibrinolysis. In contrast, formation of fibrin monomers caused by batroxobin is not influenced by thrombin inhibitors so that in this case formation of degradation products is not prevented.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic influence on secondary generalized fibrinolysis]. Secondary generalized hyperfibrinolysis was induced by thrombin infusion or batroxobin injection in rats. To follow intravascular fibrinolysis quantitatively, an electroimmuno-assay was used for determination of the fibrin degradation products formed. Anticoagulants (heparin, hirudin), antifibrinolytics (EACA, PAMBA, AMCA), and synthetic (APPA) and naturally occurring (aprotinin) protease inhibitors were studied with regard to their influence on secondary fibrinolysis. The potency and duration of action of the antifibrinolytics tested correspond to their antifibrinolytic activity measured in vitro and to their pharmacokinetics. Formation of degradation products is initiated after the appearance of fibrin monomer or fibrin, respectively. Due to their antithrombin action heparin, hirudin, and APPA prevent the thrombin-induced fibrin formation and thus the induction of secondary fibrinolysis. In contrast, formation of fibrin monomers caused by batroxobin is not influenced by thrombin inhibitors so that in this case formation of degradation products is not prevented.", "PMID": 532498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5193", "title": "The importance of arginyl residues for phosphorylation of rat liver cell sap proteins.", "content": "Arginyl residues in phosvitin, histone and cell sap protein were blocked by 1,2-cyclohexanedione, resulting in markedly impaired phosphorylation of histone and cell sap. Interestingly, the phosphate incorporation into phosvitin was not changed by this treatment. Intact arginyl residues in the protein kinase substrates seemed to be essential for more than half of the cell sap phosphorylation at 5 mM ATP. Furthermore both phosvitin kinase and histone kinase activities in cell sap were inhibited by arginyl residue blockade, indicating that these enzymes had functional arginyl residues.", "contents": "The importance of arginyl residues for phosphorylation of rat liver cell sap proteins. Arginyl residues in phosvitin, histone and cell sap protein were blocked by 1,2-cyclohexanedione, resulting in markedly impaired phosphorylation of histone and cell sap. Interestingly, the phosphate incorporation into phosvitin was not changed by this treatment. Intact arginyl residues in the protein kinase substrates seemed to be essential for more than half of the cell sap phosphorylation at 5 mM ATP. Furthermore both phosvitin kinase and histone kinase activities in cell sap were inhibited by arginyl residue blockade, indicating that these enzymes had functional arginyl residues.", "PMID": 532499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5194", "title": "[Subdiaphragmatic pacemaker implantation of pacemakers - results of 1150 implantations].", "content": "Permanent pacemaker are presently used on patients with chronic disease of the cardiac conduction system, with recurrent Adams-Stokes attacks, and with bradycardia. 1865 pacemakers have so far been implanted in the unit for special thoracic surgery in the University of Heidelberg from 1965 to 1978. In 1.150 (or 61%) patients the pacemaker was implanted using the subdiaphragmatic method. A lower transverse pericardiotomy was performed and the battery was located in the rectus abdominis sheath. In the remaining 715 (or 39%) patients, the electrodes were introduced transvenously and implanted in the endocardium. The battery unit in this case was located beneath the pectoral muscle. The transvenous approach was the method of choice until 1971; from that time onward the subdiaphragmatic approach gradually replaced it as the method of choice. Between 1971 and 1978 80% of the pacemakers were implanted directly into the myocardium whereas only 20% were introduced transvenously. The subdiaphragmatic method completely eliminates the frequent complications of the transvenous approach, such as dislocation of electrodes and others so that it now is our method of choice.", "contents": "[Subdiaphragmatic pacemaker implantation of pacemakers - results of 1150 implantations]. Permanent pacemaker are presently used on patients with chronic disease of the cardiac conduction system, with recurrent Adams-Stokes attacks, and with bradycardia. 1865 pacemakers have so far been implanted in the unit for special thoracic surgery in the University of Heidelberg from 1965 to 1978. In 1.150 (or 61%) patients the pacemaker was implanted using the subdiaphragmatic method. A lower transverse pericardiotomy was performed and the battery was located in the rectus abdominis sheath. In the remaining 715 (or 39%) patients, the electrodes were introduced transvenously and implanted in the endocardium. The battery unit in this case was located beneath the pectoral muscle. The transvenous approach was the method of choice until 1971; from that time onward the subdiaphragmatic approach gradually replaced it as the method of choice. Between 1971 and 1978 80% of the pacemakers were implanted directly into the myocardium whereas only 20% were introduced transvenously. The subdiaphragmatic method completely eliminates the frequent complications of the transvenous approach, such as dislocation of electrodes and others so that it now is our method of choice.", "PMID": 532504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5195", "title": "[Bone metastases as a traumatologic problem].", "content": "The authors have attempted to cast some light on a problem that has confronted the surgeon for some 200 years: should a patient with terminal cancer, bone metastases and pathological fractures be treated surgically? In recent years the number of patient with pathological fractures has paralelled the increase in incidences of malignancies. Such pathological fractures are being noted at ever younger age. This paper concerns the author's five year experience with 53 patients operated on for pathological fractures at the Trauma Clinic in Ljubljana. The type of therapy chosen was determined jointly by the surgeon and oncologist strictly on an individual basis. The survival time of patients following surgery for pathological fractures was relatively long (especially with breast cancer patients /21 months postoperatively). This disprooves the thought that pathological fractures signify the beginning of the terminal phase of patients with malignancies. The authors note that the fracture to be operated on must be fixed and stable and the patients general condition of course must be permitting.", "contents": "[Bone metastases as a traumatologic problem]. The authors have attempted to cast some light on a problem that has confronted the surgeon for some 200 years: should a patient with terminal cancer, bone metastases and pathological fractures be treated surgically? In recent years the number of patient with pathological fractures has paralelled the increase in incidences of malignancies. Such pathological fractures are being noted at ever younger age. This paper concerns the author's five year experience with 53 patients operated on for pathological fractures at the Trauma Clinic in Ljubljana. The type of therapy chosen was determined jointly by the surgeon and oncologist strictly on an individual basis. The survival time of patients following surgery for pathological fractures was relatively long (especially with breast cancer patients /21 months postoperatively). This disprooves the thought that pathological fractures signify the beginning of the terminal phase of patients with malignancies. The authors note that the fracture to be operated on must be fixed and stable and the patients general condition of course must be permitting.", "PMID": 532506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5196", "title": "[Open injuries of the knee].", "content": "The authors discuss the therapeutic approach to 9 cases with open injuries of the knee which they have encountered during the past 5 years. All patients were hospitalized in a state of serious traumatic shock and all had multiple injuries. All 5 cases were operated on within 2--3 hours of the injury. The authors used the following postulates in treating this type of trauma: prevention of traumatic shock, early meticulous primary surgical treatment of the wound, closure of the joint with the drainage of the synovial cavity and periarticular space, strict immobilization, reinacting the extensor mechanism, fixation of the condylar fragment and the administration of antibiotics. The surgical treatment was restricted to only the minimal, patelectomy (3 cases) sec. McLaughlin, and in one case the medial condyle was fixed to the femur. Postoperative infection was not noted. All five patients returned to full working capacity and exhibited only minimal loss of extension at the knee.", "contents": "[Open injuries of the knee]. The authors discuss the therapeutic approach to 9 cases with open injuries of the knee which they have encountered during the past 5 years. All patients were hospitalized in a state of serious traumatic shock and all had multiple injuries. All 5 cases were operated on within 2--3 hours of the injury. The authors used the following postulates in treating this type of trauma: prevention of traumatic shock, early meticulous primary surgical treatment of the wound, closure of the joint with the drainage of the synovial cavity and periarticular space, strict immobilization, reinacting the extensor mechanism, fixation of the condylar fragment and the administration of antibiotics. The surgical treatment was restricted to only the minimal, patelectomy (3 cases) sec. McLaughlin, and in one case the medial condyle was fixed to the femur. Postoperative infection was not noted. All five patients returned to full working capacity and exhibited only minimal loss of extension at the knee.", "PMID": 532507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5197", "title": "[Correlation of gastroscopic, pathohistologic, cytologic and cytochemical analysis of ulcer lesions and other pathologic changes in the gastric mucosa. Preliminary study].", "content": "This paper concerns our first experience of correlation analysis between the gastroscopic, pathohystologic, cytologic and cytochemical findings of different organic gastric lesion on gastroscopy. The authors' experience is based on 78 patients in whom 450 biopsies were performed. For an adequate analysis, 135 samples of pathohystologic anc cytological examinations were useful and only 80 samples for cytochemical analysis. From these examinations it is possible to conclude that the cytochemical reactions of the group of patients with inflammatory lesions and intestinal metaplasia showed changes in the level of enzyme aminopolypeptidase together with the presence of acid mucopolysacharides. In the group of patients with lesions showing an ulcer, carcinoma or suspect malignancies, the changes occured in the composition of enzymes such as acid phosphatase, DNP Diaphoresis and nonspecific esterases. With such combined examinations the percentage of correct diagnoses was increased in comparison with conventional method of gastroscopy and biopsy.", "contents": "[Correlation of gastroscopic, pathohistologic, cytologic and cytochemical analysis of ulcer lesions and other pathologic changes in the gastric mucosa. Preliminary study]. This paper concerns our first experience of correlation analysis between the gastroscopic, pathohystologic, cytologic and cytochemical findings of different organic gastric lesion on gastroscopy. The authors' experience is based on 78 patients in whom 450 biopsies were performed. For an adequate analysis, 135 samples of pathohystologic anc cytological examinations were useful and only 80 samples for cytochemical analysis. From these examinations it is possible to conclude that the cytochemical reactions of the group of patients with inflammatory lesions and intestinal metaplasia showed changes in the level of enzyme aminopolypeptidase together with the presence of acid mucopolysacharides. In the group of patients with lesions showing an ulcer, carcinoma or suspect malignancies, the changes occured in the composition of enzymes such as acid phosphatase, DNP Diaphoresis and nonspecific esterases. With such combined examinations the percentage of correct diagnoses was increased in comparison with conventional method of gastroscopy and biopsy.", "PMID": 532508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5198", "title": "[Blunt injuries of the abdomen in Gorenjsko during the past 3 years].", "content": "This paper concerns blunt injuries of the abdomen in Gorenjsko (a Region of SR Slovenija northern of Ljubljana) treated during the past 3 years. Of the total 131 hospitalized patients, 51 (or 43.5%) were operated on. In 5 (8,8%) an explorative lapartomy was performed in which no pathological substrate was found. The most frequent lesions were found in the spleen, liver and small intestine. The paper stresses the importance of an early and correct diagnosis of such injuries. In making the exact diagnosis aside from the physical evaluation, the most important procedure is lavagage of the abdomen which the authors used in all cases suspect for acute abdomen and obtained excellent results. In 20% of the patients surgery was performed within 2 hours of their of hospital admission. Injuries of the liver were treated with necrectomy, ligature of the bleeding vessels, suturing of the biliary canals, and establishment of drainage. Ligation of the hepatic artery and hepatic resection was performed in two cases. Injuries of the pancreas were also treated with necrectomy, hemostasis and drainage. In one case with a posttraumatic pseudocyst of the pancreas surgery was performed with an isolated intestinal loop according to Roux-Herzen. In conclusion the author insists on a prompt diagnosis in which abdominal lavage plays an important role. Using such an approach the morbidity is significantly reduced.", "contents": "[Blunt injuries of the abdomen in Gorenjsko during the past 3 years]. This paper concerns blunt injuries of the abdomen in Gorenjsko (a Region of SR Slovenija northern of Ljubljana) treated during the past 3 years. Of the total 131 hospitalized patients, 51 (or 43.5%) were operated on. In 5 (8,8%) an explorative lapartomy was performed in which no pathological substrate was found. The most frequent lesions were found in the spleen, liver and small intestine. The paper stresses the importance of an early and correct diagnosis of such injuries. In making the exact diagnosis aside from the physical evaluation, the most important procedure is lavagage of the abdomen which the authors used in all cases suspect for acute abdomen and obtained excellent results. In 20% of the patients surgery was performed within 2 hours of their of hospital admission. Injuries of the liver were treated with necrectomy, ligature of the bleeding vessels, suturing of the biliary canals, and establishment of drainage. Ligation of the hepatic artery and hepatic resection was performed in two cases. Injuries of the pancreas were also treated with necrectomy, hemostasis and drainage. In one case with a posttraumatic pseudocyst of the pancreas surgery was performed with an isolated intestinal loop according to Roux-Herzen. In conclusion the author insists on a prompt diagnosis in which abdominal lavage plays an important role. Using such an approach the morbidity is significantly reduced.", "PMID": 532509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5199", "title": "[Regeneration of defects in a small portion of the urinary bladder mucosa in experiments with guinea pigs].", "content": "Regeneration of the vesical mucosa begins from the remains of the bladder at the trigonum and urethra, and the author studied this regeneration in 30 rats. Epithelial regeneration began on the third day after formation of the defect. On the fifth day the entire defect was covered with transitional epithelium whose thickness did not exceed 1--2 cell layers. During the fifth week regeneration was complete. This experiment confirms the claim of Baker et al. the regeneration of the mucossa of the urinary bladder (except for the remaining mucosa of the trigonum and urethra) occurs via differentiation of pluripotential mesenchyme cells into transitional epithelium. During the experiment, the rats were given garamycin prophylactically. The very short regeneration time was probably due to the absence of any inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Regeneration of defects in a small portion of the urinary bladder mucosa in experiments with guinea pigs]. Regeneration of the vesical mucosa begins from the remains of the bladder at the trigonum and urethra, and the author studied this regeneration in 30 rats. Epithelial regeneration began on the third day after formation of the defect. On the fifth day the entire defect was covered with transitional epithelium whose thickness did not exceed 1--2 cell layers. During the fifth week regeneration was complete. This experiment confirms the claim of Baker et al. the regeneration of the mucossa of the urinary bladder (except for the remaining mucosa of the trigonum and urethra) occurs via differentiation of pluripotential mesenchyme cells into transitional epithelium. During the experiment, the rats were given garamycin prophylactically. The very short regeneration time was probably due to the absence of any inflammatory process.", "PMID": 532510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5200", "title": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder -- case report and a short review of the literature].", "content": "Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary system. Only 200 cases have thus far been reported in the world medical references. The authors have presented a case with a congenitally absent gallbladder and cystic duct. The diagnosis was made exclusively with peroperative cholangiography, because preoperative radiologic attempts mimics an obstructed cystic duct. The incidence of congenital absence of the gallbladder and cystic duct is between 0.01 and 0.015%. The case presented here was operated on with a preoperative diagnosis of an obstructed cystic duct. The agenesis was verified during surgery using peroperative radiomanometry and cholangiography. The importance of this anomaly lies in its recognition because it can be accompanied by choledocholithiasis. In as much as choledocholithiasis is coexistant it must be treated with the standard surgical procedures.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder -- case report and a short review of the literature]. Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary system. Only 200 cases have thus far been reported in the world medical references. The authors have presented a case with a congenitally absent gallbladder and cystic duct. The diagnosis was made exclusively with peroperative cholangiography, because preoperative radiologic attempts mimics an obstructed cystic duct. The incidence of congenital absence of the gallbladder and cystic duct is between 0.01 and 0.015%. The case presented here was operated on with a preoperative diagnosis of an obstructed cystic duct. The agenesis was verified during surgery using peroperative radiomanometry and cholangiography. The importance of this anomaly lies in its recognition because it can be accompanied by choledocholithiasis. In as much as choledocholithiasis is coexistant it must be treated with the standard surgical procedures.", "PMID": 532511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5201", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the subpelvic region of the ureter in a child].", "content": "Ureteral ruptures in children are more frequent because of the inadequate support provided by the retroperitoneal tissue and consequent mobility of the kidney. The authors have noted a new observation concerning trauma of the subpyelar segment of the ureter in a 9 year old boy. The diagnosis was established three days following the injury with the aid of intravenous urography. The defect was repaired with surgery in which a termino-terminal anastomosis was performed. Renal angiography is of little help in discovering ureteral lesions. Whereas retrograde pylorography can be helpful in such a case. The early diagnosis and reparation immediately following the injury gives the best results, whereas late reparation of such a lesion can lead to a halt in renal function. The authors believe that intravenous urography is one method which can help in making an early diagnosis and should always be used in trauma cases presenting macro and microhematuria.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the subpelvic region of the ureter in a child]. Ureteral ruptures in children are more frequent because of the inadequate support provided by the retroperitoneal tissue and consequent mobility of the kidney. The authors have noted a new observation concerning trauma of the subpyelar segment of the ureter in a 9 year old boy. The diagnosis was established three days following the injury with the aid of intravenous urography. The defect was repaired with surgery in which a termino-terminal anastomosis was performed. Renal angiography is of little help in discovering ureteral lesions. Whereas retrograde pylorography can be helpful in such a case. The early diagnosis and reparation immediately following the injury gives the best results, whereas late reparation of such a lesion can lead to a halt in renal function. The authors believe that intravenous urography is one method which can help in making an early diagnosis and should always be used in trauma cases presenting macro and microhematuria.", "PMID": 532512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5202", "title": "Anovulation and oviductal hyperplasia in rats treated with clomiphene citrate 5 days after birth.", "content": "Five day old female rats were administered either 500 micrograms clomiphene citrate or propylene glycol. Vaginal opening occurred significantly earlier in the clomiphene treated group as compared with the control group. Clomiphene treated rats showed permanent sterility associated with anovulatory vaginal cycles in which the stage of vaginal cornification predominated. Furthermore, clomiphene treated rats exhibited a high incidence of pyosalpinx (or oviductal abscess). The possible mechanisms responsible for the anovulatory sterility and the pyosalpinx induced by neonatal clomiphene treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Anovulation and oviductal hyperplasia in rats treated with clomiphene citrate 5 days after birth. Five day old female rats were administered either 500 micrograms clomiphene citrate or propylene glycol. Vaginal opening occurred significantly earlier in the clomiphene treated group as compared with the control group. Clomiphene treated rats showed permanent sterility associated with anovulatory vaginal cycles in which the stage of vaginal cornification predominated. Furthermore, clomiphene treated rats exhibited a high incidence of pyosalpinx (or oviductal abscess). The possible mechanisms responsible for the anovulatory sterility and the pyosalpinx induced by neonatal clomiphene treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 532522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5203", "title": "Solubilization of thyroxine-5'-deiodinase activity from rat liver microsome fraction.", "content": "The greater part of T3 is converted from T4 in liver or kidney. The majority of this activity exists in microsomal fraction. In the present study, we investigated whether this activity can be solubilized from rat liver microsomal pellet with various concentrations of deoxycholate (DOC). The extent of solubilization was compared with that of protein, rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase or NADH cytochrome b5 reductase, which have been shown to associate with microsomal membrane rather than luminar contents. When 0.05% of DOC which was capable of releasing luminar contents of microsomal vesicles was applied to microsomal suspension, only a limited part of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase, rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase or T4-5'-deiodinase activity was solubilized. When the concentration of DOC was increased to 0.125%, 41% of T4-5'-deiodinase activity was solubilized. Solubilization of protein, NADH cytochrome b5 reductase or rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase was increased abruptly to 66%, 58% or 63%, respectively. The highest specific activity was obtained at 0.125% DOC. These results suggest that the T4-5'-deiodinase is associated with microsomal membrane instead of luminar contents.", "contents": "Solubilization of thyroxine-5'-deiodinase activity from rat liver microsome fraction. The greater part of T3 is converted from T4 in liver or kidney. The majority of this activity exists in microsomal fraction. In the present study, we investigated whether this activity can be solubilized from rat liver microsomal pellet with various concentrations of deoxycholate (DOC). The extent of solubilization was compared with that of protein, rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase or NADH cytochrome b5 reductase, which have been shown to associate with microsomal membrane rather than luminar contents. When 0.05% of DOC which was capable of releasing luminar contents of microsomal vesicles was applied to microsomal suspension, only a limited part of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase, rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase or T4-5'-deiodinase activity was solubilized. When the concentration of DOC was increased to 0.125%, 41% of T4-5'-deiodinase activity was solubilized. Solubilization of protein, NADH cytochrome b5 reductase or rotenone insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase was increased abruptly to 66%, 58% or 63%, respectively. The highest specific activity was obtained at 0.125% DOC. These results suggest that the T4-5'-deiodinase is associated with microsomal membrane instead of luminar contents.", "PMID": 532525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5204", "title": "Adrenocortical function in hypophysectomized dogs with parotid gland transplants in direct contact with the basal hypothalamus.", "content": "Adrenocortical activity was studied in three groups of dogs: control-normal, hypophysectomized (hypox), and dogs with a piece of parotid gland grafted into the sella turcica immediately after removal of the whole hypophysis (hypox + graft). Cortisol plasma level (Fk) was estimated by the competitive protein binding method. The mean base-line Fk for 21 normal dogs was 0.8 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl; for 12 hypox dogs 0.03 +/- 0.01 microgram/dl, and for hypox + graft dogs 0.5 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl. After mild or severe stresses the normal and hypox + graft dogs showed an increment in Fk; hypox dogs showed no change. Adrenal glands of hypox dogs revealed striking diminution in fasciculata and reticularis layers, whereas hypox + graft dogs approached normal. Light microscopy studies of the parotid gland graft showed signs of cellular differentiation. Groups of proliferating cells forming follicular structures were present mainly in the part of the parotid tissue closely associated to third ventricle presenting different staining affinities.", "contents": "Adrenocortical function in hypophysectomized dogs with parotid gland transplants in direct contact with the basal hypothalamus. Adrenocortical activity was studied in three groups of dogs: control-normal, hypophysectomized (hypox), and dogs with a piece of parotid gland grafted into the sella turcica immediately after removal of the whole hypophysis (hypox + graft). Cortisol plasma level (Fk) was estimated by the competitive protein binding method. The mean base-line Fk for 21 normal dogs was 0.8 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl; for 12 hypox dogs 0.03 +/- 0.01 microgram/dl, and for hypox + graft dogs 0.5 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl. After mild or severe stresses the normal and hypox + graft dogs showed an increment in Fk; hypox dogs showed no change. Adrenal glands of hypox dogs revealed striking diminution in fasciculata and reticularis layers, whereas hypox + graft dogs approached normal. Light microscopy studies of the parotid gland graft showed signs of cellular differentiation. Groups of proliferating cells forming follicular structures were present mainly in the part of the parotid tissue closely associated to third ventricle presenting different staining affinities.", "PMID": 532526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5205", "title": "Calcitonin in extrathyroidal tissues of man.", "content": "Prior studies have demonstrated detectable immunoreactive calcitonin in the serum and urine of totally thyroidectomized humans, suggesting that the hormone may be secreted by extrathyroidal tissues. Accordingly, a study of the immunoreactive calcitonin content of human tissues was undertaken, utilizing autopsy material from 23 patients. Significant amounts of calcitonin were found in many extrathyroidal tissues, ranging up to 40 ng/g wet weight. The hormone was detectable with two antibodies having different region specificities for calcitonin. Gel filtration and subsequent radioimmunoassay demonstrated that extrathyroidal tissue has calcitonin fractions of the same molecular size and charge characteristics as do the serum and thyroid. The finding of large amounts of extrathyroidal calcitonin may explain why thyroidectomy in man is not accompanied by marked changes in calcium metabolism.", "contents": "Calcitonin in extrathyroidal tissues of man. Prior studies have demonstrated detectable immunoreactive calcitonin in the serum and urine of totally thyroidectomized humans, suggesting that the hormone may be secreted by extrathyroidal tissues. Accordingly, a study of the immunoreactive calcitonin content of human tissues was undertaken, utilizing autopsy material from 23 patients. Significant amounts of calcitonin were found in many extrathyroidal tissues, ranging up to 40 ng/g wet weight. The hormone was detectable with two antibodies having different region specificities for calcitonin. Gel filtration and subsequent radioimmunoassay demonstrated that extrathyroidal tissue has calcitonin fractions of the same molecular size and charge characteristics as do the serum and thyroid. The finding of large amounts of extrathyroidal calcitonin may explain why thyroidectomy in man is not accompanied by marked changes in calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 532527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5206", "title": "[Gastric emptying in patients with chronic gastritis. Its relation to serum gastric levels].", "content": "Forty eight patients were evaluated to ascertain a correlation (if any) between gastric acid secretion, fasting and post prandial serum gastrin levels, gastric biopsy (antrum and fundus) and gastric emptying time after a standard test meal. The following conclusions were obtained: a) 57.8% of patients with atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria had evaluated serum gastrin levels; b) most patients with high gastrin levels had normal antrum on biopsy or showed only minimal inflamatory changes, while those with normal gastrin levels disclosed more pronounced histological changes; c) patients with achlorhydria had slower gastric emptying rates, and this was more evident among those with higher gastrin levels (though differences were not statistically significant). Further studies are required for a better understanding of the relationship between gastric emptying rate and gastrin levels in patients with chronic gastritis.", "contents": "[Gastric emptying in patients with chronic gastritis. Its relation to serum gastric levels]. Forty eight patients were evaluated to ascertain a correlation (if any) between gastric acid secretion, fasting and post prandial serum gastrin levels, gastric biopsy (antrum and fundus) and gastric emptying time after a standard test meal. The following conclusions were obtained: a) 57.8% of patients with atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria had evaluated serum gastrin levels; b) most patients with high gastrin levels had normal antrum on biopsy or showed only minimal inflamatory changes, while those with normal gastrin levels disclosed more pronounced histological changes; c) patients with achlorhydria had slower gastric emptying rates, and this was more evident among those with higher gastrin levels (though differences were not statistically significant). Further studies are required for a better understanding of the relationship between gastric emptying rate and gastrin levels in patients with chronic gastritis.", "PMID": 532528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5207", "title": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on distal colon motility.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) induced changes in distal colon motility in the 37 subjects investigated. In subjects with sigmoidal hyperactivity plus rectal hypoactivity, DPH suppressed or reduced sigmoidal phasic activity. In subjects showing no sigmoidal activity predominance, DPH induced increases of sigmoidal and/or rectal motility. Sulpiride (an \"atypical\" dopaminergic blocking agent) antagonized DPH-induced changes. Our results strongly suggest that DPH-induced distal motility changes are mediated by the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.", "contents": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on distal colon motility. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) induced changes in distal colon motility in the 37 subjects investigated. In subjects with sigmoidal hyperactivity plus rectal hypoactivity, DPH suppressed or reduced sigmoidal phasic activity. In subjects showing no sigmoidal activity predominance, DPH induced increases of sigmoidal and/or rectal motility. Sulpiride (an \"atypical\" dopaminergic blocking agent) antagonized DPH-induced changes. Our results strongly suggest that DPH-induced distal motility changes are mediated by the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.", "PMID": 532529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5208", "title": "[Endoscopic cytological diagnosis of the upper digestive tract].", "content": "207 cases of oesopha-gastric endoscopic exfoliative citology was realized during 1976-1977, 126 was malignant and 81 non-malignant. The high general diagnosis posivity in oesophagus (96,9% without erroneous posivity, and a posivity of 88,8% en stomach, with 4,2% erroneous posivity are remarked. The quick diagnosis, the easy technique and the unexpensive process, both the needed of high professional capacity, are realized. The incidence of tumoral localization, macroscopic and histologic characters on diagnosis security are comented.", "contents": "[Endoscopic cytological diagnosis of the upper digestive tract]. 207 cases of oesopha-gastric endoscopic exfoliative citology was realized during 1976-1977, 126 was malignant and 81 non-malignant. The high general diagnosis posivity in oesophagus (96,9% without erroneous posivity, and a posivity of 88,8% en stomach, with 4,2% erroneous posivity are remarked. The quick diagnosis, the easy technique and the unexpensive process, both the needed of high professional capacity, are realized. The incidence of tumoral localization, macroscopic and histologic characters on diagnosis security are comented.", "PMID": 532530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5209", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside as a hypotensive agent in intracranial aneurysm surgery.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to induce hypotension during intracranial aneurysm surgery in 67 patients. The effects of SNP infusion (0.1 mg/ml) on blood pressure were rapid and it was easy to adjust blood pressure to desired levels in most patients. When SNP was stopped, the blood pressure returned instantly to the initial level. In eight patients an increase to about 25% or more above prehypotensive level was seen, counteracted in two patients by administration of small doses of halothane. There was a mean increase of 36% in heart rate. Total doses of SNP were 0.05--120 mg (mean: 10.8), corresponding to 0.08--6.8 micrograms/kg/min (mean: 1.9). No metabolic acidosis indicating cyanide intoxication was observed. Tachyphylaxis was seen in three patients, and SNP had to be discontinued in one. It is concluded that SNP gives a rapid and effective hypotension but tachyphylaxis and subsequent danger of cyanide intoxication exist. Therefore, in some cases SNP has to be replaced by or combined with some other hypotensive agent to achieve the desired effect. As there is a risk of impairment of cerebral autoregulation after the use of SNP, it is important to avoid sudden and prolonged blood pressure fluctuations, and to continue with controlled hyperventilation in the postoperative period to reduce the risk of brain oedema and high intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside as a hypotensive agent in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to induce hypotension during intracranial aneurysm surgery in 67 patients. The effects of SNP infusion (0.1 mg/ml) on blood pressure were rapid and it was easy to adjust blood pressure to desired levels in most patients. When SNP was stopped, the blood pressure returned instantly to the initial level. In eight patients an increase to about 25% or more above prehypotensive level was seen, counteracted in two patients by administration of small doses of halothane. There was a mean increase of 36% in heart rate. Total doses of SNP were 0.05--120 mg (mean: 10.8), corresponding to 0.08--6.8 micrograms/kg/min (mean: 1.9). No metabolic acidosis indicating cyanide intoxication was observed. Tachyphylaxis was seen in three patients, and SNP had to be discontinued in one. It is concluded that SNP gives a rapid and effective hypotension but tachyphylaxis and subsequent danger of cyanide intoxication exist. Therefore, in some cases SNP has to be replaced by or combined with some other hypotensive agent to achieve the desired effect. As there is a risk of impairment of cerebral autoregulation after the use of SNP, it is important to avoid sudden and prolonged blood pressure fluctuations, and to continue with controlled hyperventilation in the postoperative period to reduce the risk of brain oedema and high intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 532537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5210", "title": "Prediction of postoperative hypoxemia in smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "Age, weight, spirometric variables, peak expiratory flow and airway closure assessments were correlated to postoperative gas exchange in 40 cholecystectomized subjects grouped according to smoking history. Pao2 was significantly lower in the smoking group both pre- and postoperatively, but the decrease in Pao2 following operation was of the same magnitude irrespective of smoking history. In non-smokers, the preoperative relationship between expiratory reserve volume and closing volume (ERV-CV) showed the highest correlation to postoperative alveolar-arterial oxygen difference P(A-a)o2 (r = -0.88, P less than 0.001) and to the increase of P(A-a)o2 following operation (r = -0.67, P less than 0.001), whereas age was found to be the best preoperative predictor of postoperative gas exchange in smokers.", "contents": "Prediction of postoperative hypoxemia in smokers and non-smokers. Age, weight, spirometric variables, peak expiratory flow and airway closure assessments were correlated to postoperative gas exchange in 40 cholecystectomized subjects grouped according to smoking history. Pao2 was significantly lower in the smoking group both pre- and postoperatively, but the decrease in Pao2 following operation was of the same magnitude irrespective of smoking history. In non-smokers, the preoperative relationship between expiratory reserve volume and closing volume (ERV-CV) showed the highest correlation to postoperative alveolar-arterial oxygen difference P(A-a)o2 (r = -0.88, P less than 0.001) and to the increase of P(A-a)o2 following operation (r = -0.67, P less than 0.001), whereas age was found to be the best preoperative predictor of postoperative gas exchange in smokers.", "PMID": 532538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5211", "title": "Cameco anaesthetic ventilator with a modified Mapleson D circuit.", "content": "A modified Mapleson D circuit has been used in connection with a Cameco anaesthetic ventilator during neuroradiological procedures in general anaesthesia. In order to increase mobility of the patient, two or three lengths of corrugated rubber tubing were used to connect the patient to the ventilator. Blood gas analysis was carried out in 20 patients after ventilation to steady state with both circuits. The respiratory minute volume and fresh gas flow were preset in Bain's (Bain & Spoerel 1975) predictions. No significant difference could be detected in respect to Paco2 or Po2, whether 2 or 3 lengths of tubing were used. Mean values of Paco2 were higher compared with the results of Bain (0.37 kPa s.d. 0.50). It is concluded that this system gives maximum mobility of the patient during the radiological procedure and offers reliable adjustment of Paco2, even in patients with apparent increase of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Cameco anaesthetic ventilator with a modified Mapleson D circuit. A modified Mapleson D circuit has been used in connection with a Cameco anaesthetic ventilator during neuroradiological procedures in general anaesthesia. In order to increase mobility of the patient, two or three lengths of corrugated rubber tubing were used to connect the patient to the ventilator. Blood gas analysis was carried out in 20 patients after ventilation to steady state with both circuits. The respiratory minute volume and fresh gas flow were preset in Bain's (Bain & Spoerel 1975) predictions. No significant difference could be detected in respect to Paco2 or Po2, whether 2 or 3 lengths of tubing were used. Mean values of Paco2 were higher compared with the results of Bain (0.37 kPa s.d. 0.50). It is concluded that this system gives maximum mobility of the patient during the radiological procedure and offers reliable adjustment of Paco2, even in patients with apparent increase of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 532539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5212", "title": "Renal function and fluoride formation and excretion during enflurane anaesthesia.", "content": "Central circulation, renal function, and fluoride formation and excretion were studied in nine patients during enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial pressure remained unchanged compared with preoperative control values. During anaesthesia and surgery, urine flow rate, inulin clearance, PAH clearance and fractional sodium excretion were 60, 65, 55, and 45% of control values, respectively. Mean peak plasma level of fluoride was 20.0 microM. It was reached 4 hours after termination of anaesthesia. Fluoride clearance (CF) decreased from 23.9 ml . min-1 to 2.7 ml . min-1 during anaesthesia. Postoperative, CF increased to 41.6 and 76.0 ml . min-1, respectively, during two consecutive measurement periods. There was no correlation between plasma fluoride levels and depression of any renal function variable.", "contents": "Renal function and fluoride formation and excretion during enflurane anaesthesia. Central circulation, renal function, and fluoride formation and excretion were studied in nine patients during enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial pressure remained unchanged compared with preoperative control values. During anaesthesia and surgery, urine flow rate, inulin clearance, PAH clearance and fractional sodium excretion were 60, 65, 55, and 45% of control values, respectively. Mean peak plasma level of fluoride was 20.0 microM. It was reached 4 hours after termination of anaesthesia. Fluoride clearance (CF) decreased from 23.9 ml . min-1 to 2.7 ml . min-1 during anaesthesia. Postoperative, CF increased to 41.6 and 76.0 ml . min-1, respectively, during two consecutive measurement periods. There was no correlation between plasma fluoride levels and depression of any renal function variable.", "PMID": 532540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5213", "title": "Patient controlled analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period.", "content": "Fourteen patients with postoperative pain were allowed to self-administer preset doses of pethidine intravenously via a logic-controlled motor syringe. Plasma samples were collected during anaesthesia and the postoperative self-administration period, and the concentrations of pethidine and nor-pethidine were determined. Separate single-dose studies in eight patients yielded pharmacokinetic parameters which made possible computer simulations of continuous plasma concentration curves for the anaesthesia and postoperative self-administration period. The consumption of pethidine showed great interindividual variations with a mean consumption for the entire group of 26 mg per hour. The patients established steady-state plasma concentrations with far less than the maximum amount of pethidine allowed. The mean measured plasma concentration of pethidine which provided adequate analgesia was 738 +/- 149 ng/ml. Simulated and measured plasma concentrations were in close agreement. The individual mean drug consumption per hour during self-administration correlated closely with the individual elimination rate of pethidine. No serious side effects were observed. Thus, patient-controlled analgesic therapy offers an individualized analgesic supply to meet an analgesic demand which is governed by each patient's appreciation of pain.", "contents": "Patient controlled analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period. Fourteen patients with postoperative pain were allowed to self-administer preset doses of pethidine intravenously via a logic-controlled motor syringe. Plasma samples were collected during anaesthesia and the postoperative self-administration period, and the concentrations of pethidine and nor-pethidine were determined. Separate single-dose studies in eight patients yielded pharmacokinetic parameters which made possible computer simulations of continuous plasma concentration curves for the anaesthesia and postoperative self-administration period. The consumption of pethidine showed great interindividual variations with a mean consumption for the entire group of 26 mg per hour. The patients established steady-state plasma concentrations with far less than the maximum amount of pethidine allowed. The mean measured plasma concentration of pethidine which provided adequate analgesia was 738 +/- 149 ng/ml. Simulated and measured plasma concentrations were in close agreement. The individual mean drug consumption per hour during self-administration correlated closely with the individual elimination rate of pethidine. No serious side effects were observed. Thus, patient-controlled analgesic therapy offers an individualized analgesic supply to meet an analgesic demand which is governed by each patient's appreciation of pain.", "PMID": 532541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5214", "title": "Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein.", "content": "The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.", "contents": "Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein. The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.", "PMID": 532542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5215", "title": "Changes in sweat glands morphology in cattle before and during heat stimulation.", "content": "The morphology of apocrine sweat glands in two breeds of cattle, the White Fulani and Friesian was studied histologically using biopsy midside skin samples obtained from the animal at 6.00 a.m. (period 1), 2.30 p. m. (period 2) and 4.00 p. m. (period 3), respectively. Sweat glands with three morphologic types of epithelium were observed. Type 1 consisted of flattened low cuboidal epithelium. Type 2 had tall cuboidal epithelium with cell apical borders slightly indented and the gland lumen narrower than in type 1. A third group of glands had tall columnar epithelial cells (type 3) with bleb-like protuberances on their luminal surfaces. There were also corresponding changes in the morphology of myoepithelial cells from an elongated form in type 1 to a contracted form in types 2 and 3. The morphology of secretory cell surfaces was found to vary with the sampling period; a greater percentage of type 1 glands was seen in period 1 and a preponderance of types 2 and 3 glands (in varying proportions) in periods 2 and 3. Breed differences in the distribution of type of epithelium at various sampling periods were observed. These results are discussed in relation to the functional activity pattern of the sweat glands on stimulation by heat.", "contents": "Changes in sweat glands morphology in cattle before and during heat stimulation. The morphology of apocrine sweat glands in two breeds of cattle, the White Fulani and Friesian was studied histologically using biopsy midside skin samples obtained from the animal at 6.00 a.m. (period 1), 2.30 p. m. (period 2) and 4.00 p. m. (period 3), respectively. Sweat glands with three morphologic types of epithelium were observed. Type 1 consisted of flattened low cuboidal epithelium. Type 2 had tall cuboidal epithelium with cell apical borders slightly indented and the gland lumen narrower than in type 1. A third group of glands had tall columnar epithelial cells (type 3) with bleb-like protuberances on their luminal surfaces. There were also corresponding changes in the morphology of myoepithelial cells from an elongated form in type 1 to a contracted form in types 2 and 3. The morphology of secretory cell surfaces was found to vary with the sampling period; a greater percentage of type 1 glands was seen in period 1 and a preponderance of types 2 and 3 glands (in varying proportions) in periods 2 and 3. Breed differences in the distribution of type of epithelium at various sampling periods were observed. These results are discussed in relation to the functional activity pattern of the sweat glands on stimulation by heat.", "PMID": 532543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5216", "title": "Prenatal intestinal histology and histochemistry in the goat.", "content": "The mucosa of the small and large intestine of goat fetuses exhibited villi which had disappeared after the 32.5-cm curved crown rump (CVR) stage. At places, the stratified epithelial lining persisted among the normal columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The concentration of goblet cells increased with age, while the thickness of the epithelium decreased. The crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn were tortuous at the base. Brunner's glands appeared at the 14.2-cm CVR stage. Peyer's patches appeared at the 24.5-cm CVR stage in the ileum. The muscularis mucosae differentiated in the large intestine in group II (16.2- to 24.5-cm CVR length) and progressed caudocranially. The striated border of the intestinal epithelium presented with alkaline phosphatase activity; this border and the goblet cells also stained for mucin. Glycogen was demonstrable in the epithelium with greater concentrations in the duodenum and jejunum in group I (11.5- to 14.6-cm CVR length), and in the ileum and large intestine in group III (30.8- to 39.5-cm CVR length).", "contents": "Prenatal intestinal histology and histochemistry in the goat. The mucosa of the small and large intestine of goat fetuses exhibited villi which had disappeared after the 32.5-cm curved crown rump (CVR) stage. At places, the stratified epithelial lining persisted among the normal columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The concentration of goblet cells increased with age, while the thickness of the epithelium decreased. The crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn were tortuous at the base. Brunner's glands appeared at the 14.2-cm CVR stage. Peyer's patches appeared at the 24.5-cm CVR stage in the ileum. The muscularis mucosae differentiated in the large intestine in group II (16.2- to 24.5-cm CVR length) and progressed caudocranially. The striated border of the intestinal epithelium presented with alkaline phosphatase activity; this border and the goblet cells also stained for mucin. Glycogen was demonstrable in the epithelium with greater concentrations in the duodenum and jejunum in group I (11.5- to 14.6-cm CVR length), and in the ileum and large intestine in group III (30.8- to 39.5-cm CVR length).", "PMID": 532544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5217", "title": "Ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fucus.", "content": "This investigation describes the ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of Eptesicus fuscus. Two conducting cells types (nodal and transitional) are indentified which differ in location, myofibrillar content, and types of intercellular junctions. Centrally located nodal cells display variable staining intensity and contain disorganized myofibrils which rarely form sarcomeres. Desmosomes and nexus-like junctions connect the nodal cells. Transitional cells, situated peripherally, exhibit distinct sarcomeres and are attached to the adjacent cells through desmosomes and underdeveloped intercalated discs. Longitudinal arrangement of the mitochondrial cristae is frequently seen in both cells types. In the connective tissue stroma, numerous capillaries (with micropinocytotic vesicles), axons, and possibly axonal terminals, some filled with vesicles, are observed. A large ganglionated nerve trunk is present on the nodal periphery. True nexuses and neuromuscular junctions are not observed. It is suggested that nodal cell types previously reported in different vertebrates under various names are merely simple variations of the two basic types of conducting cell--nodal and transitional. No interspecific differences are observed between these cells of the big brown bat compared with those in other vertebrates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fucus. This investigation describes the ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of Eptesicus fuscus. Two conducting cells types (nodal and transitional) are indentified which differ in location, myofibrillar content, and types of intercellular junctions. Centrally located nodal cells display variable staining intensity and contain disorganized myofibrils which rarely form sarcomeres. Desmosomes and nexus-like junctions connect the nodal cells. Transitional cells, situated peripherally, exhibit distinct sarcomeres and are attached to the adjacent cells through desmosomes and underdeveloped intercalated discs. Longitudinal arrangement of the mitochondrial cristae is frequently seen in both cells types. In the connective tissue stroma, numerous capillaries (with micropinocytotic vesicles), axons, and possibly axonal terminals, some filled with vesicles, are observed. A large ganglionated nerve trunk is present on the nodal periphery. True nexuses and neuromuscular junctions are not observed. It is suggested that nodal cell types previously reported in different vertebrates under various names are merely simple variations of the two basic types of conducting cell--nodal and transitional. No interspecific differences are observed between these cells of the big brown bat compared with those in other vertebrates.", "PMID": 532545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5218", "title": "Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome.", "content": "The author investigated in 130 anatomical specimens the topographical relations of the sciatic nerve and the musculus piriformis in order to explain the clinical syndrome of the m. piriformis. The author found that in 6.15% of cases the nervus peroneus communis passes between the tendinous parts of the m. piriformis, and he considers this variation of practical significance for the development of the 'piriformis syndrome'. In unward rotation of the thigh, the m. piriformis is extended and the tendons of the divided muscle are tightly pressed together thus pinching the nerve between them. Pinching of the nerve causes the characteristic sciatic pain. In such a case, the patient can be relieved by cutting one of the tendons.", "contents": "Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. The author investigated in 130 anatomical specimens the topographical relations of the sciatic nerve and the musculus piriformis in order to explain the clinical syndrome of the m. piriformis. The author found that in 6.15% of cases the nervus peroneus communis passes between the tendinous parts of the m. piriformis, and he considers this variation of practical significance for the development of the 'piriformis syndrome'. In unward rotation of the thigh, the m. piriformis is extended and the tendons of the divided muscle are tightly pressed together thus pinching the nerve between them. Pinching of the nerve causes the characteristic sciatic pain. In such a case, the patient can be relieved by cutting one of the tendons.", "PMID": 532546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5219", "title": "Histogenesis of human extraparenchymal Leydig cells.", "content": "From 64 consecutive autopsies of patients with neither testicular nor hormonal pathology, 26 showed extraparenchymal Leydig cells, located mainly in the epididymis and in the spermatic cord. The ultrastructural study of these specimens plus those obtained from 2 patients affected with functional testicular tumors leads to the following conclusions: (1) The origin of ectopic Leydig cells is not interstitial Leydig cells having infiltrated the testicular nerves and migrated along them towards ectopic locations. (2) The ectopic Leydig cells are considered to develop from undifferentiated precursor cells, located extraparenchymally, mainly inside and beside the testicular nerves. These precursor cells are similar to those observed in the testicular interstitium and have an ovoid shape and some cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm contains vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, lipid droplets and abundant microfilament bundles. The transformation from these cells into mature Leydig cells implies a progressive differentiation of the cytoplasmic components involved in steroid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Histogenesis of human extraparenchymal Leydig cells. From 64 consecutive autopsies of patients with neither testicular nor hormonal pathology, 26 showed extraparenchymal Leydig cells, located mainly in the epididymis and in the spermatic cord. The ultrastructural study of these specimens plus those obtained from 2 patients affected with functional testicular tumors leads to the following conclusions: (1) The origin of ectopic Leydig cells is not interstitial Leydig cells having infiltrated the testicular nerves and migrated along them towards ectopic locations. (2) The ectopic Leydig cells are considered to develop from undifferentiated precursor cells, located extraparenchymally, mainly inside and beside the testicular nerves. These precursor cells are similar to those observed in the testicular interstitium and have an ovoid shape and some cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm contains vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, lipid droplets and abundant microfilament bundles. The transformation from these cells into mature Leydig cells implies a progressive differentiation of the cytoplasmic components involved in steroid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 532547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5220", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in adrenergic neurons following chemical sympathectomy.", "content": "The paper describes the ultrastructural changes of the sympathetic neurons following guanethidine administration in mice. The main characteristics changes, after prolonged administration (1-10 weeks) of guanethidine (Ismelin, Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) at doses of 30-50 mg/kg/day i.p. and i.m. were: (1) Mitochondrial damages: swelling and deformation of the mitochondria, with disruption and dispersion of the cristae and condensation or dissolution of the matrix. Membranolysis of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. (2) Neural processes: swelling and disorganization of the internal architecture in the postganglionic axonal and dendritic synaptic varicosities. (3) Adrenergic vesicles: disappearance of the granular vesicles in the early stage of the experiment, increase of the coated vesicles in the later stage of treatment. The effect of guanethidine is specific for the postganglionic adrenergic neurons, but the observed destruction is not caused solely by guanethidine; other chemical substances induce the same or similar degeneration in the sympathetic ganglion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in adrenergic neurons following chemical sympathectomy. The paper describes the ultrastructural changes of the sympathetic neurons following guanethidine administration in mice. The main characteristics changes, after prolonged administration (1-10 weeks) of guanethidine (Ismelin, Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) at doses of 30-50 mg/kg/day i.p. and i.m. were: (1) Mitochondrial damages: swelling and deformation of the mitochondria, with disruption and dispersion of the cristae and condensation or dissolution of the matrix. Membranolysis of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. (2) Neural processes: swelling and disorganization of the internal architecture in the postganglionic axonal and dendritic synaptic varicosities. (3) Adrenergic vesicles: disappearance of the granular vesicles in the early stage of the experiment, increase of the coated vesicles in the later stage of treatment. The effect of guanethidine is specific for the postganglionic adrenergic neurons, but the observed destruction is not caused solely by guanethidine; other chemical substances induce the same or similar degeneration in the sympathetic ganglion.", "PMID": 532548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5221", "title": "Scanning electron-microscopic observations on the surfaces of chorionic villi of young and mature placentas.", "content": "Mature placental material of full-term spontaneous births and 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-week-old placentas obtained from curettage cases were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide for SEM examination. In young placentas, the ramifications of the chorionic villi start in the form of buds. The buds are transformed into tendrils with swollen extremities. These swellings resemble buds ready to bloom. The villi intertwine in different positions; both the villi and their tendrils are covered with dense layers of microvilli. In mature placentas, the surfaces of the chorionic villi and their ramifications are covered with microvilli. However, in comparison with the microvilli of young placentas, the microvilli here are less numerous and shorter. Invaginations were clearly visible on the surfaces of the villi; younger and newly budding microvilli, similar to those observed in young placentas, were seen in the invaginated regions. We had the impression that the mature placentas must regenerate in order to meet the increasing physiological requirements of the fetus.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscopic observations on the surfaces of chorionic villi of young and mature placentas. Mature placental material of full-term spontaneous births and 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-week-old placentas obtained from curettage cases were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide for SEM examination. In young placentas, the ramifications of the chorionic villi start in the form of buds. The buds are transformed into tendrils with swollen extremities. These swellings resemble buds ready to bloom. The villi intertwine in different positions; both the villi and their tendrils are covered with dense layers of microvilli. In mature placentas, the surfaces of the chorionic villi and their ramifications are covered with microvilli. However, in comparison with the microvilli of young placentas, the microvilli here are less numerous and shorter. Invaginations were clearly visible on the surfaces of the villi; younger and newly budding microvilli, similar to those observed in young placentas, were seen in the invaginated regions. We had the impression that the mature placentas must regenerate in order to meet the increasing physiological requirements of the fetus.", "PMID": 532549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5222", "title": "[Facial nerve palsy in syphilitic meningitis. Treatment of syphilitic meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors are presenting a case of meningitis with facial nerve palsy due to early syphilis. The frequency, symptomatology and treatment of this meningeal invasion during the septicaemic phase of secundary syphilis are discussed.", "contents": "[Facial nerve palsy in syphilitic meningitis. Treatment of syphilitic meningitis (author's transl)]. The authors are presenting a case of meningitis with facial nerve palsy due to early syphilis. The frequency, symptomatology and treatment of this meningeal invasion during the septicaemic phase of secundary syphilis are discussed.", "PMID": 532551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5223", "title": "[Post-traumatic mutism. A report of five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "After a review of current concepts about post-traumatic mutism, the authors describe five patients with this unusual symptom. The study extends on a long follow-up period. Differential diagnosis and possible neurological and psychopathological factors are discussed. Analysis of their personal observations leads the authors to think that there is a relationship between the length of coma and the duration of mutism. Frontal and/or bilateral lesions seem to be more likely to produce post-traumatic mutism, as does the existence of emotional disturbances or depressive symptoms in past history.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic mutism. A report of five cases (author's transl)]. After a review of current concepts about post-traumatic mutism, the authors describe five patients with this unusual symptom. The study extends on a long follow-up period. Differential diagnosis and possible neurological and psychopathological factors are discussed. Analysis of their personal observations leads the authors to think that there is a relationship between the length of coma and the duration of mutism. Frontal and/or bilateral lesions seem to be more likely to produce post-traumatic mutism, as does the existence of emotional disturbances or depressive symptoms in past history.", "PMID": 532550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5224", "title": "The functions of the right hemisphere and the brain regions involved in figural matching.", "content": "A search for the source within the right hemisphere of its primacy on tests of figural matching was made. Patients with right and left hemisphere damage were studied and comparison was made of response to a shape matching task flashed to the right or the left hemisphere. When the right hemisphere is damaged performance seriously declines whether the patient is tested on the right or the left hemisphere. Studies of the specific location within the right hemisphere indicated widespread but subtotal involvement implicating the frontal, temporal and parietal regions of this hemisphere.", "contents": "The functions of the right hemisphere and the brain regions involved in figural matching. A search for the source within the right hemisphere of its primacy on tests of figural matching was made. Patients with right and left hemisphere damage were studied and comparison was made of response to a shape matching task flashed to the right or the left hemisphere. When the right hemisphere is damaged performance seriously declines whether the patient is tested on the right or the left hemisphere. Studies of the specific location within the right hemisphere indicated widespread but subtotal involvement implicating the frontal, temporal and parietal regions of this hemisphere.", "PMID": 532552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5225", "title": "[Spinal epidural and subdural hematomas during anticoagulant therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of spinal hematoma during anticoagulant therapy: one epidural and one subarachnoid with spinal infarction. They stress the importance of the large extension of these hemorrhages and their indication for immediate surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Spinal epidural and subdural hematomas during anticoagulant therapy (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of spinal hematoma during anticoagulant therapy: one epidural and one subarachnoid with spinal infarction. They stress the importance of the large extension of these hemorrhages and their indication for immediate surgical intervention.", "PMID": 532553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5226", "title": "Plasma progesterone, serum estriol and plasma HPL determinations during the last trimester to detect changes before spontaneous labor. Comparison of progesterone assay using RIA and CPB.", "content": "Conflicting results have been published regarding changes in plasma progesterone during the last trimester of pregnancy. Some have demonstrated a fall in plasma progesterone before labor, and this has been taken as a possible explanation of the onset of labor. It has been suggested that the various results could be due to differences in methods for progesterone determination. In this study the progesterone levels were determined by both RIA and CPB. In 11 women the plasma progesterone, human placenta lactogen, and serum estriol were measured weekly during the last trimester of normal pregnancies and immediately after delivery. All samples were analysed radioimmunologically. In order to compare the radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding techniques (RIA and CPB), the progesterone levels were determined by both methods. This was also done for 80 successive plasma progesterone routine samples drawn from women who were not pregnant or who were in the early stages of pregnancy. Both methods showed a significant rise in the plasma progesterone level during the last 6 weeks before spontaneous labor. However, the values obtained were lower when assayed by CPB than by RIA, presumably because of a higher specificity and a cross reaction in RIA. Serum estriol exhibited increasing values throughout pregnancy, but without a significant rise during the last few weeks. Plasma HPL settled at a constant level during the last few weeks before labor.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone, serum estriol and plasma HPL determinations during the last trimester to detect changes before spontaneous labor. Comparison of progesterone assay using RIA and CPB. Conflicting results have been published regarding changes in plasma progesterone during the last trimester of pregnancy. Some have demonstrated a fall in plasma progesterone before labor, and this has been taken as a possible explanation of the onset of labor. It has been suggested that the various results could be due to differences in methods for progesterone determination. In this study the progesterone levels were determined by both RIA and CPB. In 11 women the plasma progesterone, human placenta lactogen, and serum estriol were measured weekly during the last trimester of normal pregnancies and immediately after delivery. All samples were analysed radioimmunologically. In order to compare the radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding techniques (RIA and CPB), the progesterone levels were determined by both methods. This was also done for 80 successive plasma progesterone routine samples drawn from women who were not pregnant or who were in the early stages of pregnancy. Both methods showed a significant rise in the plasma progesterone level during the last 6 weeks before spontaneous labor. However, the values obtained were lower when assayed by CPB than by RIA, presumably because of a higher specificity and a cross reaction in RIA. Serum estriol exhibited increasing values throughout pregnancy, but without a significant rise during the last few weeks. Plasma HPL settled at a constant level during the last few weeks before labor.", "PMID": 532562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5227", "title": "Segmental epidural analgesia for labor and delivery.", "content": "A study to evaluate segmental epidural analgesia in labor is described. Bupivacaine (0.25 per cent) was used during the first stage of labor and for the second stage, either 3 per cent - Chloroprocaine delivered through the catheter (Group I) or 1 per cent Lidocaine as a perineal infiltrate (Group II) was used. There were 124 full term patients of whom, 36 were nulliparous and 88 were multiparous. The effects of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal blood pressure, pain relief, preservation of lower limb motor power, duration and progress of labor, and fetal outcome were evaluated. Pain relief during the first stage of labor was satisfactory in 114 (92 per cent) of the patients. There were no significant changes in maternal blood pressure, motor power in lower limbs, efficiency of uterine contractions  and internal rotation of the presenting part when analgesia was effective. The use of 2-Chloroprocaine for second stage pain relief required low forceps delivery in 84 (91 per cent) patients, as compared to 14 (44 per cent) patients that had 1 per cent Lidocaine local infiltration. Fetal outcome, was excellent in all cases in that the one minute Apgar score was never lower than 7.", "contents": "Segmental epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. A study to evaluate segmental epidural analgesia in labor is described. Bupivacaine (0.25 per cent) was used during the first stage of labor and for the second stage, either 3 per cent - Chloroprocaine delivered through the catheter (Group I) or 1 per cent Lidocaine as a perineal infiltrate (Group II) was used. There were 124 full term patients of whom, 36 were nulliparous and 88 were multiparous. The effects of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal blood pressure, pain relief, preservation of lower limb motor power, duration and progress of labor, and fetal outcome were evaluated. Pain relief during the first stage of labor was satisfactory in 114 (92 per cent) of the patients. There were no significant changes in maternal blood pressure, motor power in lower limbs, efficiency of uterine contractions  and internal rotation of the presenting part when analgesia was effective. The use of 2-Chloroprocaine for second stage pain relief required low forceps delivery in 84 (91 per cent) patients, as compared to 14 (44 per cent) patients that had 1 per cent Lidocaine local infiltration. Fetal outcome, was excellent in all cases in that the one minute Apgar score was never lower than 7.", "PMID": 532563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5228", "title": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. II. Diabetic and preeclamptic pregnancies.", "content": "139 samples of amniotic fluid from diabetic women collected during 34-39 weeks of pregnancy showed higher levels of lecithin, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) indicating an accelerated surfactant synthesis  as compared to that observed in normal pregnancies (13). In ten infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) delivered from diabetic mothers the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S), PI/S and PG/S ratios were generally low. Only four samples showed definitely immature L/S ratios, whereas the amniotic fluid content of PG in all samples was unmeasurable or low. In 56 samples of amniotic fluid collected during the third trimester from preeclamptic pregnancies PI/S and PG/S ratios after 36-37 weeks were comparable with those of normal pregnancies. In 11 neonates with subsequent RDS the L/S ratios were immature, and PG was critically low or lacking in the majority of the samples. No convincing association between the PI content and development of RDS could be observed in any of the groups.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. II. Diabetic and preeclamptic pregnancies. 139 samples of amniotic fluid from diabetic women collected during 34-39 weeks of pregnancy showed higher levels of lecithin, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) indicating an accelerated surfactant synthesis  as compared to that observed in normal pregnancies (13). In ten infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) delivered from diabetic mothers the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S), PI/S and PG/S ratios were generally low. Only four samples showed definitely immature L/S ratios, whereas the amniotic fluid content of PG in all samples was unmeasurable or low. In 56 samples of amniotic fluid collected during the third trimester from preeclamptic pregnancies PI/S and PG/S ratios after 36-37 weeks were comparable with those of normal pregnancies. In 11 neonates with subsequent RDS the L/S ratios were immature, and PG was critically low or lacking in the majority of the samples. No convincing association between the PI content and development of RDS could be observed in any of the groups.", "PMID": 532564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5229", "title": "Ratio of amniotic fluid cortisol and maternal serum cortisol (AFC/MSC) as an index of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "Fifty-eight samples of amniotic fluid from pregnant women between the gestation period of 34-42 weeks were analyzed for total cortisol levels. Thirty-four simulatneous maternal serum total cortisol levels were also measured. Amniotic fluid cortisol (AFC), maternal serum cortisol (MSC) and the ratio of AFC/MSC were correlated with L/S ratio. AFC alone and AFC/MSC ratios correlate with L/S ratios (r=0.36, p less than 0.01, and r=0.46, p less than 0.01, respectively). MSC and L/S ratios had no correlation. AFC/MSC had less individual variation as compared to AFC alone. The AFC/MSC could be divided by an arbitrary line at 0.1 and values less than 0.1 signify immature fetal lungs. Values of 0.1 and greater signify mature fetal lungs.", "contents": "Ratio of amniotic fluid cortisol and maternal serum cortisol (AFC/MSC) as an index of fetal lung maturity. Fifty-eight samples of amniotic fluid from pregnant women between the gestation period of 34-42 weeks were analyzed for total cortisol levels. Thirty-four simulatneous maternal serum total cortisol levels were also measured. Amniotic fluid cortisol (AFC), maternal serum cortisol (MSC) and the ratio of AFC/MSC were correlated with L/S ratio. AFC alone and AFC/MSC ratios correlate with L/S ratios (r=0.36, p less than 0.01, and r=0.46, p less than 0.01, respectively). MSC and L/S ratios had no correlation. AFC/MSC had less individual variation as compared to AFC alone. The AFC/MSC could be divided by an arbitrary line at 0.1 and values less than 0.1 signify immature fetal lungs. Values of 0.1 and greater signify mature fetal lungs.", "PMID": 532565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5230", "title": "Vaginal bleeding in the last two trimesters of pregnancy. A clinical and ultrasonic study.", "content": "Ninety-seven cases of vaginal bleeding during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are presented with special reference to the follow-up observations and perinatal parameters after the first bleeding and ultrasonic determination of placental site. The perinatal mortality rate was 11 per cent and the rate of premature deliveries 23 per cent. In the cases of recurrent bleeding episodes (N = 33), the corresponding frequencies were 22 and 35 per cent. Placenta previa of some degree was diagnosed by ultrasound during the first episode of bleeding in 36 cases. Although the placenta was observed to \"move\" upwards from the internal os of cervix in 20 of these patients during the last few weeks of pregnancy, final placenta previa (N = 16) was the most common definite etiological factor behind the bleeding. The high frequency of perinatal complications associated with these pregnancies emphasizes, despite reliable localization of the placenta, the importance of a careful follow-up until delivery.", "contents": "Vaginal bleeding in the last two trimesters of pregnancy. A clinical and ultrasonic study. Ninety-seven cases of vaginal bleeding during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are presented with special reference to the follow-up observations and perinatal parameters after the first bleeding and ultrasonic determination of placental site. The perinatal mortality rate was 11 per cent and the rate of premature deliveries 23 per cent. In the cases of recurrent bleeding episodes (N = 33), the corresponding frequencies were 22 and 35 per cent. Placenta previa of some degree was diagnosed by ultrasound during the first episode of bleeding in 36 cases. Although the placenta was observed to \"move\" upwards from the internal os of cervix in 20 of these patients during the last few weeks of pregnancy, final placenta previa (N = 16) was the most common definite etiological factor behind the bleeding. The high frequency of perinatal complications associated with these pregnancies emphasizes, despite reliable localization of the placenta, the importance of a careful follow-up until delivery.", "PMID": 532567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5231", "title": "Acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after cesarean section.", "content": "In 169 consecutive women undergoing cesarean section, of which 90 were performed as an emergency and 79 electively, the frequency of deep vein thrombosis was evaluated with a non-invasive diagnostic technique - strain gauge plethysmography. Three patients developed thrombosis (1.8 per cent), all after acute surgery. No specific background factors were associated with the development of thrombosis. In 26 of the 79 patients (33 per cent), who were plethysmographed before operation, a biphasic venous emptying indicated venous outflow obstruction by the pregnant uterus.", "contents": "Acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after cesarean section. In 169 consecutive women undergoing cesarean section, of which 90 were performed as an emergency and 79 electively, the frequency of deep vein thrombosis was evaluated with a non-invasive diagnostic technique - strain gauge plethysmography. Three patients developed thrombosis (1.8 per cent), all after acute surgery. No specific background factors were associated with the development of thrombosis. In 26 of the 79 patients (33 per cent), who were plethysmographed before operation, a biphasic venous emptying indicated venous outflow obstruction by the pregnant uterus.", "PMID": 532568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5232", "title": "Pregnancy and delivery after conization of the cervix.", "content": "Of 327 patients who had undergone conization of the cervix in 1968-74 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Central Hospital, 249 replied to a questionnaire. Eighty-nine of these had had total of 112 pregnancies after conization. Conization had only minimal influence on the pregnancies and none on the deliveries. Over 90 per cent of the newborns delivered were full term and without anomalies. The incidence of spontaneous abortions also did not differ from normal.", "contents": "Pregnancy and delivery after conization of the cervix. Of 327 patients who had undergone conization of the cervix in 1968-74 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Central Hospital, 249 replied to a questionnaire. Eighty-nine of these had had total of 112 pregnancies after conization. Conization had only minimal influence on the pregnancies and none on the deliveries. Over 90 per cent of the newborns delivered were full term and without anomalies. The incidence of spontaneous abortions also did not differ from normal.", "PMID": 532569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5233", "title": "Effect of althesin anesthesia on blood loss during therapeutic abortion. A comparison with local and thiopental anesthesia.", "content": "During recent years, the use of steroid anesthesia has rapidly increased. In our hospital, a number of surgical procedures have been performed under Althesin anesthesia, and in some cases the peroperative bleeding seemed to be rather profuse. Blood loss was studied in 90 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy undergoing therapeutic abortion using different types of anesthesia. The patients were divided into three equal groups according to the duration of pregnancy. In each group, 10 patients underwent operation under local anesthesia, 10 under thiopental anesthesia and 10 under Althesin. In all three groups, blood loss was the smallest when local anesthesia was used (Fig 1). Amounting to only one third to one half of that occurring under thiopental anesthesia. Under thiopental anesthesia the blood loss gradually increased with increasing gestational age with moderate variations. Alternatively, in this investigation, Althesin anesthesia was characterized by pronounced blood loss, particularly in the ninth and tenth weeks of pregnancy, and in some cases by rather profuse bleeding. We find that Althesin anesthesia should be used for gynecological surgery only in departments which are equipped to control profuse bleeding and possible cardiovascular complications.", "contents": "Effect of althesin anesthesia on blood loss during therapeutic abortion. A comparison with local and thiopental anesthesia. During recent years, the use of steroid anesthesia has rapidly increased. In our hospital, a number of surgical procedures have been performed under Althesin anesthesia, and in some cases the peroperative bleeding seemed to be rather profuse. Blood loss was studied in 90 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy undergoing therapeutic abortion using different types of anesthesia. The patients were divided into three equal groups according to the duration of pregnancy. In each group, 10 patients underwent operation under local anesthesia, 10 under thiopental anesthesia and 10 under Althesin. In all three groups, blood loss was the smallest when local anesthesia was used (Fig 1). Amounting to only one third to one half of that occurring under thiopental anesthesia. Under thiopental anesthesia the blood loss gradually increased with increasing gestational age with moderate variations. Alternatively, in this investigation, Althesin anesthesia was characterized by pronounced blood loss, particularly in the ninth and tenth weeks of pregnancy, and in some cases by rather profuse bleeding. We find that Althesin anesthesia should be used for gynecological surgery only in departments which are equipped to control profuse bleeding and possible cardiovascular complications.", "PMID": 532570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5234", "title": "Pregnancy complications following legally induced abortion.", "content": "The frequency of pregnancy and delivery complications in women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by a legally induced abortion is evaluated in a prospective and a retrospective study. Bleeding before 28 weeks of gestation and retention of placenta or placental tissue occurred more frequently after legal abortion that in a control group matched for age, parity, and socio-economic status. Other pregnancy and delivery complications did not occur more frequently after legal abortion. It is of particular interest that the study could not demonstrate an increased frequency of low birth weight among women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legal abortion.", "contents": "Pregnancy complications following legally induced abortion. The frequency of pregnancy and delivery complications in women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by a legally induced abortion is evaluated in a prospective and a retrospective study. Bleeding before 28 weeks of gestation and retention of placenta or placental tissue occurred more frequently after legal abortion that in a control group matched for age, parity, and socio-economic status. Other pregnancy and delivery complications did not occur more frequently after legal abortion. It is of particular interest that the study could not demonstrate an increased frequency of low birth weight among women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legal abortion.", "PMID": 532571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5235", "title": "Delayed reproductive complications after induced abortion.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken regarding subsequent pregnancy in 619 women who had their preceding pregnancy terminated by legal abortion, compared with an age- and parity-matched group of 619 women who continued with the pregnancy to delivery. The groups were compared for complications such as first and second trimester abortion, cervical incompetence, pre-term delivery, ectopic pregnancy and sterility. The total complication rate was 24.3 per cent in the abortion group, and 20.2 per cent in the controls. No significant difference was found between the two groups for any of the parameters examined, except for a significantly higher rate of complications amongst women who had not had a previous delivery: 25.5 per cent as opposed to 13.2 per cent in the control group.", "contents": "Delayed reproductive complications after induced abortion. An investigation was undertaken regarding subsequent pregnancy in 619 women who had their preceding pregnancy terminated by legal abortion, compared with an age- and parity-matched group of 619 women who continued with the pregnancy to delivery. The groups were compared for complications such as first and second trimester abortion, cervical incompetence, pre-term delivery, ectopic pregnancy and sterility. The total complication rate was 24.3 per cent in the abortion group, and 20.2 per cent in the controls. No significant difference was found between the two groups for any of the parameters examined, except for a significantly higher rate of complications amongst women who had not had a previous delivery: 25.5 per cent as opposed to 13.2 per cent in the control group.", "PMID": 532572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5236", "title": "Pregnancy in a non-communicating, rudimentary uterine horn. A reason for failed therapeutic second trimester abortion.", "content": "Anatomical aberrations in the female genital tract are due to maldevelopment of the M\u00fcllerian duct system. Various degrees of malformations are described (9). Some of these malformations are discovered during the investigation of amenorrhea, persistent dysmenorrhea or infertility, while others are discovered in connection with obstetrical problems. The incidence of uterine malformations is quoted as 1:1 500-2 000 (8, 11), the incidence of uterus unicollis bicornis being as rare as 1:100 000 (3). There is no unified nomenclature for the rare types of genital malformations. Semmens describes a group consisting of functional uteri of single M\u00fcllerian origin, labelled uterus unicollis bicornis with one rudimentary horn (8). Most rudimentary horns are hollow and allow the expansion of an up to 20 weeks pregnancy (3). Few cases of pregnancy in a rudimentary horn have been seen, causing complications during pregnancy and delivery, and when performing therapeutic abortions (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12).", "contents": "Pregnancy in a non-communicating, rudimentary uterine horn. A reason for failed therapeutic second trimester abortion. Anatomical aberrations in the female genital tract are due to maldevelopment of the M\u00fcllerian duct system. Various degrees of malformations are described (9). Some of these malformations are discovered during the investigation of amenorrhea, persistent dysmenorrhea or infertility, while others are discovered in connection with obstetrical problems. The incidence of uterine malformations is quoted as 1:1 500-2 000 (8, 11), the incidence of uterus unicollis bicornis being as rare as 1:100 000 (3). There is no unified nomenclature for the rare types of genital malformations. Semmens describes a group consisting of functional uteri of single M\u00fcllerian origin, labelled uterus unicollis bicornis with one rudimentary horn (8). Most rudimentary horns are hollow and allow the expansion of an up to 20 weeks pregnancy (3). Few cases of pregnancy in a rudimentary horn have been seen, causing complications during pregnancy and delivery, and when performing therapeutic abortions (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12).", "PMID": 532575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5237", "title": "Abscess formation of a Gartner's duct cyst with cervical communication in a case of bicornuate uterus associated with an ipsilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "One case of abscess formation of a Gartner's duct cyst communicating with the cervix of a bicornuate uterus is presented in a case of ipsilateral renal agenesis. The embryonic origin and the incidence of associated genital and urologic malformations are discussed. Marsupialization is recommended as an adequate method of treatment.", "contents": "Abscess formation of a Gartner's duct cyst with cervical communication in a case of bicornuate uterus associated with an ipsilateral renal agenesis. One case of abscess formation of a Gartner's duct cyst communicating with the cervix of a bicornuate uterus is presented in a case of ipsilateral renal agenesis. The embryonic origin and the incidence of associated genital and urologic malformations are discussed. Marsupialization is recommended as an adequate method of treatment.", "PMID": 532576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5238", "title": "In-situ carcinoma of the uterine cervix showing superficial endometrial spread.", "content": "Superficial spread of invasive carcinoma cervix over the endometrial surface is extremely rare and may follow radiation therapy (3, 5). Ferenczy et al. (1) have reported an instance of carcinoma in situ of ecto cervix spreading on the endometrial surface via the endo-cervical canal. This paper reports another in situ lesion of the cervix showing superficial endometrial spread.", "contents": "In-situ carcinoma of the uterine cervix showing superficial endometrial spread. Superficial spread of invasive carcinoma cervix over the endometrial surface is extremely rare and may follow radiation therapy (3, 5). Ferenczy et al. (1) have reported an instance of carcinoma in situ of ecto cervix spreading on the endometrial surface via the endo-cervical canal. This paper reports another in situ lesion of the cervix showing superficial endometrial spread.", "PMID": 532577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5239", "title": "The mitotic activity of bone marrow and thymus after combined antigenic challenge and trauma.", "content": "A significant increase in the mitotic rate of cells in thymus and bone marrow occurs 2--3 days after the infliction of various traumas or the injection of antigenic erythrocytes. This cell response probably occurs in order to produce the cells which are needed for the defence of the body after injury. The present investigation shows that the cell response after a fracture is abolished if the rats are fractured 3 days after injection of antigenic erythrocytes.", "contents": "The mitotic activity of bone marrow and thymus after combined antigenic challenge and trauma. A significant increase in the mitotic rate of cells in thymus and bone marrow occurs 2--3 days after the infliction of various traumas or the injection of antigenic erythrocytes. This cell response probably occurs in order to produce the cells which are needed for the defence of the body after injury. The present investigation shows that the cell response after a fracture is abolished if the rats are fractured 3 days after injection of antigenic erythrocytes.", "PMID": 532579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5240", "title": "Tension and creep phenomena in peripheral nerve.", "content": "Tension introduced into peripheral nerves during their surgical repair may reduce the success of this procedure. Two mechanical factors are important; the tension required to effect a repair, and the rate at which this tension changes after surgery. These two factors have been investigated in the rat sciatic nerve. The results show an increasing resistance to elongation of the nerves with increasing tension. Under a constant elongation the tension in the nerves reduces by about 30 per cent in the first 10 minutes and by a small amount in the following 20 minutes.", "contents": "Tension and creep phenomena in peripheral nerve. Tension introduced into peripheral nerves during their surgical repair may reduce the success of this procedure. Two mechanical factors are important; the tension required to effect a repair, and the rate at which this tension changes after surgery. These two factors have been investigated in the rat sciatic nerve. The results show an increasing resistance to elongation of the nerves with increasing tension. Under a constant elongation the tension in the nerves reduces by about 30 per cent in the first 10 minutes and by a small amount in the following 20 minutes.", "PMID": 532580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5241", "title": "Familial osteochondritis dissecans and carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "A short-statured family -- mother, son and daughter -- each with osteochondritis dissecans (O. D.) of the elbow and two with O.D. of the knee is described. The mother and her siblings had, in addition, carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Familial osteochondritis dissecans and carpal tunnel syndrome. A short-statured family -- mother, son and daughter -- each with osteochondritis dissecans (O. D.) of the elbow and two with O.D. of the knee is described. The mother and her siblings had, in addition, carpal tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 532581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5242", "title": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. II. The final orientation of the distal and proximal epiphyseal plates of the radius.", "content": "In 39 children the steric orientation of both the distal and the proximal epiphyseal plates of the radius was evaluated 4 months to 10 years after distal forearm fractures that had healed with residual angulation. A residual fracture angulation was found to induce a change in orientation of both the distal and proximal epiphyseal plates. The final result of the reorientation was a normalization of the inclination of the plates in relation to the long axis of the bone. The proximal epiphyseal plate attained practically a normal orientation. The distal epephyseal plate tended towards overcorrection. In two of the four cases with a primary angulation exceeding 20 degrees considerable normalization occurred, but a \"normal\" state was not reached. This indicates an upper limit for angulations permitting normalization of the orientation of the distal epiphyseal plate of the radius.", "contents": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. II. The final orientation of the distal and proximal epiphyseal plates of the radius. In 39 children the steric orientation of both the distal and the proximal epiphyseal plates of the radius was evaluated 4 months to 10 years after distal forearm fractures that had healed with residual angulation. A residual fracture angulation was found to induce a change in orientation of both the distal and proximal epiphyseal plates. The final result of the reorientation was a normalization of the inclination of the plates in relation to the long axis of the bone. The proximal epiphyseal plate attained practically a normal orientation. The distal epephyseal plate tended towards overcorrection. In two of the four cases with a primary angulation exceeding 20 degrees considerable normalization occurred, but a \"normal\" state was not reached. This indicates an upper limit for angulations permitting normalization of the orientation of the distal epiphyseal plate of the radius.", "PMID": 532582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5243", "title": "Brachymesophalangy and loose bodies in the metacarpophalangeal joints.", "content": "A family with autosomal inherited brachymesophalangy is presented. Some of the family members also had loose bodies in the metacarpophalangeal joints. This condition is similar to osteochondritis in other joints. New loose bodies may be formed after operative removal and arthrotic changes may occur. The patients were not able to perform hard physical work with their hands.", "contents": "Brachymesophalangy and loose bodies in the metacarpophalangeal joints. A family with autosomal inherited brachymesophalangy is presented. Some of the family members also had loose bodies in the metacarpophalangeal joints. This condition is similar to osteochondritis in other joints. New loose bodies may be formed after operative removal and arthrotic changes may occur. The patients were not able to perform hard physical work with their hands.", "PMID": 532583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5244", "title": "Postural effects on nystagmus response during caloric labyrinthine stimulation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. II. An electro-nystagmographic study.", "content": "An electro-nystagmographic study of postural effects on the nystagmus response has been performed in 40 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis aged from 10 to 16 years. The control group comprised 29 healthy children of the same age. Caloric labyrinthine stimulation was done in the supine and erect position. The results were analysed with the aim of finding out whether an increased scoliotic deformity might influence the labyrinthine response. For comparison of the nystagmus response in the two different positions a quotient of the values (degrees/second) obtained from cold water stimulation in the erect and supine position was calculated. In the control children the labyrinthine response in erect posture was half of the response in supine posture. In erect posture the scoliotic deformity increased. This obvious change in the spine did not increase the caloric response from the convex side labyrinth. The predominance of the convex side labyrinth observed in the supine position was thus not seen in the erect position. The results of this study did not support the assumption that a postural deformity in the spine can influence a calorically induced labyrinthine response.", "contents": "Postural effects on nystagmus response during caloric labyrinthine stimulation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. II. An electro-nystagmographic study. An electro-nystagmographic study of postural effects on the nystagmus response has been performed in 40 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis aged from 10 to 16 years. The control group comprised 29 healthy children of the same age. Caloric labyrinthine stimulation was done in the supine and erect position. The results were analysed with the aim of finding out whether an increased scoliotic deformity might influence the labyrinthine response. For comparison of the nystagmus response in the two different positions a quotient of the values (degrees/second) obtained from cold water stimulation in the erect and supine position was calculated. In the control children the labyrinthine response in erect posture was half of the response in supine posture. In erect posture the scoliotic deformity increased. This obvious change in the spine did not increase the caloric response from the convex side labyrinth. The predominance of the convex side labyrinth observed in the supine position was thus not seen in the erect position. The results of this study did not support the assumption that a postural deformity in the spine can influence a calorically induced labyrinthine response.", "PMID": 532584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5245", "title": "Social rehabilitation following hip fractures.", "content": "A prospective 6 months' study of 518 patients with hip fractures was undertaken. The patients were classified into four social function groups on admission to hospital and again at the follow-up, according to their dependence on home-help and other services of the social welfare system. This dependency increased with the age of the patients. Life tables for the case material showed that the mortality depended more on pre-fracture social function than on age. At the follow-up, the risk of death or increased social dependency among primarily independent patients was found to be 38 per cent compared with 48 per cent among slightly dependent patients and 62 per cent in moderately dependent patients. A total of 17 per cent of the surviving patients admitted from home became nursing home patients. The pre-fracture social assessment determined the end-result to a greater extent than the age at the time of fracture. About 75 per cent of the patients discharged to their homes maintained their social function compared with 68 per cent of the patients discharged to a convalescent home and 47 per cent of the patients discharged to rehabilitation clinics.", "contents": "Social rehabilitation following hip fractures. A prospective 6 months' study of 518 patients with hip fractures was undertaken. The patients were classified into four social function groups on admission to hospital and again at the follow-up, according to their dependence on home-help and other services of the social welfare system. This dependency increased with the age of the patients. Life tables for the case material showed that the mortality depended more on pre-fracture social function than on age. At the follow-up, the risk of death or increased social dependency among primarily independent patients was found to be 38 per cent compared with 48 per cent among slightly dependent patients and 62 per cent in moderately dependent patients. A total of 17 per cent of the surviving patients admitted from home became nursing home patients. The pre-fracture social assessment determined the end-result to a greater extent than the age at the time of fracture. About 75 per cent of the patients discharged to their homes maintained their social function compared with 68 per cent of the patients discharged to a convalescent home and 47 per cent of the patients discharged to rehabilitation clinics.", "PMID": 532585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5246", "title": "Treatment of pathological fractures.", "content": "The treatment of 30 patients with 34 pathological fractures is reported. Twenty-six femoral fractures and one ulnar fracture were fixed internally, whereas five fractures of the humerus, one of the radius, and one of the clavicle were treated non-operatively. Twenty-two of the patients were discharged from hospital (21 were mobilized) and eight died in the postoperative period. All patients became free of pain, and bony union occurred in 12 of the fractures. Thirteen per cent of the patients lived less than 1 month whereas 20 per cent lived more than 24 months after fracture. Previously published figures and our results indicate the place of prophylactic nailing of certain femoral metastases, perhaps also in connection with local irradiation of the metastases.", "contents": "Treatment of pathological fractures. The treatment of 30 patients with 34 pathological fractures is reported. Twenty-six femoral fractures and one ulnar fracture were fixed internally, whereas five fractures of the humerus, one of the radius, and one of the clavicle were treated non-operatively. Twenty-two of the patients were discharged from hospital (21 were mobilized) and eight died in the postoperative period. All patients became free of pain, and bony union occurred in 12 of the fractures. Thirteen per cent of the patients lived less than 1 month whereas 20 per cent lived more than 24 months after fracture. Previously published figures and our results indicate the place of prophylactic nailing of certain femoral metastases, perhaps also in connection with local irradiation of the metastases.", "PMID": 532586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5247", "title": "Computed tomography of the ankle.", "content": "Transverse computed tomography of injured ankles gives additional information compared with conventional roentgen diagnostic techniques. In transverse sections the distal tibio-fibular joint and the suprasyndesmotic region can be examined with regard to incongruence and synostoses. It is also possible to examine the relations between the talus and the malleolar facets in different ankle positions. The technical problems and advantages are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the ankle. Transverse computed tomography of injured ankles gives additional information compared with conventional roentgen diagnostic techniques. In transverse sections the distal tibio-fibular joint and the suprasyndesmotic region can be examined with regard to incongruence and synostoses. It is also possible to examine the relations between the talus and the malleolar facets in different ankle positions. The technical problems and advantages are discussed.", "PMID": 532587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5248", "title": "Calcification of aging articular cartilage in man.", "content": "Calcification of the articular cartilage was studied ultrastructually using normal femoral heads obtained from necropsies of persons ranging in age from 11 months to 80 years. Mineral crystals which appeared during the initial stages of deposition were morphologically divided into two types. Type A crystals were slender, twisted and curved, measuring from 100 nm to 360 nm in length. Type B crystals were short, needle-like and slightly curved, measuring from 30 nm to 160 nm in length. Type A crystals were found mainly in the developing epiphysis during childhood. Type B crystals were generally found in the calcified zone of adult articular cartilage. Both types of crystals initially appeared in close proximity to extracellular membrane-invested electron dense particle called \"matrix vesicles\", and gradually increased in number to form calcified cartilage matrix. The morphological differences between type A and B crystals might be caused by biochemical alterations of the cartilage matrices and/or biomechanical changes in the joints of children and adults.", "contents": "Calcification of aging articular cartilage in man. Calcification of the articular cartilage was studied ultrastructually using normal femoral heads obtained from necropsies of persons ranging in age from 11 months to 80 years. Mineral crystals which appeared during the initial stages of deposition were morphologically divided into two types. Type A crystals were slender, twisted and curved, measuring from 100 nm to 360 nm in length. Type B crystals were short, needle-like and slightly curved, measuring from 30 nm to 160 nm in length. Type A crystals were found mainly in the developing epiphysis during childhood. Type B crystals were generally found in the calcified zone of adult articular cartilage. Both types of crystals initially appeared in close proximity to extracellular membrane-invested electron dense particle called \"matrix vesicles\", and gradually increased in number to form calcified cartilage matrix. The morphological differences between type A and B crystals might be caused by biochemical alterations of the cartilage matrices and/or biomechanical changes in the joints of children and adults.", "PMID": 532588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5249", "title": "Indomethacin-induced inhibition of haversian remodelling in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on haversian remodelling in the radius was studied in 16 rabbits. An osteotomy and a saw-cut almost through the bone were made in the middle and distal parts of the right radius, respectively. In order to obtain biological osteosynthesis in the osteotomy and the saw-cut the rabbits were not treated in any way during the following 3 weeks. They were then given either indomethacin or placebo suspensions per os, 10 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks, followed by 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. The extent of haversian remodelling was estimated by calcein and oxytetracycline fluorochrome labels given at the start of the indomethacin treatment and 3 weeks later, respectively. After 2 weeks of indomethacin treatment (10 mg/kg/day) the indomethacin plasma levels were about 0.18 microgram/ml 24 hours after the last dose. Indomethacin treatment significantly (2P less than 0.019) inhibited haversian remodelling as estimated by fluorochrome labelling.", "contents": "Indomethacin-induced inhibition of haversian remodelling in rabbits. The effect of indomethacin on haversian remodelling in the radius was studied in 16 rabbits. An osteotomy and a saw-cut almost through the bone were made in the middle and distal parts of the right radius, respectively. In order to obtain biological osteosynthesis in the osteotomy and the saw-cut the rabbits were not treated in any way during the following 3 weeks. They were then given either indomethacin or placebo suspensions per os, 10 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks, followed by 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. The extent of haversian remodelling was estimated by calcein and oxytetracycline fluorochrome labels given at the start of the indomethacin treatment and 3 weeks later, respectively. After 2 weeks of indomethacin treatment (10 mg/kg/day) the indomethacin plasma levels were about 0.18 microgram/ml 24 hours after the last dose. Indomethacin treatment significantly (2P less than 0.019) inhibited haversian remodelling as estimated by fluorochrome labelling.", "PMID": 532589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5250", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on mechanical properties of bone and skin in rats.", "content": "The effects of several different doses of cyclophosphamide on weight increase, longitudinal bone growth and mechanical properties of bone, intact skin and skin wounds, were studied in 30 young, male rats. The cystostatic effect was evaluated by counting white blood cells (WBC) in arterial blood at the end of the medication period. Compared with the control animals, the longitudinal bond growth, the mechanical properties of the distal femoral metaphysis and the skin wounds were most noticeably affected by the drug. Diaphyseal torsional strength of the femoral bone and tensile strength of intact skin were less affected.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on mechanical properties of bone and skin in rats. The effects of several different doses of cyclophosphamide on weight increase, longitudinal bone growth and mechanical properties of bone, intact skin and skin wounds, were studied in 30 young, male rats. The cystostatic effect was evaluated by counting white blood cells (WBC) in arterial blood at the end of the medication period. Compared with the control animals, the longitudinal bond growth, the mechanical properties of the distal femoral metaphysis and the skin wounds were most noticeably affected by the drug. Diaphyseal torsional strength of the femoral bone and tensile strength of intact skin were less affected.", "PMID": 532590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5251", "title": "The periosteal control of long bone growth. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "Longitudinal growth of immature rat femurs was studied in diffusion chambers after circumferential periosteal division and stripping. After 14 days significant (P less than 0.02) overgrowth of the periosteally divided femurs had occurred. The reason for the observed growth stimulation is discussed.", "contents": "The periosteal control of long bone growth. An experimental study in the rat. Longitudinal growth of immature rat femurs was studied in diffusion chambers after circumferential periosteal division and stripping. After 14 days significant (P less than 0.02) overgrowth of the periosteally divided femurs had occurred. The reason for the observed growth stimulation is discussed.", "PMID": 532591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5252", "title": "Serum calcitonin and bone mineral content in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Serum calcitonin and bone mineral content in the forearm, measured by photon absorptiometry, were investigated in 21 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. The bone mineral content was significantly reduced as compared with normal controls, whereas the bone mineral content corrected for bone width was normal in adult patients but subnormal in children and young adults. Serum calcitonin did not differ significantly from that in normal individuals and no relation was found between serum calcitonin and bone mineral content.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin and bone mineral content in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Serum calcitonin and bone mineral content in the forearm, measured by photon absorptiometry, were investigated in 21 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. The bone mineral content was significantly reduced as compared with normal controls, whereas the bone mineral content corrected for bone width was normal in adult patients but subnormal in children and young adults. Serum calcitonin did not differ significantly from that in normal individuals and no relation was found between serum calcitonin and bone mineral content.", "PMID": 532592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5253", "title": "A biomechanical comparison of the effects of constant and cyclic compression on fracture healing in rabbit long bones.", "content": "In a biomechanical study, the strength of healing experimental fractures in rabbit tibias was compared for two different healing environments. During the healing period large constant compression was applied to one leg, while the other leg was subjected to cyclic compression forces. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks after the operation. The healing bones were tested in a dynamic torsion testing machine. Results indicate that on an average basis the cyclic compression treated bones exhibited higher torque and energy absorption to failure, but lower stiffness as compared with the constant compression treated bones, during the 30 to 50 days' healing period. These differences were statistically significant. Additionally, it was estimated that a 27 per cent saving in healing time may be realized for a bone treated with cyclic as compared with constant compression.", "contents": "A biomechanical comparison of the effects of constant and cyclic compression on fracture healing in rabbit long bones. In a biomechanical study, the strength of healing experimental fractures in rabbit tibias was compared for two different healing environments. During the healing period large constant compression was applied to one leg, while the other leg was subjected to cyclic compression forces. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks after the operation. The healing bones were tested in a dynamic torsion testing machine. Results indicate that on an average basis the cyclic compression treated bones exhibited higher torque and energy absorption to failure, but lower stiffness as compared with the constant compression treated bones, during the 30 to 50 days' healing period. These differences were statistically significant. Additionally, it was estimated that a 27 per cent saving in healing time may be realized for a bone treated with cyclic as compared with constant compression.", "PMID": 532593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5254", "title": "Scanning and radiology of the carpal scaphoid bone.", "content": "The value of isotope scanning in patients with suspected fracture of the scaphoid bone of the wrist was examined. For this purpose comparable examinations were made of 50 patients using both radiography and isotope scanning. With a normal scan, the suspicion of fracture or other bone diseases can be excluded. Increased focal activity corresponding to the region of the scaphoid bone indicates the possibility of a fracture, even if a fracture cannot be seen in the initial X-rays.", "contents": "Scanning and radiology of the carpal scaphoid bone. The value of isotope scanning in patients with suspected fracture of the scaphoid bone of the wrist was examined. For this purpose comparable examinations were made of 50 patients using both radiography and isotope scanning. With a normal scan, the suspicion of fracture or other bone diseases can be excluded. Increased focal activity corresponding to the region of the scaphoid bone indicates the possibility of a fracture, even if a fracture cannot be seen in the initial X-rays.", "PMID": 532594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5255", "title": "Osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the thumb.", "content": "An osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the thumb in a 14-year-old girl is described. Apart from the rare site of the lesion, other unusual features included early closure of the epiphyseal plate, enlargement of the involved segment of the thumb, and hypertrophy of the nailbed. The radiographic appearance was unusual in that it simulated a soft tissue mass eroding the bone from without.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the thumb. An osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the thumb in a 14-year-old girl is described. Apart from the rare site of the lesion, other unusual features included early closure of the epiphyseal plate, enlargement of the involved segment of the thumb, and hypertrophy of the nailbed. The radiographic appearance was unusual in that it simulated a soft tissue mass eroding the bone from without.", "PMID": 532595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5256", "title": "Experimental tests concerning the biomechanical behaviour of pertrochanteric osteosyntheses.", "content": "The biomechanical behaviour of pertrochanteric fractures stabilized by means of an angled plate or flexible condylar nails was characterized by mechanical testing. The stability and the types of motion occurring under dynamic load in the vicinity of the fracture and the effect on the implant were examined. The mechanical test results corroborated clinical experiences. In the case of extramedullary anchorage of implants, stability under load is possible only if an intact cortex on the medial side of the fracture guarantees the bearing of compressive load. With flexible condylar nails, however, it is possible to achieve a permanent load capacity up to approximately 100 kp, even if medial support is lacking, by putting the fracture in a valgus position so that the load-bearing arm is shortened. It was also possible to estimate the actual loading on the operated leg within the immediate postoperative phase by means of the \"stabilization effect\".", "contents": "Experimental tests concerning the biomechanical behaviour of pertrochanteric osteosyntheses. The biomechanical behaviour of pertrochanteric fractures stabilized by means of an angled plate or flexible condylar nails was characterized by mechanical testing. The stability and the types of motion occurring under dynamic load in the vicinity of the fracture and the effect on the implant were examined. The mechanical test results corroborated clinical experiences. In the case of extramedullary anchorage of implants, stability under load is possible only if an intact cortex on the medial side of the fracture guarantees the bearing of compressive load. With flexible condylar nails, however, it is possible to achieve a permanent load capacity up to approximately 100 kp, even if medial support is lacking, by putting the fracture in a valgus position so that the load-bearing arm is shortened. It was also possible to estimate the actual loading on the operated leg within the immediate postoperative phase by means of the \"stabilization effect\".", "PMID": 532596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5257", "title": "Rehabilitation after hip fracture in the elderly.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with hip fracture, mean age 79 years, from the city of Lund, were studied with special reference to functional and social rehabilitation at follow-up 1 year later. As compared with patients coming from institutions for permanent care, patients coming from their own homes had a significantly better prognosis in terms of survival, mobility and ability to cope with activities of daily living (ADL). However, patients returning home needed increased domestic help. Patients living with someone returned home sooner than those living alone. Although many of the patients who returned home could walk without support or with a walking-stick, more than one half did not go out shopping. More active measures, e.g. early home visits by a rehabilitation team, might give the patients more self-confidence and independence. Immediate weight-bearing did not appear to impair healing of the hip fracture or increase the risk of necrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "Rehabilitation after hip fracture in the elderly. Sixty-eight patients with hip fracture, mean age 79 years, from the city of Lund, were studied with special reference to functional and social rehabilitation at follow-up 1 year later. As compared with patients coming from institutions for permanent care, patients coming from their own homes had a significantly better prognosis in terms of survival, mobility and ability to cope with activities of daily living (ADL). However, patients returning home needed increased domestic help. Patients living with someone returned home sooner than those living alone. Although many of the patients who returned home could walk without support or with a walking-stick, more than one half did not go out shopping. More active measures, e.g. early home visits by a rehabilitation team, might give the patients more self-confidence and independence. Immediate weight-bearing did not appear to impair healing of the hip fracture or increase the risk of necrosis of the femoral head.", "PMID": 532597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5258", "title": "Post-traumatic bone mineral loss in tibial shaft fractures treated with a weight-bearing brace.", "content": "The bone mineral content in the upper ends of the tibia and the fibula was measured in 27 patients with tibial shaft fracture. The loss of bone mineral associated with the fracture did not differ between patients who were allowed weight-bearing in a functional below-knee brace and patients treated with a long leg plaster cast without weight-bearing.", "contents": "Post-traumatic bone mineral loss in tibial shaft fractures treated with a weight-bearing brace. The bone mineral content in the upper ends of the tibia and the fibula was measured in 27 patients with tibial shaft fracture. The loss of bone mineral associated with the fracture did not differ between patients who were allowed weight-bearing in a functional below-knee brace and patients treated with a long leg plaster cast without weight-bearing.", "PMID": 532598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5259", "title": "Strength of plantar flexion and function after resection of various parts of the triceps surae muscle.", "content": "Nine patients who had undergone resection of various well defined parts of the triceps surae muscle because of tumour were examined. The function was estimated from the patient's history and the muscle strength was measured statically and dynamically using a Cybex II dynamometer. Two patients reported slight symptoms. The loss of strength was less than one might expect from theoretical calculations. The strength of the operated limb showed a particular pattern depending on the part resected. From this pattern it was concluded that the soleus is more active when the foot is dorsiflexed and the gastrocnemius more active when the foot is in plantar flexion, and that the gastrocnemius is most important in quick movements of the foot.", "contents": "Strength of plantar flexion and function after resection of various parts of the triceps surae muscle. Nine patients who had undergone resection of various well defined parts of the triceps surae muscle because of tumour were examined. The function was estimated from the patient's history and the muscle strength was measured statically and dynamically using a Cybex II dynamometer. Two patients reported slight symptoms. The loss of strength was less than one might expect from theoretical calculations. The strength of the operated limb showed a particular pattern depending on the part resected. From this pattern it was concluded that the soleus is more active when the foot is dorsiflexed and the gastrocnemius more active when the foot is in plantar flexion, and that the gastrocnemius is most important in quick movements of the foot.", "PMID": 532599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5260", "title": "An evaluation of operative procedures in the treatment of hammer toe.", "content": "Eighty per cent of 63 patients who had undergone 136 surgical corrections of hammer toes in the 6 years prior to this study were improved by operation. In adults proximal phalangectomy was the most successful procedure to relieve symptoms and is suggested as the operation of choice. Flexor to extensor tendon transfer was successful in children but not in adults. It is proposed that the operation be performed in an out-patient basis whenever possible.", "contents": "An evaluation of operative procedures in the treatment of hammer toe. Eighty per cent of 63 patients who had undergone 136 surgical corrections of hammer toes in the 6 years prior to this study were improved by operation. In adults proximal phalangectomy was the most successful procedure to relieve symptoms and is suggested as the operation of choice. Flexor to extensor tendon transfer was successful in children but not in adults. It is proposed that the operation be performed in an out-patient basis whenever possible.", "PMID": 532600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5261", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and stellate ganglion blocks for idiopathic sudden hearing loss.", "content": "Ninety-one patients suffering from idiopathic sudden hearing loss are presented. Twenty-two patients were given medical treatment (vasodilators, steroid hormones and vitamins) alone (group 1). Forty-nine patients were treated with stellate ganglion block (SGB) plus oxygen hyperbaric therapy (OHP) (group 2) and 20 patients were treated with SGB plus OHP along with medical treatment (group 3). The SGB plus OHP treated patients were given bupivacaine, which induced Moor's anterior approach of SGB and then exposed to oxygen at a pressure of 2.4 ATA for 90 min. In group 1, 69% of the patients treated within one week after onset exhibited over 10 dB pure tone average improvement, with only 33% patients treated one to two weeks after onset experiencing over 10 dB. However, 74% of the patients in group 2 and 100% of the patients in group 3 who were treated within two weeks after onset exhibited over 10 dB improvement. More significantly, of the patients which experienced complete loss of hearing, 83% in group 2 and 100% in group 3, exhibited over 10 dB improvement, compared to only 33% in group 1. Moreover, 8 (40%) patients in group 3 recovered to within 20 dB of their normal hearing levels. In group 2, 17 patients were treated two to six weeks after onset and 12 (71%) patients had over 10 dB improvement. SGB plus OHP therapy was shown effective in the treatment of sudden idiopathic hearing loss even when patients were treated more than two weeks after onset.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and stellate ganglion blocks for idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Ninety-one patients suffering from idiopathic sudden hearing loss are presented. Twenty-two patients were given medical treatment (vasodilators, steroid hormones and vitamins) alone (group 1). Forty-nine patients were treated with stellate ganglion block (SGB) plus oxygen hyperbaric therapy (OHP) (group 2) and 20 patients were treated with SGB plus OHP along with medical treatment (group 3). The SGB plus OHP treated patients were given bupivacaine, which induced Moor's anterior approach of SGB and then exposed to oxygen at a pressure of 2.4 ATA for 90 min. In group 1, 69% of the patients treated within one week after onset exhibited over 10 dB pure tone average improvement, with only 33% patients treated one to two weeks after onset experiencing over 10 dB. However, 74% of the patients in group 2 and 100% of the patients in group 3 who were treated within two weeks after onset exhibited over 10 dB improvement. More significantly, of the patients which experienced complete loss of hearing, 83% in group 2 and 100% in group 3, exhibited over 10 dB improvement, compared to only 33% in group 1. Moreover, 8 (40%) patients in group 3 recovered to within 20 dB of their normal hearing levels. In group 2, 17 patients were treated two to six weeks after onset and 12 (71%) patients had over 10 dB improvement. SGB plus OHP therapy was shown effective in the treatment of sudden idiopathic hearing loss even when patients were treated more than two weeks after onset.", "PMID": 532608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5262", "title": "Long-term results of open cavity and tympanomastoid surgery of the chronic ear.", "content": "The results of surgery for chronic middle ear infection in 307 patients (347 ears) are reported. All ears were operated on according to one of two procedures: (i) the operative cavity was left open after removal of the posterior canal wall, or (ii) a tympanomastoidectomy with intact canal wall was done. When necessary, removal of disease in the tympanum with or without reconstruction of the sound-conducting mechanism of the middle ear was performed. Cholesteatoma was present in 56% of the ears. Open cavity surgery with no reconstruction was done in 53%. In the remaining 47%, tympanomastoidectomy was performed and in approx. half of these ears reconstruction was undertaken. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 9 years. Residual cholesteatoma was found in 9%. In 4% of the ears undergoing tympanomastoidectomy a retraction pocket cholesteatoma developed. During the follow-up period 13% of the ears required revision surgery. Nineteen per cent of the ear with open cavities were discharging and, in addition, crusts were observed in 13%. In the tympanomastoidectomy group, discharing ears were seen in 26%. As a rule, hearing was not affected by surgery. The mean elevation of the pure tone threshold was 6.5 dB on account of sensorineural loss, while the speech reception threshold shift was 11 dB. The results testify to the importance of removing the posterior canal wall in ears with chronic middle ear infection associated with cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Long-term results of open cavity and tympanomastoid surgery of the chronic ear. The results of surgery for chronic middle ear infection in 307 patients (347 ears) are reported. All ears were operated on according to one of two procedures: (i) the operative cavity was left open after removal of the posterior canal wall, or (ii) a tympanomastoidectomy with intact canal wall was done. When necessary, removal of disease in the tympanum with or without reconstruction of the sound-conducting mechanism of the middle ear was performed. Cholesteatoma was present in 56% of the ears. Open cavity surgery with no reconstruction was done in 53%. In the remaining 47%, tympanomastoidectomy was performed and in approx. half of these ears reconstruction was undertaken. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 9 years. Residual cholesteatoma was found in 9%. In 4% of the ears undergoing tympanomastoidectomy a retraction pocket cholesteatoma developed. During the follow-up period 13% of the ears required revision surgery. Nineteen per cent of the ear with open cavities were discharging and, in addition, crusts were observed in 13%. In the tympanomastoidectomy group, discharing ears were seen in 26%. As a rule, hearing was not affected by surgery. The mean elevation of the pure tone threshold was 6.5 dB on account of sensorineural loss, while the speech reception threshold shift was 11 dB. The results testify to the importance of removing the posterior canal wall in ears with chronic middle ear infection associated with cholesteatoma.", "PMID": 532609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5263", "title": "Critical bands following the selective destruction of cochlear inner and outer hair cells.", "content": "Critical bandwidths and absolute intensity thresholds were measured in cats before and after kanamycin treatment which induced selective inner and outer hair cell losses. Hair cell losses were measured from cochleograms constructed from surface preparations of the organ of Corti. Results suggested that, for the test frequencies and stimulus intensities employed, critical bandwidths were not affected for frequencies tonotopically located in cochlear regions where only outer hair cells were lost. Critical bands were widened or not measurable only when inner hair cell losses exceeding 40% were also associated with complete loss of outer hair cells. The experiment suggests that cochlear frequency selectivity can be mediated by inner hair cells alone.", "contents": "Critical bands following the selective destruction of cochlear inner and outer hair cells. Critical bandwidths and absolute intensity thresholds were measured in cats before and after kanamycin treatment which induced selective inner and outer hair cell losses. Hair cell losses were measured from cochleograms constructed from surface preparations of the organ of Corti. Results suggested that, for the test frequencies and stimulus intensities employed, critical bandwidths were not affected for frequencies tonotopically located in cochlear regions where only outer hair cells were lost. Critical bands were widened or not measurable only when inner hair cell losses exceeding 40% were also associated with complete loss of outer hair cells. The experiment suggests that cochlear frequency selectivity can be mediated by inner hair cells alone.", "PMID": 532610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5264", "title": "Effects of kanamycin on the auditory evoked responses during postnatal development of the hearing of the rat.", "content": "The ototoxic effects of kanamycin were studied in rats during the early postnatal period and at an adult age. Brain stem potentials as well as auditory cortical potentials were used for the estimating of ototoxic damage. The auditory potentials decreased promptly and markedly in the animals which were treated daily with 400 mg/kg body weight of kanamycin starting from the 11th day after birth. In these animals, the auditory potentials were almost completely abolished within 10 days after the beginning of the kanamycin treatment. However, when the same amount of kanamycin was applied earlier or later than that, i.e., avoiding the period of the initial appearance and the greatest development of auditory functions (from the 11th to the 15th day after birth in the rat), the auditory potentials were not apparently damaged. In light and scanning electronmicroscopy, marked ototoxic changes were observed which underlay the functional damage. The meaning of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of kanamycin on the auditory evoked responses during postnatal development of the hearing of the rat. The ototoxic effects of kanamycin were studied in rats during the early postnatal period and at an adult age. Brain stem potentials as well as auditory cortical potentials were used for the estimating of ototoxic damage. The auditory potentials decreased promptly and markedly in the animals which were treated daily with 400 mg/kg body weight of kanamycin starting from the 11th day after birth. In these animals, the auditory potentials were almost completely abolished within 10 days after the beginning of the kanamycin treatment. However, when the same amount of kanamycin was applied earlier or later than that, i.e., avoiding the period of the initial appearance and the greatest development of auditory functions (from the 11th to the 15th day after birth in the rat), the auditory potentials were not apparently damaged. In light and scanning electronmicroscopy, marked ototoxic changes were observed which underlay the functional damage. The meaning of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 532611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5265", "title": "Ototoxic effects of the interaction between kanamycin and ethacrynic acid. Cochlear ultrastructure correlated with cochlear potentials and kanamycin levels.", "content": "The effects of the interaction between kanamycin (KAN) and ethacrynic acid (EA) on the ultrastructure of the guinea pig cochlea were studied 3, 4, 6, and 24 hours following administration of EA (40 mg/kg) to animals pretreated 2 h earlier with KAN (400 mg/kg). Appropriate saline (SAL) controls were included giving 4 treatments: KAN/EA, KAN/SAL, SAL/EA and SAL/SAL. The outer hair cells of the organ of Corti showed nuclear and plasma membrane changes at 3 h and were completely destroyed at 24 h. The inner hair cells were unaffected. Severe swelling was seen in the stria vascularis of both KAN/EA and SAL/EA animals at 3 h and was gone by 24 h. KAN/EA had a greater effect on the stria than had SAL/EA. These results were consistent with the time course of the effect of the drugs on the a.c. and d.c. endocochlear potentials. KAN concentrations in perilymph were unaffected by treatment with EA.", "contents": "Ototoxic effects of the interaction between kanamycin and ethacrynic acid. Cochlear ultrastructure correlated with cochlear potentials and kanamycin levels. The effects of the interaction between kanamycin (KAN) and ethacrynic acid (EA) on the ultrastructure of the guinea pig cochlea were studied 3, 4, 6, and 24 hours following administration of EA (40 mg/kg) to animals pretreated 2 h earlier with KAN (400 mg/kg). Appropriate saline (SAL) controls were included giving 4 treatments: KAN/EA, KAN/SAL, SAL/EA and SAL/SAL. The outer hair cells of the organ of Corti showed nuclear and plasma membrane changes at 3 h and were completely destroyed at 24 h. The inner hair cells were unaffected. Severe swelling was seen in the stria vascularis of both KAN/EA and SAL/EA animals at 3 h and was gone by 24 h. KAN/EA had a greater effect on the stria than had SAL/EA. These results were consistent with the time course of the effect of the drugs on the a.c. and d.c. endocochlear potentials. KAN concentrations in perilymph were unaffected by treatment with EA.", "PMID": 532612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5266", "title": "Elimination kinetics of furosemide in perilymph and serum of the chinchilla. Neuropharmacologic correlates.", "content": "This study was done to determine the comparative elimination kinetics of furosemide from chinchilla perilymph and serum, and to correlate perilymph concentration with changes in endocochlear potential. The elimination kinetics of furosemide (FU) were determined in sera and perilymph obtained from chinchillas injected with 100 mg/kg i.v. of FU. Concentrations of FU exhibited a linear decay pattern in serum and perilymph over the initial 60 minutes. The rate of decline of furosemide levels in perilymph was about four times slower than the rate of fall in serum. Chronic treatment (25 mg/kg i.p. every 12 hours) did not appear to influence the level of drug at 60 minutes after a dose of FU (100 mg/kg IV). Chinchillas were also studied following doses of FU ranging from 25--200 mg/kg i.v. to see the effect on endocochlear potential (EP). A positive correlation was found between FU dosage, the maximum millivolt reduction of EP and the time to initiation of recovery of EP. The perilymph concentration of furosemide when the EP began to recover was 5 microgram/ml (1.5 x 10(-5) M). Knowledge of furosemide kinetics may ultimately be applied to prevent ototoxicity in patients.", "contents": "Elimination kinetics of furosemide in perilymph and serum of the chinchilla. Neuropharmacologic correlates. This study was done to determine the comparative elimination kinetics of furosemide from chinchilla perilymph and serum, and to correlate perilymph concentration with changes in endocochlear potential. The elimination kinetics of furosemide (FU) were determined in sera and perilymph obtained from chinchillas injected with 100 mg/kg i.v. of FU. Concentrations of FU exhibited a linear decay pattern in serum and perilymph over the initial 60 minutes. The rate of decline of furosemide levels in perilymph was about four times slower than the rate of fall in serum. Chronic treatment (25 mg/kg i.p. every 12 hours) did not appear to influence the level of drug at 60 minutes after a dose of FU (100 mg/kg IV). Chinchillas were also studied following doses of FU ranging from 25--200 mg/kg i.v. to see the effect on endocochlear potential (EP). A positive correlation was found between FU dosage, the maximum millivolt reduction of EP and the time to initiation of recovery of EP. The perilymph concentration of furosemide when the EP began to recover was 5 microgram/ml (1.5 x 10(-5) M). Knowledge of furosemide kinetics may ultimately be applied to prevent ototoxicity in patients.", "PMID": 532613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5267", "title": "Screening tympanometry during the first year of life.", "content": "150 healthy children were regularly investigated with tympanometry during the first year of life. Normal middle ear pressure was found in nearly all children at birth. At the age of 6 months, 62% of the ears had a pressure of 0-99 mmH2O. In 37% the pressure was between -100 and -350 mmH2O and 1% had flat curves. At the age of 9 months, the tympanograms further deteriorated and at 12 months, only 40% of the ears had a pressure of 0 to -99 mmH2O, 28% had a pressure of -100 to -199 mmH2O, 19% a pressure of -200 to -350 mmH2O and 13% had flat curves, indicating secretory otitis. At 1 year, the tympanograms were worse than in any other age group investigated so far. The dominant cause of the reduced middle ear ventilation was catarrhalia, the frequency of which increased during the period from 6 to 12 months.", "contents": "Screening tympanometry during the first year of life. 150 healthy children were regularly investigated with tympanometry during the first year of life. Normal middle ear pressure was found in nearly all children at birth. At the age of 6 months, 62% of the ears had a pressure of 0-99 mmH2O. In 37% the pressure was between -100 and -350 mmH2O and 1% had flat curves. At the age of 9 months, the tympanograms further deteriorated and at 12 months, only 40% of the ears had a pressure of 0 to -99 mmH2O, 28% had a pressure of -100 to -199 mmH2O, 19% a pressure of -200 to -350 mmH2O and 13% had flat curves, indicating secretory otitis. At 1 year, the tympanograms were worse than in any other age group investigated so far. The dominant cause of the reduced middle ear ventilation was catarrhalia, the frequency of which increased during the period from 6 to 12 months.", "PMID": 532614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5268", "title": "The role of the pars flaccida in the mechanics of the middle ear.", "content": "The role played by the pars flaccida in the functioning of the middle ear is not altogether clear. The aim of our research was to study the movements of pars flaccida in altering the air volume in the middle ear. By using a sond placed either in the tympanic bulla or in the Eustachian tube in the rat, the middle ear can be insufflated or aspirated with exact volumes of air. Pars flaccida reacted promptly to the changes, while pars tensa remained immobile. A large air volume caused perforation of the pars flaccida. It seems that pars flaccida's function may consist in maintaining a constant middle ear pressure within certain limits, by changing its position.", "contents": "The role of the pars flaccida in the mechanics of the middle ear. The role played by the pars flaccida in the functioning of the middle ear is not altogether clear. The aim of our research was to study the movements of pars flaccida in altering the air volume in the middle ear. By using a sond placed either in the tympanic bulla or in the Eustachian tube in the rat, the middle ear can be insufflated or aspirated with exact volumes of air. Pars flaccida reacted promptly to the changes, while pars tensa remained immobile. A large air volume caused perforation of the pars flaccida. It seems that pars flaccida's function may consist in maintaining a constant middle ear pressure within certain limits, by changing its position.", "PMID": 532615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5269", "title": "In vitro preservation of human pituitary tumours in organotypic differentiation.", "content": "Three types of human pituitary adenomas--growth hormone producing, prolactin producing, as well as endocrinologically inactive ('chromophobe') tumours--were explanted to an in vitro system for organ culture. After one month, surviving hypophyseal cells demonstrated preserved hormone activity and no dedifferentiation of cell characteristics. During the first weeks in culture, close similarity existed between in vivo and in vitro conditions with regard to cell survival/cell morphology and physiological function/hormone release.", "contents": "In vitro preservation of human pituitary tumours in organotypic differentiation. Three types of human pituitary adenomas--growth hormone producing, prolactin producing, as well as endocrinologically inactive ('chromophobe') tumours--were explanted to an in vitro system for organ culture. After one month, surviving hypophyseal cells demonstrated preserved hormone activity and no dedifferentiation of cell characteristics. During the first weeks in culture, close similarity existed between in vivo and in vitro conditions with regard to cell survival/cell morphology and physiological function/hormone release.", "PMID": 532616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5270", "title": "Ultrastructural findings of the nasal mucosa of \"ozaena\" in atrophic rhinitis.", "content": "Alterations in the nasal mucous layer of atrophic rhinitis \"Ozaena\" patients have been investigated. The vast majority (99%) of these patients were women. Morphological findings in healthy nasal mucosa demonstrated the different functional stages of the glandular tissue cells with the healthy epithelium. On the other hand, nasal mucosal material taken from the patients displayed prominent epithelial deterioration, decrease in and loss of cilia, increase in goblet cells with squamous epithelial metaplasia. A decrease in secretory granules and membrane deterioration in the apical region of the secretory cells was also clearly visible. It is possible to postulate that the ultrastructural changes seen in the secretory and storage cycles of glandular tissue of the nasal mucosa from patients seem to arise as a reaction to the superficial epithelial deterioration of the nasal mucosa together with the resulting deterioration of physiological conditions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural findings of the nasal mucosa of \"ozaena\" in atrophic rhinitis. Alterations in the nasal mucous layer of atrophic rhinitis \"Ozaena\" patients have been investigated. The vast majority (99%) of these patients were women. Morphological findings in healthy nasal mucosa demonstrated the different functional stages of the glandular tissue cells with the healthy epithelium. On the other hand, nasal mucosal material taken from the patients displayed prominent epithelial deterioration, decrease in and loss of cilia, increase in goblet cells with squamous epithelial metaplasia. A decrease in secretory granules and membrane deterioration in the apical region of the secretory cells was also clearly visible. It is possible to postulate that the ultrastructural changes seen in the secretory and storage cycles of glandular tissue of the nasal mucosa from patients seem to arise as a reaction to the superficial epithelial deterioration of the nasal mucosa together with the resulting deterioration of physiological conditions.", "PMID": 532617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5271", "title": "Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in the nasopharynx in children.", "content": "The presence of attached bacteria to epithelial cells from the nasopharyngeal surface of the soft palate, from the adenoid surface and from the secretions covering the adenoid was studied in 10 children undergoing adenoidectomy. Large numbers of bacteria were seen to attach to mature normal squamous epithelial cells from the soft palate and in the secretions, whereas attachment to adenoid epithelial cells was rare. Using differential interference contrast microscopy, bacteria-carrying epithelial cells were seen to have their surface covered by microridges characteristic of normal mature squamous epithelial cells. Sections of adenoid tissue showed bacterial infiltration of adenoid tissue to be virtually nonexistent in the patient group.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in the nasopharynx in children. The presence of attached bacteria to epithelial cells from the nasopharyngeal surface of the soft palate, from the adenoid surface and from the secretions covering the adenoid was studied in 10 children undergoing adenoidectomy. Large numbers of bacteria were seen to attach to mature normal squamous epithelial cells from the soft palate and in the secretions, whereas attachment to adenoid epithelial cells was rare. Using differential interference contrast microscopy, bacteria-carrying epithelial cells were seen to have their surface covered by microridges characteristic of normal mature squamous epithelial cells. Sections of adenoid tissue showed bacterial infiltration of adenoid tissue to be virtually nonexistent in the patient group.", "PMID": 532618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5272", "title": "Amyloidosis of the larynx.", "content": "Amyloidosis of the larynx is a rare disease, accounting for less than 1% of all benign laryngeal 'tumours'. Three cases of this type of lesion are reported--one of the vocal cord, one of the false vocal cord and one of the subglottis and trachea. In 2 of the patients the amyloidosis was localized, while the third was later found also to have an epipharyngeal solitary plasmacytoma with amyloid deposits and in addition amyloidosis of the nasal cavity. However, the amyloidosis in this patient may still be regarded as being localized, as the clinical examination and laboratory tests afforded no evidence of generalized disease. Amyloidosis of the larynx may be manifested as a localized tumour or as a diffuse infiltration. The symptoms and signs will, of course, depend on the site of the amyloid deposit. When the vocal cords are involved hoarseness may result, and this was the most prominent sign in the present cases. The treatment of laryngeal amyloidosis is primarily by endoscopic excision. Amyloid substance has specific staining properties. The Congo red reaction with a green birefringence in polarized light and Phorwhite BBU using fluorescence microscopy are regarded as the most reliable staining reactions. Electron microscopy has revealed a typical fibrillar structure of amyloid.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the larynx. Amyloidosis of the larynx is a rare disease, accounting for less than 1% of all benign laryngeal 'tumours'. Three cases of this type of lesion are reported--one of the vocal cord, one of the false vocal cord and one of the subglottis and trachea. In 2 of the patients the amyloidosis was localized, while the third was later found also to have an epipharyngeal solitary plasmacytoma with amyloid deposits and in addition amyloidosis of the nasal cavity. However, the amyloidosis in this patient may still be regarded as being localized, as the clinical examination and laboratory tests afforded no evidence of generalized disease. Amyloidosis of the larynx may be manifested as a localized tumour or as a diffuse infiltration. The symptoms and signs will, of course, depend on the site of the amyloid deposit. When the vocal cords are involved hoarseness may result, and this was the most prominent sign in the present cases. The treatment of laryngeal amyloidosis is primarily by endoscopic excision. Amyloid substance has specific staining properties. The Congo red reaction with a green birefringence in polarized light and Phorwhite BBU using fluorescence microscopy are regarded as the most reliable staining reactions. Electron microscopy has revealed a typical fibrillar structure of amyloid.", "PMID": 532619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5273", "title": "Cuff pressure and microvascular occlusion in the tracheal mucosa. An intravital microscopic study in the rabbit.", "content": "A method is described for the intravital microscopic observations of rabbit tracheal mucosa microcirculation during compression with a thin, transparent high volume cuff. The cuff pressure (CP) required to cause complete ischemia in the mucosa over the cartilages was measured and a correlation was found to the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Ischemia was not observed below CP-MAP ratios of 0.40 for untreated animals or below 0.44 for animals where the MAP had been elevated by adrenalin. However, marked reduction of the microvascular blood flow was present at lower CP-MAP ratios, 0.2-0.3, which at a MAP of 75 mmHg corresponds to cuff pressures of 15-20 mmHg. It is therefore advocated that endotracheal cuff pressures are kept below these values to avoid ischemic tissue injury.", "contents": "Cuff pressure and microvascular occlusion in the tracheal mucosa. An intravital microscopic study in the rabbit. A method is described for the intravital microscopic observations of rabbit tracheal mucosa microcirculation during compression with a thin, transparent high volume cuff. The cuff pressure (CP) required to cause complete ischemia in the mucosa over the cartilages was measured and a correlation was found to the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Ischemia was not observed below CP-MAP ratios of 0.40 for untreated animals or below 0.44 for animals where the MAP had been elevated by adrenalin. However, marked reduction of the microvascular blood flow was present at lower CP-MAP ratios, 0.2-0.3, which at a MAP of 75 mmHg corresponds to cuff pressures of 15-20 mmHg. It is therefore advocated that endotracheal cuff pressures are kept below these values to avoid ischemic tissue injury.", "PMID": 532620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5274", "title": "Studies of the effect of peroral fenylpropanolamin on the functional size of the human maxillary ostium.", "content": "The effect of peroral fenylpropanolamin on the functional size of the human maxillary ostium was studied in 20 patients suffering from acute rhino-sinusitis. The size of the maxillary ostium was measured by a manometric procedure over a 2-hour period. During the introduction of a known airflow into the sinus for a short while, the pressure increase was compared with a nomogram obtained by model experiments. The introduction of the cannulas into the maxillary sinus caused a swelling of the mucosa in the ostium in the placebo group and initially also in the group receiving fenylpropanolamin, but, after 60 minutes, the latter group had a mean functional ostial size greater than the initial one. These differences were not statistically significant. This seems to be the first objective study of the size of the ostia in the human paranasal sinuses during treatment with a peroral decongestant.", "contents": "Studies of the effect of peroral fenylpropanolamin on the functional size of the human maxillary ostium. The effect of peroral fenylpropanolamin on the functional size of the human maxillary ostium was studied in 20 patients suffering from acute rhino-sinusitis. The size of the maxillary ostium was measured by a manometric procedure over a 2-hour period. During the introduction of a known airflow into the sinus for a short while, the pressure increase was compared with a nomogram obtained by model experiments. The introduction of the cannulas into the maxillary sinus caused a swelling of the mucosa in the ostium in the placebo group and initially also in the group receiving fenylpropanolamin, but, after 60 minutes, the latter group had a mean functional ostial size greater than the initial one. These differences were not statistically significant. This seems to be the first objective study of the size of the ostia in the human paranasal sinuses during treatment with a peroral decongestant.", "PMID": 532621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5275", "title": "Carcinoma of the parotid gland following sialography with thorotrast. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases are presented of malignant tumour of the parotid gland following sialography with Thorotrast, 28 and 45 years previously. Both cases were histologically established as squamous cell carcinoma and the presence of Thorotrast in the tumours was confirmed by autohistoradiography. It is suggested that the tumours may have developed from metaplastic ductal epithelium after many years of exposure to the alpha radiation from Thorotrast deposits in the gland.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the parotid gland following sialography with thorotrast. Report of two cases. Two cases are presented of malignant tumour of the parotid gland following sialography with Thorotrast, 28 and 45 years previously. Both cases were histologically established as squamous cell carcinoma and the presence of Thorotrast in the tumours was confirmed by autohistoradiography. It is suggested that the tumours may have developed from metaplastic ductal epithelium after many years of exposure to the alpha radiation from Thorotrast deposits in the gland.", "PMID": 532622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5276", "title": "Myopathy induced by clofibrate treatment in normolipaemic patients.", "content": "On the basis of the occurrence of myopathy in a clofibric acid treated child with diabetes insipidus, three other children with the same diseases were examined in order to find indications for a myopathic side-effect of the drug. When the children were found to have increased creatine phosphokinase activity and EMG changes, two of the authors took clofibric acid themselves. In both test persons subclinical myopathy was produced. After stopping the drug, transitional hypertriglyceridaemia occurred. These side-effects should serve as a warning of an uncritical application of clofibric acid and its esters.", "contents": "Myopathy induced by clofibrate treatment in normolipaemic patients. On the basis of the occurrence of myopathy in a clofibric acid treated child with diabetes insipidus, three other children with the same diseases were examined in order to find indications for a myopathic side-effect of the drug. When the children were found to have increased creatine phosphokinase activity and EMG changes, two of the authors took clofibric acid themselves. In both test persons subclinical myopathy was produced. After stopping the drug, transitional hypertriglyceridaemia occurred. These side-effects should serve as a warning of an uncritical application of clofibric acid and its esters.", "PMID": 532624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5277", "title": "HLA-antigens and some autoimmune features of juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A group of 67 juvenile insulin dependent diabetic patients and their 167 healthy first degree blood relatives were HLA-typed. In the patients the frequency of HLA-A9 and B8 antigens was significantly increased as compared to healthy controls, while in the family members only the presence of HLA-B8 was significantly increased. All diabetics carrying HLA-B8 antigen had frequently higher 125I-insulin-antibody complex levels than those lacking the antigen. Prevalence of some autoantibodies to human thyroglobulin, microsomal thyroid and antigastric mucosa antigen were investigated and compared to healthy controls. Increased antibody titres were more frequent in diabetics and their blood relatives than in the healthy controls, and more frequent in those carrying the HLA-B8 antigen than in those lacking it.", "contents": "HLA-antigens and some autoimmune features of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A group of 67 juvenile insulin dependent diabetic patients and their 167 healthy first degree blood relatives were HLA-typed. In the patients the frequency of HLA-A9 and B8 antigens was significantly increased as compared to healthy controls, while in the family members only the presence of HLA-B8 was significantly increased. All diabetics carrying HLA-B8 antigen had frequently higher 125I-insulin-antibody complex levels than those lacking the antigen. Prevalence of some autoantibodies to human thyroglobulin, microsomal thyroid and antigastric mucosa antigen were investigated and compared to healthy controls. Increased antibody titres were more frequent in diabetics and their blood relatives than in the healthy controls, and more frequent in those carrying the HLA-B8 antigen than in those lacking it.", "PMID": 532626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5278", "title": "Nutritional assessment of infants and preschool children using two different anthropometric criteria of classification.", "content": "A comparison of two criteria for assessing malnutrition in infants and children has been carried out in a sample of 184 healthy infants and children grouped according to two different anthropometric criteria: considering the quantity of body mass for linear dimension by the ratio W/H; and considering the degree of wasting according to weight for height (WH). Biochemical studies were also carried out in each child and correlated with body systems of classification. Total amino acids in serum and eryhtrocytes, the non-essential/essential amino acid ratio in serum and erythrocytes, total serum proteins and the albumin/alpha globulin ratio were investigated. The results showed that both criteria were closely related, the linear regression between them was highly significant (r = 0.931). Nevertheless, the W/H criterion classified as undernourished a higher proportion of children, because it included those of delayed biological age though not malnourished. On the contrary, WH only classified as undernourished those who probably have actual malnutrition. Biochemical studies showed significant correlations with both criteria but higher r values were found for W/H in some cases. Thus, classification on the basis of WH including the analysis of the degree of wasting and of stunting, is satisfactory for individual and community assessment, but it should include the classification of overweights. It must be stressed that both systems, being based on weight as the basis of classification, do not consider body composition and therefore can only assess whole body mass and thus only approximate the nutritional status.", "contents": "Nutritional assessment of infants and preschool children using two different anthropometric criteria of classification. A comparison of two criteria for assessing malnutrition in infants and children has been carried out in a sample of 184 healthy infants and children grouped according to two different anthropometric criteria: considering the quantity of body mass for linear dimension by the ratio W/H; and considering the degree of wasting according to weight for height (WH). Biochemical studies were also carried out in each child and correlated with body systems of classification. Total amino acids in serum and eryhtrocytes, the non-essential/essential amino acid ratio in serum and erythrocytes, total serum proteins and the albumin/alpha globulin ratio were investigated. The results showed that both criteria were closely related, the linear regression between them was highly significant (r = 0.931). Nevertheless, the W/H criterion classified as undernourished a higher proportion of children, because it included those of delayed biological age though not malnourished. On the contrary, WH only classified as undernourished those who probably have actual malnutrition. Biochemical studies showed significant correlations with both criteria but higher r values were found for W/H in some cases. Thus, classification on the basis of WH including the analysis of the degree of wasting and of stunting, is satisfactory for individual and community assessment, but it should include the classification of overweights. It must be stressed that both systems, being based on weight as the basis of classification, do not consider body composition and therefore can only assess whole body mass and thus only approximate the nutritional status.", "PMID": 532627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5279", "title": "Lower airway diseases in childhood: a review with emphasis on X-ray signs.", "content": "Lower airway diseases play an important role despite the most sophisticated therapeutic measures. Consequences of modern life, air pollution and many byproducts of our civilisation act in favour of airway diseases. Complicated is the problem by the changing symptoms, the changing virulence of the pathogenic microorganisms, by the unstable immune activity of the organism. Besides new syndromes are detected or separated from old diseases according to the development of the diagnostic tools. This paper reviews the actual situation of the subject.", "contents": "Lower airway diseases in childhood: a review with emphasis on X-ray signs. Lower airway diseases play an important role despite the most sophisticated therapeutic measures. Consequences of modern life, air pollution and many byproducts of our civilisation act in favour of airway diseases. Complicated is the problem by the changing symptoms, the changing virulence of the pathogenic microorganisms, by the unstable immune activity of the organism. Besides new syndromes are detected or separated from old diseases according to the development of the diagnostic tools. This paper reviews the actual situation of the subject.", "PMID": 532630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5280", "title": "A comparative study of two diets in the treatment of primary exogenous obesity in children.", "content": "One hundred four children, six to fourteen years of age, with primary exogenous obesity were randomly distributed in order to be subjected to two different diets, ketogenic (low carbohydrate) and hypocaloric, for eight weeks. Body weight, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, a glucose tolerance test, blood glucose and plasma insulin determination were performed before and after both diets. The results revealed significant differences in body weight and triglyceride concentrations with the two diets although they were more remarkable with the ketogenic diet. There were significant differences in the fasting insulin levels, insulinogenic index, and insulin concentration after a glucose tolerance test in the patients subjected to a ketogenic diet.", "contents": "A comparative study of two diets in the treatment of primary exogenous obesity in children. One hundred four children, six to fourteen years of age, with primary exogenous obesity were randomly distributed in order to be subjected to two different diets, ketogenic (low carbohydrate) and hypocaloric, for eight weeks. Body weight, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, a glucose tolerance test, blood glucose and plasma insulin determination were performed before and after both diets. The results revealed significant differences in body weight and triglyceride concentrations with the two diets although they were more remarkable with the ketogenic diet. There were significant differences in the fasting insulin levels, insulinogenic index, and insulin concentration after a glucose tolerance test in the patients subjected to a ketogenic diet.", "PMID": 532631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5281", "title": "Histopathology, histochemistry and acetylcholinesterase activity after repetitive administration of fluostigmine to albino rat.", "content": "Histopathological, histochemical and biochemical investigations were performed on the brain, sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney of rats which were given 5% of LD50 dose of DFP for 10 days. A decrease in AChE activity, degeneration of neurons and necrotic changes in the nuclei of hypothalamus, degeneration of myelin sheaths in sciatic nerve, a decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity in the myocardium, and a minimal decrease of acid phosphatase activity (AcPh) in the liver were found. The biochemical determination of AChE level indicated about 30% AChE activity in erythrocytes and tibialis muscle, and 40% in the brain 1 hr after the last dose of the inhibitor and 80% and 50% respectively on the 7th day after poisoning in relation to normal values.", "contents": "Histopathology, histochemistry and acetylcholinesterase activity after repetitive administration of fluostigmine to albino rat. Histopathological, histochemical and biochemical investigations were performed on the brain, sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney of rats which were given 5% of LD50 dose of DFP for 10 days. A decrease in AChE activity, degeneration of neurons and necrotic changes in the nuclei of hypothalamus, degeneration of myelin sheaths in sciatic nerve, a decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity in the myocardium, and a minimal decrease of acid phosphatase activity (AcPh) in the liver were found. The biochemical determination of AChE level indicated about 30% AChE activity in erythrocytes and tibialis muscle, and 40% in the brain 1 hr after the last dose of the inhibitor and 80% and 50% respectively on the 7th day after poisoning in relation to normal values.", "PMID": 532668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5282", "title": "Oxytocic activity of plasma and posterior pituitary lobe after ovariectomy and implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets in female rats.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma and posterior pituitary lobe extract in rats after sham operation, ovariectomy and after subcutaneous implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets in ovariectomized rats. On the 5th day after ovariectomy or implantation of hormones, sample of 2 ml of blood were obtained under urethane anaesthesia from the cephalic end of the right external jugular vein, and the animals were killed by decapitation. The posterior pituitary lobe was removed and homogenized in 0.9% NaCl solution acidified with glacial acetic acid. The oxytocic activity of plasma and extracts of the posterior pituitary lobe was determined by the method of Van Dongen and Hays on fragments of lactating rat mammary tissue. On the 5th day after ovariectomy or implantation of stilboestrol the oxytocic activity was found to be significantly increased in the plasma and posterior pituitary lobe, and after progesterone implantation it was decreased in the posterior pituitary lobe.", "contents": "Oxytocic activity of plasma and posterior pituitary lobe after ovariectomy and implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets in female rats. The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma and posterior pituitary lobe extract in rats after sham operation, ovariectomy and after subcutaneous implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets in ovariectomized rats. On the 5th day after ovariectomy or implantation of hormones, sample of 2 ml of blood were obtained under urethane anaesthesia from the cephalic end of the right external jugular vein, and the animals were killed by decapitation. The posterior pituitary lobe was removed and homogenized in 0.9% NaCl solution acidified with glacial acetic acid. The oxytocic activity of plasma and extracts of the posterior pituitary lobe was determined by the method of Van Dongen and Hays on fragments of lactating rat mammary tissue. On the 5th day after ovariectomy or implantation of stilboestrol the oxytocic activity was found to be significantly increased in the plasma and posterior pituitary lobe, and after progesterone implantation it was decreased in the posterior pituitary lobe.", "PMID": 532670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5283", "title": "Properties of reversible graded inhibition of phrenic nerve activity by pulmonary afferents.", "content": "Reversible graded inhibition of phrenic nerve activity (PNA) was observed during short, low volume lung inflations in chloralose anaesthetized, paralyzed cats. The strength of the inhibitory effect rose with the volume of inflation in a manner suggesting non-linearity. The volume threshold for the first detectable inhibition decreased with increasing delay between onest of inspiration and lung inflation. The differences between the threshold curve for different air flows were not significant. The recovery of PNA from transient inhibition was not immediate and this shows that lung inflations might activate a central inhibitory mechanism, the action of which could outlast the activation period of lung receptors. It is suggested that pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) are responsible for the observed reactions. The present results indicate that the theory of \"all or none\" action of PSR on inspiratory activity is not valid for all experimental conditions, and that PSR are capable of continuous control of PNA pattern.", "contents": "Properties of reversible graded inhibition of phrenic nerve activity by pulmonary afferents. Reversible graded inhibition of phrenic nerve activity (PNA) was observed during short, low volume lung inflations in chloralose anaesthetized, paralyzed cats. The strength of the inhibitory effect rose with the volume of inflation in a manner suggesting non-linearity. The volume threshold for the first detectable inhibition decreased with increasing delay between onest of inspiration and lung inflation. The differences between the threshold curve for different air flows were not significant. The recovery of PNA from transient inhibition was not immediate and this shows that lung inflations might activate a central inhibitory mechanism, the action of which could outlast the activation period of lung receptors. It is suggested that pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) are responsible for the observed reactions. The present results indicate that the theory of \"all or none\" action of PSR on inspiratory activity is not valid for all experimental conditions, and that PSR are capable of continuous control of PNA pattern.", "PMID": 532669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5284", "title": "Influence of oral glucose load upon blood glucose level in relation to the time of day.", "content": "Blood glucose levels were estimated at different times of day in fasted rats and after 30, 60,90 and 120 min, since oral glucose load. Circadian variations in basal glucose levels and in the levels after glucose load were observed with the highest values noted between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m., and the lowest ones about midnight. These variations were most prominent when the measurements were performed 60 min after glucose load. Circadian variation in glucose tolerance was also revealed with the best tolerance at about midnight while the worst one was noted at noon and in the afternoon.", "contents": "Influence of oral glucose load upon blood glucose level in relation to the time of day. Blood glucose levels were estimated at different times of day in fasted rats and after 30, 60,90 and 120 min, since oral glucose load. Circadian variations in basal glucose levels and in the levels after glucose load were observed with the highest values noted between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m., and the lowest ones about midnight. These variations were most prominent when the measurements were performed 60 min after glucose load. Circadian variation in glucose tolerance was also revealed with the best tolerance at about midnight while the worst one was noted at noon and in the afternoon.", "PMID": 532673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5285", "title": "Method for comparative studies of the revascularisation processes in the bone tissue, using 85Sr.", "content": "85SR was used for the local blood flow measurements in bones. A method for dynamic analysis of the magnitude of local blood flow based on 7-min analysis of the area under the logarithmic curve was presented. The radioactivity of the tibial diaphysis was followed by a gamma-scintillation dectector focused on the area of approximately 10 mm 0. The revascularisation process during bone repair after the osteotomy of the tibial diaphysis fixed intramarrowally was observed on 14 rabbits, two and four weeks after the osteotomy. In the first two weeks following the osteotomy the process of revascularisation was significantly enhanced in a comparison to the second two weeks.", "contents": "Method for comparative studies of the revascularisation processes in the bone tissue, using 85Sr. 85SR was used for the local blood flow measurements in bones. A method for dynamic analysis of the magnitude of local blood flow based on 7-min analysis of the area under the logarithmic curve was presented. The radioactivity of the tibial diaphysis was followed by a gamma-scintillation dectector focused on the area of approximately 10 mm 0. The revascularisation process during bone repair after the osteotomy of the tibial diaphysis fixed intramarrowally was observed on 14 rabbits, two and four weeks after the osteotomy. In the first two weeks following the osteotomy the process of revascularisation was significantly enhanced in a comparison to the second two weeks.", "PMID": 532672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5286", "title": "Motor reactivity of isolated heart of the grass-snake (Natrix natrix L.).", "content": "Stimulation of the vagus nerve with a volley of electric impulses changed the action of grass-snake heart producing a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. The effect of vagal stimulation was not different from the effect of acetylcholine administration and it was absent in the presence of atropine and hexamethonium. It was not possible to demonstrate sympathetic nervous fibres in the stimulated segment of the vagus nerve and trials of finding a separate nerve increasing the heart rate were unsuccessful. Parasympathicotonic agents caused bradycardia and a fall in the amplitude of cardiac contractions, and in sufficiently high doses they arrested the heart in diastole. The action of muscarine-like agents was stronger than that of nicotine, and the anticholinergic action of tubocurarine was weaker than that of atropine. Catecholamines exerted a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect which was completely blocked by propranolol in some tests only.", "contents": "Motor reactivity of isolated heart of the grass-snake (Natrix natrix L.). Stimulation of the vagus nerve with a volley of electric impulses changed the action of grass-snake heart producing a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. The effect of vagal stimulation was not different from the effect of acetylcholine administration and it was absent in the presence of atropine and hexamethonium. It was not possible to demonstrate sympathetic nervous fibres in the stimulated segment of the vagus nerve and trials of finding a separate nerve increasing the heart rate were unsuccessful. Parasympathicotonic agents caused bradycardia and a fall in the amplitude of cardiac contractions, and in sufficiently high doses they arrested the heart in diastole. The action of muscarine-like agents was stronger than that of nicotine, and the anticholinergic action of tubocurarine was weaker than that of atropine. Catecholamines exerted a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect which was completely blocked by propranolol in some tests only.", "PMID": 532671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5287", "title": "Physical exercise effect on erythrocyte metabolism.", "content": "A group of 27 canoeists from the national team and 35 subjects beginning training in a sports discipline were subjected to investigations for determination of glucose utilization by erythrocytes, and the level of lactic acid in these cells and in serum. Furthermore, erythrocyte count and haematocrit value were determined in them. Both groups performed submaximal and maximal work on cycle ergometer. In the trained sportsmen the erythrocyte count and haematocrit value were higher already before exercise. During the exercise the increase in these values, as well as the rise in erythrocyte and serum lactic acid levels were again greater than in untrained freshmen. This difference was caused by the fact that the trained sportsmen performed twice as much work. Glucose utilization by erythrocytes (in vitro) was greatest after maximal exercise in both groups. The differences observed between both groups became manifest during exercise with a greater rise in glucose utilization by the erythrocytes obtained from the trained group. Fifteen minutes after the exercise this utilization fell in both groups below the value obtained before exercise. During the same time erythrocyte count and haematocrit returned to their initial levels.", "contents": "Physical exercise effect on erythrocyte metabolism. A group of 27 canoeists from the national team and 35 subjects beginning training in a sports discipline were subjected to investigations for determination of glucose utilization by erythrocytes, and the level of lactic acid in these cells and in serum. Furthermore, erythrocyte count and haematocrit value were determined in them. Both groups performed submaximal and maximal work on cycle ergometer. In the trained sportsmen the erythrocyte count and haematocrit value were higher already before exercise. During the exercise the increase in these values, as well as the rise in erythrocyte and serum lactic acid levels were again greater than in untrained freshmen. This difference was caused by the fact that the trained sportsmen performed twice as much work. Glucose utilization by erythrocytes (in vitro) was greatest after maximal exercise in both groups. The differences observed between both groups became manifest during exercise with a greater rise in glucose utilization by the erythrocytes obtained from the trained group. Fifteen minutes after the exercise this utilization fell in both groups below the value obtained before exercise. During the same time erythrocyte count and haematocrit returned to their initial levels.", "PMID": 532675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5288", "title": "Ledakrin effect on free fatty acid and glycerol mobilization from epididymal adipose tissue of rat in vitro.", "content": "It was demonstrated that Ledakrin, an antitumour drug, causes mobilization of free fatty acids and glycerol from the epididymal adipose tissue of rat in vitro. The disproportion observed in the release of glycerol and free fatty acids following Ledakrin administration suggested a biphasic effect of this drug, with initial stimulation and later inhibition of the processes of lipolysis and lipogenesis. Blockade of adrenergic membrane receptors (with propranolol or regitine) abolished the lipolytic effect of Ledakrin.", "contents": "Ledakrin effect on free fatty acid and glycerol mobilization from epididymal adipose tissue of rat in vitro. It was demonstrated that Ledakrin, an antitumour drug, causes mobilization of free fatty acids and glycerol from the epididymal adipose tissue of rat in vitro. The disproportion observed in the release of glycerol and free fatty acids following Ledakrin administration suggested a biphasic effect of this drug, with initial stimulation and later inhibition of the processes of lipolysis and lipogenesis. Blockade of adrenergic membrane receptors (with propranolol or regitine) abolished the lipolytic effect of Ledakrin.", "PMID": 532674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5289", "title": "Effect of psychotropic drugs on the development of experimental gastric ulcer produced by different stress-inducing factors in rats.", "content": "The anti-ulcer activity of three different doses (1/10, 1/30 and 1/90 of LD50) of imipramine, amitryptyline, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, ephedrine, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate was studied in two types of stress-produced gastric ulcers in rats. It was found that these drugs given in doses of 1/10 or 1/30 LD50 inhibited in the same degree the development of gastric ulcer-produced by the method of Senay, in spite of differences in their psychotropic activity. On the other hand, when the method of Rossi was used for ulcer production the ulcer-preventing activity of these drugs has been varied. Thymoleptics were most effective and ataractics least effective against ulcers produced by the method of Rossi.", "contents": "Effect of psychotropic drugs on the development of experimental gastric ulcer produced by different stress-inducing factors in rats. The anti-ulcer activity of three different doses (1/10, 1/30 and 1/90 of LD50) of imipramine, amitryptyline, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, ephedrine, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate was studied in two types of stress-produced gastric ulcers in rats. It was found that these drugs given in doses of 1/10 or 1/30 LD50 inhibited in the same degree the development of gastric ulcer-produced by the method of Senay, in spite of differences in their psychotropic activity. On the other hand, when the method of Rossi was used for ulcer production the ulcer-preventing activity of these drugs has been varied. Thymoleptics were most effective and ataractics least effective against ulcers produced by the method of Rossi.", "PMID": 532676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5290", "title": "Laryngeal carcinoma. II. Analysis of treatment results using the Ellis model.", "content": "An analysis of 308 patients with carcinoma of the larynx was performed with respect to local recurrence and complications in relation to treatment level. The patients received primary irradiation with some difference in absorbed dose but with an equal fractionation schedule. Analysed in subgroups, correlations between local recurrence and treatment level were either demonstrated or strongly indicated. This is confirmed in a comparison with approximately 1 500 cases collected from the literature. Correlations between complications and treatment level were not found, but nevertheless indicated with respect to late edemas, which again are supported by comparison with approximately 800 cases collected from the literature. The risk of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy seems to be rather independent of irradiation level, although slightly dependent on field size. An optimum level of treatment has been estimated and brought into use since January 1978.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinoma. II. Analysis of treatment results using the Ellis model. An analysis of 308 patients with carcinoma of the larynx was performed with respect to local recurrence and complications in relation to treatment level. The patients received primary irradiation with some difference in absorbed dose but with an equal fractionation schedule. Analysed in subgroups, correlations between local recurrence and treatment level were either demonstrated or strongly indicated. This is confirmed in a comparison with approximately 1 500 cases collected from the literature. Correlations between complications and treatment level were not found, but nevertheless indicated with respect to late edemas, which again are supported by comparison with approximately 800 cases collected from the literature. The risk of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy seems to be rather independent of irradiation level, although slightly dependent on field size. An optimum level of treatment has been estimated and brought into use since January 1978.", "PMID": 532691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5291", "title": "Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Report on two combined treatment modalities.", "content": "Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rapidly fatal disease. Most patients die from local tumour progression and with distant metastases. A combination of debulking surgery, irradiation and combination chemotherapy is reported. An improvement of the local results of treatment was observed. A combination of irradiation and chemotherapy resulted in local control in only one of 8 patients. Therefore, debulking surgery was added in the next 5 patients and a local control was achieved in 4.", "contents": "Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Report on two combined treatment modalities. Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rapidly fatal disease. Most patients die from local tumour progression and with distant metastases. A combination of debulking surgery, irradiation and combination chemotherapy is reported. An improvement of the local results of treatment was observed. A combination of irradiation and chemotherapy resulted in local control in only one of 8 patients. Therefore, debulking surgery was added in the next 5 patients and a local control was achieved in 4.", "PMID": 532692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5292", "title": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. II. Clinical and prognostic significance of nodularity.", "content": "A retrospective review of 302 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is reported. The tumors were classified according to a modified Lukes & Collins scheme and their growth pattern was analysed. Nodular growth was scored in 3 degrees. Nodularity was found to be correlated with certain clinical features and of great relevance for prognosis. The growth pattern was also correlated with cell type, but even within a certain cytologic type, nodular tumors were associated with better survival than diffuse tumors.", "contents": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. II. Clinical and prognostic significance of nodularity. A retrospective review of 302 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is reported. The tumors were classified according to a modified Lukes & Collins scheme and their growth pattern was analysed. Nodular growth was scored in 3 degrees. Nodularity was found to be correlated with certain clinical features and of great relevance for prognosis. The growth pattern was also correlated with cell type, but even within a certain cytologic type, nodular tumors were associated with better survival than diffuse tumors.", "PMID": 532693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5293", "title": "[Critical review of the literature on psychogenetic factors in cancer diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reviews the literature on various psychic ethiopathogenic approaches of cancer and reminds the main methodological critics. He comes to the conclusion that these criticisms are similar to those in psychosomatic medicine. He believes the monistic psychobiological theory to be the most pertinent at present. The technic of associative investigations, of a dialectic nature, is proposed as a methodological instrument in the frame of psychosomatic research in cancer.", "contents": "[Critical review of the literature on psychogenetic factors in cancer diseases (author's transl)]. The author reviews the literature on various psychic ethiopathogenic approaches of cancer and reminds the main methodological critics. He comes to the conclusion that these criticisms are similar to those in psychosomatic medicine. He believes the monistic psychobiological theory to be the most pertinent at present. The technic of associative investigations, of a dialectic nature, is proposed as a methodological instrument in the frame of psychosomatic research in cancer.", "PMID": 532687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5294", "title": "Effect of a low-fat diet on bile salt excretion and diarrhoea in the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome.", "content": "Nine patients with diarrhoea and bile salt malabsorption after pelvic irradiation for malignant gynaecologic tumours were treated with a low-fat diet (40 g of fat per day) for 3 to 6 months. Faecal excretion of bile salts decreased in all patients concomitant with relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Effect of a low-fat diet on bile salt excretion and diarrhoea in the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome. Nine patients with diarrhoea and bile salt malabsorption after pelvic irradiation for malignant gynaecologic tumours were treated with a low-fat diet (40 g of fat per day) for 3 to 6 months. Faecal excretion of bile salts decreased in all patients concomitant with relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 532694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5295", "title": "[Mental troubles in bismuth encephalopathy: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of bismuth encephalopathy, insisting particularly on neuropsychological and neurolinguistic troubles. They analyze, the related literature in reference to the clinical picture in its prodromic phase, state phase, differential diagnosis, course and potential neuropsychological complications.", "contents": "[Mental troubles in bismuth encephalopathy: a case report (author's transl)]. The authors describe one case of bismuth encephalopathy, insisting particularly on neuropsychological and neurolinguistic troubles. They analyze, the related literature in reference to the clinical picture in its prodromic phase, state phase, differential diagnosis, course and potential neuropsychological complications.", "PMID": 532689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5296", "title": "[Experience of a \"sensibilisation group to the relationship\" with medical students (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an experience of sensibilisation to the relation through utilisation of role game with medical students. The game, which scenario is elaborated by the participants, is realised in small groups, and the discussion is an emotional experience of the played situation. The magnetic recording of the game and its audition in a big group permit congrontation between various modes of reaction to the same situation, and bring some new insight to the students on their being and feeling. Even tuestionnaire and most of them discover emotional dimensions of the relationship.", "contents": "[Experience of a \"sensibilisation group to the relationship\" with medical students (author's transl)]. The authors describe an experience of sensibilisation to the relation through utilisation of role game with medical students. The game, which scenario is elaborated by the participants, is realised in small groups, and the discussion is an emotional experience of the played situation. The magnetic recording of the game and its audition in a big group permit congrontation between various modes of reaction to the same situation, and bring some new insight to the students on their being and feeling. Even tuestionnaire and most of them discover emotional dimensions of the relationship.", "PMID": 532688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5297", "title": "Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Results of treatment in 2 248 cases.", "content": "Data on the survival of 2 248 patients with cervical carcinoma, treated between1966 and 1972 at 3 oncologic centers in Cuba, are presented. Intracavitary radium application combined with external 60Co irradiation was the main treatment method. The most frequent complication was radiation proctitis, but fistulas occurred only in 1.6 per cent.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Results of treatment in 2 248 cases. Data on the survival of 2 248 patients with cervical carcinoma, treated between1966 and 1972 at 3 oncologic centers in Cuba, are presented. Intracavitary radium application combined with external 60Co irradiation was the main treatment method. The most frequent complication was radiation proctitis, but fistulas occurred only in 1.6 per cent.", "PMID": 532695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5298", "title": "A double blind comparison of viloxazine and amitryptyline in involutional and endogenous depression.", "content": "Thirty-two hospitalized patients with either endogenous (n = 15) or involutional (n = 17) depression were entered into a double blind study to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of viloxazine with amitriptyline. The severity of the depression was assessed before starting treatment and at day 7, 14 and 28 using the Hamilton Rating Scale. Spontaneously reported side effects were recorded. Patients received viloxazine 50 mg three times a day during the first week followed by 100 mg three times a day during the next three weeks or amitriptyline 25 mg three times a day during the first week followed by 50 mg three times a day during the following three weeks. Viloxazine and amitriptyline were equally effective in endogenous depression, but viloxazine was significantly more effective than amitriptyline in patients with involutional depression. Nausea and vomiting were the main side effect of viloxazine during early treatment necessitating the withdrawal of two patients. Anticholinergic side effects were reported during amitryptyline treatment, but were absent in patients on viloxazine. It is concluded that viloxazine is an effective antidepressant and particularly useful in the treatment of involutional depression.", "contents": "A double blind comparison of viloxazine and amitryptyline in involutional and endogenous depression. Thirty-two hospitalized patients with either endogenous (n = 15) or involutional (n = 17) depression were entered into a double blind study to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of viloxazine with amitriptyline. The severity of the depression was assessed before starting treatment and at day 7, 14 and 28 using the Hamilton Rating Scale. Spontaneously reported side effects were recorded. Patients received viloxazine 50 mg three times a day during the first week followed by 100 mg three times a day during the next three weeks or amitriptyline 25 mg three times a day during the first week followed by 50 mg three times a day during the following three weeks. Viloxazine and amitriptyline were equally effective in endogenous depression, but viloxazine was significantly more effective than amitriptyline in patients with involutional depression. Nausea and vomiting were the main side effect of viloxazine during early treatment necessitating the withdrawal of two patients. Anticholinergic side effects were reported during amitryptyline treatment, but were absent in patients on viloxazine. It is concluded that viloxazine is an effective antidepressant and particularly useful in the treatment of involutional depression.", "PMID": 532690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5299", "title": "Radiation doses in low-dose pelvimetry using rare-earth screens.", "content": "A 'low-dose technique' of obstetric pelvimetry, using rare-earth screens and a reduced ambition level of image quality, yields an estimated absorbed dose to the maternal and foetal gonads of 0.9 and 0.01 mGy, respectively. The resulting risk for 'hereditary ill health' and the risk for induction of leukemia from the absorbed dose to the foetal red bone marrow, have been calculated to be at a very low level.", "contents": "Radiation doses in low-dose pelvimetry using rare-earth screens. A 'low-dose technique' of obstetric pelvimetry, using rare-earth screens and a reduced ambition level of image quality, yields an estimated absorbed dose to the maternal and foetal gonads of 0.9 and 0.01 mGy, respectively. The resulting risk for 'hereditary ill health' and the risk for induction of leukemia from the absorbed dose to the foetal red bone marrow, have been calculated to be at a very low level.", "PMID": 532696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5300", "title": "Diagnostic sign of hyperglycemia: persistent movement of neutrophil granules.", "content": "This study describes a functional marker in the blood of diabetics: the motility of neutrophil granules in vitro. When heparinized blood from patients with diabetes mellitus was kept in capillary tubes for 24 hours, a rapid and intense movement of the granules in the neutrophil leucocytes was regularly seen. In blood from normoglycemic diabetics and normal subjects, no granular motion was seen at 24 hours, but in these cases prolonged motion could be induced by the prior addition of glucose.", "contents": "Diagnostic sign of hyperglycemia: persistent movement of neutrophil granules. This study describes a functional marker in the blood of diabetics: the motility of neutrophil granules in vitro. When heparinized blood from patients with diabetes mellitus was kept in capillary tubes for 24 hours, a rapid and intense movement of the granules in the neutrophil leucocytes was regularly seen. In blood from normoglycemic diabetics and normal subjects, no granular motion was seen at 24 hours, but in these cases prolonged motion could be induced by the prior addition of glucose.", "PMID": 532707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5301", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis. A comparison between thermography, plethysmography and phlebography.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with clinical signs of acute DVT were investigated with thermography, plethysmography and phlebography. A comparison between phlebography and thermography showed a diagnostic agreement of 84%. Thermography was found, however, to have a low reliability for the localization of acute thrombi and was therefore combined with plethysmography in an attempt to obtain better results in this respect. Compared to the invasive phlebography, the noninvasive combination of thermography and plethysmography adequately located acute DVT in 95% of the cases.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis. A comparison between thermography, plethysmography and phlebography. Fifty-five patients with clinical signs of acute DVT were investigated with thermography, plethysmography and phlebography. A comparison between phlebography and thermography showed a diagnostic agreement of 84%. Thermography was found, however, to have a low reliability for the localization of acute thrombi and was therefore combined with plethysmography in an attempt to obtain better results in this respect. Compared to the invasive phlebography, the noninvasive combination of thermography and plethysmography adequately located acute DVT in 95% of the cases.", "PMID": 532708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5302", "title": "Influence of a myocardial infarction on blood pressure and serum cholesterol.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP) was measured before and after acute myocardial infarction (MI) in 21 men aged 49--60 years from a random population sample. Men on drugs affecting BP before MI or during follow-up were excluded. Pre- and postinfarction cholesterol levels were analyzed in 49 men not on hyperlipidemic treatment recruited from the same population sample. The mean fall in systolic BP (SBP) was 14 mmHg both five weeks and one year after the acute event, but 10 mmHg after two years. The mean fall in diastolic BP (DBP) was 10 mmHg five weeks after the MI and remained at this level for two years. The decreases in SBP and DBP were significant. There was a positive correlation between the maximum rise in SGOT during the acute phase of MI and the decrease in DBP between preinfarction readings and readings five weeks after the MI. Serum cholesterol was unchanged three months, and one and two years after the MI as compared to the preinfarction level.", "contents": "Influence of a myocardial infarction on blood pressure and serum cholesterol. Blood pressure (BP) was measured before and after acute myocardial infarction (MI) in 21 men aged 49--60 years from a random population sample. Men on drugs affecting BP before MI or during follow-up were excluded. Pre- and postinfarction cholesterol levels were analyzed in 49 men not on hyperlipidemic treatment recruited from the same population sample. The mean fall in systolic BP (SBP) was 14 mmHg both five weeks and one year after the acute event, but 10 mmHg after two years. The mean fall in diastolic BP (DBP) was 10 mmHg five weeks after the MI and remained at this level for two years. The decreases in SBP and DBP were significant. There was a positive correlation between the maximum rise in SGOT during the acute phase of MI and the decrease in DBP between preinfarction readings and readings five weeks after the MI. Serum cholesterol was unchanged three months, and one and two years after the MI as compared to the preinfarction level.", "PMID": 532709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5303", "title": "Myocardial infarction complicated by heart block--treatment and long-term prognosis.", "content": "A number of 597 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were treated with continuous ECG monitoring of the heart rhythm in a coronary care unit for at least three days. We found 84 patients with heart block, 39 with complete, 29 with at most second degree and 16 with at most first degree heart block. The treatment was primarily conservative; 22 of the 39 patients with complete heart block were given isoproterenol and two received temporary pacemakers. Survival was traced over two years in the whole patient group with myocardial infarctions. Heart block implied a worsened prognosis over the two years, but survival was independent of the degree of heart block. Among those with complete heart block, survival did not differ from that of a comparable patient series from Copenhagen, where all patients were given pacemakers. This does not support indiscriminate artificial pacing of patients with AMI and complete heart block. Our results ought to be controlled in a randomized study.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction complicated by heart block--treatment and long-term prognosis. A number of 597 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were treated with continuous ECG monitoring of the heart rhythm in a coronary care unit for at least three days. We found 84 patients with heart block, 39 with complete, 29 with at most second degree and 16 with at most first degree heart block. The treatment was primarily conservative; 22 of the 39 patients with complete heart block were given isoproterenol and two received temporary pacemakers. Survival was traced over two years in the whole patient group with myocardial infarctions. Heart block implied a worsened prognosis over the two years, but survival was independent of the degree of heart block. Among those with complete heart block, survival did not differ from that of a comparable patient series from Copenhagen, where all patients were given pacemakers. This does not support indiscriminate artificial pacing of patients with AMI and complete heart block. Our results ought to be controlled in a randomized study.", "PMID": 532710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5304", "title": "Malignant hypertension--improving prognosis in a rare disease.", "content": "A follow-up was made of 69 patients diagnosed as having malignant hypertension during 1969--76, essential in 26, secondary in 39 and unclassified in 4. A clear male dominance was seen (41 men, 28 women), particularly in the group with essential hypertension (18 men, 8 women). The mortality in this series was less than in previously published series. Thus, the 5-year survival rate was 75% in the patients with essential and 72% in those with secondary hypertension. In part this was due to haemodialysis and renal transplantation. The importance of renal function at the time of diagnosis was evident in this study. In most patients with essential hypertension and serum creatinine levels below 300 mumol/l, renal function could be maintained or improved when antihypertensive treatment was instituted, whereas progression of the renal damage was seen in those with serum creatinine levels above 300 mumol/l in spite of antihypertensive treatment with 3 or more drugs. The incidence of new cases of malignant hypertension tended to decrease during the observation period, particularly as regards essential hypertension.", "contents": "Malignant hypertension--improving prognosis in a rare disease. A follow-up was made of 69 patients diagnosed as having malignant hypertension during 1969--76, essential in 26, secondary in 39 and unclassified in 4. A clear male dominance was seen (41 men, 28 women), particularly in the group with essential hypertension (18 men, 8 women). The mortality in this series was less than in previously published series. Thus, the 5-year survival rate was 75% in the patients with essential and 72% in those with secondary hypertension. In part this was due to haemodialysis and renal transplantation. The importance of renal function at the time of diagnosis was evident in this study. In most patients with essential hypertension and serum creatinine levels below 300 mumol/l, renal function could be maintained or improved when antihypertensive treatment was instituted, whereas progression of the renal damage was seen in those with serum creatinine levels above 300 mumol/l in spite of antihypertensive treatment with 3 or more drugs. The incidence of new cases of malignant hypertension tended to decrease during the observation period, particularly as regards essential hypertension.", "PMID": 532711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5305", "title": "Adipose tissue cellularity--metabolic aspects. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1974-1975.", "content": "A representative population sample of middle-aged women was studied in 1974-75. In a subsample, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity variables were determined and individuals with a particular clinical disorder were compared with the total subsample. Women with diabetes mellitus had more body fat and higher fat cell weights and larger fat cell members, whereas these variables did not differ in women with IHD or hypertension compared with the total subsample. Total body fat correlated with arterial BPs, fasting blood glucose, serum lipids and serum uric acid. The correlations were stronger than those reported previously by us between weight index and these variables. In univariate analyses, fat cell weight correlated with systolic BP, serum triglycerides and serum uric acid, and fat cell number with diastolic BP, fasting blood glucose and serum uric acid. In multivariate analyses, when due allowance was made for total body fat, the correlations between these variables and fat cell weight or fat cell number did not reach statistical significance.", "contents": "Adipose tissue cellularity--metabolic aspects. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1974-1975. A representative population sample of middle-aged women was studied in 1974-75. In a subsample, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity variables were determined and individuals with a particular clinical disorder were compared with the total subsample. Women with diabetes mellitus had more body fat and higher fat cell weights and larger fat cell members, whereas these variables did not differ in women with IHD or hypertension compared with the total subsample. Total body fat correlated with arterial BPs, fasting blood glucose, serum lipids and serum uric acid. The correlations were stronger than those reported previously by us between weight index and these variables. In univariate analyses, fat cell weight correlated with systolic BP, serum triglycerides and serum uric acid, and fat cell number with diastolic BP, fasting blood glucose and serum uric acid. In multivariate analyses, when due allowance was made for total body fat, the correlations between these variables and fat cell weight or fat cell number did not reach statistical significance.", "PMID": 532712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5306", "title": "Mechanical properties of mallard humeral bone in dependence on the form.", "content": "The mechanical behaviour of bony material taken from humeral bone of the mallard duck was analysed. Wing-clipping led to a change in the values and distribution of the dynamic shear modulus and damping. The distribution of the values of the modulus shows a specific pattern in which the highest values are found ventrally. This pattern changes when there is a disturbance of the functional forces acting upon the humerus -- in this study induced by wing-clipping. The hypothesis is put forward that in birds the bone with its specific shape will resist any change in this shape. For a specific shape required for other functions than simply resisting load, it is functionally advantageous to respond to a change in required forces by adapting the pattern of moduli. An adaptation according Wolff's law will only occur in extreme cases, but an alteration of the bone shape will be avoided.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of mallard humeral bone in dependence on the form. The mechanical behaviour of bony material taken from humeral bone of the mallard duck was analysed. Wing-clipping led to a change in the values and distribution of the dynamic shear modulus and damping. The distribution of the values of the modulus shows a specific pattern in which the highest values are found ventrally. This pattern changes when there is a disturbance of the functional forces acting upon the humerus -- in this study induced by wing-clipping. The hypothesis is put forward that in birds the bone with its specific shape will resist any change in this shape. For a specific shape required for other functions than simply resisting load, it is functionally advantageous to respond to a change in required forces by adapting the pattern of moduli. An adaptation according Wolff's law will only occur in extreme cases, but an alteration of the bone shape will be avoided.", "PMID": 532713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5307", "title": "Cardiac conducting system of Gallus domesticus with special reference to the atrial bundles.", "content": "Gross anatomy and histology of the cardiac conducting system of Gallus domesticus has been studied. Detailed histology of the atrium revealed for the first time, in the avian heart, the presence of three atrial bundles which communicate between the sinuatrial node and the atrioventricular node. Purkinje fibres in the subendocardium of the right atrium are observed. An atrioventricular segment comprising of the posterior end of the interatrial septum and the atrioventricular nodal region has been reported in which the three atrial bundles converge. The role of the atrial bundles in the cardiac contraction has been discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac conducting system of Gallus domesticus with special reference to the atrial bundles. Gross anatomy and histology of the cardiac conducting system of Gallus domesticus has been studied. Detailed histology of the atrium revealed for the first time, in the avian heart, the presence of three atrial bundles which communicate between the sinuatrial node and the atrioventricular node. Purkinje fibres in the subendocardium of the right atrium are observed. An atrioventricular segment comprising of the posterior end of the interatrial septum and the atrioventricular nodal region has been reported in which the three atrial bundles converge. The role of the atrial bundles in the cardiac contraction has been discussed.", "PMID": 532714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5308", "title": "Hydrocephalus in the laboratory rat.", "content": "The state of hydrocephalus is applied to all conditions in which the intracranial volume of cerebrospinal fluid is abnormally large in relation to the volume of the brain. Increase in volume of cerebrospinal fluid raises the pressure and results in brain tissue atrophy and enlargement of the cranial vault. The condition can be hereditary or acquired and commonly arises from congenital malformations, inflammatory processes or expanding lesions such as tumours. The laboratory rat has an incidence of hydrocephalus of about 0.3% but no satisfactory indication of hereditary linkage. A small breeding unit of laboratory rats consisting of 2 males and 3 females produced 32 offspring of which 13 exhibited varying degrees of hydrocephalus. Examination indicated that the hydrocephalus was congenital in type, that 11 of the 13 hydrocephalic rats were proven males, that the remaining 2 were likely to be male, that female young were unaffected and that the incidence of the condition was 40.62%. Craniofacial examination showed that the cranial vault enlarged due to intracranial pressure and that the facial and basal components were mainly unaffected. The olfactory aspect of the frontal bone bulged slightly outwards, medial walls of orbits were laterally displaced, parietal and interparietal showed distention and their related sagittal and coronal sutures unfused and open to 1 mm in places. The basioccipital width showed a significant increase to the normal state. It is postulated that this particular congenital hydrocephalus in the rat is a normal autosome mutation, sex limited to males and one in which both males and females could transmit the trait to male progeny.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus in the laboratory rat. The state of hydrocephalus is applied to all conditions in which the intracranial volume of cerebrospinal fluid is abnormally large in relation to the volume of the brain. Increase in volume of cerebrospinal fluid raises the pressure and results in brain tissue atrophy and enlargement of the cranial vault. The condition can be hereditary or acquired and commonly arises from congenital malformations, inflammatory processes or expanding lesions such as tumours. The laboratory rat has an incidence of hydrocephalus of about 0.3% but no satisfactory indication of hereditary linkage. A small breeding unit of laboratory rats consisting of 2 males and 3 females produced 32 offspring of which 13 exhibited varying degrees of hydrocephalus. Examination indicated that the hydrocephalus was congenital in type, that 11 of the 13 hydrocephalic rats were proven males, that the remaining 2 were likely to be male, that female young were unaffected and that the incidence of the condition was 40.62%. Craniofacial examination showed that the cranial vault enlarged due to intracranial pressure and that the facial and basal components were mainly unaffected. The olfactory aspect of the frontal bone bulged slightly outwards, medial walls of orbits were laterally displaced, parietal and interparietal showed distention and their related sagittal and coronal sutures unfused and open to 1 mm in places. The basioccipital width showed a significant increase to the normal state. It is postulated that this particular congenital hydrocephalus in the rat is a normal autosome mutation, sex limited to males and one in which both males and females could transmit the trait to male progeny.", "PMID": 532715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5309", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the rat renal glomeruli in the early phase of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies were carried out on rat kidneys during the early phase of \"two-kidney\" Goldblatt hypertension. Pathologic ultrastructural changes (confluence of foot processes of the podocytes, formation of intercellular juctions between them, etc.) and an enhanced permeability to ferritin were found in the glomeruli of both the ischaemic and the contralateral kidneys. Signs of activation and exhaustion of the lysosomal system appeared in the glomerular epithelial cells of the untouched kidneys. These signs were absent in the kidneys with constricted arteries. The possible significance and pathogenesis of the alteration are discussed in comparison with other pathological conditions showing a similar ultrastructural picture.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the rat renal glomeruli in the early phase of renovascular hypertension. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on rat kidneys during the early phase of \"two-kidney\" Goldblatt hypertension. Pathologic ultrastructural changes (confluence of foot processes of the podocytes, formation of intercellular juctions between them, etc.) and an enhanced permeability to ferritin were found in the glomeruli of both the ischaemic and the contralateral kidneys. Signs of activation and exhaustion of the lysosomal system appeared in the glomerular epithelial cells of the untouched kidneys. These signs were absent in the kidneys with constricted arteries. The possible significance and pathogenesis of the alteration are discussed in comparison with other pathological conditions showing a similar ultrastructural picture.", "PMID": 532716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5310", "title": "Clinico-morphological and histological studies of the foveola palatina.", "content": "The occurrence of foeveola palatina was studied in 264 patients. The distance  of the foveola palatina from the papilla incisiva and palatinal raphe was measured. Light and electron microscopic examinations were carried out on specimens obtained from cadavers. It was found that ducts of functioning mucous glands open into the foveolar lumen lined by stratified epithelium.", "contents": "Clinico-morphological and histological studies of the foveola palatina. The occurrence of foeveola palatina was studied in 264 patients. The distance  of the foveola palatina from the papilla incisiva and palatinal raphe was measured. Light and electron microscopic examinations were carried out on specimens obtained from cadavers. It was found that ducts of functioning mucous glands open into the foveolar lumen lined by stratified epithelium.", "PMID": 532717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5311", "title": "The effect of ethanol on the distribution of synaptic vesicles in cortical synaptosomes of the rat.", "content": "Ethanol was shown to cause a redistribution of synaptic vesicles in incubated synaptosomes. While the number of synaptosomes containing synaptic vesicles attached to the presynaptic membrane decreased markedly, an increase in the number of synaptosomes lacking membrane-vesicle associations was observed. The findings support the possibility of a presynaptic action of ethanol and point to the role of membrane-attached vesicles in synaptic transmission.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on the distribution of synaptic vesicles in cortical synaptosomes of the rat. Ethanol was shown to cause a redistribution of synaptic vesicles in incubated synaptosomes. While the number of synaptosomes containing synaptic vesicles attached to the presynaptic membrane decreased markedly, an increase in the number of synaptosomes lacking membrane-vesicle associations was observed. The findings support the possibility of a presynaptic action of ethanol and point to the role of membrane-attached vesicles in synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 532718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5312", "title": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons III. Monitoring genetic hazards of benz(a)anthracene.", "content": "Mutagenicity tests (micronucleus test and chromosome aberrations) have been performed with benz (a) anthracene in spermatogonia and bond marrow cells of Chinese hamsters and in NMRI mice oocytes. Mutagenic effects of the polycyclic hydrocarbon could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons III. Monitoring genetic hazards of benz(a)anthracene. Mutagenicity tests (micronucleus test and chromosome aberrations) have been performed with benz (a) anthracene in spermatogonia and bond marrow cells of Chinese hamsters and in NMRI mice oocytes. Mutagenic effects of the polycyclic hydrocarbon could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 532719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5313", "title": "Ultrastructural studies in rheumatoid polyneuropathy.", "content": "The biopsy material from the sural nerve of 8 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and showing, with one exception, positive serological reactions, were studied by means of electron microscopy. All the patients were displaying sensory and sensomotor neuropathy. Besides hypermyelination the damage of Schwann cells, the destruction on unmyelinated fibres and the proliferation and degeneration of the vascular endothelium were observed. No inflammatory signs were seen around the peri- and endoneurial vessels.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies in rheumatoid polyneuropathy. The biopsy material from the sural nerve of 8 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and showing, with one exception, positive serological reactions, were studied by means of electron microscopy. All the patients were displaying sensory and sensomotor neuropathy. Besides hypermyelination the damage of Schwann cells, the destruction on unmyelinated fibres and the proliferation and degeneration of the vascular endothelium were observed. No inflammatory signs were seen around the peri- and endoneurial vessels.", "PMID": 532720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5314", "title": "Regeneration of proximal tubules of the rat kidney following sublimate necrosis. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Necrosis of the proximal tubules of the rat kidney was induced by low (1.5 mg/kg) doses of sublimate. Epithelial necrosis and regeneration were followed by scanning electron microscopy for 10 days. Regressive and regenerative processes were observed simultaneously. The naked basement membrane is first invaded by flat epithelial cells lacking microvilli. Within a few hours microvilli appear followed by the formation of regular brush-border and interdigitations cells. After 7--10 days the newly formed epithelium cannot be distinguished from the intact one.", "contents": "Regeneration of proximal tubules of the rat kidney following sublimate necrosis. A scanning electron microscopic study. Necrosis of the proximal tubules of the rat kidney was induced by low (1.5 mg/kg) doses of sublimate. Epithelial necrosis and regeneration were followed by scanning electron microscopy for 10 days. Regressive and regenerative processes were observed simultaneously. The naked basement membrane is first invaded by flat epithelial cells lacking microvilli. Within a few hours microvilli appear followed by the formation of regular brush-border and interdigitations cells. After 7--10 days the newly formed epithelium cannot be distinguished from the intact one.", "PMID": 532721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5315", "title": "Combination chemotherapy (COMP protocol) and radiotherapy of anaplastic supratentorial gliomas.", "content": "Postoperative survival time and recurrence-free intervals in 116 consecutive patients with supratentorial grade III and IV gliomas (glioblastomas, gliosarcomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and ependymomas) were compared in unselected groups receiving different forms of treatment. Postoperative high-voltage radiotherapy (31 patients, dosage 4,000--6,000 rads) and combined chemotherapy consisting of CCNU, vincristine, amethopterine, and procarbazine in 15-day circles (COMP protocol) (12 patients) showed the same median survival time of 10.6 months and comparable recurrence-free intervals of 6.8 and 7.0 months, respectively. These results were significantly different from a control group (39 patients) receiving best postoperative supportive (conventional) care (median survival 5.4 months, free interval 3.7 months). Combination of postoperative radiotherapy with simultaneous polychemotherapy (COMP protocol), evaluated in 18 patients, did not significantly change the recurrence-free interval (median 7.0 months), but increased the median survival time to 12.9 months, which was significantly superior to the two other treatment groups. The toxic side effects of COMP therapy were moderate and essentially haematological. In general, simultaneous radiation and chemical treatment was well tolerated after major tumour resection. These preliminary results of postoperative combination of radiation and polychemotherapy for anaplastic supratentorial gliomas appear encouraging, but further trials for optimization of combined therapeutic strategies are warranted.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy (COMP protocol) and radiotherapy of anaplastic supratentorial gliomas. Postoperative survival time and recurrence-free intervals in 116 consecutive patients with supratentorial grade III and IV gliomas (glioblastomas, gliosarcomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and ependymomas) were compared in unselected groups receiving different forms of treatment. Postoperative high-voltage radiotherapy (31 patients, dosage 4,000--6,000 rads) and combined chemotherapy consisting of CCNU, vincristine, amethopterine, and procarbazine in 15-day circles (COMP protocol) (12 patients) showed the same median survival time of 10.6 months and comparable recurrence-free intervals of 6.8 and 7.0 months, respectively. These results were significantly different from a control group (39 patients) receiving best postoperative supportive (conventional) care (median survival 5.4 months, free interval 3.7 months). Combination of postoperative radiotherapy with simultaneous polychemotherapy (COMP protocol), evaluated in 18 patients, did not significantly change the recurrence-free interval (median 7.0 months), but increased the median survival time to 12.9 months, which was significantly superior to the two other treatment groups. The toxic side effects of COMP therapy were moderate and essentially haematological. In general, simultaneous radiation and chemical treatment was well tolerated after major tumour resection. These preliminary results of postoperative combination of radiation and polychemotherapy for anaplastic supratentorial gliomas appear encouraging, but further trials for optimization of combined therapeutic strategies are warranted.", "PMID": 532722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5316", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the choroid plexus with metastatic dissemination within the central nervous system.", "content": "The authors present a case of primary carcinoma of the choroid plexus in a 26-years-old female, localized in the left lateral ventricle. Four years after total removal plus local radiotherapy, the patient presented with an intraparenchymatous metastasis in the right cerebellar hemisphere and intraspinal metastatic seeding. With this kind of malignant growth, a therapeutic approach consisting of radical removal of the tumour plus radiotherapy to the whole neuraxis is proposed.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the choroid plexus with metastatic dissemination within the central nervous system. The authors present a case of primary carcinoma of the choroid plexus in a 26-years-old female, localized in the left lateral ventricle. Four years after total removal plus local radiotherapy, the patient presented with an intraparenchymatous metastasis in the right cerebellar hemisphere and intraspinal metastatic seeding. With this kind of malignant growth, a therapeutic approach consisting of radical removal of the tumour plus radiotherapy to the whole neuraxis is proposed.", "PMID": 532723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5317", "title": "Malignant gliomas treated after surgery by combination chemotherapy and delayed irradiation. Part I: Analysis of results.", "content": "Forty-six patients with gliomas were introduced after surgery into a therapeutic programme of six cycles of combination chemotherapy with VM26 and CCNU, followed by delayed irradiation six months after surgery with an average dose of 5,800 rads. After irradiation the same preradiation chemotherapy was readministered for an average of four cycles. The results were compared to those from another group of 28 patients treated only by the same chemotherapy (CRC and C groups sucessively). Twelve patients (26%) died before irradiation in the CRC group, six patients (13%) had recurrences at the time of irradiation, and 28 patients (61%) had no clinical or radiological signs of recurrence at the time of irradiation. For the total of treated patients the median survival after surgery was 17 months, and 46% of the patients were surviving at 18 months. The percentage of survivors at 18 months was significantly more elevated in the group treated by combination chemotherapy and delayed irradiation than in a control group treated by the same combination chemotherapy alone. This result suggests that in approximately 50% of cases combination chemotherapy after surgery, and delayed irradiation six months after surgery, cumulated their effects on survival time.", "contents": "Malignant gliomas treated after surgery by combination chemotherapy and delayed irradiation. Part I: Analysis of results. Forty-six patients with gliomas were introduced after surgery into a therapeutic programme of six cycles of combination chemotherapy with VM26 and CCNU, followed by delayed irradiation six months after surgery with an average dose of 5,800 rads. After irradiation the same preradiation chemotherapy was readministered for an average of four cycles. The results were compared to those from another group of 28 patients treated only by the same chemotherapy (CRC and C groups sucessively). Twelve patients (26%) died before irradiation in the CRC group, six patients (13%) had recurrences at the time of irradiation, and 28 patients (61%) had no clinical or radiological signs of recurrence at the time of irradiation. For the total of treated patients the median survival after surgery was 17 months, and 46% of the patients were surviving at 18 months. The percentage of survivors at 18 months was significantly more elevated in the group treated by combination chemotherapy and delayed irradiation than in a control group treated by the same combination chemotherapy alone. This result suggests that in approximately 50% of cases combination chemotherapy after surgery, and delayed irradiation six months after surgery, cumulated their effects on survival time.", "PMID": 532725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5318", "title": "Malignant gliomas treated after surgery by combination chemotherapy and delayed radiation therapy. Part II. Tolerance to irradiation after chemotherapy.", "content": "34 patients operated on for malignant gliomas were successively treated by combination chemotherapy with VM26 and CCNU and conventional radiation therapy with an average dosage of 5,800 Rads, six months after surgery. The general and haematological tolerance of delayed irradiation after chemotherapy was satisfactory. Twelve patients developed neurological complications during or after irradiation. The complications were early in 10 cases, and delayed in 2. They were probably due to tumour growth in five cases, and secondary to irradiation in seven. In four of the seven cases the preradiation chemotherapy seemed to potentiate the radiation effect on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Malignant gliomas treated after surgery by combination chemotherapy and delayed radiation therapy. Part II. Tolerance to irradiation after chemotherapy. 34 patients operated on for malignant gliomas were successively treated by combination chemotherapy with VM26 and CCNU and conventional radiation therapy with an average dosage of 5,800 Rads, six months after surgery. The general and haematological tolerance of delayed irradiation after chemotherapy was satisfactory. Twelve patients developed neurological complications during or after irradiation. The complications were early in 10 cases, and delayed in 2. They were probably due to tumour growth in five cases, and secondary to irradiation in seven. In four of the seven cases the preradiation chemotherapy seemed to potentiate the radiation effect on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 532726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5319", "title": "The influence of dexamethasone on subarachnoid fibrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog.", "content": "The author used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the influence of dexamethasone on subarachnoid fibrosis after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In the subchronic group of dogs, which were sacrificed three weeks after SAH, an average of 2.82 mg/kg intrathecal dexamethasone seemed to delay the fibrosis somewhat, but statistically showed no significant difference from the control group. In the chronic group, sacrificed three months after SAH, an average of 0.95 mg/kg intrathecal dexamethasone did not prevent the fibrosis, and no significant difference was found from the untreated dogs. The author considers that steroid therapy only delays and does not diminish the inflammatory process. This may also apply to other types of arachnoiditis.", "contents": "The influence of dexamethasone on subarachnoid fibrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog. The author used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the influence of dexamethasone on subarachnoid fibrosis after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In the subchronic group of dogs, which were sacrificed three weeks after SAH, an average of 2.82 mg/kg intrathecal dexamethasone seemed to delay the fibrosis somewhat, but statistically showed no significant difference from the control group. In the chronic group, sacrificed three months after SAH, an average of 0.95 mg/kg intrathecal dexamethasone did not prevent the fibrosis, and no significant difference was found from the untreated dogs. The author considers that steroid therapy only delays and does not diminish the inflammatory process. This may also apply to other types of arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 532727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5320", "title": "Arachnoid villi affected by subarachnoid pressure and haemorrhage. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog.", "content": "The arachnoid villi of 18 dogs were studied. The authors confirmed the pressure gradient changes of the morphology of arachnoid villi of dogs with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A subarachnoid infusion with 5--10 times higher pressure gradient than the physiological one, tore the superficial endothelial layer from the villi, and the inner part could also be observed stereoscopically. On the surface of the arachnoid villi, the authors observed microvilli, openings of vacuoles and intercellular gaps, but did not find openings of performed channels. After subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) generally the villi were blocked but the authors have observed a red blood cell escaping from a villus intercellularly.", "contents": "Arachnoid villi affected by subarachnoid pressure and haemorrhage. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog. The arachnoid villi of 18 dogs were studied. The authors confirmed the pressure gradient changes of the morphology of arachnoid villi of dogs with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A subarachnoid infusion with 5--10 times higher pressure gradient than the physiological one, tore the superficial endothelial layer from the villi, and the inner part could also be observed stereoscopically. On the surface of the arachnoid villi, the authors observed microvilli, openings of vacuoles and intercellular gaps, but did not find openings of performed channels. After subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) generally the villi were blocked but the authors have observed a red blood cell escaping from a villus intercellularly.", "PMID": 532728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5321", "title": "Enlargement of intracerebral haematomas following surgical removal of epidural haematomas.", "content": "Postoperative follow-up computerized tomographic (CT) scans were performed in 16 cases of acute epidural haematomas to assess the efficacy of surgical treatment. Particular attention was paid to postoperative intracerebral haematomas that were detected in four cases on the preoperative CT scans. The intracerebral haematomas were found to have enlarged in all four cases on CT scans performed immediately after removal of the epidural haematomas. In the other 12 patients in whom no apparent abnormalities other than epidural haematomas were detected on preoperative CT scans, postoperative CT scans did not show development of intracerebral bleeding. The results indicate that bleeding may be encouraged in areas of intracerebral haemorrhage when coexisting epidural haematomas are evacuated. The possible pathophysiology of enlargement of intracerebral haematomas after decompression is discussed.", "contents": "Enlargement of intracerebral haematomas following surgical removal of epidural haematomas. Postoperative follow-up computerized tomographic (CT) scans were performed in 16 cases of acute epidural haematomas to assess the efficacy of surgical treatment. Particular attention was paid to postoperative intracerebral haematomas that were detected in four cases on the preoperative CT scans. The intracerebral haematomas were found to have enlarged in all four cases on CT scans performed immediately after removal of the epidural haematomas. In the other 12 patients in whom no apparent abnormalities other than epidural haematomas were detected on preoperative CT scans, postoperative CT scans did not show development of intracerebral bleeding. The results indicate that bleeding may be encouraged in areas of intracerebral haemorrhage when coexisting epidural haematomas are evacuated. The possible pathophysiology of enlargement of intracerebral haematomas after decompression is discussed.", "PMID": 532729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5322", "title": "Unusual evolution of a post-traumatic subdural haematoma. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a case of a post-traumatic subdural haematoma with an unusual evolution in two phases, one slow, the other very rapid. The rapidity of the evolution was caused by the rupture of a cortical dural artery, shown angiographically.", "contents": "Unusual evolution of a post-traumatic subdural haematoma. Case report. The authors describe a case of a post-traumatic subdural haematoma with an unusual evolution in two phases, one slow, the other very rapid. The rapidity of the evolution was caused by the rupture of a cortical dural artery, shown angiographically.", "PMID": 532730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5323", "title": "[Mitotic activity of the pigment epithelium during embryonic and postembryonic development].", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the mitotic activity of the normal pigment epithelium of the retina (RPE), the ciliary body and the iris of different animals during gestation and after birth by blocking the metaphase with colchicine and by marking the pigment epithelial nuclei with tritium-labeled thymidine. The colchicine examinations were made on 54 albino rabbits and 56 albino rats, the 3H-thymidine studies with 78 albino mice. In the rabbit the peak of mitotic activity (respectively the end) is found in the RPE at the beginning of the 2nd third of gestation (respectively at the 9th postnatal day), but in the pigment epithelium of the ciliary body and in the iris during the last third of gestation (respectively in the 2nd month of life and the 3rd postnatal week). In the rat the highest mitotic activity is reached in the RPE at the beginning of the 2nd half of gestation (respectively at the 13th postnatal day), in the ciliary body at the 3rd day of life (respectively the 24th postnatal day) and in the iris at the end of the gestational period (respectively the 17th postnatal day). In the mouse the highest rates of mitotic activity are found in the RPE from the 16th gestational day to the 8th day of life (respectively the 20th day of life), in the ciliary body from the 1st to the 4th day of life (respectively from the 12th to the 20th postnatal day) and in the iris on the 9th day of life (respectively the 12th to the 20th postnatal day). The present observations have also demonstrated that with maturation of all areas of the pigment epithelium, the mitotic activity stops. The cells of the pigment epithelium do not have an epithelial cell turnover but they are reversible postmitotic cells. Despite the enormous proliferative properties the pigment epithelium shows no regeneration by mitosis after severe damage.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity of the pigment epithelium during embryonic and postembryonic development]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mitotic activity of the normal pigment epithelium of the retina (RPE), the ciliary body and the iris of different animals during gestation and after birth by blocking the metaphase with colchicine and by marking the pigment epithelial nuclei with tritium-labeled thymidine. The colchicine examinations were made on 54 albino rabbits and 56 albino rats, the 3H-thymidine studies with 78 albino mice. In the rabbit the peak of mitotic activity (respectively the end) is found in the RPE at the beginning of the 2nd third of gestation (respectively at the 9th postnatal day), but in the pigment epithelium of the ciliary body and in the iris during the last third of gestation (respectively in the 2nd month of life and the 3rd postnatal week). In the rat the highest mitotic activity is reached in the RPE at the beginning of the 2nd half of gestation (respectively at the 13th postnatal day), in the ciliary body at the 3rd day of life (respectively the 24th postnatal day) and in the iris at the end of the gestational period (respectively the 17th postnatal day). In the mouse the highest rates of mitotic activity are found in the RPE from the 16th gestational day to the 8th day of life (respectively the 20th day of life), in the ciliary body from the 1st to the 4th day of life (respectively from the 12th to the 20th postnatal day) and in the iris on the 9th day of life (respectively the 12th to the 20th postnatal day). The present observations have also demonstrated that with maturation of all areas of the pigment epithelium, the mitotic activity stops. The cells of the pigment epithelium do not have an epithelial cell turnover but they are reversible postmitotic cells. Despite the enormous proliferative properties the pigment epithelium shows no regeneration by mitosis after severe damage.", "PMID": 532757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5324", "title": "[Early diagnosis of motorial and mental disturbances during a dispensary consulting-hour for children at risk (author's transl)].", "content": "During a dispensary consultating-hour for children at risk and prematureley born children a pediatrist, an orthopaedist, an ophthalmologist, a psychologist and a special educationalist judged the motorial and mental disturbances of 600 children at risk. 21 children with manifested cerebral motorial disturbances are confronted to 89 children with mental peculiarities. Concepts pertaining to a necessary special pedagogical as well as a psycho-therapeutical assistance are discussed.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of motorial and mental disturbances during a dispensary consulting-hour for children at risk (author's transl)]. During a dispensary consultating-hour for children at risk and prematureley born children a pediatrist, an orthopaedist, an ophthalmologist, a psychologist and a special educationalist judged the motorial and mental disturbances of 600 children at risk. 21 children with manifested cerebral motorial disturbances are confronted to 89 children with mental peculiarities. Concepts pertaining to a necessary special pedagogical as well as a psycho-therapeutical assistance are discussed.", "PMID": 532758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5325", "title": "[Relations between some measures of the human body and menarcheal age (author's transl)].", "content": "It is considered which relations may exist between certain measures of the body (KM) and the moment of menarche (MZ). Statistical evaluations are based on the results of interrogations and anthropometry of Karl-Marx-Stadt school-girls, registered in 1974 under the main-topic \"Fluoridation of drinking-water (TWF) and its possible effects on the physical process of growth and puberty of children and teen-agers\". Considered measurements (height, weight, width of shoulders and pelvis, neck circumference as well as the Rohrer-index show higher means in menstruated individuals (M) than at non-menstruated ones (NM). The same comes true to girls of the same age and - concerning the width of shoulders and pelvis and neck circumference - also to girls of the same height. Advantage in development of M against NM individuals is 1-3 years, depending respectively on the considered dimensions of the body. Girls with an early MZ have also higher measurements of the body in their later physical development.", "contents": "[Relations between some measures of the human body and menarcheal age (author's transl)]. It is considered which relations may exist between certain measures of the body (KM) and the moment of menarche (MZ). Statistical evaluations are based on the results of interrogations and anthropometry of Karl-Marx-Stadt school-girls, registered in 1974 under the main-topic \"Fluoridation of drinking-water (TWF) and its possible effects on the physical process of growth and puberty of children and teen-agers\". Considered measurements (height, weight, width of shoulders and pelvis, neck circumference as well as the Rohrer-index show higher means in menstruated individuals (M) than at non-menstruated ones (NM). The same comes true to girls of the same age and - concerning the width of shoulders and pelvis and neck circumference - also to girls of the same height. Advantage in development of M against NM individuals is 1-3 years, depending respectively on the considered dimensions of the body. Girls with an early MZ have also higher measurements of the body in their later physical development.", "PMID": 532759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5326", "title": "[The median of menarche in Hungary and its relation to meteorological data (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistics of menarcheal age in 16 towns and villages of Hungary are analysed for their relation to 14 meteorological factors. There is a strong correlation of the median of menarche to the sum of hours with sunshine or to the mean temperature in the year. No correlation was found to the maximal height of snow and other characteristics of winter.", "contents": "[The median of menarche in Hungary and its relation to meteorological data (author's transl)]. Statistics of menarcheal age in 16 towns and villages of Hungary are analysed for their relation to 14 meteorological factors. There is a strong correlation of the median of menarche to the sum of hours with sunshine or to the mean temperature in the year. No correlation was found to the maximal height of snow and other characteristics of winter.", "PMID": 532760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5327", "title": "[Juvenile rapists].", "content": "In comparision with the literature of the last 15 years causes and circumstances of juvenile delinquency of rape are examined by 46 cases. It strikes the great portion of disorders of behaviour and personality, disturbances of social conditions and hereditary taint with psychic disorders. Especially oligophrenia of brothers and sisters and abuse of alcohol of the father, moreover a high effect of alcohol for the offences.", "contents": "[Juvenile rapists]. In comparision with the literature of the last 15 years causes and circumstances of juvenile delinquency of rape are examined by 46 cases. It strikes the great portion of disorders of behaviour and personality, disturbances of social conditions and hereditary taint with psychic disorders. Especially oligophrenia of brothers and sisters and abuse of alcohol of the father, moreover a high effect of alcohol for the offences.", "PMID": 532761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5328", "title": "[Announcing of suicidal intentions in childhood and puberty].", "content": "This study reports experiences from the treatment of youngsters under 16 whose suicidal attempts were without fatal consequences concerning the advertisement of suicidal activities. The author points of the aspects in therapy and prophylaxis of suicidal acts among young people.", "contents": "[Announcing of suicidal intentions in childhood and puberty]. This study reports experiences from the treatment of youngsters under 16 whose suicidal attempts were without fatal consequences concerning the advertisement of suicidal activities. The author points of the aspects in therapy and prophylaxis of suicidal acts among young people.", "PMID": 532762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5329", "title": "[Mother-child-relations from the anthropological point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of the ontogenetical process in the field of the mother-child-relations are discussed; the available answers to pertinent questions according to the actual level of knowledge are reviewed. The fact, that in torrid biotopes the increase of the body weight of the fetus towards the end of the fetal time is insignificant in proportion to comparison-values from the temporate zone is traced back predominantly to the effect of social factors (deficiencies in nourishment of the pregnant women). Also with regard to the regional and temporal differences in the conceptive frequency it is necessary for explanation to quote social factors besides climatic ones. Against the increasing radiant exposition of certain population groups objections are advanced in view of a potential damage to embryos and foetes. The teratogenetic effect of certain chemical factors and of the deficiency or shortage of nourishment of pregnant women are illustrated by means of examples. The problematic subject of the variability with age and gender of the colour of eyes and hair is delineated, the implementation of new comprehensive family inquiries is called for.", "contents": "[Mother-child-relations from the anthropological point of view (author's transl)]. Some aspects of the ontogenetical process in the field of the mother-child-relations are discussed; the available answers to pertinent questions according to the actual level of knowledge are reviewed. The fact, that in torrid biotopes the increase of the body weight of the fetus towards the end of the fetal time is insignificant in proportion to comparison-values from the temporate zone is traced back predominantly to the effect of social factors (deficiencies in nourishment of the pregnant women). Also with regard to the regional and temporal differences in the conceptive frequency it is necessary for explanation to quote social factors besides climatic ones. Against the increasing radiant exposition of certain population groups objections are advanced in view of a potential damage to embryos and foetes. The teratogenetic effect of certain chemical factors and of the deficiency or shortage of nourishment of pregnant women are illustrated by means of examples. The problematic subject of the variability with age and gender of the colour of eyes and hair is delineated, the implementation of new comprehensive family inquiries is called for.", "PMID": 532764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5330", "title": "[Mother and child--interrelations seen by the anthropologist. Their importance in social work and public health (author's transl)].", "content": "Working groups in Prague are interested in two problems: First: Anthropology of motherhood; analysing somatic modification of the female body during and after pregnancy and the newborn as modified by biological and social circumstances influencing his mother. Some features of motherhood may have their roots in early phylogenetic events--this is a topic of \"anthropology of motherhood\" too. Secondly: Survey of growth and development of children and youth in the CSSR from ten to ten years (1951; 1961; 1971 and 1981, now prepared): Special problems within this anthropological task are: correlation of height of the children to parents height, correlation to education and profession of parents (especially of the mother). Author deals with some results of those special investigations.", "contents": "[Mother and child--interrelations seen by the anthropologist. Their importance in social work and public health (author's transl)]. Working groups in Prague are interested in two problems: First: Anthropology of motherhood; analysing somatic modification of the female body during and after pregnancy and the newborn as modified by biological and social circumstances influencing his mother. Some features of motherhood may have their roots in early phylogenetic events--this is a topic of \"anthropology of motherhood\" too. Secondly: Survey of growth and development of children and youth in the CSSR from ten to ten years (1951; 1961; 1971 and 1981, now prepared): Special problems within this anthropological task are: correlation of height of the children to parents height, correlation to education and profession of parents (especially of the mother). Author deals with some results of those special investigations.", "PMID": 532765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5331", "title": "[Working capacity and social adaptation in childhood and youth (author's transl)].", "content": "Some problems and results of investigation about physical and mental working capacity and social adaptation during childhood and youth are summarized out of literature of passed 20 years. Within those three, dialectically and mutually efficient parts of total human productivity social adaptability wins actually importance. Difficulties of social adaptation process are mostly reasoned by scientific and technical development and political change of life and work conditions. The author proposes to coordinate the numerous researches of various investigation groups in order to get adequate investigation methods and as a further result standards for infancy and youth capacities.", "contents": "[Working capacity and social adaptation in childhood and youth (author's transl)]. Some problems and results of investigation about physical and mental working capacity and social adaptation during childhood and youth are summarized out of literature of passed 20 years. Within those three, dialectically and mutually efficient parts of total human productivity social adaptability wins actually importance. Difficulties of social adaptation process are mostly reasoned by scientific and technical development and political change of life and work conditions. The author proposes to coordinate the numerous researches of various investigation groups in order to get adequate investigation methods and as a further result standards for infancy and youth capacities.", "PMID": 532766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5332", "title": "[On social adaptation in adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "In adolescence problems of social adaptation are characterized by a particular urgency because the adolescent is taking on new social roles which involve various new social demands. A feature of maladaptation seems to be the reported growing number of ill apprentices who are absent of work. This work-absentism is seen in connection with research into social and psychosocial factors found to occur close in time to the onset of illness in man. By making use of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (developed by Holmes and Rahe) the paper gives an impression how to measure juvenile social adaptation. The paper is finished with general recommendations to promote juvenile social adaptability.", "contents": "[On social adaptation in adolescence (author's transl)]. In adolescence problems of social adaptation are characterized by a particular urgency because the adolescent is taking on new social roles which involve various new social demands. A feature of maladaptation seems to be the reported growing number of ill apprentices who are absent of work. This work-absentism is seen in connection with research into social and psychosocial factors found to occur close in time to the onset of illness in man. By making use of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (developed by Holmes and Rahe) the paper gives an impression how to measure juvenile social adaptation. The paper is finished with general recommendations to promote juvenile social adaptability.", "PMID": 532767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5333", "title": "[Some factors influencing performance at school of Czech children (author's transl)].", "content": "In the 1971 survey 29,682 boys and 30,464 girls in the Czech region of CSSR had been measured and investigated otherwise. The average of their school marks is taken as a measure of performance (success) at school. Interrelations between this value and the education resp. profession of the parents, number of inhabitants in their residence, number of siblings, laterality a. s. o. are analyzed. It seems, that children were as better successfull in the school, as better had been the education of their parents, and as fewer are their siblings. Concerning the quality of the school report, the activity of the mother is more important than the activity of the father.", "contents": "[Some factors influencing performance at school of Czech children (author's transl)]. In the 1971 survey 29,682 boys and 30,464 girls in the Czech region of CSSR had been measured and investigated otherwise. The average of their school marks is taken as a measure of performance (success) at school. Interrelations between this value and the education resp. profession of the parents, number of inhabitants in their residence, number of siblings, laterality a. s. o. are analyzed. It seems, that children were as better successfull in the school, as better had been the education of their parents, and as fewer are their siblings. Concerning the quality of the school report, the activity of the mother is more important than the activity of the father.", "PMID": 532768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5334", "title": "Toward a dialogue in international consultancy in occupational therapy with Japan as a reference.", "content": "The customs and cultural attitudes that determine occupational therapy practice cannot be transferred from one culture to another. However, the technology of occupational therapy can be transferred. The international consultant is responsible for such a technological transfer. The consultee is responsible for assimilating technology and creating a culturally appropriate treatment practice. Technological transfer in industry demonstrates that divergent cultural applications of the same technology are possible, that the autonomy of the consultee is of primary importance, and that government support of the consultation effort is crucial. Current practice and expectation in international occupational therapy consultation is examined. The author concludes that fluency in the language of the host country is a questionable expectation, and that short-term workshops by teams of therapists should supplement the traditional individual long-term consultancy. Japan is used as a reference for discussion.", "contents": "Toward a dialogue in international consultancy in occupational therapy with Japan as a reference. The customs and cultural attitudes that determine occupational therapy practice cannot be transferred from one culture to another. However, the technology of occupational therapy can be transferred. The international consultant is responsible for such a technological transfer. The consultee is responsible for assimilating technology and creating a culturally appropriate treatment practice. Technological transfer in industry demonstrates that divergent cultural applications of the same technology are possible, that the autonomy of the consultee is of primary importance, and that government support of the consultation effort is crucial. Current practice and expectation in international occupational therapy consultation is examined. The author concludes that fluency in the language of the host country is a questionable expectation, and that short-term workshops by teams of therapists should supplement the traditional individual long-term consultancy. Japan is used as a reference for discussion.", "PMID": 532770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5335", "title": "Play diagnosis and play therapy.", "content": "Play therapy used in a family psychiatric unit in England is described, together with an evaluation of its treatment value and its usefulness toward a diagnosis. Individual play techniques are explored, and two case histories are given as examples of how the occupational therapist works with the child, the family, and other practitioners.", "contents": "Play diagnosis and play therapy. Play therapy used in a family psychiatric unit in England is described, together with an evaluation of its treatment value and its usefulness toward a diagnosis. Individual play techniques are explored, and two case histories are given as examples of how the occupational therapist works with the child, the family, and other practitioners.", "PMID": 532771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5336", "title": "Effects of the human dissection experience on subsequent related course work.", "content": "This pilot study was conducted to determine whether or not it is necessary for an occupational therapy (OT) student to dissect a human cadaver in order to gain the knowledge of human anatomy required for subsequent course work in neuroanatomy, kinesiology, and occupational therapy theory and practice in physical dysfunction. Junior students were permitted to select either an anatomy course in which they dissected human cadavers or one in which prosected models were used. Similarity of the academic ability of students in each of the two groups was assured by comparing cumulative grade point averages at the end of the sophomore year. Final grades in neuroanatomy, kinesiology, and the OT course were used as criteria for comparing the effects of the two anatomy course formats. Results indicate that when students are permitted to select the anatomy class of their choice, there is no significant difference in grades in subsequent related course work.", "contents": "Effects of the human dissection experience on subsequent related course work. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether or not it is necessary for an occupational therapy (OT) student to dissect a human cadaver in order to gain the knowledge of human anatomy required for subsequent course work in neuroanatomy, kinesiology, and occupational therapy theory and practice in physical dysfunction. Junior students were permitted to select either an anatomy course in which they dissected human cadavers or one in which prosected models were used. Similarity of the academic ability of students in each of the two groups was assured by comparing cumulative grade point averages at the end of the sophomore year. Final grades in neuroanatomy, kinesiology, and the OT course were used as criteria for comparing the effects of the two anatomy course formats. Results indicate that when students are permitted to select the anatomy class of their choice, there is no significant difference in grades in subsequent related course work.", "PMID": 532772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5337", "title": "Simultaneous determination of polar and non-polar solvents in air using a two-phase desorption from charcoal.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure is described which is capable of measuring both polar and non-polar organic solvents present simultaneously in the work environment at concentrations between 1/100 and 1 times the Threshold Limit Values (TLV). Airborne organics are collected on a single activated charcoal tube for periods of 3 to 6 hours and desorbed with a two-phase (water/carbon disulfide) desorption mixture. Organic and aqueous phases are analyzed separately on the same gas chromatographic column packed with Oronite NIW on Carbopack B. Recoveries were determined for fifteen common solvents. Most recoveries were greater than 90% with all coefficients of variation being less than +/- 10%. Breakthrough was observed only when solvents were present at very high concentrations. Examples of field sampling are also presented. This procedure is generally applicable for monitoring complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in air. Advantages include excellent recoveries for polar solvents such as acetone and ethanol, utilization of common analytical instrumentation under a single set of operating conditions and compatibility with TWA personnel monitoring methodology.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of polar and non-polar solvents in air using a two-phase desorption from charcoal. A gas chromatographic procedure is described which is capable of measuring both polar and non-polar organic solvents present simultaneously in the work environment at concentrations between 1/100 and 1 times the Threshold Limit Values (TLV). Airborne organics are collected on a single activated charcoal tube for periods of 3 to 6 hours and desorbed with a two-phase (water/carbon disulfide) desorption mixture. Organic and aqueous phases are analyzed separately on the same gas chromatographic column packed with Oronite NIW on Carbopack B. Recoveries were determined for fifteen common solvents. Most recoveries were greater than 90% with all coefficients of variation being less than +/- 10%. Breakthrough was observed only when solvents were present at very high concentrations. Examples of field sampling are also presented. This procedure is generally applicable for monitoring complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in air. Advantages include excellent recoveries for polar solvents such as acetone and ethanol, utilization of common analytical instrumentation under a single set of operating conditions and compatibility with TWA personnel monitoring methodology.", "PMID": 532777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5338", "title": "Phorate intoxication at an insecticide formulating plant.", "content": "The use of phorate requires precautions similar to those taken with other organophosphate pesticides, as demonstrated by the case histories and environmental concentrations found in a formulating plant using phorate. Routine supply of personal protective equipment is not necessarily adequate to prevent poisoning.", "contents": "Phorate intoxication at an insecticide formulating plant. The use of phorate requires precautions similar to those taken with other organophosphate pesticides, as demonstrated by the case histories and environmental concentrations found in a formulating plant using phorate. Routine supply of personal protective equipment is not necessarily adequate to prevent poisoning.", "PMID": 532778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5339", "title": "Effects of separated flow on cotton dust sampling with a vertical elutriator.", "content": "The vertical elutriator used for cotton dust sampling was examined theoretically and experimentally to determine airflow patterns and particle transport. The theory of diverging channel flow predicts that a separated eddying flow will occur in the elutriator. This calculation disagrees with the laminar flow assumptions used to predict the size sampling characteristic or cutoff of the elutriator. Smoke injection tests verified random local velocity components and clearly showed that the flow is not uniformly upward and laminar. Particle transport tests indicated that unit density spheres as large as 27 micron can reach the sample on the elutriator filter.", "contents": "Effects of separated flow on cotton dust sampling with a vertical elutriator. The vertical elutriator used for cotton dust sampling was examined theoretically and experimentally to determine airflow patterns and particle transport. The theory of diverging channel flow predicts that a separated eddying flow will occur in the elutriator. This calculation disagrees with the laminar flow assumptions used to predict the size sampling characteristic or cutoff of the elutriator. Smoke injection tests verified random local velocity components and clearly showed that the flow is not uniformly upward and laminar. Particle transport tests indicated that unit density spheres as large as 27 micron can reach the sample on the elutriator filter.", "PMID": 532779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5340", "title": "Calibration testing of the jet filter as a respirable sampler.", "content": "This work was done to determine whether the jet filter can satisfactorily serve as a respirable sampler. Monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres, crushed quartz particles, and hot-mix asphalt plant dust were used to calibrate the jet filter. The deposition characteristics for the sampler matched those specified by standards quite well for the PSL and the crushed quartz particles, i.e., those particles with optical and equivalent aerodynamic diameters near the same. The jet filter can meet its original design purpose - respirable sampling of radioactive aerosols. The sampler can also be used in gravimetric determinations by cutting the filter into two parts for weighing - the center portion with the non-respirable and the outer annulus with the respirable fraction.", "contents": "Calibration testing of the jet filter as a respirable sampler. This work was done to determine whether the jet filter can satisfactorily serve as a respirable sampler. Monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres, crushed quartz particles, and hot-mix asphalt plant dust were used to calibrate the jet filter. The deposition characteristics for the sampler matched those specified by standards quite well for the PSL and the crushed quartz particles, i.e., those particles with optical and equivalent aerodynamic diameters near the same. The jet filter can meet its original design purpose - respirable sampling of radioactive aerosols. The sampler can also be used in gravimetric determinations by cutting the filter into two parts for weighing - the center portion with the non-respirable and the outer annulus with the respirable fraction.", "PMID": 532780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5341", "title": "Gaseous hydrogen sulfide determination by discoloration of lead-stabilized PVC.", "content": "The discoloration of lead-stabilized PVC resulting from its interaction with H2S gas has been investigated as a potential H2S measurement technique. Color measurements of PVC samples exposed to controlled concentrations of H2S over a range of humidities and temperatures demonstrate that toxic H2S concentrations can be detected in less than five minutes. The technique is thus appropriate for industrial applications such as the pretesting of manhole atmospheres prior to entry. Exposure times of several hours are sufficient to detect the much lower H2S concentrations that may be present ambient air; for example, 15 hour exposures are needed for 10 +/- 3 ppb H2S, a level typical of certain oil field, swamp, and sewage treatment areas. The technique is inexpensive and can be performed by unskilled personnel.", "contents": "Gaseous hydrogen sulfide determination by discoloration of lead-stabilized PVC. The discoloration of lead-stabilized PVC resulting from its interaction with H2S gas has been investigated as a potential H2S measurement technique. Color measurements of PVC samples exposed to controlled concentrations of H2S over a range of humidities and temperatures demonstrate that toxic H2S concentrations can be detected in less than five minutes. The technique is thus appropriate for industrial applications such as the pretesting of manhole atmospheres prior to entry. Exposure times of several hours are sufficient to detect the much lower H2S concentrations that may be present ambient air; for example, 15 hour exposures are needed for 10 +/- 3 ppb H2S, a level typical of certain oil field, swamp, and sewage treatment areas. The technique is inexpensive and can be performed by unskilled personnel.", "PMID": 532781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5342", "title": "Noise control enclosures for industrial equipment.", "content": "This paper describes techniques used to fabricate enclosures for reducing employee exposure to noise while attaining little or no operational hindrance. The noise enclosures discussed and shown include screw machines, scrap plastic regrinders and their related pneumatic conveying system, as well as high speed presses while having full view of their operation. Engineering design data and noise attenuation results are evaluated.", "contents": "Noise control enclosures for industrial equipment. This paper describes techniques used to fabricate enclosures for reducing employee exposure to noise while attaining little or no operational hindrance. The noise enclosures discussed and shown include screw machines, scrap plastic regrinders and their related pneumatic conveying system, as well as high speed presses while having full view of their operation. Engineering design data and noise attenuation results are evaluated.", "PMID": 532782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5343", "title": "Air sampling and analytical procedures for benzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and their salts.", "content": "The purpose of the study was the development of new air-sampling and analytical procedures for benzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and their salts. Air is drawn through a glass-fiber filter followed by a bed of silica gel to collect these substances as either particles or vapors. The compounds are extracted from the sampler and analyzed by HPLC with sensitivities in the range of 3 micrograms/m3 for 48-L air samples. The methods were evaluated in the laboratory with test aerosol atomospheres and found to be unaffected by temperature or humidity of the sampled environment. Tests of precision, sample stability and separation from interferants indicate that the method should provide reliable results for personal monitoring procedures.", "contents": "Air sampling and analytical procedures for benzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and their salts. The purpose of the study was the development of new air-sampling and analytical procedures for benzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and their salts. Air is drawn through a glass-fiber filter followed by a bed of silica gel to collect these substances as either particles or vapors. The compounds are extracted from the sampler and analyzed by HPLC with sensitivities in the range of 3 micrograms/m3 for 48-L air samples. The methods were evaluated in the laboratory with test aerosol atomospheres and found to be unaffected by temperature or humidity of the sampled environment. Tests of precision, sample stability and separation from interferants indicate that the method should provide reliable results for personal monitoring procedures.", "PMID": 532783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5344", "title": "A new method for in-place testing of tandem HEPA filter installations.", "content": "A new in-place high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter testing procedure has been developed, based on the use of an intracavity laser particle spectrometer for ultrasensitive detection of challenge particulate concentrations downstream of tandem HEPA filter installations. The feasibility of these measurements had initially been demonstrated on a small-scale laboratory system where overall protection factors of 10(9) were routinely measured. The primary scaling problem for systems up to 20 000 CFM was in producing sufficient challenge aerosol. This was accomplished by the design and construction of a high-volume thermal dioctyl phthalate generator. The results of acceptance testing of 13 tandem HEPA filter systems, performed with both the spectrometer technique and conventional light-scattering photometry, are displayed and problem areas discussed.", "contents": "A new method for in-place testing of tandem HEPA filter installations. A new in-place high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter testing procedure has been developed, based on the use of an intracavity laser particle spectrometer for ultrasensitive detection of challenge particulate concentrations downstream of tandem HEPA filter installations. The feasibility of these measurements had initially been demonstrated on a small-scale laboratory system where overall protection factors of 10(9) were routinely measured. The primary scaling problem for systems up to 20 000 CFM was in producing sufficient challenge aerosol. This was accomplished by the design and construction of a high-volume thermal dioctyl phthalate generator. The results of acceptance testing of 13 tandem HEPA filter systems, performed with both the spectrometer technique and conventional light-scattering photometry, are displayed and problem areas discussed.", "PMID": 532784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5345", "title": "Three-month inhalation exposure study with methane sulfonylfluoride.", "content": "The effects of exposure to methane sulfonylfluoride at concentrations of 20 or 100 ppb for a total of 61 exposures of 7 hours each were studied in male and female rats. The control and exposed groups did not differ in appearance, behavior, weight gain or food consumption. There was no effect on plasma cholinesterase. RBC cholinesterase was significantly depressed in the high-level male and female exposure groups. There was no significant accumulation of fluoride in either the liver or blood at either exposure level.", "contents": "Three-month inhalation exposure study with methane sulfonylfluoride. The effects of exposure to methane sulfonylfluoride at concentrations of 20 or 100 ppb for a total of 61 exposures of 7 hours each were studied in male and female rats. The control and exposed groups did not differ in appearance, behavior, weight gain or food consumption. There was no effect on plasma cholinesterase. RBC cholinesterase was significantly depressed in the high-level male and female exposure groups. There was no significant accumulation of fluoride in either the liver or blood at either exposure level.", "PMID": 532785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5346", "title": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled benzene in mice and rabbits.", "content": "The effect of inhaled benzene on embryonal and fetal development was assessed in mice and rabbits. CF-1 mice and New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to 0 or 500 ppm of benzene for 7 hr per day from days 6 through 15 (mice) and 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. Little evidence of maternal toxicity was seen in either species. Although some signs of embryonal toxicity were observed in both mice and rabbits, a teratogenic effect was not discerned in either species inhaling 500 ppm of benzene.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled benzene in mice and rabbits. The effect of inhaled benzene on embryonal and fetal development was assessed in mice and rabbits. CF-1 mice and New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to 0 or 500 ppm of benzene for 7 hr per day from days 6 through 15 (mice) and 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. Little evidence of maternal toxicity was seen in either species. Although some signs of embryonal toxicity were observed in both mice and rabbits, a teratogenic effect was not discerned in either species inhaling 500 ppm of benzene.", "PMID": 532786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5347", "title": "Effect of random airway sizes on aerosol deposition.", "content": "A previously developed deposition model is used to determine the total and regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in a population of human lungs by taking into account variability in airway dimensions. The results for particle sizes ranging from 0.1 micron to 8 micron aerodynamic diameter agree favorably with experimental data, thus suggesting that observed intersubject deposition variability is caused primarily by difference in airway dimensions.", "contents": "Effect of random airway sizes on aerosol deposition. A previously developed deposition model is used to determine the total and regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in a population of human lungs by taking into account variability in airway dimensions. The results for particle sizes ranging from 0.1 micron to 8 micron aerodynamic diameter agree favorably with experimental data, thus suggesting that observed intersubject deposition variability is caused primarily by difference in airway dimensions.", "PMID": 532787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5348", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis in the mucous cells of the vascularly perfused rat stomach. I. Surface mucous cells.", "content": "We developed a constant-pressure vascular perfusion system of the isolated rat stomach, utilizing an artificial, fluorocarbon (FC-75)-containing medium. Perfusion could be maintained for at least six hours, as demonstrated by the ultrastructure of the mucosal cells and by the constant incorporation of [3H]-galactose in the surface mucous cells. Moreover all mucous cell types in tissue fixed after six hours of perfusion showed the same histochemical reactions for glycoproteins as in tissue fixed shortly after decapitation of the animal. The surface mucous cells of the antrum incorporated 30% less [3H]-galactose, [3H]-serine and [35S]-sulphate than those of the fundus. The amount of radioactivity incorporated per cell did not decrease during a subsequent 2 hour chase.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis in the mucous cells of the vascularly perfused rat stomach. I. Surface mucous cells. We developed a constant-pressure vascular perfusion system of the isolated rat stomach, utilizing an artificial, fluorocarbon (FC-75)-containing medium. Perfusion could be maintained for at least six hours, as demonstrated by the ultrastructure of the mucosal cells and by the constant incorporation of [3H]-galactose in the surface mucous cells. Moreover all mucous cell types in tissue fixed after six hours of perfusion showed the same histochemical reactions for glycoproteins as in tissue fixed shortly after decapitation of the animal. The surface mucous cells of the antrum incorporated 30% less [3H]-galactose, [3H]-serine and [35S]-sulphate than those of the fundus. The amount of radioactivity incorporated per cell did not decrease during a subsequent 2 hour chase.", "PMID": 532788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5349", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis in the mucous cells of the vascularly perfused rat stomach. II. Differentiating mucous cells.", "content": "Labeled leucine, serine, galactose, glucosamine and sulphate were administered to rat stomachs in a perfusion system. Sections of the gastric fundus were studied by light microscopic autoradiography. Five categories of mucous cells were distinguished and their glycoprotein synthetic activity was measured in autoradiographs by counting silver grains over each category. During their differentiation, while migrating from the isthmus of the fundic glands to the free luminal surface, the surface mucous cells (SMC) showed an increase in incorporation of all precursors used. Differences between the incorporation patterns of the various precursors, in cells of different ages, suggest that structural development runs ahead of functional activity, and that the latter continues up to the very moment the cell is shed from the surface. Sulphate was incorporated at a considerably lower rate by the SMC of the free surface than by the foveolar SMC, in which by cytochemical staining strongly acidic glycoproteins were shown. Since the mucous neck cells incorporated all precursors at a low rate, these cells apparently do not play an important role in gastric mucus synthesis. They did not incorporate sulphate, which is consistent with histochemical observations.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis in the mucous cells of the vascularly perfused rat stomach. II. Differentiating mucous cells. Labeled leucine, serine, galactose, glucosamine and sulphate were administered to rat stomachs in a perfusion system. Sections of the gastric fundus were studied by light microscopic autoradiography. Five categories of mucous cells were distinguished and their glycoprotein synthetic activity was measured in autoradiographs by counting silver grains over each category. During their differentiation, while migrating from the isthmus of the fundic glands to the free luminal surface, the surface mucous cells (SMC) showed an increase in incorporation of all precursors used. Differences between the incorporation patterns of the various precursors, in cells of different ages, suggest that structural development runs ahead of functional activity, and that the latter continues up to the very moment the cell is shed from the surface. Sulphate was incorporated at a considerably lower rate by the SMC of the free surface than by the foveolar SMC, in which by cytochemical staining strongly acidic glycoproteins were shown. Since the mucous neck cells incorporated all precursors at a low rate, these cells apparently do not play an important role in gastric mucus synthesis. They did not incorporate sulphate, which is consistent with histochemical observations.", "PMID": 532789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5350", "title": "Effects of colchicine on the morphology and prolactin secretion of rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture.", "content": "The effects of incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture with 10(-6) M colchicine have been investigated during time-intervals extending from 1 to 96 hours. Prolactin release, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was rapidly inhibited by colchicine, this inhibition being accompanied by increased cellular prolactin content for up to 24 hours of treatment and followed by decreased values of cellular prolactin concentration at later time-intervals. Immunocytochemical localization showed an increased positive reaction for prolactin up to 24 hours after colchicine treatment, whereas transmission electron microscopy demonstrated, in parallel, an increased number of intracellular prolactin secretory granules during the same interval. Longer periods of treatment (24-96 hours) resulted in the appearance of more lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and microfilaments in the cells, whereas the number of Golgi elements was decreased. Following four hours of colchicine treatment and at later stages, microtubules could no longer be observed in the sections. Scanning electron microscopic data showed that colchicine treatment induced dramatic changes in the cell surface morphology: at short time intervals (4 and 8 hours), the number of microvilli decreased and the cell surface became folded, whereas, later, \"bleb\"-like protrusions of variable dimensions partially covered the cell surface and seemed to be released from it. These data show a good correlation between secretory activity of prolactin-producing cells and morphological changes induced by colchicine treatment.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on the morphology and prolactin secretion of rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture. The effects of incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture with 10(-6) M colchicine have been investigated during time-intervals extending from 1 to 96 hours. Prolactin release, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was rapidly inhibited by colchicine, this inhibition being accompanied by increased cellular prolactin content for up to 24 hours of treatment and followed by decreased values of cellular prolactin concentration at later time-intervals. Immunocytochemical localization showed an increased positive reaction for prolactin up to 24 hours after colchicine treatment, whereas transmission electron microscopy demonstrated, in parallel, an increased number of intracellular prolactin secretory granules during the same interval. Longer periods of treatment (24-96 hours) resulted in the appearance of more lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and microfilaments in the cells, whereas the number of Golgi elements was decreased. Following four hours of colchicine treatment and at later stages, microtubules could no longer be observed in the sections. Scanning electron microscopic data showed that colchicine treatment induced dramatic changes in the cell surface morphology: at short time intervals (4 and 8 hours), the number of microvilli decreased and the cell surface became folded, whereas, later, \"bleb\"-like protrusions of variable dimensions partially covered the cell surface and seemed to be released from it. These data show a good correlation between secretory activity of prolactin-producing cells and morphological changes induced by colchicine treatment.", "PMID": 532790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5351", "title": "Morphology of the epithelium of the extratesticular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymidis of the adult male rabbit.", "content": "The fine structure of the epithelium lining the extratesticular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymidis of the rabbit has been investigated. In the ductuli efferentes the epithelium is composed of two cell types, principal cells and ciliated cells. The latter type is distinguished from principal cells by the presence of cilia projecting into the lumen and the position of the nucleus in the apical half of the cell. Principal cells in this segment are characterized by micropinocytotic vesicles on the surface plasma membrane and a variety of small dense bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In the ductus epididymidis basal cells replace ciliated cells as the second cell type, but differences between various segments of the epididymis are related to the fine structure of the principal cells. In the proximal caput epididymidis (Nicander's region 1) the principal cells are tall with long microvilli. They typically contain a small Golgi apparatus and a cluster of dense bodies adjacent to the nucleus. In the distal caput epididymidis (Nicander's regions 2-5) the apical cytoplasm of principal cells is filled with numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and large multivesicular bodies; these features are interpreted as signs of absorptive activity. The multivesicular bodies are absent from the cytoplasm of principal cells in the corpus epididymidis (Nicander's region 6) and, instead, numerous elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets and dense bodies characterize principal cells in this segment. Towards the proximal cauda epididymidis (Nicander's region 7), the number of dense bodies (lysosomes) in the cytoplasm increases considerably. In the globose cauda (Nicander's region 8), the principal cells are reduced in height, and in addition to the features described in region 7, are characterized by a concentric array of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the basal cytoplasm. These observations are discussed in relation to the role of the epididymis in promoting the maturation and survival of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Morphology of the epithelium of the extratesticular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymidis of the adult male rabbit. The fine structure of the epithelium lining the extratesticular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymidis of the rabbit has been investigated. In the ductuli efferentes the epithelium is composed of two cell types, principal cells and ciliated cells. The latter type is distinguished from principal cells by the presence of cilia projecting into the lumen and the position of the nucleus in the apical half of the cell. Principal cells in this segment are characterized by micropinocytotic vesicles on the surface plasma membrane and a variety of small dense bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In the ductus epididymidis basal cells replace ciliated cells as the second cell type, but differences between various segments of the epididymis are related to the fine structure of the principal cells. In the proximal caput epididymidis (Nicander's region 1) the principal cells are tall with long microvilli. They typically contain a small Golgi apparatus and a cluster of dense bodies adjacent to the nucleus. In the distal caput epididymidis (Nicander's regions 2-5) the apical cytoplasm of principal cells is filled with numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and large multivesicular bodies; these features are interpreted as signs of absorptive activity. The multivesicular bodies are absent from the cytoplasm of principal cells in the corpus epididymidis (Nicander's region 6) and, instead, numerous elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets and dense bodies characterize principal cells in this segment. Towards the proximal cauda epididymidis (Nicander's region 7), the number of dense bodies (lysosomes) in the cytoplasm increases considerably. In the globose cauda (Nicander's region 8), the principal cells are reduced in height, and in addition to the features described in region 7, are characterized by a concentric array of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the basal cytoplasm. These observations are discussed in relation to the role of the epididymis in promoting the maturation and survival of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 532791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5352", "title": "Morphogenetic reaggregation and luteinization of mouse preantral follicle cells.", "content": "Small (60-90 micrometer) and large (100-130 micrometer) preantral follicles were isolated from adult mouse ovaries by a collagenase-dissection technique. These follicles were composed of resting oocytes surrounded either by granulosa cells, only, or by granulosa and undifferentiated theca cells. Further enzymatic dissociation of primary follicles yielded monodisperse cells characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, microfilament-rich pseudopodia and only scant lipid droplets. These cells reaggregated, when explanted in stationary culture, forming epithelial cords and structures macroscopically reminiscent of native ovarian follicles. Anticipated association of follicular cells in epithelial-like monolayers was rare (less than or equal to 10% of all cultured cells). Formation and growth of both follicle-like (FLS) and cord-like (CLS) structures occurred within 24 hours of culture, continued for 14 days, and was inhibited by cytochalasin B, but not by neuraminidase. FLS and CLS, as well as cell monolayers, underwent luteinization, as indicated by the presence in the culture medium of radioimmunoassayable progesterone and by frequent cytological features suggestive of active steroidogenesis. The present report indicates that (a) specific cell affinities exist among immature follicular cells which may play a role in folliculogenesis; and (b) follicular cells are endowed, from their early developmental stages with intrinsic steroidogenic capabilities which become phenotypically expressed after escape from the intraovarian environment.", "contents": "Morphogenetic reaggregation and luteinization of mouse preantral follicle cells. Small (60-90 micrometer) and large (100-130 micrometer) preantral follicles were isolated from adult mouse ovaries by a collagenase-dissection technique. These follicles were composed of resting oocytes surrounded either by granulosa cells, only, or by granulosa and undifferentiated theca cells. Further enzymatic dissociation of primary follicles yielded monodisperse cells characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, microfilament-rich pseudopodia and only scant lipid droplets. These cells reaggregated, when explanted in stationary culture, forming epithelial cords and structures macroscopically reminiscent of native ovarian follicles. Anticipated association of follicular cells in epithelial-like monolayers was rare (less than or equal to 10% of all cultured cells). Formation and growth of both follicle-like (FLS) and cord-like (CLS) structures occurred within 24 hours of culture, continued for 14 days, and was inhibited by cytochalasin B, but not by neuraminidase. FLS and CLS, as well as cell monolayers, underwent luteinization, as indicated by the presence in the culture medium of radioimmunoassayable progesterone and by frequent cytological features suggestive of active steroidogenesis. The present report indicates that (a) specific cell affinities exist among immature follicular cells which may play a role in folliculogenesis; and (b) follicular cells are endowed, from their early developmental stages with intrinsic steroidogenic capabilities which become phenotypically expressed after escape from the intraovarian environment.", "PMID": 532792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5353", "title": "Endoscopic papillotomy: sphincterotomy or sphincteroplasty.", "content": "An ongoing series of patients who were treated with endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) for retained or recurrent common bile duct gallstones or papillary stenosis was analyzed for safety and efficacy of the procedure and compared with accepted surgical technics, sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty. To date, endoscopic papillotomy was attempted in 77 patients and successful in 71 (92%). The mean hospital stay is 3.1 days (range one to 12 days), convalescence has been short and morbidity has been low. One death has occurred in the series and no patients have been subjected to surgical intervention. Evaluation of the results achieved after papillotomy were compared with surgical technics and revealed that a sphincteroplasty was achieved in 68% of the patients and sphincterotomy in 32%. The results of EPT, therefore, have been extremely encouraging establishing EPT as a first line treatment modality for common bile duct stones and papillary stenosis. As, however, EPT is the only endoscopic procedure with predictable morbidity and mortality, it should be performed by skilled, experienced endoscopists in centers with cooperating surgeons so that it will remain an accepted modality in the treatment of biliary tract disorders.", "contents": "Endoscopic papillotomy: sphincterotomy or sphincteroplasty. An ongoing series of patients who were treated with endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) for retained or recurrent common bile duct gallstones or papillary stenosis was analyzed for safety and efficacy of the procedure and compared with accepted surgical technics, sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty. To date, endoscopic papillotomy was attempted in 77 patients and successful in 71 (92%). The mean hospital stay is 3.1 days (range one to 12 days), convalescence has been short and morbidity has been low. One death has occurred in the series and no patients have been subjected to surgical intervention. Evaluation of the results achieved after papillotomy were compared with surgical technics and revealed that a sphincteroplasty was achieved in 68% of the patients and sphincterotomy in 32%. The results of EPT, therefore, have been extremely encouraging establishing EPT as a first line treatment modality for common bile duct stones and papillary stenosis. As, however, EPT is the only endoscopic procedure with predictable morbidity and mortality, it should be performed by skilled, experienced endoscopists in centers with cooperating surgeons so that it will remain an accepted modality in the treatment of biliary tract disorders.", "PMID": 532793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5354", "title": "Causes of obstruction of prosthetic esophageal tubes and their prevention: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of Celestin tube obstruction in a 57-year old patient is presented. Obstruction in this case was secondary to three mechanisms: distal mucosal prolapse, intraluminal suture web and food impaction. Prosthetic intraesophageal devices are subject to a number of complications, obstruction being the most frequent. A review of various types of prosthetic tube obstruction are given with emphasis on food impaction. Correct technic on tube insertion and dietary guidance are the best means of insuring tube patency. Guidelines for treating food impaction before endoscopic retrieval are suggested. Papain solution should be taken orally, first. If this is unsuccessful, nasogastric suction over the obstruction and local instillation of papain solution should be the next step. Finally, endoscopic confirmation of the obstruction is performed followed by gentle pulsion on the obstructing particle with a flexible cytology brush.", "contents": "Causes of obstruction of prosthetic esophageal tubes and their prevention: a case report and review of the literature. A case of Celestin tube obstruction in a 57-year old patient is presented. Obstruction in this case was secondary to three mechanisms: distal mucosal prolapse, intraluminal suture web and food impaction. Prosthetic intraesophageal devices are subject to a number of complications, obstruction being the most frequent. A review of various types of prosthetic tube obstruction are given with emphasis on food impaction. Correct technic on tube insertion and dietary guidance are the best means of insuring tube patency. Guidelines for treating food impaction before endoscopic retrieval are suggested. Papain solution should be taken orally, first. If this is unsuccessful, nasogastric suction over the obstruction and local instillation of papain solution should be the next step. Finally, endoscopic confirmation of the obstruction is performed followed by gentle pulsion on the obstructing particle with a flexible cytology brush.", "PMID": 532794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5355", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 and 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 on canine gastric parietal cell: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 15(R)15 methyl prostaglindin E2 (15(R)15 PGE2) on the gastric parietal cell was studied in seven and eight dogs, respectively. Another four dogs were used as controls. Gastric biopsies were examined by the electron microscope and the secretory activity of the parietal cells was assessed by morphometrically estimating the proportion of the parietal cell cytoplasm occupied by tubulovesicles as well as the ratio of extramitochondrial cytoplasm:mitochondria. Both 15(R)15 PGE2 and PGE2 increased the latter one hour after administration but only 15(R)15 PGE2 increased the proportion of tubulovesicles. The data suggest that secretory activity of parietal cells is impaired, especially after treatment with 15(R)15 GE2.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 and 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 on canine gastric parietal cell: an ultrastructural study. The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 15(R)15 methyl prostaglindin E2 (15(R)15 PGE2) on the gastric parietal cell was studied in seven and eight dogs, respectively. Another four dogs were used as controls. Gastric biopsies were examined by the electron microscope and the secretory activity of the parietal cells was assessed by morphometrically estimating the proportion of the parietal cell cytoplasm occupied by tubulovesicles as well as the ratio of extramitochondrial cytoplasm:mitochondria. Both 15(R)15 PGE2 and PGE2 increased the latter one hour after administration but only 15(R)15 PGE2 increased the proportion of tubulovesicles. The data suggest that secretory activity of parietal cells is impaired, especially after treatment with 15(R)15 GE2.", "PMID": 532795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5356", "title": "Effects of ibuprofen, tolmetin and placebo on the gastric mucosa of aspirin-sensitive volunteers.", "content": "Patients who have demonstrated a gastric mucosal sensitivity to aspirin often react to other nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs to a similar or lesser degree. In a single-blind crossover study, five healthy volunteers who had previously developed erosive gastritis secondary to one week of aspirin therapy were randomly assigned to seven-day courses of treatment with ibuprofen, tolmetin and placebo. Treatment schedules were separated by washout periods to eliminate residual drug effects. Ibuprofen produced less gastric mucosal injury than tolmetin and, over all, appeared to be better tolerated. It was also noted that clinical symptoms often do not reflect the severity of gastroscopic findings, which may explain silent hemorrhaging in patients treated with agents of this type.", "contents": "Effects of ibuprofen, tolmetin and placebo on the gastric mucosa of aspirin-sensitive volunteers. Patients who have demonstrated a gastric mucosal sensitivity to aspirin often react to other nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs to a similar or lesser degree. In a single-blind crossover study, five healthy volunteers who had previously developed erosive gastritis secondary to one week of aspirin therapy were randomly assigned to seven-day courses of treatment with ibuprofen, tolmetin and placebo. Treatment schedules were separated by washout periods to eliminate residual drug effects. Ibuprofen produced less gastric mucosal injury than tolmetin and, over all, appeared to be better tolerated. It was also noted that clinical symptoms often do not reflect the severity of gastroscopic findings, which may explain silent hemorrhaging in patients treated with agents of this type.", "PMID": 532796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5357", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis with cholestatic features. I. A clinical and immunological study.", "content": "Twelve of 43 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (28%) manifested clinical and laboratory features of cholestasis. The criteria for selection of these patients included at least two of the following: chronic or recurrent pruritus, serum alkaline phosphatase levels of 300 mU./ml. and cholesterol of 300 mg./dl. or more. When compared with 31 control cases these patients were found to have a preponderance of Ashkenazi Jews of Roumanian origin, a higher prevalence of joint and thyroid involvement and higher serum Ig-M Levels. Mortality was similar in both groups but patients with cholestatic features tended to die earlier in the course of the disease. Retrospectively, it was found that they had been treated more intensively, attained complete remissions less frequently and developed cirrhosis more readily. There were no significant differences in the frequency of HBsAg and anti-HBs, the mode of onset, the frequency of hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice, the hematologic findings and the prevalence of autoantibodies. Like acute cholangiolitic viral hepatitis, CAH with cholestatic features emerges as a more serious disease than the classical form of CAH.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis with cholestatic features. I. A clinical and immunological study. Twelve of 43 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (28%) manifested clinical and laboratory features of cholestasis. The criteria for selection of these patients included at least two of the following: chronic or recurrent pruritus, serum alkaline phosphatase levels of 300 mU./ml. and cholesterol of 300 mg./dl. or more. When compared with 31 control cases these patients were found to have a preponderance of Ashkenazi Jews of Roumanian origin, a higher prevalence of joint and thyroid involvement and higher serum Ig-M Levels. Mortality was similar in both groups but patients with cholestatic features tended to die earlier in the course of the disease. Retrospectively, it was found that they had been treated more intensively, attained complete remissions less frequently and developed cirrhosis more readily. There were no significant differences in the frequency of HBsAg and anti-HBs, the mode of onset, the frequency of hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice, the hematologic findings and the prevalence of autoantibodies. Like acute cholangiolitic viral hepatitis, CAH with cholestatic features emerges as a more serious disease than the classical form of CAH.", "PMID": 532797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5358", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis with cholestatic features. II. A histopathological study.", "content": "A review of 25 liver biopsies from 12 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) with cholestatic features (Group 1) and of 30 biopsies from 23 patients without such features (Group 2) revealed that in Group 1 the bile duct epithelium showed significantly more hyperplasis, atypia, swelling, vacuolization and inflammation. When present in patients of Group 2, these parameters, in general seemed to be less severe. The number of bile ducts per portal space was similar in both groups. Thus, on a cumulative basis, a correlation was found between the clinical and biochemical features of cholestasis and the histological signs of bile duct damage.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis with cholestatic features. II. A histopathological study. A review of 25 liver biopsies from 12 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) with cholestatic features (Group 1) and of 30 biopsies from 23 patients without such features (Group 2) revealed that in Group 1 the bile duct epithelium showed significantly more hyperplasis, atypia, swelling, vacuolization and inflammation. When present in patients of Group 2, these parameters, in general seemed to be less severe. The number of bile ducts per portal space was similar in both groups. Thus, on a cumulative basis, a correlation was found between the clinical and biochemical features of cholestasis and the histological signs of bile duct damage.", "PMID": 532798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5359", "title": "Cecal perforation in alcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "A 51-YEar old male with alcoholic pancreatitis progressed to bowel inflammation and cecal perforation. Colonic complications of pancreatitis include fistula, stenosis, necrosis and perforation. The pathogenesis of these entities is discussed and the literature regarding colonic complications is reviewed. Although it is uncommon, bowel involvement in pancreatitis is potentially lethal and may necessitate surgery in an otherwise medically managed illness.", "contents": "Cecal perforation in alcoholic pancreatitis. A 51-YEar old male with alcoholic pancreatitis progressed to bowel inflammation and cecal perforation. Colonic complications of pancreatitis include fistula, stenosis, necrosis and perforation. The pathogenesis of these entities is discussed and the literature regarding colonic complications is reviewed. Although it is uncommon, bowel involvement in pancreatitis is potentially lethal and may necessitate surgery in an otherwise medically managed illness.", "PMID": 532799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5360", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the ascending colon.", "content": "A right-sided colon lesion appearing as a typical adenocarcinoma was biopsied and revealed squamous cell carcinoma. The etiologic possibilities include metastatic disease to the gastrointestinal tract (most likely from the lung in this case) and the very uncommon primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon. The described features of both lesions are reviewed.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the ascending colon. A right-sided colon lesion appearing as a typical adenocarcinoma was biopsied and revealed squamous cell carcinoma. The etiologic possibilities include metastatic disease to the gastrointestinal tract (most likely from the lung in this case) and the very uncommon primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon. The described features of both lesions are reviewed.", "PMID": 532800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5361", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic pancreatitis on the stomach patterns of radiographic involvement.", "content": "The radiographic gastric changes associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis are described. The pertinent literature is reviewed and forms of involvement previously not reported are illustrated and discussed. Intramural and perigastric permeation of extravasated pancreatic enzymes and the secondary inflammatory reaction that follows are responsible for the radiographic changes observed. Generalized rugal thickening and particularly a localized spiculated appearance to the posterior wall of the stomach are transitory findings seen in acute pancreatitis. Radiographic abnormalities associated with chronic pancreatitis include patterns mimicking linitis plastica, indurated and nondistensible rugae involving the proximal stomach and a severely distorted gastric configuration induced by perigastric adhesions. The recognition of these patterns of involvement helps in the radiographic diagnosis and avoids confusing or evasive interpretations.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic pancreatitis on the stomach patterns of radiographic involvement. The radiographic gastric changes associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis are described. The pertinent literature is reviewed and forms of involvement previously not reported are illustrated and discussed. Intramural and perigastric permeation of extravasated pancreatic enzymes and the secondary inflammatory reaction that follows are responsible for the radiographic changes observed. Generalized rugal thickening and particularly a localized spiculated appearance to the posterior wall of the stomach are transitory findings seen in acute pancreatitis. Radiographic abnormalities associated with chronic pancreatitis include patterns mimicking linitis plastica, indurated and nondistensible rugae involving the proximal stomach and a severely distorted gastric configuration induced by perigastric adhesions. The recognition of these patterns of involvement helps in the radiographic diagnosis and avoids confusing or evasive interpretations.", "PMID": 532801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5362", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis of human red cells.", "content": "The ability of lymphocytes to lyse human red cells coated with anti-D antibody was assessed by measuring 51 Cr release from labeled red cells incubated with peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions from 12 normal donors. Mixed mononuclear cell suspensions (containing monocytes and lymphocytes) from all donors produced lysis of sensitized red cells. Treatment with carbonyl iron reduced monocyte concentration to less than 1.2% in all donors, as measured by morphologic criteria, esterase staining and ingestion of latex particles. Lysis of red cells following monocyte depletion was markedly reduced in 8 of the 12 donors. Despite depletion of monocytes, unchanged or increased lysis was noticed with the leukocytes of the remaining 4 donors. This lysis was due to lymphocytes, not to residual monocytes. If target red cells were treated with papain or trypsin prior to sensitization, marked lysis occurred with lymphocytes of all donors, including those which did not lyse unmodified red cells. Direct cytolysis of sensitized red cells during contact with small lymphocytes was recorded using microcinematography, which confirmed the role of lymphocytes in mediating lysis. Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of red cells increased with mounting levels of antibody sensitization regardless to prior treatment with papain. Papain increased antibody coating per red cell, yet lysis per molecule of antibody bound was also increased. Lysis was inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3 in the fluid phase but not by IgG2 or IgG4. At an equivalent level of antibody sensitization lysis was augmented by concurrent coating of the red cells with C3b, C3d and/or C4b, though these components could not produce lysis in the absence of antibody coating.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis of human red cells. The ability of lymphocytes to lyse human red cells coated with anti-D antibody was assessed by measuring 51 Cr release from labeled red cells incubated with peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions from 12 normal donors. Mixed mononuclear cell suspensions (containing monocytes and lymphocytes) from all donors produced lysis of sensitized red cells. Treatment with carbonyl iron reduced monocyte concentration to less than 1.2% in all donors, as measured by morphologic criteria, esterase staining and ingestion of latex particles. Lysis of red cells following monocyte depletion was markedly reduced in 8 of the 12 donors. Despite depletion of monocytes, unchanged or increased lysis was noticed with the leukocytes of the remaining 4 donors. This lysis was due to lymphocytes, not to residual monocytes. If target red cells were treated with papain or trypsin prior to sensitization, marked lysis occurred with lymphocytes of all donors, including those which did not lyse unmodified red cells. Direct cytolysis of sensitized red cells during contact with small lymphocytes was recorded using microcinematography, which confirmed the role of lymphocytes in mediating lysis. Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of red cells increased with mounting levels of antibody sensitization regardless to prior treatment with papain. Papain increased antibody coating per red cell, yet lysis per molecule of antibody bound was also increased. Lysis was inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3 in the fluid phase but not by IgG2 or IgG4. At an equivalent level of antibody sensitization lysis was augmented by concurrent coating of the red cells with C3b, C3d and/or C4b, though these components could not produce lysis in the absence of antibody coating.", "PMID": 532802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5363", "title": "Antisickling agents: effects of carbamyl phosphate or cyanate on survival, erythrocytes, and leucocytes in the mouse.", "content": "Equal mole doses of the anions of disodium carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl P) or sodium cyanate, antisickling agents, have been compared in C57B1 mice. Using 15 mice per group, two groups were given the equivalent ip dose of carbamyl P or cyanate anion (7 mmoles/kg/day) in a divided dose, in the morning and six hours later, for 17--18 days. The control group received sodium chloride (13.8 mmoles of Na+ or Cl-/kg/day). Surviving mice per group were sodium chloride, 15/15; disodium carbamyl P, 14/15; and sodium cyanate, 0/15, all mice died by day 2. Surviving mice appeared normal throughout the study, and no abnormalities were seen at necropsy. The hematologic measurements were the same for sodium chloride or disodium carbamyl P, including hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocyte counts, leucocyte counts, and differential counts. The mean hemoglobin carbamylation was 1.24 (+/- 0.06 SE) moles of valine hydantoin/mole of hemoglobin tetramer in mice receiving disodium carbamyl P for 18 days, sufficient for antisickling activity. The enzymatic degradation of carbamyl P to NH3, CO2, and Pi was measured in serial blood samples in additional C57B1 and DBA/2J mice following ip injections of carbamyl P or cyanate. Both NH3 and Pi increased immediately after giving carbamyl P, but no increase occurred after cyanate administration. Thus enzymatic degradation of carbamyl P occurs in vivo and appears to be an important detoxification mechanism. When equivalent mole doses of anion are administered, disodium carbamyl P is less toxic than sodium cyanate in mice.", "contents": "Antisickling agents: effects of carbamyl phosphate or cyanate on survival, erythrocytes, and leucocytes in the mouse. Equal mole doses of the anions of disodium carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl P) or sodium cyanate, antisickling agents, have been compared in C57B1 mice. Using 15 mice per group, two groups were given the equivalent ip dose of carbamyl P or cyanate anion (7 mmoles/kg/day) in a divided dose, in the morning and six hours later, for 17--18 days. The control group received sodium chloride (13.8 mmoles of Na+ or Cl-/kg/day). Surviving mice per group were sodium chloride, 15/15; disodium carbamyl P, 14/15; and sodium cyanate, 0/15, all mice died by day 2. Surviving mice appeared normal throughout the study, and no abnormalities were seen at necropsy. The hematologic measurements were the same for sodium chloride or disodium carbamyl P, including hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocyte counts, leucocyte counts, and differential counts. The mean hemoglobin carbamylation was 1.24 (+/- 0.06 SE) moles of valine hydantoin/mole of hemoglobin tetramer in mice receiving disodium carbamyl P for 18 days, sufficient for antisickling activity. The enzymatic degradation of carbamyl P to NH3, CO2, and Pi was measured in serial blood samples in additional C57B1 and DBA/2J mice following ip injections of carbamyl P or cyanate. Both NH3 and Pi increased immediately after giving carbamyl P, but no increase occurred after cyanate administration. Thus enzymatic degradation of carbamyl P occurs in vivo and appears to be an important detoxification mechanism. When equivalent mole doses of anion are administered, disodium carbamyl P is less toxic than sodium cyanate in mice.", "PMID": 532803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5364", "title": "Three new variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia: G-6-PD Lincoln Park, G-6-PD Arlington Heights, and G-6-PD West Town.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency was identified in three children who were evaluated because of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. One child is of German extraction, another Puerto Rican, and the third Mexican. In each of the patients the hemolytic process was well compensated, but each had one or more episodes of anemia following exposure to an oxidant drug or with infections. The electrophoretic, functional, and kinetic properties of the mutant enzymes, derived both from the patients' erythrocytes and from cultured fibroblasts, allowed each to be distinguished from G-6-PD variants previously described.", "contents": "Three new variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia: G-6-PD Lincoln Park, G-6-PD Arlington Heights, and G-6-PD West Town. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency was identified in three children who were evaluated because of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. One child is of German extraction, another Puerto Rican, and the third Mexican. In each of the patients the hemolytic process was well compensated, but each had one or more episodes of anemia following exposure to an oxidant drug or with infections. The electrophoretic, functional, and kinetic properties of the mutant enzymes, derived both from the patients' erythrocytes and from cultured fibroblasts, allowed each to be distinguished from G-6-PD variants previously described.", "PMID": 532804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5365", "title": "Specification of the directionality of the Stiles-Crawford function.", "content": "An index to specify the directionality (spread) of Stiles-Crawford function and related retinal photoreceptor directional sensitivity data is proposed. This index, termed the half-sensitivity half-width (or angle) is the displacement in the pupil (or the change of angle of incidence at the retina) which results in a reduction of sensitivity to one-half that at the function maximum (0.3 log unit decrease). The half-sensitivity half-width or angle, unlike other currently used indices of retinal directionality, can be assessed empirically and is not intrinsically dependent upon curve-fitting assumptions or procedures.", "contents": "Specification of the directionality of the Stiles-Crawford function. An index to specify the directionality (spread) of Stiles-Crawford function and related retinal photoreceptor directional sensitivity data is proposed. This index, termed the half-sensitivity half-width (or angle) is the displacement in the pupil (or the change of angle of incidence at the retina) which results in a reduction of sensitivity to one-half that at the function maximum (0.3 log unit decrease). The half-sensitivity half-width or angle, unlike other currently used indices of retinal directionality, can be assessed empirically and is not intrinsically dependent upon curve-fitting assumptions or procedures.", "PMID": 532806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5366", "title": "Eikonic lens design for minus prescriptions.", "content": "Designing size lenses for aniseikonia correction usually involves considering only the shape factor of the total spectacle magnification. However, for minus prescriptions, an increase in the shape magnification of a lens does not always result in total lens magnification. As the front curve of a lens is steepened (which increases the shape magnification), the sagittal depth of the lens is increased, which effectively increases the vertex distance. For a minus lens, an increased vertex distance means decreased power magnification; depending upon the lens power, the decrease in power magnification can totally offset the increase in shape magnification. The shape factor-power factor relationship of high minus size lenses is presented, along with general guidelines for proper design of size lenses.", "contents": "Eikonic lens design for minus prescriptions. Designing size lenses for aniseikonia correction usually involves considering only the shape factor of the total spectacle magnification. However, for minus prescriptions, an increase in the shape magnification of a lens does not always result in total lens magnification. As the front curve of a lens is steepened (which increases the shape magnification), the sagittal depth of the lens is increased, which effectively increases the vertex distance. For a minus lens, an increased vertex distance means decreased power magnification; depending upon the lens power, the decrease in power magnification can totally offset the increase in shape magnification. The shape factor-power factor relationship of high minus size lenses is presented, along with general guidelines for proper design of size lenses.", "PMID": 532807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5367", "title": "Absolute stereoscopic thresholds as measured by crossed and uncrossed disparities.", "content": "Stereoscopic tests of 30 subjects by means of diastereo instruments showed a lower threshold for crossed disparities than for uncrossed disparities. These findings support Richards' conclusion that crossed and uncrossed disparity limits are the result of two different mechanisms.", "contents": "Absolute stereoscopic thresholds as measured by crossed and uncrossed disparities. Stereoscopic tests of 30 subjects by means of diastereo instruments showed a lower threshold for crossed disparities than for uncrossed disparities. These findings support Richards' conclusion that crossed and uncrossed disparity limits are the result of two different mechanisms.", "PMID": 532808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5368", "title": "Continuous wearing of Duragel contact lenses by Swedish air force pilots.", "content": "This is a report of the application of contact lenses for prolonged wear by military pilots. The safety and effectiveness of wearing these non-HEMA hydrophilic lenses in a highly demanding visual environment is described in the case of an individual jet-fighter pilot who has worn these lenses continuously for 3 years without any complications.", "contents": "Continuous wearing of Duragel contact lenses by Swedish air force pilots. This is a report of the application of contact lenses for prolonged wear by military pilots. The safety and effectiveness of wearing these non-HEMA hydrophilic lenses in a highly demanding visual environment is described in the case of an individual jet-fighter pilot who has worn these lenses continuously for 3 years without any complications.", "PMID": 532809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5369", "title": "Fundus photography in optometric practice.", "content": "Fundus photography, an established facet of institutional clinic and hospital ocular care, is emerging as a valuable tool for the private practitioner. Ocular photography permits improved patient care with the additional benefit of providing a means for continuing education for the practitioner. The initial investment depends on the type of fundus camera selected and the number of accessories included in the purchase. The type of camera and accessories selected by a practitioner will vary with the mode and scrope of his/her practice. Numerous types of film are available, but Kodachrome 25 (ASA 25) is recommended. The experienced fundus photographer develops a routine of camera preparation and photographic techniques that provides a consistently successful photographic session.", "contents": "Fundus photography in optometric practice. Fundus photography, an established facet of institutional clinic and hospital ocular care, is emerging as a valuable tool for the private practitioner. Ocular photography permits improved patient care with the additional benefit of providing a means for continuing education for the practitioner. The initial investment depends on the type of fundus camera selected and the number of accessories included in the purchase. The type of camera and accessories selected by a practitioner will vary with the mode and scrope of his/her practice. Numerous types of film are available, but Kodachrome 25 (ASA 25) is recommended. The experienced fundus photographer develops a routine of camera preparation and photographic techniques that provides a consistently successful photographic session.", "PMID": 532815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5370", "title": "Skeletal maturity in Danish schoolchildren assessed by the TW2 method.", "content": "Skeletal maturity was assessed from hand-wrist radiographs in a sample of 3,817 Danish schoolchildren aged 7 to 18 years using the new version of the bone-specific Tanner-Whitehouse scoring system, the TW2 method. In most of the age groups in both sexes the distributions of the bone maturity scores displayed marked departures from normality; percentiles for the scores were therefore counted from the raw data. On the average, over the total age range, the differences between the age equivalents (bone ages) for the fiftieth percentile and chronological age were close to zero in both sexes, indicating good agreement with the British standards. However, in the individual age groups, and in particular at adolescence, characteristic divergences from the standards occurred, apparently reflecting the developmental spurt.", "contents": "Skeletal maturity in Danish schoolchildren assessed by the TW2 method. Skeletal maturity was assessed from hand-wrist radiographs in a sample of 3,817 Danish schoolchildren aged 7 to 18 years using the new version of the bone-specific Tanner-Whitehouse scoring system, the TW2 method. In most of the age groups in both sexes the distributions of the bone maturity scores displayed marked departures from normality; percentiles for the scores were therefore counted from the raw data. On the average, over the total age range, the differences between the age equivalents (bone ages) for the fiftieth percentile and chronological age were close to zero in both sexes, indicating good agreement with the British standards. However, in the individual age groups, and in particular at adolescence, characteristic divergences from the standards occurred, apparently reflecting the developmental spurt.", "PMID": 532821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5371", "title": "Percentage ash content of nonhuman primate long limb bones.", "content": "Trotter and Hixon ('76) and Vose and Roach ('72) presented conflicting data about percentage ash content of the long limb bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The suggestion of Trotter and Hixon ('76) that this discrepancy was due to methods of preparing the bone prior to ashing, rather than to species differences, was tested using data collected by Gong ('72) on the volumetric composition of nonhuman primate bone. Masses of the various chemical fractions of bone reported by Gong ('72) were used to compute ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight. Good agreement was found between ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and the data of Vose and Roach ('72); good agreement was also found between ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight and the data of Trotter and Hixon ('76). This suggests that the data of Vose and Roach ('72) conflict with those of Trotter and Hixon ('76) because Vose and Roach ('72) failed to defat the bones prior to ashing. No actual species differences exist in the ash content of bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The data of Trotter and Hixon ('76) are most likely a more adequate reflection of both the magnitude and the regional similarity of ash content in nonhuman primate bone.", "contents": "Percentage ash content of nonhuman primate long limb bones. Trotter and Hixon ('76) and Vose and Roach ('72) presented conflicting data about percentage ash content of the long limb bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The suggestion of Trotter and Hixon ('76) that this discrepancy was due to methods of preparing the bone prior to ashing, rather than to species differences, was tested using data collected by Gong ('72) on the volumetric composition of nonhuman primate bone. Masses of the various chemical fractions of bone reported by Gong ('72) were used to compute ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight. Good agreement was found between ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and the data of Vose and Roach ('72); good agreement was also found between ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight and the data of Trotter and Hixon ('76). This suggests that the data of Vose and Roach ('72) conflict with those of Trotter and Hixon ('76) because Vose and Roach ('72) failed to defat the bones prior to ashing. No actual species differences exist in the ash content of bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The data of Trotter and Hixon ('76) are most likely a more adequate reflection of both the magnitude and the regional similarity of ash content in nonhuman primate bone.", "PMID": 532822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5372", "title": "Lung function in highlander Bods of Ladakh.", "content": "A cross-sectional sample of 221 male Bods, 11 to 19 years, from Leh, Ladakh, was studied to determine some biological responses to the environment. The higher forced vital capacity and increased association between chest measurements and respiratory function as well as increased chest dimensions of the Bods resemble the findings on highland Peruvians. These differences from lowland Bods and Indians may partially be attributable to low oxygen pressure in higher areas. However, the contributing effect of factors, viz. varying activity levels and genetics, cannot be dismissed.", "contents": "Lung function in highlander Bods of Ladakh. A cross-sectional sample of 221 male Bods, 11 to 19 years, from Leh, Ladakh, was studied to determine some biological responses to the environment. The higher forced vital capacity and increased association between chest measurements and respiratory function as well as increased chest dimensions of the Bods resemble the findings on highland Peruvians. These differences from lowland Bods and Indians may partially be attributable to low oxygen pressure in higher areas. However, the contributing effect of factors, viz. varying activity levels and genetics, cannot be dismissed.", "PMID": 532823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5373", "title": "Absence of triradius d in a three-generation pedigree and other variations of main-line D.", "content": "An example is reported of a rare dermatoglyphic variant (absence of triradius d) in a woman of mixed European and Cherokee American Indian ancestry. This variant was not present in her parents, her five siblings, four nephews or one niece. Attention is drawn to the continuum from an absent triradius d to a triradius with an abbreviated main-line associated with either an open field in interdigital area IV, or a loop in interdigital area IV or a tented arch at d. This same continuum occurs at c. The absent triradius at d is extremely rare and the tented arch at d is very rare.", "contents": "Absence of triradius d in a three-generation pedigree and other variations of main-line D. An example is reported of a rare dermatoglyphic variant (absence of triradius d) in a woman of mixed European and Cherokee American Indian ancestry. This variant was not present in her parents, her five siblings, four nephews or one niece. Attention is drawn to the continuum from an absent triradius d to a triradius with an abbreviated main-line associated with either an open field in interdigital area IV, or a loop in interdigital area IV or a tented arch at d. This same continuum occurs at c. The absent triradius at d is extremely rare and the tented arch at d is very rare.", "PMID": 532824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5374", "title": "Trends and developments in physical anthropology, 1978-1979.", "content": "Members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists were asked to supply information about their current programs and their own graduate training in order to compile a training directory and to analyze certain aspects of the discipline. The data indicate that the majority consider their graduate training to have been deficient, mainly in statistics, genetics, chemistry, physiology, and mathematics. The areas though most important for future research in physical anthropology include fields such a genetics, anatomy, ecology, physiology, and paleontology, although a great many individuals are engaged in teaching and research in other areas. A brief analysis of relative growth in the field over the last few decades indicates a serious imbalance between the number of new Ph.D.'s and available employment opportunities.", "contents": "Trends and developments in physical anthropology, 1978-1979. Members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists were asked to supply information about their current programs and their own graduate training in order to compile a training directory and to analyze certain aspects of the discipline. The data indicate that the majority consider their graduate training to have been deficient, mainly in statistics, genetics, chemistry, physiology, and mathematics. The areas though most important for future research in physical anthropology include fields such a genetics, anatomy, ecology, physiology, and paleontology, although a great many individuals are engaged in teaching and research in other areas. A brief analysis of relative growth in the field over the last few decades indicates a serious imbalance between the number of new Ph.D.'s and available employment opportunities.", "PMID": 532825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5375", "title": "The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of Norwegian Lapps.", "content": "The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of three groups of Norwegian Lapps was measured. No statistically significant sex differences or group differences were found. The assembled weighted estimates for lingual fossa depth of three groups of Norwegian Lapps were for I1 sup: 0.44 mm and I2 sup: 0.30 mm. Mean lingual fossa depths in Norwegian Lapps clearly fall within the Caucasoid range.", "contents": "The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of Norwegian Lapps. The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of three groups of Norwegian Lapps was measured. No statistically significant sex differences or group differences were found. The assembled weighted estimates for lingual fossa depth of three groups of Norwegian Lapps were for I1 sup: 0.44 mm and I2 sup: 0.30 mm. Mean lingual fossa depths in Norwegian Lapps clearly fall within the Caucasoid range.", "PMID": 532827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5376", "title": "Experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques.", "content": "Mandibular bone strain in the region immediately below the temporomandibular ligament was analyzed in adult and sub-adult Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the monkeys were presented food objects, a wooden rod, or a specially designed bite-force transducer. Bone strain was recorded during incisal biting and mastication of food, and also during isometric biting of the rod and/or the transducer. The bone strain data suggest the following: The macaque TMJ is loaded by a compressive reaction force during the power stroke of mastication and incision of food, and during isometric molar and incisor biting. TMJ reaction forces are larger on the contralateral side during both mastication and isometric molar biting. Patterns of ipsilateral TMJ reaction force in macaques during isometric biting vary markedly in response to the position of the bite point. During biting along the premolars or first two molars a compressive reaction force acts about the ipsilateral TMJ; however, when the bite point is positioned along the M3, the ipsilateral TMJ has either very little compressive stress, no stress, or it is loaded in tension.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques. Mandibular bone strain in the region immediately below the temporomandibular ligament was analyzed in adult and sub-adult Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the monkeys were presented food objects, a wooden rod, or a specially designed bite-force transducer. Bone strain was recorded during incisal biting and mastication of food, and also during isometric biting of the rod and/or the transducer. The bone strain data suggest the following: The macaque TMJ is loaded by a compressive reaction force during the power stroke of mastication and incision of food, and during isometric molar and incisor biting. TMJ reaction forces are larger on the contralateral side during both mastication and isometric molar biting. Patterns of ipsilateral TMJ reaction force in macaques during isometric biting vary markedly in response to the position of the bite point. During biting along the premolars or first two molars a compressive reaction force acts about the ipsilateral TMJ; however, when the bite point is positioned along the M3, the ipsilateral TMJ has either very little compressive stress, no stress, or it is loaded in tension.", "PMID": 532828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5377", "title": "Context change and the role of meaning in word recognition.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted in which the central variable was the addition of verbal context on the test which was not present during study. Neither study showed context to be a relevant variable. Because verbal context effects (when they do occur) are presumed to result from a change of meaning, the broader role of word meaning in recognition was examined. Studies in which homographs were used to produce a change in meaning were reviewed with the conclusion that when appropriate controls are used the effects are too small to support meaning as a major factor underlying recognition. An experiment using homographs verified the general conclusion from previous studies. A review of studies was then undertaken to determine the influence of synonym distractors on recognition scores. If word meaning is critical in word recognition, the use of synonyms of study words as new words on the recognition test should produce large decrements. The evidence available did not support this expectation, and an experiment using both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed at best only small effects. The general conclusion was that theories of recognition in which word meaning plays a dominant role cannot be supported. It is likely that word meaning is encoded during study of lists of words but is infrequently used in making recognition decisions.", "contents": "Context change and the role of meaning in word recognition. Two experiments were conducted in which the central variable was the addition of verbal context on the test which was not present during study. Neither study showed context to be a relevant variable. Because verbal context effects (when they do occur) are presumed to result from a change of meaning, the broader role of word meaning in recognition was examined. Studies in which homographs were used to produce a change in meaning were reviewed with the conclusion that when appropriate controls are used the effects are too small to support meaning as a major factor underlying recognition. An experiment using homographs verified the general conclusion from previous studies. A review of studies was then undertaken to determine the influence of synonym distractors on recognition scores. If word meaning is critical in word recognition, the use of synonyms of study words as new words on the recognition test should produce large decrements. The evidence available did not support this expectation, and an experiment using both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed at best only small effects. The general conclusion was that theories of recognition in which word meaning plays a dominant role cannot be supported. It is likely that word meaning is encoded during study of lists of words but is infrequently used in making recognition decisions.", "PMID": 532830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5378", "title": "The effect of food and water deprivation and satiation on recognition.", "content": "Food and water deprived and satiated subjects, as well as control subjects, were shown words presented tachistoscopically for .01 sec until word recognition. Five food-relevant, five water-relevant, and five neutral (animal) words of high string frequency were matched for letter confusability and letter predictability. Analyses of the data, in terms of number of presentations until recognition as well as number of words recognized at selected presentations, revealed that the amount but not the type of deprivation significantly altered word recognition. Moreover, the effect of motivation was significant already on the first slide presentation, while the effects of word characteristics (word category and generated value) occurred only after a number of presentations.", "contents": "The effect of food and water deprivation and satiation on recognition. Food and water deprived and satiated subjects, as well as control subjects, were shown words presented tachistoscopically for .01 sec until word recognition. Five food-relevant, five water-relevant, and five neutral (animal) words of high string frequency were matched for letter confusability and letter predictability. Analyses of the data, in terms of number of presentations until recognition as well as number of words recognized at selected presentations, revealed that the amount but not the type of deprivation significantly altered word recognition. Moreover, the effect of motivation was significant already on the first slide presentation, while the effects of word characteristics (word category and generated value) occurred only after a number of presentations.", "PMID": 532831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5379", "title": "Memory for symmetry: real or artifact.", "content": "Subjects recalled nonrandom digit sequences according to either (a) free recall or (b) a serial recall mode in a series of three studies. Sequential structure was varied with specific rules determining higher-order structure of either (a) arithmetic, (b) symmetrical, or (c) haphazard types. In Experiment I, 18 temporal patterns of 12 digits each were presented visually. Although symmetric patterns were easier than the other two pattern types, this superiority was not determined by recall mode. In Experiment II, 6 temporal patterns of 18 digits each were presented visually, with results similar to those of Experiment I. Auditory patterns equivalent to those of Experiment II were presented in Experiment III. In this study, although the free recall mode produced slightly superior recall with symmetrical sequences, this difference was not statistically significant. It was concluded that superior memory for symmetries cannot be wholly accounted for by organizational strategies made possible by a free recall mode.", "contents": "Memory for symmetry: real or artifact. Subjects recalled nonrandom digit sequences according to either (a) free recall or (b) a serial recall mode in a series of three studies. Sequential structure was varied with specific rules determining higher-order structure of either (a) arithmetic, (b) symmetrical, or (c) haphazard types. In Experiment I, 18 temporal patterns of 12 digits each were presented visually. Although symmetric patterns were easier than the other two pattern types, this superiority was not determined by recall mode. In Experiment II, 6 temporal patterns of 18 digits each were presented visually, with results similar to those of Experiment I. Auditory patterns equivalent to those of Experiment II were presented in Experiment III. In this study, although the free recall mode produced slightly superior recall with symmetrical sequences, this difference was not statistically significant. It was concluded that superior memory for symmetries cannot be wholly accounted for by organizational strategies made possible by a free recall mode.", "PMID": 532832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5380", "title": "Hypnotic susceptibility and the perception of afterimages and dot stimuli.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility level and the susceptibility to several perceptual phenomena. Experiment I required subjects to observe an induced afterimage in a light-proofed environment and to report the frequency of direction and color changes. In addition, subjects reported the persistence of the afterimage. Experiment II involved the observation of a black dot against a white background, with frequency of observed movement being the dependent measure. Experiment III was similar to the second experiment except that the stimulus was encompassed by a frame. In Experiments I and II, subjects judged high in hypnotic susceptibility reported perceiving the strongest effect. This phenomenon was virtually eliminated in the third experiment. These results were interpreted as supporting a process whereby subjects judged high in hypnotic susceptibility are better able to selectively attend to relevant cues in a stimulus array during conditions of perceptual impoverishment.", "contents": "Hypnotic susceptibility and the perception of afterimages and dot stimuli. Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility level and the susceptibility to several perceptual phenomena. Experiment I required subjects to observe an induced afterimage in a light-proofed environment and to report the frequency of direction and color changes. In addition, subjects reported the persistence of the afterimage. Experiment II involved the observation of a black dot against a white background, with frequency of observed movement being the dependent measure. Experiment III was similar to the second experiment except that the stimulus was encompassed by a frame. In Experiments I and II, subjects judged high in hypnotic susceptibility reported perceiving the strongest effect. This phenomenon was virtually eliminated in the third experiment. These results were interpreted as supporting a process whereby subjects judged high in hypnotic susceptibility are better able to selectively attend to relevant cues in a stimulus array during conditions of perceptual impoverishment.", "PMID": 532833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5381", "title": "Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect.", "content": "Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of  a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect.", "contents": "Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect. Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of  a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect.", "PMID": 532834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5382", "title": "Proteinaceous lymphadenopathy with hypergammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Three cases of a morphologically distinctive \"sclerosis\" of lymph nodes are presented. Two patients experienced recurring lymph node enlargement with associated mild malaise over an extended period. The first patient had unilateral axillary lymph node enlargement, but was asymptomatic and died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 17 years later with no evidence of lymph node enlargement at autopsy. Each patient had at least transient hypergammaglobulinemia, one with elevated IgM and IgA, one with elevated IgM, and one (from 1958) not further analyzed. Lymph node biopsies revealed extensive deposition of eosinophilic material in all three patients. Identical changes in lymph nodes have been described in chronic diseases. The eosinophilic material may be related to amyloid, but differs from it histochemically and ultrastructurally. The relationship of this lesion to the few cases reported as amyloidosis presenting as lymph node enlargement is discussed. Malignant lymphoma with sclerosis is the most important consideration in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Proteinaceous lymphadenopathy with hypergammaglobulinemia. Three cases of a morphologically distinctive \"sclerosis\" of lymph nodes are presented. Two patients experienced recurring lymph node enlargement with associated mild malaise over an extended period. The first patient had unilateral axillary lymph node enlargement, but was asymptomatic and died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 17 years later with no evidence of lymph node enlargement at autopsy. Each patient had at least transient hypergammaglobulinemia, one with elevated IgM and IgA, one with elevated IgM, and one (from 1958) not further analyzed. Lymph node biopsies revealed extensive deposition of eosinophilic material in all three patients. Identical changes in lymph nodes have been described in chronic diseases. The eosinophilic material may be related to amyloid, but differs from it histochemically and ultrastructurally. The relationship of this lesion to the few cases reported as amyloidosis presenting as lymph node enlargement is discussed. Malignant lymphoma with sclerosis is the most important consideration in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 532845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5383", "title": "The juxtaoral organ of Chievitz.", "content": "Juxtaroral organs were found in 14 of 25 consecutive autopsies in adults who did not have carcinoma or other lesions of the oral mucosa. Nearly all of the epithelium was squamous-like, but an occasional lumen was present, lined with cuboidal cells. Small nerves were intimately associated with the epithelial component. Awareness of this normal structure may be crucial in preventing unnecessarily extensive surgery should it be misinterpreted as perineural invasion by carcinoma.", "contents": "The juxtaoral organ of Chievitz. Juxtaroral organs were found in 14 of 25 consecutive autopsies in adults who did not have carcinoma or other lesions of the oral mucosa. Nearly all of the epithelium was squamous-like, but an occasional lumen was present, lined with cuboidal cells. Small nerves were intimately associated with the epithelial component. Awareness of this normal structure may be crucial in preventing unnecessarily extensive surgery should it be misinterpreted as perineural invasion by carcinoma.", "PMID": 532846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5384", "title": "Leiomyoma of the nipple.", "content": "Three patients with leiomyoma of the nipple are described. The tumors all appeared to have arisen from the muscularis mamillae and aerolae. One lesion recurred 9 years after incomplete excision. Two of the tumors were clinically apparent painful nodules while the third was an asymptomatic, incidental microscopic finding in a mastectomy performed for carcinoma. As in these cases and others described in the literature, patients with leiomyoma of the nipple or areola often present with a painful, ill-defined mass. Complete excision is indicated to prevent recurrence.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the nipple. Three patients with leiomyoma of the nipple are described. The tumors all appeared to have arisen from the muscularis mamillae and aerolae. One lesion recurred 9 years after incomplete excision. Two of the tumors were clinically apparent painful nodules while the third was an asymptomatic, incidental microscopic finding in a mastectomy performed for carcinoma. As in these cases and others described in the literature, patients with leiomyoma of the nipple or areola often present with a painful, ill-defined mass. Complete excision is indicated to prevent recurrence.", "PMID": 532847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5385", "title": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Histologic and ultrastructural observations in three cases.", "content": "The histologic and ultrastructural morphology of three cases of Ewing's sarcoma of soft tissue are described and the fine structural features of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma are compared to those of similar round-cell tumors that are considered in the differential diagnosis. By light microscopy, these tumors are indistinguishable from Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Ultrastructurally, the salient features are also comparable to Ewing's sarcoma of bone and include: 1) absence of surface modifications; 2) cell-contact sites in the form of small thickenings of apposed membranes and large desmosome-like specializations; 3) undifferentiated cytoplasm usually containing abundant glycogen and occasionally nonspecific microfilaments; 4) significant variation in shape and irregularity of nuclear profiles. The ultrastructural features of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma are sufficiently distinctive to allow separation from from other small-cell malignant neoplasms in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Histologic and ultrastructural observations in three cases. The histologic and ultrastructural morphology of three cases of Ewing's sarcoma of soft tissue are described and the fine structural features of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma are compared to those of similar round-cell tumors that are considered in the differential diagnosis. By light microscopy, these tumors are indistinguishable from Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Ultrastructurally, the salient features are also comparable to Ewing's sarcoma of bone and include: 1) absence of surface modifications; 2) cell-contact sites in the form of small thickenings of apposed membranes and large desmosome-like specializations; 3) undifferentiated cytoplasm usually containing abundant glycogen and occasionally nonspecific microfilaments; 4) significant variation in shape and irregularity of nuclear profiles. The ultrastructural features of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma are sufficiently distinctive to allow separation from from other small-cell malignant neoplasms in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 532849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5386", "title": "Gastric carcinoid and gastric carcinoma. Morphologic correlates of survival.", "content": "The clinical and histologic material of 140 patients with gastric carcinoma resected more than 5 years previously was examined and 10 tumors with a previous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma showed atypical carcinoid differentiation. The clinical extent of tumors in this carcinoid group was similar to that of the ordinary gastric adenocarcinoma. The 5-year survival was 15% in patients with adenocarcinoma and 70% in those with carcinoid (P less than 0.01 by chi 2 test). These findings indicate the need to distinguish atypical carcinoids from ordinary gastric adenocarcinoma. The most commonly encountered histologic feature suggesting carcinoid, and leading to confirmatory histochemical studies, was found to be regular interlacing trabeculae of tumor and fibrovascular stroma.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoid and gastric carcinoma. Morphologic correlates of survival. The clinical and histologic material of 140 patients with gastric carcinoma resected more than 5 years previously was examined and 10 tumors with a previous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma showed atypical carcinoid differentiation. The clinical extent of tumors in this carcinoid group was similar to that of the ordinary gastric adenocarcinoma. The 5-year survival was 15% in patients with adenocarcinoma and 70% in those with carcinoid (P less than 0.01 by chi 2 test). These findings indicate the need to distinguish atypical carcinoids from ordinary gastric adenocarcinoma. The most commonly encountered histologic feature suggesting carcinoid, and leading to confirmatory histochemical studies, was found to be regular interlacing trabeculae of tumor and fibrovascular stroma.", "PMID": 532850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5387", "title": "M\u00fcllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus. Clinicopathologic report of five cases.", "content": "The clinicopathologic features of five cases of m\u00fcllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus are presented and are compared with those of previously reported cases. Four tumors were localized in the endometrium; in one case, a cervical or endometrial origin was not clear. The ages of the patients ranged from 53 to 79 years. Two died without clinical evidence of recurrence 19 and 18 years after hysterectomy. One was alive and well 10 years postoperatively and one was lost to follow-up 6 months after therapy. In one case, a first abdominal recurrence was resected 5 years and 9 months after hysterectomy; the patient died of a second abdominal recurrence 18 months later. The tumors were bulky polypoid masses producing metrorrhagia. Histologically, a sarcomatous component was intimately associated with benign epithelium of various m\u00fcllerian types. The neoplasm was typically organized in papillary fronds and periglandular sarcomatous cuffs. Cystic glands were also a constant feature. Mitoses were generally fewer than 10 per 10 high-power fields, except in one case where they were 44 in a more malignant-appearing area. Adenosarcoma must be differentiated from other m\u00fcllerian tumors, mainly carcinosarcoma whose prognosis is much less favorable.", "contents": "M\u00fcllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus. Clinicopathologic report of five cases. The clinicopathologic features of five cases of m\u00fcllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus are presented and are compared with those of previously reported cases. Four tumors were localized in the endometrium; in one case, a cervical or endometrial origin was not clear. The ages of the patients ranged from 53 to 79 years. Two died without clinical evidence of recurrence 19 and 18 years after hysterectomy. One was alive and well 10 years postoperatively and one was lost to follow-up 6 months after therapy. In one case, a first abdominal recurrence was resected 5 years and 9 months after hysterectomy; the patient died of a second abdominal recurrence 18 months later. The tumors were bulky polypoid masses producing metrorrhagia. Histologically, a sarcomatous component was intimately associated with benign epithelium of various m\u00fcllerian types. The neoplasm was typically organized in papillary fronds and periglandular sarcomatous cuffs. Cystic glands were also a constant feature. Mitoses were generally fewer than 10 per 10 high-power fields, except in one case where they were 44 in a more malignant-appearing area. Adenosarcoma must be differentiated from other m\u00fcllerian tumors, mainly carcinosarcoma whose prognosis is much less favorable.", "PMID": 532851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5388", "title": "Studies on end-stage kidneys. V. Unusual epithelial activity or remarkable endothelial metaplasia. Findings in a dialyzed kidney.", "content": "Tubule-like cells were found lining an artery and several arterioles and within the capillaries of infarcted glomeruli in one block of kidney from one of 54 cases of end-stage/dialysis kidneys. Three other blocks showed tubule-like structures within infarcted glomeruli and adjacent arterioles. Squamous metaplasia of remaining tubule epithelium was found in sections from four blocks of the same kidney. In two of these blocks, infarcted glomeruli had capillaries which were occupied by squamous cells. These findings are discussed as examples of metaplasia of the endothelium or alternatively as epithelial growth and invasion. The use of special stains and multiple blocks for this study seem to have been justified. These changes offer further evidence that the end-stage kidney after dialysis has unique alterations.", "contents": "Studies on end-stage kidneys. V. Unusual epithelial activity or remarkable endothelial metaplasia. Findings in a dialyzed kidney. Tubule-like cells were found lining an artery and several arterioles and within the capillaries of infarcted glomeruli in one block of kidney from one of 54 cases of end-stage/dialysis kidneys. Three other blocks showed tubule-like structures within infarcted glomeruli and adjacent arterioles. Squamous metaplasia of remaining tubule epithelium was found in sections from four blocks of the same kidney. In two of these blocks, infarcted glomeruli had capillaries which were occupied by squamous cells. These findings are discussed as examples of metaplasia of the endothelium or alternatively as epithelial growth and invasion. The use of special stains and multiple blocks for this study seem to have been justified. These changes offer further evidence that the end-stage kidney after dialysis has unique alterations.", "PMID": 532852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5389", "title": "Thymoma. A clinicopathologic study of 54 cases.", "content": "In 54 patients with thymoma, the factors having the greatest bearing on prognosis were presence or absence of gross tumor invasion or an associated clinical syndrome of myasthenia gravis, anemia due to erythrocytic hypoplasia or hypogammaglobulinemia. Of 17 patients with invasive tumors, 14 were either dead of tumor or living with disease, while 34 of 37 patients with encapsulated tumors were either living or dead of other causes without evidence of neoplasm. A clinical syndrome associated with thymoma was present in 15 patients. Thymectomy appeared to have little if any effect on the syndrome; in three instances the syndrome appeared after removal of the thymoma. Analysis of the histological findings, including type of epithelium, degree of lymphocytic infiltration and presence of other patterns such as rosettes, perivascular spaces and germinal centers, showed that there was no consistent relationship between the microscopic appearance of thymomas and their clinical behavior. Knowledge of the striking variations in histopathologic features is necessary in differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Thymoma. A clinicopathologic study of 54 cases. In 54 patients with thymoma, the factors having the greatest bearing on prognosis were presence or absence of gross tumor invasion or an associated clinical syndrome of myasthenia gravis, anemia due to erythrocytic hypoplasia or hypogammaglobulinemia. Of 17 patients with invasive tumors, 14 were either dead of tumor or living with disease, while 34 of 37 patients with encapsulated tumors were either living or dead of other causes without evidence of neoplasm. A clinical syndrome associated with thymoma was present in 15 patients. Thymectomy appeared to have little if any effect on the syndrome; in three instances the syndrome appeared after removal of the thymoma. Analysis of the histological findings, including type of epithelium, degree of lymphocytic infiltration and presence of other patterns such as rosettes, perivascular spaces and germinal centers, showed that there was no consistent relationship between the microscopic appearance of thymomas and their clinical behavior. Knowledge of the striking variations in histopathologic features is necessary in differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 532853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5390", "title": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of the aorta.", "content": "A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the abdominal aorta is reported. The tumor replaced the full thickness of the aortic wall with formation of a large saccular aortic aneurysm filled with an admixture of tumor and mural thrombus. Electron microscopy of the surgical biopsy of the tumor revealed neoplastic smooth muscle cells with myofilaments and a discontinuous basal lamina. To our knowledge, leiomyosarcoma of the aorta has never been reported.", "contents": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of the aorta. A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the abdominal aorta is reported. The tumor replaced the full thickness of the aortic wall with formation of a large saccular aortic aneurysm filled with an admixture of tumor and mural thrombus. Electron microscopy of the surgical biopsy of the tumor revealed neoplastic smooth muscle cells with myofilaments and a discontinuous basal lamina. To our knowledge, leiomyosarcoma of the aorta has never been reported.", "PMID": 532854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5391", "title": "Does malignant hibernoma exist?", "content": "The authors present a case of a highly atypical, possibly malignant, hibernoma. It presented as a deep-seated tumor in the retropharynx of a 57-year-old male. A review of possible similar cases is presented. The patient is without recurrence 4 years after complete excision and radiation therapy. The tumor must be differentiated from liposarcoma. The clinical potential must await the accumulation and observation of additional cases.", "contents": "Does malignant hibernoma exist? The authors present a case of a highly atypical, possibly malignant, hibernoma. It presented as a deep-seated tumor in the retropharynx of a 57-year-old male. A review of possible similar cases is presented. The patient is without recurrence 4 years after complete excision and radiation therapy. The tumor must be differentiated from liposarcoma. The clinical potential must await the accumulation and observation of additional cases.", "PMID": 532855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5392", "title": "Convoluted secretory material in thyroid follicular epithelial tumors.", "content": "Electron microscopy may occasionally be useful, when routine histopathologic methods fail, in the typing of tumors, including those that present as metastases from occult primary sites. We describe a case in which the presence of an uncommon ultrastructural feature aided in establishing the thyroid gland as the source of a skeletal metastatic tumor.", "contents": "Convoluted secretory material in thyroid follicular epithelial tumors. Electron microscopy may occasionally be useful, when routine histopathologic methods fail, in the typing of tumors, including those that present as metastases from occult primary sites. We describe a case in which the presence of an uncommon ultrastructural feature aided in establishing the thyroid gland as the source of a skeletal metastatic tumor.", "PMID": 532856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5393", "title": "Tubular carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with tubular carcinoma of the breast were reviewed. All of the lesions were small, averaging 0.9 cm in diameter, and none exceeded 2.0 cm in diameter. Regardless of treatment, the prognosis proved favorable. Only three of the patients manifested axillary lymph nodal metastases, and none died of recurrent or metastatic neoplasm. These neoplasms frequently were associated with intraductal carcinoma and, to a lesser extent, with lobular carcinoma in situ. It is concluded that tubular carcinoma represents a slow-growing expression of invasive mammary carcinoma; nevertheless, it is likely that, if inadequately treated, these lesions will evolve into more common patterns of invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "Tubular carcinoma of the breast. Twenty-five patients with tubular carcinoma of the breast were reviewed. All of the lesions were small, averaging 0.9 cm in diameter, and none exceeded 2.0 cm in diameter. Regardless of treatment, the prognosis proved favorable. Only three of the patients manifested axillary lymph nodal metastases, and none died of recurrent or metastatic neoplasm. These neoplasms frequently were associated with intraductal carcinoma and, to a lesser extent, with lobular carcinoma in situ. It is concluded that tubular carcinoma represents a slow-growing expression of invasive mammary carcinoma; nevertheless, it is likely that, if inadequately treated, these lesions will evolve into more common patterns of invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 532858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5394", "title": "\"Pseudosarcoma\" of the larynx.", "content": "Polypoid epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx with a cellular, often atypical stroma has also been classified as pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, pleomorphic carcinoma, or spindle cell sarcoma. The nature of the spindle-shaped stromal cells has clinical significance, but pathologists do not agree about the origin and potential of these cells. This paper describes two laryngeal tumors, one with an abundant osseous component in which light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and clinical features suggest the origin of these fusiform cells from reactive pluripotential mesenchyme. In a second case, atypical fusiform cells within the stroma show ultrastructural epithelial characteristics. These findings suggest a varied histogenesis for pseudosarcoma of the larynx and may explain divergent theories expressed in the literature.", "contents": "\"Pseudosarcoma\" of the larynx. Polypoid epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx with a cellular, often atypical stroma has also been classified as pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, pleomorphic carcinoma, or spindle cell sarcoma. The nature of the spindle-shaped stromal cells has clinical significance, but pathologists do not agree about the origin and potential of these cells. This paper describes two laryngeal tumors, one with an abundant osseous component in which light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and clinical features suggest the origin of these fusiform cells from reactive pluripotential mesenchyme. In a second case, atypical fusiform cells within the stroma show ultrastructural epithelial characteristics. These findings suggest a varied histogenesis for pseudosarcoma of the larynx and may explain divergent theories expressed in the literature.", "PMID": 532859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5395", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma of bone. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of three cases of desmoplastic fibroma of bone is presented. The lesion is principally characterized by myofibroblasts admixed with lesser numbers of fibroblasts and primitive mesenchymal cells. Thus, the cellular composition is similar to that described in a variety of nonneoplastic proliferative processes of soft tissue. It is postulated that the myofibroblastic proliferation develops in response to unknown factors acting on marrow fibroblasts or primitive mesenchymal cells.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma of bone. An ultrastructural study. The ultrastructure of three cases of desmoplastic fibroma of bone is presented. The lesion is principally characterized by myofibroblasts admixed with lesser numbers of fibroblasts and primitive mesenchymal cells. Thus, the cellular composition is similar to that described in a variety of nonneoplastic proliferative processes of soft tissue. It is postulated that the myofibroblastic proliferation develops in response to unknown factors acting on marrow fibroblasts or primitive mesenchymal cells.", "PMID": 532860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5396", "title": "Colorectal carcinoma in the first three decades of life.", "content": "Sixteen cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma in patients 30 years of age and younger were treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center between 1957 and 1977. Ten patients (63%) were black, and seven patients (44%) were black females. The high incidence of this tumor in young blacks in our patient population appears to be a recent development, becoming clinically manifested since 1965. Pain was the major presenting symptom, and bleeding was a constant finding in the patients with rectosigmoid lesions. Eighty-six percent had metastases at the time of diagnosis despite a short duration of symptoms. Five-year survival in 11 patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma was 18%, while the three patients with well-differentiated glandular carcinoma had a 5-year survival of 33%. Material was unavailable for histologic review in two cases. Fourteen of 16 patients eventually died of their carcinoma, and one patient died of malignant lymphoma. Additional factors which correlated with length of survival were resectability, extent of bowel wall invasion, and the presence of lymph node capsular invasion. Nodal capsular invasion is an especially sensitive marker for short-term survival and has not been previously reported in colonic tumors.", "contents": "Colorectal carcinoma in the first three decades of life. Sixteen cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma in patients 30 years of age and younger were treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center between 1957 and 1977. Ten patients (63%) were black, and seven patients (44%) were black females. The high incidence of this tumor in young blacks in our patient population appears to be a recent development, becoming clinically manifested since 1965. Pain was the major presenting symptom, and bleeding was a constant finding in the patients with rectosigmoid lesions. Eighty-six percent had metastases at the time of diagnosis despite a short duration of symptoms. Five-year survival in 11 patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma was 18%, while the three patients with well-differentiated glandular carcinoma had a 5-year survival of 33%. Material was unavailable for histologic review in two cases. Fourteen of 16 patients eventually died of their carcinoma, and one patient died of malignant lymphoma. Additional factors which correlated with length of survival were resectability, extent of bowel wall invasion, and the presence of lymph node capsular invasion. Nodal capsular invasion is an especially sensitive marker for short-term survival and has not been previously reported in colonic tumors.", "PMID": 532861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5397", "title": "Recurrent and aggressive chondroblastoma of the pelvis with late malignant neoplastic changes.", "content": "A case of chondroblastoma involving the left ischium, lower wing of left ilium and inferior ramus of left pubis is presented. The tumor showed aggressive features and repeated recurrences over a 30-year period and ultimately developed the cytologic features of a malignant neoplasm. However, no metastases have developed.", "contents": "Recurrent and aggressive chondroblastoma of the pelvis with late malignant neoplastic changes. A case of chondroblastoma involving the left ischium, lower wing of left ilium and inferior ramus of left pubis is presented. The tumor showed aggressive features and repeated recurrences over a 30-year period and ultimately developed the cytologic features of a malignant neoplasm. However, no metastases have developed.", "PMID": 532862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5398", "title": "A case of osteoblastoma associated with severe systemic toxicity.", "content": "A case of an osteoblastoma of the proximal femur with a unique local, massive reactive periostitis mimicking osteosarcoma or osteomyelitis and unique systemic manifestations is reported. The severe toxic manifestations included: massive weight loss, chronic fever, anemia, systemic periostosis, and other signs. Due to confusion as to diagnosis, lack of response to numerous antibiotic regimens, and severe cachexia with clinical signs of impending death, an amputation was performed. Pathologic study revealed an osteoblastoma. A thorough review of the case suggests that the signs and symptoms were possibly consequent to an immune response mounted against the tumor rather than to secondary infection, although the latter possibility cannot be completely excluded.", "contents": "A case of osteoblastoma associated with severe systemic toxicity. A case of an osteoblastoma of the proximal femur with a unique local, massive reactive periostitis mimicking osteosarcoma or osteomyelitis and unique systemic manifestations is reported. The severe toxic manifestations included: massive weight loss, chronic fever, anemia, systemic periostosis, and other signs. Due to confusion as to diagnosis, lack of response to numerous antibiotic regimens, and severe cachexia with clinical signs of impending death, an amputation was performed. Pathologic study revealed an osteoblastoma. A thorough review of the case suggests that the signs and symptoms were possibly consequent to an immune response mounted against the tumor rather than to secondary infection, although the latter possibility cannot be completely excluded.", "PMID": 532863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5399", "title": "Extradural analgesia in labour. A comparison of 2-chloroprocaine hydrochloride and bupivacaine hydrochloride.", "content": "Chloroprocaine hydrochloride 2% and bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.375% in 10-ml doses of plain solutions were studied in a randomised blind manner as the agents for continuous lumbar extradural analgesia in labour. Twenty-four patients were assessed for the speed of onset, duration of action, degree of motor blockade, dermatomal spread, arterial hypotension, and the incidence of unblocked segments. Chloroprocaine showed a quicker onset time  and a shorter duration of action than bupivacaine. Chloroprocaine exhibited more marked motor blockade and a lower incidence of unblocked segments. The dermatomal spread and effect on arterial pressure were similar in both groups.", "contents": "Extradural analgesia in labour. A comparison of 2-chloroprocaine hydrochloride and bupivacaine hydrochloride. Chloroprocaine hydrochloride 2% and bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.375% in 10-ml doses of plain solutions were studied in a randomised blind manner as the agents for continuous lumbar extradural analgesia in labour. Twenty-four patients were assessed for the speed of onset, duration of action, degree of motor blockade, dermatomal spread, arterial hypotension, and the incidence of unblocked segments. Chloroprocaine showed a quicker onset time  and a shorter duration of action than bupivacaine. Chloroprocaine exhibited more marked motor blockade and a lower incidence of unblocked segments. The dermatomal spread and effect on arterial pressure were similar in both groups.", "PMID": 532919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5400", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Clinical experience.", "content": "From March 1975 until September 1978, seventy patients  were referred for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction or for the treatment  of low cardiac output states following cardiopulmonary bypass. Sixty of these received adequate intra-aortic balloon pump assistance; fifty-two  ped successfully off the balloon pump. Twenty-three patients survived to leave hospital.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Clinical experience. From March 1975 until September 1978, seventy patients  were referred for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction or for the treatment  of low cardiac output states following cardiopulmonary bypass. Sixty of these received adequate intra-aortic balloon pump assistance; fifty-two  ped successfully off the balloon pump. Twenty-three patients survived to leave hospital.", "PMID": 532920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5401", "title": "Clinical effects of nitrous oxide and oxygen mixtures at sea-level and at 1700 metres altitude.", "content": "The effects of nitrous oxide, at sea-level and at an altitude of 1700 m, were assessed on a subjective and objective basis. Only marginal differences were shown between the effects of the gas at sea-level and 1700 m. Since consciousness was impaired with 60 and 70% nitrous oxide it is suggested that the use of Entonox-oxygen mixtures should be considered for single-handed operators.", "contents": "Clinical effects of nitrous oxide and oxygen mixtures at sea-level and at 1700 metres altitude. The effects of nitrous oxide, at sea-level and at an altitude of 1700 m, were assessed on a subjective and objective basis. Only marginal differences were shown between the effects of the gas at sea-level and 1700 m. Since consciousness was impaired with 60 and 70% nitrous oxide it is suggested that the use of Entonox-oxygen mixtures should be considered for single-handed operators.", "PMID": 532921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5402", "title": "The immunology of tetanus.", "content": "The results of measurements made in two cases of tetanus suggest that the level of tetanus antibody in the blood cannot be used as a diagnostic test for the disease. The investigation also indicated that an attack of tetanus does not result in a rise in tetanus antitoxin antibody levels. This confirms the opinion that tetanus is not an immunising disease. In the cases described, the pseudocholinesterase level was not of diagnostic value.", "contents": "The immunology of tetanus. The results of measurements made in two cases of tetanus suggest that the level of tetanus antibody in the blood cannot be used as a diagnostic test for the disease. The investigation also indicated that an attack of tetanus does not result in a rise in tetanus antitoxin antibody levels. This confirms the opinion that tetanus is not an immunising disease. In the cases described, the pseudocholinesterase level was not of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 532922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5403", "title": "Shy-Drager syndrome. A review and a description of the anaesthetic management.", "content": "Autonomic failure in patients with the Shy-Drager syndrome may produce cardiovascular instability during anaesthesia and surgery. The syndrome is reviewed and the anaesthetic management of a case is described. The choice between general and regional anaesthesia seems to be less important than adequate cardiovascular monitoring and the maintenance of blood pressure with intravenous fluids. Sympathomimetic drugs, if used at all, should be administered in very dilute solutions to avoid hypertension from denervation hypersensitivity. In the postoperative period, symptoms from orthostatic hypotension may be severe and their control requires prolonged postural training, by elevation of the head of the bed, and therapy with 9-alpha-fludrocortisone.", "contents": "Shy-Drager syndrome. A review and a description of the anaesthetic management. Autonomic failure in patients with the Shy-Drager syndrome may produce cardiovascular instability during anaesthesia and surgery. The syndrome is reviewed and the anaesthetic management of a case is described. The choice between general and regional anaesthesia seems to be less important than adequate cardiovascular monitoring and the maintenance of blood pressure with intravenous fluids. Sympathomimetic drugs, if used at all, should be administered in very dilute solutions to avoid hypertension from denervation hypersensitivity. In the postoperative period, symptoms from orthostatic hypotension may be severe and their control requires prolonged postural training, by elevation of the head of the bed, and therapy with 9-alpha-fludrocortisone.", "PMID": 532923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5404", "title": "Subarachnoid injection during extradural analgesia for labour using 2-chloroprocaine.", "content": "An obstetric patient had a subarachnoid block during attempted extradural analgesia for labour. The sensory block extended to T1 and was accompanied by hypotension. The analgesia lasted 3 hr. after which sensory and motor function recovered quickly. The local anaesthetic agent used was 2% 2-chloroprocaine.", "contents": "Subarachnoid injection during extradural analgesia for labour using 2-chloroprocaine. An obstetric patient had a subarachnoid block during attempted extradural analgesia for labour. The sensory block extended to T1 and was accompanied by hypotension. The analgesia lasted 3 hr. after which sensory and motor function recovered quickly. The local anaesthetic agent used was 2% 2-chloroprocaine.", "PMID": 532924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5405", "title": "Pseudotetanus.", "content": "Pseudotetanus is a syndrome which is produced by a variety of non-Clostridial factors. It is usually not difficult to distinguish from tetanus but is must always be considered in the differential diagnosis. Six cases are reported in which tetanus was considered and in one of them the full treatment for the disease was started. It is hoped that by increasing the awareness of clinicians of this relatively common problem the risk of making an incorrect disagnosis will be reduced.", "contents": "Pseudotetanus. Pseudotetanus is a syndrome which is produced by a variety of non-Clostridial factors. It is usually not difficult to distinguish from tetanus but is must always be considered in the differential diagnosis. Six cases are reported in which tetanus was considered and in one of them the full treatment for the disease was started. It is hoped that by increasing the awareness of clinicians of this relatively common problem the risk of making an incorrect disagnosis will be reduced.", "PMID": 532925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5406", "title": "The Valved-Y-Cardiff Connector (V.Y.C. Con).", "content": "A disposable Y-connector for use when two infusions are connected to the same channula has been tested. The connector incorporates a valved tap in one limb which prevents retrograde flow into the infusion connected to that limb.", "contents": "The Valved-Y-Cardiff Connector (V.Y.C. Con). A disposable Y-connector for use when two infusions are connected to the same channula has been tested. The connector incorporates a valved tap in one limb which prevents retrograde flow into the infusion connected to that limb.", "PMID": 532926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5407", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone levels. III. Determination of the daily serum testosterone maximum].", "content": "Testosterone levels in plasma in 50 young males are found on a plateau between 07,00 h and 10,00 h. As this plateau represents the highest level throughout the day, it is necessary to take blood sample only once during this period. Therefore a statement about endocrine testicle function can be given by only one determination of testosterone between 07,00 h and 10,00 h. This faciliates endocrine examination in ambulant patients.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone levels. III. Determination of the daily serum testosterone maximum]. Testosterone levels in plasma in 50 young males are found on a plateau between 07,00 h and 10,00 h. As this plateau represents the highest level throughout the day, it is necessary to take blood sample only once during this period. Therefore a statement about endocrine testicle function can be given by only one determination of testosterone between 07,00 h and 10,00 h. This faciliates endocrine examination in ambulant patients.", "PMID": 532981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5408", "title": "Experimental findings with spermantibodies: condom therapy (a case report).", "content": "A couple with no demonstrable cause for their infertility, except for a pronounced antisperm activity in the blood serum of the female partner, were instructed to use a condom while our laboratory monitored the wifes antibody titer. The antibody activity declined sufficiently and an artificial husband insemination were performed after seven months of therapy. A precise report of the spermantibody activity over an eleven month period are given by the authors.", "contents": "Experimental findings with spermantibodies: condom therapy (a case report). A couple with no demonstrable cause for their infertility, except for a pronounced antisperm activity in the blood serum of the female partner, were instructed to use a condom while our laboratory monitored the wifes antibody titer. The antibody activity declined sufficiently and an artificial husband insemination were performed after seven months of therapy. A precise report of the spermantibody activity over an eleven month period are given by the authors.", "PMID": 532982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5409", "title": "Serum sperm antibodies in cases of azoospermia: comparative diagnostic value of separate and combined, agglutination, immoblization and cytotoxic serological tests.", "content": "To study the diagnostic value of various serological tests in the detection of serum sperm antibodies a group of 50 patients with azoospermia was studied. Cases were divided by testicular biopsy into: 32 obstructive and 16 non obstructive cases. Tests applied included a microagglutination and a macroagglutination test as well as 2 complement dependent tests; a sperm cytotoxic and a sperm immobilization tests. Applied separately the macroagglutination was the most sensitive test but used together, more cases were detected. Because of this and the different value and significance of each test, it is advisable to use more than one test in the investigations of cases of male infertility.", "contents": "Serum sperm antibodies in cases of azoospermia: comparative diagnostic value of separate and combined, agglutination, immoblization and cytotoxic serological tests. To study the diagnostic value of various serological tests in the detection of serum sperm antibodies a group of 50 patients with azoospermia was studied. Cases were divided by testicular biopsy into: 32 obstructive and 16 non obstructive cases. Tests applied included a microagglutination and a macroagglutination test as well as 2 complement dependent tests; a sperm cytotoxic and a sperm immobilization tests. Applied separately the macroagglutination was the most sensitive test but used together, more cases were detected. Because of this and the different value and significance of each test, it is advisable to use more than one test in the investigations of cases of male infertility.", "PMID": 532983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5410", "title": "The ultrastructural response of human Leydig cells to exogenous estrogens.", "content": "The effect of long term treatment with estrogens alone or along with medroxyprogesterone acetate on the Leydig cell ultrastructure was studied in testes from males undergoing surgery for sexual reassignment. The testes were fixed for electron microscopy by a perfusion method to insure uniform preservation. The morphological features were not the same in all the treated testes. Therefore, the cells found in the intertubular region were classified into three groups: (A) Leydig cells very similar to controls; (B) Absence of typical Leydig cells, but with cells having increased microfilaments, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and some lipid droplets; (C) Absence of any cell type possessing abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but having varying amounts of microfilaments and pigmentation. It is suggested that some of the cell types found in the intertubular region are dedifferentiated Leydig cells. This study indicates that the human testis from transsexuals of reproductive age is an appropriate model to study the indirect and direct effects of estrogens on the ultrastructure of cell types found in the human testes.", "contents": "The ultrastructural response of human Leydig cells to exogenous estrogens. The effect of long term treatment with estrogens alone or along with medroxyprogesterone acetate on the Leydig cell ultrastructure was studied in testes from males undergoing surgery for sexual reassignment. The testes were fixed for electron microscopy by a perfusion method to insure uniform preservation. The morphological features were not the same in all the treated testes. Therefore, the cells found in the intertubular region were classified into three groups: (A) Leydig cells very similar to controls; (B) Absence of typical Leydig cells, but with cells having increased microfilaments, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and some lipid droplets; (C) Absence of any cell type possessing abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but having varying amounts of microfilaments and pigmentation. It is suggested that some of the cell types found in the intertubular region are dedifferentiated Leydig cells. This study indicates that the human testis from transsexuals of reproductive age is an appropriate model to study the indirect and direct effects of estrogens on the ultrastructure of cell types found in the human testes.", "PMID": 532984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5411", "title": "Response of the rabbit isolated testicular capsule at hypothermic and hyperthermic temperatures to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "Spontaneous contractions of the adult rabbit isolated testicular capsule were found to be influenced by moderate hyperthermic and hypothermic temperature changes. The decrease in testicular capsular spontaneous contractions resulting from an exposure to 32, 40 and 42 degrees C have been shown to be influenced by the addition of NE, ACh and PGF2 alpha. Of the three neurohumoral agents studied, NE was found to cause the greatest increase and re-initiation of testicular capsular tone during both hypothermia and hyperthermia. These data indicate that endogenous levels of neurohumoral agents may play an important role in the maintenance of testicular capsular tone during exposure to hyperthermic or hypothermic conditions.", "contents": "Response of the rabbit isolated testicular capsule at hypothermic and hyperthermic temperatures to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandin F2 alpha. Spontaneous contractions of the adult rabbit isolated testicular capsule were found to be influenced by moderate hyperthermic and hypothermic temperature changes. The decrease in testicular capsular spontaneous contractions resulting from an exposure to 32, 40 and 42 degrees C have been shown to be influenced by the addition of NE, ACh and PGF2 alpha. Of the three neurohumoral agents studied, NE was found to cause the greatest increase and re-initiation of testicular capsular tone during both hypothermia and hyperthermia. These data indicate that endogenous levels of neurohumoral agents may play an important role in the maintenance of testicular capsular tone during exposure to hyperthermic or hypothermic conditions.", "PMID": 532985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5412", "title": "Contractile behaviour of rat epididymis after sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine.", "content": "The effect of guanethidine (a sympatholytic agent) on epididymal contractions was studied in rats, in order to contribute new data on the role of both the adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the spontaneous motility of the epididymis and also during ejaculation. The first type of activity was increased when adrenergic innervation was damaged, but the amplitude and frequency of contractions reached normal values approximately 3 hours after beginning the records. Since spermatozoa were eliminated after electroejaculation, the second type of contractions was not affected either. As the epididymis and vas deferens were congested with spermatozoa, it is possible to assume that guanethidine caused a functional obstruction in a distal segment of the genital tract. The increase of spontaneous activity could be the response of the epididymal muscle to overcome this obstruction and, therefore, to cause the elimination of spermatozoa into the urethra, which normally occurs in absence of ejaculations. Finally, no pregnancies occurred among female rats mated with treated males, at least up to 150 days after ending treatment.", "contents": "Contractile behaviour of rat epididymis after sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine. The effect of guanethidine (a sympatholytic agent) on epididymal contractions was studied in rats, in order to contribute new data on the role of both the adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the spontaneous motility of the epididymis and also during ejaculation. The first type of activity was increased when adrenergic innervation was damaged, but the amplitude and frequency of contractions reached normal values approximately 3 hours after beginning the records. Since spermatozoa were eliminated after electroejaculation, the second type of contractions was not affected either. As the epididymis and vas deferens were congested with spermatozoa, it is possible to assume that guanethidine caused a functional obstruction in a distal segment of the genital tract. The increase of spontaneous activity could be the response of the epididymal muscle to overcome this obstruction and, therefore, to cause the elimination of spermatozoa into the urethra, which normally occurs in absence of ejaculations. Finally, no pregnancies occurred among female rats mated with treated males, at least up to 150 days after ending treatment.", "PMID": 532986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5413", "title": "[Modification of prolactin and stress by masturbation].", "content": "Fertility patients are in a stressful situation at the time of clinical examination. That condition of stress influences hormonal levels, especially prolactin levels, in blood plasma and in seminal plasma. After masturbation previously stress-induced hyperprolactinemia levels are reduced. This is probably due to the decrease of stressful tension during the period of clinical consultation and not likely due to the relaxation by masturbation. In conclusion, the stress condition of fertility patients must be taken into account while evaluating hormonal data.", "contents": "[Modification of prolactin and stress by masturbation]. Fertility patients are in a stressful situation at the time of clinical examination. That condition of stress influences hormonal levels, especially prolactin levels, in blood plasma and in seminal plasma. After masturbation previously stress-induced hyperprolactinemia levels are reduced. This is probably due to the decrease of stressful tension during the period of clinical consultation and not likely due to the relaxation by masturbation. In conclusion, the stress condition of fertility patients must be taken into account while evaluating hormonal data.", "PMID": 532987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5414", "title": "Neutral sugar composition of proteins of human seminal plasma from different andrological diagnoses.", "content": "The neutral sugar content of proteins of human seminal plasma from different clinical diagnoses has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Galactose, mannose, glucose and fucose were the predominant carbohydrates. Sometimes small quantities of arabinose, rhamnose, xylose and ribose were detected. Our analysis indicate that the concentration of galactose and fucose was distinctly higher in the group with azoospermia.", "contents": "Neutral sugar composition of proteins of human seminal plasma from different andrological diagnoses. The neutral sugar content of proteins of human seminal plasma from different clinical diagnoses has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Galactose, mannose, glucose and fucose were the predominant carbohydrates. Sometimes small quantities of arabinose, rhamnose, xylose and ribose were detected. Our analysis indicate that the concentration of galactose and fucose was distinctly higher in the group with azoospermia.", "PMID": 532988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5415", "title": "Effects of serotonin antagonists in sexually impotent men.", "content": "Thirty-one men affected with sexual impotence were studied. Since sexual function in the male seems to be controlled by both dopaminergic stimulatory and serotoninergic inhibitory mechanisms, the patients were treated with serotonin antagonists. In basal conditions mean serum LH, FSH, PRL and testosterone did not significantly differ from those found in normal subjects; no significant variations, except for PRL reduction, were observed after treatment. Both methysergide, in association with bromocriptine or mesterolone, and metergoline, either alone or in association with mesterolone, were ineffective in significantly improving sexual activity.", "contents": "Effects of serotonin antagonists in sexually impotent men. Thirty-one men affected with sexual impotence were studied. Since sexual function in the male seems to be controlled by both dopaminergic stimulatory and serotoninergic inhibitory mechanisms, the patients were treated with serotonin antagonists. In basal conditions mean serum LH, FSH, PRL and testosterone did not significantly differ from those found in normal subjects; no significant variations, except for PRL reduction, were observed after treatment. Both methysergide, in association with bromocriptine or mesterolone, and metergoline, either alone or in association with mesterolone, were ineffective in significantly improving sexual activity.", "PMID": 532989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5416", "title": "[Electrical risks and safety during the monitoring (author's transl)].", "content": "The different sorts of medical equipment, whose number is constantly increasing in the last few years in the patients environment, entail several kinds of risk for patients, users and surroundings. The authors give a few examples of these risks, which may occur in particular during the monitoring of physiological parameters and urge the people concerned to observe, in their own interest, the very strict safety rules imposed by the new I.S.O. (International Organization for Standardization) and I.E.C. (International Electrotechnical Commission) international standards. These standards, already made known through official publications, or as intended to replace national standards, which are often out of date in comparison to the evolution of medical technology. It is regretable that some people responsible for medical research have not attached sufficient importance to the safety problems of equipment used in medical practice.", "contents": "[Electrical risks and safety during the monitoring (author's transl)]. The different sorts of medical equipment, whose number is constantly increasing in the last few years in the patients environment, entail several kinds of risk for patients, users and surroundings. The authors give a few examples of these risks, which may occur in particular during the monitoring of physiological parameters and urge the people concerned to observe, in their own interest, the very strict safety rules imposed by the new I.S.O. (International Organization for Standardization) and I.E.C. (International Electrotechnical Commission) international standards. These standards, already made known through official publications, or as intended to replace national standards, which are often out of date in comparison to the evolution of medical technology. It is regretable that some people responsible for medical research have not attached sufficient importance to the safety problems of equipment used in medical practice.", "PMID": 532990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5417", "title": "[Biotelemetry in anesthesia and intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "Biotelemetry and patient monitoring are two fields closely related, and should contribute to the contiuous measurement of physiological parameters from patients with little impediment. In anesthesia the requirement of minimal impediment is less important. Here wireless transmission has two advantages of great importance, namely: minimization of the risk of electricl shock by the incorporation of batteries and a complete separation of the patient and the recording equipment, and the possibility of connecting the patient to the measuring equipment before transporting him into the operating theatre. The telemetry of several parameters, especially of the cardiovascular and respiratory system is described, including the telemetry of blood-pressure, blood flow, cardiac output, ECG and arterial PO2, as well as respiratory flow, respiratory PO2 and its derived values, such as tidal volume, ventilation and oxygen uptake.", "contents": "[Biotelemetry in anesthesia and intensive care (author's transl)]. Biotelemetry and patient monitoring are two fields closely related, and should contribute to the contiuous measurement of physiological parameters from patients with little impediment. In anesthesia the requirement of minimal impediment is less important. Here wireless transmission has two advantages of great importance, namely: minimization of the risk of electricl shock by the incorporation of batteries and a complete separation of the patient and the recording equipment, and the possibility of connecting the patient to the measuring equipment before transporting him into the operating theatre. The telemetry of several parameters, especially of the cardiovascular and respiratory system is described, including the telemetry of blood-pressure, blood flow, cardiac output, ECG and arterial PO2, as well as respiratory flow, respiratory PO2 and its derived values, such as tidal volume, ventilation and oxygen uptake.", "PMID": 532991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5418", "title": "[Cardio-circulatory monitoring. Special protection in operating room (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors who organised the 3e R\u00e9union Inter-R\u00e9gionale Nord d'Anesth\u00e9siologie sur le th\u00e8me \"Practice of Monitoring in Anesthesia and in critical care\" proposed the creation of an incidents recorder for increasing patients' safety and medico-legal protection of Anesthesiologists.", "contents": "[Cardio-circulatory monitoring. Special protection in operating room (author's transl)]. Authors who organised the 3e R\u00e9union Inter-R\u00e9gionale Nord d'Anesth\u00e9siologie sur le th\u00e8me \"Practice of Monitoring in Anesthesia and in critical care\" proposed the creation of an incidents recorder for increasing patients' safety and medico-legal protection of Anesthesiologists.", "PMID": 532992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5419", "title": "[Pediatric ECG monitoring. 2,500 pediatric patients under anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 98 cases of cardiac arrhythmia observed in the course of 2,500 pediatric anesthesias performed with constant electrocardiographic monitoring. The patients, aged 0 to 18 years, were in most cases healthy. Anesthesia was performed by different techniques for both surgical and non-surgical interventions for a variety of conditions, both serious and routine. Other than 3 cases of cardiac arrest (1 death) cardiac arrhythmias usually followed a benign course without hemodynamic repercussions. The authors emphasize the value of early detection of cardiac arrhythmias as well as vigorous treatment of predisposing conditions such as inadequate ventilation, acidosis and pain. The absence of correlation between the degree of rick, as estimated preoperatively (related to patient or procedure risk factors), and the frequency of occurrence seems to point to the value of more widespread use of ECG monitoring of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia.", "contents": "[Pediatric ECG monitoring. 2,500 pediatric patients under anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The authors report 98 cases of cardiac arrhythmia observed in the course of 2,500 pediatric anesthesias performed with constant electrocardiographic monitoring. The patients, aged 0 to 18 years, were in most cases healthy. Anesthesia was performed by different techniques for both surgical and non-surgical interventions for a variety of conditions, both serious and routine. Other than 3 cases of cardiac arrest (1 death) cardiac arrhythmias usually followed a benign course without hemodynamic repercussions. The authors emphasize the value of early detection of cardiac arrhythmias as well as vigorous treatment of predisposing conditions such as inadequate ventilation, acidosis and pain. The absence of correlation between the degree of rick, as estimated preoperatively (related to patient or procedure risk factors), and the frequency of occurrence seems to point to the value of more widespread use of ECG monitoring of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia.", "PMID": 532993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5420", "title": "[Validity of a teaching method of arrhythmias with a simulating machine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have tested a method of teaching the arrhythmias with a simulating machine. Two groups of students have been drawn by lot and have set for a first test on their knowledge about dysrythmias. One group was instructed in a classical way, the second one was instructed with the simulating machine which reproduces the majority of rhythm modifications on electrocardioscopic screen. At the end of the teaching, a post-test took place, then a last one a month later. The comparison of the two methods by measuring the residual knowledge enables to prove the interest of using simulating machine to teach disorders of cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "[Validity of a teaching method of arrhythmias with a simulating machine (author's transl)]. The authors have tested a method of teaching the arrhythmias with a simulating machine. Two groups of students have been drawn by lot and have set for a first test on their knowledge about dysrythmias. One group was instructed in a classical way, the second one was instructed with the simulating machine which reproduces the majority of rhythm modifications on electrocardioscopic screen. At the end of the teaching, a post-test took place, then a last one a month later. The comparison of the two methods by measuring the residual knowledge enables to prove the interest of using simulating machine to teach disorders of cardiac rhythm.", "PMID": 532994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5421", "title": "[Monitoring of anaesthesia breathing systems by capnography (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous measurement of the CO2 concentration in inhaled gas is the best method to know accurately the importance of rebreathing. Four anesthetic breathing systems were studied in 60 adult patients (Dighby-Leigh valve, circle system with and without soda lime. Waters system without soda lime, Bain circuit). Fresh gas flows (FGF) inspired and end-expired concentrations of CO2 (FI CO2, FE' CO2) and PaCO2 are measured. The FI CO2 seems to be negligible with Dighby-Leign valve and circle system with soda lime but important with other systems, even with FGF as high as 200 ml/kg, the FI CO2 is about 1 p. cent for Bain circuit, 2 p. cent in spontaneous ventilation, 2,7 p. cent in controlled ventilation for Waters valve. It is possible to theoretically determine that the FI CO2 would not exceed 1 p. cent.", "contents": "[Monitoring of anaesthesia breathing systems by capnography (author's transl)]. Continuous measurement of the CO2 concentration in inhaled gas is the best method to know accurately the importance of rebreathing. Four anesthetic breathing systems were studied in 60 adult patients (Dighby-Leigh valve, circle system with and without soda lime. Waters system without soda lime, Bain circuit). Fresh gas flows (FGF) inspired and end-expired concentrations of CO2 (FI CO2, FE' CO2) and PaCO2 are measured. The FI CO2 seems to be negligible with Dighby-Leign valve and circle system with soda lime but important with other systems, even with FGF as high as 200 ml/kg, the FI CO2 is about 1 p. cent for Bain circuit, 2 p. cent in spontaneous ventilation, 2,7 p. cent in controlled ventilation for Waters valve. It is possible to theoretically determine that the FI CO2 would not exceed 1 p. cent.", "PMID": 532995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5422", "title": "[Monitoring of arterial oxygen pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) can be measured continuously either directly in the blood (in an artery or in an arterio-venous shunt), or indirectly, using the transcutaneous method or by measuring respiratory oxygen. Construction of miniaturized PO2 electrodes according to the polarographic principle (1.2 and 2 mm in diameter) with ring-shaped cathodes, allowing fast assession of arterial PO2 with little sensitivity to blood flow, and its clinical application are described. An exhausting investigation of the electrod properties, including in vivo parameters allowed continuous monitoring of PaO2 either directly in the radial artery or more often in an arterio-venous shunt under clinical routine circumstances in a large number of patients up to 24 hours. The recordings obtained with both methods are identical and show three types of oscillations.", "contents": "[Monitoring of arterial oxygen pressure (author's transl)]. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) can be measured continuously either directly in the blood (in an artery or in an arterio-venous shunt), or indirectly, using the transcutaneous method or by measuring respiratory oxygen. Construction of miniaturized PO2 electrodes according to the polarographic principle (1.2 and 2 mm in diameter) with ring-shaped cathodes, allowing fast assession of arterial PO2 with little sensitivity to blood flow, and its clinical application are described. An exhausting investigation of the electrod properties, including in vivo parameters allowed continuous monitoring of PaO2 either directly in the radial artery or more often in an arterio-venous shunt under clinical routine circumstances in a large number of patients up to 24 hours. The recordings obtained with both methods are identical and show three types of oscillations.", "PMID": 532997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5423", "title": "[Definition and realization of a microprocessor system for monitoring during artificial ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A medical application of a microprocessor system is presented. The definition of a system able to control the quality of the respiratory exchanges for a patient submitted to artificial ventilation is given. The measurement system is composed by two rapid analysers of CO2 and O2 (Beckman LB2 and OM 11), a flow meter devices and an airway pressure sensor (Monaghan M 700). The monitoring of the ventilation is based on the determination of FAECO2 simultaneous the determination of FECO2, FIO2, FEO2 and FAEO2 allow, with the sequential entries of the blood gaz values, to calculate: VA/V, D (a--A) CO2, D (A--a) O2, VO2, VCO2 and respiratory quotient. Now, we are working out a system composed by: a microprocessor (Intel 8080) which allows acquisition and treatment of the signals; a peripherical with a key board for the dialogue between the operator and the system; a visual display unit and a printer. Measurements are made on the patient every 13 mn during five respiratory cycles. All the stated above parameters are then computed. When there is a variation of FAECO2, an alarm is triggered, of predeterminated threshold is exceeded. This system simple, not too expensive, not invasive, has been conceived to work on one to four patients.", "contents": "[Definition and realization of a microprocessor system for monitoring during artificial ventilation (author's transl)]. A medical application of a microprocessor system is presented. The definition of a system able to control the quality of the respiratory exchanges for a patient submitted to artificial ventilation is given. The measurement system is composed by two rapid analysers of CO2 and O2 (Beckman LB2 and OM 11), a flow meter devices and an airway pressure sensor (Monaghan M 700). The monitoring of the ventilation is based on the determination of FAECO2 simultaneous the determination of FECO2, FIO2, FEO2 and FAEO2 allow, with the sequential entries of the blood gaz values, to calculate: VA/V, D (a--A) CO2, D (A--a) O2, VO2, VCO2 and respiratory quotient. Now, we are working out a system composed by: a microprocessor (Intel 8080) which allows acquisition and treatment of the signals; a peripherical with a key board for the dialogue between the operator and the system; a visual display unit and a printer. Measurements are made on the patient every 13 mn during five respiratory cycles. All the stated above parameters are then computed. When there is a variation of FAECO2, an alarm is triggered, of predeterminated threshold is exceeded. This system simple, not too expensive, not invasive, has been conceived to work on one to four patients.", "PMID": 532998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5424", "title": "[Monitoring of intracranial pression in acute neurotrauma by extra-dural screw (author's transl)].", "content": "These data emphasize the interest of the study, in acute traumatic comatose, of the brain-stem reflexes and level of coma (Plum, Posner, Perez-Dominguez, Barge, Espagno) and the monitoring of the intracranial pression (ICP) by extra-dural screw (Vries, de Rougemont, J. Brunon). It is possible to describe: 1)The bilateral hemispherical contusions: with cortico-subcortical level and bilateral decorticate comatose. The normal brain-stem reflexes (N.B.S.R.) are presents. The monitoring of ICP allows to separate the reversible bilateral hemispherical contusions (ICP can present unstable recording during 3 days with pressure-waves--B waves--or to be stable (between 10--15 mm Hg)), from the severe bilateral contusions with rostro-caudal evolution and \"plateau-waves\". 2) The brain-stem contusions: the clinical level is often a mesencephalic level with decerebrate rigidity and N.B.S.R. +/- (Automatic Eye Movements). In severe injury the ICP is increased and unstable with A waves. In reversible brain-stem contusions the ICP is often stable and low with arteriography and ventriculography insignificant. 3) The associated contusions: In general, the head injuries of this group are alternatively decorticate or on decerebrate rigidity (\"ambiguous reaction\"). In the severe associated contusions the ICP shows A waves. In reversible contusions ICP is stable with normal supratentorial angiogramm and ventriculography.", "contents": "[Monitoring of intracranial pression in acute neurotrauma by extra-dural screw (author's transl)]. These data emphasize the interest of the study, in acute traumatic comatose, of the brain-stem reflexes and level of coma (Plum, Posner, Perez-Dominguez, Barge, Espagno) and the monitoring of the intracranial pression (ICP) by extra-dural screw (Vries, de Rougemont, J. Brunon). It is possible to describe: 1)The bilateral hemispherical contusions: with cortico-subcortical level and bilateral decorticate comatose. The normal brain-stem reflexes (N.B.S.R.) are presents. The monitoring of ICP allows to separate the reversible bilateral hemispherical contusions (ICP can present unstable recording during 3 days with pressure-waves--B waves--or to be stable (between 10--15 mm Hg)), from the severe bilateral contusions with rostro-caudal evolution and \"plateau-waves\". 2) The brain-stem contusions: the clinical level is often a mesencephalic level with decerebrate rigidity and N.B.S.R. +/- (Automatic Eye Movements). In severe injury the ICP is increased and unstable with A waves. In reversible brain-stem contusions the ICP is often stable and low with arteriography and ventriculography insignificant. 3) The associated contusions: In general, the head injuries of this group are alternatively decorticate or on decerebrate rigidity (\"ambiguous reaction\"). In the severe associated contusions the ICP shows A waves. In reversible contusions ICP is stable with normal supratentorial angiogramm and ventriculography.", "PMID": 533000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5425", "title": "[Systolic time intervals measurement by electrical plethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of left systolic time intervals by electrical impedance plethysmography, using precordial pick-up electrodes, gives as good results as classical method using phonocardiogramm and carotid pulse trace. Moreover the measurement of right systolic time intervals is possible with this method. Another advantage of this technic is that it only requires affixing four electrocardiographic electrodes to the thorax and is usable during relatively long periods of time. The value of the basal thoracic impedance provides also a mean of following intrathoracic fluid changes and an early detection of pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion or hemorrage into the chest. So, cardiac impedance plethysmography appears as a good tool for cardiac monitoring.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals measurement by electrical plethysmography (author's transl)]. The determination of left systolic time intervals by electrical impedance plethysmography, using precordial pick-up electrodes, gives as good results as classical method using phonocardiogramm and carotid pulse trace. Moreover the measurement of right systolic time intervals is possible with this method. Another advantage of this technic is that it only requires affixing four electrocardiographic electrodes to the thorax and is usable during relatively long periods of time. The value of the basal thoracic impedance provides also a mean of following intrathoracic fluid changes and an early detection of pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion or hemorrage into the chest. So, cardiac impedance plethysmography appears as a good tool for cardiac monitoring.", "PMID": 533001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5426", "title": "[Influence of the use of a video device for monitoring and visits on psychologic relations between patients, families and medical staff in an intensive care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a video device for monitoring and familial visits in a medical intensive care unit has various effects on psychologic relations between the patient, his family and the medical staff. Such a device is used since 1972 in Lille and has concerned more than 10,000 patients. On one hand, the monitoring of the patient is facilitated. His dependence to the staff is enhanced and allows a better taking of responsibility from the nurses and a good adhesion to the cares. At last, the video device gives to the patient and his family a real feeling of security during the early phase of the hospitalization. On the other hand, and particularly after this early phase, the use of a video device has deleterious effects on the psychologic relations of the patient with his family: enhancement of the psychologic regression, creation of an additional agression which jeopardizes the restoration of normal relations after attempt of suicide or prolonged artificial ventilation. This underlines the need for a real psychologic management of the video device in the reception of the families and the frequency of the relations with the medical staff.", "contents": "[Influence of the use of a video device for monitoring and visits on psychologic relations between patients, families and medical staff in an intensive care unit (author's transl)]. The use of a video device for monitoring and familial visits in a medical intensive care unit has various effects on psychologic relations between the patient, his family and the medical staff. Such a device is used since 1972 in Lille and has concerned more than 10,000 patients. On one hand, the monitoring of the patient is facilitated. His dependence to the staff is enhanced and allows a better taking of responsibility from the nurses and a good adhesion to the cares. At last, the video device gives to the patient and his family a real feeling of security during the early phase of the hospitalization. On the other hand, and particularly after this early phase, the use of a video device has deleterious effects on the psychologic relations of the patient with his family: enhancement of the psychologic regression, creation of an additional agression which jeopardizes the restoration of normal relations after attempt of suicide or prolonged artificial ventilation. This underlines the need for a real psychologic management of the video device in the reception of the families and the frequency of the relations with the medical staff.", "PMID": 533002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5427", "title": "[Computer aided monitoring systems after open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Four intensive care beds for open heart surgery have been equipped with a computer aided monitoring system following J. W. Kirklin and L. L. Sheppard (University of Alabama). Choice and motivations are discussed and material and programs are briefly discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[Computer aided monitoring systems after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Four intensive care beds for open heart surgery have been equipped with a computer aided monitoring system following J. W. Kirklin and L. L. Sheppard (University of Alabama). Choice and motivations are discussed and material and programs are briefly discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 533004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5428", "title": "[Computers in intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing amount of physiological data which is required to be stored and displayed has created a need for computers in Intensive Care Units. Small computerised units are now available with three main advantages: 1. A memory allowing the display of parameters value and trend curves. 2. A \"decision table\" allowing more sophisticated diagnosis. 3. The use of new programmes without having to change the unit. These systems are reliable, providing the quality of the input signal is adequate.", "contents": "[Computers in intensive care units (author's transl)]. The increasing amount of physiological data which is required to be stored and displayed has created a need for computers in Intensive Care Units. Small computerised units are now available with three main advantages: 1. A memory allowing the display of parameters value and trend curves. 2. A \"decision table\" allowing more sophisticated diagnosis. 3. The use of new programmes without having to change the unit. These systems are reliable, providing the quality of the input signal is adequate.", "PMID": 533005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5429", "title": "[Technical characteristics of a new computerized system for quantitative evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The ATREC system is designed to carry out at sixty times real time the quantitative evaluation of arrhythmias in 24 hour magnetic tape recordings. A preprocessing unit eliminates the low frequency waves (P and T) and artefacts, and furnishes the computer (Mitra 15/35, 16 K words of core) with information on R-R interval, QRS duration, regular or irregular rhythm, bradycardia or pauses, transient to sustained tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Extrasystoles are analyzed in terms of enlargement, number, coupling interval, bi or trigeminy, doublets or salvos. Trends of mean and extreme cardiac rate, and R-R interval histograms, are also available. The system is also available for ECG real time monitoring of patients in coronary care units. The computer can analyze 8 ECG tracings simultaneously. The ATREC system provides an important aid in the quantification of arrhythmias and improves the evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs efficacy.", "contents": "[Technical characteristics of a new computerized system for quantitative evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)]. The ATREC system is designed to carry out at sixty times real time the quantitative evaluation of arrhythmias in 24 hour magnetic tape recordings. A preprocessing unit eliminates the low frequency waves (P and T) and artefacts, and furnishes the computer (Mitra 15/35, 16 K words of core) with information on R-R interval, QRS duration, regular or irregular rhythm, bradycardia or pauses, transient to sustained tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Extrasystoles are analyzed in terms of enlargement, number, coupling interval, bi or trigeminy, doublets or salvos. Trends of mean and extreme cardiac rate, and R-R interval histograms, are also available. The system is also available for ECG real time monitoring of patients in coronary care units. The computer can analyze 8 ECG tracings simultaneously. The ATREC system provides an important aid in the quantification of arrhythmias and improves the evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs efficacy.", "PMID": 533006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5430", "title": "[Standardization of monitoring accessories and reliability of supply role of a medical supply unit (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief review of the range of monitoring accessories, the author considers the problem of their hospital standardization (various needs of the different hospital units, diversity of the monitors, existence of central purchasing departments, pressure from the treasurer's office). The availability of supply is assured by a medical supply unit, which is managed by the anesthesiology department. Its function is to fulfill all hospital requirements for disposable minor medical and linen supplies. The medical supply unit must resolve three problems: a medical problem (choice of supplies); a management problem (availability of supply); and a financial problem (survey and control of expenses). It requires the participation of a competent physician, and a close and trustful collaboration with the various partners: medical units, hospital administration, exterior suppliers. The existence of a Medical supply unit in a hospital should not be considered as a purpose in itself, but rather as a relatively simple medium for improving the quality and quantity of the supplies required in good patient care.", "contents": "[Standardization of monitoring accessories and reliability of supply role of a medical supply unit (author's transl)]. After a brief review of the range of monitoring accessories, the author considers the problem of their hospital standardization (various needs of the different hospital units, diversity of the monitors, existence of central purchasing departments, pressure from the treasurer's office). The availability of supply is assured by a medical supply unit, which is managed by the anesthesiology department. Its function is to fulfill all hospital requirements for disposable minor medical and linen supplies. The medical supply unit must resolve three problems: a medical problem (choice of supplies); a management problem (availability of supply); and a financial problem (survey and control of expenses). It requires the participation of a competent physician, and a close and trustful collaboration with the various partners: medical units, hospital administration, exterior suppliers. The existence of a Medical supply unit in a hospital should not be considered as a purpose in itself, but rather as a relatively simple medium for improving the quality and quantity of the supplies required in good patient care.", "PMID": 533007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5431", "title": "[Innovation and obsolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "The economists analyse the facts of our everyday--or professional life to insert management--or anticipation rules from them. The progress of innovations and their obsolescence fall within these studies. Recent works have shown that the spreading of innovations in the medical fields was practically identical to that in the industrial field, and that its function in relation to time was written under the form of: P = K divided by 1 + e-(a+bt) P representing the proportion of departments which adopted an innovation at the time t, K representing the proportion of those which will adopt this innovation (a and b are constants). The derivated coefficient in relation to t, that is to say the variation of the proportion of departments adopting innovations in relation to time, measures the speed of diffusion of this innovation (Louise B. Russel, 1977). But can this equation be applied in the field of health, to organisational innovations as well as to those which have a material, therefore industrial support? On the other hand do techniques and equipments become obsolete simultaneously? Finally does the public or the private hospital slow down or speed up the appearance of innovations and their obsolescence? Such are the problems we will endeavour to set... before being able to solve them.", "contents": "[Innovation and obsolescence (author's transl)]. The economists analyse the facts of our everyday--or professional life to insert management--or anticipation rules from them. The progress of innovations and their obsolescence fall within these studies. Recent works have shown that the spreading of innovations in the medical fields was practically identical to that in the industrial field, and that its function in relation to time was written under the form of: P = K divided by 1 + e-(a+bt) P representing the proportion of departments which adopted an innovation at the time t, K representing the proportion of those which will adopt this innovation (a and b are constants). The derivated coefficient in relation to t, that is to say the variation of the proportion of departments adopting innovations in relation to time, measures the speed of diffusion of this innovation (Louise B. Russel, 1977). But can this equation be applied in the field of health, to organisational innovations as well as to those which have a material, therefore industrial support? On the other hand do techniques and equipments become obsolete simultaneously? Finally does the public or the private hospital slow down or speed up the appearance of innovations and their obsolescence? Such are the problems we will endeavour to set... before being able to solve them.", "PMID": 533008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5432", "title": "The massively obese hypertensive patient: an analysis of blood pressure response to weight reduction with supplemented fasting.", "content": "A 42.4% incidence of hypertension was seen in 783 massively obese patients admitted to a supplemented fasting program between February 1974 and November 1976. Chosen for this study were the 99 hypertensives who had not received any antihypertensive medication before admission. The blood pressure response after 1 week of inhospital fasting was compared with that at the end of a period of outpatient fasting. Reduction in blood pressure was noted in 85 patients by the end of the first week; by the end of the fasting period, 68 patients were normotensive. We conclude that the elevated blood pressure common in a high percentage of massively obese patients is primarily volume-dependent.", "contents": "The massively obese hypertensive patient: an analysis of blood pressure response to weight reduction with supplemented fasting. A 42.4% incidence of hypertension was seen in 783 massively obese patients admitted to a supplemented fasting program between February 1974 and November 1976. Chosen for this study were the 99 hypertensives who had not received any antihypertensive medication before admission. The blood pressure response after 1 week of inhospital fasting was compared with that at the end of a period of outpatient fasting. Reduction in blood pressure was noted in 85 patients by the end of the first week; by the end of the fasting period, 68 patients were normotensive. We conclude that the elevated blood pressure common in a high percentage of massively obese patients is primarily volume-dependent.", "PMID": 533009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5433", "title": "Connective tissue in varicose veins.", "content": "The collagen, elastin, total sugar, and nonscleroprotein content was evaluated in 32 samples of saphenous varicose vein and in 34 controls. A significantly lower collagen and elastin content was found in the varicose samples without correlation with the degree of pathologic broadening. Otherwise the total sugars and the soluble nonscleroproteins were found to be increased in varicose samples. The results are more significant when expressed as milligrams per surface unit of endothelium. Our data support the hypothesis that the decrease in collagen and elastin content is a primary rather than secondary change.", "contents": "Connective tissue in varicose veins. The collagen, elastin, total sugar, and nonscleroprotein content was evaluated in 32 samples of saphenous varicose vein and in 34 controls. A significantly lower collagen and elastin content was found in the varicose samples without correlation with the degree of pathologic broadening. Otherwise the total sugars and the soluble nonscleroproteins were found to be increased in varicose samples. The results are more significant when expressed as milligrams per surface unit of endothelium. Our data support the hypothesis that the decrease in collagen and elastin content is a primary rather than secondary change.", "PMID": 533010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5434", "title": "Detection of early myocardial infarction by radioimmunoassay of myoglobin.", "content": "A newly devised radioimmunoassay for the measurement of myocardial myoglobin has been modified by us to measure circulating myoglobin levels in rats subjected to isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction of various degrees of severity. The method has been found to be very effective. Myoglobinemia proved to be a sensitive index of early myocardial damage in rats, perhaps superseding the enzyme CPK in detecting early myocardial damage. Both myoglobin and CPK were equally effective in providing an index of the extent of histopathologic myocardial infarction. The changes in myoglobin and CPK did not correlate well with the changes in plasma SGOT, SGPT, and LDH, which are more diagnostic of the later stages of acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobinemia offers excellent promise as a diagnostic aid in detecting early myocardial infarction in rats, and perhaps ultimately in humans, since there are only small differences between the immunologic specificity of human versus rat myoglobin.", "contents": "Detection of early myocardial infarction by radioimmunoassay of myoglobin. A newly devised radioimmunoassay for the measurement of myocardial myoglobin has been modified by us to measure circulating myoglobin levels in rats subjected to isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction of various degrees of severity. The method has been found to be very effective. Myoglobinemia proved to be a sensitive index of early myocardial damage in rats, perhaps superseding the enzyme CPK in detecting early myocardial damage. Both myoglobin and CPK were equally effective in providing an index of the extent of histopathologic myocardial infarction. The changes in myoglobin and CPK did not correlate well with the changes in plasma SGOT, SGPT, and LDH, which are more diagnostic of the later stages of acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobinemia offers excellent promise as a diagnostic aid in detecting early myocardial infarction in rats, and perhaps ultimately in humans, since there are only small differences between the immunologic specificity of human versus rat myoglobin.", "PMID": 533011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5435", "title": "Arrhythmias during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "Electrocardiographic monitoring of 52 consecutive patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed that arrhythmias during the procedures were common (38.5%) and tended to occur more frequently in the elderly (75%), in persons with heart disease (54.5%), and in persons with chronic lung disease (89%). The incidence of ventricular premature contractions in patient with no evidence of heart or lung disease was 19%. In one patient with advanced chronic lung disease, the procedure had to be terminated because of development of high-degree atrioventricular block. A high incidence of arrhythmias during endoscopy has not been previously reported in patients with chronic lung disease.", "contents": "Arrhythmias during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Electrocardiographic monitoring of 52 consecutive patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed that arrhythmias during the procedures were common (38.5%) and tended to occur more frequently in the elderly (75%), in persons with heart disease (54.5%), and in persons with chronic lung disease (89%). The incidence of ventricular premature contractions in patient with no evidence of heart or lung disease was 19%. In one patient with advanced chronic lung disease, the procedure had to be terminated because of development of high-degree atrioventricular block. A high incidence of arrhythmias during endoscopy has not been previously reported in patients with chronic lung disease.", "PMID": 533013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5436", "title": "Electrophysiologic properties of nitroprusside in man.", "content": "The effects of nitroprusside on His bundle electrograms, when given intravenously for 10 minutes, were studied in 14 patients with heart disease. Recordings were made at varied heart rates using atrial and ventricular pacing. Nitroprusside significantly reduced the AH interval, but it had no effect on the HV interval. Functional and effective refractory periods were measured by the extrastimulus technique. The functional refractory period of the AV node as well as the effective refractory period of the ventriculoatrial conduction system significantly decreased after nitroprusside infusion. This improvement in conduction can probably be explained by the systemic hypotension produced by nitroprusside, which reflexly will increase sympathetic drive to the heart and decrease vagal tone.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic properties of nitroprusside in man. The effects of nitroprusside on His bundle electrograms, when given intravenously for 10 minutes, were studied in 14 patients with heart disease. Recordings were made at varied heart rates using atrial and ventricular pacing. Nitroprusside significantly reduced the AH interval, but it had no effect on the HV interval. Functional and effective refractory periods were measured by the extrastimulus technique. The functional refractory period of the AV node as well as the effective refractory period of the ventriculoatrial conduction system significantly decreased after nitroprusside infusion. This improvement in conduction can probably be explained by the systemic hypotension produced by nitroprusside, which reflexly will increase sympathetic drive to the heart and decrease vagal tone.", "PMID": 533014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5437", "title": "Serial hemodynamic studies during the treatment of congestive heart failure with isolated low-dose oral prazosin therapy.", "content": "Prazosin was administered orally at a maximal dose of 2 mg every 6 hours to 4 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who had not received either digitalis or diuretics for 72 hours before therapy. Three of the 4 patients had hypertensive and arteriosclerotic heart disease. Hemodynamic monitoring indicated a significant reduction of preload and afterload with a concomitant rise in the cardiac index. We concluded that isolated low-dose oral prazosin has salutary effects on indices of hemodynamic function in selected patients.", "contents": "Serial hemodynamic studies during the treatment of congestive heart failure with isolated low-dose oral prazosin therapy. Prazosin was administered orally at a maximal dose of 2 mg every 6 hours to 4 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who had not received either digitalis or diuretics for 72 hours before therapy. Three of the 4 patients had hypertensive and arteriosclerotic heart disease. Hemodynamic monitoring indicated a significant reduction of preload and afterload with a concomitant rise in the cardiac index. We concluded that isolated low-dose oral prazosin has salutary effects on indices of hemodynamic function in selected patients.", "PMID": 533015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5438", "title": "The effect of splenectomy on pulmonary infection in newborn mice.", "content": "Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection is a widely discussed and studied problem. The route of infection, the specific organisms involved, and the age at splenectomy and bacterial challenge are crucial factors in determining the genuine threat of the disease. We studied Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infection in 10-day-old mice who had undergone splenectomy or sham operation 7 days earlier. We did not find an increase in fatal staphylococcal pneumonitis under these conditions. Further laboratory definition of this complex issue is warranted.", "contents": "The effect of splenectomy on pulmonary infection in newborn mice. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection is a widely discussed and studied problem. The route of infection, the specific organisms involved, and the age at splenectomy and bacterial challenge are crucial factors in determining the genuine threat of the disease. We studied Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infection in 10-day-old mice who had undergone splenectomy or sham operation 7 days earlier. We did not find an increase in fatal staphylococcal pneumonitis under these conditions. Further laboratory definition of this complex issue is warranted.", "PMID": 533029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5439", "title": "Improved methodology for the Grassi test for intraoperative determination of completeness of vagotomy.", "content": "The Grassi test for completeness of vagotomy is a useful adjunct to vagotomy that aids the surgeon in severing all the vagal innervation of the acid-producing portion of the stomach. The Congo Red stick allows the surgeon to perform the Grassi test with a significant reduction in the amount of equipment and personnel required by either pH electrode or liquid Congo Red methods.", "contents": "Improved methodology for the Grassi test for intraoperative determination of completeness of vagotomy. The Grassi test for completeness of vagotomy is a useful adjunct to vagotomy that aids the surgeon in severing all the vagal innervation of the acid-producing portion of the stomach. The Congo Red stick allows the surgeon to perform the Grassi test with a significant reduction in the amount of equipment and personnel required by either pH electrode or liquid Congo Red methods.", "PMID": 533031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5440", "title": "Effect of pulmonary artery ligation on the developing fetal lung.", "content": "Ligation of the left pulmonary artery was performed in fetal lambs. The procedure was well tolerated and most animals survived to birth. At birth, the animals were in no distress but had mild pulmonary hypertension. The lung to which the pulmonary artery was ligated underwent normal intrauterine maturation.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary artery ligation on the developing fetal lung. Ligation of the left pulmonary artery was performed in fetal lambs. The procedure was well tolerated and most animals survived to birth. At birth, the animals were in no distress but had mild pulmonary hypertension. The lung to which the pulmonary artery was ligated underwent normal intrauterine maturation.", "PMID": 533032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5441", "title": "Effects of postpneumonectomy distention on pulmonary compliance and vascular resistance.", "content": "Postpneumonectomy pulmonary distention has been considered harmful by many clinicians. We measured changes in pulmonary compliance and vascular resistance with distention in five dogs. There was no significant change in compliance and vascular resistance in the range of pulmonary distention seen following pneumonectomy.", "contents": "Effects of postpneumonectomy distention on pulmonary compliance and vascular resistance. Postpneumonectomy pulmonary distention has been considered harmful by many clinicians. We measured changes in pulmonary compliance and vascular resistance with distention in five dogs. There was no significant change in compliance and vascular resistance in the range of pulmonary distention seen following pneumonectomy.", "PMID": 533033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5442", "title": "[Scurvey, presentation of six cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present six cases of scurvy admitted in their hospital from September 1977 to July 1978. Symptoms were similar in the majority of them: irritability, skin haemorrhages, swollen gums, scorbutic rosary, swelling and tenderness lower limbs. Radiographic findings more common were: Fraenkels' line \"ground glass\" appearance, corner sign, Wymberger sign, and in some cases subperiosteal haemorrhages with calcification. Ascorbic acid levels were below normal values in all cases, and overload test showed typical pattern found on patients with scurvy. Special mention is made on the low incidence of this disease in the last few years and also the causes that have motived the existence of this six cases in such a short period of time are analyzed.", "contents": "[Scurvey, presentation of six cases (author's transl)]. Authors present six cases of scurvy admitted in their hospital from September 1977 to July 1978. Symptoms were similar in the majority of them: irritability, skin haemorrhages, swollen gums, scorbutic rosary, swelling and tenderness lower limbs. Radiographic findings more common were: Fraenkels' line \"ground glass\" appearance, corner sign, Wymberger sign, and in some cases subperiosteal haemorrhages with calcification. Ascorbic acid levels were below normal values in all cases, and overload test showed typical pattern found on patients with scurvy. Special mention is made on the low incidence of this disease in the last few years and also the causes that have motived the existence of this six cases in such a short period of time are analyzed.", "PMID": 533042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5443", "title": "[Angiocardiographic study of 30 patients with complete A-V canal (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present the results of angiocardiographic study on 30 patients with complete A-V canal. This study is divided in two parts: First, they define general concepts such as aortic suspension, anterior common valve-theoretical right border angle, left and right regurgitation, etc. Secondly, they classify A-V canal in two groups according to the following characteristics: 1) Anterior common valve normal, moderate suspension of the aorta less than 50%, rough right border of the left ventricle, angulation less than 45 degrees, medial interventricular communication and left regurgitation. 2) Common anterior valve small, important suspension of the aorta greater than or equal to 50%, smooth right border, angulation greater than or equal to 45 degrees, large communication and left and right regurgitation. Differential data between interventricular communication and valvular regurgitation are commented. They emphasize how important the posterior smooth septum and the common anterior valve are in producing the suspension of the aorta and also in the narrowing and elongation of the infundibulum. Finally, some considerations about the surgical implications according to the type of canal are made.", "contents": "[Angiocardiographic study of 30 patients with complete A-V canal (author's transl)]. Authors present the results of angiocardiographic study on 30 patients with complete A-V canal. This study is divided in two parts: First, they define general concepts such as aortic suspension, anterior common valve-theoretical right border angle, left and right regurgitation, etc. Secondly, they classify A-V canal in two groups according to the following characteristics: 1) Anterior common valve normal, moderate suspension of the aorta less than 50%, rough right border of the left ventricle, angulation less than 45 degrees, medial interventricular communication and left regurgitation. 2) Common anterior valve small, important suspension of the aorta greater than or equal to 50%, smooth right border, angulation greater than or equal to 45 degrees, large communication and left and right regurgitation. Differential data between interventricular communication and valvular regurgitation are commented. They emphasize how important the posterior smooth septum and the common anterior valve are in producing the suspension of the aorta and also in the narrowing and elongation of the infundibulum. Finally, some considerations about the surgical implications according to the type of canal are made.", "PMID": 533043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5444", "title": "[Neonatal changes in relation to mother's oxitocyn administration (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors have studied in four groups of newborns the possible relationship between administration of oxitocyn to the mother during labor or during the pregnancy and appearance of neonatal jaundice, alterations of hematocrit and Na+ levels in the immediate hours post-partum. In the present study, with dosages of oxitocyn administered during true labor which never exceded 1,200 mUI, no significant differences appeared between levels of bilirubin present in newborns and those whose mothers did not receive this type of treatment (p greater than 0.05). Sodium levels in the first day of life did show significant difference when comparing control and problem series respectively (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Neonatal changes in relation to mother's oxitocyn administration (author's transl)]. Authors have studied in four groups of newborns the possible relationship between administration of oxitocyn to the mother during labor or during the pregnancy and appearance of neonatal jaundice, alterations of hematocrit and Na+ levels in the immediate hours post-partum. In the present study, with dosages of oxitocyn administered during true labor which never exceded 1,200 mUI, no significant differences appeared between levels of bilirubin present in newborns and those whose mothers did not receive this type of treatment (p greater than 0.05). Sodium levels in the first day of life did show significant difference when comparing control and problem series respectively (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 533044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5445", "title": "[Reference values of A.S.T., L.D.H., isoenzymes of L.D.H. and A.D.A. in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)].", "content": "From 230 C.S.F., authors found the reference values of A.S.T., L.D.H., isoenzymes of L.D.H. and A.D.A. in children from the area of Barcelona. The reference values obtained were: A.S.T.: n, 208; mean, 6.91 U/l., and s, +/- 2.71 U/l. A.D.A.: n, 175; percentil 50, 0.388 U/l.; percentil 97.5, 1.64 U/l., and percentil 2.5, 0 U/l. L.D.H.: n, 148; percentil 50, 9.54 U/l.; percentil 97.5, 24.96 U/l., and percentil 2.5, 3.81 U/l. Isoenzymes of L.D.H.: n, 82; L.D.H.-1: mean, 41.31 per cent and s, +/- 5.41 per cent. L.D.H.-2: mean, 30.79 per cent, and s, +/- 2.84 per cent. L.D.H.-3: mean, 20.3 per cent, and s, +/- 4.11 per cent. L.D.H.-4: mean, 6.02 per cent, and s, +/- 2.48 per cent. L.D.H.-5: mean, 2.47 per cent, and s, +/- 1.7 per cent. Higher activities of A.S.T. and L.D.H. were found in newborns, also varying the distribution of isoenzymes of L.D.H. The A.D.A didn't show variations.", "contents": "[Reference values of A.S.T., L.D.H., isoenzymes of L.D.H. and A.D.A. in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)]. From 230 C.S.F., authors found the reference values of A.S.T., L.D.H., isoenzymes of L.D.H. and A.D.A. in children from the area of Barcelona. The reference values obtained were: A.S.T.: n, 208; mean, 6.91 U/l., and s, +/- 2.71 U/l. A.D.A.: n, 175; percentil 50, 0.388 U/l.; percentil 97.5, 1.64 U/l., and percentil 2.5, 0 U/l. L.D.H.: n, 148; percentil 50, 9.54 U/l.; percentil 97.5, 24.96 U/l., and percentil 2.5, 3.81 U/l. Isoenzymes of L.D.H.: n, 82; L.D.H.-1: mean, 41.31 per cent and s, +/- 5.41 per cent. L.D.H.-2: mean, 30.79 per cent, and s, +/- 2.84 per cent. L.D.H.-3: mean, 20.3 per cent, and s, +/- 4.11 per cent. L.D.H.-4: mean, 6.02 per cent, and s, +/- 2.48 per cent. L.D.H.-5: mean, 2.47 per cent, and s, +/- 1.7 per cent. Higher activities of A.S.T. and L.D.H. were found in newborns, also varying the distribution of isoenzymes of L.D.H. The A.D.A didn't show variations.", "PMID": 533045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5446", "title": "[Hiatal hernia following T.E.F. repair (author's transl)].", "content": "Hiatal hernia and/or gastroesophageal reflux are studied in 182 pediatric patients after surgical correction of esophageal atresia. Clinical and radiological aspects, along with postoperative complications, are reviewed. Special stress is given to late stenosis that does not cure with conventional treatment and are originated by undiagnosed reflux. Hiatal disfunction screening is proposed in following up patients of esophageal atresia in avoidance of disphagic and aspirative complications.", "contents": "[Hiatal hernia following T.E.F. repair (author's transl)]. Hiatal hernia and/or gastroesophageal reflux are studied in 182 pediatric patients after surgical correction of esophageal atresia. Clinical and radiological aspects, along with postoperative complications, are reviewed. Special stress is given to late stenosis that does not cure with conventional treatment and are originated by undiagnosed reflux. Hiatal disfunction screening is proposed in following up patients of esophageal atresia in avoidance of disphagic and aspirative complications.", "PMID": 533046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5447", "title": "[Toxopachyosteose diaphisaire tibioperoniere (Weismann-Netter syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "A two-years-old male with toxopachyosteose diaphisaire tibioperoniere (Weismann-Netter syndrome) is presented. First observation of this syndrome in spanish publications. Basic signs of this syndrome: dwarfism with bilateral tibio-fibula incurvation and sclerosis, are remembered, as well as deafness like associated symptom. Radiologic signs to differentiate between others process, specially rickets and syphilis, with which it was for a long time confused, are remarked.", "contents": "[Toxopachyosteose diaphisaire tibioperoniere (Weismann-Netter syndrome) (author's transl)]. A two-years-old male with toxopachyosteose diaphisaire tibioperoniere (Weismann-Netter syndrome) is presented. First observation of this syndrome in spanish publications. Basic signs of this syndrome: dwarfism with bilateral tibio-fibula incurvation and sclerosis, are remembered, as well as deafness like associated symptom. Radiologic signs to differentiate between others process, specially rickets and syphilis, with which it was for a long time confused, are remarked.", "PMID": 533047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5448", "title": "[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. comments on a new case (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report a new case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome which is the earliest of the 20 cases published in our country. Out of 450 rectoscopies carried out in their hospital, they found 64 patients with polyps in the rectum and sigma, and in only one case this was associated with pigmentation on the lips establishing the diagnosis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A review of the literature and comments on pathogenesis, hereditary aspects, clinical signs, prognosis and treatment are made.", "contents": "[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. comments on a new case (author's transl)]. Authors report a new case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome which is the earliest of the 20 cases published in our country. Out of 450 rectoscopies carried out in their hospital, they found 64 patients with polyps in the rectum and sigma, and in only one case this was associated with pigmentation on the lips establishing the diagnosis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A review of the literature and comments on pathogenesis, hereditary aspects, clinical signs, prognosis and treatment are made.", "PMID": 533048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5449", "title": "[Follow-up of 28 cases of hypothyroidism in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Author reports follow-up of 28 cases of hypothyroidism evaluated for a period of several years according to the following parameters: growth in weight and lenth, bone age, cortical thickness, bone diameter and linear growth prognosis. He classifies the cases according to the type of hypothyroidism and age of patient in which diagnosis was made. Two-third of the cases are female. As a whole, he considers acceptable results of the evaluation. Nevertheless, in the group of glandular dysgenesis, evaluation is poor, but it is very trustworthy in those with hormonogenesis alteration, and in the group of pituitary-hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Those patients in whom diagnosis was made before 12 months of age, the degree of impairment is lesser and the course changes only scantly by treatment. On those on which diagnosis was made after 12 months of life, are more seriously damaged and they usually need treatment for four years or more for a catch-up growth period. Early recognition is crucial and if possible, it must be carried out through newborn screening test.", "contents": "[Follow-up of 28 cases of hypothyroidism in children (author's transl)]. Author reports follow-up of 28 cases of hypothyroidism evaluated for a period of several years according to the following parameters: growth in weight and lenth, bone age, cortical thickness, bone diameter and linear growth prognosis. He classifies the cases according to the type of hypothyroidism and age of patient in which diagnosis was made. Two-third of the cases are female. As a whole, he considers acceptable results of the evaluation. Nevertheless, in the group of glandular dysgenesis, evaluation is poor, but it is very trustworthy in those with hormonogenesis alteration, and in the group of pituitary-hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Those patients in whom diagnosis was made before 12 months of age, the degree of impairment is lesser and the course changes only scantly by treatment. On those on which diagnosis was made after 12 months of life, are more seriously damaged and they usually need treatment for four years or more for a catch-up growth period. Early recognition is crucial and if possible, it must be carried out through newborn screening test.", "PMID": 533050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5450", "title": "[Problems related to tricuspid atresia during the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty six per cent of cases need surgical treatment during the first months of life. The high mortality rate (23 to 40%) in those children which need pulmonary banding or sistemic pulmonary shunts authors believe is due to: 1) The existence of coartation of the aorta in 83% of the cases with trasposition of the great arteries and high pulmonary blood flow. 2) The small diameter of pulmonary arteries in cases with low pulmonary blood flow (smaller than those presenting Fallot's Tetralogy). 3) The association, in 25% of the cases with normally related great arteries, with a subaortic myocardiopathy. These findings require before use of surgical methods: a) Practice of aortography in cases with transposition of great arteries. b) Proper evaluation of pulmonary artery branches diameter performing, if needed, a contrast injection in pulmonary vein. c) Angiographic and echocardiographic studies of left ventricle to rule out association with a hypertrophic myocardiopathy.", "contents": "[Problems related to tricuspid atresia during the first year of life (author's transl)]. Sixty six per cent of cases need surgical treatment during the first months of life. The high mortality rate (23 to 40%) in those children which need pulmonary banding or sistemic pulmonary shunts authors believe is due to: 1) The existence of coartation of the aorta in 83% of the cases with trasposition of the great arteries and high pulmonary blood flow. 2) The small diameter of pulmonary arteries in cases with low pulmonary blood flow (smaller than those presenting Fallot's Tetralogy). 3) The association, in 25% of the cases with normally related great arteries, with a subaortic myocardiopathy. These findings require before use of surgical methods: a) Practice of aortography in cases with transposition of great arteries. b) Proper evaluation of pulmonary artery branches diameter performing, if needed, a contrast injection in pulmonary vein. c) Angiographic and echocardiographic studies of left ventricle to rule out association with a hypertrophic myocardiopathy.", "PMID": 533051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5451", "title": "[Influence of ileocecal valve resection on nutrient absorption in the pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The report deals with how the resection of the ileocaecal union, with or without caecum, and in diets of different fat levels, affects the absorption of various nutrients, the nitrogen balance, and the intestinal aerobic flora, in young pigs during periods of rapid growth. It describes the technical procedure and the results obtained from experiments on digestibility and the nitrogen balance, both in tests carried out in the immediate post-operative period and after four months; it was found that those animals operated on showed a lower protein, fat and gross fibre absorption, as well as a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen retained and efficiently used; in many cases the difference between operated and control animals was statistically significant. In those animals undergoing surgery changes occured in the intestinal aerobic flora: a greater number of germs were found in the jejunum, and a smaller number in the middle and distal ileum. The histological study of the ileocaecal union in these animals showed great similarity to the same area in man. Author attributes changes to the loss of valve and sphincter function in the removed area.", "contents": "[Influence of ileocecal valve resection on nutrient absorption in the pig (author's transl)]. The report deals with how the resection of the ileocaecal union, with or without caecum, and in diets of different fat levels, affects the absorption of various nutrients, the nitrogen balance, and the intestinal aerobic flora, in young pigs during periods of rapid growth. It describes the technical procedure and the results obtained from experiments on digestibility and the nitrogen balance, both in tests carried out in the immediate post-operative period and after four months; it was found that those animals operated on showed a lower protein, fat and gross fibre absorption, as well as a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen retained and efficiently used; in many cases the difference between operated and control animals was statistically significant. In those animals undergoing surgery changes occured in the intestinal aerobic flora: a greater number of germs were found in the jejunum, and a smaller number in the middle and distal ileum. The histological study of the ileocaecal union in these animals showed great similarity to the same area in man. Author attributes changes to the loss of valve and sphincter function in the removed area.", "PMID": 533052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5452", "title": "[Neonatal transitional care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistical analysis between a two year period with a five year interval (1972-1975) in a neonatal transitional care unit is evaluated. Number of resucitations doubled and neonatal mortality in the first seven days of life as well as in the first twenty four hours decreased significantly, being newborns under 1,000 gr. of weight and malformations the first two causes of death in both periods. Factors related to hypoxia which accounted for other 25% of deaths should be prevented. Importance of this type of units in huge maternities is emphasized considering their role in immediate neonatal care.", "contents": "[Neonatal transitional care unit (author's transl)]. Statistical analysis between a two year period with a five year interval (1972-1975) in a neonatal transitional care unit is evaluated. Number of resucitations doubled and neonatal mortality in the first seven days of life as well as in the first twenty four hours decreased significantly, being newborns under 1,000 gr. of weight and malformations the first two causes of death in both periods. Factors related to hypoxia which accounted for other 25% of deaths should be prevented. Importance of this type of units in huge maternities is emphasized considering their role in immediate neonatal care.", "PMID": 533053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5453", "title": "[Congenital syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a study on eleven patients affected with congenital syphillis treated during the last six years. All of them presented bone lesions in one or more locations. Familiar antecedents, mechanism of infection, clinical symptoms and radiological findings are analized, emphasizing the importance of prophylaxis and early treatment with procaine penicillin in a dosage of 50,000 U./Kg. day for at least ten days.", "contents": "[Congenital syphilis (author's transl)]. Authors present a study on eleven patients affected with congenital syphillis treated during the last six years. All of them presented bone lesions in one or more locations. Familiar antecedents, mechanism of infection, clinical symptoms and radiological findings are analized, emphasizing the importance of prophylaxis and early treatment with procaine penicillin in a dosage of 50,000 U./Kg. day for at least ten days.", "PMID": 533054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5454", "title": "[Lodgement of the intraventricular catheter into cerebral parenchima in infantile hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of hydrocephalus of diverse ethiology, treated with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt are presented. In following controls it was observed that extreme of the catheter was located in cerebral parenchima. These features were followed of minimal clinics alterations and electroencephalographic focal manifestations. The pathogenesis of the complication due to the findings in the computerized axial tomography (CAT) and the real value in the diagnosis of this complication are analized.", "contents": "[Lodgement of the intraventricular catheter into cerebral parenchima in infantile hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Ten cases of hydrocephalus of diverse ethiology, treated with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt are presented. In following controls it was observed that extreme of the catheter was located in cerebral parenchima. These features were followed of minimal clinics alterations and electroencephalographic focal manifestations. The pathogenesis of the complication due to the findings in the computerized axial tomography (CAT) and the real value in the diagnosis of this complication are analized.", "PMID": 533055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5455", "title": "[Idiopathic left anterior hemiblock in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a child three years old with an idiopathic left anterior hemiblock. Causes of left anterior hemiblock in children are reviewed, and it is concluded that although a left anterior hemiblock justifies a thorough non-invasive cardiologic and sistematic study and long-term follow-up, sometimes it may be the expression of an anatomic and/or physiologic variant.", "contents": "[Idiopathic left anterior hemiblock in a child (author's transl)]. Authors present a child three years old with an idiopathic left anterior hemiblock. Causes of left anterior hemiblock in children are reviewed, and it is concluded that although a left anterior hemiblock justifies a thorough non-invasive cardiologic and sistematic study and long-term follow-up, sometimes it may be the expression of an anatomic and/or physiologic variant.", "PMID": 533056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5456", "title": "[Mesomelic dwarfism Langer type associated to mixed gonadal dysgenesis, whit cariotipe 46,XY/45 X (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a case of Langer type mesomelic dwarfism in a six months infant, who presented preferentially a mesomelic affection of the limbs, with a typical shortening and deformity of the ulna, radius, tibia and fibula. Articular alteration of the phalanxes of both hands has not been found described in the literature revised. The inusual association of intersexual condition, which corresponds to a Shoval mixed gonadal dysgenesis, with cariotype 46,XY/45 X seems of great interest.", "contents": "[Mesomelic dwarfism Langer type associated to mixed gonadal dysgenesis, whit cariotipe 46,XY/45 X (author's transl)]. Authors present a case of Langer type mesomelic dwarfism in a six months infant, who presented preferentially a mesomelic affection of the limbs, with a typical shortening and deformity of the ulna, radius, tibia and fibula. Articular alteration of the phalanxes of both hands has not been found described in the literature revised. The inusual association of intersexual condition, which corresponds to a Shoval mixed gonadal dysgenesis, with cariotype 46,XY/45 X seems of great interest.", "PMID": 533057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5457", "title": "[Mesenterial lipoma in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of a 16-month old infant with a mesenteric lipoma is presented. Symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical approach are discussed. Authors make a review of previously reported cases in the infant age.", "contents": "[Mesenterial lipoma in a child (author's transl)]. A rare case of a 16-month old infant with a mesenteric lipoma is presented. Symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical approach are discussed. Authors make a review of previously reported cases in the infant age.", "PMID": 533058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5458", "title": "[Crohn's disease in childhood. Comments on one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel are specially frequent in the adult, with peak incidence during adolescence and early adulthood. There are, however, increasing number of reports in the pediatric age group, mainly coming from anglosaxon countries although more recently also from countries of Southern Europe. Authors present a case of Crohn disease occuring in a child, with typical clinical, radiological and pathological features, since they are not aware of any report in the Spanish literature. Comments are made upon pathogenesis, clinical features and pathological findings and specially upon the treatment established in the present case in relation with the indications of other authors.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease in childhood. Comments on one case (author's transl)]. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel are specially frequent in the adult, with peak incidence during adolescence and early adulthood. There are, however, increasing number of reports in the pediatric age group, mainly coming from anglosaxon countries although more recently also from countries of Southern Europe. Authors present a case of Crohn disease occuring in a child, with typical clinical, radiological and pathological features, since they are not aware of any report in the Spanish literature. Comments are made upon pathogenesis, clinical features and pathological findings and specially upon the treatment established in the present case in relation with the indications of other authors.", "PMID": 533059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5459", "title": "[Hemolysis in Kala Azar: isotopic study, possible role of a PNH like defect (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Kala Azar with prevailing hemolytic anemia is reported. The hemolysis has been associated during a short time with positive PNH test (i.e.: Crosby and sucrose tests). According to the data found in the Litterature, the hemolysis occurs quite frequently. One of the possible mechanisms is an abnormal sensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane to complement, which had not yet been described.", "contents": "[Hemolysis in Kala Azar: isotopic study, possible role of a PNH like defect (author's transl)]. A case of Kala Azar with prevailing hemolytic anemia is reported. The hemolysis has been associated during a short time with positive PNH test (i.e.: Crosby and sucrose tests). According to the data found in the Litterature, the hemolysis occurs quite frequently. One of the possible mechanisms is an abnormal sensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane to complement, which had not yet been described.", "PMID": 533061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5460", "title": "[Cutaneous, subcutaneous, and lymph node cryptoccosis in a patient with sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An Algerien patient aged 31 years with a histologically confirmed mediastinopulmonary sarcoidosis had a persistent stable miliary pulmonary x-ray image after cortisone therapy. Eighteen months after stopping the corticotherapy, he developed cryptococcosis which was mainly cutaneous, but associated with subcutaneous abscesses and peripheral adenopathy, and without lesions in the viscera or deep nodes. Cryptococcus antigens were present in the serum and there was a humoral and cellular immunity reaction towards the cryptococcus. Recovery occurred after amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine.", "contents": "[Cutaneous, subcutaneous, and lymph node cryptoccosis in a patient with sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. An Algerien patient aged 31 years with a histologically confirmed mediastinopulmonary sarcoidosis had a persistent stable miliary pulmonary x-ray image after cortisone therapy. Eighteen months after stopping the corticotherapy, he developed cryptococcosis which was mainly cutaneous, but associated with subcutaneous abscesses and peripheral adenopathy, and without lesions in the viscera or deep nodes. Cryptococcus antigens were present in the serum and there was a humoral and cellular immunity reaction towards the cryptococcus. Recovery occurred after amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine.", "PMID": 533062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5461", "title": "[Atypical forms of Ebstein's disease: value and limitations of ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasonography signs of Ebstein's disease are delayed closing of the tricuspid valve in relation to the mitral valve, and the possibility of recording from the tricuspid valve when the transducer is outside of the left median clavicular line. These criteria were present in 8 out of a series of 10 cases and 6 of these patients had also had haemodynamic tests which showed auricularization of a portion of the right ventricle in all of them. Details are described for 3 of these patients to illustrate the different atypical clinical forms of Ebstein's disease, and the value and limitations of complementary investigations for establishing the diagnosis of this affection.", "contents": "[Atypical forms of Ebstein's disease: value and limitations of ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization (author's transl)]. Diagnostic ultrasonography signs of Ebstein's disease are delayed closing of the tricuspid valve in relation to the mitral valve, and the possibility of recording from the tricuspid valve when the transducer is outside of the left median clavicular line. These criteria were present in 8 out of a series of 10 cases and 6 of these patients had also had haemodynamic tests which showed auricularization of a portion of the right ventricle in all of them. Details are described for 3 of these patients to illustrate the different atypical clinical forms of Ebstein's disease, and the value and limitations of complementary investigations for establishing the diagnosis of this affection.", "PMID": 533063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5462", "title": "[Medullary compression revealing the presence of an epidural nodular lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of medullary compression is reported which was found to be due to an epidural lymphoma of the nodular type, which was centrofollicular, with only slight lymphocytic differentiation, and appeared to be isolated. The hour-glass appearance of the tumour suggested, however, that it was not the primary tumour. The short term outcome appeared to be favourable after surgery and radiotherapy but a limited period of chemotherapy is being given. Reports on the frequency of medullary compression during malignant non-Hodgkinson lymphomas vary between 1 and 15% of cases, and many cases have revealed the actual cause, especially in neurosurgical practice. Most authors do not accept the existence of lymphomas primarily located in the epidural space, and feel that they result from metastatic invasion or by contiguity. Prolonged survival can be hoped for after mixed treatment of these tumours, especially in histologically favourable forms.", "contents": "[Medullary compression revealing the presence of an epidural nodular lymphoma (author's transl)]. A case of medullary compression is reported which was found to be due to an epidural lymphoma of the nodular type, which was centrofollicular, with only slight lymphocytic differentiation, and appeared to be isolated. The hour-glass appearance of the tumour suggested, however, that it was not the primary tumour. The short term outcome appeared to be favourable after surgery and radiotherapy but a limited period of chemotherapy is being given. Reports on the frequency of medullary compression during malignant non-Hodgkinson lymphomas vary between 1 and 15% of cases, and many cases have revealed the actual cause, especially in neurosurgical practice. Most authors do not accept the existence of lymphomas primarily located in the epidural space, and feel that they result from metastatic invasion or by contiguity. Prolonged survival can be hoped for after mixed treatment of these tumours, especially in histologically favourable forms.", "PMID": 533064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5463", "title": "[Multiple recurrent paralysis of the cranial nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe three patients presenting several episodes of paralysis of the motor and sensory cranial nerves and discuss possible aetiological factors. The paralytic attacks were regressive and were repeated at irregular intervals over a period of several years. It was confirmed that no local or general cause for the symptoms existed and the conclusion was reached that they were part of an autonomous clinical syndrome of unknown aetiology. Other cases have been reported in the published literature in which a non-specific inflammatory mechanism is suggested but no biological or pathological basis exists to support this physiopathological hypothesis. The clinical syndrome follows a benign course, the paralysis being regressive and the affection remaining confined to the peripheral nervous system of mesencephalic origin.", "contents": "[Multiple recurrent paralysis of the cranial nerves (author's transl)]. The authors describe three patients presenting several episodes of paralysis of the motor and sensory cranial nerves and discuss possible aetiological factors. The paralytic attacks were regressive and were repeated at irregular intervals over a period of several years. It was confirmed that no local or general cause for the symptoms existed and the conclusion was reached that they were part of an autonomous clinical syndrome of unknown aetiology. Other cases have been reported in the published literature in which a non-specific inflammatory mechanism is suggested but no biological or pathological basis exists to support this physiopathological hypothesis. The clinical syndrome follows a benign course, the paralysis being regressive and the affection remaining confined to the peripheral nervous system of mesencephalic origin.", "PMID": 533065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5464", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the acid production from galacturonate to differentiate strains of \"Salmonella\" sub-genus I and monophasic sub-genus III from the other \"Salmonella\" strains belonging to sub-genera II, diphasic III, IV, \"Citrobacter\" and \"Hafnia alvei\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods were compared: (1) the ability to use sodium glacturonate as source of carbon and energy in defined medium; (2) the ability to produce acid by fermentation of this substrate in peptone water with phenol red. Results of growth on, acid formation from, galacturonate are identical. Salmonella strains of sub-genus I and monophasic serotypes of sub-genus III do not use galacturonate. Salmonella of sub-genera II and IV as well as diphasic serotypes of sub-genus III use galacturonate. Glacturonate-negative Salmonella are isolated mainly from man and warm-blooded animals whereas galacturonate-positive Salmonella are most often isolated from cold blooded animals and from the enrivonment. Citrobacter and Hafnia alvei which may be confused with Salmonella spp. are galacturonate-positive.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the acid production from galacturonate to differentiate strains of \"Salmonella\" sub-genus I and monophasic sub-genus III from the other \"Salmonella\" strains belonging to sub-genera II, diphasic III, IV, \"Citrobacter\" and \"Hafnia alvei\" (author's transl)]. Two methods were compared: (1) the ability to use sodium glacturonate as source of carbon and energy in defined medium; (2) the ability to produce acid by fermentation of this substrate in peptone water with phenol red. Results of growth on, acid formation from, galacturonate are identical. Salmonella strains of sub-genus I and monophasic serotypes of sub-genus III do not use galacturonate. Salmonella of sub-genera II and IV as well as diphasic serotypes of sub-genus III use galacturonate. Glacturonate-negative Salmonella are isolated mainly from man and warm-blooded animals whereas galacturonate-positive Salmonella are most often isolated from cold blooded animals and from the enrivonment. Citrobacter and Hafnia alvei which may be confused with Salmonella spp. are galacturonate-positive.", "PMID": 533071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5465", "title": "[A method for the preparation of a Chlamydiae group-specific antigen on hela-229 cells infected with a strain of \"Chlamydia trachomatis\" for use in the complement fixation test (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for the preparation of a potent group-specific antigen on HeLa-229 cells infected with MRC-1 (LB) (TRIC/GB/MRC-1 Gf) strain of Chlamydia trachomatis is outlined. HeLa-229 cells are infected (MRC-1 strain, 102 inclusion-forming units per cell) with centrifugation at 4,000 g for 1 h in flat-bottomed vials. The cells are removed by brief trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin and put into 75 cm2 culture flasks (12 x 106 cells by flask) in BHK-21 medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum. The flasks are incubated for 5 days at 37 degrees C. The destroyed cell monolayer and the supernatant are centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 h. The pellet is collected and resuspended in PBS and subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 30 min. This antigen may be used for detection of complement-fixing antibodies in lymphogranuloma venereum and ornithosis.", "contents": "[A method for the preparation of a Chlamydiae group-specific antigen on hela-229 cells infected with a strain of \"Chlamydia trachomatis\" for use in the complement fixation test (author's transl)]. A simple method for the preparation of a potent group-specific antigen on HeLa-229 cells infected with MRC-1 (LB) (TRIC/GB/MRC-1 Gf) strain of Chlamydia trachomatis is outlined. HeLa-229 cells are infected (MRC-1 strain, 102 inclusion-forming units per cell) with centrifugation at 4,000 g for 1 h in flat-bottomed vials. The cells are removed by brief trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin and put into 75 cm2 culture flasks (12 x 106 cells by flask) in BHK-21 medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum. The flasks are incubated for 5 days at 37 degrees C. The destroyed cell monolayer and the supernatant are centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 h. The pellet is collected and resuspended in PBS and subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 30 min. This antigen may be used for detection of complement-fixing antibodies in lymphogranuloma venereum and ornithosis.", "PMID": 533072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5466", "title": "Cellular depletion in Peyer's patches after cyclophosphamide treatment in mice.", "content": "The cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) in mice given by the intravenous route at the dose of 200 mg per kg of body weight, were investigated in Peyer's patches comparatively with peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph node as well as changes in the spleen weight. Peyer's patches are the sites of a more intense and durable cellular depletion than the mesenteric lymph node, observed as soon as day 1. A partial restauration of cell populations was observed from the 9th day, but even at day 21 their number remained lower than in control mice. Histological studies failed to show any germinal centre throughout the experiment; just a few cells were observed, 2 days after CY injection, in the interfollicular areas in which cells in mitosis were only seen at day 7. This preliminary results allow to study the role of the Peyer's patches as first barrier against penetration of an enteropathogenic bacteria able to invade the host tissues through the intestinal wall components after local or general acquired immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Cellular depletion in Peyer's patches after cyclophosphamide treatment in mice. The cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) in mice given by the intravenous route at the dose of 200 mg per kg of body weight, were investigated in Peyer's patches comparatively with peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph node as well as changes in the spleen weight. Peyer's patches are the sites of a more intense and durable cellular depletion than the mesenteric lymph node, observed as soon as day 1. A partial restauration of cell populations was observed from the 9th day, but even at day 21 their number remained lower than in control mice. Histological studies failed to show any germinal centre throughout the experiment; just a few cells were observed, 2 days after CY injection, in the interfollicular areas in which cells in mitosis were only seen at day 7. This preliminary results allow to study the role of the Peyer's patches as first barrier against penetration of an enteropathogenic bacteria able to invade the host tissues through the intestinal wall components after local or general acquired immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 533073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5467", "title": "Borrelia persica and B. baltazardi sp. nov.: experimental pathogenicity for some animals and comparison of the ultrastructure.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells of Borrelia persica was compared with that of cells of a new isolate of Barrelia (Borrelia \"x\"). This organism (B. \"x\") was isolated in a region of Iran where B. persica is already known to exist. The morphology of the cells of the two strains differed in mean cell length and cell diameter. Cells of B. persica were covered by a regularly structured surface layer, while those of B. \"x\" possessed an amorphous surface coat. Furthermore, the strains differed in their experimental pathogenicity for animals. It is concluded that the new isolate represents a new species of the genus Borrelia, and Borrelia baltazardi sp. nov. is proposed.", "contents": "Borrelia persica and B. baltazardi sp. nov.: experimental pathogenicity for some animals and comparison of the ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of cells of Borrelia persica was compared with that of cells of a new isolate of Barrelia (Borrelia \"x\"). This organism (B. \"x\") was isolated in a region of Iran where B. persica is already known to exist. The morphology of the cells of the two strains differed in mean cell length and cell diameter. Cells of B. persica were covered by a regularly structured surface layer, while those of B. \"x\" possessed an amorphous surface coat. Furthermore, the strains differed in their experimental pathogenicity for animals. It is concluded that the new isolate represents a new species of the genus Borrelia, and Borrelia baltazardi sp. nov. is proposed.", "PMID": 533068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5468", "title": "[Activity of antibiotics and heavy metals against \"Aeromonas\" isolated from aquatic environments: phenotypic and genetic transfers (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study, 64% of the 197 strains of Aeromonas isolated from different stages of aquatic environment (surface water, sewage...) were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and 20% to four or more antibiotics. These multiresistant strains were only isolated from sewage and their resistances were transferable by conjugation to different species of Gram-negative bacilli. The incidence of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Activity of antibiotics and heavy metals against \"Aeromonas\" isolated from aquatic environments: phenotypic and genetic transfers (author's transl)]. In this study, 64% of the 197 strains of Aeromonas isolated from different stages of aquatic environment (surface water, sewage...) were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and 20% to four or more antibiotics. These multiresistant strains were only isolated from sewage and their resistances were transferable by conjugation to different species of Gram-negative bacilli. The incidence of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 533074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5469", "title": "[Aminopeptidase activity in \"Corynebacterium vaginale\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Aminopeptidase activity can only be detected in significant amounts in Gram-negative bacteria with a test reaction using L-alanine-4-nitro-anilide as substrate. Corynebacterium vaginale show no aminopeptidase activity even after prolonged reaction times. This indicates surely that this microorganism is nt a Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "[Aminopeptidase activity in \"Corynebacterium vaginale\" (author's transl)]. Aminopeptidase activity can only be detected in significant amounts in Gram-negative bacteria with a test reaction using L-alanine-4-nitro-anilide as substrate. Corynebacterium vaginale show no aminopeptidase activity even after prolonged reaction times. This indicates surely that this microorganism is nt a Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 533075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5470", "title": "[Poly(A) sequences associated with rabies virus mRNA (author's transl)].", "content": "Polyadenylate sequences have been found in numerous RNA with messenger function, and in several viruses in which the genome is its own messenger. With rabies virus we observed a fixation of viral RNA on Sepharose poly(U) column in the mRNA region (8-25S) and in the double stranded RNA region (25-35S). These percentages of fixation are very low compared to those of VSV in the same regions, but they are significant compared to the uninfected cells and to Lumbo RNA fixation. In order to determine the nature of the RNA bound to poly(U)-sepharose, fractions of the region 8-25S and 25-35S obtained after elution with formamide were centrifuged through a sucrose gradient. We found in the 8-25S region an RNA profile which was identical to the initial profile of this region. In contrast, the 25-35S region exhibited a heterogenous profile which looked like the total virus RNA profile obtained from infected cells. This may be due to the presence of double-stranded RNA in this region which is partially adsorbed on poly(U) and denatured by formamide in RNA molecules of genome and mRNA size. We conclude from our results that the low percentage of fixation of rabies mRNA on poly(U)-sepharose columns could mean either that a small number of molecules are polyadenylated or that a large number exhibit poly(A) tracts too short to be retained by the poly(U).", "contents": "[Poly(A) sequences associated with rabies virus mRNA (author's transl)]. Polyadenylate sequences have been found in numerous RNA with messenger function, and in several viruses in which the genome is its own messenger. With rabies virus we observed a fixation of viral RNA on Sepharose poly(U) column in the mRNA region (8-25S) and in the double stranded RNA region (25-35S). These percentages of fixation are very low compared to those of VSV in the same regions, but they are significant compared to the uninfected cells and to Lumbo RNA fixation. In order to determine the nature of the RNA bound to poly(U)-sepharose, fractions of the region 8-25S and 25-35S obtained after elution with formamide were centrifuged through a sucrose gradient. We found in the 8-25S region an RNA profile which was identical to the initial profile of this region. In contrast, the 25-35S region exhibited a heterogenous profile which looked like the total virus RNA profile obtained from infected cells. This may be due to the presence of double-stranded RNA in this region which is partially adsorbed on poly(U) and denatured by formamide in RNA molecules of genome and mRNA size. We conclude from our results that the low percentage of fixation of rabies mRNA on poly(U)-sepharose columns could mean either that a small number of molecules are polyadenylated or that a large number exhibit poly(A) tracts too short to be retained by the poly(U).", "PMID": 533070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5471", "title": "[Evolution of the concept of residues in the products of animals raised with the use of antibiotics].", "content": "The concept of residues of antibiotics used as feed additives or veterinary drugs in food producing animals is analysed, and implications on human public health are discussed. The examples of Tylosin and Penicillin are developed to illustrate the both notions of \"high risk residue\" and \"toxicodisponibility\" of residues. The \"high risk residue\" may be an active metabolite different by its chemical structure and by its pharmacological properties from the original drug administered. Slight modifications of the molecule, as the rupture of the beta lactam ring of the Penicillin, occuring in vivo, lead to a metabolite, e.g. penicilloyl group, that has lost all antibiotic activity but possesses allergenic potential. Toxicity of the residue, compared with that of the original drug, can then be modified or increased. On the other hand, such an active metabolite having a definite chemical structure, even if different from the original compound, can be present in the organism, either free or bound to serum or tissues proteins. Moreover, it is shown here, that in the case of a covalent binding of the drug or its metabolite (e.g. penicilloyl group) to serum albumin, the residues are mostly masked inside the tertiary structure of the albumin molecule, and are not accessible to antibodies. These different forms have then an effect upon the biodisponibility, the \"toxicodisponibility\", of the residues for the human consumer of animal products where they are present. These forms are only accessible with more and more specific and sensitive analytical methods which relates also the qualitative and quantitative notions of residue to the technological degree used for investigation, determination and identification. As to cooking techniques, they can lead to a thermodegradation of the residue or, on the opposite, to an unmasking of the residue present as a protein conjugate, e.g. penicilloyl-protein conjugate in milk.", "contents": "[Evolution of the concept of residues in the products of animals raised with the use of antibiotics]. The concept of residues of antibiotics used as feed additives or veterinary drugs in food producing animals is analysed, and implications on human public health are discussed. The examples of Tylosin and Penicillin are developed to illustrate the both notions of \"high risk residue\" and \"toxicodisponibility\" of residues. The \"high risk residue\" may be an active metabolite different by its chemical structure and by its pharmacological properties from the original drug administered. Slight modifications of the molecule, as the rupture of the beta lactam ring of the Penicillin, occuring in vivo, lead to a metabolite, e.g. penicilloyl group, that has lost all antibiotic activity but possesses allergenic potential. Toxicity of the residue, compared with that of the original drug, can then be modified or increased. On the other hand, such an active metabolite having a definite chemical structure, even if different from the original compound, can be present in the organism, either free or bound to serum or tissues proteins. Moreover, it is shown here, that in the case of a covalent binding of the drug or its metabolite (e.g. penicilloyl group) to serum albumin, the residues are mostly masked inside the tertiary structure of the albumin molecule, and are not accessible to antibodies. These different forms have then an effect upon the biodisponibility, the \"toxicodisponibility\", of the residues for the human consumer of animal products where they are present. These forms are only accessible with more and more specific and sensitive analytical methods which relates also the qualitative and quantitative notions of residue to the technological degree used for investigation, determination and identification. As to cooking techniques, they can lead to a thermodegradation of the residue or, on the opposite, to an unmasking of the residue present as a protein conjugate, e.g. penicilloyl-protein conjugate in milk.", "PMID": 533076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5472", "title": "[Relation between ceruloplasmin and vitamin A in Sprague-Dawley rats].", "content": "The Moore's hypothesis concerning a relationship between the metabolism of copper and that of vitamin A led us to consider a possible relationship between this vitamin and ceruloplasmin, the carrier protein for copper. Experiments were carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats. The ceruloplasmin level of control animals and vitamin A - deficient rats was determined An average increase between 22 and 33% was observed in the animals with vitamin A deficiency, the highest levels being observed in the females. These results are in agreement with Peterson's previous work. A second type of experiment was carried out to confirm these results. The rats were raised in a copper-deficient diet and the vitamin A level was regularly determined. In these conditions serum and liver levels of vitamin A are normal and do not vary, ceruloplasmin level is zero; however apoceruloplasmin is still being synthetized : Nevertheless at the ultime state of the deficiency vitamin A level decreases while apoceruloplasmin increases. These results raise the following question. Could the relationship between ceruloplasmin and vitamin A be possibly due to an inflammatory state in vitamin A deficient rats. In this respect a third series of experiments were undertaken and are in progress; the vitamin A and ceruloplasmin levels are regularly determined.", "contents": "[Relation between ceruloplasmin and vitamin A in Sprague-Dawley rats]. The Moore's hypothesis concerning a relationship between the metabolism of copper and that of vitamin A led us to consider a possible relationship between this vitamin and ceruloplasmin, the carrier protein for copper. Experiments were carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats. The ceruloplasmin level of control animals and vitamin A - deficient rats was determined An average increase between 22 and 33% was observed in the animals with vitamin A deficiency, the highest levels being observed in the females. These results are in agreement with Peterson's previous work. A second type of experiment was carried out to confirm these results. The rats were raised in a copper-deficient diet and the vitamin A level was regularly determined. In these conditions serum and liver levels of vitamin A are normal and do not vary, ceruloplasmin level is zero; however apoceruloplasmin is still being synthetized : Nevertheless at the ultime state of the deficiency vitamin A level decreases while apoceruloplasmin increases. These results raise the following question. Could the relationship between ceruloplasmin and vitamin A be possibly due to an inflammatory state in vitamin A deficient rats. In this respect a third series of experiments were undertaken and are in progress; the vitamin A and ceruloplasmin levels are regularly determined.", "PMID": 533078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5473", "title": "[Supplement No XXII (1978) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "In this supplement are given the characters of 40 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1978 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 29 belong to the sub-genus I, 3 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described. A new H factor (Z63) is recognized.", "contents": "[Supplement No XXII (1978) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)]. In this supplement are given the characters of 40 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1978 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 29 belong to the sub-genus I, 3 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described. A new H factor (Z63) is recognized.", "PMID": 533069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5474", "title": "[Rebound nystagmus: a new cerebellar sign (author's transl)].", "content": "Rebound nystagmus is a special type of nystagmus provoked by excentration of gaze of a sight (gaze nystagmus). Gaze nystagmus is absent when looking straight ahead, and is already clearly evident after excentration of gaze of less than 20 degrees. It beats in the direction of the excentration. The first special feature of rebound nystagmus is the fact that it disappears in 10 to 20 seconds. Its diagnostic significance could be based upon this feature alone, as was though up to now. However, its second original feature is fundamental. After excentration, gaze is brought back to the primary position (straight ahead). As confirmed by all the literature its value is of being pathognomic of a lesion of the cerebellar pathways. It is of the greatest simplicity, and it is sough by asking the subject to follow the finger of the examiner.", "contents": "[Rebound nystagmus: a new cerebellar sign (author's transl)]. Rebound nystagmus is a special type of nystagmus provoked by excentration of gaze of a sight (gaze nystagmus). Gaze nystagmus is absent when looking straight ahead, and is already clearly evident after excentration of gaze of less than 20 degrees. It beats in the direction of the excentration. The first special feature of rebound nystagmus is the fact that it disappears in 10 to 20 seconds. Its diagnostic significance could be based upon this feature alone, as was though up to now. However, its second original feature is fundamental. After excentration, gaze is brought back to the primary position (straight ahead). As confirmed by all the literature its value is of being pathognomic of a lesion of the cerebellar pathways. It is of the greatest simplicity, and it is sough by asking the subject to follow the finger of the examiner.", "PMID": 533087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5475", "title": "[Relationship between cochlear fatigue and the asymmetrical non-linearity of microphonic responses in the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "It is classically considered that cochlear fatigue and acoustic trauma occur when intensity is such that the ear is saturated, i.e. when the microphonic potential fails to increase in a linear fashion in relation to intensity and when distorsion appears. The present report concerns a study in the guinea pig of the relationship between the non-linearity of microphonic responses, and their fatigability. The results show that fatigability is related not only to non-linearity but also to the asymmetry of responses. The asymmetry of microphonic responses may be interpreted as reflecting an asymmetrical ionic flow at the upper pole of hair cells, resulting in an accumulation of potassium ions within and around hair cells and thereby creating a depression of responses.", "contents": "[Relationship between cochlear fatigue and the asymmetrical non-linearity of microphonic responses in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. It is classically considered that cochlear fatigue and acoustic trauma occur when intensity is such that the ear is saturated, i.e. when the microphonic potential fails to increase in a linear fashion in relation to intensity and when distorsion appears. The present report concerns a study in the guinea pig of the relationship between the non-linearity of microphonic responses, and their fatigability. The results show that fatigability is related not only to non-linearity but also to the asymmetry of responses. The asymmetry of microphonic responses may be interpreted as reflecting an asymmetrical ionic flow at the upper pole of hair cells, resulting in an accumulation of potassium ions within and around hair cells and thereby creating a depression of responses.", "PMID": 533088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5476", "title": "[Auditory fatigue in individuals having sustained an acoustic trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison was made between losses of auditory sensitivity after a fatiguing sound exposure of the ear in two groups of subjects: audiometrically normal subjects and subjects with early acoustic trauma. Subjects with cochlear impairment sustained an auditory loss apparently less than that of normal subjects when this loss is measured at threshold level. However, at supraliminal levels the loss of sensitivity, as measured here, would seem to be equal in both groups of subjects. In fact, the dynamics of sonic variations, already reduced by the cochlear impairment, is even further decreased by the effects of fatigue.", "contents": "[Auditory fatigue in individuals having sustained an acoustic trauma (author's transl)]. A comparison was made between losses of auditory sensitivity after a fatiguing sound exposure of the ear in two groups of subjects: audiometrically normal subjects and subjects with early acoustic trauma. Subjects with cochlear impairment sustained an auditory loss apparently less than that of normal subjects when this loss is measured at threshold level. However, at supraliminal levels the loss of sensitivity, as measured here, would seem to be equal in both groups of subjects. In fact, the dynamics of sonic variations, already reduced by the cochlear impairment, is even further decreased by the effects of fatigue.", "PMID": 533089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5477", "title": "[Respiratory obstacle and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Pathogenic link (author's transl)].", "content": "The finding of the frequent association in the infant of endothoracic tracheal compression and of GOR leads to discussion of their pathogenic link. In cases of endothoracic compression, manometric recording demonstrates the presence of an inversion of intragastric pressures with expiratory hyperpressure and a decrease in anti-reflux gradient. These data represent an argument in favour of medical anti-reflux treatment following discovery during endoscopic investigations for chronic or recurrent bronchopneumonia of the association of tracheal compression and gastrooesophageal reflux. Manometry should make it possible, where medical treatment proves unsatisfactory, to differentiate those cases where anti-reflux surgery is justified and those requiring a decompression procedure.", "contents": "[Respiratory obstacle and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Pathogenic link (author's transl)]. The finding of the frequent association in the infant of endothoracic tracheal compression and of GOR leads to discussion of their pathogenic link. In cases of endothoracic compression, manometric recording demonstrates the presence of an inversion of intragastric pressures with expiratory hyperpressure and a decrease in anti-reflux gradient. These data represent an argument in favour of medical anti-reflux treatment following discovery during endoscopic investigations for chronic or recurrent bronchopneumonia of the association of tracheal compression and gastrooesophageal reflux. Manometry should make it possible, where medical treatment proves unsatisfactory, to differentiate those cases where anti-reflux surgery is justified and those requiring a decompression procedure.", "PMID": 533090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5478", "title": "[Branchio-oto-renal malformation syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief review of the dysgenetic abnormalities which may affect the ear, branchial arches and pouches and the kidneys, the authors summarise those syndromes associating abnormalities of the ear and kidney on the one hand, and secondly abnormalities of the ear and facial and cervical fistulae. However, they are specifically interested in the branchio-oto-renal syndrome, reporting 5 cases. The syndrome combines deafness (middle ear and inner ear), pre-auricular and cervical fistulae and renal abnormalities. They attempt to summarise the syndrome by combining these 5 cases with the 15 published previously (4 initial cases of Melnick in 1974, 4 cases of Fitch in 1976, 7 of Fraser in 1978). The genetically transmissible nature of the syndrome would appear to be beyond doubt. The branchio-oto-renal syndrome was described for the first time in 1974 by Melnick, Bixter and Silk, who reported its existence in a father and three of his children, with an association of a malformation of the middle ear (block of the stapes), of the inner ear (cochlear hypoplasia), bilateral pre-auricular fistulae, bilateral cervical fistulae and renal hypoplasia with or without displasia. In 1974, Fitch and Srolowitz reported 4 new cases, and Fraser, Ling, Ologe and Nogrady a further 7 in 1978. The 5 cases published here bring the total known number to 20.", "contents": "[Branchio-oto-renal malformation syndrome (author's transl)]. After a brief review of the dysgenetic abnormalities which may affect the ear, branchial arches and pouches and the kidneys, the authors summarise those syndromes associating abnormalities of the ear and kidney on the one hand, and secondly abnormalities of the ear and facial and cervical fistulae. However, they are specifically interested in the branchio-oto-renal syndrome, reporting 5 cases. The syndrome combines deafness (middle ear and inner ear), pre-auricular and cervical fistulae and renal abnormalities. They attempt to summarise the syndrome by combining these 5 cases with the 15 published previously (4 initial cases of Melnick in 1974, 4 cases of Fitch in 1976, 7 of Fraser in 1978). The genetically transmissible nature of the syndrome would appear to be beyond doubt. The branchio-oto-renal syndrome was described for the first time in 1974 by Melnick, Bixter and Silk, who reported its existence in a father and three of his children, with an association of a malformation of the middle ear (block of the stapes), of the inner ear (cochlear hypoplasia), bilateral pre-auricular fistulae, bilateral cervical fistulae and renal hypoplasia with or without displasia. In 1974, Fitch and Srolowitz reported 4 new cases, and Fraser, Ling, Ologe and Nogrady a further 7 in 1978. The 5 cases published here bring the total known number to 20.", "PMID": 533091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5479", "title": "[Laryngeal cysts in the newborn (9 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine cases of laryngeal cysts in the newborn were seen over a period of 8 years. After reviewing data from the literature, the authors emphasise treatment. Simple puncture aspiration was invariably followed by a recurrence. Marsupialisation or endoscopic resection was associated with 5 successful results. An external operative approach was necessary in 4 cases because of multiple recurrences. No tracheotomy was necessary.", "contents": "[Laryngeal cysts in the newborn (9 cases) (author's transl)]. Nine cases of laryngeal cysts in the newborn were seen over a period of 8 years. After reviewing data from the literature, the authors emphasise treatment. Simple puncture aspiration was invariably followed by a recurrence. Marsupialisation or endoscopic resection was associated with 5 successful results. An external operative approach was necessary in 4 cases because of multiple recurrences. No tracheotomy was necessary.", "PMID": 533092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5480", "title": "[Functional reinnervation of the larynx. Experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "This study of reinnervation of the larynx results from the research for a functional method of treatment for laryngeal paralysis of peripheral origin. The physiological reality of reinnervation of a denervated muscle by a nerve other than that anatomically destined for it, or \"neurotisation\", is now an established fact. This experimental study in 12 dogs consisted of neurotisation of a posterior crico-thyroid muscle, denervated by section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, by implantation of a graft of sub-hyoid muscle with a nerve pedicle. Only one positive result at six months was seen. 8 failures could be explained by the absence of ventilatory difficulty necessary for the sub-hyoid muscles to be brought into action, and the other 3 failures two months after the operation by muscular fibrosis of the graft before neurotisation could occur. Physiology and the experience of other teams justify the continuation of this study.", "contents": "[Functional reinnervation of the larynx. Experimental study (author's transl)]. This study of reinnervation of the larynx results from the research for a functional method of treatment for laryngeal paralysis of peripheral origin. The physiological reality of reinnervation of a denervated muscle by a nerve other than that anatomically destined for it, or \"neurotisation\", is now an established fact. This experimental study in 12 dogs consisted of neurotisation of a posterior crico-thyroid muscle, denervated by section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, by implantation of a graft of sub-hyoid muscle with a nerve pedicle. Only one positive result at six months was seen. 8 failures could be explained by the absence of ventilatory difficulty necessary for the sub-hyoid muscles to be brought into action, and the other 3 failures two months after the operation by muscular fibrosis of the graft before neurotisation could occur. Physiology and the experience of other teams justify the continuation of this study.", "PMID": 533093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5481", "title": "[Pathological manifestations of tonsillar hypertrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the rare but essential indication for tonsillectomy in the child based upon 4 personal cases of pseudolaryngeal dyspnoea during sleep due to prolapse of the tonsils in the hypopharynx. They indicate the grave cerebral and cardiac consequences which could result from neglect of this symptom which at first sight has the characteristics of ordinary snoring. Paediatricians, anaesthetists and laryngologists are equally concerned by this alveolar hypoventilation of high obstructive origin.", "contents": "[Pathological manifestations of tonsillar hypertrophy (author's transl)]. The authors describe the rare but essential indication for tonsillectomy in the child based upon 4 personal cases of pseudolaryngeal dyspnoea during sleep due to prolapse of the tonsils in the hypopharynx. They indicate the grave cerebral and cardiac consequences which could result from neglect of this symptom which at first sight has the characteristics of ordinary snoring. Paediatricians, anaesthetists and laryngologists are equally concerned by this alveolar hypoventilation of high obstructive origin.", "PMID": 533094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5482", "title": "[Two cases of laryngotracheal stenosis in children suffering from punctate epiphysis disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of congenital laryngotracheal stenosis in children with punctate epiphysis disease. This rare condition manifests itself clinically by dwarfism of the extremities, saddle-shaped deformity of the nose, cataract and visceral lesions. The specific common feature is the presence of radiological calcifications in bones with chondral ossification. Laryngeal or tracheal localisations are rare. They may be associated with laryngotracheal stenosis. On the basis of these two cases and of eight other found in the recent literature, the authors attempt to define the relationship of such stenosis with the existence of laryngotracheal calcifications and to define their prognostic significance in the course.", "contents": "[Two cases of laryngotracheal stenosis in children suffering from punctate epiphysis disease (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of congenital laryngotracheal stenosis in children with punctate epiphysis disease. This rare condition manifests itself clinically by dwarfism of the extremities, saddle-shaped deformity of the nose, cataract and visceral lesions. The specific common feature is the presence of radiological calcifications in bones with chondral ossification. Laryngeal or tracheal localisations are rare. They may be associated with laryngotracheal stenosis. On the basis of these two cases and of eight other found in the recent literature, the authors attempt to define the relationship of such stenosis with the existence of laryngotracheal calcifications and to define their prognostic significance in the course.", "PMID": 533095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5483", "title": "[False appearances of aortic arch in laryngomalacia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report six cases of congenital laryngeal stridor in which appearances of oesophageal compression had led to a diagnosis of abnormalities of the aortic arches. Two children underwent surgery, thoracotomy failing to reveal any abnormality. The other four were investigated by endoscopy which made it possible to eliminate the diagnosis of tracheal compression. All of these children were suffering from laryngomalacia. These cases indicate the need for complete routine studies, in particular endoscopic, in all cases of stridor, as well as for careful definition of the radiological criteria of abnormality of the aortic arches. The pathogenesis of these false appearances of oesophageal compression in laryngomalacia is discussed.", "contents": "[False appearances of aortic arch in laryngomalacia (author's transl)]. The authors report six cases of congenital laryngeal stridor in which appearances of oesophageal compression had led to a diagnosis of abnormalities of the aortic arches. Two children underwent surgery, thoracotomy failing to reveal any abnormality. The other four were investigated by endoscopy which made it possible to eliminate the diagnosis of tracheal compression. All of these children were suffering from laryngomalacia. These cases indicate the need for complete routine studies, in particular endoscopic, in all cases of stridor, as well as for careful definition of the radiological criteria of abnormality of the aortic arches. The pathogenesis of these false appearances of oesophageal compression in laryngomalacia is discussed.", "PMID": 533096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5484", "title": "[Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy in suspension in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "After reviewing the different methods of ventilation by pulsed oxygen used for anaesthesia during laryngoscopy in suspension in the child, the authors describe a technique of introduction of the endotracheal catheter which makes it possible to reduce the risk of alveolar hyperpressure at the time of installation of the laryngoscope and at the time of waking.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy in suspension in the child (author's transl)]. After reviewing the different methods of ventilation by pulsed oxygen used for anaesthesia during laryngoscopy in suspension in the child, the authors describe a technique of introduction of the endotracheal catheter which makes it possible to reduce the risk of alveolar hyperpressure at the time of installation of the laryngoscope and at the time of waking.", "PMID": 533097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5485", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes in primo-secondary and serological syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "Some clinical features of syphilis suggest that immune complexes may be a pathogenetic factor in the syphilitic lesions. Recently, circulating immune complexes have been reported in six patients with secondary syphilis by S\u00f8ling et al. In our study, the presence of circulating immune complexes was investigated in 42 patients with syphilis (primary, secondary, serological) by the method of C1q binding test. Elevated C1q binding activity was demonstrated in two-thirds of the patients with primo-secondary syphilis, with a significant difference between this group and the controls. Only two of the 21 patients with serological syphilis showed elevated C1q binding activity. Circulating immune complexes, often at moderates rates, appear very early and decrease rapidly during treatment. It was not possible to demonstrate a decline in serum complement in association with elevated C1q binding activity. During five Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions, no increase in circulating immune complexes has been noticed compared to pre-treatment values: this suggests that circulating immune complexes have no essential importance in this reaction. The characterization of the components of these circulating immune complexes by the previously described \"radioimmunoprecipitation PEG assay\" (RIPEGA) will enable us to state their specificity and to conceive their potential responsibility in some lesions of secondary syphilis, such as nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes in primo-secondary and serological syphilis (author's transl)]. Some clinical features of syphilis suggest that immune complexes may be a pathogenetic factor in the syphilitic lesions. Recently, circulating immune complexes have been reported in six patients with secondary syphilis by S\u00f8ling et al. In our study, the presence of circulating immune complexes was investigated in 42 patients with syphilis (primary, secondary, serological) by the method of C1q binding test. Elevated C1q binding activity was demonstrated in two-thirds of the patients with primo-secondary syphilis, with a significant difference between this group and the controls. Only two of the 21 patients with serological syphilis showed elevated C1q binding activity. Circulating immune complexes, often at moderates rates, appear very early and decrease rapidly during treatment. It was not possible to demonstrate a decline in serum complement in association with elevated C1q binding activity. During five Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions, no increase in circulating immune complexes has been noticed compared to pre-treatment values: this suggests that circulating immune complexes have no essential importance in this reaction. The characterization of the components of these circulating immune complexes by the previously described \"radioimmunoprecipitation PEG assay\" (RIPEGA) will enable us to state their specificity and to conceive their potential responsibility in some lesions of secondary syphilis, such as nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 533104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5486", "title": "[Haemorrhagic oedema acute in neonatal skin. Immunological and ultrastructural examination (author's transl)].", "content": "There are three reports on acute haemorrhagic oedema of the skin of infants, an illness which English-speaking authors do not individualize but only regard as a clinical variety of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Yet the features of the disease, as described in children under two years of age, are very characteristic. --Clinical feature is the sudden appearance of oedemas on face and limbs and of cocarde-like purpura with an occasional temperature. --Histological feature is the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. --Immunologically the disease is characterized by the deposit of immune complexes. --Ultrastructural examination confirms the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis accompanied by deposit of immune complexes and of platelets. These three reports enable the authors to study the nosological aspects of the illness among the varieties of allergic vasculitis.", "contents": "[Haemorrhagic oedema acute in neonatal skin. Immunological and ultrastructural examination (author's transl)]. There are three reports on acute haemorrhagic oedema of the skin of infants, an illness which English-speaking authors do not individualize but only regard as a clinical variety of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Yet the features of the disease, as described in children under two years of age, are very characteristic. --Clinical feature is the sudden appearance of oedemas on face and limbs and of cocarde-like purpura with an occasional temperature. --Histological feature is the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. --Immunologically the disease is characterized by the deposit of immune complexes. --Ultrastructural examination confirms the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis accompanied by deposit of immune complexes and of platelets. These three reports enable the authors to study the nosological aspects of the illness among the varieties of allergic vasculitis.", "PMID": 533105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5487", "title": "[Association of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip palate and \"scrubbing-brush hair\". Its situation in \"D. E. F. syndromes\" (ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip and/or palate (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"D. E. F.-syndromes\" consist of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip and/or palate (fente labiale et/ou palatine). This group includes the A. E. C.- and the E. E. C.-syndromes. We are reporting two cases of D. E. F.-syndrome, in which there was a very particular hair dysplasia, which we named \"scrubbing-brush hair\". The first case was a boy. The disease was probably transmitted on the dominant autosomal mode. The ectodermal dysplasia was of hypohidrotic type. The second case was also observed in a boy. There was no similar genetic abnormality in the family. The ectodermal dysplasia was of hidrotic types. The embryological findings account for the association between the ectodermal dysplasia and the medial dysraphia of the face.", "contents": "[Association of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip palate and \"scrubbing-brush hair\". Its situation in \"D. E. F. syndromes\" (ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip and/or palate (author's transl)]. The \"D. E. F.-syndromes\" consist of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft of the lip and/or palate (fente labiale et/ou palatine). This group includes the A. E. C.- and the E. E. C.-syndromes. We are reporting two cases of D. E. F.-syndrome, in which there was a very particular hair dysplasia, which we named \"scrubbing-brush hair\". The first case was a boy. The disease was probably transmitted on the dominant autosomal mode. The ectodermal dysplasia was of hypohidrotic type. The second case was also observed in a boy. There was no similar genetic abnormality in the family. The ectodermal dysplasia was of hidrotic types. The embryological findings account for the association between the ectodermal dysplasia and the medial dysraphia of the face.", "PMID": 533106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5488", "title": "[Grover's acantholytic dermatosis (transient acantholytic dermatosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of Grover's transient acantholytic dermatosis. These two cases exhibit some unusual features. Case no. 1 is that of a 39-year-old female with typical lesions on chest, neck, back and upper limbs. The course was cyclic with spontaneous regressions. This condition had been present for 4 years. Case no. 2 was that of a 46-year-old man with a large erythemato-squamous plaque of the left chest wall exhibiting a vesicular lining. In both instances the histologic findings revealed a picture similar to that of Hailey-Hailey's familial benign pemphigus. In spite of these unusual data, long duration and atypical clinical aspects, these two cases are consistant with the diagnosis of Grover's disease as evidenced by description found in the literature.", "contents": "[Grover's acantholytic dermatosis (transient acantholytic dermatosis) (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of Grover's transient acantholytic dermatosis. These two cases exhibit some unusual features. Case no. 1 is that of a 39-year-old female with typical lesions on chest, neck, back and upper limbs. The course was cyclic with spontaneous regressions. This condition had been present for 4 years. Case no. 2 was that of a 46-year-old man with a large erythemato-squamous plaque of the left chest wall exhibiting a vesicular lining. In both instances the histologic findings revealed a picture similar to that of Hailey-Hailey's familial benign pemphigus. In spite of these unusual data, long duration and atypical clinical aspects, these two cases are consistant with the diagnosis of Grover's disease as evidenced by description found in the literature.", "PMID": 533107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5489", "title": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 11. Canine leishmaniasis: successful experimental transmission from dog to dog by the bite of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 (author's transl)].", "content": "As part of a study of visceral leishmaniasis in the C\u00e9vennes in southern France, an infection was transmitted from dog to dog by the bite of a single sandfly, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. The role of this species as a vector, suspected from earlier studies, is, therefore, confirmed. Twenty female sandflies, which had engorged on a naturally infected dog 23 +/- 2 days previously were put with a healthy dog which, after an incubation period of 15 months, developed viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. In dissections of the sandflies immediately after contact with the experimental dog, it was found that only one had engorged. All of 17 sandflies dissected had midgut infections: 10 of these also had infections in the pharynx. The engorged specimen additionally had parasites in the proboscis, a condition thought by many workers to be necessary for the parasite to be transmitted by bite.", "contents": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 11. Canine leishmaniasis: successful experimental transmission from dog to dog by the bite of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 (author's transl)]. As part of a study of visceral leishmaniasis in the C\u00e9vennes in southern France, an infection was transmitted from dog to dog by the bite of a single sandfly, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. The role of this species as a vector, suspected from earlier studies, is, therefore, confirmed. Twenty female sandflies, which had engorged on a naturally infected dog 23 +/- 2 days previously were put with a healthy dog which, after an incubation period of 15 months, developed viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. In dissections of the sandflies immediately after contact with the experimental dog, it was found that only one had engorged. All of 17 sandflies dissected had midgut infections: 10 of these also had infections in the pharynx. The engorged specimen additionally had parasites in the proboscis, a condition thought by many workers to be necessary for the parasite to be transmitted by bite.", "PMID": 533108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5490", "title": "A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to Plasmodium minasense.", "content": "Saurian malaria species which produce schizonts smaller than normal erythrocyte nuclei, with 4-8 merozoietes and gametocytes equal to or smaller than erythrocyte nuclei in size, parasitizing hosts of the lizard families Scincidae, Iguanidae and Teiidae in the Neotropics are considered to be Plasmodium minasense Carini and Rudolph, 1912. Subspecific designations are given to distinctive populations parasitizing different host species: P. minasense minasense is recognized from the type host, Mabuya mabouya of Brasil; P. minasense carinii Leger and Mouzels, 1917 from Iguana iguana of coastal South America; P. minasense anolisi subsp. nov. from Anolis limifrons of Panama; P. minasense capitoi subsp. nov. from Anolis capito of Panama; P. minasense plicae subsp. nov. from Plica umbra of Guyana; P. minasense tegui subsp. nov. from Tupinambis teguixin of Venezuela; and P. minasense diminutivum Telford, 1973, new combination, from Ameiva ameiva of Panama. Plasmodium rhadinurum Thompson and Huff, 1944 is recognized as a distinct species at present on the basis of possessing schizonts of different shape, asexual stages with filamentous projections in most portions of its range, and larger gametocytes, as well as apparent sympatry with P. minasense carinii in some areas.", "contents": "A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to Plasmodium minasense. Saurian malaria species which produce schizonts smaller than normal erythrocyte nuclei, with 4-8 merozoietes and gametocytes equal to or smaller than erythrocyte nuclei in size, parasitizing hosts of the lizard families Scincidae, Iguanidae and Teiidae in the Neotropics are considered to be Plasmodium minasense Carini and Rudolph, 1912. Subspecific designations are given to distinctive populations parasitizing different host species: P. minasense minasense is recognized from the type host, Mabuya mabouya of Brasil; P. minasense carinii Leger and Mouzels, 1917 from Iguana iguana of coastal South America; P. minasense anolisi subsp. nov. from Anolis limifrons of Panama; P. minasense capitoi subsp. nov. from Anolis capito of Panama; P. minasense plicae subsp. nov. from Plica umbra of Guyana; P. minasense tegui subsp. nov. from Tupinambis teguixin of Venezuela; and P. minasense diminutivum Telford, 1973, new combination, from Ameiva ameiva of Panama. Plasmodium rhadinurum Thompson and Huff, 1944 is recognized as a distinct species at present on the basis of possessing schizonts of different shape, asexual stages with filamentous projections in most portions of its range, and larger gametocytes, as well as apparent sympatry with P. minasense carinii in some areas.", "PMID": 533109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5491", "title": "[Ecophysiological study on the parasitic action of Cymothoids (author's transl)].", "content": "An ecophysiological study on certain parasitisms by Cymothoids allows the elucidation of the following points: --occurrence of oesophagien-side glands producing an anticoagulant effect on the blood of host, the absorption and metabolism of haemoglobin derivatives (hematin and iron) are performed by the hepatopancreas; --existence of immunological reactions between host and Cymothoids; --existence of biochemical, histological, haemotological and biometrical variations among fishes infected by these parasites.", "contents": "[Ecophysiological study on the parasitic action of Cymothoids (author's transl)]. An ecophysiological study on certain parasitisms by Cymothoids allows the elucidation of the following points: --occurrence of oesophagien-side glands producing an anticoagulant effect on the blood of host, the absorption and metabolism of haemoglobin derivatives (hematin and iron) are performed by the hepatopancreas; --existence of immunological reactions between host and Cymothoids; --existence of biochemical, histological, haemotological and biometrical variations among fishes infected by these parasites.", "PMID": 533110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5492", "title": "[Receptivity of some Helicids frequent in Morocco to the infestation by the larvae of Protostongylids. Factors of variation (author's transl)].", "content": "Several species of Helicids common on pasture in the Rabat area were infected by a plurispecific mixture of larvae of Protostrongylids. The fecal or pulmonary origin of the larvae does not seem to influence their infective ability. The age of the larvae used for infection displays an important role on the future degree of infection of Molluscs: the young larvae are more infestive. The Helicids that were most receptive to infection are, arranged in a decreasing order: Otala lactea, Cochlicella conoidea, C. acuta and Euparypha pisana, Helicella gigaxii. O. lactea and E. pisana permitted the development of Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus nigrescens and Neostrongylus linearis. The former species of Helicid is a new intermediary host. The two species of Cochlicella were not suitable for M. capillaris. The Helicids ensure the quantiative and specific regulation of the infection of the Ovines.", "contents": "[Receptivity of some Helicids frequent in Morocco to the infestation by the larvae of Protostongylids. Factors of variation (author's transl)]. Several species of Helicids common on pasture in the Rabat area were infected by a plurispecific mixture of larvae of Protostrongylids. The fecal or pulmonary origin of the larvae does not seem to influence their infective ability. The age of the larvae used for infection displays an important role on the future degree of infection of Molluscs: the young larvae are more infestive. The Helicids that were most receptive to infection are, arranged in a decreasing order: Otala lactea, Cochlicella conoidea, C. acuta and Euparypha pisana, Helicella gigaxii. O. lactea and E. pisana permitted the development of Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus nigrescens and Neostrongylus linearis. The former species of Helicid is a new intermediary host. The two species of Cochlicella were not suitable for M. capillaris. The Helicids ensure the quantiative and specific regulation of the infection of the Ovines.", "PMID": 533113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5493", "title": "[Transmission of bovine Onchocerrca, O. gutturosa, by Culicoides (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations made by the author lead to suspected that O. gutturosa is not transmitted by Simulia but by Culicoides: 1. S. ornatum, the vector said to transmit O. gutturosa, bites preferentially the cattle in the ventral area, but the microfilariae observed in this area pertain to O. lienalis and not O. gutturosa, of which the microfilariae are, at the opposite, located in the dorsal area. 2. Records of O. gutturosa in places where simulia are absent or nearly so, are in accordance with these observations. Experimentally, the cycle of O. gutturosa is obtained in C. nubeculosus with a high level of infestation. Thus the author concludes that O. gutturosa is transmitted by Culicoides and that the cycle, in Simulia, attributed to O. gutturosa,pertains in fact to O. lienalis.", "contents": "[Transmission of bovine Onchocerrca, O. gutturosa, by Culicoides (author's transl)]. Observations made by the author lead to suspected that O. gutturosa is not transmitted by Simulia but by Culicoides: 1. S. ornatum, the vector said to transmit O. gutturosa, bites preferentially the cattle in the ventral area, but the microfilariae observed in this area pertain to O. lienalis and not O. gutturosa, of which the microfilariae are, at the opposite, located in the dorsal area. 2. Records of O. gutturosa in places where simulia are absent or nearly so, are in accordance with these observations. Experimentally, the cycle of O. gutturosa is obtained in C. nubeculosus with a high level of infestation. Thus the author concludes that O. gutturosa is transmitted by Culicoides and that the cycle, in Simulia, attributed to O. gutturosa,pertains in fact to O. lienalis.", "PMID": 533114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5494", "title": "[The life cycl of Maritrema pyrenaica Deblock et Combes, 1965, a parasite of insectivorous micromammals in the Pyrences (author's transl)].", "content": "The life cycle of Maritrema pyrenaica is described. M. pyrenaica develops to the sporocyst stage in the snail Bythinella reyniesii. The xiphidio-cercaria, monostomous, anenterous in type, is liberated in water and actively penetrates a Crustacea Gammarus pulex where it encysts. From the point of view of epidemiology, the focuses of M. pyrenaica are divided into two different areas: the area where the parasites multiply (that we call \"l'endemiotope\") coinciding with the Bythinella biotope and the area limited to the length of the river where the Vertebrate is parasitized.", "contents": "[The life cycl of Maritrema pyrenaica Deblock et Combes, 1965, a parasite of insectivorous micromammals in the Pyrences (author's transl)]. The life cycle of Maritrema pyrenaica is described. M. pyrenaica develops to the sporocyst stage in the snail Bythinella reyniesii. The xiphidio-cercaria, monostomous, anenterous in type, is liberated in water and actively penetrates a Crustacea Gammarus pulex where it encysts. From the point of view of epidemiology, the focuses of M. pyrenaica are divided into two different areas: the area where the parasites multiply (that we call \"l'endemiotope\") coinciding with the Bythinella biotope and the area limited to the length of the river where the Vertebrate is parasitized.", "PMID": 533111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5495", "title": "The influence of prostaglandins and vasoactive amines on the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis in CBA mice and Wistar rats.", "content": "The intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis in CBA mice and Wistar rats is modified by the intraduodenal injection of prostaglandin (PG) E1 and, to a greater extent by PG E2. The resulting changes are dose-dependent and are a function of the point of the infectious cycle at which the injection is performed. Three dose-related phenomena are thus observable: a delay, an acceleration of the process of expulsion of adult worms or no effect, the latter arising if the prostaglandins are injected later in the cycle. Under the same conditions, no significant effects are exerted by PG A, B or F, by histamine or by serotonin.", "contents": "The influence of prostaglandins and vasoactive amines on the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis in CBA mice and Wistar rats. The intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis in CBA mice and Wistar rats is modified by the intraduodenal injection of prostaglandin (PG) E1 and, to a greater extent by PG E2. The resulting changes are dose-dependent and are a function of the point of the infectious cycle at which the injection is performed. Three dose-related phenomena are thus observable: a delay, an acceleration of the process of expulsion of adult worms or no effect, the latter arising if the prostaglandins are injected later in the cycle. Under the same conditions, no significant effects are exerted by PG A, B or F, by histamine or by serotonin.", "PMID": 533112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5496", "title": "Extraamniotic intermittent administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.", "content": "Extraamniotic application of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was used for legal abortion in the series of 1012 women. The pregnancies were terminated by abortion between the 6th and 27th weeks of pregnancy. In 86.7% of the cases, intermittent extraamniotic application of PGF2 alpha led to complete or incomplete abortions. Of the 26 failures, nine were caused by technical difficulties. In 17 primigravidae, the cervical canal remained closed. There were no statistically related differences between the different weeks of the pregnancy with regard to success and failure rates. The mean PGF2 alpha dose and abortion time increased significantly (p less than 0.01) with increasing duration of pregnancy. 80% of the patients suffered from undesirable side effects. The morbidity rate for the period up to six weeks following the abortion was 3.2%.", "contents": "Extraamniotic intermittent administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Extraamniotic application of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was used for legal abortion in the series of 1012 women. The pregnancies were terminated by abortion between the 6th and 27th weeks of pregnancy. In 86.7% of the cases, intermittent extraamniotic application of PGF2 alpha led to complete or incomplete abortions. Of the 26 failures, nine were caused by technical difficulties. In 17 primigravidae, the cervical canal remained closed. There were no statistically related differences between the different weeks of the pregnancy with regard to success and failure rates. The mean PGF2 alpha dose and abortion time increased significantly (p less than 0.01) with increasing duration of pregnancy. 80% of the patients suffered from undesirable side effects. The morbidity rate for the period up to six weeks following the abortion was 3.2%.", "PMID": 533211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5497", "title": "Foetal drug exposure following intravenous injection of diazepam immediately before breech delivery.", "content": "The transplacental passage of diazepam (DZ) was studied in 32 cases of vaginal breech delivery. DZ (30 mg) was injected intravenously 15--170 seconds before delivery in order to induce sleep, and general anaesthesia was maintained with N2O/O2. The concentration of DZ was measured in blood obtained from the mother, the umbilical cord and the newborn. In the majority of the infants the drug concentrations in mixed cord blood and in capillary blood at the age of 2 hours were lower than previously observed in infants with cephalic presentations delivered by forceps. The short injection-delivery (I-D) intervals in breech deliveries may limit the transfer of drug to the foetus, but cord compression and circulatory changes may also lead to reduced materno-foetal exchange of DZ.", "contents": "Foetal drug exposure following intravenous injection of diazepam immediately before breech delivery. The transplacental passage of diazepam (DZ) was studied in 32 cases of vaginal breech delivery. DZ (30 mg) was injected intravenously 15--170 seconds before delivery in order to induce sleep, and general anaesthesia was maintained with N2O/O2. The concentration of DZ was measured in blood obtained from the mother, the umbilical cord and the newborn. In the majority of the infants the drug concentrations in mixed cord blood and in capillary blood at the age of 2 hours were lower than previously observed in infants with cephalic presentations delivered by forceps. The short injection-delivery (I-D) intervals in breech deliveries may limit the transfer of drug to the foetus, but cord compression and circulatory changes may also lead to reduced materno-foetal exchange of DZ.", "PMID": 533212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5498", "title": "Controlled hypotension and moderate haemodilution in major hip surgery.", "content": "This study presents a series of 38 patients in whom total hip replacement was performed by using a hypotensive anaesthetic technique with moderate haemodilution. 17 patients operated on during normotension without haemodilution served as controls. Halothane, d-tubocurarine and pentolinium tartrate were the agents used. During the operation circulation was monitored carefully. Hypotension with haemodilution decreased the amount of the transfused blood to 1/3, compared with the normotensive group. The bloodless field during the hypotension also shortened the duration of the operations. No complications attributable to the hypotensive technique occurred. The results suggest that the hypotensive anaesthetic technique with haemodilution reduces the need for blood transfusion in major surgery. However, only patients in good cardiovascular status are suitable for this technique, and careful monitoring of the circulation is mandatory during the anaesthesia.", "contents": "Controlled hypotension and moderate haemodilution in major hip surgery. This study presents a series of 38 patients in whom total hip replacement was performed by using a hypotensive anaesthetic technique with moderate haemodilution. 17 patients operated on during normotension without haemodilution served as controls. Halothane, d-tubocurarine and pentolinium tartrate were the agents used. During the operation circulation was monitored carefully. Hypotension with haemodilution decreased the amount of the transfused blood to 1/3, compared with the normotensive group. The bloodless field during the hypotension also shortened the duration of the operations. No complications attributable to the hypotensive technique occurred. The results suggest that the hypotensive anaesthetic technique with haemodilution reduces the need for blood transfusion in major surgery. However, only patients in good cardiovascular status are suitable for this technique, and careful monitoring of the circulation is mandatory during the anaesthesia.", "PMID": 533213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5499", "title": "Benign ureteric polyp. Report of a case.", "content": "A rare case of benign ureteric polyp simulating ureteric stone in its clinical course is reported. Tumour pathology and treatment of benign ureteric tumours are discussed in relation of literature on the subject.", "contents": "Benign ureteric polyp. Report of a case. A rare case of benign ureteric polyp simulating ureteric stone in its clinical course is reported. Tumour pathology and treatment of benign ureteric tumours are discussed in relation of literature on the subject.", "PMID": 533214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5500", "title": "Fractures of the proximal femur in Finland in 1975.", "content": "Hospital admissions due to fractures of the proximal femur in Finland increased 50% between 1968 and 1976.  In this study the established differences and results of treatment in regional and district hospitals are reviewed. From the mortality incidence and the length of hospitalisation, the results were better in regional than in district hospitals, and better for operatively than for conservatively treated patients. Of the different operative methods, the best primary results were obtained with endoprosthetic replacement and osteosynthesis with a fixed-angle nail plate.", "contents": "Fractures of the proximal femur in Finland in 1975. Hospital admissions due to fractures of the proximal femur in Finland increased 50% between 1968 and 1976.  In this study the established differences and results of treatment in regional and district hospitals are reviewed. From the mortality incidence and the length of hospitalisation, the results were better in regional than in district hospitals, and better for operatively than for conservatively treated patients. Of the different operative methods, the best primary results were obtained with endoprosthetic replacement and osteosynthesis with a fixed-angle nail plate.", "PMID": 533215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5501", "title": "Carcinoma of the colon in pregnancy.", "content": "Carcinoma of the large bowel in association with pregnancy is extremely rare. A case report is presented, where the patient had a malignant tumour in the sigmoid colon with metastases in the liver. The diagnosis was made at caesarean section after acute onset of symptoms 3 weeks prior to the expected date of delivery. The case is discussed in some detail.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the colon in pregnancy. Carcinoma of the large bowel in association with pregnancy is extremely rare. A case report is presented, where the patient had a malignant tumour in the sigmoid colon with metastases in the liver. The diagnosis was made at caesarean section after acute onset of symptoms 3 weeks prior to the expected date of delivery. The case is discussed in some detail.", "PMID": 533216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5502", "title": "Acromioclavicular complete dislocation. Analysis of the operative results in 48 patients.", "content": "Complete acromioclavicular separation in 48 patients was treated by operation, using Kirschner wire for fixation in 20 cases and the A--O cortical screw in 17. Late resection of the distal end of the clavicle was performed in 11 cases. Follow-up examination was performed on average two years after the operation. Attention was paid to subjective symptoms, the objective state, duration of incapacity, radiological evidence of dislocation without stress and under stress, osteoarthrosis and soft-tissue calcification. Pain, function and mobility were evaluated by a point system. In the groups primarily treated by surgery the result was at least good in 73%, fair in 16% and poor in 11%. Excellent results were noticed more often in patients under 30 years old than in those over 45 (p less than 0.01). Mobility of the shoulder joint was significantly more often normal when Kirschner wire was used for fixation than after screw fixation (p less than 0.05). Late resection gave at least a fair functional result.", "contents": "Acromioclavicular complete dislocation. Analysis of the operative results in 48 patients. Complete acromioclavicular separation in 48 patients was treated by operation, using Kirschner wire for fixation in 20 cases and the A--O cortical screw in 17. Late resection of the distal end of the clavicle was performed in 11 cases. Follow-up examination was performed on average two years after the operation. Attention was paid to subjective symptoms, the objective state, duration of incapacity, radiological evidence of dislocation without stress and under stress, osteoarthrosis and soft-tissue calcification. Pain, function and mobility were evaluated by a point system. In the groups primarily treated by surgery the result was at least good in 73%, fair in 16% and poor in 11%. Excellent results were noticed more often in patients under 30 years old than in those over 45 (p less than 0.01). Mobility of the shoulder joint was significantly more often normal when Kirschner wire was used for fixation than after screw fixation (p less than 0.05). Late resection gave at least a fair functional result.", "PMID": 533217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5503", "title": "Arthrography of the hip in the diagnosis of postoperative painful conditions after total hip replacement.", "content": "Arthrography of the artificial hip joint was performed postoperatively in 29 patients with pain after total hip replacement. In 23 cases the arthrographic findings were checked by operation and corresponded in 91%. In two arthrographies which did not give reliable results sinuses outside the thigh or a large pseudocapsule prevented a satisfactory performance of the arthrography. The unoperated patients had only mild discomfort or were considered a high risk for reoperation; they were treated with physiotherapy and medication. As a result of this investigation arthrography can be regarded as a highly reliable method of diagnosing the various causes of pains in the hip after total hip replacement.", "contents": "Arthrography of the hip in the diagnosis of postoperative painful conditions after total hip replacement. Arthrography of the artificial hip joint was performed postoperatively in 29 patients with pain after total hip replacement. In 23 cases the arthrographic findings were checked by operation and corresponded in 91%. In two arthrographies which did not give reliable results sinuses outside the thigh or a large pseudocapsule prevented a satisfactory performance of the arthrography. The unoperated patients had only mild discomfort or were considered a high risk for reoperation; they were treated with physiotherapy and medication. As a result of this investigation arthrography can be regarded as a highly reliable method of diagnosing the various causes of pains in the hip after total hip replacement.", "PMID": 533218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5504", "title": "Vaginal smear history in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma.", "content": "In 23 (about 43%) patients cytologically screended within 4 years before the diagnosis invasive cervical cancer 11 had a benign smear; when reviewed, two were borderline cases and three were misinterpreted. Twelve patients had different degrees of squamous cell dysplasia. In three of these the cancer was detected during the follow up procedures. Four did not respond to calls for follow up. Five were checked without any active measure but sampling new smears. Atypical smears must be clinically evaluated and treated in order to detect invasive carcinomas. The therapeutic results, however, may be controlled by repeat smears.", "contents": "Vaginal smear history in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma. In 23 (about 43%) patients cytologically screended within 4 years before the diagnosis invasive cervical cancer 11 had a benign smear; when reviewed, two were borderline cases and three were misinterpreted. Twelve patients had different degrees of squamous cell dysplasia. In three of these the cancer was detected during the follow up procedures. Four did not respond to calls for follow up. Five were checked without any active measure but sampling new smears. Atypical smears must be clinically evaluated and treated in order to detect invasive carcinomas. The therapeutic results, however, may be controlled by repeat smears.", "PMID": 533219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5505", "title": "Intravesical formalin instillation in the treatment of massive haematuria.", "content": "16 patients with massive haematuria due to bladder cancer or cytostatic or radiation cystitis have been treated with intravesical instillation of 4% formalin solution. The method proved to be effective in the control of bleeding in 15 cases, but produced complications two of which were severe. This mode of treatment should thus be limited to debilatated patients in whom other conservative methods fail to control the bleeding. Complications and mode of action of formalin instillation are discussed.", "contents": "Intravesical formalin instillation in the treatment of massive haematuria. 16 patients with massive haematuria due to bladder cancer or cytostatic or radiation cystitis have been treated with intravesical instillation of 4% formalin solution. The method proved to be effective in the control of bleeding in 15 cases, but produced complications two of which were severe. This mode of treatment should thus be limited to debilatated patients in whom other conservative methods fail to control the bleeding. Complications and mode of action of formalin instillation are discussed.", "PMID": 533220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5506", "title": "Deleterious effect of pharmacological doses of corticosteroids after partial hepatectomy in rats.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether pharmacological doses of corticosteroid can be used safely in the treatment of haemorrhagic shock during major hepatic resection. Following two-thirds hepatectomy in the rat the administration of dexamethasone, 4 mg/kg of body weight, produced higher morbidity and mortality compared with that in the control groups. This was considered to be mainly due to substantial suppression and retardation of liver regeneration. In addition, the steroid therapy exaggerated the degree and time of liver steatosis with marked elevation of serum fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol concentrations. It appears therefore that it would be very hazardous to treat haemorrhagic shock as a result of major hepatic resection with pharmacological doses of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Deleterious effect of pharmacological doses of corticosteroids after partial hepatectomy in rats. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether pharmacological doses of corticosteroid can be used safely in the treatment of haemorrhagic shock during major hepatic resection. Following two-thirds hepatectomy in the rat the administration of dexamethasone, 4 mg/kg of body weight, produced higher morbidity and mortality compared with that in the control groups. This was considered to be mainly due to substantial suppression and retardation of liver regeneration. In addition, the steroid therapy exaggerated the degree and time of liver steatosis with marked elevation of serum fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol concentrations. It appears therefore that it would be very hazardous to treat haemorrhagic shock as a result of major hepatic resection with pharmacological doses of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 533221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5507", "title": "Premedication for out-patient endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract.", "content": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on 342 out-patients. The patients were allocated to four groups according to premedication given. The premedication used was atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg (A), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg and diazepam 5 mg (AD), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg and fentanyl 0.2 mg (AF), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg diazepam 5 mg and fentanyl 0.2 mg (ADF). Premedication was given about 30 minutes before the procedure intramuscularly; the mouth and pharynx were sprayed with 10% lidoc,ine. The patients as well as the endoscopist considered the premedication in groups A and AD to be satisfactory. From the patient's point of view there were hardly any differences between the var;ous groups, except in drowsiness, which occurred more often in groups where fentanyl had been used. From the endoscopist's point of view groups A and AD were preferred because they offered better working conditions for the procedure. The longest period of observation was required in group ADF. On the basis of these results premedication with only atropine or if desired a combination of atropine and diazepam in addition to local sprayed anaesthesia of the mouth and pharynx is sufficient, and is recommended for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Premedication for out-patient endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on 342 out-patients. The patients were allocated to four groups according to premedication given. The premedication used was atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg (A), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg and diazepam 5 mg (AD), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg and fentanyl 0.2 mg (AF), atropine 0.1 mg/10 kg diazepam 5 mg and fentanyl 0.2 mg (ADF). Premedication was given about 30 minutes before the procedure intramuscularly; the mouth and pharynx were sprayed with 10% lidoc,ine. The patients as well as the endoscopist considered the premedication in groups A and AD to be satisfactory. From the patient's point of view there were hardly any differences between the var;ous groups, except in drowsiness, which occurred more often in groups where fentanyl had been used. From the endoscopist's point of view groups A and AD were preferred because they offered better working conditions for the procedure. The longest period of observation was required in group ADF. On the basis of these results premedication with only atropine or if desired a combination of atropine and diazepam in addition to local sprayed anaesthesia of the mouth and pharynx is sufficient, and is recommended for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 533222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5508", "title": "Hydroxyproline metabolism in type II hyperprolinaemia.", "content": "Hydroxyproline metabolism was studied in two patients with type II hyperprolinaemia (HP II) using oral loadings of hydroxyproline or hydroxyproline-ornithine. delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid (3 OH-PC) and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (PC) were identified in the urine. The urinary excretion of both 3-OH-PC and PC increased in HP II patients but not in healthy controls during oral loading of hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline-ornithine. The plasma level of proline in patients with HP II is very high but the hydroxyproline concentration is normal or only slightly increased. Therefore one can assume that hydroxyproline is converted to pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in urine as a glycine conjugate. In this study it was demonstrated that the highly elevated plasma level of proline in one of the patients with HP II decreased greatly after hydroxyproline-ornithine load; this change was followed by a 40-fold rise in urinary excretion of proline.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline metabolism in type II hyperprolinaemia. Hydroxyproline metabolism was studied in two patients with type II hyperprolinaemia (HP II) using oral loadings of hydroxyproline or hydroxyproline-ornithine. delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid (3 OH-PC) and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (PC) were identified in the urine. The urinary excretion of both 3-OH-PC and PC increased in HP II patients but not in healthy controls during oral loading of hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline-ornithine. The plasma level of proline in patients with HP II is very high but the hydroxyproline concentration is normal or only slightly increased. Therefore one can assume that hydroxyproline is converted to pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in urine as a glycine conjugate. In this study it was demonstrated that the highly elevated plasma level of proline in one of the patients with HP II decreased greatly after hydroxyproline-ornithine load; this change was followed by a 40-fold rise in urinary excretion of proline.", "PMID": 533224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5509", "title": "Temporal changes in the concentrations of serum constituents in healthy men. Distributions of within-person variances and their relevance to the interpretation of differences between successive measurements.", "content": "The distributions of within-person variances in the concentrations of 10 commonly assayed serum constituents have been derived from data on 37 healthy male subjects studied at weekly intervals over a period of five months. All 10 distributions appear to be of log-normal form. The relevance of the findings to the interpretation of differences between serial measurements in a given individual is discussed. Examples are given to show how the information on within-person variances for a particular analyte, organised into a simple graph, may be used to test medical opinions on threshold values for serial changes in the concentration of this analyte in a given individual. In this way, biological variability as well as analytical error may be taken into account quantitatively when assessing the significance of a difference between two serial measurements.", "contents": "Temporal changes in the concentrations of serum constituents in healthy men. Distributions of within-person variances and their relevance to the interpretation of differences between successive measurements. The distributions of within-person variances in the concentrations of 10 commonly assayed serum constituents have been derived from data on 37 healthy male subjects studied at weekly intervals over a period of five months. All 10 distributions appear to be of log-normal form. The relevance of the findings to the interpretation of differences between serial measurements in a given individual is discussed. Examples are given to show how the information on within-person variances for a particular analyte, organised into a simple graph, may be used to test medical opinions on threshold values for serial changes in the concentration of this analyte in a given individual. In this way, biological variability as well as analytical error may be taken into account quantitatively when assessing the significance of a difference between two serial measurements.", "PMID": 533223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5510", "title": "Diagnosis of red cell G-6-PD deficiency in a Chinese neonate.", "content": "In a neonatal period, a red cell deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) may result in jaundice, the severity of which will vary between patients. Diagnosis of this inborn error of metabolism presents a problem if there is a large number of young enzyme-rich red cells in circulation, and this paper details the technique used to confirm a red cell deficiency of G-6-PD in a neonate.", "contents": "Diagnosis of red cell G-6-PD deficiency in a Chinese neonate. In a neonatal period, a red cell deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) may result in jaundice, the severity of which will vary between patients. Diagnosis of this inborn error of metabolism presents a problem if there is a large number of young enzyme-rich red cells in circulation, and this paper details the technique used to confirm a red cell deficiency of G-6-PD in a neonate.", "PMID": 533225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5511", "title": "Is the L/S ratio really a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio?", "content": "Fetal lung maturity is commonly assessed by determining the ratio of lecithin/sphingomyelin in centrifuged amniotic fluid. In a variety of chromatographic systems currently used for the routine determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, including the systems recommended in the original procedure, at least one and frequently two additional phospholipids, normally present in amniotic fluid, tend to chromatograph between or overlapping with lecithin and/or sphingomyelin. These phospholipids have been tentatively identified as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. The extra phospholipids contribute significantly to the routine lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with considerable variation between individual cases. Treatment of dried lipid extracts with cold acetone before chromatography, as suggested in the original lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio procedure, does not remove the interfering phospholipids.", "contents": "Is the L/S ratio really a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio? Fetal lung maturity is commonly assessed by determining the ratio of lecithin/sphingomyelin in centrifuged amniotic fluid. In a variety of chromatographic systems currently used for the routine determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, including the systems recommended in the original procedure, at least one and frequently two additional phospholipids, normally present in amniotic fluid, tend to chromatograph between or overlapping with lecithin and/or sphingomyelin. These phospholipids have been tentatively identified as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. The extra phospholipids contribute significantly to the routine lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with considerable variation between individual cases. Treatment of dried lipid extracts with cold acetone before chromatography, as suggested in the original lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio procedure, does not remove the interfering phospholipids.", "PMID": 533226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5512", "title": "Use of sodium salicylate as a blocking agent for cortisol-binding-globulin in a radioimmunoassay for cortisol on unextracted plasma.", "content": "This report describes investigations into the use of sodium salicylate as a cortisol-binding-globulin blocking agent and the subsequent development of a radioimmunoassay for cortisol on unextracted plasma. Cortisol antiserum was raised against a cortisol 3-O-(carboxy-methyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate. A 125I-labelled cortisol-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate was also prepared for use in the assay. The radioimmunoassay developed involved no pre-treatment of extraction of the samples before analysis and was extremely simple to perform. Comparison with another radioimmunoassay for cortisol and with the Mattingly fluorimetric assay gave good correlation.", "contents": "Use of sodium salicylate as a blocking agent for cortisol-binding-globulin in a radioimmunoassay for cortisol on unextracted plasma. This report describes investigations into the use of sodium salicylate as a cortisol-binding-globulin blocking agent and the subsequent development of a radioimmunoassay for cortisol on unextracted plasma. Cortisol antiserum was raised against a cortisol 3-O-(carboxy-methyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate. A 125I-labelled cortisol-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate was also prepared for use in the assay. The radioimmunoassay developed involved no pre-treatment of extraction of the samples before analysis and was extremely simple to perform. Comparison with another radioimmunoassay for cortisol and with the Mattingly fluorimetric assay gave good correlation.", "PMID": 533227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5513", "title": "A simple procedure for the determination of carbamazepine in plasma by high pressure-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a simple, rapid procedure for the estimation of carbamazepine in plasma. Protein is precipitated, and extraction is achieved by the addition of acetonitrile containing the internal standard N-acetyltryptophan ethyl ester. Separation is by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile: water mobile phase, and detection is by UV absorption at 280 nm. Total retention time is less than 7 minutes. Initial results gave within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation of less than 2%, and mean recovery of 97%. The method is free from interference by other common anticonvulsant drugs.", "contents": "A simple procedure for the determination of carbamazepine in plasma by high pressure-liquid chromatography. We describe a simple, rapid procedure for the estimation of carbamazepine in plasma. Protein is precipitated, and extraction is achieved by the addition of acetonitrile containing the internal standard N-acetyltryptophan ethyl ester. Separation is by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile: water mobile phase, and detection is by UV absorption at 280 nm. Total retention time is less than 7 minutes. Initial results gave within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation of less than 2%, and mean recovery of 97%. The method is free from interference by other common anticonvulsant drugs.", "PMID": 533228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5514", "title": "Legionnaires' disease pneumonia: histopathologic features and comparison with microbial and chemical pneumonias.", "content": "The histopathologic findings in lung tissue are reported from five cases of Philadelphia Legionnaire's Disease and the results are compared to pneumonias caused by other microbial and chemical agents. Histopathology of lung tissue was similar in all cases, despite the fact that death occurred between the fourth and 14th day of clinical illness. The inflammatory response was almost totally limited to the lower respiratory tract and primarily involved respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. Major bronchial branches and pulmonary interstices showed little or no involvement. There was considerable variation in the extent and nature of the consolidation, but the overall reaction pattern was highly characteristic of diffuse alveolar damage. Most involved areas showed intra-alveolar, fibrinocellular mononuclear cell predominant exudates, associated with pneumonocytic hyperplasia and slough. These findings plus the presence of erythroleucophagocytosis by macrophages and paucity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes are commonly associated with psittacine pneumonia, and much less so with classic patterns of bacterial, viral, fungal or rickettsial pneumonias. Of the toxic inhalants, nickel carbonyl, phosgene, nitrous oxide, cadmium oxide and some halogenated hydrocarbons have been associated with this tissue reaction pattern. Bacteria were notably absent in lung tissue stained by methods used to demonstrate the Legionnaires' Disease agent.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease pneumonia: histopathologic features and comparison with microbial and chemical pneumonias. The histopathologic findings in lung tissue are reported from five cases of Philadelphia Legionnaire's Disease and the results are compared to pneumonias caused by other microbial and chemical agents. Histopathology of lung tissue was similar in all cases, despite the fact that death occurred between the fourth and 14th day of clinical illness. The inflammatory response was almost totally limited to the lower respiratory tract and primarily involved respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. Major bronchial branches and pulmonary interstices showed little or no involvement. There was considerable variation in the extent and nature of the consolidation, but the overall reaction pattern was highly characteristic of diffuse alveolar damage. Most involved areas showed intra-alveolar, fibrinocellular mononuclear cell predominant exudates, associated with pneumonocytic hyperplasia and slough. These findings plus the presence of erythroleucophagocytosis by macrophages and paucity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes are commonly associated with psittacine pneumonia, and much less so with classic patterns of bacterial, viral, fungal or rickettsial pneumonias. Of the toxic inhalants, nickel carbonyl, phosgene, nitrous oxide, cadmium oxide and some halogenated hydrocarbons have been associated with this tissue reaction pattern. Bacteria were notably absent in lung tissue stained by methods used to demonstrate the Legionnaires' Disease agent.", "PMID": 533230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5515", "title": "Improved method for the measurement of pregnanetriol in urine.", "content": "A procedure for the measurement of pregnanetriol in urine by gas chromatography is described. The internal standard is added to the standards, controls and unknowns prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the steroid conjugates. Next, the hydrolyzed steroids are extracted from urine and converted to the volatile trimethylsilyl ether derivatives prior to gas chromatography. The initial addition of the internal standard appears to compensate for all procedural losses in this rather complex procedure. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation at a level of 1.3 mg per liter were 5.3% and 11.8%, respectively. The method is linear to a pregnanetriol:internal standard ratio of 0.871. The analytical recovery for the method was 103 +/- 10.2%.", "contents": "Improved method for the measurement of pregnanetriol in urine. A procedure for the measurement of pregnanetriol in urine by gas chromatography is described. The internal standard is added to the standards, controls and unknowns prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the steroid conjugates. Next, the hydrolyzed steroids are extracted from urine and converted to the volatile trimethylsilyl ether derivatives prior to gas chromatography. The initial addition of the internal standard appears to compensate for all procedural losses in this rather complex procedure. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation at a level of 1.3 mg per liter were 5.3% and 11.8%, respectively. The method is linear to a pregnanetriol:internal standard ratio of 0.871. The analytical recovery for the method was 103 +/- 10.2%.", "PMID": 533235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5516", "title": "Evaluation of two new assays for determination of serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products.", "content": "Two new commercial assays for the detection of degradation products of fibrinogen/fibrin (FDP) were evaluated against two standard procedures. The first, a new hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using glutaraldehyde-treated cells, was compared with the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII). Analysis of 43 samples from patients with a variety of bleeding disorders and thrombotic conditions showed a high degree of correlation between methods (r = 0.934). The second new assay, a rapid slide test using antibody-coated latex particles, was compared with results obtained by electroimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in the results as assessed by two statistical parameters. It was concluded that both new tests are useful for routine use in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Evaluation of two new assays for determination of serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products. Two new commercial assays for the detection of degradation products of fibrinogen/fibrin (FDP) were evaluated against two standard procedures. The first, a new hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using glutaraldehyde-treated cells, was compared with the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII). Analysis of 43 samples from patients with a variety of bleeding disorders and thrombotic conditions showed a high degree of correlation between methods (r = 0.934). The second new assay, a rapid slide test using antibody-coated latex particles, was compared with results obtained by electroimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in the results as assessed by two statistical parameters. It was concluded that both new tests are useful for routine use in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 533231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5517", "title": "Neural cells in culture.", "content": "In vitro culture of neural cells (nerve sheath cells, melanoblasts, neuroblasts, astrocytes) for three to 20 months revealed a non-mitotic type of replication characterized by appearance between 30 and 120 days. Unipolar and bipolar neural cells, resulting from an initial phase of mitotic reproduction, developed multipolar and dendritic forms with large cell bodies and numerous primary and secondary processes with broad proximal ends exhibiting right-handed helices by phase contrast, differential interference electron microscopy and time lapse cinemicrophotography. The nuclei of the conspicuous cell bodies were quite large, one to three, and contained round, rod, ovid or comma nucleoli up to three or four per nucleus. After 30 days of culture, the nuclei of the cell bodies were notably quiescent with regard to mitotic proliferation, but nucleoli were active and mitochondria were numerous around the nuclei. The cytoplasm of the cell bodies often contained channels interpreted as cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The helices of the processes were interpreted as cytoplasmic pumps for conveying mitochondria into their distal ends. The slender distal ends became packed with rod and filamentous mitochondria, which then broke up into fine granules associated with the formation of new nuclei appearing in the preterminal and terminal ends of the processes. The preterminal or terminal unit--knob containing nucleus and distal end of process packed with mitochondrial dust--detached by was of a thread-like connection as a new cell, which entered into a new growth phase toward non-mitotic proliferation.", "contents": "Neural cells in culture. In vitro culture of neural cells (nerve sheath cells, melanoblasts, neuroblasts, astrocytes) for three to 20 months revealed a non-mitotic type of replication characterized by appearance between 30 and 120 days. Unipolar and bipolar neural cells, resulting from an initial phase of mitotic reproduction, developed multipolar and dendritic forms with large cell bodies and numerous primary and secondary processes with broad proximal ends exhibiting right-handed helices by phase contrast, differential interference electron microscopy and time lapse cinemicrophotography. The nuclei of the conspicuous cell bodies were quite large, one to three, and contained round, rod, ovid or comma nucleoli up to three or four per nucleus. After 30 days of culture, the nuclei of the cell bodies were notably quiescent with regard to mitotic proliferation, but nucleoli were active and mitochondria were numerous around the nuclei. The cytoplasm of the cell bodies often contained channels interpreted as cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The helices of the processes were interpreted as cytoplasmic pumps for conveying mitochondria into their distal ends. The slender distal ends became packed with rod and filamentous mitochondria, which then broke up into fine granules associated with the formation of new nuclei appearing in the preterminal and terminal ends of the processes. The preterminal or terminal unit--knob containing nucleus and distal end of process packed with mitochondrial dust--detached by was of a thread-like connection as a new cell, which entered into a new growth phase toward non-mitotic proliferation.", "PMID": 533234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5518", "title": "The Njinga of Angola: a serogenetic study.", "content": "The Njinga, a matrilineal kiMbundu-speaking Negro people of northern Angola, inhabited the coast near Luanda during the sixteenth century, and were driven inland by Portuguese expansion subsequently. There is no evidence from the present sterogenetic study that they have received any appreciable contribution of Caucasoid genes. Nor is there any evidence of San ('Bushman') admixture apart from a moderate frequency of Gm; their genetic profile and their anthroposcopic traits disclose a greater similarity to West African than to Southern African Negroes. The present study confirms previous findings on the ABO, MNSs, Kell, Duffy, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase and adenylate kinase systems, and contributes the first account of the peptidase A, B, C and D, first and second locus phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, esterase D, haptoglobin, transferrin, Gm and Inv systems in the Njinga.", "contents": "The Njinga of Angola: a serogenetic study. The Njinga, a matrilineal kiMbundu-speaking Negro people of northern Angola, inhabited the coast near Luanda during the sixteenth century, and were driven inland by Portuguese expansion subsequently. There is no evidence from the present sterogenetic study that they have received any appreciable contribution of Caucasoid genes. Nor is there any evidence of San ('Bushman') admixture apart from a moderate frequency of Gm; their genetic profile and their anthroposcopic traits disclose a greater similarity to West African than to Southern African Negroes. The present study confirms previous findings on the ABO, MNSs, Kell, Duffy, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase and adenylate kinase systems, and contributes the first account of the peptidase A, B, C and D, first and second locus phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, esterase D, haptoglobin, transferrin, Gm and Inv systems in the Njinga.", "PMID": 533237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5519", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in the multiple mucosal neuromas syndrome.", "content": "The clinical features of the multiple mucosal neuromas (MMN) syndrome permit the recognition of these patients and their potential development of the associated medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The distinctive physical appearance caused by the mucosal neuromas, the Marfanoid habitus and, occasionally, the positive family history aid in establishing the diagnosis. Neurogangliomas are frequently present in the gastrointestinal tract of these patients who may have megacolon, constipation and diarrhea. The third instance of the MMN syndrome is reported in the newborn as intestinal obstruction. It is suggested that the syndrome be considered in the differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and bowel obstruction in the neonate. Serum calcitonin measurements following stimulation by calcium or pentagastrin infusion reliably detect incipient MTC and may be used to select those MMN patients requiring thyroid surgery. Recognition of patients with the MMN syndrome and subsequent calcitonin screening and early surgical intervention will significantly reduce the chance of their developing terminal MTC. All MMN patients with mucosal neuromas or intestinal neurogangliomas should have such evaluations at least yearly. Relatives who are at risk for inheriting this dominant disease should be similarly evaluated, regardless of their normal appearance.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in the multiple mucosal neuromas syndrome. The clinical features of the multiple mucosal neuromas (MMN) syndrome permit the recognition of these patients and their potential development of the associated medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The distinctive physical appearance caused by the mucosal neuromas, the Marfanoid habitus and, occasionally, the positive family history aid in establishing the diagnosis. Neurogangliomas are frequently present in the gastrointestinal tract of these patients who may have megacolon, constipation and diarrhea. The third instance of the MMN syndrome is reported in the newborn as intestinal obstruction. It is suggested that the syndrome be considered in the differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and bowel obstruction in the neonate. Serum calcitonin measurements following stimulation by calcium or pentagastrin infusion reliably detect incipient MTC and may be used to select those MMN patients requiring thyroid surgery. Recognition of patients with the MMN syndrome and subsequent calcitonin screening and early surgical intervention will significantly reduce the chance of their developing terminal MTC. All MMN patients with mucosal neuromas or intestinal neurogangliomas should have such evaluations at least yearly. Relatives who are at risk for inheriting this dominant disease should be similarly evaluated, regardless of their normal appearance.", "PMID": 533232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5520", "title": "Invasion of the Fallopian tube by Enterobius vermicularis.", "content": "A solitary granuloma containing a gravid female pinworm was incidentally found in the fallopian tube of a 27 year old woman. On rare occasions, pinworms have been found outside the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently in the peritoneal cavity. The reported cases have been found at all levels of the female reproductive tract from the introitus to the fallopian tube. Thus, the hypothesis is supported that the worms reach the pelvic cavity via the genital tract. In addition, pinworm granulomas have also been found in the liver, lung, prostate and the renal pelvis. Awareness that such lesions may occur is important since the lesions may be interpreted as being malignant with subsequent unnecessary surgical intervention.", "contents": "Invasion of the Fallopian tube by Enterobius vermicularis. A solitary granuloma containing a gravid female pinworm was incidentally found in the fallopian tube of a 27 year old woman. On rare occasions, pinworms have been found outside the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently in the peritoneal cavity. The reported cases have been found at all levels of the female reproductive tract from the introitus to the fallopian tube. Thus, the hypothesis is supported that the worms reach the pelvic cavity via the genital tract. In addition, pinworm granulomas have also been found in the liver, lung, prostate and the renal pelvis. Awareness that such lesions may occur is important since the lesions may be interpreted as being malignant with subsequent unnecessary surgical intervention.", "PMID": 533233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5521", "title": "The analysis of whorls on specific fingertips with respect to sex, bilateral asymmetry, and genetic relationship.", "content": "In a sample of 539 Polish families, 1000 individuals (515 males and 485 females) were analysed to determine the distribution of whorl patterns on specific fingertips, to compare their frequencies in males and females, and to determine whether asymmetry of these dermatoglyphic pattern elements is genetically controlled. Whorls occur most commonly on digit VI on both hands and in both sexes. The difference between males and females for mean values of occurrence is not significant. Using the bimanual difference between hands (right minus left), the digital asymmetry was determined, and correlations with asymmetrical occurrence of whorls was made between parents and children, and between sibs, in all combinations. In each case, there was a positive correlation pairs of relatives, demonstrating a genetic component in whorl determination and their asymmetrical occurrence.", "contents": "The analysis of whorls on specific fingertips with respect to sex, bilateral asymmetry, and genetic relationship. In a sample of 539 Polish families, 1000 individuals (515 males and 485 females) were analysed to determine the distribution of whorl patterns on specific fingertips, to compare their frequencies in males and females, and to determine whether asymmetry of these dermatoglyphic pattern elements is genetically controlled. Whorls occur most commonly on digit VI on both hands and in both sexes. The difference between males and females for mean values of occurrence is not significant. Using the bimanual difference between hands (right minus left), the digital asymmetry was determined, and correlations with asymmetrical occurrence of whorls was made between parents and children, and between sibs, in all combinations. In each case, there was a positive correlation pairs of relatives, demonstrating a genetic component in whorl determination and their asymmetrical occurrence.", "PMID": 533238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5522", "title": "Measurement of breast volume in females: description of a reliable method.", "content": "Breast volume measurements were made on 47 adult subjects using a casting method. After drying, fast-setting plaster casts were filled with sand of known density to a level approximating the curvature of the chest wall. The reliability of both sand filling and casting proved to be high, r = 0.97, and r = 0.99, respectively. The total variable error was 10.2%. The effects of position (standing versus lying) was investigated in a separate sample of 15 subjects. No significant difference (P less than 0.05) was found between methods. The relationship between breast volume, girths, skinfolds, and body density was reported to be low.", "contents": "Measurement of breast volume in females: description of a reliable method. Breast volume measurements were made on 47 adult subjects using a casting method. After drying, fast-setting plaster casts were filled with sand of known density to a level approximating the curvature of the chest wall. The reliability of both sand filling and casting proved to be high, r = 0.97, and r = 0.99, respectively. The total variable error was 10.2%. The effects of position (standing versus lying) was investigated in a separate sample of 15 subjects. No significant difference (P less than 0.05) was found between methods. The relationship between breast volume, girths, skinfolds, and body density was reported to be low.", "PMID": 533239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5523", "title": "The age of menarche in Nigerian urban school girls.", "content": "In March and April 1978, a sample of 1365 girls from three secondary schools within and near Enugu (capital of Anambra State of Nigeria) were interviewed regarding date of birth and menstrual status. Using probit analysis, the mean age at menarche was 13.54 +/- 0.07 years, implying, when compared with earlier studies, a rate of decline in the average menarcheal age of about four months per decade. Significant differences were observed in the menarcheal ages of the girls with respect to their geographical residence and the occupation of their fathers. The results obtained in the study are similar to those reported by Oduntan et al. (1976) for south-western Nigeria, and they lend support to the proposition that improvements in nutrition and the elimination of infectious diseases (characteristic associated with socioeconomic development) tend to reduce the average menarcheal age.", "contents": "The age of menarche in Nigerian urban school girls. In March and April 1978, a sample of 1365 girls from three secondary schools within and near Enugu (capital of Anambra State of Nigeria) were interviewed regarding date of birth and menstrual status. Using probit analysis, the mean age at menarche was 13.54 +/- 0.07 years, implying, when compared with earlier studies, a rate of decline in the average menarcheal age of about four months per decade. Significant differences were observed in the menarcheal ages of the girls with respect to their geographical residence and the occupation of their fathers. The results obtained in the study are similar to those reported by Oduntan et al. (1976) for south-western Nigeria, and they lend support to the proposition that improvements in nutrition and the elimination of infectious diseases (characteristic associated with socioeconomic development) tend to reduce the average menarcheal age.", "PMID": 533240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5524", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in the testicular feminization syndrome.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic characteristics, both quantitative and qualitative, of fingers and palms of 19 46,XY propositae with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome, derived from 28 index kinships, have been analysed in detail. The results reveal trends which allow the tentative conclusions to be reached that in normal circumstances, and insofar as the sex chromosome influence is concerned, aspects of the development of the palmar patterns of loops and triradii may be directly influenced by the sex chromosomal complement of the fetus; by contrast the digital ridges, and, secondarily, the digital patterns, may be influenced to an extent by testicular androgens.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in the testicular feminization syndrome. Dermatoglyphic characteristics, both quantitative and qualitative, of fingers and palms of 19 46,XY propositae with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome, derived from 28 index kinships, have been analysed in detail. The results reveal trends which allow the tentative conclusions to be reached that in normal circumstances, and insofar as the sex chromosome influence is concerned, aspects of the development of the palmar patterns of loops and triradii may be directly influenced by the sex chromosomal complement of the fetus; by contrast the digital ridges, and, secondarily, the digital patterns, may be influenced to an extent by testicular androgens.", "PMID": 533241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5525", "title": "Sheldon's trunk index and the growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk.", "content": "The trunk index (TI), a ratio of the area of the thoracic trunk to that of the lumbar trunk, is measured on a somatotype photograph marked according to defined criteria. Photographs of 82 boys from the Harpenden Growth Study were measured at ages 5 to 18 years, in an order that obscured which photographs were of the same boy at different ages. Remeasurement two months later of 12 boys at each of ages 5, 11, and 18 years showed retest correlations of 0.97 or higher for thoracic and lumbar areas separately and of about 0.95 for their ratio. When 57 boys aged 17 to 20 years were measured by another worker, their TI values correlated 0.90 with those used in this study. Inter-age correlations among the unedited TI values were approximately 0.9 between ages a year apart and declined as age differences increased. Correlations with values at age 18 increased from about 0.7 at age 5 to 0.9 by age 16. Editing was done by remeasuring all values that deviated by more than 0.05 TI units from a regression line based on each subject's total array of values. In the edited data, correlations with TI values at age 18 increased, ranging from 0.8 at age 5 to 0.95 by age 16. Mean TI was quite stable, ranging only between 1.45 and 1.51 for the whole age span, with the lowest values appearing from 11 to 14 years. In 43 of the 59 boys whose series allowed determination of peak height velocity (PHV), a 'TI dip' appeared: one to three TI values fell more than 0.05 TI units below the boy's overall regression line shortly before PHV. Distance and velocity curves are given for growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk areas. Peak velocity of growth of the lumbar area occurred on average a little earlier than that for the thoracic area; the TI dip was in part a result of this. Alterations of fat distribution as seen by skinfolds probably also contributed. Judging by their individual regression lines, about 80% of the boys showed no more than chance variation from a horizontal slope, their TI neither increasing nor decreasing overall. An additional 10% appeared to show significant slopes only because their series started or ended too near their TI dips. The remaining 10% of boys appeared to show real changes in TI as they grew. Examples of the most extreme changes are shown.", "contents": "Sheldon's trunk index and the growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk. The trunk index (TI), a ratio of the area of the thoracic trunk to that of the lumbar trunk, is measured on a somatotype photograph marked according to defined criteria. Photographs of 82 boys from the Harpenden Growth Study were measured at ages 5 to 18 years, in an order that obscured which photographs were of the same boy at different ages. Remeasurement two months later of 12 boys at each of ages 5, 11, and 18 years showed retest correlations of 0.97 or higher for thoracic and lumbar areas separately and of about 0.95 for their ratio. When 57 boys aged 17 to 20 years were measured by another worker, their TI values correlated 0.90 with those used in this study. Inter-age correlations among the unedited TI values were approximately 0.9 between ages a year apart and declined as age differences increased. Correlations with values at age 18 increased from about 0.7 at age 5 to 0.9 by age 16. Editing was done by remeasuring all values that deviated by more than 0.05 TI units from a regression line based on each subject's total array of values. In the edited data, correlations with TI values at age 18 increased, ranging from 0.8 at age 5 to 0.95 by age 16. Mean TI was quite stable, ranging only between 1.45 and 1.51 for the whole age span, with the lowest values appearing from 11 to 14 years. In 43 of the 59 boys whose series allowed determination of peak height velocity (PHV), a 'TI dip' appeared: one to three TI values fell more than 0.05 TI units below the boy's overall regression line shortly before PHV. Distance and velocity curves are given for growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk areas. Peak velocity of growth of the lumbar area occurred on average a little earlier than that for the thoracic area; the TI dip was in part a result of this. Alterations of fat distribution as seen by skinfolds probably also contributed. Judging by their individual regression lines, about 80% of the boys showed no more than chance variation from a horizontal slope, their TI neither increasing nor decreasing overall. An additional 10% appeared to show significant slopes only because their series started or ended too near their TI dips. The remaining 10% of boys appeared to show real changes in TI as they grew. Examples of the most extreme changes are shown.", "PMID": 533236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5526", "title": "Obesity in schoolchildren and their parents.", "content": "The height, weight and left triceps skinfold thickness of 2190 schoolchildren were measured and the heights and weights of their parents obtained from a postal questionnaire. Power-type obesity indices were used to correct weight for height in parents and children. Preliminary analysis of the distribution of obesity using arbitrarily chosen cut-off points to define the obese, normal and lean parent indicated the presence of a group of 'super-obese' families. The spline technique was used to analyse these data as continuous variables, and showed that the 'super-obese' group of families was too small to be of any practical importance. The relationship between obesity in parents and their children has also been investigated using the spline regression technique. The results show that the relationship is linear but that only 6% of the total variation of observed obesity in children is attributable to variation in the parents' reported obesity. However, a structural analysis indicates a direct relationship between obesity of parents and children. This is obscured in the regression analysis by the large within-subject variability of observed obesity in both parents and children.", "contents": "Obesity in schoolchildren and their parents. The height, weight and left triceps skinfold thickness of 2190 schoolchildren were measured and the heights and weights of their parents obtained from a postal questionnaire. Power-type obesity indices were used to correct weight for height in parents and children. Preliminary analysis of the distribution of obesity using arbitrarily chosen cut-off points to define the obese, normal and lean parent indicated the presence of a group of 'super-obese' families. The spline technique was used to analyse these data as continuous variables, and showed that the 'super-obese' group of families was too small to be of any practical importance. The relationship between obesity in parents and their children has also been investigated using the spline regression technique. The results show that the relationship is linear but that only 6% of the total variation of observed obesity in children is attributable to variation in the parents' reported obesity. However, a structural analysis indicates a direct relationship between obesity of parents and children. This is obscured in the regression analysis by the large within-subject variability of observed obesity in both parents and children.", "PMID": 533243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5527", "title": "Cerebral infarcts with arterial occlusion in neonates.", "content": "Among 592 infants examined at autopsy during a four-year period, 32 (5.4%) had cerebral infarcts. Excluded were cases of traumatic hemorrhages and softening, periventricular leukomalacia, venous lesions, and any mass, including encephaloceles, with arterial distortion and infarction. Histological abnormalities were similar to those of infarcts in adults. Relatively advanced histopathological changes in some infants living only a few hours indicated that some infarctions may have occured in utero. The most common cause of arterial occlusion was embolization, with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation playing a major role. The brains of term neonates were more frequently involved than those of premature infants. Multiple small infarcts occurred more often in premature infants. In most cases autonomic dysfunction with prolonged apnea, episodic seizures, and metabolic acidosis were the major associated clinical features, rather than focal neurological deficits. Similar cerebral infarcts in infants who survive with less severe systemic complications may lead to porencephaly, hemiplegia, mental and motor retardation, and recurrent seizures.", "contents": "Cerebral infarcts with arterial occlusion in neonates. Among 592 infants examined at autopsy during a four-year period, 32 (5.4%) had cerebral infarcts. Excluded were cases of traumatic hemorrhages and softening, periventricular leukomalacia, venous lesions, and any mass, including encephaloceles, with arterial distortion and infarction. Histological abnormalities were similar to those of infarcts in adults. Relatively advanced histopathological changes in some infants living only a few hours indicated that some infarctions may have occured in utero. The most common cause of arterial occlusion was embolization, with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation playing a major role. The brains of term neonates were more frequently involved than those of premature infants. Multiple small infarcts occurred more often in premature infants. In most cases autonomic dysfunction with prolonged apnea, episodic seizures, and metabolic acidosis were the major associated clinical features, rather than focal neurological deficits. Similar cerebral infarcts in infants who survive with less severe systemic complications may lead to porencephaly, hemiplegia, mental and motor retardation, and recurrent seizures.", "PMID": 533248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5528", "title": "Weight at menarche in deaf girls.", "content": "Weight at menarche of a mixed longitudinal sample of deaf American girls was analysed with regard to its variability and association with their earlier than normal age at menarche. The 'critical weight' hypothesis of Frisch and Revelle (1970, 1971) specifies the attainment of a certain body weight necessary for the onset of menstruation with a concomitant reduction in its variability. The findings herein suggest this hypothesis is not applicable to deaf girls.", "contents": "Weight at menarche in deaf girls. Weight at menarche of a mixed longitudinal sample of deaf American girls was analysed with regard to its variability and association with their earlier than normal age at menarche. The 'critical weight' hypothesis of Frisch and Revelle (1970, 1971) specifies the attainment of a certain body weight necessary for the onset of menstruation with a concomitant reduction in its variability. The findings herein suggest this hypothesis is not applicable to deaf girls.", "PMID": 533245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5529", "title": "Clinical correlations of CT scan-detected calcifications of the basal ganglia.", "content": "A review of CT scans of 7,081 patients demonstrated calcifications of the basal ganglia in 53. The calcifications were evident in the skull roentgenograms of only 4 patients out of 40 in whom both CT scans and plain roentgenograms were available, demonstrating the superior resolution of this new method. Seventy-five percent of the patients were older than 50 years of age. Of the younger patients, 5 had had prior cranial irradiation; 1 had received cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate therapy for meningeal leukemia; and 2 others had deep-seated arteriovenous malformations. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were normal in all 46 patients in whom they were measured. We conclude that the detection of small calcifications of the basal ganglia in persons above 50 years of age is infrequently associated with either clinical signs of basal ganglia dysfunction or calcium and phosphorus abnormalities. Calcium deposition in these patients may be related to vascular changes associated with aging. In younger patients a specific pathogenetic factor or underlying process is infrequently found.", "contents": "Clinical correlations of CT scan-detected calcifications of the basal ganglia. A review of CT scans of 7,081 patients demonstrated calcifications of the basal ganglia in 53. The calcifications were evident in the skull roentgenograms of only 4 patients out of 40 in whom both CT scans and plain roentgenograms were available, demonstrating the superior resolution of this new method. Seventy-five percent of the patients were older than 50 years of age. Of the younger patients, 5 had had prior cranial irradiation; 1 had received cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate therapy for meningeal leukemia; and 2 others had deep-seated arteriovenous malformations. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were normal in all 46 patients in whom they were measured. We conclude that the detection of small calcifications of the basal ganglia in persons above 50 years of age is infrequently associated with either clinical signs of basal ganglia dysfunction or calcium and phosphorus abnormalities. Calcium deposition in these patients may be related to vascular changes associated with aging. In younger patients a specific pathogenetic factor or underlying process is infrequently found.", "PMID": 533249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5530", "title": "Central nervous system maturation in the stressed premature.", "content": "The developmental sequence of sleep cycles has been found to be a useful index of central nervous system maturation in premature infants. To determine the effects of severe reversible stress on the maturation of sleep cycles, 6- to 8-hour sleep studies were done on 10 premature infants with severe hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and 10 healthy premature babies. The studies were done in the neonatal intensive care unit and included patients from 30 weeks' gestation to term and in all stages of the disease. Prior studies were confirmed showing that percentage of quiet sleep increases, transitional sleep changes little, and active sleep decreases from 30 weeks' gestation to term. In infants with severe HMD, the percentage of quiet sleep was less and active sleep higher than in unstressed infants of similar age who acted as controls. Once the infants recovered from HMD, sleep patterns became similar to those found in the control group. These data suggest that when respiratory distress occurs in the premature infant, there is a transient delay in central nervous system maturation as measured by sleep cycle analysis.", "contents": "Central nervous system maturation in the stressed premature. The developmental sequence of sleep cycles has been found to be a useful index of central nervous system maturation in premature infants. To determine the effects of severe reversible stress on the maturation of sleep cycles, 6- to 8-hour sleep studies were done on 10 premature infants with severe hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and 10 healthy premature babies. The studies were done in the neonatal intensive care unit and included patients from 30 weeks' gestation to term and in all stages of the disease. Prior studies were confirmed showing that percentage of quiet sleep increases, transitional sleep changes little, and active sleep decreases from 30 weeks' gestation to term. In infants with severe HMD, the percentage of quiet sleep was less and active sleep higher than in unstressed infants of similar age who acted as controls. Once the infants recovered from HMD, sleep patterns became similar to those found in the control group. These data suggest that when respiratory distress occurs in the premature infant, there is a transient delay in central nervous system maturation as measured by sleep cycle analysis.", "PMID": 533250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5531", "title": "Maternal age, dizygotic twinning rates and age at menopause.", "content": "The dizygotic (DZ) twinning rate declines after about maternal age 38 in Caucasian populations. Bulmer (1970) offered the explanation that waning ovarian function causes a decline in rates of double ovulation in originally twin-prone women. The present note suggests that some small part of the decline is caused by the earlier cessation of ovulation altogether in these women (presumably also as a result of waning ovarian function).", "contents": "Maternal age, dizygotic twinning rates and age at menopause. The dizygotic (DZ) twinning rate declines after about maternal age 38 in Caucasian populations. Bulmer (1970) offered the explanation that waning ovarian function causes a decline in rates of double ovulation in originally twin-prone women. The present note suggests that some small part of the decline is caused by the earlier cessation of ovulation altogether in these women (presumably also as a result of waning ovarian function).", "PMID": 533246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5532", "title": "Subarachnoid spread of ependymoma: diagnosis and evaluation of therapy by computerized tomography.", "content": "The potential of ependymomas to spread throughout the intracranial subarachnoid space is well documented, though the incidence is disputed. This relates in part to the time required for such metastases to produce symptoms. The diagnosis of such spread, however, is important for therapeutic management. This report demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized tomography in diagnosing spread of ependymoma throughout the basal cisterns and cerebral fissures.", "contents": "Subarachnoid spread of ependymoma: diagnosis and evaluation of therapy by computerized tomography. The potential of ependymomas to spread throughout the intracranial subarachnoid space is well documented, though the incidence is disputed. This relates in part to the time required for such metastases to produce symptoms. The diagnosis of such spread, however, is important for therapeutic management. This report demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized tomography in diagnosing spread of ependymoma throughout the basal cisterns and cerebral fissures.", "PMID": 533251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5533", "title": "A method for detecting errors in data of growth studies.", "content": "The paper describes a new method used for data cleaning in growth and development studies. The method is essentially based on the assumption that an extreme value of a certain variable might be suspicious if other highly correlated variables show low compatibility with it and that, on the other hand, an extreme but possible value tends not to be erroneous if it is reinforced by another extreme but possible value of a highly correlated variable. Each variable was therefore included in at least two ratios with the highest correlated variables. A program was designed to detect extreme values of individual variables and extreme ratio values. This procedure with ratios was used to help to detect possible errors and discriminate them from true extreme values. Seen in the light of corrected data files against existing data files, the number of corrections was approximately 4.4%. If the real number of corrected errors is compared to the total number of subjects, this percentage reached 5.5%. If, when correcting, the real value was not detected with certainty, the erroneous value was then simply deleted. From our results, there is reason to believe that with this method few detectable errors will escape from the cleaning procedure. Conclusions for future correction procedures and for future growth studies in general, are also given in the paper.", "contents": "A method for detecting errors in data of growth studies. The paper describes a new method used for data cleaning in growth and development studies. The method is essentially based on the assumption that an extreme value of a certain variable might be suspicious if other highly correlated variables show low compatibility with it and that, on the other hand, an extreme but possible value tends not to be erroneous if it is reinforced by another extreme but possible value of a highly correlated variable. Each variable was therefore included in at least two ratios with the highest correlated variables. A program was designed to detect extreme values of individual variables and extreme ratio values. This procedure with ratios was used to help to detect possible errors and discriminate them from true extreme values. Seen in the light of corrected data files against existing data files, the number of corrections was approximately 4.4%. If the real number of corrected errors is compared to the total number of subjects, this percentage reached 5.5%. If, when correcting, the real value was not detected with certainty, the erroneous value was then simply deleted. From our results, there is reason to believe that with this method few detectable errors will escape from the cleaning procedure. Conclusions for future correction procedures and for future growth studies in general, are also given in the paper.", "PMID": 533242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5534", "title": "Ventilatory capacity among highland Bods: a possible adaptive mechanism at high altitude.", "content": "Ventilatory capacity (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and maximal voluntary ventilation) among Highland Bods (3514 m altitude) was higher than in an ethnically similar population residing at a lower altitude in Kulu Valley (1500--2200 m). Increased ventilatory capacity appears to have developed among native highlanders as a consequence of a biological response to high altitude. Numerous factors such as low oxygen pressure, increased work-load and minimal air pollution may explain these findings.", "contents": "Ventilatory capacity among highland Bods: a possible adaptive mechanism at high altitude. Ventilatory capacity (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and maximal voluntary ventilation) among Highland Bods (3514 m altitude) was higher than in an ethnically similar population residing at a lower altitude in Kulu Valley (1500--2200 m). Increased ventilatory capacity appears to have developed among native highlanders as a consequence of a biological response to high altitude. Numerous factors such as low oxygen pressure, increased work-load and minimal air pollution may explain these findings.", "PMID": 533244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5535", "title": "Rifampin plus trimethoprim: bactericidal activity and suppression of resistance in human urine in vitro.", "content": "The bactericidal effect of a combination of rifampin (Ramp) and trimethoprim (Tmp) was studied using dense cultures of test organisms, including some urinary pathogens, growing in human urine. Drug concentrations used were similar to those attainable in human urine. The combination was more effective than the individual drugs and than a combination of Tmp plus sulfamethoxazole (Smx). Tmp was bactericidal in urine and blocked the emergence of Ramp-resistant bacteria. Ramp was responsible for most of the bactericidal action of the combination but also potentiated the bactericidal activity of Tmp. Ramp suppressed the selection of thy- (Tmp-resistant) bacteria. Under the experimental conditions, Smx+Tmp was not more bactericidal than Tmp alone for most of the test organisms, despite strong synergy between the two at subinhibitory concentrations.", "contents": "Rifampin plus trimethoprim: bactericidal activity and suppression of resistance in human urine in vitro. The bactericidal effect of a combination of rifampin (Ramp) and trimethoprim (Tmp) was studied using dense cultures of test organisms, including some urinary pathogens, growing in human urine. Drug concentrations used were similar to those attainable in human urine. The combination was more effective than the individual drugs and than a combination of Tmp plus sulfamethoxazole (Smx). Tmp was bactericidal in urine and blocked the emergence of Ramp-resistant bacteria. Ramp was responsible for most of the bactericidal action of the combination but also potentiated the bactericidal activity of Tmp. Ramp suppressed the selection of thy- (Tmp-resistant) bacteria. Under the experimental conditions, Smx+Tmp was not more bactericidal than Tmp alone for most of the test organisms, despite strong synergy between the two at subinhibitory concentrations.", "PMID": 533255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5536", "title": "Gentamicin antibacterial activity in the presence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Complete protection of Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 from gentamicin bactericidal activity was documented for microorganisms located within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The highest, still ineffective gentamicin concentration tested in the phagocytic assay was 80 times higher than the minimal concentration required to kill uningested organisms. Extracellular gentamicin activity was unaffected by the phagocytic process as demonstrated by microbiological and enzymatic assays, and liberation of intracellular S. aureus by lysis of neutrophils showed the bacteria to be fully susceptible to the antibiotic. These results were corroborated by studies performed with [14C]gentamicin; binding of the labeled antibiotic by resting neutrophils, or by neutrophils ingesting live, killed S. aureus or endotoxin-coated paraffin particles, showed no statistical differences and never exceeded 20% of the extracellular concentration. These results show that intraleukocytic S. aureus are protected from the bactericidal action of gentamicin and suggest that this protection can be explained by poor intracellular penetration of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Gentamicin antibacterial activity in the presence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Complete protection of Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 from gentamicin bactericidal activity was documented for microorganisms located within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The highest, still ineffective gentamicin concentration tested in the phagocytic assay was 80 times higher than the minimal concentration required to kill uningested organisms. Extracellular gentamicin activity was unaffected by the phagocytic process as demonstrated by microbiological and enzymatic assays, and liberation of intracellular S. aureus by lysis of neutrophils showed the bacteria to be fully susceptible to the antibiotic. These results were corroborated by studies performed with [14C]gentamicin; binding of the labeled antibiotic by resting neutrophils, or by neutrophils ingesting live, killed S. aureus or endotoxin-coated paraffin particles, showed no statistical differences and never exceeded 20% of the extracellular concentration. These results show that intraleukocytic S. aureus are protected from the bactericidal action of gentamicin and suggest that this protection can be explained by poor intracellular penetration of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 533256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5537", "title": "Bactericidal effect of combinations of antimicrobial drugs and antineoplastic antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "Six antineoplastic antibiotics showed little antibacterial activity against 28 strains of four species of gram-negative enteric bacteria. By using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these agents with 16 antibacterial drugs usually showed indifference. However, combinations of mitomycin C, especially with the aminoglycosides, were synergistic on strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bleomycin, on the other hand, often showed antagonism on strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae with the beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antibacterial agents. Checkerboard titrations and kinetic killing curves confirmed these findings.", "contents": "Bactericidal effect of combinations of antimicrobial drugs and antineoplastic antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli. Six antineoplastic antibiotics showed little antibacterial activity against 28 strains of four species of gram-negative enteric bacteria. By using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these agents with 16 antibacterial drugs usually showed indifference. However, combinations of mitomycin C, especially with the aminoglycosides, were synergistic on strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bleomycin, on the other hand, often showed antagonism on strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae with the beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antibacterial agents. Checkerboard titrations and kinetic killing curves confirmed these findings.", "PMID": 533257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5538", "title": "Bronchial secretion levels of amikacin.", "content": "Amikacin was given to 14 noninfected men as three consecutive intramuscular injections (7.5 mg/kg) at 12-h intervals. Serum and bronchial secretion specimens were obtained at various times during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy after the final dose. Serum and bronchial secretion concentrations obtained between 1.5 and 2.0 h after the final dose ranged from 17 to 40 mug/ml and 2.3 to 8.4 mug/ml with a mean of 23.7 +/- 2.9 and 5.23 +/- 1.5 mug/ml, +/-1 standard error of the mean, respectively. The highest bronchial secretion concentration in each subject correlated with the highest serum concentration (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), and all concurrent serum and bronchial secretion concentrations demonstrated a significant correlation (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). Clearance occurred at the same rate (half-life serum = 2.84 h; half-life of bronchial secretion = 2.60 h, P > 0.5). The mean bronchial secretion concentration of the 15 specimens obtained more than 7 h after the final dose was less than 1.0 mug/ml, with a range from 0.3 to 1.6 mug/ml. It is concluded that amikacin may achieve minimal inhibitory concentrations for many gram-negative bacteria in the bronchial secretions of noninfected patients 1 to 2 h after the final dose. However, levels fall below the reported minimal inhibitory concentrations against negative bacteria 6 to 7 h after the final dose. Furthermore, bronchial secretion levels may never reach the minimal inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "Bronchial secretion levels of amikacin. Amikacin was given to 14 noninfected men as three consecutive intramuscular injections (7.5 mg/kg) at 12-h intervals. Serum and bronchial secretion specimens were obtained at various times during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy after the final dose. Serum and bronchial secretion concentrations obtained between 1.5 and 2.0 h after the final dose ranged from 17 to 40 mug/ml and 2.3 to 8.4 mug/ml with a mean of 23.7 +/- 2.9 and 5.23 +/- 1.5 mug/ml, +/-1 standard error of the mean, respectively. The highest bronchial secretion concentration in each subject correlated with the highest serum concentration (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), and all concurrent serum and bronchial secretion concentrations demonstrated a significant correlation (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). Clearance occurred at the same rate (half-life serum = 2.84 h; half-life of bronchial secretion = 2.60 h, P > 0.5). The mean bronchial secretion concentration of the 15 specimens obtained more than 7 h after the final dose was less than 1.0 mug/ml, with a range from 0.3 to 1.6 mug/ml. It is concluded that amikacin may achieve minimal inhibitory concentrations for many gram-negative bacteria in the bronchial secretions of noninfected patients 1 to 2 h after the final dose. However, levels fall below the reported minimal inhibitory concentrations against negative bacteria 6 to 7 h after the final dose. Furthermore, bronchial secretion levels may never reach the minimal inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 533258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5539", "title": "Effects of interferon and adenine arabinoside treatment of hepatitis B virus infection on cellular immune responses.", "content": "Fifteen patients with chronic hepatitis B were treated with adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) or human leukocyte interferon (HLI). Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antigens prepared from herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus was measured by a lymphocyte blast transformation assay and an assay for interferon production. Measurements were made before, during, and after antiviral treatment. Unlike patients convalescing from acute hepatitis B, only 2 of 15 patients with chronic hepatitis B had significant blast transformation to hepatitis B surface antigen. One such response occurred during the pretreatment period of HLI therapy, and the other was in a patient undergoing low-dose (<10(5) U/kg per day) HLI therapy. Mononuclear cell cultures were tested for interferon production in the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen. Cells from only 1 of 15 patients produced detectable levels of interferon. In contrast, all of these patients had normal cellular immune responses to herpesvirus antigens. Transformation responses to herpes antigens decreased three- to fivefold after patients were treated with >10(5) U of HLI per kg per day. Antiviral therapy with <10(5) U of HLI per kg per day or Ara-A did not produce a detectable depression of transformation response. Ara-A produced marked lymphocytopenia and a marked lymphocyte fragility after 5 or more days of therapy. In vitro Ara-A was toxic to lymphocytes at concentrations as low as 0.5 mug/ml. These changes in lymphocyte parameters may affect the outcome of antiviral therapy.", "contents": "Effects of interferon and adenine arabinoside treatment of hepatitis B virus infection on cellular immune responses. Fifteen patients with chronic hepatitis B were treated with adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) or human leukocyte interferon (HLI). Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antigens prepared from herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus was measured by a lymphocyte blast transformation assay and an assay for interferon production. Measurements were made before, during, and after antiviral treatment. Unlike patients convalescing from acute hepatitis B, only 2 of 15 patients with chronic hepatitis B had significant blast transformation to hepatitis B surface antigen. One such response occurred during the pretreatment period of HLI therapy, and the other was in a patient undergoing low-dose (<10(5) U/kg per day) HLI therapy. Mononuclear cell cultures were tested for interferon production in the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen. Cells from only 1 of 15 patients produced detectable levels of interferon. In contrast, all of these patients had normal cellular immune responses to herpesvirus antigens. Transformation responses to herpes antigens decreased three- to fivefold after patients were treated with >10(5) U of HLI per kg per day. Antiviral therapy with <10(5) U of HLI per kg per day or Ara-A did not produce a detectable depression of transformation response. Ara-A produced marked lymphocytopenia and a marked lymphocyte fragility after 5 or more days of therapy. In vitro Ara-A was toxic to lymphocytes at concentrations as low as 0.5 mug/ml. These changes in lymphocyte parameters may affect the outcome of antiviral therapy.", "PMID": 533259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5540", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous piperacillin in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic properties of piperacillin, a piperazine derivative of ampicillin, were determined in seven patients with creatinine clearances less than 7 ml/min who were undergoing chronic, intermittent hemodialysis. A two-compartment linear model was used to analyze the data. Mean elimination half-life was 1.26 +/- 0.1 h; the mean elimination constant was 0.95 +/- 0.08 h-1; the mean volume of distribution was 0.16 +/- 0.02 liters/kg of body weight; the mean volume of the central compartment was 0.10 +/- 0.01 liters/kg of body weight; and the mean clearance was 0.09 +/- 0.01 liters/h per kg of body weight. Mean elimination half-life while off dialysis of 2.1 h.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous piperacillin in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetic properties of piperacillin, a piperazine derivative of ampicillin, were determined in seven patients with creatinine clearances less than 7 ml/min who were undergoing chronic, intermittent hemodialysis. A two-compartment linear model was used to analyze the data. Mean elimination half-life was 1.26 +/- 0.1 h; the mean elimination constant was 0.95 +/- 0.08 h-1; the mean volume of distribution was 0.16 +/- 0.02 liters/kg of body weight; the mean volume of the central compartment was 0.10 +/- 0.01 liters/kg of body weight; and the mean clearance was 0.09 +/- 0.01 liters/h per kg of body weight. Mean elimination half-life while off dialysis of 2.1 h.", "PMID": 533260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5541", "title": "Antibacterial activities, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity of a new aminoglycoside, Win 42122-2.", "content": "Win 42122-2 is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from a mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea. In vitro and in vivo comparisons of Win 42122-2 with gentamicin and amikacin revealed that Win 42122-2 generally was less active than gentamicin against Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriacae, especially Klebsiella and indole-negative Proteus. Against most gentamicin-susceptible isolates, Win 42122-2 was more active than amikacin. Gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates were usually resistant to Win 42122-2, although it was active against certain gentamicin-resistant organisms, depending upon the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes harbored by the organism. However, Win 42122-2 was markedly less toxic than gentamicin in subacute nephrotoxicity studies in rats, ototoxicity experiments in guinea pigs, and ataxia determinations in cats. This series of antibacterial determinations and toxicity evaluations indicated that the reduced toxicity of the antibiotic may be sufficient to provide an improved therapeutic ratio over gentamicin and other aminoglycosides, even though Win 42122-2 is less potent than gentamicin against some bacteria.", "contents": "Antibacterial activities, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity of a new aminoglycoside, Win 42122-2. Win 42122-2 is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from a mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea. In vitro and in vivo comparisons of Win 42122-2 with gentamicin and amikacin revealed that Win 42122-2 generally was less active than gentamicin against Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriacae, especially Klebsiella and indole-negative Proteus. Against most gentamicin-susceptible isolates, Win 42122-2 was more active than amikacin. Gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates were usually resistant to Win 42122-2, although it was active against certain gentamicin-resistant organisms, depending upon the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes harbored by the organism. However, Win 42122-2 was markedly less toxic than gentamicin in subacute nephrotoxicity studies in rats, ototoxicity experiments in guinea pigs, and ataxia determinations in cats. This series of antibacterial determinations and toxicity evaluations indicated that the reduced toxicity of the antibiotic may be sufficient to provide an improved therapeutic ratio over gentamicin and other aminoglycosides, even though Win 42122-2 is less potent than gentamicin against some bacteria.", "PMID": 533261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5542", "title": "Fortimicin A: collaborative in vitro susceptibility. Comparison with amikacin and gentamicin against 11,840 clinical bacterial isolates.", "content": "The susceptibility of 11,840 clinical bacterial isolates to fortimicin A was determined by agar dilution or broth microdilution methods and compared with their susceptibility to amikacin and gentamicin. In general, the in vitro activity of fortimicin A was essentially the same as that of amikacin. Significant exceptions were the increased effectiveness of fortimicin A against Serratia marcescens and the greater activity of amikacin against Pseudomonas and other nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. On a weight-for-weight basis, gentamicin showed greater activity than the other two antimicrobial drugs against most species; S. Marcescens was the major exception. However, at concentrations equivalent to achievable nontoxic serum levels, the proportion of isolates inhibited by the three drugs was quite comparable. There were several strains with unusually high resistance to one or more of the tested antibiotics. These usually occurred in one of the six participating institutions and could be traced to specific enzyme-producing or permeability mutants endemic to that particular institution.", "contents": "Fortimicin A: collaborative in vitro susceptibility. Comparison with amikacin and gentamicin against 11,840 clinical bacterial isolates. The susceptibility of 11,840 clinical bacterial isolates to fortimicin A was determined by agar dilution or broth microdilution methods and compared with their susceptibility to amikacin and gentamicin. In general, the in vitro activity of fortimicin A was essentially the same as that of amikacin. Significant exceptions were the increased effectiveness of fortimicin A against Serratia marcescens and the greater activity of amikacin against Pseudomonas and other nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. On a weight-for-weight basis, gentamicin showed greater activity than the other two antimicrobial drugs against most species; S. Marcescens was the major exception. However, at concentrations equivalent to achievable nontoxic serum levels, the proportion of isolates inhibited by the three drugs was quite comparable. There were several strains with unusually high resistance to one or more of the tested antibiotics. These usually occurred in one of the six participating institutions and could be traced to specific enzyme-producing or permeability mutants endemic to that particular institution.", "PMID": 533262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5543", "title": "Amikacin pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with malignancy.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age) with malignancies and normal renal function. Dosage regimens of 5 mg/kg per dose were administered intravenously (i) over 30 min every 8 h, (ii) over 60 min every 8 h, and (iii) over 60 min every 6 h. Administration of amikacin over 30 min produced concentrations in serum of 29.3 +/- 5.7 micrograms/ml at the end of the infusion and subtherapeutic concentrations 4 h after the infusion. The regimen of 20 mg/kg per 24 h, divided into doses given every 6 h infused over 60 min, achieved concentrations in serum at the end of the infusion of 17.2 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml and at 6 h of 1.2 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml. The serum half-life was 1.24 +/- 0.09 h, volume of distribution was 0.26 +/- 0.02 liter/kg, and total body clearance rate was 131 +/- 10 ml/min per 1.73 m2. No accumulation of amikacin was noted, and no significant side effects could be attributed to the drug. This study suggests that the optimal initial dosage regimen of amikacin in children is 20 mg/kg per 24 h administered in equal doses every 6 h over 60 min; however, optimal therapy requires individualization of dosage based on measured serum concentrations and susceptibility data on bacterial pathogens isolated.", "contents": "Amikacin pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with malignancy. The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age) with malignancies and normal renal function. Dosage regimens of 5 mg/kg per dose were administered intravenously (i) over 30 min every 8 h, (ii) over 60 min every 8 h, and (iii) over 60 min every 6 h. Administration of amikacin over 30 min produced concentrations in serum of 29.3 +/- 5.7 micrograms/ml at the end of the infusion and subtherapeutic concentrations 4 h after the infusion. The regimen of 20 mg/kg per 24 h, divided into doses given every 6 h infused over 60 min, achieved concentrations in serum at the end of the infusion of 17.2 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml and at 6 h of 1.2 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml. The serum half-life was 1.24 +/- 0.09 h, volume of distribution was 0.26 +/- 0.02 liter/kg, and total body clearance rate was 131 +/- 10 ml/min per 1.73 m2. No accumulation of amikacin was noted, and no significant side effects could be attributed to the drug. This study suggests that the optimal initial dosage regimen of amikacin in children is 20 mg/kg per 24 h administered in equal doses every 6 h over 60 min; however, optimal therapy requires individualization of dosage based on measured serum concentrations and susceptibility data on bacterial pathogens isolated.", "PMID": 533263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5544", "title": "Susceptibility of Pseudomonas maltophilia to antimicrobial agents, singly and in combination.", "content": "Pseudomonas maltophilia is resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents including those active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The susceptibility of 14 clinical isolates of P. Maltophilia to 18 antimicrobial agents was determined by broth dilution testing. All organisms were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), minocycline, and LY127935. A total of 87 and 79% of the organisms were susceptible in vitro to colistin and chloramphenicol, respectively. With the exception of sisomicin, the organisms were resistant to the aminoglycosides. Of 21 combinations of antimicrobials examined for synergy, only the combination of TMP-SMZ with carbenicillin was consistently (86%) synergistic in vitro. Supplementation of the testing media with calcium and magnesium increased the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the aminoglycosides, the penicillins, and TMP-SMZ against P. maltophilia.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Pseudomonas maltophilia to antimicrobial agents, singly and in combination. Pseudomonas maltophilia is resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents including those active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The susceptibility of 14 clinical isolates of P. Maltophilia to 18 antimicrobial agents was determined by broth dilution testing. All organisms were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), minocycline, and LY127935. A total of 87 and 79% of the organisms were susceptible in vitro to colistin and chloramphenicol, respectively. With the exception of sisomicin, the organisms were resistant to the aminoglycosides. Of 21 combinations of antimicrobials examined for synergy, only the combination of TMP-SMZ with carbenicillin was consistently (86%) synergistic in vitro. Supplementation of the testing media with calcium and magnesium increased the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the aminoglycosides, the penicillins, and TMP-SMZ against P. maltophilia.", "PMID": 533264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5545", "title": "Chlorhexidine as an effective agent against Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "In a small field trial, chlorhexidine (50 micrograms/ml) was as effective against clinical trachoma as topical tetracyclines or oral co-trimoxazole; in vitro, 2.5 micrograms/ml was chlamydicidal.", "contents": "Chlorhexidine as an effective agent against Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro and in vivo. In a small field trial, chlorhexidine (50 micrograms/ml) was as effective against clinical trachoma as topical tetracyclines or oral co-trimoxazole; in vitro, 2.5 micrograms/ml was chlamydicidal.", "PMID": 533265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5546", "title": "Evaluation of gentamicin and penicillin as a synergistic combination in experimental murine listeriosis.", "content": "The administration of a combination of penicillin and gentamicin to mice given an intraperitoneal challenge of a highly pathogenic strain of Listeria monocytogenes resulted in increased survival as compared with groups receiving penicillin alone or gentamicin alone or a control group that received no antibiotic. The median survival of animals that eventually died was no longer than in groups receiving single antibiotics and suggests that additional studies should be carried out to further investigate the possibility of synergism in animal models.", "contents": "Evaluation of gentamicin and penicillin as a synergistic combination in experimental murine listeriosis. The administration of a combination of penicillin and gentamicin to mice given an intraperitoneal challenge of a highly pathogenic strain of Listeria monocytogenes resulted in increased survival as compared with groups receiving penicillin alone or gentamicin alone or a control group that received no antibiotic. The median survival of animals that eventually died was no longer than in groups receiving single antibiotics and suggests that additional studies should be carried out to further investigate the possibility of synergism in animal models.", "PMID": 533266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5547", "title": "In vitro activity of LY127935, a new 1-oxa cephalosporin, against aerobic gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "A total of 434 clinical aerobic gram-negative bacillary isolates were tested against LY127935, a new 1-oxa cephalosporin, and compared with other cephalosporins, penicillins, and aminoglycosides by a broth microdilution technique. Cefotaxime (HR756), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, and LY127935 were more active, and showed lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (ranges, less than or equal to 0.12 to 2.0 micrograms/ml), than cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefazolin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., Serratia marcescens, Providencia spp., and Citrobacter spp. Against P. aeruginosa, pepercillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin were the most active beta-lactam agents; 64 micrograms/ml inhibited 99, 93, and 87% of the isolates, respectively. LY127935 and cefotaxime at 16 micrograms/ml inhibited 71% of Pseudomonas isolates, whereas the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin at a concentration of 4 micrograms/ml inhibited 84, 88, and 93%, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined for all isolates and were generally the same as the minimum inhibitory concentrations.", "contents": "In vitro activity of LY127935, a new 1-oxa cephalosporin, against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. A total of 434 clinical aerobic gram-negative bacillary isolates were tested against LY127935, a new 1-oxa cephalosporin, and compared with other cephalosporins, penicillins, and aminoglycosides by a broth microdilution technique. Cefotaxime (HR756), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, and LY127935 were more active, and showed lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (ranges, less than or equal to 0.12 to 2.0 micrograms/ml), than cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefazolin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., Serratia marcescens, Providencia spp., and Citrobacter spp. Against P. aeruginosa, pepercillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin were the most active beta-lactam agents; 64 micrograms/ml inhibited 99, 93, and 87% of the isolates, respectively. LY127935 and cefotaxime at 16 micrograms/ml inhibited 71% of Pseudomonas isolates, whereas the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin at a concentration of 4 micrograms/ml inhibited 84, 88, and 93%, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined for all isolates and were generally the same as the minimum inhibitory concentrations.", "PMID": 533267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5548", "title": "Effect of cefamandole nafate on blood coagulation and platelet function.", "content": "Platelet function and coagulation were tested after brief in vivo exposure to cefamandole nafate and in the presence of various concentrations of the drug in vitro. Alterations in hemostatic function were observed only with exposure to drug concentrations severalfold higher than those expected to prevail clinically.", "contents": "Effect of cefamandole nafate on blood coagulation and platelet function. Platelet function and coagulation were tested after brief in vivo exposure to cefamandole nafate and in the presence of various concentrations of the drug in vitro. Alterations in hemostatic function were observed only with exposure to drug concentrations severalfold higher than those expected to prevail clinically.", "PMID": 533268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5549", "title": "Stimulation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase formation by L-glutamate in Pseudomonas dacunhae and Improved production of L-alanine.", "content": "The formation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase by Pseudomonas dacunhae was compared on media containing a variety of organic acids and amino acids as a carbon source. Although the enzyme was formed constitutively when the organism was grown on basal medium or on that containing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, it was induced twofold by L-glutamate and repressed one-tenth by L-serine. L-Glutamine, L-proline, L-leucine, glycine, and L-threonine also showed induction effects lower than that of L-glutamate. L-Glutamate derepressed the serine effect. This glutamate effect was observed effect was observed with other microoganisms, e.g., Achromobacter pestifer and Achromobacter liquidum. Since the intermediates from L-glutamate metabolism had no effect, this induction effect was specific to L-glutamate. The formation of some glutamate-related enzymes was measured and is discussed in relation to the formation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase. L-Asparate beta-decarboxylase was purified to an electrophoretically homogenous state from L-glutamate-grown cells of P. dacunhae, and some properties were compared with those of the enzyme from fumarate-grown cells. The two enzymes were identical in disc electrophoresis, molecular weight, and some enzymatic properties. The industrial production of L-alanine from L-aspartic acid acid was improved by using the culture broth with highly induced L-asparate beta-decarboxylase (9.4 U/ml of broth).", "contents": "Stimulation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase formation by L-glutamate in Pseudomonas dacunhae and Improved production of L-alanine. The formation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase by Pseudomonas dacunhae was compared on media containing a variety of organic acids and amino acids as a carbon source. Although the enzyme was formed constitutively when the organism was grown on basal medium or on that containing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, it was induced twofold by L-glutamate and repressed one-tenth by L-serine. L-Glutamine, L-proline, L-leucine, glycine, and L-threonine also showed induction effects lower than that of L-glutamate. L-Glutamate derepressed the serine effect. This glutamate effect was observed effect was observed with other microoganisms, e.g., Achromobacter pestifer and Achromobacter liquidum. Since the intermediates from L-glutamate metabolism had no effect, this induction effect was specific to L-glutamate. The formation of some glutamate-related enzymes was measured and is discussed in relation to the formation of L-asparate beta-decarboxylase. L-Asparate beta-decarboxylase was purified to an electrophoretically homogenous state from L-glutamate-grown cells of P. dacunhae, and some properties were compared with those of the enzyme from fumarate-grown cells. The two enzymes were identical in disc electrophoresis, molecular weight, and some enzymatic properties. The industrial production of L-alanine from L-aspartic acid acid was improved by using the culture broth with highly induced L-asparate beta-decarboxylase (9.4 U/ml of broth).", "PMID": 533269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5550", "title": "Specificity of bacteriolytic enzyme II from a soil amoeba, Hartmannella glebae.", "content": "Two bacteriolytic enzymes were produced when Hartmanella glebae was grown in the presence of both Enterobacter aerogenes and Alcaligenes faecalis. The identification of enzyme I as N-acetylmuramidase was reported earlier. Enzyme II was purified by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A column. A recovery of 68.76% with 72.3-fold purification was obtained. It was found that 5 and 10 mM MgCl2 significantly increased the bacteriolytic activity. It is a basic protein. The cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were lysed by the enzyme, and the products of digestion were purified by Amberlite CG-120 and Sephadex G-15 chromatography to facilitate the detection of amino sugars. After reduction of the oligosaccharides with sodium borohydride and acid hydrolysis, the amino sugars were identified by paper chromatography. It was found that enzyme II cleaved the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic and and N-acetylglucosamine of the peptidoglycan moiety of the cell walls. Thus, the enzyme was identified as endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase.", "contents": "Specificity of bacteriolytic enzyme II from a soil amoeba, Hartmannella glebae. Two bacteriolytic enzymes were produced when Hartmanella glebae was grown in the presence of both Enterobacter aerogenes and Alcaligenes faecalis. The identification of enzyme I as N-acetylmuramidase was reported earlier. Enzyme II was purified by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A column. A recovery of 68.76% with 72.3-fold purification was obtained. It was found that 5 and 10 mM MgCl2 significantly increased the bacteriolytic activity. It is a basic protein. The cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were lysed by the enzyme, and the products of digestion were purified by Amberlite CG-120 and Sephadex G-15 chromatography to facilitate the detection of amino sugars. After reduction of the oligosaccharides with sodium borohydride and acid hydrolysis, the amino sugars were identified by paper chromatography. It was found that enzyme II cleaved the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic and and N-acetylglucosamine of the peptidoglycan moiety of the cell walls. Thus, the enzyme was identified as endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase.", "PMID": 533270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5551", "title": "Catabolism of 5-chlorosalicylate by a Bacillus isolated from the Mississippi River.", "content": "A strain of Bacillus brevis isolated from a polluted section of the Mississippi River was shown to utilize 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate (5-chlorosalicylate) as a sale source of carbon and energy. Enzymic analyses of cell-free extracts prepared from 5-chlorosalicylate-grown cells demonstrated that the initial step in the pathway involved cleavage of the aromatic ring between C1 and C2 by a specific 5-chlorosalicylate 1,2-dioxygenase. Loss of chloride from the growth substrate occurred after ring fission and was probably enzyme mediated. An intermediate chlorolactone apparently lost chloride by enzymatic hydrolysis with formation of maleylpyruvate. Maleylpyruvate was further degraded by both glutathione-dependent and glutathione-independent mechanisms, with these reactions being identical to the terminal reactions of the gentisate pathway. It was suggested that this novel 5-chlorosalicylate pathway may have evolved by recruitment of enzymes from an ancestral gentisate pathway.", "contents": "Catabolism of 5-chlorosalicylate by a Bacillus isolated from the Mississippi River. A strain of Bacillus brevis isolated from a polluted section of the Mississippi River was shown to utilize 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate (5-chlorosalicylate) as a sale source of carbon and energy. Enzymic analyses of cell-free extracts prepared from 5-chlorosalicylate-grown cells demonstrated that the initial step in the pathway involved cleavage of the aromatic ring between C1 and C2 by a specific 5-chlorosalicylate 1,2-dioxygenase. Loss of chloride from the growth substrate occurred after ring fission and was probably enzyme mediated. An intermediate chlorolactone apparently lost chloride by enzymatic hydrolysis with formation of maleylpyruvate. Maleylpyruvate was further degraded by both glutathione-dependent and glutathione-independent mechanisms, with these reactions being identical to the terminal reactions of the gentisate pathway. It was suggested that this novel 5-chlorosalicylate pathway may have evolved by recruitment of enzymes from an ancestral gentisate pathway.", "PMID": 533271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5552", "title": "Catalase activity during the recovery of heat-stressed Staphylococcus aureus MF-31.", "content": "Sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus produced little loss of catalase activity, but incubation of the injured cells in tryptic soy broth, with or without 10% NaCl added, produced an 85% decrease in catalase activity. Cells recovered in tryptic soy broth demonstrated increases in catalase levels after approximately 5 h, whereas in tryptic soy broth with 10% NaCl the levels remained low for at least 12 h. Thus, the loss of catalase activity during the recovery period was greater than during the heat treatment.", "contents": "Catalase activity during the recovery of heat-stressed Staphylococcus aureus MF-31. Sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus produced little loss of catalase activity, but incubation of the injured cells in tryptic soy broth, with or without 10% NaCl added, produced an 85% decrease in catalase activity. Cells recovered in tryptic soy broth demonstrated increases in catalase levels after approximately 5 h, whereas in tryptic soy broth with 10% NaCl the levels remained low for at least 12 h. Thus, the loss of catalase activity during the recovery period was greater than during the heat treatment.", "PMID": 533272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5553", "title": "Enterobacteriaceae isolated from iguanid lizards of west-central Texas.", "content": "The prevalence of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the intestines of seven species of iguanid lizards native to west-central Texas was determined. Of the 67 lizard specimens examined, 48.7% were infected with Salmonella and 9% were infected with Salmonella arizonae. Two lizard species (Sceloporus olivaceus and Crotaphytus collaris) were shown to have a 100% prevalence of Salmonella.", "contents": "Enterobacteriaceae isolated from iguanid lizards of west-central Texas. The prevalence of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the intestines of seven species of iguanid lizards native to west-central Texas was determined. Of the 67 lizard specimens examined, 48.7% were infected with Salmonella and 9% were infected with Salmonella arizonae. Two lizard species (Sceloporus olivaceus and Crotaphytus collaris) were shown to have a 100% prevalence of Salmonella.", "PMID": 533273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5554", "title": "Characteristic gamma-lactone odor production of the genus Pityrosporum.", "content": "Mass spectrometric-gas chromatographic analysis of culture headspaces revealed that members of the genous Pityrosporum produce volatile gamma-lactones during growth on lipid-containing media. Representative members of other yeast genera found on humans failed to produce these compounds. Addition of lecithin, oleic acids, triolein, or human sebum to the culture media stimulated gamma-lactone production by Pityrosporum species. All yeasts tested produced isopentanol and phenylethanol. Production of gamma-lactones may serve as a valuable characteristic in the identification of organisms of the genus Pityrosporum.", "contents": "Characteristic gamma-lactone odor production of the genus Pityrosporum. Mass spectrometric-gas chromatographic analysis of culture headspaces revealed that members of the genous Pityrosporum produce volatile gamma-lactones during growth on lipid-containing media. Representative members of other yeast genera found on humans failed to produce these compounds. Addition of lecithin, oleic acids, triolein, or human sebum to the culture media stimulated gamma-lactone production by Pityrosporum species. All yeasts tested produced isopentanol and phenylethanol. Production of gamma-lactones may serve as a valuable characteristic in the identification of organisms of the genus Pityrosporum.", "PMID": 533274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5555", "title": "Role of plasmids in mercury transformation by bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment.", "content": "Eight mercury-resistant bacterial strains isolated from the Chesapeake Bay and one strain isolated from the Cayman Trench were examined for ability to volatilize mercury. Mercury volatilization was found to be variable in the strains tested. In addition, plasmids were detected in all strains. After curing, two of the bacterial strains lost mercury resistance, indicating that volatilization is plasmid mediated in these strains. Only two cultures demonstrated ability to methylate mercuric chloride under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Methylation of mercury, compared with volatilization, appears to be mediated by a separate genetic system in these bacteria. It is concluded that mercury volatilization in the estuarine environment can be mediated by genes carried on plasmids.", "contents": "Role of plasmids in mercury transformation by bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment. Eight mercury-resistant bacterial strains isolated from the Chesapeake Bay and one strain isolated from the Cayman Trench were examined for ability to volatilize mercury. Mercury volatilization was found to be variable in the strains tested. In addition, plasmids were detected in all strains. After curing, two of the bacterial strains lost mercury resistance, indicating that volatilization is plasmid mediated in these strains. Only two cultures demonstrated ability to methylate mercuric chloride under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Methylation of mercury, compared with volatilization, appears to be mediated by a separate genetic system in these bacteria. It is concluded that mercury volatilization in the estuarine environment can be mediated by genes carried on plasmids.", "PMID": 533275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5556", "title": "Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture.", "content": "Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.", "contents": "Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture. Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.", "PMID": 533276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5557", "title": "Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp.", "content": "Fifty-one strains of the genus Bifidobacterium have been found to accumulate indole-3-lactic acid in culture broth. The isolated metabolite was identified through mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the microorganisms tested, as resting cells, have been shown to be able to convert L-tryptophan into L-indole-3-lactic acid.", "contents": "Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp. Fifty-one strains of the genus Bifidobacterium have been found to accumulate indole-3-lactic acid in culture broth. The isolated metabolite was identified through mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the microorganisms tested, as resting cells, have been shown to be able to convert L-tryptophan into L-indole-3-lactic acid.", "PMID": 533277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5558", "title": "Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(metnyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde.", "content": "The biodegradation of three synthetic 14C-labeled polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), phenol formaldehyde, and polystyrene, was studied with 17 species of fungi in axenic cultures, five groups of soil invertebrates, and a variety of mixed microbial communities including sludges, soils, manures, garbages, and decaying plastics. Extremely low decomposition rates were found. The addition of cellulose and mineral failed to increase decomposition rates significantly.", "contents": "Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(metnyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde. The biodegradation of three synthetic 14C-labeled polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), phenol formaldehyde, and polystyrene, was studied with 17 species of fungi in axenic cultures, five groups of soil invertebrates, and a variety of mixed microbial communities including sludges, soils, manures, garbages, and decaying plastics. Extremely low decomposition rates were found. The addition of cellulose and mineral failed to increase decomposition rates significantly.", "PMID": 533278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5559", "title": "[Hormonal stimulation and in vitro cellular differentiation in the integument of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous cellular differentiation (glandular units appearance with a well-defined duct) is observed in larval integument of Schistocerca cultured in an hormone free medium. Hormonal stimulations modify the expression of this phenomenon, particularly the frequency of new elaborated duct cells belonging to secretory units. The most effective factor is supplied by the prothoracic glands. Complete secretory units can be observed but the glandular cells are in an undifferentiated and unfunctional state. They appear active if the corpora allata act after the prothoracic glands. Corpora allata alone or synthetic juvenile hormones have an inhibitory effect. The addition of alpha-ecdysone permits only cellular divisions, a preliminary and indispensable condition for ulterior differentiation. Between cuticles deposited with beta-ecdysone, new formed ducts take place in the theorical imaginal exuvia. These observations prove that the elaboration and the activity of imaginal glandular units are conditioned by the larval hormonal context: by contrast, sex dimorphism is only a genetic dependant process.", "contents": "[Hormonal stimulation and in vitro cellular differentiation in the integument of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (author's transl)]. Spontaneous cellular differentiation (glandular units appearance with a well-defined duct) is observed in larval integument of Schistocerca cultured in an hormone free medium. Hormonal stimulations modify the expression of this phenomenon, particularly the frequency of new elaborated duct cells belonging to secretory units. The most effective factor is supplied by the prothoracic glands. Complete secretory units can be observed but the glandular cells are in an undifferentiated and unfunctional state. They appear active if the corpora allata act after the prothoracic glands. Corpora allata alone or synthetic juvenile hormones have an inhibitory effect. The addition of alpha-ecdysone permits only cellular divisions, a preliminary and indispensable condition for ulterior differentiation. Between cuticles deposited with beta-ecdysone, new formed ducts take place in the theorical imaginal exuvia. These observations prove that the elaboration and the activity of imaginal glandular units are conditioned by the larval hormonal context: by contrast, sex dimorphism is only a genetic dependant process.", "PMID": 533279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5560", "title": "A method for the in vivo experimental study of meiotic prophase in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "Gonads of 15 day-old hamster fetuses were grafted under the kidney capsule of adult ovariectomized females. In 81.8% of the grafts, the germ cells developed and completed meiotic prophase; they reached the diplotene stage and gave rise to primordial follicles. These grafts could survive well in the host for at least 20 days. Meiotic prophase was not initiated within 24 h of grafting in contrast to the in vivo condition where it is observed 24 h after birth. In grafted ovaries, 69% of the germ cells were at the leptotene stage on day 3. By day 5, most of them were either at the zygotene (15%) or pachytene stages (60%). Oocytes at the diplotene stage were found from day 5 onwards and on day 7, 30% of the germ cells had already reached this stage. The highest numbers of atretic germ cells could be found on days 1, 9 and 10 post graft. It is noteworthy that the number of germinal cells remaining in the ovary 10 and 20 days after grafting were 11.4% and 12.9% of the total number of germinal cells present in normal animals of the same ages post-partum. This point is discussed in detail.", "contents": "A method for the in vivo experimental study of meiotic prophase in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Gonads of 15 day-old hamster fetuses were grafted under the kidney capsule of adult ovariectomized females. In 81.8% of the grafts, the germ cells developed and completed meiotic prophase; they reached the diplotene stage and gave rise to primordial follicles. These grafts could survive well in the host for at least 20 days. Meiotic prophase was not initiated within 24 h of grafting in contrast to the in vivo condition where it is observed 24 h after birth. In grafted ovaries, 69% of the germ cells were at the leptotene stage on day 3. By day 5, most of them were either at the zygotene (15%) or pachytene stages (60%). Oocytes at the diplotene stage were found from day 5 onwards and on day 7, 30% of the germ cells had already reached this stage. The highest numbers of atretic germ cells could be found on days 1, 9 and 10 post graft. It is noteworthy that the number of germinal cells remaining in the ovary 10 and 20 days after grafting were 11.4% and 12.9% of the total number of germinal cells present in normal animals of the same ages post-partum. This point is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 533280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5561", "title": "[Some observations on the formation of the primary tunica albuginea in the ovary of the chick embryo (author's transl)].", "content": "The ovarian cortex of chicken embryos of 10 to 14 days of incubation was observed in order to study the formation of the primary tunica albuginea and to discern in its cells an ultrastructural confirmation of an eventual steroidogenic capacity which has been proposed by some authors. From observations at the electron microscope, it is probable that the mesenchyme-like cells which constitute the primary tunica albuginea may originate from the somatic cells of the cortex, either from those of the germinal epithelium, or from those which, because of their position, may be termed prefollicular. There is not apparent ultrastructural confirmation of an active steroidogenic capacity in the albugineal cells. A possible physiological difference between clear cells and dark cells due to a different electron density, is furthermore discussed.", "contents": "[Some observations on the formation of the primary tunica albuginea in the ovary of the chick embryo (author's transl)]. The ovarian cortex of chicken embryos of 10 to 14 days of incubation was observed in order to study the formation of the primary tunica albuginea and to discern in its cells an ultrastructural confirmation of an eventual steroidogenic capacity which has been proposed by some authors. From observations at the electron microscope, it is probable that the mesenchyme-like cells which constitute the primary tunica albuginea may originate from the somatic cells of the cortex, either from those of the germinal epithelium, or from those which, because of their position, may be termed prefollicular. There is not apparent ultrastructural confirmation of an active steroidogenic capacity in the albugineal cells. A possible physiological difference between clear cells and dark cells due to a different electron density, is furthermore discussed.", "PMID": 533281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5562", "title": "Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cutaneous marker for a distinct lupus erythematosus subset.", "content": "We have characterized the clinical and laboratory features of 27 patients who had in common a recurring, superficial, nonscarring type of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) that occurred in a characteristic distribution (subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus [SCLE]). This clinically distinct form of cutaneous LE has not previously been analyzed as a separate entity and thus, its clinical importance has not been fully appreciated. We found that these patients frequently had a mild systemic illness marked by musculoskeletal complaints and serologic abnormalities. Forty-eight percent had systemic LE by American Rheumatism Association criteria; however, none had serious CNS or renal disease. Thus, those with SCLE are a subset of patients with LE who generally have an illness intermediate in severity between discoid LE and severe systemic LE.", "contents": "Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cutaneous marker for a distinct lupus erythematosus subset. We have characterized the clinical and laboratory features of 27 patients who had in common a recurring, superficial, nonscarring type of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) that occurred in a characteristic distribution (subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus [SCLE]). This clinically distinct form of cutaneous LE has not previously been analyzed as a separate entity and thus, its clinical importance has not been fully appreciated. We found that these patients frequently had a mild systemic illness marked by musculoskeletal complaints and serologic abnormalities. Forty-eight percent had systemic LE by American Rheumatism Association criteria; however, none had serious CNS or renal disease. Thus, those with SCLE are a subset of patients with LE who generally have an illness intermediate in severity between discoid LE and severe systemic LE.", "PMID": 533284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5563", "title": "Melanoma resembling spindle and epithelioid cell nevus.", "content": "Three cases of malignant melanoma resembling spindle and epithelioid cell nevus histologically are presented. Lesions having histologic features of spindle and epithelioid cell nevus (Spitz nevus or juvenile melanoma) at or after puberty should be regarded with caution, particularly when they are heavily melanized. Such lesions are in a histologic \"gray zone\" and may be malignant.", "contents": "Melanoma resembling spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. Three cases of malignant melanoma resembling spindle and epithelioid cell nevus histologically are presented. Lesions having histologic features of spindle and epithelioid cell nevus (Spitz nevus or juvenile melanoma) at or after puberty should be regarded with caution, particularly when they are heavily melanized. Such lesions are in a histologic \"gray zone\" and may be malignant.", "PMID": 533285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5564", "title": "Ultraviolet irradiation-induced inflammation: effects of steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The effect of combined topical applications of a steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent on erythema induced by ultraviolet-B irradiation (UV-B) was evaluated. In human volunteers, the combination more effectively suppressed UV-B--induced erythema than either agent alone. When applied singly, the nonsteroid agent was far more effective than the steroid. The combination, or either agent alone, was most effective when applied immediately after irradiation. This study demonstrates that for the treatment of UV-B--induced erythema, the anti-inflammation effects of these two classes of anti-inflammatory agents are greater when used in combination than when either agent is used alone. However, the effect of the combination in this study is not sufficiently long-lasting to be therapeutically useful.", "contents": "Ultraviolet irradiation-induced inflammation: effects of steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents. The effect of combined topical applications of a steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent on erythema induced by ultraviolet-B irradiation (UV-B) was evaluated. In human volunteers, the combination more effectively suppressed UV-B--induced erythema than either agent alone. When applied singly, the nonsteroid agent was far more effective than the steroid. The combination, or either agent alone, was most effective when applied immediately after irradiation. This study demonstrates that for the treatment of UV-B--induced erythema, the anti-inflammation effects of these two classes of anti-inflammatory agents are greater when used in combination than when either agent is used alone. However, the effect of the combination in this study is not sufficiently long-lasting to be therapeutically useful.", "PMID": 533286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5565", "title": "Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Studies of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have demonstrated several clinical and laboratory indications of immunity defects, but with frequently contradictory results. We have recently shown that many patients with negative cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity to candidin and streptokinase-streptodornase may have normal in vitro lymphocyte transformation to the same antigens. We hypothesized that this represents recovery of immunocompetent cells when they are isolated in vitro. This report describes phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of lymphocytes immediately after isolation and after four days in culture (precultured). Responses of lymphocytes from patients with AD were initially subnormal, but increased to normal levels after the preculture period. Our results suggest that defective immune function in AD is not due to a permanent intrinsic lymphocyte defect, but is more likely due to factors associated with disease activity and severity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in atopic dermatitis. Studies of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have demonstrated several clinical and laboratory indications of immunity defects, but with frequently contradictory results. We have recently shown that many patients with negative cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity to candidin and streptokinase-streptodornase may have normal in vitro lymphocyte transformation to the same antigens. We hypothesized that this represents recovery of immunocompetent cells when they are isolated in vitro. This report describes phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of lymphocytes immediately after isolation and after four days in culture (precultured). Responses of lymphocytes from patients with AD were initially subnormal, but increased to normal levels after the preculture period. Our results suggest that defective immune function in AD is not due to a permanent intrinsic lymphocyte defect, but is more likely due to factors associated with disease activity and severity.", "PMID": 533287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5566", "title": "Herpetiform blisters in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had a vesicobullous eruption that histologically resembled dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunofluorescence microscopy patterns in the skin studied in three patients, however, were characteristic of SLE. Treatment of the underlying collagen-vascular disease improved the eruption, while recurrence coincided with exacerbation of the systemic disease. This distinctive lesion is an important parameter of SLE activity.", "contents": "Herpetiform blisters in systemic lupus erythematosus. Four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had a vesicobullous eruption that histologically resembled dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunofluorescence microscopy patterns in the skin studied in three patients, however, were characteristic of SLE. Treatment of the underlying collagen-vascular disease improved the eruption, while recurrence coincided with exacerbation of the systemic disease. This distinctive lesion is an important parameter of SLE activity.", "PMID": 533288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5567", "title": "Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma.", "content": "Two patients with clinical and histologic findings consistent with necrolytic migratory erythema are presented. Unlike previously described patients with this disorder, neither patient had substantially elevated glucagon levels nor an associated pancreatic islet cell tumor. The cause of the skin disease in these patients remains unknown but may be related to the underlying small-bowel disorder present in both.", "contents": "Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma. Two patients with clinical and histologic findings consistent with necrolytic migratory erythema are presented. Unlike previously described patients with this disorder, neither patient had substantially elevated glucagon levels nor an associated pancreatic islet cell tumor. The cause of the skin disease in these patients remains unknown but may be related to the underlying small-bowel disorder present in both.", "PMID": 533289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5568", "title": "Possible Kawasaki disease in a 20-year-old woman.", "content": "We describe a 20-year-old woman in whom an illness developed that was consistent with Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki disease may not be confined exclusively to the pediatric age group.", "contents": "Possible Kawasaki disease in a 20-year-old woman. We describe a 20-year-old woman in whom an illness developed that was consistent with Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki disease may not be confined exclusively to the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 533290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5569", "title": "Intracranial calcifications and dyskeratosis congenita.", "content": "We describe two brothers with dyskeratosis congenita and intracranial calcifications. The calcifications were massive, approximately symmetric, and showed a predilection for the basal ganglia and dentate nuclei. No underlying causes for this finding were identified. Idiopathic familial intracranial calcification of this type has been described, but an association with dyskeratosis congenita has not previously been observed.", "contents": "Intracranial calcifications and dyskeratosis congenita. We describe two brothers with dyskeratosis congenita and intracranial calcifications. The calcifications were massive, approximately symmetric, and showed a predilection for the basal ganglia and dentate nuclei. No underlying causes for this finding were identified. Idiopathic familial intracranial calcification of this type has been described, but an association with dyskeratosis congenita has not previously been observed.", "PMID": 533291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5570", "title": "Assessment of individual renal function in children using 99mTc-DTPA.", "content": "Differential renal function assessment using 99mTc-DTPA was carried out in 12 children aged between 3 weeks and 11 years who had undergone surgical procedures which allowed separate access to the urine output from each kidney. The results correlated well with those obtained by measuring individual kidney creatinine clearances. The best result was obtained using the technique of deconvolution analysis (r = 0.98; P less than 0.001). We conclude that the method is accurate and recommend its use in the management and follow-up of patients with asymmetric renal disease.", "contents": "Assessment of individual renal function in children using 99mTc-DTPA. Differential renal function assessment using 99mTc-DTPA was carried out in 12 children aged between 3 weeks and 11 years who had undergone surgical procedures which allowed separate access to the urine output from each kidney. The results correlated well with those obtained by measuring individual kidney creatinine clearances. The best result was obtained using the technique of deconvolution analysis (r = 0.98; P less than 0.001). We conclude that the method is accurate and recommend its use in the management and follow-up of patients with asymmetric renal disease.", "PMID": 533296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5571", "title": "Persistent pulmonary hypertension and abnormal prostaglandin E levels in preterm infants after maternal treatment with naproxen.", "content": "Twins and a singleton were born at 30 weeks' gestation although naproxen (d-2 (6'methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid) had been given to the mothers in an attempt to delay parturition. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis was shown by very low plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E and the ductus arteriosus remained closed despite signs of pulmonary hypertension with severe hypoxaemia. Abnormalities in blood clotting, renal function, and bilirubin metabolism were also found and one infant died. Further studies of the benefits and risks of the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis are required before this treatment of preterm labour is accepted.", "contents": "Persistent pulmonary hypertension and abnormal prostaglandin E levels in preterm infants after maternal treatment with naproxen. Twins and a singleton were born at 30 weeks' gestation although naproxen (d-2 (6'methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid) had been given to the mothers in an attempt to delay parturition. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis was shown by very low plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E and the ductus arteriosus remained closed despite signs of pulmonary hypertension with severe hypoxaemia. Abnormalities in blood clotting, renal function, and bilirubin metabolism were also found and one infant died. Further studies of the benefits and risks of the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis are required before this treatment of preterm labour is accepted.", "PMID": 533297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5572", "title": "Maturation of caffeine elimination in infancy.", "content": "The developmental changes in caffeine elimination were studied in 7 infants aged between 2 1/2 weeks and 6 months. Adult plasma clearance rate of caffeine was achieved at 3 to 4 1/2 months of age. Plasma half-life and elimination rate reached adult levels after 3 to 4 1/2 months and seemed to exceed adult capacity thereafter. No significant changes in apparent volume of distribution were noted. Our data provide some indication of the age in infancy when the low rates of caffeine elimination in the neonate increase to the adult rate.", "contents": "Maturation of caffeine elimination in infancy. The developmental changes in caffeine elimination were studied in 7 infants aged between 2 1/2 weeks and 6 months. Adult plasma clearance rate of caffeine was achieved at 3 to 4 1/2 months of age. Plasma half-life and elimination rate reached adult levels after 3 to 4 1/2 months and seemed to exceed adult capacity thereafter. No significant changes in apparent volume of distribution were noted. Our data provide some indication of the age in infancy when the low rates of caffeine elimination in the neonate increase to the adult rate.", "PMID": 533298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5573", "title": "Effect of puberty on rates of bone growth and mineralisation: with observations in male delayed puberty.", "content": "The bone mineral content (BMC) and body height were measured in 301 normal children and adolescents aged 7--20 years, and in 8 boys with constitutional delayed puberty aged 14--17 years. Serum testosterone was measured in the last group as well as in a subpopulation of the normal children and adolescents. The growth spurt, which coincided with a steep increase of serum testosterone in boys, indicated a great change in skeletal growth and mineralisation in both sexes. After the growth spurt, linear growth slowed down considerably while bone mineralisation rose steeply. When low levels of serum testosterone were maintained, as in delayed puberty, these combined changes of skeletal growth and mineralisation did not occur. It is suggested that gonadal hormones are the true initiators of the short-lived growth spurt as well as of prolonged acceleration of bone mineralisation.", "contents": "Effect of puberty on rates of bone growth and mineralisation: with observations in male delayed puberty. The bone mineral content (BMC) and body height were measured in 301 normal children and adolescents aged 7--20 years, and in 8 boys with constitutional delayed puberty aged 14--17 years. Serum testosterone was measured in the last group as well as in a subpopulation of the normal children and adolescents. The growth spurt, which coincided with a steep increase of serum testosterone in boys, indicated a great change in skeletal growth and mineralisation in both sexes. After the growth spurt, linear growth slowed down considerably while bone mineralisation rose steeply. When low levels of serum testosterone were maintained, as in delayed puberty, these combined changes of skeletal growth and mineralisation did not occur. It is suggested that gonadal hormones are the true initiators of the short-lived growth spurt as well as of prolonged acceleration of bone mineralisation.", "PMID": 533299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5574", "title": "Concentration of zinc in the hair of schoolchildren.", "content": "The concentration of zinc in the hair of 219 schoolchildren aged between 10 and 11 years was measured and related to height, weight, estimates of consumption of zinc-rich foods, number of children living at home, and rank in family. None of the correlation coefficients between hair zinc and the other variables was significant. Mean concentration of zinc was higher (P less than 0.001) in the girls (146 microgram/g; 2.23 mumol/g) than in the boys (118 microgram/g; 1.81 mumol/g). Eight children (3.7% of the total) had less than 75 microgram/g (less than 1.15 mumol/g) zinc in their hair but only one of them was below the 10th centile for height or weight--a girl with coeliac disease.", "contents": "Concentration of zinc in the hair of schoolchildren. The concentration of zinc in the hair of 219 schoolchildren aged between 10 and 11 years was measured and related to height, weight, estimates of consumption of zinc-rich foods, number of children living at home, and rank in family. None of the correlation coefficients between hair zinc and the other variables was significant. Mean concentration of zinc was higher (P less than 0.001) in the girls (146 microgram/g; 2.23 mumol/g) than in the boys (118 microgram/g; 1.81 mumol/g). Eight children (3.7% of the total) had less than 75 microgram/g (less than 1.15 mumol/g) zinc in their hair but only one of them was below the 10th centile for height or weight--a girl with coeliac disease.", "PMID": 533300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5575", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in children.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins were measured in 62 normal children, in 9 children with purulent meningitis, and in 10 children with presumptive viral meningitis. The mean values in normal children were IgA 0, IgM 0, and IgG 0.84 +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml (+/- SD). The mean levels of all CSF immunoglobulins were raised in acute bacterial meningitis and were significantly greater than the levels found in viral meningitis. CSF IgM was 0.16 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml in viral meningitis compared with 2.64 +/- 2.06 mg/100 ml in bacterial meningitis (P less than 0.01). However, these values overlapped to a considerable extent and, generally, measurement of CSF immunoglobulins did not enhance diagnostic accuracy in this group of children.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in children. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins were measured in 62 normal children, in 9 children with purulent meningitis, and in 10 children with presumptive viral meningitis. The mean values in normal children were IgA 0, IgM 0, and IgG 0.84 +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml (+/- SD). The mean levels of all CSF immunoglobulins were raised in acute bacterial meningitis and were significantly greater than the levels found in viral meningitis. CSF IgM was 0.16 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml in viral meningitis compared with 2.64 +/- 2.06 mg/100 ml in bacterial meningitis (P less than 0.01). However, these values overlapped to a considerable extent and, generally, measurement of CSF immunoglobulins did not enhance diagnostic accuracy in this group of children.", "PMID": 533301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5576", "title": "Treatment of a neonate with propionic acidaemia and severe hyperammonaemia by peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "A moribund newborn infant with propionic acidaemia and severe hyperammonaemia was successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis. The removal of ammonia and possibly additional toxic metabolites by peritoneal dialysis may be life-saving in newborn infants with propionic acidaemia or other hyperammonaemic syndromes.", "contents": "Treatment of a neonate with propionic acidaemia and severe hyperammonaemia by peritoneal dialysis. A moribund newborn infant with propionic acidaemia and severe hyperammonaemia was successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis. The removal of ammonia and possibly additional toxic metabolites by peritoneal dialysis may be life-saving in newborn infants with propionic acidaemia or other hyperammonaemic syndromes.", "PMID": 533302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5577", "title": "Transient infantile hyperthyrotropinaemia. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of transient hyperthyrotropinaemia was found by mass screening for neonatal hypothyroidism using the paired TSH assay method. The patient was a baby boy born at term after a normal pregnancy who grew without any abnormal signs or symptoms. For the first 7 months after birth, his serum TSH was abnormally high while his total serum T4, T3, and free T4, T3 were within normal limits, exept for slightly low free T4 level at 7 months. The raised serum TSH decreased spontaneously to within normal limits after he was 9 months old.", "contents": "Transient infantile hyperthyrotropinaemia. Report of a case. A case of transient hyperthyrotropinaemia was found by mass screening for neonatal hypothyroidism using the paired TSH assay method. The patient was a baby boy born at term after a normal pregnancy who grew without any abnormal signs or symptoms. For the first 7 months after birth, his serum TSH was abnormally high while his total serum T4, T3, and free T4, T3 were within normal limits, exept for slightly low free T4 level at 7 months. The raised serum TSH decreased spontaneously to within normal limits after he was 9 months old.", "PMID": 533303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5578", "title": "Metabolism of toxaphene components in rats.", "content": "Metabolic fates of 14C-toxaphene and two of the toxic components of toxaphene were studied in vitro by using rat liver enzyme preparations. The enzyme systems involving toxaphene metabolism were characterized, using known cofactors and inhibitors to activate or inhibit individual enzyme reactions. The nature of toxaphene metabolites was studied through derivatization of metabolic products via chemical and enzymatic treatments. The results of the in vitro studies were compared to the metabolic patterns observed in vivo to ascertain the relative importance of each enzyme system in the total process of toxaphene degradation and excretion.", "contents": "Metabolism of toxaphene components in rats. Metabolic fates of 14C-toxaphene and two of the toxic components of toxaphene were studied in vitro by using rat liver enzyme preparations. The enzyme systems involving toxaphene metabolism were characterized, using known cofactors and inhibitors to activate or inhibit individual enzyme reactions. The nature of toxaphene metabolites was studied through derivatization of metabolic products via chemical and enzymatic treatments. The results of the in vitro studies were compared to the metabolic patterns observed in vivo to ascertain the relative importance of each enzyme system in the total process of toxaphene degradation and excretion.", "PMID": 533306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5579", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of the acute sublethal hepatotoxic effects of Mirex in the rat.", "content": "The fire-ant poison, Mirex, was administered via stomach tube (dosage 200 mg/kg) to 50 adult Mai-Wistar male rats and the resultant histopathologic lesions produced in their livers after six days post-intubation are described. Light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) technques revealed cellular and subcellular alterations in response to this sublethal dosage. Pathologic lipid accumulations occurred in Mirex-exposed rats and this fat appeared in a distinctive periportal zonation pattern. Additional lesions were detected in centrolobular zones with the EM and included severe glycogen depletion, altered regularity in the architecture of rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), dilated GER cisternae, free ribosomes, and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Periportal hepatocytes exhibited apparent reduction in numbers of cytoplasmic organelles and development of many, large lipid-containing vacuoles. Myelin figures were sometimes associated with developing lipid (liposomes), suggesting a contribution of myelin membranes to the developing lipid droplets or vice versa. Biochemical studies revealed that glycogen levels dropped markedly, lipid content greatly increased, and protein/DNA and RNA/DNA values decreased.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of the acute sublethal hepatotoxic effects of Mirex in the rat. The fire-ant poison, Mirex, was administered via stomach tube (dosage 200 mg/kg) to 50 adult Mai-Wistar male rats and the resultant histopathologic lesions produced in their livers after six days post-intubation are described. Light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) technques revealed cellular and subcellular alterations in response to this sublethal dosage. Pathologic lipid accumulations occurred in Mirex-exposed rats and this fat appeared in a distinctive periportal zonation pattern. Additional lesions were detected in centrolobular zones with the EM and included severe glycogen depletion, altered regularity in the architecture of rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), dilated GER cisternae, free ribosomes, and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Periportal hepatocytes exhibited apparent reduction in numbers of cytoplasmic organelles and development of many, large lipid-containing vacuoles. Myelin figures were sometimes associated with developing lipid (liposomes), suggesting a contribution of myelin membranes to the developing lipid droplets or vice versa. Biochemical studies revealed that glycogen levels dropped markedly, lipid content greatly increased, and protein/DNA and RNA/DNA values decreased.", "PMID": 533307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5580", "title": "Contamination of human milk with chlorinated pesticides in Guatemala and in El Salvador.", "content": "In Central America huge amounts of persistent organochlorine pesticides are being used. This paper presents data on organochlorine residues in human milk. The samples studied were collected from areas with different spraying patterns. The results show very high contamination rates with organochlorine pesticides, especially with DDT. The highest levels were found in cotton-growing areas. Compared with residue levels in areas where cotton is not grown the difference was found to be statistically significant. Many of the quoted values are among the highest reported for the Western World. However, very high residue levels were also found even in Guatemala City, suggesting that other than agricultural uses of pesticides are important contamination sources. It is believed that these high levels of pesticide residues in human milk reflect a high contamination among the population in general.", "contents": "Contamination of human milk with chlorinated pesticides in Guatemala and in El Salvador. In Central America huge amounts of persistent organochlorine pesticides are being used. This paper presents data on organochlorine residues in human milk. The samples studied were collected from areas with different spraying patterns. The results show very high contamination rates with organochlorine pesticides, especially with DDT. The highest levels were found in cotton-growing areas. Compared with residue levels in areas where cotton is not grown the difference was found to be statistically significant. Many of the quoted values are among the highest reported for the Western World. However, very high residue levels were also found even in Guatemala City, suggesting that other than agricultural uses of pesticides are important contamination sources. It is believed that these high levels of pesticide residues in human milk reflect a high contamination among the population in general.", "PMID": 533308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5581", "title": "Fate and comparative toxicity of metallothioneins with differing Cd/Zn ratios in rat kidney.", "content": "Metallothioneins with differing Cd/Zn ratios were prepared in vitro from rat liver zinc-thionein by replacing zinc with cadmium and were injected intraperitoneally to female rats. The distribution of cadmium, zinc, and copper in the kidney supernatant fraction was determined using a Sephadex G-75 column. The distribution pattern of cadmium and zinc changed dramatically within 24 hr after the injection. The changes were explained by the degradation and re-synthesis of metallothionein in the kidneys. The necrotic changes of renal tubular lining cells were correlated to the amount of cadmium in the metallothionein but not to the amount of metallothionein (protein).", "contents": "Fate and comparative toxicity of metallothioneins with differing Cd/Zn ratios in rat kidney. Metallothioneins with differing Cd/Zn ratios were prepared in vitro from rat liver zinc-thionein by replacing zinc with cadmium and were injected intraperitoneally to female rats. The distribution of cadmium, zinc, and copper in the kidney supernatant fraction was determined using a Sephadex G-75 column. The distribution pattern of cadmium and zinc changed dramatically within 24 hr after the injection. The changes were explained by the degradation and re-synthesis of metallothionein in the kidneys. The necrotic changes of renal tubular lining cells were correlated to the amount of cadmium in the metallothionein but not to the amount of metallothionein (protein).", "PMID": 533310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5582", "title": "Sorption-desorption characteristics of methyl parathion by clays.", "content": "Methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) adsorption was studied on montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite, natural zeolite, ion exchange resins and calcium carbonate. Methyl parathion was highly adsorbed by montmorillonite, followed by zeolite, and very little adsorption was obtained on kaolinite and halloysite. Calcium carbonate did not exhibit any adsorption. The values of the partial molar free energy \"delta G\" were calculated for all systems. For the montmorillonite-methyl parathion system, the calculated partial molar heat of adsorption \"delta H\", and the conformity of the data to Freundlich equation indicated a possible physical mechanism of adsorption. Increasing acetone concentration decreases methyl parathion adsorption and dehydration increased adsorption in the nonaqueous system. Moreover, the increased adsorption on the swollen clay indicated that methyl parathion was adsorbed on the interlamellar surfaces of the clay. This was also in agreement with the results of the desorption studies, since the insecticide was not desorbed using the same aqueous acetone solution. This indicated that methyl parathion was adsorbed as a water-insoluble organic compound.", "contents": "Sorption-desorption characteristics of methyl parathion by clays. Methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) adsorption was studied on montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite, natural zeolite, ion exchange resins and calcium carbonate. Methyl parathion was highly adsorbed by montmorillonite, followed by zeolite, and very little adsorption was obtained on kaolinite and halloysite. Calcium carbonate did not exhibit any adsorption. The values of the partial molar free energy \"delta G\" were calculated for all systems. For the montmorillonite-methyl parathion system, the calculated partial molar heat of adsorption \"delta H\", and the conformity of the data to Freundlich equation indicated a possible physical mechanism of adsorption. Increasing acetone concentration decreases methyl parathion adsorption and dehydration increased adsorption in the nonaqueous system. Moreover, the increased adsorption on the swollen clay indicated that methyl parathion was adsorbed on the interlamellar surfaces of the clay. This was also in agreement with the results of the desorption studies, since the insecticide was not desorbed using the same aqueous acetone solution. This indicated that methyl parathion was adsorbed as a water-insoluble organic compound.", "PMID": 533311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5583", "title": "Accelerated parathion degradation in soil inoculated with acclimated bacteria under field conditions.", "content": "The feasibility of decontaminating soil at parathion spillage or disposal sites by inoculation with a highly acclimated culture of parathion-degrading bacteria was demonstrated under in situ field conditions. The acclimated culture (AC), capable of utilizing parathion as a sole carbon and energy source, was inoculated into Yolo silt loam soil in which parathion was applied at rates up to 5000 kg/ha. The AC was shown to be capable of completely degrading parathion in soil containing up to 1250 kg/ha of parathion within 35 days. A slower rate of parathion degradation by the AC was observed when the pesticide was applied as the commercial 46.5% emulsifiable concentrate than when applied as the 98% technical grade. The ability of the AC to degrade parathion deteriorated at application rates greater than 1250 kg/ha. The AC may have been adversely affected by the accumulation of the parathion hydrolytic products, p-nitrophenol and ionic diethyl thiophosphate, which were tentatively identified in soil samples.", "contents": "Accelerated parathion degradation in soil inoculated with acclimated bacteria under field conditions. The feasibility of decontaminating soil at parathion spillage or disposal sites by inoculation with a highly acclimated culture of parathion-degrading bacteria was demonstrated under in situ field conditions. The acclimated culture (AC), capable of utilizing parathion as a sole carbon and energy source, was inoculated into Yolo silt loam soil in which parathion was applied at rates up to 5000 kg/ha. The AC was shown to be capable of completely degrading parathion in soil containing up to 1250 kg/ha of parathion within 35 days. A slower rate of parathion degradation by the AC was observed when the pesticide was applied as the commercial 46.5% emulsifiable concentrate than when applied as the 98% technical grade. The ability of the AC to degrade parathion deteriorated at application rates greater than 1250 kg/ha. The AC may have been adversely affected by the accumulation of the parathion hydrolytic products, p-nitrophenol and ionic diethyl thiophosphate, which were tentatively identified in soil samples.", "PMID": 533312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5584", "title": "Cholinesterase surveillance of aerial applicators and allied workers in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan.", "content": "During the seasonal aerial application of insecticides on cotton, a cholinesterase surveillance program was realized and the adherence of the safety measures in connection with insecticides was supervised. No cases of ill health or poisoning due to the handling of the insecticides are known to have occurred amongst the pilots, entomologists, and aircraft engineers. Only a small number of ground personnel and landing strip workmen showed temporarily depressed cholinesterase levels while engaged in this program.", "contents": "Cholinesterase surveillance of aerial applicators and allied workers in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. During the seasonal aerial application of insecticides on cotton, a cholinesterase surveillance program was realized and the adherence of the safety measures in connection with insecticides was supervised. No cases of ill health or poisoning due to the handling of the insecticides are known to have occurred amongst the pilots, entomologists, and aircraft engineers. Only a small number of ground personnel and landing strip workmen showed temporarily depressed cholinesterase levels while engaged in this program.", "PMID": 533314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5585", "title": "Anatomy of the human seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts.", "content": "Anatomical dissections of the seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts were carried out in 20 autopsy and 10 operative specimens. Seminal vesiculography and casting were made. Vesiculography was conducted on 50 cases of schistosomal seminal vesiculitis. The seminal vesicles were of variable size and three main anatomical types. In normal seminal vesicles the ampullary vesicular angle was acute and the average length of the ejaculatory duct was 2.2 mm with an antero-medial concavity.", "contents": "Anatomy of the human seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts. Anatomical dissections of the seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts were carried out in 20 autopsy and 10 operative specimens. Seminal vesiculography and casting were made. Vesiculography was conducted on 50 cases of schistosomal seminal vesiculitis. The seminal vesicles were of variable size and three main anatomical types. In normal seminal vesicles the ampullary vesicular angle was acute and the average length of the ejaculatory duct was 2.2 mm with an antero-medial concavity.", "PMID": 533323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5586", "title": "A correlation between a spectrophotometric quantitation of rabbit spermatozoan motility and velocity.", "content": "Rabbit sperm motility was measured spectrophotometrically and a sperm motility index (SMI) was obtained. A comparative analysis between the SMI values and the velocity of motile sperm (obtained by time lapse photography of sperm tracks) was performed. The SMI specifically was compared to the mean velocity of the first 300 sperm cells observed and to the mean velocity of just the first 300 progressively motile sperm cells. In both comparisons, the SMI was highly correlated to the sperm track length (sperm velocity). In addition, a modification of the spectrophotometric procedure is described which allows measurements of the SMI to be made on semen extended into egg-yolk glycerine cryopreservation agents.", "contents": "A correlation between a spectrophotometric quantitation of rabbit spermatozoan motility and velocity. Rabbit sperm motility was measured spectrophotometrically and a sperm motility index (SMI) was obtained. A comparative analysis between the SMI values and the velocity of motile sperm (obtained by time lapse photography of sperm tracks) was performed. The SMI specifically was compared to the mean velocity of the first 300 sperm cells observed and to the mean velocity of just the first 300 progressively motile sperm cells. In both comparisons, the SMI was highly correlated to the sperm track length (sperm velocity). In addition, a modification of the spectrophotometric procedure is described which allows measurements of the SMI to be made on semen extended into egg-yolk glycerine cryopreservation agents.", "PMID": 533324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5587", "title": "Nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "The nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) syndrome is a group of sexually transmitted infections that together exceed the frequency of gonorrhea in men in most urban areas of Europe and the United States, and probably in much of the remainder of the world. \"Nongonococcal\" is preferred to the term \"non-specific\" urethritis because the latter is less precise and carries the inaccurate implication that the causes are unknown and perhaps unknowable.", "contents": "Nongonococcal urethritis. The nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) syndrome is a group of sexually transmitted infections that together exceed the frequency of gonorrhea in men in most urban areas of Europe and the United States, and probably in much of the remainder of the world. \"Nongonococcal\" is preferred to the term \"non-specific\" urethritis because the latter is less precise and carries the inaccurate implication that the causes are unknown and perhaps unknowable.", "PMID": 533325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5588", "title": "[Evaluation of the protein quality of Erythrina edulis (bal\u00fa)].", "content": "The protein content (N x 6.25) of the seeds of Erythrina edulis (bal\u00fa) varies between 18-21%; when the fraction corresponding to non-protein nitrogen is extracted with trichloroacetic acid (10%), this value decreases to 14-15%. Remarkable differences in the distribution of the protein fractions are observed when two schemes of extraction are assayed. The amino acid analysis shows that this legume has similar or higher amounts of most amino acids than those present in other leguminosae; the calculated chemical score and protein score show that methionine is the first limiting amino acid and tryptophan, the second. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of thermically-treated flours has the highest value at 30 minutes of treatment (1.15).", "contents": "[Evaluation of the protein quality of Erythrina edulis (bal\u00fa)]. The protein content (N x 6.25) of the seeds of Erythrina edulis (bal\u00fa) varies between 18-21%; when the fraction corresponding to non-protein nitrogen is extracted with trichloroacetic acid (10%), this value decreases to 14-15%. Remarkable differences in the distribution of the protein fractions are observed when two schemes of extraction are assayed. The amino acid analysis shows that this legume has similar or higher amounts of most amino acids than those present in other leguminosae; the calculated chemical score and protein score show that methionine is the first limiting amino acid and tryptophan, the second. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of thermically-treated flours has the highest value at 30 minutes of treatment (1.15).", "PMID": 533329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5589", "title": "[Characteristics of urban families with malnourished infants].", "content": "Some essential aspects of families with malnourished infants being treated in the Nutritional Rehabilitation Centers managed by the Corporation for Infant Nutrition (CONIN) of Santiago, Chile, were studied in depth. The purpose was to identify and quantify some variables of the family environment as a previous necessary step for the application of an adequate social treatment. The design used is of a descriptive nature. The sample is representative of two of the Centers. The data obtained revealed the following: 1) the families belonged, without exception, to a low socioeconomic level, 21% in extreme poverty; 2) 64.8% of the mothers exhibited a low affectivity index, and in 88.1% of the families a pattern of a most deficient parent-child communication prevailed; 3) 90.4% of the families lived almost totally isolated from the rest of the community; 4) 76.4% of them had an internal physical environment with extremely scarce color stimuli, brown being the predominant color. The findings also revealed that in these families both physical and emotional environments are highly negative and hinder the maintenance of a normal nutritional condition of the child once he returns home after discharge from the Center. This implies not only a late discharge of the child (at a high institutional cost), but it also entails a high risk of his relapsing into malnutrition unless affectivity, communication, physical environment and perhaps other intra-family conditions improve.", "contents": "[Characteristics of urban families with malnourished infants]. Some essential aspects of families with malnourished infants being treated in the Nutritional Rehabilitation Centers managed by the Corporation for Infant Nutrition (CONIN) of Santiago, Chile, were studied in depth. The purpose was to identify and quantify some variables of the family environment as a previous necessary step for the application of an adequate social treatment. The design used is of a descriptive nature. The sample is representative of two of the Centers. The data obtained revealed the following: 1) the families belonged, without exception, to a low socioeconomic level, 21% in extreme poverty; 2) 64.8% of the mothers exhibited a low affectivity index, and in 88.1% of the families a pattern of a most deficient parent-child communication prevailed; 3) 90.4% of the families lived almost totally isolated from the rest of the community; 4) 76.4% of them had an internal physical environment with extremely scarce color stimuli, brown being the predominant color. The findings also revealed that in these families both physical and emotional environments are highly negative and hinder the maintenance of a normal nutritional condition of the child once he returns home after discharge from the Center. This implies not only a late discharge of the child (at a high institutional cost), but it also entails a high risk of his relapsing into malnutrition unless affectivity, communication, physical environment and perhaps other intra-family conditions improve.", "PMID": 533330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5590", "title": "[A new method of preserving chicken eggs at environmental temperature].", "content": "A new method of preserving eggs at room temperature is discussed. The method consists in the \"plastification\" in situ of the shell, using a liquid synthetic polyvinyl chloride acetate plastic. The plastified eggs and controls were stored under laboratory conditions at 22 degrees C, and the following variables were studied in relation to time: pH of the thick and fluid white, and of the yolk, loss of weight, diameter, yolk index and Haugh units. The results indicated that this new method preserves edible eggs for periods longer than 135 days.", "contents": "[A new method of preserving chicken eggs at environmental temperature]. A new method of preserving eggs at room temperature is discussed. The method consists in the \"plastification\" in situ of the shell, using a liquid synthetic polyvinyl chloride acetate plastic. The plastified eggs and controls were stored under laboratory conditions at 22 degrees C, and the following variables were studied in relation to time: pH of the thick and fluid white, and of the yolk, loss of weight, diameter, yolk index and Haugh units. The results indicated that this new method preserves edible eggs for periods longer than 135 days.", "PMID": 533331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5591", "title": "[Effect of diseases on the nutrient intake by suckling calves].", "content": "An energy and protein intake test was applied to 341 female nursed calves under production conditions. Their daily intakes of skim milk enriched with milk substitute, fodder concentrates, and hay were recorded and their daily energy and protein intakes calculated. Their feed consumption was characterised by cumulative nutrient intake curves, depending on the time of foremilk feeding (K-I-period). Energy and protein intake figures were related to the findings obtained from daily health control, with the view to defining the effects of pneumonia or diarrhoea on feed intake. Both diseases were found to cause significant reduction in nutrient intake, depending on the given type of disease and severity, with their negative impact having been most markedly shown in the context of dry feed intake. The delay caused to the development of dry feed consumption by diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts was many times longer than the time of the clinical course. The above observations provided some cues for conclusions regarding the approach to be taken by the veterinarian to diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation of affected calves. Certain concepts were derived from the findings as to how to feed calves to forestall developmental disorders.", "contents": "[Effect of diseases on the nutrient intake by suckling calves]. An energy and protein intake test was applied to 341 female nursed calves under production conditions. Their daily intakes of skim milk enriched with milk substitute, fodder concentrates, and hay were recorded and their daily energy and protein intakes calculated. Their feed consumption was characterised by cumulative nutrient intake curves, depending on the time of foremilk feeding (K-I-period). Energy and protein intake figures were related to the findings obtained from daily health control, with the view to defining the effects of pneumonia or diarrhoea on feed intake. Both diseases were found to cause significant reduction in nutrient intake, depending on the given type of disease and severity, with their negative impact having been most markedly shown in the context of dry feed intake. The delay caused to the development of dry feed consumption by diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts was many times longer than the time of the clinical course. The above observations provided some cues for conclusions regarding the approach to be taken by the veterinarian to diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation of affected calves. Certain concepts were derived from the findings as to how to feed calves to forestall developmental disorders.", "PMID": 533337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5592", "title": "[Studies of cardiac pathomorphology in swine which died during transport].", "content": "The following findings were obtained from pathomorphological examination of the myocardium of 100 pigs which had died on transport: Degenerative or necrobiotic changes of certain myocardial fibres were recorded from 73 per cent of all cases, usually in the form of granular degeneration (60 per cent). They were \"scattered\" in 33 per cent of all cases, \"multiple\" in 22 per cent, and \"frequent\" in five per cent. In 26 per cent, the myocardial fibres had undergone coarse granular or hyalin plaque-type decomposition, among them with \"scattered\" manifestation in 15 per cent, \"multiple\" in four per cent, \"frequent\" in five per cent, and \"massive\" in two per cent. Moderate focal resorptive myositis was recorded from eight per cent, while earlier myocardial scars were exhibited by four per cent. The figure for reactive inflammatory processes was twelve per cent. Prestatic hyperaemia of different degrees had taken place in 75 per cent of all animals, and it had been accompanied by varied congestion. The following results were obtained from comparative checks of 100 hearts of clinically intact pigs after slaughter under normal conditions: Granular degeneration was recorded only from 18 per cent of all cases, with actual manifestations \"scattered\" in 16 per cent and \"multiple\" in two per cent. Their myocardial fibres had undergone coarse granular or hyalin plaque-type decomposition of moderate intensity in three per cent only, all of them having been \"scattered\". Reactive inflammatory changes were not recorded at all and signs of prestatic hyperaemia only in 46 per cent. The degenerative-necrobiotic alterations of myocardial fibres which had been observed in the context of death on transport are interpreted as a result of hypoxaemic or hypoxic conditions accompanying acute shock-type circulatory failure in pigs.", "contents": "[Studies of cardiac pathomorphology in swine which died during transport]. The following findings were obtained from pathomorphological examination of the myocardium of 100 pigs which had died on transport: Degenerative or necrobiotic changes of certain myocardial fibres were recorded from 73 per cent of all cases, usually in the form of granular degeneration (60 per cent). They were \"scattered\" in 33 per cent of all cases, \"multiple\" in 22 per cent, and \"frequent\" in five per cent. In 26 per cent, the myocardial fibres had undergone coarse granular or hyalin plaque-type decomposition, among them with \"scattered\" manifestation in 15 per cent, \"multiple\" in four per cent, \"frequent\" in five per cent, and \"massive\" in two per cent. Moderate focal resorptive myositis was recorded from eight per cent, while earlier myocardial scars were exhibited by four per cent. The figure for reactive inflammatory processes was twelve per cent. Prestatic hyperaemia of different degrees had taken place in 75 per cent of all animals, and it had been accompanied by varied congestion. The following results were obtained from comparative checks of 100 hearts of clinically intact pigs after slaughter under normal conditions: Granular degeneration was recorded only from 18 per cent of all cases, with actual manifestations \"scattered\" in 16 per cent and \"multiple\" in two per cent. Their myocardial fibres had undergone coarse granular or hyalin plaque-type decomposition of moderate intensity in three per cent only, all of them having been \"scattered\". Reactive inflammatory changes were not recorded at all and signs of prestatic hyperaemia only in 46 per cent. The degenerative-necrobiotic alterations of myocardial fibres which had been observed in the context of death on transport are interpreted as a result of hypoxaemic or hypoxic conditions accompanying acute shock-type circulatory failure in pigs.", "PMID": 533338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5593", "title": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 3. Testing of biochemical properties of Mycoplasma strains isolated from 3 stocks].", "content": "Thirty-two isolates of altered milk samples taken from cows with mastitis on three industrialised dairy cattle units were biochemically tested following five passes through no-inhibitor media, assessment of filtratability through 450-nm-membrane filter, and clone assay. Something between five and ten clones of each of the strains involved were tested for their growth properties both at 22 degrees C and in no-serum media, sensitivity to digitonin and capability of aesculin hydrolysis. TTC reduction (triphenyltetrazolium-chloride), as well as for decomposition of glucose, arginine, and urea. The properties found were characteristic of M. bovis, A. laidlawii, and A. axanthum, and of the family of mycoplasmataceaea in the strains of one of the stocks.", "contents": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 3. Testing of biochemical properties of Mycoplasma strains isolated from 3 stocks]. Thirty-two isolates of altered milk samples taken from cows with mastitis on three industrialised dairy cattle units were biochemically tested following five passes through no-inhibitor media, assessment of filtratability through 450-nm-membrane filter, and clone assay. Something between five and ten clones of each of the strains involved were tested for their growth properties both at 22 degrees C and in no-serum media, sensitivity to digitonin and capability of aesculin hydrolysis. TTC reduction (triphenyltetrazolium-chloride), as well as for decomposition of glucose, arginine, and urea. The properties found were characteristic of M. bovis, A. laidlawii, and A. axanthum, and of the family of mycoplasmataceaea in the strains of one of the stocks.", "PMID": 533339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5594", "title": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 4. Serological classification of Mycoplasma strains isolated from 3 stocks].", "content": "Thirty-two isolates from altered milk samples taken from cows with mastitis of two herds were serologically tested by the WHT against rabbit hyperimmune sera of 16 reference and type strains. The strains tested were associated and grouped in the following way: 16 M. bovis, nine A. laidlawii, and seven A. axanthum. The classification of on M. bovis strain was confirmed by SHT. Five isolates from another stock, with biochemical properties related to the family of mycoplasmataceae, were not serologically identified.", "contents": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 4. Serological classification of Mycoplasma strains isolated from 3 stocks]. Thirty-two isolates from altered milk samples taken from cows with mastitis of two herds were serologically tested by the WHT against rabbit hyperimmune sera of 16 reference and type strains. The strains tested were associated and grouped in the following way: 16 M. bovis, nine A. laidlawii, and seven A. axanthum. The classification of on M. bovis strain was confirmed by SHT. Five isolates from another stock, with biochemical properties related to the family of mycoplasmataceae, were not serologically identified.", "PMID": 533340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5595", "title": "[Results of blood transfusion in anemia of dairy cattle with references to serological tolerance].", "content": "Therapeutic use of blood transfusion as a life-saving step in cases of dairy cattle anaemia cannot be recommended unless serological tolerance is taken into due consideration. The results obtainable from cross-testing and biological testing are useless in avoiding transfusion problems caused by blood groups in situations of first transfusion. Suitable donors can be identified only by haemolysis and haemolysis inhibition tests. Preliminary selection of donors in advance is permissible for first transfusions. The most important antigens, which may correspond with normal agglutinins, must not be present in the blood patterns of selected donors. Blood transfusion without knowledge of serological tolerance and compatibility between donor and recipient may be justified in emergency situations, yet, together with desensitisation.", "contents": "[Results of blood transfusion in anemia of dairy cattle with references to serological tolerance]. Therapeutic use of blood transfusion as a life-saving step in cases of dairy cattle anaemia cannot be recommended unless serological tolerance is taken into due consideration. The results obtainable from cross-testing and biological testing are useless in avoiding transfusion problems caused by blood groups in situations of first transfusion. Suitable donors can be identified only by haemolysis and haemolysis inhibition tests. Preliminary selection of donors in advance is permissible for first transfusions. The most important antigens, which may correspond with normal agglutinins, must not be present in the blood patterns of selected donors. Blood transfusion without knowledge of serological tolerance and compatibility between donor and recipient may be justified in emergency situations, yet, together with desensitisation.", "PMID": 533341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5596", "title": "[Uterus development in swine from birth to 8 months of age].", "content": "Macroscopic examination was applied to the ovaries and histological tests to the uterus of 108 pigs aged between one and 240 days. The results have shown that the growth of the uterus in swine had not taken place with continuity. Extraordinarily strong thickness growth of the endometrium and myometrium was observed over the first three months of age. Thickness growth of both layers then continued at reduced rate. The uterine glands began to develop from superficial epithelium in the second week of age and reached the basal part of the endometrium in the fourth week. Both the number of uteroglandular sections per visual field and the glandular surface over the whole area of the endometrium, as recorded from cross-section specimens, increased strongly over the first three months of age, followed by less marked change. Continued development and maturation of the elements involved took place between the twelfth and 24th weeks of age, with the uterine glands acquiring capacity of secretion. Stagnation is uterus development and growth was observed at the age of over 180 days. The most favourable date for zootechnical stimulation of puberty was considered to lie in the period between 170 and 200 days of age, whereas biotechnical induction of puberty might give best results when applied at an age between 180 and 200 days.", "contents": "[Uterus development in swine from birth to 8 months of age]. Macroscopic examination was applied to the ovaries and histological tests to the uterus of 108 pigs aged between one and 240 days. The results have shown that the growth of the uterus in swine had not taken place with continuity. Extraordinarily strong thickness growth of the endometrium and myometrium was observed over the first three months of age. Thickness growth of both layers then continued at reduced rate. The uterine glands began to develop from superficial epithelium in the second week of age and reached the basal part of the endometrium in the fourth week. Both the number of uteroglandular sections per visual field and the glandular surface over the whole area of the endometrium, as recorded from cross-section specimens, increased strongly over the first three months of age, followed by less marked change. Continued development and maturation of the elements involved took place between the twelfth and 24th weeks of age, with the uterine glands acquiring capacity of secretion. Stagnation is uterus development and growth was observed at the age of over 180 days. The most favourable date for zootechnical stimulation of puberty was considered to lie in the period between 170 and 200 days of age, whereas biotechnical induction of puberty might give best results when applied at an age between 180 and 200 days.", "PMID": 533342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5597", "title": "[Control of swine parturition. 1. Results of clinical, histological and hematological studies of parturition induction in swine using prostaglandin F2 alpha].", "content": "Parturition was induced to 23 sows on the 112th day of pregnancy by intramuscular injection of 7.5 mg PGF2 alpha (Dinoprost-Upjohn Co.). Onset of parturition was achieved within 27 hours and 52 minutes +/- four hours and 54 minutes in 21 animals (91.3 per cent). Average litter size was 11.33 piglets, with parturition time per litter having been five hours and 45 minutes +/- two hours and 39 minutes. Stillbirths accounted for 6.3 per cent. The average birth weight, 1.245 g +/- 264 g did not differ with significance from that of the controls. The physiological process accompanying parturition is described in greater detail. Unobstructed re-intergration with further reproduction of animals which had received PGF2 alpha treatment is established with hard evidence on the basis of clinical examination of oestrus, ovulation, conception, and farrowing rates as well as by histological examination of the endometrium. Alterations in the blood state recorded from animals with PGF2 alpha treatment close to full term were identical with those recorded from untreated animals.", "contents": "[Control of swine parturition. 1. Results of clinical, histological and hematological studies of parturition induction in swine using prostaglandin F2 alpha]. Parturition was induced to 23 sows on the 112th day of pregnancy by intramuscular injection of 7.5 mg PGF2 alpha (Dinoprost-Upjohn Co.). Onset of parturition was achieved within 27 hours and 52 minutes +/- four hours and 54 minutes in 21 animals (91.3 per cent). Average litter size was 11.33 piglets, with parturition time per litter having been five hours and 45 minutes +/- two hours and 39 minutes. Stillbirths accounted for 6.3 per cent. The average birth weight, 1.245 g +/- 264 g did not differ with significance from that of the controls. The physiological process accompanying parturition is described in greater detail. Unobstructed re-intergration with further reproduction of animals which had received PGF2 alpha treatment is established with hard evidence on the basis of clinical examination of oestrus, ovulation, conception, and farrowing rates as well as by histological examination of the endometrium. Alterations in the blood state recorded from animals with PGF2 alpha treatment close to full term were identical with those recorded from untreated animals.", "PMID": 533343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5598", "title": "[Ophthalmologic evaluation at the age of 2 years of newborn infants hospitalized in the neonatology center at Rennes].", "content": "The eyes of 1 466 children (88.3% of the total) who were admitted to the Centre for premature babies and the neonatal intensive care unit at Rennes between 1973-1975 were re-examined at the age of 2 years. There were 839 premature and 226 term babies whose weight was appropriate for gestational age, and 74 premature and 327 term babies who were small for dates. 95 (6.5%) had eye disorders at the age of 2. Abnormalities were more common in infants with a Birth weight of less than 1 500 g and in those with a gestional age of less than 28-30 weeks. Boys were more commonly affected than girls. 38% of the children with eye disorders had other problems of which the commonest was mental retardation (75%). There was no relation between perinatal complication and the incidence of eye disorders. The most common abnormality was squint (94%) but other problems were major (blindness, cataracts, retrolental fibroplasia). 37% of the abnormalities had not been diagnosed until found in the survey at the age of 2 years.", "contents": "[Ophthalmologic evaluation at the age of 2 years of newborn infants hospitalized in the neonatology center at Rennes]. The eyes of 1 466 children (88.3% of the total) who were admitted to the Centre for premature babies and the neonatal intensive care unit at Rennes between 1973-1975 were re-examined at the age of 2 years. There were 839 premature and 226 term babies whose weight was appropriate for gestational age, and 74 premature and 327 term babies who were small for dates. 95 (6.5%) had eye disorders at the age of 2. Abnormalities were more common in infants with a Birth weight of less than 1 500 g and in those with a gestional age of less than 28-30 weeks. Boys were more commonly affected than girls. 38% of the children with eye disorders had other problems of which the commonest was mental retardation (75%). There was no relation between perinatal complication and the incidence of eye disorders. The most common abnormality was squint (94%) but other problems were major (blindness, cataracts, retrolental fibroplasia). 37% of the abnormalities had not been diagnosed until found in the survey at the age of 2 years.", "PMID": 533346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5599", "title": "[Extramembranous glomerulonephritis during congenital syphilis].", "content": "A 3 month old girl with congenital syphilis presented with the nephrotic syndrome due to extra membranous glomerulonephritis. The presence of the first component of the classical pathway of complement activation (C1q) in the glomerular deposits and the antitreponemal antibodies in circulating cryoglobulins (titre 1 : 320) support the hypothesis that immune complexes are responsbile for the glomerulonephritis in congenital syphilis.", "contents": "[Extramembranous glomerulonephritis during congenital syphilis]. A 3 month old girl with congenital syphilis presented with the nephrotic syndrome due to extra membranous glomerulonephritis. The presence of the first component of the classical pathway of complement activation (C1q) in the glomerular deposits and the antitreponemal antibodies in circulating cryoglobulins (titre 1 : 320) support the hypothesis that immune complexes are responsbile for the glomerulonephritis in congenital syphilis.", "PMID": 533348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5600", "title": "[Severe allergic cutaneovisceral vasculitis in children. Apropos of 6 cases].", "content": "Six children aged between 10 months and 13 years with allergic vasculitis are described. The features they had in common were necrotic skin lesions, involvement of various viscera and signs of hypersensitivity reactions. Histological changes of allergic vasculitis were present in the small vessels of the skin. This condition has features in common with both polyarteritis nodosa and with anaphylactoid purpura. Severe cases that do not respond to corticosteroids may respond to immuno-suppression with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Severe allergic cutaneovisceral vasculitis in children. Apropos of 6 cases]. Six children aged between 10 months and 13 years with allergic vasculitis are described. The features they had in common were necrotic skin lesions, involvement of various viscera and signs of hypersensitivity reactions. Histological changes of allergic vasculitis were present in the small vessels of the skin. This condition has features in common with both polyarteritis nodosa and with anaphylactoid purpura. Severe cases that do not respond to corticosteroids may respond to immuno-suppression with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 533345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5601", "title": "[Calcified constrictive pericarditis manifested by isolated hepatomegaly].", "content": "Calcified constructive pericarditis was discoverd in a 14 year old boy who presented with isolated hepatomegaly. No cause could be found. He was cured by surgery.", "contents": "[Calcified constrictive pericarditis manifested by isolated hepatomegaly]. Calcified constructive pericarditis was discoverd in a 14 year old boy who presented with isolated hepatomegaly. No cause could be found. He was cured by surgery.", "PMID": 533349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5602", "title": "[Congenital tracheal stenosis and supernumerary bronchi].", "content": "A child is described with a segmental congenital tracheal stenosis who also had a supernumerary bronchus with an accessory lobe arising from the trachea. Because of progressive tracheal obstruction, surgery to the trachea and bronchi was undertaken. The stenosis was relieved successfully.", "contents": "[Congenital tracheal stenosis and supernumerary bronchi]. A child is described with a segmental congenital tracheal stenosis who also had a supernumerary bronchus with an accessory lobe arising from the trachea. Because of progressive tracheal obstruction, surgery to the trachea and bronchi was undertaken. The stenosis was relieved successfully.", "PMID": 533351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5603", "title": "[Plasma levels of phenobarbital in epileptic children. Effect of combination with other anticonvulsants].", "content": "The effect of age on the steady state levels of phenobarbitone, alone and when given with phenytoin, sodium valproate and ethosuccimide has been measured in 1 361 children whose ages ranged from one month to 12 years. The relationship between dose and plasma level differed in those under 2 years from those aged between 2 years and 12 years. The addition of the other drugs altered the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitone.", "contents": "[Plasma levels of phenobarbital in epileptic children. Effect of combination with other anticonvulsants]. The effect of age on the steady state levels of phenobarbitone, alone and when given with phenytoin, sodium valproate and ethosuccimide has been measured in 1 361 children whose ages ranged from one month to 12 years. The relationship between dose and plasma level differed in those under 2 years from those aged between 2 years and 12 years. The addition of the other drugs altered the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitone.", "PMID": 533347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5604", "title": "Governmental toxicology regulations: an encumbrance to drug research?", "content": "The science of toxicology has become infinitely more complex and sophisticated over the past 20 years, a trend which has been particularly marked within the research-based pharmaceutical industry. Governmental rules and regulations have had a strong impact on the types of toxicity test now performed on drugs both in the course of their development and after their introduction on the market, and have thus contributed to the increased cost--in terms of time and money--of drug development. However, it will never be possible to measure or predict the safety of drugs in man by the application of toxicological techniques alone. Close collaboration between toxicologists and the authorities responsible for drawing up toxicological regulations is called for in order to ensure that the rules applied during the important and fascinating process of discovering and developing new drugs do not become unnecessarily burdensome.", "contents": "Governmental toxicology regulations: an encumbrance to drug research? The science of toxicology has become infinitely more complex and sophisticated over the past 20 years, a trend which has been particularly marked within the research-based pharmaceutical industry. Governmental rules and regulations have had a strong impact on the types of toxicity test now performed on drugs both in the course of their development and after their introduction on the market, and have thus contributed to the increased cost--in terms of time and money--of drug development. However, it will never be possible to measure or predict the safety of drugs in man by the application of toxicological techniques alone. Close collaboration between toxicologists and the authorities responsible for drawing up toxicological regulations is called for in order to ensure that the rules applied during the important and fascinating process of discovering and developing new drugs do not become unnecessarily burdensome.", "PMID": 533358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5605", "title": "[Unexpected and unexplained infant death. Epidemiologic and comparative study of Belgian and immigrant populations].", "content": "The medical records of 299 Belgian and immigrant children who died between 15 days and one year in the years 1970-1977 have been analysed. Fifty two died of congenital malformations, 119 of major infections and 128 died suddently for no obvious reason; neither the clinical history nor the laboratory data would account for death. In both the Belgian and immigrant population the children who died suddenly and unexpectedly did not differ from the other groups of children who died in respect of social class, mother's age at delivery, her parity and medical history, the baby's gestational age, birth weight and Apgar score, the method of feeding, the physical growth or psychomotor development. Infection is not more frequent in the week before death and there is no seasonal variation. The majority of unexpected deaths occur between 2 and 4 months of age and the child is most often discovered between 6 and 12 a.m. These characteristics are also observed in children who die of sudden infant death syndrome.", "contents": "[Unexpected and unexplained infant death. Epidemiologic and comparative study of Belgian and immigrant populations]. The medical records of 299 Belgian and immigrant children who died between 15 days and one year in the years 1970-1977 have been analysed. Fifty two died of congenital malformations, 119 of major infections and 128 died suddently for no obvious reason; neither the clinical history nor the laboratory data would account for death. In both the Belgian and immigrant population the children who died suddenly and unexpectedly did not differ from the other groups of children who died in respect of social class, mother's age at delivery, her parity and medical history, the baby's gestational age, birth weight and Apgar score, the method of feeding, the physical growth or psychomotor development. Infection is not more frequent in the week before death and there is no seasonal variation. The majority of unexpected deaths occur between 2 and 4 months of age and the child is most often discovered between 6 and 12 a.m. These characteristics are also observed in children who die of sudden infant death syndrome.", "PMID": 533353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5606", "title": "The no-effect level, an old bone of contention in toxicology.", "content": "This discussion of the NEL presents some thoughts how toxicologists could be encouraged to use more sophisticated modern techniques for the study of various environmental chemicals. It is proposed to use the concept of the NEL only for data obtained by conventional techniques in routine toxicity experiments. Information on the mechanisms of the biologic effects of chemicals should, whenever possible, be used preferentially for the assessment of human risk and should therefore also be considered for the establishment of the ADI.", "contents": "The no-effect level, an old bone of contention in toxicology. This discussion of the NEL presents some thoughts how toxicologists could be encouraged to use more sophisticated modern techniques for the study of various environmental chemicals. It is proposed to use the concept of the NEL only for data obtained by conventional techniques in routine toxicity experiments. Information on the mechanisms of the biologic effects of chemicals should, whenever possible, be used preferentially for the assessment of human risk and should therefore also be considered for the establishment of the ADI.", "PMID": 533360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5607", "title": "Toxicological barriers to providing better drugs.", "content": "The unmet needs of the sick demand that toxicologic requirements do not stifle the rational search for new and better remedies. A number of conceptual problems hamper the rational use of toxicological testing. These include: a misplaced confidence in the value of animal testing, a failure to make sophisticated risk-benefit analyses, the proliferation of new tests of uncertain validity, and improperly executed retrospective case control studies. Rugulatory barriers include the ever increasing bureaucratic demand for toxicological testing, the unseemly willingness of regulatory agencies to yield to hysterical or cynical consumer group pressures, the unreasonable demand for \"superiority\" of new products before the granting of registration, and the temptation to institute expensive but untested post-marketing surveillance schemes. Economic obstacles to new drug development have become formidable, and new demands for toxicologic studies in animals and humans are adding to these problems. Finally, some examples of unwise regulatory decisions involving saccharin, spray adhesives, Depo-Provera, and a new anti-metabolite are given.", "contents": "Toxicological barriers to providing better drugs. The unmet needs of the sick demand that toxicologic requirements do not stifle the rational search for new and better remedies. A number of conceptual problems hamper the rational use of toxicological testing. These include: a misplaced confidence in the value of animal testing, a failure to make sophisticated risk-benefit analyses, the proliferation of new tests of uncertain validity, and improperly executed retrospective case control studies. Rugulatory barriers include the ever increasing bureaucratic demand for toxicological testing, the unseemly willingness of regulatory agencies to yield to hysterical or cynical consumer group pressures, the unreasonable demand for \"superiority\" of new products before the granting of registration, and the temptation to institute expensive but untested post-marketing surveillance schemes. Economic obstacles to new drug development have become formidable, and new demands for toxicologic studies in animals and humans are adding to these problems. Finally, some examples of unwise regulatory decisions involving saccharin, spray adhesives, Depo-Provera, and a new anti-metabolite are given.", "PMID": 533359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5608", "title": "United States governmental efforts to improve the regulation of toxic substances.", "content": "The U.S.'s efforts to improve its regulation of toxic substances presently have their focus in the administration of the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSSC), the Cancer Policy of the regulatory agencies, and the Drug Regulation Reform Act. By improving interagency communication and cooperation as well as establishing a coherent federal approach to the control of toxic substances with public and industrial input, the U.S. government should significantly strengthen the functioning of its regulatory agencies while decreasing the financial burden for everyone involved.", "contents": "United States governmental efforts to improve the regulation of toxic substances. The U.S.'s efforts to improve its regulation of toxic substances presently have their focus in the administration of the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSSC), the Cancer Policy of the regulatory agencies, and the Drug Regulation Reform Act. By improving interagency communication and cooperation as well as establishing a coherent federal approach to the control of toxic substances with public and industrial input, the U.S. government should significantly strengthen the functioning of its regulatory agencies while decreasing the financial burden for everyone involved.", "PMID": 533361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5609", "title": "The acute toxic effects of hexachloro-1 : 3-butadiene on the rat kidney.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of hexochloro-1 : 3-butadiene (HCBD) at 100 mg/kg or above produced renal tubular necrosis in the rat by 24 h. Histological examination of the kidneys indicated damage to the straight portion of the proximal tubules. Urinary analysis showed diuresis, increased proteinuria and an increase in the excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and alkaline phosphatase at doses above 100 mg/kg. At doses below 100 mg/kg only a mild increase in protein excretion was observed. Twenty-four hours after 200 mg/kg HCBD, i.p., there was a marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and in the clearance of the organic anion (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH) and the organic cation (tetraethylammonium bromide, TEA) by the kidney. HCBD did not affect the accumulation of PAH or TEA by renal cortical slices when added in vitro at a concentration up to 0.1 mM. However, a decrease in PAH, but not TEA accumulation, was seen in renal cortical slices from rats treated with HCBD 24 h previously. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2), a known nephrotoxin, was used as a positive control for these studies. HCBD appears to specifically damage the straight portion of the proximal renal tubule and thereby selectively damage the organic anion transport system.", "contents": "The acute toxic effects of hexachloro-1 : 3-butadiene on the rat kidney. A single intraperitoneal injection of hexochloro-1 : 3-butadiene (HCBD) at 100 mg/kg or above produced renal tubular necrosis in the rat by 24 h. Histological examination of the kidneys indicated damage to the straight portion of the proximal tubules. Urinary analysis showed diuresis, increased proteinuria and an increase in the excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and alkaline phosphatase at doses above 100 mg/kg. At doses below 100 mg/kg only a mild increase in protein excretion was observed. Twenty-four hours after 200 mg/kg HCBD, i.p., there was a marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and in the clearance of the organic anion (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH) and the organic cation (tetraethylammonium bromide, TEA) by the kidney. HCBD did not affect the accumulation of PAH or TEA by renal cortical slices when added in vitro at a concentration up to 0.1 mM. However, a decrease in PAH, but not TEA accumulation, was seen in renal cortical slices from rats treated with HCBD 24 h previously. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2), a known nephrotoxin, was used as a positive control for these studies. HCBD appears to specifically damage the straight portion of the proximal renal tubule and thereby selectively damage the organic anion transport system.", "PMID": 533362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5610", "title": "Endosulfan poisoning and chronic brain syndrome.", "content": "The author describes a case of acute poisoning by endosulfan (a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide) in an industrial worker, with residual psychiatric syndrome. The acute phase was manifested by repeated convulsions and impaired consciousness. After recovery the patient became disoriented and agitated. The residual phase, 2 years after initial hospitalization, was manifested by cognitive and emotional deterioration, severe impairment of memory and inability to perform any but the simplest tasks. Psychological tests revealed gross impairment of visual-motor coordination. The differential diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome requires accurate history and milder cases of endosulfan poisoning may easily be overlooked or misdiagnosed.", "contents": "Endosulfan poisoning and chronic brain syndrome. The author describes a case of acute poisoning by endosulfan (a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide) in an industrial worker, with residual psychiatric syndrome. The acute phase was manifested by repeated convulsions and impaired consciousness. After recovery the patient became disoriented and agitated. The residual phase, 2 years after initial hospitalization, was manifested by cognitive and emotional deterioration, severe impairment of memory and inability to perform any but the simplest tasks. Psychological tests revealed gross impairment of visual-motor coordination. The differential diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome requires accurate history and milder cases of endosulfan poisoning may easily be overlooked or misdiagnosed.", "PMID": 533363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5611", "title": "[A fatal monointoxication by flurazepam (Dalmadorm). Problems of the toxicological interpretation (author's transl)].", "content": "A death case following a suicidal overdose of flurazepam (Dalmadorm) is reported. The body was found after 3 month near a highway. The course of the intoxication is in question as benzodiazepines are believed to be relatively save drugs. The death might have occured rapidly because of the acute toxic actions of the drug overdose as well as after a protracted course involving additional complications like inflammatory alteration of the myocard or hypothermia during a coma. Flurazepam and its major metabolites were analysed in blood and urine. The toxic levels of flurazepam (0.51 mg/l), N1-desalkylflurazepam (0.14 mg/1) and N1-hydroxyethylflurazepam (9.0 mg/1) in the blood amounted to 20--50 times higher than therapeutic levels, with flurazepam and metabolites being in only slight altered relation to each other. The overdose is considered to have been above 2.4 g (80 tablets). The resorption of the drug was complete. The analytical findings in blood and urine as well as in the GI-tract are in satisfactory agreement. The analytical data of flurazepam and its metabolites are discussed in detail, taking metabolic and pharmacokinetic parameters, autopsy findings and case circumstances into consideration. A final decision about the course of the intoxication is not possible. This case shows however the fatal consequences of a flurazepam overdose although alcohol or other drugs were not involved.", "contents": "[A fatal monointoxication by flurazepam (Dalmadorm). Problems of the toxicological interpretation (author's transl)]. A death case following a suicidal overdose of flurazepam (Dalmadorm) is reported. The body was found after 3 month near a highway. The course of the intoxication is in question as benzodiazepines are believed to be relatively save drugs. The death might have occured rapidly because of the acute toxic actions of the drug overdose as well as after a protracted course involving additional complications like inflammatory alteration of the myocard or hypothermia during a coma. Flurazepam and its major metabolites were analysed in blood and urine. The toxic levels of flurazepam (0.51 mg/l), N1-desalkylflurazepam (0.14 mg/1) and N1-hydroxyethylflurazepam (9.0 mg/1) in the blood amounted to 20--50 times higher than therapeutic levels, with flurazepam and metabolites being in only slight altered relation to each other. The overdose is considered to have been above 2.4 g (80 tablets). The resorption of the drug was complete. The analytical findings in blood and urine as well as in the GI-tract are in satisfactory agreement. The analytical data of flurazepam and its metabolites are discussed in detail, taking metabolic and pharmacokinetic parameters, autopsy findings and case circumstances into consideration. A final decision about the course of the intoxication is not possible. This case shows however the fatal consequences of a flurazepam overdose although alcohol or other drugs were not involved.", "PMID": 533364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5612", "title": "Constraints of drug regulation on the development of new drugs.", "content": "A review is given of the various regulations for the preclinical and clinical evaluation of new drugs, their effects on the clearance of new medicines for general use by practising physicians, and their repercussion on industrial drug research. Undoubtedly, extensive and continuously increasing regulatory procedures, which in addition have to be satisfied repeatedly in individual countries, claim an unproportionally high percentage of the industrial capacity for research and development of new drugs, leaving too little for basic research, which is a prerequisite for the discovery of new medicines that are more than just \"me too\" products. Despite the fact that regulatory language differs from scientific attitude and arguments, the wall of regulations should be neither too thick nor too high to impede research and to hinder the prompt application of important new drugs. Even the most sophisticated and extensive drug regulations cannot prevent the use of drugs which is not indicated, because it is impossible to regulate ignorance. To regulate drugs is necessary, but the governments and their drug agencies should also encourage drug research and should support industry in the development of new drugs. On the other hand, the drug companies must adhere to the accepted standards and create an atmosphere of confidence by presenting reliable and complete data.", "contents": "Constraints of drug regulation on the development of new drugs. A review is given of the various regulations for the preclinical and clinical evaluation of new drugs, their effects on the clearance of new medicines for general use by practising physicians, and their repercussion on industrial drug research. Undoubtedly, extensive and continuously increasing regulatory procedures, which in addition have to be satisfied repeatedly in individual countries, claim an unproportionally high percentage of the industrial capacity for research and development of new drugs, leaving too little for basic research, which is a prerequisite for the discovery of new medicines that are more than just \"me too\" products. Despite the fact that regulatory language differs from scientific attitude and arguments, the wall of regulations should be neither too thick nor too high to impede research and to hinder the prompt application of important new drugs. Even the most sophisticated and extensive drug regulations cannot prevent the use of drugs which is not indicated, because it is impossible to regulate ignorance. To regulate drugs is necessary, but the governments and their drug agencies should also encourage drug research and should support industry in the development of new drugs. On the other hand, the drug companies must adhere to the accepted standards and create an atmosphere of confidence by presenting reliable and complete data.", "PMID": 533368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5613", "title": "Lanthanon-induced hepatotoxicity and its prevention by pretreatment with the same lanthanon.", "content": "Intravenous injection of the light lanthanon praseodymium nitrate (10 mg/kg) into rats causes a marked liver toxicity which becomes manifest in hypoglycemia, inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and accumulation of fat in liver tissue. All these effects can be nearly abolished by pretreating rats with a small dose (5 mg/kg) of the same lanthanon. This is neither due to a decreased uptake into the liver nor to an increased excretion rate of the lanthanon. It is assumed that the pretreatment may increase unspecific binding sites or reversibly block them, thus protecting the organism from the irreversible lethal effect.", "contents": "Lanthanon-induced hepatotoxicity and its prevention by pretreatment with the same lanthanon. Intravenous injection of the light lanthanon praseodymium nitrate (10 mg/kg) into rats causes a marked liver toxicity which becomes manifest in hypoglycemia, inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and accumulation of fat in liver tissue. All these effects can be nearly abolished by pretreating rats with a small dose (5 mg/kg) of the same lanthanon. This is neither due to a decreased uptake into the liver nor to an increased excretion rate of the lanthanon. It is assumed that the pretreatment may increase unspecific binding sites or reversibly block them, thus protecting the organism from the irreversible lethal effect.", "PMID": 533369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5614", "title": "Genetic control of responsiveness of rat liver supernatant aldehyde dehydrogenase to phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The responsiveness of the hepatic supernatant NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase with a high Km value (high Km-AldDH) to phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment was studied in male rats of three strains; Wistar, Long-Evans, and Sprague-Dawley. A remarkable strain difference in the response of the enzyme to PB or 3-MC was observed. In rats of the Wistar strain the enzyme activity remained unchanged (\"non-responsive\") in all rats after treatment with PB while it increased (\"responsive\") 5- to 19-fo-d in all rats after treatment with 3-MC. The enzyme activity increased 8- to 20-fold and 2- to 8-fold respectively after treatment with PB and 3-MC in all rats of the Long-Evans strain. In rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain the enzyme activity remained unchanged in half of all the rats treated with PB or 3-MC and increased 2- to 7-fold over the basal level in half of the treated rats. The non-responsive rats to PB were all responsive to 3-MC treatment while the responsive rats to PB were responsive in 65% and non-responsive in 35% to 3-MC treatment.", "contents": "Genetic control of responsiveness of rat liver supernatant aldehyde dehydrogenase to phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene. The responsiveness of the hepatic supernatant NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase with a high Km value (high Km-AldDH) to phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment was studied in male rats of three strains; Wistar, Long-Evans, and Sprague-Dawley. A remarkable strain difference in the response of the enzyme to PB or 3-MC was observed. In rats of the Wistar strain the enzyme activity remained unchanged (\"non-responsive\") in all rats after treatment with PB while it increased (\"responsive\") 5- to 19-fo-d in all rats after treatment with 3-MC. The enzyme activity increased 8- to 20-fold and 2- to 8-fold respectively after treatment with PB and 3-MC in all rats of the Long-Evans strain. In rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain the enzyme activity remained unchanged in half of all the rats treated with PB or 3-MC and increased 2- to 7-fold over the basal level in half of the treated rats. The non-responsive rats to PB were all responsive to 3-MC treatment while the responsive rats to PB were responsive in 65% and non-responsive in 35% to 3-MC treatment.", "PMID": 533370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5615", "title": "Activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in lymphocytes of rats exposed to mixture of nitrogen oxides and chlorine.", "content": "Activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (GS) has been cytochemically studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats exposed to the mixture of nitrogen oxides (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) during a period of 12 weeks. The decrease of the total lymphocyte count and in increase of the count of GS-positive lymphocytes with cytoplasmatic but not exclusively lysosomal localization have been noted after exposure. The increase of the count of lymphocytes containing the enzyme within both lysosomal granules and cytoplasm has been correlated with the exposure time and accompanied by diminishing the count of lymphocytes containing the enzyme within the lysosomal granules exclusively. The authors believe the changes noted above may result from toxic damage of lysosomes or the immune response of lymphocytes against antigens released from the damaged tissues.", "contents": "Activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in lymphocytes of rats exposed to mixture of nitrogen oxides and chlorine. Activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (GS) has been cytochemically studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats exposed to the mixture of nitrogen oxides (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) during a period of 12 weeks. The decrease of the total lymphocyte count and in increase of the count of GS-positive lymphocytes with cytoplasmatic but not exclusively lysosomal localization have been noted after exposure. The increase of the count of lymphocytes containing the enzyme within both lysosomal granules and cytoplasm has been correlated with the exposure time and accompanied by diminishing the count of lymphocytes containing the enzyme within the lysosomal granules exclusively. The authors believe the changes noted above may result from toxic damage of lysosomes or the immune response of lymphocytes against antigens released from the damaged tissues.", "PMID": 533371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5616", "title": "Whole body autoradiography of 3H-phencyclidine in mice.", "content": "The present whole-body autoradiographic study demonstrates that the circulatory system is practically free of radioactivity, already 5 min after intravenous administration of 3H-Phencyclidine to mice. At this time, however, high radioactive levels appear in the lachrymal gland, nasal mucosa, bone marrow and spleen, as well as in the urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. High accumulation is maintained up to 20 min after administration and, thereafter, radioactivity declines continuously with increasing time. After 6 h, radioactivity disappears in most organs, but remains notable in the kidney, lung and liver, as well as in the salivary and lachrymal glands. After 24 h, detectable amounts still persist in the liver, lung and in the salivary and lachrymal glands. The brain shows very low amounts of radioactivity during the whole period of observation. In pregnant mice, the drug accumulates in the placenta and partly crosses the placental barrier into the foetal tissues.", "contents": "Whole body autoradiography of 3H-phencyclidine in mice. The present whole-body autoradiographic study demonstrates that the circulatory system is practically free of radioactivity, already 5 min after intravenous administration of 3H-Phencyclidine to mice. At this time, however, high radioactive levels appear in the lachrymal gland, nasal mucosa, bone marrow and spleen, as well as in the urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. High accumulation is maintained up to 20 min after administration and, thereafter, radioactivity declines continuously with increasing time. After 6 h, radioactivity disappears in most organs, but remains notable in the kidney, lung and liver, as well as in the salivary and lachrymal glands. After 24 h, detectable amounts still persist in the liver, lung and in the salivary and lachrymal glands. The brain shows very low amounts of radioactivity during the whole period of observation. In pregnant mice, the drug accumulates in the placenta and partly crosses the placental barrier into the foetal tissues.", "PMID": 533373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5617", "title": "Metabolism of toluene in man: gas-chromatographic determination of o-, m- and p-cresol in urine.", "content": "Complete separation of phenol, o-, m- and p-cresol was achieved by capillary gas-chromatography. Urinary concentrations of cresols were determined quantitatively in samples from 10 male workers exposed to toluene. Besides p-cresol, o- and m-cresol were found to be urinary compounds in the case of the exposed group in contrast to normal persons. This finding was proved by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. The difference between both groups is significant. It is concluded that beside hippuric acid o-, m- and p-cresol are metabolites of toluene.", "contents": "Metabolism of toluene in man: gas-chromatographic determination of o-, m- and p-cresol in urine. Complete separation of phenol, o-, m- and p-cresol was achieved by capillary gas-chromatography. Urinary concentrations of cresols were determined quantitatively in samples from 10 male workers exposed to toluene. Besides p-cresol, o- and m-cresol were found to be urinary compounds in the case of the exposed group in contrast to normal persons. This finding was proved by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. The difference between both groups is significant. It is concluded that beside hippuric acid o-, m- and p-cresol are metabolites of toluene.", "PMID": 533374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5618", "title": "Absorption of paraquat by rat gut in vitro. Regional differences.", "content": "The absorption of radioactively labeled paraquat was measured in rat ileum, jejunum and colon by a micro everted sac technique (Semenza and Muhlhaupt, 1969). The absorption rate increased linearly over the range of concentrations measured (10(-5) to 10(-2) M) and was enhanced by nearly 50% in the absence of sodium ions. The absorption rate decreased in the order: ileum, jejunum, colon whereby in the colon still 65% of the values of the small intestine were observed.", "contents": "Absorption of paraquat by rat gut in vitro. Regional differences. The absorption of radioactively labeled paraquat was measured in rat ileum, jejunum and colon by a micro everted sac technique (Semenza and Muhlhaupt, 1969). The absorption rate increased linearly over the range of concentrations measured (10(-5) to 10(-2) M) and was enhanced by nearly 50% in the absence of sodium ions. The absorption rate decreased in the order: ileum, jejunum, colon whereby in the colon still 65% of the values of the small intestine were observed.", "PMID": 533375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5619", "title": "Intracranial compliance during the post-operative period after surgery for intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Generalised post-operative cerebral vasospasm is a major factor in delineating poor operative results following direct ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure seems to be particularly helpful on such occasions, and intracranial compliance determination as well. High intracranial compliance values suggest that even small intracranial volume increases may induce rapid intracranial pressure and situations likely to produce neurological deterioration.", "contents": "Intracranial compliance during the post-operative period after surgery for intracranial aneurysms. Generalised post-operative cerebral vasospasm is a major factor in delineating poor operative results following direct ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure seems to be particularly helpful on such occasions, and intracranial compliance determination as well. High intracranial compliance values suggest that even small intracranial volume increases may induce rapid intracranial pressure and situations likely to produce neurological deterioration.", "PMID": 533381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5620", "title": "[Introduction to neuropsycholinguistics].", "content": "The authors summed up the evolution of the current neuropsicolinguistics and of its origins. They proposed a general definition of the aphasic disorders in relation to the psycholinguists capacities involved. The paper finish with a brief reference to the variety of types of the aphasics disorders according with its fluent or non-fluent caracter.", "contents": "[Introduction to neuropsycholinguistics]. The authors summed up the evolution of the current neuropsicolinguistics and of its origins. They proposed a general definition of the aphasic disorders in relation to the psycholinguists capacities involved. The paper finish with a brief reference to the variety of types of the aphasics disorders according with its fluent or non-fluent caracter.", "PMID": 533382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5621", "title": "[Evaluation of intelligence with non-verbal tests in aphasic patients].", "content": "Eight patients with cerebral vascular disease and aphasia were studied just after the stroke. The clinical, neuropsychiatric, EEG and neuro-radiological aspects were evaluated. The patients were submitted to the psychological and phonoaudiological studies. The authors correlated the neurological lesions to the structural alteration of the intelligence, to the praxic and estheognostic alterations and also to the language disturbances. The criterions adopted by the World Health Organization and the genetics classification of Jean Piaget were used for the intellectual level classification. The results suggest that the intelligence evaluated through Leither's non-verbal test is better preserved in some asphasics.", "contents": "[Evaluation of intelligence with non-verbal tests in aphasic patients]. Eight patients with cerebral vascular disease and aphasia were studied just after the stroke. The clinical, neuropsychiatric, EEG and neuro-radiological aspects were evaluated. The patients were submitted to the psychological and phonoaudiological studies. The authors correlated the neurological lesions to the structural alteration of the intelligence, to the praxic and estheognostic alterations and also to the language disturbances. The criterions adopted by the World Health Organization and the genetics classification of Jean Piaget were used for the intellectual level classification. The results suggest that the intelligence evaluated through Leither's non-verbal test is better preserved in some asphasics.", "PMID": 533383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5622", "title": "[Atypical Sturge-Weber disease associated with metameric angiomatosis. Case report and review of the literature].", "content": "Possibly the first case of Sturge-Weber disease associated with metameric limbs and trunk cutaneous hemangioma is reported. Roentnographic findings including contrast studies and computerized axial tomography are presented and discussed. Comments are made upon the relations between neurocutaneous angiomatosis.", "contents": "[Atypical Sturge-Weber disease associated with metameric angiomatosis. Case report and review of the literature]. Possibly the first case of Sturge-Weber disease associated with metameric limbs and trunk cutaneous hemangioma is reported. Roentnographic findings including contrast studies and computerized axial tomography are presented and discussed. Comments are made upon the relations between neurocutaneous angiomatosis.", "PMID": 533384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5623", "title": "[Embolism of a carotid-cavernous fistula with preservation of arterial circulation. Case report].", "content": "A case of carotid cavernous fistula of high flow by rupture of intracavernous aneurysm with similar intracavernous aneurysm not ruptured is reported. Good results were obtained by muscle embolus technique controlled by a thread, with preservation of the circulaion of the carotid artery. The author emphasizes the simplicity of this technique and comments other techniques registered in the literature.", "contents": "[Embolism of a carotid-cavernous fistula with preservation of arterial circulation. Case report]. A case of carotid cavernous fistula of high flow by rupture of intracavernous aneurysm with similar intracavernous aneurysm not ruptured is reported. Good results were obtained by muscle embolus technique controlled by a thread, with preservation of the circulaion of the carotid artery. The author emphasizes the simplicity of this technique and comments other techniques registered in the literature.", "PMID": 533385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5624", "title": "[Immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid. II. Relations and indices].", "content": "Relations and quocientes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins G (IGG) and serum (S) IGG were studied in 50 patients with chronic headache, normal neurological examination and normal electroencephalogram. CSF was normal as to: pressure, cytology, total proteins, protein fractions and immunoglobulins (IGG, IGA and IGM) contents. In all cases the CSF sample studied was collected from cisterna magna. The relations and quocients studied were: CSF IGG/CSF TOTAL PROTEIN, CSF IGG/CSF ALBUMIN, CSF IGG/CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN, (CSF IGG/S IGG) / (CSF ALBUMIN/S ALBUMIN) and (CSF IGG/S IGG) / (CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN) / (S ALBUMIN). It was found that the best index to appraise the behavior of IGG is: (CSF IGG/S IGG) /(CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN/S ALBUMIN) that shows an average of 0.56 and a standard deviation of 0.32 in the material studied.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid. II. Relations and indices]. Relations and quocientes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins G (IGG) and serum (S) IGG were studied in 50 patients with chronic headache, normal neurological examination and normal electroencephalogram. CSF was normal as to: pressure, cytology, total proteins, protein fractions and immunoglobulins (IGG, IGA and IGM) contents. In all cases the CSF sample studied was collected from cisterna magna. The relations and quocients studied were: CSF IGG/CSF TOTAL PROTEIN, CSF IGG/CSF ALBUMIN, CSF IGG/CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN, (CSF IGG/S IGG) / (CSF ALBUMIN/S ALBUMIN) and (CSF IGG/S IGG) / (CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN) / (S ALBUMIN). It was found that the best index to appraise the behavior of IGG is: (CSF IGG/S IGG) /(CSF PRE ALBUMIN+ALBUMIN/S ALBUMIN) that shows an average of 0.56 and a standard deviation of 0.32 in the material studied.", "PMID": 533387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5625", "title": "[Progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia; case report].", "content": "A case of progressive ophtalmoplegia and ptosis affecting a 12 year old boy is reported. A miopatic pattern was detected by the electromyography, the cerebrospinal fluid showed an increase of the protein content and retinal pigmentary degeneration was detected. This findings call the attention for a more widespread degenerative disorders affecting not only the muscular sistem but other organs as well.", "contents": "[Progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia; case report]. A case of progressive ophtalmoplegia and ptosis affecting a 12 year old boy is reported. A miopatic pattern was detected by the electromyography, the cerebrospinal fluid showed an increase of the protein content and retinal pigmentary degeneration was detected. This findings call the attention for a more widespread degenerative disorders affecting not only the muscular sistem but other organs as well.", "PMID": 533389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5626", "title": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with partial remission].", "content": "Subacute progressive panencephalitis is usually a progressive and fatal disease, being uncommon temporary or definitive remissions. A three years old boy, previously vaccinated against measles, developed trembling, progressive and severe mental deterioration, partial seizures and myoclonic jerks. The electroencephalogram showed periodic high amplitude waves concomitantly with myoclonic jerks and the cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increase of the gammaglobulin fraction (16,8), benjoin coloidal reaction shifted to the left and the antimeasles antibody titres were positive (complement fixation text 1:16; neutralization test 1:32). In spite of that, two months after the beginning of the illness the patient showed mental and motor improvement and similar modifications of the electroencephalographic aspects and now, eleven months later, is well, remaining only a slight motor and mental deficiency.", "contents": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with partial remission]. Subacute progressive panencephalitis is usually a progressive and fatal disease, being uncommon temporary or definitive remissions. A three years old boy, previously vaccinated against measles, developed trembling, progressive and severe mental deterioration, partial seizures and myoclonic jerks. The electroencephalogram showed periodic high amplitude waves concomitantly with myoclonic jerks and the cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increase of the gammaglobulin fraction (16,8), benjoin coloidal reaction shifted to the left and the antimeasles antibody titres were positive (complement fixation text 1:16; neutralization test 1:32). In spite of that, two months after the beginning of the illness the patient showed mental and motor improvement and similar modifications of the electroencephalographic aspects and now, eleven months later, is well, remaining only a slight motor and mental deficiency.", "PMID": 533390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5627", "title": "Modified rotatory instruments for transphenoidal surgery: technical note.", "content": "A series of modified gyratory bayonets instruments is described. They have the advantage to allow any adjustable position within a 360 degree rotation angle, during the various surgical steps of transphenoidal surgery, thus keeping the surgeon's hand always at the same position.", "contents": "Modified rotatory instruments for transphenoidal surgery: technical note. A series of modified gyratory bayonets instruments is described. They have the advantage to allow any adjustable position within a 360 degree rotation angle, during the various surgical steps of transphenoidal surgery, thus keeping the surgeon's hand always at the same position.", "PMID": 533391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5628", "title": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the treatment of dialysis ascites.", "content": "Three patients with dialysis ascites improved markedly after treatment with isolated ultrafiltrations. This simple, noninvasive technique should be applied first to patients with dialysis ascites before resorting to more drastic therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the treatment of dialysis ascites. Three patients with dialysis ascites improved markedly after treatment with isolated ultrafiltrations. This simple, noninvasive technique should be applied first to patients with dialysis ascites before resorting to more drastic therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 533393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5629", "title": "Digoxin removal from a patient with renal failure by hemoperfusion with Amberlite XAD-4 resin.", "content": "A digitoxic patient with severe renal failure underwent two hemoperfusion treatments with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. Digoxin clearances calculated from plasma flow rates and plasma digoxin concentrations, as well as from the amount of digoxin eluted from the used columns, were superior to those previously described for peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion. There was a temporary improvement in the patient's life-threatening digitoxic cardiac rhythm with the first hemoperfusion, and a permanent improvement after the second hemoperfusion. It is submitted that hemoperfusion with this resin may significantly lessen manifestations of digoxin poisoning and may hasten digoxin elimination in digitoxic patients with renal failure.", "contents": "Digoxin removal from a patient with renal failure by hemoperfusion with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. A digitoxic patient with severe renal failure underwent two hemoperfusion treatments with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. Digoxin clearances calculated from plasma flow rates and plasma digoxin concentrations, as well as from the amount of digoxin eluted from the used columns, were superior to those previously described for peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion. There was a temporary improvement in the patient's life-threatening digitoxic cardiac rhythm with the first hemoperfusion, and a permanent improvement after the second hemoperfusion. It is submitted that hemoperfusion with this resin may significantly lessen manifestations of digoxin poisoning and may hasten digoxin elimination in digitoxic patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 533394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5630", "title": "Long-term clinical assessment of combined ACAC hemoperfusion-ultrafiltration in uremia.", "content": "ACAC hemoperfusion was used in series with a small fluid removal system for a clinical trial in the treatment of uremia. A 22-month trial included a pretest control period, test period and a post-test control period. The most significant observations from this trial are: 1) the predialysis body weight of the patient could be maintained closer to the patient's dry weight; 2) there was a significant increase in hematocrit; and 3) there was insufficient removal of urea. With the development of an effective urea removal system, a more compact artificial kidney than any presently available will become feasible.", "contents": "Long-term clinical assessment of combined ACAC hemoperfusion-ultrafiltration in uremia. ACAC hemoperfusion was used in series with a small fluid removal system for a clinical trial in the treatment of uremia. A 22-month trial included a pretest control period, test period and a post-test control period. The most significant observations from this trial are: 1) the predialysis body weight of the patient could be maintained closer to the patient's dry weight; 2) there was a significant increase in hematocrit; and 3) there was insufficient removal of urea. With the development of an effective urea removal system, a more compact artificial kidney than any presently available will become feasible.", "PMID": 533395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5631", "title": "Removal of endogenous middle molecules by hemoperfusion.", "content": "In four regular dialysis patients, the removal of uremic middle molecules was studied during a three-hour hemoperfusion using a column containing 300 gm of activated carbon encapsulated with cellulose. Middle molecules in plasma were determined by high-speed gel filtration followed by gradient elution chromatography. Different adsorption characteristics were shown for the four middle molecule fractions measured. The initial clearances for middle molecule fractions were about 120 ml/min; clearances were 20-50 ml/min after two hours, and less than 25 ml/min, with release of some middle molecule fractions from the column, after three hours. The findings suggest that saturation of the column occurs after two to three hours of perfusion. Thus, prolongation of the perfusion time beyond two hours appears to be of little benefit. The reduction of middle molecules in plasma by a three-hour hemoperfusion was in magnitude, similar to that obtained by three-hour dialysis with a large surface area dialyzer or high-flux membrane.", "contents": "Removal of endogenous middle molecules by hemoperfusion. In four regular dialysis patients, the removal of uremic middle molecules was studied during a three-hour hemoperfusion using a column containing 300 gm of activated carbon encapsulated with cellulose. Middle molecules in plasma were determined by high-speed gel filtration followed by gradient elution chromatography. Different adsorption characteristics were shown for the four middle molecule fractions measured. The initial clearances for middle molecule fractions were about 120 ml/min; clearances were 20-50 ml/min after two hours, and less than 25 ml/min, with release of some middle molecule fractions from the column, after three hours. The findings suggest that saturation of the column occurs after two to three hours of perfusion. Thus, prolongation of the perfusion time beyond two hours appears to be of little benefit. The reduction of middle molecules in plasma by a three-hour hemoperfusion was in magnitude, similar to that obtained by three-hour dialysis with a large surface area dialyzer or high-flux membrane.", "PMID": 533396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5632", "title": "Evaluation of the impact of ultrafiltration on dialyzer clearance.", "content": "The influence of ultrafiltration on dialyzer clearance is analyzed. As the starting point for the analysis, the known theoretical and experimental expressions for clearance are utilized. The results obtained theoretically are verified with experimental data.", "contents": "Evaluation of the impact of ultrafiltration on dialyzer clearance. The influence of ultrafiltration on dialyzer clearance is analyzed. As the starting point for the analysis, the known theoretical and experimental expressions for clearance are utilized. The results obtained theoretically are verified with experimental data.", "PMID": 533398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5633", "title": "A detoxification scheme for liver assist utilizing plasmapheresis, bioincompatible sorbents and dialysis.", "content": "The rationale behind the design of a sorbent-based detoxification system for use as a liver assist is presented. A membrane-based plasmapheresis system giving high plasma flows (greater than 40 ml/min) with maximum transmission of albumin makes this concept feasible.", "contents": "A detoxification scheme for liver assist utilizing plasmapheresis, bioincompatible sorbents and dialysis. The rationale behind the design of a sorbent-based detoxification system for use as a liver assist is presented. A membrane-based plasmapheresis system giving high plasma flows (greater than 40 ml/min) with maximum transmission of albumin makes this concept feasible.", "PMID": 533399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5634", "title": "Performance of baffled bubble blood oxygenators.", "content": "Bubble blood oxygenators equipped with baffles of various types in the oxygenating column were studied. The rate of hemolysis, the volumetric coefficient for oxygen absorption into blood, and the fractional gas holdup were found to be affected mainly by the superficial gas velocity. When compared with the conventional bubble blood oxygenator without baffles, the bubble oxygenators equipped with various types of baffles (i.e., horizontal perforated baffles, radial vertical baffles, and a concentric hollow cylinder with and without horizontal perforated baffles) showed less hemolysis, larger gas holdup and higher values of the coefficient for oxygen absorption. Values of the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of the cylindrical baffle, which is useful as a built-in heat exchanger, were several times greater than those for single-phase heat transfer in conventional blood heat exchangers.", "contents": "Performance of baffled bubble blood oxygenators. Bubble blood oxygenators equipped with baffles of various types in the oxygenating column were studied. The rate of hemolysis, the volumetric coefficient for oxygen absorption into blood, and the fractional gas holdup were found to be affected mainly by the superficial gas velocity. When compared with the conventional bubble blood oxygenator without baffles, the bubble oxygenators equipped with various types of baffles (i.e., horizontal perforated baffles, radial vertical baffles, and a concentric hollow cylinder with and without horizontal perforated baffles) showed less hemolysis, larger gas holdup and higher values of the coefficient for oxygen absorption. Values of the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of the cylindrical baffle, which is useful as a built-in heat exchanger, were several times greater than those for single-phase heat transfer in conventional blood heat exchangers.", "PMID": 533400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5635", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of dog and human platelets adherent to native and collagen-coupled cuprophan.", "content": "Adhesion of human and dog platelets to native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan under defined flow conditions was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dog platelets, singly adherent to and uniformly distributed on both native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan, extend slender pseudopods across the surface without evidence of degranulation. Human platelets, while not adhering to native Cuprophan, formed irregularly shaped, semi-confluent cytoplasmic sheets on the collagen-coupled surface. Extensive cytoplasmic reorganization and degranulation suggests a post-release state of the human platelets. Aspirin had no apparent effect on either human or dog platelet adhesion or upon the apparent release state of the human platelets.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of dog and human platelets adherent to native and collagen-coupled cuprophan. Adhesion of human and dog platelets to native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan under defined flow conditions was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dog platelets, singly adherent to and uniformly distributed on both native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan, extend slender pseudopods across the surface without evidence of degranulation. Human platelets, while not adhering to native Cuprophan, formed irregularly shaped, semi-confluent cytoplasmic sheets on the collagen-coupled surface. Extensive cytoplasmic reorganization and degranulation suggests a post-release state of the human platelets. Aspirin had no apparent effect on either human or dog platelet adhesion or upon the apparent release state of the human platelets.", "PMID": 533401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5636", "title": "The dura mater valve: in vitro characteristics and pathological changes after implantation in calves.", "content": "Human dura mater valves of various sizes with rigid and flexible stents were tested in an in vitro pulsatile mock circulatory system. A 22-mm flexible stent valve incorporating a new fabrication technique showed almost the same pressure gradient as a 28-mm rigid stent valve. The backflow/stroke volume ratio was about 4% at a net flow of 10 L/min. One hundred and five rigid stent-mounted dura mater valves were used in 51 pump implantations for up to 316 days. Collagen fiber degeneration began three months after implantation. Microscopic and macroscopic calcification of the valve tissue was seen in eight out of 105 valves, giving an overall incidence of 7.6%. The calcified degeneration was dystrophic in nature, not accompanied by cellular reactions, and was seen in the areas of the valve under stress. The degenerative changes were more severe in the left side than in the right side of the total artificial heart. These findings suggest that mechanical damage to the tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of calcification.", "contents": "The dura mater valve: in vitro characteristics and pathological changes after implantation in calves. Human dura mater valves of various sizes with rigid and flexible stents were tested in an in vitro pulsatile mock circulatory system. A 22-mm flexible stent valve incorporating a new fabrication technique showed almost the same pressure gradient as a 28-mm rigid stent valve. The backflow/stroke volume ratio was about 4% at a net flow of 10 L/min. One hundred and five rigid stent-mounted dura mater valves were used in 51 pump implantations for up to 316 days. Collagen fiber degeneration began three months after implantation. Microscopic and macroscopic calcification of the valve tissue was seen in eight out of 105 valves, giving an overall incidence of 7.6%. The calcified degeneration was dystrophic in nature, not accompanied by cellular reactions, and was seen in the areas of the valve under stress. The degenerative changes were more severe in the left side than in the right side of the total artificial heart. These findings suggest that mechanical damage to the tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of calcification.", "PMID": 533402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5637", "title": "Orally diluting hemofiltration.", "content": "Orally diluting hemofiltration (ODHF), herein reported, is a new technique where the body fluid is purified by cooperative procedures of dilution-supplementation with oral electrolyte solution and filtration using the RP-6 dialyzer. One uremic patient was maintained for two months on a five-hour, three-times-per-week ODHF schedule, and another patient was maintained for four months on the same regimen with no supportive hemodialysis.", "contents": "Orally diluting hemofiltration. Orally diluting hemofiltration (ODHF), herein reported, is a new technique where the body fluid is purified by cooperative procedures of dilution-supplementation with oral electrolyte solution and filtration using the RP-6 dialyzer. One uremic patient was maintained for two months on a five-hour, three-times-per-week ODHF schedule, and another patient was maintained for four months on the same regimen with no supportive hemodialysis.", "PMID": 533403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5638", "title": "Regeneration of dialysate.", "content": "Large amounts (250 liters) of dialysate fluid are needed for dialysis of patients with chronic kidney diseases. A reduction of these amounts is obtainable by regeneration. With the Redy system, in which urea is decomposed by the enzyme urease, only 5.5 liters of dialysate is used. Other systems depending solely on sorption of urea still need excessive amounts of sorbents and no alternative, in the form of stable chemical binding, is available. If, therefore, further reduction of dialysate volume is desired, the problem of urea removal must be solved.", "contents": "Regeneration of dialysate. Large amounts (250 liters) of dialysate fluid are needed for dialysis of patients with chronic kidney diseases. A reduction of these amounts is obtainable by regeneration. With the Redy system, in which urea is decomposed by the enzyme urease, only 5.5 liters of dialysate is used. Other systems depending solely on sorption of urea still need excessive amounts of sorbents and no alternative, in the form of stable chemical binding, is available. If, therefore, further reduction of dialysate volume is desired, the problem of urea removal must be solved.", "PMID": 533405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5639", "title": "Theoretical aspects of adsorption of polar substances from polar solvents.", "content": "The efficiency of adsorbents for hemoperfusion and dialysate regeneration can be increased if suitable catalysts are fixed on their surface in an appropriate density. Suitable catalysts are oxides and salts of the transition metals. The appropriate surface density of the catalysts depends on the molecular data of both catalyst and toxin to be removed, as well as on the distribution of the adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface area. The distribution of the adsorption sites is determined by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and adsorption and desorption measurements.", "contents": "Theoretical aspects of adsorption of polar substances from polar solvents. The efficiency of adsorbents for hemoperfusion and dialysate regeneration can be increased if suitable catalysts are fixed on their surface in an appropriate density. Suitable catalysts are oxides and salts of the transition metals. The appropriate surface density of the catalysts depends on the molecular data of both catalyst and toxin to be removed, as well as on the distribution of the adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface area. The distribution of the adsorption sites is determined by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and adsorption and desorption measurements.", "PMID": 533406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5640", "title": "Semibiological left heart assist: in vitro evaluation.", "content": "A semibiological left heart assist device has been designed and built at the Cardiothoracic Institute and National Heart Hospital, London, England. This device is a Dacron/polyurethane conduit between the left ventricle and aorta in which part of the conduit assumes the function of a pumping chamber. This segment is enclosed by two biological valves and has side arm. A polyurethane balloon is inserted through this side arm, and is pumped in a synchronously counter-pulsating manner. Upon completion, the balloon can be removed without thoracotomy and with the conduit left in situ. Under simulated physiologic pressure and rate conditions, the pumping device gives reasonably good performance.", "contents": "Semibiological left heart assist: in vitro evaluation. A semibiological left heart assist device has been designed and built at the Cardiothoracic Institute and National Heart Hospital, London, England. This device is a Dacron/polyurethane conduit between the left ventricle and aorta in which part of the conduit assumes the function of a pumping chamber. This segment is enclosed by two biological valves and has side arm. A polyurethane balloon is inserted through this side arm, and is pumped in a synchronously counter-pulsating manner. Upon completion, the balloon can be removed without thoracotomy and with the conduit left in situ. Under simulated physiologic pressure and rate conditions, the pumping device gives reasonably good performance.", "PMID": 533407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5641", "title": "Initial experiences with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has been initiated on 51 patients: 27 females (mean age -- 43.9 years) and 24 males (mean age -- 46.4 years). This group has been observed for a total of 1420 patient weeks of treatment (27.3 patient years). Thirty-six episodes of peritonitis have been noted among 19 patients. The overall incidence was one episode per 39.4 patient weeks. Recurrent episodes of peritonitis resulted in discontinuation of CAPD in five (9.8%) of the patients. Three (5.9%) of the patients were unable to continue with CAPD because of its inability to control extracellular fluid balance. In the patients who transferred from intermittent peritoneal dialysis to CAPD, there was a 4.5 mg/dl drop in serum creatinine and a 34 mg/dl drop in mean BUN values. There was a rise of approximately 2 gm in the hemoglobin levels of this group of patients. If the problem of peritonitis can be solved, CAPD will become the dialytic treatment of choice for the majority of patients with end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Initial experiences with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has been initiated on 51 patients: 27 females (mean age -- 43.9 years) and 24 males (mean age -- 46.4 years). This group has been observed for a total of 1420 patient weeks of treatment (27.3 patient years). Thirty-six episodes of peritonitis have been noted among 19 patients. The overall incidence was one episode per 39.4 patient weeks. Recurrent episodes of peritonitis resulted in discontinuation of CAPD in five (9.8%) of the patients. Three (5.9%) of the patients were unable to continue with CAPD because of its inability to control extracellular fluid balance. In the patients who transferred from intermittent peritoneal dialysis to CAPD, there was a 4.5 mg/dl drop in serum creatinine and a 34 mg/dl drop in mean BUN values. There was a rise of approximately 2 gm in the hemoglobin levels of this group of patients. If the problem of peritonitis can be solved, CAPD will become the dialytic treatment of choice for the majority of patients with end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 533409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5642", "title": "Acceleration of peritoneal mass transport by drugs and hormones.", "content": "The major restrictions to the transport of solute and solvent across the peritoneum are the limited peritoneal blood flow, area and permeability. Recent investigations have demonstrated that several vasoactive drugs influence transport parameters. Isoproterenol, nitroprusside, dipyridamole and dopamine exemplify drugs that dilate the splanchnic vasculature, thereby augmenting transport, whereas vasoconstriction induced by l-norepinephrine decreases clearances. The tissue prostaglandins affect peritoneal mass transport in accord with their known vasoactive effects, suggesting a role in modulating peritoneal blood flow. The gastrointestinal hormones vasodilate the splanchnic circulation. Exposure of the endothelial surface to glucagon markedly increases peritoneal mass transport, while secretin increases the ultrafiltration rate significantly. These preliminary studies suggest the possible future clinical use of drugs and hormones to augment the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Acceleration of peritoneal mass transport by drugs and hormones. The major restrictions to the transport of solute and solvent across the peritoneum are the limited peritoneal blood flow, area and permeability. Recent investigations have demonstrated that several vasoactive drugs influence transport parameters. Isoproterenol, nitroprusside, dipyridamole and dopamine exemplify drugs that dilate the splanchnic vasculature, thereby augmenting transport, whereas vasoconstriction induced by l-norepinephrine decreases clearances. The tissue prostaglandins affect peritoneal mass transport in accord with their known vasoactive effects, suggesting a role in modulating peritoneal blood flow. The gastrointestinal hormones vasodilate the splanchnic circulation. Exposure of the endothelial surface to glucagon markedly increases peritoneal mass transport, while secretin increases the ultrafiltration rate significantly. These preliminary studies suggest the possible future clinical use of drugs and hormones to augment the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 533410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5643", "title": "Applications of the Redy sorbent system to hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "The application of sorbent technology to the treatment of uremia has been limited by the inability to adsorb urea adequately. Conversion of urea to ammonium carbonate and adsorption by zirconium phosphate provides a practical means of removing urea. This combination, together with hydrated zirconium oxide and carbon, removes uremic waste products from dialysate. Over 1500 patients are undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with this system. The dialysate composition can be modified for the treatment of patients with acute renal failure. This sorbent system is now being used for the regeneration of peritoneal dialysate. Twenty patients have undergone a total of 90 dialyses, each of 4 to 24 hours duration. One home patient has been solely on this system for two months. The application of sorbent technology to peritoneal dialysis may be the most promising approach to a wearable dialysis system.", "contents": "Applications of the Redy sorbent system to hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The application of sorbent technology to the treatment of uremia has been limited by the inability to adsorb urea adequately. Conversion of urea to ammonium carbonate and adsorption by zirconium phosphate provides a practical means of removing urea. This combination, together with hydrated zirconium oxide and carbon, removes uremic waste products from dialysate. Over 1500 patients are undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with this system. The dialysate composition can be modified for the treatment of patients with acute renal failure. This sorbent system is now being used for the regeneration of peritoneal dialysate. Twenty patients have undergone a total of 90 dialyses, each of 4 to 24 hours duration. One home patient has been solely on this system for two months. The application of sorbent technology to peritoneal dialysis may be the most promising approach to a wearable dialysis system.", "PMID": 533411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5644", "title": "Continuous blood pressure monitoring during hemodialysis.", "content": "As the number of patients suffering from circulatory problems increases, continuous blood pressure monitoring during hemodialysis is desirable. Monitoring of the fistulated venous pressure was proven to be a satisfactory substitute for that of the systemic arterial pressure, after fistulated venous pressure had been ascertained to correlate strictly with systemic arterial pressure. Utilization of a double-lumened cannula, one lumen for blood outflow and another for monitoring of fistulated venous pressure, was established and showed clinical applicability. This principle is considered to be useful not only for blood pressure monitoring, but also for activation of a dialysis machine control system.", "contents": "Continuous blood pressure monitoring during hemodialysis. As the number of patients suffering from circulatory problems increases, continuous blood pressure monitoring during hemodialysis is desirable. Monitoring of the fistulated venous pressure was proven to be a satisfactory substitute for that of the systemic arterial pressure, after fistulated venous pressure had been ascertained to correlate strictly with systemic arterial pressure. Utilization of a double-lumened cannula, one lumen for blood outflow and another for monitoring of fistulated venous pressure, was established and showed clinical applicability. This principle is considered to be useful not only for blood pressure monitoring, but also for activation of a dialysis machine control system.", "PMID": 533412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5645", "title": "Long-term experience with the technique of subclavian and femoral vein cannulation in hemodialysis.", "content": "Large vein cannulation for hemodialysis was used in 1164 patients undergoing dialysis treatment and in an acute dialysis program. Subclavian vein cannulation was utilized in 2494 dialyses, and femoral vein cannulation was used in 2368 dialyses. No significant differences with regard to clinical complications were encountered in either type of cannulation. The mortality rate due to subclavian vein cannulation was 0.12%, while that due to femoral vein cannulation was 0.04%. The main risk of subclavian vein cannulation was arterial bleeding, due to trauma to an artery, and pneumothorax, more likely occurring in asthenic patients or in patients with emphysema. Single-needle hemodialysis using subclavian or femoral vein cannulation gave the same results as the arteriovenous Cimino fistula. Intermittent or combined use of both types of large vein cannulation is advantageous in long-term regular dialysis patients that are waiting for a new fistula.", "contents": "Long-term experience with the technique of subclavian and femoral vein cannulation in hemodialysis. Large vein cannulation for hemodialysis was used in 1164 patients undergoing dialysis treatment and in an acute dialysis program. Subclavian vein cannulation was utilized in 2494 dialyses, and femoral vein cannulation was used in 2368 dialyses. No significant differences with regard to clinical complications were encountered in either type of cannulation. The mortality rate due to subclavian vein cannulation was 0.12%, while that due to femoral vein cannulation was 0.04%. The main risk of subclavian vein cannulation was arterial bleeding, due to trauma to an artery, and pneumothorax, more likely occurring in asthenic patients or in patients with emphysema. Single-needle hemodialysis using subclavian or femoral vein cannulation gave the same results as the arteriovenous Cimino fistula. Intermittent or combined use of both types of large vein cannulation is advantageous in long-term regular dialysis patients that are waiting for a new fistula.", "PMID": 533413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5646", "title": "The use of lyophilized vein grafts in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The feasibility of utilizing lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas was examined in two studies. In Study I, the longevity of lyophilized vein fistulas was found to be comparable to that of fresh veins in the experimental animal. Study II showed that lyophilized cadaveric veins performed at least as well as bovine grafts when used for vascular access in chronic hemodialysis patients. The advantages of lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas in dialysis patients are described.", "contents": "The use of lyophilized vein grafts in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. The feasibility of utilizing lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas was examined in two studies. In Study I, the longevity of lyophilized vein fistulas was found to be comparable to that of fresh veins in the experimental animal. Study II showed that lyophilized cadaveric veins performed at least as well as bovine grafts when used for vascular access in chronic hemodialysis patients. The advantages of lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas in dialysis patients are described.", "PMID": 533414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5647", "title": "The use of hemoperfusion as an adjunct to hemodialysis.", "content": "Studies are reported on the use of short dialysis, sequential ultrafiltration/short dialysis and hemoperfusion in chronic renal failure. Short dialysis (less than 12 hours/week) is a satisfactory regime with good patient acceptance, adequate small and middle molecule clearance and control of fluid and blood pressure. Sequential ultrafiltration in the first hour improves fluid removal and reduces the side effects of dialysis. The addition of hemoperfusion increases clearance of small and middle molecules and has little effect on the osmolality of the serum. Thus, it does not increase the side effects of dialysis. Preliminary results suggest that hemoperfusion may be useful in the treatment of chronic renal failure in combination with ultrafiltration and dialysis.", "contents": "The use of hemoperfusion as an adjunct to hemodialysis. Studies are reported on the use of short dialysis, sequential ultrafiltration/short dialysis and hemoperfusion in chronic renal failure. Short dialysis (less than 12 hours/week) is a satisfactory regime with good patient acceptance, adequate small and middle molecule clearance and control of fluid and blood pressure. Sequential ultrafiltration in the first hour improves fluid removal and reduces the side effects of dialysis. The addition of hemoperfusion increases clearance of small and middle molecules and has little effect on the osmolality of the serum. Thus, it does not increase the side effects of dialysis. Preliminary results suggest that hemoperfusion may be useful in the treatment of chronic renal failure in combination with ultrafiltration and dialysis.", "PMID": 533415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5648", "title": "Mass transfer characteristics of hollow-fiber dialyzers and hemoperfusion devices.", "content": "Clearance versus time tests were carried out on three charcoal-based hemoperfusion devices (Sandev, Becton-Dickinson and Gambro) using solutions of 1 gm/L sodium salicylate in a pH 7.4 buffer and in bovine blood at flow rates of 200 ml/min. Similar tests were performed on a Cordis Dow 2.5 m2 hollow-fiber dialyzer at a tube side flow rate (QB) of 200 ml/min. Buffer was pumped through the dialysate side at a flow rate (QD) of 400 ml/min. Two dialyzers were run in series at QB = 200 ml/min and QD = 500 or 1000 ml/min. Mass transfer resistances were computed from the test results. These values are useful in that they constitute an index of the intrinsic initial kinetics of solute transfer in each device. However, the clearance versus time curves indicate that these initial kinetics decrease at different rates for each hemoperfusion unit as sorption capacity begins to be depleted. In contrast, the initial clearances for the dialyzers remain at their initial values. These data reveal much about the relative mass transfer characteristics of these devices.", "contents": "Mass transfer characteristics of hollow-fiber dialyzers and hemoperfusion devices. Clearance versus time tests were carried out on three charcoal-based hemoperfusion devices (Sandev, Becton-Dickinson and Gambro) using solutions of 1 gm/L sodium salicylate in a pH 7.4 buffer and in bovine blood at flow rates of 200 ml/min. Similar tests were performed on a Cordis Dow 2.5 m2 hollow-fiber dialyzer at a tube side flow rate (QB) of 200 ml/min. Buffer was pumped through the dialysate side at a flow rate (QD) of 400 ml/min. Two dialyzers were run in series at QB = 200 ml/min and QD = 500 or 1000 ml/min. Mass transfer resistances were computed from the test results. These values are useful in that they constitute an index of the intrinsic initial kinetics of solute transfer in each device. However, the clearance versus time curves indicate that these initial kinetics decrease at different rates for each hemoperfusion unit as sorption capacity begins to be depleted. In contrast, the initial clearances for the dialyzers remain at their initial values. These data reveal much about the relative mass transfer characteristics of these devices.", "PMID": 533416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5649", "title": "Capabilities of the Redy cartridge for regeneration of hemofiltrate.", "content": "Capabilities of the Redy cartridge for hemofiltrate regeneration were tested. Electrolytes, creatinine, BUN, uric acid, acid-base, glucose, heparin, fluoride and amino acids were measured in the cartridge inflow and outflow (V = 70 ml/min) over a four-hour period. There was complete adsorption of potassium, calcium, magnesium, creatinine, BUN, uric acid, phosphate and heparin. Sodium ions, hydrogen ions, fluoride ions and possibly other trace elements are released by the cartridge. Amino acid absorption is almost complete if the amino acids are aromatic, have two or more N-atoms or if they have S-atoms. When using hemofiltrate after sorbent regeneration for reinfusion to the patient, one has to consider electrolyte substitution (i.e., K, Ca, Mg), sodium balance, trace element metabolism, acid-base problems, amino-acid profiles and ammonia overload.", "contents": "Capabilities of the Redy cartridge for regeneration of hemofiltrate. Capabilities of the Redy cartridge for hemofiltrate regeneration were tested. Electrolytes, creatinine, BUN, uric acid, acid-base, glucose, heparin, fluoride and amino acids were measured in the cartridge inflow and outflow (V = 70 ml/min) over a four-hour period. There was complete adsorption of potassium, calcium, magnesium, creatinine, BUN, uric acid, phosphate and heparin. Sodium ions, hydrogen ions, fluoride ions and possibly other trace elements are released by the cartridge. Amino acid absorption is almost complete if the amino acids are aromatic, have two or more N-atoms or if they have S-atoms. When using hemofiltrate after sorbent regeneration for reinfusion to the patient, one has to consider electrolyte substitution (i.e., K, Ca, Mg), sodium balance, trace element metabolism, acid-base problems, amino-acid profiles and ammonia overload.", "PMID": 533419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5650", "title": "Influence of hemoperfusion on the concentrations of calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol in blood plasma.", "content": "The influence of hemoperfusion with a cellulose-acetate-coated charcoal column (Adsorba 300-C, Gambro, Lund, Sweden) on plasma concentrations of calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol was studied in five psoriatic patients during 12 treatment periods. Calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol were effectively removed from blood plasma by the charcoal column with average plasma clearances of 34.0, 14.5 and 27.6 ml/min, respectively, at 30 minutes of hemoperfusion, and 4.9, 15.4 and 24.4 ml/min, respectively, at 180 minutes of hemoperfusion. After three hours of hemoperfusion, significant decreases of testosterone and cortisol were found in peripheral venous blood, while calcitonin fell insignificantly. It remains to be elucidated whether long-term use of hemoperfusion would require a detailed control of possible effects on the endocrine status of patients.", "contents": "Influence of hemoperfusion on the concentrations of calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol in blood plasma. The influence of hemoperfusion with a cellulose-acetate-coated charcoal column (Adsorba 300-C, Gambro, Lund, Sweden) on plasma concentrations of calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol was studied in five psoriatic patients during 12 treatment periods. Calcitonin, testosterone and cortisol were effectively removed from blood plasma by the charcoal column with average plasma clearances of 34.0, 14.5 and 27.6 ml/min, respectively, at 30 minutes of hemoperfusion, and 4.9, 15.4 and 24.4 ml/min, respectively, at 180 minutes of hemoperfusion. After three hours of hemoperfusion, significant decreases of testosterone and cortisol were found in peripheral venous blood, while calcitonin fell insignificantly. It remains to be elucidated whether long-term use of hemoperfusion would require a detailed control of possible effects on the endocrine status of patients.", "PMID": 533422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5651", "title": "Problems with activated charcoal and alumina as sorbents for medical use.", "content": "Although activated charcoal and alumina have been used extensively as sorbents in uremic patients, the following problems remain to be solved: 1) elution of SO4--from activated charcoal which does not adsorb it; 2) production of methylguanidine from creatinine on the surface of activated charcoal; 3) production of lipoperoxide from fatty acids by chemical reaction of activated charcoal; 4) adsorption of Ca++ and Mg++ when alumina adsorbs inorganic phosphate. These problems are studied in vitro and clinically.", "contents": "Problems with activated charcoal and alumina as sorbents for medical use. Although activated charcoal and alumina have been used extensively as sorbents in uremic patients, the following problems remain to be solved: 1) elution of SO4--from activated charcoal which does not adsorb it; 2) production of methylguanidine from creatinine on the surface of activated charcoal; 3) production of lipoperoxide from fatty acids by chemical reaction of activated charcoal; 4) adsorption of Ca++ and Mg++ when alumina adsorbs inorganic phosphate. These problems are studied in vitro and clinically.", "PMID": 533423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5652", "title": "Problems of competition in charcoal hemoperfusion for the treatment of intoxications.", "content": "Both toxic and physiological substances are adsorbed during an extracorporeal hemoperfusion for the treatment of exogenous and endogenous intoxications. Using a closed circuit in vitro, we perfused one liter saline or fresh human plasma with 4425 mumol creatinine, 4854 mumol and 97,086 mumol barbital-Na, 597 mumol bromthalein, 1942 mumol and 29,126 mumol raffinose, and 200 mumol inulin in different combinations over 70 gm of uncoated charcoal with the following results: 1. The adsorptive capacity of other substances is not influenced by preadsorption of the charcoal with a low or middle molecular weight substance; 2. In the low and middle molecular weight range, there is no competition between two substances in a solution; 3. The simultaneous usage of two substances of middle and high molecular weight, or preadsorption with a high molecular weight substance, reduces the rate of adsorption and the capacity of charcoal for middle molecular weight substances, but not for low molecular weight substances.", "contents": "Problems of competition in charcoal hemoperfusion for the treatment of intoxications. Both toxic and physiological substances are adsorbed during an extracorporeal hemoperfusion for the treatment of exogenous and endogenous intoxications. Using a closed circuit in vitro, we perfused one liter saline or fresh human plasma with 4425 mumol creatinine, 4854 mumol and 97,086 mumol barbital-Na, 597 mumol bromthalein, 1942 mumol and 29,126 mumol raffinose, and 200 mumol inulin in different combinations over 70 gm of uncoated charcoal with the following results: 1. The adsorptive capacity of other substances is not influenced by preadsorption of the charcoal with a low or middle molecular weight substance; 2. In the low and middle molecular weight range, there is no competition between two substances in a solution; 3. The simultaneous usage of two substances of middle and high molecular weight, or preadsorption with a high molecular weight substance, reduces the rate of adsorption and the capacity of charcoal for middle molecular weight substances, but not for low molecular weight substances.", "PMID": 533425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5653", "title": "A new method of urea removal using urease and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane.", "content": "A new method for urea removal using a gas membrane is introduced along with some preliminary results. The membrane used was expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (E-PTFE) which is highly permeable to gaseous substances, while at the same time it is highly resistant to water permeation. In in vitro experiments using 10 mmol/L ammonia solution it was revealed that the single-pass reduction rate was approximately 95% at 30 degrees C at a flow rate of 200 ml/min. In animal experiments using four dogs, the extraction rate of urea was 40.4 +/- 4.4% after four hours of dialysis using 5 L dialysate. However, elevation of blood ammonia was observed in all dogs tested. Removal of ammonia by means of a gas membrane is considered to be feasible and has the possibility of being used for maintenance hemodialysis in combination with urease and charcoal.", "contents": "A new method of urea removal using urease and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. A new method for urea removal using a gas membrane is introduced along with some preliminary results. The membrane used was expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (E-PTFE) which is highly permeable to gaseous substances, while at the same time it is highly resistant to water permeation. In in vitro experiments using 10 mmol/L ammonia solution it was revealed that the single-pass reduction rate was approximately 95% at 30 degrees C at a flow rate of 200 ml/min. In animal experiments using four dogs, the extraction rate of urea was 40.4 +/- 4.4% after four hours of dialysis using 5 L dialysate. However, elevation of blood ammonia was observed in all dogs tested. Removal of ammonia by means of a gas membrane is considered to be feasible and has the possibility of being used for maintenance hemodialysis in combination with urease and charcoal.", "PMID": 533426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5654", "title": "High-permeability membrane hemodialysis and hemofiltration in acute hepatic coma: experimental and clinical results.", "content": "A high-permeability polyacrylonitrile membrane was used for hemodialysis in experimental animals with induced liver ischemia and for acute treatment of 39 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Measurements were made of amino acids and other relevant compounds; nine patients survived. In long-term studies, the polyacrylonitrile membrane was used for hemofiltration in ten clinical cases of fulminant hepatic failure and coma. Five patients, including two pregnant women, survived.", "contents": "High-permeability membrane hemodialysis and hemofiltration in acute hepatic coma: experimental and clinical results. A high-permeability polyacrylonitrile membrane was used for hemodialysis in experimental animals with induced liver ischemia and for acute treatment of 39 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Measurements were made of amino acids and other relevant compounds; nine patients survived. In long-term studies, the polyacrylonitrile membrane was used for hemofiltration in ten clinical cases of fulminant hepatic failure and coma. Five patients, including two pregnant women, survived.", "PMID": 533427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5655", "title": "Bloodless cardiac surgery utilizing a new low-prime oxygenator.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients undergoing open-heart surgery were subjected to a prospective protocol designed for reduction of homologous blood utilization. The main points of this protocol were careful surgical hemostasis, normovolemic hemodilution, and retransfusion of blood lost to the operating field. It included use of the new Bentley BOS-10 Spiraflo oxygenator (Bentley Laboratories, Inc., Irvine, California, U.S.A.). The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 68 years and their weights from 18 to 84 kg. Fifty-four patients were subjected to valvular surgery, 30 to coronary revascularization, 13 to congenital defects repair, and 3 to resection of atrial myxomas. All patients could be weaned from bypass without receiving any blood. Eighty patients completed their surgery, and 60 were discharged from the intensive care unit without receiving any homologous blood or its derivatives. Total blood usage for the series throughout the entire stay in hospital was 1.32 units/patient, which included six reoperations for excessive bleeding. This reduction in blood utilization was achieved without excessive hemodilution and did not produce significant complications.", "contents": "Bloodless cardiac surgery utilizing a new low-prime oxygenator. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing open-heart surgery were subjected to a prospective protocol designed for reduction of homologous blood utilization. The main points of this protocol were careful surgical hemostasis, normovolemic hemodilution, and retransfusion of blood lost to the operating field. It included use of the new Bentley BOS-10 Spiraflo oxygenator (Bentley Laboratories, Inc., Irvine, California, U.S.A.). The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 68 years and their weights from 18 to 84 kg. Fifty-four patients were subjected to valvular surgery, 30 to coronary revascularization, 13 to congenital defects repair, and 3 to resection of atrial myxomas. All patients could be weaned from bypass without receiving any blood. Eighty patients completed their surgery, and 60 were discharged from the intensive care unit without receiving any homologous blood or its derivatives. Total blood usage for the series throughout the entire stay in hospital was 1.32 units/patient, which included six reoperations for excessive bleeding. This reduction in blood utilization was achieved without excessive hemodilution and did not produce significant complications.", "PMID": 533428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5656", "title": "A new technique to increase coronary flow. Preliminary report.", "content": "This study was planned to investigate whether part of the energy produced by cardiac contraction to propel blood toward the systemic circulation can be used to increase the coronary flow in systole. Ten devices (I-X) designed to divert laterally part of a flow column (without substantially increasing resistance to flow) were tested in a mock circulation and in nine anesthetized dogs. An increase of 11.69 +/- 1.97% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005) in \"coronary flow\" and of 8.98 +/- 0.56% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001) in coronary sinus flow were obtained with device I mounted on a stylet and placed above the \"aortic valve\" in the mock circulation and the dogs, respectively, without increasing the flow resistance. The results in;dicate the possibility of diverting part of the aortic flow toward the coronary arteries without increasing mean aortic pressure.", "contents": "A new technique to increase coronary flow. Preliminary report. This study was planned to investigate whether part of the energy produced by cardiac contraction to propel blood toward the systemic circulation can be used to increase the coronary flow in systole. Ten devices (I-X) designed to divert laterally part of a flow column (without substantially increasing resistance to flow) were tested in a mock circulation and in nine anesthetized dogs. An increase of 11.69 +/- 1.97% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005) in \"coronary flow\" and of 8.98 +/- 0.56% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001) in coronary sinus flow were obtained with device I mounted on a stylet and placed above the \"aortic valve\" in the mock circulation and the dogs, respectively, without increasing the flow resistance. The results in;dicate the possibility of diverting part of the aortic flow toward the coronary arteries without increasing mean aortic pressure.", "PMID": 533430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5657", "title": "Plasma beta-endorphin levels in chronic schizophrenic patients normal controls.", "content": "Plasma beta-endorphin was measured in 35 chronic schizophrenic patients (15.47 +/- 15.39 pmol/L) and 3 normal volunteers (19.55 +/- 11.23 pmol/L). There was no significant difference between the levels of the two groups.", "contents": "Plasma beta-endorphin levels in chronic schizophrenic patients normal controls. Plasma beta-endorphin was measured in 35 chronic schizophrenic patients (15.47 +/- 15.39 pmol/L) and 3 normal volunteers (19.55 +/- 11.23 pmol/L). There was no significant difference between the levels of the two groups.", "PMID": 533431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5658", "title": "[Aspergillosis from sphenoidal sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an exceptional case of aspergillosis from sphenoidal sinus showed by oculomotar palsy its follow up simulates a malignant tumour.", "contents": "[Aspergillosis from sphenoidal sinus (author's transl)]. The authors describe an exceptional case of aspergillosis from sphenoidal sinus showed by oculomotar palsy its follow up simulates a malignant tumour.", "PMID": 533438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5659", "title": "[Cerebral cortex biopotential and blood oxygenation in glaucomatous patient (author's transl)].", "content": "This report presents the data of blood oxygenation investigations (performed according to the method of oxyphemography) of cerebral cortex biopotential determination (EEG) in 32 glaucomatous patients (27 having a bilateral process in developed and advanced stages of the disease. The majority of the patients appeared to have oxygen deficiency (26 subj.) and anomalous EEG (29 subj.). A statistically rather high coefficient of correlation between changes in EEG and OHG deviations was determined. The results enabled the authors to conclude that low cerebral cortex activity in glaucoma patients might be the result of blood oxygen deficiency.", "contents": "[Cerebral cortex biopotential and blood oxygenation in glaucomatous patient (author's transl)]. This report presents the data of blood oxygenation investigations (performed according to the method of oxyphemography) of cerebral cortex biopotential determination (EEG) in 32 glaucomatous patients (27 having a bilateral process in developed and advanced stages of the disease. The majority of the patients appeared to have oxygen deficiency (26 subj.) and anomalous EEG (29 subj.). A statistically rather high coefficient of correlation between changes in EEG and OHG deviations was determined. The results enabled the authors to conclude that low cerebral cortex activity in glaucoma patients might be the result of blood oxygen deficiency.", "PMID": 533439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5660", "title": "[Intolerance causes of indentation material in retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "129 Lincoff sponge's rejection, representing 4,3% of our retinal detachment surgeries during 4 years have been studied. Men were twice more than women, the larger the amount of material was placed the more frequent rejections appeared. Most rejections (56,2%) occured during the first 4 months. Percentage of infection was roughly not influenced by the time after retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "[Intolerance causes of indentation material in retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)]. 129 Lincoff sponge's rejection, representing 4,3% of our retinal detachment surgeries during 4 years have been studied. Men were twice more than women, the larger the amount of material was placed the more frequent rejections appeared. Most rejections (56,2%) occured during the first 4 months. Percentage of infection was roughly not influenced by the time after retinal detachment surgery.", "PMID": 533440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5661", "title": "[Toxic retinopathies].", "content": "Among the drugs, which are topically administered, only epinephrine may produce retinal changes (macular oedema) in aphakic patients. Among the drugs, which are systemically administered, some immunodepressors, ethambutol, indomethacine, digitalis, but particularly chlorpromazine, thioridazine, quinine and chloroquine may produce toxic retinopathies. Concerning the intraocular metallic foreign bodies, siderosis is much more toxic for the retina than chalcosis.", "contents": "[Toxic retinopathies]. Among the drugs, which are topically administered, only epinephrine may produce retinal changes (macular oedema) in aphakic patients. Among the drugs, which are systemically administered, some immunodepressors, ethambutol, indomethacine, digitalis, but particularly chlorpromazine, thioridazine, quinine and chloroquine may produce toxic retinopathies. Concerning the intraocular metallic foreign bodies, siderosis is much more toxic for the retina than chalcosis.", "PMID": 533441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5662", "title": "[Massive orbital osteolysis by a chordoma. Report of a case and review of the litterature (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, radiological and anatomical description of sellar chordoma giving, on a sixty seven years old man, an unusually large tumoral exophthalmos, a massive orbito-sphenoidal osteolysis and a chiasmatic syndroma. Discussion stresses the topographic data of chordoma in connection with the embryonal chordal cell rests. Patterns of evolution and neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms of cephalic chordoma are studied with the literature facts. Morphologic criteria, specifical ones and those differential diagnosis, are exactly scheduled.", "contents": "[Massive orbital osteolysis by a chordoma. Report of a case and review of the litterature (author's transl)]. Clinical, radiological and anatomical description of sellar chordoma giving, on a sixty seven years old man, an unusually large tumoral exophthalmos, a massive orbito-sphenoidal osteolysis and a chiasmatic syndroma. Discussion stresses the topographic data of chordoma in connection with the embryonal chordal cell rests. Patterns of evolution and neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms of cephalic chordoma are studied with the literature facts. Morphologic criteria, specifical ones and those differential diagnosis, are exactly scheduled.", "PMID": 533442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5663", "title": "Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree. A review of 110 cases.", "content": "During the period from 1966 to 1974, 110 cases of foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree were treated in our clinic using the ventilation bronchoscope under general anesthesia, and good results were obtained. Upon reviewing the case records, the ventilation bronchoscope was evaluated to be safe even for infants. Of the 110 cases, male predominance was 2 to 1, and 76 infants were under 3 years of age. Although, various types of foreign bodies were removed, almost half of the cases involved peanuts. Generally, the right bronchus was obstructed more frequently than the left. However, in children under 6 years of age, this tendency was inverted especially in 53 cases involving peanuts. The relationships between the age factor and the location of the foreign bodies are discussed.", "contents": "Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree. A review of 110 cases. During the period from 1966 to 1974, 110 cases of foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree were treated in our clinic using the ventilation bronchoscope under general anesthesia, and good results were obtained. Upon reviewing the case records, the ventilation bronchoscope was evaluated to be safe even for infants. Of the 110 cases, male predominance was 2 to 1, and 76 infants were under 3 years of age. Although, various types of foreign bodies were removed, almost half of the cases involved peanuts. Generally, the right bronchus was obstructed more frequently than the left. However, in children under 6 years of age, this tendency was inverted especially in 53 cases involving peanuts. The relationships between the age factor and the location of the foreign bodies are discussed.", "PMID": 533443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5664", "title": "Tubular forms of papova viruses in human laryngeal papilloma.", "content": "In two cases of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis tubular forms of papova viruses could be observed. The same material revealed the close relation between nuclear chromatine and the release of particles, as well as a capsomere like substructure of the virions.", "contents": "Tubular forms of papova viruses in human laryngeal papilloma. In two cases of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis tubular forms of papova viruses could be observed. The same material revealed the close relation between nuclear chromatine and the release of particles, as well as a capsomere like substructure of the virions.", "PMID": 533444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5665", "title": "Human oral squamous cell carcinoma in in vitro culture.", "content": "Human biopsy specimens from squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity were explanted to an in vitro system for organ culture. Carcinoma cells in great number were observed after 2 weeks in vitro. A considerable variability in cell survival occurred after approximately 1 week. This period of time is, however, sufficient to perform experimental manipulation of the tumor tissue, e.g., testing of chemosensitivity, radiation effects, etc.", "contents": "Human oral squamous cell carcinoma in in vitro culture. Human biopsy specimens from squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity were explanted to an in vitro system for organ culture. Carcinoma cells in great number were observed after 2 weeks in vitro. A considerable variability in cell survival occurred after approximately 1 week. This period of time is, however, sufficient to perform experimental manipulation of the tumor tissue, e.g., testing of chemosensitivity, radiation effects, etc.", "PMID": 533445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5666", "title": "[On the elasticity of the ligamentum anulare. Experimental investigations into human temporal bone preparations with the help of an electromagnetic probe (author's transl)].", "content": "An electromagnetic probe was used to investigate the elasticity of the ligamentum anulare in human temporal bone preparations. The static measurement showed with preserved auditory ossicles but without tympanic membrane an average displacement of 37--41 micron at a pressure of 10 mN. Five different points of measurement did not lead to any significant differences; we must assume that the elastic properties of the ligamentum anulare are completely equal. After the removal of the malleus and incus, the displacement increased by only 2.2 micron, by another 4.2 micron if the stapes tendon was severed. Under these circumstances, too, a completely even elongation is proved to occur in all sections of the ligamentum anulare. Different pressures lead to a no-load characteristic which is linear in the 5--20 mN range, suggesting excellent elastic properties of the ligamentum anulare. From these data we may assume that the oscillation behavior of the basis stapedis approaches that of a membrane pump, with a linear transmission of great oscillation amplitudes possible.", "contents": "[On the elasticity of the ligamentum anulare. Experimental investigations into human temporal bone preparations with the help of an electromagnetic probe (author's transl)]. An electromagnetic probe was used to investigate the elasticity of the ligamentum anulare in human temporal bone preparations. The static measurement showed with preserved auditory ossicles but without tympanic membrane an average displacement of 37--41 micron at a pressure of 10 mN. Five different points of measurement did not lead to any significant differences; we must assume that the elastic properties of the ligamentum anulare are completely equal. After the removal of the malleus and incus, the displacement increased by only 2.2 micron, by another 4.2 micron if the stapes tendon was severed. Under these circumstances, too, a completely even elongation is proved to occur in all sections of the ligamentum anulare. Different pressures lead to a no-load characteristic which is linear in the 5--20 mN range, suggesting excellent elastic properties of the ligamentum anulare. From these data we may assume that the oscillation behavior of the basis stapedis approaches that of a membrane pump, with a linear transmission of great oscillation amplitudes possible.", "PMID": 533446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5667", "title": "A new in vitro method of drug assay of nasal blood vessels.", "content": "If nasal mucosa is removed from the dog's septum, mounted in a muscle bath and treated with a small dose of a nasal decongestant, the mucosa contracts, It appears, from the nature of the tissue and the nature of the drug responses, that nasal vascular smooth muscle is the contracting element. If the nasal mucosa is treated with a vasodilating agent, such as histamine, there is no relaxation response unless the mucosa is first pretreated with a vasoconstricting agent such as epinephrine. Both vasoconstricting and vasodilating drugs induce dose-related responses. It appears that this new preparation may be useful to assay drug effects in the absence of nervous and humoral control.", "contents": "A new in vitro method of drug assay of nasal blood vessels. If nasal mucosa is removed from the dog's septum, mounted in a muscle bath and treated with a small dose of a nasal decongestant, the mucosa contracts, It appears, from the nature of the tissue and the nature of the drug responses, that nasal vascular smooth muscle is the contracting element. If the nasal mucosa is treated with a vasodilating agent, such as histamine, there is no relaxation response unless the mucosa is first pretreated with a vasoconstricting agent such as epinephrine. Both vasoconstricting and vasodilating drugs induce dose-related responses. It appears that this new preparation may be useful to assay drug effects in the absence of nervous and humoral control.", "PMID": 533447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5668", "title": "The autoimmune submandibular sialoadenitis of the NZB/NZW hybrid mice. A light and electron microscopical investigation.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the submandibular salivary gland lesion occurring in the NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice was performed, and the findings were discussed and correlated to the autoimmune salivary gland disease observed in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Within the submandibular salivary gland of this mouse strain focal infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells were observed. Lymphoid cells were observed inside the basal lamina of acini and ducts, leading to destruction of these glandular units. The typical duct cell proliferation found in the autoimmune sialoadenitis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with the formation of the typical epimyoepithelial islands was not found in the submandibular glands of NZB/NZW mice.", "contents": "The autoimmune submandibular sialoadenitis of the NZB/NZW hybrid mice. A light and electron microscopical investigation. An electron microscopic study of the submandibular salivary gland lesion occurring in the NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice was performed, and the findings were discussed and correlated to the autoimmune salivary gland disease observed in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Within the submandibular salivary gland of this mouse strain focal infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells were observed. Lymphoid cells were observed inside the basal lamina of acini and ducts, leading to destruction of these glandular units. The typical duct cell proliferation found in the autoimmune sialoadenitis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with the formation of the typical epimyoepithelial islands was not found in the submandibular glands of NZB/NZW mice.", "PMID": 533448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5669", "title": "[Pachydermia of the larynx--treatment with the aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with pachydermia laryngis were treated with an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359, Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The management was successful in five cases. The sideeffects are minimal. The new drug seems to be a good completion in therapy of such diseases of the larynx.", "contents": "[Pachydermia of the larynx--treatment with the aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) (author's transl)]. Eight patients with pachydermia laryngis were treated with an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359, Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The management was successful in five cases. The sideeffects are minimal. The new drug seems to be a good completion in therapy of such diseases of the larynx.", "PMID": 533449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5670", "title": "[A new laryngoscope for endolaryngeal microsurgery. A contribution to injector respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "A new laryngoscope was constructed in order to improve visualization of the larynx and to adjust the instrument to individual situation. The Kleinsasser laryngoscope was divided into two parts. The width between these two halfs can be changed by screws. Because the laryngoscope is open laterally there is more space for the operator and shorter instruments can be used.", "contents": "[A new laryngoscope for endolaryngeal microsurgery. A contribution to injector respiration (author's transl)]. A new laryngoscope was constructed in order to improve visualization of the larynx and to adjust the instrument to individual situation. The Kleinsasser laryngoscope was divided into two parts. The width between these two halfs can be changed by screws. Because the laryngoscope is open laterally there is more space for the operator and shorter instruments can be used.", "PMID": 533450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5671", "title": "Ultrastructure of blebbing phenomenon and phagocytosis of blebs in laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "The epithelial-connective tissue junction of invasive squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma was examined electron microscopically. The pleomorphic cytoplasmic protrusions known as blebs were observed on the lateral and basal surfaces of malignant keratinocytes. These blebs were pinched off from the malignant epithelial cells and were then observed in the connective tissue or in the intercellular spaces. After the pinching-off process some blebs were seen to be closely surrounded by pseudopods of phagocytizing histiocytic cells in the lamina propria or by adjacent malignant keratinocytes in the intercellular spaces. Since blebs are believed to be intact parts of viable cells this engulfment can be interpreted as cytophagocytosis. During cytophagocytosis the zeiotic blebs exhibited varying degrees of enzymatic digestion. The process of blebbing was discussed in respect to cellular locomotion of malignant keratinocytes during tumor invasion. This phenomenon seems to occur only in the preliminary stages of malignant tumor growth in the larynx.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of blebbing phenomenon and phagocytosis of blebs in laryngeal carcinoma. The epithelial-connective tissue junction of invasive squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma was examined electron microscopically. The pleomorphic cytoplasmic protrusions known as blebs were observed on the lateral and basal surfaces of malignant keratinocytes. These blebs were pinched off from the malignant epithelial cells and were then observed in the connective tissue or in the intercellular spaces. After the pinching-off process some blebs were seen to be closely surrounded by pseudopods of phagocytizing histiocytic cells in the lamina propria or by adjacent malignant keratinocytes in the intercellular spaces. Since blebs are believed to be intact parts of viable cells this engulfment can be interpreted as cytophagocytosis. During cytophagocytosis the zeiotic blebs exhibited varying degrees of enzymatic digestion. The process of blebbing was discussed in respect to cellular locomotion of malignant keratinocytes during tumor invasion. This phenomenon seems to occur only in the preliminary stages of malignant tumor growth in the larynx.", "PMID": 533452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5672", "title": "[Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in the nasal secretions of patients with acute sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty outpatients with sinusitis were treated with equimolar doses of Ampicillin (556 mg) of Bacampicillin (800 mg) three times daily in a doubleblind fashion. To control the efficiency of the therapy the number of leukocytes, sedimentation rate, subjective and objective symptomes were evaluated before the first dose and on the 2nd and 10th day. On the 1st day nasal secretions were collected at the time the first dose was given and 1, 2, and 3 h later. In these samples the concentrations of the antibiotic, of protein and albumin were determined. The amount of nasal secretions collected as well as the protein and albumin content remains fairly constant during the experiment. The concentration of Bacampicillin in nasal secretions reaches its maximum of 0.92 microgram/ml 1 h after the application whereas with Ampicillin it is 0.59 microgram/ml after 2 h. These values correspond to the concentrations which were found in normal test persons. The clinical result of the therapy is slightly better with Bacampicillin only if patients with severe sinusitis were taken into account. In the patients with moderate or slight symptoms no difference was found. Two of the patients which were treated with Ampicillin had to stop the therapy because of severe diarrhoe. When using Bacampicillin no patients had diarrhoe. This study shows that Bacampicillin (as an inactive ester of Ampicillin) is resorbed quicker and gives higher concentrations in the nasal secretions. Thus, the therapeutic effect is better in severe cases as compared to Ampicillin. Moreover, the side effects are less.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in the nasal secretions of patients with acute sinusitis (author's transl)]. Forty outpatients with sinusitis were treated with equimolar doses of Ampicillin (556 mg) of Bacampicillin (800 mg) three times daily in a doubleblind fashion. To control the efficiency of the therapy the number of leukocytes, sedimentation rate, subjective and objective symptomes were evaluated before the first dose and on the 2nd and 10th day. On the 1st day nasal secretions were collected at the time the first dose was given and 1, 2, and 3 h later. In these samples the concentrations of the antibiotic, of protein and albumin were determined. The amount of nasal secretions collected as well as the protein and albumin content remains fairly constant during the experiment. The concentration of Bacampicillin in nasal secretions reaches its maximum of 0.92 microgram/ml 1 h after the application whereas with Ampicillin it is 0.59 microgram/ml after 2 h. These values correspond to the concentrations which were found in normal test persons. The clinical result of the therapy is slightly better with Bacampicillin only if patients with severe sinusitis were taken into account. In the patients with moderate or slight symptoms no difference was found. Two of the patients which were treated with Ampicillin had to stop the therapy because of severe diarrhoe. When using Bacampicillin no patients had diarrhoe. This study shows that Bacampicillin (as an inactive ester of Ampicillin) is resorbed quicker and gives higher concentrations in the nasal secretions. Thus, the therapeutic effect is better in severe cases as compared to Ampicillin. Moreover, the side effects are less.", "PMID": 533453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5673", "title": "[Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in nasal secretions of healthy probands (author's transl)].", "content": "This study on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in nasal secretions was carried out with two orally applicable penicillin derivatives which show different resorption patterns. Each of the antibiotics (Ampicillin and Bacampicillin) was given in equimolar doses to 20 healthy young volunteers, with normal mucosa, in a double blind cross over fashion. Nasal secretions were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after the application of a single dose to the overnight fasted persons. In 10 of them blood was taken at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h after the administration. For the sampling of the nasal secretions cotton wool was weighed together with an airtight vial containing 300 microliter of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The dry cotton wool stayed in the nasal cavity for 20 min, was then put into the PBS and weighed again. The difference determines the amount of secretions collected. After 30 min the soaked cotton wool was pressed out into a vial with a sterile syringe. One hundred microliters of this solution was taken to determine the antibiotic concentration by a micromodification of the agar diffusion technique. In the remaining fluid total protein and albumin were quantitatively determined. The amount of nasal secretions which have been collected are, on average, independent of the time (Fig. 1). With rising secretion the protein content decreases (Fig. 5) as is the case with the albumin concentration. Regarding all persons, the protein content and albumin (Fig. 4) remain constant during the experiment from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The differences between the values shown in the figures are not significant. Comparing the mean concentration for the antibiotic at different times after the application, it is obvious that the agents show different curves (Fig. 6). With ampicillin the maximum of 0.13 microgram/ml is reached at 2 h after the administration whereas with becampicillin the maximum of 0.84 microgram/ml is reached after 1 h. The concentrations in the nasal secretions are clearly dependent of the serum values. In the serum the maximum of the mean values plotted against the time of 2.7 microgram/ml is to be found at 2 h, if ampicillin is given, whereas the maximum of 9.3 microgram/ml is reached at 1 h after bacampicillin administration. In both cases in serum and nasal secretions the mean concentration maximum is about three times higher after bacampicillin as compared with ampicillin. As a reference for the concentration of the antibiotic the total protein content of the sample is more suitable as compared with sample volume and albumin because of its easy and exact determination. The results show that the nasal secretions can be used as a model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract if an adequate number of test persons is used.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in nasal secretions of healthy probands (author's transl)]. This study on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in nasal secretions was carried out with two orally applicable penicillin derivatives which show different resorption patterns. Each of the antibiotics (Ampicillin and Bacampicillin) was given in equimolar doses to 20 healthy young volunteers, with normal mucosa, in a double blind cross over fashion. Nasal secretions were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after the application of a single dose to the overnight fasted persons. In 10 of them blood was taken at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h after the administration. For the sampling of the nasal secretions cotton wool was weighed together with an airtight vial containing 300 microliter of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The dry cotton wool stayed in the nasal cavity for 20 min, was then put into the PBS and weighed again. The difference determines the amount of secretions collected. After 30 min the soaked cotton wool was pressed out into a vial with a sterile syringe. One hundred microliters of this solution was taken to determine the antibiotic concentration by a micromodification of the agar diffusion technique. In the remaining fluid total protein and albumin were quantitatively determined. The amount of nasal secretions which have been collected are, on average, independent of the time (Fig. 1). With rising secretion the protein content decreases (Fig. 5) as is the case with the albumin concentration. Regarding all persons, the protein content and albumin (Fig. 4) remain constant during the experiment from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The differences between the values shown in the figures are not significant. Comparing the mean concentration for the antibiotic at different times after the application, it is obvious that the agents show different curves (Fig. 6). With ampicillin the maximum of 0.13 microgram/ml is reached at 2 h after the administration whereas with becampicillin the maximum of 0.84 microgram/ml is reached after 1 h. The concentrations in the nasal secretions are clearly dependent of the serum values. In the serum the maximum of the mean values plotted against the time of 2.7 microgram/ml is to be found at 2 h, if ampicillin is given, whereas the maximum of 9.3 microgram/ml is reached at 1 h after bacampicillin administration. In both cases in serum and nasal secretions the mean concentration maximum is about three times higher after bacampicillin as compared with ampicillin. As a reference for the concentration of the antibiotic the total protein content of the sample is more suitable as compared with sample volume and albumin because of its easy and exact determination. The results show that the nasal secretions can be used as a model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract if an adequate number of test persons is used.", "PMID": 533454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5674", "title": "Vascular perfusion of the cochlea: effect of potassium-free and rubidium-substituted media.", "content": "By means of vascular perfusion of the cochlea with K+-free synthetic blood, it is possible to maintain the endocochlear potential (EP) at normal or supernormal levels for periods of 20-42 min. The subsequent decline of the EP is comparatively slow. This is in contrast to the immediate onset and rapid decline of the EP during perilymphatic perfusion with K+-free media. Possible implications of these data concerning the mode of generation of the EP are briefly discussed. It is further shown, that synthetic blood, in which K+ is replaced by Rb+, maintains the EP at normal or near normal levels for 2 h.", "contents": "Vascular perfusion of the cochlea: effect of potassium-free and rubidium-substituted media. By means of vascular perfusion of the cochlea with K+-free synthetic blood, it is possible to maintain the endocochlear potential (EP) at normal or supernormal levels for periods of 20-42 min. The subsequent decline of the EP is comparatively slow. This is in contrast to the immediate onset and rapid decline of the EP during perilymphatic perfusion with K+-free media. Possible implications of these data concerning the mode of generation of the EP are briefly discussed. It is further shown, that synthetic blood, in which K+ is replaced by Rb+, maintains the EP at normal or near normal levels for 2 h.", "PMID": 533455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5675", "title": "[Growth and extension of the carcinoma of the sinus piriformis (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven cases of sinus piriform cancer have been studied in which a pharyngolaryngectomy was performed after a biopsy had confirmed the diagnosis. The macroscopic study of the tumors shows a clear predominance of exophytic forms besides their tendency to spread in the endolaryngeal structures in a submusous way. The microscopic study indicates that in all the cases epidermoid carcinoma were predominating those that moderate cellular differentiation. The surgical pieces were embedded in celloidin and sectioned both in the horizontal and frontal plane, afterwards being stained with hematoxylin and eosin.", "contents": "[Growth and extension of the carcinoma of the sinus piriformis (author's transl)]. Seven cases of sinus piriform cancer have been studied in which a pharyngolaryngectomy was performed after a biopsy had confirmed the diagnosis. The macroscopic study of the tumors shows a clear predominance of exophytic forms besides their tendency to spread in the endolaryngeal structures in a submusous way. The microscopic study indicates that in all the cases epidermoid carcinoma were predominating those that moderate cellular differentiation. The surgical pieces were embedded in celloidin and sectioned both in the horizontal and frontal plane, afterwards being stained with hematoxylin and eosin.", "PMID": 533457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5676", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: is it relevant to family practitioners?", "content": "There has been a major change in the outlook for children with cystic fibrosis during the last 20 years. Provided the diagnosis is made before serious irreversible lung disease has occurred, most patients can expect to reach adult life without very serious disability.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: is it relevant to family practitioners? There has been a major change in the outlook for children with cystic fibrosis during the last 20 years. Provided the diagnosis is made before serious irreversible lung disease has occurred, most patients can expect to reach adult life without very serious disability.", "PMID": 533458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5677", "title": "The young child in hospital: a health hazard.", "content": "In this paper I have described a young child most at risk from institutional care, and called for a new awareness of the emotional needs of young children. I have called for changes in our training programmes, for changes in our hospital policies, and for a deeper involvement of the mother in the health team when the patient is a young child. The glaring inconsistency now so prevalent in the management of children must be countered by clear positive guidelines and by 'unifying principles' which are embodied in legislation. A healthier adult population will then emerge. As our investment in the next millenium, young children are our most precious resource.", "contents": "The young child in hospital: a health hazard. In this paper I have described a young child most at risk from institutional care, and called for a new awareness of the emotional needs of young children. I have called for changes in our training programmes, for changes in our hospital policies, and for a deeper involvement of the mother in the health team when the patient is a young child. The glaring inconsistency now so prevalent in the management of children must be countered by clear positive guidelines and by 'unifying principles' which are embodied in legislation. A healthier adult population will then emerge. As our investment in the next millenium, young children are our most precious resource.", "PMID": 533460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5678", "title": "Child abuse.", "content": "Child abuse is an emotional topic, and one which features frequently in newspapers. Newspapers, however, tend to report only the most serious cases and those which have been the subject of court hearings. The reporting tends to concentrate on lurid details. In fact, there is a wide spectrum of child abuse encompassing physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect, and ranging in severity from the most minor incident through to injuries sufficient to cause death.", "contents": "Child abuse. Child abuse is an emotional topic, and one which features frequently in newspapers. Newspapers, however, tend to report only the most serious cases and those which have been the subject of court hearings. The reporting tends to concentrate on lurid details. In fact, there is a wide spectrum of child abuse encompassing physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect, and ranging in severity from the most minor incident through to injuries sufficient to cause death.", "PMID": 533462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5679", "title": "Early and continuing management of congenital limb deficiencies.", "content": "As parents require immediate support following the birth of a limb deficient child, this review is directed towards the nature of such support, the availability of specialist services, and the need for continuing care.", "contents": "Early and continuing management of congenital limb deficiencies. As parents require immediate support following the birth of a limb deficient child, this review is directed towards the nature of such support, the availability of specialist services, and the need for continuing care.", "PMID": 533463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5680", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "The death of an infant has always resulted in grief and distress to the family involved. When this death occurs in an apparently healthy infant without warning and for no apparent reason, the grief can be magnified and complicated by feelings of confusion, self-recrimination, guilt and fear. Some of these complications can be avoided by early and adequate explanation, and the assurance that while the specific cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is not known, a great deal is known about the condition and this information is available to parents.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome. The death of an infant has always resulted in grief and distress to the family involved. When this death occurs in an apparently healthy infant without warning and for no apparent reason, the grief can be magnified and complicated by feelings of confusion, self-recrimination, guilt and fear. Some of these complications can be avoided by early and adequate explanation, and the assurance that while the specific cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is not known, a great deal is known about the condition and this information is available to parents.", "PMID": 533464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5681", "title": "Children and smoking.", "content": "An experimental educational programme to reduce childhood cigarette smoking in the Hunter health region (NSW) is described. It is an example of the efforts currently being made to tackle childhood cigarette smoking as an increasing problem, particularly among teenage girls. The key factors influencing children to begin smoking are the role of the family, and pressures from the peer group. Preventive strategies need to be implemented in childhood before the smoking habit becomes firmly established in an individual's lifestyle.", "contents": "Children and smoking. An experimental educational programme to reduce childhood cigarette smoking in the Hunter health region (NSW) is described. It is an example of the efforts currently being made to tackle childhood cigarette smoking as an increasing problem, particularly among teenage girls. The key factors influencing children to begin smoking are the role of the family, and pressures from the peer group. Preventive strategies need to be implemented in childhood before the smoking habit becomes firmly established in an individual's lifestyle.", "PMID": 533465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5682", "title": "Gastroscopy.", "content": "Gastroscopy has become a safe and reliable procedure following the development of modern fibreoptic instruments which have replaced the semi-flexible gastroscope. Indications for gastroscopy may be diagnostic (to elucidate the nature of definite or indefinite radiological abnormalities, in persistent X-ray negative dyspepsia, post gastric surgery symptoms and upper gastrointestinal bleeding) or therapeutic (including polypectomy, electrocoagulation of bleeding points, papillotomy and removal of retained stones and the use of a laser beam to control bleeding). In can be done as an outpatient procedure with a low incidence of complications in experienced hands, but should be performed only in a properly equipped area with resuscitation facilities. Gastroscopy should form part of the routine investigation of patients with upper gastrointestinal problems where the appropriate indications are present.", "contents": "Gastroscopy. Gastroscopy has become a safe and reliable procedure following the development of modern fibreoptic instruments which have replaced the semi-flexible gastroscope. Indications for gastroscopy may be diagnostic (to elucidate the nature of definite or indefinite radiological abnormalities, in persistent X-ray negative dyspepsia, post gastric surgery symptoms and upper gastrointestinal bleeding) or therapeutic (including polypectomy, electrocoagulation of bleeding points, papillotomy and removal of retained stones and the use of a laser beam to control bleeding). In can be done as an outpatient procedure with a low incidence of complications in experienced hands, but should be performed only in a properly equipped area with resuscitation facilities. Gastroscopy should form part of the routine investigation of patients with upper gastrointestinal problems where the appropriate indications are present.", "PMID": 533466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5683", "title": "'Oscopy' in children. Urethroscopy, cystoscopy and vaginoscopy.", "content": "Recent advances in paediatric endoscopic equipment have simplified and improved paediatric urinary and vaginal endoscopy. Urinary endoscopy is usually performed when radiology has already demonstrated an abnormality; in the bladder mainly for further investigation, but in the urethra frequently for therapy as well. Vaginoscopy in childhood is usually more satisfactory using a panendoscope than a conventional speculum. The indications for endoscopy in childhood include most of the local pathological processes.", "contents": "'Oscopy' in children. Urethroscopy, cystoscopy and vaginoscopy. Recent advances in paediatric endoscopic equipment have simplified and improved paediatric urinary and vaginal endoscopy. Urinary endoscopy is usually performed when radiology has already demonstrated an abnormality; in the bladder mainly for further investigation, but in the urethra frequently for therapy as well. Vaginoscopy in childhood is usually more satisfactory using a panendoscope than a conventional speculum. The indications for endoscopy in childhood include most of the local pathological processes.", "PMID": 533469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5684", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography involves endoscopic visualization of the papilla of Vater, placement of a cannula in the orifice of the papilla and contrast radiology of pancreatic and biliary ducts. With experience, the procedure can be performed relatively rapidly with visualization of the desired duct in the majority of patients, and a low frequency of complications. The technique appears to be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic disease. Valuable additional information may be obtained from duodenal endoscopy, duodenal biopsy and duct aspiration for cytological studies. An extension of the technique--endoscopic sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater--has become a therapeutic option in selected patients with choledocholithiasis.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography involves endoscopic visualization of the papilla of Vater, placement of a cannula in the orifice of the papilla and contrast radiology of pancreatic and biliary ducts. With experience, the procedure can be performed relatively rapidly with visualization of the desired duct in the majority of patients, and a low frequency of complications. The technique appears to be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic disease. Valuable additional information may be obtained from duodenal endoscopy, duodenal biopsy and duct aspiration for cytological studies. An extension of the technique--endoscopic sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater--has become a therapeutic option in selected patients with choledocholithiasis.", "PMID": 533470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5685", "title": "Colposcopy.", "content": "Colposcopy is the ideal method of establishing the site, nature and extent of abnormal areas of the uterine cervix or vagina. Use of the three modalities of cytology, colposcopy and histology will enable an accurate diagnosis to be made. Appropriate, well documented treatment can be planned and confirmed under anaesthesia. Follow-up of treated lesions can also be accurately performed.", "contents": "Colposcopy. Colposcopy is the ideal method of establishing the site, nature and extent of abnormal areas of the uterine cervix or vagina. Use of the three modalities of cytology, colposcopy and histology will enable an accurate diagnosis to be made. Appropriate, well documented treatment can be planned and confirmed under anaesthesia. Follow-up of treated lesions can also be accurately performed.", "PMID": 533471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5686", "title": "Menstruation.", "content": "Societal attitudes to menstruation are largely negative, and so serve to reinforce the inferior social status of women. These attitudes have extended into medical practice and research on menstruation. As a result, much research on 'premenstrual syndrome' has been biased both in methodology and interpretation. Correlations between hormone levels, mood changes and other behavioural measures, which cycle together, are often incorrectly assumed to indicate causal relationships. These problems are discussed along with the report of a pilot study which used a new, and more comprehensive method of studying menstruation. This study has demonstrated numerous correlations between hormone levels, mood and psycho-physical performance. A relationship was found between task performance and early education about menstruation. Studied of the kind reported here provide a basis on which to formulate new questions about causal influences, which can only be established by entirely different methods of study.", "contents": "Menstruation. Societal attitudes to menstruation are largely negative, and so serve to reinforce the inferior social status of women. These attitudes have extended into medical practice and research on menstruation. As a result, much research on 'premenstrual syndrome' has been biased both in methodology and interpretation. Correlations between hormone levels, mood changes and other behavioural measures, which cycle together, are often incorrectly assumed to indicate causal relationships. These problems are discussed along with the report of a pilot study which used a new, and more comprehensive method of studying menstruation. This study has demonstrated numerous correlations between hormone levels, mood and psycho-physical performance. A relationship was found between task performance and early education about menstruation. Studied of the kind reported here provide a basis on which to formulate new questions about causal influences, which can only be established by entirely different methods of study.", "PMID": 533476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5687", "title": "Medical sociology in general practice. An evaluation of course content and course strategy.", "content": "The increasing role of general practitioners in the medical curriculum has been accompanied by a greater concern for those aspects of the medical course directed toward an understanding of human behaviour. Medical sociology is one of the new disciplines which provides an understanding of this behaviour. As with any other new discipline, two types of question stand out. Firstly, what are medical sociologists trying to teach? Secondly, how do students react to this content? Both these questions are addressed via an evaluation of two medical sociology courses at Queensland University. Students begin a medical sociology course with a somewhat negative stereotype of how relevant the subject is likely to be. Following the two courses, some of their previously held views are modified. The nature of the modification appears to depend upon the balance between practical or theoretical orientations in the course, and their reflection in specific components of the course content.", "contents": "Medical sociology in general practice. An evaluation of course content and course strategy. The increasing role of general practitioners in the medical curriculum has been accompanied by a greater concern for those aspects of the medical course directed toward an understanding of human behaviour. Medical sociology is one of the new disciplines which provides an understanding of this behaviour. As with any other new discipline, two types of question stand out. Firstly, what are medical sociologists trying to teach? Secondly, how do students react to this content? Both these questions are addressed via an evaluation of two medical sociology courses at Queensland University. Students begin a medical sociology course with a somewhat negative stereotype of how relevant the subject is likely to be. Following the two courses, some of their previously held views are modified. The nature of the modification appears to depend upon the balance between practical or theoretical orientations in the course, and their reflection in specific components of the course content.", "PMID": 533477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5688", "title": "Experimental infections of brush-tailed possums, common wombats and water rats with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and hardjo.", "content": "Of 12 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica 11 developed migroagglutination (MA) antibody to jardjo antigen by 14 days postincubation (PI). Leptospiruria was observed in 2 possums 117 to 145 days PI. Of 6 possums inoculated with serovar hardjo 4 developed low short-lived titres by day 18 PI. Two of 3 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) inoculated with balcanica had high MA titres (greater than or equal to 1:128) by day 16 PI and leptospiruria occurred by day 16. One wombat inoculated with hardjo developed a low MA titre. Low transitory MA titres to hardjo were found in 1 of 3 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) after inoculation with balcanica and 1 of 2 given hardjo. Histopathological examination of kidneys revealed mild to moderately severe focal interstitial nephritis in 4 of 8 possums, in 2 wombats and in 2 water rats following experimental infection with balcanica. Similar lesions were observed in 2 of 4 possums, 1 wombat and 2 water rats following experimental infection with hardjo.", "contents": "Experimental infections of brush-tailed possums, common wombats and water rats with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and hardjo. Of 12 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica 11 developed migroagglutination (MA) antibody to jardjo antigen by 14 days postincubation (PI). Leptospiruria was observed in 2 possums 117 to 145 days PI. Of 6 possums inoculated with serovar hardjo 4 developed low short-lived titres by day 18 PI. Two of 3 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) inoculated with balcanica had high MA titres (greater than or equal to 1:128) by day 16 PI and leptospiruria occurred by day 16. One wombat inoculated with hardjo developed a low MA titre. Low transitory MA titres to hardjo were found in 1 of 3 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) after inoculation with balcanica and 1 of 2 given hardjo. Histopathological examination of kidneys revealed mild to moderately severe focal interstitial nephritis in 4 of 8 possums, in 2 wombats and in 2 water rats following experimental infection with balcanica. Similar lesions were observed in 2 of 4 possums, 1 wombat and 2 water rats following experimental infection with hardjo.", "PMID": 533478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5689", "title": "The suppressive effect of circulating specific antibody on the response to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Species IgG antibody given intravenously 3-4 hours prior to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae led to a specific depression of both the systemic and loca limmune response. One vibriocidal unit of IgG antibody, which itself would given undetectable levels of circulating specific antibody, was significantly immunosuppressive. The suppression is considered to be due to central repression of the antigen-reactive lymphocyte, rather than to antigen exclusion at the gut mucosal surface. The repression appeared less pronounced in some immunoglobulin classes than in others.", "contents": "The suppressive effect of circulating specific antibody on the response to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae. Species IgG antibody given intravenously 3-4 hours prior to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae led to a specific depression of both the systemic and loca limmune response. One vibriocidal unit of IgG antibody, which itself would given undetectable levels of circulating specific antibody, was significantly immunosuppressive. The suppression is considered to be due to central repression of the antigen-reactive lymphocyte, rather than to antigen exclusion at the gut mucosal surface. The repression appeared less pronounced in some immunoglobulin classes than in others.", "PMID": 533481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5690", "title": "Clearance of bacteria from lungs of mice after opsonising with IgG or IgA.", "content": "The clearance of organisms from the lungs of mice was followed after aerosol administration. Preopsonisation of the organisms with immune serum, as a source of specific antibody, enhanced the rate of pulmonary clearance while s.IgA delayed clearance. In the peritoneal cavity, bacteria pre-treated with immune serum were cleared more rapidly than unopsonised bacteria, but s.IgA had little effect. The presence of Fc receptors for IgG and not s.IgA on alveolar macrophages suggests that, in secretions, IgG is the predominant antibody promoting phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and that any protective effect of s.IgA is not mediated by these cells.", "contents": "Clearance of bacteria from lungs of mice after opsonising with IgG or IgA. The clearance of organisms from the lungs of mice was followed after aerosol administration. Preopsonisation of the organisms with immune serum, as a source of specific antibody, enhanced the rate of pulmonary clearance while s.IgA delayed clearance. In the peritoneal cavity, bacteria pre-treated with immune serum were cleared more rapidly than unopsonised bacteria, but s.IgA had little effect. The presence of Fc receptors for IgG and not s.IgA on alveolar macrophages suggests that, in secretions, IgG is the predominant antibody promoting phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and that any protective effect of s.IgA is not mediated by these cells.", "PMID": 533482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5691", "title": "Hybridoma antibody immunoassays for the detection of parasitic infection: development of a model system using a larval cestode infection in mice.", "content": "A prototype immunodiagnostic assay has been developed using chronic infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, as a model system in mice. The assay is highly sensitive, it appears to be absolutely specific for M. corti infection, and is based on the inhibition of binding (by sera from infected mice) of a radiolabelled anti-M. corti hybridoma antibody to a crude M. corti antigen extract. The hybridoma antibody binds to living M. corti larvae and is an IgG1 protein. In large scale experiments no false positives were detected and the only M. corti-infected mice not detected by the assay were hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice. Only limited success has been achieved in attempts to convert the assay to one not requiring parasite antigen and based on the inhibition of binding of radiolabelled anti-parasite hybridoma antibody and a large pool of anti-idiotype antiserum. Monoclonal antibodies derived from anti-parasite antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines will be of particular use in the development of new, highly specific, immunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of parasite infection, exposure and disease.", "contents": "Hybridoma antibody immunoassays for the detection of parasitic infection: development of a model system using a larval cestode infection in mice. A prototype immunodiagnostic assay has been developed using chronic infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, as a model system in mice. The assay is highly sensitive, it appears to be absolutely specific for M. corti infection, and is based on the inhibition of binding (by sera from infected mice) of a radiolabelled anti-M. corti hybridoma antibody to a crude M. corti antigen extract. The hybridoma antibody binds to living M. corti larvae and is an IgG1 protein. In large scale experiments no false positives were detected and the only M. corti-infected mice not detected by the assay were hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice. Only limited success has been achieved in attempts to convert the assay to one not requiring parasite antigen and based on the inhibition of binding of radiolabelled anti-parasite hybridoma antibody and a large pool of anti-idiotype antiserum. Monoclonal antibodies derived from anti-parasite antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines will be of particular use in the development of new, highly specific, immunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of parasite infection, exposure and disease.", "PMID": 533483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5692", "title": "Persistence in the mouse gut as an important factor in oral immunogenicity of strains of V. cholerae.", "content": "The immune responses of mice following oral vaccination with two strains of live V. cholerae have been examined. A strain which persisted in the small intestine was a superior local immunogen by comparison with another non-persisting strain. Local persistence and the ability to induce a local immune response appeared to be correlated, since the two vibrio strains elicited identical responses when given parenterally.", "contents": "Persistence in the mouse gut as an important factor in oral immunogenicity of strains of V. cholerae. The immune responses of mice following oral vaccination with two strains of live V. cholerae have been examined. A strain which persisted in the small intestine was a superior local immunogen by comparison with another non-persisting strain. Local persistence and the ability to induce a local immune response appeared to be correlated, since the two vibrio strains elicited identical responses when given parenterally.", "PMID": 533484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5693", "title": "Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in suspected viral myocarditis of pups.", "content": "Surviving puppies from three separate litters in which deaths had occurred from suspected viral myocarditis were examined clinically and electrocardiographically. Of 11 puppies examined, 5 subsequently died or were euthanised within 11 days of initial examination. ECG changes present in these puppies for 1 to 11 days prior to death were small R waves (less than 0.4 mV in lead II), S-T segment elevation, QRS notching and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT). No clinical signs referable to the ECG changes were present before the terminal episodes of apparent sudden death or death following a brief period of dyspnoea. Multifocial subacute myocarditis was present on post-mortem examination. A sixth puppy with small R waves remained clinically normal for a further 4 weeks. It then developed severe dyspnoea which persisted for 24 hours before euthanasia. Extensive fibrosis of the left ventricle was present on post-mortem examination.", "contents": "Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in suspected viral myocarditis of pups. Surviving puppies from three separate litters in which deaths had occurred from suspected viral myocarditis were examined clinically and electrocardiographically. Of 11 puppies examined, 5 subsequently died or were euthanised within 11 days of initial examination. ECG changes present in these puppies for 1 to 11 days prior to death were small R waves (less than 0.4 mV in lead II), S-T segment elevation, QRS notching and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT). No clinical signs referable to the ECG changes were present before the terminal episodes of apparent sudden death or death following a brief period of dyspnoea. Multifocial subacute myocarditis was present on post-mortem examination. A sixth puppy with small R waves remained clinically normal for a further 4 weeks. It then developed severe dyspnoea which persisted for 24 hours before euthanasia. Extensive fibrosis of the left ventricle was present on post-mortem examination.", "PMID": 533485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5694", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from lesions in experimentally infected pigs.", "content": "Pigs aged 6 to 9 weeks from enzootic pneumonia-free herds were inoculated intranasally with a suspension of pneumonic lung containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or were placed in contact with such inoculated pigs. All the inoculated pigs had gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia when killed 27 to 42 days after inoculation. The culture methods described enabled M. hyopneumoniae to be isolated from all 29 inoculated pigs. Of 45 pigs in contact with inoculated pigs 35 had gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia when killed 28 to 71 days later and M. hyopneumoniae was isolated from 33. Another 9 had lesions, detected only microscopically, and M. hyopneumoniae was recovered from 3 of these when killed 75 to 98 days after contact began. In a separate experiment M. hyopneumoniae isolated from experimentally infected pigs, and adapted to the culture medium after 6 passages, caused gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia in 1 of 4 pigs inoculated intranasally.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from lesions in experimentally infected pigs. Pigs aged 6 to 9 weeks from enzootic pneumonia-free herds were inoculated intranasally with a suspension of pneumonic lung containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or were placed in contact with such inoculated pigs. All the inoculated pigs had gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia when killed 27 to 42 days after inoculation. The culture methods described enabled M. hyopneumoniae to be isolated from all 29 inoculated pigs. Of 45 pigs in contact with inoculated pigs 35 had gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia when killed 28 to 71 days later and M. hyopneumoniae was isolated from 33. Another 9 had lesions, detected only microscopically, and M. hyopneumoniae was recovered from 3 of these when killed 75 to 98 days after contact began. In a separate experiment M. hyopneumoniae isolated from experimentally infected pigs, and adapted to the culture medium after 6 passages, caused gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia in 1 of 4 pigs inoculated intranasally.", "PMID": 533486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5695", "title": "Hepatosis dietetica, nutritional myopathy, mulberry heart disease and associated hepatic selenium level in pigs.", "content": "Outbreaks of Hepatosis Dietetica (HD), Nutritional Myopathy (NM) and Mulberry Heart Disease (MHD) in Western Australia are described. Hepatic selenium concentrations were low in pigs with HD and NM, but not with MHD. The mean hepatic selenium concentration in pigs unaffected with these conditions was 1.07 +/- 0.12 ppm dry wt. Cereal grain in an area of Western Australia where HD and NM frequently occur was found to be low in selenium and the addition of 0.1 ppm selenium to pig rations appeared to be an effective prophylactic measure. The extensive use of lupin seed as a protein source replacing much of the meat meal in pig rations may have contributed to an increase in the incidence of HD and NM.", "contents": "Hepatosis dietetica, nutritional myopathy, mulberry heart disease and associated hepatic selenium level in pigs. Outbreaks of Hepatosis Dietetica (HD), Nutritional Myopathy (NM) and Mulberry Heart Disease (MHD) in Western Australia are described. Hepatic selenium concentrations were low in pigs with HD and NM, but not with MHD. The mean hepatic selenium concentration in pigs unaffected with these conditions was 1.07 +/- 0.12 ppm dry wt. Cereal grain in an area of Western Australia where HD and NM frequently occur was found to be low in selenium and the addition of 0.1 ppm selenium to pig rations appeared to be an effective prophylactic measure. The extensive use of lupin seed as a protein source replacing much of the meat meal in pig rations may have contributed to an increase in the incidence of HD and NM.", "PMID": 533487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5696", "title": "Efficacy of anthelmintics against cattle nematodes.", "content": "The efficacies of fenbendazole and thiabendazole against artifically acquired cattle nematodes and the efficacies of fenbendazole, prabendazole and levamisole against naturally acquired cattle nematodes were studied in western Victoria. Fenbendazole significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced numbers of late and early fourth stage larvae (greater than 96%), artificially acquired Cooperla spp (100%) and naturally acquired adult Ostertagia ostertagi (98%) and Trichostrongylus axei (90%). Thiabendazole significantly reduced numbers of artificially acquired late fourth stage larvae (83%) and parbendazole significantly reduced numbers of adult O. ostertagi (72%) in one group of cattle. Fenbendazole was the most effective anthelmintic.", "contents": "Efficacy of anthelmintics against cattle nematodes. The efficacies of fenbendazole and thiabendazole against artifically acquired cattle nematodes and the efficacies of fenbendazole, prabendazole and levamisole against naturally acquired cattle nematodes were studied in western Victoria. Fenbendazole significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced numbers of late and early fourth stage larvae (greater than 96%), artificially acquired Cooperla spp (100%) and naturally acquired adult Ostertagia ostertagi (98%) and Trichostrongylus axei (90%). Thiabendazole significantly reduced numbers of artificially acquired late fourth stage larvae (83%) and parbendazole significantly reduced numbers of adult O. ostertagi (72%) in one group of cattle. Fenbendazole was the most effective anthelmintic.", "PMID": 533489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5697", "title": "The prevalence of udder infection and mastitis in herds producing bulk milk with either consistently high or low cell count.", "content": "Quarter samples from twenty-five dairy herds, representing 223 herds supplying direct to Brisbane, were cultured and submitted to the Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT). Thirteen herds had a history of producing bulk milk with a consistently high WMT score (greater than 15 mm) and in twelve herds the WMT score was consistently low. Prevalence of infection was higher in group A herds (22.2% quarters were infected with Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci) than in group B herds (9.8% of quarters were infected). There was considerable scatter of prevalence among both groups of herds. Overall, S. aureus was found in 19% of cows and 7% of quarters, and Streptococcus agalactiae in 15% of cows and 7% of quarters. Quarters from group A herds showed a higher WMT score than those in group B herds whether infected with S. aureus, Str. agalactiae, micrococci or yielded no detectable organisms. It was concluded that regular surveys are required of the high cell count herds to monitor mastitis status in the industry.", "contents": "The prevalence of udder infection and mastitis in herds producing bulk milk with either consistently high or low cell count. Quarter samples from twenty-five dairy herds, representing 223 herds supplying direct to Brisbane, were cultured and submitted to the Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT). Thirteen herds had a history of producing bulk milk with a consistently high WMT score (greater than 15 mm) and in twelve herds the WMT score was consistently low. Prevalence of infection was higher in group A herds (22.2% quarters were infected with Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci) than in group B herds (9.8% of quarters were infected). There was considerable scatter of prevalence among both groups of herds. Overall, S. aureus was found in 19% of cows and 7% of quarters, and Streptococcus agalactiae in 15% of cows and 7% of quarters. Quarters from group A herds showed a higher WMT score than those in group B herds whether infected with S. aureus, Str. agalactiae, micrococci or yielded no detectable organisms. It was concluded that regular surveys are required of the high cell count herds to monitor mastitis status in the industry.", "PMID": 533490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5698", "title": "Temporary infertility in Merino ewes grazing improved pastures in western Australia.", "content": "A temporary infertility was observed in flocks of ewes on a commercial property at Kojonup in Western Australia. During 1970 evidence of oestrogenic stimulation of the ewes was recorded. Two possible explanations of the cause of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Temporary infertility in Merino ewes grazing improved pastures in western Australia. A temporary infertility was observed in flocks of ewes on a commercial property at Kojonup in Western Australia. During 1970 evidence of oestrogenic stimulation of the ewes was recorded. Two possible explanations of the cause of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 533491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5699", "title": "An outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia due to Haemophilus parahaemolyticus.", "content": "An outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia in an intensive piggery in south-eastern Queensland is described. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus was isolated from weaner piglets at post-mortem examination. The disease began in weaners and later occurred in suckling piglets 3 weeks of age. It was associated with poor ventilation, hygiene and overcrowding. Treatment and control measures included intramuscular lincomycin hydrochloride (10 mg/Kg body weight), creep feed medication with oxytetracycline (500 g/tonne) and disinfection and improvement of housing. These appeared to be successful.", "contents": "An outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia due to Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. An outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia in an intensive piggery in south-eastern Queensland is described. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus was isolated from weaner piglets at post-mortem examination. The disease began in weaners and later occurred in suckling piglets 3 weeks of age. It was associated with poor ventilation, hygiene and overcrowding. Treatment and control measures included intramuscular lincomycin hydrochloride (10 mg/Kg body weight), creep feed medication with oxytetracycline (500 g/tonne) and disinfection and improvement of housing. These appeared to be successful.", "PMID": 533492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5700", "title": "A comparative histochemical study of intrinsic laryngeal muscles of ungulates and carnivores.", "content": "The intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the horse, donkey, sheep, ox, pig, dog and cat were examined for myosin ATPase, following acid and alkali pre-incubation, SDH and M-alphaGPDH activities. In all laryngeal muscles two fibre types, betaR and alphaR, belonging to slow and fast-contracting, fatigue-resistant motor units (types S and FR) were present in different proportions. The alphaW fibre type, belonging to fast-contracting and fatigue-resistant motor units was absent (type FF). The alphaR fibres of the dog and the cat were subdivided into groups by the various degrees of acid stable myosin ATPase, oxidative and glycolytic activities. In the ox and pig laryngeal muscles, the same fibres showed an atypical myosin ATPase activity, as high as the fast-contracting fibres but acid-resistant like the slow-twitch fibres. The most uniform muscle was the CAD, which was formed of a higher percentage of slow-twitch fibres than the other laryngeal muscles of the same species. Also the VE muscle was very uniform in the dog, horse and donkey but the fast-twitch fibres were by far the most numerous, the highest in fact among all the laryngeal muscles. In the TA muscle of the cat, sheep and ox, the percentage of fast-twitch fibres was very high in the rostral portion decreasing gradually towards the caudal portion. Thus it was possible to separate histochemically the TA muscle in the rostral (pars ventricularis) and caudal (pars vocalis) portions which are related to the VE and the VO muscles of the dog, horse and donkey. In the VO muscle the slow-twitch fibres are more numerous than in the VE. The two portions of the TA were not detected by histochemical methods in the pig. However, this muscle has the highest percentage of fast-twitch fibres. The qualitative and quantitative data presented in this paper together with the data reported in the literature, enable us to correlate morphological and functional aspects of fibre composition among the species.", "contents": "A comparative histochemical study of intrinsic laryngeal muscles of ungulates and carnivores. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the horse, donkey, sheep, ox, pig, dog and cat were examined for myosin ATPase, following acid and alkali pre-incubation, SDH and M-alphaGPDH activities. In all laryngeal muscles two fibre types, betaR and alphaR, belonging to slow and fast-contracting, fatigue-resistant motor units (types S and FR) were present in different proportions. The alphaW fibre type, belonging to fast-contracting and fatigue-resistant motor units was absent (type FF). The alphaR fibres of the dog and the cat were subdivided into groups by the various degrees of acid stable myosin ATPase, oxidative and glycolytic activities. In the ox and pig laryngeal muscles, the same fibres showed an atypical myosin ATPase activity, as high as the fast-contracting fibres but acid-resistant like the slow-twitch fibres. The most uniform muscle was the CAD, which was formed of a higher percentage of slow-twitch fibres than the other laryngeal muscles of the same species. Also the VE muscle was very uniform in the dog, horse and donkey but the fast-twitch fibres were by far the most numerous, the highest in fact among all the laryngeal muscles. In the TA muscle of the cat, sheep and ox, the percentage of fast-twitch fibres was very high in the rostral portion decreasing gradually towards the caudal portion. Thus it was possible to separate histochemically the TA muscle in the rostral (pars ventricularis) and caudal (pars vocalis) portions which are related to the VE and the VO muscles of the dog, horse and donkey. In the VO muscle the slow-twitch fibres are more numerous than in the VE. The two portions of the TA were not detected by histochemical methods in the pig. However, this muscle has the highest percentage of fast-twitch fibres. The qualitative and quantitative data presented in this paper together with the data reported in the literature, enable us to correlate morphological and functional aspects of fibre composition among the species.", "PMID": 533508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5701", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on collagen and proteoglycans in the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc.", "content": "Replicas of freeze-fractured collagen fibrils of peripheral and central parts of the annulus fibrosus of bovine intervertebral discs show microfibrils which run either arranged in parallel or in a helix with an inclination-angle ranging from 4 degrees to 8 degrees. According to results of freeze-fracutred tissues, thin sections of specimens treated with 4M guanidinium chloride show collagen fibrils with a parallel or a slightly wavy microfibrillar packing. Thin sections of specimens treated with alcian blue diluted in MgCl2 critical electrolyte solutions reveal interfibrillar proteoglycan particles with a filamentous shape in the peripheral zones of the annulus fibrosus and a predominant leaf-like appearance in the inner ones. These observations are discussed with reference to previous data concerning the variation in composition from the peripheral to the inner parts of the annulus fibrosus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on collagen and proteoglycans in the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. Replicas of freeze-fractured collagen fibrils of peripheral and central parts of the annulus fibrosus of bovine intervertebral discs show microfibrils which run either arranged in parallel or in a helix with an inclination-angle ranging from 4 degrees to 8 degrees. According to results of freeze-fracutred tissues, thin sections of specimens treated with 4M guanidinium chloride show collagen fibrils with a parallel or a slightly wavy microfibrillar packing. Thin sections of specimens treated with alcian blue diluted in MgCl2 critical electrolyte solutions reveal interfibrillar proteoglycan particles with a filamentous shape in the peripheral zones of the annulus fibrosus and a predominant leaf-like appearance in the inner ones. These observations are discussed with reference to previous data concerning the variation in composition from the peripheral to the inner parts of the annulus fibrosus.", "PMID": 533509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5702", "title": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. I: Neutral lipids.", "content": "The major components of the lipid fraction from Harder's glands of mice and rats were studied, including examination of the influence of age and sex on absolute and relative amounts of the most relevant components. The data, based on thin layer chromatographic analyses, is discussed in detail and possible explanations suggested for the biological roles which the different components may play.", "contents": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. I: Neutral lipids. The major components of the lipid fraction from Harder's glands of mice and rats were studied, including examination of the influence of age and sex on absolute and relative amounts of the most relevant components. The data, based on thin layer chromatographic analyses, is discussed in detail and possible explanations suggested for the biological roles which the different components may play.", "PMID": 533510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5703", "title": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. II: Phospholipids.", "content": "The phospholipid components of Harder's glands of rats and mice were investigated. The content of phosphatidylcholine and of sphyngomyelin is notably less in the rat than in the mouse difference among the other components, being negligible. In the male rat the total phospholipid content is larger than in the female, while in mice the opposite is true. The presence of a large red fluorescent spot, which is not phospholipid, has been shown.", "contents": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. II: Phospholipids. The phospholipid components of Harder's glands of rats and mice were investigated. The content of phosphatidylcholine and of sphyngomyelin is notably less in the rat than in the mouse difference among the other components, being negligible. In the male rat the total phospholipid content is larger than in the female, while in mice the opposite is true. The presence of a large red fluorescent spot, which is not phospholipid, has been shown.", "PMID": 533511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5704", "title": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. III: Glycolipids.", "content": "Following the study of total lipid and phospholipid contents of Harderian gland, we carried out analysis of glycolipid fractions. The data showed that most of the pigment is bound to mono-hexose ceramides, while only a minor fraction of it is bound to ceramides and/or to phospholipids. Histochemical studies confirmed the lipid and glycolipid nature of the Harder's gland secretion. The presence of mono-hexose ceramides linked to the characteristic fluorescent porphyrin was shown.", "contents": "Lipids in the Harder's gland of certain rodents. III: Glycolipids. Following the study of total lipid and phospholipid contents of Harderian gland, we carried out analysis of glycolipid fractions. The data showed that most of the pigment is bound to mono-hexose ceramides, while only a minor fraction of it is bound to ceramides and/or to phospholipids. Histochemical studies confirmed the lipid and glycolipid nature of the Harder's gland secretion. The presence of mono-hexose ceramides linked to the characteristic fluorescent porphyrin was shown.", "PMID": 533512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5705", "title": "Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity and sexual dimorphism in rat exorbital lacrimal gland.", "content": "Leucine amonopeptidase (LAP) activity was histochemically studied in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland. The enzyme is present in the secreting cells of both male and female prepuberal rats, in vivo and in monolayer cultures, while in the adult rat it is demonstrable only in the female. Furthermore, LAP is influenced by the sex hormones, disappearing in the female gland after testosterone treatment and appearing in the adult male gland after administration of estradiol or cyproterone acetate. These results show that the behaviour of LAP can be considered as another character of sexual dimorphism of the rat exorbital gland. Furthermore, our findings, showing an inverse relationship between LAP activity and the PAS positivity of the secretion products, suggest the hypothesis that the presence of this exopeptidase could induce qualitative modifications of one or more secreted glycoprotein.", "contents": "Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity and sexual dimorphism in rat exorbital lacrimal gland. Leucine amonopeptidase (LAP) activity was histochemically studied in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland. The enzyme is present in the secreting cells of both male and female prepuberal rats, in vivo and in monolayer cultures, while in the adult rat it is demonstrable only in the female. Furthermore, LAP is influenced by the sex hormones, disappearing in the female gland after testosterone treatment and appearing in the adult male gland after administration of estradiol or cyproterone acetate. These results show that the behaviour of LAP can be considered as another character of sexual dimorphism of the rat exorbital gland. Furthermore, our findings, showing an inverse relationship between LAP activity and the PAS positivity of the secretion products, suggest the hypothesis that the presence of this exopeptidase could induce qualitative modifications of one or more secreted glycoprotein.", "PMID": 533513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5706", "title": "Histochemical analysis of the haemopoietic tissue in Spirographis spallanzanii.", "content": "Physical and cytochemical techniques have demonstrated that in Spirographis spallanzanii there is a highly pigmented tissue surrounding the ventral and circular vessels. Melanin and carotenoids are absent in the clubshaped cells, but there is evidence for the presence of lipids, haemopigments and Fe+++, probably in connection with haemopoietic processes. Tests on the ala-dehydrase activity in this tissue confirm this hypothesis. From these results it can be concluded that in Spirographis spallanzanii this tissue is the site of synthesis of respiratory pigment.", "contents": "Histochemical analysis of the haemopoietic tissue in Spirographis spallanzanii. Physical and cytochemical techniques have demonstrated that in Spirographis spallanzanii there is a highly pigmented tissue surrounding the ventral and circular vessels. Melanin and carotenoids are absent in the clubshaped cells, but there is evidence for the presence of lipids, haemopigments and Fe+++, probably in connection with haemopoietic processes. Tests on the ala-dehydrase activity in this tissue confirm this hypothesis. From these results it can be concluded that in Spirographis spallanzanii this tissue is the site of synthesis of respiratory pigment.", "PMID": 533514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5707", "title": "Behavior of ovarian and testicular interstitial cells during ontogenesis in the horse. Morphological and histochemical studies \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\".", "content": "The results of a study on interstitial cells of the horse gonads from foetal life to puberty are reported. The morphological (also ultrastructural) histochemical, histophysical and histoenzymological findings both in the organ and in monolayer cultures, clarify the problem of the ontogenesis of these cells showing that: --foetal interstitial cells give origin to \"xanthochrome\" cells; --\"xanthochrome\" cells in the prepuberal gonad are continuously renewed; --the same type of cells which in th prepuberal period undergo lipochromic degeneration, differentiate at puberty into Leydig cells in the testis and probably into thecal cells in the ovary.", "contents": "Behavior of ovarian and testicular interstitial cells during ontogenesis in the horse. Morphological and histochemical studies \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\". The results of a study on interstitial cells of the horse gonads from foetal life to puberty are reported. The morphological (also ultrastructural) histochemical, histophysical and histoenzymological findings both in the organ and in monolayer cultures, clarify the problem of the ontogenesis of these cells showing that: --foetal interstitial cells give origin to \"xanthochrome\" cells; --\"xanthochrome\" cells in the prepuberal gonad are continuously renewed; --the same type of cells which in th prepuberal period undergo lipochromic degeneration, differentiate at puberty into Leydig cells in the testis and probably into thecal cells in the ovary.", "PMID": 533515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5708", "title": "Histochemical and biophysical study of cuticle sclerotization in Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. (Blattaria).", "content": "The problem of melaninogenesis and quinone tanning of the cuticle was examined by histochemical and biophysical methods (electroparamagnetic resonance: EPR) on normal subjects of Pycnoscelus surinamensis and on subjects with abnormal cuticular colour. The cuticle of abnormal subjects showed a lower content of polyphenolic substances and a greater positivity for the indole group. This suggests that in these insects tanning products can be synthetized differently and not derived from tyrosine but from tryptophan as postulated by Pryor (1955). Furthermore, a higher number of unsaturated aminic groups is found in abnormal subjects. Granules present only in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells of the abnormal newly moulted subjects may indicate that the polyphenolic compound of tanning, secreted in an inactive form as 4-O, beta-glucoside, is not freed from the beta-glucosidase and remains as such in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Histochemical and biophysical study of cuticle sclerotization in Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. (Blattaria). The problem of melaninogenesis and quinone tanning of the cuticle was examined by histochemical and biophysical methods (electroparamagnetic resonance: EPR) on normal subjects of Pycnoscelus surinamensis and on subjects with abnormal cuticular colour. The cuticle of abnormal subjects showed a lower content of polyphenolic substances and a greater positivity for the indole group. This suggests that in these insects tanning products can be synthetized differently and not derived from tyrosine but from tryptophan as postulated by Pryor (1955). Furthermore, a higher number of unsaturated aminic groups is found in abnormal subjects. Granules present only in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells of the abnormal newly moulted subjects may indicate that the polyphenolic compound of tanning, secreted in an inactive form as 4-O, beta-glucoside, is not freed from the beta-glucosidase and remains as such in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 533516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5709", "title": "Effects of intraventricular and intra-aquaductal 6-hydroxydopamine on monoamine containing neurons of the fowl paleostriatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon.", "content": "The effects of a single intraventricular or intra-aquaductal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on monoamine fluorescence in the paleostriatum augmentatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon were studied. Present experiments have enable us to better characterize the distribution of catecholaminegic axons in the paleostriatum augmentatum, preoptic area, hypothalamus, median eminence, periventricular areas as well as of cell-bodies and axons exbiting green fluorescence in the n. mesencephalicus properties and other mesencephalic nuclei.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular and intra-aquaductal 6-hydroxydopamine on monoamine containing neurons of the fowl paleostriatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon. The effects of a single intraventricular or intra-aquaductal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on monoamine fluorescence in the paleostriatum augmentatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon were studied. Present experiments have enable us to better characterize the distribution of catecholaminegic axons in the paleostriatum augmentatum, preoptic area, hypothalamus, median eminence, periventricular areas as well as of cell-bodies and axons exbiting green fluorescence in the n. mesencephalicus properties and other mesencephalic nuclei.", "PMID": 533517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5710", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in retino-deprived optic tectum of the goldfish.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of AChE has been studied in the optic tectum of the goldfish after unilateral eye ablation. 1 or 4 months after the operation the patterns of enzyme localization were essentially the same in the normal and affected optic tectum, despite structural modifications caused by the degeneration of retinal terminals and dendritic atrophy of some tectal neurons. The results are discussed in relation to the different hypotheses put forward concerning possible cholinergic mechanisms in the optic tectum of teleosts.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in retino-deprived optic tectum of the goldfish. The ultrastructural localization of AChE has been studied in the optic tectum of the goldfish after unilateral eye ablation. 1 or 4 months after the operation the patterns of enzyme localization were essentially the same in the normal and affected optic tectum, despite structural modifications caused by the degeneration of retinal terminals and dendritic atrophy of some tectal neurons. The results are discussed in relation to the different hypotheses put forward concerning possible cholinergic mechanisms in the optic tectum of teleosts.", "PMID": 533518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5711", "title": "In vitro binding of radioiodinated rat follicle-stimulating hormone to the testis of the mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos l.", "content": "The binding of 125I-labelled rat FSH to homogenates and frozen sections of mallard duck testis was investigated. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) in the homogenates (8.5 x 10(9) M-1) was similar to those reported in other avian and mammalian species. Autoradiography suggested that the binding sites for the labelled hormone were localized in the tubular compartment.", "contents": "In vitro binding of radioiodinated rat follicle-stimulating hormone to the testis of the mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos l. The binding of 125I-labelled rat FSH to homogenates and frozen sections of mallard duck testis was investigated. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) in the homogenates (8.5 x 10(9) M-1) was similar to those reported in other avian and mammalian species. Autoradiography suggested that the binding sites for the labelled hormone were localized in the tubular compartment.", "PMID": 533519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5712", "title": "Animal health survey of cattle for the Bombali region, Sierra Leone, 1977.", "content": "The results are presented of an animal health survey of cattle in the Bombali Region in Northern Sierra Leone between Feb 14 and June 30, 1977. 2009 faecal samples were found to contain 19 cases of liver fluke infestation (0.94%), 1648 cases of hook and round worms (82.03%), 162 cases of type worms (8.06%), and 964 cases of coccidiosis (47.98%). 110 blood and milk samples were found to contain 29 positive cases of brucellosis (26.36%). 1644 cattle were examined for blood parasites. Babesiosis was found in 30 cases (1.82%), anaplasmosis in 1 case (0.06%), and trypanosomiasis in 4 cases (0.24%). The need is stressed to continue such investigations.", "contents": "Animal health survey of cattle for the Bombali region, Sierra Leone, 1977. The results are presented of an animal health survey of cattle in the Bombali Region in Northern Sierra Leone between Feb 14 and June 30, 1977. 2009 faecal samples were found to contain 19 cases of liver fluke infestation (0.94%), 1648 cases of hook and round worms (82.03%), 162 cases of type worms (8.06%), and 964 cases of coccidiosis (47.98%). 110 blood and milk samples were found to contain 29 positive cases of brucellosis (26.36%). 1644 cattle were examined for blood parasites. Babesiosis was found in 30 cases (1.82%), anaplasmosis in 1 case (0.06%), and trypanosomiasis in 4 cases (0.24%). The need is stressed to continue such investigations.", "PMID": 533522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5713", "title": "The evaluation of suitable waterers for broiler chicks reared under hot summer conditions.", "content": "In four groups of 150 broiler chicks each the suitability of different waterers (ordinary pans I, clay II, continuous folowing III, automatic trough waterers IV) was tested between 0 and 8 weeks at daily maximum temperatures not below 40 degrees C, and their effect was compared on the growth and the feed requirements. The eight-week weights were 1105 g (I), 1114 G (II), 1194 g (III), and 1160 g (IV). They were significantly higher in groups III and IV, which is attributed to the lower (2--3 degrees C) water temperatures. The feed efficiency was between 2.01 and 2.07 kg/per kg liveweight.", "contents": "The evaluation of suitable waterers for broiler chicks reared under hot summer conditions. In four groups of 150 broiler chicks each the suitability of different waterers (ordinary pans I, clay II, continuous folowing III, automatic trough waterers IV) was tested between 0 and 8 weeks at daily maximum temperatures not below 40 degrees C, and their effect was compared on the growth and the feed requirements. The eight-week weights were 1105 g (I), 1114 G (II), 1194 g (III), and 1160 g (IV). They were significantly higher in groups III and IV, which is attributed to the lower (2--3 degrees C) water temperatures. The feed efficiency was between 2.01 and 2.07 kg/per kg liveweight.", "PMID": 533523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5714", "title": "Hemagglutinin prepared from cells of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus.", "content": "A high titer of hemagglutinin (HAnin) was found in culture fluids of cells of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus. The HAnin (TC antigen) was associated with complete virions and no appreciable small-sized HAnin was produced, in contrast to the case in an infected suckling mouse brain (SMB) homogenate, in which most of the HAnin is smaller than complete virions. Extraction of the TC antigen with Tween 80-ether disrupted the HAnin into smaller-sized particles, resulting in complete loss of infectivity (TE-TC antigen), but it did not affect the titer or reactivity of the HAnin. Comparative hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay of human sera using TC antigen, TE-TC antigen or standard antigen extracted from infected SMB (SMB antigen) showed that TC or TE-TC antigen could be used for routine diagnostic or epidemiological HI tests instead of SMB antigen, which is rather hard to prepare.", "contents": "Hemagglutinin prepared from cells of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus. A high titer of hemagglutinin (HAnin) was found in culture fluids of cells of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus. The HAnin (TC antigen) was associated with complete virions and no appreciable small-sized HAnin was produced, in contrast to the case in an infected suckling mouse brain (SMB) homogenate, in which most of the HAnin is smaller than complete virions. Extraction of the TC antigen with Tween 80-ether disrupted the HAnin into smaller-sized particles, resulting in complete loss of infectivity (TE-TC antigen), but it did not affect the titer or reactivity of the HAnin. Comparative hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay of human sera using TC antigen, TE-TC antigen or standard antigen extracted from infected SMB (SMB antigen) showed that TC or TE-TC antigen could be used for routine diagnostic or epidemiological HI tests instead of SMB antigen, which is rather hard to prepare.", "PMID": 533536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5715", "title": "Reduction of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D by antipyrine.", "content": "1 Twenty-four Asian vegetarians had significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels and longer antipyrine half-lives than twenty white non-vegetarians (P less than 0.001). 2 Treatment with oral antipyrine over 4 or 5 weeks in seven vegetarian Asians and five racially different non-vegetarians increased drug oxidation significantly in both groups as measured by a fall in antipyrine half-lives and a rise in serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels and urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/17-hydroxycorticosteroid ratios. 3 Antipyrine treatment produced a fall in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D of around 60% in all subjects in whom pretreatment levels could be measured, independent of race and diet. 4. In the Caucasian non-vegetarian group 1,25 dihidroxyvitamin D levels, the most active metabolite of vitamin D, were also measured and remained unaltered despite a substantial fall in 25-hydroxy substrate. 5 The acute fall in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with a maintained level of 1,25 dihidroxyvitamin D may represent the early changes of drug-induced osteomalacia.", "contents": "Reduction of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D by antipyrine. 1 Twenty-four Asian vegetarians had significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels and longer antipyrine half-lives than twenty white non-vegetarians (P less than 0.001). 2 Treatment with oral antipyrine over 4 or 5 weeks in seven vegetarian Asians and five racially different non-vegetarians increased drug oxidation significantly in both groups as measured by a fall in antipyrine half-lives and a rise in serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels and urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/17-hydroxycorticosteroid ratios. 3 Antipyrine treatment produced a fall in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D of around 60% in all subjects in whom pretreatment levels could be measured, independent of race and diet. 4. In the Caucasian non-vegetarian group 1,25 dihidroxyvitamin D levels, the most active metabolite of vitamin D, were also measured and remained unaltered despite a substantial fall in 25-hydroxy substrate. 5 The acute fall in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with a maintained level of 1,25 dihidroxyvitamin D may represent the early changes of drug-induced osteomalacia.", "PMID": 533574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5716", "title": "The [14C]-aminopyrine breath test. A comparison of different forms of analysis.", "content": "1 Following ingestion of [14C]-aminopyrine, breath 14CO2 data were analysed from normal individuals, patients with hepatic disease, epileptics receiving anticonvulsant therapy and volunteers before and after treatment with glutethimide. 2 The 'standard' 2 h [14C]-aminopyrine breath test discriminated successfully between the main groups but failed to detect the change in microsomal enzyme function produced by glutethimide. 3 A 'modified' form of the 2 h breath test calculated from the area under the breath specific activity curve detected the increase in demethylation following glutethimide. 4 The breath elimination constant (Kb) derived from the breath 14CO2 disappearance curve was as sensitive as the 'modified' 2 h breath test and was simpler to compute. 5 Glutethimide 500 mg/day for 14 days resulted in a 42% increase in the metabolic clearance of antipyrine and a 26% increase in demethylation of [14C]-aminopyrine.", "contents": "The [14C]-aminopyrine breath test. A comparison of different forms of analysis. 1 Following ingestion of [14C]-aminopyrine, breath 14CO2 data were analysed from normal individuals, patients with hepatic disease, epileptics receiving anticonvulsant therapy and volunteers before and after treatment with glutethimide. 2 The 'standard' 2 h [14C]-aminopyrine breath test discriminated successfully between the main groups but failed to detect the change in microsomal enzyme function produced by glutethimide. 3 A 'modified' form of the 2 h breath test calculated from the area under the breath specific activity curve detected the increase in demethylation following glutethimide. 4 The breath elimination constant (Kb) derived from the breath 14CO2 disappearance curve was as sensitive as the 'modified' 2 h breath test and was simpler to compute. 5 Glutethimide 500 mg/day for 14 days resulted in a 42% increase in the metabolic clearance of antipyrine and a 26% increase in demethylation of [14C]-aminopyrine.", "PMID": 533576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5717", "title": "Plasma fluphenazine levels by radioimmunoassay in schizophrenic patients treated with depot injections of fluphenazine decanoate.", "content": "1 Using a radioimmunoassay, plasma fluphenazine (FPZ) concentrations were examined in 33 schizophrenic patients during 38 intervals between injections of FPZ decanoate. Doses ranged from 12.5 to 150 mg and intervals from 1 to 5 weeks. At least three blood samples were taken between injections from each subject; also in 26 subjects additional samples were taken during the first 24 h post-injection. 2 FPZ was measurable in all plasma samples. 3 Each injection was followed by a rapid rise in plasma FPZ concentration to a maximum at 1-8 h. The height of this peak varied considerably. Within the next 12-36 h plasma FPZ fell to a level slightly above that found before injection and then remained stable until the next injection, thus confirming the steady release of FPZ from the depot over this period. 4 For the group, dose and mean plasma FPZ levels correlated strongly. 5 Despite this, there was a four-fold variation in plasma FPZ concentration among subjects receiving the same dose. 6 The FPZ level on the last day of an interval between injections was a satisfactory estimate of the mean FPZ level for the interval. 7 In one subject examined in this way, a positive correlation was found (r = 0.76) between plasma FPZ (by radioimmunoassay) and plasma prolactin levels.", "contents": "Plasma fluphenazine levels by radioimmunoassay in schizophrenic patients treated with depot injections of fluphenazine decanoate. 1 Using a radioimmunoassay, plasma fluphenazine (FPZ) concentrations were examined in 33 schizophrenic patients during 38 intervals between injections of FPZ decanoate. Doses ranged from 12.5 to 150 mg and intervals from 1 to 5 weeks. At least three blood samples were taken between injections from each subject; also in 26 subjects additional samples were taken during the first 24 h post-injection. 2 FPZ was measurable in all plasma samples. 3 Each injection was followed by a rapid rise in plasma FPZ concentration to a maximum at 1-8 h. The height of this peak varied considerably. Within the next 12-36 h plasma FPZ fell to a level slightly above that found before injection and then remained stable until the next injection, thus confirming the steady release of FPZ from the depot over this period. 4 For the group, dose and mean plasma FPZ levels correlated strongly. 5 Despite this, there was a four-fold variation in plasma FPZ concentration among subjects receiving the same dose. 6 The FPZ level on the last day of an interval between injections was a satisfactory estimate of the mean FPZ level for the interval. 7 In one subject examined in this way, a positive correlation was found (r = 0.76) between plasma FPZ (by radioimmunoassay) and plasma prolactin levels.", "PMID": 533577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5718", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children.", "content": "1 Pharmacokinetic study has been carried out following oral administration of 10-20 mg of methylphenidate hydrochloride to four behaviorally disorders children. 2 It is indicated that the drug is metabolized to ritalinic acid with an apparent plasma half life of 2.5 h. 3 The variability in magnitude of plasma concentration seems to be due not to its metabolism to ritalinic acid but due to the variability in the apparent volume of distribution. 4 The brief half life of methylphenidate which parallels the short duration of action of methylphenidate in behaviorally disordered children may be explained in part by its low protein binding which results in high percentage of free drug being made available for metabolism to pharmacologically inactive metabolites.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children. 1 Pharmacokinetic study has been carried out following oral administration of 10-20 mg of methylphenidate hydrochloride to four behaviorally disorders children. 2 It is indicated that the drug is metabolized to ritalinic acid with an apparent plasma half life of 2.5 h. 3 The variability in magnitude of plasma concentration seems to be due not to its metabolism to ritalinic acid but due to the variability in the apparent volume of distribution. 4 The brief half life of methylphenidate which parallels the short duration of action of methylphenidate in behaviorally disordered children may be explained in part by its low protein binding which results in high percentage of free drug being made available for metabolism to pharmacologically inactive metabolites.", "PMID": 533578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5719", "title": "Serum morphine concentration after oral administration of diamorphine hydrochloride and morphine sulphate.", "content": "1 Venous blood was obtained from patients with far-advanced cancer receiving either diamorphine (diacetylmorphine, heroin) hydrochloride (65 samples) or morphine sulphate (24 samples) regularly by mouth in doses from 2.5 mg to 90 mg every 4 h. 2 Samples were obtained within 30 min of the 09.00 h drug round. 3 Serial samples were also obtained over a 4 h period from three patients receiving diamorphine hydrochloride. 4 Assay of serum 'morphine equivalents' was by radioimmunoassay using an antibody that cross reacts almost equally with diamorphine, 6-0 monoacetylmorphine and morphine. 5 The serum concentration of opiates expressed as 'morphine equivalents' ranged from 11 ng/ml to 1440 ng/ml. 6 A highly significant positive linear correlation exists between the dose administered and the serum concentration (P less than 0.001) with respect to both drugs. 7 There was no difference between the two drugs in relation to the serum concentration achieved per 10 mg of opiate administered. 8 Higher oral doses of both diamorphine and morphine are now being used when indicated rather than, as before, resorting to injections when an oral dose in excess of 40 mg is indicated.", "contents": "Serum morphine concentration after oral administration of diamorphine hydrochloride and morphine sulphate. 1 Venous blood was obtained from patients with far-advanced cancer receiving either diamorphine (diacetylmorphine, heroin) hydrochloride (65 samples) or morphine sulphate (24 samples) regularly by mouth in doses from 2.5 mg to 90 mg every 4 h. 2 Samples were obtained within 30 min of the 09.00 h drug round. 3 Serial samples were also obtained over a 4 h period from three patients receiving diamorphine hydrochloride. 4 Assay of serum 'morphine equivalents' was by radioimmunoassay using an antibody that cross reacts almost equally with diamorphine, 6-0 monoacetylmorphine and morphine. 5 The serum concentration of opiates expressed as 'morphine equivalents' ranged from 11 ng/ml to 1440 ng/ml. 6 A highly significant positive linear correlation exists between the dose administered and the serum concentration (P less than 0.001) with respect to both drugs. 7 There was no difference between the two drugs in relation to the serum concentration achieved per 10 mg of opiate administered. 8 Higher oral doses of both diamorphine and morphine are now being used when indicated rather than, as before, resorting to injections when an oral dose in excess of 40 mg is indicated.", "PMID": 533579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5720", "title": "The frequency of renal stones within Great Britain in a gouty and non-gouty population.", "content": "In a general practice survey carried out during 1976, the incidence of renal stones was found to be 82/100,000. When this population was divided into gouty and non-gouty subjects, the incidence of stones was found to be 870/100,000 respectively. Only 28% of the stone patients were found to have a chronic condition, including hyperuricaemia, which might predispose towards stone disease. In the population of 604 gout patients, 37 were found to have renal stones. These patients were diagnosed later than the average gout patient and also had a higher incidence of other chronic conditions.", "contents": "The frequency of renal stones within Great Britain in a gouty and non-gouty population. In a general practice survey carried out during 1976, the incidence of renal stones was found to be 82/100,000. When this population was divided into gouty and non-gouty subjects, the incidence of stones was found to be 870/100,000 respectively. Only 28% of the stone patients were found to have a chronic condition, including hyperuricaemia, which might predispose towards stone disease. In the population of 604 gout patients, 37 were found to have renal stones. These patients were diagnosed later than the average gout patient and also had a higher incidence of other chronic conditions.", "PMID": 533586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5721", "title": "The composition of urinary stones in the Sudan.", "content": "Seventy-eight urinary stones from the Sudan were analysed quantitatively; 75.6% of upper urinary tract (UUT) stones and 37.8% of lower tract (LUT) stones were composed of pure calcium oxalate monohydrate. The composition of adult UUT stones in the Sudan is almost identical to that of similar stones from Leeds except that the former contain much more calcium oxalate and much less calcium phosphate. A smaller proportion of adult LUT stones from the Sudan contain magnesium ammonium phosphate and a larger proportion contain uric acid/urate than similar stones from Leeds. Juvenile LUT stones from the Sudan probably contain more calcium oxalate and less uric acid/urate than juvenile bladder stones in some other developing countries.", "contents": "The composition of urinary stones in the Sudan. Seventy-eight urinary stones from the Sudan were analysed quantitatively; 75.6% of upper urinary tract (UUT) stones and 37.8% of lower tract (LUT) stones were composed of pure calcium oxalate monohydrate. The composition of adult UUT stones in the Sudan is almost identical to that of similar stones from Leeds except that the former contain much more calcium oxalate and much less calcium phosphate. A smaller proportion of adult LUT stones from the Sudan contain magnesium ammonium phosphate and a larger proportion contain uric acid/urate than similar stones from Leeds. Juvenile LUT stones from the Sudan probably contain more calcium oxalate and less uric acid/urate than juvenile bladder stones in some other developing countries.", "PMID": 533587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5722", "title": "Hydatid cyst of the kidney: 8 cases.", "content": "The clinical features, investigations and treatment of 8 patients with renal hydatid diseases are presented. It is stressed that this condition is a rare differential diagnosis of space-occupying kidney lesions and diagnosis depends mainly upon radiological evaluation. Of the laboratory tests that suggested infestation eosinophilia was the most reliable. When partial nephrectomy was carried out or when there was the danger of rupture of the cyst during the operation, preliminary instillation of 2% formalin into the cyst was always done.", "contents": "Hydatid cyst of the kidney: 8 cases. The clinical features, investigations and treatment of 8 patients with renal hydatid diseases are presented. It is stressed that this condition is a rare differential diagnosis of space-occupying kidney lesions and diagnosis depends mainly upon radiological evaluation. Of the laboratory tests that suggested infestation eosinophilia was the most reliable. When partial nephrectomy was carried out or when there was the danger of rupture of the cyst during the operation, preliminary instillation of 2% formalin into the cyst was always done.", "PMID": 533588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5723", "title": "Evening urinary oxalate excretion in stone formers.", "content": "Urine collections from stone formers and controls were made between 6 p.m. and midnight and analysed for oxalate content. No difference in oxalate output was found between these groups. This makes it unlikely that hyperabsorption of oxalate from the intestine is a common cause of idiopathic calcium oxalate stones. The convenience of 6-h urine collections for detecting hypercalciuria is discussed.", "contents": "Evening urinary oxalate excretion in stone formers. Urine collections from stone formers and controls were made between 6 p.m. and midnight and analysed for oxalate content. No difference in oxalate output was found between these groups. This makes it unlikely that hyperabsorption of oxalate from the intestine is a common cause of idiopathic calcium oxalate stones. The convenience of 6-h urine collections for detecting hypercalciuria is discussed.", "PMID": 533589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5724", "title": "Cutaneous ureterostomy, the preferred diversion of the solitary functioning kidney.", "content": "Ten cases of cutaneous ureterostomy are presented. The results illustrate that the fear of stenosis and slough in transplanting even a normal calibre ureter to skin is generally not warranted. The diversion of a solitary kidney to an interposed ileal segment is to be discouraged since it prolongs operation time and increases morbidity. In 2 patients with stenosis of the stoma a revision involving the then-dilated ureter was easily performed.", "contents": "Cutaneous ureterostomy, the preferred diversion of the solitary functioning kidney. Ten cases of cutaneous ureterostomy are presented. The results illustrate that the fear of stenosis and slough in transplanting even a normal calibre ureter to skin is generally not warranted. The diversion of a solitary kidney to an interposed ileal segment is to be discouraged since it prolongs operation time and increases morbidity. In 2 patients with stenosis of the stoma a revision involving the then-dilated ureter was easily performed.", "PMID": 533590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5725", "title": "Vesicoureteric reflux following endoscopic extraction of lower ureteric calculi.", "content": "Twenty-three patients subjected to endoscopic ureteric meatotomy or Dormia extraction were examined for vesicoureteric reflux. Reflux into the lower third of the ureter was found in 2 asymptomatic patients. The risks of reflux from endoscopic stone removal seem to be minimal.", "contents": "Vesicoureteric reflux following endoscopic extraction of lower ureteric calculi. Twenty-three patients subjected to endoscopic ureteric meatotomy or Dormia extraction were examined for vesicoureteric reflux. Reflux into the lower third of the ureter was found in 2 asymptomatic patients. The risks of reflux from endoscopic stone removal seem to be minimal.", "PMID": 533591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5726", "title": "A comparison between propantheline and imipramine on bladder and salivary gland function.", "content": "The effects of propantheline and imipramine on detrusor function and salivary gland secretion were studied in the dog. Both drugs caused a decrease in the rise of intravesical pressure following pelvic nerve stimulation in the anaesthetised dog. Propantheline had a profound effect on the salivary gland, whereas imipramine had very little effect on the volume of saliva produced after electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. This suggests that the action of imipramine on the bladder is not anticholinergic. The significance for treatment of detrusor dysfunction is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison between propantheline and imipramine on bladder and salivary gland function. The effects of propantheline and imipramine on detrusor function and salivary gland secretion were studied in the dog. Both drugs caused a decrease in the rise of intravesical pressure following pelvic nerve stimulation in the anaesthetised dog. Propantheline had a profound effect on the salivary gland, whereas imipramine had very little effect on the volume of saliva produced after electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. This suggests that the action of imipramine on the bladder is not anticholinergic. The significance for treatment of detrusor dysfunction is discussed.", "PMID": 533592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5727", "title": "Giggle incontinence (enuresis risoria). A study and an aetiological hypothesis.", "content": "Questionnaires answered by 99 student nurses concerning bladder responses to laughter showed that roughly 25% had experienced such reactions at some time in their lives and about 10% could still register such phenomena at the end of their second decade. Giggle incontinence is not a condition confined to an \"all or nothing\" response of complete micturition. The evidence seems to indicate that the condition is due to some inborn and quite ordinary trigger mechanism exposed by physiological variations in sensitivity or specific control.", "contents": "Giggle incontinence (enuresis risoria). A study and an aetiological hypothesis. Questionnaires answered by 99 student nurses concerning bladder responses to laughter showed that roughly 25% had experienced such reactions at some time in their lives and about 10% could still register such phenomena at the end of their second decade. Giggle incontinence is not a condition confined to an \"all or nothing\" response of complete micturition. The evidence seems to indicate that the condition is due to some inborn and quite ordinary trigger mechanism exposed by physiological variations in sensitivity or specific control.", "PMID": 533593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5728", "title": "The value of kanamycin-colistin bladder instillations in reducing bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of patients with acute spinal cord injury.", "content": "Two groups of patients with acute spinal cord trauma had initial bladder management by standard non-touch techniques of intermittent catheterisation. Twenty-two patients (17 males and 5 females) had kanamycin-colistin solution instilled into the bladder at the end of each catheterisation, and 25 patients (21 males and 4 females) were not given these instillations. The incidence of significant bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of both males and females receiving the instillations was only half the incidence of those not receiving the instillations. Also, a significantly higher proportion of males receiving the instillations did not have any episodes of significant bacteriuria compared with those not receiving the instillations, and the same trend was evident in the small number of female patients. It is recommended that patients should have kanamycin-colistin bladder instillations when they are being intermittently catheterised.", "contents": "The value of kanamycin-colistin bladder instillations in reducing bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of patients with acute spinal cord injury. Two groups of patients with acute spinal cord trauma had initial bladder management by standard non-touch techniques of intermittent catheterisation. Twenty-two patients (17 males and 5 females) had kanamycin-colistin solution instilled into the bladder at the end of each catheterisation, and 25 patients (21 males and 4 females) were not given these instillations. The incidence of significant bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of both males and females receiving the instillations was only half the incidence of those not receiving the instillations. Also, a significantly higher proportion of males receiving the instillations did not have any episodes of significant bacteriuria compared with those not receiving the instillations, and the same trend was evident in the small number of female patients. It is recommended that patients should have kanamycin-colistin bladder instillations when they are being intermittently catheterised.", "PMID": 533594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5729", "title": "Comparative study of the Iglesias technique and the suprapubic drainage technique for transurethral resection.", "content": "Previously we presented a method of suprapubic vesical drainage in which the irrigation fluid was continuously drained from the bladder during transurethral resection of the prostate gland. This method has now been compared to the Iglesias procedure of continuous irrigation. Twenty patients were used for the study, which measured blood loss, intravesical pressure, fluid resorption, operation time and flow of irrigation fluid through the bladder. Bladder pressure was also measured when using different anaesthetics. The results showed that the operation time was much shorter when the suprapubic technique was used. Bladder pressure during the suprapubic procedure was similar to intravenous pressure but was higheer with the Iglesias procedure.", "contents": "Comparative study of the Iglesias technique and the suprapubic drainage technique for transurethral resection. Previously we presented a method of suprapubic vesical drainage in which the irrigation fluid was continuously drained from the bladder during transurethral resection of the prostate gland. This method has now been compared to the Iglesias procedure of continuous irrigation. Twenty patients were used for the study, which measured blood loss, intravesical pressure, fluid resorption, operation time and flow of irrigation fluid through the bladder. Bladder pressure was also measured when using different anaesthetics. The results showed that the operation time was much shorter when the suprapubic technique was used. Bladder pressure during the suprapubic procedure was similar to intravenous pressure but was higheer with the Iglesias procedure.", "PMID": 533595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5730", "title": "Evaluation of plasma hormone concentrations in relation to clinical staging in patients with prostatic cancer. British Prostate Study Group.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone (GH) were measured in patients with histologically proven prostatic cancer, before any form of therapy was given for this disease. Patients were categorised according to UICC classification. No systemic change in the group means of any of these hormones was associated with the progression of the disease from the T0 to the T4 stage. When multivariate analysis was applied to the combined intraprostatic (T0 + T1 + T2) and extraprostatic (T3 + T4) tumour category in patients without clinically evident metastases (M0) a discrimination was observed, GH substantially contributing to the separation of the 2 groups. When plasma hormone data from patients classified as M0 (without metastases) were compared with M1 patients (with metastases), mean GH values were significantly larger (P less than 0.02) in patients with metastases. GH was also a major contributory factor to the discrimination between the M0 and M1 groups, using multivariate analysis. Testosterone group means for M0 versus M1 were also significantly different (P less than 0.02).", "contents": "Evaluation of plasma hormone concentrations in relation to clinical staging in patients with prostatic cancer. British Prostate Study Group. Plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone (GH) were measured in patients with histologically proven prostatic cancer, before any form of therapy was given for this disease. Patients were categorised according to UICC classification. No systemic change in the group means of any of these hormones was associated with the progression of the disease from the T0 to the T4 stage. When multivariate analysis was applied to the combined intraprostatic (T0 + T1 + T2) and extraprostatic (T3 + T4) tumour category in patients without clinically evident metastases (M0) a discrimination was observed, GH substantially contributing to the separation of the 2 groups. When plasma hormone data from patients classified as M0 (without metastases) were compared with M1 patients (with metastases), mean GH values were significantly larger (P less than 0.02) in patients with metastases. GH was also a major contributory factor to the discrimination between the M0 and M1 groups, using multivariate analysis. Testosterone group means for M0 versus M1 were also significantly different (P less than 0.02).", "PMID": 533596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5731", "title": "Social class and carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Three thousand, six hundred and four patients with carcinoma of the prostate attending the Royal Marsden Hospital, St Peter's Hospitals and all non-teaching hospitals of the South Metropolitan regions were reviewed, in addition, data from 1869 cases of prostatic carcinoma registered in the 2 South Metropolitan regions with determinable social class were compared with data collected from both teaching and non-teaching hospitals. Carcinoma of the prostate showed an increased incidence with decreasing socio-economic class.", "contents": "Social class and carcinoma of the prostate. Three thousand, six hundred and four patients with carcinoma of the prostate attending the Royal Marsden Hospital, St Peter's Hospitals and all non-teaching hospitals of the South Metropolitan regions were reviewed, in addition, data from 1869 cases of prostatic carcinoma registered in the 2 South Metropolitan regions with determinable social class were compared with data collected from both teaching and non-teaching hospitals. Carcinoma of the prostate showed an increased incidence with decreasing socio-economic class.", "PMID": 533597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5732", "title": "Cavernosography in the management of prostatic cancer.", "content": "Cavernosograms were used in the investigation of 22 patients with prostatic cancer to determine the incidence of venous invasion. There were 21 patients with T3/T4 category tumours and one with a T2 tumour. All but one, a T3 tumour, had the radiological features of periprostatic venous malignant thrombosis. An attempt was made to correlate these findings with lymphography and tumour grade but no correlations could be made and the clinical relevance of these findings remains uncertain.", "contents": "Cavernosography in the management of prostatic cancer. Cavernosograms were used in the investigation of 22 patients with prostatic cancer to determine the incidence of venous invasion. There were 21 patients with T3/T4 category tumours and one with a T2 tumour. All but one, a T3 tumour, had the radiological features of periprostatic venous malignant thrombosis. An attempt was made to correlate these findings with lymphography and tumour grade but no correlations could be made and the clinical relevance of these findings remains uncertain.", "PMID": 533598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5733", "title": "Scrotal flap urethroplasty in the primary management of the \"watering-can perineum\".", "content": "In 12 patients a primary first-stage scrotal flap urethroplasty was used to treat watering-can perinea. The generous scrotal flap is fixed by a single nylon suture to the bladder neck. The method permits better dependent drainage than can be provided by a suprapubic cystostomy.", "contents": "Scrotal flap urethroplasty in the primary management of the \"watering-can perineum\". In 12 patients a primary first-stage scrotal flap urethroplasty was used to treat watering-can perinea. The generous scrotal flap is fixed by a single nylon suture to the bladder neck. The method permits better dependent drainage than can be provided by a suprapubic cystostomy.", "PMID": 533599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5734", "title": "Abnormalities of the suspensory ligament of the penis as a cause for erectile dysfunction.", "content": "Four patients are described with a defect in the suspensory ligament of the penis. In one patient this was traumatic in origin but in the other 3 aetiology appeared to be congenital. The clinical history, physical findings and treatment are summarised.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the suspensory ligament of the penis as a cause for erectile dysfunction. Four patients are described with a defect in the suspensory ligament of the penis. In one patient this was traumatic in origin but in the other 3 aetiology appeared to be congenital. The clinical history, physical findings and treatment are summarised.", "PMID": 533600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5735", "title": "Consequences of vasectomy: an immunological and histological study related to subsequent fertility.", "content": "Studies of 2 groups of patients 2 years and 8 years following vasectomy failed to demonstrate evidence of cell mediated immunity to sperm. Histological examination of testicular tissue from 11 patients undergoing reversal of vasectomy showed significant abnormalities in each. However, subsequent fertility within 15 months occurred in 7 (63.6%) of these patients. The nature of the testicular changes and the possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Consequences of vasectomy: an immunological and histological study related to subsequent fertility. Studies of 2 groups of patients 2 years and 8 years following vasectomy failed to demonstrate evidence of cell mediated immunity to sperm. Histological examination of testicular tissue from 11 patients undergoing reversal of vasectomy showed significant abnormalities in each. However, subsequent fertility within 15 months occurred in 7 (63.6%) of these patients. The nature of the testicular changes and the possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 533602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5736", "title": "The effect of rapeseed meal on the energy metabolism of laying hens.", "content": "1. The effect of 100 g rapeseed meal (RSM)/kg diet on the energy metabolism of hybrid laying hens was examined by indirect calorimetry. Thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroid weight, liver weight and body weight, egg production and food intake were also measured. 2. Fasting heat production was significantly lower in hens receiving RSM than in controls, but this difference disappeared when the birds were fed. 3. Thyroid hormone concentrations decreased, while thyroid and liver weights increased slightly; none of these effects was significant. Body weight, egg production and food intake were unaffected and no liver haemorrhages were noted. 4. The maintenance metabolisable energy (ME) requirement of control and treated birds, estimated from short-term energy balance measurements, was 474 kJ/kg0.75 d; net availability of ME in both treatments was 0.85.", "contents": "The effect of rapeseed meal on the energy metabolism of laying hens. 1. The effect of 100 g rapeseed meal (RSM)/kg diet on the energy metabolism of hybrid laying hens was examined by indirect calorimetry. Thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroid weight, liver weight and body weight, egg production and food intake were also measured. 2. Fasting heat production was significantly lower in hens receiving RSM than in controls, but this difference disappeared when the birds were fed. 3. Thyroid hormone concentrations decreased, while thyroid and liver weights increased slightly; none of these effects was significant. Body weight, egg production and food intake were unaffected and no liver haemorrhages were noted. 4. The maintenance metabolisable energy (ME) requirement of control and treated birds, estimated from short-term energy balance measurements, was 474 kJ/kg0.75 d; net availability of ME in both treatments was 0.85.", "PMID": 533608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5737", "title": "The innervation of the hind gut of the domestic fowl.", "content": "1. The intestinal nerve adjacent to the colon in the domestic fowl, contains motor fibres descending from the vagal and sympathetic thoracicolumbar outflows. 2. No electrophysiological or histological evidence for the existence of motor fibres ascending from the sacral part of the central nervous system could be obtained; ascending sensory fibres, however, were readily demonstrated.", "contents": "The innervation of the hind gut of the domestic fowl. 1. The intestinal nerve adjacent to the colon in the domestic fowl, contains motor fibres descending from the vagal and sympathetic thoracicolumbar outflows. 2. No electrophysiological or histological evidence for the existence of motor fibres ascending from the sacral part of the central nervous system could be obtained; ascending sensory fibres, however, were readily demonstrated.", "PMID": 533609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5738", "title": "Histones and histone phosphorylation during quail myogenesis in vitro.", "content": "Cultured quail myoblasts were labelled with 32Pi and nuclear proteins extracted before and after myoblast fusion. Histones H1, H4 and the H1-H2B-H2A complex were all phosphorylated in proliferating prefusion cultures, while histone phosphorylation was absent in B1-arrested postfusion cultures except for minor phosphorylation of the H3-H2B-H2A complex. Postfused cultures were distinguished by the appearance of the histone-like protein whch migrated slightly faster than H1. Histone phosphorylation is therefore correlated with cell proliferation, while the appearance of the new histone-like protein is associated with G1 arrest and the absence of cell division.", "contents": "Histones and histone phosphorylation during quail myogenesis in vitro. Cultured quail myoblasts were labelled with 32Pi and nuclear proteins extracted before and after myoblast fusion. Histones H1, H4 and the H1-H2B-H2A complex were all phosphorylated in proliferating prefusion cultures, while histone phosphorylation was absent in B1-arrested postfusion cultures except for minor phosphorylation of the H3-H2B-H2A complex. Postfused cultures were distinguished by the appearance of the histone-like protein whch migrated slightly faster than H1. Histone phosphorylation is therefore correlated with cell proliferation, while the appearance of the new histone-like protein is associated with G1 arrest and the absence of cell division.", "PMID": 533613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5739", "title": "Tight junctions of dissociated and reaggregated embryonic lung cells.", "content": "Treatment of embryonic lung tissue with trypsin resulted in clustering of intramembrane particles (IMP) and gradual disassembly of tight junctions. In dissociated single cells kept in trypsin-free medium, IMP are randomly distributed but degradation of tight junctions continue. Vesicles containing tight junction elements were observed within the cytoplasm. It is therefore assumed that tight junctions may be degraded in two ways: breakdown of elements to IMP, and endocytosis. In cells reaggregated by rotation tight junctions reassembled only in hystotypic aggregates. Cycloheximide which interferes with histotypic reaggregation prevents the reassembly of tight junctions.", "contents": "Tight junctions of dissociated and reaggregated embryonic lung cells. Treatment of embryonic lung tissue with trypsin resulted in clustering of intramembrane particles (IMP) and gradual disassembly of tight junctions. In dissociated single cells kept in trypsin-free medium, IMP are randomly distributed but degradation of tight junctions continue. Vesicles containing tight junction elements were observed within the cytoplasm. It is therefore assumed that tight junctions may be degraded in two ways: breakdown of elements to IMP, and endocytosis. In cells reaggregated by rotation tight junctions reassembled only in hystotypic aggregates. Cycloheximide which interferes with histotypic reaggregation prevents the reassembly of tight junctions.", "PMID": 533614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5740", "title": "The application of science to sport: physiological profiles of male and female athletes.", "content": "Detailed physiological profiles have been established for athletes in various sports for both sexes. This paper synthesizes the results from previous studies in the areas of body composition and phsyique; muscle fiber characteristics; strength; and cardiovascular endurance capacity. Similarities and differences between male and female athletes are discussed. While there are rather substantial physiological differences between the average male and the average female, these differences are reduced considerably when comparisons are made between the highly trained male and female athlete who are competing in the same event or sport. Highly trained male and female athletes are similar in lower body strength, when expressed per unit of body weight; cardiovascular endurance capacity; body composition; and muscle fiber type. What once appeared to be dramatic biological differences in physiological function between the sexes, may, in fact, be more related to cultural and social restrictions placed on the female as she attains puberty, i.e. a sedentary lifestyle.", "contents": "The application of science to sport: physiological profiles of male and female athletes. Detailed physiological profiles have been established for athletes in various sports for both sexes. This paper synthesizes the results from previous studies in the areas of body composition and phsyique; muscle fiber characteristics; strength; and cardiovascular endurance capacity. Similarities and differences between male and female athletes are discussed. While there are rather substantial physiological differences between the average male and the average female, these differences are reduced considerably when comparisons are made between the highly trained male and female athlete who are competing in the same event or sport. Highly trained male and female athletes are similar in lower body strength, when expressed per unit of body weight; cardiovascular endurance capacity; body composition; and muscle fiber type. What once appeared to be dramatic biological differences in physiological function between the sexes, may, in fact, be more related to cultural and social restrictions placed on the female as she attains puberty, i.e. a sedentary lifestyle.", "PMID": 533623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5741", "title": "A mathematical model of speedskating performance improvement for goal setting and program evaluation.", "content": "An analysis of world class performance improvement over chronological time was used to develop mathematical curves of performance for each speedskating event. The equations were calculated using an unconstrained non-linear least squares iterative curve-fitting technique. A non-linear model was selected to satisfy the principle of diminishing returns, that is, it is more difficult to achieve a unit of performance improvement as performance approaches the theoretical limits of man. Minimum criteria of acceptance for each curve were: 1) the coefficient of determination must be 0.90; 2) the year 2000 predicted value must be less than the current world record; and 3) the curve must be progressive, i.e. satisfy the principle of diminishing returns. Satisfactory curves were calculated for seven of the eight male and female events studied. A four year Olympic cycle was noted and a definite change in performance trend was identified as occurring in the mid 1960's. The calculated mathematical curves can be used in three applications: 1) setting objective individual goals and evaluating these goals; 2) evaluating and comparing training programs on successive years; and 3) evaluating total programs.", "contents": "A mathematical model of speedskating performance improvement for goal setting and program evaluation. An analysis of world class performance improvement over chronological time was used to develop mathematical curves of performance for each speedskating event. The equations were calculated using an unconstrained non-linear least squares iterative curve-fitting technique. A non-linear model was selected to satisfy the principle of diminishing returns, that is, it is more difficult to achieve a unit of performance improvement as performance approaches the theoretical limits of man. Minimum criteria of acceptance for each curve were: 1) the coefficient of determination must be 0.90; 2) the year 2000 predicted value must be less than the current world record; and 3) the curve must be progressive, i.e. satisfy the principle of diminishing returns. Satisfactory curves were calculated for seven of the eight male and female events studied. A four year Olympic cycle was noted and a definite change in performance trend was identified as occurring in the mid 1960's. The calculated mathematical curves can be used in three applications: 1) setting objective individual goals and evaluating these goals; 2) evaluating and comparing training programs on successive years; and 3) evaluating total programs.", "PMID": 533624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5742", "title": "Characteristics of the elite minor hockey player.", "content": "Few studies have been reported which evaluate the cardiorespiratory responses of young athletes and fewer still which are concerned with the young elite hockey player. The problems of measurement were outlined and described. These included the selection of appropriate samples for study, the identification of those variables to be measured which will yield the most important factors and the appropriate methods for use with these subjects. Comparisons between young athletes and normative data on less active boys were described. In the athletic population the maximal aerobic power increased across ages 10 to 14, whereas, the values for the less active norms decreased with age. Values for age related changes in blood lactate were also reported.", "contents": "Characteristics of the elite minor hockey player. Few studies have been reported which evaluate the cardiorespiratory responses of young athletes and fewer still which are concerned with the young elite hockey player. The problems of measurement were outlined and described. These included the selection of appropriate samples for study, the identification of those variables to be measured which will yield the most important factors and the appropriate methods for use with these subjects. Comparisons between young athletes and normative data on less active boys were described. In the athletic population the maximal aerobic power increased across ages 10 to 14, whereas, the values for the less active norms decreased with age. Values for age related changes in blood lactate were also reported.", "PMID": 533625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5743", "title": "The effects of different feeding regimens and endurance exercise programs on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "The effects of running or swimming regimens of 4 months duration, coupled with three different feeding patterns were investigated on the following parameters: (1) fat cell diameter, number, lipid content and free fatty acid mobilization; (2) skeletal muscle and liver glycogen storage and utilization; (3) work capacity. Regular enforced rigorous exercise resulted in decreased fat cell diameter and lipid content; enhanced liver and skeletal muscle glycogen stores; increased FFA mobilization; glycogen depletion with exhaustive exercise. Running was found to be a more strenuous exercise regimen than swimming in terms of total mobilization and utilization of energy substrates and time to exhaustion. Exercise was found to be more effective in reducing lipid accumulation and glycogen deposition than strict dietary restriction.", "contents": "The effects of different feeding regimens and endurance exercise programs on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The effects of running or swimming regimens of 4 months duration, coupled with three different feeding patterns were investigated on the following parameters: (1) fat cell diameter, number, lipid content and free fatty acid mobilization; (2) skeletal muscle and liver glycogen storage and utilization; (3) work capacity. Regular enforced rigorous exercise resulted in decreased fat cell diameter and lipid content; enhanced liver and skeletal muscle glycogen stores; increased FFA mobilization; glycogen depletion with exhaustive exercise. Running was found to be a more strenuous exercise regimen than swimming in terms of total mobilization and utilization of energy substrates and time to exhaustion. Exercise was found to be more effective in reducing lipid accumulation and glycogen deposition than strict dietary restriction.", "PMID": 533626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5744", "title": "A physiological profile of Canadian Greco-Roman wrestlers.", "content": "The sport of Greco-Roman wrestling is relatively new in North America. However, this is the national sport of seven European countries and a great deal of research literature is available. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish baseline data for Canadian Greco-Roman wrestlers for a data bank which can be used to compare with World Class wrestlers. The results indicate that the Canadian National Team is made up of athletes with only average values for the physiological measures taken. However, the correlation between wrestling success and the physiological parameters measured is 0.91.", "contents": "A physiological profile of Canadian Greco-Roman wrestlers. The sport of Greco-Roman wrestling is relatively new in North America. However, this is the national sport of seven European countries and a great deal of research literature is available. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish baseline data for Canadian Greco-Roman wrestlers for a data bank which can be used to compare with World Class wrestlers. The results indicate that the Canadian National Team is made up of athletes with only average values for the physiological measures taken. However, the correlation between wrestling success and the physiological parameters measured is 0.91.", "PMID": 533627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5745", "title": "Muscle fibre composition and energy utilization in CFL football players.", "content": "Little research has been carried out with professional football players. The purpose of the present study was to compare the size of ST and FT fibres of athletes playing different positions. The results indicate that little variability exists between backfielders and linemen and that large FT fibres are representative of successful professional football players.", "contents": "Muscle fibre composition and energy utilization in CFL football players. Little research has been carried out with professional football players. The purpose of the present study was to compare the size of ST and FT fibres of athletes playing different positions. The results indicate that little variability exists between backfielders and linemen and that large FT fibres are representative of successful professional football players.", "PMID": 533628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5746", "title": "The sports scientist's role in identification of performance criteria for distance runners.", "content": "A model has been developed for the identification of long distance running ability within a relatively large group of good runners. A simple multiple regression equation of yards run in 12 minutes and the height of the vertical jump in centimetres against points scored by an individual on International Scoring Tables discriminated elite runners from good runners. A further ranking of ability within such an elite group, once selected, may be made on the basis of the efficiency of their running measured at submaximal running speeds. The relative metabolic cost to each athlete of running at a speed of 15 mph (males) or 12 mph (females) compared to their maximal oxygen uptake is able to differentiate the best of the elite group from the others. Characteristics of elite runners identified in this way may be compared to World Class performers and their ultimate potential assessed.", "contents": "The sports scientist's role in identification of performance criteria for distance runners. A model has been developed for the identification of long distance running ability within a relatively large group of good runners. A simple multiple regression equation of yards run in 12 minutes and the height of the vertical jump in centimetres against points scored by an individual on International Scoring Tables discriminated elite runners from good runners. A further ranking of ability within such an elite group, once selected, may be made on the basis of the efficiency of their running measured at submaximal running speeds. The relative metabolic cost to each athlete of running at a speed of 15 mph (males) or 12 mph (females) compared to their maximal oxygen uptake is able to differentiate the best of the elite group from the others. Characteristics of elite runners identified in this way may be compared to World Class performers and their ultimate potential assessed.", "PMID": 533629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5747", "title": "The prediction of swimming performance from behavioral information: a further note.", "content": "A recommendation has been made that performance predictions may have to be restricted to matched groups of athletes competing in similar competitive environments. This study assessed that statement for the sport of swimming. A 13 item discriminant function derived from the 1976 Canadian Team was applied to the 1978 Canadian Teams to predict those who would and would not improve over their entry times in the Commonwealth Games competitions. The predictions were no better than chance. The possibility of predicitng swimming performances from data obtained on a similar team does not appear to be feasible.", "contents": "The prediction of swimming performance from behavioral information: a further note. A recommendation has been made that performance predictions may have to be restricted to matched groups of athletes competing in similar competitive environments. This study assessed that statement for the sport of swimming. A 13 item discriminant function derived from the 1976 Canadian Team was applied to the 1978 Canadian Teams to predict those who would and would not improve over their entry times in the Commonwealth Games competitions. The predictions were no better than chance. The possibility of predicitng swimming performances from data obtained on a similar team does not appear to be feasible.", "PMID": 533630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5748", "title": "The prediction of swimming performance in competition from behavioral information.", "content": "The swimming performances of the Canadian Team at the 1976 Olympic Games were categorized as being improved or worse than previous best times in the events contested. The two groups had been previously assessed on the Psychological Inventories for Competitive Swimmers. A stepwise multiple-discriminant analysis of the inventory responses revealed that 13 test questions produced a perfect discrimination of group membership. The resultant discriminant functions for predicting performance classification were applied to the test responses of 157 swimmers at the 1977 Canadian Winter National Swimming Championships. Using the same performance classification criteria the accuracy of prediction was not better than chance in three of four sex by performance classifications. This yielded a failure to locate a set of behavioral factors which determine swimming performance improvements in elite competitive circumstances. The possibility of sets of factors which do not discriminate between performances in similar environments or between similar groups of swimmers was raised.", "contents": "The prediction of swimming performance in competition from behavioral information. The swimming performances of the Canadian Team at the 1976 Olympic Games were categorized as being improved or worse than previous best times in the events contested. The two groups had been previously assessed on the Psychological Inventories for Competitive Swimmers. A stepwise multiple-discriminant analysis of the inventory responses revealed that 13 test questions produced a perfect discrimination of group membership. The resultant discriminant functions for predicting performance classification were applied to the test responses of 157 swimmers at the 1977 Canadian Winter National Swimming Championships. Using the same performance classification criteria the accuracy of prediction was not better than chance in three of four sex by performance classifications. This yielded a failure to locate a set of behavioral factors which determine swimming performance improvements in elite competitive circumstances. The possibility of sets of factors which do not discriminate between performances in similar environments or between similar groups of swimmers was raised.", "PMID": 533631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5749", "title": "Sillitoe, Storey, Hines: their contribution to the sociology of sport and physical education.", "content": "The place of sporting activity in literature is reviewed and attention is drawn to the outstanding depth and quality of much of the American writing in this genre. The focus of attention, however, in this paper, is the contribution of contemporary English literature. In recent years a number of novels, short stories and plays have translated sport into dramatic terms as well as placing such action within a recognisable and definable sociological framework. Selected writings by English authors Sillitoe, Storey and Hines are studied and examined to illustrate the many sources available to identify, describe, analyse and complement academic and empirical researches in the sociology of sport and physical education. There is unlimited scope for sports literature (especially in the North American situation) to provide a viable tool for sociological investigation.", "contents": "Sillitoe, Storey, Hines: their contribution to the sociology of sport and physical education. The place of sporting activity in literature is reviewed and attention is drawn to the outstanding depth and quality of much of the American writing in this genre. The focus of attention, however, in this paper, is the contribution of contemporary English literature. In recent years a number of novels, short stories and plays have translated sport into dramatic terms as well as placing such action within a recognisable and definable sociological framework. Selected writings by English authors Sillitoe, Storey and Hines are studied and examined to illustrate the many sources available to identify, describe, analyse and complement academic and empirical researches in the sociology of sport and physical education. There is unlimited scope for sports literature (especially in the North American situation) to provide a viable tool for sociological investigation.", "PMID": 533632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5750", "title": "Person-task congruence in sports.", "content": "The proposition that an athlete's personality and the attributes of the task tend to be congruent was the focus of the study. One hundred and fifty athletes of a Canadian University (Males=87; Females-63) voluntarily participated in the study. Sports were classified on the basis of task dependence (independent versus interdependent), and task variability (closed versus open). The scales of Autonomy, Cognitive Structure, Dominance and Impulsivity were selected from the Personality Research Form. The 2X2X2 analysis of variance (two levels in each of sex, dependence and variability) did not yield consistent support for the notion of person-task congruence in sports. The hypotheses relating Cognitive Structure, Dominance, and Impulsivity to task attributes were confirmed in the case of males only. The finding that athletes in closed sports were significantly more autonomous than athletes in open sports was expected. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the interdependent athletes were significantly more autonomous than independent athletes. The hypothesis that males and females from the same sport would be similar in personality was not confirmed. The problem of classifying some sports tasks on the selected attributes and the need to test the congruency hypothesis with athletes of sufficiently lengthy and equal tenure in competitive athletics were stressed.", "contents": "Person-task congruence in sports. The proposition that an athlete's personality and the attributes of the task tend to be congruent was the focus of the study. One hundred and fifty athletes of a Canadian University (Males=87; Females-63) voluntarily participated in the study. Sports were classified on the basis of task dependence (independent versus interdependent), and task variability (closed versus open). The scales of Autonomy, Cognitive Structure, Dominance and Impulsivity were selected from the Personality Research Form. The 2X2X2 analysis of variance (two levels in each of sex, dependence and variability) did not yield consistent support for the notion of person-task congruence in sports. The hypotheses relating Cognitive Structure, Dominance, and Impulsivity to task attributes were confirmed in the case of males only. The finding that athletes in closed sports were significantly more autonomous than athletes in open sports was expected. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the interdependent athletes were significantly more autonomous than independent athletes. The hypothesis that males and females from the same sport would be similar in personality was not confirmed. The problem of classifying some sports tasks on the selected attributes and the need to test the congruency hypothesis with athletes of sufficiently lengthy and equal tenure in competitive athletics were stressed.", "PMID": 533633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5751", "title": "Present versus preferred public relations practices of athletic departments in Canadian universities.", "content": "Public relations (PR) practices in athletic departments (AD's) of C.I.A.U. - member institutions were surveyed with a mailed questionnaire. The instrument which included fifty-seven items of a two-part nature, measured eight \"present\" and \"preferred\" public relations characteristics. A 74.5% (N = R35) response rate was achieved over a six-week period. Analysis of results indicated that: (1) Present concepts of the purposes of PR programs in AD's are much less clear than they could be; (2) While most AD's maintain an identifiable unit responsible for PR, the majority of personnel practising these roles are not qualified by experience and/or training in this area; (3) Even though relationships and internal communications within AD's, regarding PR issues, seem fairly adequate, additional means of providing internal feedback on PR activities are needed; (4) Even though local media have been well identified and are contacted regularly, the present flow of external communications appears to be one-way. i.e. from the AD's to the press, and more exphasis on information needs and requests originating from the media is required; (5) Provisions for performance evaluation and long-range planning of the PR programs appear very poor; (6) AD's in the Ontario and Great Plains athletic conferences generally offer far greater provisions for a sound PR program.", "contents": "Present versus preferred public relations practices of athletic departments in Canadian universities. Public relations (PR) practices in athletic departments (AD's) of C.I.A.U. - member institutions were surveyed with a mailed questionnaire. The instrument which included fifty-seven items of a two-part nature, measured eight \"present\" and \"preferred\" public relations characteristics. A 74.5% (N = R35) response rate was achieved over a six-week period. Analysis of results indicated that: (1) Present concepts of the purposes of PR programs in AD's are much less clear than they could be; (2) While most AD's maintain an identifiable unit responsible for PR, the majority of personnel practising these roles are not qualified by experience and/or training in this area; (3) Even though relationships and internal communications within AD's, regarding PR issues, seem fairly adequate, additional means of providing internal feedback on PR activities are needed; (4) Even though local media have been well identified and are contacted regularly, the present flow of external communications appears to be one-way. i.e. from the AD's to the press, and more exphasis on information needs and requests originating from the media is required; (5) Provisions for performance evaluation and long-range planning of the PR programs appear very poor; (6) AD's in the Ontario and Great Plains athletic conferences generally offer far greater provisions for a sound PR program.", "PMID": 533634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5752", "title": "Acute circulatory failure.", "content": "Sophisticated techniques for invasive and noninvasive monitoring of the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic consequences of shock, together with application to therapy of nutritional implications of disordered substrate metabolism that preferentially consumes vital protein stores, will result in further reduction of mortality, particularly in septic shock. Early recognition of the responsible hemodynamic abnormality and its underlying cause, followed by monitored fluid challenge and the selective rather than routine use of vasoactive drugs, is the basis of current shock therapy. As more is learned of the profound catabolic and related hyperdynamic abnormalities of severe sepsis, it is apparent that therapy will be redirected toward provision of energy substrates and altering hormonal patterns to favor anabolism.", "contents": "Acute circulatory failure. Sophisticated techniques for invasive and noninvasive monitoring of the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic consequences of shock, together with application to therapy of nutritional implications of disordered substrate metabolism that preferentially consumes vital protein stores, will result in further reduction of mortality, particularly in septic shock. Early recognition of the responsible hemodynamic abnormality and its underlying cause, followed by monitored fluid challenge and the selective rather than routine use of vasoactive drugs, is the basis of current shock therapy. As more is learned of the profound catabolic and related hyperdynamic abnormalities of severe sepsis, it is apparent that therapy will be redirected toward provision of energy substrates and altering hormonal patterns to favor anabolism.", "PMID": 533643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5753", "title": "Electron microscopic study of light muscle degeneration in queens of Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae.", "content": "The reabsorption of the flight muscles of A. sexdens queens was studied just after the autotomy of the wings, and 1,10,15,25 and 45 days thereafter. The muscle cells degenerate slowly, the first alterations taking place in the mitochondria and sarcoplasm. Signs of degeneration appear in the myofibrils after only 10 days and alterations increase with time. After 45 days the myofibrils have completely disintegrated.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of light muscle degeneration in queens of Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. The reabsorption of the flight muscles of A. sexdens queens was studied just after the autotomy of the wings, and 1,10,15,25 and 45 days thereafter. The muscle cells degenerate slowly, the first alterations taking place in the mitochondria and sarcoplasm. Signs of degeneration appear in the myofibrils after only 10 days and alterations increase with time. After 45 days the myofibrils have completely disintegrated.", "PMID": 533651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5754", "title": "Dynamics of the nuclear envelope during cell cycle in plants.", "content": "Stereology of Allium cepa root meristem cells was done to evaluate changes in the nuclear envelope during cell cycle. A naturally synchronous population was labelled as binucleate by caffeine inhibition of cytokinesis. Growth of the nuclear envelope preferentially occurs from mid G2 to the next mid G1, most probably in relation to the reforming sister nuclei after mitosis. On the other hand, the number of nuclear pores doubles from mid G1 to mid G2, their growth rate being higher in the first half of interphase (from mid G1 to mid S). Hence, the new nuclear envelope probably lacks nuclear pores, which appear later.", "contents": "Dynamics of the nuclear envelope during cell cycle in plants. Stereology of Allium cepa root meristem cells was done to evaluate changes in the nuclear envelope during cell cycle. A naturally synchronous population was labelled as binucleate by caffeine inhibition of cytokinesis. Growth of the nuclear envelope preferentially occurs from mid G2 to the next mid G1, most probably in relation to the reforming sister nuclei after mitosis. On the other hand, the number of nuclear pores doubles from mid G1 to mid G2, their growth rate being higher in the first half of interphase (from mid G1 to mid S). Hence, the new nuclear envelope probably lacks nuclear pores, which appear later.", "PMID": 533652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5755", "title": "Chromosomal analysis of Trabala vishnu Lef. (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) with clear indications of localized centromeres.", "content": "Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of Trabala vishnu Lef. (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) were studied after treatment with different concentrations of colchicine. Although with milder concentrations of the drug the chromosomes bore typical spherical dot-like or elongated forms, the clear monocentric nature of the chromosomes was revealed at the mitotic metaphase, and metaphase II by the use of stronger concentrations of the drug. It was possible to make karyograms of the mitotic and metaphase II chromosomes on the basis of the centromeric position. The fifty-two elements were grouped into six pairs of metacentric, seven pairs of sub-metacentric, eleven pairs of acrocentric, and two pairs of microchromosomes. Diakinetic figures in the colchicinized insects showed discrete chiasmata in the bivalents.", "contents": "Chromosomal analysis of Trabala vishnu Lef. (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) with clear indications of localized centromeres. Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of Trabala vishnu Lef. (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) were studied after treatment with different concentrations of colchicine. Although with milder concentrations of the drug the chromosomes bore typical spherical dot-like or elongated forms, the clear monocentric nature of the chromosomes was revealed at the mitotic metaphase, and metaphase II by the use of stronger concentrations of the drug. It was possible to make karyograms of the mitotic and metaphase II chromosomes on the basis of the centromeric position. The fifty-two elements were grouped into six pairs of metacentric, seven pairs of sub-metacentric, eleven pairs of acrocentric, and two pairs of microchromosomes. Diakinetic figures in the colchicinized insects showed discrete chiasmata in the bivalents.", "PMID": 533653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5756", "title": "Fine structure of the nemertean worm Lineus lacteus red blood corpuscles.", "content": "In the blood of Lineus lacteus, haemoglobin-containing cells measuring 6-7 micrometer in diameter were seen. Using electron microscopy different cellular components were identified, including a nucleus which contains a nucleolus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, osmiophilic deposits, and Golgi apparatus. The morphological appearance of the Lineus lacteus erythrocyte was found to resemble an immature mammalian red cell.", "contents": "Fine structure of the nemertean worm Lineus lacteus red blood corpuscles. In the blood of Lineus lacteus, haemoglobin-containing cells measuring 6-7 micrometer in diameter were seen. Using electron microscopy different cellular components were identified, including a nucleus which contains a nucleolus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, osmiophilic deposits, and Golgi apparatus. The morphological appearance of the Lineus lacteus erythrocyte was found to resemble an immature mammalian red cell.", "PMID": 533654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5757", "title": "Mauritius type black rats with peculiar karyotypes derived from Robertsonian fission of small metacentrics.", "content": "All seventeen black rats collected from Mauritius Island were characterized by having many extra small acrocentric autosomes. Their basic karyotype was of Oceanian type, because of the presence of the large metacentric M1 and M2 pairs, but chromosome numbers in 13 specimens among them were 42, those of 3 specimens 43, and those of the remaining one specimen 44. Although the Oceanian type rat had 2 small acrocentric autosomes (pair no. 13), 16 Mauritius rats had 10 small acrocentrics, and the remaining one had 8 small acrocentrics. Comparative karyotype analysis between Oceanian and Mauritius type rats showed that the extra small acrocentrics found in Mauritius rats were due to Robertsonian fission of small metacentric pairs no. 14 and 18 of the original Oceanian type rat. Only one rat with 8 small acrocentrics showed the heteromorphic pair no. 18 consisting of one metacentric and two acrocentrics. The large metacentric M1 chromosome in 13 of 17 rats examined showed homologous pair, but two of them were heteromorphic by involving one metacentric M1 and two acrocentrics. In the remaining two rats M1 chromosome was not observed, but acrocentric pairs no. 4 and 7 were included. These acrocentrics were also suggested to be originated from Robertsonian fission of the large metacentric M1 chromosome. Robertsonian fission seemed to be one of the important mechanism found in karyotype evolution.", "contents": "Mauritius type black rats with peculiar karyotypes derived from Robertsonian fission of small metacentrics. All seventeen black rats collected from Mauritius Island were characterized by having many extra small acrocentric autosomes. Their basic karyotype was of Oceanian type, because of the presence of the large metacentric M1 and M2 pairs, but chromosome numbers in 13 specimens among them were 42, those of 3 specimens 43, and those of the remaining one specimen 44. Although the Oceanian type rat had 2 small acrocentric autosomes (pair no. 13), 16 Mauritius rats had 10 small acrocentrics, and the remaining one had 8 small acrocentrics. Comparative karyotype analysis between Oceanian and Mauritius type rats showed that the extra small acrocentrics found in Mauritius rats were due to Robertsonian fission of small metacentric pairs no. 14 and 18 of the original Oceanian type rat. Only one rat with 8 small acrocentrics showed the heteromorphic pair no. 18 consisting of one metacentric and two acrocentrics. The large metacentric M1 chromosome in 13 of 17 rats examined showed homologous pair, but two of them were heteromorphic by involving one metacentric M1 and two acrocentrics. In the remaining two rats M1 chromosome was not observed, but acrocentric pairs no. 4 and 7 were included. These acrocentrics were also suggested to be originated from Robertsonian fission of the large metacentric M1 chromosome. Robertsonian fission seemed to be one of the important mechanism found in karyotype evolution.", "PMID": 533663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5758", "title": "Chromatin diminution and a chromosomal mechanism of sexual differentiation in Strongyloides papillosus.", "content": "Eggs obtained from feces of rabbits infected with Strongyloides papillosus were squashed and the karyotypes were determined. They contained cells with either two long and two medium sized chromosomes (2L2M), or one long, three medium and one short chromosome (L3MS). Two types of parasitic female gonad could be distinguished on the basis of oocyte chromosome morphology at prometaphase of the maturation division. All the oocytes in a gonad contained either two upaired long chromosomes and two unpaired medium sized chromosomes, or two unpaired medium sized chromosomes and two unpaired chromosomes segmented into beads in one region. At the maturation division in mitotic parthenogenesis the beads appear to be lost from one of the chromosomes. This generates a medium sized and a shorter chromosome, which together with the undiminished chromosomes make up the L3MS karyotype. Animals with beaded oocyte chromosomes lay eggs that develop into males. It is suggested that males are heteromorphic for the long homologue due to chromatin diminution, that occurs in the maturation division of mitotic parthenogenesis.", "contents": "Chromatin diminution and a chromosomal mechanism of sexual differentiation in Strongyloides papillosus. Eggs obtained from feces of rabbits infected with Strongyloides papillosus were squashed and the karyotypes were determined. They contained cells with either two long and two medium sized chromosomes (2L2M), or one long, three medium and one short chromosome (L3MS). Two types of parasitic female gonad could be distinguished on the basis of oocyte chromosome morphology at prometaphase of the maturation division. All the oocytes in a gonad contained either two upaired long chromosomes and two unpaired medium sized chromosomes, or two unpaired medium sized chromosomes and two unpaired chromosomes segmented into beads in one region. At the maturation division in mitotic parthenogenesis the beads appear to be lost from one of the chromosomes. This generates a medium sized and a shorter chromosome, which together with the undiminished chromosomes make up the L3MS karyotype. Animals with beaded oocyte chromosomes lay eggs that develop into males. It is suggested that males are heteromorphic for the long homologue due to chromatin diminution, that occurs in the maturation division of mitotic parthenogenesis.", "PMID": 533664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5759", "title": "Genomic organization in the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata.", "content": "The genome of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata has been characterized both cytologically and biochemically. S. bullata has a haploid DNA level of 0.61 picograms which is five times larger than the haploid genome size of Drosophila melanogaster. Reassociation kinetics of Sarcophaga DNA shows that its sequence organization is very similar to that of D. melanogaster in having a very large proportion of single copy DNA (81%) and only small amounts of highly and moderately repetitive DNA (9% and 6%, respectively). cRNAs from all three sequence classes were prepared and their cytological distributions on biploid and polytene cells determined by in situ hybridization. The cytological distribution of the highly repetitive probe was found to be restricted to the centromeric heterochromatin of two of the five autosomes and this sequence class was also found to be markedly underreplicated in polytene foot-pad cells.  No highly repetitive DNA was localized on either of the sex chromosomes, but only on the two large centromeric regions of chromosomes C and E. Moderately repetitive DNA was found uniformly distributed on all of the autosomes in both testis and polytene foot-pad squashes. As in the case of the highly repetitive sequence probe, no moderately repetitive DNA was detected on either the X or Y chromosomes. Moderately repetitive DNA in Sarcophaga was also shown to have the \"Drosophila type\" pattern of sequence interspersion with a moderately repetitive element of congruent to 5,000 nucleotides adjacent to a unique element of greater than 10,000 nucleotides. The Sarcophaga genome is the largest for which this type of interspersion has so far been demonstrated.", "contents": "Genomic organization in the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. The genome of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata has been characterized both cytologically and biochemically. S. bullata has a haploid DNA level of 0.61 picograms which is five times larger than the haploid genome size of Drosophila melanogaster. Reassociation kinetics of Sarcophaga DNA shows that its sequence organization is very similar to that of D. melanogaster in having a very large proportion of single copy DNA (81%) and only small amounts of highly and moderately repetitive DNA (9% and 6%, respectively). cRNAs from all three sequence classes were prepared and their cytological distributions on biploid and polytene cells determined by in situ hybridization. The cytological distribution of the highly repetitive probe was found to be restricted to the centromeric heterochromatin of two of the five autosomes and this sequence class was also found to be markedly underreplicated in polytene foot-pad cells.  No highly repetitive DNA was localized on either of the sex chromosomes, but only on the two large centromeric regions of chromosomes C and E. Moderately repetitive DNA was found uniformly distributed on all of the autosomes in both testis and polytene foot-pad squashes. As in the case of the highly repetitive sequence probe, no moderately repetitive DNA was detected on either the X or Y chromosomes. Moderately repetitive DNA in Sarcophaga was also shown to have the \"Drosophila type\" pattern of sequence interspersion with a moderately repetitive element of congruent to 5,000 nucleotides adjacent to a unique element of greater than 10,000 nucleotides. The Sarcophaga genome is the largest for which this type of interspersion has so far been demonstrated.", "PMID": 533665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5760", "title": "Characterization of extrachromosomal DNA in the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata.", "content": "The polytene pupal foot pad cells of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata contain numerous extrachromosomal DNA containing granules. We have determined both the origin and the nature of the DNA sequences present in these granules. Studies done with quinacrine staining of seven day old pupal foot-pad polytene nuclei showed that the granules fluoresced very brightly while the chromosomal bands to which the granules were attached did not. The only other highly fluorescent regions of the polytene karyotype were the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E and several bands associated with the nucleolus of Chromsome A. When polytene nuclei were hybridized in situ with cRNA made from highly repetitive DNA, many of the granules positively labeled. Most of the label on these slides was concentrated on the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E. Quinacrine staining of the foot-pad cells at very early stages of pupal development showed that when granules were present, they were always closely associated with the same two centromeric regions, those of chromosomes C and E. Since the highly repetitive DNA located in these centromeric regions is underreplicated, we conclude that the granules result from an extrusion process which takes place early during the polytenization of these cells. The chromosomal integrity of the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E is apparently disrupted and repetitive sequences are dissociated from the chromosomes as DNA granules which then secondarily become associated with chromosomal bands throughout the nucleus.", "contents": "Characterization of extrachromosomal DNA in the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. The polytene pupal foot pad cells of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata contain numerous extrachromosomal DNA containing granules. We have determined both the origin and the nature of the DNA sequences present in these granules. Studies done with quinacrine staining of seven day old pupal foot-pad polytene nuclei showed that the granules fluoresced very brightly while the chromosomal bands to which the granules were attached did not. The only other highly fluorescent regions of the polytene karyotype were the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E and several bands associated with the nucleolus of Chromsome A. When polytene nuclei were hybridized in situ with cRNA made from highly repetitive DNA, many of the granules positively labeled. Most of the label on these slides was concentrated on the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E. Quinacrine staining of the foot-pad cells at very early stages of pupal development showed that when granules were present, they were always closely associated with the same two centromeric regions, those of chromosomes C and E. Since the highly repetitive DNA located in these centromeric regions is underreplicated, we conclude that the granules result from an extrusion process which takes place early during the polytenization of these cells. The chromosomal integrity of the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes C and E is apparently disrupted and repetitive sequences are dissociated from the chromosomes as DNA granules which then secondarily become associated with chromosomal bands throughout the nucleus.", "PMID": 533666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5761", "title": "Lengths of transcribed rDNA repeating units in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei: only genes without an intervening sequence are expressed.", "content": "In Drosophila hydei a 5 kb long intervening sequence (ivs) which is limited to only one of the three nucleolus organizers occurs in the 28S coding region of the rDNA (Kunz and Gl\u00e4tzer, 1979). This raises the possibility to study transcription of repeated genes with long intervening sequences. Three genotypes of males were studied each having only one defined nucleolus organizer. Spermatocytes of single males were spread in a solution of low salt and examined by electron microscopy. The length distributions of the repeating units, matrix units, and the apparent spacer units did not reveal two classes with a 5 kb length difference. The data suggest that in D. hydei the 5 kb long intervening sequence is not transcribed and that, in fact, the entire gene which contains an intervening sequence remains silent in primary spermatocytes. There is evidence that genes with an intervening sequence are not intermingled with \"normal\" genes at random.", "contents": "Lengths of transcribed rDNA repeating units in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei: only genes without an intervening sequence are expressed. In Drosophila hydei a 5 kb long intervening sequence (ivs) which is limited to only one of the three nucleolus organizers occurs in the 28S coding region of the rDNA (Kunz and Gl\u00e4tzer, 1979). This raises the possibility to study transcription of repeated genes with long intervening sequences. Three genotypes of males were studied each having only one defined nucleolus organizer. Spermatocytes of single males were spread in a solution of low salt and examined by electron microscopy. The length distributions of the repeating units, matrix units, and the apparent spacer units did not reveal two classes with a 5 kb length difference. The data suggest that in D. hydei the 5 kb long intervening sequence is not transcribed and that, in fact, the entire gene which contains an intervening sequence remains silent in primary spermatocytes. There is evidence that genes with an intervening sequence are not intermingled with \"normal\" genes at random.", "PMID": 533667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5762", "title": "Native and reconstituted chromosome fiber fragments.", "content": "The structure of hen erythrocyte chromatin fibers was studied with the electron microscope. Chromatin fiber fragments with a length of about 5,000 A and an average diameter of 320 A are composed of 13 globular subunits (superbeads) which contain different numbers of nucleosomes. Their number average corresponds to 17 nucleosomes. - The interaction of lysine-rich histones with nucleosome chains was investigated by reconstitution experiments and was found to be semi-cooperative.", "contents": "Native and reconstituted chromosome fiber fragments. The structure of hen erythrocyte chromatin fibers was studied with the electron microscope. Chromatin fiber fragments with a length of about 5,000 A and an average diameter of 320 A are composed of 13 globular subunits (superbeads) which contain different numbers of nucleosomes. Their number average corresponds to 17 nucleosomes. - The interaction of lysine-rich histones with nucleosome chains was investigated by reconstitution experiments and was found to be semi-cooperative.", "PMID": 533668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5763", "title": "Non-repetitive DNA sequence divergence in phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid teleostean species of the family cyprinidae and the order isospondyli.", "content": "Non-repetitive DNA of anciently tetraploid teleostean species was analysed for the presence of duplicated sequences. Closely related diploid species were investigated in comparison. From the reassociation kinetics of total nuclear DNA, rate constants and fraction sizes of classes of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences were determined. DNA fractions enriched in the slowest renaturing sequence class were determined. DNA fractions enriched in the slowest renaturing sequence class were prepared and subjected to reassociation. The rate constants of these reactions were compared with the values expected for single-copy DNA from analytical genome size determinations. From reassociated DNA enriched in non-repetitive sequences also the melting temperatures were determined as a measure of internal base sequence heterogeneity. It has been shown that the two ancient tetraploids Cyprinus carpio and Thymallus thymallus are, with regard to the thermal stability of reassociated non-repetitive DNA, and with regard to the correspondence of reaction rates with the values expected for single copy DNA, indistinguishable from diploid controls (Rutilus rutilus, Clupea harengus and Sprattus sprattus). The tetraploid species Salmo irideus, Salvelinus fontinalis and Coregonus lavaretus appear as very recent tetraploids with regard to these criteria. The significance of the results for estimating the time of occurrence of polyploidisation events in these taxa is discussed.", "contents": "Non-repetitive DNA sequence divergence in phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid teleostean species of the family cyprinidae and the order isospondyli. Non-repetitive DNA of anciently tetraploid teleostean species was analysed for the presence of duplicated sequences. Closely related diploid species were investigated in comparison. From the reassociation kinetics of total nuclear DNA, rate constants and fraction sizes of classes of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences were determined. DNA fractions enriched in the slowest renaturing sequence class were determined. DNA fractions enriched in the slowest renaturing sequence class were prepared and subjected to reassociation. The rate constants of these reactions were compared with the values expected for single-copy DNA from analytical genome size determinations. From reassociated DNA enriched in non-repetitive sequences also the melting temperatures were determined as a measure of internal base sequence heterogeneity. It has been shown that the two ancient tetraploids Cyprinus carpio and Thymallus thymallus are, with regard to the thermal stability of reassociated non-repetitive DNA, and with regard to the correspondence of reaction rates with the values expected for single copy DNA, indistinguishable from diploid controls (Rutilus rutilus, Clupea harengus and Sprattus sprattus). The tetraploid species Salmo irideus, Salvelinus fontinalis and Coregonus lavaretus appear as very recent tetraploids with regard to these criteria. The significance of the results for estimating the time of occurrence of polyploidisation events in these taxa is discussed.", "PMID": 533669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5764", "title": "Contrasting DNA sequence organisation patterns in sauropsidian genomes.", "content": "The genomic DNA organisation patterns of four sauropsidian species, namely Python reticularis, Caiman crocodilus, Terrapene carolina triungius and Columba livia domestica were investigated by reassociation of short and long DNA fragments, by hyperchromicity measurements of reannealed fragments and by length estimations of S1-nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes. While the genomic DNA of the three reptilian species shows a short period interspersion pattern, the genome of the avian species is organised in a long period interspersion pattern apparently typical for birds. These findings are discussed in view of the close phylogenetic relationships of birds and reptiles, and also with regard to a possible relationship between the extent of sequence interspersion and genome size.", "contents": "Contrasting DNA sequence organisation patterns in sauropsidian genomes. The genomic DNA organisation patterns of four sauropsidian species, namely Python reticularis, Caiman crocodilus, Terrapene carolina triungius and Columba livia domestica were investigated by reassociation of short and long DNA fragments, by hyperchromicity measurements of reannealed fragments and by length estimations of S1-nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes. While the genomic DNA of the three reptilian species shows a short period interspersion pattern, the genome of the avian species is organised in a long period interspersion pattern apparently typical for birds. These findings are discussed in view of the close phylogenetic relationships of birds and reptiles, and also with regard to a possible relationship between the extent of sequence interspersion and genome size.", "PMID": 533670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5765", "title": "On the arrangement of chromosomes in the elongated sperm nuclei of Anura (Amphibia).", "content": "The position of specific constitutive heterochromatic chromosome regions within the elongated sperm nuclei of eight species of Anura was examined with Q- and C-banding. These species differ widely with regard to the number, size and position of the brightly fluorescing heterochromatic regions. The empirical frequency distributions determined for the heterochromatic regions relative to the longitudinal axis of the sperm nuclei were compared with random frequency distributions calculated on the basis of two spatial models. None of the specifically stained heterochromatic regions occupy any definite preferential position within the sperm nuclei. In two instances, a specific sequence of the heterochromatic regions within the sperm nuclei could be excluded. The type of chromosomal arrangement within the elongated sperm nuclei of Anura is discussed on the basis of the distribution patterns obtained.", "contents": "On the arrangement of chromosomes in the elongated sperm nuclei of Anura (Amphibia). The position of specific constitutive heterochromatic chromosome regions within the elongated sperm nuclei of eight species of Anura was examined with Q- and C-banding. These species differ widely with regard to the number, size and position of the brightly fluorescing heterochromatic regions. The empirical frequency distributions determined for the heterochromatic regions relative to the longitudinal axis of the sperm nuclei were compared with random frequency distributions calculated on the basis of two spatial models. None of the specifically stained heterochromatic regions occupy any definite preferential position within the sperm nuclei. In two instances, a specific sequence of the heterochromatic regions within the sperm nuclei could be excluded. The type of chromosomal arrangement within the elongated sperm nuclei of Anura is discussed on the basis of the distribution patterns obtained.", "PMID": 533671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5766", "title": "Nucleolar relationships in some Australian chironomus species.", "content": "Members of a group of Australian Chironomus species in the pseudothummi complex show wide variation in number and location of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). The structure of these regions has been examined by phase contrast microscopy and silver banding of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Presence of nucleoli was also checked on other types of chromosomes in some species. The contribution of the silver banding technique to nucleolar studies in these chironomid chromosomes is discussed. Nucleoli often seem to emerge from groups of (up to 9) bands. Further studies are necessary to confirm the presence of rRNA cistrons in all of these bands. Banding differences, in particular absence of bands from homologous regions of some species which have smaller nucleoli or lack particular nucleoli, have been found. In the case of Ch. tepperi, however, little banding difference is apparent in the 16B region between the N(IV)+ and N(IV)- chromosomes, although in situ hybridization (Eigenbrod 1978) shows a deletion of rRNA cistrons in the N(IV)- stock. Differences in heterochromatin amount have also been observed at different NORs. A scheme for the evolution of nucleolar-producing regions in this Chironomus group in terms of these and other known chromosomal changes is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Nucleolar relationships in some Australian chironomus species. Members of a group of Australian Chironomus species in the pseudothummi complex show wide variation in number and location of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). The structure of these regions has been examined by phase contrast microscopy and silver banding of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Presence of nucleoli was also checked on other types of chromosomes in some species. The contribution of the silver banding technique to nucleolar studies in these chironomid chromosomes is discussed. Nucleoli often seem to emerge from groups of (up to 9) bands. Further studies are necessary to confirm the presence of rRNA cistrons in all of these bands. Banding differences, in particular absence of bands from homologous regions of some species which have smaller nucleoli or lack particular nucleoli, have been found. In the case of Ch. tepperi, however, little banding difference is apparent in the 16B region between the N(IV)+ and N(IV)- chromosomes, although in situ hybridization (Eigenbrod 1978) shows a deletion of rRNA cistrons in the N(IV)- stock. Differences in heterochromatin amount have also been observed at different NORs. A scheme for the evolution of nucleolar-producing regions in this Chironomus group in terms of these and other known chromosomal changes is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 533672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5767", "title": "Extracellular fluid volume and renal indices in essential hypertension.", "content": "Extracellular fluid volume (EFV), total blood volume (TBV), and renal indices were determined in 53 permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and balanced sodium intake and urinary output. In comparison with normal subjects, hypertensives had normal EFV values while TBV and the TBV/EFV ratio were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001). In hypertensives, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.40; p less than 0.005) was observed between the TBV/EFV ratio and diastolic arterial pressure. No correlation existed between TBV and diastolic pressure, whereas EFV (and also interstitial fluid volume) was positively related to diastolic arterial pressure (r = +0.41; p less than 0.005). Extracellular fluid volume and interstitial fluid volume were both directly correlated to the renal filtration fraction (r = +0.45; p less than 0.005). The study suggests that, in the disturbed partition of the extracellular fluid of hypertensives, changes in the interstitial space are involved and are related to variations in the renal indices.", "contents": "Extracellular fluid volume and renal indices in essential hypertension. Extracellular fluid volume (EFV), total blood volume (TBV), and renal indices were determined in 53 permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and balanced sodium intake and urinary output. In comparison with normal subjects, hypertensives had normal EFV values while TBV and the TBV/EFV ratio were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001). In hypertensives, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.40; p less than 0.005) was observed between the TBV/EFV ratio and diastolic arterial pressure. No correlation existed between TBV and diastolic pressure, whereas EFV (and also interstitial fluid volume) was positively related to diastolic arterial pressure (r = +0.41; p less than 0.005). Extracellular fluid volume and interstitial fluid volume were both directly correlated to the renal filtration fraction (r = +0.45; p less than 0.005). The study suggests that, in the disturbed partition of the extracellular fluid of hypertensives, changes in the interstitial space are involved and are related to variations in the renal indices.", "PMID": 533674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5768", "title": "Blood pressure and metabolic effects of 9-alpha-fluoro-hydrocortisone in sheep.", "content": "9 alphafluorohydrocortisone (9 alphaFF) is an analogue of hydrocortisone with both 'mineralocorticoid' and 'glucocorticoid' activity. 9 alphaFF was infused at 0.2, 0.63 and 2.0 mg/day for 5 days to intact conscious trained sheep. At high dose (0.63 and 2 mg/day) 9 alphaFF raises blood pressure in sheep, (mean arterial pressure rise 32 and 29 mm Hg respectively on the fifth day), lowers plasma [K], raises plasma [Na] and produces initial urinary sodium retention. At low dose (0.2 mg/day) blood pressure is raised (+16 mm Hg on day 5) but plasma and urinary electrolytes are unaltered. 9 alphaFF had no effect on water intake or urine output at any dose. In all animals withdrawal of 9 alphaFF was associated with a natriuresis. On the basis of its affinity for 'mineralocorticoid' and 'glucocorticoid' ovine renal receptors, 9 alphaFF at low dose may raise blood pressure by mechanisms not simply related to its 'glucocorticoid' and/or 'mineralocorticoid' action.", "contents": "Blood pressure and metabolic effects of 9-alpha-fluoro-hydrocortisone in sheep. 9 alphafluorohydrocortisone (9 alphaFF) is an analogue of hydrocortisone with both 'mineralocorticoid' and 'glucocorticoid' activity. 9 alphaFF was infused at 0.2, 0.63 and 2.0 mg/day for 5 days to intact conscious trained sheep. At high dose (0.63 and 2 mg/day) 9 alphaFF raises blood pressure in sheep, (mean arterial pressure rise 32 and 29 mm Hg respectively on the fifth day), lowers plasma [K], raises plasma [Na] and produces initial urinary sodium retention. At low dose (0.2 mg/day) blood pressure is raised (+16 mm Hg on day 5) but plasma and urinary electrolytes are unaltered. 9 alphaFF had no effect on water intake or urine output at any dose. In all animals withdrawal of 9 alphaFF was associated with a natriuresis. On the basis of its affinity for 'mineralocorticoid' and 'glucocorticoid' ovine renal receptors, 9 alphaFF at low dose may raise blood pressure by mechanisms not simply related to its 'glucocorticoid' and/or 'mineralocorticoid' action.", "PMID": 533675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5769", "title": "Comparison of the effects of 'glucocorticoid' and 'mineralocortocoid' infusions on blood pressure in sheep.", "content": "It is generally believed that adrenal steroid hypertension is due to the 'mineralocorticoid' and/or 'glucocorticoid' activities of the steroid(s). The present study examines the blood pressure and metabolic effects of steroid hormone infusion in intact conscious sheep to assess the relative contributions of 'glucocorticoid' and 'mineralocorticoid' activity. Cortisol at 5 mg/h increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) but the effect was small (MAP + 10 mm Hg on day 5). This rate of infusion produces blood cortisol levels appropriate for maximal ACTH stimulation. Cortisol at 20 mg/hr produced hypertension (MAP + 25 mm Hg on day 5, p less than 0.01) but also produced the 'mineralocorticoid' effect of severe hypokalaemia. Dexamethasone at 1 mg/hr produced small increases in MAP but a profound fall in plasma [K]. Aldosterone at 80 microgram/hr (a pharmacological rate) produced hypokalaemia, urinary Na retention but no effect on MAP over 5 days. Thus, in short term infusion experiments, 'mineralocorticoid' effects are not associated with hypertension. Pharmacological concentrations of predominantly 'gluc-corticoid' steroid hormones produced hypertension but also exhibited substantial 'mineralocorticoid' activity. At levels approximating maximal physiological secretion, the rise in blood pressure was small. These results supported the contention that ACTH induced hypertension in sheep represents a mechanism different from a simple 'mineralocorticoid' or 'glucocorticoid' action.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of 'glucocorticoid' and 'mineralocortocoid' infusions on blood pressure in sheep. It is generally believed that adrenal steroid hypertension is due to the 'mineralocorticoid' and/or 'glucocorticoid' activities of the steroid(s). The present study examines the blood pressure and metabolic effects of steroid hormone infusion in intact conscious sheep to assess the relative contributions of 'glucocorticoid' and 'mineralocorticoid' activity. Cortisol at 5 mg/h increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) but the effect was small (MAP + 10 mm Hg on day 5). This rate of infusion produces blood cortisol levels appropriate for maximal ACTH stimulation. Cortisol at 20 mg/hr produced hypertension (MAP + 25 mm Hg on day 5, p less than 0.01) but also produced the 'mineralocorticoid' effect of severe hypokalaemia. Dexamethasone at 1 mg/hr produced small increases in MAP but a profound fall in plasma [K]. Aldosterone at 80 microgram/hr (a pharmacological rate) produced hypokalaemia, urinary Na retention but no effect on MAP over 5 days. Thus, in short term infusion experiments, 'mineralocorticoid' effects are not associated with hypertension. Pharmacological concentrations of predominantly 'gluc-corticoid' steroid hormones produced hypertension but also exhibited substantial 'mineralocorticoid' activity. At levels approximating maximal physiological secretion, the rise in blood pressure was small. These results supported the contention that ACTH induced hypertension in sheep represents a mechanism different from a simple 'mineralocorticoid' or 'glucocorticoid' action.", "PMID": 533676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5770", "title": "Achievement of standards for quality care of hypertension by physicians and nurses.", "content": "The quality of care provided by physicians and nurses to a hypertension clinic population was studied using retrospective chart audit to compare control of blood pressure (physiologic outcome) and provider performance (process). Data was collected from 200 records, 36.4% of patients, in the program. Return visits were kept by 173 patients (86.5%) during the 6 month study period. Satisfactory point prevelance BP control (diastolic less than or equal to 90 mmHg) was achieved in 103 (59.5%). Adequate process was documented for 49 of 69 patients with unsatisfactory BP control. The records of 20 patients (11.5%) did not satisfy minumum quality of care criteria. Physicians and nurses saw similar patient groups and did not differ in process documentation or outcome results. The audit methodology was efficient, effective in evaluating management and useful in providing information about staff performance.", "contents": "Achievement of standards for quality care of hypertension by physicians and nurses. The quality of care provided by physicians and nurses to a hypertension clinic population was studied using retrospective chart audit to compare control of blood pressure (physiologic outcome) and provider performance (process). Data was collected from 200 records, 36.4% of patients, in the program. Return visits were kept by 173 patients (86.5%) during the 6 month study period. Satisfactory point prevelance BP control (diastolic less than or equal to 90 mmHg) was achieved in 103 (59.5%). Adequate process was documented for 49 of 69 patients with unsatisfactory BP control. The records of 20 patients (11.5%) did not satisfy minumum quality of care criteria. Physicians and nurses saw similar patient groups and did not differ in process documentation or outcome results. The audit methodology was efficient, effective in evaluating management and useful in providing information about staff performance.", "PMID": 533677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5771", "title": "Hypotensive and other cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid in rabbits.", "content": "Intravenous administration of arachidonic acid lowers systemic arterial pressure in conscious and anesthetized rabbits. This hypotensive response does not show tachyphylaxis and is blocked by aspirin. The hypotension on i.v. administration is due to both a decrease in cardiac output and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. The decrease in cardiac output is accompanied by a severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure. Upon i.a. arachidonic acid administration, the hypotension is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. It is proposed that arachidonic acid is transformed predominantly into a vasoconstrictor metabolite in the pulmonary vascular bed and vasodilator metabolite in the systemic vascular bed. The nature of the metabolite remains to be established.", "contents": "Hypotensive and other cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid in rabbits. Intravenous administration of arachidonic acid lowers systemic arterial pressure in conscious and anesthetized rabbits. This hypotensive response does not show tachyphylaxis and is blocked by aspirin. The hypotension on i.v. administration is due to both a decrease in cardiac output and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. The decrease in cardiac output is accompanied by a severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure. Upon i.a. arachidonic acid administration, the hypotension is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. It is proposed that arachidonic acid is transformed predominantly into a vasoconstrictor metabolite in the pulmonary vascular bed and vasodilator metabolite in the systemic vascular bed. The nature of the metabolite remains to be established.", "PMID": 533678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5772", "title": "Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic counseling in methadone maintenance.", "content": "Therapeutic counseling has been widely adovacted with methadone maintenance, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated. A review of the literature revealed a dearth of scientific investigations comparing treatment outcomes with and without counseling services. The few studies which have been reported seem to suggest that counseling does not significantly change treatment outcomes as measured by the usual indicators of illicit drug use, arrests, employment, and retention in the program. These studies suffered from a number of methodological flaws, however, including failure to adhere to research design, small sample size, poorly matched control groups, inadequate outcome criteria, and absence of post-treatment follow-up. Previous investigators have been nearly unanimous in calling for further studies of this issue. Since the cost of counseling services represents a major portion of treatment program budgets, there is an urgent need to document the effectiveness of these services with definitive studies.", "contents": "Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic counseling in methadone maintenance. Therapeutic counseling has been widely adovacted with methadone maintenance, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated. A review of the literature revealed a dearth of scientific investigations comparing treatment outcomes with and without counseling services. The few studies which have been reported seem to suggest that counseling does not significantly change treatment outcomes as measured by the usual indicators of illicit drug use, arrests, employment, and retention in the program. These studies suffered from a number of methodological flaws, however, including failure to adhere to research design, small sample size, poorly matched control groups, inadequate outcome criteria, and absence of post-treatment follow-up. Previous investigators have been nearly unanimous in calling for further studies of this issue. Since the cost of counseling services represents a major portion of treatment program budgets, there is an urgent need to document the effectiveness of these services with definitive studies.", "PMID": 533679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5773", "title": "Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the treatment of heroin addicts. I. Dosage schedule for induction and stabilization.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-nine patients who were dependent on street narcotics were inducted into LAAM. Ninety-two were inducted using a slow schedule: 20, 20, 30, 30, 40, 40, 50, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70, 75 mg on successive clinic visits (Mon., Wed., Fri.). Only 23% of the patients followed this schedule to 50 mg; 55% requested and received a faster induction. Eighty-seven patients were inducted using a rapid schedule: 20, 30, 40, 40, 50 mg. This schedule was acceptable to the majority of patients and caused no complaints of overdosing. We suggest that this schedule be used in clinics where patients who have been shown to be dependent are inducted directly onto LAAM.", "contents": "Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the treatment of heroin addicts. I. Dosage schedule for induction and stabilization. One hundred and seventy-nine patients who were dependent on street narcotics were inducted into LAAM. Ninety-two were inducted using a slow schedule: 20, 20, 30, 30, 40, 40, 50, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70, 75 mg on successive clinic visits (Mon., Wed., Fri.). Only 23% of the patients followed this schedule to 50 mg; 55% requested and received a faster induction. Eighty-seven patients were inducted using a rapid schedule: 20, 30, 40, 40, 50 mg. This schedule was acceptable to the majority of patients and caused no complaints of overdosing. We suggest that this schedule be used in clinics where patients who have been shown to be dependent are inducted directly onto LAAM.", "PMID": 533680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5774", "title": "Barbiturate tolerance and hypersensitivity of arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken on rats chronically treated with pentobarbital sodium, 50 mg/kg three times per day for a period of five days, to determine whether excised aortic or venous (portal vein) smooth muscle would demonstrate any change in reactivity to catecholamines or potassium chloride. Although sleeping time was reduced 50% (indicative of tolerance to the barbiturate), mean arterial blood pressure was not affected. Aortic strips, but not portal veins, excised from barbiturate-treated animals exhibited hypersensitivity to both contractile stimulants. Potassium-depolarized calcium-depleted aortic tissue, but not portal venous smooth muscle, from the barbiturate-treated animals contracted to lower concentrations of Ca2+ than did the arterial smooth muscle from the saline-treated control rats. The present observations thus indicate that chronic barbiturate treatment in rats can induce drug supersensitivity of excitable tissue other than one associated with the central nervous system. Our results on arterial smooth muscle could help to shed light on the unexplained rises in arterial blood pressure observed in humans undergoing barbiturate withdrawal.", "contents": "Barbiturate tolerance and hypersensitivity of arterial smooth muscle. Experiments were undertaken on rats chronically treated with pentobarbital sodium, 50 mg/kg three times per day for a period of five days, to determine whether excised aortic or venous (portal vein) smooth muscle would demonstrate any change in reactivity to catecholamines or potassium chloride. Although sleeping time was reduced 50% (indicative of tolerance to the barbiturate), mean arterial blood pressure was not affected. Aortic strips, but not portal veins, excised from barbiturate-treated animals exhibited hypersensitivity to both contractile stimulants. Potassium-depolarized calcium-depleted aortic tissue, but not portal venous smooth muscle, from the barbiturate-treated animals contracted to lower concentrations of Ca2+ than did the arterial smooth muscle from the saline-treated control rats. The present observations thus indicate that chronic barbiturate treatment in rats can induce drug supersensitivity of excitable tissue other than one associated with the central nervous system. Our results on arterial smooth muscle could help to shed light on the unexplained rises in arterial blood pressure observed in humans undergoing barbiturate withdrawal.", "PMID": 533681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5775", "title": "Alcoholic women treated by behaviorally orientated therapy: an 18-month follow-up study.", "content": "Follow-up results of a behaviorally orientated treatment program for alcoholic women are presented. Sixty patients, carefully screened, were admitted on a special ward in groups of not larger than 12 for a period of 3 months. Abstinence was the declared goal of all individual and group treatments. More than 13 months after discharge interviews were carried out with 58 of the 60 former patients in their homes. Further information was collected from relatives and social workers. Forty per cent of those interviewed qualified as abstinent, 9% had improved, 3% were controlled drinkers, 5% had become worse and 43% had not improved. Specific aspects of the program are discussed.", "contents": "Alcoholic women treated by behaviorally orientated therapy: an 18-month follow-up study. Follow-up results of a behaviorally orientated treatment program for alcoholic women are presented. Sixty patients, carefully screened, were admitted on a special ward in groups of not larger than 12 for a period of 3 months. Abstinence was the declared goal of all individual and group treatments. More than 13 months after discharge interviews were carried out with 58 of the 60 former patients in their homes. Further information was collected from relatives and social workers. Forty per cent of those interviewed qualified as abstinent, 9% had improved, 3% were controlled drinkers, 5% had become worse and 43% had not improved. Specific aspects of the program are discussed.", "PMID": 533682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5776", "title": "The mechanism of rosette formation between sheep red blood cells and L-A9 fibroblasts.", "content": "More than 20% of mouse L-A9 fibroblasts from rosettes with sheep red blood cells. This relatively weak interaction is mediated by receptors of glycoprotein nature; species-specific antigens of SRBC are part of, or lie in close proximity to, this binding. SRBC receptors are present on most L-A9 fibroblasts, neither Con A receptors nor MHL products are part of the SRBC receptors. However, Con A- and H-2 antibody-induced alterations in the membrane and cytoskeletal system accompanying cap formation produce a strong inhibition of rosette formation. This inhibition may be due to an interference into the adhesion by involving the cytoskeletal system in the redistribution processes because the same effect was obtained with Colcemid and cytochalasin B.", "contents": "The mechanism of rosette formation between sheep red blood cells and L-A9 fibroblasts. More than 20% of mouse L-A9 fibroblasts from rosettes with sheep red blood cells. This relatively weak interaction is mediated by receptors of glycoprotein nature; species-specific antigens of SRBC are part of, or lie in close proximity to, this binding. SRBC receptors are present on most L-A9 fibroblasts, neither Con A receptors nor MHL products are part of the SRBC receptors. However, Con A- and H-2 antibody-induced alterations in the membrane and cytoskeletal system accompanying cap formation produce a strong inhibition of rosette formation. This inhibition may be due to an interference into the adhesion by involving the cytoskeletal system in the redistribution processes because the same effect was obtained with Colcemid and cytochalasin B.", "PMID": 533684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5777", "title": "A spontaneous chicken chimaera with serologically and morphologically different types of erythrocytes.", "content": "Among hybrids of the inbred chicken lines, cock 1357 was found to be chimaeric in red blood cells. This cock possessed three serologically distinct types of erythrocytes and two types different in shape and size.", "contents": "A spontaneous chicken chimaera with serologically and morphologically different types of erythrocytes. Among hybrids of the inbred chicken lines, cock 1357 was found to be chimaeric in red blood cells. This cock possessed three serologically distinct types of erythrocytes and two types different in shape and size.", "PMID": 533685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5778", "title": "Isolation of human germ-line DNA suitable for recombinant DNA studies.", "content": "Dna from human sperm cells can be isolated with size and purity sufficient for use in recombinant DNA research. The DNA averages 100 000 base pairs (bp) in size (about 70.10(6) daltons) and is free of somatic cell, bacterial, and viral DNA. It can therefore be cloned under P2 + EK2 conditions as stipulated in the 1978 NIH Guidelines for recombinant DNA research.", "contents": "Isolation of human germ-line DNA suitable for recombinant DNA studies. Dna from human sperm cells can be isolated with size and purity sufficient for use in recombinant DNA research. The DNA averages 100 000 base pairs (bp) in size (about 70.10(6) daltons) and is free of somatic cell, bacterial, and viral DNA. It can therefore be cloned under P2 + EK2 conditions as stipulated in the 1978 NIH Guidelines for recombinant DNA research.", "PMID": 533691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5779", "title": "Asymmetric linker molecules for recombinant DNA constructions.", "content": "Asymmetric EcoRI DNA linkers consisting of an AATTC(A)7 dodecamer and a complementary G(T)7 octamer were synthesized. Ligation of such linkers to DNA fragments obviates the need for EcoRI digestion prior to cloning in EcoRI-cleaved vectors.", "contents": "Asymmetric linker molecules for recombinant DNA constructions. Asymmetric EcoRI DNA linkers consisting of an AATTC(A)7 dodecamer and a complementary G(T)7 octamer were synthesized. Ligation of such linkers to DNA fragments obviates the need for EcoRI digestion prior to cloning in EcoRI-cleaved vectors.", "PMID": 533692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5780", "title": "Effect of portasystemic venous shunt surgery on hyperglucagonaemia in cirrhosis: paired studies of pre- and post-shunted subjects.", "content": "The effect of liver disease on glucagon metabolism was examined in nine patients with chronic liver disease who were studied both before and after the creation of a surgical portasystemic shunt. Hepatocellular function did not deteriorate after shunt surgery. However, hepatic perfusion with splanchnic venous blood, as determined by scintisplenoportography, decreased after shunt surgery in six subjects but appeared unaltered in three. Basal plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels in the pre-shunt cirrhotic group were significantly greater (p <0.005) than in control subjects and further increased (p <0.05) after shunt surgery. Moreover, the increase in basal IRG after shunt was evident only in patients in whom portasystemic shunting was demonstrably increased by surgery. Despite the higher basal IRG levels postoperatively, shunt surgery in the cirrhotics did not alter basal glucose and insulin levels or the glucose and insulin response to a glucose or protein load. Circulating IRG was heterogeneous in the pre-shunt cirrhotic patients: the 9000 molecular weight fraction comprised 27+/-4%, the 3500 mol. wt. fraction 71+/-4%, and the > 40 000 mol. wt. fraction was minimal. After shunt surgery, the relative proportion of the 9000 mol. wt. fraction of IRG (13+/-3%) decreased significantly (p <0.05) and this fall was associated with a corresponding increase in the 3,500 mol. wt. fraction (84+/-4%). It is concluded that, in cirrhosis, hyperglucagonaemia is: (1) dependent on the degree of portasystemic shunting rather than impaired hepatocellular function; (2) predominantly due to increased circulating 3500 molecular weight glucagon; and (3) not a major factor in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate intolerance in liver disease.", "contents": "Effect of portasystemic venous shunt surgery on hyperglucagonaemia in cirrhosis: paired studies of pre- and post-shunted subjects. The effect of liver disease on glucagon metabolism was examined in nine patients with chronic liver disease who were studied both before and after the creation of a surgical portasystemic shunt. Hepatocellular function did not deteriorate after shunt surgery. However, hepatic perfusion with splanchnic venous blood, as determined by scintisplenoportography, decreased after shunt surgery in six subjects but appeared unaltered in three. Basal plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels in the pre-shunt cirrhotic group were significantly greater (p <0.005) than in control subjects and further increased (p <0.05) after shunt surgery. Moreover, the increase in basal IRG after shunt was evident only in patients in whom portasystemic shunting was demonstrably increased by surgery. Despite the higher basal IRG levels postoperatively, shunt surgery in the cirrhotics did not alter basal glucose and insulin levels or the glucose and insulin response to a glucose or protein load. Circulating IRG was heterogeneous in the pre-shunt cirrhotic patients: the 9000 molecular weight fraction comprised 27+/-4%, the 3500 mol. wt. fraction 71+/-4%, and the > 40 000 mol. wt. fraction was minimal. After shunt surgery, the relative proportion of the 9000 mol. wt. fraction of IRG (13+/-3%) decreased significantly (p <0.05) and this fall was associated with a corresponding increase in the 3,500 mol. wt. fraction (84+/-4%). It is concluded that, in cirrhosis, hyperglucagonaemia is: (1) dependent on the degree of portasystemic shunting rather than impaired hepatocellular function; (2) predominantly due to increased circulating 3500 molecular weight glucagon; and (3) not a major factor in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate intolerance in liver disease.", "PMID": 533693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5781", "title": "Suppressive effect of alcoholic liver disease sera on lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The effect of alcoholic patient sera on in vitro lymphocyte transformation was studied using mitogen-induced uptake of (3)H-thymidine to measure blastogenesis. With pokeweed mitogen as the stimulus, transformation of normal lymphocytes in sera of alcoholics with either normal or fatty livers was not significantly different from that obtained in pooled human serum (PHS). However, in sera of patients with either alcoholic hepatitis or inactive cirrhosis mean transformation was significantly reduced (P <0.001, <0.02 respectively). With phytohaemagglutinin-P or concanavalin A as mitogens, suppression of transformation was not as marked but followed the same pattern. A significant negative correlation was observed between the magnitude of transformation and serum bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels. An intra-patient comparison of the effects on transformation of normal lymphocytes by simultaneously collected peripheral and portal venous sera, and of peripheral sera obtained before and after portasystemic shunt surgery, indicated that the factor(s) responsible did not originate in the splanchnic circulation nor did it accumulate in the serum because of failed hepatic clearance. By performing transformation experiments in the presence of inhibitory patient sera diluted with PHS it was possible to show that these sera caused true inhibition of transformation rather than suppression due to failure to sustain cell culture because of nutritional deficiencies. Inhibitory sera did not contain high levels of the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase and did not significantly inhibit binding of (125)I-labelled mitogens to the lymphocyte surface. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of sera from alcoholics is of potential in vivo importance, that the effect increases with the degree of heptocyte damage, and that it is unrelated to the nonhepatic metabolic affects of chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of alcoholic liver disease sera on lymphocyte transformation. The effect of alcoholic patient sera on in vitro lymphocyte transformation was studied using mitogen-induced uptake of (3)H-thymidine to measure blastogenesis. With pokeweed mitogen as the stimulus, transformation of normal lymphocytes in sera of alcoholics with either normal or fatty livers was not significantly different from that obtained in pooled human serum (PHS). However, in sera of patients with either alcoholic hepatitis or inactive cirrhosis mean transformation was significantly reduced (P <0.001, <0.02 respectively). With phytohaemagglutinin-P or concanavalin A as mitogens, suppression of transformation was not as marked but followed the same pattern. A significant negative correlation was observed between the magnitude of transformation and serum bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels. An intra-patient comparison of the effects on transformation of normal lymphocytes by simultaneously collected peripheral and portal venous sera, and of peripheral sera obtained before and after portasystemic shunt surgery, indicated that the factor(s) responsible did not originate in the splanchnic circulation nor did it accumulate in the serum because of failed hepatic clearance. By performing transformation experiments in the presence of inhibitory patient sera diluted with PHS it was possible to show that these sera caused true inhibition of transformation rather than suppression due to failure to sustain cell culture because of nutritional deficiencies. Inhibitory sera did not contain high levels of the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase and did not significantly inhibit binding of (125)I-labelled mitogens to the lymphocyte surface. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of sera from alcoholics is of potential in vivo importance, that the effect increases with the degree of heptocyte damage, and that it is unrelated to the nonhepatic metabolic affects of chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 533694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5782", "title": "Gilbert's syndrome: evidence of morphological heterogeneity.", "content": "Hepatic ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy in 25 patients with Gilbert's syndrome and the changes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum quantified by grid technique. Thirteen patients showed gross hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). These were designated Gilbert's EM Positive. The remaining 12, designated Gilbert's EM Negative, did not differ significantly from normal controls. The EM Positive group showed a significantly greater percentage response to caloric restriction (P less than 0.01) and an exaggerated response to nicotinic acid stimulation when compared with the EM Negative group and normal controls. These results suggest that SER hypertrophy is not, as previously suggested, a constant feature of Gilbert's syndrome but rather a characteristic of a distinct subpopulation.", "contents": "Gilbert's syndrome: evidence of morphological heterogeneity. Hepatic ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy in 25 patients with Gilbert's syndrome and the changes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum quantified by grid technique. Thirteen patients showed gross hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). These were designated Gilbert's EM Positive. The remaining 12, designated Gilbert's EM Negative, did not differ significantly from normal controls. The EM Positive group showed a significantly greater percentage response to caloric restriction (P less than 0.01) and an exaggerated response to nicotinic acid stimulation when compared with the EM Negative group and normal controls. These results suggest that SER hypertrophy is not, as previously suggested, a constant feature of Gilbert's syndrome but rather a characteristic of a distinct subpopulation.", "PMID": 533695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5783", "title": "Serum lysozyme levels in malignant histiocytosis of the intestine.", "content": "Serum lysozyme levels were significantly raised in a group of eight patients with malabsorption associated with gastrointestinal lymphomas of a type recently characterised as malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. In four of the cases, levels were markedly raised. In contrast there was no significant difference between groups of patients with uncomplicated adult coeliac disease and healthy controls. The estimation of serum lysozyme is a simple test to perform and may be valuable in the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis of the intestine, in particular differentiating it from uncomplicated adult coeliac disease.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme levels in malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. Serum lysozyme levels were significantly raised in a group of eight patients with malabsorption associated with gastrointestinal lymphomas of a type recently characterised as malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. In four of the cases, levels were markedly raised. In contrast there was no significant difference between groups of patients with uncomplicated adult coeliac disease and healthy controls. The estimation of serum lysozyme is a simple test to perform and may be valuable in the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis of the intestine, in particular differentiating it from uncomplicated adult coeliac disease.", "PMID": 533696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5784", "title": "Enhancement of ileal adaptation by prednisolone after proximal small bowel resection in the rat.", "content": "The effect of prednisolone on the adapted ileum of the rat after jejunal resection was examined. Three weeks after 50% proximal small bowel resection animals were fed pharmacological doses of soluble prednisolone (0.75 mg/kg/day) over a one week period, and killed at four weeks. Animals treated with prednisolone showed significant increases in brush border alpha-glucosidase, leucyl-2-napththylamidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (P less than 0.01) per unit length of intestine compared with resection alone and transection reanastomosis control groups. This increase was the result of a significant enhancement (P less than 0.01) of brush border digestive enzyme activity per milligram of epithelial cell DNA-that is, per enterocyte-and was associated with a similar increase in enterocyte RNA content. In contrast, the activities of lysosomal and mitochondrial marker enzymes per milligran of DNA were similar in each group. Cell proliferation was not further stimulated by prednisolone. Thus prednisolone can selectively enhance brush border digestive capacity after intestinal resection without increasing cell proliferation. The increase in enterocyte RNA suggests that enzyme induction may be the mechanism of this effect.", "contents": "Enhancement of ileal adaptation by prednisolone after proximal small bowel resection in the rat. The effect of prednisolone on the adapted ileum of the rat after jejunal resection was examined. Three weeks after 50% proximal small bowel resection animals were fed pharmacological doses of soluble prednisolone (0.75 mg/kg/day) over a one week period, and killed at four weeks. Animals treated with prednisolone showed significant increases in brush border alpha-glucosidase, leucyl-2-napththylamidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (P less than 0.01) per unit length of intestine compared with resection alone and transection reanastomosis control groups. This increase was the result of a significant enhancement (P less than 0.01) of brush border digestive enzyme activity per milligram of epithelial cell DNA-that is, per enterocyte-and was associated with a similar increase in enterocyte RNA content. In contrast, the activities of lysosomal and mitochondrial marker enzymes per milligran of DNA were similar in each group. Cell proliferation was not further stimulated by prednisolone. Thus prednisolone can selectively enhance brush border digestive capacity after intestinal resection without increasing cell proliferation. The increase in enterocyte RNA suggests that enzyme induction may be the mechanism of this effect.", "PMID": 533697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5785", "title": "Enkephalins in large bowel malignancy and in acute appendicitis.", "content": "Leucine and methionine enkephalins were measured by biological assay in normal colon, adenocarcinoma of the colon, carcinoma of the caecum, and in normal and inflamed appendix. Methionine enkephalin levels in both the adenocarcinomas and inflamed appendices were significantly higher than in normal controls. No significant change occurred in leucine enkephalin levels. The caecal tumours were anaplastic and contained no demonstrable opioid activity.", "contents": "Enkephalins in large bowel malignancy and in acute appendicitis. Leucine and methionine enkephalins were measured by biological assay in normal colon, adenocarcinoma of the colon, carcinoma of the caecum, and in normal and inflamed appendix. Methionine enkephalin levels in both the adenocarcinomas and inflamed appendices were significantly higher than in normal controls. No significant change occurred in leucine enkephalin levels. The caecal tumours were anaplastic and contained no demonstrable opioid activity.", "PMID": 533698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5786", "title": "Survival and the immune response in patients with carcinoma of the colorectum.", "content": "One hundred and seven patients with colorectal carcinoma were examined for their immune response to autologous tumour. Patient leucocyte migration inhibition by tumour antigen, migration inhibition of normal subject's leucocytes by patient's serum, and the assessment of lymphocyte invasion of the tumour specimen were used to measure the immune response. Forty-one and 51% of patients were immune by leucocyte migration inhibition and tumour invasion by lymphocytes respectively. The immune patients had a survival advantage at three years on Chi-squared analysis. Patients whose serum contained a factor that inhibited the migration of leucocytes obtained from normal individuals had a diminished survival prognosis. The donors of these sera had a 50% chance of dying or of developing recurrent disease. These same individuals represented 30% of all those tested by this method. The immune patients included the sera donors as a subgroup 30% of all those tested by this method. The immune patients included the sera donors as a subgroup who, if excluded from the life table analysis, left a group of immune subjects who had very superior survival features.", "contents": "Survival and the immune response in patients with carcinoma of the colorectum. One hundred and seven patients with colorectal carcinoma were examined for their immune response to autologous tumour. Patient leucocyte migration inhibition by tumour antigen, migration inhibition of normal subject's leucocytes by patient's serum, and the assessment of lymphocyte invasion of the tumour specimen were used to measure the immune response. Forty-one and 51% of patients were immune by leucocyte migration inhibition and tumour invasion by lymphocytes respectively. The immune patients had a survival advantage at three years on Chi-squared analysis. Patients whose serum contained a factor that inhibited the migration of leucocytes obtained from normal individuals had a diminished survival prognosis. The donors of these sera had a 50% chance of dying or of developing recurrent disease. These same individuals represented 30% of all those tested by this method. The immune patients included the sera donors as a subgroup 30% of all those tested by this method. The immune patients included the sera donors as a subgroup who, if excluded from the life table analysis, left a group of immune subjects who had very superior survival features.", "PMID": 533699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5787", "title": "Trypsinogen variants in pancreatic juice of healthy volunteers, chronic alcoholics, and patients with pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pure pancreatic juice from 14 healthy normal subjects, 11 chronic alcoholics without detectable pancreatic disease, 15 patients with pancreatitis, and two with cancer of the pancreas consistently demonstrated the presence of two variants of trypsinogen with different electrophoretic mobilities. In healthy normal subjects the proportion of cationic to anionic trypsinogen was invariably greater than 1 and averaged about 2. In chronic alcoholics, patients with pancreatitis or cancer of the pancreas, this ratio, with a single exception, was below one and averaged about 0.45. The extraordinary consistency of these findings suggests that the quantitative relationship between cationic and anionic trypsinogen in human pancreatic juice may be a very sensitive indicator of incipient or existing pancreatic pathology. The most acceptable explanation for the reversal of the normal zymogen ratio in pancreatic disease is a selective increase in the synthesis of the anionic variant relative to that of the cationic species. Total trypsinogen concentrations differed widely from one another in the three patient groups, but the ratio of cationic to anionic trypsinogen exhibited little change and remained below 1. Our results also demonstrate for the first time a specific effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the secretory profile of a pancreatic enzyme in human subjects. A newly discovered minor, trypsinogen-like component of human pancreatic juice was found to be significantly increased in pancreatic juice of chronic alcoholics, decreased in pancreatic secretions of patients with pancreatitis, and barely detectable in those of two patients with cancer of the pancreas.", "contents": "Trypsinogen variants in pancreatic juice of healthy volunteers, chronic alcoholics, and patients with pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pure pancreatic juice from 14 healthy normal subjects, 11 chronic alcoholics without detectable pancreatic disease, 15 patients with pancreatitis, and two with cancer of the pancreas consistently demonstrated the presence of two variants of trypsinogen with different electrophoretic mobilities. In healthy normal subjects the proportion of cationic to anionic trypsinogen was invariably greater than 1 and averaged about 2. In chronic alcoholics, patients with pancreatitis or cancer of the pancreas, this ratio, with a single exception, was below one and averaged about 0.45. The extraordinary consistency of these findings suggests that the quantitative relationship between cationic and anionic trypsinogen in human pancreatic juice may be a very sensitive indicator of incipient or existing pancreatic pathology. The most acceptable explanation for the reversal of the normal zymogen ratio in pancreatic disease is a selective increase in the synthesis of the anionic variant relative to that of the cationic species. Total trypsinogen concentrations differed widely from one another in the three patient groups, but the ratio of cationic to anionic trypsinogen exhibited little change and remained below 1. Our results also demonstrate for the first time a specific effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the secretory profile of a pancreatic enzyme in human subjects. A newly discovered minor, trypsinogen-like component of human pancreatic juice was found to be significantly increased in pancreatic juice of chronic alcoholics, decreased in pancreatic secretions of patients with pancreatitis, and barely detectable in those of two patients with cancer of the pancreas.", "PMID": 533700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5788", "title": "Blastomycosis of the colon resembling clinically ulcerative colitis.", "content": "An 8 year old Brazilian girl had an infection, apparently confined to the large intestine, with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The symptoms were diarrhoea with fresh blood and mucus, severe malnutrition, and a spastic and ulcerated colon. She is making good progress on co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "Blastomycosis of the colon resembling clinically ulcerative colitis. An 8 year old Brazilian girl had an infection, apparently confined to the large intestine, with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The symptoms were diarrhoea with fresh blood and mucus, severe malnutrition, and a spastic and ulcerated colon. She is making good progress on co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 533701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5789", "title": "Mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and its clinical significance.", "content": "The m-GOT were studied in 57 patients with liver diseases, diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy. In acute hepatitis, the m-GOT rose to 100 units or there-about. But in chronic hepatitis, even in hepatitis B with sublobular necrosis, the m-GOT were low and 20--30 units. On the other hand, in alcoholic hepatitis, the m-GOT were 50--60 units which may be considered to be higher than expected for comparable their histological necrotic findings. These values were higher than OCT, which were measured at the same time. This results showed that there might be m-GOT induction by alcohol. In liver cirrhosis lower values were obtained. Generally m-GOT was liable to be lower as the lobular distortion was getting severer.", "contents": "Mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and its clinical significance. The m-GOT were studied in 57 patients with liver diseases, diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy. In acute hepatitis, the m-GOT rose to 100 units or there-about. But in chronic hepatitis, even in hepatitis B with sublobular necrosis, the m-GOT were low and 20--30 units. On the other hand, in alcoholic hepatitis, the m-GOT were 50--60 units which may be considered to be higher than expected for comparable their histological necrotic findings. These values were higher than OCT, which were measured at the same time. This results showed that there might be m-GOT induction by alcohol. In liver cirrhosis lower values were obtained. Generally m-GOT was liable to be lower as the lobular distortion was getting severer.", "PMID": 533708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5790", "title": "Critique of concepts and therapy in the action language approach to psychoanalysis.", "content": "Critical evaluation is made of the attempts to reformulate basic psychoanalytic concepts in terms of a theory of action language. The criticism focuses on issues of the scientific status of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of experience as the basis of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of metaphor in the formulation of psychoanalytic theory (focusing particularly on the issue of anthropomorphism and the forms of acceptable metaphor in the theory), and the problem of levels of abstraction in theoretical conceptualization. Particular issues in the action language approach, which are challenged from a more traditional process-oriented psychoanalytic perspective, are the notion of action; the status of mind; the specific formulations and conceptualizations of drives and motives, conflicts, resistance, affects, and internalization; the nature of the concepts of self and identity. The critique developed in these areas is then utilized as the basis for assessment of clinical implications, particularly their application in specific psychoanalytic contexts.", "contents": "Critique of concepts and therapy in the action language approach to psychoanalysis. Critical evaluation is made of the attempts to reformulate basic psychoanalytic concepts in terms of a theory of action language. The criticism focuses on issues of the scientific status of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of experience as the basis of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of metaphor in the formulation of psychoanalytic theory (focusing particularly on the issue of anthropomorphism and the forms of acceptable metaphor in the theory), and the problem of levels of abstraction in theoretical conceptualization. Particular issues in the action language approach, which are challenged from a more traditional process-oriented psychoanalytic perspective, are the notion of action; the status of mind; the specific formulations and conceptualizations of drives and motives, conflicts, resistance, affects, and internalization; the nature of the concepts of self and identity. The critique developed in these areas is then utilized as the basis for assessment of clinical implications, particularly their application in specific psychoanalytic contexts.", "PMID": 533732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5791", "title": "Efficacy in infancy: a review of some experimental studies and their possible implications for clinical theory.", "content": "I have reviewed some experimental studies which deal with the issue of the infant's control over environmental events, the infant's joy when it discovers that an external event is contingent upon its activity, and the corresponding trauma of being unable to influence, predict or comprehend an event which the infant expected on the basis of previous experience to be able to control or understand. This joy in being a cause seems a clear expression of what White called effectance pleasure. I regard the sense of efficacy as the core of the developing sense of self and traumatic disturbances in the sense of efficacy as core narcissistic injuries which predispose to significant psychopathology in the course of development.", "contents": "Efficacy in infancy: a review of some experimental studies and their possible implications for clinical theory. I have reviewed some experimental studies which deal with the issue of the infant's control over environmental events, the infant's joy when it discovers that an external event is contingent upon its activity, and the corresponding trauma of being unable to influence, predict or comprehend an event which the infant expected on the basis of previous experience to be able to control or understand. This joy in being a cause seems a clear expression of what White called effectance pleasure. I regard the sense of efficacy as the core of the developing sense of self and traumatic disturbances in the sense of efficacy as core narcissistic injuries which predispose to significant psychopathology in the course of development.", "PMID": 533733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5792", "title": "Fathering: a review of some psychoanalytic contributions on paternity.", "content": "The paper has traced psychoanalysis' gradual appreciation of a father's facilitative impact on his children's psychosexual and psychosocial growth. Freud's initial notions accentuated the inhibiting, punitive aspects of the paternal representation, highlighting, as they did, the oedipal father of the primal horde. Save for a few significant glimmers here and there, he pretty much failed to consider a son's or daughter's search for a father with whom to identify and, with this, underplayed some of the crucial preconditions for the oedipal complex itself. In recent years, an ego-psychological focus on the 'dual unity' of mother and child, in Mahler's words, has tended to relegate the father to a secondary role in pre-oedipal development. And yet, influenced by this overview, Loewald, Greenacre, Abelin and others have underlined the ways in which a father helps extricate a child from the maternal orbit, facilitating a sense of reality, self-constancy, sexual identify and other epigenetic achievements which help secure object constancy and self-identity. What remains is a fuller elucidation of the reciprocal and complex affective interchanges that take place within the father-child dyad throughout childhood.", "contents": "Fathering: a review of some psychoanalytic contributions on paternity. The paper has traced psychoanalysis' gradual appreciation of a father's facilitative impact on his children's psychosexual and psychosocial growth. Freud's initial notions accentuated the inhibiting, punitive aspects of the paternal representation, highlighting, as they did, the oedipal father of the primal horde. Save for a few significant glimmers here and there, he pretty much failed to consider a son's or daughter's search for a father with whom to identify and, with this, underplayed some of the crucial preconditions for the oedipal complex itself. In recent years, an ego-psychological focus on the 'dual unity' of mother and child, in Mahler's words, has tended to relegate the father to a secondary role in pre-oedipal development. And yet, influenced by this overview, Loewald, Greenacre, Abelin and others have underlined the ways in which a father helps extricate a child from the maternal orbit, facilitating a sense of reality, self-constancy, sexual identify and other epigenetic achievements which help secure object constancy and self-identity. What remains is a fuller elucidation of the reciprocal and complex affective interchanges that take place within the father-child dyad throughout childhood.", "PMID": 533734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5793", "title": "Remarks on transference-countertransference in psychotic states.", "content": "Clinical material of patients in psychotic states indicates that in those states the transference is directed into the therapist's body. The emotional experience thus created in the therapist, which is usually called countertransference in its broad meaning, should rather be seen as very early forms of object relationships. The complexities of the above easily influence the analyst in her role of interpreter. Therefore in the actual work with these patients the verbal interpretation, which represents an elaboration of the transference, in the author's view should be seen as countertransference.", "contents": "Remarks on transference-countertransference in psychotic states. Clinical material of patients in psychotic states indicates that in those states the transference is directed into the therapist's body. The emotional experience thus created in the therapist, which is usually called countertransference in its broad meaning, should rather be seen as very early forms of object relationships. The complexities of the above easily influence the analyst in her role of interpreter. Therefore in the actual work with these patients the verbal interpretation, which represents an elaboration of the transference, in the author's view should be seen as countertransference.", "PMID": 533736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5794", "title": "The developmental approach to 'working through' in the analytic process.", "content": "The developmental orientation and approach has been utilized in this paper as a paradigm to understand some of the phenomena of working through in the analytic process. A case is presented of a patient who was arrested along several developmental lines and had suffered from a wool fetish. Many changes in the working through process could be attributed not only to meliorative effects of interpretation but to developmental progression as well. Furthermore, this developmental progression occurred within the analysis not only in relation to the analyst's interpretations but to the developmental impact on the patient of experience with the analyst and with significant others. The patient attained increasing capacities to utilize insight in actions that themselves led to new experience of developmental import, and in a spiral process, further structural developmental change was achieved which consolidated its dominance through further capacity for new insights.", "contents": "The developmental approach to 'working through' in the analytic process. The developmental orientation and approach has been utilized in this paper as a paradigm to understand some of the phenomena of working through in the analytic process. A case is presented of a patient who was arrested along several developmental lines and had suffered from a wool fetish. Many changes in the working through process could be attributed not only to meliorative effects of interpretation but to developmental progression as well. Furthermore, this developmental progression occurred within the analysis not only in relation to the analyst's interpretations but to the developmental impact on the patient of experience with the analyst and with significant others. The patient attained increasing capacities to utilize insight in actions that themselves led to new experience of developmental import, and in a spiral process, further structural developmental change was achieved which consolidated its dominance through further capacity for new insights.", "PMID": 533738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5795", "title": "Stage fright.", "content": "Stage fright is a universal human experience that occurs with varying intensity in everyone who stands before an audience. The anxiety generated in this situation stems from the re-emergence of certain key developmental experiences. The dynamics involved are related both to genital and to pre-genital conflicts. Shame arises from conflicts around exhibitionism, from concerns over genital inadequacy, and from the fear of loss of control. Guilt is produced from the aggression inherent in self-display and from the fear of the destruction of one's rivals, along with the dread of retaliation. A major portion of the stage fright reaction is the reactivation of the crisis of separation-individuation, which generates separation anxiety connected to the fear that asserting oneself as a separate individual will result in withdrawal of love and admiration by maternal figures, i.e. the audience. The various developmental experiences are differentially weighted in each individual's stage fright reaction depending on the vicissitudes of his early childhood experience. Perhaps it is fortunate that few performers ever completely master stage fright, for an intangible sense of communion between the performer and his audience might well be lost as a by-product of the mastery.", "contents": "Stage fright. Stage fright is a universal human experience that occurs with varying intensity in everyone who stands before an audience. The anxiety generated in this situation stems from the re-emergence of certain key developmental experiences. The dynamics involved are related both to genital and to pre-genital conflicts. Shame arises from conflicts around exhibitionism, from concerns over genital inadequacy, and from the fear of loss of control. Guilt is produced from the aggression inherent in self-display and from the fear of the destruction of one's rivals, along with the dread of retaliation. A major portion of the stage fright reaction is the reactivation of the crisis of separation-individuation, which generates separation anxiety connected to the fear that asserting oneself as a separate individual will result in withdrawal of love and admiration by maternal figures, i.e. the audience. The various developmental experiences are differentially weighted in each individual's stage fright reaction depending on the vicissitudes of his early childhood experience. Perhaps it is fortunate that few performers ever completely master stage fright, for an intangible sense of communion between the performer and his audience might well be lost as a by-product of the mastery.", "PMID": 533739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5796", "title": "Effects of physical training on cardiovascular function following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Three to twelve (7.1 +/- 3.2) months after myocardial infarction, subjects under 54 (45.0 +/- 4.7) yr were assigned randomly to high-intensity (HIE, n = 37) or low-intensity (LIE, n = 42) exercise programs. Cardiac outputs (Q) during graded bicycle ergometer exercise were measured by a CO2-rebreathing method on entry and after 6 and 12 mo of training. The initial exercise Q was low in relation to work load, due to a low stroke volume (SV). Over the year of training, the predicted maximal O2 intake of the HIE group increased significantly (from 26.0 to 30.3 ml.kg-1.min-1), while that of the LIE group showed no significant alteration. During the first 6 mo, the heart rate of the HIE group was significantly reduced at each work level. There was an associated widening of arteriovenous oxygen difference, but SV was unchanged. These findings were attributed to extracardiac factors, including a redistribution of blood flow, biochemical changes in the trained muscle, and a secondary reduction of sympathetic drive. Over the second 6 mo, the SV of the HIE group increased 10%; this may reflect an increase of intrinsic myocardial contractility that develops if high-intensity training is sustained. The LIE group showed no major changes of cardiovascular function over the year of observation.", "contents": "Effects of physical training on cardiovascular function following myocardial infarction. Three to twelve (7.1 +/- 3.2) months after myocardial infarction, subjects under 54 (45.0 +/- 4.7) yr were assigned randomly to high-intensity (HIE, n = 37) or low-intensity (LIE, n = 42) exercise programs. Cardiac outputs (Q) during graded bicycle ergometer exercise were measured by a CO2-rebreathing method on entry and after 6 and 12 mo of training. The initial exercise Q was low in relation to work load, due to a low stroke volume (SV). Over the year of training, the predicted maximal O2 intake of the HIE group increased significantly (from 26.0 to 30.3 ml.kg-1.min-1), while that of the LIE group showed no significant alteration. During the first 6 mo, the heart rate of the HIE group was significantly reduced at each work level. There was an associated widening of arteriovenous oxygen difference, but SV was unchanged. These findings were attributed to extracardiac factors, including a redistribution of blood flow, biochemical changes in the trained muscle, and a secondary reduction of sympathetic drive. Over the second 6 mo, the SV of the HIE group increased 10%; this may reflect an increase of intrinsic myocardial contractility that develops if high-intensity training is sustained. The LIE group showed no major changes of cardiovascular function over the year of observation.", "PMID": 533740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5797", "title": "Mechanisms of increased maximum expiratory flow during HeO2 breathing in dogs.", "content": "We used the retrograde-catheter technique to investigate the effect of a helium-oxygen gas mixture (HeO2) on resistance to maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) in airways subsegments between alveoli and the equal pressure point (EPP), and between EPP and the flow-limiting segment (FLS). FLS were found at the same site in main-stem bronchi on both air and HeO2 in most dogs studied. Static elastic recoil pressure (Pel = 7 +/- 1 cmH2O) and the lateral pressure at FLS (Ptm' = 11 +/- cmH2O) were not different on the two gases, and delta Vmax averaged 33 +/- 12%. EPP were located on HeO2 in segmental bronchi (7 +/- 2 mm ID), and EPP on air were always located more downstream. There was no density dependence of resistance between alveoli and EPP on HeO2, and delta Vmax was due to the marked density dependence of the pressure losses of convective acceleration in the short airway segment between EPP HeO2 and FLS. Assuming that FLS is the \"choke point,\" these findings are consistent with wave-speed theory of flow limitation modified to account for viscous pressure losses in peripheral airways. These results and conclusions question previous interpretations of delta Vmax as an index of peripheral airways obstruction, and demonstrate the utility of wave-speed theory in explaining complicated mechanisms of expiratory flow limitation.", "contents": "Mechanisms of increased maximum expiratory flow during HeO2 breathing in dogs. We used the retrograde-catheter technique to investigate the effect of a helium-oxygen gas mixture (HeO2) on resistance to maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) in airways subsegments between alveoli and the equal pressure point (EPP), and between EPP and the flow-limiting segment (FLS). FLS were found at the same site in main-stem bronchi on both air and HeO2 in most dogs studied. Static elastic recoil pressure (Pel = 7 +/- 1 cmH2O) and the lateral pressure at FLS (Ptm' = 11 +/- cmH2O) were not different on the two gases, and delta Vmax averaged 33 +/- 12%. EPP were located on HeO2 in segmental bronchi (7 +/- 2 mm ID), and EPP on air were always located more downstream. There was no density dependence of resistance between alveoli and EPP on HeO2, and delta Vmax was due to the marked density dependence of the pressure losses of convective acceleration in the short airway segment between EPP HeO2 and FLS. Assuming that FLS is the \"choke point,\" these findings are consistent with wave-speed theory of flow limitation modified to account for viscous pressure losses in peripheral airways. These results and conclusions question previous interpretations of delta Vmax as an index of peripheral airways obstruction, and demonstrate the utility of wave-speed theory in explaining complicated mechanisms of expiratory flow limitation.", "PMID": 533741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5798", "title": "Cardiopulmonary readjustments in passive tilt.", "content": "There is ample evidence that posture affects many cardiorespiratory variables, but the extent to which secondary reflex mechanisms complement or oppose the primary gravity effect is not clear. We have addressed ourselves to this problem by studying five normal volunteers, passively tilted from the supine to the upright position in 15 degrees increments, in random sequence, determinging cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute and alveolar ventilation (VE and VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial-end-tidal PCO2 pressure difference. In each position, four to five measurements were obtained by noninvasive techniques. Changes in Q and in FRC were linearly related to the sine of the tilt angle, indicating that reflexes were either absent or that their net effect was proportional to the effects of gravity; this was clearly not the case for other variables (HR, SV, VE, VA) in which it was possible to demonstrate threshold values for the appearance of secondary changes.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary readjustments in passive tilt. There is ample evidence that posture affects many cardiorespiratory variables, but the extent to which secondary reflex mechanisms complement or oppose the primary gravity effect is not clear. We have addressed ourselves to this problem by studying five normal volunteers, passively tilted from the supine to the upright position in 15 degrees increments, in random sequence, determinging cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute and alveolar ventilation (VE and VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial-end-tidal PCO2 pressure difference. In each position, four to five measurements were obtained by noninvasive techniques. Changes in Q and in FRC were linearly related to the sine of the tilt angle, indicating that reflexes were either absent or that their net effect was proportional to the effects of gravity; this was clearly not the case for other variables (HR, SV, VE, VA) in which it was possible to demonstrate threshold values for the appearance of secondary changes.", "PMID": 533742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5799", "title": "Effects of glycogen depletion and work load on postexercise O2 consumption and blood lactate.", "content": "To study a possible relationship between blood lactate and O2 consumption (VO2) after exercise, 11 male subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at moderate and heavy work loads in both normal glycogen and glycogen-depleted states. At rest, glycogen depletion resulted in significantly lowered blood glucose and lactate concentrations, CO2 production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and minute ventilation (VE). With the exception of glucose, these variables changed more in response to heavy exercise (HE: 2 min at a mean of 1,750 kg.m/min) than to moderate exercise (ME: 2 min at a mean of 1,000 kg.m/min). At either work load, VCO2, R, and lactate showed consistently greater responses in the normal glycogen state. The slope of the initial component of the postexercise VO2 curve was unaffected by either work load or lactate. Although the slope of the slow component of the postexercise VO2 curve became significantly more negative after HE, it was unaffected by the level of lactate. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis of a \"lactacid O2 debt.\" Exercise intensity was the predominant factor influencing the magnitude and kinetics of postexercise VO2. Glycogen depletion resulted in lower VCO2, R, and blood lactate, but higher VE during heavy exercise. The results suggest that factors, in addition to CO2 flux to the lungs, influence VE during exercise.", "contents": "Effects of glycogen depletion and work load on postexercise O2 consumption and blood lactate. To study a possible relationship between blood lactate and O2 consumption (VO2) after exercise, 11 male subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at moderate and heavy work loads in both normal glycogen and glycogen-depleted states. At rest, glycogen depletion resulted in significantly lowered blood glucose and lactate concentrations, CO2 production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and minute ventilation (VE). With the exception of glucose, these variables changed more in response to heavy exercise (HE: 2 min at a mean of 1,750 kg.m/min) than to moderate exercise (ME: 2 min at a mean of 1,000 kg.m/min). At either work load, VCO2, R, and lactate showed consistently greater responses in the normal glycogen state. The slope of the initial component of the postexercise VO2 curve was unaffected by either work load or lactate. Although the slope of the slow component of the postexercise VO2 curve became significantly more negative after HE, it was unaffected by the level of lactate. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis of a \"lactacid O2 debt.\" Exercise intensity was the predominant factor influencing the magnitude and kinetics of postexercise VO2. Glycogen depletion resulted in lower VCO2, R, and blood lactate, but higher VE during heavy exercise. The results suggest that factors, in addition to CO2 flux to the lungs, influence VE during exercise.", "PMID": 533743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5800", "title": "Responses of conscious rabbits to CO2 at ambient temperatures of 5, 20, and 35 degrees C.", "content": "Conscious rabbits were exposed to atmospheric air or to 6% CO2 in air at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 5, 20 and 35 degrees C. Measurements were made of rectal temperature (Tre), metabolic rate (MR), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), and minute volume (VE). CO2 exposure did not affect Tre at any Ta and only affected MR at 35 degrees C when it caused an increase. At each Ta hypercapnia caused an increase in VT and a decrease in f. At 5 degrees C VE was increased by CO2, at 35 degrees C VE decreased, and at 20 degrees C the results were variable. The data were examined in the light of theories relating to the relative contributions of inputs from brain stem and from pulmonary stretch receptors, in response to body temperature and CO2 partial pressure. It was concluded that hypercapnia stimulates an increase in VT via the brain stem, whereas at the same time removing a hypocapnic drive which, along with central thermal inputs, stimulates f.", "contents": "Responses of conscious rabbits to CO2 at ambient temperatures of 5, 20, and 35 degrees C. Conscious rabbits were exposed to atmospheric air or to 6% CO2 in air at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 5, 20 and 35 degrees C. Measurements were made of rectal temperature (Tre), metabolic rate (MR), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), and minute volume (VE). CO2 exposure did not affect Tre at any Ta and only affected MR at 35 degrees C when it caused an increase. At each Ta hypercapnia caused an increase in VT and a decrease in f. At 5 degrees C VE was increased by CO2, at 35 degrees C VE decreased, and at 20 degrees C the results were variable. The data were examined in the light of theories relating to the relative contributions of inputs from brain stem and from pulmonary stretch receptors, in response to body temperature and CO2 partial pressure. It was concluded that hypercapnia stimulates an increase in VT via the brain stem, whereas at the same time removing a hypocapnic drive which, along with central thermal inputs, stimulates f.", "PMID": 533744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5801", "title": "Generation and regulation of breathing in utero: fetal CO2 response test.", "content": "Breathing responses to increasing fetal arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) were measured in 15 mature fetal lambs in utero during hyperoxic CO2 rebreathing in the ewe. Fetal breathing was expressed as 1) respiratory drive (RD), i.e., the early slope of intratracheal pressure during inspiration, and 2) ventilation equivalent (VEq), i.e., the product of intratracheal pressure and frequency of breathing. RD and VEq increased linearly with increasing PaCO2. CO2 threshold beyond which apneic fetuses started breathing was higher than the extrapolated CO2 threshold in spontaneously breathing fetuses. Afferent sciatic nerve stimulation, which induced regular breathing in apneic fetuses, lowered their CO2 threshold but did not alter their sensitivity to CO2. Naloxone resulted in initiation of fetal breathing, decreased CO2 threshold, and increased sensitivity to CO2. These studies demonstrate that respiratory center responsivity can be quantified in the lamb fetus in utero, that nonspecific somatic stimulation lowers fetal breathing threshold to CO2, and that endogenous opioid peptides could participate in the physiological suppression of breathing in fetal life.", "contents": "Generation and regulation of breathing in utero: fetal CO2 response test. Breathing responses to increasing fetal arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) were measured in 15 mature fetal lambs in utero during hyperoxic CO2 rebreathing in the ewe. Fetal breathing was expressed as 1) respiratory drive (RD), i.e., the early slope of intratracheal pressure during inspiration, and 2) ventilation equivalent (VEq), i.e., the product of intratracheal pressure and frequency of breathing. RD and VEq increased linearly with increasing PaCO2. CO2 threshold beyond which apneic fetuses started breathing was higher than the extrapolated CO2 threshold in spontaneously breathing fetuses. Afferent sciatic nerve stimulation, which induced regular breathing in apneic fetuses, lowered their CO2 threshold but did not alter their sensitivity to CO2. Naloxone resulted in initiation of fetal breathing, decreased CO2 threshold, and increased sensitivity to CO2. These studies demonstrate that respiratory center responsivity can be quantified in the lamb fetus in utero, that nonspecific somatic stimulation lowers fetal breathing threshold to CO2, and that endogenous opioid peptides could participate in the physiological suppression of breathing in fetal life.", "PMID": 533745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5802", "title": "Lung inflation and longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia.", "content": "Using the low-viscosity bolus method, we examined the influence of lung inflation on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance during hypoxia in isolated cat lungs. During hypoxia, increasing transpulmonary pressure decreased vascular resistance but did not change the volume into the lung at which the maximum local resistance was located. This was in contrast to the normoxic situation in which inflation caused an increase in resistance over much of the transpulmonary pressure range studied and moved the maximum local resistance downstream. These results indicate that during hypoxia the major increase in resistance was in extra-alveolar vessels and that distension of these vessels by lung inflation decreased the magnitude of the pressor response. The increase in resistance in alveolar vessels, which occurred on inflation, was similar during control and hypoxic conditions but was a smaller part of the total resistance during hypoxia because of the much larger extra-alveolar vessel resistance.", "contents": "Lung inflation and longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia. Using the low-viscosity bolus method, we examined the influence of lung inflation on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance during hypoxia in isolated cat lungs. During hypoxia, increasing transpulmonary pressure decreased vascular resistance but did not change the volume into the lung at which the maximum local resistance was located. This was in contrast to the normoxic situation in which inflation caused an increase in resistance over much of the transpulmonary pressure range studied and moved the maximum local resistance downstream. These results indicate that during hypoxia the major increase in resistance was in extra-alveolar vessels and that distension of these vessels by lung inflation decreased the magnitude of the pressor response. The increase in resistance in alveolar vessels, which occurred on inflation, was similar during control and hypoxic conditions but was a smaller part of the total resistance during hypoxia because of the much larger extra-alveolar vessel resistance.", "PMID": 533746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5803", "title": "The lung as a filter for microbubbles.", "content": "A new ultrasonic Doppler device has been used noninvasively over the femoral artery of anesthetized dogs to prove that it can detect carefully calibrated microbubbles of 14--189 micrometers diam when these are infused directly into the aorta. The same evaluated technique has then been employed to detect any bubbles escaping into the arterial system when gas was infused into the venous system either as microbubbles or as a bolus. Results from 18 dogs showed that, under normal conditions, the lungs are a superb filter for bubbles and that any cutoff diameter is less than 22 micrometers. However, bubbles escaped entrapment when the lungs were severely overloaded with gas (20 ml) or were pretreated with a pulmonary vasodilator (aminophylline). The dog preparation and arterial Doppler device appear to be ideal for future studies to determine what other factors might compromise the capability of the lungs to filter microbubbles. Physiological parameters showed dramatic changes when bubbles were detected as escaping into the arterial system by comparison with their effect when retained within the lungs. Changes in respiration profile indicated that they may offer a useful index of the degree of venous embolization and, hence, a warning of impending overload leading to arterial embolization.", "contents": "The lung as a filter for microbubbles. A new ultrasonic Doppler device has been used noninvasively over the femoral artery of anesthetized dogs to prove that it can detect carefully calibrated microbubbles of 14--189 micrometers diam when these are infused directly into the aorta. The same evaluated technique has then been employed to detect any bubbles escaping into the arterial system when gas was infused into the venous system either as microbubbles or as a bolus. Results from 18 dogs showed that, under normal conditions, the lungs are a superb filter for bubbles and that any cutoff diameter is less than 22 micrometers. However, bubbles escaped entrapment when the lungs were severely overloaded with gas (20 ml) or were pretreated with a pulmonary vasodilator (aminophylline). The dog preparation and arterial Doppler device appear to be ideal for future studies to determine what other factors might compromise the capability of the lungs to filter microbubbles. Physiological parameters showed dramatic changes when bubbles were detected as escaping into the arterial system by comparison with their effect when retained within the lungs. Changes in respiration profile indicated that they may offer a useful index of the degree of venous embolization and, hence, a warning of impending overload leading to arterial embolization.", "PMID": 533747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5804", "title": "Growth of hygroscopic aerosols in a model of bronchial airways.", "content": "Experiments have been performed on the \"breathing\" of micron-size hygroscopic aerosols in and out of a four-generation model of the bronchial tree. Comparison of the experimental results on aerosol growth in the model with the classical theory for dilute aqueous solutions of nonpolar salts shows a) that the theory is applicable to conditions in the airways, b) that to a high degree of approximation the process represents deposition followed by growth, and c) that there is a significant amount of trapping of particles near their equilibrium size in the deeper model tubes. These experiments are the first to verify that the classical particle growth theory is applicable to the particle sizes and environmental conditions present in the human airways during hygroscopic aerosol therapy. This theory will be useful in designing an optimal hygroscopic aerosol delivery system, but several questions including the method of generation and the effect of drug solutions on particle equilibriums remain to be answered.", "contents": "Growth of hygroscopic aerosols in a model of bronchial airways. Experiments have been performed on the \"breathing\" of micron-size hygroscopic aerosols in and out of a four-generation model of the bronchial tree. Comparison of the experimental results on aerosol growth in the model with the classical theory for dilute aqueous solutions of nonpolar salts shows a) that the theory is applicable to conditions in the airways, b) that to a high degree of approximation the process represents deposition followed by growth, and c) that there is a significant amount of trapping of particles near their equilibrium size in the deeper model tubes. These experiments are the first to verify that the classical particle growth theory is applicable to the particle sizes and environmental conditions present in the human airways during hygroscopic aerosol therapy. This theory will be useful in designing an optimal hygroscopic aerosol delivery system, but several questions including the method of generation and the effect of drug solutions on particle equilibriums remain to be answered.", "PMID": 533748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5805", "title": "Fractionating respiratory resistance in young children.", "content": "Total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and the fraction of this resistance located peripherally, (Fp) were measured in a group of children (3--5 yr old). The technique used forced random noise to characterize the frequency dependence of effective resistance and an algorithm to compute Rrs and Fp from these data. The overall mean value +/- SD for Fp was 0.534 +/- 0.070; the mean value of 0.464 for the six children near 5 yr of age was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the mean value of 0.576 found in the younger children. The overall mean value +/- SD for Rrs was 16.9 +/- 5.8 cmH2O.l-1.s; individual values appeared to be correlated with height. These results agree with previous reports indicating that children have a larger fraction of respiratory resistance in the periphery than do adults.", "contents": "Fractionating respiratory resistance in young children. Total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and the fraction of this resistance located peripherally, (Fp) were measured in a group of children (3--5 yr old). The technique used forced random noise to characterize the frequency dependence of effective resistance and an algorithm to compute Rrs and Fp from these data. The overall mean value +/- SD for Fp was 0.534 +/- 0.070; the mean value of 0.464 for the six children near 5 yr of age was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the mean value of 0.576 found in the younger children. The overall mean value +/- SD for Rrs was 16.9 +/- 5.8 cmH2O.l-1.s; individual values appeared to be correlated with height. These results agree with previous reports indicating that children have a larger fraction of respiratory resistance in the periphery than do adults.", "PMID": 533749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5806", "title": "Site of pulmonary edema after unilateral microembolization.", "content": "The effect of unilateral pulmonary microembolization on regional lung extravascular fluid accumulation was determined in dogs. Embolization was produced by injecting 100-micrometer-diam glass beads (0.25 g/kg) into the right pulmonary artery. After embolization of one lung, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and pulmonary vascular resistance increased (P less than 0.05) from base-line values of 11.7 +/- 1.3 to 17.9 +/- 1.3 Torr and of 3.4 +/- 0.5 to 5.5 +/- 0.5 Torr/(1/min). Blood flow to embolized lung measured with labeled microspheres decreased from 104.2 +/- 24.9 to 35.2 +/- 9.2 ml/min.g bloodless lung after embolization, whereas flow to the normal lung increased from 43.1 +/- 5.6 to 71.2 +/- 19.2 ml/min.g bloodless lung. Extravascular lung water-to-bloodless dry lung weight ratio (W/D) of 4.97 +/- 0.32 was greater (P less than 0.001) in the embolized lung than the value of 3.34 +/- 0.15 in nonembolized lung. In six dogs pretreated with 500 U/kg of heparin, a similar degree of duration of embolization and similar hemodynamic changes did not result in significant differences in W/D (3.88 +/- 0.18 in right lung vs. 3.02 +/- 0.53 in the left lung), and the right lung ratio was less (P less than 0.05) than the value in the heparinized dogs, suggesting that humoral mechanisms contribute to the genesis of pulmonary edema after regional embolization. Therefore, unilateral embolization leads to a greater increase in extravascular content in the embolized lung than in the nonembolized lung. Because Ppa was in the normal range after embolization, regional pulmonary edema may be due partly to the local release of factors that increase lung vascular permeability.", "contents": "Site of pulmonary edema after unilateral microembolization. The effect of unilateral pulmonary microembolization on regional lung extravascular fluid accumulation was determined in dogs. Embolization was produced by injecting 100-micrometer-diam glass beads (0.25 g/kg) into the right pulmonary artery. After embolization of one lung, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and pulmonary vascular resistance increased (P less than 0.05) from base-line values of 11.7 +/- 1.3 to 17.9 +/- 1.3 Torr and of 3.4 +/- 0.5 to 5.5 +/- 0.5 Torr/(1/min). Blood flow to embolized lung measured with labeled microspheres decreased from 104.2 +/- 24.9 to 35.2 +/- 9.2 ml/min.g bloodless lung after embolization, whereas flow to the normal lung increased from 43.1 +/- 5.6 to 71.2 +/- 19.2 ml/min.g bloodless lung. Extravascular lung water-to-bloodless dry lung weight ratio (W/D) of 4.97 +/- 0.32 was greater (P less than 0.001) in the embolized lung than the value of 3.34 +/- 0.15 in nonembolized lung. In six dogs pretreated with 500 U/kg of heparin, a similar degree of duration of embolization and similar hemodynamic changes did not result in significant differences in W/D (3.88 +/- 0.18 in right lung vs. 3.02 +/- 0.53 in the left lung), and the right lung ratio was less (P less than 0.05) than the value in the heparinized dogs, suggesting that humoral mechanisms contribute to the genesis of pulmonary edema after regional embolization. Therefore, unilateral embolization leads to a greater increase in extravascular content in the embolized lung than in the nonembolized lung. Because Ppa was in the normal range after embolization, regional pulmonary edema may be due partly to the local release of factors that increase lung vascular permeability.", "PMID": 533750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5807", "title": "Action potentials in single axons: effects of hyperbaric air and hydrostatic pressure.", "content": "Resting potential and action potential parameters of crayfish (Procambarus acutus) single axon were examined under hyperbaric air and hydrostatic pressure to 8.6 atmospheres absolute to determine if evidence for the basis of neurological dysfunctions that may occur in diving in this pressure range is detectable at the membrane level. Hyperbaric air increased the maximum rates of depolarization and repolarization of the action potential by (2.2 +/- 0.2) and (2.1 +/- 0.2)%/atm, respectively. Hydrostatic pressure had an opposite effect, decreasing the maximum rates of depolarization and repolarization by (0.57 +/- 0.13) and (0.9 +/- 0.3)%/atm, respectively. Action potential duration was decreased (0.91 +/- 0.19)%/atm by hyperbaric air. Action potential amplitude, resting potential, and threshold were unchanged by increasing pressure. Increasing the nitrogen tension alone produced results consistent with hyperbaric air compression. Thus, increased hydrostatic and nitrogen pressures oppositely affect the rates of polarization of the action potential in a reversible manner at pressures in the range encountered by human divers.", "contents": "Action potentials in single axons: effects of hyperbaric air and hydrostatic pressure. Resting potential and action potential parameters of crayfish (Procambarus acutus) single axon were examined under hyperbaric air and hydrostatic pressure to 8.6 atmospheres absolute to determine if evidence for the basis of neurological dysfunctions that may occur in diving in this pressure range is detectable at the membrane level. Hyperbaric air increased the maximum rates of depolarization and repolarization of the action potential by (2.2 +/- 0.2) and (2.1 +/- 0.2)%/atm, respectively. Hydrostatic pressure had an opposite effect, decreasing the maximum rates of depolarization and repolarization by (0.57 +/- 0.13) and (0.9 +/- 0.3)%/atm, respectively. Action potential duration was decreased (0.91 +/- 0.19)%/atm by hyperbaric air. Action potential amplitude, resting potential, and threshold were unchanged by increasing pressure. Increasing the nitrogen tension alone produced results consistent with hyperbaric air compression. Thus, increased hydrostatic and nitrogen pressures oppositely affect the rates of polarization of the action potential in a reversible manner at pressures in the range encountered by human divers.", "PMID": 533751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5808", "title": "Endotoxin protection against oxygen-induced acute and chronic lung injury.", "content": "Small dosages of endotoxin (100--500 micrograms/kg) provide significant protection against the acute manifestations of pulmonary O2 toxicity and lethality. Ninety-seven percent of endotoxin-treated adult rats survived a 72-h exposure to greater than or equal to 95% O2 with mimimal lung changes, compared to 32% of control animals (P less than 0.01). Exposure to greater than or equal to 95% O2 for 7 days resulted in a 20% survival rate in untreated control rats vs. 98% survival in endotoxin-treated rats (P LESS THan 0.01). Histological evaluation of lung from survivors revealed substantially less collagen and reticular fiber deposition in the endotoxin-treated animal lungs. Endotoxin treatment was associated with increased activity of the protectant antioxidant enzyme systems of the lung in an apparent dose-response manner. Endotoxin's protective activity against O2 toxicity does not appear to depend on an initial toxic insult to the lung like with alpha-naphthylthiourea, oleic acid, or alloxan treatment. The data support a protective role for endotoxin against the acute and the more chronic manifestations of O2-induced pulmonary injury.", "contents": "Endotoxin protection against oxygen-induced acute and chronic lung injury. Small dosages of endotoxin (100--500 micrograms/kg) provide significant protection against the acute manifestations of pulmonary O2 toxicity and lethality. Ninety-seven percent of endotoxin-treated adult rats survived a 72-h exposure to greater than or equal to 95% O2 with mimimal lung changes, compared to 32% of control animals (P less than 0.01). Exposure to greater than or equal to 95% O2 for 7 days resulted in a 20% survival rate in untreated control rats vs. 98% survival in endotoxin-treated rats (P LESS THan 0.01). Histological evaluation of lung from survivors revealed substantially less collagen and reticular fiber deposition in the endotoxin-treated animal lungs. Endotoxin treatment was associated with increased activity of the protectant antioxidant enzyme systems of the lung in an apparent dose-response manner. Endotoxin's protective activity against O2 toxicity does not appear to depend on an initial toxic insult to the lung like with alpha-naphthylthiourea, oleic acid, or alloxan treatment. The data support a protective role for endotoxin against the acute and the more chronic manifestations of O2-induced pulmonary injury.", "PMID": 533752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5809", "title": "Effects of normal and loaded spontaneous inspiration on cardiovascular function.", "content": "To assess the hemodynamic effects of spontaneous inspiration, we studied 12 anesthetized mongrel dogs during normal and loaded inspiration, before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Peak aortic flow fell (15--20%) whereas peak pulmonary artery flow rose (15--20%) under all conditions. When aortic flow fell, left ventricular diastolic size decreased whereas aortic and left atrial transmural pressures increased slightly. Right ventricular diastolic size and right atrial transmural pressure increased. During inspiratory loading transmural pressures rose more, but the fall in aortic flow remained the same. After vagotomy, inspiration was prolonged, allowing aortic flow to return to preinspiratory levels. At this time left ventricular diastolic size was increased compared to preinspiratory levels and there were further increases in left atrial and aortic transmural pressures. We have concluded that at least two factors affect aortic flow during inspiration: 1) a decrease in left ventricular preload that is associated with decreased left ventricular compliance, and 2) increased impedance to left ventricular emptying as reflected by the increase in aortic transmural pressure. This may play a greater role during inspiratory loading and when inspiration is prolonged.", "contents": "Effects of normal and loaded spontaneous inspiration on cardiovascular function. To assess the hemodynamic effects of spontaneous inspiration, we studied 12 anesthetized mongrel dogs during normal and loaded inspiration, before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Peak aortic flow fell (15--20%) whereas peak pulmonary artery flow rose (15--20%) under all conditions. When aortic flow fell, left ventricular diastolic size decreased whereas aortic and left atrial transmural pressures increased slightly. Right ventricular diastolic size and right atrial transmural pressure increased. During inspiratory loading transmural pressures rose more, but the fall in aortic flow remained the same. After vagotomy, inspiration was prolonged, allowing aortic flow to return to preinspiratory levels. At this time left ventricular diastolic size was increased compared to preinspiratory levels and there were further increases in left atrial and aortic transmural pressures. We have concluded that at least two factors affect aortic flow during inspiration: 1) a decrease in left ventricular preload that is associated with decreased left ventricular compliance, and 2) increased impedance to left ventricular emptying as reflected by the increase in aortic transmural pressure. This may play a greater role during inspiratory loading and when inspiration is prolonged.", "PMID": 533753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5810", "title": "Role of skin temperature in the control of sweating.", "content": "In five male subjects tympanic membrane temperature (Tty), rectal temperature, skin temperatures at 12 sites were simultaneously recorded. Local sweating rate was measured at six sites using resistance hygrometry. After steady-state sweating was established, the lower body was heated at ambient temperatures of 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C or cooled at an ambient temperature of 29 degrees C while the upper body remained at a constant ambient temperature. During lower body heating or cooling, Tty was maintained constant by the drinking of cold (10 degrees C) or warm (45 degrees C) water. Sweating rate on both upper and lower body surfaces was proportional to lower body skin temperature. The regression coefficients for sweating rate versus mean lower body skin temperature varied from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/cm2.min. degrees C between subjects, but were not significantly different from each other (P greater than 0.05). This study demonstrates an influence of cutaneous thermoreceptors on sweating rate under steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Role of skin temperature in the control of sweating. In five male subjects tympanic membrane temperature (Tty), rectal temperature, skin temperatures at 12 sites were simultaneously recorded. Local sweating rate was measured at six sites using resistance hygrometry. After steady-state sweating was established, the lower body was heated at ambient temperatures of 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C or cooled at an ambient temperature of 29 degrees C while the upper body remained at a constant ambient temperature. During lower body heating or cooling, Tty was maintained constant by the drinking of cold (10 degrees C) or warm (45 degrees C) water. Sweating rate on both upper and lower body surfaces was proportional to lower body skin temperature. The regression coefficients for sweating rate versus mean lower body skin temperature varied from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/cm2.min. degrees C between subjects, but were not significantly different from each other (P greater than 0.05). This study demonstrates an influence of cutaneous thermoreceptors on sweating rate under steady-state conditions.", "PMID": 533754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5811", "title": "Interdependence of Na+ and Cl- transport in dog tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Previous studies showed active transport of Cl- toward and of Na+ away from the luminal surface of dog tracheal epithelium. The possible interdependence of Cl- and Na+ fluxes has not been explored fully in this preparation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between these fluxes. Substituting choline for Na+ in the media bathing dogs tracheal epithelium reduced net Cl- transport toward the lumen from 1.86 +/- SE 0.27 to 0.49 +/- SE 0.20 mueq.cm-2.h-1. Substituting SO4(2-) For Cl- decreased net Na+ flux toward the lumen from -1.05 +/- SE 0.20 to -1.78 +/- SE 0.36 mueq.cm-2.h-1. Acetylcholine (5 x 10(-4) M) and terbutaline (10(-5) M) increased and furosemide (10(-3) M) decreased net Cl- transport toward the lumen in control, but not in Na+ free bathing media. Acetylcholine increased net Na+ flux toward the lumen in control, but not in Cl- free bathing media. Thus this study showed that 1) in media lacking Na+, net Cl- flux toward the lumen is decreased, and vice versa, 2) the increases in Cl- transport toward the lumen due to acetylcholine and terbutaline and the decrease due to furosemide required Na+ and 3) in the increase in Na+ flux toward the lumen due to acetylcholine required Cl-. These findings indicate that there is an interdependence of Cl- and Na+ fluxes in dog tracheal epithelium.", "contents": "Interdependence of Na+ and Cl- transport in dog tracheal epithelium. Previous studies showed active transport of Cl- toward and of Na+ away from the luminal surface of dog tracheal epithelium. The possible interdependence of Cl- and Na+ fluxes has not been explored fully in this preparation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between these fluxes. Substituting choline for Na+ in the media bathing dogs tracheal epithelium reduced net Cl- transport toward the lumen from 1.86 +/- SE 0.27 to 0.49 +/- SE 0.20 mueq.cm-2.h-1. Substituting SO4(2-) For Cl- decreased net Na+ flux toward the lumen from -1.05 +/- SE 0.20 to -1.78 +/- SE 0.36 mueq.cm-2.h-1. Acetylcholine (5 x 10(-4) M) and terbutaline (10(-5) M) increased and furosemide (10(-3) M) decreased net Cl- transport toward the lumen in control, but not in Na+ free bathing media. Acetylcholine increased net Na+ flux toward the lumen in control, but not in Cl- free bathing media. Thus this study showed that 1) in media lacking Na+, net Cl- flux toward the lumen is decreased, and vice versa, 2) the increases in Cl- transport toward the lumen due to acetylcholine and terbutaline and the decrease due to furosemide required Na+ and 3) in the increase in Na+ flux toward the lumen due to acetylcholine required Cl-. These findings indicate that there is an interdependence of Cl- and Na+ fluxes in dog tracheal epithelium.", "PMID": 533755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5812", "title": "Modification of cardiac function by synchronized oscillating acceleration.", "content": "The sensitivity of selected cardiovascular (CV) responses to the physical stressor of External whole-body oscillating Acceleration Synchronized with the Electrocardiogram (EASE) was analyzed in 8 chronically instrumented tranquilized dogs. A sinusoidal acceleration wave form was imposed on the supine animals along the spinal (+/- Gz) axis at a constant amplitude of +/- 0.75 G, and a frequency equal to the paced-heart frequency (2--3 Hz). When the peak force was positive in early systole, and negative in early diastole, changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2, + 8%), mean coronary flow (MCF, + 8%), stroke volume (SV, + 15%), cardiac work (CW, + 19%) and the time derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt, + 18%) were minimal in comparison to nonoscillatory control values. When the peak force was positive in early diastole and negative in late diastole and early systole, changes in MVo2 (+ 41%), MCF (+ 39%), SV (+ 33%), CW (+ 50%), and dP/dt (+ 31%) were maximal. Thus the capability of EASE to produce a range of desired sustained CV responses provides a basis for its potential diagnostic/therapeutic applications.", "contents": "Modification of cardiac function by synchronized oscillating acceleration. The sensitivity of selected cardiovascular (CV) responses to the physical stressor of External whole-body oscillating Acceleration Synchronized with the Electrocardiogram (EASE) was analyzed in 8 chronically instrumented tranquilized dogs. A sinusoidal acceleration wave form was imposed on the supine animals along the spinal (+/- Gz) axis at a constant amplitude of +/- 0.75 G, and a frequency equal to the paced-heart frequency (2--3 Hz). When the peak force was positive in early systole, and negative in early diastole, changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2, + 8%), mean coronary flow (MCF, + 8%), stroke volume (SV, + 15%), cardiac work (CW, + 19%) and the time derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt, + 18%) were minimal in comparison to nonoscillatory control values. When the peak force was positive in early diastole and negative in late diastole and early systole, changes in MVo2 (+ 41%), MCF (+ 39%), SV (+ 33%), CW (+ 50%), and dP/dt (+ 31%) were maximal. Thus the capability of EASE to produce a range of desired sustained CV responses provides a basis for its potential diagnostic/therapeutic applications.", "PMID": 533756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5813", "title": "Pulmonary pressure-flow curves measured by a data-averaging circuit.", "content": "We measured pulmonary pressure-flow curves in nine normal nonsmoking subjects using a data-averaging circuit. With this method we obtained mean pressure flow curves of 20 consecutive breaths free of cardiac artifacts. Within-observer and within-subject-within-day reproducibility were good especially for the inspiratory limb of the curve. Within-subject-between-day variability in curvilinearity was substantial. In most subjects there was a continuous increase in resistance throughout the course of expiration even though the airways did not become dynamically compressed. This resulted in a mean value of expiratory resistance that was greater than during inspiration. Resistance early in expiration, however, was identical to that during inspiration. The data-averaging circuit allows for a more accurate assessment of the slope and the curvilinearity of pulmonary pressure-flow curves than other methods described before.", "contents": "Pulmonary pressure-flow curves measured by a data-averaging circuit. We measured pulmonary pressure-flow curves in nine normal nonsmoking subjects using a data-averaging circuit. With this method we obtained mean pressure flow curves of 20 consecutive breaths free of cardiac artifacts. Within-observer and within-subject-within-day reproducibility were good especially for the inspiratory limb of the curve. Within-subject-between-day variability in curvilinearity was substantial. In most subjects there was a continuous increase in resistance throughout the course of expiration even though the airways did not become dynamically compressed. This resulted in a mean value of expiratory resistance that was greater than during inspiration. Resistance early in expiration, however, was identical to that during inspiration. The data-averaging circuit allows for a more accurate assessment of the slope and the curvilinearity of pulmonary pressure-flow curves than other methods described before.", "PMID": 533757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5814", "title": "Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure with a single gastric-esophageal probe.", "content": "A single gastric-esophageal probe, 5 mm in diam, with two transducers mounted near the tip has been used to measure transdiaphragmatic pressure in human subjects. The transducers are linear up to at least 200 cmH2O pressure and provide equal deflections for both positive and negative pressures. The method is shown to give results comparable to the standard procedure using two balloon-tipped catheters, one in the stomach and one in the esophagus.", "contents": "Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure with a single gastric-esophageal probe. A single gastric-esophageal probe, 5 mm in diam, with two transducers mounted near the tip has been used to measure transdiaphragmatic pressure in human subjects. The transducers are linear up to at least 200 cmH2O pressure and provide equal deflections for both positive and negative pressures. The method is shown to give results comparable to the standard procedure using two balloon-tipped catheters, one in the stomach and one in the esophagus.", "PMID": 533758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5815", "title": "Effects of gas density on the frequency response of gas-filled pressure transducers.", "content": "The effects of gas density on the frequency responses of four pressure transducers were determined at gas densities from 1.2 to 25.0 g/l. Transducers tested included three sensitive differential types used with pneumotachographs to measure respiratory flow (Validyne DP-45 and DP-103; Medistor P-11) and a transducer commonly used to measure esophageal pressure (Statham P23Dd). Three different responses were obtained. The Validyne DP-103 was overdamped and its response was essentially independent of gas density. The frequency response of this transducer is adequate for use with quiet breathing only. The Validyne DP-45 and Medistor P-11 responses were underdamped. The resonant peaks of these transducers decreased markedly in frequency as the gas density increased. The Statham P23Dd was also underdamped; however, its resonant frequency increased as gas density increased. An esophageal balloon did not alter the frequency response characteristics of this tubing-transducer system. Both increases in length and decreases in diameter of connecting tubing reduced the frequency of resonant peaks of underdamped pressure transducers.", "contents": "Effects of gas density on the frequency response of gas-filled pressure transducers. The effects of gas density on the frequency responses of four pressure transducers were determined at gas densities from 1.2 to 25.0 g/l. Transducers tested included three sensitive differential types used with pneumotachographs to measure respiratory flow (Validyne DP-45 and DP-103; Medistor P-11) and a transducer commonly used to measure esophageal pressure (Statham P23Dd). Three different responses were obtained. The Validyne DP-103 was overdamped and its response was essentially independent of gas density. The frequency response of this transducer is adequate for use with quiet breathing only. The Validyne DP-45 and Medistor P-11 responses were underdamped. The resonant peaks of these transducers decreased markedly in frequency as the gas density increased. The Statham P23Dd was also underdamped; however, its resonant frequency increased as gas density increased. An esophageal balloon did not alter the frequency response characteristics of this tubing-transducer system. Both increases in length and decreases in diameter of connecting tubing reduced the frequency of resonant peaks of underdamped pressure transducers.", "PMID": 533759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5816", "title": "Electrocardiographic verification of esophageal temperature probe position.", "content": "Esophageal temperature (Tes) varies with depth of insertion. Characteristic features of the esophageal electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to place probes in the region where the esophagus is between the aorta and the left atrium. This describes a suitable catheter for recording of Tes and ECG and how features of the electrical activity of the atria may be used to place the probe tip. Records of Tes versus depth obtained during heating of four human subjects are included. The technique eliminates the need for radiographic verification of probe position. It could readily be employed in clinical situations with the advantage of having both a central temperature and an electrocardiogram available from a simple, readily inserted, and readily tolerated catheter.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic verification of esophageal temperature probe position. Esophageal temperature (Tes) varies with depth of insertion. Characteristic features of the esophageal electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to place probes in the region where the esophagus is between the aorta and the left atrium. This describes a suitable catheter for recording of Tes and ECG and how features of the electrical activity of the atria may be used to place the probe tip. Records of Tes versus depth obtained during heating of four human subjects are included. The technique eliminates the need for radiographic verification of probe position. It could readily be employed in clinical situations with the advantage of having both a central temperature and an electrocardiogram available from a simple, readily inserted, and readily tolerated catheter.", "PMID": 533760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5817", "title": "Effect of intracellular carbohydrates on heat resistance of Dictyostelium discoideum spores.", "content": "The effect of intracellular trehalose and glycogen on the survival of spores of Dictyostelium discoideum ATCC 25697 after exposure to supraoptimal temperatures was examined. Cells metabolically perturbed by incubation in glucose and inorganic phosphate have intracellular trehalose and glycogen concentrations fivefold and twofold higher, respectively, than those of the controls. These cells were more resistant to the lethal effects of wet heat (45 degrees to 55 degrees C) than were control cells. The presence of 40 mM trehalose in the buffer during heat stress increased the survival of nonperturbed cells to approximately the level of the perturbed cells. No protection was observed when cells were heated in the presence of exogenous glycogen. Glucose or disaccharides other than trehalose when present during heat stress, had no effect on heat resistance. Nonperturbed cells preincubated in 40 mM trehalose and washed before heat stress were more resistant to killing than were controls. Cells perturbed with inorganic phosphate, which has been shown to increase trehalose concentrations but decrease glycogen concentrations, were also more resistant to the lethal effects of wet heat than were controls. The data suggest that trehalose has an effect on the wet-heat resistance of D. discoideum. Some possible mechanisms are suggested.", "contents": "Effect of intracellular carbohydrates on heat resistance of Dictyostelium discoideum spores. The effect of intracellular trehalose and glycogen on the survival of spores of Dictyostelium discoideum ATCC 25697 after exposure to supraoptimal temperatures was examined. Cells metabolically perturbed by incubation in glucose and inorganic phosphate have intracellular trehalose and glycogen concentrations fivefold and twofold higher, respectively, than those of the controls. These cells were more resistant to the lethal effects of wet heat (45 degrees to 55 degrees C) than were control cells. The presence of 40 mM trehalose in the buffer during heat stress increased the survival of nonperturbed cells to approximately the level of the perturbed cells. No protection was observed when cells were heated in the presence of exogenous glycogen. Glucose or disaccharides other than trehalose when present during heat stress, had no effect on heat resistance. Nonperturbed cells preincubated in 40 mM trehalose and washed before heat stress were more resistant to killing than were controls. Cells perturbed with inorganic phosphate, which has been shown to increase trehalose concentrations but decrease glycogen concentrations, were also more resistant to the lethal effects of wet heat than were controls. The data suggest that trehalose has an effect on the wet-heat resistance of D. discoideum. Some possible mechanisms are suggested.", "PMID": 533762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5818", "title": "Modulation of protein A formation in Staphylococcus aureus by genetic determinants for methicillin resistance.", "content": "Many methicillin-resistant (Mec(r)) strains of Staphylococcus aureus either produce no protein A or secrete it extracellularly (S. Winblad and C. Ericson, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 81:150-156, 1973). We found that methicillin resistance and protein A production were apparently lost coordinately from the natively Mec(r) strain A676. Restoration of the genetic determinant for methicillin resistance (mec) by transduction or transformation restored protein A production. In two other Mec(r) strains, loss of mec was accompanied by marked reduction in protein A formation. Genetic transfer of mec to derivatives of S. aureus 8325 affected protein A formation differently with different mec determinants. Those derived from strain A676 and two other Mec(r) strains reduced the scanty amount of protein A produced by strain 8325 to even lower or undetectable levels, whereas mec from two more Mec(r) strains increased its protein A content. This \"mec-effect,\" i.e., stimulation or inhibition of protein A formation dependent on the combination of host strain and mec determinant, was reduced in methicillin-susceptible (Mec(s)) mutants produced by ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Mec(r) strains. The mec-effect reappeared in spontaneous revertants to methicillin resistance. Phenotypic reduction of methicillin resistance in Mec(r) strains grown at 44 degrees C was accompanied by reduction of the mec-effect on protein A, but it had no effect on protein A formation in Mec(s) strains. Two independent mutants of strain 8325 produced large amounts of protein A at rates that were unaffected by growth at 44 degrees C or by the introduction of mec determinants.", "contents": "Modulation of protein A formation in Staphylococcus aureus by genetic determinants for methicillin resistance. Many methicillin-resistant (Mec(r)) strains of Staphylococcus aureus either produce no protein A or secrete it extracellularly (S. Winblad and C. Ericson, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 81:150-156, 1973). We found that methicillin resistance and protein A production were apparently lost coordinately from the natively Mec(r) strain A676. Restoration of the genetic determinant for methicillin resistance (mec) by transduction or transformation restored protein A production. In two other Mec(r) strains, loss of mec was accompanied by marked reduction in protein A formation. Genetic transfer of mec to derivatives of S. aureus 8325 affected protein A formation differently with different mec determinants. Those derived from strain A676 and two other Mec(r) strains reduced the scanty amount of protein A produced by strain 8325 to even lower or undetectable levels, whereas mec from two more Mec(r) strains increased its protein A content. This \"mec-effect,\" i.e., stimulation or inhibition of protein A formation dependent on the combination of host strain and mec determinant, was reduced in methicillin-susceptible (Mec(s)) mutants produced by ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Mec(r) strains. The mec-effect reappeared in spontaneous revertants to methicillin resistance. Phenotypic reduction of methicillin resistance in Mec(r) strains grown at 44 degrees C was accompanied by reduction of the mec-effect on protein A, but it had no effect on protein A formation in Mec(s) strains. Two independent mutants of strain 8325 produced large amounts of protein A at rates that were unaffected by growth at 44 degrees C or by the introduction of mec determinants.", "PMID": 533763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5819", "title": "Rapid screening procedure for detection of plasmids in streptococci.", "content": "An enrichment procedure, yielding plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid preparations normally containing less than 5% chromosomal contamination, has been devised for the isolation of plasmids from virtually all species of streptococci. The procedure is rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive, requiring no radioisotopes or density gradient centrifugation. The procedure can be used for routine screening of several hundred isolates in a short period of time, and plasmids obtained from 10- to 20-ml cultures can readily be visualized in agarose gels.", "contents": "Rapid screening procedure for detection of plasmids in streptococci. An enrichment procedure, yielding plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid preparations normally containing less than 5% chromosomal contamination, has been devised for the isolation of plasmids from virtually all species of streptococci. The procedure is rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive, requiring no radioisotopes or density gradient centrifugation. The procedure can be used for routine screening of several hundred isolates in a short period of time, and plasmids obtained from 10- to 20-ml cultures can readily be visualized in agarose gels.", "PMID": 533764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5820", "title": "Local anesthetics block induction of the Pseudomonas alk regulon.", "content": "The local anesthetics procaine and piperocaine blocked induction of the plasmid-determined enzymatic activities involved in the metabolism of n-alkanes in Pseudomonas putida. Procaine reversibly inhibited existing alkane hydroxylase activity. Induction of a soluble aliphatic amidase activity was not affected. These results support the hypothesis that induction of the plasmid-determined alkane metabolic system in P. putida involves a membrane component(s).", "contents": "Local anesthetics block induction of the Pseudomonas alk regulon. The local anesthetics procaine and piperocaine blocked induction of the plasmid-determined enzymatic activities involved in the metabolism of n-alkanes in Pseudomonas putida. Procaine reversibly inhibited existing alkane hydroxylase activity. Induction of a soluble aliphatic amidase activity was not affected. These results support the hypothesis that induction of the plasmid-determined alkane metabolic system in P. putida involves a membrane component(s).", "PMID": 533765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5821", "title": "Response of Pseudomonas cepacia to beta-Lactam antibiotics: utilization of penicillin G as the carbon source.", "content": "Pseudomonas cepacia utilized penicillin G as the sole source of carbon and energy. We report here an unexplained correlation between lysine auxotrophy and beta-lactamase deficiency, resulting in loss of capacity to utilize penicillin.", "contents": "Response of Pseudomonas cepacia to beta-Lactam antibiotics: utilization of penicillin G as the carbon source. Pseudomonas cepacia utilized penicillin G as the sole source of carbon and energy. We report here an unexplained correlation between lysine auxotrophy and beta-lactamase deficiency, resulting in loss of capacity to utilize penicillin.", "PMID": 533766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5822", "title": "Chemosensory responses of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Responses of Halobacterium halobium cells to chemical stimuli have been shown by a capillary technique. Cells were attacted by D-glucose and several amino acids and repelled by phenol. Certain chemicals, such as acetate, benzoate, indole, and NiSO4, that are known to act as repellents of Escherichia coli cells served as attractants for Halobacterium. In the presence of ethionine, sensitivity to attractants was reduced. Arsenate prevented the attraction by glucose without lowering the cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate level. The ability for chemo-accumulation toward glucose and histidine was interfered with by the formation of photosensory systems. Light-induced motor responses and chemosensory behavior toward glucose and histidine became detectable in the late stationary growth phase only. The behavior toward acetate and indole was not connected to photobehavior in that way: both substances acted as attractants already in the late log phase. Inhibition of bacteriorhodopsin synthesis by L-nicotine allowed chemo-accumulation toward glucose and histidine already in the late logarithmic phase.", "contents": "Chemosensory responses of Halobacterium halobium. Responses of Halobacterium halobium cells to chemical stimuli have been shown by a capillary technique. Cells were attacted by D-glucose and several amino acids and repelled by phenol. Certain chemicals, such as acetate, benzoate, indole, and NiSO4, that are known to act as repellents of Escherichia coli cells served as attractants for Halobacterium. In the presence of ethionine, sensitivity to attractants was reduced. Arsenate prevented the attraction by glucose without lowering the cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate level. The ability for chemo-accumulation toward glucose and histidine was interfered with by the formation of photosensory systems. Light-induced motor responses and chemosensory behavior toward glucose and histidine became detectable in the late stationary growth phase only. The behavior toward acetate and indole was not connected to photobehavior in that way: both substances acted as attractants already in the late log phase. Inhibition of bacteriorhodopsin synthesis by L-nicotine allowed chemo-accumulation toward glucose and histidine already in the late logarithmic phase.", "PMID": 533767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5823", "title": "Regulation of membrane peptides by the Pseudomonas plasmid alk regulon.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida strains carrying the plasmid alk genes will grow on n-alkanes. Induced alk+ strains contain membrane activities for alkane hydroxylation and dehydrogenation of aliphatic primary alcohols. P. putida cytoplasmic and outer membranes can be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation after disruption of cells by either mild detergent lysis or passage through a French press. Both the membrane component of alkane hydroxylase and membrane alcohol dehydrogenase fractionated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Induction of the alk regulon resulted in the appearance of at least three new plasmid-determined cytoplasmic membrane peptides of about 59,000 (59K), 47,000 (47K), and 40,000 (40K) daltons as well as the disappearance of a pair of chromosomally encoded outer membrane peptides of about 43,000 daltons. The 40K peptide is the membrane component of alkane hydroxylase and the product of the plasmid alkB gene because the alkB1029 mutation altered the properties of alkane hydroxylase in whole cells, reduced its thermal stability in cell extracts, and led to increased electrophoretic mobility of the inducible 40K peptide. These results are consistent with a model for vectorial oxidation of n-alkanes in the cytoplasmic membrane of P. putida.", "contents": "Regulation of membrane peptides by the Pseudomonas plasmid alk regulon. Pseudomonas putida strains carrying the plasmid alk genes will grow on n-alkanes. Induced alk+ strains contain membrane activities for alkane hydroxylation and dehydrogenation of aliphatic primary alcohols. P. putida cytoplasmic and outer membranes can be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation after disruption of cells by either mild detergent lysis or passage through a French press. Both the membrane component of alkane hydroxylase and membrane alcohol dehydrogenase fractionated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Induction of the alk regulon resulted in the appearance of at least three new plasmid-determined cytoplasmic membrane peptides of about 59,000 (59K), 47,000 (47K), and 40,000 (40K) daltons as well as the disappearance of a pair of chromosomally encoded outer membrane peptides of about 43,000 daltons. The 40K peptide is the membrane component of alkane hydroxylase and the product of the plasmid alkB gene because the alkB1029 mutation altered the properties of alkane hydroxylase in whole cells, reduced its thermal stability in cell extracts, and led to increased electrophoretic mobility of the inducible 40K peptide. These results are consistent with a model for vectorial oxidation of n-alkanes in the cytoplasmic membrane of P. putida.", "PMID": 533768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5824", "title": "Presence and synthesis of cholesterol in stable staphylococcal L-forms.", "content": "The sterol which was present in two strains of a stable staphylococcal L-form was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The retention time of the sterol on gas-liquid chromatography was the same as that of authentic cholesterol. Analysis of the sterol by mass spectrometry showed a molecular ion at an m/e of 386 and the same patterns of major ions above an m/e of 145 as those of authentic cholesterol. As a result, the sterol in staphylococcal L-form was identified as cholesterol. A parent strain and its L-forms were cultured in medium containing [14C]acetate, and the synthesis of cholesterol was examined. In the L-forms, 0.52% of the total lipid radioactivity was found in cholesterol fraction, whereas no significant radioactivity was detected in the cholesterol fraction of the parent strain, indicating that staphylococcal L-forms have acquired the capacity to synthesize cholesterol.", "contents": "Presence and synthesis of cholesterol in stable staphylococcal L-forms. The sterol which was present in two strains of a stable staphylococcal L-form was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The retention time of the sterol on gas-liquid chromatography was the same as that of authentic cholesterol. Analysis of the sterol by mass spectrometry showed a molecular ion at an m/e of 386 and the same patterns of major ions above an m/e of 145 as those of authentic cholesterol. As a result, the sterol in staphylococcal L-form was identified as cholesterol. A parent strain and its L-forms were cultured in medium containing [14C]acetate, and the synthesis of cholesterol was examined. In the L-forms, 0.52% of the total lipid radioactivity was found in cholesterol fraction, whereas no significant radioactivity was detected in the cholesterol fraction of the parent strain, indicating that staphylococcal L-forms have acquired the capacity to synthesize cholesterol.", "PMID": 533769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5825", "title": "Carotenoids acts as reinforcers of the Acholeplasma laidlawii lipid bilayer.", "content": "Acholeplasma laidlawii cells grown with oleic acid produced much more colored carotenoids than did cells grown with elaidic acid. The amount of carotenoids was decreased 80 to 90% by growing the cells with 0.05 M propionate, resulting in a marked increase in the mobility of both 5-doxylstearate and 12-doxylstearate incorporated into the membranes. The fatty acid composition of the propionate-grown cells differed from that of cells grown without propionate by containing odd-numbered rather than even-numbered saturated fatty acids, but the ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids were the same. To determine whether the carotenoids are the cause for the restricted mobility in the membranes, the carotenoids were selectively removed from A. laidlawii membranes by incubating the membranes with phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The carotenoid-depleted membranes showed an increase in the mobility of the hydrocarbon chains of the spin-labeled fatty acids. Furthermore, the incorporation of carotenoids into artificial membrane vesicles restricted the mobility of the hydrocarbon chain. Our results support the notion that the carotenoids in A. laidlawii act as a rigid insert reinforcing the membrane bilayer.", "contents": "Carotenoids acts as reinforcers of the Acholeplasma laidlawii lipid bilayer. Acholeplasma laidlawii cells grown with oleic acid produced much more colored carotenoids than did cells grown with elaidic acid. The amount of carotenoids was decreased 80 to 90% by growing the cells with 0.05 M propionate, resulting in a marked increase in the mobility of both 5-doxylstearate and 12-doxylstearate incorporated into the membranes. The fatty acid composition of the propionate-grown cells differed from that of cells grown without propionate by containing odd-numbered rather than even-numbered saturated fatty acids, but the ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids were the same. To determine whether the carotenoids are the cause for the restricted mobility in the membranes, the carotenoids were selectively removed from A. laidlawii membranes by incubating the membranes with phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The carotenoid-depleted membranes showed an increase in the mobility of the hydrocarbon chains of the spin-labeled fatty acids. Furthermore, the incorporation of carotenoids into artificial membrane vesicles restricted the mobility of the hydrocarbon chain. Our results support the notion that the carotenoids in A. laidlawii act as a rigid insert reinforcing the membrane bilayer.", "PMID": 533770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5826", "title": "In vitro binding of cloacin DF13 to its purified outer membrane receptor protein and effect of peptidoglycan on bacteriocin-receptor interaction.", "content": "The in vitro neutralization of the killing activity of cloacin DF13 by incubation with its purified receptor protein was shown to be the result of the formation of a direct and specific equimolar complex of both proteins. The binding of cloacin DF13 to its receptor protein did not result in a fragmentation of the cloacin molecules nor in the expulsion of immunity protein from the bacteriocin. The rate of the cloacin DF13-receptor interaction in vitro was found to be enhanced significantly in the presence of peptidoglycan, but lysozyme-treated peptidoglycan did not affect this interaction. Incubation of the cloacin DF13 as well as its receptor protein with peptidoglycan showed that the receptor protein but not the cloacin DF13 was able to bind to the peptidoglycan.", "contents": "In vitro binding of cloacin DF13 to its purified outer membrane receptor protein and effect of peptidoglycan on bacteriocin-receptor interaction. The in vitro neutralization of the killing activity of cloacin DF13 by incubation with its purified receptor protein was shown to be the result of the formation of a direct and specific equimolar complex of both proteins. The binding of cloacin DF13 to its receptor protein did not result in a fragmentation of the cloacin molecules nor in the expulsion of immunity protein from the bacteriocin. The rate of the cloacin DF13-receptor interaction in vitro was found to be enhanced significantly in the presence of peptidoglycan, but lysozyme-treated peptidoglycan did not affect this interaction. Incubation of the cloacin DF13 as well as its receptor protein with peptidoglycan showed that the receptor protein but not the cloacin DF13 was able to bind to the peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 533771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5827", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate by reductive carboxylation of succinate in Veillonella, Selenomonas, and Bacteriodes species.", "content": "Evidence for reductive carboxylation of succinate to synthesize alpha-ketoglutarate was sought in anaerobic heterotrophs from the rumen and from other anaerobic habitats. Cultures were grown in media containing unlabeled energy substrates plus [14C]succinate, and synthesis of cellular glutamate with a much higher specific activity than that of cellular asparate was taken as evidence for alpha-ketoglutarate synthase activity. Our results indicate alpha-ketoglutarate synthase functions in Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella alcalescens, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides distasonis, and Bacteroides multiacidus. Evidence for this carboxylation was not found in strains representative of 10 other species.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate by reductive carboxylation of succinate in Veillonella, Selenomonas, and Bacteriodes species. Evidence for reductive carboxylation of succinate to synthesize alpha-ketoglutarate was sought in anaerobic heterotrophs from the rumen and from other anaerobic habitats. Cultures were grown in media containing unlabeled energy substrates plus [14C]succinate, and synthesis of cellular glutamate with a much higher specific activity than that of cellular asparate was taken as evidence for alpha-ketoglutarate synthase activity. Our results indicate alpha-ketoglutarate synthase functions in Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella alcalescens, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides distasonis, and Bacteroides multiacidus. Evidence for this carboxylation was not found in strains representative of 10 other species.", "PMID": 533772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5828", "title": "A gigantic basal-cell carcinoma on the plantar arch of a foot: report of a case.", "content": "A rare case of a large basal-cell carcinoma on the plantar arch of a sole and its ablation by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique are described.", "contents": "A gigantic basal-cell carcinoma on the plantar arch of a foot: report of a case. A rare case of a large basal-cell carcinoma on the plantar arch of a sole and its ablation by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique are described.", "PMID": 533779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5829", "title": "Debrisan as a postoperative dressing after dermabrasion.", "content": "Beads of the material that is commercially purveyed as Debrisan were used as a postoperative dressing after dermabrasion in 24 patients. Fifteen of seventeen patients so dressed on only half of the dermabraded area expressed preference for it. The beads absorbed drainage and were protective of the dermabraded half. Five of the seventeen patients developed milia one month after dermabrasion and three of the five had them only on the side treated with the beads of Debrisan.", "contents": "Debrisan as a postoperative dressing after dermabrasion. Beads of the material that is commercially purveyed as Debrisan were used as a postoperative dressing after dermabrasion in 24 patients. Fifteen of seventeen patients so dressed on only half of the dermabraded area expressed preference for it. The beads absorbed drainage and were protective of the dermabraded half. Five of the seventeen patients developed milia one month after dermabrasion and three of the five had them only on the side treated with the beads of Debrisan.", "PMID": 533780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5830", "title": "Techniques of biopsy of cutaneous neoplasms.", "content": "General principles of biopsy technique of cutaneous malignancies are given and specific techniques are described in detail for lesions of different types. Schematic drawings further elucidate subtleties not easily put into words.", "contents": "Techniques of biopsy of cutaneous neoplasms. General principles of biopsy technique of cutaneous malignancies are given and specific techniques are described in detail for lesions of different types. Schematic drawings further elucidate subtleties not easily put into words.", "PMID": 533781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5831", "title": "Systematic bacteriological monitoring of intensive care unit patients: the results of a twelve month study.", "content": "The results from the bacteriological monitoring of 464 ITU patients are presented. The specimens analysed include urine, sputa, tracheostomy swabs, central venous pressure line catheter tips, blood cultures, wound drainage fluid, cerebro-spinal fluid, pleural fluid and peritoneal dialysate samples. Guidelines which may be used to differentiate between colonisation and infection and factors, notably those related to antibiotic usage, which are associated with increased risk of infection are described. Certain bacterial and fungal infections which are more peculiar to the compromised host are also discussed.", "contents": "Systematic bacteriological monitoring of intensive care unit patients: the results of a twelve month study. The results from the bacteriological monitoring of 464 ITU patients are presented. The specimens analysed include urine, sputa, tracheostomy swabs, central venous pressure line catheter tips, blood cultures, wound drainage fluid, cerebro-spinal fluid, pleural fluid and peritoneal dialysate samples. Guidelines which may be used to differentiate between colonisation and infection and factors, notably those related to antibiotic usage, which are associated with increased risk of infection are described. Certain bacterial and fungal infections which are more peculiar to the compromised host are also discussed.", "PMID": 533782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5832", "title": "The effect of dopamine on hepatic-splanchnic blood flow after open heart surgery.", "content": "Dopamine (3,4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine) increases cardiac output and in particular the renal blood flow at the expense of other regional vascular beds not yet defined. Since the results of dopamine-induced changes in splanchnic perfusion are inconsistent, the effect of 6 mcg/kg/min dopamine was studied in 9 patients early after open heart surgery. Estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) was calculated from the concentration-time slopes of Indocyanine Green (ICG, Cardiogreen) in arterial and hepatic venous blood following single intravenous injection. Blood volume was measured using 51Cr tagged red cells. Cardiac output was determined according to the Fick method. 6 mcg/kg/min dopamine caused a mean EHBF-increase of 82%, from 492 +/- 64 to 824 +/- 80 ml/min/m2 (P less than 0.001). Related to the corresponding increase in cardiac index (CI) from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.8 +/- 0.3 1/min/m2 (P less than 0.001), the EHBF/CI-ratio changed from 18.5 to 21.7% (P less than 0.025). The arterial-hepatic venous oxygen difference was reduced from 7.40 +/- 0.53 to 4.91 +/- 0.60 Vol% (P less than 0.001). It was concluded that splanchnic perfusion does not contribute to the preferential increase of renal blood flow under dopamine under the above mentioned conditions. Dopamine had the most beneficial effect on EHBF in two cases where the latter was severely reduced.", "contents": "The effect of dopamine on hepatic-splanchnic blood flow after open heart surgery. Dopamine (3,4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine) increases cardiac output and in particular the renal blood flow at the expense of other regional vascular beds not yet defined. Since the results of dopamine-induced changes in splanchnic perfusion are inconsistent, the effect of 6 mcg/kg/min dopamine was studied in 9 patients early after open heart surgery. Estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) was calculated from the concentration-time slopes of Indocyanine Green (ICG, Cardiogreen) in arterial and hepatic venous blood following single intravenous injection. Blood volume was measured using 51Cr tagged red cells. Cardiac output was determined according to the Fick method. 6 mcg/kg/min dopamine caused a mean EHBF-increase of 82%, from 492 +/- 64 to 824 +/- 80 ml/min/m2 (P less than 0.001). Related to the corresponding increase in cardiac index (CI) from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.8 +/- 0.3 1/min/m2 (P less than 0.001), the EHBF/CI-ratio changed from 18.5 to 21.7% (P less than 0.025). The arterial-hepatic venous oxygen difference was reduced from 7.40 +/- 0.53 to 4.91 +/- 0.60 Vol% (P less than 0.001). It was concluded that splanchnic perfusion does not contribute to the preferential increase of renal blood flow under dopamine under the above mentioned conditions. Dopamine had the most beneficial effect on EHBF in two cases where the latter was severely reduced.", "PMID": 533783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5833", "title": "Complete cerebral recovery after prolonged circulatory arrest. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two adult patients with severe heart disease regained full consciousness a few hours after circulatory arrest at normal temperature which lasted up to eighteen minutes, though both eventually died. Whilst the reason for their unusual cerebral recovery cannot be clearly established, it may have been primarily due to the cause of the circulatory arrest, exsanguinating haemorrhage during cardiac surgery, together with subsequent circulatory support. Several other factors may also have contributed to this outcome, but a review of present evidence suggests they were of much less importance.", "contents": "Complete cerebral recovery after prolonged circulatory arrest. A report of two cases. Two adult patients with severe heart disease regained full consciousness a few hours after circulatory arrest at normal temperature which lasted up to eighteen minutes, though both eventually died. Whilst the reason for their unusual cerebral recovery cannot be clearly established, it may have been primarily due to the cause of the circulatory arrest, exsanguinating haemorrhage during cardiac surgery, together with subsequent circulatory support. Several other factors may also have contributed to this outcome, but a review of present evidence suggests they were of much less importance.", "PMID": 533784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5834", "title": "A newly designed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope for use in intensive care units.", "content": "A newly designed flexible fibroptic bronchoscope has been manufactured for use in intensive care units (ICU). It has an inside channel of large caliber, diameter 2.5 mm, through which pulmonary secretions can be aspirated directly via the suction tube. Furthermore, prompt bedside use is possible since handle type batteries can easily be attached to the bronchofibroscope. This new instrument is now employed in our ICU for: 1. The diagnosis and treatment of atelectasis. 2. Suction of retained secretions. 3. Detection of tracheal obstruction. 4. Evaluation of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes whilst in position. 5. Observation of tracheal and bronchial changes. 6. Help in endotracheal intubation. It was used most frequently for the diagnosis and treatment of atelectasis and suction of retained secretions.", "contents": "A newly designed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope for use in intensive care units. A newly designed flexible fibroptic bronchoscope has been manufactured for use in intensive care units (ICU). It has an inside channel of large caliber, diameter 2.5 mm, through which pulmonary secretions can be aspirated directly via the suction tube. Furthermore, prompt bedside use is possible since handle type batteries can easily be attached to the bronchofibroscope. This new instrument is now employed in our ICU for: 1. The diagnosis and treatment of atelectasis. 2. Suction of retained secretions. 3. Detection of tracheal obstruction. 4. Evaluation of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes whilst in position. 5. Observation of tracheal and bronchial changes. 6. Help in endotracheal intubation. It was used most frequently for the diagnosis and treatment of atelectasis and suction of retained secretions.", "PMID": 533785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5835", "title": "Sterol synthesis: studies of the metabolism of 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol.", "content": "[3 alpha-3H]14 alpha-Methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol has been prepared by chemical synthesis. The metabolism of this compound has been studied in the 10,000 g supernatant fraction of liver homogenates of female rats. Efficient conversion to cholesterol was observed. Other labeled compounds recovered after incubation of [3 alpha-3H]14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol with the enzyme preparations include the unreacted substrate, 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol, cholesta-5,7-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, and 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol. In addition, significant amounts of incubated radioactivity were recovered in steryl esters. The steroidal components of these esters were found to contain labeled 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, and cholesterol.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis: studies of the metabolism of 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol. [3 alpha-3H]14 alpha-Methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol has been prepared by chemical synthesis. The metabolism of this compound has been studied in the 10,000 g supernatant fraction of liver homogenates of female rats. Efficient conversion to cholesterol was observed. Other labeled compounds recovered after incubation of [3 alpha-3H]14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol with the enzyme preparations include the unreacted substrate, 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol, cholesta-5,7-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, and 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol. In addition, significant amounts of incubated radioactivity were recovered in steryl esters. The steroidal components of these esters were found to contain labeled 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, and cholesterol.", "PMID": 533823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5836", "title": "Quantitative analysis of monosialogangliosides by high-performance liquid chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives.", "content": "A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of monosialogangliosides as their perbenzoyl derivatives has been devised. Samples containing as little as 3 nmol were converted to their perbenzoyl derivatives by reaction with 0.1 ml of 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 1 hr. The products were purified by silicic acid chromatography and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis was performed with a 50 cm X 2.1 mm LiChrosphere SI 4000 column and a linear gradient of 7-23% dioxane in hexane in 18 min. Detection was at 230 nm. The detector response was found to be proportional to the amount of monosialoganglioside analyzed. As little as 50 pmol of injected material could be conveniently quantitated. The overall yield from derivatization and chromatography, as determined with radiolabeled GM1, was found to be 86%. To take advantage of the high sensitivity of the HPLC, a small-scale isolation method for gangliosides was devised. This method coupled with HPLC isotope dilution analysis was used to analyze the GM3 content of 1 ml of human plasma.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of monosialogangliosides by high-performance liquid chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives. A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of monosialogangliosides as their perbenzoyl derivatives has been devised. Samples containing as little as 3 nmol were converted to their perbenzoyl derivatives by reaction with 0.1 ml of 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 1 hr. The products were purified by silicic acid chromatography and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis was performed with a 50 cm X 2.1 mm LiChrosphere SI 4000 column and a linear gradient of 7-23% dioxane in hexane in 18 min. Detection was at 230 nm. The detector response was found to be proportional to the amount of monosialoganglioside analyzed. As little as 50 pmol of injected material could be conveniently quantitated. The overall yield from derivatization and chromatography, as determined with radiolabeled GM1, was found to be 86%. To take advantage of the high sensitivity of the HPLC, a small-scale isolation method for gangliosides was devised. This method coupled with HPLC isotope dilution analysis was used to analyze the GM3 content of 1 ml of human plasma.", "PMID": 533824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5837", "title": "A rapid radioassay procedure for plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "A rapid and accurate single step procedure is described for the assay of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. After incubation, using radiolabeled cholesterol as the substrate, an ethanolic solution of digitonin is added directly to the incubation mixture to extract the lipids. Excess cholesterol is then added, and the labeled cholesterol-digitonide along with denatured proteins are sedimented by low speed centrifugation, leaving the labeled esterified cholesterol in solution. An aliquot of the supernatant is counted in an aqueous scintillation mixture. The method correlates well with the established thin-layer chromatographic procedure using either lecithin-cholesterol vesicles or heat-inactivated plasma as the substrate for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.", "contents": "A rapid radioassay procedure for plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. A rapid and accurate single step procedure is described for the assay of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. After incubation, using radiolabeled cholesterol as the substrate, an ethanolic solution of digitonin is added directly to the incubation mixture to extract the lipids. Excess cholesterol is then added, and the labeled cholesterol-digitonide along with denatured proteins are sedimented by low speed centrifugation, leaving the labeled esterified cholesterol in solution. An aliquot of the supernatant is counted in an aqueous scintillation mixture. The method correlates well with the established thin-layer chromatographic procedure using either lecithin-cholesterol vesicles or heat-inactivated plasma as the substrate for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.", "PMID": 533825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5838", "title": "Regulation of biliary cholesterol output in the rat: dissociation from the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, and the hepatic uptake of chylomicron cholesterol.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine the importance of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, the amount of chylomicron cholesterol reaching the liver, and the rate of bile acid transport into bile as determinants of the rate of biliary cholesterol output. Female rats that had been subjected to diurnal light cycling, fasting for 48 hr, intravenous administration of chylomicrons, and diets containing either cholestyramine, cholesterol, or bile acid underwent total biliary diversion for 2 hr. The animals were then killed and the rates of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and levels of hepatic esterified cholesterol were measured along with biliary lipid concentrations. Despite a 1000-fold variation in the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis and a 100-fold variation in the levels of cholesteryl esters, the output and molar percentage of cholesterol in bile remained essentially constant with the exception of an approximate doubling in the output of cholesterol, as well as of bile acid and phospholipid in those animals fed bile acid. However, in this latter group the molar percentage of each component was unchanged. The administration of a bolus of chylomicrons did not alter output or molar percentage of cholesterol. Total biliary diversion for 36 hr and bile acid infusion were used to markedly vary the rate of biliary bile acid output. Cholesterol and phospholipid output remained tightly coupled to bile acid output over almost a 40-fold range. In other experiments it was shown that biliary cholesterol output could be driven by bile acid infusion to a similar extent in rats in which the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis had been varied over a 26-fold range. It was concluded that the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the level of hepatic cholesteryl esters, and the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the diet play no role in determining the rate of biliary cholesterol secretion, at least in this species.-Turley, S. D., and J. M. Dietschy. Regulation of biliary cholesterol output in the rat: dissociation from the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, and the hepatic uptake of chylomicron cholesterol.", "contents": "Regulation of biliary cholesterol output in the rat: dissociation from the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, and the hepatic uptake of chylomicron cholesterol. These studies were designed to determine the importance of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, the amount of chylomicron cholesterol reaching the liver, and the rate of bile acid transport into bile as determinants of the rate of biliary cholesterol output. Female rats that had been subjected to diurnal light cycling, fasting for 48 hr, intravenous administration of chylomicrons, and diets containing either cholestyramine, cholesterol, or bile acid underwent total biliary diversion for 2 hr. The animals were then killed and the rates of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and levels of hepatic esterified cholesterol were measured along with biliary lipid concentrations. Despite a 1000-fold variation in the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis and a 100-fold variation in the levels of cholesteryl esters, the output and molar percentage of cholesterol in bile remained essentially constant with the exception of an approximate doubling in the output of cholesterol, as well as of bile acid and phospholipid in those animals fed bile acid. However, in this latter group the molar percentage of each component was unchanged. The administration of a bolus of chylomicrons did not alter output or molar percentage of cholesterol. Total biliary diversion for 36 hr and bile acid infusion were used to markedly vary the rate of biliary bile acid output. Cholesterol and phospholipid output remained tightly coupled to bile acid output over almost a 40-fold range. In other experiments it was shown that biliary cholesterol output could be driven by bile acid infusion to a similar extent in rats in which the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis had been varied over a 26-fold range. It was concluded that the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the level of hepatic cholesteryl esters, and the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the diet play no role in determining the rate of biliary cholesterol secretion, at least in this species.-Turley, S. D., and J. M. Dietschy. Regulation of biliary cholesterol output in the rat: dissociation from the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the size of the hepatic cholesteryl ester pool, and the hepatic uptake of chylomicron cholesterol.", "PMID": 533827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5839", "title": "Configuration at C-25 in 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by X-ray crystallography.", "content": "The two diastereoisomers at carbon-25 of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, a key intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of cholic acid, were obtained in pure form by a combination of fractional crystallization and thin-layer chromatography. The configuration at C-25 of these two isomers was established by X-ray crystallography as 25S for one diastereoisomer (mp 199-201 degrees C) and 25R for the other (mp 180-182 degrees C). These findings permit us to determine, unequivocally, the configuration of this naturally occurring C27-bile acid in man and other animals and to establish the stereospecificity of the microsomal and mitochondrial omega-hydroxylation pathway for the side-chain oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids.", "contents": "Configuration at C-25 in 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by X-ray crystallography. The two diastereoisomers at carbon-25 of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, a key intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of cholic acid, were obtained in pure form by a combination of fractional crystallization and thin-layer chromatography. The configuration at C-25 of these two isomers was established by X-ray crystallography as 25S for one diastereoisomer (mp 199-201 degrees C) and 25R for the other (mp 180-182 degrees C). These findings permit us to determine, unequivocally, the configuration of this naturally occurring C27-bile acid in man and other animals and to establish the stereospecificity of the microsomal and mitochondrial omega-hydroxylation pathway for the side-chain oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids.", "PMID": 533828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5840", "title": "Origin of cholesterol transported in intestinal lymph: studies in patients with filarial chyluria.", "content": "In subjects fed a cholesterol-free diet there are three possible sources of intestinal lymph cholesterol: a) mucosal synthesis; b) absorption of endogenous (biliary) cholesterol; and c) transudation of plasma lipoproteins into the lacteals of the intestinal wall. To test these possibilities, the extent of transudation was measured by means of [3H]beta-sitosterol administered intravenously as a marker. Absorption of biliary cholesterol was reduced by oral administration of beta-sitosterol (9 g/day), and mucosal synthesis of cholesterol was evaluated by comparisons of plasma/lymph [14C]cholesterol specific activity ratios after intravenous administration of a single dose of labeled cholesterol. Studies were carried out on six patients with filarial chyluria. In five patients fed a cholesterol-free diet the results indicated that lymph cholesterol was largely derived by transudation of plasma lipoproteins into the lacteals from the intestinal blood supply, without contribution from de novo mucosal synthesis or from absorption of endogenous cholesterol. The intestinal lymph of one patient fed cholesterol (2 g/day) contained cholesterol originating mostly from plasma transudation and from dietary absorption, with little contribution from absorbed endogenous cholesterol. In all experiments the larger part of the cholesterol transported away from the intestine in the lymph was carried in chylomicrons, even though it had its origin in plasma lipoproteins.", "contents": "Origin of cholesterol transported in intestinal lymph: studies in patients with filarial chyluria. In subjects fed a cholesterol-free diet there are three possible sources of intestinal lymph cholesterol: a) mucosal synthesis; b) absorption of endogenous (biliary) cholesterol; and c) transudation of plasma lipoproteins into the lacteals of the intestinal wall. To test these possibilities, the extent of transudation was measured by means of [3H]beta-sitosterol administered intravenously as a marker. Absorption of biliary cholesterol was reduced by oral administration of beta-sitosterol (9 g/day), and mucosal synthesis of cholesterol was evaluated by comparisons of plasma/lymph [14C]cholesterol specific activity ratios after intravenous administration of a single dose of labeled cholesterol. Studies were carried out on six patients with filarial chyluria. In five patients fed a cholesterol-free diet the results indicated that lymph cholesterol was largely derived by transudation of plasma lipoproteins into the lacteals from the intestinal blood supply, without contribution from de novo mucosal synthesis or from absorption of endogenous cholesterol. The intestinal lymph of one patient fed cholesterol (2 g/day) contained cholesterol originating mostly from plasma transudation and from dietary absorption, with little contribution from absorbed endogenous cholesterol. In all experiments the larger part of the cholesterol transported away from the intestine in the lymph was carried in chylomicrons, even though it had its origin in plasma lipoproteins.", "PMID": 533829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5841", "title": "Enzymatic sulfation of glycochenodeoxycholic acid by tissue fractions from adult hamsters.", "content": "Using a radiometric assay with glycochenodeoxycholic acid as substrate, bile acid:3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity was found in 105,000 g supernatant fractions of liver, proximal intestine, and adrenal gland homogenates from adult hamsters. Optimum conditions for measurement of the hepatic enzyme were determined. In both male and female animals sulfation only occurred at the 7 alpha-position. Saturation analysis with glycohenodeoxycholic acid revealed that the higher activity observed in fractions from female compared to male hamsters was due to a 4-fold lower apparent Km (79 muM vs. 317 muM) for this bile acid in the females. The sulfation of glycohenodeoxycholic acid was competitively inhibited by glycolithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. The data are consistent with the concept that sulfation of many, if not all, bile acids can occur in vivo.", "contents": "Enzymatic sulfation of glycochenodeoxycholic acid by tissue fractions from adult hamsters. Using a radiometric assay with glycochenodeoxycholic acid as substrate, bile acid:3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity was found in 105,000 g supernatant fractions of liver, proximal intestine, and adrenal gland homogenates from adult hamsters. Optimum conditions for measurement of the hepatic enzyme were determined. In both male and female animals sulfation only occurred at the 7 alpha-position. Saturation analysis with glycohenodeoxycholic acid revealed that the higher activity observed in fractions from female compared to male hamsters was due to a 4-fold lower apparent Km (79 muM vs. 317 muM) for this bile acid in the females. The sulfation of glycohenodeoxycholic acid was competitively inhibited by glycolithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. The data are consistent with the concept that sulfation of many, if not all, bile acids can occur in vivo.", "PMID": 533830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5842", "title": "Metabolism of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in macrophages.", "content": "To further elucidate the role of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in lysosomes, its metabolism was assessed by incubation of intact and disrupted macrophages in the presence of labeled lipid precursors. In rabbit pulmonary macrophages bis(monoacylglycero)P accounted for 17.9% and acylphosphatidylglycerol for 2.6% of phospholipid phosphorus. Major fatty acids in bis(monoacylglycero)P were oleic (47%), linoleic (29%), and arachidonic (6.4%); those in acylphosphatidylglycerol were of similar distribution except for a high content of palmitic acid (20%). When homogenates of rabbit pulmonary and peritoneal macrophages, rat pulmonary macrophages, and human blood leukocytes were incubated with sn[(14)C]glycerol-3-phosphate and CDP-diacylglycerol at pH 7.4, there was labeling of bis(monoacylglycero)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol that correlated with content of bis(monoacylglycero)P. When intact rabbit pulmonary macrophages were incubated for 60 min with [(3)H]glucose and [(32)P]orthophosphate, small amounts of label appeared in bis(monoacylglycero)P and only traces in acylphosphatidylglycerol. In contrast, incubation of intact cells with the (14)C-labeled fatty acid precursors palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids resulted in much greater labeling of the two lipids. Labeling of phospholipids was greatest with arachidonate as precursor and least with palmitate; after 60 min, labeling of bis(monoacylglycero)P with arachidonate was 10- and 50-fold greater than with oleate and palmitate, respectively, and was exceeded only by that of phosphatidylcholine. Calculated ratios of labeling of fatty acid to P, particularly those for arachidonate, were much greater for bis(monoacylglycero)P and for acylphosphatidylglycerol than for other phospholipids. This suggests a uniquely high turnover of fatty acids in bis(monoacylglycero)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol and thus a more specific role for these compounds in metabolism of complex lipids in the lysosome.-Huterer, S., and J. Wherrett. Metabolism of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in macrophages.", "contents": "Metabolism of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in macrophages. To further elucidate the role of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in lysosomes, its metabolism was assessed by incubation of intact and disrupted macrophages in the presence of labeled lipid precursors. In rabbit pulmonary macrophages bis(monoacylglycero)P accounted for 17.9% and acylphosphatidylglycerol for 2.6% of phospholipid phosphorus. Major fatty acids in bis(monoacylglycero)P were oleic (47%), linoleic (29%), and arachidonic (6.4%); those in acylphosphatidylglycerol were of similar distribution except for a high content of palmitic acid (20%). When homogenates of rabbit pulmonary and peritoneal macrophages, rat pulmonary macrophages, and human blood leukocytes were incubated with sn[(14)C]glycerol-3-phosphate and CDP-diacylglycerol at pH 7.4, there was labeling of bis(monoacylglycero)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol that correlated with content of bis(monoacylglycero)P. When intact rabbit pulmonary macrophages were incubated for 60 min with [(3)H]glucose and [(32)P]orthophosphate, small amounts of label appeared in bis(monoacylglycero)P and only traces in acylphosphatidylglycerol. In contrast, incubation of intact cells with the (14)C-labeled fatty acid precursors palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids resulted in much greater labeling of the two lipids. Labeling of phospholipids was greatest with arachidonate as precursor and least with palmitate; after 60 min, labeling of bis(monoacylglycero)P with arachidonate was 10- and 50-fold greater than with oleate and palmitate, respectively, and was exceeded only by that of phosphatidylcholine. Calculated ratios of labeling of fatty acid to P, particularly those for arachidonate, were much greater for bis(monoacylglycero)P and for acylphosphatidylglycerol than for other phospholipids. This suggests a uniquely high turnover of fatty acids in bis(monoacylglycero)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol and thus a more specific role for these compounds in metabolism of complex lipids in the lysosome.-Huterer, S., and J. Wherrett. Metabolism of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in macrophages.", "PMID": 533831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5843", "title": "Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells by 14 alpha-alkyl-substituted 15-oxygenated sterols.", "content": "Reported herein are the results of investigations of the effects of a number of 14 alpha-alkyl-substituted 15-oxygenated sterols, prepared by chemical synthesis, on sterol biosynthesis and the levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in L cells and in primary cultures of fetal mouse liver cells grown in serum-free media. Several of the compounds, most notably 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol and 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, were found to be extraordinarily potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis in these cells. For example, the latter compound caused a 50% inhibition of the incorporation of labeled acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols in L cells in culture at a concentration of 6 X 10(-9) M.", "contents": "Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells by 14 alpha-alkyl-substituted 15-oxygenated sterols. Reported herein are the results of investigations of the effects of a number of 14 alpha-alkyl-substituted 15-oxygenated sterols, prepared by chemical synthesis, on sterol biosynthesis and the levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in L cells and in primary cultures of fetal mouse liver cells grown in serum-free media. Several of the compounds, most notably 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol and 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, were found to be extraordinarily potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis in these cells. For example, the latter compound caused a 50% inhibition of the incorporation of labeled acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols in L cells in culture at a concentration of 6 X 10(-9) M.", "PMID": 533832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5844", "title": "Effect of word meaningfulness on primary and secondary memory.", "content": "An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mode of presentation (auditory or visual) and work meaningfulness on primary and secondary components of free recall (N = 80 female undergraduates). The results indicated that (a) word meaningfulness affected both primary and secondary memory, (b) visual presentation was superior to auditory presentation in secondary memory but auditory presentation was superior to visual presentation in primary memory (the modality effect), and (c) the modality effect was independent of word meaningfulness. It is suggested that there are modality-specific stores in primary memory, and that these stores can employ different forms of coding.", "contents": "Effect of word meaningfulness on primary and secondary memory. An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mode of presentation (auditory or visual) and work meaningfulness on primary and secondary components of free recall (N = 80 female undergraduates). The results indicated that (a) word meaningfulness affected both primary and secondary memory, (b) visual presentation was superior to auditory presentation in secondary memory but auditory presentation was superior to visual presentation in primary memory (the modality effect), and (c) the modality effect was independent of word meaningfulness. It is suggested that there are modality-specific stores in primary memory, and that these stores can employ different forms of coding.", "PMID": 533843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5845", "title": "The influence of the labeling of pictures of \"borderline meaningfulness\" on recall and recognition.", "content": "An attempt was made to enhance (by means of instruction) the verbal labeling and recall of schematic pictures which uninformed Ss tended to perceive as senseless. Sixty-nine male and female  undergraduate students in psychology, about 19 years of age, took part in the experiment. Ss were confronted with 16 schematic pictures half of which referred to a predefined semantical category. In Condition I Ss were informed in advance that some of the pictures belonged to the predefined category. In Condition II the pictures were presented as senseless. In Condition III information about the belonging of some of the items to one semantical category was postponed until just prior to free recall. The results indicated that verbal labeling of the pictures involved was stimulated by appropriate instruction, enhancing later free recall. However, the critical information had to be given prior to actual learning. In a subsequent test for recognition no differences were observed between the conditions.", "contents": "The influence of the labeling of pictures of \"borderline meaningfulness\" on recall and recognition. An attempt was made to enhance (by means of instruction) the verbal labeling and recall of schematic pictures which uninformed Ss tended to perceive as senseless. Sixty-nine male and female  undergraduate students in psychology, about 19 years of age, took part in the experiment. Ss were confronted with 16 schematic pictures half of which referred to a predefined semantical category. In Condition I Ss were informed in advance that some of the pictures belonged to the predefined category. In Condition II the pictures were presented as senseless. In Condition III information about the belonging of some of the items to one semantical category was postponed until just prior to free recall. The results indicated that verbal labeling of the pictures involved was stimulated by appropriate instruction, enhancing later free recall. However, the critical information had to be given prior to actual learning. In a subsequent test for recognition no differences were observed between the conditions.", "PMID": 533844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5846", "title": "An auditory von Restorff effect.", "content": "In this experiment 60 undergraduates were given a serial learning task to assess the possibility of an auditory von Restorff effect. Fifteen males and 15 females learned a list of nine words presented aurally (recorded) with the same male voice (control groups). Fifteen males and 15 females (experimental groups) learned the same list as the control groups except that the sixth word was spoken by a female voice: i.e., it was isolated. The results of this study parallel the results of studies using visual stimuli. The von Restorff effect was demonstrated with auditory stimuli in that one of the experimental groups (female) learned the list with significantly fewer errors than the comparable control group. No difference was found between the male groups.", "contents": "An auditory von Restorff effect. In this experiment 60 undergraduates were given a serial learning task to assess the possibility of an auditory von Restorff effect. Fifteen males and 15 females learned a list of nine words presented aurally (recorded) with the same male voice (control groups). Fifteen males and 15 females (experimental groups) learned the same list as the control groups except that the sixth word was spoken by a female voice: i.e., it was isolated. The results of this study parallel the results of studies using visual stimuli. The von Restorff effect was demonstrated with auditory stimuli in that one of the experimental groups (female) learned the list with significantly fewer errors than the comparable control group. No difference was found between the male groups.", "PMID": 533845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5847", "title": "Verbal vs. nonverbal and complex vs. simple responses in the paired-associate learning of poor readers.", "content": "The relative ability of 38 fourth-grade boys, good and poor readers, to learn paired-associate lists requiring either verbal or nonverbal responses was assessed with four different tasks. Two of the tasks required either simple or complex verbal responses, while the other two involved learning simple and complex oral, nonverbal responses. The stimuli for all tasks were letter-like visual figures drawn on cards. The good readers learned more efficiently overall, but the major differences between reading groups occurred on the tasks requiring verbal responses.", "contents": "Verbal vs. nonverbal and complex vs. simple responses in the paired-associate learning of poor readers. The relative ability of 38 fourth-grade boys, good and poor readers, to learn paired-associate lists requiring either verbal or nonverbal responses was assessed with four different tasks. Two of the tasks required either simple or complex verbal responses, while the other two involved learning simple and complex oral, nonverbal responses. The stimuli for all tasks were letter-like visual figures drawn on cards. The good readers learned more efficiently overall, but the major differences between reading groups occurred on the tasks requiring verbal responses.", "PMID": 533846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5848", "title": "The role of sensory attributes as retrieval cues or as interference in retrieval of information from episodic memory.", "content": "The sensoty attributes of to-be-remembered (TBR) events and of distractor stimuli were systematically manipulated (both within and between modalities) in two Brown-Peterson tasks [experiments 1 (N = 40 male and female university students or faculty) and 2 (N - 22 male and female undergraduates)] and in a delayed recognition task (Experiment 1). Performance on these recall and recognition tasks (in which the semantic attributes of the TBR events were relatively controlled) was consistent with episodic theory. Memory of an event was reasonably completely described in terms of (a) the degree of overlap between the perceptible properties of the retrieval environment and of the memory trace of the event and (b) the perceptible similarities between the memory trace of the event and the traces of information encoded temporally adjacent to it. These sensory encoding specificity effects (as well as other research reviewed) were interpreted as demonstrations that a semantic interpretation of the encoding specificity principle cannot account for all encoding specificity phenomena.", "contents": "The role of sensory attributes as retrieval cues or as interference in retrieval of information from episodic memory. The sensoty attributes of to-be-remembered (TBR) events and of distractor stimuli were systematically manipulated (both within and between modalities) in two Brown-Peterson tasks [experiments 1 (N = 40 male and female university students or faculty) and 2 (N - 22 male and female undergraduates)] and in a delayed recognition task (Experiment 1). Performance on these recall and recognition tasks (in which the semantic attributes of the TBR events were relatively controlled) was consistent with episodic theory. Memory of an event was reasonably completely described in terms of (a) the degree of overlap between the perceptible properties of the retrieval environment and of the memory trace of the event and (b) the perceptible similarities between the memory trace of the event and the traces of information encoded temporally adjacent to it. These sensory encoding specificity effects (as well as other research reviewed) were interpreted as demonstrations that a semantic interpretation of the encoding specificity principle cannot account for all encoding specificity phenomena.", "PMID": 533847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5849", "title": "Signal detection analysis of conditioning data.", "content": "Signal detection analysis of learning and conditioning data provides for a greater distinction to be made between learning and performance through the use of the two signal detection parameters, d' and B. The use of the two parameters permits alternative interpretation of several types of data sets discussed. This analytic technique may be used with either discrete trial or free-response data. The present article reveiws applications of signal detection parameters in the literature, and provides for their extension to other uses.", "contents": "Signal detection analysis of conditioning data. Signal detection analysis of learning and conditioning data provides for a greater distinction to be made between learning and performance through the use of the two signal detection parameters, d' and B. The use of the two parameters permits alternative interpretation of several types of data sets discussed. This analytic technique may be used with either discrete trial or free-response data. The present article reveiws applications of signal detection parameters in the literature, and provides for their extension to other uses.", "PMID": 533848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5850", "title": "Measurements of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the stretch reflex of normal subjects and spastic patients.", "content": "The patellar tendon was tapped by random impulses of triangular waveform and motor unit spikes were recorded from the quadriceps femoris muscle. The cross-correlogram of the taps and the motor unit spikes revealed a primary correlation kernel, the width of which was interpreted as an indicator of the mean time-to-peak of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited monosynaptically in an alpha-motoneurone by the triangular taps. The mean time-to-peak was 7.6 +/- 1.3 ms in normal subjects and 9.0 +/- 1.8 ms in spastic patients (P less than 0.005). The prolonged time-to-peak of EPSP in spastic patients is consistent with the hypothesis that as a result of degeneration of the corticomotoneuronal tract the Ia axons sprout and form more synaptic contacts on distal portions of the dendrites of alpha-motoneurones.", "contents": "Measurements of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the stretch reflex of normal subjects and spastic patients. The patellar tendon was tapped by random impulses of triangular waveform and motor unit spikes were recorded from the quadriceps femoris muscle. The cross-correlogram of the taps and the motor unit spikes revealed a primary correlation kernel, the width of which was interpreted as an indicator of the mean time-to-peak of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited monosynaptically in an alpha-motoneurone by the triangular taps. The mean time-to-peak was 7.6 +/- 1.3 ms in normal subjects and 9.0 +/- 1.8 ms in spastic patients (P less than 0.005). The prolonged time-to-peak of EPSP in spastic patients is consistent with the hypothesis that as a result of degeneration of the corticomotoneuronal tract the Ia axons sprout and form more synaptic contacts on distal portions of the dendrites of alpha-motoneurones.", "PMID": 533849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5851", "title": "Phonological alexia: three dissociations.", "content": "Three dissociations were observed in a case of alexia: a disturbance of reading, without comparable disturbance of oral expression, oral comprehension, writing, or spelling aloud; a disturbance of the phonological reading process, without disturbance of the non-phonological reading process; a disturbance located at the level of the phonological stage, without disturbance of the perceptual and expressive stages. This pattern of results has been called phonological alexia.", "contents": "Phonological alexia: three dissociations. Three dissociations were observed in a case of alexia: a disturbance of reading, without comparable disturbance of oral expression, oral comprehension, writing, or spelling aloud; a disturbance of the phonological reading process, without disturbance of the non-phonological reading process; a disturbance located at the level of the phonological stage, without disturbance of the perceptual and expressive stages. This pattern of results has been called phonological alexia.", "PMID": 533850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5852", "title": "Phonological processing in reading: data from alexia.", "content": "The reading of four subjects suffering from a phonological reading impairment as a result of a cerebral lesion was tested. A double dissociation observed in their results is strong evidence for the existence of two functionally independent kinds of phonological processing in reading--a graphemic and a phonetic one.", "contents": "Phonological processing in reading: data from alexia. The reading of four subjects suffering from a phonological reading impairment as a result of a cerebral lesion was tested. A double dissociation observed in their results is strong evidence for the existence of two functionally independent kinds of phonological processing in reading--a graphemic and a phonetic one.", "PMID": 533851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5853", "title": "Semiquantitative evaluation of ophthalmic collateral flow in carotid artery occlusion: ultrasonic doppler study.", "content": "The reliability of quantitative evaluation by doppler ultrasound with regard to the ophthalmic collateral blood flow in patients with carotid artery occlusion was estimated. The ultrasonic doppler flow signals of the ophthalmic collateral flow of 54 carotid occlusions were classified into four types and three degrees--high, moderate, and low reversed flow patterns--and were compared with the angiographic findings of the collateral flow classified into three grades--good, poor, and none. With the exception of three cases, the ultrasonic doppler flow patterns of the collateral flow correlated well with the angiographic findings in 54 occluded carotid arteries.", "contents": "Semiquantitative evaluation of ophthalmic collateral flow in carotid artery occlusion: ultrasonic doppler study. The reliability of quantitative evaluation by doppler ultrasound with regard to the ophthalmic collateral blood flow in patients with carotid artery occlusion was estimated. The ultrasonic doppler flow signals of the ophthalmic collateral flow of 54 carotid occlusions were classified into four types and three degrees--high, moderate, and low reversed flow patterns--and were compared with the angiographic findings of the collateral flow classified into three grades--good, poor, and none. With the exception of three cases, the ultrasonic doppler flow patterns of the collateral flow correlated well with the angiographic findings in 54 occluded carotid arteries.", "PMID": 533852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5854", "title": "Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment on brain metabolism after bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The effects of antihypertensive treatment on brain metabolism after bilateral carotid occlusion were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results indicate that an increase in metabolites of ischaemic brain such as lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio after carotid occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats is apparently suppressed by treating hypertension. This suggests that hypertension may play an important role in susceptibility to cerebral ischaemia.", "contents": "Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment on brain metabolism after bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effects of antihypertensive treatment on brain metabolism after bilateral carotid occlusion were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results indicate that an increase in metabolites of ischaemic brain such as lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio after carotid occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats is apparently suppressed by treating hypertension. This suggests that hypertension may play an important role in susceptibility to cerebral ischaemia.", "PMID": 533853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5855", "title": "Single fibre electromyographic jitter in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Recent histological and electrophysiological reports have given evidence for peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement in multiple sclerosis. We have applied the single fibre electromyography (SFEMG) technique to 15 patients with multiple sclerosis. Six patients had clearly abnormal jitter and two of these had previously undiagnosed coexistent peripheral neuropathy. A further five patients had borderline abnormalities of SFEMG. The mean jitter for each patient was abnormal in 10 patients. This was clear evidence for PNS involvement in this disease. Theoretically, the site of the abnormality could be in the terminal nerve network or at the neuromuscular junction, but this technique cannot distinguish between these sites.", "contents": "Single fibre electromyographic jitter in multiple sclerosis. Recent histological and electrophysiological reports have given evidence for peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement in multiple sclerosis. We have applied the single fibre electromyography (SFEMG) technique to 15 patients with multiple sclerosis. Six patients had clearly abnormal jitter and two of these had previously undiagnosed coexistent peripheral neuropathy. A further five patients had borderline abnormalities of SFEMG. The mean jitter for each patient was abnormal in 10 patients. This was clear evidence for PNS involvement in this disease. Theoretically, the site of the abnormality could be in the terminal nerve network or at the neuromuscular junction, but this technique cannot distinguish between these sites.", "PMID": 533854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5856", "title": "Brachial plexus and radicular neurography in relation to cortical evoked responses.", "content": "An application of somatosensory potential recording suitable for clinical neurodiagnostics is described. Evoked responses were recorded with surface electrodes at four levels between wrist and scalp: Erb's point, seventh cervical spine, inion, and the somatosensory area of the scalp. The normal latency and latency difference values based on 16 healthy subjects are presented as well as those of four examples of pathological cases with lesions at various levels in the nervous system. The method presented offers novel possibilities for solving problems of differential diagnosis, especially at the level of the brachial plexus.", "contents": "Brachial plexus and radicular neurography in relation to cortical evoked responses. An application of somatosensory potential recording suitable for clinical neurodiagnostics is described. Evoked responses were recorded with surface electrodes at four levels between wrist and scalp: Erb's point, seventh cervical spine, inion, and the somatosensory area of the scalp. The normal latency and latency difference values based on 16 healthy subjects are presented as well as those of four examples of pathological cases with lesions at various levels in the nervous system. The method presented offers novel possibilities for solving problems of differential diagnosis, especially at the level of the brachial plexus.", "PMID": 533855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5857", "title": "Interobserver agreement in assessment of ocular signs in coma.", "content": "There is interobserver agreement in the assessment of various ocular signs found in coma patients. As measure for observer agreement the parameter kappa (K) was determined for (in-)equality of pupils, reaction of pupils, spontaneous eye movements, and oculocephalic responses. The agreement in the assessment of the pupils to light and in the assessment of (in-)equality of pupils appeared to be satisfactory, but more disagreement occurred in assessing spontaneous eye movements and oculocephalic responses.", "contents": "Interobserver agreement in assessment of ocular signs in coma. There is interobserver agreement in the assessment of various ocular signs found in coma patients. As measure for observer agreement the parameter kappa (K) was determined for (in-)equality of pupils, reaction of pupils, spontaneous eye movements, and oculocephalic responses. The agreement in the assessment of the pupils to light and in the assessment of (in-)equality of pupils appeared to be satisfactory, but more disagreement occurred in assessing spontaneous eye movements and oculocephalic responses.", "PMID": 533856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5858", "title": "Axonal underdevelopment from axotomy in kittens.", "content": "Permanent axotomy, by hind limb amputation in kittens, is found by morphometric evaluation at 9 months after amputation to result in failure of ventral and dorsal root myelinated fibers (MFs) to attain adult calibers. The positions of the median diameter and of diameter peaks were unequivocally displaced to smaller diameters, but more so for dorsal than for ventral roots. When fiber spectra of amputated roots were compared with those of kittens at the time of amputation, the median diameter, the position of peaks of diameter histograms, and the diameters of largest MFs were clearly at larger diameters, an indication that axonal development had continued (especially for motor fibers) for some time after amputation. These studies have shown that whereas in adult cats, permanent axotomy results in axonal atrophy, in kittens axonal development continues, but stops short of reaching adult values. As axonal caliber presumably ultimately relates to perikaryal synthesis of protein, one must infer either that the signal to decrease protein synthesis is slow in arriving at the perikarya or that the decreased axonal flow of materials resulting from such a signal is slow and thus allows continued axonal growth for a period after amputation.", "contents": "Axonal underdevelopment from axotomy in kittens. Permanent axotomy, by hind limb amputation in kittens, is found by morphometric evaluation at 9 months after amputation to result in failure of ventral and dorsal root myelinated fibers (MFs) to attain adult calibers. The positions of the median diameter and of diameter peaks were unequivocally displaced to smaller diameters, but more so for dorsal than for ventral roots. When fiber spectra of amputated roots were compared with those of kittens at the time of amputation, the median diameter, the position of peaks of diameter histograms, and the diameters of largest MFs were clearly at larger diameters, an indication that axonal development had continued (especially for motor fibers) for some time after amputation. These studies have shown that whereas in adult cats, permanent axotomy results in axonal atrophy, in kittens axonal development continues, but stops short of reaching adult values. As axonal caliber presumably ultimately relates to perikaryal synthesis of protein, one must infer either that the signal to decrease protein synthesis is slow in arriving at the perikarya or that the decreased axonal flow of materials resulting from such a signal is slow and thus allows continued axonal growth for a period after amputation.", "PMID": 533857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5859", "title": "Axonal atrophy from permanent peripheral axotomy in adult cat.", "content": "The peripheral axons of lower motor and spinal ganglion neurons were permanently transected and not allowed to regrow to target tissue in adult cats by amputation of the hind limb at the hip. The number and sizes of L-7 lower motor neurons at two levels (cell bodies of lateral group motor neurons and myelinated fibers [MFs] of ventral root) and of L-7 spinal ganglion neurons at two levels (cell bodies of L-7 spinal ganglion and MFs of dorsal root) were morphometrically evaluated in groups of cats at 3 months, 9 months, and 18 months after amputation and compared with the number and sizes of neurons in controls or with those on the opposite side. The number of neurons decreased only minimally after amputation. The diameter of neuron cell bodies was only equivocally reduced. By contrast, the median diameter and the peak diameter of both large and small MFs of dorsal and ventral nerve roots were significantly (approximately 30%) less than those of controls. This reduction in diameter of MFs is judged to be related to chronic axonal atrophy rather than to selective loss of large fibers. Permanent transection of distal axons should therefore prove to be a good model of chronic axonal atrophy.", "contents": "Axonal atrophy from permanent peripheral axotomy in adult cat. The peripheral axons of lower motor and spinal ganglion neurons were permanently transected and not allowed to regrow to target tissue in adult cats by amputation of the hind limb at the hip. The number and sizes of L-7 lower motor neurons at two levels (cell bodies of lateral group motor neurons and myelinated fibers [MFs] of ventral root) and of L-7 spinal ganglion neurons at two levels (cell bodies of L-7 spinal ganglion and MFs of dorsal root) were morphometrically evaluated in groups of cats at 3 months, 9 months, and 18 months after amputation and compared with the number and sizes of neurons in controls or with those on the opposite side. The number of neurons decreased only minimally after amputation. The diameter of neuron cell bodies was only equivocally reduced. By contrast, the median diameter and the peak diameter of both large and small MFs of dorsal and ventral nerve roots were significantly (approximately 30%) less than those of controls. This reduction in diameter of MFs is judged to be related to chronic axonal atrophy rather than to selective loss of large fibers. Permanent transection of distal axons should therefore prove to be a good model of chronic axonal atrophy.", "PMID": 533858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5860", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations in a case of dominantly inherited hypertrophic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) neuropathy.", "content": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies were carried out on the sural nerve of a 6 1/2 year old girl with dominantly inherited hypertrophic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) neuropathy. Electron microscopy revealed a paucity of myelinated fibers, with inappropriately thin myelin sheaths and onion-bulb formations associated with those fibers that were myelinated. In some cases the nodal axolemma was folded so as to form irregular excrescences. At other nodes, the non-myelinated gap was enlarged. Following staining with ferric ion and ferrocyanide, dense precipitates were observed on the cytoplasmic surface of the axolemma at some nodes of Ranvier, as in normal peripheral axons. At other nodes, staining was attenuated or absent. The latter result is similar to our findings in the dy/dy dystrophic mouse. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy, there are abnormalities of structure of the axolemma, in addition to an abnormality of the myelin sheath.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations in a case of dominantly inherited hypertrophic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) neuropathy. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies were carried out on the sural nerve of a 6 1/2 year old girl with dominantly inherited hypertrophic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) neuropathy. Electron microscopy revealed a paucity of myelinated fibers, with inappropriately thin myelin sheaths and onion-bulb formations associated with those fibers that were myelinated. In some cases the nodal axolemma was folded so as to form irregular excrescences. At other nodes, the non-myelinated gap was enlarged. Following staining with ferric ion and ferrocyanide, dense precipitates were observed on the cytoplasmic surface of the axolemma at some nodes of Ranvier, as in normal peripheral axons. At other nodes, staining was attenuated or absent. The latter result is similar to our findings in the dy/dy dystrophic mouse. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy, there are abnormalities of structure of the axolemma, in addition to an abnormality of the myelin sheath.", "PMID": 533859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5861", "title": "Involvement of transverse tubules in induced myotonia.", "content": "A single oral dose of clofibrate (30 mg/100 gm body weight) given to 250-300 gm male rats produced myotonic discharges from both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles 2 hours after feeding. Rats fed the same dosage for 14 consecutive days exhibited electromyographic discharges consistent with profound myotonia. Fibers removed from the superficial region of the gastrocnemius muscle served as the source of fast twitch fibers for histological studies. Slow twitch fibers were observed in the soleus muscle. After a single clofibrate feeding localized T-tubule dilation was observed in a small percentage of myofibers in both muscles. In rats fed clofibrate for 14 days, approximately 30% of the fibers of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles had dilated T-tubules. The motochondria of the soleus muscles of these rats were characterized by dilated intercristal matrixes containing electron densities. No mitochondrial changes were observed in the fibers of the gastrocnemius muscles taken from the same rats.", "contents": "Involvement of transverse tubules in induced myotonia. A single oral dose of clofibrate (30 mg/100 gm body weight) given to 250-300 gm male rats produced myotonic discharges from both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles 2 hours after feeding. Rats fed the same dosage for 14 consecutive days exhibited electromyographic discharges consistent with profound myotonia. Fibers removed from the superficial region of the gastrocnemius muscle served as the source of fast twitch fibers for histological studies. Slow twitch fibers were observed in the soleus muscle. After a single clofibrate feeding localized T-tubule dilation was observed in a small percentage of myofibers in both muscles. In rats fed clofibrate for 14 days, approximately 30% of the fibers of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles had dilated T-tubules. The motochondria of the soleus muscles of these rats were characterized by dilated intercristal matrixes containing electron densities. No mitochondrial changes were observed in the fibers of the gastrocnemius muscles taken from the same rats.", "PMID": 533860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5862", "title": "Ataxia-telangiectasia with a 32 year survival. A clinicopathological report.", "content": "The clinicalpathological findings in a 32-year old woman with ataxia-telangiectasia are presented. This is the oldest patient with this disease to be studied thoroughly clinically and at autopsy. Multiple small gliovascular malformations in the brain and spinal cord and telangiectasis of the liver were found. Other advanced lesions of ataxia-telangiectasia are illustrated. The vascular malformations of the central nervous system and liver are unique. The patient died of a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder and had five other malignant and benign neoplasms.", "contents": "Ataxia-telangiectasia with a 32 year survival. A clinicopathological report. The clinicalpathological findings in a 32-year old woman with ataxia-telangiectasia are presented. This is the oldest patient with this disease to be studied thoroughly clinically and at autopsy. Multiple small gliovascular malformations in the brain and spinal cord and telangiectasis of the liver were found. Other advanced lesions of ataxia-telangiectasia are illustrated. The vascular malformations of the central nervous system and liver are unique. The patient died of a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder and had five other malignant and benign neoplasms.", "PMID": 533861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5863", "title": "Effects of rape victim resistance, assault outcome, and sex of observer on attributions about rape.", "content": "Perceptions of sexual assault were investigated as a function of sex of observer, nature of victim resistance, and assault outcome. Two hundred twenty-nine subjects were randomly assigned by sex to six resistance x outcome conditions. Hypotheses that women and men apply sex-role stereotypes in evaluating the rape situation were supported: (a) subjects were more certain that rape had occurred as the victim resisted more; (b) subjects attributed greater responsibility to the victim for completed that for attempted rape, while the reverse pattern was found for the assailant; (c) women attributed more responsibility to the assailant than did men; and (d) men attributed less fault and more intelligence, and women attributed more fault and less intelligence to the rape victim as she resisted more forcefully. Attributional terms; fault, blame, and responsibility were found not to be interchangeable. Rape attributions are discussed within the contexts of identification with victim's situation and perceptions of victim's control. Implications for choice of self-defense strategy and treatment of rape victims are also considered.", "contents": "Effects of rape victim resistance, assault outcome, and sex of observer on attributions about rape. Perceptions of sexual assault were investigated as a function of sex of observer, nature of victim resistance, and assault outcome. Two hundred twenty-nine subjects were randomly assigned by sex to six resistance x outcome conditions. Hypotheses that women and men apply sex-role stereotypes in evaluating the rape situation were supported: (a) subjects were more certain that rape had occurred as the victim resisted more; (b) subjects attributed greater responsibility to the victim for completed that for attempted rape, while the reverse pattern was found for the assailant; (c) women attributed more responsibility to the assailant than did men; and (d) men attributed less fault and more intelligence, and women attributed more fault and less intelligence to the rape victim as she resisted more forcefully. Attributional terms; fault, blame, and responsibility were found not to be interchangeable. Rape attributions are discussed within the contexts of identification with victim's situation and perceptions of victim's control. Implications for choice of self-defense strategy and treatment of rape victims are also considered.", "PMID": 533862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5864", "title": "Autonomic arousal as a cognitive cue in stressful situations.", "content": "The need for further investigation and integration in a real world situation is demonstrated in a critical review of the literature on autonomic feedback and attribution of arousal in stressful situations. In the present study, actual autonomic arousal, arbitrary feedback of arousal, and attributions for arousal were manipulated in a dental clinic where the subjects were awaiting oral surgery. The main prediction was that cognized arousal (due either to perception of actual arousal or to arbitrary feedback about arousal level) in the absence of a nonemotional attribution for that cognized arousal would lead to  higher subjective report of anxiety and to greater avoidance than would be found with either of these conditions unmet. The results on the subjective report measure generally supported this hypothesis. In addition, arbitrary feedback about arousal level did not interact with the actual arousal manipulation; nor did it produce changes in pulse rate or blood pressure, further supporting a cognitive interpretation of the effects of autonomic arousal on subjective report. However, the study illustrates difficulties in inducing beneficial beliefs in the real world. And the manipulations generally did not affect the behavioral measure, probably due to the expected consequences of that behavior.", "contents": "Autonomic arousal as a cognitive cue in stressful situations. The need for further investigation and integration in a real world situation is demonstrated in a critical review of the literature on autonomic feedback and attribution of arousal in stressful situations. In the present study, actual autonomic arousal, arbitrary feedback of arousal, and attributions for arousal were manipulated in a dental clinic where the subjects were awaiting oral surgery. The main prediction was that cognized arousal (due either to perception of actual arousal or to arbitrary feedback about arousal level) in the absence of a nonemotional attribution for that cognized arousal would lead to  higher subjective report of anxiety and to greater avoidance than would be found with either of these conditions unmet. The results on the subjective report measure generally supported this hypothesis. In addition, arbitrary feedback about arousal level did not interact with the actual arousal manipulation; nor did it produce changes in pulse rate or blood pressure, further supporting a cognitive interpretation of the effects of autonomic arousal on subjective report. However, the study illustrates difficulties in inducing beneficial beliefs in the real world. And the manipulations generally did not affect the behavioral measure, probably due to the expected consequences of that behavior.", "PMID": 533863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5865", "title": "Death anxiety, dissent, and competence.", "content": "A total of 64 male undergraduates were administered a multistage interview which was structured to assess (a) their level of overtly expressed death anxiety, (b) covert (GSR) arousal to death stimuli (c) self-perceived competence, and (d) agreement with or dissent from life threatening national policies. The analyses that followed were concerned with examining the relationships among these variables. In previous studies of this kind it had been typically found that (1) self-perceived competence and magnitude of expressed death concern are inversely related and (2) overt expressions of death concern and covert physiological arousal to death cues are inversely related. Psychodynamic formulations centering on the ego-defensive nature of inhibited expressions of death anxiety have been cited to explain these past data. The current investigation proposed that the magnitude of expressed death concern would bear an inverse relationship to both felt competence and covert death arousal only when the level of overt concern was not contingent upon the individual's attitudes concerning the imminence of real life threatening circumstances in the environment. The rationale behind these predictions inheres in the notion that the neurotic components of strongly expressed death anxiety derive from its lack of anchoring in \"real\" external threats. Conversely, the expression of low death fear can only be regarded as \"defensive\" when real threats are perceived and acknowledged. The obtained results strongly support this rationale and the discussion centers on the impact of social conditions on psychodynamic processes.", "contents": "Death anxiety, dissent, and competence. A total of 64 male undergraduates were administered a multistage interview which was structured to assess (a) their level of overtly expressed death anxiety, (b) covert (GSR) arousal to death stimuli (c) self-perceived competence, and (d) agreement with or dissent from life threatening national policies. The analyses that followed were concerned with examining the relationships among these variables. In previous studies of this kind it had been typically found that (1) self-perceived competence and magnitude of expressed death concern are inversely related and (2) overt expressions of death concern and covert physiological arousal to death cues are inversely related. Psychodynamic formulations centering on the ego-defensive nature of inhibited expressions of death anxiety have been cited to explain these past data. The current investigation proposed that the magnitude of expressed death concern would bear an inverse relationship to both felt competence and covert death arousal only when the level of overt concern was not contingent upon the individual's attitudes concerning the imminence of real life threatening circumstances in the environment. The rationale behind these predictions inheres in the notion that the neurotic components of strongly expressed death anxiety derive from its lack of anchoring in \"real\" external threats. Conversely, the expression of low death fear can only be regarded as \"defensive\" when real threats are perceived and acknowledged. The obtained results strongly support this rationale and the discussion centers on the impact of social conditions on psychodynamic processes.", "PMID": 533864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5866", "title": "Amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and the tolerance to shift-work.", "content": "The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of a relationship between the tolerance to shift-work and the amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm. Forty eight shift-workers (Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes Region) volunteered for this chronophysiological investigation: a) 23 steel-industry workers (SI); shift-duration: 7 days (weekly rotation); b) 25 chemical-industry workers (CI); shift-duration 2 days. The subjects' ages were roughly similar with regard to groups (SI and CI) as well as sub-groups (good and poor tolerance of shift-work). The tolerance was evaluated conventionally, according to both the existence and intensity of 3 types of medical complaint: (1) digestive troubles: gastritis, colitis, peptic ulcer etc.; (2) persisting fatigue, unusual nerviness, etc.; (3) sleep alterations. The poor tolerance was observed mostly in subjects shift-working for 10 years or more. Regular large-scaled and retested medical Hg thermometers (1/20 Celsius precision) were used. Data were recorded 2-hourly, at fixed clock hours in order to obtain individual time series. Both conventional and cosinor statistical analysis show that, in both groups, the oral temperature circadian amplitude is larger in subjects tolerant to shift-work than in subjects that have become intolerant.", "contents": "Amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and the tolerance to shift-work. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of a relationship between the tolerance to shift-work and the amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm. Forty eight shift-workers (Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes Region) volunteered for this chronophysiological investigation: a) 23 steel-industry workers (SI); shift-duration: 7 days (weekly rotation); b) 25 chemical-industry workers (CI); shift-duration 2 days. The subjects' ages were roughly similar with regard to groups (SI and CI) as well as sub-groups (good and poor tolerance of shift-work). The tolerance was evaluated conventionally, according to both the existence and intensity of 3 types of medical complaint: (1) digestive troubles: gastritis, colitis, peptic ulcer etc.; (2) persisting fatigue, unusual nerviness, etc.; (3) sleep alterations. The poor tolerance was observed mostly in subjects shift-working for 10 years or more. Regular large-scaled and retested medical Hg thermometers (1/20 Celsius precision) were used. Data were recorded 2-hourly, at fixed clock hours in order to obtain individual time series. Both conventional and cosinor statistical analysis show that, in both groups, the oral temperature circadian amplitude is larger in subjects tolerant to shift-work than in subjects that have become intolerant.", "PMID": 533866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5867", "title": "Supra-normal susceptibility to acoustic trauma of the rat pup cochlea.", "content": "1 Young and adult rats were exposed to a continuous 120 dB SPL white noise for 30 min. 2 Animals exposed before the 40th postnatal day showed drastic and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) at high frequencies (between 6 and 20 kHz). 3 After 60 days of age, only temporary threshold shifts (TTS) were noticed, which lasted 7 days. 4 Thus the sensory structures of the rat cochlea showed a supra-normal susceptibility to acoustic trauma, during and just after their anatomical differentiation. 5 These results support previous data obtained on hamsters and guinea-pigs and are discussed in terms of anatomo-functional relationships.", "contents": "Supra-normal susceptibility to acoustic trauma of the rat pup cochlea. 1 Young and adult rats were exposed to a continuous 120 dB SPL white noise for 30 min. 2 Animals exposed before the 40th postnatal day showed drastic and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) at high frequencies (between 6 and 20 kHz). 3 After 60 days of age, only temporary threshold shifts (TTS) were noticed, which lasted 7 days. 4 Thus the sensory structures of the rat cochlea showed a supra-normal susceptibility to acoustic trauma, during and just after their anatomical differentiation. 5 These results support previous data obtained on hamsters and guinea-pigs and are discussed in terms of anatomo-functional relationships.", "PMID": 533867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5868", "title": "Release of endogenous serotonin from \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. I - Technical aspects.", "content": "Ventricular perfusion, push-pull cannulae at the caudate level and cortical superfusion were used in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats in order to estimate endogenous 5-HT release. The amine was measured using the radioenzymatic assay. These different methods are described and compared. Technical aspects and advantages of cortical superfusion under physiological conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Release of endogenous serotonin from \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. I - Technical aspects. Ventricular perfusion, push-pull cannulae at the caudate level and cortical superfusion were used in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats in order to estimate endogenous 5-HT release. The amine was measured using the radioenzymatic assay. These different methods are described and compared. Technical aspects and advantages of cortical superfusion under physiological conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 533868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5869", "title": "Release of endogenous serotonin from \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. II - Correlations with raphe neuronal activity and sleep and wakefulness.", "content": "The discharge pattern of single neurons localized in raphe nuclei dorsalis and centralis superior was recorded in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats, during sleep and wakefulness episodes occurring spontaneously or triggered by vago-aortic stimulation. In both nuclei, a similar and progressive decrease in frequency of discharges is generally observed during shifts between wakefulness, the transitional phase of sleep and paradoxical sleep. In addition, the release of serotonin (5-HT) has been studied with push-pull cannulae (caudate nucleus level) and superfusion techniques (cortical associative area) in relation to the different stages of consciousness. The results showed a clear diminution of endogenous 5-HT released during spontaneously occurring or vago-aortic triggered sleep.", "contents": "Release of endogenous serotonin from \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. II - Correlations with raphe neuronal activity and sleep and wakefulness. The discharge pattern of single neurons localized in raphe nuclei dorsalis and centralis superior was recorded in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats, during sleep and wakefulness episodes occurring spontaneously or triggered by vago-aortic stimulation. In both nuclei, a similar and progressive decrease in frequency of discharges is generally observed during shifts between wakefulness, the transitional phase of sleep and paradoxical sleep. In addition, the release of serotonin (5-HT) has been studied with push-pull cannulae (caudate nucleus level) and superfusion techniques (cortical associative area) in relation to the different stages of consciousness. The results showed a clear diminution of endogenous 5-HT released during spontaneously occurring or vago-aortic triggered sleep.", "PMID": 533869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5870", "title": "Thyroid hormones and adipose tissue development.", "content": "The effect of thyroid hormones on the cellularity of the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (R.P.A.T.) was investigated in rats that were 3, 6 and 12 weeks old. Two groups of rats were respectively made hypothyroid by the antithyroid compound propylthiouracil, or hyperthyroid by thyroxine. The number of adipocytes was less in the hypothyroid rats than in the controls; it was higher in the hyperthyroid rats without any concomitant increase in the weight of their R.P.A.T. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between adipose cell number and adipose tissue weight within any group of T4 or control rats. In all groups of rats, the number of adipose cells in the R.P.A.T. was larger in males than in females; the difference was highly significant in 12 week old control rats.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and adipose tissue development. The effect of thyroid hormones on the cellularity of the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (R.P.A.T.) was investigated in rats that were 3, 6 and 12 weeks old. Two groups of rats were respectively made hypothyroid by the antithyroid compound propylthiouracil, or hyperthyroid by thyroxine. The number of adipocytes was less in the hypothyroid rats than in the controls; it was higher in the hyperthyroid rats without any concomitant increase in the weight of their R.P.A.T. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between adipose cell number and adipose tissue weight within any group of T4 or control rats. In all groups of rats, the number of adipose cells in the R.P.A.T. was larger in males than in females; the difference was highly significant in 12 week old control rats.", "PMID": 533870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5871", "title": "Lactate kinetics estimated by single injection and continuous infusion of [14C-(U)]-lactate in rats.", "content": "1 Identical values of the rate of lactate turnover determined with [14C-(U)]-lactate were found with single injection or continuous infusion techniques in anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats. 2 The mean transit time and total minimal body mass of lactate determined graphically (Katz et al., 1974 a, b) were higher with single injection than with continuous infusion of the tracer.", "contents": "Lactate kinetics estimated by single injection and continuous infusion of [14C-(U)]-lactate in rats. 1 Identical values of the rate of lactate turnover determined with [14C-(U)]-lactate were found with single injection or continuous infusion techniques in anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats. 2 The mean transit time and total minimal body mass of lactate determined graphically (Katz et al., 1974 a, b) were higher with single injection than with continuous infusion of the tracer.", "PMID": 533872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5872", "title": "Correlation of biological activity and high-pressure liquid chromatographic retention index for a series of propranolol, barbiturate, and anthranilic acid analogues.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic activity of propranolol analogues, the inotropic activity of propranolol analogues, the anti-inflammatory activity of anthranilic acids, the hypnotic activity of barbiturates, and the inhibition of cell division by barbiturates were correlated with either octanol--water partition coefficients or with high-pressure liquid chromatographic retention indices. The retention index, which was a scale based on the relative retention of the drug and a series of C3--C23 2-ketoalkanes, was found to give higher correlations with biological activity than was found between octanol--water partition coefficients and biological activity. Only in the case of the anthranilic acids was the retention index found to give the lower correlation.", "contents": "Correlation of biological activity and high-pressure liquid chromatographic retention index for a series of propranolol, barbiturate, and anthranilic acid analogues. The antiarrhythmic activity of propranolol analogues, the inotropic activity of propranolol analogues, the anti-inflammatory activity of anthranilic acids, the hypnotic activity of barbiturates, and the inhibition of cell division by barbiturates were correlated with either octanol--water partition coefficients or with high-pressure liquid chromatographic retention indices. The retention index, which was a scale based on the relative retention of the drug and a series of C3--C23 2-ketoalkanes, was found to give higher correlations with biological activity than was found between octanol--water partition coefficients and biological activity. Only in the case of the anthranilic acids was the retention index found to give the lower correlation.", "PMID": 533876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5873", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of the thiosemicarbazone, dithiocarbazonate, and 2'-pyrazinylhydrazone of pyrazinecarboxaldehyde as agents for the treatment of iron overload.", "content": "Three prototype tridentate ligands (i.e., pyrazinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, sodium pyrazinecarboxaldehyde dithiocarbazonate, and pyrazinecarboxaldehyde 2'-pyrazinylhydrazone) were prepared and evaluated for their relative abilities to remove iron from model systems designed to mimic particular aspects of chronic transfusional iron overload. These compounds were synthesized by condensation of pyrazinecarboxaldehyde with the appropriate substituted hydrazide. Iron-binding properties were determined, and the ability to remove iron from the proteins transferrin and ferritin was ascertained. An in vivo model system employing iron-loaded mice was used to demonstrate that all three compounds were effective at reducing tissue iron levels.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of the thiosemicarbazone, dithiocarbazonate, and 2'-pyrazinylhydrazone of pyrazinecarboxaldehyde as agents for the treatment of iron overload. Three prototype tridentate ligands (i.e., pyrazinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, sodium pyrazinecarboxaldehyde dithiocarbazonate, and pyrazinecarboxaldehyde 2'-pyrazinylhydrazone) were prepared and evaluated for their relative abilities to remove iron from model systems designed to mimic particular aspects of chronic transfusional iron overload. These compounds were synthesized by condensation of pyrazinecarboxaldehyde with the appropriate substituted hydrazide. Iron-binding properties were determined, and the ability to remove iron from the proteins transferrin and ferritin was ascertained. An in vivo model system employing iron-loaded mice was used to demonstrate that all three compounds were effective at reducing tissue iron levels.", "PMID": 533878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5874", "title": "Synthesis, redox characteristics, and in vitro norepinephrine uptake inhibiting properties of 2-(2-mercapto-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine (6-mercaptodopamine).", "content": "In an attempt to further characterize the structural features of 6-hydroxydopamine analogues that are associated with in vivo neuronal degeneration, the synthesis of 6-mercaptodopamine was undertaken. Although reaction conditions leading to the 1,4 addition of thiols to the model quinone 4-methyl-o-benzoquinone were achieved, attempts to obtain 6-thiolated dopamine analogues by this route failed. The synthesis of 6-mercaptodopamine was achieved by the regioselective thiocyanation of O,O-dimethyldopamine, followed by bis-O-demethylation and reductive cleavage of the S-cyano group. Unlike 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-mercaptodopamine was resistant to autoxidation at pH 7.4. Cyclic voltammometric analysis, however, indicated that electrochemically generated oxidation species of 6-mercaptodopamine are unstable and undergo spontaneous reaction, presumably intramolecular cyclization. In vivo tests revealed that 6-mercaptodopamine inhibits the uptake of tritium-labeled norepinephrine by isolated rat heart atria, although to a much lesser extent than 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "Synthesis, redox characteristics, and in vitro norepinephrine uptake inhibiting properties of 2-(2-mercapto-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine (6-mercaptodopamine). In an attempt to further characterize the structural features of 6-hydroxydopamine analogues that are associated with in vivo neuronal degeneration, the synthesis of 6-mercaptodopamine was undertaken. Although reaction conditions leading to the 1,4 addition of thiols to the model quinone 4-methyl-o-benzoquinone were achieved, attempts to obtain 6-thiolated dopamine analogues by this route failed. The synthesis of 6-mercaptodopamine was achieved by the regioselective thiocyanation of O,O-dimethyldopamine, followed by bis-O-demethylation and reductive cleavage of the S-cyano group. Unlike 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-mercaptodopamine was resistant to autoxidation at pH 7.4. Cyclic voltammometric analysis, however, indicated that electrochemically generated oxidation species of 6-mercaptodopamine are unstable and undergo spontaneous reaction, presumably intramolecular cyclization. In vivo tests revealed that 6-mercaptodopamine inhibits the uptake of tritium-labeled norepinephrine by isolated rat heart atria, although to a much lesser extent than 6-hydroxydopamine.", "PMID": 533879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5875", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of carboxyl-terminus modified prostaglandin analogues.", "content": "A series of PGE2, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, and PGF2 alpha analogues modified at the carboxyl terminus with tetrazole, amide, acylurea, imide, and sulfonimide functionalities was evaluated for uterine stimulant, bronchodilator, hypotensive, gastric antisecretory, and diarrheal activity. These compounds were prepared by modification of the Corey prostaglandin synthesis utilizing as a key step condensation of known hemiacetals with the ylide derived from the requisite substituted phosphonium salts. Structure--activity relationships suggest that a proton at the C-1 position appears necessary for agonist activity and the acidity of this proton has a relatively greater influence on activity than pendant steric bulk. Noteworthy are the tissue-selective bronchodilator activity of N-acetyl-PGE2-carboxamide and the selectivity for uterine tissue of N-methanesulfonyl-PGE2-carboxamide, 2-decarboxy-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, N-acetyl-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-carboxamide, and N-methanesulfonyl-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-carboxamide.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of carboxyl-terminus modified prostaglandin analogues. A series of PGE2, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, and PGF2 alpha analogues modified at the carboxyl terminus with tetrazole, amide, acylurea, imide, and sulfonimide functionalities was evaluated for uterine stimulant, bronchodilator, hypotensive, gastric antisecretory, and diarrheal activity. These compounds were prepared by modification of the Corey prostaglandin synthesis utilizing as a key step condensation of known hemiacetals with the ylide derived from the requisite substituted phosphonium salts. Structure--activity relationships suggest that a proton at the C-1 position appears necessary for agonist activity and the acidity of this proton has a relatively greater influence on activity than pendant steric bulk. Noteworthy are the tissue-selective bronchodilator activity of N-acetyl-PGE2-carboxamide and the selectivity for uterine tissue of N-methanesulfonyl-PGE2-carboxamide, 2-decarboxy-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, N-acetyl-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-carboxamide, and N-methanesulfonyl-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-carboxamide.", "PMID": 533881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5876", "title": "Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 5. Conformationally mobile analogues derived by furan ring opening.", "content": "Synthesis and antitetrabenazine activity of 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines and 4-(benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines, prepared as simplified and possibly more readily synthesized analogues of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1 (3H),4'-piperidine], are reported. Several 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines display antitetrabenazine activity comparable to imipramine or amitriptyline but are two- to fourfold less active than analogous 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Structure--activity relationships for 4-[2p(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines are generally similar to the profile established for 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Significant antitetrabenazine activity is associated only with derivatives where the arylmethyl group is ortho to the piperidine ring. 4-(Benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines and 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]-4-piperidinols and the corresponding methyl ethers and esters display weak to modest antitetrabenazine activity. 4-[2-(Arylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives, at best, exhibit modest antitetrabenazine activity, with the exception of 4-[2-(phenylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is approximately equipotent with amitriptyline. The results of these investigations allow certain speculations to be made with respect to the role of the furan ring in the 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] and antitetrabenazine activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 5. Conformationally mobile analogues derived by furan ring opening. Synthesis and antitetrabenazine activity of 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines and 4-(benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines, prepared as simplified and possibly more readily synthesized analogues of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1 (3H),4'-piperidine], are reported. Several 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines display antitetrabenazine activity comparable to imipramine or amitriptyline but are two- to fourfold less active than analogous 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Structure--activity relationships for 4-[2p(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines are generally similar to the profile established for 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Significant antitetrabenazine activity is associated only with derivatives where the arylmethyl group is ortho to the piperidine ring. 4-(Benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines and 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]-4-piperidinols and the corresponding methyl ethers and esters display weak to modest antitetrabenazine activity. 4-[2-(Arylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives, at best, exhibit modest antitetrabenazine activity, with the exception of 4-[2-(phenylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is approximately equipotent with amitriptyline. The results of these investigations allow certain speculations to be made with respect to the role of the furan ring in the 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] and antitetrabenazine activity.", "PMID": 533882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5877", "title": "Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 2. Methylenedioxy positional isomers of oxolinic acid.", "content": "The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the methylenedioxy positional isomers, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5,6-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (9) and 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (17), of oxolinic acid (18) have been accomplished. Isomer 9 was prepared by the reaction of N-ethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisatoic anhydride with sodioethyl formylacetate [L. A. Mitscher, H. E. Gracey, G. W. Clark III, and T. Suzuki, J. Med. Chem., 21, 485 (1978)], while isomer 17 was prepared by thermal cyclization of diethyl 2-[(2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)methylene]malonate [D. Kaminsky and R. I. Meltzer, J. Med. Chem., 11, 160 (1968)]. Both of the new isomers are less active in vitro when compared to oxolinic acid (18) itself.", "contents": "Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 2. Methylenedioxy positional isomers of oxolinic acid. The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the methylenedioxy positional isomers, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5,6-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (9) and 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (17), of oxolinic acid (18) have been accomplished. Isomer 9 was prepared by the reaction of N-ethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisatoic anhydride with sodioethyl formylacetate [L. A. Mitscher, H. E. Gracey, G. W. Clark III, and T. Suzuki, J. Med. Chem., 21, 485 (1978)], while isomer 17 was prepared by thermal cyclization of diethyl 2-[(2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)methylene]malonate [D. Kaminsky and R. I. Meltzer, J. Med. Chem., 11, 160 (1968)]. Both of the new isomers are less active in vitro when compared to oxolinic acid (18) itself.", "PMID": 533883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5878", "title": "Dibenzotropone- and dibenzosuberonecarboxylic acids with bronchodilator activity.", "content": "The syntheses of 44 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one derivatives bearing a carboxyl gropu at the 1, 2, 3, or 10 position and various substituents at the 7, 8, or 9 position are described. Some of the compounds showed significant bronchodilator activity in guinea pigs and protected the animals against a histamine challenge administered either by aerosol or intravenously. The most active compounds were 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one-2-carboxylic acids bearing a methyl or halogen substituent at the 9 position. These compounds were approximately as active as aminophylline by intraperitoneal administration.", "contents": "Dibenzotropone- and dibenzosuberonecarboxylic acids with bronchodilator activity. The syntheses of 44 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one derivatives bearing a carboxyl gropu at the 1, 2, 3, or 10 position and various substituents at the 7, 8, or 9 position are described. Some of the compounds showed significant bronchodilator activity in guinea pigs and protected the animals against a histamine challenge administered either by aerosol or intravenously. The most active compounds were 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one-2-carboxylic acids bearing a methyl or halogen substituent at the 9 position. These compounds were approximately as active as aminophylline by intraperitoneal administration.", "PMID": 533884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5879", "title": "Substituted 3-amino-1,1-diaryl-2-propanols as potential antidepressant agents.", "content": "Following the discovery that 3-(dimethylamino)-1,1-diphenyl-2-propanol hydrobromide (1) possesses potent reserpine-prevention activity in mice, a series of analogues of 1 was synthesized and evaluated as potential antidepressant agents. Several routes to analogues of 1 were evaluated, the most generally applicable of which was the regiospecific ring opening of a suitably functionalized 1,1-diaryl-2,3-epoxypropane (obtained in three stages from the corresponding benzophenone) with the appropriate amine. The more interesting compounds of the series were evaluated for their propensity to cause undesirable peripheral anticholinergic effects, all compounds tested being markedly less active than imipramine on this parameter. On the basis of its good activity in biochemical and pharmacological animal models of depression, together with its relative lack of anticholinergic side effects, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-2-propanol hydrochloride (20, BRL 14342) was chosen for further evaluation.", "contents": "Substituted 3-amino-1,1-diaryl-2-propanols as potential antidepressant agents. Following the discovery that 3-(dimethylamino)-1,1-diphenyl-2-propanol hydrobromide (1) possesses potent reserpine-prevention activity in mice, a series of analogues of 1 was synthesized and evaluated as potential antidepressant agents. Several routes to analogues of 1 were evaluated, the most generally applicable of which was the regiospecific ring opening of a suitably functionalized 1,1-diaryl-2,3-epoxypropane (obtained in three stages from the corresponding benzophenone) with the appropriate amine. The more interesting compounds of the series were evaluated for their propensity to cause undesirable peripheral anticholinergic effects, all compounds tested being markedly less active than imipramine on this parameter. On the basis of its good activity in biochemical and pharmacological animal models of depression, together with its relative lack of anticholinergic side effects, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-2-propanol hydrochloride (20, BRL 14342) was chosen for further evaluation.", "PMID": 533885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5880", "title": "Potential antiarthritic agents. 2. Benzoylacetonitriles and beta-aminocinnamonitriles.", "content": "Benzoylacetonitrile and beta-aminocinnamonitrile are shown to possess potent antiinflammatory activity in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. In a series of phenyl-substituted analogues, only o-, m-, and p-fluorobenzoylacetonitrile and m- and p-fluoro-beta-aminocinnamonitrile retained activity. Additionally, beta-amino-2- and beta-amino-3-thiopheneacrylonitrile and beta-oxo-2- and beta-oxo-3-thiophenepropionitrile exhibited similar activity. These agents are not believed to be acting via prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. The metabolic profile of benzoylacetonitrile is also described.", "contents": "Potential antiarthritic agents. 2. Benzoylacetonitriles and beta-aminocinnamonitriles. Benzoylacetonitrile and beta-aminocinnamonitrile are shown to possess potent antiinflammatory activity in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. In a series of phenyl-substituted analogues, only o-, m-, and p-fluorobenzoylacetonitrile and m- and p-fluoro-beta-aminocinnamonitrile retained activity. Additionally, beta-amino-2- and beta-amino-3-thiopheneacrylonitrile and beta-oxo-2- and beta-oxo-3-thiophenepropionitrile exhibited similar activity. These agents are not believed to be acting via prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. The metabolic profile of benzoylacetonitrile is also described.", "PMID": 533886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5881", "title": "Hypolipidemic activity of phthalimide derivatives. 1. N-Substituted phthalimide derivatives.", "content": "The general lipid-lowering action of the N-substituted phthalimide derivatives reported herein, as well as the activity of potassium phthalimide, implicates the phthalimide moiety as possessing hypolipidemic activity in rodents. Compounds containing substituents with chain lengths of four carbon or oxygen atoms showed the best hypolipidemic activity in the series tested. Tests involving 1-N-phthalimidobutan-3-one demonstrated a dose-dependent hypolipidemic action free of estrogenic side effects, with no apparent deposition of cholesterol in body organs, and with a high therapeutic index. Further work on the hypolipidemic activity of phthalimido, as well as other imido compounds, is underway.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic activity of phthalimide derivatives. 1. N-Substituted phthalimide derivatives. The general lipid-lowering action of the N-substituted phthalimide derivatives reported herein, as well as the activity of potassium phthalimide, implicates the phthalimide moiety as possessing hypolipidemic activity in rodents. Compounds containing substituents with chain lengths of four carbon or oxygen atoms showed the best hypolipidemic activity in the series tested. Tests involving 1-N-phthalimidobutan-3-one demonstrated a dose-dependent hypolipidemic action free of estrogenic side effects, with no apparent deposition of cholesterol in body organs, and with a high therapeutic index. Further work on the hypolipidemic activity of phthalimido, as well as other imido compounds, is underway.", "PMID": 533887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5882", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9,11-azo-13-oxa-15-hydroxyprostanoic acid, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "content": "The synthesis of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue, 9,11-azo-13-oxa-15-hydroxyprostanoic acid (AOHP), is described. AOHP was found to block effectively both the thromboxane synthetase and the PGH2/TxA2 receptors in human platelets. It inhibits the platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, 9.11-methanoepoxy-PGH2, PGH2, and TxA2 but does not affect the ADP-induced aggregation in aspirinated platelet-rich plasma. Some of the intermediates for the synthesis of AOHP also are effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9,11-azo-13-oxa-15-hydroxyprostanoic acid, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The synthesis of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue, 9,11-azo-13-oxa-15-hydroxyprostanoic acid (AOHP), is described. AOHP was found to block effectively both the thromboxane synthetase and the PGH2/TxA2 receptors in human platelets. It inhibits the platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, 9.11-methanoepoxy-PGH2, PGH2, and TxA2 but does not affect the ADP-induced aggregation in aspirinated platelet-rich plasma. Some of the intermediates for the synthesis of AOHP also are effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 533888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5883", "title": "Antibacterial N-[omega, omega'-bis(alicyclic and aryl)-sec-alkyl]poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts.", "content": "A series of antibacterial N-(omega, omega'-(cycloalkyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and alkyl-substituted phenyl)-sec-alkyl]poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts were synthesized in an effort to develop efficient, nonsystemic inhibitors, particularly for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the 1,5,9-triazanonane group, 3 of 16 compounds were effective at 8--10 micrograms/mL against pseudomonads. Efficiency appeared more dependent upon lipophilicity of the nitrogen substituent than other characteristics represented by the three types of rings. A parabolic relationship was observed for the entire set between the hydrophobic parameter, pi, of the lipoidal moiety and minimal inhibitory concentration. One of 16 tetramines, 1-[1,5-bis(3,3-dimethyl-2-norbornyl)-3-pentyl]-1,5,9,13-tetraazatridecane tetrahydrochloride (26f), ranked similarly. An additional two compounds in each series were superior to several commercial cationic detergents in the control of the Gram-negative bacteria. None was inhibitory at up to 200 micrograms/mL for Proteus vulgaris.", "contents": "Antibacterial N-[omega, omega'-bis(alicyclic and aryl)-sec-alkyl]poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts. A series of antibacterial N-(omega, omega'-(cycloalkyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and alkyl-substituted phenyl)-sec-alkyl]poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts were synthesized in an effort to develop efficient, nonsystemic inhibitors, particularly for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the 1,5,9-triazanonane group, 3 of 16 compounds were effective at 8--10 micrograms/mL against pseudomonads. Efficiency appeared more dependent upon lipophilicity of the nitrogen substituent than other characteristics represented by the three types of rings. A parabolic relationship was observed for the entire set between the hydrophobic parameter, pi, of the lipoidal moiety and minimal inhibitory concentration. One of 16 tetramines, 1-[1,5-bis(3,3-dimethyl-2-norbornyl)-3-pentyl]-1,5,9,13-tetraazatridecane tetrahydrochloride (26f), ranked similarly. An additional two compounds in each series were superior to several commercial cationic detergents in the control of the Gram-negative bacteria. None was inhibitory at up to 200 micrograms/mL for Proteus vulgaris.", "PMID": 533889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5884", "title": "Bufotenine esters.", "content": "Bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) has been reported to be behaviorally inactive or only very weakly active in man and animals; this may be a consequence of its low partition coefficient and resultant inability to penetrate the blood--brain barrier. The acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, and pivalyl esters of bufotenine were prepared for future pharmacological evaluation. Unexpectedly, it was found that these esters all possess a relatively high affinity for the serotonin receptors of the isolated rat stomach fundus preparation. A semiquantitative chromatographic measurement of ester hydrolysis suggests that extensive hydrolysis of the esters to bufotenine does not occur under the conditions of the affinity assay.", "contents": "Bufotenine esters. Bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) has been reported to be behaviorally inactive or only very weakly active in man and animals; this may be a consequence of its low partition coefficient and resultant inability to penetrate the blood--brain barrier. The acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, and pivalyl esters of bufotenine were prepared for future pharmacological evaluation. Unexpectedly, it was found that these esters all possess a relatively high affinity for the serotonin receptors of the isolated rat stomach fundus preparation. A semiquantitative chromatographic measurement of ester hydrolysis suggests that extensive hydrolysis of the esters to bufotenine does not occur under the conditions of the affinity assay.", "PMID": 533890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5885", "title": "Synthesis and antileukemic activities of furanyl, pyranyl, and ribosyl derivatives of 4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide and 3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamide.", "content": "From the reaction of silylated 4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide (DTIC, 5) and 3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (DTPC, 9) with 2-chlorotetrahydrofuran, we have isolated in both cases a single tetrahydrofuran-2-yl derivative. However, when silylated DTPC was reacted with 2-chlorotetrahydropyran, two tetrahydropyran-2-yl compounds were obtained, and these were shown to be positional isomers on the basis of 1H NMR and UV data. These furanyl and pyranyl derivatives were tested for antileukemic activity (L-1210, in vivo) and the results were compared with the results obtained for the corresponding ribosyl derivatives of DTIC and DTPC.", "contents": "Synthesis and antileukemic activities of furanyl, pyranyl, and ribosyl derivatives of 4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide and 3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamide. From the reaction of silylated 4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide (DTIC, 5) and 3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (DTPC, 9) with 2-chlorotetrahydrofuran, we have isolated in both cases a single tetrahydrofuran-2-yl derivative. However, when silylated DTPC was reacted with 2-chlorotetrahydropyran, two tetrahydropyran-2-yl compounds were obtained, and these were shown to be positional isomers on the basis of 1H NMR and UV data. These furanyl and pyranyl derivatives were tested for antileukemic activity (L-1210, in vivo) and the results were compared with the results obtained for the corresponding ribosyl derivatives of DTIC and DTPC.", "PMID": 533891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5886", "title": "Thermoregulatory nonshivering thermogenesis in men, with special reference to lipid metabolism.", "content": "The existence of thermoregulatory nonshivering thermogenesis, with special reference to lipid metabolism, was investigated in men. Acute cold exposure (10 degrees C, 60 min) produced a marked increase in heat production, with concomitant elevation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level, modest increase of ketone body concentration and lowered respiratory quotient (R.Q.). The correlation of heat production to plasma FFA levels was significantly positive; that is, subjects with higher heat production showed higher plasma FFA levels. Moreover, correlation of either heat production or plasma FFA levels to R.Q. was significantly negative, respectively. On the other hand, exposure to cold after an administration of nicotinic acid, which has a suppressive effect on FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, resulted in less cold-elevated heat production, a significant fall of plasma FFA and ketone body concentrations, and no change in R.Q. Although no visible or only slight shivering was observed in control cold exposure study, greater shivering occurred in the nicotinic acid cold exposure study. These results appear to indicate that nonshivering thermogenesis as a source of heat production achieved by enhanced utilization of lipids is also present in men.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory nonshivering thermogenesis in men, with special reference to lipid metabolism. The existence of thermoregulatory nonshivering thermogenesis, with special reference to lipid metabolism, was investigated in men. Acute cold exposure (10 degrees C, 60 min) produced a marked increase in heat production, with concomitant elevation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level, modest increase of ketone body concentration and lowered respiratory quotient (R.Q.). The correlation of heat production to plasma FFA levels was significantly positive; that is, subjects with higher heat production showed higher plasma FFA levels. Moreover, correlation of either heat production or plasma FFA levels to R.Q. was significantly negative, respectively. On the other hand, exposure to cold after an administration of nicotinic acid, which has a suppressive effect on FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, resulted in less cold-elevated heat production, a significant fall of plasma FFA and ketone body concentrations, and no change in R.Q. Although no visible or only slight shivering was observed in control cold exposure study, greater shivering occurred in the nicotinic acid cold exposure study. These results appear to indicate that nonshivering thermogenesis as a source of heat production achieved by enhanced utilization of lipids is also present in men.", "PMID": 533941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5887", "title": "Membrane potential of squid axons: effect of internal and external ion concentration.", "content": "Transmembrane resting potentials of squid axons were measured with variation of intracellular salt concentrations. It was found that the dependence of resting potential on the extracellular K-ion concentration was practically unaffected by the change of ionic strength in the intracellular phase, and the relationship of membrane potential and the logarithm of extracellular K-ion concentration was a straight line with a slope of about 50 mV/10-fold extracellular K-ion concentration. Also, the degree of change in resting potential due to the change of intracellular K-ion concentration was not affected appreciably by the extracellular solution with various K-ion concentrations, and the membrane potentials were insensitive over a wide range of intracellular K-ion concentrations. It was also indicated that the observed transmembrane potentials are not explained by a conventional membrane potential theory.", "contents": "Membrane potential of squid axons: effect of internal and external ion concentration. Transmembrane resting potentials of squid axons were measured with variation of intracellular salt concentrations. It was found that the dependence of resting potential on the extracellular K-ion concentration was practically unaffected by the change of ionic strength in the intracellular phase, and the relationship of membrane potential and the logarithm of extracellular K-ion concentration was a straight line with a slope of about 50 mV/10-fold extracellular K-ion concentration. Also, the degree of change in resting potential due to the change of intracellular K-ion concentration was not affected appreciably by the extracellular solution with various K-ion concentrations, and the membrane potentials were insensitive over a wide range of intracellular K-ion concentrations. It was also indicated that the observed transmembrane potentials are not explained by a conventional membrane potential theory.", "PMID": 533942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5888", "title": "Electrical excitability in the rat clonal pituitary cell and its relation to hormone secretion.", "content": "Membrane electrical properties of the clonal anterior pituitary cell (GH3), were studied using intracellular recording techniques. The resting potential in the GH3 cell was -48.0 +/- 1.1 mV (mean +/- S.E., n=39) in normal saline. The input resistance estimated from the linear portion of the current-voltage relationship was 453 +/- 30 Momega (n=21). The maximum rate of rise of the action potential was 7.0 +/- 1.1 V/sec (n=12) at room temperature (23-25 degrees C). The action potential had both Na and Ca components. The Ca component was abolished by addition of 4 mM Co2+. Sr2+ could substitute for Ca2+ in supporting spike initiation. As the concentration of Sr2+ was increased, the maximum rate of rise of the action potential increased. After replacement of Ca2+ with isomolar Ba2+ the membrane potential shifted to -6.1 +/- 1.1 mV (n=11). In the Ba solution, prolonged action potentials were evoked by a depolarizing current pulse after maintaining the membrane potential more negative than -50 mV. The release of both prolactin and growth hormone was enhanced by increasing the external K+ concentration to 50 mM in the presence of Ca2+. Sr2+ could substitute for Ca2+. Ba2+ enhanced the release of both hormones, even if the K+ concentration was unaltered. The facilitatory effects of high K+ and Ba2+ were markedly suppressed by addition of 2-4 mM Co2+. These results may suggest that the potential-dependent increase in the membrane permeability to Ca2+, responsible for initiation of the Ca spike, plays a significant role in stimulation of hormone secretion in GH3 cells.", "contents": "Electrical excitability in the rat clonal pituitary cell and its relation to hormone secretion. Membrane electrical properties of the clonal anterior pituitary cell (GH3), were studied using intracellular recording techniques. The resting potential in the GH3 cell was -48.0 +/- 1.1 mV (mean +/- S.E., n=39) in normal saline. The input resistance estimated from the linear portion of the current-voltage relationship was 453 +/- 30 Momega (n=21). The maximum rate of rise of the action potential was 7.0 +/- 1.1 V/sec (n=12) at room temperature (23-25 degrees C). The action potential had both Na and Ca components. The Ca component was abolished by addition of 4 mM Co2+. Sr2+ could substitute for Ca2+ in supporting spike initiation. As the concentration of Sr2+ was increased, the maximum rate of rise of the action potential increased. After replacement of Ca2+ with isomolar Ba2+ the membrane potential shifted to -6.1 +/- 1.1 mV (n=11). In the Ba solution, prolonged action potentials were evoked by a depolarizing current pulse after maintaining the membrane potential more negative than -50 mV. The release of both prolactin and growth hormone was enhanced by increasing the external K+ concentration to 50 mM in the presence of Ca2+. Sr2+ could substitute for Ca2+. Ba2+ enhanced the release of both hormones, even if the K+ concentration was unaltered. The facilitatory effects of high K+ and Ba2+ were markedly suppressed by addition of 2-4 mM Co2+. These results may suggest that the potential-dependent increase in the membrane permeability to Ca2+, responsible for initiation of the Ca spike, plays a significant role in stimulation of hormone secretion in GH3 cells.", "PMID": 533944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5889", "title": "The number of active motor units and their firing rates in voluntary contraction of human brachialis muscle.", "content": "To make clear the control mechanism of force generation in human muscle, the electrical activity of the brachialis muscle was studied at various levels of contraction force by recording single motor unit discharges as well as mass electromyograms (EMGs). The firing rate of motor units increased with force along an S-shaped curve. At low levels of force, motor units increased their firing rates steeply with force. At intermediate levels of force, each motor unit increased its firing rate linearly with force at lower rates. As the maximum of force was approached, the firing rate increased very steeply, reaching as high as 50 Hz or more. By applying a new method of statistical processing to mass EMGs, the number of active motor units and the size of action potential were estimated at each level of force. The number of active motor units increased monotonously with muscle force. Motor units recruited at high levels of force had larger amplitudes of action potentials than those recruited at lower levels. Calculations were made to determine how the relative contribution to an increase in muscle force is varied between recruitment and the increase in firing rate. The contribution of recruitment gradually decreased with the increase in force. Up to about 70% of the maximum force, recruitment is the major mechanism for increasing the force of contraction.", "contents": "The number of active motor units and their firing rates in voluntary contraction of human brachialis muscle. To make clear the control mechanism of force generation in human muscle, the electrical activity of the brachialis muscle was studied at various levels of contraction force by recording single motor unit discharges as well as mass electromyograms (EMGs). The firing rate of motor units increased with force along an S-shaped curve. At low levels of force, motor units increased their firing rates steeply with force. At intermediate levels of force, each motor unit increased its firing rate linearly with force at lower rates. As the maximum of force was approached, the firing rate increased very steeply, reaching as high as 50 Hz or more. By applying a new method of statistical processing to mass EMGs, the number of active motor units and the size of action potential were estimated at each level of force. The number of active motor units increased monotonously with muscle force. Motor units recruited at high levels of force had larger amplitudes of action potentials than those recruited at lower levels. Calculations were made to determine how the relative contribution to an increase in muscle force is varied between recruitment and the increase in firing rate. The contribution of recruitment gradually decreased with the increase in force. Up to about 70% of the maximum force, recruitment is the major mechanism for increasing the force of contraction.", "PMID": 533945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5890", "title": "Properties of X- and Y-cells in the rabbit retina.", "content": "Bevelled glass microelectrodes were used to record spike potentials extracellularly from the ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Good responses were obtained from the isolated retina or eye-cup preparation for at least 12 hr. Using a contrast reversal stimulus, 63.8% (67/105) of the units showed linear spatial summation (X-cells), and 21.0% (22/105) showed nonlinear spatial summation (Y-cells). The X- and Y-cells in the rabbit retina had physiological properties which were similar to those in cat retina. Directionally selective cells (15.2%) were found to respond poorly, if at all, to the contrast reversal stimulus.", "contents": "Properties of X- and Y-cells in the rabbit retina. Bevelled glass microelectrodes were used to record spike potentials extracellularly from the ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Good responses were obtained from the isolated retina or eye-cup preparation for at least 12 hr. Using a contrast reversal stimulus, 63.8% (67/105) of the units showed linear spatial summation (X-cells), and 21.0% (22/105) showed nonlinear spatial summation (Y-cells). The X- and Y-cells in the rabbit retina had physiological properties which were similar to those in cat retina. Directionally selective cells (15.2%) were found to respond poorly, if at all, to the contrast reversal stimulus.", "PMID": 533946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5891", "title": "Physicochemical study of receptive mechanism of laryngeal water fibers in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of various cations on the water unit activity were studied by recording unitary discharges in the superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. Chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ depressed the water response, while sulfate salts of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+ facilitated it. Cations were less effective in stimulating action than anions. The depression of the water response in the laryngeal nerve has been thought to be caused by permeation of the stimulating anions through the receptor membrane and/or by destruction of the water structure on the membrane surface induced by adsorbed anions (SHINGAI, 1977 a). In order to differentiate these two possible actions of anions, the effects of benzenesulfonate and trichloroacetate were examined, because these anions were expected to be impermeant through the receptor membrane and to have a water structure-breaking effect. These anions showed no effect on the water response in concentrations below 320 mM. Measurements of the viscosity and the density of the electrolyte solutions showed that benzenesulfonate had a strong water structure-breaking effect. These results suggested that impermeant anions having water structure-breaking actions do not influence the excitability of the water receptor and that the depression of the water response by anions in the stimulating solution is caused by a hyperpolarization generated by permeation of the anions through the receptor membrane.", "contents": "Physicochemical study of receptive mechanism of laryngeal water fibers in the rabbit. The effects of various cations on the water unit activity were studied by recording unitary discharges in the superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. Chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ depressed the water response, while sulfate salts of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+ facilitated it. Cations were less effective in stimulating action than anions. The depression of the water response in the laryngeal nerve has been thought to be caused by permeation of the stimulating anions through the receptor membrane and/or by destruction of the water structure on the membrane surface induced by adsorbed anions (SHINGAI, 1977 a). In order to differentiate these two possible actions of anions, the effects of benzenesulfonate and trichloroacetate were examined, because these anions were expected to be impermeant through the receptor membrane and to have a water structure-breaking effect. These anions showed no effect on the water response in concentrations below 320 mM. Measurements of the viscosity and the density of the electrolyte solutions showed that benzenesulfonate had a strong water structure-breaking effect. These results suggested that impermeant anions having water structure-breaking actions do not influence the excitability of the water receptor and that the depression of the water response by anions in the stimulating solution is caused by a hyperpolarization generated by permeation of the anions through the receptor membrane.", "PMID": 533947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5892", "title": "Measurement of heat production in dog submandibular gland.", "content": "In dog submandibular glands, we measured changes in metabolic heat production during a secretory period which was induced by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. When measured with fine thermocouples, the temperature of both the gland itself and venous blood from the gland increased by 0.1-0.7 degrees C at the maximum. The blood flow was about 0.3 g.min-1.g-1 wet weight of gland at a resting period and increased to 1-3 g.min-1.g-1 at the maximum of secretory response. The resting heat production in vitro, measured by a microcalorimeter, was 3.3 mW.g-1 at 27 degrees C and 7.8 mW-g-1 at 37 degrees C. The specific heat of the blood and the salivary gland, measured by a microcalorimeter, were 3.97 and 3.91 J.g-1, degrees C-1, respectively. The change in conductive heat loss, measured by a thermopile under stimulated conditions, ranged from 4 to 6 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Metabolic heat production during secretion in vivo (37 degrees C) was estimated from temperature changes in the glandular tissue and blood, blood flow, specific heat and resting heat production. Values obtained were in the range from 15 to 80 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Heat production increased rapidly within the first 20 sec to reach a maximum and then declined with time, but slow heat production continued. On the basis of the present results together with those from former studies on ionic transport in the salivary gland, we discussed the relation of heat production to transport of substances during secretory processes.", "contents": "Measurement of heat production in dog submandibular gland. In dog submandibular glands, we measured changes in metabolic heat production during a secretory period which was induced by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. When measured with fine thermocouples, the temperature of both the gland itself and venous blood from the gland increased by 0.1-0.7 degrees C at the maximum. The blood flow was about 0.3 g.min-1.g-1 wet weight of gland at a resting period and increased to 1-3 g.min-1.g-1 at the maximum of secretory response. The resting heat production in vitro, measured by a microcalorimeter, was 3.3 mW.g-1 at 27 degrees C and 7.8 mW-g-1 at 37 degrees C. The specific heat of the blood and the salivary gland, measured by a microcalorimeter, were 3.97 and 3.91 J.g-1, degrees C-1, respectively. The change in conductive heat loss, measured by a thermopile under stimulated conditions, ranged from 4 to 6 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Metabolic heat production during secretion in vivo (37 degrees C) was estimated from temperature changes in the glandular tissue and blood, blood flow, specific heat and resting heat production. Values obtained were in the range from 15 to 80 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Heat production increased rapidly within the first 20 sec to reach a maximum and then declined with time, but slow heat production continued. On the basis of the present results together with those from former studies on ionic transport in the salivary gland, we discussed the relation of heat production to transport of substances during secretory processes.", "PMID": 533948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5893", "title": "Biphasic time course of inactivation of potassium contractures in single twitch muscle fibers of the frog.", "content": "The time course of the inhibition of peak tension (inactivation) of potassium contracture induced by conditioning depolarization with 10, 15, 20 and 30 mM K+ was examined, using single twitch fibers from the frog semitendinosus muscle. The time-dependence curve of the inactivation was biphasic, consisting of the first phase and the second phase. The first phase was characterized as follows: 1) the time course and the extent depend on the degree of conditioning depolarization; 2) the inactivation proceeds exponentially and finally reaches a steady level; and 3) the rate is markedly increased by lowering Ca2+ in the external medium. It could be considered that the first phase of the inactivation is an analogical phenomenon with the inactivation of sodium conductance in a squid giant axon. The second phase of the inactivation induced by conditioning with 20 and 30 mM K+ reached its full inactivation independently of the degree of conditioning depolarization. On the basis of these results, the terms inactivation 1 and inactivation 2 were given to the first phase and second phase, respectively, of the time-dependence curve of the inactivation of potassium contracture.", "contents": "Biphasic time course of inactivation of potassium contractures in single twitch muscle fibers of the frog. The time course of the inhibition of peak tension (inactivation) of potassium contracture induced by conditioning depolarization with 10, 15, 20 and 30 mM K+ was examined, using single twitch fibers from the frog semitendinosus muscle. The time-dependence curve of the inactivation was biphasic, consisting of the first phase and the second phase. The first phase was characterized as follows: 1) the time course and the extent depend on the degree of conditioning depolarization; 2) the inactivation proceeds exponentially and finally reaches a steady level; and 3) the rate is markedly increased by lowering Ca2+ in the external medium. It could be considered that the first phase of the inactivation is an analogical phenomenon with the inactivation of sodium conductance in a squid giant axon. The second phase of the inactivation induced by conditioning with 20 and 30 mM K+ reached its full inactivation independently of the degree of conditioning depolarization. On the basis of these results, the terms inactivation 1 and inactivation 2 were given to the first phase and second phase, respectively, of the time-dependence curve of the inactivation of potassium contracture.", "PMID": 533949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5894", "title": "Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor and chemoreceptor influences and interactions on ear sympathetic nerve discharge in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The effects of changing intravascular pressures on integrated ear sympathetic nerve activity (ESNA) were studied in anesthetized artificially ventilated rabbits by inflating aortic and inferior vena caval perivascular balloons under conditions of normal arterial Po2 and during arterial hypoxia. 2. At normal Po2 ESNA was unaffected by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex influences. The small inhibition of ESNA observed during rises in arterial pressure after vagotomy was also present after section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, and after cutting both vagi as well. 3. During hypoxia there was marked inhibition of ESNA, which was minimally influenced by vagotomy but abolished by section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, suggesting that it was chemoreceptor-mediated. There was a pressure-related rise in ESNA which was abolished by vagotomy and considered to be due to a central nervous chemoreceptor-cardiopulmonary baroreflex interaction.", "contents": "Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor and chemoreceptor influences and interactions on ear sympathetic nerve discharge in the rabbit. 1. The effects of changing intravascular pressures on integrated ear sympathetic nerve activity (ESNA) were studied in anesthetized artificially ventilated rabbits by inflating aortic and inferior vena caval perivascular balloons under conditions of normal arterial Po2 and during arterial hypoxia. 2. At normal Po2 ESNA was unaffected by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex influences. The small inhibition of ESNA observed during rises in arterial pressure after vagotomy was also present after section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, and after cutting both vagi as well. 3. During hypoxia there was marked inhibition of ESNA, which was minimally influenced by vagotomy but abolished by section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, suggesting that it was chemoreceptor-mediated. There was a pressure-related rise in ESNA which was abolished by vagotomy and considered to be due to a central nervous chemoreceptor-cardiopulmonary baroreflex interaction.", "PMID": 533950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5895", "title": "Effect of exercise and thermal stress on subcutaneous protein transport.", "content": "Radioiodinated albumin was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh of human subjects and its disappearance rate from the injection site and the blood levels of the tracer were compared between exercise loaded, heat loaded experiments and the control utilizing two-compartment analysis. The time course of radioactivity in the blood was expressed as the equation p(t) = A(e-alpha t - e-beta t). In the exercise experiment, the half-time of beta and the time required to reach the maximum level was significantly shorter than in the heat experiment and in the controls. The decay of radioactivity at the injection site was set to the equation s(t) = Be-gamma t + Ce-delta t by the least square method. The value of gamma, which had a half-time of about 24 hr, was significantly shorter in the exercise than in the control experiments. From these results, it was concluded that the rate of mobilization of subcutaneous protein via lymph flow is faster under an exercise load than the control, and that the rate under heat load does not deviate from control experiments.", "contents": "Effect of exercise and thermal stress on subcutaneous protein transport. Radioiodinated albumin was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh of human subjects and its disappearance rate from the injection site and the blood levels of the tracer were compared between exercise loaded, heat loaded experiments and the control utilizing two-compartment analysis. The time course of radioactivity in the blood was expressed as the equation p(t) = A(e-alpha t - e-beta t). In the exercise experiment, the half-time of beta and the time required to reach the maximum level was significantly shorter than in the heat experiment and in the controls. The decay of radioactivity at the injection site was set to the equation s(t) = Be-gamma t + Ce-delta t by the least square method. The value of gamma, which had a half-time of about 24 hr, was significantly shorter in the exercise than in the control experiments. From these results, it was concluded that the rate of mobilization of subcutaneous protein via lymph flow is faster under an exercise load than the control, and that the rate under heat load does not deviate from control experiments.", "PMID": 533951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5896", "title": "Effects of pyrogen on the medullary temperature-responsive neurone of rabbits.", "content": "Effects of intravenously injected endogenous pyrogen on the unit activity of temperature-responsive neurones (TR neurones) of medulla oblongata were investigated in urethanized rabbits with an intact or lesioned preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AH). TR neurones of the medulla responded to pyrogen in the same manner as did those of the PO/AH; the firing rate in the warm-responsive neurones were depressed and the cold-responsive neurones augmented. However, one-fourth of the medullary TR neurones did not respond to pyrogen in the PO/AH intact group (the control group). Following lesion of the PO/AH, the relative frequencies of TR neurones affected by pyrogen decreased as compared with those in control, and such was suggested to be more apparent in TR neurones discharging at rates of 10 imp./sec or more. Effects of the PO/AH-lesion were also seen in that the magnitude of the facilitatory or inhibitory effect of pyrogen was reduced in the PO/AH-lesioned group as compared with the control group. In some TR neurones an antipyretic agent (Sulpyrine, 48--151 mg/kg) was found to abolish responses to pyrogen.", "contents": "Effects of pyrogen on the medullary temperature-responsive neurone of rabbits. Effects of intravenously injected endogenous pyrogen on the unit activity of temperature-responsive neurones (TR neurones) of medulla oblongata were investigated in urethanized rabbits with an intact or lesioned preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AH). TR neurones of the medulla responded to pyrogen in the same manner as did those of the PO/AH; the firing rate in the warm-responsive neurones were depressed and the cold-responsive neurones augmented. However, one-fourth of the medullary TR neurones did not respond to pyrogen in the PO/AH intact group (the control group). Following lesion of the PO/AH, the relative frequencies of TR neurones affected by pyrogen decreased as compared with those in control, and such was suggested to be more apparent in TR neurones discharging at rates of 10 imp./sec or more. Effects of the PO/AH-lesion were also seen in that the magnitude of the facilitatory or inhibitory effect of pyrogen was reduced in the PO/AH-lesioned group as compared with the control group. In some TR neurones an antipyretic agent (Sulpyrine, 48--151 mg/kg) was found to abolish responses to pyrogen.", "PMID": 533952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5897", "title": "Effects of distension on mesenteric blood flow and O2 saturation of venous blood in the dog intestinal loop.", "content": "Arterial and venous blood flow and oxygen saturation of the venous blood in the mesenteric vessels arising from single mesenteric artery and vein to the intestinal loop in anesthetized dogs were measured simultaneously with systemic arterial blood pressure during distension of this loop. Mesenteric arterial blood flow decreased to the zero level, while mesenteric venous outflow increased to about twice the quiescent level at the onset of elevation of intraluminal pressure. However, during distension, the decreased arterial blood flow tended to increase, but the increased venous flow was reduced to one half of the quiescent level. Oxygen saturation of venous blood diminished initially and then increased progressively during distension. At the end of distension venous outflow stopped temporarily. After suspension of distension, arterial and venous flow and oxygen saturation increased beyond the quiescent level. These results may suggest that there is a by-pass or A-V anastomosis which cannot be compressed mechanically by elevation of intraluminal pressure.", "contents": "Effects of distension on mesenteric blood flow and O2 saturation of venous blood in the dog intestinal loop. Arterial and venous blood flow and oxygen saturation of the venous blood in the mesenteric vessels arising from single mesenteric artery and vein to the intestinal loop in anesthetized dogs were measured simultaneously with systemic arterial blood pressure during distension of this loop. Mesenteric arterial blood flow decreased to the zero level, while mesenteric venous outflow increased to about twice the quiescent level at the onset of elevation of intraluminal pressure. However, during distension, the decreased arterial blood flow tended to increase, but the increased venous flow was reduced to one half of the quiescent level. Oxygen saturation of venous blood diminished initially and then increased progressively during distension. At the end of distension venous outflow stopped temporarily. After suspension of distension, arterial and venous flow and oxygen saturation increased beyond the quiescent level. These results may suggest that there is a by-pass or A-V anastomosis which cannot be compressed mechanically by elevation of intraluminal pressure.", "PMID": 533953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5898", "title": "Optical monitoring of spontaneous electrical activity of 8-somite embryonic chick heart.", "content": "Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we monitored spontaneous action potential activity in the embryonic chick heart at the very early developmental stages, and found that spontaneous electrical activity was present at the developmental stage of 8 somites before the initiation of the heartbeat.", "contents": "Optical monitoring of spontaneous electrical activity of 8-somite embryonic chick heart. Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we monitored spontaneous action potential activity in the embryonic chick heart at the very early developmental stages, and found that spontaneous electrical activity was present at the developmental stage of 8 somites before the initiation of the heartbeat.", "PMID": 533954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5899", "title": "Creatine metabolism in skeletal muscle of noradrenaline-treated rats.", "content": "Prolonged noradrenaline treatment did not affect the urinary creatine excretion, creatine radioactivity, and the creatine contents of all muscles studied. Radioactive creatine uptake by skeletal muscle was significantly lower in noradrenaline-treated rats than in controls, while those by heart and diaphragm were not affected by noradrenaline.", "contents": "Creatine metabolism in skeletal muscle of noradrenaline-treated rats. Prolonged noradrenaline treatment did not affect the urinary creatine excretion, creatine radioactivity, and the creatine contents of all muscles studied. Radioactive creatine uptake by skeletal muscle was significantly lower in noradrenaline-treated rats than in controls, while those by heart and diaphragm were not affected by noradrenaline.", "PMID": 533955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5900", "title": "The male rape victim: evaluation and treatment.", "content": "The medical literature offers little guidance in the evaluation of male victims of sexual assault. The statutes are a confusing patchwork of conflicting and sexually biased laws. Children and adolescents probably represent the majority of patients, and are typically engaged by subterfuge, often with adults known to the child. Forcible assault, common in adult victims, is not characteristic in the pediatric age group. The evaluation and treatment of the sexually abused male victim is similar to his female counterpart. Physicians and emergency department staff must be knowledgeable regarding their responsibilities to these patients, and concerned with the medical, legal and psychological ramifications of sexual assault.", "contents": "The male rape victim: evaluation and treatment. The medical literature offers little guidance in the evaluation of male victims of sexual assault. The statutes are a confusing patchwork of conflicting and sexually biased laws. Children and adolescents probably represent the majority of patients, and are typically engaged by subterfuge, often with adults known to the child. Forcible assault, common in adult victims, is not characteristic in the pediatric age group. The evaluation and treatment of the sexually abused male victim is similar to his female counterpart. Physicians and emergency department staff must be knowledgeable regarding their responsibilities to these patients, and concerned with the medical, legal and psychological ramifications of sexual assault.", "PMID": 533959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5901", "title": "Transient ST elevation associated with tension pneumothorax.", "content": "In a 52-year-old man, a spontaneous right tension pneumothorax was associated with transient bradycardia, hypotension and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes consisting of precordial ST elevation suggestive of acute myocardial injury. Immediately after chest tube placement, the ECG reverted to near normal. Serial cardiac enzymes and isoenzymes showed no evidence of myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of this association. The ECG changes may be related to the hypotensive state induced by the tension pneumothorax with resulting decreased coronary artery blood flow and myocardial ischemia that resolved without infarction.", "contents": "Transient ST elevation associated with tension pneumothorax. In a 52-year-old man, a spontaneous right tension pneumothorax was associated with transient bradycardia, hypotension and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes consisting of precordial ST elevation suggestive of acute myocardial injury. Immediately after chest tube placement, the ECG reverted to near normal. Serial cardiac enzymes and isoenzymes showed no evidence of myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of this association. The ECG changes may be related to the hypotensive state induced by the tension pneumothorax with resulting decreased coronary artery blood flow and myocardial ischemia that resolved without infarction.", "PMID": 533960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5902", "title": "Subclavian artery injury and fracture of the scapula.", "content": "A fracture of the scapula is frequently associated with other significant injuries. In the case described, a motorcycle accident victim sustained multiple injuries, including a scapular fracture associated with a tear of the subclavian artery, demonstrated by angiography and confirmed at operation. A literature review revealed no similar case.", "contents": "Subclavian artery injury and fracture of the scapula. A fracture of the scapula is frequently associated with other significant injuries. In the case described, a motorcycle accident victim sustained multiple injuries, including a scapular fracture associated with a tear of the subclavian artery, demonstrated by angiography and confirmed at operation. A literature review revealed no similar case.", "PMID": 533961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5903", "title": "Epidemiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a suburban community.", "content": "A surveillance system identified all out-of-hospital victims of cardiac arrests who received emergency aid in King County, Washington, as well as the etiologic condition and cardiac rhythm causing each arrest. During an 18-month period, 649 cardiac arrests occurred (annual incidence 7.2/10,000). Primary heart disease was the cause in 81%. Ventricular fibrillation was the associated rhythm in 57% of cardiac arrests. Based upon the incidence of cardiac arrest in the community and the likelihood of resuscitation under optimal conditions, we estimate the maximum incidence of lives saved to be 2.0/10,000 annually.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a suburban community. A surveillance system identified all out-of-hospital victims of cardiac arrests who received emergency aid in King County, Washington, as well as the etiologic condition and cardiac rhythm causing each arrest. During an 18-month period, 649 cardiac arrests occurred (annual incidence 7.2/10,000). Primary heart disease was the cause in 81%. Ventricular fibrillation was the associated rhythm in 57% of cardiac arrests. Based upon the incidence of cardiac arrest in the community and the likelihood of resuscitation under optimal conditions, we estimate the maximum incidence of lives saved to be 2.0/10,000 annually.", "PMID": 533962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5904", "title": "Accidental \"cranial\" defibrillation.", "content": "A case of accidental shock to the head, caused by a cardiac defibrillator, is presented. The shock resulted in minor burns and symptoms similar to those of postelectro-convulsive shock therapy (ECT). A physician participating in an advanced life support course, and familiar with the equipment, was the victim. An assumption that the demonstration equipment was not real seems to have been the cause of the accident. Suggestions for prevention of further episodes are discussed.", "contents": "Accidental \"cranial\" defibrillation. A case of accidental shock to the head, caused by a cardiac defibrillator, is presented. The shock resulted in minor burns and symptoms similar to those of postelectro-convulsive shock therapy (ECT). A physician participating in an advanced life support course, and familiar with the equipment, was the victim. An assumption that the demonstration equipment was not real seems to have been the cause of the accident. Suggestions for prevention of further episodes are discussed.", "PMID": 533963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5905", "title": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia.", "content": "Intense cyanosis in a previously well, 30-month-old, white girl was found to be due to the ingestion of benzocaine. A wide variety of chemical compounds present in many proprietary products, when ingested, can cause this presentation in individuals with structurally normal hemoglobin and normal activity of methemoglobin reductase. The phenomenon appears to be dose-related. Immediate recognition and initiation of appropriate therapy will effect a rapid reversal of the methemoglobinemia, and in some cases, may be life-saving. Caution should be exercised in the use of benzocaine-containing preparations.", "contents": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Intense cyanosis in a previously well, 30-month-old, white girl was found to be due to the ingestion of benzocaine. A wide variety of chemical compounds present in many proprietary products, when ingested, can cause this presentation in individuals with structurally normal hemoglobin and normal activity of methemoglobin reductase. The phenomenon appears to be dose-related. Immediate recognition and initiation of appropriate therapy will effect a rapid reversal of the methemoglobinemia, and in some cases, may be life-saving. Caution should be exercised in the use of benzocaine-containing preparations.", "PMID": 533964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5906", "title": "Emergency medicine core content.", "content": "The Emergency Medicine Core Content represents the central body of knowledge of emergency medicine and is presented as an itemized list of clinical diseases, major clinical symptoms, administrative entities, and physician skills. It comprises the nucleus of the actual practice of clinical emergency medicine. Finally, it describes the educational scope of postgraduate training and continuing medical education in emergency medicine. The Core Content should be differentiated from a training curriculum. A training curriculum defines the experiential and educational means to attain this core body of knowledge. The Emergency Medicine Core Content was derived in part from the Committee on Board Establishment (COBE) conditions and skills list. Its present form represents a total reorganization of the COBE list with appropriate additions and deletions. All diseases and symptoms were included on the basis of four criteria: conditions which pose immediate life or limb threat; conditions which potentially require inhospital treatment; conditions which give rise to significant discomfort to the patient and conditions with medicolegal implications. The Emergency Medicine Core Content has been widely circulated and has input from numerous individuals and committees. All critiques were closely reviewed and employed to derive the final document as it now exists.", "contents": "Emergency medicine core content. The Emergency Medicine Core Content represents the central body of knowledge of emergency medicine and is presented as an itemized list of clinical diseases, major clinical symptoms, administrative entities, and physician skills. It comprises the nucleus of the actual practice of clinical emergency medicine. Finally, it describes the educational scope of postgraduate training and continuing medical education in emergency medicine. The Core Content should be differentiated from a training curriculum. A training curriculum defines the experiential and educational means to attain this core body of knowledge. The Emergency Medicine Core Content was derived in part from the Committee on Board Establishment (COBE) conditions and skills list. Its present form represents a total reorganization of the COBE list with appropriate additions and deletions. All diseases and symptoms were included on the basis of four criteria: conditions which pose immediate life or limb threat; conditions which potentially require inhospital treatment; conditions which give rise to significant discomfort to the patient and conditions with medicolegal implications. The Emergency Medicine Core Content has been widely circulated and has input from numerous individuals and committees. All critiques were closely reviewed and employed to derive the final document as it now exists.", "PMID": 533966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5907", "title": "Echocardiographic incidence of pericardial effusion in patients resuscitated by emergency medical technicians.", "content": "The incidence of echocardiographically determined pericardial effusion was assessed in the early postmanual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) period in a group of patients resuscitated by advanced emergency medical technicians (EMT-P) from the Rescue Division of the Tampa Fire Department. The survival rate from out-of-hospital sudden death is comparable to that reported in other series. Twenty-six survivors of out-of-hospital sudden death had echocardiograms performed an average of 2.5 days (range 0-10) postCPR to determine the amount of pericardial effusion. Eight of the 26 (31%) patients had received intracardiac drugs during CPR administered by the EMT-Ps when physician-directed by radio. Of the 26, three (12%) were found to have very minimal pericardial effusions; all deemed insignificant. All three had alternate explanations for physiological or pathological causes of their effusions. One had received intracardiac drugs, but the pericardial effusion could be explained by congestive cardiomyopathy. Another had congestive cardiomyopathy, and the third had sustained a severe steering wheel injury to the chest. Thus, manual CPR with or without the use of intracardiac drugs does not appear to cause significant pericardial effusions in survivors of sudden cardiac death.", "contents": "Echocardiographic incidence of pericardial effusion in patients resuscitated by emergency medical technicians. The incidence of echocardiographically determined pericardial effusion was assessed in the early postmanual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) period in a group of patients resuscitated by advanced emergency medical technicians (EMT-P) from the Rescue Division of the Tampa Fire Department. The survival rate from out-of-hospital sudden death is comparable to that reported in other series. Twenty-six survivors of out-of-hospital sudden death had echocardiograms performed an average of 2.5 days (range 0-10) postCPR to determine the amount of pericardial effusion. Eight of the 26 (31%) patients had received intracardiac drugs during CPR administered by the EMT-Ps when physician-directed by radio. Of the 26, three (12%) were found to have very minimal pericardial effusions; all deemed insignificant. All three had alternate explanations for physiological or pathological causes of their effusions. One had received intracardiac drugs, but the pericardial effusion could be explained by congestive cardiomyopathy. Another had congestive cardiomyopathy, and the third had sustained a severe steering wheel injury to the chest. Thus, manual CPR with or without the use of intracardiac drugs does not appear to cause significant pericardial effusions in survivors of sudden cardiac death.", "PMID": 533975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5908", "title": "Spirometric evaluation of acute bronchial asthma.", "content": "Spirograms were obtained before and after emergency therapy in 85 episodes of acute bronchial asthma in 82 patients. The clinical status of all patients after emergency treatment was reevaluated 48 hours later. Patients could be divided into three groups: I) admissions; II) patients discharged but with later respiratory problems; and III) patients who were discharged and did well. The mean pre- and posttreatment one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) was significantly different among all three groups. FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter before treatment, or an FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter after emergency treatment, was associated with an unfavorable course. Eighty-eight percent of Group I patients (admissions) had either an initial FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter, or a posttreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter. Among all patients whose initail FEV1.0 was less than or equal to 0.6 liter, 80% were either admitted or had subsequent respiratory problems; 75% of all patients whose posttreatment FEV1.0 was less than or equal to 1.6 liter were either admitted or developed subsequent respiratory problems. Moreover, 90% of patients who had both a pretreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter and a posttreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter were admitted or had subsequent significant airway obstruction. We conclude that spirometry can identify asthmatic patients who require admission or who will have significant airway obstruction within 48 hours after discharge from the emergency department.", "contents": "Spirometric evaluation of acute bronchial asthma. Spirograms were obtained before and after emergency therapy in 85 episodes of acute bronchial asthma in 82 patients. The clinical status of all patients after emergency treatment was reevaluated 48 hours later. Patients could be divided into three groups: I) admissions; II) patients discharged but with later respiratory problems; and III) patients who were discharged and did well. The mean pre- and posttreatment one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) was significantly different among all three groups. FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter before treatment, or an FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter after emergency treatment, was associated with an unfavorable course. Eighty-eight percent of Group I patients (admissions) had either an initial FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter, or a posttreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter. Among all patients whose initail FEV1.0 was less than or equal to 0.6 liter, 80% were either admitted or had subsequent respiratory problems; 75% of all patients whose posttreatment FEV1.0 was less than or equal to 1.6 liter were either admitted or developed subsequent respiratory problems. Moreover, 90% of patients who had both a pretreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 0.6 liter and a posttreatment FEV1.0 less than or equal to 1.6 liter were admitted or had subsequent significant airway obstruction. We conclude that spirometry can identify asthmatic patients who require admission or who will have significant airway obstruction within 48 hours after discharge from the emergency department.", "PMID": 533976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5909", "title": "Formation and action of prostaglandins in the kidney.", "content": "The kidney has a high capacity to produce a spectrum of different acting prostaglandins (PG). In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that renal formation of PG's, possibly in the vasculature of the cortex represents an essential step in the mechanisms regulating the secretion of renin. PG's formed in the cortex seem to participate also in the control of renal vascular resistance and glomerular filtration rate. PGE2 formed in the medulla modulates the hydroosmotic action of antidiuretic hormone and influences the kidney's capacity for urine concentration. Renal PG formation is reduced by high NaCl intake and enhanced by low NaCl intake and in hypokalemic states. These findings make renal PG's good candidates for participation in the regulation of salt and water balance and in the control of blood pressure. Due to the close connection with the renin angiotensin system, alterations in renal PG formation might be involved in the etiology of high and low renin states. Thus, an impairment in the renal cortical production of vasodilating and renin-stimulating PG's could constitute the common denominator for both the reduced renin secretion and the increased vascular resistance which have been reported to be associated in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Formation and action of prostaglandins in the kidney. The kidney has a high capacity to produce a spectrum of different acting prostaglandins (PG). In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that renal formation of PG's, possibly in the vasculature of the cortex represents an essential step in the mechanisms regulating the secretion of renin. PG's formed in the cortex seem to participate also in the control of renal vascular resistance and glomerular filtration rate. PGE2 formed in the medulla modulates the hydroosmotic action of antidiuretic hormone and influences the kidney's capacity for urine concentration. Renal PG formation is reduced by high NaCl intake and enhanced by low NaCl intake and in hypokalemic states. These findings make renal PG's good candidates for participation in the regulation of salt and water balance and in the control of blood pressure. Due to the close connection with the renin angiotensin system, alterations in renal PG formation might be involved in the etiology of high and low renin states. Thus, an impairment in the renal cortical production of vasodilating and renin-stimulating PG's could constitute the common denominator for both the reduced renin secretion and the increased vascular resistance which have been reported to be associated in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 533977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5910", "title": "Intracellular elemental concentrations in renal tubular cells. An electron microprobe analysis.", "content": "In order to be able to examine the processes involved in transepithelial transport in tissues, which are not composed of a single cell type, methods are required, which permit analysis at a cellular level. The technique of electron microprobe analysis permits the intracellular concentrations of many elements to be determined simultaneously in various portions of the cell. The application of this method to renal cortical tissue has shown that the best estimates of the cytoplasmic concentrations are to be obtained in regions close to the nucleus, farthest from the basolateral infoldings and microvilli, which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular space. The nuclear concentrations of Na and K do not differ from those in the surrounding cytoplasm, although those of P and Cl are somewhat higher in cytoplasm. The intracellular element concentrations in the different cell types vary somewhat, proximal tubular cells contain higher concentrations of Na and Cl and lower ones of P than distal tubular cells. Following ischaemia, a manoeuvre know to result in a disturbance of intracellular electrolytes, Na was observed to rise and K to fall only in the non-surface cells of kidneys exposed to the air, but in all cells, if the kidneys were kept air-free in an atmosphere of N2. The proximal and distal tubular cells showed a variable resistance to ischaemia, the distal tubular cells being much more resistant. Despite the severity of the electrolyte disturbance following ischaemia, the intracellular composition was completely restored one hour after re-introducing renal blood flow.", "contents": "Intracellular elemental concentrations in renal tubular cells. An electron microprobe analysis. In order to be able to examine the processes involved in transepithelial transport in tissues, which are not composed of a single cell type, methods are required, which permit analysis at a cellular level. The technique of electron microprobe analysis permits the intracellular concentrations of many elements to be determined simultaneously in various portions of the cell. The application of this method to renal cortical tissue has shown that the best estimates of the cytoplasmic concentrations are to be obtained in regions close to the nucleus, farthest from the basolateral infoldings and microvilli, which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular space. The nuclear concentrations of Na and K do not differ from those in the surrounding cytoplasm, although those of P and Cl are somewhat higher in cytoplasm. The intracellular element concentrations in the different cell types vary somewhat, proximal tubular cells contain higher concentrations of Na and Cl and lower ones of P than distal tubular cells. Following ischaemia, a manoeuvre know to result in a disturbance of intracellular electrolytes, Na was observed to rise and K to fall only in the non-surface cells of kidneys exposed to the air, but in all cells, if the kidneys were kept air-free in an atmosphere of N2. The proximal and distal tubular cells showed a variable resistance to ischaemia, the distal tubular cells being much more resistant. Despite the severity of the electrolyte disturbance following ischaemia, the intracellular composition was completely restored one hour after re-introducing renal blood flow.", "PMID": 533978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5911", "title": "Gradual carotid artery occlusion in the treatment of inaccessible internal carotid artery aneurysms.", "content": "The authors discuss 21 cases of large or surgically inaccessible internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with gradual occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery. Eighty-five per cent of the patients experienced relief or marked improvement of their symptoms after treatment. Two early cases developed postligation ischemic deficits that partially resolved. After the introduction of expansion of circulating blood volume and induced hypertension as adjuncts to graded carotid occlusion, no ischemic complications occurred.", "contents": "Gradual carotid artery occlusion in the treatment of inaccessible internal carotid artery aneurysms. The authors discuss 21 cases of large or surgically inaccessible internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with gradual occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery. Eighty-five per cent of the patients experienced relief or marked improvement of their symptoms after treatment. Two early cases developed postligation ischemic deficits that partially resolved. After the introduction of expansion of circulating blood volume and induced hypertension as adjuncts to graded carotid occlusion, no ischemic complications occurred.", "PMID": 534043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5912", "title": "Risk of intracranial aneurysm surgery in the good grade patient: early versus late operation.", "content": "To evaluate the risk of definitive intracranial microsurgical aneurysm obliteration as a function of the timing of the operative intervention, we retrospectively reviewed 106 consecutive patients in good clinical condition who underwent such surgery. The patients who were operated upon within the first 8 days of their most recent subarachnoid hemorrhage formed the \"early\" group; the patients operated upon between the 9th and 31st day were considered to have undergone \"late\" surgery. On the basis of their clinical outcome the patients were allocated to one of four outcome categories (\"good,\" \"fair,\" \"death\") both at the time of their hospital discharge and at their most recent clinical re-evaluation, a minimum of 6 months after discharge from the hospital. There was no significant difference in the operative mortality in each group (early surgery, 5%; late surgery, 4%); additionally, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of either intraoperative complications or postoperative morbidity. A suggestive but statistically insignificant increase in the incidence of postoperative cerebral ischemic events was seen in the \"early\" surgery group (8% vs. 4% for the \"late\" surgery group). The potential significance of these findings for the timing of intracranial aneurysm surgery is discussed.", "contents": "Risk of intracranial aneurysm surgery in the good grade patient: early versus late operation. To evaluate the risk of definitive intracranial microsurgical aneurysm obliteration as a function of the timing of the operative intervention, we retrospectively reviewed 106 consecutive patients in good clinical condition who underwent such surgery. The patients who were operated upon within the first 8 days of their most recent subarachnoid hemorrhage formed the \"early\" group; the patients operated upon between the 9th and 31st day were considered to have undergone \"late\" surgery. On the basis of their clinical outcome the patients were allocated to one of four outcome categories (\"good,\" \"fair,\" \"death\") both at the time of their hospital discharge and at their most recent clinical re-evaluation, a minimum of 6 months after discharge from the hospital. There was no significant difference in the operative mortality in each group (early surgery, 5%; late surgery, 4%); additionally, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of either intraoperative complications or postoperative morbidity. A suggestive but statistically insignificant increase in the incidence of postoperative cerebral ischemic events was seen in the \"early\" surgery group (8% vs. 4% for the \"late\" surgery group). The potential significance of these findings for the timing of intracranial aneurysm surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 534044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5913", "title": "Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy producing motor manifestations mimicking primary muscular atrophy.", "content": "Cervical radiculopathy unaccompanied by pain or sensory disorder but manifested only by paresis, atrophy, fasciculation, and reflex loss is unusual. Three such cases are presented. Considerable diagnostic difficulty may arise in distinguishing patients presenting with these features from those who have primary motor neuron disease. Two additional case reports demonstrate that this distinction is not always possible. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis are discussed. Differentiation between motor neuron disease and spondylosis will avert needless surgery in the former group and will result in beneficial, sometimes curative surgery in the latter group.", "contents": "Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy producing motor manifestations mimicking primary muscular atrophy. Cervical radiculopathy unaccompanied by pain or sensory disorder but manifested only by paresis, atrophy, fasciculation, and reflex loss is unusual. Three such cases are presented. Considerable diagnostic difficulty may arise in distinguishing patients presenting with these features from those who have primary motor neuron disease. Two additional case reports demonstrate that this distinction is not always possible. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis are discussed. Differentiation between motor neuron disease and spondylosis will avert needless surgery in the former group and will result in beneficial, sometimes curative surgery in the latter group.", "PMID": 534045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5914", "title": "Intraventricular fiberscopic observations in adult hydrocephalic patients.", "content": "A flexible ventriculofiberscope was used to diagnose intraventricular pathological conditions in eight adult hydrocephalic patients. In each case the entire procedure was recorded on videotape for documentation, review, and teaching. Four representative cases are presented to illustrate the use and value of this technique.", "contents": "Intraventricular fiberscopic observations in adult hydrocephalic patients. A flexible ventriculofiberscope was used to diagnose intraventricular pathological conditions in eight adult hydrocephalic patients. In each case the entire procedure was recorded on videotape for documentation, review, and teaching. Four representative cases are presented to illustrate the use and value of this technique.", "PMID": 534046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5915", "title": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical, and comparative study. Part 2: anatomical study.", "content": "Two hundred eleven adult scapulae were examined and quantitative data pertaining to the dimensions of the suprascapular notch were obtained. Six types of suprascapular notch were observed. Transitions tended to occur between Types II, III, and IV. A classification function was developed utilizing the measured values of the dimensions of the suprascapular notch, which might help in assigning the scapulae to these transitional types. Dissections of the suprascapular area were performed in 15 cadavers. Static and dynamic relationships of the suprascapular nerve to the suprascapular foramen were examined.", "contents": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical, and comparative study. Part 2: anatomical study. Two hundred eleven adult scapulae were examined and quantitative data pertaining to the dimensions of the suprascapular notch were obtained. Six types of suprascapular notch were observed. Transitions tended to occur between Types II, III, and IV. A classification function was developed utilizing the measured values of the dimensions of the suprascapular notch, which might help in assigning the scapulae to these transitional types. Dissections of the suprascapular area were performed in 15 cadavers. Static and dynamic relationships of the suprascapular nerve to the suprascapular foramen were examined.", "PMID": 534048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5916", "title": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical, and comparative study. Part 3: comparative study.", "content": "The suprascapular ligament seems to serve no defined function in the human. A comparative study was undertaken to elucidate its function. The suprascapular region was dissected in species representing seven existing primate families and six subprimate families. A striking dichotomy of pattern was observed. In the New World primates, the suprascapular ligament appeared to be continuous with the coracoclavicular ligament; the former merely served to increase the area of bony attachment of the coracoclavicular ligament. In the Old World monkeys and subprimate mammals, the suprascapular ligament was entirely absent. The human anatomy was comparable to that found in the New World primates. This dichotomy of pattern seems to be related to the function of the upper extremity in the different classes of mammals.", "contents": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical, and comparative study. Part 3: comparative study. The suprascapular ligament seems to serve no defined function in the human. A comparative study was undertaken to elucidate its function. The suprascapular region was dissected in species representing seven existing primate families and six subprimate families. A striking dichotomy of pattern was observed. In the New World primates, the suprascapular ligament appeared to be continuous with the coracoclavicular ligament; the former merely served to increase the area of bony attachment of the coracoclavicular ligament. In the Old World monkeys and subprimate mammals, the suprascapular ligament was entirely absent. The human anatomy was comparable to that found in the New World primates. This dichotomy of pattern seems to be related to the function of the upper extremity in the different classes of mammals.", "PMID": 534049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5917", "title": "Temporary microvascular clips.", "content": "Selected commercially designated temporary clips (Acland, Biemer, Kleinert-Kutz, Variangle, and Yasargil) were applied for 1 hour to rat common carotid arteries. Scanning electron and light microscopic studies revealed varying degrees of endothelial damage. The authors believe that further improvements are needed in the design of temporary clips.", "contents": "Temporary microvascular clips. Selected commercially designated temporary clips (Acland, Biemer, Kleinert-Kutz, Variangle, and Yasargil) were applied for 1 hour to rat common carotid arteries. Scanning electron and light microscopic studies revealed varying degrees of endothelial damage. The authors believe that further improvements are needed in the design of temporary clips.", "PMID": 534050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5918", "title": "Acquired middle cranial fossa fistulas: normal pressure and nontraumatic in origin.", "content": "To the accepted classification of three types of normal pressure, nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, we would add \"acquired.\" This type of CSF fistula tends to occur from the middle cranial fossa because of the enlargement of \"pitholes\" that are normally present in its anterior medial aspect. The enlargement of these bony defects is due to normal intracranial pressure variations that, not uncommonly, create meningoceles and meningoencephaloceles. A portion of the floor of this area is aerated in up to 10% of the normal population by the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus, the pterygoid recess. Thus, this area has the potential to act as a pathway between the middle fossa and the paranasal sinuses, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to pass into the sinuses. Isotope and computerized tomographic studies are helpful in the localization of such a CSF leak. Tomography of the base of the skull, however, is essential for the ideal definition of possible routes of fistulization. If there is any question of the presence of a middle fossa fistula, these studies can show whether the floor of this area is pneumatized and whether there are any defects in the floor. The treatment of such a fistula should include generalized reinforcement of the floor of the anterior middle fossa by a middle fossa approach. If any doubt exists as to the site of leakage (anterior or middle fossa), the minimal surgical procedure should include exploration of both areas via a frontotemporal craniotomy.", "contents": "Acquired middle cranial fossa fistulas: normal pressure and nontraumatic in origin. To the accepted classification of three types of normal pressure, nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, we would add \"acquired.\" This type of CSF fistula tends to occur from the middle cranial fossa because of the enlargement of \"pitholes\" that are normally present in its anterior medial aspect. The enlargement of these bony defects is due to normal intracranial pressure variations that, not uncommonly, create meningoceles and meningoencephaloceles. A portion of the floor of this area is aerated in up to 10% of the normal population by the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus, the pterygoid recess. Thus, this area has the potential to act as a pathway between the middle fossa and the paranasal sinuses, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to pass into the sinuses. Isotope and computerized tomographic studies are helpful in the localization of such a CSF leak. Tomography of the base of the skull, however, is essential for the ideal definition of possible routes of fistulization. If there is any question of the presence of a middle fossa fistula, these studies can show whether the floor of this area is pneumatized and whether there are any defects in the floor. The treatment of such a fistula should include generalized reinforcement of the floor of the anterior middle fossa by a middle fossa approach. If any doubt exists as to the site of leakage (anterior or middle fossa), the minimal surgical procedure should include exploration of both areas via a frontotemporal craniotomy.", "PMID": 534052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5919", "title": "Traumatic false aneurysm and carotid-cavernous fistula: a complication of sphenoidotomy.", "content": "Severe head injury with resultant basilar skull fracture is the most common etiology for traumatic false aneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery and for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula. We present a case of false aneurysm and fistula that occurred as a complication of sphenoidotomy, fortunately a rare etiology of these two serious problems. Because of the current resurgence of trans-sphenoidal surgery, it is of utmost importance that all neurosurgeons possess an accurate and detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the carotid artery and its intracavernous route.", "contents": "Traumatic false aneurysm and carotid-cavernous fistula: a complication of sphenoidotomy. Severe head injury with resultant basilar skull fracture is the most common etiology for traumatic false aneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery and for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula. We present a case of false aneurysm and fistula that occurred as a complication of sphenoidotomy, fortunately a rare etiology of these two serious problems. Because of the current resurgence of trans-sphenoidal surgery, it is of utmost importance that all neurosurgeons possess an accurate and detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the carotid artery and its intracavernous route.", "PMID": 534053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5920", "title": "Angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations.", "content": "Three cases of angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations are presented and a review of the cases in the English literature is tabulated. The typical patient is a 30- to 40-year-old woman with a history of seizures and headache. There is no antecedent history suggesting hemorrhage. On nonenhanced computerized tomographic scans, these lesions are denser than normal brain. They enhance with contrast administration. The angiogram demonstrates an avascular mass. The history, physical findings, and radiographic studies suggest brain tumor. An accurate diagnosis requires operation and pathological examination of the lesion.", "contents": "Angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations. Three cases of angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations are presented and a review of the cases in the English literature is tabulated. The typical patient is a 30- to 40-year-old woman with a history of seizures and headache. There is no antecedent history suggesting hemorrhage. On nonenhanced computerized tomographic scans, these lesions are denser than normal brain. They enhance with contrast administration. The angiogram demonstrates an avascular mass. The history, physical findings, and radiographic studies suggest brain tumor. An accurate diagnosis requires operation and pathological examination of the lesion.", "PMID": 534054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5921", "title": "Meningiomas of the pineal region and third ventricle.", "content": "The clinical presentation, radiological findings, and surgical management of two cases of meningioma arising from the velum interpositum without dural attachment are described. The true nature of these tumors was not suspected despite extensive preoperative diagnostic evaluation. A total removal was effected in both cases with the use of the operating microscope and a posterior fossa approach to the pineal region. A review of similar cases from the English literature is presented.", "contents": "Meningiomas of the pineal region and third ventricle. The clinical presentation, radiological findings, and surgical management of two cases of meningioma arising from the velum interpositum without dural attachment are described. The true nature of these tumors was not suspected despite extensive preoperative diagnostic evaluation. A total removal was effected in both cases with the use of the operating microscope and a posterior fossa approach to the pineal region. A review of similar cases from the English literature is presented.", "PMID": 534055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5922", "title": "Extradural hematoma associated with traumatic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm: report of two cases.", "content": "Two new cases of extradural hematoma associated with traumatic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm are presented. Sixteen such cases have previously been reported in the literature. A 22-year-old man and a 17-year-old woman each developed marked neurological deficits after head injury. In each case percutaneous common carotid angiography demonstrated a conspicuous aneurysmatic sac on the middle meningeal artery, as well as displacement of major intracranial vessels and a surrounding avascular area. At operation the extradural clot was removed and the middle meningeal artery sac was verified. Both patients recovered uneventfully. Histological analysis of one of the specimens was performed.", "contents": "Extradural hematoma associated with traumatic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm: report of two cases. Two new cases of extradural hematoma associated with traumatic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm are presented. Sixteen such cases have previously been reported in the literature. A 22-year-old man and a 17-year-old woman each developed marked neurological deficits after head injury. In each case percutaneous common carotid angiography demonstrated a conspicuous aneurysmatic sac on the middle meningeal artery, as well as displacement of major intracranial vessels and a surrounding avascular area. At operation the extradural clot was removed and the middle meningeal artery sac was verified. Both patients recovered uneventfully. Histological analysis of one of the specimens was performed.", "PMID": 534056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5923", "title": "Management of cancer pain: an overview.", "content": "This paper provides an overview of the current status of the management of cancer pain. The concept of \"total care\" of the patient with cancer incorporates an effort to eradicate or suppress the underlying malignancy, but when this is no longer feasible emphasis is shifted to symptom control to maximize the quality of remaining life. Even though the malignancy cannot be eradicated, an important first step in pain control is the diagnostic identification of the source of pain because it is preferable to treat the pain specifically rather than symptomatically. Alleviation of the patient's \"total agony\" requires treatment of the emotional as well as the physical component of pain. In addition, successful management is facilitated by attention to the social needs of both patient and family. Pharmacological therapy is the keystone of pain management; this includes the use of psychotropic agents and narcotic analgesics given orally on a regular schedule to prevent pain, rather than treating the pain after it has appeared. The hospice approach embodies the principles of pharmacological therapy and social, spiritual, and emotional support for the patient and family. These noninvasive methods have been shown to be effective in an increasing proportion of patients with advanced cancer, resulting in a decline in the need for neurosurgical intervention. However, in some patients conservative management fails and neurosurgical intervention should be considered. For those who are candidates for neurosurgical intervention, a wide variety of procedures is available. The selection of specific procedures depends on the source and severity of the pain and on the life expectancy and general condition of the patient.", "contents": "Management of cancer pain: an overview. This paper provides an overview of the current status of the management of cancer pain. The concept of \"total care\" of the patient with cancer incorporates an effort to eradicate or suppress the underlying malignancy, but when this is no longer feasible emphasis is shifted to symptom control to maximize the quality of remaining life. Even though the malignancy cannot be eradicated, an important first step in pain control is the diagnostic identification of the source of pain because it is preferable to treat the pain specifically rather than symptomatically. Alleviation of the patient's \"total agony\" requires treatment of the emotional as well as the physical component of pain. In addition, successful management is facilitated by attention to the social needs of both patient and family. Pharmacological therapy is the keystone of pain management; this includes the use of psychotropic agents and narcotic analgesics given orally on a regular schedule to prevent pain, rather than treating the pain after it has appeared. The hospice approach embodies the principles of pharmacological therapy and social, spiritual, and emotional support for the patient and family. These noninvasive methods have been shown to be effective in an increasing proportion of patients with advanced cancer, resulting in a decline in the need for neurosurgical intervention. However, in some patients conservative management fails and neurosurgical intervention should be considered. For those who are candidates for neurosurgical intervention, a wide variety of procedures is available. The selection of specific procedures depends on the source and severity of the pain and on the life expectancy and general condition of the patient.", "PMID": 534057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5924", "title": "Artificial vision for the blind by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex.", "content": "Artificial vision for the blind may be feasible by interfacing a television camera with electronics stimulating the visual cortex. The status of a major collaborative effort involving the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, the University of Utah, and the University of Western Ontario is reviewed. Results have been very encouraging, although much work remains to be done.", "contents": "Artificial vision for the blind by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Artificial vision for the blind may be feasible by interfacing a television camera with electronics stimulating the visual cortex. The status of a major collaborative effort involving the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, the University of Utah, and the University of Western Ontario is reviewed. Results have been very encouraging, although much work remains to be done.", "PMID": 534058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5925", "title": "Status of the legal definition of death.", "content": "A review of the existing models of legislation and state statutes pertaining to the definition of death is presented. Twenty-four states have statutory provision for brain death. Concern still exists about the need for and the form of statutory definitions. Medical criteria are not considered in detail, but the proposals of others are mentioned. It seems desirable that the community of neurosurgeons consider the legal and medical aspects of brain death and participate in the formulation of medical guidelines and education and the preparation of statutes.", "contents": "Status of the legal definition of death. A review of the existing models of legislation and state statutes pertaining to the definition of death is presented. Twenty-four states have statutory provision for brain death. Concern still exists about the need for and the form of statutory definitions. Medical criteria are not considered in detail, but the proposals of others are mentioned. It seems desirable that the community of neurosurgeons consider the legal and medical aspects of brain death and participate in the formulation of medical guidelines and education and the preparation of statutes.", "PMID": 534060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5926", "title": "Increased intraventricular pressure without ventriculomegaly in children with shunts: \"normal volume\" hydrocephalus.", "content": "Five patients with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus were observed to have apparently normal ventricular size despite marked increases in ventricular pressure after shunt malfunction. Elastance (dP/dV) was determined in four of these patients by removing increments of cerebrospinal fluid and measuring the resulting pressure. These patients without ventricular enlargement and with markedly increased ventricular pressure had high elastance. This group of patients with \"normal volume\" hydrocephalus had distal shunt occlusions, in contrast to previously reported patients with cephalic shunt obstructions after ventricular decompression. Initial shunting in early infancy, prolonged shunt dependency, and lack of recent shunt revision were common factors in these patients. Markedly elevated pressure with normal volume is a threatening clinical entity, requiring prompt surgical intervention", "contents": "Increased intraventricular pressure without ventriculomegaly in children with shunts: \"normal volume\" hydrocephalus. Five patients with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus were observed to have apparently normal ventricular size despite marked increases in ventricular pressure after shunt malfunction. Elastance (dP/dV) was determined in four of these patients by removing increments of cerebrospinal fluid and measuring the resulting pressure. These patients without ventricular enlargement and with markedly increased ventricular pressure had high elastance. This group of patients with \"normal volume\" hydrocephalus had distal shunt occlusions, in contrast to previously reported patients with cephalic shunt obstructions after ventricular decompression. Initial shunting in early infancy, prolonged shunt dependency, and lack of recent shunt revision were common factors in these patients. Markedly elevated pressure with normal volume is a threatening clinical entity, requiring prompt surgical intervention", "PMID": 534062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5927", "title": "Checkerboard visual evoked response in evaluation and management of pituitary tumors.", "content": "As a routine part of the evaluation of patients with pituitary tumor, visual evoked responses (VERs) to checkerboard pattern reversal were recorded from 83 patients with tomographically documented pituitary tumor. VER tests were correlated with examinations of visual acuity, color perception, and visual fields and with computerized tomographic scan evidence of suprasellar extension of the tumor. The purpose of the VER recording was to determine the presence of visual system compression by the tumor and thus contribute to the decision of whether surgery was necessary. Each of the patients who had suprasellar extension of the tumor sufficient to produce a visual field abnormality also had an abnormal VER. In addition, some patients with suprasellar extension had normal visual fields but abnormal visual evoked responses. Thus, the VER provided earlier evidence of suprasellar extension causing visual system compromise than did conventional visual tests.", "contents": "Checkerboard visual evoked response in evaluation and management of pituitary tumors. As a routine part of the evaluation of patients with pituitary tumor, visual evoked responses (VERs) to checkerboard pattern reversal were recorded from 83 patients with tomographically documented pituitary tumor. VER tests were correlated with examinations of visual acuity, color perception, and visual fields and with computerized tomographic scan evidence of suprasellar extension of the tumor. The purpose of the VER recording was to determine the presence of visual system compression by the tumor and thus contribute to the decision of whether surgery was necessary. Each of the patients who had suprasellar extension of the tumor sufficient to produce a visual field abnormality also had an abnormal VER. In addition, some patients with suprasellar extension had normal visual fields but abnormal visual evoked responses. Thus, the VER provided earlier evidence of suprasellar extension causing visual system compromise than did conventional visual tests.", "PMID": 534063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5928", "title": "Serial computerized tomographic scanning and the prognosis of severe head injury.", "content": "Serial (two or three) computerized tomographic (CT) scans were performed on a series of 58 patients with severe head injury. The protocol called for scans to be done upon admission and on Days 3 and 7 after injury. New lesions (i.e., lesions not visualized on the initial CT scans but appearing on subsequent scans) were a frequent finding, occurring in over half of all patients. For the purposes of this study a new lesion was classified as edema involving two or more lobes, extra-axial hematoma, parenchymal hemorrhage, or infarction. Significant correlation was found between good outcome and the absence of new lesions and between bad outcome and the development of new lesions (p less than 0.001). Several patients did well in spite of the development of new lesions, but these patients were unique in that most had small, unilateral parenchymal hematomas located at or near the frontal or temporal poles. In most cases, patients who did poorly in spite of not developing new lesions had severe injuried visualized on their initial scans (massive intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhage of the corpus callosum) or succumbed to medical complications. The pertinent literature is reviewed, and other CT findings associated with a poor prognosis are noted. The authors suggest that serial CT scanning may be used to make prognostic assessments in severely head-injured patients and may be of value in increasing the confidence in and accuracy of assessments made on clinical grounds alone. (Neurosurgery, 5: 566--569, 1979).", "contents": "Serial computerized tomographic scanning and the prognosis of severe head injury. Serial (two or three) computerized tomographic (CT) scans were performed on a series of 58 patients with severe head injury. The protocol called for scans to be done upon admission and on Days 3 and 7 after injury. New lesions (i.e., lesions not visualized on the initial CT scans but appearing on subsequent scans) were a frequent finding, occurring in over half of all patients. For the purposes of this study a new lesion was classified as edema involving two or more lobes, extra-axial hematoma, parenchymal hemorrhage, or infarction. Significant correlation was found between good outcome and the absence of new lesions and between bad outcome and the development of new lesions (p less than 0.001). Several patients did well in spite of the development of new lesions, but these patients were unique in that most had small, unilateral parenchymal hematomas located at or near the frontal or temporal poles. In most cases, patients who did poorly in spite of not developing new lesions had severe injuried visualized on their initial scans (massive intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhage of the corpus callosum) or succumbed to medical complications. The pertinent literature is reviewed, and other CT findings associated with a poor prognosis are noted. The authors suggest that serial CT scanning may be used to make prognostic assessments in severely head-injured patients and may be of value in increasing the confidence in and accuracy of assessments made on clinical grounds alone. (Neurosurgery, 5: 566--569, 1979).", "PMID": 534064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5929", "title": "Treatment of increased intracranial pressure: a comparison of different hyperosmotic agents and the use of thiopental.", "content": "Long term intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring was carried out in over 200 patients with various intracranial abnormalities; a fiberoptic epidural intracranial pressure monitor was used. Ninety of these patients had significantly elevated ICP or exhibited pressure waves requiring therapy. Initial therapy consisted of hyperventilation with a respirator and administration of hyperosmotic agents. Comparison studies utilizing 30% urea, 20% mannitol, and furosemide intravenously and 30% urea and 10% glycerol orally were randomly done. In 45 patients two or more of these agents were used at different times in the same patient for comparison of effectiveness. When equimolar amounts of intravenous urea and mannitol were used, similar effects on increased ICP were obtained. There was no significant reduction of increased ICP with the use of furosemide alone. No rebound effect was observed with either mannitol or urea. Orally, urea was more effective than glycerol in equimolar amounts. Again no rebound was observed. In 14 patients who required doses of hyperosmotic agents more frequently than every 4 hours, continuous infusion of thiopental was used in conjunction with the hyperosmotic agents to control pressure. This regimen resulted in good ICP control in 12 patients. A rational protocol for the medical management of increased ICP utilizing hyperosmotic agents and, in refractory cases, hyperosmotic agents plus thiopental has resulted in effective control of ICP in 96% of our patients throughout their course without the need to resort to decompressive surgery. (Neurosurgery, 5: 570--575, 1979).", "contents": "Treatment of increased intracranial pressure: a comparison of different hyperosmotic agents and the use of thiopental. Long term intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring was carried out in over 200 patients with various intracranial abnormalities; a fiberoptic epidural intracranial pressure monitor was used. Ninety of these patients had significantly elevated ICP or exhibited pressure waves requiring therapy. Initial therapy consisted of hyperventilation with a respirator and administration of hyperosmotic agents. Comparison studies utilizing 30% urea, 20% mannitol, and furosemide intravenously and 30% urea and 10% glycerol orally were randomly done. In 45 patients two or more of these agents were used at different times in the same patient for comparison of effectiveness. When equimolar amounts of intravenous urea and mannitol were used, similar effects on increased ICP were obtained. There was no significant reduction of increased ICP with the use of furosemide alone. No rebound effect was observed with either mannitol or urea. Orally, urea was more effective than glycerol in equimolar amounts. Again no rebound was observed. In 14 patients who required doses of hyperosmotic agents more frequently than every 4 hours, continuous infusion of thiopental was used in conjunction with the hyperosmotic agents to control pressure. This regimen resulted in good ICP control in 12 patients. A rational protocol for the medical management of increased ICP utilizing hyperosmotic agents and, in refractory cases, hyperosmotic agents plus thiopental has resulted in effective control of ICP in 96% of our patients throughout their course without the need to resort to decompressive surgery. (Neurosurgery, 5: 570--575, 1979).", "PMID": 534065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5930", "title": "Effect of proximal occlusion on anastomosis patency in dogs.", "content": "This study compared the superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis patency in animals with and without proximal embolic middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Sixteen dogs underwent STA-MCA bypass in association with silicone embolization of the MCA via an internal carotid injection. Animals re-explored 3 to 5 days postoperatively with evaluation of anastomosis patency by Evans blue injection and direct cutting of the STA demonstrated that 10 of 10 dogs with proximal MCA emboli had a patent STA-MCA anastomosis, whereas only 2 of 6 animals without an embolus lodged in the proximal middle cerebral artery had a patent connection. The likelihood of the anastomosis remaining open seems to be greatly influenced by the potential flow gradient between the extracranial and intracranial circulations (Neurosurgery, 5: 596--597, 1979).", "contents": "Effect of proximal occlusion on anastomosis patency in dogs. This study compared the superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis patency in animals with and without proximal embolic middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Sixteen dogs underwent STA-MCA bypass in association with silicone embolization of the MCA via an internal carotid injection. Animals re-explored 3 to 5 days postoperatively with evaluation of anastomosis patency by Evans blue injection and direct cutting of the STA demonstrated that 10 of 10 dogs with proximal MCA emboli had a patent STA-MCA anastomosis, whereas only 2 of 6 animals without an embolus lodged in the proximal middle cerebral artery had a patent connection. The likelihood of the anastomosis remaining open seems to be greatly influenced by the potential flow gradient between the extracranial and intracranial circulations (Neurosurgery, 5: 596--597, 1979).", "PMID": 534066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5931", "title": "Cushing's disease with cyclic hormonogenesis and diabetes insipidus.", "content": "A cyclic excess of cortisol secretion was detected in a patient with diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. The cycles of hypercortisolism were of 7 days' duration, but during the nadir of these cycles urinary excretion of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids was within the normal range. The radiological appearance of the sella turcica was normal; however, computerized axial tomography of the head revealed a small tumor immediately superior to the sella turcica. At operation a small chromophobe adenoma superior to the diaphragma sellae and involving the hypophysial stalk was partially resected. Postoperatively, the patient continued to have 7-day cycles of increased corticosteroid excretion, but the amounts excreted were less than they had been preoperatively. Other patients have been described in whom Cushing's disease has been due to cyclic hypercortisolism. These cycles have been remarkably regular in individual patients, but of variable duration in different patients. Furthermore, cyclic hormonogenesis probably occurs in a variety of endocrinopathies. (Neurosurgery, 5: 598--603, 1979).", "contents": "Cushing's disease with cyclic hormonogenesis and diabetes insipidus. A cyclic excess of cortisol secretion was detected in a patient with diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. The cycles of hypercortisolism were of 7 days' duration, but during the nadir of these cycles urinary excretion of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids was within the normal range. The radiological appearance of the sella turcica was normal; however, computerized axial tomography of the head revealed a small tumor immediately superior to the sella turcica. At operation a small chromophobe adenoma superior to the diaphragma sellae and involving the hypophysial stalk was partially resected. Postoperatively, the patient continued to have 7-day cycles of increased corticosteroid excretion, but the amounts excreted were less than they had been preoperatively. Other patients have been described in whom Cushing's disease has been due to cyclic hypercortisolism. These cycles have been remarkably regular in individual patients, but of variable duration in different patients. Furthermore, cyclic hormonogenesis probably occurs in a variety of endocrinopathies. (Neurosurgery, 5: 598--603, 1979).", "PMID": 534067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5932", "title": "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis with cerebral and cerebellar abscesses: case report.", "content": "A case of fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis is reported. We need to remind ourselves that, if the usual laboratory tests fail to show any microbial or fungal agents either in the CSF or in fluids or tissues obtained at operation, it is imperative that a warm wet slide preparation be made. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a very rare disease, and it is only by prompt recognition of the amebae that we can make an early diagnosis and institute the appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis with cerebral and cerebellar abscesses: case report. A case of fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis is reported. We need to remind ourselves that, if the usual laboratory tests fail to show any microbial or fungal agents either in the CSF or in fluids or tissues obtained at operation, it is imperative that a warm wet slide preparation be made. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a very rare disease, and it is only by prompt recognition of the amebae that we can make an early diagnosis and institute the appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 534069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5933", "title": "Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas after surgical decompression.", "content": "Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas found after an initially unrevealing computerized tomographic scan have been reported occasionally. Such hemorrhage may occur in an area of brain contusion with cerebral vessel injury. Four cases of intracerebral hematoma appearing after evacuation of a different traumatic intracranial mass lesion are reported. This suggests that an intracranial mass lesion may tamponade cerebral venous oozing in an area of brain contusion and delay the accumulation of intracerebral blood, accounting for the late discovery of a parenchymal hematoma. (Neurosurgery, 5: 653--655, 1979).", "contents": "Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas after surgical decompression. Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas found after an initially unrevealing computerized tomographic scan have been reported occasionally. Such hemorrhage may occur in an area of brain contusion with cerebral vessel injury. Four cases of intracerebral hematoma appearing after evacuation of a different traumatic intracranial mass lesion are reported. This suggests that an intracranial mass lesion may tamponade cerebral venous oozing in an area of brain contusion and delay the accumulation of intracerebral blood, accounting for the late discovery of a parenchymal hematoma. (Neurosurgery, 5: 653--655, 1979).", "PMID": 534072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5934", "title": "Acute therapeutic modalities for experimental vasogenic edema.", "content": "Experimental vasogenic cerebral edema was created in rabbits with a cold-induced left occipital cortical lesions. Intracranial pressure (ICP), intracranial elastance (Em), water content, hemispheric brain tissue volume, electrolytes, electroencephalograms, behavior, and gross pathology were studied. Various therapeutic modalities were employed alone or in combination to reduce ICP acutely: acetazolamide, furosemide, mannitol, pentobarbital, lorazepam, and dexamethasone. All therapies except dexamethasone were effective in reducing ICP. Peak ICP reduction occurred at 27 +/- 9.8 (SD) minutes with mannitol and at 71.4 +/- 15.5 minutes with acetazolamide, with the remaining agents and combinations falling between these two extreme values. Em improved by 31.7 +/- 17.02% in all therapuetic trials except those employing acetazolamide and lorazepam. With therapy, there was a reduction in the water content of the hemispheres, but the difference from that in the untreated, lesioned animals was not statistically significant. In the lesioned left hemisphere, sodium content was increased by acetazolamide (p less than 0.005), furosemide (p less than 0.025), pentobarbital (p less than 0.05), and the combination of dexamethasone, pentobarbital, and mannitol (p less than 0.005). Significant reduction was noted in the lesioned group for the potassium content of the left hemisphere in the dexamethasone (p less than 0.05), pentobarbital (p less than 0.025), and combination groups containing these agents (p less than 0.005 to 0.025). (Neurosurgery, 5: 656--665, 1979).", "contents": "Acute therapeutic modalities for experimental vasogenic edema. Experimental vasogenic cerebral edema was created in rabbits with a cold-induced left occipital cortical lesions. Intracranial pressure (ICP), intracranial elastance (Em), water content, hemispheric brain tissue volume, electrolytes, electroencephalograms, behavior, and gross pathology were studied. Various therapeutic modalities were employed alone or in combination to reduce ICP acutely: acetazolamide, furosemide, mannitol, pentobarbital, lorazepam, and dexamethasone. All therapies except dexamethasone were effective in reducing ICP. Peak ICP reduction occurred at 27 +/- 9.8 (SD) minutes with mannitol and at 71.4 +/- 15.5 minutes with acetazolamide, with the remaining agents and combinations falling between these two extreme values. Em improved by 31.7 +/- 17.02% in all therapuetic trials except those employing acetazolamide and lorazepam. With therapy, there was a reduction in the water content of the hemispheres, but the difference from that in the untreated, lesioned animals was not statistically significant. In the lesioned left hemisphere, sodium content was increased by acetazolamide (p less than 0.005), furosemide (p less than 0.025), pentobarbital (p less than 0.05), and the combination of dexamethasone, pentobarbital, and mannitol (p less than 0.005). Significant reduction was noted in the lesioned group for the potassium content of the left hemisphere in the dexamethasone (p less than 0.05), pentobarbital (p less than 0.025), and combination groups containing these agents (p less than 0.005 to 0.025). (Neurosurgery, 5: 656--665, 1979).", "PMID": 534073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5935", "title": "Chronic monitoring of intracranial pressure using an in vivo calibrating sensor: experience in patients with pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "A number of reliable methods are available for the short term monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the danger of infection and the need for external connections make the use of these methods for extended periods inappropriate. Most previously described devices for chronic monitoring of ICP are of limited value because of uncertain drift from zero-point readings. The Hittman-Meyer ICP sensor approaches the ideal for a long term monitoring device. It is fully implantable and is accurate over a wide range of pressures and for extended periods. It is designed so that in vivo calibration may be performed in a noninvasive fashion. We report the use of this device in eight patients with pseudomotor cerebri. It has functioned accurately for periods ranging up to 14 months after implantation and has proven to be a valuable aid in the management of these patients. (Neurosurgery, 5: 666-670, 1979).", "contents": "Chronic monitoring of intracranial pressure using an in vivo calibrating sensor: experience in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. A number of reliable methods are available for the short term monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the danger of infection and the need for external connections make the use of these methods for extended periods inappropriate. Most previously described devices for chronic monitoring of ICP are of limited value because of uncertain drift from zero-point readings. The Hittman-Meyer ICP sensor approaches the ideal for a long term monitoring device. It is fully implantable and is accurate over a wide range of pressures and for extended periods. It is designed so that in vivo calibration may be performed in a noninvasive fashion. We report the use of this device in eight patients with pseudomotor cerebri. It has functioned accurately for periods ranging up to 14 months after implantation and has proven to be a valuable aid in the management of these patients. (Neurosurgery, 5: 666-670, 1979).", "PMID": 534074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5936", "title": "Needle biopsy under computerized tomographic control: a method for tissue diagnosis in intracranial lesions.", "content": "Thirteen patients with intracranial lesions were submitted to a twist drill needle biopsy under computerized tomographic (CT) control, with sedation and local anesthesia. (The patients' ages ranged from 12 to 81 years.) The final diagnoses were glioblastoma in 7 patients and 1 case each of anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, thrombosed arteriovenous malformation, cerebral infarct, 3rd ventricular epidermoid, and degenerative disease of the brain. Definitive diagnosis was obtained in all but 2 patients with this technique. Appropriate therapy was subsequently instituted in 11 patients without further operation. Transiently increased weakness of the previously affected limbs was the only untoward effect (4 patients). Intracranial hematoma after this procedure was seen in 1 patient in this series, as detected by the postprocedure CT scan, but there was no change in the clinical course. All patients were treated with dexamethasone for 24 to 48 hours before and for several days after the procedure to avoid decompensation of intracranial dynamics because of edema. The procedure, including appropriate level CT scans of the lesion area, was performed in approximately 1 hour in all patients. (Neurosurgery, 5: 671--674, 1979).", "contents": "Needle biopsy under computerized tomographic control: a method for tissue diagnosis in intracranial lesions. Thirteen patients with intracranial lesions were submitted to a twist drill needle biopsy under computerized tomographic (CT) control, with sedation and local anesthesia. (The patients' ages ranged from 12 to 81 years.) The final diagnoses were glioblastoma in 7 patients and 1 case each of anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, thrombosed arteriovenous malformation, cerebral infarct, 3rd ventricular epidermoid, and degenerative disease of the brain. Definitive diagnosis was obtained in all but 2 patients with this technique. Appropriate therapy was subsequently instituted in 11 patients without further operation. Transiently increased weakness of the previously affected limbs was the only untoward effect (4 patients). Intracranial hematoma after this procedure was seen in 1 patient in this series, as detected by the postprocedure CT scan, but there was no change in the clinical course. All patients were treated with dexamethasone for 24 to 48 hours before and for several days after the procedure to avoid decompensation of intracranial dynamics because of edema. The procedure, including appropriate level CT scans of the lesion area, was performed in approximately 1 hour in all patients. (Neurosurgery, 5: 671--674, 1979).", "PMID": 534075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5937", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective study.", "content": "This is a prospective study of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to ruptured aneurysm. Twenty per cent of the patients had serious, life-threatening arrhythmias. However, 100% of the patients had some kind of cardiac arrhythmia. The arrhythmias occurred during the first 48 hours after SAH. Such arrhythmias occur in patients without overt, pre-existing heart disease, hypoxemia, or electrolyte imbalance. A prolonged Q-T interval is frequently observed in patients with SAH who develop serious ventricular arrhythmias. (Neurosurgery, 5: 675--680, 1979).", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective study. This is a prospective study of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to ruptured aneurysm. Twenty per cent of the patients had serious, life-threatening arrhythmias. However, 100% of the patients had some kind of cardiac arrhythmia. The arrhythmias occurred during the first 48 hours after SAH. Such arrhythmias occur in patients without overt, pre-existing heart disease, hypoxemia, or electrolyte imbalance. A prolonged Q-T interval is frequently observed in patients with SAH who develop serious ventricular arrhythmias. (Neurosurgery, 5: 675--680, 1979).", "PMID": 534076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5938", "title": "Treatment of acute focal cerebral ischemia with intermittent, low dose mannitol.", "content": "The object of this investigation was to study the effects of intermittent, low dose mannitol therapy on conscious cats after acute left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. A simple implanted device was applied to the proximal left MCA of 40 adult cats using microsurgical techniques. In the acute experiments, 10 cats were untreated and 10 cats received mannitol (0.5 g/kg intravenously) immediately before occlusion and again 3, 6, and 9 hours later. They subsequently underwent intra-arterial perfusion with colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde 12 hours after occlusion. The plasma osmolality immediately before perfusion was 316 +/-2 (SD) milliosmoles in untreated cats and 331 +/- 5 milliosmoles in treated cats. Gross swelling, impaired carbon filling, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to fluorescein were seen in the left MCA territory of 8 untreated cats and 1 treated cat. The mean percentage of gray matter cross sectional area where severe ischemic neuronal alterations predominated was 45 +/- 12% in untreated and 14 +/- 16% in treated cats (p less than 0.01). The mean capillary luminal diameter in the left sylvian cortex was 4.5 +/- 1.0 mu in untreated cats (control, 6.5 +/- 1.0 mu) and 5.5 +/- 1.0 mu in treated cats. In the subacute experiments, 10 cats were not treated and 10 cats received mannitol as in the acute experiments. The cats were killed with a large bolus of sodium pentobarbital 48 hours after left MCA occlusion. Gross swelling and breakdown of the BBB were less severe in treated cats. The mean cross sectional area of infarcted tissue was 55 +/- 12% in untreated cats and 33 +/- 21% in treated cats (p less than 1.0). The findings of this study indicate that intermittent, low dose mannitol therapy delays the onset of ischemic cerebral injury and may reduce the size of the eventual infarct or convert a potential infarct into a so-call \"transient ischemic attack.\" (Neurosurgery, 5: 684--691, 1979).", "contents": "Treatment of acute focal cerebral ischemia with intermittent, low dose mannitol. The object of this investigation was to study the effects of intermittent, low dose mannitol therapy on conscious cats after acute left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. A simple implanted device was applied to the proximal left MCA of 40 adult cats using microsurgical techniques. In the acute experiments, 10 cats were untreated and 10 cats received mannitol (0.5 g/kg intravenously) immediately before occlusion and again 3, 6, and 9 hours later. They subsequently underwent intra-arterial perfusion with colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde 12 hours after occlusion. The plasma osmolality immediately before perfusion was 316 +/-2 (SD) milliosmoles in untreated cats and 331 +/- 5 milliosmoles in treated cats. Gross swelling, impaired carbon filling, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to fluorescein were seen in the left MCA territory of 8 untreated cats and 1 treated cat. The mean percentage of gray matter cross sectional area where severe ischemic neuronal alterations predominated was 45 +/- 12% in untreated and 14 +/- 16% in treated cats (p less than 0.01). The mean capillary luminal diameter in the left sylvian cortex was 4.5 +/- 1.0 mu in untreated cats (control, 6.5 +/- 1.0 mu) and 5.5 +/- 1.0 mu in treated cats. In the subacute experiments, 10 cats were not treated and 10 cats received mannitol as in the acute experiments. The cats were killed with a large bolus of sodium pentobarbital 48 hours after left MCA occlusion. Gross swelling and breakdown of the BBB were less severe in treated cats. The mean cross sectional area of infarcted tissue was 55 +/- 12% in untreated cats and 33 +/- 21% in treated cats (p less than 1.0). The findings of this study indicate that intermittent, low dose mannitol therapy delays the onset of ischemic cerebral injury and may reduce the size of the eventual infarct or convert a potential infarct into a so-call \"transient ischemic attack.\" (Neurosurgery, 5: 684--691, 1979).", "PMID": 534077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5939", "title": "Device for extradural monitoring of intracranial pressure: technical note.", "content": "An ICP-monitoring device utilizing an extradural method is described. Clinical and laboratory use has shown it to be easily installed, safe, accurate, and reliable. It can be used with currently available transducers and monitoring equipment. It is hoped that this simple device will encourage the increased use of ICP monitoring.", "contents": "Device for extradural monitoring of intracranial pressure: technical note. An ICP-monitoring device utilizing an extradural method is described. Clinical and laboratory use has shown it to be easily installed, safe, accurate, and reliable. It can be used with currently available transducers and monitoring equipment. It is hoped that this simple device will encourage the increased use of ICP monitoring.", "PMID": 534078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5940", "title": "Pneumocephalus after ventriculoatrial shunt.", "content": "Pneumocephalus developing after a ventriculoatrial shunting procedure is described. This was found to be caused by a defect in the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, possibly secondary to chronically increased intracranial pressure. A review of the pertinent literature revealed only two other similar cases.", "contents": "Pneumocephalus after ventriculoatrial shunt. Pneumocephalus developing after a ventriculoatrial shunting procedure is described. This was found to be caused by a defect in the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, possibly secondary to chronically increased intracranial pressure. A review of the pertinent literature revealed only two other similar cases.", "PMID": 534081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5941", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: demonstration of the plaque in an operative case.", "content": "Trigeminal neuralgia is unique to humans. The most common cause seems to be an injury to the myelin of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone as it extends for several millimeters lateral to the pons. Jannetta has developed an elegant retromastoid microsurgical approach to this region. He has identified a compression-distortion phenomenon of this nerve root entry zone, usually from an anomalous position of the superior cerebella artery. Trigeminal neuralgia can also occur in association with multiple sclerosis, when the plaque lies in this same location. The historical evidence for this explanation is reinforced by the electron microscopic demonstration of the plaque in this region in a patient with multiple sclerosis who was suffering from tic douloureux. (Neurosurgery, 5: 711--717, 1979).", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: demonstration of the plaque in an operative case. Trigeminal neuralgia is unique to humans. The most common cause seems to be an injury to the myelin of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone as it extends for several millimeters lateral to the pons. Jannetta has developed an elegant retromastoid microsurgical approach to this region. He has identified a compression-distortion phenomenon of this nerve root entry zone, usually from an anomalous position of the superior cerebella artery. Trigeminal neuralgia can also occur in association with multiple sclerosis, when the plaque lies in this same location. The historical evidence for this explanation is reinforced by the electron microscopic demonstration of the plaque in this region in a patient with multiple sclerosis who was suffering from tic douloureux. (Neurosurgery, 5: 711--717, 1979).", "PMID": 534082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5942", "title": "Invasive pituitary adenoma with abscess formation: case report.", "content": "A case is presented and 10 cases are reviewed in which abscess formation developed in an intrasellar tumor. The diagnosis was made preoperatively or before autopsy in only 1 patient. The mortality rate was greater than 50%. The most common presentation was headache, fever, and visual disturbances with an abnormal sella and sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nonconstant findings included meningeal signs and leukocytosis of the CSF. Trans-sphenoidal removal of the tumor and drainage of the abscess with appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended. (Neurosurgery, 5: 718--722, 1979).", "contents": "Invasive pituitary adenoma with abscess formation: case report. A case is presented and 10 cases are reviewed in which abscess formation developed in an intrasellar tumor. The diagnosis was made preoperatively or before autopsy in only 1 patient. The mortality rate was greater than 50%. The most common presentation was headache, fever, and visual disturbances with an abnormal sella and sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nonconstant findings included meningeal signs and leukocytosis of the CSF. Trans-sphenoidal removal of the tumor and drainage of the abscess with appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended. (Neurosurgery, 5: 718--722, 1979).", "PMID": 534083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5943", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma mimicking a pituitary tumor.", "content": "The authors present the case report of a patient in whom hypopituitarism, diplopia, and visual field defects were due to eosinophilic granuloma. Radiographic studies were suggestive of a pituitary tumor and subsequent histological evaluation showed replacement of the anterior pituitary by histiocytic cells. Eosinophilic granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an intrasellar mass.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma mimicking a pituitary tumor. The authors present the case report of a patient in whom hypopituitarism, diplopia, and visual field defects were due to eosinophilic granuloma. Radiographic studies were suggestive of a pituitary tumor and subsequent histological evaluation showed replacement of the anterior pituitary by histiocytic cells. Eosinophilic granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an intrasellar mass.", "PMID": 534084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5944", "title": "Full-thickness eye wall resection of choroidal neoplasms.", "content": "Sclerochorioretinal (full-thickness eye wall) resection was performed in 19 eyes with choroidal neoplasms. Thirteen of these eyes have retained useful vision, ranging from 20/25 to counting fingers. Six eyes had intraoperative and postoperative complications that have led to enucleation. During follow-up, ranging from 1 1/2 years to 6 years, none of these patients had had local or systemic metastasis. Full-thickness eye wall resection, in suitable cases, provides an alternative method of managing choroidal neoplasms.", "contents": "Full-thickness eye wall resection of choroidal neoplasms. Sclerochorioretinal (full-thickness eye wall) resection was performed in 19 eyes with choroidal neoplasms. Thirteen of these eyes have retained useful vision, ranging from 20/25 to counting fingers. Six eyes had intraoperative and postoperative complications that have led to enucleation. During follow-up, ranging from 1 1/2 years to 6 years, none of these patients had had local or systemic metastasis. Full-thickness eye wall resection, in suitable cases, provides an alternative method of managing choroidal neoplasms.", "PMID": 534089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5945", "title": "Late diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas in eyes with clear media and low visual acuity.", "content": "Five patients seen in a one-year period with advanced malignant melanoma of the choroid in eyes with low visual acuity and clear media are reported. The low visual acuity appeared clinically to be antecedent to the malignant tumor; although in certain cases it may have been related to the occult melanoma, this was not appreciated clinically. Because of the low visual acuity, these patients did not have vision symptoms referable to the melanoma, and the malignancy was diagnosed late in its course. All five cases had extrascleral extension of the tumor at the time of surgical treatment; three are dead of metastatic disease, and two have undergone orbital exenteration with only brief follow-up periods. This experience suggests that eyes with clear media and low vision owing to presumably unrelated causes should undergo periodic examination to rule out the presence of a growing malignant melanoma and to prevent its late diagnosis.", "contents": "Late diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas in eyes with clear media and low visual acuity. Five patients seen in a one-year period with advanced malignant melanoma of the choroid in eyes with low visual acuity and clear media are reported. The low visual acuity appeared clinically to be antecedent to the malignant tumor; although in certain cases it may have been related to the occult melanoma, this was not appreciated clinically. Because of the low visual acuity, these patients did not have vision symptoms referable to the melanoma, and the malignancy was diagnosed late in its course. All five cases had extrascleral extension of the tumor at the time of surgical treatment; three are dead of metastatic disease, and two have undergone orbital exenteration with only brief follow-up periods. This experience suggests that eyes with clear media and low vision owing to presumably unrelated causes should undergo periodic examination to rule out the presence of a growing malignant melanoma and to prevent its late diagnosis.", "PMID": 534090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5946", "title": "Iridocyclectomy technique and results.", "content": "The technique and results of 30 iridocyclectomies performed by the senior author are reviewed. Although the total number of cases is small for statistical purposes, its main value is that all the operations were performed by one surgeon, which means a uniform criteria for the indications, surgical technique, management of complications, immediate and postoperative decisions, follow-up control, and direct discussion of the histopathology with the pathologist. Three techniques were used: (1) routine excision only of uveal tissue in 15 cases, (2) cyclectomy, ie, plus excision of deep scleral wall in four cases, and (3) block excisions of cornea, sclera, affected iris, and ciliary body followed by a reconstructive penetrating graft in 11 cases. Twenty-one cases were melanocytoma; one, metastatic tumor; one, nevus; two, cysts; and three, foreign body granulomas. Prognostic features such as cell type, largest diameter above 10 mm, tumor thickness, tumor at edge, iris or ciliary body origin, location, and preoperative glaucoma are discussed, and some practical conclusions are advanced. The follow-up control for 21 melanoma cases in the series is five to ten years or more in 11 cases and up to four years in ten cases. The visual results are also analyzed.", "contents": "Iridocyclectomy technique and results. The technique and results of 30 iridocyclectomies performed by the senior author are reviewed. Although the total number of cases is small for statistical purposes, its main value is that all the operations were performed by one surgeon, which means a uniform criteria for the indications, surgical technique, management of complications, immediate and postoperative decisions, follow-up control, and direct discussion of the histopathology with the pathologist. Three techniques were used: (1) routine excision only of uveal tissue in 15 cases, (2) cyclectomy, ie, plus excision of deep scleral wall in four cases, and (3) block excisions of cornea, sclera, affected iris, and ciliary body followed by a reconstructive penetrating graft in 11 cases. Twenty-one cases were melanocytoma; one, metastatic tumor; one, nevus; two, cysts; and three, foreign body granulomas. Prognostic features such as cell type, largest diameter above 10 mm, tumor thickness, tumor at edge, iris or ciliary body origin, location, and preoperative glaucoma are discussed, and some practical conclusions are advanced. The follow-up control for 21 melanoma cases in the series is five to ten years or more in 11 cases and up to four years in ten cases. The visual results are also analyzed.", "PMID": 534091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5947", "title": "Clinical and follow-up studies of melanocytomas of the optic disc.", "content": "Forty patients with melanocytoma of the optic disc were evaluated to determine their clinical variations and behavior. Follow-up examination of 1 to 19 years was obtained in 27 patients. Of the 27 lesions, four (15%) showed a slight increase in size, and one tumor (4%) decreased in size. The remaining 22 tumors (81%) have not yet demonstrated ophthalmoscopic changes. In spite of occasional growth, the melanocytoma is a benign tumor that requires no treatment.", "contents": "Clinical and follow-up studies of melanocytomas of the optic disc. Forty patients with melanocytoma of the optic disc were evaluated to determine their clinical variations and behavior. Follow-up examination of 1 to 19 years was obtained in 27 patients. Of the 27 lesions, four (15%) showed a slight increase in size, and one tumor (4%) decreased in size. The remaining 22 tumors (81%) have not yet demonstrated ophthalmoscopic changes. In spite of occasional growth, the melanocytoma is a benign tumor that requires no treatment.", "PMID": 534092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5948", "title": "Complications associated with extended wear of soft contact lenses.", "content": "The major complications with extended wear lenses are due to hypoxia and lens deposits. Certain patients tend to deposit proteins and lipids on the lens surface with daily wear and at a greater frequency during prolonged wear. A build-up of these deposits can be associated with decreased vision, conjunctival irritation, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Frequent lens cleaning and the frequent use of concomitant topical artificial tears will hopefully reduce the incidence of lens deposits and their complications. Superficial circumlimbal vascularization occurs in a large percentage of patients who have worn lenses for weeks at a time. Corneal edema, ocular irritation, and decreased vision are also the hallmarks of a decreased oxygen supply to the cornea. A thin-loose-fitting lens will increase the percentage of patients who are able to successfully use extended wear lenses by increasing the amount of oxygen available to the cornea. Cessation or reduction in duration of lens wear will decrease the frequency and severity of this complication. Conjunctival and corneal infections are real risks; lens loss, breakage, deformation, or discoloration also occur during extended wear.", "contents": "Complications associated with extended wear of soft contact lenses. The major complications with extended wear lenses are due to hypoxia and lens deposits. Certain patients tend to deposit proteins and lipids on the lens surface with daily wear and at a greater frequency during prolonged wear. A build-up of these deposits can be associated with decreased vision, conjunctival irritation, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Frequent lens cleaning and the frequent use of concomitant topical artificial tears will hopefully reduce the incidence of lens deposits and their complications. Superficial circumlimbal vascularization occurs in a large percentage of patients who have worn lenses for weeks at a time. Corneal edema, ocular irritation, and decreased vision are also the hallmarks of a decreased oxygen supply to the cornea. A thin-loose-fitting lens will increase the percentage of patients who are able to successfully use extended wear lenses by increasing the amount of oxygen available to the cornea. Cessation or reduction in duration of lens wear will decrease the frequency and severity of this complication. Conjunctival and corneal infections are real risks; lens loss, breakage, deformation, or discoloration also occur during extended wear.", "PMID": 534093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5949", "title": "Complications associated with contact lens solutions.", "content": "The complications that have been seen when hydrophilic lenses are cared for by chemical decontamination are reviewed. The findings that help to differentiate lens-induced changes from chemical-care-produced changes are presented. Incompatibilities between care methods are illustrated. The complications are discussed in terms of changes produced in the cornea, conjunctiva, flora of the cul-de-sac, and lens.", "contents": "Complications associated with contact lens solutions. The complications that have been seen when hydrophilic lenses are cared for by chemical decontamination are reviewed. The findings that help to differentiate lens-induced changes from chemical-care-produced changes are presented. Incompatibilities between care methods are illustrated. The complications are discussed in terms of changes produced in the cornea, conjunctiva, flora of the cul-de-sac, and lens.", "PMID": 534096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5950", "title": "Complications associated with spin-cast soft contact lenses.", "content": "The only spin-cast soft contact lens manufactured in the United States is the Bausch & Lomb Soflens. There have been no significant complications reported with this high-quality lens. Essentially, the complications seen with the spin-cast lens have been the same as those seen with any of the lathe-cut hydrophilic lenses. The two most common complications have been poor centering of the lenses and deposits on the lenses.", "contents": "Complications associated with spin-cast soft contact lenses. The only spin-cast soft contact lens manufactured in the United States is the Bausch & Lomb Soflens. There have been no significant complications reported with this high-quality lens. Essentially, the complications seen with the spin-cast lens have been the same as those seen with any of the lathe-cut hydrophilic lenses. The two most common complications have been poor centering of the lenses and deposits on the lenses.", "PMID": 534097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5951", "title": "Management of infections associated with soft contact lens.", "content": "This study suggests that there is a higher incidence of infectious corneal ulcers with soft contact lenses than with hard contact lenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly identified organism associated with soft contact lens corneal ulcers. Early and aggressive management can improve the prognosis of this disease. A plan of therapy and management is recommended and discussed.", "contents": "Management of infections associated with soft contact lens. This study suggests that there is a higher incidence of infectious corneal ulcers with soft contact lenses than with hard contact lenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly identified organism associated with soft contact lens corneal ulcers. Early and aggressive management can improve the prognosis of this disease. A plan of therapy and management is recommended and discussed.", "PMID": 534098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5952", "title": "Ocular abnormalities occurring with vitiligo.", "content": "One hundred twelve patients with vitiligo were examined for ocular abnormalities. Discrete areas of depigmentation with associated pigment hyperplasia clinically appearing to involve the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium were observed in 44 patients, and active uveitis was seen in nine patients. The changes observed suggest that the spectrum of diseases that includes Harada's disease and the Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome may be broader than previously appreciated. Patients with these syndromes may represent the most severe examples of vitiligo and uveal inflammation. The occurrence of symptoms of night blindness in 12 patients and a family history of retinitis pigmentosa in two of these may signify a possible malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium. Further evidence for a pigment epithelium disorder is suggested by the high incidence of an unusually prominent choroidal pattern in these patients.", "contents": "Ocular abnormalities occurring with vitiligo. One hundred twelve patients with vitiligo were examined for ocular abnormalities. Discrete areas of depigmentation with associated pigment hyperplasia clinically appearing to involve the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium were observed in 44 patients, and active uveitis was seen in nine patients. The changes observed suggest that the spectrum of diseases that includes Harada's disease and the Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome may be broader than previously appreciated. Patients with these syndromes may represent the most severe examples of vitiligo and uveal inflammation. The occurrence of symptoms of night blindness in 12 patients and a family history of retinitis pigmentosa in two of these may signify a possible malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium. Further evidence for a pigment epithelium disorder is suggested by the high incidence of an unusually prominent choroidal pattern in these patients.", "PMID": 534100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5953", "title": "A method for delivery of ocular medications.", "content": "Many patients have difficulty placing medications into their eyes. Using a pair of inexpensive plastic sunglasses, a patient designed a simple device for instillation of ocular drops.", "contents": "A method for delivery of ocular medications. Many patients have difficulty placing medications into their eyes. Using a pair of inexpensive plastic sunglasses, a patient designed a simple device for instillation of ocular drops.", "PMID": 534101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5954", "title": "A new eye shield based on an optimized pinhole array.", "content": "The new eye shield described here incorporates the principles of a compound array that provides a significant improvement in vision (from hand movements to 20/100 or better) in a nonaccommodative eye, while retaining all other properties (protection, ventilation, reduction of glare) of eye shields used currently. It is recommended for routine use in patients after intraocular surgery and pupillary dilatation.", "contents": "A new eye shield based on an optimized pinhole array. The new eye shield described here incorporates the principles of a compound array that provides a significant improvement in vision (from hand movements to 20/100 or better) in a nonaccommodative eye, while retaining all other properties (protection, ventilation, reduction of glare) of eye shields used currently. It is recommended for routine use in patients after intraocular surgery and pupillary dilatation.", "PMID": 534102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5955", "title": "The Copeland intraocular lens: five to ten years later.", "content": "Fifty-seven eyes with extracapsular surgery and Copeland lenses and the same number of intracapsular cataract extractions without lenses are described. All properly chosen lens cases have 6/12 vision or better. Forty percent required capsulotomy because of 6/12 vision or less. Possible cystoid macular edema occurred in two cases. No endothelial changes were present that were not present preoperatively. Five lenses dislocated. Two glaucomas appeared. There was no retinal separation, endophthalmitis, or lens removal for lens-induced irritation.", "contents": "The Copeland intraocular lens: five to ten years later. Fifty-seven eyes with extracapsular surgery and Copeland lenses and the same number of intracapsular cataract extractions without lenses are described. All properly chosen lens cases have 6/12 vision or better. Forty percent required capsulotomy because of 6/12 vision or less. Possible cystoid macular edema occurred in two cases. No endothelial changes were present that were not present preoperatively. Five lenses dislocated. Two glaucomas appeared. There was no retinal separation, endophthalmitis, or lens removal for lens-induced irritation.", "PMID": 534104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5956", "title": "Excision of uveal melanomas: a 15-year experience.", "content": "A 15-year experience with excision of selected uveal melanomas indicates that the human eye does not tolerate a dissection of an intraocular tumor exceeding 10 mm in diameter. Twenty-seven out of 35 eyes retained useful vision. Three cases required enucleation after excision, two of these owing to tumor recurrence. Only one tumor death has occurred, five years and four months after excision.", "contents": "Excision of uveal melanomas: a 15-year experience. A 15-year experience with excision of selected uveal melanomas indicates that the human eye does not tolerate a dissection of an intraocular tumor exceeding 10 mm in diameter. Twenty-seven out of 35 eyes retained useful vision. Three cases required enucleation after excision, two of these owing to tumor recurrence. Only one tumor death has occurred, five years and four months after excision.", "PMID": 534105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5957", "title": "Intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography in paraplegia.", "content": "Intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography have been studied in the femurs of ten paraplegics. These methods are reliable for studying bone circulation. Results show that there exists an increase of intra-medullary pressure of more than twice the normal value and signs of delayed blood flow as well as a diaphyseal reflux in the bone. The blood gases are also modified (O2 saturation; pO2 and pCO2). These signs indicate that there is a venous stasis. These circulatory disturbances are due to an autonomic nervous system lesion. Furthermore it seems that these vascular modifications below the neurological lesion have an influence on the osteoporosis in paraplegia.", "contents": "Intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography in paraplegia. Intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography have been studied in the femurs of ten paraplegics. These methods are reliable for studying bone circulation. Results show that there exists an increase of intra-medullary pressure of more than twice the normal value and signs of delayed blood flow as well as a diaphyseal reflux in the bone. The blood gases are also modified (O2 saturation; pO2 and pCO2). These signs indicate that there is a venous stasis. These circulatory disturbances are due to an autonomic nervous system lesion. Furthermore it seems that these vascular modifications below the neurological lesion have an influence on the osteoporosis in paraplegia.", "PMID": 534112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5958", "title": "A residential and employment centre for the spinal disabled in Perth, Western Australia.", "content": "In 1969 a Residential and Employment Centre for the spinal disabled was established in Perth, Western Australia, entitled the Quadriplegic Centre. In the past 9 years this has expanded to provide residential accommodation for 75 persons with anticipated accommodation for a total of 95 residents by the end of 1978. In the employment area the number of employees has risen from 10 in 1970 to 190 in 1977, and their production has risen from $10,700 to over half a million dollars Australian in the same period.", "contents": "A residential and employment centre for the spinal disabled in Perth, Western Australia. In 1969 a Residential and Employment Centre for the spinal disabled was established in Perth, Western Australia, entitled the Quadriplegic Centre. In the past 9 years this has expanded to provide residential accommodation for 75 persons with anticipated accommodation for a total of 95 residents by the end of 1978. In the employment area the number of employees has risen from 10 in 1970 to 190 in 1977, and their production has risen from $10,700 to over half a million dollars Australian in the same period.", "PMID": 534115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5959", "title": "Microcirculation and blood volume in rats before and after spinal cord injury.", "content": "Blood flow, cardiac output, blood pressure, indicator mixing time and blood volume were measured in rats before and after spinal cord injury. After cutting off the spinal cord blood flow decreases markedly in the paraplegic area but also in the main organs of the animals. Only the blood supply of the lung increases by this manipulation. As blood volume and the blood pressure is decreased and the indicator mixing time delayed the situation of the spinal cord injury can be compared with the situation after acute blood loss. Therefore it is proposed to include circulatory disturbances into the conception of the acute spinal shock situation.", "contents": "Microcirculation and blood volume in rats before and after spinal cord injury. Blood flow, cardiac output, blood pressure, indicator mixing time and blood volume were measured in rats before and after spinal cord injury. After cutting off the spinal cord blood flow decreases markedly in the paraplegic area but also in the main organs of the animals. Only the blood supply of the lung increases by this manipulation. As blood volume and the blood pressure is decreased and the indicator mixing time delayed the situation of the spinal cord injury can be compared with the situation after acute blood loss. Therefore it is proposed to include circulatory disturbances into the conception of the acute spinal shock situation.", "PMID": 534117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5960", "title": "Spinal cord injuries in children in British Columbia.", "content": "Fifteen children who sustained traumatic spinal cord injury in British Columbia over a 13-year period have been reviewed. The aetiology, incidence of spinal fracture, length of hospitalisation and subsequent spinal surgery, and their self-care, transfer and ambulatory abilities, bowel and bladder management, schooling, employment and place of abode have been determined.", "contents": "Spinal cord injuries in children in British Columbia. Fifteen children who sustained traumatic spinal cord injury in British Columbia over a 13-year period have been reviewed. The aetiology, incidence of spinal fracture, length of hospitalisation and subsequent spinal surgery, and their self-care, transfer and ambulatory abilities, bowel and bladder management, schooling, employment and place of abode have been determined.", "PMID": 534118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5961", "title": "Induced motion as a function of the speed of the inducing object, measured by means of two methods.", "content": "Induced motion is illustrated by the apparent motion imparted to a stationary disc by the horizontal motion of an enclosing frame. The present study examined the effect of frame speed, with a constant extent of frame motion, on the magnitude of induced motion for average frame speeds varying from 0.17 to 2.85 deg s-1. The induced motion was measured by two methods. (i) The observer adjusted the horizontal distance between comparison posts to indicate the extent of the horizontal induced motion in a physically stationary disc. (ii) The observer adjusted the slant of a comparison rod to indicate the apparent path of motion of the disc physically moving straight up and down in phase with the horizontal motion of the surrounding frame. The latter method requires the observer to integrate two apparent components of motion of the disc, one from its physical vertical motion and the other from its induced horizontal motion. The results from both methods show that substantial amounts of induction occurred at all of the frame speeds. The vector addition of apparent motions from real and from induced motion obtained from the second method, and the substantial amounts of induction found with the high frame speeds are interpreted to indicate that the processes underlying the perception of real and induced motion are essentially the same.", "contents": "Induced motion as a function of the speed of the inducing object, measured by means of two methods. Induced motion is illustrated by the apparent motion imparted to a stationary disc by the horizontal motion of an enclosing frame. The present study examined the effect of frame speed, with a constant extent of frame motion, on the magnitude of induced motion for average frame speeds varying from 0.17 to 2.85 deg s-1. The induced motion was measured by two methods. (i) The observer adjusted the horizontal distance between comparison posts to indicate the extent of the horizontal induced motion in a physically stationary disc. (ii) The observer adjusted the slant of a comparison rod to indicate the apparent path of motion of the disc physically moving straight up and down in phase with the horizontal motion of the surrounding frame. The latter method requires the observer to integrate two apparent components of motion of the disc, one from its physical vertical motion and the other from its induced horizontal motion. The results from both methods show that substantial amounts of induction occurred at all of the frame speeds. The vector addition of apparent motions from real and from induced motion obtained from the second method, and the substantial amounts of induction found with the high frame speeds are interpreted to indicate that the processes underlying the perception of real and induced motion are essentially the same.", "PMID": 534153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5962", "title": "The effects of duration and luminance on binocular depth mixture.", "content": "Two stimuli in the same binocular direction, one in front and the other an equal disparity behind a fixation point, are perceived at one depth. This depth is between that corresponding to the two stimulus disparities and varies continuously from one stimulus to the other as a function of the ratio of their luminances. When either duration or absolute luminance is increased, perceived depth changes toward the midpoint of the two disparities.", "contents": "The effects of duration and luminance on binocular depth mixture. Two stimuli in the same binocular direction, one in front and the other an equal disparity behind a fixation point, are perceived at one depth. This depth is between that corresponding to the two stimulus disparities and varies continuously from one stimulus to the other as a function of the ratio of their luminances. When either duration or absolute luminance is increased, perceived depth changes toward the midpoint of the two disparities.", "PMID": 534154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5963", "title": "The Cheshire Cat effect.", "content": "Designing a binocular-rivalry exhibit for the Exploratorium resulted in the observation of some interesting phenomena. Under conditions of binocular rivalry, motion in the field of one eye can trigger suppression of the other visual field as a whole or in parts. This suppression sometimes occurs only in the area of motion. Subparts of a suppressed area often remain in the visual field. Conversely, moving an object into the suppressed area of a visual field can elicit dominance of that object alone, with the rest of the field remaining suppressed. The suppression of partial areas of the visual field of each eye can occur simultaneously.", "contents": "The Cheshire Cat effect. Designing a binocular-rivalry exhibit for the Exploratorium resulted in the observation of some interesting phenomena. Under conditions of binocular rivalry, motion in the field of one eye can trigger suppression of the other visual field as a whole or in parts. This suppression sometimes occurs only in the area of motion. Subparts of a suppressed area often remain in the visual field. Conversely, moving an object into the suppressed area of a visual field can elicit dominance of that object alone, with the rest of the field remaining suppressed. The suppression of partial areas of the visual field of each eye can occur simultaneously.", "PMID": 534155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5964", "title": "The M\u00fcnsterberg illusion and 'irradiation'.", "content": "The M\u00fcnsterberg illusion is a compelling phenomenon for which there is no generally accepted explanation. It is suggested that two different contour-shifting effects operate in this illusion, and these are named the 'symmetrical effect' and the 'corner effect' respectively. It is further suggested that both of these effects are caused by 'irradiation', and an attempt is made to cast some light upon the phenomenon of irradiation, which is itself only poorly understood.", "contents": "The M\u00fcnsterberg illusion and 'irradiation'. The M\u00fcnsterberg illusion is a compelling phenomenon for which there is no generally accepted explanation. It is suggested that two different contour-shifting effects operate in this illusion, and these are named the 'symmetrical effect' and the 'corner effect' respectively. It is further suggested that both of these effects are caused by 'irradiation', and an attempt is made to cast some light upon the phenomenon of irradiation, which is itself only poorly understood.", "PMID": 534156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5965", "title": "Heritability in visual-geometric illusions: a family study.", "content": "The M\u00fcller-Lyer and Ebbinghaus illusions were tested in 203 mother-father-offspring triads and 303 sibling pairs. Significant familial resemblances were found in all but the overestimated segment of the Ebbinghaus illusion. These results suggest that responses to visual-geometric illusions, mediated by optical or neural interactive mechanisms, show patterns of familial resemblance which may be based upon heritable factors.", "contents": "Heritability in visual-geometric illusions: a family study. The M\u00fcller-Lyer and Ebbinghaus illusions were tested in 203 mother-father-offspring triads and 303 sibling pairs. Significant familial resemblances were found in all but the overestimated segment of the Ebbinghaus illusion. These results suggest that responses to visual-geometric illusions, mediated by optical or neural interactive mechanisms, show patterns of familial resemblance which may be based upon heritable factors.", "PMID": 534157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5966", "title": "Absolute and relative cues for the auditory perception of egocentric distance.", "content": "Three experiments were performed to examine the reverberation cue to egocentric auditory distance and to determine the extent to which such a cue could provide 'absolute', as contrasted with 'relative', information about distance. In experiment 1 independent groups of blindfolded observers (200 altogether) were presented with broadband noise from a speaker at one of five different distances (0.55 to 8 m) in a normal hard-walled room. Half of each group of observers were presented with the sound at 0 deg azimuth, followed (after a delay) by the identical sound at 90 deg azimuth. The order of presentation was reversed for the remaining observers. Perceived distance varied significantly as a function of the physical distance to the speaker, even for the first presentations. The change in the binaural information between the 0 deg and 90 deg presentations did not significantly modify the results. For both orientations, near distances were overestimated and far distances were underestimated. Experiment 2 and 3 were designed to evaluate how much prior auditory exposure to the laboratory environment was necessary. A 200 Hz square-wave signal was presented from one of three distances (1, 2, or 6 m) to observers who had either minimal room information or an exposure which included talking within the room. Perceived distance varied significantly with physical distance regardless to exposure condition.", "contents": "Absolute and relative cues for the auditory perception of egocentric distance. Three experiments were performed to examine the reverberation cue to egocentric auditory distance and to determine the extent to which such a cue could provide 'absolute', as contrasted with 'relative', information about distance. In experiment 1 independent groups of blindfolded observers (200 altogether) were presented with broadband noise from a speaker at one of five different distances (0.55 to 8 m) in a normal hard-walled room. Half of each group of observers were presented with the sound at 0 deg azimuth, followed (after a delay) by the identical sound at 90 deg azimuth. The order of presentation was reversed for the remaining observers. Perceived distance varied significantly as a function of the physical distance to the speaker, even for the first presentations. The change in the binaural information between the 0 deg and 90 deg presentations did not significantly modify the results. For both orientations, near distances were overestimated and far distances were underestimated. Experiment 2 and 3 were designed to evaluate how much prior auditory exposure to the laboratory environment was necessary. A 200 Hz square-wave signal was presented from one of three distances (1, 2, or 6 m) to observers who had either minimal room information or an exposure which included talking within the room. Perceived distance varied significantly with physical distance regardless to exposure condition.", "PMID": 534158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5967", "title": "Spatial localization under conflict conditions: is there a single explanation?", "content": "Visual--auditory (VA) and visual--proprioceptive (VP) localization conflict paradigms were varied to explore the comparability of the conflict situations. In experiment 1 various attempts were made to decrease the dominance of visual information over proprioceptive and auditory target information. Pairing auditory with proprioceptive information against conflicting visual information did not lessen the visual dominance, nor did dimming the visual field. A 'cognitive' manipulation, in which the subject was led to doubt the reliability of the visual information, reduced visual dominance over audition but not visual dominance over proprioception. This difference between the two conflict situations was further explored and corroborated in experiment 2. In experiment 3 no attempt was made to lead the subject to believe that paired discrepant targets were related, and the visual dominance of audition was strong while the visual dominance of proprioception did not occur. The apparent differences between the VA and VP conflict situations are discussed with regard to the feability of generating a unitary explanation of localization conflict results. Several further factors are discussed that must be explored before undertaking such a unitary formulation.", "contents": "Spatial localization under conflict conditions: is there a single explanation? Visual--auditory (VA) and visual--proprioceptive (VP) localization conflict paradigms were varied to explore the comparability of the conflict situations. In experiment 1 various attempts were made to decrease the dominance of visual information over proprioceptive and auditory target information. Pairing auditory with proprioceptive information against conflicting visual information did not lessen the visual dominance, nor did dimming the visual field. A 'cognitive' manipulation, in which the subject was led to doubt the reliability of the visual information, reduced visual dominance over audition but not visual dominance over proprioception. This difference between the two conflict situations was further explored and corroborated in experiment 2. In experiment 3 no attempt was made to lead the subject to believe that paired discrepant targets were related, and the visual dominance of audition was strong while the visual dominance of proprioception did not occur. The apparent differences between the VA and VP conflict situations are discussed with regard to the feability of generating a unitary explanation of localization conflict results. Several further factors are discussed that must be explored before undertaking such a unitary formulation.", "PMID": 534159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5968", "title": "Parotid and whole-mouth secretion in response to viewing, handling, and sniffing food.", "content": "There was no significant change in flow rates of parotid saliva in nineteen of twenty subjects while they viewed photographs of lemons, or in fourteen of twenty subjects while they cut lemons in a glove box. Neither parotid nor whole-mouth secretion changed from baseline when subjects viewed fresh lemons and lemonade presented in a plastic box. Further, no significant changes in whole-mouth secretion rates were observed when subjects viewed photographs of two appetizing foods, or of fresh doughnuts in a plastic box, even though subjects knew they could eat the doughnuts after the experiment. In most cases, sniffing of the lemons or of the doughnuts resulted in increased flow rates. Subjects demonstrated large differences in their patterns of affective responses to full-strength and diluted lemon juice, which were independent of salivary flow. In the absence of olfactory or tactile stimulations, few subjects altered parotid or whole-mouth secretion rates in response to viewing food or photographs of food. A reevaluation of findings on 'psychic' stimulation of saliva may be in order to ascertain the role of olfactory, tactile, and even trigeminal clues in salivary response to food stimuli.", "contents": "Parotid and whole-mouth secretion in response to viewing, handling, and sniffing food. There was no significant change in flow rates of parotid saliva in nineteen of twenty subjects while they viewed photographs of lemons, or in fourteen of twenty subjects while they cut lemons in a glove box. Neither parotid nor whole-mouth secretion changed from baseline when subjects viewed fresh lemons and lemonade presented in a plastic box. Further, no significant changes in whole-mouth secretion rates were observed when subjects viewed photographs of two appetizing foods, or of fresh doughnuts in a plastic box, even though subjects knew they could eat the doughnuts after the experiment. In most cases, sniffing of the lemons or of the doughnuts resulted in increased flow rates. Subjects demonstrated large differences in their patterns of affective responses to full-strength and diluted lemon juice, which were independent of salivary flow. In the absence of olfactory or tactile stimulations, few subjects altered parotid or whole-mouth secretion rates in response to viewing food or photographs of food. A reevaluation of findings on 'psychic' stimulation of saliva may be in order to ascertain the role of olfactory, tactile, and even trigeminal clues in salivary response to food stimuli.", "PMID": 534160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5969", "title": "[Treatment of ureteral obstructions due to prostatic carcinoma. Prognostic value of response to medical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study concerning 146 patients with prostatic cancer showed that 30 of them (20 p.cent) presented ureteral obstacles at some time during the evolution of the disease. The majority of these cases were T3-T4 tumors. When a strickly medical approach allowed to reduce the obstruction, the 1 year survived rate was 71 p.cent. When surgery became necessary due to persistent renal insufficiency, in spite of medical treatment the 1 year survival rate was 15 p.cent.", "contents": "[Treatment of ureteral obstructions due to prostatic carcinoma. Prognostic value of response to medical treatment (author's transl)]. A retrospective study concerning 146 patients with prostatic cancer showed that 30 of them (20 p.cent) presented ureteral obstacles at some time during the evolution of the disease. The majority of these cases were T3-T4 tumors. When a strickly medical approach allowed to reduce the obstruction, the 1 year survived rate was 71 p.cent. When surgery became necessary due to persistent renal insufficiency, in spite of medical treatment the 1 year survival rate was 15 p.cent.", "PMID": 534164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5970", "title": "[Biliary lithiasis in cystic fibrosis. Study of the bile salts in the serum and in the bile in one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Biliary lithiasis was discovered in a girl aged 11 suffering from Cystic Fibrosis and who underwent partial small bowel resection for meconium ileus. A cholecystectomy was performed at 15. Examination of the stones showed that they were composed of cholesterol and chemical examination of the bile showed an increase of phospholipids and a decrease in bile salts. There was also a modification of the ratio (Formula: see text) in the serum and the bile. All those factors contribute to the insolubility of cholesterol and to the formation of lithiasis. For all those reasons, the authors recommend a regular radiologic surveillance of the gallbladder in Cystic Fibrosis.", "contents": "[Biliary lithiasis in cystic fibrosis. Study of the bile salts in the serum and in the bile in one case (author's transl)]. Biliary lithiasis was discovered in a girl aged 11 suffering from Cystic Fibrosis and who underwent partial small bowel resection for meconium ileus. A cholecystectomy was performed at 15. Examination of the stones showed that they were composed of cholesterol and chemical examination of the bile showed an increase of phospholipids and a decrease in bile salts. There was also a modification of the ratio (Formula: see text) in the serum and the bile. All those factors contribute to the insolubility of cholesterol and to the formation of lithiasis. For all those reasons, the authors recommend a regular radiologic surveillance of the gallbladder in Cystic Fibrosis.", "PMID": 534165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5971", "title": "[Comparative action of L-dopa and bromocriptine on thyreostimulating hormone (T.S.H.) in primary hypothyro\u00efdism (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative action of fixed I-dopa (500 mg orally) and bromocriptine (2,5 mg orally) doses on T.S.H. of 20 patients (8 men and 12 women) with primary hypothyro\u00efdism was studied. T.S.H. was significantly decreased from first hour with I-dopa (p less than 0.005) and the greater decrease was reached at the second hour. T.S.H. was the thereafter progressively increased and was like basal value at the fifth or the sixth hour of the test. T.S.H. was likewise significantly decreased from first hour with bromocriptine (p less than 0,01), but the decrease was progressive during the six hours and the greater decrease was reached at the sixth hour (p less than 0,005). The decreased T.S.H. was greater for woman than for man as much with I-dopa (p less than 0,005), as with bromocriptine (p less than 0,002). The greater decrease was the same with I-dopa or bromocriptine. These results were comparatively discussed with others. They favoured an inibiting action of dopaminergic axis on T.S.H. secretion in primary hypothyro\u00efdism.", "contents": "[Comparative action of L-dopa and bromocriptine on thyreostimulating hormone (T.S.H.) in primary hypothyro\u00efdism (author's transl)]. The comparative action of fixed I-dopa (500 mg orally) and bromocriptine (2,5 mg orally) doses on T.S.H. of 20 patients (8 men and 12 women) with primary hypothyro\u00efdism was studied. T.S.H. was significantly decreased from first hour with I-dopa (p less than 0.005) and the greater decrease was reached at the second hour. T.S.H. was the thereafter progressively increased and was like basal value at the fifth or the sixth hour of the test. T.S.H. was likewise significantly decreased from first hour with bromocriptine (p less than 0,01), but the decrease was progressive during the six hours and the greater decrease was reached at the sixth hour (p less than 0,005). The decreased T.S.H. was greater for woman than for man as much with I-dopa (p less than 0,005), as with bromocriptine (p less than 0,002). The greater decrease was the same with I-dopa or bromocriptine. These results were comparatively discussed with others. They favoured an inibiting action of dopaminergic axis on T.S.H. secretion in primary hypothyro\u00efdism.", "PMID": 534166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5972", "title": "[Giant aneurysm of the intracavernous carotid, complicated by subarachnoid haemorrhage. Emergency treatment by occlusive balloon and thrombosis in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "A 15-year-old adolescent developed a painful ophtalmoplegia and a subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to fissuration of a giant intracavernous aneurysm. The choice of therapeutic abstention was not retained due to the dissuration. The site excluded any direct approach and ligation of the common carotid was not adopted because of its complications. The method chosen consisted of in situ coagulation of the aneurysmal sac, induced by injection of thrombin after occlusion of the internal carotid by a double-lumen balloon catheter. In case of emergency and when direct approach is impossible, this technique may be useful on the condition of close cooperation between clinicans and radiologists.", "contents": "[Giant aneurysm of the intracavernous carotid, complicated by subarachnoid haemorrhage. Emergency treatment by occlusive balloon and thrombosis in situ (author's transl)]. A 15-year-old adolescent developed a painful ophtalmoplegia and a subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to fissuration of a giant intracavernous aneurysm. The choice of therapeutic abstention was not retained due to the dissuration. The site excluded any direct approach and ligation of the common carotid was not adopted because of its complications. The method chosen consisted of in situ coagulation of the aneurysmal sac, induced by injection of thrombin after occlusion of the internal carotid by a double-lumen balloon catheter. In case of emergency and when direct approach is impossible, this technique may be useful on the condition of close cooperation between clinicans and radiologists.", "PMID": 534167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5973", "title": "[The role of prostaglandins in the renal regulation of blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "In response to ischaemic or vasoconstrictor stimuli the kidney reacts by synthesising prostaglandins (PG) which modify local vascular tone. They induce a compensatory vasodilatation and direct the blood flow towards the internal cortex. It is thus not necessary to attribute a systemic role to PG in order to understand their haemodynamic action. This explains the natriuresis following the injection of PG both in the animal and in man. Nevertheless the direct effet of PG upon the tubular reabsorption of sodium remains controversial since very different experimental models lead to contradictory conclusions. Despite these disparate data, it is probable that PG are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A lack of PG or a deficiency in their metabolism may be responsible in essential hypertension.", "contents": "[The role of prostaglandins in the renal regulation of blood pressure (author's transl)]. In response to ischaemic or vasoconstrictor stimuli the kidney reacts by synthesising prostaglandins (PG) which modify local vascular tone. They induce a compensatory vasodilatation and direct the blood flow towards the internal cortex. It is thus not necessary to attribute a systemic role to PG in order to understand their haemodynamic action. This explains the natriuresis following the injection of PG both in the animal and in man. Nevertheless the direct effet of PG upon the tubular reabsorption of sodium remains controversial since very different experimental models lead to contradictory conclusions. Despite these disparate data, it is probable that PG are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A lack of PG or a deficiency in their metabolism may be responsible in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 534168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5974", "title": "[Computer treatment of medical reports: example of the \"Rem\u00e8de\" system (author's transl)].", "content": "Physicians are mostly interested in medical text processing if they can directly interrogate the exact content of each text and not only keys leading to a more or less rough retrieval. Remede is a prototype of a medical documentary language using current medical terms and few syntactic rules. It allows to make reports directly processeable by computers. The paper presents the system runninr for one year in the Service of Cardiology-La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital Paris.", "contents": "[Computer treatment of medical reports: example of the \"Rem\u00e8de\" system (author's transl)]. Physicians are mostly interested in medical text processing if they can directly interrogate the exact content of each text and not only keys leading to a more or less rough retrieval. Remede is a prototype of a medical documentary language using current medical terms and few syntactic rules. It allows to make reports directly processeable by computers. The paper presents the system runninr for one year in the Service of Cardiology-La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital Paris.", "PMID": 534182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5975", "title": "[Nycterohemeral variations of growth hormone and prolactin in 6 Parkinson's sufferers treated with bromocriptine (author's transl)].", "content": "Secretions of GH and of PRL studied over a period of 24 hours in 6 untreated Parkinson's patients showed slight changes. The normal secretion of PRL in the female shows no nocturnal increase in the male. The secretion of GH linked to sleep is identified in the male and not in the female. These variations related to sex are interpreted as an increase in those normally found in the adult and facilitated by age. Bromocriptine given continuously at a dose of 10 to 20 mg/day for periods of 20 days to 6 months, results in suppression or a marked decrease in the 24-hour secretion of PRL. It has virtually no effect upon the secretion of GH. These results show that the dopaminergic regulation of PRL is preserved in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "[Nycterohemeral variations of growth hormone and prolactin in 6 Parkinson's sufferers treated with bromocriptine (author's transl)]. Secretions of GH and of PRL studied over a period of 24 hours in 6 untreated Parkinson's patients showed slight changes. The normal secretion of PRL in the female shows no nocturnal increase in the male. The secretion of GH linked to sleep is identified in the male and not in the female. These variations related to sex are interpreted as an increase in those normally found in the adult and facilitated by age. Bromocriptine given continuously at a dose of 10 to 20 mg/day for periods of 20 days to 6 months, results in suppression or a marked decrease in the 24-hour secretion of PRL. It has virtually no effect upon the secretion of GH. These results show that the dopaminergic regulation of PRL is preserved in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 534183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5976", "title": "[Leiomyoma of the small bowel with hypercalcaemia: presence of a substance with parathormone activity (author's transl)].", "content": "A leiomyoma of the small bowel produced laboratory features of hyperparathyroidism which disappeared promptly after tumour resection. Hypercalcaemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperchloremia, elevated chloride/phosphorus ratio, increased urinary cyclic AMP, and blood levels of immunoreactive parathormone were present. Electron microscopy showed dense round granules in the tumour cells.", "contents": "[Leiomyoma of the small bowel with hypercalcaemia: presence of a substance with parathormone activity (author's transl)]. A leiomyoma of the small bowel produced laboratory features of hyperparathyroidism which disappeared promptly after tumour resection. Hypercalcaemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperchloremia, elevated chloride/phosphorus ratio, increased urinary cyclic AMP, and blood levels of immunoreactive parathormone were present. Electron microscopy showed dense round granules in the tumour cells.", "PMID": 534184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5977", "title": "[Modification of septicaemias in an intensive care unit following the suppression of prophylactic antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors after to have suppressed the preventive antibiotic therapy in their intensive care concluded after four years of this new attitude. They ascertain that this new attitude has not changed by no means the number of septicenia in their intensive care. In the other hand, the gram negative septicemia stronghly decrease, succeeding by gram positive septicemia. This results were statistically significant in the sector of intensive care where the supress of antibiotic was quick and the most completely. Thanks to this attitude, the cost of operation of the service was divided by three.", "contents": "[Modification of septicaemias in an intensive care unit following the suppression of prophylactic antibiotics (author's transl)]. The authors after to have suppressed the preventive antibiotic therapy in their intensive care concluded after four years of this new attitude. They ascertain that this new attitude has not changed by no means the number of septicenia in their intensive care. In the other hand, the gram negative septicemia stronghly decrease, succeeding by gram positive septicemia. This results were statistically significant in the sector of intensive care where the supress of antibiotic was quick and the most completely. Thanks to this attitude, the cost of operation of the service was divided by three.", "PMID": 534196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5978", "title": "[Embolization of the renal arteries or \"medical nephrectomy\" in amyloidosis nephrotic syndromes. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Some nephrotic syndroms have a very poor prognosis (life threatening) because of the protidic loss, even if the renal fonction is still normal. Only a binephrectomy can prevent this true protidic diabetes. In order, to avoid the inconvenients of surgery which can be a major problem with patients having cicatrization difficulties, a bilateral embolization of the renal arteries was done. This procedure was successfully used in two patients with nephroctic syndrom secondary to a renal amylo\u00efdosis, who where in a cachectic state.", "contents": "[Embolization of the renal arteries or \"medical nephrectomy\" in amyloidosis nephrotic syndromes. 2 cases (author's transl)]. Some nephrotic syndroms have a very poor prognosis (life threatening) because of the protidic loss, even if the renal fonction is still normal. Only a binephrectomy can prevent this true protidic diabetes. In order, to avoid the inconvenients of surgery which can be a major problem with patients having cicatrization difficulties, a bilateral embolization of the renal arteries was done. This procedure was successfully used in two patients with nephroctic syndrom secondary to a renal amylo\u00efdosis, who where in a cachectic state.", "PMID": 534197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5979", "title": "[Real-time cross-sectional echocardiography. Application in the measurement of the surface area of the mitral orifice in cases of stenosis or of double involvement of the valve (author's transl)].", "content": "Two-dimensional echocardiography in real time has proved in recent years to be a very valuable means of investigation in cardiology, in particular in the area of valve disease and congenital cardiac malformations. The present study concerns a group of 20 patients with essentially stenosing mitral disease, studied by two-dimensional echocardiography using mechanical sector scanner. The authors report their experience of the method in the measurement of the surface area of the mitral orifice from echotomographic sections obtained in protodiastole in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle and passing through the free edge of the mitral cusps. Fifteen of these patients being then treated by valve replacement, the area measured were compared with those found in the operative specimens. In 14 cases out of 15 (93%), despite the concomitant existence of appreciable mitral incompetence in 9 cases out of 15, the surface areas did not differ by more than 0.23 cm2 (coefficient of correlation = 0.990). These results confirmed that two-dimensional echocardiography in real time is a reliable method for the direct measurement of the mitral orifice area in the presence of stenotic type disease of the valve and even in the presence of associated mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "[Real-time cross-sectional echocardiography. Application in the measurement of the surface area of the mitral orifice in cases of stenosis or of double involvement of the valve (author's transl)]. Two-dimensional echocardiography in real time has proved in recent years to be a very valuable means of investigation in cardiology, in particular in the area of valve disease and congenital cardiac malformations. The present study concerns a group of 20 patients with essentially stenosing mitral disease, studied by two-dimensional echocardiography using mechanical sector scanner. The authors report their experience of the method in the measurement of the surface area of the mitral orifice from echotomographic sections obtained in protodiastole in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle and passing through the free edge of the mitral cusps. Fifteen of these patients being then treated by valve replacement, the area measured were compared with those found in the operative specimens. In 14 cases out of 15 (93%), despite the concomitant existence of appreciable mitral incompetence in 9 cases out of 15, the surface areas did not differ by more than 0.23 cm2 (coefficient of correlation = 0.990). These results confirmed that two-dimensional echocardiography in real time is a reliable method for the direct measurement of the mitral orifice area in the presence of stenotic type disease of the valve and even in the presence of associated mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 534198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5980", "title": "[Does the hepatitis of secondary syphilis exist? Two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients are presented as new cases of secondary syphilitic hepatitis. The closely resemble descriptions in the literature with the same clinical and laboratory \"profile\" and the same course spectaculary influenced by anti-syphilitic penicillin therapy. The presence of treponemes in the liver, which would definitely confirm the diagnosis, was not demonstrated. This is a particularly important diagnosis, which should not be missed since it leads to treatment of fundamental importance to the patient's future.", "contents": "[Does the hepatitis of secondary syphilis exist? Two cases (author's transl)]. Two patients are presented as new cases of secondary syphilitic hepatitis. The closely resemble descriptions in the literature with the same clinical and laboratory \"profile\" and the same course spectaculary influenced by anti-syphilitic penicillin therapy. The presence of treponemes in the liver, which would definitely confirm the diagnosis, was not demonstrated. This is a particularly important diagnosis, which should not be missed since it leads to treatment of fundamental importance to the patient's future.", "PMID": 534199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5981", "title": "[Treatment of recent traumatic ruptures of aortic isthmus (author's transl)].", "content": "We recommand the following procedure: --positionment of the patient allowing the simultaneous approach of left pleural cavity and left femoral vessels. --aortic liberation far away of the isthm, in a diffuse hematoma. --medullar protection by femoro-femoral extra corporeal circulation. --recovery of aortic continuity either by direct suture or by interposition of an prosthetic tube, the sutures being largely supported by mediastinal cellular tissue. We have used this technique in 5 patients, with a good result in all cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of recent traumatic ruptures of aortic isthmus (author's transl)]. We recommand the following procedure: --positionment of the patient allowing the simultaneous approach of left pleural cavity and left femoral vessels. --aortic liberation far away of the isthm, in a diffuse hematoma. --medullar protection by femoro-femoral extra corporeal circulation. --recovery of aortic continuity either by direct suture or by interposition of an prosthetic tube, the sutures being largely supported by mediastinal cellular tissue. We have used this technique in 5 patients, with a good result in all cases.", "PMID": 534200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5982", "title": "[Post-radiotherapy pericarditis. 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "These cases represented 2.8% of the patients admitted for pericarditis during the same period. The cause of irradiation was a carcinoma of the breast in three cases and a carcinoma of the oesophagus in two cases. Acute forms of pericarditis occured 8 and 13 months after irradiations, and chronic forms after 1, 8 and 13 years. Three clinical forms were observed; two patients had an acute form; the first one with a slight effusion was easily cured, the second with cardiac tamponnade recovered after surgical evacuation, two others patients had a chronic latent effusion; after surgical evacuation, one recovered but the other one developped an occult constrictive pericarditis diagnosed by rapid volume expansion. The fifth case was a constrictive pericarditis which was effectively traited by pericardectomy. The difficulty of etiological diagnosis varies with the time and the amount of effusion. When the effusion is moderate the distinction must be made with an acute idiopathic pericarditis; when effusion is large the distinction must be made with a tuberculosis and specially a tumoral recurrence; in three cases pericardial biopsy was carried out and eliminated these diagnosises; lesions were similar: pericard was sclerous and little in cells, inflammatory signs were slight or absent. The postoperative prognosis in constrictive pericarditis may be agravated by associated myocardial lesions.", "contents": "[Post-radiotherapy pericarditis. 5 cases (author's transl)]. These cases represented 2.8% of the patients admitted for pericarditis during the same period. The cause of irradiation was a carcinoma of the breast in three cases and a carcinoma of the oesophagus in two cases. Acute forms of pericarditis occured 8 and 13 months after irradiations, and chronic forms after 1, 8 and 13 years. Three clinical forms were observed; two patients had an acute form; the first one with a slight effusion was easily cured, the second with cardiac tamponnade recovered after surgical evacuation, two others patients had a chronic latent effusion; after surgical evacuation, one recovered but the other one developped an occult constrictive pericarditis diagnosed by rapid volume expansion. The fifth case was a constrictive pericarditis which was effectively traited by pericardectomy. The difficulty of etiological diagnosis varies with the time and the amount of effusion. When the effusion is moderate the distinction must be made with an acute idiopathic pericarditis; when effusion is large the distinction must be made with a tuberculosis and specially a tumoral recurrence; in three cases pericardial biopsy was carried out and eliminated these diagnosises; lesions were similar: pericard was sclerous and little in cells, inflammatory signs were slight or absent. The postoperative prognosis in constrictive pericarditis may be agravated by associated myocardial lesions.", "PMID": 534213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5983", "title": "[Idiopathic hypercalciuria: effects of acute phosphorus deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven patients with kidney stone disease and idiopathic hypercalciuria (urinary calcium above 4 mg/kg/j), without phosphorus renal leak and 6 control subjects have been put for 3 days on a diet containing 1 g calcium and 1 phosphorus daily (period A), and then for 4 days on a diet containing 1 g calcium, 450 mg phosphorus and 3 g aluminium hydroxyde daily (period B). During period A, no significant difference in blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, not in phosphaturia, rate of phosphorus reabsorption (RPR) and ratio maximum RPR/creatinine clearance was found between the two groups. After 2 days on a low phosphate diet (period B) the blood phosphorus decreased significantly in the hypercalciuric patients but not in the control subjects, thus revealing among the forme a latent abnormality in the retention of phosphates. This abnormality could play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hypercalciuria: effects of acute phosphorus deficiency (author's transl)]. Eleven patients with kidney stone disease and idiopathic hypercalciuria (urinary calcium above 4 mg/kg/j), without phosphorus renal leak and 6 control subjects have been put for 3 days on a diet containing 1 g calcium and 1 phosphorus daily (period A), and then for 4 days on a diet containing 1 g calcium, 450 mg phosphorus and 3 g aluminium hydroxyde daily (period B). During period A, no significant difference in blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, not in phosphaturia, rate of phosphorus reabsorption (RPR) and ratio maximum RPR/creatinine clearance was found between the two groups. After 2 days on a low phosphate diet (period B) the blood phosphorus decreased significantly in the hypercalciuric patients but not in the control subjects, thus revealing among the forme a latent abnormality in the retention of phosphates. This abnormality could play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria.", "PMID": 534214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5984", "title": "[Alcoholic ketoacidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic alcoholism is a frequently unrecognized cause of ketoacidosis in nondiabetic patients. Seven episodes of alcoholic ketoacidosis were observed in three patients. No consciousness disturbances were present. Semi-quantitative tests for ketones were strongly positive in urine, weakly positive in serum. The anion gap was between 25 and 41 mEq/l; serum lactate was between 0.9 and 9.0 mEq/l, and, in all cases, below the anion excess. Blood glucose ammonia was increased. Massive fatty liver was documented in all patients. All ketosis episodes followed an increase of alcohol ingestion associated with one to four week-starvation and vomiting; however, at the time of admission, alcohol was weakly increased in blood. In the four episodes where diagnosis was correct, ketoacidosis was rapidly corrected without insulin administration. In conclusion, in some nondiabetic subjects, the occurence of alcohol prolongated ingestion together with starvation and vomiting is responsible for ketoacidosis; because alcoholic ketoacidosis has often a mild clinical expression, its true prevalence is underestimated; insulin administration is not required.", "contents": "[Alcoholic ketoacidosis (author's transl)]. Chronic alcoholism is a frequently unrecognized cause of ketoacidosis in nondiabetic patients. Seven episodes of alcoholic ketoacidosis were observed in three patients. No consciousness disturbances were present. Semi-quantitative tests for ketones were strongly positive in urine, weakly positive in serum. The anion gap was between 25 and 41 mEq/l; serum lactate was between 0.9 and 9.0 mEq/l, and, in all cases, below the anion excess. Blood glucose ammonia was increased. Massive fatty liver was documented in all patients. All ketosis episodes followed an increase of alcohol ingestion associated with one to four week-starvation and vomiting; however, at the time of admission, alcohol was weakly increased in blood. In the four episodes where diagnosis was correct, ketoacidosis was rapidly corrected without insulin administration. In conclusion, in some nondiabetic subjects, the occurence of alcohol prolongated ingestion together with starvation and vomiting is responsible for ketoacidosis; because alcoholic ketoacidosis has often a mild clinical expression, its true prevalence is underestimated; insulin administration is not required.", "PMID": 534215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5985", "title": "[The treatment of brucellosis using rifampicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the present value of rifampicin in the treatment of human brucellosis on the basis of: 1) a bacteriological study of 42 strains of Brucella spp. (MIC's of rifampicin, tetracyclin, doxycyclin, minocyclin and streptomycin; results of doxycyclin-rifampicin and doxycyclin-streptomycin combinations), and 2) a clinical study of 38 cases of brucellosis treated with rifampicin, including 25 acute septicemias and 13 osteo-arthritis. Satisfactory results were observed in 92% of the cases with rifampicin alone, but one cannot state that the benefits are significant.", "contents": "[The treatment of brucellosis using rifampicine (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the present value of rifampicin in the treatment of human brucellosis on the basis of: 1) a bacteriological study of 42 strains of Brucella spp. (MIC's of rifampicin, tetracyclin, doxycyclin, minocyclin and streptomycin; results of doxycyclin-rifampicin and doxycyclin-streptomycin combinations), and 2) a clinical study of 38 cases of brucellosis treated with rifampicin, including 25 acute septicemias and 13 osteo-arthritis. Satisfactory results were observed in 92% of the cases with rifampicin alone, but one cannot state that the benefits are significant.", "PMID": 534216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5986", "title": "[Quantitative echocardiography using a minicomputer (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiography should not remain merely qualitative but every effort should be made to make it quantitative, providing the clinician with numerical values. Three items are necessary: a graphic table, a minicomputer and an electronic reprograph, all small in size. The tracings obtained in TM technique are digitalised using the graph table, and the computer provides the results in the form of listings and graphs. The latter are of two types: --some are used for the analysis of the respective chronology of the various phenomena: left ventricular diameter and its normalised derivative, apexocardiogram or carotid pulse, movement of the greater cusp of the mitral valve, thickness of the myocardium, heart sounds; --the others are used for study, with the aid of an X-Y representation in the form of loops, of variations in one phenomenon in relation to the other. Deformation of such loops makes it possible to detect poor synchronisation between 2 phenomena.", "contents": "[Quantitative echocardiography using a minicomputer (author's transl)]. Echocardiography should not remain merely qualitative but every effort should be made to make it quantitative, providing the clinician with numerical values. Three items are necessary: a graphic table, a minicomputer and an electronic reprograph, all small in size. The tracings obtained in TM technique are digitalised using the graph table, and the computer provides the results in the form of listings and graphs. The latter are of two types: --some are used for the analysis of the respective chronology of the various phenomena: left ventricular diameter and its normalised derivative, apexocardiogram or carotid pulse, movement of the greater cusp of the mitral valve, thickness of the myocardium, heart sounds; --the others are used for study, with the aid of an X-Y representation in the form of loops, of variations in one phenomenon in relation to the other. Deformation of such loops makes it possible to detect poor synchronisation between 2 phenomena.", "PMID": 534217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5987", "title": "[Antibiotics: interactions with other drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "More and more numerous each year, and only rarely beneficial, these are responsible for unexplained therapeutic failures or complications. They may occur at different levels. In the bottle of infusion fluid, the risk is that of neutralisation of varying amounts of the antibiotic. At the physiological stages of pharmacokinetics, there may be reduction of absorption and modification of urinary excretion. The most striking iatrogenic consequences result either from competition for binding to plasma albumins or from induction (or inhibition) of hepatic enzymes responsible for biotransformation (toxic overdose). Within bacteria, these interactions explain synergisms and antagonisms. They should lead to awareness of the multiple dangers of polypharmacy.", "contents": "[Antibiotics: interactions with other drugs (author's transl)]. More and more numerous each year, and only rarely beneficial, these are responsible for unexplained therapeutic failures or complications. They may occur at different levels. In the bottle of infusion fluid, the risk is that of neutralisation of varying amounts of the antibiotic. At the physiological stages of pharmacokinetics, there may be reduction of absorption and modification of urinary excretion. The most striking iatrogenic consequences result either from competition for binding to plasma albumins or from induction (or inhibition) of hepatic enzymes responsible for biotransformation (toxic overdose). Within bacteria, these interactions explain synergisms and antagonisms. They should lead to awareness of the multiple dangers of polypharmacy.", "PMID": 534218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5988", "title": "[The oral glucose tolerance test during normal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Physiological changes in carbohydrate tolerance were studied between the beginning and end of pregnancy. Amongst 145 oral glucose tolerance tests performed between the 9th and 40th weeks, results indicated that carbohydrate tolerance evolved throughout pregnancy. The first 24 weeks were characterised by a change in the shape of the glucose tolerance curve, in the form of horizontalisation of the terminal part, but with no increase in early blood glucose figures. It was only after the 24th week that mean blood glucose levels were seen to be increased. The interpretation of glucose tolerance tests during pregnancy should take these physiological changes into account. Critical values, above which diabetes must be suspected, are different at the beginning and end of pregnancy. The critical point would appear to be around the 24th week.", "contents": "[The oral glucose tolerance test during normal pregnancy (author's transl)]. Physiological changes in carbohydrate tolerance were studied between the beginning and end of pregnancy. Amongst 145 oral glucose tolerance tests performed between the 9th and 40th weeks, results indicated that carbohydrate tolerance evolved throughout pregnancy. The first 24 weeks were characterised by a change in the shape of the glucose tolerance curve, in the form of horizontalisation of the terminal part, but with no increase in early blood glucose figures. It was only after the 24th week that mean blood glucose levels were seen to be increased. The interpretation of glucose tolerance tests during pregnancy should take these physiological changes into account. Critical values, above which diabetes must be suspected, are different at the beginning and end of pregnancy. The critical point would appear to be around the 24th week.", "PMID": 534229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5989", "title": "[Immunoallergic acute haemolysis, thrombocytopaenia and acute renal insufficiency due to treatment with catechines (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 25-year-old patient who during discontinuous treatment with a venotropic agent containing catechines suffered from intravascular haemolysis, thrombocytopaenia and acute renal failure, the course of which was favourable with treatment by haemodialysis. Renal biopsy revealed lesions of acute tubulonephritis with a slight interstitial reaction but without immune deposits. The demonstration in the serum and on the red cells of the patient of anti-catechine antibodies confirmed the immunoallergic nature of the haemolysis. The existence of crossed allergy with another venotropic agent, leucocyanide, led to suspicion of the localisation of the antigenic site on the 3-4 dihydroxyphenyl portion of the catechine molecule.", "contents": "[Immunoallergic acute haemolysis, thrombocytopaenia and acute renal insufficiency due to treatment with catechines (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 25-year-old patient who during discontinuous treatment with a venotropic agent containing catechines suffered from intravascular haemolysis, thrombocytopaenia and acute renal failure, the course of which was favourable with treatment by haemodialysis. Renal biopsy revealed lesions of acute tubulonephritis with a slight interstitial reaction but without immune deposits. The demonstration in the serum and on the red cells of the patient of anti-catechine antibodies confirmed the immunoallergic nature of the haemolysis. The existence of crossed allergy with another venotropic agent, leucocyanide, led to suspicion of the localisation of the antigenic site on the 3-4 dihydroxyphenyl portion of the catechine molecule.", "PMID": 534230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5990", "title": "[Extensive bronchial dystrophy. Physiopathology and treatment of suppurative complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive bronchial dystrophy differs by its histopathology, course and treatment from chronic obstructive bronchitis. This dystrophy leads to cavities which are virtually constantly infected. The extension of infection to adjacent alveoli may be dramatic, contrasting with underlying slight chronic respiratory failure. The existence of these cavities explains the preponderant role in therapy of drainage and the fact that antibiotic therapy would appear to be indicated only in the case of extension of infection to the alveoli and the peribronchial tissues.", "contents": "[Extensive bronchial dystrophy. Physiopathology and treatment of suppurative complications (author's transl)]. Extensive bronchial dystrophy differs by its histopathology, course and treatment from chronic obstructive bronchitis. This dystrophy leads to cavities which are virtually constantly infected. The extension of infection to adjacent alveoli may be dramatic, contrasting with underlying slight chronic respiratory failure. The existence of these cavities explains the preponderant role in therapy of drainage and the fact that antibiotic therapy would appear to be indicated only in the case of extension of infection to the alveoli and the peribronchial tissues.", "PMID": 534231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5991", "title": "[Prostatic carcinoma: metabolic effect of percutaneous beta-estradiol (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty one patients suffering from carcinoma of the prostate, confirmed histologically and previously untreated, received treatment in the form of 17 beta-estradiol administered percutaneously. At a dose of 6 mg of estradiol per day, testosterone levels fell to a mean of 1 ng/ml. No change in lipids, lipoproteins nor cholinesterase were detected.", "contents": "[Prostatic carcinoma: metabolic effect of percutaneous beta-estradiol (author's transl)]. Twenty one patients suffering from carcinoma of the prostate, confirmed histologically and previously untreated, received treatment in the form of 17 beta-estradiol administered percutaneously. At a dose of 6 mg of estradiol per day, testosterone levels fell to a mean of 1 ng/ml. No change in lipids, lipoproteins nor cholinesterase were detected.", "PMID": 534245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5992", "title": "[Ulcers of the bulb of the duodenum and duodenitis. Correlation between clinical, radiological and endoscopic findings and classification in 147 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred and eighty three patients with epigastric pain underwent radiological and endoscopic examination of the bulb of the duodenum. Clinical, radiological and endoscopic characteristics were compared in the 79 patients with a duodenal ulcer and in the 68 with duodenitis only. Pain and a past history of ulcer disease were of no use in differentiating duodenal ulcer from duodenitis only. Radiological deformity of the bulb appeared to be a sign of duodenitis and not of duodenal ulcer, in contrast to a crater and convergence of the folds. No endoscopic sign was of value in differentiating duodenitis only from duodenitis associated with an ulcer. Active duodenal ulcers could be differentiated from scarred duodenal ulcers only on the basis of endoscopic findings. Endoscope is the best means for the study and diagnosis of duodenal disease. On the basis of these results and data already published, an analysis was undertaken of the relationship between duodenal ulcer and duodenitis only, and it is felt that many arguments are in favour of a unitary hypothesis, duodenal ulcer and duodenitis possibly being two forms of duodenal ulcer disease.", "contents": "[Ulcers of the bulb of the duodenum and duodenitis. Correlation between clinical, radiological and endoscopic findings and classification in 147 cases (author's transl)]. Three hundred and eighty three patients with epigastric pain underwent radiological and endoscopic examination of the bulb of the duodenum. Clinical, radiological and endoscopic characteristics were compared in the 79 patients with a duodenal ulcer and in the 68 with duodenitis only. Pain and a past history of ulcer disease were of no use in differentiating duodenal ulcer from duodenitis only. Radiological deformity of the bulb appeared to be a sign of duodenitis and not of duodenal ulcer, in contrast to a crater and convergence of the folds. No endoscopic sign was of value in differentiating duodenitis only from duodenitis associated with an ulcer. Active duodenal ulcers could be differentiated from scarred duodenal ulcers only on the basis of endoscopic findings. Endoscope is the best means for the study and diagnosis of duodenal disease. On the basis of these results and data already published, an analysis was undertaken of the relationship between duodenal ulcer and duodenitis only, and it is felt that many arguments are in favour of a unitary hypothesis, duodenal ulcer and duodenitis possibly being two forms of duodenal ulcer disease.", "PMID": 534246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5993", "title": "[Platelet kinetics during arterial diseases. Macro-angiopathy, cardiac valve prosthesis and prosthesis of the aortic bifurcation: 73 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "From 73 platelet kinetic studies in vascular diseases, some conclusions can be drawn: excessive platelet consumption is not as usual as previously published; abnormal platelet recovery is an usual feature in patients with vascular or valvular prosthesis; correlation between platelet kinetic abnormalities and thrombo-embolic complications needs reevaluation; constant abnormal platelet kinetics in the cases of aorto-femoral graft made these cases a valuable model for the clinical and biological evaluation of the drugs committed to a change of the platelet functions.", "contents": "[Platelet kinetics during arterial diseases. Macro-angiopathy, cardiac valve prosthesis and prosthesis of the aortic bifurcation: 73 cases (author's transl)]. From 73 platelet kinetic studies in vascular diseases, some conclusions can be drawn: excessive platelet consumption is not as usual as previously published; abnormal platelet recovery is an usual feature in patients with vascular or valvular prosthesis; correlation between platelet kinetic abnormalities and thrombo-embolic complications needs reevaluation; constant abnormal platelet kinetics in the cases of aorto-femoral graft made these cases a valuable model for the clinical and biological evaluation of the drugs committed to a change of the platelet functions.", "PMID": 534247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5994", "title": "[Acquired chronic erythroblastopaenia followed by myelofibrosis. Remission with immunosuppressive therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 42-year-old patient with a regenerative erythroblastopenic anaemia (7 g % Hb), considered as Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) is submitted to an immunosuppressive treatment (cyclophosphamide + prednisone). For three times, this treatment gives a complete remission, followed by relapse when medication stopped. Hereafter the patient develops a Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia (MMM). Between the different hypothesis, the most probable one seems to be an autoimmune PRCA secondary to MMM but appearing before the latter. This observation allows discussion about the role of immunological phenomens in MMM.", "contents": "[Acquired chronic erythroblastopaenia followed by myelofibrosis. Remission with immunosuppressive therapy (author's transl)]. A 42-year-old patient with a regenerative erythroblastopenic anaemia (7 g % Hb), considered as Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) is submitted to an immunosuppressive treatment (cyclophosphamide + prednisone). For three times, this treatment gives a complete remission, followed by relapse when medication stopped. Hereafter the patient develops a Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia (MMM). Between the different hypothesis, the most probable one seems to be an autoimmune PRCA secondary to MMM but appearing before the latter. This observation allows discussion about the role of immunological phenomens in MMM.", "PMID": 534248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5995", "title": "[Serum creatine kinase isoenzyme as a reflection of neonatal cerebral distress (author's transl)].", "content": "The BB fraction of serum creatine kinase was estimated in 3 groups of newborn : 30 healthy newborn at term, 20 newborn ill but without cerebral distress, 17 newborn with acute perinatal or foetal distress. In the first two groups, BB fraction was negligeable or nil, in respectively 26 and 16 cases, and between 1 and 4% in 4 cases. In the third group, it was greater than 4% in 10 cases, nil in 6 and 4% in one. The lability of this isoenzyme over periods of time, and in relation to temperature, requires the use of clearly defined techniques of sampling, storage and estimation, which may explain the false negatives seen. The determination of this isoenzyme, virtually exclusively cerebral, would thus appear to be a reliable biological indicator of neonatal cerebral distress.", "contents": "[Serum creatine kinase isoenzyme as a reflection of neonatal cerebral distress (author's transl)]. The BB fraction of serum creatine kinase was estimated in 3 groups of newborn : 30 healthy newborn at term, 20 newborn ill but without cerebral distress, 17 newborn with acute perinatal or foetal distress. In the first two groups, BB fraction was negligeable or nil, in respectively 26 and 16 cases, and between 1 and 4% in 4 cases. In the third group, it was greater than 4% in 10 cases, nil in 6 and 4% in one. The lability of this isoenzyme over periods of time, and in relation to temperature, requires the use of clearly defined techniques of sampling, storage and estimation, which may explain the false negatives seen. The determination of this isoenzyme, virtually exclusively cerebral, would thus appear to be a reliable biological indicator of neonatal cerebral distress.", "PMID": 534249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5996", "title": "[Repair of post-traumatic recto-vesical fistulae. A new technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery for post-traumatic recto-vesicle fistulae involves two major risks : recurrence and residual sphincter disturbances. It would appear that a solution may be offered in the form of transanal pre-rectal colonic lowering. This technique, which is easy to perform, and which involves no suture, has been used successfully in an 11 and a half year old child.", "contents": "[Repair of post-traumatic recto-vesical fistulae. A new technique (author's transl)]. Surgery for post-traumatic recto-vesicle fistulae involves two major risks : recurrence and residual sphincter disturbances. It would appear that a solution may be offered in the form of transanal pre-rectal colonic lowering. This technique, which is easy to perform, and which involves no suture, has been used successfully in an 11 and a half year old child.", "PMID": 534250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5997", "title": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis and milk protein intolerance. Four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We report four cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with colonic pneumatosis in two cases and the presence of hemorrhagic colitis, colonic stenosis and adhesive peritonitis. Surgical intervention necessary in two cases confirmed the diagnosis of NEC. Milk protein intolerance was diagnosed clinically in all cases. The evolution was satisfactory in all cases with exclusion of milk protein. The association suggests that milk protein intolerance can play a role in the occurence of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis and milk protein intolerance. Four cases (author's transl)]. We report four cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with colonic pneumatosis in two cases and the presence of hemorrhagic colitis, colonic stenosis and adhesive peritonitis. Surgical intervention necessary in two cases confirmed the diagnosis of NEC. Milk protein intolerance was diagnosed clinically in all cases. The evolution was satisfactory in all cases with exclusion of milk protein. The association suggests that milk protein intolerance can play a role in the occurence of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 534261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5998", "title": "[Mixed angioplasty for the revascularisation of small calibre arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors suggest a new technique of mixed angioplasty consisting of the use of a venous patch to widen the anastomosis between prosthesis and small calibre artery to be revascularised.", "contents": "[Mixed angioplasty for the revascularisation of small calibre arteries (author's transl)]. The authors suggest a new technique of mixed angioplasty consisting of the use of a venous patch to widen the anastomosis between prosthesis and small calibre artery to be revascularised.", "PMID": 534262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_5999", "title": "[Humeral lytic lesions and circulating anticoagulant in secondary syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of secondary syphilis revealed by rheumatic complaints is described. Arthralgia and myalgia were associated with lytic lesions and periostitis of both humerus. A more diffuse skeletal involvement was detected by bone scanning. A genital ulceration 4 months before, diffuse lymphadenopathy and a strongly positive serological reaction ascertain the diagnosis. The association of a circulating anticoagulant is discussed. All manifestations cleared with penicilline treatment.", "contents": "[Humeral lytic lesions and circulating anticoagulant in secondary syphilis (author's transl)]. A case of secondary syphilis revealed by rheumatic complaints is described. Arthralgia and myalgia were associated with lytic lesions and periostitis of both humerus. A more diffuse skeletal involvement was detected by bone scanning. A genital ulceration 4 months before, diffuse lymphadenopathy and a strongly positive serological reaction ascertain the diagnosis. The association of a circulating anticoagulant is discussed. All manifestations cleared with penicilline treatment.", "PMID": 534265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6000", "title": "Serum and synovial fluid hydroxyproline fractions in microcrystalline arthritis and osteoarthritis.", "content": "Synovial fluid and serum hydroxyproline fractions were investigated in patients with osteoarthritis and microcrystalline arthritis. Synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels are higher than serum levels in both conditions. Synovial fluid total and dialysable hydroxyproline are higher in microcrystalline arthritis than in osteoarthritis, while non-dialysable hydroxyproline values are similar in both conditions. In microcrystalline arthritis, synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts closely parallel each other. Irrespective of the type of arthropathy, synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels correlate with urinary hydroxyproline excretion. While the data suggest overproduction of dialysable hydroxyproline by joints in both conditions, the overproduction appears to be mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in microcrystalline arthritis only. The ratio of serum to synovial total hydroxyproline are further suggestive of a possible differentiation between osteoarthritis and microcrystalline arthritis. In the conditions governing the present study, urinary hydroxyproline may be used as an index of joint tissue collagen resorption. Finally the significance of synovial fluid and serum non-dialysable hydroxyproline is discussed.", "contents": "Serum and synovial fluid hydroxyproline fractions in microcrystalline arthritis and osteoarthritis. Synovial fluid and serum hydroxyproline fractions were investigated in patients with osteoarthritis and microcrystalline arthritis. Synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels are higher than serum levels in both conditions. Synovial fluid total and dialysable hydroxyproline are higher in microcrystalline arthritis than in osteoarthritis, while non-dialysable hydroxyproline values are similar in both conditions. In microcrystalline arthritis, synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts closely parallel each other. Irrespective of the type of arthropathy, synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels correlate with urinary hydroxyproline excretion. While the data suggest overproduction of dialysable hydroxyproline by joints in both conditions, the overproduction appears to be mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in microcrystalline arthritis only. The ratio of serum to synovial total hydroxyproline are further suggestive of a possible differentiation between osteoarthritis and microcrystalline arthritis. In the conditions governing the present study, urinary hydroxyproline may be used as an index of joint tissue collagen resorption. Finally the significance of synovial fluid and serum non-dialysable hydroxyproline is discussed.", "PMID": 534314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6001", "title": "Sexual difficulties and total hip replacement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed by questionnaire. All the patients had undergone total hip replacement and were married at the time of operation. They were asked if they had had sexual difficulties because of hip pain or stiffness and if the hip operation had in any way alleviated these problems. Forty-four of the 53 patients answered the questionnaire. Twenty-eight patients had had sexual problems which they attributed to hip symptoms. Following total hip replacement the hips of 27 patients were no longer considered to be the cause of sexual difficulties, but in 10 of those patients other problems still rendered sexual life difficult.", "contents": "Sexual difficulties and total hip replacement in rheumatoid arthritis. Fifty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed by questionnaire. All the patients had undergone total hip replacement and were married at the time of operation. They were asked if they had had sexual difficulties because of hip pain or stiffness and if the hip operation had in any way alleviated these problems. Forty-four of the 53 patients answered the questionnaire. Twenty-eight patients had had sexual problems which they attributed to hip symptoms. Following total hip replacement the hips of 27 patients were no longer considered to be the cause of sexual difficulties, but in 10 of those patients other problems still rendered sexual life difficult.", "PMID": 534315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6002", "title": "Proteoglycan structure of bovine articular cartilage. Variation with age and in osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Proteoglycan subunits (PGS) were isolated from bovine articular cartilage of calves and from cows, 18 months and 8 years old respectively. From the latter cartilage of osteoarthrotic and of non-osteoarthrotic sites was taken. PGS were characterized by gel-chromatography on Sepharose 2B columns and subjected to digestion with chondroitinase ABC and with papain. The isolated keratan sulphate-protein cores obtained from chondroitinase digestion were characterized on Sepharose 4B and the chondroitin sulphate chains on Sephadex G-200 gels. A larger molecular size of PGS was found in calf cartilage than in the other samples. This was attributed to the larger molecular size of chondroitin, whereas no change was observed in the keratan sulphate-protein cores. No change was observed in molecular size of PGS, isolated chondroitin sulphates or keratan sulphate-protein cores in osteoarthrosis in comparison with non-osteoarthrotic cartilage from the same joint or from younger adult animals.", "contents": "Proteoglycan structure of bovine articular cartilage. Variation with age and in osteoarthrosis. Proteoglycan subunits (PGS) were isolated from bovine articular cartilage of calves and from cows, 18 months and 8 years old respectively. From the latter cartilage of osteoarthrotic and of non-osteoarthrotic sites was taken. PGS were characterized by gel-chromatography on Sepharose 2B columns and subjected to digestion with chondroitinase ABC and with papain. The isolated keratan sulphate-protein cores obtained from chondroitinase digestion were characterized on Sepharose 4B and the chondroitin sulphate chains on Sephadex G-200 gels. A larger molecular size of PGS was found in calf cartilage than in the other samples. This was attributed to the larger molecular size of chondroitin, whereas no change was observed in the keratan sulphate-protein cores. No change was observed in molecular size of PGS, isolated chondroitin sulphates or keratan sulphate-protein cores in osteoarthrosis in comparison with non-osteoarthrotic cartilage from the same joint or from younger adult animals.", "PMID": 534316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6003", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Review and report of six cases.", "content": "Six patients with eosinophilic fasciitis are presented. This syndrome is characterized by indurative swellings of arms and legs, with rapidly progressing difficulties in extending elbows, wrists, and fingers, and often limited motion of shoulders and ankle joints. Pain when contracting muscles, and weakness of proximal muscles and hand grip are common features. The frequent occurrence of localized skin lesions has presented differential diagnostic difficulties to systemic sclerosis and to polymyositis. Visceral involvement and Raynaud's phenomena, however, are absent or mild. Blood eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and unspecific signs of inflammation are found. Biopsy of muscle fascia gives characteristic histopathological findings of cell infiltrations (mostly mononuclear cells, frequently eosinophils) and vascular proliferation, in the middle layer of a thickened fascia. Skin changes are prevalent, but not conclusive for the diagnosis, and myositis in some patients might be difficult to distinguish from polymyositis. The importance of the clinical recognition of eosinophilic fasciitis and the inclusion of fascia in diagnostic muscle biopsies, is underlined.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Review and report of six cases. Six patients with eosinophilic fasciitis are presented. This syndrome is characterized by indurative swellings of arms and legs, with rapidly progressing difficulties in extending elbows, wrists, and fingers, and often limited motion of shoulders and ankle joints. Pain when contracting muscles, and weakness of proximal muscles and hand grip are common features. The frequent occurrence of localized skin lesions has presented differential diagnostic difficulties to systemic sclerosis and to polymyositis. Visceral involvement and Raynaud's phenomena, however, are absent or mild. Blood eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and unspecific signs of inflammation are found. Biopsy of muscle fascia gives characteristic histopathological findings of cell infiltrations (mostly mononuclear cells, frequently eosinophils) and vascular proliferation, in the middle layer of a thickened fascia. Skin changes are prevalent, but not conclusive for the diagnosis, and myositis in some patients might be difficult to distinguish from polymyositis. The importance of the clinical recognition of eosinophilic fasciitis and the inclusion of fascia in diagnostic muscle biopsies, is underlined.", "PMID": 534317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6004", "title": "Effect of fasting and lactovegetarian diet on rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "16 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) selected at random underwent fasting for 7--10 days, followed by a 9-week period on a lactovegetarian diet. 10 RA patients acted as controls, taking normal diet. Pain, stiffness, medication, and clinical and biochemical findings were recorded before fasting, on the first day after the conclusion of the fasting period, and at the end of the lactovegetarian period. After fasting, 5 of 15 patients showed objective signs of improvement, compared with only one of the controls. The fasting patients showed reduced pain, stiffness, consumption of analgetics, several clinical variables, and serum concentration of orosomucoid. At the conclusion of the lactovegetarian diet period only one Diet patient showed objective improvement. No differences were found between the Diet patients and the controls concerning symptoms, drug consumption, or clinical and biochemical variables. We conclude that fasting may produce subjective and objective improvements in RA, though of short duration, but the findings of this investigation do not indicate that lactovegetarian diet has any beneficial effects.", "contents": "Effect of fasting and lactovegetarian diet on rheumatoid arthritis. 16 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) selected at random underwent fasting for 7--10 days, followed by a 9-week period on a lactovegetarian diet. 10 RA patients acted as controls, taking normal diet. Pain, stiffness, medication, and clinical and biochemical findings were recorded before fasting, on the first day after the conclusion of the fasting period, and at the end of the lactovegetarian period. After fasting, 5 of 15 patients showed objective signs of improvement, compared with only one of the controls. The fasting patients showed reduced pain, stiffness, consumption of analgetics, several clinical variables, and serum concentration of orosomucoid. At the conclusion of the lactovegetarian diet period only one Diet patient showed objective improvement. No differences were found between the Diet patients and the controls concerning symptoms, drug consumption, or clinical and biochemical variables. We conclude that fasting may produce subjective and objective improvements in RA, though of short duration, but the findings of this investigation do not indicate that lactovegetarian diet has any beneficial effects.", "PMID": 534318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6005", "title": "1 alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium deficiency osteoporosis in adult rats.", "content": "An attempt was made to reverse the osteoporotic changes caused by calcium deficiency in adult male rats, partly by a daily oral administration of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH-D3) over a period of 6 weeks, partly by additionally changing to an optimal calcium intake during the same period of treatment. The results achieved show that 1 alpha-OH-D3 combined with an optimal calcium-containing diet significantly normalized the skeleton when compared with low or optimal calcium controls. 1 alpha-OH-D3 in combination with a contiuous intake of low calcium could not significantly restore these changes during the observation time. The bone matrix composition of collagen, glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids did not change significantly during treatment. However, new bone formation as measured by uptake of fluoretic material was noted to increase pari passu with treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3, combined either with an optimal or with a low calcium intake. The evidence of direct and/or indirect effects of 1 alpha-OH-D3 on the new bone formation is discussed.", "contents": "1 alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium deficiency osteoporosis in adult rats. An attempt was made to reverse the osteoporotic changes caused by calcium deficiency in adult male rats, partly by a daily oral administration of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH-D3) over a period of 6 weeks, partly by additionally changing to an optimal calcium intake during the same period of treatment. The results achieved show that 1 alpha-OH-D3 combined with an optimal calcium-containing diet significantly normalized the skeleton when compared with low or optimal calcium controls. 1 alpha-OH-D3 in combination with a contiuous intake of low calcium could not significantly restore these changes during the observation time. The bone matrix composition of collagen, glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids did not change significantly during treatment. However, new bone formation as measured by uptake of fluoretic material was noted to increase pari passu with treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3, combined either with an optimal or with a low calcium intake. The evidence of direct and/or indirect effects of 1 alpha-OH-D3 on the new bone formation is discussed.", "PMID": 534319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6006", "title": "A radiological survey of the hips and knees in female specialist teachers of physical education.", "content": "A radiological study of osteoarthrosis of the hips and knees has been performed in 364 female specialist physical education teachers, aged 46--60 years, who qualified between the years 1935 and 1950. The teachers were contacted by postal questionnaire and A.P. radiographs of the pelvis and knees were performed at a hospital in their residential locality. These were then read by two rheumatologists in consultation and graded for osteoarthrosis by comparison with the Atlas of Standard Radiographs. These gradings were compared with those of similarly aged females in the general population obtained in the Leigh and Wensleydale surveys. Moderate and severe osteoarthrosis of the knees was equally common in the teachers and the general population but minimal and mild osteoarthrosis was significantly less common in the teachers (p less than 0.001). Osteoarthrosis of the hips was more common in the teachers than in the population, though not to a statistically significant degree. An association was noted in the teachers between osteoarthrosis of the hips and ossification in the region of the greater trochanter. The results suggest that female physical education teachers are no more prone to the development of premature osteoarthrosis of the hips and knees than is the general population, but there may be a subgroup who, because of excess use of hypermobility of the hip joints, develop osteoarthrosis as a consequence.", "contents": "A radiological survey of the hips and knees in female specialist teachers of physical education. A radiological study of osteoarthrosis of the hips and knees has been performed in 364 female specialist physical education teachers, aged 46--60 years, who qualified between the years 1935 and 1950. The teachers were contacted by postal questionnaire and A.P. radiographs of the pelvis and knees were performed at a hospital in their residential locality. These were then read by two rheumatologists in consultation and graded for osteoarthrosis by comparison with the Atlas of Standard Radiographs. These gradings were compared with those of similarly aged females in the general population obtained in the Leigh and Wensleydale surveys. Moderate and severe osteoarthrosis of the knees was equally common in the teachers and the general population but minimal and mild osteoarthrosis was significantly less common in the teachers (p less than 0.001). Osteoarthrosis of the hips was more common in the teachers than in the population, though not to a statistically significant degree. An association was noted in the teachers between osteoarthrosis of the hips and ossification in the region of the greater trochanter. The results suggest that female physical education teachers are no more prone to the development of premature osteoarthrosis of the hips and knees than is the general population, but there may be a subgroup who, because of excess use of hypermobility of the hip joints, develop osteoarthrosis as a consequence.", "PMID": 534320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6007", "title": "Partial synthesis of harringtonine.", "content": "The partial synthesis of harringtonine from cephaltotaxine has been described. A key intermediate, 5, 5-dimethyl-2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid (V), prepared from 4-methyl-1, 4-valerolactone, was dehydrated smoothly to give 5, 5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid (VI), Through its sodium salt, VI was converted into the corresponding acyl chloride VIII, which reacted with cephalotaxine in the presence of pyridine to give ester IX. After being treated with hydrichloric-acetic acid, ester IX unerwent Reformatsky reaction to give a mixture (XIV) of harringtonine and its diastereoisomer (epiharringtonine) as the final product which was purified either by countercurrent distribution or column chromatography on neutral alumina. The amounts of the two epimers in the mixture shown by TLC were roughly equal.", "contents": "Partial synthesis of harringtonine. The partial synthesis of harringtonine from cephaltotaxine has been described. A key intermediate, 5, 5-dimethyl-2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid (V), prepared from 4-methyl-1, 4-valerolactone, was dehydrated smoothly to give 5, 5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid (VI), Through its sodium salt, VI was converted into the corresponding acyl chloride VIII, which reacted with cephalotaxine in the presence of pyridine to give ester IX. After being treated with hydrichloric-acetic acid, ester IX unerwent Reformatsky reaction to give a mixture (XIV) of harringtonine and its diastereoisomer (epiharringtonine) as the final product which was purified either by countercurrent distribution or column chromatography on neutral alumina. The amounts of the two epimers in the mixture shown by TLC were roughly equal.", "PMID": 534321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6008", "title": "Comparison of physiological responses to hypoxia at high altitudes between highlanders and lowlanders.", "content": "This report deals with the differences and changes of physiological functions of the highlanders and the lowlanders at different altitudes during the period when the Chinese Mountaineering Team was climbing up and reached the peak of Qomolangma Feng. In a period of relaxation, there are no significant changes in ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram between highlanders and lowlanders with the changes at different altitudes. At 5,000 m a.s.l., however, electrocardiogram and the result of cardiac ventricular functional test show significant differences after the subjects are physically loaded. Those whose electrocardiogram readings show unusual changes, and whose cardiac ventricular functional tests show their physiological functions at low degree after physical activities at the altitude of 5,000 m, have a climbing ability hardly below 6,500 m, while those who have reached the altitudes above 8,200 m have no unusual changes in electrocardiogram, and the results of cardiac ventricular functional tests show that their physiological functions are at high degree.", "contents": "Comparison of physiological responses to hypoxia at high altitudes between highlanders and lowlanders. This report deals with the differences and changes of physiological functions of the highlanders and the lowlanders at different altitudes during the period when the Chinese Mountaineering Team was climbing up and reached the peak of Qomolangma Feng. In a period of relaxation, there are no significant changes in ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram between highlanders and lowlanders with the changes at different altitudes. At 5,000 m a.s.l., however, electrocardiogram and the result of cardiac ventricular functional test show significant differences after the subjects are physically loaded. Those whose electrocardiogram readings show unusual changes, and whose cardiac ventricular functional tests show their physiological functions at low degree after physical activities at the altitude of 5,000 m, have a climbing ability hardly below 6,500 m, while those who have reached the altitudes above 8,200 m have no unusual changes in electrocardiogram, and the results of cardiac ventricular functional tests show that their physiological functions are at high degree.", "PMID": 534322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6009", "title": "[Measurement of pulmonary artery pressure at rest during volume loading for assessment of ventricular function in coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure at rest with volume loading of the heart was carried out in a semirecumbent position by standardized positioning of the legs (Positioning test) in 44 patients with angiographically-proven severe coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients reacted differently and were accordingly assigned to one of the three following groups: Group I (23 patients) with normal PA pressures values showed normal results on ventriculography and accordingly, a normal ejection fraction. Group II (13 patients) showed a pathological increase in PA pressure by volume loading. Ventriculography showed hypo- or akinetic areas, with accordingly reduced ejection fraction already at rest. Group III (8 patients) showed pathological PA pressure values already at rest, in accordance with the ventriculographic existence of larger akinetic areas and a marked reduction in ejection fraction. Coronary morphology per se showed no correlation with PA pressure behaviour during volume loading at rest. Therefore, PA pressure measurement in the standardized positioning test can give a relatively accurate estimation of the functional state of the left ventricle, while statements about coronary morphology in CAD are not permissible.", "contents": "[Measurement of pulmonary artery pressure at rest during volume loading for assessment of ventricular function in coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. Measurements of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure at rest with volume loading of the heart was carried out in a semirecumbent position by standardized positioning of the legs (Positioning test) in 44 patients with angiographically-proven severe coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients reacted differently and were accordingly assigned to one of the three following groups: Group I (23 patients) with normal PA pressures values showed normal results on ventriculography and accordingly, a normal ejection fraction. Group II (13 patients) showed a pathological increase in PA pressure by volume loading. Ventriculography showed hypo- or akinetic areas, with accordingly reduced ejection fraction already at rest. Group III (8 patients) showed pathological PA pressure values already at rest, in accordance with the ventriculographic existence of larger akinetic areas and a marked reduction in ejection fraction. Coronary morphology per se showed no correlation with PA pressure behaviour during volume loading at rest. Therefore, PA pressure measurement in the standardized positioning test can give a relatively accurate estimation of the functional state of the left ventricle, while statements about coronary morphology in CAD are not permissible.", "PMID": 534363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6010", "title": "[Iliac crest biopsy findings in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma].", "content": "Issuing from the clinico-prognostic importance of the classification after Kiel of the malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas the results of the attempt of a reclassification of positive bioptic findings of the iliac crest judged according to the former German nomenclature are described and discussed after the Kiel classification. In the total material of 725 biopsies 76 positive findings of the marrow were stated in malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas, which at 67.1% consist of such with a lower and at 32.9% of such with a high degree of malignity, in which case a strong decrease of the formerly diagnosed CLL is to be seen after reclassification, whereas the immunocytomas render the by far largest proportion. The former malignant reticuloses disappear per definitionem after reclassification and, as it was expected, are broadly distributed. In 112 biopsies which were performed on account of the suspicion of an affection of the marrow in malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas the 76 positive findings correspond to a frequency of 67.9%, which, however, must critically be judged, since the case in question are very selected numbers of patients.", "contents": "[Iliac crest biopsy findings in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. Issuing from the clinico-prognostic importance of the classification after Kiel of the malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas the results of the attempt of a reclassification of positive bioptic findings of the iliac crest judged according to the former German nomenclature are described and discussed after the Kiel classification. In the total material of 725 biopsies 76 positive findings of the marrow were stated in malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas, which at 67.1% consist of such with a lower and at 32.9% of such with a high degree of malignity, in which case a strong decrease of the formerly diagnosed CLL is to be seen after reclassification, whereas the immunocytomas render the by far largest proportion. The former malignant reticuloses disappear per definitionem after reclassification and, as it was expected, are broadly distributed. In 112 biopsies which were performed on account of the suspicion of an affection of the marrow in malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas the 76 positive findings correspond to a frequency of 67.9%, which, however, must critically be judged, since the case in question are very selected numbers of patients.", "PMID": 534369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6011", "title": "A blood cyanide distribution study in the rabbits intoxicated by oral route and by inhalation.", "content": "Blood cyanide concentration was determined in rabbits intoxicated orally or by inhalation. Experiments were carried out under urethane anaesthesia. In the inhalation experiments, rabbits inhaled a combustion product containing HCN via the tracheal cannula and in the oral studies animals were administered NaCN solution into the stomach. In addition to the carotid artery and jugular vein blood samples, postmortem samples were obtained from both sides of the heart and the descending vena cava. The arterial cyanide concentration in the inhalation group showed a close relationship with ventilation. After an initial rise, blood levels decreased a little, in some cases with transient apnea. At the last stage it again increased with gasping, reaching its maximal value. After ultimate apnea, the blood cyanide concentration declined. The blood cyanide values were higher in the oral group than in the inhalation group. The difference between the two groups became larger in the inferior order, the left heart blood--the right heart blood--blood in the descending vena cava. The left heart/right heart ratio of the inhalation group was significantly higher than that of the oral group (1.28+/- 0.28 vs. 0.95+/- 0.09). The coefficient of variation (c.v.) of the inhalation group was larger than that of the other group. Within the inhalation group, the left heart blood showed the largest c.v. values and this was probably due to redistribution of the cyanide by bloodstream after attainment of the maximal concentration.", "contents": "A blood cyanide distribution study in the rabbits intoxicated by oral route and by inhalation. Blood cyanide concentration was determined in rabbits intoxicated orally or by inhalation. Experiments were carried out under urethane anaesthesia. In the inhalation experiments, rabbits inhaled a combustion product containing HCN via the tracheal cannula and in the oral studies animals were administered NaCN solution into the stomach. In addition to the carotid artery and jugular vein blood samples, postmortem samples were obtained from both sides of the heart and the descending vena cava. The arterial cyanide concentration in the inhalation group showed a close relationship with ventilation. After an initial rise, blood levels decreased a little, in some cases with transient apnea. At the last stage it again increased with gasping, reaching its maximal value. After ultimate apnea, the blood cyanide concentration declined. The blood cyanide values were higher in the oral group than in the inhalation group. The difference between the two groups became larger in the inferior order, the left heart blood--the right heart blood--blood in the descending vena cava. The left heart/right heart ratio of the inhalation group was significantly higher than that of the oral group (1.28+/- 0.28 vs. 0.95+/- 0.09). The coefficient of variation (c.v.) of the inhalation group was larger than that of the other group. Within the inhalation group, the left heart blood showed the largest c.v. values and this was probably due to redistribution of the cyanide by bloodstream after attainment of the maximal concentration.", "PMID": 534371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6012", "title": "Massive ovarian edema. A clinicopathologic study of five cases including ultrastructural observations and review of the literature.", "content": "Massive ovarian edema is a tumor-like condition occurring in young women considered to be the result of torsion of the ovary to the extent that it interferes with venous and lymphatic drainage, but is insufficient to cause necrosis. Marked enlargement of the ovary occurs, and the patient usually presents with an adnexal mass. If the torsion occurs acutely abdominal pain is prominent. If it occurs gradually, the patient may be virilized and stromal luteinization is often observed microscopically within the involved ovary. Edema fluid accumulates in the stroma but the tunica albuginea and superficial cortical zone are characteristically uninvolved. In one patient, precocious puberty was the presenting finding and this regressed following excision of the mass. This unique finding suggests that the lesion can result in the production of significant quantities of estrogen, and that this is less likely to be recognized after menarche. In the case studied by electron microscopy, the principal finding was the presence of both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the edematous stroma. The increased number of myofibroblasts may be a response to the edema.", "contents": "Massive ovarian edema. A clinicopathologic study of five cases including ultrastructural observations and review of the literature. Massive ovarian edema is a tumor-like condition occurring in young women considered to be the result of torsion of the ovary to the extent that it interferes with venous and lymphatic drainage, but is insufficient to cause necrosis. Marked enlargement of the ovary occurs, and the patient usually presents with an adnexal mass. If the torsion occurs acutely abdominal pain is prominent. If it occurs gradually, the patient may be virilized and stromal luteinization is often observed microscopically within the involved ovary. Edema fluid accumulates in the stroma but the tunica albuginea and superficial cortical zone are characteristically uninvolved. In one patient, precocious puberty was the presenting finding and this regressed following excision of the mass. This unique finding suggests that the lesion can result in the production of significant quantities of estrogen, and that this is less likely to be recognized after menarche. In the case studied by electron microscopy, the principal finding was the presence of both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the edematous stroma. The increased number of myofibroblasts may be a response to the edema.", "PMID": 534380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6013", "title": "Melanotic schwannoma. Clinical and ultrastructural studies of three cases with evidence of intracellular melanin synthesis.", "content": "Three cases of intradural extramedullary melanotic nerve sheath tumors involving spinal nerves are reported. Clinical, roentgenographic, surgical, gross, histologic, and electron-microscopic findings were remarkably similar. Electron-microscopic study of the three neoplasms showed that the individual cells contained melanin pigment in all stages of maturation; in addition, there was prominent basal lamina, micropinocytotic vesicles, and other ultrastructural features consistent with Schwann cell derivation. The total clinical, operative, and morphologic picutre in these cases suggests that the tumors are true melanotic schwannomas capable of intracellular pigment production. The potential of such tumors for recurrence and metastasis is discussed.", "contents": "Melanotic schwannoma. Clinical and ultrastructural studies of three cases with evidence of intracellular melanin synthesis. Three cases of intradural extramedullary melanotic nerve sheath tumors involving spinal nerves are reported. Clinical, roentgenographic, surgical, gross, histologic, and electron-microscopic findings were remarkably similar. Electron-microscopic study of the three neoplasms showed that the individual cells contained melanin pigment in all stages of maturation; in addition, there was prominent basal lamina, micropinocytotic vesicles, and other ultrastructural features consistent with Schwann cell derivation. The total clinical, operative, and morphologic picutre in these cases suggests that the tumors are true melanotic schwannomas capable of intracellular pigment production. The potential of such tumors for recurrence and metastasis is discussed.", "PMID": 534381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6014", "title": "The optically clear nucleus. A reliable sign of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?", "content": "The clear (\"Orphan Annie Eye\") nucleus has been accepted as one of the important microscopic features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. This study undertook an examination of 100 consecutive thyroid lesions exclusive of papillary, mixed, and follicular carcinomas for the presence of these nuclei. Only two lesions (2%), a follicular adenoma and diffuse hyperplasia, had such nuclear morphology but as focal changes. Thirty-seven cases of papillary, mixed, and follicular carcinoma were also studied. Clear or empty nuclei were present in 83% of papillary carcinomas. One carcinoma of follicular type had clear nuclei in a diffuse distribution. \"Pseudoclear\" nuclei were noted in a variety of situations ranging from normal thyroids to diffuse hyperplasia, where they were present in 65% of cases. We conclude that clear nuclei when present as a diffuse changes in a thyroid tumor are a reliable sign of papillary carcinoma but are not pathognomonic. If the character of the clear nuclei is questionable, other histologic features of papillary carcinoma should be looked for, such as papillae with overlapping nuclei, psammoma bodies and multicocality. It was also fould that frozen sections and imprints do not demonstrate the nuclei; they appear only in fixed tissues.", "contents": "The optically clear nucleus. A reliable sign of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid? The clear (\"Orphan Annie Eye\") nucleus has been accepted as one of the important microscopic features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. This study undertook an examination of 100 consecutive thyroid lesions exclusive of papillary, mixed, and follicular carcinomas for the presence of these nuclei. Only two lesions (2%), a follicular adenoma and diffuse hyperplasia, had such nuclear morphology but as focal changes. Thirty-seven cases of papillary, mixed, and follicular carcinoma were also studied. Clear or empty nuclei were present in 83% of papillary carcinomas. One carcinoma of follicular type had clear nuclei in a diffuse distribution. \"Pseudoclear\" nuclei were noted in a variety of situations ranging from normal thyroids to diffuse hyperplasia, where they were present in 65% of cases. We conclude that clear nuclei when present as a diffuse changes in a thyroid tumor are a reliable sign of papillary carcinoma but are not pathognomonic. If the character of the clear nuclei is questionable, other histologic features of papillary carcinoma should be looked for, such as papillae with overlapping nuclei, psammoma bodies and multicocality. It was also fould that frozen sections and imprints do not demonstrate the nuclei; they appear only in fixed tissues.", "PMID": 534382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6015", "title": "The small carcinoma of the large bowel.", "content": "Four small carcinomas (3, 6, 10, and 15 mm) of the large intestine have been examined for residual epithelial polyp; none was found. It is felt that these carcinomas arose from colonic mucosa without a preexisting visible epithelial precursor lesion; however, occasional glands having adenomatous change were seen near the edges of the carcinomas.", "contents": "The small carcinoma of the large bowel. Four small carcinomas (3, 6, 10, and 15 mm) of the large intestine have been examined for residual epithelial polyp; none was found. It is felt that these carcinomas arose from colonic mucosa without a preexisting visible epithelial precursor lesion; however, occasional glands having adenomatous change were seen near the edges of the carcinomas.", "PMID": 534383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6016", "title": "Papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas.", "content": "A case of an unusual pancreatic tumor with a characteristic papillary-cystic microscopic morphology is presented. Review of four previously reported similar cases suggests a distinct clinical picture of a large abdominal mass occurring in a young person which apparently, after resection, does not rapidly recur. The histopathology of this tumor consists of papillary and cystic patterns, regular homogeneous cells with a few mitoses, glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm, and mucin and PAS positivity. Ultrastructural detail, including eccentric nucleoli, numerous mitochondria, sparse endoplasmic reticulum, and little evidence of secretory activity, suggests a duct cell origin for this rare tumor.", "contents": "Papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. A case of an unusual pancreatic tumor with a characteristic papillary-cystic microscopic morphology is presented. Review of four previously reported similar cases suggests a distinct clinical picture of a large abdominal mass occurring in a young person which apparently, after resection, does not rapidly recur. The histopathology of this tumor consists of papillary and cystic patterns, regular homogeneous cells with a few mitoses, glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm, and mucin and PAS positivity. Ultrastructural detail, including eccentric nucleoli, numerous mitochondria, sparse endoplasmic reticulum, and little evidence of secretory activity, suggests a duct cell origin for this rare tumor.", "PMID": 534384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6017", "title": "Pathology of salmonella colitis.", "content": "Salmonella colitis was encountered in eight patients. In seven, the disorder simulated ulcerative colitis both clinically and radiologically. The salmonella infection in the eighth patient was superimposed upon hitherto unrecognized ulcerative colitis. In mild cases the histological appearances of rectal biopsies were nonspecific, consisting of edema of the mucosa with focal inflammatory cell infiltration. More severe cases were characterized by neutrophils infiltrating the walls of degenerating crypts, and in one case there were microthrombi in the mucosa. One patient who was thought to have fulminant ulcerative colitis had a hemicolectomy. The resected specimen exhibited marked hemorrhage and ulceration. There were crypt abscesses in unulcerated areas but there was also extensive necrosis of the mucosa, hemorrhage in the mucosa and submucosa, and microthrombi extending from small vessels in the mucosa into venules in the submucosa similar to the picture seen in acute ischemic colitis. In this case there was intense edema and inflammation in the submucosa as well as in the mucosa.", "contents": "Pathology of salmonella colitis. Salmonella colitis was encountered in eight patients. In seven, the disorder simulated ulcerative colitis both clinically and radiologically. The salmonella infection in the eighth patient was superimposed upon hitherto unrecognized ulcerative colitis. In mild cases the histological appearances of rectal biopsies were nonspecific, consisting of edema of the mucosa with focal inflammatory cell infiltration. More severe cases were characterized by neutrophils infiltrating the walls of degenerating crypts, and in one case there were microthrombi in the mucosa. One patient who was thought to have fulminant ulcerative colitis had a hemicolectomy. The resected specimen exhibited marked hemorrhage and ulceration. There were crypt abscesses in unulcerated areas but there was also extensive necrosis of the mucosa, hemorrhage in the mucosa and submucosa, and microthrombi extending from small vessels in the mucosa into venules in the submucosa similar to the picture seen in acute ischemic colitis. In this case there was intense edema and inflammation in the submucosa as well as in the mucosa.", "PMID": 534385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6018", "title": "Histopathology of gastric dysplasias: correlations with gastric juice chemistry.", "content": "Based on the experience with gastric biopsies in a rural population of Colombia with very high rates of gastric cancer, a description of the dysplasias of the gastric mucosa is given. It recognizes two main types of dysplasias: hyperplastic and adenomatous. Different degrees of atypism are recognized within each category. A comparison with other classifications of gastric dysplasias is offered. A positive correlation of dysplasia with gastric juice nitrite is found and offered as an adjuvant to the evaluation of patients with this type of condition.", "contents": "Histopathology of gastric dysplasias: correlations with gastric juice chemistry. Based on the experience with gastric biopsies in a rural population of Colombia with very high rates of gastric cancer, a description of the dysplasias of the gastric mucosa is given. It recognizes two main types of dysplasias: hyperplastic and adenomatous. Different degrees of atypism are recognized within each category. A comparison with other classifications of gastric dysplasias is offered. A positive correlation of dysplasia with gastric juice nitrite is found and offered as an adjuvant to the evaluation of patients with this type of condition.", "PMID": 534386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6019", "title": "Fibromatosis of the breast.", "content": "Two cases of fibromatosis of the female mammary gland treated by local excision and with a follow-up of 11 and 3 years, respectively, are described. Fibromatosis confined to the breast and not involving the underlying fibroaponeurotic fascia is a rare lesion. Among the handful of cases reported in the literature, diagnostic errors are known to have led to unnecessary mastectomy. In the breast, fibromatosis behaves in the same fashion as in the soft tissues: an aggressive infiltrative lesion with a proclivity for local recurrence following inadequate excision but without potential for distant metastasis. Clinically, it may simulate carcinoma; when suspected histologically during frozen section study, surgical resection should be limited to wide local excision and a definitive plan of therapy deferred until the lesion can be examined carefully with permanent sections.", "contents": "Fibromatosis of the breast. Two cases of fibromatosis of the female mammary gland treated by local excision and with a follow-up of 11 and 3 years, respectively, are described. Fibromatosis confined to the breast and not involving the underlying fibroaponeurotic fascia is a rare lesion. Among the handful of cases reported in the literature, diagnostic errors are known to have led to unnecessary mastectomy. In the breast, fibromatosis behaves in the same fashion as in the soft tissues: an aggressive infiltrative lesion with a proclivity for local recurrence following inadequate excision but without potential for distant metastasis. Clinically, it may simulate carcinoma; when suspected histologically during frozen section study, surgical resection should be limited to wide local excision and a definitive plan of therapy deferred until the lesion can be examined carefully with permanent sections.", "PMID": 534387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6020", "title": "Myofibroblasts in the stroma of invasive and metastatic carcinoma: a possible host response to neoplasia.", "content": "After observing the presence of numerous stromal myofibroblasts in scirrhous mammary carcinomas, a series of invasive and metastatic carcinomas from diverse sites was examined by electron microscopy to determine whether myofibroblasts might also be present in their stroma. Myofibroblasts were identified in each instance and were most abundant in neoplasms which were hard, sclerotic, and retracted. This finding suggests that myofibroblasts represent a component of the stromal reaction to many carcinomas and contribute to the desmoplasia and retraction which characterize many of these neoplasms. The host commands several responses to neoplasia. As a result of the expression of tumor-associated antigens, the immune system contributes lymphocytes, macrophages, and antibodies, a reflection of immunologic surveillance against neoplasia. In contrast to experimental systems tumor neoantigens are poorly expressed or even lacking in many human neoplasms; thus, the immune system may be weakly stimulated or not activated at all. Tumor neovascularization induced by a tumor-angiogenesis factor represents a second host response, possibly deleterious, for it may facilitate tumor dissemination. The stromal myofibroblast reaction to many invasive and metastatic carcinomas may constitute a third, albeit more primitive response. The density of collagen produced and contractile state of such tissue may signify an attempt by the host stroma to contain the neoplasm and impede vascular invasion. If so, myofibroblast induction may complement immune surveillance or constitute a separate mechanism of response to invasive neoplasia in man.", "contents": "Myofibroblasts in the stroma of invasive and metastatic carcinoma: a possible host response to neoplasia. After observing the presence of numerous stromal myofibroblasts in scirrhous mammary carcinomas, a series of invasive and metastatic carcinomas from diverse sites was examined by electron microscopy to determine whether myofibroblasts might also be present in their stroma. Myofibroblasts were identified in each instance and were most abundant in neoplasms which were hard, sclerotic, and retracted. This finding suggests that myofibroblasts represent a component of the stromal reaction to many carcinomas and contribute to the desmoplasia and retraction which characterize many of these neoplasms. The host commands several responses to neoplasia. As a result of the expression of tumor-associated antigens, the immune system contributes lymphocytes, macrophages, and antibodies, a reflection of immunologic surveillance against neoplasia. In contrast to experimental systems tumor neoantigens are poorly expressed or even lacking in many human neoplasms; thus, the immune system may be weakly stimulated or not activated at all. Tumor neovascularization induced by a tumor-angiogenesis factor represents a second host response, possibly deleterious, for it may facilitate tumor dissemination. The stromal myofibroblast reaction to many invasive and metastatic carcinomas may constitute a third, albeit more primitive response. The density of collagen produced and contractile state of such tissue may signify an attempt by the host stroma to contain the neoplasm and impede vascular invasion. If so, myofibroblast induction may complement immune surveillance or constitute a separate mechanism of response to invasive neoplasia in man.", "PMID": 534389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6021", "title": "Mediastinal meningioma.", "content": "A case of meningioma appearing to arise from the stellate ganglion and associated with a unilateral Horner syndrome of long standing is presented. Clinical absence of central nervous system involvement and a normal computerized tomographic scan of the brain favor the neoplasm as being a primary extracranial meningioma. Light and electron microscopy showed characteristic structural features. A brief review of the literature is made, and theories concerning the origin of extracranial primary meningioma are presented.", "contents": "Mediastinal meningioma. A case of meningioma appearing to arise from the stellate ganglion and associated with a unilateral Horner syndrome of long standing is presented. Clinical absence of central nervous system involvement and a normal computerized tomographic scan of the brain favor the neoplasm as being a primary extracranial meningioma. Light and electron microscopy showed characteristic structural features. A brief review of the literature is made, and theories concerning the origin of extracranial primary meningioma are presented.", "PMID": 534392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6022", "title": "High-dose barbiturate therapy in humans: a clinical review of 60 patients.", "content": "Over the past three years, high-dose barbiturate therapy has been used in the treatment of 60 patients with head injury (N = 45), encephalitis (N = 8), acute focal cerebral ischemia (stroke, N = 4), and global anoxia secondary to drowning (N = 3). High-dose barbiturates appear to be useful adjuncts in the control of intracranial hypertension refractory to other methods of therapy. Administration of barbiturates to patients with this problem will often reduce the requirement for osmotic agents, thereby facilitating medical management by avoiding hyperosmolality and fluid and electrolyte depletion. In a carefully controlled intensive care setting the risk of barbiturate therapy is low, though the costs and demands on personnel are great. Survival appeared to be improved in aptients with ,head injury and encephalitis. Although the ultimate outcome was not altered in patients with stroke or near-drowning, intracranial hypertension did not occur until barbiturate therapy was withdrawn. This experience provides an ethical basis to justify further randomized studies for determining whether or not barbiturates materially improve the neurological outcome following cerebral ischemic and traumatic insults.", "contents": "High-dose barbiturate therapy in humans: a clinical review of 60 patients. Over the past three years, high-dose barbiturate therapy has been used in the treatment of 60 patients with head injury (N = 45), encephalitis (N = 8), acute focal cerebral ischemia (stroke, N = 4), and global anoxia secondary to drowning (N = 3). High-dose barbiturates appear to be useful adjuncts in the control of intracranial hypertension refractory to other methods of therapy. Administration of barbiturates to patients with this problem will often reduce the requirement for osmotic agents, thereby facilitating medical management by avoiding hyperosmolality and fluid and electrolyte depletion. In a carefully controlled intensive care setting the risk of barbiturate therapy is low, though the costs and demands on personnel are great. Survival appeared to be improved in aptients with ,head injury and encephalitis. Although the ultimate outcome was not altered in patients with stroke or near-drowning, intracranial hypertension did not occur until barbiturate therapy was withdrawn. This experience provides an ethical basis to justify further randomized studies for determining whether or not barbiturates materially improve the neurological outcome following cerebral ischemic and traumatic insults.", "PMID": 534417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6023", "title": "Precise characterization and quantification of infantile spasms.", "content": "With the use of a time-synchronized video and polygraphic recording system, 5,042 infantile spasms were monitored and analyzed in 24 infants aged 1 to 43 months. Of these, 33.9% were flexor, 22.5% extensor, and 42.0% mixed flexor-extensor. Sometimes the spasms were followed by a period of akinesia and diminished responsiveness lasting up to 90 seconds, and rarely (1.0%) this \"arrest\" effect constituted the entire seizures. More than one type of seizure occurred in 21 of the 24 infants. In the same number, 78.3% of the seizures occurred in clusters, and the intensity and frequency of the spasms in each cluster often increased to a peak, then progressively decreased until they stopped. Predominantly, the clusters occurred soon after arousal from sleep. The number of seizures occurring at night (55.2%) was similar to the diurnal number (44.8%). The electroencephalographic seizure pattern was variable, but a marked generalized attenuation of electrical activity was a feature of 71.7% of the attacks. Attenuation episodes of similar degree and duration occurred with no evidence of a seizure.", "contents": "Precise characterization and quantification of infantile spasms. With the use of a time-synchronized video and polygraphic recording system, 5,042 infantile spasms were monitored and analyzed in 24 infants aged 1 to 43 months. Of these, 33.9% were flexor, 22.5% extensor, and 42.0% mixed flexor-extensor. Sometimes the spasms were followed by a period of akinesia and diminished responsiveness lasting up to 90 seconds, and rarely (1.0%) this \"arrest\" effect constituted the entire seizures. More than one type of seizure occurred in 21 of the 24 infants. In the same number, 78.3% of the seizures occurred in clusters, and the intensity and frequency of the spasms in each cluster often increased to a peak, then progressively decreased until they stopped. Predominantly, the clusters occurred soon after arousal from sleep. The number of seizures occurring at night (55.2%) was similar to the diurnal number (44.8%). The electroencephalographic seizure pattern was variable, but a marked generalized attenuation of electrical activity was a feature of 71.7% of the attacks. Attenuation episodes of similar degree and duration occurred with no evidence of a seizure.", "PMID": 534418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6024", "title": "Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer disease.", "content": "Because there is evidence that central cholinergic mechanisms are depleted in dementia, we studied the effects of central cholinergic augmentation on the memory of 5 patients with Alzheimer disease. Patients received placebo, lecithin, physostigmine, or lecithin plus physostigmine in a double-blind study using titrated doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. Memory was evaluated with alternate forms of the selective reminding procedure. Compared with lecithin alone, the combination of physostigmine and lecithin consistently enhanced memory storage and retrieval; physostigmine without lecithin produced no memory facilitation. The strategy of combining a cholinergic agonist and precursor holds promise, although a larger clinical trial is needed.", "contents": "Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer disease. Because there is evidence that central cholinergic mechanisms are depleted in dementia, we studied the effects of central cholinergic augmentation on the memory of 5 patients with Alzheimer disease. Patients received placebo, lecithin, physostigmine, or lecithin plus physostigmine in a double-blind study using titrated doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. Memory was evaluated with alternate forms of the selective reminding procedure. Compared with lecithin alone, the combination of physostigmine and lecithin consistently enhanced memory storage and retrieval; physostigmine without lecithin produced no memory facilitation. The strategy of combining a cholinergic agonist and precursor holds promise, although a larger clinical trial is needed.", "PMID": 534419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6025", "title": "The effect of metrizamide on the electroencephalogram: a prospective study in 61 patients.", "content": "A prospective study was made of changes in the electroencephalogram after the use of metrizamide for myelography and posterior fossa cisternography in 61 patients (62 studies). The EEG changed in 21 patients (34%); 3 of these had had previously abnormal records, and the abnormalities were accentuated on the second recording. Eight developed paroxysmal activity, including spike and wave in 1. EEG changes appeared 24 to 48 hours after the use of metrizamide in 6 patients whose intervening EEGs were normal. The percentage of records that changed tended to increase as metrizamide was brought to more rostral levels. Symptoms following the use of metrizamide were reviewed in 58 patients. Although there were no seizures in the present series, seizures did occur with subsequent use of metrizamide in 3 other patients at our institution. Previous reports may have underestimated the frequency of EEG changes after metrizamide since these may require 24 to 48 hours to develop. The appearance of such activity suggests that the use of metrizamide in patients with known seizure disorders, the anatomical level to which metrizamide is brought during radiography, removal of contrast medium, and further investigation of premedication with anticonvulsants all require careful consideration when use of metrizamide is being contemplated.", "contents": "The effect of metrizamide on the electroencephalogram: a prospective study in 61 patients. A prospective study was made of changes in the electroencephalogram after the use of metrizamide for myelography and posterior fossa cisternography in 61 patients (62 studies). The EEG changed in 21 patients (34%); 3 of these had had previously abnormal records, and the abnormalities were accentuated on the second recording. Eight developed paroxysmal activity, including spike and wave in 1. EEG changes appeared 24 to 48 hours after the use of metrizamide in 6 patients whose intervening EEGs were normal. The percentage of records that changed tended to increase as metrizamide was brought to more rostral levels. Symptoms following the use of metrizamide were reviewed in 58 patients. Although there were no seizures in the present series, seizures did occur with subsequent use of metrizamide in 3 other patients at our institution. Previous reports may have underestimated the frequency of EEG changes after metrizamide since these may require 24 to 48 hours to develop. The appearance of such activity suggests that the use of metrizamide in patients with known seizure disorders, the anatomical level to which metrizamide is brought during radiography, removal of contrast medium, and further investigation of premedication with anticonvulsants all require careful consideration when use of metrizamide is being contemplated.", "PMID": 534420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6026", "title": "Hereditary myoclonus and progressive distal muscular atrophy.", "content": "Myoclonus occurs in a variety of pathological conditions, some inherited. We recently evaluated 3 members of a Louisiana-Texas family with an autosomal dominant disorder manifested by adult-onset, generalized, stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting. The analyses of cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid before and after probenecid provided some evidence of impaired turnover of central dopamine and serotonin. Treatment with clonazepam resulted in complete and lasting improvement of the myoclonus. A postmortem examination in 1 member of the family revealed chiefly neuronal degeneration of the anterior horn cells, Clark's nucleus, and the lower cranial nerve nuclei. A similar syndrome has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Hereditary myoclonus and progressive distal muscular atrophy. Myoclonus occurs in a variety of pathological conditions, some inherited. We recently evaluated 3 members of a Louisiana-Texas family with an autosomal dominant disorder manifested by adult-onset, generalized, stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting. The analyses of cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid before and after probenecid provided some evidence of impaired turnover of central dopamine and serotonin. Treatment with clonazepam resulted in complete and lasting improvement of the myoclonus. A postmortem examination in 1 member of the family revealed chiefly neuronal degeneration of the anterior horn cells, Clark's nucleus, and the lower cranial nerve nuclei. A similar syndrome has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 534421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6027", "title": "Adult type neuronal storage disease with neuraminidase deficiency.", "content": "We describe a patient with adult-onset neuronal storage disease characterized by myoclonus, cerebellar ataxia, convulsive seizures, cherry-red spots, skeletal dysplasia, mild gargoyle features, inguinal hernia, and angiokeratoma. Cytoplasmic inclusions consistent with lysosomal storage disease were demonstrated in neurons of the autonomic nervous system. Accumulation of GM3 and GM2 gangliosides was found in sympathetic ganglia but a catabolic disturbance of these gangliosides was ruled out by normal levels of GM3 ganglioside sialidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A activities. beta-Galactosidase activity was decreased in leukocytes and fibroblasts, but not in serum. GM1 gangliosidosis was ruled out by lipid analyses, and mucopolysaccharidosis by normal excretion of mucopolysaccharide in urine. Sialyl oligosaccharides were increased in urine and alpha-neuraminidase was deficient in fibroblasts. This disorder is considered to be an inherited metabolic disorder of sialyl glycoproteins and oligosaccharides due to deficiency of an alpha-neuraminidase.", "contents": "Adult type neuronal storage disease with neuraminidase deficiency. We describe a patient with adult-onset neuronal storage disease characterized by myoclonus, cerebellar ataxia, convulsive seizures, cherry-red spots, skeletal dysplasia, mild gargoyle features, inguinal hernia, and angiokeratoma. Cytoplasmic inclusions consistent with lysosomal storage disease were demonstrated in neurons of the autonomic nervous system. Accumulation of GM3 and GM2 gangliosides was found in sympathetic ganglia but a catabolic disturbance of these gangliosides was ruled out by normal levels of GM3 ganglioside sialidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A activities. beta-Galactosidase activity was decreased in leukocytes and fibroblasts, but not in serum. GM1 gangliosidosis was ruled out by lipid analyses, and mucopolysaccharidosis by normal excretion of mucopolysaccharide in urine. Sialyl oligosaccharides were increased in urine and alpha-neuraminidase was deficient in fibroblasts. This disorder is considered to be an inherited metabolic disorder of sialyl glycoproteins and oligosaccharides due to deficiency of an alpha-neuraminidase.", "PMID": 534422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6028", "title": "Mechanisms of acute carotid stroke.", "content": "In a three-year study, the clinical course and results of intracranial angiography were compared in patients having an acute stroke in the carotid artery territory combined with angiographic abnormalities indicating severe extracranial carotid stenosis or occlusion. Two major mechanisms of stroke were delineated. In one group, the angiographic intracranial abnormalities strongly suggested the presence of embolism in the cerebral vessels supplied by the stenotic or occluded carotid artery; many of these patients had no obvious transient ischemic attacks prior to their stroke and experienced a moderate to severe clinical deficit. In the other group, evidence of embolism was absent; many showed a widespread delay in cerebral arterial perfusion, experienced a greater frequency of transient ischemic attacks before their stroke, and had a milder stroke than did those with embolism.", "contents": "Mechanisms of acute carotid stroke. In a three-year study, the clinical course and results of intracranial angiography were compared in patients having an acute stroke in the carotid artery territory combined with angiographic abnormalities indicating severe extracranial carotid stenosis or occlusion. Two major mechanisms of stroke were delineated. In one group, the angiographic intracranial abnormalities strongly suggested the presence of embolism in the cerebral vessels supplied by the stenotic or occluded carotid artery; many of these patients had no obvious transient ischemic attacks prior to their stroke and experienced a moderate to severe clinical deficit. In the other group, evidence of embolism was absent; many showed a widespread delay in cerebral arterial perfusion, experienced a greater frequency of transient ischemic attacks before their stroke, and had a milder stroke than did those with embolism.", "PMID": 534423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6029", "title": "Treatment of chronic relapsing inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy by plasma exchange.", "content": "A 58-year-old man developed recurrent episodes of symmetrical motor weakness associated with acroparesthesias and areflexia. The cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated and nerve conduction velocities were slowed. There was no evidence of systemic disease or toxic exposure, and a diagnosis of chronic relapsing inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy was made. The patient improved during treatment with corticosteroids, but steroid-induced complications necessitated discontinuance. A recrudescence of symptoms prompted a search for alternative therapy, and plasma exchange was tried. A marked improvement in strength was noted following each course of plasma exchange, suggesting that further similar trials are justified.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic relapsing inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy by plasma exchange. A 58-year-old man developed recurrent episodes of symmetrical motor weakness associated with acroparesthesias and areflexia. The cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated and nerve conduction velocities were slowed. There was no evidence of systemic disease or toxic exposure, and a diagnosis of chronic relapsing inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy was made. The patient improved during treatment with corticosteroids, but steroid-induced complications necessitated discontinuance. A recrudescence of symptoms prompted a search for alternative therapy, and plasma exchange was tried. A marked improvement in strength was noted following each course of plasma exchange, suggesting that further similar trials are justified.", "PMID": 534424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6030", "title": "Search for viral particles and virus-specific products in idiopathic Parkinson disease brain material.", "content": "Virological studies were performed on brain material from 9 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease and 3 matched controls. Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescent study were carried out directly on autopsy material from substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, and hypothalamus and on primary tissue culture explants of these brain areas grown alone or in cocultivation with virus-susceptible indicator cell lines. All studies were negative for the presence of viral particles, viral inclusions, or cellular changes suggestive of virus infection. All materials were negative for antigens of herpes simplex type 1, influenza A/NWS, and measles (Edmonston strain) viruses. Within the limits of these tehcniques, there is no evidence at this time that viruses are an important etiological agent in idiopathic Parkinson disease.", "contents": "Search for viral particles and virus-specific products in idiopathic Parkinson disease brain material. Virological studies were performed on brain material from 9 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease and 3 matched controls. Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescent study were carried out directly on autopsy material from substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, and hypothalamus and on primary tissue culture explants of these brain areas grown alone or in cocultivation with virus-susceptible indicator cell lines. All studies were negative for the presence of viral particles, viral inclusions, or cellular changes suggestive of virus infection. All materials were negative for antigens of herpes simplex type 1, influenza A/NWS, and measles (Edmonston strain) viruses. Within the limits of these tehcniques, there is no evidence at this time that viruses are an important etiological agent in idiopathic Parkinson disease.", "PMID": 534425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6031", "title": "Dysarthria--clumsy hand syndrome produced by capsular infarct.", "content": "A 64-year-old hypertensive man presented with the dysarthria--clumsy hand syndrome, manifested by dysarthria, dysphagia, central facial weakness, deviation of the tongue on protrusion, incoordination of the affected hand, and mild imbalance on walking. A computed tomograpphic scan demonstrated a resolving acute infarction in the vicinity of the genu of the internal capsule.", "contents": "Dysarthria--clumsy hand syndrome produced by capsular infarct. A 64-year-old hypertensive man presented with the dysarthria--clumsy hand syndrome, manifested by dysarthria, dysphagia, central facial weakness, deviation of the tongue on protrusion, incoordination of the affected hand, and mild imbalance on walking. A computed tomograpphic scan demonstrated a resolving acute infarction in the vicinity of the genu of the internal capsule.", "PMID": 534426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6032", "title": "Brainstem auditory evoked response in adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological data, including brainstem auditory evoked responses, are reported in a case of adrenoleukodystrophy. A striking asymmetry was noted in wave VI of the brainstem auditory evoked potential, followed by absence of any recognizable wave on the abnormal side. The presumed site of origin of wave VI is the medical geniculate body, a structure severely involved in adrenoleukodystrophy. It is suggested that the brainstem auditory evoked response may promise noninvasive diagnostic aid in this disorder and that absence of wave VI may emerge as a clinically useful finding in diseases of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Brainstem auditory evoked response in adrenoleukodystrophy. Clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological data, including brainstem auditory evoked responses, are reported in a case of adrenoleukodystrophy. A striking asymmetry was noted in wave VI of the brainstem auditory evoked potential, followed by absence of any recognizable wave on the abnormal side. The presumed site of origin of wave VI is the medical geniculate body, a structure severely involved in adrenoleukodystrophy. It is suggested that the brainstem auditory evoked response may promise noninvasive diagnostic aid in this disorder and that absence of wave VI may emerge as a clinically useful finding in diseases of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 534427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6033", "title": "Zinc deficiency syndrome versus glucagonoma syndrome.", "content": "In this paper two patients with uncommon syndromes, viz. acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption due to acute zinc deficiency, when on long-term intravenous hyperalimentation for Crohn's disease, and necrolytic migratory erythema as a consequence of a malignant glucagon secreting alpha-cell tumour of the pancreas (glucagonoma syndrome) are reported. Attention is paid to the many common features of the skin lesions in both syndromes. This is discussed in detail. Both patients passed through a catabolic stage. Laboratory investigations, however, failed to demonstrate a common biochemical mechanism which might be responsible for the skin lesions. Administration of zinc in the first patient and surgical treatment of the second patient results in rapid clearing of the skin lesions and other symptoms.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency syndrome versus glucagonoma syndrome. In this paper two patients with uncommon syndromes, viz. acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption due to acute zinc deficiency, when on long-term intravenous hyperalimentation for Crohn's disease, and necrolytic migratory erythema as a consequence of a malignant glucagon secreting alpha-cell tumour of the pancreas (glucagonoma syndrome) are reported. Attention is paid to the many common features of the skin lesions in both syndromes. This is discussed in detail. Both patients passed through a catabolic stage. Laboratory investigations, however, failed to demonstrate a common biochemical mechanism which might be responsible for the skin lesions. Administration of zinc in the first patient and surgical treatment of the second patient results in rapid clearing of the skin lesions and other symptoms.", "PMID": 534435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6034", "title": "Results of surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "In a 10-year period (1967-1977) 273 patients were operated upon for hyperthyroidism at the Department of Surgery of the St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam. The evaluation of the results was carried out in 1978. A total of 205 patients appeared for investigations and drawing of blood samples. Total resection of one thyroid lobe and subtotal resection of the other lobe was the procedure of choce. 85% of the patients were euthyroid at the follow-up; 7% of the patients had a recurrent hyperthyroidism and 8% became hypothyroid. In three cases a persistent unilateral vocal cord paralysis was encountered. Surgery remains an effective and satisfactory method of treatment for appropriately selected cases, with a low rate of immediate and late complications.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism. In a 10-year period (1967-1977) 273 patients were operated upon for hyperthyroidism at the Department of Surgery of the St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam. The evaluation of the results was carried out in 1978. A total of 205 patients appeared for investigations and drawing of blood samples. Total resection of one thyroid lobe and subtotal resection of the other lobe was the procedure of choce. 85% of the patients were euthyroid at the follow-up; 7% of the patients had a recurrent hyperthyroidism and 8% became hypothyroid. In three cases a persistent unilateral vocal cord paralysis was encountered. Surgery remains an effective and satisfactory method of treatment for appropriately selected cases, with a low rate of immediate and late complications.", "PMID": 534436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6035", "title": "Experience with bovine arteriografts for haemodialysis.", "content": "Twenty-five bovine arteriografts were placed in 18 patients for maintenance of haemodialysis. Type of vascular access, complications and their management and long-term results are discussed.", "contents": "Experience with bovine arteriografts for haemodialysis. Twenty-five bovine arteriografts were placed in 18 patients for maintenance of haemodialysis. Type of vascular access, complications and their management and long-term results are discussed.", "PMID": 534437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6036", "title": "Two cases of multiple gastric polyps.", "content": "Two cases of multiple gastric polyps are described. In both cases a large number of hyperplastic polyps were found in the antrum and body of the stomach. A total gastrectomy was performed in these two patients. Histologically the polyps were benign; in one case gastritis with metaplasia was present. The pathological and clinical aspects of multiple gastric polyps are discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "Two cases of multiple gastric polyps. Two cases of multiple gastric polyps are described. In both cases a large number of hyperplastic polyps were found in the antrum and body of the stomach. A total gastrectomy was performed in these two patients. Histologically the polyps were benign; in one case gastritis with metaplasia was present. The pathological and clinical aspects of multiple gastric polyps are discussed with reference to the literature.", "PMID": 534438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6037", "title": "Case report: ischemic enteritis in a patient with Candida albicans infection.", "content": "A case is reported of a 64-year old man with Candida albicans sepsis of pulmonary origin. It was complicated by a hemorrhagic ischemic enteritis that made it necessary to resect 2 1/2 m of small bowel. The specimen contained many pseudohyphae and yeast cells in the layers of the wall, especially in the necrotic areas. The superior mesenteric artery and its branches were patent and not occluded by infected thrombotic material, as has been described in another case of necrotizing enteritis accompanying Candida albicans sepsis. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ischemic enteritis in this case are discussed.", "contents": "Case report: ischemic enteritis in a patient with Candida albicans infection. A case is reported of a 64-year old man with Candida albicans sepsis of pulmonary origin. It was complicated by a hemorrhagic ischemic enteritis that made it necessary to resect 2 1/2 m of small bowel. The specimen contained many pseudohyphae and yeast cells in the layers of the wall, especially in the necrotic areas. The superior mesenteric artery and its branches were patent and not occluded by infected thrombotic material, as has been described in another case of necrotizing enteritis accompanying Candida albicans sepsis. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ischemic enteritis in this case are discussed.", "PMID": 534439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6038", "title": "Use of Kirschner wires for percutaneous stabilization of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.", "content": "The results of treatment of 52 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children by means of percutaneous transfixation with two Kirschner wires are discussed and compared with the results of other methods of treatment, such as repositioning and immobilization in a plaster cast, and traction by the Baumann or Dunlop techniques. The functional results are equivalent to those of other methods of treatment. Although the number of cases studied was only small, it appears that the cosmetic results are better, while the duration of hospitalization is markedly shorter.", "contents": "Use of Kirschner wires for percutaneous stabilization of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The results of treatment of 52 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children by means of percutaneous transfixation with two Kirschner wires are discussed and compared with the results of other methods of treatment, such as repositioning and immobilization in a plaster cast, and traction by the Baumann or Dunlop techniques. The functional results are equivalent to those of other methods of treatment. Although the number of cases studied was only small, it appears that the cosmetic results are better, while the duration of hospitalization is markedly shorter.", "PMID": 534440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6039", "title": "Blow-out of the renal collecting system and extravasation of urine due to passage of calculi.", "content": "The clinical course of two patients who had peripelvic extravasation associated with passage of small calculi is reported, and clinical data of 65 similar case histories published in the literature since 1960 are reviewed for discussion of the clinical consequences of the condition. The occurrence of extravasation following sudden ureteral obstruction can be sufficiently explained by biophysical and urodynamic principles involved in the mechanism of blow-out of the elastic renal collecting system and this matter is discussed briefly. It appears that in renal pelves not obviously affected by disease, blow-out occurs oftenest in the fornix calices, but is generally an infrequent phenomenon. The condition often runs a benign clinical course provided the ureteral obstruction is relieved rapidly and the extravasated urine is sterile. Persisting ureteral obstruction and/or an infected extravasate will in general lead to serious clinical consequences requiring surgical intervention within one to several days.", "contents": "Blow-out of the renal collecting system and extravasation of urine due to passage of calculi. The clinical course of two patients who had peripelvic extravasation associated with passage of small calculi is reported, and clinical data of 65 similar case histories published in the literature since 1960 are reviewed for discussion of the clinical consequences of the condition. The occurrence of extravasation following sudden ureteral obstruction can be sufficiently explained by biophysical and urodynamic principles involved in the mechanism of blow-out of the elastic renal collecting system and this matter is discussed briefly. It appears that in renal pelves not obviously affected by disease, blow-out occurs oftenest in the fornix calices, but is generally an infrequent phenomenon. The condition often runs a benign clinical course provided the ureteral obstruction is relieved rapidly and the extravasated urine is sterile. Persisting ureteral obstruction and/or an infected extravasate will in general lead to serious clinical consequences requiring surgical intervention within one to several days.", "PMID": 534441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6040", "title": "Gracilis muscle transplant for delayed healing of the perineal wound.", "content": "Delayed perineal wound healing frequently complicates a proctocolectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In almost half of the patients the evicerated pelvic space is not closed six months after surgery. Conventional surgery is very unsuccessful in the treatment of this persistent perineal fistula. A new technique is described using the transposition of the gracilis muscle to fill the perineal cavity. It is an easy procedure that solves a difficult problem.", "contents": "Gracilis muscle transplant for delayed healing of the perineal wound. Delayed perineal wound healing frequently complicates a proctocolectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In almost half of the patients the evicerated pelvic space is not closed six months after surgery. Conventional surgery is very unsuccessful in the treatment of this persistent perineal fistula. A new technique is described using the transposition of the gracilis muscle to fill the perineal cavity. It is an easy procedure that solves a difficult problem.", "PMID": 534442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6041", "title": "Submuscular emphysema as a result of diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon without clinical implication.", "content": "Diverticulitis of the colon may be the cause of the formation of subcutaneous or submuscular air in the hip or leg region. This phenomenon results mostly in an inflammation or abscess. A case is presented in which sigmoid diverticulitis caused submuscular air without any clinical discomfort.", "contents": "Submuscular emphysema as a result of diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon without clinical implication. Diverticulitis of the colon may be the cause of the formation of subcutaneous or submuscular air in the hip or leg region. This phenomenon results mostly in an inflammation or abscess. A case is presented in which sigmoid diverticulitis caused submuscular air without any clinical discomfort.", "PMID": 534443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6042", "title": "Intraosseous ganglia.", "content": "Intraosseous ganglia are benign cystic lesions of the bone; morbid-anatomically, they show no difference from the ganglia that occur in soft parts. The cases of two patients are reported. As far as we have been able to find out these are the first descriptions in the Dutch literature. The clinical aspects, morbid anatomy, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "Intraosseous ganglia. Intraosseous ganglia are benign cystic lesions of the bone; morbid-anatomically, they show no difference from the ganglia that occur in soft parts. The cases of two patients are reported. As far as we have been able to find out these are the first descriptions in the Dutch literature. The clinical aspects, morbid anatomy, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed with reference to the literature.", "PMID": 534444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6043", "title": "Kala-azar in Ethiopia: survey of south-west Ethiopia. The Leishmanin skin test and epidemiological studies.", "content": "The Leishmanin skin test was performed on 1353 people in a kala-azar endemic region of south-west Ethiopia. Physical examinations were also carried out on 2723. Two of these individuals, both males, had active visceral leishmaniasis with Leishmania organisms demonstrated by spleen puncture. Two other males, including one member of the research team, had parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis. Because there was negligible migration and little movement of individuals outside of their tribal territories, the geographical distribution of skin test positivity and clinical findings could be determined and correlated with environmental parameters. The level of positive skin tests for the groups tested ranged from over 64% for the three tribes collectively inhabiting the lower regions of the Omo Valley (altitude approx. 500 m) to 6.4% for the Suri tribe, which lives at 1400 m. Skin test positivity was highest in areas of deeply fissuring montmorillonite soils and where Phlebotomus langeroni orientalis have been collected. Termite mounds of the pipe-organ type seemed to occur independently of the proportion of positive skin tests, possibly because alternative resting and breeding sites for sandflies were available in the cotton clay soil or because of the cultural patterns of the people. Almost always, males had a markedly higher prevalence of positive skin tests than did females. The degree of positivity was strongly correlated with increasing age, most positive conversions occurring in the ten to 20 year olds, the age at which males join cattle camps as part of their herding activities. Splenomegaly reached a prevalence of nearly 50% among the Hamar speaking people to the east of the Omo River, where the pattern of disease suggests malaria as the principal cause. Hepatomegaly, however, was highest in the lower Omo Basin among the Nyangatom, Dassanetch and Kerre, where hydatid disease was a major cause of liver enlargement, but seemed unrelated to the proportion of positive Leishmanin skin tests.", "contents": "Kala-azar in Ethiopia: survey of south-west Ethiopia. The Leishmanin skin test and epidemiological studies. The Leishmanin skin test was performed on 1353 people in a kala-azar endemic region of south-west Ethiopia. Physical examinations were also carried out on 2723. Two of these individuals, both males, had active visceral leishmaniasis with Leishmania organisms demonstrated by spleen puncture. Two other males, including one member of the research team, had parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis. Because there was negligible migration and little movement of individuals outside of their tribal territories, the geographical distribution of skin test positivity and clinical findings could be determined and correlated with environmental parameters. The level of positive skin tests for the groups tested ranged from over 64% for the three tribes collectively inhabiting the lower regions of the Omo Valley (altitude approx. 500 m) to 6.4% for the Suri tribe, which lives at 1400 m. Skin test positivity was highest in areas of deeply fissuring montmorillonite soils and where Phlebotomus langeroni orientalis have been collected. Termite mounds of the pipe-organ type seemed to occur independently of the proportion of positive skin tests, possibly because alternative resting and breeding sites for sandflies were available in the cotton clay soil or because of the cultural patterns of the people. Almost always, males had a markedly higher prevalence of positive skin tests than did females. The degree of positivity was strongly correlated with increasing age, most positive conversions occurring in the ten to 20 year olds, the age at which males join cattle camps as part of their herding activities. Splenomegaly reached a prevalence of nearly 50% among the Hamar speaking people to the east of the Omo River, where the pattern of disease suggests malaria as the principal cause. Hepatomegaly, however, was highest in the lower Omo Basin among the Nyangatom, Dassanetch and Kerre, where hydatid disease was a major cause of liver enlargement, but seemed unrelated to the proportion of positive Leishmanin skin tests.", "PMID": 534446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6044", "title": "Morbidity in relation to the clinical forms and to intensity of infection in Schistosoma mansoni infections in the Sudan.", "content": "A study of morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni infection was made in 593 Sudanese patients seen in a four-year period in Khartoum Civil Hospital. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared in three egg-count groups and in four clinical forms of the infection. Patients were divided into three levels of intensity of infection: light (up to 100 eggs/gram of stool), moderate (101--400 eggs/g) and heavy (more than 400 eggs/g). According to the presence or absence of visceral enlargement, infected subjects were divided into one of four clinical forms: intestinal, hepatic, hepatosplenic and splenic. Among the symptoms only the passage of blood in the stools was significantly related to intensity of infection, and fever was significantly related to the presence of hepatosplenic disease. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were significantly more frequent in the heavy infection group. Anaemia, eosinophilia, raised ESR and an increase in both serum alkaline phosphatase and serum globulins were significantly related to the intensity of infection. On the other hand, haematological and biochemical changes, as well as histopathological changes, were more marked and severe in patients with hepatosplenic disease. For comparison, the findings of 117 patients with S. haematobium infections and of 41 with dual S. mansoni/S. haematobium infections are included.", "contents": "Morbidity in relation to the clinical forms and to intensity of infection in Schistosoma mansoni infections in the Sudan. A study of morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni infection was made in 593 Sudanese patients seen in a four-year period in Khartoum Civil Hospital. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared in three egg-count groups and in four clinical forms of the infection. Patients were divided into three levels of intensity of infection: light (up to 100 eggs/gram of stool), moderate (101--400 eggs/g) and heavy (more than 400 eggs/g). According to the presence or absence of visceral enlargement, infected subjects were divided into one of four clinical forms: intestinal, hepatic, hepatosplenic and splenic. Among the symptoms only the passage of blood in the stools was significantly related to intensity of infection, and fever was significantly related to the presence of hepatosplenic disease. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were significantly more frequent in the heavy infection group. Anaemia, eosinophilia, raised ESR and an increase in both serum alkaline phosphatase and serum globulins were significantly related to the intensity of infection. On the other hand, haematological and biochemical changes, as well as histopathological changes, were more marked and severe in patients with hepatosplenic disease. For comparison, the findings of 117 patients with S. haematobium infections and of 41 with dual S. mansoni/S. haematobium infections are included.", "PMID": 534448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6045", "title": "Light trap collections of ovipositing Simulium squamosum in Ghana.", "content": "At a site near Boti waterfalls in southern Ghana a total of 14 644 female and two male Simulium squamosum were caught in four nights in Monks Wood light traps. The highest catch, of 6520 females, was obtained in a single night with an ultraviolet light tube that had a one-second flash rate. About 12% of the females caught were gravid and dissections of non-gravids showed that they had oviposited very recently. The traps were clearly catching females before or soon after oviposition. The same traps caught none or very few blackflies when placed in two other localities near Akosombo. Trap location appeared very important in sampling ovipositing females of S. squamosum.", "contents": "Light trap collections of ovipositing Simulium squamosum in Ghana. At a site near Boti waterfalls in southern Ghana a total of 14 644 female and two male Simulium squamosum were caught in four nights in Monks Wood light traps. The highest catch, of 6520 females, was obtained in a single night with an ultraviolet light tube that had a one-second flash rate. About 12% of the females caught were gravid and dissections of non-gravids showed that they had oviposited very recently. The traps were clearly catching females before or soon after oviposition. The same traps caught none or very few blackflies when placed in two other localities near Akosombo. Trap location appeared very important in sampling ovipositing females of S. squamosum.", "PMID": 534449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6046", "title": "Failure of carotid stump pressures. Its incidence as a predictor for a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "A total of 289 carotid endarterectomies were performed in 204 patients. A decision to place a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy in this series was made entirely on the basis of intraoperative EEG monitoring. Retrospectively, the correlation between stump pressures and the results of intraoperative EEG monitoring in each case was determined. Evidence of ischemia developed in 6% of the total series on intraoperative EEG monitoring despite a stump pressure of greater than 50 mm Hg. The degree of disagreement between stump pressure and EEG varied according to clinical category in this series. In those endarterectomies performed for completed stroke, all cases requiring shunting had stump pressures less than 50 mm Hg. In those cases performed for symptoms of vertebral basilar insufficiency, however, 77% of the cases requiring an intraoperative shunt had stump pressures greater than 50 mm Hg. A review of the complication rate in the various study groups indicates that the use of intraoperative EEG is a safe indicator of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy regardless of stump pressure.", "contents": "Failure of carotid stump pressures. Its incidence as a predictor for a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy. A total of 289 carotid endarterectomies were performed in 204 patients. A decision to place a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy in this series was made entirely on the basis of intraoperative EEG monitoring. Retrospectively, the correlation between stump pressures and the results of intraoperative EEG monitoring in each case was determined. Evidence of ischemia developed in 6% of the total series on intraoperative EEG monitoring despite a stump pressure of greater than 50 mm Hg. The degree of disagreement between stump pressure and EEG varied according to clinical category in this series. In those endarterectomies performed for completed stroke, all cases requiring shunting had stump pressures less than 50 mm Hg. In those cases performed for symptoms of vertebral basilar insufficiency, however, 77% of the cases requiring an intraoperative shunt had stump pressures greater than 50 mm Hg. A review of the complication rate in the various study groups indicates that the use of intraoperative EEG is a safe indicator of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy regardless of stump pressure.", "PMID": 534456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6047", "title": "Popliteal vascular entrapment. Its increasing interest.", "content": "In the past 20 years since the first clinical management of a patient with a congenital anomaly associated with an abnormal medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle causing external compression on the popliteal artery, approximately 100 similar lesions have been documented in the world's literature. This has been a lesion of international interest, with only approximately 25% of the cases from hospitals in the United States. This present series of 14 lesions from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, during a 12 1/2-year period beginning in September 1966 emphasizes the increasing interest in this lesion. The young athletic male in whom intermittent claudication develops with strenuous exercise or the middle-aged patient with a popliteal aneurysm should be evaluated for the possibility of popliteal vascular entrapment. Medial deviation of the popliteal artery seen angiographically is a classic finding, however, there might also be segmental occlusion of the midpopliteal artery. This series outlines various types of popliteal vascular entrapment and documents successful surgical management.", "contents": "Popliteal vascular entrapment. Its increasing interest. In the past 20 years since the first clinical management of a patient with a congenital anomaly associated with an abnormal medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle causing external compression on the popliteal artery, approximately 100 similar lesions have been documented in the world's literature. This has been a lesion of international interest, with only approximately 25% of the cases from hospitals in the United States. This present series of 14 lesions from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, during a 12 1/2-year period beginning in September 1966 emphasizes the increasing interest in this lesion. The young athletic male in whom intermittent claudication develops with strenuous exercise or the middle-aged patient with a popliteal aneurysm should be evaluated for the possibility of popliteal vascular entrapment. Medial deviation of the popliteal artery seen angiographically is a classic finding, however, there might also be segmental occlusion of the midpopliteal artery. This series outlines various types of popliteal vascular entrapment and documents successful surgical management.", "PMID": 534457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6048", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter. A review of 70 cases.", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has been used to treat lesions of the iliac, superficial femoral, and renal arterial systems in 70 patients. Overall initial success was achieved in 27/30 lesions, with 4/5 lesions documented to be patent for longer than two years. Although long-term follow-up is at present limited, the reduced cost and morbidity of this procedure are distinct advantages in appropriately selected patients. The close involvement of the vascular surgeon and a \"team\" approach are necessary. These preliminary results are part of a long-term study to evaluate the efficacy of transluminal angioplasty as well as to define factors that may be of predictive value in patient selection.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter. A review of 70 cases. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has been used to treat lesions of the iliac, superficial femoral, and renal arterial systems in 70 patients. Overall initial success was achieved in 27/30 lesions, with 4/5 lesions documented to be patent for longer than two years. Although long-term follow-up is at present limited, the reduced cost and morbidity of this procedure are distinct advantages in appropriately selected patients. The close involvement of the vascular surgeon and a \"team\" approach are necessary. These preliminary results are part of a long-term study to evaluate the efficacy of transluminal angioplasty as well as to define factors that may be of predictive value in patient selection.", "PMID": 534458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6049", "title": "Nonresective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Use of acute thrombosis and axillofemoral bypass.", "content": "In good-risk patients, abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy can be accomplished with a mortality of 2% to 5%. However, in poor-risk patients, ie, those with severe reduction of cardiac, respiratory, and/or renal function, the mortality of this procedure has been reported to be as high as 60%. Fifteen poor-risk patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have been treated with acute, induced thrombosis and simultaneous axillobilateral femoral bypass. Each patient had preoperative ultrasound and radionucleide flow studies and the runoff from the aneurysm was determined angiographically. Thrombosis, induced by interruption of the iliac outflow vessels, occurred in 12 patients within 72 hours. Flow persisted in three patients, and thrombosis was induced by transaxillary catheter deposition of bucrylate in the residual outflow vessels. There were two operative deaths (less than 30 days), both due to myocardial infarctions, and four late deaths, three of which were caused by the problems that initially contraindicated direct graft replacement of the aneurysm. Preliminary experience with this approach indicates that this is a simple and potentially effective method of treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm where direct graft replacement is contraindicated.", "contents": "Nonresective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Use of acute thrombosis and axillofemoral bypass. In good-risk patients, abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy can be accomplished with a mortality of 2% to 5%. However, in poor-risk patients, ie, those with severe reduction of cardiac, respiratory, and/or renal function, the mortality of this procedure has been reported to be as high as 60%. Fifteen poor-risk patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have been treated with acute, induced thrombosis and simultaneous axillobilateral femoral bypass. Each patient had preoperative ultrasound and radionucleide flow studies and the runoff from the aneurysm was determined angiographically. Thrombosis, induced by interruption of the iliac outflow vessels, occurred in 12 patients within 72 hours. Flow persisted in three patients, and thrombosis was induced by transaxillary catheter deposition of bucrylate in the residual outflow vessels. There were two operative deaths (less than 30 days), both due to myocardial infarctions, and four late deaths, three of which were caused by the problems that initially contraindicated direct graft replacement of the aneurysm. Preliminary experience with this approach indicates that this is a simple and potentially effective method of treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm where direct graft replacement is contraindicated.", "PMID": 534459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6050", "title": "Renal artery aneurysm. Long-term relief of renovascular hypertension by in situ operative correction.", "content": "Renal artery aneurysm is an uncommon cause of renovascular hypertension. Nephrectomy or, more recently ex vivo arterial reconstruction have been recommended as the treatment of choice. In contrast, we advocate in situ repair of the aneurysm and any associated lesions. Twenty-five hypertensive patients with 30 renal artery aneurysms were treated by tangential aneurysmectomy with primary arteriorrhaphy, saphenous vein patch angioplasty, or bypass graft. Nephrectomy was performed in two patients, one for a ruptured aneurysm. There was no operative mortality. Follow-up was obtained on all patients six months to 19 years after operation. Hypertension was relieved immediately and in the long-term in the majority of survivors. We believe these results indicate that despite the presence of severe renovascular disease, the affected kidney can be preserved and hypertension successfully relieved by a direct surgical approach without recourse to either nephrectomy or ex vivo reconstruction.", "contents": "Renal artery aneurysm. Long-term relief of renovascular hypertension by in situ operative correction. Renal artery aneurysm is an uncommon cause of renovascular hypertension. Nephrectomy or, more recently ex vivo arterial reconstruction have been recommended as the treatment of choice. In contrast, we advocate in situ repair of the aneurysm and any associated lesions. Twenty-five hypertensive patients with 30 renal artery aneurysms were treated by tangential aneurysmectomy with primary arteriorrhaphy, saphenous vein patch angioplasty, or bypass graft. Nephrectomy was performed in two patients, one for a ruptured aneurysm. There was no operative mortality. Follow-up was obtained on all patients six months to 19 years after operation. Hypertension was relieved immediately and in the long-term in the majority of survivors. We believe these results indicate that despite the presence of severe renovascular disease, the affected kidney can be preserved and hypertension successfully relieved by a direct surgical approach without recourse to either nephrectomy or ex vivo reconstruction.", "PMID": 534460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6051", "title": "Management of lymph fistula in the groin after arterial reconstruction.", "content": "Leakage of lymph from the inguinal incision is a rare but disturbing complication of arterial surgery. This article describes our experience in the management of 12 patients in whom lymphorrhea developed following arterial reconstruction. Seven patients were treated with pressure dressings, antibiotics, and immobilization. In this group, fistula healing was delayed up to four weeks, and wound infection occurred in three of seven patients. One patient eventually required removal of the prosthetic graft and below-knee amputation. Early groin reexploration and direct ligature of ruptured lymphatics was performed in the remaining five patients. Hospitalization was shortened and wound infection prevented in all patients in this group. We recommend prompt operative closure as the preferred approach in the management of lymph fistula following vascular reconstruction, especially when synthetic graft material is present.", "contents": "Management of lymph fistula in the groin after arterial reconstruction. Leakage of lymph from the inguinal incision is a rare but disturbing complication of arterial surgery. This article describes our experience in the management of 12 patients in whom lymphorrhea developed following arterial reconstruction. Seven patients were treated with pressure dressings, antibiotics, and immobilization. In this group, fistula healing was delayed up to four weeks, and wound infection occurred in three of seven patients. One patient eventually required removal of the prosthetic graft and below-knee amputation. Early groin reexploration and direct ligature of ruptured lymphatics was performed in the remaining five patients. Hospitalization was shortened and wound infection prevented in all patients in this group. We recommend prompt operative closure as the preferred approach in the management of lymph fistula following vascular reconstruction, especially when synthetic graft material is present.", "PMID": 534461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6052", "title": "Gastrocolic fistula as a complication of benign gastric ulcer.", "content": "The symptoms, diagnosis, and management of three patients with gastrocolic fistula secondary to benign peptic ulcer disease are reviewed. To our knowledge, this brings the total of such cases reported in the literature to 50. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and vomiting followed by anemia, foul eructations, and fecal vomiting. Barium meal demonstrated the fistula in about 70% of the patients, whereas barium enema examination demonstrated the fistula in nearly all of them. The diagnostic workup should rule out the possibility of a malignant cause for the fistula. The surgical management of these patients consists of the one-stage, when possible, resection of the involved portion of the antrum and the fistula of the transverse colon with appropriate reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity. An increased awareness of the benign cause of some gastrocolic fistulas is necessary to avoid unduly extensive surgery in these cases.", "contents": "Gastrocolic fistula as a complication of benign gastric ulcer. The symptoms, diagnosis, and management of three patients with gastrocolic fistula secondary to benign peptic ulcer disease are reviewed. To our knowledge, this brings the total of such cases reported in the literature to 50. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and vomiting followed by anemia, foul eructations, and fecal vomiting. Barium meal demonstrated the fistula in about 70% of the patients, whereas barium enema examination demonstrated the fistula in nearly all of them. The diagnostic workup should rule out the possibility of a malignant cause for the fistula. The surgical management of these patients consists of the one-stage, when possible, resection of the involved portion of the antrum and the fistula of the transverse colon with appropriate reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity. An increased awareness of the benign cause of some gastrocolic fistulas is necessary to avoid unduly extensive surgery in these cases.", "PMID": 534462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6053", "title": "The immediate care of threatening myocardial infarction in general practice.", "content": "Twenty to sixty per cent of myocardial infarctions go unrecognized by patient and doctor, and there is no way to exactly predict these at the moment. But they have a much lower long-term mortality rate than do clinical infarctions. As a rule, a myocardial infarction will be preceded by pain and the sooner this is dealt with, the greater the salvage rate.", "contents": "The immediate care of threatening myocardial infarction in general practice. Twenty to sixty per cent of myocardial infarctions go unrecognized by patient and doctor, and there is no way to exactly predict these at the moment. But they have a much lower long-term mortality rate than do clinical infarctions. As a rule, a myocardial infarction will be preceded by pain and the sooner this is dealt with, the greater the salvage rate.", "PMID": 534466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6054", "title": "Screening for hypertension: a survey in the Hunter health region 1976-77.", "content": "15,746 people had their blood pressure measured in a hypertensive screening programme conducted in the Hunter Region of New South Wales. High blood pressure readings were found in 10.4 per cent (1,634) of the screened population. Followup information received from local general practitioners indicated that, of screened subjects attending the general practitioner following a higher screening reading, only 55.3 per cent were diagnosed as hypertensive, of whom 62 per cent had been diagnosed previously by their general practitioner. No diagnosis could be made in 20.5 per cent of the cases. A diagnosis of 'normotensive' was made for the remaining 24.2 per cent of screened subjects attending the general practitioner following a high screening reading. The value of screening programmes for hypertension is debated in view of the small number of newly detected hypertensives, the even smaller number of newly detected and successfully treated hypertensives and the morbidity associated with detection and labelling of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Screening for hypertension: a survey in the Hunter health region 1976-77. 15,746 people had their blood pressure measured in a hypertensive screening programme conducted in the Hunter Region of New South Wales. High blood pressure readings were found in 10.4 per cent (1,634) of the screened population. Followup information received from local general practitioners indicated that, of screened subjects attending the general practitioner following a higher screening reading, only 55.3 per cent were diagnosed as hypertensive, of whom 62 per cent had been diagnosed previously by their general practitioner. No diagnosis could be made in 20.5 per cent of the cases. A diagnosis of 'normotensive' was made for the remaining 24.2 per cent of screened subjects attending the general practitioner following a high screening reading. The value of screening programmes for hypertension is debated in view of the small number of newly detected hypertensives, the even smaller number of newly detected and successfully treated hypertensives and the morbidity associated with detection and labelling of hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 534467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6055", "title": "Some aspects of depression.", "content": "Depressive illness remains an underdiagnosed, and often misdiagnosed entity, in all branches of medicine. Some of the factors involved are discussed: doctor, patient, environment, diagnosis, treatment. Disorders of mood, affective disorders, or simple depressive illnesses are by no means new to the human race.", "contents": "Some aspects of depression. Depressive illness remains an underdiagnosed, and often misdiagnosed entity, in all branches of medicine. Some of the factors involved are discussed: doctor, patient, environment, diagnosis, treatment. Disorders of mood, affective disorders, or simple depressive illnesses are by no means new to the human race.", "PMID": 534468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6056", "title": "Who gets an invalid pension?", "content": "The major causes of incapacity in individuals accepted for the Invalid Pension (IP) are categorized, the largest groups being: ischaemic heart disease, neurosis, respiratory disease and nervous system disease. However, for years lost from work, the largest incapacity groups were: neurosis, nervous system disease, psychosis and vertebral disease. The most significant factors influencing acceptance for the IP were occupation and country of birth, with a highly significant excess of Greek born migrants.", "contents": "Who gets an invalid pension? The major causes of incapacity in individuals accepted for the Invalid Pension (IP) are categorized, the largest groups being: ischaemic heart disease, neurosis, respiratory disease and nervous system disease. However, for years lost from work, the largest incapacity groups were: neurosis, nervous system disease, psychosis and vertebral disease. The most significant factors influencing acceptance for the IP were occupation and country of birth, with a highly significant excess of Greek born migrants.", "PMID": 534473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6057", "title": "The molecular compression of dextran.", "content": "The suggestion is made that, in solution, the flexible-chain molecules of dextran can undergo an osmotic compression as concentration is increased. Approaches are developed described the molecular shrinkage (i) as arising from intra- and inter-molecular forces, (ii) based on the molecular characteristics of the dextran, and (iii) as estimated by viscosity measurements. Comparison with the macroscopic shrinkage of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) beads [Edmond, Farquhar, Dunstone & Ogston (1968) Biochem. J. 108, 755-763] is made. In all systems studied, the experimental estimates of compression, both from gel-shrinkage and viscosity measurements were in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. The interpretation of the viscosity concentration-dependence was applied to compact structures (albumin and Percoll). Their behaviour was in marked contrast with that of dextran. It is noted that molecular compression may be important in considering transport processes in and thermodynamic properties of concentrated systems.", "contents": "The molecular compression of dextran. The suggestion is made that, in solution, the flexible-chain molecules of dextran can undergo an osmotic compression as concentration is increased. Approaches are developed described the molecular shrinkage (i) as arising from intra- and inter-molecular forces, (ii) based on the molecular characteristics of the dextran, and (iii) as estimated by viscosity measurements. Comparison with the macroscopic shrinkage of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) beads [Edmond, Farquhar, Dunstone & Ogston (1968) Biochem. J. 108, 755-763] is made. In all systems studied, the experimental estimates of compression, both from gel-shrinkage and viscosity measurements were in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. The interpretation of the viscosity concentration-dependence was applied to compact structures (albumin and Percoll). Their behaviour was in marked contrast with that of dextran. It is noted that molecular compression may be important in considering transport processes in and thermodynamic properties of concentrated systems.", "PMID": 534474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6058", "title": "The identification of globin messenger ribonucleic acid in newt erythropoietic cells.", "content": "Polyadenylated [poly(A)+]-RNA isolated from newt (Triturus cristatus) erythropoietic cells contained two main species sedimenting at 9S and 25S, and minor amounts of a 15-20S component. The 9S poly(A)+-RNA fraction induced synthesis of newt haemoglobin and globins in frog oocytes and in an mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate, confirming its identity as newt globin mRNA. Translation of 9S globin mRNA in reticulocyte lysate was concentration-dependent, the patterns of globin synthesis suggesting both preferential utilization and unequal amounts of the different globin mRNA subspecies. Globin mRNA activity was also evident in the 25S poly(A)+-RNA fraction whose localization in polyribosomes excluded its function as a nuclear globin mRNA precursor. Denaturation in formamide and estimation of its relative methyl content indicated that the 25S poly(A)+-RNA fraction contained equimolar amounts of 9S globin mRNA and 26S rRNA. Translation of the 25S fraction in reticulocyte lysate was less efficient than that of comparable amounts of 9S globin mRNA and induced a pattern of globin synthesis similar to that obtained with subsaturating amounts of 9S mRNA. The 25S mRNA-rRNA complex was considered to be a non-physiological aggregate generated by extraction of RNA in the presence of buffers of moderate to high ionic strength.", "contents": "The identification of globin messenger ribonucleic acid in newt erythropoietic cells. Polyadenylated [poly(A)+]-RNA isolated from newt (Triturus cristatus) erythropoietic cells contained two main species sedimenting at 9S and 25S, and minor amounts of a 15-20S component. The 9S poly(A)+-RNA fraction induced synthesis of newt haemoglobin and globins in frog oocytes and in an mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate, confirming its identity as newt globin mRNA. Translation of 9S globin mRNA in reticulocyte lysate was concentration-dependent, the patterns of globin synthesis suggesting both preferential utilization and unequal amounts of the different globin mRNA subspecies. Globin mRNA activity was also evident in the 25S poly(A)+-RNA fraction whose localization in polyribosomes excluded its function as a nuclear globin mRNA precursor. Denaturation in formamide and estimation of its relative methyl content indicated that the 25S poly(A)+-RNA fraction contained equimolar amounts of 9S globin mRNA and 26S rRNA. Translation of the 25S fraction in reticulocyte lysate was less efficient than that of comparable amounts of 9S globin mRNA and induced a pattern of globin synthesis similar to that obtained with subsaturating amounts of 9S mRNA. The 25S mRNA-rRNA complex was considered to be a non-physiological aggregate generated by extraction of RNA in the presence of buffers of moderate to high ionic strength.", "PMID": 534475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6059", "title": "A lectin from the exudate of the fruit of the vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo) that has a specificity for beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides.", "content": "Lectins are present in the exudate (presumably from the phloem) of the fruits of three species of the Cucurbitaceae, namely vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo), melon (Cucumis melo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). They are all strongly inhibited in their activities by chitin oligosaccharides, but only weakly by N-acetylglucosamine. Glycopeptides from soya-bean agglutinin and fetuin are also strong inhibitors of Cucurbita pepo lectin, indicating that it interacts with internal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The lectin from Cucurbita pepo fruit was purified by affinity chromatography by using chitin oligosaccharides covalently attached to Sepharose. The lectin is not a glycoprotein, and it consists of a single polypeptide chain of about 20,000 mol.wt. It is a major protein (18% of the total) of the phloem exudate and it is postulated that it may have an anti-parasitic function.", "contents": "A lectin from the exudate of the fruit of the vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo) that has a specificity for beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides. Lectins are present in the exudate (presumably from the phloem) of the fruits of three species of the Cucurbitaceae, namely vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo), melon (Cucumis melo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). They are all strongly inhibited in their activities by chitin oligosaccharides, but only weakly by N-acetylglucosamine. Glycopeptides from soya-bean agglutinin and fetuin are also strong inhibitors of Cucurbita pepo lectin, indicating that it interacts with internal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The lectin from Cucurbita pepo fruit was purified by affinity chromatography by using chitin oligosaccharides covalently attached to Sepharose. The lectin is not a glycoprotein, and it consists of a single polypeptide chain of about 20,000 mol.wt. It is a major protein (18% of the total) of the phloem exudate and it is postulated that it may have an anti-parasitic function.", "PMID": 534476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6060", "title": "Preparation and properties of bilirubin photoisomers.", "content": "Polar photoisomers of bilirubin were formed by irradiation of bilirubin in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. Two pairs of compounds were isolated with molecular weights identical with bilirubin. One pair reverted to bilirubin in polar media and gave chemical reactions similar to bilirubin; the other pair were not reconverted into bilirubin by chemical means and gave reactions distinct from those of bilirubin. However, both groups were reconverted into bilirubin by irradiation in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. The probable role of these photoisomers in the catabolism of bilirubin during phototherapy of neonatal jaundice is discussed.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of bilirubin photoisomers. Polar photoisomers of bilirubin were formed by irradiation of bilirubin in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. Two pairs of compounds were isolated with molecular weights identical with bilirubin. One pair reverted to bilirubin in polar media and gave chemical reactions similar to bilirubin; the other pair were not reconverted into bilirubin by chemical means and gave reactions distinct from those of bilirubin. However, both groups were reconverted into bilirubin by irradiation in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. The probable role of these photoisomers in the catabolism of bilirubin during phototherapy of neonatal jaundice is discussed.", "PMID": 534477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6061", "title": "Structural characterization of ficaprenol-11 by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The location of the internal trans and cis isoprene units in ficaprenol-11 isolated from Ficus elastica was determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The alignment of the isoprene units was estimated to be in the order: omega-terminal unit, three trans units, six cis units and alpha-terminal cis alcohol unit.", "contents": "Structural characterization of ficaprenol-11 by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The location of the internal trans and cis isoprene units in ficaprenol-11 isolated from Ficus elastica was determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The alignment of the isoprene units was estimated to be in the order: omega-terminal unit, three trans units, six cis units and alpha-terminal cis alcohol unit.", "PMID": 534479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6062", "title": "Purification of a phosphoprotein from chromatin of rat liver.", "content": "A simple and effective method to purify a phosphoprotein (B2) (Mr 68,000, pI 6.2-8) from phenol-soluble non-histone chromatin proteins of rat liver is described. The purification involved only two steps, CM-cellulose chromatography and preparative SDS/polyacrylamide (10%)-gel electrophoresis. The purified phosphoprotein B2 was shown to be homogeneous by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The yield was 2% of total non-histone chromatin proteins. The acidic to basic amino acid ratio of phosphoprotein B2 was less than 1, with high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, lysine, glycine and alanine. The phosphate content of this protein is 0.3%.", "contents": "Purification of a phosphoprotein from chromatin of rat liver. A simple and effective method to purify a phosphoprotein (B2) (Mr 68,000, pI 6.2-8) from phenol-soluble non-histone chromatin proteins of rat liver is described. The purification involved only two steps, CM-cellulose chromatography and preparative SDS/polyacrylamide (10%)-gel electrophoresis. The purified phosphoprotein B2 was shown to be homogeneous by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The yield was 2% of total non-histone chromatin proteins. The acidic to basic amino acid ratio of phosphoprotein B2 was less than 1, with high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, lysine, glycine and alanine. The phosphate content of this protein is 0.3%.", "PMID": 534478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6063", "title": "Binding of radioiodinated propylthiouracil to rat liver microsomal fractions. Stimulation by substrates for iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that 2-thiouracil derivatives are uncompetitive inhibitors of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat liver microsomal fraction. Therefore the interaction of radioiodinated 6-propyl-2-thiouracil with rat liver microsomal fraction and the effect of substrate, cofactor and other inhibitors of 5'-deiodinase activity activity were investigated. It was found that micromolar concentrations of, in order of increasing potency, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, 3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine and 3',5'-di-iodothyronine significantly enhanced binding of 5-[125I]iodo-6-propyl-2-thiouracil to the enzyme preparation. This stimulation was not seen in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM-6-propyl-2-thiouracil, 0.1 mM-6-propyl-2-thiouracil, 0.1 M-2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole or 1 mM-sodium sulphite. These results support the hypothesis that thiouracil derivatives inhibit 5'-deiodinase activity by forming a mixed disulphide with an intermediate enzyme complex, probably a sulphenyl iodide.", "contents": "Binding of radioiodinated propylthiouracil to rat liver microsomal fractions. Stimulation by substrates for iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase. Previous studies have shown that 2-thiouracil derivatives are uncompetitive inhibitors of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat liver microsomal fraction. Therefore the interaction of radioiodinated 6-propyl-2-thiouracil with rat liver microsomal fraction and the effect of substrate, cofactor and other inhibitors of 5'-deiodinase activity activity were investigated. It was found that micromolar concentrations of, in order of increasing potency, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, 3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine and 3',5'-di-iodothyronine significantly enhanced binding of 5-[125I]iodo-6-propyl-2-thiouracil to the enzyme preparation. This stimulation was not seen in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM-6-propyl-2-thiouracil, 0.1 mM-6-propyl-2-thiouracil, 0.1 M-2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole or 1 mM-sodium sulphite. These results support the hypothesis that thiouracil derivatives inhibit 5'-deiodinase activity by forming a mixed disulphide with an intermediate enzyme complex, probably a sulphenyl iodide.", "PMID": 534480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6064", "title": "Hydrolysis of chylomicron triacylglycerol by endothelium-bound lipoprotein lipase. Effect of decreased apoprotein C-II/C-III ratio.", "content": "Chylomicrons with a decreased ratio of C-II/C-III apoproteins on their surface produced by the addition of apoproteins C-III-0 or C-III-3 to intact rat lymph chylomicrons. These chylomicrons inhibited the activity of soluble lipoprotein lipase in vitro, but had no effect on the activity of the endothelium-bound enzyme in the perfused heart.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of chylomicron triacylglycerol by endothelium-bound lipoprotein lipase. Effect of decreased apoprotein C-II/C-III ratio. Chylomicrons with a decreased ratio of C-II/C-III apoproteins on their surface produced by the addition of apoproteins C-III-0 or C-III-3 to intact rat lymph chylomicrons. These chylomicrons inhibited the activity of soluble lipoprotein lipase in vitro, but had no effect on the activity of the endothelium-bound enzyme in the perfused heart.", "PMID": 534481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6065", "title": "The incorporation of tritiated retinyl moiety into the active-site lysine residue of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Purple membranes were isolated from Halobacterium halobium bleached and regenerated with all-trans-[15-3H]retinal. The incorporation of label was 1.2 mol of retinal/mol of bacterio-opsin. The [3H]retinyl-bacterio-opsin obtained from regeneration was hydrolysed to give tritiated retinyl-lysine, which, on hydrogenation to N-epsilon-perhydro[3H]retinyl-lysine and reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, gave bis-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-N-epsilon-perhydro[3H]retinyl-lysine. This result confirmed that the retinyl moiety of the chromophore is attached to an epsilon-amino group of lysine.", "contents": "The incorporation of tritiated retinyl moiety into the active-site lysine residue of bacteriorhodopsin. Purple membranes were isolated from Halobacterium halobium bleached and regenerated with all-trans-[15-3H]retinal. The incorporation of label was 1.2 mol of retinal/mol of bacterio-opsin. The [3H]retinyl-bacterio-opsin obtained from regeneration was hydrolysed to give tritiated retinyl-lysine, which, on hydrogenation to N-epsilon-perhydro[3H]retinyl-lysine and reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, gave bis-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-N-epsilon-perhydro[3H]retinyl-lysine. This result confirmed that the retinyl moiety of the chromophore is attached to an epsilon-amino group of lysine.", "PMID": 534482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6066", "title": "Inhibition by trioxalen (psoralen) plus near-ultraviolet light of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in Chinese-hamster cells.", "content": "Trioxalen (trimethylpsoralen) plus near-u.v. light, a potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA synthesis, inhibits the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in stationary-phase V79 fibroblasts. It does not affect the translation of pre-existing mRNA. The method, in view of its high degree of specificity and precise timing, is a better choice for inhibiting RNA synthesis than the commonly used chemical inhibitors and precursor analogues.", "contents": "Inhibition by trioxalen (psoralen) plus near-ultraviolet light of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in Chinese-hamster cells. Trioxalen (trimethylpsoralen) plus near-u.v. light, a potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA synthesis, inhibits the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in stationary-phase V79 fibroblasts. It does not affect the translation of pre-existing mRNA. The method, in view of its high degree of specificity and precise timing, is a better choice for inhibiting RNA synthesis than the commonly used chemical inhibitors and precursor analogues.", "PMID": 534483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6067", "title": "An improved method for the rapid isolation of brain ribonucleic acid.", "content": "An improved one-step method for the extraction of RNA from rat brain is described. Fresh or frozen tissue is disrupted in the powerful protein denaturant guanidine thiocyanate, and RNA isolated by ultracentrifugation through CsCl. The procedure is advantageous in that it is relatively simple, is rapid and does not expose the sample to enzyme treatments or repeated organic extractions.", "contents": "An improved method for the rapid isolation of brain ribonucleic acid. An improved one-step method for the extraction of RNA from rat brain is described. Fresh or frozen tissue is disrupted in the powerful protein denaturant guanidine thiocyanate, and RNA isolated by ultracentrifugation through CsCl. The procedure is advantageous in that it is relatively simple, is rapid and does not expose the sample to enzyme treatments or repeated organic extractions.", "PMID": 534484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6068", "title": "A rapid and sensitive assay for detection of nanogram quantities of castor-bean (Ricinus communis) lectins.", "content": "Inhibition of lysozyme conjugated with p-aminophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside by galactose-specific lectins from castor beans (Ricinus communis) has been utilized for assaying these lectins in the nanogram range.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive assay for detection of nanogram quantities of castor-bean (Ricinus communis) lectins. Inhibition of lysozyme conjugated with p-aminophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside by galactose-specific lectins from castor beans (Ricinus communis) has been utilized for assaying these lectins in the nanogram range.", "PMID": 534485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6069", "title": "Comparison of radioactive peptides obtained from specifically labelled human renal and placental alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "Peptides with different chromatographic and electrophoretic properties were obtained from human placental and renal alkaline phosphatases by tryptic digestion of the enzymes labelled with radioactive orthophosphate at their active centres. These results provide structural evidence for the distinct genetic origins of the two isoenzymes that had previously been inferred from their different properties and from the observed phenotypic variation of placental phosphatase.", "contents": "Comparison of radioactive peptides obtained from specifically labelled human renal and placental alkaline phosphatases. Peptides with different chromatographic and electrophoretic properties were obtained from human placental and renal alkaline phosphatases by tryptic digestion of the enzymes labelled with radioactive orthophosphate at their active centres. These results provide structural evidence for the distinct genetic origins of the two isoenzymes that had previously been inferred from their different properties and from the observed phenotypic variation of placental phosphatase.", "PMID": 534486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6070", "title": "A comparison of methods for extracting ribonucleic acid polymerases from rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Nuclei were prepared from rat liver after homogenization of the tissue in hyperosmotic sucrose and RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6) extracted by two methods applied sequentially. Optimal conditions for washing loosely bound enzymes out of nuclei were determined first, and involved short (10 min) incubations at 0 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM-Mg2+ and 60 mM-(NH4)2SO4. Subsequent sonication of the residual nuclear pellet after resuspension and lysis at high ionic strength resulted in further release of RNA polymerases. The primary wash yielded about 2 x 10(4) molecules of RNA polymerases I and III (altogether) and 1 x 10(4) molecules of form-II enzymes per original nucleus, whereas subsequent sonication released 2 x 10(4)-2.5 x 10(4) form-I and -III enzyme molecules (altogether) and a further 7 x 10(3)-8 x 10(3) form-II enzyme molecules, as measured by end-labelling of nascent RNA. RNA polymerase II was partially purified from both types of extracts and shown to initiate very poorly on high-molecular-weight homologous DNA irrespective of the source of the enzyme.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for extracting ribonucleic acid polymerases from rat liver nuclei. Nuclei were prepared from rat liver after homogenization of the tissue in hyperosmotic sucrose and RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6) extracted by two methods applied sequentially. Optimal conditions for washing loosely bound enzymes out of nuclei were determined first, and involved short (10 min) incubations at 0 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM-Mg2+ and 60 mM-(NH4)2SO4. Subsequent sonication of the residual nuclear pellet after resuspension and lysis at high ionic strength resulted in further release of RNA polymerases. The primary wash yielded about 2 x 10(4) molecules of RNA polymerases I and III (altogether) and 1 x 10(4) molecules of form-II enzymes per original nucleus, whereas subsequent sonication released 2 x 10(4)-2.5 x 10(4) form-I and -III enzyme molecules (altogether) and a further 7 x 10(3)-8 x 10(3) form-II enzyme molecules, as measured by end-labelling of nascent RNA. RNA polymerase II was partially purified from both types of extracts and shown to initiate very poorly on high-molecular-weight homologous DNA irrespective of the source of the enzyme.", "PMID": 534487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6071", "title": "Subcellular distribution and properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase from 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatomas.", "content": "The subcellular distribution and properties of four aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes (I-IV) identified in 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatomas and three aldehyde dehydrogenases (I-III) identified in normal rat liver are compared. In normal liver, mitochondria (50%) and microsomal fraction (27%) possess the majority of the aldehyde dehydrogenase, with cytosol possessing little, if any, activity. Isoenzymes I-III can be identified in both fractions and differ from each other on the basis of substrate and coenzyme specificity, substrate K(m), inhibition by disulfiram and anti-(hepatoma aldehyde dehydrogenase) sera, and/or isoelectric point. Hepatomas possess considerable cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (20%), in addition to mitochondrial (23%) and microsomal (35%) activity. Although isoenzymes I-III are present in tumour mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, little isoenzyme I or II is found in cytosol. Of hepatoma cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, 50% is a hepatoma-specific isoenzyme (IV), differing in several properties from isoenzymes I-III; the remainder of the tumour cytosolic activity is due to isoenzyme III (48%). The data indicate that the tumour-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotype is explainable by qualitative and quantitative changes involving primarily cytosolic and microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase. The qualitative change requires the derepression of a gene for an aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in normal liver only after exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotics. The quantitative change involves both an increase in activity and a change in subcellular location of a basal normal-liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzyme.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution and properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase from 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatomas. The subcellular distribution and properties of four aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes (I-IV) identified in 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatomas and three aldehyde dehydrogenases (I-III) identified in normal rat liver are compared. In normal liver, mitochondria (50%) and microsomal fraction (27%) possess the majority of the aldehyde dehydrogenase, with cytosol possessing little, if any, activity. Isoenzymes I-III can be identified in both fractions and differ from each other on the basis of substrate and coenzyme specificity, substrate K(m), inhibition by disulfiram and anti-(hepatoma aldehyde dehydrogenase) sera, and/or isoelectric point. Hepatomas possess considerable cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (20%), in addition to mitochondrial (23%) and microsomal (35%) activity. Although isoenzymes I-III are present in tumour mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, little isoenzyme I or II is found in cytosol. Of hepatoma cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, 50% is a hepatoma-specific isoenzyme (IV), differing in several properties from isoenzymes I-III; the remainder of the tumour cytosolic activity is due to isoenzyme III (48%). The data indicate that the tumour-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotype is explainable by qualitative and quantitative changes involving primarily cytosolic and microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase. The qualitative change requires the derepression of a gene for an aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in normal liver only after exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotics. The quantitative change involves both an increase in activity and a change in subcellular location of a basal normal-liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzyme.", "PMID": 534488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6072", "title": "Inhibition of bacteriophage-Q beta ribonucleic acid polymerase by guanosine triphosphate analogues.", "content": "Sixteen compounds related to GTP were evaluated as inhibitors of bacteriophage-Q beta poly(C)-dependent poly(G) polymerase. Non-phosphorylated compounds, including guanine, guanosine and deoxyguanosine, were inactive. Phosphorylated compounds gave significant inhibition at millimolar concentrations. For nucleotides the feature important for inhibition was the 5'-phosphate chain. Four triphosphates, XTP, ITP, 7-methyl-GTP and 2'-O-methyl-GTP, gave 50% inhibition of both the poly(C)- and poly(U2,C)-dependent reactions at concentrations from 0.1 to 5 mM. XTP was 10-fold more potent an inhibitor of the reaction with poly(U2,C) as template. None of these four compounds was able to substitute for GTP as substrate to a significant extent. The most active compound, 2'-O-methyl-GTP, was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.4 mM) of GTP in the poly(C)-dependent reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of bacteriophage-Q beta ribonucleic acid polymerase by guanosine triphosphate analogues. Sixteen compounds related to GTP were evaluated as inhibitors of bacteriophage-Q beta poly(C)-dependent poly(G) polymerase. Non-phosphorylated compounds, including guanine, guanosine and deoxyguanosine, were inactive. Phosphorylated compounds gave significant inhibition at millimolar concentrations. For nucleotides the feature important for inhibition was the 5'-phosphate chain. Four triphosphates, XTP, ITP, 7-methyl-GTP and 2'-O-methyl-GTP, gave 50% inhibition of both the poly(C)- and poly(U2,C)-dependent reactions at concentrations from 0.1 to 5 mM. XTP was 10-fold more potent an inhibitor of the reaction with poly(U2,C) as template. None of these four compounds was able to substitute for GTP as substrate to a significant extent. The most active compound, 2'-O-methyl-GTP, was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.4 mM) of GTP in the poly(C)-dependent reaction.", "PMID": 534489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6073", "title": "Increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria cells cultured with diphosphonates.", "content": "1. Dichloromethanediphosphonate and to a lesser degree 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, two compounds characterized by a P-C-P bond, increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of cultured rat calvaria cells up to 30 times in a dose-dependent fashion. 2. Both diphosphonates also slightly inhibited the protein synthesis in these cells. 3. Thymidine, an inhibitor of cell division, did not inhibit the induction of the enzyme, indicating that the increase in enzyme activity was not due to the formation of a specific population of cells with high alkaline phosphatase activity. 4. The effect on alkaline phosphatase was suppressed by the addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. 5. After subculturing the stimulated cells in medium without diphosphonates, the enzyme activity fell almost to the control value. 6. Bovine parathyrin diminished the enzyme activity of the control cells and the cells treated with dichloromethanediphosphonate; however, at high concentration the effect of parathyrin was greater on the diphosphonate-treated cells than on the control cells. 7. The electrophoretic behaviour, heat inactivation, inhibition by bromotetramisole or by phenylalanine, and the Km value of the induced enzyme were identical with that of the control enzyme.", "contents": "Increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria cells cultured with diphosphonates. 1. Dichloromethanediphosphonate and to a lesser degree 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, two compounds characterized by a P-C-P bond, increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of cultured rat calvaria cells up to 30 times in a dose-dependent fashion. 2. Both diphosphonates also slightly inhibited the protein synthesis in these cells. 3. Thymidine, an inhibitor of cell division, did not inhibit the induction of the enzyme, indicating that the increase in enzyme activity was not due to the formation of a specific population of cells with high alkaline phosphatase activity. 4. The effect on alkaline phosphatase was suppressed by the addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. 5. After subculturing the stimulated cells in medium without diphosphonates, the enzyme activity fell almost to the control value. 6. Bovine parathyrin diminished the enzyme activity of the control cells and the cells treated with dichloromethanediphosphonate; however, at high concentration the effect of parathyrin was greater on the diphosphonate-treated cells than on the control cells. 7. The electrophoretic behaviour, heat inactivation, inhibition by bromotetramisole or by phenylalanine, and the Km value of the induced enzyme were identical with that of the control enzyme.", "PMID": 534490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6074", "title": "A reaction for the simple sensitive fluorimetric assay of heparin and 2-amino sugars.", "content": "1. 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid reacted rapidly with the product from HNO(2) deamination of heparin, heparan sulphate and 2-amino-2-deoxyhexoses under very mild conditions (pH3.0 and 37 degrees C) to give stable fluorescent derivatives. 2. The fluorescence yield was rectilinearly related to the concentration of heparin etc. Less than 0.1mug of 2-amino-2-deoxyhexose was easily measurable in standard cuvettes. 3. The deamination products of glucosamine and (particularly) galactosamine were labile in the HNO(2) reagent, with half-lives of 20-40min at room temperature. At 0 degrees C they were much more stable. The analogous product from heparin was not so labile. 4. Under the standard conditions, and at room temperature, relative fluorescence yields (d-glucosamine=1.0) were: d-galactosamine, 0.75; d-gulosamine, 0.38; d-mannosamine, approx. 0.20. 5. Neutral sugars, chondroitin sulphates, DNA and N-acetylneuraminic acids did not react, nor did N-acetylamino sugars or non-deaminated hexosamines. 6. It is suggested that the Dische-Borenfreund [Dische & Borenfreund (1950) J. Biol. Chem.184, 517-522] indole method, the Kissane-Robins [Kissane & Robins (1962) J. Biol. Chem.233, 184-188] DNA assay and the proposed amino sugar method are all examples of simple aldehyde reactions. The specificity of the proposed method is considerably greater than that of the Dische-Borenfreund procedure, partly because of the much milder reaction conditions. 7. The proposed method is very reproducible, about 50-100 times as sensitive as the Elson-Morgan reaction, and 10-50 times as sensitive as the Dische-Borenfreund procedures. It is also convenient; acid hydrolysates of amino sugar-containing compounds can be directly neutralized with sodium acetate solution.", "contents": "A reaction for the simple sensitive fluorimetric assay of heparin and 2-amino sugars. 1. 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid reacted rapidly with the product from HNO(2) deamination of heparin, heparan sulphate and 2-amino-2-deoxyhexoses under very mild conditions (pH3.0 and 37 degrees C) to give stable fluorescent derivatives. 2. The fluorescence yield was rectilinearly related to the concentration of heparin etc. Less than 0.1mug of 2-amino-2-deoxyhexose was easily measurable in standard cuvettes. 3. The deamination products of glucosamine and (particularly) galactosamine were labile in the HNO(2) reagent, with half-lives of 20-40min at room temperature. At 0 degrees C they were much more stable. The analogous product from heparin was not so labile. 4. Under the standard conditions, and at room temperature, relative fluorescence yields (d-glucosamine=1.0) were: d-galactosamine, 0.75; d-gulosamine, 0.38; d-mannosamine, approx. 0.20. 5. Neutral sugars, chondroitin sulphates, DNA and N-acetylneuraminic acids did not react, nor did N-acetylamino sugars or non-deaminated hexosamines. 6. It is suggested that the Dische-Borenfreund [Dische & Borenfreund (1950) J. Biol. Chem.184, 517-522] indole method, the Kissane-Robins [Kissane & Robins (1962) J. Biol. Chem.233, 184-188] DNA assay and the proposed amino sugar method are all examples of simple aldehyde reactions. The specificity of the proposed method is considerably greater than that of the Dische-Borenfreund procedure, partly because of the much milder reaction conditions. 7. The proposed method is very reproducible, about 50-100 times as sensitive as the Elson-Morgan reaction, and 10-50 times as sensitive as the Dische-Borenfreund procedures. It is also convenient; acid hydrolysates of amino sugar-containing compounds can be directly neutralized with sodium acetate solution.", "PMID": 534491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6075", "title": "Alteration of the porphyrin nucleus of cytochrome P-450 caused in the liver by treatment with allyl-containing drugs. Is the modified porphyrin N-substituted?", "content": "A spectral study was carried out of the green pigments produced by allyl-containing drugs and a comparison made with N-methylated octaethylporphyrin and 2,4-diformyldeuteroporphyrin. The green pigments resemble the former (and markedly differ from the latter) in the intensity of the bathochromic shifts, titration curves with trifluoroacetic acid and rate of incorporation of metal ions in vitro.", "contents": "Alteration of the porphyrin nucleus of cytochrome P-450 caused in the liver by treatment with allyl-containing drugs. Is the modified porphyrin N-substituted? A spectral study was carried out of the green pigments produced by allyl-containing drugs and a comparison made with N-methylated octaethylporphyrin and 2,4-diformyldeuteroporphyrin. The green pigments resemble the former (and markedly differ from the latter) in the intensity of the bathochromic shifts, titration curves with trifluoroacetic acid and rate of incorporation of metal ions in vitro.", "PMID": 534492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6076", "title": "Lectin-binding proteins in central-nervous-system myelin. Detection of glycoproteins of purified myelin on polyacrylamide gels by [3h]concanavalin A binding.", "content": "Concanavalin A strongly agglutinates purified fragments of immature and mature rat brain myelin, but only weakly agglutinates mature bovine and human myelin fragments. A sensitive method involving [3H]concanavalin binding to sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels was used to detect the concanavalin A-binding proteins in purified myelin. When applied to mature rat brain myelin proteins that had been labelled in vivo with [14C]fucose, the distribution of the [3H]concanavalin A on the gel was very similar to that of [14C]fucose with the major peak corresponding to the major myelin-associated glycoprotein. The technique revealed that the immature form of the myelin-associated glycoprotein with a slightly larger apparent molecular weight also bound concanavalin A, and that in purified immature rat myelin the quantitative importance of some of the other glycoproteins in binding concanavalin A was increased relative to the myelin-associated glycoprotein. The separated proteins of bovine and human myelin bound more [3H]-concanavalin A than those of rat myelin. In these species, the myelin-associated glycoprotein was a major concanavalin A-binding protein, although two higher-molecular-weight glycoproteins also bound significant quantities of [3H]concanavalin A. The results indicate that there are receptors for concanavalin A on the surface of rat, bovine and human myelin membranes and suggest that the myelin-associated glycoprotein is one of the principal receptors.", "contents": "Lectin-binding proteins in central-nervous-system myelin. Detection of glycoproteins of purified myelin on polyacrylamide gels by [3h]concanavalin A binding. Concanavalin A strongly agglutinates purified fragments of immature and mature rat brain myelin, but only weakly agglutinates mature bovine and human myelin fragments. A sensitive method involving [3H]concanavalin binding to sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels was used to detect the concanavalin A-binding proteins in purified myelin. When applied to mature rat brain myelin proteins that had been labelled in vivo with [14C]fucose, the distribution of the [3H]concanavalin A on the gel was very similar to that of [14C]fucose with the major peak corresponding to the major myelin-associated glycoprotein. The technique revealed that the immature form of the myelin-associated glycoprotein with a slightly larger apparent molecular weight also bound concanavalin A, and that in purified immature rat myelin the quantitative importance of some of the other glycoproteins in binding concanavalin A was increased relative to the myelin-associated glycoprotein. The separated proteins of bovine and human myelin bound more [3H]-concanavalin A than those of rat myelin. In these species, the myelin-associated glycoprotein was a major concanavalin A-binding protein, although two higher-molecular-weight glycoproteins also bound significant quantities of [3H]concanavalin A. The results indicate that there are receptors for concanavalin A on the surface of rat, bovine and human myelin membranes and suggest that the myelin-associated glycoprotein is one of the principal receptors.", "PMID": 534493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6077", "title": "Lectin-binding proteins in central-nervous-system myelin. Binding of glycoproteins in purified myelin to immobilized lectins.", "content": "The capacities of immature and mature rat brain myelin, bovine myelin and human myelin to be agglutinated by soya-bean agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, wheatgerm agglutinin, and Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin were examined. The first two lectins, which are specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, strongly agglutinated immature and mature rat myelin, weakly agglutinated bovine myelin, but did not affect human myelin. The other myelin and lectin combinations resulted in very weak or no agglutination. [(3)H]Fucose-labelled glycoproteins of purified adult rat brain myelin were solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulphate and allowed to bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose and each of the other lectins mentioned above, which had been immobilized on agarose. About 60% of the radioactive fucose was in glycoproteins that bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose and these glycoproteins could be eluted with solutions containing methyl alpha-d-mannoside and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Periodate/Schiff staining or radioactive counting of analytical gels showed that most of the major myelin-associated glycoprotein (apparent mol.wt. approx. 100000) bound to the concanavalin A, whereas the glycoproteins that did not bind were mostly of lower molecular weight. Preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the glycoprotein fraction that was eluted with methyl alpha-d-mannoside yielded a relatively pure preparation of the myelin-associated glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained with each of the other lectins, i.e. the myelin-associated glycoprotein was in the fraction that bound to the immobilized lectin. Double-labelling experiments utilizing [(3)H]fucose-labelled glycoproteins from adult myelin and [(14)C]fucose-labelled glycoproteins from 14-day-old rat brain myelin did not reveal any difference in the binding of the mature and immature glycoproteins to any of the immobilized lectins. The results in this and the preceding paper [McIntyre, Quarles & Brady (1979) Biochem. J.183, 205-212] suggest that the myelin-associated glycoprotein is one of the principal receptors for concanavalin A and other lectins in myelin, and that this property can be utilized for the purification of this glycoprotein.", "contents": "Lectin-binding proteins in central-nervous-system myelin. Binding of glycoproteins in purified myelin to immobilized lectins. The capacities of immature and mature rat brain myelin, bovine myelin and human myelin to be agglutinated by soya-bean agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, wheatgerm agglutinin, and Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin were examined. The first two lectins, which are specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, strongly agglutinated immature and mature rat myelin, weakly agglutinated bovine myelin, but did not affect human myelin. The other myelin and lectin combinations resulted in very weak or no agglutination. [(3)H]Fucose-labelled glycoproteins of purified adult rat brain myelin were solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulphate and allowed to bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose and each of the other lectins mentioned above, which had been immobilized on agarose. About 60% of the radioactive fucose was in glycoproteins that bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose and these glycoproteins could be eluted with solutions containing methyl alpha-d-mannoside and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Periodate/Schiff staining or radioactive counting of analytical gels showed that most of the major myelin-associated glycoprotein (apparent mol.wt. approx. 100000) bound to the concanavalin A, whereas the glycoproteins that did not bind were mostly of lower molecular weight. Preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the glycoprotein fraction that was eluted with methyl alpha-d-mannoside yielded a relatively pure preparation of the myelin-associated glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained with each of the other lectins, i.e. the myelin-associated glycoprotein was in the fraction that bound to the immobilized lectin. Double-labelling experiments utilizing [(3)H]fucose-labelled glycoproteins from adult myelin and [(14)C]fucose-labelled glycoproteins from 14-day-old rat brain myelin did not reveal any difference in the binding of the mature and immature glycoproteins to any of the immobilized lectins. The results in this and the preceding paper [McIntyre, Quarles & Brady (1979) Biochem. J.183, 205-212] suggest that the myelin-associated glycoprotein is one of the principal receptors for concanavalin A and other lectins in myelin, and that this property can be utilized for the purification of this glycoprotein.", "PMID": 534494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6078", "title": "Wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase. Steady-state kinetics and stereochemistry of the binding site for L-aspartate.", "content": "1. The steady-state kinetics of the bisubstrate reaction catalysed by aspartate transcarbamoylase purified from wheat (Triticum vulgare)-germ have been studied at 25 degrees C, pH 8.5 AND I 0.10-0.12. Initial-velocity and product-inhibition results are consistent with an ordered sequential mechanism in which carbamoyl phosphate is the first substrate to bind, followed by L-aspartate, and carbamoyl aspartate is the first product to leave, followed by Pi. The order of substrate addition is supported by dead-end inhibition studies using pyrophosphate and maleate as inhibitory analogues of the substrates. Product inhibition permitted a minimum value for the dissociation constant of L-aspartate from the ternary complex to be estimated. This minimum is of the same order as the dissociation constant (Ki) of succinate. 2. A range of dicarboxy analogues of L-aspartate were tested as possible inhibitors of the enzyme. These studies suggested that L-aspartate is bound with its carboxy groups in the eclipsed configuration, and that the stereochemical constraints around the binding site are very similar to those reported for the catalytic subunit of the enzyme from Escherichia coli [Davies, Vanaman & Stark (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 1175-1179].", "contents": "Wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase. Steady-state kinetics and stereochemistry of the binding site for L-aspartate. 1. The steady-state kinetics of the bisubstrate reaction catalysed by aspartate transcarbamoylase purified from wheat (Triticum vulgare)-germ have been studied at 25 degrees C, pH 8.5 AND I 0.10-0.12. Initial-velocity and product-inhibition results are consistent with an ordered sequential mechanism in which carbamoyl phosphate is the first substrate to bind, followed by L-aspartate, and carbamoyl aspartate is the first product to leave, followed by Pi. The order of substrate addition is supported by dead-end inhibition studies using pyrophosphate and maleate as inhibitory analogues of the substrates. Product inhibition permitted a minimum value for the dissociation constant of L-aspartate from the ternary complex to be estimated. This minimum is of the same order as the dissociation constant (Ki) of succinate. 2. A range of dicarboxy analogues of L-aspartate were tested as possible inhibitors of the enzyme. These studies suggested that L-aspartate is bound with its carboxy groups in the eclipsed configuration, and that the stereochemical constraints around the binding site are very similar to those reported for the catalytic subunit of the enzyme from Escherichia coli [Davies, Vanaman & Stark (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 1175-1179].", "PMID": 534495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6079", "title": "Purification and properties of plaice metallothionein, a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).", "content": "A low-molecular-weight protein induced in the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) by exposure to cadmium was purified and characterized. It is closely similar to mammalian metallothioneins in all of its properties in that it is a single-chain cadmium-binding protein of approx. 7000 mol.wt. with a high cysteine content (31 mol%) and no aromatic amino acid residues. The thiol groups of the cysteine residues complex with the cadmium in a SH/Cd molar ratio of 3:1 and produce a characteristic absorption maximum at 250 nm. Unlike the mammalian metallothioneins, however, metal analyses reveal only traces of zinc and copper in addition to cadmium. The presence of carbohydrate previously assumed from a positive reaction with periodic acid/Schiff reagent has now been disproved, and the positive reaction attributed to interaction with the thiol groups in the protein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of plaice metallothionein, a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). A low-molecular-weight protein induced in the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) by exposure to cadmium was purified and characterized. It is closely similar to mammalian metallothioneins in all of its properties in that it is a single-chain cadmium-binding protein of approx. 7000 mol.wt. with a high cysteine content (31 mol%) and no aromatic amino acid residues. The thiol groups of the cysteine residues complex with the cadmium in a SH/Cd molar ratio of 3:1 and produce a characteristic absorption maximum at 250 nm. Unlike the mammalian metallothioneins, however, metal analyses reveal only traces of zinc and copper in addition to cadmium. The presence of carbohydrate previously assumed from a positive reaction with periodic acid/Schiff reagent has now been disproved, and the positive reaction attributed to interaction with the thiol groups in the protein.", "PMID": 534496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6080", "title": "Calmodulin-binding proteins from brain and other tissues.", "content": "The calmodulin contents of rabbit brain, lung, kidney and liver, of bovine aorta and uterus, and of chicken gizzard have been determined. 2. The calmodulin in all of these tissues has been shown to be present in the form of very stable complexes with several other proteins. 3. A calmodulin-binding protein of mol.wt. 22 000 has been purified in high yield from bovine brain. It has been shown to interact with calmodulin and rabbit skeletal-muscle troponin C in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 4. The 22 000-mol.wt. protein inhibits the activation of bovine brain phosphodiesterase by calmodulin, but has very little affect on the activation of myosin light-chain kinase. 5. Calmodulin-binding proteins of mol.wts. 140000, 77000 and 61000 have also been partially purified from rabbit brain by affinity chromatography and have been shown to interact in a Ca2+-dependent manner with calmodulin. 6. The apparent molecular weights of the calmodulin-calmodulin-binding protein complexes, determined by gel filtration in the presence of 6M-urea, have been shown to be similar for most of the mammalian tissues examined. 7. By using 125I-labelled calmodulin, similar complexes have been demonstrated in rabbit skeletal muscle, although they are present at much lower concentrations.", "contents": "Calmodulin-binding proteins from brain and other tissues. The calmodulin contents of rabbit brain, lung, kidney and liver, of bovine aorta and uterus, and of chicken gizzard have been determined. 2. The calmodulin in all of these tissues has been shown to be present in the form of very stable complexes with several other proteins. 3. A calmodulin-binding protein of mol.wt. 22 000 has been purified in high yield from bovine brain. It has been shown to interact with calmodulin and rabbit skeletal-muscle troponin C in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 4. The 22 000-mol.wt. protein inhibits the activation of bovine brain phosphodiesterase by calmodulin, but has very little affect on the activation of myosin light-chain kinase. 5. Calmodulin-binding proteins of mol.wts. 140000, 77000 and 61000 have also been partially purified from rabbit brain by affinity chromatography and have been shown to interact in a Ca2+-dependent manner with calmodulin. 6. The apparent molecular weights of the calmodulin-calmodulin-binding protein complexes, determined by gel filtration in the presence of 6M-urea, have been shown to be similar for most of the mammalian tissues examined. 7. By using 125I-labelled calmodulin, similar complexes have been demonstrated in rabbit skeletal muscle, although they are present at much lower concentrations.", "PMID": 534497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6081", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylation. A requirement for two distinct types of mixed-function-oxidase systems.", "content": "Carbon monoxide inhibited the removal of C-32 of dihydrolanosterol (I), but not of its metabolites 5 alpha-lanost-8-ene-3 beta,32-diol (II) and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-lanost-8-en-32-al (III). It appears therefore that cytochrome P-450 is a component of the enzyme system required to initiate oxidation of the 14 alpha-methyl group, but not of that responsible for the subsequent oxidation steps required for elimination of C-32 as formic acid. Non-radioactive compounds (II) and (III), when added to cell-free systems actively converting dihydrolanosterol into cholesterol, inhibited 14 alpha-demethylation measured by the rate of formation of labelled cholesterol from dihydro[1,7,15,22,26,30-14C]lanosterol or of labelled formic acid from dihydro[32-14C]lanosterol. However, neither compound (II) nor compound (III) accumulated radioactive label under these conditions. These observations could be attributed partly to inhibition of the initial oxidation of the 14 alpha-methyl group by compounds (II) and (III).", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylation. A requirement for two distinct types of mixed-function-oxidase systems. Carbon monoxide inhibited the removal of C-32 of dihydrolanosterol (I), but not of its metabolites 5 alpha-lanost-8-ene-3 beta,32-diol (II) and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-lanost-8-en-32-al (III). It appears therefore that cytochrome P-450 is a component of the enzyme system required to initiate oxidation of the 14 alpha-methyl group, but not of that responsible for the subsequent oxidation steps required for elimination of C-32 as formic acid. Non-radioactive compounds (II) and (III), when added to cell-free systems actively converting dihydrolanosterol into cholesterol, inhibited 14 alpha-demethylation measured by the rate of formation of labelled cholesterol from dihydro[1,7,15,22,26,30-14C]lanosterol or of labelled formic acid from dihydro[32-14C]lanosterol. However, neither compound (II) nor compound (III) accumulated radioactive label under these conditions. These observations could be attributed partly to inhibition of the initial oxidation of the 14 alpha-methyl group by compounds (II) and (III).", "PMID": 534498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6082", "title": "Counteraction of urea destabilization of protein structure by methylamine osmoregulatory compounds of elasmobranch fishes.", "content": "Intracellular fluids of marine elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays), holocephalans and the coelacanth contain urea at concentrations averaging 0.4m, high enough to significantly affect the structural and functional properties of many proteins. Also present in the cells of these fishes are a family of methylamine compounds, largely trimethylamine N-oxide with some betaine and sarcosine, and certain free amino acids, mainly beta-alanine and taurine, whose total concentration is approx. 0.2m. These methylamine compounds and amino acids have been found to be effective stabilizers of protein structure, and, at a 1:2 molar concentration ratio of these compounds to urea, perturbations of protein structure by urea are largely or fully offset. These counteracting effects of solutes on proteins are seen for: (1) thermal stability of protein secondary and tertiary structure (bovine ribonuclease); (2) the rate and extent of enzyme renaturation after acid denaturation (rabbit and shark lactate dehydrogenases); and (3) the reactivity of thiol groups of an enzyme (bovine glutamate dehydrogenase). Attaining osmotic equilibrium with seawater by these fishes has thus involved the selective accumulation of certain nitrogenous metabolites that individually have significant effects on protein structure, but that have virtually no net effects on proteins when these solutes are present at elasmobranch physiological concentrations. These experiments indicate that evolutionary changes in intracellular solute compositions as well as in protein amino acid sequences can have important roles in intracellular protein function.", "contents": "Counteraction of urea destabilization of protein structure by methylamine osmoregulatory compounds of elasmobranch fishes. Intracellular fluids of marine elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays), holocephalans and the coelacanth contain urea at concentrations averaging 0.4m, high enough to significantly affect the structural and functional properties of many proteins. Also present in the cells of these fishes are a family of methylamine compounds, largely trimethylamine N-oxide with some betaine and sarcosine, and certain free amino acids, mainly beta-alanine and taurine, whose total concentration is approx. 0.2m. These methylamine compounds and amino acids have been found to be effective stabilizers of protein structure, and, at a 1:2 molar concentration ratio of these compounds to urea, perturbations of protein structure by urea are largely or fully offset. These counteracting effects of solutes on proteins are seen for: (1) thermal stability of protein secondary and tertiary structure (bovine ribonuclease); (2) the rate and extent of enzyme renaturation after acid denaturation (rabbit and shark lactate dehydrogenases); and (3) the reactivity of thiol groups of an enzyme (bovine glutamate dehydrogenase). Attaining osmotic equilibrium with seawater by these fishes has thus involved the selective accumulation of certain nitrogenous metabolites that individually have significant effects on protein structure, but that have virtually no net effects on proteins when these solutes are present at elasmobranch physiological concentrations. These experiments indicate that evolutionary changes in intracellular solute compositions as well as in protein amino acid sequences can have important roles in intracellular protein function.", "PMID": 534499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6083", "title": "Purification of fibronectin from human plasma by affinity chromatography under non-denaturing conditions.", "content": "Fibronectin was purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography under nondenaturing conditions. The method was based on the previously known binding of fibronectin to gelatin. The novel features of our method are the use of arginine in the elution of fibronectin from immobilized gelatin [Vuento & Vaheri (1978) Biochem. J. 175, 333-336] and the use of arginine-agarose as second affinity step. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The yield was 60%. We propose that the method would be useful in preparation of fibronectin for studies on its biological activities, where it is important that the protein is obtained in a native state.", "contents": "Purification of fibronectin from human plasma by affinity chromatography under non-denaturing conditions. Fibronectin was purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography under nondenaturing conditions. The method was based on the previously known binding of fibronectin to gelatin. The novel features of our method are the use of arginine in the elution of fibronectin from immobilized gelatin [Vuento & Vaheri (1978) Biochem. J. 175, 333-336] and the use of arginine-agarose as second affinity step. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The yield was 60%. We propose that the method would be useful in preparation of fibronectin for studies on its biological activities, where it is important that the protein is obtained in a native state.", "PMID": 534500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6084", "title": "Purification and some physico-chemical and enzymic properties of a calcium ion-activated neutral proteinase from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase was purified from rabbit skeletal muscle by a method involving DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, affinity chromatography on organomercurial-Sepharose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and Sephadex G-150. The SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate)/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis data show that the purified enzyme contains only one polypeptide chain of mol.wt. 73000. The purification procedure used allowed us to eliminate a contaminant containing two components of mol.wt. about 30000 each. Whole casein or alpha(1)-casein were hydrolysed with a maximum rate at 30 degrees C, pH7.5, and with 5mm-CaCl(2), but myofibrils were found to be a very susceptible substrate for this proteinase. This activity is associated with the destruction of the Z-discs, which is caused by the solubilization of the Z-line proteins. The activity of the proteinase in vitro is not limited to the removal of Z-line. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis on larger plates showed the ability of the proteinase to degrade myofibrils more extensively than previously supposed. This proteolysis resulted in the production of a 30000-dalton component as well as in various other higher- and lower-molecular-weight peptide fragments. Troponin T, troponin I, alpha-tropomyosin, some high-molecular-weight proteins (M protein, heavy chain of myosin) and three unidentified proteins are degraded. Thus the number of proteinase-sensitive regions in the myofibrils is greater than as previously reported by Dayton, Goll, Zeece, Robson & Reville [(1976) Biochemistry15, 2150-2158]. The Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase is not a chymotrypsin- or trypsin-like enzyme, but it reacted with all the classic thiol-proteinase inhibitors for cathepsin B, papain, bromelain and ficin. Thus the proteinase was proved to have an essential thiol group. Antipain and leupeptin are also inhibitors of the Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase.", "contents": "Purification and some physico-chemical and enzymic properties of a calcium ion-activated neutral proteinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase was purified from rabbit skeletal muscle by a method involving DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, affinity chromatography on organomercurial-Sepharose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and Sephadex G-150. The SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate)/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis data show that the purified enzyme contains only one polypeptide chain of mol.wt. 73000. The purification procedure used allowed us to eliminate a contaminant containing two components of mol.wt. about 30000 each. Whole casein or alpha(1)-casein were hydrolysed with a maximum rate at 30 degrees C, pH7.5, and with 5mm-CaCl(2), but myofibrils were found to be a very susceptible substrate for this proteinase. This activity is associated with the destruction of the Z-discs, which is caused by the solubilization of the Z-line proteins. The activity of the proteinase in vitro is not limited to the removal of Z-line. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis on larger plates showed the ability of the proteinase to degrade myofibrils more extensively than previously supposed. This proteolysis resulted in the production of a 30000-dalton component as well as in various other higher- and lower-molecular-weight peptide fragments. Troponin T, troponin I, alpha-tropomyosin, some high-molecular-weight proteins (M protein, heavy chain of myosin) and three unidentified proteins are degraded. Thus the number of proteinase-sensitive regions in the myofibrils is greater than as previously reported by Dayton, Goll, Zeece, Robson & Reville [(1976) Biochemistry15, 2150-2158]. The Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase is not a chymotrypsin- or trypsin-like enzyme, but it reacted with all the classic thiol-proteinase inhibitors for cathepsin B, papain, bromelain and ficin. Thus the proteinase was proved to have an essential thiol group. Antipain and leupeptin are also inhibitors of the Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase.", "PMID": 534501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6085", "title": "Reactions of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase with DOPA.", "content": "The study of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase by steady-state methods is difficult because multiple reactions occur. The reaction with DOPA was studied at enzyme concentrations between 20 and 50 micrometer by direct observation of the bound coenzyme by using stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Four processes were observed on different time scales and three of these were attributed to stages in the decarboxylation. The fourth was attributed to an accompanying transamination that renders the enzyme inactive. It was clear that much, if not all, of the 330 nm-absorbing coenzyme present in the free enzyme plays an active part in the decarboxylation, since it is converted into 420 nm-absorbing material in the first observable step. An intermediate absorbing maximally at 390 nm is formed in a slower step. Rate and equilibrium constants have been determined and the ratio of decarboxylation to transamination was estimated to be 1200:1.", "contents": "Reactions of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase with DOPA. The study of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase by steady-state methods is difficult because multiple reactions occur. The reaction with DOPA was studied at enzyme concentrations between 20 and 50 micrometer by direct observation of the bound coenzyme by using stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Four processes were observed on different time scales and three of these were attributed to stages in the decarboxylation. The fourth was attributed to an accompanying transamination that renders the enzyme inactive. It was clear that much, if not all, of the 330 nm-absorbing coenzyme present in the free enzyme plays an active part in the decarboxylation, since it is converted into 420 nm-absorbing material in the first observable step. An intermediate absorbing maximally at 390 nm is formed in a slower step. Rate and equilibrium constants have been determined and the ratio of decarboxylation to transamination was estimated to be 1200:1.", "PMID": 534502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6086", "title": "Evidence for association-activation effects in reactions of papain from studies on its reactivity towards isomeric two-protonic-state reactivity probes.", "content": "4-(N-Aminoethyl 4-pyridyl disulphide)-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole was synthesized and evaluted as a two-protonic-state reactivity probe by kinetic study of its reactions with papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and with benzimidazol-2-ylmethanethiol. Evidence is presented to suggest that: (i) both this probe molecule and its 2-pyridyl isomer bind to papain; (ii) the binding is followed by a change in the environment of the thiol group of cysteine-25; (iii) the striking rate maximum in neutral media observed in the reaction of papain with the 2-pyridyl isomer but not with the 4-pyridyl isomer arises from association of the 2-pyridyl leaving group with the imidazolium ion of histidine-159.", "contents": "Evidence for association-activation effects in reactions of papain from studies on its reactivity towards isomeric two-protonic-state reactivity probes. 4-(N-Aminoethyl 4-pyridyl disulphide)-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole was synthesized and evaluted as a two-protonic-state reactivity probe by kinetic study of its reactions with papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and with benzimidazol-2-ylmethanethiol. Evidence is presented to suggest that: (i) both this probe molecule and its 2-pyridyl isomer bind to papain; (ii) the binding is followed by a change in the environment of the thiol group of cysteine-25; (iii) the striking rate maximum in neutral media observed in the reaction of papain with the 2-pyridyl isomer but not with the 4-pyridyl isomer arises from association of the 2-pyridyl leaving group with the imidazolium ion of histidine-159.", "PMID": 534503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6087", "title": "Extended amino acid sequences around the active-site lysine residue of class-I fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from rabbit muscle, sturgeon muscle, trout muscle and ox liver.", "content": "1. Amino acid sequences covering the region between residues 173 and 248 [adopting the numbering system proposed by Lai, Nakai & Chang (1974) Science 183, 1204-1206] were derived for trout (Salmo trutta) muscle aldolase and for ox liver aldolase. A comparable sequence was derived for residues 180-248 of sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) muscle aldolase. The close homology with the rabbit muscle enzyme was used to align the peptides of the other aldolases from which the sequences were derived. The results also allowed a partial sequence for the N-terminal 39 residues for the ox liver enzyme to be deduced. 2. In the light of the strong homology evinced for these enzymes, a re-investigation of the amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle aldolase between residues 181 and 185 was undertaken. This indicated the presence of a hitherto unsuspected -Ile-Val-sequence between residues 181 and 182 and the need to invert the sequence -Glu-Val- to -Val-Glx- at positions 184 and 185. 3. Comparison of the available amino acid sequences of these enzymes suggested an early evolutionary divergence of the genes for muscle and liver aldolases. It  was also consistent with other evidence that the central region of the primary structure of these enzymes (which includes the active-site lysine-227) forms part of a conserved folding domain in the protein subunit. 4. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences proposed has been deposited as Suy Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Extended amino acid sequences around the active-site lysine residue of class-I fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from rabbit muscle, sturgeon muscle, trout muscle and ox liver. 1. Amino acid sequences covering the region between residues 173 and 248 [adopting the numbering system proposed by Lai, Nakai & Chang (1974) Science 183, 1204-1206] were derived for trout (Salmo trutta) muscle aldolase and for ox liver aldolase. A comparable sequence was derived for residues 180-248 of sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) muscle aldolase. The close homology with the rabbit muscle enzyme was used to align the peptides of the other aldolases from which the sequences were derived. The results also allowed a partial sequence for the N-terminal 39 residues for the ox liver enzyme to be deduced. 2. In the light of the strong homology evinced for these enzymes, a re-investigation of the amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle aldolase between residues 181 and 185 was undertaken. This indicated the presence of a hitherto unsuspected -Ile-Val-sequence between residues 181 and 182 and the need to invert the sequence -Glu-Val- to -Val-Glx- at positions 184 and 185. 3. Comparison of the available amino acid sequences of these enzymes suggested an early evolutionary divergence of the genes for muscle and liver aldolases. It  was also consistent with other evidence that the central region of the primary structure of these enzymes (which includes the active-site lysine-227) forms part of a conserved folding domain in the protein subunit. 4. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences proposed has been deposited as Suy Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 534504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6088", "title": "The reversible immobilization of proteins on nylon activated through the formation of a substituted imidoester, and its unusual properties.", "content": "Alkylation of nylon produces nylon imidate, which is used for the covalent coupling of enzymes and other proteins and ligands. Nylon imidate is unusually stable when stored wet, with a half-life of about 60 days. Reaction with enzymes has an optimum about pH 7-8 and is extremely rapid, with about 60% of the reaction being complete in the first 10 min. The amidine formed in reaction with an amino group can be displaced by another nucleophile. In view of this finding that nylon amidine is capable of exchanging proteins, it is now concluded that nylon-tube reactors containing immobilized enzymes made by this method may not be used as extracorporeal shunts or as on-line monitors on patients, since the enzyme in the reactor may be released into the circulation by nucleophiles in the blood. This can lead to complications. The chemistry of this displacement reaction is discussed.", "contents": "The reversible immobilization of proteins on nylon activated through the formation of a substituted imidoester, and its unusual properties. Alkylation of nylon produces nylon imidate, which is used for the covalent coupling of enzymes and other proteins and ligands. Nylon imidate is unusually stable when stored wet, with a half-life of about 60 days. Reaction with enzymes has an optimum about pH 7-8 and is extremely rapid, with about 60% of the reaction being complete in the first 10 min. The amidine formed in reaction with an amino group can be displaced by another nucleophile. In view of this finding that nylon amidine is capable of exchanging proteins, it is now concluded that nylon-tube reactors containing immobilized enzymes made by this method may not be used as extracorporeal shunts or as on-line monitors on patients, since the enzyme in the reactor may be released into the circulation by nucleophiles in the blood. This can lead to complications. The chemistry of this displacement reaction is discussed.", "PMID": 534505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6089", "title": "Decarboxylation of porphyrinogens by rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase.", "content": "The decarboxylations of uroporphyrinogens I and III and of heptacarboxylic, hexacarboxylic and pentacarboxylic porphyrinogens III by rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase were compared, and the results suggest that the removal of the first carboxy group from uroporphyrinogen III is a more rapid step than that from isomer I or the other substrates investigated.", "contents": "Decarboxylation of porphyrinogens by rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. The decarboxylations of uroporphyrinogens I and III and of heptacarboxylic, hexacarboxylic and pentacarboxylic porphyrinogens III by rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase were compared, and the results suggest that the removal of the first carboxy group from uroporphyrinogen III is a more rapid step than that from isomer I or the other substrates investigated.", "PMID": 534506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6090", "title": "Self-association of bovine immunoglobulin G1.", "content": "The self-association properties of bovine serum immunoglobulin G1 and colostral immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in 0.32 M-NaCl/0.01 M-Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, were investigated by analysing sedimentation data according to a monomer-dimer association model. The self-association was characterized by an equilibrium constant of 5.3 X 10(4) +/- 3.5 X 10(4) M-1 for serum IgG1 and 1.6 X 10(3) +/- 0.69 X 10(3) M-1 for colostral IgG1. The removal of the Fc portion of IgG1 by pepsin digestion abolished its property of self-aggregation. At high total protein concentrations of serum IgG1, low concentrations of the ostensible trimer species were observed. However, no self-aggregation was evident when 0.14 M-NaCl/0.01 M-sodium phosphate. pH 6.0, was used as a solvent, thus confirming results published previously [Tewari & Mukkur (1975) Immunochemistry 12, 925--930].", "contents": "Self-association of bovine immunoglobulin G1. The self-association properties of bovine serum immunoglobulin G1 and colostral immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in 0.32 M-NaCl/0.01 M-Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, were investigated by analysing sedimentation data according to a monomer-dimer association model. The self-association was characterized by an equilibrium constant of 5.3 X 10(4) +/- 3.5 X 10(4) M-1 for serum IgG1 and 1.6 X 10(3) +/- 0.69 X 10(3) M-1 for colostral IgG1. The removal of the Fc portion of IgG1 by pepsin digestion abolished its property of self-aggregation. At high total protein concentrations of serum IgG1, low concentrations of the ostensible trimer species were observed. However, no self-aggregation was evident when 0.14 M-NaCl/0.01 M-sodium phosphate. pH 6.0, was used as a solvent, thus confirming results published previously [Tewari & Mukkur (1975) Immunochemistry 12, 925--930].", "PMID": 534507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6091", "title": "Proteoglycans from adult human gingival epithelium.", "content": "Proteoglycans extracted from human gingival epithelium appear to contain a proportion of molecules that will interact with hyaluronic acid to form macromolecular aggregates. In contrast, proteoglycans from underlying connective tissue behaved differently. The interactions of hyaluronic acid with proteoglycans from either epithelium or cartilage may be similar, but not necessarily identical.", "contents": "Proteoglycans from adult human gingival epithelium. Proteoglycans extracted from human gingival epithelium appear to contain a proportion of molecules that will interact with hyaluronic acid to form macromolecular aggregates. In contrast, proteoglycans from underlying connective tissue behaved differently. The interactions of hyaluronic acid with proteoglycans from either epithelium or cartilage may be similar, but not necessarily identical.", "PMID": 534508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6092", "title": "Mechanism of formation, spectrum and reactivity of half-reduced eight-iron Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin in pulse-radiolysis studies and the non-co-operativity of the four-iron clusters.", "content": "Reduction of fully oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum 8-Feox.,ox. ferredoxin by using pulse-radiolysis techniques yields the half-reduced species 8-Feox.,red. ferredoxin. The subsequent oxidation of 8-Feox.,red. ferredoxin with Co(NH3)5Cl2+ was studied. From a comparison with stopped-flow studies on the 2:1 Co(NH3)5Cl2+ oxidation of 8-Fered.,red. ferredoxin to the 8-Feox.,ox. form it is concluded that there is no redox co-operativity between the two 4-Fe centres in these reactions.", "contents": "Mechanism of formation, spectrum and reactivity of half-reduced eight-iron Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin in pulse-radiolysis studies and the non-co-operativity of the four-iron clusters. Reduction of fully oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum 8-Feox.,ox. ferredoxin by using pulse-radiolysis techniques yields the half-reduced species 8-Feox.,red. ferredoxin. The subsequent oxidation of 8-Feox.,red. ferredoxin with Co(NH3)5Cl2+ was studied. From a comparison with stopped-flow studies on the 2:1 Co(NH3)5Cl2+ oxidation of 8-Fered.,red. ferredoxin to the 8-Feox.,ox. form it is concluded that there is no redox co-operativity between the two 4-Fe centres in these reactions.", "PMID": 534509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6093", "title": "Microbubbles in replicating nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Clusters of microbubbles, represent probable sites of newly initiated DNA synthesis, were identified in nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum by using the electron microscope. Their presence is associated specifically with S-phase. Each microbubble corresponds in size to a replicating segment of DNA about 100-5000 nucleotide residues in length. The DNA structures containing microbubbles are metastable, and revert to native DNA in the presence of moderate concentrations of formamide used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. It is suggested that each cluster of microbubbles may correspond to a unit of replication (a replicon) in Physarum DNA.", "contents": "Microbubbles in replicating nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid from Physarum polycephalum. Clusters of microbubbles, represent probable sites of newly initiated DNA synthesis, were identified in nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum by using the electron microscope. Their presence is associated specifically with S-phase. Each microbubble corresponds in size to a replicating segment of DNA about 100-5000 nucleotide residues in length. The DNA structures containing microbubbles are metastable, and revert to native DNA in the presence of moderate concentrations of formamide used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. It is suggested that each cluster of microbubbles may correspond to a unit of replication (a replicon) in Physarum DNA.", "PMID": 534510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6094", "title": "Effects of insulin on lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipocytes from genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.", "content": "A method for the preparation of isolated adipocytes from obese mice is described. Similar yields of adipocytes (50--60%), as judged by several criteria, are obtained from obese mice and lean controls. Few fat-globules and no free nuclei were observed in cell preparations, which are metabolically active, respond to hormonal control and appear to be representative of intact adipose tissue. Noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was inhibited by insulin, equally in adipocytes from lean and obese mice. Inhibition in obese cells required exogenous glucose, and the insulin dose--response curve was shifted to the right. Basal lipogenesis from glucose was higher in adipocytes from obese mice, and the stimulatory effect of insulin was greater in cells from obese mice compared with lean controls. A rightward shift in the insulin dose--response curve was again observed with cells from obese animals. This suggests that adipose tissue from obese mice is insulin-sensitive at the high blood insulin concentrations found in vivo. The resistance of obese mice to the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin and their impaired tolerance to glucose loading appear to be associated with an impaired insulin response by muscle rather than by adipose tissue.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipocytes from genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. A method for the preparation of isolated adipocytes from obese mice is described. Similar yields of adipocytes (50--60%), as judged by several criteria, are obtained from obese mice and lean controls. Few fat-globules and no free nuclei were observed in cell preparations, which are metabolically active, respond to hormonal control and appear to be representative of intact adipose tissue. Noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was inhibited by insulin, equally in adipocytes from lean and obese mice. Inhibition in obese cells required exogenous glucose, and the insulin dose--response curve was shifted to the right. Basal lipogenesis from glucose was higher in adipocytes from obese mice, and the stimulatory effect of insulin was greater in cells from obese mice compared with lean controls. A rightward shift in the insulin dose--response curve was again observed with cells from obese animals. This suggests that adipose tissue from obese mice is insulin-sensitive at the high blood insulin concentrations found in vivo. The resistance of obese mice to the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin and their impaired tolerance to glucose loading appear to be associated with an impaired insulin response by muscle rather than by adipose tissue.", "PMID": 534511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6095", "title": "Interference with glycosylation of glycoproteins. Inhibition of formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in vivo.", "content": "Influenza-virus-infected cells were labelled with radioactive sugars and extracted to give fractions containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The oligosaccharides linked to lipid were of the 'high-mannose' type and contained glucose. In the glycoprotein fraction, radioactivity was associated with virus proteins and found to occur predominantly in the 'high-mannose' type of glycopeptides. In the presence of the inhibitors 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose (glucosamine), 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose incorporation of radiolabelled sugars into lipid- and protein-linked oligosaccharides was decreased. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibitors affected first the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and then protein glycosylation after a lag period. During inhibition by deoxyglucose and the fluoro sugars lipid-linked oligosaccharides were formed that contained oligosaccharides of decreased molecular weight. No such aberrant forms were found during inhibition by glucosamine. In the case of inhibition by deoxyglucose it was shown that the aberrant oligosaccharides were not transferred to protein. Inhibition of formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides by deoxyglucose and fluoro sugars was antagonized by mannose, in which case oligosaccharides of normal molecular weight were formed. The inhibition by glucosamine was reversed by its removal from the medium. The reversible effects of these inhibitors exemplify their usefulness as tools in the study of glycosylation processes.", "contents": "Interference with glycosylation of glycoproteins. Inhibition of formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in vivo. Influenza-virus-infected cells were labelled with radioactive sugars and extracted to give fractions containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The oligosaccharides linked to lipid were of the 'high-mannose' type and contained glucose. In the glycoprotein fraction, radioactivity was associated with virus proteins and found to occur predominantly in the 'high-mannose' type of glycopeptides. In the presence of the inhibitors 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose (glucosamine), 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose incorporation of radiolabelled sugars into lipid- and protein-linked oligosaccharides was decreased. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibitors affected first the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and then protein glycosylation after a lag period. During inhibition by deoxyglucose and the fluoro sugars lipid-linked oligosaccharides were formed that contained oligosaccharides of decreased molecular weight. No such aberrant forms were found during inhibition by glucosamine. In the case of inhibition by deoxyglucose it was shown that the aberrant oligosaccharides were not transferred to protein. Inhibition of formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides by deoxyglucose and fluoro sugars was antagonized by mannose, in which case oligosaccharides of normal molecular weight were formed. The inhibition by glucosamine was reversed by its removal from the medium. The reversible effects of these inhibitors exemplify their usefulness as tools in the study of glycosylation processes.", "PMID": 534512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6096", "title": "Effect of ionophores on carrier-mediated electron translocation in ferricyanide-containing liposomes.", "content": "Ferricyanide-containing liposomes were used as a system to compare the electron- and proton-translocating properties of six redox reagents commonly used as electron donors for biochemical systems. The effects of different ionophore combinations on the ferricyanide-reduction rate were generally consistent with the expected proton- and electron-translocating properties of the mediators. The transmembrane pH gradient produced by hydrogen carriers was demonstrated. Nigericin or valinomycin plus carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone are capable of collapsing this gradient and of stimulating ferricyanide reduction mediated by this type of carrier. No pH gradient is produced with the electron carrier 1,1'-dibutylferrocene. In the presence of tetraphenylboron anion, which is needed for this carrier to act as an efficient mediator, addition of valinomycin alone is sufficient to obtain full stimulation of ferricyanide reduction. NNN'N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine does not behave as a simple electron carrier. During NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-mediated ferricyanide reduction protons are translocated across the membrane and accumulated in the vesicles. This is not due to the presence of demethylated impurities in the NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine sample, but may be the result of an accumulation of oxidation products other than the Wurster's Blue radical. These results suggest a reconsideration of studies on protonmotive forces across membranes where NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine is used as a mediator.", "contents": "Effect of ionophores on carrier-mediated electron translocation in ferricyanide-containing liposomes. Ferricyanide-containing liposomes were used as a system to compare the electron- and proton-translocating properties of six redox reagents commonly used as electron donors for biochemical systems. The effects of different ionophore combinations on the ferricyanide-reduction rate were generally consistent with the expected proton- and electron-translocating properties of the mediators. The transmembrane pH gradient produced by hydrogen carriers was demonstrated. Nigericin or valinomycin plus carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone are capable of collapsing this gradient and of stimulating ferricyanide reduction mediated by this type of carrier. No pH gradient is produced with the electron carrier 1,1'-dibutylferrocene. In the presence of tetraphenylboron anion, which is needed for this carrier to act as an efficient mediator, addition of valinomycin alone is sufficient to obtain full stimulation of ferricyanide reduction. NNN'N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine does not behave as a simple electron carrier. During NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-mediated ferricyanide reduction protons are translocated across the membrane and accumulated in the vesicles. This is not due to the presence of demethylated impurities in the NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine sample, but may be the result of an accumulation of oxidation products other than the Wurster's Blue radical. These results suggest a reconsideration of studies on protonmotive forces across membranes where NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine is used as a mediator.", "PMID": 534513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6097", "title": "Chemiluminescence of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "1. Chemiluminescence of Acanthomoeba castellanii in the presence of O2 was of similar intensity in organisms harvested early or late during exponential growth [when cyanide (1 mM) stimulates or inhibits respiration respectively]. 2. Cyanide (up to 1.5 mM) stimulated photoemission in both types of organism by 250--300 photons/s per 10(7) cells above the value observed under aerobic conditions. 3. 'Dibromothymoquinone' (2,5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-p-benzoquinone) (up to 80 microM) further increased chemiluminescence. 4. Similar responses were also demonstrated in whole homogenates and in subcellular fractions; 36% of the chemiluminescence was provided by a fraction sedimenting at 100000g-min, and 20% in that fraction that was non-sedimentable at 200000g-min. 5. Mitochondrial substrates (succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, NADH) in the presence or absence of ADP and Pi or peroxisomal substrates (glycollate, urate or ethanol) gave no increases in light emission by whole homogenates or in any of the fractions. 6. It is suggested that reactions responsible for production of chemiluminescence are those primarily producing superoxide anions and leading to lipid peroxidation and singlet-oxygen formation. Photoemission enhancement and superoxide dismutase inhibition showed similar cyanide concentration-dependencies.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence of Acanthamoeba castellanii. 1. Chemiluminescence of Acanthomoeba castellanii in the presence of O2 was of similar intensity in organisms harvested early or late during exponential growth [when cyanide (1 mM) stimulates or inhibits respiration respectively]. 2. Cyanide (up to 1.5 mM) stimulated photoemission in both types of organism by 250--300 photons/s per 10(7) cells above the value observed under aerobic conditions. 3. 'Dibromothymoquinone' (2,5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-p-benzoquinone) (up to 80 microM) further increased chemiluminescence. 4. Similar responses were also demonstrated in whole homogenates and in subcellular fractions; 36% of the chemiluminescence was provided by a fraction sedimenting at 100000g-min, and 20% in that fraction that was non-sedimentable at 200000g-min. 5. Mitochondrial substrates (succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, NADH) in the presence or absence of ADP and Pi or peroxisomal substrates (glycollate, urate or ethanol) gave no increases in light emission by whole homogenates or in any of the fractions. 6. It is suggested that reactions responsible for production of chemiluminescence are those primarily producing superoxide anions and leading to lipid peroxidation and singlet-oxygen formation. Photoemission enhancement and superoxide dismutase inhibition showed similar cyanide concentration-dependencies.", "PMID": 534514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6098", "title": "Influence of neonatal hypothyroidism on the development of ketone-body-metabolizing enzymes in rat brain.", "content": "Neonatal hypothyroidism markedly retarded the postnatal development of three ketone-body-metabolizing enzymes in rat brain during the first 4 weeks after birth. In contrast with normal animals, the brains of hypothyroid rats did not show decreases in the activities of these enzymes during the immediate postweaning period. The activities of ketone-body-oxidizing enzymes were markedly diminished in both non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria isolated from 4-week-old hypothyroid rats compared with age-matched normal animals.", "contents": "Influence of neonatal hypothyroidism on the development of ketone-body-metabolizing enzymes in rat brain. Neonatal hypothyroidism markedly retarded the postnatal development of three ketone-body-metabolizing enzymes in rat brain during the first 4 weeks after birth. In contrast with normal animals, the brains of hypothyroid rats did not show decreases in the activities of these enzymes during the immediate postweaning period. The activities of ketone-body-oxidizing enzymes were markedly diminished in both non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria isolated from 4-week-old hypothyroid rats compared with age-matched normal animals.", "PMID": 534515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6099", "title": "Activation of AMP aminohydrolase during skeletal-muscle contraction.", "content": "AMP aminohydrolase activity is enhanced by 60% after 5 s tetanic stimulation of phosphorylase kinase-deficient mouse muscle and after 60 s tetanus in normal mice. During the recovery from tetanus the activity in the contralateral leg is similarly enhanced. The activation is stable to 1000-fold dilution and has a half-life of approx. 1 h.", "contents": "Activation of AMP aminohydrolase during skeletal-muscle contraction. AMP aminohydrolase activity is enhanced by 60% after 5 s tetanic stimulation of phosphorylase kinase-deficient mouse muscle and after 60 s tetanus in normal mice. During the recovery from tetanus the activity in the contralateral leg is similarly enhanced. The activation is stable to 1000-fold dilution and has a half-life of approx. 1 h.", "PMID": 534516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6100", "title": "A cartilage catabolic factor from synovium.", "content": "Porcine synovium in organ culture produces a factor that causes chondrocytes to degrade their matrix. A quantitative assay for the factor, for which the cartilage of bovine nasal septum is used, is described. Evidence is presented that the catabolic factor is a protein.", "contents": "A cartilage catabolic factor from synovium. Porcine synovium in organ culture produces a factor that causes chondrocytes to degrade their matrix. A quantitative assay for the factor, for which the cartilage of bovine nasal septum is used, is described. Evidence is presented that the catabolic factor is a protein.", "PMID": 534517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6101", "title": "Structure--activity relationship of inhibitors of hydroxyapatite formation.", "content": "The relative abilities of some compounds to inhibit the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite were determined. Organic diphosphates, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, pyrophosphate, imidodiphosphate and 3-phospholycerate all inhibited to various degrees. Strong inhibition was observed with phosphonoformate, and phosphocitrate proved to be the most powerful of the inhibitors examined. On the basis of these new findings an improved concept of the structure--activity relationship of inhibitors is proposed and mechanisms for inhibitor action are discussed.", "contents": "Structure--activity relationship of inhibitors of hydroxyapatite formation. The relative abilities of some compounds to inhibit the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite were determined. Organic diphosphates, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, pyrophosphate, imidodiphosphate and 3-phospholycerate all inhibited to various degrees. Strong inhibition was observed with phosphonoformate, and phosphocitrate proved to be the most powerful of the inhibitors examined. On the basis of these new findings an improved concept of the structure--activity relationship of inhibitors is proposed and mechanisms for inhibitor action are discussed.", "PMID": 534518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6102", "title": "Inactivation of rat adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase by palmitate. Protection against this effect by insulin in the presence of glucose.", "content": "1. Adipocytes from rat epididymal fat-pads were incubated for 30 min with 5 mM-glucose and concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and amino acids typical of those found in rat plasma. 2. PDHa (active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase) activity was significantly increased after incubation of the cells with insulin (200 micro-i.u./ml), and decreased by incubation with palmitate (0.5--2 mM). 3. In the presence of insulin, palmitate did not decrease PDHa activity. 4. Dichloroacetate (1 mM) increased PDHa activity in the absence of palmitate to the same extent as did insulin. In the presence of dichloroacetate but the absence of insulin, palmitate decreased PDHa activity. In the presence of dichloroacetate and insulin, palmitate again did not decrease PDHa activity. 5. It is concluded that, in the presence of glucose, insulin has a strong protective action against inactivation of adipocyte PDHa by fatty acids.", "contents": "Inactivation of rat adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase by palmitate. Protection against this effect by insulin in the presence of glucose. 1. Adipocytes from rat epididymal fat-pads were incubated for 30 min with 5 mM-glucose and concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and amino acids typical of those found in rat plasma. 2. PDHa (active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase) activity was significantly increased after incubation of the cells with insulin (200 micro-i.u./ml), and decreased by incubation with palmitate (0.5--2 mM). 3. In the presence of insulin, palmitate did not decrease PDHa activity. 4. Dichloroacetate (1 mM) increased PDHa activity in the absence of palmitate to the same extent as did insulin. In the presence of dichloroacetate but the absence of insulin, palmitate decreased PDHa activity. In the presence of dichloroacetate and insulin, palmitate again did not decrease PDHa activity. 5. It is concluded that, in the presence of glucose, insulin has a strong protective action against inactivation of adipocyte PDHa by fatty acids.", "PMID": 534519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6103", "title": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Isolation of subcellular fractions containing triacylglycerol.", "content": "1. The metabolism of [1-14C]palmitate in rat liver was studied in a single-pass perfusion system at concentrations of 0.2 or 1 mM. 2. After the perfusion the liver was homogenized and the floating fat was isolated. The incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into triacylglycerol in this pool increased 9-fold when the palmitate concentration in the medium was increased from 0.2 to 1 mM. In time studies with 1 mM-[1-14C]palmitate 75% of the total accumulation of triacylglycerol occurred in this pool. Our results support the concept that the floating-fat fraction contains the storage pool of triacylglycerol, i.e. the cytoplasmic lipid droplets. 3. In a particulate preparation consisting mainly of mitochondria and microsomal fraction the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into triacylglycerol was proportional to the fatty acid concentration. Triacylglycerol in the perfusate medium and in the particulate fraction was in isotopic equilibrium, which indicates that the particulate fraction contained the precursor pool for secreted triacylglycerol, i.e. the pool in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 4. The oxidation to labelled water-soluble products and to CO2 was increased 14-fold by the 5-fold increase in palmitate concentration.", "contents": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Isolation of subcellular fractions containing triacylglycerol. 1. The metabolism of [1-14C]palmitate in rat liver was studied in a single-pass perfusion system at concentrations of 0.2 or 1 mM. 2. After the perfusion the liver was homogenized and the floating fat was isolated. The incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into triacylglycerol in this pool increased 9-fold when the palmitate concentration in the medium was increased from 0.2 to 1 mM. In time studies with 1 mM-[1-14C]palmitate 75% of the total accumulation of triacylglycerol occurred in this pool. Our results support the concept that the floating-fat fraction contains the storage pool of triacylglycerol, i.e. the cytoplasmic lipid droplets. 3. In a particulate preparation consisting mainly of mitochondria and microsomal fraction the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into triacylglycerol was proportional to the fatty acid concentration. Triacylglycerol in the perfusate medium and in the particulate fraction was in isotopic equilibrium, which indicates that the particulate fraction contained the precursor pool for secreted triacylglycerol, i.e. the pool in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 4. The oxidation to labelled water-soluble products and to CO2 was increased 14-fold by the 5-fold increase in palmitate concentration.", "PMID": 534520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6104", "title": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Computer models of subcellular triacylglycerol metabolism.", "content": "1. In the preceding paper [Kondrup (1979) Biochem. J.184, 63-71] the separation of two major fractions of hepatic triacylglycerol was described. One fraction contained triacylglycerol from the endoplasmic reticulum and from the Golgi apparatus. The other fraction contained triacylglycerol from the cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In the present paper possible precursor-product relationships between the two fractions were investigated by means of computer models. 2. The fatty acids present in di- and tri-acylglycerol in the fractions isolated in the time studies were analysed by gas chromatography. From this analysis the relative specific radioactivities, and contents, of palmitate in acylglycerols in the two fractions at the various time points were calculated. 3. A computer was used to predict relative specific radioactivities of pools in defined models of hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism. The acceptability of the models was evaluated by comparing predicted with measured relative specific radioactivities. 4. It is suggested that triacylglycerol in cytoplasmic lipid droplets does not originate (a) directly from triacylglycerol in the endoplasmic reticulum, (b) from a sub-pool of it or (c) directly from non-esterified fatty acids entering the cell. Rather, it is formed from diacylglycerol (and acyl-CoA) in the endoplasmic reticulum. Diacylglycerol, on the other hand, is furnished in part by hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in the endoplasmic reticulum. 5. This suggestion is discussed in relation to previous models of hepatic fatty acid metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Computer models of subcellular triacylglycerol metabolism. 1. In the preceding paper [Kondrup (1979) Biochem. J.184, 63-71] the separation of two major fractions of hepatic triacylglycerol was described. One fraction contained triacylglycerol from the endoplasmic reticulum and from the Golgi apparatus. The other fraction contained triacylglycerol from the cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In the present paper possible precursor-product relationships between the two fractions were investigated by means of computer models. 2. The fatty acids present in di- and tri-acylglycerol in the fractions isolated in the time studies were analysed by gas chromatography. From this analysis the relative specific radioactivities, and contents, of palmitate in acylglycerols in the two fractions at the various time points were calculated. 3. A computer was used to predict relative specific radioactivities of pools in defined models of hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism. The acceptability of the models was evaluated by comparing predicted with measured relative specific radioactivities. 4. It is suggested that triacylglycerol in cytoplasmic lipid droplets does not originate (a) directly from triacylglycerol in the endoplasmic reticulum, (b) from a sub-pool of it or (c) directly from non-esterified fatty acids entering the cell. Rather, it is formed from diacylglycerol (and acyl-CoA) in the endoplasmic reticulum. Diacylglycerol, on the other hand, is furnished in part by hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in the endoplasmic reticulum. 5. This suggestion is discussed in relation to previous models of hepatic fatty acid metabolism.", "PMID": 534521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6105", "title": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Effect of low and high ethanol concentrations at various concentrations of palmitate in the perfusion medium.", "content": "1. The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of [1-(14)C]palmitate in rat liver was investigated in a single-pass perfusion system at concentrations of 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol and 0.2mm- or 1mm-palmitate. 2. After the perfusion the hepatic lipid was isolated in subcellular fractions. The two major fractions contained triacylglycerol from cytoplasmic lipid droplets and from endoplasmic reticulum plus Golgi apparatus respectively. 3. In experiments with 0.2mm-palmitate perfusion with 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol did not measurably increase the esterification, and the oxidation was markedly decreased and the fatty acid uptake was not affected. 4. Perfusion with ethanol, at 1mm-palmitate, increased the fatty acid uptake, increased esterification and decreased oxidation. The effects of 10mm- and 80mm-ethanol were similar. The incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitate into triacylglycerol in cytoplasmic lipid droplets was not affected statistically significantly by ethanol. Ethanol increased the incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitate into di- and tri-acylglycerol in the membranous fraction. Estimated chemically, the contents of di- and tri-acylglycerol were only slightly affected by ethanol. These results suggest that the effect of ethanol was to increase the turnover of fatty acids in triacylglycerol rather than to increase its accumulation. 5. The results indicate that an increased concentration of fatty acids is more important for the formation of acute fatty liver in fed rats than are the direct effects of ethanol on hepatic fatty acid metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Effect of low and high ethanol concentrations at various concentrations of palmitate in the perfusion medium. 1. The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of [1-(14)C]palmitate in rat liver was investigated in a single-pass perfusion system at concentrations of 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol and 0.2mm- or 1mm-palmitate. 2. After the perfusion the hepatic lipid was isolated in subcellular fractions. The two major fractions contained triacylglycerol from cytoplasmic lipid droplets and from endoplasmic reticulum plus Golgi apparatus respectively. 3. In experiments with 0.2mm-palmitate perfusion with 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol did not measurably increase the esterification, and the oxidation was markedly decreased and the fatty acid uptake was not affected. 4. Perfusion with ethanol, at 1mm-palmitate, increased the fatty acid uptake, increased esterification and decreased oxidation. The effects of 10mm- and 80mm-ethanol were similar. The incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitate into triacylglycerol in cytoplasmic lipid droplets was not affected statistically significantly by ethanol. Ethanol increased the incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitate into di- and tri-acylglycerol in the membranous fraction. Estimated chemically, the contents of di- and tri-acylglycerol were only slightly affected by ethanol. These results suggest that the effect of ethanol was to increase the turnover of fatty acids in triacylglycerol rather than to increase its accumulation. 5. The results indicate that an increased concentration of fatty acids is more important for the formation of acute fatty liver in fed rats than are the direct effects of ethanol on hepatic fatty acid metabolism.", "PMID": 534522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6106", "title": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Effect of ethanol in livers from rats fed on a high-fat diet with or without ethanol.", "content": "1. Rats were treated for 4 weeks with liquid diets that contained, on the basis of energy content, 35% fat, 18% protein and 47% carbohydrate (high-fat diet) or 35% fat, 18% protein, 11% carbohydrate and 36% ethanol (high-fat/ethanol diet). 2. The livers were perfused with 1mm-[1-(14)C]palmitate and with 0, 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol. The oxidation and esterification of palmitate was measured. Two subcellular pools of triacylglycerol were separated; one contained triacylglycerol from cytoplasmic lipid droplets and the other contained triacylglycerol from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 3. In the presence of ethanol, liver from rats fed on the high-fat diet esterified about 70% of the [1-(14)C]palmitate taken up compared with 90% in liver from rats fed chow (containing 11% fat on the basis of energy content). Compared with chow diet the high-fat diet did not potentiate the effect of ethanol on storage of [1-(14)C]palmitate in hepatic triacylglycerol. The relation between the fat content of the diet and the degree of fatty liver induced by by ethanol [Lieber & DeCarli (1970) Am. J. Clin. Nutr.23, 474-478] is discussed. 4. The ethanol-containing diet increased the hepatic content of triacylglycerol 4-fold and the increase was exclusively found in the fraction suggested to contain lipid from cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The ethanol-induced fatty liver, perfused with ethanol, esterified and oxidized palmitate at rates that were quite similar to the rates found in high-fat control livers perfused without ethanol. This suggests that the fatty liver had adapted to the presence of ethanol with respect to palmitate metabolism. 5. O(2) and ethanol uptake by the livers were not affected by the ethanol-containing diet.", "contents": "Metabolism of palmitate in perfused rat liver. Effect of ethanol in livers from rats fed on a high-fat diet with or without ethanol. 1. Rats were treated for 4 weeks with liquid diets that contained, on the basis of energy content, 35% fat, 18% protein and 47% carbohydrate (high-fat diet) or 35% fat, 18% protein, 11% carbohydrate and 36% ethanol (high-fat/ethanol diet). 2. The livers were perfused with 1mm-[1-(14)C]palmitate and with 0, 10mm- or 80mm-ethanol. The oxidation and esterification of palmitate was measured. Two subcellular pools of triacylglycerol were separated; one contained triacylglycerol from cytoplasmic lipid droplets and the other contained triacylglycerol from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 3. In the presence of ethanol, liver from rats fed on the high-fat diet esterified about 70% of the [1-(14)C]palmitate taken up compared with 90% in liver from rats fed chow (containing 11% fat on the basis of energy content). Compared with chow diet the high-fat diet did not potentiate the effect of ethanol on storage of [1-(14)C]palmitate in hepatic triacylglycerol. The relation between the fat content of the diet and the degree of fatty liver induced by by ethanol [Lieber & DeCarli (1970) Am. J. Clin. Nutr.23, 474-478] is discussed. 4. The ethanol-containing diet increased the hepatic content of triacylglycerol 4-fold and the increase was exclusively found in the fraction suggested to contain lipid from cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The ethanol-induced fatty liver, perfused with ethanol, esterified and oxidized palmitate at rates that were quite similar to the rates found in high-fat control livers perfused without ethanol. This suggests that the fatty liver had adapted to the presence of ethanol with respect to palmitate metabolism. 5. O(2) and ethanol uptake by the livers were not affected by the ethanol-containing diet.", "PMID": 534523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6107", "title": "Acute effects of ethanol on the perfused rat liver. Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, substrate cycling and perfusate amino acids.", "content": "1. Livers from fed rats were perfused in situ with whole rat blood containing glucose labelled uniformly with (14)C and specifically with (3)H at positions 2, 3 or 6. 2. When ethanol was infused at a concentration of 24mumol/ml of blood the rate of utilization was 2.8mumol/min per g of liver. 3. Ethanol infusion raised perfusate glucose concentrations and caused a 2.5-fold increase in hepatic glucose output. 4. Final blood lactate concentrations were decreased in ethanol-infused livers, but the mean uptake of lactate from erythrocyte glycolysis was unaffected. 5. Production of ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyrate+3-oxobutyrate) and the ratio [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] were raised by ethanol. 6. Formation of (3)H(2)O from specifically (3)H-labelled glucoses increased in the order [6-(3)H]<[3-(3)H]<[2-(3)H]. Production of (3)H(2)O from [2-(3)H]glucose was significantly greater than that from [3-(3)H]glucose in both control and ethanol-infused livers. Ethanol significantly decreased (3)H(2)O formation from all [(3)H]glucoses. 7. Liver glycogen content was unaffected by ethanol infusion. 8. Production of very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerols was inhibited by ethanol and there was a small increase in liver triacylglycerols. Very-low-density-lipoprotein secretion was negatively correlated with the ratio [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate]. Perfusate fatty acid concentrations and molar composition were unaffected by perfusion with ethanol. 9. Ethanol decreased the incorporation of [U-(14)C]glucose into fatty acids and cholesterol. 10. The concentration of total plasma amino acids was unchanged by ethanol, but the concentrations of alanine and glycine were decreased and ([glutamate]+[glutamine]) was raised. 11. It is proposed that the observed effects of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism are due to an increased conversion of lactate into glucose, possibly by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The increase in gluconeogenesis is accompanied by diminished substrate cycling at glucose-glucose 6-phosphate and at fructose 6-phosphate-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "contents": "Acute effects of ethanol on the perfused rat liver. Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, substrate cycling and perfusate amino acids. 1. Livers from fed rats were perfused in situ with whole rat blood containing glucose labelled uniformly with (14)C and specifically with (3)H at positions 2, 3 or 6. 2. When ethanol was infused at a concentration of 24mumol/ml of blood the rate of utilization was 2.8mumol/min per g of liver. 3. Ethanol infusion raised perfusate glucose concentrations and caused a 2.5-fold increase in hepatic glucose output. 4. Final blood lactate concentrations were decreased in ethanol-infused livers, but the mean uptake of lactate from erythrocyte glycolysis was unaffected. 5. Production of ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyrate+3-oxobutyrate) and the ratio [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] were raised by ethanol. 6. Formation of (3)H(2)O from specifically (3)H-labelled glucoses increased in the order [6-(3)H]<[3-(3)H]<[2-(3)H]. Production of (3)H(2)O from [2-(3)H]glucose was significantly greater than that from [3-(3)H]glucose in both control and ethanol-infused livers. Ethanol significantly decreased (3)H(2)O formation from all [(3)H]glucoses. 7. Liver glycogen content was unaffected by ethanol infusion. 8. Production of very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerols was inhibited by ethanol and there was a small increase in liver triacylglycerols. Very-low-density-lipoprotein secretion was negatively correlated with the ratio [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate]. Perfusate fatty acid concentrations and molar composition were unaffected by perfusion with ethanol. 9. Ethanol decreased the incorporation of [U-(14)C]glucose into fatty acids and cholesterol. 10. The concentration of total plasma amino acids was unchanged by ethanol, but the concentrations of alanine and glycine were decreased and ([glutamate]+[glutamine]) was raised. 11. It is proposed that the observed effects of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism are due to an increased conversion of lactate into glucose, possibly by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The increase in gluconeogenesis is accompanied by diminished substrate cycling at glucose-glucose 6-phosphate and at fructose 6-phosphate-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "PMID": 534524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6108", "title": "On the control of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis in isolated intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts.", "content": "1. Chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves by using the low-ionic-strength buffers of Nakatani & Barber [(1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta.461, 510-512] had higher rates of HCO(3) (-)-dependent oxygen evolution (up to 369mumol/h per mg of chlorophyll) and higher rates of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation into long-chain fatty acids (up to 1500nmol/h per mg of chlorophyll) than chloroplasts isolated by using alternative procedures. 2. Acetate appeared to be the preferred substrate for fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts, although high rates of synthesis were also measured from H(14)CO(3) (-) in assays permitting high rats of photosynthesis. Incorporation of H(14)CO(3) (-) into fatty acids was decreased by relatively low concentrations of unlabelled acetate. Acetyl-CoA synthetase activity was present 3-4 times in excess of that required to account for rates of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids, but pyruvate dehydrogenase was either absent or present in very low activity in spinach chloroplasts. 3. Rates of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis from [1-(14)C]acetate in the highly active chloroplast preparations, compared with those used previously, were less dependent on added cofactors, but showed a greater response to light. The effects of added CoA plus ATP, Triton X-100 and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate on the products of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation were similar to those reported for less active chloroplast preparations. 4. Endogenous [(14)C]acetyl-CoA plus [(14)C]malonyl-CoA was maintained at a constant low level even when fatty acid synthesis was limited by low HCO(3) (-) concentrations. Endogenous [(14)C]acyl-(acyl-carrier protein) concentrations increased with increasing HCO(3) (-) concentration and higher rates of fatty acid synthesis, but were slightly lower in the presence of Triton X-100. It is proposed that rates of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis in isolated chloroplasts at saturating [1-(14)C]acetate concentrations and optimal HCO(3) (-) concentrations may be primarily controlled by rates of removal of the products of the fatty acid synthetase.", "contents": "On the control of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis in isolated intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. 1. Chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves by using the low-ionic-strength buffers of Nakatani & Barber [(1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta.461, 510-512] had higher rates of HCO(3) (-)-dependent oxygen evolution (up to 369mumol/h per mg of chlorophyll) and higher rates of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation into long-chain fatty acids (up to 1500nmol/h per mg of chlorophyll) than chloroplasts isolated by using alternative procedures. 2. Acetate appeared to be the preferred substrate for fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts, although high rates of synthesis were also measured from H(14)CO(3) (-) in assays permitting high rats of photosynthesis. Incorporation of H(14)CO(3) (-) into fatty acids was decreased by relatively low concentrations of unlabelled acetate. Acetyl-CoA synthetase activity was present 3-4 times in excess of that required to account for rates of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids, but pyruvate dehydrogenase was either absent or present in very low activity in spinach chloroplasts. 3. Rates of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis from [1-(14)C]acetate in the highly active chloroplast preparations, compared with those used previously, were less dependent on added cofactors, but showed a greater response to light. The effects of added CoA plus ATP, Triton X-100 and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate on the products of [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation were similar to those reported for less active chloroplast preparations. 4. Endogenous [(14)C]acetyl-CoA plus [(14)C]malonyl-CoA was maintained at a constant low level even when fatty acid synthesis was limited by low HCO(3) (-) concentrations. Endogenous [(14)C]acyl-(acyl-carrier protein) concentrations increased with increasing HCO(3) (-) concentration and higher rates of fatty acid synthesis, but were slightly lower in the presence of Triton X-100. It is proposed that rates of long-chain-fatty acid synthesis in isolated chloroplasts at saturating [1-(14)C]acetate concentrations and optimal HCO(3) (-) concentrations may be primarily controlled by rates of removal of the products of the fatty acid synthetase.", "PMID": 534525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6109", "title": "Isolation of material displaying insulin-like immunological biological activity from the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria.", "content": "An insulin-like material from the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria was partially purified by acid alcohol extraction, gel filtration and ion-exchange cellulose chromatography. In addition, the RF value on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was determined. The material was characterized by its ability to cross-react with bovine insulin antibody and by displaying diminished immunoreactivity on dilution. It displaced specifically bound 125I-labelled insulin from rat liver plasma membrane insulin receptors and displayed insulin-like biological activity on the isolated rat fat-cell. Within 30 min of injection into Calliphora, made hypertrehalocaemic and hyperglucaemic as a result of median neurosecretory cell removal, it caused the concentrations of both sugars to return to normal. The hypothesis is put forward that the median neurosecretory cells are the source of the material.", "contents": "Isolation of material displaying insulin-like immunological biological activity from the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. An insulin-like material from the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria was partially purified by acid alcohol extraction, gel filtration and ion-exchange cellulose chromatography. In addition, the RF value on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was determined. The material was characterized by its ability to cross-react with bovine insulin antibody and by displaying diminished immunoreactivity on dilution. It displaced specifically bound 125I-labelled insulin from rat liver plasma membrane insulin receptors and displayed insulin-like biological activity on the isolated rat fat-cell. Within 30 min of injection into Calliphora, made hypertrehalocaemic and hyperglucaemic as a result of median neurosecretory cell removal, it caused the concentrations of both sugars to return to normal. The hypothesis is put forward that the median neurosecretory cells are the source of the material.", "PMID": 534526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6110", "title": "Adaptation of the small intestine during pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "During pregnancy and lactation in the rat the small intestine in general and the mucosal epithelium in particular gain weight. The specific activities of sucrase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate-tetrazolium reductase remain constant and those of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase increase. There is no evidence that the reported decrease in absorption per unit area or weight of mucosal epithelium during pregnancy and lactation is due to decreases in enzyme activities within the epithelium. The pattern of enzyme change shows that the response of the gut to the stimuli of pregnancy and lactation must be a complex one, possibly involving increases in the specific activities of some enzymes.", "contents": "Adaptation of the small intestine during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. During pregnancy and lactation in the rat the small intestine in general and the mucosal epithelium in particular gain weight. The specific activities of sucrase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate-tetrazolium reductase remain constant and those of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase increase. There is no evidence that the reported decrease in absorption per unit area or weight of mucosal epithelium during pregnancy and lactation is due to decreases in enzyme activities within the epithelium. The pattern of enzyme change shows that the response of the gut to the stimuli of pregnancy and lactation must be a complex one, possibly involving increases in the specific activities of some enzymes.", "PMID": 534527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6111", "title": "Initiation and processing in vitro of the primary translation products of guinea-pig caseins.", "content": "1. Guinea-pig caseins synthesized in a mRNA-directed wheat-germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system represent the primary translation products, even though they appear to be of lower molecular weight when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in parallel with caseins isolated from guinea-pig milk. 2. Identification of the N-terminal dipeptide of the primary translational product of caseins A, B and C and alpha-lactalbumin showed that all shared a common sequence, which was identified as either Met-Arg or Met-Lys. 3. Procedures utilizing methionyl-tRNAfMet or methionyl-tRNAMet in the presence or absence of microsomal membranes during translation provide a rapid method of distinguishing between N-terminal processing of peptides synthesized in vitro and other post-translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation), which also result in a change in mobility of peptides when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. The results demonstrate that guinea-pig caseins, in common with most other secretory proteins, are synthesized with transient N-terminal 'signal'-peptide extensions, which are cleaved during synthesis in the presence of microsomal membranes.", "contents": "Initiation and processing in vitro of the primary translation products of guinea-pig caseins. 1. Guinea-pig caseins synthesized in a mRNA-directed wheat-germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system represent the primary translation products, even though they appear to be of lower molecular weight when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in parallel with caseins isolated from guinea-pig milk. 2. Identification of the N-terminal dipeptide of the primary translational product of caseins A, B and C and alpha-lactalbumin showed that all shared a common sequence, which was identified as either Met-Arg or Met-Lys. 3. Procedures utilizing methionyl-tRNAfMet or methionyl-tRNAMet in the presence or absence of microsomal membranes during translation provide a rapid method of distinguishing between N-terminal processing of peptides synthesized in vitro and other post-translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation), which also result in a change in mobility of peptides when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. The results demonstrate that guinea-pig caseins, in common with most other secretory proteins, are synthesized with transient N-terminal 'signal'-peptide extensions, which are cleaved during synthesis in the presence of microsomal membranes.", "PMID": 534528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6112", "title": "Translational activity of messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes.", "content": "Purified cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA isolated from unstimulated pig lymphocytes has the same ability to direct translation in a range of cell-free systems as the corresponding mRNA from 20h phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes. Additional methylation of the mRNA is not required for maximum protein synthesis in the wheat-germ cell-free system. Misleading results are obtained if the mRNA preparations used are not adequately purified, and a method suitable for routine assessment of the degree of purification achieved is described. Cell-free protein-synthesizing systems from unstimulated lymphocytes translate added lymphocyte mRNA with lower efficiency than do comparable systems from phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes, whatever the source of the mRNA used.", "contents": "Translational activity of messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes. Purified cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA isolated from unstimulated pig lymphocytes has the same ability to direct translation in a range of cell-free systems as the corresponding mRNA from 20h phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes. Additional methylation of the mRNA is not required for maximum protein synthesis in the wheat-germ cell-free system. Misleading results are obtained if the mRNA preparations used are not adequately purified, and a method suitable for routine assessment of the degree of purification achieved is described. Cell-free protein-synthesizing systems from unstimulated lymphocytes translate added lymphocyte mRNA with lower efficiency than do comparable systems from phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes, whatever the source of the mRNA used.", "PMID": 534529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6113", "title": "Activities of enzymes of fat and ketone-body metabolism and effects of starvation on blood concentrations of glucose and fat fuels in teleost and elasmobranch fish.", "content": "1. Activities of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase together with tri- and di-acylglycerol lipase were present in red and heart muscles of the teleost fish. However, d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was not detectable. These results suggest that the heart and red muscles of the teleosts should be able to utilize the fat fuels triacylglycerol, fatty acids or acetoacetate, but not hydroxybutyrate. The muscles from the elasmobranchs differed in that d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase activities were present, but carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was not detectable. This suggests that ketone bodies are the most important fat fuels in elasmobranchs. 2. The concentrations of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols were measured in blood or plasma of several species of fish (teleosts and elasmobranchs) in the fed state. Teleosts have a 10-fold higher concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids, but a lower blood concentration of ketone bodies; both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are present in blood of elasmobranchs, whereas 3-hydroxybutyrate is absent from that of the teleosts. 3. The effects of starvation (up to 150 days) on the concentrations of blood metabolites were studied in a teleost (bass) and an elasmobranch (dogfish). In the bass there was a 60% decrease in blood glucose after 100 and 150 days starvation. In dogfish there was a large increase in the concentration of ketone bodies, whereas in bass the concentration of acetoacetate (the only ketone body present) remained low (<0.04mm) throughout the period of starvation. The concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids increased in bass, but decreased in dogfish. These changes are consistent with the predictions based on the enzyme-activity data. 4. Starvation did not change the activities of ketone-body-utilizing enzymes or that of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in heart and red skeletal muscles of both fish, but it decreased markedly the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white skeletal muscle of both fish. However, in the liver of the dogfish, starvation resulted in a twofold increase in the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, whereas in bass liver it decreased the activity of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and increased that of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was increased twofold in the liver of bass, but was unchanged in that of the dogfish. 5. The difference in changes in concentrations of blood metabolites and enzyme activities in the two fish support the suggestion that, in starvation, ketone bodies, but not non-esterified fatty acids, are an important fuel for muscle in elasmobranchs, whereas non-esterified fatty acids, but not ketone bodies, are an important fuel in teleosts. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of a discrete lipid-storing adipose tissue in teleosts and higher vertebrates.", "contents": "Activities of enzymes of fat and ketone-body metabolism and effects of starvation on blood concentrations of glucose and fat fuels in teleost and elasmobranch fish. 1. Activities of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase together with tri- and di-acylglycerol lipase were present in red and heart muscles of the teleost fish. However, d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was not detectable. These results suggest that the heart and red muscles of the teleosts should be able to utilize the fat fuels triacylglycerol, fatty acids or acetoacetate, but not hydroxybutyrate. The muscles from the elasmobranchs differed in that d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase activities were present, but carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was not detectable. This suggests that ketone bodies are the most important fat fuels in elasmobranchs. 2. The concentrations of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols were measured in blood or plasma of several species of fish (teleosts and elasmobranchs) in the fed state. Teleosts have a 10-fold higher concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids, but a lower blood concentration of ketone bodies; both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are present in blood of elasmobranchs, whereas 3-hydroxybutyrate is absent from that of the teleosts. 3. The effects of starvation (up to 150 days) on the concentrations of blood metabolites were studied in a teleost (bass) and an elasmobranch (dogfish). In the bass there was a 60% decrease in blood glucose after 100 and 150 days starvation. In dogfish there was a large increase in the concentration of ketone bodies, whereas in bass the concentration of acetoacetate (the only ketone body present) remained low (<0.04mm) throughout the period of starvation. The concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids increased in bass, but decreased in dogfish. These changes are consistent with the predictions based on the enzyme-activity data. 4. Starvation did not change the activities of ketone-body-utilizing enzymes or that of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in heart and red skeletal muscles of both fish, but it decreased markedly the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white skeletal muscle of both fish. However, in the liver of the dogfish, starvation resulted in a twofold increase in the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, whereas in bass liver it decreased the activity of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and increased that of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was increased twofold in the liver of bass, but was unchanged in that of the dogfish. 5. The difference in changes in concentrations of blood metabolites and enzyme activities in the two fish support the suggestion that, in starvation, ketone bodies, but not non-esterified fatty acids, are an important fuel for muscle in elasmobranchs, whereas non-esterified fatty acids, but not ketone bodies, are an important fuel in teleosts. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of a discrete lipid-storing adipose tissue in teleosts and higher vertebrates.", "PMID": 534530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6114", "title": "Regulation of protein metabolism by a physiological concentration of insulin in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Effects of starvation and scald injury.", "content": "1. Although high concentrations of insulin affect both synthesis and degradation of skeletal-muscle protein, it is not known to what extent these effects occur with physiological concentrations. The effects of a physiological concentration of insulin (100 mu units/ml) on muscle protein synthesis, measured with [3H]tyrosine, and on muscle protein degradation, measured by tyrosine release in the presence of cycloheximide, were studied in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in vitro. 2. Insulin significantly stimualated protein synthesis in both muscles, but an inhibition of degradation was seen only in the extensor digitorum longus. 3. Starvation for 24 h decreased the rate of protein synthesis and increased the rate of breakdown in the extensor digitorum longus. Sensitivity to insulin-stimulation of proteins synthesis in the soleus was increased by starvation. 4. ;a 20%-surface-area full-skin-thickness dorsal scald injury produced a fall in total protein content in soleus and extensor digitorum muscles, maximal on the third day after injury. Soleus muscles 2 days after injury showed an impairment of protein synthesis; degradation was unaffected and neither synthesis nor degradation in vitro was significantly affected in the extensor digitorum longus. 5. The advantages and limitations of studies of protein metabolism in vitro are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of protein metabolism by a physiological concentration of insulin in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Effects of starvation and scald injury. 1. Although high concentrations of insulin affect both synthesis and degradation of skeletal-muscle protein, it is not known to what extent these effects occur with physiological concentrations. The effects of a physiological concentration of insulin (100 mu units/ml) on muscle protein synthesis, measured with [3H]tyrosine, and on muscle protein degradation, measured by tyrosine release in the presence of cycloheximide, were studied in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in vitro. 2. Insulin significantly stimualated protein synthesis in both muscles, but an inhibition of degradation was seen only in the extensor digitorum longus. 3. Starvation for 24 h decreased the rate of protein synthesis and increased the rate of breakdown in the extensor digitorum longus. Sensitivity to insulin-stimulation of proteins synthesis in the soleus was increased by starvation. 4. ;a 20%-surface-area full-skin-thickness dorsal scald injury produced a fall in total protein content in soleus and extensor digitorum muscles, maximal on the third day after injury. Soleus muscles 2 days after injury showed an impairment of protein synthesis; degradation was unaffected and neither synthesis nor degradation in vitro was significantly affected in the extensor digitorum longus. 5. The advantages and limitations of studies of protein metabolism in vitro are discussed.", "PMID": 534531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6115", "title": "Isolation and purification of a hen nuclear oestrogen receptor and its effect on transcription of chick chromatin.", "content": "An oestrogen receptor was isolated, characterized and purified from the nuclear fraction of the hen oviduct. The receptor sediments at 4.6 S on glycerol gradients, has an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.1 X 10(-10)M, an association constant (ka) of 1.4 X 10(-6) M-1.S-1, and a dissociation constant (kd) of 5 x 10(-5) s-1. The receptor chromatographed from DEAE-cellulose as a single peak at 0.15 M-KCl and was not retained by phosphocellulose. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the receptor in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate demonstrated two subunits with apparent mol.wts. of 74000 and 80000. The overall purification achieved was 90000-fold by using a combination of cell fractionation, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and affinity chromatography. This represents the first separation, isolation and purification of the highest-affinity binding component (Kd 10(-10)M) of two high-affinity oestrogen-binding proteins present in both chick and hen oviduct cytosol and nuclei. To examine directly the effect of the purified receptor on transcription a reconstituted cell-free system was used, which contained the receptor--oestradiol complex, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, rifampicin and chromatin prepared from hormone-withdrawn chick tissue. The receptor-hormone complex at a concentration of 0.1 nM stimulated transcription of oviduct chromatin by promoting an increase of 14000 sites for RNA-chain initiation, which is similar to the number of additional sites measured in the oviducts of diethylstilboestrol-stimulated immature chicks [Tsai, Schwartz, Tsai & O'Malley (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5165-5174]. Oestradiol alone had no effect on transcription. Thus the data demonstrate that the purified nuclear oestradiol-receptor complex can regulate gene transcription in vitro in a manner similar to that observed in target cells in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of a hen nuclear oestrogen receptor and its effect on transcription of chick chromatin. An oestrogen receptor was isolated, characterized and purified from the nuclear fraction of the hen oviduct. The receptor sediments at 4.6 S on glycerol gradients, has an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.1 X 10(-10)M, an association constant (ka) of 1.4 X 10(-6) M-1.S-1, and a dissociation constant (kd) of 5 x 10(-5) s-1. The receptor chromatographed from DEAE-cellulose as a single peak at 0.15 M-KCl and was not retained by phosphocellulose. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the receptor in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate demonstrated two subunits with apparent mol.wts. of 74000 and 80000. The overall purification achieved was 90000-fold by using a combination of cell fractionation, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and affinity chromatography. This represents the first separation, isolation and purification of the highest-affinity binding component (Kd 10(-10)M) of two high-affinity oestrogen-binding proteins present in both chick and hen oviduct cytosol and nuclei. To examine directly the effect of the purified receptor on transcription a reconstituted cell-free system was used, which contained the receptor--oestradiol complex, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, rifampicin and chromatin prepared from hormone-withdrawn chick tissue. The receptor-hormone complex at a concentration of 0.1 nM stimulated transcription of oviduct chromatin by promoting an increase of 14000 sites for RNA-chain initiation, which is similar to the number of additional sites measured in the oviducts of diethylstilboestrol-stimulated immature chicks [Tsai, Schwartz, Tsai & O'Malley (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5165-5174]. Oestradiol alone had no effect on transcription. Thus the data demonstrate that the purified nuclear oestradiol-receptor complex can regulate gene transcription in vitro in a manner similar to that observed in target cells in vivo.", "PMID": 534532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6116", "title": "Relationship of prostaglandin secretion by rabbit alveolar macrophages to phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme release.", "content": "The phospholipids of rabbit alveolar macrophages were pulse-labelled with [(14)C]-arachidonic acid, and the subsequent release of labelled prostaglandins was measured. Resting macrophages released measurable amounts of arachidonic acid, the prostaglandins E(2), D(2) and F(2alpha) and 6-oxoprostaglandin F(1alpha). Phagocytosis of zymosan increased the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins to 2.5 times the control value. In contrast, phagocytosis of inert latex particles had no effect on prostaglandin release. Indomethacin inhibited the release of prostaglandin, and, at high doses (20mug/ml), increased arachidonic acid release. Analysis of the cellular lipids showed that after zymosan stimulation the proportion of label was decreased in phosphatidylcholine, but not in other phospholipids or neutral lipids. Cytochalasin B, at a dose of 2mug/ml, inhibited the phagocytosis induced by zymosan but increased prostaglandin synthesis to 3.4 times the control. These data suggest that the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by zymosan is not dependent on phagocytosis. Exposure to zymosan also resulted in the release of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase. Furthermore, cytochalasin B augmented the zymosan-stimulated release of acid phosphatase at the same dose that stimulated prostaglandin synthesis. However, indomethacin, at a dose that completely inhibited prostaglandin synthesis, failed to block the lysosomal enzyme release. Thus despite some parallels between the release of prostaglandins and lysosomal enzymes, endogenous prostaglandins do not appear to mediate the release of lysosomal enzymes. The prostaglandins released from the macrophages may function as humoral substances affecting other cells.", "contents": "Relationship of prostaglandin secretion by rabbit alveolar macrophages to phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme release. The phospholipids of rabbit alveolar macrophages were pulse-labelled with [(14)C]-arachidonic acid, and the subsequent release of labelled prostaglandins was measured. Resting macrophages released measurable amounts of arachidonic acid, the prostaglandins E(2), D(2) and F(2alpha) and 6-oxoprostaglandin F(1alpha). Phagocytosis of zymosan increased the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins to 2.5 times the control value. In contrast, phagocytosis of inert latex particles had no effect on prostaglandin release. Indomethacin inhibited the release of prostaglandin, and, at high doses (20mug/ml), increased arachidonic acid release. Analysis of the cellular lipids showed that after zymosan stimulation the proportion of label was decreased in phosphatidylcholine, but not in other phospholipids or neutral lipids. Cytochalasin B, at a dose of 2mug/ml, inhibited the phagocytosis induced by zymosan but increased prostaglandin synthesis to 3.4 times the control. These data suggest that the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by zymosan is not dependent on phagocytosis. Exposure to zymosan also resulted in the release of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase. Furthermore, cytochalasin B augmented the zymosan-stimulated release of acid phosphatase at the same dose that stimulated prostaglandin synthesis. However, indomethacin, at a dose that completely inhibited prostaglandin synthesis, failed to block the lysosomal enzyme release. Thus despite some parallels between the release of prostaglandins and lysosomal enzymes, endogenous prostaglandins do not appear to mediate the release of lysosomal enzymes. The prostaglandins released from the macrophages may function as humoral substances affecting other cells.", "PMID": 534533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6117", "title": "Insulin action on adipocytes. Evidence that the anti-lipolytic and lipogenic effects of insulin are mediated by the same receptor.", "content": "1. The dose-response relationships of insulin stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis were studied simultaneously by using rat adipocytes to determine whether these different effects of insulin are mediated through the same or different sets of receptors. 2. The sensitivity (defined as the concentration of insulin required to produce a half-maximal effect) of the stimulated lipogenic response to insulin was not significantly different from the sensitivity of the anti-lipolytic response to insulin. The addition of different adrenaline and glucose concentrations did not alter the half-maximal concentration of insulin required to inhibit lipolysis. 3. The specificities of the lipogenic and antilipolytic responses were studied by using insulin analogues. The sensitivities of the lipogenic and anti-lipolytic responses were the same for five chemically modified insulins and hagfish insulin, which have potencies compared with bovine insulin of between 3 and 90%. 4. Starving rats for 48h significantly increased the sensitivities of both the antilipolytic and lipogenic responses to insulin, but the changes in the sensitivities of both lipogenesis and anti-lipolysis returned to that of fed rats. 5. We conclude that insulin stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis over the same concentration range. These observations provide powerful evidence that the different effects of insulin are mediated through the same set of receptors.", "contents": "Insulin action on adipocytes. Evidence that the anti-lipolytic and lipogenic effects of insulin are mediated by the same receptor. 1. The dose-response relationships of insulin stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis were studied simultaneously by using rat adipocytes to determine whether these different effects of insulin are mediated through the same or different sets of receptors. 2. The sensitivity (defined as the concentration of insulin required to produce a half-maximal effect) of the stimulated lipogenic response to insulin was not significantly different from the sensitivity of the anti-lipolytic response to insulin. The addition of different adrenaline and glucose concentrations did not alter the half-maximal concentration of insulin required to inhibit lipolysis. 3. The specificities of the lipogenic and antilipolytic responses were studied by using insulin analogues. The sensitivities of the lipogenic and anti-lipolytic responses were the same for five chemically modified insulins and hagfish insulin, which have potencies compared with bovine insulin of between 3 and 90%. 4. Starving rats for 48h significantly increased the sensitivities of both the antilipolytic and lipogenic responses to insulin, but the changes in the sensitivities of both lipogenesis and anti-lipolysis returned to that of fed rats. 5. We conclude that insulin stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis over the same concentration range. These observations provide powerful evidence that the different effects of insulin are mediated through the same set of receptors.", "PMID": 534534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6118", "title": "Effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and cortisol interaction on steroid-binding capacity in the rat.", "content": "The specificity of the cortisol-receptor protein is examined in plasma and liver cytosol of rats. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate does not inhibit the binding of cortisol to transcortin, nor does it affect the binding capacity of dexamethasone to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor, but, by interacting with the cortisol molecule, it interferes with hormone-mediated processes in the cell.", "contents": "Effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and cortisol interaction on steroid-binding capacity in the rat. The specificity of the cortisol-receptor protein is examined in plasma and liver cytosol of rats. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate does not inhibit the binding of cortisol to transcortin, nor does it affect the binding capacity of dexamethasone to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor, but, by interacting with the cortisol molecule, it interferes with hormone-mediated processes in the cell.", "PMID": 534535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6119", "title": "A releationship between protein-degradation rates in vivo, isoelectric points, and molecular weights obtained by using density labelling.", "content": "1. Half-lives of five plant enzymes were estimated by rate-labeling with 2H2O on the assumption that loss of catalytic activity is equivalent to protein degradation. 2. This involved measuring band-broadening of activity profiles after isopycnic centrifugation. 3. Isoelectric points were determined by isoelectric focusing, and molecular weights were estimated by gel filtration. 4. The conclusion is drawn from the experimental evidence presented that a weak correlation exists between rates of degradation and isoelectric points (r = 0.699; P greater than 0.10; not significant). 5. A highly significant relationship exists between the logarithm of subunit size and half-life (r = -0.939; P greater than 0.02). 6. A literature survey confirmed the trends observed.", "contents": "A releationship between protein-degradation rates in vivo, isoelectric points, and molecular weights obtained by using density labelling. 1. Half-lives of five plant enzymes were estimated by rate-labeling with 2H2O on the assumption that loss of catalytic activity is equivalent to protein degradation. 2. This involved measuring band-broadening of activity profiles after isopycnic centrifugation. 3. Isoelectric points were determined by isoelectric focusing, and molecular weights were estimated by gel filtration. 4. The conclusion is drawn from the experimental evidence presented that a weak correlation exists between rates of degradation and isoelectric points (r = 0.699; P greater than 0.10; not significant). 5. A highly significant relationship exists between the logarithm of subunit size and half-life (r = -0.939; P greater than 0.02). 6. A literature survey confirmed the trends observed.", "PMID": 534536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6120", "title": "The effects of triton X-100 on the transfer of mannose, glucose and n-acetylglusomine phosphate to dolichol monophosphate by preparations of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of mitochondria of rat liver.", "content": "Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate have been used to investigate the nature of enzymes responsible for the transfer of mannose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine phosphate from nucleotide donors to dolichol monophosphate in vesicles derived from rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Mitochondria were shown to contain the highest specific activities of these enzymes. The responses of the glycosyltransferases to increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 and the effect on these responses of exogenous dolichol monophosphate suggest that the enzymes for mannose and glucose transfer are less hydrophobic, and therefore less intrinsic, in the membrane than the enzyme for N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer. In smooth vesicles the results are consistent with mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases being located at both inner and outer faces of the membrane. In rough vesicles and in mitochondria mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases were confirmed at the outer face. There is, however, only one site of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer, this being more hydrophobically located in the membrane than the other sites of glycosyl transfer. Mitochondrial enzyme activity closely resembled that of rough endoplasmic reticulum in response to Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate, and is probably associated with the outer membrane.", "contents": "The effects of triton X-100 on the transfer of mannose, glucose and n-acetylglusomine phosphate to dolichol monophosphate by preparations of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of mitochondria of rat liver. Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate have been used to investigate the nature of enzymes responsible for the transfer of mannose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine phosphate from nucleotide donors to dolichol monophosphate in vesicles derived from rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Mitochondria were shown to contain the highest specific activities of these enzymes. The responses of the glycosyltransferases to increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 and the effect on these responses of exogenous dolichol monophosphate suggest that the enzymes for mannose and glucose transfer are less hydrophobic, and therefore less intrinsic, in the membrane than the enzyme for N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer. In smooth vesicles the results are consistent with mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases being located at both inner and outer faces of the membrane. In rough vesicles and in mitochondria mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases were confirmed at the outer face. There is, however, only one site of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer, this being more hydrophobically located in the membrane than the other sites of glycosyl transfer. Mitochondrial enzyme activity closely resembled that of rough endoplasmic reticulum in response to Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate, and is probably associated with the outer membrane.", "PMID": 534537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6121", "title": "Three types of human asialo-transferrin and their interactions with the rat liver.", "content": "Three types of asialo-transferrin were obtained from immunologically pure human transferrin by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by desialylation and affinity chromatography on a column of the immobilized asialo-glycoprotein-binding hepatic lectin from rabbit liver. Of the asialo-transferrins, type 1 was derived from the principal DEAE-cellulose chromatographic component of transferrin, i.e. the one that contains two biantennary glycans. The two other asialo-transferrins (types 2 and 3) were derived from a minor DEAE-chromatographic transferrin component, which is assumed to possess one biantennary and one triantennary glycan. The three asialo-transferrin types were indistinguishable by electrophoretic mobility, but they were readily distinguished on the basis of their binding strengths to the hepatic lectin in intact rats. Glycan structures responsible for the difference in binding strengths between asialo-transferrin types 2 and 3 are not known. Metabolic studies in rats showed that none of the individual asialo-transferrin types was capable of generating a signal for endocytosis at low doses (<1mug/100g body wt.) and, consequently, most of the injected protein was recoverable with the plasma and the liver 35min after injection. However, endocytosis and catabolism of each asialo-transferrin type was readily induced by injecting a larger dose (50-250mug/100g body wt.) of unlabelled asialo-transferrin of the same type or of a different type a short interval after the labelled dose. These findings support the view that the dose-dependent uptake of human asialo-transferrin by the hepatocyte, as established in an earlier study with asialo-transferrin made from whole transferrin [Regoeczi, Taylor, Hatton, Wong & Koj (1978) Biochem. J.174, 171-178], also holds for these asialo-transferrin subfractions. Furthermore, the present studies indicate that asialo-transferrins of different carbohydrate compositions are capable of synergistically promoting endocytosis of each other.", "contents": "Three types of human asialo-transferrin and their interactions with the rat liver. Three types of asialo-transferrin were obtained from immunologically pure human transferrin by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by desialylation and affinity chromatography on a column of the immobilized asialo-glycoprotein-binding hepatic lectin from rabbit liver. Of the asialo-transferrins, type 1 was derived from the principal DEAE-cellulose chromatographic component of transferrin, i.e. the one that contains two biantennary glycans. The two other asialo-transferrins (types 2 and 3) were derived from a minor DEAE-chromatographic transferrin component, which is assumed to possess one biantennary and one triantennary glycan. The three asialo-transferrin types were indistinguishable by electrophoretic mobility, but they were readily distinguished on the basis of their binding strengths to the hepatic lectin in intact rats. Glycan structures responsible for the difference in binding strengths between asialo-transferrin types 2 and 3 are not known. Metabolic studies in rats showed that none of the individual asialo-transferrin types was capable of generating a signal for endocytosis at low doses (<1mug/100g body wt.) and, consequently, most of the injected protein was recoverable with the plasma and the liver 35min after injection. However, endocytosis and catabolism of each asialo-transferrin type was readily induced by injecting a larger dose (50-250mug/100g body wt.) of unlabelled asialo-transferrin of the same type or of a different type a short interval after the labelled dose. These findings support the view that the dose-dependent uptake of human asialo-transferrin by the hepatocyte, as established in an earlier study with asialo-transferrin made from whole transferrin [Regoeczi, Taylor, Hatton, Wong & Koj (1978) Biochem. J.174, 171-178], also holds for these asialo-transferrin subfractions. Furthermore, the present studies indicate that asialo-transferrins of different carbohydrate compositions are capable of synergistically promoting endocytosis of each other.", "PMID": 534538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6122", "title": "Androgen-sensitive spermine-binding protein of rat ventral prostate. Purification of the protein and characterization of the hormonal effect.", "content": "The rat ventral prostate contains a cytosol protein that can non-covalently bind spermine much more tightly than spermidine or other natural diamines. The protein has been purified to homogeneity, as judged by electrophoresis in urea- and sodium dodecyl sulphate-containing polyacrylamide gels. The protein, with or without spermine bound to it, sediments at 3 S in a sucrose gradient with or without 0.4 M-KCl. The molecular weight of the protein is about 30 000. Each molecule of the binding protein can bind one molecule of spermine. In the prostate of rats injected with cycloheximide, the protein appears to have a half-life of about 3.5 h. The spermine-binding activity of an acidic fraction obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the prostate cytosol proteins is reduced by about 40--60% within 20--40 h after castration. This effect is reversed very rapidly within 15--30 min by intraperitoneal injection of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The hormonal effect is androgen-specific and is not mimicked by dexamethasone or oestradiol-17 beta. The androgen effect was reduced significantly when rats were injected with cycloheximide or actinomycin D, suggesting that the acidic protein may be one of the earliest proteins induced by androgen in the rat ventral prostate.", "contents": "Androgen-sensitive spermine-binding protein of rat ventral prostate. Purification of the protein and characterization of the hormonal effect. The rat ventral prostate contains a cytosol protein that can non-covalently bind spermine much more tightly than spermidine or other natural diamines. The protein has been purified to homogeneity, as judged by electrophoresis in urea- and sodium dodecyl sulphate-containing polyacrylamide gels. The protein, with or without spermine bound to it, sediments at 3 S in a sucrose gradient with or without 0.4 M-KCl. The molecular weight of the protein is about 30 000. Each molecule of the binding protein can bind one molecule of spermine. In the prostate of rats injected with cycloheximide, the protein appears to have a half-life of about 3.5 h. The spermine-binding activity of an acidic fraction obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the prostate cytosol proteins is reduced by about 40--60% within 20--40 h after castration. This effect is reversed very rapidly within 15--30 min by intraperitoneal injection of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The hormonal effect is androgen-specific and is not mimicked by dexamethasone or oestradiol-17 beta. The androgen effect was reduced significantly when rats were injected with cycloheximide or actinomycin D, suggesting that the acidic protein may be one of the earliest proteins induced by androgen in the rat ventral prostate.", "PMID": 534539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6123", "title": "Stoichiometry of carbon dioxide release and oxygen uptake during glycine oxidation in mitochondria isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves.", "content": "Mitochondria isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves oxidized glycine with a stoichiometry of CO2 evolution to O2 uptake of 2 : 1. In the absence of added substrate, the mitochondria exhibited an extremely low endogenous rate of O2 uptake.", "contents": "Stoichiometry of carbon dioxide release and oxygen uptake during glycine oxidation in mitochondria isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. Mitochondria isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves oxidized glycine with a stoichiometry of CO2 evolution to O2 uptake of 2 : 1. In the absence of added substrate, the mitochondria exhibited an extremely low endogenous rate of O2 uptake.", "PMID": 534540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6124", "title": "Developmental changes in the content of oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus of the female rat.", "content": "Hypothalamic cytosol and nuclear oestrogen receptors are present at birth. A 2-fold increase in cytoplasmic receptor content occurs by the second week, whereas the first significant and equivalent increase in nuclear receptor occurs in the fourth week. The latter reflects reported increases in oestradiol availability thought to lead to complete feminine sexual differentiation. The presence of nuclear receptors in the newborn suggests a requirement for oestrogenic stimulation in early development.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the content of oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus of the female rat. Hypothalamic cytosol and nuclear oestrogen receptors are present at birth. A 2-fold increase in cytoplasmic receptor content occurs by the second week, whereas the first significant and equivalent increase in nuclear receptor occurs in the fourth week. The latter reflects reported increases in oestradiol availability thought to lead to complete feminine sexual differentiation. The presence of nuclear receptors in the newborn suggests a requirement for oestrogenic stimulation in early development.", "PMID": 534541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6125", "title": "A comparison of methods for the measurement of protein turnover in vivo.", "content": "Steady-state rates of turnover of two single proteins were measured in vivo by two independent methods. The fractional rate of synthesis of liver ornithine aminotransferase, measured by a continuous infusion of L-[2,6-3H]tyrosine, was 0.42 day-1, whereas in the same animals the fractional rate of degradation measured by loss of radioactivity from amino acids labelled via [14C]bicarbonate was 0.40 day-1. The agreement between methods confirms the reliability of each method for the study of hepatic protein turnover. In contrast, [14C]bicarbonate-labelled amino acids are extensively reutilized in muscle, and are therefore unsuitable for measuring rates of muscle protein breakdown.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for the measurement of protein turnover in vivo. Steady-state rates of turnover of two single proteins were measured in vivo by two independent methods. The fractional rate of synthesis of liver ornithine aminotransferase, measured by a continuous infusion of L-[2,6-3H]tyrosine, was 0.42 day-1, whereas in the same animals the fractional rate of degradation measured by loss of radioactivity from amino acids labelled via [14C]bicarbonate was 0.40 day-1. The agreement between methods confirms the reliability of each method for the study of hepatic protein turnover. In contrast, [14C]bicarbonate-labelled amino acids are extensively reutilized in muscle, and are therefore unsuitable for measuring rates of muscle protein breakdown.", "PMID": 534542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6126", "title": "Sexual dimorphism of mouse fetal brain lesions after X-irradiation prior to gonadal differentiation.", "content": "Fractionated X-irradiation of gestational days 11-13 in the mouse, with doses between 3 x 1.05 and 3 x 1.33 Gy resulted in rosette-like clusters of primitive ependym-resembling cells dispersed within the cortex walls. Quantification of these abnormalities showed a general prevalence in the female fetuses, especially due to the larger number of rosettes in the females than in the males. It was concluded that X-irradiation acts on sex-specific differentiation steps, which are fully developed at the beginning of the fetal period. As it was recently speculated that these are linked to an early divergence of gene expression between the sexes, we suggest that X-chromosome damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of the dimorphic lesion pattern. While, in principle, this will valid for any fetal tissue, it only becames evident in the forebrain because of the outstanding relationship between cell necrosis and rosette development in this specific organ.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism of mouse fetal brain lesions after X-irradiation prior to gonadal differentiation. Fractionated X-irradiation of gestational days 11-13 in the mouse, with doses between 3 x 1.05 and 3 x 1.33 Gy resulted in rosette-like clusters of primitive ependym-resembling cells dispersed within the cortex walls. Quantification of these abnormalities showed a general prevalence in the female fetuses, especially due to the larger number of rosettes in the females than in the males. It was concluded that X-irradiation acts on sex-specific differentiation steps, which are fully developed at the beginning of the fetal period. As it was recently speculated that these are linked to an early divergence of gene expression between the sexes, we suggest that X-chromosome damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of the dimorphic lesion pattern. While, in principle, this will valid for any fetal tissue, it only becames evident in the forebrain because of the outstanding relationship between cell necrosis and rosette development in this specific organ.", "PMID": 534545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6127", "title": "Treatment of spontaneous murine lymphomas with syngeneic lymphoid cells.", "content": "Syngeneic thymus grafts and spleen cells were administered to thymectomized and intact (C57BL/1XA)F1 mice with spontaneous lymphomas. Their life span was prolonged significantly compared to untreated tumor-bearing controls. Dramatic clinical and histologic evidence of tumor regression was observed.", "contents": "Treatment of spontaneous murine lymphomas with syngeneic lymphoid cells. Syngeneic thymus grafts and spleen cells were administered to thymectomized and intact (C57BL/1XA)F1 mice with spontaneous lymphomas. Their life span was prolonged significantly compared to untreated tumor-bearing controls. Dramatic clinical and histologic evidence of tumor regression was observed.", "PMID": 534546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6128", "title": "Lack of radiation protective effect of orgotein in normal and malignant mammalian cells.", "content": "The potential radiation protective effect of orgotein, a metalloprotein with superoxide dismutase activity, was investigated in L1A2 tumour cells in vitro, jejunal crypt cells and C3H mouse mammary carcinoma in vivo. No effect of orgotein, given either 2 hours before irradiation or 30 min after, was observed compared to the effect of irradiation alone. Thus, it was concluded that orgotein did not influence the primary radiation response in air in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Lack of radiation protective effect of orgotein in normal and malignant mammalian cells. The potential radiation protective effect of orgotein, a metalloprotein with superoxide dismutase activity, was investigated in L1A2 tumour cells in vitro, jejunal crypt cells and C3H mouse mammary carcinoma in vivo. No effect of orgotein, given either 2 hours before irradiation or 30 min after, was observed compared to the effect of irradiation alone. Thus, it was concluded that orgotein did not influence the primary radiation response in air in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 534549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6129", "title": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. III. Correction of residual angulation in fractures of the radius.", "content": "The outcome of residual angulation of the radius after 38 distal forearm fractures in children was investigated. The period of observation ranged from 4 months to 10 years and 8 months. The correction of a residual angulation after a fracture was shown to be governed by three factors. 1. An increase in the time between healing of the fracture and completed growth at the epiphyseal plates resulted in a more complete correction. 2. A larger adaxial dislocation of the epiphyseal plate at the time of healing of the fracture, reflecting a larger primary fracture angulation and a greater distance from the fracture to the epiphyseal plate, resulted in a less complete correction. 3. A more complete correction or overcorrection of the distal epiphyseal plate increased the correction of the angulation of the fracture. These findings strongly indicate that the process of correction of a residual angulation after a healed fracture can be explained in terms of the combined effects of the direction and amount of longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate. A trigonometrical equation based on this theory predicted the residual angulations of the fractures, at follow-up, with an error of less than 1 degree.", "contents": "Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. III. Correction of residual angulation in fractures of the radius. The outcome of residual angulation of the radius after 38 distal forearm fractures in children was investigated. The period of observation ranged from 4 months to 10 years and 8 months. The correction of a residual angulation after a fracture was shown to be governed by three factors. 1. An increase in the time between healing of the fracture and completed growth at the epiphyseal plates resulted in a more complete correction. 2. A larger adaxial dislocation of the epiphyseal plate at the time of healing of the fracture, reflecting a larger primary fracture angulation and a greater distance from the fracture to the epiphyseal plate, resulted in a less complete correction. 3. A more complete correction or overcorrection of the distal epiphyseal plate increased the correction of the angulation of the fracture. These findings strongly indicate that the process of correction of a residual angulation after a healed fracture can be explained in terms of the combined effects of the direction and amount of longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate. A trigonometrical equation based on this theory predicted the residual angulations of the fractures, at follow-up, with an error of less than 1 degree.", "PMID": 534550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6130", "title": "A study of labyrinthine function in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. I. An electro-nystagmographic study.", "content": "An electro-nystagmographic study of labyrinthine function was performed in 56 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)aged from 10 to 16 years. Forty-seven patients had major structural single curvatures, and nine patients had double-primary scoliosis and were analysed separately. Treatment was required in 36 cases while 20 were being observed only. Thirty healthy children of the same ages constituted a control group. Spontaneous nystagmus (SN) and positional nystagmus (PN) were found in 24 out of the 47 patients with single curvatures and in only one subject in the control group (P less than 0.001). No significant correlation was noted between direction of convexity and nystagmus. Neither did the frequency of SN or PN differ significantly between patients requiring treatment and patients submitted to observation only. Significant differences were observed in the caloric response between right and left scoliotic patients (P less than 0.05). The right convex patients had a sensitivity dominance in the right labyrinth and the left convex patients in the left labyrinth. There were no significant differences between right- and left-beating nystagmus. A dysrhythmic nystagmus occurred in the scoliotic patients with significantly increased frequency (P less than 0.05). The results are discussed with special reference to aetiology in AIS. It was difficult, however, to draw any definite conclusion as to whether the findings may indicate a causative factor in relation to the idiopathic curvature or whether they might be a feed-back effect from the deformed spine.", "contents": "A study of labyrinthine function in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. I. An electro-nystagmographic study. An electro-nystagmographic study of labyrinthine function was performed in 56 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)aged from 10 to 16 years. Forty-seven patients had major structural single curvatures, and nine patients had double-primary scoliosis and were analysed separately. Treatment was required in 36 cases while 20 were being observed only. Thirty healthy children of the same ages constituted a control group. Spontaneous nystagmus (SN) and positional nystagmus (PN) were found in 24 out of the 47 patients with single curvatures and in only one subject in the control group (P less than 0.001). No significant correlation was noted between direction of convexity and nystagmus. Neither did the frequency of SN or PN differ significantly between patients requiring treatment and patients submitted to observation only. Significant differences were observed in the caloric response between right and left scoliotic patients (P less than 0.05). The right convex patients had a sensitivity dominance in the right labyrinth and the left convex patients in the left labyrinth. There were no significant differences between right- and left-beating nystagmus. A dysrhythmic nystagmus occurred in the scoliotic patients with significantly increased frequency (P less than 0.05). The results are discussed with special reference to aetiology in AIS. It was difficult, however, to draw any definite conclusion as to whether the findings may indicate a causative factor in relation to the idiopathic curvature or whether they might be a feed-back effect from the deformed spine.", "PMID": 534551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6131", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to acute revascularization of the brain.", "content": "Two recent cases suggest that hyperbaric oxygen may be an important adjunct to the surgical treatment of occlusion of major cerebral arteries within the first few hours after onset of neurological deficit. In both patients, one with an embolus to the right middle cerebral artery and one with a surgical occlusion of the left internal carotid artery, circulation to the ischemic area was restored more than eight hours after occlusion. In the patient with the middle cerebral artery embolus, hemiplegia cleared after a six-minute exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. The patient with occlusion of the internal carotid artery was revascularized by anastomosis of a superficial temporal artery less than 1 mm in diameter to a branch of the middle cerebral artery. Her hemiplegia and aphasia cleared rapidly and concomitantly with intermittent exposure to hyperbaric oxygen during the first nine postoperative days. Postoperative angiograms demonstrated patency in both cases. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to acute revascularization of the brain. Two recent cases suggest that hyperbaric oxygen may be an important adjunct to the surgical treatment of occlusion of major cerebral arteries within the first few hours after onset of neurological deficit. In both patients, one with an embolus to the right middle cerebral artery and one with a surgical occlusion of the left internal carotid artery, circulation to the ischemic area was restored more than eight hours after occlusion. In the patient with the middle cerebral artery embolus, hemiplegia cleared after a six-minute exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. The patient with occlusion of the internal carotid artery was revascularized by anastomosis of a superficial temporal artery less than 1 mm in diameter to a branch of the middle cerebral artery. Her hemiplegia and aphasia cleared rapidly and concomitantly with intermittent exposure to hyperbaric oxygen during the first nine postoperative days. Postoperative angiograms demonstrated patency in both cases. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 534562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6132", "title": "The first year of operation under the new Patuxent law.", "content": "To summarize briefly, it can be said that the new Patuxent admissions are approximately in the same age range, but more often black and from urban areas. The seriousness of their crimes is significantly higher than in the old Patuxent population. It may be said with some assurance that the change of the law has been a positive step towards making the Patuxent Institution a more treatment-oriented place, since there is no more mandatory indeterminate incarceration of persons unwilling to participate in the program. On the other hand, a number of persons who could eventually be reached by the prolonged stay at the Institution under the indeterminate sentence are now lost to the treatment process and they will be eventually released as potentially dangerous persons into society.", "contents": "The first year of operation under the new Patuxent law. To summarize briefly, it can be said that the new Patuxent admissions are approximately in the same age range, but more often black and from urban areas. The seriousness of their crimes is significantly higher than in the old Patuxent population. It may be said with some assurance that the change of the law has been a positive step towards making the Patuxent Institution a more treatment-oriented place, since there is no more mandatory indeterminate incarceration of persons unwilling to participate in the program. On the other hand, a number of persons who could eventually be reached by the prolonged stay at the Institution under the indeterminate sentence are now lost to the treatment process and they will be eventually released as potentially dangerous persons into society.", "PMID": 534565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6133", "title": "A micromethod for the emergency estimation of plasma paracetamol concentration using high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method has been developed for the emergency estimation of paracetamol using high performance liquid chromatography. The sample required is 100 microliters of plasma; the use of a micro-centrifuge reduces the total time for the estimation to 5 min from the receipt of the blood specimen. The method has been compared with a standard UV method.", "contents": "A micromethod for the emergency estimation of plasma paracetamol concentration using high performance liquid chromatography. A method has been developed for the emergency estimation of paracetamol using high performance liquid chromatography. The sample required is 100 microliters of plasma; the use of a micro-centrifuge reduces the total time for the estimation to 5 min from the receipt of the blood specimen. The method has been compared with a standard UV method.", "PMID": 534566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6134", "title": "Laboratory simulations of the Viking labeled release experiment: kinetics following second nutrient injection and the nature of the gaseous end product.", "content": "Injection of 14C-labeled nutrient onto Mars soil produced an evolution of 14C gas in the Viking Labeled Release (LR) experiment. However, a second injection of nutrient seven days later was followed by an abrupt diminution of the amount of radioactive gas in the test cell. Simulation experiments performed in the LR Test Standards Module (TSM) have yielded a plausible explanation for this diminution. Radioactive carbon gases were injected into the TSM test cell in the presence and absence of two Mars analog soils. After equilibration, water was injected and its effect observed. The results indicate that the flight data following second nutrient injection can be explained on a physico-chemical basis involving a carbon dioxide/water/soil equilibrium in the test cell. The results also suggest that the gaseous end product of the Labeled Release reaction on Mars is more likely carbon dioxide than carbon monoxide.", "contents": "Laboratory simulations of the Viking labeled release experiment: kinetics following second nutrient injection and the nature of the gaseous end product. Injection of 14C-labeled nutrient onto Mars soil produced an evolution of 14C gas in the Viking Labeled Release (LR) experiment. However, a second injection of nutrient seven days later was followed by an abrupt diminution of the amount of radioactive gas in the test cell. Simulation experiments performed in the LR Test Standards Module (TSM) have yielded a plausible explanation for this diminution. Radioactive carbon gases were injected into the TSM test cell in the presence and absence of two Mars analog soils. After equilibration, water was injected and its effect observed. The results indicate that the flight data following second nutrient injection can be explained on a physico-chemical basis involving a carbon dioxide/water/soil equilibrium in the test cell. The results also suggest that the gaseous end product of the Labeled Release reaction on Mars is more likely carbon dioxide than carbon monoxide.", "PMID": 534573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6135", "title": "Morphology and classification of complete atrioventricular defects.", "content": "Anatomical studies were made on 70 necropsied hearts with atrioventricular defects from patients with situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance, all having a common atrioventricular orifice. The arterial connections were concordant in 68 and were double outlet right ventricle in two; cases with arterial discordance (transposition) or single outlet of the heart were excluded. It proved  possible to subdivide the hearts, depending on the morphology of the valve leaflets. Five leaflets were distinguished by the commissural pattern and their insertion to major papillary muscles. They were a posterior bridging leaflet, right and left lateral leaflets, and right and left anterior leaflets. Subdivision was made on the basis of the disposition of the anterior leaflets. In six hearts the left anterior leaflet was committed to the left ventricle and the right anterior leaflet to the right ventricle, the commissure between them being on the crest of the ventricular septum. In 39 hearts there was minimal bridging of  the left anterior leaflet so that it extended between the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle and the medial papillary complex of the right ventricle. In eight hearts the right margin of the left anterior leaflet was attached to an apical papillary muscle, while in 17 hearts it was attached to the anterolateral papillary muscle of the right ventricle. As the bridging of the left anterior leaflet increased, so the size of the right anterior leaflet decreased, but in all hearts both leaflets were identified. These findings were compared with previous classifications of complete atrioventricular defects.", "contents": "Morphology and classification of complete atrioventricular defects. Anatomical studies were made on 70 necropsied hearts with atrioventricular defects from patients with situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance, all having a common atrioventricular orifice. The arterial connections were concordant in 68 and were double outlet right ventricle in two; cases with arterial discordance (transposition) or single outlet of the heart were excluded. It proved  possible to subdivide the hearts, depending on the morphology of the valve leaflets. Five leaflets were distinguished by the commissural pattern and their insertion to major papillary muscles. They were a posterior bridging leaflet, right and left lateral leaflets, and right and left anterior leaflets. Subdivision was made on the basis of the disposition of the anterior leaflets. In six hearts the left anterior leaflet was committed to the left ventricle and the right anterior leaflet to the right ventricle, the commissure between them being on the crest of the ventricular septum. In 39 hearts there was minimal bridging of  the left anterior leaflet so that it extended between the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle and the medial papillary complex of the right ventricle. In eight hearts the right margin of the left anterior leaflet was attached to an apical papillary muscle, while in 17 hearts it was attached to the anterolateral papillary muscle of the right ventricle. As the bridging of the left anterior leaflet increased, so the size of the right anterior leaflet decreased, but in all hearts both leaflets were identified. These findings were compared with previous classifications of complete atrioventricular defects.", "PMID": 534580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6136", "title": "Morphology and classification of atrioventricular defects.", "content": "Anatomical studies were made on 114 necropsy specimens of atrioventricular defects with atrioventricular concordance. The malformation is characterised by disproportion between the ventricular inlet and outlet dimensions and a malorientation of the aortic valve relative to the atrioventricular valve or valves. Associated with this there is a characteristic 'scopped-out' appearance of the muscular ventricular septum, gross abnormalities of the membranous components of the septum as compared with the normal heart, and narrowing of the aortic outflow tract. Hearts with these anatomical features can be divided into partial and complete forms depending on the morphology of the atrioventricular annuli. In the partial form the septal leaflets are conjoined to give separate mitral and tricuspid orifices, the conjoined leaflets being displaced into the ventricles and usually attached to the crest of the septum. In the complete form, anterior and posterior components of the 'septal' leaflets are separate, so that a single valve orifice connects the atrial to the ventricular chambers. Further subdivision of the complete form, apart from the morphology of the anterior leaflet, is dependent upon the presence or absence of an ostium primum atrial septal defect.", "contents": "Morphology and classification of atrioventricular defects. Anatomical studies were made on 114 necropsy specimens of atrioventricular defects with atrioventricular concordance. The malformation is characterised by disproportion between the ventricular inlet and outlet dimensions and a malorientation of the aortic valve relative to the atrioventricular valve or valves. Associated with this there is a characteristic 'scopped-out' appearance of the muscular ventricular septum, gross abnormalities of the membranous components of the septum as compared with the normal heart, and narrowing of the aortic outflow tract. Hearts with these anatomical features can be divided into partial and complete forms depending on the morphology of the atrioventricular annuli. In the partial form the septal leaflets are conjoined to give separate mitral and tricuspid orifices, the conjoined leaflets being displaced into the ventricles and usually attached to the crest of the septum. In the complete form, anterior and posterior components of the 'septal' leaflets are separate, so that a single valve orifice connects the atrial to the ventricular chambers. Further subdivision of the complete form, apart from the morphology of the anterior leaflet, is dependent upon the presence or absence of an ostium primum atrial septal defect.", "PMID": 534579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6137", "title": "Angiocardiographic appearances of atrioventricular defects with particular reference to distinction of ostium primum atrial septal defect from common atrioventricular orifice.", "content": "Preoperative distinction between common atrioventricular orifice and ostium primum atrial septal defect may be difficult. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the right and left ventricle angiocardiograms were reviewed 'blind' in 92 patients with atrioventricular defects. The true diagnosis was known from necropsy or surgery in 60. Angiocardiograms had been obtained in various projections with or without craniocaudal tilt. Those features thought to distinguish between common orifice and ostium primum were coded, together with the ventricular systolic pressures. Computerised disciminant function analysis identified the following distinguishing features: (1) right ventricular systolic pressure; (2) immediate right ventricular outflow tract opacification from the left ventricle; (3) identification of the anterior attachment of the mitral component; (4) recognition of a single straddling atrioventricular orifice; (5) passage of contrast medium above or below the anterior or posterior bridging leaflets. Feature (3) indicates that in contrast to classic teaching the direct septal attachment of the mitral component does not contribute to the 'gooseneck' in complete atrioventricular defects. The significance of (4) and (5) is that they may be identified from right as well as left ventriculography, and are more likely to be identified in oblique than standard projections. Computerisation produced a correct diagnosis in 92 per cent of known cases, and determined precise probabilities of diagnosis in the remainder.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic appearances of atrioventricular defects with particular reference to distinction of ostium primum atrial septal defect from common atrioventricular orifice. Preoperative distinction between common atrioventricular orifice and ostium primum atrial septal defect may be difficult. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the right and left ventricle angiocardiograms were reviewed 'blind' in 92 patients with atrioventricular defects. The true diagnosis was known from necropsy or surgery in 60. Angiocardiograms had been obtained in various projections with or without craniocaudal tilt. Those features thought to distinguish between common orifice and ostium primum were coded, together with the ventricular systolic pressures. Computerised disciminant function analysis identified the following distinguishing features: (1) right ventricular systolic pressure; (2) immediate right ventricular outflow tract opacification from the left ventricle; (3) identification of the anterior attachment of the mitral component; (4) recognition of a single straddling atrioventricular orifice; (5) passage of contrast medium above or below the anterior or posterior bridging leaflets. Feature (3) indicates that in contrast to classic teaching the direct septal attachment of the mitral component does not contribute to the 'gooseneck' in complete atrioventricular defects. The significance of (4) and (5) is that they may be identified from right as well as left ventriculography, and are more likely to be identified in oblique than standard projections. Computerisation produced a correct diagnosis in 92 per cent of known cases, and determined precise probabilities of diagnosis in the remainder.", "PMID": 534581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6138", "title": "Synergistic effect of alcohol on epidermoid carcinogenesis in the larynx.", "content": "Forty hamsters received weekly installations of benzopyrene into the larynx. Twenty of these also had 10% alcohol as their total liquid intake. Carcinoma of the larynx was seen in seven alcoholic vs two nonalcoholic hamsters, supporting the evidence in humans that alcohol is a factor in epidermoid carcinogenesis of the larynx.", "contents": "Synergistic effect of alcohol on epidermoid carcinogenesis in the larynx. Forty hamsters received weekly installations of benzopyrene into the larynx. Twenty of these also had 10% alcohol as their total liquid intake. Carcinoma of the larynx was seen in seven alcoholic vs two nonalcoholic hamsters, supporting the evidence in humans that alcohol is a factor in epidermoid carcinogenesis of the larynx.", "PMID": 534574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6139", "title": "Comparison of haemodynamic effects of oral hydralazine and prazosin hydrochloride in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "The comparative haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin hydrochloride and hydralazine were evaluated in 11 patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The maximum total dose of prazosin received by an individual varied up to 25 mg. Ten patients received a maximum of 75 mg and one received 50 mg of hydralazine at six-hour intervals. There was no significant change in heart rate with either drug. Decrease in mean arterial and left ventricular filling pressures were modest and similar with both agents. With prazosin, the average cardiac index increased 20 per cent and systemic vascular resistance decreased 20 per cent. By contrast, hydralazine increased cardiac index by 58 per cent and decreased systemic vascular resistance by 40 per cent. The increase in stroke work and stroke volume indices was significantly greater with hydralazine than with prazosin. These findings suggest that in some patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure, improvement in left ventricular performance may be greater with hydralazine than with prazosin.", "contents": "Comparison of haemodynamic effects of oral hydralazine and prazosin hydrochloride in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The comparative haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin hydrochloride and hydralazine were evaluated in 11 patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The maximum total dose of prazosin received by an individual varied up to 25 mg. Ten patients received a maximum of 75 mg and one received 50 mg of hydralazine at six-hour intervals. There was no significant change in heart rate with either drug. Decrease in mean arterial and left ventricular filling pressures were modest and similar with both agents. With prazosin, the average cardiac index increased 20 per cent and systemic vascular resistance decreased 20 per cent. By contrast, hydralazine increased cardiac index by 58 per cent and decreased systemic vascular resistance by 40 per cent. The increase in stroke work and stroke volume indices was significantly greater with hydralazine than with prazosin. These findings suggest that in some patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure, improvement in left ventricular performance may be greater with hydralazine than with prazosin.", "PMID": 534582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6140", "title": "Comparison of haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin, oral hydralazine, and intravenous nitroprusside in same patients with chronic heart failure.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin and hydralazine were evaluated in patients with refractory heart failure and compared with those of intravenous nitroprusside in the same patients. Both oral agents were well tolerated and appeared to have beneficial haemodynamic effects. Prazosin and hydralazine produced similar increases in cardiac output associated with a similar decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Prazosin and hydralazine produced similar increases in cardiac output associated with a similar decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Prazosin resulted in a more significant decline in left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance than did hydralazine. Haemodynamic alterations induced by prazosin were similar to those induced by nitroprusside, which suggests a relatively balanced reduction of preload and afterload. With hydralazine, the increase in cardiac output without change in left ventricular filling pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance suggests minimal effect on preload but significant reduction in afterload.", "contents": "Comparison of haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin, oral hydralazine, and intravenous nitroprusside in same patients with chronic heart failure. The haemodynamic effects of oral prazosin and hydralazine were evaluated in patients with refractory heart failure and compared with those of intravenous nitroprusside in the same patients. Both oral agents were well tolerated and appeared to have beneficial haemodynamic effects. Prazosin and hydralazine produced similar increases in cardiac output associated with a similar decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Prazosin and hydralazine produced similar increases in cardiac output associated with a similar decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Prazosin resulted in a more significant decline in left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance than did hydralazine. Haemodynamic alterations induced by prazosin were similar to those induced by nitroprusside, which suggests a relatively balanced reduction of preload and afterload. With hydralazine, the increase in cardiac output without change in left ventricular filling pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance suggests minimal effect on preload but significant reduction in afterload.", "PMID": 534583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6141", "title": "Effect of isocapnic hypoxia on systolic time intervals in conscious man.", "content": "The effects of progressive isocapnic hypoxia on the systolic time intervals were studied in 10 healthy human subjects. We induced hypoxia by a rebreathing method and monitored the arterial oxygen saturation continuously and non-invasively by means of an ear oximeter. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was allowed to fall to a level of 75 per cent and was then held constant for five minutes. As SaO2 fell, heart rate increased linearly, with a mean increase of 0.83 beats/min per one per cent fall in SaO2. The pre-ejection phase index decreased from a mean of 127.2 ms at full oxygen saturation to 120.1 ms at steady-state hypoxia levels, while the ratio of the pre-ejection phase to left ventricular ejection time decreased from a mean of 0.330 to 0.301. The left ventricular ejection time index increased from 417.4 ms to 429.3 ms, while no statistically significant difference was found in the length of electromechanical systole.", "contents": "Effect of isocapnic hypoxia on systolic time intervals in conscious man. The effects of progressive isocapnic hypoxia on the systolic time intervals were studied in 10 healthy human subjects. We induced hypoxia by a rebreathing method and monitored the arterial oxygen saturation continuously and non-invasively by means of an ear oximeter. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was allowed to fall to a level of 75 per cent and was then held constant for five minutes. As SaO2 fell, heart rate increased linearly, with a mean increase of 0.83 beats/min per one per cent fall in SaO2. The pre-ejection phase index decreased from a mean of 127.2 ms at full oxygen saturation to 120.1 ms at steady-state hypoxia levels, while the ratio of the pre-ejection phase to left ventricular ejection time decreased from a mean of 0.330 to 0.301. The left ventricular ejection time index increased from 417.4 ms to 429.3 ms, while no statistically significant difference was found in the length of electromechanical systole.", "PMID": 534588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6142", "title": "Retrograde catheterisation of left atrium.", "content": "Retrograde catheterisation of the left atrium using a no. 8 F pigtail catheter introduced percutaneously via a femoral artery was successfully accomplished in 48 out of 50 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterisation. There was one episode of ventricular fibrillation requiring cardioversion (without sequelae), and one episode of ventricular tachycardia which was self-terminating, but no other complications and no deaths. The average fluoroscopy time was four minutes.", "contents": "Retrograde catheterisation of left atrium. Retrograde catheterisation of the left atrium using a no. 8 F pigtail catheter introduced percutaneously via a femoral artery was successfully accomplished in 48 out of 50 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterisation. There was one episode of ventricular fibrillation requiring cardioversion (without sequelae), and one episode of ventricular tachycardia which was self-terminating, but no other complications and no deaths. The average fluoroscopy time was four minutes.", "PMID": 534589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6143", "title": "Evaluation of praecordial ST segment mapping as an index of infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We evaluated the usefulness and limitations of praecordial ST segment mapping as a clinical means of assessing the size of acute myocardial infarction in 14 patients with anterior myocardial infarction and 13 patients with inferior myocardial infarction. sigma ST, the sum of ST segment elevations, and nST, the number of leads showing ST segment elevation, were obtained from serial electrocardiograms recorded through 39 praecordial leads. The infarct size and period of the evolution of myocardial infarction were estimated respectively from the total creatine kinase (CK) released and the serial changes of the CK releasing rate. sigma ST and nST obtained at the time when the CK release had ceased correlated closely with the total CK released. Peak sigma ST and nST, and values 48 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction, also correlated well with the total CK released; but those on admission or 12 hours after the onset correlated poorly. These results suggest that sigma ST and nST at the end of evolution of myocardial infarction or 48 hours after the onset may be two useful indices for the assessment of infarct size in patients with either anterior or inferior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Evaluation of praecordial ST segment mapping as an index of infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. We evaluated the usefulness and limitations of praecordial ST segment mapping as a clinical means of assessing the size of acute myocardial infarction in 14 patients with anterior myocardial infarction and 13 patients with inferior myocardial infarction. sigma ST, the sum of ST segment elevations, and nST, the number of leads showing ST segment elevation, were obtained from serial electrocardiograms recorded through 39 praecordial leads. The infarct size and period of the evolution of myocardial infarction were estimated respectively from the total creatine kinase (CK) released and the serial changes of the CK releasing rate. sigma ST and nST obtained at the time when the CK release had ceased correlated closely with the total CK released. Peak sigma ST and nST, and values 48 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction, also correlated well with the total CK released; but those on admission or 12 hours after the onset correlated poorly. These results suggest that sigma ST and nST at the end of evolution of myocardial infarction or 48 hours after the onset may be two useful indices for the assessment of infarct size in patients with either anterior or inferior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 534591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6144", "title": "Operative treatment of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysm of vein of Galen complicated by congestive heart failure.", "content": "A rare cause of congestive heart failure in the neonatal period is an intracranial arteriovenous malformation, but this condition should be borne in mind when there is unexplained right-sided congestive heart failure. A case is reported of an aneurysm of the great vein of Galen, complicated by congestive heart failure. Successful surgical treatment was carried out using a two-stage procedure.", "contents": "Operative treatment of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysm of vein of Galen complicated by congestive heart failure. A rare cause of congestive heart failure in the neonatal period is an intracranial arteriovenous malformation, but this condition should be borne in mind when there is unexplained right-sided congestive heart failure. A case is reported of an aneurysm of the great vein of Galen, complicated by congestive heart failure. Successful surgical treatment was carried out using a two-stage procedure.", "PMID": 534592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6145", "title": "An analysis of the first 300 fibreoptic bronchoscopies at the Brompton Hospital.", "content": "We report the results of the first 300 fibreoptic bronchoscopies carried out at the Brompton Hospital. Positive cell typing was possible in only 36% of the visible carcinomas in the first 150 patients, but in 74% of the second 150. The reasons for this difference are discussed. We suggest that fibreoptic bronchoscopy be carried out in district referral hospitals where sufficient experience can be gained to produce good results. Our results suggest that the trap specimen should be examined routinely for acid-fast bacilli, for malignant cells only if biopsy is negative and not at all for other bacteria. With experience good results can be obtained by physicians and the expertise gained is invaluable in the investigation and treatment of a wide range of patients, many of whom do not need surgical treatment.", "contents": "An analysis of the first 300 fibreoptic bronchoscopies at the Brompton Hospital. We report the results of the first 300 fibreoptic bronchoscopies carried out at the Brompton Hospital. Positive cell typing was possible in only 36% of the visible carcinomas in the first 150 patients, but in 74% of the second 150. The reasons for this difference are discussed. We suggest that fibreoptic bronchoscopy be carried out in district referral hospitals where sufficient experience can be gained to produce good results. Our results suggest that the trap specimen should be examined routinely for acid-fast bacilli, for malignant cells only if biopsy is negative and not at all for other bacteria. With experience good results can be obtained by physicians and the expertise gained is invaluable in the investigation and treatment of a wide range of patients, many of whom do not need surgical treatment.", "PMID": 534601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6146", "title": "Observations on the management of acute bronchial asthma.", "content": "This survey of acute asthma admissions points to a number of factors that may be relevant to the continuing asthma mortality at home and in hospital. 1. Complications in hospital occur with increasing frequency with increasing pulse rate, but mortality is low with intensive management. 2 Young patients tend to have the higher pulse rates and greater risk of complications. 3. Many patients with severe asthma do not receive adequate drug treatment, particularly corticosteroids, from their general practitioners before admission to hospital. 4. Many severe attacks of asthma come on quickly and these patients are particularly at risk.", "contents": "Observations on the management of acute bronchial asthma. This survey of acute asthma admissions points to a number of factors that may be relevant to the continuing asthma mortality at home and in hospital. 1. Complications in hospital occur with increasing frequency with increasing pulse rate, but mortality is low with intensive management. 2 Young patients tend to have the higher pulse rates and greater risk of complications. 3. Many patients with severe asthma do not receive adequate drug treatment, particularly corticosteroids, from their general practitioners before admission to hospital. 4. Many severe attacks of asthma come on quickly and these patients are particularly at risk.", "PMID": 534603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6147", "title": "Inhaled corticosteroid aerosols and candidiasis.", "content": "A three-month controlled study was performed to assess the cumulative incidence of oral Candida carriage and thrush in patients starting to take betamethasone valerate aerosol (800 microgram/day) for control of their asthma. Four of 41 patients on the corticosteroid aerosol developed thrush compared with none of 40 in the control group. However, the number of cumulative saliva culture positives for C. albicans rose by a similar amount (approximately 20%) in each group. A simple mouthwash procedure was shown to have no prophylactic benefit in the aerosol group. Oral candidiasis was not, however, clinically important.", "contents": "Inhaled corticosteroid aerosols and candidiasis. A three-month controlled study was performed to assess the cumulative incidence of oral Candida carriage and thrush in patients starting to take betamethasone valerate aerosol (800 microgram/day) for control of their asthma. Four of 41 patients on the corticosteroid aerosol developed thrush compared with none of 40 in the control group. However, the number of cumulative saliva culture positives for C. albicans rose by a similar amount (approximately 20%) in each group. A simple mouthwash procedure was shown to have no prophylactic benefit in the aerosol group. Oral candidiasis was not, however, clinically important.", "PMID": 534604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6148", "title": "Malignant pleural effusions and their treatment by intercostal talc pleurodesis.", "content": "An analysis is presented of 44 patients with malignant pleural effusion treated by intercostal talc pleurodesis, all except eight of them between 1966 and 1971.", "contents": "Malignant pleural effusions and their treatment by intercostal talc pleurodesis. An analysis is presented of 44 patients with malignant pleural effusion treated by intercostal talc pleurodesis, all except eight of them between 1966 and 1971.", "PMID": 534605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6149", "title": "Adrenal infarction: an unusual complication of Wegner's granulomatosis.", "content": "The case of a patient with Wegner's granulomatosis who died with haemorrhagic adrenal infarction is described. Thyroid involvement, another feature not previously reported in this disease, was also noted.", "contents": "Adrenal infarction: an unusual complication of Wegner's granulomatosis. The case of a patient with Wegner's granulomatosis who died with haemorrhagic adrenal infarction is described. Thyroid involvement, another feature not previously reported in this disease, was also noted.", "PMID": 534606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6150", "title": "Progressive pleural thickening during oxprenolol therapy.", "content": "A case of progressive pleural thickening developing during treatment with oxprenolol is described and the possible association between the two is discussed.", "contents": "Progressive pleural thickening during oxprenolol therapy. A case of progressive pleural thickening developing during treatment with oxprenolol is described and the possible association between the two is discussed.", "PMID": 534607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6151", "title": "Methods of studying lobar and segmental function of the lung in man.", "content": "Making the decision whether a patient with chest disease can undergo lung surgery may be easier if the anatomical extent of the disease and the functional effects of resection can be estimated. Although information can be gained by non-invasive physiological studies of lung function of a routine kind, these cannot define the anatomical extent of the disease or distinguish the relative influence of affected and unaffected parts as estimates of lung function. Whole lung ventilation and perfusion scans provide immediate topographic information but have limited resolution and anatomical accuracy, particularly when the architecture of the lung is disturbed by disease. Bronchoscopy gives direct visual information about the more central airways but little or none about the function of the areas they serve. This paper gives brief descriptions of a series of procedures which could help in assessing the feasibility of lung surgery. The size, shape and volumes of individual lungs and lobes can be estimated from plain chest radiographs. Corresponding information about individual segments, and about lobes not delineated by normal X-ray, can be obtained using radio-active krypton 81m and a gamma camera during otherwise routine fibreoptic bronchscopy segments can be determined by simple single-breath manoeuvres at bronchoscopy using a respiratory mass spectrometer. The radio-isotope and spectrometric tests can be obtained in the same breath. The spectrometric tests can be recorded from more than one part of the lung within the same breath. All of the procedures give information in terms of anatomical units of interest to the surgeon.", "contents": "Methods of studying lobar and segmental function of the lung in man. Making the decision whether a patient with chest disease can undergo lung surgery may be easier if the anatomical extent of the disease and the functional effects of resection can be estimated. Although information can be gained by non-invasive physiological studies of lung function of a routine kind, these cannot define the anatomical extent of the disease or distinguish the relative influence of affected and unaffected parts as estimates of lung function. Whole lung ventilation and perfusion scans provide immediate topographic information but have limited resolution and anatomical accuracy, particularly when the architecture of the lung is disturbed by disease. Bronchoscopy gives direct visual information about the more central airways but little or none about the function of the areas they serve. This paper gives brief descriptions of a series of procedures which could help in assessing the feasibility of lung surgery. The size, shape and volumes of individual lungs and lobes can be estimated from plain chest radiographs. Corresponding information about individual segments, and about lobes not delineated by normal X-ray, can be obtained using radio-active krypton 81m and a gamma camera during otherwise routine fibreoptic bronchscopy segments can be determined by simple single-breath manoeuvres at bronchoscopy using a respiratory mass spectrometer. The radio-isotope and spectrometric tests can be obtained in the same breath. The spectrometric tests can be recorded from more than one part of the lung within the same breath. All of the procedures give information in terms of anatomical units of interest to the surgeon.", "PMID": 534608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6152", "title": "Effect of dicarboxylic acids on normal human melanocytes in dispersed tissue culture.", "content": "Since dicarboxylic acids are competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, and effective in treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders, such as chloasma and lentigo maligna, probably due to a cytotoxic effect on abnormal melanocytes, it is of interest to examine their effect on normal melanocytes in tissue culture. Azelaic or dodecandioic acids were added (150-200 micrograms/ml) to dispersed cultures of epidermal cells, and melanocytes were examined by electron microscopy after 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days. Apart from a stimulation of melanogenesis, the presence of dicarboxylic acids in the culture medium caused no detectable damage to melanocytes, nor did they prevent growth of a second generation of cells.", "contents": "Effect of dicarboxylic acids on normal human melanocytes in dispersed tissue culture. Since dicarboxylic acids are competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, and effective in treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders, such as chloasma and lentigo maligna, probably due to a cytotoxic effect on abnormal melanocytes, it is of interest to examine their effect on normal melanocytes in tissue culture. Azelaic or dodecandioic acids were added (150-200 micrograms/ml) to dispersed cultures of epidermal cells, and melanocytes were examined by electron microscopy after 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days. Apart from a stimulation of melanogenesis, the presence of dicarboxylic acids in the culture medium caused no detectable damage to melanocytes, nor did they prevent growth of a second generation of cells.", "PMID": 534609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6153", "title": "Lichenoid melanodermatitis. A clinicopathological study of fifty-one Kenyan patients with so-called tropical lichen planus.", "content": "Fifty-one Kenyan patients with variable round plaques on the exposed parts, predominantly on the face, and characterized by central hyperpigmentation with annular hypopigmented borders, are described. The clinical and histological picture showed transitions, which ranged from lichen planus and lichenoid poikilodermatous syndromes to dermatitis. This syndrome corresponds largely with (sub-)tropical or actinic lichen planus as reported from the Middle East, where emphasis has been given mainly to a part of the described spectrum of transitions. We suggest that this syndrome should be considered as one of Pinkus' regional lichenoid syndromes which represent hybrids between lichen planus and other conditions rather than as a mere variant of lichen planus.", "contents": "Lichenoid melanodermatitis. A clinicopathological study of fifty-one Kenyan patients with so-called tropical lichen planus. Fifty-one Kenyan patients with variable round plaques on the exposed parts, predominantly on the face, and characterized by central hyperpigmentation with annular hypopigmented borders, are described. The clinical and histological picture showed transitions, which ranged from lichen planus and lichenoid poikilodermatous syndromes to dermatitis. This syndrome corresponds largely with (sub-)tropical or actinic lichen planus as reported from the Middle East, where emphasis has been given mainly to a part of the described spectrum of transitions. We suggest that this syndrome should be considered as one of Pinkus' regional lichenoid syndromes which represent hybrids between lichen planus and other conditions rather than as a mere variant of lichen planus.", "PMID": 534610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6154", "title": "The intra-epidermal epithelioma of Jadassohn: a distinct entity.", "content": "Forty cases of a distinctive acervate epidermal tumour (intra-epidermal epithelioma of Jadassohn) are described. The pathological and clinical features distinguishing it from other skin tumours are emphasized. Invasive areas were found in five of the cases, one with metastasis to a lymph node, underlining the need to differentiate this tumour from benign epidermal tumours, such as 'irritated' seborrhoeic keratosis and inverted follicular keratosis with which it has been and still is frequently confused.", "contents": "The intra-epidermal epithelioma of Jadassohn: a distinct entity. Forty cases of a distinctive acervate epidermal tumour (intra-epidermal epithelioma of Jadassohn) are described. The pathological and clinical features distinguishing it from other skin tumours are emphasized. Invasive areas were found in five of the cases, one with metastasis to a lymph node, underlining the need to differentiate this tumour from benign epidermal tumours, such as 'irritated' seborrhoeic keratosis and inverted follicular keratosis with which it has been and still is frequently confused.", "PMID": 534611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6155", "title": "Reversible binding of 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen to human serum proteins (albumin) and to epidermis in vitro.", "content": "Binding of the two photosensitizers, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), to serum proteins and to epidermis was measured. 8-MOP binds to serum proteins with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 4 x 10(-5) M. Under conditions of oral therapy, serum concentrations of the photosensitizer 2 h after administration are usually in the range of 100-1000 ng per ml serum. In this concentration range, 75-80% of the drug was found to be reversibly bound to serum proteins. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity to serum proteins and 98-99% of the drug is protein bound. The binding of both psoralen derivatives appears to take place mainly to serum albumin. 5-MOP and 8-MOP bind to different and non-interacting sites on serum proteins and the binding of the one has no effect on the binding of the other methoxypsoralen. Both photosensitizers bind reversibly to human epidermis. 8-MOP concentration in the epidermis is increased by ten to twenty fold compared with the equilibrium buffer. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity, resulting in a higher tissue concentration of the photosensitizer. As in serum, the two drugs appear to be bound in the epidermis to independent and non-interacting sites. No binding competition was found between the two methoxypsoralens and hydrocortisone, fluocinonide and acetyl salicylic acid, either in serum or in epidermis, using up to 1000 fold higher concentrations as compared with those of 5-MOP and 8-MOP.", "contents": "Reversible binding of 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen to human serum proteins (albumin) and to epidermis in vitro. Binding of the two photosensitizers, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), to serum proteins and to epidermis was measured. 8-MOP binds to serum proteins with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 4 x 10(-5) M. Under conditions of oral therapy, serum concentrations of the photosensitizer 2 h after administration are usually in the range of 100-1000 ng per ml serum. In this concentration range, 75-80% of the drug was found to be reversibly bound to serum proteins. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity to serum proteins and 98-99% of the drug is protein bound. The binding of both psoralen derivatives appears to take place mainly to serum albumin. 5-MOP and 8-MOP bind to different and non-interacting sites on serum proteins and the binding of the one has no effect on the binding of the other methoxypsoralen. Both photosensitizers bind reversibly to human epidermis. 8-MOP concentration in the epidermis is increased by ten to twenty fold compared with the equilibrium buffer. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity, resulting in a higher tissue concentration of the photosensitizer. As in serum, the two drugs appear to be bound in the epidermis to independent and non-interacting sites. No binding competition was found between the two methoxypsoralens and hydrocortisone, fluocinonide and acetyl salicylic acid, either in serum or in epidermis, using up to 1000 fold higher concentrations as compared with those of 5-MOP and 8-MOP.", "PMID": 534612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6156", "title": "Inhibition of human blood platelet aggregation by photochemotherapy in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Irradiation of human blood platelets with UV-A in vitro impairs their ability to aggregate after challenge with collagen. There also appears to be mild and transient inhibition of platelet aggregability in psoriatics during the fourth week of photochemotherapy.", "contents": "Inhibition of human blood platelet aggregation by photochemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Irradiation of human blood platelets with UV-A in vitro impairs their ability to aggregate after challenge with collagen. There also appears to be mild and transient inhibition of platelet aggregability in psoriatics during the fourth week of photochemotherapy.", "PMID": 534613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6157", "title": "Bowenoid lesions, Bowen's disease and keratoacanthomas in long-term PUVA-treated patients.", "content": "Four patients are described, two with histologically proven multiple foci of bowenoid lesions, one patient with bowenoid lesions and Bowen's disease, and one patient with two keratoacanthomas, most of the lesions occurring in non sun-exposed but photochemically treated areas of the body. These patients had received long-term PUVA treatment for their psoriasis. Two patients had a history of arsenic intake. The possible relationship of these epidermal lesions to light treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Bowenoid lesions, Bowen's disease and keratoacanthomas in long-term PUVA-treated patients. Four patients are described, two with histologically proven multiple foci of bowenoid lesions, one patient with bowenoid lesions and Bowen's disease, and one patient with two keratoacanthomas, most of the lesions occurring in non sun-exposed but photochemically treated areas of the body. These patients had received long-term PUVA treatment for their psoriasis. Two patients had a history of arsenic intake. The possible relationship of these epidermal lesions to light treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 534614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6158", "title": "The removal of amateur tattoos by salabrasion.", "content": "Due to the recent upsurge in self-inflicted tattoos in teenagers it was decided to employ for their removal the method of salabrasion, i.e. abrasion with table salt. This technique was recently used by Manchester (1973, 1974) for the removal of commercial tattoos. Fourteen patients with twenty-eight tattoo or only tiny flecks of pigment remaining visible; eleven showed a fair response, i.e. the tatoo, although much lighter in colour, was still legible but the patient was satisfied with the result; three showed a poor response, i.e. the tattoo appeared as if untreated; four (two patients) defaulted. In general, as could be expected, the darker the tattoo the more difficult was its removal and those on fingers were particularly resistant.", "contents": "The removal of amateur tattoos by salabrasion. Due to the recent upsurge in self-inflicted tattoos in teenagers it was decided to employ for their removal the method of salabrasion, i.e. abrasion with table salt. This technique was recently used by Manchester (1973, 1974) for the removal of commercial tattoos. Fourteen patients with twenty-eight tattoo or only tiny flecks of pigment remaining visible; eleven showed a fair response, i.e. the tatoo, although much lighter in colour, was still legible but the patient was satisfied with the result; three showed a poor response, i.e. the tattoo appeared as if untreated; four (two patients) defaulted. In general, as could be expected, the darker the tattoo the more difficult was its removal and those on fingers were particularly resistant.", "PMID": 534615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6159", "title": "Specific hyposensitization in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Specific hyposensitization is rarely advocated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Good results have been obtained in fifteen mainly adolescent and adult patients selected from over 3,000 patients with atopic dermatitis. Criteria included a history of exacerbations of the dermatitis after exposure to the antigen, an airborne antigen which could not be avoided, a rather distinctive clinical picture and symptoms bad enough to warrant the considerable difficulties involved.", "contents": "Specific hyposensitization in atopic dermatitis. Specific hyposensitization is rarely advocated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Good results have been obtained in fifteen mainly adolescent and adult patients selected from over 3,000 patients with atopic dermatitis. Criteria included a history of exacerbations of the dermatitis after exposure to the antigen, an airborne antigen which could not be avoided, a rather distinctive clinical picture and symptoms bad enough to warrant the considerable difficulties involved.", "PMID": 534616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6160", "title": "Trachyonychia (rough nails).", "content": "The term trachyonychia is a useful one to describe roughening of the surface of many nails due to various causes. Psoriasis and alopecia areata are responsible for some cases. Lichen planus can roughen nails but the change is usually limited to a few nails and accompanied by discomfort. In many cases no cause can be found and these cases are somewhat arbitrarily listed either as twenty nail dystrophy of childhood or severe nail dystrophy.", "contents": "Trachyonychia (rough nails). The term trachyonychia is a useful one to describe roughening of the surface of many nails due to various causes. Psoriasis and alopecia areata are responsible for some cases. Lichen planus can roughen nails but the change is usually limited to a few nails and accompanied by discomfort. In many cases no cause can be found and these cases are somewhat arbitrarily listed either as twenty nail dystrophy of childhood or severe nail dystrophy.", "PMID": 534617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6161", "title": "Yellow nails and nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A patient is described who simultaneously developed the yellow nail syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Treatment of the nephrotic oedema coincided with return of normal nail growth.", "contents": "Yellow nails and nephrotic syndrome. A patient is described who simultaneously developed the yellow nail syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Treatment of the nephrotic oedema coincided with return of normal nail growth.", "PMID": 534618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6162", "title": "Complement abnormalities in diffuse plane xanthomatosis with paraproteinaemia.", "content": "Paraproteinaemia may be associated with xanthomatous skin deposits and these can arise in the absence of elevated lipid levels. Two cases of benign monoclonal gammopathy with diffuse plane xanthomatosis are reported. Case 1 exhibited hypolipidaemia and a functional deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor. Case 2 showed a normal lipoprotein profile, abnormal platelet aggregation, and a cutaneous vasculitis with evidence of complement consumption via the classical pathway. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed.", "contents": "Complement abnormalities in diffuse plane xanthomatosis with paraproteinaemia. Paraproteinaemia may be associated with xanthomatous skin deposits and these can arise in the absence of elevated lipid levels. Two cases of benign monoclonal gammopathy with diffuse plane xanthomatosis are reported. Case 1 exhibited hypolipidaemia and a functional deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor. Case 2 showed a normal lipoprotein profile, abnormal platelet aggregation, and a cutaneous vasculitis with evidence of complement consumption via the classical pathway. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed.", "PMID": 534619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6163", "title": "The involvement of the lipid phase transition in the plasma-induced dissolution of multilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "Unsonicated liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine were nearly completely dissolved during a 3 h incubation with rat plasma at or close to the phase-transition temperature of 24 degrees C. At 37 or 15 degrees C virtually no liposomal disintegration was observed even after 24 h of incubation. The liposomal solubilization, which was monitored by turbidity measurements or by determination of phospholipid sedimentability, was accompanied by the formation of a phospholipid-protein complex similar or identical to the one we previously reported to be formed from sonicated liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine (Scherphof, G., Roerdink, F., Waite, M. and Parks, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 542, 296--307). Unsonicated multilamellar liposomes made of egg phosphatidylcholine were completely resistant to the dissolving potency of plasma when incubated at 37 degrees C. Liposomes from equimolar mixtures of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were only degraded by plasma in the temperature range between 30 and 35 degrees C at which temperature this cocrystallizing phospholipid mixture undergoes a phase transition. However, even at these temperatures the rate of dissolution of this mixture was significantly lower than of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 24 degrees C. In the dissolving process of this mixture a slight preference for the lower-melting component was observed. The ability of cholesterol to completely abolish the susceptibility of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes to plasma at a 1:2 molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid substantiates the essential role of the phase transition in the process of liposome solubilization. When liposomes of the monotectic mixtures dimyristoyl and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine or dilauroyl and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine were incubated with plasma at temperatures in between those at which the constituent lipids undergo a phase change in the mixture, the liposomes were slowly dissolved. Under those conditions a selective removal of the lipids in the liquid-crystalline phase was observed. It is concluded that for the plasma-induced dissolution of unsonicated liposomes, which is most probably achieved by interaction with (apo)lipoproteins, the presence of phase boundaries is required in much the same way as was first reported for phospholipases by Op den Kamp, J.A.F., de Gier, J. and Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 253--256).", "contents": "The involvement of the lipid phase transition in the plasma-induced dissolution of multilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Unsonicated liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine were nearly completely dissolved during a 3 h incubation with rat plasma at or close to the phase-transition temperature of 24 degrees C. At 37 or 15 degrees C virtually no liposomal disintegration was observed even after 24 h of incubation. The liposomal solubilization, which was monitored by turbidity measurements or by determination of phospholipid sedimentability, was accompanied by the formation of a phospholipid-protein complex similar or identical to the one we previously reported to be formed from sonicated liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine (Scherphof, G., Roerdink, F., Waite, M. and Parks, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 542, 296--307). Unsonicated multilamellar liposomes made of egg phosphatidylcholine were completely resistant to the dissolving potency of plasma when incubated at 37 degrees C. Liposomes from equimolar mixtures of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were only degraded by plasma in the temperature range between 30 and 35 degrees C at which temperature this cocrystallizing phospholipid mixture undergoes a phase transition. However, even at these temperatures the rate of dissolution of this mixture was significantly lower than of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 24 degrees C. In the dissolving process of this mixture a slight preference for the lower-melting component was observed. The ability of cholesterol to completely abolish the susceptibility of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes to plasma at a 1:2 molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid substantiates the essential role of the phase transition in the process of liposome solubilization. When liposomes of the monotectic mixtures dimyristoyl and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine or dilauroyl and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine were incubated with plasma at temperatures in between those at which the constituent lipids undergo a phase change in the mixture, the liposomes were slowly dissolved. Under those conditions a selective removal of the lipids in the liquid-crystalline phase was observed. It is concluded that for the plasma-induced dissolution of unsonicated liposomes, which is most probably achieved by interaction with (apo)lipoproteins, the presence of phase boundaries is required in much the same way as was first reported for phospholipases by Op den Kamp, J.A.F., de Gier, J. and Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 253--256).", "PMID": 534623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6164", "title": "Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of deuterium-labelled N-hexadeconoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides).", "content": "1. Deuterium Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides) specifically labelled with deuterium at one of positions 2', 6', 10' and 16' of the acyl chain, or in the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of the galactose residue, have been obtained using a spin-echo technique at 34.1 MHz with a homebuilt superconducting magnet spectrometer. 2. The effects of temperature and cholesterol on the deuterium spectra have been investigated. The results indicate, when compared at the same reduced temperature, that the hydrocarbon chain organization in the liquid crystalline phase of palmitoylgalactosylceramide is essentially identical to that seen in similar chain length glycerophospholipids. In particular, two sets of quadrupole splittings are seen for a 2'-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide, indicating non-equivalent deuterons as noted previously for phospholipids. 3. Two sets of quadrupole splittings are observed for the headgroup C-6-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide. It is proposed that these signals arise from the enantiomeric R and S lipids, and that motion of the hydroxymethyl group is slow (greater than 10(-5) S). These results suggest the presence of a hydrogen bond network in the polar headgroup region. 4. The effects of cholesterol on the deuterium spectra of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide-labelled as C2H3 in the terminal methyl group, at 1:1 mol ratios and in excess water below the crystal to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature (Tc) of the pure lipid (82 degrees C), are different to the effects seen with the phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system. The spectra below Tc are characterised by two overlapping powder patterns, one with a quadrupole splitting of approx. 6 kHz (fluid liquid-crystalline phase) and one with a quadrupole splitting of about 20--25 kHz (crystal or gel-state lipid). Exchange between these two environments is therefore slow, leading to the possibility of characterising the cerebroside-cholesterol phase diagram using deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of deuterium-labelled N-hexadeconoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides). 1. Deuterium Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides) specifically labelled with deuterium at one of positions 2', 6', 10' and 16' of the acyl chain, or in the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of the galactose residue, have been obtained using a spin-echo technique at 34.1 MHz with a homebuilt superconducting magnet spectrometer. 2. The effects of temperature and cholesterol on the deuterium spectra have been investigated. The results indicate, when compared at the same reduced temperature, that the hydrocarbon chain organization in the liquid crystalline phase of palmitoylgalactosylceramide is essentially identical to that seen in similar chain length glycerophospholipids. In particular, two sets of quadrupole splittings are seen for a 2'-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide, indicating non-equivalent deuterons as noted previously for phospholipids. 3. Two sets of quadrupole splittings are observed for the headgroup C-6-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide. It is proposed that these signals arise from the enantiomeric R and S lipids, and that motion of the hydroxymethyl group is slow (greater than 10(-5) S). These results suggest the presence of a hydrogen bond network in the polar headgroup region. 4. The effects of cholesterol on the deuterium spectra of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide-labelled as C2H3 in the terminal methyl group, at 1:1 mol ratios and in excess water below the crystal to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature (Tc) of the pure lipid (82 degrees C), are different to the effects seen with the phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system. The spectra below Tc are characterised by two overlapping powder patterns, one with a quadrupole splitting of approx. 6 kHz (fluid liquid-crystalline phase) and one with a quadrupole splitting of about 20--25 kHz (crystal or gel-state lipid). Exchange between these two environments is therefore slow, leading to the possibility of characterising the cerebroside-cholesterol phase diagram using deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "PMID": 534624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6165", "title": "Retention of lipid asymmetry in membranes on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads.", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine-specific exchange protein from calf liver was used to study the asymmetry and transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine in rat erythrocyte membranes isolated on polylysine-coated beads. While confirming previously published results for sealed ghosts, we found that for membranes attached to beads, where the cytoplasmic surface is exposed, about 36% of the total phosphatidylcholine is readily available for exchange, while the remaining 64% is exchangeable at a much slower rate. This indicates that the relative transbilayer asymmetry of phosphatidylcholine is largely maintained when red cell membranes are isolated on beads. On the other hand, transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine is decreased in membranes attached to cationized beads: the half-time for equilibration of phosphatidylcholine between the two monolayers of the membrane is 8 h for membranes on beads, compared to 1.5 h for sealed ghosts. Our results indicate that polylysine-derivatized beads are a useful tool for studying asymmetric properties of biological membranes.", "contents": "Retention of lipid asymmetry in membranes on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads. Phosphatidylcholine-specific exchange protein from calf liver was used to study the asymmetry and transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine in rat erythrocyte membranes isolated on polylysine-coated beads. While confirming previously published results for sealed ghosts, we found that for membranes attached to beads, where the cytoplasmic surface is exposed, about 36% of the total phosphatidylcholine is readily available for exchange, while the remaining 64% is exchangeable at a much slower rate. This indicates that the relative transbilayer asymmetry of phosphatidylcholine is largely maintained when red cell membranes are isolated on beads. On the other hand, transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine is decreased in membranes attached to cationized beads: the half-time for equilibration of phosphatidylcholine between the two monolayers of the membrane is 8 h for membranes on beads, compared to 1.5 h for sealed ghosts. Our results indicate that polylysine-derivatized beads are a useful tool for studying asymmetric properties of biological membranes.", "PMID": 534625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6166", "title": "Physicochemical studies of the protein-lipid interactions in melittin-containing micelles.", "content": "Complexes of melittin with detergents and phospholipids have been characterized by fluorescence, circular dichroism, ultracentrifugation, quasi-elastic light scattering and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. By ultracentrifugation and quasi-elastic light-scattering measurements it is shown that melittin forms stoichiometrically well-defined complexes with dodecylphosphocholine micelles consisting of one melittin molecule and approximately forty detergent molecules. Evidence from fluorescence, circular dichroism and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicates that the conformation of melittin bound to micelles of various detergents or of diheptanoyl phosphatidylcholine is largely independent of the type of lipid and furthermore appears to be quite closely related to the conformation of melittin bound to phosphatidylcholine bilayers. 1H NMR is used to investigate the conformation of micelle-bound melittin in more detail and to compare certain aspects of the melittin conformation in the micelles with the spatial structures of monomeric and self-aggregated tetrameric melittin in aqueous solution. The experience gained with this system demonstrates that high resolution NMR of complexes of membrane proteins with micelles provides a viable method for conformational studies of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Physicochemical studies of the protein-lipid interactions in melittin-containing micelles. Complexes of melittin with detergents and phospholipids have been characterized by fluorescence, circular dichroism, ultracentrifugation, quasi-elastic light scattering and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. By ultracentrifugation and quasi-elastic light-scattering measurements it is shown that melittin forms stoichiometrically well-defined complexes with dodecylphosphocholine micelles consisting of one melittin molecule and approximately forty detergent molecules. Evidence from fluorescence, circular dichroism and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicates that the conformation of melittin bound to micelles of various detergents or of diheptanoyl phosphatidylcholine is largely independent of the type of lipid and furthermore appears to be quite closely related to the conformation of melittin bound to phosphatidylcholine bilayers. 1H NMR is used to investigate the conformation of micelle-bound melittin in more detail and to compare certain aspects of the melittin conformation in the micelles with the spatial structures of monomeric and self-aggregated tetrameric melittin in aqueous solution. The experience gained with this system demonstrates that high resolution NMR of complexes of membrane proteins with micelles provides a viable method for conformational studies of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 534626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6167", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of a procaryotic glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of Thermoplasma acidophilum.", "content": "The obligate, thermophilic, acidophilic mycoplasma, Thermoplasma acidophilum, grows optimally at 56 degrees C and pH 2.0. Its plasma membrane possessed 21--22 protein bands that were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major membrane protein, molecular weight 152 000, which stained for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, accounted for 32% (w/w) of the total membrane proteins. It was isolated and further purified by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The carbohydrate content amounted to less than 10% (w/w) compared to that of the entire glycoprotein. The carbohydrate moiety consisted mainly of mannose residues with branched alpha 1 leads to 2 linkages at the non-reducing ends of the glycopeptide as determined by permethylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The reducing end was an N-glycosidic linkage between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine. The amino acid composition of this glycoprotein showed 62 mol% hydrophobic residues, while the acidic amino acid content contributed 9 mol% more than that of the basic amino acids. The existence of membrane glycoproteins in the procaryotic, wall-less T. acidophilum may provide a protective coat for the plasma membrane. The stereochemistry and the conformation of the carbohydrate chains, in conjunciton with water turgor, may contribute to the rigidity of the membrane and the cation binding.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of a procaryotic glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of Thermoplasma acidophilum. The obligate, thermophilic, acidophilic mycoplasma, Thermoplasma acidophilum, grows optimally at 56 degrees C and pH 2.0. Its plasma membrane possessed 21--22 protein bands that were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major membrane protein, molecular weight 152 000, which stained for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, accounted for 32% (w/w) of the total membrane proteins. It was isolated and further purified by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The carbohydrate content amounted to less than 10% (w/w) compared to that of the entire glycoprotein. The carbohydrate moiety consisted mainly of mannose residues with branched alpha 1 leads to 2 linkages at the non-reducing ends of the glycopeptide as determined by permethylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The reducing end was an N-glycosidic linkage between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine. The amino acid composition of this glycoprotein showed 62 mol% hydrophobic residues, while the acidic amino acid content contributed 9 mol% more than that of the basic amino acids. The existence of membrane glycoproteins in the procaryotic, wall-less T. acidophilum may provide a protective coat for the plasma membrane. The stereochemistry and the conformation of the carbohydrate chains, in conjunciton with water turgor, may contribute to the rigidity of the membrane and the cation binding.", "PMID": 534627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6168", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural study of the disruption of blood platelets by streptolysin O.", "content": "The membrane-damaging protein toxin, streptolysin O, proved highly lytic on human, guinea-pig and rabbit platelets. About 15 molecules of toxin were sufficient to lyse one cell. Platelet disruption was assessed by electron microscopy, clearing of cell suspensions and assay of lactate dehydrogenase, serotonin, monoamine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase released in the extracellular fluid. This egress reflected the damage of both plasmic and organelle membranes. A quantitative study of lactate dehydrogenase and serotonin liberation taken as respective markers of the cytosol and dense bodies was undertaken as a function of toxin concentration. No platelet aggregation or shape change was elicited by streptolysin O. The ghosts resulting from platelet lysis retained properties of the native membrane such as aggregability and serotonin uptake. Dense bodies were easily separated after gentle disruption of the plasmic membrane by small amounts of toxin. Platelet lysis by streptolysin O proved a useful procedure for the determination of protein content, enzyme activities and serotonin assay on the same lysate in contrast to usual methods.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural study of the disruption of blood platelets by streptolysin O. The membrane-damaging protein toxin, streptolysin O, proved highly lytic on human, guinea-pig and rabbit platelets. About 15 molecules of toxin were sufficient to lyse one cell. Platelet disruption was assessed by electron microscopy, clearing of cell suspensions and assay of lactate dehydrogenase, serotonin, monoamine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase released in the extracellular fluid. This egress reflected the damage of both plasmic and organelle membranes. A quantitative study of lactate dehydrogenase and serotonin liberation taken as respective markers of the cytosol and dense bodies was undertaken as a function of toxin concentration. No platelet aggregation or shape change was elicited by streptolysin O. The ghosts resulting from platelet lysis retained properties of the native membrane such as aggregability and serotonin uptake. Dense bodies were easily separated after gentle disruption of the plasmic membrane by small amounts of toxin. Platelet lysis by streptolysin O proved a useful procedure for the determination of protein content, enzyme activities and serotonin assay on the same lysate in contrast to usual methods.", "PMID": 534628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6169", "title": "Red cell membrane in hemolytic disease. Studies on variables affecting electrophoretic analysis.", "content": "Significant alterations in the spectrin: band 3 and band 4.1a: band 4.1b ratios and an occasional decrease in the peak height of band 4.2 with respect to band 4.1 were found in electrophoretic patterns of red cell membranes from patients with hereditary xerocytosis. Electrophoretic comparison of whole cell, cytoplasm and membrane polypeptides implied that atypical partitioning at hemolysis could account for some, but not all, of the alterations seen in membrane patterns of xerocytes. A decrease in band 4.2 peak height as well as a variation in the profile of band 3 were produced in controls by specific manipulations of the electrophoresis protocol. Metabolic depletion of normal cells produced the type of alterations in bands 3 and 4.1 found in xerocyte membranes, whereas Heinz body production, addition of calcium to the hemolysis buffer and incubation of membranes in detergent under conditions designed to promote proteolysis did not. The presence of a higher peak height of band 4.1b with respect to that of band 4.1a in membranes of patients with various other red cell disorders correlated with an increase in the percentage of reticulocytes in peripheral circulation. The appearance of both band 3 and 4.1 abnormalities in the patterns of control cells which had been enriched in young cells by density gradient centrifugation suggested that these alterations in hemolytic disease are related to the predominance of young cells in the population.", "contents": "Red cell membrane in hemolytic disease. Studies on variables affecting electrophoretic analysis. Significant alterations in the spectrin: band 3 and band 4.1a: band 4.1b ratios and an occasional decrease in the peak height of band 4.2 with respect to band 4.1 were found in electrophoretic patterns of red cell membranes from patients with hereditary xerocytosis. Electrophoretic comparison of whole cell, cytoplasm and membrane polypeptides implied that atypical partitioning at hemolysis could account for some, but not all, of the alterations seen in membrane patterns of xerocytes. A decrease in band 4.2 peak height as well as a variation in the profile of band 3 were produced in controls by specific manipulations of the electrophoresis protocol. Metabolic depletion of normal cells produced the type of alterations in bands 3 and 4.1 found in xerocyte membranes, whereas Heinz body production, addition of calcium to the hemolysis buffer and incubation of membranes in detergent under conditions designed to promote proteolysis did not. The presence of a higher peak height of band 4.1b with respect to that of band 4.1a in membranes of patients with various other red cell disorders correlated with an increase in the percentage of reticulocytes in peripheral circulation. The appearance of both band 3 and 4.1 abnormalities in the patterns of control cells which had been enriched in young cells by density gradient centrifugation suggested that these alterations in hemolytic disease are related to the predominance of young cells in the population.", "PMID": 534629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6170", "title": "Action of surface-active substances on biological membranes. IV. Hemolytic and membrane-perturbing action of homologous series of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-alkylphosphates.", "content": "The hemolytic action of a homologous series of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-alkylphosphates on human erythrocytes has been examined. The agent's affinity for the red cell membrane and the mean number of the agent's molecules which, upon interaction with an erythrocyte, make it undergo hemolysis have been measured. The contribution of the head group and that of a CH2 group of the surfactants to the free energy of the agents' binding to the cell membrane have been estimated. The effect of the surfactants on the red cell volume and the lytic concentrations of the agents have been measured. The contribution of a CH2 group to the free energy of the interaction of the amphiphiles embedded in the membrane bilayer with their environment has been evaluated and is proposed to be used as a measure of the membrane matrix stability.", "contents": "Action of surface-active substances on biological membranes. IV. Hemolytic and membrane-perturbing action of homologous series of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-alkylphosphates. The hemolytic action of a homologous series of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-alkylphosphates on human erythrocytes has been examined. The agent's affinity for the red cell membrane and the mean number of the agent's molecules which, upon interaction with an erythrocyte, make it undergo hemolysis have been measured. The contribution of the head group and that of a CH2 group of the surfactants to the free energy of the agents' binding to the cell membrane have been estimated. The effect of the surfactants on the red cell volume and the lytic concentrations of the agents have been measured. The contribution of a CH2 group to the free energy of the interaction of the amphiphiles embedded in the membrane bilayer with their environment has been evaluated and is proposed to be used as a measure of the membrane matrix stability.", "PMID": 534630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6171", "title": "An X-ray study of the cytoplasmic membranes of two gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "X-ray diffraction diagrams of partially disordered one-dimensional lattices of isolated bacterial cytoplasmic membranes are described and they provide a basis for suggesting possible molecular structures of bacterial membranes. Biochemical and electron microscope evidence points towards a lipid bilayer with a high degree of fluidity. The protein molecules are in a disordered configuration in the membrane.", "contents": "An X-ray study of the cytoplasmic membranes of two gram-positive bacteria. X-ray diffraction diagrams of partially disordered one-dimensional lattices of isolated bacterial cytoplasmic membranes are described and they provide a basis for suggesting possible molecular structures of bacterial membranes. Biochemical and electron microscope evidence points towards a lipid bilayer with a high degree of fluidity. The protein molecules are in a disordered configuration in the membrane.", "PMID": 534631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6172", "title": "Effects of changes in sodium electrochemical potential gradient on p-aminohippurate transport in newt kidney.", "content": "1. The relation between p-aminohippurate uptake and the electrochemical potential gradient of Na+ (delta muNa+) across the peritubular membrane was examined in newt (Triturus pyrrhogaster) kidney. The delta muNa+ was modified by changing cellular Na+ concentration and/or lowering the electrical potential difference across the peritubular membrane (peritubular membrane potential) 2. Elevation of external K+ concentration or addition of alanine at 40 mM to the medium decreased the delta muNa+ mainly through the depolarization of the cells. Addition of 1 mM ouabain resulted in a decrease in the peritubular membrane potential and increase in cellular Na+ concentration, thus decrease in the delta muNa+. 3. p-Aminohippurate uptake decreased in proportion to the decrease in the delta muNa+ under all experimental conditions, indicating that the maintenance of the delta muNa+ is required for p-aminohippurate transport. 4. All three different experimental conditions, high medium K+ concentration, 40 mM alanine or 1 mM ouabain, increased the apparent Michaelis constant, Kt, without affecting the maximal uptake rate, V, for p-aminohippurate. These results suggests that the delta muNa+, largely the peritubular membrane potential, may affect the association and/or dissociation of p-aminohippurate and Na+ at both interfaces of the peritubular membrane of the proximal tubular cells.", "contents": "Effects of changes in sodium electrochemical potential gradient on p-aminohippurate transport in newt kidney. 1. The relation between p-aminohippurate uptake and the electrochemical potential gradient of Na+ (delta muNa+) across the peritubular membrane was examined in newt (Triturus pyrrhogaster) kidney. The delta muNa+ was modified by changing cellular Na+ concentration and/or lowering the electrical potential difference across the peritubular membrane (peritubular membrane potential) 2. Elevation of external K+ concentration or addition of alanine at 40 mM to the medium decreased the delta muNa+ mainly through the depolarization of the cells. Addition of 1 mM ouabain resulted in a decrease in the peritubular membrane potential and increase in cellular Na+ concentration, thus decrease in the delta muNa+. 3. p-Aminohippurate uptake decreased in proportion to the decrease in the delta muNa+ under all experimental conditions, indicating that the maintenance of the delta muNa+ is required for p-aminohippurate transport. 4. All three different experimental conditions, high medium K+ concentration, 40 mM alanine or 1 mM ouabain, increased the apparent Michaelis constant, Kt, without affecting the maximal uptake rate, V, for p-aminohippurate. These results suggests that the delta muNa+, largely the peritubular membrane potential, may affect the association and/or dissociation of p-aminohippurate and Na+ at both interfaces of the peritubular membrane of the proximal tubular cells.", "PMID": 534632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6173", "title": "Inhibition of 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into protein by particles and surface-active agents in human granulocytes.", "content": "Contact of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with latex or zymosan particles resulted in inhibition of incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into protein in the phagocytosing cells. The surface-active agents, concanavalin A and digitonin, exerted the same inhibitory activity on 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into protein in human granulocytes. The inhibition of 14C label incorporation was dose dependent and the half-maximal effect per 10(7) cells was found at 0.8 mg of latex (0.79 micrometer in diameter), 0.25 mg of serum-coated zymosan and 35 microgram of digitonin/ml of the incubation medium. Amino acid transport (14C-labeled amino acids or amino[14C]isobutyrate) was the same in the resting and phagocytosing granulocytes. These results suggest that the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into protein in human granulocytes is in some way connected to alteration in the cell plasma membrane.", "contents": "Inhibition of 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into protein by particles and surface-active agents in human granulocytes. Contact of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with latex or zymosan particles resulted in inhibition of incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into protein in the phagocytosing cells. The surface-active agents, concanavalin A and digitonin, exerted the same inhibitory activity on 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into protein in human granulocytes. The inhibition of 14C label incorporation was dose dependent and the half-maximal effect per 10(7) cells was found at 0.8 mg of latex (0.79 micrometer in diameter), 0.25 mg of serum-coated zymosan and 35 microgram of digitonin/ml of the incubation medium. Amino acid transport (14C-labeled amino acids or amino[14C]isobutyrate) was the same in the resting and phagocytosing granulocytes. These results suggest that the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into protein in human granulocytes is in some way connected to alteration in the cell plasma membrane.", "PMID": 534633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6174", "title": "Biosynthesis of ribosomal proteins by poly(A)-containing mRNAs from rat liver in a wheat germ cell-free system and sizes of mRNAs coding ribosomal proteins.", "content": "(1) Poly(A)-containing mRNAs from total polysomal RNA of regenerating rat liver were incubated with [3H]leucine in a wheat germ cell-free system. Ribosomal proteins were purified as described previously [1], and with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The proteins on the gel except for less basic protein had appreciable radioactivity, whereas the surrounding areas had very low radioactivity. Acetic acid-soluble proteins labeled in this system were subjected to three-dimensional gel electrophoresis [2]. Except for L1 and L2 proteins, each of the ribosomal proteins, including less basic ones, showed a major radioactive peak coinciding with the protein band on SDS gel. Thus, the wheat germ cell-free system completely translates almost all mRNAs for individual ribosomal proteins. Equimolar amounts of almost all ribosomal proteins were synthesized in the presence of the saturating concentration of mRNAs. (2) Free polysomes from regenerating rat liver were fractionated into three sizes. Each class of polysomes was incubated with [3H]leucine. Ribosomal proteins with molecular weights of 40 000 to 21 000 were mainly synthesized by Fraction B (5-14 monomeric ribosomes), L1 and L2 [2] with 60 000 and 54 000, by Fraction C (greater than 15 monomeric ribosomes) and B, and ribosomal proteins smaller than 20 000 by Fractions A (less than pentamer) and B. (3) mRNAs from rat liver total polysomes were fractionated into seven classes by size and each was translated in the wheat germ extract. Ribosomal proteins with molecular weights of 54 000 to 30 000 were mainly synthesized by mRNAs of 12 to 14.5 S, ribosomal proteins of 35 000 to 22 000 by those of 9.5 to 12 S, ribosomal proteins of 22 000 to 13 000 by those of 7 to 9.5 S, and smaller ribosomal proteins by those smaller than 7 S. These results indicate that individual ribosomal proteins are synthesized by monocistronic mRNAs, the lengths of which are proportional to the molecular weights of the corresponding ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of ribosomal proteins by poly(A)-containing mRNAs from rat liver in a wheat germ cell-free system and sizes of mRNAs coding ribosomal proteins. (1) Poly(A)-containing mRNAs from total polysomal RNA of regenerating rat liver were incubated with [3H]leucine in a wheat germ cell-free system. Ribosomal proteins were purified as described previously [1], and with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The proteins on the gel except for less basic protein had appreciable radioactivity, whereas the surrounding areas had very low radioactivity. Acetic acid-soluble proteins labeled in this system were subjected to three-dimensional gel electrophoresis [2]. Except for L1 and L2 proteins, each of the ribosomal proteins, including less basic ones, showed a major radioactive peak coinciding with the protein band on SDS gel. Thus, the wheat germ cell-free system completely translates almost all mRNAs for individual ribosomal proteins. Equimolar amounts of almost all ribosomal proteins were synthesized in the presence of the saturating concentration of mRNAs. (2) Free polysomes from regenerating rat liver were fractionated into three sizes. Each class of polysomes was incubated with [3H]leucine. Ribosomal proteins with molecular weights of 40 000 to 21 000 were mainly synthesized by Fraction B (5-14 monomeric ribosomes), L1 and L2 [2] with 60 000 and 54 000, by Fraction C (greater than 15 monomeric ribosomes) and B, and ribosomal proteins smaller than 20 000 by Fractions A (less than pentamer) and B. (3) mRNAs from rat liver total polysomes were fractionated into seven classes by size and each was translated in the wheat germ extract. Ribosomal proteins with molecular weights of 54 000 to 30 000 were mainly synthesized by mRNAs of 12 to 14.5 S, ribosomal proteins of 35 000 to 22 000 by those of 9.5 to 12 S, ribosomal proteins of 22 000 to 13 000 by those of 7 to 9.5 S, and smaller ribosomal proteins by those smaller than 7 S. These results indicate that individual ribosomal proteins are synthesized by monocistronic mRNAs, the lengths of which are proportional to the molecular weights of the corresponding ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 534634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6175", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum variants have a slow recovery of DNA synthesis after irradiation with ultraviolet light.", "content": "Human cells (normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant) irradiated with ultraviolet light and pulse-labelled with [3H]thymidine underwent transient decline and recovery of molecular weights of newly synthesized DNA and rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation. The ability to synthesize normal-sized DNA recovered more rapidly in both cell types than thymidine incorporation. During recovery cells steadily increased in their ability to replicate normal-sized DNA on damaged templates. The molecular weight versus time curves fitted exponential functions with similar rate constants in normal and heterozygous xeroderma pigmentosum cells, but with a slower rate in two xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell lines. Caffeine added during the post-irradiation period eliminated the recovery of molecular weights in xeroderma pigmentosum variant but not in normal cells. The recovery of the ability to synthesize normal-sized DNA represents a combination of a number of cellular regulatory processes, some of which are constitutive, and one of which is altered in the xeroderma pigmentosum variant such that recovery becomes slow and caffeine sensitive.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum variants have a slow recovery of DNA synthesis after irradiation with ultraviolet light. Human cells (normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant) irradiated with ultraviolet light and pulse-labelled with [3H]thymidine underwent transient decline and recovery of molecular weights of newly synthesized DNA and rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation. The ability to synthesize normal-sized DNA recovered more rapidly in both cell types than thymidine incorporation. During recovery cells steadily increased in their ability to replicate normal-sized DNA on damaged templates. The molecular weight versus time curves fitted exponential functions with similar rate constants in normal and heterozygous xeroderma pigmentosum cells, but with a slower rate in two xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell lines. Caffeine added during the post-irradiation period eliminated the recovery of molecular weights in xeroderma pigmentosum variant but not in normal cells. The recovery of the ability to synthesize normal-sized DNA represents a combination of a number of cellular regulatory processes, some of which are constitutive, and one of which is altered in the xeroderma pigmentosum variant such that recovery becomes slow and caffeine sensitive.", "PMID": 534635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6176", "title": "An assay system for factors involved in mammalian DNA replication.", "content": "An assay for cellular factors stimulating DNA synthesis by partially lysed CHO cells is presented. The assay is based on the observation that in highly lysed cells, DNA synthesis, as determined by [3H]dTTP incorporation, was only 2-5% of that in gently lysed cells, and that this low level of DNA synthesis could be increased by a factor of approx. 50 by the addition of CHO cell extract (i.e. supernatant of a cell homogenate subjected to high-speed centrifugation). Highly lysed cells were obtained by treatment with 0.1% Brij-58 and 240 mM KCl, while for the preparation of gently lysed cells, 0.01% Brij-58 and 80 mM KCl were used. Incorporation of [3H]dTTP reflected DNA synthesis qualitatively similar to that in intact cells. It was semiconservative, and no repair synthesis was detected unless cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to parital lysis. DNA molecules of 4 S were synthesized and converted to DNA of more than 25 S via 6-12-S intermediates. DNA synthesis was restricted to nuclei from cells in S phase, and cell extract did not induce DNA synthesis in nuclei from cells in G1 phase. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by cell extract was concentration-dependent. Cell extract activity was recovered to more than 50% after (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Heat-inactivation experiments suggested that cell extract contained at least tow factors timulating DNA replication. This system may, therefore, be used for the purification and characterization of factors participating in DNA replication of mammalian cells.", "contents": "An assay system for factors involved in mammalian DNA replication. An assay for cellular factors stimulating DNA synthesis by partially lysed CHO cells is presented. The assay is based on the observation that in highly lysed cells, DNA synthesis, as determined by [3H]dTTP incorporation, was only 2-5% of that in gently lysed cells, and that this low level of DNA synthesis could be increased by a factor of approx. 50 by the addition of CHO cell extract (i.e. supernatant of a cell homogenate subjected to high-speed centrifugation). Highly lysed cells were obtained by treatment with 0.1% Brij-58 and 240 mM KCl, while for the preparation of gently lysed cells, 0.01% Brij-58 and 80 mM KCl were used. Incorporation of [3H]dTTP reflected DNA synthesis qualitatively similar to that in intact cells. It was semiconservative, and no repair synthesis was detected unless cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to parital lysis. DNA molecules of 4 S were synthesized and converted to DNA of more than 25 S via 6-12-S intermediates. DNA synthesis was restricted to nuclei from cells in S phase, and cell extract did not induce DNA synthesis in nuclei from cells in G1 phase. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by cell extract was concentration-dependent. Cell extract activity was recovered to more than 50% after (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Heat-inactivation experiments suggested that cell extract contained at least tow factors timulating DNA replication. This system may, therefore, be used for the purification and characterization of factors participating in DNA replication of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 534636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6177", "title": "Sequential changes in DNA polymerases alpha and beta during diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "It has often been suggested that the high molecular weight DNA polymerase alpha of eukaryotes plays a role in de novo replication of DNA, while the low molecular weight polymerase beta is involved in repair replication. Previous studies have shown that when diethylnitrosamine is fed in the diet to rats it causes after a few weeks an increase in de novo replication of DNA, which then returns to normal values. In contrast, repair replication may be expected to continue throughout the feeding period. Study of DNA polymerase activity in livers of animals during carcinogenesis showed that an increase in polymerase alpha occurred at the time of increased de novo replication, while there was a gradual increase in polymerase beta during the time diethylnitrosamine was present in the diet. When diethylnitrosamine treatment was stopped, there was a rapid drop in polymerase beta activity. These results support the view that the polymerase alpha is involved in DNA replication, that the polymerase beta functions in repair replication, and that the beta enzyme can be induced by chronic damage to DNA.", "contents": "Sequential changes in DNA polymerases alpha and beta during diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. It has often been suggested that the high molecular weight DNA polymerase alpha of eukaryotes plays a role in de novo replication of DNA, while the low molecular weight polymerase beta is involved in repair replication. Previous studies have shown that when diethylnitrosamine is fed in the diet to rats it causes after a few weeks an increase in de novo replication of DNA, which then returns to normal values. In contrast, repair replication may be expected to continue throughout the feeding period. Study of DNA polymerase activity in livers of animals during carcinogenesis showed that an increase in polymerase alpha occurred at the time of increased de novo replication, while there was a gradual increase in polymerase beta during the time diethylnitrosamine was present in the diet. When diethylnitrosamine treatment was stopped, there was a rapid drop in polymerase beta activity. These results support the view that the polymerase alpha is involved in DNA replication, that the polymerase beta functions in repair replication, and that the beta enzyme can be induced by chronic damage to DNA.", "PMID": 534637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6178", "title": "Isolation of a stimulatory factor for nuclear DNA replication.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of isolated nuclei and intact plasmodia of Physarum contain a heat-stable stimulator of nuclear DNA replication. The stimulatory factor is present throughout the mitotic cycle, and its activity is unaffected by prior exposure of plasmodia to cycloheximide. The stimulatory substance has been partially purified by heat treatment, precipitation with ethanol, chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and gel filtration. The purified material contains both carbohydrate and protein, and exhibits a molecular weight of about 30 000. The active substance increases the rate and overall extent of DNA replication in S-phase nuclei, but does not trigger the initiation of DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from G2-phase plasmodia. The stimulatory material contains little or no deoxyribonuclease or DNA polymerase activity, and it does not affect DNA polymerase activity assayed using a purified DNA template.", "contents": "Isolation of a stimulatory factor for nuclear DNA replication. Aqueous extracts of isolated nuclei and intact plasmodia of Physarum contain a heat-stable stimulator of nuclear DNA replication. The stimulatory factor is present throughout the mitotic cycle, and its activity is unaffected by prior exposure of plasmodia to cycloheximide. The stimulatory substance has been partially purified by heat treatment, precipitation with ethanol, chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and gel filtration. The purified material contains both carbohydrate and protein, and exhibits a molecular weight of about 30 000. The active substance increases the rate and overall extent of DNA replication in S-phase nuclei, but does not trigger the initiation of DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from G2-phase plasmodia. The stimulatory material contains little or no deoxyribonuclease or DNA polymerase activity, and it does not affect DNA polymerase activity assayed using a purified DNA template.", "PMID": 534638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6179", "title": "Immunochemical detection of N6-methyladenine in DNA.", "content": "Antibodies to N6-methyladenosine were produced in rabbit by means of immunization with N6-methyladenosine coupled to bovine serum albumin via periodate oxidation. Cross-reacting antibodies were removed by bovine serum albumin-Sepharose and appropriate nucleoside-human serum albumin absorbents. Nucleoside-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography of N6-methyladenosine-human serum albumin-Sepharose. The specificity of the purified antibodies has been demonstrated by complement fixation inhibition analyses using nucleoside analogues as inhibition than dAMP. Anti-N6-methyladenosine was used to detect N6-methyladenine in denatured DNAs from various sources by complement fixation. Practically no complement fixation has been found with DNAs containing no N6-methyladenine, such as calf thymus, salmon sperm, Micrococcus radiodurans, Streptomyces chrysomallus and Streptomyces hygroscopicus, whereas a weak reactivity occurred in the case of Bacillus subtilis DNA and Sarcina maxima DNA. For DNA from Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli K-12, E. coli B, E. coli WF+, lambda, T2 phages quantitative differences in the immunochemical reactivity were observed, which only partially correlate with the N6-methyladenine content of the DNAs. Other factors, influencing the accessibility of N6-methyladenine to the antibody-combining site have to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Immunochemical detection of N6-methyladenine in DNA. Antibodies to N6-methyladenosine were produced in rabbit by means of immunization with N6-methyladenosine coupled to bovine serum albumin via periodate oxidation. Cross-reacting antibodies were removed by bovine serum albumin-Sepharose and appropriate nucleoside-human serum albumin absorbents. Nucleoside-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography of N6-methyladenosine-human serum albumin-Sepharose. The specificity of the purified antibodies has been demonstrated by complement fixation inhibition analyses using nucleoside analogues as inhibition than dAMP. Anti-N6-methyladenosine was used to detect N6-methyladenine in denatured DNAs from various sources by complement fixation. Practically no complement fixation has been found with DNAs containing no N6-methyladenine, such as calf thymus, salmon sperm, Micrococcus radiodurans, Streptomyces chrysomallus and Streptomyces hygroscopicus, whereas a weak reactivity occurred in the case of Bacillus subtilis DNA and Sarcina maxima DNA. For DNA from Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli K-12, E. coli B, E. coli WF+, lambda, T2 phages quantitative differences in the immunochemical reactivity were observed, which only partially correlate with the N6-methyladenine content of the DNAs. Other factors, influencing the accessibility of N6-methyladenine to the antibody-combining site have to be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 534639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6180", "title": "Levels of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and ATP in germinating lupin seeds.", "content": "Transfer RNAs in dry lupin seeds are aminoacylated to a low extent (Kedzierski, W. and Pawe\u0142kiewicz, J. (1977) Phytochemistry 16, 503-504) and are partly degraded at the acceptor terminus (Dziegielewski, T. and Pawe\u0142kiewicz, J. (1977) Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ser. Biol. 7, 4oo-435). Increase in the levels of tRNA aminoacylation and disappearance of defective tRNA molecules during seed germination are not accompanied by significant changes in the levels of phenylalanyl-, arginyl-, valyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Additionally, no inhibitor of aminoacylation of valine tRNA has been detected in dry seeds. However, dry seeds contain very low ATP amounts, which increase dramatically during germination. The above results suggest that a very low ATP level is a factor limiting the aminoacylation and reparation of tRNA molecules at early stages of seed germination.", "contents": "Levels of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and ATP in germinating lupin seeds. Transfer RNAs in dry lupin seeds are aminoacylated to a low extent (Kedzierski, W. and Pawe\u0142kiewicz, J. (1977) Phytochemistry 16, 503-504) and are partly degraded at the acceptor terminus (Dziegielewski, T. and Pawe\u0142kiewicz, J. (1977) Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ser. Biol. 7, 4oo-435). Increase in the levels of tRNA aminoacylation and disappearance of defective tRNA molecules during seed germination are not accompanied by significant changes in the levels of phenylalanyl-, arginyl-, valyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Additionally, no inhibitor of aminoacylation of valine tRNA has been detected in dry seeds. However, dry seeds contain very low ATP amounts, which increase dramatically during germination. The above results suggest that a very low ATP level is a factor limiting the aminoacylation and reparation of tRNA molecules at early stages of seed germination.", "PMID": 534640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6181", "title": "Low molecular weight RNAs as components of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "content": "70-130 S polyparticles as well as 38 S monoparticles were isolated from rat liver nuclei and analyzed in respect to their RNA components by microgel polyacrylamide electrophoresis in formamide. In addition to the high molecular weight polydisperse hnRNA of polyparticles several low molecular weight RNAs (snRNA) were detected. There are at least six distinct snRNA species in polyparticles. Except for one species, which is missing, 38 S monoparticles showed a similar snRNA pattern. From densitometer tracings of microgels the snRNAs were estimated to represent about 11% of the total polyparticle RNA. The number of nucleotides for the various snRNAs were determined from a plot of relative electrophoretic mobility versus log number of nucleotides. The possibility that the snRNAs are degradation products of the hnRNA was excluded on the basis of the following findings. (1) The snRNA pattern was similar in mono- and polyparticles. (2) Whereas the hnRNA of polyparticles incubated at 37 degrees C was extensively degraded, the snRNA did not show a corresponding increase. (3) After a 30 min pulse with [3H]orotate the hn RNA was readily labeled; none of the snRNAs, however, incorporated radioactivity. The snRNAs were still found after treatment of polyparticles with 2 M NaCl excluding contamination by nucleoplasm.", "contents": "Low molecular weight RNAs as components of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA. 70-130 S polyparticles as well as 38 S monoparticles were isolated from rat liver nuclei and analyzed in respect to their RNA components by microgel polyacrylamide electrophoresis in formamide. In addition to the high molecular weight polydisperse hnRNA of polyparticles several low molecular weight RNAs (snRNA) were detected. There are at least six distinct snRNA species in polyparticles. Except for one species, which is missing, 38 S monoparticles showed a similar snRNA pattern. From densitometer tracings of microgels the snRNAs were estimated to represent about 11% of the total polyparticle RNA. The number of nucleotides for the various snRNAs were determined from a plot of relative electrophoretic mobility versus log number of nucleotides. The possibility that the snRNAs are degradation products of the hnRNA was excluded on the basis of the following findings. (1) The snRNA pattern was similar in mono- and polyparticles. (2) Whereas the hnRNA of polyparticles incubated at 37 degrees C was extensively degraded, the snRNA did not show a corresponding increase. (3) After a 30 min pulse with [3H]orotate the hn RNA was readily labeled; none of the snRNAs, however, incorporated radioactivity. The snRNAs were still found after treatment of polyparticles with 2 M NaCl excluding contamination by nucleoplasm.", "PMID": 534641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6182", "title": "Polyribosome size analysis. Measurement of number-average polyribosome sizes.", "content": "The analysis of translational efficiencies of specific mRNAs requires a determination of the polyribosome size. The appropriate value to use in such calculations is the number-average size. A method is described for accurately measuring the number-average size of total and of specific protein synthesizing polyribosomes using isokinetic sucrose density gradients and 125I-labeled antibodies. By this method, we demonstrated that albumin synthesizing polyribosomes from a serum albumin secreting mouse hepatoma cell line exist over a broad range from trimers to 20-mers (mean 6-10). The specificity of antibody interaction with polyribosomes was demonstrated using cells not synthesizing mouse serum albumin, and by demonstrating that 125I-anti ovalbumin does not bind to mouse hepatoma polyribosomes. Treatment of the mouse hepatoma cells with 1 MUM cycloheximide shifted practically all of the monomers into polyribosomes resulting in an increase in the number-average size of the albumin synthesizing polyribosomes. Cycloheximide treatment, however, did not eliminate the size heterogeneity in the albumin synthesizing polyribosomes.", "contents": "Polyribosome size analysis. Measurement of number-average polyribosome sizes. The analysis of translational efficiencies of specific mRNAs requires a determination of the polyribosome size. The appropriate value to use in such calculations is the number-average size. A method is described for accurately measuring the number-average size of total and of specific protein synthesizing polyribosomes using isokinetic sucrose density gradients and 125I-labeled antibodies. By this method, we demonstrated that albumin synthesizing polyribosomes from a serum albumin secreting mouse hepatoma cell line exist over a broad range from trimers to 20-mers (mean 6-10). The specificity of antibody interaction with polyribosomes was demonstrated using cells not synthesizing mouse serum albumin, and by demonstrating that 125I-anti ovalbumin does not bind to mouse hepatoma polyribosomes. Treatment of the mouse hepatoma cells with 1 MUM cycloheximide shifted practically all of the monomers into polyribosomes resulting in an increase in the number-average size of the albumin synthesizing polyribosomes. Cycloheximide treatment, however, did not eliminate the size heterogeneity in the albumin synthesizing polyribosomes.", "PMID": 534642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6183", "title": "The occurrence of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate in quail egg white and characteristic distribution of sulfated sugar nucleotides in different avian eggs.", "content": "A sulfated sugar nucleotide has been isolated from quail egg white, and accounts for nearly 80% of the total sugar nucleotides found in the egg white. Evidence is presented that this nucleotide is uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate, an isomer of the 4-sulfated derivative of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine previously found in chicken egg white. Further studies on the distribution of sulfated sugar nucleotides in egg white of various birds (chicken, quail, pheasant, peafowl, turkey, goose, and duck) demonstrate that each species has a characteristic composition, differing from one another regarding the relative amounts of 4-sulfated, 6-sulfated, and 4,6-bissulfated derivatives of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine.", "contents": "The occurrence of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate in quail egg white and characteristic distribution of sulfated sugar nucleotides in different avian eggs. A sulfated sugar nucleotide has been isolated from quail egg white, and accounts for nearly 80% of the total sugar nucleotides found in the egg white. Evidence is presented that this nucleotide is uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate, an isomer of the 4-sulfated derivative of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine previously found in chicken egg white. Further studies on the distribution of sulfated sugar nucleotides in egg white of various birds (chicken, quail, pheasant, peafowl, turkey, goose, and duck) demonstrate that each species has a characteristic composition, differing from one another regarding the relative amounts of 4-sulfated, 6-sulfated, and 4,6-bissulfated derivatives of uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine.", "PMID": 534643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6184", "title": "Association of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis with cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation.", "content": "CHO cells and cs-4-D3 cells were used to investigate the association between poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation. The cs4-D3 cells are cold-sensitive DNA synthesis arrest mutants of CHO cells. Upon incubation at 33 degrees C, DNA synthesis in the cs4-D3 cells stops and the cells enter a prolonged G1 or G0 phase. The events that occurred when cs4 cells were incubated at 33 degrees C were similar to those that occurred when wild-type CHO cells grew to high density. (1) In both cases, DNA synthesis and cell growth stopped. (2) The NAD+ concentration/cell was 20-25% lower in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (3) Poly(ADP-rib) synthesis was 3-4 fold higher in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (4) The growth-inhibited cells developed DNA strand breaks which resulted in large percentages of their DNA appearing in the low molecular weight range of alkaline sucrose gradients. (5) Both the increased rate of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the development of DNA strand breaks appears to be characteristic of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (6) When growth-inhibited cells were restored to conditions favorable for DNA synthesis and cell growth, the DNA strand breaks were repaired. (7) Prolonged incubation under growth-restrictive conditions resulted in the accumulation of more DNA strand breaks than the cells could repair. This was followed by cell death when the cells were restored to conditions favorable for cell growth.", "contents": "Association of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis with cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation. CHO cells and cs-4-D3 cells were used to investigate the association between poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation. The cs4-D3 cells are cold-sensitive DNA synthesis arrest mutants of CHO cells. Upon incubation at 33 degrees C, DNA synthesis in the cs4-D3 cells stops and the cells enter a prolonged G1 or G0 phase. The events that occurred when cs4 cells were incubated at 33 degrees C were similar to those that occurred when wild-type CHO cells grew to high density. (1) In both cases, DNA synthesis and cell growth stopped. (2) The NAD+ concentration/cell was 20-25% lower in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (3) Poly(ADP-rib) synthesis was 3-4 fold higher in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (4) The growth-inhibited cells developed DNA strand breaks which resulted in large percentages of their DNA appearing in the low molecular weight range of alkaline sucrose gradients. (5) Both the increased rate of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the development of DNA strand breaks appears to be characteristic of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (6) When growth-inhibited cells were restored to conditions favorable for DNA synthesis and cell growth, the DNA strand breaks were repaired. (7) Prolonged incubation under growth-restrictive conditions resulted in the accumulation of more DNA strand breaks than the cells could repair. This was followed by cell death when the cells were restored to conditions favorable for cell growth.", "PMID": 534644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6185", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies on [methionine]-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in aqueous solution.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of [Met5]-enkephalin (lipotropin 61-65) in aqueous solution indicate a conformational preference for the pentapeptide backbone. The structural differences between [Met5]-enkephalin and other, more flexible peptides have been investigated using paramagnetic probe techniques. An outline structure for beta-endorphin (lipotropin 61-91) in aqueous solution is obtained from binding studies using Gd(III) as a relaxation probe.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies on [methionine]-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in aqueous solution. Proton magnetic resonance studies of [Met5]-enkephalin (lipotropin 61-65) in aqueous solution indicate a conformational preference for the pentapeptide backbone. The structural differences between [Met5]-enkephalin and other, more flexible peptides have been investigated using paramagnetic probe techniques. An outline structure for beta-endorphin (lipotropin 61-91) in aqueous solution is obtained from binding studies using Gd(III) as a relaxation probe.", "PMID": 534645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6186", "title": "Intrachain disulfide bridges of bovine seminal ribonuclease.", "content": "The pairing of the four intrachain disulfide bonds of bovine seminal ribonuclease, a dimeric protein isolated from bovine seminal plasma, has been established by the isolation and characterization of the cystine peptides obtained from a thermolytic-tryptic hydrolysate of the protein. These disulfide bonds involve eight half-cystine residues located in the protein subunit chain at sequence positions identical with those of the eight half-cystine residues of the strictly homologous chain of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. The results reported show that these eight 'homologous' half-cystine residues pair in seminal ribonuclease exactly as they do in pancreatic ribonuclease. They also indirectly confirm that the remaining two half-cystine residues present in each chain of the seminal enzyme are involved in intersubunit bonds.", "contents": "Intrachain disulfide bridges of bovine seminal ribonuclease. The pairing of the four intrachain disulfide bonds of bovine seminal ribonuclease, a dimeric protein isolated from bovine seminal plasma, has been established by the isolation and characterization of the cystine peptides obtained from a thermolytic-tryptic hydrolysate of the protein. These disulfide bonds involve eight half-cystine residues located in the protein subunit chain at sequence positions identical with those of the eight half-cystine residues of the strictly homologous chain of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. The results reported show that these eight 'homologous' half-cystine residues pair in seminal ribonuclease exactly as they do in pancreatic ribonuclease. They also indirectly confirm that the remaining two half-cystine residues present in each chain of the seminal enzyme are involved in intersubunit bonds.", "PMID": 534646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6187", "title": "Studies on factor VIII-related protein. III. Size distribution and carbohydrate content of human and bovine factor VIII.", "content": "Human and bovine factor VIII were isolated from cryoprecipitate of fresh frozen plasma by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B. The elution diagrams and SDS-agarose electrophoretic analysis of eluted fractions show no significant differences in the size-distribution of factor VIII aggregates between the two species. Agarose gels were stained for carbohydrate by two methods: (1) the dansyl hydrazine reaction following oxidation with periodic acid and (2) staining with fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Results of both procedures indicate that in human factor VIII neither the size distribution nor its ristocetin cofactor activity are related to carbohydrate content. Bovine factor VIII contains slightly less sugar than the human preparation as judged from the relative dansyl hydrazine staining intensities. In contrast to human factor VIII, the binding affinity for concanavalin A of bovine factor VIII was gradually decreased with increasing aggregate size. This finding suggests an impaired accessibility of reactive sugar residues in large aggregates of bovine factor VIII.", "contents": "Studies on factor VIII-related protein. III. Size distribution and carbohydrate content of human and bovine factor VIII. Human and bovine factor VIII were isolated from cryoprecipitate of fresh frozen plasma by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B. The elution diagrams and SDS-agarose electrophoretic analysis of eluted fractions show no significant differences in the size-distribution of factor VIII aggregates between the two species. Agarose gels were stained for carbohydrate by two methods: (1) the dansyl hydrazine reaction following oxidation with periodic acid and (2) staining with fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Results of both procedures indicate that in human factor VIII neither the size distribution nor its ristocetin cofactor activity are related to carbohydrate content. Bovine factor VIII contains slightly less sugar than the human preparation as judged from the relative dansyl hydrazine staining intensities. In contrast to human factor VIII, the binding affinity for concanavalin A of bovine factor VIII was gradually decreased with increasing aggregate size. This finding suggests an impaired accessibility of reactive sugar residues in large aggregates of bovine factor VIII.", "PMID": 534647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6188", "title": "Characterization of ferritin from human placenta. Implications for analysis of tissue specificity and microheterogeneity of ferritins.", "content": "Mammalian ferritins can be resolved into multiple components by isoelectric focusing, and each tissue contains a characteristic subset of isoferritins. Ferritin isolated from human liver was compared to acidic ferritin isolated from mid-gestational human placenta to define a structural basis for ferritin heterogeneity. Placenta ferritin contained several major bands with isoelectric points in the range of pI = 4.7-5.0 which were more acidic than the predominant isoferritins of human liver. Ferritin from each tissue was resistant to denaturation by 10 M urea and appeared to be identical by electron microscopy. Circular dichroism measurements revealed that placenta ferritin had substantially less ordered secondary structure than liver ferritin. Both types of ferritin contained only two subunits when analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, but isoelectric focusing of dissociated subunits in urea revealed 6-7 different components. In this system, placenta ferritin was enriched in the more acidic subunits and it completely lacked the most basic subunits noted in liver ferritin; placental ferritin had no unique components. Differences in isoelectric points among assembled ferritins from these two tissues appear to result from different proportions of these acidic and basic subunits.", "contents": "Characterization of ferritin from human placenta. Implications for analysis of tissue specificity and microheterogeneity of ferritins. Mammalian ferritins can be resolved into multiple components by isoelectric focusing, and each tissue contains a characteristic subset of isoferritins. Ferritin isolated from human liver was compared to acidic ferritin isolated from mid-gestational human placenta to define a structural basis for ferritin heterogeneity. Placenta ferritin contained several major bands with isoelectric points in the range of pI = 4.7-5.0 which were more acidic than the predominant isoferritins of human liver. Ferritin from each tissue was resistant to denaturation by 10 M urea and appeared to be identical by electron microscopy. Circular dichroism measurements revealed that placenta ferritin had substantially less ordered secondary structure than liver ferritin. Both types of ferritin contained only two subunits when analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, but isoelectric focusing of dissociated subunits in urea revealed 6-7 different components. In this system, placenta ferritin was enriched in the more acidic subunits and it completely lacked the most basic subunits noted in liver ferritin; placental ferritin had no unique components. Differences in isoelectric points among assembled ferritins from these two tissues appear to result from different proportions of these acidic and basic subunits.", "PMID": 534648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6189", "title": "Purification of the insulin receptor from human placental membranes.", "content": "Insulin receptors were purified from human placental microsomal membranes by solubilisation with Triton X-100 followed by Sepharose 6B chromatography, phosphate gradient elution from hydroxyapatite and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. 2000-fold purification was achieved with 63% overall recovery. The purified receptor gave a single band on 3.75% polyacrylamide (0.1% Triton X-100) gel electrophoresis. On sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis there was a major band at 75,000 and a minor band at 80,000 daltons. The purified receptor rechromatographed on Sepharose 6B with an apparent molecular weight of 300,000.", "contents": "Purification of the insulin receptor from human placental membranes. Insulin receptors were purified from human placental microsomal membranes by solubilisation with Triton X-100 followed by Sepharose 6B chromatography, phosphate gradient elution from hydroxyapatite and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. 2000-fold purification was achieved with 63% overall recovery. The purified receptor gave a single band on 3.75% polyacrylamide (0.1% Triton X-100) gel electrophoresis. On sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis there was a major band at 75,000 and a minor band at 80,000 daltons. The purified receptor rechromatographed on Sepharose 6B with an apparent molecular weight of 300,000.", "PMID": 534649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6190", "title": "Purification and characterization of rat angiotensinogen.", "content": "1. Angiotensinogen (renin substrate) was purified from plasma of nephrectomized rats by a four step procedure using ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B and SP-Sephadex C-50, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. 2. The final preparation had a specific concentration of 9.3 microgram angiotensin I/mg (mean of six separate runs). The best preparation so far obtained contains 14.6 microgram angiotensin I/mg protein, which represents a purity of 62%. 3. By sodium dodecyl sulfate disc electrophoresis an apparent molecular weight of 56,400, and by isoelectric focusing an isoelectric point of 4.85 has been determined. These properties of rat angiotensinogen are similar to those reported for human angiotensinogen.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of rat angiotensinogen. 1. Angiotensinogen (renin substrate) was purified from plasma of nephrectomized rats by a four step procedure using ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B and SP-Sephadex C-50, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. 2. The final preparation had a specific concentration of 9.3 microgram angiotensin I/mg (mean of six separate runs). The best preparation so far obtained contains 14.6 microgram angiotensin I/mg protein, which represents a purity of 62%. 3. By sodium dodecyl sulfate disc electrophoresis an apparent molecular weight of 56,400, and by isoelectric focusing an isoelectric point of 4.85 has been determined. These properties of rat angiotensinogen are similar to those reported for human angiotensinogen.", "PMID": 534650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6191", "title": "Purification and characterization of a glycopeptide derived from Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "A glycopeptide obtained from tryptic digestion of citraconylated leukoagglutinating (L-subunit) phytohemagglutinin was isolated and purified. The composition of its ten amino acid and seven hexose residues, when compared to a previous analysis of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, indicated that the glycopeptide was derived from residues 11 through 20, with the oligosaccharide unit linked N-glycosidically to asparagine at the twelfth position. Structural studies involving a combination of alpha-mannosidase digestion, periodate oxidation, and permethylation, in conjunction with computerized mass-spectrometric and masschromatographic techniques, suggested a branched sequence of five mannose and two glucosamine residues similar to that found in many mammalian glycoproteins.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a glycopeptide derived from Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin. A glycopeptide obtained from tryptic digestion of citraconylated leukoagglutinating (L-subunit) phytohemagglutinin was isolated and purified. The composition of its ten amino acid and seven hexose residues, when compared to a previous analysis of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, indicated that the glycopeptide was derived from residues 11 through 20, with the oligosaccharide unit linked N-glycosidically to asparagine at the twelfth position. Structural studies involving a combination of alpha-mannosidase digestion, periodate oxidation, and permethylation, in conjunction with computerized mass-spectrometric and masschromatographic techniques, suggested a branched sequence of five mannose and two glucosamine residues similar to that found in many mammalian glycoproteins.", "PMID": 534651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6192", "title": "Purification, characterization and identification of an agglutinin in human serum.", "content": "A serum protein named agglutinin is able to induce mitochondria to agglutinate. The protein has been purified from human serum by chromatography on DE-52. Sephadex G-200 and immunoglobulin-Sepharose 4B columns. Agglutinin is a glycoprotein that migrates electrophoretically as a gamma-globulin. Its molecular weight was determined to be 50,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Monospecific antiserum prepared against the agglutinin was found to be identical with anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I and agglutinating activity could be adsorbed on anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I-Sepharose 4B columns. Thus, the agglutinin has been identified as beta 2-glycoprotein I. The reaction between mitochondria and agglutinin shows positive cooperativity, which is independent on the stage of purification of agglutinin. The agglutinating activity could be diminished (inhibited) by acidic non-soluble lipids such as oleic acid, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol.", "contents": "Purification, characterization and identification of an agglutinin in human serum. A serum protein named agglutinin is able to induce mitochondria to agglutinate. The protein has been purified from human serum by chromatography on DE-52. Sephadex G-200 and immunoglobulin-Sepharose 4B columns. Agglutinin is a glycoprotein that migrates electrophoretically as a gamma-globulin. Its molecular weight was determined to be 50,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Monospecific antiserum prepared against the agglutinin was found to be identical with anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I and agglutinating activity could be adsorbed on anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I-Sepharose 4B columns. Thus, the agglutinin has been identified as beta 2-glycoprotein I. The reaction between mitochondria and agglutinin shows positive cooperativity, which is independent on the stage of purification of agglutinin. The agglutinating activity could be diminished (inhibited) by acidic non-soluble lipids such as oleic acid, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol.", "PMID": 534652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6193", "title": "Kinetics of the in vitro gelation of a sickling haemoglobin from Hog deer (Axis porcinus).", "content": "In order to distinguish the molecular mechanisms involved in the polymerisation of animal and human sickling haemoglobins, the gelation properties of hog deer (Axis porcinus) haemoglobin have been studied. Continuous monitoring of viscosity and minimum gelling concentration measurements of hog deer haemolysates were made over a range of pH, temperature, ionic strengths and in the presence of urea and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. The inhibition of gelling caused by lowering the pH or increasing ionic strength and the abolition of the reversible endothermic nature of gelation by urea suggest that electrostatic interactions predominate in polymerisation but that weak hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds may also be present. Kinetic viscosity data demonstrated a pre-gelation lag phase, dependent on ahigh power of the haemoglobin concentration, similar to the nucleation of human haemoglobin S (HbS). The results indicate similarities in the kinetics of hog deer polymerisation with those of HbS, but major differences in the type of intermolecular attractions involved.", "contents": "Kinetics of the in vitro gelation of a sickling haemoglobin from Hog deer (Axis porcinus). In order to distinguish the molecular mechanisms involved in the polymerisation of animal and human sickling haemoglobins, the gelation properties of hog deer (Axis porcinus) haemoglobin have been studied. Continuous monitoring of viscosity and minimum gelling concentration measurements of hog deer haemolysates were made over a range of pH, temperature, ionic strengths and in the presence of urea and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. The inhibition of gelling caused by lowering the pH or increasing ionic strength and the abolition of the reversible endothermic nature of gelation by urea suggest that electrostatic interactions predominate in polymerisation but that weak hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds may also be present. Kinetic viscosity data demonstrated a pre-gelation lag phase, dependent on ahigh power of the haemoglobin concentration, similar to the nucleation of human haemoglobin S (HbS). The results indicate similarities in the kinetics of hog deer polymerisation with those of HbS, but major differences in the type of intermolecular attractions involved.", "PMID": 534653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6194", "title": "Earthworm (Pheretima communissima and Pheretima hilgendorfi) hemoglobins: giant assemblies and subunits.", "content": "The molecular architecture of hemoglobins and their subunits of the earthworms Pheretima communissima and Pheretima hilgendorfi was investigated. In both species, their s0.20,w of 60.8 S and D020,w of 1.80 . 10(-7) cm2 . s-1 corresponded to a molecular weight of 3.07 . 10(6). From electron microscopic observations, the overall structure of the hemoglobins was shown to be two superimposed hexagonal discs, each composed of six-membered constituents. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both hemoglobins revealed the presence of five species of subunits with molecular weights of 13,000-14,000 (subunit 1), 27,000-28,000 (subunit 2), 30,000-31,000 (subunit 3), 33,000-34,000 (subunit 4) and approx. 52,000 (subunit 5), respectively, and the molar ratio of these subunits 1:2, 3, 4:5 was 2:3:3. If we consider this set of the subunits 1 to 5 as one unit, the molecular weight of this unit should be 2.7-2.8 . 10(5). This one unit, therefore, should be considered to represent one-twelfth the whole molecule with molecular weight of 3.07 . 10(6).", "contents": "Earthworm (Pheretima communissima and Pheretima hilgendorfi) hemoglobins: giant assemblies and subunits. The molecular architecture of hemoglobins and their subunits of the earthworms Pheretima communissima and Pheretima hilgendorfi was investigated. In both species, their s0.20,w of 60.8 S and D020,w of 1.80 . 10(-7) cm2 . s-1 corresponded to a molecular weight of 3.07 . 10(6). From electron microscopic observations, the overall structure of the hemoglobins was shown to be two superimposed hexagonal discs, each composed of six-membered constituents. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both hemoglobins revealed the presence of five species of subunits with molecular weights of 13,000-14,000 (subunit 1), 27,000-28,000 (subunit 2), 30,000-31,000 (subunit 3), 33,000-34,000 (subunit 4) and approx. 52,000 (subunit 5), respectively, and the molar ratio of these subunits 1:2, 3, 4:5 was 2:3:3. If we consider this set of the subunits 1 to 5 as one unit, the molecular weight of this unit should be 2.7-2.8 . 10(5). This one unit, therefore, should be considered to represent one-twelfth the whole molecule with molecular weight of 3.07 . 10(6).", "PMID": 534654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6195", "title": "Relative hydrophobicity of human serum proteins as measured by partition in aqueous two-polymer phase systems.", "content": "The effect of the ionic strength on the partition of a number of human serum proteins in the buffered isotonic ficoll-dextran phase systems was examined. The relative hydrophobicity of the protein was estimated.", "contents": "Relative hydrophobicity of human serum proteins as measured by partition in aqueous two-polymer phase systems. The effect of the ionic strength on the partition of a number of human serum proteins in the buffered isotonic ficoll-dextran phase systems was examined. The relative hydrophobicity of the protein was estimated.", "PMID": 534655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6196", "title": "Structure of a Gla-containing dipeptide. The crystal structure of (+/-)-N-carbobenzoxy-(gamma,gamma'-DI-tertbutyl)-gamma-carboxyglutamylglycine ethyl ester.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of a dipeptide containing a blocked gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residue is presented. Two intermolecular hydrogen bonds link the amides with carbonyl groups in the dipeptide backbone, but the protected gamma-carboxy groups on the modified glutamic acid are not hydrogen bonded.", "contents": "Structure of a Gla-containing dipeptide. The crystal structure of (+/-)-N-carbobenzoxy-(gamma,gamma'-DI-tertbutyl)-gamma-carboxyglutamylglycine ethyl ester. The crystal and molecular structure of a dipeptide containing a blocked gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residue is presented. Two intermolecular hydrogen bonds link the amides with carbonyl groups in the dipeptide backbone, but the protected gamma-carboxy groups on the modified glutamic acid are not hydrogen bonded.", "PMID": 534656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6197", "title": "Occurrence of Leu-Lys-bradykinin and histidine-rich peptide in high-molecular-weight kininogen isolated from horse plasma.", "content": "On incubation of purified horse plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen with purified plasma kallikrein, three new peptides, named fragment 1.2, fragment 1 and fragment 2, were released, in addition to the vasopeptide, bradykinin. Fragment 2 contained an extremely high level of histidine, in which eleven residues out of the total 48 residues were characterized. Thus the result proves the existence of the histidine-rich region in horse high-molecular-weight kininogen, which is similar to the region previously identified in bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen. Moreover, we have identified a new kinin derivative, Leu-Lys-bradykinin, in horse high-molecular-weight kininogen.", "contents": "Occurrence of Leu-Lys-bradykinin and histidine-rich peptide in high-molecular-weight kininogen isolated from horse plasma. On incubation of purified horse plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen with purified plasma kallikrein, three new peptides, named fragment 1.2, fragment 1 and fragment 2, were released, in addition to the vasopeptide, bradykinin. Fragment 2 contained an extremely high level of histidine, in which eleven residues out of the total 48 residues were characterized. Thus the result proves the existence of the histidine-rich region in horse high-molecular-weight kininogen, which is similar to the region previously identified in bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen. Moreover, we have identified a new kinin derivative, Leu-Lys-bradykinin, in horse high-molecular-weight kininogen.", "PMID": 534657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6198", "title": "Change in binding properties of folate-binding protein in cow's whey due to removal of a cofactor during affinity chromatographic purification.", "content": "The folate-binding protein in cow's whey was purified by affinity chromatography on folate or methotrexate-AH-Sepharose 4B. A change in basic binding properties of the protein occurred probably due to the fact that material removed during affinity chromatography contains a cofactor of great importance to folate binding.", "contents": "Change in binding properties of folate-binding protein in cow's whey due to removal of a cofactor during affinity chromatographic purification. The folate-binding protein in cow's whey was purified by affinity chromatography on folate or methotrexate-AH-Sepharose 4B. A change in basic binding properties of the protein occurred probably due to the fact that material removed during affinity chromatography contains a cofactor of great importance to folate binding.", "PMID": 534658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6199", "title": "Purification and properties of human erythrocyte delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4-2-1-24).", "content": "Human delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was purified 9 000-fold by salt precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. These methods resulted into an electrophoretically and immunologically pure protein. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6 and its Km with ALA : 4.8 X 10(-4) M. The enzymatic activity was increased by thiol-containing substances, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), which protect the -SH groups of the protein. Zinc, a portion of the enzyme molecule, was partly lost during the purification procedure; its addition enhances the enzymatic activity. Determination of molecular weights and electron microscopy study are in favor of an octameric structure.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human erythrocyte delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4-2-1-24). Human delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was purified 9 000-fold by salt precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. These methods resulted into an electrophoretically and immunologically pure protein. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6 and its Km with ALA : 4.8 X 10(-4) M. The enzymatic activity was increased by thiol-containing substances, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), which protect the -SH groups of the protein. Zinc, a portion of the enzyme molecule, was partly lost during the purification procedure; its addition enhances the enzymatic activity. Determination of molecular weights and electron microscopy study are in favor of an octameric structure.", "PMID": 534660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6200", "title": "The apoprotein fraction of the bile lipoprotein complex: isolation, partial characterization and phospholipid binding properties.", "content": "A bile apoprotein fraction (Apo BLC) was isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing (I.E.F.) from the detergent-free form of the bile lipoprotein complex (BLC). Analytical I.E.F. of Apo BLC yields a characteristic and reproducible pattern of two narrow acidic bands (pI 4,8-5,0). This apoprotein presents a strong tendency to undergo self-aggregation in aqueous buffer. A low molecular weight constituent of Apo BLC has been isolated after gel filtration, its mean Mw is estimated by SDS-PAGE at 7,500 daltons. The binding capacity of Apo BLC for phospholipids was investigated on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes by gel filtration and zone electrophoresis. The resulting structures, larger than the original single-shelled vesicles, acquire and anodic electrophoretic mobility. Apo BLC has a weaker affinity for lysophosphatidylcholines: these phospholipids decrease the degree of aggregation of the apoprotein. These studies contribute additional data concerning the high affinity of Apo BLC for phosphatidylcholines, which are the major phospholipid constituents of bile. The discussion deals with the fact that association of Apo BLC with bile phosphatidylcholines may present some implications in the pathogeny of LpX and in the process of intestinal fat absorption.", "contents": "The apoprotein fraction of the bile lipoprotein complex: isolation, partial characterization and phospholipid binding properties. A bile apoprotein fraction (Apo BLC) was isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing (I.E.F.) from the detergent-free form of the bile lipoprotein complex (BLC). Analytical I.E.F. of Apo BLC yields a characteristic and reproducible pattern of two narrow acidic bands (pI 4,8-5,0). This apoprotein presents a strong tendency to undergo self-aggregation in aqueous buffer. A low molecular weight constituent of Apo BLC has been isolated after gel filtration, its mean Mw is estimated by SDS-PAGE at 7,500 daltons. The binding capacity of Apo BLC for phospholipids was investigated on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes by gel filtration and zone electrophoresis. The resulting structures, larger than the original single-shelled vesicles, acquire and anodic electrophoretic mobility. Apo BLC has a weaker affinity for lysophosphatidylcholines: these phospholipids decrease the degree of aggregation of the apoprotein. These studies contribute additional data concerning the high affinity of Apo BLC for phosphatidylcholines, which are the major phospholipid constituents of bile. The discussion deals with the fact that association of Apo BLC with bile phosphatidylcholines may present some implications in the pathogeny of LpX and in the process of intestinal fat absorption.", "PMID": 534661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6201", "title": "[Rat liver phosphoglycerate kinase. I. Purification and kinetic properties in the biosynthesis of 1-3 diphosphoglycerate].", "content": "Phosphoglycerate kinase (MgATP 3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) has been isolated from rat liver with a purification ratio of 960 and a specific activity of 300 IU/mg of protein. The purity of the enzyme preparations was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight, determined by gel filtration is 42 000. The \"subunit\" size of phosphoglycerate kinase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis is 46 000, indicating that the enzyme is monomeric. The rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of the concentration of D-3-phosphoglycerate indicated the usual Michaelis Menten relationship. The rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of the concentration of MgATP2- did not fit the usual Michaelis Menten relationship: two distinct regions can be fitted with different straight lines and suggest the presence of two sites for the Mg ATP2-. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by the study of the action of the free and complexed nucleotides.", "contents": "[Rat liver phosphoglycerate kinase. I. Purification and kinetic properties in the biosynthesis of 1-3 diphosphoglycerate]. Phosphoglycerate kinase (MgATP 3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) has been isolated from rat liver with a purification ratio of 960 and a specific activity of 300 IU/mg of protein. The purity of the enzyme preparations was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight, determined by gel filtration is 42 000. The \"subunit\" size of phosphoglycerate kinase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis is 46 000, indicating that the enzyme is monomeric. The rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of the concentration of D-3-phosphoglycerate indicated the usual Michaelis Menten relationship. The rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of the concentration of MgATP2- did not fit the usual Michaelis Menten relationship: two distinct regions can be fitted with different straight lines and suggest the presence of two sites for the Mg ATP2-. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by the study of the action of the free and complexed nucleotides.", "PMID": 534662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6202", "title": "[Equilibrium of thiamine diphosphate complexation with divalent ions--formation constants].", "content": "The divalent metal ion-thiamine diphosphate (TDP) complexes are of potential interest because such complexes are directly involved in enzymatic reactions. The binding of Ni2+ to TDP has been studied in order to gain some insight in the TDP-metal interactions which could help to understand the role of the metal ions in general in the enzymatic processes. A technique of pH titration is developped which brings definitive proof of metal-TDP bonding in aqueous solutions. The results indicate that the metal ion interacts both with the pyrophosphate group and the pyrimidine ring. The complexation decreases the pK for the phosphate ionization. The ring nitrogen is a some 12 times weaker ligand of Ni2+ than is pyrophosphate. The stability constants obtained for an ionic strength 0.5 in tetramethylammonium bromide are reported; the maximum of the apparent formation constant, between pH 4.5 and pH 7.5, occurs for pH 6.9. The poor solubility of nickel hydroxyde is responsible for increasing interaction in alcaline solution.", "contents": "[Equilibrium of thiamine diphosphate complexation with divalent ions--formation constants]. The divalent metal ion-thiamine diphosphate (TDP) complexes are of potential interest because such complexes are directly involved in enzymatic reactions. The binding of Ni2+ to TDP has been studied in order to gain some insight in the TDP-metal interactions which could help to understand the role of the metal ions in general in the enzymatic processes. A technique of pH titration is developped which brings definitive proof of metal-TDP bonding in aqueous solutions. The results indicate that the metal ion interacts both with the pyrophosphate group and the pyrimidine ring. The complexation decreases the pK for the phosphate ionization. The ring nitrogen is a some 12 times weaker ligand of Ni2+ than is pyrophosphate. The stability constants obtained for an ionic strength 0.5 in tetramethylammonium bromide are reported; the maximum of the apparent formation constant, between pH 4.5 and pH 7.5, occurs for pH 6.9. The poor solubility of nickel hydroxyde is responsible for increasing interaction in alcaline solution.", "PMID": 534663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6203", "title": "Late positive component correlates of verbal and visuospatial processing.", "content": "Bilateral VERs were elicited by letter stimuli requiring verbal processing and patterns requiring visuospatial processing in a go/no-go reaction time paradigm. The VERS were formed separately to the targets and non-targets of each stimulus type. No VER component displayed hemisphere asymmetries which varied in a task-dependent fashion. However P150 latency was found to be shorter, and N150 amplitude larger, in VERs recorded from the right hemisphere. This is considered to reflect the superiority of the right hemisphere for the early stages of the processing of visual input. P400 latency was shorter and its amplitude larger to the pattern stimuli. In addition, subjects' reaction times were shorter to these stimuli. These results were interpreted in evidence supporting the notion that the late positive component of the ER reflects processes of stimulus evaluation which are not necessarily correlated with those of response selection and execution.", "contents": "Late positive component correlates of verbal and visuospatial processing. Bilateral VERs were elicited by letter stimuli requiring verbal processing and patterns requiring visuospatial processing in a go/no-go reaction time paradigm. The VERS were formed separately to the targets and non-targets of each stimulus type. No VER component displayed hemisphere asymmetries which varied in a task-dependent fashion. However P150 latency was found to be shorter, and N150 amplitude larger, in VERs recorded from the right hemisphere. This is considered to reflect the superiority of the right hemisphere for the early stages of the processing of visual input. P400 latency was shorter and its amplitude larger to the pattern stimuli. In addition, subjects' reaction times were shorter to these stimuli. These results were interpreted in evidence supporting the notion that the late positive component of the ER reflects processes of stimulus evaluation which are not necessarily correlated with those of response selection and execution.", "PMID": 534666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6204", "title": "Consistency of individual differences in non-specific electrodermal activity.", "content": "The study sought to determine whether, as implied by a trait interpretation of individual differences in non-specific electrodermal responding, the frequency of NSRs is a consistent characteristic of subjects across conditions. 40 male subjects completed two 1-hour sessions spaced at an interval of 2 weeks. In each session, three 12-min conditions were administered: relaxation, vigilance, and mental arithmetic. Continuous recordings were made throughout each condition of electrodermal and respiratory activity, and at the end of each condition subjects completed an Adjective Checklist (ACL). Counts were made of the total number of 10-sec intervals during each condition in which at least one NSR was recorded. Separate counts were made for large amplitude (equal to or greater than 1% of baseline) and for small amplitude (less than 1%) responses. Analyses of variance performed on the NSR data indicated that the major component of variance was that due to subjects, and that the interactions between subjects and conditions and subjects and sessions, which would contradict a trait interpretation, were negligible. Consistency in subject's responding was estimated by intraclass correlations across conditions and sessions. For NSR large, the coefficient was 0.58 and for NSR small 0.50. The data were interpreted as support for a trait interpretation of NSR frequency.", "contents": "Consistency of individual differences in non-specific electrodermal activity. The study sought to determine whether, as implied by a trait interpretation of individual differences in non-specific electrodermal responding, the frequency of NSRs is a consistent characteristic of subjects across conditions. 40 male subjects completed two 1-hour sessions spaced at an interval of 2 weeks. In each session, three 12-min conditions were administered: relaxation, vigilance, and mental arithmetic. Continuous recordings were made throughout each condition of electrodermal and respiratory activity, and at the end of each condition subjects completed an Adjective Checklist (ACL). Counts were made of the total number of 10-sec intervals during each condition in which at least one NSR was recorded. Separate counts were made for large amplitude (equal to or greater than 1% of baseline) and for small amplitude (less than 1%) responses. Analyses of variance performed on the NSR data indicated that the major component of variance was that due to subjects, and that the interactions between subjects and conditions and subjects and sessions, which would contradict a trait interpretation, were negligible. Consistency in subject's responding was estimated by intraclass correlations across conditions and sessions. For NSR large, the coefficient was 0.58 and for NSR small 0.50. The data were interpreted as support for a trait interpretation of NSR frequency.", "PMID": 534667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6205", "title": "Autonomic classical conditioning as a function of awareness of stimulus contingencies.", "content": "Two groups of 32 college students were presented compound CSs (lights and tones presented simultaneously) during a classical conditioning paradigm. By means of a masking task and verbal instructions, a partially informed group was made aware of only the visual CS's contingency with the UCS, while a fully informed group was made aware of both the visual and auditory contingencies. Autonomic indices of conditioning (electrodermal responses, heart rate, and digital pulse volume) were later measured to the individual component CSs and to various compound CSs. It was found that: (1) the partially informed group exhibited conditioning exclusively to the visual CS+ and to compounds which included the visual CS+, while (2) the fully informed group exhibited conditioning to both visual and auditory CS+s. The results confirm the importance of awareness in human autonomic discrimination classical conditioning. It is suggested that human autonomic conditioning may be usefully conceptualized as an information processing task with the autonomic indices of conditioning reflecting central cognitive processes.", "contents": "Autonomic classical conditioning as a function of awareness of stimulus contingencies. Two groups of 32 college students were presented compound CSs (lights and tones presented simultaneously) during a classical conditioning paradigm. By means of a masking task and verbal instructions, a partially informed group was made aware of only the visual CS's contingency with the UCS, while a fully informed group was made aware of both the visual and auditory contingencies. Autonomic indices of conditioning (electrodermal responses, heart rate, and digital pulse volume) were later measured to the individual component CSs and to various compound CSs. It was found that: (1) the partially informed group exhibited conditioning exclusively to the visual CS+ and to compounds which included the visual CS+, while (2) the fully informed group exhibited conditioning to both visual and auditory CS+s. The results confirm the importance of awareness in human autonomic discrimination classical conditioning. It is suggested that human autonomic conditioning may be usefully conceptualized as an information processing task with the autonomic indices of conditioning reflecting central cognitive processes.", "PMID": 534668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6206", "title": "Interaction effects of extraversion and neuroticism on detection thresholds.", "content": "Detection thresholds for electrocutaneous stimulation were measured in young male subjects by two different methods - a method of limits and a forced-choice method - the latter assumed to be less influenced by decision processes. Relations between the threshold measures and scores in the EPI extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) scales were studied. High N-low E (\"unstable introvert\") subjects had the lowest thresholds. The result is in line with the predictions made on the basis of Eysenck's personality theory.", "contents": "Interaction effects of extraversion and neuroticism on detection thresholds. Detection thresholds for electrocutaneous stimulation were measured in young male subjects by two different methods - a method of limits and a forced-choice method - the latter assumed to be less influenced by decision processes. Relations between the threshold measures and scores in the EPI extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) scales were studied. High N-low E (\"unstable introvert\") subjects had the lowest thresholds. The result is in line with the predictions made on the basis of Eysenck's personality theory.", "PMID": 534669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6207", "title": "Ultradian rhythms in alertness - a pupillometric study.", "content": "Pupillary size, pupillary light reflex and pupillary motility were measured every 15 min, for 10 continuous hours, in eight young adults. Time series constructed from the range of pupillary motility revealed 75 to 125 min rhythms; these were significantly out of phase with rhythms of similar periodicity in pupillary diameter and in the magnitude of the pupillary light reflex. There was no consistent correspondence between Stanford Sleepiness Scores and pupillary activity. It is suggested that the rhythms in pupillary activity reflect underlying rhythms in CNS arousal that also modulate perceptual, cognitive and electroencephalographic processes, a conclusion which supports Kleitman's BRAC model.", "contents": "Ultradian rhythms in alertness - a pupillometric study. Pupillary size, pupillary light reflex and pupillary motility were measured every 15 min, for 10 continuous hours, in eight young adults. Time series constructed from the range of pupillary motility revealed 75 to 125 min rhythms; these were significantly out of phase with rhythms of similar periodicity in pupillary diameter and in the magnitude of the pupillary light reflex. There was no consistent correspondence between Stanford Sleepiness Scores and pupillary activity. It is suggested that the rhythms in pupillary activity reflect underlying rhythms in CNS arousal that also modulate perceptual, cognitive and electroencephalographic processes, a conclusion which supports Kleitman's BRAC model.", "PMID": 534670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6208", "title": "Physiological response patterns during \"intake\" and \"rejection\" tasks.", "content": "Two 2-min tasks, one requiring outer-directed attention (intake task), the other a mental arithmetic task (rejection task) were presented to 20 subjects. According to Lacey the distinguishing feature of the response to intake tasks are cardiac deceleration and blood pressure decreases. None of these responses was obtained. Some variables, however, were only affected by one of the tasks; the intake task led to a decreased hand (skin) blood flow and an increased hand vascular resistance, whereas a heart rate acceleration and increased forearm (muscle) blood flow and decreased forearm vascular resistance were observed during the rejection task. Blood pressure, respiration rate and skin conductance were similarly affected by the two tasks. Inconsistencies among previous studies of the response to the two types of tasks were discussed and found to be partially explained by methodological differences.", "contents": "Physiological response patterns during \"intake\" and \"rejection\" tasks. Two 2-min tasks, one requiring outer-directed attention (intake task), the other a mental arithmetic task (rejection task) were presented to 20 subjects. According to Lacey the distinguishing feature of the response to intake tasks are cardiac deceleration and blood pressure decreases. None of these responses was obtained. Some variables, however, were only affected by one of the tasks; the intake task led to a decreased hand (skin) blood flow and an increased hand vascular resistance, whereas a heart rate acceleration and increased forearm (muscle) blood flow and decreased forearm vascular resistance were observed during the rejection task. Blood pressure, respiration rate and skin conductance were similarly affected by the two tasks. Inconsistencies among previous studies of the response to the two types of tasks were discussed and found to be partially explained by methodological differences.", "PMID": 534671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6209", "title": "The patho-physiological basis for tests of viability in isolated perfused organs.", "content": "The causes and prevention of inadequate isolated organ perfusion are discussed. The consequences of inadequate perfusion are outlined and presented as a rationale for the choice of appropriate tests of viability. The routine application of some tests is advocated and the criteria used in the assessment of the results of such test considered.", "contents": "The patho-physiological basis for tests of viability in isolated perfused organs. The causes and prevention of inadequate isolated organ perfusion are discussed. The consequences of inadequate perfusion are outlined and presented as a rationale for the choice of appropriate tests of viability. The routine application of some tests is advocated and the criteria used in the assessment of the results of such test considered.", "PMID": 534672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6210", "title": "Physiological ageing of red blood cells and changes in membrane carbohydrates.", "content": "Evidence is presented to indicate a generalized role for the terminal sialic acid residues of circulating erythrocytes. After reinjection into their donors, neuraminidase-treated human, rabbit, rat and dog erythrocytes were promptly removed from the circulation : intect erythrocytes, previously incubated under the same conditions but without neuraminidase, were removed after a significantly longer period. The neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes were cleared by the liver and in a little part by the spleen. Old and young human, rabbit, rat erythrocytes contained different quantities of stromal sialic acid, significantly lowered on the old cells. But the half-life of old intact rabbit erythrocytes is sigificantly shorter than that of neuraminidase-treated young erythrocytes with a similar minidase-treated young erythrocytes with a similar sialic acid content. Indeed sialic acid is not the only carbohydrate component of the membrane that is decreased during erythrocyte ageing, the others membranous sugars are decreased too. Theses changes in the carbohydrate moity could have a role in the clearance of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Physiological ageing of red blood cells and changes in membrane carbohydrates. Evidence is presented to indicate a generalized role for the terminal sialic acid residues of circulating erythrocytes. After reinjection into their donors, neuraminidase-treated human, rabbit, rat and dog erythrocytes were promptly removed from the circulation : intect erythrocytes, previously incubated under the same conditions but without neuraminidase, were removed after a significantly longer period. The neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes were cleared by the liver and in a little part by the spleen. Old and young human, rabbit, rat erythrocytes contained different quantities of stromal sialic acid, significantly lowered on the old cells. But the half-life of old intact rabbit erythrocytes is sigificantly shorter than that of neuraminidase-treated young erythrocytes with a similar minidase-treated young erythrocytes with a similar sialic acid content. Indeed sialic acid is not the only carbohydrate component of the membrane that is decreased during erythrocyte ageing, the others membranous sugars are decreased too. Theses changes in the carbohydrate moity could have a role in the clearance of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 534673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6211", "title": "Suitability criteria for compartmental analysis of the plasma clearance curve of exogenous cholephils. 131I Rose Bengal fulfils these criteria.", "content": "Hepatic clearance of exogenous cholephils involves at least three transfers : uptake by the liver, reflux from hepatocytes into the plasma, and intracellular transport followed by active secretion in bile. Compartmental analysis may be applied to the plasma disappearance curve in order to calculate the fractional transfer rates. The 131I Rose Bengal (131I RB) fills the requirements of such an analysis, contrary to bromsulphalein and indocyanine green, which have been used until now. 131I RB does not undergo enterophepatic cycle and is not metabolized by the liver. It behaves, in the preparation used, like a homogeneous substance, remains stable in the serum as long as 25 hours after its injection and may be bound completely with human albumin in vitro prior to administration : under these conditions, the material which is cleared by the liver is homogeneous. The use of tracer instead of loading doses, avoid any toxic effects on transport systems and results in plasma and liver concentrations which are negligeable in comparison with the Km of membrane transport, and are compatible with first order kinetics.", "contents": "Suitability criteria for compartmental analysis of the plasma clearance curve of exogenous cholephils. 131I Rose Bengal fulfils these criteria. Hepatic clearance of exogenous cholephils involves at least three transfers : uptake by the liver, reflux from hepatocytes into the plasma, and intracellular transport followed by active secretion in bile. Compartmental analysis may be applied to the plasma disappearance curve in order to calculate the fractional transfer rates. The 131I Rose Bengal (131I RB) fills the requirements of such an analysis, contrary to bromsulphalein and indocyanine green, which have been used until now. 131I RB does not undergo enterophepatic cycle and is not metabolized by the liver. It behaves, in the preparation used, like a homogeneous substance, remains stable in the serum as long as 25 hours after its injection and may be bound completely with human albumin in vitro prior to administration : under these conditions, the material which is cleared by the liver is homogeneous. The use of tracer instead of loading doses, avoid any toxic effects on transport systems and results in plasma and liver concentrations which are negligeable in comparison with the Km of membrane transport, and are compatible with first order kinetics.", "PMID": 534674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6212", "title": "Action of middle molecules from chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis on mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "\"Middle molecules\" are isolated both from the urine of normal subjects and from the blood of patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis. Their action is tested on mitochondrial respiratory activity. Some of these molecular species (fraction 7 f and 7 g) are without any effect. On the other hand the 7 c middle molecules fraction gives a loss of respiratory control due to a decrease of respiratory activity in state 3. A diminution of the P/O ratio is noted and so the available ATP pool is decreased. This action can be compared to the fact that 7 c plasmatic fraction concentration seems to be connected with the patients clinical condition.", "contents": "Action of middle molecules from chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis on mitochondrial respiration. \"Middle molecules\" are isolated both from the urine of normal subjects and from the blood of patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis. Their action is tested on mitochondrial respiratory activity. Some of these molecular species (fraction 7 f and 7 g) are without any effect. On the other hand the 7 c middle molecules fraction gives a loss of respiratory control due to a decrease of respiratory activity in state 3. A diminution of the P/O ratio is noted and so the available ATP pool is decreased. This action can be compared to the fact that 7 c plasmatic fraction concentration seems to be connected with the patients clinical condition.", "PMID": 534675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6213", "title": "Teratogenic effects of lead in the mouse.", "content": "Female mice of the C57B1 strain were mated and given from the first day of the pregnancy a normal diet, containing 1.1% of calcium, or a calcium-deficient one, containing 0.2% of calcium. Animals of the 2 groups were injected intra-peritoneally with 15 or 35 mg of lead acetate/kg at different times of the fetal organogenesis (8th, 9th, 10th or 12th day of the pregnancy). In the normal diet group, injection of lead increases the postimplantation mortality and the rate of skeletal anomalies among the fetuses. The anomalies are restricted to the anterior part of the axial skeleton and consist essentially in the fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebrae. In addition, lead diminishes the blood calcium levels in the pregnant females. In the calcium deficient group, all these effects of lead are considerably increased and fetuses suffer a loss of weight and delayed ossification. In the animals given such a diet but non lead-injected, the fetal weight is already diminished. However, the ossification and the rate of skeletal anomalies are not affected, and the blood calcium levels of the mothers are similar to those of the control females given a normal diet.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of lead in the mouse. Female mice of the C57B1 strain were mated and given from the first day of the pregnancy a normal diet, containing 1.1% of calcium, or a calcium-deficient one, containing 0.2% of calcium. Animals of the 2 groups were injected intra-peritoneally with 15 or 35 mg of lead acetate/kg at different times of the fetal organogenesis (8th, 9th, 10th or 12th day of the pregnancy). In the normal diet group, injection of lead increases the postimplantation mortality and the rate of skeletal anomalies among the fetuses. The anomalies are restricted to the anterior part of the axial skeleton and consist essentially in the fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebrae. In addition, lead diminishes the blood calcium levels in the pregnant females. In the calcium deficient group, all these effects of lead are considerably increased and fetuses suffer a loss of weight and delayed ossification. In the animals given such a diet but non lead-injected, the fetal weight is already diminished. However, the ossification and the rate of skeletal anomalies are not affected, and the blood calcium levels of the mothers are similar to those of the control females given a normal diet.", "PMID": 534676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6214", "title": "Induction of haemorrhagic necrosis in a murine tumour by products from the culture fluid of Azotobacter.", "content": "Macromolecules in the supernatant from cultures of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum when given systemically induce permanent regression of established grafts of a syngeneic murine lymphoma. The effect mimics that produced by endotoxin in that haemorrhagic necrosis is induced in the tumour, but the ratio of the toxic dose to the dose needed to cause tumour regression is greater than for this culture supernatant than for endotoxin.", "contents": "Induction of haemorrhagic necrosis in a murine tumour by products from the culture fluid of Azotobacter. Macromolecules in the supernatant from cultures of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum when given systemically induce permanent regression of established grafts of a syngeneic murine lymphoma. The effect mimics that produced by endotoxin in that haemorrhagic necrosis is induced in the tumour, but the ratio of the toxic dose to the dose needed to cause tumour regression is greater than for this culture supernatant than for endotoxin.", "PMID": 534677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6215", "title": "Suppression of DNA synthesis in mitogen stimulated leukocytes with  partial trypsin digests of Staphylococcus aureus protein A.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) acts as a mitogen stimulating DNA synthesis and is not antagonistic to the mitogenic activity of other mitogens. The mitogenicity of SPA is due to the protein's multivalent Fc antibody receptors. Partial trypsin digestion of SPA yields monovalent Fc antibody receptors which are not mitogenic. Using a thymidine incorporation assay, results indicated that tryptic digests of SPA added to mouse splenic leukocytes 12 hours after stimulation with either concanavalin A, lipopolysaccaride or SPA suppressed the DNA synthesis normally elicited by these mitogens. SPA was digested with 1% trypsin at pH 8 for varying periods of time. As the digestion time increased from 0 to 60 minutes the mitogenicity of the SPA-trypsin digests decreased indicating cleavage from multivalent to monovalent SPA Fc antibody receptors. The decrease in mitogenicity of the SPA  digests was directly associated with increased ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in mitogen stimulated leukocytes. A proposed mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis suggests that SPA-monovalent Fc antibody receptors mimic cellular Fc receptor function thereby influencing cellular gene expression.", "contents": "Suppression of DNA synthesis in mitogen stimulated leukocytes with  partial trypsin digests of Staphylococcus aureus protein A. Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) acts as a mitogen stimulating DNA synthesis and is not antagonistic to the mitogenic activity of other mitogens. The mitogenicity of SPA is due to the protein's multivalent Fc antibody receptors. Partial trypsin digestion of SPA yields monovalent Fc antibody receptors which are not mitogenic. Using a thymidine incorporation assay, results indicated that tryptic digests of SPA added to mouse splenic leukocytes 12 hours after stimulation with either concanavalin A, lipopolysaccaride or SPA suppressed the DNA synthesis normally elicited by these mitogens. SPA was digested with 1% trypsin at pH 8 for varying periods of time. As the digestion time increased from 0 to 60 minutes the mitogenicity of the SPA-trypsin digests decreased indicating cleavage from multivalent to monovalent SPA Fc antibody receptors. The decrease in mitogenicity of the SPA  digests was directly associated with increased ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in mitogen stimulated leukocytes. A proposed mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis suggests that SPA-monovalent Fc antibody receptors mimic cellular Fc receptor function thereby influencing cellular gene expression.", "PMID": 534678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6216", "title": "Transplantability and metastatic potential of chemically induced rat brain tumours.", "content": "From clinical observations it is known that brain tumours in principle do not metastasize. An explanation for this phenomenon is not available. The few described cases of distant metastases from primary brain tumours all occurred after surgery of the central nervous system. Furthermore, the brain does not contain a lymphatic system. The major question in this matter is whether the inability of CNS tumours to metastasize is based on a specific tumour bound property or on specific local factors. Since an experimental model for this situation was not available we induced brain tumours in rats. About 130 WAG/Rij and Sprague Dawley rats (males and females) were treated with the neurocarcinogen ethylnitroso-urea (ENU) within 24 hours after birth. Tumours appeared at the age of 6 to 29 months. All tumours were removed after killing the host and transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic rats. Histologically the tumours were mostly oligodendrogliomas, schwannomas and several mixed glial tumours. Metastases from these primary tumours were not observed. The transplanted tumours showed distant metastases in 52% of the cases. Metastases occurred mainly in lungs, liver and lymph nodes. From these observations it is concluded that the absence of metastases from primary brain tumours is probably not related to a specific property of brain tumours. Further research is emphasized on specific local factors.", "contents": "Transplantability and metastatic potential of chemically induced rat brain tumours. From clinical observations it is known that brain tumours in principle do not metastasize. An explanation for this phenomenon is not available. The few described cases of distant metastases from primary brain tumours all occurred after surgery of the central nervous system. Furthermore, the brain does not contain a lymphatic system. The major question in this matter is whether the inability of CNS tumours to metastasize is based on a specific tumour bound property or on specific local factors. Since an experimental model for this situation was not available we induced brain tumours in rats. About 130 WAG/Rij and Sprague Dawley rats (males and females) were treated with the neurocarcinogen ethylnitroso-urea (ENU) within 24 hours after birth. Tumours appeared at the age of 6 to 29 months. All tumours were removed after killing the host and transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic rats. Histologically the tumours were mostly oligodendrogliomas, schwannomas and several mixed glial tumours. Metastases from these primary tumours were not observed. The transplanted tumours showed distant metastases in 52% of the cases. Metastases occurred mainly in lungs, liver and lymph nodes. From these observations it is concluded that the absence of metastases from primary brain tumours is probably not related to a specific property of brain tumours. Further research is emphasized on specific local factors.", "PMID": 534679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6217", "title": "Effect of thyrocalcitonin on renal reabsorption of bicarbonate.", "content": "Porcine thyrocalcitonin (TCT) given intramuscularly at a dose of 2-3 MRC units/kg body weight induces a renal bicarbonate wasting probably at the level of the proximal tubule. This effect is found in normal children as well as in patients with renal tubular acidosis and with vitamin D deficiency. The mechanism by which TCT acts on the acidification mechanism is probably independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) because the effect could also be obtained in hypoparathyroid patients.", "contents": "Effect of thyrocalcitonin on renal reabsorption of bicarbonate. Porcine thyrocalcitonin (TCT) given intramuscularly at a dose of 2-3 MRC units/kg body weight induces a renal bicarbonate wasting probably at the level of the proximal tubule. This effect is found in normal children as well as in patients with renal tubular acidosis and with vitamin D deficiency. The mechanism by which TCT acts on the acidification mechanism is probably independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) because the effect could also be obtained in hypoparathyroid patients.", "PMID": 534680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6218", "title": "Thymidine labeling index and estrogen receptor level in 64 human breast cancers.", "content": "Concurrent assays of labeling index (LI) and estrogen receptors (ER) have been performed in 64 human breast cancers. The dipping method of autoradiography has been used for measurements of LI. The LI values are given as a number per hundred of cell nuclei labeled by tritiated thymidine. ER levels were determined by dextran-coated charcoal method followed by Scatchard analysis, and expressed in femtomoles per milligram of cytosol protein. Tumours with ER greater than or equal to 28 fmol/mg were demonstrating a low LI (less than 2.3%) and come all from patients of age over 50 years. LI and ER values have been compared with clinical data. The best clinical outcome have been found among patients with low LI values (less than 2.3%). Patients with borderline ER values (3 fmol/mg less than ER less than 28 fmol/mg) showed a satisfactory clinical outcome in 88% of cases when LI less than 2.3% and 57% of cases when LI greater than or equal to 2.3%.", "contents": "Thymidine labeling index and estrogen receptor level in 64 human breast cancers. Concurrent assays of labeling index (LI) and estrogen receptors (ER) have been performed in 64 human breast cancers. The dipping method of autoradiography has been used for measurements of LI. The LI values are given as a number per hundred of cell nuclei labeled by tritiated thymidine. ER levels were determined by dextran-coated charcoal method followed by Scatchard analysis, and expressed in femtomoles per milligram of cytosol protein. Tumours with ER greater than or equal to 28 fmol/mg were demonstrating a low LI (less than 2.3%) and come all from patients of age over 50 years. LI and ER values have been compared with clinical data. The best clinical outcome have been found among patients with low LI values (less than 2.3%). Patients with borderline ER values (3 fmol/mg less than ER less than 28 fmol/mg) showed a satisfactory clinical outcome in 88% of cases when LI less than 2.3% and 57% of cases when LI greater than or equal to 2.3%.", "PMID": 534681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6219", "title": "Effect of concanavalin A on lysosomal enzyme content of Hela cells.", "content": "Precoating Hela cells with concanavalin A (Con A) induces a decrease of lysosomal enzyme intracellular content, and correlatively increases the amount of these enzymes in the culture medium. Possible mechanisms of the lectin effect are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of the secretion-endocytosis cycle of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of concanavalin A on lysosomal enzyme content of Hela cells. Precoating Hela cells with concanavalin A (Con A) induces a decrease of lysosomal enzyme intracellular content, and correlatively increases the amount of these enzymes in the culture medium. Possible mechanisms of the lectin effect are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of the secretion-endocytosis cycle of lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 534682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6220", "title": "Studies of macromolecular heterogeneous associations involving cross-linking: a re-examination of the ovalbumin-lysozyme system.", "content": "A system is considered in which a multivalent acceptor interacts with a bivalent ligand in solution to form an array of complexes via multiple binding and cross-linking reactions. With the use of reacted site probability functions expressions are derived in terms of a site binding constant which are of potential use in the interpretation of sedimentation equilibrium and binding results obtained with such systems. Their potential use is explored in relation to results obtained on the interacting ovalbumin-lysozyme system at pH 6.80, ionic strength 0.02. A comparison is made of this interpretation with that based on an interaction pattern involving only multiple binding of ligand in the absence of cross-linking effects. While both interpretations quantitatively describe certain results, it is shown, by invoking further experimental observations on apparent weight-average molecular weight and precipitation behavior, that the more favored interpretation is that involving the operation of a spectrum of forces leading to a large array of ovalbumin-lysozyme complexes, including those of the cross-linked type. It is stressed that the particular ovalbumin-lysozyme system is but one example of interaction between oppositely charged macromolecules and therefore that the derived equations may find wider application to such systems and those known to involve more specific cross-linking interactions.", "contents": "Studies of macromolecular heterogeneous associations involving cross-linking: a re-examination of the ovalbumin-lysozyme system. A system is considered in which a multivalent acceptor interacts with a bivalent ligand in solution to form an array of complexes via multiple binding and cross-linking reactions. With the use of reacted site probability functions expressions are derived in terms of a site binding constant which are of potential use in the interpretation of sedimentation equilibrium and binding results obtained with such systems. Their potential use is explored in relation to results obtained on the interacting ovalbumin-lysozyme system at pH 6.80, ionic strength 0.02. A comparison is made of this interpretation with that based on an interaction pattern involving only multiple binding of ligand in the absence of cross-linking effects. While both interpretations quantitatively describe certain results, it is shown, by invoking further experimental observations on apparent weight-average molecular weight and precipitation behavior, that the more favored interpretation is that involving the operation of a spectrum of forces leading to a large array of ovalbumin-lysozyme complexes, including those of the cross-linked type. It is stressed that the particular ovalbumin-lysozyme system is but one example of interaction between oppositely charged macromolecules and therefore that the derived equations may find wider application to such systems and those known to involve more specific cross-linking interactions.", "PMID": 534683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6221", "title": "Identification of carpronium chloride and its metabolite in human urine by field desorption mass spectrometry using deuterium labelling.", "content": "The identification of carpronium chloride and a metabolite in human urine has been performed by means of field desorption mass spectrometry using deuterium labelling. Essential points in this study are the simultaneous administration of a deuterium labelled drug ([2H9]carpronium chloride), a purification procedure by ion pair extraction with an iodine reagent, and the use of paper electrophoresis to examine the degree of clean-up. The field desorption mass spectra of the purified extracts obtained from sample urine gave a characteristic pattern resulting from the carpronium cation (m/z 160, m/z 169) and a metabolite of the N-(3-carbohydroxypropyl)trimethyl ammonium cation (m/z 146, m/z 155).", "contents": "Identification of carpronium chloride and its metabolite in human urine by field desorption mass spectrometry using deuterium labelling. The identification of carpronium chloride and a metabolite in human urine has been performed by means of field desorption mass spectrometry using deuterium labelling. Essential points in this study are the simultaneous administration of a deuterium labelled drug ([2H9]carpronium chloride), a purification procedure by ion pair extraction with an iodine reagent, and the use of paper electrophoresis to examine the degree of clean-up. The field desorption mass spectra of the purified extracts obtained from sample urine gave a characteristic pattern resulting from the carpronium cation (m/z 160, m/z 169) and a metabolite of the N-(3-carbohydroxypropyl)trimethyl ammonium cation (m/z 146, m/z 155).", "PMID": 534684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6222", "title": "Steroids and hypertension. 1--Gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of 3,15- and 3, 16-dihydroxy-17-oxosteroids.", "content": "In order to analyse and quantitate the urinary 16-oxysteroids known or thought to be associated with hypertension, we have established for six 16-oxy-C19 reference steroids the following parameters: elution volume on lipophilic gel columns, gas chromatographic retention data expressed as methylene unit values of trimethylsilyl ether and O-methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on OV-1 and OV-17 packed columns and on SE-30 capillary column, and mass spectra of these compounds. These reference steroids were: 3 alpha, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one, 3 alpha, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one, 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one, 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3 beta, 16 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3 beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 3 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one. The proposed method was shown to be applicable to the specific analysis of 16-oxy-C19-steroids in biological samples since it achieved the selective isolation of these compounds from other steroids and their quantitative elution in a single fraction. The analysis of the urinary steroids of two patients with arterial hypertension demonstrated an elevated rate of 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one.", "contents": "Steroids and hypertension. 1--Gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of 3,15- and 3, 16-dihydroxy-17-oxosteroids. In order to analyse and quantitate the urinary 16-oxysteroids known or thought to be associated with hypertension, we have established for six 16-oxy-C19 reference steroids the following parameters: elution volume on lipophilic gel columns, gas chromatographic retention data expressed as methylene unit values of trimethylsilyl ether and O-methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on OV-1 and OV-17 packed columns and on SE-30 capillary column, and mass spectra of these compounds. These reference steroids were: 3 alpha, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one, 3 alpha, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one, 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one, 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3 beta, 16 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3 beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 3 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one. The proposed method was shown to be applicable to the specific analysis of 16-oxy-C19-steroids in biological samples since it achieved the selective isolation of these compounds from other steroids and their quantitative elution in a single fraction. The analysis of the urinary steroids of two patients with arterial hypertension demonstrated an elevated rate of 3 beta, 16 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one.", "PMID": 534685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6223", "title": "Identification and quantitative determination of o- and m-hydroxymandelic acid in human urine.", "content": "o-Hydroxymandelic acid and m-hydroxymandelic acid have been identified in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. After solvent extraction the urinary acids were converted to their O-trifluoroacetoxy methyl ester derivatives which were identified by comparison of the retention times and relative intensities of the characteristic m/z 374 and m/z 315 ions with those from authentic samples. 4,6-[2H3]-o-hydroxymandelic acid and 2,4,6-[2H3]-m-hydroxymandelic acid were synthesized for use as internal standards in the quantitative estimation of the isomeric hydroxymandelic acids excreted in urine. In ten normal adults the following results were obtained: o-hydroxymandelic acid 4--16 ng mg-1 creatinine and m-hydroxymandelic acid 11--71 ng mg-1 creatinine. Acid hydrolysis of the urine or ingestion of a diet of known composition did not affect these results, indicating that these compounds are excreted as the free acids and probably arise by metabolism of the corresponding phenylethanolamine(s).", "contents": "Identification and quantitative determination of o- and m-hydroxymandelic acid in human urine. o-Hydroxymandelic acid and m-hydroxymandelic acid have been identified in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. After solvent extraction the urinary acids were converted to their O-trifluoroacetoxy methyl ester derivatives which were identified by comparison of the retention times and relative intensities of the characteristic m/z 374 and m/z 315 ions with those from authentic samples. 4,6-[2H3]-o-hydroxymandelic acid and 2,4,6-[2H3]-m-hydroxymandelic acid were synthesized for use as internal standards in the quantitative estimation of the isomeric hydroxymandelic acids excreted in urine. In ten normal adults the following results were obtained: o-hydroxymandelic acid 4--16 ng mg-1 creatinine and m-hydroxymandelic acid 11--71 ng mg-1 creatinine. Acid hydrolysis of the urine or ingestion of a diet of known composition did not affect these results, indicating that these compounds are excreted as the free acids and probably arise by metabolism of the corresponding phenylethanolamine(s).", "PMID": 534686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6224", "title": "Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated carbohydrates and organic acids retained in uremic serum.", "content": "After appropriate sample pretreatment and derivatization, uremic serum was investigated by combined high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, using both electron impact and chemical ionization methods. Electron impact and chemical ionization spectra of a number of identified (trimethylsilylated) carbohydrates and organic acids are compared. The utilization of chemical ionization mass spectrometry, with isobutane as the reagent gas, is discussed in detail. The influence of the reagent gas pressure on the total ion current and on the spectral appearance was studied. The identification of compounds, based on electron impact mass spectral data, was confirmed and often aided appreciably by using this technique. The chemical ionization spectra of trimethylsilyated alditols and aldonic acids, as well as of other organic acids showed protonated molecular ions, whereas aldoses did not. Differences with electron impact spectra are found mainly in the high mass region. The loss of one or more trimethylsilanol groups becomes the predominating fragmentation route at higher reagent gas pressures.", "contents": "Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated carbohydrates and organic acids retained in uremic serum. After appropriate sample pretreatment and derivatization, uremic serum was investigated by combined high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, using both electron impact and chemical ionization methods. Electron impact and chemical ionization spectra of a number of identified (trimethylsilylated) carbohydrates and organic acids are compared. The utilization of chemical ionization mass spectrometry, with isobutane as the reagent gas, is discussed in detail. The influence of the reagent gas pressure on the total ion current and on the spectral appearance was studied. The identification of compounds, based on electron impact mass spectral data, was confirmed and often aided appreciably by using this technique. The chemical ionization spectra of trimethylsilyated alditols and aldonic acids, as well as of other organic acids showed protonated molecular ions, whereas aldoses did not. Differences with electron impact spectra are found mainly in the high mass region. The loss of one or more trimethylsilanol groups becomes the predominating fragmentation route at higher reagent gas pressures.", "PMID": 534687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6225", "title": "The importance of an elevated skin temperature in transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement.", "content": "The oxygen tension as measured by a heated transcutaneous polarographic electrode has been shown by a number of workers to correlate closely with the arterial blood oxygen tension as measured by accepted invasive methods. The present paper presents a study of the dependence of the measured skin oxygen tension values on the temperature of the sensor. A graph is included that emphasizes that the skin sensor temperature should be greater than 43 degrees C if the device is to be operated in the platequ region. The effect of increasing the skin temperature on both the local blood flow and the associated skin permeability changes has been studied. Skin blood flow studies were performed by means of a radioisotope washout technique using krypton-85 and xenon-133 together with a Huch transcutaneous oxygen electrode. The electrode control system incorporates a heating power monitor that Huch and co-workers suggest can indicate the relative blood flow in the tissues beneath the electrode. Two techniques for localized heating of the skin were employed during the washout experiments. First, a copper tube heating ring supplied from a water bath surrounded the area of measurement. Second, a focused source of light applied heat directly to the area of interest, which was 12 mm in diameter. Information obtained in the course of using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a heated skin probe has given some information about the permeability of the skin and underlying tissues. In these studies three gases were used. Oxygen and argon are transported by the blood, but carbon dioxide tends to be generated within the tissues, and its skin tension is less affected by the blood content. Between 36 degrees C and 45 degrees C it is possible to relate changes in the oxygen and argon skin tensions to changes in capillary blood flow.", "contents": "The importance of an elevated skin temperature in transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement. The oxygen tension as measured by a heated transcutaneous polarographic electrode has been shown by a number of workers to correlate closely with the arterial blood oxygen tension as measured by accepted invasive methods. The present paper presents a study of the dependence of the measured skin oxygen tension values on the temperature of the sensor. A graph is included that emphasizes that the skin sensor temperature should be greater than 43 degrees C if the device is to be operated in the platequ region. The effect of increasing the skin temperature on both the local blood flow and the associated skin permeability changes has been studied. Skin blood flow studies were performed by means of a radioisotope washout technique using krypton-85 and xenon-133 together with a Huch transcutaneous oxygen electrode. The electrode control system incorporates a heating power monitor that Huch and co-workers suggest can indicate the relative blood flow in the tissues beneath the electrode. Two techniques for localized heating of the skin were employed during the washout experiments. First, a copper tube heating ring supplied from a water bath surrounded the area of measurement. Second, a focused source of light applied heat directly to the area of interest, which was 12 mm in diameter. Information obtained in the course of using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a heated skin probe has given some information about the permeability of the skin and underlying tissues. In these studies three gases were used. Oxygen and argon are transported by the blood, but carbon dioxide tends to be generated within the tissues, and its skin tension is less affected by the blood content. Between 36 degrees C and 45 degrees C it is possible to relate changes in the oxygen and argon skin tensions to changes in capillary blood flow.", "PMID": 534695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6226", "title": "A two temperature, two PO2 method of estimating the determinants of tcPO2.", "content": "We have prepared an algorithm describing the relationship of tcPO2 to PaO2 and used this with measured values of both tcPO2 and PaO2 under four conditions (two PO2 levels, two temperatures) to generate four equation sets that yielded unique solutions for the four unknown parameters. In adults under a 44 degree C electrode, capillary temperature averaged about 43 degrees C, O2 consumption about 0.0042 ml/gm/min, blood flow about 0.64 ml/gm/min, and diffusion gradient, D, about 32 mm Hg. We have not attempted to define these values in premature or normal newborn infants, because the method requires about one hour of exposure to 100% O2.", "contents": "A two temperature, two PO2 method of estimating the determinants of tcPO2. We have prepared an algorithm describing the relationship of tcPO2 to PaO2 and used this with measured values of both tcPO2 and PaO2 under four conditions (two PO2 levels, two temperatures) to generate four equation sets that yielded unique solutions for the four unknown parameters. In adults under a 44 degree C electrode, capillary temperature averaged about 43 degrees C, O2 consumption about 0.0042 ml/gm/min, blood flow about 0.64 ml/gm/min, and diffusion gradient, D, about 32 mm Hg. We have not attempted to define these values in premature or normal newborn infants, because the method requires about one hour of exposure to 100% O2.", "PMID": 534696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6227", "title": "Fetal tcPO2 and FHR variability.", "content": "The variability of fetal heart rate, expressed as oscillation amplitude, was correlated to fetal tcPO2 in mothers during normal labor without administering analgesics. There was no correlation between tcPO2 levels and FHR variability. Changes in tcPO2 occurred in a few cases simultaneously with FHR variability, but no consistent pattern could be established.", "contents": "Fetal tcPO2 and FHR variability. The variability of fetal heart rate, expressed as oscillation amplitude, was correlated to fetal tcPO2 in mothers during normal labor without administering analgesics. There was no correlation between tcPO2 levels and FHR variability. Changes in tcPO2 occurred in a few cases simultaneously with FHR variability, but no consistent pattern could be established.", "PMID": 534700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6228", "title": "Correlation between fetal scalp tcPO2 and microblood samples.", "content": "In summary we would like to state that the correlation between tcPO2 recorded from human fetal scalp and microblood PO2 is quite good. High tcPO2 values are very reassuring for the clinician and indicate a good oxygenation of the fetus. In the presence of a low tcPO2 reading, other signs of fetal hypoxia like abnormal heart rate patterns or a low microblood PO2 are required to confirm the diagnosis. If a low tcPO2 is the only sign suggestive of fetal hypoxia and all other parameters are normal, we recommend removal of the electrode and reapplication in a different spot.", "contents": "Correlation between fetal scalp tcPO2 and microblood samples. In summary we would like to state that the correlation between tcPO2 recorded from human fetal scalp and microblood PO2 is quite good. High tcPO2 values are very reassuring for the clinician and indicate a good oxygenation of the fetus. In the presence of a low tcPO2 reading, other signs of fetal hypoxia like abnormal heart rate patterns or a low microblood PO2 are required to confirm the diagnosis. If a low tcPO2 is the only sign suggestive of fetal hypoxia and all other parameters are normal, we recommend removal of the electrode and reapplication in a different spot.", "PMID": 534702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6229", "title": "Failure of conventional monitoring to detect apnea resulting in hypoxemia.", "content": "In summary, our findings support and confirm the concerns of many investigators that present methods of cardiorespiratory monitoring are inadequate for the detection of many forms of apnea. Nurses underrecord both the frequency and duration of apneic episodes. Bradycardia is an unreliable index of hypoxemia. Thoracic impedance monitors are unreliable because they detect only a fixed duration of respiratory pause and are sensitive to many artifacts unavoidable in a clinical setting. Finally, ineffective breathing patterns such as disorganized breathing, obstructive apnea, and paradoxical breathing are undetectable by thoracic impedance monitoring. We warn against the reliance on heart rate and thoracic impedance monitoring alone for infants with recurrent apnea.", "contents": "Failure of conventional monitoring to detect apnea resulting in hypoxemia. In summary, our findings support and confirm the concerns of many investigators that present methods of cardiorespiratory monitoring are inadequate for the detection of many forms of apnea. Nurses underrecord both the frequency and duration of apneic episodes. Bradycardia is an unreliable index of hypoxemia. Thoracic impedance monitors are unreliable because they detect only a fixed duration of respiratory pause and are sensitive to many artifacts unavoidable in a clinical setting. Finally, ineffective breathing patterns such as disorganized breathing, obstructive apnea, and paradoxical breathing are undetectable by thoracic impedance monitoring. We warn against the reliance on heart rate and thoracic impedance monitoring alone for infants with recurrent apnea.", "PMID": 534707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6230", "title": "Continuous comparison of in vitro and in vivo calibrated transcutaneous oxygen tension with arterial oxygen tension in infants.", "content": "Transcutaneous PO2 simultaneously recorded by Drager and Radiometer electrodes on the abdominal skin was compared for six-hour periods with aortic PaO2 recorded by a Searle intravascular oxygen electrode. Ten newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses, six of whom needed mechanical ventilation, were studied. The skin electrodes were heated to 44 degrees C and calibrated first in vitro, and then in vivo against the infant's PaO2. The results showed that 1) after in vivo calibration both skin electrodes gave an accurate estimate of PaO2 for six hours without resiting of the electrodes; 2) the Radiometer electrode gave as satisfactory an estimate of PaO2 after in vitro as after in vivo calibration; 3) the Drager electrode gave a significantly less accurate estimate of PaO2 after in vitro than after in vivo calibration; 4) no evidence suggesting that peripheral vasoconstriction interfered with the accuracy of estimation of PaO2 by the skin electrodes was found.", "contents": "Continuous comparison of in vitro and in vivo calibrated transcutaneous oxygen tension with arterial oxygen tension in infants. Transcutaneous PO2 simultaneously recorded by Drager and Radiometer electrodes on the abdominal skin was compared for six-hour periods with aortic PaO2 recorded by a Searle intravascular oxygen electrode. Ten newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses, six of whom needed mechanical ventilation, were studied. The skin electrodes were heated to 44 degrees C and calibrated first in vitro, and then in vivo against the infant's PaO2. The results showed that 1) after in vivo calibration both skin electrodes gave an accurate estimate of PaO2 for six hours without resiting of the electrodes; 2) the Radiometer electrode gave as satisfactory an estimate of PaO2 after in vitro as after in vivo calibration; 3) the Drager electrode gave a significantly less accurate estimate of PaO2 after in vitro than after in vivo calibration; 4) no evidence suggesting that peripheral vasoconstriction interfered with the accuracy of estimation of PaO2 by the skin electrodes was found.", "PMID": 534709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6231", "title": "tcPO2 in pediatric cardiology: application during balloon septostomy, tolazoline administration, and in children with right-to-left shunt.", "content": "In pediatric cardiology tcPO2 is useful in monitoring cyanotic children given high-risk therapy such as balloon septostomy or drugs with controversial effects such as tolazoline in persistent fetal circulation. tcPO2 during administration of 100% oxygen enables a rapid, noninvasive differentiation between cyanosis due to intracardiac right-to-left shunt and that due to low cardiac output or pulmonary ventilation or diffusion difficulty. The size of the right-to-left shunt can be roughly estimated from the highest value of tcPO2, this estimation being influenced by anemia, hypothermia, and acidosis, among other factors. A trend of the tcPO2 rise is evident 90 seconds after the beginning of oxygen breathing. If tcPO2 does not rise at least 40 mm Hg over the initial value, a significant right-to-left shunt must be suspected. Interpretation of tcPO2 rise is difficult in dynamic right-to-left shunt, changing with oxygen breathing.", "contents": "tcPO2 in pediatric cardiology: application during balloon septostomy, tolazoline administration, and in children with right-to-left shunt. In pediatric cardiology tcPO2 is useful in monitoring cyanotic children given high-risk therapy such as balloon septostomy or drugs with controversial effects such as tolazoline in persistent fetal circulation. tcPO2 during administration of 100% oxygen enables a rapid, noninvasive differentiation between cyanosis due to intracardiac right-to-left shunt and that due to low cardiac output or pulmonary ventilation or diffusion difficulty. The size of the right-to-left shunt can be roughly estimated from the highest value of tcPO2, this estimation being influenced by anemia, hypothermia, and acidosis, among other factors. A trend of the tcPO2 rise is evident 90 seconds after the beginning of oxygen breathing. If tcPO2 does not rise at least 40 mm Hg over the initial value, a significant right-to-left shunt must be suspected. Interpretation of tcPO2 rise is difficult in dynamic right-to-left shunt, changing with oxygen breathing.", "PMID": 534716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6232", "title": "Right-to-left ductal shunt and transcutaneous PO2.", "content": "The continuous monitoring of the PO2 with double sensors, pre- and post-ductal, is very interesting during the neonatal period; the magnitude of the right-to-left ductal shunting, related to high pulmonary vascular resistance, is well evaluated by the hyperoxemia test. This noninvasive method allows a reliable observation of the pulmonary vascular response to oxygen, alkaline solutions, or tolazoline infusion.", "contents": "Right-to-left ductal shunt and transcutaneous PO2. The continuous monitoring of the PO2 with double sensors, pre- and post-ductal, is very interesting during the neonatal period; the magnitude of the right-to-left ductal shunting, related to high pulmonary vascular resistance, is well evaluated by the hyperoxemia test. This noninvasive method allows a reliable observation of the pulmonary vascular response to oxygen, alkaline solutions, or tolazoline infusion.", "PMID": 534722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6233", "title": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring (tcPO2) in the newborn during apneic spells, convulsions, cardiac catheterizations, and exchange transfusions.", "content": "Continuous transcutaneous PO2 recording improves the monitoring of critically ill infants and newborns submitted to invasive procedures such as exchange transfusions or cardiac catheterization. The measurement of tcPO2 in babies with apneic spells or seizures gives a better understanding of these respiratory disorders. It is reasonable to recommend the continuous monitoring of PO2 with a transcutaneous electrode in neonatal intensive care units.", "contents": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring (tcPO2) in the newborn during apneic spells, convulsions, cardiac catheterizations, and exchange transfusions. Continuous transcutaneous PO2 recording improves the monitoring of critically ill infants and newborns submitted to invasive procedures such as exchange transfusions or cardiac catheterization. The measurement of tcPO2 in babies with apneic spells or seizures gives a better understanding of these respiratory disorders. It is reasonable to recommend the continuous monitoring of PO2 with a transcutaneous electrode in neonatal intensive care units.", "PMID": 534730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6234", "title": "The monitoring of adult intensive care patients by transcutaneous PO2 measurements.", "content": "In intensive care medicine the tcPO2 measurement can be used efficiently if the problems discussed are taken into consideration. The advantages of the method follow. 1) The trend of the arterial PO2 can be monitored continuously. 2) A large fall in tcPO2 can be a sign of arterial PO2 decrease or of circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "The monitoring of adult intensive care patients by transcutaneous PO2 measurements. In intensive care medicine the tcPO2 measurement can be used efficiently if the problems discussed are taken into consideration. The advantages of the method follow. 1) The trend of the arterial PO2 can be monitored continuously. 2) A large fall in tcPO2 can be a sign of arterial PO2 decrease or of circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 534736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6235", "title": "Use of the continuous transcutaneous PO2 measurement in lung function tests.", "content": "Continuous measurements of transcutaneous PO2 are of interest in pulmonary function tests by which dynamic processes of pulmonary gas exchange are examined. The aim of the present study is to clarify the question of whether the transition function of transcutaneous PO2 after a step change of inspiratory oxygen concentration could give information about pulmonary gas exchange. In 8 healthy volunteers and 31 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of various degrees the half-value mixing times of transcutaneous PO2 were correlated with parameters of respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange. In spite of a damping of rapid changes of arterial PO2 by the transcutaneous measurement, there were significant correlations of the mixing times with physiologic right-to-left shunt; with physiologic dead space, alveolar ventilation, and blood gases; and with the parameters of lung overinflation and airway obstruction. There was a significant correlation with the age of the subjects, too. This had to be attributed mainly to an increase in severity of lung function disturbances with advancing age. Aging of the skin seemed to have a minor influence. According to these results, the transition function of transcutaneous PO2 after a step change of inspiratory oxygen concentration is determined mainly by the alveolar ventilation and the ventilation-perfusion inhomogeneity. This paper describes a short test that only takes some minutes of oxygen breathing and that has nearly the same diagnostic value as the measurement of the half-value mixing time.", "contents": "Use of the continuous transcutaneous PO2 measurement in lung function tests. Continuous measurements of transcutaneous PO2 are of interest in pulmonary function tests by which dynamic processes of pulmonary gas exchange are examined. The aim of the present study is to clarify the question of whether the transition function of transcutaneous PO2 after a step change of inspiratory oxygen concentration could give information about pulmonary gas exchange. In 8 healthy volunteers and 31 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of various degrees the half-value mixing times of transcutaneous PO2 were correlated with parameters of respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange. In spite of a damping of rapid changes of arterial PO2 by the transcutaneous measurement, there were significant correlations of the mixing times with physiologic right-to-left shunt; with physiologic dead space, alveolar ventilation, and blood gases; and with the parameters of lung overinflation and airway obstruction. There was a significant correlation with the age of the subjects, too. This had to be attributed mainly to an increase in severity of lung function disturbances with advancing age. Aging of the skin seemed to have a minor influence. According to these results, the transition function of transcutaneous PO2 after a step change of inspiratory oxygen concentration is determined mainly by the alveolar ventilation and the ventilation-perfusion inhomogeneity. This paper describes a short test that only takes some minutes of oxygen breathing and that has nearly the same diagnostic value as the measurement of the half-value mixing time.", "PMID": 534737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6236", "title": "Interpretation of the tcPO2 curve in adult patients in an intensive care unit.", "content": "From the data collected on 135 adult patients in an intensive care unit the following conclusions of the interpretation of the transcutaneous PO2 curve in this type of patient may be drawn: 1) One to four minutes after the electrode was attached a nadir (= the lowest initial point) was reached and then there was a gradual increase which ended with an initial plateau. This plateau could be predicted from the lowest initial point by adding 30 mm Hg. 2) If the lowest initial point was 35 mm Hg or less, it was expected that the final tcPO2 level would be lower than the actual PaO2. 3) No correlation was seen between the lowest initial point of the tcPO2 curve and the time until the initial plateau was reached. In 75% of the cases the plateau was reached within 20 minutes. 4) A slight positive correlation was found between arterial blood pressure and lowest initial point. The difference between the means of the lowest initial point for a group with blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg and another group with blood pressure greater than 120 mm Hg was highly significant. 5) Transcutaneous PO2 measurements were more likely to represent the arterial PO2 level if blood pressure was greater than 120 mm Hg than if it was less than or equal to 90 mm Hg. 6) The lower the initial tcPO2 level, the more likely it was that the arterial level was higher than the tcPO2 level (see also point 2). 7) The differences between PaO2 and tcPO2 were independent of the arterial PO2 level. 8) The overall correlation between PaO2 and tcPO2 in this material was 0.91; the slope was 0.90 and the intercept -8 mm Hg. The correlation coefficient within each individual patient was higher. 9) The correlation coefficient between PaO2 and tcPO2 for those patients in whom PaO2 was 60 mm Hg or less was comparatively low. This may be explained by the bad condition of these patients followed by a reduced blood flow. 10) An initial drop in tcPO2 to zero level indicates a reduced peripheral circulation, but this must be suspected when the initial drop is below 35 mm Hg.", "contents": "Interpretation of the tcPO2 curve in adult patients in an intensive care unit. From the data collected on 135 adult patients in an intensive care unit the following conclusions of the interpretation of the transcutaneous PO2 curve in this type of patient may be drawn: 1) One to four minutes after the electrode was attached a nadir (= the lowest initial point) was reached and then there was a gradual increase which ended with an initial plateau. This plateau could be predicted from the lowest initial point by adding 30 mm Hg. 2) If the lowest initial point was 35 mm Hg or less, it was expected that the final tcPO2 level would be lower than the actual PaO2. 3) No correlation was seen between the lowest initial point of the tcPO2 curve and the time until the initial plateau was reached. In 75% of the cases the plateau was reached within 20 minutes. 4) A slight positive correlation was found between arterial blood pressure and lowest initial point. The difference between the means of the lowest initial point for a group with blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg and another group with blood pressure greater than 120 mm Hg was highly significant. 5) Transcutaneous PO2 measurements were more likely to represent the arterial PO2 level if blood pressure was greater than 120 mm Hg than if it was less than or equal to 90 mm Hg. 6) The lower the initial tcPO2 level, the more likely it was that the arterial level was higher than the tcPO2 level (see also point 2). 7) The differences between PaO2 and tcPO2 were independent of the arterial PO2 level. 8) The overall correlation between PaO2 and tcPO2 in this material was 0.91; the slope was 0.90 and the intercept -8 mm Hg. The correlation coefficient within each individual patient was higher. 9) The correlation coefficient between PaO2 and tcPO2 for those patients in whom PaO2 was 60 mm Hg or less was comparatively low. This may be explained by the bad condition of these patients followed by a reduced blood flow. 10) An initial drop in tcPO2 to zero level indicates a reduced peripheral circulation, but this must be suspected when the initial drop is below 35 mm Hg.", "PMID": 534740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6237", "title": "A comparative study of continuous intravascular O2 saturation and transcutaneous PO2 measurements in the sheep fetus following the reduction of uterine blood flow.", "content": "Under physiologic conditions the tcPO2 reflects the PO2 in the carotid artery. It is therefore a measure of the PO2 in the arteries supplying the brain. The response of the tcPO2 to fetal hypoxemia, as during the recovery period following hypoxemia, is delayed. The delayed response of the tcPO2 during recovery is generated by the release of catecholamines into the fetal circulation. The reading of the tcPO2 corresponds better with the course of the heart rate decelerations and the increased blood pressure than with the course of the PO2 in the fetal aorta. The tcPO2 is, in this context, a reliable measure for the peripheral oxygenation and vasoconstriction. The tcPO2 however should be applied with great care for studying the pathomechanism of fetal heart rate decelerations during labor.", "contents": "A comparative study of continuous intravascular O2 saturation and transcutaneous PO2 measurements in the sheep fetus following the reduction of uterine blood flow. Under physiologic conditions the tcPO2 reflects the PO2 in the carotid artery. It is therefore a measure of the PO2 in the arteries supplying the brain. The response of the tcPO2 to fetal hypoxemia, as during the recovery period following hypoxemia, is delayed. The delayed response of the tcPO2 during recovery is generated by the release of catecholamines into the fetal circulation. The reading of the tcPO2 corresponds better with the course of the heart rate decelerations and the increased blood pressure than with the course of the PO2 in the fetal aorta. The tcPO2 is, in this context, a reliable measure for the peripheral oxygenation and vasoconstriction. The tcPO2 however should be applied with great care for studying the pathomechanism of fetal heart rate decelerations during labor.", "PMID": 534744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6238", "title": "Immune complexes and complement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Immune complexes have been shown to occur frequently during rheumatoid arthritis. They have been found in blood, in the synovium and in other extravascular lesions. The recent development of methods for the quantitation of immune complexes provided new tools to evaluate the possible role of immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Immune complexes which appear in synovial fluid are in higher concentration than in serum and have particular physicochemical properties. They likely result from a local formation in the synovium and seem to be directly involved in the generation of the local inflammation. High levels of circulating immune complexes are usually associated with the development of extra-articular vascular lesions. One of the major biological activity of immune complexes is to activate the complement system. There is indeed evidence of complement activation in circulating blood as well as in synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The presence and the concentration of complement breakdown products in these fluids correlates with the clinical activity. Therefore, the analysis of immune complexes and of complement components appears useful for diagnosis and follow-up, and for the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Immune complexes and complement in rheumatoid arthritis. Immune complexes have been shown to occur frequently during rheumatoid arthritis. They have been found in blood, in the synovium and in other extravascular lesions. The recent development of methods for the quantitation of immune complexes provided new tools to evaluate the possible role of immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Immune complexes which appear in synovial fluid are in higher concentration than in serum and have particular physicochemical properties. They likely result from a local formation in the synovium and seem to be directly involved in the generation of the local inflammation. High levels of circulating immune complexes are usually associated with the development of extra-articular vascular lesions. One of the major biological activity of immune complexes is to activate the complement system. There is indeed evidence of complement activation in circulating blood as well as in synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The presence and the concentration of complement breakdown products in these fluids correlates with the clinical activity. Therefore, the analysis of immune complexes and of complement components appears useful for diagnosis and follow-up, and for the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 534786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6239", "title": "[Pathomorphology of human arthroses].", "content": "The pathologic morphology of osteoarthrosis (arthrosis deformans) is illustrated macroscopically, histologically, and electron microscopically TEM and SEM). The morphologic hallmark of the lesions is the association of destructive and inadequate reparative processes in the articular cartilage and reactive bone growth, often leading to grotesque deformity of the joints with characteristic osteophytosis. The fundamental morphologic alterations involving chondrocytes and matrix are similar in all arthroses, irrespective of their topography.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of human arthroses]. The pathologic morphology of osteoarthrosis (arthrosis deformans) is illustrated macroscopically, histologically, and electron microscopically TEM and SEM). The morphologic hallmark of the lesions is the association of destructive and inadequate reparative processes in the articular cartilage and reactive bone growth, often leading to grotesque deformity of the joints with characteristic osteophytosis. The fundamental morphologic alterations involving chondrocytes and matrix are similar in all arthroses, irrespective of their topography.", "PMID": 534787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6240", "title": "Reconstruction of the auricle in minor grades of microtia by a silicone framework.", "content": "A silicone ear frame was used in a series of 31 minor microtia cases for subtotal external ear reconstruction. The authors' original method is described and includes the unfolding of the microtic ear in 3 flaps, circular shape trimming of the frame, and enlargement of the conchal cavity. There have been no failures in this series and no exposure in up to 4 years follow-up. Aesthetic results, on the whole, have been excellent.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the auricle in minor grades of microtia by a silicone framework. A silicone ear frame was used in a series of 31 minor microtia cases for subtotal external ear reconstruction. The authors' original method is described and includes the unfolding of the microtic ear in 3 flaps, circular shape trimming of the frame, and enlargement of the conchal cavity. There have been no failures in this series and no exposure in up to 4 years follow-up. Aesthetic results, on the whole, have been excellent.", "PMID": 534788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6241", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty using dermofat pedicles.", "content": "A technique for reduction mammaplasty is described which aims to preserve the maximum dermal blood and nerve supply to the nipple-areola complex. The procedure is suitable for the correction of all degrees of breast hypertrophy.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty using dermofat pedicles. A technique for reduction mammaplasty is described which aims to preserve the maximum dermal blood and nerve supply to the nipple-areola complex. The procedure is suitable for the correction of all degrees of breast hypertrophy.", "PMID": 534792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6242", "title": "Resurfacing denuded areas of the beard with full thickness scalp grafts.", "content": "Reconstruction of a beard-bearing area, such as the upper lip, necessitates hair-bearing grafts no thicker than a full thickness skin graft, in order to allow for normal movement. In the normal scalp, however, most of the follicles reach into the subcutaneous fat. By preoperative epilation it seems possible to induce the catagen phase of the hair cycle during which the follicles migrate into the corium and thus will be transplanted as complete morphological units. The clinical results support this concept.", "contents": "Resurfacing denuded areas of the beard with full thickness scalp grafts. Reconstruction of a beard-bearing area, such as the upper lip, necessitates hair-bearing grafts no thicker than a full thickness skin graft, in order to allow for normal movement. In the normal scalp, however, most of the follicles reach into the subcutaneous fat. By preoperative epilation it seems possible to induce the catagen phase of the hair cycle during which the follicles migrate into the corium and thus will be transplanted as complete morphological units. The clinical results support this concept.", "PMID": 534793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6243", "title": "Spontaneous regression of anterior open bite following treatment of macroglossia.", "content": "A case of lymphangioma of the tongue with gross mandibular deformity is presented. Surgical reduction of tongue size resulted in considerable remodeling and the orthodontic implications of this remodelling are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of anterior open bite following treatment of macroglossia. A case of lymphangioma of the tongue with gross mandibular deformity is presented. Surgical reduction of tongue size resulted in considerable remodeling and the orthodontic implications of this remodelling are discussed.", "PMID": 534797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6244", "title": "Incidental discovery of recurrent breast carcinoma in patients seeking breast reconstruction.", "content": "On the basis of 6 clinical cases where a breast carcinoma metastasis or another breast tumour were discovered during a routine preoperative medical examination or during reconstructive surgery, the author emphasises the role of plastic surgeons in detecting recurrent disease in patients consulting them for reconstructive surgery after breast amputation. Plastic surgeons who probably perform more breast operations than any other specialist should have a thorough knowledge of all the diseases and tumours which may affect these organs.", "contents": "Incidental discovery of recurrent breast carcinoma in patients seeking breast reconstruction. On the basis of 6 clinical cases where a breast carcinoma metastasis or another breast tumour were discovered during a routine preoperative medical examination or during reconstructive surgery, the author emphasises the role of plastic surgeons in detecting recurrent disease in patients consulting them for reconstructive surgery after breast amputation. Plastic surgeons who probably perform more breast operations than any other specialist should have a thorough knowledge of all the diseases and tumours which may affect these organs.", "PMID": 534799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6245", "title": "The failure of free muscle transplants in the treatment of urinary incontinence.", "content": "Seven cases of urinary incontinence treated by a free muscle transplant are reported. The incontinence was completely unaffected in 5. One patient  was able to work without using diapers, while another albeit completely incontinent, could voluntarily stop the flow after the bladder was filled with water.", "contents": "The failure of free muscle transplants in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Seven cases of urinary incontinence treated by a free muscle transplant are reported. The incontinence was completely unaffected in 5. One patient  was able to work without using diapers, while another albeit completely incontinent, could voluntarily stop the flow after the bladder was filled with water.", "PMID": 534803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6246", "title": "An enquiry into the Mental Health Enquiry.", "content": "A limited study into the accuracy of information for the Mental Health Enquiry was undertaken at two major mental illness hospitals in Leicestershire. The results indicate that certain items of data are of questionable value. The current arrangements for processing the data may also need review.", "contents": "An enquiry into the Mental Health Enquiry. A limited study into the accuracy of information for the Mental Health Enquiry was undertaken at two major mental illness hospitals in Leicestershire. The results indicate that certain items of data are of questionable value. The current arrangements for processing the data may also need review.", "PMID": 534807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6247", "title": "The prediction of the course of minor psychiatric disorders.", "content": "Recent studies have suggested that psychosocial factors play an important part in the prediction of the course of minor psychiatric disorders. Fifty-nine new psychiatric out-patients suffering from minor disorders were assessed, using standardized clinical and social interviews, and 52 were followed up after one year and the clinical assessment repeated. Social and clinical factors were equally important predictors of the number of months ill in the survey year, but social and constitutional variables were superior in the prediction of percentage change in symptoms over the year. The results of correlation, factor and multiple regression analyses suggest that the course of minor psychiatric disorder is best predicted by three sets of variables which are, in order of importance, the patient's material social circumstances, his clinical symptoms and his 'genetic risk' scores.", "contents": "The prediction of the course of minor psychiatric disorders. Recent studies have suggested that psychosocial factors play an important part in the prediction of the course of minor psychiatric disorders. Fifty-nine new psychiatric out-patients suffering from minor disorders were assessed, using standardized clinical and social interviews, and 52 were followed up after one year and the clinical assessment repeated. Social and clinical factors were equally important predictors of the number of months ill in the survey year, but social and constitutional variables were superior in the prediction of percentage change in symptoms over the year. The results of correlation, factor and multiple regression analyses suggest that the course of minor psychiatric disorder is best predicted by three sets of variables which are, in order of importance, the patient's material social circumstances, his clinical symptoms and his 'genetic risk' scores.", "PMID": 534808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6248", "title": "A comparative study of reactive psychosis and acute psychosis without precipitating stress.", "content": "A study was carried out to compare the antecedent factors, phenomenology, treatment required and prognosis in 30 cases of Reactive Psychosis and 30 cases of Acute Psychosis without antecedent stress, matched on age and sex. Both groups were followed up for 7 months. It was found that the two groups differed markedly on several dimensions: The Reactive Psychotics had more hysterical and affective features, more vulnerable personality, higher stress experience in their life prior to illness and relatively better prognosis compared to the Acute Psychotics. The difference still remained when those in either of the groups who at the end of the follow-up turned out to be schizophrenics or suffering from affective disorder were excluded from analysis.", "contents": "A comparative study of reactive psychosis and acute psychosis without precipitating stress. A study was carried out to compare the antecedent factors, phenomenology, treatment required and prognosis in 30 cases of Reactive Psychosis and 30 cases of Acute Psychosis without antecedent stress, matched on age and sex. Both groups were followed up for 7 months. It was found that the two groups differed markedly on several dimensions: The Reactive Psychotics had more hysterical and affective features, more vulnerable personality, higher stress experience in their life prior to illness and relatively better prognosis compared to the Acute Psychotics. The difference still remained when those in either of the groups who at the end of the follow-up turned out to be schizophrenics or suffering from affective disorder were excluded from analysis.", "PMID": 534809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6249", "title": "Postpartum mania.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with bipolar affective disorder (20 manic episodes, one depressive episode) during the postpartum period were evaluated. They were compared to an unselected group of womicantly more Schneiderian symptoms and fewer recurrences of illness within the three-year periofectively ill relatives than the controls. The practical significance of these findings with rey of the bipolar syndrome.", "contents": "Postpartum mania. Twenty-one patients with bipolar affective disorder (20 manic episodes, one depressive episode) during the postpartum period were evaluated. They were compared to an unselected group of womicantly more Schneiderian symptoms and fewer recurrences of illness within the three-year periofectively ill relatives than the controls. The practical significance of these findings with rey of the bipolar syndrome.", "PMID": 534810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6250", "title": "Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics.", "content": "The clinical impression that phobic patients perceive their parents as being uncaring and overprotective was investigated in a controlled study of eighty-one phobic patients. Those assigned to a social phobic group scored both parents as less caring and as overprotected, while those assigned to an agoraphobic group differed from controls only in reporting less maternal care. Intensity of phobic symptoms in the pooled sample was examined in a separate analysis. Higher agoraphobic scores were associated with less maternal care and less maternal overprotection, while higher social phobic scores were associated with greater maternal care and greater maternal overprotection.", "contents": "Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. The clinical impression that phobic patients perceive their parents as being uncaring and overprotective was investigated in a controlled study of eighty-one phobic patients. Those assigned to a social phobic group scored both parents as less caring and as overprotected, while those assigned to an agoraphobic group differed from controls only in reporting less maternal care. Intensity of phobic symptoms in the pooled sample was examined in a separate analysis. Higher agoraphobic scores were associated with less maternal care and less maternal overprotection, while higher social phobic scores were associated with greater maternal care and greater maternal overprotection.", "PMID": 534811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6251", "title": "School phobic children at work.", "content": "Seventy-one school phobic children seen at a child guidance clinic were followed up after they had passed school leaving age. Their record in work and further education was compared with the length of time they were off school, whether or not they returned to school, and the occurrence of further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic. It was found that whether or not the child returned to school and the length of time he was off school had no relationship to future performance at work or in further education. A significantly larger number of children receiving further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic failed to reach their potential in work or further education. Adequate treatment of the underlying conditions appears to be more important than returning the child to school.", "contents": "School phobic children at work. Seventy-one school phobic children seen at a child guidance clinic were followed up after they had passed school leaving age. Their record in work and further education was compared with the length of time they were off school, whether or not they returned to school, and the occurrence of further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic. It was found that whether or not the child returned to school and the length of time he was off school had no relationship to future performance at work or in further education. A significantly larger number of children receiving further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic failed to reach their potential in work or further education. Adequate treatment of the underlying conditions appears to be more important than returning the child to school.", "PMID": 534812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6252", "title": "Alcohol dependence and phobias: clinical description and relevance.", "content": "Of 102 alcoholics admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit one third (33) were clinically rated as having a disabling agoraphobia and/or social phobia, and a further third (37) as having less disabling phobic symptoms of either or both kinds. Questionnaires and self-report symptom scales were used to validate the clinical ratings. Alcohol problem screening tests and consumtpion levels confirmed the severity of alcohol dependence. In a group of 44 phobic alcoholics who reports and physical dependence significantly more frequently than the converse. The prevalence of agoraphobia and social phobia in alcoholics is discussed in relation to prevalence date in affective and normal populations, together with their implications for the aetiology of phobias and alcohol det approaches and prognosis.", "contents": "Alcohol dependence and phobias: clinical description and relevance. Of 102 alcoholics admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit one third (33) were clinically rated as having a disabling agoraphobia and/or social phobia, and a further third (37) as having less disabling phobic symptoms of either or both kinds. Questionnaires and self-report symptom scales were used to validate the clinical ratings. Alcohol problem screening tests and consumtpion levels confirmed the severity of alcohol dependence. In a group of 44 phobic alcoholics who reports and physical dependence significantly more frequently than the converse. The prevalence of agoraphobia and social phobia in alcoholics is discussed in relation to prevalence date in affective and normal populations, together with their implications for the aetiology of phobias and alcohol det approaches and prognosis.", "PMID": 534813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6253", "title": "Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?", "content": "The hypothesis that the incidence of calcium stone disease is related to the consumption of animal protein has been examined. Within the male population, recurrent idiopathic stone formers consumed more animal protein than did normal subjects. Single stone formers had animal protein intakes intermediate between those of normal men and those of recurrent stone formers. A high animal protein intake caused a significant increase in the urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate and uric acid, 3 of the 6 main urinary risk factors for calcium stone formation. The overall relative probability of forming stones, calculated from the combination of the 6 main urinary risk factors, was markedly increased by a high animal protein diet. Conversely, a low animal protein intake, such as taken by vegetarians, was associated with a low excretion of calcium, oxalate and uric acid and a low relative probability of forming stones.", "contents": "Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians? The hypothesis that the incidence of calcium stone disease is related to the consumption of animal protein has been examined. Within the male population, recurrent idiopathic stone formers consumed more animal protein than did normal subjects. Single stone formers had animal protein intakes intermediate between those of normal men and those of recurrent stone formers. A high animal protein intake caused a significant increase in the urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate and uric acid, 3 of the 6 main urinary risk factors for calcium stone formation. The overall relative probability of forming stones, calculated from the combination of the 6 main urinary risk factors, was markedly increased by a high animal protein diet. Conversely, a low animal protein intake, such as taken by vegetarians, was associated with a low excretion of calcium, oxalate and uric acid and a low relative probability of forming stones.", "PMID": 534817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6254", "title": "Maximum urinary concentration ability in patients with idiopathic hydronephrosis.", "content": "The maximum urinary concentration ability and renal parenchymal function of each kidney were investigated in 34 patients with unilateral hydronephrosis. The ability to concentrate urine was not reduced in 10 hydronephrotic and 24 contralateral kidneys. The concentration ability was moderately reduced in 14 hydronephrotic and 10 non-hydronephrotic kidneys and severely impaired in 10 hydronephrotic kidneys. A reduced concentration ability was found almost entirely in hydronephrosis complicated with upper urinary tract infection or renal calculi. Hydronephrotic kidneys without these complications showed a normal concentration ability in 10 of 11 cases. Parenchymal function was reduced in only 10 hydronephrotic kidneys, 7 of which had had upper urinary tract infections and 3 of which had renal stones. It is our opinion that uncomplicated cases of unilateral hydronephrosis should not be operated upon unless necessitated by signs and symptoms. Measurement of the maximum urinary concentration ability might be helpful in setting the correct indication for surgery in borderline cases.", "contents": "Maximum urinary concentration ability in patients with idiopathic hydronephrosis. The maximum urinary concentration ability and renal parenchymal function of each kidney were investigated in 34 patients with unilateral hydronephrosis. The ability to concentrate urine was not reduced in 10 hydronephrotic and 24 contralateral kidneys. The concentration ability was moderately reduced in 14 hydronephrotic and 10 non-hydronephrotic kidneys and severely impaired in 10 hydronephrotic kidneys. A reduced concentration ability was found almost entirely in hydronephrosis complicated with upper urinary tract infection or renal calculi. Hydronephrotic kidneys without these complications showed a normal concentration ability in 10 of 11 cases. Parenchymal function was reduced in only 10 hydronephrotic kidneys, 7 of which had had upper urinary tract infections and 3 of which had renal stones. It is our opinion that uncomplicated cases of unilateral hydronephrosis should not be operated upon unless necessitated by signs and symptoms. Measurement of the maximum urinary concentration ability might be helpful in setting the correct indication for surgery in borderline cases.", "PMID": 534818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6255", "title": "Intravenous inosine for ischaemic renal surgery.", "content": "The use of the intravenously administered nucleotide inosine is described for the protection of function in the human kidney undergoing ischaemic renal surgery. The treatment of 7 patients is described. The simplicity of the technique is emphasised.", "contents": "Intravenous inosine for ischaemic renal surgery. The use of the intravenously administered nucleotide inosine is described for the protection of function in the human kidney undergoing ischaemic renal surgery. The treatment of 7 patients is described. The simplicity of the technique is emphasised.", "PMID": 534819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6256", "title": "Technique of clearance (or disconnection) of dilated lymphatics in the renal hilum and lower ureter and bladder in cases of intractable chyluria or haemochyluria.", "content": "The indications, investigations and techniques for treating patients with chyluria are presented. Thirty-eight patients were treated by lymphatic disconnection either at renal hilum or at lower ureter and bladder level. Pedal lymphangiography was essential to decide upon the level of operation. Results were satisfactory in the majority when chyluria was intractable.", "contents": "Technique of clearance (or disconnection) of dilated lymphatics in the renal hilum and lower ureter and bladder in cases of intractable chyluria or haemochyluria. The indications, investigations and techniques for treating patients with chyluria are presented. Thirty-eight patients were treated by lymphatic disconnection either at renal hilum or at lower ureter and bladder level. Pedal lymphangiography was essential to decide upon the level of operation. Results were satisfactory in the majority when chyluria was intractable.", "PMID": 534820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6257", "title": "The underestimated hazards of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were studied in retrospect and difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are described. Awareness of the entity is the most effective safeguard against over-aggressive resection for this benign condition.", "contents": "The underestimated hazards of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Twenty-eight cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were studied in retrospect and difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are described. Awareness of the entity is the most effective safeguard against over-aggressive resection for this benign condition.", "PMID": 534821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6258", "title": "Frusemide intravenous urography in the diagnosis of pelviureteric junction obstruction.", "content": "Standard intravenous urography is not a reliable method of demonstrating pelviureteric junction obstruction. Frusemide urography enables 3 groups to be defined on the basis of the percentage increase in the size of the renal pelvis after the diuretic. These groups are clinically significant.", "contents": "Frusemide intravenous urography in the diagnosis of pelviureteric junction obstruction. Standard intravenous urography is not a reliable method of demonstrating pelviureteric junction obstruction. Frusemide urography enables 3 groups to be defined on the basis of the percentage increase in the size of the renal pelvis after the diuretic. These groups are clinically significant.", "PMID": 534822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6259", "title": "Diuresis renography and the results of pyeloplasty for idiopathic hydronephrosis.", "content": "Eighty-six kidneys in 82 patients have been assessed by diuresis renography after pyeloplasty. A non-obstructed diuresis renogram was found in 64% of kidneys. Ninety per cent of patients were clinically improved by surgery and 51% of cases studied had improved urographic features. Thirty kidneys (29 patients) were assessed both before and after pyeloplasty. An improvement in the diuresis renogram was found in 89% of cases postoperatively. Standard renography demonstrated improved drainage in only 33% of kidneys. These findings are discussed in relation to the value of diuresis renography after pyeloplasty.", "contents": "Diuresis renography and the results of pyeloplasty for idiopathic hydronephrosis. Eighty-six kidneys in 82 patients have been assessed by diuresis renography after pyeloplasty. A non-obstructed diuresis renogram was found in 64% of kidneys. Ninety per cent of patients were clinically improved by surgery and 51% of cases studied had improved urographic features. Thirty kidneys (29 patients) were assessed both before and after pyeloplasty. An improvement in the diuresis renogram was found in 89% of cases postoperatively. Standard renography demonstrated improved drainage in only 33% of kidneys. These findings are discussed in relation to the value of diuresis renography after pyeloplasty.", "PMID": 534823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6260", "title": "The early and aggressive repair of iatrogenic ureteric injuries.", "content": "Sixty-two iatrogenic injuries of the ureter in 52 patients have been studied over a 15-year period. A plea is made for early recognition in post-operative urinary fistulae and early operative repair. The results of 41 cases treated by the Boari-Ockerblad method are reported without post-operative obstruction or failure.", "contents": "The early and aggressive repair of iatrogenic ureteric injuries. Sixty-two iatrogenic injuries of the ureter in 52 patients have been studied over a 15-year period. A plea is made for early recognition in post-operative urinary fistulae and early operative repair. The results of 41 cases treated by the Boari-Ockerblad method are reported without post-operative obstruction or failure.", "PMID": 534824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6261", "title": "The long-term results of ileal conduit urinary diversion in children.", "content": "Sixty-seven children undergoing urinary diversion by ileal conduit tolerated this procedure well. The initial results were most satisfying, but late complications occurred in 55 children (82%), and this is a cause for concern. Even when the surgical complications were avoided, it seemed important to consider carefully the psychological problems that these children with ileal loop diversion could develop as they advanced into adult life.", "contents": "The long-term results of ileal conduit urinary diversion in children. Sixty-seven children undergoing urinary diversion by ileal conduit tolerated this procedure well. The initial results were most satisfying, but late complications occurred in 55 children (82%), and this is a cause for concern. Even when the surgical complications were avoided, it seemed important to consider carefully the psychological problems that these children with ileal loop diversion could develop as they advanced into adult life.", "PMID": 534825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6262", "title": "A long-term follow-up of the colonic conduit operation in children.", "content": "The results of colonic conduit urinary diversion have been reviewed in 41 children with an average follow-up of 13.2 years. There was a high incidence of stomal stenosis (61.5%), ureterocolic stenosis (22%), ureteric reflux (58%) and upper tract deterioration (48.4%). Comparison with results of ileal conduit diversion in children show no advantage in the use of colon.", "contents": "A long-term follow-up of the colonic conduit operation in children. The results of colonic conduit urinary diversion have been reviewed in 41 children with an average follow-up of 13.2 years. There was a high incidence of stomal stenosis (61.5%), ureterocolic stenosis (22%), ureteric reflux (58%) and upper tract deterioration (48.4%). Comparison with results of ileal conduit diversion in children show no advantage in the use of colon.", "PMID": 534826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6263", "title": "Tumour of the colon as a late complication of ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder.", "content": "Two cases of cancer of the colon have occurred recently in our series of 38 patients with exstrophy of the bladder treated by ureterosigmoidostomy. Twenty-six and 14 years elapsed between the original operation and the diagnosis of malignancy. Since 1929 the literature contains reports of 55 patients who have developed bowel neoplasms as a late complication of this form of diversion. The operation was performed for exstrophy in 35 of these, in whom the resulting tumour at the anastomotic site was malignant in 28 and benign in 7 patients. The shortest interval between ureterosigmoidostomy and recognition of the growth was 10 years with a mean latent period of 25 years. The aetiology remains uncertain but it is clear that long-term survivors after ureterosigmoidostomy should have diagnostic large bowel studies included in the follow-up.", "contents": "Tumour of the colon as a late complication of ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder. Two cases of cancer of the colon have occurred recently in our series of 38 patients with exstrophy of the bladder treated by ureterosigmoidostomy. Twenty-six and 14 years elapsed between the original operation and the diagnosis of malignancy. Since 1929 the literature contains reports of 55 patients who have developed bowel neoplasms as a late complication of this form of diversion. The operation was performed for exstrophy in 35 of these, in whom the resulting tumour at the anastomotic site was malignant in 28 and benign in 7 patients. The shortest interval between ureterosigmoidostomy and recognition of the growth was 10 years with a mean latent period of 25 years. The aetiology remains uncertain but it is clear that long-term survivors after ureterosigmoidostomy should have diagnostic large bowel studies included in the follow-up.", "PMID": 534827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6264", "title": "Ureters that show both reflux and obstruction.", "content": "Eight ureters in 6 male patients have been shown radiographically and dynamically to exhibit both reflux and obstruction. The greater the degree of obstruction the more dilated the upper urinary tract. Reflux may be considerable, but in severely obstructed ureters it may be minimal. Both urologists and radiologists should be aware of this unusual association. When it occurs patients should not be managed conservatively, but should have their ureters reimplanted.", "contents": "Ureters that show both reflux and obstruction. Eight ureters in 6 male patients have been shown radiographically and dynamically to exhibit both reflux and obstruction. The greater the degree of obstruction the more dilated the upper urinary tract. Reflux may be considerable, but in severely obstructed ureters it may be minimal. Both urologists and radiologists should be aware of this unusual association. When it occurs patients should not be managed conservatively, but should have their ureters reimplanted.", "PMID": 534828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6265", "title": "Duplications of the lower urinary tract in children.", "content": "Seven cases of bladder duplication are described, and compared with 27 cases of urethral duplication. Bladder duplication was collateral while urethral duplication was usually in the sagittal plane. The conditions may coexist when the duplication of the bladder extends caudally to produce a collateral urethral duplication, but in one boy bladder duplication was associated with 4 urethrae in the sagittal plane. In 5 cases the bladders were united; in 2 cases, one bladder was excised. The results were satisfactory in 6 and in one the bladder failed to empty. The basic defects that lead to duplication are unknown. Several features of the conditons suggest that there are different aetiologies in each type. There are similarities with the exstrophy epispadias complex. Even when there are major abnormalities in other systems the general and urological prognosis is good.", "contents": "Duplications of the lower urinary tract in children. Seven cases of bladder duplication are described, and compared with 27 cases of urethral duplication. Bladder duplication was collateral while urethral duplication was usually in the sagittal plane. The conditions may coexist when the duplication of the bladder extends caudally to produce a collateral urethral duplication, but in one boy bladder duplication was associated with 4 urethrae in the sagittal plane. In 5 cases the bladders were united; in 2 cases, one bladder was excised. The results were satisfactory in 6 and in one the bladder failed to empty. The basic defects that lead to duplication are unknown. Several features of the conditons suggest that there are different aetiologies in each type. There are similarities with the exstrophy epispadias complex. Even when there are major abnormalities in other systems the general and urological prognosis is good.", "PMID": 534829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6266", "title": "M\u00fcllerian duct remnants in the male.", "content": "Persistent remnants of the caudal M\u00fcllerian duct in the male may occasionally give rise to symptoms and pose a problem of management. We describe 13 cases which have been seen over a 24-year period. In 4 cases the remnant took the form of a cyst, whilst the other 9 had tubular utricular structures. Not all had an associated maldevelopment of the genitalia and there was no relationship between the size of a tubular remnant and the degree of genital abnormality. Infection generally appeared to be related to the presence of obstruction to the free drainage of the contents of the remnant, and epididymitis occurred where free reflux into the vasa was present. Apparent incontinence was sometimes the result of urine pooling in the utricular pouch. The radiological demonstration of these structures was not always easy and in our experience voiding cystourethrography was the best means of achieving a diagnosis. Surgical excision of these structures can be difficult, and if they do not produce symptoms they should be left alone.", "contents": "M\u00fcllerian duct remnants in the male. Persistent remnants of the caudal M\u00fcllerian duct in the male may occasionally give rise to symptoms and pose a problem of management. We describe 13 cases which have been seen over a 24-year period. In 4 cases the remnant took the form of a cyst, whilst the other 9 had tubular utricular structures. Not all had an associated maldevelopment of the genitalia and there was no relationship between the size of a tubular remnant and the degree of genital abnormality. Infection generally appeared to be related to the presence of obstruction to the free drainage of the contents of the remnant, and epididymitis occurred where free reflux into the vasa was present. Apparent incontinence was sometimes the result of urine pooling in the utricular pouch. The radiological demonstration of these structures was not always easy and in our experience voiding cystourethrography was the best means of achieving a diagnosis. Surgical excision of these structures can be difficult, and if they do not produce symptoms they should be left alone.", "PMID": 534830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6267", "title": "A comparison of vaginal and suprapubic surgery in the correction of incontience due to urethral sphincter incompetence.", "content": "A preliminary comparison is presented, with pre-operative and post-operative objective assessment, of 25 women undergoing anterior repair and 25 women undergoing colposuspension for the correction of incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence. Colposuspension was found to be effective. The mechanism of successful cure was likely to be a combination of bladder neck and proximal urethral elevation and narrowing.", "contents": "A comparison of vaginal and suprapubic surgery in the correction of incontience due to urethral sphincter incompetence. A preliminary comparison is presented, with pre-operative and post-operative objective assessment, of 25 women undergoing anterior repair and 25 women undergoing colposuspension for the correction of incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence. Colposuspension was found to be effective. The mechanism of successful cure was likely to be a combination of bladder neck and proximal urethral elevation and narrowing.", "PMID": 534831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6268", "title": "Intravesical lignocaine and detrusor instability.", "content": "The effect of intravesical lignocaine solution on detrusor instability of mixed aetiology was examined in 20 patients; 40 ml of 1% lignocaine solution with 40 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution was instilled into the bladder. This produced increased bladder capacity in 19, altered bladder sensation in 9, changed the character of the cystometrogram in 9, and lowered the maximum detrusor pressure during bladder filling in 16. The symptomatic effect of lignocaine was short-lived in all but one patient in whom it lasted 24 h. The possible mechanism of this inhibitory effect on bladder function is discussed.", "contents": "Intravesical lignocaine and detrusor instability. The effect of intravesical lignocaine solution on detrusor instability of mixed aetiology was examined in 20 patients; 40 ml of 1% lignocaine solution with 40 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution was instilled into the bladder. This produced increased bladder capacity in 19, altered bladder sensation in 9, changed the character of the cystometrogram in 9, and lowered the maximum detrusor pressure during bladder filling in 16. The symptomatic effect of lignocaine was short-lived in all but one patient in whom it lasted 24 h. The possible mechanism of this inhibitory effect on bladder function is discussed.", "PMID": 534832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6269", "title": "Hesitancy and poor stream in younger men without outflow tract obstruction--the anxious bladder.", "content": "Sixteen younger men who presented with frequency, hesitancy and poor stream have been examined by clinical, urodynamic and endoscopic means. These urological symptoms have been found to be associated locally with a poor detrusor action and generally with a high incidence of dyspepsia and anxiety disorder. It is suggested that an initiating factor may be common to all 3 systems and hence a general rather than a local solution should be sought.", "contents": "Hesitancy and poor stream in younger men without outflow tract obstruction--the anxious bladder. Sixteen younger men who presented with frequency, hesitancy and poor stream have been examined by clinical, urodynamic and endoscopic means. These urological symptoms have been found to be associated locally with a poor detrusor action and generally with a high incidence of dyspepsia and anxiety disorder. It is suggested that an initiating factor may be common to all 3 systems and hence a general rather than a local solution should be sought.", "PMID": 534833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6270", "title": "Selective sacral neurectomy in the management of urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability.", "content": "Since Torrens (1974) reported on the use of selective sacral neurectomy in the management of bladder instability, the procedure has been used increasingly in specialised centres. We report the clinical and urodynamic findings in 9 patients in whom this procedure has been performed. The results suggest that selective sacral neurectomy is a valuable procedure in a highly selected group of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Patient selection, contraindications and the choice of which sacral nerves to divide are discussed.", "contents": "Selective sacral neurectomy in the management of urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability. Since Torrens (1974) reported on the use of selective sacral neurectomy in the management of bladder instability, the procedure has been used increasingly in specialised centres. We report the clinical and urodynamic findings in 9 patients in whom this procedure has been performed. The results suggest that selective sacral neurectomy is a valuable procedure in a highly selected group of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Patient selection, contraindications and the choice of which sacral nerves to divide are discussed.", "PMID": 534834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6271", "title": "The urological status of 86 females following spinal cord injury.", "content": "A review of the urological problems in 86 female spinal cord injury patients is presented. There were no urological or renal deaths. Three urinary diversions were performed. Fifty-five patients are catheter-free and 28 are managed with permanent catheter drainage. The problems of \"bladder training\" are presented.", "contents": "The urological status of 86 females following spinal cord injury. A review of the urological problems in 86 female spinal cord injury patients is presented. There were no urological or renal deaths. Three urinary diversions were performed. Fifty-five patients are catheter-free and 28 are managed with permanent catheter drainage. The problems of \"bladder training\" are presented.", "PMID": 534835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6272", "title": "Hibitane bladder irrigation in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary infection.", "content": "The effect of regular chlorhexidine bladder irrigations on catheter-induced urinary infection in patients admitted as urological emergencies was investigated. Excluding patients infected on admission the urine remained sterile throughout the period of catheterisation in 52% of those receiving chlorhexidine but in only 26% of a control group of patients.", "contents": "Hibitane bladder irrigation in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary infection. The effect of regular chlorhexidine bladder irrigations on catheter-induced urinary infection in patients admitted as urological emergencies was investigated. Excluding patients infected on admission the urine remained sterile throughout the period of catheterisation in 52% of those receiving chlorhexidine but in only 26% of a control group of patients.", "PMID": 534836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6273", "title": "The role of multiple mucosal biopsies in the management of patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "The results of multiple biopsies from apparently non-tumour bearing bladder mucosa were studied in 154 patients with bladder cancer; 33% of the biopsies from apparently normal mucosa showed histological abnormalities including 4.5% with carcinoma. When the mucosa appeared red but flat, 52% of the biopsies showed histological abnormalities including 14% with carcinoma. Biopsies from mucosa that had a granular or mossy appearance showed carcinoma in 42%. A more aggressive management policy was adopted in 12 patients (8%) as a direct result of the biopsy findings.", "contents": "The role of multiple mucosal biopsies in the management of patients with bladder cancer. The results of multiple biopsies from apparently non-tumour bearing bladder mucosa were studied in 154 patients with bladder cancer; 33% of the biopsies from apparently normal mucosa showed histological abnormalities including 4.5% with carcinoma. When the mucosa appeared red but flat, 52% of the biopsies showed histological abnormalities including 14% with carcinoma. Biopsies from mucosa that had a granular or mossy appearance showed carcinoma in 42%. A more aggressive management policy was adopted in 12 patients (8%) as a direct result of the biopsy findings.", "PMID": 534837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6274", "title": "Cystectomy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder: 138 cases 5 years later.", "content": "Our experience is outlined with 138 cases of bilharzial bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy and followed for 5 years. The operative mortality was 13.7%. The 5-year survival rate was 32.6%. Analysis of survival figures revealed that the tumour grade was the most important prognostic factor. Most treatment failures were due to local recurrence which developed early after treatment. It was concluded that improvement in survival might be obtained by some form of pre-operative irradiation augmented by the use of a hypoxic cell sensitiser.", "contents": "Cystectomy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder: 138 cases 5 years later. Our experience is outlined with 138 cases of bilharzial bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy and followed for 5 years. The operative mortality was 13.7%. The 5-year survival rate was 32.6%. Analysis of survival figures revealed that the tumour grade was the most important prognostic factor. Most treatment failures were due to local recurrence which developed early after treatment. It was concluded that improvement in survival might be obtained by some form of pre-operative irradiation augmented by the use of a hypoxic cell sensitiser.", "PMID": 534838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6275", "title": "Long-term follow-up in patients with superficial bladder tumours treated with intravesical Epodyl.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with multiple, superficial papillary bladder tumours which had ceased to be controlled by endoscopic resection and diathermy were treated before July 1972 with intravesical Epodyl instillations. Of these, 19 had developed no further recurrences; 20 patients were free of tumour to one year, but later developed recurrences. Twenty-four patients were never entirely free of tumour after starting Epodyl and one patient became free of recurrences 2 years after starting Epodyl. Only the patients whose histology showed no invasion of the lamina propria responded to treatment. The overall 5-year survival rate was 66%, with a disease-free interval of 61% at one year and 25% at 5 years. Failure to clear the bladder of tumour after 12 months' treatment, or worsening of biopsy stage from PIS to Pla or Plb while on treatment, were associated with a high risk of dying of invasive tumour and in future should be used as immediate indications for radical treatment.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up in patients with superficial bladder tumours treated with intravesical Epodyl. Sixty-four patients with multiple, superficial papillary bladder tumours which had ceased to be controlled by endoscopic resection and diathermy were treated before July 1972 with intravesical Epodyl instillations. Of these, 19 had developed no further recurrences; 20 patients were free of tumour to one year, but later developed recurrences. Twenty-four patients were never entirely free of tumour after starting Epodyl and one patient became free of recurrences 2 years after starting Epodyl. Only the patients whose histology showed no invasion of the lamina propria responded to treatment. The overall 5-year survival rate was 66%, with a disease-free interval of 61% at one year and 25% at 5 years. Failure to clear the bladder of tumour after 12 months' treatment, or worsening of biopsy stage from PIS to Pla or Plb while on treatment, were associated with a high risk of dying of invasive tumour and in future should be used as immediate indications for radical treatment.", "PMID": 534839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6276", "title": "The evaluation of 68 patients with post-prostatectomy incontinence.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with incontinence following prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy were studied. Detrusor instability was present in 45 patients, most commonly associated with sphincter damage (28 patients), but alone in 11, and with residual obstruction in 6 patients. Sphincter damage was the cause of incontinence in 47 patients (alone in 18, with detrusor instability in 28, and with residual obstruction in 3). Some patients who complained of a combination of frequency, nocturia and urgency before prostatectomy were later found to have detrusor instability, but post-operatively no association between symptoms and pathology was noted. It is suggested that the need for surgery should be definitely established in patients who present with equivocal symptoms. All patients with a combination of frequency, nocturia and urgency should have a urodynamic assessment before prostatectomy.", "contents": "The evaluation of 68 patients with post-prostatectomy incontinence. Sixty-eight patients with incontinence following prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy were studied. Detrusor instability was present in 45 patients, most commonly associated with sphincter damage (28 patients), but alone in 11, and with residual obstruction in 6 patients. Sphincter damage was the cause of incontinence in 47 patients (alone in 18, with detrusor instability in 28, and with residual obstruction in 3). Some patients who complained of a combination of frequency, nocturia and urgency before prostatectomy were later found to have detrusor instability, but post-operatively no association between symptoms and pathology was noted. It is suggested that the need for surgery should be definitely established in patients who present with equivocal symptoms. All patients with a combination of frequency, nocturia and urgency should have a urodynamic assessment before prostatectomy.", "PMID": 534840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6277", "title": "Prostatic lymphoscintigraphy.", "content": "Techniques of prostatic lymphoscintigraphy using 99mTc phytate (TP) and 99mTc antimony sulphide colloid (ASC) have been evaluated in 30 patients. The most successful technique was a superficial perianal injection of ASC. In general, definition of the regional lymph nodes lacked the precision and clarity that would be required for the technique to be used in staging of prostatic or other pelvic tumours; further development of the technique is recommended.", "contents": "Prostatic lymphoscintigraphy. Techniques of prostatic lymphoscintigraphy using 99mTc phytate (TP) and 99mTc antimony sulphide colloid (ASC) have been evaluated in 30 patients. The most successful technique was a superficial perianal injection of ASC. In general, definition of the regional lymph nodes lacked the precision and clarity that would be required for the technique to be used in staging of prostatic or other pelvic tumours; further development of the technique is recommended.", "PMID": 534841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6278", "title": "Improved techniques in radionuclide imaging of prostatic lymph nodes.", "content": "Further improvements have been made in the technique of human prostatic lymphoscintigraphy, allowing better anatomical localisation of the areas of uptake of activity. A single median injection into the capsule of 99mTc labelled antimony sulphide colloid has been found to give as good imaging as 2 injections on either side of the midline. By placing markers on the umbilicus, pubic symphysis and both anterior superior iliac spines, a \"pelvic grid\" can be superimposed on the antero-posterior view. Further help with accurate localisation may be attained by taking 3 views; antero-posterior, postero-anterior and lateral, in 9 instances, prostatic injection was performed without any sedation or anaesthesia. The resulting scintigrams were indistinguishable in quality from those of anaesthetised patients.", "contents": "Improved techniques in radionuclide imaging of prostatic lymph nodes. Further improvements have been made in the technique of human prostatic lymphoscintigraphy, allowing better anatomical localisation of the areas of uptake of activity. A single median injection into the capsule of 99mTc labelled antimony sulphide colloid has been found to give as good imaging as 2 injections on either side of the midline. By placing markers on the umbilicus, pubic symphysis and both anterior superior iliac spines, a \"pelvic grid\" can be superimposed on the antero-posterior view. Further help with accurate localisation may be attained by taking 3 views; antero-posterior, postero-anterior and lateral, in 9 instances, prostatic injection was performed without any sedation or anaesthesia. The resulting scintigrams were indistinguishable in quality from those of anaesthetised patients.", "PMID": 534842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6279", "title": "Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in carcinoma of the prostate. A comparison of 4 different modes of assessment and its role as a marker.", "content": "Urinary hydroxyproline (HP) excretion has been estimated without prior dietary restriction in 33 patients with carcinoma of the prostate and expressed as either 24-h HP output or as the hydroxyproline/creatinine (HP/Cr) ratio in 24-h urine sample, an early morning urine sample or a spot urine sample. The early morning urine hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (EMU HP/Cr) appears to be the most accurate and avoids the disadvantages of formal dietary restriction and prolonged urine collection. The rest is useful in monitoring the responses to treatment of a patient with bony metastatic disease and relapse of a patient when his tumour ceases to be hormone sensitive. Furthermore, changes in EMU HP/Cr occur earlier than changes in other clinical or investigative variables, giving the test predictive value.", "contents": "Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in carcinoma of the prostate. A comparison of 4 different modes of assessment and its role as a marker. Urinary hydroxyproline (HP) excretion has been estimated without prior dietary restriction in 33 patients with carcinoma of the prostate and expressed as either 24-h HP output or as the hydroxyproline/creatinine (HP/Cr) ratio in 24-h urine sample, an early morning urine sample or a spot urine sample. The early morning urine hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (EMU HP/Cr) appears to be the most accurate and avoids the disadvantages of formal dietary restriction and prolonged urine collection. The rest is useful in monitoring the responses to treatment of a patient with bony metastatic disease and relapse of a patient when his tumour ceases to be hormone sensitive. Furthermore, changes in EMU HP/Cr occur earlier than changes in other clinical or investigative variables, giving the test predictive value.", "PMID": 534843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6280", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Thirty-three cases of transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate gland are reviewed. Four different types of involvement are described. The mortality of 66% was largely confined to those with primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma and those in whom there was direct invasion of the prostate by a bladder tumour. The relationship of some of these lesions to urothelial carcinoma in situ is discussed.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Thirty-three cases of transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate gland are reviewed. Four different types of involvement are described. The mortality of 66% was largely confined to those with primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma and those in whom there was direct invasion of the prostate by a bladder tumour. The relationship of some of these lesions to urothelial carcinoma in situ is discussed.", "PMID": 534844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6281", "title": "A technique for selecting and concentrating the motile sperm from semen in oligozoospermia.", "content": "Using an albumen-filled column, it was possible to separate highly motile sperm from autoagglutinated, dead and immotile sperm, as well as from other seminal debris. Motility was increased from a mean of 45.4 to 74.3% (P less than 0.001), although the sperm density fell from a mean of 28.2 million per ml to 9.7 million per ml (P less than 0.001). When these selected highly concentional AlH had been repeatedly tried without success, 3 pregnancies were achieved in 18 women (16.7%).", "contents": "A technique for selecting and concentrating the motile sperm from semen in oligozoospermia. Using an albumen-filled column, it was possible to separate highly motile sperm from autoagglutinated, dead and immotile sperm, as well as from other seminal debris. Motility was increased from a mean of 45.4 to 74.3% (P less than 0.001), although the sperm density fell from a mean of 28.2 million per ml to 9.7 million per ml (P less than 0.001). When these selected highly concentional AlH had been repeatedly tried without success, 3 pregnancies were achieved in 18 women (16.7%).", "PMID": 534845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6282", "title": "Improvement of semen and pregnancy rate after ligation and division of the internal spermatic vein: fact or fiction?", "content": "Male partners with left-sided varicoceles of 96 infertile couples were studied. Fifty-one patients were submitted to ligation of the testicular veins and 45 individuals were randomised as controls. During an observation period of 53 months (range 36 to 74 months) we found no statiscally significant improvement in the semen crude variables, the morphology or the progressive motility in the series of men submitted to surgery. The pregnancy rate was lower in those who had an excision of varicocelle.", "contents": "Improvement of semen and pregnancy rate after ligation and division of the internal spermatic vein: fact or fiction? Male partners with left-sided varicoceles of 96 infertile couples were studied. Fifty-one patients were submitted to ligation of the testicular veins and 45 individuals were randomised as controls. During an observation period of 53 months (range 36 to 74 months) we found no statiscally significant improvement in the semen crude variables, the morphology or the progressive motility in the series of men submitted to surgery. The pregnancy rate was lower in those who had an excision of varicocelle.", "PMID": 534846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6283", "title": "Negative pressures in surgical drains.", "content": "Laboratory and clinical experiments were done to measure the pressure in tube drains. It was found that the fluid in drains connected to floor bags exerted a negative pressure equal to the height of the fluid column in the tube. There was no negative pressure when the drain opened into a urostomy bag at wound level. It is suggested that this negative pressure might tend to maintain a urinary fistula once a leak in the suture line has begun.", "contents": "Negative pressures in surgical drains. Laboratory and clinical experiments were done to measure the pressure in tube drains. It was found that the fluid in drains connected to floor bags exerted a negative pressure equal to the height of the fluid column in the tube. There was no negative pressure when the drain opened into a urostomy bag at wound level. It is suggested that this negative pressure might tend to maintain a urinary fistula once a leak in the suture line has begun.", "PMID": 534847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6284", "title": "Has the mortality of male doctors improved with the reductions in their cigarette smoking?", "content": "From 1951 to 1971 male doctors reduced their cigarette smoking more than did men in social classes I and II combined. In 1970-2, 665 male doctors died aged under 65. Had they shown the same improvements in cause-specific death rates over the 20 years as men in classes I and II, 699 deaths would have been expected. This \"saving\" of 34 deaths in the doctors comprised savings from coronary heart disease (83), stroke (16), and lung cancer (8) balanced by 60 \"losses\" from three stress-related causes--namely, accident, poisonings, etc (30); suicide (26); and cirrhosis of the liver (4)--plus 13 from other causes. As a relative reduction in mortality from heart disease in doctors (as compared with that in social classes I and II) also occurred during 1931-51--that is, before they began to give up smoking--some of the saving in heart-disease deaths in 1951-71 was probably not related to changes in smoking habits. The relative worsening in mortality from stress-related diseases may have been due partly to a possible adverse effect of giving up smoking if smoking had acted to reduce stress. From these findings, the benefits of giving up smoking may not be so great as has commonly been assumed.", "contents": "Has the mortality of male doctors improved with the reductions in their cigarette smoking? From 1951 to 1971 male doctors reduced their cigarette smoking more than did men in social classes I and II combined. In 1970-2, 665 male doctors died aged under 65. Had they shown the same improvements in cause-specific death rates over the 20 years as men in classes I and II, 699 deaths would have been expected. This \"saving\" of 34 deaths in the doctors comprised savings from coronary heart disease (83), stroke (16), and lung cancer (8) balanced by 60 \"losses\" from three stress-related causes--namely, accident, poisonings, etc (30); suicide (26); and cirrhosis of the liver (4)--plus 13 from other causes. As a relative reduction in mortality from heart disease in doctors (as compared with that in social classes I and II) also occurred during 1931-51--that is, before they began to give up smoking--some of the saving in heart-disease deaths in 1951-71 was probably not related to changes in smoking habits. The relative worsening in mortality from stress-related diseases may have been due partly to a possible adverse effect of giving up smoking if smoking had acted to reduce stress. From these findings, the benefits of giving up smoking may not be so great as has commonly been assumed.", "PMID": 534859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6285", "title": "Dietary fibre and blood pressure.", "content": "Ninety-four volunteers participated in a three-day weighed dietary survey and had their blood pressures measured once. They were classified according to their fibre intake. Subjects with a high-fibre intake were found to have lower mean blood pressures than those with a low-fibre intake. Forty-two of the volunteers further participated in a group of experiments. Those eating a high-fibre diet decreased their dietary fibre, and those eating a low-fibre diet increased their dietary fibre. The first group (11 subjects) showed increased mean blood pressures after four weeks of eating the experimental diet. The last group (31 subjects) showed decreased mean blood pressures after four weeks of eating the experimental diet. The 11 subjects consuming the low-fibre experimental diet showed a decrease in mean blood pressure when some of the saturated fat in their diet was replaced by polyunsaturated fat. A similar substitution carried out by 14 of the subjects consuming the high-fibre experimental diet also resulted in decreased mean blood pressure, but this was not statistically significant. Twelve more volunteers, with hypertension, were all found to have low-fibre diets. They consumed a high-fibre diet for a six-week experimental period, but their mean blood pressures did not decrease significantly; individual recordings varied substantially during this period.It is suggested that differences in the type and quantity of dietary fibre and fat may be responsible for the lower mean blood pressures of groups of vegetarians compared with similar groups of non-vegetarians.", "contents": "Dietary fibre and blood pressure. Ninety-four volunteers participated in a three-day weighed dietary survey and had their blood pressures measured once. They were classified according to their fibre intake. Subjects with a high-fibre intake were found to have lower mean blood pressures than those with a low-fibre intake. Forty-two of the volunteers further participated in a group of experiments. Those eating a high-fibre diet decreased their dietary fibre, and those eating a low-fibre diet increased their dietary fibre. The first group (11 subjects) showed increased mean blood pressures after four weeks of eating the experimental diet. The last group (31 subjects) showed decreased mean blood pressures after four weeks of eating the experimental diet. The 11 subjects consuming the low-fibre experimental diet showed a decrease in mean blood pressure when some of the saturated fat in their diet was replaced by polyunsaturated fat. A similar substitution carried out by 14 of the subjects consuming the high-fibre experimental diet also resulted in decreased mean blood pressure, but this was not statistically significant. Twelve more volunteers, with hypertension, were all found to have low-fibre diets. They consumed a high-fibre diet for a six-week experimental period, but their mean blood pressures did not decrease significantly; individual recordings varied substantially during this period.It is suggested that differences in the type and quantity of dietary fibre and fat may be responsible for the lower mean blood pressures of groups of vegetarians compared with similar groups of non-vegetarians.", "PMID": 534860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6286", "title": "Pruritus ani: is anal sphincter dysfunction important in aetiology?", "content": "Forty-three patients whose principal symptom was pruritus ani were studied. Twenty-eight had anal disease, while in 15 no such disease could be shown. Maximum resting pressures and transient and sustained pressures of the anal canal in response to rectal distension were measured by manometry. Although the maximum resting pressure in the patients with no disease was about the same as that in the group with disease, the pressures recorded in response to rectal distension were significantly lower. These results show that the anal sphincter relaxes in response to rectal distension more readily in patients with no anal disease. Hence soiling may occur, which may be a factor in the genesis of pruritus ani.", "contents": "Pruritus ani: is anal sphincter dysfunction important in aetiology? Forty-three patients whose principal symptom was pruritus ani were studied. Twenty-eight had anal disease, while in 15 no such disease could be shown. Maximum resting pressures and transient and sustained pressures of the anal canal in response to rectal distension were measured by manometry. Although the maximum resting pressure in the patients with no disease was about the same as that in the group with disease, the pressures recorded in response to rectal distension were significantly lower. These results show that the anal sphincter relaxes in response to rectal distension more readily in patients with no anal disease. Hence soiling may occur, which may be a factor in the genesis of pruritus ani.", "PMID": 534862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6287", "title": "Iron-deficiency anaemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns.", "content": "The effects of iron-deficiency anaemia on workers productivity were studied in a tea plantation in Sri Lanka. The quantity of tea picked per day was studied before and after iron supplementation or placebo treatment. After one month's treatment significantly more tea was picked when the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was increased by iron supplementation than when it was not. The degree of improvement was greater in more-anaemic subjects (those with concentrations of 6.0-9.0 g Hb/dl). The level of physical activity of anaemic subjects in their everyday environment was also recorded for four or 24 hours continuously both before and after treatment. After three weeks these levels was significantly greater in the iron-treated than matched placebo-treated subjects. The economic implications of increased work productively with iron treatment are evident, particularly in developing countries. These results also provide strong evidence for the clinical impression that people with iron-deficiency anaemia suffer from tiredness and weakness.", "contents": "Iron-deficiency anaemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns. The effects of iron-deficiency anaemia on workers productivity were studied in a tea plantation in Sri Lanka. The quantity of tea picked per day was studied before and after iron supplementation or placebo treatment. After one month's treatment significantly more tea was picked when the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was increased by iron supplementation than when it was not. The degree of improvement was greater in more-anaemic subjects (those with concentrations of 6.0-9.0 g Hb/dl). The level of physical activity of anaemic subjects in their everyday environment was also recorded for four or 24 hours continuously both before and after treatment. After three weeks these levels was significantly greater in the iron-treated than matched placebo-treated subjects. The economic implications of increased work productively with iron treatment are evident, particularly in developing countries. These results also provide strong evidence for the clinical impression that people with iron-deficiency anaemia suffer from tiredness and weakness.", "PMID": 534861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6288", "title": "Thrombocytosis, circulating platelet aggregates, and neurological dysfunction.", "content": "In 12 patients whose neurological dysfunction was associated with thrombocytosis or evidence of abnormal platelet activation, or both, correction of the platelet disorder corresponded with reversal of the neurological symptoms. This suggests that platelet abnormalities may, in certain cases, produce several syndromes of neurological dysfunction, presumably as a result of obstruction of the cerebral microcirculation.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis, circulating platelet aggregates, and neurological dysfunction. In 12 patients whose neurological dysfunction was associated with thrombocytosis or evidence of abnormal platelet activation, or both, correction of the platelet disorder corresponded with reversal of the neurological symptoms. This suggests that platelet abnormalities may, in certain cases, produce several syndromes of neurological dysfunction, presumably as a result of obstruction of the cerebral microcirculation.", "PMID": 534868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6289", "title": "The transformation of arsenicals by Candida humicola.", "content": "An analytical procedure for the separation, detection, and identification of some of the compounds produced by a cell preparation of the fungus Candida humicola from 74As-arsenate, [14C]-methylarsonate, and [14C]-dimethylarsinate has been devised and tested. It has been possible to detect five distinct 74As-containing compounds following the incubation of 74As-arsenate with a broken cell homogenate, three of which have been identified as arsenite, methylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate. With [14C]methylarsonate as substrate, [14C]dimethylarsinate and [14C]trimethylarsine oxide are produced. Products from [14C]dimethylarsinate include [14C]methylarsonate and [14C]trimethylarsine oxide as well as an unknown species. The absence of any transformation when buffer replaces the cell preparation implicates these various compounds as intermediates in a biological synthesis of trimethylarsine.", "contents": "The transformation of arsenicals by Candida humicola. An analytical procedure for the separation, detection, and identification of some of the compounds produced by a cell preparation of the fungus Candida humicola from 74As-arsenate, [14C]-methylarsonate, and [14C]-dimethylarsinate has been devised and tested. It has been possible to detect five distinct 74As-containing compounds following the incubation of 74As-arsenate with a broken cell homogenate, three of which have been identified as arsenite, methylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate. With [14C]methylarsonate as substrate, [14C]dimethylarsinate and [14C]trimethylarsine oxide are produced. Products from [14C]dimethylarsinate include [14C]methylarsonate and [14C]trimethylarsine oxide as well as an unknown species. The absence of any transformation when buffer replaces the cell preparation implicates these various compounds as intermediates in a biological synthesis of trimethylarsine.", "PMID": 534956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6290", "title": "Measurement of antibodies to rabies virus by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) was used to measure rabies antibodies in 47 serum samples from vaccinees with results similar to those obtained by mouse neutralization test (MNT). The use of inactivated rabies virus for IEM eliminated the hazard associated with live virus used in the MNT.", "contents": "Measurement of antibodies to rabies virus by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) was used to measure rabies antibodies in 47 serum samples from vaccinees with results similar to those obtained by mouse neutralization test (MNT). The use of inactivated rabies virus for IEM eliminated the hazard associated with live virus used in the MNT.", "PMID": 534957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6291", "title": "The effects of a pesticide program on microbial populations from apple leaf litter.", "content": "The leaf litter microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively changed when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees in the summer. Effects were observed for two winters by four indirect assays and three direct methods. Populations were altered qualitatively both years, but the most striking difference was the quantitative impact from year to year. Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 10 000-fold between November 1976 and April 1977 and did not recover until snow cover had melted in March. Reductions in 1977-1978 were negligible. The marked seasonal difference is attributed to meteorological influences. Fluorescent pseudomonads were among the bacteria depressed by chemicals. Of the 49 genera of fungi and yeasts isolated, Coniothyrium sp., Penicillium spp., Arthrobotrys spp., and Nodulisporium sp. were appreciably reduced, whereas Typhula spp., Pleurophomella sp., Sporobolomyces spp., and Rhodotorula spp. were substantially enhanced by the spray program.", "contents": "The effects of a pesticide program on microbial populations from apple leaf litter. The leaf litter microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively changed when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees in the summer. Effects were observed for two winters by four indirect assays and three direct methods. Populations were altered qualitatively both years, but the most striking difference was the quantitative impact from year to year. Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 10 000-fold between November 1976 and April 1977 and did not recover until snow cover had melted in March. Reductions in 1977-1978 were negligible. The marked seasonal difference is attributed to meteorological influences. Fluorescent pseudomonads were among the bacteria depressed by chemicals. Of the 49 genera of fungi and yeasts isolated, Coniothyrium sp., Penicillium spp., Arthrobotrys spp., and Nodulisporium sp. were appreciably reduced, whereas Typhula spp., Pleurophomella sp., Sporobolomyces spp., and Rhodotorula spp. were substantially enhanced by the spray program.", "PMID": 534958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6292", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Acholeplasma colonies on agar.", "content": "The colony formation and morphology of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of an Acholeplasma species was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the colonies of both Acholeplasma spp. large irregularly shaped cells, spherical cells, chains of beads, and long filaments with small bulbous distensions were seen. The membrane of some of the large cells seemed to be perforated, giving the cell a pitted appearance.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Acholeplasma colonies on agar. The colony formation and morphology of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of an Acholeplasma species was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the colonies of both Acholeplasma spp. large irregularly shaped cells, spherical cells, chains of beads, and long filaments with small bulbous distensions were seen. The membrane of some of the large cells seemed to be perforated, giving the cell a pitted appearance.", "PMID": 534959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6293", "title": "Sulfur isotope fractionation by Salmonella heidelberg: inverse isotope effects during growth on high concentrations of Na2SO3.", "content": "During growth on minimal salts - glucose media supplemented with high concentrations of Na2SO3 (10-3 and 10-2 M), Salmonella heidelberg exhibited cytological and growth responses which indicated increased cellular toxicity with increasing sulfite concentrations. The large quantities of sulfide evolved during growth at both SO32- concentrations were accompanied by large normal and inverse isotope effects. Consistent with earlier findings, this organism was found capable of rapidly metabolizing both the sulfane and sulfonate sulfur of thiosulfate. Therefore, the isotope effects do not appear to be caused by extracellular chemical thiosulfate formation.", "contents": "Sulfur isotope fractionation by Salmonella heidelberg: inverse isotope effects during growth on high concentrations of Na2SO3. During growth on minimal salts - glucose media supplemented with high concentrations of Na2SO3 (10-3 and 10-2 M), Salmonella heidelberg exhibited cytological and growth responses which indicated increased cellular toxicity with increasing sulfite concentrations. The large quantities of sulfide evolved during growth at both SO32- concentrations were accompanied by large normal and inverse isotope effects. Consistent with earlier findings, this organism was found capable of rapidly metabolizing both the sulfane and sulfonate sulfur of thiosulfate. Therefore, the isotope effects do not appear to be caused by extracellular chemical thiosulfate formation.", "PMID": 534960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6294", "title": "Uptake of [14C]methylammonium by plankton communities: a comparative assay for ammonium transport systems in natural waters.", "content": "A diverse range of freshwater plankton communities were tested for their ability to take up [14C]methylammonium. Uptake occurred at low substrate levels by high-affinity, energy-requiring, transport systems which were competitively inhibited by ammonium but not by L-amino acids or nicotinamide. A simple competitive inhibition model was used to examine the effects of increasing ammonium levels on uptake in a eutrophic lake. Apparent K1 values for the labelled substrate markedly increased with increasing ammonium. The transport systems had an approximately five-fold greater affinity for ammonium than for methylammonium. The Vmax for methylammonium uptake was relatively insensitive to large changes in ambient ammonium levels. This kinetic parameter may be a useful comparative measure of ammonium transport capacity in natural waters, particularly where low ambient ammonium concentrations preclude the use of 15N.", "contents": "Uptake of [14C]methylammonium by plankton communities: a comparative assay for ammonium transport systems in natural waters. A diverse range of freshwater plankton communities were tested for their ability to take up [14C]methylammonium. Uptake occurred at low substrate levels by high-affinity, energy-requiring, transport systems which were competitively inhibited by ammonium but not by L-amino acids or nicotinamide. A simple competitive inhibition model was used to examine the effects of increasing ammonium levels on uptake in a eutrophic lake. Apparent K1 values for the labelled substrate markedly increased with increasing ammonium. The transport systems had an approximately five-fold greater affinity for ammonium than for methylammonium. The Vmax for methylammonium uptake was relatively insensitive to large changes in ambient ammonium levels. This kinetic parameter may be a useful comparative measure of ammonium transport capacity in natural waters, particularly where low ambient ammonium concentrations preclude the use of 15N.", "PMID": 534961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6295", "title": "[Origin and formation of different types of vacuoles induced by the multiplication of the alphavirus Sindbis virus in various cell systems].", "content": "Spherule-containing vacuoles and nucleocapsid-bearing vacuoles (cytopathic vacuoles types 1 and 2 respectively of Grimley et al. 1968) induced by Alphavirus Sindbis were studied in brains from newborn mice, chicken embryo fibroblasts, and two lines of tumoral glial cells from muridae. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) elements and finely granular electron-dense material also seen in contact with nucleocapsids seemed to be involved in the formation of the classical single-membrane spherule-containing vacuoles. A second type of spherule-containing vacuoles were characterized by their double membrane and an amorphous electron-dense content and were probably derived from mitochondria. Nucleocapsid-bearing vacuoles were formed from modified ER elements and seemed to be linked to excessive synthesis of viral material. Such ER alterations were not observed in RG6 cells. In these cells, there were only spherule-containing vacuoles, while nucleocapsids were seen associated with the cytoplasmic membrane only.", "contents": "[Origin and formation of different types of vacuoles induced by the multiplication of the alphavirus Sindbis virus in various cell systems]. Spherule-containing vacuoles and nucleocapsid-bearing vacuoles (cytopathic vacuoles types 1 and 2 respectively of Grimley et al. 1968) induced by Alphavirus Sindbis were studied in brains from newborn mice, chicken embryo fibroblasts, and two lines of tumoral glial cells from muridae. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) elements and finely granular electron-dense material also seen in contact with nucleocapsids seemed to be involved in the formation of the classical single-membrane spherule-containing vacuoles. A second type of spherule-containing vacuoles were characterized by their double membrane and an amorphous electron-dense content and were probably derived from mitochondria. Nucleocapsid-bearing vacuoles were formed from modified ER elements and seemed to be linked to excessive synthesis of viral material. Such ER alterations were not observed in RG6 cells. In these cells, there were only spherule-containing vacuoles, while nucleocapsids were seen associated with the cytoplasmic membrane only.", "PMID": 534962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6296", "title": "Interspecific relationships of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus sp.: isolation and comparison of plasmids determining tetracycline resistance in S. aureus and S. epidermidis.", "content": "Tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was confirmed to be determined by plasmids of the same size. Digestion of plasmids from each strain with restriction endonucleases EcoR1, HindIII, and AluI showed a high degree of similarity in their DNA sequences. At least 10 cleavage sites which appear to be common to both plasmids were detected. An additional three cleavage sites appear to be unique to the S. epidermidis plasmid. Further, a survey of recent clinical isolates of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci detected 7 or 10 S. aureus strains and 8 of 9 S. epidermidis strains with plasmids which were of similar size to the purified reference plasmids and which, by hybridization, showed extensive DNA homology to the S. aureus reference plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Interspecific relationships of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus sp.: isolation and comparison of plasmids determining tetracycline resistance in S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was confirmed to be determined by plasmids of the same size. Digestion of plasmids from each strain with restriction endonucleases EcoR1, HindIII, and AluI showed a high degree of similarity in their DNA sequences. At least 10 cleavage sites which appear to be common to both plasmids were detected. An additional three cleavage sites appear to be unique to the S. epidermidis plasmid. Further, a survey of recent clinical isolates of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci detected 7 or 10 S. aureus strains and 8 of 9 S. epidermidis strains with plasmids which were of similar size to the purified reference plasmids and which, by hybridization, showed extensive DNA homology to the S. aureus reference plasmid DNA.", "PMID": 534963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6297", "title": "Cold snaps, snowfall and sudden death from ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The short-term effect of low temperature on the incidence of ischemic heart disease over a 15-year period was examined. To reduce confounding by other seasonal factors the analysis was restricted to the winter months and was based on the change in the daily rate of sudden death at the time of cold snaps (arbitrarily defined as days on which the mean temperature was at least 4.4 degrees C lower than the day before) and around the time of heavy snowfalls. A statistically significant increase in the daily rate of sudden death at the time of cold snaps occurred only in men under 65 years of age, and even in this group the effect was of relatively small magnitude (+16%) compared with the large change in rate following heavy snowfalls (+88%). Among persons aged 65 years or over cold snaps had virtually no effect, and only the men in this group showed an increased daily rate of sudden death following a snowfall. These results suggest that much of the increased frequency of death from ischemic heart disease in winter, particularly among the elderly, must be due to factors other than short-term cold stress.", "contents": "Cold snaps, snowfall and sudden death from ischemic heart disease. The short-term effect of low temperature on the incidence of ischemic heart disease over a 15-year period was examined. To reduce confounding by other seasonal factors the analysis was restricted to the winter months and was based on the change in the daily rate of sudden death at the time of cold snaps (arbitrarily defined as days on which the mean temperature was at least 4.4 degrees C lower than the day before) and around the time of heavy snowfalls. A statistically significant increase in the daily rate of sudden death at the time of cold snaps occurred only in men under 65 years of age, and even in this group the effect was of relatively small magnitude (+16%) compared with the large change in rate following heavy snowfalls (+88%). Among persons aged 65 years or over cold snaps had virtually no effect, and only the men in this group showed an increased daily rate of sudden death following a snowfall. These results suggest that much of the increased frequency of death from ischemic heart disease in winter, particularly among the elderly, must be due to factors other than short-term cold stress.", "PMID": 534974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6298", "title": "A study of drug residues in milk following intrauterine infusion of antibacterial drugs in lactating cows.", "content": "Intrauterine infusion of nine antibacterial compounds caused detectable drug residues in 17 out of 165 cows or in 25 out of 1110 posttreatment milkings. Four cows treated with pyrolidinomethyl tetracycline suspension had drug residues at the first milking. One cow had residues after oxytetracycline treatment, two after procaine penicillin G, three after acriflavin and after chloramphenicol-dapsone and four after hibitane. Nitrofurazone, nitrofurathiazide and Hibitane Compound(R) did not cause detectable inhibitory residues in any milk sample.", "contents": "A study of drug residues in milk following intrauterine infusion of antibacterial drugs in lactating cows. Intrauterine infusion of nine antibacterial compounds caused detectable drug residues in 17 out of 165 cows or in 25 out of 1110 posttreatment milkings. Four cows treated with pyrolidinomethyl tetracycline suspension had drug residues at the first milking. One cow had residues after oxytetracycline treatment, two after procaine penicillin G, three after acriflavin and after chloramphenicol-dapsone and four after hibitane. Nitrofurazone, nitrofurathiazide and Hibitane Compound(R) did not cause detectable inhibitory residues in any milk sample.", "PMID": 534992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6299", "title": "A livestock disease survey from auction mart inspection in Saskatchewan.", "content": "The data on health problems from visual livestock inspection at an auction mart in Saskatchewan during a two year period were tabulated for swine, cattle and calves. The major conditions seen in swine were underweight animals, infectious diseases or congenital abnormalities. Infectious diseases such as Hypoderma spp. infestations, ringworm or eye infections were the primary troubles in older cattle. Young calves demonstrated a predominance of congenital (herniation) and infectious (enteritis or navel infection) diseases.", "contents": "A livestock disease survey from auction mart inspection in Saskatchewan. The data on health problems from visual livestock inspection at an auction mart in Saskatchewan during a two year period were tabulated for swine, cattle and calves. The major conditions seen in swine were underweight animals, infectious diseases or congenital abnormalities. Infectious diseases such as Hypoderma spp. infestations, ringworm or eye infections were the primary troubles in older cattle. Young calves demonstrated a predominance of congenital (herniation) and infectious (enteritis or navel infection) diseases.", "PMID": 534993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6300", "title": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: I. Studies in dog and man.", "content": "The pattern of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile in both dog and man. This pulsatility is dominated by the changes in left atrial pressure taking place throughout the cardiac cycle. No pulsatile component of low in the large pulmonary veins could be attributed to forward transmission of a flow pulse conducted from the lung capillaries. The findings suggest that there must be a region of considerable compliance in the pulmonary venous system which can absorb pulsations from the lung capillaries and eliminate their transmission to the left atrium.", "contents": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: I. Studies in dog and man. The pattern of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile in both dog and man. This pulsatility is dominated by the changes in left atrial pressure taking place throughout the cardiac cycle. No pulsatile component of low in the large pulmonary veins could be attributed to forward transmission of a flow pulse conducted from the lung capillaries. The findings suggest that there must be a region of considerable compliance in the pulmonary venous system which can absorb pulsations from the lung capillaries and eliminate their transmission to the left atrium.", "PMID": 534994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6301", "title": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: II. The influence of events transmitted from the right and left sides of the heart.", "content": "The wave form of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins has an inverse relationship to the pressure wave form in the left atrium during each cardiac cycle. However, when vein flow from the lungs is separated from the left atrium by diverting it into a constant pressure reservoir, its wave form then resembles a lung capillary flow pulse, though delayed from it in time and reduced in ampliture. The pulsatility of flow in pulmonary veins separated from the left atrium is further reduced when transcapillary pressure is elevated by lung inflation. However, in the intact state, the relation between the pattern of pulmonary vein flow and left atrial pressure remains unaffected by lung inflation. It is postulated that the thin walled extraperenchymal pulmonary veins together behave as a collapsible reservoir which enables outflow from them to be determined by changes in left atrial pressure, in spite of variations of pulsatile flow into them from the lungs.", "contents": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: II. The influence of events transmitted from the right and left sides of the heart. The wave form of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins has an inverse relationship to the pressure wave form in the left atrium during each cardiac cycle. However, when vein flow from the lungs is separated from the left atrium by diverting it into a constant pressure reservoir, its wave form then resembles a lung capillary flow pulse, though delayed from it in time and reduced in ampliture. The pulsatility of flow in pulmonary veins separated from the left atrium is further reduced when transcapillary pressure is elevated by lung inflation. However, in the intact state, the relation between the pattern of pulmonary vein flow and left atrial pressure remains unaffected by lung inflation. It is postulated that the thin walled extraperenchymal pulmonary veins together behave as a collapsible reservoir which enables outflow from them to be determined by changes in left atrial pressure, in spite of variations of pulsatile flow into them from the lungs.", "PMID": 534995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6302", "title": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: III. Simultaneous measurements of their dimensions, intravascular pressure and flow.", "content": "Vein flow in the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile and its wave form has an inverse relationship to left atrial pressure. Extraparenchymal pulmonary veins are thin walled and collapsible. This enables them to behave as highly compliant structures. Dimensional measurements of their cross sectional area in living open chested dogs showed them to be non circular at low left atrial pressures. They rapidly assumed a circular cross section as left atrial pressure rose. Only at pressures above 1.5 kPa (11 mmHg) were the pulmonary veins circular in cross section. The aggregate volume of the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins, when fully distended, was found to be equal to or greater than one stroke volume of the heart. The extraparenchymal pulmonary veins act as a reservoir to the left atrium so that left ventricular stroke volume can be maintained relatively unaffected by beat by beat changes in right ventricular stroke output. Their behaviour at normal mean left atrial pressures also enables them to isolate the lung capillaries from retrograde transmission of positive pressure transients from the left atrium, which could otherwise impede venous outflow of blood from the lung capillary bed.", "contents": "Blood flow in pulmonary veins: III. Simultaneous measurements of their dimensions, intravascular pressure and flow. Vein flow in the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile and its wave form has an inverse relationship to left atrial pressure. Extraparenchymal pulmonary veins are thin walled and collapsible. This enables them to behave as highly compliant structures. Dimensional measurements of their cross sectional area in living open chested dogs showed them to be non circular at low left atrial pressures. They rapidly assumed a circular cross section as left atrial pressure rose. Only at pressures above 1.5 kPa (11 mmHg) were the pulmonary veins circular in cross section. The aggregate volume of the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins, when fully distended, was found to be equal to or greater than one stroke volume of the heart. The extraparenchymal pulmonary veins act as a reservoir to the left atrium so that left ventricular stroke volume can be maintained relatively unaffected by beat by beat changes in right ventricular stroke output. Their behaviour at normal mean left atrial pressures also enables them to isolate the lung capillaries from retrograde transmission of positive pressure transients from the left atrium, which could otherwise impede venous outflow of blood from the lung capillary bed.", "PMID": 534996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6303", "title": "Sequence of shortening of the normal human left ventricle.", "content": "Left ventricular sequence of shortening was studied through the analysis of cineventriculograms in 30 degree right anterior oblique projection of 11 normal patients.  In all patients transverse shortening progressed in base to apex direction, in a concentric fashion.  Base descent started simultaneously with the first transverse inward motion and continued throughout systole. There was a slight protrusion of the apex in the beginning of systole, lasting a mean of 115 ms.", "contents": "Sequence of shortening of the normal human left ventricle. Left ventricular sequence of shortening was studied through the analysis of cineventriculograms in 30 degree right anterior oblique projection of 11 normal patients.  In all patients transverse shortening progressed in base to apex direction, in a concentric fashion.  Base descent started simultaneously with the first transverse inward motion and continued throughout systole. There was a slight protrusion of the apex in the beginning of systole, lasting a mean of 115 ms.", "PMID": 534997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6304", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effects of solvents: II. Effects of propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol on the effective refractory period of isolated rabbit atria.", "content": "The effect of propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, quinidine, and procainamide on the effective refractory period of isolated rabbit atria were compared.  The lengthening of effective refractory period reached its maximum at approximately 10 min for solvents and 40 to 50 min for quinidine and procainamide. The slopes of the effective refractory period curves were similar for propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol.  The slopes of the effective refractory period curves for quinidine and procainamide were similar, but they differed from those obtained with propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol.  These differences suggest that propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol lengthen the effective refractory period by different mechanism than that of quinidine and procainamide.  The effective dose 50% required for lengthening the effective refractory period is 20-fold greater for quinidine than for procainamide with similar relative responsiveness.  On the other hand, the solvents showed low affinity and low relative responsiveness, although the combination of propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol showed similar relative responsiveness to procainamide.  Despite the fact that these solvents have a lower antiarrhythmic potency, their therapeutic index is 5- to 50-fold greater than quinidine and/or procainamide.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effects of solvents: II. Effects of propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol on the effective refractory period of isolated rabbit atria. The effect of propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, quinidine, and procainamide on the effective refractory period of isolated rabbit atria were compared.  The lengthening of effective refractory period reached its maximum at approximately 10 min for solvents and 40 to 50 min for quinidine and procainamide. The slopes of the effective refractory period curves were similar for propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol.  The slopes of the effective refractory period curves for quinidine and procainamide were similar, but they differed from those obtained with propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol.  These differences suggest that propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol lengthen the effective refractory period by different mechanism than that of quinidine and procainamide.  The effective dose 50% required for lengthening the effective refractory period is 20-fold greater for quinidine than for procainamide with similar relative responsiveness.  On the other hand, the solvents showed low affinity and low relative responsiveness, although the combination of propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol showed similar relative responsiveness to procainamide.  Despite the fact that these solvents have a lower antiarrhythmic potency, their therapeutic index is 5- to 50-fold greater than quinidine and/or procainamide.", "PMID": 534998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6305", "title": "The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system. IV. Culture of neurolipomastocytoid cells from rabbit and rat leptomeninges.", "content": "Leptomeningeal cells of 1-3 day-old rabbits and rats were cultured in Hamm's complete medium or in Eagle's Basal Medium (BME); the latter proved to be favorable for the present research. Three types of granular cell could be differentiated and isolated from other mesenchymal, neuronal and neuroglial elements. These three closely resembled (i) mast cells (MCs), (ii) neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), and (iii) typical macrophages. Because MCs are absent from adult rabbit leptomeninges but present in the rat, it was concluded that the MC-like elements in rabbit cultures were derived from precursor cells normally capable of producing NLMs. The macrophages appeared typical, but their cell of origin, as that of the MCs and NLMs, could not be determined conclusively; a small round mononuclear cell might have given rise to all three cell types. NLMS, like MCs but unlike macrophages, are sensitive to the MC-discharger compound 48/80. This finding, plus the peculiar morphological features of the NLMs, in addition to evidence of a strong phagocytic activity by the macrophages, distinguishes the mature NLMs from mature macrophages as distinct cellular entities. It is closely concluded that NLMs in culture resemble ordinary MCs more closely.", "contents": "The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system. IV. Culture of neurolipomastocytoid cells from rabbit and rat leptomeninges. Leptomeningeal cells of 1-3 day-old rabbits and rats were cultured in Hamm's complete medium or in Eagle's Basal Medium (BME); the latter proved to be favorable for the present research. Three types of granular cell could be differentiated and isolated from other mesenchymal, neuronal and neuroglial elements. These three closely resembled (i) mast cells (MCs), (ii) neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), and (iii) typical macrophages. Because MCs are absent from adult rabbit leptomeninges but present in the rat, it was concluded that the MC-like elements in rabbit cultures were derived from precursor cells normally capable of producing NLMs. The macrophages appeared typical, but their cell of origin, as that of the MCs and NLMs, could not be determined conclusively; a small round mononuclear cell might have given rise to all three cell types. NLMS, like MCs but unlike macrophages, are sensitive to the MC-discharger compound 48/80. This finding, plus the peculiar morphological features of the NLMs, in addition to evidence of a strong phagocytic activity by the macrophages, distinguishes the mature NLMs from mature macrophages as distinct cellular entities. It is closely concluded that NLMs in culture resemble ordinary MCs more closely.", "PMID": 535027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6306", "title": "The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in pore cells of embryonic and newly hatched Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora).", "content": "The fine structure of the pore cells in pre- and post-hatched Deroceras reticulatum is described. The cells have been divided into three main types on morphological grounds, one type being particulary rich in glycogen. Certain pore cells contain haemocyanin granules in grooves below cytoplasmic tongues, and in characteristic double-membrane-bounded vesicles within dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in other identified areas. All types of pore cells show fine fibres reminiscent of collagen associated with the basal lamina and pore complexes. In addition to acid phosphatase activity in lysosomes and Golgi elements, intra- and extracisternal activity has been demonstrated in association with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The intracisternal activity is in close proximity to the Golgi apparatus and may represent enzyme that is about to enter the GERL system. Extracisternal activity may be associated with cellular lysis and death, or may represent local areas of degradation leading to cytodifferentiation. Remnants of lysed pore cells appear to be taken up by connective tissue amoebocytes.", "contents": "The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in pore cells of embryonic and newly hatched Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). The fine structure of the pore cells in pre- and post-hatched Deroceras reticulatum is described. The cells have been divided into three main types on morphological grounds, one type being particulary rich in glycogen. Certain pore cells contain haemocyanin granules in grooves below cytoplasmic tongues, and in characteristic double-membrane-bounded vesicles within dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in other identified areas. All types of pore cells show fine fibres reminiscent of collagen associated with the basal lamina and pore complexes. In addition to acid phosphatase activity in lysosomes and Golgi elements, intra- and extracisternal activity has been demonstrated in association with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The intracisternal activity is in close proximity to the Golgi apparatus and may represent enzyme that is about to enter the GERL system. Extracisternal activity may be associated with cellular lysis and death, or may represent local areas of degradation leading to cytodifferentiation. Remnants of lysed pore cells appear to be taken up by connective tissue amoebocytes.", "PMID": 535030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6307", "title": "Conjugated effects of thyroxine and X-rays on the intestinal wall of Alytes obstetricans larvae (Anuran Amphibian).", "content": "The conjoined effects of thyroxine and X-rays on the intestinal wall were studied using Alytes obstetricans tadpoles in premetamorphosis. Thyroxine alone induces degeneration of the larval epithelium (primary epithelium) and its replacement by a secondary epithelium. The latter is derived from stem cells via the development of islets. In animals submitted to irradiation only, many of these stem cells showed signs of necrosis. In irradiated larvae treated with thyroxine, the secondary epitheliocytes were rare and never formed islets. Radioautographic observations confirmed their very low proliferation rate. Contrary to what was observed in the hormone treated larvae, cell fragments of the primary epithelium were extruded in the connective tissue, and phagocytes appear to infiltrate the epithelium. In animals treated with thyroxine and later submitted to irradiation, islets of secondary epitheliocytes developed while some cells degenerated. There again, the phagocytes were noted in both the connective tissue and the epithelium.", "contents": "Conjugated effects of thyroxine and X-rays on the intestinal wall of Alytes obstetricans larvae (Anuran Amphibian). The conjoined effects of thyroxine and X-rays on the intestinal wall were studied using Alytes obstetricans tadpoles in premetamorphosis. Thyroxine alone induces degeneration of the larval epithelium (primary epithelium) and its replacement by a secondary epithelium. The latter is derived from stem cells via the development of islets. In animals submitted to irradiation only, many of these stem cells showed signs of necrosis. In irradiated larvae treated with thyroxine, the secondary epitheliocytes were rare and never formed islets. Radioautographic observations confirmed their very low proliferation rate. Contrary to what was observed in the hormone treated larvae, cell fragments of the primary epithelium were extruded in the connective tissue, and phagocytes appear to infiltrate the epithelium. In animals treated with thyroxine and later submitted to irradiation, islets of secondary epitheliocytes developed while some cells degenerated. There again, the phagocytes were noted in both the connective tissue and the epithelium.", "PMID": 535031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6308", "title": "Effect of gossypol on the ultrastructure of rat spermatozoa.", "content": "Gossypol was found to induce sterility in male rats when administered orally. A reduction in the number of spermatozoa in the epididymis from the gossypol-treated rats was observed when compared to the control animals. An examination of the spermatozoa from the treated rats showed the following ultrastructural modifications: disorganization of the mitochondiral sheath and missing cell membrane from the middle piece, broken cell membrane and missing members of both outer fibers and inner microtubules of the principal piece, and broken cell membrane of the sperm head. Serial mating experiments proved that gossypol-treated males were indeed sterile. The results suggest that gossypol at low concentrations is able to affect the motility of spermatozoa, thus contributing to its contraceptive action.", "contents": "Effect of gossypol on the ultrastructure of rat spermatozoa. Gossypol was found to induce sterility in male rats when administered orally. A reduction in the number of spermatozoa in the epididymis from the gossypol-treated rats was observed when compared to the control animals. An examination of the spermatozoa from the treated rats showed the following ultrastructural modifications: disorganization of the mitochondiral sheath and missing cell membrane from the middle piece, broken cell membrane and missing members of both outer fibers and inner microtubules of the principal piece, and broken cell membrane of the sperm head. Serial mating experiments proved that gossypol-treated males were indeed sterile. The results suggest that gossypol at low concentrations is able to affect the motility of spermatozoa, thus contributing to its contraceptive action.", "PMID": 535032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6309", "title": "Quantative radioautographic light and electron microscopic analysis of the localization of monoamines in the median eminence of the rat.", "content": "Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.", "contents": "Quantative radioautographic light and electron microscopic analysis of the localization of monoamines in the median eminence of the rat. Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.", "PMID": 535033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6310", "title": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. II. The proximal neurosecretory contact region.", "content": "The proximal neurosecretory contact region (PNCR) of the lamprey, a homologue of the median eminence of tetrapods, was studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde fuchsin-positive neurosecretory fibers are seen mainly in the central part of the rostral subdivision of the PNCR. The Falck-Hillarp technique reveals a weak, mainly diffuse yellow-green fluorescence in the PNCR. The ultrastructure of the tanycyte layer of the PNCR is very similar to that in the neurohypophysis of the same species, although the funnel-shaped protrusions of the third ventricle in the rostral part of the PNCR are more frequent than in the neurophypophysis. Peptidergic A1 and A2 neurosecretory fibers are characterized by neurosecretory granules of 120-200 nm and 100-150 nm in diameter, respectively. Monoaminergic B type fibers contain granules 80-100 nm in diameter. Neurosecretory terminals and the vascular endfeet of tanycytes make contact with the basement membrane of the avascular connective tissue layer separating the PNCR from the hypophysial pars distalis. It is suggested that both peptide and monoamine neurohormones diffuse through the thick connective tissue septa into the underlying blood vessels which supply the pars distalis and thus affect the function of its glandular cells.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. II. The proximal neurosecretory contact region. The proximal neurosecretory contact region (PNCR) of the lamprey, a homologue of the median eminence of tetrapods, was studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde fuchsin-positive neurosecretory fibers are seen mainly in the central part of the rostral subdivision of the PNCR. The Falck-Hillarp technique reveals a weak, mainly diffuse yellow-green fluorescence in the PNCR. The ultrastructure of the tanycyte layer of the PNCR is very similar to that in the neurohypophysis of the same species, although the funnel-shaped protrusions of the third ventricle in the rostral part of the PNCR are more frequent than in the neurophypophysis. Peptidergic A1 and A2 neurosecretory fibers are characterized by neurosecretory granules of 120-200 nm and 100-150 nm in diameter, respectively. Monoaminergic B type fibers contain granules 80-100 nm in diameter. Neurosecretory terminals and the vascular endfeet of tanycytes make contact with the basement membrane of the avascular connective tissue layer separating the PNCR from the hypophysial pars distalis. It is suggested that both peptide and monoamine neurohormones diffuse through the thick connective tissue septa into the underlying blood vessels which supply the pars distalis and thus affect the function of its glandular cells.", "PMID": 535034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6311", "title": "Effects of dimethylmaleic anhydride and a polyaldehyde fixative on the fertilization of the sea urchin egg, Paracentrotus lividus.", "content": "Two agents, dimethylmaleic anhydride and a polyaldehyde, capable of reacting with amino groups at the surface of the eggs of sea urchin do not prevent fertilization.", "contents": "Effects of dimethylmaleic anhydride and a polyaldehyde fixative on the fertilization of the sea urchin egg, Paracentrotus lividus. Two agents, dimethylmaleic anhydride and a polyaldehyde, capable of reacting with amino groups at the surface of the eggs of sea urchin do not prevent fertilization.", "PMID": 535035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6312", "title": "Redundant nutritive tubes in insect ovarioles: the fate of an extensive microtubule transport system.", "content": "The developing oocytes in the ovarioles of hemipteran insects receive materials from nutritive cells by way of channels known as nutritive tubes. The tubes contain an extensive system of microtubules which are thought to be involved in the transport between the two cell types. At the onset of vitellogenesis the connection is discontinued. Redundant nutritive tubes have been identified, compared with functional tubes, and their fate discussed.", "contents": "Redundant nutritive tubes in insect ovarioles: the fate of an extensive microtubule transport system. The developing oocytes in the ovarioles of hemipteran insects receive materials from nutritive cells by way of channels known as nutritive tubes. The tubes contain an extensive system of microtubules which are thought to be involved in the transport between the two cell types. At the onset of vitellogenesis the connection is discontinued. Redundant nutritive tubes have been identified, compared with functional tubes, and their fate discussed.", "PMID": 535036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6313", "title": "The influence of cold insoluble globulin on platelet morphological response to substrata.", "content": "Light microscopic studies have been carried out on the attachment and morphological responses of washed human platelets in serum-free medium to fibrinogen-coated, collagen-coated and uncoated tissue culture plastic substrata. Platelets were observed to attach to the substratum, extend filipodia and undergo spreading. Subsequently, lysis of platelets occurred. On uncoated tissue culture plastic substrata, the addition of cold insoluble globulin to the incubations had no effect on the above morphological changes. On the other hand, on the protein coated substrata, there was very little platelet spreading or lysis without the addition of cold insoluble globulin.", "contents": "The influence of cold insoluble globulin on platelet morphological response to substrata. Light microscopic studies have been carried out on the attachment and morphological responses of washed human platelets in serum-free medium to fibrinogen-coated, collagen-coated and uncoated tissue culture plastic substrata. Platelets were observed to attach to the substratum, extend filipodia and undergo spreading. Subsequently, lysis of platelets occurred. On uncoated tissue culture plastic substrata, the addition of cold insoluble globulin to the incubations had no effect on the above morphological changes. On the other hand, on the protein coated substrata, there was very little platelet spreading or lysis without the addition of cold insoluble globulin.", "PMID": 535037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6314", "title": "Keratinocyte substrate adhesion is magnesium-dependent and calcium-independent.", "content": "Primary cell cultures were prepared from guinea pig epidermis and six days old mice kidneys and hearts. Along with subcultures of Hep cells, plating experiments were performed using media devoid of bivalent cations containing dialzyed fetal calf serum. Upon stepwise supplementation with either calcium ++ or magnesium ++, keratinocytes displayed a unique dependency on magnesium ++ for cell attachment, whereas all other cell types could make use of either of these ions. Melanocytes, being a minority component of the epidermal cell population, do not conform to the predilection of keratinocytes for magnesium ++. Epidermal cell cultures prepared in media containing only calcium ++, therefore, result in pure melanocyte cultures.", "contents": "Keratinocyte substrate adhesion is magnesium-dependent and calcium-independent. Primary cell cultures were prepared from guinea pig epidermis and six days old mice kidneys and hearts. Along with subcultures of Hep cells, plating experiments were performed using media devoid of bivalent cations containing dialzyed fetal calf serum. Upon stepwise supplementation with either calcium ++ or magnesium ++, keratinocytes displayed a unique dependency on magnesium ++ for cell attachment, whereas all other cell types could make use of either of these ions. Melanocytes, being a minority component of the epidermal cell population, do not conform to the predilection of keratinocytes for magnesium ++. Epidermal cell cultures prepared in media containing only calcium ++, therefore, result in pure melanocyte cultures.", "PMID": 535038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6315", "title": "Changes in the sub-types of soluble alanine aminotransferase in the liver of rats during development and aging.", "content": "DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crystalline soluble alanine aminotransferase of the liver shows only a single molecular species in both immature and senescent rats. In the case of adult rat, there are two species; one corresponding to that of the immature and the other to that of the old. The former sub-type of the isozyme is designated as sAAT-A and the latter as sAAT-B. sAAT-A is predominantly present in the immature rat and sAAT-B in the old. There is thus a gradual and sequential change in the two sub-types of sAAT as a function of age of the rat.", "contents": "Changes in the sub-types of soluble alanine aminotransferase in the liver of rats during development and aging. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crystalline soluble alanine aminotransferase of the liver shows only a single molecular species in both immature and senescent rats. In the case of adult rat, there are two species; one corresponding to that of the immature and the other to that of the old. The former sub-type of the isozyme is designated as sAAT-A and the latter as sAAT-B. sAAT-A is predominantly present in the immature rat and sAAT-B in the old. There is thus a gradual and sequential change in the two sub-types of sAAT as a function of age of the rat.", "PMID": 535039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6316", "title": "Further studies on the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells by 15-oxygenated sterols.", "content": "The chemical syntheses of a number of C27 15-oxygenated sterols and their derivatives have been pursued to permit evaluation of their activity in the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells in culture. Described herein are chemical syntheses of 3 alpha-benzoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 alpha-ol-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 beta-yl pyridinium sulfate, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 beta-yl potassium sulfate (monohydrate), 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 alpha-yl pyridinium sulfate, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 alpha-yl potassium sulfate (monohydrate), 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en3,7,15-trione, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol diacetate, 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol diacetate, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3,15-dione, and 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3,5-dione. The effects of 8 of the above compounds and of 5 alpha-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3 beta-ol-15-one, 3 beta-he misuccinoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 one, 3 beta-hexadecanoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3,15-dione, 5 alpha-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3,15-dione, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, and 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one on the synthesis of digitonin-precipitable sterols and on levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity have been investigated and compared with previously published data on 7 other C27 15-oxygenated sterols.", "contents": "Further studies on the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells by 15-oxygenated sterols. The chemical syntheses of a number of C27 15-oxygenated sterols and their derivatives have been pursued to permit evaluation of their activity in the inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in animal cells in culture. Described herein are chemical syntheses of 3 alpha-benzoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 alpha-ol-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 beta-yl pyridinium sulfate, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 beta-yl potassium sulfate (monohydrate), 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one-3 alpha-yl pyridinium sulfate, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 alpha-yl potassium sulfate (monohydrate), 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en3,7,15-trione, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol diacetate, 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol diacetate, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3 beta, 15 beta-diol, 5 alpha, 14 alpha-cholestan-3,15-dione, and 5 alpha, 14 beta-cholestan-3,5-dione. The effects of 8 of the above compounds and of 5 alpha-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3 beta-ol-15-one, 3 beta-he misuccinoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 one, 3 beta-hexadecanoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3,15-dione, 5 alpha-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3,15-dione, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol, 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, 5 alpha-cholest-8-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one, and 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one on the synthesis of digitonin-precipitable sterols and on levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity have been investigated and compared with previously published data on 7 other C27 15-oxygenated sterols.", "PMID": 535100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6317", "title": "A fluorescence study with polarised incident light of the compression of phospholipid monolayers spread at the air/water interface: orientation processes in the glycerol region.", "content": "Monolayers of phospholipids spread at the air/water interface were studied by means of fluorescence measurements. Using linearly polarised incident light and following the behaviour of a fluorescent covalently-labelled phospholipid (dansylphosphatidylethanolamine) embedded in the monolayer, it was possible to obtain information about the orientation changes at the glycerol level of the phospholipid. When using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine as phospholipid, the main orientation of the probe appears unchanged during the phase transition process. On the other hand, the standard deviation of the distribution function of orientation is larger in the liquid-expanded state relative to the condensed state. When using phosphatidic acid or a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid as phospholipids, the same orientation of the probe is observed as with pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. This orientation stays the same whatever the ionic content of the subphase, i.e. the ionisation state of the polar head. The glycerol region of a phospholipid spread in monolayer at the air/water interface appears unaffected structurally either by the nature of the polar moiety, by its ionisation state, or by the physical state of the hydrocarbon chains.", "contents": "A fluorescence study with polarised incident light of the compression of phospholipid monolayers spread at the air/water interface: orientation processes in the glycerol region. Monolayers of phospholipids spread at the air/water interface were studied by means of fluorescence measurements. Using linearly polarised incident light and following the behaviour of a fluorescent covalently-labelled phospholipid (dansylphosphatidylethanolamine) embedded in the monolayer, it was possible to obtain information about the orientation changes at the glycerol level of the phospholipid. When using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine as phospholipid, the main orientation of the probe appears unchanged during the phase transition process. On the other hand, the standard deviation of the distribution function of orientation is larger in the liquid-expanded state relative to the condensed state. When using phosphatidic acid or a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid as phospholipids, the same orientation of the probe is observed as with pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. This orientation stays the same whatever the ionic content of the subphase, i.e. the ionisation state of the polar head. The glycerol region of a phospholipid spread in monolayer at the air/water interface appears unaffected structurally either by the nature of the polar moiety, by its ionisation state, or by the physical state of the hydrocarbon chains.", "PMID": 535101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6318", "title": "[The biological results of duodenocephalopancreatectomy. Clinical evaluations based on a long-term follow-up].", "content": "The authors discuss the main features of the complex pathophysiology of patients subjected to duodenocephalopancreatectomy, and particularly the difficulties inherent in clinical assessment of the digestive and metabolic impairment consequent upon the duodeno-gastro-pancreatic mutilation. Out of a total of 57 cases of this description, they singled out for recheck 23 patients who had undergone duodenocephalopancreatectomy not less than six months and not more than seven years before (chronic pancreatitis, 11 cases; various malignancies of the periampullar area, 10 cases; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 1 case; retroperitoneal lymphoma, 1 case). Seventy-six per cent of patients who had been gainfully employed were able to resume their jobs after surgery. Steatorrhea, assessed in terms of fecal fats, was present in all cases; notwithstanding, 70% of the patients gained weight (average increase 7 kg). All patients were on enzyme replacement therapy. Only 4% developed diabetes, and none developed postoperative peptic ulcers. Conversely there was a high incidence (65%) of bone structure reshuffling, signally osteoporosis, probably imputable to steatorrhea and vitamin D malabsorption, plus the often associated increase of serum alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "[The biological results of duodenocephalopancreatectomy. Clinical evaluations based on a long-term follow-up]. The authors discuss the main features of the complex pathophysiology of patients subjected to duodenocephalopancreatectomy, and particularly the difficulties inherent in clinical assessment of the digestive and metabolic impairment consequent upon the duodeno-gastro-pancreatic mutilation. Out of a total of 57 cases of this description, they singled out for recheck 23 patients who had undergone duodenocephalopancreatectomy not less than six months and not more than seven years before (chronic pancreatitis, 11 cases; various malignancies of the periampullar area, 10 cases; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 1 case; retroperitoneal lymphoma, 1 case). Seventy-six per cent of patients who had been gainfully employed were able to resume their jobs after surgery. Steatorrhea, assessed in terms of fecal fats, was present in all cases; notwithstanding, 70% of the patients gained weight (average increase 7 kg). All patients were on enzyme replacement therapy. Only 4% developed diabetes, and none developed postoperative peptic ulcers. Conversely there was a high incidence (65%) of bone structure reshuffling, signally osteoporosis, probably imputable to steatorrhea and vitamin D malabsorption, plus the often associated increase of serum alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 535102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6319", "title": "[Preliminary study of ultrastructural changes of the gastric mucosa due to cholecysto-gastrostomy. Experimental research].", "content": "After reviewing the literature on anatomo-histological lesions of the gastric mucosa in so-called \"biliary reflux gastritis\", the Authors undertook an experimental study of ultrastructural alterations of the gastric mucosa after cholecysto-gastrostomy operation conducted in the dog. In this preliminary note they report the alterations observed 60 days after the operation and consider it necessary to continue observations for a longer space of time after the operation.", "contents": "[Preliminary study of ultrastructural changes of the gastric mucosa due to cholecysto-gastrostomy. Experimental research]. After reviewing the literature on anatomo-histological lesions of the gastric mucosa in so-called \"biliary reflux gastritis\", the Authors undertook an experimental study of ultrastructural alterations of the gastric mucosa after cholecysto-gastrostomy operation conducted in the dog. In this preliminary note they report the alterations observed 60 days after the operation and consider it necessary to continue observations for a longer space of time after the operation.", "PMID": 535103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6320", "title": "[Closed needle-biopsy in the diagnosis of neoplasms].", "content": "The AA. demonstrate with this communication the validity of the needle biopsie for the diagnosis of neoplasms. They had used it for the breast, thyroid, flg and some other superficial tumefactions. In the mass-screening for the feminine neoplasms the clinical examination and the needle biopsy are very good method for a careful diagnosis.", "contents": "[Closed needle-biopsy in the diagnosis of neoplasms]. The AA. demonstrate with this communication the validity of the needle biopsie for the diagnosis of neoplasms. They had used it for the breast, thyroid, flg and some other superficial tumefactions. In the mass-screening for the feminine neoplasms the clinical examination and the needle biopsy are very good method for a careful diagnosis.", "PMID": 535104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6321", "title": "[Barium peritonitis: report of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Prompted by several cases of barium peritonitis of their own observation, the authors review the literature on the subject and outline the more common etiopathogenetic factors involved and gross and histological aspects of the disorders. After describing their own four cases of barium peritonitis, the authors outline some basic principles for the prevention and treatment of this rare complication.", "contents": "[Barium peritonitis: report of four cases (author's transl)]. Prompted by several cases of barium peritonitis of their own observation, the authors review the literature on the subject and outline the more common etiopathogenetic factors involved and gross and histological aspects of the disorders. After describing their own four cases of barium peritonitis, the authors outline some basic principles for the prevention and treatment of this rare complication.", "PMID": 535106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6322", "title": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct diagnosed at operative cholangiography; they discuss the embryological, etiopathogenetic and clinical aspects of this abnormality, and pertinent treatment policies. They stress the need for operative teleradiocholangiomanometry for the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct diagnosed at operative cholangiography; they discuss the embryological, etiopathogenetic and clinical aspects of this abnormality, and pertinent treatment policies. They stress the need for operative teleradiocholangiomanometry for the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.", "PMID": 535107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6323", "title": "[Use of a 1:1 association of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in surgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This clinical trial was designed to assess the validity of an association of equal parts of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in surgical patients; the product was administered by injection in daily doses of 2-3 grams. In a group of 20 patients the same product was used prophylactically against infection, with positive results in 85% of the cases; the mean duration of treatment was 5 days. In 13 patients affected by urinary and biliary infections the product was effective. After a 7 days-therapy, 11 cases showed a marked improvement of the clinical symptomatology. Allergic cutaneous reactions (rashes, itching) appeared in five cases. No other side-effects had been noticed.", "contents": "[Use of a 1:1 association of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in surgical patients (author's transl)]. This clinical trial was designed to assess the validity of an association of equal parts of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in surgical patients; the product was administered by injection in daily doses of 2-3 grams. In a group of 20 patients the same product was used prophylactically against infection, with positive results in 85% of the cases; the mean duration of treatment was 5 days. In 13 patients affected by urinary and biliary infections the product was effective. After a 7 days-therapy, 11 cases showed a marked improvement of the clinical symptomatology. Allergic cutaneous reactions (rashes, itching) appeared in five cases. No other side-effects had been noticed.", "PMID": 535108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6324", "title": "[The Harrington operation (long-term review of 100 cases)].", "content": "The authors review the results of 100 cases of idiopathic scoliosis treated surgically by the Harrington procedure. The mean remove was 31 months. After a brief introductory section dealing with preparation methods, the paper illustrates the technicalities of the procedure, the usefulness of correction in two stages with a fortnight interval, the various types of mounting and postoperative care. They assess the improvement obtained in terms of vertebral rotation (mean correction achieved: 4.6 degrees, representing 10%) and of lateral flexion (49% improvement over pretreatment values), and they discuss in particular the need for a correct choice of instrument placement and appropriate evaluation of arthrodesis extent in view of avoiding loss of correction. While they acknowledge the value of the Harrington procedure in regard to correction of lateral flexion, the authors propose further refinement of the original method to include correction of vertebral rotation and so improve on current results.", "contents": "[The Harrington operation (long-term review of 100 cases)]. The authors review the results of 100 cases of idiopathic scoliosis treated surgically by the Harrington procedure. The mean remove was 31 months. After a brief introductory section dealing with preparation methods, the paper illustrates the technicalities of the procedure, the usefulness of correction in two stages with a fortnight interval, the various types of mounting and postoperative care. They assess the improvement obtained in terms of vertebral rotation (mean correction achieved: 4.6 degrees, representing 10%) and of lateral flexion (49% improvement over pretreatment values), and they discuss in particular the need for a correct choice of instrument placement and appropriate evaluation of arthrodesis extent in view of avoiding loss of correction. While they acknowledge the value of the Harrington procedure in regard to correction of lateral flexion, the authors propose further refinement of the original method to include correction of vertebral rotation and so improve on current results.", "PMID": 535109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6325", "title": "[The H reflex during the Harrington operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the technic of elicitation of the H reflex (electrical activity associated with contraction of the triceps muscle of the calf induced by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve) and the preliminary results of monitoring said reflex in the course of Harrington's operation.", "contents": "[The H reflex during the Harrington operation (author's transl)]. The authors describe the technic of elicitation of the H reflex (electrical activity associated with contraction of the triceps muscle of the calf induced by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve) and the preliminary results of monitoring said reflex in the course of Harrington's operation.", "PMID": 535110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6326", "title": "[Posterolateral vertebral arthrodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review a number of more or less original technics of posterolateral vertebral arthrodesis, and report published results relative to intersomatic, posterior, and posterolateral arthrodesis. To this they add a presentation of their own cases treated by posterolateral arthrodesis, noting that this method is not unduly difficult to perform and gives good results in a high percentage of cases.", "contents": "[Posterolateral vertebral arthrodesis (author's transl)]. The authors review a number of more or less original technics of posterolateral vertebral arthrodesis, and report published results relative to intersomatic, posterior, and posterolateral arthrodesis. To this they add a presentation of their own cases treated by posterolateral arthrodesis, noting that this method is not unduly difficult to perform and gives good results in a high percentage of cases.", "PMID": 535111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6327", "title": "[Epidemiologic study of leprosy in metropolitan France].", "content": "322 new cases of leprosy in France are registered by a postal survey among 11 towns, from 1970 to 1978. 217 are detected in Paris, 105 in other parts of France. 137 are foreigners, 104 come from overseas French territories, 45 are reapatriated French nationals. 39.7% are lepromatous, 43.6% tuberculoid, 13.9% indeterminate. 35 cases are followed out of which 16 cases in Alsace were discovered in Strasbourg.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic study of leprosy in metropolitan France]. 322 new cases of leprosy in France are registered by a postal survey among 11 towns, from 1970 to 1978. 217 are detected in Paris, 105 in other parts of France. 137 are foreigners, 104 come from overseas French territories, 45 are reapatriated French nationals. 39.7% are lepromatous, 43.6% tuberculoid, 13.9% indeterminate. 35 cases are followed out of which 16 cases in Alsace were discovered in Strasbourg.", "PMID": 535112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6328", "title": "[Mediterranean boutonneuse fever (apropos of 40 recent cases in Marseilles].", "content": "The Marseilles area continues to be an endemic region of mediterranean tick bite fever. During the period 1975-1978 40 cases were observed in two medical departments in Marseilles. Maximum occurrence was in August. The real incidence of the disease was difficult to appreciate as declaration is not always made eventhough obligatory. Clinical manifestations remained typical.", "contents": "[Mediterranean boutonneuse fever (apropos of 40 recent cases in Marseilles]. The Marseilles area continues to be an endemic region of mediterranean tick bite fever. During the period 1975-1978 40 cases were observed in two medical departments in Marseilles. Maximum occurrence was in August. The real incidence of the disease was difficult to appreciate as declaration is not always made eventhough obligatory. Clinical manifestations remained typical.", "PMID": 535113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6329", "title": "[Isolation of Ilheus virus in french Guyana].", "content": "This is the first case in man of Ilheus virus infection in french Guyana. We noted the mild febrile illness in this case. This strain of virus was shown to be closely related to Ilheus virus. The serological reactions are reported.", "contents": "[Isolation of Ilheus virus in french Guyana]. This is the first case in man of Ilheus virus infection in french Guyana. We noted the mild febrile illness in this case. This strain of virus was shown to be closely related to Ilheus virus. The serological reactions are reported.", "PMID": 535114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6330", "title": "[Retinopathy due to 4-aminoquinolines in the prevention of malaria].", "content": "The authors give a study about retinopathy by 4-amino-quinoleine in malaria prevention. Twelve observations are known in patients after 12 to 20 years of treatment. The authors suggest systematic research of this retinopathy.", "contents": "[Retinopathy due to 4-aminoquinolines in the prevention of malaria]. The authors give a study about retinopathy by 4-amino-quinoleine in malaria prevention. Twelve observations are known in patients after 12 to 20 years of treatment. The authors suggest systematic research of this retinopathy.", "PMID": 535115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6331", "title": "[Serological studies of a pygmy population in Cameroon].", "content": "Serological studies made in a community of 106 pygmies led to 60% positive reactions with parasitic antigens, mainly of nematodes and trematodes. IgG and IgM levels are increased (about two times and four times the levels found in a normal population). These results prove the importance of these infestations by human or animal parasites in a tropical forest population.", "contents": "[Serological studies of a pygmy population in Cameroon]. Serological studies made in a community of 106 pygmies led to 60% positive reactions with parasitic antigens, mainly of nematodes and trematodes. IgG and IgM levels are increased (about two times and four times the levels found in a normal population). These results prove the importance of these infestations by human or animal parasites in a tropical forest population.", "PMID": 535116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6332", "title": "[3 new cases of Korle-Bu hemoglobin in the Antilles].", "content": "After the case of haemoglobin Korle-Bu found in Martinique by Bookchin (2) in 1970, we have also detected one case of haemoglobin S/Korle-Bu in 1975 from a man native of Martinique. A family study allowed us to find again this abnormal haemoglobin from his two children with the form A/Korle-Bu. We study the different possibilities to detect haemoglobin S/Korle-Bu by singlet ests of laboratory whose some ones do appear antagonist effect given by haemoglobin Korle-Bu for haemoglobin S.", "contents": "[3 new cases of Korle-Bu hemoglobin in the Antilles]. After the case of haemoglobin Korle-Bu found in Martinique by Bookchin (2) in 1970, we have also detected one case of haemoglobin S/Korle-Bu in 1975 from a man native of Martinique. A family study allowed us to find again this abnormal haemoglobin from his two children with the form A/Korle-Bu. We study the different possibilities to detect haemoglobin S/Korle-Bu by singlet ests of laboratory whose some ones do appear antagonist effect given by haemoglobin Korle-Bu for haemoglobin S.", "PMID": 535117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6333", "title": "Multiple steroid receptors in human breast cancer. III. Relationships between steroid receptors and the state of differentiation and the activity of carcinomas throughout the pathologic features.", "content": "Histopathologic features (tumor cell density, histological type, and histoprognostic grade) were analyzed in 314 breast cancers investigated for estrogen (E) and progestin (P) receptors (R). The presence of PR is associated with the presence of ER. A relationship was found between the acinoductal differentiation of the lesions and the presence of SR: the more differentiated the carcinoma, the higher the frequency of ER. HPG III carcinomas have the lowest frequency of positive ER and HPG I tumors the opposite: the likelihood of the presence of SRs is inversely correlated with HPG. No statistically significant relationship existed between tumor cell density (TCD) and the presence of ER or ER content. Similar findings were observed for the stromal reaction. The results are discussed with respect to the biological significance of SR and histopathologic features: SR presence could be correlated with (1) a differentiated state of the tumors and (2) a slow rate of cellular replication.", "contents": "Multiple steroid receptors in human breast cancer. III. Relationships between steroid receptors and the state of differentiation and the activity of carcinomas throughout the pathologic features. Histopathologic features (tumor cell density, histological type, and histoprognostic grade) were analyzed in 314 breast cancers investigated for estrogen (E) and progestin (P) receptors (R). The presence of PR is associated with the presence of ER. A relationship was found between the acinoductal differentiation of the lesions and the presence of SR: the more differentiated the carcinoma, the higher the frequency of ER. HPG III carcinomas have the lowest frequency of positive ER and HPG I tumors the opposite: the likelihood of the presence of SRs is inversely correlated with HPG. No statistically significant relationship existed between tumor cell density (TCD) and the presence of ER or ER content. Similar findings were observed for the stromal reaction. The results are discussed with respect to the biological significance of SR and histopathologic features: SR presence could be correlated with (1) a differentiated state of the tumors and (2) a slow rate of cellular replication.", "PMID": 535122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6334", "title": "[Quality control in parasitology].", "content": "A quality control in parasitology has been organized since 1977, under the direction of the Exotic Pathology Society. In 1978, more than 1 200 voluntary laboratories were participating. In 1979, according to the law of the eleventh of July 1975, this control is going to be obligatory for the 3 750 public or private laboratories effecting parasitologic tests. That should improve the quality of these tests, outside any repressive aspect.", "contents": "[Quality control in parasitology]. A quality control in parasitology has been organized since 1977, under the direction of the Exotic Pathology Society. In 1978, more than 1 200 voluntary laboratories were participating. In 1979, according to the law of the eleventh of July 1975, this control is going to be obligatory for the 3 750 public or private laboratories effecting parasitologic tests. That should improve the quality of these tests, outside any repressive aspect.", "PMID": 535119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6335", "title": "Contour mapping of the temporal-spatial progression of a contagious disease.", "content": "A methodology for contour-map study of contagious-disease epidemics is presented. Its application is exemplified in a smallpox epidemic occurring in a small Brazilian town. Computer-controlled contour-mapping of dates of introduction of variola minor into 169 households and the coordinates of the affected dwellings did not show a single contour pattern, but a group of subareal patterns of within-household outbreaks. Introduction by adults and pre-school children were distributed throughout the whole city area. However, introduction by school children formed two groups of contours and of affected dwellings. Each group was included in a discrete area corresponding to the zone of pupil recruitment of the two schools enrolling 91% of the school-child introductory-cases. The latter were responsible for introduction of the disease into 45% of the city's affected households. Altogether, both zones practically covered the whole city area. In either zone, several patterns surrounded the corresponding school. Even though no time value was entered for any school, contour maps clearly evidenced the influence of those two schools on spread of the epidemic. An estimated rate of linear spread of variola minor was 1.35 m per day in a city subarea.", "contents": "Contour mapping of the temporal-spatial progression of a contagious disease. A methodology for contour-map study of contagious-disease epidemics is presented. Its application is exemplified in a smallpox epidemic occurring in a small Brazilian town. Computer-controlled contour-mapping of dates of introduction of variola minor into 169 households and the coordinates of the affected dwellings did not show a single contour pattern, but a group of subareal patterns of within-household outbreaks. Introduction by adults and pre-school children were distributed throughout the whole city area. However, introduction by school children formed two groups of contours and of affected dwellings. Each group was included in a discrete area corresponding to the zone of pupil recruitment of the two schools enrolling 91% of the school-child introductory-cases. The latter were responsible for introduction of the disease into 45% of the city's affected households. Altogether, both zones practically covered the whole city area. In either zone, several patterns surrounded the corresponding school. Even though no time value was entered for any school, contour maps clearly evidenced the influence of those two schools on spread of the epidemic. An estimated rate of linear spread of variola minor was 1.35 m per day in a city subarea.", "PMID": 535118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6336", "title": "Cytotoxicity of p-chloroamphetamine in dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomata of rat colon.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that several serotonin-related compounds are cytotoxic to dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomata of the colon of rat. This paper reports the cytotoxicity of another serotonin-related compound, p-chloroamphetamine.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of p-chloroamphetamine in dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomata of rat colon. Previous studies have shown that several serotonin-related compounds are cytotoxic to dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomata of the colon of rat. This paper reports the cytotoxicity of another serotonin-related compound, p-chloroamphetamine.", "PMID": 535123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6337", "title": "Cardiomyopathy in leukemia, with reference to rubidomycin cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Sixteen patients who had died with leukemia were studied at autopsy between September 1975 and Februrary 1977. Special attention was given to degenerative changes in the heart. Five of the patients died of cardiac failure, all with no or only slight leukemic infiltration in various organs at autopsy. Five patients showed basophilic necroses in the myocardium, and two of these also showed necroses in the bone marrow. The myocardial lipofuscin was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in the autopsies of leukemic patients (mean age 45 years) than in autopsies performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine in 18 cases of accidental death (mean age 36 years). No dose-response relationship could be found between the amount of myocardial lipofuscin and the total dose of rubidomycin. Eight of twelve patients with malignant lymphoma (mean age 45 years) also had increased amount of myocardial lipofuscin.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy in leukemia, with reference to rubidomycin cardiotoxicity. Sixteen patients who had died with leukemia were studied at autopsy between September 1975 and Februrary 1977. Special attention was given to degenerative changes in the heart. Five of the patients died of cardiac failure, all with no or only slight leukemic infiltration in various organs at autopsy. Five patients showed basophilic necroses in the myocardium, and two of these also showed necroses in the bone marrow. The myocardial lipofuscin was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in the autopsies of leukemic patients (mean age 45 years) than in autopsies performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine in 18 cases of accidental death (mean age 36 years). No dose-response relationship could be found between the amount of myocardial lipofuscin and the total dose of rubidomycin. Eight of twelve patients with malignant lymphoma (mean age 45 years) also had increased amount of myocardial lipofuscin.", "PMID": 535124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6338", "title": "Mathematical modeling -- guide to high-dose methotrexate infusion therapy.", "content": "A mathematical model that describes methotrexate pharmacokinetics has been refined for use as a guide to dose escalation during high-dose methotrexate infusion therapy. Parameters for the model are adjusted for a patients by the SAAM computer program of Berman and Weiss, on the basis of plasma concentrations obtained during the initial course of therapy. Various dose escalations can be simulated by the computer and a print-out of predicted plasma concentrations obtains. The model has been used successfully to predict plasma concentrations after high-dose infusions in patients, including those with abnormal creatinine clearances. The program is designed to allow comparisons among infusions of any duration. This can be helpful when a change from a 24-hour infusion to a 6-hour infusion is contemplated for a patient. Deviations of observed values from those predicted are used to warn of the possibility of delayed toxicity secondary to methotrexate and alert the physician that increased amounts of rescue agent may be required.", "contents": "Mathematical modeling -- guide to high-dose methotrexate infusion therapy. A mathematical model that describes methotrexate pharmacokinetics has been refined for use as a guide to dose escalation during high-dose methotrexate infusion therapy. Parameters for the model are adjusted for a patients by the SAAM computer program of Berman and Weiss, on the basis of plasma concentrations obtained during the initial course of therapy. Various dose escalations can be simulated by the computer and a print-out of predicted plasma concentrations obtains. The model has been used successfully to predict plasma concentrations after high-dose infusions in patients, including those with abnormal creatinine clearances. The program is designed to allow comparisons among infusions of any duration. This can be helpful when a change from a 24-hour infusion to a 6-hour infusion is contemplated for a patient. Deviations of observed values from those predicted are used to warn of the possibility of delayed toxicity secondary to methotrexate and alert the physician that increased amounts of rescue agent may be required.", "PMID": 535126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6339", "title": "Phase-II trial of tamoxifen in advanced breat cancer.", "content": "Seventy-eight advanced breast cancer patients, most of whom had had prior treatment, were treated with the synthetic antiestogen tamoxifen. The overall objective response rate was 27% (21/78). An additional 19% (15/78) showed disease stabilization. Sixty-seven percent (14/21) of the responses were in soft tissue sites, 24% (5/21) on bony sites and one each occurred in liver and nodular lung disease. Forty percent of patients with soft-tissue disease alone responded, while less than 10% of patients with visceral disease showed responses in visceral sites. The response rate was 28% among patients with a known positive estrogen receptor (ER) assay. It was 21% among patients who had previously received cytotoxic drugs. Toxicity was mild and was seen in nausea and vomiting, hot flushes and vaginal bleeding, and occasional myelosuppression. One patient was withdrawn from the study because of a rash. In two patients the disease flared, once with concomitant hypercalcemia. Tamoxifen is a useful agent for advanced breast cancer even in some patients with visceral disease.", "contents": "Phase-II trial of tamoxifen in advanced breat cancer. Seventy-eight advanced breast cancer patients, most of whom had had prior treatment, were treated with the synthetic antiestogen tamoxifen. The overall objective response rate was 27% (21/78). An additional 19% (15/78) showed disease stabilization. Sixty-seven percent (14/21) of the responses were in soft tissue sites, 24% (5/21) on bony sites and one each occurred in liver and nodular lung disease. Forty percent of patients with soft-tissue disease alone responded, while less than 10% of patients with visceral disease showed responses in visceral sites. The response rate was 28% among patients with a known positive estrogen receptor (ER) assay. It was 21% among patients who had previously received cytotoxic drugs. Toxicity was mild and was seen in nausea and vomiting, hot flushes and vaginal bleeding, and occasional myelosuppression. One patient was withdrawn from the study because of a rash. In two patients the disease flared, once with concomitant hypercalcemia. Tamoxifen is a useful agent for advanced breast cancer even in some patients with visceral disease.", "PMID": 535127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6340", "title": "A new steroidal alkylating agent with improved activity in advanced murine leukemias.", "content": "The homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenoxy] acetic acid, 3 beta-hydroxy 13 alpha - amino - 13,17 - seco - 5 alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam-p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenoxyacetate, gave a 100% increase in lifespan over controls in the treatment of L1210 leukemia by IP administration on a days 1 and 4 treatment schedule. This ester gave a maximum activity of 383% increased lifespan over controls in the treatment of P388 leukemia by IP administration on a daily treatment schedule. Activity in advanced L1210 (41% increased lifespan) and P388 leukemias (173% increased lifespan) was maintained, indicating that this compound is the most promising of a number of congeners tested to date.", "contents": "A new steroidal alkylating agent with improved activity in advanced murine leukemias. The homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenoxy] acetic acid, 3 beta-hydroxy 13 alpha - amino - 13,17 - seco - 5 alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam-p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenoxyacetate, gave a 100% increase in lifespan over controls in the treatment of L1210 leukemia by IP administration on a days 1 and 4 treatment schedule. This ester gave a maximum activity of 383% increased lifespan over controls in the treatment of P388 leukemia by IP administration on a daily treatment schedule. Activity in advanced L1210 (41% increased lifespan) and P388 leukemias (173% increased lifespan) was maintained, indicating that this compound is the most promising of a number of congeners tested to date.", "PMID": 535128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6341", "title": "Elevation of serum lipid peroxide level associated with doxorubicin toxicity and its amelioration by [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 in mouse (doxorubicin, toxicity, lipid peroxide, tocopherol, coenzyme Q10).", "content": "Elevations of serum lipid peroxide levels were demonstrated in mice after an equitoxic dose of doxorubicin. When BDF1 mice were injected with doxorubicin (20 mg/kg body weight, IP), lipid peroxide levels in sera were elevated 1 day after the injection and the levels declined on subsequent days. 5-Fluorouracil (400 mg/kg body weight, IP) never changed the peroxide levels in serum. Furthermore, it was found that the co-administration of [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 IM strongly inhibited the doxorubicin-induced elevation of lipid peroxides in serum. The effectiveness of [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 in reducing the lethality of doxorubicin in mice was also confirmed. These results indicate that the measurement of serum 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances provided a useful measurement of lipid peroxide levels, which may be involved in some way with doxorubicin toxicity, and that the administration of antioxidants provide protection against some of the side effects of doxorubicin.", "contents": "Elevation of serum lipid peroxide level associated with doxorubicin toxicity and its amelioration by [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 in mouse (doxorubicin, toxicity, lipid peroxide, tocopherol, coenzyme Q10). Elevations of serum lipid peroxide levels were demonstrated in mice after an equitoxic dose of doxorubicin. When BDF1 mice were injected with doxorubicin (20 mg/kg body weight, IP), lipid peroxide levels in sera were elevated 1 day after the injection and the levels declined on subsequent days. 5-Fluorouracil (400 mg/kg body weight, IP) never changed the peroxide levels in serum. Furthermore, it was found that the co-administration of [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 IM strongly inhibited the doxorubicin-induced elevation of lipid peroxides in serum. The effectiveness of [dl]-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or coenzyme Q10 in reducing the lethality of doxorubicin in mice was also confirmed. These results indicate that the measurement of serum 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances provided a useful measurement of lipid peroxide levels, which may be involved in some way with doxorubicin toxicity, and that the administration of antioxidants provide protection against some of the side effects of doxorubicin.", "PMID": 535130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6342", "title": "Enhancement of methotrexate absorption by subdivision of dose.", "content": "A comparison was made in fasting patients between a single 100 mg oral dose of methotrexate formulated as its sodium salt in a palatable syrup and the same total quantity of drug administered in four divided doses of 25 mg taken at 2-h intervals. Allocation to the order of these treatment schedules was on a random basis. The area under the serum methotrexate concentration-time curve until 50 h was found to be considerably greater after the divided dose regimen, the mean ratio AUC 25 mg x 4/AUC 100 mg being 1.86 (+/- 0.90). There was no significant difference in peak serum methotrexate concentrations or methotrexate half-life estimates between the two regimens, however. The results of this study are consistent with saturation of an intestinal transport process when methotrexate is administered orally in a single large dose.", "contents": "Enhancement of methotrexate absorption by subdivision of dose. A comparison was made in fasting patients between a single 100 mg oral dose of methotrexate formulated as its sodium salt in a palatable syrup and the same total quantity of drug administered in four divided doses of 25 mg taken at 2-h intervals. Allocation to the order of these treatment schedules was on a random basis. The area under the serum methotrexate concentration-time curve until 50 h was found to be considerably greater after the divided dose regimen, the mean ratio AUC 25 mg x 4/AUC 100 mg being 1.86 (+/- 0.90). There was no significant difference in peak serum methotrexate concentrations or methotrexate half-life estimates between the two regimens, however. The results of this study are consistent with saturation of an intestinal transport process when methotrexate is administered orally in a single large dose.", "PMID": 535132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6343", "title": "Bioavailability of methotrexate: implications for clinical use.", "content": "The absorption of oral methotrexate in syrup form has been compared in six patients with that of an identical IV dose (50 mg/m2). There was variable absorption amongst the group with respect to maximum levels achieved and the time taken to reach those levels. The area under the time-concentration curve was always smaller when the drug was given orally than after IV administration. A total of 33 patients receiving methotrexate for a variety of tumour types were followed for response to treatment and toxicity. A significantly longer methotrexate half-life (t1/2) was found in nine partial responders (9.2 +/- 1.6 h) than in the nonresponders (3.8 +/- 0.7 h). Severe methotrexate toxicity was not seen though occasional mucositis, conjunctivitis, and diarrhoea occurred in seven patients. The side effects could not be predicted from the dose, the bioavailability data, or the serum creatinine. Measurements of serum and urine methotrexate levels are useful in the assessment of absorption and bioavailability of the drug the prediction of tumour response.", "contents": "Bioavailability of methotrexate: implications for clinical use. The absorption of oral methotrexate in syrup form has been compared in six patients with that of an identical IV dose (50 mg/m2). There was variable absorption amongst the group with respect to maximum levels achieved and the time taken to reach those levels. The area under the time-concentration curve was always smaller when the drug was given orally than after IV administration. A total of 33 patients receiving methotrexate for a variety of tumour types were followed for response to treatment and toxicity. A significantly longer methotrexate half-life (t1/2) was found in nine partial responders (9.2 +/- 1.6 h) than in the nonresponders (3.8 +/- 0.7 h). Severe methotrexate toxicity was not seen though occasional mucositis, conjunctivitis, and diarrhoea occurred in seven patients. The side effects could not be predicted from the dose, the bioavailability data, or the serum creatinine. Measurements of serum and urine methotrexate levels are useful in the assessment of absorption and bioavailability of the drug the prediction of tumour response.", "PMID": 535133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6344", "title": "Human pharmacokinetics of the daunorubicin-DNA complex. An alternative view of the lysosomotropic theory.", "content": "Plasma kinetics and urinary execretion of daunorubicin (DNR) and its active metabolite, daunorubicinol (DNR-ol) were studied in 15 leukemic patients after a 4-h infusion of 75 mg DNR/m2 either as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. The data obtained after infusion of the DNR-DNA complex were compared with the data obtained after infusion of the free drug. The DNR plasma levels were found to be higher during the 2 h following the infusion of the complex; the levels of DNR-ol were only higher for a few minutes after infusion. Kinetic analysis showed that complexing with DNA does not fundamentally modify the three-compartment model described for DNR. Only quantitative modifications were observed: a marked lengthening of the alpha-phase and a shortening of the gamma-phase. Urinary excretion of DNR and DNR-ol was increased after infusion of the complexed drug, in relation to the persistence of higher plasma levels. The data recorded in this work do not confirm the lysosomotropic mechanism postulated for the DNR-DNA complex, but show a delayed distribution of DNR, which is progressively released by dissociation of the circulating DNR-DNA complex, as previously demonstrated in rabbits infused under same conditions.", "contents": "Human pharmacokinetics of the daunorubicin-DNA complex. An alternative view of the lysosomotropic theory. Plasma kinetics and urinary execretion of daunorubicin (DNR) and its active metabolite, daunorubicinol (DNR-ol) were studied in 15 leukemic patients after a 4-h infusion of 75 mg DNR/m2 either as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. The data obtained after infusion of the DNR-DNA complex were compared with the data obtained after infusion of the free drug. The DNR plasma levels were found to be higher during the 2 h following the infusion of the complex; the levels of DNR-ol were only higher for a few minutes after infusion. Kinetic analysis showed that complexing with DNA does not fundamentally modify the three-compartment model described for DNR. Only quantitative modifications were observed: a marked lengthening of the alpha-phase and a shortening of the gamma-phase. Urinary excretion of DNR and DNR-ol was increased after infusion of the complexed drug, in relation to the persistence of higher plasma levels. The data recorded in this work do not confirm the lysosomotropic mechanism postulated for the DNR-DNA complex, but show a delayed distribution of DNR, which is progressively released by dissociation of the circulating DNR-DNA complex, as previously demonstrated in rabbits infused under same conditions.", "PMID": 535134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6345", "title": "Evaluation of early doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by means of systolic time intervals.", "content": "Systolic time intervals (PEP/LVET ratio) were used for detection of acute variations in myocardial contractility after a single dose of 30, 60, or 75 mg of doxorubicin/m2. This drug induces an acute impairment of left ventricular function (increase in the PEP/LVET ratio) detectable 1 h after doxorubicin injection. The phenomenon appears to be dose-related, with a threshold dose of 30-40 mg/m2. The decrease in myocardial contractility is fully reversible within 24 h, at least after the first dose. This kind of evaluation appears applicable to phase I studies of new anthracycline derivatives.", "contents": "Evaluation of early doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by means of systolic time intervals. Systolic time intervals (PEP/LVET ratio) were used for detection of acute variations in myocardial contractility after a single dose of 30, 60, or 75 mg of doxorubicin/m2. This drug induces an acute impairment of left ventricular function (increase in the PEP/LVET ratio) detectable 1 h after doxorubicin injection. The phenomenon appears to be dose-related, with a threshold dose of 30-40 mg/m2. The decrease in myocardial contractility is fully reversible within 24 h, at least after the first dose. This kind of evaluation appears applicable to phase I studies of new anthracycline derivatives.", "PMID": 535135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6346", "title": "The disposition of cyclophosphamide in a group of myeloma patients.", "content": "The disposition of cyclophosphamide and its alkylating metabolites was investigated in a group of myeloma patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment. No correlation between renal function and clearance of cyclophosphamide or its alkylating metabolites was found. No evidence of accumulation of cyclophosphamide or alkylating activity was found in four patients receiving radiolabelled cyclophosphamide. Renal function was found to be related to the reciprocal of the area under curve of alkylating activity, indicating that this area increased as renal function decreased. In view of the large nonrenal component of alkylating activity elimination and the large inter-subject variability, it is recommended that dose of cyclophosphamide is not altered in moderate impairment of renal function.", "contents": "The disposition of cyclophosphamide in a group of myeloma patients. The disposition of cyclophosphamide and its alkylating metabolites was investigated in a group of myeloma patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment. No correlation between renal function and clearance of cyclophosphamide or its alkylating metabolites was found. No evidence of accumulation of cyclophosphamide or alkylating activity was found in four patients receiving radiolabelled cyclophosphamide. Renal function was found to be related to the reciprocal of the area under curve of alkylating activity, indicating that this area increased as renal function decreased. In view of the large nonrenal component of alkylating activity elimination and the large inter-subject variability, it is recommended that dose of cyclophosphamide is not altered in moderate impairment of renal function.", "PMID": 535136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6347", "title": "Comparative study of anti-endotoxic potency of dexamethasone based on its different ester types.", "content": "Difference in the anti-endotoxic potency in mice between dexamethasone 21-disodium phosphate (DM-P) and 21-sodium sulfate (DM-S) was investigated. Changes in the plasma levels of free 17-hydroxycorticoids (17-OHCS), further, were defined after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg dexamethasone in elective surgical patients for elucidation of the metabolic basis of the different anti-endotoxic potencies of the two ester types of dexamethasone. Young male mice of DDN strain were pretreated with 0.2 mg DM-P or DM-S. Following the pretreatment, 0.5 mg of the endotoxin was administered at varying intervals of 0--24 hours, and survival rates were determined after 72 hours. In the DM-P group the mice exhibited a significant resistance to the endotoxin within two hours after the pretreatment, but in the DM-S group, the mice exhibited no anti-endotoxic potency. When different doses of dexamethasone (from 3.2 to 0.00625 mg) were administered with 0.5 mg of the endotoxin simultaneously, the mice in the DM-P group showed improvements in survival rates that tended to be dose related, but the mice in DM-S group showed no improvement in survival rates. Plasma levels of free 17-OHCS in elective surgical patients, further, were remarkably elevated after administration of DM-P, 2 mg/kg, but they showed no elevation after administration of DM-S, 2 mg/kg. Thus, it is clear that the in vivo metabolism of the two esters is different. DM-P easily liberates its free form, whereas DM-S does not. From this evidence, it was concluded that there is a close correlation between the anti-endotoxic potency of dexamethasone and its plasma level of free form, and that glucocorticoids can demonstrate their anti-endotoxic action when they are present at pharmacologically high levels in the bloodstream. There is considerable difference in biological action, moreover, between the two water-soluble esters of dexamethasone. More attention should be paid to this difference when investigating the treatment of shock with glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Comparative study of anti-endotoxic potency of dexamethasone based on its different ester types. Difference in the anti-endotoxic potency in mice between dexamethasone 21-disodium phosphate (DM-P) and 21-sodium sulfate (DM-S) was investigated. Changes in the plasma levels of free 17-hydroxycorticoids (17-OHCS), further, were defined after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg dexamethasone in elective surgical patients for elucidation of the metabolic basis of the different anti-endotoxic potencies of the two ester types of dexamethasone. Young male mice of DDN strain were pretreated with 0.2 mg DM-P or DM-S. Following the pretreatment, 0.5 mg of the endotoxin was administered at varying intervals of 0--24 hours, and survival rates were determined after 72 hours. In the DM-P group the mice exhibited a significant resistance to the endotoxin within two hours after the pretreatment, but in the DM-S group, the mice exhibited no anti-endotoxic potency. When different doses of dexamethasone (from 3.2 to 0.00625 mg) were administered with 0.5 mg of the endotoxin simultaneously, the mice in the DM-P group showed improvements in survival rates that tended to be dose related, but the mice in DM-S group showed no improvement in survival rates. Plasma levels of free 17-OHCS in elective surgical patients, further, were remarkably elevated after administration of DM-P, 2 mg/kg, but they showed no elevation after administration of DM-S, 2 mg/kg. Thus, it is clear that the in vivo metabolism of the two esters is different. DM-P easily liberates its free form, whereas DM-S does not. From this evidence, it was concluded that there is a close correlation between the anti-endotoxic potency of dexamethasone and its plasma level of free form, and that glucocorticoids can demonstrate their anti-endotoxic action when they are present at pharmacologically high levels in the bloodstream. There is considerable difference in biological action, moreover, between the two water-soluble esters of dexamethasone. More attention should be paid to this difference when investigating the treatment of shock with glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 535137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6348", "title": "Chronic ventricular sympathectomy: effect on myocardial perfusion after ligation of the circumflex coronary artery in dogs.", "content": "Using the tracer microsphere technique, the effect of circumflex artery ligation on regional myocardial perfusion was studied in 8 ventricles which had been sympathectomized 2 weeks earlier and in 9 nonsympathectomized controls. Preocclusion flow values in the chronically sympathectomized ventricles were approximately 75% of those in the controls even though heart rate and arterial pressure were maintained at the same levels in the 2 groups. After circumflex artery ligation, flow to the central ischemic region was slightly greater in the sympathectomized ventricle, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, in the ischemic region adjacent to the central ischemic region, flows in the chronically sympathectomized ventricle were 250--450% of those in the nonsympathectomized ventricle. When these flows were normalized to the preocclusion values, these differences were even greater. Thus, following circumflex artery occlusion, ischemic perfusion of the chronically sympathectomized myocardium is substantially improved.", "contents": "Chronic ventricular sympathectomy: effect on myocardial perfusion after ligation of the circumflex coronary artery in dogs. Using the tracer microsphere technique, the effect of circumflex artery ligation on regional myocardial perfusion was studied in 8 ventricles which had been sympathectomized 2 weeks earlier and in 9 nonsympathectomized controls. Preocclusion flow values in the chronically sympathectomized ventricles were approximately 75% of those in the controls even though heart rate and arterial pressure were maintained at the same levels in the 2 groups. After circumflex artery ligation, flow to the central ischemic region was slightly greater in the sympathectomized ventricle, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, in the ischemic region adjacent to the central ischemic region, flows in the chronically sympathectomized ventricle were 250--450% of those in the nonsympathectomized ventricle. When these flows were normalized to the preocclusion values, these differences were even greater. Thus, following circumflex artery occlusion, ischemic perfusion of the chronically sympathectomized myocardium is substantially improved.", "PMID": 535138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6349", "title": "Deposition and clearance of fibrin in the rat lung following acute haemorrhage.", "content": "The effect of acute haemorrhage on the deposition and clearance of fibrin in the rat lung after thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation was investigated. Haemorrhage was followed by less embolization of fibrin to the lungs and delayed elimination from the lungs. As lung tissue fibrinolysis was not diminished, the peripheral and pulmonary circulatory disturbance was probably in itself responsible for the observed effects.", "contents": "Deposition and clearance of fibrin in the rat lung following acute haemorrhage. The effect of acute haemorrhage on the deposition and clearance of fibrin in the rat lung after thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation was investigated. Haemorrhage was followed by less embolization of fibrin to the lungs and delayed elimination from the lungs. As lung tissue fibrinolysis was not diminished, the peripheral and pulmonary circulatory disturbance was probably in itself responsible for the observed effects.", "PMID": 535139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6350", "title": "Effect of haemorrhagic hypotension on the circulation of rats with Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma.", "content": "After transplanting Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma in rats the cardiac output (Evans-blue dilution), the distribution of cardiac output (Sapirstein's isotope indicator fractionation technique), the nutritive blood flow of the organs, and their circulatory resistance were investigated in haemorrhagic hypotension (40 or 70 mm Hg). The posthaemorrhagic redistribution of cardiac output in tumor-bearing rats was similar to that found in normal bled animals: the renal and skin fractions of cardiac output decreased and that of the brain, myocardium, and carcass increased. As a result of bleeding the decrease of the tumor fraction of cardiac output was the greatest compared to the other organs. Thus the tumor seems to be the main target organ of the posthaemorrhagic redistribution.", "contents": "Effect of haemorrhagic hypotension on the circulation of rats with Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma. After transplanting Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma in rats the cardiac output (Evans-blue dilution), the distribution of cardiac output (Sapirstein's isotope indicator fractionation technique), the nutritive blood flow of the organs, and their circulatory resistance were investigated in haemorrhagic hypotension (40 or 70 mm Hg). The posthaemorrhagic redistribution of cardiac output in tumor-bearing rats was similar to that found in normal bled animals: the renal and skin fractions of cardiac output decreased and that of the brain, myocardium, and carcass increased. As a result of bleeding the decrease of the tumor fraction of cardiac output was the greatest compared to the other organs. Thus the tumor seems to be the main target organ of the posthaemorrhagic redistribution.", "PMID": 535140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6351", "title": "Depression of the reticuloendothelial system following graded isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury.", "content": "The effect of experimental myocardial injury on reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function was investigated. Graded myocardial injury was produced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol in doses of 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg. Phagocytic index, determined from the clearance rate of gelatinized lipid emulsion at six hours after isoproterenol injection, showed a progressive depression with increasing severity of myocardial injury. The depression in phagocytic index was due primarily to a depression of hepatic phagocytosis. RES blockade induced with colloidal carbon prior to isoproterenol injection (650 mg/kg) increased the mortality rate from 20% to 87%. It was concluded that the depression of RES function during this form of myocardial injury may hasten the deterioration of the organism and that it may be important to consider the role of RES function during clinical cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Depression of the reticuloendothelial system following graded isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury. The effect of experimental myocardial injury on reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function was investigated. Graded myocardial injury was produced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol in doses of 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg. Phagocytic index, determined from the clearance rate of gelatinized lipid emulsion at six hours after isoproterenol injection, showed a progressive depression with increasing severity of myocardial injury. The depression in phagocytic index was due primarily to a depression of hepatic phagocytosis. RES blockade induced with colloidal carbon prior to isoproterenol injection (650 mg/kg) increased the mortality rate from 20% to 87%. It was concluded that the depression of RES function during this form of myocardial injury may hasten the deterioration of the organism and that it may be important to consider the role of RES function during clinical cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 535141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6352", "title": "The ultrafast alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme is not a bilirubin albumin artifact.", "content": "A unique isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been identified in the serum of patients who had neoplastic lesions involving the liver. The isoenzyme migrates in an ultrafast position near the albumin band on cellulose acetate electrophoresis.", "contents": "The ultrafast alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme is not a bilirubin albumin artifact. A unique isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been identified in the serum of patients who had neoplastic lesions involving the liver. The isoenzyme migrates in an ultrafast position near the albumin band on cellulose acetate electrophoresis.", "PMID": 535157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6353", "title": "Creatine kinase (EC-No.2.7.3.2) and creatine kinase isoenzymes during pregnancy and labor and in the cord blood.", "content": "Total CK and CK isoenzyme activity in serum was investigated during pregnancy, labor and after delivery as well as in cord blood. Total CK was decreased in the second trimester of pregnancy but increased in late pregnancy. Low CK-MB activity in serum was found in patients with early labor pains. CK-BB activity could never be detected during pregnancy. Total CK and isoenzyme activity increased after delivery. The rise of total CK and CK-MB in maternal serum is directly correlated with the following: type of delivery, duration of labor, parity of the mother, and birth weight. From this it can be deduced that postpartum CK levels depend on skeletal muscle activity as well as on the activity of uterine muscle. Prematures and infants \"small for date\" have significantly lower total CK and slightly more elevated CK-BB activity in cord blood than children of normal maturity. CK-BB activity is much more pronounced in high risk patients with low Apgar score.", "contents": "Creatine kinase (EC-No.2.7.3.2) and creatine kinase isoenzymes during pregnancy and labor and in the cord blood. Total CK and CK isoenzyme activity in serum was investigated during pregnancy, labor and after delivery as well as in cord blood. Total CK was decreased in the second trimester of pregnancy but increased in late pregnancy. Low CK-MB activity in serum was found in patients with early labor pains. CK-BB activity could never be detected during pregnancy. Total CK and isoenzyme activity increased after delivery. The rise of total CK and CK-MB in maternal serum is directly correlated with the following: type of delivery, duration of labor, parity of the mother, and birth weight. From this it can be deduced that postpartum CK levels depend on skeletal muscle activity as well as on the activity of uterine muscle. Prematures and infants \"small for date\" have significantly lower total CK and slightly more elevated CK-BB activity in cord blood than children of normal maturity. CK-BB activity is much more pronounced in high risk patients with low Apgar score.", "PMID": 535161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6354", "title": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, a cellular ageing metabolite.", "content": "The concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was increased in whole venous blood of patients with various cancers, including those of breast, ovary, lung and colon, but not rectum, compared with age-matched controls. Higher values, increasing with age, were also found in patients with Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. This abnormality is considered to be due to increased synthesis of the metabolite by the tumour tissue.", "contents": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, a cellular ageing metabolite. The concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was increased in whole venous blood of patients with various cancers, including those of breast, ovary, lung and colon, but not rectum, compared with age-matched controls. Higher values, increasing with age, were also found in patients with Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. This abnormality is considered to be due to increased synthesis of the metabolite by the tumour tissue.", "PMID": 535162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6355", "title": "Interrelations between plasma and tissue concentrations of 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone during human pregnancy.", "content": "Oestradiol and progesterone concentration in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta obtained from women undergoing Caesarian section at term and abortion at weeks 16-22 of pregnancy were determined. There was a significant increase in oestradiol concentration (per g wet wt) both in placenta, decidua and myometrium from mid-term to term. Both at mid-term and term oestradiol concentrations in decidua and myometrium were much smaller than those in the plasma (per ml). Progesterone concentration in placenta and in myometrium did not increase from mid-term to term where it increased significantly in decidua. Decidual and myometrial progesterone concentrations at mid-term were 2-3 times higher than those in plasma, but at term the concentrations in both these tissues were lower than in plasma. The ratio progesterone/oestradiol in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta at mid-term was 8.7, 112.2, 61.4 and 370.0, respectively, and it decreased significantly in the myometrium and placenta but was nearly unchanged in plasma and decidua at term. The general conclusion to be drawn from the present study is the lack of correspondence between the plasma concentrations and the tissue concentrations of female sex steroids during pregnancy.", "contents": "Interrelations between plasma and tissue concentrations of 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone during human pregnancy. Oestradiol and progesterone concentration in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta obtained from women undergoing Caesarian section at term and abortion at weeks 16-22 of pregnancy were determined. There was a significant increase in oestradiol concentration (per g wet wt) both in placenta, decidua and myometrium from mid-term to term. Both at mid-term and term oestradiol concentrations in decidua and myometrium were much smaller than those in the plasma (per ml). Progesterone concentration in placenta and in myometrium did not increase from mid-term to term where it increased significantly in decidua. Decidual and myometrial progesterone concentrations at mid-term were 2-3 times higher than those in plasma, but at term the concentrations in both these tissues were lower than in plasma. The ratio progesterone/oestradiol in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta at mid-term was 8.7, 112.2, 61.4 and 370.0, respectively, and it decreased significantly in the myometrium and placenta but was nearly unchanged in plasma and decidua at term. The general conclusion to be drawn from the present study is the lack of correspondence between the plasma concentrations and the tissue concentrations of female sex steroids during pregnancy.", "PMID": 535167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6356", "title": "Increased plasma activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase isoenzymes in human diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities are raised in maturity-onset insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Continuous gradient DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and assay of heat-stable enzyme activity both show that the activities of all isoenzymes are equally increased rather than a previously described increase of specific isoenzymes. Plasma enzyme activities are similarly increased in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy, and correlate with simultaneous plasma glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Increased plasma activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase isoenzymes in human diabetes mellitus. Plasma N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities are raised in maturity-onset insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Continuous gradient DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and assay of heat-stable enzyme activity both show that the activities of all isoenzymes are equally increased rather than a previously described increase of specific isoenzymes. Plasma enzyme activities are similarly increased in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy, and correlate with simultaneous plasma glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 535168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6357", "title": "Metabolism of human beta 1H: studies in man and experimental animals.", "content": "Metabolic studies were performed with a purified, functionally-active preparation of human beta 1H. In seven normal human subjects, the half-life ranged from 66--87 hr with fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of 1.04--1.63%/hr. Synthesis rates were 0.22--0.57 mg/kg/hr and extravascular distribution ratios were 0.34--0.67. There was evidence of extra-vascular catabolism in each subject. In sixteen patients with immunological disease four showed hypercatabolism of beta 1H. However, three patients with C3 mephritis factor (NeF) had normal beta 1H turnover despite profound reduction in C3 concentration; it is suggested that the reaction of beta 1H with the C3b. Bb convertase exposes it to a catabolic site and that in the NeF patients the NeF stabilized convertase prevents such exposure. Studies of the acute phase response were carried out in nine patients following elective surgery, with C-reactive protein (CRP) used as the control protein: six patients showed no rise in beta 1H levels and three showed a small (20%) rise whereas all exhibited a gross rise in CRP. Pre-incubation of 125I- beta 1H with NHS, with NHS in the presence of NeF and with C3b+C3b 1NA caused no change in beta 1H turnover in animals despite demonstrable total C3 conversion with the NeF.", "contents": "Metabolism of human beta 1H: studies in man and experimental animals. Metabolic studies were performed with a purified, functionally-active preparation of human beta 1H. In seven normal human subjects, the half-life ranged from 66--87 hr with fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of 1.04--1.63%/hr. Synthesis rates were 0.22--0.57 mg/kg/hr and extravascular distribution ratios were 0.34--0.67. There was evidence of extra-vascular catabolism in each subject. In sixteen patients with immunological disease four showed hypercatabolism of beta 1H. However, three patients with C3 mephritis factor (NeF) had normal beta 1H turnover despite profound reduction in C3 concentration; it is suggested that the reaction of beta 1H with the C3b. Bb convertase exposes it to a catabolic site and that in the NeF patients the NeF stabilized convertase prevents such exposure. Studies of the acute phase response were carried out in nine patients following elective surgery, with C-reactive protein (CRP) used as the control protein: six patients showed no rise in beta 1H levels and three showed a small (20%) rise whereas all exhibited a gross rise in CRP. Pre-incubation of 125I- beta 1H with NHS, with NHS in the presence of NeF and with C3b+C3b 1NA caused no change in beta 1H turnover in animals despite demonstrable total C3 conversion with the NeF.", "PMID": 535181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6358", "title": "The association of cryoglobulinaemia with nodules, vasculitis and fibrosing alveolitis in rheumatoid arthritis and their relationship to serum C1q binding activity and rheumatoid factor.", "content": "Two measurements of serum immune complexes, cryoglobulinaemia and 125I-C1q binding, have been performed in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared with normal levels. Cryoglobulinaemia was present in 20 out of 28 patients (71%) with extra-articular disease (mean level 17 micrograms/ml) including nodules, digital vasculitis, cutaneous ulcers, rash, neuropathy, lung disease and scleritis, but in none of 32 patients with joint disease alone (uncomplicated RA) (mean level 3 micrograms/ml). Cryoglobulinaemia correlates with, but probably does not antedate, extra-articular disease, and may be useful in predicting morbidity and mortailty in this group of patients. In contrast, serum 125I-Clq binding was raised in patients with uncomplicated RA and those with extra-articular disease, although levels were higher in the latter group. Both tests showed a negative correlation with serum haemolytic complement and a positive correlation with IgM rheumatoid factor although there were some sera with raised levels of rheumatoid factor without cryoglobulinaemia. These results suggest that cryoglobulinaemia is a better test than Clq-binding for demonstrating the presence of circulating immune complexes involved in the pathogenesis of extra-articular lesions.", "contents": "The association of cryoglobulinaemia with nodules, vasculitis and fibrosing alveolitis in rheumatoid arthritis and their relationship to serum C1q binding activity and rheumatoid factor. Two measurements of serum immune complexes, cryoglobulinaemia and 125I-C1q binding, have been performed in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared with normal levels. Cryoglobulinaemia was present in 20 out of 28 patients (71%) with extra-articular disease (mean level 17 micrograms/ml) including nodules, digital vasculitis, cutaneous ulcers, rash, neuropathy, lung disease and scleritis, but in none of 32 patients with joint disease alone (uncomplicated RA) (mean level 3 micrograms/ml). Cryoglobulinaemia correlates with, but probably does not antedate, extra-articular disease, and may be useful in predicting morbidity and mortailty in this group of patients. In contrast, serum 125I-Clq binding was raised in patients with uncomplicated RA and those with extra-articular disease, although levels were higher in the latter group. Both tests showed a negative correlation with serum haemolytic complement and a positive correlation with IgM rheumatoid factor although there were some sera with raised levels of rheumatoid factor without cryoglobulinaemia. These results suggest that cryoglobulinaemia is a better test than Clq-binding for demonstrating the presence of circulating immune complexes involved in the pathogenesis of extra-articular lesions.", "PMID": 535182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6359", "title": "The effects of protein malnutrition on the course of Leishmania mexicana infection in C57Bl/6 mice: nutrition and susceptibility to leishmaniasis.", "content": "The course of cutaneous infection with Leishmania mexicana was studied in normally nourished and protein deprived C57Bl/6 mice. Mice fed a normal diet showed self-resolving lesions and produced cellular and humoral responses against the parasite. In contrast, mice fed a protein deficient diet which developed chronic protein calorie deficiency failed to recover from L. mexicana infection. Non-healing protein deprived mice had depressed delayed hypersensitivity response (DHR) and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to leishmanial antigen. Responses to PHA and Con A were also suppressed. The possible interaction between malnutrition, impairment of the immune response and chronicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of protein malnutrition on the course of Leishmania mexicana infection in C57Bl/6 mice: nutrition and susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The course of cutaneous infection with Leishmania mexicana was studied in normally nourished and protein deprived C57Bl/6 mice. Mice fed a normal diet showed self-resolving lesions and produced cellular and humoral responses against the parasite. In contrast, mice fed a protein deficient diet which developed chronic protein calorie deficiency failed to recover from L. mexicana infection. Non-healing protein deprived mice had depressed delayed hypersensitivity response (DHR) and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to leishmanial antigen. Responses to PHA and Con A were also suppressed. The possible interaction between malnutrition, impairment of the immune response and chronicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis is discussed.", "PMID": 535184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6360", "title": "In vitro proliferation of macrophage depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The incorporation of thymidine by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes was tested in vitro following various culture conditions. A significant increase of thymidine uptake was observed in cultures depleted of plastic adherent, nylon wook adherent, or phagocytic cells. This proliferative activity occurred in the presence of various sera but was not due to a blastogenic response to a foreign protein, since it was also observed when autologous plasma was the only source of protein in the culture medium. The similarities and differences between this 'spontaneous' proliferative phenomenon and other blastogenic responses which are regulated by macrophages are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro proliferation of macrophage depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The incorporation of thymidine by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes was tested in vitro following various culture conditions. A significant increase of thymidine uptake was observed in cultures depleted of plastic adherent, nylon wook adherent, or phagocytic cells. This proliferative activity occurred in the presence of various sera but was not due to a blastogenic response to a foreign protein, since it was also observed when autologous plasma was the only source of protein in the culture medium. The similarities and differences between this 'spontaneous' proliferative phenomenon and other blastogenic responses which are regulated by macrophages are discussed.", "PMID": 535185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6361", "title": "Effects of acetaminophen on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes: enhancement of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine.", "content": "This report describes hitherto unrecognized immunoenhancing properties of acetaminophen on cultured human lymphocytes. The addition of acetaminophen (2.5--300 micrograms/ml) significantly enhanced mitogen-induced blastogenesis. The stimulation of cells by Candida albicans, from individuals who were skin-test positive for antigen and two-way responses of mixed lymphocytes, were similarly augmented. Cells stimulated in the presence of acetaminophen were comparably enhanced in cultures lasting for 24--168 hr. Enhancement of stimulated cells was noted only if the drug was added during the first hours of culture. Exposure of cells to acetaminophen before mitogen stimulation did not enhance responses unless tha cells were simultaneously cultured with mitogen and the drug. Cells obtained from normal subjects before, during and after ingestion of therapeutic amounts of acetaminophen for 3 days, were cultured in a medium without acetaminophen, and did not display increased in vitro responses during or after drug consumption. These data indicated: (1) pharmacological concentrations of acetaminophen significantly enhanced lymphocyte responses to specific, non-specific, soluble and insoluble stimulation in vitro; and (2) enhancement by acetaminophen occurred only when the drug was in contact with cells during the early period of cell activation.", "contents": "Effects of acetaminophen on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes: enhancement of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine. This report describes hitherto unrecognized immunoenhancing properties of acetaminophen on cultured human lymphocytes. The addition of acetaminophen (2.5--300 micrograms/ml) significantly enhanced mitogen-induced blastogenesis. The stimulation of cells by Candida albicans, from individuals who were skin-test positive for antigen and two-way responses of mixed lymphocytes, were similarly augmented. Cells stimulated in the presence of acetaminophen were comparably enhanced in cultures lasting for 24--168 hr. Enhancement of stimulated cells was noted only if the drug was added during the first hours of culture. Exposure of cells to acetaminophen before mitogen stimulation did not enhance responses unless tha cells were simultaneously cultured with mitogen and the drug. Cells obtained from normal subjects before, during and after ingestion of therapeutic amounts of acetaminophen for 3 days, were cultured in a medium without acetaminophen, and did not display increased in vitro responses during or after drug consumption. These data indicated: (1) pharmacological concentrations of acetaminophen significantly enhanced lymphocyte responses to specific, non-specific, soluble and insoluble stimulation in vitro; and (2) enhancement by acetaminophen occurred only when the drug was in contact with cells during the early period of cell activation.", "PMID": 535186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6362", "title": "Characterization of the human peripheral effector cells mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against allogenic cells.", "content": "The effector cell populations in human peripheral blood responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against allogenic cells coated with HLA polyspecific antibodies were investigated using several separation techniques including preparative electrophoresis. Electrophoresis produced a marked effector cells enrichment in a range of 2--5 fractions which exhibited an intermediary electrophoretic mobility. Monocytic cells do not contribute an effector mechanism but minor subsets of polymorphonuclear cells and nylon wool non-adherent non-phagocytic lymphocytes displayed ADCC. Both effector cell populations were found to exhibit a similar electrical charge of cell surface centered around -1.05 micrometer . sec-1 V-1 cm. These observations provided a precise biophysical basis for the identification of effector cells in ADCC.", "contents": "Characterization of the human peripheral effector cells mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against allogenic cells. The effector cell populations in human peripheral blood responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against allogenic cells coated with HLA polyspecific antibodies were investigated using several separation techniques including preparative electrophoresis. Electrophoresis produced a marked effector cells enrichment in a range of 2--5 fractions which exhibited an intermediary electrophoretic mobility. Monocytic cells do not contribute an effector mechanism but minor subsets of polymorphonuclear cells and nylon wool non-adherent non-phagocytic lymphocytes displayed ADCC. Both effector cell populations were found to exhibit a similar electrical charge of cell surface centered around -1.05 micrometer . sec-1 V-1 cm. These observations provided a precise biophysical basis for the identification of effector cells in ADCC.", "PMID": 535187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6363", "title": "Human colostral cells. I. Separation and characterization.", "content": "Analyses of the cells present in human colostrum obtained from fifty-four healthy donors during the first four days of lactation revealed that there were 3.3 x 10(6) (range 1.1 x 10(5)--1.2 x 10(7)) cells per ml of colostrum. Based on histochemical examinations, it was found that this population consisted of 30--47% macrophages, 40--60% polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 5.2--8.9% lymphocytes, and 1.3--2.8% colostral corpuscles; epithelial cells were rarely encountered. The identity of various cell types was confirmed by Wright's stain and by a series of histochemical techniques which disclosed the presence of non-specific esterase, peroxidase, and lipids. For further characterization, the different types of cells were separated by various methods, such as Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation, isokinetic centrifugation on a linear Ficoll gradient, adherence to glass or plastic, and phagocytosis of carbonyl iron. Immunohistochemical staining with FITC- and/or TRITC-labelled reagents to IgA, IgM, IgG, K- and lambda-chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin were applied to unseparated as well as separated colostral cells. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (staining for peroxidase) as well as macrophages and colostral corpuscles (staining for non-specific esterase) exhibited numerous intracellular vesicles that contained lipids as well as various combinations of milk proteins. Lymphoid cells did not stain with any of these reagents and plasma cells were not detected among the colostral cells. Individual phagocytic cells contained immunoglobulins of the IgA and IgM classes, both K and lambda light chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin. The coincidental appearance of these proteins in single, phagocytic cells but not in lymphoid cells indicate that the cells acquired these proteins by ingestion from the environment. Markers commonly used for the identification of B lymphocytes (surface immunoglobulins) and T lymphocytes (receptors for sheep red blood cells) were unreliable for the analysis of colostral cells (unless accompanied by subsequent morphological characterization) because strong fluorescence was observed on the surface of many non-lymphoid cells and because numerous macrophages and colostral corpuscles formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Lymphocytes, often found in association with colostral macrophages or corpuscles, were classified as T cells.", "contents": "Human colostral cells. I. Separation and characterization. Analyses of the cells present in human colostrum obtained from fifty-four healthy donors during the first four days of lactation revealed that there were 3.3 x 10(6) (range 1.1 x 10(5)--1.2 x 10(7)) cells per ml of colostrum. Based on histochemical examinations, it was found that this population consisted of 30--47% macrophages, 40--60% polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 5.2--8.9% lymphocytes, and 1.3--2.8% colostral corpuscles; epithelial cells were rarely encountered. The identity of various cell types was confirmed by Wright's stain and by a series of histochemical techniques which disclosed the presence of non-specific esterase, peroxidase, and lipids. For further characterization, the different types of cells were separated by various methods, such as Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation, isokinetic centrifugation on a linear Ficoll gradient, adherence to glass or plastic, and phagocytosis of carbonyl iron. Immunohistochemical staining with FITC- and/or TRITC-labelled reagents to IgA, IgM, IgG, K- and lambda-chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin were applied to unseparated as well as separated colostral cells. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (staining for peroxidase) as well as macrophages and colostral corpuscles (staining for non-specific esterase) exhibited numerous intracellular vesicles that contained lipids as well as various combinations of milk proteins. Lymphoid cells did not stain with any of these reagents and plasma cells were not detected among the colostral cells. Individual phagocytic cells contained immunoglobulins of the IgA and IgM classes, both K and lambda light chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin. The coincidental appearance of these proteins in single, phagocytic cells but not in lymphoid cells indicate that the cells acquired these proteins by ingestion from the environment. Markers commonly used for the identification of B lymphocytes (surface immunoglobulins) and T lymphocytes (receptors for sheep red blood cells) were unreliable for the analysis of colostral cells (unless accompanied by subsequent morphological characterization) because strong fluorescence was observed on the surface of many non-lymphoid cells and because numerous macrophages and colostral corpuscles formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Lymphocytes, often found in association with colostral macrophages or corpuscles, were classified as T cells.", "PMID": 535189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6364", "title": "Reticular dysgenesis: report of two brothers.", "content": "We describe two brothers with marked leucopenia, lymphopenia, no immunologicl response to infections (no Ig production, negative PHA response and very low number of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood) and hypocellular marrow. They died at 12 and 8 days of life with infection (E. coli and Klebsiella, respectively).", "contents": "Reticular dysgenesis: report of two brothers. We describe two brothers with marked leucopenia, lymphopenia, no immunologicl response to infections (no Ig production, negative PHA response and very low number of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood) and hypocellular marrow. They died at 12 and 8 days of life with infection (E. coli and Klebsiella, respectively).", "PMID": 535190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6365", "title": "Patellaplasty or patellectomy?", "content": "A series of patients whose patella has been resurfaced by a prosthesis has been compared with a similar group whose patella has been resected. Patellectomy has been an acceptable procedure in the treatment of severe injuries and degenerative changes of the patella, but the indications for this operation are not well defined in all fields. Satisfactory results following Vitallium patellaplasty have been better than those following patellectomy in osteoarthrosis. Extension is more complete; flexion has been satisfactory; cosmetic appearance is more desirable. Prosthetic resurfacing with a Vitallium prosthesis has been a satisfactory procedure in individuals who develop symptoms from a painful patellofemoral joint when the remainder of the joint has not deteriorated sufficiently to indicate need for total knee replacement. Patellaplasty has provided years of pain-free patellofemoral function and prevented the alteration of normal joint mechanics that occurs with patellectomy.", "contents": "Patellaplasty or patellectomy? A series of patients whose patella has been resurfaced by a prosthesis has been compared with a similar group whose patella has been resected. Patellectomy has been an acceptable procedure in the treatment of severe injuries and degenerative changes of the patella, but the indications for this operation are not well defined in all fields. Satisfactory results following Vitallium patellaplasty have been better than those following patellectomy in osteoarthrosis. Extension is more complete; flexion has been satisfactory; cosmetic appearance is more desirable. Prosthetic resurfacing with a Vitallium prosthesis has been a satisfactory procedure in individuals who develop symptoms from a painful patellofemoral joint when the remainder of the joint has not deteriorated sufficiently to indicate need for total knee replacement. Patellaplasty has provided years of pain-free patellofemoral function and prevented the alteration of normal joint mechanics that occurs with patellectomy.", "PMID": 535211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6366", "title": "A rational approach to the treatment of patellofemoral pain.", "content": "Chondromalacia of the patella should be considered a separate entity and not the necessary precursor of osteoarthrosis. It is rarely associated with significant discomfort. Isolated softening, fibrillation of the central medial facet, and a diagnosis of chondromalacia of the patella should be limited, in our view, to isolated fibrillation occurring in the central medial facet and is probably asymptomatic. Symptomatic patellar pain can be treated by realignment if the patella is malaligned, by lateral release and synovial fringe excision if there is an anomalous facet or synovial fringe entrapment syndrome, and by drilling and curettage and stress-relieving operations (if necessary) if there is an osteochondral injury. For osteoarthrosis stress can be relieved on a permanent basis by the Maquet anterior tibial tubercle advancement operation. We recommend approaching patellofemoral pain by establishing a specific diagnosis and applying a specific treatment.", "contents": "A rational approach to the treatment of patellofemoral pain. Chondromalacia of the patella should be considered a separate entity and not the necessary precursor of osteoarthrosis. It is rarely associated with significant discomfort. Isolated softening, fibrillation of the central medial facet, and a diagnosis of chondromalacia of the patella should be limited, in our view, to isolated fibrillation occurring in the central medial facet and is probably asymptomatic. Symptomatic patellar pain can be treated by realignment if the patella is malaligned, by lateral release and synovial fringe excision if there is an anomalous facet or synovial fringe entrapment syndrome, and by drilling and curettage and stress-relieving operations (if necessary) if there is an osteochondral injury. For osteoarthrosis stress can be relieved on a permanent basis by the Maquet anterior tibial tubercle advancement operation. We recommend approaching patellofemoral pain by establishing a specific diagnosis and applying a specific treatment.", "PMID": 535212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6367", "title": "Z-plasty lateral retinacular release for the treatment of patellar compression syndrome.", "content": "Lateral retinacular release by Z-plasty technique in selected patients provides a relatively simple procedure for relief of symptoms in patellar compression syndrome and is a satisfactory initial surgical procedure in cases not responding to conservative therapy. Unfortunately, there is no specific symptom complex, physical finding, radiographic finding, or arthrotomy finding which delineates the patient with patellar compression syndrome who will benefit from an isolated lateral retinacular release. Some patients may require further extensor mechanism realignment procedures (e.g., medial capsular reefing, tibial tubercle transplantation, tibial tubercle elevation, etc.) to relieve the aggravating symptoms of parapatellar and retropatellar pain.", "contents": "Z-plasty lateral retinacular release for the treatment of patellar compression syndrome. Lateral retinacular release by Z-plasty technique in selected patients provides a relatively simple procedure for relief of symptoms in patellar compression syndrome and is a satisfactory initial surgical procedure in cases not responding to conservative therapy. Unfortunately, there is no specific symptom complex, physical finding, radiographic finding, or arthrotomy finding which delineates the patient with patellar compression syndrome who will benefit from an isolated lateral retinacular release. Some patients may require further extensor mechanism realignment procedures (e.g., medial capsular reefing, tibial tubercle transplantation, tibial tubercle elevation, etc.) to relieve the aggravating symptoms of parapatellar and retropatellar pain.", "PMID": 535213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6368", "title": "Partial chondrectomy and subchondral bone drilling for chondromalacia.", "content": "Twenty-nine knees in 25 patients with chondromalacia patella resistant to conservative treatment were subjected to localized chondrectomy and subchondral bone plate drilling. Good or excellent results were achieved in most patients under the age of 30. The results in patients over the age of 30 were less satisfactory.", "contents": "Partial chondrectomy and subchondral bone drilling for chondromalacia. Twenty-nine knees in 25 patients with chondromalacia patella resistant to conservative treatment were subjected to localized chondrectomy and subchondral bone plate drilling. Good or excellent results were achieved in most patients under the age of 30. The results in patients over the age of 30 were less satisfactory.", "PMID": 535214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6369", "title": "Constrained total shoulder joint replacement: a critical review.", "content": "Constrained total shoulder replacement is a salvage procedure for the patient with disabling pain and a nonfunctioning rotator cuff mechanism. The results of pain relief have been gratifying. When active overhead motion is a goal of treatment a strong deltoid muscle is required. The rationale for fixing a fulcrum is to substitute for the loss of the rotator cuff mechanism that stabilizes the humeral or prosthetic head on the shallow glenoid. The best method of attachment for the glenoid component to an intact glenoid vault described herein has been found to be superior to other methods. In particular, the vault should not be mutilated. This is borne out by the clinical experience and laboratory testing that loosening or pull-out does not occur with an intact glenoid. Moreover, the attachment is stronger than the dry bone just medial to the vault where fracture always occurred through the suprascapular notch in laboratory tests. Although there may be good pain relief with this operation, active function still depends on residual deltoid muscle power wherein a poor deltoid will only allow passive motion. Moreover, the outcome of any shoulder operation still depends in large measure on the excellence of the postoperative rehabilitation program. Finally, other worthwhile shoulder operations should be given first consideration in order to serve the needs of individual patients.", "contents": "Constrained total shoulder joint replacement: a critical review. Constrained total shoulder replacement is a salvage procedure for the patient with disabling pain and a nonfunctioning rotator cuff mechanism. The results of pain relief have been gratifying. When active overhead motion is a goal of treatment a strong deltoid muscle is required. The rationale for fixing a fulcrum is to substitute for the loss of the rotator cuff mechanism that stabilizes the humeral or prosthetic head on the shallow glenoid. The best method of attachment for the glenoid component to an intact glenoid vault described herein has been found to be superior to other methods. In particular, the vault should not be mutilated. This is borne out by the clinical experience and laboratory testing that loosening or pull-out does not occur with an intact glenoid. Moreover, the attachment is stronger than the dry bone just medial to the vault where fracture always occurred through the suprascapular notch in laboratory tests. Although there may be good pain relief with this operation, active function still depends on residual deltoid muscle power wherein a poor deltoid will only allow passive motion. Moreover, the outcome of any shoulder operation still depends in large measure on the excellence of the postoperative rehabilitation program. Finally, other worthwhile shoulder operations should be given first consideration in order to serve the needs of individual patients.", "PMID": 535215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6370", "title": "A modified posterolateral approach to the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints.", "content": "A modified posterolateral approach is useful for extensive exposure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints. The patient is placed prone and the elbow flexed over a padded support: a pneumatic tourniquet is placed proximally on the arm. The laterally curved skin incision extends from the center of the posterior surface of the arm, at the upper limit of the triceps tendon, to the back of the lateral epicondyle and thence to the posterior border of the ulna 3 finger-breadths distal to the tip of the olecranon. The large medial and smaller lateral flaps are secured with sutures. The ulnar nerve is exposed and protected. A distally based tongue of triceps tendon is fashioned and retracted downwards. The anconeus is separated from the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle and retracted medially with the underlying capsule. The common extensor origin and the lateral collateral ligament, with the adjacent capsule, are partially reflected from the humerus. Excellent exposure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints is easily achieved and visualization can be increased by putting a varus strain on the elbow.", "contents": "A modified posterolateral approach to the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints. A modified posterolateral approach is useful for extensive exposure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints. The patient is placed prone and the elbow flexed over a padded support: a pneumatic tourniquet is placed proximally on the arm. The laterally curved skin incision extends from the center of the posterior surface of the arm, at the upper limit of the triceps tendon, to the back of the lateral epicondyle and thence to the posterior border of the ulna 3 finger-breadths distal to the tip of the olecranon. The large medial and smaller lateral flaps are secured with sutures. The ulnar nerve is exposed and protected. A distally based tongue of triceps tendon is fashioned and retracted downwards. The anconeus is separated from the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle and retracted medially with the underlying capsule. The common extensor origin and the lateral collateral ligament, with the adjacent capsule, are partially reflected from the humerus. Excellent exposure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints is easily achieved and visualization can be increased by putting a varus strain on the elbow.", "PMID": 535216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6371", "title": "Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint: anatomy and clues to prompt diagnosis.", "content": "The articular disk is a strong, complex structure responsible for the stability of the distal radioulnar joint. It is injured by a hyperpronation or hypersupination injury which disrupts the disk or its strong central attachment to the ulna. Prompt diagnosis is essential for a good result as no good late reconstruction is available. Reliance on radiographs for the diagnosis will seldom be rewarding, and they are mainly of value in ruling out associated fractures. A careful clinical examination and a high index of suspicion are the best tools available for diagnosis in this injury.", "contents": "Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint: anatomy and clues to prompt diagnosis. The articular disk is a strong, complex structure responsible for the stability of the distal radioulnar joint. It is injured by a hyperpronation or hypersupination injury which disrupts the disk or its strong central attachment to the ulna. Prompt diagnosis is essential for a good result as no good late reconstruction is available. Reliance on radiographs for the diagnosis will seldom be rewarding, and they are mainly of value in ruling out associated fractures. A careful clinical examination and a high index of suspicion are the best tools available for diagnosis in this injury.", "PMID": 535217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6372", "title": "Intercarpal fusion for treatment of carpal instability: a preliminary report.", "content": "Post-traumatic instability was once considered to be a rare but important injury recognized among the various carpal trauma. However, recent literature suggests that reports on this entity are increasing in number. Methods of treatment for this injury were few in the past and were not well established. Following the lesson of 2 cases of failure with open reduction and ligamentous reconstruction, 4 such cases were treated by intercarpal fusion; 3 had no pain or tenderness at a follow-up period of 16 months to 27 months. This procedure should be performed before radiocarpal degenerative arthritis develops.", "contents": "Intercarpal fusion for treatment of carpal instability: a preliminary report. Post-traumatic instability was once considered to be a rare but important injury recognized among the various carpal trauma. However, recent literature suggests that reports on this entity are increasing in number. Methods of treatment for this injury were few in the past and were not well established. Following the lesson of 2 cases of failure with open reduction and ligamentous reconstruction, 4 such cases were treated by intercarpal fusion; 3 had no pain or tenderness at a follow-up period of 16 months to 27 months. This procedure should be performed before radiocarpal degenerative arthritis develops.", "PMID": 535218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6373", "title": "The tangential x-ray investigation of the patellofemoral joint: x-ray technique, diagnostic criteria and their interpretation.", "content": "The X-ray technique for the tangential visualization of the patellofemoral joint is described; 3 X-ray signs (patellofemoral angle, patellofemoral index and patellofemoral displacement) are proposed as diagnostic aids in cases of subluxation of the patella and chondromalacia patellae. Theoretically, the pathogenesis of chondromalacia patellae and patellofemoral osteoarthritis may be explained as manifestations of cartilage damage secondary to lateral patellofemoral hyperpressure and medial patellofemoral hyperpressure.", "contents": "The tangential x-ray investigation of the patellofemoral joint: x-ray technique, diagnostic criteria and their interpretation. The X-ray technique for the tangential visualization of the patellofemoral joint is described; 3 X-ray signs (patellofemoral angle, patellofemoral index and patellofemoral displacement) are proposed as diagnostic aids in cases of subluxation of the patella and chondromalacia patellae. Theoretically, the pathogenesis of chondromalacia patellae and patellofemoral osteoarthritis may be explained as manifestations of cartilage damage secondary to lateral patellofemoral hyperpressure and medial patellofemoral hyperpressure.", "PMID": 535219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6374", "title": "Clinical experiences with a titanium alloy total hip prosthesis: a posterior approach.", "content": "Using a titanium alloy femoral prosthesis (STH Zimmer) and an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cup with a posterior surgical approach to the hip joint, 237 consecutive total hip arthroplasties in 215 patients were performed between December 1975 and May 1977. The preliminary results and early postoperative complications suggest that this system can be considered an alternative to total hip arthroplasty using other materials and surgical approaches.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with a titanium alloy total hip prosthesis: a posterior approach. Using a titanium alloy femoral prosthesis (STH Zimmer) and an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cup with a posterior surgical approach to the hip joint, 237 consecutive total hip arthroplasties in 215 patients were performed between December 1975 and May 1977. The preliminary results and early postoperative complications suggest that this system can be considered an alternative to total hip arthroplasty using other materials and surgical approaches.", "PMID": 535220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6375", "title": "Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Two thousand one hundred and forty four patients received Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulphate) prior to total hip arthroplasty; the drug was continued until the patient was fully mobile. Fatal emboli (confirmed by postmortem) occurred in 0.28% and non-fatal emboli (diagnosed clinically) occurred in 4.15%. This was a statistically significant improvement over the overall results of all previous prophylactic measures used in this unit. The results of Plaquenil are significantly better than the most effective agent previously used in this unit, namely, Dindevan (phenindione). There were no deaths and no serious gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding. Allergic rashes occurred in 18 patients (0.8%), temporary blurring of vision in 6 (0.3%), and minor gastrointestinal upsets, including nausea, vomiting and minor bleeding in 12 (0.6%).", "contents": "Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty. Two thousand one hundred and forty four patients received Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulphate) prior to total hip arthroplasty; the drug was continued until the patient was fully mobile. Fatal emboli (confirmed by postmortem) occurred in 0.28% and non-fatal emboli (diagnosed clinically) occurred in 4.15%. This was a statistically significant improvement over the overall results of all previous prophylactic measures used in this unit. The results of Plaquenil are significantly better than the most effective agent previously used in this unit, namely, Dindevan (phenindione). There were no deaths and no serious gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding. Allergic rashes occurred in 18 patients (0.8%), temporary blurring of vision in 6 (0.3%), and minor gastrointestinal upsets, including nausea, vomiting and minor bleeding in 12 (0.6%).", "PMID": 535221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6376", "title": "Deyerle fixation for intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck.", "content": "The results of the Deyerle method of pin plate fixation for intracapsular fracture of the neck of the femur are less satisfactory than the results in the original literature. We treated 143 intrascapsular neck fractures of the femur by the Deyerle method during the period from 1969 to 1975. Seventy-four patients had follow-ups of one year or had a major complication leading to failure prior to one year for evaluation. The failures were the result of avascular necrosis in 17.6% of the patients, non-union in 27% of the patients, and pin breakage in 1.35% of patients. Eight cases with combined avascular necrosis and non-union resulted in an overall failure rate of 26 patients or 35% of the 74 patients. These observations corroborate other reports in the literature on a high failure rate with multiple pin and plate fixation.", "contents": "Deyerle fixation for intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. The results of the Deyerle method of pin plate fixation for intracapsular fracture of the neck of the femur are less satisfactory than the results in the original literature. We treated 143 intrascapsular neck fractures of the femur by the Deyerle method during the period from 1969 to 1975. Seventy-four patients had follow-ups of one year or had a major complication leading to failure prior to one year for evaluation. The failures were the result of avascular necrosis in 17.6% of the patients, non-union in 27% of the patients, and pin breakage in 1.35% of patients. Eight cases with combined avascular necrosis and non-union resulted in an overall failure rate of 26 patients or 35% of the 74 patients. These observations corroborate other reports in the literature on a high failure rate with multiple pin and plate fixation.", "PMID": 535222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6377", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis in association with Turner's syndrome: a case report.", "content": "A unique case of Turner's syndrome in association with synovial chondromatosis suggests that other cases with this association should be investigated to determine whether the occurrence of the 2 disease processes is coincidental.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis in association with Turner's syndrome: a case report. A unique case of Turner's syndrome in association with synovial chondromatosis suggests that other cases with this association should be investigated to determine whether the occurrence of the 2 disease processes is coincidental.", "PMID": 535223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6378", "title": "Correlation between muscle shortening and derangement of the hip joint in children with spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "From clinical studies on hip derangement and measurement of muscle shortening around the hip joint in 244 patients with spastic cerebral palsy, we found that the incidence of subluxation was 17.0% and that of dislocation was 8.2%; there was no dislocation in ambulatory spastics and the incidence of hip derangement was high in non-ambulatory patients; significant shortening of the adductors was closely correlated with hip derangement; the combination of damaged flexors, hamstrings and adductors led to hip derangement; surgical intervention in the adductors, the flexors (particularly the iliopsoas muscle) and the hamstrings should be considered in the treatment of advanced hip derangement in patients with cerebral palsy.", "contents": "Correlation between muscle shortening and derangement of the hip joint in children with spastic cerebral palsy. From clinical studies on hip derangement and measurement of muscle shortening around the hip joint in 244 patients with spastic cerebral palsy, we found that the incidence of subluxation was 17.0% and that of dislocation was 8.2%; there was no dislocation in ambulatory spastics and the incidence of hip derangement was high in non-ambulatory patients; significant shortening of the adductors was closely correlated with hip derangement; the combination of damaged flexors, hamstrings and adductors led to hip derangement; surgical intervention in the adductors, the flexors (particularly the iliopsoas muscle) and the hamstrings should be considered in the treatment of advanced hip derangement in patients with cerebral palsy.", "PMID": 535224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6379", "title": "Subchondral cyst of bone: a case report.", "content": "This is a report of a subchondral cyst of the entire fibular head in a 24-year-old woman, and a survey of the literature including pathogenesis, histopathology, and management. Subchondral bone cyst in this location seems not to have been reported previously. The treatment was excision of the head of the fibula.", "contents": "Subchondral cyst of bone: a case report. This is a report of a subchondral cyst of the entire fibular head in a 24-year-old woman, and a survey of the literature including pathogenesis, histopathology, and management. Subchondral bone cyst in this location seems not to have been reported previously. The treatment was excision of the head of the fibula.", "PMID": 535226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6380", "title": "Popliteal cyst mimicking thrombophlebitis as the first indication of knee disease.", "content": "Five patients, none of whom were previously known to have knee disease, developed leg swelling which was misdiagnosed as thrombophlebitis. Four were treated with anticoagulants and one developed a large calf hematoma requiring fasciotomy. The primary physicians failed to appreciate evidence of knee disease in these patients, although the rheumatology consultant found knee effusion, and a popliteal cyst was found by arthrography or ultrasonography in every case. The occurrence of popliteal cyst as the first sign of knee disease emphasizes the importance of careful examination of the knee in all patients with a clinical picture of thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Popliteal cyst mimicking thrombophlebitis as the first indication of knee disease. Five patients, none of whom were previously known to have knee disease, developed leg swelling which was misdiagnosed as thrombophlebitis. Four were treated with anticoagulants and one developed a large calf hematoma requiring fasciotomy. The primary physicians failed to appreciate evidence of knee disease in these patients, although the rheumatology consultant found knee effusion, and a popliteal cyst was found by arthrography or ultrasonography in every case. The occurrence of popliteal cyst as the first sign of knee disease emphasizes the importance of careful examination of the knee in all patients with a clinical picture of thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 535227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6381", "title": "Role of radionuclide joint imaging in high tibial osteotomy.", "content": "The importance of a preoperative bone scan before tibial osteotomy is to detect the extent of specific compartmental involvement of the osteoarthritic knee. It is not necessary to obtain a bone scan in every case, but when difficulty arises in the selection of patients for surgery, whether the opposite compartment is involved by disease or not, a preoperative bone scan becomes useful and may eliminate the need for other procedures such as arthroscopy and arthrotomy. In a series of cases of osteotomy in 21 knees of 22 patients, with an average follow-up of 15 months, all had a preoperative bone scan, 14 repeated postoperatively. Satisfactory functional results were obtained in 71%.", "contents": "Role of radionuclide joint imaging in high tibial osteotomy. The importance of a preoperative bone scan before tibial osteotomy is to detect the extent of specific compartmental involvement of the osteoarthritic knee. It is not necessary to obtain a bone scan in every case, but when difficulty arises in the selection of patients for surgery, whether the opposite compartment is involved by disease or not, a preoperative bone scan becomes useful and may eliminate the need for other procedures such as arthroscopy and arthrotomy. In a series of cases of osteotomy in 21 knees of 22 patients, with an average follow-up of 15 months, all had a preoperative bone scan, 14 repeated postoperatively. Satisfactory functional results were obtained in 71%.", "PMID": 535228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6382", "title": "Changes in bone mineral content following tibia shaft fractures.", "content": "The bone mineral content of the upper ends of the tibia and the fibula was measured in 27 patients with tibia shaft fracture. The bone mineral decreased rapidly after fracture, the loss continuing for about 5 months. Later, towards the end of the first year after the injury, there was a slow restoration of mineral but no return to initial values in most instances. Although the average maximum loss was approximately 45%, only 25% of the initial bone mineral was missing after one year.", "contents": "Changes in bone mineral content following tibia shaft fractures. The bone mineral content of the upper ends of the tibia and the fibula was measured in 27 patients with tibia shaft fracture. The bone mineral decreased rapidly after fracture, the loss continuing for about 5 months. Later, towards the end of the first year after the injury, there was a slow restoration of mineral but no return to initial values in most instances. Although the average maximum loss was approximately 45%, only 25% of the initial bone mineral was missing after one year.", "PMID": 535229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6383", "title": "The relationship of the accessory navicular to the development of the flat foot.", "content": "The Kidner procedure has been the most frequently recommended form of surgical treatment for the painful accessory navicular. This formal relocation of the posterior tibial tendon is said to restore the dynamic balance to the foot which is lost when the posterior tibial tendon gives an abnormal insertion into the accessory ossicle. The literature was reviewed to ascertain what is known or what is believed about the accessory navicular and the role of the posterior tibial tendon in the support of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Eighteen patients who had simple excision of the accessory navicular were reviewed to assess the success of such a procedure. In follow-up they all had very satisfactory results. A second group of 208 patients with non-traumatic foot complaints were reviewed to determine the incidence of accessory navicular and its association with the flat foot. Twenty-nine cases of previously undetected accessory navicular were identified in this group giving us a total of 179 patients without accessory navicular and 49 patients with accessory navicular available for study. There was no significant difference between the arch in these 2 groups of patients. Based on the findings in this study, the accessory navicular plays no role in the development of a flat foot. Simple excision of the prominent ossicle seems to be the surgical procedure of choice when conservative means of management fail.", "contents": "The relationship of the accessory navicular to the development of the flat foot. The Kidner procedure has been the most frequently recommended form of surgical treatment for the painful accessory navicular. This formal relocation of the posterior tibial tendon is said to restore the dynamic balance to the foot which is lost when the posterior tibial tendon gives an abnormal insertion into the accessory ossicle. The literature was reviewed to ascertain what is known or what is believed about the accessory navicular and the role of the posterior tibial tendon in the support of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Eighteen patients who had simple excision of the accessory navicular were reviewed to assess the success of such a procedure. In follow-up they all had very satisfactory results. A second group of 208 patients with non-traumatic foot complaints were reviewed to determine the incidence of accessory navicular and its association with the flat foot. Twenty-nine cases of previously undetected accessory navicular were identified in this group giving us a total of 179 patients without accessory navicular and 49 patients with accessory navicular available for study. There was no significant difference between the arch in these 2 groups of patients. Based on the findings in this study, the accessory navicular plays no role in the development of a flat foot. Simple excision of the prominent ossicle seems to be the surgical procedure of choice when conservative means of management fail.", "PMID": 535230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6384", "title": "Primary skeletal infections in heroin users: a clinical characterization, diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Experience with 24 patients and 101 cases reported in the English literature demonstrate that primary skeletal infections occur in heroin users. In young individuals with no significant underlying disease, predominant involvement in the lumbar vertebrae and sternoclavicular joint, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the dominant pathogen. Clinical manifestations, except for pain or local tenderness, and laboratory findings were of limited value. Diagnosis ultimately depended on isolation of the pathogens from either bone or joint fluid. The treatment, as indicated, was prolonged parenteral antibiotics, generally with an aminoglycoside, incision and drainage, and immobilization.", "contents": "Primary skeletal infections in heroin users: a clinical characterization, diagnosis and therapy. Experience with 24 patients and 101 cases reported in the English literature demonstrate that primary skeletal infections occur in heroin users. In young individuals with no significant underlying disease, predominant involvement in the lumbar vertebrae and sternoclavicular joint, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the dominant pathogen. Clinical manifestations, except for pain or local tenderness, and laboratory findings were of limited value. Diagnosis ultimately depended on isolation of the pathogens from either bone or joint fluid. The treatment, as indicated, was prolonged parenteral antibiotics, generally with an aminoglycoside, incision and drainage, and immobilization.", "PMID": 535231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6385", "title": "Erythromelalgia.", "content": "Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary disorder of unknown etiology and pathophysiology that resembles the post-traumatic reflex dystrophy syndromes but has not been described previously in the orthopedic literature. Its distinctive triad of intense burning extremity pain associated with erythema and increased skin temperature are diagnostic. Primary or idiopathic and a secondary or associated form have been identified. The latter occurs in association with an underlying disease process, especially myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment with pharmacologic agents and surgery are ineffective except in the secondary group where treatment of the associated disorder generally results in a remission. Symptoms in the primary group can be minimized by appropriate environmental control with cooling and avoiding heat-producing situations that would raise skin temperature above a critical thermal threshold.", "contents": "Erythromelalgia. Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary disorder of unknown etiology and pathophysiology that resembles the post-traumatic reflex dystrophy syndromes but has not been described previously in the orthopedic literature. Its distinctive triad of intense burning extremity pain associated with erythema and increased skin temperature are diagnostic. Primary or idiopathic and a secondary or associated form have been identified. The latter occurs in association with an underlying disease process, especially myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment with pharmacologic agents and surgery are ineffective except in the secondary group where treatment of the associated disorder generally results in a remission. Symptoms in the primary group can be minimized by appropriate environmental control with cooling and avoiding heat-producing situations that would raise skin temperature above a critical thermal threshold.", "PMID": 535232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6386", "title": "Lower extremity fractures simulating infection in myelomeningocele.", "content": "Thirteen patients with myelomeningocele sustained 33 fractures of the lower extremity. Fourteen fractures were accompanied by increased local heat, swelling, redness and a systemic response, including an elevated temperature and leukocyte count. Diagnosis of these fractures, which occur without a significant history of trauma, requires special roentgenographic studies. If routine films fail to reveal a fracture in a swollen red extremity in patients with myelomeningocele, stress films should be obtained in the area of the major swelling or where clinical pseudo-motion is suspected. The proper treatment of these fractures and the associated elevated temperature is immobilization. When these injuries are immobilized, the leukocyte count and temperature quickly return to normal.", "contents": "Lower extremity fractures simulating infection in myelomeningocele. Thirteen patients with myelomeningocele sustained 33 fractures of the lower extremity. Fourteen fractures were accompanied by increased local heat, swelling, redness and a systemic response, including an elevated temperature and leukocyte count. Diagnosis of these fractures, which occur without a significant history of trauma, requires special roentgenographic studies. If routine films fail to reveal a fracture in a swollen red extremity in patients with myelomeningocele, stress films should be obtained in the area of the major swelling or where clinical pseudo-motion is suspected. The proper treatment of these fractures and the associated elevated temperature is immobilization. When these injuries are immobilized, the leukocyte count and temperature quickly return to normal.", "PMID": 535233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6387", "title": "Extension contracture of the knees in patients with meningomyelocele.", "content": "In 4 patients with meningomyelocele and extension contracture of the knee (7 knees), a surgical operation is described to release the extension contracture and provide better sitting position with the knees flexed. This decreases the chance of fracture by reducing the lever arm of the lower extremity.", "contents": "Extension contracture of the knees in patients with meningomyelocele. In 4 patients with meningomyelocele and extension contracture of the knee (7 knees), a surgical operation is described to release the extension contracture and provide better sitting position with the knees flexed. This decreases the chance of fracture by reducing the lever arm of the lower extremity.", "PMID": 535234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6388", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: the natural history.", "content": "An assessment of 10 patients with osteochondral lesions of the medial or lateral articular surface of the talar dome was based, first on subjective symptoms and second, on an analysis of weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of both ankles. The mean period of follow-up was 15 years 11 months (range 7 to 28 years). In 5 of the 6 patients treated conservatively, radiologic assessment showed that the lesion had failed to heal, but nevertheless in each instance the ankle joint was relatively asymptomatic. Talocrural osteoarthrosis developed in only 2 ankles and was considered to be an uncommon complication in those joints treated either conservatively or by excision of the osteochondral fragment.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: the natural history. An assessment of 10 patients with osteochondral lesions of the medial or lateral articular surface of the talar dome was based, first on subjective symptoms and second, on an analysis of weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of both ankles. The mean period of follow-up was 15 years 11 months (range 7 to 28 years). In 5 of the 6 patients treated conservatively, radiologic assessment showed that the lesion had failed to heal, but nevertheless in each instance the ankle joint was relatively asymptomatic. Talocrural osteoarthrosis developed in only 2 ankles and was considered to be an uncommon complication in those joints treated either conservatively or by excision of the osteochondral fragment.", "PMID": 535235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6389", "title": "Bursal osteochondromatosis: a case report.", "content": "True osteochondromatosis in bursae not in communication with joint cavities is rare and occurred overlying a femoral exostosis in a 35-year-old man. The original cartilage nodules were converted to bone through the process of enchondral ossification.", "contents": "Bursal osteochondromatosis: a case report. True osteochondromatosis in bursae not in communication with joint cavities is rare and occurred overlying a femoral exostosis in a 35-year-old man. The original cartilage nodules were converted to bone through the process of enchondral ossification.", "PMID": 535236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6390", "title": "A long-term prospective study of the Hauser and Roux-Goldthwait procedures for recurrent patellar dislocation.", "content": "In a prospective study extending from 1966 to 1974, the results of the Hauser procedure were compared with the Roux-Goldthwait procedure for the correction of recurrent dislocations of the patella. In 87 knees in 75 patients, repaired consecutively and in a random manner with one procedure or the other, 100% retrieval was achieved. The average follow-up period was 7.7 years. Significant complications, though not necessarily of long term, occurred in 24 of 47 knees receiving Hauser repairs as compared with 6 of 40 knees in the Roux-Goldthwait group. Satisfactory long-term results were obtained in 72% with the Hauser technique and 93% with the Roux-Goldthwait technique.", "contents": "A long-term prospective study of the Hauser and Roux-Goldthwait procedures for recurrent patellar dislocation. In a prospective study extending from 1966 to 1974, the results of the Hauser procedure were compared with the Roux-Goldthwait procedure for the correction of recurrent dislocations of the patella. In 87 knees in 75 patients, repaired consecutively and in a random manner with one procedure or the other, 100% retrieval was achieved. The average follow-up period was 7.7 years. Significant complications, though not necessarily of long term, occurred in 24 of 47 knees receiving Hauser repairs as compared with 6 of 40 knees in the Roux-Goldthwait group. Satisfactory long-term results were obtained in 72% with the Hauser technique and 93% with the Roux-Goldthwait technique.", "PMID": 535237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6391", "title": "Hormonal factors in osteoporosis.", "content": "Primary osteoporosis is a ubiquitous disease of unknown etiology. The condition undoubtedly has multiple causes and the metabolic pattern of bone loss may vary significantly from case to case. Five hormones, PTH, gonadal steroids, CT, T3 and T4, and glucocorticoids, and possibly a sixth, GH, have fundamental actions on bone metabolism and may therefore be causally involved in primary osteoporosis. A consideration of selected data on hormonal interactions culled from a much larger body of experimental and clinical data leads to the conclusion that in vitro studies, animal research, and data obtained in postmenopausal women with age-related bone atrophy, but not osteoporosis, have yielded considerable data relating to bone metabolism, but have failed to define the causes or treatment of primary osteoporosis. There has been excessive emphasis on hormonal reactions relating to bone metabolism and bone cell function, and too little concern for nonhormonal factors which might influence the kinetics of skeletal turnover through alterations in bone cell activity. A practical approach to the cause(s) and treatment in the only suitable model, the human with osteoporosis, is proposed with the expectation that a better insight into the pathogenesis of the condition will be achieved.", "contents": "Hormonal factors in osteoporosis. Primary osteoporosis is a ubiquitous disease of unknown etiology. The condition undoubtedly has multiple causes and the metabolic pattern of bone loss may vary significantly from case to case. Five hormones, PTH, gonadal steroids, CT, T3 and T4, and glucocorticoids, and possibly a sixth, GH, have fundamental actions on bone metabolism and may therefore be causally involved in primary osteoporosis. A consideration of selected data on hormonal interactions culled from a much larger body of experimental and clinical data leads to the conclusion that in vitro studies, animal research, and data obtained in postmenopausal women with age-related bone atrophy, but not osteoporosis, have yielded considerable data relating to bone metabolism, but have failed to define the causes or treatment of primary osteoporosis. There has been excessive emphasis on hormonal reactions relating to bone metabolism and bone cell function, and too little concern for nonhormonal factors which might influence the kinetics of skeletal turnover through alterations in bone cell activity. A practical approach to the cause(s) and treatment in the only suitable model, the human with osteoporosis, is proposed with the expectation that a better insight into the pathogenesis of the condition will be achieved.", "PMID": 535238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6392", "title": "Early diagnosis of disk space infection with 67Ga in an experimental model.", "content": "Both 67Ga and 99mTc scans become positive in experimental disk space infection, but 67Ga does so earlier than 99mTc. The radiologic features of experimental disk infection are similar to those seen clinically. Disk infection commences primarily in the disk and not in the vertebral body. Gallium-67 is useful in diagnosis of the disease under circumstances when the diagnosis is in doubt.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of disk space infection with 67Ga in an experimental model. Both 67Ga and 99mTc scans become positive in experimental disk space infection, but 67Ga does so earlier than 99mTc. The radiologic features of experimental disk infection are similar to those seen clinically. Disk infection commences primarily in the disk and not in the vertebral body. Gallium-67 is useful in diagnosis of the disease under circumstances when the diagnosis is in doubt.", "PMID": 535239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6393", "title": "Correlation of a bioassay with the clinical status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Joint synovia and fluids taken from patients with various stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were injected into embryonated chicken eggs, resulting in characteristic joint abnormalities (\"crooked toes\") in the extremities of the embryos and chicks. There was a direct correlation between the number of the induced lesions and the stages of the human RA disease. The percentage of abnormality of the bioassays was consistent with acute, subacute, chronic or remission phases in the clinical course of the RA disease. Specimens from chronic or remission RA joints produced few or no experimental abnormalities, suggesting few or no infectiojs RA particles available to the bioassay. Likewise, dilution of acute RA joint fluids of 1 : 100 by 0.15M NaCl resulted in a characteristic extinction of the bioassay test, suggesting that specimens could lose their reactivity in the bioassay because of too great dilution in the preparation of homogenates of the synovia. Numerical changes in the bioassay consistently followed the changes in the clinical courses of the RA during waning and waxing episodes. A useful numerical scale (0--100%) of the 10-day embryonated egg bioassay as an indication or measurement of the severity of the RA in the patient is proposed on the basis of these observations.", "contents": "Correlation of a bioassay with the clinical status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint synovia and fluids taken from patients with various stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were injected into embryonated chicken eggs, resulting in characteristic joint abnormalities (\"crooked toes\") in the extremities of the embryos and chicks. There was a direct correlation between the number of the induced lesions and the stages of the human RA disease. The percentage of abnormality of the bioassays was consistent with acute, subacute, chronic or remission phases in the clinical course of the RA disease. Specimens from chronic or remission RA joints produced few or no experimental abnormalities, suggesting few or no infectiojs RA particles available to the bioassay. Likewise, dilution of acute RA joint fluids of 1 : 100 by 0.15M NaCl resulted in a characteristic extinction of the bioassay test, suggesting that specimens could lose their reactivity in the bioassay because of too great dilution in the preparation of homogenates of the synovia. Numerical changes in the bioassay consistently followed the changes in the clinical courses of the RA during waning and waxing episodes. A useful numerical scale (0--100%) of the 10-day embryonated egg bioassay as an indication or measurement of the severity of the RA in the patient is proposed on the basis of these observations.", "PMID": 535240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6394", "title": "Semitendinosus tenodesis for recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella.", "content": "In 26 knees treated by semitendinosus tenodesis, there was no recurrence of dislocation, but fair and poor results totaled 38% due to persistent pain because of chondromalacia of the patella. Poor results are also more common in the patients with generalized ligamentous laxity. Postoperative complications in wound healing suggest that the medial parapatellar skin incision is less than adequate. Semitendinosus tenodesis with or without modifications is a useful procedure to prevent recurrent dislocations and subluxation during the growth period.", "contents": "Semitendinosus tenodesis for recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella. In 26 knees treated by semitendinosus tenodesis, there was no recurrence of dislocation, but fair and poor results totaled 38% due to persistent pain because of chondromalacia of the patella. Poor results are also more common in the patients with generalized ligamentous laxity. Postoperative complications in wound healing suggest that the medial parapatellar skin incision is less than adequate. Semitendinosus tenodesis with or without modifications is a useful procedure to prevent recurrent dislocations and subluxation during the growth period.", "PMID": 535241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6395", "title": "Nicolas Andry Award. Increased tissue pressure and its effects on muscle oxygenation in level and elevated human limbs.", "content": "Increased tissue pressure is an important cause of local circulatory compromise. In both rabbit and human model systems known external pressures were applied to otherwise normal limbs. Side-by-side comparison of the wick and the infusion techniques revealed that both methods of pressure measurement yielded essentially identical results when tissue pressure was elevated. Measured tissue pressure significantly exceeded the external pressure applied to the limb. Using a mass spectrometer-Teflon membrane catheter system, we monitored muscle PO2 and PCO2 at different applied pressures. Muscle PO2 decreased progressively with increasing tissue pressure but did not approach zero until tissue pressure exceeded local arterial pressure. Comparison of results with level and elevated limbs indicated that elevation of an extremity dramatically lowered its tolerance for increased tissue pressure. Although they may be clinically useful modalities, these are conditions in which compression and elevation have a significant potential for compromising local circulation.", "contents": "Nicolas Andry Award. Increased tissue pressure and its effects on muscle oxygenation in level and elevated human limbs. Increased tissue pressure is an important cause of local circulatory compromise. In both rabbit and human model systems known external pressures were applied to otherwise normal limbs. Side-by-side comparison of the wick and the infusion techniques revealed that both methods of pressure measurement yielded essentially identical results when tissue pressure was elevated. Measured tissue pressure significantly exceeded the external pressure applied to the limb. Using a mass spectrometer-Teflon membrane catheter system, we monitored muscle PO2 and PCO2 at different applied pressures. Muscle PO2 decreased progressively with increasing tissue pressure but did not approach zero until tissue pressure exceeded local arterial pressure. Comparison of results with level and elevated limbs indicated that elevation of an extremity dramatically lowered its tolerance for increased tissue pressure. Although they may be clinically useful modalities, these are conditions in which compression and elevation have a significant potential for compromising local circulation.", "PMID": 535242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6396", "title": "The effect of temporary exercising of a joint during an immobilization period: an experimental study on rabbits.", "content": "The right hind limbs of adult rabbits were immobilized for 5 weeks. The rabbits were then allowed to move freely for 8 weeks. The rabbits of the control group were immobilized uninterruptedly. In a second group of rabbits the plaster was removed during the immobilization period 6 days a week for 5 minutes for careful exercise and in a third group of rabbits, for violent exercise. The temporary careful exercise was of no benefit and was sometimes harmful, and the violent exercise was usually injurious for the immobilized knees as regards the stiffening, thickening and the development of radiologically detectable degenerative changes.", "contents": "The effect of temporary exercising of a joint during an immobilization period: an experimental study on rabbits. The right hind limbs of adult rabbits were immobilized for 5 weeks. The rabbits were then allowed to move freely for 8 weeks. The rabbits of the control group were immobilized uninterruptedly. In a second group of rabbits the plaster was removed during the immobilization period 6 days a week for 5 minutes for careful exercise and in a third group of rabbits, for violent exercise. The temporary careful exercise was of no benefit and was sometimes harmful, and the violent exercise was usually injurious for the immobilized knees as regards the stiffening, thickening and the development of radiologically detectable degenerative changes.", "PMID": 535243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6397", "title": "Enhancement of healing in osteochondral defects by collagen sponge implants.", "content": "Implants of porous, highly cross-linked collagen sponge (CS) were tested for their capacity to enhance the healing of osteochondral defects in rabbits. Comparison was made to the healing of similar defects with polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVAS) implants and with no implants (CONT). Evaluation was carried out up to 44 weeks following implantation and included observation of host cellular response, biodegradability of implant, gross appearance of restored joint surface, collagenous architecture of repair tissue, and properties of the junctions of implants and host articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and medullary bone. Collagen sponge proved most effective in promoting healing of osteochondral defects with fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue over restored subchondral bone. Collagen sponge showed many desirable properties as a potential material for biologic resurfacing of damaged joints. These properties included porosity, biodegradability, biocompatability, ability to mechanically protect cells and matrix while directing cell ingrowth, and an available chemical technology for modifying its biomechanical and biological properties. Comparative analysis of results of healing of CS, PVAS, and CONT osteochondral defects suggest rational design criteria for implant materials to improve their effectiveness in restoration of articular surfaces.", "contents": "Enhancement of healing in osteochondral defects by collagen sponge implants. Implants of porous, highly cross-linked collagen sponge (CS) were tested for their capacity to enhance the healing of osteochondral defects in rabbits. Comparison was made to the healing of similar defects with polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVAS) implants and with no implants (CONT). Evaluation was carried out up to 44 weeks following implantation and included observation of host cellular response, biodegradability of implant, gross appearance of restored joint surface, collagenous architecture of repair tissue, and properties of the junctions of implants and host articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and medullary bone. Collagen sponge proved most effective in promoting healing of osteochondral defects with fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue over restored subchondral bone. Collagen sponge showed many desirable properties as a potential material for biologic resurfacing of damaged joints. These properties included porosity, biodegradability, biocompatability, ability to mechanically protect cells and matrix while directing cell ingrowth, and an available chemical technology for modifying its biomechanical and biological properties. Comparative analysis of results of healing of CS, PVAS, and CONT osteochondral defects suggest rational design criteria for implant materials to improve their effectiveness in restoration of articular surfaces.", "PMID": 535244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6398", "title": "Proximal and distal reconstruction of the extensor mechanism for patellar subluxation.", "content": "Proximal and distal reconstruction of the leg extensor mechanisms has been developed and performed in 346 cases over a period of 25 years. Proximal extensor mechanism reconstruction produces very satisfactory results in over 70% of cases and continues to be the basic principle of surgical treatment for patellar subluxation. In patients with Q angles (angle between line of the quadriceps force and the direction of the patellar tendon) greater than 10 degrees distal reconstruction (patellar tendon transfer) is done in addition to, not in lieu of, the dynamic proximal reconstruction. Treatment of the chondromalacia developing secondary to altered extensor mechanism mechanics can be by simple chondrectomy provided that the causal mechanical abnormalities are modified.", "contents": "Proximal and distal reconstruction of the extensor mechanism for patellar subluxation. Proximal and distal reconstruction of the leg extensor mechanisms has been developed and performed in 346 cases over a period of 25 years. Proximal extensor mechanism reconstruction produces very satisfactory results in over 70% of cases and continues to be the basic principle of surgical treatment for patellar subluxation. In patients with Q angles (angle between line of the quadriceps force and the direction of the patellar tendon) greater than 10 degrees distal reconstruction (patellar tendon transfer) is done in addition to, not in lieu of, the dynamic proximal reconstruction. Treatment of the chondromalacia developing secondary to altered extensor mechanism mechanics can be by simple chondrectomy provided that the causal mechanical abnormalities are modified.", "PMID": 535247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6399", "title": "Tibial tubercle transfer: a long-range follow-up study.", "content": "The prime indications for tibial tubercle transfer are 2 or more complete patellar dislocations with trivial trauma or recurrent subluxation with or without pain causing \"giving way.\" A high \"Q\" angle, flat lateral condyle, aplastic patella or positive apprehension test may be associated but are not always prime indications in surgery. Methods of fixation are of individual preference in this series and a single screw sufficed. An arthrotomy is not always necessary but is suggested if indicated. If the proximal tibial epiphysis is open, corrective measures are suggested that do not involve the extension of the proximal tibial epiphysis into the tibial tubercle. The tubercle should be advanced to compensate for patella alta and lined up with the femoral shaft. Transplantation of the tubercle medially 3/4'' and distally 1/2'' was generally satisfactory in a series of 377 operations with an average follow up of 3 1/2 years.", "contents": "Tibial tubercle transfer: a long-range follow-up study. The prime indications for tibial tubercle transfer are 2 or more complete patellar dislocations with trivial trauma or recurrent subluxation with or without pain causing \"giving way.\" A high \"Q\" angle, flat lateral condyle, aplastic patella or positive apprehension test may be associated but are not always prime indications in surgery. Methods of fixation are of individual preference in this series and a single screw sufficed. An arthrotomy is not always necessary but is suggested if indicated. If the proximal tibial epiphysis is open, corrective measures are suggested that do not involve the extension of the proximal tibial epiphysis into the tibial tubercle. The tubercle should be advanced to compensate for patella alta and lined up with the femoral shaft. Transplantation of the tubercle medially 3/4'' and distally 1/2'' was generally satisfactory in a series of 377 operations with an average follow up of 3 1/2 years.", "PMID": 535248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6400", "title": "The arthroscope in the diagnosis of disorders of the patellofemoral joint.", "content": "Despite our current knowledge and accumulated information, orthopedic surgeons often experience difficulties in the diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee. Too often, the admission diagnosis I.D.K. means \"I don't know.\" Disorders of the patellofemoral joint contribute to this difficulty and may simulate torn menisci and loose bodies, as well as the instability which results from rotary displacement. Patients often have difficulty describing and locating their symptoms, and 2 or more pathologic lesions may be present in the same joint. Early lesions involving the articular cartilage are especially difficult to diagnose. Even the most astute clinician cannot rely entirely on his clinical judgement, and, at times, needs the assistance of other diagnostic measures. Arthroscopy is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of all intra-articular pathology, permitting the proper incision in the proper area, often eliminating the necessity of opening the joint and always avoiding unnecessary meniscectomy.", "contents": "The arthroscope in the diagnosis of disorders of the patellofemoral joint. Despite our current knowledge and accumulated information, orthopedic surgeons often experience difficulties in the diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee. Too often, the admission diagnosis I.D.K. means \"I don't know.\" Disorders of the patellofemoral joint contribute to this difficulty and may simulate torn menisci and loose bodies, as well as the instability which results from rotary displacement. Patients often have difficulty describing and locating their symptoms, and 2 or more pathologic lesions may be present in the same joint. Early lesions involving the articular cartilage are especially difficult to diagnose. Even the most astute clinician cannot rely entirely on his clinical judgement, and, at times, needs the assistance of other diagnostic measures. Arthroscopy is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of all intra-articular pathology, permitting the proper incision in the proper area, often eliminating the necessity of opening the joint and always avoiding unnecessary meniscectomy.", "PMID": 535249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6401", "title": "Patellar biomechanics.", "content": "The patella is an important functional component of the knee extension mechanism. It accounts for 13 to 30% of the knee extensors' moment arm. Functional deficits owing to patellectomy include decreased knee extension power, extension lag, instability, chronic effusion, decreased stance phase flexion, alteration of the path of instant flexion centers and decreased flexion range.", "contents": "Patellar biomechanics. The patella is an important functional component of the knee extension mechanism. It accounts for 13 to 30% of the knee extensors' moment arm. Functional deficits owing to patellectomy include decreased knee extension power, extension lag, instability, chronic effusion, decreased stance phase flexion, alteration of the path of instant flexion centers and decreased flexion range.", "PMID": 535250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6402", "title": "Chondromalacia patellae: a system of classification.", "content": "Degeneration of the cartilage on the under surface of the patella is shown to be the most frequent cause of \"internal derangement of the knee\" (63%). The axial view of the patellofemoral joint in 4 angles of flexion constitutes the procedure of choice for diagnostic exploration of patellar cartilage with, perhaps, the restriction for the medial compartment where arthroscopy is probably preferrable. The information obtained from single contrast arthrography of the patellofemoral joint has contributed greatly to the understanding of the sometimes confusing problem of chondromalacia of the patella. It has given an anatomic basis to the patellar syndrome and has served as a basis for a precise typographic system of classification. From this, we have been able to correlate localization and etiology which has then allowed logical solutions to be proposed for each group, based upon biomechanical considerations in both the frontal and saggital planes of the knee.", "contents": "Chondromalacia patellae: a system of classification. Degeneration of the cartilage on the under surface of the patella is shown to be the most frequent cause of \"internal derangement of the knee\" (63%). The axial view of the patellofemoral joint in 4 angles of flexion constitutes the procedure of choice for diagnostic exploration of patellar cartilage with, perhaps, the restriction for the medial compartment where arthroscopy is probably preferrable. The information obtained from single contrast arthrography of the patellofemoral joint has contributed greatly to the understanding of the sometimes confusing problem of chondromalacia of the patella. It has given an anatomic basis to the patellar syndrome and has served as a basis for a precise typographic system of classification. From this, we have been able to correlate localization and etiology which has then allowed logical solutions to be proposed for each group, based upon biomechanical considerations in both the frontal and saggital planes of the knee.", "PMID": 535251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6403", "title": "Proximal \"tube\" realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae.", "content": "In young people complaining of patellar pain there is often an anatomic basis (an increased quadriceps angle or a high-riding patella). Forty-eight knees with one or other of these abnormalities underwent proximal quadriceps realignment. The results were excellent or good in 94%. Shaving of chondromalacic cartilage was also done in 11 knees but did not seem to improve the results, and is not now recommended except for \"blister\" lesions. Extensor mechanism dysplasia is an etiologically correct name for the disorder and therefore preferable to \"chondromalacia patellae.\"", "contents": "Proximal \"tube\" realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. In young people complaining of patellar pain there is often an anatomic basis (an increased quadriceps angle or a high-riding patella). Forty-eight knees with one or other of these abnormalities underwent proximal quadriceps realignment. The results were excellent or good in 94%. Shaving of chondromalacic cartilage was also done in 11 knees but did not seem to improve the results, and is not now recommended except for \"blister\" lesions. Extensor mechanism dysplasia is an etiologically correct name for the disorder and therefore preferable to \"chondromalacia patellae.\"", "PMID": 535252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6404", "title": "Mechanics and osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint.", "content": "Patellofemoral articular pressure, either when unevenly distributed or too high for the resistance of the tissues, results in osteoarthritis. Forward or forward and medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity has provided a satisfactory method of treatment.", "contents": "Mechanics and osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint. Patellofemoral articular pressure, either when unevenly distributed or too high for the resistance of the tissues, results in osteoarthritis. Forward or forward and medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity has provided a satisfactory method of treatment.", "PMID": 535253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6405", "title": "Spongialization: a new treatment for diseased patellae.", "content": "Spongialization is an extension of the concept of Pridie for resurfacing damaged joints. The diseased cartilage is excised and the subchondral plate completely removed exposing the cancellous bone or \"spongiosa\" from which a new fibrous tissue surface can grow. The technique is particularly applicable to a localized lesion of the patella. Eighty-five patients who had patellar spongialization and were followed from 6--36 months (average 15 months) are reported, with 79% reporting good or excellent results. Provided that there was severe cartilage damage in each case, the early results are better than with either patellectomy or \"shaving\" of the diseased cartilage.", "contents": "Spongialization: a new treatment for diseased patellae. Spongialization is an extension of the concept of Pridie for resurfacing damaged joints. The diseased cartilage is excised and the subchondral plate completely removed exposing the cancellous bone or \"spongiosa\" from which a new fibrous tissue surface can grow. The technique is particularly applicable to a localized lesion of the patella. Eighty-five patients who had patellar spongialization and were followed from 6--36 months (average 15 months) are reported, with 79% reporting good or excellent results. Provided that there was severe cartilage damage in each case, the early results are better than with either patellectomy or \"shaving\" of the diseased cartilage.", "PMID": 535254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6406", "title": "Patellectomy: a clinical study and biomechanical evaluation.", "content": "This study presents a long-term follow-up and evaluation of a single technique of patellectomy involving a cruciform repair of the extensor mechanism. The techniques of evaluation, namely: clinical observation, instant center analysis and an acoustical method of cartilage evaluation provide a more thorough and objective basis for clinical study than previously reported. Cruciform repair produced results comparable to conventional methods of surgical repairs. Patellectomized knees function well in people with patellofemoral disease but not in those with panarticular disease. Patellectomy substantially alters normal joint mechanics as evidenced by persistent changes in instant center analysis. Degenerative changes caused by the patellectomy are progressive. In view of newer concepts of the function of the patella in normal joint mechanics and improved designs of total knee arthroplasty, the indications for patellectomy are now more questionable than ever before in the history of orthopedics.", "contents": "Patellectomy: a clinical study and biomechanical evaluation. This study presents a long-term follow-up and evaluation of a single technique of patellectomy involving a cruciform repair of the extensor mechanism. The techniques of evaluation, namely: clinical observation, instant center analysis and an acoustical method of cartilage evaluation provide a more thorough and objective basis for clinical study than previously reported. Cruciform repair produced results comparable to conventional methods of surgical repairs. Patellectomized knees function well in people with patellofemoral disease but not in those with panarticular disease. Patellectomy substantially alters normal joint mechanics as evidenced by persistent changes in instant center analysis. Degenerative changes caused by the patellectomy are progressive. In view of newer concepts of the function of the patella in normal joint mechanics and improved designs of total knee arthroplasty, the indications for patellectomy are now more questionable than ever before in the history of orthopedics.", "PMID": 535255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6407", "title": "Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint.", "content": "The patellofemoral joint contains 2 complex mechanisms for ameliorating forces transmitted across it, namely increasing extensor lever arm-r in the important range of flexion 30 degrees-70 degrees and increasing contact area with increasing flexion. In this range the patella bears sole responsibility for transmitting resultant flexion of quadriceps force to the femur. Here lies the thickest cartilage in the body and perhaps not surprisingly, the most frequent site of cartilage degeneration. The Q-angle and valgus vector explain the predominance of the pathologic lesions on the lateral side of the joint as well as the associated dislocations, subluxations, lateral pressure syndromes, and patellofemoral arthrosis. Extension exercises against resistance produce non-physiologic loading of patellar articular cartilage. Even relatively small loads which are commonly used in physical therapy departments produce pressures far in excess of normal activities, such as stair climbing or squatting. Patients who are placed on such exercise programs are often made worse and develop symptoms which they did not have before. Straight leg raising with weights, on the other hand, maximally stresses the quadriceps muscle without any patellofemoral compression since the patella is out of contact, proximal to the trochlea.", "contents": "Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. The patellofemoral joint contains 2 complex mechanisms for ameliorating forces transmitted across it, namely increasing extensor lever arm-r in the important range of flexion 30 degrees-70 degrees and increasing contact area with increasing flexion. In this range the patella bears sole responsibility for transmitting resultant flexion of quadriceps force to the femur. Here lies the thickest cartilage in the body and perhaps not surprisingly, the most frequent site of cartilage degeneration. The Q-angle and valgus vector explain the predominance of the pathologic lesions on the lateral side of the joint as well as the associated dislocations, subluxations, lateral pressure syndromes, and patellofemoral arthrosis. Extension exercises against resistance produce non-physiologic loading of patellar articular cartilage. Even relatively small loads which are commonly used in physical therapy departments produce pressures far in excess of normal activities, such as stair climbing or squatting. Patients who are placed on such exercise programs are often made worse and develop symptoms which they did not have before. Straight leg raising with weights, on the other hand, maximally stresses the quadriceps muscle without any patellofemoral compression since the patella is out of contact, proximal to the trochlea.", "PMID": 535256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6408", "title": "Prosthetic resurfacing of the patella.", "content": "Accumulated data from many sources seem to indicate that prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may be an acceptable alternative to patellectomy in the treatment of chondromalacia patellae or patellofemoral arthrosis. A patellar prosthesis which is made of cobalt-chromium alloy is attached to a remnant of the original patella by means of the acrylic cement, polymethyl methacrylate. An analysis fo the results of the use of this prosthesis in 14 knees of 13 patients reveals excellent or good results in 13 cases and one poor result. The longest follow-up period was 2 years and 9 months and the shortest was 6 weeks. Based on current experience and the experience of others, prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may give the patient some years of pain-free patellofemoral function. This is especially true in patients with poor quadriceps reserve in whom the lever-arm distance of the extensor torque should be maiwtained. Until the ideal resurfacing material is developed, the use of presently available patellar prostheses with or without femoral prosthetic components, is recommended for further investigation.", "contents": "Prosthetic resurfacing of the patella. Accumulated data from many sources seem to indicate that prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may be an acceptable alternative to patellectomy in the treatment of chondromalacia patellae or patellofemoral arthrosis. A patellar prosthesis which is made of cobalt-chromium alloy is attached to a remnant of the original patella by means of the acrylic cement, polymethyl methacrylate. An analysis fo the results of the use of this prosthesis in 14 knees of 13 patients reveals excellent or good results in 13 cases and one poor result. The longest follow-up period was 2 years and 9 months and the shortest was 6 weeks. Based on current experience and the experience of others, prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may give the patient some years of pain-free patellofemoral function. This is especially true in patients with poor quadriceps reserve in whom the lever-arm distance of the extensor torque should be maiwtained. Until the ideal resurfacing material is developed, the use of presently available patellar prostheses with or without femoral prosthetic components, is recommended for further investigation.", "PMID": 535257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6409", "title": "Patellofemoral replacement.", "content": "From an analysis of the clinical evaluation of 85 cases and subsequent revisionary procedures, patients for isolated patellofemoral joint replacements should be carefully selected. At the present time, the primary indications are distortion or severe degeneration of the femoral groove.", "contents": "Patellofemoral replacement. From an analysis of the clinical evaluation of 85 cases and subsequent revisionary procedures, patients for isolated patellofemoral joint replacements should be carefully selected. At the present time, the primary indications are distortion or severe degeneration of the femoral groove.", "PMID": 535258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6410", "title": "Arthroplasty of the knee.", "content": "A stable polycentric knee mechanism which allows axial rotation as well as simulating other knee movements was introduced into clinical use in 1971. The surgical and mechanical problems that presented over the past 7 1/2 years have greatly helped in improving our understanding of knee reconstruction and design. A patient satisfaction rate of 95% compares favorably with the results achieved with hip arthroplasty but the complexity of knee reconstruction far outweights that of the hip.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the knee. A stable polycentric knee mechanism which allows axial rotation as well as simulating other knee movements was introduced into clinical use in 1971. The surgical and mechanical problems that presented over the past 7 1/2 years have greatly helped in improving our understanding of knee reconstruction and design. A patient satisfaction rate of 95% compares favorably with the results achieved with hip arthroplasty but the complexity of knee reconstruction far outweights that of the hip.", "PMID": 535259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6411", "title": "Spherocentric knee arthroplasty.", "content": "The spherocentric knee, designed to allow triaxial rotation and provide intrinsic stability, includes desirable design features of metal on high density polyethelene bearing surfaces, metal support for all plastic components, metal-cement-bone interfacing for all fixation surfaces, sufficient strength to eliminate fatigue fracture of metallic components as a potential source of failure, cam deceleration for hyperextension control, and an inverted central plastic socket which minimizes wear. The system assures a low coefficient of friction and thereby minimizes loosening. This prosthesis has been used for surgical arthroplasty in 134 knees with gross instability or severe fixed deformity or both, in which optimal results would not have been anticipated with non-articulated resurfacing prostheses. The patients have been followed for an average of nearly 3 years (range one to 5 years). Results in terms of correction of deformity, improvement of stability, range of motion, pain relief and improved function, have been outstanding. Problems of infection, loosening and fracture of adjacent bone have been less than with other intrinsically stable prostheses (hinge prostheses) and are less than most reports of non-articulated resurfacing prostheses followed for a comparable time. There have been no failures within the prosthesis. Our loose prostheses represent failures that occurred between the prostheses and the bone. The spherocentric prosthesis is the prosthesis of choice for arthroplasty of a knee with severe preoperative deformity or severe instability or both in which optimal results would not be anticipated following insertion of a resurfacing type of prosthesis.", "contents": "Spherocentric knee arthroplasty. The spherocentric knee, designed to allow triaxial rotation and provide intrinsic stability, includes desirable design features of metal on high density polyethelene bearing surfaces, metal support for all plastic components, metal-cement-bone interfacing for all fixation surfaces, sufficient strength to eliminate fatigue fracture of metallic components as a potential source of failure, cam deceleration for hyperextension control, and an inverted central plastic socket which minimizes wear. The system assures a low coefficient of friction and thereby minimizes loosening. This prosthesis has been used for surgical arthroplasty in 134 knees with gross instability or severe fixed deformity or both, in which optimal results would not have been anticipated with non-articulated resurfacing prostheses. The patients have been followed for an average of nearly 3 years (range one to 5 years). Results in terms of correction of deformity, improvement of stability, range of motion, pain relief and improved function, have been outstanding. Problems of infection, loosening and fracture of adjacent bone have been less than with other intrinsically stable prostheses (hinge prostheses) and are less than most reports of non-articulated resurfacing prostheses followed for a comparable time. There have been no failures within the prosthesis. Our loose prostheses represent failures that occurred between the prostheses and the bone. The spherocentric prosthesis is the prosthesis of choice for arthroplasty of a knee with severe preoperative deformity or severe instability or both in which optimal results would not be anticipated following insertion of a resurfacing type of prosthesis.", "PMID": 535260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6412", "title": "Reconstruction with endoprosthesis in gonarthrosis: a report of 111 consecutive cases operated upon from 1973 through 1977.", "content": "The results of reconstruction with 3 standard knee joint endoprostheses in advanced gonarthrosis are reported prospectively for 111 consecutive cases operated upon during the years 1973 through 1977 according to a consecutive, precise routine. High tibial osteotomy was indicated in the early stages of the disease, i.e., roentgenographic Grades I and II. In advanced gonarthrosis constituting Grades III to V, unicompartmental reconstruction with hemiprosthesis was performed in 68% of the cases, while 26% needed a stablizing total surface prosthesis and 6% a hinge prosthesis. This differentiation is important in view of the better results achieved in the category of hemiprosthetic reconstructions compared with those of the 2 latter categories. In the total series, 96% of the patients were satisfied or improved correlating with the clinical assessments made at regular clinical and roentgenological examinations 1 to 5 years after the operation; there were 99% in the hemiprosthetic group and 93% in the group having total surface replacement. In the former group of patients, wear of the tibial component was detected in 3%, while loosening occurred in 6 and 11%, respectively. The rates of primary deep infection were 1 and 3%, respectively, and, in addition, 7% (3 cases) in the latter group showed the occurrence of late deep infection. Relief of pain, correction of deformity and a range of movement of 90 degrees or more, were the most significant results. Strict indications and operative techniques should be used according to the different stages of gonarthrosis.", "contents": "Reconstruction with endoprosthesis in gonarthrosis: a report of 111 consecutive cases operated upon from 1973 through 1977. The results of reconstruction with 3 standard knee joint endoprostheses in advanced gonarthrosis are reported prospectively for 111 consecutive cases operated upon during the years 1973 through 1977 according to a consecutive, precise routine. High tibial osteotomy was indicated in the early stages of the disease, i.e., roentgenographic Grades I and II. In advanced gonarthrosis constituting Grades III to V, unicompartmental reconstruction with hemiprosthesis was performed in 68% of the cases, while 26% needed a stablizing total surface prosthesis and 6% a hinge prosthesis. This differentiation is important in view of the better results achieved in the category of hemiprosthetic reconstructions compared with those of the 2 latter categories. In the total series, 96% of the patients were satisfied or improved correlating with the clinical assessments made at regular clinical and roentgenological examinations 1 to 5 years after the operation; there were 99% in the hemiprosthetic group and 93% in the group having total surface replacement. In the former group of patients, wear of the tibial component was detected in 3%, while loosening occurred in 6 and 11%, respectively. The rates of primary deep infection were 1 and 3%, respectively, and, in addition, 7% (3 cases) in the latter group showed the occurrence of late deep infection. Relief of pain, correction of deformity and a range of movement of 90 degrees or more, were the most significant results. Strict indications and operative techniques should be used according to the different stages of gonarthrosis.", "PMID": 535262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6413", "title": "Pseduarthrosis of a tibial plateau fracture: report of a case.", "content": "In an elderly woman a tibial condylar pseudarthrosis was angulated with disabling pain, significant deformity, and progressive articular deterioration. The treatment of this non-union consisted of arthrotomy, mobilization of the ununited medial condyle, slight over-elevation of the tibial plateau, iliac bone grafting to reconstitute loci of bone loss, and rigid interfragmentary and buttress plate fixation. Postoperative management consisted of early knee motion and delayed weight-bearing to facilitate functional restoration of the extremity. Within 3 months, union occurred in anatomic position.", "contents": "Pseduarthrosis of a tibial plateau fracture: report of a case. In an elderly woman a tibial condylar pseudarthrosis was angulated with disabling pain, significant deformity, and progressive articular deterioration. The treatment of this non-union consisted of arthrotomy, mobilization of the ununited medial condyle, slight over-elevation of the tibial plateau, iliac bone grafting to reconstitute loci of bone loss, and rigid interfragmentary and buttress plate fixation. Postoperative management consisted of early knee motion and delayed weight-bearing to facilitate functional restoration of the extremity. Within 3 months, union occurred in anatomic position.", "PMID": 535264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6414", "title": "Fracutres of the proximal tibia and tibial condyles: a clinical and laboratory comparative study.", "content": "Angulatory deformities frequently develop following condylar and proximal diaphyseal tibial fractures. Laboratory studies conducted in cadaver specimens with artificially created fractures closely resembled the behavior of fractures treated with functional braces. Providing that the fibula factor is properly assessed, selected condylar and proximal tibial shaft fractures can be successfully treated by nonsurgical means including early knee motion in a brace followed by graduated weight-bearing ambulation.", "contents": "Fracutres of the proximal tibia and tibial condyles: a clinical and laboratory comparative study. Angulatory deformities frequently develop following condylar and proximal diaphyseal tibial fractures. Laboratory studies conducted in cadaver specimens with artificially created fractures closely resembled the behavior of fractures treated with functional braces. Providing that the fibula factor is properly assessed, selected condylar and proximal tibial shaft fractures can be successfully treated by nonsurgical means including early knee motion in a brace followed by graduated weight-bearing ambulation.", "PMID": 535263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6415", "title": "Reconstruction of the knee with endoprosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of 112 consecutive cases operated upon from 1973 through 1977.", "content": "In a consecutive series of patients with advanced, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, 112 severely damaged knees were reconstructed with a stabilizing, total resurfacing prosthesis in 80%, a hemiprosthesis in 13% (3% biocompartmental) and a hinge prosthesis in 7%. Eighty per cent of patients receiving the resurfacing prosthesis were satisfied and, in addition, 8% improved at prospective follow-up examinations one to 5 years postoperatively. The subjective results showed good correspondance with the clinical and roentgenologic assessments. The joints reconstructed with the total resurfacing prosthesis were free from effusion or any inflammatory activity in 96%, stable in 88%, and showed full correction of deformity in 84% while 16% showed a fixed flexion of 10 degrees up to 20 degrees. Walking ability with regard to the need for walking aids was considerably improved. So far, 2% of the knees have had the prosthesis removed and a fusion performed; one per cent because of primary deep infection and the other one per cent because of late deep infection. Four per cent of the cases have shown loosening of the tibial component, necessitating reoperation.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the knee with endoprosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of 112 consecutive cases operated upon from 1973 through 1977. In a consecutive series of patients with advanced, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, 112 severely damaged knees were reconstructed with a stabilizing, total resurfacing prosthesis in 80%, a hemiprosthesis in 13% (3% biocompartmental) and a hinge prosthesis in 7%. Eighty per cent of patients receiving the resurfacing prosthesis were satisfied and, in addition, 8% improved at prospective follow-up examinations one to 5 years postoperatively. The subjective results showed good correspondance with the clinical and roentgenologic assessments. The joints reconstructed with the total resurfacing prosthesis were free from effusion or any inflammatory activity in 96%, stable in 88%, and showed full correction of deformity in 84% while 16% showed a fixed flexion of 10 degrees up to 20 degrees. Walking ability with regard to the need for walking aids was considerably improved. So far, 2% of the knees have had the prosthesis removed and a fusion performed; one per cent because of primary deep infection and the other one per cent because of late deep infection. Four per cent of the cases have shown loosening of the tibial component, necessitating reoperation.", "PMID": 535261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6416", "title": "Experience with 141 tibial lengthenings in poliomyelitis and comparison of 3 different methods.", "content": "Three different distraction devices were investigated for the treatment of leg-length discrepancy caused by poliomyelitis in 144 patients. The average leg-length discrepancy was 5.2 cm and lengthening obtained 4.8 cm. For tibial leg-lengthening. Anderson's apparatus was used in 50 patients; an external fixator device (developed in Shafa Rehabilitation Hospital) was used in 40 patients; and the Wagner apparatus was used in 51 patients. The incidence of major complications was low in all 3 groups. The overall failure rate was 4%. There were no significant differences in the final results among the 3 groups. However, preference is given to the Wagner device because of its practical advantages.", "contents": "Experience with 141 tibial lengthenings in poliomyelitis and comparison of 3 different methods. Three different distraction devices were investigated for the treatment of leg-length discrepancy caused by poliomyelitis in 144 patients. The average leg-length discrepancy was 5.2 cm and lengthening obtained 4.8 cm. For tibial leg-lengthening. Anderson's apparatus was used in 50 patients; an external fixator device (developed in Shafa Rehabilitation Hospital) was used in 40 patients; and the Wagner apparatus was used in 51 patients. The incidence of major complications was low in all 3 groups. The overall failure rate was 4%. There were no significant differences in the final results among the 3 groups. However, preference is given to the Wagner device because of its practical advantages.", "PMID": 535265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6417", "title": "Tibial torsion--a simple clinical apparatus for its measurement and its application to a normal adult population.", "content": "A new simple goniometric device, designed for the measurement of tibial torsion provides simple and reliable means of quantitating tibial torsion. Data comparing values obtained by this apparatus are comparable to values obtained by roentgenographic methods.", "contents": "Tibial torsion--a simple clinical apparatus for its measurement and its application to a normal adult population. A new simple goniometric device, designed for the measurement of tibial torsion provides simple and reliable means of quantitating tibial torsion. Data comparing values obtained by this apparatus are comparable to values obtained by roentgenographic methods.", "PMID": 535266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6418", "title": "Synovial osteochondromatosis in association with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease.", "content": "A male patient who had had Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease at age 8 years developed synovial osteochondromatosis of the same hip joint 27 years later at age 35. Roentgenographic examination 10 years prior to arthrotomy showed that he had developed 4 loose bodies in the hip and partial disintigration of the fmoral head. The surgical specimens obtained by arthrotomy consisted of 148 loose bodies and suggested that a condition of secondary synovial osteochondromatosis might be differentiated from primary synovial osteochondromatosis.", "contents": "Synovial osteochondromatosis in association with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease. A male patient who had had Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease at age 8 years developed synovial osteochondromatosis of the same hip joint 27 years later at age 35. Roentgenographic examination 10 years prior to arthrotomy showed that he had developed 4 loose bodies in the hip and partial disintigration of the fmoral head. The surgical specimens obtained by arthrotomy consisted of 148 loose bodies and suggested that a condition of secondary synovial osteochondromatosis might be differentiated from primary synovial osteochondromatosis.", "PMID": 535269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6419", "title": "Sacral agenesis with associated anomalies (caudal regression syndrome): autopsy case report.", "content": "Autopsy findings of an infant with sacral agenesis and multiple anomalies of the lower half of the body which fit the description of the caudal regression syndrome are reported. The lumbosacral plexus of nerves was more abundant on one side despite symmetrical lumbar vertebral dysgenesis with agenesis below S1. The presence of intrathecal kidney tissue has not been previously reported in this syndrome. Diethylopropion hydrochloride, an appetite supressant, which was ingested by the patient's mother during the first month of pregnancy, was cited as a possible etiologic agent.", "contents": "Sacral agenesis with associated anomalies (caudal regression syndrome): autopsy case report. Autopsy findings of an infant with sacral agenesis and multiple anomalies of the lower half of the body which fit the description of the caudal regression syndrome are reported. The lumbosacral plexus of nerves was more abundant on one side despite symmetrical lumbar vertebral dysgenesis with agenesis below S1. The presence of intrathecal kidney tissue has not been previously reported in this syndrome. Diethylopropion hydrochloride, an appetite supressant, which was ingested by the patient's mother during the first month of pregnancy, was cited as a possible etiologic agent.", "PMID": 535268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6420", "title": "Intramedullary pressure patterns.", "content": "The insertion of cement and femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement produces biochemical abnormalities. These are thought to be caused by a marked rise in intramedullary pressure. Surgeons aim to reduce these pressures by using different methods of insertion and venting. The present investigation was undertaken to establish if any one method was superior to the others. The greatest modification of acrylic pressure was obtained by means of a drill hole. Thie highest rise in pressure was produced by the insertion of the femoral prosthesis and this was little modified by any of the alternatives of the use of a 3/16 inch drill hole, a 16-gauge catheter, and cement gun.", "contents": "Intramedullary pressure patterns. The insertion of cement and femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement produces biochemical abnormalities. These are thought to be caused by a marked rise in intramedullary pressure. Surgeons aim to reduce these pressures by using different methods of insertion and venting. The present investigation was undertaken to establish if any one method was superior to the others. The greatest modification of acrylic pressure was obtained by means of a drill hole. Thie highest rise in pressure was produced by the insertion of the femoral prosthesis and this was little modified by any of the alternatives of the use of a 3/16 inch drill hole, a 16-gauge catheter, and cement gun.", "PMID": 535270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6421", "title": "Bipartite trapezium with adduction contracture of the thumb: a case report.", "content": "This is a case report on bipartite trapezium in a 12-year-old girl that presented as a painless protrusion at the base of the first metacarpal bone associated with an adduction contracture of the thumb. This seems to be the first such case to have been reported in an adolescent. The condition bears no resemblance to the numerous descriptions in the literature on accessory bones about the trapezium.", "contents": "Bipartite trapezium with adduction contracture of the thumb: a case report. This is a case report on bipartite trapezium in a 12-year-old girl that presented as a painless protrusion at the base of the first metacarpal bone associated with an adduction contracture of the thumb. This seems to be the first such case to have been reported in an adolescent. The condition bears no resemblance to the numerous descriptions in the literature on accessory bones about the trapezium.", "PMID": 535274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6422", "title": "Surgical morbidity in patients with neurologic dysfunction.", "content": "Mortality and morbidity data were collected on 388 patients treated by operations to correct extremity deformities caused by stroke, head trauma and neurologic disease. A total of 613 procedures were performed, requiring 524 general, 2 spinal and 16 regional anesthesias. There were no postoperative deaths. None of the patients showed further neurologic deterioration. The incidence of medical complications was 6.4% and all patients responded to medical treatment. Sixteen wound complications responded to routine care. Age appeared to be the primary risk factor to postoperative morbidity. It is generally safe to perform elective orthopedic surgery to correct extremity deformities in the neurologically involved patient.", "contents": "Surgical morbidity in patients with neurologic dysfunction. Mortality and morbidity data were collected on 388 patients treated by operations to correct extremity deformities caused by stroke, head trauma and neurologic disease. A total of 613 procedures were performed, requiring 524 general, 2 spinal and 16 regional anesthesias. There were no postoperative deaths. None of the patients showed further neurologic deterioration. The incidence of medical complications was 6.4% and all patients responded to medical treatment. Sixteen wound complications responded to routine care. Age appeared to be the primary risk factor to postoperative morbidity. It is generally safe to perform elective orthopedic surgery to correct extremity deformities in the neurologically involved patient.", "PMID": 535272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6423", "title": "Compression arthrodesis of finger joints.", "content": "Compression arthrodesis is useful for treatment of finger and thumb joints in arthrosis, scleroderma, hypermobile joints, paralytic deformities, and rheumatoid arthritis. A dorsal incision exposes the joint. Its surfaces are prepared in a ball-and-socket arrangement using a high-speed burr. A longitudinal pin 1.1 mm in diameter is passed distally and then retrograde to determine the angle of fusion and to prevent migration of bone ends as the longitudinal compression is applied. Transverse pins 1.5 mm in diameter are put in one-third of the distance from the joint. A Charnley clamp, as modified by Micks and Hager, is applied and tightened. At 6 weeks, the arthrodesis is checked for solidity and, if stable, X-rays are examined for new bone. When solid, the joints should be protected by external splinting for an additional 2 weeks to be sure that the fusion is complete. Compression arthrodesis was obtained in 49 of 54 joints. Solid fusion was usually attained within 6 weeks, without loss of mobility of other joints.", "contents": "Compression arthrodesis of finger joints. Compression arthrodesis is useful for treatment of finger and thumb joints in arthrosis, scleroderma, hypermobile joints, paralytic deformities, and rheumatoid arthritis. A dorsal incision exposes the joint. Its surfaces are prepared in a ball-and-socket arrangement using a high-speed burr. A longitudinal pin 1.1 mm in diameter is passed distally and then retrograde to determine the angle of fusion and to prevent migration of bone ends as the longitudinal compression is applied. Transverse pins 1.5 mm in diameter are put in one-third of the distance from the joint. A Charnley clamp, as modified by Micks and Hager, is applied and tightened. At 6 weeks, the arthrodesis is checked for solidity and, if stable, X-rays are examined for new bone. When solid, the joints should be protected by external splinting for an additional 2 weeks to be sure that the fusion is complete. Compression arthrodesis was obtained in 49 of 54 joints. Solid fusion was usually attained within 6 weeks, without loss of mobility of other joints.", "PMID": 535273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6424", "title": "Septicemia following sinogram.", "content": "Contrast studies of draining sinus tracts can be of great assistance in defining the extent of an infection. Complications of this procedure must be quite rare. A 35-year-old paraplegic patient developed septicemia following a sinogram. An intraosseous venogram of the entire femoral shaft was visualized in addition to the sinus tract itself. The moderate pressure used to inject the dye may have contributed to the systemic spread of the infection and may be a hazard of sinography.", "contents": "Septicemia following sinogram. Contrast studies of draining sinus tracts can be of great assistance in defining the extent of an infection. Complications of this procedure must be quite rare. A 35-year-old paraplegic patient developed septicemia following a sinogram. An intraosseous venogram of the entire femoral shaft was visualized in addition to the sinus tract itself. The moderate pressure used to inject the dye may have contributed to the systemic spread of the infection and may be a hazard of sinography.", "PMID": 535271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6425", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting as a skeletal muscle mass: a case report.", "content": "A 62-year-old man presented with a 17-month history of a slowly enlarging biceps muscle mass. A diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was made in the outpatient department using a soft tissue biopsy needle. Despite the rarity of muscular metastases in renal cell carcinoma, early definitive diagnosis of soft tissue masses is recommended.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting as a skeletal muscle mass: a case report. A 62-year-old man presented with a 17-month history of a slowly enlarging biceps muscle mass. A diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was made in the outpatient department using a soft tissue biopsy needle. Despite the rarity of muscular metastases in renal cell carcinoma, early definitive diagnosis of soft tissue masses is recommended.", "PMID": 535279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6426", "title": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty: a prognostic assessment.", "content": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty has been performed at the Mayo Clinic on more than 1,600 knees since July 1970. Two groups of 106 and 101 knee arthroplasties performed between July 1970 and July 1971 and June 1971 and January 1972, respectively, were compared at 5 and 7 years. The technique used exposed the joint to methacrylate particles, yet, despite this, wear did not prove to be a problem. Failures occurred because of infection, loosening of the tibial components, settling of the tibial components, subluxation or dislocation, ligamentous laxity, progression of patellofemoral arthritis, and persistence of pain. We did not encounter patellar problems in our patients with osteoarthritis. In the first group with 106 knees, 45 patients with 58 rheumatoid knees survived 7 years; 79% of knees had good results at 5 years and 72% had good results at 7 years. Twenty-one patients with 28 osteoarthritic knees survived 7 years; 75% of knees had good results at 5 years and 61% had good results at 7 years. In group 2 with 101 knees, 43 patients with 64 rheumatoid knees survived 7 years. The results were good in 83% at 5 years and in 64% at 7 years. Among the 20 patients with osteoarthritic knees who survived 7 years, 92% of knees had good results at 5 years and 62.5% had good results at 7 years. This figure is somewhat misleading because 7 patients were lost to follow up in group 2 after 5 years. There is still a need for a well-tolerated resurfacing procedure by means of a nonconstrained prosthesis.", "contents": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty: a prognostic assessment. Polycentric total knee arthroplasty has been performed at the Mayo Clinic on more than 1,600 knees since July 1970. Two groups of 106 and 101 knee arthroplasties performed between July 1970 and July 1971 and June 1971 and January 1972, respectively, were compared at 5 and 7 years. The technique used exposed the joint to methacrylate particles, yet, despite this, wear did not prove to be a problem. Failures occurred because of infection, loosening of the tibial components, settling of the tibial components, subluxation or dislocation, ligamentous laxity, progression of patellofemoral arthritis, and persistence of pain. We did not encounter patellar problems in our patients with osteoarthritis. In the first group with 106 knees, 45 patients with 58 rheumatoid knees survived 7 years; 79% of knees had good results at 5 years and 72% had good results at 7 years. Twenty-one patients with 28 osteoarthritic knees survived 7 years; 75% of knees had good results at 5 years and 61% had good results at 7 years. In group 2 with 101 knees, 43 patients with 64 rheumatoid knees survived 7 years. The results were good in 83% at 5 years and in 64% at 7 years. Among the 20 patients with osteoarthritic knees who survived 7 years, 92% of knees had good results at 5 years and 62.5% had good results at 7 years. This figure is somewhat misleading because 7 patients were lost to follow up in group 2 after 5 years. There is still a need for a well-tolerated resurfacing procedure by means of a nonconstrained prosthesis.", "PMID": 535280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6427", "title": "Metatarsus primus varus: including various clinicoradiologic feautres of the female foot.", "content": "Metatarsus primus varus occurs in feet which have a normal 1--2 intermetatarsal angle. Fifty-two Caucasian females, average age 18 years, were analyzed radiologically for 1--2 and 1--5 intermetatarsal angles and for metatarsophalangeal and first interphalangeal joint angles. Measurement of the 1--5 rather than the 1--2 intermetatarsal angel is a more reliable indicator of first metatarsal varus. Valgus at the first interphalangeal joint is normally greater than that at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and excessive first interphalangeal valgus (valgus interphalangeus) is significantly linked with the presence of ossia tibiale externa. The high arch foot tends either to feature valgus interphalangeus or become excessively broad. The anatomy of the ungual tuberosity is highly variable.", "contents": "Metatarsus primus varus: including various clinicoradiologic feautres of the female foot. Metatarsus primus varus occurs in feet which have a normal 1--2 intermetatarsal angle. Fifty-two Caucasian females, average age 18 years, were analyzed radiologically for 1--2 and 1--5 intermetatarsal angles and for metatarsophalangeal and first interphalangeal joint angles. Measurement of the 1--5 rather than the 1--2 intermetatarsal angel is a more reliable indicator of first metatarsal varus. Valgus at the first interphalangeal joint is normally greater than that at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and excessive first interphalangeal valgus (valgus interphalangeus) is significantly linked with the presence of ossia tibiale externa. The high arch foot tends either to feature valgus interphalangeus or become excessively broad. The anatomy of the ungual tuberosity is highly variable.", "PMID": 535278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6428", "title": "Factors contributing to lysis of the femoral neck in total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A radiographic analysis of 483 Charnley total hip arthroplasties performed from July 1970 to November 1975 demonstrated that 13% of the hips had lysis of the medial femoral neck. The findings suggest that the lysis of the medial femoral neck is significantly reduced if the femoral stem is oriented in a valgus or neutral position and with at least 5 mm of cement separating the stem of the prosthesis and the medial cortex of the femoral neck.", "contents": "Factors contributing to lysis of the femoral neck in total hip arthroplasty. A radiographic analysis of 483 Charnley total hip arthroplasties performed from July 1970 to November 1975 demonstrated that 13% of the hips had lysis of the medial femoral neck. The findings suggest that the lysis of the medial femoral neck is significantly reduced if the femoral stem is oriented in a valgus or neutral position and with at least 5 mm of cement separating the stem of the prosthesis and the medial cortex of the femoral neck.", "PMID": 535276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6429", "title": "Does persistent fetal femoral anteversion contribute to osteoarthritis?: a preliminary report.", "content": "Persistence of femoral anteversion into adulthood is a developmental abnormality which Somerville has postulated may predispose to the later development of osteoarthritis of the hip. To test this hypothesis, the femoral anteversion was measured in 20 adult patients with idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip. The average anteversion in painful hips was found to be 24 degrees compared with 12.11 degrees in the uninvolved hip. None of the pain-free hips had an anteversion of greater than 22 degrees while 54% of those with pain had anteversion greater than this value. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that increased femoral anteversion may definitely contribute to the later development of osteoarthritis of hip.", "contents": "Does persistent fetal femoral anteversion contribute to osteoarthritis?: a preliminary report. Persistence of femoral anteversion into adulthood is a developmental abnormality which Somerville has postulated may predispose to the later development of osteoarthritis of the hip. To test this hypothesis, the femoral anteversion was measured in 20 adult patients with idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip. The average anteversion in painful hips was found to be 24 degrees compared with 12.11 degrees in the uninvolved hip. None of the pain-free hips had an anteversion of greater than 22 degrees while 54% of those with pain had anteversion greater than this value. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that increased femoral anteversion may definitely contribute to the later development of osteoarthritis of hip.", "PMID": 535277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6430", "title": "Barrier to material transfer at the bone-cartilage interface: measurement with hydrogen gas in vivo.", "content": "Hydrogen gas was used as a tracer to identify the barrier to material transfer at bone-cartilage interface in the rabbit knees in vivo. The transfer of hydrogen molecules from subchondral bone to articular cartilage was detected by means of platinum electrodes which were placed in varying depths in articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Hydrogen transfer was obstructed at the osteochondral junction in mature animals, while in immature animals there was no such barrier present in the bone-cartilage interface. The metabolism of articular cartilage in mature animals may be isolated from that of the underlying bone. All layers of the mature cartilage including those in the zone of calcified cartilage can receive nourishment and be maintained from the synovial fluid alone.", "contents": "Barrier to material transfer at the bone-cartilage interface: measurement with hydrogen gas in vivo. Hydrogen gas was used as a tracer to identify the barrier to material transfer at bone-cartilage interface in the rabbit knees in vivo. The transfer of hydrogen molecules from subchondral bone to articular cartilage was detected by means of platinum electrodes which were placed in varying depths in articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Hydrogen transfer was obstructed at the osteochondral junction in mature animals, while in immature animals there was no such barrier present in the bone-cartilage interface. The metabolism of articular cartilage in mature animals may be isolated from that of the underlying bone. All layers of the mature cartilage including those in the zone of calcified cartilage can receive nourishment and be maintained from the synovial fluid alone.", "PMID": 535282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6431", "title": "The mechanical strength of the growth plate under the influence of sex hormones.", "content": "As sex hormones are considered to play a role in the etiology of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis, the influence of sex hormones on the mechanical strength of the epiphyseal plate was investigated in 310 female and 70 male rats. Ovariectomy weakened the strength of the growth plate while orchiectomy strengthened it. Estrogen given after ovariectomy, markedly strengthened the plate. Histologic examination revealed that the width of the growth plate was narrower in the mechanically stronger group. Hydroxyproline content increased and hexosamine content decreased in the epiphyseal plates of the mechanically stronger group. These observations confirm the view that sex hormones, especially estrogen, regulate the mechanical, morphologic, and biochemical functions of the growth plate.", "contents": "The mechanical strength of the growth plate under the influence of sex hormones. As sex hormones are considered to play a role in the etiology of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis, the influence of sex hormones on the mechanical strength of the epiphyseal plate was investigated in 310 female and 70 male rats. Ovariectomy weakened the strength of the growth plate while orchiectomy strengthened it. Estrogen given after ovariectomy, markedly strengthened the plate. Histologic examination revealed that the width of the growth plate was narrower in the mechanically stronger group. Hydroxyproline content increased and hexosamine content decreased in the epiphyseal plates of the mechanically stronger group. These observations confirm the view that sex hormones, especially estrogen, regulate the mechanical, morphologic, and biochemical functions of the growth plate.", "PMID": 535281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6432", "title": "The effects of barium sulfate on the polymerization temperature and shear strength of surgical simplex P.", "content": "Barium sulfate additive, in amounts ranging from 5% to 60%, causes a progressive reduction in polymerization temperature of the cement without appreciably altering the polymerization time. Concurrently, the mechanical strength of the cement, as determined in shear, decreases with increasing concentration of barium additive. Although inclusion of barium sulfate in acrylic bone cement is primarily used for radiographic contrast purposes, its possible effects on release of monomer and other local mechanisms seem not to have been measured.", "contents": "The effects of barium sulfate on the polymerization temperature and shear strength of surgical simplex P. Barium sulfate additive, in amounts ranging from 5% to 60%, causes a progressive reduction in polymerization temperature of the cement without appreciably altering the polymerization time. Concurrently, the mechanical strength of the cement, as determined in shear, decreases with increasing concentration of barium additive. Although inclusion of barium sulfate in acrylic bone cement is primarily used for radiographic contrast purposes, its possible effects on release of monomer and other local mechanisms seem not to have been measured.", "PMID": 535284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6433", "title": "An in vitro study of electrical osteogenesis using direct and pulsating currents.", "content": "Although many investigators have electrically stimulated osteogenesis in vivo, this phenomenon has not been reported in vitro. In this work direct and pulsating currents were applied to in vitro fetal rat tibiae. The results indicated that electric current did cause osteogenesis in vitro, precipitates of calcium compounds formed in the cathode region, and direct current was more effective in stimulating bone growth than pulsed current delivering the same total charge (coulombs).", "contents": "An in vitro study of electrical osteogenesis using direct and pulsating currents. Although many investigators have electrically stimulated osteogenesis in vivo, this phenomenon has not been reported in vitro. In this work direct and pulsating currents were applied to in vitro fetal rat tibiae. The results indicated that electric current did cause osteogenesis in vitro, precipitates of calcium compounds formed in the cathode region, and direct current was more effective in stimulating bone growth than pulsed current delivering the same total charge (coulombs).", "PMID": 535287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6434", "title": "Intramuscular pressure during walking: an experimental study using the wick catheter technique.", "content": "Experimental studies have shown previously that intramuscular pressure is directly related to muscle tension. A wick catheter study of intramuscular pressure in the human tibialis anterior was performed to investigate dynamic changes in walking and in other selected activities. In walking, peak intramuscular pressure of 50 mm Hg occurred in the swing phase as the foot was lifted and continued in early stance phase during deceleration of the foot. Passive stretching of the tibialis anterior muscle produced an increase to 35 mm Hg with no EMG activity. Active contraction against heavy resistance produced a rise in intramuscular pressure to 107 mm Hg. In contrast to electromyography, intramuscular pressure represents both the active and passive components of muscle tension.", "contents": "Intramuscular pressure during walking: an experimental study using the wick catheter technique. Experimental studies have shown previously that intramuscular pressure is directly related to muscle tension. A wick catheter study of intramuscular pressure in the human tibialis anterior was performed to investigate dynamic changes in walking and in other selected activities. In walking, peak intramuscular pressure of 50 mm Hg occurred in the swing phase as the foot was lifted and continued in early stance phase during deceleration of the foot. Passive stretching of the tibialis anterior muscle produced an increase to 35 mm Hg with no EMG activity. Active contraction against heavy resistance produced a rise in intramuscular pressure to 107 mm Hg. In contrast to electromyography, intramuscular pressure represents both the active and passive components of muscle tension.", "PMID": 535286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6435", "title": "Two-part total knee arthroplasty: evolution and present status.", "content": "The inception of a 2-part total knee arthroplasty consisting of a Vitallium femoral component and a polyethylene tibial component occurred in 1970. It was termed \"geometric,\" because it was not anatomic in design. This geometric design was altered during the ensuing years to allow better fixation of the tibial unit, because loosening of this unit became apparent in an appreciable percentage of patients. As biomechanical research and clinical evidence progressed, less need for the constraint built into the geometric prosthesis became evident. So a less constrained, more anatomic total knee, called the \"anametric\" total knee arthroplasty, was developed. There was duplication of the normal anatomic configuration of the femoral component for both left and right sides, a femoral flange so that the patella could be surfaced with polyethylene, and a flatter surface for the tibial unit. The tibial unit was first anchored with the geomatric triflanged system, but eventually comprised a medullary stem and a metal T-tray to contain the polyethylene. At this time, we believe that sufficient constraint necessary in the usual total knee arthroplasty is realized with the anametric design. The anametric design has proved itself and is now our prosthesis of choice.", "contents": "Two-part total knee arthroplasty: evolution and present status. The inception of a 2-part total knee arthroplasty consisting of a Vitallium femoral component and a polyethylene tibial component occurred in 1970. It was termed \"geometric,\" because it was not anatomic in design. This geometric design was altered during the ensuing years to allow better fixation of the tibial unit, because loosening of this unit became apparent in an appreciable percentage of patients. As biomechanical research and clinical evidence progressed, less need for the constraint built into the geometric prosthesis became evident. So a less constrained, more anatomic total knee, called the \"anametric\" total knee arthroplasty, was developed. There was duplication of the normal anatomic configuration of the femoral component for both left and right sides, a femoral flange so that the patella could be surfaced with polyethylene, and a flatter surface for the tibial unit. The tibial unit was first anchored with the geomatric triflanged system, but eventually comprised a medullary stem and a metal T-tray to contain the polyethylene. At this time, we believe that sufficient constraint necessary in the usual total knee arthroplasty is realized with the anametric design. The anametric design has proved itself and is now our prosthesis of choice.", "PMID": 535285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6436", "title": "On the origins of high in vivo wear rates in polyethylene components of total joint prostheses.", "content": "Scanning electron microscope examination of the polyethylene components of 8 total hip and 16 total knee prostheses which had been implanted 4--96 months revealed that in many cases severe wear may not necessarily be caused by the presence of acrylic cement debris or other abrasives. The craters and cracks observed on severely worn surfaces are associated with fusion defects in the plastic itself. The fusion defects were seen to occur as a result of the low temperature necessary to mold ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and are (at least at present) difficult to avoid. As a consequence of the above and variability of molecular weight in this material, relatively wide variations in wear rate should be expected even in the absence of acrylic debris.", "contents": "On the origins of high in vivo wear rates in polyethylene components of total joint prostheses. Scanning electron microscope examination of the polyethylene components of 8 total hip and 16 total knee prostheses which had been implanted 4--96 months revealed that in many cases severe wear may not necessarily be caused by the presence of acrylic cement debris or other abrasives. The craters and cracks observed on severely worn surfaces are associated with fusion defects in the plastic itself. The fusion defects were seen to occur as a result of the low temperature necessary to mold ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and are (at least at present) difficult to avoid. As a consequence of the above and variability of molecular weight in this material, relatively wide variations in wear rate should be expected even in the absence of acrylic debris.", "PMID": 535283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6437", "title": "ICLH replacement of the knee: 1977 and 1978.", "content": "Investigations which began in 1968 have culminated in a knee arthroplasty which can now be confidently used to treat most patients with arthritic knee deformities. Our earlier studies showed that a prosthetic knee arthroplasty must be reliably aligned and stabilized in extension, that patellar pain and polyethelene wear were significant potential problems and that loosening and sinkage of the tibial component must be avoided. Our present knee prosthesis and instrumentation if properly used should avoid these pitfalls. Beginning in January 1977 we performed 84 knee arthroplasties utilizing the present design. A series of 79 knees has been available for our computer-assisted review; 46 patients had a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis and 29 had primary osteoarthrosis: 22 knees had been previously operated upon. Although all femoral components were fixed with polymethylmethacrylate, the tibial components were completely cemented in 21 knees, partially cemented in 20, and no cement was used in 38 cases. In these latter knees special pegs provided a mechanical interlock with the tibia for fixation. Thirty-six patellae were replaced, of which 11 were fixed with a similar interlocking peg. The arthroplasties failed in 8 patients. Of the remainder, 90% of knees had acceptable pain relief and all but 4 patients were able to walk outdoors. Flexion to 90 degrees or more was achieved in 85% of the knees. Only 2 patients had unacceptable alignment. To date we feel that with the use of this improved prosthesis, in conjunction with the instruments which allow proper placement of the prosthesis, the majority of arthritic knees can be successfully corrected. However, further careful long-term follow-up studies must continue.", "contents": "ICLH replacement of the knee: 1977 and 1978. Investigations which began in 1968 have culminated in a knee arthroplasty which can now be confidently used to treat most patients with arthritic knee deformities. Our earlier studies showed that a prosthetic knee arthroplasty must be reliably aligned and stabilized in extension, that patellar pain and polyethelene wear were significant potential problems and that loosening and sinkage of the tibial component must be avoided. Our present knee prosthesis and instrumentation if properly used should avoid these pitfalls. Beginning in January 1977 we performed 84 knee arthroplasties utilizing the present design. A series of 79 knees has been available for our computer-assisted review; 46 patients had a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis and 29 had primary osteoarthrosis: 22 knees had been previously operated upon. Although all femoral components were fixed with polymethylmethacrylate, the tibial components were completely cemented in 21 knees, partially cemented in 20, and no cement was used in 38 cases. In these latter knees special pegs provided a mechanical interlock with the tibia for fixation. Thirty-six patellae were replaced, of which 11 were fixed with a similar interlocking peg. The arthroplasties failed in 8 patients. Of the remainder, 90% of knees had acceptable pain relief and all but 4 patients were able to walk outdoors. Flexion to 90 degrees or more was achieved in 85% of the knees. Only 2 patients had unacceptable alignment. To date we feel that with the use of this improved prosthesis, in conjunction with the instruments which allow proper placement of the prosthesis, the majority of arthritic knees can be successfully corrected. However, further careful long-term follow-up studies must continue.", "PMID": 535289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6438", "title": "Total knee replacement with the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis.", "content": "Since 1970, 170 knees have been operated upon using the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis. Of these 127 had the revised Mark-II prosthesis and of this group 91 cases have been followed for more than a year. Interim results suggest that the total knee score has improved. on the average, from 38 points preoperatively to 74 points after one year. A single early complication involved loosening of the prosthesis in a case of knee infection. Except for this case, no loosening and no radiolucent lines have been observed. Methacrylate bone cement is known to be harmful to bone and soft tissues, and our basic and clinical studies reveal that results improve when the total knee replacement is done without using cement.", "contents": "Total knee replacement with the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis. Since 1970, 170 knees have been operated upon using the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis. Of these 127 had the revised Mark-II prosthesis and of this group 91 cases have been followed for more than a year. Interim results suggest that the total knee score has improved. on the average, from 38 points preoperatively to 74 points after one year. A single early complication involved loosening of the prosthesis in a case of knee infection. Except for this case, no loosening and no radiolucent lines have been observed. Methacrylate bone cement is known to be harmful to bone and soft tissues, and our basic and clinical studies reveal that results improve when the total knee replacement is done without using cement.", "PMID": 535290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6439", "title": "The total condylar knee prosthesis: the first 5 years.", "content": "The total condylar knee prosthesis evolved from previous experience with other prostheses at the Hospital for Special Surgery. This evolution includes patellar resurfacing. Subsequent modifications have led to the total condylar knee prosthesis II (a cruciate substituting prosthesis), and the total condylar knee prosthesis III (a TCP II with increased constraint). The surgical technique requires ligamentous balance with correction of preoperative deformity by a soft-tissue release. Subsequently a standard operation is performed. Four hundred and sixty-one knees were reviewed with a minimum of one year follow-up and a maximum of 5 years. Seventy-five per cent were osteoarthritic knees. Using the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating Scale, the results were excellent in 312 knees (68%), good in 109 knees (23.5%), fair in 18 knees (4%) and poor in 22 knees (4.5%). Osteoarthritic knees (excellent or good 93.5%) did slightly better than rheumatoid knees (excellent or good 87%). Complications include 6 infections, 6 subluxations and 10 cases of component loosening. There were 15 reoperations (3%). The results approach total hip arthroplasty in quality and so far have not deteriorated with time.", "contents": "The total condylar knee prosthesis: the first 5 years. The total condylar knee prosthesis evolved from previous experience with other prostheses at the Hospital for Special Surgery. This evolution includes patellar resurfacing. Subsequent modifications have led to the total condylar knee prosthesis II (a cruciate substituting prosthesis), and the total condylar knee prosthesis III (a TCP II with increased constraint). The surgical technique requires ligamentous balance with correction of preoperative deformity by a soft-tissue release. Subsequently a standard operation is performed. Four hundred and sixty-one knees were reviewed with a minimum of one year follow-up and a maximum of 5 years. Seventy-five per cent were osteoarthritic knees. Using the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating Scale, the results were excellent in 312 knees (68%), good in 109 knees (23.5%), fair in 18 knees (4%) and poor in 22 knees (4.5%). Osteoarthritic knees (excellent or good 93.5%) did slightly better than rheumatoid knees (excellent or good 87%). Complications include 6 infections, 6 subluxations and 10 cases of component loosening. There were 15 reoperations (3%). The results approach total hip arthroplasty in quality and so far have not deteriorated with time.", "PMID": 535291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6440", "title": "Total knee arthroplasty experience at the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1978, 1,474 metal-to-plastic knee arthroplasties were evaluated to determine the typical modes of failure and improved design concepts (Table 2). Although the concepts are still evolving, and longer follow-up is necessary, recent experience with nearly 1,000 semiconstrained devices allowing cruciate retention strongly suggests that duopatella and kinematic design concepts are correct. Soft tissue reconstruction is critical with these designs, since they rely heavily on soft tissue integrity and balance. If the concepts of soft tissue balance, prosthetic design, and physical rehabilitation are applied, total knee replacement is as reliable in relieving pain and restoring function as total hip replacement. The low incidence of radiolucency at the bone-cement interface (although the length of follow-up is relatively short), coupled with the results of in vitro bench testing, suggest that the longevity of this generation of knee implants should be adequate.", "contents": "Total knee arthroplasty experience at the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital. Between 1973 and 1978, 1,474 metal-to-plastic knee arthroplasties were evaluated to determine the typical modes of failure and improved design concepts (Table 2). Although the concepts are still evolving, and longer follow-up is necessary, recent experience with nearly 1,000 semiconstrained devices allowing cruciate retention strongly suggests that duopatella and kinematic design concepts are correct. Soft tissue reconstruction is critical with these designs, since they rely heavily on soft tissue integrity and balance. If the concepts of soft tissue balance, prosthetic design, and physical rehabilitation are applied, total knee replacement is as reliable in relieving pain and restoring function as total hip replacement. The low incidence of radiolucency at the bone-cement interface (although the length of follow-up is relatively short), coupled with the results of in vitro bench testing, suggest that the longevity of this generation of knee implants should be adequate.", "PMID": 535292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6441", "title": "A prospective comparative clinical analysis of the first-generation knee replacements: polycentric vs. geometric knee arthroplasty.", "content": "A prospective study of 119 polycentric and 92 geometric knee replacements was performed to determine and compare the clinical effectiveness of these two prostheses. All kneex were followed for a minimum of 2 years and a mean time of 3 1/2 years (2--6 years). Data were collected using a specially designed proforma for subsequent computer analysis. Failure occurred in 11% of the polycentric and in 16% of the geometric knees. Males (8 of 47) and patients with osteoarthritic knees (22 of 68) failed most frequently. Both prostheses provided excellent relief of pain, the same degree of flexion and improvement in flexion contracture. However, walking, function, alignment, stability, muscle strength and patellar mobility varied as to the degree of improvement and the type of prosthesis. Present results with prosthetic knee replacement using a completely new operative technique can be used as a basis for comparison with other contemporary and future arthroplasty designs.", "contents": "A prospective comparative clinical analysis of the first-generation knee replacements: polycentric vs. geometric knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of 119 polycentric and 92 geometric knee replacements was performed to determine and compare the clinical effectiveness of these two prostheses. All kneex were followed for a minimum of 2 years and a mean time of 3 1/2 years (2--6 years). Data were collected using a specially designed proforma for subsequent computer analysis. Failure occurred in 11% of the polycentric and in 16% of the geometric knees. Males (8 of 47) and patients with osteoarthritic knees (22 of 68) failed most frequently. Both prostheses provided excellent relief of pain, the same degree of flexion and improvement in flexion contracture. However, walking, function, alignment, stability, muscle strength and patellar mobility varied as to the degree of improvement and the type of prosthesis. Present results with prosthetic knee replacement using a completely new operative technique can be used as a basis for comparison with other contemporary and future arthroplasty designs.", "PMID": 535288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6442", "title": "Current status of a hinge prosthesis (GUEPAR).", "content": "Although a great many GUEPAR hinge knee prostheses have been successful, the early complications have been numerous. Also, long-term follow up studies have been hampered owing to the patients' advanced age. Many of the patients died of causes unrelated to their knee. The use of this prosthesis is limited to very old patients or individuals with grossly dislocated knees. Previous problems such as patellar pain have been resolved. Because the femoral and tibial stems have been reinforced, they are much stronger and cement is no longer necessary for fixation. The part that articulates with the patella has been changed so that it is now more shallow and better adapted to the shape of the patella.", "contents": "Current status of a hinge prosthesis (GUEPAR). Although a great many GUEPAR hinge knee prostheses have been successful, the early complications have been numerous. Also, long-term follow up studies have been hampered owing to the patients' advanced age. Many of the patients died of causes unrelated to their knee. The use of this prosthesis is limited to very old patients or individuals with grossly dislocated knees. Previous problems such as patellar pain have been resolved. Because the femoral and tibial stems have been reinforced, they are much stronger and cement is no longer necessary for fixation. The part that articulates with the patella has been changed so that it is now more shallow and better adapted to the shape of the patella.", "PMID": 535294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6443", "title": "Anametric total knee arthroplasty.", "content": "The early experience with the anametric knee prosthesis shows it to be effective in achieving the aims desired in total knee arthroplasty. Decreased pain and improved function have been noted in most patients, with relatively few complications. In osteoarthritics, patellar replacement increases the level of improvement. This prosthetic system has been improved by the addition of further sizes and additional tibial fixation options. Detailed long-term follow-up evaluation of these patients will be necessary to judge the effectiveness of the newly introduced design modifications.", "contents": "Anametric total knee arthroplasty. The early experience with the anametric knee prosthesis shows it to be effective in achieving the aims desired in total knee arthroplasty. Decreased pain and improved function have been noted in most patients, with relatively few complications. In osteoarthritics, patellar replacement increases the level of improvement. This prosthetic system has been improved by the addition of further sizes and additional tibial fixation options. Detailed long-term follow-up evaluation of these patients will be necessary to judge the effectiveness of the newly introduced design modifications.", "PMID": 535293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6444", "title": "The \"caviar\" madreporic knee prosthesis.", "content": "The madreporic (\"caviar\") prosthesis is a hinged knee prosthesis that can be inserted without the use of cement. The surfaces of the intramedullary stems are constructed with contiguous spheres one mm in diameter. These spaces are filled by bone trabeculae and haversian bone, providing permanent biologic fixation. Experimental madreporic knee arthroplasties in dogs show that bone probes these surfaces and produces solid attachments. Histologically, the trabeculae remain separated from the metal by a fine layer of fibrous tissue. The method of insertion of the prosthesis is simple. Preparing the epiphyses before any bone resection avoids the possibility of rotational positioning errors. The form of the intramedullary stems offers good positioning in the frontal plane. The analysis of an initial series of 15 cases shows results that are far from outstanding. The 2 deaths, the 2 cases of sepsis, and the recuperation of only mediocre motion can be explained, at least in part, by the advanced age of the patients and the poor bone quality of the rheumatoid patients. Nevertheless, this type of prosthesis has 2 important advantages. It avoids the complications from the use of acrylic cement and allows for a revision operation for cases of failed surface replacement designs. Obviously further experimentation with noncemented designs will continue and definitive studies will be reported later.", "contents": "The \"caviar\" madreporic knee prosthesis. The madreporic (\"caviar\") prosthesis is a hinged knee prosthesis that can be inserted without the use of cement. The surfaces of the intramedullary stems are constructed with contiguous spheres one mm in diameter. These spaces are filled by bone trabeculae and haversian bone, providing permanent biologic fixation. Experimental madreporic knee arthroplasties in dogs show that bone probes these surfaces and produces solid attachments. Histologically, the trabeculae remain separated from the metal by a fine layer of fibrous tissue. The method of insertion of the prosthesis is simple. Preparing the epiphyses before any bone resection avoids the possibility of rotational positioning errors. The form of the intramedullary stems offers good positioning in the frontal plane. The analysis of an initial series of 15 cases shows results that are far from outstanding. The 2 deaths, the 2 cases of sepsis, and the recuperation of only mediocre motion can be explained, at least in part, by the advanced age of the patients and the poor bone quality of the rheumatoid patients. Nevertheless, this type of prosthesis has 2 important advantages. It avoids the complications from the use of acrylic cement and allows for a revision operation for cases of failed surface replacement designs. Obviously further experimentation with noncemented designs will continue and definitive studies will be reported later.", "PMID": 535295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6445", "title": "The Coulter Counter Model S Plus--the shape of things to come.", "content": "The Coulter Counter Model S Plus is a 12 parameter haematological analyser designed for service use in haematology laboratories. Eight parameters are standard in current routine haematological practice; the seven parameters generated by the Model S and a platelet count. The method of platelet counting is unique. The remaining parameters are new and comprise the platelet-crit, the mean platelet volume and size distribution measurements for both platelets and red cells. A description of the instrument is given including differences from the Model S. The new parameters are discussed in detail. Instrument precision is assessed in terms of linearity, reproducibility, drift, carry-over and protein build-up. The results of all are impressive. Instrument accuracy is assessed in detail; white cell count, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume being compared with those values measured by the Model S; the Model S Plus haematocrit is compared with the microhaematocrit and platelet counts with those from the Thrombocounter C/Thrombofuge system. All correlations are very satisfactory. Normal values are defined for the new parameters. Instrument design and function are assessed and reagent consumption quoted. Cell control reagents have been evaluated. A realistic hourly throughput for the Model S Plus is 70-80 samples.", "contents": "The Coulter Counter Model S Plus--the shape of things to come. The Coulter Counter Model S Plus is a 12 parameter haematological analyser designed for service use in haematology laboratories. Eight parameters are standard in current routine haematological practice; the seven parameters generated by the Model S and a platelet count. The method of platelet counting is unique. The remaining parameters are new and comprise the platelet-crit, the mean platelet volume and size distribution measurements for both platelets and red cells. A description of the instrument is given including differences from the Model S. The new parameters are discussed in detail. Instrument precision is assessed in terms of linearity, reproducibility, drift, carry-over and protein build-up. The results of all are impressive. Instrument accuracy is assessed in detail; white cell count, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume being compared with those values measured by the Model S; the Model S Plus haematocrit is compared with the microhaematocrit and platelet counts with those from the Thrombocounter C/Thrombofuge system. All correlations are very satisfactory. Normal values are defined for the new parameters. Instrument design and function are assessed and reagent consumption quoted. Cell control reagents have been evaluated. A realistic hourly throughput for the Model S Plus is 70-80 samples.", "PMID": 535302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6446", "title": "Home treatment in haemophilia: clinical, social and economic advantages.", "content": "Twenty-eight severely affected haemophiliacs were observed for 3 months under treatment as hospital out-patients and for the subsequent 9 months while treating themselves at home. Delay in receiving treatment and financial costs were both clearly reduced by home treatment, the patients recovered from individual bleeds more quickly and reported a greater sense of personal freedom and independence. The amount of treatment required did not materially change and no untoward effects were noted; the use of analgesics tended to be less.", "contents": "Home treatment in haemophilia: clinical, social and economic advantages. Twenty-eight severely affected haemophiliacs were observed for 3 months under treatment as hospital out-patients and for the subsequent 9 months while treating themselves at home. Delay in receiving treatment and financial costs were both clearly reduced by home treatment, the patients recovered from individual bleeds more quickly and reported a greater sense of personal freedom and independence. The amount of treatment required did not materially change and no untoward effects were noted; the use of analgesics tended to be less.", "PMID": 535301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6447", "title": "A comparison of methods for analysing red cell and platelet volume-distribution curves.", "content": "Cell volume-distribution curves may be analysed using log-probability paper or by considering volumes corresponding to frequencies of 50 or 60% of that at the mode. All methods give similar results; the log-probability paper method is better because it allows the researcher to check that the underlying distribution is lognormal; methods based on 50 or 60% modal frequency are slightly less reliable but are simpler for routine use. For platelets it may be convenient to estimate the curve from the modal volume and the volume above the mode at which the frequency is reduced to 60% of the modal frequency.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for analysing red cell and platelet volume-distribution curves. Cell volume-distribution curves may be analysed using log-probability paper or by considering volumes corresponding to frequencies of 50 or 60% of that at the mode. All methods give similar results; the log-probability paper method is better because it allows the researcher to check that the underlying distribution is lognormal; methods based on 50 or 60% modal frequency are slightly less reliable but are simpler for routine use. For platelets it may be convenient to estimate the curve from the modal volume and the volume above the mode at which the frequency is reduced to 60% of the modal frequency.", "PMID": 535303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6448", "title": "Anti-Cad lectin from the seeds of Leonurus cardiaca.", "content": "A predominantly Cad-specific lectin is present in the seeds of Leonurus cardiaca. Extracts of these seeds makes a valuable addition to reagents used in the elucidation of red cell polyagglutinability.", "contents": "Anti-Cad lectin from the seeds of Leonurus cardiaca. A predominantly Cad-specific lectin is present in the seeds of Leonurus cardiaca. Extracts of these seeds makes a valuable addition to reagents used in the elucidation of red cell polyagglutinability.", "PMID": 535304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6449", "title": "Draft protocol for testing calibration and quality control material used with automatic blood-counting apparatus.", "content": "A large number of commercial preparations are now available for calibrating or checking the stability of automatic blood counters. Most of these preparations are supplied with 'stated' values though the methods for assigning these values are not described in sufficient detail to allow for an adequate assessment of the validity. The Haemocytometry Panel of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology are therefore proposing a draft protocol for testing calibration and quality control materials. Comments on the draft protocol are invited, either as letters to the Editor of Clinical and Laboratory Haematology or in confidence to the Chairman of the Haemocytometry Panel.", "contents": "Draft protocol for testing calibration and quality control material used with automatic blood-counting apparatus. A large number of commercial preparations are now available for calibrating or checking the stability of automatic blood counters. Most of these preparations are supplied with 'stated' values though the methods for assigning these values are not described in sufficient detail to allow for an adequate assessment of the validity. The Haemocytometry Panel of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology are therefore proposing a draft protocol for testing calibration and quality control materials. Comments on the draft protocol are invited, either as letters to the Editor of Clinical and Laboratory Haematology or in confidence to the Chairman of the Haemocytometry Panel.", "PMID": 535305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6450", "title": "A commercially available interactive pattern recognition system for the characterization of blood cells: description of the system, extraction and evaluation of simple geometrical parameters of normal white cells.", "content": "A programmable system, the Textur Analyse System (T.A.S.) of E. Leitz, is described for use in interactive work on pattern recognition of white blood cells. The system appears well suited for the task of finding new parameters for the characterization of normal and abnormal blood cells. Hardware advantages such as speed of operation are coupled with software flexibility. The first application of the machine has been the extraction of some of the ordinary parameters for characterization of leucocytes. The value of each parameter has been analysed with the interactive statistical pattern analysis program (ISPAHAN). A separation in the five normal classes of peripheral white blood cells can be achieved, in which the nuclear/cell area ratio and nuclear area together with the density histograms proved to be the most important parameters. The interesting feature of the system is, however, the possibility of finding new data for the recognition of normal and abnormal blood cells.", "contents": "A commercially available interactive pattern recognition system for the characterization of blood cells: description of the system, extraction and evaluation of simple geometrical parameters of normal white cells. A programmable system, the Textur Analyse System (T.A.S.) of E. Leitz, is described for use in interactive work on pattern recognition of white blood cells. The system appears well suited for the task of finding new parameters for the characterization of normal and abnormal blood cells. Hardware advantages such as speed of operation are coupled with software flexibility. The first application of the machine has been the extraction of some of the ordinary parameters for characterization of leucocytes. The value of each parameter has been analysed with the interactive statistical pattern analysis program (ISPAHAN). A separation in the five normal classes of peripheral white blood cells can be achieved, in which the nuclear/cell area ratio and nuclear area together with the density histograms proved to be the most important parameters. The interesting feature of the system is, however, the possibility of finding new data for the recognition of normal and abnormal blood cells.", "PMID": 535308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6451", "title": "Assessment of the Coag-a-Pet Dual Channel in the routine haemostatic laboratory.", "content": "The Coag-a-Pet Dual Channel is an instrument which automatically records coagulation test end-points utilizing a photo-optical clot detection system. The instrument and its operation are described in detail. The capability of the instrument to perform tests of oral anticoagulant control, basic coagulation profiles and one-stage factor assays is assessed. In terms of precision and accuracy, the instrument performs well in carrying out the one-stage prothrombin time, Thrombotest, activated partial thromboplastin time using an automated APTT reagent but not kaolin, and one-stage factor assays. The thrombin clotting time can not be measured on this instrument. The instrument is most suitable for batched repetitive tests, reducing observer error and improving laboratory efficiency.", "contents": "Assessment of the Coag-a-Pet Dual Channel in the routine haemostatic laboratory. The Coag-a-Pet Dual Channel is an instrument which automatically records coagulation test end-points utilizing a photo-optical clot detection system. The instrument and its operation are described in detail. The capability of the instrument to perform tests of oral anticoagulant control, basic coagulation profiles and one-stage factor assays is assessed. In terms of precision and accuracy, the instrument performs well in carrying out the one-stage prothrombin time, Thrombotest, activated partial thromboplastin time using an automated APTT reagent but not kaolin, and one-stage factor assays. The thrombin clotting time can not be measured on this instrument. The instrument is most suitable for batched repetitive tests, reducing observer error and improving laboratory efficiency.", "PMID": 535309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6452", "title": "A minicomputer laboratory data-management system: the St. Mary's system and its haematology applications.", "content": "The computer system developed at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and now used in six hospital haematology laboratories, is described. The system allows for the rapid retrieval of pathology results from an archive of at least 180 000 records on a 10 megabyte disk. Two main data files are used, the \"Current File\", from which reports are prepared, and an \"Archive File\" which contains cumulated results. The files are indexed by parts of both the name and, if available, the hospital number. Patient linkage is accomplished using the whole known identification, but, unlike most other systems, no absolute requirement is placed on the existence of a hospital number. It is concluded that this method of patient linkage removes many of the management overheads associated with hospital number linked systems, and that use of the computer not only aids reporting, but also improves quality control and provides data for research.", "contents": "A minicomputer laboratory data-management system: the St. Mary's system and its haematology applications. The computer system developed at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and now used in six hospital haematology laboratories, is described. The system allows for the rapid retrieval of pathology results from an archive of at least 180 000 records on a 10 megabyte disk. Two main data files are used, the \"Current File\", from which reports are prepared, and an \"Archive File\" which contains cumulated results. The files are indexed by parts of both the name and, if available, the hospital number. Patient linkage is accomplished using the whole known identification, but, unlike most other systems, no absolute requirement is placed on the existence of a hospital number. It is concluded that this method of patient linkage removes many of the management overheads associated with hospital number linked systems, and that use of the computer not only aids reporting, but also improves quality control and provides data for research.", "PMID": 535312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6453", "title": "The course and complications of idiopathic erythrocytosis.", "content": "The presenting features, haematological and clinical course of 30 patients with unexplained high venous haematocrit have been analysed. At presentation these patients had definite polycythaemia, but lacked other features which would permit their classification as primary proliferative polycythaemia (PPP). In the follow-up period, twelve patients (40%) developed features within 6 years of diagnosis which allowed them to be reclassified as PPP. It is suggested that, because of this transition, the term idiopathic erythrocytosis is a more suitable initial description of this group than, for example, benign erythrocytosis. The high incidence of vascular complications at presentation, and the fact that a cerebrovascular accident was responsible for the death of five out of the seven patients who have so far died, is discussed and compared with similar events in PPP. The existence of a pure line red cell proliferation cannot be confirmed or excluded by the observations in the present group of patients. The findings do indicate that follow-up and observation of such patients may establish causes for polycythaemia not in evidence or considered at presentation.", "contents": "The course and complications of idiopathic erythrocytosis. The presenting features, haematological and clinical course of 30 patients with unexplained high venous haematocrit have been analysed. At presentation these patients had definite polycythaemia, but lacked other features which would permit their classification as primary proliferative polycythaemia (PPP). In the follow-up period, twelve patients (40%) developed features within 6 years of diagnosis which allowed them to be reclassified as PPP. It is suggested that, because of this transition, the term idiopathic erythrocytosis is a more suitable initial description of this group than, for example, benign erythrocytosis. The high incidence of vascular complications at presentation, and the fact that a cerebrovascular accident was responsible for the death of five out of the seven patients who have so far died, is discussed and compared with similar events in PPP. The existence of a pure line red cell proliferation cannot be confirmed or excluded by the observations in the present group of patients. The findings do indicate that follow-up and observation of such patients may establish causes for polycythaemia not in evidence or considered at presentation.", "PMID": 535313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6454", "title": "Diagnosis of bone marrow necrosis.", "content": "Two cases of bone marrow necrosis (BMN) were diagnosed during life. Both patients developed BMN as a terminal event in the evolution of untreated malignant lymphoma. No earlier cases of BMN in untreated malignant lymphoma are reported in the literature. In one patient necrotic and normal bone marrow were simultaneously obtained from two different aspiration sites, showing the focal nature of the process. BMN itself being reversible, the diagnosis in vivo is important. A better knowledge of the significance of a yellow brown viscous fluid obtained by bone marrow aspiration and the exact interpretation of necrotic bone marrow films are essential to recognition of BMN.", "contents": "Diagnosis of bone marrow necrosis. Two cases of bone marrow necrosis (BMN) were diagnosed during life. Both patients developed BMN as a terminal event in the evolution of untreated malignant lymphoma. No earlier cases of BMN in untreated malignant lymphoma are reported in the literature. In one patient necrotic and normal bone marrow were simultaneously obtained from two different aspiration sites, showing the focal nature of the process. BMN itself being reversible, the diagnosis in vivo is important. A better knowledge of the significance of a yellow brown viscous fluid obtained by bone marrow aspiration and the exact interpretation of necrotic bone marrow films are essential to recognition of BMN.", "PMID": 535314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6455", "title": "Platelet counting-development of a reference method and a reference preparation.", "content": "A reference method has been defined for platelet counting by counting chamber haemocytometry, and a procedure has been developed, using platelet rich plasma (PRP) and a Coulter ZBI counter which provides a reliable, rapid and relatively simple method for platelet counting which is closely comparable to the reference method and can thus be used both as a secondary reference method and a routine method. The optimal method for obtaining PRP from EDTA blood was by augmented sedimentation with Boyum's methyl cellulose-metrizoate mixture at sp. gr. 1.08. This was shown to yield a platelet suspension which reflects closely the platelet content of the original blood. Calibration of electronic counters for platelet counting requires material which is stable and which parallels natural human platelets in size, distribution and other physical characteristics. A suspension of glutaraldehyde-fixed human platelets in glycerol appears to be suitable as a reference preparation. Its method of production is described.", "contents": "Platelet counting-development of a reference method and a reference preparation. A reference method has been defined for platelet counting by counting chamber haemocytometry, and a procedure has been developed, using platelet rich plasma (PRP) and a Coulter ZBI counter which provides a reliable, rapid and relatively simple method for platelet counting which is closely comparable to the reference method and can thus be used both as a secondary reference method and a routine method. The optimal method for obtaining PRP from EDTA blood was by augmented sedimentation with Boyum's methyl cellulose-metrizoate mixture at sp. gr. 1.08. This was shown to yield a platelet suspension which reflects closely the platelet content of the original blood. Calibration of electronic counters for platelet counting requires material which is stable and which parallels natural human platelets in size, distribution and other physical characteristics. A suspension of glutaraldehyde-fixed human platelets in glycerol appears to be suitable as a reference preparation. Its method of production is described.", "PMID": 535315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6456", "title": "Governing board and management staff attitudes toward community mental health center citizen participation.", "content": "The present study investigated the attitudes and values of community and mental health center board and management staff of four Community Mental Health Centers and one mental health clinic toward the recent federal mandate calling for increased citizen involvement in center evaluation activities. Three related areas were address: (a) general attitudes toward citizen participation, (b) types of program-evaluation activities in which citizen input would be most useful; and (c) types of individuals who would best serve on citizen review groups. The results indicated that although board members are somewhat more optimistic about benefits received from citizen involvement, overall there was close agreement between the board and staff respondents in the three areas studied. These results were interpreted as substantiating the view that community mental health center boards typically reflect a provider orientation in their approach to mental health governance. A missing evaluation component in most centers is citizen participation as it reflects the values of its service consumers. It is advocated that only by developing consumer participation mechanisms will centers more readily achieve the goal of responsiveness to community needs.", "contents": "Governing board and management staff attitudes toward community mental health center citizen participation. The present study investigated the attitudes and values of community and mental health center board and management staff of four Community Mental Health Centers and one mental health clinic toward the recent federal mandate calling for increased citizen involvement in center evaluation activities. Three related areas were address: (a) general attitudes toward citizen participation, (b) types of program-evaluation activities in which citizen input would be most useful; and (c) types of individuals who would best serve on citizen review groups. The results indicated that although board members are somewhat more optimistic about benefits received from citizen involvement, overall there was close agreement between the board and staff respondents in the three areas studied. These results were interpreted as substantiating the view that community mental health center boards typically reflect a provider orientation in their approach to mental health governance. A missing evaluation component in most centers is citizen participation as it reflects the values of its service consumers. It is advocated that only by developing consumer participation mechanisms will centers more readily achieve the goal of responsiveness to community needs.", "PMID": 535338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6457", "title": "Support systems and mental illness in the elderly.", "content": "Clinical experience indicates an especially important role for support systems in a bio-psychosocial approach to understanding the development of mental illness in elderly persons and the provision of appropriate services for them. Family, work, and community supports are reviewed. The authors believe optimistically that the present traditional supports are not worse than those of the past and that new models exist for future use. In addition, the anticipated increased numbers of elderly make it important that clinicians be well informed and plan multifaceted responses and that community mental health centers, as service and support systems actually in place in many underserved areas, take advantage of multiple available funding streams to increase substantially their assistance for the elderly.", "contents": "Support systems and mental illness in the elderly. Clinical experience indicates an especially important role for support systems in a bio-psychosocial approach to understanding the development of mental illness in elderly persons and the provision of appropriate services for them. Family, work, and community supports are reviewed. The authors believe optimistically that the present traditional supports are not worse than those of the past and that new models exist for future use. In addition, the anticipated increased numbers of elderly make it important that clinicians be well informed and plan multifaceted responses and that community mental health centers, as service and support systems actually in place in many underserved areas, take advantage of multiple available funding streams to increase substantially their assistance for the elderly.", "PMID": 535339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6458", "title": "Euthanasia: a serene voyage to death?", "content": "Modern Western Culture regards death as a threatening enemy, whereas the ancients, as is the case in eastern philosophy, recognized both the fight with, and the releasing surrender to death. Dying is quite often a serene voyage, be it through old age, sickness, was or even suicide. Attentive listening to those who face the termination of incurable disease reveals the voice of enlightenment: 'euthanasia' also means 'clarified dying'. An attitude like this alleviates our recoil and assists in a supportive approach to the dying human.", "contents": "Euthanasia: a serene voyage to death? Modern Western Culture regards death as a threatening enemy, whereas the ancients, as is the case in eastern philosophy, recognized both the fight with, and the releasing surrender to death. Dying is quite often a serene voyage, be it through old age, sickness, was or even suicide. Attentive listening to those who face the termination of incurable disease reveals the voice of enlightenment: 'euthanasia' also means 'clarified dying'. An attitude like this alleviates our recoil and assists in a supportive approach to the dying human.", "PMID": 535362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6459", "title": "[Creativity in adolescence].", "content": "The phenomen of transitory artistic creativity in adolescence is discussed. Although adolescents have the same qualities as adults their artistic productivity varies. Various concepts of creativity as found in the literature are discussed, especially those comparing adult and adolescent personality. The different developmental stages of adolescence correspond to different stages of creativity which are the products of various ego stages and ego defense mechanisms during the three adolescent periods.", "contents": "[Creativity in adolescence]. The phenomen of transitory artistic creativity in adolescence is discussed. Although adolescents have the same qualities as adults their artistic productivity varies. Various concepts of creativity as found in the literature are discussed, especially those comparing adult and adolescent personality. The different developmental stages of adolescence correspond to different stages of creativity which are the products of various ego stages and ego defense mechanisms during the three adolescent periods.", "PMID": 535363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6460", "title": "[Catamnestic observations regarding the case of an obsession. Demoniac obsession nowadays].", "content": "A report is given on the catamnesis of a 43-year-old, previously obsessed female person whose case history was in detail described and discussed in this journal [14: 203-225 (1971)]. Following the attempt of an interpretation of this clinically rare case, testified in its time, the phenomenon of the obsession was discussed in the light of psychiatry and theology at the present time, when man is haunted by fear for his existence and obviously has recourse again to exorcism.", "contents": "[Catamnestic observations regarding the case of an obsession. Demoniac obsession nowadays]. A report is given on the catamnesis of a 43-year-old, previously obsessed female person whose case history was in detail described and discussed in this journal [14: 203-225 (1971)]. Following the attempt of an interpretation of this clinically rare case, testified in its time, the phenomenon of the obsession was discussed in the light of psychiatry and theology at the present time, when man is haunted by fear for his existence and obviously has recourse again to exorcism.", "PMID": 535364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6461", "title": "A-nor steroids as post-coital contraceptives in the hamster with special reference to the transport and degeneration of eggs.", "content": "Two A-nor steroids, Anordrin and H241, showed a marked antifertility effect when given orally to hamsters at 10 mg/kg/day for three or four days after mating. Further study indicated that the antifertility effect was due to a disturbance of egg transport, retarded development and degeneration of fertilized eggs.", "contents": "A-nor steroids as post-coital contraceptives in the hamster with special reference to the transport and degeneration of eggs. Two A-nor steroids, Anordrin and H241, showed a marked antifertility effect when given orally to hamsters at 10 mg/kg/day for three or four days after mating. Further study indicated that the antifertility effect was due to a disturbance of egg transport, retarded development and degeneration of fertilized eggs.", "PMID": 535365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6462", "title": "Effects of 17 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-methylandrost-5-en-3-one (RMI 12,936) on pregnant rabbits.", "content": "A single subcutaneous injection of RMI 12,936 interrupted 8- and 15-day pregnancy in the rabbit. A dose dependent loss of embryos was observed. Higher doses of RMI 12,936 were needed to terminate pregnancy in 8-day pregnant (74% efficacy with 10 mg/kg) than in 15-day pregnant rabbits (100% efficacy with 8 mg/kg). Termination of pregnancy by RMI 12,936 was accompanied by a significant increase of progesterone (delta 4 p) in rabbits receiving 10 mg/kg RMI 12,936 on day 8 of pregnancy. On the other hand, treatment with 8 mg/kg RMI 12,936 on day 15 of pregnancy did not alter the delta 4 p levels, but induced a significant decrease in 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone. In these two treatment groups, a consistent and highly significant increase of serum testosterone (T) was observed. The increase of T value possibly was due to a decrease in aromatizing ability of the follicles after RMI 12, 936 treatment and might have contributed towards the interruption of pregnancy. The failure of RMI 12,936-treated rabbits to ovulate even after hCG administration suggests that his compound might have lowered the sensitivity of the mature follicles to LH stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of 17 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-methylandrost-5-en-3-one (RMI 12,936) on pregnant rabbits. A single subcutaneous injection of RMI 12,936 interrupted 8- and 15-day pregnancy in the rabbit. A dose dependent loss of embryos was observed. Higher doses of RMI 12,936 were needed to terminate pregnancy in 8-day pregnant (74% efficacy with 10 mg/kg) than in 15-day pregnant rabbits (100% efficacy with 8 mg/kg). Termination of pregnancy by RMI 12,936 was accompanied by a significant increase of progesterone (delta 4 p) in rabbits receiving 10 mg/kg RMI 12,936 on day 8 of pregnancy. On the other hand, treatment with 8 mg/kg RMI 12,936 on day 15 of pregnancy did not alter the delta 4 p levels, but induced a significant decrease in 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone. In these two treatment groups, a consistent and highly significant increase of serum testosterone (T) was observed. The increase of T value possibly was due to a decrease in aromatizing ability of the follicles after RMI 12, 936 treatment and might have contributed towards the interruption of pregnancy. The failure of RMI 12,936-treated rabbits to ovulate even after hCG administration suggests that his compound might have lowered the sensitivity of the mature follicles to LH stimulation.", "PMID": 535367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6463", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from human specimens and their drug-resistance in the Niigata District of Japan.", "content": "A total number of 60 Yersina strains (Yersinia enterocolitica 58; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 2) were isolated from 58 patients who were more or less doubtful to yersinia infection in the Niigata district. An etiologic significance with respect to serogroup and biovar was investigated from the following viewpoints, (1) serum agglutinin titer; (2) positive recovery in the follow-up; (3) relation of positive specimen to the inflammatory lesion, (4) comparison with the isolates from a healthy group. Thus, etiologic significance was highly susceptible in the cases with 03 (4), 03 (3), and 05B (2) of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, less susceptible in those with 05A (1) and 015 (1) of Y. enterocolitica and not susceptible in those with 06 (1), 07,8 (1), and 012 (1) or Y. enterocolitica. Among the isolates, drug-resistant strains--some of them involved with R plasmid--were demonstrated.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from human specimens and their drug-resistance in the Niigata District of Japan. A total number of 60 Yersina strains (Yersinia enterocolitica 58; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 2) were isolated from 58 patients who were more or less doubtful to yersinia infection in the Niigata district. An etiologic significance with respect to serogroup and biovar was investigated from the following viewpoints, (1) serum agglutinin titer; (2) positive recovery in the follow-up; (3) relation of positive specimen to the inflammatory lesion, (4) comparison with the isolates from a healthy group. Thus, etiologic significance was highly susceptible in the cases with 03 (4), 03 (3), and 05B (2) of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, less susceptible in those with 05A (1) and 015 (1) of Y. enterocolitica and not susceptible in those with 06 (1), 07,8 (1), and 012 (1) or Y. enterocolitica. Among the isolates, drug-resistant strains--some of them involved with R plasmid--were demonstrated.", "PMID": 535368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6464", "title": "Investigations of source and route of Yersinia enterocolitica infection.", "content": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed on healthy humans, animals and food, and growth of Y. enterocolitica on sliced ham at various temperature ranges was also examined. It was noticed that the most prevalent 0 group (03) in human infection was isolated from swine, pork and chopping boards. The storage of food in the refrigerator (5 degrees C) possibly increases the risk of infection since Y. enterocolitica is multipliable at low temperatures more readily than many other pathogenic bacteria. Pork and meat products contaminated with Y. enterocolitica, either primarily or secondarily, are probably the most important source of human infection.", "contents": "Investigations of source and route of Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed on healthy humans, animals and food, and growth of Y. enterocolitica on sliced ham at various temperature ranges was also examined. It was noticed that the most prevalent 0 group (03) in human infection was isolated from swine, pork and chopping boards. The storage of food in the refrigerator (5 degrees C) possibly increases the risk of infection since Y. enterocolitica is multipliable at low temperatures more readily than many other pathogenic bacteria. Pork and meat products contaminated with Y. enterocolitica, either primarily or secondarily, are probably the most important source of human infection.", "PMID": 535369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6465", "title": "Comments on the ecology and epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "On the basis of the information disseminated by the Reference Laboratory in 1968, the microbiological diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) was gradually mastered by all Czechoslovak microbiological laboratories. The most frequent serotype isolated in man was Ye 03. Isolation predominated from cases of diarrhoea, less often from appendectomies, and only one case of septicaemia was described. Usually only sporadic cases occur and outbreaks are rare. A few strains of Ye 05 were found in diarrhoeas. Epidemiological analysis of Ye diarrhoeas showed that infections due to Ye 03 occurred prevalently in small children in large cities; infected people were only rarely in direct contact with pigs or other domestic animals suspected as possible vectors. One interhuman transfer (two young children in one family, incubation period 7 days) was observed. Ye 03 was isolated only from man, pig, dog, cat and rats from pig houses; on the other hand, in wildlife, water (drinking and surface water) and foodstuffs other Ye serotypes, and mostly biotype 1, are found.", "contents": "Comments on the ecology and epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica in Czechoslovakia. On the basis of the information disseminated by the Reference Laboratory in 1968, the microbiological diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) was gradually mastered by all Czechoslovak microbiological laboratories. The most frequent serotype isolated in man was Ye 03. Isolation predominated from cases of diarrhoea, less often from appendectomies, and only one case of septicaemia was described. Usually only sporadic cases occur and outbreaks are rare. A few strains of Ye 05 were found in diarrhoeas. Epidemiological analysis of Ye diarrhoeas showed that infections due to Ye 03 occurred prevalently in small children in large cities; infected people were only rarely in direct contact with pigs or other domestic animals suspected as possible vectors. One interhuman transfer (two young children in one family, incubation period 7 days) was observed. Ye 03 was isolated only from man, pig, dog, cat and rats from pig houses; on the other hand, in wildlife, water (drinking and surface water) and foodstuffs other Ye serotypes, and mostly biotype 1, are found.", "PMID": 535370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6466", "title": "Canadian experience with Yersinia enterocolitica (1966--1977).", "content": "Data pertaining to 1,219 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated in Canada are summarized. Of the 977 cultures isolated from humans, Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3, biotype 4, phage type IXb was the most predominant type in Ontario, Quebec and the four Eastern Provinces. In the Western Provinces the predominant strains were indol-positive, serotypes 0:8; 5,27 and 4,32. Most of the 242 cultures of nonhuman origin, except those isolated from swine and a few isolated from wild animals, were indol-positive, biochemically atypical and serologically nontypable or belonging to different serotypes which have seldom been found in human infections.", "contents": "Canadian experience with Yersinia enterocolitica (1966--1977). Data pertaining to 1,219 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated in Canada are summarized. Of the 977 cultures isolated from humans, Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3, biotype 4, phage type IXb was the most predominant type in Ontario, Quebec and the four Eastern Provinces. In the Western Provinces the predominant strains were indol-positive, serotypes 0:8; 5,27 and 4,32. Most of the 242 cultures of nonhuman origin, except those isolated from swine and a few isolated from wild animals, were indol-positive, biochemically atypical and serologically nontypable or belonging to different serotypes which have seldom been found in human infections.", "PMID": 535372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6467", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Belgium.", "content": "In the period from 1963 to 1975 data were collected on 1,781 isolates of Y. enterocolitica from human infections in Belgium. There was an uneven spread of the cases over the country, but this could simply reflect the distribution and activity of medical laboratories. Serotype 3 dominated (89.2%) followed by serotype 9 (8.6%). Less than 1% of all isolates were from nonenteral sources. Gastroenteritis was the diagnosis in 86.8% of patients, while 10.6% were suffering from an appendicitis-like syndrome. Gastroenteritis had its peak incidence in the under 5 year group, whereas the pseudo-appendicular syndrome was more frequent in the 10--19 years age group. There was a distinct seasonal peak in late autumn. The significant association with Salmonella isolation from the stool of the same patient has been confirmed.", "contents": "Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Belgium. In the period from 1963 to 1975 data were collected on 1,781 isolates of Y. enterocolitica from human infections in Belgium. There was an uneven spread of the cases over the country, but this could simply reflect the distribution and activity of medical laboratories. Serotype 3 dominated (89.2%) followed by serotype 9 (8.6%). Less than 1% of all isolates were from nonenteral sources. Gastroenteritis was the diagnosis in 86.8% of patients, while 10.6% were suffering from an appendicitis-like syndrome. Gastroenteritis had its peak incidence in the under 5 year group, whereas the pseudo-appendicular syndrome was more frequent in the 10--19 years age group. There was a distinct seasonal peak in late autumn. The significant association with Salmonella isolation from the stool of the same patient has been confirmed.", "PMID": 535373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6468", "title": "Yersiniosis in California.", "content": "Thirty-three strains of Yersinia enterocolitica representing 11 different serotypes were identified from human isolates in California between 1968 and mid-1977. The most frequently encountered serotype, 0:5,27, was identified in 8 cases. Twenty-one strains, representing five serotypes, were esculin- and salicin-negative, and were considered to be the primary cause of disease in the majority of these cases. The remaining strains, representing six serotypes, were esculin- and salicin-positive, and appeared to be 'opportunistic' organisms. They were isolated from 12 patients, 8 of whom had underlying conditions, and 4 or whom were asymptomatic. From 1968 to 1977, 13 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolated from humans were submitted to our laboratory for identification or confirmation. Ten were serotype I and three, serotype III. Sources of isolation included blood (6); blood and liver abscess (1); blood and urine, and liver at autopsy (1); feces (2); biopsy of terminal ileum (1); abdomonal abscess (1); and neck abscess (1). The results of serotyping and biochemical characteristics of the strains, as well as the clinical histories of the patients, are discussed.", "contents": "Yersiniosis in California. Thirty-three strains of Yersinia enterocolitica representing 11 different serotypes were identified from human isolates in California between 1968 and mid-1977. The most frequently encountered serotype, 0:5,27, was identified in 8 cases. Twenty-one strains, representing five serotypes, were esculin- and salicin-negative, and were considered to be the primary cause of disease in the majority of these cases. The remaining strains, representing six serotypes, were esculin- and salicin-positive, and appeared to be 'opportunistic' organisms. They were isolated from 12 patients, 8 of whom had underlying conditions, and 4 or whom were asymptomatic. From 1968 to 1977, 13 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolated from humans were submitted to our laboratory for identification or confirmation. Ten were serotype I and three, serotype III. Sources of isolation included blood (6); blood and liver abscess (1); blood and urine, and liver at autopsy (1); feces (2); biopsy of terminal ileum (1); abdomonal abscess (1); and neck abscess (1). The results of serotyping and biochemical characteristics of the strains, as well as the clinical histories of the patients, are discussed.", "PMID": 535374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6469", "title": "The first isolation of human Yersinia enterocolitica in Brazil: case report.", "content": "The isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from humans in Brazil has never been described before. The present report describes the isolation of an Y. enterocolitica isolate from a patient with clinical symptoms resembling appendicitis. The isolate showed typical sensitivity to the drugs and biochemical tests, with the exception of the motility at 22 degrees C, that was negative. The strain agglutinated with antisera 03 and the patient's serum showed an antibody titer of 1:80 against Y. enterocolitica serotype 03.", "contents": "The first isolation of human Yersinia enterocolitica in Brazil: case report. The isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from humans in Brazil has never been described before. The present report describes the isolation of an Y. enterocolitica isolate from a patient with clinical symptoms resembling appendicitis. The isolate showed typical sensitivity to the drugs and biochemical tests, with the exception of the motility at 22 degrees C, that was negative. The strain agglutinated with antisera 03 and the patient's serum showed an antibody titer of 1:80 against Y. enterocolitica serotype 03.", "PMID": 535375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6470", "title": "Waterborne Yersinia enterocolitica in the midwest United States.", "content": "One hundred forty strains of waterborne Y. enterocolitica were isolated from Wisconsin and Colorado rivers, lakes and wells between October 1974 and March 1976- Direct-plating of unconcentrated water specimens on deoxycholate-citrate-mannitol (Y-M) agar resulted in 89 isolates. Prolonged incubation of specimens in cooked meat broth produced 51 additional strains. Most organisms were indole-positive, Nil\u00e9ln biotype 1 with 24% belonging to the rhamnophilum subgroup. Twenty-three serotypes were represented with 13% reacting as 0:4,32/33, 43% of the isolates could not be serotyped. Twelve organisms were phagetyped as either XO or XZ.", "contents": "Waterborne Yersinia enterocolitica in the midwest United States. One hundred forty strains of waterborne Y. enterocolitica were isolated from Wisconsin and Colorado rivers, lakes and wells between October 1974 and March 1976- Direct-plating of unconcentrated water specimens on deoxycholate-citrate-mannitol (Y-M) agar resulted in 89 isolates. Prolonged incubation of specimens in cooked meat broth produced 51 additional strains. Most organisms were indole-positive, Nil\u00e9ln biotype 1 with 24% belonging to the rhamnophilum subgroup. Twenty-three serotypes were represented with 13% reacting as 0:4,32/33, 43% of the isolates could not be serotyped. Twelve organisms were phagetyped as either XO or XZ.", "PMID": 535377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6471", "title": "The first successful isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in Iran.", "content": "Since 1967, more than 2,000 specimens have been examined for the possible existence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Iran. Most of the specimens were stool and appendices. For primary isolation SS and EMB media were used and the cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C. In 1976 we isolated the first strain of Y. enterocolitica from the stool of a 10-month-old girl. She was suffering from chronic diarrhea. This strain was the first strain of Y. enterocolitica to be successfully isolated in Iran. It belongs to serotype 03,--biotype 4-phage type VIII. It has all the classical characteristics of Y. enterocolitica. However, in contrast to the strains found in northern Europe, it ferments d-xylose. Our finding was confirmed by internationally accepted Yersinia centers.", "contents": "The first successful isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in Iran. Since 1967, more than 2,000 specimens have been examined for the possible existence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Iran. Most of the specimens were stool and appendices. For primary isolation SS and EMB media were used and the cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C. In 1976 we isolated the first strain of Y. enterocolitica from the stool of a 10-month-old girl. She was suffering from chronic diarrhea. This strain was the first strain of Y. enterocolitica to be successfully isolated in Iran. It belongs to serotype 03,--biotype 4-phage type VIII. It has all the classical characteristics of Y. enterocolitica. However, in contrast to the strains found in northern Europe, it ferments d-xylose. Our finding was confirmed by internationally accepted Yersinia centers.", "PMID": 535378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6472", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from swine at an abattoir in Sweden.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica is presented from a taxonomic point of view. A review about the increased frequencies of isolations of Y. enterocolitica from domestic and wild animals in Europe is given. Recent studies from different countries strongly suggest swine as a source of Y. enterocolitica infection to humans. The frequencies of isolation of the O-group I (serotype 3) of this bacteria from swine at a Swedish abattoir is presented. The occurrence of positive cases in lots of swine sent to slaughter from different herds range from 0.6 to 8.0%.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from swine at an abattoir in Sweden. Yersinia enterocolitica is presented from a taxonomic point of view. A review about the increased frequencies of isolations of Y. enterocolitica from domestic and wild animals in Europe is given. Recent studies from different countries strongly suggest swine as a source of Y. enterocolitica infection to humans. The frequencies of isolation of the O-group I (serotype 3) of this bacteria from swine at a Swedish abattoir is presented. The occurrence of positive cases in lots of swine sent to slaughter from different herds range from 0.6 to 8.0%.", "PMID": 535379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6473", "title": "Carriage of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 by pigs as a source of human infection.", "content": "Bacteriological cultures were made from pigs' tongues bought in several Belgian butchers' shops, for 3 years in succession. From 302 samples 168 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were isolated, all of serotype 3, except three strains belonging to serotype 9. The isolation rate ranged from 53 to 62.5%, depending on the year. The modified Rappaport broth supplemented with carbenicillin proved to be highly superior to the cold enrichment method for recovering the organism from this material. It is assessed that Y. enterocolitica of serotype 3 is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity of pigs in some countries. This source of organism might play a prominent part in the epidemiology of human infections caused by these bacteria.", "contents": "Carriage of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 by pigs as a source of human infection. Bacteriological cultures were made from pigs' tongues bought in several Belgian butchers' shops, for 3 years in succession. From 302 samples 168 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were isolated, all of serotype 3, except three strains belonging to serotype 9. The isolation rate ranged from 53 to 62.5%, depending on the year. The modified Rappaport broth supplemented with carbenicillin proved to be highly superior to the cold enrichment method for recovering the organism from this material. It is assessed that Y. enterocolitica of serotype 3 is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity of pigs in some countries. This source of organism might play a prominent part in the epidemiology of human infections caused by these bacteria.", "PMID": 535380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6474", "title": "Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in the throat of swine.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0 3 was isolated from 84 (30%) of 282 throat swab cultures from bacon pigs at slaughter. Other serotypes of Y.e. were not isolated. All the isolations were made by the cold-enrichment method. The serum agglutinin titres against serotype 0 3 were low in most of the pigs examined. The rate of isolation of the organism increased with rising serum titre. In Denmark, Y.e. serotype 0 3 would appear to be a common inhabitant of the throat of swine.", "contents": "Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in the throat of swine. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0 3 was isolated from 84 (30%) of 282 throat swab cultures from bacon pigs at slaughter. Other serotypes of Y.e. were not isolated. All the isolations were made by the cold-enrichment method. The serum agglutinin titres against serotype 0 3 were low in most of the pigs examined. The rate of isolation of the organism increased with rising serum titre. In Denmark, Y.e. serotype 0 3 would appear to be a common inhabitant of the throat of swine.", "PMID": 535381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6475", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children: 4 years experience in the Montreal urban community.", "content": "From 1973 to 1976, a total of 146 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from children at the Ste. Justine Hospital and Montreal Children's Hospital. All strains tested were of serotype 0:3, biotype 4. The majority (80%) of children from whom Y. enterocolitica was isolated were under 5 years of age and in 74 of 93 cases reviewed diarrhea was the predominant symptom. Case reports on 2 patients with unusual clinical features are also presented.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children: 4 years experience in the Montreal urban community. From 1973 to 1976, a total of 146 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from children at the Ste. Justine Hospital and Montreal Children's Hospital. All strains tested were of serotype 0:3, biotype 4. The majority (80%) of children from whom Y. enterocolitica was isolated were under 5 years of age and in 74 of 93 cases reviewed diarrhea was the predominant symptom. Case reports on 2 patients with unusual clinical features are also presented.", "PMID": 535386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6476", "title": "Speciation in Yersinia.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness among members of the genus Yersinia and the biochemical reactions of these organisms were compared. These data were used to reassess speciation within the genus Yersinia, and three new species were proposed. These are Yersinia ruckeri sp. n., formerly called the redmouth bacterium; Yersinia intermedia, sp. n., formerly a rhamnose-positive, raffinose-positive, melibiose-positive biogroup within Yersinia enterocolitica; and Yersinia frederiksenii sp. n., formerly a rhamnose-positive, raffinose-negative, melibiose-negative biogroup within Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "Speciation in Yersinia. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness among members of the genus Yersinia and the biochemical reactions of these organisms were compared. These data were used to reassess speciation within the genus Yersinia, and three new species were proposed. These are Yersinia ruckeri sp. n., formerly called the redmouth bacterium; Yersinia intermedia, sp. n., formerly a rhamnose-positive, raffinose-positive, melibiose-positive biogroup within Yersinia enterocolitica; and Yersinia frederiksenii sp. n., formerly a rhamnose-positive, raffinose-negative, melibiose-negative biogroup within Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 535389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6477", "title": "An experimental study of the pathology and ecology of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice.", "content": "Four experiments are described in which laboratory mice were infected with Y. enterocolitica using an American serotype 0:8 (WA) and two European strains, serotypes 0:3 and 0:9. The pathogenicity and histopathological responses of strain WA (0:8) were determined in the Porton white outbred mouse by three route of inoculation. The LD50 after infection by the intraperitoneal route was 8.8 x 10(1) organisms, which is similar to results obtained by previous workers using disease-free and hybrid mouse strains. European strains 0:3 and 0:9 were shown to infect the Porton white outbred mice when injected intraperitoneally but no deaths occurred. Chronic faecal excretion was demonstrated up to 135 days. Specific antibodies were detected in the 0:3 and 0:9 infected mice and the immune response was further assessed by challenging the excreter mice with 50LD50S of the virulent WA strain. A significant degree of protection occurred in mice previously injected with 10(7) organisms of the avirulent strains. No evidence of phenotypic variation, as measured by 40 markers, was detected in 67 isolates of Y. enterocolitica recovered during the course of the four experiments. These results suggest that laboratory rodents could be a useful model for studying the infection produced by virulent and avirulent strains, and since it has been clearly established that a wide range of serotypes and non-typeable strains may be isolated from wild rodents, our findings could be extrapolated to the wildlife situation. Further work on the laboratory model could give a more detailed insight into the mechanism and extent to which rodents act as reservoirs of Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "An experimental study of the pathology and ecology of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice. Four experiments are described in which laboratory mice were infected with Y. enterocolitica using an American serotype 0:8 (WA) and two European strains, serotypes 0:3 and 0:9. The pathogenicity and histopathological responses of strain WA (0:8) were determined in the Porton white outbred mouse by three route of inoculation. The LD50 after infection by the intraperitoneal route was 8.8 x 10(1) organisms, which is similar to results obtained by previous workers using disease-free and hybrid mouse strains. European strains 0:3 and 0:9 were shown to infect the Porton white outbred mice when injected intraperitoneally but no deaths occurred. Chronic faecal excretion was demonstrated up to 135 days. Specific antibodies were detected in the 0:3 and 0:9 infected mice and the immune response was further assessed by challenging the excreter mice with 50LD50S of the virulent WA strain. A significant degree of protection occurred in mice previously injected with 10(7) organisms of the avirulent strains. No evidence of phenotypic variation, as measured by 40 markers, was detected in 67 isolates of Y. enterocolitica recovered during the course of the four experiments. These results suggest that laboratory rodents could be a useful model for studying the infection produced by virulent and avirulent strains, and since it has been clearly established that a wide range of serotypes and non-typeable strains may be isolated from wild rodents, our findings could be extrapolated to the wildlife situation. Further work on the laboratory model could give a more detailed insight into the mechanism and extent to which rodents act as reservoirs of Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 535390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6478", "title": "Host responses to infection with Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "The mechanism of protective systemic immunity to Y. enterocolitica infection in mice was studied. It was determined that active immunization of mice with heat-killed yersiniae would induce a protective immune response against an intravenous challenge. This protective response was proven to be humoral in nature when it was demonstrated that passively transferred serum, but not cells, protected normal recipients against a lethal challenge. It was also shown that the immune serum caused opsonization of the microorganisms resulting in enhanced phagocytosis and killing of yersiniae by reticuloendothelial organs.", "contents": "Host responses to infection with Yersinia enterocolitica. The mechanism of protective systemic immunity to Y. enterocolitica infection in mice was studied. It was determined that active immunization of mice with heat-killed yersiniae would induce a protective immune response against an intravenous challenge. This protective response was proven to be humoral in nature when it was demonstrated that passively transferred serum, but not cells, protected normal recipients against a lethal challenge. It was also shown that the immune serum caused opsonization of the microorganisms resulting in enhanced phagocytosis and killing of yersiniae by reticuloendothelial organs.", "PMID": 535391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6479", "title": "Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica strains in subgroups after biochemistry and serology.", "content": "A system for the differentiation of Yersinia enterocolotica strains and Yersinia enterocolitica-like strains is introduced using the biochemical and O-serological characters of the strains and their sources. Seven subgroups are proposed. I--III are indole-negative strains. IV include strains which are indole-positive but lack the ability to split aesculin and to ferment salicin. These strains mostly belong to serotype 0:8 and are found in the USA or in Canada. In subgroups V--VII the strains are also indole-positive but they can also ferment salicin and split aesculin. Subgroup V strains cannot ferment rhamnose. Subgroups VI and VII include the strains which ferment rhamnose, and in subgroups VII, to which strains with serotype 0.17 belong, melibiose is also often fermented. Using cross-agglutination studies it has been possible to make a subdividing of the serotypes 0:4, 0:5, 0:6 and 0:7.", "contents": "Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica strains in subgroups after biochemistry and serology. A system for the differentiation of Yersinia enterocolotica strains and Yersinia enterocolitica-like strains is introduced using the biochemical and O-serological characters of the strains and their sources. Seven subgroups are proposed. I--III are indole-negative strains. IV include strains which are indole-positive but lack the ability to split aesculin and to ferment salicin. These strains mostly belong to serotype 0:8 and are found in the USA or in Canada. In subgroups V--VII the strains are also indole-positive but they can also ferment salicin and split aesculin. Subgroup V strains cannot ferment rhamnose. Subgroups VI and VII include the strains which ferment rhamnose, and in subgroups VII, to which strains with serotype 0.17 belong, melibiose is also often fermented. Using cross-agglutination studies it has been possible to make a subdividing of the serotypes 0:4, 0:5, 0:6 and 0:7.", "PMID": 535392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6480", "title": "The isolation of urease-negative strains of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Three urease-negative Y. enterocolitica strains of biotype 2 have been isolated from stool and urine of healthy persons. They were diagnosed on an isolation medium used routinely in the bacteriological laboratory of the Regional Station of Hygiene in Cesk\u00e9 Bud\u0115jovice for isolation and diagnosis of gram-negative facultatively anaerobic-fermenting rods. An important characteristic was the smell of the culture, typical of all the indole-positive strains of Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "The isolation of urease-negative strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Three urease-negative Y. enterocolitica strains of biotype 2 have been isolated from stool and urine of healthy persons. They were diagnosed on an isolation medium used routinely in the bacteriological laboratory of the Regional Station of Hygiene in Cesk\u00e9 Bud\u0115jovice for isolation and diagnosis of gram-negative facultatively anaerobic-fermenting rods. An important characteristic was the smell of the culture, typical of all the indole-positive strains of Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 535393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6481", "title": "Biotypic and serotypic profiles of 367 Yersinia enterocolitica cultures of human and environmental origin in the United States.", "content": "Between 1972 and March 1977, 367 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica were examined for biotypic and serotypic characteristics by Plague Branch, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Center for Disease Control. Standard biotyping tests were performed. Serotyping antisera used contained somatic serofactors 1 through 9, 11 through 21, 24, 32, and two new types designated 'Arizona' and 'Tacoma'. The cultures examined included 68 from human illnesses; 43 from 12 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals; 43 from raw meats, milk, or seafood; and 215 from 154 different water samples. Geographic origins of the cultures included 16 states of the USA and four provinces of Canada.", "contents": "Biotypic and serotypic profiles of 367 Yersinia enterocolitica cultures of human and environmental origin in the United States. Between 1972 and March 1977, 367 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica were examined for biotypic and serotypic characteristics by Plague Branch, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Center for Disease Control. Standard biotyping tests were performed. Serotyping antisera used contained somatic serofactors 1 through 9, 11 through 21, 24, 32, and two new types designated 'Arizona' and 'Tacoma'. The cultures examined included 68 from human illnesses; 43 from 12 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals; 43 from raw meats, milk, or seafood; and 215 from 154 different water samples. Geographic origins of the cultures included 16 states of the USA and four provinces of Canada.", "PMID": 535394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6482", "title": "Cultural characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on differential media.", "content": "A study was made of the cultural characteristics of 43 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and 49 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on media commonly used for the isolation and differentiation of enteric bacteria. Best growth of the yersinia occurred on MacConkey agar, followed by growth on SS agar; none of the strains of either species developed colonies on brilliant green agar. The Y. pseudotuberculosis strains developed only one type of colony on MacConkey, SS, EMB, Hektoen, and XLD media whereas Y. enterocolitica exhibited more than one type of colony on all of the media except MacConkey and SS agar. The 'lactose-positive' colonies of Y. enterocolitica were especially distinctive on EMB. These were quite dark, with or without a metallic sheen, and closely resembled the colonies of lactose fermenting Escherichia coli on EMB agar. Strains of both Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis grew better on the differential media at 35 degrees C than at 22 degrees C but the growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis was considerably slower than that of the other species.", "contents": "Cultural characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on differential media. A study was made of the cultural characteristics of 43 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and 49 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on media commonly used for the isolation and differentiation of enteric bacteria. Best growth of the yersinia occurred on MacConkey agar, followed by growth on SS agar; none of the strains of either species developed colonies on brilliant green agar. The Y. pseudotuberculosis strains developed only one type of colony on MacConkey, SS, EMB, Hektoen, and XLD media whereas Y. enterocolitica exhibited more than one type of colony on all of the media except MacConkey and SS agar. The 'lactose-positive' colonies of Y. enterocolitica were especially distinctive on EMB. These were quite dark, with or without a metallic sheen, and closely resembled the colonies of lactose fermenting Escherichia coli on EMB agar. Strains of both Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis grew better on the differential media at 35 degrees C than at 22 degrees C but the growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis was considerably slower than that of the other species.", "PMID": 535395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6483", "title": "Prevalence of unique Yersinia enterocolitica in the area of the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, N.Y.", "content": "The incidence of infection due to Yersinia enterocolitica is unknown in the United States as well as in a given geographic locale such as New York City. Comparison of 10 Y. enterocolitica strains recovered at nine hospitals in the New York City area to 22 isolated at The Mount Sinai Hospital revealed striking differences in clinical presentation of disease, biochemical behavior of the isolates and their serological profiles. The 10 strains were from patients with 'classical syndromes', were biochemically typical and of a serological profile (0:1 or 0:2, 0:5, 0:8) known to produce these syndromes in the United States. The 22 Mount Sinai isolates were isolated from patients with milder infections, were biochemically atypical, and contained serotypes (0:17, 0:16, 0:12) seldom associated with human infections.", "contents": "Prevalence of unique Yersinia enterocolitica in the area of the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, N.Y. The incidence of infection due to Yersinia enterocolitica is unknown in the United States as well as in a given geographic locale such as New York City. Comparison of 10 Y. enterocolitica strains recovered at nine hospitals in the New York City area to 22 isolated at The Mount Sinai Hospital revealed striking differences in clinical presentation of disease, biochemical behavior of the isolates and their serological profiles. The 10 strains were from patients with 'classical syndromes', were biochemically typical and of a serological profile (0:1 or 0:2, 0:5, 0:8) known to produce these syndromes in the United States. The 22 Mount Sinai isolates were isolated from patients with milder infections, were biochemically atypical, and contained serotypes (0:17, 0:16, 0:12) seldom associated with human infections.", "PMID": 535396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6484", "title": "Stereochemical and dynamic aspects of genetic recombination.", "content": "The conformational features of three key intermediates in the gene conversion pathway are described. We have found that the dimensions of the trans turned structure involved in crossover are incompatible with normal H-bond formation occurring in opposing strands within the confines of 23 A axially separated double helices. However, if the separation is reduced to 18 A, slight rotation around the axis can give rise to crossover. A mechanism is proposed in which the crossover junction for short sequences migrates by torsional oscillations. This process is rapid enough to permit strand exchange of 100 bases in less than a millisecond. It is shown that the rotational diffusion mechanism becomes rate limiting for the crossover processes involving longer sequences.", "contents": "Stereochemical and dynamic aspects of genetic recombination. The conformational features of three key intermediates in the gene conversion pathway are described. We have found that the dimensions of the trans turned structure involved in crossover are incompatible with normal H-bond formation occurring in opposing strands within the confines of 23 A axially separated double helices. However, if the separation is reduced to 18 A, slight rotation around the axis can give rise to crossover. A mechanism is proposed in which the crossover junction for short sequences migrates by torsional oscillations. This process is rapid enough to permit strand exchange of 100 bases in less than a millisecond. It is shown that the rotational diffusion mechanism becomes rate limiting for the crossover processes involving longer sequences.", "PMID": 535399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6485", "title": "Translocatable elements in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The properties of the first translocatable element in Gram-positive bacteria, a 5.2 kb segment encoding erythromycin resistance in S. aureus, are described. This element translocates from plasmid to multiple chromosomal sites and from chromosome to multiple plasmid sites, sometimes causing insertional inactivation and deletion. The genetic control of translocation and its role in natural plasmid evolution are discussed and preliminary evidence for translocation of penicillin and chloramphenicol resistance is presented. In the latter case, translocation involves in intact plasmid.", "contents": "Translocatable elements in Staphylococcus aureus. The properties of the first translocatable element in Gram-positive bacteria, a 5.2 kb segment encoding erythromycin resistance in S. aureus, are described. This element translocates from plasmid to multiple chromosomal sites and from chromosome to multiple plasmid sites, sometimes causing insertional inactivation and deletion. The genetic control of translocation and its role in natural plasmid evolution are discussed and preliminary evidence for translocation of penicillin and chloramphenicol resistance is presented. In the latter case, translocation involves in intact plasmid.", "PMID": 535401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6486", "title": "A new Q wave in the electrocardiogram in patients operated upon for ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "In 305 patients operated upon for symptomatic ischaemic heart disease, a series of resting electrocardiograms, obtained during the first days after operation, was evaluated. A new Q wave was found in 10% of the patients. The genesis of this EGG change had not correlation with the patients' age and sex, presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, tobacco smoking, blood cholesterol level, functional calss of angina pectoris, previous myocardial infarction, the number of affected coronary arteries, duration of extracorporeal circulation or anoxic circulatory arrest, and peroperatively measured graft blood flow. A new Q wave after revascularization occurred more frequently in patients with multiple venous aortocoronary bypasses. The new Q wave is an EGG manifestation of myocardial necrosis with subsequent local disturbance of left ventricular function.", "contents": "A new Q wave in the electrocardiogram in patients operated upon for ischaemic heart disease. In 305 patients operated upon for symptomatic ischaemic heart disease, a series of resting electrocardiograms, obtained during the first days after operation, was evaluated. A new Q wave was found in 10% of the patients. The genesis of this EGG change had not correlation with the patients' age and sex, presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, tobacco smoking, blood cholesterol level, functional calss of angina pectoris, previous myocardial infarction, the number of affected coronary arteries, duration of extracorporeal circulation or anoxic circulatory arrest, and peroperatively measured graft blood flow. A new Q wave after revascularization occurred more frequently in patients with multiple venous aortocoronary bypasses. The new Q wave is an EGG manifestation of myocardial necrosis with subsequent local disturbance of left ventricular function.", "PMID": 535402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6487", "title": "Incidence and fatality of acute myocardial infarction in the community.", "content": "The incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction (AMI; diagnostic categories \"definite AMI\" + \"possible AMI\" + \"insufficient data\"), defined as number of cases per 10 000 population (20 years and older) and year, are highest in Berlin, GDR (63 for males, 42 for females), intermediate in Budapest (46/22) and lowest in Warsaw (38/21). In Budapest and Warsaw younger and middle-aged men suffer more frequently from AMI than in Berlin, while in the GDR capital AMI is more frequent in older men and women. In younger and middle-aged groups AMI occurs in women ten years later than in men. After standardization for age, the AMI incidence rates are not significantly different between Budapest and Warsaw, but are significantly higher in Berlin, particularly for older women. The standardized fatality rates of AMI (percentage of cases died within 28 days from all cases) for males were equally high for Berlin and Budapest (each about 50%), but in Warsaw significantly lower (42%). For females they are significantly highest in Berlin (69%), intermediate in Budapest (57%) and significantly lowest in Warsaw (40%). This is due mainly to an excess fatality within the oldest groups in the Berlin Register.", "contents": "Incidence and fatality of acute myocardial infarction in the community. The incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction (AMI; diagnostic categories \"definite AMI\" + \"possible AMI\" + \"insufficient data\"), defined as number of cases per 10 000 population (20 years and older) and year, are highest in Berlin, GDR (63 for males, 42 for females), intermediate in Budapest (46/22) and lowest in Warsaw (38/21). In Budapest and Warsaw younger and middle-aged men suffer more frequently from AMI than in Berlin, while in the GDR capital AMI is more frequent in older men and women. In younger and middle-aged groups AMI occurs in women ten years later than in men. After standardization for age, the AMI incidence rates are not significantly different between Budapest and Warsaw, but are significantly higher in Berlin, particularly for older women. The standardized fatality rates of AMI (percentage of cases died within 28 days from all cases) for males were equally high for Berlin and Budapest (each about 50%), but in Warsaw significantly lower (42%). For females they are significantly highest in Berlin (69%), intermediate in Budapest (57%) and significantly lowest in Warsaw (40%). This is due mainly to an excess fatality within the oldest groups in the Berlin Register.", "PMID": 535403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6488", "title": "The first heart sound abnormalities accompanied with alteration of systolic time intervals in incipient heart failure.", "content": "A phonocardiological analysis of the first heart sound was made and systolic time intervals were measured in 40 patients (ischaemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathies) with incipient cardiac failure (functional groups I--II according to the NYHA) with auscultatory changes of the first heart sound and in controls of randomly selected healthy persons or patients in whom cardiopulmonary disease was excluded. The patients in all diagnostic groups differed significantly (P less than 0.05--0.001) in practically all the phonocardiographic indicators from the controls. The most constant abnormal finding was a pathological split of the first heart sound which may be divided into three phonocardiographic forms. Simultaneously, systolic time intervals alterations (P less than 0.02--0.001) were also found in these patients and indicated a lowered performance of the left ventricle. The results suggest that 1) a certain relation exists between systolic time intervals and the phonocardiographic pattern of the first heart sound in patients with cardiovascular diseases and those without it; 2) the modified (pathologically splitted and prolonged) first heart sound could be a sign of incipient cardiac failure.", "contents": "The first heart sound abnormalities accompanied with alteration of systolic time intervals in incipient heart failure. A phonocardiological analysis of the first heart sound was made and systolic time intervals were measured in 40 patients (ischaemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathies) with incipient cardiac failure (functional groups I--II according to the NYHA) with auscultatory changes of the first heart sound and in controls of randomly selected healthy persons or patients in whom cardiopulmonary disease was excluded. The patients in all diagnostic groups differed significantly (P less than 0.05--0.001) in practically all the phonocardiographic indicators from the controls. The most constant abnormal finding was a pathological split of the first heart sound which may be divided into three phonocardiographic forms. Simultaneously, systolic time intervals alterations (P less than 0.02--0.001) were also found in these patients and indicated a lowered performance of the left ventricle. The results suggest that 1) a certain relation exists between systolic time intervals and the phonocardiographic pattern of the first heart sound in patients with cardiovascular diseases and those without it; 2) the modified (pathologically splitted and prolonged) first heart sound could be a sign of incipient cardiac failure.", "PMID": 535404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6489", "title": "Comparison of the effects of atenolol and propranolol in labile hypertension.", "content": "The effects of a single daily dose of 100 mg. of atenolol and an equivalent dose of propranolol were compared during a crossover, 15 day blind trial in a group of young labile hypertensives. Arterial pressure, heart rate, systolic time intervals and the carotid pulse upstroke time, recorded by external non-invasive procedures, were measured before and 4 and 8 hours after the last dose of both drugs. Both beta blocking agents significantly reduced and stabilized the arterial BP and the heart rate to normal values. However, a tendency to return to abnormal values was observed 8 hours after propranolol administration. Both drugs provoked an increase in the pre-ejection period, but with propranolol this increase was related to a larger isovolumetric contraction time, pointing to a negative inotropic action. The carotid pulse upstroke time was increased to normal values with atenolol. Propranolol failed to alter this value. Atenolol in a single oral daily dose is recommended in the treatment of labile hypertension.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of atenolol and propranolol in labile hypertension. The effects of a single daily dose of 100 mg. of atenolol and an equivalent dose of propranolol were compared during a crossover, 15 day blind trial in a group of young labile hypertensives. Arterial pressure, heart rate, systolic time intervals and the carotid pulse upstroke time, recorded by external non-invasive procedures, were measured before and 4 and 8 hours after the last dose of both drugs. Both beta blocking agents significantly reduced and stabilized the arterial BP and the heart rate to normal values. However, a tendency to return to abnormal values was observed 8 hours after propranolol administration. Both drugs provoked an increase in the pre-ejection period, but with propranolol this increase was related to a larger isovolumetric contraction time, pointing to a negative inotropic action. The carotid pulse upstroke time was increased to normal values with atenolol. Propranolol failed to alter this value. Atenolol in a single oral daily dose is recommended in the treatment of labile hypertension.", "PMID": 535405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6490", "title": "Stimulation of reparative processes in the damaged myocardium by the RNA preparations.", "content": "RNA preparations were used as stimulants of reparative processes in rat myocardium damaged by diathermocoagulation. Administration of RNA accelerated the proteosynthesis in the zone of the lesion, as indicated by the intensity of incorporation of 14C-labelled amino-acids. Morphological examinations of the myocardium revealed increased synthetic activity in fibroblasts, proliferation of fibroblasts, and accelerated scar healing. The results prove the stimulating effect of RNA preparations on reparative processes in the damaged myocardium.", "contents": "Stimulation of reparative processes in the damaged myocardium by the RNA preparations. RNA preparations were used as stimulants of reparative processes in rat myocardium damaged by diathermocoagulation. Administration of RNA accelerated the proteosynthesis in the zone of the lesion, as indicated by the intensity of incorporation of 14C-labelled amino-acids. Morphological examinations of the myocardium revealed increased synthetic activity in fibroblasts, proliferation of fibroblasts, and accelerated scar healing. The results prove the stimulating effect of RNA preparations on reparative processes in the damaged myocardium.", "PMID": 535406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6491", "title": "The effect of propranolol on myocardial oxidative processes.", "content": "The effect of single i. v. dosis of propranolol, 1.5 mg/kg of body weight, on the oxidative processes in rabbit myocardium at the mitochondrial level was investigated. Analyses were carried out at minutes 0 and 15 after intravenous infusion of propranolol. Under the influence of propranolol the mitochondrial oxygen uptake was reduced. This finding reveals the metabolic background of the antianginal effect of propranolol. Simultaneously, however, the mitochondrial metabolic efficiency was negatively affected, as manifested by decreases in mitochondrial respiration control, oxidative phosphorylation, and phosphorylation rate. The described changes signalize a disturbance in myocardial energy production and represent a subcellular metabolic background of potential myocardial damage during administration of propranolol.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on myocardial oxidative processes. The effect of single i. v. dosis of propranolol, 1.5 mg/kg of body weight, on the oxidative processes in rabbit myocardium at the mitochondrial level was investigated. Analyses were carried out at minutes 0 and 15 after intravenous infusion of propranolol. Under the influence of propranolol the mitochondrial oxygen uptake was reduced. This finding reveals the metabolic background of the antianginal effect of propranolol. Simultaneously, however, the mitochondrial metabolic efficiency was negatively affected, as manifested by decreases in mitochondrial respiration control, oxidative phosphorylation, and phosphorylation rate. The described changes signalize a disturbance in myocardial energy production and represent a subcellular metabolic background of potential myocardial damage during administration of propranolol.", "PMID": 535407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6492", "title": "A time to live, a time to grieve: patterns and processes of mourning among the Yolngu of Australia.", "content": "Anthropological studies of mortuary ceremonies have focused primarily on their social and structural correlates and functions. Little attention has been given to their role in facilitating the expression and resolution of grief by the bereaved. The elaborate and extended mortuary rites of the people of northeastern Arnhem Land, Australia (the \"Murngin\") have several characteristics which promote and structure the mourning process and facilitate the full reintegration of the bereaved into the social life of the community.", "contents": "A time to live, a time to grieve: patterns and processes of mourning among the Yolngu of Australia. Anthropological studies of mortuary ceremonies have focused primarily on their social and structural correlates and functions. Little attention has been given to their role in facilitating the expression and resolution of grief by the bereaved. The elaborate and extended mortuary rites of the people of northeastern Arnhem Land, Australia (the \"Murngin\") have several characteristics which promote and structure the mourning process and facilitate the full reintegration of the bereaved into the social life of the community.", "PMID": 535408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6493", "title": "Espanto: a dialogue with the gods.", "content": "Espanto or susto has been analysed from various points of view in the last fifteen years. From a survey covering 109 case analyses collected in Nicolas Ruiz (Chiapas, Mexico), we reached the conclusion that this folk illness cannot be conceived of as a syndrome in the medical sense. A semiological analysis showed that espanto can be better described as an indigenous theory whose function is to relate illness events to other levels of reality. According to indigenous belief, the Holy Earth and the chtonian spirits of the underworld play an important role in the origin of the illness. This origin is associated with an opening of the earth as is illustrated in the earthquakes or the volcanic eruptions forming the prototype of a fright experience leading to espanto; or, it is attributed to agents who inhabit locations where the earth presents a fissure (river, ravine, cave). It is through these holes that the Holy Earth exerts her power. Concomitantly, the body of the victim is believed to open itself to the influences of the bad winds of espanto. Trembling is another aspect of the phenomenon which is observed at numerous levels: first, during the fright experience; second, when the victim falls ill (chills jumping in bed); and third, when the curandera takes the pulse of the patient to see if the blood is afraid. These multiple analogies lead to the assumption that there is a meaning shared by these separate manifestations.", "contents": "Espanto: a dialogue with the gods. Espanto or susto has been analysed from various points of view in the last fifteen years. From a survey covering 109 case analyses collected in Nicolas Ruiz (Chiapas, Mexico), we reached the conclusion that this folk illness cannot be conceived of as a syndrome in the medical sense. A semiological analysis showed that espanto can be better described as an indigenous theory whose function is to relate illness events to other levels of reality. According to indigenous belief, the Holy Earth and the chtonian spirits of the underworld play an important role in the origin of the illness. This origin is associated with an opening of the earth as is illustrated in the earthquakes or the volcanic eruptions forming the prototype of a fright experience leading to espanto; or, it is attributed to agents who inhabit locations where the earth presents a fissure (river, ravine, cave). It is through these holes that the Holy Earth exerts her power. Concomitantly, the body of the victim is believed to open itself to the influences of the bad winds of espanto. Trembling is another aspect of the phenomenon which is observed at numerous levels: first, during the fright experience; second, when the victim falls ill (chills jumping in bed); and third, when the curandera takes the pulse of the patient to see if the blood is afraid. These multiple analogies lead to the assumption that there is a meaning shared by these separate manifestations.", "PMID": 535409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6494", "title": "Demonic explanations of disease among Moroccan Jews in Israel.", "content": "Demonic explanations of disease preserved among Moroccan Jews living in two Israeli moshavim are described and amalyzed. Applied most often to sira, a traditional ailment involving somatic and anxiety symptoms, these explanations are construed as a two-level ordered sequence of steps including elements from both ordinary reality and the demonic world. Traditional patients are usually more aware of the manifest chain of precipitating events centering around emotional consequences of a real trauma. Their rabbi-healers, however, are predisposed towards molding these events into a covert-demonic pattern, the core of which involves a human injuring a jinn and the latter's retaliation. In the explanatory scheme the real-traumatic and the demonic plots are intermingled and this fusion lends the etiological sequence a meaningful rationale as exemplified by two case illustrations. Nevertheless, our analysis renders the demonic substratum quite vulnerable, since the manifest-traumatic plot may be singled out as an autonomous explanation under the impact of the mainstream of modern Israeli society. Reasons for the hitherto tenacious preservation of the demonic component among traditional segments in Israel are presented by comparing the explanatory status of demons and psychoanalytic concepts. Certain vulnerabilities of the denomic explanation which throw doubt upon its long-term survival in modern context are discussed as well.", "contents": "Demonic explanations of disease among Moroccan Jews in Israel. Demonic explanations of disease preserved among Moroccan Jews living in two Israeli moshavim are described and amalyzed. Applied most often to sira, a traditional ailment involving somatic and anxiety symptoms, these explanations are construed as a two-level ordered sequence of steps including elements from both ordinary reality and the demonic world. Traditional patients are usually more aware of the manifest chain of precipitating events centering around emotional consequences of a real trauma. Their rabbi-healers, however, are predisposed towards molding these events into a covert-demonic pattern, the core of which involves a human injuring a jinn and the latter's retaliation. In the explanatory scheme the real-traumatic and the demonic plots are intermingled and this fusion lends the etiological sequence a meaningful rationale as exemplified by two case illustrations. Nevertheless, our analysis renders the demonic substratum quite vulnerable, since the manifest-traumatic plot may be singled out as an autonomous explanation under the impact of the mainstream of modern Israeli society. Reasons for the hitherto tenacious preservation of the demonic component among traditional segments in Israel are presented by comparing the explanatory status of demons and psychoanalytic concepts. Certain vulnerabilities of the denomic explanation which throw doubt upon its long-term survival in modern context are discussed as well.", "PMID": 535410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6495", "title": "Definitions and diagnoses: cultural implications of psychiatric help-seeking and psychiatrists' definitions of the situation in psychiatric emergencies.", "content": "This paper explores lay and psychiatric actors' definitions of mental illness by focusing on several aspects of emergency psychiatric diagnosis. First, it considers psychiatric diagnosis as a social and cultural process in which mental illnesses are defined with increasing specificity as individuals move from lay to psychiatric contexts. Second, the paper considers variation in psychiatric residents'  conceptions of mental illness, their role in emergency contexts, and lastly, their diagnostic styles. Diagnostic styles are shown to exist and to be grounded in residents' definitions of the situation. It is suggested that the variation in psychiatrists' definitions of the psychiatric situation, especially as regards etiology, plays a prominent, but as yet unnoted, role in producing variability in psychiatric diagnosis. It is also argued that actors' definitions are cultural, grounded in non-professional lay ideology, and are not products of secondary professional socialization.", "contents": "Definitions and diagnoses: cultural implications of psychiatric help-seeking and psychiatrists' definitions of the situation in psychiatric emergencies. This paper explores lay and psychiatric actors' definitions of mental illness by focusing on several aspects of emergency psychiatric diagnosis. First, it considers psychiatric diagnosis as a social and cultural process in which mental illnesses are defined with increasing specificity as individuals move from lay to psychiatric contexts. Second, the paper considers variation in psychiatric residents'  conceptions of mental illness, their role in emergency contexts, and lastly, their diagnostic styles. Diagnostic styles are shown to exist and to be grounded in residents' definitions of the situation. It is suggested that the variation in psychiatrists' definitions of the psychiatric situation, especially as regards etiology, plays a prominent, but as yet unnoted, role in producing variability in psychiatric diagnosis. It is also argued that actors' definitions are cultural, grounded in non-professional lay ideology, and are not products of secondary professional socialization.", "PMID": 535411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6496", "title": "Facial patterning and infant emotional expression: happiness, surprise, and fear.", "content": "Although recent studies have convincingly demonstrated that emotional expressions can be judged reliably from actor-posed facial displays, there exists little evidence that facial expressions in lifelike settings are similar to actor-posed displays, are reliable across situations designed to elicit the same emotion, or provide sufficient information to mediate consistent emotion judgments by raters. The present study therefore investigated these issues as they related to the emotions of happiness, surprise, and fear. 27 infants between 10 and 12 months of age (when emotion masking is not likely to confound results) were tested in 2 situations designed to elicit hapiness (peek-a-boo game and a collapsing toy), 2 to elicit surprise (a toy-switch and a vanishing-object task), and 2 to elicit fear (the visual cliff and the approach of a stranger. Dependent variables included changes in 28 facial response components taken from previous work using actor poses, as well as judgments of the presence of 6 discrete emotions. In addition, instrumental behaviors were used to verify with other than facial expression responses whether the predicted emotion was elicited. In contrast to previous conclusions on the subject, we found that judges were able to make all facial expression judgments reliably, even in the absence of contextual information. Support was also obtained for at least some degree of specificity of facial component response patterns, especially for happiness and surprise. Emotion judgments by raters were found to be a function of the presence of discrete facial components predicted to be linked to those emotions. Finally, almost all situations elicited blends, rather than discrete emotions.", "contents": "Facial patterning and infant emotional expression: happiness, surprise, and fear. Although recent studies have convincingly demonstrated that emotional expressions can be judged reliably from actor-posed facial displays, there exists little evidence that facial expressions in lifelike settings are similar to actor-posed displays, are reliable across situations designed to elicit the same emotion, or provide sufficient information to mediate consistent emotion judgments by raters. The present study therefore investigated these issues as they related to the emotions of happiness, surprise, and fear. 27 infants between 10 and 12 months of age (when emotion masking is not likely to confound results) were tested in 2 situations designed to elicit hapiness (peek-a-boo game and a collapsing toy), 2 to elicit surprise (a toy-switch and a vanishing-object task), and 2 to elicit fear (the visual cliff and the approach of a stranger. Dependent variables included changes in 28 facial response components taken from previous work using actor poses, as well as judgments of the presence of 6 discrete emotions. In addition, instrumental behaviors were used to verify with other than facial expression responses whether the predicted emotion was elicited. In contrast to previous conclusions on the subject, we found that judges were able to make all facial expression judgments reliably, even in the absence of contextual information. Support was also obtained for at least some degree of specificity of facial component response patterns, especially for happiness and surprise. Emotion judgments by raters were found to be a function of the presence of discrete facial components predicted to be linked to those emotions. Finally, almost all situations elicited blends, rather than discrete emotions.", "PMID": 535426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6497", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity and the evaluation process.", "content": "The relationship between reflection-impulsivity, hypothese generation and testing, and evaluation of the quality of one's own solutions was explored in the framework of Kagan's theory. The Matching Familiar Figures test (MFF) and a pattern-matching task were administered to 94 children from 8-0 to 11-11 years. Multiple regression analyses and analyses of variance showed that children who were inaccurate on the MFF were more likely to offer a solution on the pattern-matching task before they had sufficient information to guarantee a correct solution and to make errors despite sufficient information to have avoided those errors. Thus reflection-impulsivity as measured by the MFF were related to 2 other measures of the evaluation process on another visual match-to-sample task. Only 1 of 3 hypothesis-testing variables was significantly related to MFF performance, and that relationship was rather small.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity and the evaluation process. The relationship between reflection-impulsivity, hypothese generation and testing, and evaluation of the quality of one's own solutions was explored in the framework of Kagan's theory. The Matching Familiar Figures test (MFF) and a pattern-matching task were administered to 94 children from 8-0 to 11-11 years. Multiple regression analyses and analyses of variance showed that children who were inaccurate on the MFF were more likely to offer a solution on the pattern-matching task before they had sufficient information to guarantee a correct solution and to make errors despite sufficient information to have avoided those errors. Thus reflection-impulsivity as measured by the MFF were related to 2 other measures of the evaluation process on another visual match-to-sample task. Only 1 of 3 hypothesis-testing variables was significantly related to MFF performance, and that relationship was rather small.", "PMID": 535427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6498", "title": "Selective attention deficits in poor readers? Dichotic listening, speeded classification, and auditory and visual central and incidental learning tasks.", "content": "Poor readers (PRs) and controls (i.e., normal readers) from the second, fourth, and sixth grades were compared on four tasks chosen to measure the development of selective attention. The PRs performed more poorly than controls on the central but not on the incidental portion of an auditory memory task. The differences on the central task were interpreted as a function of group differences in mnemonic skills rather than selective attention. There were no group differences on either central or incidental portions of a visual memory task. In a speeded classification task, PRs exhibited a slower rate of information processing, measured in bits of information transmitted per second, than controls, but this difference in rate was not affected by distraction. On a dichotic listening task, PRs performed more poorly than controls under a variety of conditions in which the presence of distraction, the rate of information presentation, and attended ear were manipulated; the pattern of differences obtained, however, was not readily interpretable as a function of greater distractibility on the part of PRs than controls. As a whole, the results did not support the hypothesis that PRs show deficits in selective attention relative to age-matched normal readers. In addition, correlations computed among indices of selectivity (residualized gain scores) derived from the four tasks were uniformly low, suggesting that the four tasks did not measure the same cognitive construct. The implications for the study of reading disabilities and for the construct of selective attention in developmental studies are discussed.", "contents": "Selective attention deficits in poor readers? Dichotic listening, speeded classification, and auditory and visual central and incidental learning tasks. Poor readers (PRs) and controls (i.e., normal readers) from the second, fourth, and sixth grades were compared on four tasks chosen to measure the development of selective attention. The PRs performed more poorly than controls on the central but not on the incidental portion of an auditory memory task. The differences on the central task were interpreted as a function of group differences in mnemonic skills rather than selective attention. There were no group differences on either central or incidental portions of a visual memory task. In a speeded classification task, PRs exhibited a slower rate of information processing, measured in bits of information transmitted per second, than controls, but this difference in rate was not affected by distraction. On a dichotic listening task, PRs performed more poorly than controls under a variety of conditions in which the presence of distraction, the rate of information presentation, and attended ear were manipulated; the pattern of differences obtained, however, was not readily interpretable as a function of greater distractibility on the part of PRs than controls. As a whole, the results did not support the hypothesis that PRs show deficits in selective attention relative to age-matched normal readers. In addition, correlations computed among indices of selectivity (residualized gain scores) derived from the four tasks were uniformly low, suggesting that the four tasks did not measure the same cognitive construct. The implications for the study of reading disabilities and for the construct of selective attention in developmental studies are discussed.", "PMID": 535428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6499", "title": "Developmental issues in cognitive mapping: the selection and utilization of environmental landmarks.", "content": "2 studies were conducted to investigate developmental differences in the ability to select and use environmental landmarks for cognitively organizing distance information from a walk. In experiment 1, second-grade, fifth-grade, and college subjects viewed a simulated walk and selected scenes that were high in potential landmark value. In experiment 2, children from the same grade levels first viewed the walk and then ranked distances among either the test scenes most frequently selected by their peers or those selected most frequently by adults. Results indicated that (a) adults and children may not spontaneously select the same features as real-world landmarks; (b) children are less capable than adults in judging the value of potential landmarks as distance cues; and (c) the ability to use environmental landmarks as cues for distance information developmentally precedes the ability to assess this potential information value.", "contents": "Developmental issues in cognitive mapping: the selection and utilization of environmental landmarks. 2 studies were conducted to investigate developmental differences in the ability to select and use environmental landmarks for cognitively organizing distance information from a walk. In experiment 1, second-grade, fifth-grade, and college subjects viewed a simulated walk and selected scenes that were high in potential landmark value. In experiment 2, children from the same grade levels first viewed the walk and then ranked distances among either the test scenes most frequently selected by their peers or those selected most frequently by adults. Results indicated that (a) adults and children may not spontaneously select the same features as real-world landmarks; (b) children are less capable than adults in judging the value of potential landmarks as distance cues; and (c) the ability to use environmental landmarks as cues for distance information developmentally precedes the ability to assess this potential information value.", "PMID": 535429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6500", "title": "Children's internal organization of locative categories.", "content": "4 locative categories were investigated to determine whether their examples were organized according to the prototype/nonprototype distinction. A ranking task was presented to 30 adult subjects to see whether they would judge those instances which had been designated as prototypes by the experimenter to be the best exemplars of each category. An elicited-drawing task was administered to see whether there was a preference for drawing adult-designated prototypical instances. A matching task was presented to determine whether fewer errors would occur in response to adult-designated prototypical instances. The latter 2 tasks were presented to 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults, with 17 subjects in each group. The results provide strong evidence of prototype/nonprototype organization in 3 of the locative categories and weak evidence in the fourth. Tentative conclusions regarding the development of such organization are drawn.", "contents": "Children's internal organization of locative categories. 4 locative categories were investigated to determine whether their examples were organized according to the prototype/nonprototype distinction. A ranking task was presented to 30 adult subjects to see whether they would judge those instances which had been designated as prototypes by the experimenter to be the best exemplars of each category. An elicited-drawing task was administered to see whether there was a preference for drawing adult-designated prototypical instances. A matching task was presented to determine whether fewer errors would occur in response to adult-designated prototypical instances. The latter 2 tasks were presented to 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults, with 17 subjects in each group. The results provide strong evidence of prototype/nonprototype organization in 3 of the locative categories and weak evidence in the fourth. Tentative conclusions regarding the development of such organization are drawn.", "PMID": 535430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6501", "title": "Children's memory for orientation in the absence of external cues.", "content": "Some have interpreted children's reliance on external visual cues as evidence that they are unable to use internal cues for orientation. This hypothesis was examined in experiment 1, where 24 preschoolers were tested on left-right, vertical-horizontal, and mirror-image oblique discriminations under essentially context-free conditions. Subjects succeeded on all discrimination problems and performed equally well on vertical-horizontal and mirror-image oblique discriminations. Thus, preschoolers can use an internal frame of reference to code orientation. Experiment 2 contrasted children's performance under context-free conditions with their ability to discriminate orientation in the presence of external visual cues. Children who had discriminated left-right oblique and nonoblique mirror-image forms in experiment 1 failed to so discriminate in experiment 2. This result is discussed in terms of a breakdown in the ability to use internal cues when external visual cues are available.", "contents": "Children's memory for orientation in the absence of external cues. Some have interpreted children's reliance on external visual cues as evidence that they are unable to use internal cues for orientation. This hypothesis was examined in experiment 1, where 24 preschoolers were tested on left-right, vertical-horizontal, and mirror-image oblique discriminations under essentially context-free conditions. Subjects succeeded on all discrimination problems and performed equally well on vertical-horizontal and mirror-image oblique discriminations. Thus, preschoolers can use an internal frame of reference to code orientation. Experiment 2 contrasted children's performance under context-free conditions with their ability to discriminate orientation in the presence of external visual cues. Children who had discriminated left-right oblique and nonoblique mirror-image forms in experiment 1 failed to so discriminate in experiment 2. This result is discussed in terms of a breakdown in the ability to use internal cues when external visual cues are available.", "PMID": 535432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6502", "title": "The effects of introtacts on hypothesis testing in kindergarten and first-grade children.", "content": "Kindergarten and first-grade children were trained against their initial dimensional preference in a 2-dimensional simultaneous discrimination learning task. One third of the children received pretraining in using a sequential hypothesis-testing strategy, one third received pretraining in which they experienced solutions to tasks of the same type, and one third received no pretraining. Half of the children received introtact probes prior to each trial in the criterion task. Introtact probes had no effect on the performance of kindergarten children but facilitated the performance of first-grade children who received pretraining. Performance was generally better in the pretraining conditions than in the control condition and was generally better for first graders than for kindergarten children. Indices of the use of the sequential hypothesis-testing strategy were obtained from the responses to introtact probes. 75% of the first graders who received pretraining in hypothesis testing showed high proficiency in using the strategy, whereas only 38% of the kindergarten children did so. A strong tendency to become fixated on the irrelevant dimension was evident at both age levels.", "contents": "The effects of introtacts on hypothesis testing in kindergarten and first-grade children. Kindergarten and first-grade children were trained against their initial dimensional preference in a 2-dimensional simultaneous discrimination learning task. One third of the children received pretraining in using a sequential hypothesis-testing strategy, one third received pretraining in which they experienced solutions to tasks of the same type, and one third received no pretraining. Half of the children received introtact probes prior to each trial in the criterion task. Introtact probes had no effect on the performance of kindergarten children but facilitated the performance of first-grade children who received pretraining. Performance was generally better in the pretraining conditions than in the control condition and was generally better for first graders than for kindergarten children. Indices of the use of the sequential hypothesis-testing strategy were obtained from the responses to introtact probes. 75% of the first graders who received pretraining in hypothesis testing showed high proficiency in using the strategy, whereas only 38% of the kindergarten children did so. A strong tendency to become fixated on the irrelevant dimension was evident at both age levels.", "PMID": 535433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6503", "title": "Cognitive scanning processes in children.", "content": "Third- and fifth-grade children and adults were presented with 8-item letter sequences of varied approximations to English in a tachistoscopic single report, cue delay task. Age differences in report accuracy suggested that younger children, as compared with adults, may be at a double disadvantage in tasks requiring perceptual-memory processing: Their initial intake capacity and/or selective processing abilities may be more limited than those of adults; and the subsequent strategy employed by children to transfer iconic information into a more permanent memory store appears to be qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, different (less systematic, less orderly, and less efficient) than that used by adults. The suggestion that children's reading experience and ability (as assessed by a word recognition task) may be related to their systematic use of an orderly left-to-right iconic transfer strategy was also examined. In addition, the results suggested that the differential letter-pattern familiarity effect between children and adults may not be attributable to visual intake components but, rather, may be related to the relative rates with which familiar letter patterns are transferred out of iconic memory.", "contents": "Cognitive scanning processes in children. Third- and fifth-grade children and adults were presented with 8-item letter sequences of varied approximations to English in a tachistoscopic single report, cue delay task. Age differences in report accuracy suggested that younger children, as compared with adults, may be at a double disadvantage in tasks requiring perceptual-memory processing: Their initial intake capacity and/or selective processing abilities may be more limited than those of adults; and the subsequent strategy employed by children to transfer iconic information into a more permanent memory store appears to be qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, different (less systematic, less orderly, and less efficient) than that used by adults. The suggestion that children's reading experience and ability (as assessed by a word recognition task) may be related to their systematic use of an orderly left-to-right iconic transfer strategy was also examined. In addition, the results suggested that the differential letter-pattern familiarity effect between children and adults may not be attributable to visual intake components but, rather, may be related to the relative rates with which familiar letter patterns are transferred out of iconic memory.", "PMID": 535434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6504", "title": "Bidimensional sorting in preschoolers with an instrumental learning task.", "content": "74 lower- and middle-class children aged 2 1/2, 3 1/2, and 4 1/2 years who were successful at unidimensional sorting of 2 objects by either color or form were given feedback for correct bidimensional sorting of 3 objects, 2 of which had been used in unidimensional testing. Four of the 10 2 1/2-year-olds and 58 of the 64 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds reached criterion on the bidimensional sorting task. Neither social class nor performance on a verbal comprehension test (the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was significantly correlated with success on either unidimensional or bidimensional sorting, although social class and test scores were significantly correlated. The results indicate that Piagetian centration (i.e., the inability to transcend unidimensional attention) is a task- or situation-specific phenomenon, and biodimensional responding is the rule rather than the exception for 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds in an instrumental situation involving a limited number of stimuli.", "contents": "Bidimensional sorting in preschoolers with an instrumental learning task. 74 lower- and middle-class children aged 2 1/2, 3 1/2, and 4 1/2 years who were successful at unidimensional sorting of 2 objects by either color or form were given feedback for correct bidimensional sorting of 3 objects, 2 of which had been used in unidimensional testing. Four of the 10 2 1/2-year-olds and 58 of the 64 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds reached criterion on the bidimensional sorting task. Neither social class nor performance on a verbal comprehension test (the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was significantly correlated with success on either unidimensional or bidimensional sorting, although social class and test scores were significantly correlated. The results indicate that Piagetian centration (i.e., the inability to transcend unidimensional attention) is a task- or situation-specific phenomenon, and biodimensional responding is the rule rather than the exception for 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds in an instrumental situation involving a limited number of stimuli.", "PMID": 535435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6505", "title": "Effects of maternal interference on the attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds.", "content": "Effects of maternal interference on social behavior toward mother and exploratory play were examined in a laboratory experimental paradigm. Subjects were 40 1-year-olds and their mothers. Mothers of the 20 interference-group infants were instructed periodically to physically interfere with their child's independent object play during the first half of the observation session. A postinterference free-play period immediately followed. The 20 control-group infants were permitted by mother to play freely throughout the session. Groups were matched for exposure to play materials. Despite its aversiveness, interference had no subsequent effect on infant social initiatives to mother, responsiveness to mother's social bids, or exploratory play.", "contents": "Effects of maternal interference on the attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds. Effects of maternal interference on social behavior toward mother and exploratory play were examined in a laboratory experimental paradigm. Subjects were 40 1-year-olds and their mothers. Mothers of the 20 interference-group infants were instructed periodically to physically interfere with their child's independent object play during the first half of the observation session. A postinterference free-play period immediately followed. The 20 control-group infants were permitted by mother to play freely throughout the session. Groups were matched for exposure to play materials. Despite its aversiveness, interference had no subsequent effect on infant social initiatives to mother, responsiveness to mother's social bids, or exploratory play.", "PMID": 535436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6506", "title": "Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play.", "content": "Recent studies of adult-infant interaction suggest that adults modify their behavior in order to change or maintain an infant's state of arousal. We pursued this question by asking whether mothers modify their actions in response to infant facial expression or gaze direction. Subjects were 7 mother-infant (4--8 month old) pairs in which mothers were instructed to bet their babies to smile. From these filmed interactions the infant's mouth, gaze, and head direction were coded, and the mother's movements were coded as single acts or bouts. Results of an exploratory analysis indicate that, when trying to get a baby to smile using tactile and kinesthetic stimulation, mothers tend to respond to negative changes of affect and attention by changing the content of their actions, taking a long pause, or decreasing the number of acts in a bout.", "contents": "Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play. Recent studies of adult-infant interaction suggest that adults modify their behavior in order to change or maintain an infant's state of arousal. We pursued this question by asking whether mothers modify their actions in response to infant facial expression or gaze direction. Subjects were 7 mother-infant (4--8 month old) pairs in which mothers were instructed to bet their babies to smile. From these filmed interactions the infant's mouth, gaze, and head direction were coded, and the mother's movements were coded as single acts or bouts. Results of an exploratory analysis indicate that, when trying to get a baby to smile using tactile and kinesthetic stimulation, mothers tend to respond to negative changes of affect and attention by changing the content of their actions, taking a long pause, or decreasing the number of acts in a bout.", "PMID": 535437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6507", "title": "Recognition of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants.", "content": "3 experiments examined 7-month-old infants' ability to discriminate the facial expressions of happy vs. fear. Experiment 1 revealed that infants demonstrated discrimination of happy vs. fear expressions when posed by a single model but that this discrimination was affected by the order of stimulus presentation. In experiment 2 infants were shown 2 models posing the happing and fearful expressions and did not demonstrate generalization of the discrimination of happy versus fear across these models. The third and main experiment varied the test procedure. Here, infants demonstrated reliable generalized discrimination of the 2 expressions across different models. As in experiment 1, however, these results were constrained by the order in which the stimuli were presented. These consistent order effects were not due to the initial salience of the 2 expressions but, instead, appeared to reflect differential rates of habituation to happy vs. fear expressions.", "contents": "Recognition of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants. 3 experiments examined 7-month-old infants' ability to discriminate the facial expressions of happy vs. fear. Experiment 1 revealed that infants demonstrated discrimination of happy vs. fear expressions when posed by a single model but that this discrimination was affected by the order of stimulus presentation. In experiment 2 infants were shown 2 models posing the happing and fearful expressions and did not demonstrate generalization of the discrimination of happy versus fear across these models. The third and main experiment varied the test procedure. Here, infants demonstrated reliable generalized discrimination of the 2 expressions across different models. As in experiment 1, however, these results were constrained by the order in which the stimuli were presented. These consistent order effects were not due to the initial salience of the 2 expressions but, instead, appeared to reflect differential rates of habituation to happy vs. fear expressions.", "PMID": 535438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6508", "title": "Infant behavioral state and speech sound discrimination.", "content": "In order to investigate the interaction between infant state and speech sound discrimination, records of state were obtained from infants participating in 3 speech sound discrimination experiments which employed the high amplitude sucking procedure. A total of 94 individual records were rated for state by 2 independent scorers. When treated as an independent variable, state interacted with responsivity to sound change as measured by sucking rate increases. Infants in the more alert states demonstrated significantly higher rates of sucking following sound change. Treating state as a dependent variable revealed that state was not significantly affected by a change in stimulus conditions.", "contents": "Infant behavioral state and speech sound discrimination. In order to investigate the interaction between infant state and speech sound discrimination, records of state were obtained from infants participating in 3 speech sound discrimination experiments which employed the high amplitude sucking procedure. A total of 94 individual records were rated for state by 2 independent scorers. When treated as an independent variable, state interacted with responsivity to sound change as measured by sucking rate increases. Infants in the more alert states demonstrated significantly higher rates of sucking following sound change. Treating state as a dependent variable revealed that state was not significantly affected by a change in stimulus conditions.", "PMID": 535439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6509", "title": "Habituation of infants' cardiac response to speech stimuli.", "content": "In an attempt to explore the relation between the amount of variability in a stimulus and rate of habituation to that stimulus, 4 groups of infants 4 1/2--5 1/2 months of age were presented with repeated speech stimuli which were synthesized exemplars of [baba], natural exemplars of [baba] or [kaba], or novel syllables of each trial. Infants' cardiac responses to the auditory stimuli were recorded, and the number of trials to a proportional criterion of habituation of the heart-rate decelerative response was determined. Infants were found to habituate most rapidly to the synthesized [baba] stimulus which remained constant across trials and least rapidly to the speech syllables which changed from trial to trial.", "contents": "Habituation of infants' cardiac response to speech stimuli. In an attempt to explore the relation between the amount of variability in a stimulus and rate of habituation to that stimulus, 4 groups of infants 4 1/2--5 1/2 months of age were presented with repeated speech stimuli which were synthesized exemplars of [baba], natural exemplars of [baba] or [kaba], or novel syllables of each trial. Infants' cardiac responses to the auditory stimuli were recorded, and the number of trials to a proportional criterion of habituation of the heart-rate decelerative response was determined. Infants were found to habituate most rapidly to the synthesized [baba] stimulus which remained constant across trials and least rapidly to the speech syllables which changed from trial to trial.", "PMID": 535440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6510", "title": "Infants' tactual discrimination of novel and familiar tactual stimuli.", "content": "40 10-month-old infants were given 2 min to explore tactually an object in a totally darkened room. Subsequently, during a 2-min test trial in the dark, half of the infants were given the same object and half were given a novel shape. Infants presented with the novel shape evidenced significantly longer durations of manipulation than infants presented with familiar forms. Infants are thus capable of tactually discriminating novel and familiar shapes in the absence of vision and demonstrate a preference for novelty within the tactual modality.", "contents": "Infants' tactual discrimination of novel and familiar tactual stimuli. 40 10-month-old infants were given 2 min to explore tactually an object in a totally darkened room. Subsequently, during a 2-min test trial in the dark, half of the infants were given the same object and half were given a novel shape. Infants presented with the novel shape evidenced significantly longer durations of manipulation than infants presented with familiar forms. Infants are thus capable of tactually discriminating novel and familiar shapes in the absence of vision and demonstrate a preference for novelty within the tactual modality.", "PMID": 535441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6511", "title": "Effects of perceptual training on the salience of information in a recall problem.", "content": "Kindergarten children were given a salience-assessment task to determine each child's salience hierarchy for the dimensions of form, color, and position. The children were then assigned to either a control condition or one of 3 conditions providing different types of perceptual training with the child's least salient dimension. In a subsequent location recall task, children in all 3 training groups made significantly fewer errors recalling values of their least salient dimension than children in the control group. The results indicated that perceptual exposure alone was sufficient to increase the perceptual salience of the least salient dimension and its subsequent conceptual evaluation.", "contents": "Effects of perceptual training on the salience of information in a recall problem. Kindergarten children were given a salience-assessment task to determine each child's salience hierarchy for the dimensions of form, color, and position. The children were then assigned to either a control condition or one of 3 conditions providing different types of perceptual training with the child's least salient dimension. In a subsequent location recall task, children in all 3 training groups made significantly fewer errors recalling values of their least salient dimension than children in the control group. The results indicated that perceptual exposure alone was sufficient to increase the perceptual salience of the least salient dimension and its subsequent conceptual evaluation.", "PMID": 535443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6512", "title": "The effects of stimulus and task on preschoolers' ability to identify visual sequences.", "content": "The effects of task and stimuli on the ability of 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers to identify simultaneously presented visual sequences was further assessed. A same-different task was compared to a matching task and familiar pictorial stimuli were compared to unfamiliar letters. Materials consisted of 3 element strings with 1 element repeated; both the standard and alternative(s) remained in full view on each of 25 trials. Older children performed better than younger children. The same-different task was easier than the matching task; this effect was not maintained when the differential effects of chance in the 2 tasks were removed. This pictorial stimuli produced better performance than the letters and also interacted with the type of error made. Reversal errors occurred most often in all conditions, but other kinds of errors were more frequent in the letter than the picture condition. This was particularly true for the matching task. The use of reversal errors to the exclusion of all other error types was associated with high overall accuracy on visual sequence discriminations.", "contents": "The effects of stimulus and task on preschoolers' ability to identify visual sequences. The effects of task and stimuli on the ability of 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers to identify simultaneously presented visual sequences was further assessed. A same-different task was compared to a matching task and familiar pictorial stimuli were compared to unfamiliar letters. Materials consisted of 3 element strings with 1 element repeated; both the standard and alternative(s) remained in full view on each of 25 trials. Older children performed better than younger children. The same-different task was easier than the matching task; this effect was not maintained when the differential effects of chance in the 2 tasks were removed. This pictorial stimuli produced better performance than the letters and also interacted with the type of error made. Reversal errors occurred most often in all conditions, but other kinds of errors were more frequent in the letter than the picture condition. This was particularly true for the matching task. The use of reversal errors to the exclusion of all other error types was associated with high overall accuracy on visual sequence discriminations.", "PMID": 535444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6513", "title": "Rehabilitation of socially withdrawn preschool children through mixed-age and same-age socialization.", "content": "24 socially withdrawn preschool children were located through classroom observations and assigned to 3 conditions: (a) socialization with a younger child during 10 play sessions, (b) socialization with an age mate during a similar series of sessions, and (c) no treatment. The socialization sessions, particularly those with a younger partner, were found to increase the sociability of the withdrawn children in their classrooms. Significant increases occurred mainly in the rate with which positive social reinforcement was emitted. Generally, the results support a leadership deficit theory of social isolation. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed changes are discussed.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of socially withdrawn preschool children through mixed-age and same-age socialization. 24 socially withdrawn preschool children were located through classroom observations and assigned to 3 conditions: (a) socialization with a younger child during 10 play sessions, (b) socialization with an age mate during a similar series of sessions, and (c) no treatment. The socialization sessions, particularly those with a younger partner, were found to increase the sociability of the withdrawn children in their classrooms. Significant increases occurred mainly in the rate with which positive social reinforcement was emitted. Generally, the results support a leadership deficit theory of social isolation. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed changes are discussed.", "PMID": 535445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6514", "title": "Continuity of individual adaptation from infancy to kindergarten: a predictive study of ego-resiliency and curiosity in preschoolers.", "content": "In this longitudinal study, individual differences in security of attachment at 18 months and effective autonomous functioning at age 2 years were related to the dimensions of ego-control and ego-resiliency at age 4--5 years. The kindergarten or nursery school teachers of 26 children completed California Child Q-Sorts. The children were also given a short form of the Block's laboratory battery (Banta's curiosity box, level of aspiration, motor impulse control delay of gratification, the Shure and Spivack Preschool Interpersonal Problem-solving Test, and the Lowenfeld mosaics). Following the Blocks, composited ego-resiliency and ego-control scores were derived from each data set. Children earlier classified as securely attached were, as predicted, significantly higher on ego-resiliency on both laboratory and Q-sort composites. They were also higher than anxiously attached infants on 3 independent measures of curiosity. An independently composited index of competence from 2-year tool-using measures also correlated significantly with later resiliency, as did 2-year measures of mothers' support and quality of assistance. The data provide initial links between the infant's quality of attachment, the toddler's effectiveness in a problem-solving situation, and competence during the preschool years.", "contents": "Continuity of individual adaptation from infancy to kindergarten: a predictive study of ego-resiliency and curiosity in preschoolers. In this longitudinal study, individual differences in security of attachment at 18 months and effective autonomous functioning at age 2 years were related to the dimensions of ego-control and ego-resiliency at age 4--5 years. The kindergarten or nursery school teachers of 26 children completed California Child Q-Sorts. The children were also given a short form of the Block's laboratory battery (Banta's curiosity box, level of aspiration, motor impulse control delay of gratification, the Shure and Spivack Preschool Interpersonal Problem-solving Test, and the Lowenfeld mosaics). Following the Blocks, composited ego-resiliency and ego-control scores were derived from each data set. Children earlier classified as securely attached were, as predicted, significantly higher on ego-resiliency on both laboratory and Q-sort composites. They were also higher than anxiously attached infants on 3 independent measures of curiosity. An independently composited index of competence from 2-year tool-using measures also correlated significantly with later resiliency, as did 2-year measures of mothers' support and quality of assistance. The data provide initial links between the infant's quality of attachment, the toddler's effectiveness in a problem-solving situation, and competence during the preschool years.", "PMID": 535446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6515", "title": "Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at twelve and eighteen months: stability and change in families under stress.", "content": "100 economically disadvantaged mothers and their infants were observed in the Ainsworth and Wittig \"strange situation\" at 12 and 18 months. Infants were classified as secure, anxiously attached/avoidant, or anxiously attached/resistant. In addition, mothers reported occurrence of stressful events related to the stability of the caretaking environment during the 12--18 month period by completing a 44-item checklist concerning work, finances, family, neighbors, health, etc. 62 infants were assigned to the same attachment classification at both 12 and 18 months (p less than .01). Despite this stability, significantly more infants changes classification than in a recent study of stable middle-class families. With the present sample, anxious attachment was associated with less stable caretaking environments than secure attachment; change from secure to anxious attachment was associated with higher stressful-event scores than stable secure attachment.", "contents": "Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at twelve and eighteen months: stability and change in families under stress. 100 economically disadvantaged mothers and their infants were observed in the Ainsworth and Wittig \"strange situation\" at 12 and 18 months. Infants were classified as secure, anxiously attached/avoidant, or anxiously attached/resistant. In addition, mothers reported occurrence of stressful events related to the stability of the caretaking environment during the 12--18 month period by completing a 44-item checklist concerning work, finances, family, neighbors, health, etc. 62 infants were assigned to the same attachment classification at both 12 and 18 months (p less than .01). Despite this stability, significantly more infants changes classification than in a recent study of stable middle-class families. With the present sample, anxious attachment was associated with less stable caretaking environments than secure attachment; change from secure to anxious attachment was associated with higher stressful-event scores than stable secure attachment.", "PMID": 535447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6516", "title": "The naive theory of the infant and other maternal attitudes in two subgroups in Israel.", "content": "104 mothers of 1- and 3-year-old children were interviewed. Half of the mothers were of high and half of low SES. Low SES mothers believed that infants acquire basic cognitive skills, such as vision, hearing, and comprehending speech, at a later age than high SES mothers. Low SES mothers also believed that the introduction of cognitively stimulating activities during the first years, such as buying the first book or starting to feed the self, should occur later than did high SES mothers. No status group differences were observed in the favored timetable of physical caregiving, such as toilet training or weaning. Nor were there status group differences on the strictness/leniency dimension or in the unwillingness to put pressure on infants for accelerated development. The naive theory of the infant as a cognitive being and the timing of cognitively enriching activities were found to belong to a common cluster, separated out from the rest of the maternal attitudes, in an analysis of the intercorrelation matrixes obtained in the two samples.", "contents": "The naive theory of the infant and other maternal attitudes in two subgroups in Israel. 104 mothers of 1- and 3-year-old children were interviewed. Half of the mothers were of high and half of low SES. Low SES mothers believed that infants acquire basic cognitive skills, such as vision, hearing, and comprehending speech, at a later age than high SES mothers. Low SES mothers also believed that the introduction of cognitively stimulating activities during the first years, such as buying the first book or starting to feed the self, should occur later than did high SES mothers. No status group differences were observed in the favored timetable of physical caregiving, such as toilet training or weaning. Nor were there status group differences on the strictness/leniency dimension or in the unwillingness to put pressure on infants for accelerated development. The naive theory of the infant as a cognitive being and the timing of cognitively enriching activities were found to belong to a common cluster, separated out from the rest of the maternal attitudes, in an analysis of the intercorrelation matrixes obtained in the two samples.", "PMID": 535448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6517", "title": "[Late infections after artificial joint replacement with a septic course].", "content": "Acute staphylococcal sepsis is a rare complication following artificial joint replacement. Daignostic problems are due to the systemic toxic effects of staphylococci. Loosening of the prosthesis is generally observed later. For therapy of staphylococcal sepsis the prosthesis has to be changed early, using a tested antibotic mixed with the bone cement, Palacos. Prophylaxis is most important. It includes the elimination of infectious foci, the strong indication for all therapeutic measurements and the general use of the antibiotic, Gentamycin, with the bone cement, Palacos.", "contents": "[Late infections after artificial joint replacement with a septic course]. Acute staphylococcal sepsis is a rare complication following artificial joint replacement. Daignostic problems are due to the systemic toxic effects of staphylococci. Loosening of the prosthesis is generally observed later. For therapy of staphylococcal sepsis the prosthesis has to be changed early, using a tested antibotic mixed with the bone cement, Palacos. Prophylaxis is most important. It includes the elimination of infectious foci, the strong indication for all therapeutic measurements and the general use of the antibiotic, Gentamycin, with the bone cement, Palacos.", "PMID": 535469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6518", "title": "An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during prometaphase and metaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena.", "content": "Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila in a medium containing hexylene glycol and their ultrastructure was analyzed using thin section techniques. The two stages selected for analysis were early prometaphase and metaphase. A comparison of data from these two stages revealed several differences in nuclear morphology. Metaphase nuclei were longer, they contained more microtubules, and the distribution of microtubules at metaphase was different from that at early prometaphase. Increases in microtubules, which are a unique class of microtubules that can be distinguished from other classes on the basis of their close association to the nuclear membrane. Growth of peripheral sheath microtubules is thought to be significant because it could be the mechanical basis of nuclear elongation. Crossbridges were observed throughout the spindle between all classes of microtubules, but the exact function of these elements remains to be determined.", "contents": "An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during prometaphase and metaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena. Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila in a medium containing hexylene glycol and their ultrastructure was analyzed using thin section techniques. The two stages selected for analysis were early prometaphase and metaphase. A comparison of data from these two stages revealed several differences in nuclear morphology. Metaphase nuclei were longer, they contained more microtubules, and the distribution of microtubules at metaphase was different from that at early prometaphase. Increases in microtubules, which are a unique class of microtubules that can be distinguished from other classes on the basis of their close association to the nuclear membrane. Growth of peripheral sheath microtubules is thought to be significant because it could be the mechanical basis of nuclear elongation. Crossbridges were observed throughout the spindle between all classes of microtubules, but the exact function of these elements remains to be determined.", "PMID": 535497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6519", "title": "A comparison of chromosomal and allozymal variation across a narrow hybrid zone in the grasshopper Caledia captiva.", "content": "A hydrid zone between the Moreton and Torresian taxa of the grasshopper Caledia captiva in S.E. Queensland has been characterised in terms of allozyme and chromosome variation within the same individuals.--On chromosomal criteria (pericentric rearrangements), the zone is asymmetrical with evidence of high levels of introgression of Torresian chromosomes into the Moreton taxon. This is apparent from the analysis of two independent transects across the hydrid zone. Major changes in chromosomal frequency occur over distances of less than 0.5 km. and the level of introgression differs between the two transects, with much higher levels in the northern Moreton populations, characterised by an acrocentric X-chromosome, when compared with the southern metacentric-X Moreton populations. Chromosome analysis of samples taken from the same transect over two years has revealed no major changes in the structure of the zone. Moreover, a Moreton population located only 0.5 km. from the null point was found to be stable over 6 generations with evidence for a new balanced genome having originated following the differential incorportation of Torresian chromosomes.--Contrary to the chromosomal situation, the same hybrid zone was found to be symmetrical with respect to allozyme variation with evidence of movement of diagnostic alleles in both directions across the zone. The alleles are independent and not tightly linked to any of the pericentric rearrangements. Thus these 5 alleles are acting as markers of the background genome and reveal the relatively free movement of genes which are located outside the pericentric rearrangements.--It is proposed that the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva is unstable and is moving slowly in a westerly direction into the Torresian territory. This is due to the ability of the Moreton taxon to incorporate more readily into its genome those Torresian chromosomes or chromosome segments which increase the fitness of the Moreton taxon. On chromosomal criteria, the Torresian taxon does not share the same capacity.--It is suggested that, so long as the two taxa retain their ability to hybridise with subsequent asymmetrical introgression, the zone will continue to move westwards and eventually lead to the selective incorporation of the Torresian genome into the Moreton taxon. This will result in a polymorphic situation with clinal variation in chromosomal frequencies. The structure of the zone is dependent upon a fine balance between genomic reorganisation in recombinant genotypes and the relative dispersal capacities of the two hydridising taxa.", "contents": "A comparison of chromosomal and allozymal variation across a narrow hybrid zone in the grasshopper Caledia captiva. A hydrid zone between the Moreton and Torresian taxa of the grasshopper Caledia captiva in S.E. Queensland has been characterised in terms of allozyme and chromosome variation within the same individuals.--On chromosomal criteria (pericentric rearrangements), the zone is asymmetrical with evidence of high levels of introgression of Torresian chromosomes into the Moreton taxon. This is apparent from the analysis of two independent transects across the hydrid zone. Major changes in chromosomal frequency occur over distances of less than 0.5 km. and the level of introgression differs between the two transects, with much higher levels in the northern Moreton populations, characterised by an acrocentric X-chromosome, when compared with the southern metacentric-X Moreton populations. Chromosome analysis of samples taken from the same transect over two years has revealed no major changes in the structure of the zone. Moreover, a Moreton population located only 0.5 km. from the null point was found to be stable over 6 generations with evidence for a new balanced genome having originated following the differential incorportation of Torresian chromosomes.--Contrary to the chromosomal situation, the same hybrid zone was found to be symmetrical with respect to allozyme variation with evidence of movement of diagnostic alleles in both directions across the zone. The alleles are independent and not tightly linked to any of the pericentric rearrangements. Thus these 5 alleles are acting as markers of the background genome and reveal the relatively free movement of genes which are located outside the pericentric rearrangements.--It is proposed that the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva is unstable and is moving slowly in a westerly direction into the Torresian territory. This is due to the ability of the Moreton taxon to incorporate more readily into its genome those Torresian chromosomes or chromosome segments which increase the fitness of the Moreton taxon. On chromosomal criteria, the Torresian taxon does not share the same capacity.--It is suggested that, so long as the two taxa retain their ability to hybridise with subsequent asymmetrical introgression, the zone will continue to move westwards and eventually lead to the selective incorporation of the Torresian genome into the Moreton taxon. This will result in a polymorphic situation with clinal variation in chromosomal frequencies. The structure of the zone is dependent upon a fine balance between genomic reorganisation in recombinant genotypes and the relative dispersal capacities of the two hydridising taxa.", "PMID": 535498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6520", "title": "Gold nephropathy in rheumatoid arthritis and in juvenile chronic arthritis.", "content": "During gold therapy a patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed nephrotic syndrome, and a patient with juvenile chronic arthritis proteinuria. Electron microscopic examination of bioptic specimens of the kidneys revealed in both instances membranous glomerulonephritis with typical epimembranous deposits and intracellular gold inclusions. Immunofluorescent examination performed only in the second patient revealed that the deposits in the wall of the glomerular capillaries contain IgG which suggests an immunocomplex mechanism of the development of the renal disease, induced very probably by chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Gold nephropathy in rheumatoid arthritis and in juvenile chronic arthritis. During gold therapy a patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed nephrotic syndrome, and a patient with juvenile chronic arthritis proteinuria. Electron microscopic examination of bioptic specimens of the kidneys revealed in both instances membranous glomerulonephritis with typical epimembranous deposits and intracellular gold inclusions. Immunofluorescent examination performed only in the second patient revealed that the deposits in the wall of the glomerular capillaries contain IgG which suggests an immunocomplex mechanism of the development of the renal disease, induced very probably by chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 535499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6521", "title": "Clinical importance of antibodies against double-stranded ribonucleic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus and similar diseases of connective tissue.", "content": "Prolonged repeated analyses of sera from 98 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 76 patients with similar diffuse diseases of connective tissue by a radioisotope membrane binding method for the assessment of antibodies against double-stranded ribonucleic acid (anti-ds-RNA) revealed that these antibodies are most frequently encountered in patients with the evolutive form of SLE (53%), but also in approximately one fifth of patients with non- evolutive SLE and in patients with similar diffuse diseases of connective tissue. Anti-ds-RNA are not linked with stages of clinical activity; their occurrence is on the whole independent on the occurence of antibodies against ds-DNA and nuclear ribonucleoprotein. There is a very close association with the incidence of antibodies against denatured DNA and a substantially small association with antibodies against acid nuclear antigen (Sm). The occurrence of anti-ds-RNA is a favourable prognostic sign, as in the majority of patients who had such antibodies at any time in their serum, later the disease can be suppressed by treatment, while patients who never had anti-ds-RNA in serum remain for a long time in the active stage of the disease.", "contents": "Clinical importance of antibodies against double-stranded ribonucleic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus and similar diseases of connective tissue. Prolonged repeated analyses of sera from 98 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 76 patients with similar diffuse diseases of connective tissue by a radioisotope membrane binding method for the assessment of antibodies against double-stranded ribonucleic acid (anti-ds-RNA) revealed that these antibodies are most frequently encountered in patients with the evolutive form of SLE (53%), but also in approximately one fifth of patients with non- evolutive SLE and in patients with similar diffuse diseases of connective tissue. Anti-ds-RNA are not linked with stages of clinical activity; their occurrence is on the whole independent on the occurence of antibodies against ds-DNA and nuclear ribonucleoprotein. There is a very close association with the incidence of antibodies against denatured DNA and a substantially small association with antibodies against acid nuclear antigen (Sm). The occurrence of anti-ds-RNA is a favourable prognostic sign, as in the majority of patients who had such antibodies at any time in their serum, later the disease can be suppressed by treatment, while patients who never had anti-ds-RNA in serum remain for a long time in the active stage of the disease.", "PMID": 535500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6522", "title": "Epidemiology of tumours in the Oncological Research Programme of the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Oncology.", "content": "The author submits the results of initial epidemiological investigations, conducted at the department for the epidemiology of tumours in the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, which have the character of statistical epidemiological surveys. He compares the incidence of tumours in the CSSR, CSR and South Moravian region. He draws special attention to the different incidence of tumours among women in the South Moravian region, as compared with the incidence in the CSR.", "contents": "Epidemiology of tumours in the Oncological Research Programme of the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Oncology. The author submits the results of initial epidemiological investigations, conducted at the department for the epidemiology of tumours in the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, which have the character of statistical epidemiological surveys. He compares the incidence of tumours in the CSSR, CSR and South Moravian region. He draws special attention to the different incidence of tumours among women in the South Moravian region, as compared with the incidence in the CSR.", "PMID": 535501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6523", "title": "Classification of primary articular chondrocalcinosis.", "content": "Based on long-term observations the authors submit a categorization of primary (hereditary and solitary) articular chondrocalcinosis into three different sub-populations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the extent of the qualitative disorder of the articular cartilage, obviously conditioned genetically, is linked with the age factor and determines the quantitative differences of pyrophosphate arthropathy in primary chondrocalcinosis. In young age, as a rule in the third decade, severe polyarticular condrocalcinosis (first sub-population) develops which causes relatively soon invalidity, in middle age (5th and 6th decade) milder condrocalcinosis develops (second sub-population) which combines with extraarticular, tendinous and tissue calcifacations, and finally in advanced age oligoarticular chondrocalcinosis develops (third sub-population) which is usually associated with ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine. Articular chondrocalcinosis (CCA) which we described by this term as a special metabolic arthropathy which occurs in families and solitary and which we defined as a special nosological unit (35, 36,) has become generally known and firmly established in rheumatology. As ensues from numerous publications, primary (idiopathic) CCA which comprises the hereditary and solitary (sporadic) form is characterized by pyrophosphate arthropathy which develops on articular cartilages not damaged by another process (13, 25, 26, 37); on the other hand as secondary CCA we consider pyrophosphate arthropathies which are associated with metabolic, endocrine or other diseases (9, 30). The common sign of both basic forms of CCA is the presence of microcrystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CaPD) in articular cartilages, synovial fluid, or other articular structures (capsules, tendons, ligaments), characterized originally by McCarty et al. (11, 18) and later by other authors (2, 23, 27, 32). In addition to semantic (terminological) problems there were also questions of the classification of CCA because, based on an analysis of major groups of patients, it was revealed that there is a varied picture of chondrocalcinosis or pseudogout (18, 19) or deposition disease (17). of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. In our paper we are presenting our view on the primary form of CCA and submitting the characteristics of classification which ensued from more than 20 years observation of our group of patients, in particular based on the evaluation of the beginning of the clinical and X-ray manifestations and the further development of the disease.", "contents": "Classification of primary articular chondrocalcinosis. Based on long-term observations the authors submit a categorization of primary (hereditary and solitary) articular chondrocalcinosis into three different sub-populations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the extent of the qualitative disorder of the articular cartilage, obviously conditioned genetically, is linked with the age factor and determines the quantitative differences of pyrophosphate arthropathy in primary chondrocalcinosis. In young age, as a rule in the third decade, severe polyarticular condrocalcinosis (first sub-population) develops which causes relatively soon invalidity, in middle age (5th and 6th decade) milder condrocalcinosis develops (second sub-population) which combines with extraarticular, tendinous and tissue calcifacations, and finally in advanced age oligoarticular chondrocalcinosis develops (third sub-population) which is usually associated with ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine. Articular chondrocalcinosis (CCA) which we described by this term as a special metabolic arthropathy which occurs in families and solitary and which we defined as a special nosological unit (35, 36,) has become generally known and firmly established in rheumatology. As ensues from numerous publications, primary (idiopathic) CCA which comprises the hereditary and solitary (sporadic) form is characterized by pyrophosphate arthropathy which develops on articular cartilages not damaged by another process (13, 25, 26, 37); on the other hand as secondary CCA we consider pyrophosphate arthropathies which are associated with metabolic, endocrine or other diseases (9, 30). The common sign of both basic forms of CCA is the presence of microcrystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CaPD) in articular cartilages, synovial fluid, or other articular structures (capsules, tendons, ligaments), characterized originally by McCarty et al. (11, 18) and later by other authors (2, 23, 27, 32). In addition to semantic (terminological) problems there were also questions of the classification of CCA because, based on an analysis of major groups of patients, it was revealed that there is a varied picture of chondrocalcinosis or pseudogout (18, 19) or deposition disease (17). of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. In our paper we are presenting our view on the primary form of CCA and submitting the characteristics of classification which ensued from more than 20 years observation of our group of patients, in particular based on the evaluation of the beginning of the clinical and X-ray manifestations and the further development of the disease.", "PMID": 535502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6524", "title": "Some epidemiological outlooks on cancer mortality in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Study of the total mortality evolution of the population in Czechoslovakia indicated the steadily increasing and recently 20% participation of the malignant neoplasms and their leading, second position among main causes of deaths. The crude cancer mortality rates of all sites showed in the period 1946--1975 substantial increase more expressed in males, while the pattern of age-adjusted mortality rates of men were lower and in the women remained quite stable during the whole evaluated period. Cancer mortality in this period was characterized also with increasing overmortality of men. Analysis of age-specific death rates revealed not only higher mortality of males but also the shifting of the peaks to older age groups in both sexes. The malignant neoplasms of lung, stomach, prostate and rectum in men and the tumors of breast, stomach, colon, rectum and of genital organs in women were the most important individual sites. Finally, the actual cancer mortality rates of all sites in Czechoslovakia were compared with those of some European countries.", "contents": "Some epidemiological outlooks on cancer mortality in Czechoslovakia. Study of the total mortality evolution of the population in Czechoslovakia indicated the steadily increasing and recently 20% participation of the malignant neoplasms and their leading, second position among main causes of deaths. The crude cancer mortality rates of all sites showed in the period 1946--1975 substantial increase more expressed in males, while the pattern of age-adjusted mortality rates of men were lower and in the women remained quite stable during the whole evaluated period. Cancer mortality in this period was characterized also with increasing overmortality of men. Analysis of age-specific death rates revealed not only higher mortality of males but also the shifting of the peaks to older age groups in both sexes. The malignant neoplasms of lung, stomach, prostate and rectum in men and the tumors of breast, stomach, colon, rectum and of genital organs in women were the most important individual sites. Finally, the actual cancer mortality rates of all sites in Czechoslovakia were compared with those of some European countries.", "PMID": 535505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6525", "title": "Value of the abdominal plain film after angiocardiography in congenital heart disease.", "content": "The urinary tract visualized on plain abdominal film 10 min after angiocardiography revealed 49 abnormalities of the urinary tract in 680 patients with congenital heart disease (7.2%). The diagnostic value is high, as among the 49 abnormalities 40.9% had no urinary symptoms. 5 abnormalities of the urinary tract required rapid surgical treatment.", "contents": "Value of the abdominal plain film after angiocardiography in congenital heart disease. The urinary tract visualized on plain abdominal film 10 min after angiocardiography revealed 49 abnormalities of the urinary tract in 680 patients with congenital heart disease (7.2%). The diagnostic value is high, as among the 49 abnormalities 40.9% had no urinary symptoms. 5 abnormalities of the urinary tract required rapid surgical treatment.", "PMID": 535507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6526", "title": "Isolated developmental anomaly of the vena cava inferior and vena azygos imitating a mediastinal tumor.", "content": "A developmental anomaly of the vena cava inferior in its suprarenal portion with an azygos continuation which imitated a mediastinal tumor is described. The importance of phlebographic investigations in unexplained shadows in the mediastinum is stressed.", "contents": "Isolated developmental anomaly of the vena cava inferior and vena azygos imitating a mediastinal tumor. A developmental anomaly of the vena cava inferior in its suprarenal portion with an azygos continuation which imitated a mediastinal tumor is described. The importance of phlebographic investigations in unexplained shadows in the mediastinum is stressed.", "PMID": 535508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6527", "title": "True and false avascular areas in carotid angiography.", "content": "The cause of avascular areas in carotid angiograms is discussed in an effort to facilitate their correct interpretation. True avascular areas are due to extracerebral haematomas. False avascular areas are due to anatomical or technical factors, which can, to some extent, be eliminated.", "contents": "True and false avascular areas in carotid angiography. The cause of avascular areas in carotid angiograms is discussed in an effort to facilitate their correct interpretation. True avascular areas are due to extracerebral haematomas. False avascular areas are due to anatomical or technical factors, which can, to some extent, be eliminated.", "PMID": 535510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6528", "title": "Computer-assisted myelography in degenerative abnormalities of the cervical vertebral column.", "content": "In 19 patients with symptoms suggestive of a cervicobrachial syndrome due to degernative lesions of the cervical spine, a CT scan was made after intrathecal administration of metrizamide. The images thus obtained supply adequate information on the extent of bone apposition, if any, on the degree of displacement and compression of the spinal cord, and on the condition of the intervertebral foramina. A CT scan is indicated in the case of discrepancy between myelographic findings and clinical diagnosis. In the case of recurrent postoperative symptoms, too, CT scans have proved to supply valuable information.", "contents": "Computer-assisted myelography in degenerative abnormalities of the cervical vertebral column. In 19 patients with symptoms suggestive of a cervicobrachial syndrome due to degernative lesions of the cervical spine, a CT scan was made after intrathecal administration of metrizamide. The images thus obtained supply adequate information on the extent of bone apposition, if any, on the degree of displacement and compression of the spinal cord, and on the condition of the intervertebral foramina. A CT scan is indicated in the case of discrepancy between myelographic findings and clinical diagnosis. In the case of recurrent postoperative symptoms, too, CT scans have proved to supply valuable information.", "PMID": 535511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6529", "title": "Arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints in patients with psoriasis.", "content": "In a series of 58 patients with psoriasis and skin involvement in the absence of any symptoms of an associated joint or bone disease, 49 individuals had definite signs of an arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints, while only slight changes were present in the others. The authors reached the conclusions that arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints occurs in all patients with psoriasis, without any exceptions; and thus not only in those who have simultaneous symptoms of bone or joint disease, which are well known in psoriasis, but equally in those in whom the clinical symptoms are missing.", "contents": "Arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints in patients with psoriasis. In a series of 58 patients with psoriasis and skin involvement in the absence of any symptoms of an associated joint or bone disease, 49 individuals had definite signs of an arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints, while only slight changes were present in the others. The authors reached the conclusions that arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints occurs in all patients with psoriasis, without any exceptions; and thus not only in those who have simultaneous symptoms of bone or joint disease, which are well known in psoriasis, but equally in those in whom the clinical symptoms are missing.", "PMID": 535512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6530", "title": "Multidirectional CT of the posterior fossa.", "content": "Computer tomography of the head using the standard views parallel to the orbitomeatal line, does not demonstrate the anatomy of the posterior fossa to the best advantage, because the slices pass obliquely through the brain stem and cerebellum. The cranial and caudal borders of the posterior fossa (tentorium and foramen magnum) are also cut obliquely. A series of slices lying in optimal anatomical planes are suggested. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Multidirectional CT of the posterior fossa. Computer tomography of the head using the standard views parallel to the orbitomeatal line, does not demonstrate the anatomy of the posterior fossa to the best advantage, because the slices pass obliquely through the brain stem and cerebellum. The cranial and caudal borders of the posterior fossa (tentorium and foramen magnum) are also cut obliquely. A series of slices lying in optimal anatomical planes are suggested. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 535513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6531", "title": "Response to chemotherapy of breast carcinoma bone metastases: assessment by bone scan.", "content": "3 patients suffering from bone metastases of breast carcinoma were followed by utilizing bone scan during treatment with combination chemotherapy. The advantages of bone scan for the assessment of the response to chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Response to chemotherapy of breast carcinoma bone metastases: assessment by bone scan. 3 patients suffering from bone metastases of breast carcinoma were followed by utilizing bone scan during treatment with combination chemotherapy. The advantages of bone scan for the assessment of the response to chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 535514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6532", "title": "Xeroradiographic study of haemophilic arthropathy.", "content": "The results of a xeroradiographic study of 50 patients with haemophilia in various stages of severity are reported. In comparison with traditional radiographic examination, the xeroradiographic method seems preferable especially in the early stages of disease, when alterations are limited to the soft tissues and the skeletal structures are intact. The main indications and methods of further research are discussed in this preliminary report.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic study of haemophilic arthropathy. The results of a xeroradiographic study of 50 patients with haemophilia in various stages of severity are reported. In comparison with traditional radiographic examination, the xeroradiographic method seems preferable especially in the early stages of disease, when alterations are limited to the soft tissues and the skeletal structures are intact. The main indications and methods of further research are discussed in this preliminary report.", "PMID": 535515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6533", "title": "Importance of computer-assisted myelography in diseases affecting the vertebral column.", "content": "Of a series of 20 patients in whom CT scans revealed lesions of the vertebral column, 6 cases are discussed which confirm the efficacy of this method of investigation. Good information is obtained in particular on pathological processes in which optimally exact localization is required preoperatively and in tumor relapses. CT scanning is also indicated when myelography proves to be impossible, e.g., due to adhesions. Computer-assisted myelography, however, does not yet seem suitable to be used as a routine procedure.", "contents": "Importance of computer-assisted myelography in diseases affecting the vertebral column. Of a series of 20 patients in whom CT scans revealed lesions of the vertebral column, 6 cases are discussed which confirm the efficacy of this method of investigation. Good information is obtained in particular on pathological processes in which optimally exact localization is required preoperatively and in tumor relapses. CT scanning is also indicated when myelography proves to be impossible, e.g., due to adhesions. Computer-assisted myelography, however, does not yet seem suitable to be used as a routine procedure.", "PMID": 535516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6534", "title": "Thoracopagus conjoined twins: radiological evaluation of one case.", "content": "Radiological study of conjoined thoracopagus twins. The digestive and biliary tracts, the urinary and cardiovascular systems have been examined. The problems and difficulties encountered in the various procedures and in the interpretation of their results are described.", "contents": "Thoracopagus conjoined twins: radiological evaluation of one case. Radiological study of conjoined thoracopagus twins. The digestive and biliary tracts, the urinary and cardiovascular systems have been examined. The problems and difficulties encountered in the various procedures and in the interpretation of their results are described.", "PMID": 535517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6535", "title": "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the stomach.", "content": "3 patients are presented in whom radiologic examination revealed large filling defects in the stomach. The mass-like lesions were proved to be caused by nonspecific, nongranulomatous circumscribed inflammation of the gastric wall. This condition is radiologically often indistinguishable from gastric carcinoma or lymphoma and in many reported cases was diagnosed only after surgery. The mucosa may be hypertrophic, atrophic or normal in the region of the thickened wall. The thickening is produced by the inflammatory infiltration and edema of the gastric wall. In most cases the cause of this localized inflammation remains unknown.", "contents": "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the stomach. 3 patients are presented in whom radiologic examination revealed large filling defects in the stomach. The mass-like lesions were proved to be caused by nonspecific, nongranulomatous circumscribed inflammation of the gastric wall. This condition is radiologically often indistinguishable from gastric carcinoma or lymphoma and in many reported cases was diagnosed only after surgery. The mucosa may be hypertrophic, atrophic or normal in the region of the thickened wall. The thickening is produced by the inflammatory infiltration and edema of the gastric wall. In most cases the cause of this localized inflammation remains unknown.", "PMID": 535518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6536", "title": "Common bile duct visualization with a nonvisualized gallbladder in oral cholecystography: radiological and surgical study.", "content": "A series of 203 cholecystectomied patients in which the gallbladder was not visualized in oral cholecystography is analysed. In 72 cases the common bile duct was seen. In 4 cases it was dilated. At operation, cholecystolithiasis was found in 189 cases, a calculus in the common bile duct in 3 cases, and a neoplasm in 3 cases. In 6 cases there was inflammation but no calculi. Administration of 2 g of sodium iopanoate on 2 successive days before the examination seems to result in frequent visualization of the common bile duct. It also seems to be an accurate method in biliary tract disease when the gallbladder was not adequately visualized.", "contents": "Common bile duct visualization with a nonvisualized gallbladder in oral cholecystography: radiological and surgical study. A series of 203 cholecystectomied patients in which the gallbladder was not visualized in oral cholecystography is analysed. In 72 cases the common bile duct was seen. In 4 cases it was dilated. At operation, cholecystolithiasis was found in 189 cases, a calculus in the common bile duct in 3 cases, and a neoplasm in 3 cases. In 6 cases there was inflammation but no calculi. Administration of 2 g of sodium iopanoate on 2 successive days before the examination seems to result in frequent visualization of the common bile duct. It also seems to be an accurate method in biliary tract disease when the gallbladder was not adequately visualized.", "PMID": 535519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6537", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound signs of gallbladder stones: clinical and experimental study.", "content": "200 patients with radiologically detected gallbladder stones were examined with gray scale ultrasound. Nine different ultrasound signs caused by the stones were found. A physical and chemical analysis of the gallstones of 33 patients from different image groups was performed. Viscosity of the bile and the thickness of the gallbladder wall were measured. Phantom experiments were performed and four different ultrasound signs were found but there was no significant correlation between these and the physicochemical properties of the gallstones.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound signs of gallbladder stones: clinical and experimental study. 200 patients with radiologically detected gallbladder stones were examined with gray scale ultrasound. Nine different ultrasound signs caused by the stones were found. A physical and chemical analysis of the gallstones of 33 patients from different image groups was performed. Viscosity of the bile and the thickness of the gallbladder wall were measured. Phantom experiments were performed and four different ultrasound signs were found but there was no significant correlation between these and the physicochemical properties of the gallstones.", "PMID": 535521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6538", "title": "Television tomometry in intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "Out of 93 infusion cholangiographies carried out with a remote control stand, television tomometry could be applied to the tomographic cut localization in 79 cases. The accuracy of the method was considered very good in 86% and--including the former--sufficient in 95% of the cases. With certain exceptions the method was considered suitable in the routine intravenous cholangiography. The importance of training for successful operation is emphasized.", "contents": "Television tomometry in intravenous cholangiography. Out of 93 infusion cholangiographies carried out with a remote control stand, television tomometry could be applied to the tomographic cut localization in 79 cases. The accuracy of the method was considered very good in 86% and--including the former--sufficient in 95% of the cases. With certain exceptions the method was considered suitable in the routine intravenous cholangiography. The importance of training for successful operation is emphasized.", "PMID": 535520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6539", "title": "Comparison of ultrasound and roentgen examination of biliary tract.", "content": "The relative merits of gray-scale ultrasound and roentgen examinations of biliary tract diseases have been compared. Sonography was able to give a definite diagnosis in 74 of 95 roentgenologically unclear cases, and roentgen examination gave a diagnosis in 70 out of 105 cases unclear at sonography.", "contents": "Comparison of ultrasound and roentgen examination of biliary tract. The relative merits of gray-scale ultrasound and roentgen examinations of biliary tract diseases have been compared. Sonography was able to give a definite diagnosis in 74 of 95 roentgenologically unclear cases, and roentgen examination gave a diagnosis in 70 out of 105 cases unclear at sonography.", "PMID": 535522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6540", "title": "Accuracy of computed tomography in the screening of obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) has come back into greater use thanks to Chiba's needle. PTC, however, is useful only in obstructive jaundice (OJ). Since in OJ the dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract (IHBTD) is constant, the authors discussed CTs reliability in evaluating IHBTD in a series of 33 patients with OJ studied with PTC. The threshold of CT diagnosis of IHBTD was found to be equal to a doubled caliber of the normal biliary tract. This value is reached by 85% of the patients 2 weeks after the onset of OJ and in 98% between 2 and 3 weeks. CT is therefore usable as a screening method of PTC, as long as it is not performed before 2 weeks after the onset of OJ. After 2 weeks, if CT does not reveal IHBTD, it is possible to exclude OJ.", "contents": "Accuracy of computed tomography in the screening of obstructive jaundice. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) has come back into greater use thanks to Chiba's needle. PTC, however, is useful only in obstructive jaundice (OJ). Since in OJ the dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract (IHBTD) is constant, the authors discussed CTs reliability in evaluating IHBTD in a series of 33 patients with OJ studied with PTC. The threshold of CT diagnosis of IHBTD was found to be equal to a doubled caliber of the normal biliary tract. This value is reached by 85% of the patients 2 weeks after the onset of OJ and in 98% between 2 and 3 weeks. CT is therefore usable as a screening method of PTC, as long as it is not performed before 2 weeks after the onset of OJ. After 2 weeks, if CT does not reveal IHBTD, it is possible to exclude OJ.", "PMID": 535523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6541", "title": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "In chronic lymphatic leukemia there are also leukemic changes in the gastrointestinal tract; these can be detected roentgenologically and endoscopically.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic lymphatic leukemia. In chronic lymphatic leukemia there are also leukemic changes in the gastrointestinal tract; these can be detected roentgenologically and endoscopically.", "PMID": 535524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6542", "title": "Intrathoracic stomach: CT evaluation of two cases.", "content": "2 cases of intrathoracic stomach, 1 of them associated with hernia of the splenic flexure of the colon and a right-situated thoracic descending aorta, are evaluated by computed tomography.", "contents": "Intrathoracic stomach: CT evaluation of two cases. 2 cases of intrathoracic stomach, 1 of them associated with hernia of the splenic flexure of the colon and a right-situated thoracic descending aorta, are evaluated by computed tomography.", "PMID": 535525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6543", "title": "The posterior tracheal band in the lateral chest radiograph.", "content": "The appearance and variations of the posterior tracheal band (PTB) was studied from 406 upright chest radiographs, taken from 293 individuals of varying age. PTB is visualized in about 80% of individuals well enough to be diagnostically useful. Its average width is 3 mm, and patient positioning can cause variations not exceeding 2 mm. Progressive widening by 2 mm or more, blurring of previously sharp margins or an overall width exceeding 5 mm should be considered suggestive of mediastinal or related abnormality.", "contents": "The posterior tracheal band in the lateral chest radiograph. The appearance and variations of the posterior tracheal band (PTB) was studied from 406 upright chest radiographs, taken from 293 individuals of varying age. PTB is visualized in about 80% of individuals well enough to be diagnostically useful. Its average width is 3 mm, and patient positioning can cause variations not exceeding 2 mm. Progressive widening by 2 mm or more, blurring of previously sharp margins or an overall width exceeding 5 mm should be considered suggestive of mediastinal or related abnormality.", "PMID": 535526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6544", "title": "Stenosis of the popliteal vein caused by an osteochondroma of the distal femur: a case report.", "content": "This report describes a 14-year-old girl presenting with unilateral distal leg edema which developed on the basis of popliteal vein compression by a large osteochondroma of the distal femur. Excision of the osteochondroma relieved the venous obstruction, and the leg returned to normal. Lesions of tibial arteries and veins caused by osteochondromas of the distal femur are discussed.", "contents": "Stenosis of the popliteal vein caused by an osteochondroma of the distal femur: a case report. This report describes a 14-year-old girl presenting with unilateral distal leg edema which developed on the basis of popliteal vein compression by a large osteochondroma of the distal femur. Excision of the osteochondroma relieved the venous obstruction, and the leg returned to normal. Lesions of tibial arteries and veins caused by osteochondromas of the distal femur are discussed.", "PMID": 535527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6545", "title": "Scintigraphic detection of gastric calcification in dialysis patients.", "content": "The value of 99mTc HEDP bone scintigraphy as a means of detecting metastatic gastric calcification was studied in 45 chronic dialysis patients and in 55 former dialysis patients. For this group, all bone scans were obtained within 2 months after successful transplantation; radiotracer uptake by the stomach was not observed. In 15 of the first 35 chronic dialysis patients studied, gastric uptake was demonstrated without radioactive accumulation in the thyroid region. In all the dialysis patients, however, background activity had been normalized before scintigraphy by means of hemodialysis using recirculating dialysate. Without the latter, radioactive accumulation in the stomach was no longer noted. Thus, gastric uptake was presumably due to the formation of in vivo free pertechnetate, as a result of the dialysis method used, and in vitro experiments supported this hypothesis. These findings show that free pertechnetate can cause visualization of the stomach in the absence of thyroid imaging. The results of this study further indicate that bone scintigraphy is not a sensitive method for detecting metastatic gastric calcification in uremia.", "contents": "Scintigraphic detection of gastric calcification in dialysis patients. The value of 99mTc HEDP bone scintigraphy as a means of detecting metastatic gastric calcification was studied in 45 chronic dialysis patients and in 55 former dialysis patients. For this group, all bone scans were obtained within 2 months after successful transplantation; radiotracer uptake by the stomach was not observed. In 15 of the first 35 chronic dialysis patients studied, gastric uptake was demonstrated without radioactive accumulation in the thyroid region. In all the dialysis patients, however, background activity had been normalized before scintigraphy by means of hemodialysis using recirculating dialysate. Without the latter, radioactive accumulation in the stomach was no longer noted. Thus, gastric uptake was presumably due to the formation of in vivo free pertechnetate, as a result of the dialysis method used, and in vitro experiments supported this hypothesis. These findings show that free pertechnetate can cause visualization of the stomach in the absence of thyroid imaging. The results of this study further indicate that bone scintigraphy is not a sensitive method for detecting metastatic gastric calcification in uremia.", "PMID": 535528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6546", "title": "Technetium-99m trapping index as a test of thyroid function.", "content": "Thyroid examinations were performed in parallel in over 300 patients using 131I and 99mTc pertechnetate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of the 99mTc pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio as an index of thyroid function. Results presented indicate that the 99mTc trapping index can be reliably used as a simple and accurate index of thyroid function.", "contents": "Technetium-99m trapping index as a test of thyroid function. Thyroid examinations were performed in parallel in over 300 patients using 131I and 99mTc pertechnetate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of the 99mTc pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio as an index of thyroid function. Results presented indicate that the 99mTc trapping index can be reliably used as a simple and accurate index of thyroid function.", "PMID": 535529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6547", "title": "Androgens and brain differentiation. Effects of testosterone on protein synthesis in neonatal rat hypothalamic and cerebral slices.", "content": "Protein synthetic activity of anterior hypothalamic and neocortical brain slices from androgenized neonatal female rats was studied in vitro in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of action of testosterone on the developing hypothalamus. The short-term effects of testosterone propionate injections of the animals on the protein synthetic activity of the slices were assayed by means of incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid-insoluble protein. Although a high dose (1 mg/animal) of testosterone propionate stimulated increased incorporation in neocortical and anterior hypothalamic slices, a lower dose and other approaches failed to demonstrate a stimulation regionally specific to the anterior hypothalamus. It is concluded that if testosterone has specific stimulatory effects on protein synthesis in the anterior hypothalamus of neonatally androgenized rats, these are not readily demonstrable by methods used with other steroid target tissues.", "contents": "Androgens and brain differentiation. Effects of testosterone on protein synthesis in neonatal rat hypothalamic and cerebral slices. Protein synthetic activity of anterior hypothalamic and neocortical brain slices from androgenized neonatal female rats was studied in vitro in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of action of testosterone on the developing hypothalamus. The short-term effects of testosterone propionate injections of the animals on the protein synthetic activity of the slices were assayed by means of incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid-insoluble protein. Although a high dose (1 mg/animal) of testosterone propionate stimulated increased incorporation in neocortical and anterior hypothalamic slices, a lower dose and other approaches failed to demonstrate a stimulation regionally specific to the anterior hypothalamus. It is concluded that if testosterone has specific stimulatory effects on protein synthesis in the anterior hypothalamus of neonatally androgenized rats, these are not readily demonstrable by methods used with other steroid target tissues.", "PMID": 535530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6548", "title": "Effect of thyroid deficiency on the growth of the hippocampus in the rat. A combined biochemical and morphological study.", "content": "The growth of the hippocampus was studied in normal and hypothyroid rats using both biochemical and morphological techniques, and the results were compared with observations on the whole forebrain or on the cerebral cortex. The longitudinal growth, area and the volume of the hippocampus was severely reduced in thyroid deficiency. In the cerebral cortex the longitudinal growth and some of the parameters of transverse development were significantly decreased at the rostral but not at the caudal level. On rehabilitation from day 35 to 160 the longitudinal growth remained decreased in both the brain parts while the transverse growth was restored to normal in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus. In the normal hippocampus about 60% of the cells were formed during the first 3 postnatal weeks. This developmental increase was significantly depressed in hypothyroid rats; the final deficit in cell number was about 13%. The rate of cell acquisition was calculated from the slopes of the logistic curves fitted to the data of DNA content. At the age of maximal cell acquisition (at day 2-3) the daily deposition was 0.44x106 cells in controls and 0.34x106 cells in the hypothyroid rats. In controls the concentration of DNA decreased in the hippocampus during maturation. Thyroid deficiency did not influence this developmental trend. In contrast, a severe reduction was observed in the cellular composition of RNA and protein.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid deficiency on the growth of the hippocampus in the rat. A combined biochemical and morphological study. The growth of the hippocampus was studied in normal and hypothyroid rats using both biochemical and morphological techniques, and the results were compared with observations on the whole forebrain or on the cerebral cortex. The longitudinal growth, area and the volume of the hippocampus was severely reduced in thyroid deficiency. In the cerebral cortex the longitudinal growth and some of the parameters of transverse development were significantly decreased at the rostral but not at the caudal level. On rehabilitation from day 35 to 160 the longitudinal growth remained decreased in both the brain parts while the transverse growth was restored to normal in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus. In the normal hippocampus about 60% of the cells were formed during the first 3 postnatal weeks. This developmental increase was significantly depressed in hypothyroid rats; the final deficit in cell number was about 13%. The rate of cell acquisition was calculated from the slopes of the logistic curves fitted to the data of DNA content. At the age of maximal cell acquisition (at day 2-3) the daily deposition was 0.44x106 cells in controls and 0.34x106 cells in the hypothyroid rats. In controls the concentration of DNA decreased in the hippocampus during maturation. Thyroid deficiency did not influence this developmental trend. In contrast, a severe reduction was observed in the cellular composition of RNA and protein.", "PMID": 535531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6549", "title": "Development and aging of cholinergic synapses. I. Endogenous levels of acetylcholine and choline in developing autonomic ganglia and iris of the chick.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) levels were measured by means of a sensitive micromethod in developing irises, ciliary and sympathetic ganglia of the chick, starting at 5--7 days of incubation (DI) up to 1 year of age. The neurotransmitter is present in all three organs at relatively low levels (1--10 pmol) from 5 DI (iris) or 7 DI (ciliary and sympathetic ganglion). This is followed by a rapid and sustained 9-fold increase in all three tissues up to 14 DI. Thus, it appears that low levels of ACh may be sufficient for neurotransmission to occur in the primitive ciliary ganglion and iris. After hatching, total ACh levels continue to increase up to 1 year of age in the iris and ciliary ganglion and up to 3 months in the sympathetic ganglion. The increase may depend on either an increased functional demand for the neurotransmitter or an increased number of preganglionic terminals. In general Ch levels parallel closely the levels of ACh in each organ throughout development. It is concluded that ACh and Ch are present since the earliest detectable stages of development in the ganglia and iris, and their first increase seems to be correlated to the phase of innervation of the organs. The subsequent increase probably correlates to synaptogenesis. The close relationship between Ch and ACh levels indicates a regulatory role of Ch for ACh synthesis during neuronal development.", "contents": "Development and aging of cholinergic synapses. I. Endogenous levels of acetylcholine and choline in developing autonomic ganglia and iris of the chick. Acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) levels were measured by means of a sensitive micromethod in developing irises, ciliary and sympathetic ganglia of the chick, starting at 5--7 days of incubation (DI) up to 1 year of age. The neurotransmitter is present in all three organs at relatively low levels (1--10 pmol) from 5 DI (iris) or 7 DI (ciliary and sympathetic ganglion). This is followed by a rapid and sustained 9-fold increase in all three tissues up to 14 DI. Thus, it appears that low levels of ACh may be sufficient for neurotransmission to occur in the primitive ciliary ganglion and iris. After hatching, total ACh levels continue to increase up to 1 year of age in the iris and ciliary ganglion and up to 3 months in the sympathetic ganglion. The increase may depend on either an increased functional demand for the neurotransmitter or an increased number of preganglionic terminals. In general Ch levels parallel closely the levels of ACh in each organ throughout development. It is concluded that ACh and Ch are present since the earliest detectable stages of development in the ganglia and iris, and their first increase seems to be correlated to the phase of innervation of the organs. The subsequent increase probably correlates to synaptogenesis. The close relationship between Ch and ACh levels indicates a regulatory role of Ch for ACh synthesis during neuronal development.", "PMID": 535532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6550", "title": "Effects of age on the metabolism of thyroid hormones by rat brain tissue in vitro.", "content": "Using a newly-devised chromatographic method for the separation of the acetic and propionic analogues of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), we studied the metabolism of radioactively labeled T3 and T4 in rat brain homogenates to determine whether the rates of metabolism and the types of products formed are influenced by the age of the animal. The separation of metabolites is achieved on silica gel H in a solvent system consisting of methylacetate-2.5% ammonia (W/V) (95:5 V/V). Results clearly demonstrate that the metabolism of both T3 and T4 is age-dependent. Metabolism of T3 occurred at a significant rate during the early postnatal period (11 and 23 days), declined sharply between 23 and 40 days and was almost completely absent in the adult brain (100 days). Free iodide was the only product that could be identified in extracts of the reaction mixture. Neither the acetic nor propionic acid analogues of T3 were present in significant amounts. In the case of T4, iodide was the major metabolite formed. In addition, a significant amount of triiodothyroacetic acid was present in extracts of homogenates from the 11- and 23-day-old rats but not in those from older animals. Although initially, the rate of T4 metabolism was greater in the younger animals, over a 6-hour period, the amount metabolized was approximately the same at all ages studied. We conclude that these age-dependent changes in the metabolism of T3 and T4 may influence T3 receptor interactions in brain tissue and thereby regulate hormonal activity at the cellular level during the critical period of brain development.", "contents": "Effects of age on the metabolism of thyroid hormones by rat brain tissue in vitro. Using a newly-devised chromatographic method for the separation of the acetic and propionic analogues of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), we studied the metabolism of radioactively labeled T3 and T4 in rat brain homogenates to determine whether the rates of metabolism and the types of products formed are influenced by the age of the animal. The separation of metabolites is achieved on silica gel H in a solvent system consisting of methylacetate-2.5% ammonia (W/V) (95:5 V/V). Results clearly demonstrate that the metabolism of both T3 and T4 is age-dependent. Metabolism of T3 occurred at a significant rate during the early postnatal period (11 and 23 days), declined sharply between 23 and 40 days and was almost completely absent in the adult brain (100 days). Free iodide was the only product that could be identified in extracts of the reaction mixture. Neither the acetic nor propionic acid analogues of T3 were present in significant amounts. In the case of T4, iodide was the major metabolite formed. In addition, a significant amount of triiodothyroacetic acid was present in extracts of homogenates from the 11- and 23-day-old rats but not in those from older animals. Although initially, the rate of T4 metabolism was greater in the younger animals, over a 6-hour period, the amount metabolized was approximately the same at all ages studied. We conclude that these age-dependent changes in the metabolism of T3 and T4 may influence T3 receptor interactions in brain tissue and thereby regulate hormonal activity at the cellular level during the critical period of brain development.", "PMID": 535533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6551", "title": "A procedure for purifying neuron-like cells in cultures from central nervous tissue with a defined medium.", "content": "A serum-free medium (N1) containing the supplements insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine and selenium was used to culture cells from a variety of embryonic chick central nervous system tissues, namely, optic lobe, neural retina, spinal cord and telencephalon. The N1 medium supported the survival of fiber-bearing cells (features typical of cultured neurons) as well as or better than horse serum, while permitting no, or almost no flat cells. Survival and growth of chick flat cells required fetal calf, but not horse serum. Cultivation of newborn mouse telencephalon under these conditions yielded similar results, except that either fetal calf or horse serum supported flat cells.", "contents": "A procedure for purifying neuron-like cells in cultures from central nervous tissue with a defined medium. A serum-free medium (N1) containing the supplements insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine and selenium was used to culture cells from a variety of embryonic chick central nervous system tissues, namely, optic lobe, neural retina, spinal cord and telencephalon. The N1 medium supported the survival of fiber-bearing cells (features typical of cultured neurons) as well as or better than horse serum, while permitting no, or almost no flat cells. Survival and growth of chick flat cells required fetal calf, but not horse serum. Cultivation of newborn mouse telencephalon under these conditions yielded similar results, except that either fetal calf or horse serum supported flat cells.", "PMID": 535534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6552", "title": "A stereological analysis of the neuronal and synaptic content of the frontal and cerebellar cortex of weanling rats undernourished from birth.", "content": "The frontal cortex and granular layer of the cerebellum have been examined in 30-day-old rats undernourished from birth. Quantitative stereological procedures at the light microscopical level have been used to estimate the volume proportion and numerical densities of neuronal nuclei. Similar methods at the electron microscopical level were employed to calculate the numerical densities of synapses. Hence, synapse-to-neuron ratios have been calculated in these brain regions. In the frontal cortex, the undernourished group of rats showed a 37% deficit (P less than 0.05) in the synapse-to-neuron ratio. This was due to a combination of an increase in the numberical density of neurons and a decrease in the numerical density of synapses, although, individually, neither of these reached statistical significance at the 5% level. In the granular layer of the cerebellum there was a 31% (P less than 0.01) deficit in the synapse-to-neuron ratio. This was a function of the reduced numerical density of synapses, with no difference in the numerical density of granule cells between groups. For the frontal cortex, the volume proportion of neuronal nuclei was significantly greater in the undernourished group of rats. There were no significant differences between control and undernourished rats in the volume of the 'forebrain' occupied by cortex. The mean diameters of neuronal nuclei and synaptic discs did not differ in any given region between treatment groups. These observations are discussed in context with the previously published results on synapses and neurons in undernourished animals.", "contents": "A stereological analysis of the neuronal and synaptic content of the frontal and cerebellar cortex of weanling rats undernourished from birth. The frontal cortex and granular layer of the cerebellum have been examined in 30-day-old rats undernourished from birth. Quantitative stereological procedures at the light microscopical level have been used to estimate the volume proportion and numerical densities of neuronal nuclei. Similar methods at the electron microscopical level were employed to calculate the numerical densities of synapses. Hence, synapse-to-neuron ratios have been calculated in these brain regions. In the frontal cortex, the undernourished group of rats showed a 37% deficit (P less than 0.05) in the synapse-to-neuron ratio. This was due to a combination of an increase in the numberical density of neurons and a decrease in the numerical density of synapses, although, individually, neither of these reached statistical significance at the 5% level. In the granular layer of the cerebellum there was a 31% (P less than 0.01) deficit in the synapse-to-neuron ratio. This was a function of the reduced numerical density of synapses, with no difference in the numerical density of granule cells between groups. For the frontal cortex, the volume proportion of neuronal nuclei was significantly greater in the undernourished group of rats. There were no significant differences between control and undernourished rats in the volume of the 'forebrain' occupied by cortex. The mean diameters of neuronal nuclei and synaptic discs did not differ in any given region between treatment groups. These observations are discussed in context with the previously published results on synapses and neurons in undernourished animals.", "PMID": 535543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6553", "title": "Fetal mediators of the relationships between increased pregnancy and labour blood pressure and newborn irritability.", "content": "A prospective study of primiparous English women and their newborns failed to replicate previous findings that greater irritability was related to higher maternal blood pressure during pregnancy and labour. This apparent lack of replication prompted a search for fetal variables capable of mediating the blood pressure--irritability relationships. Relative fetal growth retardation was found in newborns of women whose peak antenatal blood pressure occurred from 20 to 32 wk gestation. Prenatal growth retardation and exposure to either oxytocin-stimulated labour or higher maternal blood pressure during spontaneous labour were associated with lower intrapartum fetal heart rate. Lower heart rate, in turn, was associated with greater crying and more frequent changes of state during behavioural assessments on the first and fifth days. It is suggested that intrapartum hypoxia is an immediate antecedent of newborn irritability. The blood pressure--irritability relationships may therefore reflect the influence of growth retardation, attributable to increased pregnancy blood pressure, and higher labour blood pressure, respectively, on the ability of the fetus to withstand hypoxia and the degree of hypoxia encountered during labour.", "contents": "Fetal mediators of the relationships between increased pregnancy and labour blood pressure and newborn irritability. A prospective study of primiparous English women and their newborns failed to replicate previous findings that greater irritability was related to higher maternal blood pressure during pregnancy and labour. This apparent lack of replication prompted a search for fetal variables capable of mediating the blood pressure--irritability relationships. Relative fetal growth retardation was found in newborns of women whose peak antenatal blood pressure occurred from 20 to 32 wk gestation. Prenatal growth retardation and exposure to either oxytocin-stimulated labour or higher maternal blood pressure during spontaneous labour were associated with lower intrapartum fetal heart rate. Lower heart rate, in turn, was associated with greater crying and more frequent changes of state during behavioural assessments on the first and fifth days. It is suggested that intrapartum hypoxia is an immediate antecedent of newborn irritability. The blood pressure--irritability relationships may therefore reflect the influence of growth retardation, attributable to increased pregnancy blood pressure, and higher labour blood pressure, respectively, on the ability of the fetus to withstand hypoxia and the degree of hypoxia encountered during labour.", "PMID": 535544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6554", "title": "Preterm birth, growth retardation and acidemia in relation to neurological abnormality of the newborn.", "content": "The Groningen Perinatal Project is a follow-up study relating pre- and perinatal conditions to early and late neurological sequelae. A description is given of the first cohort of 1507 children, examined neurologically during the neonatal period, and of their mothers and their pregnancies. In this preliminary analysis three 'final pathways' are considered, i.e. intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth and acidemia (pH in umbilical vein below 7.20). Significant relationships were found between the 'final pathways' and the neurological findings. Since, however, these relationships account for only a small part of the variance of the latter, it is concluded that the (cumulative) effect of other antenatal variables must be taken into account as well. Results of analyses to this effect will be reported in forthcoming publications.", "contents": "Preterm birth, growth retardation and acidemia in relation to neurological abnormality of the newborn. The Groningen Perinatal Project is a follow-up study relating pre- and perinatal conditions to early and late neurological sequelae. A description is given of the first cohort of 1507 children, examined neurologically during the neonatal period, and of their mothers and their pregnancies. In this preliminary analysis three 'final pathways' are considered, i.e. intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth and acidemia (pH in umbilical vein below 7.20). Significant relationships were found between the 'final pathways' and the neurological findings. Since, however, these relationships account for only a small part of the variance of the latter, it is concluded that the (cumulative) effect of other antenatal variables must be taken into account as well. Results of analyses to this effect will be reported in forthcoming publications.", "PMID": 535545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6555", "title": "Patterns of breath intervals during non-nutritive sucking in full-term and 'at risk' preterm infants with normal neurological examinations.", "content": "The interaction between respiration and non-nutritive sucking rhythms was investigated in 12 sleeping, normal full-term, newborn infants and in 14 preterm infants were were examined repeatedly at 34, 40 and 46 wk of conceptional age. Full-term infants showed a shortening of breath intervals in the middle of sucking bursts and a lengthening of the breath interval spanning the end of sucking bursts. The differences were more marked in females than males. A rhythm interaction between sucking and respiration was also observed in preterm infants as young as 34 wk of conceptional age. Clinical neurological examinations did not discriminate between preterm infants above and below a median score for optimal obstetric conditions, but the interaction between breathing and sucking rhythms made such discrimination, most clearly in females. Preterm infants with lower optimal obstetric scores showed less change of breath durations during sucking than preterms with higher scores. It was concluded that interaction of concurrent motor rhythms may be a sensitive index of central nervous system integrity in newborn infants, even when there are no clinical neurological signs of nervous system dysfunction.", "contents": "Patterns of breath intervals during non-nutritive sucking in full-term and 'at risk' preterm infants with normal neurological examinations. The interaction between respiration and non-nutritive sucking rhythms was investigated in 12 sleeping, normal full-term, newborn infants and in 14 preterm infants were were examined repeatedly at 34, 40 and 46 wk of conceptional age. Full-term infants showed a shortening of breath intervals in the middle of sucking bursts and a lengthening of the breath interval spanning the end of sucking bursts. The differences were more marked in females than males. A rhythm interaction between sucking and respiration was also observed in preterm infants as young as 34 wk of conceptional age. Clinical neurological examinations did not discriminate between preterm infants above and below a median score for optimal obstetric conditions, but the interaction between breathing and sucking rhythms made such discrimination, most clearly in females. Preterm infants with lower optimal obstetric scores showed less change of breath durations during sucking than preterms with higher scores. It was concluded that interaction of concurrent motor rhythms may be a sensitive index of central nervous system integrity in newborn infants, even when there are no clinical neurological signs of nervous system dysfunction.", "PMID": 535546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6556", "title": "Maternal attitudes to their obstetric care.", "content": "Advocates of 'natural childbirth' are many and vocal, but there appears also to be a group of women who are in favour of more active obstetric management. Preference for a subsequent confinement seems to be influenced by previous experience.", "contents": "Maternal attitudes to their obstetric care. Advocates of 'natural childbirth' are many and vocal, but there appears also to be a group of women who are in favour of more active obstetric management. Preference for a subsequent confinement seems to be influenced by previous experience.", "PMID": 535547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6557", "title": "The water content of the human umbilical cord.", "content": "105 umbilical cords from 53 term and 52 preterm newborn infants were freeze-dried after removal of the blood vessels, to determine the water content. The mean umbilical cord water content (i.e. mean of water content of fetal and placental ends of the cord), was 88.9% (SD 2.73) for term cords and 91.9% (SD 1.99) for preterm cords. The mean water content fell with increasing gestation. The fetal end of the cord had a significantly higher water content than the placental end. Similarly, the volume of a 4-cm length segment of cord was significantly greater at the fetal than placental end. There was no correlation between cord water content or volume and several other variables including birthweight, size for gestational age and placental weight. These observations suggest a metabolically active role for the umbilical cord.", "contents": "The water content of the human umbilical cord. 105 umbilical cords from 53 term and 52 preterm newborn infants were freeze-dried after removal of the blood vessels, to determine the water content. The mean umbilical cord water content (i.e. mean of water content of fetal and placental ends of the cord), was 88.9% (SD 2.73) for term cords and 91.9% (SD 1.99) for preterm cords. The mean water content fell with increasing gestation. The fetal end of the cord had a significantly higher water content than the placental end. Similarly, the volume of a 4-cm length segment of cord was significantly greater at the fetal than placental end. There was no correlation between cord water content or volume and several other variables including birthweight, size for gestational age and placental weight. These observations suggest a metabolically active role for the umbilical cord.", "PMID": 535548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6558", "title": "Deciduous teeth contain histories of developmental disturbances.", "content": "The crowns of the deciduous teeth are permanent structures which form by incremental growth during the second half of pregnancy and first year of life. These structures become available between the ages of 6 and 12 years with normal exfoliation and can then be studied histologically to demonstrate evidence of metabolic disturbances occurring during tooth development. As the chronology of disturbances can be assessed with reasonable accuracy, such studies provide a potentially valuable research tool.", "contents": "Deciduous teeth contain histories of developmental disturbances. The crowns of the deciduous teeth are permanent structures which form by incremental growth during the second half of pregnancy and first year of life. These structures become available between the ages of 6 and 12 years with normal exfoliation and can then be studied histologically to demonstrate evidence of metabolic disturbances occurring during tooth development. As the chronology of disturbances can be assessed with reasonable accuracy, such studies provide a potentially valuable research tool.", "PMID": 535549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6559", "title": "Sucking patterns of human babies on the breast.", "content": "Twenty-seven 5--8-day-old babies were filmed during normal breast feeding (one feed each). Sucking patterns were determined from the film from a total sample of 17,676 sucks. Intersuck interals fell on two distributions: one of intervals between sucks during bursts of sucking (1.3 sec and less), and the other of rests between bursts of sucking (1.3 to greater than 12 sec). As the milk flow dropped towards the end of the feed on each breast, the sucking rate within bursts increased (P less than 0.05), but there were more (P less than 0.001) and longer (P less than 0.001) rests between bursts of sucking. This study provides normative data on a normal population for use in studies of breast feeding.", "contents": "Sucking patterns of human babies on the breast. Twenty-seven 5--8-day-old babies were filmed during normal breast feeding (one feed each). Sucking patterns were determined from the film from a total sample of 17,676 sucks. Intersuck interals fell on two distributions: one of intervals between sucks during bursts of sucking (1.3 sec and less), and the other of rests between bursts of sucking (1.3 to greater than 12 sec). As the milk flow dropped towards the end of the feed on each breast, the sucking rate within bursts increased (P less than 0.05), but there were more (P less than 0.001) and longer (P less than 0.001) rests between bursts of sucking. This study provides normative data on a normal population for use in studies of breast feeding.", "PMID": 535550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6560", "title": "Separation and reunion behaviors as criteria of attachment to mothers and fathers.", "content": "Twenty infants were observed 4 times between 7 and 13 months of age in a short-term longitudinal study. Responses to separations from and reunions with mothers and fathers are reported. None of the measures showed a preference for either parent at any age. Other studies confirm that even young infants are attached to both parents. It is argued that greater attention must be paid to the family's role in social and personality development.", "contents": "Separation and reunion behaviors as criteria of attachment to mothers and fathers. Twenty infants were observed 4 times between 7 and 13 months of age in a short-term longitudinal study. Responses to separations from and reunions with mothers and fathers are reported. None of the measures showed a preference for either parent at any age. Other studies confirm that even young infants are attached to both parents. It is argued that greater attention must be paid to the family's role in social and personality development.", "PMID": 535551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6561", "title": "Structural changes in parathyroid glands exposed to vitamin D metabolites in vitro.", "content": "Isolated parathyroid glands from normal adult Mongolian gerbils were incubated for 10 minutes to 16 1/2 hours at high, medium or low concentrations of Ca2+, with or without added 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1.25-DHCC) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC), after which they were studied electron microscopically. 1,25-DHCC appeared to potentiate the inhibitory action of high calcium on parathyroid activity, whereas 25-HCC had no structurally detectable effect.", "contents": "Structural changes in parathyroid glands exposed to vitamin D metabolites in vitro. Isolated parathyroid glands from normal adult Mongolian gerbils were incubated for 10 minutes to 16 1/2 hours at high, medium or low concentrations of Ca2+, with or without added 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1.25-DHCC) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC), after which they were studied electron microscopically. 1,25-DHCC appeared to potentiate the inhibitory action of high calcium on parathyroid activity, whereas 25-HCC had no structurally detectable effect.", "PMID": 535575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6562", "title": "[T4 metabolism in age matched heavy and light rats with good and bad feed efficiency following high- or low-in-fat diet].", "content": "Rats, fed two diets (high or low in fat content), were at the and of the feeding-period separated in light and in heavy animal groups. The leaner rats from the diet group high in fat content show opposite to the heavier animals of this diet group significantly increased T4 distribution spaces, significantly shortened T4 half life time and lower feed efficiency. T4 serum values, absolute T4 degradation per day and body mass and free thyroxine index in these leaner rats also increased significantly. However comparing heavy rats feed a diet low and light rats fed a diet high in rat content the latter  show also a decreased feed efficiency, but no differences in T4 serum concentration or T3 binding capacity of serum proteins, free thyroxine index and T4 degradation. The results in T4 metabolism are discussed in relation to feed efficiency of the investigated animal groups.", "contents": "[T4 metabolism in age matched heavy and light rats with good and bad feed efficiency following high- or low-in-fat diet]. Rats, fed two diets (high or low in fat content), were at the and of the feeding-period separated in light and in heavy animal groups. The leaner rats from the diet group high in fat content show opposite to the heavier animals of this diet group significantly increased T4 distribution spaces, significantly shortened T4 half life time and lower feed efficiency. T4 serum values, absolute T4 degradation per day and body mass and free thyroxine index in these leaner rats also increased significantly. However comparing heavy rats feed a diet low and light rats fed a diet high in rat content the latter  show also a decreased feed efficiency, but no differences in T4 serum concentration or T3 binding capacity of serum proteins, free thyroxine index and T4 degradation. The results in T4 metabolism are discussed in relation to feed efficiency of the investigated animal groups.", "PMID": 535577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6563", "title": "[The diabetic polyneuropathy. I. Relation between impaired function in peripheral nerves and clinical findings].", "content": "789 patients with diabetes mellitus were studied by clinical and electroneurographical investigation. Motor and sensory conduction velocities of the median nerve and motor conduction velocity of the tibial nerve were determined. 86.1% of the patients suffered from juvenile diabetes, and 13.9% from maturity onset diabetes. Average duration of the disease was 9.5 years, average age of the patients was 26.7 years. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy were found in 19.1%. In 40.9% of the patients at least one of 3 conduction velocities was found to be delayed. Patients with clinical signs of polyneuropathy exhibited delayed nerve conduction velocities and delayed distal latencies. Diagnosis of polyneuropathy almost with certainty is possible by determining the three nerve conduction velocities and the three corresponding distal latencies. 22% of patients without clinical signs of polyneuropathy exhibited electroneurographical signs of impaired peripheral nerve function. Heredity, body weight, lipid metabolism, actual metabolic balance, and treatment were found to be without any significant influence on nerve conduction velocity.", "contents": "[The diabetic polyneuropathy. I. Relation between impaired function in peripheral nerves and clinical findings]. 789 patients with diabetes mellitus were studied by clinical and electroneurographical investigation. Motor and sensory conduction velocities of the median nerve and motor conduction velocity of the tibial nerve were determined. 86.1% of the patients suffered from juvenile diabetes, and 13.9% from maturity onset diabetes. Average duration of the disease was 9.5 years, average age of the patients was 26.7 years. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy were found in 19.1%. In 40.9% of the patients at least one of 3 conduction velocities was found to be delayed. Patients with clinical signs of polyneuropathy exhibited delayed nerve conduction velocities and delayed distal latencies. Diagnosis of polyneuropathy almost with certainty is possible by determining the three nerve conduction velocities and the three corresponding distal latencies. 22% of patients without clinical signs of polyneuropathy exhibited electroneurographical signs of impaired peripheral nerve function. Heredity, body weight, lipid metabolism, actual metabolic balance, and treatment were found to be without any significant influence on nerve conduction velocity.", "PMID": 535578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6564", "title": "[The diabetic polyneuropathy. II. Polyneuropathy, angiopathy and nerve conduction velocity].", "content": "789 patients with diabetes mellitus were studied by clinical and electroneurographical examination. Motor conduction velocity of the median and the tibial nerve and sensory conduction of the median nerve were determined. 81.1% of the patients we suffering from diabetes which began in childhood or adolescence, 13.9% were suffering from maturity onset diabetes. Average duration of the disease was 9.5 years, average age was 26.7 years. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy were found in 19.1%. Typical findings were pain and paraesthesia, lack or abolition of triceps surae reflexes, impaired pallaesthesia on lower extremities. 48.3% of 151 patients with clinical signs of polyneuropathy were suffering from combined angiopathy, 32.5% from microangiopathy, 7.9% from macroangiopathy. Severity of complicating retinopathy and macroangio,athy were found to be correlated with polyneuropathy. 58.2% of 323 diabetics with at least one delayed nerve conduction velocity exhibited signs of angiopathy. In nearly 30% of children and adolescents after comparatively short duration of the disease at least one conduction velocity was delayed. In diabetic children and adolescents metabolic disturbances are assumed to cause peripheral nerve dysfunction.", "contents": "[The diabetic polyneuropathy. II. Polyneuropathy, angiopathy and nerve conduction velocity]. 789 patients with diabetes mellitus were studied by clinical and electroneurographical examination. Motor conduction velocity of the median and the tibial nerve and sensory conduction of the median nerve were determined. 81.1% of the patients we suffering from diabetes which began in childhood or adolescence, 13.9% were suffering from maturity onset diabetes. Average duration of the disease was 9.5 years, average age was 26.7 years. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy were found in 19.1%. Typical findings were pain and paraesthesia, lack or abolition of triceps surae reflexes, impaired pallaesthesia on lower extremities. 48.3% of 151 patients with clinical signs of polyneuropathy were suffering from combined angiopathy, 32.5% from microangiopathy, 7.9% from macroangiopathy. Severity of complicating retinopathy and macroangio,athy were found to be correlated with polyneuropathy. 58.2% of 323 diabetics with at least one delayed nerve conduction velocity exhibited signs of angiopathy. In nearly 30% of children and adolescents after comparatively short duration of the disease at least one conduction velocity was delayed. In diabetic children and adolescents metabolic disturbances are assumed to cause peripheral nerve dysfunction.", "PMID": 535579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6565", "title": "Regeneration of the neurosecretory tract in hypophysectomized catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch)--an in situ study.", "content": "Regeneration and reorganization of the proximal cut end of the pituitary stalk is demonstrated in Ompok bimaculatus with the aid of in situ staining technique. The lesioned end exhibited an increase of axonal density and some axons became prominent by their uncontrolled growth. In few instances the cut ends were reorganized into a neurohypophysis-like organ.", "contents": "Regeneration of the neurosecretory tract in hypophysectomized catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch)--an in situ study. Regeneration and reorganization of the proximal cut end of the pituitary stalk is demonstrated in Ompok bimaculatus with the aid of in situ staining technique. The lesioned end exhibited an increase of axonal density and some axons became prominent by their uncontrolled growth. In few instances the cut ends were reorganized into a neurohypophysis-like organ.", "PMID": 535580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6566", "title": "Thymidine kinase activity in murine lymphoid organs following glucocorticoid and heparin administration.", "content": "Thymidine kinase (TK) activity was studied in thymus and spleen of mice after glucocorticoid and heparin administration. Glucocorticoids (cortisone and hydrocortisone) injected intraperitoneally caused a prolonged 80--90% decrease in TK activity of both lymphoid organs. Heparin per se administered in depot-form subcutaneously did not alter the enzyme activity in the lymphoid organs significantly. By contrast, heparin injected 6 hours before glucocorticoid treatment inhibited the decreasing effect of cortisone but not that of hydrocortisone on TK activity in the thymus and fully inhibited the effect of both hormones on the enzyme activity of spleen. In addition the combined use of heparin and cortisone increased the splenic TK activity above the control value on the 2nd day after treatment. The possible mode of action of heparin is discussed.", "contents": "Thymidine kinase activity in murine lymphoid organs following glucocorticoid and heparin administration. Thymidine kinase (TK) activity was studied in thymus and spleen of mice after glucocorticoid and heparin administration. Glucocorticoids (cortisone and hydrocortisone) injected intraperitoneally caused a prolonged 80--90% decrease in TK activity of both lymphoid organs. Heparin per se administered in depot-form subcutaneously did not alter the enzyme activity in the lymphoid organs significantly. By contrast, heparin injected 6 hours before glucocorticoid treatment inhibited the decreasing effect of cortisone but not that of hydrocortisone on TK activity in the thymus and fully inhibited the effect of both hormones on the enzyme activity of spleen. In addition the combined use of heparin and cortisone increased the splenic TK activity above the control value on the 2nd day after treatment. The possible mode of action of heparin is discussed.", "PMID": 535581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6567", "title": "Total and free cortisol plasma levels in pre- and postnatal life.", "content": "Total and free cortisol and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) levels were measured in plasma of 7 fetuses during 22 to 34 weeks of pregnancy and 80 infants aged 1 day to 30 months. In comparison with normal adults, total cortisol levels were significantly diminished (p less than 0.001) both in fetuses and newborn infants aged 2 to 8 days. However, low total cortisol levels were accompanied by extremely low CBG concentrations especially in prenatal but also in early postnatal life. Consequently, free cortisol levels during pre- and postnatal life were not significantly different from those of normal adults except the values immediately after birth, which were evidently elevated. With advanced age of the infants CBG values increased and reached the mean values of adults at 46 to 80 days of age. However, in infants aged 8 to 30 months CBG values were even significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than those of adults.", "contents": "Total and free cortisol plasma levels in pre- and postnatal life. Total and free cortisol and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) levels were measured in plasma of 7 fetuses during 22 to 34 weeks of pregnancy and 80 infants aged 1 day to 30 months. In comparison with normal adults, total cortisol levels were significantly diminished (p less than 0.001) both in fetuses and newborn infants aged 2 to 8 days. However, low total cortisol levels were accompanied by extremely low CBG concentrations especially in prenatal but also in early postnatal life. Consequently, free cortisol levels during pre- and postnatal life were not significantly different from those of normal adults except the values immediately after birth, which were evidently elevated. With advanced age of the infants CBG values increased and reached the mean values of adults at 46 to 80 days of age. However, in infants aged 8 to 30 months CBG values were even significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than those of adults.", "PMID": 535582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6568", "title": "The regional distribution of adenylate cyclase in individual nuclei of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The regional distribution of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in separated individual hypothalamic nuclei was studied. The highest activity was found in the paraventricular nucleus and the lowest activity in the median eminence. In several other hypothalamic nuclei, there was also found higher activity of AC than in the total hypothalamus. These data show that in the individual hypothalamic nuclei there exist considerable differences in the activity of adenylate cyclase that may indicate their different function in regulation of neuroendocrine phenomena.", "contents": "The regional distribution of adenylate cyclase in individual nuclei of rat hypothalamus. The regional distribution of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in separated individual hypothalamic nuclei was studied. The highest activity was found in the paraventricular nucleus and the lowest activity in the median eminence. In several other hypothalamic nuclei, there was also found higher activity of AC than in the total hypothalamus. These data show that in the individual hypothalamic nuclei there exist considerable differences in the activity of adenylate cyclase that may indicate their different function in regulation of neuroendocrine phenomena.", "PMID": 535583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6569", "title": "Blood serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in healthy children at the age of 1 and 2 years.", "content": "The physiological mean concentrations of T3, T4 an TSH in 150 healthy children aged from 1 month to 2 years of life decreased gradually with age. The statistically significant difference was observed only in T3 levels between the first and second year of life. The remaining parameters did not show statistically significant differences.", "contents": "Blood serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in healthy children at the age of 1 and 2 years. The physiological mean concentrations of T3, T4 an TSH in 150 healthy children aged from 1 month to 2 years of life decreased gradually with age. The statistically significant difference was observed only in T3 levels between the first and second year of life. The remaining parameters did not show statistically significant differences.", "PMID": 535584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6570", "title": "[Triglycerides, fatty acids and cortisol in simple obesity in children].", "content": "In 50 children with obesitas simplex, 6-14 years of age, the triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and cortisol (F) levels in venous blood serum were estimated. In agreement with the development stages, studied patients were divided into the group of younger children in prematurity stage and the group of older children approaching the maturity. Obtained mean values of TG, FFA and F concentrations were analysed in the particular groups of obese children and compared with the healthy children of the same age. Mean concentrations of TG, FFA and cortisol in obese children were within the normal values and statistically did not differ from those of control healthy children. Also there was no difference in parameters studied if compared the younger and older groups of obese children. There was no interrelationship between the high birth weight and the degree of overweight as well as between the duration of obesity and the blood serum TG levels. In the course of obesitas simplex in children no detectable disturbances in the levels of TG, FFA and cortisol were found. It may depends on the more efficient adaptational mechanism connected with metabolism which are acting in the course of overfeed in the period of growth and development.", "contents": "[Triglycerides, fatty acids and cortisol in simple obesity in children]. In 50 children with obesitas simplex, 6-14 years of age, the triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and cortisol (F) levels in venous blood serum were estimated. In agreement with the development stages, studied patients were divided into the group of younger children in prematurity stage and the group of older children approaching the maturity. Obtained mean values of TG, FFA and F concentrations were analysed in the particular groups of obese children and compared with the healthy children of the same age. Mean concentrations of TG, FFA and cortisol in obese children were within the normal values and statistically did not differ from those of control healthy children. Also there was no difference in parameters studied if compared the younger and older groups of obese children. There was no interrelationship between the high birth weight and the degree of overweight as well as between the duration of obesity and the blood serum TG levels. In the course of obesitas simplex in children no detectable disturbances in the levels of TG, FFA and cortisol were found. It may depends on the more efficient adaptational mechanism connected with metabolism which are acting in the course of overfeed in the period of growth and development.", "PMID": 535585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6571", "title": "[Blood serum cortisol level in children with palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy].", "content": "Because the etiopathogenesis of the Waldeyer's ring hypertrophy is not fully recognized, evaluation of adrenal cortex function in this disorders was made. Serum cortisol level was determined by sulfuric acid fluorescence under resting conditions and 3 hours after ACTH injection. Investigations were performed on 20 children, aged 5-9 years, in all of them a marked hypertrophy of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils was found. These children were divided into two groups, the first one included 11 children with frequent angina and the second group consisted of 9 children with serious difficulties in breathing, but without angina. In these groups serum cortisol levels were estimated before and 3-4 months post tonsilectomy or adenotomy. 11 healthy children of the similar age were included into a control group. It was found that in the first group (hypertrophy and frequent angina) initial resting and ACTH stimulated cortisol levels were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. In the same group 3-4 months post surgery serum cortisol levels were lower and similar to those found in control group. On the contrary, in children of the second group (hypertrophy without angina) the resting and ACTH stimulated serum cortisol levels were lower than in control group and these levels did not change 3-4 months after surgery.", "contents": "[Blood serum cortisol level in children with palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy]. Because the etiopathogenesis of the Waldeyer's ring hypertrophy is not fully recognized, evaluation of adrenal cortex function in this disorders was made. Serum cortisol level was determined by sulfuric acid fluorescence under resting conditions and 3 hours after ACTH injection. Investigations were performed on 20 children, aged 5-9 years, in all of them a marked hypertrophy of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils was found. These children were divided into two groups, the first one included 11 children with frequent angina and the second group consisted of 9 children with serious difficulties in breathing, but without angina. In these groups serum cortisol levels were estimated before and 3-4 months post tonsilectomy or adenotomy. 11 healthy children of the similar age were included into a control group. It was found that in the first group (hypertrophy and frequent angina) initial resting and ACTH stimulated cortisol levels were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. In the same group 3-4 months post surgery serum cortisol levels were lower and similar to those found in control group. On the contrary, in children of the second group (hypertrophy without angina) the resting and ACTH stimulated serum cortisol levels were lower than in control group and these levels did not change 3-4 months after surgery.", "PMID": 535586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6572", "title": "[Birth weight and motor development of infants with Turner's syndrome].", "content": "There were analysed 61 cases of Turner's syndrome, in this group--48 cases with 45,X karyotype. Author confirmed, that mean birth weight of these children was lower (2920 g), than in healthy girls (3400 g), especially in cases with 45,X karyotype (2894 g). The 1st birth order in 45,X cases decreased birth weight of these children (mean 2693 g). The most retardation of motor development--3 months--in locomotion was observed. Between two genotype groups 45,X (mean 2894 g) and 45,X/46,XX (mean 3015 g) the difference was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Birth weight and motor development of infants with Turner's syndrome]. There were analysed 61 cases of Turner's syndrome, in this group--48 cases with 45,X karyotype. Author confirmed, that mean birth weight of these children was lower (2920 g), than in healthy girls (3400 g), especially in cases with 45,X karyotype (2894 g). The 1st birth order in 45,X cases decreased birth weight of these children (mean 2693 g). The most retardation of motor development--3 months--in locomotion was observed. Between two genotype groups 45,X (mean 2894 g) and 45,X/46,XX (mean 3015 g) the difference was statistically significant.", "PMID": 535587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6573", "title": "[Evaluation of human strain during interrupted exposure to vibration (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychophysical reactions to stochastic vibrations transmitted in vertical direction to sitting man are investigated in simulated experiments under laboratory conditions. In the framework of an appropriate concept of assessment, indicators related to bottleneck situations in functional systems of the organism for activity and strain measurements allow the evaluation of the recreation efficiency of interruptions in exposure time. The special meaning of the distribution and thus the frequency rate of the interruptions can be illustrated particularly by the variance in time of the strain processes of selected muscles. Between the degree of muscle fatigue and the period of uninterrupted exposure time (expressed in \"exposition-interruption-distribution\") a significant correlation results so that numerous interruptions of vibration exposure should be considered as a profitable guideline for work design with respect to ergonomics.", "contents": "[Evaluation of human strain during interrupted exposure to vibration (author's transl)]. The psychophysical reactions to stochastic vibrations transmitted in vertical direction to sitting man are investigated in simulated experiments under laboratory conditions. In the framework of an appropriate concept of assessment, indicators related to bottleneck situations in functional systems of the organism for activity and strain measurements allow the evaluation of the recreation efficiency of interruptions in exposure time. The special meaning of the distribution and thus the frequency rate of the interruptions can be illustrated particularly by the variance in time of the strain processes of selected muscles. Between the degree of muscle fatigue and the period of uninterrupted exposure time (expressed in \"exposition-interruption-distribution\") a significant correlation results so that numerous interruptions of vibration exposure should be considered as a profitable guideline for work design with respect to ergonomics.", "PMID": 535593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6574", "title": "Quantitative study of free amino acids in human eccrine sweat excreted from the forearms of healthy trained and untrained men during exercise.", "content": "The free amino acids in eccrine sweat collected from the forearms of 20 healthy trained and 20 healthy untrained men during controlled exercise were determined quantitatively using ion exchange column chromatography. Sweat was deproteinized by adding an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicylic acid. The amino acid concentrations showed a constant qualitative pattern in sweat and large individual differences. Essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine were excreted in relatively small amounts. As compared to the trained men, untrained men showed statistically significantly higher concentrations in sweat for the following amino acids: Alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, ornithine, phenylalanine, serine, taurine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. No significant differences were found for citrulline, cystine, ethanolamine, and methionine. The comparison of the amino acid excretions in sweat obtained under controlled exercise and in urine showed that the amounts of amino acids excreted in sweat under controlled exercise were comparable to the losses of amino acids in urine.", "contents": "Quantitative study of free amino acids in human eccrine sweat excreted from the forearms of healthy trained and untrained men during exercise. The free amino acids in eccrine sweat collected from the forearms of 20 healthy trained and 20 healthy untrained men during controlled exercise were determined quantitatively using ion exchange column chromatography. Sweat was deproteinized by adding an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicylic acid. The amino acid concentrations showed a constant qualitative pattern in sweat and large individual differences. Essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine were excreted in relatively small amounts. As compared to the trained men, untrained men showed statistically significantly higher concentrations in sweat for the following amino acids: Alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, ornithine, phenylalanine, serine, taurine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. No significant differences were found for citrulline, cystine, ethanolamine, and methionine. The comparison of the amino acid excretions in sweat obtained under controlled exercise and in urine showed that the amounts of amino acids excreted in sweat under controlled exercise were comparable to the losses of amino acids in urine.", "PMID": 535594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6575", "title": "Renal blood volume regulation in trained and untrained subjects during immersion.", "content": "To study the cause of the increased blood volume of endurance-trained athletes we assessed the renal blood volume regulating mechanisms in eight untrained (UT) and eight endurance-trained (TR) male subjects during a 4 h head-out immersion. In TR plasma volume remained constant whereas it decreased in UT by 2.4 ml/kg (p less than 0.025). Immersion diuresis of TR was only half as high as in UT (peak values: 3.22 ml/min in UT, 1.60 ml/min in TR). Free water clearance remained approximately constant in UT but temporarily decreased in TR (p less than 0.001). This points to poor or even absent inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion in the latter group. Osmolar clearance increased less in TR than in UT (p less than 0.02) which was partly due to a delayed increase of glomerular filtration rate. Plasma osmolality, creatinine, and protein concentrations as well as hematocrit values were reduced during immersion to a similar extent in both groups. The results indicate a reduced renal response of endurance-trained subjects to congestion of the low-pressure system resulting in an increase in blood volume.", "contents": "Renal blood volume regulation in trained and untrained subjects during immersion. To study the cause of the increased blood volume of endurance-trained athletes we assessed the renal blood volume regulating mechanisms in eight untrained (UT) and eight endurance-trained (TR) male subjects during a 4 h head-out immersion. In TR plasma volume remained constant whereas it decreased in UT by 2.4 ml/kg (p less than 0.025). Immersion diuresis of TR was only half as high as in UT (peak values: 3.22 ml/min in UT, 1.60 ml/min in TR). Free water clearance remained approximately constant in UT but temporarily decreased in TR (p less than 0.001). This points to poor or even absent inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion in the latter group. Osmolar clearance increased less in TR than in UT (p less than 0.02) which was partly due to a delayed increase of glomerular filtration rate. Plasma osmolality, creatinine, and protein concentrations as well as hematocrit values were reduced during immersion to a similar extent in both groups. The results indicate a reduced renal response of endurance-trained subjects to congestion of the low-pressure system resulting in an increase in blood volume.", "PMID": 535596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6576", "title": "Kinetics of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in isolated perfused rat liver and its effects on microsomal enzyme activity.", "content": "S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) levels in liver tissue were reduced by 35% after isolation and washing of the organ. The apparent half-life of SAMe (1,75-25 microM) during liver perfusion was between 120 and 460 min; however the uptake of the labelled methyl group by hepatic tissue of fed rats was low (6%). This value increased to 12% in organs isolated from 24-hour fasted animals. Addition of SAMe to the perfusion medium increased tissue levels of ATP. Except for N-demethylation of aminopyrine and cytochrome c reductase, liver microsomal activity was not affected by treatment with SAMe either in vivo or/and in perfused liver.", "contents": "Kinetics of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in isolated perfused rat liver and its effects on microsomal enzyme activity. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) levels in liver tissue were reduced by 35% after isolation and washing of the organ. The apparent half-life of SAMe (1,75-25 microM) during liver perfusion was between 120 and 460 min; however the uptake of the labelled methyl group by hepatic tissue of fed rats was low (6%). This value increased to 12% in organs isolated from 24-hour fasted animals. Addition of SAMe to the perfusion medium increased tissue levels of ATP. Except for N-demethylation of aminopyrine and cytochrome c reductase, liver microsomal activity was not affected by treatment with SAMe either in vivo or/and in perfused liver.", "PMID": 535598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6577", "title": "Disposition and metabolism of [14C]loperamide in rats.", "content": "Following oral administration of [14C]loperamide hydrochloride in 1 mg/kg to rats, plasma levels of radioactivity reached maximum at 4 hrs and decreased with a half-life of 4.1 hrs. Radioactivity in 96-hr feces accounted for 95% of the dose, with 30% associated with unchanged drug, while that in urine only 3.5%. Radioactivity in 48-hr bile accounted for 42% of the dose associated entirely with metabolites. 3% of the dose was found at the level of the enterohepatic cycles. These findings show that about 70% of the dose with absorbed by intestine, the target tissue of the drug, a portion (30%) of which was excreted back into intestinal cavity after demethylation, while the remaining 40% transferred to liver by which it was extracted mostly, metabolized extensively and excreted largely into bile, as supported by in vitro demethylating activity in gut segments but none in gut contents, and by in situ marked hepatic extraction of the drug. Main metabolic pathways involved are described.", "contents": "Disposition and metabolism of [14C]loperamide in rats. Following oral administration of [14C]loperamide hydrochloride in 1 mg/kg to rats, plasma levels of radioactivity reached maximum at 4 hrs and decreased with a half-life of 4.1 hrs. Radioactivity in 96-hr feces accounted for 95% of the dose, with 30% associated with unchanged drug, while that in urine only 3.5%. Radioactivity in 48-hr bile accounted for 42% of the dose associated entirely with metabolites. 3% of the dose was found at the level of the enterohepatic cycles. These findings show that about 70% of the dose with absorbed by intestine, the target tissue of the drug, a portion (30%) of which was excreted back into intestinal cavity after demethylation, while the remaining 40% transferred to liver by which it was extracted mostly, metabolized extensively and excreted largely into bile, as supported by in vitro demethylating activity in gut segments but none in gut contents, and by in situ marked hepatic extraction of the drug. Main metabolic pathways involved are described.", "PMID": 535599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6578", "title": "The metabolism and excretion of 7-mono-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl) rutoside in the dog.", "content": "Following i.v. administration of mono-HR to the beagle, plasma levels of both mono-HR and its glucuronide conjugates fell rapidly, neither being detectable 8 h after injection. Following oral administration of 14C-mono-HR, mono-HR-glucuronide was detected in plasma, confirming the absorption of mono-HR, and low levels of 14C were detectable up to 72 h after dosage. Following either oral or i.v. administration of mono-HR, the major route of excretion was fecal elimination of the compound as its aglycone form. Urinary excretion was slight being less than 15% following i.v. dosage and 4% following oral administration. Metabolism of mono-HR was confined to glucuronidation and hydrolytic cleavage of the glycoside side chain. Ring fission products of mono-HR were not detected.", "contents": "The metabolism and excretion of 7-mono-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl) rutoside in the dog. Following i.v. administration of mono-HR to the beagle, plasma levels of both mono-HR and its glucuronide conjugates fell rapidly, neither being detectable 8 h after injection. Following oral administration of 14C-mono-HR, mono-HR-glucuronide was detected in plasma, confirming the absorption of mono-HR, and low levels of 14C were detectable up to 72 h after dosage. Following either oral or i.v. administration of mono-HR, the major route of excretion was fecal elimination of the compound as its aglycone form. Urinary excretion was slight being less than 15% following i.v. dosage and 4% following oral administration. Metabolism of mono-HR was confined to glucuronidation and hydrolytic cleavage of the glycoside side chain. Ring fission products of mono-HR were not detected.", "PMID": 535600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6579", "title": "The intestinal absorption and excretion of 14C drotaverin in rats.", "content": "The absorption and biliary excretion of drotaverin/a papaverine analogue/were studied in rats. In vivo loop technique was used. The absorption of the compounds from the jejunum was found to be rapid and the activity injected into the duodenal sac to disappear only when the common bile duct was ligated. An appreciable activity was detected in the bile collected by cannulation following both i.v. (67%) or per os (31%) administration. Considerable activity was excreted with the bile even 24 hours after drug administration. A partial entero-hepatic cycle for the drotaverin metabolites is suggested.", "contents": "The intestinal absorption and excretion of 14C drotaverin in rats. The absorption and biliary excretion of drotaverin/a papaverine analogue/were studied in rats. In vivo loop technique was used. The absorption of the compounds from the jejunum was found to be rapid and the activity injected into the duodenal sac to disappear only when the common bile duct was ligated. An appreciable activity was detected in the bile collected by cannulation following both i.v. (67%) or per os (31%) administration. Considerable activity was excreted with the bile even 24 hours after drug administration. A partial entero-hepatic cycle for the drotaverin metabolites is suggested.", "PMID": 535601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6580", "title": "Metabolic pathway of the diethylamide of trans-3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid, an hypolipemic agent, in the rabbit.", "content": "The metabolism of the hypolipemic agent 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid diethylamide (I) after oral administration to rabbits has been qualitatively investigated. Four main metabolites were identified in the urine of animals deriving from three different metabolic processes: aromatic hydroxylation, lactonization and N-dealkylation. All metabolites occured in free forms, were pharmacologically inactive and the unchanged starting drug was never recovered. The metabolic pathway of compound I was also compared with that of the parent non-substituted amide, 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide (II). The fate of the two structurally related drugs was similar, except for hydroxylation of the carbon in the alpha position to the amidic group, occuring in compound II but not in compound I.", "contents": "Metabolic pathway of the diethylamide of trans-3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid, an hypolipemic agent, in the rabbit. The metabolism of the hypolipemic agent 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid diethylamide (I) after oral administration to rabbits has been qualitatively investigated. Four main metabolites were identified in the urine of animals deriving from three different metabolic processes: aromatic hydroxylation, lactonization and N-dealkylation. All metabolites occured in free forms, were pharmacologically inactive and the unchanged starting drug was never recovered. The metabolic pathway of compound I was also compared with that of the parent non-substituted amide, 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide (II). The fate of the two structurally related drugs was similar, except for hydroxylation of the carbon in the alpha position to the amidic group, occuring in compound II but not in compound I.", "PMID": 535603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6581", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione in the rat after i.v. and oral administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the anticoagulant drug, 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione, after i.v and oral administration in the rat might be best described as a non-linear open two-compartment model with elimination fromthe peripheral compartment. The volume of the central compartment comprises the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione in the rat after i.v. and oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of the anticoagulant drug, 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione, after i.v and oral administration in the rat might be best described as a non-linear open two-compartment model with elimination fromthe peripheral compartment. The volume of the central compartment comprises the extracellular fluid.", "PMID": 535602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6582", "title": "Evidence for adrenalin secretion regardless of high extraglandular levels.", "content": "Chronic adrenalin administration (4 mg/18 hrs) by means of a subcutaneous depot capsule leads to hypoglycaemia and adrenalin depletion of the suprarenal gland within 18 hrs. Stimultaneous application of glucose prevents hypoglycemia as well as adrenalin depletion. By injection of 3H-labelled tyrosine 10, 20 or 30 min before killing and subsequent detection of the quantity of labelled tyrosine and adrenalin in the sera by mixing them with a standard solution containing considerable amounts of unlabelled tyrosine and adrenalin, and by passing them through a Sephadex G-10 column and finally detecting the radioactivity of the fractions in a liquid scintillation-counter, we could prove that during the stage of hypoglycaemia an enhanced adrenalin synthesis and secretion did take place regardless of a high extraglandular level. In animals treated with adrenalin and glucose, NaCl solution or alpha-methyl-tyrosine methylester-HCl no increased resp. no turnover at all could be seen. Therefore, we conclude that there is not only a lack of a direct negative feedback system between adrenalin synthesis, secretion and extraglandular level but also that the enhanced synthesis of adrenalin that can take place in spite of a high serum level can initiate a fatel circulus vitiosus.", "contents": "Evidence for adrenalin secretion regardless of high extraglandular levels. Chronic adrenalin administration (4 mg/18 hrs) by means of a subcutaneous depot capsule leads to hypoglycaemia and adrenalin depletion of the suprarenal gland within 18 hrs. Stimultaneous application of glucose prevents hypoglycemia as well as adrenalin depletion. By injection of 3H-labelled tyrosine 10, 20 or 30 min before killing and subsequent detection of the quantity of labelled tyrosine and adrenalin in the sera by mixing them with a standard solution containing considerable amounts of unlabelled tyrosine and adrenalin, and by passing them through a Sephadex G-10 column and finally detecting the radioactivity of the fractions in a liquid scintillation-counter, we could prove that during the stage of hypoglycaemia an enhanced adrenalin synthesis and secretion did take place regardless of a high extraglandular level. In animals treated with adrenalin and glucose, NaCl solution or alpha-methyl-tyrosine methylester-HCl no increased resp. no turnover at all could be seen. Therefore, we conclude that there is not only a lack of a direct negative feedback system between adrenalin synthesis, secretion and extraglandular level but also that the enhanced synthesis of adrenalin that can take place in spite of a high serum level can initiate a fatel circulus vitiosus.", "PMID": 535620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6583", "title": "Circadian rhythm of hepatocellular structures in rats dosed phenobarbital.", "content": "The circadian rhythm of liver weight and hepatic structures was studied in rats given a maximum tolerated dose of 70 or 80 mg/kg/day Phenobarbital during 7 days and killed at four different hours of the following day. The drug-induced increase in liver weight in % of body weight of rats was about 1% in the morning and in the afternoon in comparison with controls. At 6.00--7.00 during the glycogen maximum, the fine structure of hepatocytes was normal except enlargement and glycogen depletion of cells in the near neighbourhood of central veins. From 9.00--10.00 the mitotic activity was markidly increased and parallel to the progressive disappearance of glycogen the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) became prominent. Hypertrophy of SER was fully developed at 15.00--16.00 and 17.00--18.00.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of hepatocellular structures in rats dosed phenobarbital. The circadian rhythm of liver weight and hepatic structures was studied in rats given a maximum tolerated dose of 70 or 80 mg/kg/day Phenobarbital during 7 days and killed at four different hours of the following day. The drug-induced increase in liver weight in % of body weight of rats was about 1% in the morning and in the afternoon in comparison with controls. At 6.00--7.00 during the glycogen maximum, the fine structure of hepatocytes was normal except enlargement and glycogen depletion of cells in the near neighbourhood of central veins. From 9.00--10.00 the mitotic activity was markidly increased and parallel to the progressive disappearance of glycogen the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) became prominent. Hypertrophy of SER was fully developed at 15.00--16.00 and 17.00--18.00.", "PMID": 535621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6584", "title": "Bladder calculi in rats treated with nitrosomethylurea and fed artificial sweeteners.", "content": "Female Wistar rats treated once with nitrosomethylurea (NMU) by urinary bladder instillation were given saccharin, cyclamate or calcium carbonate in the diet for life. X-ray examinations were performed every three weeks to detect early formations of urinary bladder calculi, while an intravenous pyelogram and cystography served as a method for detection of neoplastic alterations. No statistical correlation could be established between the occurrence of urinary bladder stones and neoplasma in the various groups.", "contents": "Bladder calculi in rats treated with nitrosomethylurea and fed artificial sweeteners. Female Wistar rats treated once with nitrosomethylurea (NMU) by urinary bladder instillation were given saccharin, cyclamate or calcium carbonate in the diet for life. X-ray examinations were performed every three weeks to detect early formations of urinary bladder calculi, while an intravenous pyelogram and cystography served as a method for detection of neoplastic alterations. No statistical correlation could be established between the occurrence of urinary bladder stones and neoplasma in the various groups.", "PMID": 535622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6585", "title": "Hydroelectrolytic movements in rat jejunum during the alterations of the mucosa induced by a single injection of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Transmucosal movements of water and electrolytes were measured in male Wistar rats, using the intestinal perfusion technique after a single intramuscular injection of 40 mg/kg BW of 5-fluorouracil. These movements were studied, daily during 6 days after the injection, in relation to the histological study of mucosa. The results (1) may explain the diarrhoea observed in patients treated with this antimitotic agent; (2) suggest the existence of a secretion in crypts, followed by an incomplete reabsorption by villi; the secretion of crypts or the villus reabsorption are alternatively the driving factor depending on the reciprocal size of villi and crypts.", "contents": "Hydroelectrolytic movements in rat jejunum during the alterations of the mucosa induced by a single injection of 5-fluorouracil. Transmucosal movements of water and electrolytes were measured in male Wistar rats, using the intestinal perfusion technique after a single intramuscular injection of 40 mg/kg BW of 5-fluorouracil. These movements were studied, daily during 6 days after the injection, in relation to the histological study of mucosa. The results (1) may explain the diarrhoea observed in patients treated with this antimitotic agent; (2) suggest the existence of a secretion in crypts, followed by an incomplete reabsorption by villi; the secretion of crypts or the villus reabsorption are alternatively the driving factor depending on the reciprocal size of villi and crypts.", "PMID": 535666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6586", "title": "Ano-rectal profile in adult megacolon.", "content": "A number of parameters of ano-rectal function were measured in 10 patients with adult megacolon and the values compared to those in an age- and sex-matched group of normal volunteers. The absence of inhibition of force in the anal canal on rectal distention in patients with adult Hirschsprung's disease was the most constant finding although a group of patients were shown to have high resting and canal pressures resulting in megacolon. No constant sensory or myoelectrical abnormality was apparent within the anal canal. However, an unusual electrical rhythm was noted from the rectum in 1 patient with adult Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Ano-rectal profile in adult megacolon. A number of parameters of ano-rectal function were measured in 10 patients with adult megacolon and the values compared to those in an age- and sex-matched group of normal volunteers. The absence of inhibition of force in the anal canal on rectal distention in patients with adult Hirschsprung's disease was the most constant finding although a group of patients were shown to have high resting and canal pressures resulting in megacolon. No constant sensory or myoelectrical abnormality was apparent within the anal canal. However, an unusual electrical rhythm was noted from the rectum in 1 patient with adult Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 535667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6587", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of long chain fatty acids in isolated chicken intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of long chain fatty acids in isolated mucosal cells from chicken small intestine are studied. The viability of the isolated enterocytes is proven by linear oxygen consumption, CO2 and lactate formation form glucose and the active transport of glucose. The transport of palmitic and oleic acid is mediated by passive diffusion. This is demonstrated by the following results: (1) no saturation kinetics in the concentration range of 0.1--10.0 mM; (2) no competitive inhibition of the uptake by structurally related compounds; (3) no influence of 2,4-DNP and cyanide of the uptake; (4) the uptake is independent of sodium ions. Uptake rates of palmitic and oleic acid from suspensions are significantly higher than from the corresponding fatty acid-bovine serum albumin complexes. In both cases the uptake of palmitic acid proceeds faster than the uptake of oleic acid. Palmitic acid is oxidized to CO2 and incorporated into glycerides by enterocytes. Glucose serves as a glyceride-glycerol precursor. Its addition decreases the oxidation of the fatty acids and enhances glyceride synthesis markedly. Free glycerol is phosphorylated by enterocytes and can also serve as a glyceride-glycerol precursor.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of long chain fatty acids in isolated chicken intestinal epithelial cells. The uptake and metabolism of long chain fatty acids in isolated mucosal cells from chicken small intestine are studied. The viability of the isolated enterocytes is proven by linear oxygen consumption, CO2 and lactate formation form glucose and the active transport of glucose. The transport of palmitic and oleic acid is mediated by passive diffusion. This is demonstrated by the following results: (1) no saturation kinetics in the concentration range of 0.1--10.0 mM; (2) no competitive inhibition of the uptake by structurally related compounds; (3) no influence of 2,4-DNP and cyanide of the uptake; (4) the uptake is independent of sodium ions. Uptake rates of palmitic and oleic acid from suspensions are significantly higher than from the corresponding fatty acid-bovine serum albumin complexes. In both cases the uptake of palmitic acid proceeds faster than the uptake of oleic acid. Palmitic acid is oxidized to CO2 and incorporated into glycerides by enterocytes. Glucose serves as a glyceride-glycerol precursor. Its addition decreases the oxidation of the fatty acids and enhances glyceride synthesis markedly. Free glycerol is phosphorylated by enterocytes and can also serve as a glyceride-glycerol precursor.", "PMID": 535668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6588", "title": "Sampling error and observer variation in the interpretation of esophageal biopsies.", "content": "Esophageal autopsy specimens from 11 subjects were used to determine observer variation and sampling error in assessing alterations attributed to gastroesophageal reflux. Inter- and intraobserver variation exceeded 20% even when the diagnosis was limited to a normal and abnormal reading. Marked differences in basal cell thickness but not in papillary height occurred when specimens were obtained from different levels of the lower esophagus. The differences were less marked in specimens obtained from the same level. Based on these data the reliability of basal cell thickness and papillary height as an index of gastroesophageal reflux appears limited.", "contents": "Sampling error and observer variation in the interpretation of esophageal biopsies. Esophageal autopsy specimens from 11 subjects were used to determine observer variation and sampling error in assessing alterations attributed to gastroesophageal reflux. Inter- and intraobserver variation exceeded 20% even when the diagnosis was limited to a normal and abnormal reading. Marked differences in basal cell thickness but not in papillary height occurred when specimens were obtained from different levels of the lower esophagus. The differences were less marked in specimens obtained from the same level. Based on these data the reliability of basal cell thickness and papillary height as an index of gastroesophageal reflux appears limited.", "PMID": 535669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6589", "title": "In vivo and in vitro relationship between lipoprotein-X and bile salts in cholestasis.", "content": "Bile salts have been shown to act on lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in vitro to induce a false-negative electrophoretic test. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between serum LP-X and serum bile acids in patients with cholestasis. The in vitro concentration of bile salts required to induce a negative or reduced concentration of LP-X was also studied. There was no relationship, either positive or negative, between serum LP-X and bile acids in 34 patients with cholestasis. Serum was incubated with various saline solutions of taurocholic, lithocholic, deoxycholic and glycocholic acids. The concentration of LP-X decreased only after the final concentrations of bile salts were over 2,000 mumole/1. This is more than five times the concentration of serum bile salts usually found in patients with cholestasis. It is concluded that the negative LP-X test in some patients with cholestases must be explained by some other mechanisms than bile salts.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro relationship between lipoprotein-X and bile salts in cholestasis. Bile salts have been shown to act on lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in vitro to induce a false-negative electrophoretic test. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between serum LP-X and serum bile acids in patients with cholestasis. The in vitro concentration of bile salts required to induce a negative or reduced concentration of LP-X was also studied. There was no relationship, either positive or negative, between serum LP-X and bile acids in 34 patients with cholestasis. Serum was incubated with various saline solutions of taurocholic, lithocholic, deoxycholic and glycocholic acids. The concentration of LP-X decreased only after the final concentrations of bile salts were over 2,000 mumole/1. This is more than five times the concentration of serum bile salts usually found in patients with cholestasis. It is concluded that the negative LP-X test in some patients with cholestases must be explained by some other mechanisms than bile salts.", "PMID": 535670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6590", "title": "Relation between liver function and hepatocyte ultrastructure in a case of paracetamol intoxication.", "content": "In a case of reversible paracetamol intoxication ultrastructural changes were correlated to changes in tests of microsomal and cytosolic liver function: the prothrombin index (PP) and the galactose elimination capacity (GEC), respectively. The decrease in the PP was at maximum after 2 days and in the GEC after 5 days, when the PP was normalized. Liver biopsies were taken after 1 and 5 days. Electron microscopy of the early biopsy revealed midzonal increased vacuolization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), detachment of ribosomes, and centrilobular mitochondrial injury. The late biopsy exhibited midzonal organelle-depleted areas with pale glycogen rosettes, perinuclear proliferating granulated ER, and centrilobular frank necrosis. These observations are in accordance with the concept that paracetamol-induced hepatocellular injury is due to damage to the membranes of the ER and indicate that the chronological dissociation of the liver function tests reflects the time sequence of the structural changes.", "contents": "Relation between liver function and hepatocyte ultrastructure in a case of paracetamol intoxication. In a case of reversible paracetamol intoxication ultrastructural changes were correlated to changes in tests of microsomal and cytosolic liver function: the prothrombin index (PP) and the galactose elimination capacity (GEC), respectively. The decrease in the PP was at maximum after 2 days and in the GEC after 5 days, when the PP was normalized. Liver biopsies were taken after 1 and 5 days. Electron microscopy of the early biopsy revealed midzonal increased vacuolization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), detachment of ribosomes, and centrilobular mitochondrial injury. The late biopsy exhibited midzonal organelle-depleted areas with pale glycogen rosettes, perinuclear proliferating granulated ER, and centrilobular frank necrosis. These observations are in accordance with the concept that paracetamol-induced hepatocellular injury is due to damage to the membranes of the ER and indicate that the chronological dissociation of the liver function tests reflects the time sequence of the structural changes.", "PMID": 535671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6591", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities in diabetic coma before and 24 hours after treatment.", "content": "A coagulation screen consisting of measurement of the prothrombin time, thrombin time, kaolin caphalin clotting time, platelet count, plasma fibrinogen level, fibrin degradation products and ethanol gelation test was performed on 24 patients with impairment of consciousness due to acute diabetic metabolic decompensation at the start of treatment and 24 hours later. 22 out of 24 patients showed at least one coagulation abnormality on admission of which the commonest were a prolonged prothrombin time, shortened kaolin cephalin clotting.time and raised plasma fibrinogen level. After 24 hours of treatment these values were more normal but 20 out of 22 patients still displayed some abnormality. 15 patients had two or more coagulation abnormalities on admission including 3 patients with haematological abnormalities suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation. This group was older and had higher blood ureas than those with fewer abnormalities, but plasma glucose, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate levels were similar in both groups of patients. All 5 patients with hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and all 3 patients who died without recovering consciousness had two or more coagulation abnormalities on admission.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities in diabetic coma before and 24 hours after treatment. A coagulation screen consisting of measurement of the prothrombin time, thrombin time, kaolin caphalin clotting time, platelet count, plasma fibrinogen level, fibrin degradation products and ethanol gelation test was performed on 24 patients with impairment of consciousness due to acute diabetic metabolic decompensation at the start of treatment and 24 hours later. 22 out of 24 patients showed at least one coagulation abnormality on admission of which the commonest were a prolonged prothrombin time, shortened kaolin cephalin clotting.time and raised plasma fibrinogen level. After 24 hours of treatment these values were more normal but 20 out of 22 patients still displayed some abnormality. 15 patients had two or more coagulation abnormalities on admission including 3 patients with haematological abnormalities suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation. This group was older and had higher blood ureas than those with fewer abnormalities, but plasma glucose, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate levels were similar in both groups of patients. All 5 patients with hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and all 3 patients who died without recovering consciousness had two or more coagulation abnormalities on admission.", "PMID": 535672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6592", "title": "Antitumor effect of pyridine N-oxides having 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl and 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl groups.", "content": "Pyridine N-oxides having 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl or 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl groups were evaluated for their antitumor activity against AH13 hepatoma and L1210 leukemia. Among them, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-pyridylmethyl)urea N-oxide (1), its tosylate (2), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-pyridylethyl)urea N-oxide (4), and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(3-pyridylmethyl)urea N-oxide (6) were highly active against both tumors in ip-ip system. These compounds were also active in ip-iv and ip-po systems of L1210. On the other hand, pyridine N-oxides having 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl group were all inactive against AH13 and weakly active against L1210. Effect on blood cells in Donryu rats bearing EDEN-5 erythroblastic leukemia cells was tested with these 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkylureas. These compounds caused leucopenia and compound (4) was only slightly effective against EDEN-5.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of pyridine N-oxides having 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl and 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl groups. Pyridine N-oxides having 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl or 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl groups were evaluated for their antitumor activity against AH13 hepatoma and L1210 leukemia. Among them, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-pyridylmethyl)urea N-oxide (1), its tosylate (2), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-pyridylethyl)urea N-oxide (4), and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(3-pyridylmethyl)urea N-oxide (6) were highly active against both tumors in ip-ip system. These compounds were also active in ip-iv and ip-po systems of L1210. On the other hand, pyridine N-oxides having 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureidoalkyl group were all inactive against AH13 and weakly active against L1210. Effect on blood cells in Donryu rats bearing EDEN-5 erythroblastic leukemia cells was tested with these 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureidoalkylureas. These compounds caused leucopenia and compound (4) was only slightly effective against EDEN-5.", "PMID": 535684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6593", "title": "Relationship of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and K-region reactivity in benz[c]acridines.", "content": "Benz[c]acridine and its 10 methyl-substituted derivatives were examined for chemical reactivity with osmium tetroxide and mutagenic activity on Salmonella typhimurium, and the results were contrasted with the electronic charge in the K region and the carcinogenic activity of benz[c]acridines. The addition of osmium tetroxide took place at the K region of benz[c]acridines. A linear relationship was established between the charge in the K region and the rate constant of the second-order reaction between osmium tetroxide and benz[c]acridines except the 5,7-dimethyl derivative whose substituent in the 5-position sterically hindered the reaction. Benz[c]acridines showed mutagenic activity in the presence of S-9 Mix, but not in the absence of S-9 Mix. There was a corresponding relationship among the K-region reactivity, mutagenic activity, and carcinogenic activity in benz[c]acridines. The only exception for this was the 7,11-dimethyl derivative in which the 11-methyl group had a steric effect on the ring-nitrogen atom. It was suggested that a common mechanism with regard to the reactivity of the K region is working in both carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. It was concluded that benz[c]acridines are activated, before they display a carcinogenic or mutagenic activity, to a proximate form such as 5,6-epoxides, through a metabolic process in which the nucleophilic property of the K region to react with electrophilic reagents plays an important role.", "contents": "Relationship of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and K-region reactivity in benz[c]acridines. Benz[c]acridine and its 10 methyl-substituted derivatives were examined for chemical reactivity with osmium tetroxide and mutagenic activity on Salmonella typhimurium, and the results were contrasted with the electronic charge in the K region and the carcinogenic activity of benz[c]acridines. The addition of osmium tetroxide took place at the K region of benz[c]acridines. A linear relationship was established between the charge in the K region and the rate constant of the second-order reaction between osmium tetroxide and benz[c]acridines except the 5,7-dimethyl derivative whose substituent in the 5-position sterically hindered the reaction. Benz[c]acridines showed mutagenic activity in the presence of S-9 Mix, but not in the absence of S-9 Mix. There was a corresponding relationship among the K-region reactivity, mutagenic activity, and carcinogenic activity in benz[c]acridines. The only exception for this was the 7,11-dimethyl derivative in which the 11-methyl group had a steric effect on the ring-nitrogen atom. It was suggested that a common mechanism with regard to the reactivity of the K region is working in both carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. It was concluded that benz[c]acridines are activated, before they display a carcinogenic or mutagenic activity, to a proximate form such as 5,6-epoxides, through a metabolic process in which the nucleophilic property of the K region to react with electrophilic reagents plays an important role.", "PMID": 535685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6594", "title": "Hepatic changes in male ACI/N rats on low dietary levels of sterigmatocystin.", "content": "Three groups, each consisting of 36 male ACI/N rats, were fed a diet containing 10, 1, or 0.1 ppm sterigmatocystin for life span. There was no dose--effect relationship on tumor incidence or mean survival time. Toxic and preneoplastic changes of the parenchyma such as hyperplastic foci were observed in the liver of experimental groups with dose--effect relation, but hepatocellular carcinoma was observed only in one rat of 10 ppm group. In addition to these lesions, hemangiosarcomas of the liver were also observed in the highest and middle-dose groups, 3/26 and 1/29, respectively. There was not significant difference in the incidence of other tumors in experimental or control groups.", "contents": "Hepatic changes in male ACI/N rats on low dietary levels of sterigmatocystin. Three groups, each consisting of 36 male ACI/N rats, were fed a diet containing 10, 1, or 0.1 ppm sterigmatocystin for life span. There was no dose--effect relationship on tumor incidence or mean survival time. Toxic and preneoplastic changes of the parenchyma such as hyperplastic foci were observed in the liver of experimental groups with dose--effect relation, but hepatocellular carcinoma was observed only in one rat of 10 ppm group. In addition to these lesions, hemangiosarcomas of the liver were also observed in the highest and middle-dose groups, 3/26 and 1/29, respectively. There was not significant difference in the incidence of other tumors in experimental or control groups.", "PMID": 535686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6595", "title": "Antitumor effect of thermodifferential chemotherapy with carboquone on Ehrlich carcinoma.", "content": "A thermodifferential chemotherapy, consisting of systemic administration of antitumor drug and local hyperthermia combined with general hypothermia, was examined and gave satisfactory antitumor results. In search of basic optimal conditions required, this therapeutic system was tested on Ehrlich tumor implanted in the hind limbs of mice. The results obtained were as follows: (a) From the viewpoint of either the antitumor effect or the adverse effect of the therapy, local hyperthermia at 41 degrees for 60 min combined with general hypothermia at 20 approximately 24 degrees was found to be the best thermodifferential condition. (b) The thermodifferential treatment alone without drug administration displayed little antitumor effect. (c) General hypothermia applied not only enhanced the antitumor effect of the drug in loco but also reduced general toxicity of the drug. In the present therapy, carboquone displayed the best antitumor effect among the drugs tested. This suggests that the potentiation of tumoricidal activity of carboquone under the acidic condition produced by cancer cell metabolism in hyperthermia was deeply involved in the effectiveness of this therapy.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of thermodifferential chemotherapy with carboquone on Ehrlich carcinoma. A thermodifferential chemotherapy, consisting of systemic administration of antitumor drug and local hyperthermia combined with general hypothermia, was examined and gave satisfactory antitumor results. In search of basic optimal conditions required, this therapeutic system was tested on Ehrlich tumor implanted in the hind limbs of mice. The results obtained were as follows: (a) From the viewpoint of either the antitumor effect or the adverse effect of the therapy, local hyperthermia at 41 degrees for 60 min combined with general hypothermia at 20 approximately 24 degrees was found to be the best thermodifferential condition. (b) The thermodifferential treatment alone without drug administration displayed little antitumor effect. (c) General hypothermia applied not only enhanced the antitumor effect of the drug in loco but also reduced general toxicity of the drug. In the present therapy, carboquone displayed the best antitumor effect among the drugs tested. This suggests that the potentiation of tumoricidal activity of carboquone under the acidic condition produced by cancer cell metabolism in hyperthermia was deeply involved in the effectiveness of this therapy.", "PMID": 535687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6596", "title": "The genetics of hexokinase in a mosquito, Culex pipiens.", "content": "The genetics of hexokinase (HK) variants in a mosquito, Culex pipiens L., was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. Three isozymic forms of HK, all migrating anodally, were present in all three body regions, but in differing proportions. No obvious differences in specificity for three hexose sugars was detected among the three isozymic bands. However, qualitative differences in staining intensity indicate the following order of substrate affinity: glucose greater than fructose greater than mannose. The inheritance of the HK variants is controlled by a pair of co-dominant alleles at a single genetic locus.", "contents": "The genetics of hexokinase in a mosquito, Culex pipiens. The genetics of hexokinase (HK) variants in a mosquito, Culex pipiens L., was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. Three isozymic forms of HK, all migrating anodally, were present in all three body regions, but in differing proportions. No obvious differences in specificity for three hexose sugars was detected among the three isozymic bands. However, qualitative differences in staining intensity indicate the following order of substrate affinity: glucose greater than fructose greater than mannose. The inheritance of the HK variants is controlled by a pair of co-dominant alleles at a single genetic locus.", "PMID": 535725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6597", "title": "Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. I. Selection and clonal diversity.", "content": "Genotype frequencies and fecundities were recorded over a period of two years for three polymorphic enzyme loci (Est, Mdh and Got) in a parthenogenetic natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera). There was a large excess of heterozygotes at each locus, and some nonrandom association between loci, although 29 different three-locus genotypes were detected. There were small but significant changes in genotype frequencies that did not follow any clear seasonal cycles or overall trends, and the genotypes often differed significantly in fecundity, although the direction of the difference was not constant. These fitness differences were probably not attributable to the specific loci studied.--Models of balancing selection are of two types: segregation-balanced (e.g., heterosis) and competition-balanced (e.g., frequency dependence). Only the latter type can stabilize diversity in a clonal population. The observed selection was not heterotic, but it is not certain that it was stabilizing either. Clonal competition did not lead to victory by a single, fittest clone; genotypic diversity remained high.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. I. Selection and clonal diversity. Genotype frequencies and fecundities were recorded over a period of two years for three polymorphic enzyme loci (Est, Mdh and Got) in a parthenogenetic natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera). There was a large excess of heterozygotes at each locus, and some nonrandom association between loci, although 29 different three-locus genotypes were detected. There were small but significant changes in genotype frequencies that did not follow any clear seasonal cycles or overall trends, and the genotypes often differed significantly in fecundity, although the direction of the difference was not constant. These fitness differences were probably not attributable to the specific loci studied.--Models of balancing selection are of two types: segregation-balanced (e.g., heterosis) and competition-balanced (e.g., frequency dependence). Only the latter type can stabilize diversity in a clonal population. The observed selection was not heterotic, but it is not certain that it was stabilizing either. Clonal competition did not lead to victory by a single, fittest clone; genotypic diversity remained high.", "PMID": 535726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6598", "title": "Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. II. Heterosis following sexual reproduction.", "content": "Cyclical parthenogenesis exaggerates the force of selection relative to recombination and will therefore enhance interlocus effects. Observations of electrophoretic variation in a natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) are interpreted in this light. Sexual reproduction led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excesses rapidly developed at each of three observed loci during subsequent parthenogenesis. Homozygote fecundity was often lower than that of heterozygotes; this may have been the cause of some of the observed frequency changes. The superior fitness of the enzyme heterozygotes does not imply that selection was necessarily acting on the enzyme loci thermselves, since apparent heterosis is the expected result of linkage disequilibrium.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. II. Heterosis following sexual reproduction. Cyclical parthenogenesis exaggerates the force of selection relative to recombination and will therefore enhance interlocus effects. Observations of electrophoretic variation in a natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) are interpreted in this light. Sexual reproduction led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excesses rapidly developed at each of three observed loci during subsequent parthenogenesis. Homozygote fecundity was often lower than that of heterozygotes; this may have been the cause of some of the observed frequency changes. The superior fitness of the enzyme heterozygotes does not imply that selection was necessarily acting on the enzyme loci thermselves, since apparent heterosis is the expected result of linkage disequilibrium.", "PMID": 535727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6599", "title": "Fission models of population variability.", "content": "Most models in population genetics are models of allele frequency, making implicit or explicit assumptions of equilibrium or constant population size. In recent papers, we have attempted to develop more appropriate models for the analysis of rare variant data in South American Indian tribes; these are branching process models for the total number of replicates of a variant allele. The spatial distribution of a variant may convey information about its history and characteristics, and this paper extends previous models to take this factor into consideration. A model of fission into subdivisions is superimposed on the previous branching process, and variation between subdivisions is considered. The case where fission is nonrandom and the locations of like alleles are initially positively associated, as would happen were a tribal cluster or village to split on familial lines, is also analyzed. The statistics developed are applied to Yanomama Indian data on rare genetic variants. Due to insufficient time depth, no definitive new inferences can be drawn, but the analysis shows that this model provides results consistent with previous conclusions, and demonstrates the general type of question that may be answered by the approach taken here. In particular, striking confirmation of a higher-than-average growth rate, and hence smaller-than-previously-estimated age, is obtained for the Yan2 serum albumen variant.", "contents": "Fission models of population variability. Most models in population genetics are models of allele frequency, making implicit or explicit assumptions of equilibrium or constant population size. In recent papers, we have attempted to develop more appropriate models for the analysis of rare variant data in South American Indian tribes; these are branching process models for the total number of replicates of a variant allele. The spatial distribution of a variant may convey information about its history and characteristics, and this paper extends previous models to take this factor into consideration. A model of fission into subdivisions is superimposed on the previous branching process, and variation between subdivisions is considered. The case where fission is nonrandom and the locations of like alleles are initially positively associated, as would happen were a tribal cluster or village to split on familial lines, is also analyzed. The statistics developed are applied to Yanomama Indian data on rare genetic variants. Due to insufficient time depth, no definitive new inferences can be drawn, but the analysis shows that this model provides results consistent with previous conclusions, and demonstrates the general type of question that may be answered by the approach taken here. In particular, striking confirmation of a higher-than-average growth rate, and hence smaller-than-previously-estimated age, is obtained for the Yan2 serum albumen variant.", "PMID": 535728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6600", "title": "The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. IX. Studies on linkage disequilibrium in four natural populations.", "content": "Gametic frequencies were obtained in four natural populations of D. sub-obscura by extracting wild chromosomes and subsequently analyzing them for inversions and allozymes. The genes Lap and Pept-1, both located within the same inversions of chromosome O, were found in striking nonrandom associations with them of the same kind and degree in all populations studied. On the contrary, the gene Acph, also located within the previously mentioned inversions, was found in linkage disequilibrium with them only in two populations and of opposite directions. This is also the case for the genes Est-9 and Hk, both located within chromosome E inversions. While the gene Est-9 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the inversions, of the same kind and degree in all populations studied, Hk was found to be in linkage equilibrium. Allele frequencies for the 29 genes studied do not show geographical variation except for the genes Lap, Pept-1 and Est-9, the ones found in linkage disequilibria with the geographically varying gene arrangements. Although mechanical or historical explanations for these equilibria cannot be ruled out, these data cannot be explained satisfactorily by the \"middle gene explanation,\" which states that loci displaying such linkage disequilibria are the ones located near the break points of inversions, while the ones displaying linkage equilibria with them are located in the middle of them. There is no evidence for consistent linkage disequilibria between pairs of loci, except for the closely linked genes of the complex locus, Est-9. This would imply, if it is not a peculiarity of the Est-9 complex, that the linkage disequilibria are found only between very closely linked loci or that, for less closely linked genes, the associations are too weak to be detected by the usual samples sizes.", "contents": "The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. IX. Studies on linkage disequilibrium in four natural populations. Gametic frequencies were obtained in four natural populations of D. sub-obscura by extracting wild chromosomes and subsequently analyzing them for inversions and allozymes. The genes Lap and Pept-1, both located within the same inversions of chromosome O, were found in striking nonrandom associations with them of the same kind and degree in all populations studied. On the contrary, the gene Acph, also located within the previously mentioned inversions, was found in linkage disequilibrium with them only in two populations and of opposite directions. This is also the case for the genes Est-9 and Hk, both located within chromosome E inversions. While the gene Est-9 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the inversions, of the same kind and degree in all populations studied, Hk was found to be in linkage equilibrium. Allele frequencies for the 29 genes studied do not show geographical variation except for the genes Lap, Pept-1 and Est-9, the ones found in linkage disequilibria with the geographically varying gene arrangements. Although mechanical or historical explanations for these equilibria cannot be ruled out, these data cannot be explained satisfactorily by the \"middle gene explanation,\" which states that loci displaying such linkage disequilibria are the ones located near the break points of inversions, while the ones displaying linkage equilibria with them are located in the middle of them. There is no evidence for consistent linkage disequilibria between pairs of loci, except for the closely linked genes of the complex locus, Est-9. This would imply, if it is not a peculiarity of the Est-9 complex, that the linkage disequilibria are found only between very closely linked loci or that, for less closely linked genes, the associations are too weak to be detected by the usual samples sizes.", "PMID": 535729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6601", "title": "Cloning of bacteriophage T5 DNA fragments in plasmid pBR322 and bacteriophage lambda gtWES.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5 was digested with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI and the resulting fragments were inserted into the plasmid pBR322 and the bacteriophage lambda gtWES as vectors. Approx. 15% of the phage genome was recovered in recombinant clones. The recombinants were characterized by restriction analysis, DNA/DNA hybridization employing Southern blots, and ability to complement or recombine with amber mutants of T5. The results obtained allow revisions of the physical map of the T5 genome and partial correlation of the physical map with the genetic map.", "contents": "Cloning of bacteriophage T5 DNA fragments in plasmid pBR322 and bacteriophage lambda gtWES. Bacteriophage T5 was digested with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI and the resulting fragments were inserted into the plasmid pBR322 and the bacteriophage lambda gtWES as vectors. Approx. 15% of the phage genome was recovered in recombinant clones. The recombinants were characterized by restriction analysis, DNA/DNA hybridization employing Southern blots, and ability to complement or recombine with amber mutants of T5. The results obtained allow revisions of the physical map of the T5 genome and partial correlation of the physical map with the genetic map.", "PMID": 535730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6602", "title": "Comparison of uteroplacental blood flow in normal and in intrauterine growth-retarded pregnancy. Measurements with Indium-113m and a computer-linked gammacamera.", "content": "Uteroplacental blood flow was studied with a noninvasive method using indium-113m and a computer-linked gammacamera. The blood flow was determined from the ratio of the maximum and the rise time of the isotope accumulation curve of the placenta. Eight pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were compared with 11 normal pregnancies. In the IUGR group the mean placental blood flow was only 1/4 of corresponding mean values of the normal group. The difference was highly significant (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Comparison of uteroplacental blood flow in normal and in intrauterine growth-retarded pregnancy. Measurements with Indium-113m and a computer-linked gammacamera. Uteroplacental blood flow was studied with a noninvasive method using indium-113m and a computer-linked gammacamera. The blood flow was determined from the ratio of the maximum and the rise time of the isotope accumulation curve of the placenta. Eight pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were compared with 11 normal pregnancies. In the IUGR group the mean placental blood flow was only 1/4 of corresponding mean values of the normal group. The difference was highly significant (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 535774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6603", "title": "Hormone serum levels and hormone receptor contents of endometria in women with normal menstrual cycles and patients bearing endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were estimated in 46 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in whom hysterectomies were performed. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels in endometrial samples of these patients were estimated, and histological dating of the cycle day was carried out. Similarly, hormone serum levels and ER as well as PgR were estimated in 17 patients with endometrial carcinoma. No correlation between LH, FSH, HPRL and ER as well as PgR was noted in the normal subjects. Correlation between P and ER was observed in this group. Parallel variations between E2 and PgR were recorded in the normal females. In the carcinoma group no correlations between hormone serum levels and receptor contents were found, but ER and PgR correlated with each other. Receptor levels was highest in the well-differentiated group of endometrial carcinoma. The present experiments provide a rationale for progestagen therapy of carcinoma of the endometrium.", "contents": "Hormone serum levels and hormone receptor contents of endometria in women with normal menstrual cycles and patients bearing endometrial carcinoma. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were estimated in 46 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in whom hysterectomies were performed. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels in endometrial samples of these patients were estimated, and histological dating of the cycle day was carried out. Similarly, hormone serum levels and ER as well as PgR were estimated in 17 patients with endometrial carcinoma. No correlation between LH, FSH, HPRL and ER as well as PgR was noted in the normal subjects. Correlation between P and ER was observed in this group. Parallel variations between E2 and PgR were recorded in the normal females. In the carcinoma group no correlations between hormone serum levels and receptor contents were found, but ER and PgR correlated with each other. Receptor levels was highest in the well-differentiated group of endometrial carcinoma. The present experiments provide a rationale for progestagen therapy of carcinoma of the endometrium.", "PMID": 535775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6604", "title": "Cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives. An analysis of Japanese cases.", "content": "The authors investigated 5 Japanese cases of cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives; 4 previously reported and 1 of their own. It is estimated that 200,000 women in this country use oral contraceptives, but, as of the present, only 5 cases of resultant cerebrovascular accidents have been reported. Of particular interest is the fact that 3 of the women had undergone multiple artificial abortions. The appearance of the side effects was dose independent and the symptoms were aggravated for 2 weeks after the cessation of medication.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives. An analysis of Japanese cases. The authors investigated 5 Japanese cases of cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives; 4 previously reported and 1 of their own. It is estimated that 200,000 women in this country use oral contraceptives, but, as of the present, only 5 cases of resultant cerebrovascular accidents have been reported. Of particular interest is the fact that 3 of the women had undergone multiple artificial abortions. The appearance of the side effects was dose independent and the symptoms were aggravated for 2 weeks after the cessation of medication.", "PMID": 535776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6605", "title": "Suppression of lactation with lisuride.", "content": "The influence of lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, was investigated in women during the puerperium. Treatment with 600 or 900 micrograms lisuride over 14 days (each test group n = 25) caused an immediate drop of elevated prolactin (PRL) levels in all patients in comparison to values seen in normal, nonpregnant women (less than 30 ng/ml). Such a sharp decline was not seen in two control groups of puerperal patients, nursing as well as nonnursing, placebo-treated women. The clinical efficacy in preventing or suppressing lactation was clear cut and comparable to the known PRL lowering effect of bromocryptine. Severe side effects were not observed during lisuride treatment with these dosages. The postsuckling PRL increase was abolished by a single oral dose of lisuride (100, 200, 300 micrograms), similar to that seen with bromocrytine (2.5 mg). The inhibition was dose dependent. Only doses of 200 and 300 micrograms showed, in comparison to a placebo group, a significant long-lasting (greater than 8 h) suppression of PRL secretion.", "contents": "Suppression of lactation with lisuride. The influence of lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, was investigated in women during the puerperium. Treatment with 600 or 900 micrograms lisuride over 14 days (each test group n = 25) caused an immediate drop of elevated prolactin (PRL) levels in all patients in comparison to values seen in normal, nonpregnant women (less than 30 ng/ml). Such a sharp decline was not seen in two control groups of puerperal patients, nursing as well as nonnursing, placebo-treated women. The clinical efficacy in preventing or suppressing lactation was clear cut and comparable to the known PRL lowering effect of bromocryptine. Severe side effects were not observed during lisuride treatment with these dosages. The postsuckling PRL increase was abolished by a single oral dose of lisuride (100, 200, 300 micrograms), similar to that seen with bromocrytine (2.5 mg). The inhibition was dose dependent. Only doses of 200 and 300 micrograms showed, in comparison to a placebo group, a significant long-lasting (greater than 8 h) suppression of PRL secretion.", "PMID": 535777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6606", "title": "Time factor in oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.", "content": "The time factor in the oxygen transfer from mother to fetus was studied by the tcPO2 technique. When a fairly constant fetal circulation made estimation possible, the decrease in fetal tcPO2 synchronous with and due to the uterine contractions in more than 400 events was always delayed 50--60 sec. Since the time lag in the increase in fetal tcPO2 following administration of pure oxygen to the mother was found to be of the same order of magnitude, the placental part of the delay in the oxygen transfer from mother to fetus can be assumed to be 50--60 sec. This determination supports the prevalent hypothesis that type II dips or late decelerations in the fetal heart rate are caused by hypoxia while type I dips or early decelerations are initiated by other factors.", "contents": "Time factor in oxygen transfer from mother to fetus. The time factor in the oxygen transfer from mother to fetus was studied by the tcPO2 technique. When a fairly constant fetal circulation made estimation possible, the decrease in fetal tcPO2 synchronous with and due to the uterine contractions in more than 400 events was always delayed 50--60 sec. Since the time lag in the increase in fetal tcPO2 following administration of pure oxygen to the mother was found to be of the same order of magnitude, the placental part of the delay in the oxygen transfer from mother to fetus can be assumed to be 50--60 sec. This determination supports the prevalent hypothesis that type II dips or late decelerations in the fetal heart rate are caused by hypoxia while type I dips or early decelerations are initiated by other factors.", "PMID": 535778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6607", "title": "Fate of vasoactive biogenic amines and activity of enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in rat adrenal gland during the course of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum.", "content": "Influence of pregnancy, parturition and postparturition upon natural evolution of adrenaline, dopamine and enzyme of adrenaline synthesis, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the adrenal gland was studied. Adrenaline content of the adrenal gland showed a progressive decrease from the 14th to the 18th day postcoitum. The mean values for adrenaline remained lower than the value of day 14 throughout the course of pregnancy up to day 21 postcoitum. At parturition (0 to 4 h) adrenaline declined again to its minimum value but was accompanied by an increase in the adrenal adrenaline level 24 h postpartum. The activity of enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase followed a similar pattern of evolution as that of adrenaline during pregnancy and postpartum. Dopamine concentration of the adrenal gland showed nonsignificant increases during days 14--18 postcoitum. At day 20 postcoitum adrenal dopamine was decreased to its minimum value and this decrease persisted up to day 21 postcoitum. At day 22 postcoitum, adrenal dopamine increased sharply to its maximum value but was again back to the level of day 21 at 0 h parturition. At 24 h postpartum, dopamine content decreased maximally again. The results presented here suggest that the content of vasoactive biogenic amines and the enzyme of adrenaline synthesis go through important natural variations during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum from day 14 postcoitum to 24 h postpartum. This phenomenon does not seem to be merely a cyclic effect. All these variations can be attributed to modified endocrine activity of the pregnant animals by correlating natural variations in steroid hormone levels with the observed changes in biogenic amines, since it is well established that most of the hormonal and nonhormonal steroids affect catecholamine regulation. The observed changes in amine levels could have important influence for the termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Fate of vasoactive biogenic amines and activity of enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in rat adrenal gland during the course of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Influence of pregnancy, parturition and postparturition upon natural evolution of adrenaline, dopamine and enzyme of adrenaline synthesis, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the adrenal gland was studied. Adrenaline content of the adrenal gland showed a progressive decrease from the 14th to the 18th day postcoitum. The mean values for adrenaline remained lower than the value of day 14 throughout the course of pregnancy up to day 21 postcoitum. At parturition (0 to 4 h) adrenaline declined again to its minimum value but was accompanied by an increase in the adrenal adrenaline level 24 h postpartum. The activity of enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase followed a similar pattern of evolution as that of adrenaline during pregnancy and postpartum. Dopamine concentration of the adrenal gland showed nonsignificant increases during days 14--18 postcoitum. At day 20 postcoitum adrenal dopamine was decreased to its minimum value and this decrease persisted up to day 21 postcoitum. At day 22 postcoitum, adrenal dopamine increased sharply to its maximum value but was again back to the level of day 21 at 0 h parturition. At 24 h postpartum, dopamine content decreased maximally again. The results presented here suggest that the content of vasoactive biogenic amines and the enzyme of adrenaline synthesis go through important natural variations during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum from day 14 postcoitum to 24 h postpartum. This phenomenon does not seem to be merely a cyclic effect. All these variations can be attributed to modified endocrine activity of the pregnant animals by correlating natural variations in steroid hormone levels with the observed changes in biogenic amines, since it is well established that most of the hormonal and nonhormonal steroids affect catecholamine regulation. The observed changes in amine levels could have important influence for the termination of pregnancy.", "PMID": 535779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6608", "title": "Adaptation of the influenza virus A2-pol 29/69 to the cells of the Chinese hamster lung (CHL) and to the cells BHK-21.", "content": "In the course of research of the possibilities of adapting the influenza virus serotype A 2-Pol 29/69 to BHK-21 and CHL cells its production was established in the investigated combinations. An indication of virus replication is an increase in infectious and haemagglutination titres within 48 h after infection and gradual increase in haemadsorption. Observation of the influence of trypsin (10 microgram/ml) indicates that trypsin increases the capability of viruses to penetrate the cells. The cytopathic effect was not observed in cells infected with influenza virus.", "contents": "Adaptation of the influenza virus A2-pol 29/69 to the cells of the Chinese hamster lung (CHL) and to the cells BHK-21. In the course of research of the possibilities of adapting the influenza virus serotype A 2-Pol 29/69 to BHK-21 and CHL cells its production was established in the investigated combinations. An indication of virus replication is an increase in infectious and haemagglutination titres within 48 h after infection and gradual increase in haemadsorption. Observation of the influence of trypsin (10 microgram/ml) indicates that trypsin increases the capability of viruses to penetrate the cells. The cytopathic effect was not observed in cells infected with influenza virus.", "PMID": 535814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6609", "title": "Effect of mercury nitrate on the histochemical activity of some dehydrogenases in primary cultures of rat kidney tubular cells.", "content": "Direct effect of sublethal and lethal doses of mercury nitrate on histochemical activity of G6PDH, LDH and SDH was investigated in primary cultures of rat tubular cells. Enzyme activities were studied histochemically after administration of mercury nitrate for periods extending from 5 min. to 24 hrs and also after 2,3,4 and 5 following days. The sublethal doses of mercury nitrate containing 1 microgram and 5 microgram of mercury were found to decrease histochemical activity of the studied dehydrogenases as early as 10 and 15 minutes. Their inhibitory effect was much stronger after 24 h and depended on the dose of mercury compound. The lethal doses of mercury nitrate containing 15 microgram and 20 microgram of mercury depressed the activity of dehydrogenases within 5 min. after administration. The loss of enzyme activities usually preceded the appearance of necrotic signs in the cultured cells. It was also found that the cultured cells of kidney tubules treated with sublethal doses of mercury nitrate were usually able to regain the normal level of the enzymic activity within 2-5 days.", "contents": "Effect of mercury nitrate on the histochemical activity of some dehydrogenases in primary cultures of rat kidney tubular cells. Direct effect of sublethal and lethal doses of mercury nitrate on histochemical activity of G6PDH, LDH and SDH was investigated in primary cultures of rat tubular cells. Enzyme activities were studied histochemically after administration of mercury nitrate for periods extending from 5 min. to 24 hrs and also after 2,3,4 and 5 following days. The sublethal doses of mercury nitrate containing 1 microgram and 5 microgram of mercury were found to decrease histochemical activity of the studied dehydrogenases as early as 10 and 15 minutes. Their inhibitory effect was much stronger after 24 h and depended on the dose of mercury compound. The lethal doses of mercury nitrate containing 15 microgram and 20 microgram of mercury depressed the activity of dehydrogenases within 5 min. after administration. The loss of enzyme activities usually preceded the appearance of necrotic signs in the cultured cells. It was also found that the cultured cells of kidney tubules treated with sublethal doses of mercury nitrate were usually able to regain the normal level of the enzymic activity within 2-5 days.", "PMID": 535815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6610", "title": "Foot glands in Perna indica and Perna viridis (Pelecypoda: mytilidae) histology and histochemistry.", "content": "The foot of Perna viridis is found to contain three main types of glands, the white gland, phenol gland and the enzyme gland. But in Perna indica there are only two glands, the phenol gland and the enzyme gland. Besides these, mucous glands are found in both of the species. The shape and size of the cells of these glands vary from species to species. Glycogen and 1 : 2 glycol groups are found in these gland cells. Proteins rich in disulfides and sulfhydryls are present in the phenol glands of both the species and in the white gland of p. viridis but they vary in the intensity of staining. The presence of phenols is confirmed in the phenol gland cells. Phospholipids and lipoproteins are intense in the white and phenol gland cells. They are absent in the enzyme gland. Alkaline and acid phosphatases activity in the enzyme gland cells could be demonstrated. The secretions of these glands help in the formation of the byssus threads. The mucous gland cells are subepithelial localised they secrete acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides together with glycoproteins. Which participate in the attachment of the byssus disc.", "contents": "Foot glands in Perna indica and Perna viridis (Pelecypoda: mytilidae) histology and histochemistry. The foot of Perna viridis is found to contain three main types of glands, the white gland, phenol gland and the enzyme gland. But in Perna indica there are only two glands, the phenol gland and the enzyme gland. Besides these, mucous glands are found in both of the species. The shape and size of the cells of these glands vary from species to species. Glycogen and 1 : 2 glycol groups are found in these gland cells. Proteins rich in disulfides and sulfhydryls are present in the phenol glands of both the species and in the white gland of p. viridis but they vary in the intensity of staining. The presence of phenols is confirmed in the phenol gland cells. Phospholipids and lipoproteins are intense in the white and phenol gland cells. They are absent in the enzyme gland. Alkaline and acid phosphatases activity in the enzyme gland cells could be demonstrated. The secretions of these glands help in the formation of the byssus threads. The mucous gland cells are subepithelial localised they secrete acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides together with glycoproteins. Which participate in the attachment of the byssus disc.", "PMID": 535816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6611", "title": "[Role of brown adipose tissue in the thermal response to chlorpromazine in rats during cold exposure (author's transl)].", "content": "Significance of the intercapsular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in the thermal response to chlorpromazine (CPZ) during acute and chronic cold exposure was studied in rats. Adult male Wistar-Imamichi rats were exposed to 4 degrees C for 1 (cold-exposed) or 30 days (cold-acclimated). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg CPZ caused a more marked and lasted hypothermia in acute cold-exposed rats as compared with that seen in control or in cold-acclimatized rats. Hypothermia induced by CPZ was unaffected by removal of IBAT either in control or acute cold-exposed rats. But in cold-acclimated rats, the removal of IBAT potentiated the hypothermia by CPZ. The relative weight of IBAT in cold-acclimated rats was about 3 times heavier than that in control and acute cold-exposed rats. CPZ had no effect on the relative weight of IBAT in all groups examined. Total lipids in IBAT showed no significant changes following CPZ administration in rats of all groups. In acute cold-exposed rats, serum FFA level progressively decreased after CPZ injection. The noradrenaline concentration in IBAT increased after chronic cold exposure and CPZ suppressed this elevation. The results suggest that the thermogenesis related sympathetic activity in the IBAT plays a mediatory role in thermal response to CPZ during cold acclimation.", "contents": "[Role of brown adipose tissue in the thermal response to chlorpromazine in rats during cold exposure (author's transl)]. Significance of the intercapsular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in the thermal response to chlorpromazine (CPZ) during acute and chronic cold exposure was studied in rats. Adult male Wistar-Imamichi rats were exposed to 4 degrees C for 1 (cold-exposed) or 30 days (cold-acclimated). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg CPZ caused a more marked and lasted hypothermia in acute cold-exposed rats as compared with that seen in control or in cold-acclimatized rats. Hypothermia induced by CPZ was unaffected by removal of IBAT either in control or acute cold-exposed rats. But in cold-acclimated rats, the removal of IBAT potentiated the hypothermia by CPZ. The relative weight of IBAT in cold-acclimated rats was about 3 times heavier than that in control and acute cold-exposed rats. CPZ had no effect on the relative weight of IBAT in all groups examined. Total lipids in IBAT showed no significant changes following CPZ administration in rats of all groups. In acute cold-exposed rats, serum FFA level progressively decreased after CPZ injection. The noradrenaline concentration in IBAT increased after chronic cold exposure and CPZ suppressed this elevation. The results suggest that the thermogenesis related sympathetic activity in the IBAT plays a mediatory role in thermal response to CPZ during cold acclimation.", "PMID": 535817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6612", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of dobutamine with dopamine and isoproterenol on inotropism and chronotropism in the mammalian heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of dobutamine on inotropism and chronotropism of the heart were studied in vivo and in vitro and were compared with those of dopamine and isoproterenol. These compounds increased epicardial contractile force and the heart rate of the open-chest, bilaterally vagotomized dog under pentobarbital anesthesia. The dose-ratio for the contraction was [dobutamine: dopamine: isoproterenol = 1:0.8:40] and for the heart rate, [= 1:1:300]. Both drugs augmented the twitch contraction of the isolated dog ventricular papillary muscle with the dose-ratio of [dobutamine: dopamine: isoproterenol = 1:0.7:11]. This mechanical response was associated with an elevation of the plateu voltage and an increase in repolarization of the action potential, but with no alteration of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential, the resting potential and the input membrane resistance. The discharge frequency of the rabbit S-A node pacemaker potential was accelerated chiefly due to an increase in the slope of the diastolic slow depolarization. With concentration of these catecholamines for the equivalent positive inotropic potency on the papillary muscle, this effect of isoproterenol was more potent than the effects of dobutamine and dopamine. These positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of the catecholamines were abolished by a beta-receptor antagonist. Those actions of dopamine were markedly reduced by reserpine pretreatment. In addition, dobutamine had little vascular effect. These results indicatte that dobutamine has a positive inotropic effect and a less positive chronotropic effect and that such is due to the direct action on the ventricular myocardium and the S-A node through beta 1-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of dobutamine with dopamine and isoproterenol on inotropism and chronotropism in the mammalian heart (author's transl)]. The effects of dobutamine on inotropism and chronotropism of the heart were studied in vivo and in vitro and were compared with those of dopamine and isoproterenol. These compounds increased epicardial contractile force and the heart rate of the open-chest, bilaterally vagotomized dog under pentobarbital anesthesia. The dose-ratio for the contraction was [dobutamine: dopamine: isoproterenol = 1:0.8:40] and for the heart rate, [= 1:1:300]. Both drugs augmented the twitch contraction of the isolated dog ventricular papillary muscle with the dose-ratio of [dobutamine: dopamine: isoproterenol = 1:0.7:11]. This mechanical response was associated with an elevation of the plateu voltage and an increase in repolarization of the action potential, but with no alteration of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential, the resting potential and the input membrane resistance. The discharge frequency of the rabbit S-A node pacemaker potential was accelerated chiefly due to an increase in the slope of the diastolic slow depolarization. With concentration of these catecholamines for the equivalent positive inotropic potency on the papillary muscle, this effect of isoproterenol was more potent than the effects of dobutamine and dopamine. These positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of the catecholamines were abolished by a beta-receptor antagonist. Those actions of dopamine were markedly reduced by reserpine pretreatment. In addition, dobutamine had little vascular effect. These results indicatte that dobutamine has a positive inotropic effect and a less positive chronotropic effect and that such is due to the direct action on the ventricular myocardium and the S-A node through beta 1-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 535818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6613", "title": "[Pharmacological effects of dobutamine and several catecholamines on various smooth muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacological effects of dobutamine (DOB), a positive inotropic drug, on smooth muscles were compared with those of catecholamines such as norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), isoproterenol (ISO) and dopamine (DA). DOB acted as a partial agonist and simultaneously as an antagonist on alpha-adrenergic receptors in the thoracic artery. Large doses of DOB induced uterine contraction in rabbits, but antagonised the contraction of the vas deferens of guinea pigs, as was induced by electrical stimulation. However, DOB showed a potent activity, similar to that seen with NE or E as an alpha-adrenergic agonist, on the portal vein. Doses of DOB required to produce a relaxation in the trachea of guinea pigs both in vitro and in vivo were 1/250 and 1/600 of ISO, respectively, and were considerably less regarding inhibition of uterine motility in rats. Inhibiting activity of DOB on the transport rate of intestinal contents in mice and gastro-intestinal motility of rabbits was much less than the activity seen with ISO, E and NE. Spasmolytic activity of DOB was also less than that of ISO, NE and E, but was more than that of DA. It is concluded that DOB is a more selective beta 1-agonist than ISO because of its weaker activity on alpha- and beta 2-receptors. The alpha-agonist activity of DOB in the portal vein was however, potent.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effects of dobutamine and several catecholamines on various smooth muscles (author's transl)]. Pharmacological effects of dobutamine (DOB), a positive inotropic drug, on smooth muscles were compared with those of catecholamines such as norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), isoproterenol (ISO) and dopamine (DA). DOB acted as a partial agonist and simultaneously as an antagonist on alpha-adrenergic receptors in the thoracic artery. Large doses of DOB induced uterine contraction in rabbits, but antagonised the contraction of the vas deferens of guinea pigs, as was induced by electrical stimulation. However, DOB showed a potent activity, similar to that seen with NE or E as an alpha-adrenergic agonist, on the portal vein. Doses of DOB required to produce a relaxation in the trachea of guinea pigs both in vitro and in vivo were 1/250 and 1/600 of ISO, respectively, and were considerably less regarding inhibition of uterine motility in rats. Inhibiting activity of DOB on the transport rate of intestinal contents in mice and gastro-intestinal motility of rabbits was much less than the activity seen with ISO, E and NE. Spasmolytic activity of DOB was also less than that of ISO, NE and E, but was more than that of DA. It is concluded that DOB is a more selective beta 1-agonist than ISO because of its weaker activity on alpha- and beta 2-receptors. The alpha-agonist activity of DOB in the portal vein was however, potent.", "PMID": 535819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6614", "title": "[Simulation of K-contracture curve in smooth muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "40 mM K-induced isometric contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in the presence of 30 microM dantrolene showed a rapidly rising peak followed by a plateau and then a low sustained tonic contraction. The plateau was delayed by low Ca so that two phasic contractions, fast and slow, were separated from each other. In K-contracture after 15 sec contact with normal Ca following low Ca condition, the fast phasic contraction but not the slow one regained its tension depressed by preceding low Ca, while the slow phasic contraction recovered from its delay. In the presence of 0.2 microM verapamil, K-contracture consisted of the fast phasic contraction without plateau and of the low tonic contraction. The results suggest that K-contracture in the normal state consists of three components, the fast and slow phasic contractions and the tonic contraction, and that dantrolene inhibits a tonic contraction, whereas verapamil inhibits the slow phasic and the tonic contraction. Thus, the contraction curve of each component was tentatively expressed by exponential function, and for simulation of the observed curves a computer was utilized to synthesize the curves using the components of varying parameters. The simulation was successful when based on the above suggestion.", "contents": "[Simulation of K-contracture curve in smooth muscle (author's transl)]. 40 mM K-induced isometric contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in the presence of 30 microM dantrolene showed a rapidly rising peak followed by a plateau and then a low sustained tonic contraction. The plateau was delayed by low Ca so that two phasic contractions, fast and slow, were separated from each other. In K-contracture after 15 sec contact with normal Ca following low Ca condition, the fast phasic contraction but not the slow one regained its tension depressed by preceding low Ca, while the slow phasic contraction recovered from its delay. In the presence of 0.2 microM verapamil, K-contracture consisted of the fast phasic contraction without plateau and of the low tonic contraction. The results suggest that K-contracture in the normal state consists of three components, the fast and slow phasic contractions and the tonic contraction, and that dantrolene inhibits a tonic contraction, whereas verapamil inhibits the slow phasic and the tonic contraction. Thus, the contraction curve of each component was tentatively expressed by exponential function, and for simulation of the observed curves a computer was utilized to synthesize the curves using the components of varying parameters. The simulation was successful when based on the above suggestion.", "PMID": 535820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6615", "title": "[The role of lysosomal enzymes in adjuvant-induced uveitis in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were used as marker enzymes of lysosome, and their role in adjuvant-induced uveitis was studied. These enzyme activities in the iris-ciliary processes were increased in the inflamed tissues. Changes in these enzyme activities in the tissues paralleled the development of uveitis. While protein concentration in the aqueous humor as a parameter of vascular permeability was significantly correlated with these enzyme activities, there was no correlation in the leucocyte counts in the aqueous humor. Topically applied dexamethasone reduced the increase in the aqueous protein, the leucocyte migration and the swelling of the iris-ciliary processes, while topically applied indomethacin reduced only the leucocyte migration among these inflammatory parameters. Acid phosphatase activities in the inflamed tissues were reduced also by dexamethasone, but not by indomethacin.", "contents": "[The role of lysosomal enzymes in adjuvant-induced uveitis in rabbits (author's transl)]. Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were used as marker enzymes of lysosome, and their role in adjuvant-induced uveitis was studied. These enzyme activities in the iris-ciliary processes were increased in the inflamed tissues. Changes in these enzyme activities in the tissues paralleled the development of uveitis. While protein concentration in the aqueous humor as a parameter of vascular permeability was significantly correlated with these enzyme activities, there was no correlation in the leucocyte counts in the aqueous humor. Topically applied dexamethasone reduced the increase in the aqueous protein, the leucocyte migration and the swelling of the iris-ciliary processes, while topically applied indomethacin reduced only the leucocyte migration among these inflammatory parameters. Acid phosphatase activities in the inflamed tissues were reduced also by dexamethasone, but not by indomethacin.", "PMID": 535821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6616", "title": "[Interaction of d-pseudoephedrine with water soluble extracts of Platycodi Radix on acute toxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of various combinations of Platycodi Radix water soluble extracts (Pla), 1-ephedrine (1-eph), d-pseudoephedrine (d-pseudo) and Ipecacuanhae Radix water soluble extracts (Ipe) on acute toxicity were examined in mice. Oral LD50 of Ipe, d-pseudo and 1-eph was 490 (415--578) mg/kg, 1550 (1360--1767) mg/kg and 1400 (1102--1778) mg/kg, respectively, while that of Pla was over 10 g. LD50 of Pla Ipe, d-pseudo and 1-eph given intraperitoneally was 1400 (1228--1596) mg/kg 235 (210--263) mg/kg, 245 (229--262) mg/kg and 300 (259--348) mg/kg, respectively. The ratio of the predicted LD50 value, which was calculated on the assumption that each component drug would be additively toxic when combined, to the observed LD50 value was used for comparison. The combination of d-pseudo with Pla gave a significantly greater LD50 value than the predicted LD50 value, while the combination of 1-eph with Pla showed a LD50 value which was not significantly different from Finney's additive model. A combination of d-pseudo with 1-eph and Ipe, and of 1-eph with Ipe showed a LD50 value which was not significantly different from that of the additive model.", "contents": "[Interaction of d-pseudoephedrine with water soluble extracts of Platycodi Radix on acute toxicity (author's transl)]. Effect of various combinations of Platycodi Radix water soluble extracts (Pla), 1-ephedrine (1-eph), d-pseudoephedrine (d-pseudo) and Ipecacuanhae Radix water soluble extracts (Ipe) on acute toxicity were examined in mice. Oral LD50 of Ipe, d-pseudo and 1-eph was 490 (415--578) mg/kg, 1550 (1360--1767) mg/kg and 1400 (1102--1778) mg/kg, respectively, while that of Pla was over 10 g. LD50 of Pla Ipe, d-pseudo and 1-eph given intraperitoneally was 1400 (1228--1596) mg/kg 235 (210--263) mg/kg, 245 (229--262) mg/kg and 300 (259--348) mg/kg, respectively. The ratio of the predicted LD50 value, which was calculated on the assumption that each component drug would be additively toxic when combined, to the observed LD50 value was used for comparison. The combination of d-pseudo with Pla gave a significantly greater LD50 value than the predicted LD50 value, while the combination of 1-eph with Pla showed a LD50 value which was not significantly different from Finney's additive model. A combination of d-pseudo with 1-eph and Ipe, and of 1-eph with Ipe showed a LD50 value which was not significantly different from that of the additive model.", "PMID": 535822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6617", "title": "[Hypotensive effects of diltiazem hydrochloride in the normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In conscious and anesthetized normotensive rats, intravenous administration of diltiazem (0.1--3 mg/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure. Administration of diltiazem (1--50 mg/kg) into the duodenum of anesthetized rats also reduced the blood pressure in a dose related manner. In parallel with the change in blood pressure, the heart rate increased in conscious rats and decreased in anesthetized animals. Such an increase in the heart rate was suppressed by pretreatment with propranolol. Similarly, in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), diltiazem dose-dependently decreased the blood pressure and increased the heart rate after intravenous administration (0.03--1 mg/kg). Oral administration of diltiazem (100 mg/kg) also reduced the blood pressure of SHR. In addition, the progressive increase in blood pressure in young SHR was significantly suppressed by chronic oral administration of diltiazem (30 mg/kg). The blood pressure in conscious renal hypertensive rats was also decreased with diltiazem (50 mg/kg p.o.). On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the pressor responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin II in the anesthetized normotensive rats were non-competitively inhibited by intravenous administration of diltiazem at a dose which had no effect on the blood pressure.", "contents": "[Hypotensive effects of diltiazem hydrochloride in the normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. In conscious and anesthetized normotensive rats, intravenous administration of diltiazem (0.1--3 mg/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure. Administration of diltiazem (1--50 mg/kg) into the duodenum of anesthetized rats also reduced the blood pressure in a dose related manner. In parallel with the change in blood pressure, the heart rate increased in conscious rats and decreased in anesthetized animals. Such an increase in the heart rate was suppressed by pretreatment with propranolol. Similarly, in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), diltiazem dose-dependently decreased the blood pressure and increased the heart rate after intravenous administration (0.03--1 mg/kg). Oral administration of diltiazem (100 mg/kg) also reduced the blood pressure of SHR. In addition, the progressive increase in blood pressure in young SHR was significantly suppressed by chronic oral administration of diltiazem (30 mg/kg). The blood pressure in conscious renal hypertensive rats was also decreased with diltiazem (50 mg/kg p.o.). On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the pressor responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin II in the anesthetized normotensive rats were non-competitively inhibited by intravenous administration of diltiazem at a dose which had no effect on the blood pressure.", "PMID": 535823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6618", "title": "[Comparative studies on the chemical modifications of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes by hydrophobic drugs (cepharanthine, papaverine and cholesterol) (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies were done on the actions of hydrophobic drugs (cepharanthine, papaverine and cholesterol) regarding chemical modifications of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes. Changes in membrane potential monitored by using cyanine dye (diS-C3-(5)) were induced by cepharanthine and papaverine, but not by cholesterol. Increase in membrane permeability of K+ ions induced with lysolecithin was strongly inhibited in the order of papaverine, cholesterol and cepharanthine. Oxygen uptake by the cells was also strongly inhibited by papaverine, but the inhibitory effect by cepharanthine was little and cholesterol had no effect. Membrane fluidity was decreased in the order of cholesterol, cepharanthine and papaverine. From these results, it was suggested that papaverine maintained the compartmentation of K+ ion and membrane fluidity by regulating the intracellular mitochondrial metabolism or by inhibiting the membrane bound ATPase nucleotidase activity. The membrane stabilizing effect of cepharanthine and cholesterol probably was due to decrease in the membrane fluidity because of the hydrophobic association to the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the chemical modifications of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes by hydrophobic drugs (cepharanthine, papaverine and cholesterol) (author's transl)]. Comparative studies were done on the actions of hydrophobic drugs (cepharanthine, papaverine and cholesterol) regarding chemical modifications of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes. Changes in membrane potential monitored by using cyanine dye (diS-C3-(5)) were induced by cepharanthine and papaverine, but not by cholesterol. Increase in membrane permeability of K+ ions induced with lysolecithin was strongly inhibited in the order of papaverine, cholesterol and cepharanthine. Oxygen uptake by the cells was also strongly inhibited by papaverine, but the inhibitory effect by cepharanthine was little and cholesterol had no effect. Membrane fluidity was decreased in the order of cholesterol, cepharanthine and papaverine. From these results, it was suggested that papaverine maintained the compartmentation of K+ ion and membrane fluidity by regulating the intracellular mitochondrial metabolism or by inhibiting the membrane bound ATPase nucleotidase activity. The membrane stabilizing effect of cepharanthine and cholesterol probably was due to decrease in the membrane fluidity because of the hydrophobic association to the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes.", "PMID": 535824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6619", "title": "[Cathartic activity of spasmogens in mice, rats and guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "To examine the effect of spasmogens on propulsive motility in the intestine, cathartic activity of drugs was investigated. Mice, rats and guinea pigs were individually observed in cages with 20 separate small rooms in which a sheet of filter paper covered the botton of case for observation of feces. The effect was evaluated 1 hr after drug administration. Cathartic activity of spasmogens was the most marked in mice followed by rats, but was rarely observed in guinea pigs. Cholinergic drugs and cholinesterase inhibitors had a cathartic effect in mice and rats, but the activity differed. Drugs such as acetylcholine and physostigmine produced a low cathartic activity even at sublethal and lethal doses. Other drugs as bethanechol, pilocarpine and neostigmine had a dose dependent cathartic effect at doses below lethal ones and were found to be clinically useful for intestinal relaxation after laparotomy. Among autacoids which contract the intestine by direct action on smooth muscles, histamine and bradykinin had no cathartic effect in mice and rats. 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 were dose dependent with a marked cathartic effect in both species. 5-HTP produced the same cathartic activity as that seen with 5-HT in mice, but had no cathartic effect in rats. The cathartic effect of BaCl2 was low, but dose dependent in both species. We recommend this method for the study of the effect of various compounds on the propulsive motility of the intestine.", "contents": "[Cathartic activity of spasmogens in mice, rats and guinea pigs (author's transl)]. To examine the effect of spasmogens on propulsive motility in the intestine, cathartic activity of drugs was investigated. Mice, rats and guinea pigs were individually observed in cages with 20 separate small rooms in which a sheet of filter paper covered the botton of case for observation of feces. The effect was evaluated 1 hr after drug administration. Cathartic activity of spasmogens was the most marked in mice followed by rats, but was rarely observed in guinea pigs. Cholinergic drugs and cholinesterase inhibitors had a cathartic effect in mice and rats, but the activity differed. Drugs such as acetylcholine and physostigmine produced a low cathartic activity even at sublethal and lethal doses. Other drugs as bethanechol, pilocarpine and neostigmine had a dose dependent cathartic effect at doses below lethal ones and were found to be clinically useful for intestinal relaxation after laparotomy. Among autacoids which contract the intestine by direct action on smooth muscles, histamine and bradykinin had no cathartic effect in mice and rats. 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 were dose dependent with a marked cathartic effect in both species. 5-HTP produced the same cathartic activity as that seen with 5-HT in mice, but had no cathartic effect in rats. The cathartic effect of BaCl2 was low, but dose dependent in both species. We recommend this method for the study of the effect of various compounds on the propulsive motility of the intestine.", "PMID": 535825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6620", "title": "[Effects of benzodiazepine derivatives on gamma-motor system in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of four benzodiazepine derivatives on gamma-activity were examined in the anesthetized rat. Diazepam and 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1, 3-dihydro-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one(ID-690) in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (i.p.) showed depressant effects on gamma-activity. The depressant effects of 5.0 mg/kg (i.p.) lasted for more than 60 min. Nitrazepam had a slightly weaker effect than the above two drugs and the effect was evident after an administration of 5.0 mg/kg; the effect of 10 mg/kg(i.p.) lasted for more than 90 min. The effect of clonazepam was much weaker than effects of the other three drugs. A dose of 20 mg/kg(i.p.) was required to produce an obvious depressant action, and the effect appeared after a longer latency of about 20 min. ID 690 (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed the augmented response of the gamma-activity in response to pinna stimulation. The effect of diazepam on the augmented responses was observed with the same dose. In contrast, much higher doses of nitrazepam and clonazepam were required to induce an obvious depressant effect on the augmented gamma-activity. It is suggested that the difference in potency in depressing gamma-activity of these derivatives is one of the factors characterizing their pharmacological properties.", "contents": "[Effects of benzodiazepine derivatives on gamma-motor system in rats (author's transl)]. Effects of four benzodiazepine derivatives on gamma-activity were examined in the anesthetized rat. Diazepam and 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1, 3-dihydro-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one(ID-690) in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (i.p.) showed depressant effects on gamma-activity. The depressant effects of 5.0 mg/kg (i.p.) lasted for more than 60 min. Nitrazepam had a slightly weaker effect than the above two drugs and the effect was evident after an administration of 5.0 mg/kg; the effect of 10 mg/kg(i.p.) lasted for more than 90 min. The effect of clonazepam was much weaker than effects of the other three drugs. A dose of 20 mg/kg(i.p.) was required to produce an obvious depressant action, and the effect appeared after a longer latency of about 20 min. ID 690 (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed the augmented response of the gamma-activity in response to pinna stimulation. The effect of diazepam on the augmented responses was observed with the same dose. In contrast, much higher doses of nitrazepam and clonazepam were required to induce an obvious depressant effect on the augmented gamma-activity. It is suggested that the difference in potency in depressing gamma-activity of these derivatives is one of the factors characterizing their pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 535826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6621", "title": "[Effects of oxythiamine and pyrithiamine on rat liver. --Biochemical and morphological changes in the thiamine deficient rat (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied biochemical changes in the rat liver in a thiamine (T) deficient state as induced by oxythiamine (OT), pyrithiamine (PT) and thiamine deficient diet (TDD) and simultaneously observed morphological changes under light and electron microscope. Severe loss of weight was observed in the OT treated rats fed on TDD (OTD) and such was frequently accompanied by a complete loss of righting reflex. Biochemical changes commonly found in T deficient groups were decrease in serum total protein, alkaline phosphatase activity and liver lipids, and increase in serum total cholesterol and transaminase activity. Microscopically, most of the liver cells were atrophied and necrosis was observed in the OTD group. Electron microscopically, ultrastructural changes revealed active Kupffer cells, microvilli and Golgi apparatus, and decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) associated with increasing detached ribosomes and smooth ER. Abnormal nucleus and mitochondria were found in the OTD group. These results suggest that a T deficiency occurs readily and easily within a short time when a T antagonist, particularly OT, is used together with the TDD, while a much longer time is required to produce a T deficiency with only the TDD.", "contents": "[Effects of oxythiamine and pyrithiamine on rat liver. --Biochemical and morphological changes in the thiamine deficient rat (author's transl)]. We studied biochemical changes in the rat liver in a thiamine (T) deficient state as induced by oxythiamine (OT), pyrithiamine (PT) and thiamine deficient diet (TDD) and simultaneously observed morphological changes under light and electron microscope. Severe loss of weight was observed in the OT treated rats fed on TDD (OTD) and such was frequently accompanied by a complete loss of righting reflex. Biochemical changes commonly found in T deficient groups were decrease in serum total protein, alkaline phosphatase activity and liver lipids, and increase in serum total cholesterol and transaminase activity. Microscopically, most of the liver cells were atrophied and necrosis was observed in the OTD group. Electron microscopically, ultrastructural changes revealed active Kupffer cells, microvilli and Golgi apparatus, and decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) associated with increasing detached ribosomes and smooth ER. Abnormal nucleus and mitochondria were found in the OTD group. These results suggest that a T deficiency occurs readily and easily within a short time when a T antagonist, particularly OT, is used together with the TDD, while a much longer time is required to produce a T deficiency with only the TDD.", "PMID": 535827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6622", "title": "[Effects of d-pseudoephedrine on tracheo-bronchial muscle and the cardiovascular system (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of d-psuedoephedrine on bronchial smooth muscle, respiratory resistance and blood pressure was compared with that of 1-ephedrine. The following results were obtained. 1) Administration of dl-isoproterenol on isolated guinea pig tracheal muscle previously constricted with acetylcholine (ACh) or histamine (his) was the most effective and d-pseudoephedrine had the same effect as 1-ephedrine. The relaxing effect of dl-isoproterenol, 1-ephedrine or d-pseudoephedrine on ACh or His induced tracheal constriction was competitively antagonized by the pretreatment of propranolol. 2) The intravenous or sublingual administration of d-pseudoephedrine on the increased respiratory resistance induced by His produced the same effect as 1-ephedrine. 3) The increase in blood pressure with d-pseudoephedrine was weaker than that of 1-ephedrine. 4) When 1-ephedrine of d-pseudoephedrine was repeatedly injected into the same animal, signs of tachyphylaxis were observed. It was found that d-pseudoephedrine, the main alkaloid of Ephedrine Helba, exhibited the relaxing effect on bronchial smooth muscles as did 1-ephedrine. The respiratory resistance increased by His was inhibited by the sublingual administration of d-pseudoephedrine and 1-ephedrine.", "contents": "[Effects of d-pseudoephedrine on tracheo-bronchial muscle and the cardiovascular system (author's transl)]. The action of d-psuedoephedrine on bronchial smooth muscle, respiratory resistance and blood pressure was compared with that of 1-ephedrine. The following results were obtained. 1) Administration of dl-isoproterenol on isolated guinea pig tracheal muscle previously constricted with acetylcholine (ACh) or histamine (his) was the most effective and d-pseudoephedrine had the same effect as 1-ephedrine. The relaxing effect of dl-isoproterenol, 1-ephedrine or d-pseudoephedrine on ACh or His induced tracheal constriction was competitively antagonized by the pretreatment of propranolol. 2) The intravenous or sublingual administration of d-pseudoephedrine on the increased respiratory resistance induced by His produced the same effect as 1-ephedrine. 3) The increase in blood pressure with d-pseudoephedrine was weaker than that of 1-ephedrine. 4) When 1-ephedrine of d-pseudoephedrine was repeatedly injected into the same animal, signs of tachyphylaxis were observed. It was found that d-pseudoephedrine, the main alkaloid of Ephedrine Helba, exhibited the relaxing effect on bronchial smooth muscles as did 1-ephedrine. The respiratory resistance increased by His was inhibited by the sublingual administration of d-pseudoephedrine and 1-ephedrine.", "PMID": 535828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6623", "title": "[Effects of diazepam on rage reaction elicited by the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and on single unit activities in the LH and the basal medial amygdaloid nucleus (Abm) in cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of diazepam were examined on the whine reaction elicited by LH stimulation and on unit activities in the LH and Abm in cats. The spontaneous firing frequency of Abm neurons was 5 to 30 spikes/sec and in all 6 neurons isolated the firing frequency increased by non-nociceptive and/or clap-stimulation. Diazepam decreased the spontaneous firing frequency of all Abm neurons isolated and the increased firing frequency elicited by non-nociceptive and/or clap-stimulation was also depressed by diazepam. The spontaneous firing frequency of neurons in the LH was 4 to 5 spikes/sec and all 6 neurons isolated firing frequency increased by non-nociceptive stimulation. Only one of 6 neurons, however, was activated by clap-stimulation. Diazepam decreased the spontaneous firing frequency of all LH neurons. Out of 6 neurons responsive to non-nociceptive stimulation, 3 were also depressed by diazepam. The other neurons were not affected by diazepam. These results suggest that depressed action of diazepam on the whine reaction elicited by the LH stimulation may be related to the decrease of firing in the Abm and/or the LH by diazepam.", "contents": "[Effects of diazepam on rage reaction elicited by the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and on single unit activities in the LH and the basal medial amygdaloid nucleus (Abm) in cats (author's transl)]. Effects of diazepam were examined on the whine reaction elicited by LH stimulation and on unit activities in the LH and Abm in cats. The spontaneous firing frequency of Abm neurons was 5 to 30 spikes/sec and in all 6 neurons isolated the firing frequency increased by non-nociceptive and/or clap-stimulation. Diazepam decreased the spontaneous firing frequency of all Abm neurons isolated and the increased firing frequency elicited by non-nociceptive and/or clap-stimulation was also depressed by diazepam. The spontaneous firing frequency of neurons in the LH was 4 to 5 spikes/sec and all 6 neurons isolated firing frequency increased by non-nociceptive stimulation. Only one of 6 neurons, however, was activated by clap-stimulation. Diazepam decreased the spontaneous firing frequency of all LH neurons. Out of 6 neurons responsive to non-nociceptive stimulation, 3 were also depressed by diazepam. The other neurons were not affected by diazepam. These results suggest that depressed action of diazepam on the whine reaction elicited by the LH stimulation may be related to the decrease of firing in the Abm and/or the LH by diazepam.", "PMID": 535829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6624", "title": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol on norepinephrine contents in the brain and stomach of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) content in the brain slightly but significantly increased when gamma-oryzanol (100 mg/kg, s.c.) was given once daily for 1, 5 or 10 days, while NE in the gastric area was not affected. The turnover rate of brain NE tended to decrease with the administration of gamma-oryzanol. From the results, it is likely that successive doses of gamma-oryzanol increase brain NE by inhibiting degradation or release of NE.", "contents": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol on norepinephrine contents in the brain and stomach of rats (author's transl)]. Norepinephrine (NE) content in the brain slightly but significantly increased when gamma-oryzanol (100 mg/kg, s.c.) was given once daily for 1, 5 or 10 days, while NE in the gastric area was not affected. The turnover rate of brain NE tended to decrease with the administration of gamma-oryzanol. From the results, it is likely that successive doses of gamma-oryzanol increase brain NE by inhibiting degradation or release of NE.", "PMID": 535830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6625", "title": "[Analgesic activity of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium in experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of tolmetin sodium on the pain-like responses caused by various nociceptive stimuli was examined in experimental animals. Tolmetin sodium showed a potent inhibitory activity on the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and rats, and its potency, (ED50 = 23.4 and 3.01 mg/kg, p.o.) was about 2.4--10.3 times that of ibuprofen and aspirin. The hypertension induced by intraarterial injection of bradykinin toward the spleen of dogs was inhibited by tolmetin sodium (ED50 = 80 mg/kg, i.v.), but the hypertension by a simultaneous injection of bradykinin and PGE1 was not inhibited by tolmetin sodium and sulpyrine, though pentazocine inhibited both hypertensions. The pain-like response caused by pressing mechanically the inflamed paws or joints of rats induced by kaolin-carrageenin or adjuvant was inhibited by tolmetin sodium (30--100 or 20--40 mg/kg, p.o., respectively), and the potency was approximately equal that of ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. Tolmetin sodium produced a significant inhibition of the pain-like response induced by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp of dogs, but showed no effect when the methods of Haffner and D'Amour-Smith were applied to mice. Anti-writhing action of tolmetin sodium was not antagonized by naloxone. From these results, it was concluded that tolmetin sodium has a potent inhibitory activity on the pain-like responses induced by the chemical nociceptive stimuli and by the mechanical pressure stimulus of the inflamed tissue, especially on the writhing. The analgesic activity probably involves a peripheral mechanism.", "contents": "[Analgesic activity of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium in experimental animals (author's transl)]. Effect of tolmetin sodium on the pain-like responses caused by various nociceptive stimuli was examined in experimental animals. Tolmetin sodium showed a potent inhibitory activity on the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and rats, and its potency, (ED50 = 23.4 and 3.01 mg/kg, p.o.) was about 2.4--10.3 times that of ibuprofen and aspirin. The hypertension induced by intraarterial injection of bradykinin toward the spleen of dogs was inhibited by tolmetin sodium (ED50 = 80 mg/kg, i.v.), but the hypertension by a simultaneous injection of bradykinin and PGE1 was not inhibited by tolmetin sodium and sulpyrine, though pentazocine inhibited both hypertensions. The pain-like response caused by pressing mechanically the inflamed paws or joints of rats induced by kaolin-carrageenin or adjuvant was inhibited by tolmetin sodium (30--100 or 20--40 mg/kg, p.o., respectively), and the potency was approximately equal that of ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. Tolmetin sodium produced a significant inhibition of the pain-like response induced by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp of dogs, but showed no effect when the methods of Haffner and D'Amour-Smith were applied to mice. Anti-writhing action of tolmetin sodium was not antagonized by naloxone. From these results, it was concluded that tolmetin sodium has a potent inhibitory activity on the pain-like responses induced by the chemical nociceptive stimuli and by the mechanical pressure stimulus of the inflamed tissue, especially on the writhing. The analgesic activity probably involves a peripheral mechanism.", "PMID": 535831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6626", "title": "Lithium treatment in affective disorders from viewpoint of transcultural psychopharmacology: therapeutic plasma level.", "content": "The double-blind controlled studies on lithium carbonate therapy conducted in Japan have demonstrated that there are no significant correlations between clinical effectiveness and serum lithium level in manic patients as well as depressed patients and also that Japanese patients seem to require less lithium carbonate than their U.S. counterparts as an effective therapeutic dose, both in terms of mean maximum dose and serum level. Although any international comparison cannot be fully valid without using transculturally standardized assessment, the data of these studies were examined from the viewpoint of transcultural psychopharmacology and compared to the data from studies in U.S.A.", "contents": "Lithium treatment in affective disorders from viewpoint of transcultural psychopharmacology: therapeutic plasma level. The double-blind controlled studies on lithium carbonate therapy conducted in Japan have demonstrated that there are no significant correlations between clinical effectiveness and serum lithium level in manic patients as well as depressed patients and also that Japanese patients seem to require less lithium carbonate than their U.S. counterparts as an effective therapeutic dose, both in terms of mean maximum dose and serum level. Although any international comparison cannot be fully valid without using transculturally standardized assessment, the data of these studies were examined from the viewpoint of transcultural psychopharmacology and compared to the data from studies in U.S.A.", "PMID": 535832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6627", "title": "Three cases of unipolar delusional depression responsive to L-dopa.", "content": "We reported three cases of unipolar delusional depression which took a characteristic two-stage clinical course. Anxiety and agitation with persecutory delusions predominated the picture at first, but they were soon replaced by severe psychomotor retardation or stupor associated with delusions of poverty and guilt. The administration of L-Dopa in the latter stage brought about a rapid improvement both in mood and psychomotor activity. We considered these cases in the light of the recent biochemical studies on affective psychosis.", "contents": "Three cases of unipolar delusional depression responsive to L-dopa. We reported three cases of unipolar delusional depression which took a characteristic two-stage clinical course. Anxiety and agitation with persecutory delusions predominated the picture at first, but they were soon replaced by severe psychomotor retardation or stupor associated with delusions of poverty and guilt. The administration of L-Dopa in the latter stage brought about a rapid improvement both in mood and psychomotor activity. We considered these cases in the light of the recent biochemical studies on affective psychosis.", "PMID": 535833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6628", "title": "Dectection of spinal cord lesion using skin electrode recordings of spinal evoked potential.", "content": "The multi-channel recording of somatosensory spinal evoked potential (SSEP) was carried out on 30 patients with various neurological disorders. In some cases, SSEP changes corresponded well with the lesioned level. In general, the lesions of thoraco-cervical level were difficult to detect, because the appearance rate of SSEP peaks are reduced over the thoraco-cervical spine even in normal controls. In cases with spinal type of MS, SSEP revealed marked changes and subclinical sensory demyelinating lesions were detectable. Chronological SSEP recording in patients with acute transverse myelitis revealed functional improvements corresponding with clinical recovery. Surface and non-invasive SSEP recording is useful for detecting lesions in the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. It also offers valuable information about chronological modification of the lesions, and may reveal subclinical changes in certain neurological disorders.", "contents": "Dectection of spinal cord lesion using skin electrode recordings of spinal evoked potential. The multi-channel recording of somatosensory spinal evoked potential (SSEP) was carried out on 30 patients with various neurological disorders. In some cases, SSEP changes corresponded well with the lesioned level. In general, the lesions of thoraco-cervical level were difficult to detect, because the appearance rate of SSEP peaks are reduced over the thoraco-cervical spine even in normal controls. In cases with spinal type of MS, SSEP revealed marked changes and subclinical sensory demyelinating lesions were detectable. Chronological SSEP recording in patients with acute transverse myelitis revealed functional improvements corresponding with clinical recovery. Surface and non-invasive SSEP recording is useful for detecting lesions in the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. It also offers valuable information about chronological modification of the lesions, and may reveal subclinical changes in certain neurological disorders.", "PMID": 535834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6629", "title": "A case of hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism associated with familiar periodic paralysis--induction of paralytic attacks by testosterone administration.", "content": "A case report was made of a 24-year-old man suffering from hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism associated with a hypokalemic type of familiar periodic paralysis. The attacks were observed only during the period of continual administration of the oil solution of 115.7 mg of testosterone enanthate and 20.0 mg of testosterone propionate, intramuscularly as a depot. From the findings on this patient, it was concluded that testosterone might possibly play a role in the occurrence of attacks in the case of periodic paralysis.", "contents": "A case of hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism associated with familiar periodic paralysis--induction of paralytic attacks by testosterone administration. A case report was made of a 24-year-old man suffering from hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism associated with a hypokalemic type of familiar periodic paralysis. The attacks were observed only during the period of continual administration of the oil solution of 115.7 mg of testosterone enanthate and 20.0 mg of testosterone propionate, intramuscularly as a depot. From the findings on this patient, it was concluded that testosterone might possibly play a role in the occurrence of attacks in the case of periodic paralysis.", "PMID": 535836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6630", "title": "Wilson's disease; increased aluminum in liver.", "content": "Interaction of trace metal metabolism was studied in a patient with Wilson's dease. Atomic absorption analysis showed markedly increased urinary excretion of copper and aluminum and an increased aluminum content was found in the biopsied liver by neutron activation analysis. These findings suggest a complicated pathogenetic mechanism involving other metals besides copper in the Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Wilson's disease; increased aluminum in liver. Interaction of trace metal metabolism was studied in a patient with Wilson's dease. Atomic absorption analysis showed markedly increased urinary excretion of copper and aluminum and an increased aluminum content was found in the biopsied liver by neutron activation analysis. These findings suggest a complicated pathogenetic mechanism involving other metals besides copper in the Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 535837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6631", "title": "First autopsy report of a multiple sclerosis case in Hokuriku District of Japan.", "content": "The first autopsy of a case of multiple sclerosis from the District of Hokuriku was reported. The patient, a 50-year-old house-wife, born in Toyama Prefecture, had noticed a paresthesia of her face, fatigue, numbness and weakness in the right limbs, dimness of vision and gait disturbance at ave 44. Furthermore, in the course of the disease, she had suffered from visual disorder, tetraplegia, hyperreflexia, pyramidal signs and cerebellar syndroms such as dysarthria, nystagmus, intention tremor and ataxia. She also showed symptoms of euphoria and dementia. After a course of six years she died of bronchopneumonia. Remissions and exacerbations were noted four times during her clinical history. Histopathologically, there were many recent and old demyelinating lesions of varying sizes and shapes in all parts of the central nervous system, namely the cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord and optic nerve. In contrast to the clinical symptoms, the cerebellum itself revealed less plaques than the other areas of the brain. According to the observed distributions of the lesions, our case can be classified as belonging to the optico-cerebro-spinal type in the Ikuta and Zimmerman classification. The demyelinated lesions were characterized by a perivenular distribution of the plaques, lack of tissue necrosis, paucity of inflammatory reaction and marked fibrous gliosis of varying degrees.", "contents": "First autopsy report of a multiple sclerosis case in Hokuriku District of Japan. The first autopsy of a case of multiple sclerosis from the District of Hokuriku was reported. The patient, a 50-year-old house-wife, born in Toyama Prefecture, had noticed a paresthesia of her face, fatigue, numbness and weakness in the right limbs, dimness of vision and gait disturbance at ave 44. Furthermore, in the course of the disease, she had suffered from visual disorder, tetraplegia, hyperreflexia, pyramidal signs and cerebellar syndroms such as dysarthria, nystagmus, intention tremor and ataxia. She also showed symptoms of euphoria and dementia. After a course of six years she died of bronchopneumonia. Remissions and exacerbations were noted four times during her clinical history. Histopathologically, there were many recent and old demyelinating lesions of varying sizes and shapes in all parts of the central nervous system, namely the cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord and optic nerve. In contrast to the clinical symptoms, the cerebellum itself revealed less plaques than the other areas of the brain. According to the observed distributions of the lesions, our case can be classified as belonging to the optico-cerebro-spinal type in the Ikuta and Zimmerman classification. The demyelinated lesions were characterized by a perivenular distribution of the plaques, lack of tissue necrosis, paucity of inflammatory reaction and marked fibrous gliosis of varying degrees.", "PMID": 535838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6632", "title": "Frontal kindling in rabbits and its influence on visual and auditory evoked response.", "content": "Frontal kindling in rabbits, prolongation of the duration of afterdischarge concomitant and clinical manifestations and the epileptic foci (primary and independent secondary foci) were revealed. Auditory and visual evoked responses were recorded after completion of the kindling phenomenon. 1. Electrical stimulations, 300 microA, 60 Hz. 1 msec in duration, 2 sec train, were applied once a day. Clinical manifestations were divided into five stages: 1) the arrest of behavior or no response, 2) the adversive movement with a tonic and/or clonic convulsion of left paw, 3) the adversive movement following mastication, facial spasms and postictal stupor, 4) falling down abruptly and generalized convulsive seizure, and 5) generalized seizure followed by rotatory movement, vocalization and myoclonus. The appearance of five generalized convulsions was defined as a completion of the kindling phenomenon. 2. The duration of afterdischarge increased stepwisely from 2--3 sec to more than 400 sec. However, there was no constant duration of AD even though the animal showed generalized convulsion after completion of the kindling phenomenon. 3. Visual and auditory evoked responses were recorded after completion of kindling. There was a change in the auditory evoked response but not in the visual. A shortening of the latency of P2 component (73.3 msec in peak latency), N2 component (146.7 msec in peak latency) and amplification of the amplitude of N2 component were noticed. Thus, the intermittent weak electrical stimulation on the frontal cortex in rabbits induced generalized convulsion and produced primary and independent secondary epileptic focus on EEG, and the change of auditory evoked response was recognized in kindled animals.", "contents": "Frontal kindling in rabbits and its influence on visual and auditory evoked response. Frontal kindling in rabbits, prolongation of the duration of afterdischarge concomitant and clinical manifestations and the epileptic foci (primary and independent secondary foci) were revealed. Auditory and visual evoked responses were recorded after completion of the kindling phenomenon. 1. Electrical stimulations, 300 microA, 60 Hz. 1 msec in duration, 2 sec train, were applied once a day. Clinical manifestations were divided into five stages: 1) the arrest of behavior or no response, 2) the adversive movement with a tonic and/or clonic convulsion of left paw, 3) the adversive movement following mastication, facial spasms and postictal stupor, 4) falling down abruptly and generalized convulsive seizure, and 5) generalized seizure followed by rotatory movement, vocalization and myoclonus. The appearance of five generalized convulsions was defined as a completion of the kindling phenomenon. 2. The duration of afterdischarge increased stepwisely from 2--3 sec to more than 400 sec. However, there was no constant duration of AD even though the animal showed generalized convulsion after completion of the kindling phenomenon. 3. Visual and auditory evoked responses were recorded after completion of kindling. There was a change in the auditory evoked response but not in the visual. A shortening of the latency of P2 component (73.3 msec in peak latency), N2 component (146.7 msec in peak latency) and amplification of the amplitude of N2 component were noticed. Thus, the intermittent weak electrical stimulation on the frontal cortex in rabbits induced generalized convulsion and produced primary and independent secondary epileptic focus on EEG, and the change of auditory evoked response was recognized in kindled animals.", "PMID": 535839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6633", "title": "[The anti-allergic effect of an oral calcium preparation. Controlled double-blind study].", "content": "The effect of an orally applied calcium preparation (Frubiase Calcium forte) was investigated and compared with a placebo in 20 adolescent patients submitted to a random double-blind test on the immediate allergic reaction. The prick test with histamine and grass pollen mixed extract showed a highly significant statistical decrease (p less than 0,001) of wheal extension after an oral dose 1 x 6 Frubiase Calcium forte fluid ampoules, when compared to the test before application.", "contents": "[The anti-allergic effect of an oral calcium preparation. Controlled double-blind study]. The effect of an orally applied calcium preparation (Frubiase Calcium forte) was investigated and compared with a placebo in 20 adolescent patients submitted to a random double-blind test on the immediate allergic reaction. The prick test with histamine and grass pollen mixed extract showed a highly significant statistical decrease (p less than 0,001) of wheal extension after an oral dose 1 x 6 Frubiase Calcium forte fluid ampoules, when compared to the test before application.", "PMID": 535840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6634", "title": "[Vascular nevi and tumors of the skin].", "content": "Diagnosis and classification of dysontogenetic and neoplastic lesions of blood- and lymph-vessels depend upon the presence or absence of proliferating vascular elements and of non-involutive connective tissue and muscular wall structures. Angiectatic and angiokeratotic nevi, capillary and cavernous angiomas, glomangiomas and malignant vascular tumors are presented in a survey with special reference to frequent diagnoses.", "contents": "[Vascular nevi and tumors of the skin]. Diagnosis and classification of dysontogenetic and neoplastic lesions of blood- and lymph-vessels depend upon the presence or absence of proliferating vascular elements and of non-involutive connective tissue and muscular wall structures. Angiectatic and angiokeratotic nevi, capillary and cavernous angiomas, glomangiomas and malignant vascular tumors are presented in a survey with special reference to frequent diagnoses.", "PMID": 535843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6635", "title": "[The effect of the membrana interossea antebrachii on the turning movement of the hand].", "content": "In human cadaveric forearm specimens the membrana interossea antebrachii was examined morphologically and biomechanically. Macroscopical, submacroscopical and microscopical findings reveal new facts about the structure, texture and the microscopical details of the membrana interossea. By measuring the interosseous space and by straingage measurement of elongation of the interosseous membrane during pronation and supination the influence of the membrana interossea antebrachii on pronation and supination of the hand was analyzed biomechanically.", "contents": "[The effect of the membrana interossea antebrachii on the turning movement of the hand]. In human cadaveric forearm specimens the membrana interossea antebrachii was examined morphologically and biomechanically. Macroscopical, submacroscopical and microscopical findings reveal new facts about the structure, texture and the microscopical details of the membrana interossea. By measuring the interosseous space and by straingage measurement of elongation of the interosseous membrane during pronation and supination the influence of the membrana interossea antebrachii on pronation and supination of the hand was analyzed biomechanically.", "PMID": 535844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6636", "title": "[Therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia. Additive effect of the lipid-lowering agent d-triiodothyronine during dietetic treatment].", "content": "Combined treatment of hyperlipidaemia with a 1000-calorie-diet and d-triiodothyronine resulted in a lowering of serum cholesterol, triglycerids and lipoproteins. Concerning cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins there was an addition of reducing effects of simultaneous dietary and drug treatment. Triglycerids are influenced by the combined treatment or by dietary treatment alone to the same extent. The levels of free fatty acids rise during combined treatment while there is no change by diet alone. These observations indicate a most successful lowering of cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins by the combined therapy, but there is an increase of free fatty acids as a metabolic side effect of d-triiodothyronine.", "contents": "[Therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia. Additive effect of the lipid-lowering agent d-triiodothyronine during dietetic treatment]. Combined treatment of hyperlipidaemia with a 1000-calorie-diet and d-triiodothyronine resulted in a lowering of serum cholesterol, triglycerids and lipoproteins. Concerning cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins there was an addition of reducing effects of simultaneous dietary and drug treatment. Triglycerids are influenced by the combined treatment or by dietary treatment alone to the same extent. The levels of free fatty acids rise during combined treatment while there is no change by diet alone. These observations indicate a most successful lowering of cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins by the combined therapy, but there is an increase of free fatty acids as a metabolic side effect of d-triiodothyronine.", "PMID": 535845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6637", "title": "[Neomycin resorption from the normal and inflammatorily altered peritoneum].", "content": "The clinical problem of the resorption of Neomycin from the normal and inflammatory altered peritoneal cavity was studied experimentally in the guinea pig. In a total of 197 guinea pigs the pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in serum and perilymph after injection subcutaneously or in normal and inflammatorily altered peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig were determined. No statistically significant difference between the pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in serum and perilymph of the different series could be found. The possible clinical relevance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Neomycin resorption from the normal and inflammatorily altered peritoneum]. The clinical problem of the resorption of Neomycin from the normal and inflammatory altered peritoneal cavity was studied experimentally in the guinea pig. In a total of 197 guinea pigs the pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in serum and perilymph after injection subcutaneously or in normal and inflammatorily altered peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig were determined. No statistically significant difference between the pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in serum and perilymph of the different series could be found. The possible clinical relevance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 535846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6638", "title": "[Psychotic depression. 1. Classification, etio-pathophysiology, epidemiology, sympatomatology, diagnosis].", "content": "The term \"depression\" is used to describe a normal mood, a medical symptom, and a collection of psychiatric symptoms. As a normal mood, depression is a common human reaction to a significant loss; as a medical term, it is also used to describe the sadness seen in patients who have other severe medical and psychiatric disorders. Most often, however, \"depression\" refers to a group of psychiatric syndromes or illnesses with well defined symptoms only one of which is sadness. Depression syndromes are probably universal. There are accounts of depressive illness throughout history from almost every human society. The universality of depressive illness is also reflected in the frequency of depression as a theme of the world's great literature. Studies of the biochemical correlates of psychotic depression have focused on two major hypotheses. The first proposes that affective disorders result from functional changes in the central noradrenergic systems. The second postulates that the primary abnormality is in central serotonergic pathways. These two hypotheses are supported by the pharmacological effects of antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "[Psychotic depression. 1. Classification, etio-pathophysiology, epidemiology, sympatomatology, diagnosis]. The term \"depression\" is used to describe a normal mood, a medical symptom, and a collection of psychiatric symptoms. As a normal mood, depression is a common human reaction to a significant loss; as a medical term, it is also used to describe the sadness seen in patients who have other severe medical and psychiatric disorders. Most often, however, \"depression\" refers to a group of psychiatric syndromes or illnesses with well defined symptoms only one of which is sadness. Depression syndromes are probably universal. There are accounts of depressive illness throughout history from almost every human society. The universality of depressive illness is also reflected in the frequency of depression as a theme of the world's great literature. Studies of the biochemical correlates of psychotic depression have focused on two major hypotheses. The first proposes that affective disorders result from functional changes in the central noradrenergic systems. The second postulates that the primary abnormality is in central serotonergic pathways. These two hypotheses are supported by the pharmacological effects of antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 535848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6639", "title": "[Diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma].", "content": "Carcinoma of the prostate can be easily detected by rectal examination which is a part of the routine check-up for the early recognition of cancer in males after 45 years. Approximately 14,000 to 16,000 new cases with prostatic carcinoma are found in West-Germany annually. In former times patients with advanced carcinoma were treated with little success. Today the aim is the early detection of the disease in a curable stage. Exact clinical staging and morphological grading is fundamental for optimal therapy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the prostate can be easily detected by rectal examination which is a part of the routine check-up for the early recognition of cancer in males after 45 years. Approximately 14,000 to 16,000 new cases with prostatic carcinoma are found in West-Germany annually. In former times patients with advanced carcinoma were treated with little success. Today the aim is the early detection of the disease in a curable stage. Exact clinical staging and morphological grading is fundamental for optimal therapy.", "PMID": 535852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6640", "title": "[Neuropharmacologic and neurotoxic studies on the Renshaw mechanism].", "content": "Recurrent axon collaterals of alpha-motoneurons formed with Renshaw cells cholinergic synapses. The effects of ethanol, pyritinol-HCl and type A botulinum toxin on this central nervous cholinergic synapse were studied. Ethanol caused a marked increase in Renshaw cell activity. The excitatory influence effects above all the Renshaw cell synapses directly. Pyritinol-HCl decreased the activity of Renshaw cells. The increase of Renshaw cell activity, caused by ethanol, changed into a decrease after pyritinol-HCl application so that pyritinol-HCl has a protective effect on this cholinergic system. The injection of the neurotoxin botulinum type A into the muscle or even into the ventral root was without effect on the Renshaw cell activity during the test period. Only the direct application of botulinum toxin type A into the spinal cord led to a decrease of the early and the late response of Renshaw cells. The results are discussed and the clinical relevance is considered. The cholinergic Renshaw cell synapse is not only considered as a special synapse but also as a model for cholinergic transmission which is assumed in several parts of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Neuropharmacologic and neurotoxic studies on the Renshaw mechanism]. Recurrent axon collaterals of alpha-motoneurons formed with Renshaw cells cholinergic synapses. The effects of ethanol, pyritinol-HCl and type A botulinum toxin on this central nervous cholinergic synapse were studied. Ethanol caused a marked increase in Renshaw cell activity. The excitatory influence effects above all the Renshaw cell synapses directly. Pyritinol-HCl decreased the activity of Renshaw cells. The increase of Renshaw cell activity, caused by ethanol, changed into a decrease after pyritinol-HCl application so that pyritinol-HCl has a protective effect on this cholinergic system. The injection of the neurotoxin botulinum type A into the muscle or even into the ventral root was without effect on the Renshaw cell activity during the test period. Only the direct application of botulinum toxin type A into the spinal cord led to a decrease of the early and the late response of Renshaw cells. The results are discussed and the clinical relevance is considered. The cholinergic Renshaw cell synapse is not only considered as a special synapse but also as a model for cholinergic transmission which is assumed in several parts of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 535853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6641", "title": "[Vaginal metastases as the ist signs of primary occult hypernephroid kidney neoplasms].", "content": "Based on the literature and own observations it is pointed out that in cases of vaginal tumors as a rule a consequent search for tumors of the kidneys is necessary, because vaginal tumors may be metastases of primarily not identified hypernephroid carcinomas. The frequency of such metastases is reported to be about 2%. A search for kidney tumors is necessary, if histological findings of the vaginal tumor are clearly suspect for hypernephroid carcinoma, or if it cannot be clearly identified as a primary vaginal tumor or--as a metastasis--gives no certainty to be a metastasis of a primary tumor of other localization. Because of the relative statistical frequency of vaginal metastases from carcinomas of the kidneys a consiliary gynecological check up is necessary if the diagnosis of the tumor was primarily a urologic one to ensure that there are no vaginal metastases. Further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Vaginal metastases as the ist signs of primary occult hypernephroid kidney neoplasms]. Based on the literature and own observations it is pointed out that in cases of vaginal tumors as a rule a consequent search for tumors of the kidneys is necessary, because vaginal tumors may be metastases of primarily not identified hypernephroid carcinomas. The frequency of such metastases is reported to be about 2%. A search for kidney tumors is necessary, if histological findings of the vaginal tumor are clearly suspect for hypernephroid carcinoma, or if it cannot be clearly identified as a primary vaginal tumor or--as a metastasis--gives no certainty to be a metastasis of a primary tumor of other localization. Because of the relative statistical frequency of vaginal metastases from carcinomas of the kidneys a consiliary gynecological check up is necessary if the diagnosis of the tumor was primarily a urologic one to ensure that there are no vaginal metastases. Further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 535855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6642", "title": "[Hormonal contraception and lipid metabolism. Prospective and retrospective studies of lipid metabolic parameters during the use of contraceptives].", "content": "Remarkable changes of several parameters of lipid metabolism were observed in a retrospective study of women, who had used different oral contraceptives for a longer time, in comparison with women without any hormonal contraception. In contrast, under the conditions of a prospective double-blind study no statistically significant alterations of the same parameters were seen under the use of two oral contraceptives different in dosage. Nevertheless, oral contraceptives should not be prescribed to patients with hyperlipidaemia.", "contents": "[Hormonal contraception and lipid metabolism. Prospective and retrospective studies of lipid metabolic parameters during the use of contraceptives]. Remarkable changes of several parameters of lipid metabolism were observed in a retrospective study of women, who had used different oral contraceptives for a longer time, in comparison with women without any hormonal contraception. In contrast, under the conditions of a prospective double-blind study no statistically significant alterations of the same parameters were seen under the use of two oral contraceptives different in dosage. Nevertheless, oral contraceptives should not be prescribed to patients with hyperlipidaemia.", "PMID": 535856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6643", "title": "[The special case: rare gynecologic emergency of uterine perforation in placenta percreta].", "content": "The term placenta percreta signifies a penetration of placenta villus growing through the myometrial wall to the serosal side. The incidence has been reported to vary between 1:1000 to 1:70 000. Thus uteral rupture as a result of placenta percreta is a rare event. Signs of severe shock as leading signs predominate. Immediate laparotomy with hysterectomy is the therapy of choice. The final diagnosis is based on histology.", "contents": "[The special case: rare gynecologic emergency of uterine perforation in placenta percreta]. The term placenta percreta signifies a penetration of placenta villus growing through the myometrial wall to the serosal side. The incidence has been reported to vary between 1:1000 to 1:70 000. Thus uteral rupture as a result of placenta percreta is a rare event. Signs of severe shock as leading signs predominate. Immediate laparotomy with hysterectomy is the therapy of choice. The final diagnosis is based on histology.", "PMID": 535857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6644", "title": "[The special case: squamous epithelial carcinoma of the cervix after cryotherapy in a 23 year old patient].", "content": "A case report is given of a 23 year old woman with an invasive squamous cancer of the uterine cervix 10 months after cryotherapy of an \"ectopic area\". The development in this case is reason for stressing the indispensable points in cryo-, thermo- and laser-therapy of the cervix: 1. proper pretherapeutic evaluation and documentation by means of cytology, colposcopy, and histology; 2. adequate extent of therapy; 3. exact follow-up after treatment.", "contents": "[The special case: squamous epithelial carcinoma of the cervix after cryotherapy in a 23 year old patient]. A case report is given of a 23 year old woman with an invasive squamous cancer of the uterine cervix 10 months after cryotherapy of an \"ectopic area\". The development in this case is reason for stressing the indispensable points in cryo-, thermo- and laser-therapy of the cervix: 1. proper pretherapeutic evaluation and documentation by means of cytology, colposcopy, and histology; 2. adequate extent of therapy; 3. exact follow-up after treatment.", "PMID": 535858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6645", "title": "[Prevention of thrombosis during therapy of gynecologic neoplasms].", "content": "Blood coagulation, but especially diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of thromboembolic complications are of special importance in gynaecology. Besides connatal factors acquired factors are to be considered. Carcinomas enhance hypercoagulation, especially if x-ray treatment is performed. There exists a great number of diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, though adequate prophylaxis is much more efficient than extensive diagnosis. Among the many possibilities of prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications the subcutaneous application of heparin in subclinical doses is especially efficient. Application is simple, paractically painless, additionally healing is enhanced by heparin.", "contents": "[Prevention of thrombosis during therapy of gynecologic neoplasms]. Blood coagulation, but especially diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of thromboembolic complications are of special importance in gynaecology. Besides connatal factors acquired factors are to be considered. Carcinomas enhance hypercoagulation, especially if x-ray treatment is performed. There exists a great number of diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, though adequate prophylaxis is much more efficient than extensive diagnosis. Among the many possibilities of prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications the subcutaneous application of heparin in subclinical doses is especially efficient. Application is simple, paractically painless, additionally healing is enhanced by heparin.", "PMID": 535859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6646", "title": "[The protective effect of piracetam during delivery].", "content": "It was evaluated by continuous cardiotocogram-, tcpO2-and EEG-registration sub partu to what extend these parameters are influenced by application of Piracetam (10 g i.v./h) to the mother. A group of 26 primigravida between 18 and 23 years of age with normal course of delivery at term was analyzed. Piracetam was applicated to 17 patients in the beginning of cervix dilatation, whereas the other patients got Laevulose as a placebo infusion. The results permit the conclusion that Piracetam provides a stabilization of cerebral functions with a certain resistence against transient hypoxia during the expulsion period. The EEG-registration demonstrates after application of Piracetam an activation of alpha-waves with simultaneous reduction of delta-waves, the CTG shows a reduced quantity of decelerations during the expulsion period. The data obtained by computerization correlate with the Apgar-Index (fetal outcome) after application of Piracetam, which was better than 9 in all cases.", "contents": "[The protective effect of piracetam during delivery]. It was evaluated by continuous cardiotocogram-, tcpO2-and EEG-registration sub partu to what extend these parameters are influenced by application of Piracetam (10 g i.v./h) to the mother. A group of 26 primigravida between 18 and 23 years of age with normal course of delivery at term was analyzed. Piracetam was applicated to 17 patients in the beginning of cervix dilatation, whereas the other patients got Laevulose as a placebo infusion. The results permit the conclusion that Piracetam provides a stabilization of cerebral functions with a certain resistence against transient hypoxia during the expulsion period. The EEG-registration demonstrates after application of Piracetam an activation of alpha-waves with simultaneous reduction of delta-waves, the CTG shows a reduced quantity of decelerations during the expulsion period. The data obtained by computerization correlate with the Apgar-Index (fetal outcome) after application of Piracetam, which was better than 9 in all cases.", "PMID": 535860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6647", "title": "[Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis].", "content": "Surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis axillaris is described using a housed razor blade to remove subcutaneous sweat glands.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis]. Surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis axillaris is described using a housed razor blade to remove subcutaneous sweat glands.", "PMID": 535862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6648", "title": "[Can we defend a 10 per cent rate of cesarean sections? Experiences with 2000 cesarean sections (ending)].", "content": "During a period of 13 years 2000 Caesarean sections were performed in a total of 20 584 deliveries. That means a frequency of 9,7%. Maternal mortality was zero. Maternal morbidity was 72% if one includes all minor complications. Counting only the major postoperative complications the morbidity in our Caesarean sections was not higher than 1%. Perinatal mortality was 2,2%. If one excludes all premature children and not viable malformations, a perinatal mortality of 0,65% results. Conditions for good results in mother and child after Caesarean section are: prospective management of delivery, consequent prenatal care, optimal supervision in the delivery room, favourable peri-operative circumstances, elective prophylaxis with antibiotics and elective prophylaxis against thromboembolism.", "contents": "[Can we defend a 10 per cent rate of cesarean sections? Experiences with 2000 cesarean sections (ending)]. During a period of 13 years 2000 Caesarean sections were performed in a total of 20 584 deliveries. That means a frequency of 9,7%. Maternal mortality was zero. Maternal morbidity was 72% if one includes all minor complications. Counting only the major postoperative complications the morbidity in our Caesarean sections was not higher than 1%. Perinatal mortality was 2,2%. If one excludes all premature children and not viable malformations, a perinatal mortality of 0,65% results. Conditions for good results in mother and child after Caesarean section are: prospective management of delivery, consequent prenatal care, optimal supervision in the delivery room, favourable peri-operative circumstances, elective prophylaxis with antibiotics and elective prophylaxis against thromboembolism.", "PMID": 535864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6649", "title": "[Selective proximal vagotomy without drainage in uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Technic and frequency of recurrence].", "content": "899 cases of slective promimal vagotomy were operated between 1974-1978 in the Surgical University Hospital Erlangen. The underlying disease was in all cases a chronical duodenal ulcer. The primary operative mortality was 0,6%. Intraopeatively measurements to control the sufficiency of the vagotomy Burge and Grassi proved to be necessary. We could verify by endoscopy a recurrence rate of 5,8-16,5% in the 1.-4. postoperative year. Only 58% of the recurrences could be found by x-ray investigations. 75-82% of the patients had a clinically perfect and good result. In patients with a proven recurrent ulcer there was nevertheless a good clinical result in 64%. Clinical results and complaints of the patients are therefore not sufficient as follow-up after selective proximal vagotomy and early detection of a recurrent ulcer. We believe, that one endoscopy per year is necessary.", "contents": "[Selective proximal vagotomy without drainage in uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Technic and frequency of recurrence]. 899 cases of slective promimal vagotomy were operated between 1974-1978 in the Surgical University Hospital Erlangen. The underlying disease was in all cases a chronical duodenal ulcer. The primary operative mortality was 0,6%. Intraopeatively measurements to control the sufficiency of the vagotomy Burge and Grassi proved to be necessary. We could verify by endoscopy a recurrence rate of 5,8-16,5% in the 1.-4. postoperative year. Only 58% of the recurrences could be found by x-ray investigations. 75-82% of the patients had a clinically perfect and good result. In patients with a proven recurrent ulcer there was nevertheless a good clinical result in 64%. Clinical results and complaints of the patients are therefore not sufficient as follow-up after selective proximal vagotomy and early detection of a recurrent ulcer. We believe, that one endoscopy per year is necessary.", "PMID": 535865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6650", "title": "[Ophthalmomimics. Polygraphic EMG study on oculo-facial simultaneous movements and functions of the autochthonous ear muscles].", "content": "Ophthalmomimic is the interaction between the extraocular eye muscles and the mimic muscles. Beside their original phylogenetic assisting function in looking and hearing, the ophthalmomimic muscles now serve in psychological communication: The play with the white of the eye ball can be interpreted as devotion (\"to turn a blind eye to\"); attention (\"to be all eyes\"); caution (\"to have small eyes and to prick up one's ears\"). Further on are examined function and innervation of the involuntary M. retro-auricularis (M. transversus auriculae) of the external ear, so far neglected. Practical diagnostic use could be shown, among others, in early ocular forms of myasthenic syndromes and by the help of the oculoauricular phenomenon for the differentiation between nuclear and peripheral-distal pareses of the abducens nerve.", "contents": "[Ophthalmomimics. Polygraphic EMG study on oculo-facial simultaneous movements and functions of the autochthonous ear muscles]. Ophthalmomimic is the interaction between the extraocular eye muscles and the mimic muscles. Beside their original phylogenetic assisting function in looking and hearing, the ophthalmomimic muscles now serve in psychological communication: The play with the white of the eye ball can be interpreted as devotion (\"to turn a blind eye to\"); attention (\"to be all eyes\"); caution (\"to have small eyes and to prick up one's ears\"). Further on are examined function and innervation of the involuntary M. retro-auricularis (M. transversus auriculae) of the external ear, so far neglected. Practical diagnostic use could be shown, among others, in early ocular forms of myasthenic syndromes and by the help of the oculoauricular phenomenon for the differentiation between nuclear and peripheral-distal pareses of the abducens nerve.", "PMID": 535872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6651", "title": "Hydrazonopropionic acids, a class of hypoglycemic substances. 1. Hypoglycemic effect of 2-(phenylethylhydrazono)- and 2-(2-cyclohexyl-ethylhydrazono)-propionic acid.", "content": "The two hydrazone-compounds 2-(phenylethylhydrazono)-propionic acid (PEHP) and 2-(2-cyclohexyl-ethylhydrazono)-propionic acid (CHEHP) significantly lowered the blood glucose level in several laboratory animals fasted 48 hours (guinea pigs, mice, hamsters and rats). In the guinea pig, PEHP produced a three times stronger hypoglycemic effect than phenelzine, its corresponding hydrazine. Conversely both hydrazono compounds decreased the monoamine oxidase activity much less, than phenelzine. CHEHP (145 mumol/kg) inhibited this enzyme by less than 14%. After oral administration both hydrazones (200 mumol/kg) also produced a distinct hypoglycemic effect. The blood glucose lowering properties of the two hydrazones were most manifest in fasted guinea pigs, diabetic mice and rats with streptozotozin diabetes.", "contents": "Hydrazonopropionic acids, a class of hypoglycemic substances. 1. Hypoglycemic effect of 2-(phenylethylhydrazono)- and 2-(2-cyclohexyl-ethylhydrazono)-propionic acid. The two hydrazone-compounds 2-(phenylethylhydrazono)-propionic acid (PEHP) and 2-(2-cyclohexyl-ethylhydrazono)-propionic acid (CHEHP) significantly lowered the blood glucose level in several laboratory animals fasted 48 hours (guinea pigs, mice, hamsters and rats). In the guinea pig, PEHP produced a three times stronger hypoglycemic effect than phenelzine, its corresponding hydrazine. Conversely both hydrazono compounds decreased the monoamine oxidase activity much less, than phenelzine. CHEHP (145 mumol/kg) inhibited this enzyme by less than 14%. After oral administration both hydrazones (200 mumol/kg) also produced a distinct hypoglycemic effect. The blood glucose lowering properties of the two hydrazones were most manifest in fasted guinea pigs, diabetic mice and rats with streptozotozin diabetes.", "PMID": 535878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6652", "title": "Total cortisol and L/S-ratio in amniotic fluid in late pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "content": "68 samples of amniotic fluid from 47 women with varying severity of diabetes mellitus and 48 samples from 43 normal women were obtained in the 31st to 40th week of pregnancy before onset of labour. The concentration of total cortisol and the L/S-ratio in amniotic flud were determined and related to gestational age. There was a continous rise of total cortisol with advancing gestational age in the diabetic pregnancies similar to that found in normal pregnancy. Diabetic pregnancies were associated with slightly lower amniotic fluid cortisol levels without significant difference to values found in normal pregnancy. The severity of the disease did not affect the cortisol levels in amniotic fluid. There was no correlation between total cortisol levels and L/S-ratios in amniotic fluid. Determination of total cortisol in amniotic fluid can thus not replace measurements of L/S-ratios to predict fetal lung maturation.", "contents": "Total cortisol and L/S-ratio in amniotic fluid in late pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. 68 samples of amniotic fluid from 47 women with varying severity of diabetes mellitus and 48 samples from 43 normal women were obtained in the 31st to 40th week of pregnancy before onset of labour. The concentration of total cortisol and the L/S-ratio in amniotic flud were determined and related to gestational age. There was a continous rise of total cortisol with advancing gestational age in the diabetic pregnancies similar to that found in normal pregnancy. Diabetic pregnancies were associated with slightly lower amniotic fluid cortisol levels without significant difference to values found in normal pregnancy. The severity of the disease did not affect the cortisol levels in amniotic fluid. There was no correlation between total cortisol levels and L/S-ratios in amniotic fluid. Determination of total cortisol in amniotic fluid can thus not replace measurements of L/S-ratios to predict fetal lung maturation.", "PMID": 535879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6653", "title": "Effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on in vivo lipogenesis in fed and fasted rats.", "content": "Thyroidectomized rats (T) daily injected with either 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body wt. were compared with intact controls (C). The appearance of radioactivity in fatty acids 30 min after the i.p. injection of (3-14C)pyruvate was reduced in adipose tissue and enhanced in liver of T+25, being no differences between the other groups and C. (14C)-Fatty acids are reduced with 3 h of fasting only in the adipose tissue of T+1.8 and C, while 24 h produces a reduction in liver in the T+1.8, T+25 and C, and in adipose tissue in the T+1.8 and C animals. The highest percentage of radioactivity was observed in the liver glyceride glycerol fraction, being greater in T+25 than in the other groups. Fasting produces an increment in the (14C)-glyceride glycerol fraction. Being significant only in thehypothyroid animals in both liver and adipose tissue. The most sensitive parameter to fasting was the formation of (14C)-non-saponifiable lipid in both the C and T+1.8 animals, while it does not change in T+0 or T+0.1, but is enhanced within 24 h in the adipose tissue of T+25. It is proposed that most of the observed changes are due to the other endocrine disfunction s which appear in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, as the in vivo results do not comply with in vitro effects of thyroxine onlipogenesis of others.", "contents": "Effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on in vivo lipogenesis in fed and fasted rats. Thyroidectomized rats (T) daily injected with either 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body wt. were compared with intact controls (C). The appearance of radioactivity in fatty acids 30 min after the i.p. injection of (3-14C)pyruvate was reduced in adipose tissue and enhanced in liver of T+25, being no differences between the other groups and C. (14C)-Fatty acids are reduced with 3 h of fasting only in the adipose tissue of T+1.8 and C, while 24 h produces a reduction in liver in the T+1.8, T+25 and C, and in adipose tissue in the T+1.8 and C animals. The highest percentage of radioactivity was observed in the liver glyceride glycerol fraction, being greater in T+25 than in the other groups. Fasting produces an increment in the (14C)-glyceride glycerol fraction. Being significant only in thehypothyroid animals in both liver and adipose tissue. The most sensitive parameter to fasting was the formation of (14C)-non-saponifiable lipid in both the C and T+1.8 animals, while it does not change in T+0 or T+0.1, but is enhanced within 24 h in the adipose tissue of T+25. It is proposed that most of the observed changes are due to the other endocrine disfunction s which appear in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, as the in vivo results do not comply with in vitro effects of thyroxine onlipogenesis of others.", "PMID": 535880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6654", "title": "Low muscle and liver glycogen contents in dogs treated with thyroid hormones.", "content": "Muscle biopsies for glycogen determinations were taken from dogs before (controls) and after prolonged treatment with thyroid hormones (T4 or T3). The glycogen content in quadriceps femoris was measured before exercise, immediately after its cessation, and during 24h of post-exercise recovery. The effect of thyroxine treatment on the liver glycogen content both at rest and following physical effort was also studied. A marked decrease in the muscle glycogen content determined at rest was found both in T4 and T3-treated dogs in comparison with controls. Physical exercise diminished the muscle glycogen store to similar values in control and thyroid hormone-treated dogs, but the rate of the muscle glycogen utilization during exercise was lower in the latter. The rate of the post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis was considerably inhibited in thyroid hormone-treated dogs, but 1 hr glucose infusion, applied immediately after cessation of exercise, accelerated the rate of glycogen re-synthesis, so it was close to that in controls without infusion. Thyroxine treatment also affected the liver glycogen store. Both at rest and after physical exercise significantly lower liver glycogen contents were found in T4-treated dogs than in controls.", "contents": "Low muscle and liver glycogen contents in dogs treated with thyroid hormones. Muscle biopsies for glycogen determinations were taken from dogs before (controls) and after prolonged treatment with thyroid hormones (T4 or T3). The glycogen content in quadriceps femoris was measured before exercise, immediately after its cessation, and during 24h of post-exercise recovery. The effect of thyroxine treatment on the liver glycogen content both at rest and following physical effort was also studied. A marked decrease in the muscle glycogen content determined at rest was found both in T4 and T3-treated dogs in comparison with controls. Physical exercise diminished the muscle glycogen store to similar values in control and thyroid hormone-treated dogs, but the rate of the muscle glycogen utilization during exercise was lower in the latter. The rate of the post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis was considerably inhibited in thyroid hormone-treated dogs, but 1 hr glucose infusion, applied immediately after cessation of exercise, accelerated the rate of glycogen re-synthesis, so it was close to that in controls without infusion. Thyroxine treatment also affected the liver glycogen store. Both at rest and after physical exercise significantly lower liver glycogen contents were found in T4-treated dogs than in controls.", "PMID": 535882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6655", "title": "Mosaic character of spermatogenesis in carriers of the sex reversed factor in the mouse.", "content": "The \"sex reversed\" factor leads to development of XX male mice. It is inherited on one of the autosomes and transmitted through XY-Sxr carrier males. In the latter, spermatogenesis is studied under the aspect of gene dosis effects produced by the presence of the Sxr factor in addition to the Y chromosome. A mosaic pattern of normal and defective spermatogenesis is described. The defective areas are characterized by failure in late pachytene and metaphase I, and by appearance of spermatids with very large nuclei which degenerate in cap phase. The defects correspond to those observed in X0-Sxr spermatogenesis. Our interpretation is that in the normal areas only the Y chromosome, and in the defective areas the Sxr factor is expressed.", "contents": "Mosaic character of spermatogenesis in carriers of the sex reversed factor in the mouse. The \"sex reversed\" factor leads to development of XX male mice. It is inherited on one of the autosomes and transmitted through XY-Sxr carrier males. In the latter, spermatogenesis is studied under the aspect of gene dosis effects produced by the presence of the Sxr factor in addition to the Y chromosome. A mosaic pattern of normal and defective spermatogenesis is described. The defective areas are characterized by failure in late pachytene and metaphase I, and by appearance of spermatids with very large nuclei which degenerate in cap phase. The defects correspond to those observed in X0-Sxr spermatogenesis. Our interpretation is that in the normal areas only the Y chromosome, and in the defective areas the Sxr factor is expressed.", "PMID": 535883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6656", "title": "Study of FSH-TSH functional overlap by cockerel testicle test.", "content": "Comparison of the neonatal effects of FSH and TSH in the cockerel testicle test revealed that the latter caused a greater increase of testicular weight, tubular diameter and testicular interstital tissue. This finding suggests the possibility of FSH-TSH functional overlap during the perinatal critical period of receptor maturation.", "contents": "Study of FSH-TSH functional overlap by cockerel testicle test. Comparison of the neonatal effects of FSH and TSH in the cockerel testicle test revealed that the latter caused a greater increase of testicular weight, tubular diameter and testicular interstital tissue. This finding suggests the possibility of FSH-TSH functional overlap during the perinatal critical period of receptor maturation.", "PMID": 535884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6657", "title": "Evidence for Na-retaining humoral agents and vasoconstrictor humoral agents in hypertension-prone Dahl 'S' rats. Prevention of NaCl-induced hypertension in Dahl 'S' rats with thiazide.", "content": "Dahl 'S' rats become hypertensive when fed a high NaCl diet but remain normotensive on a low NaCl diet. Dahl 'R' rats are normotensive on either diet. For a given perfusion pressure, isolated 'S' kidneys excrete 50% less Na than 'R' kidneys. Therefore, we searched for a Na-retaining hormone in 'S' rats. Kidneys were isolated without ischemia from normal rats and were continuously perfused at 125 mm Hg with blood from Dahl 'S' and 'R' rats, all on low NaCl diets. Kidneys and adrenals had been extirpated from the perfusing rats. During 15 min of perfusion, the isolated 'normal' kidneys excreted a mean of 164 micronEq of Na/min/100 g during 26 perfusion experiments with blood from 'R' rats. The 'normal' kidneys excreted a mean of 84 micronEq Na during 24 perfusions with blood from 'S' rats. Thus, the normal kidneys excreted half as much Na when perfused with 'S' blood compared with 'R' blood (p less than 0.02). Seemingly, a Na-retaining humoral agent is present in the blood of 'S' rats on a low Na diet in the absence of renal and adrenal tissue. Moreover, in these normal kidneys, perfusion with 'S' blood induced a 16% higher renal vascular resistance than perfusion with 'R' blood (p less than 0.01), indicating vasoconstricting agents in 'S' blood. However, the Na-retaining humoral effect in 'S' blood could lead to Na retention by 'S' kidneys in vivo, which could partially account for the susceptibility of 'S' rats to NaCl hypertension. Hypertension in Dahl 'S' rats can be almost completely prevented by concomitant treatment with thiazide diuretics which act mainly on the kidney to facilitate Na excretion. This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that a shift in the pressure natriuresis curve, reducing Na excretion for a given arterial pressure, is partially responsible for the great sensitivity to NaCl hypertension in the 'S' rat. The Na-retaining hormone may contribute to this shift.", "contents": "Evidence for Na-retaining humoral agents and vasoconstrictor humoral agents in hypertension-prone Dahl 'S' rats. Prevention of NaCl-induced hypertension in Dahl 'S' rats with thiazide. Dahl 'S' rats become hypertensive when fed a high NaCl diet but remain normotensive on a low NaCl diet. Dahl 'R' rats are normotensive on either diet. For a given perfusion pressure, isolated 'S' kidneys excrete 50% less Na than 'R' kidneys. Therefore, we searched for a Na-retaining hormone in 'S' rats. Kidneys were isolated without ischemia from normal rats and were continuously perfused at 125 mm Hg with blood from Dahl 'S' and 'R' rats, all on low NaCl diets. Kidneys and adrenals had been extirpated from the perfusing rats. During 15 min of perfusion, the isolated 'normal' kidneys excreted a mean of 164 micronEq of Na/min/100 g during 26 perfusion experiments with blood from 'R' rats. The 'normal' kidneys excreted a mean of 84 micronEq Na during 24 perfusions with blood from 'S' rats. Thus, the normal kidneys excreted half as much Na when perfused with 'S' blood compared with 'R' blood (p less than 0.02). Seemingly, a Na-retaining humoral agent is present in the blood of 'S' rats on a low Na diet in the absence of renal and adrenal tissue. Moreover, in these normal kidneys, perfusion with 'S' blood induced a 16% higher renal vascular resistance than perfusion with 'R' blood (p less than 0.01), indicating vasoconstricting agents in 'S' blood. However, the Na-retaining humoral effect in 'S' blood could lead to Na retention by 'S' kidneys in vivo, which could partially account for the susceptibility of 'S' rats to NaCl hypertension. Hypertension in Dahl 'S' rats can be almost completely prevented by concomitant treatment with thiazide diuretics which act mainly on the kidney to facilitate Na excretion. This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that a shift in the pressure natriuresis curve, reducing Na excretion for a given arterial pressure, is partially responsible for the great sensitivity to NaCl hypertension in the 'S' rat. The Na-retaining hormone may contribute to this shift.", "PMID": 535885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6658", "title": "Pure trisomy 17p in 60% cells.", "content": "A patient with pure trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 17 in 60% of the examined cells is reported. She presented a variant chromosome 1 with partial pericentric inversion and increased centromeric heterochromatin in one chromosome 17. The cytogenetic findings are discussed. The clinical findings are compared to those found in other reported cases of partial trisomy 17 and a delineation of a pure trisomy 17p attempted.", "contents": "Pure trisomy 17p in 60% cells. A patient with pure trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 17 in 60% of the examined cells is reported. She presented a variant chromosome 1 with partial pericentric inversion and increased centromeric heterochromatin in one chromosome 17. The cytogenetic findings are discussed. The clinical findings are compared to those found in other reported cases of partial trisomy 17 and a delineation of a pure trisomy 17p attempted.", "PMID": 535886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6659", "title": "Interstitial deletion 13q syndromes: a report on two unrelated patients.", "content": "A partial monosomy 13 by interstitial deletion was found in the complement of two patients with mental retardation and mild dysmorphic features. Neither of the patients had a retinoblastoma, even though the second patient had a 13q14 deletion. The karyotype-phenotype correlation in the two patients suggests the need to reconsider the clinical profile of these rare chromosomal syndromes in a large series of subjects.", "contents": "Interstitial deletion 13q syndromes: a report on two unrelated patients. A partial monosomy 13 by interstitial deletion was found in the complement of two patients with mental retardation and mild dysmorphic features. Neither of the patients had a retinoblastoma, even though the second patient had a 13q14 deletion. The karyotype-phenotype correlation in the two patients suggests the need to reconsider the clinical profile of these rare chromosomal syndromes in a large series of subjects.", "PMID": 535887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6660", "title": "An uncommon phenotypical variant in the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome.", "content": "Three young girls of short stature and with somatic anomalies typical for the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome are described. Signs of sexual maturation and menarche appeared on time. Later on, menstrual periods came to resemble juvenile bleedings. Karyotypes determined in lymphocyte culture were 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 45,X/46,XXp-; and 46,XXp-, respectively. A possibility of spontaneous sexual maturation in patients with the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "An uncommon phenotypical variant in the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome. Three young girls of short stature and with somatic anomalies typical for the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome are described. Signs of sexual maturation and menarche appeared on time. Later on, menstrual periods came to resemble juvenile bleedings. Karyotypes determined in lymphocyte culture were 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 45,X/46,XXp-; and 46,XXp-, respectively. A possibility of spontaneous sexual maturation in patients with the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 535888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6661", "title": "Mutagenic effects of isonicotinic acid hydracide in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "Isonicotinic acid hydracide (INH) increases substantially the chromosomal instability in Fanconi's anemia (FA) cells. The same concentrations of INH do not significantly break chromosomes in heterozygous or normal cells. INH does not induce alkylation or cross-links in the DNA, like other mutagens known to increase breakage in FA cells. Possible mechanisms of the effect of INH are discussed. One consequence of this experiment is the possibility of an exact and doubtless prenatal diagnosis of a homozygous FA fetus.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of isonicotinic acid hydracide in Fanconi's anemia. Isonicotinic acid hydracide (INH) increases substantially the chromosomal instability in Fanconi's anemia (FA) cells. The same concentrations of INH do not significantly break chromosomes in heterozygous or normal cells. INH does not induce alkylation or cross-links in the DNA, like other mutagens known to increase breakage in FA cells. Possible mechanisms of the effect of INH are discussed. One consequence of this experiment is the possibility of an exact and doubtless prenatal diagnosis of a homozygous FA fetus.", "PMID": 535889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6662", "title": "Calculating genetic risk figures using a programmable pocket calculator.", "content": "In autosomal irregular dominant as well as in sex-linked recessive inheritance, heterozygosity probabilities for up to six or eight pedigree members with unknown genotype can easily be calculated using a programmable pocket calculator. The application of the underlying combinatorial programs is explained by means of two relevant examples. Genetic counsellors without a computer at hand are provided with a simple and accurate method for calculating genetic risk figures taking into account pedigree data, incidence and/or mutation rate, reproductive fitness, as well as penetrance or results of heterozygosity tests of the disease in question.", "contents": "Calculating genetic risk figures using a programmable pocket calculator. In autosomal irregular dominant as well as in sex-linked recessive inheritance, heterozygosity probabilities for up to six or eight pedigree members with unknown genotype can easily be calculated using a programmable pocket calculator. The application of the underlying combinatorial programs is explained by means of two relevant examples. Genetic counsellors without a computer at hand are provided with a simple and accurate method for calculating genetic risk figures taking into account pedigree data, incidence and/or mutation rate, reproductive fitness, as well as penetrance or results of heterozygosity tests of the disease in question.", "PMID": 535891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6663", "title": "On the nature of sickle-cell disease in the Arabian Peninsula.", "content": "The sickle-cell gene contributes substantially to the presentation of anaemia in certain areas of the Arabian Peninsula. However, the clinical presentation of the homozygous state of Hb S is less severe than that observed in other ethnic groups, such as American negroes. In the present paper, biosynthesis studies performed on reticulocytes from heterozygotes and homozygotes for the Hb S give further indications of the mild nature of sickle-cell disease in Arabia. Comparison of two affected families, from Saudi Arabia and Jordan, showed that clinical manifestation of the disease is mirrored by the biochemical and haematological findings in affected individuals. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of co-existing thalassaemia and/or iron deficiency with Hb S. It is suggested that both genetic and acquired conditions play a role in the clinical features of the disease. The mechanisms responsible for regulation of alpha-chain synthesis by iron (haem) deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "On the nature of sickle-cell disease in the Arabian Peninsula. The sickle-cell gene contributes substantially to the presentation of anaemia in certain areas of the Arabian Peninsula. However, the clinical presentation of the homozygous state of Hb S is less severe than that observed in other ethnic groups, such as American negroes. In the present paper, biosynthesis studies performed on reticulocytes from heterozygotes and homozygotes for the Hb S give further indications of the mild nature of sickle-cell disease in Arabia. Comparison of two affected families, from Saudi Arabia and Jordan, showed that clinical manifestation of the disease is mirrored by the biochemical and haematological findings in affected individuals. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of co-existing thalassaemia and/or iron deficiency with Hb S. It is suggested that both genetic and acquired conditions play a role in the clinical features of the disease. The mechanisms responsible for regulation of alpha-chain synthesis by iron (haem) deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 535890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6664", "title": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in cigarette smokers.", "content": "The effect of cigarette smoking on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE'S) was investigated in a group of adult men. It was observed that there was a significant increase in the mean SCE frequency per cell in smokers. Both the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day appeared to influence SCE frequency.", "contents": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in cigarette smokers. The effect of cigarette smoking on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE'S) was investigated in a group of adult men. It was observed that there was a significant increase in the mean SCE frequency per cell in smokers. Both the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day appeared to influence SCE frequency.", "PMID": 535892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6665", "title": "Partial deficiency of red cell 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: a family study.", "content": "A family with partial deficiency of erythrocytic 6PGD is described. Biochemical and electrophoretic analysis suggest that the partial deficiency is due to a silent PGD0 allele. Chromosomal analysis and assay of closely linked markers do not reveal a grossly detectable deletion.", "contents": "Partial deficiency of red cell 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: a family study. A family with partial deficiency of erythrocytic 6PGD is described. Biochemical and electrophoretic analysis suggest that the partial deficiency is due to a silent PGD0 allele. Chromosomal analysis and assay of closely linked markers do not reveal a grossly detectable deletion.", "PMID": 535893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6666", "title": "Omphalocele and partial trisomy 1q syndrome.", "content": "A male infant with partial trisomy 1q syndrome (46,XY,der(21),t(1;21)(q25;q22)pat) is described. Clinical findings include small for gestational age, hypoglycemia, ocular hypertelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma of the iris, low-set ears, beak nose, micrognathia, micropenis, cryptorchidism, presacral dimple, flexion contractures of the fingers, bifid thumb, Simian crease, and overriding toes. In addition, he had a large omphalocele not previously seen in trisomy 1q. Postmortem findings include underdeveloped cerebellum, a thymus with moderate depletion of thymocytes, a large PDA, ASD, small adrenal, and fatty change of the liver. The grandfather, father, and a male sibling have translocation t(1;21)(q25;q22). A family history of repeated spontaneous abortions is present.", "contents": "Omphalocele and partial trisomy 1q syndrome. A male infant with partial trisomy 1q syndrome (46,XY,der(21),t(1;21)(q25;q22)pat) is described. Clinical findings include small for gestational age, hypoglycemia, ocular hypertelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma of the iris, low-set ears, beak nose, micrognathia, micropenis, cryptorchidism, presacral dimple, flexion contractures of the fingers, bifid thumb, Simian crease, and overriding toes. In addition, he had a large omphalocele not previously seen in trisomy 1q. Postmortem findings include underdeveloped cerebellum, a thymus with moderate depletion of thymocytes, a large PDA, ASD, small adrenal, and fatty change of the liver. The grandfather, father, and a male sibling have translocation t(1;21)(q25;q22). A family history of repeated spontaneous abortions is present.", "PMID": 535894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6667", "title": "Demonstration of Y/autosomal translocations using distamycin A.", "content": "The condensation of the brightly fluorescing Y-heterochromatin is prevented by cultivating leukocytes in a medium containing distamycin A. This technique provides a reliable method for the identification of those Y/autosomal translocations in which Y heterochromatin is involved. A case of a familiar Y/22 translocation and the distamycin A technique are described.", "contents": "Demonstration of Y/autosomal translocations using distamycin A. The condensation of the brightly fluorescing Y-heterochromatin is prevented by cultivating leukocytes in a medium containing distamycin A. This technique provides a reliable method for the identification of those Y/autosomal translocations in which Y heterochromatin is involved. A case of a familiar Y/22 translocation and the distamycin A technique are described.", "PMID": 535895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6668", "title": "A new translocation in Burkitt's tumor cells.", "content": "A t(8;22)(q24;q11) translocation was found in blood, bone marrow, and ascites cells from a European Burkitt's lymphoma. Cell surface markers were identified as monoclonal IgG. The relationship between these two unusual findings is questionable in this cytologically typical Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "A new translocation in Burkitt's tumor cells. A t(8;22)(q24;q11) translocation was found in blood, bone marrow, and ascites cells from a European Burkitt's lymphoma. Cell surface markers were identified as monoclonal IgG. The relationship between these two unusual findings is questionable in this cytologically typical Burkitt's lymphoma.", "PMID": 535896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6669", "title": "Partial trisomy 7q and probable partial monosomy of 5p in the son of a mother with a reciprocal translocation between 5p and 7q.", "content": "An underweight male newborn revealed a complex pattern of abnormal findings including severe neurologic dysfunction, a catlike cry, defective ossification of the calvarian bones, hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, a short and flat nose with a flattened bridge, broad thumbs, clenched fingers 3--5 on the right hand, simian creases, a congenital heart defect, internal hydrocephalus, and bilateral hydronephrosis. He died on day 26 of his life. Chromosome examination disclosed a maternally inherited reciprocal translocation between 5p and 7q, resulting most probably in monosomy of 5p15 and trisomy of 7q32 leads to qter (46,XY,der(5), t(5;7)(p15;q32)mat).", "contents": "Partial trisomy 7q and probable partial monosomy of 5p in the son of a mother with a reciprocal translocation between 5p and 7q. An underweight male newborn revealed a complex pattern of abnormal findings including severe neurologic dysfunction, a catlike cry, defective ossification of the calvarian bones, hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, a short and flat nose with a flattened bridge, broad thumbs, clenched fingers 3--5 on the right hand, simian creases, a congenital heart defect, internal hydrocephalus, and bilateral hydronephrosis. He died on day 26 of his life. Chromosome examination disclosed a maternally inherited reciprocal translocation between 5p and 7q, resulting most probably in monosomy of 5p15 and trisomy of 7q32 leads to qter (46,XY,der(5), t(5;7)(p15;q32)mat).", "PMID": 535897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6670", "title": "Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. III. Detection of fra(X)(q27) in males with X-linked mental retardation and in their female relatives.", "content": "The fragile site at Xq27 which is associated with X-linked retardation with macroorchidism has been studied in 21 retarded males. These males were from 12 families, and studies of nine of the familes were possible. Detection of carrier females is difficult, especially with increasing age. The fragile site was demonstrated in only five of 13 obligate carrier females. It is concluded that using present methods, cytogenetic detection of carriers is fairly reliable in females aged less than 20--25 years but unreliable in older females.", "contents": "Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. III. Detection of fra(X)(q27) in males with X-linked mental retardation and in their female relatives. The fragile site at Xq27 which is associated with X-linked retardation with macroorchidism has been studied in 21 retarded males. These males were from 12 families, and studies of nine of the familes were possible. Detection of carrier females is difficult, especially with increasing age. The fragile site was demonstrated in only five of 13 obligate carrier females. It is concluded that using present methods, cytogenetic detection of carriers is fairly reliable in females aged less than 20--25 years but unreliable in older females.", "PMID": 535898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6671", "title": "Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. IV. Silver staining.", "content": "The chromosomal gaps associated with fragile sites at 2q11, 10q23, 11q13, 16q22, 20p11 and Xq27 do not stain with silver nitrate as do NOR regions of the acrocentric chromosomes.", "contents": "Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. IV. Silver staining. The chromosomal gaps associated with fragile sites at 2q11, 10q23, 11q13, 16q22, 20p11 and Xq27 do not stain with silver nitrate as do NOR regions of the acrocentric chromosomes.", "PMID": 535899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6672", "title": "Genetic studies of complement C4 in man.", "content": "A C4 variant found in about 5% of the population is described. The fast-moving part of this variant is governed by an allele (Fx) codominant to F. The Fx allele is in very strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B17 as the linkage disequilibrium parameter accounted for nearly 100% of the haplotype frequency of B17,Fx. The strong association is also evidenced by the study of 11 families segregating for the Fx allele. There was no instance of recombination between C4 and HLA in 36 informative meioses.", "contents": "Genetic studies of complement C4 in man. A C4 variant found in about 5% of the population is described. The fast-moving part of this variant is governed by an allele (Fx) codominant to F. The Fx allele is in very strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B17 as the linkage disequilibrium parameter accounted for nearly 100% of the haplotype frequency of B17,Fx. The strong association is also evidenced by the study of 11 families segregating for the Fx allele. There was no instance of recombination between C4 and HLA in 36 informative meioses.", "PMID": 535900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6673", "title": "Characterization of some erythrocyte G6PD variants by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The existence of a microheterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in human erythrocyte lysates has been previously demonstrated using isoelectric focusing (Der Kaloustian et al., 1974; Turner et al., 1975). The application of this method, modified in some aspects, to the identification of various G6PD variants led to interesting conclusions. The results reported here have been obtained from a study of four distinct molecular types: Gd(-) Mediterranean, Gd(-) Kabyle, the African Gd(+) A, and a new almost undescribed G6PD variant with severe enzyme deficiency named Gd(-) Muret.", "contents": "Characterization of some erythrocyte G6PD variants by isoelectric focusing. The existence of a microheterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in human erythrocyte lysates has been previously demonstrated using isoelectric focusing (Der Kaloustian et al., 1974; Turner et al., 1975). The application of this method, modified in some aspects, to the identification of various G6PD variants led to interesting conclusions. The results reported here have been obtained from a study of four distinct molecular types: Gd(-) Mediterranean, Gd(-) Kabyle, the African Gd(+) A, and a new almost undescribed G6PD variant with severe enzyme deficiency named Gd(-) Muret.", "PMID": 535901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6674", "title": "H-Y antigen in Swyer syndrome and the genetics of XY gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "The H-Y antigen is a plasma membrane antigen involved in the organogenesis of the mammalian testis. Its expression on human cells is determined by a Y-linked gene. Phenotypic females affected by 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome) can be either H-Y-positive or H-Y-negative. In this paper we report H-Y antigen and endocrine studies in a sibship with three affected sisters. Immunological studies were performed on two of the patients, and a clearly positive expression was detected in both cases. Endocrine studies consisted in the investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which revealed that gonadal hormone insufficiency is the only endocrine abnormality associated with the syndrome. A new genetic interpretation and calssification of XY gonadal dysgenesis is proposed.", "contents": "H-Y antigen in Swyer syndrome and the genetics of XY gonadal dysgenesis. The H-Y antigen is a plasma membrane antigen involved in the organogenesis of the mammalian testis. Its expression on human cells is determined by a Y-linked gene. Phenotypic females affected by 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome) can be either H-Y-positive or H-Y-negative. In this paper we report H-Y antigen and endocrine studies in a sibship with three affected sisters. Immunological studies were performed on two of the patients, and a clearly positive expression was detected in both cases. Endocrine studies consisted in the investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which revealed that gonadal hormone insufficiency is the only endocrine abnormality associated with the syndrome. A new genetic interpretation and calssification of XY gonadal dysgenesis is proposed.", "PMID": 535902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6675", "title": "H-Y antigen-positive male pseudohermaphroditism with 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism.", "content": "A 42-year-old male had short stature, microphallus, hypospadias, a bifid scrotum, abdominal undifferentiated testes, a uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes, and 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism in his blood, skin, and germinal tissue and tissue surrounding the tests as determined by means of G-, Q-, and C-banding. An H-Y antigen assay on skin fibroblasts was positive, indicating that the locus for this antigen is not located in the brightly fluorescent region of the Y chromosome.", "contents": "H-Y antigen-positive male pseudohermaphroditism with 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism. A 42-year-old male had short stature, microphallus, hypospadias, a bifid scrotum, abdominal undifferentiated testes, a uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes, and 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism in his blood, skin, and germinal tissue and tissue surrounding the tests as determined by means of G-, Q-, and C-banding. An H-Y antigen assay on skin fibroblasts was positive, indicating that the locus for this antigen is not located in the brightly fluorescent region of the Y chromosome.", "PMID": 535903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6676", "title": "X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. Review of literature and report of a case.", "content": "X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata is a syndrome consisting of skeletal, ocular, and cutaneous anomalies with asymmetric involvement of the body. The skin lesions, the hallmark of this condition, are distributed in a linear or blotchy pattern and include congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, systematized atrophoderma mainly involving the hair follicles, and circumscribed alopecia. The remaining scalp hair is in part normal and in part irregularly twisted and coarse. The eyebrows and lashes are sparse. The nails may be flattened and split into layers. Thirty-five cases of this new syndrome are reviewed, and an additional observation is reported. The ratio of females to males is 36:0. The concept of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata has been suggested, and it has been postulated that there is a connection between the mosaic phenotype and the limitation to the female sex. Both facts would be explained by an X-linked gene giving rise to a pattern of lyonization in females, and lethal in hemizygous males. The classification of chondrodysplasia punctata thus includes three forms: the rhizomelic type, the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type, and the X-linked dominant type. Two of these, the rhizomelic type and the X-linked dominant type, are well-defined entities. Whether the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type, after separation of the X-linked form, is still heterogeneous, remains to be determined.", "contents": "X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. Review of literature and report of a case. X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata is a syndrome consisting of skeletal, ocular, and cutaneous anomalies with asymmetric involvement of the body. The skin lesions, the hallmark of this condition, are distributed in a linear or blotchy pattern and include congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, systematized atrophoderma mainly involving the hair follicles, and circumscribed alopecia. The remaining scalp hair is in part normal and in part irregularly twisted and coarse. The eyebrows and lashes are sparse. The nails may be flattened and split into layers. Thirty-five cases of this new syndrome are reviewed, and an additional observation is reported. The ratio of females to males is 36:0. The concept of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata has been suggested, and it has been postulated that there is a connection between the mosaic phenotype and the limitation to the female sex. Both facts would be explained by an X-linked gene giving rise to a pattern of lyonization in females, and lethal in hemizygous males. The classification of chondrodysplasia punctata thus includes three forms: the rhizomelic type, the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type, and the X-linked dominant type. Two of these, the rhizomelic type and the X-linked dominant type, are well-defined entities. Whether the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type, after separation of the X-linked form, is still heterogeneous, remains to be determined.", "PMID": 535904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6677", "title": "Improved screening test for abnormal hemoglobins from dried blood samples.", "content": "A method is described wherein blood samples taken from adults or newborns and dried on filter paper can be used for hemoglobin analysis within 2 years after sampling. The samples are eluted in 8 M urea in the presence of 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and 2% of the neutral detergent Nonidet P-40. Then the individual alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon chains are separated by means of electrofocusing in 8 M urea-PAA gels. Up to 96 samples can be applied to a gel using multiple syringes. Several hundred samples can be analyzed daily by one person. This method may be especially useful for preventive programs against sickle cell anemia as well as for human mutation monitoring systems.", "contents": "Improved screening test for abnormal hemoglobins from dried blood samples. A method is described wherein blood samples taken from adults or newborns and dried on filter paper can be used for hemoglobin analysis within 2 years after sampling. The samples are eluted in 8 M urea in the presence of 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and 2% of the neutral detergent Nonidet P-40. Then the individual alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon chains are separated by means of electrofocusing in 8 M urea-PAA gels. Up to 96 samples can be applied to a gel using multiple syringes. Several hundred samples can be analyzed daily by one person. This method may be especially useful for preventive programs against sickle cell anemia as well as for human mutation monitoring systems.", "PMID": 535905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6678", "title": "Microcinematographic demonstration of synchronous and asynchronous myoepithelial contractions in mouse submandibular gland rudiments in organotypic culture.", "content": "Time-lapse phase-contrast cinematography revealed contractile activity within mouse submandibular salivary gland rudiments in organotypic culture. Three types of contraction were distinguishable. In type I (voiding contractions), all portions of the gland contracted synchronously, and the active state ranged from 30 min to 2 hr. In type II (priming contractions), all portions of the gland contracted synchronously, but the active state was shorter, ranging from 4 to 10 min. In type III (churning contractions), isolated foci in lobules or secretory units throughout the gland contracted asynchronously and had very short active states of about 1 min. By electron microscopy, myoepithelial cells could first be demonstrated in submandibular glands developing either in vitro or in vivo, at 21 days postconception. Contractions in the cultured rudiments began as early as 18 days postconception. Since neither smooth nor striated muscle could be identified in these glands by electron microscopy, the contractions are believed to result from myoepithelial activity that apparently may begin before ultrastructural evidence of myoepithelial differentiation is clearly present. Although, for over a century, myoepithelium has been presumed to have a contractile function and indirect evidence has lent ample support to this presumption, the present study represents the first direct cinematographic demonstration and characterization of myoepithelial contractions, under conditions in vitro.", "contents": "Microcinematographic demonstration of synchronous and asynchronous myoepithelial contractions in mouse submandibular gland rudiments in organotypic culture. Time-lapse phase-contrast cinematography revealed contractile activity within mouse submandibular salivary gland rudiments in organotypic culture. Three types of contraction were distinguishable. In type I (voiding contractions), all portions of the gland contracted synchronously, and the active state ranged from 30 min to 2 hr. In type II (priming contractions), all portions of the gland contracted synchronously, but the active state was shorter, ranging from 4 to 10 min. In type III (churning contractions), isolated foci in lobules or secretory units throughout the gland contracted asynchronously and had very short active states of about 1 min. By electron microscopy, myoepithelial cells could first be demonstrated in submandibular glands developing either in vitro or in vivo, at 21 days postconception. Contractions in the cultured rudiments began as early as 18 days postconception. Since neither smooth nor striated muscle could be identified in these glands by electron microscopy, the contractions are believed to result from myoepithelial activity that apparently may begin before ultrastructural evidence of myoepithelial differentiation is clearly present. Although, for over a century, myoepithelium has been presumed to have a contractile function and indirect evidence has lent ample support to this presumption, the present study represents the first direct cinematographic demonstration and characterization of myoepithelial contractions, under conditions in vitro.", "PMID": 535906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6679", "title": "Adult rat lung in organ culture: maintenance of histotypic structure and ability to synthesize phospholipid.", "content": "The maintenance of adult rat lung explants in organ culture was assessed both morphologically and biochemically. A comparison of several culture media indicated that Ham's F12K plus 1.0 microM dexamethasone, which maintained the explants for 14 days, was superior. The ability of the explants to synthesize dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine increased with the length of cultivation to values greater than the noncultivated controls. The DNA content remained constant for 7 days, and a relatively normal structural relationship between type I and type II pneumocytes was maintained. Explants cultivated in Ham's F12K without dexamethasone did not maintain a histotypic morphology; the type II pneumocytes appeared to proliferate and the ability to synthesize phosphatidylcholine decreased.", "contents": "Adult rat lung in organ culture: maintenance of histotypic structure and ability to synthesize phospholipid. The maintenance of adult rat lung explants in organ culture was assessed both morphologically and biochemically. A comparison of several culture media indicated that Ham's F12K plus 1.0 microM dexamethasone, which maintained the explants for 14 days, was superior. The ability of the explants to synthesize dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine increased with the length of cultivation to values greater than the noncultivated controls. The DNA content remained constant for 7 days, and a relatively normal structural relationship between type I and type II pneumocytes was maintained. Explants cultivated in Ham's F12K without dexamethasone did not maintain a histotypic morphology; the type II pneumocytes appeared to proliferate and the ability to synthesize phosphatidylcholine decreased.", "PMID": 535907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6680", "title": "Human vaginal epithelial multilayer tissue culture.", "content": "Fragments of normal human adult vagina, when explanted onto glass slides gave rise to outgrowing sheets of pure epithelium, which had microscopic morphological features in common with normal vaginal epithelium. Infrequent fibroblast contamination was observed. Proliferating epithelial cells formed multilayers of stratified squamous epithelium and demonstrated a progressive decrease in proliferative activity after 14 days. Continuous lines of epithelial cells were not obtained. Even in the absence of estrogens, transmission electron microscopy revealed evidence of keratinization of the superficial cells of the multilayer. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of mature epithelial cells in culture revealed ultrastructural features that closely resembled those present on the surface of exfoliated cells obtained by scraping the vagina in vivo. This in vitro tissue culture model of human vaginal epithelium may provide a simple method of studying factors that influence vaginal epithelium growth, maturation and function.", "contents": "Human vaginal epithelial multilayer tissue culture. Fragments of normal human adult vagina, when explanted onto glass slides gave rise to outgrowing sheets of pure epithelium, which had microscopic morphological features in common with normal vaginal epithelium. Infrequent fibroblast contamination was observed. Proliferating epithelial cells formed multilayers of stratified squamous epithelium and demonstrated a progressive decrease in proliferative activity after 14 days. Continuous lines of epithelial cells were not obtained. Even in the absence of estrogens, transmission electron microscopy revealed evidence of keratinization of the superficial cells of the multilayer. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of mature epithelial cells in culture revealed ultrastructural features that closely resembled those present on the surface of exfoliated cells obtained by scraping the vagina in vivo. This in vitro tissue culture model of human vaginal epithelium may provide a simple method of studying factors that influence vaginal epithelium growth, maturation and function.", "PMID": 535911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6681", "title": "Long-term culture of human aortas. Development of atherosclerotic-like plaques in serum-supplemented medium.", "content": "Segments of human thoracic aorta were maintained in long-term explant culture for 18 weeks in serum-supplemented medium. The aortas were grossly normal in appearance, and random samples fixed for light microscopy prior to culture revealed a normal morphology. The intima contained no more than five layers of smooth muscle cells. After 7 days in culture, the intima was noticeably thicker than the uncultured segments. The increased thickness was due to proliferating smooth muscle cells and production of extracellular material. After several months in culture, extracellular material consisting of collagen and flocculent material was present in areas resembling atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. A peripheral growth, which formed around the explant, was composed of fibroblastlike cells and added to the overall thickness of the intima. However, aortic segment maintained for up to 2 months in serum-free culture medium showed no cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates that changes resembling early stages of atherosclerosis occur in human aortas maintained in explant culture using routine culture procedures.", "contents": "Long-term culture of human aortas. Development of atherosclerotic-like plaques in serum-supplemented medium. Segments of human thoracic aorta were maintained in long-term explant culture for 18 weeks in serum-supplemented medium. The aortas were grossly normal in appearance, and random samples fixed for light microscopy prior to culture revealed a normal morphology. The intima contained no more than five layers of smooth muscle cells. After 7 days in culture, the intima was noticeably thicker than the uncultured segments. The increased thickness was due to proliferating smooth muscle cells and production of extracellular material. After several months in culture, extracellular material consisting of collagen and flocculent material was present in areas resembling atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. A peripheral growth, which formed around the explant, was composed of fibroblastlike cells and added to the overall thickness of the intima. However, aortic segment maintained for up to 2 months in serum-free culture medium showed no cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates that changes resembling early stages of atherosclerosis occur in human aortas maintained in explant culture using routine culture procedures.", "PMID": 535910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6682", "title": "Cytotoxicity of glucose analogues in V79 multicell spheroids.", "content": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and 5-thio-D-glucose (5TG) are glucose antimetabolites that are known to be selectively toxic to hypoxic cells grown as single cells or as monolayer cultures. These analogues were toxic to Chinese hamster V79 cells grown as multicell spheroids even under aerobic conditions. When spheroids, 500- to 600-microns diameter, were exposed to 7.5 mM of these chemicals for 3 days, the number of clonogenic cells per spheroid dropped to 50% for 5-thio-D-glucose and 20% for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, relative to control values. Survivals were reduced to less than 1% when the experiment was repeated in glucose-free medium. Scanning electron photomicrographs of spheroids treated with 7.5 mM of either analogue showed extensive damage to the outer cells. The cell killing observed was much more than could be predicted on the basis of the hypoxic fraction known to be present in these spheroids. The crowded tumor-like environment may make the cells vulnerable to the cytotoxic action of glucose analogues and other glycolytic inhibitors.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of glucose analogues in V79 multicell spheroids. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and 5-thio-D-glucose (5TG) are glucose antimetabolites that are known to be selectively toxic to hypoxic cells grown as single cells or as monolayer cultures. These analogues were toxic to Chinese hamster V79 cells grown as multicell spheroids even under aerobic conditions. When spheroids, 500- to 600-microns diameter, were exposed to 7.5 mM of these chemicals for 3 days, the number of clonogenic cells per spheroid dropped to 50% for 5-thio-D-glucose and 20% for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, relative to control values. Survivals were reduced to less than 1% when the experiment was repeated in glucose-free medium. Scanning electron photomicrographs of spheroids treated with 7.5 mM of either analogue showed extensive damage to the outer cells. The cell killing observed was much more than could be predicted on the basis of the hypoxic fraction known to be present in these spheroids. The crowded tumor-like environment may make the cells vulnerable to the cytotoxic action of glucose analogues and other glycolytic inhibitors.", "PMID": 535913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6683", "title": "LSH and FSH autonomous secretion in long-term pituitary tissue culture.", "content": "Pituitary tissue from 2- to 6-day-old male rats was cultivated for up to 136 days in medium containing fetal bovine serum, but without added steroid or hypothalamic extracts. After 40 to 70 days of sustained release of LH and FSH at a very low level, there was an increase in the quantity of both, and a plateau of depressed secretion. LH was identified by immunoreactivity in two radioimmunological systems and in gel chromatography. Little, if any, alpha-subunits were liberated in these cultures. It is concluded that basal production of LH and FSH is a constitutive activity of the gonadotropic cell.", "contents": "LSH and FSH autonomous secretion in long-term pituitary tissue culture. Pituitary tissue from 2- to 6-day-old male rats was cultivated for up to 136 days in medium containing fetal bovine serum, but without added steroid or hypothalamic extracts. After 40 to 70 days of sustained release of LH and FSH at a very low level, there was an increase in the quantity of both, and a plateau of depressed secretion. LH was identified by immunoreactivity in two radioimmunological systems and in gel chromatography. Little, if any, alpha-subunits were liberated in these cultures. It is concluded that basal production of LH and FSH is a constitutive activity of the gonadotropic cell.", "PMID": 535914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6684", "title": "A growth history comparison of the human diploid cells WI-38 and IMR-90: proliferative capacity and cell sizing analysis.", "content": "Results of growth history studies on IMR-90 and WI-38 showed that the two cell strains were equivalent in population doublings achieved per life span. However, IMR-90 exhibited higher cell yields in phase II than did WI-38. In addition, entry of IMR-90 cells into phase III occurred more abruptly than in WI-38 cultures. Cell sizing analysis showed that phase II and phase III IMR-90 cell populations contained greater numbers of cells in the small volume categories. At senescence, both cell lines contained similar numbers of cells in all size categories. These data suggest that IMR-90 may not be equivalent in all respects to current stocks of WI-38.", "contents": "A growth history comparison of the human diploid cells WI-38 and IMR-90: proliferative capacity and cell sizing analysis. Results of growth history studies on IMR-90 and WI-38 showed that the two cell strains were equivalent in population doublings achieved per life span. However, IMR-90 exhibited higher cell yields in phase II than did WI-38. In addition, entry of IMR-90 cells into phase III occurred more abruptly than in WI-38 cultures. Cell sizing analysis showed that phase II and phase III IMR-90 cell populations contained greater numbers of cells in the small volume categories. At senescence, both cell lines contained similar numbers of cells in all size categories. These data suggest that IMR-90 may not be equivalent in all respects to current stocks of WI-38.", "PMID": 535915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6685", "title": "Characteristics of a clone of endothelial cells derived from a line of normal adult rat lung cells.", "content": "A strain of endothelial cells derived from a single cell cloned from a line of normal adult rat lung parenchyma has been maintained in tissue culture for more than 3 years. These cells have been identified as endothelial cells based on the combination of their growth characteristics, cell morphology as observed with both light and electron microscopy, and their physiological properties. They have continued to produce granules, which stain specifically for glycosaminoglycans with Alcian blue, for over 2 1/2 years. During the same period of time, glycosaminoglycans were identified biochemically in both cells and medium. They have maintained the ability to degrade bradykinin over this period as well.", "contents": "Characteristics of a clone of endothelial cells derived from a line of normal adult rat lung cells. A strain of endothelial cells derived from a single cell cloned from a line of normal adult rat lung parenchyma has been maintained in tissue culture for more than 3 years. These cells have been identified as endothelial cells based on the combination of their growth characteristics, cell morphology as observed with both light and electron microscopy, and their physiological properties. They have continued to produce granules, which stain specifically for glycosaminoglycans with Alcian blue, for over 2 1/2 years. During the same period of time, glycosaminoglycans were identified biochemically in both cells and medium. They have maintained the ability to degrade bradykinin over this period as well.", "PMID": 535916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6686", "title": "Effect of fetal bovine serum on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Eighteen lots of fetal bovine serum were tested for their ability to support clonal growth and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced morphological transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro. Most of them supported cloning efficiencies of over 11%. However, cloning efficiency alone was an inadequate criterion for selecting serum for transformation studies, since no transformation was observed with some lots, even though their cloning efficiencies were over 16%. This shows the importance of pretesting serum for its ability to support morphological transformation before it is used in mammalian cell carcinogenesis tests.", "contents": "Effect of fetal bovine serum on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of hamster cells in vitro. Eighteen lots of fetal bovine serum were tested for their ability to support clonal growth and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced morphological transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro. Most of them supported cloning efficiencies of over 11%. However, cloning efficiency alone was an inadequate criterion for selecting serum for transformation studies, since no transformation was observed with some lots, even though their cloning efficiencies were over 16%. This shows the importance of pretesting serum for its ability to support morphological transformation before it is used in mammalian cell carcinogenesis tests.", "PMID": 535917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6687", "title": "The I, i, and HI blood group antigens in extracts of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Extracts of stromata of human adult and newborn (cord) erythrocytes were prepared with n-butanol. The aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts were examined for the presence of blood group I, i, HI and H substances in inhibition of agglutination experiments. The recovery of HI activity in both the aqueous and butanol phase extracts of adult red cells but only in the aqueous phase of cord cells is reported heare for the first time. The i specificity was present in the aqueous phase but not in the butanol phase of cord erythrocytes, also not previously reported. Although the recovery of I but not i substance in aqueous phase extracts of adult cells had been shown by other workers, examination of the butanol phase extracts for I and i substances had not been documented. In the present study, Ii substances were not demonstrable in any of the butanol phase extracts of adult and cord erythrocytes.", "contents": "The I, i, and HI blood group antigens in extracts of human erythrocytes. Extracts of stromata of human adult and newborn (cord) erythrocytes were prepared with n-butanol. The aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts were examined for the presence of blood group I, i, HI and H substances in inhibition of agglutination experiments. The recovery of HI activity in both the aqueous and butanol phase extracts of adult red cells but only in the aqueous phase of cord cells is reported heare for the first time. The i specificity was present in the aqueous phase but not in the butanol phase of cord erythrocytes, also not previously reported. Although the recovery of I but not i substance in aqueous phase extracts of adult cells had been shown by other workers, examination of the butanol phase extracts for I and i substances had not been documented. In the present study, Ii substances were not demonstrable in any of the butanol phase extracts of adult and cord erythrocytes.", "PMID": 535942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6688", "title": "The examination of antigens in highly purified immune complexes.", "content": "A combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography was used for preparation of immune complexes (IC) from sera of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and others with no apparent disease. Overlaying of gels with patient or normal sera, counterstaining with 125I-protein A and autoradiography showed besides immunoglobulins, the presence of 6 unidentified antigens with molecular weights below 42,000 dalton. They were not exclusively associated with SLE IC.", "contents": "The examination of antigens in highly purified immune complexes. A combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography was used for preparation of immune complexes (IC) from sera of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and others with no apparent disease. Overlaying of gels with patient or normal sera, counterstaining with 125I-protein A and autoradiography showed besides immunoglobulins, the presence of 6 unidentified antigens with molecular weights below 42,000 dalton. They were not exclusively associated with SLE IC.", "PMID": 535943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6689", "title": "A multivariate analysis of excessive alcohol use involving labeling and self-constructs.", "content": "Previous studies have focused on predicting whether or not a person is likely to become a problem drinker, but have not employed concepts explaining the process whereby excessive alcohol use emerges. It is proposed that labeling concepts, in combination with a multidimensional conceptualization of the general self-concept, provide the components of a model capable of explaining this process. Automatic Interaction Detector permitted an assessment of the contingent relationships among the labeling and self variables. The findings indicated that the influence of the alcoholic labels of others on self-views and drinking behaviors hinged on self-esteem and self-complexity.", "contents": "A multivariate analysis of excessive alcohol use involving labeling and self-constructs. Previous studies have focused on predicting whether or not a person is likely to become a problem drinker, but have not employed concepts explaining the process whereby excessive alcohol use emerges. It is proposed that labeling concepts, in combination with a multidimensional conceptualization of the general self-concept, provide the components of a model capable of explaining this process. Automatic Interaction Detector permitted an assessment of the contingent relationships among the labeling and self variables. The findings indicated that the influence of the alcoholic labels of others on self-views and drinking behaviors hinged on self-esteem and self-complexity.", "PMID": 536054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6690", "title": "The other side: counselor roles.", "content": "The problem of treating a narcotic-dependent person is probably one of the most difficult confronting those attempting to provide rehabilitation services. Often emphasis has been placed on those persons receiving the services provided rather than those who provide them. In this paper the drug counselor is focused upon, for after all it is he or she who plays the many roles necessary to accomplish this task at hand. The roles include psychotherapist, crisis intervention agent, medical counselor, and client advocate for the addict in treatment. Behaviors, expectations, and responsibilities involved in these counselor roles influence the development of a \"healing partnership\" involving both the counselor and the client.", "contents": "The other side: counselor roles. The problem of treating a narcotic-dependent person is probably one of the most difficult confronting those attempting to provide rehabilitation services. Often emphasis has been placed on those persons receiving the services provided rather than those who provide them. In this paper the drug counselor is focused upon, for after all it is he or she who plays the many roles necessary to accomplish this task at hand. The roles include psychotherapist, crisis intervention agent, medical counselor, and client advocate for the addict in treatment. Behaviors, expectations, and responsibilities involved in these counselor roles influence the development of a \"healing partnership\" involving both the counselor and the client.", "PMID": 536055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6691", "title": "Methadone matinenance patients' self-perceived factors responsible for successful rehabilitation.", "content": "Forty methadone maintenance patients most frequently attributed their past and future successful drug-free rehabilitation to the following factors: A supportive relationship, particularly with a drug-free individual, a satisfying job, and personal coping skills. Conversely, the absence or withdrawal of these events was associated with subsequent reinvolvement with excessive drug use. The importance of incorporating patients' phenomenological experiences and self-appraisals of success into clinical interventions is discussed.", "contents": "Methadone matinenance patients' self-perceived factors responsible for successful rehabilitation. Forty methadone maintenance patients most frequently attributed their past and future successful drug-free rehabilitation to the following factors: A supportive relationship, particularly with a drug-free individual, a satisfying job, and personal coping skills. Conversely, the absence or withdrawal of these events was associated with subsequent reinvolvement with excessive drug use. The importance of incorporating patients' phenomenological experiences and self-appraisals of success into clinical interventions is discussed.", "PMID": 536056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6692", "title": "The fetishism of drugs.", "content": "In recent years the general argument has been advanced that the effects of psychoactive drug use on human beings depend as much on the context of use as on the inherent characteristics of the drug itself. Two variations on this general theme have been the \"Weil thesis\" and the \"Lindesmith thesis.\" The former asserts that drug-induced alterations of consciousness are influenced significantly by the immediate set and setting. The latter argues that the manner in which drug use is socially controlled largely determines use patterns and the long-term effects of use. The theoretical moorings of both these theories are explored, and the evidence relevant to each is assessed. In each case the results are mixed: Although neither tells the whole story in its respective domain, both are necessary for a total understanding of the effects of psychoactive drug use.", "contents": "The fetishism of drugs. In recent years the general argument has been advanced that the effects of psychoactive drug use on human beings depend as much on the context of use as on the inherent characteristics of the drug itself. Two variations on this general theme have been the \"Weil thesis\" and the \"Lindesmith thesis.\" The former asserts that drug-induced alterations of consciousness are influenced significantly by the immediate set and setting. The latter argues that the manner in which drug use is socially controlled largely determines use patterns and the long-term effects of use. The theoretical moorings of both these theories are explored, and the evidence relevant to each is assessed. In each case the results are mixed: Although neither tells the whole story in its respective domain, both are necessary for a total understanding of the effects of psychoactive drug use.", "PMID": 536057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6693", "title": "Group discussion and drug abuse prevention.", "content": "The present study examined the usefulness of applying a group discussion technique known as the choice shift procedure to drug abuse prevention. Choice shift discussions produced both immediate and long-term antiabusive changes in college womens' drug attitudes. A second intervention, public commitment, exerted a variable influence on immediate attitude change. These results suggest that the group choice shift procedure could prove to be a useful component of drug abuse prevention programs.", "contents": "Group discussion and drug abuse prevention. The present study examined the usefulness of applying a group discussion technique known as the choice shift procedure to drug abuse prevention. Choice shift discussions produced both immediate and long-term antiabusive changes in college womens' drug attitudes. A second intervention, public commitment, exerted a variable influence on immediate attitude change. These results suggest that the group choice shift procedure could prove to be a useful component of drug abuse prevention programs.", "PMID": 536058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6694", "title": "Self-concept and drug involvement among urban junior high school youths.", "content": "Relationships between self-concept and drug involvement were examined through a survey given to 1,100 urban junior high school youths from mixed socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. The students were presented with 14 descriptions of \"types\" of youth, which they rated in terms of similarity to themselves. Factor analyses produced three \"self-image\" factors each for both males and females. \"Gang\" and \"drug culture\" self-images were positively associated with self-reported drug use (r's for .35 to .46), while an \"educational\" self-image was negatively associated with drug involvement (r's from -.20 to -.30). Implications for further research and for drug abuse prevention planning are discussed.", "contents": "Self-concept and drug involvement among urban junior high school youths. Relationships between self-concept and drug involvement were examined through a survey given to 1,100 urban junior high school youths from mixed socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. The students were presented with 14 descriptions of \"types\" of youth, which they rated in terms of similarity to themselves. Factor analyses produced three \"self-image\" factors each for both males and females. \"Gang\" and \"drug culture\" self-images were positively associated with self-reported drug use (r's for .35 to .46), while an \"educational\" self-image was negatively associated with drug involvement (r's from -.20 to -.30). Implications for further research and for drug abuse prevention planning are discussed.", "PMID": 536059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6695", "title": "Frequency of psychiatric symptoms among 150 opium addicts in Shiraz, Iran.", "content": "The psychiatric evaluation of 150 opium addicts in Shiraz, Iran, revealed that (1) the addicts had more psychiatric symptoms than the matched control group, and (2) the most frequent symptom among the addicts was depression. Our findings differ from most Western studies, where anxiety and evidence of antisocial behavior were reported as the most common findings.", "contents": "Frequency of psychiatric symptoms among 150 opium addicts in Shiraz, Iran. The psychiatric evaluation of 150 opium addicts in Shiraz, Iran, revealed that (1) the addicts had more psychiatric symptoms than the matched control group, and (2) the most frequent symptom among the addicts was depression. Our findings differ from most Western studies, where anxiety and evidence of antisocial behavior were reported as the most common findings.", "PMID": 536060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6696", "title": "The relationship between alcoholic patients' milieu perception and measures of their drinking during a brief follow-up period.", "content": "Patient perceptions of alcoholism treatment programs were assessed by the Ward Atmosphere Scale and the Community Oriented Program Environment Scale. Patient perceptions were related to drinking during a brief follow-up period. The Personal Problem Orientation, Anger and Aggression, and Program Clarity subscales were found to correlate more frequently with patient drinking. Patient perception of the treatment environment, as well as the actual treatment milieu, may be important aspects of the alcoholism treatment process.", "contents": "The relationship between alcoholic patients' milieu perception and measures of their drinking during a brief follow-up period. Patient perceptions of alcoholism treatment programs were assessed by the Ward Atmosphere Scale and the Community Oriented Program Environment Scale. Patient perceptions were related to drinking during a brief follow-up period. The Personal Problem Orientation, Anger and Aggression, and Program Clarity subscales were found to correlate more frequently with patient drinking. Patient perception of the treatment environment, as well as the actual treatment milieu, may be important aspects of the alcoholism treatment process.", "PMID": 536061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6697", "title": "Sexual differentiation among marijuana users: reality or inaccuracy.", "content": "This study, based on data (N = 134) obtained by self-administered questionnaires, examines the extent marijuana users can be sexually differentiated regarding usage patterns, acquisition, distribution, effects on social relationships, and other activities. Generally, no significant sexual variations were observed except that males were more likely to personally purchase, to have sold marijuana, to bring it along when visiting friends, to hesitate having friends be their only source, and to be confirmed about other users knowing of their use. It is suggested that sexual differentiation may reflect lesser involvement and that it may reduce as higher level users are examined.", "contents": "Sexual differentiation among marijuana users: reality or inaccuracy. This study, based on data (N = 134) obtained by self-administered questionnaires, examines the extent marijuana users can be sexually differentiated regarding usage patterns, acquisition, distribution, effects on social relationships, and other activities. Generally, no significant sexual variations were observed except that males were more likely to personally purchase, to have sold marijuana, to bring it along when visiting friends, to hesitate having friends be their only source, and to be confirmed about other users knowing of their use. It is suggested that sexual differentiation may reflect lesser involvement and that it may reduce as higher level users are examined.", "PMID": 536062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6698", "title": "Mood components of heroin addicted men: psychosocial correlates.", "content": "A principal components analysis was performed on 200 male heroin addicts' self-ratings on the Profile of Mood States which was given before admission to a methadone maintenance program. Four components were identified as underlying the men's affect-Confused-depression, Vigor-friendliness, Anger-hostility, and possibly Fatigue-inertia; these mood dimensions corresponded to factors described for other clinical populations. A stepwise multiple regression was then performed to discover which of the addicts' background characteristics were related to the mood components. Confused-depression was positively correlated with being White, using marijuana, and seeking treatment without prior screening by a social agency; Vigor-friendliness was positively related to having been referred from a social agency and having started using opiates at a later age;  Anger-hostility was positively correlated with using other drugs, such as Valium, not being religiously active, and smoking marijuana; and Fatigue-inertia was only positively associated with having been referred from a social agency.", "contents": "Mood components of heroin addicted men: psychosocial correlates. A principal components analysis was performed on 200 male heroin addicts' self-ratings on the Profile of Mood States which was given before admission to a methadone maintenance program. Four components were identified as underlying the men's affect-Confused-depression, Vigor-friendliness, Anger-hostility, and possibly Fatigue-inertia; these mood dimensions corresponded to factors described for other clinical populations. A stepwise multiple regression was then performed to discover which of the addicts' background characteristics were related to the mood components. Confused-depression was positively correlated with being White, using marijuana, and seeking treatment without prior screening by a social agency; Vigor-friendliness was positively related to having been referred from a social agency and having started using opiates at a later age;  Anger-hostility was positively correlated with using other drugs, such as Valium, not being religiously active, and smoking marijuana; and Fatigue-inertia was only positively associated with having been referred from a social agency.", "PMID": 536063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6699", "title": "Patient autonomy in alcohol rehabilitation. II: Program evaluation.", "content": "The alcoholism inpatient services at the U.S. Army Hospital N\u00fcrnberg are described and assessed with attention to current issues. The results compare favorably with contemporary findings, and include an almost zero dropout rate that relates to giving the patient more \"say so\" in treatment selection by providing a variety of treatments in a smorgasbord fashion. Abstinent and nonabstinent patients following treatment are contrasted on psychometric and demographic variables.", "contents": "Patient autonomy in alcohol rehabilitation. II: Program evaluation. The alcoholism inpatient services at the U.S. Army Hospital N\u00fcrnberg are described and assessed with attention to current issues. The results compare favorably with contemporary findings, and include an almost zero dropout rate that relates to giving the patient more \"say so\" in treatment selection by providing a variety of treatments in a smorgasbord fashion. Abstinent and nonabstinent patients following treatment are contrasted on psychometric and demographic variables.", "PMID": 536064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6700", "title": "Techniques to increase the response rate in follow-up studies: results of a pilot test.", "content": "As a part of the design and implementation of a caseload weighting system, Arkansas Rehabilitation Services is adopting a revised client data system. To assess the validity of the data collected in the new system a follow-up survey for recently closed clients has been designed; and to insure the adequacy of the survey design several issues were considered. These included overall survey and questionnaire design. The process, designed to maximize useful information collected with limited resources, resulted in a telephone survey augmented by mail and personal interviews.  The survey procedures and instrumentation were pilot tested for two months with 629 clients. This resulted in major modifications in questionnaire design and brought to light easily adopted procedural improvements resulting in less ambiguity, improved readibility, increased response rate and reduced response bias. Using the described survey methods the investigators observed an overall response rate of 50.8% which compares very favorably with that reported in other studies similar in nature.", "contents": "Techniques to increase the response rate in follow-up studies: results of a pilot test. As a part of the design and implementation of a caseload weighting system, Arkansas Rehabilitation Services is adopting a revised client data system. To assess the validity of the data collected in the new system a follow-up survey for recently closed clients has been designed; and to insure the adequacy of the survey design several issues were considered. These included overall survey and questionnaire design. The process, designed to maximize useful information collected with limited resources, resulted in a telephone survey augmented by mail and personal interviews.  The survey procedures and instrumentation were pilot tested for two months with 629 clients. This resulted in major modifications in questionnaire design and brought to light easily adopted procedural improvements resulting in less ambiguity, improved readibility, increased response rate and reduced response bias. Using the described survey methods the investigators observed an overall response rate of 50.8% which compares very favorably with that reported in other studies similar in nature.", "PMID": 536066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6701", "title": "[Rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases at the lung hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The modern lung hospital offers favorable conditions for the rehabilitation of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In the years from 1972 to 1976 2398 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema were subjected to a rehabilitation process at the central hospital for heart and lung diseases Bad Berka. A long-term therapy plan based on a most accurate investigation possible of all the factors which trigger off the complaint in each case was used as baseline. An account is given of the resulting diagnostic and therapeutic program carried out. In the case of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases it is particularly difficult to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures. One aspect dealt with is the restoration of working capacity. 56.7% of the men and 56.8% of the women were capable of working when they were dismissed. 31.6% of male and 26.4% of female patients were invalids, 11.7% and 16.8% respectively were old age pensioners. Rehabilitation success depended on variables such as age, degree of cardio-pulmonary limitation in performance, as well as on certain concomitant diseases and the patient's cooperation. A decisive factor in some cases was also whether suitable employment could be found for these patients whose age ranges between 40 and 60.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases at the lung hospital (author's transl)]. The modern lung hospital offers favorable conditions for the rehabilitation of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In the years from 1972 to 1976 2398 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema were subjected to a rehabilitation process at the central hospital for heart and lung diseases Bad Berka. A long-term therapy plan based on a most accurate investigation possible of all the factors which trigger off the complaint in each case was used as baseline. An account is given of the resulting diagnostic and therapeutic program carried out. In the case of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases it is particularly difficult to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures. One aspect dealt with is the restoration of working capacity. 56.7% of the men and 56.8% of the women were capable of working when they were dismissed. 31.6% of male and 26.4% of female patients were invalids, 11.7% and 16.8% respectively were old age pensioners. Rehabilitation success depended on variables such as age, degree of cardio-pulmonary limitation in performance, as well as on certain concomitant diseases and the patient's cooperation. A decisive factor in some cases was also whether suitable employment could be found for these patients whose age ranges between 40 and 60.", "PMID": 536067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6702", "title": "Reintegrating the mentally ill in the community.", "content": "Substantial reductions in the in-patient census of state hospitals throughout the United States have led to the concentration of large numbers of formerly mentally ill individuals in sheltered living arrangements in local communities. These efforts represent a major change in providing care for the long-term chronic patient. How is the life of this individual affected by community placement? A survey was completed of 499 residents in 234 facilities representing all formerly hospitalized non-retarded mental patients between 18 and 65 years old in California's sheltered care facilities. Results indicate that the social functioning of individuals in the external community is enhanced primarily by the characteristics of the community in which they are placed. In contrast, the social functioning of individuals within the immediate environment of their sheltered living arrangements is most affected by the character of the placement itself. The particular characteristics of communities and facilities found to be most important in addition to the characteristics of the residents which impact on social integration are discussed in the study.", "contents": "Reintegrating the mentally ill in the community. Substantial reductions in the in-patient census of state hospitals throughout the United States have led to the concentration of large numbers of formerly mentally ill individuals in sheltered living arrangements in local communities. These efforts represent a major change in providing care for the long-term chronic patient. How is the life of this individual affected by community placement? A survey was completed of 499 residents in 234 facilities representing all formerly hospitalized non-retarded mental patients between 18 and 65 years old in California's sheltered care facilities. Results indicate that the social functioning of individuals in the external community is enhanced primarily by the characteristics of the community in which they are placed. In contrast, the social functioning of individuals within the immediate environment of their sheltered living arrangements is most affected by the character of the placement itself. The particular characteristics of communities and facilities found to be most important in addition to the characteristics of the residents which impact on social integration are discussed in the study.", "PMID": 536070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6703", "title": "Twelve years spirometric changes among Paris area workers.", "content": "The effects of smoking habits, socio-occupational factors and respiratory symptoms in the development of airflow obstruction have been studied in a working population of 575 men aged 30-54 in 1960 and surveyed in 1960 and 1972. On average, FEV1 decreased by 47 ml/annum. Apart from FEV1 level, which reflects loss since the beginning of adult life, three factors were independently related to FEV1 slope: tobacco consumption, occupational exposure and social class. The decrease of FEV1 with smoking was dose related and decelerated among those who stopped smoking. This follow-up study ruled against phlegm as a causal factor of early stage airflow obstruction, although its role is not excluded at later stages.", "contents": "Twelve years spirometric changes among Paris area workers. The effects of smoking habits, socio-occupational factors and respiratory symptoms in the development of airflow obstruction have been studied in a working population of 575 men aged 30-54 in 1960 and surveyed in 1960 and 1972. On average, FEV1 decreased by 47 ml/annum. Apart from FEV1 level, which reflects loss since the beginning of adult life, three factors were independently related to FEV1 slope: tobacco consumption, occupational exposure and social class. The decrease of FEV1 with smoking was dose related and decelerated among those who stopped smoking. This follow-up study ruled against phlegm as a causal factor of early stage airflow obstruction, although its role is not excluded at later stages.", "PMID": 536090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6704", "title": "Changing mortality due to strokes in men following treatment of Busselton hypertensives 1967-77.", "content": "Regular biennial health screenings of the Busselton population between 1966-75 resulted in the recognition of individuals with hypertension and a progressive increase in the adequacy of control of blood pressure in those on treatment. Between 1973-77 observed mortality from strokes (CVA) in males 50 yrs and over declined significantly as might be expected from the smaller numbers at risk from raised blood pressure. No favourable trends occurred in the incidence of CVA in women despite better control of hypertension. In the population as a whole, CVA mortality in untreated or inadequately controlled hypertensives was significantly greater than in normo-tensives or adequately controlled hypertensives.", "contents": "Changing mortality due to strokes in men following treatment of Busselton hypertensives 1967-77. Regular biennial health screenings of the Busselton population between 1966-75 resulted in the recognition of individuals with hypertension and a progressive increase in the adequacy of control of blood pressure in those on treatment. Between 1973-77 observed mortality from strokes (CVA) in males 50 yrs and over declined significantly as might be expected from the smaller numbers at risk from raised blood pressure. No favourable trends occurred in the incidence of CVA in women despite better control of hypertension. In the population as a whole, CVA mortality in untreated or inadequately controlled hypertensives was significantly greater than in normo-tensives or adequately controlled hypertensives.", "PMID": 536091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6705", "title": "Prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR).", "content": "A sample of 1 000 individuals of the urban and rural population of CSR covering all age groups was tested for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs. The rates for antigenaemia and antibody prevalence as determined by the RIA method were 1.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The antigen subtype adw was identified. HBsAg findings were significantly more frequent among the urban population, while the prevalence of antibody was comparable in both population types and both sexes. HBeAg was not detected in any case, anti HBe in one.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR). A sample of 1 000 individuals of the urban and rural population of CSR covering all age groups was tested for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs. The rates for antigenaemia and antibody prevalence as determined by the RIA method were 1.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The antigen subtype adw was identified. HBsAg findings were significantly more frequent among the urban population, while the prevalence of antibody was comparable in both population types and both sexes. HBeAg was not detected in any case, anti HBe in one.", "PMID": 536092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6706", "title": "Evolution of serum immunoglobulin levels during the first year of life in Mozambique.", "content": "The serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM as well as total proteins were followed from birth to one year of age in a sample of 44 infants. Values for a 'healthy' population are presented. The results of correlation analysis question current views on the independence of the different immunoglobulin classes.", "contents": "Evolution of serum immunoglobulin levels during the first year of life in Mozambique. The serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM as well as total proteins were followed from birth to one year of age in a sample of 44 infants. Values for a 'healthy' population are presented. The results of correlation analysis question current views on the independence of the different immunoglobulin classes.", "PMID": 536093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6707", "title": "Poliomyelitis, rubella, and dengue antibody survey in Barbados. A follow-up study.", "content": "A follow-up study of poliomyelitis, rubella, and dengue antibodies has been made in light of results obtained in a 1972 health and serological survey in Barbados, W.I. Poliomyelitis antibody neutralization tests performed on sera from 307 children under age 15 using overnight serum/virus mixtures on microtiter plates at low serum dilutions revealed the absence of polio antibody at 1:2 dilution in 13.7% for type 1, 6.5% for type 2, and 14.3% for type 3 virus. A significant correlation of the presence or absence of poliomyelitis antibody to types 2 and 3 was seen with the response to immunization histories. Forty-three of 49 girls (88%) given rubella vaccine (RA 27/3) in 1972 had demonstrable haemagglutination-inhibition antibody 4 years later. Neutralization tests for dengue antibody confirmed the results of the complement-fixation tests and indicated that type 2 was probably the sole infecting strain.", "contents": "Poliomyelitis, rubella, and dengue antibody survey in Barbados. A follow-up study. A follow-up study of poliomyelitis, rubella, and dengue antibodies has been made in light of results obtained in a 1972 health and serological survey in Barbados, W.I. Poliomyelitis antibody neutralization tests performed on sera from 307 children under age 15 using overnight serum/virus mixtures on microtiter plates at low serum dilutions revealed the absence of polio antibody at 1:2 dilution in 13.7% for type 1, 6.5% for type 2, and 14.3% for type 3 virus. A significant correlation of the presence or absence of poliomyelitis antibody to types 2 and 3 was seen with the response to immunization histories. Forty-three of 49 girls (88%) given rubella vaccine (RA 27/3) in 1972 had demonstrable haemagglutination-inhibition antibody 4 years later. Neutralization tests for dengue antibody confirmed the results of the complement-fixation tests and indicated that type 2 was probably the sole infecting strain.", "PMID": 536094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6708", "title": "The prevalence of osteoarthrosis of the hip requiring total hip replacement in the elderly.", "content": "A community study of the prevalence of osteoarthrosis of the hip requiring total hip replacement in elderly people is reported. It was found that 5.6% of the population studied had symptoms suggestive of osteoarthrosis of the hip, or had been successfully treated for it. In particular, 0.7% of the survey group had already been operated upon for this condition, and a further 0.5% would have benefited from total hip replacement. An additional 1.3% of the persons studied needed this operation, but were unfit for surgery.", "contents": "The prevalence of osteoarthrosis of the hip requiring total hip replacement in the elderly. A community study of the prevalence of osteoarthrosis of the hip requiring total hip replacement in elderly people is reported. It was found that 5.6% of the population studied had symptoms suggestive of osteoarthrosis of the hip, or had been successfully treated for it. In particular, 0.7% of the survey group had already been operated upon for this condition, and a further 0.5% would have benefited from total hip replacement. An additional 1.3% of the persons studied needed this operation, but were unfit for surgery.", "PMID": 536095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6709", "title": "A nationwide survey on thyroid care delivery in Japan, with special emphasis on resources allocation.", "content": "Results of a nationwide survey show an uneven distribution of 'thyroidologists' and special facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease in Japan. A case is made for more systematic resource allocation in regional planning.", "contents": "A nationwide survey on thyroid care delivery in Japan, with special emphasis on resources allocation. Results of a nationwide survey show an uneven distribution of 'thyroidologists' and special facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease in Japan. A case is made for more systematic resource allocation in regional planning.", "PMID": 536096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6710", "title": "A quantitative index for evaluating patient care with longitudinal data.", "content": "This paper describes a patient-outcome based index of the quality of health care useful to health services researchers and planners. This index is applicable in any health care situation where longitudinal data are available from patients who can be classified into mutually exclusive stages of severity by functional status, psychological well-being or diagnosis and followed over a period of time. The rationale of the index is presented, along with an illustrative example based on a study on long-term care. The procedure for generating weights for the index is briefly described.", "contents": "A quantitative index for evaluating patient care with longitudinal data. This paper describes a patient-outcome based index of the quality of health care useful to health services researchers and planners. This index is applicable in any health care situation where longitudinal data are available from patients who can be classified into mutually exclusive stages of severity by functional status, psychological well-being or diagnosis and followed over a period of time. The rationale of the index is presented, along with an illustrative example based on a study on long-term care. The procedure for generating weights for the index is briefly described.", "PMID": 536097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6711", "title": "A test of significance for geographic clusters of disease.", "content": "The geographic pattern of disease has been visually studied by depicting the categorized mortality or morbidity rates on a map. Visual study, however, by no means indicates the statistical significance of observed clusters, i.e., whether or not the geographic aggregations could occur by chance alone. In this paper, an approach for assessing the deviation from chance expectation of the geographic pattern actually observed on the map is described. A simple chi-square test is proposed, and its validity is substantiated by a Monte Carlo approach, which is derived analytically as a special case of Knox's test for space--time clustering. The parameters required for the test are (1) total number of areas, (2) numbers of subareas for each mortality of morbidity category, (3) total number of geographically adjacent areas, and (4) observed numbers of adjacent areas having concordant category pairs.", "contents": "A test of significance for geographic clusters of disease. The geographic pattern of disease has been visually studied by depicting the categorized mortality or morbidity rates on a map. Visual study, however, by no means indicates the statistical significance of observed clusters, i.e., whether or not the geographic aggregations could occur by chance alone. In this paper, an approach for assessing the deviation from chance expectation of the geographic pattern actually observed on the map is described. A simple chi-square test is proposed, and its validity is substantiated by a Monte Carlo approach, which is derived analytically as a special case of Knox's test for space--time clustering. The parameters required for the test are (1) total number of areas, (2) numbers of subareas for each mortality of morbidity category, (3) total number of geographically adjacent areas, and (4) observed numbers of adjacent areas having concordant category pairs.", "PMID": 536098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6712", "title": "A stochastic compartment model of stomach cancer with correlated waiting time distributions.", "content": "The incidence and growth rate of stomach cancer in the US population is modelled, for each sex, as a partially observed, discrete state stochastic process. Explicit evaluation of the transition rates between the states of the model is made possible by identifying them as specific functions of the time spent within each state. The functions used in the model were selected from the medical and epidemiological literature. With the model it was found possible to obtain fits to the age distribution of deaths due to stomach cancer for white males in 1975 and for selected age ranges for white females. These results suggested that the natural history of stomach cancer is different for females above and below age 65.", "contents": "A stochastic compartment model of stomach cancer with correlated waiting time distributions. The incidence and growth rate of stomach cancer in the US population is modelled, for each sex, as a partially observed, discrete state stochastic process. Explicit evaluation of the transition rates between the states of the model is made possible by identifying them as specific functions of the time spent within each state. The functions used in the model were selected from the medical and epidemiological literature. With the model it was found possible to obtain fits to the age distribution of deaths due to stomach cancer for white males in 1975 and for selected age ranges for white females. These results suggested that the natural history of stomach cancer is different for females above and below age 65.", "PMID": 536099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6713", "title": "An exploration of obese observational learning in modifying selected eating responses of obese children.", "content": "The present study investigated the effects of two observational learning paradigms in modifying the eating behavior of obese children. A total of 18 subjects ranging in age from seven to 12 years and in weight from 74 to 160 lb (33 to 72 kg) were randomly assigned to three conditions. Intervention consisted of four sessions in which subjects viewed videotapes of their baseline eating behaviors compared with a model eating at a reduced speed. Based on the assumption that children may acquire their parents' eating behaviors, one condition included videotapes of a same-sex adult model. In order to maximize model-observer similarity, subjects in a second treatment condition observed videotapes of themselves eating at a reduced speed. Subjects in the control condition viewed only their baseline eating behavior videotapes. Dependent measures of eating behavior were found to be significantly affected by both model treatments, while no significant differences were evidenced in the control group.", "contents": "An exploration of obese observational learning in modifying selected eating responses of obese children. The present study investigated the effects of two observational learning paradigms in modifying the eating behavior of obese children. A total of 18 subjects ranging in age from seven to 12 years and in weight from 74 to 160 lb (33 to 72 kg) were randomly assigned to three conditions. Intervention consisted of four sessions in which subjects viewed videotapes of their baseline eating behaviors compared with a model eating at a reduced speed. Based on the assumption that children may acquire their parents' eating behaviors, one condition included videotapes of a same-sex adult model. In order to maximize model-observer similarity, subjects in a second treatment condition observed videotapes of themselves eating at a reduced speed. Subjects in the control condition viewed only their baseline eating behavior videotapes. Dependent measures of eating behavior were found to be significantly affected by both model treatments, while no significant differences were evidenced in the control group.", "PMID": 536100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6714", "title": "Ingestive behavior and composition of weight change during cyproheptadine administration.", "content": "The effect of cyproheptadine on spontaneous energy intake was studied by means of an automated (liquid diet) food-dispensing apparatus in two nonobese adults confined to a metabolic ward. The experimental design included both single and double-blind periods. Throughout, the composition of daily weight change was determined by the energy-nitrogen balance method. While on cyproheptadine, both subjects exhibited increases in energy intake with the following average composition of weight gain: protein 16%, fat 14% and water 70% (first subject), and protein 5%, fat 49% and water 46% (second subject). The cyproheptadine-induced increase in energy intake was statistically significant in one of the subjects, who was at his desirable weight level at the outset. The other subject was underweight initially and tended to gain throughout the experiment, although rate of weight gain appeared to be more rapid during the periods of cyproheptadine administration. Energy output in both subjects remained fairly constant throughout. We conclude that cyproheptadine induces weight gain of 'normal' composition by stimulating increased energy intake.", "contents": "Ingestive behavior and composition of weight change during cyproheptadine administration. The effect of cyproheptadine on spontaneous energy intake was studied by means of an automated (liquid diet) food-dispensing apparatus in two nonobese adults confined to a metabolic ward. The experimental design included both single and double-blind periods. Throughout, the composition of daily weight change was determined by the energy-nitrogen balance method. While on cyproheptadine, both subjects exhibited increases in energy intake with the following average composition of weight gain: protein 16%, fat 14% and water 70% (first subject), and protein 5%, fat 49% and water 46% (second subject). The cyproheptadine-induced increase in energy intake was statistically significant in one of the subjects, who was at his desirable weight level at the outset. The other subject was underweight initially and tended to gain throughout the experiment, although rate of weight gain appeared to be more rapid during the periods of cyproheptadine administration. Energy output in both subjects remained fairly constant throughout. We conclude that cyproheptadine induces weight gain of 'normal' composition by stimulating increased energy intake.", "PMID": 536101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6715", "title": "A successful behavioral weight-loss program for moderately-retarded teenagers.", "content": "The present study assessed the usefulness of a behavioral weight-reduction program for moderately-retarded young adults. The behavior treatment involved exposure of 12 subjects to external and self-reinforcement, stimulus control, simplified self-monitoring and energy-expenditure produces over a 14-week active training period. The behavior-therapy subjects lost significantly more weight than a wait-list control group. There was no significant difference in weight lost between behavior-therapy subjects exposed to the techniques live and those exposed to the techniques via video-tape playback of the live sessions. Weight loss for the behavior-therapy subjects containued to occur during five-week maintenance and 16-week follow-up periods.", "contents": "A successful behavioral weight-loss program for moderately-retarded teenagers. The present study assessed the usefulness of a behavioral weight-reduction program for moderately-retarded young adults. The behavior treatment involved exposure of 12 subjects to external and self-reinforcement, stimulus control, simplified self-monitoring and energy-expenditure produces over a 14-week active training period. The behavior-therapy subjects lost significantly more weight than a wait-list control group. There was no significant difference in weight lost between behavior-therapy subjects exposed to the techniques live and those exposed to the techniques via video-tape playback of the live sessions. Weight loss for the behavior-therapy subjects containued to occur during five-week maintenance and 16-week follow-up periods.", "PMID": 536102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6716", "title": "The development and evaluation of a behavioral weight-reduction program.", "content": "The development of a comprehensive weight-reduction program and its implementation in the clinic are described. The program consisted of explicit instructions on food monitoring, stimulus control, chaining, exercise, and self-reinforcement. The results of pilot research indicated that the program produced reliable weight loss and that its implementation in a group format was more positive. A formal experiment evaluated the effectiveness of program components in a 2 x 2 factorial design after ten weeks of treatment and at three-month and one-year follow-ups. There was significant weight loss with no main or interaction effects. At follow-up, those exposed to exercise and/or contingency management better maintained their weight loss or continued to lose. Data on the implementation of the program in a clinical setting are presented and these results compare favorably with reports from other clinics using behavior modification. It is suggested that our more positive results may be related to an emphasis on activity and life-style change in addition to changing eating behavior.", "contents": "The development and evaluation of a behavioral weight-reduction program. The development of a comprehensive weight-reduction program and its implementation in the clinic are described. The program consisted of explicit instructions on food monitoring, stimulus control, chaining, exercise, and self-reinforcement. The results of pilot research indicated that the program produced reliable weight loss and that its implementation in a group format was more positive. A formal experiment evaluated the effectiveness of program components in a 2 x 2 factorial design after ten weeks of treatment and at three-month and one-year follow-ups. There was significant weight loss with no main or interaction effects. At follow-up, those exposed to exercise and/or contingency management better maintained their weight loss or continued to lose. Data on the implementation of the program in a clinical setting are presented and these results compare favorably with reports from other clinics using behavior modification. It is suggested that our more positive results may be related to an emphasis on activity and life-style change in addition to changing eating behavior.", "PMID": 536103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6717", "title": "Influence of acute thermal stress and maternal diet on metabolic rate of obese (ob/ob) and lean mice at two weeks of age.", "content": "The metabolic response of one- and two-week-old obese (ob/ob) and lean mice to acute thermal stress, and the influence of maternal diet on body fat and metabolic rates of these mice, were evaluated. Both obese and lean pups increased their rate of oxygen consumption 62 to 67% when exposed to 25 degrees C for 20 minutes rather than to 35 degrees C. Obese pups exposed to an intermediate temperature (30 degrees C), however, increased their rate of oxygen consumption less (35%) than did lean mice (55%) exposed to the same temperature. Reports in the literature suggest that adult obese mice have a markedly reduced ability to increase their oxygen consumption when cold-stressed, but the present results indicate that young obese mice may have less impairment in their capacity to increase oxygen consumption. Two-week-old obese pups contained more fat and consumed less oxygen than lean littermates. The maternal diet was manipulated to increase the body fat content of two-week-old pups to equal that of obese mice, but obese pups still consumed less oxygen than did the lean pups. We, thus, conclude that factors other than differences in body fat content are responsible for the lowered oxygen consumption observed in young obese mice.", "contents": "Influence of acute thermal stress and maternal diet on metabolic rate of obese (ob/ob) and lean mice at two weeks of age. The metabolic response of one- and two-week-old obese (ob/ob) and lean mice to acute thermal stress, and the influence of maternal diet on body fat and metabolic rates of these mice, were evaluated. Both obese and lean pups increased their rate of oxygen consumption 62 to 67% when exposed to 25 degrees C for 20 minutes rather than to 35 degrees C. Obese pups exposed to an intermediate temperature (30 degrees C), however, increased their rate of oxygen consumption less (35%) than did lean mice (55%) exposed to the same temperature. Reports in the literature suggest that adult obese mice have a markedly reduced ability to increase their oxygen consumption when cold-stressed, but the present results indicate that young obese mice may have less impairment in their capacity to increase oxygen consumption. Two-week-old obese pups contained more fat and consumed less oxygen than lean littermates. The maternal diet was manipulated to increase the body fat content of two-week-old pups to equal that of obese mice, but obese pups still consumed less oxygen than did the lean pups. We, thus, conclude that factors other than differences in body fat content are responsible for the lowered oxygen consumption observed in young obese mice.", "PMID": 536105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6718", "title": "Monitoring human eating patterns during the ingestion of non-liquid foods.", "content": "Relatively few automatic methods have been developed to monitor human eating parameters which may characterize obese 'eating styles'. The methods which have been developed typically require the use of liquid foods unlike those normally consumed. A method is presented for automatically monitoring human eating during the ingestion of typical semi-solid foods. Data obtained using the semi-solid food yogurt suggest that eating rates vary greatly between people but that these rates may be very consistent across meals. Improvements, adjunctive methods and theoretical implications for applied behavior therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Monitoring human eating patterns during the ingestion of non-liquid foods. Relatively few automatic methods have been developed to monitor human eating parameters which may characterize obese 'eating styles'. The methods which have been developed typically require the use of liquid foods unlike those normally consumed. A method is presented for automatically monitoring human eating during the ingestion of typical semi-solid foods. Data obtained using the semi-solid food yogurt suggest that eating rates vary greatly between people but that these rates may be very consistent across meals. Improvements, adjunctive methods and theoretical implications for applied behavior therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 536106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6719", "title": "Effect of temperature upon the circular dichroism of bradykinin.", "content": "Analysis of the effect of temperature on the circular dichroism spectrum of bradykinin has led to a more precise understanding of the solution conformation of the peptide. Circular dichroism and 13C n.m.r. have been used in a complementary fashion to support the picture that bradykinin spends a maximum of about 20% of its time in a partially ordered conformation featuring a gamma-turn with Pro7 as the second residue. Since the gamma-turn probability is insensitive to temperature, some other conformational effect dominated by the structure of water presumably produces the pronounced change in the circular dichroism spectrum with increasing temperature.", "contents": "Effect of temperature upon the circular dichroism of bradykinin. Analysis of the effect of temperature on the circular dichroism spectrum of bradykinin has led to a more precise understanding of the solution conformation of the peptide. Circular dichroism and 13C n.m.r. have been used in a complementary fashion to support the picture that bradykinin spends a maximum of about 20% of its time in a partially ordered conformation featuring a gamma-turn with Pro7 as the second residue. Since the gamma-turn probability is insensitive to temperature, some other conformational effect dominated by the structure of water presumably produces the pronounced change in the circular dichroism spectrum with increasing temperature.", "PMID": 536107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6720", "title": "Energy-conformation studies of frequency of beta-turns in tetrapeptide sequences.", "content": "The optimized energies of seven beta-bends, repeating C5 and C7, and right- and left-handed alpha-helical conformations for each of eight tetrapeptides have been computed using empirical methods. Eight tetramers were selected: four helix-forming sequences with hydrophobic residues such as Val, Leu, Ile and Trp, and four helix-breaking sequences with hydrophilic residues such as Asp, Asn and Ser, as determined by their frequency of occurrence in beta turns in proteins. Analysis of the optimized conformations with energies less than or equal to 2.1 kcal/mol from the absolute minimum energy conformer for each tetramer reveals a correlation between low-energy conformations and those predicted from observed protein structures. These results show that energy calculations on small peptide fragments may be usefulin predicting protein structure.", "contents": "Energy-conformation studies of frequency of beta-turns in tetrapeptide sequences. The optimized energies of seven beta-bends, repeating C5 and C7, and right- and left-handed alpha-helical conformations for each of eight tetrapeptides have been computed using empirical methods. Eight tetramers were selected: four helix-forming sequences with hydrophobic residues such as Val, Leu, Ile and Trp, and four helix-breaking sequences with hydrophilic residues such as Asp, Asn and Ser, as determined by their frequency of occurrence in beta turns in proteins. Analysis of the optimized conformations with energies less than or equal to 2.1 kcal/mol from the absolute minimum energy conformer for each tetramer reveals a correlation between low-energy conformations and those predicted from observed protein structures. These results show that energy calculations on small peptide fragments may be usefulin predicting protein structure.", "PMID": 536108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6721", "title": "The nature of the multiple forms of bovine thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase.", "content": "Preparations of thiol\"protein disulfide oxidoreductase from bovine liver were shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and NH2-terminal analysis (Carmichael et al., 1977). When the enzyme was subjected to prolonged storage at -20 degrees, freeze-thawing, or heating at 60 degrees, at least one new protein species was observed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The new protein results from dimerization of the enzyme. The dmier consisted of two monomers held together by an intermolecular disulfide bond. The formation of this dimer can be reversed and partially prevented by thiols.", "contents": "The nature of the multiple forms of bovine thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase. Preparations of thiol\"protein disulfide oxidoreductase from bovine liver were shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and NH2-terminal analysis (Carmichael et al., 1977). When the enzyme was subjected to prolonged storage at -20 degrees, freeze-thawing, or heating at 60 degrees, at least one new protein species was observed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The new protein results from dimerization of the enzyme. The dmier consisted of two monomers held together by an intermolecular disulfide bond. The formation of this dimer can be reversed and partially prevented by thiols.", "PMID": 536109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6722", "title": "The preferred conformations of protected homodito homoheptamethionine peptides. A1 H n.m.r. study in deuterochloroform medium.", "content": "Detailed analyses of the conformations of the homo-oligopeptide series, Boc-(L-Met)n-OME n = 2--7, in deuterochloroform have been carried out with proton n.m.r. and IR spectroscopy. Well-resolved high field n.m.r. spectra with assignments for the NH and alpha-CH resonances of these homo-methionine peptides are presented. Extensive n.m.r. concentration-dependent chemical shift studies are combined with IR results to delineate the involvement of the various methionine NH protons in intra- and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. N.m.r. chemical shift dependencies with temperature and solvent, DMSO-d6, are used to explore the strength of the hydrogen bonds for the various oligopeptides. At low concentrations, where peptide aggregation is absent, the dipeptide is found to be disordered. The tetra- to heptapeptides possess intramolecular hydrogen bonded seven-membered rings at internal residues. The number of internal rings and the oligopeptide self-association increase with increasing peptide chainlength. At intermediate concentrations associations of peptide molecules with folded structures occur with initial association at the C-terminal region. At high concentrations, \"in-register\" associated extended beta structures are formed.", "contents": "The preferred conformations of protected homodito homoheptamethionine peptides. A1 H n.m.r. study in deuterochloroform medium. Detailed analyses of the conformations of the homo-oligopeptide series, Boc-(L-Met)n-OME n = 2--7, in deuterochloroform have been carried out with proton n.m.r. and IR spectroscopy. Well-resolved high field n.m.r. spectra with assignments for the NH and alpha-CH resonances of these homo-methionine peptides are presented. Extensive n.m.r. concentration-dependent chemical shift studies are combined with IR results to delineate the involvement of the various methionine NH protons in intra- and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. N.m.r. chemical shift dependencies with temperature and solvent, DMSO-d6, are used to explore the strength of the hydrogen bonds for the various oligopeptides. At low concentrations, where peptide aggregation is absent, the dipeptide is found to be disordered. The tetra- to heptapeptides possess intramolecular hydrogen bonded seven-membered rings at internal residues. The number of internal rings and the oligopeptide self-association increase with increasing peptide chainlength. At intermediate concentrations associations of peptide molecules with folded structures occur with initial association at the C-terminal region. At high concentrations, \"in-register\" associated extended beta structures are formed.", "PMID": 536110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6723", "title": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic-alpha-amide(MDP) or -alpha-methyl ester derivatives, bearing a lipophilic group at the C-terminal peptide end.", "content": "We report the synthesis of nine lipophilic derivatives of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic-alpha-amide (MDP) or -alpha-methyl ester in which the gamma-carboxyl function of the D-glutamyl residue is either esterified by a medium chain alcohol or substituted by an L-alanyl residue esterified by a medium or long chain alcohol. A new method is described which easily allows one to obtain derivatives of MDP, bearing a free or substituted amino-acyl or peptidyl residue on the gamma-carboxyl function.", "contents": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic-alpha-amide(MDP) or -alpha-methyl ester derivatives, bearing a lipophilic group at the C-terminal peptide end. We report the synthesis of nine lipophilic derivatives of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic-alpha-amide (MDP) or -alpha-methyl ester in which the gamma-carboxyl function of the D-glutamyl residue is either esterified by a medium chain alcohol or substituted by an L-alanyl residue esterified by a medium or long chain alcohol. A new method is described which easily allows one to obtain derivatives of MDP, bearing a free or substituted amino-acyl or peptidyl residue on the gamma-carboxyl function.", "PMID": 536111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6724", "title": "Preparation of racemic 2r-carboxy-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-pyrrolidine (DL-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-proline) and unambiguous assignment of protons in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of proline.", "content": "Racemic trans-3,4-dideutero proline has been prepared by catalytic deuteration of 3-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid. The stereospecificity of the reduction (i.e. trans to the carboxylic group) was ascertained after transformation of the dideutero compound into the diketopiperazide c/Pro, Aib/, for which unambiguous proton assignments in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum had been obtained previously. The identification of the configuration of the dideuteroproline allows for the affirmation of the correctness of proton assignments as previously proposed in literature.", "contents": "Preparation of racemic 2r-carboxy-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-pyrrolidine (DL-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-proline) and unambiguous assignment of protons in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of proline. Racemic trans-3,4-dideutero proline has been prepared by catalytic deuteration of 3-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid. The stereospecificity of the reduction (i.e. trans to the carboxylic group) was ascertained after transformation of the dideutero compound into the diketopiperazide c/Pro, Aib/, for which unambiguous proton assignments in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum had been obtained previously. The identification of the configuration of the dideuteroproline allows for the affirmation of the correctness of proton assignments as previously proposed in literature.", "PMID": 536112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6725", "title": "Extensive modification of protein amino groups by reductive addition of different sized substituents.", "content": "The amino groups of ovomucoid, lysozyme and ovotransferrin have been extensively alkylated by reacting the proteins with various carbonyl reagents in the presence of sodim borohydride. The extent of modification ranged from 40 to 100%. Essentially monosubstitution was obtained with acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, while 20--50% disubstitution was obtained with N-butanal and nearby 100% disubstitution was obtained with formaldehyde. Both the methylated and isopropylated derivatives of all three proteins were soluble and retained almost full biochemical activities, but introduction of the larger substituents caused precipitation with lysozyme and ovotransferrin.", "contents": "Extensive modification of protein amino groups by reductive addition of different sized substituents. The amino groups of ovomucoid, lysozyme and ovotransferrin have been extensively alkylated by reacting the proteins with various carbonyl reagents in the presence of sodim borohydride. The extent of modification ranged from 40 to 100%. Essentially monosubstitution was obtained with acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, while 20--50% disubstitution was obtained with N-butanal and nearby 100% disubstitution was obtained with formaldehyde. Both the methylated and isopropylated derivatives of all three proteins were soluble and retained almost full biochemical activities, but introduction of the larger substituents caused precipitation with lysozyme and ovotransferrin.", "PMID": 536113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6726", "title": "Evoked EEG responses in several motor areas of brain to stimulation of hippocampus and caudate, alone and in combination.", "content": "In curarized rats, electrical stimulation (6 Hz pulses in 6-sec trains) was delivered either to the dorsal hippocampus (Hip), the caudate nucleus (Caud), or to both. Hip and Caud stimulation evoked activity in the motor cortex and the Hip, and the responses commonly grew larger during the stimulation; to a lesser extent, responses occurred in the brainstem reticulum and cerebellar cortex. Combined Hip and Caud stimulation responses were often greater than the responses to stimulation of either Hip or Caud alone, but less than the sum of responses from each single-site stimulation, suggesting occlusive interference because of shared elements in the projection pathways. There were also some instances suggesting mutual facilitation, where the responses to combined stimulation were greater than the sum of the responses to each single-site stimulation. Both kinds of results seem to indicate that the hippocampus, as well as the caudate, has functional connections with motor control areas of the brain and that both areas may interact in motor control.", "contents": "Evoked EEG responses in several motor areas of brain to stimulation of hippocampus and caudate, alone and in combination. In curarized rats, electrical stimulation (6 Hz pulses in 6-sec trains) was delivered either to the dorsal hippocampus (Hip), the caudate nucleus (Caud), or to both. Hip and Caud stimulation evoked activity in the motor cortex and the Hip, and the responses commonly grew larger during the stimulation; to a lesser extent, responses occurred in the brainstem reticulum and cerebellar cortex. Combined Hip and Caud stimulation responses were often greater than the responses to stimulation of either Hip or Caud alone, but less than the sum of responses from each single-site stimulation, suggesting occlusive interference because of shared elements in the projection pathways. There were also some instances suggesting mutual facilitation, where the responses to combined stimulation were greater than the sum of the responses to each single-site stimulation. Both kinds of results seem to indicate that the hippocampus, as well as the caudate, has functional connections with motor control areas of the brain and that both areas may interact in motor control.", "PMID": 536114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6727", "title": "Degeneration of interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine treatment.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of the cytotoxic compound 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine produces extensive damage in a small population of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. The observed changes are characterized by osmiophilic deposits in the cytoplasm and an overall increase in the electrodensity of the matrix. No alterations in the relay cells nor in synaptic endings were observed. The cells affected by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, most probably tryptaminergic in nature, belong to the class of interneurons and may correspond to local inhibitory cells described in neurophysiological studies.", "contents": "Degeneration of interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine treatment. Intraventricular administration of the cytotoxic compound 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine produces extensive damage in a small population of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. The observed changes are characterized by osmiophilic deposits in the cytoplasm and an overall increase in the electrodensity of the matrix. No alterations in the relay cells nor in synaptic endings were observed. The cells affected by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, most probably tryptaminergic in nature, belong to the class of interneurons and may correspond to local inhibitory cells described in neurophysiological studies.", "PMID": 536115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6728", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome: a testable hypothesis and mechanism.", "content": "The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent cause of death in infants aged between one month and one year, yet its cause remains unknown. The present hypothesis is that most infants who die of SIDS have an abnormality of the catecholaminergic system, possible genetically determined, which results in a decreased thermogenic response to cold, owing to a deficiency in noradrenaline (NA), which eventually results in severe hypothermia. A series of complex, but interrelated reactions of the infant to the hypothermia and its consequences leads to death. The final mechanism of regulatory failure involves a deterioration of cardiorespiratory function resulting from hypoxia, metabolic acidosis and hypoglycemia. The etiology of \"near miss\" for SIDS is also unknown. It is postulated that these infants have a similar but milder deficiency which may be due, in part, to genetic factors. Determinations of central and peripheral catecholamines in \"near miss\" and normal infants will be performed to test this hypothesis.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome: a testable hypothesis and mechanism. The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent cause of death in infants aged between one month and one year, yet its cause remains unknown. The present hypothesis is that most infants who die of SIDS have an abnormality of the catecholaminergic system, possible genetically determined, which results in a decreased thermogenic response to cold, owing to a deficiency in noradrenaline (NA), which eventually results in severe hypothermia. A series of complex, but interrelated reactions of the infant to the hypothermia and its consequences leads to death. The final mechanism of regulatory failure involves a deterioration of cardiorespiratory function resulting from hypoxia, metabolic acidosis and hypoglycemia. The etiology of \"near miss\" for SIDS is also unknown. It is postulated that these infants have a similar but milder deficiency which may be due, in part, to genetic factors. Determinations of central and peripheral catecholamines in \"near miss\" and normal infants will be performed to test this hypothesis.", "PMID": 536116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6729", "title": "The relationships between conceptual and semantic-lexical disorders in aphasia.", "content": "A nonverbal test of conceptual thinking was administered to 55 normal controls and to 203 patients with monohemispheric brain lesions (74 aphasics and 129 nonaphasic brain-damaged patients), in order to study the relationships between conceptual impairment of aphasic patients and breakdown of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. A very high number of aphasic patients (54 out of 74) and a limited number of nonaphasic brain-damaged subjects (31 out of 129) obtained a pathological score on the test of conceptual thinking, but only some components of the aphasic symptomatology seemed closely linked to the conceptual disorder. In fact a non-significant relationship was found between conceptual impairment and: (\"fluent\" or \"non-fluent\") clinical type of aphasia; severity of aphasic disturbance. On the contrary, a strong relationship was found between conceptual disorder and impairment of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. These findings seem to show that conceptual disturbance and semantic-lexical troubles are closely linked in aphasia.", "contents": "The relationships between conceptual and semantic-lexical disorders in aphasia. A nonverbal test of conceptual thinking was administered to 55 normal controls and to 203 patients with monohemispheric brain lesions (74 aphasics and 129 nonaphasic brain-damaged patients), in order to study the relationships between conceptual impairment of aphasic patients and breakdown of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. A very high number of aphasic patients (54 out of 74) and a limited number of nonaphasic brain-damaged subjects (31 out of 129) obtained a pathological score on the test of conceptual thinking, but only some components of the aphasic symptomatology seemed closely linked to the conceptual disorder. In fact a non-significant relationship was found between conceptual impairment and: (\"fluent\" or \"non-fluent\") clinical type of aphasia; severity of aphasic disturbance. On the contrary, a strong relationship was found between conceptual disorder and impairment of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. These findings seem to show that conceptual disturbance and semantic-lexical troubles are closely linked in aphasia.", "PMID": 536117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6730", "title": "Identification of specific neurological disorders using double discrimination scales derived from the standardized Luria neuropsychological battery.", "content": "The Standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery has been validated in a number of studies and has shown its effectiveness in making basic neuropsychological discriminations. A major advantage of this battery, compared to other test batteries, is its structure. The test consists of 269 separate items, each of which is designed to measure a different neuropsychological skill. As a result, these items can be combined in a number of ways to form scales aimed at specific neurological processes. It is the purpose of the present study to investigate whether or not the Luria Battery can be successful in discriminating specific neurological disorders by the development of what is termed \"double discrimination scales.\" Using this process, two scales are established to diagnose any given neurological process. The first represents items in which the patients with a specific disorder do worse than a general neurological control group while the second scale represents items in which the patients with a neurological disorder do better than the general neurological control group. For a patient to be diagnosed as having a given process, the patient must score in the proper range on both scales. This method was applied to a sample of 24 multiple sclerosis patients who were compared with 74 patients diagnosed as normal, 106 psychiatric patients, and 101 brain damaged patients. Using the double discrimination procedure, the accuracy of identification of 100% was achieved in all groups. The study supported the usefulness of the double discrimination approach with the Standardized Luria Neuropsychological Battery and opens up the possibilities for scales to be developed for a wide variety of diseases in specific lateralized disorders.", "contents": "Identification of specific neurological disorders using double discrimination scales derived from the standardized Luria neuropsychological battery. The Standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery has been validated in a number of studies and has shown its effectiveness in making basic neuropsychological discriminations. A major advantage of this battery, compared to other test batteries, is its structure. The test consists of 269 separate items, each of which is designed to measure a different neuropsychological skill. As a result, these items can be combined in a number of ways to form scales aimed at specific neurological processes. It is the purpose of the present study to investigate whether or not the Luria Battery can be successful in discriminating specific neurological disorders by the development of what is termed \"double discrimination scales.\" Using this process, two scales are established to diagnose any given neurological process. The first represents items in which the patients with a specific disorder do worse than a general neurological control group while the second scale represents items in which the patients with a neurological disorder do better than the general neurological control group. For a patient to be diagnosed as having a given process, the patient must score in the proper range on both scales. This method was applied to a sample of 24 multiple sclerosis patients who were compared with 74 patients diagnosed as normal, 106 psychiatric patients, and 101 brain damaged patients. Using the double discrimination procedure, the accuracy of identification of 100% was achieved in all groups. The study supported the usefulness of the double discrimination approach with the Standardized Luria Neuropsychological Battery and opens up the possibilities for scales to be developed for a wide variety of diseases in specific lateralized disorders.", "PMID": 536118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6731", "title": "Sero-epidemiological studies on coxiellosis in animals and man in the state of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi (India).", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q-fever, was studied in domestic animals either at the farm or at the slaughter house and man in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). Evidence of Q-fever infection was observed in 24.29% of 490 cattle, 16.79% of 536 sheep, 16.02% of 1011 buffaloes, 15.85% of 1937 goats, 14.67% of 184 pigs and 14.29% of 49 street dogs. Twenty percent of 55 dairy cows, 9.52% of 21 dairy goats and 5.71% of 35 dairy buffaloes were found positive for C. burnetii antibodies in their milk. Of 1636 human sera samples tested, 249 (15.22%) were positive. Human sero-positive reactors in U.P. and Delhi were 15.59% and 14.39% respectively. Factors of age, sex, season antibody titres, co-existance of Q-fever and brucellosis and public health significance of high Q-fever infection in meat and dairy animals under the prevalent socio-economic conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiological studies on coxiellosis in animals and man in the state of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi (India). The prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q-fever, was studied in domestic animals either at the farm or at the slaughter house and man in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). Evidence of Q-fever infection was observed in 24.29% of 490 cattle, 16.79% of 536 sheep, 16.02% of 1011 buffaloes, 15.85% of 1937 goats, 14.67% of 184 pigs and 14.29% of 49 street dogs. Twenty percent of 55 dairy cows, 9.52% of 21 dairy goats and 5.71% of 35 dairy buffaloes were found positive for C. burnetii antibodies in their milk. Of 1636 human sera samples tested, 249 (15.22%) were positive. Human sero-positive reactors in U.P. and Delhi were 15.59% and 14.39% respectively. Factors of age, sex, season antibody titres, co-existance of Q-fever and brucellosis and public health significance of high Q-fever infection in meat and dairy animals under the prevalent socio-economic conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 536122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6732", "title": "Sero-epidemiologic investigations on brucellosis in the states of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Delhi (India).", "content": "Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in man and animals was studied during the years 1976 and 1977. Samples were collected from Hospitals/slaughter houses/livestock farms located in Delhi and different districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). The sera samples tested were from 1685 men, 1607 goats, 438 sheep, 244 pigs, 361 cattle, 551 buffalos, 50 dogs, 318 equine and 43 free living animals. The percentage of seropositivity, excluding doubtful ones, was recorded as: man 0.89, goat 5.53, sheep 3.42, pigs 15.98, cattle 6.37 buffalo 4.9 and equine 12.89. Additionally an evidence of agglutinins was also detected in a python serum sample. It was observed that occupation, age, sex and season had a bearing on the prevalence of the disease.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiologic investigations on brucellosis in the states of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Delhi (India). Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in man and animals was studied during the years 1976 and 1977. Samples were collected from Hospitals/slaughter houses/livestock farms located in Delhi and different districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). The sera samples tested were from 1685 men, 1607 goats, 438 sheep, 244 pigs, 361 cattle, 551 buffalos, 50 dogs, 318 equine and 43 free living animals. The percentage of seropositivity, excluding doubtful ones, was recorded as: man 0.89, goat 5.53, sheep 3.42, pigs 15.98, cattle 6.37 buffalo 4.9 and equine 12.89. Additionally an evidence of agglutinins was also detected in a python serum sample. It was observed that occupation, age, sex and season had a bearing on the prevalence of the disease.", "PMID": 536123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6733", "title": "Toads as reservoirs of salmonellae: prevalence and antibiogram.", "content": "Of 570 intestinal-content-samples of toads examined, 40 yielded salmonellae, which included 26 strains of S. goverdhan, 9 of S. bareilly, 2 of S. richmond, and 1 each of S. typhimurium, S. weltevreden and S. newport. From 52 visceral-organ samples, 6 strains of S. goverdhan and 1 of S. typhimurium were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity studied against 18 chemotherapeutic agents, revealed that although the isolates were sensitive to most of the antibiotics, all of them were resistant to bacitracin, novobiocin and oleandomycin. To sulfonamides, erythromycin and pencillin, respectively, 42, 8 and 3 isolates were resistant.", "contents": "Toads as reservoirs of salmonellae: prevalence and antibiogram. Of 570 intestinal-content-samples of toads examined, 40 yielded salmonellae, which included 26 strains of S. goverdhan, 9 of S. bareilly, 2 of S. richmond, and 1 each of S. typhimurium, S. weltevreden and S. newport. From 52 visceral-organ samples, 6 strains of S. goverdhan and 1 of S. typhimurium were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity studied against 18 chemotherapeutic agents, revealed that although the isolates were sensitive to most of the antibiotics, all of them were resistant to bacitracin, novobiocin and oleandomycin. To sulfonamides, erythromycin and pencillin, respectively, 42, 8 and 3 isolates were resistant.", "PMID": 536124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6734", "title": "Leptospirosis in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: a case-control seroepidemiologic study.", "content": "From January 1 to December 31 of 1975, all patients admitted to Salvador's Infectious Disease Hospital were serologically tested for leptospirosis if their clinical and laboratory findings were compatible with this diagnosis. Of the 888 patients tested, 133 were positive. Among patients with an initial clinical impression of leptospirosis, the diagnosis was confirmed serologically in 36% and for the 133 leptospirosis patients, only 67 (50.4%) were initially suspected. Epidemiological aspects investigated covered: age, sex, place of residence and occupation for all cases and for fatal cases; distribution of cases by month of occurrence and by rainfall in that month; distribution of serotypes by month; and probable source of infection with emphasis of the occurrence and type of contact with dogs. For each case residing in Salvador, a control of the same age and sex was interviewed in the immediate neighborhood. Sewage, rats, water, dogs, mud and garbage were identified as the most likely source of infection in that order. Marked seasonal fluctuations were apparent with peak incidence during the months of maximum precipitation. In two-thirds of cases reporting contact with a dog, tests on the animal revealed the same serotype. The most frequent serotypes were: icterohemorrhagiae, autumnalis, castellonis, grippotyphosa, hebdomadis and bataviae.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: a case-control seroepidemiologic study. From January 1 to December 31 of 1975, all patients admitted to Salvador's Infectious Disease Hospital were serologically tested for leptospirosis if their clinical and laboratory findings were compatible with this diagnosis. Of the 888 patients tested, 133 were positive. Among patients with an initial clinical impression of leptospirosis, the diagnosis was confirmed serologically in 36% and for the 133 leptospirosis patients, only 67 (50.4%) were initially suspected. Epidemiological aspects investigated covered: age, sex, place of residence and occupation for all cases and for fatal cases; distribution of cases by month of occurrence and by rainfall in that month; distribution of serotypes by month; and probable source of infection with emphasis of the occurrence and type of contact with dogs. For each case residing in Salvador, a control of the same age and sex was interviewed in the immediate neighborhood. Sewage, rats, water, dogs, mud and garbage were identified as the most likely source of infection in that order. Marked seasonal fluctuations were apparent with peak incidence during the months of maximum precipitation. In two-thirds of cases reporting contact with a dog, tests on the animal revealed the same serotype. The most frequent serotypes were: icterohemorrhagiae, autumnalis, castellonis, grippotyphosa, hebdomadis and bataviae.", "PMID": 536125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6735", "title": "The need for integrated control programs for zoonoses affecting livestock.", "content": "Prior to recognition of etiologic agents of zoonoses (infections transmitted between animals and man), physicians encountered these illnesses in man and veterinarians observed them in animals. As the agents were identified, interspecies relationships (and spread) became evident and control programs evolved without consideration of cost-effectiveness. Today, the public demands efficient use of financial resources. Human health as well as economic losses are concerns of animal health agencies. Zoonoses affecting livestock, though not major priorities among public health agencies, cannot be ignored. It seems economical, therefore, to combine the efforts of these agencies in zoonoses control. This would benefit human health by reducing the animal reservoirs and the livestock industry will benefit by lowered production costs.", "contents": "The need for integrated control programs for zoonoses affecting livestock. Prior to recognition of etiologic agents of zoonoses (infections transmitted between animals and man), physicians encountered these illnesses in man and veterinarians observed them in animals. As the agents were identified, interspecies relationships (and spread) became evident and control programs evolved without consideration of cost-effectiveness. Today, the public demands efficient use of financial resources. Human health as well as economic losses are concerns of animal health agencies. Zoonoses affecting livestock, though not major priorities among public health agencies, cannot be ignored. It seems economical, therefore, to combine the efforts of these agencies in zoonoses control. This would benefit human health by reducing the animal reservoirs and the livestock industry will benefit by lowered production costs.", "PMID": 536126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6736", "title": "Contact B-scan ultrasonography: a practical approach.", "content": "The Bronson-Turner ultrasonoscope is an extremely practical, simple ultrasound device for the clinician. Used with real time, gray scale, and three-dimensional thinking, this unit has gained wide acceptance. It is designed primarily for clinical diagnostic ocular examination; with experience, it can be used for orbital interpretation as well. Axial length measurement with this instrument is only approximate.", "contents": "Contact B-scan ultrasonography: a practical approach. The Bronson-Turner ultrasonoscope is an extremely practical, simple ultrasound device for the clinician. Used with real time, gray scale, and three-dimensional thinking, this unit has gained wide acceptance. It is designed primarily for clinical diagnostic ocular examination; with experience, it can be used for orbital interpretation as well. Axial length measurement with this instrument is only approximate.", "PMID": 536128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6737", "title": "Immersion ultrasonography: simultaneous A-scan and B-scan.", "content": "In eyes with opaque media, ophthalmic ultrasound provides a unique source of information that can dramatically affect the course of patient management. In addition, when an ocular abnormality can be visualized, ultrasonography provides information that supplements and complements other diagnostic testing. It provides documentation and differentiation of abnormal states, such as vitreous hemorrhage and intraocular tumor, as well as differentiation of orbital tumors from inflammatory causes of exophthalmos. Additional capabilities of ultrasound are biometric determinations for calculation of intraocular lens implant powers and drug-effectiveness studies. Maximal information is derived from ultrasonography when A-scan and B-scan techniques are employed simultaneously. Flexibility of electronics, variable-frequency transducers, and the use of several different manual scanning patterns aid in detection and interpretation of results. The immersion system of ultrasonography provides these features optimally.", "contents": "Immersion ultrasonography: simultaneous A-scan and B-scan. In eyes with opaque media, ophthalmic ultrasound provides a unique source of information that can dramatically affect the course of patient management. In addition, when an ocular abnormality can be visualized, ultrasonography provides information that supplements and complements other diagnostic testing. It provides documentation and differentiation of abnormal states, such as vitreous hemorrhage and intraocular tumor, as well as differentiation of orbital tumors from inflammatory causes of exophthalmos. Additional capabilities of ultrasound are biometric determinations for calculation of intraocular lens implant powers and drug-effectiveness studies. Maximal information is derived from ultrasonography when A-scan and B-scan techniques are employed simultaneously. Flexibility of electronics, variable-frequency transducers, and the use of several different manual scanning patterns aid in detection and interpretation of results. The immersion system of ultrasonography provides these features optimally.", "PMID": 536137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6738", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of carcinosarcoma of the esophagus and a review of literature are presented. The pertinent clinical and pathological data are summarized. There have been 51 reported cases of which 31 underwent surgical resection of the lesion; there have been three five-year survivors. Although the cumulative experience with this malignancy is limited, it is apparent that the presentation and clinical course of this tumor is not substantially different from the more common squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic management should not vary from that of any malignant esophageal lesion.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature. A case of carcinosarcoma of the esophagus and a review of literature are presented. The pertinent clinical and pathological data are summarized. There have been 51 reported cases of which 31 underwent surgical resection of the lesion; there have been three five-year survivors. Although the cumulative experience with this malignancy is limited, it is apparent that the presentation and clinical course of this tumor is not substantially different from the more common squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic management should not vary from that of any malignant esophageal lesion.", "PMID": 536139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6739", "title": "Cystic hamartoma of the liver.", "content": "A case of cystic hamartoma of the liver is reported. The clinical presentation and management is discussed. A review of the origin of this rare tumor and its clinical and pathological characteristics is made.", "contents": "Cystic hamartoma of the liver. A case of cystic hamartoma of the liver is reported. The clinical presentation and management is discussed. A review of the origin of this rare tumor and its clinical and pathological characteristics is made.", "PMID": 536140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6740", "title": "Surgical treatment of a solitary giant hemangioma of the liver presenting as an avascular mass.", "content": "A clinically silent giant hepatic hemangioma was diagnosed following, and as a result of, minor trauma. Liver scan, arteriography and liver biopsy were suggestive of an avascular mass, but laparotomy established that the tumor was a hemangioma. Surgical treatment and complete recovery followed. These benign primary hepatic tumors are usually discovered incidentially. Their presentation and management are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of a solitary giant hemangioma of the liver presenting as an avascular mass. A clinically silent giant hepatic hemangioma was diagnosed following, and as a result of, minor trauma. Liver scan, arteriography and liver biopsy were suggestive of an avascular mass, but laparotomy established that the tumor was a hemangioma. Surgical treatment and complete recovery followed. These benign primary hepatic tumors are usually discovered incidentially. Their presentation and management are discussed.", "PMID": 536141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6741", "title": "Leiomyoma of duodenum: report of a case.", "content": "A case of a large leiomyoma of the duodenum and how it presented is reported. Difficulties in making a preoperative diagnosis and the surgical approaches to its treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of duodenum: report of a case. A case of a large leiomyoma of the duodenum and how it presented is reported. Difficulties in making a preoperative diagnosis and the surgical approaches to its treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 536142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6742", "title": "Small intestinal obstruction by an enterolith from a Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "A new case of an enterolith, formed within a Meckel's diverticulum and subsequently expellefferential diagnosis from a gallstone ileus is virtually impossible. This nevertheless remains a rare cause of intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "Small intestinal obstruction by an enterolith from a Meckel's diverticulum. A new case of an enterolith, formed within a Meckel's diverticulum and subsequently expellefferential diagnosis from a gallstone ileus is virtually impossible. This nevertheless remains a rare cause of intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 536143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6743", "title": "Acute pancreatitis in a community with a low alcohol intake.", "content": "The etiological factors in 130 cases of acute pancreatitis occurring in a community with a low alcohol intake were reviewed. Alcohol was an insignificant factor in the etiology of acute pancreatitis. So-called idiopathic pancreatitis, occurring mainly in the older age group, was diagnosed in 19% of the cases. This is in contradistinction to findings in populations with excessive alcohol intake, where idiopathic pancreatitis is seen in all age groups. Similar age and sex distribution, as well as biochemical evidence of cholestasis, were seen in both the group suffering from gallbladder disease and in the idiopathic group. A more aggressive diagnostic work-up, including surgical exploration, is warranted, in view of the clinical overlap of biliary tract disease and idiopathic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis in a community with a low alcohol intake. The etiological factors in 130 cases of acute pancreatitis occurring in a community with a low alcohol intake were reviewed. Alcohol was an insignificant factor in the etiology of acute pancreatitis. So-called idiopathic pancreatitis, occurring mainly in the older age group, was diagnosed in 19% of the cases. This is in contradistinction to findings in populations with excessive alcohol intake, where idiopathic pancreatitis is seen in all age groups. Similar age and sex distribution, as well as biochemical evidence of cholestasis, were seen in both the group suffering from gallbladder disease and in the idiopathic group. A more aggressive diagnostic work-up, including surgical exploration, is warranted, in view of the clinical overlap of biliary tract disease and idiopathic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 536146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6744", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: diagnostic criteria and surgical approach.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is reported. There was difficulty in establishing the correct histologic diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria, including electron microscopy examination, are reviewed. Abdominoperineal resection of the rectosigmoid is the common therapeutic procedure recommended.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: diagnostic criteria and surgical approach. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is reported. There was difficulty in establishing the correct histologic diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria, including electron microscopy examination, are reviewed. Abdominoperineal resection of the rectosigmoid is the common therapeutic procedure recommended.", "PMID": 536147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6745", "title": "Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Pulmonary metastases from many primary sources were treated by surgery in 42 patients. The seven-year survival rate was 10%. A long time interval between the operation on the primary tumor and the metastatic lung lesion was associated with a better prognosis. The survival rates for patients with carcinomas and sarcomas were nearly equal equal after removal of pulmonary metastases. The patients with melanoma died soon after lung resections. The location of the metastases in the lower lung lobes had a better prognosis than that of metastases in the upper lobes. In this material there was a patient who, after treatment of the primary tumor, needed three thoracotomies to remove eight pulmonary metastases from both lungs. The patient was alive and free from all signs of recurrence 20 years after the first removal of pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases. Pulmonary metastases from many primary sources were treated by surgery in 42 patients. The seven-year survival rate was 10%. A long time interval between the operation on the primary tumor and the metastatic lung lesion was associated with a better prognosis. The survival rates for patients with carcinomas and sarcomas were nearly equal equal after removal of pulmonary metastases. The patients with melanoma died soon after lung resections. The location of the metastases in the lower lung lobes had a better prognosis than that of metastases in the upper lobes. In this material there was a patient who, after treatment of the primary tumor, needed three thoracotomies to remove eight pulmonary metastases from both lungs. The patient was alive and free from all signs of recurrence 20 years after the first removal of pulmonary metastases.", "PMID": 536153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6746", "title": "A complication of Lahaut's operation for prolapse of rectum.", "content": "Complications following Lahaut's procedure for rectal prolapse have not been documented. Two cases in which a potentially fatal complication occurred after this operation are described.", "contents": "A complication of Lahaut's operation for prolapse of rectum. Complications following Lahaut's procedure for rectal prolapse have not been documented. Two cases in which a potentially fatal complication occurred after this operation are described.", "PMID": 536148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6747", "title": "Esophagectomy and esophageal replacement by gastric pull-through procedure.", "content": "The gastric pull-through procedure is a relatively new surgical technique for carcinomas of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus and benign diffuse stricture of the thoracic esophagus, that require total esophagectomy. This technique is original both in the exeretic and reconstructive phase: total esophagectomy is performed by blunt dissection; thoracotomy and pleural damage are avoided. The basic principle of the operation is the gastric transposition into the neck through the posterior mediastenum and a pharyngogastric or esophagogastric anastomosis, according to the type of disease. Fourteen of our cases who underwent a gastric pull-through are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Esophagectomy and esophageal replacement by gastric pull-through procedure. The gastric pull-through procedure is a relatively new surgical technique for carcinomas of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus and benign diffuse stricture of the thoracic esophagus, that require total esophagectomy. This technique is original both in the exeretic and reconstructive phase: total esophagectomy is performed by blunt dissection; thoracotomy and pleural damage are avoided. The basic principle of the operation is the gastric transposition into the neck through the posterior mediastenum and a pharyngogastric or esophagogastric anastomosis, according to the type of disease. Fourteen of our cases who underwent a gastric pull-through are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 536154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6748", "title": "Amebic necrosis of bowel.", "content": "Ten cases of amebic necrosis of bowel have been presented. The pathology of amebic bowel necrosis has been discussed in detail, and diagnostic criteria have been mentioned. The treatment of choice in these cases is wide excisional surgery.", "contents": "Amebic necrosis of bowel. Ten cases of amebic necrosis of bowel have been presented. The pathology of amebic bowel necrosis has been discussed in detail, and diagnostic criteria have been mentioned. The treatment of choice in these cases is wide excisional surgery.", "PMID": 536145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6749", "title": "Sincipital nasofrontal encephalomeningocele.", "content": "A case of a 7-year-old male child with sincipital nasofrontal encephalomeningocele is reported. The anomaly was associated with a mild degree of atrial septal defect. This is the first case reported in the Cameroons.", "contents": "Sincipital nasofrontal encephalomeningocele. A case of a 7-year-old male child with sincipital nasofrontal encephalomeningocele is reported. The anomaly was associated with a mild degree of atrial septal defect. This is the first case reported in the Cameroons.", "PMID": 536149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6750", "title": "The importance of vaginal infection on recurrent cystitis in women.", "content": "Forty-one women with a clinical history of recurrent urinary infection were studied. The aim of this study was to correlate the importance of vaginal infection and theincreased incidence of urinary infection. By using statistical methods, we came to the conclusion that the presence of vaginal infection is not related to the recurrence of urinary infection. Vaginal contaminations certainly permit the increase of urinary infection; there must be other host-related factors, however, that are more important for the recurrence of urinary infection.", "contents": "The importance of vaginal infection on recurrent cystitis in women. Forty-one women with a clinical history of recurrent urinary infection were studied. The aim of this study was to correlate the importance of vaginal infection and theincreased incidence of urinary infection. By using statistical methods, we came to the conclusion that the presence of vaginal infection is not related to the recurrence of urinary infection. Vaginal contaminations certainly permit the increase of urinary infection; there must be other host-related factors, however, that are more important for the recurrence of urinary infection.", "PMID": 536151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6751", "title": "Alkaline reflux gastritis associated with abnormalities of the gastrojejunostomy.", "content": "Alkaline reflux gastritis is presently accepted as being part of the postgastrectomy syndrome complex. Our experience with this entity has revealed a frequent association of alkaline reflux gastritis with functional or organic abnormalities of the gastric remnant and/or newly formed gastrojejunostomy. The role alkaline reflux gastritis plays as a separate entity in the symptomatic patient remains to be clinically determined.", "contents": "Alkaline reflux gastritis associated with abnormalities of the gastrojejunostomy. Alkaline reflux gastritis is presently accepted as being part of the postgastrectomy syndrome complex. Our experience with this entity has revealed a frequent association of alkaline reflux gastritis with functional or organic abnormalities of the gastric remnant and/or newly formed gastrojejunostomy. The role alkaline reflux gastritis plays as a separate entity in the symptomatic patient remains to be clinically determined.", "PMID": 536157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6752", "title": "Penetrating cardiac injury by wire thrown from a lawn mower.", "content": "The first successful surgically treated case of penetrating heart injury, specifically the right ventricle, caused by a fragment of coat hanger wire thrown by a lawn mower, is reported. Though traumatic heart injuries are rare, this case represents accurate surgical management and judgment, especially in the preoperative phase which resulted in early operating and excellent postoperative results. It is our feeling that if the patient can be transferred safely to the operating room the mortality rate is considerably lowered; however, emergency room thoracotomy, which will undoubtedly result in a greater survival rate from these spectacular injuries, should be performed in the emergency center if cardiac activity ceases or the patient's condition deteriorates considerably.", "contents": "Penetrating cardiac injury by wire thrown from a lawn mower. The first successful surgically treated case of penetrating heart injury, specifically the right ventricle, caused by a fragment of coat hanger wire thrown by a lawn mower, is reported. Though traumatic heart injuries are rare, this case represents accurate surgical management and judgment, especially in the preoperative phase which resulted in early operating and excellent postoperative results. It is our feeling that if the patient can be transferred safely to the operating room the mortality rate is considerably lowered; however, emergency room thoracotomy, which will undoubtedly result in a greater survival rate from these spectacular injuries, should be performed in the emergency center if cardiac activity ceases or the patient's condition deteriorates considerably.", "PMID": 536152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6753", "title": "Closure of splenic bed after splenectomy in cases of huge splenomegaly.", "content": "After splenectomy, in cases where large spleens are present, a raw surface is left behind with an accumulation of serous sanguinolent material that may lead to complications. The authors report a technique to obliterate and peritonealize the splenic fossa after splenectomy for huge spleens. Twenty-one cases are reported, in which no complications from bleeding, subphrenic collections or pleuropulmonary complications were noted.", "contents": "Closure of splenic bed after splenectomy in cases of huge splenomegaly. After splenectomy, in cases where large spleens are present, a raw surface is left behind with an accumulation of serous sanguinolent material that may lead to complications. The authors report a technique to obliterate and peritonealize the splenic fossa after splenectomy for huge spleens. Twenty-one cases are reported, in which no complications from bleeding, subphrenic collections or pleuropulmonary complications were noted.", "PMID": 536158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6754", "title": "Intralesional steroids in conservative management of subglottic stenosis of the larynx.", "content": "Subglottic stenosis after prolonged endotracheal intubation is a well recognised complication, especially with the advent of intensive resuscitative techniques. Although prevention is the best cure, once the management has been established it should be conservative in the first instance, especially in the case of children. The successful treatment of four cases with this complication is reported. The treatment consisted of intralesional injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Suspension (Kenacort A), dilatation with gum elastic bougies, bronchoscopy and very limited surgical correction in one case. A brief reference is made to the etiological factors and to the mechanism of action of steroids in scar tissue.", "contents": "Intralesional steroids in conservative management of subglottic stenosis of the larynx. Subglottic stenosis after prolonged endotracheal intubation is a well recognised complication, especially with the advent of intensive resuscitative techniques. Although prevention is the best cure, once the management has been established it should be conservative in the first instance, especially in the case of children. The successful treatment of four cases with this complication is reported. The treatment consisted of intralesional injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Suspension (Kenacort A), dilatation with gum elastic bougies, bronchoscopy and very limited surgical correction in one case. A brief reference is made to the etiological factors and to the mechanism of action of steroids in scar tissue.", "PMID": 536159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6755", "title": "Extensive sarcoidosis involving the upper respiratory tract.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease without pathognomonic symptomatology or pathology. It may involve the upper respiratory tract, but this manifestation is rarely threatening. A case is reported here, in which extensive destruction of the larynx due to involvement by sarcoidosis necessitated tracheostomy. A review of the literature and a discussion of the therapeutic considerations are presented.", "contents": "Extensive sarcoidosis involving the upper respiratory tract. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease without pathognomonic symptomatology or pathology. It may involve the upper respiratory tract, but this manifestation is rarely threatening. A case is reported here, in which extensive destruction of the larynx due to involvement by sarcoidosis necessitated tracheostomy. A review of the literature and a discussion of the therapeutic considerations are presented.", "PMID": 536161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6756", "title": "Parathyroid cyst and hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A case report of a parathyroid cyst with high calcium levels which dropped to normal after excision of the cyst, and a short discussion of the literature is herewith presented. It is believed that this case presents the rare association of a parathyroid cyst and hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Parathyroid cyst and hyperparathyroidism. A case report of a parathyroid cyst with high calcium levels which dropped to normal after excision of the cyst, and a short discussion of the literature is herewith presented. It is believed that this case presents the rare association of a parathyroid cyst and hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 536162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6757", "title": "Non-functioning carcinoma of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "A case of non-functioning carcinoma of the adrenal cortex is reported. This type of neoplasm is rarely seen; up to 1974 only 173 similar cases had been reported. The patient has survived for nine months following diagnosis and operation.", "contents": "Non-functioning carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. A case of non-functioning carcinoma of the adrenal cortex is reported. This type of neoplasm is rarely seen; up to 1974 only 173 similar cases had been reported. The patient has survived for nine months following diagnosis and operation.", "PMID": 536164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6758", "title": "Thyroid lesions in patients with hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Twenty of ninety patients with hyperparathyroidism had associated pathology of the thyroid gland. Three carcinomas of the thyroid were found incidentally at the time of surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The association of thyroid lesions and hyperparathyroidism was frequently reported and explained previously on the basis of hypercalcemia acting as a goitrogen. Current evidence, however, suggests radiation as a strong probable factor in the production of this association. Attention should be given to the thyroid gland and of dominant nodules inspected. Concomitant management of those nodules according to the degree of suspicion they arouse, should be undertaken at the time of neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroid lesions in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Twenty of ninety patients with hyperparathyroidism had associated pathology of the thyroid gland. Three carcinomas of the thyroid were found incidentally at the time of surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The association of thyroid lesions and hyperparathyroidism was frequently reported and explained previously on the basis of hypercalcemia acting as a goitrogen. Current evidence, however, suggests radiation as a strong probable factor in the production of this association. Attention should be given to the thyroid gland and of dominant nodules inspected. Concomitant management of those nodules according to the degree of suspicion they arouse, should be undertaken at the time of neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 536165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6759", "title": "Congenital thymic cyst in the neck.", "content": "Cervical thymic cysts are rare. Thirty-four cases are reported in the English literature. Persistence of a part of thymopharyngeal duct may lead to the cyst formation in the neck. The majority of the cysts are seen in children under 10 years of age. There is marked variation in the size of the cysts. The majority of them are multilocular and the color of the fluid varies widely. The epithelial lining is variable; the majority of the cysts show stratified squamous epithelium. The characteristic histological features are Hassal's corpuscles, cholesterol crystals and aggregates of lymphocytes. Our patient was a four and a half year old female; she presented with a four month history of a painless swelling in the neck. The multilocular bluish-black cyst excised from the left side of the neck had all the histological features of a thymic cyst. A pre-operative diagnosis of such a cyst can be made only by bearing in mind the possibility of thymic remnants in the neck.", "contents": "Congenital thymic cyst in the neck. Cervical thymic cysts are rare. Thirty-four cases are reported in the English literature. Persistence of a part of thymopharyngeal duct may lead to the cyst formation in the neck. The majority of the cysts are seen in children under 10 years of age. There is marked variation in the size of the cysts. The majority of them are multilocular and the color of the fluid varies widely. The epithelial lining is variable; the majority of the cysts show stratified squamous epithelium. The characteristic histological features are Hassal's corpuscles, cholesterol crystals and aggregates of lymphocytes. Our patient was a four and a half year old female; she presented with a four month history of a painless swelling in the neck. The multilocular bluish-black cyst excised from the left side of the neck had all the histological features of a thymic cyst. A pre-operative diagnosis of such a cyst can be made only by bearing in mind the possibility of thymic remnants in the neck.", "PMID": 536166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6760", "title": "Surgical experience of closure of ventricular septal defect with special reference to the transatrial approach.", "content": "One hundred patients underwent closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) during the years 1964-1977. The right transventricular approach was used in 92, the left ventricular in one, the pulmonary artery in one and the transatrial in the remaining 18 patients. Six patients (5.3%) died following operation. All of them suffered from severe pulmonary vascular resistance. Six patients have been reoperated successfully because of residual shunt. The transatrial approach is being used at present as a routine for closure of types II and III of VSD, particularly in patients with pulmonary vascular resistance. All the surviving 106 patients are in class one and two of the NYHA. At present, closure of VSD in asymptomatic patients is being performed electively at the ages of three to five, whereas symptomatic children, with high pulmonary vascular resistance and heart failure not responding to medical treatment, are operated on early in life usually with the use of deep hypothermic arrest.", "contents": "Surgical experience of closure of ventricular septal defect with special reference to the transatrial approach. One hundred patients underwent closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) during the years 1964-1977. The right transventricular approach was used in 92, the left ventricular in one, the pulmonary artery in one and the transatrial in the remaining 18 patients. Six patients (5.3%) died following operation. All of them suffered from severe pulmonary vascular resistance. Six patients have been reoperated successfully because of residual shunt. The transatrial approach is being used at present as a routine for closure of types II and III of VSD, particularly in patients with pulmonary vascular resistance. All the surviving 106 patients are in class one and two of the NYHA. At present, closure of VSD in asymptomatic patients is being performed electively at the ages of three to five, whereas symptomatic children, with high pulmonary vascular resistance and heart failure not responding to medical treatment, are operated on early in life usually with the use of deep hypothermic arrest.", "PMID": 536167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6761", "title": "Aneurysm of the splenic artery.", "content": "Two cases of multiple aneurysms of the splenic artery are reported. The aneurysms themselves were asymptomatic and the patients were operated upon for other reasons. In the first case the aneurysm was of an arteriosclerotic nature and in the second it coexisted with portal hypertension. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the splenic artery. Two cases of multiple aneurysms of the splenic artery are reported. The aneurysms themselves were asymptomatic and the patients were operated upon for other reasons. In the first case the aneurysm was of an arteriosclerotic nature and in the second it coexisted with portal hypertension. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 536168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6762", "title": "Influence of ketamine anaesthesia on renal and cardiovascular functions in mongrel dogs.", "content": "Cardiac minute volume, renal blood flow, pulse volume, heart rate and urinary output were determined by means of experiments made on 10 mongrel dogs. Anaesthesia was maintained by nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture administered with Ketamine. Under the conditions described it was observed that -- contrary to what is found in human patients -- cardiac and renal minute volume as well as pulse volume are significantly decreased. No significant changes has been observed in the heart rate. Whilst urinary output was decreased, the excretion of individual electrolytes was found to be different.", "contents": "Influence of ketamine anaesthesia on renal and cardiovascular functions in mongrel dogs. Cardiac minute volume, renal blood flow, pulse volume, heart rate and urinary output were determined by means of experiments made on 10 mongrel dogs. Anaesthesia was maintained by nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture administered with Ketamine. Under the conditions described it was observed that -- contrary to what is found in human patients -- cardiac and renal minute volume as well as pulse volume are significantly decreased. No significant changes has been observed in the heart rate. Whilst urinary output was decreased, the excretion of individual electrolytes was found to be different.", "PMID": 536175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6763", "title": "Polymeric pyelotomy (experimental studies).", "content": "A non-toxic, soluble polymeric preparation MAG with controlled period of gelation was synthetized for the extraction of stones from the pyelocalyceal system during surgery for urolithiasis. With respect to toughness the preparation proved superior to the fibrinogen-thrombin mixture, used in the so-called \"fibrin pyelotomy\" according to Dees. Its biologic testing in animals (rabbits, dogs and pigs) yielded excellent results.", "contents": "Polymeric pyelotomy (experimental studies). A non-toxic, soluble polymeric preparation MAG with controlled period of gelation was synthetized for the extraction of stones from the pyelocalyceal system during surgery for urolithiasis. With respect to toughness the preparation proved superior to the fibrinogen-thrombin mixture, used in the so-called \"fibrin pyelotomy\" according to Dees. Its biologic testing in animals (rabbits, dogs and pigs) yielded excellent results.", "PMID": 536176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6764", "title": "Mesenteric arterial steal syndrome secondary to bilateral lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "A case of acute mesenteric ischemia and massive intestinal infarction secondary to bilateral lumbar sympathectomy and without any other apparent precipitating factors is presented. Its characteristics and findings significantly agree with those described as part of the mesenteric arterial steal syndrome. Although this syndrome was originally described as secondary to surgical revascularization of the lower extremities, experimental studies have shown that lumbar sympathectomy, by means of reducing the peripheral vascular resistance in the lower extremities, similarly causes intense hemodynamic alteration of the mesenteric circulation due to the sudeen redistribution of blood flow to the lower limbs at the expense of the mesenteric flow. When marginally compensated occlusive mesenteric arterial disease exists prior to surgery, the sudden fall in the arterial pressure gradients in this vessel can precipitate the occlusion of these arteries, resulting in mesenteric ischemia and intestinal infarction. It has also been suggested that an intense vasospamodic neurogenic reflex in the mesenteric arteries is an important factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Mesenteric arterial steal syndrome secondary to bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. A case of acute mesenteric ischemia and massive intestinal infarction secondary to bilateral lumbar sympathectomy and without any other apparent precipitating factors is presented. Its characteristics and findings significantly agree with those described as part of the mesenteric arterial steal syndrome. Although this syndrome was originally described as secondary to surgical revascularization of the lower extremities, experimental studies have shown that lumbar sympathectomy, by means of reducing the peripheral vascular resistance in the lower extremities, similarly causes intense hemodynamic alteration of the mesenteric circulation due to the sudeen redistribution of blood flow to the lower limbs at the expense of the mesenteric flow. When marginally compensated occlusive mesenteric arterial disease exists prior to surgery, the sudden fall in the arterial pressure gradients in this vessel can precipitate the occlusion of these arteries, resulting in mesenteric ischemia and intestinal infarction. It has also been suggested that an intense vasospamodic neurogenic reflex in the mesenteric arteries is an important factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 536170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6765", "title": "My experience in the management of esophageal cancer.", "content": "Between 1946 and 1974 we carried out 1,174 resections of the esophagus for cancer in the upper and middle thoracic segment. Through early diagnosis and the combination of preoperative irradiation therapy and antethoracic anastomosis, divided into three stages when necessary, the operative mortality was decreased (6.0%), and the survival rate was increased. The five-year survival rate was 10.8% for men and 29.3% for women.", "contents": "My experience in the management of esophageal cancer. Between 1946 and 1974 we carried out 1,174 resections of the esophagus for cancer in the upper and middle thoracic segment. Through early diagnosis and the combination of preoperative irradiation therapy and antethoracic anastomosis, divided into three stages when necessary, the operative mortality was decreased (6.0%), and the survival rate was increased. The five-year survival rate was 10.8% for men and 29.3% for women.", "PMID": 536171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6766", "title": "Unusual presentation of ruptured splenic artery aneurysms.", "content": "Two cases of ruptured splenic artery aneurysms with unusual clinical presentation are reported. In one case an inflammatory abdominal process was suspected, while in the other the operation was delayed by several hours due to the unexplained coma, high blood sugar levels and lack of signs of shock until an advanced stage of the disease. As there was no active bleeding during the operation, the presence of free blood in the abdomen and clots in the omentum provided the clue for localization of the source of the bleeding.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of ruptured splenic artery aneurysms. Two cases of ruptured splenic artery aneurysms with unusual clinical presentation are reported. In one case an inflammatory abdominal process was suspected, while in the other the operation was delayed by several hours due to the unexplained coma, high blood sugar levels and lack of signs of shock until an advanced stage of the disease. As there was no active bleeding during the operation, the presence of free blood in the abdomen and clots in the omentum provided the clue for localization of the source of the bleeding.", "PMID": 536169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6767", "title": "Benign polyps of the ureter.", "content": "Polyps of the ureter are benign primary tumors of mesodermal origin. These are less common because the majority of benign tumors are epithelial in origin [2-10]. Two cases are described here. The differential diagnosis and the management of fibrous benign polyps of the ureter are discussed.", "contents": "Benign polyps of the ureter. Polyps of the ureter are benign primary tumors of mesodermal origin. These are less common because the majority of benign tumors are epithelial in origin [2-10]. Two cases are described here. The differential diagnosis and the management of fibrous benign polyps of the ureter are discussed.", "PMID": 536177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6768", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate. I. Histochemical examination as an aid in evaluating prostate carcinoma.", "content": "In 26 patients with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) the histochemical and histological characteristics of the tumour were compared with the clinical course in both untreated patients and in those receiving hormonal therapy. In the control group 16 patients with BPH were examined in the same way. It was found that histological types of CaP cannot be identified by grading. Higher frequency of very strong LDH activity in CaP was the only distinction against BPH.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate. I. Histochemical examination as an aid in evaluating prostate carcinoma. In 26 patients with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) the histochemical and histological characteristics of the tumour were compared with the clinical course in both untreated patients and in those receiving hormonal therapy. In the control group 16 patients with BPH were examined in the same way. It was found that histological types of CaP cannot be identified by grading. Higher frequency of very strong LDH activity in CaP was the only distinction against BPH.", "PMID": 536178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6769", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate. II. Serum activity of acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase, LDH and its isoenzymes.", "content": "In 25 patients with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) T3 and in a comparative group of 18 patients with BPH the serum enzymes of AP, tartrate labile AP, LDH, and iso-LDH were investigated simultaneously in basal conditions and after standardized transrectal prostatic biopsy. AP, PAP as well as LDH were shown to be of small diagnostic aid. The reaction of serum enzyme levels following the standardized prostatic biopsy was the same in both CaP and BPH patients. In studying LDH-isoenzymes, we found that the third fraction was elevated in almost all patients. This change is apparently not of prostatic origin, and we could not attribute it to the concomitant diseases found in some patients.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate. II. Serum activity of acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase, LDH and its isoenzymes. In 25 patients with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) T3 and in a comparative group of 18 patients with BPH the serum enzymes of AP, tartrate labile AP, LDH, and iso-LDH were investigated simultaneously in basal conditions and after standardized transrectal prostatic biopsy. AP, PAP as well as LDH were shown to be of small diagnostic aid. The reaction of serum enzyme levels following the standardized prostatic biopsy was the same in both CaP and BPH patients. In studying LDH-isoenzymes, we found that the third fraction was elevated in almost all patients. This change is apparently not of prostatic origin, and we could not attribute it to the concomitant diseases found in some patients.", "PMID": 536179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6770", "title": "The vaginal influx and its significance in the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract.", "content": "The vaginal influx during miction is a frequent phenomenon. In our clinical study it showed a rate of 54 per cent. The significance of pathomorphological substrates is diminishing with the advancing vesical descensus. The posture during miction has but little influence on the vaginal deviation of the urinary stream. The mid-stream urine is relevantly contaminated in every other girl and, therefore, it may be used only for screening. Indication for an antibacterial therapy is based on catheter or puncture urine.", "contents": "The vaginal influx and its significance in the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract. The vaginal influx during miction is a frequent phenomenon. In our clinical study it showed a rate of 54 per cent. The significance of pathomorphological substrates is diminishing with the advancing vesical descensus. The posture during miction has but little influence on the vaginal deviation of the urinary stream. The mid-stream urine is relevantly contaminated in every other girl and, therefore, it may be used only for screening. Indication for an antibacterial therapy is based on catheter or puncture urine.", "PMID": 536180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6771", "title": "The predictive value of 5'-adenine nucleotide depletion and replenishment in ischaemic rabbit kidney tissue.", "content": "Renal ischaemia produced by clamping of the blood vessels in situ for periods of 10 to 150 minutes resulted in a progressive depletion of the total content of adenylates in the kidney tissue (sigma ATP, ADP, AMP). Initial dephosphorylation of ATP and ADP, resulting in further catabolism of AMP to hypoxanthine and xanthine, accumulated in the ischaemic tissue. The postischaemic ability of the kidney tissue to functional regeneration was in correlation with the ischaemic adenylate loss (r = +0.94, P less than 0.001) as well as the accumulation of hypoxanthine and xanthine (r = -0.90, P less than 0.001). The initial adenylate resynthesis rate was constant during recovery (0.5--0.8 mumol/g . h-1), independent of the duration of the preceding ischaemia. Determination of the postischaemic adenylate regeneration thus gave no additional prediction of the reversibility of the ischaemic parenchymal damages.", "contents": "The predictive value of 5'-adenine nucleotide depletion and replenishment in ischaemic rabbit kidney tissue. Renal ischaemia produced by clamping of the blood vessels in situ for periods of 10 to 150 minutes resulted in a progressive depletion of the total content of adenylates in the kidney tissue (sigma ATP, ADP, AMP). Initial dephosphorylation of ATP and ADP, resulting in further catabolism of AMP to hypoxanthine and xanthine, accumulated in the ischaemic tissue. The postischaemic ability of the kidney tissue to functional regeneration was in correlation with the ischaemic adenylate loss (r = +0.94, P less than 0.001) as well as the accumulation of hypoxanthine and xanthine (r = -0.90, P less than 0.001). The initial adenylate resynthesis rate was constant during recovery (0.5--0.8 mumol/g . h-1), independent of the duration of the preceding ischaemia. Determination of the postischaemic adenylate regeneration thus gave no additional prediction of the reversibility of the ischaemic parenchymal damages.", "PMID": 536181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6772", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome induced by D-penicillamine therapy.", "content": "The paper presents a female patient in whom the penicillamine therapy for aggressive hepatitis triggered off the development of nephrotic syndrome. Histological findings revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. After the withdrawal of penicillamine therapy, the laboratory results returned to normal. The authors concluded that penicillamine should only be administered in conditions in which other means of therapy prove inefficient (i.e. Wilson's disease, cystinuria associated with calculi).", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome induced by D-penicillamine therapy. The paper presents a female patient in whom the penicillamine therapy for aggressive hepatitis triggered off the development of nephrotic syndrome. Histological findings revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. After the withdrawal of penicillamine therapy, the laboratory results returned to normal. The authors concluded that penicillamine should only be administered in conditions in which other means of therapy prove inefficient (i.e. Wilson's disease, cystinuria associated with calculi).", "PMID": 536182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6773", "title": "IgA glomerulonephritis. Mesangial IgA deposition without systemic signs (Berger's disease).", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens from 204 patients with glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome have been studied. In ten of the patients not suffering from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome, diffuse, selective mesangial IgA deposition was observed. Clinically, persistent microscopic haematuria, mild proteinuria and, except in one patient, normal renal function were found. Light microscopically the histological picture was dominated by a diffuse or focal increase in volume of the mesangial matrix, and mild mesangial cell proliferation. Exceptionally, there was also crescent formation. Immunofluorescence revealed large IgA, IgG and C3 deposits, as well as small IgM and fibrinogen deposits in the mesangial glomeruli. The authors' assumption that immunocomplexes containing a secretory component might be implicated in the pathomechanism of Berger's disease, could not be proved.", "contents": "IgA glomerulonephritis. Mesangial IgA deposition without systemic signs (Berger's disease). Renal biopsy specimens from 204 patients with glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome have been studied. In ten of the patients not suffering from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome, diffuse, selective mesangial IgA deposition was observed. Clinically, persistent microscopic haematuria, mild proteinuria and, except in one patient, normal renal function were found. Light microscopically the histological picture was dominated by a diffuse or focal increase in volume of the mesangial matrix, and mild mesangial cell proliferation. Exceptionally, there was also crescent formation. Immunofluorescence revealed large IgA, IgG and C3 deposits, as well as small IgM and fibrinogen deposits in the mesangial glomeruli. The authors' assumption that immunocomplexes containing a secretory component might be implicated in the pathomechanism of Berger's disease, could not be proved.", "PMID": 536183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6774", "title": "[Examination of the retest reliability of the findings of the first psychopathological examination (AMP system)].", "content": "80 inpatients were interviewed two times by the same rate during 24 h. Using Kappa, the retest reliability of the following parts of the psychopathological findings was determined: (1) aspects of the interview (median 0.54); (2) AMP symptoms (median 0.72); (3) AMP syndromes (median 0.79); (4) clinical syndromes (median 0.77), and (5) nosologic diagnoses (median 0.93). Based on structured rating of the psychopathological symptoms, a good retest reliability was found.", "contents": "[Examination of the retest reliability of the findings of the first psychopathological examination (AMP system)]. 80 inpatients were interviewed two times by the same rate during 24 h. Using Kappa, the retest reliability of the following parts of the psychopathological findings was determined: (1) aspects of the interview (median 0.54); (2) AMP symptoms (median 0.72); (3) AMP syndromes (median 0.79); (4) clinical syndromes (median 0.77), and (5) nosologic diagnoses (median 0.93). Based on structured rating of the psychopathological symptoms, a good retest reliability was found.", "PMID": 536184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6775", "title": "Trazodone intravenously administered and plasma prolactin levels.", "content": "Plasma prolactin levels during intravenous Trazodone infusion have been evaluated. Although the modifications were not statistically significant, a slight decrease of plasma prolactin levels was noted. This result suggests that Trazodone has no remarkable effect on hypothalamic function.", "contents": "Trazodone intravenously administered and plasma prolactin levels. Plasma prolactin levels during intravenous Trazodone infusion have been evaluated. Although the modifications were not statistically significant, a slight decrease of plasma prolactin levels was noted. This result suggests that Trazodone has no remarkable effect on hypothalamic function.", "PMID": 536185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6776", "title": "[Treatment of therapy resistant depressions with high dose clomipramine].", "content": "50 so-called therapy-resistant depressed inpatients have been treated with daily i.v. infusions of Clomipramine in a high dosage, using a fixed therapy schedule with increasing and decreasing dosage ranging from 250 to 500 mg. The majority of the inpatients showed sufficient or good therapeutic effects, notable side effects were rare. The therapeutic possibilities of so-called therapy-resistant depressions are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of therapy resistant depressions with high dose clomipramine]. 50 so-called therapy-resistant depressed inpatients have been treated with daily i.v. infusions of Clomipramine in a high dosage, using a fixed therapy schedule with increasing and decreasing dosage ranging from 250 to 500 mg. The majority of the inpatients showed sufficient or good therapeutic effects, notable side effects were rare. The therapeutic possibilities of so-called therapy-resistant depressions are discussed.", "PMID": 536186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6777", "title": "[Folliculitis granulomatosa perforans profunda: an independent perforating dermatosis?].", "content": "A peculiar perforating dermatosis was observed in two adolescent male patients consisting of a persistent, disseminated, asymptomatic, follicular, discretely hyperkeratotic papular eruption. Histologically a massive granulomatous panfolliculitis was present with partial destruction of the pilary complex and occasional perforation of hairs through the infundibular wall. Aggregations of keratin fragments were scattered throughout the corium. These histological findings clearly separate the condition from perforating folliculitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris and Kyrle's disease. Differentiation from the perforating type of keratosis pilaris is more difficult.", "contents": "[Folliculitis granulomatosa perforans profunda: an independent perforating dermatosis?]. A peculiar perforating dermatosis was observed in two adolescent male patients consisting of a persistent, disseminated, asymptomatic, follicular, discretely hyperkeratotic papular eruption. Histologically a massive granulomatous panfolliculitis was present with partial destruction of the pilary complex and occasional perforation of hairs through the infundibular wall. Aggregations of keratin fragments were scattered throughout the corium. These histological findings clearly separate the condition from perforating folliculitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris and Kyrle's disease. Differentiation from the perforating type of keratosis pilaris is more difficult.", "PMID": 536191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6778", "title": "[Omphalolith].", "content": "In rare instances a hard, smooth, almost black bolus, \"omphalolith\" is found in the umbilicus, resembling a malignant melanoma. After removal by a pincette it reveals on its backside a colourless lamellar epithelium. At microscopic examination it also constists of stratified corneocytes. Differential diagnosis of the omphalic stone includes the so called umbilical cholesteatoma, an accumulation of crumbling, fetid masses in the umbilicus, often times accompanied by seborrhea which may lead to abscess formation. The term omphalic stone could not be found in the medical literature. However, it has been used to name a jewel which is worn in the umbilicus or a huge stone in Delphi which was believed by our ancestors to be the center of the world.", "contents": "[Omphalolith]. In rare instances a hard, smooth, almost black bolus, \"omphalolith\" is found in the umbilicus, resembling a malignant melanoma. After removal by a pincette it reveals on its backside a colourless lamellar epithelium. At microscopic examination it also constists of stratified corneocytes. Differential diagnosis of the omphalic stone includes the so called umbilical cholesteatoma, an accumulation of crumbling, fetid masses in the umbilicus, often times accompanied by seborrhea which may lead to abscess formation. The term omphalic stone could not be found in the medical literature. However, it has been used to name a jewel which is worn in the umbilicus or a huge stone in Delphi which was believed by our ancestors to be the center of the world.", "PMID": 536192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6779", "title": "[Infection in man and dog with the mite, Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley].", "content": "The infection with the mite Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley in 3 dogs and 5 out of 6 persons exposed to infestation is reported. Two of the dogs appeared to have been infected during a stay in a kennel. The dogs presented with moderate itching and slight to massive floury squamation on the back. In the infected persons, excoriated papules were present on the body and the extremities. The itching, which had persisted for 4--12 months, disappeared in all cases a few days after the dogs had been removed from the house. In the dogs, three antiparasitic baths were sufficient to exterminate the mite population.", "contents": "[Infection in man and dog with the mite, Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley]. The infection with the mite Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley in 3 dogs and 5 out of 6 persons exposed to infestation is reported. Two of the dogs appeared to have been infected during a stay in a kennel. The dogs presented with moderate itching and slight to massive floury squamation on the back. In the infected persons, excoriated papules were present on the body and the extremities. The itching, which had persisted for 4--12 months, disappeared in all cases a few days after the dogs had been removed from the house. In the dogs, three antiparasitic baths were sufficient to exterminate the mite population.", "PMID": 536193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6780", "title": "[Vaccinia autoinoculata during pregnancy].", "content": "A 21 year old woman received a smallpox revaccination during the fifth to sixth month of pregnancy. She developed accidental vaccinia by autoinoculation and, five weeks later, gave birth to a healthy child.", "contents": "[Vaccinia autoinoculata during pregnancy]. A 21 year old woman received a smallpox revaccination during the fifth to sixth month of pregnancy. She developed accidental vaccinia by autoinoculation and, five weeks later, gave birth to a healthy child.", "PMID": 536194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6781", "title": "[Nevus of the arrector muscle of the hair].", "content": "An eighteen year-old-male patient had an asymptomatic nevoid lesion with small papules over the right lumbosacral region. The nevus was diagnosed histologically as a nevus musculi arrector pili, the origin of which is seen in a nevoid hyperplasia of the smooth muscle bundles (mm. arrector pili) connected with hair follicles.", "contents": "[Nevus of the arrector muscle of the hair]. An eighteen year-old-male patient had an asymptomatic nevoid lesion with small papules over the right lumbosacral region. The nevus was diagnosed histologically as a nevus musculi arrector pili, the origin of which is seen in a nevoid hyperplasia of the smooth muscle bundles (mm. arrector pili) connected with hair follicles.", "PMID": 536195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6782", "title": "Microphotometric determination of glycogen in single fibres of human quadriceps muscle.", "content": "A technique for the quantitation of glycogen in single fibres of human skeletal muscle is described. By using microphotometry the loss of glycogen from cryostat sections during a PAS-staining procedure was shown to be negligible. Further, it was found that nearly all the PAS-positive material (98.5%) inside a muscle fibre is glycogen. A significantly higher mean glycogen concentration (P less than 0.001) was found in type II fibres than in type I fibres in the resting quadriceps muscle of sedentary young males. The coefficient of variation for the glycogen concentration within each fibre type was found to be 17% and 15% for type I and type II respectively. The specificity of the PAS-staining technique for glycogen was confirmed by a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001) between the glycogen concentration measured biochemically and that calculated from microphotometry and area and thickness measurements. With the technique described, it seems possible to measure the glycogen concentration of single muscle fibres in serial sections and to calculate this in standard biochemical terms.", "contents": "Microphotometric determination of glycogen in single fibres of human quadriceps muscle. A technique for the quantitation of glycogen in single fibres of human skeletal muscle is described. By using microphotometry the loss of glycogen from cryostat sections during a PAS-staining procedure was shown to be negligible. Further, it was found that nearly all the PAS-positive material (98.5%) inside a muscle fibre is glycogen. A significantly higher mean glycogen concentration (P less than 0.001) was found in type II fibres than in type I fibres in the resting quadriceps muscle of sedentary young males. The coefficient of variation for the glycogen concentration within each fibre type was found to be 17% and 15% for type I and type II respectively. The specificity of the PAS-staining technique for glycogen was confirmed by a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001) between the glycogen concentration measured biochemically and that calculated from microphotometry and area and thickness measurements. With the technique described, it seems possible to measure the glycogen concentration of single muscle fibres in serial sections and to calculate this in standard biochemical terms.", "PMID": 536237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6783", "title": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the developing molar of the hairless mouse Mus musculus.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse (hr/hr) has been studied from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. Enzyme activities were designated as negative, slight, moderate and strong as a function of intensity of the reaction product. Enzyme levels in the odontogenic tissues increased with advancing tooth morphogenesis. Greatest activity was observed in the ameloblastic layer which peaked on the fourth to sixth postnatal days. This cell layer displayed higher enzyme activity than the ectomesenchymally-derived odontoblasts. Succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to be related to the degree of differentiation and functional competence on the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse.", "contents": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the developing molar of the hairless mouse Mus musculus. Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse (hr/hr) has been studied from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. Enzyme activities were designated as negative, slight, moderate and strong as a function of intensity of the reaction product. Enzyme levels in the odontogenic tissues increased with advancing tooth morphogenesis. Greatest activity was observed in the ameloblastic layer which peaked on the fourth to sixth postnatal days. This cell layer displayed higher enzyme activity than the ectomesenchymally-derived odontoblasts. Succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to be related to the degree of differentiation and functional competence on the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse.", "PMID": 536238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6784", "title": "A quantitative cytochemical study of acid phosphatases in rat liver parenchymal cells of different ploidy values.", "content": "The Vickers M86 integrating microdensitometer has been used to quantify the cytochemical reaction for acid naphthol AS-BI phosphatase activity in isolated, rat liver parenchymal cells. Data are presented which validate the method. The use of this method together with that of the Feulgen reaction to estimate nuclear ploidy value in the same cell, has shown that there is an increase in acid phosphatase activity of up to 100% when the euploidy value of the liver cell doubles. It has been further shown that 70--80% of this enzyme activity is ouabain-sensitive, regardless of the euploidy value. The data may be interpreted to indicate that the extra gene copies of the polyploid cells are operative.", "contents": "A quantitative cytochemical study of acid phosphatases in rat liver parenchymal cells of different ploidy values. The Vickers M86 integrating microdensitometer has been used to quantify the cytochemical reaction for acid naphthol AS-BI phosphatase activity in isolated, rat liver parenchymal cells. Data are presented which validate the method. The use of this method together with that of the Feulgen reaction to estimate nuclear ploidy value in the same cell, has shown that there is an increase in acid phosphatase activity of up to 100% when the euploidy value of the liver cell doubles. It has been further shown that 70--80% of this enzyme activity is ouabain-sensitive, regardless of the euploidy value. The data may be interpreted to indicate that the extra gene copies of the polyploid cells are operative.", "PMID": 536239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6785", "title": "A histochemical study of catecholamines and cholinesterases in the autonomic nerves of the human minor salivary glands.", "content": "The cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human minor sublingual, buccal and labial salivary glands has been studied with histochemical techniques for localizing acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. A rich cholinergic innervation was observed around the acini, blood vessels and some ducts of the three glands. The adrenergic innervation, however, was virtually absent from the parenchyma although present around the blood vessels, in marked contrast to the dense parenchymal adrenergic innervation observed in the human parotid and submandibular glands. These results suggest that the autonomic nervous mechanism which regulates salivary secretion is more elaborate in the major than in the minor salivary glands.", "contents": "A histochemical study of catecholamines and cholinesterases in the autonomic nerves of the human minor salivary glands. The cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human minor sublingual, buccal and labial salivary glands has been studied with histochemical techniques for localizing acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. A rich cholinergic innervation was observed around the acini, blood vessels and some ducts of the three glands. The adrenergic innervation, however, was virtually absent from the parenchyma although present around the blood vessels, in marked contrast to the dense parenchymal adrenergic innervation observed in the human parotid and submandibular glands. These results suggest that the autonomic nervous mechanism which regulates salivary secretion is more elaborate in the major than in the minor salivary glands.", "PMID": 536240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6786", "title": "Adenylate cyclase cytochemistry: a methodological evaluation.", "content": "A cytochemical method for the demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity has been evaluated. Enzyme activity in the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian part of the vaginal anlage in neonatal, oestradiol-treated mice has been studied under different experimental conditions. The effects of fixation, incubation conditions and post-fixation have been studied. Variations in the amount of impurities and acid content of the glutaraldehyde do not seem to influence the enzyme activity. High Pb2+ ion concentration seems to promote unspecific staining. Under standard conditions [2 mM Pb (NO3)2' pH 7.2, and incubation temperature 30 degrees C], neither non-enzymatic nor nonsubstrate-dependent lead trapping in the tissue could be observed. The possible contribution of other enzymes utilizing ATP and AMP-P(NH)P as the formation precipitate, has been evaluated. Both ATP and AMP-P(NH)P have been used as substrates in this study. Provided the appropriate control experiments are performed, this cytochemical method is reliable for demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase cytochemistry: a methodological evaluation. A cytochemical method for the demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity has been evaluated. Enzyme activity in the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian part of the vaginal anlage in neonatal, oestradiol-treated mice has been studied under different experimental conditions. The effects of fixation, incubation conditions and post-fixation have been studied. Variations in the amount of impurities and acid content of the glutaraldehyde do not seem to influence the enzyme activity. High Pb2+ ion concentration seems to promote unspecific staining. Under standard conditions [2 mM Pb (NO3)2' pH 7.2, and incubation temperature 30 degrees C], neither non-enzymatic nor nonsubstrate-dependent lead trapping in the tissue could be observed. The possible contribution of other enzymes utilizing ATP and AMP-P(NH)P as the formation precipitate, has been evaluated. Both ATP and AMP-P(NH)P have been used as substrates in this study. Provided the appropriate control experiments are performed, this cytochemical method is reliable for demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 536241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6787", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans in the touch corpuscle of the dog.", "content": "Alcian Blue staining of the touch corpuscle of dog skin indicates that glycosaminoglycans are present as globular masses in some of the basal cells and are also seen in high concentration in the connective tissue core. The function of these basal cells is not clear but they may be responsible for the production of the large amount of glycosaminoglycan present in the underlying dermis.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans in the touch corpuscle of the dog. Alcian Blue staining of the touch corpuscle of dog skin indicates that glycosaminoglycans are present as globular masses in some of the basal cells and are also seen in high concentration in the connective tissue core. The function of these basal cells is not clear but they may be responsible for the production of the large amount of glycosaminoglycan present in the underlying dermis.", "PMID": 536242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6788", "title": "A quantitative microdensitometric and autoradiographic study of the effect of 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside (VM-26) on the cell cycle of cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside (VM-26) , a semi-synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, on the cell cycle was studied with chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. DNA, RNA and protein content, as well as NADH-diaphorase activity were determined by quantitative microdensitometry and cytofluorometry. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine into DNA and proteins were analysed by autoradiography. These metabolic data correlated with morphological observation showed that VM-26 blocks the cell cycle at different moments of its kinetics depending on both the dose and the time exposure. NADH-diaphorase activity is the first to be affected, then biochemical changes (involving the metabolism of RNA and proteins) and morphological alterations (especially of mitochondria) follow. This suggests that VM-26 may act primarily upon the mechanism of respiration of the cell.", "contents": "A quantitative microdensitometric and autoradiographic study of the effect of 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside (VM-26) on the cell cycle of cultured fibroblasts. The effect of 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside (VM-26) , a semi-synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, on the cell cycle was studied with chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. DNA, RNA and protein content, as well as NADH-diaphorase activity were determined by quantitative microdensitometry and cytofluorometry. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine into DNA and proteins were analysed by autoradiography. These metabolic data correlated with morphological observation showed that VM-26 blocks the cell cycle at different moments of its kinetics depending on both the dose and the time exposure. NADH-diaphorase activity is the first to be affected, then biochemical changes (involving the metabolism of RNA and proteins) and morphological alterations (especially of mitochondria) follow. This suggests that VM-26 may act primarily upon the mechanism of respiration of the cell.", "PMID": 536243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6789", "title": "[Closure of tracheo-esophageal fistulae after chronic intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Tracheo-esophageal fistulae caused by prolonged intubation can be life-threatening to the patient involved. Older techniques for the closure of these fistulae were generally unsafe in infected tissues, were replete with complications, and had to be done in multiple stages. We describe a single-stage procedure for closure of posterior tracheal wall defects. A partially deepithelialized cervical flap is rotated between the sutured esophagus and the trachea. This reconstructed posterior wall is resistent to the presence of a cannula. In order to prevent recurrence of the fistula (if further respiratory treatment is needed), a small nasogastric tube or a long Penrose drain placed in the esophagus should serve as feeding tubes.", "contents": "[Closure of tracheo-esophageal fistulae after chronic intubation (author's transl)]. Tracheo-esophageal fistulae caused by prolonged intubation can be life-threatening to the patient involved. Older techniques for the closure of these fistulae were generally unsafe in infected tissues, were replete with complications, and had to be done in multiple stages. We describe a single-stage procedure for closure of posterior tracheal wall defects. A partially deepithelialized cervical flap is rotated between the sutured esophagus and the trachea. This reconstructed posterior wall is resistent to the presence of a cannula. In order to prevent recurrence of the fistula (if further respiratory treatment is needed), a small nasogastric tube or a long Penrose drain placed in the esophagus should serve as feeding tubes.", "PMID": 536245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6790", "title": "[Closure of recurrent perforations of the tympanic membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients with recurrent perforations of the tympanic membrane after tympanoplasty, closure was attempted with a fibrin tissue adhesive and in 15 this was successful. This method is recommended for the office out-patient treatment of recurrent tympanic membrane perforations.", "contents": "[Closure of recurrent perforations of the tympanic membrane (author's transl)]. In 20 patients with recurrent perforations of the tympanic membrane after tympanoplasty, closure was attempted with a fibrin tissue adhesive and in 15 this was successful. This method is recommended for the office out-patient treatment of recurrent tympanic membrane perforations.", "PMID": 536246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6791", "title": "[Head and neck injuries in equestrian accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "Horses' kicks can produce two types of head and neck injuries: injuries of the mid-face and injuries of the larynx. Typical cases as seen by the author are presented. The treatment of mid-face injuries is performed according to principles of plastic surgical repair. After frontal-nasal injuries, a revision of the nasal septum must be done. Involvement of the larynx requires external layer repair of mucosa and cartilage.", "contents": "[Head and neck injuries in equestrian accidents (author's transl)]. Horses' kicks can produce two types of head and neck injuries: injuries of the mid-face and injuries of the larynx. Typical cases as seen by the author are presented. The treatment of mid-face injuries is performed according to principles of plastic surgical repair. After frontal-nasal injuries, a revision of the nasal septum must be done. Involvement of the larynx requires external layer repair of mucosa and cartilage.", "PMID": 536247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6792", "title": "[A report of a fractured ossified stylohyoid ligament (author's transl)].", "content": "An incident of a fractured ossified stylohyoid ligament is reported. The symptoms and the method of diagnosis are described. Treatment was surgical resection of 1 cm of the ossified ligament.", "contents": "[A report of a fractured ossified stylohyoid ligament (author's transl)]. An incident of a fractured ossified stylohyoid ligament is reported. The symptoms and the method of diagnosis are described. Treatment was surgical resection of 1 cm of the ossified ligament.", "PMID": 536248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6793", "title": "[Objective diagnosis of recruitment by brainstem audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis in cochlear damage with brainstem potentials is easily done by looking for normal latencies that coincide with substantial hearing loss. Further validation can now be achieved with methods representing Fowler and SISI test equivalents. Amplitudes of brainstem potential were compared in 28 patients with marked differences of hearing loss in either ear. Amplitudes are balanced at the stimulus intensity corresponding to subjective loudness balance (Fig. 3). Intersubject comparison of input/output function steepness is not advisable because of the greater interindividual variation of amplitudes (Fig. 2). Amplitude modulation by short Gauss-shaped increments (Fig. 1) or by decrements of a continuous tone evokes clear brainstem potentials at thresholds of about 5dB above subjective detection, but it also depends upon stimulus duration or steepness (Fib. 4), frequency (Fig. 5) and the degree of modulation (Fig. 6). With a cochlear hearing loss of more than 40dB, a 1 dB increment evokes potentials for continuous tone intensities higher than 20 dB above subjective thresholds (Fig. 7). This test is mainly useful for children with retarded language development and lacking a stapedius reflex, for adults, who cannot sufficiently cooperate, and where there is a prolonged latency due to middle ear damage or a steep high frequency loss.", "contents": "[Objective diagnosis of recruitment by brainstem audiometry (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis in cochlear damage with brainstem potentials is easily done by looking for normal latencies that coincide with substantial hearing loss. Further validation can now be achieved with methods representing Fowler and SISI test equivalents. Amplitudes of brainstem potential were compared in 28 patients with marked differences of hearing loss in either ear. Amplitudes are balanced at the stimulus intensity corresponding to subjective loudness balance (Fig. 3). Intersubject comparison of input/output function steepness is not advisable because of the greater interindividual variation of amplitudes (Fig. 2). Amplitude modulation by short Gauss-shaped increments (Fig. 1) or by decrements of a continuous tone evokes clear brainstem potentials at thresholds of about 5dB above subjective detection, but it also depends upon stimulus duration or steepness (Fib. 4), frequency (Fig. 5) and the degree of modulation (Fig. 6). With a cochlear hearing loss of more than 40dB, a 1 dB increment evokes potentials for continuous tone intensities higher than 20 dB above subjective thresholds (Fig. 7). This test is mainly useful for children with retarded language development and lacking a stapedius reflex, for adults, who cannot sufficiently cooperate, and where there is a prolonged latency due to middle ear damage or a steep high frequency loss.", "PMID": 536249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6794", "title": "Volume shifts with partial submersion of isolated lung lobes.", "content": "When an isolated lung lobe is partially submerged, volume moves from the submerged part to the unsubmerged part. We partially submerged isolated dog lobes of known weight and volume, and measured airway pressure and, by water displacement, the volume of the submerged part. The lobe was then air-dried and sectioned at the waterline and each part weighed. Multiplying lobar volume by the fractional weight of the submerged part yielded the volume of the submerged part before immersion, and therefore the volume shift to the unsubmerged part due to immersion. Dividing this volume shift by the immersion-induced change in airway pressure gave the compliance (Cr') of the unsubmerged part. Cr' was compared to Cr, the compliance of the unsubmerged part when it was inflated with air. Cr/Cr' was linearly related to the degree of immersion: as immersion increased Cr/Cr' fell; so when lobes were 80% immersed Cr/Cr' was 0.3--0.5, indicating that compressing the lower part of the lung made the upper easier to expand. This behavior could be explained if with immersion lung units moved from the submerged part to the unsubmerged part and this shift increased with the degree of immersion. We demonstrated that when one part of a lobe was compressed lung units moved away from the compressive force and that this movement could occur without similar movement of the pleural surace. Tissue movement probably accounted at least in part for our results.", "contents": "Volume shifts with partial submersion of isolated lung lobes. When an isolated lung lobe is partially submerged, volume moves from the submerged part to the unsubmerged part. We partially submerged isolated dog lobes of known weight and volume, and measured airway pressure and, by water displacement, the volume of the submerged part. The lobe was then air-dried and sectioned at the waterline and each part weighed. Multiplying lobar volume by the fractional weight of the submerged part yielded the volume of the submerged part before immersion, and therefore the volume shift to the unsubmerged part due to immersion. Dividing this volume shift by the immersion-induced change in airway pressure gave the compliance (Cr') of the unsubmerged part. Cr' was compared to Cr, the compliance of the unsubmerged part when it was inflated with air. Cr/Cr' was linearly related to the degree of immersion: as immersion increased Cr/Cr' fell; so when lobes were 80% immersed Cr/Cr' was 0.3--0.5, indicating that compressing the lower part of the lung made the upper easier to expand. This behavior could be explained if with immersion lung units moved from the submerged part to the unsubmerged part and this shift increased with the degree of immersion. We demonstrated that when one part of a lobe was compressed lung units moved away from the compressive force and that this movement could occur without similar movement of the pleural surace. Tissue movement probably accounted at least in part for our results.", "PMID": 536282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6795", "title": "Use of microspheres in measurement of regional blood flows during +GZ stress.", "content": "The use of the radiolabeled microsphere technique for the study of the effects of +GZ acceleration on regional blood flow is examined. A theoretical analysis of the limits of this technique in a high acceleration environment is presented. Chronically implanted, electromagnetic, aortic flow probes were used to determine the relationship between aortic blood flow velocity and +GZ acceleration in conscious adult miniature swine. It was found that conscious straining adult miniature swine, with the assistance of an inflated anti-G suit, are able to compensate quite well to acceleration levels less than or equal to +7 GZ. Exposure to +9 GZ often resulted in unstable cardiovascular states involving relative bradycardia, often progressing to asystole, declining aortic blood pressure, and markedly diminished cardiac outputs approaching zero. It was found that, if aortic pressure and heart rate attain a relatively steady state during acceleration, and if heart level mean aortic pressure is greater than or equal to 100 Torr, the application of the microsphere technique during +GZ acceleration is theoretically valid. This hypothesis was tested using the microsphere technique (9.0 +/- 0.8 microns diam) in conscious miniature swine during exposure to +GZ acceleration. It is concluded that within the defined limits the radiolabeled microsphere technique is as accurate for use during acceleration studies as it is for use in routine laboratory studies.", "contents": "Use of microspheres in measurement of regional blood flows during +GZ stress. The use of the radiolabeled microsphere technique for the study of the effects of +GZ acceleration on regional blood flow is examined. A theoretical analysis of the limits of this technique in a high acceleration environment is presented. Chronically implanted, electromagnetic, aortic flow probes were used to determine the relationship between aortic blood flow velocity and +GZ acceleration in conscious adult miniature swine. It was found that conscious straining adult miniature swine, with the assistance of an inflated anti-G suit, are able to compensate quite well to acceleration levels less than or equal to +7 GZ. Exposure to +9 GZ often resulted in unstable cardiovascular states involving relative bradycardia, often progressing to asystole, declining aortic blood pressure, and markedly diminished cardiac outputs approaching zero. It was found that, if aortic pressure and heart rate attain a relatively steady state during acceleration, and if heart level mean aortic pressure is greater than or equal to 100 Torr, the application of the microsphere technique during +GZ acceleration is theoretically valid. This hypothesis was tested using the microsphere technique (9.0 +/- 0.8 microns diam) in conscious miniature swine during exposure to +GZ acceleration. It is concluded that within the defined limits the radiolabeled microsphere technique is as accurate for use during acceleration studies as it is for use in routine laboratory studies.", "PMID": 536283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6796", "title": "Fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis with strenuous exercise.", "content": "Twenty healthy young men were exercised on a treadmill according to the protocol of Balke and Ware. Mean duration of exercise was 24.9 +/- 5.7 min and mean maximum heart rate was 195 +/- 9. Fibrinolytic activity was markedly accelerated with euglobulin lysis times decreasing to 36% of control values and fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products increasing 109% after exercise. Assays for fibrin monomer were negative in all samples. In vivo fibrinogen A alpha-chin degradation was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced samples of fibrin monomer isolated by clotting plasma samples in the presence of 0.1 M epsilon-aminocaproic acid and 1% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The A alpha-chain, the fibrinogen chain most susceptible to plasmin degeneration, showed no evidence of increased degeneration after exercise. Gel scans showed no decrease in the ratio of total alpha-chain to beta- and gamma-chains after exercise. The ratio of intact alpha 1 chain (alpha 1, 67,000 mol wt) to total alpha-chain was 0.66 +/- 0.13 before exercise, 0.64 +/- 0.14 immediately after exercise, and 0.65 +/- 0.13 1 h after exercise. The rate and extent of crosslinking of the alpha-chain of fibrin formed by clotting plasma samples was unaltered by exericse. These data suggest that physiologically significant fibrinogenolysis does not occur with strenuous exercise, even when fibrinolytic activity is markedly accelerated.", "contents": "Fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis with strenuous exercise. Twenty healthy young men were exercised on a treadmill according to the protocol of Balke and Ware. Mean duration of exercise was 24.9 +/- 5.7 min and mean maximum heart rate was 195 +/- 9. Fibrinolytic activity was markedly accelerated with euglobulin lysis times decreasing to 36% of control values and fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products increasing 109% after exercise. Assays for fibrin monomer were negative in all samples. In vivo fibrinogen A alpha-chin degradation was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced samples of fibrin monomer isolated by clotting plasma samples in the presence of 0.1 M epsilon-aminocaproic acid and 1% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The A alpha-chain, the fibrinogen chain most susceptible to plasmin degeneration, showed no evidence of increased degeneration after exercise. Gel scans showed no decrease in the ratio of total alpha-chain to beta- and gamma-chains after exercise. The ratio of intact alpha 1 chain (alpha 1, 67,000 mol wt) to total alpha-chain was 0.66 +/- 0.13 before exercise, 0.64 +/- 0.14 immediately after exercise, and 0.65 +/- 0.13 1 h after exercise. The rate and extent of crosslinking of the alpha-chain of fibrin formed by clotting plasma samples was unaltered by exericse. These data suggest that physiologically significant fibrinogenolysis does not occur with strenuous exercise, even when fibrinolytic activity is markedly accelerated.", "PMID": 536284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6797", "title": "Effects of neuromuscular blockade on respiratory mechanics in conscious man.", "content": "The effect of submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) on lung and chest wall mechanics was studied in six normal, awake subjects infused with pancuronium. Measurements of static lung volumes, specific airway conductance (sGaw), maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV, MIFV) curves, and static pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and of the relaxed chest wall were obtained after lung recoil pressure (Pst(L)) at full inflation had been reduced to 60 +/- 10% of control. Inspiratory capacity was decreased, but residual volume was not increased. Inspiratory PV curve of the lung was not modified, and the observed decrease in expiratory compliance and the slight increase in Pst(L) during deflation were compatible with the altered lung volume history. SMNB did not modify sGaw nor the relationship between Pst(L) and MEF; by contrast it markedly reduced MIF rates. Finally, SMNB transposed the chest wall PV curve to higher levels on the pressure axis (it decreased the outward pull of the chest wall) without greatly affecting its slope, and thereby it reduced the resting level of the respiratory system. We conclude that 1) muscle weakness per se does not affect the eleastic properties of the lungs and airways, and 2) involuntary respiratory muscle activity influences the elastic recoil of the chest wall. We believe this muscle activity originates from muscle spindles, and lies essentially in the inspiratory portion of the intercostal musculature.", "contents": "Effects of neuromuscular blockade on respiratory mechanics in conscious man. The effect of submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) on lung and chest wall mechanics was studied in six normal, awake subjects infused with pancuronium. Measurements of static lung volumes, specific airway conductance (sGaw), maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV, MIFV) curves, and static pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and of the relaxed chest wall were obtained after lung recoil pressure (Pst(L)) at full inflation had been reduced to 60 +/- 10% of control. Inspiratory capacity was decreased, but residual volume was not increased. Inspiratory PV curve of the lung was not modified, and the observed decrease in expiratory compliance and the slight increase in Pst(L) during deflation were compatible with the altered lung volume history. SMNB did not modify sGaw nor the relationship between Pst(L) and MEF; by contrast it markedly reduced MIF rates. Finally, SMNB transposed the chest wall PV curve to higher levels on the pressure axis (it decreased the outward pull of the chest wall) without greatly affecting its slope, and thereby it reduced the resting level of the respiratory system. We conclude that 1) muscle weakness per se does not affect the eleastic properties of the lungs and airways, and 2) involuntary respiratory muscle activity influences the elastic recoil of the chest wall. We believe this muscle activity originates from muscle spindles, and lies essentially in the inspiratory portion of the intercostal musculature.", "PMID": 536285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6798", "title": "Action potential correlates of pressure-induced changes in cardiac conduction.", "content": "Microelectrode studies were undertaken to determine the cellular bases for hydrostatic pressure effects on impulse propagation and refractoriness in cardiac muscle. Canine Purkinje fibers, at 37 degrees C, were exposed to increases in hydrostatic pressure to 150 ATA. At 150 ATA membrane excitability was depressed and the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of the action potential was reduced by 10%. Furthermore, the curve relating Vmax to takeoff potential (membrane responsiveness relation) shifted downward and to the right with the half inactivation voltage shifting in the hyperpolarizing direction by about 4 mV. Decreases in excitability and responsiveness occurred concomitantly with pressure-induced decreases in impulse conduction. Action potential duration (APD) increased significantly at 150 ATA. APD measured at -20 mV, -60 mV, and at maximum repolarization averaged 20.7, 15.5, and 13.5% longer than their respective 1-ATA values. The combined effects of increased APD and depressed responsiveness account for increased tissue refractoriness. The implications of the findings with regard to the arrhythmogenic nature of high hydrostatic pressure are discussed.", "contents": "Action potential correlates of pressure-induced changes in cardiac conduction. Microelectrode studies were undertaken to determine the cellular bases for hydrostatic pressure effects on impulse propagation and refractoriness in cardiac muscle. Canine Purkinje fibers, at 37 degrees C, were exposed to increases in hydrostatic pressure to 150 ATA. At 150 ATA membrane excitability was depressed and the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of the action potential was reduced by 10%. Furthermore, the curve relating Vmax to takeoff potential (membrane responsiveness relation) shifted downward and to the right with the half inactivation voltage shifting in the hyperpolarizing direction by about 4 mV. Decreases in excitability and responsiveness occurred concomitantly with pressure-induced decreases in impulse conduction. Action potential duration (APD) increased significantly at 150 ATA. APD measured at -20 mV, -60 mV, and at maximum repolarization averaged 20.7, 15.5, and 13.5% longer than their respective 1-ATA values. The combined effects of increased APD and depressed responsiveness account for increased tissue refractoriness. The implications of the findings with regard to the arrhythmogenic nature of high hydrostatic pressure are discussed.", "PMID": 536286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6799", "title": "Ventilation in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass with and without lungs.", "content": "In 13 anesthetized or awake dogs, on cardiopulmonary bypass, we varied PaO2 and PaCO2 while continuously monitoring ventilatory responses and mechanics, to assess the dog's ability to maintain eupneic ventilation for any chemical drive. In a second group of 13 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass we repeated the tests after removal of both lungs, to assess the importance of pulmonary feedback and mechanics. The VE/PO2 plot formed two hyperbolas, asymptotic to 39 Torr PO2 with lungs, and to 27 without; both intercepted zero ventilation near 200 Torr. Hyperoxic apnea occurred at, or below, PCO2 30 +/- 7 Torr under barbiturate and 20 +/- 4 Torr under morphine. Steady-state low PCO2 (10 Torr) turned off hypoxic drives as low as 20 Torr PO2. Empty-chest dogs had a low respiratory frequency (18 vs. 40), and near zero dynamic elastance; ventilatory work per minute and airway resistance were the same with and without lungs. Chest wall ventilatory responses are grossly independent of the presence of absence of lungs.", "contents": "Ventilation in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass with and without lungs. In 13 anesthetized or awake dogs, on cardiopulmonary bypass, we varied PaO2 and PaCO2 while continuously monitoring ventilatory responses and mechanics, to assess the dog's ability to maintain eupneic ventilation for any chemical drive. In a second group of 13 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass we repeated the tests after removal of both lungs, to assess the importance of pulmonary feedback and mechanics. The VE/PO2 plot formed two hyperbolas, asymptotic to 39 Torr PO2 with lungs, and to 27 without; both intercepted zero ventilation near 200 Torr. Hyperoxic apnea occurred at, or below, PCO2 30 +/- 7 Torr under barbiturate and 20 +/- 4 Torr under morphine. Steady-state low PCO2 (10 Torr) turned off hypoxic drives as low as 20 Torr PO2. Empty-chest dogs had a low respiratory frequency (18 vs. 40), and near zero dynamic elastance; ventilatory work per minute and airway resistance were the same with and without lungs. Chest wall ventilatory responses are grossly independent of the presence of absence of lungs.", "PMID": 536287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6800", "title": "Reflex control of skin blood flow by skin temperature: role of core temperature.", "content": "Two protocols were used to discover whether the reflex response in skin blood flow (SkBF) to rising skin temperature (Tsk) was dependent on the level of internal temperature. Part I. In five subjects, Tsk (controlled with water-perfused suits) was raised to 37 degrees C prior to, between 2 and 5 min, or between 10 and 17 min of exercise. The associated SkBF elevation per degree rise in Tsk averaged 0.20, 1.28, and 1.75 ml/100 ml . min, respectively. When Tsk was raised during the first 5 min of exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes) rose markedly (0.39 degrees C), but transiently fell if Tsk was raised after 10 min of exercise. Part II. In six subjects, different work loads were used to develop different levels of internal temperature. Tsk was elevated to 37 degrees C after 10--15 min at light (50--75 W) or moderate (100--150 W) work loads. At the heavier work load (and higher Tes), the rise in forearm SkBF per degree rise in Tsk averaged 2.33 +/- 0.38 (SE) times that observed at the light work load. These data strongly suggest that the reflex response of SkBF to rising Tsk is dependent on the level of internal temperature.", "contents": "Reflex control of skin blood flow by skin temperature: role of core temperature. Two protocols were used to discover whether the reflex response in skin blood flow (SkBF) to rising skin temperature (Tsk) was dependent on the level of internal temperature. Part I. In five subjects, Tsk (controlled with water-perfused suits) was raised to 37 degrees C prior to, between 2 and 5 min, or between 10 and 17 min of exercise. The associated SkBF elevation per degree rise in Tsk averaged 0.20, 1.28, and 1.75 ml/100 ml . min, respectively. When Tsk was raised during the first 5 min of exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes) rose markedly (0.39 degrees C), but transiently fell if Tsk was raised after 10 min of exercise. Part II. In six subjects, different work loads were used to develop different levels of internal temperature. Tsk was elevated to 37 degrees C after 10--15 min at light (50--75 W) or moderate (100--150 W) work loads. At the heavier work load (and higher Tes), the rise in forearm SkBF per degree rise in Tsk averaged 2.33 +/- 0.38 (SE) times that observed at the light work load. These data strongly suggest that the reflex response of SkBF to rising Tsk is dependent on the level of internal temperature.", "PMID": 536288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6801", "title": "Influence of air velocity and heat acclimation on human skin wettedness and sweating efficiency.", "content": "Before and after heat acclimation, four male resting subjects were exposed to humid heat that caused levels of skin wettedness ranging from 50 to 100%. The physical experimental conditions were chosen so that the same skin wettedness was attained with modification of only the ambient water vapor pressure, at two wind speeds (0.6 and 0.9 m . s-1). The esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), sweating rate (msw), and dripping sweat rate (mdr) were recorded; the amounts of local drippage in the same thermal conditions before and after acclimation were also determined. The relationship between the evaporative efficiency of sweating (eta sw) and the skin wettedness (w) is reported, as is the influence of the subject's acclimation to humid heat on adjustments of skin wettedness. The effects of the air velocity on the coefficient of evaporation and on sweating efficiency are discussed. Beneficial increases in evaporation were achievable by increasing skin wettedness only when there was a consistent drippage, which differed from one body area to another and from one subject to another. The relation of drift in body temperature to skin wettedness changed with the acclimation of the subjects.", "contents": "Influence of air velocity and heat acclimation on human skin wettedness and sweating efficiency. Before and after heat acclimation, four male resting subjects were exposed to humid heat that caused levels of skin wettedness ranging from 50 to 100%. The physical experimental conditions were chosen so that the same skin wettedness was attained with modification of only the ambient water vapor pressure, at two wind speeds (0.6 and 0.9 m . s-1). The esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), sweating rate (msw), and dripping sweat rate (mdr) were recorded; the amounts of local drippage in the same thermal conditions before and after acclimation were also determined. The relationship between the evaporative efficiency of sweating (eta sw) and the skin wettedness (w) is reported, as is the influence of the subject's acclimation to humid heat on adjustments of skin wettedness. The effects of the air velocity on the coefficient of evaporation and on sweating efficiency are discussed. Beneficial increases in evaporation were achievable by increasing skin wettedness only when there was a consistent drippage, which differed from one body area to another and from one subject to another. The relation of drift in body temperature to skin wettedness changed with the acclimation of the subjects.", "PMID": 536289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6802", "title": "Breathing frequency responses to pulmonary CO2 in an isolated lobe of the canine lung.", "content": "Recent studies have indicated that the breathing frequency responses to inspired CO2 in part result from changes in pulmonary stretch receptor activity. Pulmonary CO2 may alter frequency by direct inhibition of stretch receptor discharge, or secondarily, by changes in airway mechanics. The vascularly isolated left lower lobe (LLL) of the canine lung was used to determine the effect of hypocapnic airway constriction on the pulmonary CO2 reflex. The upper and middle lobes of the left lung were removed and the right vagus nerve sectioned. Blood was recirculated through the LLL. Diaphragm electromyogram was used as an index of respiratory center activity and to trigger ventilation of the left lower lobe. Lobar hypocapnia increased peak airway pressure and reduced respiratory rate. However, infusion of isoproterenol or the use of a mechanical overflow system to block the airway pressure response prevented the frequency changes associated with CO2. Although both the direct and mechanical effects of CO2 on stretch receptors may contribute to the reflex, in the LLL preparation the mechanical effects predominate.", "contents": "Breathing frequency responses to pulmonary CO2 in an isolated lobe of the canine lung. Recent studies have indicated that the breathing frequency responses to inspired CO2 in part result from changes in pulmonary stretch receptor activity. Pulmonary CO2 may alter frequency by direct inhibition of stretch receptor discharge, or secondarily, by changes in airway mechanics. The vascularly isolated left lower lobe (LLL) of the canine lung was used to determine the effect of hypocapnic airway constriction on the pulmonary CO2 reflex. The upper and middle lobes of the left lung were removed and the right vagus nerve sectioned. Blood was recirculated through the LLL. Diaphragm electromyogram was used as an index of respiratory center activity and to trigger ventilation of the left lower lobe. Lobar hypocapnia increased peak airway pressure and reduced respiratory rate. However, infusion of isoproterenol or the use of a mechanical overflow system to block the airway pressure response prevented the frequency changes associated with CO2. Although both the direct and mechanical effects of CO2 on stretch receptors may contribute to the reflex, in the LLL preparation the mechanical effects predominate.", "PMID": 536290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6803", "title": "Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascular responses to cold and mental activity.", "content": "Plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) as well as blood pressure and heart rate variations were measured in 12 male subjects before, during, and after a cold hand test (5 degrees C for 2 min), a mental arithmetic test, and a combination of both these tests. Although the cold and mental tests had comparable effects on blood pressure, the heart rate response was greater than the mental test. The mental test produced a greater increase of E than the cold test, but the effect of the cold test was greater on NE than on E. Changes in heart rate were significantly correlated with E variations but not with NE, whereas changes in blood pressure were correlated with NE. Resting NE was correlated with resting blood pressure and resting E with resting heart rate. Finally the levels of basal E were positively correlated with the increase in E during the test. Cardiovascular changes were shown to be differently modified by a mental and a cold test. Evidence was given indicating that these changes are related to differences in E and NE responses in the presence of these tests.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascular responses to cold and mental activity. Plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) as well as blood pressure and heart rate variations were measured in 12 male subjects before, during, and after a cold hand test (5 degrees C for 2 min), a mental arithmetic test, and a combination of both these tests. Although the cold and mental tests had comparable effects on blood pressure, the heart rate response was greater than the mental test. The mental test produced a greater increase of E than the cold test, but the effect of the cold test was greater on NE than on E. Changes in heart rate were significantly correlated with E variations but not with NE, whereas changes in blood pressure were correlated with NE. Resting NE was correlated with resting blood pressure and resting E with resting heart rate. Finally the levels of basal E were positively correlated with the increase in E during the test. Cardiovascular changes were shown to be differently modified by a mental and a cold test. Evidence was given indicating that these changes are related to differences in E and NE responses in the presence of these tests.", "PMID": 536291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6804", "title": "Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion.", "content": "The autonomic pathways mediating the bradycardia response to facial immersion (FI) have not been fully elaborated in man. By means of parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade we studied the heart rate response to FI in nine highly trained young swimmers, at rest and during dynamic cycle exercise. With no blockade, heart rate at rest declined with FI 36 +/- 18%. Under beta-blockade with propranolol or alpha-blockade with phentolamine FI produced a similar decrement. Atropine reduced the response. During exercise FI produced 48 +/- 9% decline without blockade. The response was similar with beta-blockade, but was completely abolished with atropine. Systolic blood pressure responses to FI measured by cuff in three subjects were small and bore no relation to the heart rate response. The results are compatible with parasympathetic efferent mediation of the heart rate response to FI. They are incompatible with a role for sympathetic mediation except as a complex interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic influences. Hypertension and other sympathetic responses to FI do not play a role in production of bradycardia, but are apparently incidental effects. The heart rate decrement produced by FI increases with greater steady-state heart rate.", "contents": "Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion. The autonomic pathways mediating the bradycardia response to facial immersion (FI) have not been fully elaborated in man. By means of parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade we studied the heart rate response to FI in nine highly trained young swimmers, at rest and during dynamic cycle exercise. With no blockade, heart rate at rest declined with FI 36 +/- 18%. Under beta-blockade with propranolol or alpha-blockade with phentolamine FI produced a similar decrement. Atropine reduced the response. During exercise FI produced 48 +/- 9% decline without blockade. The response was similar with beta-blockade, but was completely abolished with atropine. Systolic blood pressure responses to FI measured by cuff in three subjects were small and bore no relation to the heart rate response. The results are compatible with parasympathetic efferent mediation of the heart rate response to FI. They are incompatible with a role for sympathetic mediation except as a complex interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic influences. Hypertension and other sympathetic responses to FI do not play a role in production of bradycardia, but are apparently incidental effects. The heart rate decrement produced by FI increases with greater steady-state heart rate.", "PMID": 536292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6805", "title": "Maximal work capacity of women during acute hypoxia.", "content": "Six healthy women (22--34 yr of age) performed maximal bicycle work in a hypobaric chamber at sea level and at simulated altitudes of 2,130 and 3,050 m (barometric pressures, 758, 586, and 523 Torr). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) decreased 10 and 15% from sea-level values at 2,130 and 3,050 m, respectively. At these altitudes minute ventilation (VEBTPS) increased 17 and 22% respectively, a consequence of increased respiratory rate (fR). Respiratory exchange ratios increased 10 and 14%, and oxygen pulse decreased 9 and 12%, respectively, at 2,130 and 3,050 m. Maximal blood lactates, heart rates, cardiac outputs, and plasma volume shifts were unaffected by these altitudes. Although during maximal work the percentage increases in VEBTPS, fR, and R that resulted from altitude exposure were greater in women than those previously reported for men, the decrements in VO2max were comparable to those in men. The results show that relative to their performance at sea level, men and women have equal ability to perform maximal work at altitudes up to 3,050 m.", "contents": "Maximal work capacity of women during acute hypoxia. Six healthy women (22--34 yr of age) performed maximal bicycle work in a hypobaric chamber at sea level and at simulated altitudes of 2,130 and 3,050 m (barometric pressures, 758, 586, and 523 Torr). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) decreased 10 and 15% from sea-level values at 2,130 and 3,050 m, respectively. At these altitudes minute ventilation (VEBTPS) increased 17 and 22% respectively, a consequence of increased respiratory rate (fR). Respiratory exchange ratios increased 10 and 14%, and oxygen pulse decreased 9 and 12%, respectively, at 2,130 and 3,050 m. Maximal blood lactates, heart rates, cardiac outputs, and plasma volume shifts were unaffected by these altitudes. Although during maximal work the percentage increases in VEBTPS, fR, and R that resulted from altitude exposure were greater in women than those previously reported for men, the decrements in VO2max were comparable to those in men. The results show that relative to their performance at sea level, men and women have equal ability to perform maximal work at altitudes up to 3,050 m.", "PMID": 536293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6806", "title": "Measurement of pulmonary edema in intact dogs by transthoracic gamma-ray attenuation.", "content": "We evaluated the attenuation of the 122 keV gamma ray of cobalt-57 across the thorax of anesthetized dogs as a method for following the time course of lung water changes in acute pulmonary edema induced by either increased microvascular permeability or increased microvascular hydrostatic pressure. The gamma rays traversed the thorax centered on the seventh rib laterally where the lung mass in the beam path was greatest. Calibration measurements in isolated lung lobes demonstrated the high sensitivity and inherent accuracy of the method over a wide range of lung water contents. In control dogs reproducibility averaged +/-3%. Increased permeability edema led to large rapid increases in the transthoracic gamma ray attenuation (TGA), while increased pressure caused an immediate, modest increase in TGA (vascular congestion) followed by a slow further increase over 2 h. There was a fairly good correlation between the increase in extravascular lung water and the change in TGA. The method is simple, safe, and noninvasive and appears to be useful for following the time course of lung water accumulation in generalized lung edema in anesthetized animals.", "contents": "Measurement of pulmonary edema in intact dogs by transthoracic gamma-ray attenuation. We evaluated the attenuation of the 122 keV gamma ray of cobalt-57 across the thorax of anesthetized dogs as a method for following the time course of lung water changes in acute pulmonary edema induced by either increased microvascular permeability or increased microvascular hydrostatic pressure. The gamma rays traversed the thorax centered on the seventh rib laterally where the lung mass in the beam path was greatest. Calibration measurements in isolated lung lobes demonstrated the high sensitivity and inherent accuracy of the method over a wide range of lung water contents. In control dogs reproducibility averaged +/-3%. Increased permeability edema led to large rapid increases in the transthoracic gamma ray attenuation (TGA), while increased pressure caused an immediate, modest increase in TGA (vascular congestion) followed by a slow further increase over 2 h. There was a fairly good correlation between the increase in extravascular lung water and the change in TGA. The method is simple, safe, and noninvasive and appears to be useful for following the time course of lung water accumulation in generalized lung edema in anesthetized animals.", "PMID": 536294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6807", "title": "Effects of electrode position on esophageal diaphragmatic EMG in humans.", "content": "The effects of electrode position and gastric-balloon anchoring on esophageal diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi) responses to CO2 rebreathing were studied in seven normal sitting humans using an esophageal catheter that consisted of four platinum wire coils enabling simultaneous recording of three EMGdi signals from three different sites in the esophagus. A gastric balloon attached to the distal end of the catheter allowed anchoring of the catheter. EMGdi signals were quantitated as a moving time average. Two rebreathing experiments were performed with and without balloon anchoring on the same day. Changes in electrode position of at least 2 cm above the site of maximum EMGdi activity caused minimal changes in the moving average EMGdi and did not significantly effect the quantitated EMGdi response to CO2 rebreathing. The maximum EMGdi activity was approximately 2 cm above the gastroesophageal junction in sitting humans. Stabilization of the catheter with an inflated gastric balloon did not improve the reproducibility of the EMGdi data. Finally, the EMGdi response to two CO2 rebreathing runs done at the same sitting showed intraindividual reproducibility.", "contents": "Effects of electrode position on esophageal diaphragmatic EMG in humans. The effects of electrode position and gastric-balloon anchoring on esophageal diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi) responses to CO2 rebreathing were studied in seven normal sitting humans using an esophageal catheter that consisted of four platinum wire coils enabling simultaneous recording of three EMGdi signals from three different sites in the esophagus. A gastric balloon attached to the distal end of the catheter allowed anchoring of the catheter. EMGdi signals were quantitated as a moving time average. Two rebreathing experiments were performed with and without balloon anchoring on the same day. Changes in electrode position of at least 2 cm above the site of maximum EMGdi activity caused minimal changes in the moving average EMGdi and did not significantly effect the quantitated EMGdi response to CO2 rebreathing. The maximum EMGdi activity was approximately 2 cm above the gastroesophageal junction in sitting humans. Stabilization of the catheter with an inflated gastric balloon did not improve the reproducibility of the EMGdi data. Finally, the EMGdi response to two CO2 rebreathing runs done at the same sitting showed intraindividual reproducibility.", "PMID": 536295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6808", "title": "Middle ear gas exchange in isobaric counterdiffusion.", "content": "Nitrous oxide entry into the middle ear gas space was studied in cats in relation to anesthesia and the vestibular dysfunction caused by isobaric inert gas counter-diffusion in diving. A catheter implanted in the auditory bulla was used for direct gas sampling and pressure measurements. Experiments were designed to evaluate the participation of the eustachian tube, mucosal blood vessels, and tympanic membrane in middle ear gas exchange. The eustachian tube did not contribute to N2O entry and the mucosal blood supply only contributed about one-third of the total N2O accumulation. Diffusion across the tympanic membrane accounted for most of the N2O entering the middle ear from ambient and respiratory environments containing N2O.", "contents": "Middle ear gas exchange in isobaric counterdiffusion. Nitrous oxide entry into the middle ear gas space was studied in cats in relation to anesthesia and the vestibular dysfunction caused by isobaric inert gas counter-diffusion in diving. A catheter implanted in the auditory bulla was used for direct gas sampling and pressure measurements. Experiments were designed to evaluate the participation of the eustachian tube, mucosal blood vessels, and tympanic membrane in middle ear gas exchange. The eustachian tube did not contribute to N2O entry and the mucosal blood supply only contributed about one-third of the total N2O accumulation. Diffusion across the tympanic membrane accounted for most of the N2O entering the middle ear from ambient and respiratory environments containing N2O.", "PMID": 536296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6809", "title": "Hysteresis of contracted airway smooth muscle.", "content": "How does smooth muscle tone affect the properties of airways during breathing maneuvers? We have studied the dynamic relationships of airway pressure and cross-sectional area in excised dog lobes and isolated tracheal segments during simulated breathing maneuvers. When contracted by carbachol, airways developed complex hysteretic behavior, becoming less compliant in small tidal breaths and rapid deflations, and grossly hysteretic in large tidal maneuvers. For a given sequence of maneuvers the patterns of hysteresis varied with timing. Analogous behavior was seen during length-cycling of dog trachealis muscle strips. The mechanisms suggested by the hysteretic patterns of muscle length-tensional plots are 1) slipping of contractile filaments at threshold forces during lengthening and 2) active shortening of contractile filaments that is slow relative to many respiratory events. The observed behavior indicates that measurements of pulmonary function that depend on airway caliber or stiffness should become increasingly affected by the sequence, amplitude, and timing of breathing maneuvers as smooth muscle tone increases. The stiffness for small amplitude cycling may be favorable for local control of ventilation by parenchymal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Hysteresis of contracted airway smooth muscle. How does smooth muscle tone affect the properties of airways during breathing maneuvers? We have studied the dynamic relationships of airway pressure and cross-sectional area in excised dog lobes and isolated tracheal segments during simulated breathing maneuvers. When contracted by carbachol, airways developed complex hysteretic behavior, becoming less compliant in small tidal breaths and rapid deflations, and grossly hysteretic in large tidal maneuvers. For a given sequence of maneuvers the patterns of hysteresis varied with timing. Analogous behavior was seen during length-cycling of dog trachealis muscle strips. The mechanisms suggested by the hysteretic patterns of muscle length-tensional plots are 1) slipping of contractile filaments at threshold forces during lengthening and 2) active shortening of contractile filaments that is slow relative to many respiratory events. The observed behavior indicates that measurements of pulmonary function that depend on airway caliber or stiffness should become increasingly affected by the sequence, amplitude, and timing of breathing maneuvers as smooth muscle tone increases. The stiffness for small amplitude cycling may be favorable for local control of ventilation by parenchymal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 536297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6810", "title": "Stochastic description of inert gas exchange.", "content": "Data from experiments measuring the rate of uptake and elimination of nonmetabolic gas in living organs are usually analyzed by several exponential time constants or their equivalent half-times (i.e, exponential series analysis). To avoid the limitations of this technique, we have formulated a method that combines analysis by moments of distribution with transfer function techniques, which makes the analysis independent of any mechanistic model. This method is an improvement over previous methods because it allows better comparison of gas exchange experiments and better prediction of gas exchange in the formulation of diver decompression schedules. Measurements of radioxenon uptake and elimination in two areas of a dog are presented. Analysis of the same organ response by both methods showed a fivefold variation in derived exponential time constants compared with less than 10% variation among moment descriptors.", "contents": "Stochastic description of inert gas exchange. Data from experiments measuring the rate of uptake and elimination of nonmetabolic gas in living organs are usually analyzed by several exponential time constants or their equivalent half-times (i.e, exponential series analysis). To avoid the limitations of this technique, we have formulated a method that combines analysis by moments of distribution with transfer function techniques, which makes the analysis independent of any mechanistic model. This method is an improvement over previous methods because it allows better comparison of gas exchange experiments and better prediction of gas exchange in the formulation of diver decompression schedules. Measurements of radioxenon uptake and elimination in two areas of a dog are presented. Analysis of the same organ response by both methods showed a fivefold variation in derived exponential time constants compared with less than 10% variation among moment descriptors.", "PMID": 536298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6811", "title": "Maximum oxygen consumption of rats and its changes with various experimental procedures.", "content": "A ten-stage treadmill test was developed and standardized to secure the VO2max of male and female rats assigned to various cross-sectional and longitudinal experimental groups. Repeated measurements indicated that the test procedure was reliable and could be used for research purposes. When the test was used with different strains, the untrained Sprague-Dawley rats had significantly higher VO2max values than animals of the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) or the Okamoto-Aoki (SHR) strains. Exercise schedules were evaluated that were similar to those previously used by various investigators and it was found that most were exercising their rats at levels exceeding 75% VO2max. After 6--10 wk of chronic exercise, significant increases in VO2max occurred that ranged between 12 and 26%. Longitudinal studies (1 yr) with hypertensive (SHR) rats revealed that it was more desirable to logarithmically evaluate the relationship between VO2max and body mass than by the conventional method of ml . kg-1 . min-1. When this approach was used with SHR animals, the VO2max differences between the sexes were not apparent until the animals were 1 yr of age. On the other hand, training by male SHR rats caused significant increases in VO2max regardless of the method used to express the results. It is recommended that future studies designed to elucidate exercise mechanisms in rats should include a standardized VO2max test.", "contents": "Maximum oxygen consumption of rats and its changes with various experimental procedures. A ten-stage treadmill test was developed and standardized to secure the VO2max of male and female rats assigned to various cross-sectional and longitudinal experimental groups. Repeated measurements indicated that the test procedure was reliable and could be used for research purposes. When the test was used with different strains, the untrained Sprague-Dawley rats had significantly higher VO2max values than animals of the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) or the Okamoto-Aoki (SHR) strains. Exercise schedules were evaluated that were similar to those previously used by various investigators and it was found that most were exercising their rats at levels exceeding 75% VO2max. After 6--10 wk of chronic exercise, significant increases in VO2max occurred that ranged between 12 and 26%. Longitudinal studies (1 yr) with hypertensive (SHR) rats revealed that it was more desirable to logarithmically evaluate the relationship between VO2max and body mass than by the conventional method of ml . kg-1 . min-1. When this approach was used with SHR animals, the VO2max differences between the sexes were not apparent until the animals were 1 yr of age. On the other hand, training by male SHR rats caused significant increases in VO2max regardless of the method used to express the results. It is recommended that future studies designed to elucidate exercise mechanisms in rats should include a standardized VO2max test.", "PMID": 536299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6812", "title": "Effects of graded reduction of brain blood flow on chemical control of breathing.", "content": "We measured ventilatory responses to CO2 (delta VI/delta PCO2) and transient hypoxia (delta VI/delta SaO2) during reductions of brain blood flow (BBF) to 70% and 50% of control in unanesthetized goats. Increase in inspiratory volume per change in CO2 tension (delta VI/delta PCO2) was measured during rebreathing with sampling of both arterial and cerebral venous blood; increase in inspiratory volume per fall in arterial oxygen saturation (delta VI/delta SaO2) was assessed by the transient N2 inhalation method. Delta VI/delta SaO2 did not significantly change at 70% BBF, but was depressed at 50% BBF. Delta VI/delta PCO2 increased (0.94 +/- 0.18 to 1.29 +/- 0.24 l . min-1 . Torr-1) at 70% BBF if arterial CO2 tension were used to represent the CO2 stimulus but was unchanged if venous CO2 tension were used. At 50% BBF, delta VI/delta PCO2 was depressed (0.38 +/- 0.13 l . min-1 . Torr-1) for both representations of the CO2 stimulus. Brain ischemia increased blood pressure and heart rate but blunted the increase in BBF caused by hypercapnia. We conclude that 1) moderate brain ischemia (70% BBF) does not affect chemosensitivity to hypoxia and CO2, 2) delta VI/delta PCO2 may not be accurately determined from PaCO2 during brain ischemia because cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 is depressed, and 3) severe brain ischemia (50% BBF) blunts delta VI/delta SaO2 and delta VI/delta PCO2, probably as a consequence of hypoxic depression of the respiratory neurons.", "contents": "Effects of graded reduction of brain blood flow on chemical control of breathing. We measured ventilatory responses to CO2 (delta VI/delta PCO2) and transient hypoxia (delta VI/delta SaO2) during reductions of brain blood flow (BBF) to 70% and 50% of control in unanesthetized goats. Increase in inspiratory volume per change in CO2 tension (delta VI/delta PCO2) was measured during rebreathing with sampling of both arterial and cerebral venous blood; increase in inspiratory volume per fall in arterial oxygen saturation (delta VI/delta SaO2) was assessed by the transient N2 inhalation method. Delta VI/delta SaO2 did not significantly change at 70% BBF, but was depressed at 50% BBF. Delta VI/delta PCO2 increased (0.94 +/- 0.18 to 1.29 +/- 0.24 l . min-1 . Torr-1) at 70% BBF if arterial CO2 tension were used to represent the CO2 stimulus but was unchanged if venous CO2 tension were used. At 50% BBF, delta VI/delta PCO2 was depressed (0.38 +/- 0.13 l . min-1 . Torr-1) for both representations of the CO2 stimulus. Brain ischemia increased blood pressure and heart rate but blunted the increase in BBF caused by hypercapnia. We conclude that 1) moderate brain ischemia (70% BBF) does not affect chemosensitivity to hypoxia and CO2, 2) delta VI/delta PCO2 may not be accurately determined from PaCO2 during brain ischemia because cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 is depressed, and 3) severe brain ischemia (50% BBF) blunts delta VI/delta SaO2 and delta VI/delta PCO2, probably as a consequence of hypoxic depression of the respiratory neurons.", "PMID": 536300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6813", "title": "Left ventricular hemodynamics during respiration.", "content": "We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the inspiratory fall in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV), utilizing a spontaneously breathing dog on right-heart bypass (RHBP). We have been able to control lung volume, pulmonary artery inflow, and right-heart volume (RHV). During Mueller maneuvers in one series, RHV was allowed to increase as pleural pressure (Ppl) fell; in a second series, changes in RHV were excluded. In both series LVSV fell significantly, associated with a significant rise in the transmural (relative to Ppl) aortic diastolic pressure, reflecting an increase in the effective LV afterload. The transmural left ventricular filling pressure did not fall, a fact inconsistent with decreased pulmonary venous return, causing the fall in LVSV. The LVSV fell significantly more when RHV was allowed to increase as when it was held constant with all other variables showing no statistical change. Thus, increases in both RHV and effective LV afterload are created by the inspiratory fall in Ppl and summate to decrease LVSV.", "contents": "Left ventricular hemodynamics during respiration. We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the inspiratory fall in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV), utilizing a spontaneously breathing dog on right-heart bypass (RHBP). We have been able to control lung volume, pulmonary artery inflow, and right-heart volume (RHV). During Mueller maneuvers in one series, RHV was allowed to increase as pleural pressure (Ppl) fell; in a second series, changes in RHV were excluded. In both series LVSV fell significantly, associated with a significant rise in the transmural (relative to Ppl) aortic diastolic pressure, reflecting an increase in the effective LV afterload. The transmural left ventricular filling pressure did not fall, a fact inconsistent with decreased pulmonary venous return, causing the fall in LVSV. The LVSV fell significantly more when RHV was allowed to increase as when it was held constant with all other variables showing no statistical change. Thus, increases in both RHV and effective LV afterload are created by the inspiratory fall in Ppl and summate to decrease LVSV.", "PMID": 536301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6814", "title": "Disappearance of norepinephrine from the circulation following strenuous exercise.", "content": "Five subjects who had been training vigorously for 2 mo worked 5 min on the cycle ergometer at 1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min and at 1,920 kpm/min on separate days. Plasma norepinephrine (NE), blood lactate, and heart rate were determined during the postexercise periods. The same subjects were also tested at 1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min after a 2-mo detraining period, when subjects did not train. At 1,920 +/- 80 kpm/min, plasma NE was 4 ng/ml at the end of exercise. The NE concentration increased slightly in the first min postexercise, then decreased with a half-time of 2.8 min between 1 and 11 min postexercise. Detraining for 2 mo did not markedly affect the rate of disappearance of NE in the postexercise period in these five subjects. Between 11 and 30 min postexercise (1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min), heart rate was 25 beats/min higher after detraining, while NE was not significantly different. These data provide evidence that more rapid recovery of heart rate in trained individuals during this period is not likely due to a more rapid recovery from the sympathetic response to exercise.", "contents": "Disappearance of norepinephrine from the circulation following strenuous exercise. Five subjects who had been training vigorously for 2 mo worked 5 min on the cycle ergometer at 1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min and at 1,920 kpm/min on separate days. Plasma norepinephrine (NE), blood lactate, and heart rate were determined during the postexercise periods. The same subjects were also tested at 1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min after a 2-mo detraining period, when subjects did not train. At 1,920 +/- 80 kpm/min, plasma NE was 4 ng/ml at the end of exercise. The NE concentration increased slightly in the first min postexercise, then decreased with a half-time of 2.8 min between 1 and 11 min postexercise. Detraining for 2 mo did not markedly affect the rate of disappearance of NE in the postexercise period in these five subjects. Between 11 and 30 min postexercise (1,480 +/- 100 kpm/min), heart rate was 25 beats/min higher after detraining, while NE was not significantly different. These data provide evidence that more rapid recovery of heart rate in trained individuals during this period is not likely due to a more rapid recovery from the sympathetic response to exercise.", "PMID": 536302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6815", "title": "Differential permeability of endothelial and epithelial barriers to albumin flux.", "content": "We measured the flux of albumin between the vascular space and the pulmonary interstitial and luminal lining fluids in 20 adult sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas. We sampled the bronchoalveolar lining layer by episodic fiberbronchoscopic lavage. A total of 62 alveolar lavages were performed at times ranging between 30 min and 60 h after intra-arterial injection of 100 microCi of 125I-labeled albumin. Samples of lymph and plasma were obtained simultaneously with lavage fluid, and the radioactivity and albumin content of all samples were measured and expressed as specific activity (counts/min . g albumin). We found that alveolar lavage fluid collected by our technique is not significantly contaminated by plasma or interstitial fluid proteins. Proteins present in alveolar lavage fluid and also present in plasma reach the alveolar space by a normal diffusive process, and not as a result of epithelial membrane damage occurring at the time of lavage. Lung epithelial permeability to albumin in small, but finite (4.3--5.8 x 10(-10) cm/s). Virtually all (greater than 92%) of resistance to albumin flux across the alveolocapillary membrane lies in the epithelial barrier. Increases in permeability of the respiratory epithelium, even minor, would have a marked effect on water and solute balance in the lung. Epithelial injury will potentiate pulmonary edema formation even in the presence of normal pulmonary microvascular pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, and endothelial permeability.", "contents": "Differential permeability of endothelial and epithelial barriers to albumin flux. We measured the flux of albumin between the vascular space and the pulmonary interstitial and luminal lining fluids in 20 adult sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas. We sampled the bronchoalveolar lining layer by episodic fiberbronchoscopic lavage. A total of 62 alveolar lavages were performed at times ranging between 30 min and 60 h after intra-arterial injection of 100 microCi of 125I-labeled albumin. Samples of lymph and plasma were obtained simultaneously with lavage fluid, and the radioactivity and albumin content of all samples were measured and expressed as specific activity (counts/min . g albumin). We found that alveolar lavage fluid collected by our technique is not significantly contaminated by plasma or interstitial fluid proteins. Proteins present in alveolar lavage fluid and also present in plasma reach the alveolar space by a normal diffusive process, and not as a result of epithelial membrane damage occurring at the time of lavage. Lung epithelial permeability to albumin in small, but finite (4.3--5.8 x 10(-10) cm/s). Virtually all (greater than 92%) of resistance to albumin flux across the alveolocapillary membrane lies in the epithelial barrier. Increases in permeability of the respiratory epithelium, even minor, would have a marked effect on water and solute balance in the lung. Epithelial injury will potentiate pulmonary edema formation even in the presence of normal pulmonary microvascular pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, and endothelial permeability.", "PMID": 536303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6816", "title": "Estimating central and peripheral respiratory resistance: an alternative analysis.", "content": "Pimmel et al (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 375--380, 1978) recently presented an analysis of the frequency dependence of respiratory resistance (Rrs) based on a simple electrical analog of the respiratory system that allows estimation of the central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) components of Rrs. The method by which they determine these parameters from the experimental data is based on a number of unproven assumptions. Using the same electrical analog, we present an analysis that allows calculation of these parameters, as well as the corner frequency of the network (f1), without need for similar assumptions. Our technique is based on fitting the resistances (RTh) measured over a range of frequencies (f) to the exact solution of the network given by RTh = Rc + Rpf1(2)/f2 + f1(2)). Using the transformation X = 1/(f2 + f1(2), the equation becomes a linear relationship between RTh and X allowing the resistances to be determined by linear regression. Reanalysis of Pimmel et al.'s data demonstrated that the assumptions of a constant f1, and the equivalence of RTh at 0 Hz to RTh at 1 Hz in invalid under certain conditions. Thus, if one is to use the electrical analog to partition Rrs into its central and peripheral components, one should use the analytic approach suggested here that does not rely on these assumptions.", "contents": "Estimating central and peripheral respiratory resistance: an alternative analysis. Pimmel et al (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 375--380, 1978) recently presented an analysis of the frequency dependence of respiratory resistance (Rrs) based on a simple electrical analog of the respiratory system that allows estimation of the central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) components of Rrs. The method by which they determine these parameters from the experimental data is based on a number of unproven assumptions. Using the same electrical analog, we present an analysis that allows calculation of these parameters, as well as the corner frequency of the network (f1), without need for similar assumptions. Our technique is based on fitting the resistances (RTh) measured over a range of frequencies (f) to the exact solution of the network given by RTh = Rc + Rpf1(2)/f2 + f1(2)). Using the transformation X = 1/(f2 + f1(2), the equation becomes a linear relationship between RTh and X allowing the resistances to be determined by linear regression. Reanalysis of Pimmel et al.'s data demonstrated that the assumptions of a constant f1, and the equivalence of RTh at 0 Hz to RTh at 1 Hz in invalid under certain conditions. Thus, if one is to use the electrical analog to partition Rrs into its central and peripheral components, one should use the analytic approach suggested here that does not rely on these assumptions.", "PMID": 536304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6817", "title": "A head-out exercise body plethysmograph.", "content": "A head-out exercise body plethysmograph has been developed to facilitate investigations of the extrathoracic airways. An airtight seal around the neck is provided by a pliable sheet of dental dam braced by a tubular bean bag. A set of bicycle pedals is connected by a chain drive, axle, and wall-mounted sealed ball bearing to an external ergometer. The box is air-conditioned to allow exercise up to work loads of 200 W with a temperature increase of less than 1 degree C above ambient laboratory readings. Nose, mouth, and extrathoracic airways are easily accessible for airflow and pressure measurements. O2, CO2, and humidity levels of respired air are not disturbed, verbal communication with the subject is possible, and the subject is unlikely to feel claustrophobic. The plethysmograph has a flat frequency response to 4.2 Hz; it thus functions accurately in both resting and exercise measurements of respiratory minute ventilation. The plethysmograph can also be used for determinations of nasal and oral airflow and pressure, and the study of breathing patterns.", "contents": "A head-out exercise body plethysmograph. A head-out exercise body plethysmograph has been developed to facilitate investigations of the extrathoracic airways. An airtight seal around the neck is provided by a pliable sheet of dental dam braced by a tubular bean bag. A set of bicycle pedals is connected by a chain drive, axle, and wall-mounted sealed ball bearing to an external ergometer. The box is air-conditioned to allow exercise up to work loads of 200 W with a temperature increase of less than 1 degree C above ambient laboratory readings. Nose, mouth, and extrathoracic airways are easily accessible for airflow and pressure measurements. O2, CO2, and humidity levels of respired air are not disturbed, verbal communication with the subject is possible, and the subject is unlikely to feel claustrophobic. The plethysmograph has a flat frequency response to 4.2 Hz; it thus functions accurately in both resting and exercise measurements of respiratory minute ventilation. The plethysmograph can also be used for determinations of nasal and oral airflow and pressure, and the study of breathing patterns.", "PMID": 536305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6818", "title": "The organization of neocortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, and the problem of motor and somatic sensory convergence within the mammalian brain.", "content": "The retrograde transport of HRP was used to determine the extent and organizational details of the VL neocortical projection in Trichosurus. The major, or external, part of VL projects homotypically to the anteromedial part of the parietofrontal cortex, overlapping the VP cortical projection field extensively, but not completely. Overlap between the VL field and SmI is most extensive in the area of rear limb representation, and decreases considerably in the area of the head representation. A small internal subdivision of VL projects discontinuously to the SmI head region, and appears to be limited to portions of the cortical barrel field. The VL cortical projection is much less extensive than that of VP, but does include a small area of cortex which does not receive a VP projection. Thus VL and VP do not display congruent cortical projections. Details of the thalamocortical relationships, as determined from both anatomical and physiological studies, are compared with other mammals.", "contents": "The organization of neocortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, and the problem of motor and somatic sensory convergence within the mammalian brain. The retrograde transport of HRP was used to determine the extent and organizational details of the VL neocortical projection in Trichosurus. The major, or external, part of VL projects homotypically to the anteromedial part of the parietofrontal cortex, overlapping the VP cortical projection field extensively, but not completely. Overlap between the VL field and SmI is most extensive in the area of rear limb representation, and decreases considerably in the area of the head representation. A small internal subdivision of VL projects discontinuously to the SmI head region, and appears to be limited to portions of the cortical barrel field. The VL cortical projection is much less extensive than that of VP, but does include a small area of cortex which does not receive a VP projection. Thus VL and VP do not display congruent cortical projections. Details of the thalamocortical relationships, as determined from both anatomical and physiological studies, are compared with other mammals.", "PMID": 536306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6819", "title": "Cell junctions in the adrenal cortex of the postnatal rat.", "content": "The differentiation of cellular junctions in the adrenal cortex of the postnatal rat has been studied. Desmosome and gap junctions were well differentiated at birth in the deeper zones of the cortex, but in the glomerular zone tight and gap junctions were not observed until 2 weeks after birth. The possibility that the development of gap junctions in the different zones of the adrenal cortex is hormonally controlled is discussed.", "contents": "Cell junctions in the adrenal cortex of the postnatal rat. The differentiation of cellular junctions in the adrenal cortex of the postnatal rat has been studied. Desmosome and gap junctions were well differentiated at birth in the deeper zones of the cortex, but in the glomerular zone tight and gap junctions were not observed until 2 weeks after birth. The possibility that the development of gap junctions in the different zones of the adrenal cortex is hormonally controlled is discussed.", "PMID": 536307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6820", "title": "Micro-stereological study of the avian epididymal region.", "content": "Morphometric studies of the epididymal region of three avian species (Gallus domesticus, Coturnix coturnix japonica, Japanese quail, and Numida meleagris, guinea-fowl) were performed using a stereological compensating eyepiece graticule. The proportions of the volume of the region made up of rete testis lacunae, proximal and distal efferent ductules, connecting ducts, ductus epididymidis, blood vessels and connective tissue were determined. The efferent ductules constituted the largest proportion of the tubular components of the organs in the three birds (35.3% for the chicken, 56% for the quail and 61.9% for the guinea-fowl), while the ductus epididymidis formed only 7.6%, 2.4% and 1.8% of the total epididymal volume in the domestic fowl, quail and guinea-fowl respectively. The connective tissue component made up 38.7%, 27.3% and 22.6% respectively. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the likely functions of the various components of the epididymal region.", "contents": "Micro-stereological study of the avian epididymal region. Morphometric studies of the epididymal region of three avian species (Gallus domesticus, Coturnix coturnix japonica, Japanese quail, and Numida meleagris, guinea-fowl) were performed using a stereological compensating eyepiece graticule. The proportions of the volume of the region made up of rete testis lacunae, proximal and distal efferent ductules, connecting ducts, ductus epididymidis, blood vessels and connective tissue were determined. The efferent ductules constituted the largest proportion of the tubular components of the organs in the three birds (35.3% for the chicken, 56% for the quail and 61.9% for the guinea-fowl), while the ductus epididymidis formed only 7.6%, 2.4% and 1.8% of the total epididymal volume in the domestic fowl, quail and guinea-fowl respectively. The connective tissue component made up 38.7%, 27.3% and 22.6% respectively. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the likely functions of the various components of the epididymal region.", "PMID": 536308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6821", "title": "Uptake of marker proteins by glycoprotein-containing cells of the pregnant rat uterus and placenta.", "content": "A study was made of cells in the pregnant rat uterus and placenta known to contain glycoprotein inclusions to investigate their ability to endocytose marker proteins (fluorescein conjugated serum and horseradish peroxidase) injected into the maternal circulation. The visceral endoderm showed marked uptake of both proteins, though in later pregnancy this was restricted to the area of yolk sac adjacent to the chorio-allantoic placenta. The intracellular distribution of the endocytosed marker proteins resembled that of the glycoprotein inclusions. In the earlier stages some of the giant cell inclusions contained glycoprotein, some showed staining with the Dunn-Thompson technique for haemoglobin, and some showed peroxidase activity. There was endocytosis of both marker proteins by giant cells, and apparently this occurred independently of ingestion of red blood cells. Uptake by the giant cells persisted to a later stage in the area round the margin of the chorio-allantoic placenta than in the other giant cells. Endocytosis occurred in the labyrinthine trophoblast, and the glycoprotein inclusions found in this situation may represent material being transmitted or digested. The glycoprotein-containing granulated metrial gland cells showed no evidence of endocytotic activity, but there was uptake of both marker proteins by the associated stromal cells.", "contents": "Uptake of marker proteins by glycoprotein-containing cells of the pregnant rat uterus and placenta. A study was made of cells in the pregnant rat uterus and placenta known to contain glycoprotein inclusions to investigate their ability to endocytose marker proteins (fluorescein conjugated serum and horseradish peroxidase) injected into the maternal circulation. The visceral endoderm showed marked uptake of both proteins, though in later pregnancy this was restricted to the area of yolk sac adjacent to the chorio-allantoic placenta. The intracellular distribution of the endocytosed marker proteins resembled that of the glycoprotein inclusions. In the earlier stages some of the giant cell inclusions contained glycoprotein, some showed staining with the Dunn-Thompson technique for haemoglobin, and some showed peroxidase activity. There was endocytosis of both marker proteins by giant cells, and apparently this occurred independently of ingestion of red blood cells. Uptake by the giant cells persisted to a later stage in the area round the margin of the chorio-allantoic placenta than in the other giant cells. Endocytosis occurred in the labyrinthine trophoblast, and the glycoprotein inclusions found in this situation may represent material being transmitted or digested. The glycoprotein-containing granulated metrial gland cells showed no evidence of endocytotic activity, but there was uptake of both marker proteins by the associated stromal cells.", "PMID": 536309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6822", "title": "Sex differences in the formation of germinal centres in the rat thymus.", "content": "Rats of inbred DA strain were given 20 intraperitoneal injections of typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli at 10 day intervals. Thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres were formed in females but not in males. However, orchidectomy permitted the formation of large numbers of thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres in males. The formation of lymph follicles with germinal centres in the thymus was not affected by ovariectomy. These results would appear to suggest an inhibitory role of androgens on the formation of thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres. In addition, large numbers of plasma cells, mast cells, and reticular cells, or macrophages with haemosiderin in their cytoplasm, appeared in the parenchma of the thymus in close association with the formation of thymic germinal centres.", "contents": "Sex differences in the formation of germinal centres in the rat thymus. Rats of inbred DA strain were given 20 intraperitoneal injections of typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli at 10 day intervals. Thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres were formed in females but not in males. However, orchidectomy permitted the formation of large numbers of thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres in males. The formation of lymph follicles with germinal centres in the thymus was not affected by ovariectomy. These results would appear to suggest an inhibitory role of androgens on the formation of thymic lymph follicles with germinal centres. In addition, large numbers of plasma cells, mast cells, and reticular cells, or macrophages with haemosiderin in their cytoplasm, appeared in the parenchma of the thymus in close association with the formation of thymic germinal centres.", "PMID": 536311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6823", "title": "The compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae.", "content": "Values for the compressive breaking load of lumbar vertebrae at physiological strain rates show enormous scatter across the population, ranging from 0.8 kN to nearly 16 kN. Increase in strength was found at faster strain rates, but differences in compressive strength between upper and lower lumbar vertebrae were not significant. Hydraulic strengthening does not appear to contribute to the compressive strength at the strain rates studied.", "contents": "The compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae. Values for the compressive breaking load of lumbar vertebrae at physiological strain rates show enormous scatter across the population, ranging from 0.8 kN to nearly 16 kN. Increase in strength was found at faster strain rates, but differences in compressive strength between upper and lower lumbar vertebrae were not significant. Hydraulic strengthening does not appear to contribute to the compressive strength at the strain rates studied.", "PMID": 536312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6824", "title": "Studies on the responses of different types of muscle fibre during surgically induced compensatory hypertrophy.", "content": "The sizes of the different types of muscle fibre in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of mice have been measured, EDL muscles showing compensatory hypertrophy following the removal of the tibialis anterior muscle 116 days previously being compared with normal contralateral controls. Contrary to previous findings, the hypertrophy was well maintained after 116 days and Type II fibres were enlarged preferentially.", "contents": "Studies on the responses of different types of muscle fibre during surgically induced compensatory hypertrophy. The sizes of the different types of muscle fibre in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of mice have been measured, EDL muscles showing compensatory hypertrophy following the removal of the tibialis anterior muscle 116 days previously being compared with normal contralateral controls. Contrary to previous findings, the hypertrophy was well maintained after 116 days and Type II fibres were enlarged preferentially.", "PMID": 536313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6825", "title": "A morphological study of the development of the mouse choroid plexus.", "content": "Development of the mouse choroid plexus was studied by semithin light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The choroid plexus is first observed as a bilateral ridge at 11 days postconception. The major morphological development appears to occur between 11 and 14 days postconception. By 14 days both dark and light choroid plexus epithelial cells are present. The percentage of dark cells appears constant from 14 days postconception up to 3 months postnatum. Metachromatically staining glycogen masses are present in the choroidal epithelium from 13 days postconception until 5 days postnatum, after which time glcogen granules are sparsely scattered throughout the cytoplasm. A few fine microvilli are present at 11 days postconception and these increase in number and become much more bulbous by 13 days. In contrast to the light choroid plexus epithelial cells, the dark cells have fine narrow microvilli. The possible significance of the two types of choroid plexus cells is discussed.", "contents": "A morphological study of the development of the mouse choroid plexus. Development of the mouse choroid plexus was studied by semithin light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The choroid plexus is first observed as a bilateral ridge at 11 days postconception. The major morphological development appears to occur between 11 and 14 days postconception. By 14 days both dark and light choroid plexus epithelial cells are present. The percentage of dark cells appears constant from 14 days postconception up to 3 months postnatum. Metachromatically staining glycogen masses are present in the choroidal epithelium from 13 days postconception until 5 days postnatum, after which time glcogen granules are sparsely scattered throughout the cytoplasm. A few fine microvilli are present at 11 days postconception and these increase in number and become much more bulbous by 13 days. In contrast to the light choroid plexus epithelial cells, the dark cells have fine narrow microvilli. The possible significance of the two types of choroid plexus cells is discussed.", "PMID": 536314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6826", "title": "Quantitative aspects of the embryonic growth of the intestine and stomach.", "content": "The increase in the volume of the intestine and stomach with time was estimated in mouse embryos by means of a morphometric technique. The specific growth rate of the intestine is constant until birth, whereas that of the stomach decreases by a constant amount in time. Evidence is given that the growth of both these organs is a continuous process in the period under study; growth models based on exponential phases separated by breaks were not confirmed. A methodological criticism relating to the effect of skew sectioning in the estimation of the intestinal length and cross sectional area is put forward.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of the embryonic growth of the intestine and stomach. The increase in the volume of the intestine and stomach with time was estimated in mouse embryos by means of a morphometric technique. The specific growth rate of the intestine is constant until birth, whereas that of the stomach decreases by a constant amount in time. Evidence is given that the growth of both these organs is a continuous process in the period under study; growth models based on exponential phases separated by breaks were not confirmed. A methodological criticism relating to the effect of skew sectioning in the estimation of the intestinal length and cross sectional area is put forward.", "PMID": 536315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6827", "title": "Morphological changes in the right ventricular septomarginal trabecula (false tendon) during maturation and ageing in the dog heart.", "content": "Right ventricular septomarginal trabeculae ('false-tendons') from puppies, young adult, and older adult dogs were examined by light and electron microscopy. The connective tissue of the trabeculae obtained from the puppies and the young adult dogs had few elastic fibres, but this component was well developed in the connective tissue of the adult dogs. The trabeculae of older dogs also showed scattered foci of extracellular fat droplets, and their junctional regions nearest to the ventricular wall were often heavily laden with fat. The Purkinje cells were uniform in each group, but differed from one group to another: in the puppies they resembled typical conducting cells, being predominantly cuboidal with few, poorly developed myofibrils, whilst in the adults the Purkinje cells resembled working myocytes, being elongated with a well developed complement of longitudinally arranged myofibrils. The cells of all age groups showed a complete absence of T-tubules, simply arranged interculated discs, and frequent dilatations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The cells of older dogs showed separations of the undifferentiated regions of most discs. Membrane degenerations and the presence of numerous fat droplets also were common. The fine structural cytology of Purkinje cells therefore appears to change considerable with age in the right ventricular septomarginal trabeculae ('false-tendons') of the dog heart.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the right ventricular septomarginal trabecula (false tendon) during maturation and ageing in the dog heart. Right ventricular septomarginal trabeculae ('false-tendons') from puppies, young adult, and older adult dogs were examined by light and electron microscopy. The connective tissue of the trabeculae obtained from the puppies and the young adult dogs had few elastic fibres, but this component was well developed in the connective tissue of the adult dogs. The trabeculae of older dogs also showed scattered foci of extracellular fat droplets, and their junctional regions nearest to the ventricular wall were often heavily laden with fat. The Purkinje cells were uniform in each group, but differed from one group to another: in the puppies they resembled typical conducting cells, being predominantly cuboidal with few, poorly developed myofibrils, whilst in the adults the Purkinje cells resembled working myocytes, being elongated with a well developed complement of longitudinally arranged myofibrils. The cells of all age groups showed a complete absence of T-tubules, simply arranged interculated discs, and frequent dilatations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The cells of older dogs showed separations of the undifferentiated regions of most discs. Membrane degenerations and the presence of numerous fat droplets also were common. The fine structural cytology of Purkinje cells therefore appears to change considerable with age in the right ventricular septomarginal trabeculae ('false-tendons') of the dog heart.", "PMID": 536316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6828", "title": "Changes in the spleen related to birth.", "content": "The spleens of 124 anatomically normal weight-for-age fetuses and 115 term babies dying between birth and four weeks have been assessed histologically. The mean weight of the spleen shows a steady increase from 27 weeks of gestation up to 42 weeks. There is a weight loss of about 4 gm at the time of birth. The weight of the spleen increases steadily in neonates and, by the fourth week, it reaches the same weight as the full term stillbirth. The amount of lymphatic tissue in the spleen increases steadily in the stillbirths of different gestations and continues, without interruption, at the time of birth and in neonates. The weight loss of the spleen at birth can only be accounted for on the basis of a reduction in the blood lake of the pulp.", "contents": "Changes in the spleen related to birth. The spleens of 124 anatomically normal weight-for-age fetuses and 115 term babies dying between birth and four weeks have been assessed histologically. The mean weight of the spleen shows a steady increase from 27 weeks of gestation up to 42 weeks. There is a weight loss of about 4 gm at the time of birth. The weight of the spleen increases steadily in neonates and, by the fourth week, it reaches the same weight as the full term stillbirth. The amount of lymphatic tissue in the spleen increases steadily in the stillbirths of different gestations and continues, without interruption, at the time of birth and in neonates. The weight loss of the spleen at birth can only be accounted for on the basis of a reduction in the blood lake of the pulp.", "PMID": 536317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6829", "title": "A comparison of cell proliferation at different sites within the large bowel of the mouse.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to compare cell proliferation at different sites along the length of the large bowel of the mouse. Simple morphometry has been used along with 3HTdR labelling studies and metaphase arrest with vincristine. Differences have been described in the shape and size of crypts, the distribution of proliferating cells, the duration of the cell cycle, as well as in the rate of cell production by the crypts. The findings explain some of the apparent inconsistencies in the literature.", "contents": "A comparison of cell proliferation at different sites within the large bowel of the mouse. This study was undertaken in order to compare cell proliferation at different sites along the length of the large bowel of the mouse. Simple morphometry has been used along with 3HTdR labelling studies and metaphase arrest with vincristine. Differences have been described in the shape and size of crypts, the distribution of proliferating cells, the duration of the cell cycle, as well as in the rate of cell production by the crypts. The findings explain some of the apparent inconsistencies in the literature.", "PMID": 536318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6830", "title": "A method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using suspension lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "A new rapid method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using the 'Raji' and 'Simpson' strains of lymphoblastoid cells grown in suspension is described. This method has advantages for rapidly assessing the quality of a culture medium.", "contents": "A method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using suspension lymphoblastoid cells. A new rapid method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using the 'Raji' and 'Simpson' strains of lymphoblastoid cells grown in suspension is described. This method has advantages for rapidly assessing the quality of a culture medium.", "PMID": 536373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6831", "title": "Stability of a reference panel of lyophilized hepatitis B antigens and antibodies.", "content": "A lyophilized hepatitis B working/reference panel has been prepared for use in standardization tests. This panel includes HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe and subtype reagents. Quantitative analysis of the HBsAg reagents indicates that at a storage temperature of -20 degrees C, only 1 log at maximum of RIA counts per minute would be lost in 95 years. After storage at -20 degrees C for 1 year, there has been no loss of reactivity in any of the tests used to detect HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe or subtypes.", "contents": "Stability of a reference panel of lyophilized hepatitis B antigens and antibodies. A lyophilized hepatitis B working/reference panel has been prepared for use in standardization tests. This panel includes HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe and subtype reagents. Quantitative analysis of the HBsAg reagents indicates that at a storage temperature of -20 degrees C, only 1 log at maximum of RIA counts per minute would be lost in 95 years. After storage at -20 degrees C for 1 year, there has been no loss of reactivity in any of the tests used to detect HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe or subtypes.", "PMID": 536374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6832", "title": "The British Reference preparation for tetanus antitoxin for the flocculation test.", "content": "To facilitate the quality control of tetanus toxoids used in the formulation of adsorbed vaccines, an equine antitetanus serum has been extensively assayed and established as the British Reference preparation for tetanus antitoxin for the flocculation test.", "contents": "The British Reference preparation for tetanus antitoxin for the flocculation test. To facilitate the quality control of tetanus toxoids used in the formulation of adsorbed vaccines, an equine antitetanus serum has been extensively assayed and established as the British Reference preparation for tetanus antitoxin for the flocculation test.", "PMID": 536375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6833", "title": "Potency measurement of pertussis vaccines and consistency in production.", "content": "If one accepts the minimum requirement of 4 i.u. shd-1 for the potency of pertussis vaccine--and there is no convincing evidence to reject this--the usual MPT with 20 mice per dilution offers a sufficient guarantee that no vaccines with too low potency will be accepted, provided that the consistency in production has been sufficiently proven. As higher concentrations than necessary should be avoided in view of the undesirable side-effects, the establishment of requirements for the lower level of the 95% confidence limits might, however, entail exactly this risk.", "contents": "Potency measurement of pertussis vaccines and consistency in production. If one accepts the minimum requirement of 4 i.u. shd-1 for the potency of pertussis vaccine--and there is no convincing evidence to reject this--the usual MPT with 20 mice per dilution offers a sufficient guarantee that no vaccines with too low potency will be accepted, provided that the consistency in production has been sufficiently proven. As higher concentrations than necessary should be avoided in view of the undesirable side-effects, the establishment of requirements for the lower level of the 95% confidence limits might, however, entail exactly this risk.", "PMID": 536376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6834", "title": "Stability of cholera and typhoid vaccines.", "content": "Fluid plain and adsorbed and freeze-dried cholera and tyhpoid vaccines of different composition were examined for thermostability by potency testing (by active mouse protection tests) after exposure to 37 degrees C for 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Loss of potency was evaluated by comparison with samples stored at 4 degrees C. The fluid plain cholera vaccine remained fully potent for 1--3 weeks, the adsorbed vaccine for at least 4 weeks. The fluid typhoid vaccines showed greater thermosensitivity than the fluid plain cholera vaccine. The freeze-dried cholera and typhoid vaccines were both very stable, retaining fully potency after at least 12 weeks' exposure to 37 degrees C. It should be emphasized that the above results apply exclusively to vaccines prepared by the methods used by the authors and formulated to identical compositions.", "contents": "Stability of cholera and typhoid vaccines. Fluid plain and adsorbed and freeze-dried cholera and tyhpoid vaccines of different composition were examined for thermostability by potency testing (by active mouse protection tests) after exposure to 37 degrees C for 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Loss of potency was evaluated by comparison with samples stored at 4 degrees C. The fluid plain cholera vaccine remained fully potent for 1--3 weeks, the adsorbed vaccine for at least 4 weeks. The fluid typhoid vaccines showed greater thermosensitivity than the fluid plain cholera vaccine. The freeze-dried cholera and typhoid vaccines were both very stable, retaining fully potency after at least 12 weeks' exposure to 37 degrees C. It should be emphasized that the above results apply exclusively to vaccines prepared by the methods used by the authors and formulated to identical compositions.", "PMID": 536377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6835", "title": "Isolation and properties of a phage lytic for non-smooth Brucella organisms.", "content": "A phage for non-smooth cells of Brucella abortus was isolated from a mixture of three brucella-phages incubated with rough brucella cells in the presence of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. It did not lyse smooth cells of Br. abortus strains nor those of other Brucella species, but during the course of its replication in rough organisms a small proportion of phage mutants were produced which were similar in properties to smooth-specific phages. The rough-specific phage, R, itself resembled Weybridge phage in its morphological and serological properties. Phage R was found to contain DNA and segregated into high and low density fractions, both with plaque-forming activity, on ultra-centrifugation in CsSO4 gradients. Unlike the smooth-specific phages it attached to heat-labile receptors present on non-smooth brucella cells.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a phage lytic for non-smooth Brucella organisms. A phage for non-smooth cells of Brucella abortus was isolated from a mixture of three brucella-phages incubated with rough brucella cells in the presence of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. It did not lyse smooth cells of Br. abortus strains nor those of other Brucella species, but during the course of its replication in rough organisms a small proportion of phage mutants were produced which were similar in properties to smooth-specific phages. The rough-specific phage, R, itself resembled Weybridge phage in its morphological and serological properties. Phage R was found to contain DNA and segregated into high and low density fractions, both with plaque-forming activity, on ultra-centrifugation in CsSO4 gradients. Unlike the smooth-specific phages it attached to heat-labile receptors present on non-smooth brucella cells.", "PMID": 536378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6836", "title": "Interferon standards: a memorandum.", "content": "The progress that has been made in the production of human interferons has led to clinical trials that suggest significant antiviral and antitumor effects. The growing possibilities of clinical usefulness and the greater appreciation of the complexity of the nature and actions of interferon, as well as its possible, varied biological roles, are factors that dictate the need for international interferon standards. This memorandum includes recommendations regarding characterization and use of interferon standards; definition of unitage; calibration of assays and reporting requirements; use of cells, viruses, and reagents in interferon assays; and description of a reference interferon bioassay.", "contents": "Interferon standards: a memorandum. The progress that has been made in the production of human interferons has led to clinical trials that suggest significant antiviral and antitumor effects. The growing possibilities of clinical usefulness and the greater appreciation of the complexity of the nature and actions of interferon, as well as its possible, varied biological roles, are factors that dictate the need for international interferon standards. This memorandum includes recommendations regarding characterization and use of interferon standards; definition of unitage; calibration of assays and reporting requirements; use of cells, viruses, and reagents in interferon assays; and description of a reference interferon bioassay.", "PMID": 536379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6837", "title": "Report of Ad Hoc Committee on karyological controls of human cell substrates.", "content": "A conference on the Standardization of Cell Substrates for the Production of Virus Vaccines was jointly sponsored by the World Health Organization and by the International Association of Biological Standardization at Geneva in 1976. Participants at the meeting agreed that recommendations then current regarding karyological control of human cell substrates should be reviewed and revised. Extensive experience using human diploid cells in vaccine manufacture as documented at that symposium indicated that certain karyological requirements of existing standards should be eliminated or modified. An Ad Hoc committee appointed by the chairman of the conference, Dr Frank Perkins, was charged with this task; however, since opinions varied widely regarding modification this committee requested the organization of a karyology workshop.", "contents": "Report of Ad Hoc Committee on karyological controls of human cell substrates. A conference on the Standardization of Cell Substrates for the Production of Virus Vaccines was jointly sponsored by the World Health Organization and by the International Association of Biological Standardization at Geneva in 1976. Participants at the meeting agreed that recommendations then current regarding karyological control of human cell substrates should be reviewed and revised. Extensive experience using human diploid cells in vaccine manufacture as documented at that symposium indicated that certain karyological requirements of existing standards should be eliminated or modified. An Ad Hoc committee appointed by the chairman of the conference, Dr Frank Perkins, was charged with this task; however, since opinions varied widely regarding modification this committee requested the organization of a karyology workshop.", "PMID": 536380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6838", "title": "The regulation of amounts and proportions of genetic elements in the macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila strains of diverse karyotype.", "content": "Measurements of the micronuclear DNA content of clones with assumed different degrees of micronuclear ploidy confirmed the triploid nature of one clone. The micronuclear DNA content of a presumptive haploid clone was found to be slightly higher than expected, whereas one of two aneuploid clones had an unexpectedly low micronuclear DNA content. The macronuclear DNA content of cells with macronuclei which had developed from triploid, diploid and probably haploid and aneuploid macronuclear-Anlagen is very similar. Specifically, the smallest individual macronuclear DNA contents are consistently found within the same size class in all clones tested.  Cell volumes, RNA and protein contents are alike in all clones tested. Only the growth rate and maximal density reached of one out of two aneuploid clones is reduced in comparison with the very similar other clones. The results are discussed with reference to the regulation of macronuclear DNA content, and to the compensation of gene-dosage.", "contents": "The regulation of amounts and proportions of genetic elements in the macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila strains of diverse karyotype. Measurements of the micronuclear DNA content of clones with assumed different degrees of micronuclear ploidy confirmed the triploid nature of one clone. The micronuclear DNA content of a presumptive haploid clone was found to be slightly higher than expected, whereas one of two aneuploid clones had an unexpectedly low micronuclear DNA content. The macronuclear DNA content of cells with macronuclei which had developed from triploid, diploid and probably haploid and aneuploid macronuclear-Anlagen is very similar. Specifically, the smallest individual macronuclear DNA contents are consistently found within the same size class in all clones tested.  Cell volumes, RNA and protein contents are alike in all clones tested. Only the growth rate and maximal density reached of one out of two aneuploid clones is reduced in comparison with the very similar other clones. The results are discussed with reference to the regulation of macronuclear DNA content, and to the compensation of gene-dosage.", "PMID": 536381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6839", "title": "Quantitative replicon analysis of DNA synthesis in cancer-prone conditions and the defects in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "A quantitative method of replicon analysis of DNA fibre autoradiographs has been used to study the relationship between mean rate of DNA chain growth (R) and distance between adjacent replicons (ID) in fibroblasts from cancer-prone conditions. Results are expressed in terms of the mean linear regression R = delta +(K.ID)10-2. When replicon behaviour was examined in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, basal cell naevus and Bloom's syndromes grown at high density after 48 h in culture, no significant differences could be found in replicon behaviour between these syndromes and normal cultures. However when Bloom's cells were grown at low density and examined 24 h earlier, the mean rate of chain growth R was reduced compared to normal cells at the same density. Both cell types at high densities at 24 h showed equal but lower R values than at 48 h after plating the cultures. The lower rate of chain growth in Bloom's was accompanied by a longer S-period and cell cycle. Studies of cell proliferation kinetics using consecutive mitoses after bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation and harlequin banding showed that Bloom's cells at low cell density require a longer period to recover a normal cell cycle length after plating than do normal cells at the same density. Plating densities and using conditioned media shorten the recovery period in Bloom's cells, and when foetal calf serum/MEM is replaced by human AB serum/McCoy 5a medium as the growth media, cell cycle behaviour of low density Bloom's and normal cells are equal at a much earlier time. It is concluded that the slow rate of DNA chain growth in Bloom's cells is an artefact introduced by culture conditions and also may be present in normal cells at an earlier period. The behaviour of replicons during this recovery period appears to be similar in Bloom's and normal cells except for the time lag. As recovery proceeds, the DNA chain growth in the associated replicon pairs recover progressively. This alters both the mean R value from 0.4 to 0.8 micron/min, the slope of the regression K from less than 1.0 to approximately 1.0 while the distance between initiation sites (ID) remains constant throughout. Pretreatment of all cultures with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) produced the same differential effect on release from DNA synthesis inhibition, that is a similar increase in the activation of normally inactive replicons and a slightly slower rate of chain growth over all replicons. No evidence of a substance released by Bloom's cells in culture capable of increasing the sister-chromatid frequency in normal cells could be found. Since SCE frequencies were found to increase with fixation time after BUdR introduction it is concluded that some of the reported changes could be due to differences in cell cycle kinetics brought about by the different media conditions.", "contents": "Quantitative replicon analysis of DNA synthesis in cancer-prone conditions and the defects in Bloom's syndrome. A quantitative method of replicon analysis of DNA fibre autoradiographs has been used to study the relationship between mean rate of DNA chain growth (R) and distance between adjacent replicons (ID) in fibroblasts from cancer-prone conditions. Results are expressed in terms of the mean linear regression R = delta +(K.ID)10-2. When replicon behaviour was examined in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, basal cell naevus and Bloom's syndromes grown at high density after 48 h in culture, no significant differences could be found in replicon behaviour between these syndromes and normal cultures. However when Bloom's cells were grown at low density and examined 24 h earlier, the mean rate of chain growth R was reduced compared to normal cells at the same density. Both cell types at high densities at 24 h showed equal but lower R values than at 48 h after plating the cultures. The lower rate of chain growth in Bloom's was accompanied by a longer S-period and cell cycle. Studies of cell proliferation kinetics using consecutive mitoses after bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation and harlequin banding showed that Bloom's cells at low cell density require a longer period to recover a normal cell cycle length after plating than do normal cells at the same density. Plating densities and using conditioned media shorten the recovery period in Bloom's cells, and when foetal calf serum/MEM is replaced by human AB serum/McCoy 5a medium as the growth media, cell cycle behaviour of low density Bloom's and normal cells are equal at a much earlier time. It is concluded that the slow rate of DNA chain growth in Bloom's cells is an artefact introduced by culture conditions and also may be present in normal cells at an earlier period. The behaviour of replicons during this recovery period appears to be similar in Bloom's and normal cells except for the time lag. As recovery proceeds, the DNA chain growth in the associated replicon pairs recover progressively. This alters both the mean R value from 0.4 to 0.8 micron/min, the slope of the regression K from less than 1.0 to approximately 1.0 while the distance between initiation sites (ID) remains constant throughout. Pretreatment of all cultures with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) produced the same differential effect on release from DNA synthesis inhibition, that is a similar increase in the activation of normally inactive replicons and a slightly slower rate of chain growth over all replicons. No evidence of a substance released by Bloom's cells in culture capable of increasing the sister-chromatid frequency in normal cells could be found. Since SCE frequencies were found to increase with fixation time after BUdR introduction it is concluded that some of the reported changes could be due to differences in cell cycle kinetics brought about by the different media conditions.", "PMID": 536382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6840", "title": "A quantitative electron-microscope analysis of chromatin from Xenopus laevis lampbrush chromosomes.", "content": "The morphology of the DNP axis and RNP transcripts from Xenopus laevis lampbrush chromosomes has been analysed using a modified Miller spreading technique. Two basictypes of chromatin have been distinguished. (1) Discrete portions of DNP exhibiting high levels of transcriptive activity, with clear initiation and termination points (transcription units). Interspersed with the units are sequences with little or no transcriptive activity (spacer DNP). The combination of transcription unit plus spacer DNP is normally repeared to form a transcriptive array. (2) large aggregates of loosely packed, mainly transcriptively inactive regions (chromomeric DNP). Where the DNP axis is not obscured by tightly packed polymerases it has regular beaded appearance, both in the transcriptive arrays and in chromomeric DNP. The beads are 17-20 nm in diameter and have packing densities of about 40 beads per micron of chromatin in preparations from young females not stimulated by human chorionic gonodotrophin. Most transcription units have polymerase packing densities of 13-20 polymerases per micron, but in some cases the density is much lower (less than 10 polymerases /micron). The lateral RNP transcripts in most units have a complex, bushlike appearance, the axis being beaded and folded to form circles and branches.", "contents": "A quantitative electron-microscope analysis of chromatin from Xenopus laevis lampbrush chromosomes. The morphology of the DNP axis and RNP transcripts from Xenopus laevis lampbrush chromosomes has been analysed using a modified Miller spreading technique. Two basictypes of chromatin have been distinguished. (1) Discrete portions of DNP exhibiting high levels of transcriptive activity, with clear initiation and termination points (transcription units). Interspersed with the units are sequences with little or no transcriptive activity (spacer DNP). The combination of transcription unit plus spacer DNP is normally repeared to form a transcriptive array. (2) large aggregates of loosely packed, mainly transcriptively inactive regions (chromomeric DNP). Where the DNP axis is not obscured by tightly packed polymerases it has regular beaded appearance, both in the transcriptive arrays and in chromomeric DNP. The beads are 17-20 nm in diameter and have packing densities of about 40 beads per micron of chromatin in preparations from young females not stimulated by human chorionic gonodotrophin. Most transcription units have polymerase packing densities of 13-20 polymerases per micron, but in some cases the density is much lower (less than 10 polymerases /micron). The lateral RNP transcripts in most units have a complex, bushlike appearance, the axis being beaded and folded to form circles and branches.", "PMID": 536383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6841", "title": "Karyotype analysis of the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines by electron microscopy.  1. The diploid.", "content": "Heterodera glycines is a diploid amphimictic nematode with n = 9 chromosomes. Nine normal synaptonemal complexes (SC) were detected following 3-dimensional reconstruction of pachytene nuclei from electron microscopy of serial sections. Regions of unique 'modified synaptonemal complexes' (MSC) were observed along 2 SCs. These consist of a heterochromatic knob within which the SC appears either disorganized or stacked in layers of lateral elements. Its function is not known. Recombination nodules and 'cylindrical granular complexes', were not observed in H. glycines.", "contents": "Karyotype analysis of the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines by electron microscopy.  1. The diploid. Heterodera glycines is a diploid amphimictic nematode with n = 9 chromosomes. Nine normal synaptonemal complexes (SC) were detected following 3-dimensional reconstruction of pachytene nuclei from electron microscopy of serial sections. Regions of unique 'modified synaptonemal complexes' (MSC) were observed along 2 SCs. These consist of a heterochromatic knob within which the SC appears either disorganized or stacked in layers of lateral elements. Its function is not known. Recombination nodules and 'cylindrical granular complexes', were not observed in H. glycines.", "PMID": 536384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6842", "title": "Non-nucleolar transcription complexes of rat liver as revealed by spreading isolated nuclei.", "content": "Miller's technique was applied to isolated nuclei of rat liver. Both the usual nucleolar and non-nucleolar transcription complexes were visualized. In addition, an unusual type of putative non-ribosomal transcription unit was revealed. It was charcaterized by a high density of the lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibrils. Although these particular units exhibited a regular increase of fibril lengths, the length of the transcript-covered deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) fibres and the morphological aspect of the RNP fibrils distinguished them from the nucleolar 'Christmas-tree'-like figures. The linear and granular configuration of the transcripts and the absence of terminal knobs made them similar to non-nucleolar nascent RNP fibrils.", "contents": "Non-nucleolar transcription complexes of rat liver as revealed by spreading isolated nuclei. Miller's technique was applied to isolated nuclei of rat liver. Both the usual nucleolar and non-nucleolar transcription complexes were visualized. In addition, an unusual type of putative non-ribosomal transcription unit was revealed. It was charcaterized by a high density of the lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibrils. Although these particular units exhibited a regular increase of fibril lengths, the length of the transcript-covered deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) fibres and the morphological aspect of the RNP fibrils distinguished them from the nucleolar 'Christmas-tree'-like figures. The linear and granular configuration of the transcripts and the absence of terminal knobs made them similar to non-nucleolar nascent RNP fibrils.", "PMID": 536385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6843", "title": "Control of nerve cell formation from multipotent stem cells in Hydra.", "content": "Feeding of starved animals provides a very short signal which determines stem cells to differentiate into nerve cells after the next mitosis. Only those stem cells become determined which are just in the middle of their S-phase at the time of feeding. Stem cells of any other stage of the cycle do not become determined.  Nerve cell determination is suppressed by very low concentrations of an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor exerts its effect only during the first half of the S-phase, not before and not after this period. Based on these finding it is proposed that stem cells are susceptible to 2 different signals during the first half of their S-phase; one signal allows the development into nerve cells, the other prevents this development. Within this period the decision whether to become a nerve cell or not is reversible.  It becomes fixed at the end of this period.", "contents": "Control of nerve cell formation from multipotent stem cells in Hydra. Feeding of starved animals provides a very short signal which determines stem cells to differentiate into nerve cells after the next mitosis. Only those stem cells become determined which are just in the middle of their S-phase at the time of feeding. Stem cells of any other stage of the cycle do not become determined.  Nerve cell determination is suppressed by very low concentrations of an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor exerts its effect only during the first half of the S-phase, not before and not after this period. Based on these finding it is proposed that stem cells are susceptible to 2 different signals during the first half of their S-phase; one signal allows the development into nerve cells, the other prevents this development. Within this period the decision whether to become a nerve cell or not is reversible.  It becomes fixed at the end of this period.", "PMID": 536386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6844", "title": "Intercellular transfer of beta-glucuronidase in chimeric mice.", "content": "Chimeric mice were produced by aggregating 2 embryos, each of which was homozygous for a different structural allele of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. The alleles used were Gusb, the 'wild-type' allele, and Gush, an allele whose gene product shows decreased activity in all tissues as well as decreased heat stability. Staining of untreated adult chimeric livers for glucuronidase activity revealed a mosaic of high (Gusb) and low (Gush) activity cells. The boundaries between cells of different activity were sharp and revealed no diffusion of enzyme or reaction product. Treating sections at 73 degrees c before staining led to a decay of staining activity in normal (non-chimeric) Gush/Gush and Gusb/Gusb tissue. The rates of activity loss under the conditions used differed by 10-fold. Of the 2 genotypes in the chimera, the dark-staining, Gusb, cells decayed in a fashion similar to that of the Gusb/Gusb control. The light-staining, Gush, cells of the chimera lost their staining a a unique fashion. Within 20 min they quickly lost a majority of their staining activity but that which remained was relatively heat stable. The second Gusb-like phase of the decay, seen both photographically and photometrically, suggests that Gusb gene product has been transferred to cells of Gush/Gush genotype.", "contents": "Intercellular transfer of beta-glucuronidase in chimeric mice. Chimeric mice were produced by aggregating 2 embryos, each of which was homozygous for a different structural allele of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. The alleles used were Gusb, the 'wild-type' allele, and Gush, an allele whose gene product shows decreased activity in all tissues as well as decreased heat stability. Staining of untreated adult chimeric livers for glucuronidase activity revealed a mosaic of high (Gusb) and low (Gush) activity cells. The boundaries between cells of different activity were sharp and revealed no diffusion of enzyme or reaction product. Treating sections at 73 degrees c before staining led to a decay of staining activity in normal (non-chimeric) Gush/Gush and Gusb/Gusb tissue. The rates of activity loss under the conditions used differed by 10-fold. Of the 2 genotypes in the chimera, the dark-staining, Gusb, cells decayed in a fashion similar to that of the Gusb/Gusb control. The light-staining, Gush, cells of the chimera lost their staining a a unique fashion. Within 20 min they quickly lost a majority of their staining activity but that which remained was relatively heat stable. The second Gusb-like phase of the decay, seen both photographically and photometrically, suggests that Gusb gene product has been transferred to cells of Gush/Gush genotype.", "PMID": 536387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6845", "title": "High-voltage electron microscopy reveals new components in the axonemes and centroplast of the centrohelidian Raphidiophrys amibigua.", "content": "A high-voltage electron microscope was used to study the structure of the centroplast and axonemes in the centrohelidian Heliozoan Raphidiophrys ambigua. In Raphidiophrys the microtubules (Mts) of each axoneme are arranged so that they describe the apices of an array of hexagonally shaped prisms and all axonemes originate from a centroplast located near the centre of the cell. The centroplast was found to consist of 3 components: (1) a tripartite central disk, (2) a sphere of electron-opaque material, approximately 0.75 micron in diameter, which immediately surrounds the central disk, and (3) a slightly less electron-opaque centroplast shell, approximately 2-3 micron in diameter which consists primarily of hitherto undescribed components associated with the proximal 1-2 micron of each axonemal base. The new axonemal components described in this study include: (1) a 20-nm rod positioned in the centre of each hexagonal prism of Mts comprising the axonemal pattern, and (2) an electron-opaque linkage material which connects each Mt of the axonemal pattern to its 4 nearest neighbours. Both of these structures are associated with the base of each axoneme within the centroplast shell, both form crossbridges with axonemal Mts, and both terminate at the periphery of the centroplast shell once the complete axonemal Mt pattern is established. It is suggested that these structures are involved in forming and maintaining the Mt pattern seen in the axopodia of Raphidiophrys.", "contents": "High-voltage electron microscopy reveals new components in the axonemes and centroplast of the centrohelidian Raphidiophrys amibigua. A high-voltage electron microscope was used to study the structure of the centroplast and axonemes in the centrohelidian Heliozoan Raphidiophrys ambigua. In Raphidiophrys the microtubules (Mts) of each axoneme are arranged so that they describe the apices of an array of hexagonally shaped prisms and all axonemes originate from a centroplast located near the centre of the cell. The centroplast was found to consist of 3 components: (1) a tripartite central disk, (2) a sphere of electron-opaque material, approximately 0.75 micron in diameter, which immediately surrounds the central disk, and (3) a slightly less electron-opaque centroplast shell, approximately 2-3 micron in diameter which consists primarily of hitherto undescribed components associated with the proximal 1-2 micron of each axonemal base. The new axonemal components described in this study include: (1) a 20-nm rod positioned in the centre of each hexagonal prism of Mts comprising the axonemal pattern, and (2) an electron-opaque linkage material which connects each Mt of the axonemal pattern to its 4 nearest neighbours. Both of these structures are associated with the base of each axoneme within the centroplast shell, both form crossbridges with axonemal Mts, and both terminate at the periphery of the centroplast shell once the complete axonemal Mt pattern is established. It is suggested that these structures are involved in forming and maintaining the Mt pattern seen in the axopodia of Raphidiophrys.", "PMID": 536388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6846", "title": "Location of fucosyl transferases in the membrane system of maize root cells.", "content": "There are two fucosyl transferase activities present within the endomembranes of the cells of maize root-tips. One transfers fucose to polyprenyl phosphate and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, the second transfers fucose probably to polysaccharide or glycoprotein. In order to show an association of this second fucosyl transferase activity with the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the Golgi apparatus, a method of fractionating the membranes in a discontinuous sucrose gradient was used. Membranes were prepared in the presence of Mg2+, which maintained the attachment of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and also in the presence of EDTA, which removed most of the ribosome complex. This caused a shift in density of these membranes. Two types of experiments were carried out; either maize roots were incubated in L-[1-3H]fucose and then membranes prepared and the amount of polymer synthesized in vivo determined or isolated membranes were incubated with GDP-L-[U-14C]fucose in vitro and the amount of polymer synthesized was found. The results showed that the Golgi apparatus had the highest amount of this fucosyl transferase activity, but there was a significant amount of activity associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and the latter was shifted in the sucrose gradient depending on the conditions used.", "contents": "Location of fucosyl transferases in the membrane system of maize root cells. There are two fucosyl transferase activities present within the endomembranes of the cells of maize root-tips. One transfers fucose to polyprenyl phosphate and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, the second transfers fucose probably to polysaccharide or glycoprotein. In order to show an association of this second fucosyl transferase activity with the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the Golgi apparatus, a method of fractionating the membranes in a discontinuous sucrose gradient was used. Membranes were prepared in the presence of Mg2+, which maintained the attachment of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and also in the presence of EDTA, which removed most of the ribosome complex. This caused a shift in density of these membranes. Two types of experiments were carried out; either maize roots were incubated in L-[1-3H]fucose and then membranes prepared and the amount of polymer synthesized in vivo determined or isolated membranes were incubated with GDP-L-[U-14C]fucose in vitro and the amount of polymer synthesized was found. The results showed that the Golgi apparatus had the highest amount of this fucosyl transferase activity, but there was a significant amount of activity associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and the latter was shifted in the sucrose gradient depending on the conditions used.", "PMID": 536389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6847", "title": "Effect of isolated plasma membranes on cell cohesion in the cellular slime mould.", "content": "The effects of isolated plasma membranes on cohesion of Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-2 cells have been studied. Membranes isolated from cells in the log phase of growth gave complete inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion. This effect was specific for the cohesion log-phase cells mediated by contact sites B, since the cohesion of aggregation-competent cells which have acquired contact sites A was only partially inhibited by log-phase plasma membranes. Membranes isolated from stationary phase cells gave partial inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion, while membranes from aggregation-competent cells gave complete inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion but at much higher concentration than log membranes. Treatment of log-phase cells with cycloheximide for 8 h rendered them completely non-cohesive. Membranes from cycloheximide-treated cells had no effect on log-phase cell cohesion. Log-phase membranes gave complete inhibition of cohesion of 4 slime mould species. The results are discussed in terms of our ligand-receptor model of log-phase cell cohesion.", "contents": "Effect of isolated plasma membranes on cell cohesion in the cellular slime mould. The effects of isolated plasma membranes on cohesion of Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-2 cells have been studied. Membranes isolated from cells in the log phase of growth gave complete inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion. This effect was specific for the cohesion log-phase cells mediated by contact sites B, since the cohesion of aggregation-competent cells which have acquired contact sites A was only partially inhibited by log-phase plasma membranes. Membranes isolated from stationary phase cells gave partial inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion, while membranes from aggregation-competent cells gave complete inhibition of log-phase cell cohesion but at much higher concentration than log membranes. Treatment of log-phase cells with cycloheximide for 8 h rendered them completely non-cohesive. Membranes from cycloheximide-treated cells had no effect on log-phase cell cohesion. Log-phase membranes gave complete inhibition of cohesion of 4 slime mould species. The results are discussed in terms of our ligand-receptor model of log-phase cell cohesion.", "PMID": 536390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6848", "title": "Necessary amino acids and vitamins for the growth of human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Only 2 amino acids and one vitamin were found to be essential for the growth of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts when 10% undialysed calf serum was used as a medium supplement. These amino acids were either glutamine + cysteine or serine + homocysteine. Replacing cysteine or homocysteine with cystine or homocystine, respectively, reduced growth. The growth rate in the glutamine + cysteine medium was slightly less than that in Eagle's medium, but the in vitro life time was similar. Folic acid was the only vitamin needed to support cell growth in vitro. The addition of other vitamins had no stimulatory effect with the possible exception of nicotinamide. When other amino acids were added to glutamine + cysteine none showed stimulatory effects but tryptophan was either toxic or inhibitory for the 3 human diploid strains examined. Serine was inhibitory for WI-38 but not for MRC5 cells. Subtle nutritional differences appear to exist between fibroblasts of the same type obtained from different embryos.", "contents": "Necessary amino acids and vitamins for the growth of human diploid fibroblasts. Only 2 amino acids and one vitamin were found to be essential for the growth of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts when 10% undialysed calf serum was used as a medium supplement. These amino acids were either glutamine + cysteine or serine + homocysteine. Replacing cysteine or homocysteine with cystine or homocystine, respectively, reduced growth. The growth rate in the glutamine + cysteine medium was slightly less than that in Eagle's medium, but the in vitro life time was similar. Folic acid was the only vitamin needed to support cell growth in vitro. The addition of other vitamins had no stimulatory effect with the possible exception of nicotinamide. When other amino acids were added to glutamine + cysteine none showed stimulatory effects but tryptophan was either toxic or inhibitory for the 3 human diploid strains examined. Serine was inhibitory for WI-38 but not for MRC5 cells. Subtle nutritional differences appear to exist between fibroblasts of the same type obtained from different embryos.", "PMID": 536391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6849", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the nucleus in Zea mays embryos during germination.", "content": "The ultrastructure of embryonic root cells of Zea mays was studied from the quiescent stage (dry seed) to 72 h of germination. Semithin and ultrathin sections of tissues fixed with only glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon were observed after usual section staining and after cytochemical reactions specific for DNA or preferential for ribonucleoproteiNS. In quiescent cells, dense chromatin forms a network which fills a great part of the nucleoplasm. Following germination, gradual dispersion of chromatin occurs: total dispersion is reached at 24 h. After 48 h the chromatin appears moderately condensed again. The nucleolus is compact and predominately fibrillar in dry cells. At 48 h a typical pars granulosa is differentiated. At 8 h a pronounced vacuolation of the nucleolus is observed; nucleolar vacuoles persist until 72 h but become less numerous. During the first 8 h of germination a nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in an eccentric position is associated with the nucleolus; by 24 h and later this NOR has disappeared. No DNA can be visualized in the nucleolar matrix between 0 and 8 h of germination, whereas later, when the nucleolus is reactivated. DNA is always detected in the nucleolar matrix and vacuoles. During the first 72 h of germination, heavily contrasted areas, rich in ribonucleoproteins and appearing to be fibrillar texture, are found in the nucleoplasm, often in closed contact with the dense chromatin. In quiescent cells dense ribonucleoprotein granules, approximately 40 nm in diameter are found dispersed or clustered in the nucleoplasm; after 8 h larger (50 nm), dense ribonucleoprotein granules are found frequently clustered in granular areas in the extranucleolar space. At 8 h of germination, when the nucleolus is temporarily highly vacuolated, unusual 35-nm ribonucleoprotein granules are found both in the smallest vacuoles and on the periphery of the nucleolus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the nucleus in Zea mays embryos during germination. The ultrastructure of embryonic root cells of Zea mays was studied from the quiescent stage (dry seed) to 72 h of germination. Semithin and ultrathin sections of tissues fixed with only glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon were observed after usual section staining and after cytochemical reactions specific for DNA or preferential for ribonucleoproteiNS. In quiescent cells, dense chromatin forms a network which fills a great part of the nucleoplasm. Following germination, gradual dispersion of chromatin occurs: total dispersion is reached at 24 h. After 48 h the chromatin appears moderately condensed again. The nucleolus is compact and predominately fibrillar in dry cells. At 48 h a typical pars granulosa is differentiated. At 8 h a pronounced vacuolation of the nucleolus is observed; nucleolar vacuoles persist until 72 h but become less numerous. During the first 8 h of germination a nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in an eccentric position is associated with the nucleolus; by 24 h and later this NOR has disappeared. No DNA can be visualized in the nucleolar matrix between 0 and 8 h of germination, whereas later, when the nucleolus is reactivated. DNA is always detected in the nucleolar matrix and vacuoles. During the first 72 h of germination, heavily contrasted areas, rich in ribonucleoproteins and appearing to be fibrillar texture, are found in the nucleoplasm, often in closed contact with the dense chromatin. In quiescent cells dense ribonucleoprotein granules, approximately 40 nm in diameter are found dispersed or clustered in the nucleoplasm; after 8 h larger (50 nm), dense ribonucleoprotein granules are found frequently clustered in granular areas in the extranucleolar space. At 8 h of germination, when the nucleolus is temporarily highly vacuolated, unusual 35-nm ribonucleoprotein granules are found both in the smallest vacuoles and on the periphery of the nucleolus.", "PMID": 536392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6850", "title": "Membrane alterations and other morphological features associated with polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces rapid fusion of LM cells. Membrane fusion, as detected by formation of pentalaminar membrane arrays, occurs as early as 1 min after PEG treatment. The entire cell surface arrears to be capable of fusion since fusion occurs in regions where pseudopodia make contact with each other or with a neighbouring cell body and also in areas where cells are in contact along their entire periphery. Cytoskeletal components showed no apparent deleterious effect from PEG treatment or subsequent cell fusion as determined by thin-section EM. Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures reveals a thermotropic rearrangement of intramembranous particles following PEG treatment.", "contents": "Membrane alterations and other morphological features associated with polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces rapid fusion of LM cells. Membrane fusion, as detected by formation of pentalaminar membrane arrays, occurs as early as 1 min after PEG treatment. The entire cell surface arrears to be capable of fusion since fusion occurs in regions where pseudopodia make contact with each other or with a neighbouring cell body and also in areas where cells are in contact along their entire periphery. Cytoskeletal components showed no apparent deleterious effect from PEG treatment or subsequent cell fusion as determined by thin-section EM. Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures reveals a thermotropic rearrangement of intramembranous particles following PEG treatment.", "PMID": 536393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6851", "title": "Cell adhesion and proteoglycans. I. The effect of exogenous proteoglycans on the attachment of chick embryo fibroblasts to tissue culture plastic and collagen.", "content": "Proteoglycan was isolated from cartilage and freed from contaminating glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid. The macromolecule consists of a protein core covalently linked to a number of glycosaminoglycan side chains, namely chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. This proteoglycan retards the attachment of a variety of cell types to tissue culture plastic and to collagen. Glycosaminoglycans alone, have no significant effect on rates of attachment. Similarly, trypsinized proteoglycan is without effect.  It is concluded that the structural integrity of the proteoglycan macromolecule is essential for its effect on cell adhesion.", "contents": "Cell adhesion and proteoglycans. I. The effect of exogenous proteoglycans on the attachment of chick embryo fibroblasts to tissue culture plastic and collagen. Proteoglycan was isolated from cartilage and freed from contaminating glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid. The macromolecule consists of a protein core covalently linked to a number of glycosaminoglycan side chains, namely chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. This proteoglycan retards the attachment of a variety of cell types to tissue culture plastic and to collagen. Glycosaminoglycans alone, have no significant effect on rates of attachment. Similarly, trypsinized proteoglycan is without effect.  It is concluded that the structural integrity of the proteoglycan macromolecule is essential for its effect on cell adhesion.", "PMID": 536394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6852", "title": "The ultrastructure of mitosis in Plasmodiophora brassicae (Plasmodiophorales).", "content": "Mitosis was examined in plasmodia of Plasmodiophora brassicae within artifically inoculated cabbage roots, using light- and electron microscopy. Mitotic nuclear divisions are characterized by a persistent nucleolus, bipolar centrioles paired end-to-end, densely staining chromatin, and a complex array of membranes that surround and ramify through the spindle.  Chromatin begins to condense in prophase, and is aligned at metaphase in a reticulate plate on the nuclear equator. The chromatin is not resolvable into distinct chromosomes at metaphase, and a chromosome count is not possible. Large amounts of membrane cisternae within the spindle are most clearly visible at metaphase, and apparently represent the remains of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is disrupted during prometaphase and may become entangled in the spindle when centriolar microtubules enter the nucleus. Several concentric sheets of perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum surround the spindle and give the mitotic nucleus the superficial appearance of having an intact nuclear envelope.  This interpretation of the identity of nucleus-associated membranes differs from those previously reported for other protists, including members of the Plasmodiophorales.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of mitosis in Plasmodiophora brassicae (Plasmodiophorales). Mitosis was examined in plasmodia of Plasmodiophora brassicae within artifically inoculated cabbage roots, using light- and electron microscopy. Mitotic nuclear divisions are characterized by a persistent nucleolus, bipolar centrioles paired end-to-end, densely staining chromatin, and a complex array of membranes that surround and ramify through the spindle.  Chromatin begins to condense in prophase, and is aligned at metaphase in a reticulate plate on the nuclear equator. The chromatin is not resolvable into distinct chromosomes at metaphase, and a chromosome count is not possible. Large amounts of membrane cisternae within the spindle are most clearly visible at metaphase, and apparently represent the remains of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is disrupted during prometaphase and may become entangled in the spindle when centriolar microtubules enter the nucleus. Several concentric sheets of perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum surround the spindle and give the mitotic nucleus the superficial appearance of having an intact nuclear envelope.  This interpretation of the identity of nucleus-associated membranes differs from those previously reported for other protists, including members of the Plasmodiophorales.", "PMID": 536395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6853", "title": "[Our experience of mesenterico-caval anastomosis with prosthetic interposition (report of 30 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience of 30 mesenterico-caval anastomoses with prosthetic interposition according to Drapanas's technic. From the point of view of the operative indications, they have never carried out a prophylactic operation. In 19 cases, the operation was carried out as an emergency for inefficacy of the medical treatment. In 11 cases, a cold operation was performed, either to prevent eventual hemorrhagic recurrence (8 cases) or for chronic ascites (3 cases). Half the patients belonged to group C with a poor surgical risk. There was only one case of post-operative thrombosis due to a technical error, and two cases of secondary thrombosis. The overall mortality was 60%. But when the patient was of group A or B the mortality was only 20%. The survivors are those in whom the operation was rapid and the blood loss minimal. To conclude, the authors the necessity of better selection of patients, and rapid operation without bleeding.", "contents": "[Our experience of mesenterico-caval anastomosis with prosthetic interposition (report of 30 cases) (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience of 30 mesenterico-caval anastomoses with prosthetic interposition according to Drapanas's technic. From the point of view of the operative indications, they have never carried out a prophylactic operation. In 19 cases, the operation was carried out as an emergency for inefficacy of the medical treatment. In 11 cases, a cold operation was performed, either to prevent eventual hemorrhagic recurrence (8 cases) or for chronic ascites (3 cases). Half the patients belonged to group C with a poor surgical risk. There was only one case of post-operative thrombosis due to a technical error, and two cases of secondary thrombosis. The overall mortality was 60%. But when the patient was of group A or B the mortality was only 20%. The survivors are those in whom the operation was rapid and the blood loss minimal. To conclude, the authors the necessity of better selection of patients, and rapid operation without bleeding.", "PMID": 536398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6854", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the tibial epiphysis in children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors observed 4 cases of traumatic lesions of the upper tibial epiphysis in children or adolescents. These are fairly rare lesions, treated usually by plaster immobilisation. The authors recall the main anatomical characteristics and note the difficulty and instability of conservative treatment. They carried out in 3 cases stable osteosynthesis (internal fixation) which permitted a complete cure with a minimum of sequelae. They advise in similar cases surgical operation as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the tibial epiphysis in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. The authors observed 4 cases of traumatic lesions of the upper tibial epiphysis in children or adolescents. These are fairly rare lesions, treated usually by plaster immobilisation. The authors recall the main anatomical characteristics and note the difficulty and instability of conservative treatment. They carried out in 3 cases stable osteosynthesis (internal fixation) which permitted a complete cure with a minimum of sequelae. They advise in similar cases surgical operation as soon as possible.", "PMID": 536399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6855", "title": "[The parathyroid risk in thyroid surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A parathyroid insufficiency, defined like a functional deficit sufficient to pull down calcemia underneath 75 mg/l and/or give clinical obvious disturbances of neuromuscular hyperexcitability, have been observed on 57 patients (2,7%). The risk as interested bilateral gestures (5,5%) with a maximum for total thyro\u00efdectomies (17,7%), surgery for carcinoma (8,5%) and Basedow's illness (8,3%). Less than half the patients can stop their vitaminocalcical treatment, and before the sixth month. First prevention is respect of the frail glandules and their vascularisation, obliging a particular, precise and bloodness surgery. Finally the autotransplantation of parathyroid gland accidentally pulled off or deteriored seems to constitute an interesting contribution.", "contents": "[The parathyroid risk in thyroid surgery (author's transl)]. A parathyroid insufficiency, defined like a functional deficit sufficient to pull down calcemia underneath 75 mg/l and/or give clinical obvious disturbances of neuromuscular hyperexcitability, have been observed on 57 patients (2,7%). The risk as interested bilateral gestures (5,5%) with a maximum for total thyro\u00efdectomies (17,7%), surgery for carcinoma (8,5%) and Basedow's illness (8,3%). Less than half the patients can stop their vitaminocalcical treatment, and before the sixth month. First prevention is respect of the frail glandules and their vascularisation, obliging a particular, precise and bloodness surgery. Finally the autotransplantation of parathyroid gland accidentally pulled off or deteriored seems to constitute an interesting contribution.", "PMID": 536400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6856", "title": "[Tactical approach to tumours of the sacro-coccygeal region. Report of five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The name of sacro-coccygeal tumors is used generally for various tumors embryologically different in their origin. Rare, but not exceptional in number, these sacro-coccygeal tumors may have various locations and different sizes which make diagnosis more or less difficult. Benign in the first months of life, risks of malignancy will increase with age. Systematical intrarectal exploration will help not to overlook pelvic forms and will recognize pelvic extension in other types. Once found out, the extension of these sacro-coccygeal tumors should be estimated by complementary examination choosen according to the presumed type of tumor and it is to be regretted that myelography should be so often neglected. Treatment should always be surgical with one piece aphotesis if possible; good preparation and exact reanimation of the child are necessary because sometimes surgical treatment may be a very severe aggression for small babies. Constant surgical and biological overall should be maintained for many years in order to discover as early as possible any local relapse or metastasis.", "contents": "[Tactical approach to tumours of the sacro-coccygeal region. Report of five cases (author's transl)]. The name of sacro-coccygeal tumors is used generally for various tumors embryologically different in their origin. Rare, but not exceptional in number, these sacro-coccygeal tumors may have various locations and different sizes which make diagnosis more or less difficult. Benign in the first months of life, risks of malignancy will increase with age. Systematical intrarectal exploration will help not to overlook pelvic forms and will recognize pelvic extension in other types. Once found out, the extension of these sacro-coccygeal tumors should be estimated by complementary examination choosen according to the presumed type of tumor and it is to be regretted that myelography should be so often neglected. Treatment should always be surgical with one piece aphotesis if possible; good preparation and exact reanimation of the child are necessary because sometimes surgical treatment may be a very severe aggression for small babies. Constant surgical and biological overall should be maintained for many years in order to discover as early as possible any local relapse or metastasis.", "PMID": 536401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6857", "title": "[Sub-phrenic abscess: 28 cases, one death (author's transl)].", "content": "28 patients were operated on for subphrenic abscess, one patient died. The author emphasises the disadvantages of excessive antibiotics. The diagnosis should be made early in order to avoid severe infective complications. The diagnosis is not difficult. It is nowadays facilitated by echotomography and scannography, which permit one to localise precisely the collection of pus and to detect multiple abscesses. The incision should carefully avoid crossing the peritoneal or pleural cavities. The quality and the permanence of the drainage are the key to success. One should therefore leave in position numerous aspiration drains. One should generally abstain from any suture or digestive anastomosis. It is sufficient to direct the digestive fistula, when present, towards the skin surface. But the best policy is to avoid this operative complication the origin of which is almost always a mistake in the design or installation of the drain at the end of various operations on the abdomen.", "contents": "[Sub-phrenic abscess: 28 cases, one death (author's transl)]. 28 patients were operated on for subphrenic abscess, one patient died. The author emphasises the disadvantages of excessive antibiotics. The diagnosis should be made early in order to avoid severe infective complications. The diagnosis is not difficult. It is nowadays facilitated by echotomography and scannography, which permit one to localise precisely the collection of pus and to detect multiple abscesses. The incision should carefully avoid crossing the peritoneal or pleural cavities. The quality and the permanence of the drainage are the key to success. One should therefore leave in position numerous aspiration drains. One should generally abstain from any suture or digestive anastomosis. It is sufficient to direct the digestive fistula, when present, towards the skin surface. But the best policy is to avoid this operative complication the origin of which is almost always a mistake in the design or installation of the drain at the end of various operations on the abdomen.", "PMID": 536396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6858", "title": "[A cup adjusted to cylindrical pressure: treatment of choice of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head without arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "68 cases of necrosis of the femoral head without arthritis were treated by Luck's prosthesis with cylindrical weight bearing which gives it great stability on the stump of the neck of the femur. This series included only 6 failures, (4 immediate failures and 2 late failures) which occurred within the first 2 years. The cup proved to be stable on the femur and did not affect the acetabulum. 4 of the failures were due to technical mistakes (neck too long, cup fitting badly) and could have been avoided. There were thus only two true failures. The length of the follow up which reached eight years for the oldest cases, permitted us to propose this treatment of necrosis of the femoral head in all cases where the head was deformed without waiting too long and discharging the patient, the onset of arthritis then modifies the problem.", "contents": "[A cup adjusted to cylindrical pressure: treatment of choice of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head without arthritis (author's transl)]. 68 cases of necrosis of the femoral head without arthritis were treated by Luck's prosthesis with cylindrical weight bearing which gives it great stability on the stump of the neck of the femur. This series included only 6 failures, (4 immediate failures and 2 late failures) which occurred within the first 2 years. The cup proved to be stable on the femur and did not affect the acetabulum. 4 of the failures were due to technical mistakes (neck too long, cup fitting badly) and could have been avoided. There were thus only two true failures. The length of the follow up which reached eight years for the oldest cases, permitted us to propose this treatment of necrosis of the femoral head in all cases where the head was deformed without waiting too long and discharging the patient, the onset of arthritis then modifies the problem.", "PMID": 536397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6859", "title": "[Perineal hernia of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of perineal hernia of the rectum is presented; this  case has been successfully treated by a fixation of the rectum to the sacrum by analogy with the treatment of the prolapsus of the rectum.", "contents": "[Perineal hernia of the rectum (author's transl)]. A case of perineal hernia of the rectum is presented; this  case has been successfully treated by a fixation of the rectum to the sacrum by analogy with the treatment of the prolapsus of the rectum.", "PMID": 536403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6860", "title": "[Traumatic perforation of the rectum below the peritoneum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of traumatic subperitoneal perforation of the rectum, the diagnosis of which was made by finding a pneumoperitoneum on straight X-rays of the abdomen, and on rectal examination. In these cases the pneumoperitoneum is generally bilateral occupying the posterior pararenal space. The course was favourable under medical treatment.", "contents": "[Traumatic perforation of the rectum below the peritoneum (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of traumatic subperitoneal perforation of the rectum, the diagnosis of which was made by finding a pneumoperitoneum on straight X-rays of the abdomen, and on rectal examination. In these cases the pneumoperitoneum is generally bilateral occupying the posterior pararenal space. The course was favourable under medical treatment.", "PMID": 536404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6861", "title": "[Gracilis muscle transplant for delayed healing of the perineal wound (author's transl)].", "content": "Delayed perineal wound healing frequently complicates a proctocolectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In almost half of the patients the eviscerated dead space is not closed 6 months after surgery. A new technique is described. The gracilis muscle can be used as a transplant to fill the perineal cavity. It is an easy procedure that solves a difficult problem.", "contents": "[Gracilis muscle transplant for delayed healing of the perineal wound (author's transl)]. Delayed perineal wound healing frequently complicates a proctocolectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In almost half of the patients the eviscerated dead space is not closed 6 months after surgery. A new technique is described. The gracilis muscle can be used as a transplant to fill the perineal cavity. It is an easy procedure that solves a difficult problem.", "PMID": 536402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6862", "title": "[Experimental study of a biodegradable micro-arterial prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study of a micro-arterial prosthesis prepared from biological materials was carried out in the rat. The results obtained after two months were analysed in terms of permeability of the biochemical constituants of the vessel and of the neighbouring scar tissue, and endothelial healing. These studies showed the association with a process of proteolysis of the implanted vessel, of a process of reconstruction. They show moreover the quality of the endothelial scar on the internal surface of the vessel.", "contents": "[Experimental study of a biodegradable micro-arterial prosthesis (author's transl)]. An experimental study of a micro-arterial prosthesis prepared from biological materials was carried out in the rat. The results obtained after two months were analysed in terms of permeability of the biochemical constituants of the vessel and of the neighbouring scar tissue, and endothelial healing. These studies showed the association with a process of proteolysis of the implanted vessel, of a process of reconstruction. They show moreover the quality of the endothelial scar on the internal surface of the vessel.", "PMID": 536405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6863", "title": "Direct gas chromatographic determination of carbamate pesticides using Carbowax 20M-modified supports and the electrolytic conductivity detector.", "content": "The gas chromatographic behavior of 32 carbamate pesticides was investigated using the Hall electrolytic conductivity detector. Relative retention indices were successfully determined for 24 carbamates on six different columns. Columns investigated included Ultra-Bond, 3% OV-101 on Ultra-Bond, 1% OV-17 on Ultra-Bond, 1% OV-210 on Ultra Bond, 1% Carbowax 20M on Ultra-Bond and 0.5% OV-210 + 0.65% OV-17 on Ultra-Bond. Chemical-ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to verify that the carbamates were chromatographed intact. Chemical-ionization mass spectra are reported. Analytical procedures are demonstrated for the determination of carbamate residue in soil.", "contents": "Direct gas chromatographic determination of carbamate pesticides using Carbowax 20M-modified supports and the electrolytic conductivity detector. The gas chromatographic behavior of 32 carbamate pesticides was investigated using the Hall electrolytic conductivity detector. Relative retention indices were successfully determined for 24 carbamates on six different columns. Columns investigated included Ultra-Bond, 3% OV-101 on Ultra-Bond, 1% OV-17 on Ultra-Bond, 1% OV-210 on Ultra Bond, 1% Carbowax 20M on Ultra-Bond and 0.5% OV-210 + 0.65% OV-17 on Ultra-Bond. Chemical-ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to verify that the carbamates were chromatographed intact. Chemical-ionization mass spectra are reported. Analytical procedures are demonstrated for the determination of carbamate residue in soil.", "PMID": 536418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6864", "title": "Gas chromatographic separation of hydroxylated N-nitrosamines.", "content": "Derivatives of six hydroxylated N-nitrosamines were prepared by acylation, trifluoroacylation, trimethylsilylation and methylation, and the volatilities and sensitivities of these derivatives on gas chromatographic detection were compared. All six nitrosamines were successfully derivatized by either acylation or trimethylsilylation. The acylated derivatives were easy to prepare; in addition, acylation was more specific than trimethylsilylation for the reaction with hydroxyl groups in the molecule.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic separation of hydroxylated N-nitrosamines. Derivatives of six hydroxylated N-nitrosamines were prepared by acylation, trifluoroacylation, trimethylsilylation and methylation, and the volatilities and sensitivities of these derivatives on gas chromatographic detection were compared. All six nitrosamines were successfully derivatized by either acylation or trimethylsilylation. The acylated derivatives were easy to prepare; in addition, acylation was more specific than trimethylsilylation for the reaction with hydroxyl groups in the molecule.", "PMID": 536419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6865", "title": "Simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of mexiletine and lignocaine in blood-plasma or serum.", "content": "A simple method has been developed for the measurement of mexiletine and lignocaine in blood-plasma or serum at the concentrations attained during therapy. A relatively small (200 microliter) sample volume is made basic and extracted with 50 microliter of chloroform containing internal standards, and the extract is analysed directly by gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionisation detection on two separate columns. The instrument calibrations are linear and pass through the origin of the graphs. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the extraction procedure, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and no interference from either endogenous sample constituents or other drugs has been observed.", "contents": "Simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of mexiletine and lignocaine in blood-plasma or serum. A simple method has been developed for the measurement of mexiletine and lignocaine in blood-plasma or serum at the concentrations attained during therapy. A relatively small (200 microliter) sample volume is made basic and extracted with 50 microliter of chloroform containing internal standards, and the extract is analysed directly by gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionisation detection on two separate columns. The instrument calibrations are linear and pass through the origin of the graphs. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the extraction procedure, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and no interference from either endogenous sample constituents or other drugs has been observed.", "PMID": 536420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6866", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and detection of catecholamines and related compounds.", "content": "Four sets of chromatographic conditions are described for the separation and identification of selected catecholamines and related chemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography. Three mobile phases, three different columns and three detection systems, including ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence and electrochemical detection are reported. The use of detection response ratios as an additional means of identification is discussed and demonstrated. Nineteen compounds were studied and the retention times and detector responses are reported.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and detection of catecholamines and related compounds. Four sets of chromatographic conditions are described for the separation and identification of selected catecholamines and related chemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography. Three mobile phases, three different columns and three detection systems, including ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence and electrochemical detection are reported. The use of detection response ratios as an additional means of identification is discussed and demonstrated. Nineteen compounds were studied and the retention times and detector responses are reported.", "PMID": 536421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6867", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline and its derivatives with electrochemical detection.", "content": "Theophylline and its derivatives are determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation on a C8 reversed-phase column with electrochemical detection. The analyte is oxidized at 1.24 V (vs. the standard calomel electrode) on a wax-impregnated graphite electrode using classical d.c. and current sampled d.c. modes, and the results obtained compared with those of a 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) detector. Polarographic detection offers greater sensitivity for theophylline than UV detection; further, interferences which hamper UV detection may be selectively eliminated with polarographic detection.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline and its derivatives with electrochemical detection. Theophylline and its derivatives are determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation on a C8 reversed-phase column with electrochemical detection. The analyte is oxidized at 1.24 V (vs. the standard calomel electrode) on a wax-impregnated graphite electrode using classical d.c. and current sampled d.c. modes, and the results obtained compared with those of a 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) detector. Polarographic detection offers greater sensitivity for theophylline than UV detection; further, interferences which hamper UV detection may be selectively eliminated with polarographic detection.", "PMID": 536422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6868", "title": "Analytical studies of maridomycin. I. High-performance liquid chromatography of marido-mycins and some other macrolide antibiotics.", "content": "Maridomycins and their acyl derivatives (9-propionyl, 2'-propionyl and 9,2'-dipropionyl maridomycins) were separated quantitatively into six components by high-performance liquid chromatography using a Corasil I column (200 cm X 2 mm I.D.) with a mixed sovent (upper layer of n-hexane, diisopropyl ether, ethanol and water) as the eluent. A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the capacity factors (k') and the logarithm of the alkyl carbon numbers in the acyl group at position 4''. This relationship led to the discovery of a new component of maridomycin (3-propionyl-4''-n-butyryl analogue) in a crude sample. A similar relationship was found on chromatographic separation of some other macrolide antibiotics such as leucomycin, carbomycin A and B groups, under similar conditions.", "contents": "Analytical studies of maridomycin. I. High-performance liquid chromatography of marido-mycins and some other macrolide antibiotics. Maridomycins and their acyl derivatives (9-propionyl, 2'-propionyl and 9,2'-dipropionyl maridomycins) were separated quantitatively into six components by high-performance liquid chromatography using a Corasil I column (200 cm X 2 mm I.D.) with a mixed sovent (upper layer of n-hexane, diisopropyl ether, ethanol and water) as the eluent. A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the capacity factors (k') and the logarithm of the alkyl carbon numbers in the acyl group at position 4''. This relationship led to the discovery of a new component of maridomycin (3-propionyl-4''-n-butyryl analogue) in a crude sample. A similar relationship was found on chromatographic separation of some other macrolide antibiotics such as leucomycin, carbomycin A and B groups, under similar conditions.", "PMID": 536423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6869", "title": "Analytical studies of maridomycin. II. Separation of 9-propionylmaridomycins by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Priopionyl derivatives of maridomycins, 9-propionylmaridomycins (PMDMs), are sixteen-membered ring macrolide antibiotics of six analogous components: I, II, III, IV, V and VI. The present paper deals with the separation and quantitative analysis of these components. The analysis was performed by thin-layer chromatographic separation, addition reaction of gaseous iodine with PMDMs on the plate, extraction of the PMDM-iodine complexes, and subsequent analysis of the amount of reacted iodine, using an automatic analysis system. To ascertain the reaction product of this system, PMDM III-iodine complex was synthesized separately under a liquid-phase reaction and the ratio of PMDM III and iodine atoms was determined to be 1:3 on physicochemical examination.", "contents": "Analytical studies of maridomycin. II. Separation of 9-propionylmaridomycins by thin-layer chromatography. Priopionyl derivatives of maridomycins, 9-propionylmaridomycins (PMDMs), are sixteen-membered ring macrolide antibiotics of six analogous components: I, II, III, IV, V and VI. The present paper deals with the separation and quantitative analysis of these components. The analysis was performed by thin-layer chromatographic separation, addition reaction of gaseous iodine with PMDMs on the plate, extraction of the PMDM-iodine complexes, and subsequent analysis of the amount of reacted iodine, using an automatic analysis system. To ascertain the reaction product of this system, PMDM III-iodine complex was synthesized separately under a liquid-phase reaction and the ratio of PMDM III and iodine atoms was determined to be 1:3 on physicochemical examination.", "PMID": 536424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6870", "title": "Separation of some cephalosporin derivatives by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Cephapirin, its major metabolite desacetylcephapirin, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and some other cephalosporin derivatives are separated on a chemically bonded octadecylsilane reversed-phase column. The selectivity between cephapirin and desacetylcephapirin on the reversed-phase column is too high, resulting in a poor separation. The effect of several variations of the chromatographic conditions on the selectivity has been examined. The in situ ion-pair formation of the cephalosporins with several counter ions and the influence of the ion-pair formation on the capacity factor and on the selectivity have been investigated. Other factors, such as the temperature, combination of counter ions and nature of the organic modifier and their influence on the selectivity have also been studied.", "contents": "Separation of some cephalosporin derivatives by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Cephapirin, its major metabolite desacetylcephapirin, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and some other cephalosporin derivatives are separated on a chemically bonded octadecylsilane reversed-phase column. The selectivity between cephapirin and desacetylcephapirin on the reversed-phase column is too high, resulting in a poor separation. The effect of several variations of the chromatographic conditions on the selectivity has been examined. The in situ ion-pair formation of the cephalosporins with several counter ions and the influence of the ion-pair formation on the capacity factor and on the selectivity have been investigated. Other factors, such as the temperature, combination of counter ions and nature of the organic modifier and their influence on the selectivity have also been studied.", "PMID": 536425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6871", "title": "Chromatographic analysis of hydroxylysine glycosides and acid hydrolyzates.", "content": "A single-column chromatographic technique for the analysis of hydroxylysine glycosides and acid hydrolyzates is described. This technique employs a Durrum D-500 amino acid analyzer equipped with a standard 48 cm X 1.8 mm column packed with DC-4A resin. Resolution was achieved with four sodium citrate buffers and four column temperatures. Products of glycoprotein hydrolysis including cysteic acid, methionine sulfoxide, 4-hydroxyproline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, glucosamine, galactosamine, hydroxylysine, tryptophan and the internal standard, norleucine, are resolved. The completely automated procedure takes 185 min per run and can measure amino acid residues in the nanomole range.", "contents": "Chromatographic analysis of hydroxylysine glycosides and acid hydrolyzates. A single-column chromatographic technique for the analysis of hydroxylysine glycosides and acid hydrolyzates is described. This technique employs a Durrum D-500 amino acid analyzer equipped with a standard 48 cm X 1.8 mm column packed with DC-4A resin. Resolution was achieved with four sodium citrate buffers and four column temperatures. Products of glycoprotein hydrolysis including cysteic acid, methionine sulfoxide, 4-hydroxyproline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, glucosamine, galactosamine, hydroxylysine, tryptophan and the internal standard, norleucine, are resolved. The completely automated procedure takes 185 min per run and can measure amino acid residues in the nanomole range.", "PMID": 536426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6872", "title": "Purification of L-kynurenine 3-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "NADP immobilized on agarose is able to adsorb L-kynurenine 3-hydroxylase. The enzyme is released from the adsorbent by passage of a buffer containing 0.5 mM NADP through the column. L-Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase was purified 26-fold with a yield of 12% from mitochondrial outer membrane with a procedure involving DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephacryl S-200 chromatography and NADP-agarose affinity chromatography. This monooxygenase was a homogeneous protein, giving a monomeric molecular weight of 145,000, which had neither any significant NADPH diaphorase activity nor cytochrome b5-like haem protein. However, the enzyme did not show affinity for a column with L-kynurenine coupled to the gel with a suitable spacer group, and AMP did not serve as an effective ligand in an affinity resin.", "contents": "Purification of L-kynurenine 3-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography. NADP immobilized on agarose is able to adsorb L-kynurenine 3-hydroxylase. The enzyme is released from the adsorbent by passage of a buffer containing 0.5 mM NADP through the column. L-Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase was purified 26-fold with a yield of 12% from mitochondrial outer membrane with a procedure involving DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephacryl S-200 chromatography and NADP-agarose affinity chromatography. This monooxygenase was a homogeneous protein, giving a monomeric molecular weight of 145,000, which had neither any significant NADPH diaphorase activity nor cytochrome b5-like haem protein. However, the enzyme did not show affinity for a column with L-kynurenine coupled to the gel with a suitable spacer group, and AMP did not serve as an effective ligand in an affinity resin.", "PMID": 536427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6873", "title": "Programmed-temperature gas chromatography on mixed phases. Separation of steroid derivatives on binary mixtures.", "content": "The use of various programmed-temperature gas chromatography (PTGC) retention indices for drawing window plots is described. The separation of steroid derivatives by PTGC is improved by the use of a binary phase mixture which has been selected by means of a window plot. A novel, highly efficient method for packing columns is also described.", "contents": "Programmed-temperature gas chromatography on mixed phases. Separation of steroid derivatives on binary mixtures. The use of various programmed-temperature gas chromatography (PTGC) retention indices for drawing window plots is described. The separation of steroid derivatives by PTGC is improved by the use of a binary phase mixture which has been selected by means of a window plot. A novel, highly efficient method for packing columns is also described.", "PMID": 536439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6874", "title": "Molecular distribution within collagen gel columns.", "content": "Purified collagen columns with collagen concentrations of 5 and 10% were constructed by modification of the procedure for the 1% gel as described by Shaw and Schy. The resulting columns were calibrated by elution of various tracers, and the observations compared with those of the 1% collagen gel column. The data were fitted to the Ogston gel model as formulated by Laurent and Killander, but the model was found to be not fully applicable. The thermodynamic treatment of Hjert\u00e9n was applied to the data with more satisfactory agreement.", "contents": "Molecular distribution within collagen gel columns. Purified collagen columns with collagen concentrations of 5 and 10% were constructed by modification of the procedure for the 1% gel as described by Shaw and Schy. The resulting columns were calibrated by elution of various tracers, and the observations compared with those of the 1% collagen gel column. The data were fitted to the Ogston gel model as formulated by Laurent and Killander, but the model was found to be not fully applicable. The thermodynamic treatment of Hjert\u00e9n was applied to the data with more satisfactory agreement.", "PMID": 536440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6875", "title": "Evaluation of Amberlite XAD-2 as the extractant for carbamate insecticides from natural water.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive analytical technique to quantify carbamate insecticides at nanogram levels is reported using resin column and sorption, and desorption followed by N-P gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. The carbamates were extracted from natural water by percolation through a column of Amberlite XAD-2, followed by elution with ethyl acetate. The carbamate residues were directly analyzed by GLC with a Tracor Model 702 N-P detector. The recoveries for several carbamates including aminocarb, mexacarbate, carbaryl, propoxur, carbofuran, pirimicarb and methiocarb were from 86 to 108% at 1.0 and 0.01 ppm levels. Only 41 to 58% was recovered for methomyl. The extraction efficiency of Amberlite XAD-2 was pH-dependent as indicated in the extraction of aminocarb. More than 90% of the added aminocarb was recovered from phosphate buffer by the described method at pH 5.0 to 7.5 at 5.0 and 0.5 ppm levels.", "contents": "Evaluation of Amberlite XAD-2 as the extractant for carbamate insecticides from natural water. A rapid and sensitive analytical technique to quantify carbamate insecticides at nanogram levels is reported using resin column and sorption, and desorption followed by N-P gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. The carbamates were extracted from natural water by percolation through a column of Amberlite XAD-2, followed by elution with ethyl acetate. The carbamate residues were directly analyzed by GLC with a Tracor Model 702 N-P detector. The recoveries for several carbamates including aminocarb, mexacarbate, carbaryl, propoxur, carbofuran, pirimicarb and methiocarb were from 86 to 108% at 1.0 and 0.01 ppm levels. Only 41 to 58% was recovered for methomyl. The extraction efficiency of Amberlite XAD-2 was pH-dependent as indicated in the extraction of aminocarb. More than 90% of the added aminocarb was recovered from phosphate buffer by the described method at pH 5.0 to 7.5 at 5.0 and 0.5 ppm levels.", "PMID": 536444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6876", "title": "RM values of naphthols and acetophenones in structure-activity studies.", "content": "The RM values of naphthols obtained in a chromatographic system where the stationary phase consisted of a silica gel G layer impregnated with silicone oil are much more closely related to the log P values in an octanol-water system than the RM values determined on polyamide layers. Similarly, the RM values of a series of acetophenones in the silicone system are closely related to their log P values. The equations describing the structure-activity relationship indicate the importance of lipophilic character and halogen substitution in determining the hemolytic activity and the acute toxicity of compounds.", "contents": "RM values of naphthols and acetophenones in structure-activity studies. The RM values of naphthols obtained in a chromatographic system where the stationary phase consisted of a silica gel G layer impregnated with silicone oil are much more closely related to the log P values in an octanol-water system than the RM values determined on polyamide layers. Similarly, the RM values of a series of acetophenones in the silicone system are closely related to their log P values. The equations describing the structure-activity relationship indicate the importance of lipophilic character and halogen substitution in determining the hemolytic activity and the acute toxicity of compounds.", "PMID": 536445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6877", "title": "Glass capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Separation of prostaglandins.", "content": "Glass capillary gas chromatography of the prostaglandins was performed on a system including an all-glass, solventless injector; thermostable methylphenyl-polysiloxane glass capillary columns; and a conventional electron-capture detector fitted with a make-up gas tee. The principal stable metabolites of prostaglandin endoperoxide were separated as perfluorinated derivatives in 35 min. Detection limits equal or exceed those obtained for packed column separations and electron capture detection. Prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolic profiles from mammalian cell cultures were obtained using this system. These profiling studies are not possible with other chromatographic methods because of inferior resolution and sensitivity.", "contents": "Glass capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Separation of prostaglandins. Glass capillary gas chromatography of the prostaglandins was performed on a system including an all-glass, solventless injector; thermostable methylphenyl-polysiloxane glass capillary columns; and a conventional electron-capture detector fitted with a make-up gas tee. The principal stable metabolites of prostaglandin endoperoxide were separated as perfluorinated derivatives in 35 min. Detection limits equal or exceed those obtained for packed column separations and electron capture detection. Prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolic profiles from mammalian cell cultures were obtained using this system. These profiling studies are not possible with other chromatographic methods because of inferior resolution and sensitivity.", "PMID": 536446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6878", "title": "Analysis of diethylstilbestrol and its impurities in tablets using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described which is capable of resolving cis- and trans-diethylstilbestrol (DES), DES mono- and dimethyl ethers and 4,4'-dihydroxystilbene. The mobile phase and internal standard used stabilise the cis-trans DES isomer ratio, and the method is capable of quantitating both isomers in dosage forms without derivatisation. Recovery of DES from tablets is quantitative. Results of tablet analyses using this method are compared with those obtained with the official spectrophotometric procedure.", "contents": "Analysis of diethylstilbestrol and its impurities in tablets using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described which is capable of resolving cis- and trans-diethylstilbestrol (DES), DES mono- and dimethyl ethers and 4,4'-dihydroxystilbene. The mobile phase and internal standard used stabilise the cis-trans DES isomer ratio, and the method is capable of quantitating both isomers in dosage forms without derivatisation. Recovery of DES from tablets is quantitative. Results of tablet analyses using this method are compared with those obtained with the official spectrophotometric procedure.", "PMID": 536447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6879", "title": "Sensitive multi-residue method for detection of anabolics in urine and in tisssues of slaughtered animals.", "content": "A routine procedure is described for the dependable detection of various anabolic residues in tissues or urine contaminated at levels as low as 0.5-10 ppb (10 parts per 10(9)). A suitable extraction and clean-up procedure was developed, permitting adequate recovery (60-80%) of various anabolics from tissue samples (50 g) or urine (50 ml). Following two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, the presence of the anabolic residues are detected by sulphuric acid-induced fluorescence. The detection limit of most anabolics is of the order of 1-10 ng.", "contents": "Sensitive multi-residue method for detection of anabolics in urine and in tisssues of slaughtered animals. A routine procedure is described for the dependable detection of various anabolic residues in tissues or urine contaminated at levels as low as 0.5-10 ppb (10 parts per 10(9)). A suitable extraction and clean-up procedure was developed, permitting adequate recovery (60-80%) of various anabolics from tissue samples (50 g) or urine (50 ml). Following two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, the presence of the anabolic residues are detected by sulphuric acid-induced fluorescence. The detection limit of most anabolics is of the order of 1-10 ng.", "PMID": 536448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6880", "title": "Determination of paraquat in sunflower seeds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The herbicide paraquat was determined with extracts from 1-g samples of sunflower seeds. The liquid chromatography procedure utilized a microparticle (10 micron) C18 reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with 27% acetonitrile in water, 10 mM in the sodium salt of octanesulfonic acid. Eluted paraquat was detected at 254 and 280 nm and quantitated by paraquat internal standard peak height ratios. This procedure provided linear working curves over the concentration range of 0-20 microgram/g of paraquat. Recovery of paraquat varied from 89-101%, with an average recovery of 93%. Good agreement was obtained in the comparison of results of the described procedure with those from a well established UV procedure.", "contents": "Determination of paraquat in sunflower seeds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The herbicide paraquat was determined with extracts from 1-g samples of sunflower seeds. The liquid chromatography procedure utilized a microparticle (10 micron) C18 reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with 27% acetonitrile in water, 10 mM in the sodium salt of octanesulfonic acid. Eluted paraquat was detected at 254 and 280 nm and quantitated by paraquat internal standard peak height ratios. This procedure provided linear working curves over the concentration range of 0-20 microgram/g of paraquat. Recovery of paraquat varied from 89-101%, with an average recovery of 93%. Good agreement was obtained in the comparison of results of the described procedure with those from a well established UV procedure.", "PMID": 536449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6881", "title": "Application of a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of melphalan in the presence of its hydrolysis products.", "content": "A procedure for the separation and quantitation of melphalan (L-PAM) and its hydrolysis products by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The hydrolysis of L-PAM at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees and 41 +/- 0.1 degrees was studied between pH 3.0 and 9.0. The pattern of hydrolysis suggested that L-PAM decomposes via two consecutive pseudo first-order reactions. Pseudo first-order rate constants (k1) were determined for the disappearance of L-PAM at various pH values in buffered solutions and in a formulated product. At both temperatures L-PAM solutions were found to be most stable at low pH. Chloride ion was found to reduce the rate of hydrolysis.", "contents": "Application of a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of melphalan in the presence of its hydrolysis products. A procedure for the separation and quantitation of melphalan (L-PAM) and its hydrolysis products by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The hydrolysis of L-PAM at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees and 41 +/- 0.1 degrees was studied between pH 3.0 and 9.0. The pattern of hydrolysis suggested that L-PAM decomposes via two consecutive pseudo first-order reactions. Pseudo first-order rate constants (k1) were determined for the disappearance of L-PAM at various pH values in buffered solutions and in a formulated product. At both temperatures L-PAM solutions were found to be most stable at low pH. Chloride ion was found to reduce the rate of hydrolysis.", "PMID": 536450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6882", "title": "[Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of the acetylcholinesterase of formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom (author's transl)].", "content": "The acetylcholinesterase was purified by CM-Sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on Sepharose bound m-[6-(6-aminocaproylamino)caproylamino]phenyltrimethylammonium bromide. The purified enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 5470 U/mg (1160-fold purification) and a 89% yield. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 144,000. The enzyme is split into two subunits of approximately equal molecular weight (Mr 69,000) by SDS treatment. It is a glycoprotein and can be resolved by disc gel electrophoresis into seven and by isoelectric focusing into more than ten multiple forms. The N-terminal amino acid is serine.", "contents": "[Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of the acetylcholinesterase of formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom (author's transl)]. The acetylcholinesterase was purified by CM-Sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on Sepharose bound m-[6-(6-aminocaproylamino)caproylamino]phenyltrimethylammonium bromide. The purified enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 5470 U/mg (1160-fold purification) and a 89% yield. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 144,000. The enzyme is split into two subunits of approximately equal molecular weight (Mr 69,000) by SDS treatment. It is a glycoprotein and can be resolved by disc gel electrophoresis into seven and by isoelectric focusing into more than ten multiple forms. The N-terminal amino acid is serine.", "PMID": 536451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6883", "title": "New assay of 5-fluorouracil in serum by isotachophoresis.", "content": "Blood levels of 5-fluorouracil are quantitatively determined by isotachophoresis. Serum is deproteinized, purified on an ion-exchange column and concentrated to 20 microliter, and the drug is measured isotachophoretically. Down to 50 pmol (6.5 ng) of the drug can be determined in serum with a methodological error of +/- 6%. The method can be used for routine control of patients undergoing therapy with the drug.", "contents": "New assay of 5-fluorouracil in serum by isotachophoresis. Blood levels of 5-fluorouracil are quantitatively determined by isotachophoresis. Serum is deproteinized, purified on an ion-exchange column and concentrated to 20 microliter, and the drug is measured isotachophoretically. Down to 50 pmol (6.5 ng) of the drug can be determined in serum with a methodological error of +/- 6%. The method can be used for routine control of patients undergoing therapy with the drug.", "PMID": 536452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6884", "title": "Ligand-exchange separation of amino acids. II. Influence of the eluent composition and of the nature of the ion exchanger.", "content": "The ligand-exchange separation of amino acids in protein hydrolysates has been studied in ammoniacal media. The various factors influencing the chromatographic behaviour have been investigated. The selectivity of the process and the column efficiency depend appreciably on the resin matrix and the nature of the functional groups. The best results have been obtained with the acrylic-type Bio Rex 70 resin, in the copper(II) form. The zinc(II) form of this support has also been tested; the elution order of glycine, alanine and leucine is the same as with the copper(II) form, but the affinities of these molecules for the zinc(II) resin are weaker. The influence of the concentrations of copper(II) and ammonia on the elution volumes obtained for all the amino acids with the copper(II) Bio Rex 70 resin has been studied. The general variation of retention and selectivity with eluent composition confirms the theoretical expressions established previously. Ligand-exchange chromatography has been compared to the conventional ion-exchange process using acidic or basic species. This study reveals analogies and differences between both techniques, and shows that ligand exchange can provide new opportunities for the separation of amino acids.", "contents": "Ligand-exchange separation of amino acids. II. Influence of the eluent composition and of the nature of the ion exchanger. The ligand-exchange separation of amino acids in protein hydrolysates has been studied in ammoniacal media. The various factors influencing the chromatographic behaviour have been investigated. The selectivity of the process and the column efficiency depend appreciably on the resin matrix and the nature of the functional groups. The best results have been obtained with the acrylic-type Bio Rex 70 resin, in the copper(II) form. The zinc(II) form of this support has also been tested; the elution order of glycine, alanine and leucine is the same as with the copper(II) form, but the affinities of these molecules for the zinc(II) resin are weaker. The influence of the concentrations of copper(II) and ammonia on the elution volumes obtained for all the amino acids with the copper(II) Bio Rex 70 resin has been studied. The general variation of retention and selectivity with eluent composition confirms the theoretical expressions established previously. Ligand-exchange chromatography has been compared to the conventional ion-exchange process using acidic or basic species. This study reveals analogies and differences between both techniques, and shows that ligand exchange can provide new opportunities for the separation of amino acids.", "PMID": 536457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6885", "title": "Pseudo-leptospires in blood culture.", "content": "Spiral filaments seen in the blood cultures of two patients with fever and jaundice were initially thought to be leptospires; these were later proved to be artefacts. An investigation was carried out to exclude the possibility of laboratory contamination of the culture media and to find out how these objects were produced. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the possibility of a mistaken diagnosis in routine laboratories which have a limited experience of leptospires.", "contents": "Pseudo-leptospires in blood culture. Spiral filaments seen in the blood cultures of two patients with fever and jaundice were initially thought to be leptospires; these were later proved to be artefacts. An investigation was carried out to exclude the possibility of laboratory contamination of the culture media and to find out how these objects were produced. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the possibility of a mistaken diagnosis in routine laboratories which have a limited experience of leptospires.", "PMID": 536458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6886", "title": "Serological grouping of streptococci by slide agglutination.", "content": "Streptococcal grouping sera for groups A, B, C, and G prepared for conventional testing by precipitation were made specific by absorption and used to identify streptococci by slide agglutination with and without staphyloccocal coagglutination. Trypsinised suspensions of 1055 strains, identified by precipitation as belonging to group A, B, C, or G, were tested by slide agglutination. Of these, 998 were correctly identified using a streptococcal suspension and antisera alone and a further 65 were identified when a loopful of protein A-positive staphylococci was added. Suspensions of 88 strains not of groups A, B, C, or G gave no reaction in the agglutination test with or without the addition of staphylococci. Group polysaccharide extracted by conventional methods also caused agglutination of staphylococci on a slide when specific antiserum was added. Growth from primary or secondary cultures digested in streptomyces enzyme for only 15-30 minutes provided an excellent antigen for a quick and simple method of streptococcal grouping using non-sensitised staphylococcal suspension and specific antisera for coagglutination.", "contents": "Serological grouping of streptococci by slide agglutination. Streptococcal grouping sera for groups A, B, C, and G prepared for conventional testing by precipitation were made specific by absorption and used to identify streptococci by slide agglutination with and without staphyloccocal coagglutination. Trypsinised suspensions of 1055 strains, identified by precipitation as belonging to group A, B, C, or G, were tested by slide agglutination. Of these, 998 were correctly identified using a streptococcal suspension and antisera alone and a further 65 were identified when a loopful of protein A-positive staphylococci was added. Suspensions of 88 strains not of groups A, B, C, or G gave no reaction in the agglutination test with or without the addition of staphylococci. Group polysaccharide extracted by conventional methods also caused agglutination of staphylococci on a slide when specific antiserum was added. Growth from primary or secondary cultures digested in streptomyces enzyme for only 15-30 minutes provided an excellent antigen for a quick and simple method of streptococcal grouping using non-sensitised staphylococcal suspension and specific antisera for coagglutination.", "PMID": 536459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6887", "title": "Grouping of streptococci by Streptex.", "content": "Streptex was compared to routine laboratory identification methods available. The results from Streptex sometimes required several attempts before final identification could be achieved. In the main, group D streptococci other than Strep. faecalis failed to group with the Streptex antisera, and this method cannot therefore be used exclusively as a means of identifying this group of streptococci.", "contents": "Grouping of streptococci by Streptex. Streptex was compared to routine laboratory identification methods available. The results from Streptex sometimes required several attempts before final identification could be achieved. In the main, group D streptococci other than Strep. faecalis failed to group with the Streptex antisera, and this method cannot therefore be used exclusively as a means of identifying this group of streptococci.", "PMID": 536460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6888", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis in a leukaemia unit: a report of five fatal cases.", "content": "Five cases of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis in leukaemic patients are reported. These cases were all fatal, and it is suggested that the use of clindamycin in leukaemic patients should be reserved for specific indications.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis in a leukaemia unit: a report of five fatal cases. Five cases of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis in leukaemic patients are reported. These cases were all fatal, and it is suggested that the use of clindamycin in leukaemic patients should be reserved for specific indications.", "PMID": 536461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6889", "title": "Nuclear diameter in parathyroid adenomas.", "content": "Nuclear diameter was measured in 55 parathyroid chief-cell adenomas to determine its value in histological diagnosis and to assess its relationship to other features of primary hyperparathyroidism. Mean nuclear diameter for the whole group of adenomas was significantly greater than that for the accompanying normal glands. Mean nuclear diameter in individual adenomas was significantly greater than that in the accompanying normal gland in 27 out of 34 cases. Nuclear diameter was correlated with tumour weight and with plasma calcium but was not correlated with duration of history. It was significantly greater in the group of patients with overt bone disease than in those with kidney stones and in those with neither kidney stones nor overt bone disease. Assessment of nuclear diameter is of value in histological diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma. The rate of growth of the adenoma may be a factor determining nuclear diameter.", "contents": "Nuclear diameter in parathyroid adenomas. Nuclear diameter was measured in 55 parathyroid chief-cell adenomas to determine its value in histological diagnosis and to assess its relationship to other features of primary hyperparathyroidism. Mean nuclear diameter for the whole group of adenomas was significantly greater than that for the accompanying normal glands. Mean nuclear diameter in individual adenomas was significantly greater than that in the accompanying normal gland in 27 out of 34 cases. Nuclear diameter was correlated with tumour weight and with plasma calcium but was not correlated with duration of history. It was significantly greater in the group of patients with overt bone disease than in those with kidney stones and in those with neither kidney stones nor overt bone disease. Assessment of nuclear diameter is of value in histological diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma. The rate of growth of the adenoma may be a factor determining nuclear diameter.", "PMID": 536462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6890", "title": "Liver damage due to perhexiline maleate.", "content": "Two middle-aged men, who had received perhexiline in recommended dosage, showed clinical and histological evidence of severe hepatic damage, and one of them died. Histological study of the livers showed a striking resemblance to alcoholic hepatitis.", "contents": "Liver damage due to perhexiline maleate. Two middle-aged men, who had received perhexiline in recommended dosage, showed clinical and histological evidence of severe hepatic damage, and one of them died. Histological study of the livers showed a striking resemblance to alcoholic hepatitis.", "PMID": 536463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6891", "title": "Clinical significance of an ultrafast alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme.", "content": "We have studied five patients who have exhibited an unusual alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (ALP EC 3.1.3.1) migrating in an ultrafast position electrophoretically on cellulose acetate. This ALP isoenzyme has been identified in patients with benign and malignant liver diseases. In addition, a number of these patients exhibited a regular ALP liver isoenzyme and a fast (preliver) ALP isoenzyme in conjunction with the ultrafast ALP liver isoenzyme.", "contents": "Clinical significance of an ultrafast alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme. We have studied five patients who have exhibited an unusual alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (ALP EC 3.1.3.1) migrating in an ultrafast position electrophoretically on cellulose acetate. This ALP isoenzyme has been identified in patients with benign and malignant liver diseases. In addition, a number of these patients exhibited a regular ALP liver isoenzyme and a fast (preliver) ALP isoenzyme in conjunction with the ultrafast ALP liver isoenzyme.", "PMID": 536464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6892", "title": "Abnormal embryogenesis induced by thiopental.", "content": "The effects of thiopental on chick embryos were analyzed in the present study. Thiopental was dissolved in saline and injected into embryonating chicken eggs at doses ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mg per egg. The injections were made into the air sacs of eggs after two to four days of incubation. Control eggs were injected with an equivalent volume of saline (0.1 ml per egg). In all 1080 chicken eggs were used for this study. All embryos were examined on day 7. The LD50 for eggs injected on days 2, 3 and 4 was 2.1, 1.9, and 4.1 mg per egg, respectively. The principal malformations observed were exencephaly, anencephaly, twisted limbs, twisted neck, microphthalmia, everted viscera, and hemorrhage above the left eye and in both cerebral hemispheres. The results of the present study indicate that thiopental has a tendency to cause malformations in the chick embryos tested.", "contents": "Abnormal embryogenesis induced by thiopental. The effects of thiopental on chick embryos were analyzed in the present study. Thiopental was dissolved in saline and injected into embryonating chicken eggs at doses ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mg per egg. The injections were made into the air sacs of eggs after two to four days of incubation. Control eggs were injected with an equivalent volume of saline (0.1 ml per egg). In all 1080 chicken eggs were used for this study. All embryos were examined on day 7. The LD50 for eggs injected on days 2, 3 and 4 was 2.1, 1.9, and 4.1 mg per egg, respectively. The principal malformations observed were exencephaly, anencephaly, twisted limbs, twisted neck, microphthalmia, everted viscera, and hemorrhage above the left eye and in both cerebral hemispheres. The results of the present study indicate that thiopental has a tendency to cause malformations in the chick embryos tested.", "PMID": 536465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6893", "title": "Serum aminoglutethimide levels: studies of serum half-life, clearance, and patient compliance.", "content": "Serum aminoglutethimide was measured in 13 women with mastastatic breast carcinoma who were treated with 1.0 Gm aminoglutethimide and 40 mg hydrocortisone daily over a period of one year. Serum concentrations of aminoglutethimide were used to evaluate drug half-life, clearance, and patient compliance. Mean half-life and clearance rates were determined in six patients. The mean half-life of aminoglutethimide prior to therapy was 13.3 +/- 2.65 (S.D.) hours and fell significantly (P less than 0.01) to 7.3 +/- 2.14 hours after six to 32 weeks of therapy. The mean clearance rate prior to therapy was 2.58 +/- 0.33 (S.D.) 1./hour and increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 5.29 +/- 1.4 1./hour after therapy. The mean serum concentration was 11.5 +/- 3.6 microgram/ml in seven patients. No significant variation of mean aminoglutethimide concentration from the overall mean was noted during the course of therapy. We conclude that serum aminoglutethimide concentrations are useful in evaluating patient compliance. Our data also suggest that aminoglutethimide increases its own metabolism, which may explain the absence of toxicity symptoms seen late in the treatment period.", "contents": "Serum aminoglutethimide levels: studies of serum half-life, clearance, and patient compliance. Serum aminoglutethimide was measured in 13 women with mastastatic breast carcinoma who were treated with 1.0 Gm aminoglutethimide and 40 mg hydrocortisone daily over a period of one year. Serum concentrations of aminoglutethimide were used to evaluate drug half-life, clearance, and patient compliance. Mean half-life and clearance rates were determined in six patients. The mean half-life of aminoglutethimide prior to therapy was 13.3 +/- 2.65 (S.D.) hours and fell significantly (P less than 0.01) to 7.3 +/- 2.14 hours after six to 32 weeks of therapy. The mean clearance rate prior to therapy was 2.58 +/- 0.33 (S.D.) 1./hour and increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 5.29 +/- 1.4 1./hour after therapy. The mean serum concentration was 11.5 +/- 3.6 microgram/ml in seven patients. No significant variation of mean aminoglutethimide concentration from the overall mean was noted during the course of therapy. We conclude that serum aminoglutethimide concentrations are useful in evaluating patient compliance. Our data also suggest that aminoglutethimide increases its own metabolism, which may explain the absence of toxicity symptoms seen late in the treatment period.", "PMID": 536467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6894", "title": "Bioavailability of lithium carbonate: in vivo comparison of two products.", "content": "The bioavailability of two lithium carbonate products was studied in ten healthy, normal volunteers. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in bioavailability of the two brands, but some individual differences may exist. Further study is therefore indicated in this area.", "contents": "Bioavailability of lithium carbonate: in vivo comparison of two products. The bioavailability of two lithium carbonate products was studied in ten healthy, normal volunteers. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in bioavailability of the two brands, but some individual differences may exist. Further study is therefore indicated in this area.", "PMID": 536466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6895", "title": "The effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clofibrate.", "content": "Since it has been reported by several authors that colestipol HCl and clofibrate have an additive effect in lowering serum cholesterol levels, it was felt advisable to evaluate the blood levels of clofibrate when given simultaneously with colestipol HCl to see whether there was any evidence for drug interaction between the two products that might dictate a need for separation of their administration time. After concomitant single-dose administration, the serum p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid levels, bioavailability parameters, and pharmacokinetic parameters investigated provided no evidence for an interaction and suggested that colestipol and clofibrate can be administered concomitantly or at separated in tervals according to whichever dosage regimen is deemed advisable by the physician.", "contents": "The effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clofibrate. Since it has been reported by several authors that colestipol HCl and clofibrate have an additive effect in lowering serum cholesterol levels, it was felt advisable to evaluate the blood levels of clofibrate when given simultaneously with colestipol HCl to see whether there was any evidence for drug interaction between the two products that might dictate a need for separation of their administration time. After concomitant single-dose administration, the serum p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid levels, bioavailability parameters, and pharmacokinetic parameters investigated provided no evidence for an interaction and suggested that colestipol and clofibrate can be administered concomitantly or at separated in tervals according to whichever dosage regimen is deemed advisable by the physician.", "PMID": 536468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6896", "title": "Autotransplantation of the goat mammary gland.", "content": "The modified technique for transplanting one mammary gland of a lactating goat to the neck, with the mammary (pudic) artery and vein anastomosed to the carotid artery and jugular vein respectively, is described. This technique was successful in 6 operations and there were no significant differences between the milk yield of the transplanted and control (in situ) glands at any stage after operation. These results are compared with those from an earlier series in which no special provision was made for lymphatic drainage and in which anticoagulant therapy and treatment of the gland prior to attachment were not standardized.", "contents": "Autotransplantation of the goat mammary gland. The modified technique for transplanting one mammary gland of a lactating goat to the neck, with the mammary (pudic) artery and vein anastomosed to the carotid artery and jugular vein respectively, is described. This technique was successful in 6 operations and there were no significant differences between the milk yield of the transplanted and control (in situ) glands at any stage after operation. These results are compared with those from an earlier series in which no special provision was made for lymphatic drainage and in which anticoagulant therapy and treatment of the gland prior to attachment were not standardized.", "PMID": 536474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6897", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase of goat mammary tissue: comparison of extraction methods.", "content": "Mammary lipoprotein lipase of lactating goats was extracted by 3 methods: homogenization of tissue acetone-ether powders; aqueous homogenization of crude tissue using an Ultra-Turrax apparatus; aqueous homogenization of crude tissue using a Sorvall Omni-mixer microhomogenizer. Although there were differences between absolute values obtained by the 3 methods, each type of homogenate had a lipolytic activity with lipoprotein lipase characteristics (i.e. more than 90% inhibition by serum omission or NaCl addition). Furthermore, the 3 methods were highly correlated and presented similar variations with the stage of lactation, in parallel with long-chain fatty acid secretion into milk. Repeatability of the measure of homogenate lipolytic activities was about 8%, whereas day-to-day repeatability of enzyme extraction and assay was about 20% for each method.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase of goat mammary tissue: comparison of extraction methods. Mammary lipoprotein lipase of lactating goats was extracted by 3 methods: homogenization of tissue acetone-ether powders; aqueous homogenization of crude tissue using an Ultra-Turrax apparatus; aqueous homogenization of crude tissue using a Sorvall Omni-mixer microhomogenizer. Although there were differences between absolute values obtained by the 3 methods, each type of homogenate had a lipolytic activity with lipoprotein lipase characteristics (i.e. more than 90% inhibition by serum omission or NaCl addition). Furthermore, the 3 methods were highly correlated and presented similar variations with the stage of lactation, in parallel with long-chain fatty acid secretion into milk. Repeatability of the measure of homogenate lipolytic activities was about 8%, whereas day-to-day repeatability of enzyme extraction and assay was about 20% for each method.", "PMID": 536475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6898", "title": "The effects of an ergot alkaloid derivative (Hydergine) on aspects of psychomotor performance, arousal, and cognitive processing ability.", "content": "Hydergine, 12 mg per day for two weeks, has some direct activity on a variety of tasks of mental and cognitive performance. These results add support to biochemical findings that implicate the ergot alkaloids (particularly co-dergo-crine, Hydergine) in cellular activity likely to increase cortical arousal and awareness. The high dose of Hydergine used in this volunteer study was exceptionally well tolerated and did produce significant results on individual measures of central nervous system activity which might suggest the use of similar doses in patient populations. The findings of a hangover of activity after drug withdrawal and the fact that some CNS activity (serial subtraction of 17s) is not obvious until two weeks of medication would suggest the need for pharmacokinetic measures to be taken in conjunction with psychologic assessments. It would seem that a two-week schedule of repeated doses is the minimum required to produce an effect on CNS activity, but even with such a dose regimen it appears that the drug continues to exert some effect after its withdrawal.", "contents": "The effects of an ergot alkaloid derivative (Hydergine) on aspects of psychomotor performance, arousal, and cognitive processing ability. Hydergine, 12 mg per day for two weeks, has some direct activity on a variety of tasks of mental and cognitive performance. These results add support to biochemical findings that implicate the ergot alkaloids (particularly co-dergo-crine, Hydergine) in cellular activity likely to increase cortical arousal and awareness. The high dose of Hydergine used in this volunteer study was exceptionally well tolerated and did produce significant results on individual measures of central nervous system activity which might suggest the use of similar doses in patient populations. The findings of a hangover of activity after drug withdrawal and the fact that some CNS activity (serial subtraction of 17s) is not obvious until two weeks of medication would suggest the need for pharmacokinetic measures to be taken in conjunction with psychologic assessments. It would seem that a two-week schedule of repeated doses is the minimum required to produce an effect on CNS activity, but even with such a dose regimen it appears that the drug continues to exert some effect after its withdrawal.", "PMID": 536469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6899", "title": "Interaction between sulindac and warfarin: different results in normal subjects and in an unusual patient with a potassium-losing renal tubular defect.", "content": "While sulindac failed to affect significantly warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia in normal male volunteers, it markedly prolonged prothrombin time in a patient with a renal tubular defect who had been anticoagulated with warfarin. This difference in individual response with respect to a drug interaction illustrates the need to adjust information on drug interactions to the particular clinical circumstances and conditions under which drugs are coadministered.", "contents": "Interaction between sulindac and warfarin: different results in normal subjects and in an unusual patient with a potassium-losing renal tubular defect. While sulindac failed to affect significantly warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia in normal male volunteers, it markedly prolonged prothrombin time in a patient with a renal tubular defect who had been anticoagulated with warfarin. This difference in individual response with respect to a drug interaction illustrates the need to adjust information on drug interactions to the particular clinical circumstances and conditions under which drugs are coadministered.", "PMID": 536470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6900", "title": "Effect of vacuum fluctuation during milking on the development of intramammary infection from teat duct colonization by Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Twelve of twenty-one udder quarters with colonized teat ducts became infected within 13 d when milked with a machine producing large cyclic and irregular vacuum fluctuations in the teatcup; of 23 quarters milked under the same conditions, but with metal shields fitted inside the liners to protect the teat apex (Thiel, 1974), only 2 quarters became infected in the same period. The introduction of a post-milking teat disinfectant teat dip resulted in the elimination of orifice colonization from 15 teats dipped in Na hypochlorite solution (40 g/l available chlorine) and from all but 2 of 15 teats dipped in an iodophor solution (5 g/l available iodine).", "contents": "Effect of vacuum fluctuation during milking on the development of intramammary infection from teat duct colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Twelve of twenty-one udder quarters with colonized teat ducts became infected within 13 d when milked with a machine producing large cyclic and irregular vacuum fluctuations in the teatcup; of 23 quarters milked under the same conditions, but with metal shields fitted inside the liners to protect the teat apex (Thiel, 1974), only 2 quarters became infected in the same period. The introduction of a post-milking teat disinfectant teat dip resulted in the elimination of orifice colonization from 15 teats dipped in Na hypochlorite solution (40 g/l available chlorine) and from all but 2 of 15 teats dipped in an iodophor solution (5 g/l available iodine).", "PMID": 536476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6901", "title": "Relative importance of pre-partum and post-partum factors in the control of milk yield in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Examination of data pertaining to milk yield and litter growth rate of guinea-pigs at peak lactation showed that milk yield increased with increasing number of pups carried by the dam during pregnancy and also with increasing maternal weight. There was a significant linear correlation (P less than 0.05) of mammary gland weight (expressed per unit of maternal body weight) with litter size. Increasing litter size, within 18 h of parturition, from 1 pup to 5 pups did not elicit a response in milk yield. Decreasing litter size from 5 pups to 1 pup reduced milk yield to the level expected of a monotocous dam. Data are presented showing the ability of the guinea-pig pup to survive from birth without access to milk and the inadequacy of milk supply to meet litter requirements when the litter size is more than 2 pups. The mechanisms controlling lactation in the guinea-pig are discussed in relation to data obtained in other species.", "contents": "Relative importance of pre-partum and post-partum factors in the control of milk yield in the guinea-pig. Examination of data pertaining to milk yield and litter growth rate of guinea-pigs at peak lactation showed that milk yield increased with increasing number of pups carried by the dam during pregnancy and also with increasing maternal weight. There was a significant linear correlation (P less than 0.05) of mammary gland weight (expressed per unit of maternal body weight) with litter size. Increasing litter size, within 18 h of parturition, from 1 pup to 5 pups did not elicit a response in milk yield. Decreasing litter size from 5 pups to 1 pup reduced milk yield to the level expected of a monotocous dam. Data are presented showing the ability of the guinea-pig pup to survive from birth without access to milk and the inadequacy of milk supply to meet litter requirements when the litter size is more than 2 pups. The mechanisms controlling lactation in the guinea-pig are discussed in relation to data obtained in other species.", "PMID": 536477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6902", "title": "Digitalis delirium in elderly patients.", "content": "Case histories of four elderly patients with central nervous system signs of digitalis toxicity were reviewed. Evidence of toxicity included lethargy, depression which was not present previously, confusion, restlessness, emotional instability, hyperventilation, and vertigo. Vomiting developed four days after the onset of the mental changes. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Digoxin serum levels ranged between 4.2 and 7.0 ng/ml. Serum potassium values were within normal limits. Three of the four patients recovered with a return of their mental status to the pretoxic state. The fourth case was fatal. At autopsy long-standing myocardial ischemia was the only significant finding.", "contents": "Digitalis delirium in elderly patients. Case histories of four elderly patients with central nervous system signs of digitalis toxicity were reviewed. Evidence of toxicity included lethargy, depression which was not present previously, confusion, restlessness, emotional instability, hyperventilation, and vertigo. Vomiting developed four days after the onset of the mental changes. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Digoxin serum levels ranged between 4.2 and 7.0 ng/ml. Serum potassium values were within normal limits. Three of the four patients recovered with a return of their mental status to the pretoxic state. The fourth case was fatal. At autopsy long-standing myocardial ischemia was the only significant finding.", "PMID": 536471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6903", "title": "Overdosage with pentobarbital and secobarbital: assessment of factors related to outcome.", "content": "Factors related to clinical outcome following acute overdosage with pentobarbital or secobarbital were assessed in a series of 162 patients hospitalized during the period 1962 to 1975. The mean ingested dose was 2 Gm (range 0.2 to 10.0 Gm), and plasma barbiturate concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 72.0 microgram/ml. Serious intoxication was common. Intubation and assisted ventilation were required in 59 per cent of patients, and 23 per cent developed clinically important hypotension. Four patients died, all relatively young females. Multiple regression and discriminant function analyses, performed on a subset of 88 patients for whom complete data were available, indicated that plasma barbiturate concentration and/or ingested dose were the most important correlates of serious intoxication among identifiable variables available on admission. Coingestion of other central nervous system depressants, such as ethanol, had no obvious effect on outcome. The present study suggests that measurement of plasma barbiturate concentrations is of value in identifying patients at risk of developing serious intoxication after overdosage with pentobarbital or secobarbital.", "contents": "Overdosage with pentobarbital and secobarbital: assessment of factors related to outcome. Factors related to clinical outcome following acute overdosage with pentobarbital or secobarbital were assessed in a series of 162 patients hospitalized during the period 1962 to 1975. The mean ingested dose was 2 Gm (range 0.2 to 10.0 Gm), and plasma barbiturate concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 72.0 microgram/ml. Serious intoxication was common. Intubation and assisted ventilation were required in 59 per cent of patients, and 23 per cent developed clinically important hypotension. Four patients died, all relatively young females. Multiple regression and discriminant function analyses, performed on a subset of 88 patients for whom complete data were available, indicated that plasma barbiturate concentration and/or ingested dose were the most important correlates of serious intoxication among identifiable variables available on admission. Coingestion of other central nervous system depressants, such as ethanol, had no obvious effect on outcome. The present study suggests that measurement of plasma barbiturate concentrations is of value in identifying patients at risk of developing serious intoxication after overdosage with pentobarbital or secobarbital.", "PMID": 536473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6904", "title": "Oxdralazine, a new peripheral vasodilator, combined with propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide: a rational approach to antihypertensive treatment.", "content": "Forty-three patients suffering from hypertension of different origin (chronic renal failure, gout, or idiopathic) were treated with propranolol (121 +/- 12 mg q.d.) plus hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg q.d.) for 75 +/- 9 days. Blood pressure did not return to normal limits in 15 patients, who were continued on the same protocol plus 10 to 50 mg oxdralazine q.d. After an average of 68 +/- 35 days blood pressure fell from 180/110 mm Hg to 145/90 mm Hg without orthostatism, significant side effects, or changes in GFR. This combination seems particularly successful since propranolol will prevent the undesired rise in cardiac output due to oxdralazine as well as the activation of the renin-angiotensin axis due to diuretics. Thus, the antihypertensive properties of each agent will be enhanced by a reduction in side effects by the associated drug, resulting in optimal blood pressure control.", "contents": "Oxdralazine, a new peripheral vasodilator, combined with propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide: a rational approach to antihypertensive treatment. Forty-three patients suffering from hypertension of different origin (chronic renal failure, gout, or idiopathic) were treated with propranolol (121 +/- 12 mg q.d.) plus hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg q.d.) for 75 +/- 9 days. Blood pressure did not return to normal limits in 15 patients, who were continued on the same protocol plus 10 to 50 mg oxdralazine q.d. After an average of 68 +/- 35 days blood pressure fell from 180/110 mm Hg to 145/90 mm Hg without orthostatism, significant side effects, or changes in GFR. This combination seems particularly successful since propranolol will prevent the undesired rise in cardiac output due to oxdralazine as well as the activation of the renin-angiotensin axis due to diuretics. Thus, the antihypertensive properties of each agent will be enhanced by a reduction in side effects by the associated drug, resulting in optimal blood pressure control.", "PMID": 536472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6905", "title": "Effect of dietary protein level during pregnancy and 2 weeks of lactation on mammary gland growth in rats.", "content": "In a previous paper (Pyska & Styczy\u0144ski, 1979) it was shown that protein level in the diet of a rat influences the development of its mammary gland during the animal's growth to sexual maturity. Rats fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 15% protein had better-developed mammary glands than rats on a diet containing 10% protein. The aim of the study now reported was to investigate the effect of the protein level in the diet on the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and 14 d of lactation.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein level during pregnancy and 2 weeks of lactation on mammary gland growth in rats. In a previous paper (Pyska & Styczy\u0144ski, 1979) it was shown that protein level in the diet of a rat influences the development of its mammary gland during the animal's growth to sexual maturity. Rats fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 15% protein had better-developed mammary glands than rats on a diet containing 10% protein. The aim of the study now reported was to investigate the effect of the protein level in the diet on the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and 14 d of lactation.", "PMID": 536478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6906", "title": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves I. Period of absorption.", "content": "Termination or closure of intestinal permeability to colostral immunoglobulins in the calf occurs spontaneously with age at a progressively increased rate after 12 h postpartum. Following a normal distribution, mean closure occurred near 24 h postpartum when the calves were not fed. Feeding colostrum shortly after birth resulted in earlier cessation of absorption. The amount of colostrum fed had no influence on closure. A quadratic response surface analysis of starting time on closure showed a significant linear response in all immunoglobulin classes, indicating that as colostrum feeding is delayed, cessation also is delayed up to the time of spontaneous closure. Differences in closure time for the three immunoglobulin classes were not significant.", "contents": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves I. Period of absorption. Termination or closure of intestinal permeability to colostral immunoglobulins in the calf occurs spontaneously with age at a progressively increased rate after 12 h postpartum. Following a normal distribution, mean closure occurred near 24 h postpartum when the calves were not fed. Feeding colostrum shortly after birth resulted in earlier cessation of absorption. The amount of colostrum fed had no influence on closure. A quadratic response surface analysis of starting time on closure showed a significant linear response in all immunoglobulin classes, indicating that as colostrum feeding is delayed, cessation also is delayed up to the time of spontaneous closure. Differences in closure time for the three immunoglobulin classes were not significant.", "PMID": 536479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6907", "title": "Nutritional and healthful aspects of cultured and culture-containing dairy foods.", "content": "Nutritional and therapeutic qualities of fermented dairy products are reviewed. Partial hydrolysis of milk constituents (proteins, fats, and lactose) in yogurt, cheese, and other cultured dary foods appears to contribute to their increased digestibility. Lactase and other constituent enzymes of various culturing organisms should contribute to assimilation of lactose by lactose intolerant individuals. Several lactic cultures synthesize certain B-vitamins in fermented dairy products. In contrast, directly acidified dairy products do not exhibit such enhancement in B-vitamins. The hypocholestremic effect of milk is enhanced by fermentation or inclusion of lactic cultures. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and other lactic organisms produce antimicrobial agents and natural antibiotics. However, production of natural antibacterial substances by different strains of the same species vary widely. These metabolites in cultured dairy products may be responsible for increased shelf life of the foods by inhibiting a wide spectrum of food spoilage organisms. Also, consumption of cultured products containing such natural antibacterial substances may provide the consumer with protection against disease organisms. Unfermented milk containing a specific culture or strain may be consumed to invest organisms for projected beneficial effects.", "contents": "Nutritional and healthful aspects of cultured and culture-containing dairy foods. Nutritional and therapeutic qualities of fermented dairy products are reviewed. Partial hydrolysis of milk constituents (proteins, fats, and lactose) in yogurt, cheese, and other cultured dary foods appears to contribute to their increased digestibility. Lactase and other constituent enzymes of various culturing organisms should contribute to assimilation of lactose by lactose intolerant individuals. Several lactic cultures synthesize certain B-vitamins in fermented dairy products. In contrast, directly acidified dairy products do not exhibit such enhancement in B-vitamins. The hypocholestremic effect of milk is enhanced by fermentation or inclusion of lactic cultures. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and other lactic organisms produce antimicrobial agents and natural antibiotics. However, production of natural antibacterial substances by different strains of the same species vary widely. These metabolites in cultured dairy products may be responsible for increased shelf life of the foods by inhibiting a wide spectrum of food spoilage organisms. Also, consumption of cultured products containing such natural antibacterial substances may provide the consumer with protection against disease organisms. Unfermented milk containing a specific culture or strain may be consumed to invest organisms for projected beneficial effects.", "PMID": 536481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6908", "title": "Mammary transfer of vitamin E in cows treated with vitamin A or linoleic acid.", "content": "The effect of an intravenous injection of vitamin A alcohol and subcutaneous injections of linoleic acid on the mammary transfer of an intravenous injection of vitamin E acetate was studied with 15 Holstein cows. The cows received either an intravenous injection of 3 g vitamin E acetate (controls), intravenous injections of 3 g vitamin E acetate and 1 million IU vitamin A alcohol, or an intravenous injection of 3 g vitamin E acetate and subcutaneous injections totaling 40 g of linoleic acid. Milk samples were at 12-h intervals, two prior to and six following treatment. The main influence of vitamin A alcohol and linoleic acid on mammary transfer of vitamin E was to delay secretion of vitamin E in milk. However, total secretion of vitamin E was not reduced by injection of either vitamin A alcohol or linoleic acid. Vitamin E injection produced substantial increases in vitamin E in milk, but less than 1% of the dose could be accounted for in the milk.", "contents": "Mammary transfer of vitamin E in cows treated with vitamin A or linoleic acid. The effect of an intravenous injection of vitamin A alcohol and subcutaneous injections of linoleic acid on the mammary transfer of an intravenous injection of vitamin E acetate was studied with 15 Holstein cows. The cows received either an intravenous injection of 3 g vitamin E acetate (controls), intravenous injections of 3 g vitamin E acetate and 1 million IU vitamin A alcohol, or an intravenous injection of 3 g vitamin E acetate and subcutaneous injections totaling 40 g of linoleic acid. Milk samples were at 12-h intervals, two prior to and six following treatment. The main influence of vitamin A alcohol and linoleic acid on mammary transfer of vitamin E was to delay secretion of vitamin E in milk. However, total secretion of vitamin E was not reduced by injection of either vitamin A alcohol or linoleic acid. Vitamin E injection produced substantial increases in vitamin E in milk, but less than 1% of the dose could be accounted for in the milk.", "PMID": 536482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6909", "title": "Potassium toxicity and acid-base balance from large oral doses of potassium to young calves.", "content": "Potassium chloride and sodium chloride were infused into the reticulorumen of male Holstein calves, approximately 6 mo of age and 260 kg, at .29, .58, 1.15, 1.73, 2.31, or 2.88 g potassium per kilogram body weight or 1.35, 2.12, or 2.16 g sodium per kilogram in equal volumes of water. Paired controls were infused with water. Calves were monitored for physiological changes for 6 h at 15, 30, or 60-min intervals. Potassium and total solids of plasma and packed cell volume were increased at potassium doses greater than .29 g of potassium per kilogram body weight within 1 h after dosing. At the higher doses of potassium, sodium content of plasma increased about 1 h after the increase in plasma potassium. Respiration rates within a potassium treatment varied with respect to time after dosing, but generally they increased, and associated variables of carbon dioxide pressure, pH, and bicarbonate in blood were decreased accordingly. Clinical toxicity signs, including excess salivation, muscular tremors of legs, and excitability were observed with potassium doses greater than .58 g of potassium per kilogram body weight. Three of five calves given 1.73 g of potassium per kilogram, three of four calves given 2.31 g of potassium per kilogram, and one calf given 2.88 g of potassium per kilogram body weight died. With a small number of calves, oral sodium infusions increased plasma sodium in proportion to the dose, but plasma potassium remained relatively constant. Sodium infusions of 2.12 and 2.16 g of sodium per kilogram body weight were fatal.", "contents": "Potassium toxicity and acid-base balance from large oral doses of potassium to young calves. Potassium chloride and sodium chloride were infused into the reticulorumen of male Holstein calves, approximately 6 mo of age and 260 kg, at .29, .58, 1.15, 1.73, 2.31, or 2.88 g potassium per kilogram body weight or 1.35, 2.12, or 2.16 g sodium per kilogram in equal volumes of water. Paired controls were infused with water. Calves were monitored for physiological changes for 6 h at 15, 30, or 60-min intervals. Potassium and total solids of plasma and packed cell volume were increased at potassium doses greater than .29 g of potassium per kilogram body weight within 1 h after dosing. At the higher doses of potassium, sodium content of plasma increased about 1 h after the increase in plasma potassium. Respiration rates within a potassium treatment varied with respect to time after dosing, but generally they increased, and associated variables of carbon dioxide pressure, pH, and bicarbonate in blood were decreased accordingly. Clinical toxicity signs, including excess salivation, muscular tremors of legs, and excitability were observed with potassium doses greater than .58 g of potassium per kilogram body weight. Three of five calves given 1.73 g of potassium per kilogram, three of four calves given 2.31 g of potassium per kilogram, and one calf given 2.88 g of potassium per kilogram body weight died. With a small number of calves, oral sodium infusions increased plasma sodium in proportion to the dose, but plasma potassium remained relatively constant. Sodium infusions of 2.12 and 2.16 g of sodium per kilogram body weight were fatal.", "PMID": 536483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6910", "title": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves II. The rate of absorption.", "content": "The rate and pattern of colostral immunoglobulin absorption, based upon increase in concentration of immunoglobulin in serum in calves, has been determined from the interaction of three factors: starting age of colostral feeding, amount of colostrum fed, and time after feeding. All immunoglobulin classes show common characteristics of absorption following a rapid transfer during the first 4 h after feeding. An analysis of three-dimensional response surface for each of the three immunoglobulin classes indicated positive linear trend in the amount fed up to 2 liters. Rates of absorption in succeeding time periods following the initial feeding had decreasing linear trends. That is, age at first feeding had an inverse effect on rate of absorption. A linear-by-linear interaction between amount fed and starting age as shown for all three classes. Only immunoglobulin IgM had a significant quadratic response for amount fed. Concentration of immunoglobulin in the pooled colostrums fed had no influence on rate of absorption. Evidence is that 2 liters of colostrum fed to Holstein calves may be optimum in the range studied for maximum pinocytotic activation of absorptive cells and maximum rate of absorption.", "contents": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves II. The rate of absorption. The rate and pattern of colostral immunoglobulin absorption, based upon increase in concentration of immunoglobulin in serum in calves, has been determined from the interaction of three factors: starting age of colostral feeding, amount of colostrum fed, and time after feeding. All immunoglobulin classes show common characteristics of absorption following a rapid transfer during the first 4 h after feeding. An analysis of three-dimensional response surface for each of the three immunoglobulin classes indicated positive linear trend in the amount fed up to 2 liters. Rates of absorption in succeeding time periods following the initial feeding had decreasing linear trends. That is, age at first feeding had an inverse effect on rate of absorption. A linear-by-linear interaction between amount fed and starting age as shown for all three classes. Only immunoglobulin IgM had a significant quadratic response for amount fed. Concentration of immunoglobulin in the pooled colostrums fed had no influence on rate of absorption. Evidence is that 2 liters of colostrum fed to Holstein calves may be optimum in the range studied for maximum pinocytotic activation of absorptive cells and maximum rate of absorption.", "PMID": 536484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6911", "title": "Endogenous production of immunoglobulin IgG1 in newborn calves.", "content": "There is a decrease in the specific activity of labeled IgG1 of serum over 3 wk following the feeding of iodine-125 labeled immunoglobulin IgG1 in colostrum to calves at birth. This decrease indicated the appearance of new IgG1 from some source. To determine if this new IgG1 came from endogenous production in the calf or from continued small amount of intestinal absorption from milk, labeled IgG1 was added to normal milk and fed to calves of various ages up to 3 wk after an initial feeding of colostrum at birth. Labeled IgG1 was also added to colostrum fed to calves at birth, and the calves were maintained on a normal milk diet or fed a synthetic milk diet. Determination of iodine-125 in the serum protein fractions of these calves indicated that there was no apparent intestinal absorption of labeled IgG1 from the milk in the period from 2 days to 3 wk. Furthermore, comparable decreases occurred in the specific activity of labeled IgG1 in serum in the calves fed the labeled IgG1 in colostrum at birth and subsequently maintained either on a diet including milk or on the synthetic milk diet devoid of IgG1. The results support the conclusion that the origin of new IgG1 in the calf after about 36 h and up to about 3 wk of age arises from endogenous production at a rate of about 1 g of IgG1 per day.", "contents": "Endogenous production of immunoglobulin IgG1 in newborn calves. There is a decrease in the specific activity of labeled IgG1 of serum over 3 wk following the feeding of iodine-125 labeled immunoglobulin IgG1 in colostrum to calves at birth. This decrease indicated the appearance of new IgG1 from some source. To determine if this new IgG1 came from endogenous production in the calf or from continued small amount of intestinal absorption from milk, labeled IgG1 was added to normal milk and fed to calves of various ages up to 3 wk after an initial feeding of colostrum at birth. Labeled IgG1 was also added to colostrum fed to calves at birth, and the calves were maintained on a normal milk diet or fed a synthetic milk diet. Determination of iodine-125 in the serum protein fractions of these calves indicated that there was no apparent intestinal absorption of labeled IgG1 from the milk in the period from 2 days to 3 wk. Furthermore, comparable decreases occurred in the specific activity of labeled IgG1 in serum in the calves fed the labeled IgG1 in colostrum at birth and subsequently maintained either on a diet including milk or on the synthetic milk diet devoid of IgG1. The results support the conclusion that the origin of new IgG1 in the calf after about 36 h and up to about 3 wk of age arises from endogenous production at a rate of about 1 g of IgG1 per day.", "PMID": 536485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6912", "title": "[Antigen HLA-B5 in Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 16 cases clinicaly diagnosed as Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome coming from various areas of Northern Greece, antigen HLA-B5 was found on 12, i.e. 75% instead of 18,5% in the normal population of the same areas (200 subjects were examined by Dr. Z. Polymenidis in this thesis). On 3 other cases the antigen found was HLA-BW35 (belonging to group C4), while on the last one the antigen was HLA-B27. 4 cases, suspicious for atypical Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome, are reported in which the discovery of antigen HLA-B5 inhanced the clinical diagnosis of the syndrome and made possible the early application of suitable treatment (steroids, immunosupressors).", "contents": "[Antigen HLA-B5 in Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome (author's transl)]. Among 16 cases clinicaly diagnosed as Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome coming from various areas of Northern Greece, antigen HLA-B5 was found on 12, i.e. 75% instead of 18,5% in the normal population of the same areas (200 subjects were examined by Dr. Z. Polymenidis in this thesis). On 3 other cases the antigen found was HLA-BW35 (belonging to group C4), while on the last one the antigen was HLA-B27. 4 cases, suspicious for atypical Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et syndrome, are reported in which the discovery of antigen HLA-B5 inhanced the clinical diagnosis of the syndrome and made possible the early application of suitable treatment (steroids, immunosupressors).", "PMID": 536572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6913", "title": "[Clinical value of electroretinographic tests in Parkinson's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the behaviour of the b wave in the ERG in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-Depa (Sinemet). The results demonstrated that a significant reduction of the voltage of the b wave coincides with a therapeutic overdose and side-effects of the neuropsychiatric type. The authors recommend, therefore, that a periodic ERG examination should be conducted in patients with Parkinson's disease during the course of treatment in order to prevent reactions from pharmacological overdosage.", "contents": "[Clinical value of electroretinographic tests in Parkinson's disease (author's transl)]. The authors studied the behaviour of the b wave in the ERG in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-Depa (Sinemet). The results demonstrated that a significant reduction of the voltage of the b wave coincides with a therapeutic overdose and side-effects of the neuropsychiatric type. The authors recommend, therefore, that a periodic ERG examination should be conducted in patients with Parkinson's disease during the course of treatment in order to prevent reactions from pharmacological overdosage.", "PMID": 536573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6914", "title": "[The drop of visual acuity with distance and visual fatigue (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a new apparatus which enables us to measure in a continual manner the visual acuity for any distance; we have found considerable changes in the acuity between 24 metres and 10 centimetres. A drop in the visual acuity was found at the near vision. From dioptric and non-dioptric factors, we have infered our interpretation, which touches the question of visual fatigue and near vision.", "contents": "[The drop of visual acuity with distance and visual fatigue (author's transl)]. Using a new apparatus which enables us to measure in a continual manner the visual acuity for any distance; we have found considerable changes in the acuity between 24 metres and 10 centimetres. A drop in the visual acuity was found at the near vision. From dioptric and non-dioptric factors, we have infered our interpretation, which touches the question of visual fatigue and near vision.", "PMID": 536574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6915", "title": "[Is the term \"blockage\" just? (author's transl)].", "content": "The word \"blockage\" appeared the last ten years. It designs altogether a syndrom, a symptom and a pathogenic theory of squint. This term is analysed and discussed. The definitions, more or less precise, vary with the authors. The clinical signs attributed to the blockage are, in fact, due to the importance of the deviation. The electro-oculographic semeiology derives also partially of the magnitude of the angle of strabismus. The notion of a hypothetical nystagmus does not help for the understanding of the pathogenis of squint. The \"faden operation\", difficult and therefore dangerous in some hands, is perhaps an acquisition for the treatment of peculiar cases of nystagmus or paralysis. It would have been possible to expose the facts clearly by using only the terms of spasm and contracture. The confusion brought by the term of \"blockage\" is perhaps counterbalanced by the development of researches on the surgery of the arc of contact and on electro-oculography.", "contents": "[Is the term \"blockage\" just? (author's transl)]. The word \"blockage\" appeared the last ten years. It designs altogether a syndrom, a symptom and a pathogenic theory of squint. This term is analysed and discussed. The definitions, more or less precise, vary with the authors. The clinical signs attributed to the blockage are, in fact, due to the importance of the deviation. The electro-oculographic semeiology derives also partially of the magnitude of the angle of strabismus. The notion of a hypothetical nystagmus does not help for the understanding of the pathogenis of squint. The \"faden operation\", difficult and therefore dangerous in some hands, is perhaps an acquisition for the treatment of peculiar cases of nystagmus or paralysis. It would have been possible to expose the facts clearly by using only the terms of spasm and contracture. The confusion brought by the term of \"blockage\" is perhaps counterbalanced by the development of researches on the surgery of the arc of contact and on electro-oculography.", "PMID": 536575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6916", "title": "[Congenital cataract in 1979 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors try to point out the question dealing with the surgery of congenital cataract in 1979. They remember the visual prognosis of congenital cataract according to its aetiology, as well as the best time to operate the child. The basic principles of the aspiration of this particular cataract are documented. Advantages and draw backs of each surgical procedure are presented.", "contents": "[Congenital cataract in 1979 (author's transl)]. The authors try to point out the question dealing with the surgery of congenital cataract in 1979. They remember the visual prognosis of congenital cataract according to its aetiology, as well as the best time to operate the child. The basic principles of the aspiration of this particular cataract are documented. Advantages and draw backs of each surgical procedure are presented.", "PMID": 536576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6917", "title": "Certain efferent cortical fiber pathways of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Three areas of responsive cortex were demonstrated by electrical stimulation in the gerbil. Low voltage stimulation of frontal areas yielded a sequential pattern of discrete contralateral movements. Proceeding from a rostroventral to a caudodorsal position facial movements were obtained followed by upper extremity, trunk and lower extremity movements. This area includes primary motor cortex (area 4) in the gerbil. A comparable rostrocaudal motor pattern was obtained by stimulation above the rhinal fissure (insular cortex) and also from certain parietal areas. Although the sequential motor pattern was obvious in these additional areas of excitable cortex, the movements were more generalized and slightly higher voltages were required to obtain satisfactory results. A series of destructive lesions were made in each of these cortial areas. Subsequent degeneration studies, using reduced silver techniques, revealed that frontal and parietal cortex gave rise to corticospinal fibers. In addition all three areas gave rise to fibers which coursed to certain extrapyramidal nuclei of the basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, and medullary reticular formation.", "contents": "Certain efferent cortical fiber pathways of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Three areas of responsive cortex were demonstrated by electrical stimulation in the gerbil. Low voltage stimulation of frontal areas yielded a sequential pattern of discrete contralateral movements. Proceeding from a rostroventral to a caudodorsal position facial movements were obtained followed by upper extremity, trunk and lower extremity movements. This area includes primary motor cortex (area 4) in the gerbil. A comparable rostrocaudal motor pattern was obtained by stimulation above the rhinal fissure (insular cortex) and also from certain parietal areas. Although the sequential motor pattern was obvious in these additional areas of excitable cortex, the movements were more generalized and slightly higher voltages were required to obtain satisfactory results. A series of destructive lesions were made in each of these cortial areas. Subsequent degeneration studies, using reduced silver techniques, revealed that frontal and parietal cortex gave rise to corticospinal fibers. In addition all three areas gave rise to fibers which coursed to certain extrapyramidal nuclei of the basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, and medullary reticular formation.", "PMID": 536583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6918", "title": "Klinefelter's syndrome in nontwin brothers and maternal XX/XXX mosaicism.", "content": "A case of two nontwin brothers, 19 and 17 years old, who had both Klinefelter's syndrome with a chromosomal mosaicism 46 XY/47 XXY, is reported here. The analysis of their mother's karyotype revealed a 46 XX/47 XXX mosaicism. It is hypothesized that the presence of an extra X chromosome in all three subjects could depend on the transmission of two X chromosomes from the mother to the sons or, less likely, on an increased liability to nondisjunction of the X chromosomes during one of the early mitotic divisions in the zygotes.", "contents": "Klinefelter's syndrome in nontwin brothers and maternal XX/XXX mosaicism. A case of two nontwin brothers, 19 and 17 years old, who had both Klinefelter's syndrome with a chromosomal mosaicism 46 XY/47 XXY, is reported here. The analysis of their mother's karyotype revealed a 46 XX/47 XXX mosaicism. It is hypothesized that the presence of an extra X chromosome in all three subjects could depend on the transmission of two X chromosomes from the mother to the sons or, less likely, on an increased liability to nondisjunction of the X chromosomes during one of the early mitotic divisions in the zygotes.", "PMID": 536579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6919", "title": "The regions of the fornix longus: a morphologic analysis.", "content": "The areas surrounding the fornix longus were examined using the rapid Golgi method, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Parasagittal Golgi impregnated sections revealed the neuronal configurations of the nuclei of the fornix longus. An interstitial nucleus within the fiber bundle and a bed nucleus were observed. They coursed from midline dorsal hippocampus and became continuous with caudal septal regions (notably septotriangularis). Neurons in the interstitial nucleus were spine-poor whereas bed nucleus neurons were spiny. Numerous axon collaterals were observed in the area. These gave rise to many apparent synaptic boutons. This intrinsic connectivity within the fornix longus was verified physiologically. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed the presence of AChE positive fibers traveling in both the bed nucleus and fornix longus. These fibers appeared to emanate from the regions of the diagonal band and formed a marked density in the bed nucleus. Also apparent was a striking midline density of AChE that forms a distinct midline fornix. All of these AChE positive fibers appeared to be related to the medial portions of the dorsal hippocampus from its septal pole to the dorsal psalterium. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into medial septal regions resulted in pick-up of the peroxidase in a specialized portion of hippocampus. Specifically, neurons were identified in the alvear portions of the midline dorsal hippocampus as well as in the alveus and stratum oriens (occasionally) of CA 3. It was concluded that the area of the fornix longus is situated in the mainstream of many incoming and outgoing hippocampal fiber systems. Because of this unique situation and the bi-directionality of the projections fibers of the area, the bed nucleus and interstitial nucleus of the fornix longus were postulated to play a crucial role in normal hippocampal processing.", "contents": "The regions of the fornix longus: a morphologic analysis. The areas surrounding the fornix longus were examined using the rapid Golgi method, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Parasagittal Golgi impregnated sections revealed the neuronal configurations of the nuclei of the fornix longus. An interstitial nucleus within the fiber bundle and a bed nucleus were observed. They coursed from midline dorsal hippocampus and became continuous with caudal septal regions (notably septotriangularis). Neurons in the interstitial nucleus were spine-poor whereas bed nucleus neurons were spiny. Numerous axon collaterals were observed in the area. These gave rise to many apparent synaptic boutons. This intrinsic connectivity within the fornix longus was verified physiologically. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed the presence of AChE positive fibers traveling in both the bed nucleus and fornix longus. These fibers appeared to emanate from the regions of the diagonal band and formed a marked density in the bed nucleus. Also apparent was a striking midline density of AChE that forms a distinct midline fornix. All of these AChE positive fibers appeared to be related to the medial portions of the dorsal hippocampus from its septal pole to the dorsal psalterium. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into medial septal regions resulted in pick-up of the peroxidase in a specialized portion of hippocampus. Specifically, neurons were identified in the alvear portions of the midline dorsal hippocampus as well as in the alveus and stratum oriens (occasionally) of CA 3. It was concluded that the area of the fornix longus is situated in the mainstream of many incoming and outgoing hippocampal fiber systems. Because of this unique situation and the bi-directionality of the projections fibers of the area, the bed nucleus and interstitial nucleus of the fornix longus were postulated to play a crucial role in normal hippocampal processing.", "PMID": 536586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6920", "title": "Experimental study on the nervous connections of some diencephalic and mesencephalic nuclei in Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "This work is carried out by analysing the retrograde and transneuronal retrograde degenerations appeared following a total or partial unilateral removal of the optical lobe, in Coturnix coturnix japonica newborn and adult specimens. By means of this technique we are able to contribute new information on the so far unknown nervous relationships between several mesencephalic (IO, SP+IPS, TP, PT and SpL) and diencephalic (SPC, DSOD, Rt, GLv, DLAmc and LA) nuclei and the optical tectum; we also give information, when it is possible, about the preferential target field on the optical tectum, and about the significance of the different degenerational behaviours of the thalamic GLv and DLAmc nuclei in newborn and adult subjects.", "contents": "Experimental study on the nervous connections of some diencephalic and mesencephalic nuclei in Coturnix coturnix japonica. This work is carried out by analysing the retrograde and transneuronal retrograde degenerations appeared following a total or partial unilateral removal of the optical lobe, in Coturnix coturnix japonica newborn and adult specimens. By means of this technique we are able to contribute new information on the so far unknown nervous relationships between several mesencephalic (IO, SP+IPS, TP, PT and SpL) and diencephalic (SPC, DSOD, Rt, GLv, DLAmc and LA) nuclei and the optical tectum; we also give information, when it is possible, about the preferential target field on the optical tectum, and about the significance of the different degenerational behaviours of the thalamic GLv and DLAmc nuclei in newborn and adult subjects.", "PMID": 536587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6921", "title": "Circadian rhythms of anterior pituitary hormone secretion: effects of dexamethasone.", "content": "Circadian rhythms of hormone secretion are by now well recognized but there are limited data available to compare such rhythms of multiple hormones in individual subjects. Therefore concentrations of serum thyrotropin (TSH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3) and prolactin (PRL) were determined in blood samples from six healthy males over periods of 24 hours. A circadian periodicity was identified for cortisol, GH, PRL and TSH; maximum concentrations for TSH and PRL occurred at dissimilar times, namely respectively before and after the GH peak. Maximum TSH coincided with nadir values forplasma cortisol. Dexamethasone administration (3 mg over 36 hours) lowered serum T3 concentration and abolished TSH periodicity without affecting the PRL rhythm. These data suggest that a) nocturnal TSH and PRL maximum levels do not have common mediation; b) there may be an inverse relationship between cortisol and TSH, and c) glucocorticoids at low doses preferentially affect secretion of thyrotropin.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of anterior pituitary hormone secretion: effects of dexamethasone. Circadian rhythms of hormone secretion are by now well recognized but there are limited data available to compare such rhythms of multiple hormones in individual subjects. Therefore concentrations of serum thyrotropin (TSH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3) and prolactin (PRL) were determined in blood samples from six healthy males over periods of 24 hours. A circadian periodicity was identified for cortisol, GH, PRL and TSH; maximum concentrations for TSH and PRL occurred at dissimilar times, namely respectively before and after the GH peak. Maximum TSH coincided with nadir values forplasma cortisol. Dexamethasone administration (3 mg over 36 hours) lowered serum T3 concentration and abolished TSH periodicity without affecting the PRL rhythm. These data suggest that a) nocturnal TSH and PRL maximum levels do not have common mediation; b) there may be an inverse relationship between cortisol and TSH, and c) glucocorticoids at low doses preferentially affect secretion of thyrotropin.", "PMID": 536580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6922", "title": "The spinal cervical way of afferent innervation of the tongue motor apparatus. An experimental investigation in the dog.", "content": "The studies were performed on 24 young, adult dogs. In 16 of the animals sections were made of the descending ramus of the hypoglossal nerve and of the stem of the hypoglossal nerve at various levels: at the base of the skull (superior hypoglossectomy), proximally from the descending ramus (middle hypoglosectomy), and at the entrance to the tongue (inferior hypoglossectomy). Phantom operations were performed in 4 animals and material from 4 others (not operated on) was used for control purposes. The post-operative survival rate ranged from 10 to 29 days. In all 4 cases rostral spinal cervical ganglia were collected. In half of the cases the materials were stained with cresyl violet and further quantitative and qualitative studies of retrograde neuronal changes were performed. The remaining half of the material, prepared with Gomori method on acid phosphatase, was subject to statistical analysis of the degree of acid phosphatase activity. The increase or decrease in number of neurons of definite degree of activity was taken as an index of the increase or decrease of enzymatic activity. As a result of transection of the hypoglossal nerve and its descending ramus, in cresyl violet material, qualitative and quantitative degenerative changes were found in dorsal root ganglia C1 to C3 on the operated side. It was also found that corresponding to the tigrolytic changes in the neurons of the above mentioned ganglia there was an increase of activity for acid phosphatase. The same kinds of changes were found in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3 after transection of the hypoglossal nerve at the entrance to the muscles of the tongue. These results lead the authors to suggest that the tongue motor apparatus receives afferent innervation from neurons locates homolaterally in spinal ganglia C2 and C3.", "contents": "The spinal cervical way of afferent innervation of the tongue motor apparatus. An experimental investigation in the dog. The studies were performed on 24 young, adult dogs. In 16 of the animals sections were made of the descending ramus of the hypoglossal nerve and of the stem of the hypoglossal nerve at various levels: at the base of the skull (superior hypoglossectomy), proximally from the descending ramus (middle hypoglosectomy), and at the entrance to the tongue (inferior hypoglossectomy). Phantom operations were performed in 4 animals and material from 4 others (not operated on) was used for control purposes. The post-operative survival rate ranged from 10 to 29 days. In all 4 cases rostral spinal cervical ganglia were collected. In half of the cases the materials were stained with cresyl violet and further quantitative and qualitative studies of retrograde neuronal changes were performed. The remaining half of the material, prepared with Gomori method on acid phosphatase, was subject to statistical analysis of the degree of acid phosphatase activity. The increase or decrease in number of neurons of definite degree of activity was taken as an index of the increase or decrease of enzymatic activity. As a result of transection of the hypoglossal nerve and its descending ramus, in cresyl violet material, qualitative and quantitative degenerative changes were found in dorsal root ganglia C1 to C3 on the operated side. It was also found that corresponding to the tigrolytic changes in the neurons of the above mentioned ganglia there was an increase of activity for acid phosphatase. The same kinds of changes were found in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3 after transection of the hypoglossal nerve at the entrance to the muscles of the tongue. These results lead the authors to suggest that the tongue motor apparatus receives afferent innervation from neurons locates homolaterally in spinal ganglia C2 and C3.", "PMID": 536588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6923", "title": "Enhancement by glucocorticoid deficiency of the increase in cycloleucine accumulation induced in rat thymocytes by triiodothyronine.", "content": "In previous studies, we have demonstrated that 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), either added to suspended media in vitro or injected acutely in vivo, increases the in vitro accumulation of the non-metabolized amino acid cycloleucine (CLE) by thymocytes harvested from weanling rats. We now report that this reponse is greatly enhanced by prior adrenalectomy of the donor rat. In vitro, a significant increase in CLE accumulation in thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats was induced by T3 at a concentration of 1 x 10-10 M, while a concentration of 1 x 10-6 M was required to produce a similar and significant effect in thymocytes from intact animals. In adrenalectomized animals, a single iv dose of T3 (0.5 microgram/100 G bw) significantly increased the in vitro accumulation of CLE in thymocytes harvested two hours later. In contrast, ten-times that dose was ineffective in control animals. Increased sensitivity to T3 was abolished by physiological replacement doses of hydrocortisone. The data are consistent with the well-known opposing effects of physiological levels of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones on the growth and function of lymphoid tissue in vivo and, together with other findings, suggest that thyroid hormones modulate the cellular accumulation of amino acids in the intact animal.", "contents": "Enhancement by glucocorticoid deficiency of the increase in cycloleucine accumulation induced in rat thymocytes by triiodothyronine. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), either added to suspended media in vitro or injected acutely in vivo, increases the in vitro accumulation of the non-metabolized amino acid cycloleucine (CLE) by thymocytes harvested from weanling rats. We now report that this reponse is greatly enhanced by prior adrenalectomy of the donor rat. In vitro, a significant increase in CLE accumulation in thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats was induced by T3 at a concentration of 1 x 10-10 M, while a concentration of 1 x 10-6 M was required to produce a similar and significant effect in thymocytes from intact animals. In adrenalectomized animals, a single iv dose of T3 (0.5 microgram/100 G bw) significantly increased the in vitro accumulation of CLE in thymocytes harvested two hours later. In contrast, ten-times that dose was ineffective in control animals. Increased sensitivity to T3 was abolished by physiological replacement doses of hydrocortisone. The data are consistent with the well-known opposing effects of physiological levels of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones on the growth and function of lymphoid tissue in vivo and, together with other findings, suggest that thyroid hormones modulate the cellular accumulation of amino acids in the intact animal.", "PMID": 536581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6924", "title": "Comparative characterization of the basic forebrain cortical zones in Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus) and Testudo horsfieldi (Gray).", "content": "The neuronal and synaptic organization of forebrain basic cortical zones in Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis and their dendritic spines have been studied using Nissle, Golgi and electron microscopic methods. It has been shown by comparison of the results that the two spicies have marked differences in the structural organization of the forebrain cortical zones. The cortical formation in Testudo horsfieldi is different from that of Emys orbicularis in a greater diversity of neuronal types, smaller size of neurons, smaller cell density in each cortical zones, the presence of horizontal dendritic terminals in dorsomedial dorsal cortex, the absence of the large neurons in dorsomedial medial cortex, ect. Moreover, in both species the dorsomedial dorsal cortex in comparison with medial and lateral cortex is characterized by a marked complexity of the structural organization (diverse neuronal composition, the presence of the stellate cells, the highest cell density, the smallest neuronal size). The investigation of spines in the different dendritic levels (proximal, middle and distal) of neurons in three cortical basic zones has been shown that in both species it has been observed the tendency to increasing of the spine density from proximal to distal part of dendrite. at all dendritic levels noninvaginated forms of spines predominated. Invaginated spines were recorded at the proximal and middle levels of dendrites and contain more organelles and inclusions than noninvaginated spines. In Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis differences of spine thin structure and spine density in the cortical basic zones were revealed. Moreover, in both species the spines of dorsomedial dorsal cortex were more numerous, more variable in shape, more abundant in organelles. It was there that a bush-like distribution of spines was found which in evidently a special form of synaptic organization of cortical neurons. The above features of this cortical zone indicates a higher degree of differentiation, suggesting that the dorsomedial dorsal cortex is phylogenetic youth as compared with hippocampus and lobus pyriformis.", "contents": "Comparative characterization of the basic forebrain cortical zones in Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus) and Testudo horsfieldi (Gray). The neuronal and synaptic organization of forebrain basic cortical zones in Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis and their dendritic spines have been studied using Nissle, Golgi and electron microscopic methods. It has been shown by comparison of the results that the two spicies have marked differences in the structural organization of the forebrain cortical zones. The cortical formation in Testudo horsfieldi is different from that of Emys orbicularis in a greater diversity of neuronal types, smaller size of neurons, smaller cell density in each cortical zones, the presence of horizontal dendritic terminals in dorsomedial dorsal cortex, the absence of the large neurons in dorsomedial medial cortex, ect. Moreover, in both species the dorsomedial dorsal cortex in comparison with medial and lateral cortex is characterized by a marked complexity of the structural organization (diverse neuronal composition, the presence of the stellate cells, the highest cell density, the smallest neuronal size). The investigation of spines in the different dendritic levels (proximal, middle and distal) of neurons in three cortical basic zones has been shown that in both species it has been observed the tendency to increasing of the spine density from proximal to distal part of dendrite. at all dendritic levels noninvaginated forms of spines predominated. Invaginated spines were recorded at the proximal and middle levels of dendrites and contain more organelles and inclusions than noninvaginated spines. In Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis differences of spine thin structure and spine density in the cortical basic zones were revealed. Moreover, in both species the spines of dorsomedial dorsal cortex were more numerous, more variable in shape, more abundant in organelles. It was there that a bush-like distribution of spines was found which in evidently a special form of synaptic organization of cortical neurons. The above features of this cortical zone indicates a higher degree of differentiation, suggesting that the dorsomedial dorsal cortex is phylogenetic youth as compared with hippocampus and lobus pyriformis.", "PMID": 536589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6925", "title": "[The structure of the neostriatum in the rat].", "content": "The neostriatum of the adult rat was investigated by means of the Golgi-rapid-impregnation technique. The fasciculi of the capsula interna which are embraced by the dendrites of the spiny neurons in a rank-like manner represent the structural framework of this brain region. The cellular population of the neostriatum is composed of at least five morphologically different neuron types: 1) Spiny neurons which by far outnumber the other types; 2) Few spiny neurons; 3) Large spiny neurons (giant neurons); 4) Small sized aspiny neurons; 5) Spider shaped aspiny neurons. The spiny neurons (type 1 neurons) and the small sized aspiny neurons (type 4 neurons) are considered to be striatal interneurons; the large sized aspiny neurons (type 3 neurons, giant neurons) and the spider-shaped aspiny neurons (type 5 neurons) are suggested to be striatal efferent neurons. The functional correlation of the few spiny neurons (type 2 neurons) is not possible as yet. A dense fiber plexus extends throughout the neostriatum unubiquitously. The axon type which appears to be distinctive according to morphological criteria - fine varicose axons, so called beaded axons - is supposed to be the terminals of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. The heavily impregnated aggregations which are characteristic of the striatum after using the Golgi-rapid-treatment are thought to represent conglomerations consisting of neurons, glial cells and beaded afferent fibers.", "contents": "[The structure of the neostriatum in the rat]. The neostriatum of the adult rat was investigated by means of the Golgi-rapid-impregnation technique. The fasciculi of the capsula interna which are embraced by the dendrites of the spiny neurons in a rank-like manner represent the structural framework of this brain region. The cellular population of the neostriatum is composed of at least five morphologically different neuron types: 1) Spiny neurons which by far outnumber the other types; 2) Few spiny neurons; 3) Large spiny neurons (giant neurons); 4) Small sized aspiny neurons; 5) Spider shaped aspiny neurons. The spiny neurons (type 1 neurons) and the small sized aspiny neurons (type 4 neurons) are considered to be striatal interneurons; the large sized aspiny neurons (type 3 neurons, giant neurons) and the spider-shaped aspiny neurons (type 5 neurons) are suggested to be striatal efferent neurons. The functional correlation of the few spiny neurons (type 2 neurons) is not possible as yet. A dense fiber plexus extends throughout the neostriatum unubiquitously. The axon type which appears to be distinctive according to morphological criteria - fine varicose axons, so called beaded axons - is supposed to be the terminals of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. The heavily impregnated aggregations which are characteristic of the striatum after using the Golgi-rapid-treatment are thought to represent conglomerations consisting of neurons, glial cells and beaded afferent fibers.", "PMID": 536592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6926", "title": "The origin of reticulospinal fibers in the rat: a HRP study.", "content": "The distribution as well as morphological characteristics of brain stem reticular neurons projecting to spinal cord both of aminergic and non-aminergic natures in the rat was investigated by means of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. For the identification of aminergic neurons, a combination of HRP technique and monoamine-oxidase staining as well as a pretreatment of 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) was applied. Following the injection of HRP to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar cord, a remarkable number of neurons in the nuclei reticularis ventralis (rv), reticularis lateralis (RI; Meesen & Olszewski), reticularis gigantocellularis, reticularis pontis caudalis, reticularis pontis oralis (rpo), and a small number of cells in the nucleus reticularis dorsalis dorsalis as well as the mesencephalic reticular nuclei were found to be labeled. In the case of cervical injection, HRP labeled cells were also found in the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, adjacent to the nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini oralis, in which labeled neurons were observed. Within Rl, ventral division of rv and lateral part of rpo, the labeled noradrenaline neurons in A 1, 3 and 7, respectively, were found intermingled with the non-aminergic labeled neurons. Many neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (ram), obscurus (rao) and pallidus (rap) were labeled. From the fact that there was a marked decrease in the number of the labeled cells in rao, rap, and a slight decrease in ram after 5,6-DHT treatment, it was suggested that the majority of labeled cells in rao, rap and a partial number of labeled cells in ram are serotonergic.", "contents": "The origin of reticulospinal fibers in the rat: a HRP study. The distribution as well as morphological characteristics of brain stem reticular neurons projecting to spinal cord both of aminergic and non-aminergic natures in the rat was investigated by means of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. For the identification of aminergic neurons, a combination of HRP technique and monoamine-oxidase staining as well as a pretreatment of 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) was applied. Following the injection of HRP to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar cord, a remarkable number of neurons in the nuclei reticularis ventralis (rv), reticularis lateralis (RI; Meesen & Olszewski), reticularis gigantocellularis, reticularis pontis caudalis, reticularis pontis oralis (rpo), and a small number of cells in the nucleus reticularis dorsalis dorsalis as well as the mesencephalic reticular nuclei were found to be labeled. In the case of cervical injection, HRP labeled cells were also found in the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, adjacent to the nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini oralis, in which labeled neurons were observed. Within Rl, ventral division of rv and lateral part of rpo, the labeled noradrenaline neurons in A 1, 3 and 7, respectively, were found intermingled with the non-aminergic labeled neurons. Many neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (ram), obscurus (rao) and pallidus (rap) were labeled. From the fact that there was a marked decrease in the number of the labeled cells in rao, rap, and a slight decrease in ram after 5,6-DHT treatment, it was suggested that the majority of labeled cells in rao, rap and a partial number of labeled cells in ram are serotonergic.", "PMID": 536593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6927", "title": "Interaction between theophylline and oestrogen in the rat uterus.", "content": "Theophylline alone or in the presence of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 microgram oestradiol-17 beta/100 g body wt increase uterine RNA and protein content 6 h after administration. Uterine oedema induced by physiological doses of oestradiol-17 beta was increased further in the presence of theophylline. Theophylline decreased the number of eosinophils in the blood and concurrently decreased oestrogen-induced uterine oesinophilia at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 30 micrograms oestradiol-17 beta/100 g body wt. Oestrogen binding by uterine eosinophils in vitro increased in the presence of theophylline. This effect of theophylline could explain the increase of oestrogen-induced uterine oedema in vivo.", "contents": "Interaction between theophylline and oestrogen in the rat uterus. Theophylline alone or in the presence of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 microgram oestradiol-17 beta/100 g body wt increase uterine RNA and protein content 6 h after administration. Uterine oedema induced by physiological doses of oestradiol-17 beta was increased further in the presence of theophylline. Theophylline decreased the number of eosinophils in the blood and concurrently decreased oestrogen-induced uterine oesinophilia at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 30 micrograms oestradiol-17 beta/100 g body wt. Oestrogen binding by uterine eosinophils in vitro increased in the presence of theophylline. This effect of theophylline could explain the increase of oestrogen-induced uterine oedema in vivo.", "PMID": 536665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6928", "title": "Biological and binding activities of equine pituitary gonadotrophins and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin.", "content": "The biological and binding activities of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) were compared with those of highly purified FSH and LH from the pituitary gland of the same species. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin showed activity in bioassays considered to be specific for both FSH (e.g. the Steelman-Pohley ovarian augmentation test and cyclic AMP production by rat seminiferous tubules) and LH(androgen production by rat Leydig cells), as well as activity in a variety of radioreceptor assay systems previously considered to be specific for one of the two types of gonadotrophin. The potency of PMSG was high compared with that of purified ovine FSH or LH standards in all assays but PMSG was considerably less active than equine FSH and LH in vitro. In radioreceptor assays employing rat, pig and horse tissues, the activity of PMSG was equivalent to only 1--5% of equine FSH in competing for FSH-binding sites and only 3--35% of equine LH in competing for LH-binding sites. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin was least active in homologous binding assays with horse testis and equine LH as radioligand. In the rat Leydig cell bioassay, the activity of PMSG was only 2.0% that of equine LH. Furthermore, in some assays equine LH was found to resemble PMSG in exhibiting a high degree of FSH-like activity that could not be accounted for by cross-contamination. The FSH immunoactivity of equine LH was less than 0.5% that of equine FSH, but equine LH was up to 63% as potent as equine FSH in competition for FSH-binding sites and it was 20% as active in the Steelman-Pohley ovarian augmentation bioassay. Equine LH did not, however, show the expected activity in the cyclic AMP production bioassay. Thus, the FSH-binding sites and physiological receptors may not be identical. Overall, comparison of PMSG with pituitary gonadotrophins from homologous species shows that the apparent dual activity of PMSG may not be a unique feature of this pregnancy hormone since equine LH also exhibits some FSH activities. The chemical resemblance between PMSG and equine LH is noteworthy in this regard.", "contents": "Biological and binding activities of equine pituitary gonadotrophins and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. The biological and binding activities of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) were compared with those of highly purified FSH and LH from the pituitary gland of the same species. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin showed activity in bioassays considered to be specific for both FSH (e.g. the Steelman-Pohley ovarian augmentation test and cyclic AMP production by rat seminiferous tubules) and LH(androgen production by rat Leydig cells), as well as activity in a variety of radioreceptor assay systems previously considered to be specific for one of the two types of gonadotrophin. The potency of PMSG was high compared with that of purified ovine FSH or LH standards in all assays but PMSG was considerably less active than equine FSH and LH in vitro. In radioreceptor assays employing rat, pig and horse tissues, the activity of PMSG was equivalent to only 1--5% of equine FSH in competing for FSH-binding sites and only 3--35% of equine LH in competing for LH-binding sites. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin was least active in homologous binding assays with horse testis and equine LH as radioligand. In the rat Leydig cell bioassay, the activity of PMSG was only 2.0% that of equine LH. Furthermore, in some assays equine LH was found to resemble PMSG in exhibiting a high degree of FSH-like activity that could not be accounted for by cross-contamination. The FSH immunoactivity of equine LH was less than 0.5% that of equine FSH, but equine LH was up to 63% as potent as equine FSH in competition for FSH-binding sites and it was 20% as active in the Steelman-Pohley ovarian augmentation bioassay. Equine LH did not, however, show the expected activity in the cyclic AMP production bioassay. Thus, the FSH-binding sites and physiological receptors may not be identical. Overall, comparison of PMSG with pituitary gonadotrophins from homologous species shows that the apparent dual activity of PMSG may not be a unique feature of this pregnancy hormone since equine LH also exhibits some FSH activities. The chemical resemblance between PMSG and equine LH is noteworthy in this regard.", "PMID": 536667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6929", "title": "Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in the plasma or hemicastrated cockerels.", "content": "The concentrations of LH in plasma were measured, using a radioimmunoassay, during sexual development of intact cockerels and cockerels hemicastrated at 2 weeks of age. The pattern of LH secretion during maturation was characterized by a series of at least four consistently observed periods of rising and falling blood levels of the hormone. Levels of luteinizing hormone were higher in hemicastrated than in intact cockerels between 2 and 4 weeks after the operation (4--6 weeks of age) and then fell to values below those seen in intact cockerels between 8 and 11 weeks of age. Thereafter, until 28 weeks of age, levels of LH in plasma in both hemicastrated and intact birds were similar. The transient changes in LH concentration after hemicastration were thought to be a direct consequence of an alteration in the concentration of testicular steroids in the blood after the removal of one gonad.", "contents": "Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in the plasma or hemicastrated cockerels. The concentrations of LH in plasma were measured, using a radioimmunoassay, during sexual development of intact cockerels and cockerels hemicastrated at 2 weeks of age. The pattern of LH secretion during maturation was characterized by a series of at least four consistently observed periods of rising and falling blood levels of the hormone. Levels of luteinizing hormone were higher in hemicastrated than in intact cockerels between 2 and 4 weeks after the operation (4--6 weeks of age) and then fell to values below those seen in intact cockerels between 8 and 11 weeks of age. Thereafter, until 28 weeks of age, levels of LH in plasma in both hemicastrated and intact birds were similar. The transient changes in LH concentration after hemicastration were thought to be a direct consequence of an alteration in the concentration of testicular steroids in the blood after the removal of one gonad.", "PMID": 536668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6930", "title": "Determination of tamoxifen and an hydroxylated metabolite in plasma from patients with advanced breast cancer using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "An assay has been established for the selective measurement of tamoxifen and its monohydroxy derivative, metabolite B, in human plasma. The assay was used to examine the concentrations of these compounds, relative to oestradiol-17 beta, in the plasma of patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy for advanced breast cancer. Oral administration of the drug (20 mg twice a day) raised the level of tamoxifen in plasma to approximately 200 ng/ml 20 days after the commencement of treatment. This level was 3000-fold higher than the corresponding concentration of oestradiol which remained within the range for post-menopausal women. Metabolite B was present in plasma at a much lower concentration than tamoxifen although in considerable excess over oestradiol. The overall results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of the drug.", "contents": "Determination of tamoxifen and an hydroxylated metabolite in plasma from patients with advanced breast cancer using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An assay has been established for the selective measurement of tamoxifen and its monohydroxy derivative, metabolite B, in human plasma. The assay was used to examine the concentrations of these compounds, relative to oestradiol-17 beta, in the plasma of patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy for advanced breast cancer. Oral administration of the drug (20 mg twice a day) raised the level of tamoxifen in plasma to approximately 200 ng/ml 20 days after the commencement of treatment. This level was 3000-fold higher than the corresponding concentration of oestradiol which remained within the range for post-menopausal women. Metabolite B was present in plasma at a much lower concentration than tamoxifen although in considerable excess over oestradiol. The overall results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of the drug.", "PMID": 536670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6931", "title": "Genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis in Orkney.", "content": "In a family study of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Orkney, the number of inbred among patients, although high for Britain, is not higher than the number among controls, and the inbreeding coefficients appear to eliminate recessive involvement of rare genes from the aetiology. The kinship coefficients show that the ancestries of patients and controls are closely enmeshed, and eliminate from the aetiology involvement of recently introduced genes dominant or codominant in effect. Family histories show that single locus inheritance is unlikely unless penetrance is very low. Multifactorial genetic involvement is much more likely, and it is compatible with all recent findings; on this hypothesis heritability estimates, not altogether satisfactory because of the limited number of patients in the population, suggest that the genetic contribution to the aetiology of the disease in Orkney is only moderate.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis in Orkney. In a family study of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Orkney, the number of inbred among patients, although high for Britain, is not higher than the number among controls, and the inbreeding coefficients appear to eliminate recessive involvement of rare genes from the aetiology. The kinship coefficients show that the ancestries of patients and controls are closely enmeshed, and eliminate from the aetiology involvement of recently introduced genes dominant or codominant in effect. Family histories show that single locus inheritance is unlikely unless penetrance is very low. Multifactorial genetic involvement is much more likely, and it is compatible with all recent findings; on this hypothesis heritability estimates, not altogether satisfactory because of the limited number of patients in the population, suggest that the genetic contribution to the aetiology of the disease in Orkney is only moderate.", "PMID": 536671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6932", "title": "Ischaemic heart disease mortality risks for smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "Although many studies have shown that smoking is associated with an increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and that the increase appears to vary with age and amount smoked, there has been little formal specification or estimation of the relationship. In this paper two alternative models are tested, using data for different ages and levels of smoking from four major studies in three countries. One model explains 80% of the variation in mortality in terms of a positive linear function of the number of cigerettes smoked, the parameters of which decrease with age. We estimate that every cigerette smoked per day increases the risk of dying from IHD by as much as 35% at ages 35 to 44, reducing to 2% at ages 65 to 74. The risk attributable to smoking may account for more than 80% of IHD deaths of men aged 35 to 44, and 27% of those of men aged 45 to 64. Although the relative risk is highest for younger age groups, the absolute risk of death from IHD that is attributable to smoking increases with age. The evidence suggests that both are increasing with time.", "contents": "Ischaemic heart disease mortality risks for smokers and non-smokers. Although many studies have shown that smoking is associated with an increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and that the increase appears to vary with age and amount smoked, there has been little formal specification or estimation of the relationship. In this paper two alternative models are tested, using data for different ages and levels of smoking from four major studies in three countries. One model explains 80% of the variation in mortality in terms of a positive linear function of the number of cigerettes smoked, the parameters of which decrease with age. We estimate that every cigerette smoked per day increases the risk of dying from IHD by as much as 35% at ages 35 to 44, reducing to 2% at ages 65 to 74. The risk attributable to smoking may account for more than 80% of IHD deaths of men aged 35 to 44, and 27% of those of men aged 45 to 64. Although the relative risk is highest for younger age groups, the absolute risk of death from IHD that is attributable to smoking increases with age. The evidence suggests that both are increasing with time.", "PMID": 536672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6933", "title": "The influence of obstetric procedures and social and cultural factors on breast-feeding rates at discharge from hospital.", "content": "The influence of obstetric factors on breast-feeding rates at discharge from St. Thomas's Hospital in 1969 and 1970 has been examined in 1356 primiparous mothers delivering healthy babies. Induction of labour and assisted delivery were significantly associated with lower breast-feeding rates. The association could not be explained by differences in social class, country of origin, birthweight, anaesthesia in labour, or medical reasons for induction and assisted delivery. The most likely explanation is that induction and assisted delivery are associated with delay in starting breast-feeding. However, trends in obstetric management of labour and delivery are unlikely to have a large influence on the incidence of breast-feeding compared with the influence of social and cultural factors.", "contents": "The influence of obstetric procedures and social and cultural factors on breast-feeding rates at discharge from hospital. The influence of obstetric factors on breast-feeding rates at discharge from St. Thomas's Hospital in 1969 and 1970 has been examined in 1356 primiparous mothers delivering healthy babies. Induction of labour and assisted delivery were significantly associated with lower breast-feeding rates. The association could not be explained by differences in social class, country of origin, birthweight, anaesthesia in labour, or medical reasons for induction and assisted delivery. The most likely explanation is that induction and assisted delivery are associated with delay in starting breast-feeding. However, trends in obstetric management of labour and delivery are unlikely to have a large influence on the incidence of breast-feeding compared with the influence of social and cultural factors.", "PMID": 536673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6934", "title": "Selective screening: theory and practice based on high-risk groups of cervical cancer.", "content": "Using data taken from the organised mass screening system in Finland, risk indicators of cervical cancer were identified in order to define a high-risk group which could then be used for selective screening of cervical cancer. Single risk factors classified at best 39% of the cases into a high-risk group of 8%. A combination of risk factors by different statistical methods was applied, but the results were essentially the same. In order to find a high-risk group small enough to yield a reduction in costs, the number of cases originating from the low-risk group was increased. Theoretical calculations showed that for selective screening to be effective, the risk of disease in the high-risk group relative to that in the low-risk group must be greater than that implied by current knowledge of cervical cancer epidemiology. It was concluded that selective screening has only a limited applicability.", "contents": "Selective screening: theory and practice based on high-risk groups of cervical cancer. Using data taken from the organised mass screening system in Finland, risk indicators of cervical cancer were identified in order to define a high-risk group which could then be used for selective screening of cervical cancer. Single risk factors classified at best 39% of the cases into a high-risk group of 8%. A combination of risk factors by different statistical methods was applied, but the results were essentially the same. In order to find a high-risk group small enough to yield a reduction in costs, the number of cases originating from the low-risk group was increased. Theoretical calculations showed that for selective screening to be effective, the risk of disease in the high-risk group relative to that in the low-risk group must be greater than that implied by current knowledge of cervical cancer epidemiology. It was concluded that selective screening has only a limited applicability.", "PMID": 536674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6935", "title": "Nurses in the community: a manpower study.", "content": "High priority is at present being given to the expansion of health visiting and home nursing services as part of the change of emphasis from institutional to community care. The aim of this study was to provide nurse managers in two regional health authorities with basic information about community nurses with could be used for service planning and development. The results of the study emphasise the particular problems of staffing the community nursing service in inner London, where home nurse and health visitors are younger, more recently appointed, and relatively less experienced than staff in other parts of the regions. High turnover rates and chronic recruitment difficulties in inner London prevent nurse managers from maintaining both the level and the quality of the services they aim to provide. Until these problems are remedied there is little prospect of achieving any significant shift in the balance of care in inner London.", "contents": "Nurses in the community: a manpower study. High priority is at present being given to the expansion of health visiting and home nursing services as part of the change of emphasis from institutional to community care. The aim of this study was to provide nurse managers in two regional health authorities with basic information about community nurses with could be used for service planning and development. The results of the study emphasise the particular problems of staffing the community nursing service in inner London, where home nurse and health visitors are younger, more recently appointed, and relatively less experienced than staff in other parts of the regions. High turnover rates and chronic recruitment difficulties in inner London prevent nurse managers from maintaining both the level and the quality of the services they aim to provide. Until these problems are remedied there is little prospect of achieving any significant shift in the balance of care in inner London.", "PMID": 536675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6936", "title": "Factors in child burn and scald accidents in Bradford 1969-73.", "content": "A study has been undertaken of burn and scald accidents to children in Bradford. In the first part, 1577 accidents treated in the Bradford Royal Infirmary between 1969 and 1973 were analysed by city ward of residence of the patient and these were correlated with 14 social and demographic characteristics of the wards. A correlation was found between burn and scald accidents and New Commonwealth immigrants and overcrowing. In the second part, 78 families at the burns clinic were interviewed. Similar patterns to those in the larger study were found. Although clinical impressions emerged concerning the details of the accidents the interviews did not provide any explanation for the main findings.", "contents": "Factors in child burn and scald accidents in Bradford 1969-73. A study has been undertaken of burn and scald accidents to children in Bradford. In the first part, 1577 accidents treated in the Bradford Royal Infirmary between 1969 and 1973 were analysed by city ward of residence of the patient and these were correlated with 14 social and demographic characteristics of the wards. A correlation was found between burn and scald accidents and New Commonwealth immigrants and overcrowing. In the second part, 78 families at the burns clinic were interviewed. Similar patterns to those in the larger study were found. Although clinical impressions emerged concerning the details of the accidents the interviews did not provide any explanation for the main findings.", "PMID": 536676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6937", "title": "The influence of some correlates of blood pressure on its distribution in an Indian rural community.", "content": "A door-to-door investigation of casual blood pressure (BP) was carried out in 1325 adults in an Indian rural community to study its distribution and the influence on BP levels of some correlative factors--namely, age, sex, weight, build, and socioeconomic status. Systolic and diastolic levels of BP rose with increasing age, weight, and build. However, the socioeconomic status of respondents did not significantly influence their BP levels. After the age of 40, women had considerably higher levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) than men. Evidence was found of multimodality, espically in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) distributions. The need is emphasised for an extensive investigation to obtain more accurate and generalised results, utilising the technique of blood pressure measurement recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1959).", "contents": "The influence of some correlates of blood pressure on its distribution in an Indian rural community. A door-to-door investigation of casual blood pressure (BP) was carried out in 1325 adults in an Indian rural community to study its distribution and the influence on BP levels of some correlative factors--namely, age, sex, weight, build, and socioeconomic status. Systolic and diastolic levels of BP rose with increasing age, weight, and build. However, the socioeconomic status of respondents did not significantly influence their BP levels. After the age of 40, women had considerably higher levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) than men. Evidence was found of multimodality, espically in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) distributions. The need is emphasised for an extensive investigation to obtain more accurate and generalised results, utilising the technique of blood pressure measurement recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1959).", "PMID": 536677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6938", "title": "Follow-up studies on the distribution of haemoglobin levels in female farm workers.", "content": "Haemoglobin concentrations in about 1000 women agricultural workers in Japan were measured every year, except in 1972, during the period 1967-77. Improvements were noted in the course of this investigation, and these were predominantly associated with the fact that those in the study community began to pay attention to the problem of low haemoglobin levels and to improve their diet, with an increase in daily food intake, particularly of animal protein and iron. In addition, a marked decrease in anaemia caused by hookworm also played an important role. In this paper, the change in haemoglobin concentration during the period of study are described and the aetiology is discussed.", "contents": "Follow-up studies on the distribution of haemoglobin levels in female farm workers. Haemoglobin concentrations in about 1000 women agricultural workers in Japan were measured every year, except in 1972, during the period 1967-77. Improvements were noted in the course of this investigation, and these were predominantly associated with the fact that those in the study community began to pay attention to the problem of low haemoglobin levels and to improve their diet, with an increase in daily food intake, particularly of animal protein and iron. In addition, a marked decrease in anaemia caused by hookworm also played an important role. In this paper, the change in haemoglobin concentration during the period of study are described and the aetiology is discussed.", "PMID": 536678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6939", "title": "Community diagnosis of physical growth of infants based on monitoring in a routine preventive service.", "content": "The physical growth pattern of infants aged from one month to two years was studied in a lower middle class community in Jerusalem. Weight and length were measured at one month and at three, six, 12, and 24 months. In each age and sex group there were at least 200 children. At one month and 24 months the percentage of children below the 10th percentile for weight and also for length was higher than expected, although severely impaired linear growth was observed in only 0.5% of males and 1.3% of females at 24 months. The percentage of overweight infants was highest at three months (6.2% of males and 5.2% females). In the light of these findings, we discuss the feasibility of accurate monitoring of physical growth in maternal and child health clinics; the possibility of an association between maternal stature and the high percentage of children below the 10th percentile for length; and the association between food intake and growth pattern.", "contents": "Community diagnosis of physical growth of infants based on monitoring in a routine preventive service. The physical growth pattern of infants aged from one month to two years was studied in a lower middle class community in Jerusalem. Weight and length were measured at one month and at three, six, 12, and 24 months. In each age and sex group there were at least 200 children. At one month and 24 months the percentage of children below the 10th percentile for weight and also for length was higher than expected, although severely impaired linear growth was observed in only 0.5% of males and 1.3% of females at 24 months. The percentage of overweight infants was highest at three months (6.2% of males and 5.2% females). In the light of these findings, we discuss the feasibility of accurate monitoring of physical growth in maternal and child health clinics; the possibility of an association between maternal stature and the high percentage of children below the 10th percentile for length; and the association between food intake and growth pattern.", "PMID": 536679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6940", "title": "A mathematical model of a heroin epidemic: implications for control policies.", "content": "An exponential model based on the infectious disease model of Kermack and McKendrick has been simplified to illustrate how the use of heroin spreads in epidemic fashion. A numerical simulation is arranged to show how the dynamics of spread are influenced by the original number of users, rates of conversion, and time of removal from the drug scene of those secondarily affected. The spread is significantly increased by small increases of those originally affected, in which case reduction of spread requires a large increase in rate of removal. The model indicates a strategy for intervention which is discussed in relation to policies for control of drug abuse.", "contents": "A mathematical model of a heroin epidemic: implications for control policies. An exponential model based on the infectious disease model of Kermack and McKendrick has been simplified to illustrate how the use of heroin spreads in epidemic fashion. A numerical simulation is arranged to show how the dynamics of spread are influenced by the original number of users, rates of conversion, and time of removal from the drug scene of those secondarily affected. The spread is significantly increased by small increases of those originally affected, in which case reduction of spread requires a large increase in rate of removal. The model indicates a strategy for intervention which is discussed in relation to policies for control of drug abuse.", "PMID": 536680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6941", "title": "Incidence of multiple births in an Indian rural community.", "content": "In this paper we report on the incidence of multiple births in a rural community of India in the period 1966-75. The incidence is an improvement on estimates reported earlier by various authors and the information would be useful for studying secular trends.", "contents": "Incidence of multiple births in an Indian rural community. In this paper we report on the incidence of multiple births in a rural community of India in the period 1966-75. The incidence is an improvement on estimates reported earlier by various authors and the information would be useful for studying secular trends.", "PMID": 536681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6942", "title": "The relationship between retinal and tectal growth in larval Xenopus: implications for the development of the retino-tectal projection.", "content": "The modes of retinal and tectal histogenesis, as well as the patterns of terminal distribution of optic axons in larval Xenopus were studied, using anatomical techniques. We show that the retina grows by adding strips of cells at its ciliary margin. The pattern of retinal growth is asymmetrical along the dorso-ventral axis of the retina. On the other hand, the tectum grows by adding newly formed cells caudo-medially. The most rapid tectal growth takes place between stages 50 and 53, and thereafter only a small proportion of cells are added near the midline of the caudal tectum. Despite such incongruent modes of retinal and tectal growth, retinotopic order is maintained throughout larval life. We present here further evidence supporting the idea that connexions between the arrays of retinal and tectal cells shift progressively caudo-medially on the tectum during the period of growth. When the temporal pole of the retina is destroyed at various developmental stages, the density of degenerating synapses is always highest in the rostral pole of the tectum. Moreover, optic terminals stemming from the central retina spread caudally, invading newly maturing regions of the tectum. Quantitative analysis of the terminal distributions of optic axons suggest that orderly shifts in synaptic contacts between optic axons and tectal dendrites take place in the course of development. Ultrastructural observations on the maturing tectal neuropil are consistent with this view.", "contents": "The relationship between retinal and tectal growth in larval Xenopus: implications for the development of the retino-tectal projection. The modes of retinal and tectal histogenesis, as well as the patterns of terminal distribution of optic axons in larval Xenopus were studied, using anatomical techniques. We show that the retina grows by adding strips of cells at its ciliary margin. The pattern of retinal growth is asymmetrical along the dorso-ventral axis of the retina. On the other hand, the tectum grows by adding newly formed cells caudo-medially. The most rapid tectal growth takes place between stages 50 and 53, and thereafter only a small proportion of cells are added near the midline of the caudal tectum. Despite such incongruent modes of retinal and tectal growth, retinotopic order is maintained throughout larval life. We present here further evidence supporting the idea that connexions between the arrays of retinal and tectal cells shift progressively caudo-medially on the tectum during the period of growth. When the temporal pole of the retina is destroyed at various developmental stages, the density of degenerating synapses is always highest in the rostral pole of the tectum. Moreover, optic terminals stemming from the central retina spread caudally, invading newly maturing regions of the tectum. Quantitative analysis of the terminal distributions of optic axons suggest that orderly shifts in synaptic contacts between optic axons and tectal dendrites take place in the course of development. Ultrastructural observations on the maturing tectal neuropil are consistent with this view.", "PMID": 536683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6943", "title": "The utilization of an inhibitor of spermidine and spermine synthesis as a tool for the study of the determination of cavitation in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "The inhibition of spermidine and spermine synthesis by methylglyoxal-Bis(guanylhydrazone) (MeGAG) at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 microM, induces a reversible metabolic quiescence of mouse embryos, cultured in vitro from the 2-cell stage, at an average of 10.2, 8.5 and 6.9 cell stages respectively. In contrast, the inhibition of putrescine synthesis by alpha-methylornithine (alpha-MeOrn) at concentrations up to 10 mM fails to inhibit blastocyst formation, as shown previously. Complete reversibility of this induced arrest of development is observed for treatments up to 31 h with MeGAG at 10 microM. In agreement with the biological clock theory of Smith & MacLaren's hypothesis, the delay in cavitation is proportional to the length of treatment. However, the average cell numbers of the 'delayed nascent blastocysts' of all treated embryos (21.8--24.2) are consistently lower than that of control embryos (33.6) irrespective of the duration of treatment. It seems therefore that under some experimental conditions, DNA and chromosome replication on the one hand and cytoplasmic maturation on the other may be desynchronized. This suggests a role for a cytoplasmic factor in the induction of cavitation.", "contents": "The utilization of an inhibitor of spermidine and spermine synthesis as a tool for the study of the determination of cavitation in the preimplantation mouse embryo. The inhibition of spermidine and spermine synthesis by methylglyoxal-Bis(guanylhydrazone) (MeGAG) at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 microM, induces a reversible metabolic quiescence of mouse embryos, cultured in vitro from the 2-cell stage, at an average of 10.2, 8.5 and 6.9 cell stages respectively. In contrast, the inhibition of putrescine synthesis by alpha-methylornithine (alpha-MeOrn) at concentrations up to 10 mM fails to inhibit blastocyst formation, as shown previously. Complete reversibility of this induced arrest of development is observed for treatments up to 31 h with MeGAG at 10 microM. In agreement with the biological clock theory of Smith & MacLaren's hypothesis, the delay in cavitation is proportional to the length of treatment. However, the average cell numbers of the 'delayed nascent blastocysts' of all treated embryos (21.8--24.2) are consistently lower than that of control embryos (33.6) irrespective of the duration of treatment. It seems therefore that under some experimental conditions, DNA and chromosome replication on the one hand and cytoplasmic maturation on the other may be desynchronized. This suggests a role for a cytoplasmic factor in the induction of cavitation.", "PMID": 536684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6944", "title": "Evidence for differential cellular adhesion as the mechanism of sorting-out of various cellular slime mold species.", "content": "Various authors have shown previously that if the amoebae of two species of slime molds are mixed they have the ability to sort themselves out. In the work reported here, the sorting-out of cells of several slime mold species was examined in clumps of cells in suspension. Cells of four species, Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd), D. mucoroides (Dm), D. purpureum (Dp), and Polysphondylium violaceum (Pv), were mixed in pairs in suspension and clumps of cells formed. Dd and Pv cells sorted out completely and formed separate clumps, each of single species. Both Dd and Dm, when mixed separately with Dp, formed clumps containing both species. Sorting-out took place in these clumps such that the cells of Dd and Dm partially enveloped the Dp cells. Finally, in the Dd-Dm mixtures, the Dm cells always sorted out such that they surrounded the Dd cells. When mixed in a 1:2 ratio (Dd:Dm) the Dm cells formed a complete shell around a sphere of Dd cells. Sorting-out of cells in clumps in suspension can occur by either of two possible mechanisms: response of cells to a chemotactic gradient or differences in cell surface strengths of adhesion (Steinberg, 1964). Mixing of two species in a clump of cells and observing the process of sorting-out permits one to distinguish between these two mechanisms (Steinberg, 1964). By such an analysis it was found that the sorting-out observed in mixtures of Dd and Dm is consistent with the mechanism of differential cellular adhesion. The major reasons for this are (1) when the adhesive properties of the cells are known to change the Dd cells began to move inside the clumps, (2) the Dd cells coalesced into islands rather than streaming inward independently, and (3) the Dd cells and cell masses did not lie at the center of the clumps but rather lay randomly within the clumps. The partial envelopment observed in the Dd-Dp and Dm-Dp mixtures and the separate clumps formed by the Dd-Pv mixtures are also consistent with differential cellular adhesion. They represent cases in which the interspecific strengths of adhesion are low (Dd-Dp and Dm-Dp) and near zero (Dv-Pv).", "contents": "Evidence for differential cellular adhesion as the mechanism of sorting-out of various cellular slime mold species. Various authors have shown previously that if the amoebae of two species of slime molds are mixed they have the ability to sort themselves out. In the work reported here, the sorting-out of cells of several slime mold species was examined in clumps of cells in suspension. Cells of four species, Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd), D. mucoroides (Dm), D. purpureum (Dp), and Polysphondylium violaceum (Pv), were mixed in pairs in suspension and clumps of cells formed. Dd and Pv cells sorted out completely and formed separate clumps, each of single species. Both Dd and Dm, when mixed separately with Dp, formed clumps containing both species. Sorting-out took place in these clumps such that the cells of Dd and Dm partially enveloped the Dp cells. Finally, in the Dd-Dm mixtures, the Dm cells always sorted out such that they surrounded the Dd cells. When mixed in a 1:2 ratio (Dd:Dm) the Dm cells formed a complete shell around a sphere of Dd cells. Sorting-out of cells in clumps in suspension can occur by either of two possible mechanisms: response of cells to a chemotactic gradient or differences in cell surface strengths of adhesion (Steinberg, 1964). Mixing of two species in a clump of cells and observing the process of sorting-out permits one to distinguish between these two mechanisms (Steinberg, 1964). By such an analysis it was found that the sorting-out observed in mixtures of Dd and Dm is consistent with the mechanism of differential cellular adhesion. The major reasons for this are (1) when the adhesive properties of the cells are known to change the Dd cells began to move inside the clumps, (2) the Dd cells coalesced into islands rather than streaming inward independently, and (3) the Dd cells and cell masses did not lie at the center of the clumps but rather lay randomly within the clumps. The partial envelopment observed in the Dd-Dp and Dm-Dp mixtures and the separate clumps formed by the Dd-Pv mixtures are also consistent with differential cellular adhesion. They represent cases in which the interspecific strengths of adhesion are low (Dd-Dp and Dm-Dp) and near zero (Dv-Pv).", "PMID": 536686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6945", "title": "Changes in collagen ultrastructure, macroscopic properties and chemical composition of chick embryo cartilage induced by administration of beta-D-xyloside.", "content": "Nine-day chick embryos were injected with a beta-xyloside and their sternal cartilage was examined 3 days and a week later. Sterna from 16-day embryos showed a reduction in size as compared to controls, with little or no change in the fraction of extracellular space, and a significant decrease in tensile strength. At the ultrastructural level, collagen fibrils in control sterna were dispersed evenly in the interstitial space, with few contacts between adjacent fibrils. In sterna from treated embryos, almost all collagen fibrils were aggregated into clumps and arrays throughout the interstitial space, with fibril-free areas in between. No abnormalities could be detected in the morphology of individual fibrils or in the ultrastructure of the chondrocytes. The changes in spatial distribution of collagen were fully evident 3 days after drug administration. The hydroxyproline/DNA ratio was the same in control and treated sterna, and no change was observed in the type of collagen. The uronic acid/DNA ratio was reduced by 14% 3 days after drug administration and by 40% after a week. The degree of sulfation of chondroitin sulfate was reduced from 80% in control sterna to 40% in treated sterna; almost all of this chondroitin sulfate was attached to peptide and the sedimentation pattern of the proteoglycan resembled that of normal cartilage proteoglycan. The function of chondroitin sulfate in embryonic cartilage is discussed in terms of our results and others. It is suggested that a major physiological role of the proteoglycan is to control the spatial distribution of collagen fibrils as they assemble to form a cross-linked gel.", "contents": "Changes in collagen ultrastructure, macroscopic properties and chemical composition of chick embryo cartilage induced by administration of beta-D-xyloside. Nine-day chick embryos were injected with a beta-xyloside and their sternal cartilage was examined 3 days and a week later. Sterna from 16-day embryos showed a reduction in size as compared to controls, with little or no change in the fraction of extracellular space, and a significant decrease in tensile strength. At the ultrastructural level, collagen fibrils in control sterna were dispersed evenly in the interstitial space, with few contacts between adjacent fibrils. In sterna from treated embryos, almost all collagen fibrils were aggregated into clumps and arrays throughout the interstitial space, with fibril-free areas in between. No abnormalities could be detected in the morphology of individual fibrils or in the ultrastructure of the chondrocytes. The changes in spatial distribution of collagen were fully evident 3 days after drug administration. The hydroxyproline/DNA ratio was the same in control and treated sterna, and no change was observed in the type of collagen. The uronic acid/DNA ratio was reduced by 14% 3 days after drug administration and by 40% after a week. The degree of sulfation of chondroitin sulfate was reduced from 80% in control sterna to 40% in treated sterna; almost all of this chondroitin sulfate was attached to peptide and the sedimentation pattern of the proteoglycan resembled that of normal cartilage proteoglycan. The function of chondroitin sulfate in embryonic cartilage is discussed in terms of our results and others. It is suggested that a major physiological role of the proteoglycan is to control the spatial distribution of collagen fibrils as they assemble to form a cross-linked gel.", "PMID": 536687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6946", "title": "The time of action of three mutations affecting Drosophila eye morphogenesis.", "content": "Histology and clonal analysis are used to look at the time of action of the mutant Drosophila genes eyeless, eyeless dominant and sine oculis. The findings suggest that eyeless dominant has its effect during the first two larval instars, whilst eyeless and sine oculis act during the third larval instar.", "contents": "The time of action of three mutations affecting Drosophila eye morphogenesis. Histology and clonal analysis are used to look at the time of action of the mutant Drosophila genes eyeless, eyeless dominant and sine oculis. The findings suggest that eyeless dominant has its effect during the first two larval instars, whilst eyeless and sine oculis act during the third larval instar.", "PMID": 536688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6947", "title": "The use of avian double monsters in studies on induction of the nervous system.", "content": "Ninety-eight duck double monsters (siamese twins) were studied between 48 and 72 h of incubation in whole-mount or serial-sectioned preparations. Each case was classified into one of four categories depending on the orientations of the two embryonic axes. In all classes, defects in primary neural induction of various parts of the embryonic nervous system were observed which depended to a large extent on the distance separating the anterior tips of the two notochords or on the relative positions of the notochords. Our observations suggest that: when the same inducing field of one embryo overlaps to a critical extent with that of the twin, the two inducers act as one; induction of forebrain and optic vesicles is purely prechordal; the notochord exerts an inhibition on induction of forebrain by prechordal mesoderm; and the presence of rhombencephalic structures depends on both prechordal and chordamesodermal interactions.", "contents": "The use of avian double monsters in studies on induction of the nervous system. Ninety-eight duck double monsters (siamese twins) were studied between 48 and 72 h of incubation in whole-mount or serial-sectioned preparations. Each case was classified into one of four categories depending on the orientations of the two embryonic axes. In all classes, defects in primary neural induction of various parts of the embryonic nervous system were observed which depended to a large extent on the distance separating the anterior tips of the two notochords or on the relative positions of the notochords. Our observations suggest that: when the same inducing field of one embryo overlaps to a critical extent with that of the twin, the two inducers act as one; induction of forebrain and optic vesicles is purely prechordal; the notochord exerts an inhibition on induction of forebrain by prechordal mesoderm; and the presence of rhombencephalic structures depends on both prechordal and chordamesodermal interactions.", "PMID": 536689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6948", "title": "Cell number in relation to primary pattern formation in the embryo of Xenopus laevis. II. Sequential cell recruitment, and control of the cell cycle, during mesoderm formation.", "content": "Morphological evidence is presented that definitive mesoderm formation in Xenopus is best understood as extending to the end of the neurula phase of development. A process of recruitment of cells from the deep neurectoderm layers into mesodermal position and behaviour, strictly comparable with that already agreed to occur around the internal blastoporal 'lip' during gastrula stage 20 (earliest tail bud). Spatial patterns of incidence of mitosis are described for the fifteen hours of development between the late gastrula and stage 20--22. These are related to the onset of new cell behaviours and overt cyto-differentiations characterizing the dorsal axial pattern, which occur in cranio-caudal and then medio-lateral spatial sequence as development proceeds. A relatively abrupt cessation of mitosis, among hitherto asynchronously cycling cells, precedes the other changes at each level in the presumptive axial pattern. The widespread incidence of cells still in DNA synthesis, anterior to the last mitoses in the posterior-to-anterior developmental sequence of axial tissue, strongly suggests that cells of notochord and somites in their prolonged, non-cycling phase are G2-arrested, and thus tetraploid. This is discussed in relation to what is known of cell-cycle control in other situations. Best estimates for cell-cycle time in the still-dividing, posterior mesoderm of the neurula lie between 10 and 15 h. The supposition of continuing recruitment from neurectoderm can resolve an apparent discrepancy whereby total mesodermal cell number nevertheless contrives to double over a period of approximately 12 h during neurulation when most of the cells are leaving the cycle. Because of pre-existing evidence that cells maintain their relative positions (despite distortion) during the movements that form the mesodermal mantle, the patterns presented in this paper can be understood in two ways: as a temporal sequence of developmental events undergone by individual, posteriorly recruited cells as they achieve their final positions in the body pattern, or alternatively as a succession of wavefronts with respect to changes of cell state, passing obliquely across the presumptive body pattern in antero-posterior direction. These concepts are discussed briefly in relation to recent ideas about pattern formation in growing systems.", "contents": "Cell number in relation to primary pattern formation in the embryo of Xenopus laevis. II. Sequential cell recruitment, and control of the cell cycle, during mesoderm formation. Morphological evidence is presented that definitive mesoderm formation in Xenopus is best understood as extending to the end of the neurula phase of development. A process of recruitment of cells from the deep neurectoderm layers into mesodermal position and behaviour, strictly comparable with that already agreed to occur around the internal blastoporal 'lip' during gastrula stage 20 (earliest tail bud). Spatial patterns of incidence of mitosis are described for the fifteen hours of development between the late gastrula and stage 20--22. These are related to the onset of new cell behaviours and overt cyto-differentiations characterizing the dorsal axial pattern, which occur in cranio-caudal and then medio-lateral spatial sequence as development proceeds. A relatively abrupt cessation of mitosis, among hitherto asynchronously cycling cells, precedes the other changes at each level in the presumptive axial pattern. The widespread incidence of cells still in DNA synthesis, anterior to the last mitoses in the posterior-to-anterior developmental sequence of axial tissue, strongly suggests that cells of notochord and somites in their prolonged, non-cycling phase are G2-arrested, and thus tetraploid. This is discussed in relation to what is known of cell-cycle control in other situations. Best estimates for cell-cycle time in the still-dividing, posterior mesoderm of the neurula lie between 10 and 15 h. The supposition of continuing recruitment from neurectoderm can resolve an apparent discrepancy whereby total mesodermal cell number nevertheless contrives to double over a period of approximately 12 h during neurulation when most of the cells are leaving the cycle. Because of pre-existing evidence that cells maintain their relative positions (despite distortion) during the movements that form the mesodermal mantle, the patterns presented in this paper can be understood in two ways: as a temporal sequence of developmental events undergone by individual, posteriorly recruited cells as they achieve their final positions in the body pattern, or alternatively as a succession of wavefronts with respect to changes of cell state, passing obliquely across the presumptive body pattern in antero-posterior direction. These concepts are discussed briefly in relation to recent ideas about pattern formation in growing systems.", "PMID": 536690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6949", "title": "Correction of the maternal effect linked to the ac mutation, by injury of the egg, in the salamander Pleurodeles waltlii.", "content": "At the gastrula stage, deep irregular furrows appear on the animal hemisphere in embryos arising from ac/ac females and characterize a maternal effect (Beetschen, 1970). Disturbed morphogenetic movements (epiboly and invagination) frequently elicit exogastrulation or anomalies of later embryonic development. Pricking the animal hemisphere of the uncleaved egg with a micropipette prevents the occurrence of anomalies during gastrulation and neurulation in many embryos. Injection of normal oocyte nuclear sap or of normal egg cytoplasm into mutant female eggs does not improve that result. The partial correction of the maternal effect therefore appears to be consecutive to the injury of the cortical cytoplasm and/or the plasma membrane. Assuming that activation could be deficient, an electric shock was applied to freshly laid fertilized mutant eggs. It did not correct ectodermal anomalies but nevertheless seemed to increase the corrective effect of pricking when both treatments were applied.", "contents": "Correction of the maternal effect linked to the ac mutation, by injury of the egg, in the salamander Pleurodeles waltlii. At the gastrula stage, deep irregular furrows appear on the animal hemisphere in embryos arising from ac/ac females and characterize a maternal effect (Beetschen, 1970). Disturbed morphogenetic movements (epiboly and invagination) frequently elicit exogastrulation or anomalies of later embryonic development. Pricking the animal hemisphere of the uncleaved egg with a micropipette prevents the occurrence of anomalies during gastrulation and neurulation in many embryos. Injection of normal oocyte nuclear sap or of normal egg cytoplasm into mutant female eggs does not improve that result. The partial correction of the maternal effect therefore appears to be consecutive to the injury of the cortical cytoplasm and/or the plasma membrane. Assuming that activation could be deficient, an electric shock was applied to freshly laid fertilized mutant eggs. It did not correct ectodermal anomalies but nevertheless seemed to increase the corrective effect of pricking when both treatments were applied.", "PMID": 536691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6950", "title": "Effects of x-rays on nerve-dependent (limb) and nerve-independent (jaw) regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "The newt limb requires nerves for successful regeneration, but the jaw appears to be nerve independent. Among the current hypotheses for the regeneration-inhibitory action of X-rays is one proposing inactivation of nerves as the main cause. We decided to test this hypothesis by comparing the irradiation levels necessary for inhibition of limb and jaw regeneration. Jaws and left front limbs were exposed locally to doses of ionizing X-irradiation ranging from 250 to 2000 R at least 6 weeks prior to amputation of the jaw and both front limbs. After 90 days post-amputation all surviving animals were examined grossly for signs of regeneration. In addition, some of the controls and most of those receiving 250, 500 and 1000 R were processed for histological examination. All unirradiated limbs and jaws supported regeneration. Those exposed to 250 R also regenerated, but a third of the jaws were hypomorphic. At 500 R and above, neither jaws nor limbs regenerated. Since both systems were affected by similar doses of X-rays, it appears that nerves are not the primary X-ray target in adult newts.", "contents": "Effects of x-rays on nerve-dependent (limb) and nerve-independent (jaw) regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. The newt limb requires nerves for successful regeneration, but the jaw appears to be nerve independent. Among the current hypotheses for the regeneration-inhibitory action of X-rays is one proposing inactivation of nerves as the main cause. We decided to test this hypothesis by comparing the irradiation levels necessary for inhibition of limb and jaw regeneration. Jaws and left front limbs were exposed locally to doses of ionizing X-irradiation ranging from 250 to 2000 R at least 6 weeks prior to amputation of the jaw and both front limbs. After 90 days post-amputation all surviving animals were examined grossly for signs of regeneration. In addition, some of the controls and most of those receiving 250, 500 and 1000 R were processed for histological examination. All unirradiated limbs and jaws supported regeneration. Those exposed to 250 R also regenerated, but a third of the jaws were hypomorphic. At 500 R and above, neither jaws nor limbs regenerated. Since both systems were affected by similar doses of X-rays, it appears that nerves are not the primary X-ray target in adult newts.", "PMID": 536692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6951", "title": "Crinkly-tail, a mild skeletal mutant in the mouse.", "content": "Crinkly-tail, cy, is a new recessive mutant with imperfect penetrance, in chromosome 4 of the mouse. The only abnormality is in the shape of the vertebrae for one, more rarely two, lengths of the region C9 to C14. This is expressed briefly in the 11-day-old embryo as a duplicated tail gut. None of the mechanisms operating in most of the 20 known tail mutants in the mouse operates in crinkly-tail. The defect is probably due to misallocation of the tissue derived from the primitive streak.", "contents": "Crinkly-tail, a mild skeletal mutant in the mouse. Crinkly-tail, cy, is a new recessive mutant with imperfect penetrance, in chromosome 4 of the mouse. The only abnormality is in the shape of the vertebrae for one, more rarely two, lengths of the region C9 to C14. This is expressed briefly in the 11-day-old embryo as a duplicated tail gut. None of the mechanisms operating in most of the 20 known tail mutants in the mouse operates in crinkly-tail. The defect is probably due to misallocation of the tissue derived from the primitive streak.", "PMID": 536693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6952", "title": "Molecular differentiation of inside cells and inner cell masses isolated from the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "Clusters of inside cells (ICs) were isolated immunosurgically from morulae and early cavitating blastocysts, and cultured for varying periods in vitro. The ICs responded to their changed position by transformation to a blastocyst-like vesicle and also showed a correlated synthesis of trophectodermal-marker polypeptides. Both changes were inhibited by alpha-amanitin, indicating that transcriptional events are involved in this response to changed position. Inner cell masses (ICMs), isolated immunosurgically from expanded blastocysts, did not undergo a morphological transformation to a blastocyst-like structure and did not show a corresponding and complete change in synthesis of trophectodermal-marker polypeptides. Elements of the change in polypeptide activity were, however, present, suggesting an ineffective response to position by the ICMs.", "contents": "Molecular differentiation of inside cells and inner cell masses isolated from the preimplantation mouse embryo. Clusters of inside cells (ICs) were isolated immunosurgically from morulae and early cavitating blastocysts, and cultured for varying periods in vitro. The ICs responded to their changed position by transformation to a blastocyst-like vesicle and also showed a correlated synthesis of trophectodermal-marker polypeptides. Both changes were inhibited by alpha-amanitin, indicating that transcriptional events are involved in this response to changed position. Inner cell masses (ICMs), isolated immunosurgically from expanded blastocysts, did not undergo a morphological transformation to a blastocyst-like structure and did not show a corresponding and complete change in synthesis of trophectodermal-marker polypeptides. Elements of the change in polypeptide activity were, however, present, suggesting an ineffective response to position by the ICMs.", "PMID": 536694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6953", "title": "The orientation of the visuotectal map in Xenopus: developmental aspects.", "content": "Rotations and translocations of the eye anlage were performed in Xenopus embryos of stages ranging from 21/22 to 30. Some of the operations involved grafting wild-type eye anlagen into albino host orbits. Operations were performed under a variety of operating media and conditions. In later larval life, or after metamorphosis, the visuotectal maps from the operated eyes were recorded electrophysiologically. Results fell into two classes. In the majority, the orientation of the visuotopic map corresponded to the orientation of the eye at the time of recording. In the minority the visuotopic maps were 'compound', consisting of two parts each with its own independent orientation. The organization of the compound maps was such that one component was oriented in correspondence with the orientation of the eye, while the other component was normally oriented. Histological analysis and observations on genetically marked grafts indicated that the component parts of the compound eye were of dual cellular origin. The component giving the rotated (or translocated) map belonged to the originally operated eye tissue; whereas the component giving the normally oriented map was derived from newly grown eye tissue coming from the optic stalk. In no case was a normally oriented map obtained from a rotated or translocated eye. The results are discussed in relation to mechanisms proposed to account for the determination of map-related retinal specificity.", "contents": "The orientation of the visuotectal map in Xenopus: developmental aspects. Rotations and translocations of the eye anlage were performed in Xenopus embryos of stages ranging from 21/22 to 30. Some of the operations involved grafting wild-type eye anlagen into albino host orbits. Operations were performed under a variety of operating media and conditions. In later larval life, or after metamorphosis, the visuotectal maps from the operated eyes were recorded electrophysiologically. Results fell into two classes. In the majority, the orientation of the visuotopic map corresponded to the orientation of the eye at the time of recording. In the minority the visuotopic maps were 'compound', consisting of two parts each with its own independent orientation. The organization of the compound maps was such that one component was oriented in correspondence with the orientation of the eye, while the other component was normally oriented. Histological analysis and observations on genetically marked grafts indicated that the component parts of the compound eye were of dual cellular origin. The component giving the rotated (or translocated) map belonged to the originally operated eye tissue; whereas the component giving the normally oriented map was derived from newly grown eye tissue coming from the optic stalk. In no case was a normally oriented map obtained from a rotated or translocated eye. The results are discussed in relation to mechanisms proposed to account for the determination of map-related retinal specificity.", "PMID": 536695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6954", "title": "The target tissue of limb-bud polarizing activity in the induction of supernumerary structures.", "content": "When polarizing mesoderm from the posterior border of the 4-day chick limb bud is placed adjacent to anterior limb mesoderm and ectodermal ridge, the anterior ridge thickens and mesodermal outgrowth ensues, resulting in supernumerary limb structures. This apposition of anterior and posterior limb tissues can be accomplished by cutting off the apical one third of the limb bud and reimplanting it on the stump with its anteroposterior axis reversed. The preaxial response to polarizing activity can be obtained after only 12--18 h in the reoriented position. Reversed apical mesoderm develops supernumerary digits when combined with untreated ectoderm. The reciprocal combination, reversed ectoderm and untreated mesoderm, fails to develop supernumerary structures. We have interpreted this as evidence that, in inducing supernumerary limb structures, polarizing activity acts only on the mesoderm.", "contents": "The target tissue of limb-bud polarizing activity in the induction of supernumerary structures. When polarizing mesoderm from the posterior border of the 4-day chick limb bud is placed adjacent to anterior limb mesoderm and ectodermal ridge, the anterior ridge thickens and mesodermal outgrowth ensues, resulting in supernumerary limb structures. This apposition of anterior and posterior limb tissues can be accomplished by cutting off the apical one third of the limb bud and reimplanting it on the stump with its anteroposterior axis reversed. The preaxial response to polarizing activity can be obtained after only 12--18 h in the reoriented position. Reversed apical mesoderm develops supernumerary digits when combined with untreated ectoderm. The reciprocal combination, reversed ectoderm and untreated mesoderm, fails to develop supernumerary structures. We have interpreted this as evidence that, in inducing supernumerary limb structures, polarizing activity acts only on the mesoderm.", "PMID": 536696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6955", "title": "Palate morphogenesis. IV. Effects of serotonin and its antagonists on rotation in embryo culture.", "content": "Previous studies have localized non-muscle contractile systems in the posterior (region 2) and the anterior (region 3) ends of mouse palates at the time of shelf movement. In order to determine whether these contractile systems function in shelf rotation, effects of pharmacologic agents have been analyzed in embryo culture. First, it was shown that the posterior end of the palate rotates before the anterior end, and its rotation in culture was proportionally greater as development of the embryo progressed. Generally, the posterior end of the palate was more easily inhibited in embryo culture than the anterior end. Serotonin at 10(-8) M to 10(-5) M was shown to significantly stimulate rotation at the anterior end of the palate after 2 h in embryo culture. The effect on the posterior palate was less pronounced. To investigate further the role of this neurotransmitter on palate shelf rotation, serotonin antagonists were employed. Methysergide (10(-4) M) inhibited anterior shelf rotation to 12% of control values (P less than 0.005), while not significantly affecting the posterior end. Ergotamine (10(-6) M) significantly inhibited the stimulation induced by 10(-5) M serotonin (P less than 0.025). Cyproheptadine (10(-9) M) partially inhibited anterior and posterior shelf rotation in embryo culture. When injected into the pregnant dam, cyproheptadine partially inhibited shelf rotation and fusion. The palate was examined histologically after embryo culture. In the presence of 10(-4) M methysergide, the elongated contractile cells in region 3 at the anterior and midpalatal mesenchyme were prevented from rounding. Thus, serotonin may be regulating rotation of the anterior end of the palate by an effect on cell-mediated process.", "contents": "Palate morphogenesis. IV. Effects of serotonin and its antagonists on rotation in embryo culture. Previous studies have localized non-muscle contractile systems in the posterior (region 2) and the anterior (region 3) ends of mouse palates at the time of shelf movement. In order to determine whether these contractile systems function in shelf rotation, effects of pharmacologic agents have been analyzed in embryo culture. First, it was shown that the posterior end of the palate rotates before the anterior end, and its rotation in culture was proportionally greater as development of the embryo progressed. Generally, the posterior end of the palate was more easily inhibited in embryo culture than the anterior end. Serotonin at 10(-8) M to 10(-5) M was shown to significantly stimulate rotation at the anterior end of the palate after 2 h in embryo culture. The effect on the posterior palate was less pronounced. To investigate further the role of this neurotransmitter on palate shelf rotation, serotonin antagonists were employed. Methysergide (10(-4) M) inhibited anterior shelf rotation to 12% of control values (P less than 0.005), while not significantly affecting the posterior end. Ergotamine (10(-6) M) significantly inhibited the stimulation induced by 10(-5) M serotonin (P less than 0.025). Cyproheptadine (10(-9) M) partially inhibited anterior and posterior shelf rotation in embryo culture. When injected into the pregnant dam, cyproheptadine partially inhibited shelf rotation and fusion. The palate was examined histologically after embryo culture. In the presence of 10(-4) M methysergide, the elongated contractile cells in region 3 at the anterior and midpalatal mesenchyme were prevented from rounding. Thus, serotonin may be regulating rotation of the anterior end of the palate by an effect on cell-mediated process.", "PMID": 536697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6956", "title": "Reversible inhibition of chondrogenic expression by certain hyaluronidase preparations.", "content": "Embryonic chick chondrocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of different preparations of testicular hyaluronidase. This treatment inhibited the accumulation of cartilage matrix as indicated by phase-contrast microscopy, by Alcian green staining, and by accumulation of 35S-labeled material. In addition, most preparations of testicular hyaluronidase caused a conversion of the cells to a fibroblastic phenotype characterized by a faster growth rate and the synthesis of type-I collagen. This effect was found to be concentration-dependent and was not observed at the minimum concentration of hyaluronidase required to inhibit matrix accumulation. Since two more highly purified hyaluronidase preparations prevented matrix accumulation but did not cause the fibroblastic transformation, it is likely that the conversion to a fibroblastic phenotype is caused by a contaminant in the other hyaluronidase preparations.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of chondrogenic expression by certain hyaluronidase preparations. Embryonic chick chondrocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of different preparations of testicular hyaluronidase. This treatment inhibited the accumulation of cartilage matrix as indicated by phase-contrast microscopy, by Alcian green staining, and by accumulation of 35S-labeled material. In addition, most preparations of testicular hyaluronidase caused a conversion of the cells to a fibroblastic phenotype characterized by a faster growth rate and the synthesis of type-I collagen. This effect was found to be concentration-dependent and was not observed at the minimum concentration of hyaluronidase required to inhibit matrix accumulation. Since two more highly purified hyaluronidase preparations prevented matrix accumulation but did not cause the fibroblastic transformation, it is likely that the conversion to a fibroblastic phenotype is caused by a contaminant in the other hyaluronidase preparations.", "PMID": 536698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6957", "title": "The development of interlimb co-ordination during swimming in postnatal rats.", "content": "The postnatal ontogeny of interlimb co-ordination was studied in rats from day 1 after birth to day 22. Swimming rather than walking was studied in order to minimize any effect of weak limb muscles in very young rats. Videotape records of swimming were analysed on a frame-by-frame basis to determine stroke cycle duration for individual limbs and interlimb latency and phase relationships. Interlimb co-ordination typical of swimming (or trotting) in adult quadrupedal vertebrates was already present on postnatal day 1, and so apparently the neural pattern generating circuitry for this behaviour is already established by this stage. In young rats it was possible to see 1 limb, or almost any combination of 2, 3 or 4 limbs, moving during swimming, and usually with proper phase relationships. This suggests that each limb has its own separate neural pattern generator and that there are effective interlimb co-ordinating mechanisms controlling moving limbs during swimming, even at very early stages. There was a gradual decrease in stroke cycle duration (increase in frequency) during the first two postnatal weeks. This may be due to maturing sensory input.", "contents": "The development of interlimb co-ordination during swimming in postnatal rats. The postnatal ontogeny of interlimb co-ordination was studied in rats from day 1 after birth to day 22. Swimming rather than walking was studied in order to minimize any effect of weak limb muscles in very young rats. Videotape records of swimming were analysed on a frame-by-frame basis to determine stroke cycle duration for individual limbs and interlimb latency and phase relationships. Interlimb co-ordination typical of swimming (or trotting) in adult quadrupedal vertebrates was already present on postnatal day 1, and so apparently the neural pattern generating circuitry for this behaviour is already established by this stage. In young rats it was possible to see 1 limb, or almost any combination of 2, 3 or 4 limbs, moving during swimming, and usually with proper phase relationships. This suggests that each limb has its own separate neural pattern generator and that there are effective interlimb co-ordinating mechanisms controlling moving limbs during swimming, even at very early stages. There was a gradual decrease in stroke cycle duration (increase in frequency) during the first two postnatal weeks. This may be due to maturing sensory input.", "PMID": 536699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6958", "title": "Non-simultaneous auditory masking in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "Auditory thresholds were determined for 500 HZ pure tone pulses of 15, 25 and 50 ms duration presented leading, following or simultaneously with noise pulses of 50 or 250 ms duration. Masking by the noise decreased: (i) with an increase in tone pulse duration; (ii) with a shortening of the noise pulse duration; and (iii) as the interval between tone and noise pulses was increased from 0 to 350 ms. The effect of the noise was independent of whether the noise led or followed the pure tone. It is suggested that the most significant factor affecting masking was the duration of the interval between tone and noise, and that the site for the interactions between signals is central to the inner ear.", "contents": "Non-simultaneous auditory masking in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Auditory thresholds were determined for 500 HZ pure tone pulses of 15, 25 and 50 ms duration presented leading, following or simultaneously with noise pulses of 50 or 250 ms duration. Masking by the noise decreased: (i) with an increase in tone pulse duration; (ii) with a shortening of the noise pulse duration; and (iii) as the interval between tone and noise pulses was increased from 0 to 350 ms. The effect of the noise was independent of whether the noise led or followed the pure tone. It is suggested that the most significant factor affecting masking was the duration of the interval between tone and noise, and that the site for the interactions between signals is central to the inner ear.", "PMID": 536700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6959", "title": "Behavioural and physiological aspects of swimming in cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma.", "content": "1. Cyclical swimming behaviour of the cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma, involves a highly regular alternating swim-sink sequence. During periods of swimming the cercariae are propelled upward through the water by alternating lateral contractions of the tail. Following each burst of swimming the cercariae passively drift downward. 2. Suction electrode recordings from the tail during swimming reveal that a single biphasic potential precedes each contraction in a burst. 3. The site of initiation of the rhythmic activity is the transverse band at the junction of the furcae and body of the tail. Sensory feedback does not play a major role in maintenance of the rhythm. 4. A burst of swimming can be initiated by tactile stimulation of the tail. At no time is a cercaria refractory to tactile stimulation. 5. The tail of P. macrostoma cercariae is an autonomous locomotor organ specialized for the brief free-living period between emergence from the snail host and infestation of the primary host.", "contents": "Behavioural and physiological aspects of swimming in cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma. 1. Cyclical swimming behaviour of the cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma, involves a highly regular alternating swim-sink sequence. During periods of swimming the cercariae are propelled upward through the water by alternating lateral contractions of the tail. Following each burst of swimming the cercariae passively drift downward. 2. Suction electrode recordings from the tail during swimming reveal that a single biphasic potential precedes each contraction in a burst. 3. The site of initiation of the rhythmic activity is the transverse band at the junction of the furcae and body of the tail. Sensory feedback does not play a major role in maintenance of the rhythm. 4. A burst of swimming can be initiated by tactile stimulation of the tail. At no time is a cercaria refractory to tactile stimulation. 5. The tail of P. macrostoma cercariae is an autonomous locomotor organ specialized for the brief free-living period between emergence from the snail host and infestation of the primary host.", "PMID": 536701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6960", "title": "Cinematographic and electromyographic analysis of vertical standing jump in the dog.", "content": "The electromyograms of 37 skeletal muscles were obtained using the bipolar wire electrode method in the vertical standing jump of a dog. Their electromyographic patterns were analyzed in conjunction with cinematographic films. Co-contraction of muscles of the extremities was observed during take-off and landing. Electromyograms also revealed that the forelimbs were accelerated against the body just after take-off and that the fore quarters transferred the centre of gravity of the body in a much more complicated movement than the hind quarters. In the floating phase, the muscles of the lower extremities had no activity, apart from some proximal ones. That the muscles of the four extremities exhibited their activity just before landing indicates that the activity may have been controlled by a central programme. In the vertical standing jump, the dog brings the centre of gravity of the body near to the kicking or landing paws by skillful movement of the axial skeleton. Cinematography revealed that, in the leaping gallop gait, the dog makes a similar movement of its axial skeleton.", "contents": "Cinematographic and electromyographic analysis of vertical standing jump in the dog. The electromyograms of 37 skeletal muscles were obtained using the bipolar wire electrode method in the vertical standing jump of a dog. Their electromyographic patterns were analyzed in conjunction with cinematographic films. Co-contraction of muscles of the extremities was observed during take-off and landing. Electromyograms also revealed that the forelimbs were accelerated against the body just after take-off and that the fore quarters transferred the centre of gravity of the body in a much more complicated movement than the hind quarters. In the floating phase, the muscles of the lower extremities had no activity, apart from some proximal ones. That the muscles of the four extremities exhibited their activity just before landing indicates that the activity may have been controlled by a central programme. In the vertical standing jump, the dog brings the centre of gravity of the body near to the kicking or landing paws by skillful movement of the axial skeleton. Cinematography revealed that, in the leaping gallop gait, the dog makes a similar movement of its axial skeleton.", "PMID": 536702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6961", "title": "Neurophysiological correlates of the dopaminergic cilio-inhibitory mechanism of Mytilus edulis.", "content": "The neurophysiological regulation of gill ciliary activity by the CNS of the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis was studied by recording electrophysiological activity of the branchial nerve while simultaneously observing ciliary activity of the lateral ciliated cells of the gill by stroboscopic microscopy. The addition of dopamine to the visceral ganglion slowed and stopped ciliary activity by increasing the firing rate of the cilio-inhibitory dopaminergic neurones of the visceral ganglion which innervate the gill. This could be antagonized at the ganglion by pre-applications of ergonovine or methysergide, or by prior treatments of intact animals with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. The study confirms earlier work showing the inhibitory functioning of dopaminergic neurones of the CNS and demonstrates the manner in which they may exert their effects.", "contents": "Neurophysiological correlates of the dopaminergic cilio-inhibitory mechanism of Mytilus edulis. The neurophysiological regulation of gill ciliary activity by the CNS of the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis was studied by recording electrophysiological activity of the branchial nerve while simultaneously observing ciliary activity of the lateral ciliated cells of the gill by stroboscopic microscopy. The addition of dopamine to the visceral ganglion slowed and stopped ciliary activity by increasing the firing rate of the cilio-inhibitory dopaminergic neurones of the visceral ganglion which innervate the gill. This could be antagonized at the ganglion by pre-applications of ergonovine or methysergide, or by prior treatments of intact animals with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. The study confirms earlier work showing the inhibitory functioning of dopaminergic neurones of the CNS and demonstrates the manner in which they may exert their effects.", "PMID": 536703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6962", "title": "Pharmacological properties of axonal sodium channels in the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. I. Selective block by synthetic saxitoxin.", "content": "Voltage-clamp experiments on isolated giant axons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. show that chemically synthesized saxitoxin specifically and reversibly blocks the transient inward sodium current without affecting the steady-state outward potassium current. From the concentration depending of sodium current suppression it is concluded that individual sodium channels are blocked by single molecules of synthetic saxitoxin which bind reversibly to part of the channel with a dissociation constant of 3.0 x 10(-9) M. Synthetic saxitoxin blocks sodium channels in cockroach axons at a lower concentration than tetrodotoxin. Sodium channel block by synthetic saxitoxin is more readily reversed than tetrodotoxin-induced block.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of axonal sodium channels in the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. I. Selective block by synthetic saxitoxin. Voltage-clamp experiments on isolated giant axons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. show that chemically synthesized saxitoxin specifically and reversibly blocks the transient inward sodium current without affecting the steady-state outward potassium current. From the concentration depending of sodium current suppression it is concluded that individual sodium channels are blocked by single molecules of synthetic saxitoxin which bind reversibly to part of the channel with a dissociation constant of 3.0 x 10(-9) M. Synthetic saxitoxin blocks sodium channels in cockroach axons at a lower concentration than tetrodotoxin. Sodium channel block by synthetic saxitoxin is more readily reversed than tetrodotoxin-induced block.", "PMID": 536705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6963", "title": "Development of acetylchilinesterase during embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.", "content": "We have characterized the embryonic muscle cell cholinesterase of the solitary ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (L.). The effects of selective enzyme inhibitors and the inhibition of enzyme activity at high concentrations of substrate suggest that the muscle cell enzyme is an acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7). After gastrulation and before hatching, acetylcholinesterase activity increased 35- to 40-fold; after hatching (18 hours postfertilization) this activity continued to increase, leveling off at about 36 hours of development. Histochemical observations showed that before hatching acetylcholinesterase  was located principally in the muscle cells of the tail and, after hatching, it began to develop in cells of the adult musculature and brain. Inhibition of protein syntnesis by puromycin and of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, suggest that both protein and RNA synthesis were required for the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity observed in unhatched embryos. Although the continued increase in enzyme activity duirng embryonic development was sensitive to puromycin at all times tested, the actinomycin D sensitivity of this increase was restricted to a discrete time that was completed by about 11 hours of development.", "contents": "Development of acetylchilinesterase during embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. We have characterized the embryonic muscle cell cholinesterase of the solitary ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (L.). The effects of selective enzyme inhibitors and the inhibition of enzyme activity at high concentrations of substrate suggest that the muscle cell enzyme is an acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7). After gastrulation and before hatching, acetylcholinesterase activity increased 35- to 40-fold; after hatching (18 hours postfertilization) this activity continued to increase, leveling off at about 36 hours of development. Histochemical observations showed that before hatching acetylcholinesterase  was located principally in the muscle cells of the tail and, after hatching, it began to develop in cells of the adult musculature and brain. Inhibition of protein syntnesis by puromycin and of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, suggest that both protein and RNA synthesis were required for the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity observed in unhatched embryos. Although the continued increase in enzyme activity duirng embryonic development was sensitive to puromycin at all times tested, the actinomycin D sensitivity of this increase was restricted to a discrete time that was completed by about 11 hours of development.", "PMID": 536707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6964", "title": "Calcium-induced dehiscence of cortical granules in Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "Microinjection of 0.1 microgram of Ca++ into Xenopus laevis oocytes induces breakdown of the cortical granules. The cortical granules disappeared in both full grown (Stage VI) and small growing (Stage IV) oocytes. Microinjection of Mg++, K+, or Na+ had no effect on cortical granules in either Stage IV or Stage VI oocytes. Small quantities (0.03 microgram) of Ca++ induced dehiscence of the cortical granules only in proximity to the injection site.", "contents": "Calcium-induced dehiscence of cortical granules in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Microinjection of 0.1 microgram of Ca++ into Xenopus laevis oocytes induces breakdown of the cortical granules. The cortical granules disappeared in both full grown (Stage VI) and small growing (Stage IV) oocytes. Microinjection of Mg++, K+, or Na+ had no effect on cortical granules in either Stage IV or Stage VI oocytes. Small quantities (0.03 microgram) of Ca++ induced dehiscence of the cortical granules only in proximity to the injection site.", "PMID": 536708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6965", "title": "Pigment synthesis in the Himalayan mouse.", "content": "The effect of temperature on pigment synthesis in adult and juvenile Himalayan mice was investigated. Since pigment synthesis only occurs in actively growing hair, adult mice were plucked to induce hair growth. The extent of darkening of the hair was recorded by photography against a reference scale. The presence of pigment granules in hair follicles was investigated histologically. Housing adult and juvenile mice at 15 degrees C results in the synthesis of pigment in growing hair follicles whereas housing at 30 degrees C results in the absence of pigment granules in the growing hair follicles.", "contents": "Pigment synthesis in the Himalayan mouse. The effect of temperature on pigment synthesis in adult and juvenile Himalayan mice was investigated. Since pigment synthesis only occurs in actively growing hair, adult mice were plucked to induce hair growth. The extent of darkening of the hair was recorded by photography against a reference scale. The presence of pigment granules in hair follicles was investigated histologically. Housing adult and juvenile mice at 15 degrees C results in the synthesis of pigment in growing hair follicles whereas housing at 30 degrees C results in the absence of pigment granules in the growing hair follicles.", "PMID": 536710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6966", "title": "Injection of sperm heads into immature rat oocytes.", "content": "When sperm heads are injected into rat oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage the sperm heads remain intact until the germinal vesicle breaks down. Then they decondense but do not form pronuclei. This observation agrees with the results reported for in vitro fertilization of immature oocytes from rats, mice and hamsters.", "contents": "Injection of sperm heads into immature rat oocytes. When sperm heads are injected into rat oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage the sperm heads remain intact until the germinal vesicle breaks down. Then they decondense but do not form pronuclei. This observation agrees with the results reported for in vitro fertilization of immature oocytes from rats, mice and hamsters.", "PMID": 536711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6967", "title": "Lizard and newt tail regeneration: a quantitative study.", "content": "Almost perfect fits of the Gompertz equation to the growth in length of tail regenerates in the lizard, Lacerta lepida, and the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, were obtained. Comparison of certain parameters of the equation with published mitotic index data suggests that the Gompertz equation characterizes each system at least from the time that significant mitotic activity is first observed histologically. An objective method for comparing the regeneration periods of the two species is described and applied. A unified hypothesis derived from consideration of properties of the Gompertz equation successfully accounts for the following phenomena reported, but previously unexplained, in the literature: (1) proximal amputations result in longer regenerates than do distal amputations; (2) proximal amputations elicit greater absolute rates of elongation (in mm/day) than do distal amputations; (3) the percent replaced of the length removed is rather constant, regardless of the absolute length regenerated; and (4) one of the parameters of the Gompertz equation appears to be lognormally distributed in a regenerating population. (See text for references.) A computerized interactive graphical system for normalizing growth equations of individual regenerates and integrating the mathematical model with potential candidates for biological control factors is briefly described.", "contents": "Lizard and newt tail regeneration: a quantitative study. Almost perfect fits of the Gompertz equation to the growth in length of tail regenerates in the lizard, Lacerta lepida, and the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, were obtained. Comparison of certain parameters of the equation with published mitotic index data suggests that the Gompertz equation characterizes each system at least from the time that significant mitotic activity is first observed histologically. An objective method for comparing the regeneration periods of the two species is described and applied. A unified hypothesis derived from consideration of properties of the Gompertz equation successfully accounts for the following phenomena reported, but previously unexplained, in the literature: (1) proximal amputations result in longer regenerates than do distal amputations; (2) proximal amputations elicit greater absolute rates of elongation (in mm/day) than do distal amputations; (3) the percent replaced of the length removed is rather constant, regardless of the absolute length regenerated; and (4) one of the parameters of the Gompertz equation appears to be lognormally distributed in a regenerating population. (See text for references.) A computerized interactive graphical system for normalizing growth equations of individual regenerates and integrating the mathematical model with potential candidates for biological control factors is briefly described.", "PMID": 536712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6968", "title": "Acute and chronic hypoxia in rats. I. Effect on organismic respiration, mitochondrial protein mass in liver and succinic dehydrogenase activity in liver, kidney and heart.", "content": "The objective of this investigation was to characterize organismic, organ and mitochondrial alterations in rats over the course of 27 days at 0.4 atm. In the adjustment phase (day 1 through 5) a significant decrease in systemic oxygen uptake and body weight (23% of pre-altitude values) occurred. In the acclimating state (day 7 to 27) body weight was regained but oxygen consumption remained depressed. Hematocrit increased hyperbolically from 45% in 0-day rats to 79% in 27-day rats. Liver, kidney and heart weights and total organ protein paralleled the changes observed in body weight. Total organ succinic dehydrogenase activity showed a wave-like oscillation for liver and kidney; activity was decreased in both organs by day 5, showed a transient but significant increase on days 16 through 18 and a return to diminished activity on day 27. Succinic dehydrogenase activity for heart became depressed in the adjustment phase but showed a stable level comparable to pre-altitude values in the accliminating phase, days 7 through 27. Liver mitochondrial protein mass was unchanged from pre-altitude values on days 5 and 27 even though succinic dehydrogenase activity was significantly depressed. Therefore, the changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity are not representative of altered mitochondrial mass but suggest that mitochondrial function was altered.", "contents": "Acute and chronic hypoxia in rats. I. Effect on organismic respiration, mitochondrial protein mass in liver and succinic dehydrogenase activity in liver, kidney and heart. The objective of this investigation was to characterize organismic, organ and mitochondrial alterations in rats over the course of 27 days at 0.4 atm. In the adjustment phase (day 1 through 5) a significant decrease in systemic oxygen uptake and body weight (23% of pre-altitude values) occurred. In the acclimating state (day 7 to 27) body weight was regained but oxygen consumption remained depressed. Hematocrit increased hyperbolically from 45% in 0-day rats to 79% in 27-day rats. Liver, kidney and heart weights and total organ protein paralleled the changes observed in body weight. Total organ succinic dehydrogenase activity showed a wave-like oscillation for liver and kidney; activity was decreased in both organs by day 5, showed a transient but significant increase on days 16 through 18 and a return to diminished activity on day 27. Succinic dehydrogenase activity for heart became depressed in the adjustment phase but showed a stable level comparable to pre-altitude values in the accliminating phase, days 7 through 27. Liver mitochondrial protein mass was unchanged from pre-altitude values on days 5 and 27 even though succinic dehydrogenase activity was significantly depressed. Therefore, the changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity are not representative of altered mitochondrial mass but suggest that mitochondrial function was altered.", "PMID": 536713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6969", "title": "Interactions between normal and pigment cell populations mutant at the dominant-spotting (W) and steel (Sl) loci in the mouse.", "content": "Through the use of dermal-epidermal recombination methods a competition between mouse embryo melanoblasts of the genotype Wv/w C/C, w/w c/c, Sld/sl C/C and sl/sl c/c was established. Control combinations were made between C/C and c/d components. The extent of pigment found in hair of grafts after three weeks growth in mouse testes was used as evidence of an interaction between populations. Normal and albino melanoblasts were found to be similar in viability, whereas melanoblasts of the genotype Wv/w C/C were largely excluded from hair follicles when placed in competition with w/w c/c melanoblasts. No difference in competitive advantage was observed between Sld/sl C/C and sl/sl c/c populations. These results confirm that the W and sl loci act at different sites. In addition they suggest that Wv/w melanoblasts are marginally viable cells that cannot compete with normal melanoblasts when the popuolations interact. The Wv/w melanoblast failure can also explain the spotting pattern and pigment dilution characteristic of dominant-spotting heterozygous mice.", "contents": "Interactions between normal and pigment cell populations mutant at the dominant-spotting (W) and steel (Sl) loci in the mouse. Through the use of dermal-epidermal recombination methods a competition between mouse embryo melanoblasts of the genotype Wv/w C/C, w/w c/c, Sld/sl C/C and sl/sl c/c was established. Control combinations were made between C/C and c/d components. The extent of pigment found in hair of grafts after three weeks growth in mouse testes was used as evidence of an interaction between populations. Normal and albino melanoblasts were found to be similar in viability, whereas melanoblasts of the genotype Wv/w C/C were largely excluded from hair follicles when placed in competition with w/w c/c melanoblasts. No difference in competitive advantage was observed between Sld/sl C/C and sl/sl c/c populations. These results confirm that the W and sl loci act at different sites. In addition they suggest that Wv/w melanoblasts are marginally viable cells that cannot compete with normal melanoblasts when the popuolations interact. The Wv/w melanoblast failure can also explain the spotting pattern and pigment dilution characteristic of dominant-spotting heterozygous mice.", "PMID": 536714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6970", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in cells associated with interkinetic nuclear migration in the developing chick neuroepithelium.", "content": "Changes in fine structure of cells associated with interkinetic nuclear migration in the developing chick neuroepithelium were investigated. Interphase cells are elongated and span the entire thickness of the neuroepithelium. As cells round up in preparation for mitosis, they sever their contacts with the basement membrane, but retain their apical junctions. Meanwhile, microtubules lose their apico-basal orientation and the apical microfilament bundle relaxes to allow broadening of the luminal surface. These changes in the cytoarchitecture together with an increased cytoplasmic viscosity may cause rounding of mitotic cells and their juxtaluminal position. Mitotic cells remain at the lumen from late prophase through early telophase. By late telophase, daughter cells start to elongate toward the base of the neuroepithelium. The ultrastructural changes during elongation recapitulate, in a reverse order, the events of rounding up in preparation for mitosis. Daughter cells are connected for some time after mitosis by a thread of cytoplasm. The thread is filled with microtubules representing a remnant of the spindle complex and has an electron-dense midbody at about the middle of its length. During the final stage of separation of daughter cells, the thread is split at the level of the midbody.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in cells associated with interkinetic nuclear migration in the developing chick neuroepithelium. Changes in fine structure of cells associated with interkinetic nuclear migration in the developing chick neuroepithelium were investigated. Interphase cells are elongated and span the entire thickness of the neuroepithelium. As cells round up in preparation for mitosis, they sever their contacts with the basement membrane, but retain their apical junctions. Meanwhile, microtubules lose their apico-basal orientation and the apical microfilament bundle relaxes to allow broadening of the luminal surface. These changes in the cytoarchitecture together with an increased cytoplasmic viscosity may cause rounding of mitotic cells and their juxtaluminal position. Mitotic cells remain at the lumen from late prophase through early telophase. By late telophase, daughter cells start to elongate toward the base of the neuroepithelium. The ultrastructural changes during elongation recapitulate, in a reverse order, the events of rounding up in preparation for mitosis. Daughter cells are connected for some time after mitosis by a thread of cytoplasm. The thread is filled with microtubules representing a remnant of the spindle complex and has an electron-dense midbody at about the middle of its length. During the final stage of separation of daughter cells, the thread is split at the level of the midbody.", "PMID": 536715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6971", "title": "Fast and slow steps in the activation of sodium channels.", "content": "Kinetic features of sodium conductance (gNa) and associated gating current (Ig) were studied in voltage-clamped, internally perfused squid axons. Following a step depolarization Ig ON has several kinetic components: (a) a rapid, early phase largely preceding gNa turn-on; (b) a delayed intermediate component developing as gNa increases; and (c) a slow component continuing after gNa is fully activated. With small depolarizations the early phase shows a quick rise (less than 40 mus) and smooth decay; the slow component is not detectable. During large pulses all three components are present, and the earliest shows a rising phase or initial plateau lasting approximately 80 mus. Steady-state and kinetic features of Ig are minimally influenced by control pulse currents, provided controls are restricted to a sufficiently negative voltage range. Ig OFF following a strong brief pulse also shows a rising phase. A depolarizing prepulse producing gNa inactivation and Ig immobilization eliminates the rising phase of Ig OFF. gNa, the immobilized portion of Ig ON, and the rising phase reappear with similar time-courses when tested with a second depolarizing pulse after varying periods of repolarization. 30 mM external ZnCl2 delays and slows gNa activation, prolongs the rising phase, and slows the subsequent decay of Ig ON. Zn does not affect the kinetics of gNa tails or Ig OFF as channels close, however. We present a sequential kinetic model of Na channel activation, which adequately describes the observations. The rapid early phase of IgON is generated by a series of several fast steps, while the intermediate component reflects a subsequent step. The slow component is too slow to be clearly associated with gNa activation.", "contents": "Fast and slow steps in the activation of sodium channels. Kinetic features of sodium conductance (gNa) and associated gating current (Ig) were studied in voltage-clamped, internally perfused squid axons. Following a step depolarization Ig ON has several kinetic components: (a) a rapid, early phase largely preceding gNa turn-on; (b) a delayed intermediate component developing as gNa increases; and (c) a slow component continuing after gNa is fully activated. With small depolarizations the early phase shows a quick rise (less than 40 mus) and smooth decay; the slow component is not detectable. During large pulses all three components are present, and the earliest shows a rising phase or initial plateau lasting approximately 80 mus. Steady-state and kinetic features of Ig are minimally influenced by control pulse currents, provided controls are restricted to a sufficiently negative voltage range. Ig OFF following a strong brief pulse also shows a rising phase. A depolarizing prepulse producing gNa inactivation and Ig immobilization eliminates the rising phase of Ig OFF. gNa, the immobilized portion of Ig ON, and the rising phase reappear with similar time-courses when tested with a second depolarizing pulse after varying periods of repolarization. 30 mM external ZnCl2 delays and slows gNa activation, prolongs the rising phase, and slows the subsequent decay of Ig ON. Zn does not affect the kinetics of gNa tails or Ig OFF as channels close, however. We present a sequential kinetic model of Na channel activation, which adequately describes the observations. The rapid early phase of IgON is generated by a series of several fast steps, while the intermediate component reflects a subsequent step. The slow component is too slow to be clearly associated with gNa activation.", "PMID": 536736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6972", "title": "Magnesium content and net fluxes in squid giant axons.", "content": "The Mg content of axons freshly dissected from living specimens of the tropical squid Doryteuthis plei was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy to be 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg axoplasm. The axon's ability to maintain this physiological content of total intracellular Mg([Mg]i) was studied. Mgi was shown to be a linear function of Mgo when Mgo of incubating fluid was varied between 0 and 250 mM. When Mgo = 15 mM, Mgi was found to be the same in incubated fibers as in fibers freshly dissected. Mgi levels were unaffected by depolarization of the membrane by high Ko. Stimulation resulted in an extra influx of Mg of 0.05 pmol/(cm2 . impulse) when Mgo = 55 mM. Mgi was found to be a complicated function of the concentration of extracellular Na or Li (Xo), which was substituted for Tris. With 385 mM Lio the Mgi level was found to be 2.5-fold larger than the level observed with 385 mM Nao after incubation for 3 h. The function relating Mgo to Xo was qualitatively unaffected in axons poisoned with the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide, p-trifluorome-thoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and the inhibitor of glycolysis, iodoacetic acid (IAA); the absolute levels of Mgi, however, were some 30% higher in the poisoned axons at all [X]o explored. 2 h incubation of axons in a 333 mM Mg, 40 mM Li solution increased Mgi 3.5-fold in control axons and 5-fold in poisoned axons. These Mg-loaded axons were able to recover physiological levels of Mgi with a half-time of 3-5 h only if kept in a solution which contained Na (220 mM) regardless of whether the axons had been inhibited with FCCP + IAA. Therefore, it may be concluded that the physiological Mgi concentration can be maintained by the Na electrochemical gradient, even when the axon is metabolically poisoned.", "contents": "Magnesium content and net fluxes in squid giant axons. The Mg content of axons freshly dissected from living specimens of the tropical squid Doryteuthis plei was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy to be 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg axoplasm. The axon's ability to maintain this physiological content of total intracellular Mg([Mg]i) was studied. Mgi was shown to be a linear function of Mgo when Mgo of incubating fluid was varied between 0 and 250 mM. When Mgo = 15 mM, Mgi was found to be the same in incubated fibers as in fibers freshly dissected. Mgi levels were unaffected by depolarization of the membrane by high Ko. Stimulation resulted in an extra influx of Mg of 0.05 pmol/(cm2 . impulse) when Mgo = 55 mM. Mgi was found to be a complicated function of the concentration of extracellular Na or Li (Xo), which was substituted for Tris. With 385 mM Lio the Mgi level was found to be 2.5-fold larger than the level observed with 385 mM Nao after incubation for 3 h. The function relating Mgo to Xo was qualitatively unaffected in axons poisoned with the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide, p-trifluorome-thoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and the inhibitor of glycolysis, iodoacetic acid (IAA); the absolute levels of Mgi, however, were some 30% higher in the poisoned axons at all [X]o explored. 2 h incubation of axons in a 333 mM Mg, 40 mM Li solution increased Mgi 3.5-fold in control axons and 5-fold in poisoned axons. These Mg-loaded axons were able to recover physiological levels of Mgi with a half-time of 3-5 h only if kept in a solution which contained Na (220 mM) regardless of whether the axons had been inhibited with FCCP + IAA. Therefore, it may be concluded that the physiological Mgi concentration can be maintained by the Na electrochemical gradient, even when the axon is metabolically poisoned.", "PMID": 536737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6973", "title": "Facial asymmetries: problems in genetic counselling.", "content": "The nosology of the facial asymmetries was studied and illustrated by 4 personal cases: two of incomplete oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia, one of probable Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and one of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Hints for the recurrent risk counselling are given.", "contents": "Facial asymmetries: problems in genetic counselling. The nosology of the facial asymmetries was studied and illustrated by 4 personal cases: two of incomplete oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia, one of probable Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and one of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Hints for the recurrent risk counselling are given.", "PMID": 536738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6974", "title": "[Pseudodiastrophic dwarfism: a case report].", "content": "On the occasion of one new possible observation of the pseudodiastrophic dworfism observed in a femal newborn, first child of young, non-consanguineous parents, authors discuss the differential diagnosis as well as the problem of genetic counselling in the present case since the child's father is a technician in radiology and exposed to X-rays during 7 years.", "contents": "[Pseudodiastrophic dwarfism: a case report]. On the occasion of one new possible observation of the pseudodiastrophic dworfism observed in a femal newborn, first child of young, non-consanguineous parents, authors discuss the differential diagnosis as well as the problem of genetic counselling in the present case since the child's father is a technician in radiology and exposed to X-rays during 7 years.", "PMID": 536739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6975", "title": "[Exclusion of MNSS, Kidd and Gm from the extreme end of the short portion of chromosome 8].", "content": "11 blood and seric group markers were studied in a case of 46,XX,del(8)(qter yields p22 :) in order to contribute to the exclusion map. MNSs and Jk are informative and could be excluded from the region. The proband is also definitly heterozygous for immunoglobulin Gm groups which were tentatively assigned to the short arm of chromosome 8 or 12.", "contents": "[Exclusion of MNSS, Kidd and Gm from the extreme end of the short portion of chromosome 8]. 11 blood and seric group markers were studied in a case of 46,XX,del(8)(qter yields p22 :) in order to contribute to the exclusion map. MNSs and Jk are informative and could be excluded from the region. The proband is also definitly heterozygous for immunoglobulin Gm groups which were tentatively assigned to the short arm of chromosome 8 or 12.", "PMID": 536740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6976", "title": "[Omphalocele: hereditary disease with dominant transmission?].", "content": "The authors report a familial case of exomphalos affecting a mother and her daughter; they discuss the possibility of a dominant transmission.", "contents": "[Omphalocele: hereditary disease with dominant transmission?]. The authors report a familial case of exomphalos affecting a mother and her daughter; they discuss the possibility of a dominant transmission.", "PMID": 536741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6977", "title": "Interaction of hepatitis B surface antigen with polymerized human serum albumin.", "content": "HBsAg binds to a solid-phase adsorbent consisting of polymerized human serum albumin (HSA) on glass particles. Both AD and AY antigenic subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) display this interaction. In either case, the binding to polymerized HSA is reduced in the presence of human serum, suggesting significant attachment of serum components at the locations on HBsAg particles where polymerized HSA binds. The temperature dependence of the interaction goes through a maximum above room temperature, in contrast to the increasing reaction with temperature of the HBsAg--anti-HBs antibody system. The interaction between HBsAg and polymerized HSA is discussed in relation to previous findings of HSA polymers and anti-polymerized albumin antibodies in hepatic patients. A mechanism for production of an autoimmune, antialbumin antibody condition, in association with hepatitis B virus infection is proposed.", "contents": "Interaction of hepatitis B surface antigen with polymerized human serum albumin. HBsAg binds to a solid-phase adsorbent consisting of polymerized human serum albumin (HSA) on glass particles. Both AD and AY antigenic subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) display this interaction. In either case, the binding to polymerized HSA is reduced in the presence of human serum, suggesting significant attachment of serum components at the locations on HBsAg particles where polymerized HSA binds. The temperature dependence of the interaction goes through a maximum above room temperature, in contrast to the increasing reaction with temperature of the HBsAg--anti-HBs antibody system. The interaction between HBsAg and polymerized HSA is discussed in relation to previous findings of HSA polymers and anti-polymerized albumin antibodies in hepatic patients. A mechanism for production of an autoimmune, antialbumin antibody condition, in association with hepatitis B virus infection is proposed.", "PMID": 536742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6978", "title": "Cryptic association of e antigen with different morphologic forms of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "When highly purified HBsAg particles, separated by rate zonal centrifugation into populations differing in predominant size, were tested for HBeAg, the e1 specificity was detected preferentially in association with particle fractions containing large filaments and Dane particles. These results were obtained both by agar gel diffusion and by radioimmunoassay for e antigen. The e antigen activity present in these fractions was potentiated by prior treatment of particles with Tween 80, suggesting cryptic localization of e1 specificity within or under the outer membrane. The HBeAg released by detergent treatment from a purified preparation composed predominantly of small-particle forms of HBsAg was separated by electrofocusing into a peak of nonparticulate e antigen in the pH range of 5.7--6.0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three major polypeptides in this preparation with approximate molecular weights of 25,000, 55,000, and 70,000. Furthermore, two additional peaks of e antigen activity were detected which migrated in association with HBsAg particles at isoelectric points of 4.4 and 5.5--5.6. The major portion of e antigen remained in association with particles after further purification by rate zonal centrifugation.", "contents": "Cryptic association of e antigen with different morphologic forms of hepatitis B surface antigen. When highly purified HBsAg particles, separated by rate zonal centrifugation into populations differing in predominant size, were tested for HBeAg, the e1 specificity was detected preferentially in association with particle fractions containing large filaments and Dane particles. These results were obtained both by agar gel diffusion and by radioimmunoassay for e antigen. The e antigen activity present in these fractions was potentiated by prior treatment of particles with Tween 80, suggesting cryptic localization of e1 specificity within or under the outer membrane. The HBeAg released by detergent treatment from a purified preparation composed predominantly of small-particle forms of HBsAg was separated by electrofocusing into a peak of nonparticulate e antigen in the pH range of 5.7--6.0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three major polypeptides in this preparation with approximate molecular weights of 25,000, 55,000, and 70,000. Furthermore, two additional peaks of e antigen activity were detected which migrated in association with HBsAg particles at isoelectric points of 4.4 and 5.5--5.6. The major portion of e antigen remained in association with particles after further purification by rate zonal centrifugation.", "PMID": 536743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6979", "title": "Immunoglobulins to tick-borne encephalitis in the cerebrospinal fluid of man.", "content": "Antibodies of IgM and IgG type were detected in the CSF of patients with recent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by means of ELISA. No false-positive results were obtained with CSF specimens from patients suffering from meningitis or other illnesses. The ratio of the antibodies in serum to CSF clearly indicated that both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced in the brain itself. In patients who had previously suffered from TBE now with a different inaseptic meningitis, TBE antibodies could also be detected in CSF but only of the IgG class. Again the serum-to-CSF antibody ratio indicated that the antibodies were produced within the central nervous system. For routine diagnosis the micro-ELISA method was found to be useful; antigen-coated plates can be stored as long as three months at +4 degrees C.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins to tick-borne encephalitis in the cerebrospinal fluid of man. Antibodies of IgM and IgG type were detected in the CSF of patients with recent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by means of ELISA. No false-positive results were obtained with CSF specimens from patients suffering from meningitis or other illnesses. The ratio of the antibodies in serum to CSF clearly indicated that both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced in the brain itself. In patients who had previously suffered from TBE now with a different inaseptic meningitis, TBE antibodies could also be detected in CSF but only of the IgG class. Again the serum-to-CSF antibody ratio indicated that the antibodies were produced within the central nervous system. For routine diagnosis the micro-ELISA method was found to be useful; antigen-coated plates can be stored as long as three months at +4 degrees C.", "PMID": 536745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6980", "title": "Indications of anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "The results of long-term (19-21 months) intensive anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in two patients with partial complex epilepsy resistant to therapy are reported. In the first case the qualitative and quantitative therapeutic adjustment based on the monitoring data caused the disappearance of the seizures. In the second case, in which a right mid-temporal calcification (abscess) was demonstrated by CT-scan, the attacks were not controlled by different drugs. The patient became seizure-free after a right temporal lobectomy. The importance of long-term anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in partial complex epilepsies unresponsive to pharmacological therapy is discussed in detail in view of possible surgical treatment.", "contents": "Indications of anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy. The results of long-term (19-21 months) intensive anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in two patients with partial complex epilepsy resistant to therapy are reported. In the first case the qualitative and quantitative therapeutic adjustment based on the monitoring data caused the disappearance of the seizures. In the second case, in which a right mid-temporal calcification (abscess) was demonstrated by CT-scan, the attacks were not controlled by different drugs. The patient became seizure-free after a right temporal lobectomy. The importance of long-term anticonvulsant plasma levels monitoring in partial complex epilepsies unresponsive to pharmacological therapy is discussed in detail in view of possible surgical treatment.", "PMID": 536747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6981", "title": "Renal cortical imaging and the detection of renal mass lesions.", "content": "Tc-99m gluceptate renal imaging was compared with the intravenous urogram in 41 patients. While the specificity of the examination was essentially the same for both techniques, the sensitivity for the detection of renal mass lesions was better with gluceptate imaging. The study suggests the desirability of a shift in emphasis from the IVU to the Tc-99m gluceptate scintigram in the early evaluation of suspected renal mass lesions, and merits further clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Renal cortical imaging and the detection of renal mass lesions. Tc-99m gluceptate renal imaging was compared with the intravenous urogram in 41 patients. While the specificity of the examination was essentially the same for both techniques, the sensitivity for the detection of renal mass lesions was better with gluceptate imaging. The study suggests the desirability of a shift in emphasis from the IVU to the Tc-99m gluceptate scintigram in the early evaluation of suspected renal mass lesions, and merits further clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 536754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6982", "title": "Anterior neck abscess masquerading as acute suppurative thyroiditis.", "content": "Two patients with extrathyroidal anterior neck abscesses are discussed. Normal thyroid scans ruled out acute, suppurative thyroiditis.", "contents": "Anterior neck abscess masquerading as acute suppurative thyroiditis. Two patients with extrathyroidal anterior neck abscesses are discussed. Normal thyroid scans ruled out acute, suppurative thyroiditis.", "PMID": 536755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6983", "title": "The dysraphic state of the posterior fossa. Clinical review of the Dandy-Walker syndrome and the so-called arachnoid cysts.", "content": "The Authors report their case material concerning some basic items of the dysraphic pathology of the Posterior Fossa: 22 cases of Dandy Walker syndromes (DWS) and \"Arachnoid Cysts\" (PFC). The mean clinical findings (predominant involvement of the vestibular structures of the brain stem in the DWS, frequent epileptic seizures and some cases of hypothalamic disturbances in the PFC) are discussed in the light of current embryological theories on Weed's \"area membranacea\". Finally the results of differential surgical treatments are examined: good or satisfactory results were obtained with shunts, while still debatable seems to be the direct surgical approach.", "contents": "The dysraphic state of the posterior fossa. Clinical review of the Dandy-Walker syndrome and the so-called arachnoid cysts. The Authors report their case material concerning some basic items of the dysraphic pathology of the Posterior Fossa: 22 cases of Dandy Walker syndromes (DWS) and \"Arachnoid Cysts\" (PFC). The mean clinical findings (predominant involvement of the vestibular structures of the brain stem in the DWS, frequent epileptic seizures and some cases of hypothalamic disturbances in the PFC) are discussed in the light of current embryological theories on Weed's \"area membranacea\". Finally the results of differential surgical treatments are examined: good or satisfactory results were obtained with shunts, while still debatable seems to be the direct surgical approach.", "PMID": 536750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6984", "title": "Scintillation-proximity assay of antigen-antibody binding kinetics: concise communication.", "content": "Tritiated latex particles and scintillant latex particles have been covalently coated with an antigen (human albumin) and both types of particles are than combined in dilute aqueous suspensions. The formation of antibody-induced dimer and higher-order aggregation resulted in scintillations that could be measured in a standard liquid-scintillation counter, energy-gated for H-3. Rabbit anti-human antiserum was easily detected at a titer of 1:10(6). Human albumin, in the inhibition mode, was also easily detected at 0.1 ng/ml. Since the samples are nondestructively assased, it was possible to examine the kinetics of aggregation under a variety of conditions.", "contents": "Scintillation-proximity assay of antigen-antibody binding kinetics: concise communication. Tritiated latex particles and scintillant latex particles have been covalently coated with an antigen (human albumin) and both types of particles are than combined in dilute aqueous suspensions. The formation of antibody-induced dimer and higher-order aggregation resulted in scintillations that could be measured in a standard liquid-scintillation counter, energy-gated for H-3. Rabbit anti-human antiserum was easily detected at a titer of 1:10(6). Human albumin, in the inhibition mode, was also easily detected at 0.1 ng/ml. Since the samples are nondestructively assased, it was possible to examine the kinetics of aggregation under a variety of conditions.", "PMID": 536756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6985", "title": "The phenomenon of ipsilateral innervation. One case report.", "content": "A patient with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm successfully treated surgically by occluding its major feeding vessel, the left anterior cerebral artery, displayed a homolateral hemiparesis. The possibility of ipsilateral innervation is strongly suggested based on clinical grounds and the post operative follow-up angiographic studies, EEG and PEG.", "contents": "The phenomenon of ipsilateral innervation. One case report. A patient with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm successfully treated surgically by occluding its major feeding vessel, the left anterior cerebral artery, displayed a homolateral hemiparesis. The possibility of ipsilateral innervation is strongly suggested based on clinical grounds and the post operative follow-up angiographic studies, EEG and PEG.", "PMID": 536752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6986", "title": "A study of the relationship between chemical structure and bone localization of Tc-99m diphosphonic acids: concise communication.", "content": "The study was undertaker to evaluate the effect on bone localization of substitutions at the bridge carbon atom of methylenediphosphonic acid. Two monosubstituted compounds (ethylidenediphosphonic acid and benzylmethylenediphosphonic acid), and one disubstituted compound (isopropylidenediphosphonic acid), were synthesized. The biological behavior was compared with that of MDP and dichloro-MDP in the rat, using Tc-99m as a label. Ethylidenediphosphonic acid showed the highest femur-to-liver and femur-to-muscle ratios. MDP exhibited a slightly faster blood clearance than ethylidenediphosphonic acid.", "contents": "A study of the relationship between chemical structure and bone localization of Tc-99m diphosphonic acids: concise communication. The study was undertaker to evaluate the effect on bone localization of substitutions at the bridge carbon atom of methylenediphosphonic acid. Two monosubstituted compounds (ethylidenediphosphonic acid and benzylmethylenediphosphonic acid), and one disubstituted compound (isopropylidenediphosphonic acid), were synthesized. The biological behavior was compared with that of MDP and dichloro-MDP in the rat, using Tc-99m as a label. Ethylidenediphosphonic acid showed the highest femur-to-liver and femur-to-muscle ratios. MDP exhibited a slightly faster blood clearance than ethylidenediphosphonic acid.", "PMID": 536757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6987", "title": "In vivo labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m with stannous pyridoxylideneaminates.", "content": "Several stannous pyridoxylideneaminates were evaluated as stannous ion sources for the in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBCs) with Tc-99m. In spite of a considerable variety of stannous preparations, rapid and efficient RBC labeling was obtained with each stannous chelate. These results suggest that the role of the ligands is merely to stabilize the divalent state of the tin. The optimal time interval between Sn(II) and 99mTcO4- injections, and the best stannous-ion concentration, was found using stannous pyridoxylideneisoleucine (Sn-P.isoL). Maximal in vivo labeling of the RBCs was obtained with an i.v. dose of 10-20 micrograms Sn(II)/kg of Sn-P.isoL followed 15-30 min later by i.v. administration of pertechnetate.", "contents": "In vivo labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m with stannous pyridoxylideneaminates. Several stannous pyridoxylideneaminates were evaluated as stannous ion sources for the in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBCs) with Tc-99m. In spite of a considerable variety of stannous preparations, rapid and efficient RBC labeling was obtained with each stannous chelate. These results suggest that the role of the ligands is merely to stabilize the divalent state of the tin. The optimal time interval between Sn(II) and 99mTcO4- injections, and the best stannous-ion concentration, was found using stannous pyridoxylideneisoleucine (Sn-P.isoL). Maximal in vivo labeling of the RBCs was obtained with an i.v. dose of 10-20 micrograms Sn(II)/kg of Sn-P.isoL followed 15-30 min later by i.v. administration of pertechnetate.", "PMID": 536758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6988", "title": "Scintillation-camera simulator for remote-data acquisition testing.", "content": "A device based on an 8080 microprocessor was assembled for the generation of image data in a manner similar to that of the scintillation camera. This \"simulator\" thus permits testing of the integrity of systems for the acquisition of data over long transmission lines, without tying up the portable scintillation camera. The simulator has improved the reliability of remote-data collections and has increased the efficiency of utilization of the camera.", "contents": "Scintillation-camera simulator for remote-data acquisition testing. A device based on an 8080 microprocessor was assembled for the generation of image data in a manner similar to that of the scintillation camera. This \"simulator\" thus permits testing of the integrity of systems for the acquisition of data over long transmission lines, without tying up the portable scintillation camera. The simulator has improved the reliability of remote-data collections and has increased the efficiency of utilization of the camera.", "PMID": 536759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6989", "title": "A new container geometry for better sensitivity in radiometric measurements.", "content": "A new two-compartment liquid scintillation vial system for radiometric measurement has been evolved, such that the light attenuation by the inner vial is minimized. The increase in relative efficiency is over 70% better than in an earlier design. The system is compact and versatile, and is suitable for automated, cumulative, or continuous radiometric measurements.", "contents": "A new container geometry for better sensitivity in radiometric measurements. A new two-compartment liquid scintillation vial system for radiometric measurement has been evolved, such that the light attenuation by the inner vial is minimized. The increase in relative efficiency is over 70% better than in an earlier design. The system is compact and versatile, and is suitable for automated, cumulative, or continuous radiometric measurements.", "PMID": 536760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6990", "title": "A study of age-dependent changes in thyroid function tests in adults.", "content": "Total serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3 resin uptake (T3U), thyrotrophin (TSH), and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured in 209 healthy adults 20--89 yr old. Mean T4 values for men were stable throughout life, but in females under age 60, T4 values were significantly higher than in older women. Values for T3U in males were significantly higher than in females throughout all decades, although females had a significant increase in T3U after age 60. TSH values increased significantly in females over age 60. Throughout all decades, males had stable TSH levels that were slightly higher than the female results before age 60 and lower thereafter. Mean serum T3 declined similarly for both sexes with increasing age, although not to the extent previously reported. Men had significantly higher mean rT3 values over all decades than females, although female rT3 levels decreased after age 50 whereas males maintained stable values. The physiologic reasons for these findings may be due to sex-related changes in binding proteins and alterations in metabolic clearance rates, production, and degradation of these hormones with increasing age.", "contents": "A study of age-dependent changes in thyroid function tests in adults. Total serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3 resin uptake (T3U), thyrotrophin (TSH), and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured in 209 healthy adults 20--89 yr old. Mean T4 values for men were stable throughout life, but in females under age 60, T4 values were significantly higher than in older women. Values for T3U in males were significantly higher than in females throughout all decades, although females had a significant increase in T3U after age 60. TSH values increased significantly in females over age 60. Throughout all decades, males had stable TSH levels that were slightly higher than the female results before age 60 and lower thereafter. Mean serum T3 declined similarly for both sexes with increasing age, although not to the extent previously reported. Men had significantly higher mean rT3 values over all decades than females, although female rT3 levels decreased after age 50 whereas males maintained stable values. The physiologic reasons for these findings may be due to sex-related changes in binding proteins and alterations in metabolic clearance rates, production, and degradation of these hormones with increasing age.", "PMID": 536771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6991", "title": "The normal dexamethasone-suppression adrenal scintiscan.", "content": "To establish the parameters of adrenal imaging under dexamethasone suppression (DS), 18 normotensive, normal male volunteers underwent dexamethasone-suppression adrenal scintiscanning. Five control groups were established and given dexamethasone, either 8 mg for 2 days or 4 mg for 7 days before 6 beta-[131I]iodomethyl-norcholesterol (NP-59) administration. NP-59 was given in doses of 2, 1, or 0.5 mCi. Early visualization (3--5 days) of the adrenals was noted in the groups on the 8 mg DS regimen with either 1 or 2 mCi of NP-59. Late visualization (5--7 days) was noted in the groups that received 4 mg DS and either 2, 1, or 0.5 mCi of NP-59, respectively. The normal adrenal will demonstrate uptake of NP-59 under DS, and the duration of DS before imaging is the critical factor as to when discernible adrenal visualization will occur. The documentation of the noraml suppression interval on these DS regimens provides a basis for the correct diagnostic interpretation of adrenal hyperfunction as seen on the dexamethasone-suppression NP-59 adrenal scan.", "contents": "The normal dexamethasone-suppression adrenal scintiscan. To establish the parameters of adrenal imaging under dexamethasone suppression (DS), 18 normotensive, normal male volunteers underwent dexamethasone-suppression adrenal scintiscanning. Five control groups were established and given dexamethasone, either 8 mg for 2 days or 4 mg for 7 days before 6 beta-[131I]iodomethyl-norcholesterol (NP-59) administration. NP-59 was given in doses of 2, 1, or 0.5 mCi. Early visualization (3--5 days) of the adrenals was noted in the groups on the 8 mg DS regimen with either 1 or 2 mCi of NP-59. Late visualization (5--7 days) was noted in the groups that received 4 mg DS and either 2, 1, or 0.5 mCi of NP-59, respectively. The normal adrenal will demonstrate uptake of NP-59 under DS, and the duration of DS before imaging is the critical factor as to when discernible adrenal visualization will occur. The documentation of the noraml suppression interval on these DS regimens provides a basis for the correct diagnostic interpretation of adrenal hyperfunction as seen on the dexamethasone-suppression NP-59 adrenal scan.", "PMID": 536772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6992", "title": "Partition of thallium-201 in isolated myocardial tissue of rats previously injected at rest or after exercise.", "content": "The kinetics and distribution of TI-201 in isolated myocardial tissue of rats injected i.v. with this radionuclide are compared at rest and after exercise (2 hr of forced swimming). At 1/2 and 3 hr after injection, a myocardial segment was obtained and subjected to continuous washout with the radioactivity remaining in the tissue recorded each 10 sec for 1 hr. Altogether there were four groups of ten animals each. A three-compartment model (extracellular, main intracellular, and subcellular) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of TI-201. In the groups studied 1/2 hr after TI-201 injection the most dramatic effect of exercise was a translocation of TI-201 into the subcellular compartment. The change was also present but less marked in samples from exercised rats obtained 3 hr after TI-201 injection, which suggests a transition to the resting stage. The findings suggest the possibility of structural subcellular differences in myocardial uptake for TI-201 in clinical images visualized after exercise and at rest.", "contents": "Partition of thallium-201 in isolated myocardial tissue of rats previously injected at rest or after exercise. The kinetics and distribution of TI-201 in isolated myocardial tissue of rats injected i.v. with this radionuclide are compared at rest and after exercise (2 hr of forced swimming). At 1/2 and 3 hr after injection, a myocardial segment was obtained and subjected to continuous washout with the radioactivity remaining in the tissue recorded each 10 sec for 1 hr. Altogether there were four groups of ten animals each. A three-compartment model (extracellular, main intracellular, and subcellular) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of TI-201. In the groups studied 1/2 hr after TI-201 injection the most dramatic effect of exercise was a translocation of TI-201 into the subcellular compartment. The change was also present but less marked in samples from exercised rats obtained 3 hr after TI-201 injection, which suggests a transition to the resting stage. The findings suggest the possibility of structural subcellular differences in myocardial uptake for TI-201 in clinical images visualized after exercise and at rest.", "PMID": 536773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6993", "title": "A study of irradiated bone: I. histopathologic and physiologic changes.", "content": "Histologic and tracer techniques were used to investigate and document alterations in bone pathophysiology subsequent to irradiation of the left hind limb of rabbits. Numerous time-dependent changes were observed. Among these were an inflammatory response shortly after irradiation, and an increase in the remodeling of cortical bone, which peaked between 3 and 6 mo after irradiation. The changes in bone remodeling correlated with changes in vascular patency in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that radiation damage in mature bone is mediated primarily through alterations in the fine vasculature. The findings of this study provide important information on the time course of changes in bone pathophysiology following regional irradiation. They are used in the second of this series of papers to help establish which mechanisms are responsible for postirradiation alterations in the localization of Tc-99m pyrophosphate in these rabbits.", "contents": "A study of irradiated bone: I. histopathologic and physiologic changes. Histologic and tracer techniques were used to investigate and document alterations in bone pathophysiology subsequent to irradiation of the left hind limb of rabbits. Numerous time-dependent changes were observed. Among these were an inflammatory response shortly after irradiation, and an increase in the remodeling of cortical bone, which peaked between 3 and 6 mo after irradiation. The changes in bone remodeling correlated with changes in vascular patency in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that radiation damage in mature bone is mediated primarily through alterations in the fine vasculature. The findings of this study provide important information on the time course of changes in bone pathophysiology following regional irradiation. They are used in the second of this series of papers to help establish which mechanisms are responsible for postirradiation alterations in the localization of Tc-99m pyrophosphate in these rabbits.", "PMID": 536774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6994", "title": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics: II. evaluation of a five-compartment model of [18F]fluoride kinetics in rats.", "content": "We have evaluated a five-compartment model of [18F]fluoride kinetics in rats. The initial fluoride distribution was found to be similar to that of [77Br]bromide, a known extracellular-fluid (ECF) tracer, in agreement with the hypothesis underlying the model, and the measured uptake rate in rat bones compared well with the digital computer solution. Simpler models did not give a better fit. In dead rats, fluoride movement was found within the skeleton, presumably from bone ECF to bone substance, although not as rapidly as predicted or found in the live animal. Evaluation of the rate constants permitted estimates to be made of cardiac output, skeletal blood flow, and bone ECF volume, all in accord with independent measurements. It is suggested that skeletal blood flow at rest is a constant fraction of body weight, and probably subserves a hematopoietic as well as a mineralization function.", "contents": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics: II. evaluation of a five-compartment model of [18F]fluoride kinetics in rats. We have evaluated a five-compartment model of [18F]fluoride kinetics in rats. The initial fluoride distribution was found to be similar to that of [77Br]bromide, a known extracellular-fluid (ECF) tracer, in agreement with the hypothesis underlying the model, and the measured uptake rate in rat bones compared well with the digital computer solution. Simpler models did not give a better fit. In dead rats, fluoride movement was found within the skeleton, presumably from bone ECF to bone substance, although not as rapidly as predicted or found in the live animal. Evaluation of the rate constants permitted estimates to be made of cardiac output, skeletal blood flow, and bone ECF volume, all in accord with independent measurements. It is suggested that skeletal blood flow at rest is a constant fraction of body weight, and probably subserves a hematopoietic as well as a mineralization function.", "PMID": 536775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6995", "title": "In vivo measurement of body nitrogen by analysis of prompt gammas from neutron capture.", "content": "A method for the in vivo determination of body nitrogen by prompt gamma photons from neutron capture is described. An 85-Ci 238Pu-Be source provides the neutrons. The gamma detection system consists of two 15.24 x 15.24 cm Nal(TI) detectors placed above the patient. Absolute value of body nitrogen is determined using body hydrogen as an internal standard. The reproducibility of the method is +/- 3% for a body dose of 26 mrem.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of body nitrogen by analysis of prompt gammas from neutron capture. A method for the in vivo determination of body nitrogen by prompt gamma photons from neutron capture is described. An 85-Ci 238Pu-Be source provides the neutrons. The gamma detection system consists of two 15.24 x 15.24 cm Nal(TI) detectors placed above the patient. Absolute value of body nitrogen is determined using body hydrogen as an internal standard. The reproducibility of the method is +/- 3% for a body dose of 26 mrem.", "PMID": 536776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6996", "title": "Cerebral venous angioma: correlation of radionuclide brain scan, transmission computed tomography, and angiography.", "content": "Three cases of intracerebral venous angioma, a rare vascular malformation, were studied by radionuclide brain scan, transmission computed tomography (TCT) and angiography. In each case, the radionuclide flow study demonstrated a typical area of abnormal increase in activity during the venous phase; in two of the cases the arterial phase was also abnormal. Each contrast angiogram demonstrated a normal arterial distribution and a characteristic network of abnormal veins that converged to a large transcerebral draining vein. The TCT scans showed enhancing, curvilinear densities; while not specific, this finding should suggest the possibility of venous angioma in the brain.", "contents": "Cerebral venous angioma: correlation of radionuclide brain scan, transmission computed tomography, and angiography. Three cases of intracerebral venous angioma, a rare vascular malformation, were studied by radionuclide brain scan, transmission computed tomography (TCT) and angiography. In each case, the radionuclide flow study demonstrated a typical area of abnormal increase in activity during the venous phase; in two of the cases the arterial phase was also abnormal. Each contrast angiogram demonstrated a normal arterial distribution and a characteristic network of abnormal veins that converged to a large transcerebral draining vein. The TCT scans showed enhancing, curvilinear densities; while not specific, this finding should suggest the possibility of venous angioma in the brain.", "PMID": 536777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6997", "title": "Tantalum-178-labeled agents for lung and liver imaging.", "content": "Despite its 9.3-min half-life, Ta-178 can be used to produce radiopharmaceuticals for lung and liver imaging. A variety of human serum albumin microspheres and other particulate radiopharmaceuticals were labeled with Ta-178. A period of approximately 10 min was required for their preparation and administration to rats. Extrapolation to the clinical situation suggests that imaging could take place after one half-life of the nuclide has elapsed. We found that satisfactory imaging is possible using Ta-178 radiopharmaceuticals with the Anger camera and a pinhole collimator. Since short imaging times, high spatial resolution, and low patient doses are reasonable objectives in pediatric scintigraphy, these new radiotracers may prove useful for lung and liver imaging in children.", "contents": "Tantalum-178-labeled agents for lung and liver imaging. Despite its 9.3-min half-life, Ta-178 can be used to produce radiopharmaceuticals for lung and liver imaging. A variety of human serum albumin microspheres and other particulate radiopharmaceuticals were labeled with Ta-178. A period of approximately 10 min was required for their preparation and administration to rats. Extrapolation to the clinical situation suggests that imaging could take place after one half-life of the nuclide has elapsed. We found that satisfactory imaging is possible using Ta-178 radiopharmaceuticals with the Anger camera and a pinhole collimator. Since short imaging times, high spatial resolution, and low patient doses are reasonable objectives in pediatric scintigraphy, these new radiotracers may prove useful for lung and liver imaging in children.", "PMID": 536778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6998", "title": "Membrane transport of Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, I. Brain uptake by passive transport.", "content": "The membrane transport properties of twelve Tc-99m complexes were studied by determining each complex's brain uptake index (BUI), extent of protein binding, and octanol-to-saline partition coefficient. The chelating agents used were classified as either N-substituted carbamoylmethyliminodiacetates, substituted oxines, N,N'-diesters of EDTA, or N-substituted derivatives of DTPA. The Tc-99m complexes were found to cross the blood--brain barrier in proportion to their lipophilicity. Of the four types of chelating agents tested, substituted oxines appear to be most suitable for the development of diffusible Tc-99m-labeled compounds for imaging nonexcretory organs.", "contents": "Membrane transport of Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, I. Brain uptake by passive transport. The membrane transport properties of twelve Tc-99m complexes were studied by determining each complex's brain uptake index (BUI), extent of protein binding, and octanol-to-saline partition coefficient. The chelating agents used were classified as either N-substituted carbamoylmethyliminodiacetates, substituted oxines, N,N'-diesters of EDTA, or N-substituted derivatives of DTPA. The Tc-99m complexes were found to cross the blood--brain barrier in proportion to their lipophilicity. Of the four types of chelating agents tested, substituted oxines appear to be most suitable for the development of diffusible Tc-99m-labeled compounds for imaging nonexcretory organs.", "PMID": 536779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_6999", "title": "In vivo distribution of Tc-99m(Sn)pyridoxylideneisoleucine: effects of storage and labeling conditions. Concise communication.", "content": "Various conditions for the storage of the stannous pyridoxylideneisoleucine (Sn-P.isoL) kit reagent, and also for the preparation of Tc-99m(Sn)P. isoL, have been evaluated experimentally using rats. Both the frozen (-30 degrees C) and the freeze-dried state were found to be suitable for storage of the kit reagent. For the labeling procedure, at least 40 min incubation time (Sn-P.isoL + 99mTcO4-) was necessary at room temperature, but the same superior results could be obtained quickly by heating the mixed solution for 2 min in a boiling-water bath. The pertechnetate could be added in a volume up to four times that of the kit reagent. MoVI) and/or AI(III) in the pertechnetate solution did not interfere with the formation of Tc-99m(Sn)P.isoL up to the highest tested concentration of 40 micrograms/ml each.", "contents": "In vivo distribution of Tc-99m(Sn)pyridoxylideneisoleucine: effects of storage and labeling conditions. Concise communication. Various conditions for the storage of the stannous pyridoxylideneisoleucine (Sn-P.isoL) kit reagent, and also for the preparation of Tc-99m(Sn)P. isoL, have been evaluated experimentally using rats. Both the frozen (-30 degrees C) and the freeze-dried state were found to be suitable for storage of the kit reagent. For the labeling procedure, at least 40 min incubation time (Sn-P.isoL + 99mTcO4-) was necessary at room temperature, but the same superior results could be obtained quickly by heating the mixed solution for 2 min in a boiling-water bath. The pertechnetate could be added in a volume up to four times that of the kit reagent. MoVI) and/or AI(III) in the pertechnetate solution did not interfere with the formation of Tc-99m(Sn)P.isoL up to the highest tested concentration of 40 micrograms/ml each.", "PMID": 536780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7000", "title": "Correction for out-of-focal-plane blurring in a simulated multiplane tomographic scanner.", "content": "A technique has been developed to remove out-of-focal-plane blurring from coronal and axial images made using a multiplane tomographic scanner. The technique uses a combined smoothing and differential operator that is applied to the axial images. It has been tested using computer-simulated images, with favorable results. The usefulness of the technique in a real system has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Correction for out-of-focal-plane blurring in a simulated multiplane tomographic scanner. A technique has been developed to remove out-of-focal-plane blurring from coronal and axial images made using a multiplane tomographic scanner. The technique uses a combined smoothing and differential operator that is applied to the axial images. It has been tested using computer-simulated images, with favorable results. The usefulness of the technique in a real system has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 536781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7001", "title": "Use of technetium-99m as a radioactive label to study migratory patterns of leukocytes.", "content": "Technetium-99m had been used as a radioactive label to study the migratory patterns of neutrophils. In a previous in vitro study, neutrophils were labeled with Tc-99m and infused into patients with and without various hematological disorders. Increased pulmonary localization was detected by scintillation camera within 10 min; this decreased gradually within 3 hr. Accumulation was seen in the liver and spleen at 3 hr. The same results were noted by using neutrophils labeled with Tc-99m sulfur colloid. In a patient with severe ulceration in the oral cavity, due to acute leukemia, Tc-99m-labeled transfused neutrophils that were collected by filtration leukopheresis were concentrated in the infected lesions.", "contents": "Use of technetium-99m as a radioactive label to study migratory patterns of leukocytes. Technetium-99m had been used as a radioactive label to study the migratory patterns of neutrophils. In a previous in vitro study, neutrophils were labeled with Tc-99m and infused into patients with and without various hematological disorders. Increased pulmonary localization was detected by scintillation camera within 10 min; this decreased gradually within 3 hr. Accumulation was seen in the liver and spleen at 3 hr. The same results were noted by using neutrophils labeled with Tc-99m sulfur colloid. In a patient with severe ulceration in the oral cavity, due to acute leukemia, Tc-99m-labeled transfused neutrophils that were collected by filtration leukopheresis were concentrated in the infected lesions.", "PMID": 536782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7002", "title": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: the controversy over its clinical usefulness in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Several uses of thallium myocardial imaging (assessment of questionable stenosis and detection of infarction) provide unique information and are useful adjuncts in the diagnostic workup and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Screening studies with thallium to detect the presence or absence of coronary artery disease have generated considerable controversy. Much of this conflict can be resolved by a careful analysis of the purpose of the screening study, the sensitivity and specificity of the imaging test, and the prevalence of disease in the subgroup under study. With the principles outlined, thallium imaging can be used to make patient-care decisions with a reasonable degree of confidence.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: the controversy over its clinical usefulness in ischemic heart disease. Several uses of thallium myocardial imaging (assessment of questionable stenosis and detection of infarction) provide unique information and are useful adjuncts in the diagnostic workup and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Screening studies with thallium to detect the presence or absence of coronary artery disease have generated considerable controversy. Much of this conflict can be resolved by a careful analysis of the purpose of the screening study, the sensitivity and specificity of the imaging test, and the prevalence of disease in the subgroup under study. With the principles outlined, thallium imaging can be used to make patient-care decisions with a reasonable degree of confidence.", "PMID": 536783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7003", "title": "The appearance of bone scans following fractures, including immediate and long-term studies.", "content": "Bone scans were performed on 204 patients at intervals ranging from 6 hr to several years after traumatic fractures. The minimum time for a bone scan to become abnormal following fracture was age-dependent; however, 80% of all fractures were abnormal by 24 hr, and 95% by 72 hr, after injury. Three distinct temporally related phases were noted on bone scans as sequential studies showed a gradual return to normal. The minimum time for a fracture to return to normal on a bone scan was 5 mo. Approximately 90% of the fractures returned to normal by 2 yr after injury.", "contents": "The appearance of bone scans following fractures, including immediate and long-term studies. Bone scans were performed on 204 patients at intervals ranging from 6 hr to several years after traumatic fractures. The minimum time for a bone scan to become abnormal following fracture was age-dependent; however, 80% of all fractures were abnormal by 24 hr, and 95% by 72 hr, after injury. Three distinct temporally related phases were noted on bone scans as sequential studies showed a gradual return to normal. The minimum time for a fracture to return to normal on a bone scan was 5 mo. Approximately 90% of the fractures returned to normal by 2 yr after injury.", "PMID": 536788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7004", "title": "The significance of augmented radiocolloid uptake by the spleen in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Increase in splenic uptake of Tc-99m sulfur colloid was noted in 47 of 147 (32%) patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma early in the coure of disease. Patients with disseminated disease and/or clinical or laboratory evidence of hapatic dysfunction were excluded from study. Recurrence rate of 2 yr was higher for those patients with splenic scans demonstrating augmented uptake compared with patients having normal scans, 36% against 16% (p less than 0.02). These differences resulted from a much more favorable prognosis in women with normal scans contrasted with women with increased uptake, 6% against 26% (p less than 0.05). Women with increased splenic uptake, and all men regardless of scan status, seemed to have a higher rate of recurrence than women with normal spleen scans. Scan status may be an adjunctive prognostic marker in women.", "contents": "The significance of augmented radiocolloid uptake by the spleen in patients with malignant melanoma. Increase in splenic uptake of Tc-99m sulfur colloid was noted in 47 of 147 (32%) patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma early in the coure of disease. Patients with disseminated disease and/or clinical or laboratory evidence of hapatic dysfunction were excluded from study. Recurrence rate of 2 yr was higher for those patients with splenic scans demonstrating augmented uptake compared with patients having normal scans, 36% against 16% (p less than 0.02). These differences resulted from a much more favorable prognosis in women with normal scans contrasted with women with increased uptake, 6% against 26% (p less than 0.05). Women with increased splenic uptake, and all men regardless of scan status, seemed to have a higher rate of recurrence than women with normal spleen scans. Scan status may be an adjunctive prognostic marker in women.", "PMID": 536789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7005", "title": "Axillary lymphoscintigraphy by radioimmunodetection of carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer.", "content": "In seven women with carcinoma of the breast I-131-labeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)  were administered subcutaneously in the finger webs. Subsequent scintigraphic immages demonstrated localization of radioactivity in the ipsilateral axillary metastases of all patients and in the contralateral axillae of three. Fifteen patients with either gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancers were studied as controls; in 12 both the hands and feet were injected with antibodies to CEA and in the other three either the hands or feet. Radioactivity was observed in the inquinal nodes of four control patients with tumors below the diaphragm and in the axillary nodes of one patient with a tumor above the diaphragm. The concentration of antibody in lymph node metastases from breast carcinoma was 100% specific. In those lymph nodes that presumably contained no metastatic tumor but demonstrated localization of labeled antibody, retention of CEA in the nodes from tumor drainage is postulated as the receptor site for the antibody.", "contents": "Axillary lymphoscintigraphy by radioimmunodetection of carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer. In seven women with carcinoma of the breast I-131-labeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)  were administered subcutaneously in the finger webs. Subsequent scintigraphic immages demonstrated localization of radioactivity in the ipsilateral axillary metastases of all patients and in the contralateral axillae of three. Fifteen patients with either gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancers were studied as controls; in 12 both the hands and feet were injected with antibodies to CEA and in the other three either the hands or feet. Radioactivity was observed in the inquinal nodes of four control patients with tumors below the diaphragm and in the axillary nodes of one patient with a tumor above the diaphragm. The concentration of antibody in lymph node metastases from breast carcinoma was 100% specific. In those lymph nodes that presumably contained no metastatic tumor but demonstrated localization of labeled antibody, retention of CEA in the nodes from tumor drainage is postulated as the receptor site for the antibody.", "PMID": 536790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7006", "title": "Transmission computed tomography, Tc-99m MAA scintigraphy, and plain chest radiography after experimentally produced acute pulmonary arterial occulusion in the dog.", "content": "We have occluded segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries in the dog with Swan-Ganz balloon catheters or i.v. injection of autologous clot, and have studied the chest with transmission computed tomography (TCT), Tc-99m-MAA gamma imaging, and plain radiographs. The arterial occlusions were between 1 and 5 hr old at the time of imaging. Radiographs revealed no lesions. Tc-99m MAA scanns revealed ten of 11 lesions. When a TCT image was made before i.v. injection of Renografin-60, two of 11 lesions were identified; after Renografin the score was four out of ten. The appearance of lesions on TCT was highly variable. Tc-99m-MAA gamma imaging, therefore, is far more accurate than TCT in the identification of small experimentally produced acute pulmonary arterial occlusions in the dog, and our study fails to suggest a secure place for TCT in the diagnosis of small, acute human pulmonary emboli. The commonly-held assumption that postembolic lung is oligemic is questioned.", "contents": "Transmission computed tomography, Tc-99m MAA scintigraphy, and plain chest radiography after experimentally produced acute pulmonary arterial occulusion in the dog. We have occluded segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries in the dog with Swan-Ganz balloon catheters or i.v. injection of autologous clot, and have studied the chest with transmission computed tomography (TCT), Tc-99m-MAA gamma imaging, and plain radiographs. The arterial occlusions were between 1 and 5 hr old at the time of imaging. Radiographs revealed no lesions. Tc-99m MAA scanns revealed ten of 11 lesions. When a TCT image was made before i.v. injection of Renografin-60, two of 11 lesions were identified; after Renografin the score was four out of ten. The appearance of lesions on TCT was highly variable. Tc-99m-MAA gamma imaging, therefore, is far more accurate than TCT in the identification of small experimentally produced acute pulmonary arterial occlusions in the dog, and our study fails to suggest a secure place for TCT in the diagnosis of small, acute human pulmonary emboli. The commonly-held assumption that postembolic lung is oligemic is questioned.", "PMID": 536791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7007", "title": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. III. Tc-99m(Sn)methylenediphosphonate uptake in the canine tibia as a function of blood flow.", "content": "Experiments were performed in 14 dogs to study the effect of changes in bone blood flow on the tibial uptake of the skeletal tracer Tc-99m(Sn)methylenediphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP). Aortic blood was diverted through a pulsatile-flow pump in order to monitor and control femoral arterial blood flow. Tibial nutrient perfusion, as measured with labeled microspheres, paralleled the changes in arterial flow. We found that increments in bone blood flow up to four times normal produced only minimal augmentation of Tc-99m MDP uptake (mean = 33%), a markedly nonproportional relationship. The data points clustered about a predicted curve produced by perturbing the rate constants of a seven-compartment model obtained in normal dogs. These findings indicate that bone uptake of Tc-99m MDP is diffusion-limited, and they therefore cast doubt upon the validity of a method used for many years for estimating bone blood flow, the so-called skeletal tracer clearance technique. Nerve section, performed in 14 other dogs, augmented Tc-99m MDP uptake by about 50% at supranormal flows, suggesting a parallel-flow model of the microcirculation in bone, under sympathetic control. Such a model satisfactorily explains many scintigraphic findings in disease states.", "contents": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. III. Tc-99m(Sn)methylenediphosphonate uptake in the canine tibia as a function of blood flow. Experiments were performed in 14 dogs to study the effect of changes in bone blood flow on the tibial uptake of the skeletal tracer Tc-99m(Sn)methylenediphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP). Aortic blood was diverted through a pulsatile-flow pump in order to monitor and control femoral arterial blood flow. Tibial nutrient perfusion, as measured with labeled microspheres, paralleled the changes in arterial flow. We found that increments in bone blood flow up to four times normal produced only minimal augmentation of Tc-99m MDP uptake (mean = 33%), a markedly nonproportional relationship. The data points clustered about a predicted curve produced by perturbing the rate constants of a seven-compartment model obtained in normal dogs. These findings indicate that bone uptake of Tc-99m MDP is diffusion-limited, and they therefore cast doubt upon the validity of a method used for many years for estimating bone blood flow, the so-called skeletal tracer clearance technique. Nerve section, performed in 14 other dogs, augmented Tc-99m MDP uptake by about 50% at supranormal flows, suggesting a parallel-flow model of the microcirculation in bone, under sympathetic control. Such a model satisfactorily explains many scintigraphic findings in disease states.", "PMID": 536792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7008", "title": "The value of the bone scan in idiopathic regional migratory osteoporosis.", "content": "Idiopathic regional migratory osteoporosis is a self-limited entity of unknown origin, which has received little attention in the nuclear medicine literature. It is characterized by severe joint pain, typically in a hip, with normal laboratory and normal early radiographic findings. Spontaneous recovery occurs, but recurrence is frequent in another joint, often the opposite hip. Recurrence in the same joint has never been reported. The bone scan is shown to be positive with first symptoms and is important in the diagnosis and management of this entity. Three cases are presented.", "contents": "The value of the bone scan in idiopathic regional migratory osteoporosis. Idiopathic regional migratory osteoporosis is a self-limited entity of unknown origin, which has received little attention in the nuclear medicine literature. It is characterized by severe joint pain, typically in a hip, with normal laboratory and normal early radiographic findings. Spontaneous recovery occurs, but recurrence is frequent in another joint, often the opposite hip. Recurrence in the same joint has never been reported. The bone scan is shown to be positive with first symptoms and is important in the diagnosis and management of this entity. Three cases are presented.", "PMID": 536793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7009", "title": "Diverse bone scan abnormalitites in \"shin splints\".", "content": "Four young patients who presented with pain over the anterior compartment of the legs, gave a recent athletic history suggesting stress fractures. Although radiographs were initially normal in all four cases, the bone scintigrams were positive. The individual findings, however, were quite different. In one there was a single focal area of increased radioactivity in each of the tibias; the second patient had uneven uptake of radiotracer and several foci of accumulation in the fibulas; the third showed diffuse linear tibial uptake suggesting periosteal lesions; and the fourth case revealed uptake in the lateral malleolus and in bones of the foot.", "contents": "Diverse bone scan abnormalitites in \"shin splints\". Four young patients who presented with pain over the anterior compartment of the legs, gave a recent athletic history suggesting stress fractures. Although radiographs were initially normal in all four cases, the bone scintigrams were positive. The individual findings, however, were quite different. In one there was a single focal area of increased radioactivity in each of the tibias; the second patient had uneven uptake of radiotracer and several foci of accumulation in the fibulas; the third showed diffuse linear tibial uptake suggesting periosteal lesions; and the fourth case revealed uptake in the lateral malleolus and in bones of the foot.", "PMID": 536794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7010", "title": "Biological distribution and excretion of DTPA labeled with Tc-99m and In-111.", "content": "For the purpose of radiation dose estimates, organ assays and excretion measurements of the Tc-99m and In-111 complexes with DTPA were conducted in dogs at various time intervals up to 24 hr, and the results compared with available human data. The peak concentration of the Tc-99m complex, at 3 min after injection, was 5% of the administered dose for one kidney, 3.5% for the liver, and 3.5% for the small bowel. No organ system except the urinary tract reached a concentration higher than that in blood for several hours after the injection. The biliary excretion of these agents was extremely low, and their elimination in the feces was negligible. In man, it appears that the residual 4-5% of an administered dose not eliminated in the urine by 24 hr is widely distributed in various tissues. The distribution of the In-111 complex is similar but not identical to that of the Tc-99m complex.", "contents": "Biological distribution and excretion of DTPA labeled with Tc-99m and In-111. For the purpose of radiation dose estimates, organ assays and excretion measurements of the Tc-99m and In-111 complexes with DTPA were conducted in dogs at various time intervals up to 24 hr, and the results compared with available human data. The peak concentration of the Tc-99m complex, at 3 min after injection, was 5% of the administered dose for one kidney, 3.5% for the liver, and 3.5% for the small bowel. No organ system except the urinary tract reached a concentration higher than that in blood for several hours after the injection. The biliary excretion of these agents was extremely low, and their elimination in the feces was negligible. In man, it appears that the residual 4-5% of an administered dose not eliminated in the urine by 24 hr is widely distributed in various tissues. The distribution of the In-111 complex is similar but not identical to that of the Tc-99m complex.", "PMID": 536795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7011", "title": "The low-temperature scintillation properties of bismuth germanate and its application to high-energy gamma radiation imaging devices.", "content": "Bismuth germanate is a scintillation material with very high z, and high density (7.13 g/cm3). It is a rugged, nonhygroscopic, crystalline material with room-temperature scintillation properties described by previous investigators as having a light yield approximately 8% of that of NaI(Tl), emission peak at approximately 480 nm, decay constant of 0.3 microsec, and energy resolution congruent to 15% (FWHM) for Cs-137 gamma radiations. These properties make it an excellent candidate for applications involving the detection of high-energy gamma photons and positron annihilation radiation, particularly when good spatial resolution is desired. At room temperature, however, the application of this material is somewhat limited by low light output and poor energy resolution. This paper presents new data on the scintillation properties of bismuth germanate as a function of temperature from -- 196 degrees C to j0 degrees C. Low-temperature use of the material is shown to greatly improve its light yield and energy resolution. The implications of this work to the design of imaging devices for high-energy radiation in health physics and nuclear medicine are discussed.", "contents": "The low-temperature scintillation properties of bismuth germanate and its application to high-energy gamma radiation imaging devices. Bismuth germanate is a scintillation material with very high z, and high density (7.13 g/cm3). It is a rugged, nonhygroscopic, crystalline material with room-temperature scintillation properties described by previous investigators as having a light yield approximately 8% of that of NaI(Tl), emission peak at approximately 480 nm, decay constant of 0.3 microsec, and energy resolution congruent to 15% (FWHM) for Cs-137 gamma radiations. These properties make it an excellent candidate for applications involving the detection of high-energy gamma photons and positron annihilation radiation, particularly when good spatial resolution is desired. At room temperature, however, the application of this material is somewhat limited by low light output and poor energy resolution. This paper presents new data on the scintillation properties of bismuth germanate as a function of temperature from -- 196 degrees C to j0 degrees C. Low-temperature use of the material is shown to greatly improve its light yield and energy resolution. The implications of this work to the design of imaging devices for high-energy radiation in health physics and nuclear medicine are discussed.", "PMID": 536796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7012", "title": "Absorption-edge transmission technique using Ce- 139 for measurement of stable iodine concentration.", "content": "We have investigated a technique for measuring stable iodine concentrations by absorption-edge transmission measurements using a Ce 139 radiation source. The lanthanum daughter emits characteristic x-rays whose energies just bracket the absorption edge of iodine at 33.2 keV. Relative transmission of these x-rays is sensitive to iodine concentration in the sample, but is relatively insensitive to other elements. By applying energy-selective beam filtration, it is possible to determine the relative transmission of these closely spaced x-ray energies with NaI(Tl) detectors. Optimizations of sample thickness, detector thickness, and Ce-139 source activity are discussed. Using sample volumes of about 10 ml, one can determine iodine concentration to an uncertainty (standard deviation) of +/- 5 microgram/ml with a 5-mCi source in a measurement time of 400 sec. Potential clinical applications of the in vitro technique are discussed, along with comparative aspects of the Ce-139 technique and other absorption and fluorescence techniques for measuring stable iodine.", "contents": "Absorption-edge transmission technique using Ce- 139 for measurement of stable iodine concentration. We have investigated a technique for measuring stable iodine concentrations by absorption-edge transmission measurements using a Ce 139 radiation source. The lanthanum daughter emits characteristic x-rays whose energies just bracket the absorption edge of iodine at 33.2 keV. Relative transmission of these x-rays is sensitive to iodine concentration in the sample, but is relatively insensitive to other elements. By applying energy-selective beam filtration, it is possible to determine the relative transmission of these closely spaced x-ray energies with NaI(Tl) detectors. Optimizations of sample thickness, detector thickness, and Ce-139 source activity are discussed. Using sample volumes of about 10 ml, one can determine iodine concentration to an uncertainty (standard deviation) of +/- 5 microgram/ml with a 5-mCi source in a measurement time of 400 sec. Potential clinical applications of the in vitro technique are discussed, along with comparative aspects of the Ce-139 technique and other absorption and fluorescence techniques for measuring stable iodine.", "PMID": 536797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7013", "title": "Resolution rates of pulmonary embolism assessed by serial positron imaging with inhaled O-15-labeled carbon dioxide.", "content": "Embolic obstruction of pulmonary blood flow results in delayed regional clearance of inhaled C15O2. Focally retained C15O2 appears as zones of increased O-15 activity on serial positron scintigrams, which show the locations of occluded pulmonary segments. Inhalation of C15O2, with serial imaging by a multicrystal positron camera, was used to locate and assess the magnitude of occluded pulmonary segments in eight patients with arteriographically documented pulmonary emboli. The imaging with C15O2 inhalation was repeated after 1 wk of i.v. heparin therapy to evaluate the ability of this technique to determine resolution rates of pulmonary emboli during anticoagulant therapy. In all patients, zones of increased C15O2 activity corresponded with sites of emboli identified arteriographically. After 1 wk of continuous heparin therapy, zones of focally retained C15O2 were totally resolved in three patients, diminished in four, and unchanged in one. The regional pulmonary clearance rate of C15O2 was delayed over embolized pulmonary segments in all patients (men clearance half-time = 42.2 sec +/- 11.2 s.e.m.) and improved after heparin therapy (13.9 +/- 3.9 sec; p less than 0.05). Serial C15O2 inhalation imaging is a rapid noninvasive radionuclide technique for detection of pulmonary emboli. It can be repeated at frequent intervals to assess the resolution of emboli during anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Resolution rates of pulmonary embolism assessed by serial positron imaging with inhaled O-15-labeled carbon dioxide. Embolic obstruction of pulmonary blood flow results in delayed regional clearance of inhaled C15O2. Focally retained C15O2 appears as zones of increased O-15 activity on serial positron scintigrams, which show the locations of occluded pulmonary segments. Inhalation of C15O2, with serial imaging by a multicrystal positron camera, was used to locate and assess the magnitude of occluded pulmonary segments in eight patients with arteriographically documented pulmonary emboli. The imaging with C15O2 inhalation was repeated after 1 wk of i.v. heparin therapy to evaluate the ability of this technique to determine resolution rates of pulmonary emboli during anticoagulant therapy. In all patients, zones of increased C15O2 activity corresponded with sites of emboli identified arteriographically. After 1 wk of continuous heparin therapy, zones of focally retained C15O2 were totally resolved in three patients, diminished in four, and unchanged in one. The regional pulmonary clearance rate of C15O2 was delayed over embolized pulmonary segments in all patients (men clearance half-time = 42.2 sec +/- 11.2 s.e.m.) and improved after heparin therapy (13.9 +/- 3.9 sec; p less than 0.05). Serial C15O2 inhalation imaging is a rapid noninvasive radionuclide technique for detection of pulmonary emboli. It can be repeated at frequent intervals to assess the resolution of emboli during anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 536803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7014", "title": "Early and delayed Tc-99m glucoheptonate brain scintigraphy: are routine early images indicated?", "content": "Both early and delayed Tc-99m glucoheptonate brain images were evaluated in 859 patients in order to determine whether the early imaging with this agent is clinically useful. The results suggest that the early brain images are inferior to the delayed ones in detecting CNS lesions. Use of both, however, may help to differentiate skull or scalp abnormalities from true lesions of the brain.", "contents": "Early and delayed Tc-99m glucoheptonate brain scintigraphy: are routine early images indicated? Both early and delayed Tc-99m glucoheptonate brain images were evaluated in 859 patients in order to determine whether the early imaging with this agent is clinically useful. The results suggest that the early brain images are inferior to the delayed ones in detecting CNS lesions. Use of both, however, may help to differentiate skull or scalp abnormalities from true lesions of the brain.", "PMID": 536804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7015", "title": "Radionuclide venography and lung scanning: Concise communication.", "content": "In 102 patients suspected of pulmonary embolism, we have assessed the ability of a radionuclide (emission) venogram to complement the pulmonary perfusion scintigram in establishing a diagnosis. The efficacy was compared using decision analysis and Bayes's theorem. Two criteria for a positive test were compared: Criterion 1--the test is positive if the lung scan a) indicates a high probability of pulmonary embolus, or b) is abnormal but indeterminate for pulmonary embolus; Criterion 2--the test is positive a) if the lung scan indicates a high probability of pulmonary embolus, or b) if the emission venogram is positive in a patient with a lung scan considered abnormal but indeterminate for pulmonary embolus. The use of Criterion 2 decreased the sensitivity from 100% to 95% and increased the specificity from 74% to 93%. We conclude that a simultaneous emission venogram assists in improving the specificity, accuracy, and the predictive value of a standard pulmonary perfusion study in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus.", "contents": "Radionuclide venography and lung scanning: Concise communication. In 102 patients suspected of pulmonary embolism, we have assessed the ability of a radionuclide (emission) venogram to complement the pulmonary perfusion scintigram in establishing a diagnosis. The efficacy was compared using decision analysis and Bayes's theorem. Two criteria for a positive test were compared: Criterion 1--the test is positive if the lung scan a) indicates a high probability of pulmonary embolus, or b) is abnormal but indeterminate for pulmonary embolus; Criterion 2--the test is positive a) if the lung scan indicates a high probability of pulmonary embolus, or b) if the emission venogram is positive in a patient with a lung scan considered abnormal but indeterminate for pulmonary embolus. The use of Criterion 2 decreased the sensitivity from 100% to 95% and increased the specificity from 74% to 93%. We conclude that a simultaneous emission venogram assists in improving the specificity, accuracy, and the predictive value of a standard pulmonary perfusion study in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus.", "PMID": 536805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7016", "title": "Survival of red blood cells in rabbits after acute administration of unlabeled stannous pyrophosphate: Concise communication.", "content": "We investigated the possibility that acute administration of unlabeled stannous pyrophosphate may adversely affect red blood cells in the rabbit. Our method was similar to the in vivo labeling of RBCs with technetium-99m for blood-pool scanning. The investigation showed that dosages recommended in the literature produce no demonstrable difference between pre- and postdose RBC survival, which strongly suggests that the stannous content of the pharmaceutical is not harmful to red blood cells.", "contents": "Survival of red blood cells in rabbits after acute administration of unlabeled stannous pyrophosphate: Concise communication. We investigated the possibility that acute administration of unlabeled stannous pyrophosphate may adversely affect red blood cells in the rabbit. Our method was similar to the in vivo labeling of RBCs with technetium-99m for blood-pool scanning. The investigation showed that dosages recommended in the literature produce no demonstrable difference between pre- and postdose RBC survival, which strongly suggests that the stannous content of the pharmaceutical is not harmful to red blood cells.", "PMID": 536806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7017", "title": "Concentration of radiolabeled cholesterol in a feminizing adenoma of the testis.", "content": "Quantitative tissue studies demonstrated increased 19-[131I]-iodocholesterol concentration in a feminizing adenoma of the testis. The potential application of iodocholesterol and its isomers in the detection of steroid-secreting neoplasms of the testis and ovary is suggested.", "contents": "Concentration of radiolabeled cholesterol in a feminizing adenoma of the testis. Quantitative tissue studies demonstrated increased 19-[131I]-iodocholesterol concentration in a feminizing adenoma of the testis. The potential application of iodocholesterol and its isomers in the detection of steroid-secreting neoplasms of the testis and ovary is suggested.", "PMID": 536808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7018", "title": "An efficient, gaseous detector with good low-energy resolution for (less than or equal to 50 keV) imaging.", "content": "An imaging detector with good energy resolution and reasonable spatial accuracy has been designed for biomedical applications. It is based on a scintillating proportional gas chamber. The energy resolution is typically 5.4% (FWHM) at 27 keV and the spatial resolution is 2.7 mm (FWHM) for 22-keV x-rays. The physical processes involved in this detector are discussed along with its main limitations and merits.", "contents": "An efficient, gaseous detector with good low-energy resolution for (less than or equal to 50 keV) imaging. An imaging detector with good energy resolution and reasonable spatial accuracy has been designed for biomedical applications. It is based on a scintillating proportional gas chamber. The energy resolution is typically 5.4% (FWHM) at 27 keV and the spatial resolution is 2.7 mm (FWHM) for 22-keV x-rays. The physical processes involved in this detector are discussed along with its main limitations and merits.", "PMID": 536809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7019", "title": "A computerized rotating laminar radionuclide camera.", "content": "We have constructed a radionuclide camera that embodies a unique detector-collimator concept and provides a radically new approach to imaging. The heart of the instrument is a linear array of semiconductor detectors separated by thin tungsten plates that confine the field of view of each detector to one dimension. This collimator design has a higher collection efficiency than the standard parallel-hole collimator but cannot directly produce a two-dimensional image. When multiple measurements are taken as the array rotates through 180 degrees, a computerized image restoration algorithm can then produce two-dimensional images with resolution determined by the width of the detectors. A small prototype camera has produced images with resolution superior to conventional Anger cameras.", "contents": "A computerized rotating laminar radionuclide camera. We have constructed a radionuclide camera that embodies a unique detector-collimator concept and provides a radically new approach to imaging. The heart of the instrument is a linear array of semiconductor detectors separated by thin tungsten plates that confine the field of view of each detector to one dimension. This collimator design has a higher collection efficiency than the standard parallel-hole collimator but cannot directly produce a two-dimensional image. When multiple measurements are taken as the array rotates through 180 degrees, a computerized image restoration algorithm can then produce two-dimensional images with resolution determined by the width of the detectors. A small prototype camera has produced images with resolution superior to conventional Anger cameras.", "PMID": 536810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7020", "title": "Thyroid scintigraphy with time-coded aperture.", "content": "Coded aperture imaging (CAI) and multiple-view pinhole imaging (MVPI) of the thyroid were compared in 19 patients to determine whether CAI's theoretical advantages of high resolution, high efficiency, freedom from distortion, accurate size representation, and tomographic presentation could be realized in the clinical setting, and to determine whether CAI offers any advantage over conventional MVPI. The coded aperture images were judged better than the pinhole images in five cases, equal in 13 cases, and worse in one case. The major problem with CAI was the long reconstruction time. Further development and an extended clinical trial appear warranted.", "contents": "Thyroid scintigraphy with time-coded aperture. Coded aperture imaging (CAI) and multiple-view pinhole imaging (MVPI) of the thyroid were compared in 19 patients to determine whether CAI's theoretical advantages of high resolution, high efficiency, freedom from distortion, accurate size representation, and tomographic presentation could be realized in the clinical setting, and to determine whether CAI offers any advantage over conventional MVPI. The coded aperture images were judged better than the pinhole images in five cases, equal in 13 cases, and worse in one case. The major problem with CAI was the long reconstruction time. Further development and an extended clinical trial appear warranted.", "PMID": 536811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7021", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging: a comparison of the redistribution and rest images.", "content": "Forty-one patients with chest pain and suspected coronary artery disease underwent thallium-201 myocardial imaging, performed immediately following maximal treadmill exercise, also at \"redistribution\" 4--5 hr after exercise, and at rest 1 wk later. All had coronary angiography. All images in seven patients without coronary artery disease were normal. Twenty-seven of the 34 (79%) patients with coronary artery disease had new, exercise-induced image defects. The redistribution and rest images were identical in 15/27 (56%) patients (complete redistribution). In 10/27 (37%) patients with exercise-induced defects, some redistribution occurred but defect size on the redistribution image was larger than that on the rest images (incomplete redistribution). In 2/27 (7%) of patients with exercise-induced defects, redistribution was absent. The presence of prior myocardial infarction, regional abnormalities of left-ventricular contraction or the severity of coronary stenoses did not correlate with the presence or absence of redistribution. Overall image quality between the two studies was similar, although image collection times for the redistribution study were prolonged. We conclude that some redistribution (complete or incomplete) occurs in most patients with exercise-induced image defects. When both fixed and reversible perfusion defects are present, defect size was often larger in the redistribution image and may thus overestimate the extent of prior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging: a comparison of the redistribution and rest images. Forty-one patients with chest pain and suspected coronary artery disease underwent thallium-201 myocardial imaging, performed immediately following maximal treadmill exercise, also at \"redistribution\" 4--5 hr after exercise, and at rest 1 wk later. All had coronary angiography. All images in seven patients without coronary artery disease were normal. Twenty-seven of the 34 (79%) patients with coronary artery disease had new, exercise-induced image defects. The redistribution and rest images were identical in 15/27 (56%) patients (complete redistribution). In 10/27 (37%) patients with exercise-induced defects, some redistribution occurred but defect size on the redistribution image was larger than that on the rest images (incomplete redistribution). In 2/27 (7%) of patients with exercise-induced defects, redistribution was absent. The presence of prior myocardial infarction, regional abnormalities of left-ventricular contraction or the severity of coronary stenoses did not correlate with the presence or absence of redistribution. Overall image quality between the two studies was similar, although image collection times for the redistribution study were prolonged. We conclude that some redistribution (complete or incomplete) occurs in most patients with exercise-induced image defects. When both fixed and reversible perfusion defects are present, defect size was often larger in the redistribution image and may thus overestimate the extent of prior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 536820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7022", "title": "Validity of left-ventricular ejection fractions measured at rest and peak exercise by equilibrium radionuclide angiography using short acquisition times.", "content": "To validate ejection fraction (EF) calculations from 5 and 2 minutes of multiple-gated equilibrium radionuclide angiographic data and to establish its utility during alterations in cardiac performance, we studied 38 patients with chest pain suggestive of coronary artery disease. Twenty-four patients underwent contrast ventriculography (CV) as well as first-pass (FP) and equilibrium (EQ) radionuclide angiography at rest, and 14 additional patients had both radionuclide tests performed at rest as well as during peak supine bicycle exercise. The resting 5-min acquisition ejection fractions were compared between each method and the following correlations were generated: r = .92, n = 24 (CV-EQ), r = .92, n = 24 (CV-FP), and r = .95, n = 38 (FP-EQ). The variability of EQ-EF calculations between two independent observers was less than 2%; the mean absolute difference between two sequential 2-min acquisitions and the 5-min recordings was -.1 +/- 1.6%, and the reproducibility of sequential 2-min ejection fractions was excellent (r = .98). EQ and FP ejection fractions at symptom-limited exercise correlated well (r = .96, n = 14). We conclude that equilibrium radionuclide angiography is a valid method to measure EF both at rest as well as during peak exercise even when 2-min acquisition periods are used.", "contents": "Validity of left-ventricular ejection fractions measured at rest and peak exercise by equilibrium radionuclide angiography using short acquisition times. To validate ejection fraction (EF) calculations from 5 and 2 minutes of multiple-gated equilibrium radionuclide angiographic data and to establish its utility during alterations in cardiac performance, we studied 38 patients with chest pain suggestive of coronary artery disease. Twenty-four patients underwent contrast ventriculography (CV) as well as first-pass (FP) and equilibrium (EQ) radionuclide angiography at rest, and 14 additional patients had both radionuclide tests performed at rest as well as during peak supine bicycle exercise. The resting 5-min acquisition ejection fractions were compared between each method and the following correlations were generated: r = .92, n = 24 (CV-EQ), r = .92, n = 24 (CV-FP), and r = .95, n = 38 (FP-EQ). The variability of EQ-EF calculations between two independent observers was less than 2%; the mean absolute difference between two sequential 2-min acquisitions and the 5-min recordings was -.1 +/- 1.6%, and the reproducibility of sequential 2-min ejection fractions was excellent (r = .98). EQ and FP ejection fractions at symptom-limited exercise correlated well (r = .96, n = 14). We conclude that equilibrium radionuclide angiography is a valid method to measure EF both at rest as well as during peak exercise even when 2-min acquisition periods are used.", "PMID": 536821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7023", "title": "Reproducibility of ejection-fraction determinations by equilibrium radionuclide angiography in response to supine bicycle exercise: concise communication.", "content": "Sixteen patients with stable, chronic coronary artery disease were studied twice within and average of 15 days to evaluate the reproducibility of ejection fraction (EF) determined by equilibrium radionuclide angiography (EQ) at rest, during supine bicycle exercise (ex), and in the recovery period (rec). Following injection of 20--25 mCi of Tc-99m-tagged human serum albumin, data were analyzed for 2-min periods at rest, during several stages of exercise (submax, max), and during recovery (rec1 = minutes 2 + 3, rec2 = minutes 9 + 10). Each patient reached similar (heart rate) X (blood pressure) products in the two studies: 21280 +/- 5200 compared with 20390 +/- 4140 mmHg/min. Mean EFs for the first and second studies were: at rest (53.0 +/- 10.8)%, 52.5 +/- 10.4)% (r = 0.95; submax ex (51.4 +/- 12.0)%, (52.1 +/- 12.8)%, (r = 0.91); max ex (50.6 +/- 12.6)%, (51.6 +/- 12.9)% (r = 0.97); rec1 (62.7 +/- 11.6)%, (62.4 +/- 12.2)% (r = 0.95); rec2 (55.5 %/- 10.8)%, (57.2 +/- 11.7)% (r = 0.91). In stable patients, the reproducibility of EF determined by EQ is excellent during rest, supine bicycle exercise, and recovery from exercise.", "contents": "Reproducibility of ejection-fraction determinations by equilibrium radionuclide angiography in response to supine bicycle exercise: concise communication. Sixteen patients with stable, chronic coronary artery disease were studied twice within and average of 15 days to evaluate the reproducibility of ejection fraction (EF) determined by equilibrium radionuclide angiography (EQ) at rest, during supine bicycle exercise (ex), and in the recovery period (rec). Following injection of 20--25 mCi of Tc-99m-tagged human serum albumin, data were analyzed for 2-min periods at rest, during several stages of exercise (submax, max), and during recovery (rec1 = minutes 2 + 3, rec2 = minutes 9 + 10). Each patient reached similar (heart rate) X (blood pressure) products in the two studies: 21280 +/- 5200 compared with 20390 +/- 4140 mmHg/min. Mean EFs for the first and second studies were: at rest (53.0 +/- 10.8)%, 52.5 +/- 10.4)% (r = 0.95; submax ex (51.4 +/- 12.0)%, (52.1 +/- 12.8)%, (r = 0.91); max ex (50.6 +/- 12.6)%, (51.6 +/- 12.9)% (r = 0.97); rec1 (62.7 +/- 11.6)%, (62.4 +/- 12.2)% (r = 0.95); rec2 (55.5 %/- 10.8)%, (57.2 +/- 11.7)% (r = 0.91). In stable patients, the reproducibility of EF determined by EQ is excellent during rest, supine bicycle exercise, and recovery from exercise.", "PMID": 536822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7024", "title": "Deconvolution analysis in radionuclide quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts.", "content": "A poor bolus injection results in an unsatisfactory quantitative radionuclide angiocardiogram in as many as 20% of children with possible, left-to-right (L-R) cardiac shunts. Deconvolution analysis was applied to similar studies in experimental animals to determine whether dependence on the input bolus could be minimized. Repeated good-bolus, prolonged (greater than 2.5 sec), or multiple-peak injections were made in four normal dogs and seven dogs with surgically created atrial septal defects (ASD). QP/QS was determined using the gamma function. The mean QP/QS from ten good-bolus studies in each animal was used as the standard for comparison. In five trials in normal animals, where a prolonged or double-peak bolus led to a shunt calculation (QP/QS greater than 1.2 : 1), deconvolution resulted in QP/QS = 1.0. Deconvolution improved shunt quantitation in eight of ten trials in animals that received a prolonged bolus. The correlation between the reference QP/QS and the QP/QS calculated from uncorrected bad bolus studies was only 0.39 (p greater than 0.20). After deconvolution using a low pass filter, the correlation improved significantly (r = 0.77, p less than 0.01). The technique gave inconsistent results with multiple-peak bolus injections. Deconvolution analysis in these studies is useful in preventing normals from being classified as shunts, and in improving shunt quantitation after a prolonged bolus. Clinical testing of this technique in children with suspected L-R shunts seems warranted.", "contents": "Deconvolution analysis in radionuclide quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts. A poor bolus injection results in an unsatisfactory quantitative radionuclide angiocardiogram in as many as 20% of children with possible, left-to-right (L-R) cardiac shunts. Deconvolution analysis was applied to similar studies in experimental animals to determine whether dependence on the input bolus could be minimized. Repeated good-bolus, prolonged (greater than 2.5 sec), or multiple-peak injections were made in four normal dogs and seven dogs with surgically created atrial septal defects (ASD). QP/QS was determined using the gamma function. The mean QP/QS from ten good-bolus studies in each animal was used as the standard for comparison. In five trials in normal animals, where a prolonged or double-peak bolus led to a shunt calculation (QP/QS greater than 1.2 : 1), deconvolution resulted in QP/QS = 1.0. Deconvolution improved shunt quantitation in eight of ten trials in animals that received a prolonged bolus. The correlation between the reference QP/QS and the QP/QS calculated from uncorrected bad bolus studies was only 0.39 (p greater than 0.20). After deconvolution using a low pass filter, the correlation improved significantly (r = 0.77, p less than 0.01). The technique gave inconsistent results with multiple-peak bolus injections. Deconvolution analysis in these studies is useful in preventing normals from being classified as shunts, and in improving shunt quantitation after a prolonged bolus. Clinical testing of this technique in children with suspected L-R shunts seems warranted.", "PMID": 536823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7025", "title": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn: scintigraphic diagnosis.", "content": "Four neonates with abdominal masses following adrenal hemorrhages were investigated by renal scintigraphy. Characteristic photon-deficient lesions were noted in the suprarenal areas during the phase of whole-body radionuclide distribution.", "contents": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn: scintigraphic diagnosis. Four neonates with abdominal masses following adrenal hemorrhages were investigated by renal scintigraphy. Characteristic photon-deficient lesions were noted in the suprarenal areas during the phase of whole-body radionuclide distribution.", "PMID": 536824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7026", "title": "Scintigraphic imaging with tantalum-178 and the Anger scintillation camera: concise communication.", "content": "Tantalum-178 is a short-liver radionuclide (T 1/2 = 9.3 min.) and emits primarily 56- to 64-keV characteristic x-rays. We have determined the imaging characteristics with this radionuclide and a large-field-of-view Anger camera. With a pinhole collimator, good spatial resolution is possible with Ta-178, although the image quality is superior with Tc-99m under comparable conditions. Spatial resolution with parallel-hole or converging collimators was much less satisfactory with Ta-178 because of septal penetration by high-energy photons. Pulmonary perfusion and liver-spleen images of excellent quality were obtained in the rabbit using the pinhole collimator and Ta-178-labeled agents.", "contents": "Scintigraphic imaging with tantalum-178 and the Anger scintillation camera: concise communication. Tantalum-178 is a short-liver radionuclide (T 1/2 = 9.3 min.) and emits primarily 56- to 64-keV characteristic x-rays. We have determined the imaging characteristics with this radionuclide and a large-field-of-view Anger camera. With a pinhole collimator, good spatial resolution is possible with Ta-178, although the image quality is superior with Tc-99m under comparable conditions. Spatial resolution with parallel-hole or converging collimators was much less satisfactory with Ta-178 because of septal penetration by high-energy photons. Pulmonary perfusion and liver-spleen images of excellent quality were obtained in the rabbit using the pinhole collimator and Ta-178-labeled agents.", "PMID": 536825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7027", "title": "Growth-hormone and somatostatin effects on [75Se]selenomethionine uptake by the pancreas.", "content": "The imaging of the pancreas with [75Se]selenomethionine has a low rate of reliability. This study was carried out in order to elucidate some factors that may be important in affecting the degree of uptake of the tracer by the pancreas. Studies were carried out in animals to observe the effects of growth-hormone (GH), somotostatin (SRIF), L-DOPA, and apomorphine administration on the distribution of [75Se]selenomethionine. Intravenously administered GH significantly depressed pancreatic uptake of Se-75 in mice and dogs and depressed the pancreas-to-liver concentration ratio (P/L). The effect of i.p. GH in mice was to decrease the P/L ratio, but the decrease in pancreatic uptake was not statistically significant. There was also a greater effect of GH in dogs than in mice, with pancreatic uptake decreasing from 5.60 +/- 2.17% to 1.24 +/- 0.96% and the P/L from 4.78 +/- 1.85 to 0.97 +/- 0.73. L-DOPA and apomorphine produced effects similar to GH in mice. SRIF in small doses had little effect, but in larger doses it enhanced pancreatic uptake, although not affecting P/L. The results indicate that hypothalamic factors may be important in affecting the function of the exocrine pancreas. Both L-DOPA and apomorphine are known to stimulate GH production through hypothalamic-pituitary pathways. In addition to suppressing GH release, SRIF may have direct effects on the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Growth-hormone and somatostatin effects on [75Se]selenomethionine uptake by the pancreas. The imaging of the pancreas with [75Se]selenomethionine has a low rate of reliability. This study was carried out in order to elucidate some factors that may be important in affecting the degree of uptake of the tracer by the pancreas. Studies were carried out in animals to observe the effects of growth-hormone (GH), somotostatin (SRIF), L-DOPA, and apomorphine administration on the distribution of [75Se]selenomethionine. Intravenously administered GH significantly depressed pancreatic uptake of Se-75 in mice and dogs and depressed the pancreas-to-liver concentration ratio (P/L). The effect of i.p. GH in mice was to decrease the P/L ratio, but the decrease in pancreatic uptake was not statistically significant. There was also a greater effect of GH in dogs than in mice, with pancreatic uptake decreasing from 5.60 +/- 2.17% to 1.24 +/- 0.96% and the P/L from 4.78 +/- 1.85 to 0.97 +/- 0.73. L-DOPA and apomorphine produced effects similar to GH in mice. SRIF in small doses had little effect, but in larger doses it enhanced pancreatic uptake, although not affecting P/L. The results indicate that hypothalamic factors may be important in affecting the function of the exocrine pancreas. Both L-DOPA and apomorphine are known to stimulate GH production through hypothalamic-pituitary pathways. In addition to suppressing GH release, SRIF may have direct effects on the exocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 536826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7028", "title": "A dynamic phantom for radionuclide cardiology.", "content": "A flow-based phantom has been developed to verify analysis routines most frequently employed in clinical radionuclide cardiology. Ejection-fraction studies by first-pass or equilibrium techniques are simulated, as well as assessment of shunts and cardiac output. This hydraulic phantom, with its valve-selectable dysfunctions, offers a greater role in training than in quality control, as originally intended.", "contents": "A dynamic phantom for radionuclide cardiology. A flow-based phantom has been developed to verify analysis routines most frequently employed in clinical radionuclide cardiology. Ejection-fraction studies by first-pass or equilibrium techniques are simulated, as well as assessment of shunts and cardiac output. This hydraulic phantom, with its valve-selectable dysfunctions, offers a greater role in training than in quality control, as originally intended.", "PMID": 536827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7029", "title": "Comparison of Xe-133 washout and single-breath imaging for the detection of ventilation abnormalities.", "content": "The Xe-133 ventilation studies of 115 patients were analyzed to determine the relative abilities of the single-breath and washout phases to detect regional ventilation abnormalities. All Xe-133 images were obtained in the posterior projection before 6-view perfusion studies with Tc-99m human albumin microspheres. There were 275 regions with matching V-P abnormalities in the patients. The washout portion of the study detected 258 of these regions (94%) and the single breath detected 175 (64%) (p less than 0.01). The discrepancies were confined to regions with nonsegmental perfusion defects, where the single breath detected 139 matches and the washout 216. The discrimination ratio between normal areas and areas of obstructive lung disease improved from 2 to 1 after 1 min washout to 30 to 1 after 5 min. The late phases of Xe-133 washout are useful in detecting ventilation abnormalities, especially those associated with nonsegmental perfusion defects.", "contents": "Comparison of Xe-133 washout and single-breath imaging for the detection of ventilation abnormalities. The Xe-133 ventilation studies of 115 patients were analyzed to determine the relative abilities of the single-breath and washout phases to detect regional ventilation abnormalities. All Xe-133 images were obtained in the posterior projection before 6-view perfusion studies with Tc-99m human albumin microspheres. There were 275 regions with matching V-P abnormalities in the patients. The washout portion of the study detected 258 of these regions (94%) and the single breath detected 175 (64%) (p less than 0.01). The discrepancies were confined to regions with nonsegmental perfusion defects, where the single breath detected 139 matches and the washout 216. The discrimination ratio between normal areas and areas of obstructive lung disease improved from 2 to 1 after 1 min washout to 30 to 1 after 5 min. The late phases of Xe-133 washout are useful in detecting ventilation abnormalities, especially those associated with nonsegmental perfusion defects.", "PMID": 536835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7030", "title": "Noninvasive estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure by analysis of pulmonary blood-flow distribution.", "content": "To determine whether a correlation exists between pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure (Pa) and the distribution of pulmonary blood flow, this distribution was measured in four upright dogs in the control state and during intravenous infusions of epinephrine or prostaglandin F2 alpha. During suspension of respiration, 15 mCi of Xe-133 were injected intravenously, and perfusion and equilibration lung images were recorded with a scintillation camera. The procedure was performed several times on each dog, with and without pharmacological elevation of PA pressure by 5 to 50 cm H2O. For each scintigram, the relative blood flow per unit ventilated lung volume (F) was plotted against centimeters above the hilum (h). Pulmonary arterial pressure was derived from each curve, assuming the relation F = B(Pa - hD)2, where B = constant and D = specific gravity of blood. Calculated PA pressure correlated strongly (r = 0.83) with measured PA pressure, suggesting a possible means of noninvasive estimation of PA pressure.", "contents": "Noninvasive estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure by analysis of pulmonary blood-flow distribution. To determine whether a correlation exists between pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure (Pa) and the distribution of pulmonary blood flow, this distribution was measured in four upright dogs in the control state and during intravenous infusions of epinephrine or prostaglandin F2 alpha. During suspension of respiration, 15 mCi of Xe-133 were injected intravenously, and perfusion and equilibration lung images were recorded with a scintillation camera. The procedure was performed several times on each dog, with and without pharmacological elevation of PA pressure by 5 to 50 cm H2O. For each scintigram, the relative blood flow per unit ventilated lung volume (F) was plotted against centimeters above the hilum (h). Pulmonary arterial pressure was derived from each curve, assuming the relation F = B(Pa - hD)2, where B = constant and D = specific gravity of blood. Calculated PA pressure correlated strongly (r = 0.83) with measured PA pressure, suggesting a possible means of noninvasive estimation of PA pressure.", "PMID": 536836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7031", "title": "Serial TSH determination after T3 withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) was substituted for levothyroxin or desiccated thyroid in 13 athyrotic patients previously treated for papillary, follicular, or mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. After 4 weeks T3 therapy was discontinued and serial determinations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were made. A roughly exponential rise in TSH values, corresponding to a doubling time of 2 days, was observed until a level of 40 microIU/ml was reached, after which the curve passed through a maximum at 20 days. The mean time required for a level of 50 microIU/ml was 11 days, and this time is suggested for TSH determination before I-131 imaging of patients with thyroid cancer. Plasma TSH values in eight patients following \"total\" thyroidectomy showed a much slower and more variable rise, with a mean doubling time of 7.6 days. Weekly TSH levels beginning at 15 days will provide a rational basis for I-131 imaging in this group, in whom a longer period of hypothyroidism will be required before imaging and therapy. Adherence to these protocols should minimize the duration of hypothyroidism in patients undergoing I-131 treatment of thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Serial TSH determination after T3 withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma. Exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) was substituted for levothyroxin or desiccated thyroid in 13 athyrotic patients previously treated for papillary, follicular, or mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. After 4 weeks T3 therapy was discontinued and serial determinations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were made. A roughly exponential rise in TSH values, corresponding to a doubling time of 2 days, was observed until a level of 40 microIU/ml was reached, after which the curve passed through a maximum at 20 days. The mean time required for a level of 50 microIU/ml was 11 days, and this time is suggested for TSH determination before I-131 imaging of patients with thyroid cancer. Plasma TSH values in eight patients following \"total\" thyroidectomy showed a much slower and more variable rise, with a mean doubling time of 7.6 days. Weekly TSH levels beginning at 15 days will provide a rational basis for I-131 imaging in this group, in whom a longer period of hypothyroidism will be required before imaging and therapy. Adherence to these protocols should minimize the duration of hypothyroidism in patients undergoing I-131 treatment of thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 536837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7032", "title": "A comparison of two technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for lymphoscintigraphy: concise communication.", "content": "A comparison of stannous phytate and antimony sulfide colloid, both labeled with Tc-99m, was conducted during the performance of internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy in 46 patients. Thirteen of these patients were randomized to receive both radiotracers in two consecutive studies. The results indicated a statistical difference between agents; Tc-99m antimony sulfide allowed visualization of a greater number of more intense nodes, better delineation of the total length of the internal mammary lymph-node chain, and a more consistent visualization of supraclavicular nodes. Although previously published animal data suggest utility of Tc-99m stannous phytate for lymph-node imaging, Tc-99m antimony sulfide was shown in this clinical comparison to provide a more reliable representation of lymph-node anatomy.", "contents": "A comparison of two technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for lymphoscintigraphy: concise communication. A comparison of stannous phytate and antimony sulfide colloid, both labeled with Tc-99m, was conducted during the performance of internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy in 46 patients. Thirteen of these patients were randomized to receive both radiotracers in two consecutive studies. The results indicated a statistical difference between agents; Tc-99m antimony sulfide allowed visualization of a greater number of more intense nodes, better delineation of the total length of the internal mammary lymph-node chain, and a more consistent visualization of supraclavicular nodes. Although previously published animal data suggest utility of Tc-99m stannous phytate for lymph-node imaging, Tc-99m antimony sulfide was shown in this clinical comparison to provide a more reliable representation of lymph-node anatomy.", "PMID": 536838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7033", "title": "Effect of food intake on the tissue distribution of gallium-67: concise communication.", "content": "Fasting affects the body retention and tissue distribution of Ga-67 in experimental animals. In Ga-67 experiments, therefore, a difference in food intake between treated and control animals might result in confusing side effects. We have observed this in irradiation studies. It is suggested that a fasting regimen should be imposed in any Ga-67 animal study where an alteration in food intake might be experienced in the treated group.", "contents": "Effect of food intake on the tissue distribution of gallium-67: concise communication. Fasting affects the body retention and tissue distribution of Ga-67 in experimental animals. In Ga-67 experiments, therefore, a difference in food intake between treated and control animals might result in confusing side effects. We have observed this in irradiation studies. It is suggested that a fasting regimen should be imposed in any Ga-67 animal study where an alteration in food intake might be experienced in the treated group.", "PMID": 536839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7034", "title": "Kinetics of the human thyroid trap: effects of iodide, thyrotropin, and propylthiouracil.", "content": "Effects on the thyroidal pertechnetate trap of iodide, thyrotropin (TSH), and propylthiouracil (PTU), compared with duplicated control studies, were assessed in normal subjects using i.v. [Tc99m] pertechnetate, a multicrystal scintillation camera, and a compartmental model. Sodium iodide (1 g), administered orally on two occasions, 2 wk apart, caused an early drop in plasma clearance into the follicular cell (p less than 0.05), with later return to normal clearance 1 wk after the second NaI dose. In this later study, exit from the colloid was elevated (p less than 0.01). Plasma equivalent volume of the \"colloid\" compartment was reduced in both postiodine studies (p less than 0.05). Thyrotropin, 10 units intramuscularly, was followed by no significant changes in trap parameters at 2 hr. At 24 hr, plasma clearance had doubled (p less than 0.05), and the plasma equivalent \"colloid\" volume had tripled (p less than 0.01). Propylthiouracil was given as a single 1 g dose 1 hr before a trapping study followed by 200 mg PTU every 8 hr for 1 wk. The first dose resulted in apparent reduction in all of the rate constants for transport across the basal and apical thyroid follicular cell membranes; these rates returned toward control levels after 1 wk. The plasma equivalent \"follicular cell\" volume was reduced to 66% of controls levels (p less than 0.025) after 1 wk PTU. These effects must be taken into account in the interpretation of studies of the trap based on PTU pretreatment to inhibit organification.", "contents": "Kinetics of the human thyroid trap: effects of iodide, thyrotropin, and propylthiouracil. Effects on the thyroidal pertechnetate trap of iodide, thyrotropin (TSH), and propylthiouracil (PTU), compared with duplicated control studies, were assessed in normal subjects using i.v. [Tc99m] pertechnetate, a multicrystal scintillation camera, and a compartmental model. Sodium iodide (1 g), administered orally on two occasions, 2 wk apart, caused an early drop in plasma clearance into the follicular cell (p less than 0.05), with later return to normal clearance 1 wk after the second NaI dose. In this later study, exit from the colloid was elevated (p less than 0.01). Plasma equivalent volume of the \"colloid\" compartment was reduced in both postiodine studies (p less than 0.05). Thyrotropin, 10 units intramuscularly, was followed by no significant changes in trap parameters at 2 hr. At 24 hr, plasma clearance had doubled (p less than 0.05), and the plasma equivalent \"colloid\" volume had tripled (p less than 0.01). Propylthiouracil was given as a single 1 g dose 1 hr before a trapping study followed by 200 mg PTU every 8 hr for 1 wk. The first dose resulted in apparent reduction in all of the rate constants for transport across the basal and apical thyroid follicular cell membranes; these rates returned toward control levels after 1 wk. The plasma equivalent \"follicular cell\" volume was reduced to 66% of controls levels (p less than 0.025) after 1 wk PTU. These effects must be taken into account in the interpretation of studies of the trap based on PTU pretreatment to inhibit organification.", "PMID": 536840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7035", "title": "Effects of isoproterenol on distribution of perfusion in embolized dog lungs.", "content": "In 19 mechanically venilated, anesthetized dogs, autologous venous thrombi were formed in the inferior vena cava and subsequently released. Serial perfusion lung scintigrams revealed the postembolic distribution of pulmonary blood flow before, during, and after the infusion of isoproterenol at 2.2 micrograms/min. Isoproterenol failed to restore perfusion to embolically occluded regions. When reperfusion occurred it was attributable to clot resolution. Gas exchange and hemodynamic measurements obtained in seven thromboembolized animals showed no scan evidence of reperfusion during the isoproterenol infusion. After embolization, cardiac output increased from 1.7 to 2.6 liter/min (p less than 0.05), and PvO2 from 38.0 to 45.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Shunt fraction remained unchanged. The postembolic infusion of isoproterenol was associated with a further increase in cardiac output to 3.6 liter/min (p less than 0.01), an elevation in PvO2 to 50.7 mm Hg, along with a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance from the postembolic mean of 448 to 246 dynes.sec.cm-5 (p less than 0.05). Perfusion defects following acute pulmonary thromboembolization are not altered by the infusion of the potent pulmonary vasodilator, isoproterenol. Infusion of this drug following thromboembolization may have potential therapeutic benefit by reducing pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing cardiac output, and elevating the mixed-venous oxygen tension.", "contents": "Effects of isoproterenol on distribution of perfusion in embolized dog lungs. In 19 mechanically venilated, anesthetized dogs, autologous venous thrombi were formed in the inferior vena cava and subsequently released. Serial perfusion lung scintigrams revealed the postembolic distribution of pulmonary blood flow before, during, and after the infusion of isoproterenol at 2.2 micrograms/min. Isoproterenol failed to restore perfusion to embolically occluded regions. When reperfusion occurred it was attributable to clot resolution. Gas exchange and hemodynamic measurements obtained in seven thromboembolized animals showed no scan evidence of reperfusion during the isoproterenol infusion. After embolization, cardiac output increased from 1.7 to 2.6 liter/min (p less than 0.05), and PvO2 from 38.0 to 45.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Shunt fraction remained unchanged. The postembolic infusion of isoproterenol was associated with a further increase in cardiac output to 3.6 liter/min (p less than 0.01), an elevation in PvO2 to 50.7 mm Hg, along with a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance from the postembolic mean of 448 to 246 dynes.sec.cm-5 (p less than 0.05). Perfusion defects following acute pulmonary thromboembolization are not altered by the infusion of the potent pulmonary vasodilator, isoproterenol. Infusion of this drug following thromboembolization may have potential therapeutic benefit by reducing pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing cardiac output, and elevating the mixed-venous oxygen tension.", "PMID": 536841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7036", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of free thyroxine with prebound anti-T4 microcapsules.", "content": "Free thyroxine (FT4) may be one of the active throid hormones in contact with target end organs. It is unaffected by alterations in serum protein levels. In most cases, measurement of FT4 reflects an individual's true thyroid function or dysfunction. Previous FT4 assay techniques have been difficult, tedious, indirect, and inaccurate. A rapid, simple, and accurate radioimmunoassay for FT4 has been developed using microencapsulated rabbit anti-T4 antiserum to which I-125 T4 tracer of high specific activity has been complexed. Addition of FT4 standards or unknown samples displaces a proportional amount of I-125 T4 from antibody. Protein-bound T4 is excluded from the reaction by short incubation time and spatial configurations. Specimens representing known thyroid dysfunction were tested using the above procedure. The normal range of FT4 was 0.8-2.4 ng/dl. The mean FT4 for the hyperthyroid group was 6.92 +/- 1.38 (range 4.4-9.6) ng/dl. The mean FT4 for the hypothyroid group was 0.43 +/- 0.37 (range 0.1-1.3) ng/dl, and in pregnancy the mean FT4 was 1.64 +/- 0.44 (range of 1.0-2.2) ng/dl (1).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of free thyroxine with prebound anti-T4 microcapsules. Free thyroxine (FT4) may be one of the active throid hormones in contact with target end organs. It is unaffected by alterations in serum protein levels. In most cases, measurement of FT4 reflects an individual's true thyroid function or dysfunction. Previous FT4 assay techniques have been difficult, tedious, indirect, and inaccurate. A rapid, simple, and accurate radioimmunoassay for FT4 has been developed using microencapsulated rabbit anti-T4 antiserum to which I-125 T4 tracer of high specific activity has been complexed. Addition of FT4 standards or unknown samples displaces a proportional amount of I-125 T4 from antibody. Protein-bound T4 is excluded from the reaction by short incubation time and spatial configurations. Specimens representing known thyroid dysfunction were tested using the above procedure. The normal range of FT4 was 0.8-2.4 ng/dl. The mean FT4 for the hyperthyroid group was 6.92 +/- 1.38 (range 4.4-9.6) ng/dl. The mean FT4 for the hypothyroid group was 0.43 +/- 0.37 (range 0.1-1.3) ng/dl, and in pregnancy the mean FT4 was 1.64 +/- 0.44 (range of 1.0-2.2) ng/dl (1).", "PMID": 536842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7037", "title": "Evaluation and application of alumina-based Rb-82 generators charged with high levels of Sr-82/85.", "content": "Generator-produced Rb-82, a 75-sec positron emitter with potential for myocardial blood-flow imaging, was studied with various ion-exchange columns to evaluate the characteristics of alumina as an adsorber for the 25-day Sr-82 parent. Test columns of alumina, Bio Rex 70, and Chelex 100 were loaded with multimillicurie amounts of no-carrier-added Sr-82/Sr-85 (Sr-85 is a production contaminant). The breakthrough of Sr-82/Sr-85, and the yield of Rb-82, were determined for long-term elutions from each column with up to 4 liter of 2% NaCl solution at pH 8 to 9. The breakthrough of Sr-82/85 was 10(-6)-10(-5) from aluminal 10(-6)-10(-4) from Chelex 100 and Bio Rex 70. The effects of eluent flow rate and concentration, and of alumina volume, on the breakthrough and yield were also studied. An improved and automated Rb-82 generator was used for myocardial and brain blood-flow studies in experimental animals and in man; it was equipped with solenoid flow-control valves and five in. of lead shielding for the alumina columns, which were charged with 25-50 mCi Sr-82 (100-150 mCi Sr-85). The Rb-82 generator with alumina column provided up to 20-40 mCi of Rb-82 as often as every 5-10 min with less than 10(-5) breakthrough of Sr-82/85 over the 2- to 3-mo, useful life of the generator.", "contents": "Evaluation and application of alumina-based Rb-82 generators charged with high levels of Sr-82/85. Generator-produced Rb-82, a 75-sec positron emitter with potential for myocardial blood-flow imaging, was studied with various ion-exchange columns to evaluate the characteristics of alumina as an adsorber for the 25-day Sr-82 parent. Test columns of alumina, Bio Rex 70, and Chelex 100 were loaded with multimillicurie amounts of no-carrier-added Sr-82/Sr-85 (Sr-85 is a production contaminant). The breakthrough of Sr-82/Sr-85, and the yield of Rb-82, were determined for long-term elutions from each column with up to 4 liter of 2% NaCl solution at pH 8 to 9. The breakthrough of Sr-82/85 was 10(-6)-10(-5) from aluminal 10(-6)-10(-4) from Chelex 100 and Bio Rex 70. The effects of eluent flow rate and concentration, and of alumina volume, on the breakthrough and yield were also studied. An improved and automated Rb-82 generator was used for myocardial and brain blood-flow studies in experimental animals and in man; it was equipped with solenoid flow-control valves and five in. of lead shielding for the alumina columns, which were charged with 25-50 mCi Sr-82 (100-150 mCi Sr-85). The Rb-82 generator with alumina column provided up to 20-40 mCi of Rb-82 as often as every 5-10 min with less than 10(-5) breakthrough of Sr-82/85 over the 2- to 3-mo, useful life of the generator.", "PMID": 536843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7038", "title": "Accumulation of radioiodinated L-alpha-methyltyrosine in pancreas of mice: concise communication.", "content": "L-3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine, labeled with either I-131 or I-123, has a high pancreatic specificity in mice. A pancreas-to-liver ratio of 8.6 +/- 2.7 is observed during the first hour after i.v. injection. Accumulation is also prominent in the kidneys, but excretion of the radioagent is rapid, 50% of the activity being eliminated during 90 min. Compared with L-[75Se]selenomethionine, the compound currently used for pancreatic imaging, L-3-[123I]or[131I]iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine has a higher pancreas-to-liver ratio, a shorter physical half-life and biological half-time, and better decay characteristics.", "contents": "Accumulation of radioiodinated L-alpha-methyltyrosine in pancreas of mice: concise communication. L-3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine, labeled with either I-131 or I-123, has a high pancreatic specificity in mice. A pancreas-to-liver ratio of 8.6 +/- 2.7 is observed during the first hour after i.v. injection. Accumulation is also prominent in the kidneys, but excretion of the radioagent is rapid, 50% of the activity being eliminated during 90 min. Compared with L-[75Se]selenomethionine, the compound currently used for pancreatic imaging, L-3-[123I]or[131I]iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine has a higher pancreas-to-liver ratio, a shorter physical half-life and biological half-time, and better decay characteristics.", "PMID": 536844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7039", "title": "Effects of a reduction in crystal thickness on Anger-camera performance.", "content": "The performances of two commerical gamma cameras, with crystals 1.3 and 0.6 cm thick, are compared. Phantom studies simulating clinical conditions showed no significant difference in performance at 140 keV. At 68 keV, the thinner crystal gave marginal improvements in camera performance with phantoms simulating clinical conditions. Frequent use with very low-energy emitters, such as Tl-201, would be needed to justify the expense required to refit the 1.3 cm camera with a 0.6 cm crystal.", "contents": "Effects of a reduction in crystal thickness on Anger-camera performance. The performances of two commerical gamma cameras, with crystals 1.3 and 0.6 cm thick, are compared. Phantom studies simulating clinical conditions showed no significant difference in performance at 140 keV. At 68 keV, the thinner crystal gave marginal improvements in camera performance with phantoms simulating clinical conditions. Frequent use with very low-energy emitters, such as Tl-201, would be needed to justify the expense required to refit the 1.3 cm camera with a 0.6 cm crystal.", "PMID": 536845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7040", "title": "A technique for measurement of xenon-133 air contamination.", "content": "A sensitive, inexpensive technique is described for measuring xenon-133 air contamination to levels below nonoccupational exposure limits. The method uses a column containing a measured amount of activated charcoal through which an air sample is passed. The relative effects of air flow rate, xenon concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and characoal weight on the amount of trapped xenon are described.", "contents": "A technique for measurement of xenon-133 air contamination. A sensitive, inexpensive technique is described for measuring xenon-133 air contamination to levels below nonoccupational exposure limits. The method uses a column containing a measured amount of activated charcoal through which an air sample is passed. The relative effects of air flow rate, xenon concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and characoal weight on the amount of trapped xenon are described.", "PMID": 536846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7041", "title": "Hepatitis B: an occupational hazard of health care facilities.", "content": "Hepatitis B is recognized as a major health hazard to hospital personnel. During a four-year period, 30 cases of hepatitis B were attributed to work at an urban medical center. Only four of these 30 individuals described a relevant accident in advance of their hepatitis and five others retrospectively suggested a specific episode that might have accounted for their illness. Early symptoms of the illness were nonspecific and routine monitoring and clinical awareness are necessary for early diagnosis. All employees recuperated from their acute hepatitis, but one developed chronic active hepatitis. The incidence and morbidity of the disease emphasize the need for more effective control measures. The inconspicuous exposures responsible for the illnesses observed render it unlikely that any postexposure immune globulin prophylaxis will suffice in further reducing the incidence of hepatitis B.", "contents": "Hepatitis B: an occupational hazard of health care facilities. Hepatitis B is recognized as a major health hazard to hospital personnel. During a four-year period, 30 cases of hepatitis B were attributed to work at an urban medical center. Only four of these 30 individuals described a relevant accident in advance of their hepatitis and five others retrospectively suggested a specific episode that might have accounted for their illness. Early symptoms of the illness were nonspecific and routine monitoring and clinical awareness are necessary for early diagnosis. All employees recuperated from their acute hepatitis, but one developed chronic active hepatitis. The incidence and morbidity of the disease emphasize the need for more effective control measures. The inconspicuous exposures responsible for the illnesses observed render it unlikely that any postexposure immune globulin prophylaxis will suffice in further reducing the incidence of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 536855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7042", "title": "Cancer mortality among beekeepers.", "content": "Carcinogenic effects of bee venom were evaluated in a mortality study of 580 occupationally exposed beekeepers. The subjects were identified through obituary notices published between 1949 and 1978 in three journals of the U.S. beekeeping industry. Death certificates of beekeepers were examined for causes of mortality, and proportionate mortality ratios were compared with those for the general U.S. population. Beekeepers had a slightly lower than expected fraction of deaths from cancer. The deficit of lung cancers in male beekeepers was significant (p less than 0.05) and may indicate that fewer beekeepers were cigarette smokers. The frequencies of other cancers did not differ significantly from expectation. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma developed in four persons, and was expected in two. Mortality from diseases other than cancer showed no unusual patterns. At least two persons died from accidents directly related to the care of beehives. Analysis of a subgroup of 377 males with major roles in the beekeeping industry showed no substantial differences in distribution of causes of death. This study of beekeepers reveals neither adverse nor beneficial effects of intense exposure to bee stings.", "contents": "Cancer mortality among beekeepers. Carcinogenic effects of bee venom were evaluated in a mortality study of 580 occupationally exposed beekeepers. The subjects were identified through obituary notices published between 1949 and 1978 in three journals of the U.S. beekeeping industry. Death certificates of beekeepers were examined for causes of mortality, and proportionate mortality ratios were compared with those for the general U.S. population. Beekeepers had a slightly lower than expected fraction of deaths from cancer. The deficit of lung cancers in male beekeepers was significant (p less than 0.05) and may indicate that fewer beekeepers were cigarette smokers. The frequencies of other cancers did not differ significantly from expectation. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma developed in four persons, and was expected in two. Mortality from diseases other than cancer showed no unusual patterns. At least two persons died from accidents directly related to the care of beehives. Analysis of a subgroup of 377 males with major roles in the beekeeping industry showed no substantial differences in distribution of causes of death. This study of beekeepers reveals neither adverse nor beneficial effects of intense exposure to bee stings.", "PMID": 536856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7043", "title": "Detecting non-valid hearing tests in industry.", "content": "As greater numbers of workers come under industrial hearing conservation programs, the problem of nonorganic hearing loss is become critical. The potential malingerer can be identified by behavioral observations both before and during the testing of hearing and by an analysis of test results. Manual, self-recording, and microprocessor audiometry all incorporate validity and reliability checks which assist in detecting the malingerer. Methods of documenting inaccurate hearing tests are detailed, along with ways of obtaining accurate follow-up tests. The key to alleviating the problem of malingering is early detection and immediate resolution of the problem.", "contents": "Detecting non-valid hearing tests in industry. As greater numbers of workers come under industrial hearing conservation programs, the problem of nonorganic hearing loss is become critical. The potential malingerer can be identified by behavioral observations both before and during the testing of hearing and by an analysis of test results. Manual, self-recording, and microprocessor audiometry all incorporate validity and reliability checks which assist in detecting the malingerer. Methods of documenting inaccurate hearing tests are detailed, along with ways of obtaining accurate follow-up tests. The key to alleviating the problem of malingering is early detection and immediate resolution of the problem.", "PMID": 536857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7044", "title": "Airway responsiveness in workers processing polyester resins.", "content": "In 22 employees of a button-manufacturing plant, exposure to polyester resins over an eight-hour work shift resulted in an acute reduction of flow rates on maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves at MEF50% and MEF25%. In the workers studied, preshift administration of 80 mg of propranolol potentiated, while 1 mg of subcutaneously injected atropine significantly inhibited, the bronchoconstricting effect of the resins, indicating that the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in determining airway smooth muscle response to polyester resins. Although a high prevalence of acute symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, throat and eye irritation) over the work shift was recorded in exposed workers, no high prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was found. No definite evidence of chronic airway obstruction was recorded in exposed workers.", "contents": "Airway responsiveness in workers processing polyester resins. In 22 employees of a button-manufacturing plant, exposure to polyester resins over an eight-hour work shift resulted in an acute reduction of flow rates on maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves at MEF50% and MEF25%. In the workers studied, preshift administration of 80 mg of propranolol potentiated, while 1 mg of subcutaneously injected atropine significantly inhibited, the bronchoconstricting effect of the resins, indicating that the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in determining airway smooth muscle response to polyester resins. Although a high prevalence of acute symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, throat and eye irritation) over the work shift was recorded in exposed workers, no high prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was found. No definite evidence of chronic airway obstruction was recorded in exposed workers.", "PMID": 536858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7045", "title": "Predictions of an inhomogeneous model: detection of local and extended spatial stimuli.", "content": "A two-dimensional spatially inhomogeneous model of the visual system is developed. It is based on the properties of cone spacing in the retina and on the hypothesis of uniform neural interactions (lateral inhibitions). Its quantitative predictions of the detection and discrimination (acuity) of various types of stimuli are studied. The model works well with local stimuli positioned at varied eccentricities as well as with extended stimuli (vertical cosine gratings windowed by two-dimensional windows), but a simple threshold detector was found to be insufficient to describe the increase of contrast sensitivity with the number of cycles of the cosine gratings at high frequencies. It is concluded that, even for one-dimensional stimuli, a two-dimensional approach is necessary and that other parameters such as imprecision of fixation, eye movements, and two-dimensional probability summation must be taken into account before resorting to more complex models.", "contents": "Predictions of an inhomogeneous model: detection of local and extended spatial stimuli. A two-dimensional spatially inhomogeneous model of the visual system is developed. It is based on the properties of cone spacing in the retina and on the hypothesis of uniform neural interactions (lateral inhibitions). Its quantitative predictions of the detection and discrimination (acuity) of various types of stimuli are studied. The model works well with local stimuli positioned at varied eccentricities as well as with extended stimuli (vertical cosine gratings windowed by two-dimensional windows), but a simple threshold detector was found to be insufficient to describe the increase of contrast sensitivity with the number of cycles of the cosine gratings at high frequencies. It is concluded that, even for one-dimensional stimuli, a two-dimensional approach is necessary and that other parameters such as imprecision of fixation, eye movements, and two-dimensional probability summation must be taken into account before resorting to more complex models.", "PMID": 536859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7046", "title": "Bezold-br\u00fccke phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina.", "content": "With the use of an asymmetric matching technique, the Bezold-Br\u00fcck phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina was measured at different eccentricities during the cone-plateau period of the long-term dark-adaptation curve and after 30 min dark adaptation. The results indicate that both the rod and the cone mechanisms contribute to the luminance-dependent hue shift of the extrafoveal retina.", "contents": "Bezold-br\u00fccke phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina. With the use of an asymmetric matching technique, the Bezold-Br\u00fcck phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina was measured at different eccentricities during the cone-plateau period of the long-term dark-adaptation curve and after 30 min dark adaptation. The results indicate that both the rod and the cone mechanisms contribute to the luminance-dependent hue shift of the extrafoveal retina.", "PMID": 536860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7047", "title": "Rod-cone interrelationships at light onset and offset.", "content": "The spatial constraints needed to obtain rod-cone interaction under steady adaptation levels apply to transient conditions of adaptation. The influence of cones upon rod threshold, however, is qualitatively different at light onset as opposed to light offset.", "contents": "Rod-cone interrelationships at light onset and offset. The spatial constraints needed to obtain rod-cone interaction under steady adaptation levels apply to transient conditions of adaptation. The influence of cones upon rod threshold, however, is qualitatively different at light onset as opposed to light offset.", "PMID": 536861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7048", "title": "Electron microscopic changes in human oesophageal epithelium in oesophagitis.", "content": "At the ultrastructural level the inflamed oesophageal epithelium shows a variety of lesions. These include mitochondrial damage, intracellular oedema, membrane whorls and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of keratohyaline and parakeratosis granules. The basement membrane shows changes ranging from thickening to areas of loss of continuity. There is an increase in the anchoring fibrils. The spaces between the cells are enlarged and contain varying amounts of debris rich in neutral mucosubstances. There are less membrane-coated granules in the inflamed epithelium than in the normal. The intra-epithelial intrusive cells demonstrated were lymphocytes and neutrophil polymorphs.", "contents": "Electron microscopic changes in human oesophageal epithelium in oesophagitis. At the ultrastructural level the inflamed oesophageal epithelium shows a variety of lesions. These include mitochondrial damage, intracellular oedema, membrane whorls and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of keratohyaline and parakeratosis granules. The basement membrane shows changes ranging from thickening to areas of loss of continuity. There is an increase in the anchoring fibrils. The spaces between the cells are enlarged and contain varying amounts of debris rich in neutral mucosubstances. There are less membrane-coated granules in the inflamed epithelium than in the normal. The intra-epithelial intrusive cells demonstrated were lymphocytes and neutrophil polymorphs.", "PMID": 536881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7049", "title": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: the ultrastructure of the granuloma induced by injection of tubercle bacilli into Freund adjuvant-sensitised guinea-pigs.", "content": "Injection of killed tubercle bacilli into a sensitised guinea pig produces a characteristic biphasic response with the development of an organised epithelioid cell granuloma in the second phase. Previous sensitisation to tubercle bacilli is a requirement for development of the organised granulomatous response. The main components of the granuloma are epithelioid cells, although multinucleate cells of both Langhans and foreign-body type are present. Epithelioid cells appear to evolve from monocytes, probably in the sequence: (a) monocyte, (b) monocytic transition form, (c) immature epithelioid cell, (d) mature epithelioid cell, although some may possibly develop through a macrophage stage. Differentiation of monocytes into epithelioid cells is a continual process in the experimental tuberculous granuloma with monocytes migrating into the lesion at all stages examined. Epithelioid cells are not obviously phagocytic. Their differ4ntiation has a phase suggestive of biosynthesis during which RER is the predominant cytoplasmic component. This is followed by a storage/secretory phase in which the cytoplasm contains membrane-lined vesicles and prominent Golgi apparatus. The vesicles and, where distended, the RER laminae contain a lightly staining, finely granular material the biological activity of which is unknown.", "contents": "Experimental granulomatous inflammation: the ultrastructure of the granuloma induced by injection of tubercle bacilli into Freund adjuvant-sensitised guinea-pigs. Injection of killed tubercle bacilli into a sensitised guinea pig produces a characteristic biphasic response with the development of an organised epithelioid cell granuloma in the second phase. Previous sensitisation to tubercle bacilli is a requirement for development of the organised granulomatous response. The main components of the granuloma are epithelioid cells, although multinucleate cells of both Langhans and foreign-body type are present. Epithelioid cells appear to evolve from monocytes, probably in the sequence: (a) monocyte, (b) monocytic transition form, (c) immature epithelioid cell, (d) mature epithelioid cell, although some may possibly develop through a macrophage stage. Differentiation of monocytes into epithelioid cells is a continual process in the experimental tuberculous granuloma with monocytes migrating into the lesion at all stages examined. Epithelioid cells are not obviously phagocytic. Their differ4ntiation has a phase suggestive of biosynthesis during which RER is the predominant cytoplasmic component. This is followed by a storage/secretory phase in which the cytoplasm contains membrane-lined vesicles and prominent Golgi apparatus. The vesicles and, where distended, the RER laminae contain a lightly staining, finely granular material the biological activity of which is unknown.", "PMID": 536882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7050", "title": "The resting membrane potential of frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "1. The absolute resting membrane potential of the frog sartorius muscle was determined in Ringer solution at 20 degrees C. 2. Membrane potentials were measured with 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 M-KCl electrodes; potentials, including the micro-electrode-tip potentials, were -62.4, -75.7, -83.0, -87.7 and -90.7 mV respectively. 3. Membrane potentials were corrected for the liquid junction potentials between the Ringer and KCl solutions, and the myoplasm and the KCl solutions of the micro-electrodes, using the Henderson's liquid junction equation. 4. The cation (U) and anion (V) conductances of the myoplasm were adjusted to give a constant membrane potential after correction for liquid junction potentials. The final values for U and V were 5.6 and 1.3 mmho/cm respectively, resulting in a membrane potential of -93.0 mV. 5. The correction for the liquid junction potential was -2.6 mV when a 3 M-KCl micro-electrode was used.", "contents": "The resting membrane potential of frog sartorius muscle. 1. The absolute resting membrane potential of the frog sartorius muscle was determined in Ringer solution at 20 degrees C. 2. Membrane potentials were measured with 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 M-KCl electrodes; potentials, including the micro-electrode-tip potentials, were -62.4, -75.7, -83.0, -87.7 and -90.7 mV respectively. 3. Membrane potentials were corrected for the liquid junction potentials between the Ringer and KCl solutions, and the myoplasm and the KCl solutions of the micro-electrodes, using the Henderson's liquid junction equation. 4. The cation (U) and anion (V) conductances of the myoplasm were adjusted to give a constant membrane potential after correction for liquid junction potentials. The final values for U and V were 5.6 and 1.3 mmho/cm respectively, resulting in a membrane potential of -93.0 mV. 5. The correction for the liquid junction potential was -2.6 mV when a 3 M-KCl micro-electrode was used.", "PMID": 536904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7051", "title": "The choice of models relating tritiated water absorption to subepithelial blood flow in the rumen of sheep.", "content": "1. The blood flow to the ruminoreticulum of anaesthetized sheep was varied by changing the proportion of CO2 in the gas stirring solutions confined to this organ. 2. Clearance of tritiated water was thereby varied fourfold, from 10 to 44ml./min.100 g epithelium, with negligible net water movement. 4. Subepithelial blood flow, observed with radioactive microspheres using the reference organ technique, varied tenfold, from 20 to 200 ml./min.100 g epithelium. 4. The relation between tritiated water absorption and blood water flow was approximated by a hyperbolic model, but was appreciably better described using a higher order term in blood flow consistent with a countercurrent exchange of tritiated water between arterioles and venules. 5. The distribution of blood flow between different regions of the organ and between epithelium and muscle is described.", "contents": "The choice of models relating tritiated water absorption to subepithelial blood flow in the rumen of sheep. 1. The blood flow to the ruminoreticulum of anaesthetized sheep was varied by changing the proportion of CO2 in the gas stirring solutions confined to this organ. 2. Clearance of tritiated water was thereby varied fourfold, from 10 to 44ml./min.100 g epithelium, with negligible net water movement. 4. Subepithelial blood flow, observed with radioactive microspheres using the reference organ technique, varied tenfold, from 20 to 200 ml./min.100 g epithelium. 4. The relation between tritiated water absorption and blood water flow was approximated by a hyperbolic model, but was appreciably better described using a higher order term in blood flow consistent with a countercurrent exchange of tritiated water between arterioles and venules. 5. The distribution of blood flow between different regions of the organ and between epithelium and muscle is described.", "PMID": 536905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7052", "title": "Studies on the excitability of sinus nerve afferent terminals.", "content": "1. The excitability of sinus nerve afferent terminals within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius has been studied in cats and rabbits using the technique of antidromic activation. 2. Conditioning stimuli to the hypothalamic defence area increased the excitability of some glossopharyngeal nerve afferents, though no such effects were observed on sinus nerve terminals. 3. Although the excitability of superior laryngeal nerve afferent terminals was observed to fluctuate in phase with the central respiratory cycle, no equivalent variation in sinus nerve terminal excitability were observed. 4. It is concluded that sinus nerve afferent terminals are not influenced by presynaptic mechanisms. Possible sites for the observed modulations of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes are discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Studies on the excitability of sinus nerve afferent terminals. 1. The excitability of sinus nerve afferent terminals within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius has been studied in cats and rabbits using the technique of antidromic activation. 2. Conditioning stimuli to the hypothalamic defence area increased the excitability of some glossopharyngeal nerve afferents, though no such effects were observed on sinus nerve terminals. 3. Although the excitability of superior laryngeal nerve afferent terminals was observed to fluctuate in phase with the central respiratory cycle, no equivalent variation in sinus nerve terminal excitability were observed. 4. It is concluded that sinus nerve afferent terminals are not influenced by presynaptic mechanisms. Possible sites for the observed modulations of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes are discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 536906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7053", "title": "Measurement and significance of the reversal potential for the pace-maker current (iK2) in sheep Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. The apparent reversal potential (Erev) of the pace-maker current (iK2) is found to depend on the experimental protocol used for its measurement. Evidence is presented showing that depolarizing (hyperpolarizing) pulses given before a test hyperpolarization used to determine Erev, shift Erev to more negative (positive) values. These shifts are opposite to those expected if the only effect of pre-pulses were to change the concentration of potassium in extracellular clefts ([K]c) via accumulation and depletion processes. 2. This effect is shown to be due to the fact that Erev is dependent on s0, the degree of activation of iK2 at the start of the test hyperpolarization. 3. When a suitable protocol is used, depletion of cleft K can be demonstrated to take place during a large hyperpolarization. Changes in the level of [K]c induced by pre-pulses must therefore also affect the Erev determination. 4. A simplified three-compartment model has been used to investigate how K accumulation and depletion can affect the time course of iK2, with particular reference to the problem of Erev determination. Computed examples show that the model is able to reproduce the main features of the time course of iK2 recorded near its reversal potential and the changes induced by pre-pulses on Erev measuremnet. By contrast, simulation on a linear cable model rules out the possibility that such results are due to voltage non-uniformity. 5. The three-compartment model predicts that the measured value of Erev differs from EK2 for two reasons: (1) when the recorded current trace is flat iK2 is still outward and decaying, and (2) the K equilibrium potential shifts to more negative values while the test hyperpolarization is applied. 6. The finding that Erev is directly affected by changes in s at the beginning of the test pulse is discussed in relation to the action of agents (such as Ca2+, H+, salicylate, adrenaline and ouabain) which are found to shift both the s00 curve and Erev.", "contents": "Measurement and significance of the reversal potential for the pace-maker current (iK2) in sheep Purkinje fibres. 1. The apparent reversal potential (Erev) of the pace-maker current (iK2) is found to depend on the experimental protocol used for its measurement. Evidence is presented showing that depolarizing (hyperpolarizing) pulses given before a test hyperpolarization used to determine Erev, shift Erev to more negative (positive) values. These shifts are opposite to those expected if the only effect of pre-pulses were to change the concentration of potassium in extracellular clefts ([K]c) via accumulation and depletion processes. 2. This effect is shown to be due to the fact that Erev is dependent on s0, the degree of activation of iK2 at the start of the test hyperpolarization. 3. When a suitable protocol is used, depletion of cleft K can be demonstrated to take place during a large hyperpolarization. Changes in the level of [K]c induced by pre-pulses must therefore also affect the Erev determination. 4. A simplified three-compartment model has been used to investigate how K accumulation and depletion can affect the time course of iK2, with particular reference to the problem of Erev determination. Computed examples show that the model is able to reproduce the main features of the time course of iK2 recorded near its reversal potential and the changes induced by pre-pulses on Erev measuremnet. By contrast, simulation on a linear cable model rules out the possibility that such results are due to voltage non-uniformity. 5. The three-compartment model predicts that the measured value of Erev differs from EK2 for two reasons: (1) when the recorded current trace is flat iK2 is still outward and decaying, and (2) the K equilibrium potential shifts to more negative values while the test hyperpolarization is applied. 6. The finding that Erev is directly affected by changes in s at the beginning of the test pulse is discussed in relation to the action of agents (such as Ca2+, H+, salicylate, adrenaline and ouabain) which are found to shift both the s00 curve and Erev.", "PMID": 536907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7054", "title": "Action of salicylate ions on the electrical properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. In sheep Purkinje fibre preparations, salicylate ions produce reversible changes in resting potential and in action potential duration. In most preparations these effects resemble those produced by -ow extracellular K concentration: the resting potential first increases and then decreases, the action potential is prolonged and eventually, low potential oscillations occur in the plateau range. In a few preparations, action potential shortening occurs. 2. The threshold current for initiating action potentials by an intracellular electrode is reversibly increased by salicylate. 3. The activation curve, soo(Em), for the pace-maker K current, iK2, shifted in a hyperpolarizing direction. The magnitude of the shift is about -5 mV in 5 mM-salicylate and -30 mV in 50 mM-salicylate. 4. The apparent reversal potential for iK2 is shifted in a negative direction. The magnitude of this shift at a given salicylate concent;ation varies with the K concentration. In an extracellular K concentration of 2.7 mM an average shift of -18 mV occurs in 10 mM-salicylate; in 8 mM, the average shift is only -1 mV. 5. It is proposed that most of these effects may be produced by an increase in surface negative potential produced by the binding of salicylate to the cell membrane. This would produce the hyperpolarizing shift of activation curves for ionic current and, by increasing surface K activity, may lead to stimulation of the Na-K pump to produce an increase in the K gradient across the cell membrane.", "contents": "Action of salicylate ions on the electrical properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. 1. In sheep Purkinje fibre preparations, salicylate ions produce reversible changes in resting potential and in action potential duration. In most preparations these effects resemble those produced by -ow extracellular K concentration: the resting potential first increases and then decreases, the action potential is prolonged and eventually, low potential oscillations occur in the plateau range. In a few preparations, action potential shortening occurs. 2. The threshold current for initiating action potentials by an intracellular electrode is reversibly increased by salicylate. 3. The activation curve, soo(Em), for the pace-maker K current, iK2, shifted in a hyperpolarizing direction. The magnitude of the shift is about -5 mV in 5 mM-salicylate and -30 mV in 50 mM-salicylate. 4. The apparent reversal potential for iK2 is shifted in a negative direction. The magnitude of this shift at a given salicylate concent;ation varies with the K concentration. In an extracellular K concentration of 2.7 mM an average shift of -18 mV occurs in 10 mM-salicylate; in 8 mM, the average shift is only -1 mV. 5. It is proposed that most of these effects may be produced by an increase in surface negative potential produced by the binding of salicylate to the cell membrane. This would produce the hyperpolarizing shift of activation curves for ionic current and, by increasing surface K activity, may lead to stimulation of the Na-K pump to produce an increase in the K gradient across the cell membrane.", "PMID": 536909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7055", "title": "The interaction of ouabain and salicylate on sheep cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. The action potential duration in sheep ventricular fibres is rapidly diminished on exposure to 10(-6) M-ouabain. However, if 10--20 mM-sodium salicylate is added to the ouabain solution, glycoside-induced shortening is prevented, and a substantial increase in duration then occurs. Sodium salicylate also reverses the shortening effect of ouabain if applied after the glycoside has been allowed to act alone. 2. Sodium salicylate alone produces a much smaller prolongation than in the presence of ouabain. Alone and in the presence of ouabain it eventually increases the threshold and produces inexcitability. 3. Three other surface charge agents have been compared with salicylate: aminonaphthalene sulphonate, sodium dodecylsulphate and salicylamide, were unable to counter the actions of ouabain at the concentrations used. Since they also produced no changes in excitability it is likely that they did not bind significantly to the cell membrane. 4. In Purkinje fibres the reversal potential for the pacemaker current, iK2, is initially shifted in a negative direction in the presence of 10(-6) M-ouabain and 10 mM-salicylate instead of the positive shift expected with ouabain alone at this concentration. 5. In guinea-pig ventricle, salicylate alone reduces the duration of the action potential. This effect is rapidly reversible. Toxic levels of ouabain also reduce the action potential duration but this effect takes several hours to reverse. By contrast, the effects of salicylate and ouabain applied together are readily reversible. 6. It is suggested that the mechanism of these effects may depend on the ability of a surface negative charge agent like salicylate to increase the surface K+ concentration at the membrane and so protect the sodium-potassium pump from inhibition by large doses of ouabain.", "contents": "The interaction of ouabain and salicylate on sheep cardiac muscle. 1. The action potential duration in sheep ventricular fibres is rapidly diminished on exposure to 10(-6) M-ouabain. However, if 10--20 mM-sodium salicylate is added to the ouabain solution, glycoside-induced shortening is prevented, and a substantial increase in duration then occurs. Sodium salicylate also reverses the shortening effect of ouabain if applied after the glycoside has been allowed to act alone. 2. Sodium salicylate alone produces a much smaller prolongation than in the presence of ouabain. Alone and in the presence of ouabain it eventually increases the threshold and produces inexcitability. 3. Three other surface charge agents have been compared with salicylate: aminonaphthalene sulphonate, sodium dodecylsulphate and salicylamide, were unable to counter the actions of ouabain at the concentrations used. Since they also produced no changes in excitability it is likely that they did not bind significantly to the cell membrane. 4. In Purkinje fibres the reversal potential for the pacemaker current, iK2, is initially shifted in a negative direction in the presence of 10(-6) M-ouabain and 10 mM-salicylate instead of the positive shift expected with ouabain alone at this concentration. 5. In guinea-pig ventricle, salicylate alone reduces the duration of the action potential. This effect is rapidly reversible. Toxic levels of ouabain also reduce the action potential duration but this effect takes several hours to reverse. By contrast, the effects of salicylate and ouabain applied together are readily reversible. 6. It is suggested that the mechanism of these effects may depend on the ability of a surface negative charge agent like salicylate to increase the surface K+ concentration at the membrane and so protect the sodium-potassium pump from inhibition by large doses of ouabain.", "PMID": 536910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7056", "title": "The spread of sensitization of polymodal nociceptors in the rabbit from nearby injury and by antidromic nerve stimulation.", "content": "1. Ninety-three polymodal nociceptor units with unmyelinated axons were isolated from rabbit sural nerves. Twenty-three were used for control data. These showed normal sensitization on repeated heating of their receptive fields, measured here as a drop in mean heat threshold. 2. Small injuries were made 5 (n = 15) or 10 (n = 12) mm outside the receptive fields of some polymodal nociceptors. This resulted in the development of spontaneous firing and lowered thresholds to heating of the receptive field. 3. Local anaesthetic previously injected into the site of injury blocked this spread of heat sensitization. Previous injection of saline had no effect. 4. Antidromic stimulation of the sural nerve, proximal to the recording site, also resulted in heat sensitization of polymodal nociceptors (n = 10). 5. Possible mechanisms for the spread of sensitization of polymodal nociceptors from nearby injury are discussed. Analogies are drawn between these results and those of Lewis (1935--36) on the spread of cutaneous ;yperalgesia around a skin injury in man.", "contents": "The spread of sensitization of polymodal nociceptors in the rabbit from nearby injury and by antidromic nerve stimulation. 1. Ninety-three polymodal nociceptor units with unmyelinated axons were isolated from rabbit sural nerves. Twenty-three were used for control data. These showed normal sensitization on repeated heating of their receptive fields, measured here as a drop in mean heat threshold. 2. Small injuries were made 5 (n = 15) or 10 (n = 12) mm outside the receptive fields of some polymodal nociceptors. This resulted in the development of spontaneous firing and lowered thresholds to heating of the receptive field. 3. Local anaesthetic previously injected into the site of injury blocked this spread of heat sensitization. Previous injection of saline had no effect. 4. Antidromic stimulation of the sural nerve, proximal to the recording site, also resulted in heat sensitization of polymodal nociceptors (n = 10). 5. Possible mechanisms for the spread of sensitization of polymodal nociceptors from nearby injury are discussed. Analogies are drawn between these results and those of Lewis (1935--36) on the spread of cutaneous ;yperalgesia around a skin injury in man.", "PMID": 536911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7057", "title": "Changes in recurrent inhibition during voluntary soleus contractions in man studied by an H-reflex technique.", "content": "1. The recurrent inhibition, brought about by a conditioning H-reflex discharge, was estimated in human subjects by the amplitude of a test H-reflex involving only the soleus motoneurones which fired in response to the conditioning volley. The modifications of the recurrent inhibition during contraction were evaluated by comparing the amplitude of the test H-reflex to a reference H-reflex. Both reflexes experienced the excitation underlying the voluntary contraction, but only the test H-reflex was subjected to the recurrent inhibition evoked by the conditioning H-reflex discharge. 2. Distinct differences were observed between the modifications of the test reflex and those of the reference H-reflex during both tonic and phasic voluntary contractions. Evidence is presented that these differences were due to changes in the amount of recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge. 3. The changes in recurrent inhibition were studied while the subjects performed voluntary tonic contractions of various forces. The weakest contractions were accompanied by a decrease in the size of the test reflex. With greater contraction forces, there was no longer an inhibition of the test reflex, but instead a facilitation which grew continuously with increased contraction forces. The test reflex could eventually exceed the reference H-reflex amplitude at the strongest contractions. This is taken to indicate that the recurrent inhibition following the conditioning discharge was progressively decreasing, as the contraction force increased. 4. During ramp contractions, whatever the contraction velocity, the time courses of the variations of the test and reference H reflexes were almost inverse. Evidence is presented that these differential time courses were due to changes in the amount of recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge. 5. The possibility of occlusion in the recurrent pathway ;as considered and it was concluded that the decrease in the recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge was essentially due to an inhibitory control (spinal and/or suprasegmental) acting on Renshaw cells. This inhibition of Renshaw cells eventually counteracts the increasing excitatory inputs (resulting from the voluntary motor discharge) which they receive via motor axon collaterals during increasing tonic contractions and throughout ramp contractions. 6. The functional significance of the Renshaw cell inhibition during voluntary contraction is discussed in relation to the inhibition exerted through the recurrent pathway on both motoneurones and Ia inhibitory interneurones. It is suggested that the depression of Renshaw cell activity could play an important role during voluntary movements by favouring reciprocal Ia inhibition.", "contents": "Changes in recurrent inhibition during voluntary soleus contractions in man studied by an H-reflex technique. 1. The recurrent inhibition, brought about by a conditioning H-reflex discharge, was estimated in human subjects by the amplitude of a test H-reflex involving only the soleus motoneurones which fired in response to the conditioning volley. The modifications of the recurrent inhibition during contraction were evaluated by comparing the amplitude of the test H-reflex to a reference H-reflex. Both reflexes experienced the excitation underlying the voluntary contraction, but only the test H-reflex was subjected to the recurrent inhibition evoked by the conditioning H-reflex discharge. 2. Distinct differences were observed between the modifications of the test reflex and those of the reference H-reflex during both tonic and phasic voluntary contractions. Evidence is presented that these differences were due to changes in the amount of recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge. 3. The changes in recurrent inhibition were studied while the subjects performed voluntary tonic contractions of various forces. The weakest contractions were accompanied by a decrease in the size of the test reflex. With greater contraction forces, there was no longer an inhibition of the test reflex, but instead a facilitation which grew continuously with increased contraction forces. The test reflex could eventually exceed the reference H-reflex amplitude at the strongest contractions. This is taken to indicate that the recurrent inhibition following the conditioning discharge was progressively decreasing, as the contraction force increased. 4. During ramp contractions, whatever the contraction velocity, the time courses of the variations of the test and reference H reflexes were almost inverse. Evidence is presented that these differential time courses were due to changes in the amount of recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge. 5. The possibility of occlusion in the recurrent pathway ;as considered and it was concluded that the decrease in the recurrent inhibition elicited by the conditioning discharge was essentially due to an inhibitory control (spinal and/or suprasegmental) acting on Renshaw cells. This inhibition of Renshaw cells eventually counteracts the increasing excitatory inputs (resulting from the voluntary motor discharge) which they receive via motor axon collaterals during increasing tonic contractions and throughout ramp contractions. 6. The functional significance of the Renshaw cell inhibition during voluntary contraction is discussed in relation to the inhibition exerted through the recurrent pathway on both motoneurones and Ia inhibitory interneurones. It is suggested that the depression of Renshaw cell activity could play an important role during voluntary movements by favouring reciprocal Ia inhibition.", "PMID": 536912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7058", "title": "Recurrent inhibition and afterhyperpolarization following motoneuronal discharge in the cat.", "content": "1. The relation between the size of a monosynaptic reflex (varying from the smallest values to the maximal motor response) and the output from Renshaw cells was investigated. This relation was extremely variable from one Renshaw cell to another. However, a linear relation between the reflex size and the early discharge emerged when the responses of all the Renshaw cells were averaged or when the summed activity of a pool of Renshaw cells was estimated by recording the recurrent inhibition in their target motoneurones. It was concluded that the lowest threshold motoneurones were efficient in producing recurrent inhibition. 2. In motoneurones, recorded intracellularly, the size of the depression caused by the afterhyperpolarization was compared to the maximum autogenetic recurrent inhibition. Under the particular experimental conditions used to mimic human experiments (Hultborn & Pierrot-Deseilligny, 1979a), it was found that recurrent inhibition had the same order of magnitude as the depression caused by afterhyperpolarization. 3. The additional depression caused by the summation of afterhyperpolarizations of two consecutive spikes was measured. It was shown that a summation of importance equal to the maximum autogenic recurrent inhibition required a mean interspike interval of 25 msec.", "contents": "Recurrent inhibition and afterhyperpolarization following motoneuronal discharge in the cat. 1. The relation between the size of a monosynaptic reflex (varying from the smallest values to the maximal motor response) and the output from Renshaw cells was investigated. This relation was extremely variable from one Renshaw cell to another. However, a linear relation between the reflex size and the early discharge emerged when the responses of all the Renshaw cells were averaged or when the summed activity of a pool of Renshaw cells was estimated by recording the recurrent inhibition in their target motoneurones. It was concluded that the lowest threshold motoneurones were efficient in producing recurrent inhibition. 2. In motoneurones, recorded intracellularly, the size of the depression caused by the afterhyperpolarization was compared to the maximum autogenetic recurrent inhibition. Under the particular experimental conditions used to mimic human experiments (Hultborn & Pierrot-Deseilligny, 1979a), it was found that recurrent inhibition had the same order of magnitude as the depression caused by afterhyperpolarization. 3. The additional depression caused by the summation of afterhyperpolarizations of two consecutive spikes was measured. It was shown that a summation of importance equal to the maximum autogenic recurrent inhibition required a mean interspike interval of 25 msec.", "PMID": 536913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7059", "title": "A method for investigating the role of calcium in the shape change, aggregation and serotonin release of rat platelets.", "content": "1. Effects of the platelet secretagogues thrombin and Concanavalin A (Con A) on shape change and release have been studied under conditions where external Ca2+ and ADP have been controlled. 2. In the absence of detectable aggregation both Con A- and thrombin-induced release of serotonin are markedly dependent upon extracellular calcium. 3. Con A, unlike thrombin, does not produce aggregation in calcium-supplemented medium. 4. The above property of Con A suggests that, in combination with added creatine phosphate and creatine phosphokinase, this ligand will be of value in the analysis of calcium-dependent release in platelets.", "contents": "A method for investigating the role of calcium in the shape change, aggregation and serotonin release of rat platelets. 1. Effects of the platelet secretagogues thrombin and Concanavalin A (Con A) on shape change and release have been studied under conditions where external Ca2+ and ADP have been controlled. 2. In the absence of detectable aggregation both Con A- and thrombin-induced release of serotonin are markedly dependent upon extracellular calcium. 3. Con A, unlike thrombin, does not produce aggregation in calcium-supplemented medium. 4. The above property of Con A suggests that, in combination with added creatine phosphate and creatine phosphokinase, this ligand will be of value in the analysis of calcium-dependent release in platelets.", "PMID": 536914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7060", "title": "Estimates of cable parameters in lamprey spinal cord neurones.", "content": "1. Two micro-electrodes were used to penetrate giant interneurones in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. A brief (50--100 microsec) current pulse was applied to one electrode while the other recorded the voltage transient response. 2. A formal analysis of the voltage transient was achieved by the simplifying reduction of each neurone. Somas were treated as a parallel combination of resistance and capacitance. Dendrite trees were reduced to an equivalent cylinder (Rall, 1959). 3. The voltage transients were analysed according to the procedure suggested by Jack & Redman (1971b) to estimate the cable parameters governing the passive propagation of transmembrane potentials. Membrane time constant (tau m), dendritic to soma conductance ratio (rho 00), and electrotonic length (L) of the equivalent cylinder were estimated from these data. 4. In thirty-two interneurones it was possible to determine the membrane time constant, but rho 00 and L were determined in only twenty-two. 5. For the twenty-two neurones in which all cable parameters were estimated, the electrotonic length of the equivalent cylinder was similar to that found for cat spinal motoneurones (1--2 space constants). 6. Simulations of the voltage transient using the Rall model of the motoneurone as developed by Jack & Redman (1971b) resulted in a voltage response which closely ditted the experimental data. 7. These results suggest that the Rall model of the motoneurone accurately describes the propagation of passive transmembrane potentials in lamprey spinal cord neurones. It is further concluded that the time constant for soma and dendritic membrane is similar in these neurones.", "contents": "Estimates of cable parameters in lamprey spinal cord neurones. 1. Two micro-electrodes were used to penetrate giant interneurones in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. A brief (50--100 microsec) current pulse was applied to one electrode while the other recorded the voltage transient response. 2. A formal analysis of the voltage transient was achieved by the simplifying reduction of each neurone. Somas were treated as a parallel combination of resistance and capacitance. Dendrite trees were reduced to an equivalent cylinder (Rall, 1959). 3. The voltage transients were analysed according to the procedure suggested by Jack & Redman (1971b) to estimate the cable parameters governing the passive propagation of transmembrane potentials. Membrane time constant (tau m), dendritic to soma conductance ratio (rho 00), and electrotonic length (L) of the equivalent cylinder were estimated from these data. 4. In thirty-two interneurones it was possible to determine the membrane time constant, but rho 00 and L were determined in only twenty-two. 5. For the twenty-two neurones in which all cable parameters were estimated, the electrotonic length of the equivalent cylinder was similar to that found for cat spinal motoneurones (1--2 space constants). 6. Simulations of the voltage transient using the Rall model of the motoneurone as developed by Jack & Redman (1971b) resulted in a voltage response which closely ditted the experimental data. 7. These results suggest that the Rall model of the motoneurone accurately describes the propagation of passive transmembrane potentials in lamprey spinal cord neurones. It is further concluded that the time constant for soma and dendritic membrane is similar in these neurones.", "PMID": 536915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7061", "title": "Localization of synaptic input on dendrites of a lamprey spinal cord neurone from physiological measurements of membrane properties.", "content": "1. Composite excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) resulting from electrotonic and chemical synaptic junctions were recorded from eighteen interneurones following stimulation of the I2 burster axon in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. 2. In each cell, the half-width of the electrotonic e.p.s.p. was measured and used, together with the cable parameters estimated for the same neurone, to locate the position of synaptic contact made by the I2 axon on the dendrites of the interneurone. The synaptic location ranged from 0.05 to 1.35 space constants with a mean of 0.46. 3. The synaptic potential was simulated using the Rall model of the neurone. When compared with the experimentally recorded e.p.s.p. with the same half-width, the rise-time of the simulated synaptic potential was found to be faster. By changing the value of synaptic distance and/or synaptic current duration the half-width, rise-time, and decay of the simulated synaptic potential fit closely the experimental e.p.s.p. The range of synaptic distance estimated from the simulation decreased considerably (0.2--0.7 space constants; mean 0.52). 4. Direct comparison of synaptic location estimated from histological tracings of dendritic trees from these same cells injected with horseradish peroxidase compared favourably with synaptic location estimated from the simulations. 5. These results support the hypothesis that functionally similar presynaptic axons make synaptic connexions at the same electrotonic distance from the soma on functionally similar post-synaptic cells. This occurs in the face of large variations in physical distance for these same synaptic contacts.", "contents": "Localization of synaptic input on dendrites of a lamprey spinal cord neurone from physiological measurements of membrane properties. 1. Composite excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) resulting from electrotonic and chemical synaptic junctions were recorded from eighteen interneurones following stimulation of the I2 burster axon in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. 2. In each cell, the half-width of the electrotonic e.p.s.p. was measured and used, together with the cable parameters estimated for the same neurone, to locate the position of synaptic contact made by the I2 axon on the dendrites of the interneurone. The synaptic location ranged from 0.05 to 1.35 space constants with a mean of 0.46. 3. The synaptic potential was simulated using the Rall model of the neurone. When compared with the experimentally recorded e.p.s.p. with the same half-width, the rise-time of the simulated synaptic potential was found to be faster. By changing the value of synaptic distance and/or synaptic current duration the half-width, rise-time, and decay of the simulated synaptic potential fit closely the experimental e.p.s.p. The range of synaptic distance estimated from the simulation decreased considerably (0.2--0.7 space constants; mean 0.52). 4. Direct comparison of synaptic location estimated from histological tracings of dendritic trees from these same cells injected with horseradish peroxidase compared favourably with synaptic location estimated from the simulations. 5. These results support the hypothesis that functionally similar presynaptic axons make synaptic connexions at the same electrotonic distance from the soma on functionally similar post-synaptic cells. This occurs in the face of large variations in physical distance for these same synaptic contacts.", "PMID": 536916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7062", "title": "Anion exchange and volume regulation during metabolic blockade of renal cortical slices.", "content": "1. The development of swelling of rat and guinea-pig renal cortical slices was studied after metabolic blockade (hypoxia plus glycolytic blockade with iodo-acetic acid) and/or exposure to 'isotonic' high potassium, no sodium solution. 2. Swelling was greater after exposure to oxygenated high potassium solution than after metabolic blockade in physiologic Krebs-Henseleit solution. Swelling was reduced after metabolic blockade in high potassium solution compared to incubation in oxygenated high potassium solution. Increasing periods of transient metabolic blockade in Krebs-Henseleit solution progressively blunted swelling when slices were subsequently incubated in oxygenated high potassium solution. 3. Metabolic blockade in Krebs-Henseleit solution resulted in marked reductions in potassium and increases in sodium. Incubation in high potassium solution resulted in marked increases in potassium and similar low levels of sodium regardless of associated interventions. Metabolic blockade in both media resulted in significantly greater increases in renal cortical chloride than in monovalent cations (potassium plus sodium). Incubation in oxygenated high potassium solution was associated with similar increases in renal cortical chloride and total monovalent cations. 4. Renal cortical losses of solids and protein and increases in renal cortical inulin space were greater after metabolic blockade than after incubation under oxygenated conditions regardless of the incubation media. 5. These data support the conclusion that during metabolic blockade there is a significant replacement of larger intracellular anions by extracellular chloride. The loss of osmotically active intracellular anions limits the increase in renal cortical volume during metabolic inhibition and exposure to high potassium solution.", "contents": "Anion exchange and volume regulation during metabolic blockade of renal cortical slices. 1. The development of swelling of rat and guinea-pig renal cortical slices was studied after metabolic blockade (hypoxia plus glycolytic blockade with iodo-acetic acid) and/or exposure to 'isotonic' high potassium, no sodium solution. 2. Swelling was greater after exposure to oxygenated high potassium solution than after metabolic blockade in physiologic Krebs-Henseleit solution. Swelling was reduced after metabolic blockade in high potassium solution compared to incubation in oxygenated high potassium solution. Increasing periods of transient metabolic blockade in Krebs-Henseleit solution progressively blunted swelling when slices were subsequently incubated in oxygenated high potassium solution. 3. Metabolic blockade in Krebs-Henseleit solution resulted in marked reductions in potassium and increases in sodium. Incubation in high potassium solution resulted in marked increases in potassium and similar low levels of sodium regardless of associated interventions. Metabolic blockade in both media resulted in significantly greater increases in renal cortical chloride than in monovalent cations (potassium plus sodium). Incubation in oxygenated high potassium solution was associated with similar increases in renal cortical chloride and total monovalent cations. 4. Renal cortical losses of solids and protein and increases in renal cortical inulin space were greater after metabolic blockade than after incubation under oxygenated conditions regardless of the incubation media. 5. These data support the conclusion that during metabolic blockade there is a significant replacement of larger intracellular anions by extracellular chloride. The loss of osmotically active intracellular anions limits the increase in renal cortical volume during metabolic inhibition and exposure to high potassium solution.", "PMID": 536917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7063", "title": "Detection of tactile stimuli. Thresholds of afferent units related to psychophysical thresholds in the human hand.", "content": "1. Psychophysical thresholds were determined at 162 points in the glabrous skin area of the human hand when slowly rising, triangular indentations of controlled amplitudes were delivered with a small probe. The method of constant stimuli was used with either the two alternative forced choice or the yes-no procedure. It was found that the distribution of the psychophysical thresholds varied with the skin region. Thresholds from the volar aspect of the fingers and the peripheral parts of the palm were low and their distribution was unimodal with a median of 11.2 micrometers. In contrast, there was an over-representation of high thresholds when observations from the centre of the palm, the lateral aspects of the fingers and the regions of the creases were pooled, and the distribution was slightly bimodal with a median of 36.0 micrometers. 2. Nerve impulses were recorded from single fibres in the median nerve of human subjects with percutaneously inserted tungsten needle electrodes. The thresholds of 128 mechanosensitive afferent units in the glabrous skin area of the hand were determined when stimuli were delivered to partly the same points as stimulated for the assessment of the psychophysical thresholds. Of the four types of units present in this area the Pacinian corpuscle (PC) and rapidly adapting (RA) units had the lowest thresholds with medians of 9.2 and 13.8 micrometers, followed by the slowly adapting type I and slowly adapting type II units with medians of 56.5 and 33.1 micrometers. There was no indication of a difference between thresholds of units located in different skin areas. 3. In the region of low psychophysical thresholds there was good agreement between the thresholds of the rapidly adapting and Pacinian corpuscle units and the psychophysical thresholds, particularly at the lower ends of the samples. In the skin regions of high thresholds, on the other hand, practically all psychophysical thresholds were higher than the thresholds of the most sensitive afferent units. Moreover, simultaneous recording of nerve impulses during a detection task indicated that subjects did not detect stimuli strong enough to elicit several impulses in afferent units in this region. 4. Circumstantial evidence led to the conclusion that detection was dependent on one impulse in one or a few rapidly adapting units under optimal conditons in the region of low psychophysical thresholds, whereas it seemed unlikely that activity in Pacinian corpuscle units was crucial. 5. The findings are consistent with the interpretation that human subjects are able to detect an input consisting of a single impulse in a single rapidly adapting unit.", "contents": "Detection of tactile stimuli. Thresholds of afferent units related to psychophysical thresholds in the human hand. 1. Psychophysical thresholds were determined at 162 points in the glabrous skin area of the human hand when slowly rising, triangular indentations of controlled amplitudes were delivered with a small probe. The method of constant stimuli was used with either the two alternative forced choice or the yes-no procedure. It was found that the distribution of the psychophysical thresholds varied with the skin region. Thresholds from the volar aspect of the fingers and the peripheral parts of the palm were low and their distribution was unimodal with a median of 11.2 micrometers. In contrast, there was an over-representation of high thresholds when observations from the centre of the palm, the lateral aspects of the fingers and the regions of the creases were pooled, and the distribution was slightly bimodal with a median of 36.0 micrometers. 2. Nerve impulses were recorded from single fibres in the median nerve of human subjects with percutaneously inserted tungsten needle electrodes. The thresholds of 128 mechanosensitive afferent units in the glabrous skin area of the hand were determined when stimuli were delivered to partly the same points as stimulated for the assessment of the psychophysical thresholds. Of the four types of units present in this area the Pacinian corpuscle (PC) and rapidly adapting (RA) units had the lowest thresholds with medians of 9.2 and 13.8 micrometers, followed by the slowly adapting type I and slowly adapting type II units with medians of 56.5 and 33.1 micrometers. There was no indication of a difference between thresholds of units located in different skin areas. 3. In the region of low psychophysical thresholds there was good agreement between the thresholds of the rapidly adapting and Pacinian corpuscle units and the psychophysical thresholds, particularly at the lower ends of the samples. In the skin regions of high thresholds, on the other hand, practically all psychophysical thresholds were higher than the thresholds of the most sensitive afferent units. Moreover, simultaneous recording of nerve impulses during a detection task indicated that subjects did not detect stimuli strong enough to elicit several impulses in afferent units in this region. 4. Circumstantial evidence led to the conclusion that detection was dependent on one impulse in one or a few rapidly adapting units under optimal conditons in the region of low psychophysical thresholds, whereas it seemed unlikely that activity in Pacinian corpuscle units was crucial. 5. The findings are consistent with the interpretation that human subjects are able to detect an input consisting of a single impulse in a single rapidly adapting unit.", "PMID": 536918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7064", "title": "Ionic mechanisms of repolarization in the guinea-pig taenia coli as revealed by the actions of strontium.", "content": "1. The actions of Sr2+ on the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli have been studied under constant-current and voltage-clamp conditions. 2. In replacing Ca2+, Sr2+ (2.5 mM) prolongs the duration of the action potential by slowing the rate of repolarization, but increases the steady-state membrane conductance. These changes occur in preparations in Krebs solution as well as in preparations in a Na+-free tetraethylammonium medium. 3. When [Sr2+]o is increased to 20 mM, the amplitude of the spike is increased, and the duration shortened. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, Sr2+ carries the early inward current (Ia). Increasing [Sr2+]o increases the maximum Ia and shifts its reversal potential (Ea) towards more positive voltages, without affecting the conductance, ga. 5. Sr2+ does not affect the steady-state inactivation of Ia, but markedly slows the rate of inactivation. 6. In all concentrations, Sr2+ enhances the late outward current (Ib, chiefly Ik), by increasing the conductance, gb. The degree of increase is greater in higher [Sr2+]o. 7. Ca2+ at concentrations of 1 or 2.5 mM added to Sr2+ solutions partially reverses the above effects, suggesting the presence of some competition for the same channel or binding sites or both. 8. The results indicate that in the taenia coli, there is a component of the K+-conductance system which is sensitive to [Sr2+]o and to [Ca2+]o. 9. They also suggest that the inactivation of the early inward current is an important mechanism underlying the repolarization of the action potential, and that IK probably has a delayed and gradual onset.", "contents": "Ionic mechanisms of repolarization in the guinea-pig taenia coli as revealed by the actions of strontium. 1. The actions of Sr2+ on the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli have been studied under constant-current and voltage-clamp conditions. 2. In replacing Ca2+, Sr2+ (2.5 mM) prolongs the duration of the action potential by slowing the rate of repolarization, but increases the steady-state membrane conductance. These changes occur in preparations in Krebs solution as well as in preparations in a Na+-free tetraethylammonium medium. 3. When [Sr2+]o is increased to 20 mM, the amplitude of the spike is increased, and the duration shortened. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, Sr2+ carries the early inward current (Ia). Increasing [Sr2+]o increases the maximum Ia and shifts its reversal potential (Ea) towards more positive voltages, without affecting the conductance, ga. 5. Sr2+ does not affect the steady-state inactivation of Ia, but markedly slows the rate of inactivation. 6. In all concentrations, Sr2+ enhances the late outward current (Ib, chiefly Ik), by increasing the conductance, gb. The degree of increase is greater in higher [Sr2+]o. 7. Ca2+ at concentrations of 1 or 2.5 mM added to Sr2+ solutions partially reverses the above effects, suggesting the presence of some competition for the same channel or binding sites or both. 8. The results indicate that in the taenia coli, there is a component of the K+-conductance system which is sensitive to [Sr2+]o and to [Ca2+]o. 9. They also suggest that the inactivation of the early inward current is an important mechanism underlying the repolarization of the action potential, and that IK probably has a delayed and gradual onset.", "PMID": 536919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7065", "title": "The size of motor units during post-natal development of rat lumbrical muscle.", "content": "1. The number of muscle fibres innervated by individual motor neurones (motor unit size) was measured in lumbrical muscles of rats aged 0--28 days, during the period of elimination of polyneuronal innervation. Motor unit sizes were determined from twitch tension measurements combined with muscle fibre counts made from histological sections of the muscles. 2. The relative tensions contributed by individual motor units declined from about 25% of the total tension at birth, to about 9% at 28 days of age. Intracellular recordings showed that part of this decrease reflected the elimination of synapses from polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres. 3. During the same period, however, new muscle fibres were produced. The total number of muscle fibres present increased from about 500 at birth to about 950 fibres in mature muscles. 4. These two processes were offsetting: some synapses were eliminated (from polyneuronally innervated fibres) while simultaneously others were formed de novo (on newly produced muscle fibres). Quantitative measurements showed that for the first 10 days after birth, there was little change in motor unit size. Thereafter production of new muscle fibres ceased, and motor unit size decreased to the adult level. 5. It is concluded that during early post-natal development, a lumbrical motor neurone maintains a nearly constant number of synapses, but extensively reorganizes its synaptic field, retracting synapses from some muscle fibres, while forming new synapses with other fibres.", "contents": "The size of motor units during post-natal development of rat lumbrical muscle. 1. The number of muscle fibres innervated by individual motor neurones (motor unit size) was measured in lumbrical muscles of rats aged 0--28 days, during the period of elimination of polyneuronal innervation. Motor unit sizes were determined from twitch tension measurements combined with muscle fibre counts made from histological sections of the muscles. 2. The relative tensions contributed by individual motor units declined from about 25% of the total tension at birth, to about 9% at 28 days of age. Intracellular recordings showed that part of this decrease reflected the elimination of synapses from polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres. 3. During the same period, however, new muscle fibres were produced. The total number of muscle fibres present increased from about 500 at birth to about 950 fibres in mature muscles. 4. These two processes were offsetting: some synapses were eliminated (from polyneuronally innervated fibres) while simultaneously others were formed de novo (on newly produced muscle fibres). Quantitative measurements showed that for the first 10 days after birth, there was little change in motor unit size. Thereafter production of new muscle fibres ceased, and motor unit size decreased to the adult level. 5. It is concluded that during early post-natal development, a lumbrical motor neurone maintains a nearly constant number of synapses, but extensively reorganizes its synaptic field, retracting synapses from some muscle fibres, while forming new synapses with other fibres.", "PMID": 536920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7066", "title": "Thyroid hormones and the energetics of active sodium-potassium transport in mammalian skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. The steady-state heat production rate (E) of soleus muscles obtained from adult mice in various thyroid states was measured in a perfused microcalorimeter. The ouabain-suppressible fractions of E and 42K influx were compared and the energetic efficiency of active Na-K transport assessed. 2. Hypothyroidism with plasma thyroxine concentrations below 1 microgram/100 ml. was induced by pretreatment with 131I or perchlorate. In soleus muscles isolated from treated animals, mean E values were 25.1 +/- 0.7 and 24.2 +/- 0.5 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1 for the 131I and the perchlorate series respectively, i.e. about 30% lower than the control level (36.3 +/- 1.5 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1). Following triiodothyronine treatment, E was increased by about 45%. 3. In muscles from hypothyroid (131I and perchlorate series), euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice ouabain (10(-3) M) induced a rapid decrease in E of 1.6 +/- 0.1 and 1.4 +/- 0.1, 2.5 +/- 0.2, and 4.3 +/- 0.6 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1 respectively, i.e. between 6 and 8% of E. 4. In muscles obtained from hypothyroid, euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice, the ouabain-suppressible component of 42K influx was 0.17 +/- 0.04, 0.31 +/- 0.02 and 0.45 +/- 0.02 micromole. g wet wt.-1.min-1 respectively. Whereas the total number of ouabain binding sites varied appreciably with the thyroid status, the Na-K contents of soleus or diaphragm muscles showed no significant changes. 5. Notwithstanding the parallelism between the changes in basal E and ouabain-sensitive components of E and K influx with the thyroid status, it is concluded that active NA-K transport cannot be considered a primary effector of thyroid thermogenesis in intact mammalian skeletal muscle. The direct contribution of active NA-K transport to this thermogenesis was indeed small compared with the over-all cellular energy dissipation. 6. The minimum over-all energetic efficiency of the transport process in the intact muscles (30--35%) was not dependent on the thyroid status.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and the energetics of active sodium-potassium transport in mammalian skeletal muscles. 1. The steady-state heat production rate (E) of soleus muscles obtained from adult mice in various thyroid states was measured in a perfused microcalorimeter. The ouabain-suppressible fractions of E and 42K influx were compared and the energetic efficiency of active Na-K transport assessed. 2. Hypothyroidism with plasma thyroxine concentrations below 1 microgram/100 ml. was induced by pretreatment with 131I or perchlorate. In soleus muscles isolated from treated animals, mean E values were 25.1 +/- 0.7 and 24.2 +/- 0.5 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1 for the 131I and the perchlorate series respectively, i.e. about 30% lower than the control level (36.3 +/- 1.5 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1). Following triiodothyronine treatment, E was increased by about 45%. 3. In muscles from hypothyroid (131I and perchlorate series), euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice ouabain (10(-3) M) induced a rapid decrease in E of 1.6 +/- 0.1 and 1.4 +/- 0.1, 2.5 +/- 0.2, and 4.3 +/- 0.6 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1 respectively, i.e. between 6 and 8% of E. 4. In muscles obtained from hypothyroid, euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice, the ouabain-suppressible component of 42K influx was 0.17 +/- 0.04, 0.31 +/- 0.02 and 0.45 +/- 0.02 micromole. g wet wt.-1.min-1 respectively. Whereas the total number of ouabain binding sites varied appreciably with the thyroid status, the Na-K contents of soleus or diaphragm muscles showed no significant changes. 5. Notwithstanding the parallelism between the changes in basal E and ouabain-sensitive components of E and K influx with the thyroid status, it is concluded that active NA-K transport cannot be considered a primary effector of thyroid thermogenesis in intact mammalian skeletal muscle. The direct contribution of active NA-K transport to this thermogenesis was indeed small compared with the over-all cellular energy dissipation. 6. The minimum over-all energetic efficiency of the transport process in the intact muscles (30--35%) was not dependent on the thyroid status.", "PMID": 536921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7067", "title": "The effects of renal denervation and meclofenamate on renal blood flow regulation in conscious rabbits.", "content": "1. The effect on renal blood flow regulation of unilateral renal denervation followed by administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been studied in nine conscious rabbits.2. Renal blood flow distribution was estimated using radioactive microspheres injected via a pre-implanted left ventricular cannula. Cardiac output was estimated by thermodilution. Measurements were made before and after intravenous injection of Meclofenamate, Parke Davis Ltd (4 mg/kg).3. Renal denervation caused a fall in renal cortical catecholamine concentration of approximately 50% by 48 hr.4. Resting renal blood flow did not differ significantly between denervated and innervated kidneys.5. Meclofenamate caused a significant rise in arterial pressure from a mean of 59 to 70 mmHg. In innervated kidneys, Meclofenamate caused a fall in renal blood flow from 8.1 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- S.E. of mean) to 6.5 +/- 0.4 ml./min.g kidney weight while in denervated kidneys it caused a fall from 8.9 +/- 0.7 to 6.25 +/- 0.3 ml./min.g. After Meclofenamate flow was redistributed away from the inner cortex in the innervated kidney and paradoxically towards the inner cortex in the denervated one.6. It was concluded that in conscious animals, resting sympathetic tone has little effect on renal blood flow. The exaggerated reduction in flow in the outer cortex of the denervated kidney following Meclofenamate may indicate denervation hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines unmasked by reduced synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins. Alternatively, renal sympathetic nerves may normally prime prostaglandin synthesis in the outer cortex.", "contents": "The effects of renal denervation and meclofenamate on renal blood flow regulation in conscious rabbits. 1. The effect on renal blood flow regulation of unilateral renal denervation followed by administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been studied in nine conscious rabbits.2. Renal blood flow distribution was estimated using radioactive microspheres injected via a pre-implanted left ventricular cannula. Cardiac output was estimated by thermodilution. Measurements were made before and after intravenous injection of Meclofenamate, Parke Davis Ltd (4 mg/kg).3. Renal denervation caused a fall in renal cortical catecholamine concentration of approximately 50% by 48 hr.4. Resting renal blood flow did not differ significantly between denervated and innervated kidneys.5. Meclofenamate caused a significant rise in arterial pressure from a mean of 59 to 70 mmHg. In innervated kidneys, Meclofenamate caused a fall in renal blood flow from 8.1 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- S.E. of mean) to 6.5 +/- 0.4 ml./min.g kidney weight while in denervated kidneys it caused a fall from 8.9 +/- 0.7 to 6.25 +/- 0.3 ml./min.g. After Meclofenamate flow was redistributed away from the inner cortex in the innervated kidney and paradoxically towards the inner cortex in the denervated one.6. It was concluded that in conscious animals, resting sympathetic tone has little effect on renal blood flow. The exaggerated reduction in flow in the outer cortex of the denervated kidney following Meclofenamate may indicate denervation hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines unmasked by reduced synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins. Alternatively, renal sympathetic nerves may normally prime prostaglandin synthesis in the outer cortex.", "PMID": 536922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7068", "title": "Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine receptor desensitization in isolated mollusc neurones.", "content": "1. Desensitization produced by acetylcholine (ACh) in completely isolated Limnaea stagnalis neurones with chloride-selective membrane channels was studied using a voltage-clamp technique. 2. A difference in the time course of the neurone responses to ACh, depending on whether the measured parameter was voltage or current, was observed and explained on the basis of an equivalent electric scheme of the neurone soma membrane. 3. Desensitization onset was shown not to depend on membrane potential in the range of -30 to -120 mV. 4. Variation of external Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations over a wide range had little influence on the onset of desensitization and recovery from it. 5. An obvious difference is shown to exist between features of desensitization in mollusc neurone and frog muscle end-plate ACh receptors.", "contents": "Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine receptor desensitization in isolated mollusc neurones. 1. Desensitization produced by acetylcholine (ACh) in completely isolated Limnaea stagnalis neurones with chloride-selective membrane channels was studied using a voltage-clamp technique. 2. A difference in the time course of the neurone responses to ACh, depending on whether the measured parameter was voltage or current, was observed and explained on the basis of an equivalent electric scheme of the neurone soma membrane. 3. Desensitization onset was shown not to depend on membrane potential in the range of -30 to -120 mV. 4. Variation of external Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations over a wide range had little influence on the onset of desensitization and recovery from it. 5. An obvious difference is shown to exist between features of desensitization in mollusc neurone and frog muscle end-plate ACh receptors.", "PMID": 536923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7069", "title": "Arterial pressure and pulse interval responses to repetitive carotid baroreceptor stimuli in man.", "content": "1. Carotid baroreceptors of eight healthy young men were stimulated with brief (0.6 sec), moderate (30 mmHg), single or repetitive (2, 3 or 5), R wave coupled neck suction during held expiration, and brachial arterial pressure and pulse interval changes were measured for 10 sec. 2. Mean systolic arterial pressure declined significantly from control levels after single or multiple baroreceptor stimuli. The reduction of systolic pressure was significant within the first sec after the onset of trains of baroreceptor stimuli; its duration was proportional to the number of stimuli. 3. The sinus node response to a single baroreceptor stimulus was biphasic: inhibition was followed by less intense, but more prolonged facilitation (cardio-acceleration). A single baroreflex stimulus modulated sinus node function for about 7 sec. The integral of sinus node inhibition was linearly related to the number of baroreceptor stimuli. Inhibition with five repetitive stimuli peaked at about 1.5 sec after the onset of stimulation and delcined to a new steady-state level during the period of baroreceptor stimulation. 4. Human baroreflex adjustments of arterial pressure and sinus node function occur very early after a step increase of phasic baroreceptor afferent activity. The perturbation of sinus node function is complex and probably reflects changing temporal relationships between the arterial pulse and sinus node activity, and interactions between oscillating levels of acetylcholine and sinus node responsiveness to acetylcholine.", "contents": "Arterial pressure and pulse interval responses to repetitive carotid baroreceptor stimuli in man. 1. Carotid baroreceptors of eight healthy young men were stimulated with brief (0.6 sec), moderate (30 mmHg), single or repetitive (2, 3 or 5), R wave coupled neck suction during held expiration, and brachial arterial pressure and pulse interval changes were measured for 10 sec. 2. Mean systolic arterial pressure declined significantly from control levels after single or multiple baroreceptor stimuli. The reduction of systolic pressure was significant within the first sec after the onset of trains of baroreceptor stimuli; its duration was proportional to the number of stimuli. 3. The sinus node response to a single baroreceptor stimulus was biphasic: inhibition was followed by less intense, but more prolonged facilitation (cardio-acceleration). A single baroreflex stimulus modulated sinus node function for about 7 sec. The integral of sinus node inhibition was linearly related to the number of baroreceptor stimuli. Inhibition with five repetitive stimuli peaked at about 1.5 sec after the onset of stimulation and delcined to a new steady-state level during the period of baroreceptor stimulation. 4. Human baroreflex adjustments of arterial pressure and sinus node function occur very early after a step increase of phasic baroreceptor afferent activity. The perturbation of sinus node function is complex and probably reflects changing temporal relationships between the arterial pulse and sinus node activity, and interactions between oscillating levels of acetylcholine and sinus node responsiveness to acetylcholine.", "PMID": 536924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7070", "title": "Selective antagonism of amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord.", "content": "1. The effects of D-alpha-aminoadipate (DalphaAA), D-alpha-aminosuberate (DalphaAS) and other excitatory amino acid antagonists have been compared on the excitatory responses of neurones of the cat spinal cord to acetylcholine, a range of glutamate-related amino acids and stimulation of appropriate excitatory synaptic pathways. The ionophoretic technique was used for administration of excitants and antagonists. 2. DalphaAA and DalphaAS had little or no effect on acetylcholine-induced excitation of Renshaw cells. Responses of either Renshaw cells or dorsal horn neurones in the spinal cord to excitatory amino acids were depressed in the order: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), L-homocysteate, D-glutamate, ibotenate greater than D-homocysteate, L-aspartate, D-aspartate greater than L-glutamate, kainate and quisqualate. 3. These effects are consistent with the existence of different excitatory amino acid receptors, one type being sensitive to the actions of the antagonists, and activated predominantly by the NMDA group of excitants, with other receptors being relatively insensitive to DalphaAA and DalphaAS and activated predominantly by quisqualate and kainate. On this hypothesis, many amino acids are assumed to have mixed actions on DalphaAA-sensitive and -insensitive receptors. 4. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (2APB) and L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) produced different patterns of antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses from those observed with DalphaAA and DalphaAS. Neither substance was as potent as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as an excitatory amino acid antagonist. 5. Both DalphaAA and DalphaAS selectively antagonized synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells evoked by dorsal root stimulation without affecting cholinergic excitation of these cells evoked by ventral root stimulation. These latter responses were selectively antagonized by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). DalphaAA also antagonized synaptic excitation of unidentified dorsal horn neurones of the spinal cord evoked by dorsal root stimulation. Neither GDEE (particularly) nor 2APB were as effective as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as depressants of synaptic excitation. 6. Taken in conjunction with the results of in vitro studies on the specificity of action of Dalpha\u00bf and related substances, these observations suggest that certain synaptic excitations in the spinal cord are mediated by an excitatory amino acid transmitter, and that this transmitter interacts with receptors which are activated selectively by NMDA, less selectively by other amino acids, including L-aspartate, and probably only slightly by quisqualate, kainate and (exogenous) L-glutamate.", "contents": "Selective antagonism of amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord. 1. The effects of D-alpha-aminoadipate (DalphaAA), D-alpha-aminosuberate (DalphaAS) and other excitatory amino acid antagonists have been compared on the excitatory responses of neurones of the cat spinal cord to acetylcholine, a range of glutamate-related amino acids and stimulation of appropriate excitatory synaptic pathways. The ionophoretic technique was used for administration of excitants and antagonists. 2. DalphaAA and DalphaAS had little or no effect on acetylcholine-induced excitation of Renshaw cells. Responses of either Renshaw cells or dorsal horn neurones in the spinal cord to excitatory amino acids were depressed in the order: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), L-homocysteate, D-glutamate, ibotenate greater than D-homocysteate, L-aspartate, D-aspartate greater than L-glutamate, kainate and quisqualate. 3. These effects are consistent with the existence of different excitatory amino acid receptors, one type being sensitive to the actions of the antagonists, and activated predominantly by the NMDA group of excitants, with other receptors being relatively insensitive to DalphaAA and DalphaAS and activated predominantly by quisqualate and kainate. On this hypothesis, many amino acids are assumed to have mixed actions on DalphaAA-sensitive and -insensitive receptors. 4. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (2APB) and L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) produced different patterns of antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses from those observed with DalphaAA and DalphaAS. Neither substance was as potent as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as an excitatory amino acid antagonist. 5. Both DalphaAA and DalphaAS selectively antagonized synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells evoked by dorsal root stimulation without affecting cholinergic excitation of these cells evoked by ventral root stimulation. These latter responses were selectively antagonized by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). DalphaAA also antagonized synaptic excitation of unidentified dorsal horn neurones of the spinal cord evoked by dorsal root stimulation. Neither GDEE (particularly) nor 2APB were as effective as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as depressants of synaptic excitation. 6. Taken in conjunction with the results of in vitro studies on the specificity of action of Dalpha\u00bf and related substances, these observations suggest that certain synaptic excitations in the spinal cord are mediated by an excitatory amino acid transmitter, and that this transmitter interacts with receptors which are activated selectively by NMDA, less selectively by other amino acids, including L-aspartate, and probably only slightly by quisqualate, kainate and (exogenous) L-glutamate.", "PMID": 536925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7071", "title": "Sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump: the roles of ATP and ADP.", "content": "1. We have developed a procedure for preparing resealed red cell ghosts that contain ADP but very little ATP. 2. The procedure involves (i) lysis of the cells in a very large volume of lysing solution, (ii) resuspension of the ghosts in a small volume, (iii) the incorporation into the ghosts, before they are resealed, of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate (AP5A) and of hexokinase, and (iv) the removal of traces of ATP, formed by residual adenylate kinase activity, by the addition of glucose. 3. Measurements of sodium efflux from ghosts prepared in this way show that sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump does not occur in the absence of ATP even if ADP is present. 4. The beta:gamma imido analogue of ATP (AMP.PNP), which is incapable of phosphorylating sodium, potassium-ATPase, cannot replace ATP in supporting sodium-sodium exchange. 5. These findings support the hypothesis that the outward movement of sodium ions through the sodium pump is associated with the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the enzyme, and that the inward movement of sodium ions through the pump is associated with the return of a phosphoryl group from the phosphoenzyme to ADP.", "contents": "Sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump: the roles of ATP and ADP. 1. We have developed a procedure for preparing resealed red cell ghosts that contain ADP but very little ATP. 2. The procedure involves (i) lysis of the cells in a very large volume of lysing solution, (ii) resuspension of the ghosts in a small volume, (iii) the incorporation into the ghosts, before they are resealed, of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate (AP5A) and of hexokinase, and (iv) the removal of traces of ATP, formed by residual adenylate kinase activity, by the addition of glucose. 3. Measurements of sodium efflux from ghosts prepared in this way show that sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump does not occur in the absence of ATP even if ADP is present. 4. The beta:gamma imido analogue of ATP (AMP.PNP), which is incapable of phosphorylating sodium, potassium-ATPase, cannot replace ATP in supporting sodium-sodium exchange. 5. These findings support the hypothesis that the outward movement of sodium ions through the sodium pump is associated with the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the enzyme, and that the inward movement of sodium ions through the pump is associated with the return of a phosphoryl group from the phosphoenzyme to ADP.", "PMID": 536926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7072", "title": "Interaction of permeant ions with channels activated by acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones.", "content": "1. Aplysia neurones with an excitatory response to acetylcholine (ACh) were voltage-clamped, and the ACh-induced currents were studied using noise and relaxation techniques. The mean channel open time, tau, and the amplitude of the elementary current, iel, were determined from these experiments, and the variation of these parameters with the ionic content of the extracellular solution was analysed. The goal of this work was to test whether permeant ions may bind in a voltage-dependent manner to channel sites and thereby hinder channel closing, as has been proposed before (Ascher, Marty & Neild, 1978a). 2. The relation between tau and the membrane potential V has a similar shape in normal sea water and after total replacement of Na ions with Li or Cs. In contrast, the shape of the tau(V) relation is modified if Na is replaced by Mg, Sr, or Ba. 3. Replacing the divalent cations (Mg and Ca) present in normal sea water with Na results in a decrease of tau and an increase of iel. Both effects are enhanced by cell hyperpolarization. 4. Similarly partial replacement of Na by Sr causes a voltage-dependent decrease of iel. 5. Experiments were performed in solutions containing Na and sucrose, or Mg and mannitol. In both cases tau was smaller than in an isotonic Na or Mg solution. 6. None of the above observations can be accounted for on the sole basis of outer surface potential changes. 7. A quantitative model of the interaction between permeant ions and ACh-sensitive channels is proposed. The possible relevance of this model for the interpretation of tau(V) curves in other systems is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of permeant ions with channels activated by acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones. 1. Aplysia neurones with an excitatory response to acetylcholine (ACh) were voltage-clamped, and the ACh-induced currents were studied using noise and relaxation techniques. The mean channel open time, tau, and the amplitude of the elementary current, iel, were determined from these experiments, and the variation of these parameters with the ionic content of the extracellular solution was analysed. The goal of this work was to test whether permeant ions may bind in a voltage-dependent manner to channel sites and thereby hinder channel closing, as has been proposed before (Ascher, Marty & Neild, 1978a). 2. The relation between tau and the membrane potential V has a similar shape in normal sea water and after total replacement of Na ions with Li or Cs. In contrast, the shape of the tau(V) relation is modified if Na is replaced by Mg, Sr, or Ba. 3. Replacing the divalent cations (Mg and Ca) present in normal sea water with Na results in a decrease of tau and an increase of iel. Both effects are enhanced by cell hyperpolarization. 4. Similarly partial replacement of Na by Sr causes a voltage-dependent decrease of iel. 5. Experiments were performed in solutions containing Na and sucrose, or Mg and mannitol. In both cases tau was smaller than in an isotonic Na or Mg solution. 6. None of the above observations can be accounted for on the sole basis of outer surface potential changes. 7. A quantitative model of the interaction between permeant ions and ACh-sensitive channels is proposed. The possible relevance of this model for the interpretation of tau(V) curves in other systems is discussed.", "PMID": 536927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7073", "title": "The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.", "content": "Stimulation of preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the thoracic spinal cord causes different effects on end-organs supplied by the superior cervical ganglion (Langley, 1892; Nja & Purves, 1977a; Lichtman, Purves & Yip, 1979). For example, stimulation of the first thoracic ventral root (T1) causes pupillary dilatation and widening of the palpebral fissure; stimulation of T4, on the other hand, has little effect on the eye, even though axons arising from this level innervate about as many superior cervical ganglion cells as those from T1. Thus ganglion cell innervation is selective. (1) Three months after crushing the major post-ganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion this differential effectiveness is lost: T1 and T4 stimulation have approximately equal effects on the end-organs of the eye. (2) In normal animals, the cellular counterpart of selective end-organ effects is the innervation of each ganglion cell by a contiguous subset of the spinal segments that innervate the ganglion as a whole. One of these segments is usually dominant, the strength of innervation from adjacent segments falling off as a function of distance from the dominant one (Nja & Purves, 1977a). Intracellular recordings from ganglion cells 3 months after post-ganglionic axotomy showed that this selective pattern is re-established. (3) Since the innervation of ganglion cells appears normal, the abnormal end-organ responses after post-ganglionic axotomy suggest that ganglion cell axons are not limited to their original targets during peripheral re-innervation. This suggestion is supported by the finding that ganglion cells sending axons to different peripheral destinations via the second and third cervical spinal nerves were no longer distinguishable on the basis of their segmented inputs 3 months after post-ganglionic axotomy. (4) Similar results were obtained when the preganglionic cervical trunk was cut at the same time as the post-ganglionic axons were crushed; the pattern of end-organ responses was abnormal, whereas individual ganglion cells were re-innervated according to the rules of contiguity and segmental dominance. (5) These results indicate that ganglion cells do not undergo a compensatory change in the segmental innervation they receive when their axons regenerate to targets different from, or in addition to those they originally innervated, even when an entirely new set of ganglionic connexions is formed. This suggests that ganglion cells, or some aspect of their immediate environment, possess a permanent label that determines the segmental innervation they receive.", "contents": "The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig. Stimulation of preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the thoracic spinal cord causes different effects on end-organs supplied by the superior cervical ganglion (Langley, 1892; Nja & Purves, 1977a; Lichtman, Purves & Yip, 1979). For example, stimulation of the first thoracic ventral root (T1) causes pupillary dilatation and widening of the palpebral fissure; stimulation of T4, on the other hand, has little effect on the eye, even though axons arising from this level innervate about as many superior cervical ganglion cells as those from T1. Thus ganglion cell innervation is selective. (1) Three months after crushing the major post-ganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion this differential effectiveness is lost: T1 and T4 stimulation have approximately equal effects on the end-organs of the eye. (2) In normal animals, the cellular counterpart of selective end-organ effects is the innervation of each ganglion cell by a contiguous subset of the spinal segments that innervate the ganglion as a whole. One of these segments is usually dominant, the strength of innervation from adjacent segments falling off as a function of distance from the dominant one (Nja & Purves, 1977a). Intracellular recordings from ganglion cells 3 months after post-ganglionic axotomy showed that this selective pattern is re-established. (3) Since the innervation of ganglion cells appears normal, the abnormal end-organ responses after post-ganglionic axotomy suggest that ganglion cell axons are not limited to their original targets during peripheral re-innervation. This suggestion is supported by the finding that ganglion cells sending axons to different peripheral destinations via the second and third cervical spinal nerves were no longer distinguishable on the basis of their segmented inputs 3 months after post-ganglionic axotomy. (4) Similar results were obtained when the preganglionic cervical trunk was cut at the same time as the post-ganglionic axons were crushed; the pattern of end-organ responses was abnormal, whereas individual ganglion cells were re-innervated according to the rules of contiguity and segmental dominance. (5) These results indicate that ganglion cells do not undergo a compensatory change in the segmental innervation they receive when their axons regenerate to targets different from, or in addition to those they originally innervated, even when an entirely new set of ganglionic connexions is formed. This suggests that ganglion cells, or some aspect of their immediate environment, possess a permanent label that determines the segmental innervation they receive.", "PMID": 536928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7074", "title": "Ultrastructural study of schizogony of Eimeria bovis in cell cultures.", "content": "First-generation schizogony of Eimeria bovis in bovine cell culture was studied by electron microscopy. The intracellular sporozoite retained its structure for at least 6 days at which time it rounded up and lost its apical complex. Although the refractile body underwent certain morphologic changes, it was retained throughout the parasite's growth. The beginning of mitosis was marked by the formation of a cytoplasmic funnel which traversed the nucleus opening on each side toward a pair of centrioles. Subsequently, there developed an intranuclear spindle. Separation of the daughter nuclei was preceded by the formation of typical centrocones. Differentiation of merozoites was accomplished by exogenesis during the last mitotoc division. A dense fiber, interpreted as a link connecting the merozoite anlage with its nucleus, extended from the developing apical complex to the nearest division pole. In the anlage, the inner membrane complex was at first composed of patches associated with pairs of subpellicular microtubules. Rhoptries appeared early in merogenesis, whereas micronemes formed at the time the merozoites detached from the residuum. The level of amylopectin, low in schizonts, rose at the beginning of merozoite formation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of schizogony of Eimeria bovis in cell cultures. First-generation schizogony of Eimeria bovis in bovine cell culture was studied by electron microscopy. The intracellular sporozoite retained its structure for at least 6 days at which time it rounded up and lost its apical complex. Although the refractile body underwent certain morphologic changes, it was retained throughout the parasite's growth. The beginning of mitosis was marked by the formation of a cytoplasmic funnel which traversed the nucleus opening on each side toward a pair of centrioles. Subsequently, there developed an intranuclear spindle. Separation of the daughter nuclei was preceded by the formation of typical centrocones. Differentiation of merozoites was accomplished by exogenesis during the last mitotoc division. A dense fiber, interpreted as a link connecting the merozoite anlage with its nucleus, extended from the developing apical complex to the nearest division pole. In the anlage, the inner membrane complex was at first composed of patches associated with pairs of subpellicular microtubules. Rhoptries appeared early in merogenesis, whereas micronemes formed at the time the merozoites detached from the residuum. The level of amylopectin, low in schizonts, rose at the beginning of merozoite formation.", "PMID": 536929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7075", "title": "Cyclical transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes.", "content": "Culture procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma congolense were fed to Glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. A very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. The method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with African trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in the laboratory.", "contents": "Cyclical transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes. Culture procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma congolense were fed to Glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. A very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. The method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with African trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in the laboratory.", "PMID": 536930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7076", "title": "Infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 C with tsetse fly salivary glands.", "content": "When transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of Trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in T-30 Falcon flasks at 28 C in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of Glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. Infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. A few of the salivary glands became invaded with parasites about the time infective organisms appeared in the cultures. Using T. brucei TREU 929, it was shown that trypanosomes grown with between 2m and 50 explants were capable of producing infections consistently for prolonged periods. On the other hand, trypanosomes cultivated with 25 or fewer explants rarely infected mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions from cultures of stocks TREU 1275 and TREU 929 revealed that the maximum number of infective organisms was present 26 to 50 days after initiation of the cultures. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium alone were generally not infective but 2 of the 6 stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. A few epimastigote-like and metacyclic-like trypanosomes were seen in stained preparations of infective inocula.", "contents": "Infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 C with tsetse fly salivary glands. When transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of Trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in T-30 Falcon flasks at 28 C in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of Glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. Infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. A few of the salivary glands became invaded with parasites about the time infective organisms appeared in the cultures. Using T. brucei TREU 929, it was shown that trypanosomes grown with between 2m and 50 explants were capable of producing infections consistently for prolonged periods. On the other hand, trypanosomes cultivated with 25 or fewer explants rarely infected mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions from cultures of stocks TREU 1275 and TREU 929 revealed that the maximum number of infective organisms was present 26 to 50 days after initiation of the cultures. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium alone were generally not infective but 2 of the 6 stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. A few epimastigote-like and metacyclic-like trypanosomes were seen in stained preparations of infective inocula.", "PMID": 536931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7077", "title": "Life cycle of Isospora rivolta (Grassi, 1879) in cats and mice.", "content": "The endogenous development of Isospora rivolta (Grassi) was studied in cats fed oocysts, and was compared with the endogenous cycle after feeding them mice infected with I. rivolta. For the mouse-induced cycle, 14 newborn cats were killed 12 to 240 h after having been fed mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens ofmice. Asexual and sexual development occurred throughout the small intestine, in epithelial cells of the villi and glands of Lieberk\u00fchn. The number of asexual generations was not determined with certainty, but there were at least 3 structurally different meronts. Type I meronts appeared at 12-48 h postinoculation (HPT). They were 8.5(6-13) x 5.1(3-6) micrometer, contained 2-8 merozoites, and divide by binary division or endodyogeny. Type II meronts were multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts within a single parasitophorous vacuole. They were found at 48-172 HPI and measured 12.6(9-18) x 9.8(9-13) micrometer. Individual multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts were 7-13 x 3-5 micrometer in sections and contained 2-30 slender (5.5 x 1.0 micrometer) merozoites. Type III meronts occurred at 72-192 HPI and gamonts at 72-96 HPI. Mature microgamonts measured 11.3(9-15) x 8.0(6-9) micrometer in sections and up to 21.5 x 14 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer in sections and 18 x 16 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer. Sporulation was completed within 24 h at 22-26 C. For the study of the oocyst-induced cycle in cats, 18 newborn cats were killed between 6 and 192 HPI. The endogenous development was essentially similar to the mouse-induced cycle, but merogony and gametogony occurred 12-48 h later than in the latter cycle. Isospora rivolta was pathogenic for newborn but not for weaned cats. Newborn cats fed 10(6) sporocysts or infected mice usually developed diarrhea 3-4 days after inoculation. Microscopically, desquamation of the tips of the villi and cryptitis were seen in the ilium and cecum in association with meronts and gamonts. For the study of the development of I. rivolta in mice, mice were killed from day 1 to 23 months after having been fed 10(5)-10(6) sporocysts, and their tissues were examined for the parasites microscopically, and by feeding to cats. The following conclusions were drawn. (A) Isospora rivolta most freqeuntly invaded the mesenteric lymph nodes ofmice and remained there for 23 months at least. Ii also invaded the spleen, liver, and skeletal muscles of mice. This species could not be passed from mouse to mouse. Sporozoites increased in size from approximately 6.8 x 4.9 micrometer on day 1 to approximately 13.4 x 6.9 micrometer on day 31 postinoculation. Division was not seen. Prepatent period was 4-7 days and patent periods ranged from 2 to several weeks.", "contents": "Life cycle of Isospora rivolta (Grassi, 1879) in cats and mice. The endogenous development of Isospora rivolta (Grassi) was studied in cats fed oocysts, and was compared with the endogenous cycle after feeding them mice infected with I. rivolta. For the mouse-induced cycle, 14 newborn cats were killed 12 to 240 h after having been fed mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens ofmice. Asexual and sexual development occurred throughout the small intestine, in epithelial cells of the villi and glands of Lieberk\u00fchn. The number of asexual generations was not determined with certainty, but there were at least 3 structurally different meronts. Type I meronts appeared at 12-48 h postinoculation (HPT). They were 8.5(6-13) x 5.1(3-6) micrometer, contained 2-8 merozoites, and divide by binary division or endodyogeny. Type II meronts were multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts within a single parasitophorous vacuole. They were found at 48-172 HPI and measured 12.6(9-18) x 9.8(9-13) micrometer. Individual multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts were 7-13 x 3-5 micrometer in sections and contained 2-30 slender (5.5 x 1.0 micrometer) merozoites. Type III meronts occurred at 72-192 HPI and gamonts at 72-96 HPI. Mature microgamonts measured 11.3(9-15) x 8.0(6-9) micrometer in sections and up to 21.5 x 14 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer in sections and 18 x 16 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer. Sporulation was completed within 24 h at 22-26 C. For the study of the oocyst-induced cycle in cats, 18 newborn cats were killed between 6 and 192 HPI. The endogenous development was essentially similar to the mouse-induced cycle, but merogony and gametogony occurred 12-48 h later than in the latter cycle. Isospora rivolta was pathogenic for newborn but not for weaned cats. Newborn cats fed 10(6) sporocysts or infected mice usually developed diarrhea 3-4 days after inoculation. Microscopically, desquamation of the tips of the villi and cryptitis were seen in the ilium and cecum in association with meronts and gamonts. For the study of the development of I. rivolta in mice, mice were killed from day 1 to 23 months after having been fed 10(5)-10(6) sporocysts, and their tissues were examined for the parasites microscopically, and by feeding to cats. The following conclusions were drawn. (A) Isospora rivolta most freqeuntly invaded the mesenteric lymph nodes ofmice and remained there for 23 months at least. Ii also invaded the spleen, liver, and skeletal muscles of mice. This species could not be passed from mouse to mouse. Sporozoites increased in size from approximately 6.8 x 4.9 micrometer on day 1 to approximately 13.4 x 6.9 micrometer on day 31 postinoculation. Division was not seen. Prepatent period was 4-7 days and patent periods ranged from 2 to several weeks.", "PMID": 536932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7078", "title": "Development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) in the mosquito.", "content": "Amblyospora sp. in Culex salinarius (Coquillett) is transovarially transmitted and has 2 developmental sequences, one in each host sex. In females, the entire life cycle is restricted to oenocytes which become greatly hypertrophied due to the multiplication of diplokaryotic cells during merogony and come to lie next to ovaries. Sporulation occurs only after a blood meal is taken and is shortly followed by infection of the oocytes and subsequent transmission to the next host generation. In the male host, infections spread from oenocytes to adipose tissue where diplokaryotic cells undergo a 2nd merogony. During this merogonic cycle, the number of diplokaryotic cells greatly increases and the infection is spread throughout the body of the larval host. Sporulation is initiated with the physical separation of the 2 members of the diplokaryon and the simultaneous secretion of a pansporoblastic membrane. Subsequent meiotic division and morphogenesis result in the formation of 8 haploid spores enclosed with a pansporoblastic membrane. Buildup of spores and subsequent destruction of host adipose tissue prove fatal to the male host during the 4th larval stage.", "contents": "Development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) in the mosquito. Amblyospora sp. in Culex salinarius (Coquillett) is transovarially transmitted and has 2 developmental sequences, one in each host sex. In females, the entire life cycle is restricted to oenocytes which become greatly hypertrophied due to the multiplication of diplokaryotic cells during merogony and come to lie next to ovaries. Sporulation occurs only after a blood meal is taken and is shortly followed by infection of the oocytes and subsequent transmission to the next host generation. In the male host, infections spread from oenocytes to adipose tissue where diplokaryotic cells undergo a 2nd merogony. During this merogonic cycle, the number of diplokaryotic cells greatly increases and the infection is spread throughout the body of the larval host. Sporulation is initiated with the physical separation of the 2 members of the diplokaryon and the simultaneous secretion of a pansporoblastic membrane. Subsequent meiotic division and morphogenesis result in the formation of 8 haploid spores enclosed with a pansporoblastic membrane. Buildup of spores and subsequent destruction of host adipose tissue prove fatal to the male host during the 4th larval stage.", "PMID": 536933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7079", "title": "Growth of Leishmania donovani amastigotes in a continuous macrophage-like cell culture.", "content": "The feastibility of using a macrophage-like murine tumor cell as a host for Leishmania donovani was investigated. This cell line, designated P388D1, rapidly phagocytized amastigotes and supported their intracellular replication. It can serve as a model \"host\" without the inherent limitations of primary macrophage cultures.", "contents": "Growth of Leishmania donovani amastigotes in a continuous macrophage-like cell culture. The feastibility of using a macrophage-like murine tumor cell as a host for Leishmania donovani was investigated. This cell line, designated P388D1, rapidly phagocytized amastigotes and supported their intracellular replication. It can serve as a model \"host\" without the inherent limitations of primary macrophage cultures.", "PMID": 536934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7080", "title": "Axenic Paramecium caudatum. I. Mass culture and structure.", "content": "To establish and grow Paramecium caudatum in mass axenic culture the culture medium of Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk was modified by substituting phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) for TEM-4T and by a 10-fold increase in folic acid. Population densities of 4000 to 6000 cells/ml and a generation time of 20-26 h are regularly obtained. Optimal growth is obtained with PE-stigmasterol ratios between 40:1 to 400:1. Cells from 1-day-old axenic cultures have many lipid bodies aggregated in clumps (which disappear in 2 to 3 days) as well as foci of rough endoplasmic reticulum bordered by dictyosomes. The latter suggests a very active metabolism. Crystalline sheets found in both food vacuoles and lysosomes presumably play a role in digestion. Axenically grown cells also have abundant Golgi bodies (dictyosomes) and by late log phase become filled with lysosomes.", "contents": "Axenic Paramecium caudatum. I. Mass culture and structure. To establish and grow Paramecium caudatum in mass axenic culture the culture medium of Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk was modified by substituting phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) for TEM-4T and by a 10-fold increase in folic acid. Population densities of 4000 to 6000 cells/ml and a generation time of 20-26 h are regularly obtained. Optimal growth is obtained with PE-stigmasterol ratios between 40:1 to 400:1. Cells from 1-day-old axenic cultures have many lipid bodies aggregated in clumps (which disappear in 2 to 3 days) as well as foci of rough endoplasmic reticulum bordered by dictyosomes. The latter suggests a very active metabolism. Crystalline sheets found in both food vacuoles and lysosomes presumably play a role in digestion. Axenically grown cells also have abundant Golgi bodies (dictyosomes) and by late log phase become filled with lysosomes.", "PMID": 536935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7081", "title": "Structure of the D-mannan and D-arabino-D-galactan in Crithidia fasciculata: changes in proportion with age of culture.", "content": "Cells of the insect flagellate Crithidia fasciculata contained mannan and arabinogalactan components, whose porportion varied with culture age, the former predominating during early stages, and the latter during the later stages of exponential growth and the deceleration phase. The mannan was a beta-D-(1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannopyranan. The arabinogalactan had a complex structure containing, in part, a beta-D-(1 leads to 3)-linked galactopyranose main-chain substituted in the 2 positions by single-unit D-arabinopyranose side-chains and with some unsubstituted units.", "contents": "Structure of the D-mannan and D-arabino-D-galactan in Crithidia fasciculata: changes in proportion with age of culture. Cells of the insect flagellate Crithidia fasciculata contained mannan and arabinogalactan components, whose porportion varied with culture age, the former predominating during early stages, and the latter during the later stages of exponential growth and the deceleration phase. The mannan was a beta-D-(1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannopyranan. The arabinogalactan had a complex structure containing, in part, a beta-D-(1 leads to 3)-linked galactopyranose main-chain substituted in the 2 positions by single-unit D-arabinopyranose side-chains and with some unsubstituted units.", "PMID": 536936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7082", "title": "Synthesis and content of polyamines in bloodstream Trypanosma brucei.", "content": "The sensitive dansyl procedure was used to detect putrescine and spermidine, but not spermine and cadaverine, in pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei. The polyamines were synthesized in vitro from [3H]ornithine, [14C]arginine and [14C]methionine. Proline, agmatine, and citrulline, but not glutamine, glutamic or pyroglutamic acids, stimulated spermidine formation from [4C]methionine. Putrescine and sperimidine synthesis occurred rapidly from ornithine: putrescine synthesis peaked in 0.5 h, spermidine in 1 h. Trypanosoma brucei assimilated exogenous 14C-labeled putrescine, spermidine, and spermine; spermidine and spermine were taken up 5 times as rapidly as putrescine. Polyamine syntheses may therefore be a practical target for novel trypanocies.", "contents": "Synthesis and content of polyamines in bloodstream Trypanosma brucei. The sensitive dansyl procedure was used to detect putrescine and spermidine, but not spermine and cadaverine, in pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei. The polyamines were synthesized in vitro from [3H]ornithine, [14C]arginine and [14C]methionine. Proline, agmatine, and citrulline, but not glutamine, glutamic or pyroglutamic acids, stimulated spermidine formation from [4C]methionine. Putrescine and sperimidine synthesis occurred rapidly from ornithine: putrescine synthesis peaked in 0.5 h, spermidine in 1 h. Trypanosoma brucei assimilated exogenous 14C-labeled putrescine, spermidine, and spermine; spermidine and spermine were taken up 5 times as rapidly as putrescine. Polyamine syntheses may therefore be a practical target for novel trypanocies.", "PMID": 536937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7083", "title": "Plasmodium lophurae: membrane proteins of erythrocyte-free plasmodia and malaria-infected red cells.", "content": "Plasma membranes of normal duckling erythrocytes were prepared by blender homogenization and nitro-en decompression. Surface membrane vesicles of red cells infected with the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae were produced by nitrogen decompression. Membranes of erythrocyte-free malaria parasites were removed from cytoplasmic constituents by Dounce homogenization. These membranes were collected by centrifugation in a sucrose step gradient and purified on a linear sucrose gradient. Red cell membranes had a buoyant density of 1.159 g/cm3, whereas plasmodial membranes banded at 2 densities: 1.110 g/cm3 and 1.158 g/cm3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the isolated red cell membranes revealed 7 major protein bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 230, 000 to 22,000, and 3 glycoprotein bands with MW of 160,000, 88,000 and 37,000. Parasite membranes also had 7 major bands with MW ranging from 100,000 to 22,000. No glycoproteins were identifiable in these membranes. The proteins of the surface membranes from infected red cells had MW similar to those from normal red cells; however, there was some evidence of a reduction in the amount of the high MW polypeptides. The red cell membrane contained 79 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein, whereas plasmodial membranes had 8 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein. The sialic acid content of the surface membranes of infected red cells was significantly smaller than that of normal cells. Lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact normal and malaria-infected erythrocytes labeled 7 surface components. Although no observable differences in iodinatable proteins were seen in these preparations, there was a striking reduction in the iodinatability of erythrocytic membranes obtained from P. lophurae-infected cells. Erythrocyte-free plasmodia bound very little radioactive iodine; the small amount of radioactivity was distributed among 3 major bands with MW of 42,000, 32,000 and 28,000. It is suggested that the alterations of the surface of the P. lophurae-infected erythrocyte do not occur by a wholesale insertion of plasmodial membrane proteins into the red cell plasma membrane, but rather that there are parasite-mediated modifications of existing membrane polypeptides.", "contents": "Plasmodium lophurae: membrane proteins of erythrocyte-free plasmodia and malaria-infected red cells. Plasma membranes of normal duckling erythrocytes were prepared by blender homogenization and nitro-en decompression. Surface membrane vesicles of red cells infected with the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae were produced by nitrogen decompression. Membranes of erythrocyte-free malaria parasites were removed from cytoplasmic constituents by Dounce homogenization. These membranes were collected by centrifugation in a sucrose step gradient and purified on a linear sucrose gradient. Red cell membranes had a buoyant density of 1.159 g/cm3, whereas plasmodial membranes banded at 2 densities: 1.110 g/cm3 and 1.158 g/cm3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the isolated red cell membranes revealed 7 major protein bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 230, 000 to 22,000, and 3 glycoprotein bands with MW of 160,000, 88,000 and 37,000. Parasite membranes also had 7 major bands with MW ranging from 100,000 to 22,000. No glycoproteins were identifiable in these membranes. The proteins of the surface membranes from infected red cells had MW similar to those from normal red cells; however, there was some evidence of a reduction in the amount of the high MW polypeptides. The red cell membrane contained 79 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein, whereas plasmodial membranes had 8 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein. The sialic acid content of the surface membranes of infected red cells was significantly smaller than that of normal cells. Lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact normal and malaria-infected erythrocytes labeled 7 surface components. Although no observable differences in iodinatable proteins were seen in these preparations, there was a striking reduction in the iodinatability of erythrocytic membranes obtained from P. lophurae-infected cells. Erythrocyte-free plasmodia bound very little radioactive iodine; the small amount of radioactivity was distributed among 3 major bands with MW of 42,000, 32,000 and 28,000. It is suggested that the alterations of the surface of the P. lophurae-infected erythrocyte do not occur by a wholesale insertion of plasmodial membrane proteins into the red cell plasma membrane, but rather that there are parasite-mediated modifications of existing membrane polypeptides.", "PMID": 536938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7084", "title": "[Computed tomography of the mediastinum: normal anatomy and non pathologic variations in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "This work is based on the separate study of a triple material: axial gross body sections from cadavers (4); normal and conventional radiographs with or without opacification; in vivo scans (210). Authors have selectionned thriteen scans patterns according to several regional levels: supra-aortic scans (n08 1, 2, 3); scan through the horizontal part of aortic arch (n0 4B); the scan of the aorto-pulmonary window (n0 4B); supra-cardiac scans through intra and extra-pericardic parts of great vessels: vena cava, aorta and pulmonary artery (n08 5, 6, 7); heart and cardiac cavities scans (n08 8, 9, 10, 11); scan through the retro-crural space (n0 12). Knowing these regional scan patterns, makes it possible to the radiologist to manage a topographic approach quite adapted to the technical mode of direct scannography through the area of interest, already tested by some constructors. The non pathologic variations are numerous. Mediastinal lipomatosis, dilated and tortuous great vessels in the older and atheromatic individual, constitutional variations of the vessels topography. Limits found out during this work concern heart examination and hilum study; great strides are to be achieved in these fields because of the unceasing technical improvments.", "contents": "[Computed tomography of the mediastinum: normal anatomy and non pathologic variations in the adult (author's transl)]. This work is based on the separate study of a triple material: axial gross body sections from cadavers (4); normal and conventional radiographs with or without opacification; in vivo scans (210). Authors have selectionned thriteen scans patterns according to several regional levels: supra-aortic scans (n08 1, 2, 3); scan through the horizontal part of aortic arch (n0 4B); the scan of the aorto-pulmonary window (n0 4B); supra-cardiac scans through intra and extra-pericardic parts of great vessels: vena cava, aorta and pulmonary artery (n08 5, 6, 7); heart and cardiac cavities scans (n08 8, 9, 10, 11); scan through the retro-crural space (n0 12). Knowing these regional scan patterns, makes it possible to the radiologist to manage a topographic approach quite adapted to the technical mode of direct scannography through the area of interest, already tested by some constructors. The non pathologic variations are numerous. Mediastinal lipomatosis, dilated and tortuous great vessels in the older and atheromatic individual, constitutional variations of the vessels topography. Limits found out during this work concern heart examination and hilum study; great strides are to be achieved in these fields because of the unceasing technical improvments.", "PMID": 536955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7085", "title": "[Value of computer tomography during investigation of sub-diaphragmatic adenopathies occurring during the course of lymphomas and pelvic cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 60 patients were examined by abdominopelvic computer tomography 48 hours after foot lymphography. The diagnosis  was Hodgkins's disease in 10 patients, lymphomas other than Hodgkin's in 20 cases, and 30 patients with pelvic carcinomas. The value of lymphography in lymphomas other than Hodgkin's is re-emphasized, and a good correlation exists between the results obtained and those observed with computer tomography, which is particularly useful for studying the upper lumbo-aortic regions. The group of Hodgkin's disease patients particularly demonstrates the limits of pelvic lymph node investigations with computer tomography, but supplies confirmation of the quality of examination of the lumbo-aortic chains. The group of patients with pelvic carcinomas is more heterogenous, and computer tomography is if greater value, mainly in cases with blocked lymphatics. Computer tomography examinations do not replace lymphography in the study of sub-diaphragmatic lymph node chains but are a useful complement as they demonstrate excluded or poorly opacified adenopathies. When lymphography is contra-indicated, computer tomography can supply valuable information, but the differential diagnosis of inguino-iliac chain lesions is difficult. Computer tomography is a logical procedure during pretreatment investigations whenever there is a doubt concerning possible lesions in the lumbo-aortic chains. It is the most valid guide for establishing details of a course of radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Value of computer tomography during investigation of sub-diaphragmatic adenopathies occurring during the course of lymphomas and pelvic cancers (author's transl)]. A series of 60 patients were examined by abdominopelvic computer tomography 48 hours after foot lymphography. The diagnosis  was Hodgkins's disease in 10 patients, lymphomas other than Hodgkin's in 20 cases, and 30 patients with pelvic carcinomas. The value of lymphography in lymphomas other than Hodgkin's is re-emphasized, and a good correlation exists between the results obtained and those observed with computer tomography, which is particularly useful for studying the upper lumbo-aortic regions. The group of Hodgkin's disease patients particularly demonstrates the limits of pelvic lymph node investigations with computer tomography, but supplies confirmation of the quality of examination of the lumbo-aortic chains. The group of patients with pelvic carcinomas is more heterogenous, and computer tomography is if greater value, mainly in cases with blocked lymphatics. Computer tomography examinations do not replace lymphography in the study of sub-diaphragmatic lymph node chains but are a useful complement as they demonstrate excluded or poorly opacified adenopathies. When lymphography is contra-indicated, computer tomography can supply valuable information, but the differential diagnosis of inguino-iliac chain lesions is difficult. Computer tomography is a logical procedure during pretreatment investigations whenever there is a doubt concerning possible lesions in the lumbo-aortic chains. It is the most valid guide for establishing details of a course of radiotherapy.", "PMID": 536956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7086", "title": "[Warren's operation for distal splenorenal anastomosis. A pre- and postoperative radiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of radiological examinations of 19 patients before and after Warren's operation for distal splenorenal anastomosis are reported, and compared to those of clinical and hemodynamic investigations. Good clinical results were obtained in this series in that there were no cases of relapse with hemorrhage, severe manifestations of encephalopathy, and/or hepatic insufficiency. Death occurred in 3 out of the 19 patients.  Hemodynamic studies demonstrated a reduction in hepatic blood flow, persistence of a superior hepatic gradient after operation reduction in blood flow in the anastomosis after clamping of the splenic artery during operation, which demonstrates the importance of splenic artery blood flow in maintaining the permeability of the anastomosis, and persistence of high portal vein pressure during operation and after anastomosis. Radiological examination showed that the anastomosis was permeable in all the cases in this series. The hepatic portal circulation, as measured by the diameter of the portal vein and the amount of intrahepatic protal vascularization, was reduced after the operation. This diminution increased with time, as shown by studies carried out 6 months and 1 year after the operation in 3 patients. Portogastric separation was effective in only 6 cases. In the other cases, the hepatic collateral venous circulation persisted, appeared, or increased. The gastric varices were seen to be draining into the splenorenal anastomosis in 2 cases followed-up after the operation. It appears, therefore, that distal splenorenal anastomosis produces a progressive portocaval by-pass. Comparing these results with those obtained in three other series reported in the published literature (WARREN [12], MOSIMANN [8], and VANG [17], showed that they were close to those obtained by VANG, as far as reduction in intrahepatic portal circulation is concerned, but rather different from those of WARREN in respect to the efficacy of portogastric separation.", "contents": "[Warren's operation for distal splenorenal anastomosis. A pre- and postoperative radiological study (author's transl)]. The results of radiological examinations of 19 patients before and after Warren's operation for distal splenorenal anastomosis are reported, and compared to those of clinical and hemodynamic investigations. Good clinical results were obtained in this series in that there were no cases of relapse with hemorrhage, severe manifestations of encephalopathy, and/or hepatic insufficiency. Death occurred in 3 out of the 19 patients.  Hemodynamic studies demonstrated a reduction in hepatic blood flow, persistence of a superior hepatic gradient after operation reduction in blood flow in the anastomosis after clamping of the splenic artery during operation, which demonstrates the importance of splenic artery blood flow in maintaining the permeability of the anastomosis, and persistence of high portal vein pressure during operation and after anastomosis. Radiological examination showed that the anastomosis was permeable in all the cases in this series. The hepatic portal circulation, as measured by the diameter of the portal vein and the amount of intrahepatic protal vascularization, was reduced after the operation. This diminution increased with time, as shown by studies carried out 6 months and 1 year after the operation in 3 patients. Portogastric separation was effective in only 6 cases. In the other cases, the hepatic collateral venous circulation persisted, appeared, or increased. The gastric varices were seen to be draining into the splenorenal anastomosis in 2 cases followed-up after the operation. It appears, therefore, that distal splenorenal anastomosis produces a progressive portocaval by-pass. Comparing these results with those obtained in three other series reported in the published literature (WARREN [12], MOSIMANN [8], and VANG [17], showed that they were close to those obtained by VANG, as far as reduction in intrahepatic portal circulation is concerned, but rather different from those of WARREN in respect to the efficacy of portogastric separation.", "PMID": 536958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7087", "title": "[Lymph node involvement of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Contribution of thoracic radiograph (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied standard thoracic radiographs (PA and lateral) and esophageal X ray examination with barium in 116 patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Diagnosis of lymph node involvement was done in 21 cases. Is was only probable in 33 other cases. In 43 cases, lymph node are located near the primary tumor but in 11 cases, they are located at a certain distance from the primary lesion. These X ray, simple findings, seem to be very important for the radiotherapeutic treatment planning.", "contents": "[Lymph node involvement of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Contribution of thoracic radiograph (author's transl)]. The authors studied standard thoracic radiographs (PA and lateral) and esophageal X ray examination with barium in 116 patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Diagnosis of lymph node involvement was done in 21 cases. Is was only probable in 33 other cases. In 43 cases, lymph node are located near the primary tumor but in 11 cases, they are located at a certain distance from the primary lesion. These X ray, simple findings, seem to be very important for the radiotherapeutic treatment planning.", "PMID": 536957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7088", "title": "[Colonic changes in perinephritis. Value of double contrast examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of cancer and abscesses of the kidneys with perinephritic inflammatory masses is sometimes difficult. In these cases, radiological examination of the colon can be of great value by demonstrating the presence of inflammatory colonic perivisceritis. Double contrast examination can reveal the presence, not only of an inflammatory type of narrowing, but characteristic changes in the mucous folds of the transverse \"in palisade\" type with thickening extending throughout the circumference of the colon. These appearances are totally different from those observed in malignant colonic perivisceritis. The use of double contrast examination of the colon, in cases of renal masses and associated fever, can enable the choice to be made of an adequate route of approach (lumbotomy), of it demonstrates the characteristic appearances of inflammatory perivisceritis.", "contents": "[Colonic changes in perinephritis. Value of double contrast examinations (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis of cancer and abscesses of the kidneys with perinephritic inflammatory masses is sometimes difficult. In these cases, radiological examination of the colon can be of great value by demonstrating the presence of inflammatory colonic perivisceritis. Double contrast examination can reveal the presence, not only of an inflammatory type of narrowing, but characteristic changes in the mucous folds of the transverse \"in palisade\" type with thickening extending throughout the circumference of the colon. These appearances are totally different from those observed in malignant colonic perivisceritis. The use of double contrast examination of the colon, in cases of renal masses and associated fever, can enable the choice to be made of an adequate route of approach (lumbotomy), of it demonstrates the characteristic appearances of inflammatory perivisceritis.", "PMID": 536959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7089", "title": "[Neuroradiological investigations in the Arnold-Chiari syndrome. Value of computer tomography and myelography with amipaque (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of computer tomography and myelography with amipaque is of considerable value for establishing the diagnosis of the Arnold-Chiari syndrome. The cerebral lesion (hydrocephalus) can be clearly demonstrated, together with a hernia of the amygdalae, IVth ventricle abnormalities and the size and contents of any myelomeningocele present.", "contents": "[Neuroradiological investigations in the Arnold-Chiari syndrome. Value of computer tomography and myelography with amipaque (author's transl)]. The use of computer tomography and myelography with amipaque is of considerable value for establishing the diagnosis of the Arnold-Chiari syndrome. The cerebral lesion (hydrocephalus) can be clearly demonstrated, together with a hernia of the amygdalae, IVth ventricle abnormalities and the size and contents of any myelomeningocele present.", "PMID": 536961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7090", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of the tetralogy of Fallot (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of the tetralogy of Fallot includes three main types of condition: 1) Malformations which differ from Fallot in their extent, such as interventricular communications of type IV and pulmonary atresia with an open septum. 2) Malposition of the large vessels with pulmonary stenosis (double opening in the right ventricle, complete or corrected transposition). 3) Malformations associating an intraventricular shunt and another type of pulmonary stenosis (double chambered ventricle, interventricular membranous and muscular communication, common atrioventricular canal, single ventricle). An analysis of the findings in angiographic images can provide precise differential diagnosis of these pseudo-Fallots.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of the tetralogy of Fallot (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis of the tetralogy of Fallot includes three main types of condition: 1) Malformations which differ from Fallot in their extent, such as interventricular communications of type IV and pulmonary atresia with an open septum. 2) Malposition of the large vessels with pulmonary stenosis (double opening in the right ventricle, complete or corrected transposition). 3) Malformations associating an intraventricular shunt and another type of pulmonary stenosis (double chambered ventricle, interventricular membranous and muscular communication, common atrioventricular canal, single ventricle). An analysis of the findings in angiographic images can provide precise differential diagnosis of these pseudo-Fallots.", "PMID": 536960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7091", "title": "The management of hypertension--a survey of opinions among general practitioners.", "content": "In order to clarify current opinion on aspects of the management of hypertension, a postal questionnaire was sent to all 420 general practitioners in the Lothian Health Board Area. Three hundred and nine doctors (74 per cent) replied.A high proportion were willing to undertake the investigation and follow-up of most hypertensive patients in general practice but there were conflicting opinions on the use of Phase 4 and Phase 5 in the measurement of blood pressure, the number and type of investigations which were appropriate, the level of diastolic blood pressure at which treatment should begin, and the level to which the diastolic blood pressure should be reduced with treatment.", "contents": "The management of hypertension--a survey of opinions among general practitioners. In order to clarify current opinion on aspects of the management of hypertension, a postal questionnaire was sent to all 420 general practitioners in the Lothian Health Board Area. Three hundred and nine doctors (74 per cent) replied.A high proportion were willing to undertake the investigation and follow-up of most hypertensive patients in general practice but there were conflicting opinions on the use of Phase 4 and Phase 5 in the measurement of blood pressure, the number and type of investigations which were appropriate, the level of diastolic blood pressure at which treatment should begin, and the level to which the diastolic blood pressure should be reduced with treatment.", "PMID": 536966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7092", "title": "The management of hypertension--a study of records in general practice.", "content": "We investigated the management of a group of 322 hypertensive patients by 71 general practitioners in the Lothian Health Board Area by a survey of the general practitioners' records. Eighty-five per cent of patients were diagnosed by the general practitioner and 57 per cent were cared for entirely by him. Two thirds of the patients were women. Hospital referral was more common in men and in patients with high initial blood pressures. One third of patients had only one blood pressure recorded before treatment. The result of treatment as measured by the latest diastolic blood pressure was similar for patients treated by the general practitioner and those referred to hospital, being 100 mm Hg or less in 77 per cent of patients.", "contents": "The management of hypertension--a study of records in general practice. We investigated the management of a group of 322 hypertensive patients by 71 general practitioners in the Lothian Health Board Area by a survey of the general practitioners' records. Eighty-five per cent of patients were diagnosed by the general practitioner and 57 per cent were cared for entirely by him. Two thirds of the patients were women. Hospital referral was more common in men and in patients with high initial blood pressures. One third of patients had only one blood pressure recorded before treatment. The result of treatment as measured by the latest diastolic blood pressure was similar for patients treated by the general practitioner and those referred to hospital, being 100 mm Hg or less in 77 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 536967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7093", "title": "Screening for hypertension: some practical problems.", "content": "In 1967/68, a screening examination was carried out on 18,277 male London civil servants, of whom 488 were referred to their general practitioners with high blood pressure. After this referral, 23 per cent did not attend their doctor and among those who did, a relatively high frequency of anxiety was noted. In one third of the patients, the general practitioners were already aware of the presence of hypertension, but were not treating it. This reluctance to treat asymptomatic people continued with the management of referred and confirmed newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. The problems associated with mass screening examinations can be overcome by careful, expensive and time-consuming preparations. Where the purpose is to find and treat newly diagnosed hypertensive patients then screening by general practitioners is likely to be a more cost-effective approach.", "contents": "Screening for hypertension: some practical problems. In 1967/68, a screening examination was carried out on 18,277 male London civil servants, of whom 488 were referred to their general practitioners with high blood pressure. After this referral, 23 per cent did not attend their doctor and among those who did, a relatively high frequency of anxiety was noted. In one third of the patients, the general practitioners were already aware of the presence of hypertension, but were not treating it. This reluctance to treat asymptomatic people continued with the management of referred and confirmed newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. The problems associated with mass screening examinations can be overcome by careful, expensive and time-consuming preparations. Where the purpose is to find and treat newly diagnosed hypertensive patients then screening by general practitioners is likely to be a more cost-effective approach.", "PMID": 536968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7094", "title": "The treatment of hypertension with propranolol and bendrofluazide.", "content": "In 101 hypertensive patients, the effects of a combination of propranolol and bendrofluazide were compared with those of each drug alone. After an introductory period with a placebo, the patients received, in a double-blind randomized trial, propranolol 80 mg twice a day, bendrofluazide 2.5 mg twice a day, or both drugs together twice daily. The combination produced significantly greater reductions in lying, standing, and post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure than either drug separately. Side-effects were minimal and the combination was well accepted by patients.", "contents": "The treatment of hypertension with propranolol and bendrofluazide. In 101 hypertensive patients, the effects of a combination of propranolol and bendrofluazide were compared with those of each drug alone. After an introductory period with a placebo, the patients received, in a double-blind randomized trial, propranolol 80 mg twice a day, bendrofluazide 2.5 mg twice a day, or both drugs together twice daily. The combination produced significantly greater reductions in lying, standing, and post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure than either drug separately. Side-effects were minimal and the combination was well accepted by patients.", "PMID": 536969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7095", "title": "[Premenstrual mastodynia: objective signs (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammary congestion is mainly a painful syndrome, principally related to diffuse edema of the gland, the radiological signs of which are described in this report. Excellent validity can be obtained by a trained observer of these signs. In contrast, however, thermographic signs are of less value, probably due to the presence of a more or less abundant superficial edema. This interferes with thermal propagation towards the skin covering, and could be the cause of the superficial hypothermia which is recorded in one third of patients with definite clinical congestion. Hormonal disturbances are observed frequently enough in this syndrome for them to be considered responsible for a large proportion of the congestive and edemaotus phenomena. Observation of these signs enables a choice of therapy to be made, but this is not discussed in this report.", "contents": "[Premenstrual mastodynia: objective signs (author's transl)]. Mammary congestion is mainly a painful syndrome, principally related to diffuse edema of the gland, the radiological signs of which are described in this report. Excellent validity can be obtained by a trained observer of these signs. In contrast, however, thermographic signs are of less value, probably due to the presence of a more or less abundant superficial edema. This interferes with thermal propagation towards the skin covering, and could be the cause of the superficial hypothermia which is recorded in one third of patients with definite clinical congestion. Hormonal disturbances are observed frequently enough in this syndrome for them to be considered responsible for a large proportion of the congestive and edemaotus phenomena. Observation of these signs enables a choice of therapy to be made, but this is not discussed in this report.", "PMID": 536962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7096", "title": "Behavioural science in general practice.", "content": "Dr Peter Sowerby has written an important criticism of Michael Balint's work based on his understanding of Karl Popper's writings. I dispute Sowerby's interpretation of Popper and disagree with his conclusions, which I suggest would lead general practice into a retreat. I believe Balint made a major contribution to general practice and has helped us towards practising whole-person medicine.", "contents": "Behavioural science in general practice. Dr Peter Sowerby has written an important criticism of Michael Balint's work based on his understanding of Karl Popper's writings. I dispute Sowerby's interpretation of Popper and disagree with his conclusions, which I suggest would lead general practice into a retreat. I believe Balint made a major contribution to general practice and has helped us towards practising whole-person medicine.", "PMID": 536971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7097", "title": "Primary care in Norway.", "content": "The organization of primary care in Norway is described and the shortage of general practitioners, particularly in remote areas, discussed. Improvement in working conditions is one approach to solving this problem. However, enhanced status for the general practitioner, achieved by improvements in his vocational training, is acknowledged as an important prerequisite for better recruitment to general practice.", "contents": "Primary care in Norway. The organization of primary care in Norway is described and the shortage of general practitioners, particularly in remote areas, discussed. Improvement in working conditions is one approach to solving this problem. However, enhanced status for the general practitioner, achieved by improvements in his vocational training, is acknowledged as an important prerequisite for better recruitment to general practice.", "PMID": 536972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7098", "title": "[A case of pulmonary distomiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary distomiasis due to Paragonimus westermani was discovered in a young 21-year-old patient from Thailand following several bouts of hemoptysis. The authors review the published literature and outline the principal characteristics of this affection, emphasizing the radiological appearances and the possible value of bronchial arteriography.", "contents": "[A case of pulmonary distomiasis (author's transl)]. Pulmonary distomiasis due to Paragonimus westermani was discovered in a young 21-year-old patient from Thailand following several bouts of hemoptysis. The authors review the published literature and outline the principal characteristics of this affection, emphasizing the radiological appearances and the possible value of bronchial arteriography.", "PMID": 536963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7099", "title": "The hard way out.", "content": "Much recent discussion and publicity has been directed towards the problem of international self-poisoning as a cry for help, or as a manipulative procedure where patients have ensured that the suicide attempt is discovered in time for counter measures. I describe the successful and carefully planned suicide of a 72-year-old patient with a particular attitude to euthanasia and with no evidence of a depressive illness.", "contents": "The hard way out. Much recent discussion and publicity has been directed towards the problem of international self-poisoning as a cry for help, or as a manipulative procedure where patients have ensured that the suicide attempt is discovered in time for counter measures. I describe the successful and carefully planned suicide of a 72-year-old patient with a particular attitude to euthanasia and with no evidence of a depressive illness.", "PMID": 536973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7100", "title": "[Urethroperineal fistula in the left lateroposition (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of urethroperineal fistula in the lateropostion. It is a rare malformation, with a varied symptomatology, which requires radiological investigations for its morphological and topographical study. Surgical treatment varies as a function of the site and size of the fistula. Basing their comments on the studies by STEPHENS [12], the authors try to give an embryological explanation of this affection.", "contents": "[Urethroperineal fistula in the left lateroposition (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of urethroperineal fistula in the lateropostion. It is a rare malformation, with a varied symptomatology, which requires radiological investigations for its morphological and topographical study. Surgical treatment varies as a function of the site and size of the fistula. Basing their comments on the studies by STEPHENS [12], the authors try to give an embryological explanation of this affection.", "PMID": 536964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7101", "title": "Self-audit of prescribing habits and clinical care in general practice.", "content": "General practitioners' prescribing habits were studied using encounter forms during a period of three years. Analysis of the first year's forms revealed examples of inappropriate prescribing, so an audit was undertaken on the treatment of fungal skin infections and coughs and colds in children. Data collection was continued for a further year to measure any changes in prescribing. Analysis after audit showed that more appropriate prescribing had reduced the number of drugs prescribed as well as the number of repeat consultations needed before resolution of the problem. These findings suggest that the continuous use of encounter forms can accurately reveal the prescribing habits of general practitioners. Self-audit can then be performed on a continuing basis with little disruption of the general practitioner's normal routine.", "contents": "Self-audit of prescribing habits and clinical care in general practice. General practitioners' prescribing habits were studied using encounter forms during a period of three years. Analysis of the first year's forms revealed examples of inappropriate prescribing, so an audit was undertaken on the treatment of fungal skin infections and coughs and colds in children. Data collection was continued for a further year to measure any changes in prescribing. Analysis after audit showed that more appropriate prescribing had reduced the number of drugs prescribed as well as the number of repeat consultations needed before resolution of the problem. These findings suggest that the continuous use of encounter forms can accurately reveal the prescribing habits of general practitioners. Self-audit can then be performed on a continuing basis with little disruption of the general practitioner's normal routine.", "PMID": 536978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7102", "title": "Medical audit--a preliminary report from general practice.", "content": "As three single-handed practitioners who work in the same health centre, we decided to review our work in clinical management and preventive medicine. We used data contained in a simple medical information system but, where necessary, referred to the original problem-orientated medical records. The results showed that we did not always reach standards which we considered satisfactory but we feel this type of review is worthwhile and could be applied in many general practices.", "contents": "Medical audit--a preliminary report from general practice. As three single-handed practitioners who work in the same health centre, we decided to review our work in clinical management and preventive medicine. We used data contained in a simple medical information system but, where necessary, referred to the original problem-orientated medical records. The results showed that we did not always reach standards which we considered satisfactory but we feel this type of review is worthwhile and could be applied in many general practices.", "PMID": 536979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7103", "title": "A study in general practice of the symptoms and delay patterns in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER WAS CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE SITE: stomach, caecum and ascending and transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The incidence of these cancers in general practice is as rare as three per 10,000 consultations. I report on a study in general practice of the symptoms and delays in diagnosis in 150 patients with gastrointestinal cancer. There was an interval of many weeks between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis in the majority of cases. In approximately 50 per cent of cases there was an interval of weeks between the patient consulting the general practitioner and being referred for hospital investigation. No association was demonstrated between delay and social class, age, physical isolation, or the regular consulting rate of the patient. There was evidence that the consulting rate of some patients with gastrointestinal cancer increased in the 12 months before diagnosis because of the presence of symptoms not specific to the gastrointestinal tract.Much more knowledge of the early symptoms of these cancers is required if the general practitioner is to be able to identify those patients with a high probability of early cancer from others who have symptoms which are common both to non life-threatening conditions and to cancer lesions.", "contents": "A study in general practice of the symptoms and delay patterns in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER WAS CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE SITE: stomach, caecum and ascending and transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The incidence of these cancers in general practice is as rare as three per 10,000 consultations. I report on a study in general practice of the symptoms and delays in diagnosis in 150 patients with gastrointestinal cancer. There was an interval of many weeks between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis in the majority of cases. In approximately 50 per cent of cases there was an interval of weeks between the patient consulting the general practitioner and being referred for hospital investigation. No association was demonstrated between delay and social class, age, physical isolation, or the regular consulting rate of the patient. There was evidence that the consulting rate of some patients with gastrointestinal cancer increased in the 12 months before diagnosis because of the presence of symptoms not specific to the gastrointestinal tract.Much more knowledge of the early symptoms of these cancers is required if the general practitioner is to be able to identify those patients with a high probability of early cancer from others who have symptoms which are common both to non life-threatening conditions and to cancer lesions.", "PMID": 536980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7104", "title": "An audit of ENT referrals assessing training needs for general practice trainees.", "content": "Over 500 ENT diagnoses made by general practitioners when referring patients to one ENT department were examined and compared with the diagnoses by the specialist department. A broad grouping of the categories of referral was made and topics highlighted which seemed particularly appropriate for further postgraduate training for general practitioners.We believe the amount of postgraduate training in ENT currently available to trainees in the UK may be too low and ought to be increased and that this approach offers a logical starting point for constructing educational objectives for such training.", "contents": "An audit of ENT referrals assessing training needs for general practice trainees. Over 500 ENT diagnoses made by general practitioners when referring patients to one ENT department were examined and compared with the diagnoses by the specialist department. A broad grouping of the categories of referral was made and topics highlighted which seemed particularly appropriate for further postgraduate training for general practitioners.We believe the amount of postgraduate training in ENT currently available to trainees in the UK may be too low and ought to be increased and that this approach offers a logical starting point for constructing educational objectives for such training.", "PMID": 536981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7105", "title": "A randomized controlled trial of geriatric screening and surveillance in general practice.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial of geriatric screening and surveillance was undertaken on a practice population of 295 patients aged 70 years or more over a two-year period. In the screened group (145 patients) many social problems were found and a total of 380 medical conditions were reported during the study period, 144 (38 per cent) of which were previously undetected. Conditions found most frequently involved the circulatory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems; 67 per cent of the conditions found were manageable, half being improved and the remainder resolved completely.The screening programme was found to increase the use of social and health services but it did also decrease the expected duration of stay in hospital.Independent assessment of patients in the study and control groups at the end of the two-year period showed that the screening programme had made no significant impact on the prevalence of socio-economic, functional, and medical disorders affecting health.We formed the firm impression that the study patients were made more comfortable (by control of pain) and less disabled, although there was no unequivocal objective evidence of this. They were, however, kept independent for longer.The findings are discussed and a model of geriatric care is suggested combining conventional management on demand with comprehensive screening to identify the high-risk patients on whom care might need to be focussed.", "contents": "A randomized controlled trial of geriatric screening and surveillance in general practice. A randomized controlled trial of geriatric screening and surveillance was undertaken on a practice population of 295 patients aged 70 years or more over a two-year period. In the screened group (145 patients) many social problems were found and a total of 380 medical conditions were reported during the study period, 144 (38 per cent) of which were previously undetected. Conditions found most frequently involved the circulatory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems; 67 per cent of the conditions found were manageable, half being improved and the remainder resolved completely.The screening programme was found to increase the use of social and health services but it did also decrease the expected duration of stay in hospital.Independent assessment of patients in the study and control groups at the end of the two-year period showed that the screening programme had made no significant impact on the prevalence of socio-economic, functional, and medical disorders affecting health.We formed the firm impression that the study patients were made more comfortable (by control of pain) and less disabled, although there was no unequivocal objective evidence of this. They were, however, kept independent for longer.The findings are discussed and a model of geriatric care is suggested combining conventional management on demand with comprehensive screening to identify the high-risk patients on whom care might need to be focussed.", "PMID": 536982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7106", "title": "Surgical emergencies in general practice.", "content": "Two thousand and thirty patients were seen in their own homes between 19.00 hours and 07.00 hours during a 14-month period. Twenty-nine per cent of these visits were for surgical conditions and a detailed analysis of this group is presented. An attempt to assess the necessity of the visit by grading them into minor, intermediate, and severe is also made. No attempt is made to discuss the treatment of individual conditions. The high admission rate to hospital probably reflects the uncertainty of further home follow-up.", "contents": "Surgical emergencies in general practice. Two thousand and thirty patients were seen in their own homes between 19.00 hours and 07.00 hours during a 14-month period. Twenty-nine per cent of these visits were for surgical conditions and a detailed analysis of this group is presented. An attempt to assess the necessity of the visit by grading them into minor, intermediate, and severe is also made. No attempt is made to discuss the treatment of individual conditions. The high admission rate to hospital probably reflects the uncertainty of further home follow-up.", "PMID": 536984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7107", "title": "Oxazepam esters. 1. Correlation between hydrolysis rates and brain appearance of oxazepam.", "content": "Esters of the centrally acting oxazepam were investigated to find quantitative correlations between the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug and in vitro biotransformation rates and physicochemical properties of its prodrugs. The 14C-labeled aliphatic and omega-phenyl-substituted esters were administered intravenously to mice. Brain levels of the esters and oxazepam were determined and the latter was fitted to a simplified exponential equation. In vitro hydrolysis rate of the esters catalyzed by the hepatic microsomal fraction was measured with a pH stat. Pharmacokinetic constants characterizing the rising part of oxazepam brain levels correlate well with the chromatographic RM values and with in vitro maximal hydrolysis rates of the esters. The hydrolysis is capacity limited in the liver. In a closely related set of aliphatic esters, oxazepam brain penetration also correlates with the steric constant (ES) of its esters.", "contents": "Oxazepam esters. 1. Correlation between hydrolysis rates and brain appearance of oxazepam. Esters of the centrally acting oxazepam were investigated to find quantitative correlations between the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug and in vitro biotransformation rates and physicochemical properties of its prodrugs. The 14C-labeled aliphatic and omega-phenyl-substituted esters were administered intravenously to mice. Brain levels of the esters and oxazepam were determined and the latter was fitted to a simplified exponential equation. In vitro hydrolysis rate of the esters catalyzed by the hepatic microsomal fraction was measured with a pH stat. Pharmacokinetic constants characterizing the rising part of oxazepam brain levels correlate well with the chromatographic RM values and with in vitro maximal hydrolysis rates of the esters. The hydrolysis is capacity limited in the liver. In a closely related set of aliphatic esters, oxazepam brain penetration also correlates with the steric constant (ES) of its esters.", "PMID": 536988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7108", "title": "Oxazepam esters. 2. Correlation of hydrophobicity with serum binding, brain penetration, and excretion.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of a series of prodrug-type oxazepam esters were studied in mice. The effect of hydrophobicity was investigated in relation to serum binding, brain penetration, tissue storage, and excretion. Binding to mouse serum and to human serum albumin was measured by equilibrium dialysis, and the changes in binding free energy were correlated with RM values. Brain-blood partition of the esters did not change parallel with their serum binding. An indirect correlation exists between RM of the esters and oxazepam brain accrual. Brain-blood concentration ratios of oxazepam prove that hydrolysis precedes brain penetration and hydrophobicity might primarily influence the hydrolysis rate. The amount of tissue storage and total excretion rates also correlate with hydrophobicity.", "contents": "Oxazepam esters. 2. Correlation of hydrophobicity with serum binding, brain penetration, and excretion. Pharmacokinetics of a series of prodrug-type oxazepam esters were studied in mice. The effect of hydrophobicity was investigated in relation to serum binding, brain penetration, tissue storage, and excretion. Binding to mouse serum and to human serum albumin was measured by equilibrium dialysis, and the changes in binding free energy were correlated with RM values. Brain-blood partition of the esters did not change parallel with their serum binding. An indirect correlation exists between RM of the esters and oxazepam brain accrual. Brain-blood concentration ratios of oxazepam prove that hydrolysis precedes brain penetration and hydrophobicity might primarily influence the hydrolysis rate. The amount of tissue storage and total excretion rates also correlate with hydrophobicity.", "PMID": 536989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7109", "title": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 1. Antiinflammatory phenylpiperidine derivatives.", "content": "The syntheses of a number of amines and their derivatives, based on the phenylpiperidine nucleus, are described. Their activities on the rat paw carrageenan test are also reported. Activities comparable to that of phenylbutazone were obtained for some of the amines, notably 4-piperidino-beta-methylphenethylamine.", "contents": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 1. Antiinflammatory phenylpiperidine derivatives. The syntheses of a number of amines and their derivatives, based on the phenylpiperidine nucleus, are described. Their activities on the rat paw carrageenan test are also reported. Activities comparable to that of phenylbutazone were obtained for some of the amines, notably 4-piperidino-beta-methylphenethylamine.", "PMID": 536991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7110", "title": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 3. Compounds derived from acenaphthene and indan.", "content": "Compounds having acenaphthene and indan as their parent nuclei were synthesized for antiinflammatory testing. Compounds which showed activity were 1-phenyl-5-acenaphthenylacetic acid and its alpha-methyl derivative (carrageenan rat paw edema) and the same alpha-methylacenaphthenylacetic acid and 2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-3-oxo-5-indanacetic acid and its alpha-methyl derivative (rat adjuvant arthritis). None of the compounds was more active than the control compounds phenylbutazone and indomethacin.", "contents": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 3. Compounds derived from acenaphthene and indan. Compounds having acenaphthene and indan as their parent nuclei were synthesized for antiinflammatory testing. Compounds which showed activity were 1-phenyl-5-acenaphthenylacetic acid and its alpha-methyl derivative (carrageenan rat paw edema) and the same alpha-methylacenaphthenylacetic acid and 2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-3-oxo-5-indanacetic acid and its alpha-methyl derivative (rat adjuvant arthritis). None of the compounds was more active than the control compounds phenylbutazone and indomethacin.", "PMID": 536992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7111", "title": "[3-(1,4-Cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine,8-lysine]vasopressin: synthesis and some pharmacological properties.", "content": "[3-(1,4-Cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine,8-lysine]vasopressin, otherwise known as [3-(2,5-dihydrophenylalanine),8-lysine]vasopressin or [DiHPhe3]lysine-vasopressin, has been synthesized in an attempt to utilize 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine (DiHPhe) to evaluate the contribution of aromaticity in position 3 to biological activity. The analogue has the same primary structure as lysine-vasopressin, except that two additional hydrogen atoms are present on the ring moiety of the phenylalanine residue in position 3. The key intermediate was the protected nonapeptide N-carbobenzoxy-S-benzyl-L-cysteinyl-L-tyrosyldihydrophenyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-asparaginyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteinyl-L-prolyl-N epsilon-tosyl-L-lysylglycinamide that was synthesized stepwise by the solid-phase technique. Deprotection with sodium in liquid ammonia was followed by sulfhydryl oxidation with I2 to give the hormone analogue. [DiHPhe3]lysine-vasopressin exhibited 125--130 units/mg of antidiuretic, 129--132 units/mg of rat pressor, and 6 units/mg of rat uterus contracting activity. To confirm the presence of DiHPhe in the analogue, an enzymatic procedure employing Aspergillus oryzae was developed that liberates in high yield the amino acid residue in position 3 of the posterior pituitary hormone structure. This study should be applicable to other biologically active peptides.", "contents": "[3-(1,4-Cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine,8-lysine]vasopressin: synthesis and some pharmacological properties. [3-(1,4-Cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine,8-lysine]vasopressin, otherwise known as [3-(2,5-dihydrophenylalanine),8-lysine]vasopressin or [DiHPhe3]lysine-vasopressin, has been synthesized in an attempt to utilize 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine (DiHPhe) to evaluate the contribution of aromaticity in position 3 to biological activity. The analogue has the same primary structure as lysine-vasopressin, except that two additional hydrogen atoms are present on the ring moiety of the phenylalanine residue in position 3. The key intermediate was the protected nonapeptide N-carbobenzoxy-S-benzyl-L-cysteinyl-L-tyrosyldihydrophenyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-asparaginyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteinyl-L-prolyl-N epsilon-tosyl-L-lysylglycinamide that was synthesized stepwise by the solid-phase technique. Deprotection with sodium in liquid ammonia was followed by sulfhydryl oxidation with I2 to give the hormone analogue. [DiHPhe3]lysine-vasopressin exhibited 125--130 units/mg of antidiuretic, 129--132 units/mg of rat pressor, and 6 units/mg of rat uterus contracting activity. To confirm the presence of DiHPhe in the analogue, an enzymatic procedure employing Aspergillus oryzae was developed that liberates in high yield the amino acid residue in position 3 of the posterior pituitary hormone structure. This study should be applicable to other biologically active peptides.", "PMID": 536993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7112", "title": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 2-benzamido-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizines.", "content": "The synthesis and antihypertensive activity of a series of 2-benzamido-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]-quinolizines are reported. A number of these compounds exhibit extremely potent hypotensive properties (e.g., N-methylbenzamides 42, 48, and 50 and N-ethylbenzamide 53 cause drops of 110, 103, 79, and 83 mmHg, respectively, in systolic blood pressure in the spontaneous hypertensive rat at the screening dose of 50 mg/kg po). Structure-activity relationships for the entire series are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 2-benzamido-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizines. The synthesis and antihypertensive activity of a series of 2-benzamido-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]-quinolizines are reported. A number of these compounds exhibit extremely potent hypotensive properties (e.g., N-methylbenzamides 42, 48, and 50 and N-ethylbenzamide 53 cause drops of 110, 103, 79, and 83 mmHg, respectively, in systolic blood pressure in the spontaneous hypertensive rat at the screening dose of 50 mg/kg po). Structure-activity relationships for the entire series are discussed.", "PMID": 536994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7113", "title": "Diels-Alder adducts of fulvenes and halogenated dienes. Synthesis and insecticidal activity.", "content": "A series of eight adducts (1--8) of substituted fulvenes and polychlorinated cyclodienes was synthesized by Diels-Alder cyclization. The products isolated were the endo bicyclo adducts as determined by detailed 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis. Steric hindrance of end-product bridge substituents coupled with bulky substituents at C6 of the fulvenes led to one isomeric product in most cases. Compounds 1--8 demonstrated weak insecticidal action in Musca domestica as determined by topical LD50 and oral LC50 assays.", "contents": "Diels-Alder adducts of fulvenes and halogenated dienes. Synthesis and insecticidal activity. A series of eight adducts (1--8) of substituted fulvenes and polychlorinated cyclodienes was synthesized by Diels-Alder cyclization. The products isolated were the endo bicyclo adducts as determined by detailed 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis. Steric hindrance of end-product bridge substituents coupled with bulky substituents at C6 of the fulvenes led to one isomeric product in most cases. Compounds 1--8 demonstrated weak insecticidal action in Musca domestica as determined by topical LD50 and oral LC50 assays.", "PMID": 536995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7114", "title": "Antiestrogens and antiestrogen metabolites: preparation of tritium-labeled (+/-)-cis-3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxyl]-1,2-propanediol (U-23469) and characterization and synthesis of a biologically important metabolite.", "content": "The Upjohn antiestrogen (+/-)-cis-3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]-1,2-propanediol (2b, U 23469) has been prepared in tritium-labeled form by reduction of an unsaturated dihydronaphthalene precursor with carrier-free tritium gas over a palladium catalyst followed by alkylation with 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol. After extensive chromatographic purification, the final material was obtained with a specific activity of 13 Ci/mmol and a radiochemical purity of 94%. In vivo studies with immature rats show that [3H]2b is slowly converted to a more polar metabolite that is selectively accumulated in the nuclear fraction of the uterus where it is bound to the estrogen receptor. Chromatographic comparisons indicate that this metabolite is the demethylated analogue 2c, a compound that has an affinity for estrogen receptor more than 300 times greater than that of 2b. These studies suggest that the demethylated analogue 2c may be a biologically important metabolite of 2b that is involved in the action of this antiestrogen.", "contents": "Antiestrogens and antiestrogen metabolites: preparation of tritium-labeled (+/-)-cis-3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxyl]-1,2-propanediol (U-23469) and characterization and synthesis of a biologically important metabolite. The Upjohn antiestrogen (+/-)-cis-3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]-1,2-propanediol (2b, U 23469) has been prepared in tritium-labeled form by reduction of an unsaturated dihydronaphthalene precursor with carrier-free tritium gas over a palladium catalyst followed by alkylation with 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol. After extensive chromatographic purification, the final material was obtained with a specific activity of 13 Ci/mmol and a radiochemical purity of 94%. In vivo studies with immature rats show that [3H]2b is slowly converted to a more polar metabolite that is selectively accumulated in the nuclear fraction of the uterus where it is bound to the estrogen receptor. Chromatographic comparisons indicate that this metabolite is the demethylated analogue 2c, a compound that has an affinity for estrogen receptor more than 300 times greater than that of 2b. These studies suggest that the demethylated analogue 2c may be a biologically important metabolite of 2b that is involved in the action of this antiestrogen.", "PMID": 536996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7115", "title": "Synthesis of 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol:pharmacologically active ring-hydroxylated metabolites of oxprenolol.", "content": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological activity data for 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol (2 and 3) are reported. The synthetic routes make use of the isomeric 2-pyranyl monoether derivatives of 4-hydroxysalicylaldehyde and 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone. The corresponding O-allyl ethers were converted to substituted phenols by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and the propanolamine side chain elaborated using epichlorohydrin, followed by oxirane ring opening with isopropylamine. Each of the hydroxylated metabolites is about ten times less potent than oxprenolol as an antagonist to the isoproterenol-induced relaxation of guinea pig tracheal strips.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol:pharmacologically active ring-hydroxylated metabolites of oxprenolol. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological activity data for 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol (2 and 3) are reported. The synthetic routes make use of the isomeric 2-pyranyl monoether derivatives of 4-hydroxysalicylaldehyde and 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone. The corresponding O-allyl ethers were converted to substituted phenols by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and the propanolamine side chain elaborated using epichlorohydrin, followed by oxirane ring opening with isopropylamine. Each of the hydroxylated metabolites is about ten times less potent than oxprenolol as an antagonist to the isoproterenol-induced relaxation of guinea pig tracheal strips.", "PMID": 536997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7116", "title": "Synthesis and estrogenic properties of 17-epi-ethynylestradiol and its ether derivatives epimestranol and epiquinestrol.", "content": "The synthesis of 17-epi-ethynylestradiol (10), the 17 beta-ethynyl-17 alpha-ol epimer of the well-known orally active estrogen, ethynylestradiol (1), was achieved by LiA1H4 reduction of epoxide 9, as well as by demethylating epimestranol (11) with CH3MgI. Compound 11 was obtained by the unusual 17 beta-ethynylation of estrone 3-methyl ether 22 under equilibrating conditions. The in vitro estrogen receptor-binding affinity and the oral estrogenicity in the rat for the 17-epi compounds 10, 11 and 20 (epiquinestrol) was evaluated. Despite moderate estrogen receptor-binding affinity, compound 10 was devoid of measurable estrogenicity at 10 mg/kg or antiestrogenicity at 3 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis and estrogenic properties of 17-epi-ethynylestradiol and its ether derivatives epimestranol and epiquinestrol. The synthesis of 17-epi-ethynylestradiol (10), the 17 beta-ethynyl-17 alpha-ol epimer of the well-known orally active estrogen, ethynylestradiol (1), was achieved by LiA1H4 reduction of epoxide 9, as well as by demethylating epimestranol (11) with CH3MgI. Compound 11 was obtained by the unusual 17 beta-ethynylation of estrone 3-methyl ether 22 under equilibrating conditions. The in vitro estrogen receptor-binding affinity and the oral estrogenicity in the rat for the 17-epi compounds 10, 11 and 20 (epiquinestrol) was evaluated. Despite moderate estrogen receptor-binding affinity, compound 10 was devoid of measurable estrogenicity at 10 mg/kg or antiestrogenicity at 3 mg/kg.", "PMID": 536998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7117", "title": "Dimerization of coralyne and its propyl analogue and their association with DNA.", "content": "Dimerization of coralyne, Ia, and its propyl analogue Ic has been analyzed at neutral pH as a function of ionic strength. Even at low ionic strength (I = 0.02) dimerization constants (molar units) for both compounds are 10(5) or greater, which is considerably larger than values obtained for similar intercalating molecules. Coralyne seems to undergo association to higher aggregates somewhat easier than Ic, which could be due to the fact that the propyl group on Ic provides some steric hinderance in forming higher aggregates. Both compounds readily associate with DNA. At high ratios of ligand to DNA, the spectra for Ia or Ic are similar to that of a highly aggregated complex. At low ratios of ligand to DNA, the spectra for both compounds approach a limit, which is relatively independent of ionic strength and concentration, and can be identified with the intercalated species. The slight differences between Ia and Ic in dimerization or in association with DNA do not seem capable of explaining the significant differences in antileukemic activity of these compounds.", "contents": "Dimerization of coralyne and its propyl analogue and their association with DNA. Dimerization of coralyne, Ia, and its propyl analogue Ic has been analyzed at neutral pH as a function of ionic strength. Even at low ionic strength (I = 0.02) dimerization constants (molar units) for both compounds are 10(5) or greater, which is considerably larger than values obtained for similar intercalating molecules. Coralyne seems to undergo association to higher aggregates somewhat easier than Ic, which could be due to the fact that the propyl group on Ic provides some steric hinderance in forming higher aggregates. Both compounds readily associate with DNA. At high ratios of ligand to DNA, the spectra for Ia or Ic are similar to that of a highly aggregated complex. At low ratios of ligand to DNA, the spectra for both compounds approach a limit, which is relatively independent of ionic strength and concentration, and can be identified with the intercalated species. The slight differences between Ia and Ic in dimerization or in association with DNA do not seem capable of explaining the significant differences in antileukemic activity of these compounds.", "PMID": 536999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7118", "title": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 2. Acidic antiinflammatory 1,2-benzisoxazoles.", "content": "A number of 1,2-benzisoxazoles, substituted in the 3 position with 4-substituted phenyl groups and in the 5--7 positions with acetic and propionic acid residues, have been synthesized and tested in the rat carrageenan foot edema assay. Activity has been found in the 6- and 7-substituted acids.", "contents": "Potential antiinflammatory compounds. 2. Acidic antiinflammatory 1,2-benzisoxazoles. A number of 1,2-benzisoxazoles, substituted in the 3 position with 4-substituted phenyl groups and in the 5--7 positions with acetic and propionic acid residues, have been synthesized and tested in the rat carrageenan foot edema assay. Activity has been found in the 6- and 7-substituted acids.", "PMID": 537000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7119", "title": "Genetic control of severe pre-eclampsia.", "content": "A genetic analysis has been made of published and new data on the familial occurrence of severe pre-eclampsia in primigravid women. This has shown that the condition may be largely a Mendelian recessive one. Bcause the condition occurs only in pregnancy, and because susceptible women cannot otherwise be identified, it is difficult to decide whether the genotype of the parent or of the offspring carried in utero leads to the condition. Data on the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia in the relatives of women who have suffered eclampsia support the maternal genotype hypothesis, while similar data, in which the index cases were women who had had severe pre-eclampsia, are more compatible with the fetal genotype hypothesis. Data on the incidence of the condition in blood relatives of index cases compared to the incidence in their corresponding in-laws are now required. Such a comparison would allow a choice to be made between the two hypotheses if one or the other were correct, or would assess the contribution of each if a genotype X genotype interaction were involved. Recurrent severe pre-eclampsia seems to have the same genetic basis as the more common primigravid type. However, mild, that is non-proteinuric, pre-eclampsia usually seems to be inherited independently of the severe form.", "contents": "Genetic control of severe pre-eclampsia. A genetic analysis has been made of published and new data on the familial occurrence of severe pre-eclampsia in primigravid women. This has shown that the condition may be largely a Mendelian recessive one. Bcause the condition occurs only in pregnancy, and because susceptible women cannot otherwise be identified, it is difficult to decide whether the genotype of the parent or of the offspring carried in utero leads to the condition. Data on the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia in the relatives of women who have suffered eclampsia support the maternal genotype hypothesis, while similar data, in which the index cases were women who had had severe pre-eclampsia, are more compatible with the fetal genotype hypothesis. Data on the incidence of the condition in blood relatives of index cases compared to the incidence in their corresponding in-laws are now required. Such a comparison would allow a choice to be made between the two hypotheses if one or the other were correct, or would assess the contribution of each if a genotype X genotype interaction were involved. Recurrent severe pre-eclampsia seems to have the same genetic basis as the more common primigravid type. However, mild, that is non-proteinuric, pre-eclampsia usually seems to be inherited independently of the severe form.", "PMID": 537013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7120", "title": "Association of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with diabetes mellitus in ethnic groups of Singapore.", "content": "Six hundred and nine male patients suffering from maturity onset diabetes mellitus, comprising 422 Chinese, 66 Malays, and 121 Indians, were investigated to determine the incidence of G6PD deficiency, ABO blood groups, and haemoglobin types, and these were compared with normal healthy controls. A positive association with a higher incidence of G6PD deficiency in diabetics was observed in Chinese and Indian patients. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of ABO blood groups and haemoglobin types between the patients and the controls in any of the ethnic groups studied.", "contents": "Association of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with diabetes mellitus in ethnic groups of Singapore. Six hundred and nine male patients suffering from maturity onset diabetes mellitus, comprising 422 Chinese, 66 Malays, and 121 Indians, were investigated to determine the incidence of G6PD deficiency, ABO blood groups, and haemoglobin types, and these were compared with normal healthy controls. A positive association with a higher incidence of G6PD deficiency in diabetics was observed in Chinese and Indian patients. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of ABO blood groups and haemoglobin types between the patients and the controls in any of the ethnic groups studied.", "PMID": 537014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7121", "title": "Autosomal recessive lipid storage myopathy (probable carnitine deficiency).", "content": "Two sisters died at the age of 17 and 19, respectively, of a myopathy with exacerbations and remissions characterised by pain and weakness of muscles which ended fatally with lactic acidosis and respiratory failure. The clinical picture was very similar to that described in some cases of carnitine deficiency and the histochemical finding of many lipid-filled vacuoles in muscle fibres and the electron microscopical findings were identical to those reported in that disease. The finding of affected sisters supports autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive lipid storage myopathy (probable carnitine deficiency). Two sisters died at the age of 17 and 19, respectively, of a myopathy with exacerbations and remissions characterised by pain and weakness of muscles which ended fatally with lactic acidosis and respiratory failure. The clinical picture was very similar to that described in some cases of carnitine deficiency and the histochemical finding of many lipid-filled vacuoles in muscle fibres and the electron microscopical findings were identical to those reported in that disease. The finding of affected sisters supports autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 537015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7122", "title": "Congenital hypothyroidism in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "Congenital hypothyroidism has been found in four patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. It is likely that this reflects more than chance concurrence of these conditions.", "contents": "Congenital hypothyroidism in Klinefelter's syndrome. Congenital hypothyroidism has been found in four patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. It is likely that this reflects more than chance concurrence of these conditions.", "PMID": 537016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7123", "title": "Hereditary neurocutaneous angioma: a new genetic entity?", "content": "A family pedigree with a possible new genetic syndrome characterised by the presence of angiomas, systemic in nature, affecting particularly the skin and the central nervous system, is described. Angiomas of the CNS seem to have a marked tendency to bleed. The condition shows a clearly dominant mode of transmission, four subjects in three generations being affected. Differentiation from other conditions belonging to the vascular abnormalities subgroup of phakomatoses is presented.", "contents": "Hereditary neurocutaneous angioma: a new genetic entity? A family pedigree with a possible new genetic syndrome characterised by the presence of angiomas, systemic in nature, affecting particularly the skin and the central nervous system, is described. Angiomas of the CNS seem to have a marked tendency to bleed. The condition shows a clearly dominant mode of transmission, four subjects in three generations being affected. Differentiation from other conditions belonging to the vascular abnormalities subgroup of phakomatoses is presented.", "PMID": 537017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7124", "title": "Familial infantile scoliosis associated with bilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze.", "content": "A family with two sibs suffering from idiopathic infantile scoliosis associated with bilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze is reported. Although the parental consanguinity and the involvement of patients of both sexes in this family are suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, a dominant or multifactorial pattern remains a possibility.", "contents": "Familial infantile scoliosis associated with bilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze. A family with two sibs suffering from idiopathic infantile scoliosis associated with bilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze is reported. Although the parental consanguinity and the involvement of patients of both sexes in this family are suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, a dominant or multifactorial pattern remains a possibility.", "PMID": 537018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7125", "title": "Partial monosomy 7 with interstitial deletions in two infants with differing congenital abnormalities.", "content": "Two cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 7 are presented, one involving the short arm and the other the long arm. The cytogenetic, dermatoglyphic, and clinical findings are compared with previously reported cases of chromosome 7 deletion. The patient with a short arm deletion differs clinically from the previously reported cases but, in common with a least one previous case, has a low total finger ridge count. His interstitial deletion involving the 7p13 leads to 7p21 region also differs from 7p deletions reported in earlier cases. The patient with a long arm deletion has an interstitial loss of the region between 7q11 and 7q21, corresponding to one of three groups of 7q deletion that have been recognised. The phenotypic changes in this group are less well defined than in the other two and the patient presented here differs clinically from the previously reported cases, apart from one phenotypically normal mosaic case, in lacking morphological abnormalities. He shares with one previous case both epilepsy and a high intensity of dermal ridge patterns.", "contents": "Partial monosomy 7 with interstitial deletions in two infants with differing congenital abnormalities. Two cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 7 are presented, one involving the short arm and the other the long arm. The cytogenetic, dermatoglyphic, and clinical findings are compared with previously reported cases of chromosome 7 deletion. The patient with a short arm deletion differs clinically from the previously reported cases but, in common with a least one previous case, has a low total finger ridge count. His interstitial deletion involving the 7p13 leads to 7p21 region also differs from 7p deletions reported in earlier cases. The patient with a long arm deletion has an interstitial loss of the region between 7q11 and 7q21, corresponding to one of three groups of 7q deletion that have been recognised. The phenotypic changes in this group are less well defined than in the other two and the patient presented here differs clinically from the previously reported cases, apart from one phenotypically normal mosaic case, in lacking morphological abnormalities. He shares with one previous case both epilepsy and a high intensity of dermal ridge patterns.", "PMID": 537019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7126", "title": "Familial partial 7q monosomy resulting from segregation of an insertional chromosome rearrangement.", "content": "A family with an insertional type of chromosome rearrangement involving chromosomes 7 and 13 is reported. An interstitial deletion of a segment of chromosome 7 (7q32 leads to 34) had been inserted into the long arm of chromosome 13 at breakpoint q32. Segregation of this chromosome rearrangement gave rise to three subjects who were monosomic for the involved segment of chromosome 7. The karyotypes were: 46,XX, or XY,der(7)ins(13;7) (q32;q32q34). All three subjects were mentally retarded and had minor dysmorphic features. The Kidd, Colton, and Kell blood group systems were investigated, but were not informative.", "contents": "Familial partial 7q monosomy resulting from segregation of an insertional chromosome rearrangement. A family with an insertional type of chromosome rearrangement involving chromosomes 7 and 13 is reported. An interstitial deletion of a segment of chromosome 7 (7q32 leads to 34) had been inserted into the long arm of chromosome 13 at breakpoint q32. Segregation of this chromosome rearrangement gave rise to three subjects who were monosomic for the involved segment of chromosome 7. The karyotypes were: 46,XX, or XY,der(7)ins(13;7) (q32;q32q34). All three subjects were mentally retarded and had minor dysmorphic features. The Kidd, Colton, and Kell blood group systems were investigated, but were not informative.", "PMID": 537020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7127", "title": "Prolonged P-R interval in a male with 47,XYY karyotype.", "content": "A 47,XYY male with an extremely prolonged P-R interval (0.42 sec) on the electrocardiograph is described. There was also a secondary R wave in lead V1. He had no past history of heart disease and no cardiac abnormality on physical examination.", "contents": "Prolonged P-R interval in a male with 47,XYY karyotype. A 47,XYY male with an extremely prolonged P-R interval (0.42 sec) on the electrocardiograph is described. There was also a secondary R wave in lead V1. He had no past history of heart disease and no cardiac abnormality on physical examination.", "PMID": 537021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7128", "title": "A further case of a new syndrome including midface retraction, hypertrichosis, and skeletal anomalies.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of a male child with multiple malformations are described. He appears to be an example of a new syndrome recently described by Schinzel and Giedion (1978).", "contents": "A further case of a new syndrome including midface retraction, hypertrichosis, and skeletal anomalies. The clinical and radiological features of a male child with multiple malformations are described. He appears to be an example of a new syndrome recently described by Schinzel and Giedion (1978).", "PMID": 537022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7129", "title": "Roberts's syndrome and clonidine.", "content": "A child is described with features of Robert's syndrome. The mother took clonidine during pregnancy. The question of a relationship between the child's abnormalities and clonidine is raised.", "contents": "Roberts's syndrome and clonidine. A child is described with features of Robert's syndrome. The mother took clonidine during pregnancy. The question of a relationship between the child's abnormalities and clonidine is raised.", "PMID": 537023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7130", "title": "A longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes, dna antibodies and complement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of their relationship to disease activity.", "content": "The relationship between immune complex, DNA binding and complement levels and disease activity was studied in twenty-seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detailed longitudinal studies revealed a good correlation between immune complex levels and disease activity. In addition, a good correlation was obtained, in general, between immune complex and DNA binding values, and an inverse correlation between these values and the haemolytic activity of C1, C2 and C4. CH50 and C3 measurements, on the other hand, were found to be less consistent at reflecting short term fluctuations in disease activity. Statistical analysis of IC, DNA binding and complement values revealed a higher incidence and mean value of immune complexex in active disease compared with inactive disease. These high levels of immune complexes were associated with elevated values of DNA binding and low values of CH50 and C3. The highest values of immune complexes were found in samples with concomitantly abnormal values of DNA binding, CH50 and C3. It is concluded that the measurement of immune complexes in SLE patients is a useful procedure, not only in aiding diagnosis, but also in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy. The results also indicate that serial studies of immune complexes, DNA binding and complement can be of value in the long term management of individual patients.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes, dna antibodies and complement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of their relationship to disease activity. The relationship between immune complex, DNA binding and complement levels and disease activity was studied in twenty-seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detailed longitudinal studies revealed a good correlation between immune complex levels and disease activity. In addition, a good correlation was obtained, in general, between immune complex and DNA binding values, and an inverse correlation between these values and the haemolytic activity of C1, C2 and C4. CH50 and C3 measurements, on the other hand, were found to be less consistent at reflecting short term fluctuations in disease activity. Statistical analysis of IC, DNA binding and complement values revealed a higher incidence and mean value of immune complexex in active disease compared with inactive disease. These high levels of immune complexes were associated with elevated values of DNA binding and low values of CH50 and C3. The highest values of immune complexes were found in samples with concomitantly abnormal values of DNA binding, CH50 and C3. It is concluded that the measurement of immune complexes in SLE patients is a useful procedure, not only in aiding diagnosis, but also in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy. The results also indicate that serial studies of immune complexes, DNA binding and complement can be of value in the long term management of individual patients.", "PMID": 537024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7131", "title": "Inhibition of mitogen induced blast transformation by a multiple sclerosis serum factor.", "content": "A factor in the sera of multiple sclerosis patients inhibits RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in actively metabolizing mitogen stimulated lymphocytes. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis precedes cell death by 24 to 36 hours. The factor is effective on cells which are already committed to transformation by previous exposure to mitogen and cells which are simultaneously exposed to the factor and mitogen. Previous exposure of unstimulated cells to the factor does not alter their subsequent response to mitogen. The factor does not inhibit RNA synthesis of unstimulated lymphocytes isolated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, nor is it toxic to these cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitogen induced blast transformation by a multiple sclerosis serum factor. A factor in the sera of multiple sclerosis patients inhibits RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in actively metabolizing mitogen stimulated lymphocytes. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis precedes cell death by 24 to 36 hours. The factor is effective on cells which are already committed to transformation by previous exposure to mitogen and cells which are simultaneously exposed to the factor and mitogen. Previous exposure of unstimulated cells to the factor does not alter their subsequent response to mitogen. The factor does not inhibit RNA synthesis of unstimulated lymphocytes isolated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, nor is it toxic to these cells.", "PMID": 537025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7132", "title": "Detection of soluble immune complexes by the technique of ADCC inhibition in human diseases.", "content": "Soluble immune complexes were detected using inhibition of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in sera of patients with various diseases. Results were positive in 32/41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (78%), in 27/38 systemic lupus erythematosus patients (71%), in 7/10 cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients (70%), in 6/8 mixed connective tissue disease patients (75%), in 11/26 membranous glomerulonephritis patients (42%), in 6/20 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patients (30%) and in 3/12 multiple sclerosis patients (25%). ADCC inhibition was compared with PEG precipitation technique and was found to be more sensitive for detecting soluble immune complexes. Various pitfalls are discussed.", "contents": "Detection of soluble immune complexes by the technique of ADCC inhibition in human diseases. Soluble immune complexes were detected using inhibition of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in sera of patients with various diseases. Results were positive in 32/41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (78%), in 27/38 systemic lupus erythematosus patients (71%), in 7/10 cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients (70%), in 6/8 mixed connective tissue disease patients (75%), in 11/26 membranous glomerulonephritis patients (42%), in 6/20 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patients (30%) and in 3/12 multiple sclerosis patients (25%). ADCC inhibition was compared with PEG precipitation technique and was found to be more sensitive for detecting soluble immune complexes. Various pitfalls are discussed.", "PMID": 537026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7133", "title": "Human thymus cells: effects of glucocorticoids in vitro.", "content": "The level of glucocorticoid receptors and the effects of dexamethasone on 3H-Uridine and 3H-Thymidine incorporation have been determined in normal human thymus cells. Under the experimental conditions employed human thymocytes appear more steroid-sensitive in vitro than human circulating lymphocytes.", "contents": "Human thymus cells: effects of glucocorticoids in vitro. The level of glucocorticoid receptors and the effects of dexamethasone on 3H-Uridine and 3H-Thymidine incorporation have been determined in normal human thymus cells. Under the experimental conditions employed human thymocytes appear more steroid-sensitive in vitro than human circulating lymphocytes.", "PMID": 537027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7134", "title": "The effect of in vitro irradiation on PHA-mediated cytotoxicity and lymphocytes with receptors for the Fc part of Ig.", "content": "In vitro irradiation of purified human lymphocytes reduced PHA-mediated cytotoxicity (MICC) against chicken erythrocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. Lymphocytes with receptors for IgG present in both unfractionated and T-cell enriched cell preparations were depleted after X-ray exposure. T-cells with IgM-receptors, however, appeared to be more resistant. Different lymphocyte subpopulations seem to cooperate in MICC, and shifts of their proportions may be one explanation of the reduction of MICC after X-ray exposure.", "contents": "The effect of in vitro irradiation on PHA-mediated cytotoxicity and lymphocytes with receptors for the Fc part of Ig. In vitro irradiation of purified human lymphocytes reduced PHA-mediated cytotoxicity (MICC) against chicken erythrocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. Lymphocytes with receptors for IgG present in both unfractionated and T-cell enriched cell preparations were depleted after X-ray exposure. T-cells with IgM-receptors, however, appeared to be more resistant. Different lymphocyte subpopulations seem to cooperate in MICC, and shifts of their proportions may be one explanation of the reduction of MICC after X-ray exposure.", "PMID": 537028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7135", "title": "Strongyloidiasis in an infant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).", "content": "Necropsy of a 15-month-old male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) showed multiple nodular elevations of the mucosa of the colon, petechial hemorrhages in both lungs, and mucosal ulcerations in the cecum, appendix, and proximal colon. Light microscopy revealed filariform larvae of Strongyloides in the lung, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Rhabditiform larvae were also observed in sections of colon.", "contents": "Strongyloidiasis in an infant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Necropsy of a 15-month-old male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) showed multiple nodular elevations of the mucosa of the colon, petechial hemorrhages in both lungs, and mucosal ulcerations in the cecum, appendix, and proximal colon. Light microscopy revealed filariform larvae of Strongyloides in the lung, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Rhabditiform larvae were also observed in sections of colon.", "PMID": 537030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7136", "title": "Determination of reflection coefficients for various ions and neutral molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles through osmotic volume change studied by stopped flow technique.", "content": "Osmotic volume change of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was studied by following the change in light-scattering intensity using a stopped flow apparatus. From the analysis of the initial rate of scattering change, reflection coefficients for various ions and neutral molecules were determined. The following are typical results: K+, 0.72; Tris+, 0.98; choline 1; NO3-, 0.32; Cl-, 0.46; methanesulfonate, 0.62; gluconate, 0.96; glycerol, 0.86; and glucose, 1. When the K+ permeability was increased in the presence of 10(-6) g valinomycin/ml, the reflection coefficient for K+ changed from 0.72 to 0.31. It was found that there was a close relationship between the reflection coefficients and the permeabilities of the solutes. Hydraulic conductivity was also determined from the initial rate of light scattering change and was not different for the different solutes. The water permeability was estimated to be 2.1 x 10(-3) cm/sec at 23 degrees C.", "contents": "Determination of reflection coefficients for various ions and neutral molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles through osmotic volume change studied by stopped flow technique. Osmotic volume change of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was studied by following the change in light-scattering intensity using a stopped flow apparatus. From the analysis of the initial rate of scattering change, reflection coefficients for various ions and neutral molecules were determined. The following are typical results: K+, 0.72; Tris+, 0.98; choline 1; NO3-, 0.32; Cl-, 0.46; methanesulfonate, 0.62; gluconate, 0.96; glycerol, 0.86; and glucose, 1. When the K+ permeability was increased in the presence of 10(-6) g valinomycin/ml, the reflection coefficient for K+ changed from 0.72 to 0.31. It was found that there was a close relationship between the reflection coefficients and the permeabilities of the solutes. Hydraulic conductivity was also determined from the initial rate of light scattering change and was not different for the different solutes. The water permeability was estimated to be 2.1 x 10(-3) cm/sec at 23 degrees C.", "PMID": 537032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7137", "title": "Ion and water transport by isolated cockroach salivary glands.", "content": "When the isolated salivary glands of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver are stimulated by dopamine, the putative neurotransmitter, they secrete a fluid containing (mM):Na, 121; K, 47; Cl, 143. Stimulation of glands by 5-hydroxytryptamine or the neuro-transmitter evokes a secretion identical in Na composition to this. Dopamine-evoked secretion is abolished in the absence of extracellular Na. The relationship between the rates of fluid secretion and Na transport is linear. However, at very low rates of secretion the Na concentration falls. Calcium, K and Cl ions can be removed from the bathing solution without abolishing fluid secretion. Our evidence suggests that (i) the primary secretion is formed by active transport of Na in the acini, and (ii) the ionic composition of this secretion is modified by re-absorption of Na and an independent secretion of K in the ducts.", "contents": "Ion and water transport by isolated cockroach salivary glands. When the isolated salivary glands of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver are stimulated by dopamine, the putative neurotransmitter, they secrete a fluid containing (mM):Na, 121; K, 47; Cl, 143. Stimulation of glands by 5-hydroxytryptamine or the neuro-transmitter evokes a secretion identical in Na composition to this. Dopamine-evoked secretion is abolished in the absence of extracellular Na. The relationship between the rates of fluid secretion and Na transport is linear. However, at very low rates of secretion the Na concentration falls. Calcium, K and Cl ions can be removed from the bathing solution without abolishing fluid secretion. Our evidence suggests that (i) the primary secretion is formed by active transport of Na in the acini, and (ii) the ionic composition of this secretion is modified by re-absorption of Na and an independent secretion of K in the ducts.", "PMID": 537033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7138", "title": "The B\u00f6rjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome: a new case.", "content": "A new case of the Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome is described with details of anthropometry, dermatoglyphs, endocrine function studies and mental state. Comparisons are made with the five previously reported cases. The diagnosis is based on the clinical appearance. Endocrine studies gave normal results and the patient's short stature is not due to growth hormone deficiency. There is no evidence for primary hypogonadism.", "contents": "The B\u00f6rjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome: a new case. A new case of the Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome is described with details of anthropometry, dermatoglyphs, endocrine function studies and mental state. Comparisons are made with the five previously reported cases. The diagnosis is based on the clinical appearance. Endocrine studies gave normal results and the patient's short stature is not due to growth hormone deficiency. There is no evidence for primary hypogonadism.", "PMID": 537034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7139", "title": "On the analysis of repeated measures over time in medical, pharmacological, and behavioral research.", "content": "Studies comparing different treatments over time using repeated measures on a wide variety of outcome variables are very common in the research literature. Unfortunately, they are rarely analyzed appropriately, at least from the standpoint of controlling the type 2 error rate (false rejection of the null hypothesis). As a consequence, many of the positive findings reported in such studies may be incapable of replication. The present article reviews the logical and statistical problems involved, emphasizes the importance of controlling the experimentwise error rate regardless of the research design employed, and presents an integrated, multivariate strategy for dealing with the several issues raised. Resolution of these issues is essential if the \"fictional\" content of research journals is to be kept within reasonable bounds.", "contents": "On the analysis of repeated measures over time in medical, pharmacological, and behavioral research. Studies comparing different treatments over time using repeated measures on a wide variety of outcome variables are very common in the research literature. Unfortunately, they are rarely analyzed appropriately, at least from the standpoint of controlling the type 2 error rate (false rejection of the null hypothesis). As a consequence, many of the positive findings reported in such studies may be incapable of replication. The present article reviews the logical and statistical problems involved, emphasizes the importance of controlling the experimentwise error rate regardless of the research design employed, and presents an integrated, multivariate strategy for dealing with the several issues raised. Resolution of these issues is essential if the \"fictional\" content of research journals is to be kept within reasonable bounds.", "PMID": 537035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7140", "title": "Effects of certain training parameters on detection of simulated breast cancer.", "content": "Forty-two female subjects, constituting 14 groups, palpated a silicone breast model in a lump detection task. Three variables, number of trials (amount of practice), search pattern requirement (restricted vs. unrestricted), and the presence or absence of lumps, were manipulated according to 3 x 2 x 2 design. The effect of all modes of practice on detection performance in posttest 1 was evidenced by an increase in percent of lumps detected and a decrease in detection threshold, but no form of practice was superior to the others. Following posttest 1 a brief search-training procedure was administered to 39 subjects which further lowered detection threshold, increased percent of lumps detected, and increased trial duration in posttest 2. The results indicate the effectiveness of the training procedure for improving detection ability and suggest the need for a more complex model to determine more specifically the effects of the practice models employed.", "contents": "Effects of certain training parameters on detection of simulated breast cancer. Forty-two female subjects, constituting 14 groups, palpated a silicone breast model in a lump detection task. Three variables, number of trials (amount of practice), search pattern requirement (restricted vs. unrestricted), and the presence or absence of lumps, were manipulated according to 3 x 2 x 2 design. The effect of all modes of practice on detection performance in posttest 1 was evidenced by an increase in percent of lumps detected and a decrease in detection threshold, but no form of practice was superior to the others. Following posttest 1 a brief search-training procedure was administered to 39 subjects which further lowered detection threshold, increased percent of lumps detected, and increased trial duration in posttest 2. The results indicate the effectiveness of the training procedure for improving detection ability and suggest the need for a more complex model to determine more specifically the effects of the practice models employed.", "PMID": 537036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7141", "title": "Psychological response of children to isolation in a protected environment.", "content": "A behavioral observation study of 14 children with cancer treated in a laminar airflow protected environment (PE) unit was done over a period of 2 years. A total of 3629 observations were completed, and results related to perception, sleep, intellectual functioning, physical discomfort, mood, management problems, activity patterns, social-communicative behavior, and sedation are reported. In general, despite evidence from the literature that sensory deprivation and social isolation can cause severe disturbance of the sensory apparatus, no debilitating or long-term psychological effects related to prolonged PE treatment were noted. The differences between PE and deprivation-isolation contexts are discussed, and the need for psychosocial support of these patients is emphasized.", "contents": "Psychological response of children to isolation in a protected environment. A behavioral observation study of 14 children with cancer treated in a laminar airflow protected environment (PE) unit was done over a period of 2 years. A total of 3629 observations were completed, and results related to perception, sleep, intellectual functioning, physical discomfort, mood, management problems, activity patterns, social-communicative behavior, and sedation are reported. In general, despite evidence from the literature that sensory deprivation and social isolation can cause severe disturbance of the sensory apparatus, no debilitating or long-term psychological effects related to prolonged PE treatment were noted. The differences between PE and deprivation-isolation contexts are discussed, and the need for psychosocial support of these patients is emphasized.", "PMID": 537037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7142", "title": "A canonical correlation analysis of the Alcohol-Use Inventory and the Human Service Scale.", "content": "The responses of 312 persons with alcoholism to the Alcohol-Use Inventory and Human Service Scale were subjected to canonical correlation analysis. Results indicate that the relationship between alcohol-use constructs and psychological need satisfaction can be explained by two axes: a personal security--social dimension and a personal stress--environmental dimension. Microanalysis of the variates indicated that emotional need satisfaction was differentially influenced by social and physiological variables.", "contents": "A canonical correlation analysis of the Alcohol-Use Inventory and the Human Service Scale. The responses of 312 persons with alcoholism to the Alcohol-Use Inventory and Human Service Scale were subjected to canonical correlation analysis. Results indicate that the relationship between alcohol-use constructs and psychological need satisfaction can be explained by two axes: a personal security--social dimension and a personal stress--environmental dimension. Microanalysis of the variates indicated that emotional need satisfaction was differentially influenced by social and physiological variables.", "PMID": 537038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7143", "title": "Irritable bowel syndrome: a test of the colonic hyperalgesia hypothesis.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that, patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there is a primary hyperalgesia of the colon. Previous work, which examined these patients and normals, has not included subjects who provide a control for relevant psychological characteristics. We compared ratings of pain, following varying degrees of distension of the sigmoid colon, in normals, patients with IBS, and patients who were psychologically disturbed but without bowel symptoms. Psychological characteristics were assessed by a psychiatric interview and psychometric inventories; response to distension was tested by placing a tube in the rectosigmoid colon and successively inflating a nd deflating a balloon at its tip at 10 cm3 increments up to 50 cm3. Ratings of pain were recorded at each volume. The results indicated that the two patient groups were psychologically similar and both were more disturbed than normals. A linear relation was found between reports of pain and volume of distension in all three groups. There were no significant differences between the proportions of subjects experiencing pain in each group or the average of the ratings. There were no significant associations between the pain ratings and measures of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion. The data do not support the hypothesis that colonic hyperalgesia is an important contributory factor in the etiology of the irritable bowel syndrome.", "contents": "Irritable bowel syndrome: a test of the colonic hyperalgesia hypothesis. This study tested the hypothesis that, patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there is a primary hyperalgesia of the colon. Previous work, which examined these patients and normals, has not included subjects who provide a control for relevant psychological characteristics. We compared ratings of pain, following varying degrees of distension of the sigmoid colon, in normals, patients with IBS, and patients who were psychologically disturbed but without bowel symptoms. Psychological characteristics were assessed by a psychiatric interview and psychometric inventories; response to distension was tested by placing a tube in the rectosigmoid colon and successively inflating a nd deflating a balloon at its tip at 10 cm3 increments up to 50 cm3. Ratings of pain were recorded at each volume. The results indicated that the two patient groups were psychologically similar and both were more disturbed than normals. A linear relation was found between reports of pain and volume of distension in all three groups. There were no significant differences between the proportions of subjects experiencing pain in each group or the average of the ratings. There were no significant associations between the pain ratings and measures of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion. The data do not support the hypothesis that colonic hyperalgesia is an important contributory factor in the etiology of the irritable bowel syndrome.", "PMID": 537039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7144", "title": "An investigation of apparent mass psychogenic illness in an electronics plant.", "content": "An investigation of a case of apparent mass psychogenic illness was undertaken in a midwestern electronics assembly plant. The plant employed 500 workers, of whom 80% were female. The illness outbreak involved a total of 90 female first shift workers who reported a variety of nonspecific symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness in response to a strange odor in the workplace. Although environmental testing revealed some localized concentrations of a few airbone contaminants, no environmental toxins were discovered that could account for the continuing outbreaks of illness. An ad hoc sample of affected and nonaffected workers was surveyed to assess the influence of psychological, sociological, and work environment factors in the outbreak. Analysis of the data revealed that affected workers reported more physical discomfort (temperature variations, poor lighting) in the workplace as well as psychological job stress (increase in workload, conflicts with supervisors) than did nonaffected workers. Moreover, affected workers scored significantly higher than nonaffected workers on personality tests measuring extraversion and hysteria traits.", "contents": "An investigation of apparent mass psychogenic illness in an electronics plant. An investigation of a case of apparent mass psychogenic illness was undertaken in a midwestern electronics assembly plant. The plant employed 500 workers, of whom 80% were female. The illness outbreak involved a total of 90 female first shift workers who reported a variety of nonspecific symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness in response to a strange odor in the workplace. Although environmental testing revealed some localized concentrations of a few airbone contaminants, no environmental toxins were discovered that could account for the continuing outbreaks of illness. An ad hoc sample of affected and nonaffected workers was surveyed to assess the influence of psychological, sociological, and work environment factors in the outbreak. Analysis of the data revealed that affected workers reported more physical discomfort (temperature variations, poor lighting) in the workplace as well as psychological job stress (increase in workload, conflicts with supervisors) than did nonaffected workers. Moreover, affected workers scored significantly higher than nonaffected workers on personality tests measuring extraversion and hysteria traits.", "PMID": 537040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7145", "title": "A comparative study of the differentiation and involution of the Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct in the male and female fetal mouse.", "content": "The present investigation has examined the ultrastructural differentiation of the genital ducts of both sexes of fetal mice. The emphasis of observations was placed on the phenomenon of morphogenetic cytolysis, particularly during the critical periods of Wolffian duct stabilization and Mullerian duct involution. Both developing and regressing genital ducts evidence extensive cytolysis. Autophagy appears to be the mechanism of morphogenetic changes in the developing male Wolffian duct. Autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are all prominent cytolytic activities in female Wollfian duct involution. The developing female Mullerian duct undergoes extensive morphogenetic remodeling by the mechanisms of autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ. In the male Mullerian duct, autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are also prominent. In addition, whole degenerated epithelial cells are extruded from the duct early in regression which may be realted to the transformation of periductal mesenchymal cells into an \"epithelioid cell cuff\" which does not form around the regressing Wolffian duct. The formation of this mesenchymal condensation surrounding the duct is also accompanied by the protrusion  of Mullerian epithelial cell cytoplasm into the mesenchymal cells. These observations may evidence a complex epithelial-mesenchymal interaction occurring during male Mullerian duct involution.", "contents": "A comparative study of the differentiation and involution of the Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct in the male and female fetal mouse. The present investigation has examined the ultrastructural differentiation of the genital ducts of both sexes of fetal mice. The emphasis of observations was placed on the phenomenon of morphogenetic cytolysis, particularly during the critical periods of Wolffian duct stabilization and Mullerian duct involution. Both developing and regressing genital ducts evidence extensive cytolysis. Autophagy appears to be the mechanism of morphogenetic changes in the developing male Wolffian duct. Autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are all prominent cytolytic activities in female Wollfian duct involution. The developing female Mullerian duct undergoes extensive morphogenetic remodeling by the mechanisms of autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ. In the male Mullerian duct, autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are also prominent. In addition, whole degenerated epithelial cells are extruded from the duct early in regression which may be realted to the transformation of periductal mesenchymal cells into an \"epithelioid cell cuff\" which does not form around the regressing Wolffian duct. The formation of this mesenchymal condensation surrounding the duct is also accompanied by the protrusion  of Mullerian epithelial cell cytoplasm into the mesenchymal cells. These observations may evidence a complex epithelial-mesenchymal interaction occurring during male Mullerian duct involution.", "PMID": 537099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7146", "title": "Comprehensive schemata on the histology of the liver with consequences in terminology.", "content": "New schemata of the liver are presented to discuss the combination of the three kinds of liver lobules known until today in a chalk-talk-manner. Terminology is also discussed. Further investigations are needed involving the construction and the vascular pattern of compound lobules of the three individial lobules of the liver in different species.", "contents": "Comprehensive schemata on the histology of the liver with consequences in terminology. New schemata of the liver are presented to discuss the combination of the three kinds of liver lobules known until today in a chalk-talk-manner. Terminology is also discussed. Further investigations are needed involving the construction and the vascular pattern of compound lobules of the three individial lobules of the liver in different species.", "PMID": 537100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7147", "title": "The structural organization of the pineal complex in the domestic goose.", "content": "The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells. Threee basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photoreceptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine through a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found with;n nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.", "contents": "The structural organization of the pineal complex in the domestic goose. The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells. Threee basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photoreceptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine through a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found with;n nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.", "PMID": 537101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7148", "title": "The morphogenesis of the thigh of the mouse with special reference to tetrapod muscle homologies.", "content": "In order to provide an ontogenetic basis for the establishment of tetrapod muscle homologies and for the analysis of complex mammalian muscle states, a descriptive analysis of the morphogenesis of the thigh of Mus musculus has been made. The pattern and sequence of muscle cleavage and the migrations of individual muscle primordia are characterized from the eleventh day of gestation, when cleavage begins, through early neonatal stages. Observations on skeletal differentiation and lumbosacral plexus formation are also included. Thigh muscle morphogenesis is compared to that in the lizard, Lacerta, (Romer, '42) and the chick (Romer, '27) and homologies identified. An onogenetic basis for the definition of ancestral and derived muscle states is provided in muscles that are morphologically variable in mammals. These include the gluteus minimus, gracilis, adductor brevis and several hamstring muscles. Certain muscles that show variable innervation patterns in adult mammals, i.e., pectineus, quadratus and adductor magnus, typically develop from premuscle regions that separate muscle anlagen innervated by different nerves. Two muscle anlagen appear in the embryonic mouse thigh and then disappear late in prenatal or early postnatal development. Comparisons with other  mammals, especially the marsupial, Marmosa, reveal that these muscles are phylogenetic vestiges that degenerate before maturity. A sartorius vestige is identifiable through the thirteenth day of gestation. A tenuissimus anlage is present until shortly after birth and is clearly innervated by a branch of the peroneal nerve.", "contents": "The morphogenesis of the thigh of the mouse with special reference to tetrapod muscle homologies. In order to provide an ontogenetic basis for the establishment of tetrapod muscle homologies and for the analysis of complex mammalian muscle states, a descriptive analysis of the morphogenesis of the thigh of Mus musculus has been made. The pattern and sequence of muscle cleavage and the migrations of individual muscle primordia are characterized from the eleventh day of gestation, when cleavage begins, through early neonatal stages. Observations on skeletal differentiation and lumbosacral plexus formation are also included. Thigh muscle morphogenesis is compared to that in the lizard, Lacerta, (Romer, '42) and the chick (Romer, '27) and homologies identified. An onogenetic basis for the definition of ancestral and derived muscle states is provided in muscles that are morphologically variable in mammals. These include the gluteus minimus, gracilis, adductor brevis and several hamstring muscles. Certain muscles that show variable innervation patterns in adult mammals, i.e., pectineus, quadratus and adductor magnus, typically develop from premuscle regions that separate muscle anlagen innervated by different nerves. Two muscle anlagen appear in the embryonic mouse thigh and then disappear late in prenatal or early postnatal development. Comparisons with other  mammals, especially the marsupial, Marmosa, reveal that these muscles are phylogenetic vestiges that degenerate before maturity. A sartorius vestige is identifiable through the thirteenth day of gestation. A tenuissimus anlage is present until shortly after birth and is clearly innervated by a branch of the peroneal nerve.", "PMID": 537102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7149", "title": "Cyanamide mediated synthesis under plausible primitive earth conditions. VI. The synthesis of glycerol and glycerophosphates.", "content": "The formation of glycerol occurs when a solution of DL-glyceraldehyde is heated in the presence of hydrogen sulfide at room temperature. DL-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone treated with hydrazine, as well as DL-glyceraldehyde incubated with formaldehyde are also partially converted to glycerol. The yields of the above reactions are from approximately 1% to about 3%. The formation of glycerophosphates occurs when glycerol is heated with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and either urea or cyanamide. The yield of glycerophosphates is about 30%, most of which is sn-glycero-1 (3)-phosphate. These findings indicate that glycerol and sn-glycero-3-phosphate, which are moieties of glycerolipids, could have been formed under conditions which may have prevailed on the primitive Earth.", "contents": "Cyanamide mediated synthesis under plausible primitive earth conditions. VI. The synthesis of glycerol and glycerophosphates. The formation of glycerol occurs when a solution of DL-glyceraldehyde is heated in the presence of hydrogen sulfide at room temperature. DL-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone treated with hydrazine, as well as DL-glyceraldehyde incubated with formaldehyde are also partially converted to glycerol. The yields of the above reactions are from approximately 1% to about 3%. The formation of glycerophosphates occurs when glycerol is heated with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and either urea or cyanamide. The yield of glycerophosphates is about 30%, most of which is sn-glycero-1 (3)-phosphate. These findings indicate that glycerol and sn-glycero-3-phosphate, which are moieties of glycerolipids, could have been formed under conditions which may have prevailed on the primitive Earth.", "PMID": 537103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7150", "title": "Self-condensation of activated dinucleotides on polynucleotide templates with alternating sequences.", "content": "We have prepared substantial quantities of the alternating polymers poly(U-G) and poly(C-A) and have used them as templates for the self-condensation of ImpApC, ImpCpA, ImpGpU and ImpG. We find that the condensation of ImpGpU and ImpUpG on poly(C-A) is efficient, the condensation of ImpCpA on poly(U-G) is moderately efficient, while the condensation of ImpApC on poly(U-C) proceeds poorly. In many cases, the product is predominantly 3'-5'-linked. These reactions demonstrate unequivocally, for the first time, that template-directed reactions occur in double-helical structures. Furthermore, they describe for the first time a pair of reactions in which each of two complementary polymers facilitates the synthesis of the other. The prebiotic significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Self-condensation of activated dinucleotides on polynucleotide templates with alternating sequences. We have prepared substantial quantities of the alternating polymers poly(U-G) and poly(C-A) and have used them as templates for the self-condensation of ImpApC, ImpCpA, ImpGpU and ImpG. We find that the condensation of ImpGpU and ImpUpG on poly(C-A) is efficient, the condensation of ImpCpA on poly(U-G) is moderately efficient, while the condensation of ImpApC on poly(U-C) proceeds poorly. In many cases, the product is predominantly 3'-5'-linked. These reactions demonstrate unequivocally, for the first time, that template-directed reactions occur in double-helical structures. Furthermore, they describe for the first time a pair of reactions in which each of two complementary polymers facilitates the synthesis of the other. The prebiotic significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 537104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7151", "title": "Characterization of the myoglobin of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus.", "content": "Myoglobin has been identified in the myocardium of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus, one of the most primitive of all vertebrates. This protein was isolated by ammonium sulphate fractionation and purified by successive chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 54, DEAE-Sephadex and CM-23 cellulose. The molecule differs substantially from the monomeric hemoglobins found in the lamprey as evidenced by its elution profile on DEAE-Sephadex and the fingerprint pattern of its enzymically-produced peptides. The functional significance of this protein in Agnatha is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the myoglobin of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Myoglobin has been identified in the myocardium of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus, one of the most primitive of all vertebrates. This protein was isolated by ammonium sulphate fractionation and purified by successive chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 54, DEAE-Sephadex and CM-23 cellulose. The molecule differs substantially from the monomeric hemoglobins found in the lamprey as evidenced by its elution profile on DEAE-Sephadex and the fingerprint pattern of its enzymically-produced peptides. The functional significance of this protein in Agnatha is discussed.", "PMID": 537105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7152", "title": "Insect lysozymes from three species of Lepidoptera: their structural relatedness to the C (chicken) type lysozyme.", "content": "Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated from Bombyx mori, Gallera mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.", "contents": "Insect lysozymes from three species of Lepidoptera: their structural relatedness to the C (chicken) type lysozyme. Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated from Bombyx mori, Gallera mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.", "PMID": 537106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7153", "title": "Selection and recombination in populations containing tandem multiplet genes.", "content": "Computer simulation for selective conditions that may apply in nature yielded three generalizations for prokaryotic organisms with recombinant mechanisms. (1) Selective forces can suffice to maintain a tandem gene family with the nearly optimum number of genes with little variance within the population. (2) Tandem genes will occur within the population unless the population is frequently cloned or unless the function due to a single copy is capable of over-providing the needs of the organism. (3) Even when there is no selective advantage or disadvantage due to extra gene copies, the population distribution becomes more skewed with time; and organisms with only single copies of the gene comprise a progressively larger fraction of the total. This may be the case with genes that function under strong cellular regulation. Evolutionary implications of these calculations are that the occurrence of unequal recombination of tandem genes would greatly slow evolution via duplication of genetic material. This difficulty and its possible resolutions are discussed.", "contents": "Selection and recombination in populations containing tandem multiplet genes. Computer simulation for selective conditions that may apply in nature yielded three generalizations for prokaryotic organisms with recombinant mechanisms. (1) Selective forces can suffice to maintain a tandem gene family with the nearly optimum number of genes with little variance within the population. (2) Tandem genes will occur within the population unless the population is frequently cloned or unless the function due to a single copy is capable of over-providing the needs of the organism. (3) Even when there is no selective advantage or disadvantage due to extra gene copies, the population distribution becomes more skewed with time; and organisms with only single copies of the gene comprise a progressively larger fraction of the total. This may be the case with genes that function under strong cellular regulation. Evolutionary implications of these calculations are that the occurrence of unequal recombination of tandem genes would greatly slow evolution via duplication of genetic material. This difficulty and its possible resolutions are discussed.", "PMID": 537107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7154", "title": "Evolution of methionine initiator and phenylalanine transfer RNAs.", "content": "Sequence data from methionine initiator and phenylalanine transfer RNAs were used to construct phylogenetic trees by the maximum parsimony method. Although eukaryotes, prokaryotes and chloroplasts appear related to a common ancestor, no firm conclusion can be drawn at this time about mitochondrial-coded transfer RNAs. tRNA evolution is not appropriately described by random hit models, since the various regions of the molecule differ sharply in their mutational fixation rates. \"Hot\" mutational spots are identified in the Tpsic, the amino acceptor and the upper anticodon stems; the D arm and the loop areas on the other hand are highly conserved. Crucial tertiary interactions are thus essentially preserved while most of the double helical domain undergoes base pair interchange. Transitions are about half as costly as transversions, suggesting that base pair interchanges proceed mostly through G-U and A-C intermediates. There is a preponderance of replacements starting from G and C but this bias appears to follow the high G + C content of the easily mutated base paired regions.", "contents": "Evolution of methionine initiator and phenylalanine transfer RNAs. Sequence data from methionine initiator and phenylalanine transfer RNAs were used to construct phylogenetic trees by the maximum parsimony method. Although eukaryotes, prokaryotes and chloroplasts appear related to a common ancestor, no firm conclusion can be drawn at this time about mitochondrial-coded transfer RNAs. tRNA evolution is not appropriately described by random hit models, since the various regions of the molecule differ sharply in their mutational fixation rates. \"Hot\" mutational spots are identified in the Tpsic, the amino acceptor and the upper anticodon stems; the D arm and the loop areas on the other hand are highly conserved. Crucial tertiary interactions are thus essentially preserved while most of the double helical domain undergoes base pair interchange. Transitions are about half as costly as transversions, suggesting that base pair interchanges proceed mostly through G-U and A-C intermediates. There is a preponderance of replacements starting from G and C but this bias appears to follow the high G + C content of the easily mutated base paired regions.", "PMID": 537108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7155", "title": "Frequent mistakes made with black patients in psychotherapy.", "content": "This report reflects some insights derived from a decade of supervising psychiatric residents who engaged in dynamic psychotherapy with black patients. Of major interest was giving particular attention to what was said by black patients while remaining alert to the responses given by the therapist. From these observations some common mistakes have been identified and the conclusion is that rapport between patient and therapist was dependent upon a genuine regard for the patient's race, culture, and life-style.", "contents": "Frequent mistakes made with black patients in psychotherapy. This report reflects some insights derived from a decade of supervising psychiatric residents who engaged in dynamic psychotherapy with black patients. Of major interest was giving particular attention to what was said by black patients while remaining alert to the responses given by the therapist. From these observations some common mistakes have been identified and the conclusion is that rapport between patient and therapist was dependent upon a genuine regard for the patient's race, culture, and life-style.", "PMID": 537109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7156", "title": "Is there a doctor in the house?", "content": "When it is realized that American universities award nearly 50,000 different kinds of doctorates annually, it is little wonder that some should ask, \"What is a real doctor?\" This paper explores briefly the view which holds that the term \"doctor\" should be reserved for those whose long years of intensive study and practice in the field of medicine entitles them to this special designation. Attention is also given to the opposing view which argues that the phenomenon of doctoring, in the broad and generic sense, properly encompasses, not alone the field of medicine, but a number of disciplines that seek \"to restore to good condition.\"", "contents": "Is there a doctor in the house? When it is realized that American universities award nearly 50,000 different kinds of doctorates annually, it is little wonder that some should ask, \"What is a real doctor?\" This paper explores briefly the view which holds that the term \"doctor\" should be reserved for those whose long years of intensive study and practice in the field of medicine entitles them to this special designation. Attention is also given to the opposing view which argues that the phenomenon of doctoring, in the broad and generic sense, properly encompasses, not alone the field of medicine, but a number of disciplines that seek \"to restore to good condition.\"", "PMID": 537111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7157", "title": "The ghetto emergency room.", "content": "A study of Emergency Room use by members of the Southside Community Health Plan was conducted to assess patterns and economies affected in health care delivery to the population. An analysis of the 141 patient visits is presented.", "contents": "The ghetto emergency room. A study of Emergency Room use by members of the Southside Community Health Plan was conducted to assess patterns and economies affected in health care delivery to the population. An analysis of the 141 patient visits is presented.", "PMID": 537112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7158", "title": "Mental illness in blacks: an overview, and treatment approaches.", "content": "Provisions for inner city mental health services must recognize the association between poverty, discrimination, and related social and physical conditions and disproportionately high rates of severe mental disorder-a transcultural phenomenon.Program emphasis should therefore be on the prevention, early recognition, prompt and effective treatment and rehabilitative care of psychosis. The total spectrum of psychiatric services is required for this, and thus an opportunity is afforded for necessary training and research.Poverty has negative impact on general health and cognitive development as well as on self-esteem, self-care, and the ability to utilize medical and health services. This contributes to a vicious, intergenerational poverty cycle.Primary prevention of mental illness, where possible, depends at present on socioeconomic change. Secondary prevention, ie, timely, appropriate treatment, is effective, but requires patient access to and acceptance of all indicated modalities of care.", "contents": "Mental illness in blacks: an overview, and treatment approaches. Provisions for inner city mental health services must recognize the association between poverty, discrimination, and related social and physical conditions and disproportionately high rates of severe mental disorder-a transcultural phenomenon.Program emphasis should therefore be on the prevention, early recognition, prompt and effective treatment and rehabilitative care of psychosis. The total spectrum of psychiatric services is required for this, and thus an opportunity is afforded for necessary training and research.Poverty has negative impact on general health and cognitive development as well as on self-esteem, self-care, and the ability to utilize medical and health services. This contributes to a vicious, intergenerational poverty cycle.Primary prevention of mental illness, where possible, depends at present on socioeconomic change. Secondary prevention, ie, timely, appropriate treatment, is effective, but requires patient access to and acceptance of all indicated modalities of care.", "PMID": 537113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7159", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the gallbladder in sickle cell disease.", "content": "The gallbladder is frequently diseased in sickle cell anemia. The distinction between cholecystitis and the abdominal crisis of sickle cell disease is difficult to make. Ultrasonography permits a rapid evaluation of the gallbladder in sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the gallbladder in sickle cell disease. The gallbladder is frequently diseased in sickle cell anemia. The distinction between cholecystitis and the abdominal crisis of sickle cell disease is difficult to make. Ultrasonography permits a rapid evaluation of the gallbladder in sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 537114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7160", "title": "Perinatal asphyxia I: Pathogenesis of multisystemic sequelae.", "content": "This paper describes the clinical and pathologic sequelae of perinatal asphyxia manifested by 17 neonates treated at Howard University Hospital over an 18-month period. Multiple systemic complications, occurring in 76.5 percent of the patients, were the rule rather than the exception. All vital organs were involved, singly or in combination. Understanding the pathogenesis and extent of these complications is of utmost importance not only to those rendering health care to acutely ill newborns, but also to those responsible for prenatal and maternal intrapartum care.", "contents": "Perinatal asphyxia I: Pathogenesis of multisystemic sequelae. This paper describes the clinical and pathologic sequelae of perinatal asphyxia manifested by 17 neonates treated at Howard University Hospital over an 18-month period. Multiple systemic complications, occurring in 76.5 percent of the patients, were the rule rather than the exception. All vital organs were involved, singly or in combination. Understanding the pathogenesis and extent of these complications is of utmost importance not only to those rendering health care to acutely ill newborns, but also to those responsible for prenatal and maternal intrapartum care.", "PMID": 537116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7161", "title": "Hematocrit levels and race: an argument against the adoption of separate standards in screening for anemia.", "content": "The average hematocrit levels of black children have been widely reported to be about two to three percent lower than those of white children. Until recently, the relative contributions of economic, nutritional, and genetic factors to these differences have been unspecified. Based on new evidence and reanalysis of past data, however, some investigators now argue that genetic differences exist which transcend economic status. Separate screening standards are thus recommended for black children-standards which would define fewer as anemic. The present paper discusses methodological inadequacies in the evidence supporting the separate standards argument, focusing on the skewed economic distributions by race which suggest economic disparities within the racial subgroups compared. Findings are presented from a study of children in Washington, DC, to illustrate the role of particular risk factors known to be differentially distributed by income (eg, multiparity, birthweight, source of medical care). These factors are associated with varying hematocrit levels, even among blacks, and they also appear to account for a large part of the black-white hematocrit differentials. Study findings cast doubt on conclusions about the genetic basis of hematocrit differences and suggest that, without better evidence, it would be inappropriate to adopt lower standards for blacks in screening for anemia.", "contents": "Hematocrit levels and race: an argument against the adoption of separate standards in screening for anemia. The average hematocrit levels of black children have been widely reported to be about two to three percent lower than those of white children. Until recently, the relative contributions of economic, nutritional, and genetic factors to these differences have been unspecified. Based on new evidence and reanalysis of past data, however, some investigators now argue that genetic differences exist which transcend economic status. Separate screening standards are thus recommended for black children-standards which would define fewer as anemic. The present paper discusses methodological inadequacies in the evidence supporting the separate standards argument, focusing on the skewed economic distributions by race which suggest economic disparities within the racial subgroups compared. Findings are presented from a study of children in Washington, DC, to illustrate the role of particular risk factors known to be differentially distributed by income (eg, multiparity, birthweight, source of medical care). These factors are associated with varying hematocrit levels, even among blacks, and they also appear to account for a large part of the black-white hematocrit differentials. Study findings cast doubt on conclusions about the genetic basis of hematocrit differences and suggest that, without better evidence, it would be inappropriate to adopt lower standards for blacks in screening for anemia.", "PMID": 537117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7162", "title": "Malignant salivary gland tumors: role of radiation therapy.", "content": "Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare. They represent less than one percent of all head and neck tumors. Approximately three fourths of all salivary gland tumors occur in the major salivary glands.Traditionally, the treatment of choice for these tumors is surgery. The majority of these tumors reoccur after curative surgical procedures. Local recurrence rate following surgery varies with the histology, grade, and extent of the disease.In spite of high local recurrence rate following curative surgical treatment of these tumors, radiotherapy has seldom been used as an adjuvant to surgery. The value of elective postoperative radiation therapy for subclinical microscopic disease was not recognized. Review of the literature supports the improved local control rate with the use of immediate postoperative radiotherapy. Radiation therapy proved to be effective as an adjuvant to surgery. A local control rate of better than 40 percent can be achieved by radiation therapy as a sole modality in inoperable and locally advanced cases. Radiation therapy provides an excellent palliation for locally advanced tumors or symptomatic metastases.", "contents": "Malignant salivary gland tumors: role of radiation therapy. Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare. They represent less than one percent of all head and neck tumors. Approximately three fourths of all salivary gland tumors occur in the major salivary glands.Traditionally, the treatment of choice for these tumors is surgery. The majority of these tumors reoccur after curative surgical procedures. Local recurrence rate following surgery varies with the histology, grade, and extent of the disease.In spite of high local recurrence rate following curative surgical treatment of these tumors, radiotherapy has seldom been used as an adjuvant to surgery. The value of elective postoperative radiation therapy for subclinical microscopic disease was not recognized. Review of the literature supports the improved local control rate with the use of immediate postoperative radiotherapy. Radiation therapy proved to be effective as an adjuvant to surgery. A local control rate of better than 40 percent can be achieved by radiation therapy as a sole modality in inoperable and locally advanced cases. Radiation therapy provides an excellent palliation for locally advanced tumors or symptomatic metastases.", "PMID": 537118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7163", "title": "Scimitar syndrome with associated Morgagni hernia in a Nigerian infant.", "content": "A Nigerian infant with symptoms of moderate respiratory dysfunction since birth is described. The diagnosis of the scimitar syndrome was made intraoperatively. The clinical and roentgenographic features with which the patient presented are outlined together with anatomical observations. The presence of an associated foramen of Morgagni hernia has not been reported previously.The relevant literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the preoperative diagnostic investigations essential in planning and executing appropriate surgical therapy.", "contents": "Scimitar syndrome with associated Morgagni hernia in a Nigerian infant. A Nigerian infant with symptoms of moderate respiratory dysfunction since birth is described. The diagnosis of the scimitar syndrome was made intraoperatively. The clinical and roentgenographic features with which the patient presented are outlined together with anatomical observations. The presence of an associated foramen of Morgagni hernia has not been reported previously.The relevant literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the preoperative diagnostic investigations essential in planning and executing appropriate surgical therapy.", "PMID": 537119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7164", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in a black hospital population.", "content": "Sixteen normal individuals and 100 hospital patients, all black, were tested for abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Male and female subjects (smokers and non-smokers) were tested. The results of the tests are discussed. For normal subjects, the CEA values ranged from 0.0 ng/ml to 2.6 ng/ml. Among hospital patients with neoplastic disease, male patients with lung disease showed elevated CEA titers but their female counterparts did not. On the other hand, female patients with breast cancer, in contrast to their male counterparts, had raised values of CEA. The clinical indices for laboratory tests of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were calculated and determined to be 71.5, 56, and 47.5 percent, respectively.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in a black hospital population. Sixteen normal individuals and 100 hospital patients, all black, were tested for abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Male and female subjects (smokers and non-smokers) were tested. The results of the tests are discussed. For normal subjects, the CEA values ranged from 0.0 ng/ml to 2.6 ng/ml. Among hospital patients with neoplastic disease, male patients with lung disease showed elevated CEA titers but their female counterparts did not. On the other hand, female patients with breast cancer, in contrast to their male counterparts, had raised values of CEA. The clinical indices for laboratory tests of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were calculated and determined to be 71.5, 56, and 47.5 percent, respectively.", "PMID": 537120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7165", "title": "Testicular torsion and epididymitis demonstrated by radionuclide angiograms and static imaging.", "content": "Radionuclide testicular angiography and static images were performed using technetium 99m sodium pertechnetate in an effort to differentiate between testicular torsion and acute epididymitis in 12 patients. The diagnosis of testicular torsion was made in four cases that were confirmed at surgery. Acute epididymitis or acute epididymo-orchitis was diagnosed six times. These patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics leading to a subsidence of their clinical symptomatology during therapy with no sequelae. The radionuclide angiogram and static image changes of chronic epididymitis are also discussed.Radionuclide testicular angiograms and static images can be significant benefits in addition to the clinical and physical findings to distinguish between testicular torsion and acute and chronic epididymitis.", "contents": "Testicular torsion and epididymitis demonstrated by radionuclide angiograms and static imaging. Radionuclide testicular angiography and static images were performed using technetium 99m sodium pertechnetate in an effort to differentiate between testicular torsion and acute epididymitis in 12 patients. The diagnosis of testicular torsion was made in four cases that were confirmed at surgery. Acute epididymitis or acute epididymo-orchitis was diagnosed six times. These patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics leading to a subsidence of their clinical symptomatology during therapy with no sequelae. The radionuclide angiogram and static image changes of chronic epididymitis are also discussed.Radionuclide testicular angiograms and static images can be significant benefits in addition to the clinical and physical findings to distinguish between testicular torsion and acute and chronic epididymitis.", "PMID": 537121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7166", "title": "The fortune of a capacious spinal canal.", "content": "Injury to the spine may be either osseous, neural, or both. The neurological deficit may or may not be a reflection of the severity of the osseous injury. Patients having wide canals are more likely to have less neurological dysfunction than those having narrow canals.", "contents": "The fortune of a capacious spinal canal. Injury to the spine may be either osseous, neural, or both. The neurological deficit may or may not be a reflection of the severity of the osseous injury. Patients having wide canals are more likely to have less neurological dysfunction than those having narrow canals.", "PMID": 537122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7167", "title": "Viruses and human cancer.", "content": "The etiologic role of viruses in a great variety of animal tumors has been demonstrated beyond doubt. There is, however, no firm evidence that any malignant disease of man is caused by viruses. Data accumulated on the association of viruses with human cancer are reviewed.", "contents": "Viruses and human cancer. The etiologic role of viruses in a great variety of animal tumors has been demonstrated beyond doubt. There is, however, no firm evidence that any malignant disease of man is caused by viruses. Data accumulated on the association of viruses with human cancer are reviewed.", "PMID": 537123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7168", "title": "Appendicitis in a tropical African population.", "content": "Acute appendicitis was once thought to be rare among rural blacks. It is now known that appendicitis is relatively common among Africans and in Africa. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen on the surgical service.One hundred and eighty-one cases of appendicitis were operated on in a two-year period from June 1975 to June 1977. A retrospective analysis of 47 fully documented cases showed that wrong diagnosis occurred more often in females than in males. There was a high incidence of perforation (31.9 percent) in this series. Deaths occurred in perforated cases and cases complicated by typhoid perforation of the terminal ileum. Parasites and their ova were often present in the lumen of some appendices.The age group most affected was 16 to 20 years. This disease affected low, middle and upper income groups in our society. Chronic, recurrent appendicitis was frequently diagnosed (31.9 percent) and history of recurrent right lower quadrant pain as far back as three months was often elicited from these patients.", "contents": "Appendicitis in a tropical African population. Acute appendicitis was once thought to be rare among rural blacks. It is now known that appendicitis is relatively common among Africans and in Africa. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen on the surgical service.One hundred and eighty-one cases of appendicitis were operated on in a two-year period from June 1975 to June 1977. A retrospective analysis of 47 fully documented cases showed that wrong diagnosis occurred more often in females than in males. There was a high incidence of perforation (31.9 percent) in this series. Deaths occurred in perforated cases and cases complicated by typhoid perforation of the terminal ileum. Parasites and their ova were often present in the lumen of some appendices.The age group most affected was 16 to 20 years. This disease affected low, middle and upper income groups in our society. Chronic, recurrent appendicitis was frequently diagnosed (31.9 percent) and history of recurrent right lower quadrant pain as far back as three months was often elicited from these patients.", "PMID": 537124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7169", "title": "Effects of methylmercuric chloride intoxication on the intracellular activity of lysosomal enzymes in rat liver and brain.", "content": "The activity of the lysosomal enzymes of rat liver after a single intraperitoneal injection of methylmercuric chloride (5.0 mg/kg) was enhanced in the nuclear fraction during early post-injection (2 hr to 7 days), while it decreased in the mitochondrial fraction and increased in the lysosomal fraction during late post-injection (14 days). Rat brain activity, however, was reduced in the nuclear, mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions during late post-injection (14 days). A high accumulation of total mercury was observed in the liver during early post-injection (36 hr and 7 days) while similar accumulation in the brain occured during late post-injection (7 days and 14 days). Both the mercury burdens and the enzyme activities of the rat liver and brain returned to normal levels within 30 days.", "contents": "Effects of methylmercuric chloride intoxication on the intracellular activity of lysosomal enzymes in rat liver and brain. The activity of the lysosomal enzymes of rat liver after a single intraperitoneal injection of methylmercuric chloride (5.0 mg/kg) was enhanced in the nuclear fraction during early post-injection (2 hr to 7 days), while it decreased in the mitochondrial fraction and increased in the lysosomal fraction during late post-injection (14 days). Rat brain activity, however, was reduced in the nuclear, mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions during late post-injection (14 days). A high accumulation of total mercury was observed in the liver during early post-injection (36 hr and 7 days) while similar accumulation in the brain occured during late post-injection (7 days and 14 days). Both the mercury burdens and the enzyme activities of the rat liver and brain returned to normal levels within 30 days.", "PMID": 537125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7170", "title": "Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes II. Examination of the biological reaction of coal-tar dyes to vital body.", "content": "The toxicity of xanthene dyes were studied by various interaction between the dyes and the components in vital body. (1) An increase in the amount of Rose Bengale adsorbed on the gill of fish was followed by the increase in red corpuscle number, and it was assumed that the death of fish in xanthene dye solution was due to anoxemia. (2) Binding capacity of xanthene dyes with bovine serum albumin decreased in the following; Rose Bengale, Phloxine, Erythrosine, Eosine and Uranine. This order was quite coincident with the toxicity compared by TLm values. (3) From the results of rec-assay test by use of Bacillus subtilis, it was confirmed that Phloxine and Rose Bengale had DNA-damaging capacity related to the mutagenecity.", "contents": "Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes II. Examination of the biological reaction of coal-tar dyes to vital body. The toxicity of xanthene dyes were studied by various interaction between the dyes and the components in vital body. (1) An increase in the amount of Rose Bengale adsorbed on the gill of fish was followed by the increase in red corpuscle number, and it was assumed that the death of fish in xanthene dye solution was due to anoxemia. (2) Binding capacity of xanthene dyes with bovine serum albumin decreased in the following; Rose Bengale, Phloxine, Erythrosine, Eosine and Uranine. This order was quite coincident with the toxicity compared by TLm values. (3) From the results of rec-assay test by use of Bacillus subtilis, it was confirmed that Phloxine and Rose Bengale had DNA-damaging capacity related to the mutagenecity.", "PMID": 537126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7171", "title": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes. Toxicological study of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) in rats in long term feeding.", "content": "2, 4-Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) was incorporated at the level of 0.5% in a standard commercial diet and fed ad lib. to male rate for 6 months. Significant changes were noted in the body weight, organ weight, behavior, mortality, and biochemical analysis of blood and serum of rats ingesting 2, 4-DNT. Furthermore, it was found that the ingestion of 2, 4-DNT affected on the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes. Toxicological study of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) in rats in long term feeding. 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) was incorporated at the level of 0.5% in a standard commercial diet and fed ad lib. to male rate for 6 months. Significant changes were noted in the body weight, organ weight, behavior, mortality, and biochemical analysis of blood and serum of rats ingesting 2, 4-DNT. Furthermore, it was found that the ingestion of 2, 4-DNT affected on the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes.", "PMID": 537127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7172", "title": "Seasonal dimensions to rural porverty: analysis and practical implications.", "content": "This paper reports on a conference on seasonal dimensions to rural poverty. Presentations included specialised papers on climate, energy balance, vital events, individual tropical diseases, nutrition, rural economy, and women, and also multi-disciplinary case studies of tropical rural areas from the Gambia, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, Tanzania, India and Bangladesh. While care is needed in generalising, the evidence suggested that for agriculturalists in the tropics, the worst times of year are the wet seasons, typically marked by a concurrence of food shortages, high demands for agricultural work, high exposure to infection especially diarrhoeas, malaria, and skin diseases, loss of body weight, low birth weights, high neonatal mortality, poor child care, malnutrition, sickness and indebtedness. In this season, poor and weak people, especially women, are vulnerable to deprivation and to becoming poorer and weaker. Seasonal analysis is easily left out in rural planning. When applied, it suggests priorities in research, and indicates practical policy measures for health, for the family, for agriculture, and for government planning and administration.", "contents": "Seasonal dimensions to rural porverty: analysis and practical implications. This paper reports on a conference on seasonal dimensions to rural poverty. Presentations included specialised papers on climate, energy balance, vital events, individual tropical diseases, nutrition, rural economy, and women, and also multi-disciplinary case studies of tropical rural areas from the Gambia, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, Tanzania, India and Bangladesh. While care is needed in generalising, the evidence suggested that for agriculturalists in the tropics, the worst times of year are the wet seasons, typically marked by a concurrence of food shortages, high demands for agricultural work, high exposure to infection especially diarrhoeas, malaria, and skin diseases, loss of body weight, low birth weights, high neonatal mortality, poor child care, malnutrition, sickness and indebtedness. In this season, poor and weak people, especially women, are vulnerable to deprivation and to becoming poorer and weaker. Seasonal analysis is easily left out in rural planning. When applied, it suggests priorities in research, and indicates practical policy measures for health, for the family, for agriculture, and for government planning and administration.", "PMID": 537128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7173", "title": "A case of paracoccidioidal granuloma in norther Nigeria.", "content": "A case of Paracoccidioidal granuloma in Northern Nigeria is presented. The fungus could be cultured and identified as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Histology revealed a fungal lesion due to a yeast like organism. The patient responded to long acting Sulphormethoxine (Fanasil). A variation from the classic histopathological description and association of pustular psoriasiform lesions on the soles with a possibility of 'Id' reaction to the fungus are discussed.", "contents": "A case of paracoccidioidal granuloma in norther Nigeria. A case of Paracoccidioidal granuloma in Northern Nigeria is presented. The fungus could be cultured and identified as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Histology revealed a fungal lesion due to a yeast like organism. The patient responded to long acting Sulphormethoxine (Fanasil). A variation from the classic histopathological description and association of pustular psoriasiform lesions on the soles with a possibility of 'Id' reaction to the fungus are discussed.", "PMID": 537129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7174", "title": "[Reconsideration of transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy: Y-shaped cutaneous ureterostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "After reviewing the history and technique used for transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy, the authors describe 5 cases treated by this method during the 3-year period, 1975--1977. This prodecure has many advantages when compared to the transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomy as described by Bricker, uteterosigmoidoscopy, and \"double-barreleed\" cutaneous ureterostomy. The authors conclude that transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy should be performed in cases of ureteropyelocalicial distention with renal failure from operable or inoperable bladder cancer, in women with inoperable or recurrent tumors of the genital organs and vesicovaginal, vesicourethrovaginal or vesicorectovaginal fistulae, and in patients with a neurological bladder. They propose that this surgical technique be known as \"Y-shaped cutaneous ureterostomy\" instead of transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy because of its similarity to the method of Roux for Y-shaped digestive tract anastomoses, and because this new terminology is simpler and describes the operative procedure in a clearer manner.", "contents": "[Reconsideration of transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy: Y-shaped cutaneous ureterostomy (author's transl)]. After reviewing the history and technique used for transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy, the authors describe 5 cases treated by this method during the 3-year period, 1975--1977. This prodecure has many advantages when compared to the transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomy as described by Bricker, uteterosigmoidoscopy, and \"double-barreleed\" cutaneous ureterostomy. The authors conclude that transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy should be performed in cases of ureteropyelocalicial distention with renal failure from operable or inoperable bladder cancer, in women with inoperable or recurrent tumors of the genital organs and vesicovaginal, vesicourethrovaginal or vesicorectovaginal fistulae, and in patients with a neurological bladder. They propose that this surgical technique be known as \"Y-shaped cutaneous ureterostomy\" instead of transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy because of its similarity to the method of Roux for Y-shaped digestive tract anastomoses, and because this new terminology is simpler and describes the operative procedure in a clearer manner.", "PMID": 537132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7175", "title": "[The value of posterior iliac osteotomy in the treatment of ectopia vesicae. Two-cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors emphasise the value of bilateral posterior iliac oestotomy in facilitating aponeurotic and cutaneous closure of ectopia vesicae. The osteotomy cuts the wing of the iliac bone above the greater sciatic notch 2 cms lateral to the sacroiliac joint. The new point made by the author is the use of an external fixation device the pins of which are implanted only in the iliac crest in the still young child, whilst in the adolescent a more solid method of fixation involves in insertion of additional pins in the pubis (taking care to avoid the femoral vessels). The recommended operative schedule is as follows: 1) Simple posterior iliac osteotomy. 2) Bed rest for 8 to 15 days until cutaneous healing of the iliac incisions. 3) Urological phase (which for the author consists of excision of the plaque with ureterocolic implantation) with aponeurotic closure (using eliptical strips fashioned from the rectus sheath) and simple cutaneous closure without any traction because of the osteotomies. 4) Insertion of external fixation device at the end of the urological phase. This is supported by 2 cases reports with and uncomplicated postoperative course from both a urological and orthopaedic standpoint.", "contents": "[The value of posterior iliac osteotomy in the treatment of ectopia vesicae. Two-cases (author's transl)]. The authors emphasise the value of bilateral posterior iliac oestotomy in facilitating aponeurotic and cutaneous closure of ectopia vesicae. The osteotomy cuts the wing of the iliac bone above the greater sciatic notch 2 cms lateral to the sacroiliac joint. The new point made by the author is the use of an external fixation device the pins of which are implanted only in the iliac crest in the still young child, whilst in the adolescent a more solid method of fixation involves in insertion of additional pins in the pubis (taking care to avoid the femoral vessels). The recommended operative schedule is as follows: 1) Simple posterior iliac osteotomy. 2) Bed rest for 8 to 15 days until cutaneous healing of the iliac incisions. 3) Urological phase (which for the author consists of excision of the plaque with ureterocolic implantation) with aponeurotic closure (using eliptical strips fashioned from the rectus sheath) and simple cutaneous closure without any traction because of the osteotomies. 4) Insertion of external fixation device at the end of the urological phase. This is supported by 2 cases reports with and uncomplicated postoperative course from both a urological and orthopaedic standpoint.", "PMID": 537133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7176", "title": "[The technique of ureteric advancement in vesico-ureteric reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, anxious about the crossed position of the ureteric meatuses after transverse submucosal advancement of the ureters, prefer descending submucosal advancement. They emphasise the widely open nature of the hiatus of penetration of the ureter into the bladder. Tightening of this orifice, distal to the orifice left free for the penetration of the ureter, participates in elongation backwards of the muscular layer upon which the submucosal advancement will take place. If necessary, if the trigone is too short, the vesical muscularis layer is slit in a proximal direction, uretero-vesical penetration withdrawn by an equal amount and suture of the muscular breach behand the ureter elongates a submucosal course which, without the use of this technique, would be too short. The authors have collected a series of 63 ureters. No stenosis, 3 residual reflux and at the time of follow up cystoscopy where applicable, the new meatus is easy to locate and to catheterise.", "contents": "[The technique of ureteric advancement in vesico-ureteric reflux (author's transl)]. The authors, anxious about the crossed position of the ureteric meatuses after transverse submucosal advancement of the ureters, prefer descending submucosal advancement. They emphasise the widely open nature of the hiatus of penetration of the ureter into the bladder. Tightening of this orifice, distal to the orifice left free for the penetration of the ureter, participates in elongation backwards of the muscular layer upon which the submucosal advancement will take place. If necessary, if the trigone is too short, the vesical muscularis layer is slit in a proximal direction, uretero-vesical penetration withdrawn by an equal amount and suture of the muscular breach behand the ureter elongates a submucosal course which, without the use of this technique, would be too short. The authors have collected a series of 63 ureters. No stenosis, 3 residual reflux and at the time of follow up cystoscopy where applicable, the new meatus is easy to locate and to catheterise.", "PMID": 537134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7177", "title": "[Fluorine content in the urine and in the serum of hydrofluoric acid workers as an index of health administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The behavior of fluoride ion level in the urine and in the serum was measured as an index for health care of workers exposed to hydrofluoric acid, the effect of fluorine-containing foodstuff intake by the workers being considered at the same time. For this study, 250 hydrofluoric acid workers and as a control group 1,600 non-hydrofluoric-acid workers were examined. All workers, ranging in age from 15 to 59 years old, came from the same electronics factory. Fluorides in the biological fluids were measured by using the fluoride ion-specific electrode method and the electrode potential recording method concurrently. The fluoride ion levels (geometric mean) in the urine and in the serum of the non-hydrofluoric-acid workers were determined to be 0.59 ppm and 12 ppb, respectively. Among the influences of fluorine-containing foodstuff on fluoride content in the biological fluids, the effect of black tea and/or green tea intake was particularly remarkable. In the case of the non-hydrofluoric-acid workers, the concentration increased to about double of the control value. Similarly in a diet test on volunteers, the concentration increased about six times. As for the response to tea intake with the lapse of time, the concentration in the urine specimen (spot urine, S.G. corrected: 1.024) reached the maximum value three hours after the intake. In the case of the serum specimen, the maximum value was recorded one hour after the intake, and the influence of the intake continued for several hours. These results suggest that, in the medical examination of hydrofluroic acid workers, restriction of intake of tea and in some cases even a fasting program would have to be introduced as necessary pre-conditions. Upon observation of fluorine concentration in the urine with the lapse of time of hydrofluoric acid workers restricting tea intake, it was confirmed that the trend of the day-to-day variation was small. But that of the in-a-day variation, namely, an increase in the concentration toward the end of daily working hours was obvious. By introduction of these well-regulated methods, it has become possible to properly evaluate even the influence of hydrofluoric acid on the workers irregularly exposed to a hydrofluoric acid environment having a lower concentration than that of the threshold limit value (3 ppm). However, in view of ease of collection and measurement of specimens, speed, and degree of response to the exposure, it can be concluded that the measurement of fluorine content in the urine is more advantageous as an index for the health care than that in the serum. For this reason it is desirable that the former method should be given priority from the view point of prevailing industrial hygiene laws and regulations.", "contents": "[Fluorine content in the urine and in the serum of hydrofluoric acid workers as an index of health administration (author's transl)]. The behavior of fluoride ion level in the urine and in the serum was measured as an index for health care of workers exposed to hydrofluoric acid, the effect of fluorine-containing foodstuff intake by the workers being considered at the same time. For this study, 250 hydrofluoric acid workers and as a control group 1,600 non-hydrofluoric-acid workers were examined. All workers, ranging in age from 15 to 59 years old, came from the same electronics factory. Fluorides in the biological fluids were measured by using the fluoride ion-specific electrode method and the electrode potential recording method concurrently. The fluoride ion levels (geometric mean) in the urine and in the serum of the non-hydrofluoric-acid workers were determined to be 0.59 ppm and 12 ppb, respectively. Among the influences of fluorine-containing foodstuff on fluoride content in the biological fluids, the effect of black tea and/or green tea intake was particularly remarkable. In the case of the non-hydrofluoric-acid workers, the concentration increased to about double of the control value. Similarly in a diet test on volunteers, the concentration increased about six times. As for the response to tea intake with the lapse of time, the concentration in the urine specimen (spot urine, S.G. corrected: 1.024) reached the maximum value three hours after the intake. In the case of the serum specimen, the maximum value was recorded one hour after the intake, and the influence of the intake continued for several hours. These results suggest that, in the medical examination of hydrofluroic acid workers, restriction of intake of tea and in some cases even a fasting program would have to be introduced as necessary pre-conditions. Upon observation of fluorine concentration in the urine with the lapse of time of hydrofluoric acid workers restricting tea intake, it was confirmed that the trend of the day-to-day variation was small. But that of the in-a-day variation, namely, an increase in the concentration toward the end of daily working hours was obvious. By introduction of these well-regulated methods, it has become possible to properly evaluate even the influence of hydrofluoric acid on the workers irregularly exposed to a hydrofluoric acid environment having a lower concentration than that of the threshold limit value (3 ppm). However, in view of ease of collection and measurement of specimens, speed, and degree of response to the exposure, it can be concluded that the measurement of fluorine content in the urine is more advantageous as an index for the health care than that in the serum. For this reason it is desirable that the former method should be given priority from the view point of prevailing industrial hygiene laws and regulations.", "PMID": 537219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7178", "title": "[Experimental studies of long-term aerosol inhalation. An inhalation apparatus for long-term exposure with concentration regulation facilities (author's transl)].", "content": "A \"multipurpose\" inhalation system for long-term experiments was developed to study health effects of the exposure to various kinds of aerosols appearing in general working environments as well as in the ambient atmosphere. In order to carry out a continuous inhalation study on animals for their life-span, at least two essential conditions should continuously be fulfilled. (1) Steady maintenance of the appropriate sanitary conditions for the animals placed in the inhalation box. (2) Constant feeding of aerosol at an appropriately regulated concentration level. The developed system described in the present paper has been proved to be satisfactory from the above viewpoints. This inhalation system was applied to an experimental study attempting to simulate the polluted lungs in the urban dwellers. Heavy oil combustion products were chosen as the inhalation material, which were made to be inhaled by the male rats of SD-JCL strain for their life-span. The present report is mainly concerned with the construction of the inhalation system including a newly devised regulation facility of the aerosol concentration. Operating characteristics and actual data obtained are described. Details of the exposure conditions and pathological findings obtained will be described in the succeeding reports.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of long-term aerosol inhalation. An inhalation apparatus for long-term exposure with concentration regulation facilities (author's transl)]. A \"multipurpose\" inhalation system for long-term experiments was developed to study health effects of the exposure to various kinds of aerosols appearing in general working environments as well as in the ambient atmosphere. In order to carry out a continuous inhalation study on animals for their life-span, at least two essential conditions should continuously be fulfilled. (1) Steady maintenance of the appropriate sanitary conditions for the animals placed in the inhalation box. (2) Constant feeding of aerosol at an appropriately regulated concentration level. The developed system described in the present paper has been proved to be satisfactory from the above viewpoints. This inhalation system was applied to an experimental study attempting to simulate the polluted lungs in the urban dwellers. Heavy oil combustion products were chosen as the inhalation material, which were made to be inhaled by the male rats of SD-JCL strain for their life-span. The present report is mainly concerned with the construction of the inhalation system including a newly devised regulation facility of the aerosol concentration. Operating characteristics and actual data obtained are described. Details of the exposure conditions and pathological findings obtained will be described in the succeeding reports.", "PMID": 537220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7179", "title": "[Accumulation kinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites during multiple exposures. A theoretical study (author's transl)].", "content": "In attempting to establish an excretory TLV for trichloroethylene, the rates at which trichloroethylene and its metabolites accumulate in the body with increasing number of exposures and their plateau values attained after repetition of an infinite number of exposures were estimated theoretically with a mathematical model. After a single inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene is over, its concentration in the blood, x, and the amount of its urinary metabolites, [D]to, as a function of time t are expressed as a sum of three exponentials: (formula: see text). where A1-A3 and D1-D3 are constants depending on the inhaled air concentration of trichloroethylene, and alpha 1-alpha 2 and kA-K3 rate constants. When the same degree of exposure is repeated for n consecutive days, the blood concentration, t hours after the nth day's exposure, becomes (formula: see text). From the experimental results of a single human exposure reported previously, the concentration of trichloroethylene in the blood was predicted to change only to a negligible degree after repetition of an infinitive number of exposures, whereas the amount of total urinary metabolites was predicted to increase by twice as much as that excreted after the single exposure.", "contents": "[Accumulation kinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites during multiple exposures. A theoretical study (author's transl)]. In attempting to establish an excretory TLV for trichloroethylene, the rates at which trichloroethylene and its metabolites accumulate in the body with increasing number of exposures and their plateau values attained after repetition of an infinite number of exposures were estimated theoretically with a mathematical model. After a single inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene is over, its concentration in the blood, x, and the amount of its urinary metabolites, [D]to, as a function of time t are expressed as a sum of three exponentials: (formula: see text). where A1-A3 and D1-D3 are constants depending on the inhaled air concentration of trichloroethylene, and alpha 1-alpha 2 and kA-K3 rate constants. When the same degree of exposure is repeated for n consecutive days, the blood concentration, t hours after the nth day's exposure, becomes (formula: see text). From the experimental results of a single human exposure reported previously, the concentration of trichloroethylene in the blood was predicted to change only to a negligible degree after repetition of an infinitive number of exposures, whereas the amount of total urinary metabolites was predicted to increase by twice as much as that excreted after the single exposure.", "PMID": 537221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7180", "title": "[On the leptospirosis occurred in a worker under construction of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Prefecture (author's transl)].", "content": "A male worker, 29 years old, was engaged in construction work of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Perfecture, and was diagnosed as suffering from leptospirosis in September 1973. The leptospirosis was an acute infection caused by Leptospira hebdomadis. The parasite seemed to be transmitted to him by ingestion of food and drink contaminated with the urine and excreta of the reservoir animals in the unsanitary workshop and living environment in Okinawa district. This leptospirosis was determined as an occupational disease.", "contents": "[On the leptospirosis occurred in a worker under construction of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Prefecture (author's transl)]. A male worker, 29 years old, was engaged in construction work of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Perfecture, and was diagnosed as suffering from leptospirosis in September 1973. The leptospirosis was an acute infection caused by Leptospira hebdomadis. The parasite seemed to be transmitted to him by ingestion of food and drink contaminated with the urine and excreta of the reservoir animals in the unsanitary workshop and living environment in Okinawa district. This leptospirosis was determined as an occupational disease.", "PMID": 537222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7181", "title": "Effect of ethacrynic acid on guinea pig ileum.", "content": "The effect of ethacrynic acid on the motor function of guinea pig ileum was studied in vitro. Ethacrynic acid produced dose-related (5-160 microgram/ml) contractions in this tissue. Morphine, tetrodotoxin and sodium-free medium prevented the contractions while hexamethonium, diphenhydramine, methysergide or indomethacin did not. Atropine in a high concentration (0.1 microgram/ml) only inhibited the contractions. Ethacrynic acid inhibited the contraction of ileum induced by electrical stimulation of intramural nerves. This was not prevented by pretreatment with reserpine. Repeated exposure to ethyacrynic acid developed tachyphylaxis in contractile response. Inhibition of electrically elicited contraction of guinea pig ileum also diminished with repeated treatment. Ethacrynic acid (80-160 micrograms/ml) inhibited the peristaltic reflex of the guinea pig ileum. It is concluded that the excitatory effect of ethacrynic acid is most probably mediated by the release of neurotransmitter, however, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Effect of ethacrynic acid on guinea pig ileum. The effect of ethacrynic acid on the motor function of guinea pig ileum was studied in vitro. Ethacrynic acid produced dose-related (5-160 microgram/ml) contractions in this tissue. Morphine, tetrodotoxin and sodium-free medium prevented the contractions while hexamethonium, diphenhydramine, methysergide or indomethacin did not. Atropine in a high concentration (0.1 microgram/ml) only inhibited the contractions. Ethacrynic acid inhibited the contraction of ileum induced by electrical stimulation of intramural nerves. This was not prevented by pretreatment with reserpine. Repeated exposure to ethyacrynic acid developed tachyphylaxis in contractile response. Inhibition of electrically elicited contraction of guinea pig ileum also diminished with repeated treatment. Ethacrynic acid (80-160 micrograms/ml) inhibited the peristaltic reflex of the guinea pig ileum. It is concluded that the excitatory effect of ethacrynic acid is most probably mediated by the release of neurotransmitter, however, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 537243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7182", "title": "Enhancement of dopamine-induced stimulation of pancreatic secretion by 5-dimethyldithiocarbamylpicolinic acid (YP-279), a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Effect of 5-dimethyldithiocarbamylpicolinic acid (YP-279), a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, on the secretion of pancreatic juice induced by dopamine was investigated in preparations of the isolated blood-perfused canine pancreas. Either a single injection (300 micrograms) or an infusion (100 micrograms/min) of YP-279 intra-arterially (i.a.) caused no change in the outflow of the pancreatic juice, but the secretagogue effect of dopamine (1-10 micrograms, i.a.) was enhanced by the infusion of YP-279 (100 micrograms/min, i.a.) for 60 min. The previous conclusion obtained with fusaric acid was confirmed as follows; the dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity controls the dopaminergic mechanism of the pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Enhancement of dopamine-induced stimulation of pancreatic secretion by 5-dimethyldithiocarbamylpicolinic acid (YP-279), a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Effect of 5-dimethyldithiocarbamylpicolinic acid (YP-279), a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, on the secretion of pancreatic juice induced by dopamine was investigated in preparations of the isolated blood-perfused canine pancreas. Either a single injection (300 micrograms) or an infusion (100 micrograms/min) of YP-279 intra-arterially (i.a.) caused no change in the outflow of the pancreatic juice, but the secretagogue effect of dopamine (1-10 micrograms, i.a.) was enhanced by the infusion of YP-279 (100 micrograms/min, i.a.) for 60 min. The previous conclusion obtained with fusaric acid was confirmed as follows; the dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity controls the dopaminergic mechanism of the pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 537244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7183", "title": "Comparative studies with 5-hydroxytryptamine and its derivatives in isolated, blood-perfused small intestine and ileum strip of the rat.", "content": "The mode of actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its derivatives, tryptophan (TP), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) was studied on the isolated, blood-perfused small intestine and isolated ileum strip of rats. In the isolated, blood-perfused intestinal preparations, 5-HT and 5-HTP injected into the superior mesenteric artery caused a monophasic fast contraction, while TP and 5-HIAA had no effects on the intestine. The contractile responses to 5-HT and 5-HTP were abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), hexamethonium (C6) and morphine, but were resistant to blockade of either atropine, methysergide or phentolamine. On the other hand, in the ileum strip preparations, 5-HT contracted the ileum, but its derivatives had no effects on the ileum. TTX, C6, morphine and atropine failed to prevent the contractile response to 5-HT, whereas methysergide effectively antagonized the response. The present results indicate that 5-HT acts by exciting intramural neuronal elements or by directly contracting the smooth muscle of the intestine. 5-HTP seems to act in the same manner as 5-HT.", "contents": "Comparative studies with 5-hydroxytryptamine and its derivatives in isolated, blood-perfused small intestine and ileum strip of the rat. The mode of actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its derivatives, tryptophan (TP), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) was studied on the isolated, blood-perfused small intestine and isolated ileum strip of rats. In the isolated, blood-perfused intestinal preparations, 5-HT and 5-HTP injected into the superior mesenteric artery caused a monophasic fast contraction, while TP and 5-HIAA had no effects on the intestine. The contractile responses to 5-HT and 5-HTP were abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), hexamethonium (C6) and morphine, but were resistant to blockade of either atropine, methysergide or phentolamine. On the other hand, in the ileum strip preparations, 5-HT contracted the ileum, but its derivatives had no effects on the ileum. TTX, C6, morphine and atropine failed to prevent the contractile response to 5-HT, whereas methysergide effectively antagonized the response. The present results indicate that 5-HT acts by exciting intramural neuronal elements or by directly contracting the smooth muscle of the intestine. 5-HTP seems to act in the same manner as 5-HT.", "PMID": 537245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7184", "title": "A possible purinergic mechanism for reactive ischemia in isolated, cross-circulated rat kidney.", "content": "The isolated kidney of the recipient rat was perfused at a fixed flow rate with blood from a donor by a cross-circulation technique. The renal vasculature responded to the release of arterial occlusion with vasoconstriction, the magnitude of which was increased with increase in the duration of occlusion. ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, noradrenaline and 5-HT injected into the renal artery induced a prominent vasoconstriction; IMP and inosine had only a weak vasoconstrictor effect even in large doses. Theophylline reduced the vasoconstriction in response to arterial occlusion and to ATP and adenosine but did not affect that produced by noradrenaline or 5-HT. This suggests that adenine compounds, particularly adenosine, may play a role in the genesis of reactive vasoconstriction after arterial occlusion in the isolated rat kidney.", "contents": "A possible purinergic mechanism for reactive ischemia in isolated, cross-circulated rat kidney. The isolated kidney of the recipient rat was perfused at a fixed flow rate with blood from a donor by a cross-circulation technique. The renal vasculature responded to the release of arterial occlusion with vasoconstriction, the magnitude of which was increased with increase in the duration of occlusion. ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, noradrenaline and 5-HT injected into the renal artery induced a prominent vasoconstriction; IMP and inosine had only a weak vasoconstrictor effect even in large doses. Theophylline reduced the vasoconstriction in response to arterial occlusion and to ATP and adenosine but did not affect that produced by noradrenaline or 5-HT. This suggests that adenine compounds, particularly adenosine, may play a role in the genesis of reactive vasoconstriction after arterial occlusion in the isolated rat kidney.", "PMID": 537246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7185", "title": "Femoral vascular responses to purine and pyrimidine derivatives: release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by purine derivatives in isolated, cross-circulated rat hindlimb.", "content": "The mode of actions of the purines, adenosine, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), guanosine and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP), and the pyrimidines, cytidine, cytidine-5'-triphosphate (CTP), thymidine, thymidine-5'-triphosphate (TTP), uridine and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) was investigated in the isolated hindlimb preparation of the rat. A single injection of adenosine, ATP, GTP or UTP into the femoral artery induced a biphasic response, a prominent vasoconstriction preceded by a transient vasodilatation, whereas guanosine and uridine caused only a vasoconstriction. Cytidine, CTP, thymidine and TTP were almost ineffective on the vascular bed. The vasoconstrictor responses to adenosine, ATP, guanosine and GTP were effectively antagonized by either methysergide or reserpine, whereas those to uridine and UTP were not modified by either methysergide or phentolamine. Adenine, D-(-)-ribose and hypoxanthine had no effect on the vascular bed. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from the hindlimb was fluorometrically determined. The present results provide direct evidence that the vasoconstriction caused by ATP, adenosine, GTP and guanosine is attributed to the release of 5-HT from their stores and that purine nucleotides and nucleosides are capable of releasing 5-HT.", "contents": "Femoral vascular responses to purine and pyrimidine derivatives: release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by purine derivatives in isolated, cross-circulated rat hindlimb. The mode of actions of the purines, adenosine, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), guanosine and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP), and the pyrimidines, cytidine, cytidine-5'-triphosphate (CTP), thymidine, thymidine-5'-triphosphate (TTP), uridine and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) was investigated in the isolated hindlimb preparation of the rat. A single injection of adenosine, ATP, GTP or UTP into the femoral artery induced a biphasic response, a prominent vasoconstriction preceded by a transient vasodilatation, whereas guanosine and uridine caused only a vasoconstriction. Cytidine, CTP, thymidine and TTP were almost ineffective on the vascular bed. The vasoconstrictor responses to adenosine, ATP, guanosine and GTP were effectively antagonized by either methysergide or reserpine, whereas those to uridine and UTP were not modified by either methysergide or phentolamine. Adenine, D-(-)-ribose and hypoxanthine had no effect on the vascular bed. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from the hindlimb was fluorometrically determined. The present results provide direct evidence that the vasoconstriction caused by ATP, adenosine, GTP and guanosine is attributed to the release of 5-HT from their stores and that purine nucleotides and nucleosides are capable of releasing 5-HT.", "PMID": 537247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7186", "title": "Decreasing effects of glycerol-fractions extracted from ox diaphragm muscles on acetylcholine-induced contractions of smooth muscles.", "content": "Extracts of 5% glycerol obtained from ox diaphragm muscles were fractionated into four (A, B, C and D) with (NH4)2SO4. The activity as acetylcholine (ACh) receptor-like substance containing fraction was evidenced as follows; the ACh-induced contraction of tracheal muscles decreased with addition of the fraction, and such could not be attributed to the reaction with ACh receptors of tracheal smooth muscles. Fraction D had the most potent activity in the presence of neostigmine. This reaction induced by fraction D was reversed by addition of d-tubocurarine (d-TC). Fraction D was fractionated into three (I, II and III) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The purified fraction III was identified by electrophoresis, UV and visible absorption spectrum, and ion-exchange chromatography to be myoglobin. Pure myoglobin also proved to have a decreasing effect on ACh-induced contraction.", "contents": "Decreasing effects of glycerol-fractions extracted from ox diaphragm muscles on acetylcholine-induced contractions of smooth muscles. Extracts of 5% glycerol obtained from ox diaphragm muscles were fractionated into four (A, B, C and D) with (NH4)2SO4. The activity as acetylcholine (ACh) receptor-like substance containing fraction was evidenced as follows; the ACh-induced contraction of tracheal muscles decreased with addition of the fraction, and such could not be attributed to the reaction with ACh receptors of tracheal smooth muscles. Fraction D had the most potent activity in the presence of neostigmine. This reaction induced by fraction D was reversed by addition of d-tubocurarine (d-TC). Fraction D was fractionated into three (I, II and III) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The purified fraction III was identified by electrophoresis, UV and visible absorption spectrum, and ion-exchange chromatography to be myoglobin. Pure myoglobin also proved to have a decreasing effect on ACh-induced contraction.", "PMID": 537248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7187", "title": "Fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with lipid-lowering agent (ethyl 2-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyrate).", "content": "Regression mechanism of Ethyl 2-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyrate (CPIB) in the arterial wall was studied for elucidation in terms of fatty acid-compositional change in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The following evidence was obtained: (1) The amount of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in the atheromatous aorta were reduced after CPIB treatment. (2) CPIB resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of linoleate to oleate in both the arterial wall and serum after withdrawal of the cholesterol diet. It is suggested that there is a preferential hydrolysis of linoleate-rich cholesteryl ester in both the arterial wall and the serum.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with lipid-lowering agent (ethyl 2-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyrate). Regression mechanism of Ethyl 2-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyrate (CPIB) in the arterial wall was studied for elucidation in terms of fatty acid-compositional change in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The following evidence was obtained: (1) The amount of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in the atheromatous aorta were reduced after CPIB treatment. (2) CPIB resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of linoleate to oleate in both the arterial wall and serum after withdrawal of the cholesterol diet. It is suggested that there is a preferential hydrolysis of linoleate-rich cholesteryl ester in both the arterial wall and the serum.", "PMID": 537249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7188", "title": "Effects of surugatoxin on adrenergically innervated tissues.", "content": "Effects of surugatoxin (SGTX), a new ganglionic blocking agent on adrenergically innervated tissues: guinea pig isolated atria and vas deferens were investigated. SGTX (1, 10 muM) markedly reduced the cardiostimulatory response of the atria to nicotine and also partially the response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine, without affecting responses to noradrenaline, tyramine and histamine. The contractile response of the vas deferens to nicotine, DMPP and hypogastric nerve stimulation was markedly reduced by SGTX (1, 10 muM), whereas that to noradrenaline, acetylcholine and transmural stimulation was not affected. These results indicate that SGTX has an antagonistic action on nicotinic receptors in these tissues as well as in sympathetic ganglia and in guinea pig ileum.", "contents": "Effects of surugatoxin on adrenergically innervated tissues. Effects of surugatoxin (SGTX), a new ganglionic blocking agent on adrenergically innervated tissues: guinea pig isolated atria and vas deferens were investigated. SGTX (1, 10 muM) markedly reduced the cardiostimulatory response of the atria to nicotine and also partially the response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine, without affecting responses to noradrenaline, tyramine and histamine. The contractile response of the vas deferens to nicotine, DMPP and hypogastric nerve stimulation was markedly reduced by SGTX (1, 10 muM), whereas that to noradrenaline, acetylcholine and transmural stimulation was not affected. These results indicate that SGTX has an antagonistic action on nicotinic receptors in these tissues as well as in sympathetic ganglia and in guinea pig ileum.", "PMID": 537251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7189", "title": "Effects of Panax Ginseng root on acquisition of sound discrimination behaviour in rats.", "content": "Pole-climbing and shuttle-avoidance tests were employed to study the acquisition of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and discrimination behaviour (DB) in male Wistar rats which had been given extracts from Panax Ginseng root intraperitoneally or orally. Neither a lipid soluble fraction (GNo. 5) nor a ginsenoside Rg fraction (GRg) produced significant changes in the acquisition of CAR. GRg given intraperitoneally produced a significant acceleration in the acquisition of DB between a 500 Hz signal sound followed by an electric shock (SD) and a 1000 Hz signal sound without a shock (S delta) in rats which had learned to avoid the shock following SD at a rate of over 95%. Small doses of GNo. 5 produced a significant depression in the acquisition of DB.", "contents": "Effects of Panax Ginseng root on acquisition of sound discrimination behaviour in rats. Pole-climbing and shuttle-avoidance tests were employed to study the acquisition of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and discrimination behaviour (DB) in male Wistar rats which had been given extracts from Panax Ginseng root intraperitoneally or orally. Neither a lipid soluble fraction (GNo. 5) nor a ginsenoside Rg fraction (GRg) produced significant changes in the acquisition of CAR. GRg given intraperitoneally produced a significant acceleration in the acquisition of DB between a 500 Hz signal sound followed by an electric shock (SD) and a 1000 Hz signal sound without a shock (S delta) in rats which had learned to avoid the shock following SD at a rate of over 95%. Small doses of GNo. 5 produced a significant depression in the acquisition of DB.", "PMID": 537257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7190", "title": "Divalent cation transport in kidney slices. I. Properties of calcium transport in slices of rat kidney cortex and the effects of diuretics.", "content": "Correlative studies on transports of Ca2+ and Na+ and the properties of Ca2+ transport were carried out in rat kidney cortex slices. Ouabain had no effect on the Ca2+ transport but did inhibit the Na+ transport extensively. With addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol to the incubation medium, or under the anaerobic conditions, the effluxes of Ca2+ and Na+ were inhibited while the Ca2+ influx was enhanced significantly. Sulfhydryl inhibitors such as ethacrynic acid, mersalyl and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid suppressed Ca2+ efflux and stimulated Ca2+ influx. When the slices of kidney cortex were treated with these inhibitors, there was a reduction in the content of cellular ATP. The present results suggest that Ca2+ transport may be partly independent of Na+ transport, and that Ca2+ efflux may require energy-yielding processes.", "contents": "Divalent cation transport in kidney slices. I. Properties of calcium transport in slices of rat kidney cortex and the effects of diuretics. Correlative studies on transports of Ca2+ and Na+ and the properties of Ca2+ transport were carried out in rat kidney cortex slices. Ouabain had no effect on the Ca2+ transport but did inhibit the Na+ transport extensively. With addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol to the incubation medium, or under the anaerobic conditions, the effluxes of Ca2+ and Na+ were inhibited while the Ca2+ influx was enhanced significantly. Sulfhydryl inhibitors such as ethacrynic acid, mersalyl and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid suppressed Ca2+ efflux and stimulated Ca2+ influx. When the slices of kidney cortex were treated with these inhibitors, there was a reduction in the content of cellular ATP. The present results suggest that Ca2+ transport may be partly independent of Na+ transport, and that Ca2+ efflux may require energy-yielding processes.", "PMID": 537258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7191", "title": "Involvement of the cholinergic mechanism in depression of the caudate spindle.", "content": "Involvement of the cholinergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms in the caudate spindle recorded from the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri was examined in cats. Physostigmine (0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the appearance of the caudate spindle. These inhibitory effects were antagonized by the administration of atropine (0.25 to 1 mg/kg i.v.). The caudate spindle was inhibited by high frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation: This inhibitory effect was antagonized by atropine. On the other hand, L-DOPA (25 to 50 mg/kg, i.v.), L-DOPA + MAO inhibitor and methamphetamine (0.5 to 5 mg/kg i.v.) did not influence the caudate spindle. These results suggest an involvement of cholinergic mechanism in depression of the caudate spindle.", "contents": "Involvement of the cholinergic mechanism in depression of the caudate spindle. Involvement of the cholinergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms in the caudate spindle recorded from the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri was examined in cats. Physostigmine (0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the appearance of the caudate spindle. These inhibitory effects were antagonized by the administration of atropine (0.25 to 1 mg/kg i.v.). The caudate spindle was inhibited by high frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation: This inhibitory effect was antagonized by atropine. On the other hand, L-DOPA (25 to 50 mg/kg, i.v.), L-DOPA + MAO inhibitor and methamphetamine (0.5 to 5 mg/kg i.v.) did not influence the caudate spindle. These results suggest an involvement of cholinergic mechanism in depression of the caudate spindle.", "PMID": 537259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7192", "title": "Effects of pentylenetetrazol, pentobarbital and lidocaine on pallidal unit activities in rats.", "content": "In anesthetized immobilized rats, pallidal unit activities were recorded extracellularly through glass microelectrodes. Spontaneous activities were converted to an interspike interval histogram and an autocorrelogram by a medical computer and a correlator. Following pentylenetetrazol injection (20 mg/kg i.v.), burst discharges increased remarkably and the bursts tended to synchronize with repetitive spikes in electrocardiogram. Following administration of liocaine (5 mg/kg i.v.) the bursts increased by pentylenetetrazol were facilitated in approximately 70% neurons, whereas pentobarbital showed obvious reduction of the bursts in 80% neurons, although both drugs reduced the firing rate. Facilitation of burst discharges was also observed with high doses of lidocaine alone. These results indicate that lidocaine, as compared with pentobarbital, may block more easily inhibitory rather than excitatory neurons.", "contents": "Effects of pentylenetetrazol, pentobarbital and lidocaine on pallidal unit activities in rats. In anesthetized immobilized rats, pallidal unit activities were recorded extracellularly through glass microelectrodes. Spontaneous activities were converted to an interspike interval histogram and an autocorrelogram by a medical computer and a correlator. Following pentylenetetrazol injection (20 mg/kg i.v.), burst discharges increased remarkably and the bursts tended to synchronize with repetitive spikes in electrocardiogram. Following administration of liocaine (5 mg/kg i.v.) the bursts increased by pentylenetetrazol were facilitated in approximately 70% neurons, whereas pentobarbital showed obvious reduction of the bursts in 80% neurons, although both drugs reduced the firing rate. Facilitation of burst discharges was also observed with high doses of lidocaine alone. These results indicate that lidocaine, as compared with pentobarbital, may block more easily inhibitory rather than excitatory neurons.", "PMID": 537260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7193", "title": "Partial purification and immunological aspects of carboxylesterase from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Carboxylesterase (CEase) was solubilized from rat liver microsomes by autolysis followed by cholate treatment and then purified by the combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50 and hydroxyapatite and preparative Disc electrophoresis. The overall purification was 25-fold with a yield of 6% of the original enzyme activity. Analytical Disc electrophoresis of the final enzyme preparation showed a single band. However, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one main band of 93% and three other minor bands. To investigate the interaction between CEases of rat, monkey, pig and rabbit liver microsomes, rabbit antibody to the above enzyme preparation was prepared and immunological analyses, i.e., Ouchterlony's test and immunoelectrophoresis, were performed. In the comparative double diffusion test, the partial fusion of precipitation line between anti-rat CEase and the enzymes of other species was observed. In the second analysis, sharp arc precipitation lines also could be seen in all specimens and, furthermore, mobilities of each enzyme were different. These observations suggest that rat liver CEase seems to be immunologically related in part but not completely identical with the CEases of other species and the charge difference may exist in these specimens.", "contents": "Partial purification and immunological aspects of carboxylesterase from rat liver microsomes. Carboxylesterase (CEase) was solubilized from rat liver microsomes by autolysis followed by cholate treatment and then purified by the combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50 and hydroxyapatite and preparative Disc electrophoresis. The overall purification was 25-fold with a yield of 6% of the original enzyme activity. Analytical Disc electrophoresis of the final enzyme preparation showed a single band. However, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one main band of 93% and three other minor bands. To investigate the interaction between CEases of rat, monkey, pig and rabbit liver microsomes, rabbit antibody to the above enzyme preparation was prepared and immunological analyses, i.e., Ouchterlony's test and immunoelectrophoresis, were performed. In the comparative double diffusion test, the partial fusion of precipitation line between anti-rat CEase and the enzymes of other species was observed. In the second analysis, sharp arc precipitation lines also could be seen in all specimens and, furthermore, mobilities of each enzyme were different. These observations suggest that rat liver CEase seems to be immunologically related in part but not completely identical with the CEases of other species and the charge difference may exist in these specimens.", "PMID": 537261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7194", "title": "Increase of brain taurine contents of E1 mice by physiological stimulation.", "content": "We determined the effect of physiological stimulation on taurine contents in three regions (cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum) of the brain of E1 mice, a genetically epileptic strain. Taurine contents in all regions of the brain increased significantly at the onset of convulsions, as induced by tossing the animals up many times. Levels in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum increased markedly in the early stage of the stimulation, yet convulsion did not occur. Taurine contents in the cerebral cortex and brain stem returned to the resting level with 30 min after the onset of convulsions, while levels in the cerebellum remained high for 3 hr. Concentration of taurine in the plasma also increased with the onset of convulsions. On the other hand, taurine administration increased the threshold of convulsion by the stimulation in E1 mice.", "contents": "Increase of brain taurine contents of E1 mice by physiological stimulation. We determined the effect of physiological stimulation on taurine contents in three regions (cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum) of the brain of E1 mice, a genetically epileptic strain. Taurine contents in all regions of the brain increased significantly at the onset of convulsions, as induced by tossing the animals up many times. Levels in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum increased markedly in the early stage of the stimulation, yet convulsion did not occur. Taurine contents in the cerebral cortex and brain stem returned to the resting level with 30 min after the onset of convulsions, while levels in the cerebellum remained high for 3 hr. Concentration of taurine in the plasma also increased with the onset of convulsions. On the other hand, taurine administration increased the threshold of convulsion by the stimulation in E1 mice.", "PMID": 537268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7195", "title": "Anti-inflammatory action of progesterone on carrageenin-induced inflammation in rats.", "content": "Effect of progesterone (1 mg/kg) on the inflammation in rats induced by carrageenin was studied. Progesterone inhibited the vascular permeability and the formation of granulation tissue in the early phase of the inflammation. In the chronic proliferative phase, progesterone suppressed the vascular permeability and there was an active resorption of the granulation tissue. Increased degradation of noncollagen protein was observed in the treated group without apparent influence on the metabolism of collagen or on the synthesis of noncollagen protein. The mode of action of progesterone was compared with that of a potent anti-inflammatory steroid, hydrocortisone acetate.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory action of progesterone on carrageenin-induced inflammation in rats. Effect of progesterone (1 mg/kg) on the inflammation in rats induced by carrageenin was studied. Progesterone inhibited the vascular permeability and the formation of granulation tissue in the early phase of the inflammation. In the chronic proliferative phase, progesterone suppressed the vascular permeability and there was an active resorption of the granulation tissue. Increased degradation of noncollagen protein was observed in the treated group without apparent influence on the metabolism of collagen or on the synthesis of noncollagen protein. The mode of action of progesterone was compared with that of a potent anti-inflammatory steroid, hydrocortisone acetate.", "PMID": 537269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7196", "title": "Effects of 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-t-butylaminoethanol (HOKU-81), a new bronchodilator, on isolated trachea and atria of guinea pig.", "content": "Effects of 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-t-butylaminoethanol hydrochloride (HOKU-81), one of the metabolites of tulobuterol, on isolated trachea and atria of guinea pigs were compared with those of various bronchodilators. All test drugs abolished the resting tone of tracheal muscle completely. The potencies of test drugs which induced relaxation were in the order of: trimetoquinol greater than HOKU-81 greater than or equal to isoproterenol greater than salbutamol greater than terbutaline greater than or equal to tulobuterol greater than metaproterenol greater than clorprenaline. In acetylcholine-, histamine- or potassium-stimulated preparations, the intrinsic activities of 2-chlorophenyl derivatives were less than those of 3,4- or 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl derivatives and that of HOKU-81, 2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl derivative, lay between two groups. HOKU-81 showed weak positive chronotropic and inotropic actions and the potency ratio of HOKU-81 to isoproterenol was about 3/100 and less than 3/1000, respectively. Both chronotropic and inotropic actions of 2-chlorophenyl derivatives, including HOKU-81, were weak and the inotropic actions of drugs with N-t-butylamino radical were weaker than chronotropic actions. Effects of test drugs on trachea and atria were antagonized by propranolol 1 x 10(-6) or 1 x 10(-7) M. HOKU-81 appears to be a potent and selective beta 2-stimulant with a slight inotropic action.", "contents": "Effects of 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-t-butylaminoethanol (HOKU-81), a new bronchodilator, on isolated trachea and atria of guinea pig. Effects of 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-t-butylaminoethanol hydrochloride (HOKU-81), one of the metabolites of tulobuterol, on isolated trachea and atria of guinea pigs were compared with those of various bronchodilators. All test drugs abolished the resting tone of tracheal muscle completely. The potencies of test drugs which induced relaxation were in the order of: trimetoquinol greater than HOKU-81 greater than or equal to isoproterenol greater than salbutamol greater than terbutaline greater than or equal to tulobuterol greater than metaproterenol greater than clorprenaline. In acetylcholine-, histamine- or potassium-stimulated preparations, the intrinsic activities of 2-chlorophenyl derivatives were less than those of 3,4- or 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl derivatives and that of HOKU-81, 2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl derivative, lay between two groups. HOKU-81 showed weak positive chronotropic and inotropic actions and the potency ratio of HOKU-81 to isoproterenol was about 3/100 and less than 3/1000, respectively. Both chronotropic and inotropic actions of 2-chlorophenyl derivatives, including HOKU-81, were weak and the inotropic actions of drugs with N-t-butylamino radical were weaker than chronotropic actions. Effects of test drugs on trachea and atria were antagonized by propranolol 1 x 10(-6) or 1 x 10(-7) M. HOKU-81 appears to be a potent and selective beta 2-stimulant with a slight inotropic action.", "PMID": 537270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7197", "title": "Responsiveness and high-energy phosphate metabolism of isolated dog coronary arteries.", "content": "The relationship between responsiveness and high-energy phosphate metabolism was observed in isolated dog coronary arterial strips before and after equilibration, under aerobic conditions. The strips responded slowly to potassium, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and 5-hydroxytryptamine before being equilibrated but did respond quickly to these drugs after being equilibrated for 1 hour under aerobic conditions. The contents of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP) and lactate were not significantly altered before and after equilibration for 1 hr. It is proposed that, before being equilibrated under aerobic conditions, coronary arteries may be unable to utilize ATP and CP due to injury of contractile or relaxant mechanisms resulting in a weak vascular responsiveness.", "contents": "Responsiveness and high-energy phosphate metabolism of isolated dog coronary arteries. The relationship between responsiveness and high-energy phosphate metabolism was observed in isolated dog coronary arterial strips before and after equilibration, under aerobic conditions. The strips responded slowly to potassium, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and 5-hydroxytryptamine before being equilibrated but did respond quickly to these drugs after being equilibrated for 1 hour under aerobic conditions. The contents of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP) and lactate were not significantly altered before and after equilibration for 1 hr. It is proposed that, before being equilibrated under aerobic conditions, coronary arteries may be unable to utilize ATP and CP due to injury of contractile or relaxant mechanisms resulting in a weak vascular responsiveness.", "PMID": 537271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7198", "title": "Altered bile acid metabolism in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "Changes of cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride or bile acid levels in serum liver, bile and feces after the treatment with alloxan were examined in Wistar strain male rats. Serum cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels and liver cholesterol level markedly increased but liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. The lipid levels in serum very low density and low density lipoproteins were elevated but those in high density lipoprotein were not. Bile flow was not changed but biliary secretion of cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acids markedly increased. Among the biliary bile acid components, cholic acid markedly increased but the amount of chenodeoxycholic acid was similar to that of normal rats. Fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid increased but that of lithocholic and hyodeoxycholic acids decreased, and alpha, beta- and omega-muricholic acids did not change, thus, the total amount of fecal bile acids remained unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis was markedly depressed, while cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity did not change and cytochrome P-450 content was elevated by about 40%. From such evidence, it was apparent that synthesis of cholic acid increased while that of chenodeoxycholic acid decreased and the total amount of bile acids synthesized did not change in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, marked increase of the pool size of cholic acid and hepatic secretion of cholic acid stimulated the absorption of lipids and produced a hyperlipidemia in the diabetic rats.", "contents": "Altered bile acid metabolism in alloxan diabetic rats. Changes of cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride or bile acid levels in serum liver, bile and feces after the treatment with alloxan were examined in Wistar strain male rats. Serum cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels and liver cholesterol level markedly increased but liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. The lipid levels in serum very low density and low density lipoproteins were elevated but those in high density lipoprotein were not. Bile flow was not changed but biliary secretion of cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acids markedly increased. Among the biliary bile acid components, cholic acid markedly increased but the amount of chenodeoxycholic acid was similar to that of normal rats. Fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid increased but that of lithocholic and hyodeoxycholic acids decreased, and alpha, beta- and omega-muricholic acids did not change, thus, the total amount of fecal bile acids remained unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis was markedly depressed, while cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity did not change and cytochrome P-450 content was elevated by about 40%. From such evidence, it was apparent that synthesis of cholic acid increased while that of chenodeoxycholic acid decreased and the total amount of bile acids synthesized did not change in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, marked increase of the pool size of cholic acid and hepatic secretion of cholic acid stimulated the absorption of lipids and produced a hyperlipidemia in the diabetic rats.", "PMID": 537273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7199", "title": "Pharmacological studies of lycorenine, an alkaloid of Lycoris radiata Herb.: Vasodepressor mechanism in rats.", "content": "Vasodepressor mechanism of lycorenine (an alkaloid of Lycoris radiata Herb.) was investigated in anesthetized rats. Lycorenine (1--10 mg/kg i.v.) produced dose-related decreases in blood pressure and heart rate and tachyphylaxis developed with repeated injections. In the blood-perfused rat hindquarters, lycorenine (62.5--500 micrograms i.a.) produced dose-related decreases both in mean blood pressure and in perfusion pressure, and the lycorenine-induced decrease in perfusion pressure was abolished by phenoxybenzamine or hexamethonium. Lycorenine (more than 1 mg/kg i.v.) blocked the pressor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, but failed to block the tachycardia induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. Lycorenine (7.5 or 15 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the spontaneous splanchnic nerve activity. Lycorenine when given intracerebroventricularly produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate only in large doses (over 500 micrograms). The maximal bradycardia induced by lycorenine was abolished by bilateral vagotomy. It is suggested that lycorenine may produce a decrease in blood pressure as the result of alpha-adrenergic blockade in conjunction with the reduction of the spontaneous sympathetic nerve activity, and produce bradycardia by modifying vagal activity.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of lycorenine, an alkaloid of Lycoris radiata Herb.: Vasodepressor mechanism in rats. Vasodepressor mechanism of lycorenine (an alkaloid of Lycoris radiata Herb.) was investigated in anesthetized rats. Lycorenine (1--10 mg/kg i.v.) produced dose-related decreases in blood pressure and heart rate and tachyphylaxis developed with repeated injections. In the blood-perfused rat hindquarters, lycorenine (62.5--500 micrograms i.a.) produced dose-related decreases both in mean blood pressure and in perfusion pressure, and the lycorenine-induced decrease in perfusion pressure was abolished by phenoxybenzamine or hexamethonium. Lycorenine (more than 1 mg/kg i.v.) blocked the pressor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, but failed to block the tachycardia induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. Lycorenine (7.5 or 15 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the spontaneous splanchnic nerve activity. Lycorenine when given intracerebroventricularly produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate only in large doses (over 500 micrograms). The maximal bradycardia induced by lycorenine was abolished by bilateral vagotomy. It is suggested that lycorenine may produce a decrease in blood pressure as the result of alpha-adrenergic blockade in conjunction with the reduction of the spontaneous sympathetic nerve activity, and produce bradycardia by modifying vagal activity.", "PMID": 537276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7200", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II and 1-sar., 8-isoleu. angiotensin II on electrical and mechanical properties of the portal vein from rats of different ages.", "content": "The effects of angiotensin II (Ag-11) and 1-sar., 8-isoleu. angiotensin 11 (anti-Ag-11) on the membrane and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells of the rat portal vein were investigated in three different age groups (6--8 weeks, immature rat; 3--5 months old, young rat and 13--15 months old, adult rat). Application of Ag-11 (10(-10) g/ml) did not depolarize the membrane, but did increase the spike frequency and potentiated the frequency and amplitude of twitch contraction. In a concentration of more than 10(-9) g/ml Ag-II, the membrane was depolarized and a phasic contracture was developed in three age groups. Depolarization of the membrane produced by Ag-II could be classified into two components, i.e. phasic and tonic depolarizations. In adult rats, Ag-II produced the highest amplitude of the depolarization in three age groups but tonic depolarization showed nearly the same amplitude of smooth muscle cell membrane to Ag-II increases with age up to 3--5 months and that an increased sensitivity is accompanied by a generation of desensitization. Tachyphylaxis to Ag-II was also observed by repetitive applications, but the appearance depended on the stimulus conditions. Anti-Ag-II, itself slightly increased the spike frequency and the amplitude of twitch contraction. However, under pretreatment with anti-Ag-II (10(-9) or 10(-7) g/ml), the actions of Ag-II on the electrical and mechanical activities were markedly suppressed in the three age groups. When the dose-response curve was obtained from the mechanical response produced by Ag-II, the relation shifted to the right in the presence of anti-Ag-II in all age groups. In the presence of 10(-7) g/ml anti-Ag-II, no contracture was evoked by application of 10(-6) g/ml Ag-II in three age groups. Anti-Ag-II seems to possess a higher affinity to the angiotensin receptor than does Ag-II.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II and 1-sar., 8-isoleu. angiotensin II on electrical and mechanical properties of the portal vein from rats of different ages. The effects of angiotensin II (Ag-11) and 1-sar., 8-isoleu. angiotensin 11 (anti-Ag-11) on the membrane and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells of the rat portal vein were investigated in three different age groups (6--8 weeks, immature rat; 3--5 months old, young rat and 13--15 months old, adult rat). Application of Ag-11 (10(-10) g/ml) did not depolarize the membrane, but did increase the spike frequency and potentiated the frequency and amplitude of twitch contraction. In a concentration of more than 10(-9) g/ml Ag-II, the membrane was depolarized and a phasic contracture was developed in three age groups. Depolarization of the membrane produced by Ag-II could be classified into two components, i.e. phasic and tonic depolarizations. In adult rats, Ag-II produced the highest amplitude of the depolarization in three age groups but tonic depolarization showed nearly the same amplitude of smooth muscle cell membrane to Ag-II increases with age up to 3--5 months and that an increased sensitivity is accompanied by a generation of desensitization. Tachyphylaxis to Ag-II was also observed by repetitive applications, but the appearance depended on the stimulus conditions. Anti-Ag-II, itself slightly increased the spike frequency and the amplitude of twitch contraction. However, under pretreatment with anti-Ag-II (10(-9) or 10(-7) g/ml), the actions of Ag-II on the electrical and mechanical activities were markedly suppressed in the three age groups. When the dose-response curve was obtained from the mechanical response produced by Ag-II, the relation shifted to the right in the presence of anti-Ag-II in all age groups. In the presence of 10(-7) g/ml anti-Ag-II, no contracture was evoked by application of 10(-6) g/ml Ag-II in three age groups. Anti-Ag-II seems to possess a higher affinity to the angiotensin receptor than does Ag-II.", "PMID": 537277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7201", "title": "Effect of intra-uterine administration of indomethacin on ovarian steroids.", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes increase the sensitivity of the bronchial system against acetylcholine when inhaled as aerosols. These experiments were performed on 33 dogs in order to localize the area of sensitivity in the bronchial system responsible for bronchoconstriction. Pronase given in a small dosage as proteolytic enzyme aerosol only to the upper part of the airtract sensitises the lower part of the airways against acetylcholine. Pronase aerosol given to the lower part of the airways needs higher dosages for sensitization to acetylcholine. This effect assumes an interaction between the upper sensoric part in the reflex way of airway obstruction and the lower airways. Changes caused by proteolytic enzymes in the upper part of the airtract can cause increased reactivity of the lower airways.", "contents": "Effect of intra-uterine administration of indomethacin on ovarian steroids. Proteolytic enzymes increase the sensitivity of the bronchial system against acetylcholine when inhaled as aerosols. These experiments were performed on 33 dogs in order to localize the area of sensitivity in the bronchial system responsible for bronchoconstriction. Pronase given in a small dosage as proteolytic enzyme aerosol only to the upper part of the airtract sensitises the lower part of the airways against acetylcholine. Pronase aerosol given to the lower part of the airways needs higher dosages for sensitization to acetylcholine. This effect assumes an interaction between the upper sensoric part in the reflex way of airway obstruction and the lower airways. Changes caused by proteolytic enzymes in the upper part of the airtract can cause increased reactivity of the lower airways.", "PMID": 537282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7202", "title": "Effect of verapamil on the calcium and magnesium transports of rat kidney cortex mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of verapamil on Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation was investigated in isolated rat kidney cortex mitochondria. For the 50% inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation, 2 x 10(-4) M verapamil concentration was required in the presence of ATP (2 mM) and phosphate (5 mM). Omission of phosphate from the medium increased the inhibitory effect of verapamil on Ca2+ accumulation. Verapamil had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of both ATP and succinate (7.8 mM), but further addition of phosphate resulted in a significant inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation by verapamil. Mg2+ accumulation of mitochondria was similarly depressed by verapamil. The same tendency was found as for the modification of verapamil effect by acetate in mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Succinate oxidation of mitochondria was not affected by verapamil in the absence of phosphate, but was inhibited by verapamil in the presence of phosphate. Therefore, it seemed reasonable to assume that the depression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport of mitochondria by verapamil is modulated by permeant anions.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on the calcium and magnesium transports of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. The effect of verapamil on Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation was investigated in isolated rat kidney cortex mitochondria. For the 50% inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation, 2 x 10(-4) M verapamil concentration was required in the presence of ATP (2 mM) and phosphate (5 mM). Omission of phosphate from the medium increased the inhibitory effect of verapamil on Ca2+ accumulation. Verapamil had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of both ATP and succinate (7.8 mM), but further addition of phosphate resulted in a significant inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation by verapamil. Mg2+ accumulation of mitochondria was similarly depressed by verapamil. The same tendency was found as for the modification of verapamil effect by acetate in mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Succinate oxidation of mitochondria was not affected by verapamil in the absence of phosphate, but was inhibited by verapamil in the presence of phosphate. Therefore, it seemed reasonable to assume that the depression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport of mitochondria by verapamil is modulated by permeant anions.", "PMID": 537283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7203", "title": "The mechanism of aggravation of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers by adrenalectomy in the rat.", "content": "Bilateral adrenalectomy markedly aggravated gastric ulcers in rats induced by 5 or 20 mg/kg of indomethacin. The degree of aggravation was much the same in experiments done 1 and 14 days after operation. Pretreatment with prednisolone 10 mg/kg or cortisone acetate 10 mg/kg given subcutaneously significantly suppressed the aggravated ulceration in response to 20 mg/kg of indomethacin in these adrenalectomized rats. Desoxycorticosterone acetate 10 mg/kg, however, had no effect on the aggravation of indomethacin-induced ulcers. Epinephrine 0.1 or 1 mg/kg given subcutaneously markedly suppressed the indomethacin-induced ulcers in adrenalectomized rats. Removal of the adrenal medulla alone did not appreciably influence the development of indomethacin-induced ulcers. These results indicate that the adrenal cortex, particularly the area containing glucocorticoids, plays an important role in suppression of the noxious effect of indomethacin on the rat gastric mucosa.", "contents": "The mechanism of aggravation of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers by adrenalectomy in the rat. Bilateral adrenalectomy markedly aggravated gastric ulcers in rats induced by 5 or 20 mg/kg of indomethacin. The degree of aggravation was much the same in experiments done 1 and 14 days after operation. Pretreatment with prednisolone 10 mg/kg or cortisone acetate 10 mg/kg given subcutaneously significantly suppressed the aggravated ulceration in response to 20 mg/kg of indomethacin in these adrenalectomized rats. Desoxycorticosterone acetate 10 mg/kg, however, had no effect on the aggravation of indomethacin-induced ulcers. Epinephrine 0.1 or 1 mg/kg given subcutaneously markedly suppressed the indomethacin-induced ulcers in adrenalectomized rats. Removal of the adrenal medulla alone did not appreciably influence the development of indomethacin-induced ulcers. These results indicate that the adrenal cortex, particularly the area containing glucocorticoids, plays an important role in suppression of the noxious effect of indomethacin on the rat gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 537284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7204", "title": "Structure-activity relationship of 5-hydroxykynurenamine analogues in isolated dog cerebral arteries.", "content": "In helically-cut strips of cerebral arteries isolated from dogs, analogues of 5-hydroxykynurenamine (5-HK), including 2-(3'-aminopropyl)-aniline (Cpd. I), 2'-amino-3-dimethylamino-3'-hydroxypropiophenone(CPD. II), 2'-amino-3-dimethylamino-5'-hydroxypropiophenone (Cpd. III) and 2',3-diamino-propiophenone (kynurenamine), caused a dose-related contraction which was antagonized by treatment with methysergide. The potency for inducing contractions was in the order of 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than 5-HK greater than Cpd. III greater than kynurenamine, Cpd. I and Cpd. II. Treatment with the 5-HK analogues antagonized the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in a dose-dependent manner, the antagonistic potency being in the order of 5-HK greater than Cpd. III greater than kynurenamine, Cpd. II greater than Cpd. I. Alterations in the hydroxy group on the benzene ring and/or radicals of long side chain of 5-HK attenuated the agonistic and antagonistic actions of 5-HK; however, the attenuation of these actions differed. Thus, the radicals appear to be involved in the agonistic and antagonistic actions to a different extent.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship of 5-hydroxykynurenamine analogues in isolated dog cerebral arteries. In helically-cut strips of cerebral arteries isolated from dogs, analogues of 5-hydroxykynurenamine (5-HK), including 2-(3'-aminopropyl)-aniline (Cpd. I), 2'-amino-3-dimethylamino-3'-hydroxypropiophenone(CPD. II), 2'-amino-3-dimethylamino-5'-hydroxypropiophenone (Cpd. III) and 2',3-diamino-propiophenone (kynurenamine), caused a dose-related contraction which was antagonized by treatment with methysergide. The potency for inducing contractions was in the order of 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than 5-HK greater than Cpd. III greater than kynurenamine, Cpd. I and Cpd. II. Treatment with the 5-HK analogues antagonized the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in a dose-dependent manner, the antagonistic potency being in the order of 5-HK greater than Cpd. III greater than kynurenamine, Cpd. II greater than Cpd. I. Alterations in the hydroxy group on the benzene ring and/or radicals of long side chain of 5-HK attenuated the agonistic and antagonistic actions of 5-HK; however, the attenuation of these actions differed. Thus, the radicals appear to be involved in the agonistic and antagonistic actions to a different extent.", "PMID": 537285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7205", "title": "[The development of the simple-sentence processing in Japanese children (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with the development of the simple-sentence processing in Japanese children. Subjects were 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds. Experiment I exemplified the hypothesis that in children's processing of the simple sentence there is some span with the phrase as a unit. This was found to develop in parallel with the increase of short-term memory span for words, being about one unit larger than the latter at all age levels. Although sentence length is dominant, structural differences in the sentence of the same length was found to have some effects on the processing in Experiment II. The sentence itself becomes a chunk as early as the age of three.", "contents": "[The development of the simple-sentence processing in Japanese children (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with the development of the simple-sentence processing in Japanese children. Subjects were 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds. Experiment I exemplified the hypothesis that in children's processing of the simple sentence there is some span with the phrase as a unit. This was found to develop in parallel with the increase of short-term memory span for words, being about one unit larger than the latter at all age levels. Although sentence length is dominant, structural differences in the sentence of the same length was found to have some effects on the processing in Experiment II. The sentence itself becomes a chunk as early as the age of three.", "PMID": 537291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7206", "title": "Characterisation of post exercise pressure response curves in the pedal arteries of patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The response of the systolic pressure in the pedal arteries to the stress of exercise is one of several ways of assessing the severity of peripheral vascular disease. We have examined 2607 such pressure response curves in an attempt to produce a simple method of response classification. Regression analysis of the curves has shown that errors are least when the regression used is the same order as the number of data points. We conclude that post exercise response curves can be adequately classified from three data points, one obtained within two minutes of the cessation of exercise, a second obtained between 4 and 6 minutes from the end of exercise and a third taken 10 minutes after exercise. The use of a response curve indexed to systemic systolic pressure was not found to produce a better correlation between full and three point curves, though the absolute classification differed slightly from that obtained from the non-indexed curve. Neither classification system proved significantly superior in relating to the degree of arterial disease.", "contents": "Characterisation of post exercise pressure response curves in the pedal arteries of patients with peripheral vascular disease. The response of the systolic pressure in the pedal arteries to the stress of exercise is one of several ways of assessing the severity of peripheral vascular disease. We have examined 2607 such pressure response curves in an attempt to produce a simple method of response classification. Regression analysis of the curves has shown that errors are least when the regression used is the same order as the number of data points. We conclude that post exercise response curves can be adequately classified from three data points, one obtained within two minutes of the cessation of exercise, a second obtained between 4 and 6 minutes from the end of exercise and a third taken 10 minutes after exercise. The use of a response curve indexed to systemic systolic pressure was not found to produce a better correlation between full and three point curves, though the absolute classification differed slightly from that obtained from the non-indexed curve. Neither classification system proved significantly superior in relating to the degree of arterial disease.", "PMID": 537329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7207", "title": "Early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by combined multimodal evoked potentials: results and practical considerations.", "content": "It is shown that using four combined types of evoked potentials one can disclose new localisations in 62.5% of as yet undiagnosed M.S. patients. Brainstem auditory EP recordings must be considered in detail to avoid missing slight anomalies. Blink reflexes yielding bilateral R1 seem to bear the same significance as an augmented latency with respect to the problem of disclosing new localisations.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by combined multimodal evoked potentials: results and practical considerations. It is shown that using four combined types of evoked potentials one can disclose new localisations in 62.5% of as yet undiagnosed M.S. patients. Brainstem auditory EP recordings must be considered in detail to avoid missing slight anomalies. Blink reflexes yielding bilateral R1 seem to bear the same significance as an augmented latency with respect to the problem of disclosing new localisations.", "PMID": 537330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7208", "title": "An analytical investigation into possible mechanical causes of bone remodelling.", "content": "Three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out on idealisations of two situations where bone remodelling has been reported clinically viz. the malaligned femur and a maxillary central incisor under orthodontic loading. The mechanical responses, i.e. stress, strain and change of curvature, in various directions, are presented. They are compared with the biological response, either bone resorption or bone deposition. The results are discussed in relation to three current theories of bone remodelling.", "contents": "An analytical investigation into possible mechanical causes of bone remodelling. Three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out on idealisations of two situations where bone remodelling has been reported clinically viz. the malaligned femur and a maxillary central incisor under orthodontic loading. The mechanical responses, i.e. stress, strain and change of curvature, in various directions, are presented. They are compared with the biological response, either bone resorption or bone deposition. The results are discussed in relation to three current theories of bone remodelling.", "PMID": 537331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7209", "title": "A combined transcutaneous pulse-echo and Doppler ultrasonic technique for the measurement of brachial artery peak velocity.", "content": "The Parks Model 806 Doppler blood velocity meter was shown to have a linear voltage output with respect to input frequencies of up to 5kHz. It was linear and accurate to velocities of 70 cms-1 at angles of 50 degrees and 60 degrees to the flow, on a steady flow rig, and shown to have a linear frequency response to 9Hz. A combined pulse echo and Doppler transducer system has been developed allowing quantitation of arterial peak velocity.", "contents": "A combined transcutaneous pulse-echo and Doppler ultrasonic technique for the measurement of brachial artery peak velocity. The Parks Model 806 Doppler blood velocity meter was shown to have a linear voltage output with respect to input frequencies of up to 5kHz. It was linear and accurate to velocities of 70 cms-1 at angles of 50 degrees and 60 degrees to the flow, on a steady flow rig, and shown to have a linear frequency response to 9Hz. A combined pulse echo and Doppler transducer system has been developed allowing quantitation of arterial peak velocity.", "PMID": 537332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7210", "title": "Errors in velocity measurement by the Pitot principle in fluids with slowly propagated pressure waves.", "content": "An attempt has been made to develop a velocity probe using the Pitot principle for the measurement of fluid velocities in cerebrospinal fluid. Pressures were measured using conventional transducers and amplifiers and the pressure difference signal has the predicted relationship to the square of fluid velocity in the steady state. However, in the clinical situation where slowly propagated pressure waves accompany cerebrospinal fluid movement the pressure difference incorporates an indeterminate term unrelated to velocity, and this imposes severe limitations on the technique. Measurements and discussion are presented.", "contents": "Errors in velocity measurement by the Pitot principle in fluids with slowly propagated pressure waves. An attempt has been made to develop a velocity probe using the Pitot principle for the measurement of fluid velocities in cerebrospinal fluid. Pressures were measured using conventional transducers and amplifiers and the pressure difference signal has the predicted relationship to the square of fluid velocity in the steady state. However, in the clinical situation where slowly propagated pressure waves accompany cerebrospinal fluid movement the pressure difference incorporates an indeterminate term unrelated to velocity, and this imposes severe limitations on the technique. Measurements and discussion are presented.", "PMID": 537333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7211", "title": "The small volume plethysmograph. An improved instrument for measuring the setting shrinkage of composite dental restorative materials.", "content": "The small volume plethysmograph provides a continuous record of the volume of small specimens of composite polymeric dental restorative material as they set. Decreases, from initial volumes of around 100mm3, which occur over several hours can be measured to within +/- 0.1 mm3. The specimen is immersed in mercury which it displaces into a capillary tube. A decrease in specimen volume reduces the height of the mercury column in the capillary tube, and this change is sensed by a strain gauge pressure transducer whose output is recorded. Experience has proved the instrument to be stable and accurate with a linearity over its working range of +/-  0.06mm3.", "contents": "The small volume plethysmograph. An improved instrument for measuring the setting shrinkage of composite dental restorative materials. The small volume plethysmograph provides a continuous record of the volume of small specimens of composite polymeric dental restorative material as they set. Decreases, from initial volumes of around 100mm3, which occur over several hours can be measured to within +/- 0.1 mm3. The specimen is immersed in mercury which it displaces into a capillary tube. A decrease in specimen volume reduces the height of the mercury column in the capillary tube, and this change is sensed by a strain gauge pressure transducer whose output is recorded. Experience has proved the instrument to be stable and accurate with a linearity over its working range of +/-  0.06mm3.", "PMID": 537340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7212", "title": "The fibrous structure of bone determined by x-ray diffraction.", "content": "The fibrous structure of both primary and secondary type cortical bone is determined. The three dimensional fibrous orientation is expressed quantitatively by pole figures of the (002) diffraction. Whilst both types of bone exhibit one major axis of fibrous orientation which is aligned on average with the long axis of the femur, primary type bone exhibits a planar orientation which is consistent with a fibrous spread within the laminations but not from one lamination to the next. Secondary type bone exhibits a degree of preferred orientation with rotational symmetry about the main fibre axis.", "contents": "The fibrous structure of bone determined by x-ray diffraction. The fibrous structure of both primary and secondary type cortical bone is determined. The three dimensional fibrous orientation is expressed quantitatively by pole figures of the (002) diffraction. Whilst both types of bone exhibit one major axis of fibrous orientation which is aligned on average with the long axis of the femur, primary type bone exhibits a planar orientation which is consistent with a fibrous spread within the laminations but not from one lamination to the next. Secondary type bone exhibits a degree of preferred orientation with rotational symmetry about the main fibre axis.", "PMID": 537341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7213", "title": "A dynamometer for biomechanical use.", "content": "A dynamometer has been designed for measuring isometric forces in human body limb segments. The dynamometer constrains the chosen segment, and measures two orthogonal components of the force reaction between the segment and the dynamometer in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the segment, plus the torque reaction parallel to the long axis of the segment. The testing and operating characteristics of the dynamometer are described, and it is concluded that in view of its versatility and accuracy, the dynamometer may be suitable both for research and for clinical use.", "contents": "A dynamometer for biomechanical use. A dynamometer has been designed for measuring isometric forces in human body limb segments. The dynamometer constrains the chosen segment, and measures two orthogonal components of the force reaction between the segment and the dynamometer in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the segment, plus the torque reaction parallel to the long axis of the segment. The testing and operating characteristics of the dynamometer are described, and it is concluded that in view of its versatility and accuracy, the dynamometer may be suitable both for research and for clinical use.", "PMID": 537345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7214", "title": "A nonlinear model for studying oscillations in the blood pressure control system.", "content": "The idea that physiological systems sometimes include oscillations as part of their control function is a relatively new idea; the paper discusses the role of such oscillations in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and how they can be studied by modelling techniques. A nonlinear model is proposed which can be related directly to the physiology. This is seen as an important step because mainly previous studies of biological oscillations have used lumped equations, e.g. the Van der Pol equation, which do not possess the property. On the basis of the model, the oscillatory behaviour of the blood pressure control system is analysed by the application of the dual input describing function technique, a powerful analytical method which has wide application to the study of nonlinear oscillatory phenomena in physiology. The final section of the paper considers the digital simulation of the model by Z transform techniques and how the simulation can be used to study the interaction of respiratory and blood pressure control systems.", "contents": "A nonlinear model for studying oscillations in the blood pressure control system. The idea that physiological systems sometimes include oscillations as part of their control function is a relatively new idea; the paper discusses the role of such oscillations in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and how they can be studied by modelling techniques. A nonlinear model is proposed which can be related directly to the physiology. This is seen as an important step because mainly previous studies of biological oscillations have used lumped equations, e.g. the Van der Pol equation, which do not possess the property. On the basis of the model, the oscillatory behaviour of the blood pressure control system is analysed by the application of the dual input describing function technique, a powerful analytical method which has wide application to the study of nonlinear oscillatory phenomena in physiology. The final section of the paper considers the digital simulation of the model by Z transform techniques and how the simulation can be used to study the interaction of respiratory and blood pressure control systems.", "PMID": 537346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7215", "title": "The transfer of selected image data to a computer using a conductive tablet.", "content": "The processing and analysis of images in a computer often requires the selection of particular features of a complex image for more detailed study. Sometimes such decisions are empirical, in which case it would be extremely difficult to describe a rigorous algorithm for detecting these features automatically in a computer. In this situation graphic tablets can be very useful as they allow an operator to use experience in deciding which features are to be transferred into a computer. A tablet is described which uses a conductive glass plate and pencil probe. A number of subroutines are available in a general purpose program for conventional processing, calculation and displays to be effected by simple option selection on the tablet for specific applications in cell growth, modeling and three dimensional reconstruction of serial sections, special programs were developed which could include appropriate subroutines. The categorisation of subsections by an operator was particularly useful in allowing different methods of analysis and display to be applied to each. For example they could be displayed separately or given different dentisy levels by choosing the appropriate option in the program.", "contents": "The transfer of selected image data to a computer using a conductive tablet. The processing and analysis of images in a computer often requires the selection of particular features of a complex image for more detailed study. Sometimes such decisions are empirical, in which case it would be extremely difficult to describe a rigorous algorithm for detecting these features automatically in a computer. In this situation graphic tablets can be very useful as they allow an operator to use experience in deciding which features are to be transferred into a computer. A tablet is described which uses a conductive glass plate and pencil probe. A number of subroutines are available in a general purpose program for conventional processing, calculation and displays to be effected by simple option selection on the tablet for specific applications in cell growth, modeling and three dimensional reconstruction of serial sections, special programs were developed which could include appropriate subroutines. The categorisation of subsections by an operator was particularly useful in allowing different methods of analysis and display to be applied to each. For example they could be displayed separately or given different dentisy levels by choosing the appropriate option in the program.", "PMID": 537347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7216", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the phonocardiogram for dectection of murmurs.", "content": "A method is proposed for quantification of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal into two parameters representing time and frequency domain characteristics of the signal into two parameters representing time and frequency domain characteristics of the signal. For this purpose the energy curve and power spectrum of the signal are used. Results of application of the method to PCG signals of 8 normal and 39 pathological cases are presented. The study shows that the parameters of PCG signals with murmurs differ from those of normal signals and hence aid detection of murmurs. The algorithms involved are simple and a microprocessor-based automatic PCG analysis system using the proposed technique is being contemplated.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the phonocardiogram for dectection of murmurs. A method is proposed for quantification of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal into two parameters representing time and frequency domain characteristics of the signal into two parameters representing time and frequency domain characteristics of the signal. For this purpose the energy curve and power spectrum of the signal are used. Results of application of the method to PCG signals of 8 normal and 39 pathological cases are presented. The study shows that the parameters of PCG signals with murmurs differ from those of normal signals and hence aid detection of murmurs. The algorithms involved are simple and a microprocessor-based automatic PCG analysis system using the proposed technique is being contemplated.", "PMID": 537348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7217", "title": "Constraints and fixation for implanted joint replacements.", "content": "Observations made on both cemented and uncemented joint prostheses after about two years of use show a layer of fibrous tissue next to the bone. The fibrous layer smooths over surface features up to 1mm in size, and must be assumed to be weak in tension and shear. Prosthesis-bone interfaces should therefore be designed to transmit all forces acting on the prosthesis as compressive stresses. The forces acting across prostheses are controlled by the constraints exerted by the articulating surfaces; if the useful ligaments present are allowed to do their job of transmitting tension, the articulating surfaces can be designed to transmit only such forces and moments as can safely be transmitted across the prosthesis-bone interfaces.", "contents": "Constraints and fixation for implanted joint replacements. Observations made on both cemented and uncemented joint prostheses after about two years of use show a layer of fibrous tissue next to the bone. The fibrous layer smooths over surface features up to 1mm in size, and must be assumed to be weak in tension and shear. Prosthesis-bone interfaces should therefore be designed to transmit all forces acting on the prosthesis as compressive stresses. The forces acting across prostheses are controlled by the constraints exerted by the articulating surfaces; if the useful ligaments present are allowed to do their job of transmitting tension, the articulating surfaces can be designed to transmit only such forces and moments as can safely be transmitted across the prosthesis-bone interfaces.", "PMID": 537349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7218", "title": "Pressure dependence of \"the area micrometer\" method in evaluation of cruciate ligament cross-section.", "content": "The intricate geometry of the cruciate ligament and the lack of adequate description of the methods used to obtain its cross-sectional area have complicated the normalization of the load-elongation data in terms of stress and strain respectively. An experimental study was undertaken to quantify the dependence on the applied pressure of cross-sectional area in canine ligaments. Twenty-two canine preparations were compressed with a non-rotating spindle blade micrometer (Mitutoyo, 122), whose thimble breakaway tongue develops a constant force of 1.96 N. By the use of matching pairs of plexiglass blocks of various widths, the applied pressure on the ligament could be varied between 0.041 and 0.355 MPa. Data from all the ligaments were reduced to a single curve which illustrates a decrease in the normalized cross-sectional area by 25% for pressures ranging from 0.04 to 0.36 MPa. For all pressures between 0.20 and 0.35 MPa the normalized cross-sectional area remained constant.", "contents": "Pressure dependence of \"the area micrometer\" method in evaluation of cruciate ligament cross-section. The intricate geometry of the cruciate ligament and the lack of adequate description of the methods used to obtain its cross-sectional area have complicated the normalization of the load-elongation data in terms of stress and strain respectively. An experimental study was undertaken to quantify the dependence on the applied pressure of cross-sectional area in canine ligaments. Twenty-two canine preparations were compressed with a non-rotating spindle blade micrometer (Mitutoyo, 122), whose thimble breakaway tongue develops a constant force of 1.96 N. By the use of matching pairs of plexiglass blocks of various widths, the applied pressure on the ligament could be varied between 0.041 and 0.355 MPa. Data from all the ligaments were reduced to a single curve which illustrates a decrease in the normalized cross-sectional area by 25% for pressures ranging from 0.04 to 0.36 MPa. For all pressures between 0.20 and 0.35 MPa the normalized cross-sectional area remained constant.", "PMID": 537350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7219", "title": "Load actions transmitted by implants.", "content": "The authors consider the mechanics of load transmission between a \"conventional\" femoral head replacement prosthesis and the shaft of the femur. The three dimensional loading pattern is now well known and the changes of interface stressing through a load cycle is considered. The actual stress situation depends on features of the implantation technique, the mechanical properties of all the materials involved in the relevant friction coefficient. From analysis of systems at the extreames of these limits, the authors suggest probable service conditions.", "contents": "Load actions transmitted by implants. The authors consider the mechanics of load transmission between a \"conventional\" femoral head replacement prosthesis and the shaft of the femur. The three dimensional loading pattern is now well known and the changes of interface stressing through a load cycle is considered. The actual stress situation depends on features of the implantation technique, the mechanical properties of all the materials involved in the relevant friction coefficient. From analysis of systems at the extreames of these limits, the authors suggest probable service conditions.", "PMID": 537351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7220", "title": "A model of bioelectrode motion artefact and reduction of artefact by amplifier input stage design.", "content": "Motion artefact voltages result from mechanical disturbances of bioelectrodes. For dry electrodes the effect of parameters related to the amplifier input stage on the artefact voltage is studied. The results indicate that the artefact voltage consists of two components termed delta R component and delta U component according to the motion-affected element. The delta R component is strongly dependent on the amplifier input resistance Rl and the input bias current lB. For negligible delta R artefacts Rl should be larger than 1 G omega and lB should be less than 50 pA when using bioelectrodes.", "contents": "A model of bioelectrode motion artefact and reduction of artefact by amplifier input stage design. Motion artefact voltages result from mechanical disturbances of bioelectrodes. For dry electrodes the effect of parameters related to the amplifier input stage on the artefact voltage is studied. The results indicate that the artefact voltage consists of two components termed delta R component and delta U component according to the motion-affected element. The delta R component is strongly dependent on the amplifier input resistance Rl and the input bias current lB. For negligible delta R artefacts Rl should be larger than 1 G omega and lB should be less than 50 pA when using bioelectrodes.", "PMID": 537352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7221", "title": "Fracture behaviour of commercial surgical acrylic bone cements.", "content": "The resistance to slow growth of three commercial acrylic bone cements has been evaluated. It was found that small additions of 1 micrometer diameter barium sulphate particles reduced the resistance to slow crack growth of Simplex P and CMW acrylic bone cements, while a small addition of the antibiotic Gentamicin had no detectable effect on cracking in Palacos R bone cdment.", "contents": "Fracture behaviour of commercial surgical acrylic bone cements. The resistance to slow growth of three commercial acrylic bone cements has been evaluated. It was found that small additions of 1 micrometer diameter barium sulphate particles reduced the resistance to slow crack growth of Simplex P and CMW acrylic bone cements, while a small addition of the antibiotic Gentamicin had no detectable effect on cracking in Palacos R bone cdment.", "PMID": 537353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7222", "title": "Biomechanics of the femoral component of total hip prostheses with particular reference to the stress in the bone-cement.", "content": "Two-dimensional finite element analyses were used to determine the normal and shear stress distributions at the prostheses-cement and cement-bone interfaces in the femoral component of a total hip replacement. Various combinations of stem, cement and bone stiffnesses were investigated. In particular the influences of stem taper, cement stiffness, prosthesis stiffness and the effect of a plateau, on the cement stresses were examined and compared. It was particulary noticeable that the normal direct stress across the cement in the proximal region of the stem, both literally and medially, as generally compressive. It was found that the more flexible the cement the more uniform were the stress distributions. Furthermore, these stresses increase as the stiffness of the stem decreases.", "contents": "Biomechanics of the femoral component of total hip prostheses with particular reference to the stress in the bone-cement. Two-dimensional finite element analyses were used to determine the normal and shear stress distributions at the prostheses-cement and cement-bone interfaces in the femoral component of a total hip replacement. Various combinations of stem, cement and bone stiffnesses were investigated. In particular the influences of stem taper, cement stiffness, prosthesis stiffness and the effect of a plateau, on the cement stresses were examined and compared. It was particulary noticeable that the normal direct stress across the cement in the proximal region of the stem, both literally and medially, as generally compressive. It was found that the more flexible the cement the more uniform were the stress distributions. Furthermore, these stresses increase as the stiffness of the stem decreases.", "PMID": 537354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7223", "title": "[Investigations on the distribution of serum LDH isoenzymes of patients with carcinoma laryngis (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in healthy blood donors and in patients suffering histological identified tumor (neoplasms) laryngis was investigated. The values of 110 healthy persons (controls) proved to be comparable with the average data described in literature. The LDH distribution pattern of 90 tumour affected persons showed significant differences comparing with controls. The alteration appears as absolute increase in LDH-1 (H4) isoenzyme parallel with progressive decrease in the hybrid enzyme rations containing M subunits (LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4), and the LDH-5 consisting of four M sununits was undetectable. The conclusions drawn from our investigations seem to be in agreement with Warburg's conception, supposing that in malignant tumours the aerob glycolysis increases. The determination of LDH isoenzyme distributions for diagnostic purposes in clinical practice is recommended.", "contents": "[Investigations on the distribution of serum LDH isoenzymes of patients with carcinoma laryngis (author's transl)]. The distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in healthy blood donors and in patients suffering histological identified tumor (neoplasms) laryngis was investigated. The values of 110 healthy persons (controls) proved to be comparable with the average data described in literature. The LDH distribution pattern of 90 tumour affected persons showed significant differences comparing with controls. The alteration appears as absolute increase in LDH-1 (H4) isoenzyme parallel with progressive decrease in the hybrid enzyme rations containing M subunits (LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4), and the LDH-5 consisting of four M sununits was undetectable. The conclusions drawn from our investigations seem to be in agreement with Warburg's conception, supposing that in malignant tumours the aerob glycolysis increases. The determination of LDH isoenzyme distributions for diagnostic purposes in clinical practice is recommended.", "PMID": 537438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7224", "title": "[A contribution to cytopathology of the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the larynx are rare. They represent about 1% of all malignant tumors in the larynx. Among sarcomas the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma seems to be exceedingly rare. Only 4 cases of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma have been described in the larynx. Another case is reported including the description of the smear.", "contents": "[A contribution to cytopathology of the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in the larynx (author's transl)]. Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the larynx are rare. They represent about 1% of all malignant tumors in the larynx. Among sarcomas the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma seems to be exceedingly rare. Only 4 cases of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma have been described in the larynx. Another case is reported including the description of the smear.", "PMID": 537439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7225", "title": "[The influence of experimental vestibular stimulation on directional hearing (author's transl)].", "content": "Interaural differences of time and intensity do not explain the good directional hearing capacity of persons with one deaf ear or asymmetric hearing loss. These persons estimate the direction of sounds by head movements. The alteration of sounds depends on the amplitude of the head movement, on the degree of turning the head and on a normal vestibular system. The influence of vestibular stimulation on directional hearing and the resulting virtual alterations on the direction of sound could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[The influence of experimental vestibular stimulation on directional hearing (author's transl)]. Interaural differences of time and intensity do not explain the good directional hearing capacity of persons with one deaf ear or asymmetric hearing loss. These persons estimate the direction of sounds by head movements. The alteration of sounds depends on the amplitude of the head movement, on the degree of turning the head and on a normal vestibular system. The influence of vestibular stimulation on directional hearing and the resulting virtual alterations on the direction of sound could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 537440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7226", "title": "[Tullio-phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "Applying sound waves to one ear, reflectory head- and bodymovements as well as nystagmus and vertigo are produced. We could study a Tullio-Phenomenon in a patient with a latero-basal fracture of the skull, who showed an otoliquorrhia from the medial wall of the tympanon. After surgical procedure the Tullio-Phenomenon could no longer be achieved.", "contents": "[Tullio-phenomenon (author's transl)]. Applying sound waves to one ear, reflectory head- and bodymovements as well as nystagmus and vertigo are produced. We could study a Tullio-Phenomenon in a patient with a latero-basal fracture of the skull, who showed an otoliquorrhia from the medial wall of the tympanon. After surgical procedure the Tullio-Phenomenon could no longer be achieved.", "PMID": 537441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7227", "title": "[A caloric vestibular test with increased positive evidence (author's transl)].", "content": "A decrease of the variance of a caloric test would increase the importance of the statement of this test. An important source of variance are the differences concerning the timecourse of the induced heat wave, determined by the different anatomic conditions in the petrous bone, particularly the pneumatisation. A constant temperature gradient is obtained by the irigation in a pessimum position with the head flexed 30 degrees to the front. This temperature gradient evokes immediately a constant maximum vestibular stimulus after having reflected the head 90 degrees to the back. Comparing this new method with the traditional irrigation, one can state an important reduction of variance. The dependence of the nystagumus response on caloric irrigation of the petrous bone demands a X-ray-examination according to the technique of Sch\u00fcller before starting with the caloric examination. In case of differences between the right and left sides the described test would be necessary in our opinion.", "contents": "[A caloric vestibular test with increased positive evidence (author's transl)]. A decrease of the variance of a caloric test would increase the importance of the statement of this test. An important source of variance are the differences concerning the timecourse of the induced heat wave, determined by the different anatomic conditions in the petrous bone, particularly the pneumatisation. A constant temperature gradient is obtained by the irigation in a pessimum position with the head flexed 30 degrees to the front. This temperature gradient evokes immediately a constant maximum vestibular stimulus after having reflected the head 90 degrees to the back. Comparing this new method with the traditional irrigation, one can state an important reduction of variance. The dependence of the nystagumus response on caloric irrigation of the petrous bone demands a X-ray-examination according to the technique of Sch\u00fcller before starting with the caloric examination. In case of differences between the right and left sides the described test would be necessary in our opinion.", "PMID": 537442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7228", "title": "[How to seize and rate a social hearing handicap caused by hearing disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "A psychological test to size the quantitative social hearing handicap was developed by High and Fairbanks as a normative anemnesis. The splitting of the social hearing handicap index (SHHI) in the components of deafness and selection ability shows the importance of the selection ability for social hearing. Comparing the pure tone audiogramm with the SHHI of 54 patients demonstrates the low correlation of the audiogramm with the SHHI and especially its selection component. Only when the hearing loss is severe the selection component will correspond to the threshold.", "contents": "[How to seize and rate a social hearing handicap caused by hearing disorders (author's transl)]. A psychological test to size the quantitative social hearing handicap was developed by High and Fairbanks as a normative anemnesis. The splitting of the social hearing handicap index (SHHI) in the components of deafness and selection ability shows the importance of the selection ability for social hearing. Comparing the pure tone audiogramm with the SHHI of 54 patients demonstrates the low correlation of the audiogramm with the SHHI and especially its selection component. Only when the hearing loss is severe the selection component will correspond to the threshold.", "PMID": 537443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7229", "title": "[Sisi-test - a faulty test method? (author's transl)].", "content": "Doubts of reliability of SISI-test are based on lack of understanding and knowledge of what this test can disclose and where it should be placed in an audiologic test battery. Examination of normal hearing medical students with the SISI-test showed much better results than comparable test figures of other authors. There is a distinct difference with regard to the test intensity as well as the test frequency. Results show that their is no reason to disqualify the SISI-test.", "contents": "[Sisi-test - a faulty test method? (author's transl)]. Doubts of reliability of SISI-test are based on lack of understanding and knowledge of what this test can disclose and where it should be placed in an audiologic test battery. Examination of normal hearing medical students with the SISI-test showed much better results than comparable test figures of other authors. There is a distinct difference with regard to the test intensity as well as the test frequency. Results show that their is no reason to disqualify the SISI-test.", "PMID": 537444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7230", "title": "[A contribution to the elevation of the erythrocytes sedimentation rate in sudden deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 77 patients with sudden deafness, of whom 59 (77%) showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR). Beside the ESR the patient-collective was subdivided into age, sex, audiogramm-findings and conception of therapy. A discussion follows and conception of therapy. A discussion follows about the possible reasons of the ESR-elevations as virus diseases or the pharmacogenic influence of the ESR by low molecular dextrans.", "contents": "[A contribution to the elevation of the erythrocytes sedimentation rate in sudden deafness (author's transl)]. Report on 77 patients with sudden deafness, of whom 59 (77%) showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR). Beside the ESR the patient-collective was subdivided into age, sex, audiogramm-findings and conception of therapy. A discussion follows and conception of therapy. A discussion follows about the possible reasons of the ESR-elevations as virus diseases or the pharmacogenic influence of the ESR by low molecular dextrans.", "PMID": 537445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7231", "title": "[Salmonellosis in Dakar: bacteriological, clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Ten years records (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on salmonellosis in Senegal has been carried out in Dakar at the University Hospital of Fann from 1966 to 1976. The authors describe the various methods of isolating the germs (mainly hemoculture and coproculture) and the techniques used for bacteriological research (antibiograms, tests on plasmidic resistance). The results of these investigations, which took the whole of 10 years, are presented below, in accordance with their different aspects: - bacteriological: 1 335 strains of Salmonella have been isolated. Significantly, S. typhi is predominant (56,6 p. 100). But 7 serotypes represent 90 p. 100 of the total strains which are now in existence in Dakar; - clinical: the aspects of these diseases vary: typho\u00efd fever, encephalitis, diarrheic syndrome, especially among infants, and purulent meningitis, which is generally severe; - therapeutic: 880 strains have been tested with 10 antibiotics. Two groups of Salmonella serotypes are opposed: those which are sensitive (S. typhi, S. typhi murium, S. enteritidis, S. paratyphi C), those which have become resistant (S. stanleyville, S. havana, S. ordonez). The most frequent antibiotype of this kind is ASKCTSu. This is a phenomenon of plasmidic resistance, demonstrated by in vitro experiments; - epidemiological: the lysotypes of 86 strains have been determined. Two epidemiological features must be described: either a stable endemic situation with sensitive strains - or epidemics, lasting several years, with resistant serotypes. Different therapeutic schemes can be used: chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, or sometimes cotrimoxazole, or ampicillin for meningitis. In diarrheic syndrome, symptomatic treatment is enough. Then, the authors give their comments on the special characteristics of salmonellosis in Dakar: - the influence of environment on the various clinical aspects of these diseases: very serious cases of meningitis, typhoid fever, which is more severe than in France, and complications when treatment has gone wrong at the beginning; - antibiograms, which are essential, in order to choose the adequate therapeutics; - and the different aspects of epidemillogy, which are linked to the sensitivity of the serotypes to the most active antibiotics. The existence of several resistant serotypes in Senegal is a real danger: plasmidic resistance could be transferred to S. typhi. In such a situation, epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis is absolutely necessary, and control of enteric diseases, characterized by foecal transmission, must be carried out, with the techniques available in the country.", "contents": "[Salmonellosis in Dakar: bacteriological, clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Ten years records (author's transl)]. A study on salmonellosis in Senegal has been carried out in Dakar at the University Hospital of Fann from 1966 to 1976. The authors describe the various methods of isolating the germs (mainly hemoculture and coproculture) and the techniques used for bacteriological research (antibiograms, tests on plasmidic resistance). The results of these investigations, which took the whole of 10 years, are presented below, in accordance with their different aspects: - bacteriological: 1 335 strains of Salmonella have been isolated. Significantly, S. typhi is predominant (56,6 p. 100). But 7 serotypes represent 90 p. 100 of the total strains which are now in existence in Dakar; - clinical: the aspects of these diseases vary: typho\u00efd fever, encephalitis, diarrheic syndrome, especially among infants, and purulent meningitis, which is generally severe; - therapeutic: 880 strains have been tested with 10 antibiotics. Two groups of Salmonella serotypes are opposed: those which are sensitive (S. typhi, S. typhi murium, S. enteritidis, S. paratyphi C), those which have become resistant (S. stanleyville, S. havana, S. ordonez). The most frequent antibiotype of this kind is ASKCTSu. This is a phenomenon of plasmidic resistance, demonstrated by in vitro experiments; - epidemiological: the lysotypes of 86 strains have been determined. Two epidemiological features must be described: either a stable endemic situation with sensitive strains - or epidemics, lasting several years, with resistant serotypes. Different therapeutic schemes can be used: chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, or sometimes cotrimoxazole, or ampicillin for meningitis. In diarrheic syndrome, symptomatic treatment is enough. Then, the authors give their comments on the special characteristics of salmonellosis in Dakar: - the influence of environment on the various clinical aspects of these diseases: very serious cases of meningitis, typhoid fever, which is more severe than in France, and complications when treatment has gone wrong at the beginning; - antibiograms, which are essential, in order to choose the adequate therapeutics; - and the different aspects of epidemillogy, which are linked to the sensitivity of the serotypes to the most active antibiotics. The existence of several resistant serotypes in Senegal is a real danger: plasmidic resistance could be transferred to S. typhi. In such a situation, epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis is absolutely necessary, and control of enteric diseases, characterized by foecal transmission, must be carried out, with the techniques available in the country.", "PMID": 537486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7232", "title": "[Thyphoid fever in Tananarive (Madagascar): a review of 20o cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical and biological study of 200 cases in Tananarive. The conventional clinical form is still frequent because patients have no immunity and report too late to the hospital. The main complications concern the heart and the digestive tract. Hemoculture is the main clue for the diagnosis. Biochemical and specially enzymatic unconventional data whichs have been recently reported are frequently observed. No resistance to chloramphenicol has yet been detected in Tananarive.", "contents": "[Thyphoid fever in Tananarive (Madagascar): a review of 20o cases (author's transl)]. A clinical and biological study of 200 cases in Tananarive. The conventional clinical form is still frequent because patients have no immunity and report too late to the hospital. The main complications concern the heart and the digestive tract. Hemoculture is the main clue for the diagnosis. Biochemical and specially enzymatic unconventional data whichs have been recently reported are frequently observed. No resistance to chloramphenicol has yet been detected in Tananarive.", "PMID": 537487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7233", "title": "[Typhoid fever in Vietnam. I. Bacteriological study (607 Salmonella strains isolated from 1961 to 1975 at the Grall Hospital of Saigon)].", "content": "From 1961 to 1975, researches on salmonellosis have been carried out in Hospital Grall, in Saigon, mainly during two periods (1961-1964, then 1971-1975). 607 strains of Salmonella have been isolated for these 15 years (558 S. typhi and 49 Salmonella, among several other serotypes). As typhoid fever is most important, the authors have studied this disease very carefully. The most efficacious technique of isolating is hemoculture. With coproculture, the results are disappointing. Scarcely, some strains have been found in samples of various origins. Indirect diagnosis methods are less interesting. They may induce only a presumptive diagnosis. S. typhi is always predominant : 86,5 p. 100 from 1961 to 1964 and 96,1 p. 100 from 1972 to 1975. Diffusion of this germ during the second period is linked to the occurring of resistance to chloramphenicol. Some other serotypes are observed scarcely. The lysotypes have been determined for almost all the strains (202, then 323, during the two phases of this study). From 172 to 1975, 24 different lysotypes have been found. Lysotype I + IV is predominant (59 p. 100), but the incidence of D 6 and of 46 (6,8 p. 100) is somewhat high, if it is compared to the others. Lysotype 46 has been observed only since 1971. It has been spreading up to now in South East Asia. Stretching of this lysotype, out of its original focus, is an important epidemiological character. In 1972, resistance of S. typhi to chloramphenicol appeared and it has been increasing mostly during the following years. From 1972 to 1975, 211 strains on 288 were found resistant (highest point in 1975 : 85,4 p. 100). It was a multiresistance to 4 antibiotics (antibiotype : CTSSu). This pehnomenon of plasmidic resistance was investigated in Institut Pasteur (Paris). Many lysotypes have been involved in resistance (14 among 24). Clinical study has been realized for 189 patients. During the typical period of the disease, fever is the major symptom. More scarcely, other clinical features are observed. Various complications have been related. The evolution of the disease has been generally satisfactory, as far as mortality (less than 2 p. 100), sequelae (1 p. 100) and relapses (2 p. 100) are concerned. Clinical course has not been modified by resistance of the germs.", "contents": "[Typhoid fever in Vietnam. I. Bacteriological study (607 Salmonella strains isolated from 1961 to 1975 at the Grall Hospital of Saigon)]. From 1961 to 1975, researches on salmonellosis have been carried out in Hospital Grall, in Saigon, mainly during two periods (1961-1964, then 1971-1975). 607 strains of Salmonella have been isolated for these 15 years (558 S. typhi and 49 Salmonella, among several other serotypes). As typhoid fever is most important, the authors have studied this disease very carefully. The most efficacious technique of isolating is hemoculture. With coproculture, the results are disappointing. Scarcely, some strains have been found in samples of various origins. Indirect diagnosis methods are less interesting. They may induce only a presumptive diagnosis. S. typhi is always predominant : 86,5 p. 100 from 1961 to 1964 and 96,1 p. 100 from 1972 to 1975. Diffusion of this germ during the second period is linked to the occurring of resistance to chloramphenicol. Some other serotypes are observed scarcely. The lysotypes have been determined for almost all the strains (202, then 323, during the two phases of this study). From 172 to 1975, 24 different lysotypes have been found. Lysotype I + IV is predominant (59 p. 100), but the incidence of D 6 and of 46 (6,8 p. 100) is somewhat high, if it is compared to the others. Lysotype 46 has been observed only since 1971. It has been spreading up to now in South East Asia. Stretching of this lysotype, out of its original focus, is an important epidemiological character. In 1972, resistance of S. typhi to chloramphenicol appeared and it has been increasing mostly during the following years. From 1972 to 1975, 211 strains on 288 were found resistant (highest point in 1975 : 85,4 p. 100). It was a multiresistance to 4 antibiotics (antibiotype : CTSSu). This pehnomenon of plasmidic resistance was investigated in Institut Pasteur (Paris). Many lysotypes have been involved in resistance (14 among 24). Clinical study has been realized for 189 patients. During the typical period of the disease, fever is the major symptom. More scarcely, other clinical features are observed. Various complications have been related. The evolution of the disease has been generally satisfactory, as far as mortality (less than 2 p. 100), sequelae (1 p. 100) and relapses (2 p. 100) are concerned. Clinical course has not been modified by resistance of the germs.", "PMID": 537488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7234", "title": "[Shigellosis in Tananarive (Madagascar) I - Epidemiologic and clinic features (author's transl)].", "content": "Reviewing 67 cases of human adult shigellosis observed in Madagascar, the authors emphasize some epidemiologic and clinic features : high frequency during rainy season, usual dysenteriform aspect or diarrhoeas with fever, hemorragic forms, severity according to anterior state of colon and rectum, severity if cases associated with amoebiasis or schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni).", "contents": "[Shigellosis in Tananarive (Madagascar) I - Epidemiologic and clinic features (author's transl)]. Reviewing 67 cases of human adult shigellosis observed in Madagascar, the authors emphasize some epidemiologic and clinic features : high frequency during rainy season, usual dysenteriform aspect or diarrhoeas with fever, hemorragic forms, severity according to anterior state of colon and rectum, severity if cases associated with amoebiasis or schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni).", "PMID": 537491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7235", "title": "[Children typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam) : epidemiological and biological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of 130 children cases of typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam). Leuco-neutropenia is far from regular but thrombopenia is frequent. The typhoid bacillus is generally cultivated from blood during the first two weeks of the evolution. There is evidence in most S. typhi strains of a plasmid resistance for streptomycine, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamides. Strains of the various other enterobacteria of the intestinal flora are generally resistant for many more antibiotics than S. typhi.", "contents": "[Children typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam) : epidemiological and biological aspects (author's transl)]. A review of 130 children cases of typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam). Leuco-neutropenia is far from regular but thrombopenia is frequent. The typhoid bacillus is generally cultivated from blood during the first two weeks of the evolution. There is evidence in most S. typhi strains of a plasmid resistance for streptomycine, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamides. Strains of the various other enterobacteria of the intestinal flora are generally resistant for many more antibiotics than S. typhi.", "PMID": 537490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7236", "title": "[The role of immunization against bacterial enteric infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reviews critically the available vaccines against salmonellosis and shigellosis, the more sophisticated vaccines against these two infections and cholera presently under experimentation and using parenteral or oral dispensing. To contribute to public health planning, with particular reference to developping countries, the authors points on the necessity to evaluate carefully the merits of the different techniques aiming at controling bacterial enteric infections. Sanitation seems to be the most effective and the less expensive technique.", "contents": "[The role of immunization against bacterial enteric infections (author's transl)]. The author reviews critically the available vaccines against salmonellosis and shigellosis, the more sophisticated vaccines against these two infections and cholera presently under experimentation and using parenteral or oral dispensing. To contribute to public health planning, with particular reference to developping countries, the authors points on the necessity to evaluate carefully the merits of the different techniques aiming at controling bacterial enteric infections. Sanitation seems to be the most effective and the less expensive technique.", "PMID": 537492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7237", "title": "[Surgical approach to the so-called infectious perforations of the small intestine in Africa south of the Sahara (author's transl)].", "content": "Non traumatic perforations are frequent in Africa South of the Sahara and most often due to salmonellosis. From 50 cases recorded in Dakar, the authors study the main problems raised by diagnosis (specially in non reactive peritonitis requiring iterative controls), surgical tactic and procedure, and intensive care. In 86 p. 100 of the case they report on, the authors performed a suture completed by passive drainage. However, and in spite of the risk of leaking, resection had to be done either immediately or because suture failure. As patients were presented generaly in very bad condition, intensive cares were complex but essential. Death rate ranged between 25 p. 100 and 50 p. 100.", "contents": "[Surgical approach to the so-called infectious perforations of the small intestine in Africa south of the Sahara (author's transl)]. Non traumatic perforations are frequent in Africa South of the Sahara and most often due to salmonellosis. From 50 cases recorded in Dakar, the authors study the main problems raised by diagnosis (specially in non reactive peritonitis requiring iterative controls), surgical tactic and procedure, and intensive care. In 86 p. 100 of the case they report on, the authors performed a suture completed by passive drainage. However, and in spite of the risk of leaking, resection had to be done either immediately or because suture failure. As patients were presented generaly in very bad condition, intensive cares were complex but essential. Death rate ranged between 25 p. 100 and 50 p. 100.", "PMID": 537493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7238", "title": "Antiplague antibodies against Yersinia pestis fraction-I antigen in serum from rodents either experimentally infected or captured in harbor areas of Japan, 1971--1977.", "content": "Antiplague indirect hemagglutination tests were investigated with Yersinia pestis fraction-I antigen and sera from experimentally infected rodents. The same tests with sera treated with acetone or acetone-2-mercaptoethanol were performed in parallel. Technical conditions were determined to insure the specificity and reproducibility of the reactions. Utilizing the methods studied, we carried out serological surveillance of plague with sera from wild rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) captured in the harbor areas of Japan during the period from 1971 to 1977. Four samples (all from R. norvegicus) out of 1,645 obtained in Kobe were positive. The public health significance of the data obtained is discussed.", "contents": "Antiplague antibodies against Yersinia pestis fraction-I antigen in serum from rodents either experimentally infected or captured in harbor areas of Japan, 1971--1977. Antiplague indirect hemagglutination tests were investigated with Yersinia pestis fraction-I antigen and sera from experimentally infected rodents. The same tests with sera treated with acetone or acetone-2-mercaptoethanol were performed in parallel. Technical conditions were determined to insure the specificity and reproducibility of the reactions. Utilizing the methods studied, we carried out serological surveillance of plague with sera from wild rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) captured in the harbor areas of Japan during the period from 1971 to 1977. Four samples (all from R. norvegicus) out of 1,645 obtained in Kobe were positive. The public health significance of the data obtained is discussed.", "PMID": 537520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7239", "title": "Isolation and characterization of heat-resistant (HR) mutants of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Heat-resistant (HR) mutants (MR 70 and HR 74) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which exhibited significantly higher thermostability in their infectivity than wild-type virus were isolated and characterized. They differ from each other in their plaque morphology; HR 70 produces small turbid plaques, whereas those of HR 74 are large and clear. Cytopathogenicity of these mutants is much lower than that of the wild-type virus in cultured cells such as CEF, LLCMK2 and HeLa cells. Moreover, these HR mutants exhibited extended mean embryo survival times. Synthesis of cellular RNA's and proteins in cells infected with HR mutants was not significantly reduced under conditions in which synthesis of these macromolecules was strongly reduced in cells infected with wild-type virus. No significant differences were observed between HR mutants and wild-type virus in their other phenotypic characteristics such as the capacity for interferon production, growth characteristics at a low multiplicity of infection, and cleavage of viral glycoproteins in infected cells. From these findings, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of virus infection on cellular macromolecular synthesis is a possible determinant of cytopathogenicity of NDV.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of heat-resistant (HR) mutants of Newcastle disease virus. Heat-resistant (HR) mutants (MR 70 and HR 74) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which exhibited significantly higher thermostability in their infectivity than wild-type virus were isolated and characterized. They differ from each other in their plaque morphology; HR 70 produces small turbid plaques, whereas those of HR 74 are large and clear. Cytopathogenicity of these mutants is much lower than that of the wild-type virus in cultured cells such as CEF, LLCMK2 and HeLa cells. Moreover, these HR mutants exhibited extended mean embryo survival times. Synthesis of cellular RNA's and proteins in cells infected with HR mutants was not significantly reduced under conditions in which synthesis of these macromolecules was strongly reduced in cells infected with wild-type virus. No significant differences were observed between HR mutants and wild-type virus in their other phenotypic characteristics such as the capacity for interferon production, growth characteristics at a low multiplicity of infection, and cleavage of viral glycoproteins in infected cells. From these findings, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of virus infection on cellular macromolecular synthesis is a possible determinant of cytopathogenicity of NDV.", "PMID": 537521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7240", "title": "Cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans AHT mutants with altered in vitro adherence abilities in hamsters.", "content": "Plaque-forming ability and cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans AHT mutants having varying in vitro adherence abilities were studied in hamsters reared on a high sucrose diet over a period of 64 days. The parent wild-type strain produced heavy plaque and extensive carious lesions on molars. However, mutants M1, M2, and M13, which have lost the ability to form adhesive deposits on glass when grown in sucrose broth, and mutant M9, which adheres firmly to glass but in an extremely small amount, could not be recovered from the mouths of animals even after repeated inoculations at weekly intervals throughout the experimental period. Mutant M35, which produces a large amount of loosely adhering deposits in vitro, became established and persisted on molars, but its recovery was extremely low. None of the mutants, including M35, significantly produced plaque and caries in hamsters. Possible causes of this inability to form plaque and the avirulence of mutants are discussed.", "contents": "Cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans AHT mutants with altered in vitro adherence abilities in hamsters. Plaque-forming ability and cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans AHT mutants having varying in vitro adherence abilities were studied in hamsters reared on a high sucrose diet over a period of 64 days. The parent wild-type strain produced heavy plaque and extensive carious lesions on molars. However, mutants M1, M2, and M13, which have lost the ability to form adhesive deposits on glass when grown in sucrose broth, and mutant M9, which adheres firmly to glass but in an extremely small amount, could not be recovered from the mouths of animals even after repeated inoculations at weekly intervals throughout the experimental period. Mutant M35, which produces a large amount of loosely adhering deposits in vitro, became established and persisted on molars, but its recovery was extremely low. None of the mutants, including M35, significantly produced plaque and caries in hamsters. Possible causes of this inability to form plaque and the avirulence of mutants are discussed.", "PMID": 537523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7241", "title": "Continuous survey of the distribution of RNA coliphages in Japan.", "content": "In order to demonstrate the stability and continuity of RNA coliphages (phages) in their natural habitats, we investigated the amount and group types of RNA phages in sewage samples collected continuously from domestic drainage in Japan proper and islands in the seas adjacent to Japan (abbreviated simply as islands, hereafter) over a 5-yr period from 1973 to 1977. It was found that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high and constant. The group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable in the three cities. Choshi, Niigata, and Toyama in Japan proper. The average for the three cities was group II:III = 3:1. The investigation in islands revealed that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high as in the case of the above three cities in Japan proper and the group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable. That is to say, group II phages were predominant on Rishiri Island, Rebun I., Iki I., and Tsushima I., which are located relatively near to mainland Japan, while group III phages were predominant on Amamiohshima I., mainland Okinawa, Ishigakijima I., and Iriomotejima I., which are located south of Kyushu. It can thus be said that the RNA phages in the domestic drainage of Japan proper and islands remained more or less stable over at least the 5-yr period, and an apparent difference in the geographical distribution of RNA phages in Japan exists between Kyushu and Amamiohshima I.", "contents": "Continuous survey of the distribution of RNA coliphages in Japan. In order to demonstrate the stability and continuity of RNA coliphages (phages) in their natural habitats, we investigated the amount and group types of RNA phages in sewage samples collected continuously from domestic drainage in Japan proper and islands in the seas adjacent to Japan (abbreviated simply as islands, hereafter) over a 5-yr period from 1973 to 1977. It was found that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high and constant. The group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable in the three cities. Choshi, Niigata, and Toyama in Japan proper. The average for the three cities was group II:III = 3:1. The investigation in islands revealed that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high as in the case of the above three cities in Japan proper and the group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable. That is to say, group II phages were predominant on Rishiri Island, Rebun I., Iki I., and Tsushima I., which are located relatively near to mainland Japan, while group III phages were predominant on Amamiohshima I., mainland Okinawa, Ishigakijima I., and Iriomotejima I., which are located south of Kyushu. It can thus be said that the RNA phages in the domestic drainage of Japan proper and islands remained more or less stable over at least the 5-yr period, and an apparent difference in the geographical distribution of RNA phages in Japan exists between Kyushu and Amamiohshima I.", "PMID": 537524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7242", "title": "A place for oncology in medical undergraduate teaching.", "content": "Cancer is a common disease, and it is argued that integrated teaching of the problems of the cancer patient deserves a place in the undergraduate medical curriculum. A model is presented which has now been used for 3 years and appears to be operating successfully at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School.", "contents": "A place for oncology in medical undergraduate teaching. Cancer is a common disease, and it is argued that integrated teaching of the problems of the cancer patient deserves a place in the undergraduate medical curriculum. A model is presented which has now been used for 3 years and appears to be operating successfully at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School.", "PMID": 537527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7243", "title": "Development and exploratory trials of a cognitive preference inventory for medical students.", "content": "A medical cognitive preference inventory was developed and tested with two samples, one in Israel and the other in the United States. Acceptable levels of internal consistency of the whole test and of its three subtests were demonstrated. Direct and indirect evidence for the validity of the test was provided. The potential uses of the test for student selection and evaluation as well as for programme evaluation were discussed. Two forms, E and F, each consisting of eighteen items, are recommended for use with medical students. A combination of these two forms is designed as form G. Administration of one form to half of a sample and the other form to the other half, followed by pooling the individual scores, thereby obtaining results comparable to those of form G, is recommended when time to administer the inventory is limited.", "contents": "Development and exploratory trials of a cognitive preference inventory for medical students. A medical cognitive preference inventory was developed and tested with two samples, one in Israel and the other in the United States. Acceptable levels of internal consistency of the whole test and of its three subtests were demonstrated. Direct and indirect evidence for the validity of the test was provided. The potential uses of the test for student selection and evaluation as well as for programme evaluation were discussed. Two forms, E and F, each consisting of eighteen items, are recommended for use with medical students. A combination of these two forms is designed as form G. Administration of one form to half of a sample and the other form to the other half, followed by pooling the individual scores, thereby obtaining results comparable to those of form G, is recommended when time to administer the inventory is limited.", "PMID": 537528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7244", "title": "Practical work in a behavioural sciences course.", "content": "This paper describes a recent change in the practical component of the Behavioural Sciences course at Dundee Medical School. Results obtained from an evaluation of the change appear to show that students' learning was enhanced by the new form of practical work.", "contents": "Practical work in a behavioural sciences course. This paper describes a recent change in the practical component of the Behavioural Sciences course at Dundee Medical School. Results obtained from an evaluation of the change appear to show that students' learning was enhanced by the new form of practical work.", "PMID": 537529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7245", "title": "Towards a rational approach to student evaluation by examinations.", "content": "The major functions of examinations are noted and a scheme of multiple choice testing is outlined which distinguishes between the certification function and the grading function of examinations. This scheme has been in operation since January 1976 in the Department of Anatomy, University of Cape Town, and preliminary results are presented which show: (i) greatly enhanced reliability (ii) unimpaired validity when the multiple choice procedures described were used.", "contents": "Towards a rational approach to student evaluation by examinations. The major functions of examinations are noted and a scheme of multiple choice testing is outlined which distinguishes between the certification function and the grading function of examinations. This scheme has been in operation since January 1976 in the Department of Anatomy, University of Cape Town, and preliminary results are presented which show: (i) greatly enhanced reliability (ii) unimpaired validity when the multiple choice procedures described were used.", "PMID": 537530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7246", "title": "The diagnostic utility index.", "content": "A method for quantifying the value placed on diagnostic accuracy is described. Named the Diagnostic Utility Index (DUI), it was completed by fifty subjects (including pathologists, physicians and medical students). Analysis of the responses reveals that attitudes to diagnostic perfectionism differ from one disease to another. It is suggested that the DUI may be useful in the clarifying of subjective factors which influence medical attitudes to the diagnosis and investigation of disease.", "contents": "The diagnostic utility index. A method for quantifying the value placed on diagnostic accuracy is described. Named the Diagnostic Utility Index (DUI), it was completed by fifty subjects (including pathologists, physicians and medical students). Analysis of the responses reveals that attitudes to diagnostic perfectionism differ from one disease to another. It is suggested that the DUI may be useful in the clarifying of subjective factors which influence medical attitudes to the diagnosis and investigation of disease.", "PMID": 537532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7247", "title": "A human sexuality course for Oxford University medical students.", "content": "A human sexuality course for clinical students in Oxford was held based on the format of similar courses held in the U.S.A. with one-and-a-half days of films and lectures followed by discussion in small groups. The course was largely successful and evaluation of attitudes and knowledge revealed that significant preliminary changes resulted. Students who failed to complete the course had more inhibited attitudes towards sexuality and less sexual information compared with those who attended the whole course. Advice is given to those intending to hold such a course elsewhere, including how more inhibited students, who probably are most in need of such teaching, might be encouraged to participate.", "contents": "A human sexuality course for Oxford University medical students. A human sexuality course for clinical students in Oxford was held based on the format of similar courses held in the U.S.A. with one-and-a-half days of films and lectures followed by discussion in small groups. The course was largely successful and evaluation of attitudes and knowledge revealed that significant preliminary changes resulted. Students who failed to complete the course had more inhibited attitudes towards sexuality and less sexual information compared with those who attended the whole course. Advice is given to those intending to hold such a course elsewhere, including how more inhibited students, who probably are most in need of such teaching, might be encouraged to participate.", "PMID": 537533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7248", "title": "The evolution of a course in human sexuality University of Edinburgh, 1972-1978.", "content": "A short undergraduate course in human sexuality has been developed over a period of 7 years. The objectives, initially concerned with cognitive learning, shifted to affective aspects of the topic, introduced through a format of sexually explicit films and small-group discussions. Continuing evaluation of successive courses by students has been particularly valuable in identifying helpful and unhelpful behaviour in group leaders, and has been used in their training. The evaluations also demonstrated that students saw a need to develop their interviewing skills. The course, therefore, now seeks to combine affective learning with other topics of direct relevance to clinical practice.", "contents": "The evolution of a course in human sexuality University of Edinburgh, 1972-1978. A short undergraduate course in human sexuality has been developed over a period of 7 years. The objectives, initially concerned with cognitive learning, shifted to affective aspects of the topic, introduced through a format of sexually explicit films and small-group discussions. Continuing evaluation of successive courses by students has been particularly valuable in identifying helpful and unhelpful behaviour in group leaders, and has been used in their training. The evaluations also demonstrated that students saw a need to develop their interviewing skills. The course, therefore, now seeks to combine affective learning with other topics of direct relevance to clinical practice.", "PMID": 537534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7249", "title": "Patients' reactions to a two-way mirror in general practice.", "content": "From a survey of 200 patients in two general practices it would appear that the patients' reaction to the use of a two-way mirror is on the whole not unfavourable. The results suggest, however, that in the very personal setting expected of general practice people suffering from psychiatric problems (especially depression) should be given every opportunity to decline consultation in front of the mirror and if any patient becomes upset, then the mirror should be 'turned off' immediately. Internal examinations should not take place when the mirror is in use.", "contents": "Patients' reactions to a two-way mirror in general practice. From a survey of 200 patients in two general practices it would appear that the patients' reaction to the use of a two-way mirror is on the whole not unfavourable. The results suggest, however, that in the very personal setting expected of general practice people suffering from psychiatric problems (especially depression) should be given every opportunity to decline consultation in front of the mirror and if any patient becomes upset, then the mirror should be 'turned off' immediately. Internal examinations should not take place when the mirror is in use.", "PMID": 537535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7250", "title": "Regulation of the immune response by polyamines.", "content": "Regulation of the immune system is accomplished, in part, by numerous soluble factors and small molecules. One such class of regulatory substances may be the polyamines which are present in a variety of tissues. Stimulation of the immune response often occurs by crosslinking of lymphocyte surface proteins, followed by the production of some transmembrane signal. The activation pathway may be interrupted if certain necessary steps are blocked. It is proposed that polyamines exert regulatory influences by modulating crosslink formation; a step catalyzed by the enzyme transglutaminase. A model is outlined which describes the events initiating lymphocyte activation and the role of polyamines in this process. Certain drugs which might mimic the actions of polyamines are also discussed. During evolution of the control of growth processes in cells, relatively simple molecules (the polyamines) may have assumed a pivotal role in initiating and terminating the proliferative response. This idea has been applied to regulation of the immune system.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response by polyamines. Regulation of the immune system is accomplished, in part, by numerous soluble factors and small molecules. One such class of regulatory substances may be the polyamines which are present in a variety of tissues. Stimulation of the immune response often occurs by crosslinking of lymphocyte surface proteins, followed by the production of some transmembrane signal. The activation pathway may be interrupted if certain necessary steps are blocked. It is proposed that polyamines exert regulatory influences by modulating crosslink formation; a step catalyzed by the enzyme transglutaminase. A model is outlined which describes the events initiating lymphocyte activation and the role of polyamines in this process. Certain drugs which might mimic the actions of polyamines are also discussed. During evolution of the control of growth processes in cells, relatively simple molecules (the polyamines) may have assumed a pivotal role in initiating and terminating the proliferative response. This idea has been applied to regulation of the immune system.", "PMID": 537538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7251", "title": "The fundamental role of hyaluronidase in tissue.", "content": "The interstitial ground substance plays an essential role in the physiological processes of the capillary and the cell. Together they form a fundamental unit of function in which the cell is the most important part. Therefore the fundamental unit is called: THE CELLULAR UNIT. It is proposed central role and that this enzyme is indispensible for normal healthy cells as well as for the reactive mechanism in critical situations. The reactive mechanisms can be divided into a local reactive mechanism and a general reactive mechanism. The local reactive mechanism has a function of RESTORATION. The general reactive mechanism is especially for PROTECTION AGAINST ISCHAEMIA and REDISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL BODY NUTRIENTS in order to stimulate the restoration. These two mechanisms may have important clinical consequences.", "contents": "The fundamental role of hyaluronidase in tissue. The interstitial ground substance plays an essential role in the physiological processes of the capillary and the cell. Together they form a fundamental unit of function in which the cell is the most important part. Therefore the fundamental unit is called: THE CELLULAR UNIT. It is proposed central role and that this enzyme is indispensible for normal healthy cells as well as for the reactive mechanism in critical situations. The reactive mechanisms can be divided into a local reactive mechanism and a general reactive mechanism. The local reactive mechanism has a function of RESTORATION. The general reactive mechanism is especially for PROTECTION AGAINST ISCHAEMIA and REDISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL BODY NUTRIENTS in order to stimulate the restoration. These two mechanisms may have important clinical consequences.", "PMID": 537539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7252", "title": "A new right ventricular cardiac assist device.", "content": "At present no good method of assisting the right ventricle of the heart exists. This paper presents a new and effective approach to assisting the right ventricle of the heart which can be utilized independently or during cardiac surgery. Through implementation of this method, and timed inflation and deflation of several types of balloon catheters in the pulmonary artery, distal pulmonary arterial flow is augmented with subsequent unloading of the right side of the heart. This approach will be of great benefit in the treatment of atherosclerotic and congenital heart disease as well as in many cases of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "A new right ventricular cardiac assist device. At present no good method of assisting the right ventricle of the heart exists. This paper presents a new and effective approach to assisting the right ventricle of the heart which can be utilized independently or during cardiac surgery. Through implementation of this method, and timed inflation and deflation of several types of balloon catheters in the pulmonary artery, distal pulmonary arterial flow is augmented with subsequent unloading of the right side of the heart. This approach will be of great benefit in the treatment of atherosclerotic and congenital heart disease as well as in many cases of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 537540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7253", "title": "Congophilic microangiopathy in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's syndrome (presenile dementia).", "content": "In a large proportion of cases of Alzheimer's presenile dementia the major causal mechanism is compromise of the blood-brain barrier as the result of Congophilic microangiopathy occurring in a relatively young age group. This allows chronic access of serum proteins, perhaps of a selective neurotoxic type, to the cerebrum. The effect on neuronal cells in specific locations, e.g. hippocampus, is to induce the formation of paired helical filaments, autophagia of filamentous protein (filarin) and neuronal degeneration. The partially digested filarin is further enzymatically cleaved by microglia to produce the amyloid core of the neuritic plaque.", "contents": "Congophilic microangiopathy in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's syndrome (presenile dementia). In a large proportion of cases of Alzheimer's presenile dementia the major causal mechanism is compromise of the blood-brain barrier as the result of Congophilic microangiopathy occurring in a relatively young age group. This allows chronic access of serum proteins, perhaps of a selective neurotoxic type, to the cerebrum. The effect on neuronal cells in specific locations, e.g. hippocampus, is to induce the formation of paired helical filaments, autophagia of filamentous protein (filarin) and neuronal degeneration. The partially digested filarin is further enzymatically cleaved by microglia to produce the amyloid core of the neuritic plaque.", "PMID": 537541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7254", "title": "The naeglerial causation of rheumatoid disease and many human cancers. A new concept in medicine.", "content": "Man and terrestrial animals live in an environment containing free-living amoebae on the surface soil, in pools, fresh water lakes, rivers and streams. They form cysts, which float in the air and which are continually inhaled and found in the nasopharynx and their trophozoites are present in human and animal faeces. Amoebae of the genus, Naegleria, have been demonstrate; in all human tissues, both healthy and in larger numbers in those taken from cases of rheumatoid disease, in all human cancers and in the unaffected tissues of cancer patients. They can be killed in vitro by a series of different anti-amoebic substances and treatment of active cases of rheumatoid disease by any of these, either causes cessation of disease activity or a temporary exaggeration of symptoms followed by their lessening or disappearance (Herxheimer reaction), indicating the presence of an amoeba in the affected tissues as the causative organism of the inflammation in this disease in subjects genetically sensitive to the organism. Every internal organ may be involved in the inflammatory response in cases of rheumatoid disease and this also ceases with the above treatments. Many of these internal lesions are premalignant, so that infection with the organism either in sensitive subjects or with pathogenic species, appears to be the primary cause of cancer in many cases. The presence in the body of Naegleria represents the source of the constant antigenic stimulation thought to be responsible both for rheumatoid disease and for the development of lymphomata and myelomatosis.", "contents": "The naeglerial causation of rheumatoid disease and many human cancers. A new concept in medicine. Man and terrestrial animals live in an environment containing free-living amoebae on the surface soil, in pools, fresh water lakes, rivers and streams. They form cysts, which float in the air and which are continually inhaled and found in the nasopharynx and their trophozoites are present in human and animal faeces. Amoebae of the genus, Naegleria, have been demonstrate; in all human tissues, both healthy and in larger numbers in those taken from cases of rheumatoid disease, in all human cancers and in the unaffected tissues of cancer patients. They can be killed in vitro by a series of different anti-amoebic substances and treatment of active cases of rheumatoid disease by any of these, either causes cessation of disease activity or a temporary exaggeration of symptoms followed by their lessening or disappearance (Herxheimer reaction), indicating the presence of an amoeba in the affected tissues as the causative organism of the inflammation in this disease in subjects genetically sensitive to the organism. Every internal organ may be involved in the inflammatory response in cases of rheumatoid disease and this also ceases with the above treatments. Many of these internal lesions are premalignant, so that infection with the organism either in sensitive subjects or with pathogenic species, appears to be the primary cause of cancer in many cases. The presence in the body of Naegleria represents the source of the constant antigenic stimulation thought to be responsible both for rheumatoid disease and for the development of lymphomata and myelomatosis.", "PMID": 537542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7255", "title": "Should the concept of the recommended dietary allowance be altered to incorporate interactive effects of ubiquitous pollutants?", "content": "Using ascorbic acid as a model, this paper proposes that the concept of the RDA should be broadened to take into account the effects of ubiquitous pollutants on human health, a factor presently not incorporated in RDA derivations. It is now widely accepted that ascorbic acid nutritional status markedly affects the toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of greater than 50 pollutants, many of which are ubiquitous in the air, water, and food environments. At the present time, the data do not warrant changing the ascorbic acid RDA in light of the knowledge of pollutant interactions.", "contents": "Should the concept of the recommended dietary allowance be altered to incorporate interactive effects of ubiquitous pollutants? Using ascorbic acid as a model, this paper proposes that the concept of the RDA should be broadened to take into account the effects of ubiquitous pollutants on human health, a factor presently not incorporated in RDA derivations. It is now widely accepted that ascorbic acid nutritional status markedly affects the toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of greater than 50 pollutants, many of which are ubiquitous in the air, water, and food environments. At the present time, the data do not warrant changing the ascorbic acid RDA in light of the knowledge of pollutant interactions.", "PMID": 537543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7256", "title": "Inverse relationship of the velocities of perceived time and information processing events in the brain: a potential bioassay for neural functions: a hypothesis.", "content": "The velocity of elapsing time is not a constant but a relativistic component in the space-time continuum as postulated by Albert Einstein in his general and special relativity theories. The hypothesis presented here is that there is a biological corollary to relativity theory. It is postulated that biological time perception is also not a constant but is related by an inverse relationship between the velocities of neural processing events and perceived elapsing time. A careful analysis of this relationship may potentially offer a sensitive bioassay to determine the integrity of regional brain function under normal conditions and in the presence of specific disease processes. The mechanism for the biological basis of this theorem depends on the presence of a neural circuit developed through evolution which monitors overall brain efficiency and is coordinately linked to neural time perceiving circuits. Several test approaches are presented to validate the hypothesis of biologic time relativity compared to the rate of neural processing.", "contents": "Inverse relationship of the velocities of perceived time and information processing events in the brain: a potential bioassay for neural functions: a hypothesis. The velocity of elapsing time is not a constant but a relativistic component in the space-time continuum as postulated by Albert Einstein in his general and special relativity theories. The hypothesis presented here is that there is a biological corollary to relativity theory. It is postulated that biological time perception is also not a constant but is related by an inverse relationship between the velocities of neural processing events and perceived elapsing time. A careful analysis of this relationship may potentially offer a sensitive bioassay to determine the integrity of regional brain function under normal conditions and in the presence of specific disease processes. The mechanism for the biological basis of this theorem depends on the presence of a neural circuit developed through evolution which monitors overall brain efficiency and is coordinately linked to neural time perceiving circuits. Several test approaches are presented to validate the hypothesis of biologic time relativity compared to the rate of neural processing.", "PMID": 537544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7257", "title": "Male, female heart disease-relationship with vehicle travel.", "content": "The author, by analysing the statistical facts available regarding the relationship between the incidence of male and female ischaemic heart disease, has endeavoured to clarify the cause and the mechanism by which the stress leading to ischaemic heart disease is established.", "contents": "Male, female heart disease-relationship with vehicle travel. The author, by analysing the statistical facts available regarding the relationship between the incidence of male and female ischaemic heart disease, has endeavoured to clarify the cause and the mechanism by which the stress leading to ischaemic heart disease is established.", "PMID": 537546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7258", "title": "Phenytoin, hemorrhage, skeletal defects and vitamin K in the newborn.", "content": "The vitamin K-dependent hemostatic factors are present in reduced quantities at birth and may decrease further in the first few days of life. Administration of vitamin K1 on day 1 prevents hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Maternal ingestion of anticonvulsants puts the newborn at greater risk from hemorrhage, possibly as a result of induction of fetal microsomal enzymes with a resultant increased oxidative degradation of vitamin K which gives rise to a vitamin K deficiency and other concomitant clinical results, for example skeletal defects. Evidence for this sequence of events is presented and the widespread effect of vitamin K deficiency on the fetus is discussed.", "contents": "Phenytoin, hemorrhage, skeletal defects and vitamin K in the newborn. The vitamin K-dependent hemostatic factors are present in reduced quantities at birth and may decrease further in the first few days of life. Administration of vitamin K1 on day 1 prevents hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Maternal ingestion of anticonvulsants puts the newborn at greater risk from hemorrhage, possibly as a result of induction of fetal microsomal enzymes with a resultant increased oxidative degradation of vitamin K which gives rise to a vitamin K deficiency and other concomitant clinical results, for example skeletal defects. Evidence for this sequence of events is presented and the widespread effect of vitamin K deficiency on the fetus is discussed.", "PMID": 537547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7259", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia. Surgical treatment by microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve root.", "content": "The surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia has always been less than ideal. Evidence accumulated over the last 10 years suggests that the condition is caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root at the brain stem. Removal of this compression by means of micro-neurosurgical techniques has so far been very effective in relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia while maintaining normal facial sensation. A series of 10 patients who underwent this procedure is presented. All patients lost their pain, and during the follow-up period of six to 18 months, there have been no recurrences. This experience further demonstrates that the microvascular decompression is a very useful procedure in selected patients.", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia. Surgical treatment by microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve root. The surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia has always been less than ideal. Evidence accumulated over the last 10 years suggests that the condition is caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root at the brain stem. Removal of this compression by means of micro-neurosurgical techniques has so far been very effective in relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia while maintaining normal facial sensation. A series of 10 patients who underwent this procedure is presented. All patients lost their pain, and during the follow-up period of six to 18 months, there have been no recurrences. This experience further demonstrates that the microvascular decompression is a very useful procedure in selected patients.", "PMID": 537548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7260", "title": "Survey of alcoholism treatment services in Victoria. Relationship of alcoholics drug use to their use of medical facilities.", "content": "A cooperative survey of 370 individuals presenting for treatment at nine Victorian alcoholism treatment centres showed that men and women in this population of alcoholics did not differ significantly in indices of their lifetime consumption of alcohol or tobacco per kilogram of body weight, despite considerable difference in their present use of these drugs. Physical disability was associated with extended tobacco consumption both in men and in women. Little relationship existed between use of medical services and the extended use of alcohol, though high present consumption was associated with increased general hospital admissions in men.", "contents": "Survey of alcoholism treatment services in Victoria. Relationship of alcoholics drug use to their use of medical facilities. A cooperative survey of 370 individuals presenting for treatment at nine Victorian alcoholism treatment centres showed that men and women in this population of alcoholics did not differ significantly in indices of their lifetime consumption of alcohol or tobacco per kilogram of body weight, despite considerable difference in their present use of these drugs. Physical disability was associated with extended tobacco consumption both in men and in women. Little relationship existed between use of medical services and the extended use of alcohol, though high present consumption was associated with increased general hospital admissions in men.", "PMID": 537550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7261", "title": "Retinal migraine and the pill.", "content": "A case is presented in which onset and cessation of retinal migraine attacks were clearly related to prescription of a contraceptive pill. Retinal migraine is briefly discussed and the importance of recognizing this rare complication of oral contraceptive use is emphasized.", "contents": "Retinal migraine and the pill. A case is presented in which onset and cessation of retinal migraine attacks were clearly related to prescription of a contraceptive pill. Retinal migraine is briefly discussed and the importance of recognizing this rare complication of oral contraceptive use is emphasized.", "PMID": 537561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7262", "title": "Successful birth after previous tubal ectopic pregnancies.", "content": "A case, in which tubal conservation in an ectopic pregnancy resulted in the birth of a living infant, is described. It is hoped that tubal conservation in ectopic pregnancies, which was previously thought to be unwise, will be considered in future.", "contents": "Successful birth after previous tubal ectopic pregnancies. A case, in which tubal conservation in an ectopic pregnancy resulted in the birth of a living infant, is described. It is hoped that tubal conservation in ectopic pregnancies, which was previously thought to be unwise, will be considered in future.", "PMID": 537562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7263", "title": "The effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate on adrenal function.", "content": "The effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate on adrenal function was assessed in patients with allergic rhinitis. Beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective preparation and therapeutic doses of 400 microgram/day do not cause adrenal suppression after 12 weeks of use.", "contents": "The effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate on adrenal function. The effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate on adrenal function was assessed in patients with allergic rhinitis. Beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective preparation and therapeutic doses of 400 microgram/day do not cause adrenal suppression after 12 weeks of use.", "PMID": 537563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7264", "title": "\"Christmas eye\". Acute corneal erosion.", "content": "The term \"Christmas eye\" is one I have coined to describe a type of acute corneal erosion which seems to occur only between late November and mid January, in country areas of New South Wales. Since 1970, I have seen 20 cases, all monocular, in people from an area bounded by Wellington, Mudgee, Grenfell, Cowra and Young. Twelve patients were adult males, three were adult females, and there were five children (one female, four male). The incidence varies; six cases presented in 1976, and none in 1978.", "contents": "\"Christmas eye\". Acute corneal erosion. The term \"Christmas eye\" is one I have coined to describe a type of acute corneal erosion which seems to occur only between late November and mid January, in country areas of New South Wales. Since 1970, I have seen 20 cases, all monocular, in people from an area bounded by Wellington, Mudgee, Grenfell, Cowra and Young. Twelve patients were adult males, three were adult females, and there were five children (one female, four male). The incidence varies; six cases presented in 1976, and none in 1978.", "PMID": 537564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7265", "title": "[Changes of the pain threshold induced by analgetic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "In two groups (i.v. and p.o. application) of 6 healthy subjects we tested the changes of the individual pain threshold induced by Flupirtine, Pentazocin and placebo under double blind conditions. The experimental pain was caused by radiant heat for isolated C-fiber-stimulation. The results of p.o. application showed an average increase of the pain threshold of +1,27 degrees C by Flupirtine, +0,81 by Pentazocin, and a slight decrease of -0,68 degrees C by placebo. The figures under i.v. application were +2,04 degrees C for Flupirtine, +1,01 degrees C for Pentazocin and +0,16 degrees C for placebo.", "contents": "[Changes of the pain threshold induced by analgetic drugs (author's transl)]. In two groups (i.v. and p.o. application) of 6 healthy subjects we tested the changes of the individual pain threshold induced by Flupirtine, Pentazocin and placebo under double blind conditions. The experimental pain was caused by radiant heat for isolated C-fiber-stimulation. The results of p.o. application showed an average increase of the pain threshold of +1,27 degrees C by Flupirtine, +0,81 by Pentazocin, and a slight decrease of -0,68 degrees C by placebo. The figures under i.v. application were +2,04 degrees C for Flupirtine, +1,01 degrees C for Pentazocin and +0,16 degrees C for placebo.", "PMID": 537567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7266", "title": "[Lobar pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "129 cases of lobar pneumonia were analysed. The frequency of occurrence in autopsy material was 2.5%, and has not increased or decreased appreciably in the past 20 years. Men and women were affected with approximately the same frequency up to the age of 40, thereafter male mortality is considerably higher. The diagnosis of a lobar pneumonia was made clinically in only 16 percent of the cases. The anatomical appearance of the illness has not changed compared to the findings of earlier studies, however chronic clinical courses are common, occurring in about 15% of the cases. The lobar pneumonia was the direct or indirect cause of death in all instances. There has been a remarkable change in the causative agents in favor of gram negative organisms.", "contents": "[Lobar pneumonia (author's transl)]. 129 cases of lobar pneumonia were analysed. The frequency of occurrence in autopsy material was 2.5%, and has not increased or decreased appreciably in the past 20 years. Men and women were affected with approximately the same frequency up to the age of 40, thereafter male mortality is considerably higher. The diagnosis of a lobar pneumonia was made clinically in only 16 percent of the cases. The anatomical appearance of the illness has not changed compared to the findings of earlier studies, however chronic clinical courses are common, occurring in about 15% of the cases. The lobar pneumonia was the direct or indirect cause of death in all instances. There has been a remarkable change in the causative agents in favor of gram negative organisms.", "PMID": 537570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7267", "title": "[Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica--a rare condition in lower respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 55 years old male patient bronchoscopy was carried out because of suspected bronchial carcinoma. Chest X-ray showed a lesion in the periphery of left lung, an episode of hemoptysis was reported 4 weeks prior to the examination. During bronchoscopy we found numerous small tumours on the mucosa of distal trachea and left main bronchus. The findings suggested a widespread malignant process, whereas histological examination of biopsies showed tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. In the case described we could not find amyloidosis of tracheal wall or disorders in somatotropine secretion. Pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease, which is in a high percentage detected by chance or post mortem, are discussed.", "contents": "[Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica--a rare condition in lower respiratory tract (author's transl)]. In a 55 years old male patient bronchoscopy was carried out because of suspected bronchial carcinoma. Chest X-ray showed a lesion in the periphery of left lung, an episode of hemoptysis was reported 4 weeks prior to the examination. During bronchoscopy we found numerous small tumours on the mucosa of distal trachea and left main bronchus. The findings suggested a widespread malignant process, whereas histological examination of biopsies showed tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. In the case described we could not find amyloidosis of tracheal wall or disorders in somatotropine secretion. Pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease, which is in a high percentage detected by chance or post mortem, are discussed.", "PMID": 537571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7268", "title": "[Beta-receptor blocking drugs and the bronchial system. A comparative study of pindolol and metoprolol (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of the beta 2-receptor stimulating drug fenoterol were investigated after administration of beta-receptor blocking agents in 12 patients with obstructive respiratory disease and a hyperreactive bronchial system (positive acetylcholine test). In a double blind trial pindolol (universal beta-receptor blocking drug) and metoprolol (a cardioselective substance) were compared after administration of equally effective doses of 5 and 100 mg respectively. Whole-body plethysmography showed that both beta-receptor blocking drugs caused no bronchial constriction; the bronchodilating effects of fenoterol were not reduced. These findings must cast doubt on the differentiation between cardioselective and non-cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agents as far as practical therapeutic implications are concerned.", "contents": "[Beta-receptor blocking drugs and the bronchial system. A comparative study of pindolol and metoprolol (author's transl)]. Effects of the beta 2-receptor stimulating drug fenoterol were investigated after administration of beta-receptor blocking agents in 12 patients with obstructive respiratory disease and a hyperreactive bronchial system (positive acetylcholine test). In a double blind trial pindolol (universal beta-receptor blocking drug) and metoprolol (a cardioselective substance) were compared after administration of equally effective doses of 5 and 100 mg respectively. Whole-body plethysmography showed that both beta-receptor blocking drugs caused no bronchial constriction; the bronchodilating effects of fenoterol were not reduced. These findings must cast doubt on the differentiation between cardioselective and non-cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agents as far as practical therapeutic implications are concerned.", "PMID": 537572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7269", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of cancer in minority groups in the western United States.", "content": "Of 13 cancers that tend to occur at lower rates in aboriginal Americans or in the native lands of Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish-speaking persons than in United States whites, rates for all but one (laryngeal) have increased in migrants to the United States. In addition to leukemia, these 13 cancers include neoplasms that have been related, at least in part, to a diet high in animal fats or proteins (colon and rectum cancer); reproductive and endocrinologic factors and a diet high in animal fats or protein (prostate, ovary, corpus uteri, breast, and testis cancer); chemical carcinogens (lung, larynx, bladder, and pancreas cancer); and a common infectious agent that, like polio viruses, causes clinically overt disease with a frequency directly related to age of patient at initial infection (Hodgkin's disease). Of 9 cancers that occur at higher rates in aboriginal Americans or in one or more of the native lands of migrants than in United States whites, the rates of 5 tend to decrease in migrants. These include cancers that may be related to food preservation (stomach cancer); products of microorganisms that may contaminate foods (esophagus and liver cancer); and infectious agents (nasopharynx, cervix uteri, and liver cancer). In addition, rates of cancer of the thyroid are high in aboriginal Americans; those of the gallbladder are high in individuals of native American ancestry and in Japanese; incidence of salivary gland tumors is high in Alaskan natives and Colombians; and rates of kidney cancer are high in Alaskan natives. Five types of epidemiologic studies are described that should be conducted in the migrants and in their countries of origin and adoption to elucidate further the etiology of various neoplasms.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of cancer in minority groups in the western United States. Of 13 cancers that tend to occur at lower rates in aboriginal Americans or in the native lands of Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish-speaking persons than in United States whites, rates for all but one (laryngeal) have increased in migrants to the United States. In addition to leukemia, these 13 cancers include neoplasms that have been related, at least in part, to a diet high in animal fats or proteins (colon and rectum cancer); reproductive and endocrinologic factors and a diet high in animal fats or protein (prostate, ovary, corpus uteri, breast, and testis cancer); chemical carcinogens (lung, larynx, bladder, and pancreas cancer); and a common infectious agent that, like polio viruses, causes clinically overt disease with a frequency directly related to age of patient at initial infection (Hodgkin's disease). Of 9 cancers that occur at higher rates in aboriginal Americans or in one or more of the native lands of migrants than in United States whites, the rates of 5 tend to decrease in migrants. These include cancers that may be related to food preservation (stomach cancer); products of microorganisms that may contaminate foods (esophagus and liver cancer); and infectious agents (nasopharynx, cervix uteri, and liver cancer). In addition, rates of cancer of the thyroid are high in aboriginal Americans; those of the gallbladder are high in individuals of native American ancestry and in Japanese; incidence of salivary gland tumors is high in Alaskan natives and Colombians; and rates of kidney cancer are high in Alaskan natives. Five types of epidemiologic studies are described that should be conducted in the migrants and in their countries of origin and adoption to elucidate further the etiology of various neoplasms.", "PMID": 537617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7270", "title": "The epidemiology of cancer in Chile.", "content": "Despite the fact that cancer is underreported in most of Latin America, available data suggest that it is a major cause of death throughout the area. The most frequent sites among males are the stomach, lung, and prostate; among females, the cervix, stomach, and breast are affected most often. Only Cuba has a nationwide registry; Brazil, Colombia, and Peru have registries limited to areas. Within this context, Chile ranks second in the world in age-adjusted mortality rates from stomach cancer. Other leading sites are the lung, cervix, and breast. Stomach cancer exhibits high- and low-risk areas in Chile, with distinct epidemiologic characteristics. A case-control and nitrate ecology study funded by the United States National Cancer Institute is underway, and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency is launching a 3-year mass screening program.", "contents": "The epidemiology of cancer in Chile. Despite the fact that cancer is underreported in most of Latin America, available data suggest that it is a major cause of death throughout the area. The most frequent sites among males are the stomach, lung, and prostate; among females, the cervix, stomach, and breast are affected most often. Only Cuba has a nationwide registry; Brazil, Colombia, and Peru have registries limited to areas. Within this context, Chile ranks second in the world in age-adjusted mortality rates from stomach cancer. Other leading sites are the lung, cervix, and breast. Stomach cancer exhibits high- and low-risk areas in Chile, with distinct epidemiologic characteristics. A case-control and nitrate ecology study funded by the United States National Cancer Institute is underway, and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency is launching a 3-year mass screening program.", "PMID": 537618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7271", "title": "Incidence and etiology of primary liver cancer in the Pacific Basin.", "content": "The incidence of PLC in the Pacific Basin varies from 0.9/100,000 (age-standardized) in women in New South Wales, Australia, to 34.2/100,000 in Singapore Chinese men. Proportional incidence data suggest that other areas of the Pacific Basin, such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, may have PLC incidence rates as high or higher than those in Singapore Chinese. Infection with hepatitis-B virus has been associated with PLC in some areas, and aflatoxin contamination of food has also been demonstrated. The extent to which these or other factors explain  the geographical variation in liver cancer rates in the Pacific Basin is uncertain.", "contents": "Incidence and etiology of primary liver cancer in the Pacific Basin. The incidence of PLC in the Pacific Basin varies from 0.9/100,000 (age-standardized) in women in New South Wales, Australia, to 34.2/100,000 in Singapore Chinese men. Proportional incidence data suggest that other areas of the Pacific Basin, such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, may have PLC incidence rates as high or higher than those in Singapore Chinese. Infection with hepatitis-B virus has been associated with PLC in some areas, and aflatoxin contamination of food has also been demonstrated. The extent to which these or other factors explain  the geographical variation in liver cancer rates in the Pacific Basin is uncertain.", "PMID": 537620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7272", "title": "Incidence and etiology of lung cancer in the Pacific Basin.", "content": "Incidence of lung cancer in the Pacific Basin was either compiled from published reports or computed by the authors. The results showed a great variation in age-standardized annual incidence rates of lung cancer among 10 countries and 17 areas in the Pacific Basin where tumor registry statistics are available. For males the incidence rates ranged from 10 to over 70 and for females from less than 5 to over 30/100,000 population. The reason(s) for the great variation is unclear. Ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemical substances (e.g., chromium, arsenic compounds, asbestos, etc.), or air pollution are unlikely to be responsible. Because cigarette smoking is known to be a major cause of lung cancer, the authors have suggested that surveys on cigarette smoking be conducted among various populations in the Pacific Basin so that etiologic significance of cigarette smoking for the noted variation can be assessed. In Hawaii such a survey is underway, and a preliminary analysis was made to examine the association between lung cancer and cigarette smoking among five races.", "contents": "Incidence and etiology of lung cancer in the Pacific Basin. Incidence of lung cancer in the Pacific Basin was either compiled from published reports or computed by the authors. The results showed a great variation in age-standardized annual incidence rates of lung cancer among 10 countries and 17 areas in the Pacific Basin where tumor registry statistics are available. For males the incidence rates ranged from 10 to over 70 and for females from less than 5 to over 30/100,000 population. The reason(s) for the great variation is unclear. Ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemical substances (e.g., chromium, arsenic compounds, asbestos, etc.), or air pollution are unlikely to be responsible. Because cigarette smoking is known to be a major cause of lung cancer, the authors have suggested that surveys on cigarette smoking be conducted among various populations in the Pacific Basin so that etiologic significance of cigarette smoking for the noted variation can be assessed. In Hawaii such a survey is underway, and a preliminary analysis was made to examine the association between lung cancer and cigarette smoking among five races.", "PMID": 537621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7273", "title": "Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet.", "content": "A prospective epidemiologic study of prostate cancer was conducted in Japan. The 10-year follow-up study of 122,261 men aged 40 years and above, who constitute 94.5% of the census population of 29 Health Center Districts, revealed a significantly lower age-standardized death rate for prostate cancer in men who daily ate green and yellow vegetables. This association is consistently observed in each age-group, in each socioeconomic class, and in each prefecture. Selected epidemiologic phenomena, such as the upward trend of the prostate cancer death rate in Japan, intracountry variation of death rate, the significantly lower incidence rate in Japan compared with that of the United States, and elevated risk in Japanese migrants to Hawaii, appear to be explained by the variation in diet and change in amount of green and yellow vegetables ingested. The possible role of vitamin A is considered as a factor in preventing and inhibiting growth of prostate cancer. Most of the other factors studied appear noncontributory, except for marital status; a higher risk was observed in \"ever married\" men.", "contents": "Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet. A prospective epidemiologic study of prostate cancer was conducted in Japan. The 10-year follow-up study of 122,261 men aged 40 years and above, who constitute 94.5% of the census population of 29 Health Center Districts, revealed a significantly lower age-standardized death rate for prostate cancer in men who daily ate green and yellow vegetables. This association is consistently observed in each age-group, in each socioeconomic class, and in each prefecture. Selected epidemiologic phenomena, such as the upward trend of the prostate cancer death rate in Japan, intracountry variation of death rate, the significantly lower incidence rate in Japan compared with that of the United States, and elevated risk in Japanese migrants to Hawaii, appear to be explained by the variation in diet and change in amount of green and yellow vegetables ingested. The possible role of vitamin A is considered as a factor in preventing and inhibiting growth of prostate cancer. Most of the other factors studied appear noncontributory, except for marital status; a higher risk was observed in \"ever married\" men.", "PMID": 537622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7274", "title": "An epidemiologic approach to host factors in the etiology of cancer.", "content": "We examined the contribution of host factors in carcinogenesis by evaluating the frequency distributions and secular trends in available epidemiologic data of mortality and morbidity around the world. In most developed countries, the age-adjusted death rates of cancer of all sites have levelled off in recent years and the intercountry difference in mortality is small. Deaths from cancer account for approximately 20% of total deaths in these countries. It is believed that the difference in cancer mortality of all sites between the developed and developing countries can be explained by the different levels of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases, including deaths from tuberculosis. A certain upper limit for the number of cancer deaths in each population is strongly suggested by the unaltered cumulative mortality rate from cancer and tuberculosis up to 85 years of age in a defined birth cohort in the developed countries. The apparent age dependency in cancer mortality as well as some other essential epidemiologic implications in carcinogenesis, the commonly observed proportion of cancer deaths of around 20% of total deaths, and the well-known etiologic importance of environmental factors which determines the site-specific cancer mortality and morbidity lead one to consider the definite existence of \"susceptibles to cancer\" in each population. However, the concept of susceptibles to cancer is different from the usual one of hereditary predisposition to so-called \"intractable diseases,\" which have low incidence rates.", "contents": "An epidemiologic approach to host factors in the etiology of cancer. We examined the contribution of host factors in carcinogenesis by evaluating the frequency distributions and secular trends in available epidemiologic data of mortality and morbidity around the world. In most developed countries, the age-adjusted death rates of cancer of all sites have levelled off in recent years and the intercountry difference in mortality is small. Deaths from cancer account for approximately 20% of total deaths in these countries. It is believed that the difference in cancer mortality of all sites between the developed and developing countries can be explained by the different levels of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases, including deaths from tuberculosis. A certain upper limit for the number of cancer deaths in each population is strongly suggested by the unaltered cumulative mortality rate from cancer and tuberculosis up to 85 years of age in a defined birth cohort in the developed countries. The apparent age dependency in cancer mortality as well as some other essential epidemiologic implications in carcinogenesis, the commonly observed proportion of cancer deaths of around 20% of total deaths, and the well-known etiologic importance of environmental factors which determines the site-specific cancer mortality and morbidity lead one to consider the definite existence of \"susceptibles to cancer\" in each population. However, the concept of susceptibles to cancer is different from the usual one of hereditary predisposition to so-called \"intractable diseases,\" which have low incidence rates.", "PMID": 537623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7275", "title": "Atypia in adenomas in three populations with different risk for large bowel cancer: Cali, S\u00e3o Paolo, and New Orleans.", "content": "A double-blind study of atypia in colorectal adenomatous polyps was done with autopsy material from Cali, Colombia (low colon risk), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (intermediate risk), and New Orleans, Louisiana (high risk). An interobserver reproducibility of 82% was obtained. The prevalence of atypia in polyps increased with the cancer risk and also with the size of polyps, but some exceptions to the rule were found. The frequency of atypia increased steadily with age in Cali, but it plateaued after age 50 in the higher risk populations.", "contents": "Atypia in adenomas in three populations with different risk for large bowel cancer: Cali, S\u00e3o Paolo, and New Orleans. A double-blind study of atypia in colorectal adenomatous polyps was done with autopsy material from Cali, Colombia (low colon risk), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (intermediate risk), and New Orleans, Louisiana (high risk). An interobserver reproducibility of 82% was obtained. The prevalence of atypia in polyps increased with the cancer risk and also with the size of polyps, but some exceptions to the rule were found. The frequency of atypia increased steadily with age in Cali, but it plateaued after age 50 in the higher risk populations.", "PMID": 537624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7276", "title": "Evaluation of  a mass screening program for stomach cancer.", "content": "To evaluate a mass screening program for stomach cancer, we followed 32,789 subjects for 6.1 years by means of a record linkage to a population-based cancer registry. The results show that the mortality from stomach cancer among those studied decreased by 9% as compared with the expected number calculated on the basis of the sex- and age-specific rates among the general population. When the study subjects were limited to those aged 40-59 years, the decrease in stomach cancer deaths became more marked, i.e., a 26% decrease was observed. Because this study is not a controlled trial, the results must be interpreted with the reservation that some biases were present in the study subjects.", "contents": "Evaluation of  a mass screening program for stomach cancer. To evaluate a mass screening program for stomach cancer, we followed 32,789 subjects for 6.1 years by means of a record linkage to a population-based cancer registry. The results show that the mortality from stomach cancer among those studied decreased by 9% as compared with the expected number calculated on the basis of the sex- and age-specific rates among the general population. When the study subjects were limited to those aged 40-59 years, the decrease in stomach cancer deaths became more marked, i.e., a 26% decrease was observed. Because this study is not a controlled trial, the results must be interpreted with the reservation that some biases were present in the study subjects.", "PMID": 537625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7277", "title": "The hormonal basis of breast cancer.", "content": "Both animal experiments and certain well-established breast cancer risk factors suggest that risk to the disease is fundamentally determined by the hormones of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Although international comparisons of urinary estrogens have given support to this ypothesis, case-control studies and international comparisons of plasma estrogens and prolactin have not. Methodological problems and sampling biases probably account for the inconsistency of these investigations. Taking advantage of the known familial increased risk to breast cancer, we conducted comparative studies of teenage daughters of patients with breast cancer, including a group of girls whose mothers had bilateral breast cancer when they were less than 50 years old. The results of these studies revealed that these high-risk girls appear to have elevated levels of estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone.", "contents": "The hormonal basis of breast cancer. Both animal experiments and certain well-established breast cancer risk factors suggest that risk to the disease is fundamentally determined by the hormones of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Although international comparisons of urinary estrogens have given support to this ypothesis, case-control studies and international comparisons of plasma estrogens and prolactin have not. Methodological problems and sampling biases probably account for the inconsistency of these investigations. Taking advantage of the known familial increased risk to breast cancer, we conducted comparative studies of teenage daughters of patients with breast cancer, including a group of girls whose mothers had bilateral breast cancer when they were less than 50 years old. The results of these studies revealed that these high-risk girls appear to have elevated levels of estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone.", "PMID": 537626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7278", "title": "Epidemiologic characteristics of breast cancer in three menopausal stages: preliminary findings.", "content": "A preliminary analysis of data from 1,477 patients with breast cancer and 2,695 control women examined potential characteristics of high risk for breast cancer to determine whether prediction differed depending on whether the women were premenopausal, paramenopausal (intermediate), or postmenopausal. Since information was not yet available on real or presumed menopausal status, women were characterized by age: women less than 45 years as premenopausal; women from 45 through 54 years as paramenopausal; and women 55 years and older as postmenopausal. Height, weight at age 20, number of stillbirths, number of abortions, and history of cancer of any site in the subject's mother did not affect the risk of breast cancer. Generally, highest level of education, number of pregnancies, and number of live births seemed to predict risk of breast cancer. Weightbody mass index, age at menarche, and age at first pregnancy may predict breast cancer risk differently depending on the menopausal stage in which onset occurs.", "contents": "Epidemiologic characteristics of breast cancer in three menopausal stages: preliminary findings. A preliminary analysis of data from 1,477 patients with breast cancer and 2,695 control women examined potential characteristics of high risk for breast cancer to determine whether prediction differed depending on whether the women were premenopausal, paramenopausal (intermediate), or postmenopausal. Since information was not yet available on real or presumed menopausal status, women were characterized by age: women less than 45 years as premenopausal; women from 45 through 54 years as paramenopausal; and women 55 years and older as postmenopausal. Height, weight at age 20, number of stillbirths, number of abortions, and history of cancer of any site in the subject's mother did not affect the risk of breast cancer. Generally, highest level of education, number of pregnancies, and number of live births seemed to predict risk of breast cancer. Weightbody mass index, age at menarche, and age at first pregnancy may predict breast cancer risk differently depending on the menopausal stage in which onset occurs.", "PMID": 537627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7279", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects of biliary tract cancer in Japan.", "content": "According to the vital statistics accumulated in Japan from 1958 to 1975, the mortality of biliary tract cancer 1) is low under age 50 and thereafter increases in parallel with age and reaches its peak in the eighth decade; 2) is higher among females than males (especially gallbladder cancer), but cancer of the bile ducts predominates in males; 3) has shown an increasing trend in recent years (1958-75), especially among older persons; and 4) varies geographically. Mortality from this disease is particularly high in the northern parts of Honshu (the main island). Correlation analyses and a factor analysis between food consumption (1964) and the mortality from biliary tract cancer (1972-74) for 46 prefectures in Japan revealed that although expenditures for some foods (dried noodles and pork) are possibly related to the mortality rate of biliary tract cancer, expenditures for others (fat and protein-rich western-type foods) are negatively associated with this cancer. These possible associations need further clarification by more refined epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Possible effects of diagnostic procedures or techniques on secular trends and geographical distribution are also discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiologic aspects of biliary tract cancer in Japan. According to the vital statistics accumulated in Japan from 1958 to 1975, the mortality of biliary tract cancer 1) is low under age 50 and thereafter increases in parallel with age and reaches its peak in the eighth decade; 2) is higher among females than males (especially gallbladder cancer), but cancer of the bile ducts predominates in males; 3) has shown an increasing trend in recent years (1958-75), especially among older persons; and 4) varies geographically. Mortality from this disease is particularly high in the northern parts of Honshu (the main island). Correlation analyses and a factor analysis between food consumption (1964) and the mortality from biliary tract cancer (1972-74) for 46 prefectures in Japan revealed that although expenditures for some foods (dried noodles and pork) are possibly related to the mortality rate of biliary tract cancer, expenditures for others (fat and protein-rich western-type foods) are negatively associated with this cancer. These possible associations need further clarification by more refined epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Possible effects of diagnostic procedures or techniques on secular trends and geographical distribution are also discussed.", "PMID": 537628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7280", "title": "Some epidemiologic observations on cancer in Hong Kong.", "content": "The average incidence by age-group per 100,000 for both sexes and the age-standardized incidence rates for the 10 most common cancers in Hong Kong for 1974 were determined. A comparison between the incidence and death rates for these 10 cancers indicated that a good coverage of the actual incidence has been achieved by the Cancer Registry for cancers of the nasopharynx, bronchus, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, cervix, and bladder, but it was incomplete for cancers of the liver and stomach. A study of their age-specific incidence curves showed a sharp rise in the curve after age 20-24 in cancers of the nasopharynx and liver (males), after age 25-29 in cancers of the cervix and breast (females), and after age 35-39 for the remaining tumors studied; thus a difference in the period of life at which carcinogenesis was initiated was indicated. Epidemiologic observations on nasopharyngeal, esophageal, hepatocellular, and uterine cervical carcinoma were compared, and it is believed that epidemiology is the key to the solution of the cancer problem in Hong Kong.", "contents": "Some epidemiologic observations on cancer in Hong Kong. The average incidence by age-group per 100,000 for both sexes and the age-standardized incidence rates for the 10 most common cancers in Hong Kong for 1974 were determined. A comparison between the incidence and death rates for these 10 cancers indicated that a good coverage of the actual incidence has been achieved by the Cancer Registry for cancers of the nasopharynx, bronchus, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, cervix, and bladder, but it was incomplete for cancers of the liver and stomach. A study of their age-specific incidence curves showed a sharp rise in the curve after age 20-24 in cancers of the nasopharynx and liver (males), after age 25-29 in cancers of the cervix and breast (females), and after age 35-39 for the remaining tumors studied; thus a difference in the period of life at which carcinogenesis was initiated was indicated. Epidemiologic observations on nasopharyngeal, esophageal, hepatocellular, and uterine cervical carcinoma were compared, and it is believed that epidemiology is the key to the solution of the cancer problem in Hong Kong.", "PMID": 537629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7281", "title": "Descriptive epidemiology of cancer in Japan: current cancer incidence and survival data.", "content": "The Research Group for Population-Based Cancer Registration in Japan, which has been collecting cancer incidence and mortality data from participating registries annually since 1974, has also been estimating cancer incidence rates for the whole of Japan by sex, age, and site. Data from the third survey have now been analyzed. Marked changes have been observed by the Osaka Cancer Registry in incidence rates of some sites during this period. Five-year relative survival rates for registered cancer cases have been calculated by the Osaka Registry for the first time in Japan.", "contents": "Descriptive epidemiology of cancer in Japan: current cancer incidence and survival data. The Research Group for Population-Based Cancer Registration in Japan, which has been collecting cancer incidence and mortality data from participating registries annually since 1974, has also been estimating cancer incidence rates for the whole of Japan by sex, age, and site. Data from the third survey have now been analyzed. Marked changes have been observed by the Osaka Cancer Registry in incidence rates of some sites during this period. Five-year relative survival rates for registered cancer cases have been calculated by the Osaka Registry for the first time in Japan.", "PMID": 537630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7282", "title": "Cancer incidence in Malaysia.", "content": "No population-based cancer registry exists in Malaysia; thus our main sources of incidence data were biopsy series. We determined the frequency of cancers by body site, sex, and ethnic group from biopsy records of the Division of Pathology of the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur for the years 1969-71. We then made comparisons of leading sites with data from the Singapore Cancer Registry. Relative risk values for 21 sites indicated significant differences among ethnic groups for cancers of the nasopharynx, larynx, lung, bone, skin, cervix, ovary, prostate, and penis and for lymphomas.", "contents": "Cancer incidence in Malaysia. No population-based cancer registry exists in Malaysia; thus our main sources of incidence data were biopsy series. We determined the frequency of cancers by body site, sex, and ethnic group from biopsy records of the Division of Pathology of the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur for the years 1969-71. We then made comparisons of leading sites with data from the Singapore Cancer Registry. Relative risk values for 21 sites indicated significant differences among ethnic groups for cancers of the nasopharynx, larynx, lung, bone, skin, cervix, ovary, prostate, and penis and for lymphomas.", "PMID": 537631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7283", "title": "Observations on cancer etiology in China.", "content": "Major variations in cancer by site and sex are being discovered in the People's Republic of China. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the most common form in Kwangtung Province, accounted for 43.0% of biopsied cancers in males. Liver cancer is predominant along the coast near Shanghai and appears to be a major cause of mortality in many other parts of the country. The mortality rate of esophageal cancer, the primary cause of all mortality along the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains in North China, varies by 100-fold in areas short distances apart; this geographical variation is paralleled by a carcinoma of the gullet in domestic chickens. Several foods, particularly a type of pickled vegetable, contain high concentrations of nitrosamines and nitrites, which are thought to be etiologically important.", "contents": "Observations on cancer etiology in China. Major variations in cancer by site and sex are being discovered in the People's Republic of China. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the most common form in Kwangtung Province, accounted for 43.0% of biopsied cancers in males. Liver cancer is predominant along the coast near Shanghai and appears to be a major cause of mortality in many other parts of the country. The mortality rate of esophageal cancer, the primary cause of all mortality along the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains in North China, varies by 100-fold in areas short distances apart; this geographical variation is paralleled by a carcinoma of the gullet in domestic chickens. Several foods, particularly a type of pickled vegetable, contain high concentrations of nitrosamines and nitrites, which are thought to be etiologically important.", "PMID": 537632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7284", "title": "Cancer in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Among the Melanesian population of Papua New Guinea, cancer of the oral cavity associated with betel nut chewing is the most commonly reported. Liver cancer is also common and is closely associated with chronic hepatitis-B infection. Burkitt's lymphoma occurs along coastal areas with a high rainfall and intense malaria transmission. The descriptive epidemiology of other cancers in Papua New Guinea is also discussed.", "contents": "Cancer in Papua New Guinea. Among the Melanesian population of Papua New Guinea, cancer of the oral cavity associated with betel nut chewing is the most commonly reported. Liver cancer is also common and is closely associated with chronic hepatitis-B infection. Burkitt's lymphoma occurs along coastal areas with a high rainfall and intense malaria transmission. The descriptive epidemiology of other cancers in Papua New Guinea is also discussed.", "PMID": 537633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7285", "title": "Current status of cancer registries in Australia.", "content": "Since 1975, considerable progress has been made in the development of population-based cancer registries in Australia. Each of the six federated states has accepted the principle that population registries are of major importance in cancer control. The registries in New South Wales (established in 1972) and South Australia (established 1977) are fully functional; in addition, a national pediatric registry was established in 1977. Cancer incidence data by site are available for the New South Wales registry, and a preliminary analysis has been done of melanoma for variation by geography and country of birth, and of lung and colorectal cancers for variations by country of birth. A 3-year study of cancer of the renal pelvis in New South Wales and the relationship to analgesic consumption was started in 1977; a second study on contacts among patients with hematologic cancers has been completed.", "contents": "Current status of cancer registries in Australia. Since 1975, considerable progress has been made in the development of population-based cancer registries in Australia. Each of the six federated states has accepted the principle that population registries are of major importance in cancer control. The registries in New South Wales (established in 1972) and South Australia (established 1977) are fully functional; in addition, a national pediatric registry was established in 1977. Cancer incidence data by site are available for the New South Wales registry, and a preliminary analysis has been done of melanoma for variation by geography and country of birth, and of lung and colorectal cancers for variations by country of birth. A 3-year study of cancer of the renal pelvis in New South Wales and the relationship to analgesic consumption was started in 1977; a second study on contacts among patients with hematologic cancers has been completed.", "PMID": 537634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7286", "title": "New Zealand Cancer Registry report.", "content": "In 1976, a question regarding cigarette smoking was included in the New Zealand national census. Preliminary results from a 10% sample show that of the 2.2 million persons surveyed aged 15 years and over, 97.2% answered the question. Of each 100 males, 38 reported they had never smoked regularly, 22 were former smokers, and 40 were current smokers. In each 100 females, 57 had never smoked regularly, 12 were former smokers, and 31 were current smokers. The age and sex of all respondents, their cigarette smoking status, and the number of cigarettes smoked by current smokers on the day before the census were determined. A cigarette smoking question has now been incorporated in the New Zealand standard cancer notification form. Standardized rates for cancer of selected sites were determined for Maoris and non-Maoris. During the 25-year period from 1949-73, the incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in non-Maoris increased markedly. In females aged 45-54  and in males 55-64 years, the age-specific rates increased almost sixfold. The increases for other age-groups, although substantial, have not been as large. Between 1958 and 1974, threefold increases in standardized incidence rates have been reported for cancer of the lung in Maori males and females and in non-Maori females, but for non-Maori males the rates have less than doubled.", "contents": "New Zealand Cancer Registry report. In 1976, a question regarding cigarette smoking was included in the New Zealand national census. Preliminary results from a 10% sample show that of the 2.2 million persons surveyed aged 15 years and over, 97.2% answered the question. Of each 100 males, 38 reported they had never smoked regularly, 22 were former smokers, and 40 were current smokers. In each 100 females, 57 had never smoked regularly, 12 were former smokers, and 31 were current smokers. The age and sex of all respondents, their cigarette smoking status, and the number of cigarettes smoked by current smokers on the day before the census were determined. A cigarette smoking question has now been incorporated in the New Zealand standard cancer notification form. Standardized rates for cancer of selected sites were determined for Maoris and non-Maoris. During the 25-year period from 1949-73, the incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in non-Maoris increased markedly. In females aged 45-54  and in males 55-64 years, the age-specific rates increased almost sixfold. The increases for other age-groups, although substantial, have not been as large. Between 1958 and 1974, threefold increases in standardized incidence rates have been reported for cancer of the lung in Maori males and females and in non-Maori females, but for non-Maori males the rates have less than doubled.", "PMID": 537635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7287", "title": "Smoking and drinking patterns among different ethnic groups in Hawaii.", "content": "We examined ethnic differences in smoking and drinking habits among the five major ethnic groups in Hawaii (Caucasians, Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, and Hawaiians) by means of questionnnaire data obtained from a representative sample of 8,636 Hawaii residents. For men, lifetime cigarette use was greatest among Caucasians and lowest among Chinese and Filipinos. For women, smoking cigarettes was highest among Caucasians and lowest among Chinese. Although overall smoking patterns showed some relationship to lung cancer incidence, the observed rates could not be fully explained. Beer consumption was greatest among Hawaiians of both sexes and least among the Chinese; most consumers of spirits (hard liquor) were Caucasian. Total alcohol consumption was similar among Hawaiians and Caucasians and was considerably greater than among the other 3 ethnic groups. Alcohol consumption patterns among men did not correlate well with esophageal cancer incidence, even when the analyses were restricted to smokers; among women, however, the correlation was high. For these sex- and ethnic-specific groups whose alcohol consumption was generally low, there was a negative association of amount consumed with mean annual family income. For the groups with higher proportions of drinkers, mean annual family income was higher among those who drank moderately (less than 5 ounces/wk) than among those who either drank more heavily or not at all.", "contents": "Smoking and drinking patterns among different ethnic groups in Hawaii. We examined ethnic differences in smoking and drinking habits among the five major ethnic groups in Hawaii (Caucasians, Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, and Hawaiians) by means of questionnnaire data obtained from a representative sample of 8,636 Hawaii residents. For men, lifetime cigarette use was greatest among Caucasians and lowest among Chinese and Filipinos. For women, smoking cigarettes was highest among Caucasians and lowest among Chinese. Although overall smoking patterns showed some relationship to lung cancer incidence, the observed rates could not be fully explained. Beer consumption was greatest among Hawaiians of both sexes and least among the Chinese; most consumers of spirits (hard liquor) were Caucasian. Total alcohol consumption was similar among Hawaiians and Caucasians and was considerably greater than among the other 3 ethnic groups. Alcohol consumption patterns among men did not correlate well with esophageal cancer incidence, even when the analyses were restricted to smokers; among women, however, the correlation was high. For these sex- and ethnic-specific groups whose alcohol consumption was generally low, there was a negative association of amount consumed with mean annual family income. For the groups with higher proportions of drinkers, mean annual family income was higher among those who drank moderately (less than 5 ounces/wk) than among those who either drank more heavily or not at all.", "PMID": 537636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7288", "title": "Cancer mortality among Chinese, Japanese, and Indians in British Columbia, 1964-73.", "content": "We compared age-adjusted mortality rates for cancer of selected sites for Chinese, Japanese, and native Indian residents of British Columbia during the years 1964-73 to the corresponding rates for the white population. Mortality from all cancers of the Chinese did not differ significantly from that of whites. Elevated rates are seen for cancer of the nasopharynx in both sexes, of the liver and esophagus in males, and of the lung in females. Chinese males had a lower mortality than whites from stomach, prostate, and bladder cancer and brain tumors, whereas females had a lower mortality from tumors of the colon, breast, and ovary; both sexes had a lower mortality from leukemia. For Japanese males and females, the mortality rates for all cancers combined were similar to those of the white population. The rates for cancer of the stomach and gallbladder were higher in both sexes; males also showed a higher rate of liver cancer. Prostate and breast cancer mortality rates were lower. Native Indian males had a lower mortality rate from all cancers combined; the difference was significant for stomach, colon, lung, and prostate cancers, and for leukemia. Native Indian  females showed a lower rate for ovarian cancer and a higher rate of tumors of the gallbladder and uterine cervix, but their overall  cancer mortality was similar to that of whites.", "contents": "Cancer mortality among Chinese, Japanese, and Indians in British Columbia, 1964-73. We compared age-adjusted mortality rates for cancer of selected sites for Chinese, Japanese, and native Indian residents of British Columbia during the years 1964-73 to the corresponding rates for the white population. Mortality from all cancers of the Chinese did not differ significantly from that of whites. Elevated rates are seen for cancer of the nasopharynx in both sexes, of the liver and esophagus in males, and of the lung in females. Chinese males had a lower mortality than whites from stomach, prostate, and bladder cancer and brain tumors, whereas females had a lower mortality from tumors of the colon, breast, and ovary; both sexes had a lower mortality from leukemia. For Japanese males and females, the mortality rates for all cancers combined were similar to those of the white population. The rates for cancer of the stomach and gallbladder were higher in both sexes; males also showed a higher rate of liver cancer. Prostate and breast cancer mortality rates were lower. Native Indian males had a lower mortality rate from all cancers combined; the difference was significant for stomach, colon, lung, and prostate cancers, and for leukemia. Native Indian  females showed a lower rate for ovarian cancer and a higher rate of tumors of the gallbladder and uterine cervix, but their overall  cancer mortality was similar to that of whites.", "PMID": 537637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7289", "title": "Cancer incidence trends in white women of the San Francisco Bay Area.", "content": "The 10% increase in the incidence of all cancer observed in the total white population of the San Francisco Bay Area during 1970-75 is mostly due to the 19% increase in cancer among white females. The latter is largely a result of increased incidence of cancer of the corpus uteri, breast, and lung, and of malignant melanoma. Cancer of these four sites constitutes 85% of the increase in white women. The rise in uterine corpus cancer is limited to women over 50 years of age. An incidence peak in 1974 of breast cancer was followed by a substantial decrease in 1975. The 50% rise in female lung cancer is an extension of the increase that began in 1965. The almost 70% increase in melanoma among women since 1975 accompanies a comparable increase in melanoma among males after a decade of stable incidence rates.", "contents": "Cancer incidence trends in white women of the San Francisco Bay Area. The 10% increase in the incidence of all cancer observed in the total white population of the San Francisco Bay Area during 1970-75 is mostly due to the 19% increase in cancer among white females. The latter is largely a result of increased incidence of cancer of the corpus uteri, breast, and lung, and of malignant melanoma. Cancer of these four sites constitutes 85% of the increase in white women. The rise in uterine corpus cancer is limited to women over 50 years of age. An incidence peak in 1974 of breast cancer was followed by a substantial decrease in 1975. The 50% rise in female lung cancer is an extension of the increase that began in 1965. The almost 70% increase in melanoma among women since 1975 accompanies a comparable increase in melanoma among males after a decade of stable incidence rates.", "PMID": 537638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7290", "title": "[Reactor safety and human failure].", "content": "Reactor safety is given by the reliable solution of 3 tasks: on-time shutdown, continuous decay-heat removal, safe containment. After describing the general strategy of their solution even under upset conditions the most important engineered safeguards of pressurized water reactors are summarized. The important problem of human failure is discussed in some more detail. For the example Harrisburg some difficulties, but also some technical countermeasures are illustrated.", "contents": "[Reactor safety and human failure]. Reactor safety is given by the reliable solution of 3 tasks: on-time shutdown, continuous decay-heat removal, safe containment. After describing the general strategy of their solution even under upset conditions the most important engineered safeguards of pressurized water reactors are summarized. The important problem of human failure is discussed in some more detail. For the example Harrisburg some difficulties, but also some technical countermeasures are illustrated.", "PMID": 537639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7291", "title": "[Food contamination and consumer protection].", "content": "For years consumers have been irritated by publications of the press about \"poison in food\". Therefore an attempt is made to give objective information about the contamination of food. Hazardous substances can occur in food as natural components or they can be added in the course of production. Furthermore they can be formed during processing and storage or they can be contaminants of the environment. The legislative efforts to establish a sufficient protection of the consumer in this respect are shown.", "contents": "[Food contamination and consumer protection]. For years consumers have been irritated by publications of the press about \"poison in food\". Therefore an attempt is made to give objective information about the contamination of food. Hazardous substances can occur in food as natural components or they can be added in the course of production. Furthermore they can be formed during processing and storage or they can be contaminants of the environment. The legislative efforts to establish a sufficient protection of the consumer in this respect are shown.", "PMID": 537640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7292", "title": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs following Akabane virus infection in pregnant ewes.", "content": "To clarify the pathogenicity of Akabane virus for ovine embryos, pregnant ewes were inoculated intravenously with the virus. As a result, all of them were affected with viremia and showed an increase in neutralizing antibody 2 weeks after inoculation. The virus was recovered from many organs of embryos which were inoculated with it at 29--45 days of pregnancy and sacrificed 9--30 days later. In particular, some of these embryos which were sacrificed 15 days after inoculation were found suffering from systemic infection. A large quantity of virus was recovered from the organs all over the body of them. No virus, however was recovered from any organ of embryos which were inoculated with the virus at 81 days of pregnancy and sacrificed 30 days later. Abnormal changes were observed in neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 30--50 days of pregnancy. They were especially severe when the virus was inoculated at 30 days of pregnancy. They consisted of ankylosis of the limbs, scoliosis, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, stillbirth with dwarfism, and death after birth with dwarfism and weakness. Nothing abnormal was found in any neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 91--101 days of pregnancy. When embryos exceeded 64 days of intra-uterine life more than 29 days after virus inoculation, it was possible to detect immunoglobulin, IgM or IgG or both, and antibody from the serum. Attempts failed to detect either immunoglobulin from embryos less than 59 days of intrauterine life. No IgA was detected from the serum of any embryo. In almost all the neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 28--101 days of pregnancy, neutralizing antibody was detected from the serum at the time of birth.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs following Akabane virus infection in pregnant ewes. To clarify the pathogenicity of Akabane virus for ovine embryos, pregnant ewes were inoculated intravenously with the virus. As a result, all of them were affected with viremia and showed an increase in neutralizing antibody 2 weeks after inoculation. The virus was recovered from many organs of embryos which were inoculated with it at 29--45 days of pregnancy and sacrificed 9--30 days later. In particular, some of these embryos which were sacrificed 15 days after inoculation were found suffering from systemic infection. A large quantity of virus was recovered from the organs all over the body of them. No virus, however was recovered from any organ of embryos which were inoculated with the virus at 81 days of pregnancy and sacrificed 30 days later. Abnormal changes were observed in neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 30--50 days of pregnancy. They were especially severe when the virus was inoculated at 30 days of pregnancy. They consisted of ankylosis of the limbs, scoliosis, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, stillbirth with dwarfism, and death after birth with dwarfism and weakness. Nothing abnormal was found in any neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 91--101 days of pregnancy. When embryos exceeded 64 days of intra-uterine life more than 29 days after virus inoculation, it was possible to detect immunoglobulin, IgM or IgG or both, and antibody from the serum. Attempts failed to detect either immunoglobulin from embryos less than 59 days of intrauterine life. No IgA was detected from the serum of any embryo. In almost all the neonatal lambs born from ewes inoculated with the virus at 28--101 days of pregnancy, neutralizing antibody was detected from the serum at the time of birth.", "PMID": 537648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7293", "title": "An attenuated strain of Akabane virus: a candidate for live virus vaccine.", "content": "An attempt was made to attenuate the high virulent OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus by adaptation to low temperature. In it the virus was subjected to passage through HmLu-1 cell cultures at 30 degrees C. Cloning was carried out on the virus which had undergone 20 passages through these cultures to select a strain adapted to low temperature. Finally, ten clones were obtained. As a result, nine strains of clone in which virus replication was poor in HmLu-1 cell cultures at 40 degrees C were obtained. Of them, five strains of clone produced uniform plaques. Of these strains, one, or the TS-C2 strain, was selected. It was considerably lower both in peripheral infectivity to suckling mice and in intracerebral infectivity to 3-week-old mice than the OBE-1 strain. Calves and pregnant cows inoculated with the TS-C2 strain by the intracerebral, intravenous, or subcutaneous route were free from pyrexia, leukopenia, and viremia. Virus recovery was negative from various organs and fetuses. All the animals inoculated, however, were found to have neutralizing antibody produced. The results mentioned above suggested that the TS-C2 strain might have been so attenuated as to be available as a candidate strain for a live virus vaccine.", "contents": "An attenuated strain of Akabane virus: a candidate for live virus vaccine. An attempt was made to attenuate the high virulent OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus by adaptation to low temperature. In it the virus was subjected to passage through HmLu-1 cell cultures at 30 degrees C. Cloning was carried out on the virus which had undergone 20 passages through these cultures to select a strain adapted to low temperature. Finally, ten clones were obtained. As a result, nine strains of clone in which virus replication was poor in HmLu-1 cell cultures at 40 degrees C were obtained. Of them, five strains of clone produced uniform plaques. Of these strains, one, or the TS-C2 strain, was selected. It was considerably lower both in peripheral infectivity to suckling mice and in intracerebral infectivity to 3-week-old mice than the OBE-1 strain. Calves and pregnant cows inoculated with the TS-C2 strain by the intracerebral, intravenous, or subcutaneous route were free from pyrexia, leukopenia, and viremia. Virus recovery was negative from various organs and fetuses. All the animals inoculated, however, were found to have neutralizing antibody produced. The results mentioned above suggested that the TS-C2 strain might have been so attenuated as to be available as a candidate strain for a live virus vaccine.", "PMID": 537649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7294", "title": "Immune response of various animals to Akabane disease live virus vaccine.", "content": "When various animals and routes of inoculation were examined for antibody response to Akabane disease live virus vaccine, the intracerebral (ic) inoculation of mice induced a better antibody response than the subcutaneous (sc) inoculation of calves, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, or rats. Immunogenicity was compared among lots of this vaccine by performing ic inoculation of mice and sc inoculation of calves and guinea pigs. As a result, there was no distinct significant difference between any two lots of the vaccine, regardless of the animal species used. There was a tendency that the larger the dose of inoculation of the virus, the earlier the production of neutralizing (NT) antibody took place in calves inoculated with the vaccine, and the higher the antibody titer and the rate of taking a turn for positivity for antibody became in these calves. When calves immunized with the vaccine and cows in the field possessing NT antibody were given booster inoculation with the vaccine, the antibody titer showed a significant increase in almost all the calves and cows that exhibited an NT antibody titer of 4 or less at the time of booster inoculation. There were, however, no changes in antibody titer in such calves and cows as presenting an NT antibody titer of 8 or more. Calves and pregnant cows immunized with the vaccine were prevented from viremia and fetal infection when challenged by inoculation with virulent virus.", "contents": "Immune response of various animals to Akabane disease live virus vaccine. When various animals and routes of inoculation were examined for antibody response to Akabane disease live virus vaccine, the intracerebral (ic) inoculation of mice induced a better antibody response than the subcutaneous (sc) inoculation of calves, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, or rats. Immunogenicity was compared among lots of this vaccine by performing ic inoculation of mice and sc inoculation of calves and guinea pigs. As a result, there was no distinct significant difference between any two lots of the vaccine, regardless of the animal species used. There was a tendency that the larger the dose of inoculation of the virus, the earlier the production of neutralizing (NT) antibody took place in calves inoculated with the vaccine, and the higher the antibody titer and the rate of taking a turn for positivity for antibody became in these calves. When calves immunized with the vaccine and cows in the field possessing NT antibody were given booster inoculation with the vaccine, the antibody titer showed a significant increase in almost all the calves and cows that exhibited an NT antibody titer of 4 or less at the time of booster inoculation. There were, however, no changes in antibody titer in such calves and cows as presenting an NT antibody titer of 8 or more. Calves and pregnant cows immunized with the vaccine were prevented from viremia and fetal infection when challenged by inoculation with virulent virus.", "PMID": 537650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7295", "title": "Isolation of Selenomonas spp. from lesions and non-digestive organs of cows, pigs and man.", "content": "Selenomonas spp. were isolated for the first time from lesions and non-digestive organs which were apparently normal in 2 cows, 6 pigs, and 1 human being. Identification as Selenomonas was based firstly on electron microscopical observation and secondly on fermentation products. They were divided into 3 major groups by biological properties, as well as by the patterns of these products. It has been confirmed that the habitats of organisms of the genus Selenomonas are generally digestive organs, including the rumen of the ruminant, the cecum of the guinea pig, and the oral cavity of man. The existence of these organisms in lesions and non-digestive organs in such animals and man, however, has been unknown as yet. Moreover, it has been completely unknown about the habitat of these organisms in swine. The findings obtained suggested the possibility of invasion of Selenomonas into other parts than the digestive organ in some animals and the presumable existence of the organism in the swine digestive organs. The role of Selenomonas as a secondary invader into some animals was proposed.", "contents": "Isolation of Selenomonas spp. from lesions and non-digestive organs of cows, pigs and man. Selenomonas spp. were isolated for the first time from lesions and non-digestive organs which were apparently normal in 2 cows, 6 pigs, and 1 human being. Identification as Selenomonas was based firstly on electron microscopical observation and secondly on fermentation products. They were divided into 3 major groups by biological properties, as well as by the patterns of these products. It has been confirmed that the habitats of organisms of the genus Selenomonas are generally digestive organs, including the rumen of the ruminant, the cecum of the guinea pig, and the oral cavity of man. The existence of these organisms in lesions and non-digestive organs in such animals and man, however, has been unknown as yet. Moreover, it has been completely unknown about the habitat of these organisms in swine. The findings obtained suggested the possibility of invasion of Selenomonas into other parts than the digestive organ in some animals and the presumable existence of the organism in the swine digestive organs. The role of Selenomonas as a secondary invader into some animals was proposed.", "PMID": 537651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7296", "title": "Pathological changes of xanthinurolithiasis in calves.", "content": "Pathological examination was carried out on a male and a female beef calf 3 months old involved in an outbreak of xanthinurolithiasis. This outbreak has been found among indigenous Japanese Black calves in an area of the Kyushu region since 1971. Involved in it, calves were retarded in growth, with the back curved, exhibiting depression and anorexia. A characteristic gross change was the accumulation of yellowish white or yellowish brown sand-grain-like calculi in the urinary passage. Histologically, a number of calculi, as birefractive crystals, were contained mainly in the collecting and distal uriniferous tubules in the renal medulla. In the uriniferous tubules epithelial cells surrounding those crystals presented such reaction as to form syncytia, and the surrounding connective tissue proliferated. Biochemical examination revealed that the calculi were composed of xanthine.", "contents": "Pathological changes of xanthinurolithiasis in calves. Pathological examination was carried out on a male and a female beef calf 3 months old involved in an outbreak of xanthinurolithiasis. This outbreak has been found among indigenous Japanese Black calves in an area of the Kyushu region since 1971. Involved in it, calves were retarded in growth, with the back curved, exhibiting depression and anorexia. A characteristic gross change was the accumulation of yellowish white or yellowish brown sand-grain-like calculi in the urinary passage. Histologically, a number of calculi, as birefractive crystals, were contained mainly in the collecting and distal uriniferous tubules in the renal medulla. In the uriniferous tubules epithelial cells surrounding those crystals presented such reaction as to form syncytia, and the surrounding connective tissue proliferated. Biochemical examination revealed that the calculi were composed of xanthine.", "PMID": 537652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7297", "title": "A quantitative histological study of the effects of acute triethyl lead poisoning on the adult mouse brain.", "content": "The effects of a single injection of triethyl lead chloride on the mouse brain was studied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days postinjection using quantitative histological techniques. The total number of glia in the anterior commissure was significantly reduced following injection but by 30 days postinjection had returned to normal. The number of neurons and the number of glia in the indusium griseum did not change significantly. The number of mitotic cells in the subependymal layer fell slightly from 1 to 3 days postinjection then returned to normal 5 days postinjection. The number of pyknotic cells in the subependymal layer did not appear to change following injection. In the anterior commissure the number of mitotic cells fell significantly from 1 to 3 days postinjection and then increased significantly at 5 days postinjection. A similar increase in mitosis was found at 5 days postinjection in the indusium griseum. At 7 days postinjection a significant decrease occurred in pyknotic cells in the anterior commissure and indusium griseum.  Changes in the percentage of each type of glial cell present were found 30 days postinjection. This suggests that although the total number of glia may return to normal the number of each type of glial cell present changes following injection of triethyl lead. There was no evidence of cerebral oedema following triethyl lead injection either at the light or electron microscopic level.", "contents": "A quantitative histological study of the effects of acute triethyl lead poisoning on the adult mouse brain. The effects of a single injection of triethyl lead chloride on the mouse brain was studied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days postinjection using quantitative histological techniques. The total number of glia in the anterior commissure was significantly reduced following injection but by 30 days postinjection had returned to normal. The number of neurons and the number of glia in the indusium griseum did not change significantly. The number of mitotic cells in the subependymal layer fell slightly from 1 to 3 days postinjection then returned to normal 5 days postinjection. The number of pyknotic cells in the subependymal layer did not appear to change following injection. In the anterior commissure the number of mitotic cells fell significantly from 1 to 3 days postinjection and then increased significantly at 5 days postinjection. A similar increase in mitosis was found at 5 days postinjection in the indusium griseum. At 7 days postinjection a significant decrease occurred in pyknotic cells in the anterior commissure and indusium griseum.  Changes in the percentage of each type of glial cell present were found 30 days postinjection. This suggests that although the total number of glia may return to normal the number of each type of glial cell present changes following injection of triethyl lead. There was no evidence of cerebral oedema following triethyl lead injection either at the light or electron microscopic level.", "PMID": 537672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7298", "title": "A quantitative lifespan study of changes in cell number, cell division and cell death in various regions of the mouse forebrain.", "content": "A quantitative study of changes in total cell number was carried out in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure from fetal life to old age in the mouse brain. The changes in the number of mitotic and pyknotic cells were recorded in the indusium griseum, anterior commissure, subependymal and ependymal layers over the same period. The number of neurons which are produced and which migrate to the indusium griseum are in excess of the number eventually required and the surplus neurons are lost by cell death in late gestation and early postnatal life while synaptogenesis and neuronal differentiation is taking place. This neuronal loss is associated with a rapid turnover of glia. Most first generation glia, or their immediate precursors, are produced prenatally, in parallel but one day behind neurons. There is no large burst of mitotic activity in the postnatal brain which gives rise to the myelination gliosis which is probably largely a migratory phenomenon. Cell division continues throughout life in all parts of the brain studied. The greatest mitotic activity is centred in the subependymal layer where mitotic cells substantially outnumber pyknotic ones. There is a gradual decrease in mitotic activity in the subependymal layer up to 9 months of age with fairly constant mitotic activity thereafter. Mitotic activity in the indusium griseum levels out at 3 months postnatum with mitotic and pyknotic cells present in roughly equal numbers thereafter. Mitotic activity in all parts of the anterior commissure levels out at 6 months postnatum and remains constant thereafter. Mitotic and pyknotic cells are present in similar numbers except for a peak in pyknotic cells at 9 months. Cell number in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure is fairly constant between 3 and 9 months, but glial number begins to decrease in all parts of the anterior commissure from 12 to 22 months. In the indusium griseum the number of glia increased slightly between 6 and 22 months. The number of neurons fluctuated during the first week after birth then remained constant until 18 months. There was a significant decrease in the number of neurons between 18 and 22 months.", "contents": "A quantitative lifespan study of changes in cell number, cell division and cell death in various regions of the mouse forebrain. A quantitative study of changes in total cell number was carried out in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure from fetal life to old age in the mouse brain. The changes in the number of mitotic and pyknotic cells were recorded in the indusium griseum, anterior commissure, subependymal and ependymal layers over the same period. The number of neurons which are produced and which migrate to the indusium griseum are in excess of the number eventually required and the surplus neurons are lost by cell death in late gestation and early postnatal life while synaptogenesis and neuronal differentiation is taking place. This neuronal loss is associated with a rapid turnover of glia. Most first generation glia, or their immediate precursors, are produced prenatally, in parallel but one day behind neurons. There is no large burst of mitotic activity in the postnatal brain which gives rise to the myelination gliosis which is probably largely a migratory phenomenon. Cell division continues throughout life in all parts of the brain studied. The greatest mitotic activity is centred in the subependymal layer where mitotic cells substantially outnumber pyknotic ones. There is a gradual decrease in mitotic activity in the subependymal layer up to 9 months of age with fairly constant mitotic activity thereafter. Mitotic activity in the indusium griseum levels out at 3 months postnatum with mitotic and pyknotic cells present in roughly equal numbers thereafter. Mitotic activity in all parts of the anterior commissure levels out at 6 months postnatum and remains constant thereafter. Mitotic and pyknotic cells are present in similar numbers except for a peak in pyknotic cells at 9 months. Cell number in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure is fairly constant between 3 and 9 months, but glial number begins to decrease in all parts of the anterior commissure from 12 to 22 months. In the indusium griseum the number of glia increased slightly between 6 and 22 months. The number of neurons fluctuated during the first week after birth then remained constant until 18 months. There was a significant decrease in the number of neurons between 18 and 22 months.", "PMID": 537673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7299", "title": "The blood-nerve barrier and reconstitution of the perineurium following nerve grafting.", "content": "Sural nerve autografts were performed on intact rat sural nerves and on sural nerves excised proximal to the site of grafting. The effect of the presence or absence of regenerating axons upon reconstitution of the perineurium at the graft junctions and upon re-establishment of the blood-nerve barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were studied over the succeeding 3--24 weeks. Compartmentation of the nerve fascicle occurred at the graft junctions where the perineurium was damaged. Each compartment contained Schwann cells with or without axons and was surrounded by elongated fibroblast-like cells which resembled perineurial cells in the longer surviving animals. It was concluded that, (a) compartments form in a nerve at the site of perineurial damage even in the absence of axons; (b) although compartmentation may be a mechanism for perineurial regeneration and reconstitution of the blood-nerve barrier, blood vessels and the cell layers forming compartments at graft junctions remain permeable to HRP for at least 6 months; and (c) the intact perineurium around the distal stump of a denervated nerve is permeable to HRP but the endoneurial blood vessels are not.", "contents": "The blood-nerve barrier and reconstitution of the perineurium following nerve grafting. Sural nerve autografts were performed on intact rat sural nerves and on sural nerves excised proximal to the site of grafting. The effect of the presence or absence of regenerating axons upon reconstitution of the perineurium at the graft junctions and upon re-establishment of the blood-nerve barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were studied over the succeeding 3--24 weeks. Compartmentation of the nerve fascicle occurred at the graft junctions where the perineurium was damaged. Each compartment contained Schwann cells with or without axons and was surrounded by elongated fibroblast-like cells which resembled perineurial cells in the longer surviving animals. It was concluded that, (a) compartments form in a nerve at the site of perineurial damage even in the absence of axons; (b) although compartmentation may be a mechanism for perineurial regeneration and reconstitution of the blood-nerve barrier, blood vessels and the cell layers forming compartments at graft junctions remain permeable to HRP for at least 6 months; and (c) the intact perineurium around the distal stump of a denervated nerve is permeable to HRP but the endoneurial blood vessels are not.", "PMID": 537675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7300", "title": "Experimental obstructive hydrocephalus in the rat: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Hydrocephalus was induced in 12-day old rats by the cisternal infusion of a concentrated kaolin suspension. The animals were killed at day 20 and the ependymal lining of all the ventricles prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The dilation of the ventricles was moderate to gross in all cases. The ependyma of the lateral ventricles was similar in both control and experimental animals. Ependymal damage was present in six out of the twelve hydrocephalic rats. Two had fibres visible on the ependymal surface. Four had tears covered with small round cells, believed to be responsible for the repair of the ependyma. The third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle enlarged by incorporating folds of ependyma, present in control animals, into the ventricular walls. The circumventricular organs present in the third and fourth ventricles were not damaged by the dilation of the ventricles, even in severe hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Experimental obstructive hydrocephalus in the rat: a scanning electron microscopic study. Hydrocephalus was induced in 12-day old rats by the cisternal infusion of a concentrated kaolin suspension. The animals were killed at day 20 and the ependymal lining of all the ventricles prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The dilation of the ventricles was moderate to gross in all cases. The ependyma of the lateral ventricles was similar in both control and experimental animals. Ependymal damage was present in six out of the twelve hydrocephalic rats. Two had fibres visible on the ependymal surface. Four had tears covered with small round cells, believed to be responsible for the repair of the ependyma. The third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle enlarged by incorporating folds of ependyma, present in control animals, into the ventricular walls. The circumventricular organs present in the third and fourth ventricles were not damaged by the dilation of the ventricles, even in severe hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 537674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7301", "title": "A basic program to correct for split cell error in particles classified by the logarithm of their profile areas.", "content": "A program is presented, written in the BASIC computer language, to correct the errors which occur when cell profiles are counted in thin sections of tissue. Given the numbers of profiles in each of M size classes, and the thickness and area of the sections examined, the program calculates the number of cells in each of these classes per mm3 of tissue. The mathematical method is briefly described and it is shown that a useful level of accuracy may be obtained when the correction procedure is used in the study of non-spherical cells.", "contents": "A basic program to correct for split cell error in particles classified by the logarithm of their profile areas. A program is presented, written in the BASIC computer language, to correct the errors which occur when cell profiles are counted in thin sections of tissue. Given the numbers of profiles in each of M size classes, and the thickness and area of the sections examined, the program calculates the number of cells in each of these classes per mm3 of tissue. The mathematical method is briefly described and it is shown that a useful level of accuracy may be obtained when the correction procedure is used in the study of non-spherical cells.", "PMID": 537676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7302", "title": "[Arteriovenous fistulas].", "content": "Three cases of arteriovenous fistulae observed in recent years at the University of Rome's 3rd Surgical Clinic, and of different site, entity are aetiology, are presented. The recent international literature is reviewed and the more outstanding clinical and therapeutical features of this form are discussed.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous fistulas]. Three cases of arteriovenous fistulae observed in recent years at the University of Rome's 3rd Surgical Clinic, and of different site, entity are aetiology, are presented. The recent international literature is reviewed and the more outstanding clinical and therapeutical features of this form are discussed.", "PMID": 537679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7303", "title": "[An unusual case of atherosclerotic aneurysm of the trunk of the superior mesenteric artery, successfully treated with surgery].", "content": "A case of atherosclerotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery is reported. This was located about 15 cm from its origin and immediately distal to the middle colic artery in a patient who had been operated on 4 years previously with aorto-iliac substitution for aneurysm of the same nature with ligature and section of the inferior mesenteric artery at the origin. Interruption of the latter created further technical problems solved with a serie of anastomoses that permitted the introduction of a good direct flow from the superior mesenteric respectively to the right colic and into an ileal branch which became a bridge or, rather, a \"new mesenteric\" assuring excellent pulsed flow into the underlying ileal branches, one of which anastomized at the ileocolic. This enabled direct, valid, pulsed flow to be resumed.", "contents": "[An unusual case of atherosclerotic aneurysm of the trunk of the superior mesenteric artery, successfully treated with surgery]. A case of atherosclerotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery is reported. This was located about 15 cm from its origin and immediately distal to the middle colic artery in a patient who had been operated on 4 years previously with aorto-iliac substitution for aneurysm of the same nature with ligature and section of the inferior mesenteric artery at the origin. Interruption of the latter created further technical problems solved with a serie of anastomoses that permitted the introduction of a good direct flow from the superior mesenteric respectively to the right colic and into an ileal branch which became a bridge or, rather, a \"new mesenteric\" assuring excellent pulsed flow into the underlying ileal branches, one of which anastomized at the ileocolic. This enabled direct, valid, pulsed flow to be resumed.", "PMID": 537680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7304", "title": "[Common bile duct calculosis and stenosis of Vater's ampulla. Results of surgical treatment of 307 cases].", "content": "A systematic account is offered of a personal series of patients operated for calculosis of the common bile duct, with or without stenosis of Vater's ampulla, over a period of 15 yr. Reference to the clinical and anatomopathological features of these cases is followed by a description of the criteria followed in the choice of the surgical approach. Recent and earlier results are illustrated and some comments are made with regard to the methods employed: ileal choledochotomy, transduodenal papillosphincterotomy, and choledochoduodenostomy). A preference is expressed for papillosphincterotomy in all cases where the correct indications are present.", "contents": "[Common bile duct calculosis and stenosis of Vater's ampulla. Results of surgical treatment of 307 cases]. A systematic account is offered of a personal series of patients operated for calculosis of the common bile duct, with or without stenosis of Vater's ampulla, over a period of 15 yr. Reference to the clinical and anatomopathological features of these cases is followed by a description of the criteria followed in the choice of the surgical approach. Recent and earlier results are illustrated and some comments are made with regard to the methods employed: ileal choledochotomy, transduodenal papillosphincterotomy, and choledochoduodenostomy). A preference is expressed for papillosphincterotomy in all cases where the correct indications are present.", "PMID": 537683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7305", "title": "[Findings on changes in the blood lipid pattern induced by jejuno-ileal bypass in severely obese subjects].", "content": "Changes in the lipid picture of 28 grossly obese subjects induced by jejunoileal by-pass are described. The results indicate that this operation brings about a marked reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and hence a distinct regression of risk factors with regard to atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Findings on changes in the blood lipid pattern induced by jejuno-ileal bypass in severely obese subjects]. Changes in the lipid picture of 28 grossly obese subjects induced by jejunoileal by-pass are described. The results indicate that this operation brings about a marked reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and hence a distinct regression of risk factors with regard to atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 537684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7306", "title": "[Long-term effects of gastric resection on the inferior esophageal sphincter].", "content": "The manometric profile of the oesophagogastric junction has been studied in patients subjected one year earlier to partial gastric resection. A reduction in maximum basal pressure (--49.8%) and length of the lower oesophageal sphincter (--35.45%) were noted. These figures agree with what was observed one month after operation in a previous study. It is concluded that gastric resection lead to a non-transitory reduction in sphincter function.", "contents": "[Long-term effects of gastric resection on the inferior esophageal sphincter]. The manometric profile of the oesophagogastric junction has been studied in patients subjected one year earlier to partial gastric resection. A reduction in maximum basal pressure (--49.8%) and length of the lower oesophageal sphincter (--35.45%) were noted. These figures agree with what was observed one month after operation in a previous study. It is concluded that gastric resection lead to a non-transitory reduction in sphincter function.", "PMID": 537685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7307", "title": "[Technical innovations in femoro-tibial reconstructions].", "content": "The literature on reconstructive femoro-tibial surgery includes distal by-pass implantation, personally considered the most interesting and most debated part. Four cases treated with double femoro-popliteal and popliteo-tibial reconstruction, three with the jump-by-pass technique and one with the sequential-by-pass technique are reported. Of these cases, three are complete with fluximetric and angiographic examination before, during and after the operation. Final results are considered satisfactory, notwithstanding certain inconveniences which were dealt with as they arose. Long-term follow-up permits some optimism for the future of this surgery, although the technical difficulties are by no means negligible.", "contents": "[Technical innovations in femoro-tibial reconstructions]. The literature on reconstructive femoro-tibial surgery includes distal by-pass implantation, personally considered the most interesting and most debated part. Four cases treated with double femoro-popliteal and popliteo-tibial reconstruction, three with the jump-by-pass technique and one with the sequential-by-pass technique are reported. Of these cases, three are complete with fluximetric and angiographic examination before, during and after the operation. Final results are considered satisfactory, notwithstanding certain inconveniences which were dealt with as they arose. Long-term follow-up permits some optimism for the future of this surgery, although the technical difficulties are by no means negligible.", "PMID": 537686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7308", "title": "[2 cases of death caused by hepatic insufficiency after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity].", "content": "Reference is made to 2 cases of fatal liver failure following jejuno-ileal by-pass for obesity, in which necropsy shown micronodular and the rarer fragmentary necrosis, in addition to serious steatosis. Liver alterations following by-pass are usually reversible and respond to the infusion of medicaments. The indication for surgical re-establishment of continuity, in which, if timely, leads to normalisation of liver shape and function, must be chosen without hesitation when changes, albeit reversible, appear to threaten life and resist treatment, and in all cases where biopsy points to progression towards irreversible sclerosis.", "contents": "[2 cases of death caused by hepatic insufficiency after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity]. Reference is made to 2 cases of fatal liver failure following jejuno-ileal by-pass for obesity, in which necropsy shown micronodular and the rarer fragmentary necrosis, in addition to serious steatosis. Liver alterations following by-pass are usually reversible and respond to the infusion of medicaments. The indication for surgical re-establishment of continuity, in which, if timely, leads to normalisation of liver shape and function, must be chosen without hesitation when changes, albeit reversible, appear to threaten life and resist treatment, and in all cases where biopsy points to progression towards irreversible sclerosis.", "PMID": 537687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7309", "title": "[An unusual case of aneurysm of the artery of the quadriceps].", "content": "A case of gastrocnemia artery aneurysm observed before the appearance of clinical complications is reported. This localization is up to date unreported. The clinical behaviour and the angiographic investigation did not allow to identify the site of the arteriopatic lesion. This was possible only with surgical treatment.", "contents": "[An unusual case of aneurysm of the artery of the quadriceps]. A case of gastrocnemia artery aneurysm observed before the appearance of clinical complications is reported. This localization is up to date unreported. The clinical behaviour and the angiographic investigation did not allow to identify the site of the arteriopatic lesion. This was possible only with surgical treatment.", "PMID": 537688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7310", "title": "[Cervical thymic cysts. Considerations on a case].", "content": "The Authors report a case of cervical thymic cyst. The only distinguishing feature is the presence of thymic tissue, containing Hassall's corpuscles, in the wall. From review of literature rarity of this swelling is manifest, and so is difficulty of preoperative diagnosis. As far as pathogenesis is concerned, long consideration has failed to resolve the question of their developmental or degenerative origin. Treatment consists of excision of the cyst and its accompanying tract. Prognosis is usually good.", "contents": "[Cervical thymic cysts. Considerations on a case]. The Authors report a case of cervical thymic cyst. The only distinguishing feature is the presence of thymic tissue, containing Hassall's corpuscles, in the wall. From review of literature rarity of this swelling is manifest, and so is difficulty of preoperative diagnosis. As far as pathogenesis is concerned, long consideration has failed to resolve the question of their developmental or degenerative origin. Treatment consists of excision of the cyst and its accompanying tract. Prognosis is usually good.", "PMID": 537689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7311", "title": "[Papillomatosis of the gallbladder with carcinoma].", "content": "A case of widespread papillomatosis of the gallbladder, accompanied with an area of carcinoma in the presence of calculosis is reported. The question whether papilloma of the gallbladder should be regarded as a precancerous lesion, and what r\u00f4le concomitant lesions play in the pathogenesis of papilloma and its degeneration, are briefly discussed. It is felt that calculosis represents a considerable risk factor in the malignant transformation of papilloma, and the surgical treatment of all polypoid affections of the gallbladder is advised.", "contents": "[Papillomatosis of the gallbladder with carcinoma]. A case of widespread papillomatosis of the gallbladder, accompanied with an area of carcinoma in the presence of calculosis is reported. The question whether papilloma of the gallbladder should be regarded as a precancerous lesion, and what r\u00f4le concomitant lesions play in the pathogenesis of papilloma and its degeneration, are briefly discussed. It is felt that calculosis represents a considerable risk factor in the malignant transformation of papilloma, and the surgical treatment of all polypoid affections of the gallbladder is advised.", "PMID": 537690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7312", "title": "[Acupuncture as a part of a program of detoxification and weaning from opiates: 25 cases].", "content": "Presents results of a detoxification and habit loosing program carried out in 25 morphine-like substances addicts (mainly heroine) aged 19-26. The therapeutic treatment based on gabaergic drugs (l-glutamine, sodium valproate and piridoxine), low doses psychodrugs (tricyclics and benzodiacepines) and acupuncture, began in 13 subjects at the hospital and continued at the outpatients' service, while 12 subjects were treated only at the outpatients' service. Follow up: 6 subjects of the hospitalized group free from the addiction (5 subjects from more than 1 year after their discharge); 3 subjects of the outpatients' group abstinent from no more than 4 months after discharge. Biochemical mechanisms involved in this therapeutic program are extensively discussed.", "contents": "[Acupuncture as a part of a program of detoxification and weaning from opiates: 25 cases]. Presents results of a detoxification and habit loosing program carried out in 25 morphine-like substances addicts (mainly heroine) aged 19-26. The therapeutic treatment based on gabaergic drugs (l-glutamine, sodium valproate and piridoxine), low doses psychodrugs (tricyclics and benzodiacepines) and acupuncture, began in 13 subjects at the hospital and continued at the outpatients' service, while 12 subjects were treated only at the outpatients' service. Follow up: 6 subjects of the hospitalized group free from the addiction (5 subjects from more than 1 year after their discharge); 3 subjects of the outpatients' group abstinent from no more than 4 months after discharge. Biochemical mechanisms involved in this therapeutic program are extensively discussed.", "PMID": 537697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7313", "title": "[The physician-patient relationship in the acupuncture treatment of psychosomatic headaches].", "content": "Authors take in exame the acupuncture treatment in a group of subjects suffering from periodical cephalalgia about psychosomatic nature. Particular attention comes put considering the importance of relation MD-patient that one fixes in acupuncture, such as to consent a better elaboration about somatic symptom. MD always must be attentive in valutation of meaning about presented disturb and eventual latent message.", "contents": "[The physician-patient relationship in the acupuncture treatment of psychosomatic headaches]. Authors take in exame the acupuncture treatment in a group of subjects suffering from periodical cephalalgia about psychosomatic nature. Particular attention comes put considering the importance of relation MD-patient that one fixes in acupuncture, such as to consent a better elaboration about somatic symptom. MD always must be attentive in valutation of meaning about presented disturb and eventual latent message.", "PMID": 537698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7314", "title": "[Unusual use of reflexotherapeutic technics for control of pain in cases of phantom limb. Spinal and supraspinal theory].", "content": "Treatment of selected cases of amputees suffering from phantom-limbs pains by means of unusual techniques of reflexotherapy is reported. Nose, hand and foot acupuncture and classical auricolotherapy demonstrate in the patients here reported the beneficial effect of these methods. Nosologic, pathologic, clinic results and the anatomo functional mechanisms through which the therapeutic action of reflexoterapy can be explained are discussed. Spinal and trigeminal-reticulo-spinal pathways (central biasing mechanism) are postulated as inhibitory control system for somatic afferences.", "contents": "[Unusual use of reflexotherapeutic technics for control of pain in cases of phantom limb. Spinal and supraspinal theory]. Treatment of selected cases of amputees suffering from phantom-limbs pains by means of unusual techniques of reflexotherapy is reported. Nose, hand and foot acupuncture and classical auricolotherapy demonstrate in the patients here reported the beneficial effect of these methods. Nosologic, pathologic, clinic results and the anatomo functional mechanisms through which the therapeutic action of reflexoterapy can be explained are discussed. Spinal and trigeminal-reticulo-spinal pathways (central biasing mechanism) are postulated as inhibitory control system for somatic afferences.", "PMID": 537699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7315", "title": "[Electro-acupuncture in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery].", "content": "Electroacupuncture hypoalgesia was used in 377 operations of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Studies were performed also on electroencephalographic patterns during the application of this method. With the positive results, limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "[Electro-acupuncture in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery]. Electroacupuncture hypoalgesia was used in 377 operations of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Studies were performed also on electroencephalographic patterns during the application of this method. With the positive results, limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 537701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7316", "title": "[Possibilities of control of regulation of the function of arteriovenous anastomoses and of capillary blood flow by means of acupuncture].", "content": "Acupuncture was carried out on a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and microangiopathy of the lower limbs. Photoplethysmographic waves appeared at the right inferior limb where before they had been absent; at the left inferior limb normalization of postural reflexes was achieved, suggesting that acupuncture is effective in vasodilatation of capillaries and preterminal arterioles and in the reactivation of the arterio-venous blood flow.", "contents": "[Possibilities of control of regulation of the function of arteriovenous anastomoses and of capillary blood flow by means of acupuncture]. Acupuncture was carried out on a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and microangiopathy of the lower limbs. Photoplethysmographic waves appeared at the right inferior limb where before they had been absent; at the left inferior limb normalization of postural reflexes was achieved, suggesting that acupuncture is effective in vasodilatation of capillaries and preterminal arterioles and in the reactivation of the arterio-venous blood flow.", "PMID": 537702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7317", "title": "The value of the association of radiological methods with echographic examination in the study of intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "The standard X-ray preserves its value in verifying the presence of a foreign body (FB). The echography is valuable in verifying the site of a FB when it remains uncertain in respect to the sclera after X-ray localization. Computerized tomography scanning offers useful information about the physical nature of the FB.", "contents": "The value of the association of radiological methods with echographic examination in the study of intraocular foreign bodies. The standard X-ray preserves its value in verifying the presence of a foreign body (FB). The echography is valuable in verifying the site of a FB when it remains uncertain in respect to the sclera after X-ray localization. Computerized tomography scanning offers useful information about the physical nature of the FB.", "PMID": 537749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7318", "title": "[Keratomycoses].", "content": "(1) In the presence of a torpid corneal ulcer, resistant to antibiotics and accompanied by dirty exudates and a hypopion, one must always think of a keratomycosis. (2) A mycotic examination with direct microscopic examination, culture and sensitivity test should immediately be made. (3) At the present time the best antimycotics are miconasol and econasol.", "contents": "[Keratomycoses]. (1) In the presence of a torpid corneal ulcer, resistant to antibiotics and accompanied by dirty exudates and a hypopion, one must always think of a keratomycosis. (2) A mycotic examination with direct microscopic examination, culture and sensitivity test should immediately be made. (3) At the present time the best antimycotics are miconasol and econasol.", "PMID": 537750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7319", "title": "Effects of urea treatment in combination with curettage in extensive periophthalmic malignancies.", "content": "46 patients with 47 cancers of the eyelids and the canthi, large or very large in their great majority, were treated with local urea injections in combination with thorough curettage. In 7 of the above patients, the caruncle and the conjunctiva were also affected. This treatment was effective in 100% of our cases. The full recovery of the skin which had been destroyed by the cancer, without any remnants of scar or other disfigurement, is a very remarkable phenomenon; the functional condition of the lids remained quite normal as well. So we can affirm that in extensive periophthalmic carcinomas, in which cure with conventional methods is very difficult or almost impossible, as in some reported cases, the afore-mentioned treatment gives the most beneficial results, without any of the disadvantages of these methods.", "contents": "Effects of urea treatment in combination with curettage in extensive periophthalmic malignancies. 46 patients with 47 cancers of the eyelids and the canthi, large or very large in their great majority, were treated with local urea injections in combination with thorough curettage. In 7 of the above patients, the caruncle and the conjunctiva were also affected. This treatment was effective in 100% of our cases. The full recovery of the skin which had been destroyed by the cancer, without any remnants of scar or other disfigurement, is a very remarkable phenomenon; the functional condition of the lids remained quite normal as well. So we can affirm that in extensive periophthalmic carcinomas, in which cure with conventional methods is very difficult or almost impossible, as in some reported cases, the afore-mentioned treatment gives the most beneficial results, without any of the disadvantages of these methods.", "PMID": 537752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7320", "title": "[Experiences in animal experiments with hydrogel keratoprosthesis of different water content].", "content": "Satisfactory results could  be obtained in former animal experiments with keratoprostheses made by 38% hydrated hydrogel plastics (PHEMA). There still existed some doubts concerning alterations by aging of this material, possibly resulting in setting free toxic or allergenic substances as well as raising the risk of infection. Therefore, keratoprostheses containing 38 or 20% water were implanted in rabbit eyes. The follow-up period of 44 animals was 6 months. No essential differences in the postoperative course of both types of keratoprostheses could be observed. With the only exception of a growth of tissue over the optical cylinder in 1 case no serious complications, e.g., extrusion of the implant, occurred. Regarding the greater resistibility of the less hydrated hydrogel, this more durable plastic seems to be the more adapted material for keratoprotheses.", "contents": "[Experiences in animal experiments with hydrogel keratoprosthesis of different water content]. Satisfactory results could  be obtained in former animal experiments with keratoprostheses made by 38% hydrated hydrogel plastics (PHEMA). There still existed some doubts concerning alterations by aging of this material, possibly resulting in setting free toxic or allergenic substances as well as raising the risk of infection. Therefore, keratoprostheses containing 38 or 20% water were implanted in rabbit eyes. The follow-up period of 44 animals was 6 months. No essential differences in the postoperative course of both types of keratoprostheses could be observed. With the only exception of a growth of tissue over the optical cylinder in 1 case no serious complications, e.g., extrusion of the implant, occurred. Regarding the greater resistibility of the less hydrated hydrogel, this more durable plastic seems to be the more adapted material for keratoprotheses.", "PMID": 537753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7321", "title": "[Metastatic choroid tumors before and after radiation].", "content": "By means of fundus photographs of metastatic choroidal carcinomate in 20 patients it is shown that the slightly prominent yellowish-grey (rarely more intense whitish-yellow) areas appear to be either lobular, composed of various nodes, or more homogeneous and solitary. Illustrations are presented of mammary carcinomata (14x), bronchial carcinomata (3x) and uterine carcinomata (3x). The bilateral metastases, occurring in 5 cases, appear all over the eye-ground; the left eye was more frequently affected. Scarring from irradiation (or the use of cytostatics) is followed in the region of the tumour either by pure depigmentation, an almost regular patchy or punctate pigmentation, irregular displacement of pigment such as follows a severe choroiditis disseminata, or a dark, almost regular pigmentation. The X-ray radiation of a choriodal metastasis of a uterine carcinoma led to necrosis of the chorioidea, the pigment epithelium, and the peripheral retina.", "contents": "[Metastatic choroid tumors before and after radiation]. By means of fundus photographs of metastatic choroidal carcinomate in 20 patients it is shown that the slightly prominent yellowish-grey (rarely more intense whitish-yellow) areas appear to be either lobular, composed of various nodes, or more homogeneous and solitary. Illustrations are presented of mammary carcinomata (14x), bronchial carcinomata (3x) and uterine carcinomata (3x). The bilateral metastases, occurring in 5 cases, appear all over the eye-ground; the left eye was more frequently affected. Scarring from irradiation (or the use of cytostatics) is followed in the region of the tumour either by pure depigmentation, an almost regular patchy or punctate pigmentation, irregular displacement of pigment such as follows a severe choroiditis disseminata, or a dark, almost regular pigmentation. The X-ray radiation of a choriodal metastasis of a uterine carcinoma led to necrosis of the chorioidea, the pigment epithelium, and the peripheral retina.", "PMID": 537754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7322", "title": "Wendell L. Hughes Lecture. Wound healing.", "content": "The four major aspects of wound healing are discussed. In the inflammatory phase, necrotic tissue and foreign debris are removed while precursors of collagen synthesis accumulate. In the following fibroblastic phase, collagen is laid down and tensile strength increases. Concomitantly, contraction occurs to a varying degree along the wound surfaces. Finally, remodeling occurs and a mature scar evolves. Some clinical applications are presented.", "contents": "Wendell L. Hughes Lecture. Wound healing. The four major aspects of wound healing are discussed. In the inflammatory phase, necrotic tissue and foreign debris are removed while precursors of collagen synthesis accumulate. In the following fibroblastic phase, collagen is laid down and tensile strength increases. Concomitantly, contraction occurs to a varying degree along the wound surfaces. Finally, remodeling occurs and a mature scar evolves. Some clinical applications are presented.", "PMID": 537755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7323", "title": "Uniocular nystagmus in monocular visual loss.", "content": "Uniocular nystagmus was studied by electro-oculography in ten patients with monocular visual loss caused by ocular and optic nerve lesions. In these patients, visual loss was congenital or acquired in childhood or adult life. In all patients the oscillations were present in the primary position of gaze and were vertical, pendular, and of variable and low frequency (less than, or equal to, 1.0 HZ) and amplitude (usually less than 5 degrees). Refixation saccades, smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and vestibuloocular responses to rotation in the horizontal and vertical planes were within normal limits. The irregularity, low frequency, and low amplitude of this form of nystagmus cause it to often be missed during casual clinical examination, but easily differentiate it from other causes of uniocular nystagmus.", "contents": "Uniocular nystagmus in monocular visual loss. Uniocular nystagmus was studied by electro-oculography in ten patients with monocular visual loss caused by ocular and optic nerve lesions. In these patients, visual loss was congenital or acquired in childhood or adult life. In all patients the oscillations were present in the primary position of gaze and were vertical, pendular, and of variable and low frequency (less than, or equal to, 1.0 HZ) and amplitude (usually less than 5 degrees). Refixation saccades, smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and vestibuloocular responses to rotation in the horizontal and vertical planes were within normal limits. The irregularity, low frequency, and low amplitude of this form of nystagmus cause it to often be missed during casual clinical examination, but easily differentiate it from other causes of uniocular nystagmus.", "PMID": 537756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7324", "title": "Keratophakia: a preliminary evaluation.", "content": "The results of 18 cases of combined cataract extraction and keratophakia are presented. Initial results indicate that these procedures may replace the use of alloplastic materials for the correction of aphakic ametropia either as a primary or a secondary procedure.", "contents": "Keratophakia: a preliminary evaluation. The results of 18 cases of combined cataract extraction and keratophakia are presented. Initial results indicate that these procedures may replace the use of alloplastic materials for the correction of aphakic ametropia either as a primary or a secondary procedure.", "PMID": 537757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7325", "title": "Frozen section analysis of the lacerated globe.", "content": "Prolapsed tissues from seven traumatized globes were examined by frozen section prior to primary enucleation or surgical repair. The findings suggest that if retina is identified on such sections, primary enucleation may be justified. If iris, ciliary body, or choroid is found, the decision regarding management must be based on other factors.", "contents": "Frozen section analysis of the lacerated globe. Prolapsed tissues from seven traumatized globes were examined by frozen section prior to primary enucleation or surgical repair. The findings suggest that if retina is identified on such sections, primary enucleation may be justified. If iris, ciliary body, or choroid is found, the decision regarding management must be based on other factors.", "PMID": 537758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7326", "title": "The acute manifestations of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Seven patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid displayed acute inflammatory activity that could not be attributed to secondary bacterial infections, trichiasis, or lagophthalmos secondary to symblepharon. This acute inflammatory activity was manifested either as a localized conjunctival mound that was ulcerated and intensely hyperemic or as diffuse and intense conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis. Acute disease activity developed shortly after conjunctival biopsy in three patients and appeared spontaneously in the other four patients. Conjunctival biopsy specmens disclosed a heavy infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes within and beneath the conjunctival epithelium in addition to the chronic inflammatory cells typically found in this condition. The acute manifestations of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid cause rapid shrinkage and scarring of the conjunctiva. Systemic corticosteroids suppressed the acute disease activity and prevented additional scarring in all five patients treated.", "contents": "The acute manifestations of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: diagnosis and treatment. Seven patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid displayed acute inflammatory activity that could not be attributed to secondary bacterial infections, trichiasis, or lagophthalmos secondary to symblepharon. This acute inflammatory activity was manifested either as a localized conjunctival mound that was ulcerated and intensely hyperemic or as diffuse and intense conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis. Acute disease activity developed shortly after conjunctival biopsy in three patients and appeared spontaneously in the other four patients. Conjunctival biopsy specmens disclosed a heavy infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes within and beneath the conjunctival epithelium in addition to the chronic inflammatory cells typically found in this condition. The acute manifestations of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid cause rapid shrinkage and scarring of the conjunctiva. Systemic corticosteroids suppressed the acute disease activity and prevented additional scarring in all five patients treated.", "PMID": 537759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7327", "title": "Vitrectomy techniques in retinal reattachment surgery.", "content": "Vitreous surgery techniques are useful in the management of selected retinal detachments with an otherwise poor prognosis. Vitrectomy methods can be used to remove intraocular opacities; cut vitreous sheets causing vitreo-retinal traction and separate epiretinal membranes covering or distorting the retina; provide a fluid space to aid in creation of a scleral buckle or use of an intravitreal gas bubble; perform other intraocular procedures, including transvitreal treatment of retinal breaks, transvitreal removal of subretinal fluid, and intraocular fluid-gas exchange. These surgical capabilities can be combined with conventional retinal reattachment methods to treat selected types of retinal detachment. The surgical techniques, indications for surgery, and role of vitrectomy methods in the current management of retinal detachment are reviewed.", "contents": "Vitrectomy techniques in retinal reattachment surgery. Vitreous surgery techniques are useful in the management of selected retinal detachments with an otherwise poor prognosis. Vitrectomy methods can be used to remove intraocular opacities; cut vitreous sheets causing vitreo-retinal traction and separate epiretinal membranes covering or distorting the retina; provide a fluid space to aid in creation of a scleral buckle or use of an intravitreal gas bubble; perform other intraocular procedures, including transvitreal treatment of retinal breaks, transvitreal removal of subretinal fluid, and intraocular fluid-gas exchange. These surgical capabilities can be combined with conventional retinal reattachment methods to treat selected types of retinal detachment. The surgical techniques, indications for surgery, and role of vitrectomy methods in the current management of retinal detachment are reviewed.", "PMID": 537760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7328", "title": "A temporary balloon buckle for the treatment of small retinal detachments.", "content": "An inflatable silicone explant has been used to treat small retinal detachments. The device is inserted through the conjunctiva at the oral and expanded beneath the retinal break. Subretinal fluid absorbs because the intrusion of the balloon closes the retinal break. Adhesion is obtained by transconjunctival cryopexy or laser coagulation. The balloon, which is unsecured by sutures, is deflated and withdrawn after one week.", "contents": "A temporary balloon buckle for the treatment of small retinal detachments. An inflatable silicone explant has been used to treat small retinal detachments. The device is inserted through the conjunctiva at the oral and expanded beneath the retinal break. Subretinal fluid absorbs because the intrusion of the balloon closes the retinal break. Adhesion is obtained by transconjunctival cryopexy or laser coagulation. The balloon, which is unsecured by sutures, is deflated and withdrawn after one week.", "PMID": 537761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7329", "title": "A regional course to update the practicing specialist.", "content": "Four medical centers collaborated in the development of a course in ophthalmology to present new information and skills to the practicing specialist who is not associated with a medical center. The course is presented in 8 two-day sessions, scheduled Friday and Saturday, four times a year, on a two-year cycle. Thus, the participant loses only four days a year from his practice. This course differs from most of the postgraduate courses currently being offered in that it is designed to update basic specialty knowledge and skills systematically to improve health care delivery.", "contents": "A regional course to update the practicing specialist. Four medical centers collaborated in the development of a course in ophthalmology to present new information and skills to the practicing specialist who is not associated with a medical center. The course is presented in 8 two-day sessions, scheduled Friday and Saturday, four times a year, on a two-year cycle. Thus, the participant loses only four days a year from his practice. This course differs from most of the postgraduate courses currently being offered in that it is designed to update basic specialty knowledge and skills systematically to improve health care delivery.", "PMID": 537764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7330", "title": "Binkhorst Lecture. (Part 2). Experimental cataract surgery--electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examinations were performed on cat corneas after the steps usually taken to perform cataract extraction were completed. The endothelium did not replicate, but showed nuclear division or segmentation occasionally. In each case, the anterior segment was free from any evidence of inflammation one year after surgical treatment--unless a pseudophakos had been inserted: in some of these cases, significant numbers of white cells were present, a condition that may contribute to anterior segment complications from implants.", "contents": "Binkhorst Lecture. (Part 2). Experimental cataract surgery--electron microscopy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examinations were performed on cat corneas after the steps usually taken to perform cataract extraction were completed. The endothelium did not replicate, but showed nuclear division or segmentation occasionally. In each case, the anterior segment was free from any evidence of inflammation one year after surgical treatment--unless a pseudophakos had been inserted: in some of these cases, significant numbers of white cells were present, a condition that may contribute to anterior segment complications from implants.", "PMID": 537765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7331", "title": "Anterior segment complications of implant surgery.", "content": "An overview of the anterior segment complications related to implant surgery is presented. Complications are considered in three categories: (1) their actual relationship to the presence of an implant; (2) their time relationship to implant surgery; and (3) specific complications frequently associated with each type of implant.", "contents": "Anterior segment complications of implant surgery. An overview of the anterior segment complications related to implant surgery is presented. Complications are considered in three categories: (1) their actual relationship to the presence of an implant; (2) their time relationship to implant surgery; and (3) specific complications frequently associated with each type of implant.", "PMID": 537766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7332", "title": "Surgical complications of Choyce-type implants.", "content": "The development of various intraocular lenses will be described, and implantation of anterior chamber-type lenses will be discussed.", "contents": "Surgical complications of Choyce-type implants. The development of various intraocular lenses will be described, and implantation of anterior chamber-type lenses will be discussed.", "PMID": 537768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7333", "title": "The platinum clip (Platina) intraocular lens.", "content": "The platinum clip (Platina) intraocular lens is reserved for the patient with an active mobile pupil when some type of fixation device is necessary to avoid the complication of dislocation. A surgical technique is described in which the surgeon fixates the lens with the cataract wound closed (closed-eye system), thereby allowing the procedure to be carried out safely.", "contents": "The platinum clip (Platina) intraocular lens. The platinum clip (Platina) intraocular lens is reserved for the patient with an active mobile pupil when some type of fixation device is necessary to avoid the complication of dislocation. A surgical technique is described in which the surgeon fixates the lens with the cataract wound closed (closed-eye system), thereby allowing the procedure to be carried out safely.", "PMID": 537769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7334", "title": "The Fyodorov Sputnik intraocular lens.", "content": "The author has implanted 197 Fyodorov intraocular lenses. With careful selection of patients, good surgical judgment, and meticulous surgery, a degree of success can be obtained with this lens, which will equal that of conventional cataract surgery. The surgical technique of implantation will be described.", "contents": "The Fyodorov Sputnik intraocular lens. The author has implanted 197 Fyodorov intraocular lenses. With careful selection of patients, good surgical judgment, and meticulous surgery, a degree of success can be obtained with this lens, which will equal that of conventional cataract surgery. The surgical technique of implantation will be described.", "PMID": 537770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7335", "title": "Complications with the four-loop lens of Binkhorst (the iris-clip lens).", "content": "The iris-clip (four-loop) lens of Binkhorst has been and continues to be the best intraocular lens on the market. It is recommended for primary or secondary implantation in an eye with a suitable iris sphincter and anterior chamber. Complications may occur, but these can be minimized by appropriate treatment and, particularly, by case selection.", "contents": "Complications with the four-loop lens of Binkhorst (the iris-clip lens). The iris-clip (four-loop) lens of Binkhorst has been and continues to be the best intraocular lens on the market. It is recommended for primary or secondary implantation in an eye with a suitable iris sphincter and anterior chamber. Complications may occur, but these can be minimized by appropriate treatment and, particularly, by case selection.", "PMID": 537771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7336", "title": "Complications associated with posterior chamber lenses.", "content": "Different types of posterior chamber lenses and their complications are discussed and compared with complications of anterior chamber lenses, pupil-supported lenses, and capsular-fixated lenses. Special emphasis is placed on the Shearing intraocular lens.", "contents": "Complications associated with posterior chamber lenses. Different types of posterior chamber lenses and their complications are discussed and compared with complications of anterior chamber lenses, pupil-supported lenses, and capsular-fixated lenses. Special emphasis is placed on the Shearing intraocular lens.", "PMID": 537772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7337", "title": "The extended-wear contact lens vs the intraocular lens: a comparison of risks.", "content": "Although both the extended-wear contact lens and the intraocular lens are under intense clinical investigation, years will be required to collect sufficient data for valid comparisons of their risk factors. Meanwhile, a rational appraisal of risks associated with both therapeutic alternatives should be considered, with decisions based on risks or benefits for each patient. The factors to be considered in comparing these alternatives for the correction of aphakia are discussed.", "contents": "The extended-wear contact lens vs the intraocular lens: a comparison of risks. Although both the extended-wear contact lens and the intraocular lens are under intense clinical investigation, years will be required to collect sufficient data for valid comparisons of their risk factors. Meanwhile, a rational appraisal of risks associated with both therapeutic alternatives should be considered, with decisions based on risks or benefits for each patient. The factors to be considered in comparing these alternatives for the correction of aphakia are discussed.", "PMID": 537773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7338", "title": "Complications of the Copeland implant.", "content": "The Copeland lens is easy to insert, requires no intraocular suture or clip for fixation, and is rarely dislodged from its proper position. It has enjoyed long follow-up and wide usage in the United States. Properly managed, its complications are not as formidable as once believed. It remains an acceptable alternative for the intraoperative correction of surgical aphakia.", "contents": "Complications of the Copeland implant. The Copeland lens is easy to insert, requires no intraocular suture or clip for fixation, and is rarely dislodged from its proper position. It has enjoyed long follow-up and wide usage in the United States. Properly managed, its complications are not as formidable as once believed. It remains an acceptable alternative for the intraoperative correction of surgical aphakia.", "PMID": 537774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7339", "title": "The cause of excessive astigmatism with intraocular lens implants.", "content": "Higher degrees of astigmatism are found after intraocular lens implantation than after routine cataract surgery. The cause is optical and is associated with the effectivity of lenses. The same amount of corneal astigmatism requires, in the spectacle correction, a cylinder that is smaller than, equal to, or larger than the corneal astigmatism, depending on whether the spherical equivalent of the refraction is a plus, zero, or minus sphere.", "contents": "The cause of excessive astigmatism with intraocular lens implants. Higher degrees of astigmatism are found after intraocular lens implantation than after routine cataract surgery. The cause is optical and is associated with the effectivity of lenses. The same amount of corneal astigmatism requires, in the spectacle correction, a cylinder that is smaller than, equal to, or larger than the corneal astigmatism, depending on whether the spherical equivalent of the refraction is a plus, zero, or minus sphere.", "PMID": 537775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7340", "title": "Mast cells in human aorta.", "content": "Aortic specimens from 111 autopsy and 23 surgical cases were examined by light and electron microscopy. Differential mast cell counts were made of three aortic segments (ascending, thoracic, and abdominal) and layers (intimal, medial, adventitial). The mast cell counts varied considerably from case to case and sector to sector and generally showed no correlation with age, sex, or atherosclerotic severity. However, intimal mast cells were fewer in number in areas of lipid accumulation than in areas of diffuse intimal thickening without lipid accumulation. The reduction in the number of intimal mast cells may play a part in the localization of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Mast cells in human aorta. Aortic specimens from 111 autopsy and 23 surgical cases were examined by light and electron microscopy. Differential mast cell counts were made of three aortic segments (ascending, thoracic, and abdominal) and layers (intimal, medial, adventitial). The mast cell counts varied considerably from case to case and sector to sector and generally showed no correlation with age, sex, or atherosclerotic severity. However, intimal mast cells were fewer in number in areas of lipid accumulation than in areas of diffuse intimal thickening without lipid accumulation. The reduction in the number of intimal mast cells may play a part in the localization of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 537827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7341", "title": "[Morphological and histochemical behavior of arterial tissue in normal and spontaneously hypo- or hypercholesterolemic rats on a normal or hyperlipidic diet].", "content": "Hypo and hypercholesterolemic rats strains were selected (Lyon) and compared to a normocholesterolemic one issued from the same race (Sprague-Dawley). The arterial tissue of these three strains at three ages (10-19-25 months) and their reactivity to an hyperlipidic diet (2 and 6 month duration) were studied using histological and histochemical technics. There were neither histological nor histochemical differences between the three strains whatever the ages. Therefore, at the present stage of selection, the genetic differences have not changed the arterial metabolism or its evolution during ageing. However the arterial reactivity of hypo and hypercholesterolemic strains towards an hyperlipidic diet was different: indeed both strains developed hypercholesterolemia, liver steatosis and diffuse intimal lipoidosis, but on the other hand the hypercholesterolemic rat alone demonstrated arterial cell proliferation. These data suggest that a same genetic trait can give rise to both a spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and an arterial hyperactivity against a superimposed hyperlipemia.", "contents": "[Morphological and histochemical behavior of arterial tissue in normal and spontaneously hypo- or hypercholesterolemic rats on a normal or hyperlipidic diet]. Hypo and hypercholesterolemic rats strains were selected (Lyon) and compared to a normocholesterolemic one issued from the same race (Sprague-Dawley). The arterial tissue of these three strains at three ages (10-19-25 months) and their reactivity to an hyperlipidic diet (2 and 6 month duration) were studied using histological and histochemical technics. There were neither histological nor histochemical differences between the three strains whatever the ages. Therefore, at the present stage of selection, the genetic differences have not changed the arterial metabolism or its evolution during ageing. However the arterial reactivity of hypo and hypercholesterolemic strains towards an hyperlipidic diet was different: indeed both strains developed hypercholesterolemia, liver steatosis and diffuse intimal lipoidosis, but on the other hand the hypercholesterolemic rat alone demonstrated arterial cell proliferation. These data suggest that a same genetic trait can give rise to both a spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and an arterial hyperactivity against a superimposed hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 537828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7342", "title": "Differences between the arterial and the venous pathomorphology in Buerger's disease.", "content": "Morphological lesions were found to be different in arteries and in veins, in 9 cases of Buerger's disease. The arterial lesions were not characteristic and consisted of non-specific inflammation, thrombosis and obliteration which also occur in many other disease. In contrast, in addition to wall infiltration and thrombosis, the veins showed microabscesses and giant cell granulomas, which we believe to be absent in all other known diseases. The affected venous segment exhibited a variety of lesions. In the earliest period, the morphological aspect of inflammation in arteries and veins was fairly similar. In a late periods, that is those of vascular obliteration, the arteries and veins did not show any distinguishing morphological differences.", "contents": "Differences between the arterial and the venous pathomorphology in Buerger's disease. Morphological lesions were found to be different in arteries and in veins, in 9 cases of Buerger's disease. The arterial lesions were not characteristic and consisted of non-specific inflammation, thrombosis and obliteration which also occur in many other disease. In contrast, in addition to wall infiltration and thrombosis, the veins showed microabscesses and giant cell granulomas, which we believe to be absent in all other known diseases. The affected venous segment exhibited a variety of lesions. In the earliest period, the morphological aspect of inflammation in arteries and veins was fairly similar. In a late periods, that is those of vascular obliteration, the arteries and veins did not show any distinguishing morphological differences.", "PMID": 537829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7343", "title": "Growth regulators in connective tissues. II. Evidence for the presence of several growth inhibitors in aortic extracts.", "content": "Studies on the effects of bovine aorta extracts on endothelial and smooth muscle cells cultured from the same tissue indicate they contain at least four separate molecular species capable of inhibiting cell growth. Two, heparin and a recently characterized dermatan sulfate-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, are large polyanions and inhibit the growth of both smooth muscle and endothelial cells, but require large amounts to induce this effect. The other two are low molecular weight molecules which inhibit only the growth of endothelial cells, one of which is a protease inhibitor which has been purified to homogeneity. The fourth and most potent is an as yet unidentified fraction distinguishable from the protease inhibitor. Heparin, as reported by others, and the proteoglycan also enhance collagenase activity. It would therefore appear that aorta contains several molecular species which have the potential to affect both invasive and proliferative processes.", "contents": "Growth regulators in connective tissues. II. Evidence for the presence of several growth inhibitors in aortic extracts. Studies on the effects of bovine aorta extracts on endothelial and smooth muscle cells cultured from the same tissue indicate they contain at least four separate molecular species capable of inhibiting cell growth. Two, heparin and a recently characterized dermatan sulfate-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, are large polyanions and inhibit the growth of both smooth muscle and endothelial cells, but require large amounts to induce this effect. The other two are low molecular weight molecules which inhibit only the growth of endothelial cells, one of which is a protease inhibitor which has been purified to homogeneity. The fourth and most potent is an as yet unidentified fraction distinguishable from the protease inhibitor. Heparin, as reported by others, and the proteoglycan also enhance collagenase activity. It would therefore appear that aorta contains several molecular species which have the potential to affect both invasive and proliferative processes.", "PMID": 537830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7344", "title": "The duration of passive protection against Taenia ovis larvae in lambs.", "content": "In an attempt to induce passive protection in lambs against Taenia ovis larvae that would last for the 15-20 weeks from birth to slaughter as fat lambs, one group of ewes was immunized by a series of injections of 2000, 4000, 8000, 16 000 and 32 000 activated oncospheres of Taenia ovis prior to parturition. Another group of ewes was not immunized. All ewes had previously grazed pasture lightly infected with T. ovis eggs. Most lambs from non-immunized ewes developed cysts after oral infection with T. ovis eggs. However, no lambs from immunized ewes developed cysts up to and including 6 weeks after birth. Between 8 and 16 weeks after birth a proportion of lambs were found to be susceptible to infection. By 18 weeks after birth all lambs were apparently susceptible. The 99% confidence band for the mean duration of demonstrable complement-fixing antibody titres was 6.2-7.8 weeks for lambs from immunized ewes. The persistence of maternal protective antibody in some lambs could possibly preclude successful active immunization of all lambs against T. ovis larvae before 18 weeks of age.", "contents": "The duration of passive protection against Taenia ovis larvae in lambs. In an attempt to induce passive protection in lambs against Taenia ovis larvae that would last for the 15-20 weeks from birth to slaughter as fat lambs, one group of ewes was immunized by a series of injections of 2000, 4000, 8000, 16 000 and 32 000 activated oncospheres of Taenia ovis prior to parturition. Another group of ewes was not immunized. All ewes had previously grazed pasture lightly infected with T. ovis eggs. Most lambs from non-immunized ewes developed cysts after oral infection with T. ovis eggs. However, no lambs from immunized ewes developed cysts up to and including 6 weeks after birth. Between 8 and 16 weeks after birth a proportion of lambs were found to be susceptible to infection. By 18 weeks after birth all lambs were apparently susceptible. The 99% confidence band for the mean duration of demonstrable complement-fixing antibody titres was 6.2-7.8 weeks for lambs from immunized ewes. The persistence of maternal protective antibody in some lambs could possibly preclude successful active immunization of all lambs against T. ovis larvae before 18 weeks of age.", "PMID": 537831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7345", "title": "The dynamics of infection of Tribolium confusum by Hymenolepis diminuta: the influence of infective-stage density and spatial distribution.", "content": "The mean parasite burden of a population of Tribolium confusum is shown to rise to a plateau as the exposure density of infective eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta increases. The level of this plateau is shown to be dependent on the nutritional status of the host population, being depressed from approximately 18 cysticeroids/beetle in hosts which have been starved prior to experimentation, to approximately 2 cysticercoids/beetle in satiated hosts. A simple model is used to describe the shape of this infection functional response in terms of the predator-prey interaction between hosts (T. confusum) and parasite infective stages (H. diminuta eggs). The distribution of successful infections/host is shown to be over-dispersed, even when hosts are exposed to infective stages arranged in a uniform spatial pattern. The over-dispersion of parasite numbers/host is shown to become more severe as the spatial pattern of infective stages changes from under-dispersed, through random, to over-dispersed. Experimental results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of parasite-host interactions, in which infection takes place by host ingestion of a free-living infective stage.", "contents": "The dynamics of infection of Tribolium confusum by Hymenolepis diminuta: the influence of infective-stage density and spatial distribution. The mean parasite burden of a population of Tribolium confusum is shown to rise to a plateau as the exposure density of infective eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta increases. The level of this plateau is shown to be dependent on the nutritional status of the host population, being depressed from approximately 18 cysticeroids/beetle in hosts which have been starved prior to experimentation, to approximately 2 cysticercoids/beetle in satiated hosts. A simple model is used to describe the shape of this infection functional response in terms of the predator-prey interaction between hosts (T. confusum) and parasite infective stages (H. diminuta eggs). The distribution of successful infections/host is shown to be over-dispersed, even when hosts are exposed to infective stages arranged in a uniform spatial pattern. The over-dispersion of parasite numbers/host is shown to become more severe as the spatial pattern of infective stages changes from under-dispersed, through random, to over-dispersed. Experimental results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of parasite-host interactions, in which infection takes place by host ingestion of a free-living infective stage.", "PMID": 537832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7346", "title": "Immunization of mice with gamma-irradiated intramuscularly injected schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The parameters involved in the induction of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni by injection of irradiated, artificially transformed schistosomula were studied in mice. Single intramuscular injections of 500 schistosomula exposed to radiation doses in the range 2.3 to 160 krad. resulted in significant protection (in the range 20 to 50% as assessed by reduced worm burdens) against a challenge infection administered at intervals from 3 to 24 weeks post-vaccination. However, schistosomula irradiated with 20 krad. consistently resulted in better protection than those exposed to either higher or lower radiation doses despite the persistence of stunted adults from the infections irradiated with 2.3 krad. Vaccination with 40 krad. schistosomula resulted in significant protection in terms of reduced worm and tissue egg burdens and increased survival following lethal challenge. Varying the number of irradiated schistosomula, the frequency and route of their administration, the site of challenge and the strain of host all failed to enhance the level of resistance. However, percutaneously applied, irradiated cercariae were found to be more effective in stimulating resistance (60%) than intramuscularly injected, irradiated schistosomula (40%).", "contents": "Immunization of mice with gamma-irradiated intramuscularly injected schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. The parameters involved in the induction of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni by injection of irradiated, artificially transformed schistosomula were studied in mice. Single intramuscular injections of 500 schistosomula exposed to radiation doses in the range 2.3 to 160 krad. resulted in significant protection (in the range 20 to 50% as assessed by reduced worm burdens) against a challenge infection administered at intervals from 3 to 24 weeks post-vaccination. However, schistosomula irradiated with 20 krad. consistently resulted in better protection than those exposed to either higher or lower radiation doses despite the persistence of stunted adults from the infections irradiated with 2.3 krad. Vaccination with 40 krad. schistosomula resulted in significant protection in terms of reduced worm and tissue egg burdens and increased survival following lethal challenge. Varying the number of irradiated schistosomula, the frequency and route of their administration, the site of challenge and the strain of host all failed to enhance the level of resistance. However, percutaneously applied, irradiated cercariae were found to be more effective in stimulating resistance (60%) than intramuscularly injected, irradiated schistosomula (40%).", "PMID": 537833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7347", "title": "The effects of gamma-irradiation on migration and survival of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in mice.", "content": "Infections with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni were established by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of mechanically transformed schistosomula. A dose of 2.3 krad. allowed persistence of a small proportion of worms to adulthood, and of these survivors the majority of the female worms were sexually sterile. However, a small proportion of 2.3 krad.-irradiated females and a larger proportion of similarly irradiated males were capable of pairing successfully with non-irradiated partners. Radiation in the range 2.3 to 10 krad. resulted in slightly reduced peak recoveries from the lungs while 20 krad. resulted in a much reduced and 40 krad. a virtual absence of survival to the lung stage. Increasing doses of radiation in the range 2.3 to 10 krad. resulted in successively fewer parasites reaching the liver. Thus, the major sites of the radiation-induced mortality appeared to be as follows: 2.3 krad., mainly in the liver; 4 krad., in the lungs and liver; 10 krad., mainly in the lungs; 20 krad., at the injection site and in the lungs and 40 krad., mainly at the injection site. The infections studied here showed reduced survival following exposure to high doses of radiation compared with the infections, established as percutaneously applied cercariae, which have been reported by other workers. Possible reasons for the disparity are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of gamma-irradiation on migration and survival of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in mice. Infections with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni were established by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of mechanically transformed schistosomula. A dose of 2.3 krad. allowed persistence of a small proportion of worms to adulthood, and of these survivors the majority of the female worms were sexually sterile. However, a small proportion of 2.3 krad.-irradiated females and a larger proportion of similarly irradiated males were capable of pairing successfully with non-irradiated partners. Radiation in the range 2.3 to 10 krad. resulted in slightly reduced peak recoveries from the lungs while 20 krad. resulted in a much reduced and 40 krad. a virtual absence of survival to the lung stage. Increasing doses of radiation in the range 2.3 to 10 krad. resulted in successively fewer parasites reaching the liver. Thus, the major sites of the radiation-induced mortality appeared to be as follows: 2.3 krad., mainly in the liver; 4 krad., in the lungs and liver; 10 krad., mainly in the lungs; 20 krad., at the injection site and in the lungs and 40 krad., mainly at the injection site. The infections studied here showed reduced survival following exposure to high doses of radiation compared with the infections, established as percutaneously applied cercariae, which have been reported by other workers. Possible reasons for the disparity are discussed.", "PMID": 537834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7348", "title": "Redescriptions of Eimeria irresidua Kessel & Jankiewicz, 1931 and E. flavescens Marotel & Guilhon, 1941 from the domestic rabbit.", "content": "Eimeria flavescens and E. irresidua from the domestic rabbit are redescribed. The relatively smaller ovoidal oocysts of E. flavescens which measure on average 31.7 X 21.4 micrometer, possess a wide micropyle at the broad end. First-generation schizonts of this species develop deep in the glands of the lower small intestine. Merozoites migrate to the caecum and colon where second, third and fourth-generation schizonts develop in the superficial epithelium followed by the fifth-generation schizonts and gametocytes which form in the glands. In young Dutch rabbits E. flavescens is very pathogenic; low doses of oocysts produce a severe enteritis with high mortality and morbidity. The larger, broadly ellipsoidal oocysts of E. irresidua measure on average 38.4 X 23.2 micrometer and often possess a very small cryptic oocyst residuum. The endogenous stages develop in the small intestine only; first-generation schizonts in the glands and second-generation schizonts in the lamina propria whilst third and fourth-generation schizonts and gametocytes develop in the villous epithelium. E. irresidua is not pathogenic in young Dutch rabbits; even heavy infections produce only a transient pause in weight gain.", "contents": "Redescriptions of Eimeria irresidua Kessel & Jankiewicz, 1931 and E. flavescens Marotel & Guilhon, 1941 from the domestic rabbit. Eimeria flavescens and E. irresidua from the domestic rabbit are redescribed. The relatively smaller ovoidal oocysts of E. flavescens which measure on average 31.7 X 21.4 micrometer, possess a wide micropyle at the broad end. First-generation schizonts of this species develop deep in the glands of the lower small intestine. Merozoites migrate to the caecum and colon where second, third and fourth-generation schizonts develop in the superficial epithelium followed by the fifth-generation schizonts and gametocytes which form in the glands. In young Dutch rabbits E. flavescens is very pathogenic; low doses of oocysts produce a severe enteritis with high mortality and morbidity. The larger, broadly ellipsoidal oocysts of E. irresidua measure on average 38.4 X 23.2 micrometer and often possess a very small cryptic oocyst residuum. The endogenous stages develop in the small intestine only; first-generation schizonts in the glands and second-generation schizonts in the lamina propria whilst third and fourth-generation schizonts and gametocytes develop in the villous epithelium. E. irresidua is not pathogenic in young Dutch rabbits; even heavy infections produce only a transient pause in weight gain.", "PMID": 537835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7349", "title": "The species of Eimeria in rabbits for meat production in Britain.", "content": "Eight species of coccidia were recognized in 596 faeces samples from 3 commercial rabbitries in South East England. The level of infection was related to management methods and at one site it was reduced by an outbreak of mucoid enteritis and/or its treatment with oxytetracycline. In samples from rabbits managed conventionally in the wire cages over droppings-pits, 96% contained oocysts and of these, 60% had 1000-10000 oocysts/g. Mixed infections were common, 67% of the animals carrying 2-4 different species. Eimeria, media, E. magna and E. perforans occurred most frequently; E. coecicola, E. irresidua and E. flavescens were less common and E. intestinalis and E. piriformis were relatively rare. E. stiedai  was not recorded.", "contents": "The species of Eimeria in rabbits for meat production in Britain. Eight species of coccidia were recognized in 596 faeces samples from 3 commercial rabbitries in South East England. The level of infection was related to management methods and at one site it was reduced by an outbreak of mucoid enteritis and/or its treatment with oxytetracycline. In samples from rabbits managed conventionally in the wire cages over droppings-pits, 96% contained oocysts and of these, 60% had 1000-10000 oocysts/g. Mixed infections were common, 67% of the animals carrying 2-4 different species. Eimeria, media, E. magna and E. perforans occurred most frequently; E. coecicola, E. irresidua and E. flavescens were less common and E. intestinalis and E. piriformis were relatively rare. E. stiedai  was not recorded.", "PMID": 537836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7350", "title": "The fine structure of the developing macrogamete of Eimeria maxima.", "content": "The fine structure of the developing macrogamete of Eimeria maxima was studied from chicks killed at intervals from 138 to 147 h after inoculation. The macrogamete developed within a parasitophorous vacuole. Lying within the vacuole and extending for some distance around the periphery of the macrogamete were intravacuolar tubules, grouped in certain areas, and in some cases they were seen to make direct connexions with the cytoplasm of the parasite. During development, electron-pale vesicles were pinched off externally from the surface of the macrogamete. There appeared to be 2 forms of wall-forming bodies of the Type I during development, one form being less osmiophilic than the other. Other organelles present, such as wall-forming bodies of Type II, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, canaliculi, lipid inclusions and intravacuolar folds, were similar in structure to those of other Eimeria species.", "contents": "The fine structure of the developing macrogamete of Eimeria maxima. The fine structure of the developing macrogamete of Eimeria maxima was studied from chicks killed at intervals from 138 to 147 h after inoculation. The macrogamete developed within a parasitophorous vacuole. Lying within the vacuole and extending for some distance around the periphery of the macrogamete were intravacuolar tubules, grouped in certain areas, and in some cases they were seen to make direct connexions with the cytoplasm of the parasite. During development, electron-pale vesicles were pinched off externally from the surface of the macrogamete. There appeared to be 2 forms of wall-forming bodies of the Type I during development, one form being less osmiophilic than the other. Other organelles present, such as wall-forming bodies of Type II, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, canaliculi, lipid inclusions and intravacuolar folds, were similar in structure to those of other Eimeria species.", "PMID": 537837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7351", "title": "Separation of erythrocytes infected with murine malaria parasites in metrizamide gradients.", "content": "Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with 3 species of murine plasmodia. Good separations were obtained of uninfected erythrocytes from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the densities required for isopyenic separation can be obtained without hypertonicity or high viscosity, and the viability and those aspects of the metabolism of parasites and erythrocytes that we measured are not detectably modified by exposure to these solutions. This type of separation has many possible applications to biochemical and immunological investigations.", "contents": "Separation of erythrocytes infected with murine malaria parasites in metrizamide gradients. Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with 3 species of murine plasmodia. Good separations were obtained of uninfected erythrocytes from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the densities required for isopyenic separation can be obtained without hypertonicity or high viscosity, and the viability and those aspects of the metabolism of parasites and erythrocytes that we measured are not detectably modified by exposure to these solutions. This type of separation has many possible applications to biochemical and immunological investigations.", "PMID": 537838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7352", "title": "Evasion of the insect immune response by Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala): further observations on the origin of the envelope.", "content": "The envelope around larvae of Moniliformis dubius appears to protect the parasite against immune recognition and encapsulation by the insect host's haemocytes. The origin of this envelope has been the subject of controversy although most evidence suggests it is parasite-derived. If host-derived, the envelope would be expected to share surface properties with host tissue. Thus, experiments were undertaken, transplanting parasites and host tissue to other insects and using haemocytic encapsulation as an assay for immune recognition, in order to compare the response to host tissue and to the parasite's envelope. Parasites without their envelopes, and pieces of tissue (ventral nerve cord) from the experimental host (the locust Schistocerca gregaria) were recognized as foreign and encapsulated in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The majority of parasites with their envelopes were unencapsulated or only partially encapsulated on transfer to their normal host, P. americana, indicating that the envelope does not have surface similarity to locust tissue. Cockroach-derived parasites with or without envelopes were not encapsulated in S. gregaria, suggesting that the larva itself can evade or inhibit the locust's recognition mechanism. However, since larvae which develop in S. gregaria are enclosed in an envelope, the formation of the envelope would seem to be an inherent feature of the parasite's development.", "contents": "Evasion of the insect immune response by Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala): further observations on the origin of the envelope. The envelope around larvae of Moniliformis dubius appears to protect the parasite against immune recognition and encapsulation by the insect host's haemocytes. The origin of this envelope has been the subject of controversy although most evidence suggests it is parasite-derived. If host-derived, the envelope would be expected to share surface properties with host tissue. Thus, experiments were undertaken, transplanting parasites and host tissue to other insects and using haemocytic encapsulation as an assay for immune recognition, in order to compare the response to host tissue and to the parasite's envelope. Parasites without their envelopes, and pieces of tissue (ventral nerve cord) from the experimental host (the locust Schistocerca gregaria) were recognized as foreign and encapsulated in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The majority of parasites with their envelopes were unencapsulated or only partially encapsulated on transfer to their normal host, P. americana, indicating that the envelope does not have surface similarity to locust tissue. Cockroach-derived parasites with or without envelopes were not encapsulated in S. gregaria, suggesting that the larva itself can evade or inhibit the locust's recognition mechanism. However, since larvae which develop in S. gregaria are enclosed in an envelope, the formation of the envelope would seem to be an inherent feature of the parasite's development.", "PMID": 537839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7353", "title": "Classical conditioning of human systolic pressure: replication and extension using three stimulus durations.", "content": "Recent efforts have demonstrated classical conditioning of human systolic pressure (De Leon, 1972). The present research attempted a replication with longer sessions and to maximize the CS+, CS- differentiation by varying CS+ durations. Student volunteers (N = 64) underwent four, 50 minute sessions, three conditioning and one extinction, distributed over two weeks. Shock (UCS) occurred intermittently in light-on (CS+) and never in light-off (CS-). Results closely replicated the earlier work, revealing a characteristic UCR, a significant CS+, CS- differential and, conditioned elevations failed to adapt within and across sessions. The pressure differential was inversely related to CS+ duration. Clarification of conditioning influences requires follow-up research on these clients outside of the laboratory. Nevertheless, these studies provide firm experimental evidence for implicating stimulus variables in the origins of certain hypertensive states.", "contents": "Classical conditioning of human systolic pressure: replication and extension using three stimulus durations. Recent efforts have demonstrated classical conditioning of human systolic pressure (De Leon, 1972). The present research attempted a replication with longer sessions and to maximize the CS+, CS- differentiation by varying CS+ durations. Student volunteers (N = 64) underwent four, 50 minute sessions, three conditioning and one extinction, distributed over two weeks. Shock (UCS) occurred intermittently in light-on (CS+) and never in light-off (CS-). Results closely replicated the earlier work, revealing a characteristic UCR, a significant CS+, CS- differential and, conditioned elevations failed to adapt within and across sessions. The pressure differential was inversely related to CS+ duration. Clarification of conditioning influences requires follow-up research on these clients outside of the laboratory. Nevertheless, these studies provide firm experimental evidence for implicating stimulus variables in the origins of certain hypertensive states.", "PMID": 537840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7354", "title": "Varying temporal location of a conditioned stimulus in heart rate conditioning of Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The several functions that a stimulus can assume were investigated in a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. The subjects were six rhesus monkeys; the response under observation was heart rate. The conditioning began with a temporal separation of zero between a signal and a regularly repeating electric shock; the signal was then moved to a series of earlier locations in the inter-shock interval. After six sessions at each location, two sessions followed in which only the shock was delivered periodically. The findings included: (1) A two-phased conditioned cardiac rate response seen at the first location became more multiphasic and irregular during longer intervals between signal and shock; (2) the location where the conditioned response peaked became increasingly variable as the signal was moved back, but this variability maintained a constant proportion to the signal-shock interval; and (3) heart rate during a presignal period, and during a comparable period in shock only sessions, was generally deceleratory early in training and acceleratory thereafter. Sessions with the signal showed heart rate in the presignal period to have become acceleratory earlier in training than sessions with shock only. The data pertain to stimulus control over heart rate as a function of: (A) the temporal proximity of a signal to an aversive stimulus; and, (B) the presence or absence of the signal. The use of appropriate response units in cardiac conditioning is also discussed.", "contents": "Varying temporal location of a conditioned stimulus in heart rate conditioning of Macaca mulatta. The several functions that a stimulus can assume were investigated in a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. The subjects were six rhesus monkeys; the response under observation was heart rate. The conditioning began with a temporal separation of zero between a signal and a regularly repeating electric shock; the signal was then moved to a series of earlier locations in the inter-shock interval. After six sessions at each location, two sessions followed in which only the shock was delivered periodically. The findings included: (1) A two-phased conditioned cardiac rate response seen at the first location became more multiphasic and irregular during longer intervals between signal and shock; (2) the location where the conditioned response peaked became increasingly variable as the signal was moved back, but this variability maintained a constant proportion to the signal-shock interval; and (3) heart rate during a presignal period, and during a comparable period in shock only sessions, was generally deceleratory early in training and acceleratory thereafter. Sessions with the signal showed heart rate in the presignal period to have become acceleratory earlier in training than sessions with shock only. The data pertain to stimulus control over heart rate as a function of: (A) the temporal proximity of a signal to an aversive stimulus; and, (B) the presence or absence of the signal. The use of appropriate response units in cardiac conditioning is also discussed.", "PMID": 537841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7355", "title": "Conditioning and the classification of the chronic schizophrenic patient.", "content": "An attempt to construct a psychophysiological (conditioning) classification of chronic schizophrenia has been reported and the relationship of this new classification with the prevailing clinical (psychopathological) classification has been examined. Our findings suggest that our chronic schizophrenic population may be described in terms of a hypothetical continuum, based on the combination of the 11 experimental variables tested. This is supported by the result that our experimental population was distributed over 97 of the possible 117 categories. Furthermore, in a Pavlovian frame of reference our population disperses into three groups: a high performance group, in which both, excitatory and inhibitory processes are relatively maintained, a moderate performance group with some impairment of the inhibitory process, and a low performance group in which both the excitatory and the inhibitory processes are relatively impaired. Heuristically even more important is the finding that these schizophrenic categories are characterized by dissociation, either within the individual functional system or between this functional systems. In most of the categories of the experimental population a characteristic dissociation of functioning appears. It is characterized by a relatively well maintained functional ability of the autonomic functional system in contrast to an impaired skeletomuscular system. This dissociation resembles the phenomenon of schizokinesis. Since the morphological substrates of our experimental variables are those which are also affected by a variety of psychoactive drugs with well defined neurophysiological action, the categories delineated in this study would be verified by differential psychopharmacological responsiveness.", "contents": "Conditioning and the classification of the chronic schizophrenic patient. An attempt to construct a psychophysiological (conditioning) classification of chronic schizophrenia has been reported and the relationship of this new classification with the prevailing clinical (psychopathological) classification has been examined. Our findings suggest that our chronic schizophrenic population may be described in terms of a hypothetical continuum, based on the combination of the 11 experimental variables tested. This is supported by the result that our experimental population was distributed over 97 of the possible 117 categories. Furthermore, in a Pavlovian frame of reference our population disperses into three groups: a high performance group, in which both, excitatory and inhibitory processes are relatively maintained, a moderate performance group with some impairment of the inhibitory process, and a low performance group in which both the excitatory and the inhibitory processes are relatively impaired. Heuristically even more important is the finding that these schizophrenic categories are characterized by dissociation, either within the individual functional system or between this functional systems. In most of the categories of the experimental population a characteristic dissociation of functioning appears. It is characterized by a relatively well maintained functional ability of the autonomic functional system in contrast to an impaired skeletomuscular system. This dissociation resembles the phenomenon of schizokinesis. Since the morphological substrates of our experimental variables are those which are also affected by a variety of psychoactive drugs with well defined neurophysiological action, the categories delineated in this study would be verified by differential psychopharmacological responsiveness.", "PMID": 537842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7356", "title": "Unconditional-stimulus locus and interstimulus-interval shift in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane conditioning.", "content": "The nictitating membrane response of rabbits was conditioned at a 200 msec interstimulus interval (ISI) with either circumorbital (C) or paraorbital (P) shock as the unconditional-stimulus locus. After 3 acquisition days half of each group was shifted to a 700 msec interstimuls interval. Results indicated: (1) more rapid acquisition for Group C, (2) postshift response decrements for both groups, (3) more rapid and stable, as well as complete return to preshift performance levels for Group C. Results were discussed in terms of the response-shaping hypothesis and the contiguity-substitution hypothesis in explaining both conditional response emergence and subsequent modifications of CR topography.", "contents": "Unconditional-stimulus locus and interstimulus-interval shift in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane conditioning. The nictitating membrane response of rabbits was conditioned at a 200 msec interstimulus interval (ISI) with either circumorbital (C) or paraorbital (P) shock as the unconditional-stimulus locus. After 3 acquisition days half of each group was shifted to a 700 msec interstimuls interval. Results indicated: (1) more rapid acquisition for Group C, (2) postshift response decrements for both groups, (3) more rapid and stable, as well as complete return to preshift performance levels for Group C. Results were discussed in terms of the response-shaping hypothesis and the contiguity-substitution hypothesis in explaining both conditional response emergence and subsequent modifications of CR topography.", "PMID": 537844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7357", "title": "DDT in northern pike (Esox lucius) from the Richelieu River, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, 1974-75.", "content": "Concentrations of DDT, TDE, DDE, and sigma DDT were determined in homogenized whole fish samples of 129 northern pike (Esox lucius). These fish were netted between June 1974 and June 1975 in the first 10 km of the Richelieu River flowing in Canadian territory. Two years after the banning of DDT, sigma DDT levels ranged from 0.2 ppm fresh body weight in two-year-old specimens to 1.5 ppm in a six-year-old pike. Residues increased greatly with age, and significant seasonal variations in the sigma DDT levels were found in five- and six-year-old pike.", "contents": "DDT in northern pike (Esox lucius) from the Richelieu River, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, 1974-75. Concentrations of DDT, TDE, DDE, and sigma DDT were determined in homogenized whole fish samples of 129 northern pike (Esox lucius). These fish were netted between June 1974 and June 1975 in the first 10 km of the Richelieu River flowing in Canadian territory. Two years after the banning of DDT, sigma DDT levels ranged from 0.2 ppm fresh body weight in two-year-old specimens to 1.5 ppm in a six-year-old pike. Residues increased greatly with age, and significant seasonal variations in the sigma DDT levels were found in five- and six-year-old pike.", "PMID": 537862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7358", "title": "Herbicide contamination and decontamination of well waters in Ontario, Canada, 1969-78.", "content": "OVER THE 10-YEAR period 1969-78, the waters of 237 wells were analyzed because of contamination from herbicide spillage in or near the well, complaints of impaired water flavor, or injury to seedling plants moistened with the well water. Herbicides were identified in 159 wells: 98 had a single herbicide, 46 had two, 12 had three, one had four, and another had five separate herbicides contributing to the contamination. Wells were grouped according to the mode of entry of the contaminant. Entry occurred most commonly as an aerial spray fdrift or in runoff. Serious contaminations were caused by spillage of herbicide concentrates and spray solutions in or around the well. Twenty-four of the contaminated wells were further investigated to determine the persistence of the contaminant and how to remove it. Some wells were decontaminated adequately to allow reuse within nine weeks, others required three years, and yet others had to be abandoned. Particularly persistent contaminants were amitrole, dinoseb, and picloram.", "contents": "Herbicide contamination and decontamination of well waters in Ontario, Canada, 1969-78. OVER THE 10-YEAR period 1969-78, the waters of 237 wells were analyzed because of contamination from herbicide spillage in or near the well, complaints of impaired water flavor, or injury to seedling plants moistened with the well water. Herbicides were identified in 159 wells: 98 had a single herbicide, 46 had two, 12 had three, one had four, and another had five separate herbicides contributing to the contamination. Wells were grouped according to the mode of entry of the contaminant. Entry occurred most commonly as an aerial spray fdrift or in runoff. Serious contaminations were caused by spillage of herbicide concentrates and spray solutions in or around the well. Twenty-four of the contaminated wells were further investigated to determine the persistence of the contaminant and how to remove it. Some wells were decontaminated adequately to allow reuse within nine weeks, others required three years, and yet others had to be abandoned. Particularly persistent contaminants were amitrole, dinoseb, and picloram.", "PMID": 537863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7359", "title": "Triazine herbicide residues in central European streams.", "content": "Triazine herbicide residues were monitored in the rivers Adour, Danube, Garonne, Herault, Loire, Marne, Oise, Rhine, and Rh\u00f4ne from spring 1976 to fall 1977 to determine whether the continued use of the compounds resulted in accumulations of undesirable residues in the streams. Samples were generally collected monthly or bimonthly and analyzed for the parent compounds atrazine, simazine, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, and dealkylated metabolites GS 26571 (2-amino-4-etert-butylamino-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine) and G 30033 (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine). The compounds were extracted into dichloromethane and quantitated by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-specific detection. Selected results were verified by GC with mass fragmentographic detection. Limit of detection was usually 0.4 mg/m3; 80 percent of all results were below 0.4 mg/m3, 14 percent were 0.4-1 mg/m3, 6 percent were 1-10 mg/m3, and 0.3 percent were higher than 10 mg/m3. Detectable residues were mainly atrazine from the downstream sampling sites. Residues usually peaked during June.", "contents": "Triazine herbicide residues in central European streams. Triazine herbicide residues were monitored in the rivers Adour, Danube, Garonne, Herault, Loire, Marne, Oise, Rhine, and Rh\u00f4ne from spring 1976 to fall 1977 to determine whether the continued use of the compounds resulted in accumulations of undesirable residues in the streams. Samples were generally collected monthly or bimonthly and analyzed for the parent compounds atrazine, simazine, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, and dealkylated metabolites GS 26571 (2-amino-4-etert-butylamino-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine) and G 30033 (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine). The compounds were extracted into dichloromethane and quantitated by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-specific detection. Selected results were verified by GC with mass fragmentographic detection. Limit of detection was usually 0.4 mg/m3; 80 percent of all results were below 0.4 mg/m3, 14 percent were 0.4-1 mg/m3, 6 percent were 1-10 mg/m3, and 0.3 percent were higher than 10 mg/m3. Detectable residues were mainly atrazine from the downstream sampling sites. Residues usually peaked during June.", "PMID": 537864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7360", "title": "Sources of parathion exposures for Israeli aerial spray workers, 1977.", "content": "Exposure of Israeli agricultural spray pilots and ground crews to parathion was studied. Measurements were made with personal samplers contianing wet midget impingers; samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Cockpit air exposure levels during 11-21-minute sampling periods for 12 flights ranged from nearly 0 to 430 microgram/m3. During sampling periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours the threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 microgram/m3 was exceeded in 2 of 19 instances. In seven measurements of ground crew exposures, TLV was not exceeded. Air washing with parathion resulted in airborne contamination of the ground level area at more than three times the TLV. Skin exposure data suggested that this route of exposure was significant for ground crew workers but not for pilots. Calculations based on the present data and standard absorption formula suggested that total daily intake for ground crew, but not for pilots, exceeded the Accepted Daily Intake (ADI) of 5 microgram/kg body weight. Sources of exposure and contamination for ground crew and pilots were identified. Recommended environmental control measures for parathion exposure should include cockpit air filtration, modification in flight patterns, paving landing areas, installation of hosing and drainage, NaOH neutralization point, and separate loading and unloading sites. Personal control measures were suggested as a supplement.", "contents": "Sources of parathion exposures for Israeli aerial spray workers, 1977. Exposure of Israeli agricultural spray pilots and ground crews to parathion was studied. Measurements were made with personal samplers contianing wet midget impingers; samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Cockpit air exposure levels during 11-21-minute sampling periods for 12 flights ranged from nearly 0 to 430 microgram/m3. During sampling periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours the threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 microgram/m3 was exceeded in 2 of 19 instances. In seven measurements of ground crew exposures, TLV was not exceeded. Air washing with parathion resulted in airborne contamination of the ground level area at more than three times the TLV. Skin exposure data suggested that this route of exposure was significant for ground crew workers but not for pilots. Calculations based on the present data and standard absorption formula suggested that total daily intake for ground crew, but not for pilots, exceeded the Accepted Daily Intake (ADI) of 5 microgram/kg body weight. Sources of exposure and contamination for ground crew and pilots were identified. Recommended environmental control measures for parathion exposure should include cockpit air filtration, modification in flight patterns, paving landing areas, installation of hosing and drainage, NaOH neutralization point, and separate loading and unloading sites. Personal control measures were suggested as a supplement.", "PMID": 537865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7361", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in animals of Tasmania, Australia-1975-77.", "content": "Animals taken in Tasmania including duck (Anas superciliosa), eel (Anguilla australis), English perch (Perca fluviatilis), white-faced heron (Ardea pacifica), brown trout (Salmo trutta), European starling (Strunus vulgaris), cat (Felis cattus), cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.), mutton bird (Puffinus tenuirostris), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), Tasmanian raven (Corvus mellori), tench (Tinca tinca), and quail (Coturnix sp.) were sampled for p,p'-DDE, pp,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDT, lindane, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene. Pesticide residue levels exceeded 0.1 ppm in at least one animal from each area and in the majority of animals sampled from all areas. Pesticide sources could not be determined, partly because migratory species such as ducks, mutton birds, cormorants, and eels may have ingested pesticides outside of Tasmania.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in animals of Tasmania, Australia-1975-77. Animals taken in Tasmania including duck (Anas superciliosa), eel (Anguilla australis), English perch (Perca fluviatilis), white-faced heron (Ardea pacifica), brown trout (Salmo trutta), European starling (Strunus vulgaris), cat (Felis cattus), cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.), mutton bird (Puffinus tenuirostris), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), Tasmanian raven (Corvus mellori), tench (Tinca tinca), and quail (Coturnix sp.) were sampled for p,p'-DDE, pp,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDT, lindane, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene. Pesticide residue levels exceeded 0.1 ppm in at least one animal from each area and in the majority of animals sampled from all areas. Pesticide sources could not be determined, partly because migratory species such as ducks, mutton birds, cormorants, and eels may have ingested pesticides outside of Tasmania.", "PMID": 537866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7362", "title": "[A method of fetal surveillance in utero: active movements count (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated the method introduced by Sadovsky for analysing fetal activity in which the woman counted her fetal movements in accordance with a time schedule. The counts were performed for three periods of 30 minutes, each day, at 9 a.m., 5 p.m. and 9 p.m. Thirty minutes was the time chosen for each period because, after this time, most patients became tired and subsequent recordings became unreliable. After careful instruction, the patient was provided with a digital counter. The total number of movements counted was recorded on a special data form. This method was found to be useful for the assessment of chronic fetal distress in disturbances of the feto-placental unit, particularly in hypertension. Normal fetal movements in high-risk pregnancies are an indication of fetal well-being. Decreased fetal movements may be an indication of chronic fetal asphyxia. In this case, cardiotocography has to be undertaken. We intend to make a prospective study to elucidate the normal pattern of fetal activity throughout pregnancy, the factors which affect the fetal movements and the prognostic significance of their variations.", "contents": "[A method of fetal surveillance in utero: active movements count (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the method introduced by Sadovsky for analysing fetal activity in which the woman counted her fetal movements in accordance with a time schedule. The counts were performed for three periods of 30 minutes, each day, at 9 a.m., 5 p.m. and 9 p.m. Thirty minutes was the time chosen for each period because, after this time, most patients became tired and subsequent recordings became unreliable. After careful instruction, the patient was provided with a digital counter. The total number of movements counted was recorded on a special data form. This method was found to be useful for the assessment of chronic fetal distress in disturbances of the feto-placental unit, particularly in hypertension. Normal fetal movements in high-risk pregnancies are an indication of fetal well-being. Decreased fetal movements may be an indication of chronic fetal asphyxia. In this case, cardiotocography has to be undertaken. We intend to make a prospective study to elucidate the normal pattern of fetal activity throughout pregnancy, the factors which affect the fetal movements and the prognostic significance of their variations.", "PMID": 537868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7363", "title": "[Treatment of chronic pain in advanced malignant disease by oral morphine (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty one patients with terminal cancer suffering severe pains reluctant to other treatment have received morphine by mouth, in a regular regimen. The doses range between 5 and 50 mg every 4 hours. 60% of our patients have their pain alleviated without any side effect impeding the treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic pain in advanced malignant disease by oral morphine (author's transl)]. Fifty one patients with terminal cancer suffering severe pains reluctant to other treatment have received morphine by mouth, in a regular regimen. The doses range between 5 and 50 mg every 4 hours. 60% of our patients have their pain alleviated without any side effect impeding the treatment.", "PMID": 537869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7364", "title": "[Platelet functions in diabetes with angiopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet functions studied in 163 unselected diabetics compared with 163 controls had the following characteristics: hyperagregation induced by ADP (1.2 muM and 0.6 muM), delayed platelet disagregation (ADP: 0.6 muM), normal agregation in the presence of collagen and thrombin. Platelet hyperagregation induced by ADP was marked in both sexes in cases of retinopathy and in women after the age of 50. By contrast, no correlation was demonstrated between the degree of hyperagregation and age, weight, the duration of diabetes, blood glucose control, lipid profile, vascular complications other than retinopathy and the nature of treatment.", "contents": "[Platelet functions in diabetes with angiopathy (author's transl)]. Platelet functions studied in 163 unselected diabetics compared with 163 controls had the following characteristics: hyperagregation induced by ADP (1.2 muM and 0.6 muM), delayed platelet disagregation (ADP: 0.6 muM), normal agregation in the presence of collagen and thrombin. Platelet hyperagregation induced by ADP was marked in both sexes in cases of retinopathy and in women after the age of 50. By contrast, no correlation was demonstrated between the degree of hyperagregation and age, weight, the duration of diabetes, blood glucose control, lipid profile, vascular complications other than retinopathy and the nature of treatment.", "PMID": 537870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7365", "title": "[Direct urinary antibiotic sensitivity studies. A rapid method of therapeutic orientation in a urology department (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred and thirty antibiotic sensitivity studies performed directly on urine in a urology department were compared with the results of cytological and bacteriological examinations of the same urine in the laboratory. The direct sensitivity study proved valid in 65% of cases. This method, which shortens the time in which results are obtained, is thus useful in a urology department.", "contents": "[Direct urinary antibiotic sensitivity studies. A rapid method of therapeutic orientation in a urology department (author's transl)]. Two hundred and thirty antibiotic sensitivity studies performed directly on urine in a urology department were compared with the results of cytological and bacteriological examinations of the same urine in the laboratory. The direct sensitivity study proved valid in 65% of cases. This method, which shortens the time in which results are obtained, is thus useful in a urology department.", "PMID": 537871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7366", "title": "[Gastric ulcer: conservative surgical treatment in 100 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred patients with gastric ulcer underwent surgery without gastric mutilation by a technique initially directed against stasis by pyloroplasty, vagotomy and, according to the site of the ulcer, its limited resection or biopsy. In half of the cases, the indication was that of the development of a complication. Eight patients died, 6 of them from amongst the 44 haemorrhagic ulcers. Two deaths were favourised by a complication specific to the procedure used. 86% of the patients followed up had an excellent or good result. Six recurrences of ulcers were seen, including two which again recurred after gastrectomy. Morbidity and mortality, in particular in the case of bleeding, appear to be less after vagotomy than after gastrectomy. The long term results in terms of ulcer disease of the two methods are similar.", "contents": "[Gastric ulcer: conservative surgical treatment in 100 patients (author's transl)]. One hundred patients with gastric ulcer underwent surgery without gastric mutilation by a technique initially directed against stasis by pyloroplasty, vagotomy and, according to the site of the ulcer, its limited resection or biopsy. In half of the cases, the indication was that of the development of a complication. Eight patients died, 6 of them from amongst the 44 haemorrhagic ulcers. Two deaths were favourised by a complication specific to the procedure used. 86% of the patients followed up had an excellent or good result. Six recurrences of ulcers were seen, including two which again recurred after gastrectomy. Morbidity and mortality, in particular in the case of bleeding, appear to be less after vagotomy than after gastrectomy. The long term results in terms of ulcer disease of the two methods are similar.", "PMID": 537872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7367", "title": "[Antenatal administration of betamethasone. Effects upon neonatal blood glucose in premature infants (author's transl)].", "content": "This effect was studied in 23 preterm neonates at the age of 2--8 hours. Betamethasone was administered at a dose of 12 mg intramuscular once or several times before delivery. This glycemia was compared with the glycemia of 52 control preterm infants studied at the same period. In the control preterm neonates, the mean (+/- 1 S.D.) blood glucose level was 0.51 +/- 0.26 g/l versus 0.53 +/- 0.24 g/l in the preterm infants pretreated with betamethasone. The incidence of glycemia less than 0.30 or 0.20 g/l was not significantly different in the two groups. These data show that prenatal betamethasone therapy has no harmful or diserable effect on the neonatal glycemia of preterm infants.", "contents": "[Antenatal administration of betamethasone. Effects upon neonatal blood glucose in premature infants (author's transl)]. This effect was studied in 23 preterm neonates at the age of 2--8 hours. Betamethasone was administered at a dose of 12 mg intramuscular once or several times before delivery. This glycemia was compared with the glycemia of 52 control preterm infants studied at the same period. In the control preterm neonates, the mean (+/- 1 S.D.) blood glucose level was 0.51 +/- 0.26 g/l versus 0.53 +/- 0.24 g/l in the preterm infants pretreated with betamethasone. The incidence of glycemia less than 0.30 or 0.20 g/l was not significantly different in the two groups. These data show that prenatal betamethasone therapy has no harmful or diserable effect on the neonatal glycemia of preterm infants.", "PMID": 537873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7368", "title": "[Spontaneous pure subcapsular renal hematoma. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The first patient was a 33-year-old woman, diabetic, hypertensive, in whom the haematoma was due to rupture of a Klebsiella abcess of the kidney. The second patient was a 68-year-old woman, who for several months had suffered from renal lithiasis complicated by urinary infections. Spontaneous sub-capsular haematoma of the kidney is rare (21 cases published since 1960, including 2 personal). The diagnosis must be considered in the presence of a characteristic double-contour seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen, nephrotomographies and intravenous urography. Renal carcinoma is the commonest cause.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pure subcapsular renal hematoma. 2 cases (author's transl)]. The first patient was a 33-year-old woman, diabetic, hypertensive, in whom the haematoma was due to rupture of a Klebsiella abcess of the kidney. The second patient was a 68-year-old woman, who for several months had suffered from renal lithiasis complicated by urinary infections. Spontaneous sub-capsular haematoma of the kidney is rare (21 cases published since 1960, including 2 personal). The diagnosis must be considered in the presence of a characteristic double-contour seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen, nephrotomographies and intravenous urography. Renal carcinoma is the commonest cause.", "PMID": 537874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7369", "title": "[Intermittent postoperative gastric aspiration. New equipment (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric suction is prescribed routinely by some, even though it is responsible for complications which are sometimes extremely serious, such as haemorrhagic gastritis or even perforation. It is indicated in all cases of postoperative gastric ileus or of stenosis causing marked dilatation of the stomach. However, experience would tend to show that in addition to problems immediately secondary to the presence of the tube in the gastric lumen, it sometimes leads to a false sense of security since the apertures of the tube tend to suck in the mucosa, giving rise to a suction-like effect whilst the stomach remains full of fluid. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we have designed an apparatus which varies the times of suction over a selected period. It fills the troublesome role previously filled by nursing staff in confirming the satisfactory function of gastric tubes. Thus not only does the tube not become blocked but gastric transit is restored more rapidly which not only leads to savings in the cost of intensive care but offers additional technical security.", "contents": "[Intermittent postoperative gastric aspiration. New equipment (author's transl)]. Gastric suction is prescribed routinely by some, even though it is responsible for complications which are sometimes extremely serious, such as haemorrhagic gastritis or even perforation. It is indicated in all cases of postoperative gastric ileus or of stenosis causing marked dilatation of the stomach. However, experience would tend to show that in addition to problems immediately secondary to the presence of the tube in the gastric lumen, it sometimes leads to a false sense of security since the apertures of the tube tend to suck in the mucosa, giving rise to a suction-like effect whilst the stomach remains full of fluid. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we have designed an apparatus which varies the times of suction over a selected period. It fills the troublesome role previously filled by nursing staff in confirming the satisfactory function of gastric tubes. Thus not only does the tube not become blocked but gastric transit is restored more rapidly which not only leads to savings in the cost of intensive care but offers additional technical security.", "PMID": 537875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7370", "title": "Effects of heat shock on gene expression and subcellular protein distribution in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Incubation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells for one hour at 43 degrees C results in several obvious changes in protein distribution and protein synthesis. One major protein of the cytoplasm (molecular weight 45,000 daltions), also present as a minor component in the nucleus, rapidly disappeared while several proteins, especially high molecular weight peptides, were induced by heat shock. Localization of the proteins in the cytoplasm, extra-nucleolar chromatin and nucleolar bodies has been carried out. Different sets of induced proteins appear in each subcellular compartment. Four hours after restoration of the normal temperature, the normal pattern of protein synthesis was observed. The 45,000 dalton protein reappeared first. Relations between structural and functional alterations and changes in protein distribution are suggested.", "contents": "Effects of heat shock on gene expression and subcellular protein distribution in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Incubation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells for one hour at 43 degrees C results in several obvious changes in protein distribution and protein synthesis. One major protein of the cytoplasm (molecular weight 45,000 daltions), also present as a minor component in the nucleus, rapidly disappeared while several proteins, especially high molecular weight peptides, were induced by heat shock. Localization of the proteins in the cytoplasm, extra-nucleolar chromatin and nucleolar bodies has been carried out. Different sets of induced proteins appear in each subcellular compartment. Four hours after restoration of the normal temperature, the normal pattern of protein synthesis was observed. The 45,000 dalton protein reappeared first. Relations between structural and functional alterations and changes in protein distribution are suggested.", "PMID": 537909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7371", "title": "A tRNA gene of Xenopus laevis contains at least two sites promoting transcription.", "content": "A small cloned DNA segment previously shown to contain all genetic information for the expression of the tRNA1met gene of Xenopus laevis was cleaved into an anterior and posterior portion by Hae III restriction. Both restriction fragments were cloned in pCR1 using EcoRI linkers. Starting from these tDNA subclones, a series of new recombinants were constructed. The transcriptional activity of the cloned DNA's was tested both in an in vitro transcriptional system and by means of the oocyte injection technique. It was shown that both the 5' and 3' ends of the cloned gene unit were essential for transcription. We have developed a model for the functional organization of the tRNA1met gene. We propose that the gene contains a regulatory site situated near the 3' portion of the gene unit. For transcription to occur both in vivo and in vitro a specific initiation site near the 5' end of the gene is required.", "contents": "A tRNA gene of Xenopus laevis contains at least two sites promoting transcription. A small cloned DNA segment previously shown to contain all genetic information for the expression of the tRNA1met gene of Xenopus laevis was cleaved into an anterior and posterior portion by Hae III restriction. Both restriction fragments were cloned in pCR1 using EcoRI linkers. Starting from these tDNA subclones, a series of new recombinants were constructed. The transcriptional activity of the cloned DNA's was tested both in an in vitro transcriptional system and by means of the oocyte injection technique. It was shown that both the 5' and 3' ends of the cloned gene unit were essential for transcription. We have developed a model for the functional organization of the tRNA1met gene. We propose that the gene contains a regulatory site situated near the 3' portion of the gene unit. For transcription to occur both in vivo and in vitro a specific initiation site near the 5' end of the gene is required.", "PMID": 537910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7372", "title": "Analysis of the high mobility group proteins associated with salt-soluble nucleosomes.", "content": "Two methods have recently been described for the isolation of monomer nucleosomes enriched in transcribed sequences which depend on their solubility in 0.1 M NaCl (Levy, W.B. and Dixon (1978), Nucleic Acid Res., 5, 4155-4163) or solutions containing divalent metal ions (Bloom, K.S. and Anderson, J.N. (1978), Cell, 15, 141-150). Using these procedures the proteins associated with such nucleosomes from rabbit thymus, calf liver and hen oviduct nuclei were isolated and analysed. Increased amounts of proteins HMG14 AND HMG17 and small amounts of HMG1 and HMG2 were found associated with the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 in these nucleosomes. HMG14 and HMG17 were found to be enriched 2 - 7 fold, suggesting an involvement of these two proteins with transcribed sequences. 0.1 M NaCl-soluble monomer nucleosomes prepared by the method of Levy and Dixon were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found to be composed of principally two types of particle: 1. Core particles of 145 base pairs of DNA associated with the four core histones only. 2. Nucleosomes with 160 base pairs of DNA associated with the four core histones, increased amounts of HMG14 and 17, and no H1. Small amounts of HMG1 and HMG2 are also detected. These results suggest that HMG14 and HMG17 might be interacting with the 15 base pair linker DNA. A model is presented for the structure of transcriptionally active chromatin.", "contents": "Analysis of the high mobility group proteins associated with salt-soluble nucleosomes. Two methods have recently been described for the isolation of monomer nucleosomes enriched in transcribed sequences which depend on their solubility in 0.1 M NaCl (Levy, W.B. and Dixon (1978), Nucleic Acid Res., 5, 4155-4163) or solutions containing divalent metal ions (Bloom, K.S. and Anderson, J.N. (1978), Cell, 15, 141-150). Using these procedures the proteins associated with such nucleosomes from rabbit thymus, calf liver and hen oviduct nuclei were isolated and analysed. Increased amounts of proteins HMG14 AND HMG17 and small amounts of HMG1 and HMG2 were found associated with the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 in these nucleosomes. HMG14 and HMG17 were found to be enriched 2 - 7 fold, suggesting an involvement of these two proteins with transcribed sequences. 0.1 M NaCl-soluble monomer nucleosomes prepared by the method of Levy and Dixon were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found to be composed of principally two types of particle: 1. Core particles of 145 base pairs of DNA associated with the four core histones only. 2. Nucleosomes with 160 base pairs of DNA associated with the four core histones, increased amounts of HMG14 and 17, and no H1. Small amounts of HMG1 and HMG2 are also detected. These results suggest that HMG14 and HMG17 might be interacting with the 15 base pair linker DNA. A model is presented for the structure of transcriptionally active chromatin.", "PMID": 537911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7373", "title": "Gel electrophoretic separation of transcription complexes: an assay for RNA polymerase selectivity and a method for promoter mapping.", "content": "We describe a method for analyzing ternary transcription complexes, of RNA polymerase, DNA and nascent RNA32 chains, by agarose gel electrophoresis. When the RNA of such complexes is 32P-labelled, a simple comparison of the DNA fluorogram with an autoradiogram identifies transcriptionally active DNA molecules and restriction fragments in any mixture. Two limitations on the method are described: 1) retardation during electrophoresis of polymerase-DNA complexes relative to their conjugate bare NA fragments; 2) failure of very large ternary complexes to enter gels. The following potential applications of the method are surveyed: transcription unit (elongation) mapping, separation of RNA molecules in a mixture of transcripts, dinucleotide primer mapping and identification of preferred template conformations.", "contents": "Gel electrophoretic separation of transcription complexes: an assay for RNA polymerase selectivity and a method for promoter mapping. We describe a method for analyzing ternary transcription complexes, of RNA polymerase, DNA and nascent RNA32 chains, by agarose gel electrophoresis. When the RNA of such complexes is 32P-labelled, a simple comparison of the DNA fluorogram with an autoradiogram identifies transcriptionally active DNA molecules and restriction fragments in any mixture. Two limitations on the method are described: 1) retardation during electrophoresis of polymerase-DNA complexes relative to their conjugate bare NA fragments; 2) failure of very large ternary complexes to enter gels. The following potential applications of the method are surveyed: transcription unit (elongation) mapping, separation of RNA molecules in a mixture of transcripts, dinucleotide primer mapping and identification of preferred template conformations.", "PMID": 537912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7374", "title": "Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from wheat and barley.", "content": "Wheat and barley DNA enriched for ribosomal RNA genes was isolated from actinomycin D-CsCl gradients and used to clone the ribosomal repeating units in the plasmid pAC184. All five chimeric plasmids isolated which contained wheat rDNA and eleven of the thirteen which had barley rDNA were stable and included full length ribosomal repeating units. Physical maps of all length variants cloned have been constructed using the restriction endonucleases Eco Rl, Bam Hl, Bgl II, Hind III and Sal I. Length variation in the repeat units was attributed to differences in the spacer regions. Comparison of Hae III and Hpa II digestion of cereal rDNAs and the cloned repeats suggests that most methylated cytosines in natural rDNA are in -CpG-. Incomplete methylation occurs at specific Bam Hl sites in barley DNA. Detectable quantities of ribosomal spacer sequences are not present at any genomic locations other than those of the ribosomal RNA gene repeats.", "contents": "Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from wheat and barley. Wheat and barley DNA enriched for ribosomal RNA genes was isolated from actinomycin D-CsCl gradients and used to clone the ribosomal repeating units in the plasmid pAC184. All five chimeric plasmids isolated which contained wheat rDNA and eleven of the thirteen which had barley rDNA were stable and included full length ribosomal repeating units. Physical maps of all length variants cloned have been constructed using the restriction endonucleases Eco Rl, Bam Hl, Bgl II, Hind III and Sal I. Length variation in the repeat units was attributed to differences in the spacer regions. Comparison of Hae III and Hpa II digestion of cereal rDNAs and the cloned repeats suggests that most methylated cytosines in natural rDNA are in -CpG-. Incomplete methylation occurs at specific Bam Hl sites in barley DNA. Detectable quantities of ribosomal spacer sequences are not present at any genomic locations other than those of the ribosomal RNA gene repeats.", "PMID": 537913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7375", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the 3'-noncoding region of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 and its homology with the genomic RNAs.", "content": "A 226-nucleotide fragment was derived from alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (ALMV RNA 4), the subgenomic messenger for viral coat protein, and its sequence was deduced by in vitro labeling with polynucleotide kinase and application of RNA sequencing techniques. The fragment contains the 3'-terminal 45 nucleotides of the coat protein cistron and the complete 3'-noncoding region of 182 nucleotides. The total length of RNA 4 was calculated to be 881 nucleotides. AlMV RNAs 1, 2 and 3 were elongated with a 3'-terminal poly(A) stretch and subjected to sequence analysis by using a specific primer, reverse transcriptase and chain terminators. This revealed and extensive homology between the 3'-terminal 140 to 150 nucleotides of all four ALMV RNAs. Despite a number of base substitutions, the secondary structure of the homologous region is highly conserved. The observed homology indicates that, as with RNA 4, the sites with a high affinity for the viral coat protein are located at the 3'-termini of the genomic RNAs.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the 3'-noncoding region of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 and its homology with the genomic RNAs. A 226-nucleotide fragment was derived from alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (ALMV RNA 4), the subgenomic messenger for viral coat protein, and its sequence was deduced by in vitro labeling with polynucleotide kinase and application of RNA sequencing techniques. The fragment contains the 3'-terminal 45 nucleotides of the coat protein cistron and the complete 3'-noncoding region of 182 nucleotides. The total length of RNA 4 was calculated to be 881 nucleotides. AlMV RNAs 1, 2 and 3 were elongated with a 3'-terminal poly(A) stretch and subjected to sequence analysis by using a specific primer, reverse transcriptase and chain terminators. This revealed and extensive homology between the 3'-terminal 140 to 150 nucleotides of all four ALMV RNAs. Despite a number of base substitutions, the secondary structure of the homologous region is highly conserved. The observed homology indicates that, as with RNA 4, the sites with a high affinity for the viral coat protein are located at the 3'-termini of the genomic RNAs.", "PMID": 537914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7376", "title": "A spectroscopic probe of stacking interactions between nucleic acid bases and tryptophan residues of proteins.", "content": "The external heavy atom effect of mercury on the spectroscopic properties of the indole ring has been used to investigate stacking interactions of tryptophan with mercurinucleotides in mixed aggregates formed in frozen aqueous solutions as well as in oligopeptide-polynucleotide complexes. This effect is characterized at 77 K by a quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence, an enhancement of the phosphorescence emission and a drastic shortening of the phosphorescence lifetime. These phenomena result from an enhanced spin-orbit coupling due to a close contact between the mercury atom and the indole ring. Dissociation of the complexes leads to a recovery of the spectroscopic properties of the free tryptophan ring. The possible use of this spin-orbit probe to provide evidence for stacking interactions in protein-nucleic acid complexes is discussed.", "contents": "A spectroscopic probe of stacking interactions between nucleic acid bases and tryptophan residues of proteins. The external heavy atom effect of mercury on the spectroscopic properties of the indole ring has been used to investigate stacking interactions of tryptophan with mercurinucleotides in mixed aggregates formed in frozen aqueous solutions as well as in oligopeptide-polynucleotide complexes. This effect is characterized at 77 K by a quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence, an enhancement of the phosphorescence emission and a drastic shortening of the phosphorescence lifetime. These phenomena result from an enhanced spin-orbit coupling due to a close contact between the mercury atom and the indole ring. Dissociation of the complexes leads to a recovery of the spectroscopic properties of the free tryptophan ring. The possible use of this spin-orbit probe to provide evidence for stacking interactions in protein-nucleic acid complexes is discussed.", "PMID": 537915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7377", "title": "The use of barium salts of protected deoxyribonucleoside-3' p-chlorophenyl phosphates for construction of oligonucleotides by the phosphotriester method: high-yield synthesis of dinucleotide blocks.", "content": "A new experimental approach to the synthesis of polydeoxyribonucleotides via the phosphotriester method involves construction of oligonucleotide blocks by direct use of the easily prepared barium salts of O5',N-protected deoxyribonucleoside-3' p-chlorophenyl phosphates as the key monomers in condensation reactions. The procedure has been demonstrated by the rapid synthesis in high yield and purity of all sixteen fuly protected dinucleotides (Formula: see text) (where dN' = dT, dbzC, dbzA, or dibG; (Formula: see text) This set of molecules constitutes a \"syllabary\" for the preparation of defined sequence oligonucleotides.", "contents": "The use of barium salts of protected deoxyribonucleoside-3' p-chlorophenyl phosphates for construction of oligonucleotides by the phosphotriester method: high-yield synthesis of dinucleotide blocks. A new experimental approach to the synthesis of polydeoxyribonucleotides via the phosphotriester method involves construction of oligonucleotide blocks by direct use of the easily prepared barium salts of O5',N-protected deoxyribonucleoside-3' p-chlorophenyl phosphates as the key monomers in condensation reactions. The procedure has been demonstrated by the rapid synthesis in high yield and purity of all sixteen fuly protected dinucleotides (Formula: see text) (where dN' = dT, dbzC, dbzA, or dibG; (Formula: see text) This set of molecules constitutes a \"syllabary\" for the preparation of defined sequence oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 537916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7378", "title": "Interferon induction by mismatched analogues of polyinosinic acid . polycytidylic acid [(Ix,U)n.(C)n].", "content": "Interruption of the (I)n strand of (I)n.(C)n by unpaired bases [(U)] yielded mismatched analogues, (Ix,U)n.(C)n which were still effective as inducers of interferon, provided the I:U ratio (x) was equal or greater than 10. In highly sensitive interferon-induction systems such as primary rabbit kidney cells and human skin fibroblasts superinduced with cycloheximide and actinomycin D, (I10,U)n.(C)n and (I50,U)n.(C)n proved nearly as active as (I)n.(C)n. By virtue of their increased susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, (Ix,U)n.(C)n complexes with 10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 50 may be expected not to persist as long in biological fluids as (I)n.(C)n, hence to induce fewer side effects.", "contents": "Interferon induction by mismatched analogues of polyinosinic acid . polycytidylic acid [(Ix,U)n.(C)n]. Interruption of the (I)n strand of (I)n.(C)n by unpaired bases [(U)] yielded mismatched analogues, (Ix,U)n.(C)n which were still effective as inducers of interferon, provided the I:U ratio (x) was equal or greater than 10. In highly sensitive interferon-induction systems such as primary rabbit kidney cells and human skin fibroblasts superinduced with cycloheximide and actinomycin D, (I10,U)n.(C)n and (I50,U)n.(C)n proved nearly as active as (I)n.(C)n. By virtue of their increased susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, (Ix,U)n.(C)n complexes with 10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 50 may be expected not to persist as long in biological fluids as (I)n.(C)n, hence to induce fewer side effects.", "PMID": 537917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7379", "title": "Distribution of estradiol receptor and vitellogenin gene in chick liver chromatin fractions.", "content": "The distribution of estradiol receptor and vitellogenin gene was studied in estradiol stimulated chick liver chromatin fractions prepared by limited DNAse II digestion and MgCl2 precipitation. The receptor was found in all fractions, undigested chromatin (P1), Mg2+ insoluble chromatin (P2) and Mg2+ soluble chromatin (S2). This last fraction was rich in acidic proteins, had a high protein:DNA ratio (7.0 w/w), contained 28% of rapidly labelled RNA, 20% of the receptor, 3-5% of chromatin DNA and showed a 2 fold enrichment of vitellogenin DNA sequences over unfractionated chromatin as well as P1 and P2 DNA. On isopycnic metrizamide gradients, all chromatin fractions showed a receptor peak banding at 1.23 g/cm3, the density of nucleoproteins. Hybridization experiments showed that the DNA banding at this density in fraction S2 was enriched 4 fold in vitellogenin DNA sequences over unfractionated chromatin as well as P1 and P2 DNA. These results suggest an association of hormone receptor complex with nucleoprotein structures of an apparently active chromatin fraction.", "contents": "Distribution of estradiol receptor and vitellogenin gene in chick liver chromatin fractions. The distribution of estradiol receptor and vitellogenin gene was studied in estradiol stimulated chick liver chromatin fractions prepared by limited DNAse II digestion and MgCl2 precipitation. The receptor was found in all fractions, undigested chromatin (P1), Mg2+ insoluble chromatin (P2) and Mg2+ soluble chromatin (S2). This last fraction was rich in acidic proteins, had a high protein:DNA ratio (7.0 w/w), contained 28% of rapidly labelled RNA, 20% of the receptor, 3-5% of chromatin DNA and showed a 2 fold enrichment of vitellogenin DNA sequences over unfractionated chromatin as well as P1 and P2 DNA. On isopycnic metrizamide gradients, all chromatin fractions showed a receptor peak banding at 1.23 g/cm3, the density of nucleoproteins. Hybridization experiments showed that the DNA banding at this density in fraction S2 was enriched 4 fold in vitellogenin DNA sequences over unfractionated chromatin as well as P1 and P2 DNA. These results suggest an association of hormone receptor complex with nucleoprotein structures of an apparently active chromatin fraction.", "PMID": 537918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7380", "title": "Do eukaryotic mRNA 5' noncoding sequences base-pair with the 18 S ribosomal RNA 3' terminus?", "content": "Protein synthesis initiation on prokaryotic mRNAs involves base-pairing of a site preceding the initiation codon with the 3' terminal sequence of 16 S rRNA. It has been suggested that a similar situation may prevail in eukaryotic mRNAs. This suggestion is not based on experiments, but on observation of complementarities between mRNA 5' noncoding sequences and a conserved sequence near the 18 S rRNA 3' terminus. The hypothesis can be evaluated by comparing the number of potential binding sites found in the 5' noncoding sequences with the number of such sites expected to occur by chance. A method for computing this number is presented. The 5' noncoding sequences contain more binding sites than expected for a random RNA chain, but the same is true for 3' noncoding sequences. The effect can be traced to a clustering of purines and pyrimidines, common to noncoding sequences. In conclusion, a close inspection of the available mRNA sequences does not reveal any indication of a specific base-pairing ability between their 5' noncoding segments and the 18 S rRNA 3' terminus.", "contents": "Do eukaryotic mRNA 5' noncoding sequences base-pair with the 18 S ribosomal RNA 3' terminus? Protein synthesis initiation on prokaryotic mRNAs involves base-pairing of a site preceding the initiation codon with the 3' terminal sequence of 16 S rRNA. It has been suggested that a similar situation may prevail in eukaryotic mRNAs. This suggestion is not based on experiments, but on observation of complementarities between mRNA 5' noncoding sequences and a conserved sequence near the 18 S rRNA 3' terminus. The hypothesis can be evaluated by comparing the number of potential binding sites found in the 5' noncoding sequences with the number of such sites expected to occur by chance. A method for computing this number is presented. The 5' noncoding sequences contain more binding sites than expected for a random RNA chain, but the same is true for 3' noncoding sequences. The effect can be traced to a clustering of purines and pyrimidines, common to noncoding sequences. In conclusion, a close inspection of the available mRNA sequences does not reveal any indication of a specific base-pairing ability between their 5' noncoding segments and the 18 S rRNA 3' terminus.", "PMID": 537919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7381", "title": "Secondary structure of MS2 phage RNA and bias in code word usage.", "content": "Based on the secondary structural model of MS2 RNA, it is shown that, in base-pairing regions of the RNA, there is a bias in the use of synonymous codons which favours C and/or G over U and/or A in the third codon positions, and that in non-pairing regions, there is an opposite bias which favours U and/or A over C and/or G. This nature is interpreted as a result of selective constraint which stabilises the secondary structure of the single-stranded RNA genome of the MS2 phage.", "contents": "Secondary structure of MS2 phage RNA and bias in code word usage. Based on the secondary structural model of MS2 RNA, it is shown that, in base-pairing regions of the RNA, there is a bias in the use of synonymous codons which favours C and/or G over U and/or A in the third codon positions, and that in non-pairing regions, there is an opposite bias which favours U and/or A over C and/or G. This nature is interpreted as a result of selective constraint which stabilises the secondary structure of the single-stranded RNA genome of the MS2 phage.", "PMID": 537920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7382", "title": "[Quantitative exercise scintigraphy of the myocardium with 201Tl--methods and normal values (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 20 normal individuals after maximum exercise and after two hours of rest. A mobile Anger camera with converging collimator and a Data-General computer with a 128 x 128 matrix were used. Quantitative analysis of data was performed on the basis of a 14-halfsegment model. Quantitative normal values after exercise and after redistribution of activity during rest are presented.", "contents": "[Quantitative exercise scintigraphy of the myocardium with 201Tl--methods and normal values (author's transl)]. Quantitative myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 20 normal individuals after maximum exercise and after two hours of rest. A mobile Anger camera with converging collimator and a Data-General computer with a 128 x 128 matrix were used. Quantitative analysis of data was performed on the basis of a 14-halfsegment model. Quantitative normal values after exercise and after redistribution of activity during rest are presented.", "PMID": 537921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7383", "title": "Cardiac blood pool imaging--a clinical comparison between red blood cells labeled with 99mTc in vivo and in vitro and 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin.", "content": "In 25 patients undergoing radiocardiographic determination of ventricular function, three methods for blood pool imaging were compared. 99mTc was used to label human serum albumin (HSA) and red blood cells (RBC) in vivo or in vitro. The activity concentration of 99mTc in blood was measured during 2 hrs after injection and a significantly higher concentration was found with RBC compared to HSA already after 15 min. The left ventricular to background count rate ratio was significantly lower for HSA after 90 min compared to RBC. There was no statistical difference in 99mTc activity concentration in blood or in left ventricular to background count rate ratio during the two hrs when the two RBC-labeling procedures were compared. 99mTc-labeled RBC are superior to 99mTc-labeled HSA for gated blood pool studies and especially for repeated determinations of ventricular function. Because the in vivo labeling is the most convenient method it has been adopted as the clinical routine at our hospital.", "contents": "Cardiac blood pool imaging--a clinical comparison between red blood cells labeled with 99mTc in vivo and in vitro and 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin. In 25 patients undergoing radiocardiographic determination of ventricular function, three methods for blood pool imaging were compared. 99mTc was used to label human serum albumin (HSA) and red blood cells (RBC) in vivo or in vitro. The activity concentration of 99mTc in blood was measured during 2 hrs after injection and a significantly higher concentration was found with RBC compared to HSA already after 15 min. The left ventricular to background count rate ratio was significantly lower for HSA after 90 min compared to RBC. There was no statistical difference in 99mTc activity concentration in blood or in left ventricular to background count rate ratio during the two hrs when the two RBC-labeling procedures were compared. 99mTc-labeled RBC are superior to 99mTc-labeled HSA for gated blood pool studies and especially for repeated determinations of ventricular function. Because the in vivo labeling is the most convenient method it has been adopted as the clinical routine at our hospital.", "PMID": 537922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7384", "title": "Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were measured in 48 hyperthyroid patients and in a group of euthyroid controls. The levels of vitamin B12 ranged from 120-900 pg/ml with a mean of 429.3 +/- 30.9 pg/ml (SE). The mean serum vitamin B12 level was lower in hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls, the difference being statistically significant (t = 2.584, p less than 0.025). Serum vitamin B12 levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. (r = 0.344, p less than 0.05). The findings, although not excluding the involvement of auto-immune gastritis in patients with low serum vitamin B12 levels, suggest a direct action of increased thyroid hormone concentrations. Serum folic acid levels ranged from 0.5-13.8 ng/ml with a mean of 6.8 +/- 0.46 ng/ml (SE). The mean serum folic acid levels were higher in the hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls but the difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.2, p greater than 0.2). The serum folic acid levels did not show any statistically significant correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. The fact that no statistically significant difference was found between the mean value in hyperthyroid patients and the mean value in normal controls is probably due to the high folic acid intake in Greece.", "contents": "Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in hyperthyroidism. Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were measured in 48 hyperthyroid patients and in a group of euthyroid controls. The levels of vitamin B12 ranged from 120-900 pg/ml with a mean of 429.3 +/- 30.9 pg/ml (SE). The mean serum vitamin B12 level was lower in hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls, the difference being statistically significant (t = 2.584, p less than 0.025). Serum vitamin B12 levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. (r = 0.344, p less than 0.05). The findings, although not excluding the involvement of auto-immune gastritis in patients with low serum vitamin B12 levels, suggest a direct action of increased thyroid hormone concentrations. Serum folic acid levels ranged from 0.5-13.8 ng/ml with a mean of 6.8 +/- 0.46 ng/ml (SE). The mean serum folic acid levels were higher in the hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls but the difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.2, p greater than 0.2). The serum folic acid levels did not show any statistically significant correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. The fact that no statistically significant difference was found between the mean value in hyperthyroid patients and the mean value in normal controls is probably due to the high folic acid intake in Greece.", "PMID": 537923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7385", "title": "Ventricular pseudo-aneurysm demonstrated by multiple gated cardiac imaging.", "content": "The use of multiple gated cardiac imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular pseudo-aneurysm is reported and the clinical and therapeutic implications are discussed. Complemented with myocardial perfusion imaging, it is the method of choice for screening patients following infarction or chest trauma who may develop this potentially treatable complication of myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Ventricular pseudo-aneurysm demonstrated by multiple gated cardiac imaging. The use of multiple gated cardiac imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular pseudo-aneurysm is reported and the clinical and therapeutic implications are discussed. Complemented with myocardial perfusion imaging, it is the method of choice for screening patients following infarction or chest trauma who may develop this potentially treatable complication of myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 537924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7386", "title": "Functional activity of a thyroid nodule under the influence of stable iodide administration in a hyperthyroid patient.", "content": "In a thyrotoxic patient with nodular goiter treated with stable iodide and Carbimazole, a series of 131I scans was performed at different intervals for proposed 131I therapy. Originally, total uptake was suppressed and the node was evaluated as active. The same type of scan was seen repeatedly with uptake increasing for about 6 months following stable iodide withdrawal. Only 9 months later, the effect of 127I disappeared and uptake rose considerably with a reversal of the scan to the picture of a hypofunctioning node. The same distribution was found after therapeutic 131I administration. 6 months following treatment, without any thyrostatic drugs, the patient was euthyroid and on the scan most of tracer was found in the node. It is believed that this change is best explained by the different sensitivity of the nodule and the paranodular tissue to the effect of stable iodide. It is believed that the hyperthyroidism originated in the paranodular tissue highly sensitive on the 127I, while the nodule (presumably an adenoma) was less sensitive and showed uptake only when the paranodular tissue was depressed by 127I or, later, injured by the effect of therapeutic 131I.", "contents": "Functional activity of a thyroid nodule under the influence of stable iodide administration in a hyperthyroid patient. In a thyrotoxic patient with nodular goiter treated with stable iodide and Carbimazole, a series of 131I scans was performed at different intervals for proposed 131I therapy. Originally, total uptake was suppressed and the node was evaluated as active. The same type of scan was seen repeatedly with uptake increasing for about 6 months following stable iodide withdrawal. Only 9 months later, the effect of 127I disappeared and uptake rose considerably with a reversal of the scan to the picture of a hypofunctioning node. The same distribution was found after therapeutic 131I administration. 6 months following treatment, without any thyrostatic drugs, the patient was euthyroid and on the scan most of tracer was found in the node. It is believed that this change is best explained by the different sensitivity of the nodule and the paranodular tissue to the effect of stable iodide. It is believed that the hyperthyroidism originated in the paranodular tissue highly sensitive on the 127I, while the nodule (presumably an adenoma) was less sensitive and showed uptake only when the paranodular tissue was depressed by 127I or, later, injured by the effect of therapeutic 131I.", "PMID": 537925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7387", "title": "Endometriosis and infertility.  A review of sixty-two patients with danazol.", "content": "The authors present a clinical study of 62 infertile patients with endometriotic lesions diagnosed in all cases by laparoscopy. The large variety of lesions and the high incidence in this series of tumorous or tubal lesions, led in 39 cases to a combination of medical treatment with danazol with surgical intervention, i.e. excision or conservative surgery. The overall pregnancy rate was 46.7%, which proves the high efficacy of danazol in this situation.", "contents": "Endometriosis and infertility.  A review of sixty-two patients with danazol. The authors present a clinical study of 62 infertile patients with endometriotic lesions diagnosed in all cases by laparoscopy. The large variety of lesions and the high incidence in this series of tumorous or tubal lesions, led in 39 cases to a combination of medical treatment with danazol with surgical intervention, i.e. excision or conservative surgery. The overall pregnancy rate was 46.7%, which proves the high efficacy of danazol in this situation.", "PMID": 537947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7388", "title": "Hormonal, metabolic and clinical effects of danazol in the treatment of endometriosis.", "content": "The effect of danazol in a dose of 600 mg a day was studied in 20 women with moderate or severe endometriosis. The clinical effect was found to be excellent and repeat laparoscopy after about 6 months treatment revealed a marked regression in all patients with only small residual foci of endometriosis in two of them. The side effects were few. The metabolic studies revealed a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum potassium, serum albumin and serum creatinine, but a significant decrease in serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GT). Serum sodium showed no alteration. A longitudinal study of basal plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and their responses to 25 microgram gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH) i.v. as well as basal plasma levels of oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone and prolactin was performed. During treatment with danazol (600 mg a day) basal levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone were low but did not differ from the levels found in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. On the other hand the pituitary response to GnRH was significantly greater for both LH and FSH than observed during the early follicular phase. These conflicting results are discussed. It seems that danazol inhibits the pituitary secretion of biologically active LH and FSH and this action is responsible for the decreased ovarian steroid secretion.  Whether the atrophy of the uterine and ectopic endometrium is an effect of the reduced oestradiol levels or is a direct effect of danazol on endometrial oestrogen receptors, or a combination of both modes of action, is not clear.", "contents": "Hormonal, metabolic and clinical effects of danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. The effect of danazol in a dose of 600 mg a day was studied in 20 women with moderate or severe endometriosis. The clinical effect was found to be excellent and repeat laparoscopy after about 6 months treatment revealed a marked regression in all patients with only small residual foci of endometriosis in two of them. The side effects were few. The metabolic studies revealed a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum potassium, serum albumin and serum creatinine, but a significant decrease in serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GT). Serum sodium showed no alteration. A longitudinal study of basal plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and their responses to 25 microgram gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH) i.v. as well as basal plasma levels of oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone and prolactin was performed. During treatment with danazol (600 mg a day) basal levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone were low but did not differ from the levels found in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. On the other hand the pituitary response to GnRH was significantly greater for both LH and FSH than observed during the early follicular phase. These conflicting results are discussed. It seems that danazol inhibits the pituitary secretion of biologically active LH and FSH and this action is responsible for the decreased ovarian steroid secretion.  Whether the atrophy of the uterine and ectopic endometrium is an effect of the reduced oestradiol levels or is a direct effect of danazol on endometrial oestrogen receptors, or a combination of both modes of action, is not clear.", "PMID": 537948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7389", "title": "Effects of danazol in the treatment of severe endometriosis.", "content": "Twenty patients, mostly with severe endometriosis and infertility, were treated with danazol 600 mg daily for six months. Clinical investigation and laboratory tests were done monthly. During treatment most clinical findings and symptoms of endometriosis disappeared within 2 to 3 months, but rectocervical induration and rectocervical pain decreased more slowly. During the 10 months follow-up after discontinuation of danazol, dysmenorrhoea recurred most commonly of all symptoms, but not to the same degree as before treatment and the patients were mainly satisfied. Gonadotrophin and prolactin levels did not alter significantly during treatment. Serum oestradiol and progesterone values were low during the danazol course. Testosterone values increased because of cross-reaction with danazol metabolites in the testosterone assay. Serum transaminase, creatinine, haemoglobin and blood platelet concentrations increased on average, but the changes were reversible. Three conceptions occurred during the period of study.", "contents": "Effects of danazol in the treatment of severe endometriosis. Twenty patients, mostly with severe endometriosis and infertility, were treated with danazol 600 mg daily for six months. Clinical investigation and laboratory tests were done monthly. During treatment most clinical findings and symptoms of endometriosis disappeared within 2 to 3 months, but rectocervical induration and rectocervical pain decreased more slowly. During the 10 months follow-up after discontinuation of danazol, dysmenorrhoea recurred most commonly of all symptoms, but not to the same degree as before treatment and the patients were mainly satisfied. Gonadotrophin and prolactin levels did not alter significantly during treatment. Serum oestradiol and progesterone values were low during the danazol course. Testosterone values increased because of cross-reaction with danazol metabolites in the testosterone assay. Serum transaminase, creatinine, haemoglobin and blood platelet concentrations increased on average, but the changes were reversible. Three conceptions occurred during the period of study.", "PMID": 537949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7390", "title": "Clinical and biochemical experiences with danazol in the treatment of endometriosis in cases with female infertility.", "content": "Based on \"second look\" pelviscopic control in 438 cases of pelvic endometrosis, additional hormonal antigonadotrophin therapy with danazol represents the most effective treatment for endometriosis. The rationale is well explained by Dmowski and Scommegna (1976). As endocrine treatment alone cannot control severe cases of endometriosis, in recent years a combined 3-step surgical-endocrine-surgical therapy, with thermocoagulation of endometriotic foci, cyst wall resection of endometriomas and consecutive thermocoagulation has proved to be the optimal therapy for endometriosis in general and especially in cases of sterilty. While additional progestogen therapy resulted in a 60% rate of remission of the symptoms of endometriosis, danazol gave a 90% success rate in the 3-step therapy. This 3-step therapy avoids many cases of radical surgery during the reproductive age in women with endometriosis. The pregnancy rate of 312 patients treated between 1976 and 1978 with danazol amounted to 45% compared with a pregnancy rate of 32% treated with lynestrenol and laparoscopy.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical experiences with danazol in the treatment of endometriosis in cases with female infertility. Based on \"second look\" pelviscopic control in 438 cases of pelvic endometrosis, additional hormonal antigonadotrophin therapy with danazol represents the most effective treatment for endometriosis. The rationale is well explained by Dmowski and Scommegna (1976). As endocrine treatment alone cannot control severe cases of endometriosis, in recent years a combined 3-step surgical-endocrine-surgical therapy, with thermocoagulation of endometriotic foci, cyst wall resection of endometriomas and consecutive thermocoagulation has proved to be the optimal therapy for endometriosis in general and especially in cases of sterilty. While additional progestogen therapy resulted in a 60% rate of remission of the symptoms of endometriosis, danazol gave a 90% success rate in the 3-step therapy. This 3-step therapy avoids many cases of radical surgery during the reproductive age in women with endometriosis. The pregnancy rate of 312 patients treated between 1976 and 1978 with danazol amounted to 45% compared with a pregnancy rate of 32% treated with lynestrenol and laparoscopy.", "PMID": 537950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7391", "title": "Comparison of plasma protein changes induced by danazol and pregnancy.", "content": "Analysis of 25 proteins of supposed hepatocyte origin was performed on plasma from 7 females before and during treatment with danazol. The same 25 proteins were analysed in plasma from pregnant women in their third trimester. The general conclusions are that the major plasma proteins of hepatic origin have a biosynthetic regulation which is steroid insensitive but the biosynthesis of some minor components is highly steroid sensitive in a way that supports the theory that hepatocyte steroid receptors exist. The full hepatocyte steroid response (2-6 weeks) develops more slowly than the response of steroid dependent tissues (days). The plasma protein response with danazol administration is similar to the response to other 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids and is in accordance with the theory that danazol competes with endogenous steroids for their receptors in all target tissues. The changes during pregnancy are mainly referred to the increased influence of oestradiol. Integrated data from this and earlier studies suggest that the level of sex hormone binding globulin in a sensitive way reflects the competition of androgen, oestrogens and gestagens at hepatocyte receptor level.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma protein changes induced by danazol and pregnancy. Analysis of 25 proteins of supposed hepatocyte origin was performed on plasma from 7 females before and during treatment with danazol. The same 25 proteins were analysed in plasma from pregnant women in their third trimester. The general conclusions are that the major plasma proteins of hepatic origin have a biosynthetic regulation which is steroid insensitive but the biosynthesis of some minor components is highly steroid sensitive in a way that supports the theory that hepatocyte steroid receptors exist. The full hepatocyte steroid response (2-6 weeks) develops more slowly than the response of steroid dependent tissues (days). The plasma protein response with danazol administration is similar to the response to other 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids and is in accordance with the theory that danazol competes with endogenous steroids for their receptors in all target tissues. The changes during pregnancy are mainly referred to the increased influence of oestradiol. Integrated data from this and earlier studies suggest that the level of sex hormone binding globulin in a sensitive way reflects the competition of androgen, oestrogens and gestagens at hepatocyte receptor level.", "PMID": 537951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7392", "title": "Follow-up of patients with endometriosis treated with danazol.", "content": "Since 1975, 65 cases of endometriosis have been treated with danazol, and in an attempt to retain effective management with a minimum of side effects, three different dosage scheme providing 600 mg (Group 1) 400 mg (Group 2) or 200 mg daily (Group 3) have been used. At present 20 cases in Group 1, 16 in Group 2 and 12 in Group 3 are available for assessment and the results are here presented.", "contents": "Follow-up of patients with endometriosis treated with danazol. Since 1975, 65 cases of endometriosis have been treated with danazol, and in an attempt to retain effective management with a minimum of side effects, three different dosage scheme providing 600 mg (Group 1) 400 mg (Group 2) or 200 mg daily (Group 3) have been used. At present 20 cases in Group 1, 16 in Group 2 and 12 in Group 3 are available for assessment and the results are here presented.", "PMID": 537952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7393", "title": "Danazol therapy in gynaecomastia; recent experience and indications for therapy.", "content": "A group of 42 patients with gynaecomastia were treated with danazol. There were 31 adults and 11 cases of pubertal gynaecomastia. Dosage schedules in adults were 300-600 mg a day and in adolescents 200-300 mg a day.  In the 31 adults, marked regression of gymaecomastia occurred in 18 and a moderate regression in 10, whilst in the 11 cases of puberty gynaecomastia, there was a marked regression in 7 and a moderate regression in 3. Plasma testosterone concentration fell in most patients. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) excretion in the urine seemed to fall to a greater extent than did the reduction in luteinizing hormone (LH). Yet the plasma concentration of both FSH and LH fell during treatment with danazol, whilst the pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) was blunted. Tests of other pituitary functions showed them to be unaffected.", "contents": "Danazol therapy in gynaecomastia; recent experience and indications for therapy. A group of 42 patients with gynaecomastia were treated with danazol. There were 31 adults and 11 cases of pubertal gynaecomastia. Dosage schedules in adults were 300-600 mg a day and in adolescents 200-300 mg a day.  In the 31 adults, marked regression of gymaecomastia occurred in 18 and a moderate regression in 10, whilst in the 11 cases of puberty gynaecomastia, there was a marked regression in 7 and a moderate regression in 3. Plasma testosterone concentration fell in most patients. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) excretion in the urine seemed to fall to a greater extent than did the reduction in luteinizing hormone (LH). Yet the plasma concentration of both FSH and LH fell during treatment with danazol, whilst the pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) was blunted. Tests of other pituitary functions showed them to be unaffected.", "PMID": 537953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7394", "title": "The role of danazol in the management of precocious puberty.", "content": "The management, investigation and treatment of 12 children with precocious puberty is described. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of ethisterone, has been used over a period of 3 1/2 years. Its clinical, endocrine and biochemical effects have been evaluated. Danazol ha a very useful clinical effect in controlling the development of secondary sexual features but does not modify the rapid linear growth and skeletal maturity seen in this condition.", "contents": "The role of danazol in the management of precocious puberty. The management, investigation and treatment of 12 children with precocious puberty is described. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of ethisterone, has been used over a period of 3 1/2 years. Its clinical, endocrine and biochemical effects have been evaluated. Danazol ha a very useful clinical effect in controlling the development of secondary sexual features but does not modify the rapid linear growth and skeletal maturity seen in this condition.", "PMID": 537954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7395", "title": "Lithium neurotoxicity.", "content": "The peripheral and central neurotoxic effects of lithium carbonate are illustrated by 4 case histories. Lithium neurotoxicity is likely to be more common than the literature suggests. Neurological sequelae may be irreversible and may be associated with therapeutic serum levels. Prevention may be facilitated by more stringent case selection, EEG and clinical monitoring and the development of improved methods of drug level assessment.", "contents": "Lithium neurotoxicity. The peripheral and central neurotoxic effects of lithium carbonate are illustrated by 4 case histories. Lithium neurotoxicity is likely to be more common than the literature suggests. Neurological sequelae may be irreversible and may be associated with therapeutic serum levels. Prevention may be facilitated by more stringent case selection, EEG and clinical monitoring and the development of improved methods of drug level assessment.", "PMID": 537955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7396", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline, mianserin, zimelidine and nomifensine in depressed patients.", "content": "The cardiac effects of amitriptyline, mianserin, zimelidine and nomifensine on the systolic time intervals (STI) and on the high speed surface ECG have been studied in depressed patients. Amitriptyline increased pre-ejection period (PEP) index and the PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio of the STI (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.02). It also increased heart rate significantly (less than 0.02) and tended to prolong Q-T interval. Mianserin shortened QS2I (P less than 0.05) and LVET (P less than 0.01) and prolonged PEP/LVET ratio (P less than 0.01). Zimelidine did not affect the STI but tended to decrease heart rate and prolong the Q-T interval. Nomifensine decreased T wave height. These findings indicate that amitriptyline decreases cardiac contractility and confirm the quinidine-like action of the tricyclic antidepressants. The changes brought about by mianserin are probably due to effects on the peripheral circulation rather than a direct action on the heart.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline, mianserin, zimelidine and nomifensine in depressed patients. The cardiac effects of amitriptyline, mianserin, zimelidine and nomifensine on the systolic time intervals (STI) and on the high speed surface ECG have been studied in depressed patients. Amitriptyline increased pre-ejection period (PEP) index and the PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio of the STI (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.02). It also increased heart rate significantly (less than 0.02) and tended to prolong Q-T interval. Mianserin shortened QS2I (P less than 0.05) and LVET (P less than 0.01) and prolonged PEP/LVET ratio (P less than 0.01). Zimelidine did not affect the STI but tended to decrease heart rate and prolong the Q-T interval. Nomifensine decreased T wave height. These findings indicate that amitriptyline decreases cardiac contractility and confirm the quinidine-like action of the tricyclic antidepressants. The changes brought about by mianserin are probably due to effects on the peripheral circulation rather than a direct action on the heart.", "PMID": 537956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7397", "title": "The effect of metoprolol on plasma lipids.", "content": "Fifteen hypertensive patients entered a single-blind study to examine the effects of metoprolol (100 mg twice daily) on fasting plasma lipids. In 12 patients who completed the study, non-esterified fatty acid concentrations fell, but cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged after 12 weeks' treatment. These results conflict with earlier reports of the effect of metoprolol on plasma triglyceride concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of metoprolol on plasma lipids. Fifteen hypertensive patients entered a single-blind study to examine the effects of metoprolol (100 mg twice daily) on fasting plasma lipids. In 12 patients who completed the study, non-esterified fatty acid concentrations fell, but cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged after 12 weeks' treatment. These results conflict with earlier reports of the effect of metoprolol on plasma triglyceride concentrations.", "PMID": 537957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7398", "title": "Acute spinal epidural abscess. Observations from fourteen cases.", "content": "Fourteen cases of acute spinal epidural abscess are analysed. Postoperatively 6 recovered completely, 4 patients recovered enough to allow unaided walking, 2 died and 2 who were paraplegic pre-operatively remained so. The purpose of this paper is to remind readers of the existence of this condition and to plead for early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment.", "contents": "Acute spinal epidural abscess. Observations from fourteen cases. Fourteen cases of acute spinal epidural abscess are analysed. Postoperatively 6 recovered completely, 4 patients recovered enough to allow unaided walking, 2 died and 2 who were paraplegic pre-operatively remained so. The purpose of this paper is to remind readers of the existence of this condition and to plead for early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment.", "PMID": 537958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7399", "title": "A review of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome--with particular reference to a patient treated with cimetidine.", "content": "A case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, presented with watery diarrhoea, malabsorption and multiple duodenal ulcers. Resection of a gastrinoma from the head of the pancreas was ineffective. Cimetidine, administered for more than 30 months produced an immediate and sustained relief of symptoms with a gain in weight of 19 kg and improvement of the biochemical features of malabsorption. Gastric acid secretion has been markedly inhibited and duodenal ulceration healed.", "contents": "A review of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome--with particular reference to a patient treated with cimetidine. A case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, presented with watery diarrhoea, malabsorption and multiple duodenal ulcers. Resection of a gastrinoma from the head of the pancreas was ineffective. Cimetidine, administered for more than 30 months produced an immediate and sustained relief of symptoms with a gain in weight of 19 kg and improvement of the biochemical features of malabsorption. Gastric acid secretion has been markedly inhibited and duodenal ulceration healed.", "PMID": 537959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7400", "title": "Potassium in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.", "content": "Serum potassium concentration was normal (greater than or equal to 3.6 mmol/l) in 29 of 32 patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone excess (SIADH) associated with a bronchogenic carcinoma. In 11 of the patients there was no significant change in serum potassium concentration after correction of the syndrome, by fluid restriction. Hypokalaemia is thus an uncommon finding in SIADH due to bronchogenic carcinomas.", "contents": "Potassium in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Serum potassium concentration was normal (greater than or equal to 3.6 mmol/l) in 29 of 32 patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone excess (SIADH) associated with a bronchogenic carcinoma. In 11 of the patients there was no significant change in serum potassium concentration after correction of the syndrome, by fluid restriction. Hypokalaemia is thus an uncommon finding in SIADH due to bronchogenic carcinomas.", "PMID": 537960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7401", "title": "Heat oedema: a clinical study.", "content": "Transient generalized oedema was observed in a patient upon exposure to a hot climate. Oedema disappeared in 5 days. Clinical study during oedema revealed decreased urine volume, high urine osmolality, high urine sodium concentration, increased blood volume, hyponatraemia and hypo-osmolality. The total solute excretion was unchanged. The endogenous creatinine and para-aminohippurate clearances were normal. The findings were suggestive of increased antidiuretic hormone activity, and heat might be responsible.", "contents": "Heat oedema: a clinical study. Transient generalized oedema was observed in a patient upon exposure to a hot climate. Oedema disappeared in 5 days. Clinical study during oedema revealed decreased urine volume, high urine osmolality, high urine sodium concentration, increased blood volume, hyponatraemia and hypo-osmolality. The total solute excretion was unchanged. The endogenous creatinine and para-aminohippurate clearances were normal. The findings were suggestive of increased antidiuretic hormone activity, and heat might be responsible.", "PMID": 537961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7402", "title": "Epileptiform seizures with maprotiline hydrochloride.", "content": "Two cases are described who developed epileptic seizures whilst taking maprotiline hydrochloride in therapeutic dosage. In both cases the electroencephalogram was normal and the fits stopped on withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "Epileptiform seizures with maprotiline hydrochloride. Two cases are described who developed epileptic seizures whilst taking maprotiline hydrochloride in therapeutic dosage. In both cases the electroencephalogram was normal and the fits stopped on withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 537962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7403", "title": "Transplacental passage of anti-s antibody without haemolysis.", "content": "The production of anti-s antibodies during pregnancy is a rare event and usually causes haemolysis of fetal red cells. A case is presented where an IgG anti-s antibody crossed the placenta, but did not produce any evidence of haemolysis.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of anti-s antibody without haemolysis. The production of anti-s antibodies during pregnancy is a rare event and usually causes haemolysis of fetal red cells. A case is presented where an IgG anti-s antibody crossed the placenta, but did not produce any evidence of haemolysis.", "PMID": 537963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7404", "title": "Gastroduodenal fistula in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "A case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome complicated by a gastroduodenal fistula is described in a 42-year-old man. So far as the authors know, this is the first report of this complication in gastrinoma.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal fistula in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome complicated by a gastroduodenal fistula is described in a 42-year-old man. So far as the authors know, this is the first report of this complication in gastrinoma.", "PMID": 537964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7405", "title": "Iron overload despite partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Iron overload was found in 3 patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy: a 61-year-old woman developed iron overload because she may have had idiopathic haemochromatosis and had also been given parenteral iron; in a 62-year-old man with thalassaemia minor, iron overload may have developed because of increased oral iron ingestion, low serum folate, increased, albeit ineffective, erythropoiesis and sideroblastic anaemia; a 74-year-old man with thalassaemia minor developed iron overload without exogenous therapy and died from a hepatoma. These cases illustrate that partial gastrectomy fails to protect patients from developing iron overload, particularly if given uncontrolled iron therapy.", "contents": "Iron overload despite partial gastrectomy. Iron overload was found in 3 patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy: a 61-year-old woman developed iron overload because she may have had idiopathic haemochromatosis and had also been given parenteral iron; in a 62-year-old man with thalassaemia minor, iron overload may have developed because of increased oral iron ingestion, low serum folate, increased, albeit ineffective, erythropoiesis and sideroblastic anaemia; a 74-year-old man with thalassaemia minor developed iron overload without exogenous therapy and died from a hepatoma. These cases illustrate that partial gastrectomy fails to protect patients from developing iron overload, particularly if given uncontrolled iron therapy.", "PMID": 537965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7406", "title": "Haematemesis in M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease.", "content": "Three patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease presented with massive haematemesis. One patient died. M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease may be associated with gastrointestinal haemorrhage and although it is rare it should be borne in mind as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In one patient an elevated serum gastrin was found and the possible significance of this is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Haematemesis in M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. Three patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease presented with massive haematemesis. One patient died. M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease may be associated with gastrointestinal haemorrhage and although it is rare it should be borne in mind as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In one patient an elevated serum gastrin was found and the possible significance of this is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 537966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7407", "title": "The existence of inflammatory bowel lesions in gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "content": "Three patients with coincident coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are described. In 2 patients with known coeliac disease the recurrence of diarrhoea was not due to dietary deviation but to an additional large bowel pathology.", "contents": "The existence of inflammatory bowel lesions in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Three patients with coincident coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are described. In 2 patients with known coeliac disease the recurrence of diarrhoea was not due to dietary deviation but to an additional large bowel pathology.", "PMID": 537967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7408", "title": "Two cases of the nephrotic syndrome with a reversible coagulation defect.", "content": "Two cases of the nephrotic syndrome with an apparently identical defect of blood coagulation, discovered during preparation for renal biopsy are described. Plasma from both patients showed prolongation of thrombin and kaolin cephalin times which was probably due to abnormally slow polymerization of fibrin monomer. Corticosteroid therapy reversed the abnormal times in one case. One of the patients showed seasonal relapses which occurred in relation to episodes of hay fever associated with allergy to grass pollen. The other patient showed some similar features, but on renal biopsy was found to have proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Two cases of the nephrotic syndrome with a reversible coagulation defect. Two cases of the nephrotic syndrome with an apparently identical defect of blood coagulation, discovered during preparation for renal biopsy are described. Plasma from both patients showed prolongation of thrombin and kaolin cephalin times which was probably due to abnormally slow polymerization of fibrin monomer. Corticosteroid therapy reversed the abnormal times in one case. One of the patients showed seasonal relapses which occurred in relation to episodes of hay fever associated with allergy to grass pollen. The other patient showed some similar features, but on renal biopsy was found to have proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 537968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7409", "title": "Seminoma in Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with a testicular seminoma and Marfan's syndrome is described. The association is unlikely to be by chance alone, and an explanation in terms of either an associated congenital defect, or a minor chromosomal anomaly, is discussed.", "contents": "Seminoma in Marfan's syndrome. A patient with a testicular seminoma and Marfan's syndrome is described. The association is unlikely to be by chance alone, and an explanation in terms of either an associated congenital defect, or a minor chromosomal anomaly, is discussed.", "PMID": 537969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7410", "title": "Prolonged survival with adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "Recurrence of adrenal cortical carcinoma 22 years after first presentation is reported in a 54-year-old woman with Cushing's syndrome. This tumour is normally associated with poor prognosis and prolonged survival is rare. Although the patient had remained well with apparent 'cure' in the intervening years, it is suggested that hormonal changes related to the menopause and the development of primary hypoadrenalism stimulated recurrence of malignant activity and return of Cushingoid features.", "contents": "Prolonged survival with adrenal cortical carcinoma. Recurrence of adrenal cortical carcinoma 22 years after first presentation is reported in a 54-year-old woman with Cushing's syndrome. This tumour is normally associated with poor prognosis and prolonged survival is rare. Although the patient had remained well with apparent 'cure' in the intervening years, it is suggested that hormonal changes related to the menopause and the development of primary hypoadrenalism stimulated recurrence of malignant activity and return of Cushingoid features.", "PMID": 537970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7411", "title": "[Data on the etiology of the liquid of broncho-alveolar lavage in mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The cell population of the liquid of broncho-alveolar lavage of 44 cases of mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis was compared to that of 12 normal controls, of 14 controls with a localized pulmonary affection, who underwent lavage in healthy contro-lateral segment, and of 33 patients with various diffuse interstitial pneumopathies, except hypersensitivity ones. In sarcoidosis, the total number of cells is significantly higher than in controls; such is the case for neutrophils. It is also higher for lymphocytes in sarcoidosis: 21.8, than in controls: 7.8, or in patients with other diffuse interstitial pneumopathies: 10.3. It is independent of the disease radiological stage, but closely related to its degree of activity; it showed important variations, going from 3 to 50%. The observation of a normal level of lymphocytes is not enough to exclude the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Data on the etiology of the liquid of broncho-alveolar lavage in mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The cell population of the liquid of broncho-alveolar lavage of 44 cases of mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis was compared to that of 12 normal controls, of 14 controls with a localized pulmonary affection, who underwent lavage in healthy contro-lateral segment, and of 33 patients with various diffuse interstitial pneumopathies, except hypersensitivity ones. In sarcoidosis, the total number of cells is significantly higher than in controls; such is the case for neutrophils. It is also higher for lymphocytes in sarcoidosis: 21.8, than in controls: 7.8, or in patients with other diffuse interstitial pneumopathies: 10.3. It is independent of the disease radiological stage, but closely related to its degree of activity; it showed important variations, going from 3 to 50%. The observation of a normal level of lymphocytes is not enough to exclude the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 537971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7412", "title": "[Conduction disorders during cardiac sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 2 observations of auriculoventricular blockage developed during a mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis, requiring a heart pacer in the first case and corticosteroid treatment in the second. The frequency of the disorders of intracardiac conduction was evaluated by a retrospective study of 412 cases of mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis. Seventy two ECG were considered abnormal, a frequency of 17.2%. The disorders of auriculo-ventricular and intra-ventricular conduction represented a third of cases. What is known on the risk of lethal evolution of cardiac sarcoidosis in which those abnormalities are significant, justifies an electrophysiological investigation. The indications for a definitive cardiac stimulation and corticosteroid treatment are debated. On this final point, it seemed necessary to plan a prospective study to confirm the merits of the treatment and to define its modalities.", "contents": "[Conduction disorders during cardiac sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report 2 observations of auriculoventricular blockage developed during a mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis, requiring a heart pacer in the first case and corticosteroid treatment in the second. The frequency of the disorders of intracardiac conduction was evaluated by a retrospective study of 412 cases of mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis. Seventy two ECG were considered abnormal, a frequency of 17.2%. The disorders of auriculo-ventricular and intra-ventricular conduction represented a third of cases. What is known on the risk of lethal evolution of cardiac sarcoidosis in which those abnormalities are significant, justifies an electrophysiological investigation. The indications for a definitive cardiac stimulation and corticosteroid treatment are debated. On this final point, it seemed necessary to plan a prospective study to confirm the merits of the treatment and to define its modalities.", "PMID": 537972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7413", "title": "[Current persistance of pleural empyema. Study of 31 observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibiotic treatment of pleuro-pulmonary infectious diseases with ordinary germs brought a notable decrease in the frequency of pleural empyema without preventing them completely. The authors report 31 cases observed over the last 10 years. The initial signs corresponded to the classical picture but were rapidly masked by antibiotic treatment; it resulted in delay in hospital admission of over one month for more than half of the cases, for diagnosis was overlooked for a long time. In 19 patients, the pleural liquid was aseptic probably because of the antibiotics and of the lack of identification of anaerobic germs. The authors insist on the practical modalities of a medical treatment by puncture-lavage which, when associated with general antibiotic treatment, cured patients in 22 cases. On the other hand, the existence of bronchopleural fistula entailed surgery.", "contents": "[Current persistance of pleural empyema. Study of 31 observations (author's transl)]. Antibiotic treatment of pleuro-pulmonary infectious diseases with ordinary germs brought a notable decrease in the frequency of pleural empyema without preventing them completely. The authors report 31 cases observed over the last 10 years. The initial signs corresponded to the classical picture but were rapidly masked by antibiotic treatment; it resulted in delay in hospital admission of over one month for more than half of the cases, for diagnosis was overlooked for a long time. In 19 patients, the pleural liquid was aseptic probably because of the antibiotics and of the lack of identification of anaerobic germs. The authors insist on the practical modalities of a medical treatment by puncture-lavage which, when associated with general antibiotic treatment, cured patients in 22 cases. On the other hand, the existence of bronchopleural fistula entailed surgery.", "PMID": 537973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7414", "title": "[Chronic bilateral pleural effusion, ungual dystrophies and diffuse lymphoedema by systemic hypoplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "To chronic pleuropathies of lymphatic origin were recently added clinical data of a systemic hypoplasia of a malformative origin (Samman-White syndrome). The association of lymphoedema in lower limbs, of yellow nail and other changes brought by lymphatic disorders enabled to attribute some inexhaustible pleural effusion to this syndrome which can develop in the adult, probably through the help of microtrauma or of oligosymptomatic infections. Immunological changes can accompany this affection and promote the subsequent start of malignant hemopathies; after a study done on the two personal observations reported here, the problem is discussed.", "contents": "[Chronic bilateral pleural effusion, ungual dystrophies and diffuse lymphoedema by systemic hypoplasia (author's transl)]. To chronic pleuropathies of lymphatic origin were recently added clinical data of a systemic hypoplasia of a malformative origin (Samman-White syndrome). The association of lymphoedema in lower limbs, of yellow nail and other changes brought by lymphatic disorders enabled to attribute some inexhaustible pleural effusion to this syndrome which can develop in the adult, probably through the help of microtrauma or of oligosymptomatic infections. Immunological changes can accompany this affection and promote the subsequent start of malignant hemopathies; after a study done on the two personal observations reported here, the problem is discussed.", "PMID": 537974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7415", "title": "[New information on the metabolism of isoniazide and rifampicin. Their therapeutical consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "The highly bactericidal rifampicin-isoniazide association enabled the shortening of tuberculosis treatment. The authors present the study done on the tolerance to these drugs either alone or in association. Rifampicin on it own is little toxic, apart from a few cases of immuno-allergic accidents connected to intermittent prescriptions. Isoniazide is mainly responsible for hepatic accidents through the medium of metabolite, the acetyl-hydrazin. Acetylation of isoniazide is then completed by a hydrolysis, all the more important that the patient has a rapid acetyling phenotype. The optimal therapeutical period corresponds, 3 hours after a single intake of isoniazide, to a level of 1 to 2 mcg/ml in serum. Hepatic toxicity only appears for a level superior to 2 mcg/ml, mostly for the slow acetylors. Both drugs given together have unchanged cinetics and with adapted dosing of isoniazide the hepatic accidents seem to disappear.", "contents": "[New information on the metabolism of isoniazide and rifampicin. Their therapeutical consequences (author's transl)]. The highly bactericidal rifampicin-isoniazide association enabled the shortening of tuberculosis treatment. The authors present the study done on the tolerance to these drugs either alone or in association. Rifampicin on it own is little toxic, apart from a few cases of immuno-allergic accidents connected to intermittent prescriptions. Isoniazide is mainly responsible for hepatic accidents through the medium of metabolite, the acetyl-hydrazin. Acetylation of isoniazide is then completed by a hydrolysis, all the more important that the patient has a rapid acetyling phenotype. The optimal therapeutical period corresponds, 3 hours after a single intake of isoniazide, to a level of 1 to 2 mcg/ml in serum. Hepatic toxicity only appears for a level superior to 2 mcg/ml, mostly for the slow acetylors. Both drugs given together have unchanged cinetics and with adapted dosing of isoniazide the hepatic accidents seem to disappear.", "PMID": 537976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7416", "title": "[Vasodilators in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of vasodilators represents a new approach to the treatment of cardiac insufficiency, either chronic or acute. Their field of action is venous, arterial or mixed. Decreasing the pre-load, the \"venous\" vasodilators lighten the congestive symptoms of cardiac insufficiency. By decreasing the post-load, the \"arterial\" vasodilation increases the cardiac output. Some vasodilators, venously administered, imply a continuous hemodynamic checking (Sodium Nitroprussiate, Phentolamine, injectable Trinitrine). Others are active orally (Trinitrine, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Hydralazine, etc.). Vasodilating treatment is recommended for acute cardiac insufficiency, particularly during myocardium infarct and some acute valvular insufficiencies. It is also successfully used in acute lung edema. Finally it takes an increasing importance in the treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Vasodilators in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency (author's transl)]. The use of vasodilators represents a new approach to the treatment of cardiac insufficiency, either chronic or acute. Their field of action is venous, arterial or mixed. Decreasing the pre-load, the \"venous\" vasodilators lighten the congestive symptoms of cardiac insufficiency. By decreasing the post-load, the \"arterial\" vasodilation increases the cardiac output. Some vasodilators, venously administered, imply a continuous hemodynamic checking (Sodium Nitroprussiate, Phentolamine, injectable Trinitrine). Others are active orally (Trinitrine, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Hydralazine, etc.). Vasodilating treatment is recommended for acute cardiac insufficiency, particularly during myocardium infarct and some acute valvular insufficiencies. It is also successfully used in acute lung edema. Finally it takes an increasing importance in the treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 537977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7417", "title": "[A case of serohemorrhagic pericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 54 year old man with a tamponade and a serohemorrhagie pericarditis. From the cytology of the pericardiac liquid, a neoplastic origin is suspected and confirmed by the secondary appearance of pulmonary primitive localization responsible for death. The low frequency of such a mean of revelation is underlined together with the difficulties of an etiological diagnosis.", "contents": "[A case of serohemorrhagic pericarditis (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 54 year old man with a tamponade and a serohemorrhagie pericarditis. From the cytology of the pericardiac liquid, a neoplastic origin is suspected and confirmed by the secondary appearance of pulmonary primitive localization responsible for death. The low frequency of such a mean of revelation is underlined together with the difficulties of an etiological diagnosis.", "PMID": 537978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7418", "title": "Depressed 59 Fe absorption due to dietary aflatoxin.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between 59 Fe absorption and the anemia associated with aflatoxicosis in commercial broilers. A level of 0 or 5 micrograms of aflatoxin per gram of diet was fed for a 21 day period beginning at 1, 7, 14, or 21 days of age in each of two trials. Packed cell volume (PCV) and percent retention of an oral dose of 59 Fe were determined. The feeding of aflatoxin resulted in an anemia when fed from 0 to 3 or 1 to 4 weeks of age. At the conclusion of these treatment periods, percent 59 Fe retention was significantly reduced from the controls. Aflatoxin when fed from 2 to 5 weeks of age resulted in a slight but significant depression in PCV (P less than .05) with a slight but nonsignificant depression in percent 59 Fe retention. At the conclusion of the 3 to 6 week treatment period both percent iron retention and PCV were greater than controls but not significantly so. The iron retentions of birds separated into high and low PCV groups within each treatment combination were compared. Although the iron retentions of the low PCV groups were lower than those of the high PCV groups, none of the differences were statistically significant. However, Pearson correlations of PCV with percent 59 Fe retention were - .28 (P less than or equal to .02, n = 69) for control birds and - .19 (P less than or equal to .14, n = 58) for birds fed aflatoxin, suggesting a relationship between PCV and iron absorption.", "contents": "Depressed 59 Fe absorption due to dietary aflatoxin. This study investigated the relationship between 59 Fe absorption and the anemia associated with aflatoxicosis in commercial broilers. A level of 0 or 5 micrograms of aflatoxin per gram of diet was fed for a 21 day period beginning at 1, 7, 14, or 21 days of age in each of two trials. Packed cell volume (PCV) and percent retention of an oral dose of 59 Fe were determined. The feeding of aflatoxin resulted in an anemia when fed from 0 to 3 or 1 to 4 weeks of age. At the conclusion of these treatment periods, percent 59 Fe retention was significantly reduced from the controls. Aflatoxin when fed from 2 to 5 weeks of age resulted in a slight but significant depression in PCV (P less than .05) with a slight but nonsignificant depression in percent 59 Fe retention. At the conclusion of the 3 to 6 week treatment period both percent iron retention and PCV were greater than controls but not significantly so. The iron retentions of birds separated into high and low PCV groups within each treatment combination were compared. Although the iron retentions of the low PCV groups were lower than those of the high PCV groups, none of the differences were statistically significant. However, Pearson correlations of PCV with percent 59 Fe retention were - .28 (P less than or equal to .02, n = 69) for control birds and - .19 (P less than or equal to .14, n = 58) for birds fed aflatoxin, suggesting a relationship between PCV and iron absorption.", "PMID": 537979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7419", "title": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). I. Against recent field isolates of six species of chicken coccidia.", "content": "The efficacy of Stenorol (halofunginone) was tested against six species of chicken Eimeria in a series of four battery experiments utilizing 3- to 4 1/2-week-old Cobb color-sexed broiler chickens. There were five replicates of eight chickens per replicate for each treatment of an experiment or a total of 1080 birds used in the study. The isolates were predominantly E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acevulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, or E. mivati and had previously been proven partially to totally resistant to several commercially available anticoccidial drugs. Halofunginone, at 3 ppm in the ration, was highly effective (P less than .01) against all six isolates as measured by weight gain at D+6 or +7and D+12 or +14 postinoculation; feed efficiency at D-2 to D+12 or +14; morbidity; mortality; dropping score; lesion score (D+6 or +7); and oocyst production during 4 or 5 days postinoculation (D = day of inoculation). The drug was not as effective against E. acervulina as against the other species, and increasing halofuginone to 4 ppm failed to improve activity of the drug signif;cantly against this isolate. However, 3 ppm of drug was effective against two other isolates of E. acervulina (from Alabama and Mississippi); 4 ppm was quite effective (P less than .01) in reducing dropping and lesion scores, but not significantly better than 3 ppm as measureed by other parameters. No relapse occurred after drug withdrawal and halofuginone was found to be cidal rather than static.", "contents": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). I. Against recent field isolates of six species of chicken coccidia. The efficacy of Stenorol (halofunginone) was tested against six species of chicken Eimeria in a series of four battery experiments utilizing 3- to 4 1/2-week-old Cobb color-sexed broiler chickens. There were five replicates of eight chickens per replicate for each treatment of an experiment or a total of 1080 birds used in the study. The isolates were predominantly E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acevulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, or E. mivati and had previously been proven partially to totally resistant to several commercially available anticoccidial drugs. Halofunginone, at 3 ppm in the ration, was highly effective (P less than .01) against all six isolates as measured by weight gain at D+6 or +7and D+12 or +14 postinoculation; feed efficiency at D-2 to D+12 or +14; morbidity; mortality; dropping score; lesion score (D+6 or +7); and oocyst production during 4 or 5 days postinoculation (D = day of inoculation). The drug was not as effective against E. acervulina as against the other species, and increasing halofuginone to 4 ppm failed to improve activity of the drug signif;cantly against this isolate. However, 3 ppm of drug was effective against two other isolates of E. acervulina (from Alabama and Mississippi); 4 ppm was quite effective (P less than .01) in reducing dropping and lesion scores, but not significantly better than 3 ppm as measureed by other parameters. No relapse occurred after drug withdrawal and halofuginone was found to be cidal rather than static.", "PMID": 537980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7420", "title": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). II. Plus roxarsone or bacitracin MD against selected strains of chicken Eimeria.", "content": "A total of 879 broiler strain chickens ranging from 2 1/2- to 7 1/2 weeks of age was utilized in four battery experiments to determine whether Roxarsone and/or bacitracin MD added to halofuginone were compatible and beneficial in reducing the effects of coccidial infections. The additives were generally beneficial as measured by weight gain and feed efficiency but not as measured by other parameters such as dropping score, lesion score, or oocyst production. The addition of 200 g of bacitracin/ton of feed did not give an additional response above that from 50 g/ton. Roxarsone in the ration was more effective in younger chickens (2 1/2 week old) than older ones (6 weeks, 2 days and 7 weeks, 3 days).", "contents": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). II. Plus roxarsone or bacitracin MD against selected strains of chicken Eimeria. A total of 879 broiler strain chickens ranging from 2 1/2- to 7 1/2 weeks of age was utilized in four battery experiments to determine whether Roxarsone and/or bacitracin MD added to halofuginone were compatible and beneficial in reducing the effects of coccidial infections. The additives were generally beneficial as measured by weight gain and feed efficiency but not as measured by other parameters such as dropping score, lesion score, or oocyst production. The addition of 200 g of bacitracin/ton of feed did not give an additional response above that from 50 g/ton. Roxarsone in the ration was more effective in younger chickens (2 1/2 week old) than older ones (6 weeks, 2 days and 7 weeks, 3 days).", "PMID": 537981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7421", "title": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). III. for the control of coccidiosis in turkeys.", "content": "Halofuginone at 3 ppm in the ration was tested against turkey coccidial infections caused by four species, in a series of eight battery trials of 16 days duration. The drug was evaluated against infections caused by Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa. As measured by livability, weight gain, feed efficiency, morbidity, dropping score, lesion score, and oocyst production the drug was highly effective in Beltsville Small White turkeys. The drug at 3 ppm appeared to be about equally effective against all four species and almost completely prevented infection or the effects of infection in some experiments, except when the challenge was too severe.", "contents": "Efficacy of Stenorol (halofuginone). III. for the control of coccidiosis in turkeys. Halofuginone at 3 ppm in the ration was tested against turkey coccidial infections caused by four species, in a series of eight battery trials of 16 days duration. The drug was evaluated against infections caused by Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa. As measured by livability, weight gain, feed efficiency, morbidity, dropping score, lesion score, and oocyst production the drug was highly effective in Beltsville Small White turkeys. The drug at 3 ppm appeared to be about equally effective against all four species and almost completely prevented infection or the effects of infection in some experiments, except when the challenge was too severe.", "PMID": 537982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7422", "title": "An application of response surface methodology to research in poultry nutrition.", "content": "Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an experimental procedure for exploring and examining the nature of responses obtained from the simultaneous variation of quantitative factors. The method has been used only to a limited extent in poultry research. Statistical procedures were discussed for fitting a response surface to experimental data. An outline was made of the mathematical process for finding the stationary point, yield at the stationary point and nature of the response surface. A poultry example was given which involved the investigation of the protein and energy requirements of Japanese quail. The advantage of RSM was shown when it was determined by RSM procedures that the optimum response for body weight was out of the exploratory region covered in the first trial. A second trial was then conducted based on the levels of protein and energy predicted to give an optimum body weight. Optimum responses were shown for both body weight and feed conversion. Examination of the responses by three dimensional figures and computer plotting of contours was shown. The RSM procedure appears to offer an efficient method for examining the requirements and relationships of nutrients for poultry.", "contents": "An application of response surface methodology to research in poultry nutrition. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an experimental procedure for exploring and examining the nature of responses obtained from the simultaneous variation of quantitative factors. The method has been used only to a limited extent in poultry research. Statistical procedures were discussed for fitting a response surface to experimental data. An outline was made of the mathematical process for finding the stationary point, yield at the stationary point and nature of the response surface. A poultry example was given which involved the investigation of the protein and energy requirements of Japanese quail. The advantage of RSM was shown when it was determined by RSM procedures that the optimum response for body weight was out of the exploratory region covered in the first trial. A second trial was then conducted based on the levels of protein and energy predicted to give an optimum body weight. Optimum responses were shown for both body weight and feed conversion. Examination of the responses by three dimensional figures and computer plotting of contours was shown. The RSM procedure appears to offer an efficient method for examining the requirements and relationships of nutrients for poultry.", "PMID": 537983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7423", "title": "The phosphorus excretion pattern and balance during one egg cycle of the laying hen fed a phosphorus deficient diet with or without a single dose of phosphoric acid.", "content": "A balance trial was conducted to study the phosphorus excretion pattern of laying hens in relation to egg cycle. Excreta were collected quantitatively at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr after oviposition. The amount of feed consumed corresponding to the excreta collected at a specific time interval was calculated using chromic oxide as a marker. The percent recovery of chromic oxide with laying hens was 73.97 +/- .56%. The maximum apparent digestibility of the dietary phosphorus, all of plant origin, was estimated to be 28.9 +/- 3.1% during 0 to 4 hr after oviposition when the endogenous excretion of phosphorus was theoretically minimized. Laying hens fed a diet containing .30% phosphorus excreted 24.3 mg less phosphorus than intake during the day, indicating that hens had to withdraw approximately 100 mg of phosphorus from their body to produce an egg. These hens excreted 63.1 +/- 27.0 mg of endogenous phosphorus during the 24 hr period, most of which was excreted during the period between 12 to 24 hr after oviposition of the previous egg. The excretion pattern of phosphorus was closely related to the egg laying cycle of the hen. Hens dosed with 100 mg of phosphorus, as a phosphoric acid solution, excreted more phosphorus than the undosed control birds. Approximately 45 mg of 100 mg of the phosphorus dose were excreted during the 24 hr period. At least 84.8 mg of the dosed phosphorus were absorbed within 12 hr and a part of it was excreted during the later period. Data indicated that the true absorption rate of the dosed phosphorus might have been much faster.", "contents": "The phosphorus excretion pattern and balance during one egg cycle of the laying hen fed a phosphorus deficient diet with or without a single dose of phosphoric acid. A balance trial was conducted to study the phosphorus excretion pattern of laying hens in relation to egg cycle. Excreta were collected quantitatively at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr after oviposition. The amount of feed consumed corresponding to the excreta collected at a specific time interval was calculated using chromic oxide as a marker. The percent recovery of chromic oxide with laying hens was 73.97 +/- .56%. The maximum apparent digestibility of the dietary phosphorus, all of plant origin, was estimated to be 28.9 +/- 3.1% during 0 to 4 hr after oviposition when the endogenous excretion of phosphorus was theoretically minimized. Laying hens fed a diet containing .30% phosphorus excreted 24.3 mg less phosphorus than intake during the day, indicating that hens had to withdraw approximately 100 mg of phosphorus from their body to produce an egg. These hens excreted 63.1 +/- 27.0 mg of endogenous phosphorus during the 24 hr period, most of which was excreted during the period between 12 to 24 hr after oviposition of the previous egg. The excretion pattern of phosphorus was closely related to the egg laying cycle of the hen. Hens dosed with 100 mg of phosphorus, as a phosphoric acid solution, excreted more phosphorus than the undosed control birds. Approximately 45 mg of 100 mg of the phosphorus dose were excreted during the 24 hr period. At least 84.8 mg of the dosed phosphorus were absorbed within 12 hr and a part of it was excreted during the later period. Data indicated that the true absorption rate of the dosed phosphorus might have been much faster.", "PMID": 537984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7424", "title": "Reduction of hepatic lipid deposition in laying hens by dietary selenium-yeast interaction.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to study the effect of chromiun and selenium on liver lipid deposition and incidence of liver hemorrhage in caged layers. Commercial strains of layers were fed ad libitum equicaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Corn-torula dried yeast diets containing added selenium (.1 microgram/g) with or without supplementary chromium (10 microgram/g) significantly reduced total liver lipid and liver hemorrhage. The effects of protein source (soybean meal vs. yeast) and selenium were separated in a factorial experiment which showed that the hepatic lipid response to selenium results from an interaction of selenium with an unidentified factor in torula yeast. The addition of selenium to diets with each protein source significantly elevated glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity. Inclusion of 5% brewers yeast in the corn-soy diet or vitamin E (50 IU/kg) to the corn-torula dried yeast reduced liver lipid similar to that seen in birds fed the torula-yeast diet containing .1 microgram Se/g. Comparison of oral glucose tolerance of birds fed corn-soy and corn-soy brewers yeast diets showed no significant difference. None of the dietary treatments significantly altered body weight, egg production, egg weight, or feed consumption. The results indicate that the metabolic role of selenium in relation to its role in hepatic lipid metabolism is mediated through an interaction with a dietary factor(s) present in yeast.", "contents": "Reduction of hepatic lipid deposition in laying hens by dietary selenium-yeast interaction. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of chromiun and selenium on liver lipid deposition and incidence of liver hemorrhage in caged layers. Commercial strains of layers were fed ad libitum equicaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Corn-torula dried yeast diets containing added selenium (.1 microgram/g) with or without supplementary chromium (10 microgram/g) significantly reduced total liver lipid and liver hemorrhage. The effects of protein source (soybean meal vs. yeast) and selenium were separated in a factorial experiment which showed that the hepatic lipid response to selenium results from an interaction of selenium with an unidentified factor in torula yeast. The addition of selenium to diets with each protein source significantly elevated glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity. Inclusion of 5% brewers yeast in the corn-soy diet or vitamin E (50 IU/kg) to the corn-torula dried yeast reduced liver lipid similar to that seen in birds fed the torula-yeast diet containing .1 microgram Se/g. Comparison of oral glucose tolerance of birds fed corn-soy and corn-soy brewers yeast diets showed no significant difference. None of the dietary treatments significantly altered body weight, egg production, egg weight, or feed consumption. The results indicate that the metabolic role of selenium in relation to its role in hepatic lipid metabolism is mediated through an interaction with a dietary factor(s) present in yeast.", "PMID": 537985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7425", "title": "The effect of rapeseed meal and methimazole on levels of plasma hormones in growing broiler cockerels.", "content": "The effects of feeding a heat treated rapeseed meal, which has goitrogenic properties, on the concentrations of plasma pituitary and thyroid gland hormones was investigated in broiler cockerels of between 3 and 10 weeks of age. For purposes of comparison, two other groups were included in the study; one was fed the goitrogen, methimazole, and the other a normal control diet. The hormones measured were thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and luteinizing hormone (LH). In birds fed methimazole the thyroid glands were greatly enlarged, the concentrations of plasma T4 and T3 were depressed and the concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin, and LH were elevated. The high level of plasma LH in the birds fed methimazole was not due to the absence of sufficient concentrations of plasma testosterone to exert a negative feedback effect. Although the inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet caused the thyroid glands to enlarge, the concentrations of all the hormones studied, with the exception of T3, were similar to those in the control birds. However, there was a tendency, which was more pronounced in birds of between 3 and 5 weeks of age, for rapeseed meal to depress the concentrations of plasma T4, GH, and LH and to increase the concentration of plasma prolactin. The most significant observation was that between 3 and 5 weeks of age the inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet significantly (P less than .001) depressed the concentration of plasma T3.", "contents": "The effect of rapeseed meal and methimazole on levels of plasma hormones in growing broiler cockerels. The effects of feeding a heat treated rapeseed meal, which has goitrogenic properties, on the concentrations of plasma pituitary and thyroid gland hormones was investigated in broiler cockerels of between 3 and 10 weeks of age. For purposes of comparison, two other groups were included in the study; one was fed the goitrogen, methimazole, and the other a normal control diet. The hormones measured were thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and luteinizing hormone (LH). In birds fed methimazole the thyroid glands were greatly enlarged, the concentrations of plasma T4 and T3 were depressed and the concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin, and LH were elevated. The high level of plasma LH in the birds fed methimazole was not due to the absence of sufficient concentrations of plasma testosterone to exert a negative feedback effect. Although the inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet caused the thyroid glands to enlarge, the concentrations of all the hormones studied, with the exception of T3, were similar to those in the control birds. However, there was a tendency, which was more pronounced in birds of between 3 and 5 weeks of age, for rapeseed meal to depress the concentrations of plasma T4, GH, and LH and to increase the concentration of plasma prolactin. The most significant observation was that between 3 and 5 weeks of age the inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet significantly (P less than .001) depressed the concentration of plasma T3.", "PMID": 537986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7426", "title": "Cardiopulmonary responses to inhaled sulfur dioxide in the chicken.", "content": "Selected cardiopulmonary variables were measured in anesthetized, male, White Leghorn type chickens before, during, and after 60 min exposure to various inhaled SO2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 ppm. In one series of experiments, birds breathed through their nostrils and mouth; in a second series they breathed through a tracheal cannula. Exposure to 5000 ppm SO2 rapidly caused death in all birds with cannulated tracheae and in 4 of 5 birds with an intact respiratory system; one bird in each series of experiments died when exposed to 1000 ppm. Inhaling 100 ppm SO2 did not alter heart rate, blood pressure, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, or arterial blood gases and pH. Airway resistance was decreased by inhaling 500 ppm SO2 and was initially decreased but later greatly increased by inhaling 1000 ppm. Respiratory frequency and minute volume were decreased and PaCO2 was increased by inhaling 1000 ppm. The cardiopulmonary responses to inhaling 5000 ppm were generally augmentations of those responses which occurred when 1000 ppm was inhaled. The SO2 could not be detected in caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac gas at any concentration inhaled but vascular congestion and areas of brown discoloration appeared in the lungs of all birds that inhaled 5000 ppm and some that inhaled 1000 ppm. Mucous secretion in the trachea increased in some birds that inhaled 500 ppm SO2 and in most that inhaled higher concentrations. Chickens appear to have more tolerance for inhaled SO2 than most mammals but the pollutant gas at high concentrations detrimetally affects the cardiopulmonary system.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary responses to inhaled sulfur dioxide in the chicken. Selected cardiopulmonary variables were measured in anesthetized, male, White Leghorn type chickens before, during, and after 60 min exposure to various inhaled SO2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 ppm. In one series of experiments, birds breathed through their nostrils and mouth; in a second series they breathed through a tracheal cannula. Exposure to 5000 ppm SO2 rapidly caused death in all birds with cannulated tracheae and in 4 of 5 birds with an intact respiratory system; one bird in each series of experiments died when exposed to 1000 ppm. Inhaling 100 ppm SO2 did not alter heart rate, blood pressure, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, or arterial blood gases and pH. Airway resistance was decreased by inhaling 500 ppm SO2 and was initially decreased but later greatly increased by inhaling 1000 ppm. Respiratory frequency and minute volume were decreased and PaCO2 was increased by inhaling 1000 ppm. The cardiopulmonary responses to inhaling 5000 ppm were generally augmentations of those responses which occurred when 1000 ppm was inhaled. The SO2 could not be detected in caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac gas at any concentration inhaled but vascular congestion and areas of brown discoloration appeared in the lungs of all birds that inhaled 5000 ppm and some that inhaled 1000 ppm. Mucous secretion in the trachea increased in some birds that inhaled 500 ppm SO2 and in most that inhaled higher concentrations. Chickens appear to have more tolerance for inhaled SO2 than most mammals but the pollutant gas at high concentrations detrimetally affects the cardiopulmonary system.", "PMID": 537987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7427", "title": "Serum and body characteristics of laying hens with fatty liver syndrome.", "content": "Commercial laying hens with Fatty Liver Syndrome had greatly elevated levels of serum calcium and cholesterol. Most of the hens with the elevated serum calcium and cholesterol were out of production, but some were still in production. Hens with elevated calcium and cholesterol levels had extremely large combs and excessive deposits of fat in the abdomen.", "contents": "Serum and body characteristics of laying hens with fatty liver syndrome. Commercial laying hens with Fatty Liver Syndrome had greatly elevated levels of serum calcium and cholesterol. Most of the hens with the elevated serum calcium and cholesterol were out of production, but some were still in production. Hens with elevated calcium and cholesterol levels had extremely large combs and excessive deposits of fat in the abdomen.", "PMID": 537988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7428", "title": "Effect of L-dopa on the ovary of aged hens.", "content": "Daily subcutaneous injection of L-dopa for 4 weeks into 2-year-old low egg production hens resulted in a lightening of feather color to snow white and increased oviduct and ovary weights and the development of well developed follicles. However, the rate of egg production during administration did not increase.", "contents": "Effect of L-dopa on the ovary of aged hens. Daily subcutaneous injection of L-dopa for 4 weeks into 2-year-old low egg production hens resulted in a lightening of feather color to snow white and increased oviduct and ovary weights and the development of well developed follicles. However, the rate of egg production during administration did not increase.", "PMID": 537989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7429", "title": "[Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids by the wild-type and mutant strains of Candida lipolytica in media containing different carbon sources].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to examine the capacity of two strains of Candida lipolytica, producing citric and isocitric acids in the alkane and glucose containing media, to grow on different two- and three-carbon compounds. The strains did not grow on oxalate, glyoxalate, glycolate, malonate or propionate. When cultivated in the media containing acetate, ethanol, glycerol, glucose or hexadecane, supersynthesis of the acids started after complete consumption of the nitrogen source and resultant delay of the culture growth. Either strain discharged the two acids in a proportion that depended on the strain nature and the type of the carbon source. The mutant strain produced only citrate while the wild-type synthesized both citrate and isocitrate, the ratio of which was related to the nature of the carbon source utilized.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids by the wild-type and mutant strains of Candida lipolytica in media containing different carbon sources]. Experiments were carried out to examine the capacity of two strains of Candida lipolytica, producing citric and isocitric acids in the alkane and glucose containing media, to grow on different two- and three-carbon compounds. The strains did not grow on oxalate, glyoxalate, glycolate, malonate or propionate. When cultivated in the media containing acetate, ethanol, glycerol, glucose or hexadecane, supersynthesis of the acids started after complete consumption of the nitrogen source and resultant delay of the culture growth. Either strain discharged the two acids in a proportion that depended on the strain nature and the type of the carbon source. The mutant strain produced only citrate while the wild-type synthesized both citrate and isocitrate, the ratio of which was related to the nature of the carbon source utilized.", "PMID": 538009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7430", "title": "[Identification of the limiting component of the medium during microbial continuous cultivation].", "content": "The paper presents a method allowing a rapid identification of the growth limiting component of the medium. This is done with respect to the fast change in the low inertial parameter of fermentation (rate of titration or oxygen consumption) in response to an insignificant variation of the concentration of the growth limiting nutrient component in the fermentation medium.", "contents": "[Identification of the limiting component of the medium during microbial continuous cultivation]. The paper presents a method allowing a rapid identification of the growth limiting component of the medium. This is done with respect to the fast change in the low inertial parameter of fermentation (rate of titration or oxygen consumption) in response to an insignificant variation of the concentration of the growth limiting nutrient component in the fermentation medium.", "PMID": 538010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7431", "title": "[Synthesis of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by bacteria Citrobacter freundii].", "content": "Among facultative-anaerobic bacteria utilizing formic acid, a large number of strains having tyrosine phenol lyase were found. The enzyme can catalyze synthesis of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl alanine (DOPA) from pyruvate, ammonium and, accordingly, phenol and pyrocatechol. These strains were identified as Citrobacter freundii. Cell suspensions of the most active strains synthesized up to 75 g/l tyrosine for 12 hr, up to 86 g/l tyrosine for 24 hr, and up to 29 g/l DOPA for 42 hr. A medium containing yeast autolysate grown on hydrocarbons can be recommended to produce cells having a high tyrosine phenol lyase activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by bacteria Citrobacter freundii]. Among facultative-anaerobic bacteria utilizing formic acid, a large number of strains having tyrosine phenol lyase were found. The enzyme can catalyze synthesis of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl alanine (DOPA) from pyruvate, ammonium and, accordingly, phenol and pyrocatechol. These strains were identified as Citrobacter freundii. Cell suspensions of the most active strains synthesized up to 75 g/l tyrosine for 12 hr, up to 86 g/l tyrosine for 24 hr, and up to 29 g/l DOPA for 42 hr. A medium containing yeast autolysate grown on hydrocarbons can be recommended to produce cells having a high tyrosine phenol lyase activity.", "PMID": 538011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7432", "title": "[Effect of cultivation temperature on thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus, UzLT-1].", "content": "The yield, activity and thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes obtained from the culture fluid filtrates of Rhizopus microsporus, UzLT-1, cultivated at 28, 38 and 48 degrees C (preparations I, II and III, respectively) were investigated. Maximal lipolytic activity was found in Prepartion II, and maximal yield and thermal stability in Preparation III. By disc electrophoresis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the presence of three lipolytically active enzymes in the preparations was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Effect of cultivation temperature on thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus, UzLT-1]. The yield, activity and thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes obtained from the culture fluid filtrates of Rhizopus microsporus, UzLT-1, cultivated at 28, 38 and 48 degrees C (preparations I, II and III, respectively) were investigated. Maximal lipolytic activity was found in Prepartion II, and maximal yield and thermal stability in Preparation III. By disc electrophoresis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the presence of three lipolytically active enzymes in the preparations was demonstrated.", "PMID": 538012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7433", "title": "[Relationship between the content of grisine components with a different chain length].", "content": "The study has demonstrated a certain relationship between the content of grisine components with a different length of the polypeptide chain. The relationship allows an assay of the content with respect to the ratio of areas of chromatographic peaks of the short-chained components F and D. This procedure shortens the time spent on an identification of grisine components almost two-fold. It is concluded that the proportion depends on the kinetics of the linear process of the sequential elongation of the component chain.", "contents": "[Relationship between the content of grisine components with a different chain length]. The study has demonstrated a certain relationship between the content of grisine components with a different length of the polypeptide chain. The relationship allows an assay of the content with respect to the ratio of areas of chromatographic peaks of the short-chained components F and D. This procedure shortens the time spent on an identification of grisine components almost two-fold. It is concluded that the proportion depends on the kinetics of the linear process of the sequential elongation of the component chain.", "PMID": 538013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7434", "title": "[Determination of cytochromes in chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardii mutants].", "content": "A method for qualitative determination of cytochromes of the wild-type and mutant strains of Chalmydomonas reinhardii was developed. The effect of different techniques of cell disruption (ultrasound, Triton X-100, acetone, etc) on detection of cytochrome maxima in the oxidized minus reduced difference spectra was studied on a comparative basis. The development of the stable difference spectrum of the disrupted cell suspension was shown to be a function of incubation time in the presence of an oxidizing or a reducing agent. Cytochromes of the wild-type and 10 nonphotosynthesizing mutants were determined. Four mutants with lesions in cytochromes B559 and C553 were detected. Mutants with lesions in the reaction center of photosystem 2 were found to have a substantially reduced content of cytochrome B559, whereas those with normal photosystems--of cytochrome C553.", "contents": "[Determination of cytochromes in chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardii mutants]. A method for qualitative determination of cytochromes of the wild-type and mutant strains of Chalmydomonas reinhardii was developed. The effect of different techniques of cell disruption (ultrasound, Triton X-100, acetone, etc) on detection of cytochrome maxima in the oxidized minus reduced difference spectra was studied on a comparative basis. The development of the stable difference spectrum of the disrupted cell suspension was shown to be a function of incubation time in the presence of an oxidizing or a reducing agent. Cytochromes of the wild-type and 10 nonphotosynthesizing mutants were determined. Four mutants with lesions in cytochromes B559 and C553 were detected. Mutants with lesions in the reaction center of photosystem 2 were found to have a substantially reduced content of cytochrome B559, whereas those with normal photosystems--of cytochrome C553.", "PMID": 538016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7435", "title": "[Stabilization of dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium solani during heating and freeze-drying].", "content": "Freeze-drying of highly purified dextranse from Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium solani was accompanied by 90% losses of enzyme activity and solubility. Many carbohydrates were tested as stabilizers, e.g. glucose, maltose, lactose, polyglucine, dextranase hydrolyzate of polyglucine as well as mannitol and ammonium sulfate. Polyglucine, its hydrolyzate, and glucose proved most effective stabilizers. The stabilizing effect of polyglucine hydrolyzate of dextranase during its heating and freeze-drying was compared. The effective concentration of the stabilizer during freeze-drying was 10 times lower than during heating.", "contents": "[Stabilization of dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium solani during heating and freeze-drying]. Freeze-drying of highly purified dextranse from Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium solani was accompanied by 90% losses of enzyme activity and solubility. Many carbohydrates were tested as stabilizers, e.g. glucose, maltose, lactose, polyglucine, dextranase hydrolyzate of polyglucine as well as mannitol and ammonium sulfate. Polyglucine, its hydrolyzate, and glucose proved most effective stabilizers. The stabilizing effect of polyglucine hydrolyzate of dextranase during its heating and freeze-drying was compared. The effective concentration of the stabilizer during freeze-drying was 10 times lower than during heating.", "PMID": 538015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7436", "title": "[Detection of the complex of chromatin DNase-tRNA by gel filtration].", "content": "By gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, the formation of the complex of chromatin DNase-tRNA has been detected. The complex is reactivated after RNase treatment. The molecular weight of the enzyme-inhibitory complex is estimated to be 85,000.", "contents": "[Detection of the complex of chromatin DNase-tRNA by gel filtration]. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, the formation of the complex of chromatin DNase-tRNA has been detected. The complex is reactivated after RNase treatment. The molecular weight of the enzyme-inhibitory complex is estimated to be 85,000.", "PMID": 538014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7437", "title": "[Examination of sterols from milk fat].", "content": "By gas-liquid chromatography, it was demonstrated that the content of beta-sitosterol made 0.3--0.4% of its cholesterol complex in summer milk fat. Emergence and accumulation of beta-sitosterol in milk were not associated with the content of oil-cake and meal but depended on the content of green mass in the cow's diet.", "contents": "[Examination of sterols from milk fat]. By gas-liquid chromatography, it was demonstrated that the content of beta-sitosterol made 0.3--0.4% of its cholesterol complex in summer milk fat. Emergence and accumulation of beta-sitosterol in milk were not associated with the content of oil-cake and meal but depended on the content of green mass in the cow's diet.", "PMID": 538017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7438", "title": "[Changes in respiratory metabolism of rice seeds of varying viability].", "content": "Respiratory metabolism in germs of rice seeds of varying germinative power was measured manometrically with the aid of inhibitors. Swelling of caryopses of high germinative power was accompanied by activation of the system glycolysis--Krebs cycle--respiratory chain and increase in the level of oxidation--phosphorylation coupling. Seed aging was associated with an enhancement of the phosphate respiratory pathway and a decrease in the rate of glycolysis during swelling and germination. Sensitivity to inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain was increased and oxidation--phosphorylation coupling decreased. In non-viable germs oxidation and phosphorylation were completely uncoupled.", "contents": "[Changes in respiratory metabolism of rice seeds of varying viability]. Respiratory metabolism in germs of rice seeds of varying germinative power was measured manometrically with the aid of inhibitors. Swelling of caryopses of high germinative power was accompanied by activation of the system glycolysis--Krebs cycle--respiratory chain and increase in the level of oxidation--phosphorylation coupling. Seed aging was associated with an enhancement of the phosphate respiratory pathway and a decrease in the rate of glycolysis during swelling and germination. Sensitivity to inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain was increased and oxidation--phosphorylation coupling decreased. In non-viable germs oxidation and phosphorylation were completely uncoupled.", "PMID": 538018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7439", "title": "Transport of diphtheria toxin A fragment across the plasma membrane.", "content": "The 60,000-dalton diphtheria toxin molecule is synthesized and released from the bacteria as a single polypeptide chain which may be subdivided into three functional regions of approximately equal length. There is an enzymically active 21,150-dalton A fragment extending from the N-terminal glycine residue to the first of the two disulfide bridges. This hydrophilic, negatively charged polypeptide must cross the plasma membrane of the target cell and reach the cytoplasm in order to inactivate EF-2 by ADP-ribosylation and thereby block protein synthesis. There is a C-terminal postiviely charged polypeptide sequence of 10,000--20,000 daltons which interacts with specific receptors present on the membranes of sensitive cells and which includes the second cystine disulfide. Between these two hydrophilic regions there is an hydrophobic zone which, when \"unmasked,\" is capable of binding about 44 molecules of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and readily becomes inserted into membrane vesicles. It is suggested that the entry process involves an initial reversible interaction with membrane receptors, followed by an irreversible process in which the C-terminal region is released by a proteolytic cleavage, thus permitting the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to enter the lipid bilayer and form a channel through which the A fragment is drawn in an extended form to reach the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Transport of diphtheria toxin A fragment across the plasma membrane. The 60,000-dalton diphtheria toxin molecule is synthesized and released from the bacteria as a single polypeptide chain which may be subdivided into three functional regions of approximately equal length. There is an enzymically active 21,150-dalton A fragment extending from the N-terminal glycine residue to the first of the two disulfide bridges. This hydrophilic, negatively charged polypeptide must cross the plasma membrane of the target cell and reach the cytoplasm in order to inactivate EF-2 by ADP-ribosylation and thereby block protein synthesis. There is a C-terminal postiviely charged polypeptide sequence of 10,000--20,000 daltons which interacts with specific receptors present on the membranes of sensitive cells and which includes the second cystine disulfide. Between these two hydrophilic regions there is an hydrophobic zone which, when \"unmasked,\" is capable of binding about 44 molecules of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and readily becomes inserted into membrane vesicles. It is suggested that the entry process involves an initial reversible interaction with membrane receptors, followed by an irreversible process in which the C-terminal region is released by a proteolytic cleavage, thus permitting the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to enter the lipid bilayer and form a channel through which the A fragment is drawn in an extended form to reach the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 538021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7440", "title": "An evaluation of bacterial resistance to chemo-antibiotics in a homogeneous area comprising East Veneto and South Friuli.", "content": "The experiment, now in progress, consists in the gathering and processing of data obtained from the Antibiotic Sensitivity Test done in all the hospital laboratories in the aforesaid area and within which there may well be some interchange of patients. The Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests are arrived at from the identification of all the microorganisms found in the various biological specimens by rigorously standardized methodology. The data, reported on identical modules by all the laboratories and computerized by the CED of Treviso Hospital for half-yearly evaluation, will furnish information on the evolution of bacterial resistance and the related activity of the chemo-antibiotics for each individual hospital, for hospital groups, and for all the hospitals taken together. Details of the program of this operation, of the difficulties encountered, and of the current state of the survey are discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of bacterial resistance to chemo-antibiotics in a homogeneous area comprising East Veneto and South Friuli. The experiment, now in progress, consists in the gathering and processing of data obtained from the Antibiotic Sensitivity Test done in all the hospital laboratories in the aforesaid area and within which there may well be some interchange of patients. The Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests are arrived at from the identification of all the microorganisms found in the various biological specimens by rigorously standardized methodology. The data, reported on identical modules by all the laboratories and computerized by the CED of Treviso Hospital for half-yearly evaluation, will furnish information on the evolution of bacterial resistance and the related activity of the chemo-antibiotics for each individual hospital, for hospital groups, and for all the hospitals taken together. Details of the program of this operation, of the difficulties encountered, and of the current state of the survey are discussed.", "PMID": 538026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7441", "title": "CSF shunt infection management in adult age.", "content": "This retrospective study of nine patients in whom infection developed following operation for placement of an extrathecal drainage shunt, although it is not a complete biometric evaluation, shows an incidence of infection (10.5%) that corresponds with averages reported from other centers [7, 15--17]. Furthermore, it points out the limitations of antibiotic treatment when three significant aspects of therapy are not considered fully: 1) sensitivity of the identified organism, 2) CSF level of drug that can be achieved, and 3) pharmacokinetic action of drug in CSF.", "contents": "CSF shunt infection management in adult age. This retrospective study of nine patients in whom infection developed following operation for placement of an extrathecal drainage shunt, although it is not a complete biometric evaluation, shows an incidence of infection (10.5%) that corresponds with averages reported from other centers [7, 15--17]. Furthermore, it points out the limitations of antibiotic treatment when three significant aspects of therapy are not considered fully: 1) sensitivity of the identified organism, 2) CSF level of drug that can be achieved, and 3) pharmacokinetic action of drug in CSF.", "PMID": 538035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7442", "title": "Enquiry on the antibiotic usage at Ancona Regional Hospital.", "content": "A survey of the use of antimicrobial agents in the Regional Hospital of Ancona was carried by the Infectious Disease Department in collaboration with the Hygiene Institute, Ancona, in all patients admitted in the hospital in a 15-day period, March 1--15, 1978. This study has shown an overuse of antibiotics in this series of patients. Despite the limitations of the survey it can be a useful aid to know the situation of antibiotic therapy in this Italian hospital.", "contents": "Enquiry on the antibiotic usage at Ancona Regional Hospital. A survey of the use of antimicrobial agents in the Regional Hospital of Ancona was carried by the Infectious Disease Department in collaboration with the Hygiene Institute, Ancona, in all patients admitted in the hospital in a 15-day period, March 1--15, 1978. This study has shown an overuse of antibiotics in this series of patients. Despite the limitations of the survey it can be a useful aid to know the situation of antibiotic therapy in this Italian hospital.", "PMID": 538036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7443", "title": "Trends in the research on antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The pharmacotherapy of microbial diseases has achieved brilliant success in the last 40 years, but it still deserves a great research interest. In fact, microbial infections remain the major cause of morbidity, with a definite incidence in mortality. Several dozen antimicrobial agents have been introduced in the therapy of infectious diseases. An active area of research concerns deepening knowledge of chemotherapeutic activity in various pathological conditions, mechanism of action, development of resistance, kinetics, and untoward effects of the available drugs in order to achieve the best utilization. Many researches are also directed at identifying the proper use of combinations of antimicrobials to define synergistic effect or inhibition of resistant strain selection. Finally there are continuous research efforts toward the development of new agents to overcome the drawbacks of the available ones. This problem is approached mainly in two ways, either by modification of the present antimicrobial drugs or by search for completely new entities through various screening sophistications. Examples of studies and results in the mentioned fields are reviewed.", "contents": "Trends in the research on antimicrobial agents. The pharmacotherapy of microbial diseases has achieved brilliant success in the last 40 years, but it still deserves a great research interest. In fact, microbial infections remain the major cause of morbidity, with a definite incidence in mortality. Several dozen antimicrobial agents have been introduced in the therapy of infectious diseases. An active area of research concerns deepening knowledge of chemotherapeutic activity in various pathological conditions, mechanism of action, development of resistance, kinetics, and untoward effects of the available drugs in order to achieve the best utilization. Many researches are also directed at identifying the proper use of combinations of antimicrobials to define synergistic effect or inhibition of resistant strain selection. Finally there are continuous research efforts toward the development of new agents to overcome the drawbacks of the available ones. This problem is approached mainly in two ways, either by modification of the present antimicrobial drugs or by search for completely new entities through various screening sophistications. Examples of studies and results in the mentioned fields are reviewed.", "PMID": 538040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7444", "title": "Effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on spaced responding in mice.", "content": "The effects of acute IP administration of phencyclidine (PCP), d-amphetamine (AMPH) and pentobarbital (PB) were determined in 10 mice trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rate 10 sec schedule of sweetened milk presentation. The effects of PCP were highly consistent, with large response rate increases (and a corresponding shift toward shorter interresponse times) at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg. Higher doses generally decreased response rates and resulted in a bimodal interresponse time distribution. The effects of AMPH were similar to PCP but less consistent. Although some of the subjects showed substantial response rate increases at doses between 0.3 and 10 mg/kg, half of the subjects did not show increased response rates at any dose. The effects of AMPH on the interresponse time distribution were similar to PCP. The effects of PB were least like those of PCP. The effect in most subjects was to produce a dose-related decrease in response rate and a flattening of the interresponse time distribution. Occasional small response rate increases were observed with PB.", "contents": "Effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on spaced responding in mice. The effects of acute IP administration of phencyclidine (PCP), d-amphetamine (AMPH) and pentobarbital (PB) were determined in 10 mice trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rate 10 sec schedule of sweetened milk presentation. The effects of PCP were highly consistent, with large response rate increases (and a corresponding shift toward shorter interresponse times) at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg. Higher doses generally decreased response rates and resulted in a bimodal interresponse time distribution. The effects of AMPH were similar to PCP but less consistent. Although some of the subjects showed substantial response rate increases at doses between 0.3 and 10 mg/kg, half of the subjects did not show increased response rates at any dose. The effects of AMPH on the interresponse time distribution were similar to PCP. The effects of PB were least like those of PCP. The effect in most subjects was to produce a dose-related decrease in response rate and a flattening of the interresponse time distribution. Occasional small response rate increases were observed with PB.", "PMID": 538050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7445", "title": "Central cholinergic mechanisms in electrical self-stimulation and in drug-induced tremor in rats.", "content": "Oxotremorine, a specific stimulant of central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, inhibited lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation at a dose-level less than one-tenth of that necessary to produce body tremor. Tremor induced by oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg) was inhibited by pretreatment with hyoscine (scopolamine) (0.3 mg/kg) or propranolol (20 mg/kg) but not by methylhyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg). Inhibition of self-stimulation by oxotremorine (.03 mg/kg) was prevented by hyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) but not by any other of the drugs tested and thus constitutes a uniquely specific in vivo model for assessing central antimuscarinic activity. The results confirm the presence of centrally situated ACh receptors eleciting tremor and inhibiting self-stimulation but provide no evidence of an effect on tremor by central adrenergic beta-receptors.", "contents": "Central cholinergic mechanisms in electrical self-stimulation and in drug-induced tremor in rats. Oxotremorine, a specific stimulant of central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, inhibited lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation at a dose-level less than one-tenth of that necessary to produce body tremor. Tremor induced by oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg) was inhibited by pretreatment with hyoscine (scopolamine) (0.3 mg/kg) or propranolol (20 mg/kg) but not by methylhyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg). Inhibition of self-stimulation by oxotremorine (.03 mg/kg) was prevented by hyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) but not by any other of the drugs tested and thus constitutes a uniquely specific in vivo model for assessing central antimuscarinic activity. The results confirm the presence of centrally situated ACh receptors eleciting tremor and inhibiting self-stimulation but provide no evidence of an effect on tremor by central adrenergic beta-receptors.", "PMID": 538051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7446", "title": "Long-term consequences of early iron deficiency in the rat.", "content": "A period of severe early iron deficiency (birth to 28 days of age) produced a persistent deficit (22%) in brain non-heme iron in adult rehabilitated animals. Long-term effects on behavior and physiological responsiveness were also observed. Although rehabilitated and control animals did not differ either in basal levels of plasma corticosterone or in the time course of the stress response following ether and cardiac puncture, possible differences in pituitary-adrenal responsiveness appeared to emerge following testing in an exploratory task. In addition, significant differences between rehabilitated and control animals were observed in both active and passive avoidance learning. Rehabilitated males made more intertrial responses than control males during active avoidance learning, and rehabilitated animals of both sexes performed better (i.e. showed longer reentry latencies) in a passive avoidance situation. It was suggested that shock may differentially affect motivation or arousal in rehabilitated and control animals.", "contents": "Long-term consequences of early iron deficiency in the rat. A period of severe early iron deficiency (birth to 28 days of age) produced a persistent deficit (22%) in brain non-heme iron in adult rehabilitated animals. Long-term effects on behavior and physiological responsiveness were also observed. Although rehabilitated and control animals did not differ either in basal levels of plasma corticosterone or in the time course of the stress response following ether and cardiac puncture, possible differences in pituitary-adrenal responsiveness appeared to emerge following testing in an exploratory task. In addition, significant differences between rehabilitated and control animals were observed in both active and passive avoidance learning. Rehabilitated males made more intertrial responses than control males during active avoidance learning, and rehabilitated animals of both sexes performed better (i.e. showed longer reentry latencies) in a passive avoidance situation. It was suggested that shock may differentially affect motivation or arousal in rehabilitated and control animals.", "PMID": 538052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7447", "title": "Lack of cross-tolerance between morphine and autoanalgesia.", "content": "The acquisition of autoanalgesia (behaviorally-induced antinociception) was investigated in morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant rats. Tolerance to morphine did not affect analgesia acutely-elicited by a brief (15 sec) schedule of footshock. Similarly, analgesia elicited by classically conditioned fear wasnot attenuated by morphine tolerance. These data suggest that endorphins may not be the principle mediators of autoanalgesic phenomena.", "contents": "Lack of cross-tolerance between morphine and autoanalgesia. The acquisition of autoanalgesia (behaviorally-induced antinociception) was investigated in morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant rats. Tolerance to morphine did not affect analgesia acutely-elicited by a brief (15 sec) schedule of footshock. Similarly, analgesia elicited by classically conditioned fear wasnot attenuated by morphine tolerance. These data suggest that endorphins may not be the principle mediators of autoanalgesic phenomena.", "PMID": 538053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7448", "title": "Lack of effect of naloxone on autoanalgesia.", "content": "Autoanalgesia (behaviorally-induced antinociception) may be elicited by acute stress or clasically conditioned fear. Antinociception within both of these paradigms is reportedly associated with increased CNS opioid peptide activity. Large doses of naloxone (20 mg/kg) failed to modify antinociception elicited by acute footshock or conditioned fear in rats. Naloxone (4 mg/kg) was also ineffective against antinociception following footshock in mice. These data suggest that if an endorphin does mediate autoanalgesia, the affinity of its receptor for naloxone is very low. Alternatively, parallel opioid and non-opioid systems may be activated by autoanalgesic procedures, with antagonism of the opioid component being insufficient to reduce the antinociception.", "contents": "Lack of effect of naloxone on autoanalgesia. Autoanalgesia (behaviorally-induced antinociception) may be elicited by acute stress or clasically conditioned fear. Antinociception within both of these paradigms is reportedly associated with increased CNS opioid peptide activity. Large doses of naloxone (20 mg/kg) failed to modify antinociception elicited by acute footshock or conditioned fear in rats. Naloxone (4 mg/kg) was also ineffective against antinociception following footshock in mice. These data suggest that if an endorphin does mediate autoanalgesia, the affinity of its receptor for naloxone is very low. Alternatively, parallel opioid and non-opioid systems may be activated by autoanalgesic procedures, with antagonism of the opioid component being insufficient to reduce the antinociception.", "PMID": 538054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7449", "title": "GABA and hypothalamic feeding systems. II. A comparison of GABA, glycine and actylcholine agonists and their antagonists.", "content": "Microinjections of various compounds into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) were made and the effects on feeding observed. During the light phase of the lighting cycle, injections of 0.3 microliter of muscimol (100 ng) and flurazepam diHCl (20 micrograms) increased feeding. Similar injections of glycine (500 ng) did not influence feeding during the light phase. During the dark phase, 0.3 microliter injections of bicuculline methiodide (30 ng) and picrotoxin (160 ng) suppressed feeding. Similar i-jections of carbachol increased drinking during the dark phase. Injections of strychnine during this phase were without effect. Tilt box activity levels were not altered by injection of picrotoxin (160 ng) into the PVH.", "contents": "GABA and hypothalamic feeding systems. II. A comparison of GABA, glycine and actylcholine agonists and their antagonists. Microinjections of various compounds into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) were made and the effects on feeding observed. During the light phase of the lighting cycle, injections of 0.3 microliter of muscimol (100 ng) and flurazepam diHCl (20 micrograms) increased feeding. Similar injections of glycine (500 ng) did not influence feeding during the light phase. During the dark phase, 0.3 microliter injections of bicuculline methiodide (30 ng) and picrotoxin (160 ng) suppressed feeding. Similar i-jections of carbachol increased drinking during the dark phase. Injections of strychnine during this phase were without effect. Tilt box activity levels were not altered by injection of picrotoxin (160 ng) into the PVH.", "PMID": 538055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7450", "title": "Effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "The effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol were determined in mice and pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 sec schedule of food presentation. In both species, low doses were without effect and moderate to high doses of all three antipsychotics decreased responding. In contrast to other behavioral tests used to predict antipsychotic activity, clozapine was equipotent or more potent than chlorpromazine in decreasing responding under the multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 sec schedule. The order of potency observed in the mouse was: haloperidol greater than chlorpromazine greater than or equal to clozapine. The order of potency in the pigeon was: haloperidol greater than clozapine greater than chlorpromazine. In mice and pigeons, the rate of responding under the fixed-ratio component was decreased at lower than, or the same doses of clozapine as that required to decrease fixed-interval responding. However, in both species, chlorpromazine and haloperidol decreased fixed-interval responding at lower doses or the same dose as that required to decrease fixed-ratio responding.", "contents": "Effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol on schedule-controlled behavior. The effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol were determined in mice and pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 sec schedule of food presentation. In both species, low doses were without effect and moderate to high doses of all three antipsychotics decreased responding. In contrast to other behavioral tests used to predict antipsychotic activity, clozapine was equipotent or more potent than chlorpromazine in decreasing responding under the multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 sec schedule. The order of potency observed in the mouse was: haloperidol greater than chlorpromazine greater than or equal to clozapine. The order of potency in the pigeon was: haloperidol greater than clozapine greater than chlorpromazine. In mice and pigeons, the rate of responding under the fixed-ratio component was decreased at lower than, or the same doses of clozapine as that required to decrease fixed-interval responding. However, in both species, chlorpromazine and haloperidol decreased fixed-interval responding at lower doses or the same dose as that required to decrease fixed-ratio responding.", "PMID": 538056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7451", "title": "Effects of cocaine on propagation of limbic seizure activity.", "content": "Effects of cocaine on the spread of epileptiform discharges within the limbic system were studied in cats prepared with bilateral arrays of indwelling electrodes. Low frequency focal electrical stimulation at threshold intensity was employed to initiate after-discharges in the hippocampus and amygdala. Latencies for the propagation of epileptiform activity to distant limbic sites were determined. Saline and drug tests were alternated, with 96-hr intervals between cocaine administrations. Three subconvulsant doses (1--10 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride, injected intramuscularly) were tested in a counterbalanced order. Cocaine administration significantly increased the speed at which epileptiform discharges spread to the amygdala and to the hippocampus. This effect was dose-related, it followed both hippocampal and amygdalar stimulation and was evident in ipsilateral as well as contralateral projection sites. These changes were found when limbic seizure patterns were localized and also after fully developed motor convulsions were evoked. In addition, cocaine decreased the duration of the propagated discharges. These results suggest that subconvulsive doses of cocaine have an excitatory effect on the hippocampus and amygdala, increasing their sensitivity to repetitive discharges originating in distant sites. A concurrent inhibitory effect is suggested by the decreased duration of the propagated discharges.", "contents": "Effects of cocaine on propagation of limbic seizure activity. Effects of cocaine on the spread of epileptiform discharges within the limbic system were studied in cats prepared with bilateral arrays of indwelling electrodes. Low frequency focal electrical stimulation at threshold intensity was employed to initiate after-discharges in the hippocampus and amygdala. Latencies for the propagation of epileptiform activity to distant limbic sites were determined. Saline and drug tests were alternated, with 96-hr intervals between cocaine administrations. Three subconvulsant doses (1--10 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride, injected intramuscularly) were tested in a counterbalanced order. Cocaine administration significantly increased the speed at which epileptiform discharges spread to the amygdala and to the hippocampus. This effect was dose-related, it followed both hippocampal and amygdalar stimulation and was evident in ipsilateral as well as contralateral projection sites. These changes were found when limbic seizure patterns were localized and also after fully developed motor convulsions were evoked. In addition, cocaine decreased the duration of the propagated discharges. These results suggest that subconvulsive doses of cocaine have an excitatory effect on the hippocampus and amygdala, increasing their sensitivity to repetitive discharges originating in distant sites. A concurrent inhibitory effect is suggested by the decreased duration of the propagated discharges.", "PMID": 538057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7452", "title": "Stress responses of rats with septal lesions.", "content": "Rats which had received septal lesions or underwent control surgery were exposed to stress in four experiments. We examined plasma corticosterone (Experiment 1), gastric ulceration (Experiment 2), motor activity (Experiment 3) and whole brain norepinephrine (Experiment 4) following 3 hours of prone-restraint-stress conditions at 21 degrees C or 5 degrees C. Rats with special lesions had higher steroids, less severe ulceration, greater motor activity and higher brain norepinephrine than controls following stress. Changes in hyperemotionality and differences in coping strategies are discussed.", "contents": "Stress responses of rats with septal lesions. Rats which had received septal lesions or underwent control surgery were exposed to stress in four experiments. We examined plasma corticosterone (Experiment 1), gastric ulceration (Experiment 2), motor activity (Experiment 3) and whole brain norepinephrine (Experiment 4) following 3 hours of prone-restraint-stress conditions at 21 degrees C or 5 degrees C. Rats with special lesions had higher steroids, less severe ulceration, greater motor activity and higher brain norepinephrine than controls following stress. Changes in hyperemotionality and differences in coping strategies are discussed.", "PMID": 538058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7453", "title": "Possible non-narcotic component to action of opiate peptides on tonic immobility.", "content": "Chickens were tested in a tonic immobility paradigm after a single intraperitoneal injection of either 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0; 100.0, or 1000.0 microgram/kg of the potent opiate analog, (D-Ala2, F5Phe4)-Met-enkephalin-NH2. An inverted-U relationship was obtained, with 100 microgram/kg being the most effective in prolonging immobility. This dose was used in subsequent studies involving pretreatment with naloxone or diluent followed by treatment with diluent, (D-Ala2, F5Phe4)-Met-enkephalin-NH2 (a strong opiate), or (D-Phe4)-Met-enkephalin (a weak opiate). The results indicated that although naloxone had mixed effects in attenuating the duration of tonic immobility, even the analog with negligible opiate activity reliably potentiated the response. Therefore, a component of the effect of opiate peptides on tonic immobility could be due to a non-narcotic action.", "contents": "Possible non-narcotic component to action of opiate peptides on tonic immobility. Chickens were tested in a tonic immobility paradigm after a single intraperitoneal injection of either 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0; 100.0, or 1000.0 microgram/kg of the potent opiate analog, (D-Ala2, F5Phe4)-Met-enkephalin-NH2. An inverted-U relationship was obtained, with 100 microgram/kg being the most effective in prolonging immobility. This dose was used in subsequent studies involving pretreatment with naloxone or diluent followed by treatment with diluent, (D-Ala2, F5Phe4)-Met-enkephalin-NH2 (a strong opiate), or (D-Phe4)-Met-enkephalin (a weak opiate). The results indicated that although naloxone had mixed effects in attenuating the duration of tonic immobility, even the analog with negligible opiate activity reliably potentiated the response. Therefore, a component of the effect of opiate peptides on tonic immobility could be due to a non-narcotic action.", "PMID": 538059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7454", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital on taste aversion induced by X-radiation.", "content": "The effects of phenobarbital on taste aversion induced by X-radiation were examined. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min water deprivation schedule. On the Treatment Day animals were given a novel 0.125% Na saccharin solution during the 10 min drinking session and were then exposed to 100 rads of X-radiation. The saccharin solution was presented again on six subsequent Test Days. Phenobarbital in doses of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg was administered 15 min prior to drinking on the first Test Day. Results demonstrate that phenobarbital in all doses tested has a significant attenuating effect on radiation induced taste aversion.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital on taste aversion induced by X-radiation. The effects of phenobarbital on taste aversion induced by X-radiation were examined. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min water deprivation schedule. On the Treatment Day animals were given a novel 0.125% Na saccharin solution during the 10 min drinking session and were then exposed to 100 rads of X-radiation. The saccharin solution was presented again on six subsequent Test Days. Phenobarbital in doses of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg was administered 15 min prior to drinking on the first Test Day. Results demonstrate that phenobarbital in all doses tested has a significant attenuating effect on radiation induced taste aversion.", "PMID": 538060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7455", "title": "Analgesia after peripheral administration of enkephalin and endorphin analogues.", "content": "Several analogues of Met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin were tested for their analgesic properties after systemic injection. The latencies of mice to flick their tails away from a source of heat revealed that analogues of the opiate peptides can cause analgesia when injected by this route. In particular, compounds specifically designed to be more lipophilic or to possess additional binding sites were shown to be potent analgesic after peripheral administration.", "contents": "Analgesia after peripheral administration of enkephalin and endorphin analogues. Several analogues of Met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin were tested for their analgesic properties after systemic injection. The latencies of mice to flick their tails away from a source of heat revealed that analogues of the opiate peptides can cause analgesia when injected by this route. In particular, compounds specifically designed to be more lipophilic or to possess additional binding sites were shown to be potent analgesic after peripheral administration.", "PMID": 538061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7456", "title": "Naloxone-induced suppression of food intake in normal and hypothalamic obese rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of naloxone hydrochloride (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) suppressed food intake in both normal and hypothalamic obese rats maintained on a 4-hr per day feeding schedule. The decrease in feeding was more pronounced in the animals with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Appetitively motivated feeding, i.e., the consumption of sweetened milk under nondeprived conditions, was also suppressed by naloxone, but there was no reliable difference between groups. It is concluded that opiate receptors located in the ventromedial hypothalamus are not essential for the effects of opiate agonists and antagonists on feeding behavior.", "contents": "Naloxone-induced suppression of food intake in normal and hypothalamic obese rats. Intraperitoneal injections of naloxone hydrochloride (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) suppressed food intake in both normal and hypothalamic obese rats maintained on a 4-hr per day feeding schedule. The decrease in feeding was more pronounced in the animals with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Appetitively motivated feeding, i.e., the consumption of sweetened milk under nondeprived conditions, was also suppressed by naloxone, but there was no reliable difference between groups. It is concluded that opiate receptors located in the ventromedial hypothalamus are not essential for the effects of opiate agonists and antagonists on feeding behavior.", "PMID": 538063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7457", "title": "Experiments with a reported anorexigenic tripeptide: pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH.", "content": "A newly described tripeptide, pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH, which was reported to produce profound and long-term anorexia and weight loss in female mice, was initially tested in female rats. After total dose of either 8, 16, or 32 microgram SC of the peptide, administered across an eight day interval, there was no detectable effect on food intake, body weight, or estrous cycles of female rats. In a second study, we attempted to verify the anorexigenic potency of this peptide in mice. Total doses of 3.4 and 6.8 microgram, injected across a 20 day period, had no effect on the food intake or body weight of S/W albino female mice. Thus, the anorexigenic potency of pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH has yet to be established.", "contents": "Experiments with a reported anorexigenic tripeptide: pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH. A newly described tripeptide, pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH, which was reported to produce profound and long-term anorexia and weight loss in female mice, was initially tested in female rats. After total dose of either 8, 16, or 32 microgram SC of the peptide, administered across an eight day interval, there was no detectable effect on food intake, body weight, or estrous cycles of female rats. In a second study, we attempted to verify the anorexigenic potency of this peptide in mice. Total doses of 3.4 and 6.8 microgram, injected across a 20 day period, had no effect on the food intake or body weight of S/W albino female mice. Thus, the anorexigenic potency of pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH has yet to be established.", "PMID": 538064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7458", "title": "An analyst in biomedical research.", "content": "Fluorescamine is a nonfluorescent substance that reacts with primary amines to yield intensely fluorescent products. We have utilized high performance liquid chromatography along with fluorescamine assay for many studies relating to the biochemistry of the opioid peptides.", "contents": "An analyst in biomedical research. Fluorescamine is a nonfluorescent substance that reacts with primary amines to yield intensely fluorescent products. We have utilized high performance liquid chromatography along with fluorescamine assay for many studies relating to the biochemistry of the opioid peptides.", "PMID": 538076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7459", "title": "A sensitive gas-chromatographic assay using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector for determination of antipyrine and aminopyrine in biological fluids.", "content": "A method using gas chromatography with organic nitrogen-sensitive detection is described for measurement of antipyrine and aminopyrine concentrations in biological fluids. The analysis was performed isothermally on 3% SP-2250 DB after alkalinized saliva was extracted into chloroform. Phenacetin served as internal standard. Low oral doses of antipyrine (1.0-1.8 mg/kg) and/or aminopyrine (2 mg/kg) were measured accurately in saliva of normal human subjects. The standard curves for antipyrine and aminopyrine were linear from 0  to 10 microgram/ml. The coefficient of variation, determined at a salivary concentration of 2 microgram/ml, was 1.7% for antipyrine and 2.4% for aminopyrine. Saliva concentrations obtained by this method in normal human subjects after either an oral dose of antipyrine (18 mg/kg) or aminopyrine (9 mg/kg) agreed closely with those determined by the flame ionization gas-chromatographic method used to measure higher concentrations of antipyrine and aminopyrine. Antipyrine (1.8 mg/kg) administered concomitantly with aminopyrine (1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg) to normal male volunteers prolonged mean saliva antipyrine half-life by about 25-33% compared to values obtained when these same subjects received the same dose of antipyrine alone.", "contents": "A sensitive gas-chromatographic assay using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector for determination of antipyrine and aminopyrine in biological fluids. A method using gas chromatography with organic nitrogen-sensitive detection is described for measurement of antipyrine and aminopyrine concentrations in biological fluids. The analysis was performed isothermally on 3% SP-2250 DB after alkalinized saliva was extracted into chloroform. Phenacetin served as internal standard. Low oral doses of antipyrine (1.0-1.8 mg/kg) and/or aminopyrine (2 mg/kg) were measured accurately in saliva of normal human subjects. The standard curves for antipyrine and aminopyrine were linear from 0  to 10 microgram/ml. The coefficient of variation, determined at a salivary concentration of 2 microgram/ml, was 1.7% for antipyrine and 2.4% for aminopyrine. Saliva concentrations obtained by this method in normal human subjects after either an oral dose of antipyrine (18 mg/kg) or aminopyrine (9 mg/kg) agreed closely with those determined by the flame ionization gas-chromatographic method used to measure higher concentrations of antipyrine and aminopyrine. Antipyrine (1.8 mg/kg) administered concomitantly with aminopyrine (1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg) to normal male volunteers prolonged mean saliva antipyrine half-life by about 25-33% compared to values obtained when these same subjects received the same dose of antipyrine alone.", "PMID": 538077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7460", "title": "Kinetic evidence for multiple chemically reactive intermediates in the breakdown of phenacetin N-O-glucuronide.", "content": "N-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide has been previously shown to be an unstable compound (half-life 8.7 h) that breaks down to phenacetin, 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide, acetaminophen, acetamide, and a deethylated metabolite that covalently binds to protein. Evidence was presented that the acetamide, acetaminophen and a compound that binds covalently were formed from a common intermediate which was postulated to be N-acetylimidoquinone. In the presence of phosphate buffer, 3-hydroxyphenacetin phosphate is formed at the expense of acetaminophen, acetamide and covalent binding. Phosphate buffer, however, only partially blocks covalent binding to protein suggesting that two deethylated reactive metabolites are formed that can covalently bind to protein. These metabolites also may be converted to acetaminophen but only one of them leads to acetamide. Since the phosphate conjugate contains the ethyl group apparently a third reactive intermediate, which can react with phosphate but not with protein, serves as a precursor of one of the metabolites.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for multiple chemically reactive intermediates in the breakdown of phenacetin N-O-glucuronide. N-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide has been previously shown to be an unstable compound (half-life 8.7 h) that breaks down to phenacetin, 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide, acetaminophen, acetamide, and a deethylated metabolite that covalently binds to protein. Evidence was presented that the acetamide, acetaminophen and a compound that binds covalently were formed from a common intermediate which was postulated to be N-acetylimidoquinone. In the presence of phosphate buffer, 3-hydroxyphenacetin phosphate is formed at the expense of acetaminophen, acetamide and covalent binding. Phosphate buffer, however, only partially blocks covalent binding to protein suggesting that two deethylated reactive metabolites are formed that can covalently bind to protein. These metabolites also may be converted to acetaminophen but only one of them leads to acetamide. Since the phosphate conjugate contains the ethyl group apparently a third reactive intermediate, which can react with phosphate but not with protein, serves as a precursor of one of the metabolites.", "PMID": 538078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7461", "title": "Stimulatory effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism of the oral contraceptive 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol) by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital for 4 days stimulates the activity of liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol). This effect provides an explanation for the decreased uterotropic action of mestranol in rats pretreated with phenobarbital and may provide an explanation for unwanted pregnancies in women taking oral contraceptives in combination with phenobarbital or other enzyme-inducing drugs.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism of the oral contraceptive 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol) by rat liver microsomes. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital for 4 days stimulates the activity of liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol). This effect provides an explanation for the decreased uterotropic action of mestranol in rats pretreated with phenobarbital and may provide an explanation for unwanted pregnancies in women taking oral contraceptives in combination with phenobarbital or other enzyme-inducing drugs.", "PMID": 538079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7462", "title": "Formation of alpha-methyldopamine (\"Catecholamphetamine\") from p-hydroxyamphetamine by rat brain microsomes.", "content": "Amphetamine is a sympathomimetic and psychotropic drug which is extensively metabolized in liver and in brain. One of its major metabolites, p-hydroxyamphetamine, is accumulated by cortical and striatal synaptosomes. In order to learn whether p-hydroxyamphetamine can be further metabolized to a catecholamine, a sensitive radioenzymatic assay was developed which couples the formation of the \"catecholamphetamine\" to rapid O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase in the presence of [3H]-methyl-S-adenosylmethionine. Rat brain microsomes contain a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase which synthesizes catecholamphetamine from p-hydroxyamphetamine. The formation of this catechol metabolite may be involved in the development of tolerance in chronic amphetamine use.", "contents": "Formation of alpha-methyldopamine (\"Catecholamphetamine\") from p-hydroxyamphetamine by rat brain microsomes. Amphetamine is a sympathomimetic and psychotropic drug which is extensively metabolized in liver and in brain. One of its major metabolites, p-hydroxyamphetamine, is accumulated by cortical and striatal synaptosomes. In order to learn whether p-hydroxyamphetamine can be further metabolized to a catecholamine, a sensitive radioenzymatic assay was developed which couples the formation of the \"catecholamphetamine\" to rapid O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase in the presence of [3H]-methyl-S-adenosylmethionine. Rat brain microsomes contain a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase which synthesizes catecholamphetamine from p-hydroxyamphetamine. The formation of this catechol metabolite may be involved in the development of tolerance in chronic amphetamine use.", "PMID": 538080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7463", "title": "1,4-Benzodiazepines and gamma-aminobutyric acid: pharmacological and biochemical correlates.", "content": "The high affinity receptors or GABA present in brain interact with an endogenous thermostable inhibitor (GABA modulin) which allosterically modifies GABA binding sites. This is the type of GABA receptor that we term GABA2 receptor in comparison to GABA1 receptor which has low affinity for GABA and is not regulated by GABA modulin. The 1,4-benzodiazepines interact competitively with GABA modulin and thereby modify GABA2 receptor binding. In contrast the occupancy of GABA receptor increases the affinity of 1,4-benzodiazepine receptors for their specific agonist. The GABA modulin and both GABA receptors are located on the membranes of C6 and NB2a cells. The NB2a cell membranes also contain CL- ionophore, thus the complete receptor complex is present in the membranes of NB2a cell clone. It was proposed that the inability of clonazepam to displace 3H-diazepam from specific binding sites characterizes the nonneuronal 1,4-benzodiazepine receptor. This characterization was shown to relate to the properties of other membrane components rather than to the characteristics of the specific benzodiazepine receptors.", "contents": "1,4-Benzodiazepines and gamma-aminobutyric acid: pharmacological and biochemical correlates. The high affinity receptors or GABA present in brain interact with an endogenous thermostable inhibitor (GABA modulin) which allosterically modifies GABA binding sites. This is the type of GABA receptor that we term GABA2 receptor in comparison to GABA1 receptor which has low affinity for GABA and is not regulated by GABA modulin. The 1,4-benzodiazepines interact competitively with GABA modulin and thereby modify GABA2 receptor binding. In contrast the occupancy of GABA receptor increases the affinity of 1,4-benzodiazepine receptors for their specific agonist. The GABA modulin and both GABA receptors are located on the membranes of C6 and NB2a cells. The NB2a cell membranes also contain CL- ionophore, thus the complete receptor complex is present in the membranes of NB2a cell clone. It was proposed that the inability of clonazepam to displace 3H-diazepam from specific binding sites characterizes the nonneuronal 1,4-benzodiazepine receptor. This characterization was shown to relate to the properties of other membrane components rather than to the characteristics of the specific benzodiazepine receptors.", "PMID": 538081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7464", "title": "Metabolism of protriptyline by rabbit liver in vitro.", "content": "A new metabolite of protriptyline formed by incubation of the drug in a rabbit liver microsomal system was identified as the hydroxylamine derivative by mass spectral and NMR analysis.", "contents": "Metabolism of protriptyline by rabbit liver in vitro. A new metabolite of protriptyline formed by incubation of the drug in a rabbit liver microsomal system was identified as the hydroxylamine derivative by mass spectral and NMR analysis.", "PMID": 538082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7465", "title": "Intraindividual similarity in the metabolism of amitriptyline and chlorimipramine in depressed patients.", "content": "The two structurally similar tricyclic antidepressant drugs amitriptyline (AT) and chlorimipramine (CI) were administered to 15 patients in a cross-over study. Approximately equimolar daily doses of the two drugs (5 mumol/kg body weight) were given as commercial tablets. Steady state plasma levels of the parent drugs and the demethyl metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. An about 5-fold interindividual variation was found in plasma levels of all four compounds. As the reciprocal plasma level during multiple dosing is proportional to the clearance of a compound, this parameter was used for linear regression analysis. In the 15 patients there was a significant correlation between the reciprocal plasma levels of CI and its metabolite demethylchlorimipramine (r = 0.76; p less than 0.001) and also between AT and its metabolite nortriptyline (r = 0.52; p less than 0.05). The reciprocal plasma levels of the parent compounds AT and CI were closely correlated (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001). A similar correlation was found for the demethyl metabolites (r = 0.77; p less than 0.001). The results indicate that similar factors control the plasma levels of AT and CI during treatment and that similar enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of the two drugs.", "contents": "Intraindividual similarity in the metabolism of amitriptyline and chlorimipramine in depressed patients. The two structurally similar tricyclic antidepressant drugs amitriptyline (AT) and chlorimipramine (CI) were administered to 15 patients in a cross-over study. Approximately equimolar daily doses of the two drugs (5 mumol/kg body weight) were given as commercial tablets. Steady state plasma levels of the parent drugs and the demethyl metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. An about 5-fold interindividual variation was found in plasma levels of all four compounds. As the reciprocal plasma level during multiple dosing is proportional to the clearance of a compound, this parameter was used for linear regression analysis. In the 15 patients there was a significant correlation between the reciprocal plasma levels of CI and its metabolite demethylchlorimipramine (r = 0.76; p less than 0.001) and also between AT and its metabolite nortriptyline (r = 0.52; p less than 0.05). The reciprocal plasma levels of the parent compounds AT and CI were closely correlated (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001). A similar correlation was found for the demethyl metabolites (r = 0.77; p less than 0.001). The results indicate that similar factors control the plasma levels of AT and CI during treatment and that similar enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of the two drugs.", "PMID": 538083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7466", "title": "Endorphins in schizophrenia: hemodialysis/hemoperfusion are ineffective in clearing beta-Leu5-endorphin and beta-endorphin from human plasma.", "content": "Beta-Leu5-endorphin, a relative of \"normal\" beta-endorphin in which leucine is substituted for methionine at position 5 of the latter, has previously been found in high concentrations in the dialysate of schizophrenics. Its removal from plasma by means of hemodialysis has been claimed to relive the symptoms of schizophrenia. Using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay of equal sensitivity to beta-endorphin and beta-leu5-endorphin, we have compared the plasma immunoreactivity of three schizophrenic patients befofe and after performance of their first session of membrane hemoperfusion. As compared to normal subjects, plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was not greatly elevated in the schizophrenic patients before hemoperfusion.However, instead of the expected decrease, a consistent increase in the plasma levels of immunoreactive beta-endorphin was detected after hemoperfusion. In vitro experiments in which two different membranes and hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were used, revealed that synthetic beta-leu5-endorphin (and beta-endorphin) from human plasma was not cleared with any of these methods. This finding is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the claimed therapeutic effects of hemodialysis in schizophrenics are due to the removal of a beta-endorphin-like material from the plasma. Consequently, it seems to be unprobable that high concentrations of beta-leu5-endorphin occur in the dialysate or ultrafiltrate of schizophrenics.", "contents": "Endorphins in schizophrenia: hemodialysis/hemoperfusion are ineffective in clearing beta-Leu5-endorphin and beta-endorphin from human plasma. Beta-Leu5-endorphin, a relative of \"normal\" beta-endorphin in which leucine is substituted for methionine at position 5 of the latter, has previously been found in high concentrations in the dialysate of schizophrenics. Its removal from plasma by means of hemodialysis has been claimed to relive the symptoms of schizophrenia. Using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay of equal sensitivity to beta-endorphin and beta-leu5-endorphin, we have compared the plasma immunoreactivity of three schizophrenic patients befofe and after performance of their first session of membrane hemoperfusion. As compared to normal subjects, plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was not greatly elevated in the schizophrenic patients before hemoperfusion.However, instead of the expected decrease, a consistent increase in the plasma levels of immunoreactive beta-endorphin was detected after hemoperfusion. In vitro experiments in which two different membranes and hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were used, revealed that synthetic beta-leu5-endorphin (and beta-endorphin) from human plasma was not cleared with any of these methods. This finding is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the claimed therapeutic effects of hemodialysis in schizophrenics are due to the removal of a beta-endorphin-like material from the plasma. Consequently, it seems to be unprobable that high concentrations of beta-leu5-endorphin occur in the dialysate or ultrafiltrate of schizophrenics.", "PMID": 538084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7467", "title": "Hydergine: a review of 26 clinical studies.", "content": "This report reviews 26 clinical drug trials which investigated the effectiveness of Hydergine, a dihydrogenated ergot alkaloid, used frequently in geriatric psychopharmacology. The methodological characteristics and significant results for each study are presented in outline form. In total, 32 symptoms were assessed in six or more studies. Therapeutic benefits following Hydergine treatment occurred in the areas of cognitive dysfunctions, mood depression, and the composite scores as measured by subjective clinical behavioral rating scales. It is suggested that the improvement reported in cognitive functions and mood depression is a reflection of the global change observed by clinicians in patients' overall behavior duirng the interview. This conclusion that Hydergine does produce some global improvement indicates that further research with Hydergine is warranted, provided more objective instruments are employed such as those described in the report.", "contents": "Hydergine: a review of 26 clinical studies. This report reviews 26 clinical drug trials which investigated the effectiveness of Hydergine, a dihydrogenated ergot alkaloid, used frequently in geriatric psychopharmacology. The methodological characteristics and significant results for each study are presented in outline form. In total, 32 symptoms were assessed in six or more studies. Therapeutic benefits following Hydergine treatment occurred in the areas of cognitive dysfunctions, mood depression, and the composite scores as measured by subjective clinical behavioral rating scales. It is suggested that the improvement reported in cognitive functions and mood depression is a reflection of the global change observed by clinicians in patients' overall behavior duirng the interview. This conclusion that Hydergine does produce some global improvement indicates that further research with Hydergine is warranted, provided more objective instruments are employed such as those described in the report.", "PMID": 538085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7468", "title": "Effect of lithium carbonate on circadian periodicity in humans.", "content": "Five groups of two volunteers lived during four weeks under arctic summer conditions (Spitsbergen) isolated in huts, without time information. They received lithium carbonate or placebo. All showed free-run of their circadian temperature and activity/rest rhythms with periods longer than 24 hours. Under lithium carbonate, a period-lengthening effect can be shown. This could help to understand theprophylactic effect of lithium salts in manic-depressive episodes.", "contents": "Effect of lithium carbonate on circadian periodicity in humans. Five groups of two volunteers lived during four weeks under arctic summer conditions (Spitsbergen) isolated in huts, without time information. They received lithium carbonate or placebo. All showed free-run of their circadian temperature and activity/rest rhythms with periods longer than 24 hours. Under lithium carbonate, a period-lengthening effect can be shown. This could help to understand theprophylactic effect of lithium salts in manic-depressive episodes.", "PMID": 538086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7469", "title": "Endocrinological changes in patients with sexual dysfunction under long-term neuroleptic treatment.", "content": "Endocrine changes induced by dopaminergic inhibition may play a part in the development of sexual dysfunction (reduced libido/potency) in schizophrenic patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment. Prolactin, testosterone, LH and FSH serum level determinations by radioimmunoassays were performed in 24 schizophrenic males on long-acting fluphenazine decanoate treatment. Of these patients, sexual dysfunction was present in 17 cases, in 10 patients sexual activity remained unchanged. As compared to the 15 healthy controls (7.33 +/- 0.91 ng/ml), a significant increase of prolactin concentrations was found, i.e. 28.2 +/- 5.15 in the impotent groups, and 16.7 +/- 2.12 in the non-impotent group. The difference between the latter two mean values was, however, not significant. In the patients with normal sexual activity the increase of LH concentration was highly significant. It might be assumed that normal sexual behaviour despite neuroleptic treatment and hyperprolactinaemia is related to the high concentration of LH, though the mechanism of increased LH secretion has not been cleared as yet. The testosterone and FSH concentrations showed no differences in various groups.", "contents": "Endocrinological changes in patients with sexual dysfunction under long-term neuroleptic treatment. Endocrine changes induced by dopaminergic inhibition may play a part in the development of sexual dysfunction (reduced libido/potency) in schizophrenic patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment. Prolactin, testosterone, LH and FSH serum level determinations by radioimmunoassays were performed in 24 schizophrenic males on long-acting fluphenazine decanoate treatment. Of these patients, sexual dysfunction was present in 17 cases, in 10 patients sexual activity remained unchanged. As compared to the 15 healthy controls (7.33 +/- 0.91 ng/ml), a significant increase of prolactin concentrations was found, i.e. 28.2 +/- 5.15 in the impotent groups, and 16.7 +/- 2.12 in the non-impotent group. The difference between the latter two mean values was, however, not significant. In the patients with normal sexual activity the increase of LH concentration was highly significant. It might be assumed that normal sexual behaviour despite neuroleptic treatment and hyperprolactinaemia is related to the high concentration of LH, though the mechanism of increased LH secretion has not been cleared as yet. The testosterone and FSH concentrations showed no differences in various groups.", "PMID": 538087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7470", "title": "Antidepressive treatment and mood swing patterns in endogenous depression.", "content": "In 105 patients with endogenous depression treated with antidepressants or ECT the course of the depressive state was evaluated by means of a self-rating mood scale (Befindlichkeits-Skala by von Zerssen). The scale was filled out every second day. The course of the depressive mood was computed by various algorithms for each patient. Two different courses of depressive mood could be identified: some patients showed a relatively continuous decline in the depressive mood, whereas others showed strong fluctuations. Although there were some correlations between type of treatment and extent of mood swings, other factors also seemed to be relevant. Thus, there appears to be an interaction between treatment effects and spontaneous rhythms.", "contents": "Antidepressive treatment and mood swing patterns in endogenous depression. In 105 patients with endogenous depression treated with antidepressants or ECT the course of the depressive state was evaluated by means of a self-rating mood scale (Befindlichkeits-Skala by von Zerssen). The scale was filled out every second day. The course of the depressive mood was computed by various algorithms for each patient. Two different courses of depressive mood could be identified: some patients showed a relatively continuous decline in the depressive mood, whereas others showed strong fluctuations. Although there were some correlations between type of treatment and extent of mood swings, other factors also seemed to be relevant. Thus, there appears to be an interaction between treatment effects and spontaneous rhythms.", "PMID": 538088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7471", "title": "Studies on the distribution of 14C-sulpiride and its metabolites in the rat and guinea pig.", "content": "After ip. injection of 14C-labelled sulpiride in rats, about one third is metabolized while the other two thirds are excreted unchanged in feces and urine. The highest level of its metabolites was found in the liver (about 65% of total radioactivity). In the brain, 90% of the radioactivity consisted of unchanged sulpiride, which seems to be responsible for the central effects of the drug. The highest concentrations within the brain were found in the median eminence, circumventricular organs, plexus, and pineal body.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of 14C-sulpiride and its metabolites in the rat and guinea pig. After ip. injection of 14C-labelled sulpiride in rats, about one third is metabolized while the other two thirds are excreted unchanged in feces and urine. The highest level of its metabolites was found in the liver (about 65% of total radioactivity). In the brain, 90% of the radioactivity consisted of unchanged sulpiride, which seems to be responsible for the central effects of the drug. The highest concentrations within the brain were found in the median eminence, circumventricular organs, plexus, and pineal body.", "PMID": 538089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7472", "title": "C-C2W is the physical cause of cholesterol gallstones.", "content": "Cholesterol gallstones are made up of cholesterol.H20, traces of body temperature cholesterol, and a cholesterol-cholestanol-water adduct (C-C-2W). For the first time C-C-2W has been chemically and optically located in such gallstones, specifically in the nucleus, in the groove, and on the surface. These findings suggest a novel yet rational theory of cholesterol-stone quantitatively related to prevention and dissolution: (1) Bile is chemically abnormal if cholestanolH2O is present as a foreign unwanted substance. (2) When cholestanol.H2O in portal blood approaches 10(-4) mg/ml, precipitation of C-C-2W occurs in the hepatocytes because it finds sufficient cholesterol.H2O to reach the solubility product of the adduct. The resulting C-C-2W microcrystallites flow with bile down the biliary tree and then seed the supersaturated cholesterol solution in the gallbladder. (3) On the other hand, for concentrations of cholestanol.H2O around 10(-5) mg/ml, C-C-2W precipitation occurs exclusively in the gallbladder. (4) The adduct is the physical cause of cholesterol gallstones since however it arrives in the gallbladder, it produces swift crystallization of cholesterol.H20.", "contents": "C-C2W is the physical cause of cholesterol gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones are made up of cholesterol.H20, traces of body temperature cholesterol, and a cholesterol-cholestanol-water adduct (C-C-2W). For the first time C-C-2W has been chemically and optically located in such gallstones, specifically in the nucleus, in the groove, and on the surface. These findings suggest a novel yet rational theory of cholesterol-stone quantitatively related to prevention and dissolution: (1) Bile is chemically abnormal if cholestanolH2O is present as a foreign unwanted substance. (2) When cholestanol.H2O in portal blood approaches 10(-4) mg/ml, precipitation of C-C-2W occurs in the hepatocytes because it finds sufficient cholesterol.H2O to reach the solubility product of the adduct. The resulting C-C-2W microcrystallites flow with bile down the biliary tree and then seed the supersaturated cholesterol solution in the gallbladder. (3) On the other hand, for concentrations of cholestanol.H2O around 10(-5) mg/ml, C-C-2W precipitation occurs exclusively in the gallbladder. (4) The adduct is the physical cause of cholesterol gallstones since however it arrives in the gallbladder, it produces swift crystallization of cholesterol.H20.", "PMID": 538096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7473", "title": "Interactions among bovine and human factor VIII, ristocetin, and DL-polylysine in the induction of guinea pig platelet aggregation.", "content": "Guinea pig and human platelets were aggregated by bovine factor VIII plus ristocetin a concentrations not allowing either substance alone to induce aggregation. Using combinations, it was shown that aggregation required bovine factor VIII and restocetin at levels where the sum of their concentrations exceeded a critical value. With guinea pig platelets, combinations of polylysine and bovine factor VIII or polylysine and human factor VIII did not show full aggregations. These results do not support the hypothesis that aggregation by mixtures of factor VIII and ristocetin arises solely from neutralization of negative charges on the platelet surface membrane.", "contents": "Interactions among bovine and human factor VIII, ristocetin, and DL-polylysine in the induction of guinea pig platelet aggregation. Guinea pig and human platelets were aggregated by bovine factor VIII plus ristocetin a concentrations not allowing either substance alone to induce aggregation. Using combinations, it was shown that aggregation required bovine factor VIII and restocetin at levels where the sum of their concentrations exceeded a critical value. With guinea pig platelets, combinations of polylysine and bovine factor VIII or polylysine and human factor VIII did not show full aggregations. These results do not support the hypothesis that aggregation by mixtures of factor VIII and ristocetin arises solely from neutralization of negative charges on the platelet surface membrane.", "PMID": 538097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7474", "title": "Comparison of temperature effect on the guanidine hydrochloride and urea denaturations of lysozyme.", "content": "Guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and urea denaturations of lysozyme have been observed at various temperatures by measuring changes in fluorescence. Both transitions appear to be two state, with GdnHCl almost twice as effecitve a denaturant as urea for this protein. By plotting the denaturant concentrations at midpoint of the transition vs. the experimental temperature, it can be demonstrated that urea-denatured lysozyme does not obtain the degree of unfolding found in lysozyme denatured by GdnHCl.", "contents": "Comparison of temperature effect on the guanidine hydrochloride and urea denaturations of lysozyme. Guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and urea denaturations of lysozyme have been observed at various temperatures by measuring changes in fluorescence. Both transitions appear to be two state, with GdnHCl almost twice as effecitve a denaturant as urea for this protein. By plotting the denaturant concentrations at midpoint of the transition vs. the experimental temperature, it can be demonstrated that urea-denatured lysozyme does not obtain the degree of unfolding found in lysozyme denatured by GdnHCl.", "PMID": 538098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7475", "title": "Production of S-sulfocysteine from so-called cystine disulfoxide in the presence of aspartate aminotransferase.", "content": "S-Sulfocysteine production occurred when so-called cystine disulfoxide was incubated with aspartate aminotransferase and 2-oxoglutarate. Evidence was provided indicating that the alanine sulfinic acid portion of cystine disulfoxide was transaminated and the resulting sulfinylpyruvic acid portion decomposed non-enzymatically to give S-sulfocysteine and pyruvic acid.", "contents": "Production of S-sulfocysteine from so-called cystine disulfoxide in the presence of aspartate aminotransferase. S-Sulfocysteine production occurred when so-called cystine disulfoxide was incubated with aspartate aminotransferase and 2-oxoglutarate. Evidence was provided indicating that the alanine sulfinic acid portion of cystine disulfoxide was transaminated and the resulting sulfinylpyruvic acid portion decomposed non-enzymatically to give S-sulfocysteine and pyruvic acid.", "PMID": 538099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7476", "title": "Evidence for differences in the binding of triton X-100 to sheep and human serum albumins.", "content": "The binding of triton X-100 to bovine serum albumin has been shown to exhibit positive cooperativity. Subsequent equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that the binding of Triton X-100 to sheep serum albumin likewise shows positive cooperativity, the first two stepwise equilibrium constants being K1 = 1.24 X 10(4) M-1 and K2 = 1.62 X 10(4) M-1. However, the mechanism for Triton X-100 binding to human serum albumin differs in that the binding isotherm indicates the binding sites are independent and identical. In the latter case the binding is described by the Scatchard model with an equilibrium constant of K = 7.2 X 10(3) M-1. The studies were conducted at 16 degrees C  in pH 7.0, I = 0.05 phosphate buffer.", "contents": "Evidence for differences in the binding of triton X-100 to sheep and human serum albumins. The binding of triton X-100 to bovine serum albumin has been shown to exhibit positive cooperativity. Subsequent equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that the binding of Triton X-100 to sheep serum albumin likewise shows positive cooperativity, the first two stepwise equilibrium constants being K1 = 1.24 X 10(4) M-1 and K2 = 1.62 X 10(4) M-1. However, the mechanism for Triton X-100 binding to human serum albumin differs in that the binding isotherm indicates the binding sites are independent and identical. In the latter case the binding is described by the Scatchard model with an equilibrium constant of K = 7.2 X 10(3) M-1. The studies were conducted at 16 degrees C  in pH 7.0, I = 0.05 phosphate buffer.", "PMID": 538100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7477", "title": "Quaternary structure, hydration, and self-association of hemoglobin. A proton magnetic relaxation study.", "content": "The hydration of oxyhemoglobin, carbonylhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin does not depend on the quaternary state of the hemoglobin molecule as revealed through the concentration dependence of proton magnetic relaxation rates. The biphasic relaxation behavior of isotopically diluted solutions of hemoglobin confirms that the self-association of hemoglobin molecules at higher concentration is independent of the quaternary structure. In the case of aquomethemoglobin, a biphasic relaxation and a diminished heme accessibility at higher concentrations are observed, caused by interaction of the associating hemoglobin molecules.", "contents": "Quaternary structure, hydration, and self-association of hemoglobin. A proton magnetic relaxation study. The hydration of oxyhemoglobin, carbonylhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin does not depend on the quaternary state of the hemoglobin molecule as revealed through the concentration dependence of proton magnetic relaxation rates. The biphasic relaxation behavior of isotopically diluted solutions of hemoglobin confirms that the self-association of hemoglobin molecules at higher concentration is independent of the quaternary structure. In the case of aquomethemoglobin, a biphasic relaxation and a diminished heme accessibility at higher concentrations are observed, caused by interaction of the associating hemoglobin molecules.", "PMID": 538101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7478", "title": "Cirrhosis and the synthesis of proline and glycine in rat liver.", "content": "The relation between availability of free amino acids and development of cirrhosis in rat liver has been experimentally evaluated. Levels of free glycine and proline were found to increase when animals are treated with phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. This increase is concomitant with increase in collagen and loss of activity of enzymes responsible for degradation of amino acids. It is concluded that elevated levels of proline observed in the serum of cirrhotic patients may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of collagen accumulation in the liver.", "contents": "Cirrhosis and the synthesis of proline and glycine in rat liver. The relation between availability of free amino acids and development of cirrhosis in rat liver has been experimentally evaluated. Levels of free glycine and proline were found to increase when animals are treated with phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. This increase is concomitant with increase in collagen and loss of activity of enzymes responsible for degradation of amino acids. It is concluded that elevated levels of proline observed in the serum of cirrhotic patients may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of collagen accumulation in the liver.", "PMID": 538102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7479", "title": "[Some problems of Wilson's disease].", "content": "The Leipzig Center for Wilson's Disease in the GDR is charged with the registration and diagnosis of all homozygous Wilson gene carriers, the clarification of all suspected cases, including the heterozygote test, and the co-ordination of long-term treatment. At present, there are 78 recorded Wilson gene carriers living. On the basis of our own comprehensive observations and investigations over prolonged periods of time, questions concerning pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis and therapeutic measures, including their side-effects, are dealt with.", "contents": "[Some problems of Wilson's disease]. The Leipzig Center for Wilson's Disease in the GDR is charged with the registration and diagnosis of all homozygous Wilson gene carriers, the clarification of all suspected cases, including the heterozygote test, and the co-ordination of long-term treatment. At present, there are 78 recorded Wilson gene carriers living. On the basis of our own comprehensive observations and investigations over prolonged periods of time, questions concerning pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis and therapeutic measures, including their side-effects, are dealt with.", "PMID": 538129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7480", "title": "[Diphenylhydantoin stimulation test in Wilson's disease].", "content": "Coeruloplasmin and diphenylhydantoin levels were studied both in patients who were stabilised for the first time on diphenylhyantoin (300 mg daily) up to reaching a stable serum concentration (N = 6) and during steady-state concentration (N = 25). No significant DPH-dependent influence on the coeruloplasmin level in the serum was found. In our opinion, DPH is no suitable for the stimulation of coeruloplasmin and thus for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease, particularly in the preclinical stage, because absence of coeruloplasmin increase in the serum being found also in healthy persons.", "contents": "[Diphenylhydantoin stimulation test in Wilson's disease]. Coeruloplasmin and diphenylhydantoin levels were studied both in patients who were stabilised for the first time on diphenylhyantoin (300 mg daily) up to reaching a stable serum concentration (N = 6) and during steady-state concentration (N = 25). No significant DPH-dependent influence on the coeruloplasmin level in the serum was found. In our opinion, DPH is no suitable for the stimulation of coeruloplasmin and thus for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease, particularly in the preclinical stage, because absence of coeruloplasmin increase in the serum being found also in healthy persons.", "PMID": 538130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7481", "title": "[Filling of the Circle of Willis in carotid angiography using halothane anesthesia].", "content": "A comparative study of 150 carotid angiographies carried out under local anaesthesia and the same number under halothane anaesthesia did not show any great deviation from the well-known filling rates of the counter-lateral carotid region and the ipsilateral A. cerebri posterior nor any striking differences in the two methods of anaesthesia which could convince of a favourable influence of halothane on the demonstration of the vessels. The causative factors of the filling of adjacent vascularisation regions can certainly only be explained from the complex co-action of physiological and any external factors in cerebral angiography.", "contents": "[Filling of the Circle of Willis in carotid angiography using halothane anesthesia]. A comparative study of 150 carotid angiographies carried out under local anaesthesia and the same number under halothane anaesthesia did not show any great deviation from the well-known filling rates of the counter-lateral carotid region and the ipsilateral A. cerebri posterior nor any striking differences in the two methods of anaesthesia which could convince of a favourable influence of halothane on the demonstration of the vessels. The causative factors of the filling of adjacent vascularisation regions can certainly only be explained from the complex co-action of physiological and any external factors in cerebral angiography.", "PMID": 538131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7482", "title": "[Localization of rhythmic activity around 4/s].", "content": "The results of the studies carried out in four carriers of characteristics are presented under localistic aspects proceeding from the different local distribution of rhythmized activity around 4/s with unipopular and bipolar lead technique. A hypothesis of the origin of the activity is presented which would be in agreement with its distribution characteristics and reactivity.", "contents": "[Localization of rhythmic activity around 4/s]. The results of the studies carried out in four carriers of characteristics are presented under localistic aspects proceeding from the different local distribution of rhythmized activity around 4/s with unipopular and bipolar lead technique. A hypothesis of the origin of the activity is presented which would be in agreement with its distribution characteristics and reactivity.", "PMID": 538132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7483", "title": "[Results of EMG analysis using the Polish mini-computer ANOPS].", "content": "During a study tour of the Neurological Clinic in Warsaw, the automatic EMG analysis procedure by means of the Polish computer ANOPS was tested, standard values worked out and their diagnostic information value tested on patients with neuromuscular diseases. To obtain normal values, leads from four muscles of each of 21 healthy persons were made and the electromyograms of each muscle described by five different parameters. For a differentiated neuromuscular diagnosis it is significant that the computer not only calculates the mean values of each EMG parameter but provides histograms from which further statistical indices and diagnostic information can be obtained.", "contents": "[Results of EMG analysis using the Polish mini-computer ANOPS]. During a study tour of the Neurological Clinic in Warsaw, the automatic EMG analysis procedure by means of the Polish computer ANOPS was tested, standard values worked out and their diagnostic information value tested on patients with neuromuscular diseases. To obtain normal values, leads from four muscles of each of 21 healthy persons were made and the electromyograms of each muscle described by five different parameters. For a differentiated neuromuscular diagnosis it is significant that the computer not only calculates the mean values of each EMG parameter but provides histograms from which further statistical indices and diagnostic information can be obtained.", "PMID": 538133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7484", "title": "[The proportion of neurological diseases among patients in an observation department of a pediatric-neuropsychiatric university clinic].", "content": "In view of the fact that neurology and psychiatry in childhood and adolescence necessarily form a unity, the proportion of neurological diseases is analysed on the basis of the in-patients of five clinic years of a pediatric-neuropsychiatric university hospital. In this analysis, age and sex distribution, catchment area and referring institutions, reasons for the admission and duration of the stay are taken into account. A generally valid statement cannot be made, and the study is intended to encourage similar investigations.", "contents": "[The proportion of neurological diseases among patients in an observation department of a pediatric-neuropsychiatric university clinic]. In view of the fact that neurology and psychiatry in childhood and adolescence necessarily form a unity, the proportion of neurological diseases is analysed on the basis of the in-patients of five clinic years of a pediatric-neuropsychiatric university hospital. In this analysis, age and sex distribution, catchment area and referring institutions, reasons for the admission and duration of the stay are taken into account. A generally valid statement cannot be made, and the study is intended to encourage similar investigations.", "PMID": 538134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7485", "title": "Psychosocial risk factors for lung cancer.", "content": "The existence of psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignancy has been postulated by many investigators. This study investigated selected psychosocial factors as predictors of malignancy. 110 male patients with undiagnosed subacute or chronic pulmonary x-ray lesions participated in a semistructured interview. Ratings were made of 5 subscales: 1) childhood instability, 2) job stability, 3) marriage stability, 4) lack of plans for the future, and 5) recent significant loss. The composite scale correctly predicted the diagnosis of 53 (80%) of the 66 patients with benign disease and 27 (61%) of the 44 with lung cancer. The scale was at least as important as smoking history in predicting diagnoses. Thus, significant psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignant disease might well be incorporated in selecting high-risk individuals for cytological or other screening for lung cancer.", "contents": "Psychosocial risk factors for lung cancer. The existence of psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignancy has been postulated by many investigators. This study investigated selected psychosocial factors as predictors of malignancy. 110 male patients with undiagnosed subacute or chronic pulmonary x-ray lesions participated in a semistructured interview. Ratings were made of 5 subscales: 1) childhood instability, 2) job stability, 3) marriage stability, 4) lack of plans for the future, and 5) recent significant loss. The composite scale correctly predicted the diagnosis of 53 (80%) of the 66 patients with benign disease and 27 (61%) of the 44 with lung cancer. The scale was at least as important as smoking history in predicting diagnoses. Thus, significant psychosocial risk factors for the development of malignant disease might well be incorporated in selecting high-risk individuals for cytological or other screening for lung cancer.", "PMID": 538211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7486", "title": "Psychological correlates of stress-induced cortisol and growth hormone releases in neurotic patients.", "content": "The mirror drawing test was performed in 23 neurotic patients and plasma cortisol (Fk) and growth hormone (GH) were measured serially throughout the test. The patient's personality was assessed by the Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory and related to the endocrine findings. The results indicated that 1) Fk and GH have different personality correlates; 2) the Fk responders tend to be more \"defensive\" trying to maintain good \"self-control\" over inner mental processes; 3) high GH level seems to be associated with personality features such as exaggeration, hostility, and a distorted thinking process; 4) psychoendocrine control mechanisms for Fk and GH tend to offset, rather than enhance, each other.", "contents": "Psychological correlates of stress-induced cortisol and growth hormone releases in neurotic patients. The mirror drawing test was performed in 23 neurotic patients and plasma cortisol (Fk) and growth hormone (GH) were measured serially throughout the test. The patient's personality was assessed by the Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory and related to the endocrine findings. The results indicated that 1) Fk and GH have different personality correlates; 2) the Fk responders tend to be more \"defensive\" trying to maintain good \"self-control\" over inner mental processes; 3) high GH level seems to be associated with personality features such as exaggeration, hostility, and a distorted thinking process; 4) psychoendocrine control mechanisms for Fk and GH tend to offset, rather than enhance, each other.", "PMID": 538212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7487", "title": "Changes in weight during treatment for depression.", "content": "Changes in appetite and weight were examined in a group of 47 carefully diagnosed primary depressives who were treated in a random design with either placebo (N = 17) or amitryptyline (N = 30) over a 35-day protocol. While the amitriptyline treated group as a whole showed a greater gain in weight than did the placebo group (4.5 vs. 0.5 lb, p less than 0.05), no differential effects could be demonstrated between drug responders and nonresponders. Likewise, while a consistent relationship between the self-report of decreased appetite and final weight change was noted in the placebo group, no simple relationship between final weight change and self-reported changes in appetite were apparent in the drug-treated patients. There was, however, a relationship between the report of decreased appetite and clinical severity of depression in the drug nonresponder subgroup despite significant weight gain during the protocol. Thus, weight change during this study period did not appear to show a simple relationship to corresponding clinical change. The clinical lore that has supported the notion that increased appetite and weight gain in patients being treated with tricyclic antidepressants are \"good\" signs cannot be confirmed by our findings.", "contents": "Changes in weight during treatment for depression. Changes in appetite and weight were examined in a group of 47 carefully diagnosed primary depressives who were treated in a random design with either placebo (N = 17) or amitryptyline (N = 30) over a 35-day protocol. While the amitriptyline treated group as a whole showed a greater gain in weight than did the placebo group (4.5 vs. 0.5 lb, p less than 0.05), no differential effects could be demonstrated between drug responders and nonresponders. Likewise, while a consistent relationship between the self-report of decreased appetite and final weight change was noted in the placebo group, no simple relationship between final weight change and self-reported changes in appetite were apparent in the drug-treated patients. There was, however, a relationship between the report of decreased appetite and clinical severity of depression in the drug nonresponder subgroup despite significant weight gain during the protocol. Thus, weight change during this study period did not appear to show a simple relationship to corresponding clinical change. The clinical lore that has supported the notion that increased appetite and weight gain in patients being treated with tricyclic antidepressants are \"good\" signs cannot be confirmed by our findings.", "PMID": 538213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7488", "title": "Limitations of psychological tests in a dialysis population.", "content": "Psychological tests are being used increasingly in dialysis populations, both for psychosomatic research and for clinical evaluations, warranting careful examination of their uses and limitations. Characteristics associated with dialysis populations can limit the validity of many psychological tests which are useful in other populations. These characteristics include such factors as the great biological heterogeneity of dialysis patients, their uniquely dependent relationship to treating staff, and their tendency to respond with socially desirable answers. There is a need to develop psychological tests that are specific for dialysis populations and take into account social desirability response bias. At present, the limitations of psychological tests in a dialysis population are substantial.", "contents": "Limitations of psychological tests in a dialysis population. Psychological tests are being used increasingly in dialysis populations, both for psychosomatic research and for clinical evaluations, warranting careful examination of their uses and limitations. Characteristics associated with dialysis populations can limit the validity of many psychological tests which are useful in other populations. These characteristics include such factors as the great biological heterogeneity of dialysis patients, their uniquely dependent relationship to treating staff, and their tendency to respond with socially desirable answers. There is a need to develop psychological tests that are specific for dialysis populations and take into account social desirability response bias. At present, the limitations of psychological tests in a dialysis population are substantial.", "PMID": 538214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7489", "title": "Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "The outcome of pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis (CAH) was studied retrospectively, together with a survival analysis of patients and a comparison of fertility with that expected from controls drawn from the normal Australian population. Clinical records of 73 cases of CAH included 37 women who were potentially fertile (aged 15-45 years) and there were 30 pregnancies among 16 of these women. Hepatic and obstetric complications and the outcome for the foetus and the mother were compared with the results from 36 reports accumulated from the literature. The results showed an incremental increase in survival of patients with CAH according to decade of diagnosis from 1950 and similar severity of liver disease in those who did, or did not, become pregnant. Fertility was reduced in patients with CAH. Relapse of CAH occurred during pregnancy in only two patients, hepatic complications were minimal, and there was no consistent pattern of alteration in liver function; 12 of 16 mothers are alive for a mean period of eight years after pregnancy. Obstetric complications included urinary tract infections (six), toxaemia of pregnancy (nine) and prematurity (seven); of the 30 pregnancies, four were terminated on medical advice in the early years of the study, three ended in spontaneous abortion, and there were four perinatal deaths giving a foetal loss rate of 33 per cent. Despite the maternal disease and use of prednisolone and azathioprine during pregnancy, the single congenital abnormality was pyloric stenosis. We conclude that in CAH fertility is reduced but pregnancies which occur can proceed without detriment to the mother provided that prednisolone treatment is maintained; that a higher than normal foetal loss can be expected; and that babies may be born prematurely but will be normal.", "contents": "Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis. The outcome of pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis (CAH) was studied retrospectively, together with a survival analysis of patients and a comparison of fertility with that expected from controls drawn from the normal Australian population. Clinical records of 73 cases of CAH included 37 women who were potentially fertile (aged 15-45 years) and there were 30 pregnancies among 16 of these women. Hepatic and obstetric complications and the outcome for the foetus and the mother were compared with the results from 36 reports accumulated from the literature. The results showed an incremental increase in survival of patients with CAH according to decade of diagnosis from 1950 and similar severity of liver disease in those who did, or did not, become pregnant. Fertility was reduced in patients with CAH. Relapse of CAH occurred during pregnancy in only two patients, hepatic complications were minimal, and there was no consistent pattern of alteration in liver function; 12 of 16 mothers are alive for a mean period of eight years after pregnancy. Obstetric complications included urinary tract infections (six), toxaemia of pregnancy (nine) and prematurity (seven); of the 30 pregnancies, four were terminated on medical advice in the early years of the study, three ended in spontaneous abortion, and there were four perinatal deaths giving a foetal loss rate of 33 per cent. Despite the maternal disease and use of prednisolone and azathioprine during pregnancy, the single congenital abnormality was pyloric stenosis. We conclude that in CAH fertility is reduced but pregnancies which occur can proceed without detriment to the mother provided that prednisolone treatment is maintained; that a higher than normal foetal loss can be expected; and that babies may be born prematurely but will be normal.", "PMID": 538219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7490", "title": "Chronic interstitial nephropathy in patients on long-term lithium treatment.", "content": "One-hundred and ten patients treated with lithium for more than six months were studied in order to determine the prevalence of lithium induced nephropathy. Eighteen of 69 patients (26 per cent) who had been treated for more than two years presented a chronic interstitial nephropathy characterized by a marked decrease in renal concentrating ability with a disproportionate preservation of glomerular filtration rate. Histologically, increased amounts of fibrotic tissue in the medulla and the cortex were found together with tubular atrophy. In 40 per cent of the patients who underwent renal biopsy, cystic formations in the cortex were found. The impairment of renal concentrating ability could be related to the duration of lithium treatment and the degree of tubular damage correlated with the degree of impairment of renal concentrating ability. Lithium induced, chronic nephropathy is a rather common complication of long-term lithium treatment and reduces the patients capacity to regulate water and electrolyte metabolism. As water and electrolyte loss appears to precede the slowly progressing lithium intoxication, the main hazard of lithium induced nephropathy is lithium intoxication.", "contents": "Chronic interstitial nephropathy in patients on long-term lithium treatment. One-hundred and ten patients treated with lithium for more than six months were studied in order to determine the prevalence of lithium induced nephropathy. Eighteen of 69 patients (26 per cent) who had been treated for more than two years presented a chronic interstitial nephropathy characterized by a marked decrease in renal concentrating ability with a disproportionate preservation of glomerular filtration rate. Histologically, increased amounts of fibrotic tissue in the medulla and the cortex were found together with tubular atrophy. In 40 per cent of the patients who underwent renal biopsy, cystic formations in the cortex were found. The impairment of renal concentrating ability could be related to the duration of lithium treatment and the degree of tubular damage correlated with the degree of impairment of renal concentrating ability. Lithium induced, chronic nephropathy is a rather common complication of long-term lithium treatment and reduces the patients capacity to regulate water and electrolyte metabolism. As water and electrolyte loss appears to precede the slowly progressing lithium intoxication, the main hazard of lithium induced nephropathy is lithium intoxication.", "PMID": 538220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7491", "title": "Plasma volume contraction: a significant factor in both pregnancy-associated hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and chronic hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "The role of plasma volume in hypertension in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) was investigated. Significant volume expansion from non-pregnant levels (16.5 +/- 1.60 ml/cm height) was present throughout pregnancy in 189 normal women, reaching 23.1 +/- 1.21 ml/cm at 33-36 weeks amenorrhoea. In another 40 initially normotensive pregnant women who developed hypertension, similar early volume expansion was followed by significant volume contraction in the third trimester, before evaluation of blood pressure in 29 (20.6 +/- 1.26 ml/cm), after it in 11 (18.6 +/- 1.27 ml/cm). Equivalent volume contraction was present in another 44 women studied only after hypertension developed in the third trimester. Oedema had no value as a clinical sign. In another 30 women with chronic hypertension, blood pressure was inversely related to plasma volume (r = 0.822) and to fetal growth (r = -0.710), which was directly related to plasma volume (r = 0.701). Plasma volume depletion plays a significant role in hypertension in pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma volume contraction: a significant factor in both pregnancy-associated hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and chronic hypertension in pregnancy. The role of plasma volume in hypertension in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) was investigated. Significant volume expansion from non-pregnant levels (16.5 +/- 1.60 ml/cm height) was present throughout pregnancy in 189 normal women, reaching 23.1 +/- 1.21 ml/cm at 33-36 weeks amenorrhoea. In another 40 initially normotensive pregnant women who developed hypertension, similar early volume expansion was followed by significant volume contraction in the third trimester, before evaluation of blood pressure in 29 (20.6 +/- 1.26 ml/cm), after it in 11 (18.6 +/- 1.27 ml/cm). Equivalent volume contraction was present in another 44 women studied only after hypertension developed in the third trimester. Oedema had no value as a clinical sign. In another 30 women with chronic hypertension, blood pressure was inversely related to plasma volume (r = 0.822) and to fetal growth (r = -0.710), which was directly related to plasma volume (r = 0.701). Plasma volume depletion plays a significant role in hypertension in pregnancy.", "PMID": 538221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7492", "title": "Splenic influences on the blood in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The influence of the spleen on the blood has been assessed in a series of 187 consecutive patients with chronic liver disease. Patients were described as having 'hypersplenism' if the white blood count and/or platelet count were below 4.0 X 10(9)/1 and 100 X 10(9)/1 respectively at the time of biopsy diagnosis and on at least one subsequent occasion. Using this definition 17 per cent of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had hypersplenism, compared with 38 per cent with cryptogenic cirrhosis and 26 per cent with active chronic hepatitis. Studies with 51Cr labelled autogenous erythrocytes in 36 of the patients with different types of chronic liver disease showed that the spleen rarely caused anaemia either by excessive splenic pooling or splenic haemolysis. Further studies with 51Cr labelled platelets in 20 other patients showed that the splenic platelet pool was usually considerably increased and the platelet life span reduced. Some patients showed excessive destruction of platelets in the spleen but none of these features consistently related to thrombocytopenia. Splenic enlargement per se did not cause expansion of the plasma volume in chronic liver disease. Of a total of 17 patients who underwent surgical operations for reduction of portal pressure five had hypersplenism but in these the haematological state was not significantly improved at one month. However, none of the survivors of these operations subsequently developed hypersplenism. One patient with severe hypersplenism who underwent simple splenectomy was cured of leucopenia but not of thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Splenic influences on the blood in chronic liver disease. The influence of the spleen on the blood has been assessed in a series of 187 consecutive patients with chronic liver disease. Patients were described as having 'hypersplenism' if the white blood count and/or platelet count were below 4.0 X 10(9)/1 and 100 X 10(9)/1 respectively at the time of biopsy diagnosis and on at least one subsequent occasion. Using this definition 17 per cent of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had hypersplenism, compared with 38 per cent with cryptogenic cirrhosis and 26 per cent with active chronic hepatitis. Studies with 51Cr labelled autogenous erythrocytes in 36 of the patients with different types of chronic liver disease showed that the spleen rarely caused anaemia either by excessive splenic pooling or splenic haemolysis. Further studies with 51Cr labelled platelets in 20 other patients showed that the splenic platelet pool was usually considerably increased and the platelet life span reduced. Some patients showed excessive destruction of platelets in the spleen but none of these features consistently related to thrombocytopenia. Splenic enlargement per se did not cause expansion of the plasma volume in chronic liver disease. Of a total of 17 patients who underwent surgical operations for reduction of portal pressure five had hypersplenism but in these the haematological state was not significantly improved at one month. However, none of the survivors of these operations subsequently developed hypersplenism. One patient with severe hypersplenism who underwent simple splenectomy was cured of leucopenia but not of thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 538222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7493", "title": "The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction.", "content": "Extra-hepatic obstruction of the portal vein is a well known cause of hypertension in childhood and 55 out of the 97 patients (57 per cent) seen with this condition presented before they were 15 years old. However, nearly half our cases (43 per cent) presented in adult life. Haematemesis was the commonest mode of presentation in both the adult and childhood group although splenomegaly was common, especially in the children. The severity and frequency of haematemesis increased during puberty in the children. Twelve children and three adults have now not bled for between five and 30 years, 10 of them ceasing spontaneously and five following surgery. Intra-abdominal infection or septicaemia precipitated the portal venous obstruction in 38 patients (39 per cent), though the exact cause of such obstruction in patients who had no cirrhosis was obscure in about half the cases. Ascites was present in 18/51 (35 per cent) of the children and 24/35 (69 per cent) of the adults. Its presence was associated with an increased mortality (p less than 0.01). Nineteen out of 42 (45 per cent) patients with ascites also had portal-systemic encephalopathy. Twenty-four patients died, nine having presented during childhood, variceal haemorrhage was responsible for death in 19 and infection in five. Sixty-four patients underwent 114 operations for variceal haemorrhage. Mortality was greater in the surgical group compared with those managed conservatively. Surgery is therefore indicated only in the rare case where bleeding cannot be controlled by medical means.", "contents": "The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction. Extra-hepatic obstruction of the portal vein is a well known cause of hypertension in childhood and 55 out of the 97 patients (57 per cent) seen with this condition presented before they were 15 years old. However, nearly half our cases (43 per cent) presented in adult life. Haematemesis was the commonest mode of presentation in both the adult and childhood group although splenomegaly was common, especially in the children. The severity and frequency of haematemesis increased during puberty in the children. Twelve children and three adults have now not bled for between five and 30 years, 10 of them ceasing spontaneously and five following surgery. Intra-abdominal infection or septicaemia precipitated the portal venous obstruction in 38 patients (39 per cent), though the exact cause of such obstruction in patients who had no cirrhosis was obscure in about half the cases. Ascites was present in 18/51 (35 per cent) of the children and 24/35 (69 per cent) of the adults. Its presence was associated with an increased mortality (p less than 0.01). Nineteen out of 42 (45 per cent) patients with ascites also had portal-systemic encephalopathy. Twenty-four patients died, nine having presented during childhood, variceal haemorrhage was responsible for death in 19 and infection in five. Sixty-four patients underwent 114 operations for variceal haemorrhage. Mortality was greater in the surgical group compared with those managed conservatively. Surgery is therefore indicated only in the rare case where bleeding cannot be controlled by medical means.", "PMID": 538223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7494", "title": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy and fluoroscopic percutaneous needle biopsy--a combined approach to the investigation of thoracic lesions.", "content": "Ten patients are presented in whom a combined approach of fibreoptic bronchoscopy immediately followed by needle biopsy (if indicated) has been performed. The diagnosis was ascertained in nine patients. There were no significant complications. Most patients were treated as day patients.", "contents": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy and fluoroscopic percutaneous needle biopsy--a combined approach to the investigation of thoracic lesions. Ten patients are presented in whom a combined approach of fibreoptic bronchoscopy immediately followed by needle biopsy (if indicated) has been performed. The diagnosis was ascertained in nine patients. There were no significant complications. Most patients were treated as day patients.", "PMID": 538233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7495", "title": "[Freedom in disorders of the mind and spirit].", "content": "The much used and popular word \"freedom\" is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression \"freedom of will\" is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everyday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence, some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.", "contents": "[Freedom in disorders of the mind and spirit]. The much used and popular word \"freedom\" is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression \"freedom of will\" is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everyday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence, some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.", "PMID": 538273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7496", "title": "[\"Emitted\" cerebral activity and attention processes in a group of schizophrenics. Methodologic problems].", "content": "This is a study of the relationship between cerebral events and visual attentional processes of schizophrenic patients by means of a spectral analysis method described in this paper. With recorded data it is possible to study the EEG, standard visual evoked potential, visual evoked potention with attention and visual \"emitted\" potentials when stimuli were expected but absent. Compared with the sommation method and unitary analysis, the spectral analysis method appears very interesting, especially for the study of \"emitted\" potentials because it avoids the subjectivity of operators and reduces the number of stimulations. The results show the interest of this simple reliable and effective method for the detection and objectivation of evoked activities with only very few (10) stimulations.", "contents": "[\"Emitted\" cerebral activity and attention processes in a group of schizophrenics. Methodologic problems]. This is a study of the relationship between cerebral events and visual attentional processes of schizophrenic patients by means of a spectral analysis method described in this paper. With recorded data it is possible to study the EEG, standard visual evoked potential, visual evoked potention with attention and visual \"emitted\" potentials when stimuli were expected but absent. Compared with the sommation method and unitary analysis, the spectral analysis method appears very interesting, especially for the study of \"emitted\" potentials because it avoids the subjectivity of operators and reduces the number of stimulations. The results show the interest of this simple reliable and effective method for the detection and objectivation of evoked activities with only very few (10) stimulations.", "PMID": 538274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7497", "title": "[Patients in remission and their psychoses. Comparison by means of audiovisual aids].", "content": "Patients in complete or partial remission were shown a videotape of their acute psychotic illness, if possible in the presence of one of their relatives. The tape was then discussed with the patients and their relatives. The videotape and the discussion were recorded again, thus allowing for an analysis of verbal and nonverbal reactions and attitudes of the participants. The psychologically unique situation of direct confrontation with the acute psychotic state enables certain problems in this area to be more closely examined and indirectly highlights possibilities of different therapeutic approaches. The investigations will be continued.", "contents": "[Patients in remission and their psychoses. Comparison by means of audiovisual aids]. Patients in complete or partial remission were shown a videotape of their acute psychotic illness, if possible in the presence of one of their relatives. The tape was then discussed with the patients and their relatives. The videotape and the discussion were recorded again, thus allowing for an analysis of verbal and nonverbal reactions and attitudes of the participants. The psychologically unique situation of direct confrontation with the acute psychotic state enables certain problems in this area to be more closely examined and indirectly highlights possibilities of different therapeutic approaches. The investigations will be continued.", "PMID": 538275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7498", "title": "A comparative study of involutional depressive patients in French Canada and in Hungary.", "content": "The data dealing with 200 involutional depressive patients who were treated in Quebec City and in Budapest are presented. A questionnnaire prepared for this purpose is produced and evaluated. Half of the Canadian and 80% of the Hungarian patients were personally interviewed by the author. Those patients with organic brain syndromes were not included in the population studied. Besides many similarities between the two groups, there were also symptomatological differences observed, e.g. the agitated type of involutional melancholy occurred twice as often in Canada as in Hungary, the apathetic cases were rarer in Canada, and the illness began earlier among Canadian women. Self-blame in Canada was often linked to religious observation. Two typical syndromes in male and female patients are detailed as special disease patterns. The symptomatology of this disorder has become identical in the last few years in both countries, therefore it is improbable that a similar study in the future could point out the differences described here.", "contents": "A comparative study of involutional depressive patients in French Canada and in Hungary. The data dealing with 200 involutional depressive patients who were treated in Quebec City and in Budapest are presented. A questionnnaire prepared for this purpose is produced and evaluated. Half of the Canadian and 80% of the Hungarian patients were personally interviewed by the author. Those patients with organic brain syndromes were not included in the population studied. Besides many similarities between the two groups, there were also symptomatological differences observed, e.g. the agitated type of involutional melancholy occurred twice as often in Canada as in Hungary, the apathetic cases were rarer in Canada, and the illness began earlier among Canadian women. Self-blame in Canada was often linked to religious observation. Two typical syndromes in male and female patients are detailed as special disease patterns. The symptomatology of this disorder has become identical in the last few years in both countries, therefore it is improbable that a similar study in the future could point out the differences described here.", "PMID": 538276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7499", "title": "Studies on the trace element distribution in the diets and population of Italy.", "content": "For various reasons an increasing importance has been given in recent time in many parts of the world to the evaluation of the trace element pathways from environment to man. In Italy a large program was recently started based on the study in different groups of population of the relationship existing between the trace element dietary intake and the trace element content in the total excretion and in some human tissues (mainly blood). In this paper the complete data concerning the daily dietary intake, the urinary and fecal excretion, and the blood concentration referred to five population groups living in different regions of Italy will be reported. The main trace elements considered are: Ag, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sc, Se and Zn; all the measurements were performed by means of non-destructive neutron activation analysis.", "contents": "Studies on the trace element distribution in the diets and population of Italy. For various reasons an increasing importance has been given in recent time in many parts of the world to the evaluation of the trace element pathways from environment to man. In Italy a large program was recently started based on the study in different groups of population of the relationship existing between the trace element dietary intake and the trace element content in the total excretion and in some human tissues (mainly blood). In this paper the complete data concerning the daily dietary intake, the urinary and fecal excretion, and the blood concentration referred to five population groups living in different regions of Italy will be reported. The main trace elements considered are: Ag, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sc, Se and Zn; all the measurements were performed by means of non-destructive neutron activation analysis.", "PMID": 538296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7500", "title": "A review of environmental characteristics and health effects of barium in public water supplies.", "content": "A comprehensive review is made of sources, occurrence, removal, health effects and water quality standard of barium in public drinking water supplies. The primary source of naturally occurring barium in drinking water results from the leaching and eroding of this metal from sedimentary rocks into the aquifers of ground water. It is a localized problem in several areas of the United States. The removal of barium from drinking water appears to be most efficiently accomplished utilizing ion exchange softening. Health effects studies are based primarily on animal experimentation. Such effects include stimulation of smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle, elevation of blood pressure, initiation of catecholamine release, rapid and preferential deposition in bone, and excretion principally in the feces. Humans over 60 years of age appear to be at high risk to developing cardiac arrhythmias following the barium enema. The current United States drinking water standard of 1.0 mg/l is based on several faulty assumptions and should be critically reevaluated.", "contents": "A review of environmental characteristics and health effects of barium in public water supplies. A comprehensive review is made of sources, occurrence, removal, health effects and water quality standard of barium in public drinking water supplies. The primary source of naturally occurring barium in drinking water results from the leaching and eroding of this metal from sedimentary rocks into the aquifers of ground water. It is a localized problem in several areas of the United States. The removal of barium from drinking water appears to be most efficiently accomplished utilizing ion exchange softening. Health effects studies are based primarily on animal experimentation. Such effects include stimulation of smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle, elevation of blood pressure, initiation of catecholamine release, rapid and preferential deposition in bone, and excretion principally in the feces. Humans over 60 years of age appear to be at high risk to developing cardiac arrhythmias following the barium enema. The current United States drinking water standard of 1.0 mg/l is based on several faulty assumptions and should be critically reevaluated.", "PMID": 538298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7501", "title": "Exposure data for the study of acute health effects of air pollution.", "content": "The use of aerometric network data has been criticized before on the grounds that it might give an unreliable picture of population exposure. However, the extensive data obtained from networks is still being used for studies of health effects of air pollution. This study uses a rigorous approach in analyzing these data to test their suitability for studies of acute health effects of air pollution. New York City, with one of the most extensive aerometric networks, consisting of 40 air pollution monitoring stations, is taken as an example. Three years of hourly SO2 readings and bi-hourly readings of smokeshade have been analyzed. The use of one aerometric station to represent the daily exposure of the population of New York City as has been done in previous studies is shown to be invalid. The use of individual monitoring stations of the New York City aerometric network to represent the day-to-day exposure to SO2 and smokeshade of the populations surrounding these monitoring stations is examined, with results showing that further work will be necessary before such an approach is justified.", "contents": "Exposure data for the study of acute health effects of air pollution. The use of aerometric network data has been criticized before on the grounds that it might give an unreliable picture of population exposure. However, the extensive data obtained from networks is still being used for studies of health effects of air pollution. This study uses a rigorous approach in analyzing these data to test their suitability for studies of acute health effects of air pollution. New York City, with one of the most extensive aerometric networks, consisting of 40 air pollution monitoring stations, is taken as an example. Three years of hourly SO2 readings and bi-hourly readings of smokeshade have been analyzed. The use of one aerometric station to represent the daily exposure of the population of New York City as has been done in previous studies is shown to be invalid. The use of individual monitoring stations of the New York City aerometric network to represent the day-to-day exposure to SO2 and smokeshade of the populations surrounding these monitoring stations is examined, with results showing that further work will be necessary before such an approach is justified.", "PMID": 538299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7502", "title": "[Digestive diseases morbidity and need for medical care requirements. Prevalence study of declared symptoms and demand for medical care in a French \"department\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey on digestive morbidity and demand for medical care in a pilot area concerned 3504 persons, eighteen years old and over; 69.3 p. 100 of them reported that they had been affected by one or several digestive symptoms during the previous year. However, it concerns mostly just common symptoms, probably benign, observed in all age groups; only 9.4 p. 100 of those complaining (half of them being old persons) reported disorders which can be suspected as serious ones. Among the subjects presenting symptoms, there is a majority of women, of urban population, of higher educational levels and higher social classes. During this year 18.9 p. 100 of the total population sought medical advice for digestive symptoms, the average number of consultations being 0.7 for every subject. This demand is related to the age, the number and gravity of the complaints, and to the presence of a digestive history; 24.5 p. 100 of the subjects used self medication: this is related to the perception of benign disorders, to digestive history, sex and social class: factory workers, farm workers and self-operating farmers are using this least. Women complain of digestive disorders more often than men and practice self medication more frequently. They do not report serious symptoms or a history of digestive disease more often than men, nor do consult doctors more frequently.", "contents": "[Digestive diseases morbidity and need for medical care requirements. Prevalence study of declared symptoms and demand for medical care in a French \"department\" (author's transl)]. A survey on digestive morbidity and demand for medical care in a pilot area concerned 3504 persons, eighteen years old and over; 69.3 p. 100 of them reported that they had been affected by one or several digestive symptoms during the previous year. However, it concerns mostly just common symptoms, probably benign, observed in all age groups; only 9.4 p. 100 of those complaining (half of them being old persons) reported disorders which can be suspected as serious ones. Among the subjects presenting symptoms, there is a majority of women, of urban population, of higher educational levels and higher social classes. During this year 18.9 p. 100 of the total population sought medical advice for digestive symptoms, the average number of consultations being 0.7 for every subject. This demand is related to the age, the number and gravity of the complaints, and to the presence of a digestive history; 24.5 p. 100 of the subjects used self medication: this is related to the perception of benign disorders, to digestive history, sex and social class: factory workers, farm workers and self-operating farmers are using this least. Women complain of digestive disorders more often than men and practice self medication more frequently. They do not report serious symptoms or a history of digestive disease more often than men, nor do consult doctors more frequently.", "PMID": 538300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7503", "title": "A mathematical model for the 1973 cholera epidemic in the European Mediterranean region.", "content": "For the cholera epidemic that occurred in the European Mediterranean region in the summer of 1973, a simple deterministic mathematic model is proposed; it consists of a system of two ordinary differential equations which concern the evolution of the human infective population in a town community and of bacteria population in the sea. It is conjectured that the infection process obeys a non linear saturation-type law. A phase space analysis is performed for the system of equations. Conclusions are drawn which concern the evolution of the epidemic and which suggest some indications for the selection of public health policies. The validity of the model is compared with the available data for the town of Bari (Italy).", "contents": "A mathematical model for the 1973 cholera epidemic in the European Mediterranean region. For the cholera epidemic that occurred in the European Mediterranean region in the summer of 1973, a simple deterministic mathematic model is proposed; it consists of a system of two ordinary differential equations which concern the evolution of the human infective population in a town community and of bacteria population in the sea. It is conjectured that the infection process obeys a non linear saturation-type law. A phase space analysis is performed for the system of equations. Conclusions are drawn which concern the evolution of the epidemic and which suggest some indications for the selection of public health policies. The validity of the model is compared with the available data for the town of Bari (Italy).", "PMID": 538301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7504", "title": "[Analysis of the geographical variations of twinning rate in France. An indirect approach to study spontaneous abortions (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypothesis of the existence of spatial variations of spontaneous abortion rates has two logical consequences on dizygotic twinning rates: they must be heterogeneously distributed and show a positive correlation with natality. French data available on dizygotic twinning rates from 1950 to 1974 are in agreement with both implications. Although alternative explanations are possible, these findings do reinforce the relevance of dizygotic twinning rate variations as a tool for the assessment of reproduction failures.", "contents": "[Analysis of the geographical variations of twinning rate in France. An indirect approach to study spontaneous abortions (author's transl)]. The hypothesis of the existence of spatial variations of spontaneous abortion rates has two logical consequences on dizygotic twinning rates: they must be heterogeneously distributed and show a positive correlation with natality. French data available on dizygotic twinning rates from 1950 to 1974 are in agreement with both implications. Although alternative explanations are possible, these findings do reinforce the relevance of dizygotic twinning rate variations as a tool for the assessment of reproduction failures.", "PMID": 538304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7505", "title": "[Monoclonal gammapathy in the adult population of Finist\u00e8re (France). Results of an inquiry resting on 30,279 persons (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 30,279 adult sera, most issued from Finist\u00e8re, detected 334 monoclonal gammapathies. The analysis of the results discloses that monoclonal gammapathies appear more frequently in this district (Finist\u00e8re) than in Paris' one and that their repartition is not homogeneous. Two areas seem to be more particularly affected: one in the north-east, where IgG paraproteins are particularly frequent and the other in southwest, more particularly touched by IgM. The role of a genetic tendency could be backed by a discovery of numerous cases of monoclonal gammapathies occuring in families, and the high rate occuring between \"half brother and sisters\", but the case study of three couples would be more in favor of an environmental stimulus.", "contents": "[Monoclonal gammapathy in the adult population of Finist\u00e8re (France). Results of an inquiry resting on 30,279 persons (author's transl)]. The study of 30,279 adult sera, most issued from Finist\u00e8re, detected 334 monoclonal gammapathies. The analysis of the results discloses that monoclonal gammapathies appear more frequently in this district (Finist\u00e8re) than in Paris' one and that their repartition is not homogeneous. Two areas seem to be more particularly affected: one in the north-east, where IgG paraproteins are particularly frequent and the other in southwest, more particularly touched by IgM. The role of a genetic tendency could be backed by a discovery of numerous cases of monoclonal gammapathies occuring in families, and the high rate occuring between \"half brother and sisters\", but the case study of three couples would be more in favor of an environmental stimulus.", "PMID": 538305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7506", "title": "[Ecology of indigenious arbovirus in Alsace. Tick Central European Encephalitis. I.--Complex Ixodes ricinus--bank voles. II.--Study of bank voles population immunity. III.--Virologic results in bank voles population (author's transl)].", "content": "I.--After showing that bank voles are parasited only by Ixodes ricinus larvae, the authors attempt to found different factors (demographic, biometric, and sexual) who favor individual parasitism. The authors conclude to absent of anti tick immunity for this rodent specie. II.--The search for anti-central european encephalitis antibodies (I.H.A.) are shown that 2 p. cent animals were immuns. Yearly and monthly chronologies of antibodies apparition are shown, factors favoring the growth of specific Central european encephalitis antibodies are discussed. III.--The Central european encephalitis tick viral infection of bank vole is studied according to the number of viral strains isolated from different viscera. The monthly chronology of this infection is shown.", "contents": "[Ecology of indigenious arbovirus in Alsace. Tick Central European Encephalitis. I.--Complex Ixodes ricinus--bank voles. II.--Study of bank voles population immunity. III.--Virologic results in bank voles population (author's transl)]. I.--After showing that bank voles are parasited only by Ixodes ricinus larvae, the authors attempt to found different factors (demographic, biometric, and sexual) who favor individual parasitism. The authors conclude to absent of anti tick immunity for this rodent specie. II.--The search for anti-central european encephalitis antibodies (I.H.A.) are shown that 2 p. cent animals were immuns. Yearly and monthly chronologies of antibodies apparition are shown, factors favoring the growth of specific Central european encephalitis antibodies are discussed. III.--The Central european encephalitis tick viral infection of bank vole is studied according to the number of viral strains isolated from different viscera. The monthly chronology of this infection is shown.", "PMID": 538306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7507", "title": "[A self-administered questionnaire applied to 30,000 teen-agers. Assessment of this method of data collection (author's transl)].", "content": "In the French \"d\u00e9partement\" of \"Bas-Rhin\", about 30,000 teen-agers filled in a self-administered questionnaire about respiratory symptoms, in spring 1976. The assessment of this method of data collection shows a very high response rate (99,7 p. cent). If we consider as incomplete all the questionnaires having at least one unanswered question concerning respiratory symptoms or smoking, 55,8 p. cent of them were incomplete, but for most questions non-response rate was lower than 4 p. cent. The consistency of answers was very satisfactory (mean inconsistency rate: 0,39 p. cent) and the likelihood of answers was proved.", "contents": "[A self-administered questionnaire applied to 30,000 teen-agers. Assessment of this method of data collection (author's transl)]. In the French \"d\u00e9partement\" of \"Bas-Rhin\", about 30,000 teen-agers filled in a self-administered questionnaire about respiratory symptoms, in spring 1976. The assessment of this method of data collection shows a very high response rate (99,7 p. cent). If we consider as incomplete all the questionnaires having at least one unanswered question concerning respiratory symptoms or smoking, 55,8 p. cent of them were incomplete, but for most questions non-response rate was lower than 4 p. cent. The consistency of answers was very satisfactory (mean inconsistency rate: 0,39 p. cent) and the likelihood of answers was proved.", "PMID": 538307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7508", "title": "[The influence of the geographic, demographic and socio-economic factors on the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Switzerland (author's transl)].", "content": "The age-standardized mortality rate of Swiss men from ischaemic heart disease (ICD 8th revision, codes 410-414) can be placed between the higher mortality rate of the Federal Republic of Germany and the lower one of France. A geographical gradient is also found within Switzerland: the German speaking areas register higher rates than the French speaking areas, and this difference is more pronounced for comparisons of large cities than for rural locations. These mortality rates are not biased by the other diseases of the heart (ICD codes 420-429). In addition to this geographical gradient, the socio-economic classes, marital status and the number of children are the best demographic and social indicators to discriminate in multivariate form the deaths from ischaemic heart disease among all deaths of men aged 45 to 64 years: the relative risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease is higher among men in non-manual professions (especially in non-independent situations) and among married men with two or none children. The results confirm the importance of the psycho-socio-cultural factors in the etiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "[The influence of the geographic, demographic and socio-economic factors on the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Switzerland (author's transl)]. The age-standardized mortality rate of Swiss men from ischaemic heart disease (ICD 8th revision, codes 410-414) can be placed between the higher mortality rate of the Federal Republic of Germany and the lower one of France. A geographical gradient is also found within Switzerland: the German speaking areas register higher rates than the French speaking areas, and this difference is more pronounced for comparisons of large cities than for rural locations. These mortality rates are not biased by the other diseases of the heart (ICD codes 420-429). In addition to this geographical gradient, the socio-economic classes, marital status and the number of children are the best demographic and social indicators to discriminate in multivariate form the deaths from ischaemic heart disease among all deaths of men aged 45 to 64 years: the relative risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease is higher among men in non-manual professions (especially in non-independent situations) and among married men with two or none children. The results confirm the importance of the psycho-socio-cultural factors in the etiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 538308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7509", "title": "[Social security for people in need of care -- proposals for the development and financing of aids for this group (author's transl)].", "content": "The article points out a serious deficiency in the social security system, i.e., that the old and infirm can only seldon obtain institutional care without calling on social assistance. It discusses possible solution of including the attendance allowances into the scope of social security benefits. The solutions are formulated in the amendment of the Association of German Cities and Towns (Deutscher St\u00e4dtetag) to the insurance regulations of the earlier German Reich (Reichsversicherungsordnung). It is proposed that the L\u00e4nder and communities as well as, to a small extent the Federal Government, assume the responsibility for investments, whereas the legal sickness insurance funds cover the costs for medical treatment and nursing and the patient pays an estimated rent value and the \"hotel services\".", "contents": "[Social security for people in need of care -- proposals for the development and financing of aids for this group (author's transl)]. The article points out a serious deficiency in the social security system, i.e., that the old and infirm can only seldon obtain institutional care without calling on social assistance. It discusses possible solution of including the attendance allowances into the scope of social security benefits. The solutions are formulated in the amendment of the Association of German Cities and Towns (Deutscher St\u00e4dtetag) to the insurance regulations of the earlier German Reich (Reichsversicherungsordnung). It is proposed that the L\u00e4nder and communities as well as, to a small extent the Federal Government, assume the responsibility for investments, whereas the legal sickness insurance funds cover the costs for medical treatment and nursing and the patient pays an estimated rent value and the \"hotel services\".", "PMID": 538329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7510", "title": "[Who needs more psychosocial oriented rehabilitation -- women after breast cancer or women after genital cancer? -- A sociopsychological study of 308 women (author's transl)].", "content": "A standardised questionnaire and personality test were used to study whether women after breast cancer treatment, or women treated for genital cancer need psychosocial counselling more frequently. The interview was given to 308 women during the author's tumor after-care consultations. 1. Repercussion on their marital lives were reported three times more often by women treated for genital cancer than by women after mastectomy (p less than 0.01). There was not significant difference with regard to their family status. 2. As epidemiologically expected -- mastectomy patients had born less children than women treated for genital cancer (p less than 0.05). 3. A reduced self-confidence was reported more often by patients treated for breast cancer than by the other patient group (p less than 0.01). 4. No decrease in working performance was observed by 50% of the women treated for genital cancers as against one third of the masectomy patients. 5. Work resumption was reported more often to be strenuous for masectomy patients than for women treated for genital cancer (p less than 0.05). 6. Woman after mastectomy experiences 50% less sexual repercussions than genital cancer patients (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Who needs more psychosocial oriented rehabilitation -- women after breast cancer or women after genital cancer? -- A sociopsychological study of 308 women (author's transl)]. A standardised questionnaire and personality test were used to study whether women after breast cancer treatment, or women treated for genital cancer need psychosocial counselling more frequently. The interview was given to 308 women during the author's tumor after-care consultations. 1. Repercussion on their marital lives were reported three times more often by women treated for genital cancer than by women after mastectomy (p less than 0.01). There was not significant difference with regard to their family status. 2. As epidemiologically expected -- mastectomy patients had born less children than women treated for genital cancer (p less than 0.05). 3. A reduced self-confidence was reported more often by patients treated for breast cancer than by the other patient group (p less than 0.01). 4. No decrease in working performance was observed by 50% of the women treated for genital cancers as against one third of the masectomy patients. 5. Work resumption was reported more often to be strenuous for masectomy patients than for women treated for genital cancer (p less than 0.05). 6. Woman after mastectomy experiences 50% less sexual repercussions than genital cancer patients (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 538330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7511", "title": "[The lower-limb amputation in geriatrics suffering from occlusive artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to the biology of arteriosclerosis elderly previously affected patients have, as a rule, to undergo lower limb amputation for occlusive artery disease. This creates particular problems which must be taken into account when choosing the surgical technique and providing the prosthesis. The article surveys the common methods and describes, in particular, the knee disarticulation including the early prosthetic fitting carried out at the author's hospital, which in their experience can decisively improve the patient's rehabilitation.", "contents": "[The lower-limb amputation in geriatrics suffering from occlusive artery disease (author's transl)]. Owing to the biology of arteriosclerosis elderly previously affected patients have, as a rule, to undergo lower limb amputation for occlusive artery disease. This creates particular problems which must be taken into account when choosing the surgical technique and providing the prosthesis. The article surveys the common methods and describes, in particular, the knee disarticulation including the early prosthetic fitting carried out at the author's hospital, which in their experience can decisively improve the patient's rehabilitation.", "PMID": 538331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7512", "title": "[On the therapy and rebabilitation of juvenile drug addits in a special hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "A successful therapy of drug-dependents can only be carried out in special facilities providing intensive inter-disciplinary care. In the Hochstadt district hospital (Bezirksklinik Hochstadt) treatment encompasses detoxication, weaning and after-care. The goal of the therapy is the permanent abstinence of the patient, finding of his identity, treatment of his somatic and psychic disturbances and diseases as well as the learning of techniques enabling him to resist addiction producing substances after his discharge from hospital, and his social re-integration. The methods used are group-therapy, as a behavioural therapy with psychodynamic aspects, ergotherapy and physiotherapy as well as socio-therapeutic measures. The therapy has a high success rate. Catamnestic studies show that 50% of the patients were still abstinent one year after their date of discharge.", "contents": "[On the therapy and rebabilitation of juvenile drug addits in a special hospital (author's transl)]. A successful therapy of drug-dependents can only be carried out in special facilities providing intensive inter-disciplinary care. In the Hochstadt district hospital (Bezirksklinik Hochstadt) treatment encompasses detoxication, weaning and after-care. The goal of the therapy is the permanent abstinence of the patient, finding of his identity, treatment of his somatic and psychic disturbances and diseases as well as the learning of techniques enabling him to resist addiction producing substances after his discharge from hospital, and his social re-integration. The methods used are group-therapy, as a behavioural therapy with psychodynamic aspects, ergotherapy and physiotherapy as well as socio-therapeutic measures. The therapy has a high success rate. Catamnestic studies show that 50% of the patients were still abstinent one year after their date of discharge.", "PMID": 538332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7513", "title": "[Report of the work at a psychiatric transitional home (declared as a model centre in the Rheinland (author's transl)].", "content": "The complete vocational and social re-integration of the psychiatrically disabled (schizophrenic type) is only possible to a certain degree, even after a temporary stay of approximately one year at a transitional home for the psychiatrically disabled where comprehensive therapeutic measures are provided. This is shown by the experiences gained during a three-year period of work with a study sample of 190 persons at the socio-psychiatric rehabilitation centre \"Bodelschwinghaus\" in Neuss, Federal Republic of Germany. A partial rehabilitation i.e., the ability to live in a community home and work in a workshop for the disabled was more successful. As a rule, the psychiatrically disabled need a long time in an encouraging and sheltered living situation which, nevertheless, must be open to the social environment, to obtain, in some cases, the degree of stabilisation necessary to one day lead an independent life. Accelerated measures structured according to economical and financial principles do not meet the needs of the psychiatrically disabled. This is why a rigorous separation between transitional and permanent homes is not appropriate in psychiatric rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Report of the work at a psychiatric transitional home (declared as a model centre in the Rheinland (author's transl)]. The complete vocational and social re-integration of the psychiatrically disabled (schizophrenic type) is only possible to a certain degree, even after a temporary stay of approximately one year at a transitional home for the psychiatrically disabled where comprehensive therapeutic measures are provided. This is shown by the experiences gained during a three-year period of work with a study sample of 190 persons at the socio-psychiatric rehabilitation centre \"Bodelschwinghaus\" in Neuss, Federal Republic of Germany. A partial rehabilitation i.e., the ability to live in a community home and work in a workshop for the disabled was more successful. As a rule, the psychiatrically disabled need a long time in an encouraging and sheltered living situation which, nevertheless, must be open to the social environment, to obtain, in some cases, the degree of stabilisation necessary to one day lead an independent life. Accelerated measures structured according to economical and financial principles do not meet the needs of the psychiatrically disabled. This is why a rigorous separation between transitional and permanent homes is not appropriate in psychiatric rehabilitation.", "PMID": 538333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7514", "title": "Localisation of the changes of the sensitivity of the airways by proteolytic enzymes (pronase) against acetylcholine.", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes increase the sensitivity of the bronchial system against acetylcholine when inhaled as aerosols. These experiments were performed on 33 dogs in order to localize the area of sensitivity in the bronchial system responsible fe aerosol only to the upper part of the airtract sensitises the lower part of the airways against acetylcholine. Pronase aerosol given to the lower part of the airways needs higher dosages for sensitization to acetylcholine. This effect assumes an interaction between the upper sensoric part in the reflex way of airway obstruction and the lower airways. Changes caused by proteolytic enzymes in the upper part of the airtract can cause increased reactivity of the lower airways.", "contents": "Localisation of the changes of the sensitivity of the airways by proteolytic enzymes (pronase) against acetylcholine. Proteolytic enzymes increase the sensitivity of the bronchial system against acetylcholine when inhaled as aerosols. These experiments were performed on 33 dogs in order to localize the area of sensitivity in the bronchial system responsible fe aerosol only to the upper part of the airtract sensitises the lower part of the airways against acetylcholine. Pronase aerosol given to the lower part of the airways needs higher dosages for sensitization to acetylcholine. This effect assumes an interaction between the upper sensoric part in the reflex way of airway obstruction and the lower airways. Changes caused by proteolytic enzymes in the upper part of the airtract can cause increased reactivity of the lower airways.", "PMID": 538334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7515", "title": "Calcium hypersensitivity in airways smooth muscle. Isometric tension responses following anaphylaxis.", "content": "The isometric tension of anaphylactic guinea pig trachealis muscle preparation was examined at subphysiologic extracellular calcium concentrations, in vitro. Paired observations of control to passively sensitized (egg albumin antiserum) and antigen-challenged muscles (anaphylaxis) were made to exposure to trace Ca++ followed by cumulative Ca++ replacement. Following anaphylaxis, a leftward shift of the Ca++ concentration-tension responses was found at 0.25--0.5 mM Ca++ (p less than 0.001); EC50 was 1.5 x greater than control. A greater maximal tension was also noted at 2.52 mM Ca++. Passively sensitized muscles did not exhibit this heightened response. Subthreshold tissue chemical mediators are tentatively excluded as causative. An increased sensitivity to extracellular Ca++ exists in resting smooth muscle following anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Calcium hypersensitivity in airways smooth muscle. Isometric tension responses following anaphylaxis. The isometric tension of anaphylactic guinea pig trachealis muscle preparation was examined at subphysiologic extracellular calcium concentrations, in vitro. Paired observations of control to passively sensitized (egg albumin antiserum) and antigen-challenged muscles (anaphylaxis) were made to exposure to trace Ca++ followed by cumulative Ca++ replacement. Following anaphylaxis, a leftward shift of the Ca++ concentration-tension responses was found at 0.25--0.5 mM Ca++ (p less than 0.001); EC50 was 1.5 x greater than control. A greater maximal tension was also noted at 2.52 mM Ca++. Passively sensitized muscles did not exhibit this heightened response. Subthreshold tissue chemical mediators are tentatively excluded as causative. An increased sensitivity to extracellular Ca++ exists in resting smooth muscle following anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 538335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7516", "title": "Efficacy of reproterol assessed by the acetylcholine provocation test.", "content": "The acute broncholytic efficacy and the protective anticonstrictive effectiveness of a new beta 2-receptor stimulator, Reproterol, was tested in 16 patients with the acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test. Plethysmographic airway resistance determinations (Raw) and flow volume curves (VEmax50%/FVC) were used as assessment parameters. All patients proved susceptible to ACH provocation, in as much they demonstrated a significant rise in the Raw from 2.46 to 11.53 cm H2O/1/sec and a significant decline of the VEmax50%/FVC from 884 to 565 (ml/sec/1) following ACH administration. With Reproterol inhalation (2 puffs at 500 mu each), almost complete elimination of ACH-induced bronchial constriction was achieved. The ACH provocation with the same patients the following day, however, was almost absent 60 min after oral ingestion of 20 mg of Reproterol tablets. Dose-efficacy studies in 7 volunteers from the same group revealed a subjectively better tolerance of the 10-mg tablets, but with a correspondingly lower antibronchia constrictive efficacy.", "contents": "Efficacy of reproterol assessed by the acetylcholine provocation test. The acute broncholytic efficacy and the protective anticonstrictive effectiveness of a new beta 2-receptor stimulator, Reproterol, was tested in 16 patients with the acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test. Plethysmographic airway resistance determinations (Raw) and flow volume curves (VEmax50%/FVC) were used as assessment parameters. All patients proved susceptible to ACH provocation, in as much they demonstrated a significant rise in the Raw from 2.46 to 11.53 cm H2O/1/sec and a significant decline of the VEmax50%/FVC from 884 to 565 (ml/sec/1) following ACH administration. With Reproterol inhalation (2 puffs at 500 mu each), almost complete elimination of ACH-induced bronchial constriction was achieved. The ACH provocation with the same patients the following day, however, was almost absent 60 min after oral ingestion of 20 mg of Reproterol tablets. Dose-efficacy studies in 7 volunteers from the same group revealed a subjectively better tolerance of the 10-mg tablets, but with a correspondingly lower antibronchia constrictive efficacy.", "PMID": 538336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7517", "title": "Condylomatous changes in neoplastic bronchial epithelium. Report of a case.", "content": "The present communication is a report of a case where histological changes, identical to those described recently to be of condylomatous nature in the genital tract, were found in the bronchial epithelium adjacent to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The significance of this finding in the light of squamous cell carcinogenesis is discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that these lesions are worth recording until proved to be unrelated to the carcinogenesis, or to be involved in it.", "contents": "Condylomatous changes in neoplastic bronchial epithelium. Report of a case. The present communication is a report of a case where histological changes, identical to those described recently to be of condylomatous nature in the genital tract, were found in the bronchial epithelium adjacent to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The significance of this finding in the light of squamous cell carcinogenesis is discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that these lesions are worth recording until proved to be unrelated to the carcinogenesis, or to be involved in it.", "PMID": 538337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7518", "title": "Phlebotomy improves pulmonary gas exchange in chronic mountain polycythemia.", "content": "There is not unanimous agreement in the literature regarding the effects of bleeding on pulmonary gas exchange in polycythemic patients. Spirometry, alveolar arterial O2 and CO2 tension differences, PaO2 breathing 100% oxygen and carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity were measured before and after 1 week of chronic phlebotomy in 4 chronic mountain polycythemic patients. Studies were carried out at 3,700 m above sea level (PB = 491 mm Hg). Before phlebotomy, 2 patients showed abnormal spirometry and gas exchange. Only 1 patient had high PaCO2 and all of them showed low values of PaO2 breathing oxygen. Phlebotomy improved both spirometry and gas exchange. Improvement in arterial oxygen saturation and PaO2 could not be attributed to changes in alveolar ventilation, but rather to better distribution of VA/Qc ratios since physiological dead space decreased. Our results are similar to those reported in polycythemia vera patients. A significant correlation between the changes in PaO2 with phlebotomy and the control PaO2 have been found from 45 polycythemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease collected from the literature. It is concluded that excessive polycythemia worsened hypoxemia and that phlebotomy improved gas exchange.", "contents": "Phlebotomy improves pulmonary gas exchange in chronic mountain polycythemia. There is not unanimous agreement in the literature regarding the effects of bleeding on pulmonary gas exchange in polycythemic patients. Spirometry, alveolar arterial O2 and CO2 tension differences, PaO2 breathing 100% oxygen and carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity were measured before and after 1 week of chronic phlebotomy in 4 chronic mountain polycythemic patients. Studies were carried out at 3,700 m above sea level (PB = 491 mm Hg). Before phlebotomy, 2 patients showed abnormal spirometry and gas exchange. Only 1 patient had high PaCO2 and all of them showed low values of PaO2 breathing oxygen. Phlebotomy improved both spirometry and gas exchange. Improvement in arterial oxygen saturation and PaO2 could not be attributed to changes in alveolar ventilation, but rather to better distribution of VA/Qc ratios since physiological dead space decreased. Our results are similar to those reported in polycythemia vera patients. A significant correlation between the changes in PaO2 with phlebotomy and the control PaO2 have been found from 45 polycythemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease collected from the literature. It is concluded that excessive polycythemia worsened hypoxemia and that phlebotomy improved gas exchange.", "PMID": 538338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7519", "title": "A simple method for computing airway resistance and specific airways conductance from scalar plethysmographic recordings.", "content": "An alternative procedure to evaluate plethysmographic tracings is described for the determination of airway resistance (Raw) and specific airway conductance (SGaw). Raw and SGaw obtained with this method reflect the average resistive impedance over one breathing cycle. Although both work and apparative expenditures are minimal, the results are well comparable with those calculated with more involved methods. The technique is particularly well suited for patients with impaired cooperation since SGaw can be determined without measuring the intrathoracic gas volume.", "contents": "A simple method for computing airway resistance and specific airways conductance from scalar plethysmographic recordings. An alternative procedure to evaluate plethysmographic tracings is described for the determination of airway resistance (Raw) and specific airway conductance (SGaw). Raw and SGaw obtained with this method reflect the average resistive impedance over one breathing cycle. Although both work and apparative expenditures are minimal, the results are well comparable with those calculated with more involved methods. The technique is particularly well suited for patients with impaired cooperation since SGaw can be determined without measuring the intrathoracic gas volume.", "PMID": 538339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7520", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Case report from the thoracic services Boston University Medical School.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is one of a group of pulmonary disorders characterized by necrotizing, aseptic granulomas, usually with angiitis. Multisystem dissemination is common especially to the skin and central nervous system. The diagnosis can be established only by histologic examination. Lymphomatous transformation apparently occurs in 10-20%. Treatment is generally unsatisfactory, although corticosteroids appear to be indicated initially. We present 4 patients, 3 of whom died relatively rapidly with progressive pulmonary lesions despite therapy with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. 1 of these patients developed a lymphoma. The fourth recovered after local excision. Pathologic diagnosis, classification, clinical and radiographic features and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Case report from the thoracic services Boston University Medical School. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is one of a group of pulmonary disorders characterized by necrotizing, aseptic granulomas, usually with angiitis. Multisystem dissemination is common especially to the skin and central nervous system. The diagnosis can be established only by histologic examination. Lymphomatous transformation apparently occurs in 10-20%. Treatment is generally unsatisfactory, although corticosteroids appear to be indicated initially. We present 4 patients, 3 of whom died relatively rapidly with progressive pulmonary lesions despite therapy with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. 1 of these patients developed a lymphoma. The fourth recovered after local excision. Pathologic diagnosis, classification, clinical and radiographic features and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 538340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7521", "title": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A case with a prolonged course in an adult. Isolation and characteristics of a \"defective\" measles virus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 33-year-old man had a 6-year history of clinical signs suggesting multiple sclerosis : visual lesion at 27 years of age, cerebellar and visual disturbances at 31, which partly regressed, lymphocytosis and increased-gammaglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Biological and anatomical (optical and ultrastructural) examinations gave results typical of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A cytopathogenic measles virus was isolated from a cerebral biopsy specimen. The agent was transmissable to vero cells by co-culture but infectivity was always related to the cells and was therefore an incomplete viral infection. Virus-like particles were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm after electron microscopy examination of the co-cultures. Biochemical tests demonstrated that the viral proteins were all synthesized except hemagglutinin, which is a characterist abnormality of a \"defective\" measles virus.", "contents": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A case with a prolonged course in an adult. Isolation and characteristics of a \"defective\" measles virus (author's transl)]. A 33-year-old man had a 6-year history of clinical signs suggesting multiple sclerosis : visual lesion at 27 years of age, cerebellar and visual disturbances at 31, which partly regressed, lymphocytosis and increased-gammaglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Biological and anatomical (optical and ultrastructural) examinations gave results typical of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A cytopathogenic measles virus was isolated from a cerebral biopsy specimen. The agent was transmissable to vero cells by co-culture but infectivity was always related to the cells and was therefore an incomplete viral infection. Virus-like particles were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm after electron microscopy examination of the co-cultures. Biochemical tests demonstrated that the viral proteins were all synthesized except hemagglutinin, which is a characterist abnormality of a \"defective\" measles virus.", "PMID": 538383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7522", "title": "[Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy. Study of a case with predominant left hemispheric lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the clinical and pathological study of a patient with vascular leucoencephalopathy almost restricted to the left posterior hemisphere. A 65 year--old right handed hypertensive woman has presented with a neuropsychological symptomatology of transcortical sensorial aphasia. We discuss the following points: 1) the patient's disease must be considered as Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy despite the asymetric topography of the lesions ; 2) particular hemodynamic cerebral factors has possibly determined the asymetric nature of the disease ; 3) a lesion of the left temporo-parieto-occipital area that was strictly sub-cortical, with complete destruction of the posterior part of the arcuate fasciculus has presented with the clinical picture of a transcortical sensorial aphasia.", "contents": "[Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy. Study of a case with predominant left hemispheric lesion (author's transl)]. We report the clinical and pathological study of a patient with vascular leucoencephalopathy almost restricted to the left posterior hemisphere. A 65 year--old right handed hypertensive woman has presented with a neuropsychological symptomatology of transcortical sensorial aphasia. We discuss the following points: 1) the patient's disease must be considered as Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy despite the asymetric topography of the lesions ; 2) particular hemodynamic cerebral factors has possibly determined the asymetric nature of the disease ; 3) a lesion of the left temporo-parieto-occipital area that was strictly sub-cortical, with complete destruction of the posterior part of the arcuate fasciculus has presented with the clinical picture of a transcortical sensorial aphasia.", "PMID": 538384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7523", "title": "[Encephalitis and acute amnesic encephalopathies. Retrospective study of 16 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was conducted on sixteen cases of encephalitis or acute amnesic encephalopathies, only one of which was confirmed by pathological examination, seen over the last fifteen years. The amnesic syndrome was always associated with a very marked anterograde deficiency and the absence of severe disturbances of other higher functions. Its onset was always acute, was secondary to disturbances of consciousness or associated with epilepsy, and in half of the cases presented as a severe infections disorder with high fever. The mood and behavioural disorders, and the temporal epilepsy, were evidenced clinically as a pure or predominant hippocampic lesion. The diversity of the progressive nature of the disorders, and the etiological environmental factors, enable divison into three groups : a group of six cases of postencephalitic Korsakoff's syndrome, probably of herpetic origin, and associated with a stable amnesic syndrome which remained as a sequela ; a group of 5 patients with non-herpetic but probable viral \"curable amnesic encephalitis\" ; another group of 5 patients with \"acute amnesic encephalopathy\" with various etiologies and with obvious encephalitic lesions.", "contents": "[Encephalitis and acute amnesic encephalopathies. Retrospective study of 16 cases (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was conducted on sixteen cases of encephalitis or acute amnesic encephalopathies, only one of which was confirmed by pathological examination, seen over the last fifteen years. The amnesic syndrome was always associated with a very marked anterograde deficiency and the absence of severe disturbances of other higher functions. Its onset was always acute, was secondary to disturbances of consciousness or associated with epilepsy, and in half of the cases presented as a severe infections disorder with high fever. The mood and behavioural disorders, and the temporal epilepsy, were evidenced clinically as a pure or predominant hippocampic lesion. The diversity of the progressive nature of the disorders, and the etiological environmental factors, enable divison into three groups : a group of six cases of postencephalitic Korsakoff's syndrome, probably of herpetic origin, and associated with a stable amnesic syndrome which remained as a sequela ; a group of 5 patients with non-herpetic but probable viral \"curable amnesic encephalitis\" ; another group of 5 patients with \"acute amnesic encephalopathy\" with various etiologies and with obvious encephalitic lesions.", "PMID": 538385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7524", "title": "[A study of 14 cases of Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis, including two pathological reports and seven cases investigated by computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 9 girls and 5 boys, with ages ranging from 9 months to 26 years, suffering from Bournevilles tuberous sclerosis, for an average period of 7 years. The various types of epileptic attacks and their progression were studied as well as the degree of mental retardation. Only two of the children had a normal IQ. The accepted value of computer tomography examinations in this disease is confirmed. Pathological examinations were conducted in two cases, one complete (autopsy) and one partially only (histological examination of a paraventricular tumor removed by operation).", "contents": "[A study of 14 cases of Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis, including two pathological reports and seven cases investigated by computer tomography (author's transl)]. The authors studied 9 girls and 5 boys, with ages ranging from 9 months to 26 years, suffering from Bournevilles tuberous sclerosis, for an average period of 7 years. The various types of epileptic attacks and their progression were studied as well as the degree of mental retardation. Only two of the children had a normal IQ. The accepted value of computer tomography examinations in this disease is confirmed. Pathological examinations were conducted in two cases, one complete (autopsy) and one partially only (histological examination of a paraventricular tumor removed by operation).", "PMID": 538386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7525", "title": "[Treatment of multiple sclerosis with antilymphocyte serum: results of a pilot study on 50 patients followed-up over a 4-year period (author's transl)].", "content": "Intensive antilymphocyte serum treatment was given to 50 patients with severe, progressive multiple sclerosis for a period of 6 weeks. Conclusions were favourable as regards the possibility of using this treatment and its immunodepressive effect. Therapeutic efficacy is difficult to evaluate, but a favourable impression was obtained from the fact there was improvement and transitory stabilization in some of the patients. These results suggest that the study should be continued, using longer treatment, on more recent cases, and with a randomized control group.", "contents": "[Treatment of multiple sclerosis with antilymphocyte serum: results of a pilot study on 50 patients followed-up over a 4-year period (author's transl)]. Intensive antilymphocyte serum treatment was given to 50 patients with severe, progressive multiple sclerosis for a period of 6 weeks. Conclusions were favourable as regards the possibility of using this treatment and its immunodepressive effect. Therapeutic efficacy is difficult to evaluate, but a favourable impression was obtained from the fact there was improvement and transitory stabilization in some of the patients. These results suggest that the study should be continued, using longer treatment, on more recent cases, and with a randomized control group.", "PMID": 538387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7526", "title": "[Electrophysiological study of cutaneous reflexes during avoidance reaction of the arms (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of the cutaneous reflexes during avoidance reaction of the arms demonstrate more particularly the presence of facilitation of late reflex responses and stimultaneous activation of flexor and extensor muscles. The avoidance reaction is not the inverse electrophysiological image of pathological prehension, as it produces, at least in one of its aspects, a much more fundamental modification of the segmental reflex systems of muscle contraction regulation. This motor disorganization is rarely observed, and could result from a disequilibrium between proprioceptive sensitivity and skin sensitivity: the loss of proprioceptive control would facilitate contact reactions.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological study of cutaneous reflexes during avoidance reaction of the arms (author's transl)]. Electrophysiological studies of the cutaneous reflexes during avoidance reaction of the arms demonstrate more particularly the presence of facilitation of late reflex responses and stimultaneous activation of flexor and extensor muscles. The avoidance reaction is not the inverse electrophysiological image of pathological prehension, as it produces, at least in one of its aspects, a much more fundamental modification of the segmental reflex systems of muscle contraction regulation. This motor disorganization is rarely observed, and could result from a disequilibrium between proprioceptive sensitivity and skin sensitivity: the loss of proprioceptive control would facilitate contact reactions.", "PMID": 538388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7527", "title": "[Lumbosacral dysraphia and \"long spinal cord\" of delayed appearance (9 cases)].", "content": "Urinary disorders, deformities of the feet, and sensory of trophic disturbances appearing during, or increasing in severity at adolescence, were observed in 9 patients. In seven cases there appeared to be an abnormality of the teguments of the lumbosacral region, and in all cases, as shown by straight radiological examination of a spina bifida of L5 or S1, a sacral dehiscence and wide sacral canal, and a subjacent nervous tissue abnormality was suspected. Radiculography showed the presence of a \"long spinal cord\" terminating in the sacrum by a tumor mass. Examination of this mass in the seven operated cases demonstrated that the tumor was an intradural lipoma with a wedge-shaped penetration into the end of the medulla, fixing the cord in the sacrococcygial region, in the absence of the filum terminale and cauda equina. The etiology of this \"long spinal cord\" is discussed, and it appears to be the consequence of a dysraphia, which is also the cause of the lipoma. Mechanical factors appear later and produce neurological signs.", "contents": "[Lumbosacral dysraphia and \"long spinal cord\" of delayed appearance (9 cases)]. Urinary disorders, deformities of the feet, and sensory of trophic disturbances appearing during, or increasing in severity at adolescence, were observed in 9 patients. In seven cases there appeared to be an abnormality of the teguments of the lumbosacral region, and in all cases, as shown by straight radiological examination of a spina bifida of L5 or S1, a sacral dehiscence and wide sacral canal, and a subjacent nervous tissue abnormality was suspected. Radiculography showed the presence of a \"long spinal cord\" terminating in the sacrum by a tumor mass. Examination of this mass in the seven operated cases demonstrated that the tumor was an intradural lipoma with a wedge-shaped penetration into the end of the medulla, fixing the cord in the sacrococcygial region, in the absence of the filum terminale and cauda equina. The etiology of this \"long spinal cord\" is discussed, and it appears to be the consequence of a dysraphia, which is also the cause of the lipoma. Mechanical factors appear later and produce neurological signs.", "PMID": 538389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7528", "title": "[Use of cerebral computer tomography for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The authors describe computer tomography findings in multiple sclerosis (MS)), and attempt an evaluation of the value of cerebral computer tomography for the diagnosis of this disease, especially those forms in which the clinical diagnosis is uncertain. A total of 33 patients, 15 men and 18 women, were studied. According to McAlpine's criteria, 21 patients had established MS, 2 were probably MS cases, and the other 10 were possible cases of the disease. The scanner used was an EMI 1010 apparatus giving 13 mm thick sections, with a matrix of 160 X 160. A contrast medium was injected systematically. Abnormal computer tomography results were noted in 28 of the 33 patients, including one or more low density areas in the white substance in 26 patients, taking up of the contrast medium after injection in 10 patients, and cerebral atrophy in 24 patients. Cases where only one of these anomalies was present are rare, and the various anomalies noted on computer tomography are usually associated in varying proportions. In most cases, the computer tomography findings were not related to any specific clinical picture. In cases of established MS, computer tomography can provide information on the extension and progression of the lesions at the time of examination. Out of the 12 cases in which clinical diagnosis was uncertain, 9 presented abnormal findings (low densities and/or taking up of contrast medium); the level of CSF gamma-globulins was normal in 4 of these 9 patients; visual evoked potentials were not altered in the 5 out of these 9 patients studied. In 3 patients with medullary signs, several low cerebral trunk and white substance of the cerebral hemispheres. When diagnosis is uncertain, cerebral computer tomography is the method of choice for demonstrating latent MS lesions of a certain type: it complements neurophysiological studies (visual, auditory, and somesthesic evoked potentials), used at the present time for the diagnosis of MS by exploration of the optic tracts and cerebral trunk.", "contents": "[Use of cerebral computer tomography for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. The authors describe computer tomography findings in multiple sclerosis (MS)), and attempt an evaluation of the value of cerebral computer tomography for the diagnosis of this disease, especially those forms in which the clinical diagnosis is uncertain. A total of 33 patients, 15 men and 18 women, were studied. According to McAlpine's criteria, 21 patients had established MS, 2 were probably MS cases, and the other 10 were possible cases of the disease. The scanner used was an EMI 1010 apparatus giving 13 mm thick sections, with a matrix of 160 X 160. A contrast medium was injected systematically. Abnormal computer tomography results were noted in 28 of the 33 patients, including one or more low density areas in the white substance in 26 patients, taking up of the contrast medium after injection in 10 patients, and cerebral atrophy in 24 patients. Cases where only one of these anomalies was present are rare, and the various anomalies noted on computer tomography are usually associated in varying proportions. In most cases, the computer tomography findings were not related to any specific clinical picture. In cases of established MS, computer tomography can provide information on the extension and progression of the lesions at the time of examination. Out of the 12 cases in which clinical diagnosis was uncertain, 9 presented abnormal findings (low densities and/or taking up of contrast medium); the level of CSF gamma-globulins was normal in 4 of these 9 patients; visual evoked potentials were not altered in the 5 out of these 9 patients studied. In 3 patients with medullary signs, several low cerebral trunk and white substance of the cerebral hemispheres. When diagnosis is uncertain, cerebral computer tomography is the method of choice for demonstrating latent MS lesions of a certain type: it complements neurophysiological studies (visual, auditory, and somesthesic evoked potentials), used at the present time for the diagnosis of MS by exploration of the optic tracts and cerebral trunk.", "PMID": 538390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7529", "title": "[Value of extra-intracranial anastomosis: based on a series of 65 cases].", "content": "The authors describe the results obtained in a series of 65 patients following extra-intracranial cortical anastomosis. The best indications for this procedure are transitory ischemic accidents which cannot be approached by the direct cervical route. Cases of prolonged or definitive vascular accidents and more especially localized lesions also gave valuable results but these depend upon the condition of the cerebral parenchyma which must be carefully evaluated.", "contents": "[Value of extra-intracranial anastomosis: based on a series of 65 cases]. The authors describe the results obtained in a series of 65 patients following extra-intracranial cortical anastomosis. The best indications for this procedure are transitory ischemic accidents which cannot be approached by the direct cervical route. Cases of prolonged or definitive vascular accidents and more especially localized lesions also gave valuable results but these depend upon the condition of the cerebral parenchyma which must be carefully evaluated.", "PMID": 538391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7530", "title": "[Release of diethyl-2-hexyl phthalate from stored blood on contact with polyvinyl chloride].", "content": "Softness and flexibility of PVC are due to the addition of plasticizers in high concentration; the most used of them for blood storage bags is DEHP. In this work, a method for labelling DEHP with 14C from 14C phtalic anhydrid is given. A piece of PVC from a commercial blood bag is labelled, in our laboratory, with 14C DEHP and used to follow the kinetics of DEHP leaching in blood during storage. It is also used to study the influence of some parameters such as lipids amount of blood, shaking, and plastic sterilisation on this leaching. DEHP leaching is a three steps phenomenon and the level is not correlated to lipids content of blood. Thermal treatment of PVC and shaking have an influence on leaching. DEHP is not metabolised during blood storage at 4 degrees C and can not be detected as free molecule; it is absorbed on plasmatic proteins.", "contents": "[Release of diethyl-2-hexyl phthalate from stored blood on contact with polyvinyl chloride]. Softness and flexibility of PVC are due to the addition of plasticizers in high concentration; the most used of them for blood storage bags is DEHP. In this work, a method for labelling DEHP with 14C from 14C phtalic anhydrid is given. A piece of PVC from a commercial blood bag is labelled, in our laboratory, with 14C DEHP and used to follow the kinetics of DEHP leaching in blood during storage. It is also used to study the influence of some parameters such as lipids amount of blood, shaking, and plastic sterilisation on this leaching. DEHP leaching is a three steps phenomenon and the level is not correlated to lipids content of blood. Thermal treatment of PVC and shaking have an influence on leaching. DEHP is not metabolised during blood storage at 4 degrees C and can not be detected as free molecule; it is absorbed on plasmatic proteins.", "PMID": 538392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7531", "title": "[Quantitative study of ABH antigens in the saliva of newborns and adults].", "content": "The results of comparative quantitative investigations of the inhibiting strength of salivas from adults and newborn infants are presented. It is found that A and B salivary antigens of newborn infants have a significantly weaker inhibiting strength than those of adults. Opposite proportions are established in relation to salivary H antigens. Two types of quantitative changes of the inhibiting strength of the salivas from AB groups are registered and they are supposed to be a result of the competition of A and B gene products.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of ABH antigens in the saliva of newborns and adults]. The results of comparative quantitative investigations of the inhibiting strength of salivas from adults and newborn infants are presented. It is found that A and B salivary antigens of newborn infants have a significantly weaker inhibiting strength than those of adults. Opposite proportions are established in relation to salivary H antigens. Two types of quantitative changes of the inhibiting strength of the salivas from AB groups are registered and they are supposed to be a result of the competition of A and B gene products.", "PMID": 538393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7532", "title": "[Synthesis of natural allohemagglutinins of the ABO system in healthy children aged 3 months to 3 years].", "content": "The work was carried out to establish the titre and score of haemagglutination of natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies in healthy children during the first three years of life. The material studied included 900 healthy children aged between 3 months and 3 years and 100 adults serving as controls. The method of test tube haemagglutination was used for determining the titre and score of alloagglutinins in relation to standard erythrocytes always obtained from the same donors. In addition, in 72 children and 10 adults the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were determined quantitatively. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the levels of anti-A and anti-B alloagglutinins were relatively high at the age of 3 months / about 25% of the adult levels / and increased very rapidly in the first years of life reaching about 90% of the adult level at the end of the 3rd year of life. Besides that, it was demonstrated that it is useful in clinical practice to use the titre and score of natural alloagglutinins as indicators of humoral immunity, especially in children in the first years of life. Acceleration was demonstrated in the intensity of haemagglutination of natural antibodies in the last 40 years since their titre in the contemporary infantile population / up to the age of 1 year / is about 50% higher than that found in 1929. These findings suggest that increased immune reactivity of children observed presently may be due to prophylactic vaccinations.", "contents": "[Synthesis of natural allohemagglutinins of the ABO system in healthy children aged 3 months to 3 years]. The work was carried out to establish the titre and score of haemagglutination of natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies in healthy children during the first three years of life. The material studied included 900 healthy children aged between 3 months and 3 years and 100 adults serving as controls. The method of test tube haemagglutination was used for determining the titre and score of alloagglutinins in relation to standard erythrocytes always obtained from the same donors. In addition, in 72 children and 10 adults the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were determined quantitatively. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the levels of anti-A and anti-B alloagglutinins were relatively high at the age of 3 months / about 25% of the adult levels / and increased very rapidly in the first years of life reaching about 90% of the adult level at the end of the 3rd year of life. Besides that, it was demonstrated that it is useful in clinical practice to use the titre and score of natural alloagglutinins as indicators of humoral immunity, especially in children in the first years of life. Acceleration was demonstrated in the intensity of haemagglutination of natural antibodies in the last 40 years since their titre in the contemporary infantile population / up to the age of 1 year / is about 50% higher than that found in 1929. These findings suggest that increased immune reactivity of children observed presently may be due to prophylactic vaccinations.", "PMID": 538394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7533", "title": "[Radiological study of painless knees in 50 women more than 65 years old. I. Frontal teleradiography in an upright position].", "content": "Fifty women over 65 who had never suffered from knee problems had a frontal teleradiography of the lower limbs in a vertical standing position. Two knees (out of one hundred) were affected by an external femoro-tibial arthrosis. The femoro-tibial angle of the knees without arthrosis was very close to 0 (0.02). The typical difference was 2.46. The normal level is thus approximately -5 to +5 degrees, and there was thus no \"physiological\" genu-valgum in the population studied. Marginal osteophytosis and the tibial spines is very frequent and has no pathological significance. A menischondrocalcinosis was found in 14 per cent of subjects.", "contents": "[Radiological study of painless knees in 50 women more than 65 years old. I. Frontal teleradiography in an upright position]. Fifty women over 65 who had never suffered from knee problems had a frontal teleradiography of the lower limbs in a vertical standing position. Two knees (out of one hundred) were affected by an external femoro-tibial arthrosis. The femoro-tibial angle of the knees without arthrosis was very close to 0 (0.02). The typical difference was 2.46. The normal level is thus approximately -5 to +5 degrees, and there was thus no \"physiological\" genu-valgum in the population studied. Marginal osteophytosis and the tibial spines is very frequent and has no pathological significance. A menischondrocalcinosis was found in 14 per cent of subjects.", "PMID": 538400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7534", "title": "[Postoperative sciatica from epidural fibrosis and lumbar arachnoiditis. Results of 38 repeat operations].", "content": "Lumbar epiduro-arachnoiditis is a well-known complication of surgery of the intervertebral disc. The epidural fibrous scar is the normal outcome of inflammatory activity secondary to the mechanical tissue disturbance resulting from surgery. In certain individuals, perhaps genetically predisposed as excessive quantity of fibrous tissue is deposited in the epi and/or nitradural space. This abnormal situation, comparable to cheloid cutaneous scars, is perhaps at the origin of the clinical symptoms. The authors report the clinical and radiological signs observed in 38 patients having had at least one operation for discal hernia, and who underwent further operations in the aim of freeing the roots and the dural sack from fibrous compression. Results of excision of the epidural \"cheloid\" were good in 13 cases, and average in 8 others. There was a complete failure in 17 other patients. Three explanations were offered to explain the frequency of the failures: 1) formation of a new cheloid, 2) difficulty of neurolysis of the arachnoiditis, 3) possibility of intrinsic lesions of the nerve associated with the epiduro-arachnoiditis.", "contents": "[Postoperative sciatica from epidural fibrosis and lumbar arachnoiditis. Results of 38 repeat operations]. Lumbar epiduro-arachnoiditis is a well-known complication of surgery of the intervertebral disc. The epidural fibrous scar is the normal outcome of inflammatory activity secondary to the mechanical tissue disturbance resulting from surgery. In certain individuals, perhaps genetically predisposed as excessive quantity of fibrous tissue is deposited in the epi and/or nitradural space. This abnormal situation, comparable to cheloid cutaneous scars, is perhaps at the origin of the clinical symptoms. The authors report the clinical and radiological signs observed in 38 patients having had at least one operation for discal hernia, and who underwent further operations in the aim of freeing the roots and the dural sack from fibrous compression. Results of excision of the epidural \"cheloid\" were good in 13 cases, and average in 8 others. There was a complete failure in 17 other patients. Three explanations were offered to explain the frequency of the failures: 1) formation of a new cheloid, 2) difficulty of neurolysis of the arachnoiditis, 3) possibility of intrinsic lesions of the nerve associated with the epiduro-arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 538401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7535", "title": "[Lumbar phelbography without catheterization. Technic, indications and results in the diagnosis of intervertebral disk herniation].", "content": "The authors present a new method of lumbar phlebology without catheterism by direct venous puncture of the femoral veins. An analysis of 300 contrast tests maked it possible to identify different types of pathological images characterized by disappearance and displacement of epidural veins corresponding as a rule to discal hernia when the uncharacteristic shadowy images do not allow one to make a precise conclusion or to determine whether an operation is needed. With equal reliability (96 percent), lumbar phlebography without catheterism is, by its simplicity and harmlessness and the absence of minor and major venous complications, preferable to phlebography by catheterism. Carried out in all subjects, whatever their age, without special precautions, it seems to us to now be the most desirable test to be used in the radiological investigation of lumbar discal hernias.", "contents": "[Lumbar phelbography without catheterization. Technic, indications and results in the diagnosis of intervertebral disk herniation]. The authors present a new method of lumbar phlebology without catheterism by direct venous puncture of the femoral veins. An analysis of 300 contrast tests maked it possible to identify different types of pathological images characterized by disappearance and displacement of epidural veins corresponding as a rule to discal hernia when the uncharacteristic shadowy images do not allow one to make a precise conclusion or to determine whether an operation is needed. With equal reliability (96 percent), lumbar phlebography without catheterism is, by its simplicity and harmlessness and the absence of minor and major venous complications, preferable to phlebography by catheterism. Carried out in all subjects, whatever their age, without special precautions, it seems to us to now be the most desirable test to be used in the radiological investigation of lumbar discal hernias.", "PMID": 538402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7536", "title": "[Cryoglobulins and circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and biological correlations].", "content": "We studied circulating immune complexes using a test involving the precipitation of these complexes with polyethylene glycol 6000 at 2.5 percent, and characterization of the Clq bound in vivo to immunoglobulins in the serum of 126 healthy subjects, 95 hospitalized controls and 181 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RP). Likewise, the RP benefited from a study of cryoglobulins (CG). The PEG-Clq proved positive (PEG +) in 7 per cent of the healthy controls, 25 per cent in the seronegative RP. ThePEG & RP have a level of proteins, gammaglobulins, IgM and IgG that is higher than in patients in whom the test is negative. On the other hand, they have a lower level of C4. One CG was detected in 43 patients who were all PEG +. The level of CG is proportionate to the intensity of the articular inflammation, the sedimentation rate, the level of seric iron and that of hemoglobin. The composition of the precipitins obtained by activity of the PEG is very close to that of the CG.", "contents": "[Cryoglobulins and circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and biological correlations]. We studied circulating immune complexes using a test involving the precipitation of these complexes with polyethylene glycol 6000 at 2.5 percent, and characterization of the Clq bound in vivo to immunoglobulins in the serum of 126 healthy subjects, 95 hospitalized controls and 181 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RP). Likewise, the RP benefited from a study of cryoglobulins (CG). The PEG-Clq proved positive (PEG +) in 7 per cent of the healthy controls, 25 per cent in the seronegative RP. ThePEG & RP have a level of proteins, gammaglobulins, IgM and IgG that is higher than in patients in whom the test is negative. On the other hand, they have a lower level of C4. One CG was detected in 43 patients who were all PEG +. The level of CG is proportionate to the intensity of the articular inflammation, the sedimentation rate, the level of seric iron and that of hemoglobin. The composition of the precipitins obtained by activity of the PEG is very close to that of the CG.", "PMID": 538403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7537", "title": "[Massive and sudden bone resorption in rapid destructive coxarthrosis. Radiologic  and anatomic study].", "content": "Twenty hips with rapid destructive coxarthrosis (early form, 3; delayed form, 17) showed, during their development, a massive and sudden bone resorption. Preexisting problems of the bone structure of the hips were dispersed and constantly changing; they were different from those of common arthrosis and primary necrosis of the hip, conditions characterized by a progressive organization of the lesions in the relatively homogenous major areas. In five femoral heads sampled during the resorption, vascularization is ensured by a more or less dense network of capillaries. Medullar tissue was replaced by clumps of reticular cells, which later developed into differenciated cells (fibroblasts, osteoblasts and osteoclasts). The bone trabeculas also underwent several changes. Such tissue transformations are identical to those brought about by more or less severe experimental ischemia. In our samples, the confluence of centers of osteoclasia, very active, explains the massive bone resorption seen on x-rays.", "contents": "[Massive and sudden bone resorption in rapid destructive coxarthrosis. Radiologic  and anatomic study]. Twenty hips with rapid destructive coxarthrosis (early form, 3; delayed form, 17) showed, during their development, a massive and sudden bone resorption. Preexisting problems of the bone structure of the hips were dispersed and constantly changing; they were different from those of common arthrosis and primary necrosis of the hip, conditions characterized by a progressive organization of the lesions in the relatively homogenous major areas. In five femoral heads sampled during the resorption, vascularization is ensured by a more or less dense network of capillaries. Medullar tissue was replaced by clumps of reticular cells, which later developed into differenciated cells (fibroblasts, osteoblasts and osteoclasts). The bone trabeculas also underwent several changes. Such tissue transformations are identical to those brought about by more or less severe experimental ischemia. In our samples, the confluence of centers of osteoclasia, very active, explains the massive bone resorption seen on x-rays.", "PMID": 538404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7538", "title": "Dietary heme iron absorption. A discussion of possible mechanisms for the absorption-promoting effect of meat and for the regulation of iron absorption.", "content": "Two main findings are reported. 1) The absorption of heme iron from a composite meal was very little if at all influenced by the subject's iron status at doses in the usual physiological range, but at high doses of heme iron there was a strong correlation with the subject's iron status. A hypothesis is presented to explain the regulation of iron absorption, so as to account for the impact of the subject's iron status, which is always evident with non-heme iron absorption but occurred only at high doses with heme iron. 2) Meat enhanced the absorption of heme iron. A probable explantation for the influence of meat on the separate absorbing mechanisms is that meat may stimulate the digestion of food, so that iron in either form is more efficiently released and made available for absorption.", "contents": "Dietary heme iron absorption. A discussion of possible mechanisms for the absorption-promoting effect of meat and for the regulation of iron absorption. Two main findings are reported. 1) The absorption of heme iron from a composite meal was very little if at all influenced by the subject's iron status at doses in the usual physiological range, but at high doses of heme iron there was a strong correlation with the subject's iron status. A hypothesis is presented to explain the regulation of iron absorption, so as to account for the impact of the subject's iron status, which is always evident with non-heme iron absorption but occurred only at high doses with heme iron. 2) Meat enhanced the absorption of heme iron. A probable explantation for the influence of meat on the separate absorbing mechanisms is that meat may stimulate the digestion of food, so that iron in either form is more efficiently released and made available for absorption.", "PMID": 538407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7539", "title": "Serum ethanol estimations in the control of alcohol abstinence in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Eighty-eight patients with a non-alcoholic and 105 patients with an alcoholic liver disease were warned against alcohol consumption. On three consecutive ambulatory visits, serum ethanol was measured and compared with patients' admission of alcohol intake. None in the non-alcoholic group had a positive serum ethanol test, whereas 60 samples from 40 patients with alcoholic liver disease were positive. The serum ethanol values were higher in women than in men. Continuation of drinking was unrelated to sex, age, or type of alcoholic liver disease. Twenty-seven of the 40 patients with ethanol in serum denied alcohol consumption. The reliability of the patients was unrelated to sex, age, or type of alcoholic liver disease. Serum ethanol was more valuable than aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and coagulation factors in pointing out the patients who continued drinking.", "contents": "Serum ethanol estimations in the control of alcohol abstinence in patients with liver disease. Eighty-eight patients with a non-alcoholic and 105 patients with an alcoholic liver disease were warned against alcohol consumption. On three consecutive ambulatory visits, serum ethanol was measured and compared with patients' admission of alcohol intake. None in the non-alcoholic group had a positive serum ethanol test, whereas 60 samples from 40 patients with alcoholic liver disease were positive. The serum ethanol values were higher in women than in men. Continuation of drinking was unrelated to sex, age, or type of alcoholic liver disease. Twenty-seven of the 40 patients with ethanol in serum denied alcohol consumption. The reliability of the patients was unrelated to sex, age, or type of alcoholic liver disease. Serum ethanol was more valuable than aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and coagulation factors in pointing out the patients who continued drinking.", "PMID": 538408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7540", "title": "Serum disappearance rate of gastrin-17 after vagotomy.", "content": "Six duodenal ulcer patients were investigated before and after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Four doses of gastrin-17 were injected intravenously (15.625, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 micrograms/kg body weight); the gastric secretory response and the disappearance rate of gastrin were measured. After vagotomy the basal level of gastrin increased from 64 pg/ml to 106 pg/ml. When corrected for the basal levels of gastrin, the peak levels and disappearance rate of gastrin-17 were observed to be the same after vagotomy as before (half-life before vagotomy, 5.6 min; after, 5.8 min). This indicates that vagus does not influence the metabolism of exogenous gastrin-17. The gastric secretion of acid was reduced to 30% after vagotomy, which shows that there is a synergism between vagus and gastrin-17.", "contents": "Serum disappearance rate of gastrin-17 after vagotomy. Six duodenal ulcer patients were investigated before and after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Four doses of gastrin-17 were injected intravenously (15.625, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 micrograms/kg body weight); the gastric secretory response and the disappearance rate of gastrin were measured. After vagotomy the basal level of gastrin increased from 64 pg/ml to 106 pg/ml. When corrected for the basal levels of gastrin, the peak levels and disappearance rate of gastrin-17 were observed to be the same after vagotomy as before (half-life before vagotomy, 5.6 min; after, 5.8 min). This indicates that vagus does not influence the metabolism of exogenous gastrin-17. The gastric secretion of acid was reduced to 30% after vagotomy, which shows that there is a synergism between vagus and gastrin-17.", "PMID": 538409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7541", "title": "Morphological, functional and immunological state of the gastric mucosa in gastric carcinoma families. Comparison with a computer-matched family sample.", "content": "Three hundred and one first-degree relatives (series) of 73 gastric carcinoma patients and 358 control relatives (controls) of 73 computer-matched probands from a general population were studied by direct-vision gastric biopsy and functional and immunological examinations. The controls were representative of the series with respect to age, sex, birth and dwelling place, and relationship of the relatives. Series and controls behaved similarly as to total prevalence of gastritis, age and sex distribution of gastritis, serum gastrin level, and circulating gastric antibodies. On the other hand, the total prevalence of hyperplastic polyps, atrophic gastritis of the body and antrum, severe atrophic gastritis of the body, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial atypia, and achlorhydria was significantly higher in the series than in the controls. In subjects below 50 years of age the prevalence of severe atrophic gastritis of the body, intestinal metaplasia, and epithelial atypia was also significantly higher in the series. In addition, the mean age of the subjects with atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial atypia, and achlorhydria was lower in the series than in controls; however, significant differences were found only in female subjects with epithelial atypia and atrophic gastritis of the body. The results suggest that the prevalence of signs often considered premalignant is significantly higher in carcinoma relatives than in controls and that these signs show a trend to occur at an earlier age in carcinoma relatives. This could explain the significantly higher than expected death rate from gastric carcinoma in close relatives with this disease, found in the present and in other series.", "contents": "Morphological, functional and immunological state of the gastric mucosa in gastric carcinoma families. Comparison with a computer-matched family sample. Three hundred and one first-degree relatives (series) of 73 gastric carcinoma patients and 358 control relatives (controls) of 73 computer-matched probands from a general population were studied by direct-vision gastric biopsy and functional and immunological examinations. The controls were representative of the series with respect to age, sex, birth and dwelling place, and relationship of the relatives. Series and controls behaved similarly as to total prevalence of gastritis, age and sex distribution of gastritis, serum gastrin level, and circulating gastric antibodies. On the other hand, the total prevalence of hyperplastic polyps, atrophic gastritis of the body and antrum, severe atrophic gastritis of the body, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial atypia, and achlorhydria was significantly higher in the series than in the controls. In subjects below 50 years of age the prevalence of severe atrophic gastritis of the body, intestinal metaplasia, and epithelial atypia was also significantly higher in the series. In addition, the mean age of the subjects with atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial atypia, and achlorhydria was lower in the series than in controls; however, significant differences were found only in female subjects with epithelial atypia and atrophic gastritis of the body. The results suggest that the prevalence of signs often considered premalignant is significantly higher in carcinoma relatives than in controls and that these signs show a trend to occur at an earlier age in carcinoma relatives. This could explain the significantly higher than expected death rate from gastric carcinoma in close relatives with this disease, found in the present and in other series.", "PMID": 538410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7542", "title": "Long-term follow-up of e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Eighteen consecutive patients with HBeAg in serum and histologically verified acute viral hepatitis were included in a follow-up study of the natural course of the disease. Five patients were followed up for from 2 to 6 months. Two of these healed clinically and cleared both HBeAg and HBsAg, while three were positive for HBeAg and HBsAg at the last control. Thirteen patients with a follow-up of from 27 to 102 months became HBeAg-negative during the time of observation. In all but one, progression of the liver disease stopped when HBeAg was cleared. The results further indicate a close association between the duration of HBe antigenemia and the severity of the liver disease.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive acute viral hepatitis. Eighteen consecutive patients with HBeAg in serum and histologically verified acute viral hepatitis were included in a follow-up study of the natural course of the disease. Five patients were followed up for from 2 to 6 months. Two of these healed clinically and cleared both HBeAg and HBsAg, while three were positive for HBeAg and HBsAg at the last control. Thirteen patients with a follow-up of from 27 to 102 months became HBeAg-negative during the time of observation. In all but one, progression of the liver disease stopped when HBeAg was cleared. The results further indicate a close association between the duration of HBe antigenemia and the severity of the liver disease.", "PMID": 538411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7543", "title": "Acquired, transient factor X (Stuart factor) deficiency in patient with mycoplasma pneumonial infection.", "content": "A case of severe haemorrhagic diathesis due to acquired deficiency of factor X (both immunologically and in procoagulant activity) is presented. The clinical and serological features of this case indicated mycoplasma pneumonial infection. Factor X in the peripheral blood did not appear to be influenced by administration of vitamin K, prothrombin-complex concentrate, fresh plasma or fresh whole blood. Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation were absent and systemic amyloidosis could not be demonstrated. After 20 d, factor X spontaneously returned to normal. In view of the absence of other known causes of factor X deficiency, a possible relationship with mycoplasma pneumonial infection is suggested.", "contents": "Acquired, transient factor X (Stuart factor) deficiency in patient with mycoplasma pneumonial infection. A case of severe haemorrhagic diathesis due to acquired deficiency of factor X (both immunologically and in procoagulant activity) is presented. The clinical and serological features of this case indicated mycoplasma pneumonial infection. Factor X in the peripheral blood did not appear to be influenced by administration of vitamin K, prothrombin-complex concentrate, fresh plasma or fresh whole blood. Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation were absent and systemic amyloidosis could not be demonstrated. After 20 d, factor X spontaneously returned to normal. In view of the absence of other known causes of factor X deficiency, a possible relationship with mycoplasma pneumonial infection is suggested.", "PMID": 538412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7544", "title": "Massive platelet transfusion after splenectomy in a case of myelofibrosis.", "content": "A patient with myelofibrosis complicated by massive splenomegaly underwent splenectomy to alleviate the increasing transfusion requirements and iron overload. The platelets exhibited qualitative defects pre-operatively. Following splenectomy the patient bled profusely and required massive blood and platelet transfusions. The postoperative haemorrhage was controlled by giving sufficient platelets to normalize the platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Massive platelet transfusion after splenectomy in a case of myelofibrosis. A patient with myelofibrosis complicated by massive splenomegaly underwent splenectomy to alleviate the increasing transfusion requirements and iron overload. The platelets exhibited qualitative defects pre-operatively. Following splenectomy the patient bled profusely and required massive blood and platelet transfusions. The postoperative haemorrhage was controlled by giving sufficient platelets to normalize the platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 538414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7545", "title": "Red cell changes in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The Coulter 'S' red cell profile was studied prospectively in 100 untreated non-anaemic hyperthyroid patients and followed up in 52 of them until they had become euthyroid with radio-iodine or carbimazole treatment. Serial haematological data were also obtained in 23 hyperthyroid patients during treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug alone. The most significant finding was a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) which was invariably present throughout the hyperthyroid state. Treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs did not significantly alter any of the red cell parameters. On the other hand, the MCV increased and was restored to normal with radio-iodine or carbimazole treatment although there was a lag period of about 6--8 weeks between achieving the euthyroid state and the normalisation of this red cell index. While none of the patients were aneaemic, the haemoglobin level rose significantly following effective anti-thyroid treatment. It is suggested that measurement of the MCV may have a useful role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. 2 possible mechanisms leading to the observed red cell changes in hyperthyroidism are postulated.", "contents": "Red cell changes in hyperthyroidism. The Coulter 'S' red cell profile was studied prospectively in 100 untreated non-anaemic hyperthyroid patients and followed up in 52 of them until they had become euthyroid with radio-iodine or carbimazole treatment. Serial haematological data were also obtained in 23 hyperthyroid patients during treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug alone. The most significant finding was a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) which was invariably present throughout the hyperthyroid state. Treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs did not significantly alter any of the red cell parameters. On the other hand, the MCV increased and was restored to normal with radio-iodine or carbimazole treatment although there was a lag period of about 6--8 weeks between achieving the euthyroid state and the normalisation of this red cell index. While none of the patients were aneaemic, the haemoglobin level rose significantly following effective anti-thyroid treatment. It is suggested that measurement of the MCV may have a useful role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. 2 possible mechanisms leading to the observed red cell changes in hyperthyroidism are postulated.", "PMID": 538415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7546", "title": "Influence of age on bronchial mucociliary transport.", "content": "Mucociliary clearance was measured in 19 healthy non-smoking male subjects, aged between 21 and 69, by analysing the decrease in bronchial radioactivity of an aerosol of resin particles (mean diameter 7.4 +/- 1.5 micrometers) labelled with 99mTc. The mucociliary clearance was expressed as the percentage of radioactivity eliminated after 1 h. The measurements were made on two occasions with an average time lapse of 5 weeks. The intra- and inter-individual coefficients of variation were 15.6% and 41.5% respectively. The mucociliary clearance was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) (mean 21.8 +/- s.d. 7.8%) in the older subjects (greater than 54 years) than that observed (mean 34.1 +/- s.d. 14.1%) in the younger subjects (21 to 37 years). A significant negative correlation (r=-0.472, P less than 0.05) was obtained between the ages of the healthy subjects and their mucociliary clearance. However, the fact that the results varied considerably within each age group suggests that factors other than age may have an effect on the mucociliary clearance.", "contents": "Influence of age on bronchial mucociliary transport. Mucociliary clearance was measured in 19 healthy non-smoking male subjects, aged between 21 and 69, by analysing the decrease in bronchial radioactivity of an aerosol of resin particles (mean diameter 7.4 +/- 1.5 micrometers) labelled with 99mTc. The mucociliary clearance was expressed as the percentage of radioactivity eliminated after 1 h. The measurements were made on two occasions with an average time lapse of 5 weeks. The intra- and inter-individual coefficients of variation were 15.6% and 41.5% respectively. The mucociliary clearance was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) (mean 21.8 +/- s.d. 7.8%) in the older subjects (greater than 54 years) than that observed (mean 34.1 +/- s.d. 14.1%) in the younger subjects (21 to 37 years). A significant negative correlation (r=-0.472, P less than 0.05) was obtained between the ages of the healthy subjects and their mucociliary clearance. However, the fact that the results varied considerably within each age group suggests that factors other than age may have an effect on the mucociliary clearance.", "PMID": 538416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7547", "title": "Pulmonary function in Bech\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "Pulmonary function in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome has not received much attention, although sporadic cases of airways obstruction have been described. In this series of five cases one had abnormal results with reversible airways obstruction and emphysema. These findings were likely to have been associated with asthma, previous smoking habits and pulmonary tuberculosis, and not another manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in Bech\u00e7et's syndrome. Pulmonary function in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome has not received much attention, although sporadic cases of airways obstruction have been described. In this series of five cases one had abnormal results with reversible airways obstruction and emphysema. These findings were likely to have been associated with asthma, previous smoking habits and pulmonary tuberculosis, and not another manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "PMID": 538417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7548", "title": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. IV. Tuberculin skin reaction and test of inhibition of blood leukcoyte migration.", "content": "Study of the relationship existing between in vivo and in vitro correlates of cell immunity has revealed that there is no marked correlation between the magnitude of skin induration of the tuberculin skin test and the degree of inhibition of migration of blood leukocytes stimulated by PPD in patients with newly detected, bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis.", "contents": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. IV. Tuberculin skin reaction and test of inhibition of blood leukcoyte migration. Study of the relationship existing between in vivo and in vitro correlates of cell immunity has revealed that there is no marked correlation between the magnitude of skin induration of the tuberculin skin test and the degree of inhibition of migration of blood leukocytes stimulated by PPD in patients with newly detected, bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 538419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7549", "title": "Tolerance of guaiacolic ester of acetylsalicylic acid by patients with aspirin-asthma.", "content": "The effects of oral administration of the guaiacolic ester of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA-G) on the ventilatory function were studied by means of a body plethysmograph, in a group of nine ASA-asthmatic patients. No differences in specific airway resistance were observed between ASA-G and placebo. It is concluded that ASA-G is tolerated by patients with ASA-induced asthma.", "contents": "Tolerance of guaiacolic ester of acetylsalicylic acid by patients with aspirin-asthma. The effects of oral administration of the guaiacolic ester of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA-G) on the ventilatory function were studied by means of a body plethysmograph, in a group of nine ASA-asthmatic patients. No differences in specific airway resistance were observed between ASA-G and placebo. It is concluded that ASA-G is tolerated by patients with ASA-induced asthma.", "PMID": 538418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7550", "title": "Clinical and pharmacological observations on a new microcrystalline theophylline preparation.", "content": "Tablets containing 250 mg of microcrystalline theophylline were given at 6-hourly intervals for 6 days. Minimum plasma theophylline concentrations in eight patients averaged 36.6 +/- 5.4 mumol/l (1 mumol = 0.18 mg), and the corresponding maximum concentration were 81.8 +/- 10.6 mumol/l. In 11 patients, studied after a single 250 mg dose, significant improvements in PEF and FEV1 were observed, in spite of maximum concentrations averaging only 38.8 +/- 2.2 mumol/l, which is below the commonly regarded lower limits of the therapeutic range. Nine of the 11 patients complained of side effects and in three patients a reduction in dose was necessary. In four volunteers given a single dose of 250 mg the plasma concentration of theophylline were not particularly affected by whether the tablets were taken fasting or postprandial.", "contents": "Clinical and pharmacological observations on a new microcrystalline theophylline preparation. Tablets containing 250 mg of microcrystalline theophylline were given at 6-hourly intervals for 6 days. Minimum plasma theophylline concentrations in eight patients averaged 36.6 +/- 5.4 mumol/l (1 mumol = 0.18 mg), and the corresponding maximum concentration were 81.8 +/- 10.6 mumol/l. In 11 patients, studied after a single 250 mg dose, significant improvements in PEF and FEV1 were observed, in spite of maximum concentrations averaging only 38.8 +/- 2.2 mumol/l, which is below the commonly regarded lower limits of the therapeutic range. Nine of the 11 patients complained of side effects and in three patients a reduction in dose was necessary. In four volunteers given a single dose of 250 mg the plasma concentration of theophylline were not particularly affected by whether the tablets were taken fasting or postprandial.", "PMID": 538420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7551", "title": "Mediastinal parathyroid adenoma detected on a routine chest X-ray.", "content": "A case is described in which a large tumour was detected in the posterior mediastinum on a routine chest X-ray. Although the parathormone level was very high, no clinical nor radiographic signs of hyperparathyroidism were present. The tumour was removed by lateral thoracotomy and proved to be a parathyroid adenoma. Postoperatively the serum calcium returned to a normal level.", "contents": "Mediastinal parathyroid adenoma detected on a routine chest X-ray. A case is described in which a large tumour was detected in the posterior mediastinum on a routine chest X-ray. Although the parathormone level was very high, no clinical nor radiographic signs of hyperparathyroidism were present. The tumour was removed by lateral thoracotomy and proved to be a parathyroid adenoma. Postoperatively the serum calcium returned to a normal level.", "PMID": 538421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7552", "title": "Congenital defects and occupational factors. A comparison of different methodological approaches.", "content": "In a previous study of children with congenital CNS (central nervous system) defects (N = 120), it was shown that exposure had occurred more often among the study mothers than among their referents. In the present study this population, extended with a one-year material of parents of children with oral clefts (N = 102) and their referents, was analyzed in a conventional way concerning occupational factors. This procedure was carried out in order to determine whether information on occupational factors only would provide enough hints to confirm known information concerning exposure, which had been acquired with the more-detailed but laborious interview method. No significant differences were observed in a comparison between the study groups and their referents when work of the mothers outside the home during pregnancy was considered. According to the social class grouping, classes 3 and 4 appeared more often among parents of children with congenital CNS defects than among their referents. With respect to industrial classification, manufacturing and different community services occurred more often among mothers of children with congenital CNS defects and oral clefts than among their referents. Some clustering could be observed with regard to the occupations of the parents in the two study groups as compared to their referents. When the material was methodologically processed in the conventional way described, no obvious conclusions could be drawn about exposure.", "contents": "Congenital defects and occupational factors. A comparison of different methodological approaches. In a previous study of children with congenital CNS (central nervous system) defects (N = 120), it was shown that exposure had occurred more often among the study mothers than among their referents. In the present study this population, extended with a one-year material of parents of children with oral clefts (N = 102) and their referents, was analyzed in a conventional way concerning occupational factors. This procedure was carried out in order to determine whether information on occupational factors only would provide enough hints to confirm known information concerning exposure, which had been acquired with the more-detailed but laborious interview method. No significant differences were observed in a comparison between the study groups and their referents when work of the mothers outside the home during pregnancy was considered. According to the social class grouping, classes 3 and 4 appeared more often among parents of children with congenital CNS defects than among their referents. With respect to industrial classification, manufacturing and different community services occurred more often among mothers of children with congenital CNS defects and oral clefts than among their referents. Some clustering could be observed with regard to the occupations of the parents in the two study groups as compared to their referents. When the material was methodologically processed in the conventional way described, no obvious conclusions could be drawn about exposure.", "PMID": 538422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7553", "title": "Increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to styrene.", "content": "Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from peripheral blood were significantly more frequent in six workers from a plant manufacturing polyester resin boats (average 10.8 per 100 cells) than in six age-and sex-matched referents (5.2 per 100 cells). The contamination of the workroom air with styrene, as measured on three occasions within three years in different areas of the plant, was 50--400 mg/m3.", "contents": "Increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to styrene. Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from peripheral blood were significantly more frequent in six workers from a plant manufacturing polyester resin boats (average 10.8 per 100 cells) than in six age-and sex-matched referents (5.2 per 100 cells). The contamination of the workroom air with styrene, as measured on three occasions within three years in different areas of the plant, was 50--400 mg/m3.", "PMID": 538423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7554", "title": "The battle against occupational lead poisoning in Finland. Experiences during the 15-year period 1964--1978.", "content": "Occupational lead poisoning has been greatly reduced as a problem in Finland during the 1970s. Case-finding efforts and increased awareness of plant physicians first caused an increase of the incidence with a peak of 89 reported cases in 1974. A sharp decline followed, and, although about 30 mild cases are still reported annually, classical clinical poisoning hardly exists anymore. An extensive regular monitoring program covering 8,000--10,000 blood lead (PbB) analyses a year also shows that exposure levels have been reduced. In 1977 only 70 PbB values, or 1%, were in excess of 70 micrograms/100 ml, and 243 values (4%) exceeded 60 micrograms/100 ml. All such values came from workers employed by less than 30 workplaces, and several of them belonged to workers monitored more than once a year. It is proposed that the general development of occupational health in Finland is to a great extent reflected in this favorable development; however, since special research, educational and informative efforts have been devoted to the lead problem, it may well be that these measures have also influenced the outcome. The results show that, on a nationwide scale, the lead problem can be coped with much more effectively than one has been apt to think. Hence the nonfeasibility of lowering maximum permissible exposure levels has been put in serious doubt. There is no reason to allow unnecessarily high exposure in the vast majority of workplaces only because a small minority has technical difficulties.", "contents": "The battle against occupational lead poisoning in Finland. Experiences during the 15-year period 1964--1978. Occupational lead poisoning has been greatly reduced as a problem in Finland during the 1970s. Case-finding efforts and increased awareness of plant physicians first caused an increase of the incidence with a peak of 89 reported cases in 1974. A sharp decline followed, and, although about 30 mild cases are still reported annually, classical clinical poisoning hardly exists anymore. An extensive regular monitoring program covering 8,000--10,000 blood lead (PbB) analyses a year also shows that exposure levels have been reduced. In 1977 only 70 PbB values, or 1%, were in excess of 70 micrograms/100 ml, and 243 values (4%) exceeded 60 micrograms/100 ml. All such values came from workers employed by less than 30 workplaces, and several of them belonged to workers monitored more than once a year. It is proposed that the general development of occupational health in Finland is to a great extent reflected in this favorable development; however, since special research, educational and informative efforts have been devoted to the lead problem, it may well be that these measures have also influenced the outcome. The results show that, on a nationwide scale, the lead problem can be coped with much more effectively than one has been apt to think. Hence the nonfeasibility of lowering maximum permissible exposure levels has been put in serious doubt. There is no reason to allow unnecessarily high exposure in the vast majority of workplaces only because a small minority has technical difficulties.", "PMID": 538424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7555", "title": "Comparative percutaneous toxicity of ten industrial solvents in the guinea pig.", "content": "This report is part of a study on skin pathology, blood levels and percutaneous toxicity after the epicutaneous administration of solvents. The method used for the study of percutaneous toxicity differentiated between different types of solvents, and between different applied volumes of the same solvent. Five solvents caused some mortalities (in declining order: 2-chloroethanol, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, ethyleneglycolmonobutylether, carbontetrachloride, and dimethylformamide). Four solvents--benzene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene--did not cause mortality, but a statisically significant effect on weight gain was observed. For n-hexane the weight gain did not differ (P greater than 0.2) from that of the control animals exposed to distilled water. For comparison, the same amounts of the solvents were injected intraperitoneally. There was a fairly good agreement between intraperitoneal and percutaneous toxicity, but slight deviations were observed for carbontetrachloride and dimethylformamide.", "contents": "Comparative percutaneous toxicity of ten industrial solvents in the guinea pig. This report is part of a study on skin pathology, blood levels and percutaneous toxicity after the epicutaneous administration of solvents. The method used for the study of percutaneous toxicity differentiated between different types of solvents, and between different applied volumes of the same solvent. Five solvents caused some mortalities (in declining order: 2-chloroethanol, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, ethyleneglycolmonobutylether, carbontetrachloride, and dimethylformamide). Four solvents--benzene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene--did not cause mortality, but a statisically significant effect on weight gain was observed. For n-hexane the weight gain did not differ (P greater than 0.2) from that of the control animals exposed to distilled water. For comparison, the same amounts of the solvents were injected intraperitoneally. There was a fairly good agreement between intraperitoneal and percutaneous toxicity, but slight deviations were observed for carbontetrachloride and dimethylformamide.", "PMID": 538425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7556", "title": "The effects of moderate heat stress on mental performance.", "content": "Moderate heat stress is believed to affect mental performance by lowering levels of arousal. Conscious effort can counteract this effect. In most experiments, raised temperatures are perceived at the start by subjects and can act as a stimulus to exert conscious effort. In practice, temperatures usually rise slowly and may therefore have a more marked effect. Thirty-six male and 36 female 17-year-old subjects in standard cotton uniforms (0.7 clo) were exposed in groups of four in a climate chamber to rising air-temperature conditions typical of occupied classrooms, in the range 20--29 degrees C. The maximum rate of rise was 4 degrees C/h. Each group performed mental work during three successive periods of 50 min with 10-min breaks between. During each break the air temperature was reduced by 3 degrees C. Sentence comprehension was significantly reduced by intermediate levels of heat stress in the third hour. A multiplication task was performed significantly more slowly in the heat by male subjects, showing a minimum at 28 degrees C. Recognition memory showed a maximum at 26 degrees C, decreasing significantly at temperatures below and above, and an independent measure of degree of certainty in recall showed a maximum at 27 degrees C. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis of reduced arousal in moderate heat stress in the absence of conscious effort.", "contents": "The effects of moderate heat stress on mental performance. Moderate heat stress is believed to affect mental performance by lowering levels of arousal. Conscious effort can counteract this effect. In most experiments, raised temperatures are perceived at the start by subjects and can act as a stimulus to exert conscious effort. In practice, temperatures usually rise slowly and may therefore have a more marked effect. Thirty-six male and 36 female 17-year-old subjects in standard cotton uniforms (0.7 clo) were exposed in groups of four in a climate chamber to rising air-temperature conditions typical of occupied classrooms, in the range 20--29 degrees C. The maximum rate of rise was 4 degrees C/h. Each group performed mental work during three successive periods of 50 min with 10-min breaks between. During each break the air temperature was reduced by 3 degrees C. Sentence comprehension was significantly reduced by intermediate levels of heat stress in the third hour. A multiplication task was performed significantly more slowly in the heat by male subjects, showing a minimum at 28 degrees C. Recognition memory showed a maximum at 26 degrees C, decreasing significantly at temperatures below and above, and an independent measure of degree of certainty in recall showed a maximum at 27 degrees C. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis of reduced arousal in moderate heat stress in the absence of conscious effort.", "PMID": 538426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7557", "title": "Serum and urinary vanadium of vanadium-exposed workers.", "content": "In this investigation the environment of vanadium workers was studied. It was found that low concentrations of vanadium (0.01--0.04 mg/m3) in the air do not correlate with vanadium serum levels or its urinary excretion. The results, however, suggest that values of vanadium in serum and urine samples reflect absorption of vanadium because vanadium could not be detected in the urine of referents. In higher vanadium exposure (0.2--0.5 mg/m3), the concentration in the air inhaled remaining unknown due to the use of dust masks, urinary vanadium excretion and serum vanadium level decreased significantly with exposure-free time.", "contents": "Serum and urinary vanadium of vanadium-exposed workers. In this investigation the environment of vanadium workers was studied. It was found that low concentrations of vanadium (0.01--0.04 mg/m3) in the air do not correlate with vanadium serum levels or its urinary excretion. The results, however, suggest that values of vanadium in serum and urine samples reflect absorption of vanadium because vanadium could not be detected in the urine of referents. In higher vanadium exposure (0.2--0.5 mg/m3), the concentration in the air inhaled remaining unknown due to the use of dust masks, urinary vanadium excretion and serum vanadium level decreased significantly with exposure-free time.", "PMID": 538427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7558", "title": "Blood flow in the contralateral hand during vibration and hand grip contractions of lumberjacks.", "content": "Pulse wave changes were examined among 63 professional lumberjacks. The tests were carried out in connection with an annual health examination. A photoelectric plethysmographic method was used to measure pulse wave changes during contralateral muscle work and vibration exposure from a dynamic shaker with a strain-gauge dynamometer. The relative changes in pulse wave amplitude were counted, and the changes were classified as dilatations, constrictions, or constant pulse wave amplitude. Contralateral muscle work caused vasodilatation, but vibration exposure could cause vasoconstrictions in the right hand. Most of the vasospasms were recorded at 60 and 100 Hz. The strongest vasospasms were seen at 200 Hz. The occurrence of vasospasms in the contralateral hand correlated with the severity of white finger symptoms rated according to an index for traumatic vasospastic disease.", "contents": "Blood flow in the contralateral hand during vibration and hand grip contractions of lumberjacks. Pulse wave changes were examined among 63 professional lumberjacks. The tests were carried out in connection with an annual health examination. A photoelectric plethysmographic method was used to measure pulse wave changes during contralateral muscle work and vibration exposure from a dynamic shaker with a strain-gauge dynamometer. The relative changes in pulse wave amplitude were counted, and the changes were classified as dilatations, constrictions, or constant pulse wave amplitude. Contralateral muscle work caused vasodilatation, but vibration exposure could cause vasoconstrictions in the right hand. Most of the vasospasms were recorded at 60 and 100 Hz. The strongest vasospasms were seen at 200 Hz. The occurrence of vasospasms in the contralateral hand correlated with the severity of white finger symptoms rated according to an index for traumatic vasospastic disease.", "PMID": 538428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7559", "title": "Analysis of some older Scandinavian formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid for contents of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.", "content": "Ten samples of older formulations of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid used in Sweden were analyzed for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The analyses were performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a high resolution glass capillary column for maximum isomeric separation and sensitivity. The detection limit was 0.01-0.05 ppm. The amounts of contaminants were of the same order of magnitude as that found earlier in European samples with later production dates (late 1960s and 1970s).", "contents": "Analysis of some older Scandinavian formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid for contents of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Ten samples of older formulations of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid used in Sweden were analyzed for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The analyses were performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a high resolution glass capillary column for maximum isomeric separation and sensitivity. The detection limit was 0.01-0.05 ppm. The amounts of contaminants were of the same order of magnitude as that found earlier in European samples with later production dates (late 1960s and 1970s).", "PMID": 538429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7560", "title": "Direct determination of chromium in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "A simple, direct method for the determination of chromium levels in urine is described, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry having been used after the urine samples had been acidified. The optimal conditions at the ashing and atomization stages was determined. The detection limit of this method is 5 nmol/1, and the coefficient of variation (within day) is about 3% in the concentration range 20--400 nmol/1. Use of a low temperature asher with electrically excited oxygen before analysis gave results similar to those of the direct procedure. Good correlation was obtained from two other laboratories using different instruments and pretreatments.", "contents": "Direct determination of chromium in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. A simple, direct method for the determination of chromium levels in urine is described, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry having been used after the urine samples had been acidified. The optimal conditions at the ashing and atomization stages was determined. The detection limit of this method is 5 nmol/1, and the coefficient of variation (within day) is about 3% in the concentration range 20--400 nmol/1. Use of a low temperature asher with electrically excited oxygen before analysis gave results similar to those of the direct procedure. Good correlation was obtained from two other laboratories using different instruments and pretreatments.", "PMID": 538430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7561", "title": "[Retinoid in the treatment of psoriatic arthropathy: a pilot study].", "content": "Four patients with active seronegative psoriatic arthropathy were treated with retinoid (Ro 10-9359) in a daily dose of 30 mg for at least four months. Within the first 4--6 weeks of treatment all patients showed marked improvement of arthritis as measured by the number of swollen joints, the Ritchie joint index, morning stiffness and the pain experienced. One patient stopped taking her concomitant medication of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, while the others were able to reduce the intake of such drugs substantially. None of the patients were taking steroids. The elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate observed in all patients studied also fell gradually in the course of treatment. With the exception of dry lips observed in two patients, other adverse effect such as extensive mucosa dryness and cheilitis, as commonly seen in patients receiving this agent, were not recorded. In view of these encouraging preliminary results we are now conducting a multicenter control study to substantiate these findings.", "contents": "[Retinoid in the treatment of psoriatic arthropathy: a pilot study]. Four patients with active seronegative psoriatic arthropathy were treated with retinoid (Ro 10-9359) in a daily dose of 30 mg for at least four months. Within the first 4--6 weeks of treatment all patients showed marked improvement of arthritis as measured by the number of swollen joints, the Ritchie joint index, morning stiffness and the pain experienced. One patient stopped taking her concomitant medication of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, while the others were able to reduce the intake of such drugs substantially. None of the patients were taking steroids. The elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate observed in all patients studied also fell gradually in the course of treatment. With the exception of dry lips observed in two patients, other adverse effect such as extensive mucosa dryness and cheilitis, as commonly seen in patients receiving this agent, were not recorded. In view of these encouraging preliminary results we are now conducting a multicenter control study to substantiate these findings.", "PMID": 538432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7562", "title": "[First experience with retinoid acid derivative Ro 10-9359 in the treatment of viral epithelioma].", "content": "Two patients with extensive verrucae plantares have been treated successfully with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359. Both patients were practically unable to walk due to widespread involvement of the plantae pedium. In a second series of 12 patients with verrucae vulgares this form of therapy produced unsatisfactory results. In 2 further patients with verrucae plantares healing was achieved in one, and also in a patient with verrucae planae. A patient with verrucae periunguales did not react to the treatment. The dosage was gradually increased to above the normal value of 1.0 mg/kg body weight per day, according to individual tolerance. The aim was to reach a dose of over 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day. The side effects were therefore impressive and interruption or termination of therapy was often necessary. However, new side effects have not been observed with this high dosage and this new indication, apart from psoriasiform dermatitis and an intermittent vegetative disturbance, the latter without clear evidence of a causal relation to the Ro 10-9359 medication. Pathological liver values have not been observed. Treatment with retinoid appears to be appropriate in cases with verrucae plantares, especially where conventional methods do not prove satisfactory.", "contents": "[First experience with retinoid acid derivative Ro 10-9359 in the treatment of viral epithelioma]. Two patients with extensive verrucae plantares have been treated successfully with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359. Both patients were practically unable to walk due to widespread involvement of the plantae pedium. In a second series of 12 patients with verrucae vulgares this form of therapy produced unsatisfactory results. In 2 further patients with verrucae plantares healing was achieved in one, and also in a patient with verrucae planae. A patient with verrucae periunguales did not react to the treatment. The dosage was gradually increased to above the normal value of 1.0 mg/kg body weight per day, according to individual tolerance. The aim was to reach a dose of over 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day. The side effects were therefore impressive and interruption or termination of therapy was often necessary. However, new side effects have not been observed with this high dosage and this new indication, apart from psoriasiform dermatitis and an intermittent vegetative disturbance, the latter without clear evidence of a causal relation to the Ro 10-9359 medication. Pathological liver values have not been observed. Treatment with retinoid appears to be appropriate in cases with verrucae plantares, especially where conventional methods do not prove satisfactory.", "PMID": 538433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7563", "title": "[Use of antibiotics in a surgical clinic. A prospective study of the Waid Community Hospital, Zurich].", "content": "A study was performed to analyse antibiotic usage in a surgical department, with the object of providing a basis for improving antibiotic policies. Patients admitted to the Department of Surgery (134 beds) of the Waid Community Hospital in Z\u00fcrich (400 beds) after 1st Jan. 1979, and who received antibiotics during the period between 22 Jan. and 31 March were included in the study (n = 154). Daily chartreview provided all necessary information on clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data of the patients included. 154 patients had 178 treatment courses which were reviewed according to guidelines proposed by the \"audits of Antimicrobial Usage\" (1977) and categorized as follows: I. agree with indication, appropriate choice and use of antibiotics; II. same, inappropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics; III. administration not justified. 83 of 178 treatment courses were prophylactic and 95 therapeutic. 58% of the prophylactic treatment courses were not justified (cat. III), and the remaining 42% were inappropriate in choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat. II). 41% of therapeutic treatment courses were adequate (cat. I), 43% were indicated, but these patients would have benefited from a more appropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat. II), and in 16% the use of an antibiotic was not justified (cat. III). These results are compared with similar studies. On the basis of our findings, appropriate propositions for improvement of antibiotic policies are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of antibiotics in a surgical clinic. A prospective study of the Waid Community Hospital, Zurich]. A study was performed to analyse antibiotic usage in a surgical department, with the object of providing a basis for improving antibiotic policies. Patients admitted to the Department of Surgery (134 beds) of the Waid Community Hospital in Z\u00fcrich (400 beds) after 1st Jan. 1979, and who received antibiotics during the period between 22 Jan. and 31 March were included in the study (n = 154). Daily chartreview provided all necessary information on clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data of the patients included. 154 patients had 178 treatment courses which were reviewed according to guidelines proposed by the \"audits of Antimicrobial Usage\" (1977) and categorized as follows: I. agree with indication, appropriate choice and use of antibiotics; II. same, inappropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics; III. administration not justified. 83 of 178 treatment courses were prophylactic and 95 therapeutic. 58% of the prophylactic treatment courses were not justified (cat. III), and the remaining 42% were inappropriate in choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat. II). 41% of therapeutic treatment courses were adequate (cat. I), 43% were indicated, but these patients would have benefited from a more appropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat. II), and in 16% the use of an antibiotic was not justified (cat. III). These results are compared with similar studies. On the basis of our findings, appropriate propositions for improvement of antibiotic policies are discussed.", "PMID": 538434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7564", "title": "[Sinus arrest after intravenous administration of lidocaine].", "content": "A 60-year-old patient with coronary artery disease and antecedent (1976) myocardial infarction developed sinus standstill with nodal bradycardia of 41/min while on antiarrhythmic treatment with lidocain (2 mg/min drip infusion). Severe hypotension (70/50 mm Hg) occurred concomitantly. Withdrawal of lidocain and intravenous injection of 0.5 mg atropine restored sinus rhythm within 4 min, followed by a very sluggish, gradual increase in blood pressure over the next 45 minutes. Fortunately this episode did no harm to the patient. He was allowed to leave hospital 6 days later as there was no evidence of a second myocardial infarction and anginal pain was successfully controlled.", "contents": "[Sinus arrest after intravenous administration of lidocaine]. A 60-year-old patient with coronary artery disease and antecedent (1976) myocardial infarction developed sinus standstill with nodal bradycardia of 41/min while on antiarrhythmic treatment with lidocain (2 mg/min drip infusion). Severe hypotension (70/50 mm Hg) occurred concomitantly. Withdrawal of lidocain and intravenous injection of 0.5 mg atropine restored sinus rhythm within 4 min, followed by a very sluggish, gradual increase in blood pressure over the next 45 minutes. Fortunately this episode did no harm to the patient. He was allowed to leave hospital 6 days later as there was no evidence of a second myocardial infarction and anginal pain was successfully controlled.", "PMID": 538435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7565", "title": "[Fine needle biopsy guided by computed tomography].", "content": "Percutaneous fine needle biopsy guided by computed tomography is now a well established method in most university radiological departments. Positive results are obtained in some 80% of cases. With this tehcnique most abdominal and pelvic structures can be reached without danger for the patient under local anesthesia, even when the fine needle passes through the gastric or bowel walls. In some instances the technique can also be employed for biopsy of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions.", "contents": "[Fine needle biopsy guided by computed tomography]. Percutaneous fine needle biopsy guided by computed tomography is now a well established method in most university radiological departments. Positive results are obtained in some 80% of cases. With this tehcnique most abdominal and pelvic structures can be reached without danger for the patient under local anesthesia, even when the fine needle passes through the gastric or bowel walls. In some instances the technique can also be employed for biopsy of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions.", "PMID": 538436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7566", "title": "[Risk factors and psycho-social factors in myocardial infarct of the young man].", "content": "Psychosocial and standard risk factors were assessed in 21 young males aged 32--45 admitted for acute myocardial infarction. All patients underwent extensive clinical, dietary and psychosocial investigation by a team of cardiologists, psychiatrists, dieticians, social workers and physiotherapists both during hospitalization and later at home. Most standard risk factors were found infrequently and the estimated risk of coronary disease would have been low. Heavy smokers (1--4 packs of cigarettes per day) totalled 20/21 patients. In every case the patients, before myocardial infarction, had sustained severe long-term stress in their professional, social and/or familial environments. With rigid and obsessive personality patterns, they appeared to be the prisoners of their problem situations and totally unable to relax. Severe psychosocial stress and heavy smoking appear to be almost constant findings in young males admitted with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Risk factors and psycho-social factors in myocardial infarct of the young man]. Psychosocial and standard risk factors were assessed in 21 young males aged 32--45 admitted for acute myocardial infarction. All patients underwent extensive clinical, dietary and psychosocial investigation by a team of cardiologists, psychiatrists, dieticians, social workers and physiotherapists both during hospitalization and later at home. Most standard risk factors were found infrequently and the estimated risk of coronary disease would have been low. Heavy smokers (1--4 packs of cigarettes per day) totalled 20/21 patients. In every case the patients, before myocardial infarction, had sustained severe long-term stress in their professional, social and/or familial environments. With rigid and obsessive personality patterns, they appeared to be the prisoners of their problem situations and totally unable to relax. Severe psychosocial stress and heavy smoking appear to be almost constant findings in young males admitted with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 538437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7567", "title": "[Follow-up of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome].", "content": "The results are presented of the clinical, radiological and pulmonary function follow ups in 6 patients 19 to 35 months after the onset of a most severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The previously healthy young patients required ventilatory support for 16 to 135 days, reflecting the severity of the ARDS. In agreement with earlier studies, lung function improved rapidly in the first year but barely thereafter. Nineteen to 35 months after the ARDS a mild to moderate degree of restrictive ventilatory impairment could be detected in all our patients, associated with a significant arterial hypoxemia on exercise in five. Additionally, three patients showed signs of reversible airway obstruction. If the subacute course rather than the acute phase of the disease is taken as the criterion, there appears to be a relationship between the severity of the ARDS and the residual impairment of lung function. The fact that even most severe lung damage eventually led to a more or less significant loss of the functional reserves of the lung, but hardly ever ended in chronic respiratory failure, justifies all possible intensive care efforts in the treatment of those patients.", "contents": "[Follow-up of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome]. The results are presented of the clinical, radiological and pulmonary function follow ups in 6 patients 19 to 35 months after the onset of a most severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The previously healthy young patients required ventilatory support for 16 to 135 days, reflecting the severity of the ARDS. In agreement with earlier studies, lung function improved rapidly in the first year but barely thereafter. Nineteen to 35 months after the ARDS a mild to moderate degree of restrictive ventilatory impairment could be detected in all our patients, associated with a significant arterial hypoxemia on exercise in five. Additionally, three patients showed signs of reversible airway obstruction. If the subacute course rather than the acute phase of the disease is taken as the criterion, there appears to be a relationship between the severity of the ARDS and the residual impairment of lung function. The fact that even most severe lung damage eventually led to a more or less significant loss of the functional reserves of the lung, but hardly ever ended in chronic respiratory failure, justifies all possible intensive care efforts in the treatment of those patients.", "PMID": 538439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7568", "title": "[Continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)].", "content": "Eleven patients were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for periods of 2-7 months (48 patient-months). Clinical and biochemical control of uremia was adequate in all patients. Control of hypertension and serum phosphate level was easier than with previous intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). Mean protein loss during CAPD was 9.7 +/- 2.7 g/day. Seven episodes of peritonitis occurred in 3 patients (1 peritonitis/6.8 months). General use of CAPD cannot be recommended until the high incidence of peritonitis is reduced by urgently needed technical improvements. A potential complication of CAPD was that triglycerides were markedly elevated in 4 patients.", "contents": "[Continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)]. Eleven patients were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for periods of 2-7 months (48 patient-months). Clinical and biochemical control of uremia was adequate in all patients. Control of hypertension and serum phosphate level was easier than with previous intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). Mean protein loss during CAPD was 9.7 +/- 2.7 g/day. Seven episodes of peritonitis occurred in 3 patients (1 peritonitis/6.8 months). General use of CAPD cannot be recommended until the high incidence of peritonitis is reduced by urgently needed technical improvements. A potential complication of CAPD was that triglycerides were markedly elevated in 4 patients.", "PMID": 538440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7569", "title": "[Symptomless enteritis-salmonella excreters in an abbatoir].", "content": "Stool checks for Salmonella were carried out daily for several weeks in twelve men working in surroundings heavily contaminated by enteritis Salmonellae. Eleven of the workmen periodically showed salmonella in faeces. Positivity fluctuated from person to person between 2 and 37% and, depending on the day of the week, between 5 and 17%. The time taken for excretion was probably always less then seven days.", "contents": "[Symptomless enteritis-salmonella excreters in an abbatoir]. Stool checks for Salmonella were carried out daily for several weeks in twelve men working in surroundings heavily contaminated by enteritis Salmonellae. Eleven of the workmen periodically showed salmonella in faeces. Positivity fluctuated from person to person between 2 and 37% and, depending on the day of the week, between 5 and 17%. The time taken for excretion was probably always less then seven days.", "PMID": 538441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7570", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of a new cephalosporin, cefoperazone].", "content": "Cefoperazone is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin for parenteral use with an extended antibacterial spectrum covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens. Its pharmacokinetic properties were studied in 8 healthy subjects after 2 intravenous infusions of 2 g of the drug at a 12-hour interval. The mean peak serum concentrations were 134 +/- 16 microgram/ml and 143 microgram/ml. Cefoperazone was shown to possess a long half-life for a cephalosporin (1.7 hours). In our concentration range the drug is 90% protein bound. The apparent volume of distribution was a mean 11.4 liters and the renal clearance 18 ml/min. The cumulative urinary excretion was small, viz. 23% in 12 hours, indicating that there should be no need to modify the dosage regimen in renal failure. Comparison of in vitro studies with the pharmacokinetic properties show that 2 g cefoperazone given intravenously twice a day should inhibit most sensitive bacteria.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of a new cephalosporin, cefoperazone]. Cefoperazone is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin for parenteral use with an extended antibacterial spectrum covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens. Its pharmacokinetic properties were studied in 8 healthy subjects after 2 intravenous infusions of 2 g of the drug at a 12-hour interval. The mean peak serum concentrations were 134 +/- 16 microgram/ml and 143 microgram/ml. Cefoperazone was shown to possess a long half-life for a cephalosporin (1.7 hours). In our concentration range the drug is 90% protein bound. The apparent volume of distribution was a mean 11.4 liters and the renal clearance 18 ml/min. The cumulative urinary excretion was small, viz. 23% in 12 hours, indicating that there should be no need to modify the dosage regimen in renal failure. Comparison of in vitro studies with the pharmacokinetic properties show that 2 g cefoperazone given intravenously twice a day should inhibit most sensitive bacteria.", "PMID": 538442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7571", "title": "[Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and damage to the intima of a renal artery after blunt trauma].", "content": "A 47 year-old man acquired intimal tears of the right internal carotid artery and the right renal artery by blunt injuries of the neck and the lumbar region in a horse riding accident. After a 10 days free period an occlusive thrombosis of the neck artery with fatal issue appeared. The clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure are presented. Based on macroscopic, magnifying optical and histological necropsy findings these important artery injuries are discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and damage to the intima of a renal artery after blunt trauma]. A 47 year-old man acquired intimal tears of the right internal carotid artery and the right renal artery by blunt injuries of the neck and the lumbar region in a horse riding accident. After a 10 days free period an occlusive thrombosis of the neck artery with fatal issue appeared. The clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure are presented. Based on macroscopic, magnifying optical and histological necropsy findings these important artery injuries are discussed.", "PMID": 538443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7572", "title": "The rate of urinary excretion of phosalone residues in occupationally exposed persons.", "content": "The absorption of malathion and phosalone was followed in occupationally exposed workers by determination of residues excreted in the urine. Because of the high concentrations found in the morning urine samples, the rates of excretion of phosalone metabolites in the urine of a volunteer experimentally exposed to phosalone during one and then again during three subsequent working days were investigated. The urinary excretion of phosalone metabolites was most intense 4--5 hours after exposure. At the beginning of the next day, the metabolites were still well measureable in the urine. Blood and plasma cholinesterase activities were only slightly reduced during exposure. The analyses of 24-hour urine samples, or of urine samples taken 4--5 hours after exposure, are not suitable for the routine control of occupationally exposed persons because of sampling difficulties. Instead, analyses of samples taken immediately before and after work hours have to be performed. A systematic increase in the concentrations of pesticide residues in the morning urine should initiate more efficient and well-timed protection measures.", "contents": "The rate of urinary excretion of phosalone residues in occupationally exposed persons. The absorption of malathion and phosalone was followed in occupationally exposed workers by determination of residues excreted in the urine. Because of the high concentrations found in the morning urine samples, the rates of excretion of phosalone metabolites in the urine of a volunteer experimentally exposed to phosalone during one and then again during three subsequent working days were investigated. The urinary excretion of phosalone metabolites was most intense 4--5 hours after exposure. At the beginning of the next day, the metabolites were still well measureable in the urine. Blood and plasma cholinesterase activities were only slightly reduced during exposure. The analyses of 24-hour urine samples, or of urine samples taken 4--5 hours after exposure, are not suitable for the routine control of occupationally exposed persons because of sampling difficulties. Instead, analyses of samples taken immediately before and after work hours have to be performed. A systematic increase in the concentrations of pesticide residues in the morning urine should initiate more efficient and well-timed protection measures.", "PMID": 538451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7573", "title": "Comparison of vector competence for West Nile virus of colonized populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus from southern Asia and the Far East.", "content": "Seven colonized stocks of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from different geographic areas of Southern Asia and the Far East were assayed for susceptibility to WN virus infection by membrane feeding and by intrathoracic inoculation. Infected females also were tested for their ability to transmit virus to baby mice. No geographic pattern of differential susceptibility to WN virus infection was apparent from the experiments; however, the per os ID50 of one strain from Khulna, Bangladesh was over 10-fold greater than the ID50's of stocks from Karachi, Pakistan and Sendai, Japan. No difference in susceptibility was found by parenteral inoculation of virus. Likewise, greater than or equal to 90% of infected females from all the colonies were able to transmit virus.", "contents": "Comparison of vector competence for West Nile virus of colonized populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus from southern Asia and the Far East. Seven colonized stocks of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from different geographic areas of Southern Asia and the Far East were assayed for susceptibility to WN virus infection by membrane feeding and by intrathoracic inoculation. Infected females also were tested for their ability to transmit virus to baby mice. No geographic pattern of differential susceptibility to WN virus infection was apparent from the experiments; however, the per os ID50 of one strain from Khulna, Bangladesh was over 10-fold greater than the ID50's of stocks from Karachi, Pakistan and Sendai, Japan. No difference in susceptibility was found by parenteral inoculation of virus. Likewise, greater than or equal to 90% of infected females from all the colonies were able to transmit virus.", "PMID": 538499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7574", "title": "Vectors of scrub typhus and their hosts on a mature oil palm estate.", "content": "L. (L.) deliense was the predominant vector of scrub typhus in a mature oil palm estate, but a small number of L. (L.) fletcheri (0.1% from rodents) and L. (L.) vivericola (0.02% from rodents and 8.0% from black plates) was also collected. Although good correlation between L. (L.) deliense collected from rodents and from black plates was not established, either method may serve as a general indicator of population fluctuations over a period of time. For the most part, the vectors of scrub typhus were limited to litter piles, and thus, the possibility of contracting scrub typhus within this type of habitat was minimal.", "contents": "Vectors of scrub typhus and their hosts on a mature oil palm estate. L. (L.) deliense was the predominant vector of scrub typhus in a mature oil palm estate, but a small number of L. (L.) fletcheri (0.1% from rodents) and L. (L.) vivericola (0.02% from rodents and 8.0% from black plates) was also collected. Although good correlation between L. (L.) deliense collected from rodents and from black plates was not established, either method may serve as a general indicator of population fluctuations over a period of time. For the most part, the vectors of scrub typhus were limited to litter piles, and thus, the possibility of contracting scrub typhus within this type of habitat was minimal.", "PMID": 538500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7575", "title": "Studies on susceptibility of Pila ampullacea, to the infection with the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis.", "content": "Experimental infections of Pila ampullacea with first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were carried out to determine susceptibility of this molluscan host in relation to dose level and snail host size. Snails were divided into 3 size groups and exposed to A. cantonensis first stage larval suspensions of varying concentrations. The results showed that overall, about 20% of larvae ingested by the snails developed into infective third stage larvae, but the percentage was inversely related to both the number of larvae to which snails were exposed and snail weight. The infective worms were concentrated in the foot muscle and mantle of the molluscan host.", "contents": "Studies on susceptibility of Pila ampullacea, to the infection with the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Experimental infections of Pila ampullacea with first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were carried out to determine susceptibility of this molluscan host in relation to dose level and snail host size. Snails were divided into 3 size groups and exposed to A. cantonensis first stage larval suspensions of varying concentrations. The results showed that overall, about 20% of larvae ingested by the snails developed into infective third stage larvae, but the percentage was inversely related to both the number of larvae to which snails were exposed and snail weight. The infective worms were concentrated in the foot muscle and mantle of the molluscan host.", "PMID": 538501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7576", "title": "Iron supplementation studies among pregnant women.", "content": "The effect of iron supplementation alone or in combination with ascorbic acid as a preventive and or corrective measure against anemia were tested using pregnant women seeking pre-natal consultation at various health centers in Greater Manila Area. One tablet containing 65 mg iron alone or in combination with ascorbic acid per day during a supplementation period which varied from 16.5 to 17.8 weeks maintained initial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in non-anemic women. Three tablets of the same iron preparation (total of 195 mg iron) daily resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit in anemic women. Ascorbic acid had no apparent beneficial effect. Considering the positive response to iron treatment, it is recommended that a nationwide program of iron supplementation of pregnant Filipinos be undertaken.", "contents": "Iron supplementation studies among pregnant women. The effect of iron supplementation alone or in combination with ascorbic acid as a preventive and or corrective measure against anemia were tested using pregnant women seeking pre-natal consultation at various health centers in Greater Manila Area. One tablet containing 65 mg iron alone or in combination with ascorbic acid per day during a supplementation period which varied from 16.5 to 17.8 weeks maintained initial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in non-anemic women. Three tablets of the same iron preparation (total of 195 mg iron) daily resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit in anemic women. Ascorbic acid had no apparent beneficial effect. Considering the positive response to iron treatment, it is recommended that a nationwide program of iron supplementation of pregnant Filipinos be undertaken.", "PMID": 538502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7577", "title": "Serum folate and folic acid binding proteins in iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Serum and red cell folate and folic acid binding protein (FABP) concentrations were determined on 20 iron deficiency anaemic children of both sexes aged 6--12 years. All cases had haemoglobin level less than 12 gm% or haematocrit less than 36% with low serum iron and elevated unsaturated iron binding capacity. Serum folate levels in the anaemic group was not significantly different from that of normal subjects while red cell folate level was significantly lower in the anaemic group. However, all cases had red cell folate levels higher than 100 ng/ml. There was a direct relationship between the haemoglobin concentration and serum folate level. Serum FABP level in the anaemic group was found to be significantly higher than that of normal subjects and showed no correlation with haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum or red cell folate levels. The significance of elevated serum FABP was discussed.", "contents": "Serum folate and folic acid binding proteins in iron deficiency anaemia. Serum and red cell folate and folic acid binding protein (FABP) concentrations were determined on 20 iron deficiency anaemic children of both sexes aged 6--12 years. All cases had haemoglobin level less than 12 gm% or haematocrit less than 36% with low serum iron and elevated unsaturated iron binding capacity. Serum folate levels in the anaemic group was not significantly different from that of normal subjects while red cell folate level was significantly lower in the anaemic group. However, all cases had red cell folate levels higher than 100 ng/ml. There was a direct relationship between the haemoglobin concentration and serum folate level. Serum FABP level in the anaemic group was found to be significantly higher than that of normal subjects and showed no correlation with haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum or red cell folate levels. The significance of elevated serum FABP was discussed.", "PMID": 538503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7578", "title": "Descriptions of odonate nymphs from Thailand.", "content": "The descriptions of odonate nymphs from Thailand are presented. The insects of the Order Odonata both naiads and adults may serve as the second intermediate host of some intestinal parasites in Thailand.", "contents": "Descriptions of odonate nymphs from Thailand. The descriptions of odonate nymphs from Thailand are presented. The insects of the Order Odonata both naiads and adults may serve as the second intermediate host of some intestinal parasites in Thailand.", "PMID": 538504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7579", "title": "Niemann-Pick disease in association with homozygous hemoglobin E: a case report.", "content": "The first case of Niemann-Pick disease Type A in a Thai infant was reported. The patient also had abnormal hemoglobin E. The diagnosis was based on the clinical features, bone marrow findings and sphingomyelinase levels in the culture of skin fibroblasts. The autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was confirmed in this case.", "contents": "Niemann-Pick disease in association with homozygous hemoglobin E: a case report. The first case of Niemann-Pick disease Type A in a Thai infant was reported. The patient also had abnormal hemoglobin E. The diagnosis was based on the clinical features, bone marrow findings and sphingomyelinase levels in the culture of skin fibroblasts. The autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was confirmed in this case.", "PMID": 538505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7580", "title": "Socio-economic development, environmental and health perspectives in Malaysia.", "content": "With Malaysia independence in 1957, development in the country changed from system maintenance to development planning. Environmental and health perspectives are discussed in relation to current development as reflected in the Second Malaysia Plan 1971--1975 and the Third Malaysia Plan 1976--1980.", "contents": "Socio-economic development, environmental and health perspectives in Malaysia. With Malaysia independence in 1957, development in the country changed from system maintenance to development planning. Environmental and health perspectives are discussed in relation to current development as reflected in the Second Malaysia Plan 1971--1975 and the Third Malaysia Plan 1976--1980.", "PMID": 538507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7581", "title": "Prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries in the Philippines.", "content": "A survey on the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries were carried out. Results of the study revealed that chronic bronchitis is the most common chronic respiratory disease observed in the plants surveyed. This could be due to the inhalation of toxic dusts, fumes or gases at the place of work. Lung function tests showed that lung volumes like vital capacity and FEV1 are within normal units although a little bit reduced if compared with those free of symptoms. This would suggest that cases observed are mild in character. It is recommended that dust control be instituted in the textile, feed and cement plants. In the chemical and steel plants, SO2 is the main problem and should be prevented from affecting the workers by the use of hoods and higher smoke stack. In the chlorine plant, prevention of chlorine leakages into the workroom must be done by frequent inspection and tightening of conveyor tubes to prevent gas leakage into the surrounding environment.", "contents": "Prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries in the Philippines. A survey on the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries were carried out. Results of the study revealed that chronic bronchitis is the most common chronic respiratory disease observed in the plants surveyed. This could be due to the inhalation of toxic dusts, fumes or gases at the place of work. Lung function tests showed that lung volumes like vital capacity and FEV1 are within normal units although a little bit reduced if compared with those free of symptoms. This would suggest that cases observed are mild in character. It is recommended that dust control be instituted in the textile, feed and cement plants. In the chemical and steel plants, SO2 is the main problem and should be prevented from affecting the workers by the use of hoods and higher smoke stack. In the chlorine plant, prevention of chlorine leakages into the workroom must be done by frequent inspection and tightening of conveyor tubes to prevent gas leakage into the surrounding environment.", "PMID": 538511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7582", "title": "Studies on the biological effects of nitrogen oxides and photochemical oxidants.", "content": "The animal studies in mice resulted as follows. Long-term exposure to NO2 at or above 0.5 ppm affected primarily the respiratory organs. The pulmonary effect of NO was slighter than NO2. Nitrosylhemoglobin formation in vivo was much smaller than in vitro strong affinity of NO with hemoglobin. The components other than O3 contained in the photochemically formed oxidant mixtures enhanced the effect of O3 alone. Symptoms of the patients seriously injured by photochemical smog in Japan suggested the different type in quality from the Los Angeles-type smog.", "contents": "Studies on the biological effects of nitrogen oxides and photochemical oxidants. The animal studies in mice resulted as follows. Long-term exposure to NO2 at or above 0.5 ppm affected primarily the respiratory organs. The pulmonary effect of NO was slighter than NO2. Nitrosylhemoglobin formation in vivo was much smaller than in vitro strong affinity of NO with hemoglobin. The components other than O3 contained in the photochemically formed oxidant mixtures enhanced the effect of O3 alone. Symptoms of the patients seriously injured by photochemical smog in Japan suggested the different type in quality from the Los Angeles-type smog.", "PMID": 538510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7583", "title": "Physical changes of the environment and health effects with special reference to water pollution and sanitation in Malaysia.", "content": "Development of a human community are not without changes in its environment. Such changes result in either beneficial or adverse effects on human health. In Malaysia, in the wake of the New Economic Policy aimed at the redressing of the poor population and income distribution, development of the nation has brought about various changes in the environment. Some of these changes have elevated basic public health problems, while others, particularly new agricultural practices and industrialisation programmes with urbanisation trends, have brought a new set of problems due to water pollution and sanitation. Various measures are being taken to protect and to improve the environment so that progress can be realised with minimum adverse effects. This also calls for assistance from international sources, in terms of expertise, training and funds.", "contents": "Physical changes of the environment and health effects with special reference to water pollution and sanitation in Malaysia. Development of a human community are not without changes in its environment. Such changes result in either beneficial or adverse effects on human health. In Malaysia, in the wake of the New Economic Policy aimed at the redressing of the poor population and income distribution, development of the nation has brought about various changes in the environment. Some of these changes have elevated basic public health problems, while others, particularly new agricultural practices and industrialisation programmes with urbanisation trends, have brought a new set of problems due to water pollution and sanitation. Various measures are being taken to protect and to improve the environment so that progress can be realised with minimum adverse effects. This also calls for assistance from international sources, in terms of expertise, training and funds.", "PMID": 538513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7584", "title": "Industrial development and health in Malaysia.", "content": "Industrial development in Malaysia is discussed in relation to impact on health. Trends in Malaysia are evaluated and the findings of some studies in Malaysia are reviewed.", "contents": "Industrial development and health in Malaysia. Industrial development in Malaysia is discussed in relation to impact on health. Trends in Malaysia are evaluated and the findings of some studies in Malaysia are reviewed.", "PMID": 538514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7585", "title": "Cutaneous irritation in the topical application of 30 antineoplastic agents to New Zealand white rabbits.", "content": "Of 30 antineoplastic agents studied for their primary irritation potential in rabbits, 9 showed some potential for irritation. Five of these 9 agents produced a significant dermal irritation. None of the irritation observed was considered to be irreversible skin damage. The study further showed a strong correlation between irritation observed by the Draize method and acute inflammation evaluated histopathologically. There was a tendency toward increased epidermal thickness of irritated skin sites. None of the agents produced gross or microscopically visible lesions in the internal organs observed.", "contents": "Cutaneous irritation in the topical application of 30 antineoplastic agents to New Zealand white rabbits. Of 30 antineoplastic agents studied for their primary irritation potential in rabbits, 9 showed some potential for irritation. Five of these 9 agents produced a significant dermal irritation. None of the irritation observed was considered to be irreversible skin damage. The study further showed a strong correlation between irritation observed by the Draize method and acute inflammation evaluated histopathologically. There was a tendency toward increased epidermal thickness of irritated skin sites. None of the agents produced gross or microscopically visible lesions in the internal organs observed.", "PMID": 538765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7586", "title": "Evaluation of teratogenicity and behavioral toxicity with inhalation exposure of maternal rats to trichloroethylene.", "content": "Female rats were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors at a concentration of 1800 +/- 200 ppm to determine whether exposure before mating and during pregnancy is more detrimental to reproductive outcome than exposure either before mating alone or during pregnancy alone. Four treatment groups were utilized in a two by two factorial design: exposure to TCE for 2 weeks before mating and during the first 20 days of pregnancy; TCE before mating and filtered air during pregnancy; filtered air before mating and TCE during pregnancy; and filtered air before and during pregnancy. Significant elevations in skeletal and soft tissue anomalies, indicative of developmental delay in maturation rather than teratogenesis, were observed in the group exposed during pregnancy alone. The mixed function oxidase enzymes, ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin, indicative of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 activities, respectively, were measured in maternal and fetal livers, as well as livers of non-pregnant females, and showed variable levels of activity not uniformly related to treatment or pregnancy. Behavioral evaluation of offspring indicated a lack of treatment effect in tests of general activity levels at 10, 20 and 100 days of age. However, a reduction in postnatal body weights was seen in offspring from mothers with pregestational exposure. No results indicative of treatment-related maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, severe teratogenicity or significant behavioral deficits were obtained in any of the treatment groups.", "contents": "Evaluation of teratogenicity and behavioral toxicity with inhalation exposure of maternal rats to trichloroethylene. Female rats were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors at a concentration of 1800 +/- 200 ppm to determine whether exposure before mating and during pregnancy is more detrimental to reproductive outcome than exposure either before mating alone or during pregnancy alone. Four treatment groups were utilized in a two by two factorial design: exposure to TCE for 2 weeks before mating and during the first 20 days of pregnancy; TCE before mating and filtered air during pregnancy; filtered air before mating and TCE during pregnancy; and filtered air before and during pregnancy. Significant elevations in skeletal and soft tissue anomalies, indicative of developmental delay in maturation rather than teratogenesis, were observed in the group exposed during pregnancy alone. The mixed function oxidase enzymes, ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin, indicative of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 activities, respectively, were measured in maternal and fetal livers, as well as livers of non-pregnant females, and showed variable levels of activity not uniformly related to treatment or pregnancy. Behavioral evaluation of offspring indicated a lack of treatment effect in tests of general activity levels at 10, 20 and 100 days of age. However, a reduction in postnatal body weights was seen in offspring from mothers with pregestational exposure. No results indicative of treatment-related maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, severe teratogenicity or significant behavioral deficits were obtained in any of the treatment groups.", "PMID": 538767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7587", "title": "Alterations in metabolism of cytidine components in rat liver after oral administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (in vivo study).", "content": "The administration of the antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to rats decreased the utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides in the acid-soluble extract and RNA of the liver. The specific activity of the uridine components was slightly decreased. The depression of the specific activity of the cytidine components depended on the dose of the drug. Simultaneously preformed [U-14C]cytidine in experimental rats was to a higher degree transported to the liver and incorporated into RNA cytosine; its deamination was markedly suppressed. Both phenomena depend on the BHT dose. The concentration of both the uridine and the cytidine components of the acid-soluble extract remained unaffected by the administration of BHT. The utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of DNA cytosine was depressed after the administration of BHT; by contrast, the specific activity of DNA thymine was higher. The incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic acid into microsomal phospholipids was not substantially influenced over the dose range 25--500 mg BHT/kg. The specific activity of neutral lipids in microsomes increased.", "contents": "Alterations in metabolism of cytidine components in rat liver after oral administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (in vivo study). The administration of the antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to rats decreased the utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides in the acid-soluble extract and RNA of the liver. The specific activity of the uridine components was slightly decreased. The depression of the specific activity of the cytidine components depended on the dose of the drug. Simultaneously preformed [U-14C]cytidine in experimental rats was to a higher degree transported to the liver and incorporated into RNA cytosine; its deamination was markedly suppressed. Both phenomena depend on the BHT dose. The concentration of both the uridine and the cytidine components of the acid-soluble extract remained unaffected by the administration of BHT. The utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of DNA cytosine was depressed after the administration of BHT; by contrast, the specific activity of DNA thymine was higher. The incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic acid into microsomal phospholipids was not substantially influenced over the dose range 25--500 mg BHT/kg. The specific activity of neutral lipids in microsomes increased.", "PMID": 538768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7588", "title": "Chronic toxicity of acetone in the fresh water snail Lymnea stagnalis.", "content": "With water of total hardness of 230 mg/l of CaCO3 all the tried concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) of acetone induced a decrease in the growth of the young pond snails. For older snails, a 0.4% concentration was the threshold at which an inhibitory effect of the shell growth was observed. From the 0.1% concentration a decrease in the shell mineralization was recorded. In the range of 0.1--0.6% concentrations, the decrease of the fecundity varied from 3% to 31%. At lowest concentrations, only the number of egg-masses/snail was reduced. At the 0.6% level a lower number of eggs/egg-mass was added. The 0.6% concentration of acetone disturbed only the fertility of the eggs; lowest concentrations significantly increased the frequency of polyembryony.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity of acetone in the fresh water snail Lymnea stagnalis. With water of total hardness of 230 mg/l of CaCO3 all the tried concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) of acetone induced a decrease in the growth of the young pond snails. For older snails, a 0.4% concentration was the threshold at which an inhibitory effect of the shell growth was observed. From the 0.1% concentration a decrease in the shell mineralization was recorded. In the range of 0.1--0.6% concentrations, the decrease of the fecundity varied from 3% to 31%. At lowest concentrations, only the number of egg-masses/snail was reduced. At the 0.6% level a lower number of eggs/egg-mass was added. The 0.6% concentration of acetone disturbed only the fertility of the eggs; lowest concentrations significantly increased the frequency of polyembryony.", "PMID": 538769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7589", "title": "Total synthesis of heterocyclic steroids, Part II. Synthesis of (+/-)-17-thia-3-methoxy-8 alpha, 14 beta-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-dioxide.", "content": "2-Methyl-3-oxothiophane-1-dioxide (II) was prepared and was used as the D ring precursor in the total synthesis of the title compound via modified Torgov synthesis.", "contents": "Total synthesis of heterocyclic steroids, Part II. Synthesis of (+/-)-17-thia-3-methoxy-8 alpha, 14 beta-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-dioxide. 2-Methyl-3-oxothiophane-1-dioxide (II) was prepared and was used as the D ring precursor in the total synthesis of the title compound via modified Torgov synthesis.", "PMID": 538771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7590", "title": "A comparison of the in vitro metabolism of estrone, estradiol-17 beta and estrone-3-sulfate by the livers of young virgin female, pregnant and female fetal guinea-pigs.", "content": "The metabolism, in vitro, of [3H]-estrone, [3H]-estradiol-17 beta and [13H]-estrone-3-sulfate by the livers of pregnant, young virgin female and female fetus guinea-pigs has been compared using 900 g supernatants and microsomes. The ability of the guinea-pig livers to synthesize polyhydroxylated estrogens has been fo-nd to be small. The major metabolites isolated were unconjugated estrone and estradiol-17 beta or their glucuronides. The percentage of sulfates was lower after incubations with [3H]-estrone than with [3H]-estradiol-17 beta. A kinetic study with microsomes has shown a direct conversin of estrone-sulfate to estradiol sulfate. Fetal microsomes have been found to exhibit a more active hydrogenation of estrone to estradiol-17 beta than microsomes from young female or pregnant animals.", "contents": "A comparison of the in vitro metabolism of estrone, estradiol-17 beta and estrone-3-sulfate by the livers of young virgin female, pregnant and female fetal guinea-pigs. The metabolism, in vitro, of [3H]-estrone, [3H]-estradiol-17 beta and [13H]-estrone-3-sulfate by the livers of pregnant, young virgin female and female fetus guinea-pigs has been compared using 900 g supernatants and microsomes. The ability of the guinea-pig livers to synthesize polyhydroxylated estrogens has been fo-nd to be small. The major metabolites isolated were unconjugated estrone and estradiol-17 beta or their glucuronides. The percentage of sulfates was lower after incubations with [3H]-estrone than with [3H]-estradiol-17 beta. A kinetic study with microsomes has shown a direct conversin of estrone-sulfate to estradiol sulfate. Fetal microsomes have been found to exhibit a more active hydrogenation of estrone to estradiol-17 beta than microsomes from young female or pregnant animals.", "PMID": 538772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7591", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum and ovarian pregnenolone in immature rats.", "content": "Antiserum was generated in a rabbit against pregnenolone-16 alpha-carboxyethyl thioether conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antibody, used for the assay of pregnenolone in extracts of serum and tissue homogenates, proved sufficiently specific to allow direct assay of extracts without chromatography. Sensitivity, defined as that point on the standard inhibition curve equal to the lower value 2 SD from the mean radioactivity bound to antibody in the buffer control (zero hormone) tubes, was 0.02 ng. The accuracy was confirmed by the recovery of known amounts of pregnenolone added to serum and aqueous buffer medium. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were respectively 10.6% and 9.1%. Specificity was confirmed by checking cross reactivity of various steroids and by finding comparable pregnenolone levels in samples before and after chromatography. The administration of aminoglutethimide to rats resulted in the reduction of ovarian and serum pregnenolone levels. Administration of isoxazole, on the other hand, caused an increase in both serum and tissue pregnenolone levels. These findings are in agreement with accepted views of the action of these two metabolic blocking agents.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum and ovarian pregnenolone in immature rats. Antiserum was generated in a rabbit against pregnenolone-16 alpha-carboxyethyl thioether conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antibody, used for the assay of pregnenolone in extracts of serum and tissue homogenates, proved sufficiently specific to allow direct assay of extracts without chromatography. Sensitivity, defined as that point on the standard inhibition curve equal to the lower value 2 SD from the mean radioactivity bound to antibody in the buffer control (zero hormone) tubes, was 0.02 ng. The accuracy was confirmed by the recovery of known amounts of pregnenolone added to serum and aqueous buffer medium. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were respectively 10.6% and 9.1%. Specificity was confirmed by checking cross reactivity of various steroids and by finding comparable pregnenolone levels in samples before and after chromatography. The administration of aminoglutethimide to rats resulted in the reduction of ovarian and serum pregnenolone levels. Administration of isoxazole, on the other hand, caused an increase in both serum and tissue pregnenolone levels. These findings are in agreement with accepted views of the action of these two metabolic blocking agents.", "PMID": 538773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7592", "title": "18-substituted steroids. Part 4. A chemical synthesis of 3 alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 18--20-hemiacetal (18-hydroxy-tetrahydro-DOC).", "content": "3 alpha,18,21-Trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 18 leads to 20-hemiacetal (18-hydroxy-tetrahydro-DOC) has been prepared from 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one by reduction to the 20 beta-alcohol, application of the 'hypoiodite' reaction [Pb(OAc)4-I2-hv] with subsequent steps leading to the 18-hydroxy-20-ketone (as hemiacetal), and C-21 acetoxylation [Pb(OAc)4] followed by hydrolysis.", "contents": "18-substituted steroids. Part 4. A chemical synthesis of 3 alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 18--20-hemiacetal (18-hydroxy-tetrahydro-DOC). 3 alpha,18,21-Trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 18 leads to 20-hemiacetal (18-hydroxy-tetrahydro-DOC) has been prepared from 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one by reduction to the 20 beta-alcohol, application of the 'hypoiodite' reaction [Pb(OAc)4-I2-hv] with subsequent steps leading to the 18-hydroxy-20-ketone (as hemiacetal), and C-21 acetoxylation [Pb(OAc)4] followed by hydrolysis.", "PMID": 538774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7593", "title": "Improved preparation of pregn-5-ene-3 beta,16 alpha,20-triols and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,16 alpha,20-triols.", "content": "The compounds named in the title were prepared by routes which included the reduction of suitable 16 alpha,17-epoxypregnan-20-ones with aluminium amalgam to give 16 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones, and reduction of the 20-oxo function either with sodium borohydride to obtain the 3,16 alpha,20 beta-triols or with lithium-liquid ammonia to obtain the 3,16 alpha,20 alpha-triols.", "contents": "Improved preparation of pregn-5-ene-3 beta,16 alpha,20-triols and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,16 alpha,20-triols. The compounds named in the title were prepared by routes which included the reduction of suitable 16 alpha,17-epoxypregnan-20-ones with aluminium amalgam to give 16 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones, and reduction of the 20-oxo function either with sodium borohydride to obtain the 3,16 alpha,20 beta-triols or with lithium-liquid ammonia to obtain the 3,16 alpha,20 alpha-triols.", "PMID": 538775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7594", "title": "Alteration of biliary ursodeoxycholic acid in guinea pig during early stages of cholestyramine feeding.", "content": "The effects of cholestyramine feeding on biliary ursodeoxycholic acid, fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase were examined in the guinea pig. In the bile there was a 57% decrease in the concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid while an increase was observed in the concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid. Cholestyramine feeding for ten days resulted in a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels and an increase in both hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities. The fecal excretion of both bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly increased.", "contents": "Alteration of biliary ursodeoxycholic acid in guinea pig during early stages of cholestyramine feeding. The effects of cholestyramine feeding on biliary ursodeoxycholic acid, fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase were examined in the guinea pig. In the bile there was a 57% decrease in the concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid while an increase was observed in the concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid. Cholestyramine feeding for ten days resulted in a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels and an increase in both hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities. The fecal excretion of both bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly increased.", "PMID": 538776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7595", "title": "Simultaneous determination of biliary cile acids in rat: electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometric analyses of bile acids.", "content": "Bile acids in the rat bile were fractionated into unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated fractions by employing piperidino-hydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 ion-exchange chromatography. Subsequently, these fractions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry using a Silicone AN-600 column. Not only lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid, but also alpha- and beta-muricholic acids were quantitatively and simultaneously detectable in conjugated and unconjugated fractions, respectively. In the unconjugated and conjugated fractions, varying amounts of the unidentified bile acid were detected upon GLC. The electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometric results and catalytic hydrogenation on the compound indicate that this bile acid seems to be a derivative of beta-muricholic acid having a double bond in the side chain. The present method is suitable to the simultaneous and quantitative determination of unconjugated and glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids in the rat bile.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of biliary cile acids in rat: electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometric analyses of bile acids. Bile acids in the rat bile were fractionated into unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated fractions by employing piperidino-hydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 ion-exchange chromatography. Subsequently, these fractions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry using a Silicone AN-600 column. Not only lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid, but also alpha- and beta-muricholic acids were quantitatively and simultaneously detectable in conjugated and unconjugated fractions, respectively. In the unconjugated and conjugated fractions, varying amounts of the unidentified bile acid were detected upon GLC. The electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometric results and catalytic hydrogenation on the compound indicate that this bile acid seems to be a derivative of beta-muricholic acid having a double bond in the side chain. The present method is suitable to the simultaneous and quantitative determination of unconjugated and glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids in the rat bile.", "PMID": 538777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7596", "title": "Total synthesis of heterocyclic steroids, Part III. Synthesis of (+/-)-3,17-dithia-A-nor-14 beta-estra-1,5(10),6,8-tetraene-17-dioxide.", "content": "With 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiophene and 2-methyl-3-oxothiophane-1-dioxide (III) as AB and D ring precursors respectively, (+/-)-3,17-dithia-A-nor-14 beta-estra-1,5(10),6,8-tetraene-17-dioxide (I) was synthesised following the modified Torgov method.", "contents": "Total synthesis of heterocyclic steroids, Part III. Synthesis of (+/-)-3,17-dithia-A-nor-14 beta-estra-1,5(10),6,8-tetraene-17-dioxide. With 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiophene and 2-methyl-3-oxothiophane-1-dioxide (III) as AB and D ring precursors respectively, (+/-)-3,17-dithia-A-nor-14 beta-estra-1,5(10),6,8-tetraene-17-dioxide (I) was synthesised following the modified Torgov method.", "PMID": 538778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7597", "title": "Preparation of highly hindered steroid esters: application of some newer methods of esterification.", "content": "The scope and limitation of some recent acylation methods were investigated as applied to the preparation of steroidal esters of highly hindered acids. As representative steroids, 19-nor-17 alpha-ethinyl testosterone (19-NET) and testosterone, and as representative acid, pivalic (trimethylacetic) acid were used.", "contents": "Preparation of highly hindered steroid esters: application of some newer methods of esterification. The scope and limitation of some recent acylation methods were investigated as applied to the preparation of steroidal esters of highly hindered acids. As representative steroids, 19-nor-17 alpha-ethinyl testosterone (19-NET) and testosterone, and as representative acid, pivalic (trimethylacetic) acid were used.", "PMID": 538779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7598", "title": "Ponasterone A: a new ecdysteroid from the embryos and serum of brachyuran crustaceans.", "content": "The apolar ecdysteroid present in the developing embryo of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, is tentatively identified as ponasterone A (2 beta, 14 alpha, 20,22-pentahydroxy-5, beta-cholest-7-en-6-one) on the basis of chromatographic, immunological, and mass spectral evidence. The apolar ecdysteroid present in the serum of land crabs, Gecarcinus lateralis, in the late premolt stages of the intermolt cycle is also tentatively identified as ponasterone A on the basis of chromatographic and immunological evidence.", "contents": "Ponasterone A: a new ecdysteroid from the embryos and serum of brachyuran crustaceans. The apolar ecdysteroid present in the developing embryo of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, is tentatively identified as ponasterone A (2 beta, 14 alpha, 20,22-pentahydroxy-5, beta-cholest-7-en-6-one) on the basis of chromatographic, immunological, and mass spectral evidence. The apolar ecdysteroid present in the serum of land crabs, Gecarcinus lateralis, in the late premolt stages of the intermolt cycle is also tentatively identified as ponasterone A on the basis of chromatographic and immunological evidence.", "PMID": 538780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7599", "title": "Metabolism of progesterone by chorionic cells of the early sheep conceptus in vitro.", "content": "Progesterone-4-14C was extensively metabolized during incubation with dispersed trophoblast prepared from chorionic membranes of the 21-day sheep conceptus. Of the metabolites formed, 17, 20 alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 17,20 alpha-triol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 17,20 alpha-triol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one, 20 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-3-one, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione were identified. These findings indicate that the sheep conceptus acquires extensive steroid metabolizing capability very early in pregnancy.", "contents": "Metabolism of progesterone by chorionic cells of the early sheep conceptus in vitro. Progesterone-4-14C was extensively metabolized during incubation with dispersed trophoblast prepared from chorionic membranes of the 21-day sheep conceptus. Of the metabolites formed, 17, 20 alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 17,20 alpha-triol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 17,20 alpha-triol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one, 20 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-3-one, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione were identified. These findings indicate that the sheep conceptus acquires extensive steroid metabolizing capability very early in pregnancy.", "PMID": 538781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7600", "title": "Rural women's credit systems: a Nigerian example.", "content": "The following article looks in detail at a rotating credit system used by rural women of Nigeria. This system, which women use to ensure the availability of cash to meet their family's financial needs, has analogues throughout the world. This close study of behavior--in this instance, about how women form groups to save and why--reveals rural women's roles in the family and the economic priorities created by these roles. This kind of information, rarely recorded or attended to, is an indispensable base for learning about how women are affected by and affect development policy. Further, understanding the mode of operation of this credit system and its value to the women who organized it provides guidance for the design the projects that work and are meaningful to women.", "contents": "Rural women's credit systems: a Nigerian example. The following article looks in detail at a rotating credit system used by rural women of Nigeria. This system, which women use to ensure the availability of cash to meet their family's financial needs, has analogues throughout the world. This close study of behavior--in this instance, about how women form groups to save and why--reveals rural women's roles in the family and the economic priorities created by these roles. This kind of information, rarely recorded or attended to, is an indispensable base for learning about how women are affected by and affect development policy. Further, understanding the mode of operation of this credit system and its value to the women who organized it provides guidance for the design the projects that work and are meaningful to women.", "PMID": 538784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7601", "title": "Marked preference for female sterilization in a semirural squatter settlement.", "content": "The following article analyzes the reasons very poor semirural women in South India choose sterilization as a means of birth control. The women, who work for minimal wages in a narrowing job market and whose children have little hope for jobs or land marriages, are choosing to be sterilized after two or three births. Among their limited range of contraceptive choices, female sterilization in the nearby hospital where women go for deliveries and abortion is perceived by them to be the most advantageous in terms of the cost of medicines and transportation and time away from jobs. The article illustrates the centrality of economic factors in low-income women's family planning decisions.", "contents": "Marked preference for female sterilization in a semirural squatter settlement. The following article analyzes the reasons very poor semirural women in South India choose sterilization as a means of birth control. The women, who work for minimal wages in a narrowing job market and whose children have little hope for jobs or land marriages, are choosing to be sterilized after two or three births. Among their limited range of contraceptive choices, female sterilization in the nearby hospital where women go for deliveries and abortion is perceived by them to be the most advantageous in terms of the cost of medicines and transportation and time away from jobs. The article illustrates the centrality of economic factors in low-income women's family planning decisions.", "PMID": 538785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7602", "title": "Women in the household economy: managing multiple roles.", "content": "The following article describes the strategies of a group of rural Kenyan market women for coordinating their various family responsibilities: subsistence production, income generation, child rearing, and household maintenance. By approaching the study of these women through their income-generating role, which is essential to the performance of their other roles, this analysis provides an important \u00e9ntree for understanding all aspects of women's behavior.", "contents": "Women in the household economy: managing multiple roles. The following article describes the strategies of a group of rural Kenyan market women for coordinating their various family responsibilities: subsistence production, income generation, child rearing, and household maintenance. By approaching the study of these women through their income-generating role, which is essential to the performance of their other roles, this analysis provides an important \u00e9ntree for understanding all aspects of women's behavior.", "PMID": 538786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7603", "title": "Women's reality: critical issues for program design.", "content": "The following article looks at social controls on the behavior of rural women in Bangladesh that need to be considered in project designs if women are to be able to respond to development programs. Rural women in many countries are constrained by analogous social pressures, which usually have an economic basis favoring the more powerful and therefore are resistant to change. Since these pressures on rural women often have a negative effect on the goals of rural development, they need to be understood and addressed.", "contents": "Women's reality: critical issues for program design. The following article looks at social controls on the behavior of rural women in Bangladesh that need to be considered in project designs if women are to be able to respond to development programs. Rural women in many countries are constrained by analogous social pressures, which usually have an economic basis favoring the more powerful and therefore are resistant to change. Since these pressures on rural women often have a negative effect on the goals of rural development, they need to be understood and addressed.", "PMID": 538787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7604", "title": "The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 1. Description of the epizzotic and virological studies.", "content": "From October to December 1977, an extensive epizootic occurred in Egypt resulting in abortions and increased mortality in domestic animals, and severe clinical disease with fatalities in man. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus was isolated and identified as the causative agent. In humans, acute febrile, encephalitic, ocular and fatal haemorrhagic diseases were documented as resulting from RVF virus infection. A retrospective serological survey indicated RVF was recently introduced into the area. The 1977 epizootic extensively involved five Governorates. In the summer and autumn of 1978, epizootic RVF reappeared in Egypt and spread to previously uninfected areas. Virological, serological and epidemiological studies, and factors related to the spread of RVF are discussed.", "contents": "The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 1. Description of the epizzotic and virological studies. From October to December 1977, an extensive epizootic occurred in Egypt resulting in abortions and increased mortality in domestic animals, and severe clinical disease with fatalities in man. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus was isolated and identified as the causative agent. In humans, acute febrile, encephalitic, ocular and fatal haemorrhagic diseases were documented as resulting from RVF virus infection. A retrospective serological survey indicated RVF was recently introduced into the area. The 1977 epizootic extensively involved five Governorates. In the summer and autumn of 1978, epizootic RVF reappeared in Egypt and spread to previously uninfected areas. Virological, serological and epidemiological studies, and factors related to the spread of RVF are discussed.", "PMID": 538803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7605", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection from West Africa--a case report.", "content": "A case of Yersina enterocolitica infection is described from West Africa. Intestinal function studies demonstrated an associated protein-losing enteropathy whilst the histo-pathological appearance of the rectum suggested an ischaemic colitis. Y. enterocolitica infection has been infrequently reported from the African continent and may be manifested in a variety of clinical presentations leading to difficulty in diagnosis.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection from West Africa--a case report. A case of Yersina enterocolitica infection is described from West Africa. Intestinal function studies demonstrated an associated protein-losing enteropathy whilst the histo-pathological appearance of the rectum suggested an ischaemic colitis. Y. enterocolitica infection has been infrequently reported from the African continent and may be manifested in a variety of clinical presentations leading to difficulty in diagnosis.", "PMID": 538804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7606", "title": "Application of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections in St. Lucia.", "content": "As part of our search for a serodiagnostic assay to replace the expensive and tedious stool examination in the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection, we have studied the sensitivity, specificity and quantitative features of an enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) using crude S. mansoni egg antigen preparation. Results of studies carried out in both London and St. Lucia indicate that the assay can give useful serodiagnostic information ranging from 82 to 99.5% sensitivity, depending on level of infection intensity and method of blood collection and 100% specificity in St. Lucian/St. Vincent populations. The St. Lucia study also showed that the assay could be operated in a qualitative form in an endemic area.", "contents": "Application of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections in St. Lucia. As part of our search for a serodiagnostic assay to replace the expensive and tedious stool examination in the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection, we have studied the sensitivity, specificity and quantitative features of an enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) using crude S. mansoni egg antigen preparation. Results of studies carried out in both London and St. Lucia indicate that the assay can give useful serodiagnostic information ranging from 82 to 99.5% sensitivity, depending on level of infection intensity and method of blood collection and 100% specificity in St. Lucian/St. Vincent populations. The St. Lucia study also showed that the assay could be operated in a qualitative form in an endemic area.", "PMID": 538805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7607", "title": "The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen in Nigeria.", "content": "We have determined the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban (Enugu) and a rural (Okpatu) population groups in Nigeria. There were no statistically significant differences between the incidence in the two populations. Contrary to earlier reports we did not observe any significant age-related differences in the incidence rates within either population group. In general our results are similar to those reported for the urban inhabitants of Ibadan (several hundred miles west of Enugu) and its surrounding rural population. The low carrier rate recorded for schoolchildren drawn from a mainly high socio-economic group in our population has led us to suggest that socio-economic status alone or together with exposure to mosquito and other insect bites are probably the most relevant factors in the transmission of HBsAg in Nigerians.", "contents": "The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen in Nigeria. We have determined the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban (Enugu) and a rural (Okpatu) population groups in Nigeria. There were no statistically significant differences between the incidence in the two populations. Contrary to earlier reports we did not observe any significant age-related differences in the incidence rates within either population group. In general our results are similar to those reported for the urban inhabitants of Ibadan (several hundred miles west of Enugu) and its surrounding rural population. The low carrier rate recorded for schoolchildren drawn from a mainly high socio-economic group in our population has led us to suggest that socio-economic status alone or together with exposure to mosquito and other insect bites are probably the most relevant factors in the transmission of HBsAg in Nigerians.", "PMID": 538806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7608", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis and rheumatic heart disease in Mozambique.", "content": "The first five cases of endomyocardial fibrosis to be reported from Mozambique are described in an autopsy series over the years 1975-77, together with 85 cases of rheumatic heart disease in patients who died and were autopsied during the same period. Outside the central parts of the African continent, endomyocardial fibrosis does not seem as rare as previously thought. Observations on the age and sex of the patients correspond with what is already known about both diseases. The strikingly higher frequency of rheumatic heart disease discussed in this review is at variance with the findings of SHAPER et al. in Uganda over the years 1950-65 and poses problems as to the hypothesis of a common aetiological process in both diseases, i.e. a hypersensitivity mechanism acting on cardiac connective tissue.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis and rheumatic heart disease in Mozambique. The first five cases of endomyocardial fibrosis to be reported from Mozambique are described in an autopsy series over the years 1975-77, together with 85 cases of rheumatic heart disease in patients who died and were autopsied during the same period. Outside the central parts of the African continent, endomyocardial fibrosis does not seem as rare as previously thought. Observations on the age and sex of the patients correspond with what is already known about both diseases. The strikingly higher frequency of rheumatic heart disease discussed in this review is at variance with the findings of SHAPER et al. in Uganda over the years 1950-65 and poses problems as to the hypothesis of a common aetiological process in both diseases, i.e. a hypersensitivity mechanism acting on cardiac connective tissue.", "PMID": 538807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7609", "title": "The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi.", "content": "The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole (methyl [5-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate) (Janssen Pharmaceutica) were evaluated in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) and cats (Felis cattus) infected with Brugia pahangi. Flubendazole was macrofilaricidal at 5 x 2.5 mg/kg and 1 x 25 mg/kg in jirds and 1 x 100 mg/kg in cats when administered by subcutaneous injection. It also killed developing larvae in jirds. It was not microfilaricidal.", "contents": "The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole (methyl [5-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate) (Janssen Pharmaceutica) were evaluated in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) and cats (Felis cattus) infected with Brugia pahangi. Flubendazole was macrofilaricidal at 5 x 2.5 mg/kg and 1 x 25 mg/kg in jirds and 1 x 100 mg/kg in cats when administered by subcutaneous injection. It also killed developing larvae in jirds. It was not microfilaricidal.", "PMID": 538808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7610", "title": "Diagnostic value of bone marrow culture in typhoid fever.", "content": "The diagnostic efficacy of bone-marrow culture, serial blood cultures and agglutination tests was compared in a prospective study of 60 patients with typhoid fever, two thirds of whom had received prior antibacterial therapy. Salmonella typhi was recovered from marrow cultures in 95% of patients but blood cultures were positive in only 43.3% (P less than 0.001). Agglutination tests were eventually diagnostic in 56.7% of patients, but in only 25% at the time of admission. If procedures had been limited to blood cultures and agglutination tests, diagnosis would have been missed in 21.7% of cases. The efficacy of marrow cultures was affected not by the duration of disease but by the extent of antibacterial therapy before presentation. Bacteriological recovery was faster from marrow cultures.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of bone marrow culture in typhoid fever. The diagnostic efficacy of bone-marrow culture, serial blood cultures and agglutination tests was compared in a prospective study of 60 patients with typhoid fever, two thirds of whom had received prior antibacterial therapy. Salmonella typhi was recovered from marrow cultures in 95% of patients but blood cultures were positive in only 43.3% (P less than 0.001). Agglutination tests were eventually diagnostic in 56.7% of patients, but in only 25% at the time of admission. If procedures had been limited to blood cultures and agglutination tests, diagnosis would have been missed in 21.7% of cases. The efficacy of marrow cultures was affected not by the duration of disease but by the extent of antibacterial therapy before presentation. Bacteriological recovery was faster from marrow cultures.", "PMID": 538809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7611", "title": "Immunization with culture supernatant in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Mice were immunized with 0.25 ml culture supernatant intraperitoneally and challenged with 5 x 10(4) Naegleria fowleri intranasally. Survival rate was 11% after one and 25% after three immunizing doses, compared to 0% in controls.", "contents": "Immunization with culture supernatant in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis. Mice were immunized with 0.25 ml culture supernatant intraperitoneally and challenged with 5 x 10(4) Naegleria fowleri intranasally. Survival rate was 11% after one and 25% after three immunizing doses, compared to 0% in controls.", "PMID": 538810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7612", "title": "The quantitative effects of maternal dietary energy intake on pregnancy and lactation in rural Gambian women.", "content": "The quantitative relationships between dietary energy intake and weight gain in pregnancy, birthweight and lactation performance during the first three months of infancy have been studied in such a way as to take account of major differences in the patterns of heavy manual labour at different times of the year in a subsistence farming community. Maternal weight gain and the accumulation of subcutaneous fat were significantly lower when the last trimester of pregnancy fell during the time of heaviest farm work and lowest energy intakes. The birth-weight of babies was also significantly correlated with differences in energy intake throughout the year. During early lactation breast milk yields were significantly related to concomitant alterations in the subcutaneous fat stores. Evidence has been produced which suggests that in undernourished nursing women there could be a competition for dietary energy between the repleting maternal subcutaneous fat organs and the mammary glands at the expense of milk production.", "contents": "The quantitative effects of maternal dietary energy intake on pregnancy and lactation in rural Gambian women. The quantitative relationships between dietary energy intake and weight gain in pregnancy, birthweight and lactation performance during the first three months of infancy have been studied in such a way as to take account of major differences in the patterns of heavy manual labour at different times of the year in a subsistence farming community. Maternal weight gain and the accumulation of subcutaneous fat were significantly lower when the last trimester of pregnancy fell during the time of heaviest farm work and lowest energy intakes. The birth-weight of babies was also significantly correlated with differences in energy intake throughout the year. During early lactation breast milk yields were significantly related to concomitant alterations in the subcutaneous fat stores. Evidence has been produced which suggests that in undernourished nursing women there could be a competition for dietary energy between the repleting maternal subcutaneous fat organs and the mammary glands at the expense of milk production.", "PMID": 538811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7613", "title": "Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 1. Long-acting penicillin.", "content": "A single injection of a long-acting preparation of penicillin (Triplopen) was compared with a five-day course of crystalline and procaine penicillin in the treatment of meningococcal meningitis. The clinical response of patients treated with Triplopen was very similar to that of patients treated with crystalline penicillin and much more convenient to administer. However, four patients treated with Triplopen had a positive CSF culture 48 or 72 hours after their injection. One injection of Triplopen cannot, therefore, be recommended as an entirely safe form of treatment for meningococcal meningitis unless patients can be carefully followed.", "contents": "Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 1. Long-acting penicillin. A single injection of a long-acting preparation of penicillin (Triplopen) was compared with a five-day course of crystalline and procaine penicillin in the treatment of meningococcal meningitis. The clinical response of patients treated with Triplopen was very similar to that of patients treated with crystalline penicillin and much more convenient to administer. However, four patients treated with Triplopen had a positive CSF culture 48 or 72 hours after their injection. One injection of Triplopen cannot, therefore, be recommended as an entirely safe form of treatment for meningococcal meningitis unless patients can be carefully followed.", "PMID": 538812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7614", "title": "Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 2. Long-acting chloramphenicol.", "content": "A single injection of a long-acting oily preparation of chloramphenicol (Tifomycine) was compared with a five-day course of crystalline and procaine penicillin in the treatment of 131 adult patients with meningococcal meningitis. The clinical response to treatment was similar in the two groups of patients. Serial lumbar punctures showed a parallel fall in CSF cell count, protein and lactate and all posttreatment cultures were sterile. Single injection chloramphenicol treatment was cheaper and much easier to administer than penicillin. Long-acting chloramphenicol is thus an effective form of treatment for meningococcal meningitis and is likely to prove of particular value in the management of epidemics in areas with limited medical resources.", "contents": "Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 2. Long-acting chloramphenicol. A single injection of a long-acting oily preparation of chloramphenicol (Tifomycine) was compared with a five-day course of crystalline and procaine penicillin in the treatment of 131 adult patients with meningococcal meningitis. The clinical response to treatment was similar in the two groups of patients. Serial lumbar punctures showed a parallel fall in CSF cell count, protein and lactate and all posttreatment cultures were sterile. Single injection chloramphenicol treatment was cheaper and much easier to administer than penicillin. Long-acting chloramphenicol is thus an effective form of treatment for meningococcal meningitis and is likely to prove of particular value in the management of epidemics in areas with limited medical resources.", "PMID": 538813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7615", "title": "Amoebic liver abscess: a retrospective clinical evaluation of twenty-seven cases.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with Amobebic Liver Abscess were observed during the last two years and were analysed retrospectively with respect to diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Seven of the 27 patients had surgery and were subsequently referred to our hospital. Those patients with surgery had a longer duration of illness and hospitalization (3.3 months) compared to the other 20 patients with chemotherapy alone (2 months). Most important diagnostic parameters for extraintestinal amoebiasis were: typical clinical findings, time spent in tropical or subtropical countries, strongly positive Latex agglutination against Entamoeba histolytica antigen, and isotope and/or ultrasound scanning to confirm abscess formation in the liver. The vast majority of abscesses were found in the right liver lobe. Response to treatment with complete cure was seen in all patients, regardless of whether Metronidazole alone or combinations of Metronidazole with Chloroquine and Metronidazole and Dehydroemetine or Chloroquine and Dehydroemetine were used. There is a need for prospective therapeutic studies to compare the different drug regimen concerning side-effects, toxicity, costs, application, and duration of hospitalization. From the retrospective data it seems that surgery is not beneficial for the patients.", "contents": "Amoebic liver abscess: a retrospective clinical evaluation of twenty-seven cases. Twenty-seven patients with Amobebic Liver Abscess were observed during the last two years and were analysed retrospectively with respect to diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Seven of the 27 patients had surgery and were subsequently referred to our hospital. Those patients with surgery had a longer duration of illness and hospitalization (3.3 months) compared to the other 20 patients with chemotherapy alone (2 months). Most important diagnostic parameters for extraintestinal amoebiasis were: typical clinical findings, time spent in tropical or subtropical countries, strongly positive Latex agglutination against Entamoeba histolytica antigen, and isotope and/or ultrasound scanning to confirm abscess formation in the liver. The vast majority of abscesses were found in the right liver lobe. Response to treatment with complete cure was seen in all patients, regardless of whether Metronidazole alone or combinations of Metronidazole with Chloroquine and Metronidazole and Dehydroemetine or Chloroquine and Dehydroemetine were used. There is a need for prospective therapeutic studies to compare the different drug regimen concerning side-effects, toxicity, costs, application, and duration of hospitalization. From the retrospective data it seems that surgery is not beneficial for the patients.", "PMID": 538815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7616", "title": "Cell mediated immune (CMI) responsiveness to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and its relation to the occurrence of schistosomal hepatosplenic disease in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "The delayed intradermal test and migration inhibition tests were used to assess the delayed hypersensitivity in patients with BHF and simple intestinal bilharziasis using SEA. All bilharzial patients gave a positive intradermal test. The specificity of the intradermal test using SEA is demonstrated clearly by the negative response in all control groups.", "contents": "Cell mediated immune (CMI) responsiveness to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and its relation to the occurrence of schistosomal hepatosplenic disease in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The delayed intradermal test and migration inhibition tests were used to assess the delayed hypersensitivity in patients with BHF and simple intestinal bilharziasis using SEA. All bilharzial patients gave a positive intradermal test. The specificity of the intradermal test using SEA is demonstrated clearly by the negative response in all control groups.", "PMID": 538816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7617", "title": "Influence of Trichinella spiralis infection on development of sarcoma-180 ascites tumors.", "content": "Long-term infection of mice with Trichinella spiralis has been shown to stimuate increased host protection aginst transplantable solid tumors. The present investionation was initiated to determine whether parasitized mice were similarly protected from induction and progression of an ascites tumor. ICR/CD-1 mice were orally infected with 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 T. spiralis larvae, and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with 5 X 10(4) Sarcoma-180 (S-180) ascites cells. Animals were observed and weighed daily for development and progression of malignancy. Protection from fatal ascites neoplasia was found to be statistically significant under selected conditions of larval dose and challenge interval. Mice infected with 100 or 200 larvae were more resistant to S-180 progression than both uninfected controls or other infected groups. Protection was observed in groups challenged 2 weeks after nematode intubation but not at 6, 8 or 34 weeks. This finding is in contrast with long-term protection seen previously with B-16 melanoma tumors, and suggests that antineoplastic effects of T. spiralis infection differ for ascitic and solid murine tumors.", "contents": "Influence of Trichinella spiralis infection on development of sarcoma-180 ascites tumors. Long-term infection of mice with Trichinella spiralis has been shown to stimuate increased host protection aginst transplantable solid tumors. The present investionation was initiated to determine whether parasitized mice were similarly protected from induction and progression of an ascites tumor. ICR/CD-1 mice were orally infected with 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 T. spiralis larvae, and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with 5 X 10(4) Sarcoma-180 (S-180) ascites cells. Animals were observed and weighed daily for development and progression of malignancy. Protection from fatal ascites neoplasia was found to be statistically significant under selected conditions of larval dose and challenge interval. Mice infected with 100 or 200 larvae were more resistant to S-180 progression than both uninfected controls or other infected groups. Protection was observed in groups challenged 2 weeks after nematode intubation but not at 6, 8 or 34 weeks. This finding is in contrast with long-term protection seen previously with B-16 melanoma tumors, and suggests that antineoplastic effects of T. spiralis infection differ for ascitic and solid murine tumors.", "PMID": 538817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7618", "title": "The multiplication of Dugbe virus in the Ixodid tick, Hyalomma rufipes Koch, after experimental infection.", "content": "Nymphs and adults of H. rufipes were inoculated intracoelomically with a Dugbe virus concentration containing 1.5 LD50/0.02 ml. The virus multiplied to a peak titre of 9.3 log10 +/- 0.03 in nymphs and 4.4 log10 +/- 0.02 in the unfed adults. Virus infection persisted during metamorphosis and was passed on to the adults. A blood meal significantly increased the titre of virus in the adults at a probability less than 0.001. Also the tire in the engorged females was significantly higher than that in the fed males at a probability less than 0.05. Dugbe virus persisted for a long time in the unfed adults and a titre of 2.4 log10 +/- 0.06 was obtained in 165 day old adults.", "contents": "The multiplication of Dugbe virus in the Ixodid tick, Hyalomma rufipes Koch, after experimental infection. Nymphs and adults of H. rufipes were inoculated intracoelomically with a Dugbe virus concentration containing 1.5 LD50/0.02 ml. The virus multiplied to a peak titre of 9.3 log10 +/- 0.03 in nymphs and 4.4 log10 +/- 0.02 in the unfed adults. Virus infection persisted during metamorphosis and was passed on to the adults. A blood meal significantly increased the titre of virus in the adults at a probability less than 0.001. Also the tire in the engorged females was significantly higher than that in the fed males at a probability less than 0.05. Dugbe virus persisted for a long time in the unfed adults and a titre of 2.4 log10 +/- 0.06 was obtained in 165 day old adults.", "PMID": 538818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7619", "title": "An evaluation of the bovine -- Onchocerca gibsoni, Onchocerca gutturosa model as a tertiary screen for drugs against Onchocerca volvulus in man.", "content": "In this trial suramin, diethylcarbamazine, trichlorphon, levamisole, mebendazole, melarsonyl potassiu, Hoechst 33258 and tinidazole were administered to cattle infected with O. gibsoni and O. gutturosa to determine the usefulness of this screen in predicting the effect of drugs in man against. O. volvulus except for melarsonyl potassium which was macrofilarticidal against O. gutturosa but not O. gibsoni when cattle were slaughtered 6 weeks after treatment. It was concluded that cattle infected with O. gibsoni are a satisfactory substitute for chimpanzees infected with O. volvulus, as a tertiary screen for drugs against O. volvulus, but that their use would be restricted to centres in O. gibsoni endemic areas where the necessary facilities and specialised knowledge required to use cattle as experimental animals exist.", "contents": "An evaluation of the bovine -- Onchocerca gibsoni, Onchocerca gutturosa model as a tertiary screen for drugs against Onchocerca volvulus in man. In this trial suramin, diethylcarbamazine, trichlorphon, levamisole, mebendazole, melarsonyl potassiu, Hoechst 33258 and tinidazole were administered to cattle infected with O. gibsoni and O. gutturosa to determine the usefulness of this screen in predicting the effect of drugs in man against. O. volvulus except for melarsonyl potassium which was macrofilarticidal against O. gutturosa but not O. gibsoni when cattle were slaughtered 6 weeks after treatment. It was concluded that cattle infected with O. gibsoni are a satisfactory substitute for chimpanzees infected with O. volvulus, as a tertiary screen for drugs against O. volvulus, but that their use would be restricted to centres in O. gibsoni endemic areas where the necessary facilities and specialised knowledge required to use cattle as experimental animals exist.", "PMID": 538819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7620", "title": "A histological investigation of skin lesions in onchocerciasis patients from Southern Togo.", "content": "Specimens from unselected populations in an area of hyperendemic onchocerciasis were used to describe and quantify histological changes in the upper layers of the dermis and the findings were compared with the macroscopical lesions observed. 553 persons, the inhabitants of two villages in Southern Togo, were examined. 502 biopsies were processed histologically. Onchocerciasis prevalence was over 75% and macroscopical skin lesions were evident in 30--40% of the population examined. Histological changes typical for the infection existed in the dermis in 68.5%. A cellular infiltration was seen in 49%, changes in the elastic or collagenous fibrils in 28.9% of the specimen. The observations are described in detail. Signs of inflammatory as well as primary degenerative changes were seen in biopsies from all age-groups. When microscopic and macroscopic findings are compared, it can be noticed that atrophy may start at an early age without preceeding dermatitis and that inflammatory reactions may occur at all ages. After submersion in saline for 24 hours not all microfilariae had emerged from the skin snips as evidenced by the histological examination. In 12.1% of those that otherwise would have been diagnosed as negative, microfilariae were identified in the sections.", "contents": "A histological investigation of skin lesions in onchocerciasis patients from Southern Togo. Specimens from unselected populations in an area of hyperendemic onchocerciasis were used to describe and quantify histological changes in the upper layers of the dermis and the findings were compared with the macroscopical lesions observed. 553 persons, the inhabitants of two villages in Southern Togo, were examined. 502 biopsies were processed histologically. Onchocerciasis prevalence was over 75% and macroscopical skin lesions were evident in 30--40% of the population examined. Histological changes typical for the infection existed in the dermis in 68.5%. A cellular infiltration was seen in 49%, changes in the elastic or collagenous fibrils in 28.9% of the specimen. The observations are described in detail. Signs of inflammatory as well as primary degenerative changes were seen in biopsies from all age-groups. When microscopic and macroscopic findings are compared, it can be noticed that atrophy may start at an early age without preceeding dermatitis and that inflammatory reactions may occur at all ages. After submersion in saline for 24 hours not all microfilariae had emerged from the skin snips as evidenced by the histological examination. In 12.1% of those that otherwise would have been diagnosed as negative, microfilariae were identified in the sections.", "PMID": 538820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7621", "title": "A case of bilateral gynandromorphism in Simulioum soubrense Vajime and Dunbar (Diptera: Simuliidae).", "content": "A bilateral gynandromorph of Simulium soubrense Vajime and Dunbar, one of the vector species of the S. damnosum Theobald complex, is described as part of a continuing study of the morphology and taxonomy of the West African vectors of onchocerciasis.", "contents": "A case of bilateral gynandromorphism in Simulioum soubrense Vajime and Dunbar (Diptera: Simuliidae). A bilateral gynandromorph of Simulium soubrense Vajime and Dunbar, one of the vector species of the S. damnosum Theobald complex, is described as part of a continuing study of the morphology and taxonomy of the West African vectors of onchocerciasis.", "PMID": 538822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7622", "title": "Absence of antiarrhythmic effects of helium in patients with spontaneous premature ventricular beats at rest.", "content": "Six patients with spontaneously occurring arrhythmias were studied to assess the antiarrhythmic properties of helium. The patients were divided into two subgroups breathing air, helium-oxygen (heliox), and nitrogen-oxygen (nitrox) in an alternating sequence during successive 20-min periods under continuous ECG surveillance at rest. There were no significant reductions in spontaneously occurring premature ventricular beats while breathing heliox, compared to breathing air of nitrox. Alternating the breathing gases in this manner caused no change in plasma concentration of electrolytes or in activity of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase or lactic acid dehydrogenase. We conclude that helium does not affect spontaneously occurring chronic premature ventricular beats in conscious resting man when it is breathed for a period of up to 20 min.", "contents": "Absence of antiarrhythmic effects of helium in patients with spontaneous premature ventricular beats at rest. Six patients with spontaneously occurring arrhythmias were studied to assess the antiarrhythmic properties of helium. The patients were divided into two subgroups breathing air, helium-oxygen (heliox), and nitrogen-oxygen (nitrox) in an alternating sequence during successive 20-min periods under continuous ECG surveillance at rest. There were no significant reductions in spontaneously occurring premature ventricular beats while breathing heliox, compared to breathing air of nitrox. Alternating the breathing gases in this manner caused no change in plasma concentration of electrolytes or in activity of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase or lactic acid dehydrogenase. We conclude that helium does not affect spontaneously occurring chronic premature ventricular beats in conscious resting man when it is breathed for a period of up to 20 min.", "PMID": 538859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7623", "title": "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability to tetracycline in rabbits under dysbaric conditions.", "content": "Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by dysbaric exposure may have relevance in several areas of hyperbaric medicine. Drugs administered to persons exposed to dysbaric conditions, e.g., divers, compressed air workers, may penetrate the brain in amounts that could produce toxic or undesirable effects. Modification of the BBB may also have pathogenetic implications in decompression sickness. Furthermore, increased BBB permeability to certain potentially useful antitumor agents, antibiotics, and other compounds under dysbaric conditions may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach. This report concerns the influence of dysbaric exposure on BBB permeability to an antibiotic. Tetracycline (5-40 mg/kg) was intravenously injected in 22 experimental rabbits (subjected to air compression-decompression) and 17 controls (kept at ambient pressure). Fluorescence microscopy and spectrometry revealed significantly greater tetracycline concentrations in 72.7% of the experimental brains. With the 5 mg/kg dose, the mean tetracycline concentrations was 0.17 micrograms/g in control brains and 0.33 micrograms/g in experimentals. These results indicate that dysbaric exposure increases BBB permeability to tetracycline. It appears that BBB alteration is related to intravascular gas bubbles but is independent of the development of decompression sickness. The conclusions of this investigation are pertinent to brain pharmacotherapy and may provide some new insight into the mechanism of decompression sickness. They also point to potential risks connected with drug administration under dysbaric conditions that can alter BBB permeability.", "contents": "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability to tetracycline in rabbits under dysbaric conditions. Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by dysbaric exposure may have relevance in several areas of hyperbaric medicine. Drugs administered to persons exposed to dysbaric conditions, e.g., divers, compressed air workers, may penetrate the brain in amounts that could produce toxic or undesirable effects. Modification of the BBB may also have pathogenetic implications in decompression sickness. Furthermore, increased BBB permeability to certain potentially useful antitumor agents, antibiotics, and other compounds under dysbaric conditions may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach. This report concerns the influence of dysbaric exposure on BBB permeability to an antibiotic. Tetracycline (5-40 mg/kg) was intravenously injected in 22 experimental rabbits (subjected to air compression-decompression) and 17 controls (kept at ambient pressure). Fluorescence microscopy and spectrometry revealed significantly greater tetracycline concentrations in 72.7% of the experimental brains. With the 5 mg/kg dose, the mean tetracycline concentrations was 0.17 micrograms/g in control brains and 0.33 micrograms/g in experimentals. These results indicate that dysbaric exposure increases BBB permeability to tetracycline. It appears that BBB alteration is related to intravascular gas bubbles but is independent of the development of decompression sickness. The conclusions of this investigation are pertinent to brain pharmacotherapy and may provide some new insight into the mechanism of decompression sickness. They also point to potential risks connected with drug administration under dysbaric conditions that can alter BBB permeability.", "PMID": 538860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7624", "title": "Ketamine and thiopental sleep responses in guinea pigs in hyperbaric helium-oxygen.", "content": "One-hundred twenty three guinea pigs, randomly divided into four groups, were exposed to the following normoxic environments: Group I, 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air; Group II, 1 ATA helium-oxygen (heliox); Group III, 20 ATA heliox; and Group IV, 31 ATA heliox. Each group was divided into five subgroups; each subgroup received a different and graduated intravenous dose of ketamine in one of these environments. An additional 172 guinea pigs were exposed either to 1 ATA air or 31 ATA heliox and given thiopental. The duration of sleep, determined by failure of the animals to right themselves, was then used to construct dose-response curves for the two drugs in the hyperbaric environments. Results demonstrated less pressure antagonism of anesthesia with ketamine than with thiopental. For both drugs, pressure not only increased the dose required to induce sleep but also decreased the duration of sleep, when it occurred, by as much as 50% compared to effects of the same doses at surface pressure.", "contents": "Ketamine and thiopental sleep responses in guinea pigs in hyperbaric helium-oxygen. One-hundred twenty three guinea pigs, randomly divided into four groups, were exposed to the following normoxic environments: Group I, 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air; Group II, 1 ATA helium-oxygen (heliox); Group III, 20 ATA heliox; and Group IV, 31 ATA heliox. Each group was divided into five subgroups; each subgroup received a different and graduated intravenous dose of ketamine in one of these environments. An additional 172 guinea pigs were exposed either to 1 ATA air or 31 ATA heliox and given thiopental. The duration of sleep, determined by failure of the animals to right themselves, was then used to construct dose-response curves for the two drugs in the hyperbaric environments. Results demonstrated less pressure antagonism of anesthesia with ketamine than with thiopental. For both drugs, pressure not only increased the dose required to induce sleep but also decreased the duration of sleep, when it occurred, by as much as 50% compared to effects of the same doses at surface pressure.", "PMID": 538861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7625", "title": "Influence of increased gas density and external resistance on maximum expiratory flow.", "content": "The effect of external resistance on the relationship of expiratory air flow and intrathoracic and mouth pressure on subjects breathing gas of increased density was investigated. Five subjects breathing air performed multiple maximum forced expiratory maneuvers through orifices of various sizes at 1, 4, and 7 ATA in a standard double-lock compression chamber. Measurements of flow and pleural, mouthpiece, and transpulmonary pressures were made, and flow-volume and pressure-volume curves were constructed and analyzed at 75, 50, 35, and 25% of vital capacity. At each lung volume, maximum flow could be maintained until a certain orifice size was reached. This \"limiting orifice\" was 7.5--10 mm in diameter and did not change with lung volume or density. Under the conditions studied, this finding leads to the conclusion that the flow-limiting segment of the lungs behaved as a rigid orifice less than 10 mm in diameter. Orifices slightly larger than the limiting orifice increased pleural pressure, as expected, but transpulmonary pressure decreased while the flow remained stable, which indicates that airway compression may be lessened by increased intra-airway pressure.", "contents": "Influence of increased gas density and external resistance on maximum expiratory flow. The effect of external resistance on the relationship of expiratory air flow and intrathoracic and mouth pressure on subjects breathing gas of increased density was investigated. Five subjects breathing air performed multiple maximum forced expiratory maneuvers through orifices of various sizes at 1, 4, and 7 ATA in a standard double-lock compression chamber. Measurements of flow and pleural, mouthpiece, and transpulmonary pressures were made, and flow-volume and pressure-volume curves were constructed and analyzed at 75, 50, 35, and 25% of vital capacity. At each lung volume, maximum flow could be maintained until a certain orifice size was reached. This \"limiting orifice\" was 7.5--10 mm in diameter and did not change with lung volume or density. Under the conditions studied, this finding leads to the conclusion that the flow-limiting segment of the lungs behaved as a rigid orifice less than 10 mm in diameter. Orifices slightly larger than the limiting orifice increased pleural pressure, as expected, but transpulmonary pressure decreased while the flow remained stable, which indicates that airway compression may be lessened by increased intra-airway pressure.", "PMID": 538862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7626", "title": "Prolonged oxygen exposures in immersed exercising divers at 25 fsw (1.76 ATA).", "content": "Twenty-four oxygen exposures lasting 80 to 271 min were performed by six immersed exercising subjects at 25 fsw (1.76 ATA) in both warm and cold water. Two types of exercise were performed, moderate work (50 watts) for long periods of time, and graded exercise (25-150 watts) lasting 85 min. In 21 degrees C water, moderate exercise lasted 228 +/- 39 min, with a mean VO2 of 1.72 +/- 0.11 liter/min. In 4 degree C water, the duration was 163 +/- 22 min, with a mean VO2 of 1.83 +/- 0.16 liter/min. The differences in duration of oxygen exposure in warm and cold water reflect termination at an inspired PCO2 of 7.6 mmHg, a level reached earlier in cold water because of CO2 absorbent exhaustion. In 21 degrees C water, the VO2 for graded exercise ranged from 1.51 to 3.00 liter/min and in 4 degrees C water, from 2.00 to 3.16 liter/min. Central nervous system oxygen toxicity was not observed during these exposures, although two divers had clinical and spirometric evidence of early pulmonary oxygen toxicity. The absence of CNS oxygen toxicity is attributed to low resistance and minimization of dead space, which caused a low inspired PCO2, although the divers' experience with oxygen diving and their excellent physical condition may have contributed as well.", "contents": "Prolonged oxygen exposures in immersed exercising divers at 25 fsw (1.76 ATA). Twenty-four oxygen exposures lasting 80 to 271 min were performed by six immersed exercising subjects at 25 fsw (1.76 ATA) in both warm and cold water. Two types of exercise were performed, moderate work (50 watts) for long periods of time, and graded exercise (25-150 watts) lasting 85 min. In 21 degrees C water, moderate exercise lasted 228 +/- 39 min, with a mean VO2 of 1.72 +/- 0.11 liter/min. In 4 degree C water, the duration was 163 +/- 22 min, with a mean VO2 of 1.83 +/- 0.16 liter/min. The differences in duration of oxygen exposure in warm and cold water reflect termination at an inspired PCO2 of 7.6 mmHg, a level reached earlier in cold water because of CO2 absorbent exhaustion. In 21 degrees C water, the VO2 for graded exercise ranged from 1.51 to 3.00 liter/min and in 4 degrees C water, from 2.00 to 3.16 liter/min. Central nervous system oxygen toxicity was not observed during these exposures, although two divers had clinical and spirometric evidence of early pulmonary oxygen toxicity. The absence of CNS oxygen toxicity is attributed to low resistance and minimization of dead space, which caused a low inspired PCO2, although the divers' experience with oxygen diving and their excellent physical condition may have contributed as well.", "PMID": 538863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7627", "title": "The square-root principle in the calculation of one-stage (no-stop) decompression tables.", "content": "A square-root formulation, square-root time x excursion depth = k, developed at the Royal Navy Physiologic Laboratory (RNPL) predicts the safe duration of air excursions at 1 ATA for periods up to 6 h (air) and up to 3 h (heliox atmosphere). At pressures above 1 ATA, the value of k was initially considered to be proportional to Haldanian multiples of ATA and not to the square-root ATA used in this paper. Excursions of infinite (infinity) duration can also be predicted from a square-root formula derived from the systematic heliox saturation excursions conducted at the Experimental Diving Unit in which net excursion depth = k square-root P abs. This paper presents a broad spectrum format that extends the square-root principle: 1) to values of k above 1 ATA in the RNPL formula and 2) to excursions for (infinity) time from habitat depths to 820 ft; and 3) which demonstrates a relationship between fractional time excursions and excursions for infinite periods of time. Application of the generalization that net excursion depths are proportional to square-root P abs would reduce to a minimum the number of programmed test dives and would, in addition, allow such dives to be conducted at relatively low pressures, with only occasional validating tests at deep depths.", "contents": "The square-root principle in the calculation of one-stage (no-stop) decompression tables. A square-root formulation, square-root time x excursion depth = k, developed at the Royal Navy Physiologic Laboratory (RNPL) predicts the safe duration of air excursions at 1 ATA for periods up to 6 h (air) and up to 3 h (heliox atmosphere). At pressures above 1 ATA, the value of k was initially considered to be proportional to Haldanian multiples of ATA and not to the square-root ATA used in this paper. Excursions of infinite (infinity) duration can also be predicted from a square-root formula derived from the systematic heliox saturation excursions conducted at the Experimental Diving Unit in which net excursion depth = k square-root P abs. This paper presents a broad spectrum format that extends the square-root principle: 1) to values of k above 1 ATA in the RNPL formula and 2) to excursions for (infinity) time from habitat depths to 820 ft; and 3) which demonstrates a relationship between fractional time excursions and excursions for infinite periods of time. Application of the generalization that net excursion depths are proportional to square-root P abs would reduce to a minimum the number of programmed test dives and would, in addition, allow such dives to be conducted at relatively low pressures, with only occasional validating tests at deep depths.", "PMID": 538864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7628", "title": "Effect of helium/nitrogen/oxygen mixtures on HPNS convulsion threshold in euthermic rats.", "content": "This study compares the effects of various so-called trimix mixtures (10, 20, and 40% N2 in He-O2) on the convulsion threshold pressure (Pc) and EEG activity in 60 adult male Wistar rats with chronically implanted electrodes with those in 20 rats in He-O2 only. Restrained animals were individually compressed with trimix mixtures at 80 or 160 atm per hour to a simulated depth  of 138 ATA; colonic temperature was maintained at normal levels. Pc was defined as the initial occurrence of overt sustained generalized tonic-clonic seizures, accompanied by typical \"spike and wave\" patterns in all EEG leads. As in man, in rats trimix increased the depth of the onset of HPNS tremors and myoclonic jerks in all six groups of rats. However, the Pc of the trimix groups was no different from the Pc of the helium-oxygen group (113 ATA), and at 40% N2, rats showed EEG seizures but no overt convulsions. These results are discussed in relation to those of other studies showing the extension of Pc in mice and monkeys attained by adding narcotics to heliox; the paper also considers the relevance of method of compression, addition of nitrogen, core temperature, and species differences, as well as the need for EEG measurements and direct observation of overt convulsions as indicators of an effective antagonism of HPNS.", "contents": "Effect of helium/nitrogen/oxygen mixtures on HPNS convulsion threshold in euthermic rats. This study compares the effects of various so-called trimix mixtures (10, 20, and 40% N2 in He-O2) on the convulsion threshold pressure (Pc) and EEG activity in 60 adult male Wistar rats with chronically implanted electrodes with those in 20 rats in He-O2 only. Restrained animals were individually compressed with trimix mixtures at 80 or 160 atm per hour to a simulated depth  of 138 ATA; colonic temperature was maintained at normal levels. Pc was defined as the initial occurrence of overt sustained generalized tonic-clonic seizures, accompanied by typical \"spike and wave\" patterns in all EEG leads. As in man, in rats trimix increased the depth of the onset of HPNS tremors and myoclonic jerks in all six groups of rats. However, the Pc of the trimix groups was no different from the Pc of the helium-oxygen group (113 ATA), and at 40% N2, rats showed EEG seizures but no overt convulsions. These results are discussed in relation to those of other studies showing the extension of Pc in mice and monkeys attained by adding narcotics to heliox; the paper also considers the relevance of method of compression, addition of nitrogen, core temperature, and species differences, as well as the need for EEG measurements and direct observation of overt convulsions as indicators of an effective antagonism of HPNS.", "PMID": 538865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7629", "title": "Equivalent air depth: fact or fiction.", "content": "In mixed-gas diving theory, the equivalent air depth (EAD) concept suggests that oxygen does not contribute to the total tissue gas tension and can therefore be disregarded in calculations of the decompression process. The validity of this assumption has been experimentally tested by exposing 365 rats to various partial pressures of oxygen for various lengths of time. If the EAD assumption is correct, under a constant exposure pressure each incremental change in the oxygen partial pressure would produce a corresponding incremental change in pressure reduction tolerance. Results of this study suggest that the EAD concept does not adequately describe the decompression advantages obtained from breathing elevated oxygen partial pressures. The authors suggest that the effects of breathing oxygen vary in a nonlinear fashion across the range from anoxia to oxygen toxicity, and that a simple inert gas replacement concept is no longer tenable.", "contents": "Equivalent air depth: fact or fiction. In mixed-gas diving theory, the equivalent air depth (EAD) concept suggests that oxygen does not contribute to the total tissue gas tension and can therefore be disregarded in calculations of the decompression process. The validity of this assumption has been experimentally tested by exposing 365 rats to various partial pressures of oxygen for various lengths of time. If the EAD assumption is correct, under a constant exposure pressure each incremental change in the oxygen partial pressure would produce a corresponding incremental change in pressure reduction tolerance. Results of this study suggest that the EAD concept does not adequately describe the decompression advantages obtained from breathing elevated oxygen partial pressures. The authors suggest that the effects of breathing oxygen vary in a nonlinear fashion across the range from anoxia to oxygen toxicity, and that a simple inert gas replacement concept is no longer tenable.", "PMID": 538866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7630", "title": "Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants: effect of thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes in lambs.", "content": "Large numbers of orally inoculated thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes failed to establish in the alimentary tract of two conventionally born lambs. Conversely, when similar inoculations were given to two gnotobiotic lambs, large populations of Cl sporogenes established in their rumens and correspondingly high levels of thiaminase were produced. No clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency or cerebrocortical necrosis were seen despite the presence of high levels of thiaminase in the rumen of one of the gnotobiotic lambs for a period of 86 days.", "contents": "Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants: effect of thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes in lambs. Large numbers of orally inoculated thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes failed to establish in the alimentary tract of two conventionally born lambs. Conversely, when similar inoculations were given to two gnotobiotic lambs, large populations of Cl sporogenes established in their rumens and correspondingly high levels of thiaminase were produced. No clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency or cerebrocortical necrosis were seen despite the presence of high levels of thiaminase in the rumen of one of the gnotobiotic lambs for a period of 86 days.", "PMID": 538876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7631", "title": "The application of new ideas on the protein requirements of the dairy cow.", "content": "The intake of undegradable dietary protein in a cow's early lactation may be a major factor in determining peak yield. The natural degradability of proteins varies with different feedstuffs. Maturity of crop, use of additives, drying or grinding all affect the degradability. Time spent in the rumen is an important factor in the amount of protein degraded.", "contents": "The application of new ideas on the protein requirements of the dairy cow. The intake of undegradable dietary protein in a cow's early lactation may be a major factor in determining peak yield. The natural degradability of proteins varies with different feedstuffs. Maturity of crop, use of additives, drying or grinding all affect the degradability. Time spent in the rumen is an important factor in the amount of protein degraded.", "PMID": 538877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7632", "title": "Prediction of the protein requirements of farm ruminants and implications of these predictions for diet formulation.", "content": "Methods of determining protein requirements are reviewed and recent proposals of the Agricultural Research Council working party on nutrient requirements of ruminants outlined. Needs of the rumen microorganisms for degradable nitrogen to achieve optimum rumen digestion of feed are predicted. The extent to which milk production and live-weight gain can be sustained by microbial protein alone is estimated. Higher milk yields and rates of growth require dietary protein that escapes degradation in the rumen but is digested in the small intestine. Small changes in degradability of dietary protein are predicted to have a large effect on the dietary crude protein requirement. Although there is still inadequate data for precise prediction, the concepts of the metabolic approach have been valuable in understanding those physiological situations where protein is most likely to be limiting, where use of protected proteins and urea might be most appropriate, in the planning of critical experiments and in the design of new methods of feeding or management of ruminants.", "contents": "Prediction of the protein requirements of farm ruminants and implications of these predictions for diet formulation. Methods of determining protein requirements are reviewed and recent proposals of the Agricultural Research Council working party on nutrient requirements of ruminants outlined. Needs of the rumen microorganisms for degradable nitrogen to achieve optimum rumen digestion of feed are predicted. The extent to which milk production and live-weight gain can be sustained by microbial protein alone is estimated. Higher milk yields and rates of growth require dietary protein that escapes degradation in the rumen but is digested in the small intestine. Small changes in degradability of dietary protein are predicted to have a large effect on the dietary crude protein requirement. Although there is still inadequate data for precise prediction, the concepts of the metabolic approach have been valuable in understanding those physiological situations where protein is most likely to be limiting, where use of protected proteins and urea might be most appropriate, in the planning of critical experiments and in the design of new methods of feeding or management of ruminants.", "PMID": 538878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7633", "title": "Epidemiological investigations on viral hepatitis in preschool and school communities. Note III. Sources of infection for HBsAg carriers and former viral hepatitis patients.", "content": "HBsAg carriers and viral hepatitis B patients detected in preschool and school communities as well as members of their families were subjected to thorough epidemiological investigations. The source of infection was represented by the community in 33.3% of the preschool children and in 26.5% of the schoolchildren and by the family in 10% of the former and 29.4% of the latter.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigations on viral hepatitis in preschool and school communities. Note III. Sources of infection for HBsAg carriers and former viral hepatitis patients. HBsAg carriers and viral hepatitis B patients detected in preschool and school communities as well as members of their families were subjected to thorough epidemiological investigations. The source of infection was represented by the community in 33.3% of the preschool children and in 26.5% of the schoolchildren and by the family in 10% of the former and 29.4% of the latter.", "PMID": 538882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7634", "title": "[Computer tomography: physico-technical basis, indications and clinical application (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing use of whole body computerized tomography in daily radiological routine work has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. The clinical importance of computerized tomography (CT) is discussed on the basis of the first 1000 examined patients. While CT of the head is an already well-established method which surpasses all other diagnostic means as regards reliability and accuracy in the detection of space-occupying lesions, this cannot be stated for other parts of body. But CT already holds a leading position in the diagnostic work up of patients with space-occupying lesions both in the retroperitoneum including pancreas, kidneys and pelvic organs, and in the proof of nodular peripheral lung metastasis and tumours of the mediastinum. Surprisingly, CT shows osteoblastic and osteolytic bone metastasis earlier than any other method, including bone scintigraphy with radio-isotopes. These first results are very encouraging, although any statement about the importance of CT in clinical routine work and comparison with other methods, holds only for a short period of time. Changes in technology, improvement in diagnostic facilities permit no statement for good.", "contents": "[Computer tomography: physico-technical basis, indications and clinical application (author's transl)]. The increasing use of whole body computerized tomography in daily radiological routine work has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. The clinical importance of computerized tomography (CT) is discussed on the basis of the first 1000 examined patients. While CT of the head is an already well-established method which surpasses all other diagnostic means as regards reliability and accuracy in the detection of space-occupying lesions, this cannot be stated for other parts of body. But CT already holds a leading position in the diagnostic work up of patients with space-occupying lesions both in the retroperitoneum including pancreas, kidneys and pelvic organs, and in the proof of nodular peripheral lung metastasis and tumours of the mediastinum. Surprisingly, CT shows osteoblastic and osteolytic bone metastasis earlier than any other method, including bone scintigraphy with radio-isotopes. These first results are very encouraging, although any statement about the importance of CT in clinical routine work and comparison with other methods, holds only for a short period of time. Changes in technology, improvement in diagnostic facilities permit no statement for good.", "PMID": 538925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7635", "title": "[Mammography of non-palpable lesions (spot localisation) (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern methods of mammary investigation currently enable the detection of tiny-tumours which are not clinically palpable and referral of these patients to surgery at an early stage. This poses a challenge to the surgeon, who cannot rely on palpation as a guide to accurate extirpation of the tumour, but has to rely wholly on the radiological report. A method was, thus, worked out in this department to provide accurate evaluation of the position of the suspect area of the breast to facilitate operative measures and, furthermore, act as safety measure between the time of tumor biopsy and receipt of the histological report. Preparation radiography proves that the suspect area on mammography is identical with removed specimen. The advantages of this procedure are obvious. The surgeon can rely fully on the radiodiagnostic findings and enlist the radiologist as essential member of the therapeutic team. As a result the operative procedure can be finely gauged by the surgeon and the tumour removed with maximum sparing of healthy breast tissue. This procedure has produced excellent results in 35 patients and can be recommended for application to patients with tiny tumours.", "contents": "[Mammography of non-palpable lesions (spot localisation) (author's transl)]. Modern methods of mammary investigation currently enable the detection of tiny-tumours which are not clinically palpable and referral of these patients to surgery at an early stage. This poses a challenge to the surgeon, who cannot rely on palpation as a guide to accurate extirpation of the tumour, but has to rely wholly on the radiological report. A method was, thus, worked out in this department to provide accurate evaluation of the position of the suspect area of the breast to facilitate operative measures and, furthermore, act as safety measure between the time of tumor biopsy and receipt of the histological report. Preparation radiography proves that the suspect area on mammography is identical with removed specimen. The advantages of this procedure are obvious. The surgeon can rely fully on the radiodiagnostic findings and enlist the radiologist as essential member of the therapeutic team. As a result the operative procedure can be finely gauged by the surgeon and the tumour removed with maximum sparing of healthy breast tissue. This procedure has produced excellent results in 35 patients and can be recommended for application to patients with tiny tumours.", "PMID": 538926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7636", "title": "[The involutional breast in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no uniform image of the involutional breast. Different mechanisms of involution of the breast lead to variable findings on clinical examination, mammography and thermography. A description is given of common findings since it is necessary to recognise the various physiological forms as prerequisite for their differentiation from pathological findings.", "contents": "[The involutional breast in mammography (author's transl)]. There is no uniform image of the involutional breast. Different mechanisms of involution of the breast lead to variable findings on clinical examination, mammography and thermography. A description is given of common findings since it is necessary to recognise the various physiological forms as prerequisite for their differentiation from pathological findings.", "PMID": 538927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7637", "title": "[One year's experience of a mammography unit (author's transl)].", "content": "3035 examinations were performed at the newly-opened Mammography Unit of the Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest in 1976 and 1977. Most of the examined persons presented themselves voluntarily and had some kind of complaints. 153 cases of breast cancer were detected and operated. 86% of the breast cancer patients had objective signs.", "contents": "[One year's experience of a mammography unit (author's transl)]. 3035 examinations were performed at the newly-opened Mammography Unit of the Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest in 1976 and 1977. Most of the examined persons presented themselves voluntarily and had some kind of complaints. 153 cases of breast cancer were detected and operated. 86% of the breast cancer patients had objective signs.", "PMID": 538928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7638", "title": "[Results of combined radiological and endoscopic investigation of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "In 817 patients who were subjected both to X-ray examination and endoscopy of the stomach, the diagnosis was verified histologically. The radiological findings were confirmed in 86% of the cases and the results of endoscopy were verified in 89% of cases. The diagnosis of gastric ulcer was confirmed by X-rays in 87% of cases, by endoscopy in 95%. 88% of the malignant tumours of the stomach were discovered on X-ray examination and 89% through endoscopy. The diagnostic results of X-ray examination to detect carcinoma of the gastric stump or of an anastomosis were somewhat poorer. With optimal technique the results of radiodiagnostic examination are hardly inferior to those of endoscopy. There are advantages and disadvantages inherent in both techniques but they are of a different nature so that the two methods are by no means competitive; indeed, they are complementary and a combination of both methods yields maximum results. X-ray examination offers considerable advantages if it is carried out before endoscopy.", "contents": "[Results of combined radiological and endoscopic investigation of the stomach (author's transl)]. In 817 patients who were subjected both to X-ray examination and endoscopy of the stomach, the diagnosis was verified histologically. The radiological findings were confirmed in 86% of the cases and the results of endoscopy were verified in 89% of cases. The diagnosis of gastric ulcer was confirmed by X-rays in 87% of cases, by endoscopy in 95%. 88% of the malignant tumours of the stomach were discovered on X-ray examination and 89% through endoscopy. The diagnostic results of X-ray examination to detect carcinoma of the gastric stump or of an anastomosis were somewhat poorer. With optimal technique the results of radiodiagnostic examination are hardly inferior to those of endoscopy. There are advantages and disadvantages inherent in both techniques but they are of a different nature so that the two methods are by no means competitive; indeed, they are complementary and a combination of both methods yields maximum results. X-ray examination offers considerable advantages if it is carried out before endoscopy.", "PMID": 538929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7639", "title": "[Graphic representation of normal and pathological pregnancies by means of an ultrasonic-growth curve of the amniotic sac and of the biparietal diameter (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagram is presented which enables the continuous recording of biometric values from the earliest possible time right up to the end of pregnancy. It has been tested in practice. The duration of pregnancy and fetal development and growth can be evaluated from the diagram.", "contents": "[Graphic representation of normal and pathological pregnancies by means of an ultrasonic-growth curve of the amniotic sac and of the biparietal diameter (author's transl)]. A diagram is presented which enables the continuous recording of biometric values from the earliest possible time right up to the end of pregnancy. It has been tested in practice. The duration of pregnancy and fetal development and growth can be evaluated from the diagram.", "PMID": 538930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7640", "title": "[New bacteriological results with Co-trimoxazole (author's transl)].", "content": "The current situation regarding resistance to cotrimoxazole and trimethoprim as well as the selected ratio of our combination and the resulting proportions of the two components in body fluids and tissues are discussed. Special attention will be paid to the relevant synergy in the respective proportions. Data on the development of resistance towards co-trimoxazole obtained from London, Zurich, Hamburg and Austria will be presented. In general, however, in Zurich a slight increase in resistance to staphylococci, Klebsiellae and Serratia can be seen. If we take an investigation in Hamburg as an example, we can show the importance of distinguishing between infectious hospitalism and a genuine development of resistance. Reference is made to Austria, because of claims that the resistance problem would be improved by combination with another sulfonamide (sulfametrole). The situation in Austria resembles that in Zurich. In order to deal with the problem as to whether the risk of the development of resistance to co-trimoxazole is still as significant as 10 years ago, the resistance frequency towards TMP alone will be further analysed. The chromosomal as well as the plasmidic transferable resistance is on slight increase in England, France and Italy. However, susceptibility to the combination has not yet adversely influenced. Accelerated deterioration of the susceptibility could occur if TMP alone were introduced in more countries. However, 30-50% of TMP-resistant organisms are still susceptible to sulfonamides and remain therefore sensitive to a strong synergistic influence of the combination, which is shown in many instances. As a result of various chemico-physical properties different ratios of both components, SMZ and TMP occur, in body fluids and tissues which differ from that in the plasma. However, many of these ratios are comprised by the large range of potentiation of the combination against many pathogens. A more complete synergistic inhibition however, would be achieved by the development of new supplementary combinations.", "contents": "[New bacteriological results with Co-trimoxazole (author's transl)]. The current situation regarding resistance to cotrimoxazole and trimethoprim as well as the selected ratio of our combination and the resulting proportions of the two components in body fluids and tissues are discussed. Special attention will be paid to the relevant synergy in the respective proportions. Data on the development of resistance towards co-trimoxazole obtained from London, Zurich, Hamburg and Austria will be presented. In general, however, in Zurich a slight increase in resistance to staphylococci, Klebsiellae and Serratia can be seen. If we take an investigation in Hamburg as an example, we can show the importance of distinguishing between infectious hospitalism and a genuine development of resistance. Reference is made to Austria, because of claims that the resistance problem would be improved by combination with another sulfonamide (sulfametrole). The situation in Austria resembles that in Zurich. In order to deal with the problem as to whether the risk of the development of resistance to co-trimoxazole is still as significant as 10 years ago, the resistance frequency towards TMP alone will be further analysed. The chromosomal as well as the plasmidic transferable resistance is on slight increase in England, France and Italy. However, susceptibility to the combination has not yet adversely influenced. Accelerated deterioration of the susceptibility could occur if TMP alone were introduced in more countries. However, 30-50% of TMP-resistant organisms are still susceptible to sulfonamides and remain therefore sensitive to a strong synergistic influence of the combination, which is shown in many instances. As a result of various chemico-physical properties different ratios of both components, SMZ and TMP occur, in body fluids and tissues which differ from that in the plasma. However, many of these ratios are comprised by the large range of potentiation of the combination against many pathogens. A more complete synergistic inhibition however, would be achieved by the development of new supplementary combinations.", "PMID": 538931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7641", "title": "[Carcinoma of the uterus in the Austrian mortality statistics. 1. Carcinoma of the uterus in Viennese autopsy reports 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The official mortality statistics in Austria fail to report the localization of uterine cancer in nearly two thirds of cases and, thus, the annual death rate of women with cervical versus endometrial cancer is not clear. These two diseases behave totally differently with regard to their aetiology, age distribution, early diagnosis, therapy and prognosis and, therefore, a separate analysis is necessary. This study presents an analysis of the incidence of uterine cancer in a series of 7,276 women who died in Vienna hospitals in 1976. Of the 151 cases (2% of all the women in the examined collective) 106 died of cervical carcinoma, 33 of endometrial carcinoma and 9 of unspecified uterine carcinoma. The average age of women who died of cervical carcinomas was 60 years, whilst that of patients with endometrial carcinoma was 71.7 years. In 12.6% of cases double carcinomata were found. The relation between deaths from cervical carcinoma to endometrial carcinoma is 3.3:1. If this ratio is applied to the 942 deaths from uterine carcinoma in 1976 in Austria, then one can estimate that more than 700 women must have died of cervical carcinoma and more than 200 of endometrial carcinoma. The 303 deaths from cervical carcinoma and 65 from endometrial carcinoma reported in the official mortality statistics are, therefore, totally misleading and ought not to be used as a basis for epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the uterus in the Austrian mortality statistics. 1. Carcinoma of the uterus in Viennese autopsy reports 1976 (author's transl)]. The official mortality statistics in Austria fail to report the localization of uterine cancer in nearly two thirds of cases and, thus, the annual death rate of women with cervical versus endometrial cancer is not clear. These two diseases behave totally differently with regard to their aetiology, age distribution, early diagnosis, therapy and prognosis and, therefore, a separate analysis is necessary. This study presents an analysis of the incidence of uterine cancer in a series of 7,276 women who died in Vienna hospitals in 1976. Of the 151 cases (2% of all the women in the examined collective) 106 died of cervical carcinoma, 33 of endometrial carcinoma and 9 of unspecified uterine carcinoma. The average age of women who died of cervical carcinomas was 60 years, whilst that of patients with endometrial carcinoma was 71.7 years. In 12.6% of cases double carcinomata were found. The relation between deaths from cervical carcinoma to endometrial carcinoma is 3.3:1. If this ratio is applied to the 942 deaths from uterine carcinoma in 1976 in Austria, then one can estimate that more than 700 women must have died of cervical carcinoma and more than 200 of endometrial carcinoma. The 303 deaths from cervical carcinoma and 65 from endometrial carcinoma reported in the official mortality statistics are, therefore, totally misleading and ought not to be used as a basis for epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 538932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7642", "title": "[Amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolactin was determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 112 patients with primary or secondary amenorrhoea. 21 cases showed hyperprolactinaemia with levels above 25 ng/ml (18.7%). 10 patients with levels between 25 and 50 ng/ml showed heterogeneous clinical features. In nine women (8%) the prolactin level was above 100 ng/ml; they all had severe amenorrhoea. As a result of treatment with bromocriptine menstrual bleeding occurred in 4 out of 7 cases and 2 of these patients became pregnant. In 3 cases prolactin did not return to normal levels and in 2 out of these patients microadenomas of the pituitary gland were diagnosed by special methods. They were removed surgically by the transsphenoidal approach.", "contents": "[Amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)]. Prolactin was determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 112 patients with primary or secondary amenorrhoea. 21 cases showed hyperprolactinaemia with levels above 25 ng/ml (18.7%). 10 patients with levels between 25 and 50 ng/ml showed heterogeneous clinical features. In nine women (8%) the prolactin level was above 100 ng/ml; they all had severe amenorrhoea. As a result of treatment with bromocriptine menstrual bleeding occurred in 4 out of 7 cases and 2 of these patients became pregnant. In 3 cases prolactin did not return to normal levels and in 2 out of these patients microadenomas of the pituitary gland were diagnosed by special methods. They were removed surgically by the transsphenoidal approach.", "PMID": 538933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7643", "title": "[Hormonal and functional parameters in hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "58 women with raised serum prolactin levels and normal hypophyseal-X-ray parameters were subdivided into three groups according to the serum prolactin level (16 to 40, 41 to 80, greater than 80 ng/ml). In addition to the determination of LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone in the serum and thyroid diagnostic procedures the following hormonal tests were performed: 1. response to gestagen; 2. response to clomiphene; 3. Gn-RH-test for hypophyseal function; 4. ovarian response to administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels greater than 80 ng/ml). The grade of menstrual cycle disorders depends on the severity of the observed hyperprolactinaemia. Slight disorders like luteal phase insufficiency, anovulatory cycle and oligomenorrhoea are associated with low- or medium-grade hyperprolactinaemia. Mainly secondary, but also primary amenorrhoea is found in cases with higher serum prolactin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). In these cases the hypophyseal response to Gn-RH is frequently found (61%) to be negative and, moreover, the ovarian response to administered gonadotropins seems to be diminished. Increasing HPRL levels often appear to be associated with a negative response to the other above-mentioned tests.", "contents": "[Hormonal and functional parameters in hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)]. 58 women with raised serum prolactin levels and normal hypophyseal-X-ray parameters were subdivided into three groups according to the serum prolactin level (16 to 40, 41 to 80, greater than 80 ng/ml). In addition to the determination of LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone in the serum and thyroid diagnostic procedures the following hormonal tests were performed: 1. response to gestagen; 2. response to clomiphene; 3. Gn-RH-test for hypophyseal function; 4. ovarian response to administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels greater than 80 ng/ml). The grade of menstrual cycle disorders depends on the severity of the observed hyperprolactinaemia. Slight disorders like luteal phase insufficiency, anovulatory cycle and oligomenorrhoea are associated with low- or medium-grade hyperprolactinaemia. Mainly secondary, but also primary amenorrhoea is found in cases with higher serum prolactin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). In these cases the hypophyseal response to Gn-RH is frequently found (61%) to be negative and, moreover, the ovarian response to administered gonadotropins seems to be diminished. Increasing HPRL levels often appear to be associated with a negative response to the other above-mentioned tests.", "PMID": 538934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7644", "title": "[Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. Determinations were carried out before treatment and, in accordance with expected peak values in case of myocardial necrosis, after 6 and 12 hours. Three pathological values were recorded and these are discussed individually. Furthermore, statistical evaluation of the recorded values showed no significant differences.", "contents": "[Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)]. Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. Determinations were carried out before treatment and, in accordance with expected peak values in case of myocardial necrosis, after 6 and 12 hours. Three pathological values were recorded and these are discussed individually. Furthermore, statistical evaluation of the recorded values showed no significant differences.", "PMID": 538935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7645", "title": "[Results of postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer at the Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna. Our data compare well with the best results reported in the literature. Apart from the importance of high loco-regional freedom from disease for the quality of life of these patients, the related increase in survival prospects is stressed.", "contents": "[Results of postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer (author's transl)]. The results are presented of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer at the Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna. Our data compare well with the best results reported in the literature. Apart from the importance of high loco-regional freedom from disease for the quality of life of these patients, the related increase in survival prospects is stressed.", "PMID": 538936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7646", "title": "[Amniocentesis for antenatal diagnosis. A report on an initial series of 180 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented of amniocentesis for diagnostic genetic purposes in 180 patients. A diagnosis was obtainable in 170 cases (94%). Genetic abnormalities were detected in 11 cases; one patient miscarried 3 days after amniocentesis. Antenatal diagnosis of certain genetic disorders can be considered a routine method nowadays and should be offered to any woman at risk. It therefore seems necessary to supply the practitioners with the relevant information on this topic.", "contents": "[Amniocentesis for antenatal diagnosis. A report on an initial series of 180 cases (author's transl)]. The results are presented of amniocentesis for diagnostic genetic purposes in 180 patients. A diagnosis was obtainable in 170 cases (94%). Genetic abnormalities were detected in 11 cases; one patient miscarried 3 days after amniocentesis. Antenatal diagnosis of certain genetic disorders can be considered a routine method nowadays and should be offered to any woman at risk. It therefore seems necessary to supply the practitioners with the relevant information on this topic.", "PMID": 538937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7647", "title": "[Hexoprenalin as a tocolytic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "Hexoprenalin, a betasympathomimetic drug, was tested with respect to tocolytic effect and cardiovascular side effects. The dosage varied according to the obstetrical situation and the resultant indication for tocolysis. \"Long-term tocolysis\" in the prophylaxis of premature labour was indicated when more or less rhythmical uterine contractions were present without any effect, as yet, on the cervix. The dosage was 0.075 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously as long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in fetal heart rate being 2.43% and the mean rise in maternal heart rate 4.13%. Massive tocolysis to inhibit effective premature labour was indicated when rhythmical uterine contractions had already exerted an effect on the cervix. The dosage was 0.33 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously in form of a long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in maternal heart rate being 33% and the mean rise in fetal heart rate 3%.", "contents": "[Hexoprenalin as a tocolytic drug (author's transl)]. Hexoprenalin, a betasympathomimetic drug, was tested with respect to tocolytic effect and cardiovascular side effects. The dosage varied according to the obstetrical situation and the resultant indication for tocolysis. \"Long-term tocolysis\" in the prophylaxis of premature labour was indicated when more or less rhythmical uterine contractions were present without any effect, as yet, on the cervix. The dosage was 0.075 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously as long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in fetal heart rate being 2.43% and the mean rise in maternal heart rate 4.13%. Massive tocolysis to inhibit effective premature labour was indicated when rhythmical uterine contractions had already exerted an effect on the cervix. The dosage was 0.33 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously in form of a long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in maternal heart rate being 33% and the mean rise in fetal heart rate 3%.", "PMID": 538938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7648", "title": "[The double-chambered right ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on two girls with an obstruction within the right ventricle beneath the infundibulum. A muscular band - probabaly the abnormally situated moderator band - emerges at right angles from the ventricular septum, crosses the lumen and ends at the anterior wall of the right ventricle, thus separating a high-pressure inflow chamber from a low-pressure out-flow chamber. The latter compartment is distinctly larger than the infundibular chamber in Fallot's tetralogy. In bt connecting the left ventricle with the hig-pressure compartment. In one patient an increase of severity of the obstruction could be documented; this child showed a subvalvular membranous aortic stenosis. The diagnosis has to be established by meticulous pressure recording between pulmonary and tricuspid valve and by dye injection into the right ventricle. Ventricular septum defect (in 80%), subvalvular aortic stenosis (in about 10%), pulmonary valvular and peripheric stenosis  and open Ductus Botalli are the most important accompanying lesions. The malformation - not diagnosed prior to surgery - causes serious trouble during operation. The investigator thus has to be aware of this condition in every pulmonary valvular ahd subvalvular stenosis especially when accompanied by a ventricular septum defect.", "contents": "[The double-chambered right ventricle (author's transl)]. Report on two girls with an obstruction within the right ventricle beneath the infundibulum. A muscular band - probabaly the abnormally situated moderator band - emerges at right angles from the ventricular septum, crosses the lumen and ends at the anterior wall of the right ventricle, thus separating a high-pressure inflow chamber from a low-pressure out-flow chamber. The latter compartment is distinctly larger than the infundibular chamber in Fallot's tetralogy. In bt connecting the left ventricle with the hig-pressure compartment. In one patient an increase of severity of the obstruction could be documented; this child showed a subvalvular membranous aortic stenosis. The diagnosis has to be established by meticulous pressure recording between pulmonary and tricuspid valve and by dye injection into the right ventricle. Ventricular septum defect (in 80%), subvalvular aortic stenosis (in about 10%), pulmonary valvular and peripheric stenosis  and open Ductus Botalli are the most important accompanying lesions. The malformation - not diagnosed prior to surgery - causes serious trouble during operation. The investigator thus has to be aware of this condition in every pulmonary valvular ahd subvalvular stenosis especially when accompanied by a ventricular septum defect.", "PMID": 538940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7649", "title": "[Responsibility of the radiologist in gastric studies].", "content": "The radiologist's responsibility for the investigation of the stomach. The most successful results in the gastro-intestinal examination is obtained by combination of ray-examination (double contrast method) with gastroendoscopy and biopsy. It is of main importance, that the X-ray examination is performed at the beginning of all diagnostic step. The radiologist is obliged to use the best examination method. Therefore an economic standardized process of diagnosis is recommended which can take place also at the radiologist's consulting room. The high accuracy which can be reached by the recommended proceeding justifies the little additional expenditure of time and material.", "contents": "[Responsibility of the radiologist in gastric studies]. The radiologist's responsibility for the investigation of the stomach. The most successful results in the gastro-intestinal examination is obtained by combination of ray-examination (double contrast method) with gastroendoscopy and biopsy. It is of main importance, that the X-ray examination is performed at the beginning of all diagnostic step. The radiologist is obliged to use the best examination method. Therefore an economic standardized process of diagnosis is recommended which can take place also at the radiologist's consulting room. The high accuracy which can be reached by the recommended proceeding justifies the little additional expenditure of time and material.", "PMID": 538941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7650", "title": "Kinetic properties of the purified 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from Pseudomonas oleovorans.", "content": "The kinetic characteristics of the purified 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from the facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans were investigated. It could be demonstrated that the dependence of the reaction rate on the rib(ul)ose-5-phosphate as well as the formaldehyde concentration has a complex shape with the appearence of plateau and trough regions. The shape of the curve is changed in dependence on the fixed level of the second substrate. Multiple forms of the 3-hexulosephosphate synthase were found to be responsible for the generation of the complex kinetic characteristics. By means of ion exchange chromatography it was possible to separate four active enzyme forms with different kinetic characteristics. These forms were also found to be interconvertible. This behaviour of the 3-hexulosephosphate synthase is assumed to have the main regulatory function of the enzyme.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of the purified 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from Pseudomonas oleovorans. The kinetic characteristics of the purified 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from the facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans were investigated. It could be demonstrated that the dependence of the reaction rate on the rib(ul)ose-5-phosphate as well as the formaldehyde concentration has a complex shape with the appearence of plateau and trough regions. The shape of the curve is changed in dependence on the fixed level of the second substrate. Multiple forms of the 3-hexulosephosphate synthase were found to be responsible for the generation of the complex kinetic characteristics. By means of ion exchange chromatography it was possible to separate four active enzyme forms with different kinetic characteristics. These forms were also found to be interconvertible. This behaviour of the 3-hexulosephosphate synthase is assumed to have the main regulatory function of the enzyme.", "PMID": 538957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7651", "title": "Substructural studies on sporulation of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "During sporulation of diploids from crosses between different strains of the yeast Saccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica irregular numbers of ascospores per ascus have been observed. Using the serial section method it could be shown now by means of electron microscopy that in one-, two-, and three-spored asci unenclosed \"naked\" nuclei occur additionally to nuclei incorporated in mature spores. It was demonstrated that the production of less than four spores per ascus in this yeast is not the result of a lack of meiotic products but of the nonutilization of nuclei from meiosis. In 2--4 spored asci usually four products of meiosis in form of enclosed and free nuclei could be demonstrated which indicate a normal meiotic division. All ascospores derived from asci with different spore numbers are uninuclear. It is assumed that a defect in spore formation caused by structural changes of chromosomes or aneuploidy should give rise to the occurrence of non incorporated nuclei and spore irregularity. It was concluded that meiosis and spore formation in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica seem to represent parallel and coordinated processes which generally resemble those recorded for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula species.", "contents": "Substructural studies on sporulation of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. During sporulation of diploids from crosses between different strains of the yeast Saccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica irregular numbers of ascospores per ascus have been observed. Using the serial section method it could be shown now by means of electron microscopy that in one-, two-, and three-spored asci unenclosed \"naked\" nuclei occur additionally to nuclei incorporated in mature spores. It was demonstrated that the production of less than four spores per ascus in this yeast is not the result of a lack of meiotic products but of the nonutilization of nuclei from meiosis. In 2--4 spored asci usually four products of meiosis in form of enclosed and free nuclei could be demonstrated which indicate a normal meiotic division. All ascospores derived from asci with different spore numbers are uninuclear. It is assumed that a defect in spore formation caused by structural changes of chromosomes or aneuploidy should give rise to the occurrence of non incorporated nuclei and spore irregularity. It was concluded that meiosis and spore formation in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica seem to represent parallel and coordinated processes which generally resemble those recorded for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula species.", "PMID": 538958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7652", "title": "Urinary concentrating processes in vertebrates.", "content": "Avian and mammalian kidneys can produce a urine hyperosmotic to the blood by means of a renal countercurrent system. Birds are uricotelic; mammals are ureotelic. It is proposed that the inner medulla present in mammalian, but not in avian kidneys serves specifically to accumulate urea in the inner and outer medulla. Among mammalian kidneys the degree to which urea accumulates in the inner medulla is inversely related to the complexity of the vascular bundles (in the outer medulla) and the cortical urea recycling index. A model is proposed for urea recycling via the vascular bundles. The renal pelvis varies in size among mammals. Its relative size is unrelated to the type of vascular bundles, cortical recycling index; or urea accumulation in the inner medulla. Since urine refluxes into the renal pelvis during rising urine flow only, the function of the pelvis could be that of bringing the more dilute urine into contact with the outer medulla and underlying capillaries, thereby aiding in reducing the urea concentration in outer and inner medulla during rising urine flow. The size of the renal pelvis may be related to the volume of the inner medulla. Other factors may also be involved.", "contents": "Urinary concentrating processes in vertebrates. Avian and mammalian kidneys can produce a urine hyperosmotic to the blood by means of a renal countercurrent system. Birds are uricotelic; mammals are ureotelic. It is proposed that the inner medulla present in mammalian, but not in avian kidneys serves specifically to accumulate urea in the inner and outer medulla. Among mammalian kidneys the degree to which urea accumulates in the inner medulla is inversely related to the complexity of the vascular bundles (in the outer medulla) and the cortical urea recycling index. A model is proposed for urea recycling via the vascular bundles. The renal pelvis varies in size among mammals. Its relative size is unrelated to the type of vascular bundles, cortical recycling index; or urea accumulation in the inner medulla. Since urine refluxes into the renal pelvis during rising urine flow only, the function of the pelvis could be that of bringing the more dilute urine into contact with the outer medulla and underlying capillaries, thereby aiding in reducing the urea concentration in outer and inner medulla during rising urine flow. The size of the renal pelvis may be related to the volume of the inner medulla. Other factors may also be involved.", "PMID": 538955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7653", "title": "The vertebrate urinary bladder: osmoregulatory and other uses.", "content": "The bladder may serve more biological uses than simple storage. The importance of bladder functions can be inferred from its presence among vertebrates, its anatomy and histology. From an evolutionary perspective, bladders have evolved at least twice in the vertebrates. The variability of permeability of the urinary bladder to water and solutes among species is discussed. Finally, the urinary bladder may play an osmoregulatory role.", "contents": "The vertebrate urinary bladder: osmoregulatory and other uses. The bladder may serve more biological uses than simple storage. The importance of bladder functions can be inferred from its presence among vertebrates, its anatomy and histology. From an evolutionary perspective, bladders have evolved at least twice in the vertebrates. The variability of permeability of the urinary bladder to water and solutes among species is discussed. Finally, the urinary bladder may play an osmoregulatory role.", "PMID": 538956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7654", "title": "[The molecular biology of aging -- 14: Structure and function of the genetic apparatus in aging. I. Changes in the genome].", "content": "In the last years there is agreement over the fact that genetic properties have an essential influence on the ageing process. Therefore many scientists choose the genom and its properties as object of the gerontological investigation. This review shows that changes are possible on all of structure levels of the genom down to the lowest molecular stage with increasing age. This concerns as well postmitotic as intermitotic, proliferating cells and tissues, too. Actually repair processes of defective DNA find an increasing consideration. Until now it is not possible to establish if the observed changes are the cause or the result of ageing processes.", "contents": "[The molecular biology of aging -- 14: Structure and function of the genetic apparatus in aging. I. Changes in the genome]. In the last years there is agreement over the fact that genetic properties have an essential influence on the ageing process. Therefore many scientists choose the genom and its properties as object of the gerontological investigation. This review shows that changes are possible on all of structure levels of the genom down to the lowest molecular stage with increasing age. This concerns as well postmitotic as intermitotic, proliferating cells and tissues, too. Actually repair processes of defective DNA find an increasing consideration. Until now it is not possible to establish if the observed changes are the cause or the result of ageing processes.", "PMID": 538961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7655", "title": "Space gerontology.", "content": "The initiation of the shuttle program, with the possibility of flying older persons and persons other than trained astronauts, makes it necessary to examine the effects of the weightless environment throughout the life cycle. The model of a hypothalamic clock as the timing mechanism for lifespan suggests that weightlessness and hypergravity may prove useful tools in the investigation of aging processes. For these reasons geriatrics and gerontology enter into the field of aerospace biology, both practically in crew selection and in the development of clinically useful data on the nature of human age changes and their control.", "contents": "Space gerontology. The initiation of the shuttle program, with the possibility of flying older persons and persons other than trained astronauts, makes it necessary to examine the effects of the weightless environment throughout the life cycle. The model of a hypothalamic clock as the timing mechanism for lifespan suggests that weightlessness and hypergravity may prove useful tools in the investigation of aging processes. For these reasons geriatrics and gerontology enter into the field of aerospace biology, both practically in crew selection and in the development of clinically useful data on the nature of human age changes and their control.", "PMID": 538963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7656", "title": "Age-dependent change of the protein-bound phosphorus in rat liver cell nuclei.", "content": "Some aspects of the metabolism of the protein-bound phosphorus were examined on isolated rat liver cell nuclei in function of age. The protein complement of the nuclei was separated into 5 non-histone and one histone fractions by means of salt and acid extraction. The phosphorus content of the fractions was determined and the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation was measured after 32P labelling. The supernatant of the in vitro phosphorylation system contained a lower amount phosphorus but showed high phosphorylation rate. For several parameters such as the relative amounts of the non-histone proteins, the net phosphorus contents, the newly incorporated phosphorus/unit protein and the phosphatase activity in the nuclei a common pattern was found in function of age; intermediate, maximum and low or intermediate values for the age-groups of 4--6 months, 16--18 months and 24--28 months respectively. The possible implication of the nuclear non-histone proteins in the process of ageing is discussed.", "contents": "Age-dependent change of the protein-bound phosphorus in rat liver cell nuclei. Some aspects of the metabolism of the protein-bound phosphorus were examined on isolated rat liver cell nuclei in function of age. The protein complement of the nuclei was separated into 5 non-histone and one histone fractions by means of salt and acid extraction. The phosphorus content of the fractions was determined and the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation was measured after 32P labelling. The supernatant of the in vitro phosphorylation system contained a lower amount phosphorus but showed high phosphorylation rate. For several parameters such as the relative amounts of the non-histone proteins, the net phosphorus contents, the newly incorporated phosphorus/unit protein and the phosphatase activity in the nuclei a common pattern was found in function of age; intermediate, maximum and low or intermediate values for the age-groups of 4--6 months, 16--18 months and 24--28 months respectively. The possible implication of the nuclear non-histone proteins in the process of ageing is discussed.", "PMID": 538964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7657", "title": "[On cyclic rejuvenation of life in change of generations (author's transl)].", "content": "Various cellular processes are discussed which might be able to reduce in protozoa as well as in higher organisms the accumulation of \"errors\" in protein synthesis by the interplay of error accumulation and cell division frequency or by katabolic effects after a generative process of one kind or another. Some of these processes also may be regarded as decisive for the time dependence of mass growth of higher organisms.", "contents": "[On cyclic rejuvenation of life in change of generations (author's transl)]. Various cellular processes are discussed which might be able to reduce in protozoa as well as in higher organisms the accumulation of \"errors\" in protein synthesis by the interplay of error accumulation and cell division frequency or by katabolic effects after a generative process of one kind or another. Some of these processes also may be regarded as decisive for the time dependence of mass growth of higher organisms.", "PMID": 538965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7658", "title": "Effect of dimethylaminomethylendiphosphonate on the immobilisation osteoporosis in rats.", "content": "The influence of the immobilization on the bone by the resection of the N. ischiadicus has been examined in rats, 130--150 g and 400 g of weight. The simultaneous administration of dimethylaminomethylendiphosphonate uses to lower the differences in respect to osteodissimilation between the immobilized and not immobilized extremity, caused by immobilization.", "contents": "Effect of dimethylaminomethylendiphosphonate on the immobilisation osteoporosis in rats. The influence of the immobilization on the bone by the resection of the N. ischiadicus has been examined in rats, 130--150 g and 400 g of weight. The simultaneous administration of dimethylaminomethylendiphosphonate uses to lower the differences in respect to osteodissimilation between the immobilized and not immobilized extremity, caused by immobilization.", "PMID": 538966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7659", "title": "[The formation of lipofuscin (author's transl)].", "content": "The article deals with the present knowledge of the lipofuscin-formation. Lipofuscin is regarded as a lysosomal residue body and as a product of peroxidation and polymerisation of unsaturated fatty acids. Starting from this aspects conditions are derived, which favour the lipofuscin-formation. These factors are divided into three groups according to their effects.", "contents": "[The formation of lipofuscin (author's transl)]. The article deals with the present knowledge of the lipofuscin-formation. Lipofuscin is regarded as a lysosomal residue body and as a product of peroxidation and polymerisation of unsaturated fatty acids. Starting from this aspects conditions are derived, which favour the lipofuscin-formation. These factors are divided into three groups according to their effects.", "PMID": 538968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7660", "title": "[Problems of photographic documentation of color patterns in connection with the use of thermography with liquid crystals (author's transl)].", "content": "Cholesteric liquid crystals show different colors dependent on their temperature. The \"thermography with liquid crystals\" makes use of this property for the determination of temperature distributions of human skin. The correct photographic documentation of the color patterns is difficult, because the colors depend on the angle of incidence of light and the direction of observation. Further, the quality of the photos is reduced by the direct reflection of light at the surface. Possible geometrical conditions of taking photos are discussed. An optimum arrangement for producing photos without reflections and color changes is proposed.", "contents": "[Problems of photographic documentation of color patterns in connection with the use of thermography with liquid crystals (author's transl)]. Cholesteric liquid crystals show different colors dependent on their temperature. The \"thermography with liquid crystals\" makes use of this property for the determination of temperature distributions of human skin. The correct photographic documentation of the color patterns is difficult, because the colors depend on the angle of incidence of light and the direction of observation. Further, the quality of the photos is reduced by the direct reflection of light at the surface. Possible geometrical conditions of taking photos are discussed. An optimum arrangement for producing photos without reflections and color changes is proposed.", "PMID": 538969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7661", "title": "[Diagnosis of malignant lymphomas].", "content": "In the diagnostics of the malignant lymphomas is to be differed between the proper diagnosing, i. e. the morphological confirmation of the disease and the enlarged diagnostics which, after ascertainment of the histologicopathological findings and prior to the beginning of a therapy is necessary for the statement of the size of the spreading of the disease (classification of stages) as well as for the inclusion in group A or B and for the registration of the most different signs of activity. Swellings of the lumph nodes in adults should be clarified morphologically after three weeks, since only on this way an early diagnostics is guaranteed. In an unclear fever an abdominal lymphogranulomatosis is to be excluded. The explorative laparotomy and splenectomy is - if possible - to be performed before the beginning of a treatment. When pronounced signs of activity are present, however, a cytostatic treatment should precede this operation in order to decrease the risik of the operation. The classification in stages with exclusively clinical examination methods at present comprises a vast number, which in all stages must always be performed as an interdisciplinary task in a haematologico-oncological centre under control of an internist. The classification after Kiel of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas does not only demand the knowledge of the nomenclature, but also the evaluation by the internist in order to perform the optimum therapy in these patients.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of malignant lymphomas]. In the diagnostics of the malignant lymphomas is to be differed between the proper diagnosing, i. e. the morphological confirmation of the disease and the enlarged diagnostics which, after ascertainment of the histologicopathological findings and prior to the beginning of a therapy is necessary for the statement of the size of the spreading of the disease (classification of stages) as well as for the inclusion in group A or B and for the registration of the most different signs of activity. Swellings of the lumph nodes in adults should be clarified morphologically after three weeks, since only on this way an early diagnostics is guaranteed. In an unclear fever an abdominal lymphogranulomatosis is to be excluded. The explorative laparotomy and splenectomy is - if possible - to be performed before the beginning of a treatment. When pronounced signs of activity are present, however, a cytostatic treatment should precede this operation in order to decrease the risik of the operation. The classification in stages with exclusively clinical examination methods at present comprises a vast number, which in all stages must always be performed as an interdisciplinary task in a haematologico-oncological centre under control of an internist. The classification after Kiel of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas does not only demand the knowledge of the nomenclature, but also the evaluation by the internist in order to perform the optimum therapy in these patients.", "PMID": 538983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7662", "title": "[Therapy of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "A survey is given on the therapy of lymphogranulomatosis. Keystones of the treatment are radiotherapy, antineoplastic chemotherapy and supportive measures of treatment. A therapy referred to diagnosis and stages including a clinical and pathological staging proves to be necessary in every case. The initial treatment consists in a radiotherapy in the stages I, II and III A, in a polychemotherapy according to the scheme MOPP and COPP, respectively, or CVPP in the stages III B and IV as well as possibly in a combined treatment in histomorphologically unfavourable forms also already in the early stages. The problems of the MOPP alternative programmes in primary failures, of the programmes of the post-MOPP-therapy in secondary failures and recidivations as well as of the remission-keeping long-term therapy need a further clarification. It is referred to the dangers and side-effects of an aggressive radio- and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Therapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. A survey is given on the therapy of lymphogranulomatosis. Keystones of the treatment are radiotherapy, antineoplastic chemotherapy and supportive measures of treatment. A therapy referred to diagnosis and stages including a clinical and pathological staging proves to be necessary in every case. The initial treatment consists in a radiotherapy in the stages I, II and III A, in a polychemotherapy according to the scheme MOPP and COPP, respectively, or CVPP in the stages III B and IV as well as possibly in a combined treatment in histomorphologically unfavourable forms also already in the early stages. The problems of the MOPP alternative programmes in primary failures, of the programmes of the post-MOPP-therapy in secondary failures and recidivations as well as of the remission-keeping long-term therapy need a further clarification. It is referred to the dangers and side-effects of an aggressive radio- and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 538984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7663", "title": "[Various forms of drug-induced pulmonary eosinophilia].", "content": "On the basis of 3 casuistics the in most cases medicamentous allergic etiology of chronic eosinophilic lung infiltrates, their diagnosis and differential diagnosis is discussed. Practical conclusions to the possibly early recognition of eosinophilic infiltrates, the prevention of therapeutic errors and the severe courses of disease resulting from this are reported.", "contents": "[Various forms of drug-induced pulmonary eosinophilia]. On the basis of 3 casuistics the in most cases medicamentous allergic etiology of chronic eosinophilic lung infiltrates, their diagnosis and differential diagnosis is discussed. Practical conclusions to the possibly early recognition of eosinophilic infiltrates, the prevention of therapeutic errors and the severe courses of disease resulting from this are reported.", "PMID": 538986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7664", "title": "[Hepatologic dispensaire for blood donors].", "content": "By means of hepatological examinations of 119 blood donors who became conspicuous by liver screenings in 57 cases we could prove an adipose degeneration without, in 16 cases a fatty degeneration of the liver without, in 9 cases an adipose degeneration with and in 15 cases a fatty degeneration of the liver with mesenchymal reaction. Only 9 blood donors had normal liver findings. 90% of the punctured blood donors had an overweight up to a maximum of 35 kg in comparison to the ideal weight. 30% of the punctured patients admitted a clearly increased daily consumption of alcoholic beverages. By means of repeated punctures on 24 blood donors after 8 to 32 months after an adequate consultation in three cases a normalisation and in eight cases an improvement of the liver findings could be proved. In 13 cases the findings remained unchanged, also the anamnestic and clinical findings corresponded to this. In 2 blood donors by means of a threefold liver puncture in the observation period of 48 months also a clear retrogression of the liver findings was proved. With this was also connected the reduction of overweight and the avoiding of alcohol. Thus our investigations confirmed that overweight and abuse of alcohol are essential factors for the development of a fatty degeneration of the liver. Of an infectious hepatitis reported in the anamnesis in 10 blood donors histologically in no case residues were established. Thus the liver dispensary is of great importance for the care of blood donors who become conspicuous by screening tests. On the one hand the importance is referred to the blood donor himself, on the other hand to the group of donors. Blood donors taken out of the group could again be included in the special group, when after the exclusion of known noxae the retrogression of unspecific liver changes took place.", "contents": "[Hepatologic dispensaire for blood donors]. By means of hepatological examinations of 119 blood donors who became conspicuous by liver screenings in 57 cases we could prove an adipose degeneration without, in 16 cases a fatty degeneration of the liver without, in 9 cases an adipose degeneration with and in 15 cases a fatty degeneration of the liver with mesenchymal reaction. Only 9 blood donors had normal liver findings. 90% of the punctured blood donors had an overweight up to a maximum of 35 kg in comparison to the ideal weight. 30% of the punctured patients admitted a clearly increased daily consumption of alcoholic beverages. By means of repeated punctures on 24 blood donors after 8 to 32 months after an adequate consultation in three cases a normalisation and in eight cases an improvement of the liver findings could be proved. In 13 cases the findings remained unchanged, also the anamnestic and clinical findings corresponded to this. In 2 blood donors by means of a threefold liver puncture in the observation period of 48 months also a clear retrogression of the liver findings was proved. With this was also connected the reduction of overweight and the avoiding of alcohol. Thus our investigations confirmed that overweight and abuse of alcohol are essential factors for the development of a fatty degeneration of the liver. Of an infectious hepatitis reported in the anamnesis in 10 blood donors histologically in no case residues were established. Thus the liver dispensary is of great importance for the care of blood donors who become conspicuous by screening tests. On the one hand the importance is referred to the blood donor himself, on the other hand to the group of donors. Blood donors taken out of the group could again be included in the special group, when after the exclusion of known noxae the retrogression of unspecific liver changes took place.", "PMID": 538987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7665", "title": "[Post-cholecystectomy condition: duodeno-gastric reflux and bile acid concentration in the gastric juice].", "content": "In cholecystectomized patients highly significantly more frequently a duodenogastric reflux was found than in a group of patients with a healthy abdomen and a group of patients with cholelithiasis. The average concentration of bile acid in the gastric juice was after the removal of the gall-bladder manifoldly higher than in the control groups. The number of patients with concentrated reflux was also highly significantly larger than in patients with cholelithiasis not operated on and in patients with a healthy abdomen. Despite the high reflux rate and the high concentration of the bile acids influencing on the mucous membrane of the stomach the number of patients with ulcera ventriculi was not significantly larger than in a group of not cholecystectomized persons. These observations plead for the fact that the bile acids in the duodenogastric reflux alone are not to be regarded as an ulcerogenic agent, but that perhaps other components of the duodenal juice have to be considered as causes of lesions of the gastric mucous membrane.", "contents": "[Post-cholecystectomy condition: duodeno-gastric reflux and bile acid concentration in the gastric juice]. In cholecystectomized patients highly significantly more frequently a duodenogastric reflux was found than in a group of patients with a healthy abdomen and a group of patients with cholelithiasis. The average concentration of bile acid in the gastric juice was after the removal of the gall-bladder manifoldly higher than in the control groups. The number of patients with concentrated reflux was also highly significantly larger than in patients with cholelithiasis not operated on and in patients with a healthy abdomen. Despite the high reflux rate and the high concentration of the bile acids influencing on the mucous membrane of the stomach the number of patients with ulcera ventriculi was not significantly larger than in a group of not cholecystectomized persons. These observations plead for the fact that the bile acids in the duodenogastric reflux alone are not to be regarded as an ulcerogenic agent, but that perhaps other components of the duodenal juice have to be considered as causes of lesions of the gastric mucous membrane.", "PMID": 538988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7666", "title": "[Prevention of hepatitis in dialysis centers. A catalog of recommendations and suggestions. 3].", "content": "This last of three reports on the prevention of hepatitis in dialysis centres deals with the kind and frequency of desinfection measures in the dialysis area, contains advices to the mode of transfer of patients between dialysis centres and makes demands to the tests of hepatitis-B-antigen and antibodies. Finally proposals concerning the frequency of controls for HBs-antigen and anti-HBs and for the passive immunisation with anti-HBs-enriched immunoglobulin are rendered.", "contents": "[Prevention of hepatitis in dialysis centers. A catalog of recommendations and suggestions. 3]. This last of three reports on the prevention of hepatitis in dialysis centres deals with the kind and frequency of desinfection measures in the dialysis area, contains advices to the mode of transfer of patients between dialysis centres and makes demands to the tests of hepatitis-B-antigen and antibodies. Finally proposals concerning the frequency of controls for HBs-antigen and anti-HBs and for the passive immunisation with anti-HBs-enriched immunoglobulin are rendered.", "PMID": 538989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7667", "title": "[Frequency of bone fractures in chronic fluoride exposure].", "content": "In order to establish the frequency of bone fractures in 2 population groups with increased and decreased fluor exposition, respectively, the case histories of a surgical ward for men were evaluated. Of 10 age groups ten times a lower percental frequency of fractures in combination with an increased presence of fluor was found. Fluorides have got an increasing significance for the prophylaxis of fractures in the treatment of osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Frequency of bone fractures in chronic fluoride exposure]. In order to establish the frequency of bone fractures in 2 population groups with increased and decreased fluor exposition, respectively, the case histories of a surgical ward for men were evaluated. Of 10 age groups ten times a lower percental frequency of fractures in combination with an increased presence of fluor was found. Fluorides have got an increasing significance for the prophylaxis of fractures in the treatment of osteoporosis.", "PMID": 538990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7668", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the detection of antibody-bound bacteria in the urine].", "content": "By means of the immunofluorescence technique 107 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and 43 patients with an infection of the lower urinary tract were examined for the presence of antibody-containing bacteria in the urine. Here in 84 out of 107 patients (78.5%) with a chronic pyelonephritis the positive proof could be made, whereas in 39 out of 43 patients (90.6%) with an infection of the lower urinary tract no antibody-containing bacteria were found. The test may be recommended as a relatively simple, riskless and evident method for the diagnostics of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the detection of antibody-bound bacteria in the urine]. By means of the immunofluorescence technique 107 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and 43 patients with an infection of the lower urinary tract were examined for the presence of antibody-containing bacteria in the urine. Here in 84 out of 107 patients (78.5%) with a chronic pyelonephritis the positive proof could be made, whereas in 39 out of 43 patients (90.6%) with an infection of the lower urinary tract no antibody-containing bacteria were found. The test may be recommended as a relatively simple, riskless and evident method for the diagnostics of pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 538991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7669", "title": "[Prognosis of lymphogranulomatosis (stage III B-IV) treated with drugs--results of a retrospective 10 year study].", "content": "With the help of survival curves of 91 patients with histologically ascertained lymphogranulomatosis a report on experiences concerning the prognostic importance of different factors is given. The examination is based on a retrospective analysis of a well documented number of patients who were chemotherapeutically treated from 1967--1976 in the medical outpatient department and the medical clinic of the Erfurt Academy of Medicine. We found on the basis of the retrospective study that the following factors deteriorate the prognosis: Clinical stage IV, presence of general symptoms, type poor in lymphocytes. Older age at making the diagnosis as well as male sex also reveal a worse prognosis as to the 3-year-survival rate than the comparative groups. Furthermore it was shown that the quality of remission after initial chemotherapy is of decisive prognostic valency. When cytostatic combination schemata were used for the induction of the remission the survival rates could be improved. The problems of the remission-keeping chemotherapy are entered.", "contents": "[Prognosis of lymphogranulomatosis (stage III B-IV) treated with drugs--results of a retrospective 10 year study]. With the help of survival curves of 91 patients with histologically ascertained lymphogranulomatosis a report on experiences concerning the prognostic importance of different factors is given. The examination is based on a retrospective analysis of a well documented number of patients who were chemotherapeutically treated from 1967--1976 in the medical outpatient department and the medical clinic of the Erfurt Academy of Medicine. We found on the basis of the retrospective study that the following factors deteriorate the prognosis: Clinical stage IV, presence of general symptoms, type poor in lymphocytes. Older age at making the diagnosis as well as male sex also reveal a worse prognosis as to the 3-year-survival rate than the comparative groups. Furthermore it was shown that the quality of remission after initial chemotherapy is of decisive prognostic valency. When cytostatic combination schemata were used for the induction of the remission the survival rates could be improved. The problems of the remission-keeping chemotherapy are entered.", "PMID": 538992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7670", "title": "[Liver involvement in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "Of 146 patients with lymphogranulomatosis biochemical parameters were tested for their diagnostic valency concerning the recognition of a liver infiltration. In patients with histologically proved affection of the liver the AP, GGTP, AAP, LAP and LDH show a significant increase in comparison to the enzyme values of the patients without any hepatic manifestation. In an increased result of 4 enzyme values with a probability of 85% muste be reckoned with a participation of the liver. The enzyme SGOT, SGPT, GDH, LDH-isoenzymes, choline esterase, beta-GC, the De Ritis quotient and the quotient (Formula: see text), on the other hand, do not give any additional differential-diagnostic information.", "contents": "[Liver involvement in lymphogranulomatosis]. Of 146 patients with lymphogranulomatosis biochemical parameters were tested for their diagnostic valency concerning the recognition of a liver infiltration. In patients with histologically proved affection of the liver the AP, GGTP, AAP, LAP and LDH show a significant increase in comparison to the enzyme values of the patients without any hepatic manifestation. In an increased result of 4 enzyme values with a probability of 85% muste be reckoned with a participation of the liver. The enzyme SGOT, SGPT, GDH, LDH-isoenzymes, choline esterase, beta-GC, the De Ritis quotient and the quotient (Formula: see text), on the other hand, do not give any additional differential-diagnostic information.", "PMID": 538993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7671", "title": "[Bone changes in hemoblastoses and malignant lymphomas].", "content": "In haematological systemic diseases such as acute and chronic leukoses, malignant lymphomas, lymphogranulomatoses, osteomyelofibroses, polycythaemias and aplastic anaemias with a different proportion changes of the bones in form of osteoporoses, osteolytic processes and deformations of the vertebral bodies are to be found. The proof may be performed radiologically and histologically. In 461 patients with different haematological diseases absorption measurings of monoenergetic rays of a J-125-source were performed at the distal third of radius and ulna. It was shown that the bone mineral content of patients with proved bone destructions did not significantly differ from the normal group. The too peripherally located place of the measuring and also the late inclusion of the compacta into the changes is regarded as cause for the negative result.", "contents": "[Bone changes in hemoblastoses and malignant lymphomas]. In haematological systemic diseases such as acute and chronic leukoses, malignant lymphomas, lymphogranulomatoses, osteomyelofibroses, polycythaemias and aplastic anaemias with a different proportion changes of the bones in form of osteoporoses, osteolytic processes and deformations of the vertebral bodies are to be found. The proof may be performed radiologically and histologically. In 461 patients with different haematological diseases absorption measurings of monoenergetic rays of a J-125-source were performed at the distal third of radius and ulna. It was shown that the bone mineral content of patients with proved bone destructions did not significantly differ from the normal group. The too peripherally located place of the measuring and also the late inclusion of the compacta into the changes is regarded as cause for the negative result.", "PMID": 538994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7672", "title": "[Experiences with primary and secondary laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The explorative laparotomy with splenectomy belongs under adequately strong indication to the standard techniques of the dilated diagnostics and stage subdivision of lymphogranulomatosis. 61 patients of the Medical Academy Magdeburg were exploratively laparotomised from 1974--1978, of them 38 patients primarily before the beginning of the therapy and 23 patients secondarily 1--8 years after therapy. Changes of the stages before and after laparotomy, relations between affection of the spleen and histological type and primary histology, respectively, as well as weight of the spleen are discussed, postoperative complications are explained and adequate conclusions rendered.", "contents": "[Experiences with primary and secondary laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease]. The explorative laparotomy with splenectomy belongs under adequately strong indication to the standard techniques of the dilated diagnostics and stage subdivision of lymphogranulomatosis. 61 patients of the Medical Academy Magdeburg were exploratively laparotomised from 1974--1978, of them 38 patients primarily before the beginning of the therapy and 23 patients secondarily 1--8 years after therapy. Changes of the stages before and after laparotomy, relations between affection of the spleen and histological type and primary histology, respectively, as well as weight of the spleen are discussed, postoperative complications are explained and adequate conclusions rendered.", "PMID": 538995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7673", "title": "[Value of total nodal radiotherapy in the treatment of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "From 1968 to 1976 in the Radiological Clinic of the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig 199 patients with Hodgkin's disease were irradiated, 24 patients totally nodal. As this form of treatment has been used in our institution only since 1976, on account of the small time interval not the survival rate, but only the quota of recidivation could be used for the judgment of the effectiveness of the total nodal irradiation. Compared with the local irradiation the result was a decrease of the distribution recidivations from 82.3% to 20.8%. Also in comparison to the systemic X-ray treatment above or below the diaphragm (= 34% of recidivations) a clear progress was shown.", "contents": "[Value of total nodal radiotherapy in the treatment of lymphogranulomatosis]. From 1968 to 1976 in the Radiological Clinic of the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig 199 patients with Hodgkin's disease were irradiated, 24 patients totally nodal. As this form of treatment has been used in our institution only since 1976, on account of the small time interval not the survival rate, but only the quota of recidivation could be used for the judgment of the effectiveness of the total nodal irradiation. Compared with the local irradiation the result was a decrease of the distribution recidivations from 82.3% to 20.8%. Also in comparison to the systemic X-ray treatment above or below the diaphragm (= 34% of recidivations) a clear progress was shown.", "PMID": 538996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7674", "title": "[The passage of dyes through the retinal vessels].", "content": "Examinations of the retinal haemodynamics after injection of fluorescein sodium were performed on three groups of test persons, in normal persons, patients with diseases of the retina as well as patients with organic heart defects. In the group of heart diseases statistically significant disturbances of the retinal haemodynamics could be proved, which the retina tolerates without any lesion. In comparison to this retinopathies with severe changes of the fundus show only slight disturbances of the haemodynamics. These do not give the possibility of the explanation of the changes of the fundus.", "contents": "[The passage of dyes through the retinal vessels]. Examinations of the retinal haemodynamics after injection of fluorescein sodium were performed on three groups of test persons, in normal persons, patients with diseases of the retina as well as patients with organic heart defects. In the group of heart diseases statistically significant disturbances of the retinal haemodynamics could be proved, which the retina tolerates without any lesion. In comparison to this retinopathies with severe changes of the fundus show only slight disturbances of the haemodynamics. These do not give the possibility of the explanation of the changes of the fundus.", "PMID": 538998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7675", "title": "[Behavior of the erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in patients with functional thyroid disorders and in hyperthyroxinemic rats].", "content": "This paper deals with the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism as well as in hyperthyroxinaemic rats. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is enhanced in red blood cells of hyperthyreotic patients and hyperthyroxinaemic animals. The activity will be decreased to normal range in patients by administration of antithyreotic drugs, such as thiamazole. Patients with hypothyroidism exhibit decreased enzymatic activity. It is suggested that thyroid hormones stimulate the HMP-shunt in red blood cells as a defence mechanism against additional oxidative stress.", "contents": "[Behavior of the erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in patients with functional thyroid disorders and in hyperthyroxinemic rats]. This paper deals with the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism as well as in hyperthyroxinaemic rats. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is enhanced in red blood cells of hyperthyreotic patients and hyperthyroxinaemic animals. The activity will be decreased to normal range in patients by administration of antithyreotic drugs, such as thiamazole. Patients with hypothyroidism exhibit decreased enzymatic activity. It is suggested that thyroid hormones stimulate the HMP-shunt in red blood cells as a defence mechanism against additional oxidative stress.", "PMID": 538999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7676", "title": "[Experiences in fiber-endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the intestinal tract].", "content": "It is reported on the complication-free fiber-endoscopic extraction of foreign bodies in 8 cases, of these 7 times from the upper intestinal tract and then, taking into consideration literature, the indication spectre to the endoscopic approach is mentioned. An immediate attempt to extraction should be performed above all in all sharp and pointed things on account of increased danger of perforation. An additional waiting for longer than 8 days after incorporation we consider little reasonable, since a spontaneous passage at this moment is unlikely. Small-calibrated perforating lesions of the stomach, the possible poverty of symptoms is emphasized apparantly heal without any sequels after extraction. Finally is referred to the prevention of an unnecessary laparotomy, when the therapeutic fiber endoscopy is reasonably used.", "contents": "[Experiences in fiber-endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the intestinal tract]. It is reported on the complication-free fiber-endoscopic extraction of foreign bodies in 8 cases, of these 7 times from the upper intestinal tract and then, taking into consideration literature, the indication spectre to the endoscopic approach is mentioned. An immediate attempt to extraction should be performed above all in all sharp and pointed things on account of increased danger of perforation. An additional waiting for longer than 8 days after incorporation we consider little reasonable, since a spontaneous passage at this moment is unlikely. Small-calibrated perforating lesions of the stomach, the possible poverty of symptoms is emphasized apparantly heal without any sequels after extraction. Finally is referred to the prevention of an unnecessary laparotomy, when the therapeutic fiber endoscopy is reasonably used.", "PMID": 539000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7677", "title": "[Serum activity of leucine aminopeptidase in lymphotropic infections and in malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Increases of the leucine aminopeptidase according to data of literature are regarded as a sensitive parameter of lesions in liver diseases. In patients with active generalised lymphadenitis (viral infections, toxoplasmosis) as a typical enzyme constellation a relatively strong leucine aminopeptidase increase in the serum with missing or relatively slight enzyme deviation of the transaminases could be found. The quotient of the activities of LAP/ALAT was clearly above that of inflammatory liver diseases. In chronic lymphatic leukosis, plasmocytoma and malignant lymphomas the leucine aminopeptidase serum activities were within the normal. Increases of leucine aminopeptidase in lymphotropic infections are probably partly of extrahepatic origin.", "contents": "[Serum activity of leucine aminopeptidase in lymphotropic infections and in malignant lymphomas]. Increases of the leucine aminopeptidase according to data of literature are regarded as a sensitive parameter of lesions in liver diseases. In patients with active generalised lymphadenitis (viral infections, toxoplasmosis) as a typical enzyme constellation a relatively strong leucine aminopeptidase increase in the serum with missing or relatively slight enzyme deviation of the transaminases could be found. The quotient of the activities of LAP/ALAT was clearly above that of inflammatory liver diseases. In chronic lymphatic leukosis, plasmocytoma and malignant lymphomas the leucine aminopeptidase serum activities were within the normal. Increases of leucine aminopeptidase in lymphotropic infections are probably partly of extrahepatic origin.", "PMID": 539001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7678", "title": "[Therapeutic endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "In selected chapters of the therapeutic endoscopy we tried to represent secure knowledge, actual tendencies and partly future prognoses. Hereby completeness cannot be expected. However, it became clear that numerous physical principles became useful for the therapy with the endoscope. Chemical techniques, such as the litholysis of gall-stones are only at present used in our field. With all scepticism against the own field of interest one may say that the operative therapeutic endoscopy, as it is seen at the instance of the classification of polyps, has led to an improvement of the diagnostics, Its advantages in the therapeutic field are based on the fact that it substitutes larger operations. In the polypectomy- the intervention, avoiding laparotomy and colotomy, is reduced on the minimum given by the size of the polyp. The risk of endoscopic operations is small, compared with the alternative surgical interventions. Shortening of the duration of the disease and hospitalisation leads to lower expenses. Methods, such as the endoscopic haemostypsis or the obliteration of the pancreatic duct, need further detailed examinations. There is no doubt that the modern endoscopy has a strong technical fascination for many young physicians. It gets the greatest value in the hands of a clinically experienced physician.", "contents": "[Therapeutic endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract]. In selected chapters of the therapeutic endoscopy we tried to represent secure knowledge, actual tendencies and partly future prognoses. Hereby completeness cannot be expected. However, it became clear that numerous physical principles became useful for the therapy with the endoscope. Chemical techniques, such as the litholysis of gall-stones are only at present used in our field. With all scepticism against the own field of interest one may say that the operative therapeutic endoscopy, as it is seen at the instance of the classification of polyps, has led to an improvement of the diagnostics, Its advantages in the therapeutic field are based on the fact that it substitutes larger operations. In the polypectomy- the intervention, avoiding laparotomy and colotomy, is reduced on the minimum given by the size of the polyp. The risk of endoscopic operations is small, compared with the alternative surgical interventions. Shortening of the duration of the disease and hospitalisation leads to lower expenses. Methods, such as the endoscopic haemostypsis or the obliteration of the pancreatic duct, need further detailed examinations. There is no doubt that the modern endoscopy has a strong technical fascination for many young physicians. It gets the greatest value in the hands of a clinically experienced physician.", "PMID": 539002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7679", "title": "[Indications and value of gastrointestinal biopsy].", "content": "Concerning the stomach biopsy without optical control has only historical importance, concerning the small intestine it serves for the recognition of diffuse changes--particularly for the the differential diagnosis of the malabsorption and in the large intestine for the diagnosis and course control of inflammation. The aimed biopsy is a constituent of every endoscopy investigation, with the exception of completely normal or fully clear pathological findings. Without an aimed biopsy the diagnosis of the early cancer in ulcers, \"polyps\" and \"ulcer scars\" is not possible. Its gain depends on the number of biopsy particles; only the positive findings are proving.", "contents": "[Indications and value of gastrointestinal biopsy]. Concerning the stomach biopsy without optical control has only historical importance, concerning the small intestine it serves for the recognition of diffuse changes--particularly for the the differential diagnosis of the malabsorption and in the large intestine for the diagnosis and course control of inflammation. The aimed biopsy is a constituent of every endoscopy investigation, with the exception of completely normal or fully clear pathological findings. Without an aimed biopsy the diagnosis of the early cancer in ulcers, \"polyps\" and \"ulcer scars\" is not possible. Its gain depends on the number of biopsy particles; only the positive findings are proving.", "PMID": 539003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7680", "title": "[Risk and ethical problems in endoscopy].", "content": "The explosive growth of natural-scientific knowledge and its utilization in medicine has enlarged the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. A change of the physician's work is connected with the laboratory and apparative-technical medicine. The simple methods of the anamnestic, at the same time psychoanalytic talk and the immediate examination of the patient are no more used according to their value. The immediate meeting between physician and patient is being forgotten. At the instance of the gastroenterological endoscopy the importance and methodology of the permanent collective judgment of examination techniques under management of a subspecialised team as well as the definition and control of risk and ratio expenses-use are described. For the testing of techniques as well as their use in routine work an informing talk with the patient is necessary as well his agreement, according to the directives of the WHO. Work and responsibility of the physician in Socialist Public Health is characterized by inclusion of state and society and the conscious participation of the citizens.", "contents": "[Risk and ethical problems in endoscopy]. The explosive growth of natural-scientific knowledge and its utilization in medicine has enlarged the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. A change of the physician's work is connected with the laboratory and apparative-technical medicine. The simple methods of the anamnestic, at the same time psychoanalytic talk and the immediate examination of the patient are no more used according to their value. The immediate meeting between physician and patient is being forgotten. At the instance of the gastroenterological endoscopy the importance and methodology of the permanent collective judgment of examination techniques under management of a subspecialised team as well as the definition and control of risk and ratio expenses-use are described. For the testing of techniques as well as their use in routine work an informing talk with the patient is necessary as well his agreement, according to the directives of the WHO. Work and responsibility of the physician in Socialist Public Health is characterized by inclusion of state and society and the conscious participation of the citizens.", "PMID": 539004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7681", "title": "[Serology of toxoplasmosis in patients with lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The technical progress in the development of the fiber coloscopy gives the possibility to inspect the whole large intestine including the terminal ileum. The essential contribution of the coloscopy consists in the early diagnosis of the carcinoma of the large intestine. The malignant change of the polyp may be proved or excluded only after total polypectomy. In our clinical material consisting of 250 patients in 44% of the cases the total coloscopy confirmed the radiological suspicion. In 38% of the cases the pathological changes of the large intestine could be excluded, and a laparotomy was unnecessary. In 18% another severe finding of the large intestine was established. In haemorrhage of the large intestine of unclear genesis the coloscopy made possible the final recognition of the source of haemorrhage in 92% of the cases. In patients with colitis we established coloscopically larger changes than could be assumed on the basis of the barium enema. The total coloscopy given a highest possible certainty in the diagnostics of the large intestine.", "contents": "[Serology of toxoplasmosis in patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. The technical progress in the development of the fiber coloscopy gives the possibility to inspect the whole large intestine including the terminal ileum. The essential contribution of the coloscopy consists in the early diagnosis of the carcinoma of the large intestine. The malignant change of the polyp may be proved or excluded only after total polypectomy. In our clinical material consisting of 250 patients in 44% of the cases the total coloscopy confirmed the radiological suspicion. In 38% of the cases the pathological changes of the large intestine could be excluded, and a laparotomy was unnecessary. In 18% another severe finding of the large intestine was established. In haemorrhage of the large intestine of unclear genesis the coloscopy made possible the final recognition of the source of haemorrhage in 92% of the cases. In patients with colitis we established coloscopically larger changes than could be assumed on the basis of the barium enema. The total coloscopy given a highest possible certainty in the diagnostics of the large intestine.", "PMID": 539006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7682", "title": "[Outpatient care in uric acid disorders].", "content": "In 35 patients with uricopathy (arthritis urica, essential hyperuricaemia) the serum uric acid values, consumption of alcohol, overweight, hypertension and liver enzyma under dietary and medicamentous therapy (allopurinol) were investigated. Here during an observation lasting 12--48 months allopurinol proved as a well tolerable uricostatic drug which was sufficiently effective also with a considerable exogenic purine application. We only insufficiently succeeded in influencing overweight and alcohol consumption as well as hypertension by rheumatic dispensary care and family doctor.", "contents": "[Outpatient care in uric acid disorders]. In 35 patients with uricopathy (arthritis urica, essential hyperuricaemia) the serum uric acid values, consumption of alcohol, overweight, hypertension and liver enzyma under dietary and medicamentous therapy (allopurinol) were investigated. Here during an observation lasting 12--48 months allopurinol proved as a well tolerable uricostatic drug which was sufficiently effective also with a considerable exogenic purine application. We only insufficiently succeeded in influencing overweight and alcohol consumption as well as hypertension by rheumatic dispensary care and family doctor.", "PMID": 539007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7683", "title": "[Inability to work in gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "11.7% of all cases with inability to work, 11.3% of all days with inability to work, and 13.6% of all dismissals from hospital of working people concern diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterological diseases occupy an anterior place in inability to work. The inability to work is essentially determined by 7 diagnoses--gastritis and duodenitis, cholelithiasis, gastroenteritis and colitis, cholecystitis and cholangitis, ulcus ventriculi and duodeni, acute appendicitis. They comprise 78% of the days of inability to work. The endoscopic diagnostics is further to be developed with the further improvement of the organisation of treatment, particularly the cooperation between outpatient department and hospital and the interdisciplinary work.", "contents": "[Inability to work in gastrointestinal diseases]. 11.7% of all cases with inability to work, 11.3% of all days with inability to work, and 13.6% of all dismissals from hospital of working people concern diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterological diseases occupy an anterior place in inability to work. The inability to work is essentially determined by 7 diagnoses--gastritis and duodenitis, cholelithiasis, gastroenteritis and colitis, cholecystitis and cholangitis, ulcus ventriculi and duodeni, acute appendicitis. They comprise 78% of the days of inability to work. The endoscopic diagnostics is further to be developed with the further improvement of the organisation of treatment, particularly the cooperation between outpatient department and hospital and the interdisciplinary work.", "PMID": 539009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7684", "title": "[Classification of stomach and duodenal ulcers].", "content": "The working classification of the ulcerous disease after Melikova is suitable for the differentiated demonstration of the gastric and duodenal ulcers. In connection with this principle of subdivision essential features of the disease, such as localisation of the ulcer, clinical course, morphological characteristics of the ulcer and the ulcer-carrying organ, gastro-intestinal functional parameters and complications of the ulcer are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Classification of stomach and duodenal ulcers]. The working classification of the ulcerous disease after Melikova is suitable for the differentiated demonstration of the gastric and duodenal ulcers. In connection with this principle of subdivision essential features of the disease, such as localisation of the ulcer, clinical course, morphological characteristics of the ulcer and the ulcer-carrying organ, gastro-intestinal functional parameters and complications of the ulcer are demonstrated.", "PMID": 539010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7685", "title": "[Functional behavior patterns of the pylorus in duodeno-gastric reflux].", "content": "There are relations between function of the pylorus and the appearance of duodeno-gastric reflux. However, much speaks for the fact that the pylorus alone is not able to prevent duodeno-gastric reflux. In the problem of the causes of reflux also the motoric behaviour of the upper duodenum must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Functional behavior patterns of the pylorus in duodeno-gastric reflux]. There are relations between function of the pylorus and the appearance of duodeno-gastric reflux. However, much speaks for the fact that the pylorus alone is not able to prevent duodeno-gastric reflux. In the problem of the causes of reflux also the motoric behaviour of the upper duodenum must be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 539011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7686", "title": "[Comparison of the value of ERCP, angiography and scintigraphy in pancreatic diseases].", "content": "The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, angiography and scintigraphy have a different value in the diagnostics of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. The scintigraphy of pancreas has the lowest value. It should not alone be the basis for making the diagnosis or planning the treatment. In chronic pancreatitis the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography has precedence of angiography. The chronic pancreatitis may angiographically be recognised only in the late phase. However, the angiography can give valuable references to the planning of the operation. At a suspicion of the pancreas malignoma the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography and the angiography have nearly the same value in the plan of diagnostics and they both should be performed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the value of ERCP, angiography and scintigraphy in pancreatic diseases]. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, angiography and scintigraphy have a different value in the diagnostics of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. The scintigraphy of pancreas has the lowest value. It should not alone be the basis for making the diagnosis or planning the treatment. In chronic pancreatitis the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography has precedence of angiography. The chronic pancreatitis may angiographically be recognised only in the late phase. However, the angiography can give valuable references to the planning of the operation. At a suspicion of the pancreas malignoma the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography and the angiography have nearly the same value in the plan of diagnostics and they both should be performed.", "PMID": 539012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7687", "title": "[Comparative study on the diagnostic value of direct and indirect cholangiography].", "content": "The examinations contain the findings of the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography in 600 patients, the date of a controlled comparative study intravenous cholangiotomography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in 45 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography and the results of the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 54 patients. In anicteric patients and after subsidence of the clinical symptoms the optimum use of the intravenous cholegraphy with tomography is to be demanded. It is able multiply to clarify the diagnosis. The terminal part of the choledochus deserves particular consideration. In obstructive jaundice the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is essentially more successful and simpler than the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the diagnostic value of direct and indirect cholangiography]. The examinations contain the findings of the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography in 600 patients, the date of a controlled comparative study intravenous cholangiotomography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in 45 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography and the results of the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 54 patients. In anicteric patients and after subsidence of the clinical symptoms the optimum use of the intravenous cholegraphy with tomography is to be demanded. It is able multiply to clarify the diagnosis. The terminal part of the choledochus deserves particular consideration. In obstructive jaundice the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is essentially more successful and simpler than the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "PMID": 539013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7688", "title": "[Therapy of primary glomerulonephritis. Comparative study on the effect of cytostatics-prednisone and cytostatics-anticoagulant-aggregation inhibitor combination].", "content": "The result of the treatment with chlorambucil, dipyridamol, heparin/warfarin and prednisone on 50 patients as well as with imuran and prednisone on 32 patients is compared. Basis for this is a detailed morphological and clinical subdivision. With the help of therapy results is tried to derive regions of indication: the therapy with cytostatics, anticoagulants and aggregation inhibitors is above all suitable for patients with a short duration of the disease and with sign of activity, also in renal insufficiency. On the other hand the therapy with cytostatics and prednisone is also successful in patients with longer duration of the disease and missing signs of activity.", "contents": "[Therapy of primary glomerulonephritis. Comparative study on the effect of cytostatics-prednisone and cytostatics-anticoagulant-aggregation inhibitor combination]. The result of the treatment with chlorambucil, dipyridamol, heparin/warfarin and prednisone on 50 patients as well as with imuran and prednisone on 32 patients is compared. Basis for this is a detailed morphological and clinical subdivision. With the help of therapy results is tried to derive regions of indication: the therapy with cytostatics, anticoagulants and aggregation inhibitors is above all suitable for patients with a short duration of the disease and with sign of activity, also in renal insufficiency. On the other hand the therapy with cytostatics and prednisone is also successful in patients with longer duration of the disease and missing signs of activity.", "PMID": 539014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7689", "title": "[Incidence and mortality of malignant lymphomas in the GDR].", "content": "Based on data from the cancer register of the German Democratic Republic established in 1952 and on the official mortality statistics, incidence of and mortality from malignant lymphomas (ICD 200-203) in the GDR are analysed. Age-specific incidence and mortality of Hodgkin's disease show a peak in the age group of 25-30 years and rise steadily from 45 years on up to the highest age. Lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma increase slowly from infancy to old age, whereas multiple myeloma is a disease of the elderly and extremely rare before the age of 40. The apparent increase of malignant lymphoma may be due to underregistration at the beginning of the cancer register. In the past years mortality from Hodgkin's disease is slowly decreasing, thus reflecting progress in methods of treatment and results.", "contents": "[Incidence and mortality of malignant lymphomas in the GDR]. Based on data from the cancer register of the German Democratic Republic established in 1952 and on the official mortality statistics, incidence of and mortality from malignant lymphomas (ICD 200-203) in the GDR are analysed. Age-specific incidence and mortality of Hodgkin's disease show a peak in the age group of 25-30 years and rise steadily from 45 years on up to the highest age. Lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma increase slowly from infancy to old age, whereas multiple myeloma is a disease of the elderly and extremely rare before the age of 40. The apparent increase of malignant lymphoma may be due to underregistration at the beginning of the cancer register. In the past years mortality from Hodgkin's disease is slowly decreasing, thus reflecting progress in methods of treatment and results.", "PMID": 539015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7690", "title": "[Paracardial round foci, case contribution to the radiologic differential diagnosis of mediastinal and pulmonary tumors].", "content": "The paper deals with the differential diagnosis of coin lesions lying in close contact to the heart. Six own cases of different origin are described. The radiographic difficulties with regard to localisation and separation from adjacent tissues are discussed. The radiodiagnostic possibilities are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Paracardial round foci, case contribution to the radiologic differential diagnosis of mediastinal and pulmonary tumors]. The paper deals with the differential diagnosis of coin lesions lying in close contact to the heart. Six own cases of different origin are described. The radiographic difficulties with regard to localisation and separation from adjacent tissues are discussed. The radiodiagnostic possibilities are demonstrated.", "PMID": 539016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7691", "title": "[Hyperuricaemia--a parameter in the prognosis of gestosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The level of uric acid is considered to be of prognostic value regarding gestosis and condition of the fetus. Serum concentration of uric acid is influenced by sex, age and, during pregnancy, by gestational age. In order to get a sound basis for correlations in gestosis we collected data of normal gravidae in different weeks of gestation: in the mean values there was an increase of uric acid concentration from 2,03 mg/100 ml up to 3,54 mg/100 ml (from the first week of gestation up to the end of gestation). In gravidae with gestosis (according to Gestosis Index recommended by Geocke) the mean values were found to be between 2,71 mg/100 ml and 7,54 mg/100 ml. In gravidae with gestosis and intrauterine fetal death during II. and III. trimenon the mean values of uric acid were found between 5,05 mg/100 ml and 9,91 mg/100 ml. In clinical routine we proofed the estimation of uric acid concentration as a prognostic aspect in gestosis and especially by serial estimations and furthermore there is a possibility to study therapeutical effects. In a pilot study we try to use the estimation of uric acid concentration as an early symptom of gestosis.", "contents": "[Hyperuricaemia--a parameter in the prognosis of gestosis (author's transl)]. The level of uric acid is considered to be of prognostic value regarding gestosis and condition of the fetus. Serum concentration of uric acid is influenced by sex, age and, during pregnancy, by gestational age. In order to get a sound basis for correlations in gestosis we collected data of normal gravidae in different weeks of gestation: in the mean values there was an increase of uric acid concentration from 2,03 mg/100 ml up to 3,54 mg/100 ml (from the first week of gestation up to the end of gestation). In gravidae with gestosis (according to Gestosis Index recommended by Geocke) the mean values were found to be between 2,71 mg/100 ml and 7,54 mg/100 ml. In gravidae with gestosis and intrauterine fetal death during II. and III. trimenon the mean values of uric acid were found between 5,05 mg/100 ml and 9,91 mg/100 ml. In clinical routine we proofed the estimation of uric acid concentration as a prognostic aspect in gestosis and especially by serial estimations and furthermore there is a possibility to study therapeutical effects. In a pilot study we try to use the estimation of uric acid concentration as an early symptom of gestosis.", "PMID": 539017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7692", "title": "[Studies on renal function in H-gestosis using renal sequence scintigraphy and 131-J-hippurate clearance (author's transl)].", "content": "The article comments on the results of a study conducted in 23 women with H-gestosis, in 43 gravidae of the corresponding period of gestation with healthy kidneys, as well as in a control group of 13 women with healthy kidneys, in order to determine, by means of renal sequence scintigraphy and 131-J-hippurate clearance, the change in renal function caused by H-gestosis. The clearance data are shown both globally and broken down according to the individual kidneys. Typical activity-time curves of the relevant groups under examination are also demonstrated. The results show that with mild to moderate H-gestosis, the clearance equivalents are just below the values found in pregnancy without complications, the difference not being statistically significant. In the 28th-34th week of pregnancy, the elimination phase above the right renal parenchyma \"regions of interest\" is enhanced in a partly statistically significant manner, compared with the corresponding control group.", "contents": "[Studies on renal function in H-gestosis using renal sequence scintigraphy and 131-J-hippurate clearance (author's transl)]. The article comments on the results of a study conducted in 23 women with H-gestosis, in 43 gravidae of the corresponding period of gestation with healthy kidneys, as well as in a control group of 13 women with healthy kidneys, in order to determine, by means of renal sequence scintigraphy and 131-J-hippurate clearance, the change in renal function caused by H-gestosis. The clearance data are shown both globally and broken down according to the individual kidneys. Typical activity-time curves of the relevant groups under examination are also demonstrated. The results show that with mild to moderate H-gestosis, the clearance equivalents are just below the values found in pregnancy without complications, the difference not being statistically significant. In the 28th-34th week of pregnancy, the elimination phase above the right renal parenchyma \"regions of interest\" is enhanced in a partly statistically significant manner, compared with the corresponding control group.", "PMID": 539018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7693", "title": "[Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns and fetal outcome: prediction of newborn depression (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistically significant correlation exists between patterns of fetal heart rate (FHR) and neonatal state. However, the prognostic value of alterations of FHR for the individual has not been established. In 812 deliveries, we analyzed FHR tracings of the 30 minutes preceding delivery and correlated 6 characteristics of baseline, 10 of floating line and 6 of oscillation type with the incidence of severe acidosis (pH of umbilical cord artery less than or equal to 7.10) and low Apgar scores (one minute Apgar score less than or equal to 6). The exact risk for neonatal depression was calculated for each pattern of FHR. A high rate of depressed infants could be expected when the following alterations of FHR were seen during the last 30 minutes before delivery:--mild tachycardia, severe bradycardia,--severe variable decelerations, uniform late decelerations,--oscillation frequency less than 2 per minute independent of oscillation amplitude.", "contents": "[Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns and fetal outcome: prediction of newborn depression (author's transl)]. A statistically significant correlation exists between patterns of fetal heart rate (FHR) and neonatal state. However, the prognostic value of alterations of FHR for the individual has not been established. In 812 deliveries, we analyzed FHR tracings of the 30 minutes preceding delivery and correlated 6 characteristics of baseline, 10 of floating line and 6 of oscillation type with the incidence of severe acidosis (pH of umbilical cord artery less than or equal to 7.10) and low Apgar scores (one minute Apgar score less than or equal to 6). The exact risk for neonatal depression was calculated for each pattern of FHR. A high rate of depressed infants could be expected when the following alterations of FHR were seen during the last 30 minutes before delivery:--mild tachycardia, severe bradycardia,--severe variable decelerations, uniform late decelerations,--oscillation frequency less than 2 per minute independent of oscillation amplitude.", "PMID": 539019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7694", "title": "[Studies on placental transfer of 16-methylene prednisolone (decortilen) (author's transl)].", "content": "The placental transfer of 16-methylene prednisolone is demonstrated via thin layer chromatography. Concentrations of 100-500 ng/ml plasma result in the umbilical cord blood on intravenous application of 60 mg methylene prednisolone administered to the mother 5-30 minutes ante partum.", "contents": "[Studies on placental transfer of 16-methylene prednisolone (decortilen) (author's transl)]. The placental transfer of 16-methylene prednisolone is demonstrated via thin layer chromatography. Concentrations of 100-500 ng/ml plasma result in the umbilical cord blood on intravenous application of 60 mg methylene prednisolone administered to the mother 5-30 minutes ante partum.", "PMID": 539020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7695", "title": "[Influencing the maternal energy metabolism via infusion of xylite during childbirth (author's transl)].", "content": "During parturition, there is an increase in the glucose, pyruvate and lactate levels in the maternal venous blood, as well as an increase in the concentrations of free fatty acids, d-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Peripartal acetonaemia in the mother can be reduced by infusing solutions which contain xylite. No essential increase in blood lactate levels was seen following in fusion of 0.4 g xylite/kg body weight. The acetone bodies reach the foetal blood via the placenta. It remains to be clarified as to how far they are an important source of energy during the newborn period.", "contents": "[Influencing the maternal energy metabolism via infusion of xylite during childbirth (author's transl)]. During parturition, there is an increase in the glucose, pyruvate and lactate levels in the maternal venous blood, as well as an increase in the concentrations of free fatty acids, d-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Peripartal acetonaemia in the mother can be reduced by infusing solutions which contain xylite. No essential increase in blood lactate levels was seen following in fusion of 0.4 g xylite/kg body weight. The acetone bodies reach the foetal blood via the placenta. It remains to be clarified as to how far they are an important source of energy during the newborn period.", "PMID": 539021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7696", "title": "[The uptake of tritiated thymidine in human fetal membranes during the last third of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty-four fetal membranes--amnion, chorion and adhaerent decidua--were investigated with the in vitro uptake of tritiated thymidine in the last trimester of pregnancy. Labelling patterns were observed in each component of fetal membranes and decidua. The proliferation activity of the cells was determined by the 3H-thymidine labelling index. Significant correlation was found between labelling activity of chorion and decidua. The cells of the chorion layer and decidua showed linear decreasing uptake of tritiated thymidine from 200th to 300th day of pregnancy. The cellular growth of the chorion epithelium seems to be directed from the pseudobasement membrane to the decidua layer. There was also a significantly increased DNA-synthesis in decidua cells when labelled endothelium-cells of decidua vessels were observed. In the same cases we found significant correlation to mean placental weight. When fibrinoid deposits between the chorion and decidua layer were found the mean tritium index of the chorion layer was significantly lower than when fibrinoid material was missing.", "contents": "[The uptake of tritiated thymidine in human fetal membranes during the last third of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Eighty-four fetal membranes--amnion, chorion and adhaerent decidua--were investigated with the in vitro uptake of tritiated thymidine in the last trimester of pregnancy. Labelling patterns were observed in each component of fetal membranes and decidua. The proliferation activity of the cells was determined by the 3H-thymidine labelling index. Significant correlation was found between labelling activity of chorion and decidua. The cells of the chorion layer and decidua showed linear decreasing uptake of tritiated thymidine from 200th to 300th day of pregnancy. The cellular growth of the chorion epithelium seems to be directed from the pseudobasement membrane to the decidua layer. There was also a significantly increased DNA-synthesis in decidua cells when labelled endothelium-cells of decidua vessels were observed. In the same cases we found significant correlation to mean placental weight. When fibrinoid deposits between the chorion and decidua layer were found the mean tritium index of the chorion layer was significantly lower than when fibrinoid material was missing.", "PMID": 539022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7697", "title": "[Daytime rooming-in--a contribution to family-oriented obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Rooming-in of mother and child during the puerperium is an essential step towards family-oriented obstetrics. However, the setting-up of full rooming-in wards is often prevented by problems of organisation, personnel, cost and space. It is here where the reorganisation of conventional maternity wards to daytime rooming-in wards can be regarded as a feasible alternative, since it requires low investment cost and moderate expenditure of effort required for satisfactory working. At the Freiburg University Gynaecological Hospital, 1028 women were asked to choose between a conventional ward and a daytime rooming-in ward. The article reports on experience collected during the reorganisation of this ward as well as on the behaviour, reactions and requests on the part of the mothers. The high degree of positive acceptance as well as the easy adaptability of this maternity ward system to existing conditions, favour widespread introduction of the daytime rooming-in system.", "contents": "[Daytime rooming-in--a contribution to family-oriented obstetrics (author's transl)]. Rooming-in of mother and child during the puerperium is an essential step towards family-oriented obstetrics. However, the setting-up of full rooming-in wards is often prevented by problems of organisation, personnel, cost and space. It is here where the reorganisation of conventional maternity wards to daytime rooming-in wards can be regarded as a feasible alternative, since it requires low investment cost and moderate expenditure of effort required for satisfactory working. At the Freiburg University Gynaecological Hospital, 1028 women were asked to choose between a conventional ward and a daytime rooming-in ward. The article reports on experience collected during the reorganisation of this ward as well as on the behaviour, reactions and requests on the part of the mothers. The high degree of positive acceptance as well as the easy adaptability of this maternity ward system to existing conditions, favour widespread introduction of the daytime rooming-in system.", "PMID": 539023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7698", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in skin tumors].", "content": "Several starting-points for improvement of diagnostic accuracy in skin tumors are illustrated by examples: Frequencies and direction of diagnostic errors, as well as the value of diagnostic criteria need further investigations. Frequent \"customary\" diseases need more attention in medical textbooks, compared with less frequent \"interesting\" syndromes. Erroneous denominations and historical false classifications which are handed down in the literature demand correction. The possibility continues, that apparently clearly defined entities may decay; they may be replaced by new entities in consequence of new perceptions.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in skin tumors]. Several starting-points for improvement of diagnostic accuracy in skin tumors are illustrated by examples: Frequencies and direction of diagnostic errors, as well as the value of diagnostic criteria need further investigations. Frequent \"customary\" diseases need more attention in medical textbooks, compared with less frequent \"interesting\" syndromes. Erroneous denominations and historical false classifications which are handed down in the literature demand correction. The possibility continues, that apparently clearly defined entities may decay; they may be replaced by new entities in consequence of new perceptions.", "PMID": 539026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7699", "title": "[The purine salvage pathway in erythrocytes of psoriatic patients].", "content": "Investigations on the purine-salvage-pathway in erythrocytes of 3 patients with psoriasis and of 3 healthy control persons revealed equivocal differences. The transfer of 14C-adenine to adenosine-monophosphat as well as the uptake of 14C-guanine is markedly increased and the incorporation of 14C-hypoxanthine deviates in psoriatics from the controls. A correlation between these findings and the clinical course could not be observed. The paper presents first results of a study concerning the synthesis of nucleotides in the course of the reutilisation of purines within erythrocytes of psoriatic patients.", "contents": "[The purine salvage pathway in erythrocytes of psoriatic patients]. Investigations on the purine-salvage-pathway in erythrocytes of 3 patients with psoriasis and of 3 healthy control persons revealed equivocal differences. The transfer of 14C-adenine to adenosine-monophosphat as well as the uptake of 14C-guanine is markedly increased and the incorporation of 14C-hypoxanthine deviates in psoriatics from the controls. A correlation between these findings and the clinical course could not be observed. The paper presents first results of a study concerning the synthesis of nucleotides in the course of the reutilisation of purines within erythrocytes of psoriatic patients.", "PMID": 539027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7700", "title": "[Seasonal burning palate in allergy against grass pollen].", "content": "An immediate type I allergy elicited by IgE antibodies against pollen of grasses and cereals was demonstrated as the rare cause of palatinal stomatopyrosis (burning palate). The casual relationship was suggested through history and proven by skin, radioallergosorbent and exposition tests.", "contents": "[Seasonal burning palate in allergy against grass pollen]. An immediate type I allergy elicited by IgE antibodies against pollen of grasses and cereals was demonstrated as the rare cause of palatinal stomatopyrosis (burning palate). The casual relationship was suggested through history and proven by skin, radioallergosorbent and exposition tests.", "PMID": 539029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7701", "title": "[Voice - speech - life satisfaction. Existential analysis in view of a medical discipline].", "content": "The author begins with a characterization of one of the fundamental problems of phenomenological existential analysis: how can results which have been arrived at by means of special scientific methods be applied to an understanding of the world we live in? Referring to the work of L. Binswanger, M. Boss, A. Jores and others, he demonstrates the possibility of a new understanding of the meaning of some voice and speech disorders, particularly hysterical aphonia, spastic dysphonia, stuttering and so-called functional development symptoms (which are found in the results of organic examinations in connection with speech disorders). He bases an adequate psychotherapy mainly on the interpretation of dreaming, of resistance and of the meaning of pathological symptoms in general.", "contents": "[Voice - speech - life satisfaction. Existential analysis in view of a medical discipline]. The author begins with a characterization of one of the fundamental problems of phenomenological existential analysis: how can results which have been arrived at by means of special scientific methods be applied to an understanding of the world we live in? Referring to the work of L. Binswanger, M. Boss, A. Jores and others, he demonstrates the possibility of a new understanding of the meaning of some voice and speech disorders, particularly hysterical aphonia, spastic dysphonia, stuttering and so-called functional development symptoms (which are found in the results of organic examinations in connection with speech disorders). He bases an adequate psychotherapy mainly on the interpretation of dreaming, of resistance and of the meaning of pathological symptoms in general.", "PMID": 539039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7702", "title": "[Speaking - understanding - interpreting - remembering. The hermeneutic discussion of psychoanalysis].", "content": "The situation of the therapeut-patient interview is taken as unifying point of reference for a discussion of the relation between psychoanalysis and hermeneutics. \"\"Speaking,'' \"\"Understanding'', \"\"Interpreting'', \"\"Remembering'' - these constituents are of central importance in psychoanalysis as well as in hermeneutics. The situation of the therapeut-patient interview permits of developing the respective ways of thinking in different schools of hermeneutics, in a relatively consistent field that is determined by the situation of the interview. Thus the possibilities and limits of a hermeneutical reception of psychoanalysis become apparent.", "contents": "[Speaking - understanding - interpreting - remembering. The hermeneutic discussion of psychoanalysis]. The situation of the therapeut-patient interview is taken as unifying point of reference for a discussion of the relation between psychoanalysis and hermeneutics. \"\"Speaking,'' \"\"Understanding'', \"\"Interpreting'', \"\"Remembering'' - these constituents are of central importance in psychoanalysis as well as in hermeneutics. The situation of the therapeut-patient interview permits of developing the respective ways of thinking in different schools of hermeneutics, in a relatively consistent field that is determined by the situation of the interview. Thus the possibilities and limits of a hermeneutical reception of psychoanalysis become apparent.", "PMID": 539040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7703", "title": "[Self control developing function of self verbalization in children in experimental situations].", "content": "80 children received 5 different instructions which the children were supposed to repeat when exposed to classical tempting situations. As one result it could be shown that children of the middle class under the treatment conditions of verbalizing positive consequences were significantly better concerning the time of latency than those of other groups. In contrast to the expectations there were no differences according to factors like class, intelligence and latency. Results are discussed in terms of the development of self-control, relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior, cognitive behavior modification, and in the relation to a similar experiment by Hartig and Kanfer (1973).", "contents": "[Self control developing function of self verbalization in children in experimental situations]. 80 children received 5 different instructions which the children were supposed to repeat when exposed to classical tempting situations. As one result it could be shown that children of the middle class under the treatment conditions of verbalizing positive consequences were significantly better concerning the time of latency than those of other groups. In contrast to the expectations there were no differences according to factors like class, intelligence and latency. Results are discussed in terms of the development of self-control, relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior, cognitive behavior modification, and in the relation to a similar experiment by Hartig and Kanfer (1973).", "PMID": 539042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7704", "title": "[Development of the autonomy concept in psychoanalytic literature].", "content": "The development of an implicit concept of autonomy in Freud's work and the different explicit concepts of autonomy in neo-analysis and ego-psychology is delineated. The contradictory views of a strict psychic determinism and the utopia of freedom stand side by side in early psychoanalysis. They represent its scientific and romantic root. Neo-analysis puts a stress on the romantic tradition and elaborates a philosophical concept of autonomy, while modern ego-psychology follows rather the scientific tradition. All concepts of autonomy are based on a model of psychic health that is related to the idea of a harmonious personality, an ideal which has precursors in German classicism, the renaissance, and the antique.", "contents": "[Development of the autonomy concept in psychoanalytic literature]. The development of an implicit concept of autonomy in Freud's work and the different explicit concepts of autonomy in neo-analysis and ego-psychology is delineated. The contradictory views of a strict psychic determinism and the utopia of freedom stand side by side in early psychoanalysis. They represent its scientific and romantic root. Neo-analysis puts a stress on the romantic tradition and elaborates a philosophical concept of autonomy, while modern ego-psychology follows rather the scientific tradition. All concepts of autonomy are based on a model of psychic health that is related to the idea of a harmonious personality, an ideal which has precursors in German classicism, the renaissance, and the antique.", "PMID": 539043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7705", "title": "[The interaction TAT - an auxiliary method in the diagnosis of marital crises].", "content": "Out of the need for an auxiliary method, that provides a comprehension representation of matrimonial relationships, the classical TAT procedure was modified to an interactional TAT. The question, whether this modified procedure is suitable as a diagnostic tool, was cause to analyse an extremely selected group of persons. The confirmation of hypotheses deducted from theoretical considerations, permits the statement, that the modified TAT procedure (Interactional-TAT) represents a superior instrument in matrimonial therapy. Its particular merit consists in the variability of tables and the various possibilities of adjustment to the special problem, the therapist is faced with.", "contents": "[The interaction TAT - an auxiliary method in the diagnosis of marital crises]. Out of the need for an auxiliary method, that provides a comprehension representation of matrimonial relationships, the classical TAT procedure was modified to an interactional TAT. The question, whether this modified procedure is suitable as a diagnostic tool, was cause to analyse an extremely selected group of persons. The confirmation of hypotheses deducted from theoretical considerations, permits the statement, that the modified TAT procedure (Interactional-TAT) represents a superior instrument in matrimonial therapy. Its particular merit consists in the variability of tables and the various possibilities of adjustment to the special problem, the therapist is faced with.", "PMID": 539044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7706", "title": "[What is the meaning of \"\"general psychopathology''?].", "content": "There is no general consensus referring to this what \"\"Allgemeine Psychopathologie'' is - neither between psychiatrists nor psychologists. The following projects, which are shortly marked implicate indeed mostly the same notions, but make use of formal different definitions in the determination. The present article shows, how in the now discussed conceptions not different declarations about psychopathological facts are opposed, but controversial psychological and anthropological fundamental conceptions dispute together.", "contents": "[What is the meaning of \"\"general psychopathology''?]. There is no general consensus referring to this what \"\"Allgemeine Psychopathologie'' is - neither between psychiatrists nor psychologists. The following projects, which are shortly marked implicate indeed mostly the same notions, but make use of formal different definitions in the determination. The present article shows, how in the now discussed conceptions not different declarations about psychopathological facts are opposed, but controversial psychological and anthropological fundamental conceptions dispute together.", "PMID": 539045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7707", "title": "[Ultraviolet sensitivity in skin of the aged].", "content": "The sensitivity for ultraviolet rays of the skin on the back was determined in 340 men and women being more than 49 years of age. We used the \"light staircase\" applied by Wucherpfennig and Mathiesen. We found a great variation in the results. Neither age nor season showed a significant influence on the ultraviolet erythema threshold in older persons. Only sex seemed to have an influence.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet sensitivity in skin of the aged]. The sensitivity for ultraviolet rays of the skin on the back was determined in 340 men and women being more than 49 years of age. We used the \"light staircase\" applied by Wucherpfennig and Mathiesen. We found a great variation in the results. Neither age nor season showed a significant influence on the ultraviolet erythema threshold in older persons. Only sex seemed to have an influence.", "PMID": 539048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7708", "title": "[Cossio syndrome: above average life expectancy of a patient with congenital large atrial septal defect].", "content": "Cossio's syndrome is demonstrated in a patient with a congenital large atrial septal defect who died at the age of 72. The clinical and pathomorphological findings as well as the pathophysiological implications on pulmonary circulation are described. The probable genesis of this interauricular defect is discussed.", "contents": "[Cossio syndrome: above average life expectancy of a patient with congenital large atrial septal defect]. Cossio's syndrome is demonstrated in a patient with a congenital large atrial septal defect who died at the age of 72. The clinical and pathomorphological findings as well as the pathophysiological implications on pulmonary circulation are described. The probable genesis of this interauricular defect is discussed.", "PMID": 539049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7709", "title": "[EEG findings in 40-60 year old subjects].", "content": "Electroencephalographic standard examinations were performed in 170 selected healthy persons aged between 40 and 60 years (average age 49 years). \"Ideal Normal Traces\" with a regular background Alpha-Activity were registered with only 39 test persons (22.9%). They showed an average frequency of 9.9 c/s and extreme values of 8.6--11.2 c/s. In 35 persons (20.5%) the only outstanding feature was merely a marked discontinuity and a considerable frequency lability of background activity, mostly combined with low voltage and a noticeable beta-waves component. In 17 persons (10%) a diffused increase of the Theta activity was found; the average age of this group was slightly higher (52.9 years) than in the remaining groups. Strongly marked paroxysmal-dysrythmic sequences were noted in 21 Test Persons (12.4%); these were in none of the cases clear sharp waves. In 58 Persons (34.2%) the essentiel changes were observed in the temporal regions being of a slighter nature in 46 persons (27.1%), and in 12 persons (7.1%) of a stronger character, lefthand significantly more frequent than righthand.", "contents": "[EEG findings in 40-60 year old subjects]. Electroencephalographic standard examinations were performed in 170 selected healthy persons aged between 40 and 60 years (average age 49 years). \"Ideal Normal Traces\" with a regular background Alpha-Activity were registered with only 39 test persons (22.9%). They showed an average frequency of 9.9 c/s and extreme values of 8.6--11.2 c/s. In 35 persons (20.5%) the only outstanding feature was merely a marked discontinuity and a considerable frequency lability of background activity, mostly combined with low voltage and a noticeable beta-waves component. In 17 persons (10%) a diffused increase of the Theta activity was found; the average age of this group was slightly higher (52.9 years) than in the remaining groups. Strongly marked paroxysmal-dysrythmic sequences were noted in 21 Test Persons (12.4%); these were in none of the cases clear sharp waves. In 58 Persons (34.2%) the essentiel changes were observed in the temporal regions being of a slighter nature in 46 persons (27.1%), and in 12 persons (7.1%) of a stronger character, lefthand significantly more frequent than righthand.", "PMID": 539047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7710", "title": "Age and diseases: the hypothesis about two constitutional types of human aging.", "content": "The paper is concerned with some evolutionary aspects of aging. Old age diseases are considered as a concrete mechanism of maintenance of the species' lifespan within limits intended by evolution. The relationship between reproduction, aging, and diseases based on the evolutionary conception proposed by Williams is discussed. According to the author's hypothesis, the human population consists of the two subpopulations which differ by the constitutional type of hormonal regulation and reproduction potential; the constitutional type of hormonal regulation exerts a considerable effect of the aging rate, morbidity, and longevity.", "contents": "Age and diseases: the hypothesis about two constitutional types of human aging. The paper is concerned with some evolutionary aspects of aging. Old age diseases are considered as a concrete mechanism of maintenance of the species' lifespan within limits intended by evolution. The relationship between reproduction, aging, and diseases based on the evolutionary conception proposed by Williams is discussed. According to the author's hypothesis, the human population consists of the two subpopulations which differ by the constitutional type of hormonal regulation and reproduction potential; the constitutional type of hormonal regulation exerts a considerable effect of the aging rate, morbidity, and longevity.", "PMID": 539050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7711", "title": "[Geriatric and gerontopsychiatric clinical institutions: results of an empirical study].", "content": "A research project was carried out to investigate 138 geriatric and geropsychiatric institutions. In the first instance the object of the study was a comprehensive survey of all clinical institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany specializing in the treatment of geriatric and geropsychiatric patients. The study was carried out since no comparable survey was available. A further aim was the analysis of the data obtained by questionnaire concerning different characteristic of the clinical institutions specializing in the care of the aged. This article presents a summary of the research methods and the most important results of the characteristics surveyed. The results presented inable us to make statements about the buildings and equipment of the institutions surveyed, about those groups of patients treated, the number and qualifications of staff, methods of treatment and about costs. Further information is given about supporting institutions and about planned future alterations.", "contents": "[Geriatric and gerontopsychiatric clinical institutions: results of an empirical study]. A research project was carried out to investigate 138 geriatric and geropsychiatric institutions. In the first instance the object of the study was a comprehensive survey of all clinical institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany specializing in the treatment of geriatric and geropsychiatric patients. The study was carried out since no comparable survey was available. A further aim was the analysis of the data obtained by questionnaire concerning different characteristic of the clinical institutions specializing in the care of the aged. This article presents a summary of the research methods and the most important results of the characteristics surveyed. The results presented inable us to make statements about the buildings and equipment of the institutions surveyed, about those groups of patients treated, the number and qualifications of staff, methods of treatment and about costs. Further information is given about supporting institutions and about planned future alterations.", "PMID": 539051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7712", "title": "[The geriatric day clinic: report on a stay in Glasgow].", "content": "In the United Kingdom Geriatric day hospitals perform an increasing part of the medical care of the elderly since the early 1950 s. This report is based on a stay in 1978 to study the 8 geriatric day hospitals working in Glasgow. An account is given of equipment, staff, program, and function within the medical care system. The special possibilities of clinic-related therapeutic teams can be used, whereas unevitable side effects of common clinic care like immobilisation, institutionalisation can be avoided. Day clinic care is in agreement with the main intention of modern geriatrics -- to maintain or recover the patient independent, its success reacts upon this intention in a confirming way. An international comparison in this respect is not complimentary for the situation in the GFR.", "contents": "[The geriatric day clinic: report on a stay in Glasgow]. In the United Kingdom Geriatric day hospitals perform an increasing part of the medical care of the elderly since the early 1950 s. This report is based on a stay in 1978 to study the 8 geriatric day hospitals working in Glasgow. An account is given of equipment, staff, program, and function within the medical care system. The special possibilities of clinic-related therapeutic teams can be used, whereas unevitable side effects of common clinic care like immobilisation, institutionalisation can be avoided. Day clinic care is in agreement with the main intention of modern geriatrics -- to maintain or recover the patient independent, its success reacts upon this intention in a confirming way. An international comparison in this respect is not complimentary for the situation in the GFR.", "PMID": 539052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7713", "title": "[Resources in old age].", "content": "General results of the psychological research on aging lead to the hypothesis that demands during the life cycle are accomplished the better, the more general and the more specific resources the individual disposes of. The analysis of four surveys on elder people shows that health, income, social integration, knowledge about aging, plans for retirement, good ecological conditions, life satisfaction, and a low age seem to be general resources. In addition there are some specific resources. The relevance and the necessary differentiation of the resource-perspective in gerontology are discussed.", "contents": "[Resources in old age]. General results of the psychological research on aging lead to the hypothesis that demands during the life cycle are accomplished the better, the more general and the more specific resources the individual disposes of. The analysis of four surveys on elder people shows that health, income, social integration, knowledge about aging, plans for retirement, good ecological conditions, life satisfaction, and a low age seem to be general resources. In addition there are some specific resources. The relevance and the necessary differentiation of the resource-perspective in gerontology are discussed.", "PMID": 539054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7714", "title": "[Perceived immutability of health and economic stress: cognitive theory of adjustment to aging].", "content": "94 women and 80 men with or without major economic and/or health problems (age 65--94 yrs.) were given a set of interviews and questionnaires, including a scale for measuring 'perceived definitiveness of the own negative situation' (PEDE). Persons socring high in this scale differed in a significant way regarding health, housing, family, and economic situation, intelligence, and life satisfaction. Major differences exist also regarding responses to economic and/or health problems. Hypotheses were derived from a cognitive theory of adjustment to aging emphasizing the impact of cognitive systems on the primary and secondly appriasal processes and the selection of response.", "contents": "[Perceived immutability of health and economic stress: cognitive theory of adjustment to aging]. 94 women and 80 men with or without major economic and/or health problems (age 65--94 yrs.) were given a set of interviews and questionnaires, including a scale for measuring 'perceived definitiveness of the own negative situation' (PEDE). Persons socring high in this scale differed in a significant way regarding health, housing, family, and economic situation, intelligence, and life satisfaction. Major differences exist also regarding responses to economic and/or health problems. Hypotheses were derived from a cognitive theory of adjustment to aging emphasizing the impact of cognitive systems on the primary and secondly appriasal processes and the selection of response.", "PMID": 539055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7715", "title": "[Attitude toward and experience of finiteness of human life].", "content": "Consciousness of the finitude of human life is found to occur in childhood as well as in age and adulthood, but is turning up more intensively in subjects being terminally ill, and is aroused -- as an irritation to be repressed -- in persons who regularly contact patients confronted by death. Thinking of the end is embedded in a complexity of psychosocial correlates: this is shown to be true for two subgroups of the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging, who are discriminated by their contrasting manner of facing finitude.", "contents": "[Attitude toward and experience of finiteness of human life]. Consciousness of the finitude of human life is found to occur in childhood as well as in age and adulthood, but is turning up more intensively in subjects being terminally ill, and is aroused -- as an irritation to be repressed -- in persons who regularly contact patients confronted by death. Thinking of the end is embedded in a complexity of psychosocial correlates: this is shown to be true for two subgroups of the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging, who are discriminated by their contrasting manner of facing finitude.", "PMID": 539056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7716", "title": "[Lymphographic visualization of the rectal lymphatic channels and nodes].", "content": "Injection of Lipiodol U.F. was effected in the submucosa of the rectum. Injection was done exactly 1,6 mm into the wall. This created a wheal from which reflux of the contrast medium occured. Up to 5 ml Lipiodol U.F. were injected in this manner. Roentgenograms were made in two planes after 2,4,8,24 and 48 hours; occasionally, oblique or spotfilm exposures were taken. Accumulation of the contrast medium began after only 2 to 4 hours, usually reaching its maximum after 12 hours. Thereafter, no further lymph nodes became apparent, so that radiographs taken at this time are representative of final stage. This procedure was carried out on 12 patients suffering from rectum carcinoma and on one patient with a villous adenoma. All tumors were located at a depth of 4 to 6 cm. The results are demonstrated by pictures. The lymph was found to flow longetudinally in the wall of the rectum. The order of appearence of the nodes was arbitrary. Due to the small size of the lymph nodes, no preoperative conclusion could be drawn as to wether or not they had become metastatically infested. The postoperative radiographs provided a check in the radicality of the operative procedure, especially in those cases in which lymph nodes had been clearly visible. Because of the viscosity of the contrast medium and because of the quantity that remained in the submucosa and was resorbed by the lymph channels, the method was self-limiting.", "contents": "[Lymphographic visualization of the rectal lymphatic channels and nodes]. Injection of Lipiodol U.F. was effected in the submucosa of the rectum. Injection was done exactly 1,6 mm into the wall. This created a wheal from which reflux of the contrast medium occured. Up to 5 ml Lipiodol U.F. were injected in this manner. Roentgenograms were made in two planes after 2,4,8,24 and 48 hours; occasionally, oblique or spotfilm exposures were taken. Accumulation of the contrast medium began after only 2 to 4 hours, usually reaching its maximum after 12 hours. Thereafter, no further lymph nodes became apparent, so that radiographs taken at this time are representative of final stage. This procedure was carried out on 12 patients suffering from rectum carcinoma and on one patient with a villous adenoma. All tumors were located at a depth of 4 to 6 cm. The results are demonstrated by pictures. The lymph was found to flow longetudinally in the wall of the rectum. The order of appearence of the nodes was arbitrary. Due to the small size of the lymph nodes, no preoperative conclusion could be drawn as to wether or not they had become metastatically infested. The postoperative radiographs provided a check in the radicality of the operative procedure, especially in those cases in which lymph nodes had been clearly visible. Because of the viscosity of the contrast medium and because of the quantity that remained in the submucosa and was resorbed by the lymph channels, the method was self-limiting.", "PMID": 539063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7717", "title": "A fine structural study of the tissue channels' numbers and dimensions in normal and lymphoedematous tissues.", "content": "The numbers and effective radii were estimated for the tissue channels in the intersitial tissue of rats in the cerebral cortex and the facial subcutaneous tissue. Normal animals and some with acute (3 days) abd chronic (12 months) lymphoedema were used. It was found that the numbers and sizes of the channels corresponded well to those obtained by other techniques, however it  was possible that in the oedematous animals the largest channels may have been artefactually counted as a number of smaller ones, thus reducing the hydraulic conductivity calculated. It is unlikely that this error was important for the normal tissue. In acute lymphoedema the numbers of both the small and the larger channels increased markedly, as did the radii of the largest channels. In chronic lymphoedema the numbers of the smaller channels fell to some extent. It was noted that, especially in lymphoedema and especially in the brain, there were many extra channels in the basement membrane regions of the capillaries. It is concluded that this new technique will be of considerable use in investigating the tissue channels in human patients since it can be applied to biopsy specimens.", "contents": "A fine structural study of the tissue channels' numbers and dimensions in normal and lymphoedematous tissues. The numbers and effective radii were estimated for the tissue channels in the intersitial tissue of rats in the cerebral cortex and the facial subcutaneous tissue. Normal animals and some with acute (3 days) abd chronic (12 months) lymphoedema were used. It was found that the numbers and sizes of the channels corresponded well to those obtained by other techniques, however it  was possible that in the oedematous animals the largest channels may have been artefactually counted as a number of smaller ones, thus reducing the hydraulic conductivity calculated. It is unlikely that this error was important for the normal tissue. In acute lymphoedema the numbers of both the small and the larger channels increased markedly, as did the radii of the largest channels. In chronic lymphoedema the numbers of the smaller channels fell to some extent. It was noted that, especially in lymphoedema and especially in the brain, there were many extra channels in the basement membrane regions of the capillaries. It is concluded that this new technique will be of considerable use in investigating the tissue channels in human patients since it can be applied to biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 539064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7718", "title": "Response of white mice to inoculation of irradiated organisms of the Toxoplasma strain RH.", "content": "Chemotherapeutic agents available for use against toxoplasmosis are usually not suitable for prophylactic purposes because of their toxicity. The observed increasing number of activated latent infections with Toxoplasma, especially in immune suppressed patients, requires that safe techniques are available for use during the patient's regression period. Pretreatment of mice with Toxoplasma killed by irradiation appeared to induce resistance to challenge with virulent organisms. Survival times of six months have been observed to date. Increasing effectiveness was seen after more than one administration. Further investigation into the duration of effective resistance is needed; the question of at which intervals subsequent inoculations should be performed in order to acquire a booster effect, if any, has still to be solved before application to man can be recommended.", "contents": "Response of white mice to inoculation of irradiated organisms of the Toxoplasma strain RH. Chemotherapeutic agents available for use against toxoplasmosis are usually not suitable for prophylactic purposes because of their toxicity. The observed increasing number of activated latent infections with Toxoplasma, especially in immune suppressed patients, requires that safe techniques are available for use during the patient's regression period. Pretreatment of mice with Toxoplasma killed by irradiation appeared to induce resistance to challenge with virulent organisms. Survival times of six months have been observed to date. Increasing effectiveness was seen after more than one administration. Further investigation into the duration of effective resistance is needed; the question of at which intervals subsequent inoculations should be performed in order to acquire a booster effect, if any, has still to be solved before application to man can be recommended.", "PMID": 539067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7719", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the oocyst wall of Isospora lacazei.", "content": "The oocyst wall of Isospora lacazei from sparrows was studied with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. In TEM, the oocyst wall consisted of four distinct layers (L1-4). The innermost layer, L1, was moderately electron-lucent and 240--285 nm thick; L2 was electron-dense and 210--240 nm thick; L3 was moderately electron-lucent and 15--150 nm thick; L4, the outer most layer, was discontinuous and consisted of electron-dense discoid bodies which measured 180--220 nm x 320--840 nm. The discoid bodies of L4 as seen by TEM appeared spheroid in shape when observed by SEM. One or two membranes were situated on or between various layers of the oocyst wall. One such membrane occurred on the inner margin of L1, two closely applied membranes were interposed between L1 and L2, one membrane occurred between L2 and L3, and one membrane on the outer margin of L3.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the oocyst wall of Isospora lacazei. The oocyst wall of Isospora lacazei from sparrows was studied with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. In TEM, the oocyst wall consisted of four distinct layers (L1-4). The innermost layer, L1, was moderately electron-lucent and 240--285 nm thick; L2 was electron-dense and 210--240 nm thick; L3 was moderately electron-lucent and 15--150 nm thick; L4, the outer most layer, was discontinuous and consisted of electron-dense discoid bodies which measured 180--220 nm x 320--840 nm. The discoid bodies of L4 as seen by TEM appeared spheroid in shape when observed by SEM. One or two membranes were situated on or between various layers of the oocyst wall. One such membrane occurred on the inner margin of L1, two closely applied membranes were interposed between L1 and L2, one membrane occurred between L2 and L3, and one membrane on the outer margin of L3.", "PMID": 539068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7720", "title": "Characterization of Eimeria species. I. Isolation and study of pathogenicity of a pure strain of Eimeria perforans (Leuckart, 1879; Sluiter and Swellengrebel, 1912).", "content": "Eimeria perforans was isolated in pure strain by utilizing specific biological characters and specific-pathogen free rabbits. The purity of this strain was demonstrated by measurements of oocysts, derived from a line, started by infection from a single oocyst. The parasite, when inoculated in large numbers, causes a mild disease response for only about two days.", "contents": "Characterization of Eimeria species. I. Isolation and study of pathogenicity of a pure strain of Eimeria perforans (Leuckart, 1879; Sluiter and Swellengrebel, 1912). Eimeria perforans was isolated in pure strain by utilizing specific biological characters and specific-pathogen free rabbits. The purity of this strain was demonstrated by measurements of oocysts, derived from a line, started by infection from a single oocyst. The parasite, when inoculated in large numbers, causes a mild disease response for only about two days.", "PMID": 539069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7721", "title": "The detection of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ovaries of female Ixodes ricinus ticks.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of tick-borne fever (TBF)-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks revealed the presence of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ooplasm and the mitochondria of developing oocytes. These microorganisms are similar in appearance to the TBF agent and it is possible that although transovarial transmission of the TBF agent apparently does not occur, the rickettsiae are at least able to establish themselves in the ovaries of infected ticks.", "contents": "The detection of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ovaries of female Ixodes ricinus ticks. An ultrastructural study of tick-borne fever (TBF)-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks revealed the presence of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ooplasm and the mitochondria of developing oocytes. These microorganisms are similar in appearance to the TBF agent and it is possible that although transovarial transmission of the TBF agent apparently does not occur, the rickettsiae are at least able to establish themselves in the ovaries of infected ticks.", "PMID": 539071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7722", "title": "Accidental poisoning in children in Lusaka.", "content": "An analysis of 378 cases of accidental poisoning by ingestion or inhalation in children admitted to the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, in 1978, is presented. The distribution was as follows: paraffin poisoning (57.1%), food poisoning (18.3%), other household poisons (11%) and \"medicines\" (10.8%). In 9 cases poison could not be identified. Two patients (0.5%) died.", "contents": "Accidental poisoning in children in Lusaka. An analysis of 378 cases of accidental poisoning by ingestion or inhalation in children admitted to the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, in 1978, is presented. The distribution was as follows: paraffin poisoning (57.1%), food poisoning (18.3%), other household poisons (11%) and \"medicines\" (10.8%). In 9 cases poison could not be identified. Two patients (0.5%) died.", "PMID": 539103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7723", "title": "The gall bladder in adult Zambians.", "content": "The morphology of the gall bladder, the length and mode of termination of the cystic duct, and the origin and distribution of the cystic artery were studied in 88 adult Zambians (61 men, 27 women). The origin of the cystic artery was the right hepatic artery (53%), and the common hepatic artery (41%). Hartmann's pouch was observed in 44% of gall bladders. The cystic duct usually opened into the common hepatic duct (91%); its average length was 2 cm.", "contents": "The gall bladder in adult Zambians. The morphology of the gall bladder, the length and mode of termination of the cystic duct, and the origin and distribution of the cystic artery were studied in 88 adult Zambians (61 men, 27 women). The origin of the cystic artery was the right hepatic artery (53%), and the common hepatic artery (41%). Hartmann's pouch was observed in 44% of gall bladders. The cystic duct usually opened into the common hepatic duct (91%); its average length was 2 cm.", "PMID": 539104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7724", "title": "The use of diflunisal in post-operative pain.", "content": "A single-blind trial of diflunisal (Dolobid) against osyphenbutazone (Tanderil) was performed in a randomised series of 50 patients undergoing various orthopaedic operations. The patients were screened for the known contra-indications to both drugs. All those admitted to the trial had considerable pain on the first post-operative morning. Diflunisal was found significantly more efficacious in the relief of orthopaedic post-operative pain. No significant side-effects were recorded for either drug.", "contents": "The use of diflunisal in post-operative pain. A single-blind trial of diflunisal (Dolobid) against osyphenbutazone (Tanderil) was performed in a randomised series of 50 patients undergoing various orthopaedic operations. The patients were screened for the known contra-indications to both drugs. All those admitted to the trial had considerable pain on the first post-operative morning. Diflunisal was found significantly more efficacious in the relief of orthopaedic post-operative pain. No significant side-effects were recorded for either drug.", "PMID": 539105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7725", "title": "[Determination of carbamate pesticides in fruits and vegetables by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "It is shown that carbamate pesticides can be determined at the ppm level in different kinds of fruits and vegetables using high pressure liquid chromatography. The lower detection limit corresponding to a signal to noise ratio of three is between 0,025 and 0,25 ppm depending on the type of carbamate and plant material. In all cases it is below the maximum permissible value for pesticide residues. Due to the high separating power of high pressure liquid chromatography a simple sample pretreatment procedure can be used. The carbamates are extracted from the biological sample by dichloromethane and injected directly into the liquid chromatograph after replacing the extraction solvent by the mobile phase. In many cases a definite identification and quantitation of the carbamate is possible with a single chromatographic column. Some plants with a more complex matrix require a two-column operation in which the effluent fraction of the first column containing the pesticide is transferred by column switching to a second column in order to achieve a complete separation. The improved resolution in the two-column operation is caused by the relative enrichment effect of the fractionation and the increased column length.", "contents": "[Determination of carbamate pesticides in fruits and vegetables by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. It is shown that carbamate pesticides can be determined at the ppm level in different kinds of fruits and vegetables using high pressure liquid chromatography. The lower detection limit corresponding to a signal to noise ratio of three is between 0,025 and 0,25 ppm depending on the type of carbamate and plant material. In all cases it is below the maximum permissible value for pesticide residues. Due to the high separating power of high pressure liquid chromatography a simple sample pretreatment procedure can be used. The carbamates are extracted from the biological sample by dichloromethane and injected directly into the liquid chromatograph after replacing the extraction solvent by the mobile phase. In many cases a definite identification and quantitation of the carbamate is possible with a single chromatographic column. Some plants with a more complex matrix require a two-column operation in which the effluent fraction of the first column containing the pesticide is transferred by column switching to a second column in order to achieve a complete separation. The improved resolution in the two-column operation is caused by the relative enrichment effect of the fractionation and the increased column length.", "PMID": 539126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7726", "title": "[Direct questioning of serially studied 8th grade students on their leisure time activities].", "content": "8th degree students were asked by questionnaire on their leisure-time activities. Home work was shown to interfere with time spent in front of the television screen, whereas sports did not. Girls spent more time  at homework than boys, and less time at television. Also they were less active in sports, especially in the lower grade schools.", "contents": "[Direct questioning of serially studied 8th grade students on their leisure time activities]. 8th degree students were asked by questionnaire on their leisure-time activities. Home work was shown to interfere with time spent in front of the television screen, whereas sports did not. Girls spent more time  at homework than boys, and less time at television. Also they were less active in sports, especially in the lower grade schools.", "PMID": 539129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7727", "title": "[Absences from school in Basle primary pupils].", "content": "In the lower income group children of full-time working mothers have the lowest average of school absences, whereas in the higher income group they have the highest average. School absences of children in the lower income group increase markedly with increasing learning problems which might point out class differences of our schools.", "contents": "[Absences from school in Basle primary pupils]. In the lower income group children of full-time working mothers have the lowest average of school absences, whereas in the higher income group they have the highest average. School absences of children in the lower income group increase markedly with increasing learning problems which might point out class differences of our schools.", "PMID": 539130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7728", "title": "[Consumption of sweets and freedom from caries in Basle school children].", "content": "A sample of 1'838 school children of Basle, aged 8 to 14 years, who were examined by dentists of the school dental health service, attended at the same time a 24 hour recall interview on nutritional habits. The data show that absence of caries (among 448 or 24,4% of all) is more frequent within those children who prefer fruits instead of sugar containing sweets with and especially between the meals. Since school children are not able to distinguish well between sugar- and non-sugar containing sweets and drinks, health education on such subjects is emphasised.", "contents": "[Consumption of sweets and freedom from caries in Basle school children]. A sample of 1'838 school children of Basle, aged 8 to 14 years, who were examined by dentists of the school dental health service, attended at the same time a 24 hour recall interview on nutritional habits. The data show that absence of caries (among 448 or 24,4% of all) is more frequent within those children who prefer fruits instead of sugar containing sweets with and especially between the meals. Since school children are not able to distinguish well between sugar- and non-sugar containing sweets and drinks, health education on such subjects is emphasised.", "PMID": 539131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7729", "title": "[Breast feeding money in Switzerland].", "content": "A mailed questionnaire was sent to all sickness-insurances on the subject of breast-feeding premium. 52% of the insurances replied, representing 90% of all insured persons. In 1976 23% of the mothers received the premium, in 1977 27%. This figure increased, as the membership of the insurances decreased. It is therefore thought, that mothers are not properly informed on this subject.", "contents": "[Breast feeding money in Switzerland]. A mailed questionnaire was sent to all sickness-insurances on the subject of breast-feeding premium. 52% of the insurances replied, representing 90% of all insured persons. In 1976 23% of the mothers received the premium, in 1977 27%. This figure increased, as the membership of the insurances decreased. It is therefore thought, that mothers are not properly informed on this subject.", "PMID": 539132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7730", "title": "[Development of cardiovascular risk factors during adolescence].", "content": "Results of a first phase of follow-up in the population of the \"Basle Adolescents Study\" indicate that average blood pressure increased more in boys than in girls, blood lipids remained at the same level. Boys cought up with girls as far as cigarette smoking is concerned.", "contents": "[Development of cardiovascular risk factors during adolescence]. Results of a first phase of follow-up in the population of the \"Basle Adolescents Study\" indicate that average blood pressure increased more in boys than in girls, blood lipids remained at the same level. Boys cought up with girls as far as cigarette smoking is concerned.", "PMID": 539133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7731", "title": "[Visual disorders, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies].", "content": "The comparison between complaints, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies is reported for several professional groups characterized by different work conditions. Results suggest that complaints are an useful indicator of visual load and that retinal sensitivity to the light is especially tried. Longitudinal studies are required to verify whether some functional alterations on the aging process of the eye can be aggravated by a visual overload. Visual complaints, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies as indicators of visual load.", "contents": "[Visual disorders, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies]. The comparison between complaints, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies is reported for several professional groups characterized by different work conditions. Results suggest that complaints are an useful indicator of visual load and that retinal sensitivity to the light is especially tried. Longitudinal studies are required to verify whether some functional alterations on the aging process of the eye can be aggravated by a visual overload. Visual complaints, functional defects and vitamin deficiencies as indicators of visual load.", "PMID": 539137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7732", "title": "[Traffic noise: estimation of discomfort in Geneva and in Scandinavian countries].", "content": "Annoyance among persons exposed to traffic noise has been studied using an interview technique. Results show a better correlation between annoyance and the number of heavy vehicles between 5-10 p.m. than the LEq values. The same reactions were measured in Geneva and Scandinavia.", "contents": "[Traffic noise: estimation of discomfort in Geneva and in Scandinavian countries]. Annoyance among persons exposed to traffic noise has been studied using an interview technique. Results show a better correlation between annoyance and the number of heavy vehicles between 5-10 p.m. than the LEq values. The same reactions were measured in Geneva and Scandinavia.", "PMID": 539138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7733", "title": "[Stomatologic health and orthodontic requirements of Geneva children (1979)].", "content": "The present paper reports on current pedodontic and orthodontic research jointly pursued by members of the School of dentistry and of the Institute of social and preventive medicine (both at University of Geneva).", "contents": "[Stomatologic health and orthodontic requirements of Geneva children (1979)]. The present paper reports on current pedodontic and orthodontic research jointly pursued by members of the School of dentistry and of the Institute of social and preventive medicine (both at University of Geneva).", "PMID": 539139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7734", "title": "[Functional disability according to Guttman's scale and self-evaluation of health in the elderly].", "content": "The global score of disability according to Guttman and the assessment of one's own health are correlated. Whenever this assessment is compared by reference to other people's state of health, it often appears better and it corresponds then to a lower level of disability.", "contents": "[Functional disability according to Guttman's scale and self-evaluation of health in the elderly]. The global score of disability according to Guttman and the assessment of one's own health are correlated. Whenever this assessment is compared by reference to other people's state of health, it often appears better and it corresponds then to a lower level of disability.", "PMID": 539141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7735", "title": "[An overview of health education in Switzerland].", "content": "The present research is an attempt to give an overall view of health education programmes in Switzerland. Three phases are planned: 1. Inventory of health education programmes, 2. evaluation of these programmes, 3. recommendations for the improvement of the present situation. The present paper gives the underlying concepts of the project. These concepts are: - personal responsibility and active participation, - coordination of existing structures. The inventory is meant to give an exhaustive view of the fields covered, the target groups, the channels of informations, and the organization.", "contents": "[An overview of health education in Switzerland]. The present research is an attempt to give an overall view of health education programmes in Switzerland. Three phases are planned: 1. Inventory of health education programmes, 2. evaluation of these programmes, 3. recommendations for the improvement of the present situation. The present paper gives the underlying concepts of the project. These concepts are: - personal responsibility and active participation, - coordination of existing structures. The inventory is meant to give an exhaustive view of the fields covered, the target groups, the channels of informations, and the organization.", "PMID": 539142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7736", "title": "[Standardization, a tool for the analysis of transversal data in epidemiology].", "content": "The direct method of standardization is mainly applied for eliminating undesirable effects of confounding variables in the comparison of several rates or means. This paper stresses the usefulness of standardization for detecting the statistical association between two variables. Under the assumption of a simple model implying two main effects and an interaction, it is discussed how the comparison between crude and standardized values measures altogether the main effect of the variable and the interaction. Furthermore, the variation in the population of the differences between crude and standardized values is shown to be an index of the effect of the variable for which it has been standardized.", "contents": "[Standardization, a tool for the analysis of transversal data in epidemiology]. The direct method of standardization is mainly applied for eliminating undesirable effects of confounding variables in the comparison of several rates or means. This paper stresses the usefulness of standardization for detecting the statistical association between two variables. Under the assumption of a simple model implying two main effects and an interaction, it is discussed how the comparison between crude and standardized values measures altogether the main effect of the variable and the interaction. Furthermore, the variation in the population of the differences between crude and standardized values is shown to be an index of the effect of the variable for which it has been standardized.", "PMID": 539144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7737", "title": "[Decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by means of radiation].", "content": "BaP decomposes rapidly after exposure to solar illuminations or in simulated atmosphere. The kinetics of degradation depend upon the nature of the support material, the radiant energy, the light wavelength and the presence of other components in the mixture on the same support.", "contents": "[Decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by means of radiation]. BaP decomposes rapidly after exposure to solar illuminations or in simulated atmosphere. The kinetics of degradation depend upon the nature of the support material, the radiant energy, the light wavelength and the presence of other components in the mixture on the same support.", "PMID": 539145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7738", "title": "[Pathology of shift work. Study of 4 state-owned factories].", "content": "Out of 131 workers whose 2/3 are shifted, 6 have to stop shift-work due to diseases probably bound to the irregular schedule: the frequency of sleeplessness and absenteism was increased, and a loss of weight was noticed. The \"psychological\" troubles (irritability, tiredness) are more frequent among the shift-workers.", "contents": "[Pathology of shift work. Study of 4 state-owned factories]. Out of 131 workers whose 2/3 are shifted, 6 have to stop shift-work due to diseases probably bound to the irregular schedule: the frequency of sleeplessness and absenteism was increased, and a loss of weight was noticed. The \"psychological\" troubles (irritability, tiredness) are more frequent among the shift-workers.", "PMID": 539146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7739", "title": "[Results of analytical controls of the urine of drug addicts].", "content": "Chemical analyses provide a useful and necessary mean of information on progress of drug addicts in desintoxication program. Meanwhile, a systematic planning of analytical controls should be settled. Results observed on two groups of addicts in Switzerland are presented.", "contents": "[Results of analytical controls of the urine of drug addicts]. Chemical analyses provide a useful and necessary mean of information on progress of drug addicts in desintoxication program. Meanwhile, a systematic planning of analytical controls should be settled. Results observed on two groups of addicts in Switzerland are presented.", "PMID": 539147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7740", "title": "[The Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine at Z\u00fcrich University].", "content": "The chair of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Zurich has been created in the year 1962. A description of the teaching activities is given. As regards research the main directions are: epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, hygiene of sports, drug abuse, nutrition and health education. The services offered by the Institute include councelling in health matters and vaccinations for travellers.", "contents": "[The Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine at Z\u00fcrich University]. The chair of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Zurich has been created in the year 1962. A description of the teaching activities is given. As regards research the main directions are: epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, hygiene of sports, drug abuse, nutrition and health education. The services offered by the Institute include councelling in health matters and vaccinations for travellers.", "PMID": 539148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7741", "title": "[Pre-exposure rabies vaccination].", "content": "Prophylactic vaccinations against rabies were given to 150 occupationally exposed persons. A new killed vaccine, grown on human diploid cells, was used. The first immunization resulted in a rapid development of neutralizing antibodies. Antibodies declined very quickly so that 50% of the probands failed to show adequate titres after 12 months. All probands reacted with a distinct rise in antibodies on re-vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated and local or general reactions were observed only rarely.", "contents": "[Pre-exposure rabies vaccination]. Prophylactic vaccinations against rabies were given to 150 occupationally exposed persons. A new killed vaccine, grown on human diploid cells, was used. The first immunization resulted in a rapid development of neutralizing antibodies. Antibodies declined very quickly so that 50% of the probands failed to show adequate titres after 12 months. All probands reacted with a distinct rise in antibodies on re-vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated and local or general reactions were observed only rarely.", "PMID": 539151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7742", "title": "[The incidence of coronary disease in Switzerland compared to the rest of Europe].", "content": "Switzerland ranks low in ischaemic heart disease mortality amongst the European countries. Evidence from field studies, however, would suggest that mortality is underestimated. Nevertheless, in Switzerland, like in France, the disease is probably rather less common than in some other comparable countries. The difference seems unexplained by the major, known risk factors, indicating a need for further research.", "contents": "[The incidence of coronary disease in Switzerland compared to the rest of Europe]. Switzerland ranks low in ischaemic heart disease mortality amongst the European countries. Evidence from field studies, however, would suggest that mortality is underestimated. Nevertheless, in Switzerland, like in France, the disease is probably rather less common than in some other comparable countries. The difference seems unexplained by the major, known risk factors, indicating a need for further research.", "PMID": 539154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7743", "title": "[Irtitation by smell in the neighborhood of a garbage burning plant].", "content": "Dilution threshold values were measured using sensory methods for an evaluation of odorous emissions of an incineration plant. The dispersion of odours was estimated based on recording of the local wind. The level of public annoyance in the neighbouring residential areas will be assessed by special questionnaires.", "contents": "[Irtitation by smell in the neighborhood of a garbage burning plant]. Dilution threshold values were measured using sensory methods for an evaluation of odorous emissions of an incineration plant. The dispersion of odours was estimated based on recording of the local wind. The level of public annoyance in the neighbouring residential areas will be assessed by special questionnaires.", "PMID": 539159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7744", "title": "[Posture and muscular fatigue during work with a book-keeping machine].", "content": "A survey on localized fatigue was carried out in 119 accounting machine operators. In 51 cases the dimensions of the working places and different characteristics of the body postures were measured. The incidence of localized fatigue symptoms was found to be related to the degree of ulnar deviation of the hand, to the angle of the elbow as well as to the angle of the head inclination.", "contents": "[Posture and muscular fatigue during work with a book-keeping machine]. A survey on localized fatigue was carried out in 119 accounting machine operators. In 51 cases the dimensions of the working places and different characteristics of the body postures were measured. The incidence of localized fatigue symptoms was found to be related to the degree of ulnar deviation of the hand, to the angle of the elbow as well as to the angle of the head inclination.", "PMID": 539160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7745", "title": "[Conclusions from traffic noise studies: suggestions for noise thresholds].", "content": "Based on 4 surveys, threshold limit values for noise are proposed; beside noise immissions, the quality of living has also been considered.", "contents": "[Conclusions from traffic noise studies: suggestions for noise thresholds]. Based on 4 surveys, threshold limit values for noise are proposed; beside noise immissions, the quality of living has also been considered.", "PMID": 539161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7746", "title": "[Health-related effects of repetitive activities].", "content": "Two hundred workers of the Swiss watch industry were examined in a study of repetitive work effects on the well-being of workers. Repetitive work has shown to have two main influences on well-being: Relationships were found between subjective assessment of variety and autonomy, job satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints and headache. Repetitive work was always done under some positional constraint. This was shown to result in an increased rate of \"arm, neck, shoulder syndrome\" and visual problems.", "contents": "[Health-related effects of repetitive activities]. Two hundred workers of the Swiss watch industry were examined in a study of repetitive work effects on the well-being of workers. Repetitive work has shown to have two main influences on well-being: Relationships were found between subjective assessment of variety and autonomy, job satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints and headache. Repetitive work was always done under some positional constraint. This was shown to result in an increased rate of \"arm, neck, shoulder syndrome\" and visual problems.", "PMID": 539162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7747", "title": "[National Research Program 1: participation in the base examination, analysis by means of a logit-linear model].", "content": "In each of four swiss cities participation to baseline screening for the prevention of cardio-vascular diseases is analyzed within a stratified random sample using a logit-linear model. Stratification was chosen along sex, age and time of residence for persons living alone, and mean age of parents, number of children and time of residence for persons living as a family.", "contents": "[National Research Program 1: participation in the base examination, analysis by means of a logit-linear model]. In each of four swiss cities participation to baseline screening for the prevention of cardio-vascular diseases is analyzed within a stratified random sample using a logit-linear model. Stratification was chosen along sex, age and time of residence for persons living alone, and mean age of parents, number of children and time of residence for persons living as a family.", "PMID": 539164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7748", "title": "[Basle family study. Organization and 1st results].", "content": "The organisation of the Basle Family Study and preliminary results outlining the data analysis are presented. The study investigates in 500 families the familial influence on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In addition the distribution of hemostatic variables is studied. Analysis of the data according to age, sex and intrafamilial relations in 211 families demonstrate the influence of the mother on the development of the life style of the children.", "contents": "[Basle family study. Organization and 1st results]. The organisation of the Basle Family Study and preliminary results outlining the data analysis are presented. The study investigates in 500 families the familial influence on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In addition the distribution of hemostatic variables is studied. Analysis of the data according to age, sex and intrafamilial relations in 211 families demonstrate the influence of the mother on the development of the life style of the children.", "PMID": 539165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7749", "title": "[The perinatal neuroglia in hypoxia. An electron- and light microscopical study with addition Golgi's impregnation (author's transl)].", "content": "The light microscopical morphology of perinatal neuroglia caused by hypoxia was examined in 60 cases, in 5 of them corresponding structures were investigated electron microscopically. The astroglia was studied additional by using the silver impregnation technique Bubenaite in 20 cases of the group. The glial lipid accumulation is a perinatal pathological process and is not related to myelination. It was found in 71,5% of the cases in astroblasts and astrocytes but seldom in oligodendrocytes. At the ultrastructural level, the lipid-loaded neuroglial cells cannot be confused with macrophages. One third of the cases showed a proliferation of the macroglial. In 20% of the cases, a focal leukodystrophy was found. A hypoxical degeneration was revealed of astrocytes by the Golgi modification of Bubenaite. The study demonstrates pathological changes of myelin formation in connection with degeneration and immature myelination. These perinatal neuroglial reactions seem to be connected with diffuse leukodystrophies. The examination gives the impression that the oligodendroglial differentiation might be disturbed. In contrast to myelin degeneration, the glial cells lesions and myelination defects play a decisive role in postnatal CNS formation.", "contents": "[The perinatal neuroglia in hypoxia. An electron- and light microscopical study with addition Golgi's impregnation (author's transl)]. The light microscopical morphology of perinatal neuroglia caused by hypoxia was examined in 60 cases, in 5 of them corresponding structures were investigated electron microscopically. The astroglia was studied additional by using the silver impregnation technique Bubenaite in 20 cases of the group. The glial lipid accumulation is a perinatal pathological process and is not related to myelination. It was found in 71,5% of the cases in astroblasts and astrocytes but seldom in oligodendrocytes. At the ultrastructural level, the lipid-loaded neuroglial cells cannot be confused with macrophages. One third of the cases showed a proliferation of the macroglial. In 20% of the cases, a focal leukodystrophy was found. A hypoxical degeneration was revealed of astrocytes by the Golgi modification of Bubenaite. The study demonstrates pathological changes of myelin formation in connection with degeneration and immature myelination. These perinatal neuroglial reactions seem to be connected with diffuse leukodystrophies. The examination gives the impression that the oligodendroglial differentiation might be disturbed. In contrast to myelin degeneration, the glial cells lesions and myelination defects play a decisive role in postnatal CNS formation.", "PMID": 539171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7750", "title": "[Hairy cell leukemia. Light and microscopic and electron microscopic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of a typical hairy cell leukemia are presented. The light microscopic findings within the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen are documented. The hairy configuration of tumor cells can best be seen in semithin sections of white cells of the peripheral blood. Electron microscopically, the organelle composition of hairy cells (including the characteristic ribosome lamellae complex) is demonstrated. The significance of morphological observations for the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and the differential diagnosis of this tumor disease are discussed. From the electron microscopic observations of intercellular cross-banded structures it seems possible that the increase of intercellular material demonstrable light microscopically by silver impregnation is the consequence of synthesis of collagen type IV. The conclusion is drawn from findings in our cases and from reports in the literature that hairy cell leukemia is a clinically and structurally defined syndrome rather than a pathological entity.", "contents": "[Hairy cell leukemia. Light and microscopic and electron microscopic examinations (author's transl)]. Two cases of a typical hairy cell leukemia are presented. The light microscopic findings within the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen are documented. The hairy configuration of tumor cells can best be seen in semithin sections of white cells of the peripheral blood. Electron microscopically, the organelle composition of hairy cells (including the characteristic ribosome lamellae complex) is demonstrated. The significance of morphological observations for the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and the differential diagnosis of this tumor disease are discussed. From the electron microscopic observations of intercellular cross-banded structures it seems possible that the increase of intercellular material demonstrable light microscopically by silver impregnation is the consequence of synthesis of collagen type IV. The conclusion is drawn from findings in our cases and from reports in the literature that hairy cell leukemia is a clinically and structurally defined syndrome rather than a pathological entity.", "PMID": 539172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7751", "title": "Leiomyomas of the larynx.", "content": "In a now 65 years old male patient a monochorditis of the left vocal cord was clinically observed over several years. Multiple exploratory excisions finally demonstrated a leiomyoma with atypically growing histological structures. The complaints of the patient permanently increased, and a hazel-nut-sized leiomyoma with atypically growing tissue structures, originating in the left vocal cord, was removed by laryngectomy. The exploratory specimen, which was diagnosed in our laboratory as proliferative pseudosarcomatous tissue 11 months before manifestation of the leiomyoma with atypical structures, is compared with analogous findings reported by Lane (1957) and Sherwin et al. (1963). Our observations, completing the results of these publications, allow the conclusion that pseudosarcomatous tissue structures do not only occur in the surroundings of carcinomas but also in the immediate neighbourhood of mesenchymal tumours. Choice of the adequate site for exploratory excision is decisive for correct histological diagnosis. A comparison with the literature concerned shows that leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas rarely occur in the laryngeal region.", "contents": "Leiomyomas of the larynx. In a now 65 years old male patient a monochorditis of the left vocal cord was clinically observed over several years. Multiple exploratory excisions finally demonstrated a leiomyoma with atypically growing histological structures. The complaints of the patient permanently increased, and a hazel-nut-sized leiomyoma with atypically growing tissue structures, originating in the left vocal cord, was removed by laryngectomy. The exploratory specimen, which was diagnosed in our laboratory as proliferative pseudosarcomatous tissue 11 months before manifestation of the leiomyoma with atypical structures, is compared with analogous findings reported by Lane (1957) and Sherwin et al. (1963). Our observations, completing the results of these publications, allow the conclusion that pseudosarcomatous tissue structures do not only occur in the surroundings of carcinomas but also in the immediate neighbourhood of mesenchymal tumours. Choice of the adequate site for exploratory excision is decisive for correct histological diagnosis. A comparison with the literature concerned shows that leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas rarely occur in the laryngeal region.", "PMID": 539173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7752", "title": "[The diagnostic value of the epidermal pigmentation in nevus-cell nevi (author's transl)].", "content": "The pigmentation of epidermis in areas of nevus-cell nevi is frequently not specially noted, but may be of considerable diagnostic value in particular cases. Two cases are demonstrated. Multiple tumors with the aspect of nevus Spitz in a 35-year old woman were histologically diagnosed by means of melanin impregnation methods as \"amelanotic nevus-cell nevi with overlying vitiligo\". A flat papillomatous nevus-cell nevus of the abdominal skin of a 38-year old man showed clinical signs of activity, but histologically only a total depigmentation of the epidermis and of the peripheral parts of the nevus was observed.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of the epidermal pigmentation in nevus-cell nevi (author's transl)]. The pigmentation of epidermis in areas of nevus-cell nevi is frequently not specially noted, but may be of considerable diagnostic value in particular cases. Two cases are demonstrated. Multiple tumors with the aspect of nevus Spitz in a 35-year old woman were histologically diagnosed by means of melanin impregnation methods as \"amelanotic nevus-cell nevi with overlying vitiligo\". A flat papillomatous nevus-cell nevus of the abdominal skin of a 38-year old man showed clinical signs of activity, but histologically only a total depigmentation of the epidermis and of the peripheral parts of the nevus was observed.", "PMID": 539174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7753", "title": "[Comparative, quantitative and morphological investigations (automatic image analysis--micromorphometric analysis) of myocardium of rat isoprenalin treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The alterations of areas of myocardium of male rats (2, 4, and 6 months) are investigated after isoprenalin treatment (0.05 mg/kg body weight and day i.p. for 30 days). The investigations are carried out using automatic microscope picture analysis, morphometric point counting and resp. Both methods yield the same qualitative results: The effect of isoprenalin is dependent on age and yields for old rats (6 months) only very little morphometric alterations in the myocardium. The automatic microscope picture analysis is a very effective method of investigation (45 seconds/cross section).", "contents": "[Comparative, quantitative and morphological investigations (automatic image analysis--micromorphometric analysis) of myocardium of rat isoprenalin treatment (author's transl)]. The alterations of areas of myocardium of male rats (2, 4, and 6 months) are investigated after isoprenalin treatment (0.05 mg/kg body weight and day i.p. for 30 days). The investigations are carried out using automatic microscope picture analysis, morphometric point counting and resp. Both methods yield the same qualitative results: The effect of isoprenalin is dependent on age and yields for old rats (6 months) only very little morphometric alterations in the myocardium. The automatic microscope picture analysis is a very effective method of investigation (45 seconds/cross section).", "PMID": 539175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7754", "title": "[G. I. diagnostics; its ranking and interdisciplinary organisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The complicated and expensive diagnostic apparatus available today has to be applied in an orderly sequence. This order depends on certain prerequisites, e.g. on the disease, urgent complications, patient tolerance, apparatus potential, hospital structure and organisation etc. The more rational the indication is to use certain methods, the more efficient will be the results. The appropriate concepts and suggestions for certain general and specific examples, used by us at present are demonstrated. Complicated and expensive diagnostic procedures have to be decided primarily on an interdisciplinary level. The increased costs of these procedure are balanced by a decrease in hospital stay and fewer operative explorations too. At other places different actions will be taken for equally good reasons.", "contents": "[G. I. diagnostics; its ranking and interdisciplinary organisation (author's transl)]. The complicated and expensive diagnostic apparatus available today has to be applied in an orderly sequence. This order depends on certain prerequisites, e.g. on the disease, urgent complications, patient tolerance, apparatus potential, hospital structure and organisation etc. The more rational the indication is to use certain methods, the more efficient will be the results. The appropriate concepts and suggestions for certain general and specific examples, used by us at present are demonstrated. Complicated and expensive diagnostic procedures have to be decided primarily on an interdisciplinary level. The increased costs of these procedure are balanced by a decrease in hospital stay and fewer operative explorations too. At other places different actions will be taken for equally good reasons.", "PMID": 539200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7755", "title": "[Complications after chemotherapy of solid malignant human tumours and their therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity of additional cancer therapy of human solid malignant tumours is emphasized. The general and specific complications after their treatment with cytostatic agents, hormones and BCG as well as their therapy are mentioned. Own complications after additional cancer therapy are demonstrated and compared with the results of polychemotherapy.", "contents": "[Complications after chemotherapy of solid malignant human tumours and their therapy (author's transl)]. The necessity of additional cancer therapy of human solid malignant tumours is emphasized. The general and specific complications after their treatment with cytostatic agents, hormones and BCG as well as their therapy are mentioned. Own complications after additional cancer therapy are demonstrated and compared with the results of polychemotherapy.", "PMID": 539201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7756", "title": "[Current therapeutical aspects in gastric carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The poor prognosis of gastric carcinoma can be improved by intensification of early diagnostics and adequate surgical measures. To avoid local recurrent tumour growth at the resection lines total gastrectomy is necessary if the tumour is located in the upper and middle third of the stomach as well in the case of diffusely infiltrating tumours in the distal third. To prevent relapses in the regional lymphatics radical lymph node dissection should be performed. Remission rates in advanced gastric cancer are high after combination chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and nitrosourea. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy seems to be successful according to newer communications. Basic problems of adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer are discussed.", "contents": "[Current therapeutical aspects in gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. The poor prognosis of gastric carcinoma can be improved by intensification of early diagnostics and adequate surgical measures. To avoid local recurrent tumour growth at the resection lines total gastrectomy is necessary if the tumour is located in the upper and middle third of the stomach as well in the case of diffusely infiltrating tumours in the distal third. To prevent relapses in the regional lymphatics radical lymph node dissection should be performed. Remission rates in advanced gastric cancer are high after combination chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and nitrosourea. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy seems to be successful according to newer communications. Basic problems of adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 539202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7757", "title": "[Abdominal radiation and mechanical ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "In 406 cases of mechanical ileus we observed 42 (10,3%) patients who previously underwent abdominal radiation following resection of an abdominal tumour. In 12 of these patients the intestinal obstruction was only caused by adhaesions, no presence of recurring tumour tissue. Because of the high percentage of benign stenoses laparotomy has to be performed in every case to differentiate the cause of obstruction.", "contents": "[Abdominal radiation and mechanical ileus (author's transl)]. In 406 cases of mechanical ileus we observed 42 (10,3%) patients who previously underwent abdominal radiation following resection of an abdominal tumour. In 12 of these patients the intestinal obstruction was only caused by adhaesions, no presence of recurring tumour tissue. Because of the high percentage of benign stenoses laparotomy has to be performed in every case to differentiate the cause of obstruction.", "PMID": 539203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7758", "title": "[Acute normovolaemic haemodilution (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 50 acute pre-operative normovolaemic haemodilutions. In 21 cases reactions of incompatibility after dilution were observed. Possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute normovolaemic haemodilution (author's transl)]. Report on 50 acute pre-operative normovolaemic haemodilutions. In 21 cases reactions of incompatibility after dilution were observed. Possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 539204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7759", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations in oncobiogram - cytogenetic studies into aberration frequency following trenimon treatment in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative determination of qualitatively unequivocal signs for an individual oncobiogram is difficult. However, the use of a properly standardised analysis of chromosomes may offer a possible approach to the problem. Sixty-nine tissue cultures were prepared from 15 ovarian carcinomas, and 56 of them under went sufficient growth. A concentration of 2 . 10(-7) moles/l of trenimon was added to the tissue culture for one hour. Sixteen tissue cultures were used as controls. Chromosome preparation was achieved with good success after recovery periods between five and nine hours. A total of 2,890 mitoses was evaluated. Trenimon increased the amount of damaged mitoses from 1.2 per cent to eleven per cent, while the number of aberrations was aggravated even by the factor of 6.6. - The differences were statistically secured with high significance. Some of the cell cultures suffered rises in aberration frequency by 50 per cent and even 190 per cent. Such extreme values obviously suggest the presence of extraordinary sensitivity which be utilised for cytogenetic oncobiogram.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations in oncobiogram - cytogenetic studies into aberration frequency following trenimon treatment in vitro (author's transl)]. Quantitative determination of qualitatively unequivocal signs for an individual oncobiogram is difficult. However, the use of a properly standardised analysis of chromosomes may offer a possible approach to the problem. Sixty-nine tissue cultures were prepared from 15 ovarian carcinomas, and 56 of them under went sufficient growth. A concentration of 2 . 10(-7) moles/l of trenimon was added to the tissue culture for one hour. Sixteen tissue cultures were used as controls. Chromosome preparation was achieved with good success after recovery periods between five and nine hours. A total of 2,890 mitoses was evaluated. Trenimon increased the amount of damaged mitoses from 1.2 per cent to eleven per cent, while the number of aberrations was aggravated even by the factor of 6.6. - The differences were statistically secured with high significance. Some of the cell cultures suffered rises in aberration frequency by 50 per cent and even 190 per cent. Such extreme values obviously suggest the presence of extraordinary sensitivity which be utilised for cytogenetic oncobiogram.", "PMID": 539207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7760", "title": "[Results of treatment of vaginal carcinoma, 1960 to 1969 (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 81 patients who received therapeutic irradiation by various modes for primary vaginal carcinoma, between 1960 and 1969. Severities were as follows: 23.4 per cent in Stage I, 42 per cent in Stage II, 27,2 per cent in Stage III, and 7.4 per cent in Stage IV. One single percutaneous irradiation was applied, between 1960 and 1966, while combined contact-percutaneous irradiation was used in the second half of the sixties. Five-year survival rates were 65.6 per cent for Stage I, 29 per cent for Stage II, 35.5 per cent for Stage III, and 37.6 per cent on average. The best results of combined contact-percutaneous treatment were recordable from the earlier stages. Therapies tailored to the individual concerned proved to be most effective in the context of vaginal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of vaginal carcinoma, 1960 to 1969 (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 81 patients who received therapeutic irradiation by various modes for primary vaginal carcinoma, between 1960 and 1969. Severities were as follows: 23.4 per cent in Stage I, 42 per cent in Stage II, 27,2 per cent in Stage III, and 7.4 per cent in Stage IV. One single percutaneous irradiation was applied, between 1960 and 1966, while combined contact-percutaneous irradiation was used in the second half of the sixties. Five-year survival rates were 65.6 per cent for Stage I, 29 per cent for Stage II, 35.5 per cent for Stage III, and 37.6 per cent on average. The best results of combined contact-percutaneous treatment were recordable from the earlier stages. Therapies tailored to the individual concerned proved to be most effective in the context of vaginal carcinoma.", "PMID": 539208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7761", "title": "[Two-decade record of gynaecological department in municipal hospital of Berlin-Friedrichshain in graduated treatment of carcinoma in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is experience so far obtained from graduated or stepwise treatment of carcinoma in situ. The report is based on the author's own experience obtained from 716 cases as well as on another 342 carcinomas in situ which had been evaluated earlier and elsewhere by Mosler and co-workers. The five-year healing rate accounted for 99.87 per cent. The first and second periods of follow-up checks were compared for all 1,058 in situ carcinoma cases under review, and the following conclusion were drawn: 1. More women were involved in prophylactic gynaecological checks. - 2. The age peak of carcinoma in situ cases in the second follow-up period was two years below that observed in the first period. - 3. Decline in cases with carcinoma location in ectocervix only, but increase in cases with carcinomas in situ of endocervical or endocervical together with ectocervical locations. - The following advantages are likely to be obtainable from conisation over general use of simple hysterectomy and even more over radical surgery, provided observance of the conditions specified in this paper: 1 Mitigation of physical and psychic surgical trauma and its consequences; - 2. Less exposure to severe potential intra-operative and/or postoperative complications; - 3. Savings on cost of treatment resulting from shorter hospitalisation and reduced need for nursing, medicaments, and attention, using hardware.", "contents": "[Two-decade record of gynaecological department in municipal hospital of Berlin-Friedrichshain in graduated treatment of carcinoma in situ (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is experience so far obtained from graduated or stepwise treatment of carcinoma in situ. The report is based on the author's own experience obtained from 716 cases as well as on another 342 carcinomas in situ which had been evaluated earlier and elsewhere by Mosler and co-workers. The five-year healing rate accounted for 99.87 per cent. The first and second periods of follow-up checks were compared for all 1,058 in situ carcinoma cases under review, and the following conclusion were drawn: 1. More women were involved in prophylactic gynaecological checks. - 2. The age peak of carcinoma in situ cases in the second follow-up period was two years below that observed in the first period. - 3. Decline in cases with carcinoma location in ectocervix only, but increase in cases with carcinomas in situ of endocervical or endocervical together with ectocervical locations. - The following advantages are likely to be obtainable from conisation over general use of simple hysterectomy and even more over radical surgery, provided observance of the conditions specified in this paper: 1 Mitigation of physical and psychic surgical trauma and its consequences; - 2. Less exposure to severe potential intra-operative and/or postoperative complications; - 3. Savings on cost of treatment resulting from shorter hospitalisation and reduced need for nursing, medicaments, and attention, using hardware.", "PMID": 539209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7762", "title": "[Action of progesterone on endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of progestagenic hormones in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma is reported in this paper. Optical microscopy and ultrastructural techniques used in morphological investigation established extremely good response to treatment primarily by adenocarcinomas which are characterised by advanced histologic differentiation. Deceleration of tumour progression was a clinical result of the therapeutic approach taken, with shorter or longer periods of remission being recordable. The results are likely to support the assumption that \"cytostatic\" action of progestagenic substances can yield desirable complementary effects in cases when surgical or radiological treatment is abandoned for high risk.", "contents": "[Action of progesterone on endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)]. The use of progestagenic hormones in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma is reported in this paper. Optical microscopy and ultrastructural techniques used in morphological investigation established extremely good response to treatment primarily by adenocarcinomas which are characterised by advanced histologic differentiation. Deceleration of tumour progression was a clinical result of the therapeutic approach taken, with shorter or longer periods of remission being recordable. The results are likely to support the assumption that \"cytostatic\" action of progestagenic substances can yield desirable complementary effects in cases when surgical or radiological treatment is abandoned for high risk.", "PMID": 539210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7763", "title": "[Subcutaneous mastectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Subcutaneous mastectomy is a real precaution to third-order mastopathy, and it is urgently indicated for therapeutic action on carcinoma in situ, since the incidence of invasive carcinomas to accompany such diseases is between ten and 25 per cent. Proliferative forms of mastopathies were recorded from 768 in 2,563 surgically treated women, with atpical tissue being found in 164 cases. Carcinoma in situ was established from 28 women. Indications, limitations of the method, surgical technique, and complications are discussed against the background of results obtained from 31 subcutaneous mastectomies.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous mastectomy (author's transl)]. Subcutaneous mastectomy is a real precaution to third-order mastopathy, and it is urgently indicated for therapeutic action on carcinoma in situ, since the incidence of invasive carcinomas to accompany such diseases is between ten and 25 per cent. Proliferative forms of mastopathies were recorded from 768 in 2,563 surgically treated women, with atpical tissue being found in 164 cases. Carcinoma in situ was established from 28 women. Indications, limitations of the method, surgical technique, and complications are discussed against the background of results obtained from 31 subcutaneous mastectomies.", "PMID": 539211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7764", "title": "[Use of partusisten during labour for treatment of increased uterus tonus (author's transl)].", "content": "Partusisten slow-drop infusions were applied to twelve women in labour with spontaneous increase of the uterus tonus in rest. The preparation was found to lower the tonus in rest and to increase the amplitude of uterus contractions.", "contents": "[Use of partusisten during labour for treatment of increased uterus tonus (author's transl)]. Partusisten slow-drop infusions were applied to twelve women in labour with spontaneous increase of the uterus tonus in rest. The preparation was found to lower the tonus in rest and to increase the amplitude of uterus contractions.", "PMID": 539212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7765", "title": "[Antepartal and intrapartal betamimetic long-time-therapy - effects on blood sugar in premature infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The glucose oxidase method was used to measure blood sugar concentrations of 61 newborns over their first 24 hours of life in an effort to study the effects of long-time antepartal and intrapartal application of betamimetics to the mothers upon the blood sugar levels of premature infants. Betamimetically affected premature infants, different from all expectation, exhibited a trend towards higher blood glucose values in the first hours from birth. However, no difference was any longer recordable between the treated group and the controls, after twelve hours had elapsed.", "contents": "[Antepartal and intrapartal betamimetic long-time-therapy - effects on blood sugar in premature infants (author's transl)]. The glucose oxidase method was used to measure blood sugar concentrations of 61 newborns over their first 24 hours of life in an effort to study the effects of long-time antepartal and intrapartal application of betamimetics to the mothers upon the blood sugar levels of premature infants. Betamimetically affected premature infants, different from all expectation, exhibited a trend towards higher blood glucose values in the first hours from birth. However, no difference was any longer recordable between the treated group and the controls, after twelve hours had elapsed.", "PMID": 539213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7766", "title": "[Analysis of caesarian sections at county hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are 268 caesarian sections in 8,259 childbirths without electronic monitoring, between 1967 and 1976. Hence, caesarian sections were necessary in 3.34 per cent of the cases under review. The average rate of sections went up from 1.89 to 4.31 per cent over the last five years. Perinatal mortality accounted for 2.17 per cent, uncorrected. It was reduced from 2.88 to 1.13 per cent. Indications changed clearly from vital to prophylactic requirements for child-saving reasons, the shift towards the latter indication being from 16.7 to 62 per cent. Maternal section morbidity amounted to 15 per cent, while maternal mortality was zero.", "contents": "[Analysis of caesarian sections at county hospital (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are 268 caesarian sections in 8,259 childbirths without electronic monitoring, between 1967 and 1976. Hence, caesarian sections were necessary in 3.34 per cent of the cases under review. The average rate of sections went up from 1.89 to 4.31 per cent over the last five years. Perinatal mortality accounted for 2.17 per cent, uncorrected. It was reduced from 2.88 to 1.13 per cent. Indications changed clearly from vital to prophylactic requirements for child-saving reasons, the shift towards the latter indication being from 16.7 to 62 per cent. Maternal section morbidity amounted to 15 per cent, while maternal mortality was zero.", "PMID": 539214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7767", "title": "[Radiological and ultrasonographic diagnosis of advanced abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological and ultrasonographic findings recorded from one case of abdominal pregnancy are reported in this paper and discussed, in the context of relevant literature data.", "contents": "[Radiological and ultrasonographic diagnosis of advanced abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)]. Radiological and ultrasonographic findings recorded from one case of abdominal pregnancy are reported in this paper and discussed, in the context of relevant literature data.", "PMID": 539215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7768", "title": "[Importance of early neurosurgical intervention in acute traumatic comatose and subcomatose states].", "content": "The authors report 91 cases of acute posttraumatic coma. The propose undertaking of promptly diagnostic, and consider that the most important is angiographic examination. Excluded the cases of clinical evident brain death of very dad generaly status of patient, they preopse prompt carotid angiography by every case of posttraumatic cerebral coma, in spite of eventual lack the neurological lateralisation. When they havenit time of possibility for angiographic examination, they undertook the diagnostic bur-hole. Early intracranial and intracerebral decompression in the first six hours is, if indication for operation is good line, nowadays unique method for treatment these patients in contemporary neurotraumatology.", "contents": "[Importance of early neurosurgical intervention in acute traumatic comatose and subcomatose states]. The authors report 91 cases of acute posttraumatic coma. The propose undertaking of promptly diagnostic, and consider that the most important is angiographic examination. Excluded the cases of clinical evident brain death of very dad generaly status of patient, they preopse prompt carotid angiography by every case of posttraumatic cerebral coma, in spite of eventual lack the neurological lateralisation. When they havenit time of possibility for angiographic examination, they undertook the diagnostic bur-hole. Early intracranial and intracerebral decompression in the first six hours is, if indication for operation is good line, nowadays unique method for treatment these patients in contemporary neurotraumatology.", "PMID": 539229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7769", "title": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of endocranial compressive hemorrhage].", "content": "Authors present results of diagnosis at surgical treatment of 122 patients with compressive intracranial haemorrhages, observed and treated in the course of last five years. All patients have been admitted and treated at the Department for intensive care of patients, and have been under care of one neurosurgeon and anestetists duty and radiologists. 18 patients had chronical subdural haematoma, and 104-patients had acute compressive intracranial haemorrhages: epidural, subdural and intracerebral, one more haemorrhages in the same patient, hygromas, and sclopetar wounds with fast evolution. Out of 104 patients, 25 died (mortality rate 24%), and 26 patients died out of 122 patients (mortality rate being 21,3%). Authors enphesize the value of eho-encefalography and CAT of brain in the manengement of compressive inte cranial haemorrhages in the state of peace and in the state of war.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of endocranial compressive hemorrhage]. Authors present results of diagnosis at surgical treatment of 122 patients with compressive intracranial haemorrhages, observed and treated in the course of last five years. All patients have been admitted and treated at the Department for intensive care of patients, and have been under care of one neurosurgeon and anestetists duty and radiologists. 18 patients had chronical subdural haematoma, and 104-patients had acute compressive intracranial haemorrhages: epidural, subdural and intracerebral, one more haemorrhages in the same patient, hygromas, and sclopetar wounds with fast evolution. Out of 104 patients, 25 died (mortality rate 24%), and 26 patients died out of 122 patients (mortality rate being 21,3%). Authors enphesize the value of eho-encefalography and CAT of brain in the manengement of compressive inte cranial haemorrhages in the state of peace and in the state of war.", "PMID": 539230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7770", "title": "[Thoracic injuries treated at the surgery clinic in Novi Sad from 1968-1977].", "content": "The authors analysed 516 injuries of the thorax. treated in a ten year period (1968-1977). These injuries were 2,2% of 23.300 injuries treated by this Clinic during this time period. The etiology shows that 63,9% of these cases were caused through traffic accidents. In 516 of this cases, there were 5% penetrating injuries. A big percent of polytrauma (42,6%), traumatic, haemorrhagic shock (21,5%) and the difficultes in mechanics of breathing or respiration function (61,2%), shows the difficulties and importance of the medical attitude in curing these injuries in peace time, and in war, or during massive injury. The authors have also stressed the necessity of education for professional medical staff, equipment for the staff and its organization during peace time. This also serves the goals for national defence.", "contents": "[Thoracic injuries treated at the surgery clinic in Novi Sad from 1968-1977]. The authors analysed 516 injuries of the thorax. treated in a ten year period (1968-1977). These injuries were 2,2% of 23.300 injuries treated by this Clinic during this time period. The etiology shows that 63,9% of these cases were caused through traffic accidents. In 516 of this cases, there were 5% penetrating injuries. A big percent of polytrauma (42,6%), traumatic, haemorrhagic shock (21,5%) and the difficultes in mechanics of breathing or respiration function (61,2%), shows the difficulties and importance of the medical attitude in curing these injuries in peace time, and in war, or during massive injury. The authors have also stressed the necessity of education for professional medical staff, equipment for the staff and its organization during peace time. This also serves the goals for national defence.", "PMID": 539243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7771", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic injuries].", "content": "Injuries of the chest isolated or joined with injuries of other organs are distinctly increasing. There are almost no polytraumatic people without thorax injuries. Traffic traumas have a dominant role in causing these injuries. We had most injuries in sammer months. The isolated chest injurie we had 60% and the accompanying injurie 40%. Of the accompanying injuries, the head injurie have the most autstanding place, which especially make difficult the diagnostics, and curing. In heavy injuries of the thorax with paradoxical breathing and on both sides of the leasions, establishing the internal pneumatic stabilisation at the beginning by pulmomatic and then ostheosyntesis of ribs are the most effective therapy. In order to prevent the infections, atracheobronchial dressing with antibiotics is performed as well as the regular X-ray check. As a general rule than 200 ml. per 3 hour requires operative control of the hemorrhage. We had 5,6% thoracothomy after continuous drainage by persstend hemorrhage. The obstructive pneumonia, particularly the eldery are to avoid obstructis, aspiration by catheter with bronchoscopy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic injuries]. Injuries of the chest isolated or joined with injuries of other organs are distinctly increasing. There are almost no polytraumatic people without thorax injuries. Traffic traumas have a dominant role in causing these injuries. We had most injuries in sammer months. The isolated chest injurie we had 60% and the accompanying injurie 40%. Of the accompanying injuries, the head injurie have the most autstanding place, which especially make difficult the diagnostics, and curing. In heavy injuries of the thorax with paradoxical breathing and on both sides of the leasions, establishing the internal pneumatic stabilisation at the beginning by pulmomatic and then ostheosyntesis of ribs are the most effective therapy. In order to prevent the infections, atracheobronchial dressing with antibiotics is performed as well as the regular X-ray check. As a general rule than 200 ml. per 3 hour requires operative control of the hemorrhage. We had 5,6% thoracothomy after continuous drainage by persstend hemorrhage. The obstructive pneumonia, particularly the eldery are to avoid obstructis, aspiration by catheter with bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 539247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7772", "title": "[Splenic rupture].", "content": "Rupture of spleen occurs more and more frequently in peactime conditions and resemble to wartime injuries. Authors describe own experiences of treating such traumas.", "contents": "[Splenic rupture]. Rupture of spleen occurs more and more frequently in peactime conditions and resemble to wartime injuries. Authors describe own experiences of treating such traumas.", "PMID": 539263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7773", "title": "[Injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tract].", "content": "We represented two injuries of extrahepatic bile ducts upon our clinics materijal within last ten years. With the first case we had isolated rupture calculus gallbladder by closed abdominal injury. Secend case had opend abdominal injury and rupture of gallbladder and common bile duct. We faund gallbladder teard off in Douglas spece. We solved both cases succesfully with cholecystectomy and in secend case we also aplied suture of common bile duct with T tube drainage.", "contents": "[Injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tract]. We represented two injuries of extrahepatic bile ducts upon our clinics materijal within last ten years. With the first case we had isolated rupture calculus gallbladder by closed abdominal injury. Secend case had opend abdominal injury and rupture of gallbladder and common bile duct. We faund gallbladder teard off in Douglas spece. We solved both cases succesfully with cholecystectomy and in secend case we also aplied suture of common bile duct with T tube drainage.", "PMID": 539267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7774", "title": "[Tactics of surgical care of closed abdominal injuries under conditions of defensive war].", "content": "The authors are analizing the mechanism of initiation, frequency, surgical characteristics, the way of treatment and the factors affecting the prognosis of close injuries of abdomen in peace and war conditions. The discussion is about the problems of uniform surgical war-doctrine (army sanitary service, public-health service) in conditions of general civil-war defence. Own experiences are presented in surgical treatment of 179 patients with close injuries of abdomen in 10-year research on the Regional Surgical Department of Banja Luka's Medical Center.", "contents": "[Tactics of surgical care of closed abdominal injuries under conditions of defensive war]. The authors are analizing the mechanism of initiation, frequency, surgical characteristics, the way of treatment and the factors affecting the prognosis of close injuries of abdomen in peace and war conditions. The discussion is about the problems of uniform surgical war-doctrine (army sanitary service, public-health service) in conditions of general civil-war defence. Own experiences are presented in surgical treatment of 179 patients with close injuries of abdomen in 10-year research on the Regional Surgical Department of Banja Luka's Medical Center.", "PMID": 539295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7775", "title": "[Comparative analysis of changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and ocular fundus findings in traumatic subarachnoidal hemorrhage].", "content": "In this paper we gave the analysis of the height of CNS fluid pressure at patients with traumatologic subarachnoidal hemorrhagy and changes in fundus shown as preretinal hemorragies. By analysing 15 patients we could some to the conclusion that CNS fluid pressure, measured in lumbal did not follow the appearance of preretinal hemorragies. Or in other words, the appearance of preretinal hemorragies was not in direct dependance of the CNS fluid pressure. The measuring of the CNS fluid pressure was usual performed each second and third day after the patient had entered the hospital.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and ocular fundus findings in traumatic subarachnoidal hemorrhage]. In this paper we gave the analysis of the height of CNS fluid pressure at patients with traumatologic subarachnoidal hemorrhagy and changes in fundus shown as preretinal hemorragies. By analysing 15 patients we could some to the conclusion that CNS fluid pressure, measured in lumbal did not follow the appearance of preretinal hemorragies. Or in other words, the appearance of preretinal hemorragies was not in direct dependance of the CNS fluid pressure. The measuring of the CNS fluid pressure was usual performed each second and third day after the patient had entered the hospital.", "PMID": 539319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7776", "title": "Effect of suture materials on bacterial survival in infected wounds. An experimental study.", "content": "A non-capilllary and a capillary suture material were compared as regards the course of Staphylococcus areus infection at the site of implantation. The materials were implanted in the muscle of the rat, and bacterial counts were made at intervals over 41 days. The number of bacteria recovered at the implantation site during the test period decreased steadily and was significantly lower for the non-capillary than for the capillary materials. In the latter case the bacterial counts did not fall far below the initial value at inoculation. The number of bacteria isolated from the suture thread in relation to the total number from the thread and the surrounding muscle was significantly greater for the capillary material. The difference in the results for the two types of suture materials might be ascribed to differences in the extent to which the bacteria are exposed to the body's defence mechanism; in the case of the capillary suture material the bacteria would tend to be protected through their enclosure in the interstices of the material.", "contents": "Effect of suture materials on bacterial survival in infected wounds. An experimental study. A non-capilllary and a capillary suture material were compared as regards the course of Staphylococcus areus infection at the site of implantation. The materials were implanted in the muscle of the rat, and bacterial counts were made at intervals over 41 days. The number of bacteria recovered at the implantation site during the test period decreased steadily and was significantly lower for the non-capillary than for the capillary materials. In the latter case the bacterial counts did not fall far below the initial value at inoculation. The number of bacteria isolated from the suture thread in relation to the total number from the thread and the surrounding muscle was significantly greater for the capillary material. The difference in the results for the two types of suture materials might be ascribed to differences in the extent to which the bacteria are exposed to the body's defence mechanism; in the case of the capillary suture material the bacteria would tend to be protected through their enclosure in the interstices of the material.", "PMID": 539325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7777", "title": "Surgical classification of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "A new surgical classification of abdominal aortic aneurysms is proposed. The classification is based upon the clinical features immediately prior to surgery and the findings during operation. Group I consists of elective cases without symptoms, group II elective cases with symptoms, group III suspected rupture, group IV rupture without clinical shock and group V rupture with clinical shock. The mortality in a material of 129 cases was 0 in group I and progressed to 74% in group V. The mortality distribution was confirmed by a collective review of the literature. The proposed classification sheds light upon the natural history of the disease, prognosis and indication for operation.", "contents": "Surgical classification of abdominal aortic aneurysms. A new surgical classification of abdominal aortic aneurysms is proposed. The classification is based upon the clinical features immediately prior to surgery and the findings during operation. Group I consists of elective cases without symptoms, group II elective cases with symptoms, group III suspected rupture, group IV rupture without clinical shock and group V rupture with clinical shock. The mortality in a material of 129 cases was 0 in group I and progressed to 74% in group V. The mortality distribution was confirmed by a collective review of the literature. The proposed classification sheds light upon the natural history of the disease, prognosis and indication for operation.", "PMID": 539327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7778", "title": "Peroperative estimation of the size of the thyroid remnant.", "content": "A new method for estimation of the size of the remaining tissue after thyroid resection is described. The method has been tested on cadavers and during lobectomy in a series of patients. It is shown that intraoperative quantification of the thyroid remnant can be performed mostly with +/- 0.5 g for an individual thyroid lobe with a coefficient of variation of +/- 7.6%. In patients with toxic nodular goiter and calcifications, however, the error might be larger due to the varying homogeneity of the thyroid tissue. In 73 patients with negative antibody titers operated on for hyperthyroidism it was shown that the size of the thyroid remnant was negatively correlated to the delta TSH, determined 6 weeks after the operation.", "contents": "Peroperative estimation of the size of the thyroid remnant. A new method for estimation of the size of the remaining tissue after thyroid resection is described. The method has been tested on cadavers and during lobectomy in a series of patients. It is shown that intraoperative quantification of the thyroid remnant can be performed mostly with +/- 0.5 g for an individual thyroid lobe with a coefficient of variation of +/- 7.6%. In patients with toxic nodular goiter and calcifications, however, the error might be larger due to the varying homogeneity of the thyroid tissue. In 73 patients with negative antibody titers operated on for hyperthyroidism it was shown that the size of the thyroid remnant was negatively correlated to the delta TSH, determined 6 weeks after the operation.", "PMID": 539328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7779", "title": "Halothane hepatitis after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "A case of halothane hepatitis occurring 14 months after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity in a 49-year-old woman is described. Hepatic dysfunction after bypass procedures is especially seen in the weight losing phase, and has been ascribed to protein malnutrition. Halothane is considered immunogenic and it is possible that the hepatitis was provoked by repeated halothane administrations due to the patient's altered immunological competence.", "contents": "Halothane hepatitis after jejunoileal bypass. A case of halothane hepatitis occurring 14 months after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity in a 49-year-old woman is described. Hepatic dysfunction after bypass procedures is especially seen in the weight losing phase, and has been ascribed to protein malnutrition. Halothane is considered immunogenic and it is possible that the hepatitis was provoked by repeated halothane administrations due to the patient's altered immunological competence.", "PMID": 539329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7780", "title": "Liver circulation and oxygen metabolism during short time ligation and the hepatic artery in the dog.", "content": "The changes of liver circulation and liver oxygen metabolism during and after one hour hepatic artery ligation (HAL) were studied in eight mongrel dogs. At the end of the HAL period total hepatic blood flow (THBF) was reduced from 115.6 +/- 5.5 ml/min . 100 g liver tissue to 68.0 +/- 3.7 ml/min . 100 g or 59% of the initial value. The portal venous blood flow was reduced from 83.1 +/- 3.4 to 58.8 +/- 3.7 ml/min . 100 or 82% of the initial value and the liver oxygen consumption was reduced from 4.1 +/- 0.2 ml/min . 100 g to 3.1 +/- 0.3 ml/min . 100 g or 76% of the initial value. The changes in portal venous blood flow and liver oxygen consumption were reversible following reopening of the hepatic artery. The clinical importance of a reduced portal venous blood flow and liver oxygen consumption following HAL and the possibilities to increase the portal venous blood flow are discussed.", "contents": "Liver circulation and oxygen metabolism during short time ligation and the hepatic artery in the dog. The changes of liver circulation and liver oxygen metabolism during and after one hour hepatic artery ligation (HAL) were studied in eight mongrel dogs. At the end of the HAL period total hepatic blood flow (THBF) was reduced from 115.6 +/- 5.5 ml/min . 100 g liver tissue to 68.0 +/- 3.7 ml/min . 100 g or 59% of the initial value. The portal venous blood flow was reduced from 83.1 +/- 3.4 to 58.8 +/- 3.7 ml/min . 100 or 82% of the initial value and the liver oxygen consumption was reduced from 4.1 +/- 0.2 ml/min . 100 g to 3.1 +/- 0.3 ml/min . 100 g or 76% of the initial value. The changes in portal venous blood flow and liver oxygen consumption were reversible following reopening of the hepatic artery. The clinical importance of a reduced portal venous blood flow and liver oxygen consumption following HAL and the possibilities to increase the portal venous blood flow are discussed.", "PMID": 539330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7781", "title": "Palpatory estimation of liver size. Within- and between-observer variation.", "content": "A study based upon 23 patients revealed substantial within- and between-observer variation, when 14 senior and junior surgeons under blindfold conditions were requested to measure the distance from the thoracic cage to the lower border of the liver in the midclavicular and midsternal lines. Clinical decisions should accordingly not rely heavily upon a palpatory estimate of liver size.", "contents": "Palpatory estimation of liver size. Within- and between-observer variation. A study based upon 23 patients revealed substantial within- and between-observer variation, when 14 senior and junior surgeons under blindfold conditions were requested to measure the distance from the thoracic cage to the lower border of the liver in the midclavicular and midsternal lines. Clinical decisions should accordingly not rely heavily upon a palpatory estimate of liver size.", "PMID": 539331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7782", "title": "Low anterior resection using stapling instrument.", "content": "Twenty-one patients, eighteen with carcinoma of the rectum and three with diverticulosis of the colon, have been treated with anterior resection. The anastomoses were made with the stapling instrument, EEA, allowing very low anastomoses. All patients had temporary colostomy. Seventeen patients had a postoperative uneventful course. In three patients, major but tractable complications were seen. One patient died of pulmonary embolism. All survivors were completely continent for air and faeces, even with anastomoses only 4 cm above the anus. Two cases of recurrency have been noticed, one after two months and one after thirteen months. The result of making low anterior resection with the aid of the stapling machine EEA are so far promising.", "contents": "Low anterior resection using stapling instrument. Twenty-one patients, eighteen with carcinoma of the rectum and three with diverticulosis of the colon, have been treated with anterior resection. The anastomoses were made with the stapling instrument, EEA, allowing very low anastomoses. All patients had temporary colostomy. Seventeen patients had a postoperative uneventful course. In three patients, major but tractable complications were seen. One patient died of pulmonary embolism. All survivors were completely continent for air and faeces, even with anastomoses only 4 cm above the anus. Two cases of recurrency have been noticed, one after two months and one after thirteen months. The result of making low anterior resection with the aid of the stapling machine EEA are so far promising.", "PMID": 539332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7783", "title": "Nonrotation anomaly of the bowel causing acute intestinal obstruction in adults. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of acute intestinal obstruction in adults caused by a nonrotation anomaly of the bowel are presented. Both of the patients had suffered since chilhood from chronic, recurrent but rather mild abdominal symptoms which subsided spontaneously. In both cases volvulus of the cecum caused the acute abdominal condition, necessitating emergency operation. The nonrotation anomaly was an unsuspected discovery at laparotomy. The possibility of this type of congenital anomaly should be kept in mind whenever a patient has chronic recurrent abdominal symptoms or an acute abdominal condition.", "contents": "Nonrotation anomaly of the bowel causing acute intestinal obstruction in adults. A report of two cases. Two cases of acute intestinal obstruction in adults caused by a nonrotation anomaly of the bowel are presented. Both of the patients had suffered since chilhood from chronic, recurrent but rather mild abdominal symptoms which subsided spontaneously. In both cases volvulus of the cecum caused the acute abdominal condition, necessitating emergency operation. The nonrotation anomaly was an unsuspected discovery at laparotomy. The possibility of this type of congenital anomaly should be kept in mind whenever a patient has chronic recurrent abdominal symptoms or an acute abdominal condition.", "PMID": 539333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7784", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis in the newborn.", "content": "Abdominal masses localized to the region of the kidney in the newborn require different diagnostic procedures. Taking advantage of cystourethrography, retrograde and intravenous pyelography and angiography, it should be possible to make the right diagnosis as in our two cases demonstrating renal vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis in the newborn. Abdominal masses localized to the region of the kidney in the newborn require different diagnostic procedures. Taking advantage of cystourethrography, retrograde and intravenous pyelography and angiography, it should be possible to make the right diagnosis as in our two cases demonstrating renal vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 539334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7785", "title": "Serum activity of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in patients operated with jejunoileal bypass for extreme obesity after pretreatment with aminoacids.", "content": "Increased blood level of the liver specific enzyme ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) is known to be a sensitive indicator of liver cell damage. The effect of preoperative aminoacid infusion to obese patients before jejunoileal bypass due to obesity was studied in 7 patients. They had a significantly lower rise on OCT than eight patients receiving only 5.5% glucose. The result seems to indicate that the liver in an obese patient undergoing abdominal surgery is protected against damage by an infusion of aminoacids.", "contents": "Serum activity of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in patients operated with jejunoileal bypass for extreme obesity after pretreatment with aminoacids. Increased blood level of the liver specific enzyme ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) is known to be a sensitive indicator of liver cell damage. The effect of preoperative aminoacid infusion to obese patients before jejunoileal bypass due to obesity was studied in 7 patients. They had a significantly lower rise on OCT than eight patients receiving only 5.5% glucose. The result seems to indicate that the liver in an obese patient undergoing abdominal surgery is protected against damage by an infusion of aminoacids.", "PMID": 539335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7786", "title": "Achilles tendon injury. 3. Structure of rabbit soleus muscles after immobilization at different positions.", "content": "This investigation was designed to study the short and long term effects of inactivity on the fine structure of skeletal muscle tissue. Ankles of rabbits were unilaterally immobilized for one of three weeks. The knees were semiflexed and the feet were either in plantar or in dorsal flexed positions. The soleus muscles were examined immediately after removal of the plaster or after six months of observation. The muscle fibres, when immobilized in the slackened state, showed serious degenerative changes and Type 1 fibres, i.e. fibres lightly stained for myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.4, were often necrotic. The fibre type ratio was changed when examined immediately after removal of the casts so that the relative number of Type 2 fibres was increased. If stretched, essentially normal morphology was seen. The contralateral soleus muscles, which were excessively weight-bearing during the plaster period, were characterized by small, sometimes necrotic, Type 2 fibres and splitting of Type 1 fibres. Whatever the reason for the structural changes it seems correct to point out to the surgeon that too much emphasis on tendon aspects implies certain risks. Overeagerness to obtain a safe way of unloading the tendon during the necessary period of immobilization after suture may result in longstanding damage to the muscle structure and, as a sequel, decreased strength.", "contents": "Achilles tendon injury. 3. Structure of rabbit soleus muscles after immobilization at different positions. This investigation was designed to study the short and long term effects of inactivity on the fine structure of skeletal muscle tissue. Ankles of rabbits were unilaterally immobilized for one of three weeks. The knees were semiflexed and the feet were either in plantar or in dorsal flexed positions. The soleus muscles were examined immediately after removal of the plaster or after six months of observation. The muscle fibres, when immobilized in the slackened state, showed serious degenerative changes and Type 1 fibres, i.e. fibres lightly stained for myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.4, were often necrotic. The fibre type ratio was changed when examined immediately after removal of the casts so that the relative number of Type 2 fibres was increased. If stretched, essentially normal morphology was seen. The contralateral soleus muscles, which were excessively weight-bearing during the plaster period, were characterized by small, sometimes necrotic, Type 2 fibres and splitting of Type 1 fibres. Whatever the reason for the structural changes it seems correct to point out to the surgeon that too much emphasis on tendon aspects implies certain risks. Overeagerness to obtain a safe way of unloading the tendon during the necessary period of immobilization after suture may result in longstanding damage to the muscle structure and, as a sequel, decreased strength.", "PMID": 539336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7787", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. 1. Selection of patients and operative results.", "content": "Between 1958--1976 204 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were admitted to the surgical ward for evaluation. One hundred and thirty-eight patients were operated on, 7 died prior to operation and 59 patients were not recommended operation for different reasons. Elective surgery was performed in 60 patients and 78 underwent acute surgery. The aneurysm had ruptured in 40 of the acutely operated patients. The operative mortality was 33% for the whole series, 65% among the ruptured aneurysms and 10% for the planned operations. The early mortality diminished successively and was during the last 5-year period 4% for planned and 40% for emergency operations. The main causes of the early mortality was renal or cardiac insufficiency and abdominal or gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Intestinal infarction was the cause of death in two patients. Twenty-nine re-operations were made in 24 patients. Abdominal haemorrhage, gastro-intestinal bleeding or arterial embolus in the leg were the most common reasons for the re-operations. An analysis of the factors that may influence the operative mortality revealed that age, sex, pre-operative shock, re-operations and number of blood transfusions may be of importance for prediction of the survival. Previously known hypertension, infarction, myocardial ischaemia or the operation time did not seem to have any predictive value. The most common reasons for not recommending surgery were small aneurysms, technical inoperability, advanced age or severely complicating disease.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. 1. Selection of patients and operative results. Between 1958--1976 204 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were admitted to the surgical ward for evaluation. One hundred and thirty-eight patients were operated on, 7 died prior to operation and 59 patients were not recommended operation for different reasons. Elective surgery was performed in 60 patients and 78 underwent acute surgery. The aneurysm had ruptured in 40 of the acutely operated patients. The operative mortality was 33% for the whole series, 65% among the ruptured aneurysms and 10% for the planned operations. The early mortality diminished successively and was during the last 5-year period 4% for planned and 40% for emergency operations. The main causes of the early mortality was renal or cardiac insufficiency and abdominal or gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Intestinal infarction was the cause of death in two patients. Twenty-nine re-operations were made in 24 patients. Abdominal haemorrhage, gastro-intestinal bleeding or arterial embolus in the leg were the most common reasons for the re-operations. An analysis of the factors that may influence the operative mortality revealed that age, sex, pre-operative shock, re-operations and number of blood transfusions may be of importance for prediction of the survival. Previously known hypertension, infarction, myocardial ischaemia or the operation time did not seem to have any predictive value. The most common reasons for not recommending surgery were small aneurysms, technical inoperability, advanced age or severely complicating disease.", "PMID": 539337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7788", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. II. Long-term follow-up of operated and unoperated patients.", "content": "Survival rate, causes of late death, employment, general health, walking capacity and sexual activity were investigated in 87 patients operated on for abdominal aortic aneurysms and 44 unoperated patients. The life expectancy was higher in the operated patients. The higher mortality for the non-operated patients was mainly due to aneurysmal rupture. Both groups of patients succumbed to atherosclerotic diseases, which before death had restricted their physical activity. More non-operated than operated patients left their employment due to the aneurysm disease. Eleven of 31 still living male operated patients had lost ability of erection postoperatively and 18 had abnormal or absent ejaculation. For the 12 still living non-operated patients indication for surgery was again considered and 3 of these patients will be recommended operation.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. II. Long-term follow-up of operated and unoperated patients. Survival rate, causes of late death, employment, general health, walking capacity and sexual activity were investigated in 87 patients operated on for abdominal aortic aneurysms and 44 unoperated patients. The life expectancy was higher in the operated patients. The higher mortality for the non-operated patients was mainly due to aneurysmal rupture. Both groups of patients succumbed to atherosclerotic diseases, which before death had restricted their physical activity. More non-operated than operated patients left their employment due to the aneurysm disease. Eleven of 31 still living male operated patients had lost ability of erection postoperatively and 18 had abnormal or absent ejaculation. For the 12 still living non-operated patients indication for surgery was again considered and 3 of these patients will be recommended operation.", "PMID": 539338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7789", "title": "Bilateral renal artery stenosis/occlusion and renovascular hypertension. Correlation of angiographic findings with blood pressure response after surgery.", "content": "In a previous study of unilateral renal artery stenosis the angiograms of patients with a favourable blood pressure response after surgery were found to be characterized by a reduction of renal arterial lumen greater than or equal to 90% and/or renal collateral circulation. Ancillary features were post-stenotic dilatation and a reduction of kidney length greater than or equal to 1 cm (Andersson; Andersson, Bergentz, Dymling, Ericsson, Hansson & H\u00f6kfelt). This report deals with 32 patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis who were followed 6--54 months after operation. The preoperative angiograms were analysed retrospectively without knowledge of the blood pressure response. In patients with bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia a good correlation was found between the above-mentioned criteria and a favourable blood pressure respone. In patients with bilateral arteriosclerotic stenosis no correlation was found. It was concluded that renal angiography constitutes a valuable predictive test in bilateral non-arteriosclerotic stenosis. In the presence of bilateral arteriosclerotic stenosis the selection of patients for surgery should be based on other parameters such as kidney function, age and general vascular status of the patient.", "contents": "Bilateral renal artery stenosis/occlusion and renovascular hypertension. Correlation of angiographic findings with blood pressure response after surgery. In a previous study of unilateral renal artery stenosis the angiograms of patients with a favourable blood pressure response after surgery were found to be characterized by a reduction of renal arterial lumen greater than or equal to 90% and/or renal collateral circulation. Ancillary features were post-stenotic dilatation and a reduction of kidney length greater than or equal to 1 cm (Andersson; Andersson, Bergentz, Dymling, Ericsson, Hansson & H\u00f6kfelt). This report deals with 32 patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis who were followed 6--54 months after operation. The preoperative angiograms were analysed retrospectively without knowledge of the blood pressure response. In patients with bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia a good correlation was found between the above-mentioned criteria and a favourable blood pressure respone. In patients with bilateral arteriosclerotic stenosis no correlation was found. It was concluded that renal angiography constitutes a valuable predictive test in bilateral non-arteriosclerotic stenosis. In the presence of bilateral arteriosclerotic stenosis the selection of patients for surgery should be based on other parameters such as kidney function, age and general vascular status of the patient.", "PMID": 539339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7790", "title": "Premalignant lesions of the pappilla of Vater and the common bile duct.", "content": "Two patients with benign adenomatous papilloma of the papilla of Vater and the common bile duct are presented. Both patients had symptoms from the upper gastrointestinal tract and biliary system. The clinical and roentgenological aspects are discussed and the importance of the correct preoperative and/or peroperative diagnosis and the value of radical surgery is emphasized.", "contents": "Premalignant lesions of the pappilla of Vater and the common bile duct. Two patients with benign adenomatous papilloma of the papilla of Vater and the common bile duct are presented. Both patients had symptoms from the upper gastrointestinal tract and biliary system. The clinical and roentgenological aspects are discussed and the importance of the correct preoperative and/or peroperative diagnosis and the value of radical surgery is emphasized.", "PMID": 539340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7791", "title": "Appendicectomy during pregnancy.", "content": "Twenty-four appendicectomies were performed during intra-uterine pregnancy at the Department of Surgery of the University Central Hospital, Turku, in the period 1963--77. Six out of 14 cases of appendicitis occurred in the third trimester. The incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy was 1 : 1 445. In 9 cases the appendices removed were normal. The diagnostic difficulties were greatest during the final phase of pregnancy. The location of palpation tenderness in these cases differed from that in the cases with a normal appendix. Fever was generally slight and was sometimes completely absent. The appendix had perforated in 2 cases in both of which premature delivery occurred on the third postoperative day. The infant died in one of these two cases because of immaturity. The pregnancy of the other patients continued uneventfully to term. Appendicitis and appendecectomy performed in good time generally do not involve risk for the continued progress of pregnancy. Progesterone or isoxuprine may have beneficial effect on the course of the pregnancy.", "contents": "Appendicectomy during pregnancy. Twenty-four appendicectomies were performed during intra-uterine pregnancy at the Department of Surgery of the University Central Hospital, Turku, in the period 1963--77. Six out of 14 cases of appendicitis occurred in the third trimester. The incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy was 1 : 1 445. In 9 cases the appendices removed were normal. The diagnostic difficulties were greatest during the final phase of pregnancy. The location of palpation tenderness in these cases differed from that in the cases with a normal appendix. Fever was generally slight and was sometimes completely absent. The appendix had perforated in 2 cases in both of which premature delivery occurred on the third postoperative day. The infant died in one of these two cases because of immaturity. The pregnancy of the other patients continued uneventfully to term. Appendicitis and appendecectomy performed in good time generally do not involve risk for the continued progress of pregnancy. Progesterone or isoxuprine may have beneficial effect on the course of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 539341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7792", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism--a life-threatening disease in 1978. A case report.", "content": "In a patient with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) two neck explorations with identification of three normal parathyroid glands were carried out. Cervical and mediastinal vein catheterization with blood sampling for determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) confirmed drainage of large amounts of PTH to a mediastinal vein. Two thoracic explorations were negative anterior and posterior mediastinum). The operations were performed during 1971 and 1978 and extensive, progrediating decalcification with brown tumour formation was radiologically demonstrated during that time. Diminished renal function, skeleton pain and mental depression necessitated a last exploration, at which a 2 cm large parathyroid adenoma was found in the left carotid sheath just below the left mastoid process. The adenoma was drained into mediastinal veins through long anastomotic branches.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism--a life-threatening disease in 1978. A case report. In a patient with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) two neck explorations with identification of three normal parathyroid glands were carried out. Cervical and mediastinal vein catheterization with blood sampling for determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) confirmed drainage of large amounts of PTH to a mediastinal vein. Two thoracic explorations were negative anterior and posterior mediastinum). The operations were performed during 1971 and 1978 and extensive, progrediating decalcification with brown tumour formation was radiologically demonstrated during that time. Diminished renal function, skeleton pain and mental depression necessitated a last exploration, at which a 2 cm large parathyroid adenoma was found in the left carotid sheath just below the left mastoid process. The adenoma was drained into mediastinal veins through long anastomotic branches.", "PMID": 539342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7793", "title": "Extra-abdominal desmoid tumour. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of desmoid tumour in a lower extremity are described. Primary radical excision is necessary for this type of tumour, because of its clear tendency to recur. In the described cases surgery was complicated by the proximity of neural structures and blood vessels. Preoperative angiography was useful for determining the size of the tumour and its position in relation to large blood vessels. Pathologic vascularity was found in the tumours, but histologic examination revealed no sign of malignancy. The histologic structure of the tumours corresponded in all respects to benign fibromatosis, apart from a clear increase in the number of mast cells. The tumours showed a tendency to grow between the muscle fibres, though a pseudocapsule was observed at operation in two cases. None of the specimens from the extirpation line displayed any signs of tumour tissue, but this did not preclude recurrence.", "contents": "Extra-abdominal desmoid tumour. Report of three cases. Three cases of desmoid tumour in a lower extremity are described. Primary radical excision is necessary for this type of tumour, because of its clear tendency to recur. In the described cases surgery was complicated by the proximity of neural structures and blood vessels. Preoperative angiography was useful for determining the size of the tumour and its position in relation to large blood vessels. Pathologic vascularity was found in the tumours, but histologic examination revealed no sign of malignancy. The histologic structure of the tumours corresponded in all respects to benign fibromatosis, apart from a clear increase in the number of mast cells. The tumours showed a tendency to grow between the muscle fibres, though a pseudocapsule was observed at operation in two cases. None of the specimens from the extirpation line displayed any signs of tumour tissue, but this did not preclude recurrence.", "PMID": 539343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7794", "title": "Gastric leiomyoblastoma: three interesting cases.", "content": "The leiomyoblastoma of the stomach has emerged as a separate entity different from the well known benign and malignant gastric tumours of smooth muscle origin. The histologic picture is very typical but has puzzled many pathologists in the past. It is important to consider the possibility of this tumour at operation because it will influence the type of operation to be carried out. Even with seeminly hopeless spread a curative resection is often possible. Per-operative frozen section diagnosis is imperative. Enucleation alone is inadequate. Wide local excision without removal of the regional lymph nodes is often sufficient. More radical operations have no apparent effect on survival. A total gastrectomy is only indicated in cases of multiple localisations or recurrences. Primary and secondary excision of metastases should be considered. Prognosis is relatively good and is best evaluated by a combination of clinical and histologic criteria.", "contents": "Gastric leiomyoblastoma: three interesting cases. The leiomyoblastoma of the stomach has emerged as a separate entity different from the well known benign and malignant gastric tumours of smooth muscle origin. The histologic picture is very typical but has puzzled many pathologists in the past. It is important to consider the possibility of this tumour at operation because it will influence the type of operation to be carried out. Even with seeminly hopeless spread a curative resection is often possible. Per-operative frozen section diagnosis is imperative. Enucleation alone is inadequate. Wide local excision without removal of the regional lymph nodes is often sufficient. More radical operations have no apparent effect on survival. A total gastrectomy is only indicated in cases of multiple localisations or recurrences. Primary and secondary excision of metastases should be considered. Prognosis is relatively good and is best evaluated by a combination of clinical and histologic criteria.", "PMID": 539344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7795", "title": "Colonoscopic appendectomy. Report of two cases.", "content": "Colonoscopic appendectomy has been performed in two patients, who had had their appendices inverted into the caecum as an incidental procedure at earlier abdominal surgery.", "contents": "Colonoscopic appendectomy. Report of two cases. Colonoscopic appendectomy has been performed in two patients, who had had their appendices inverted into the caecum as an incidental procedure at earlier abdominal surgery.", "PMID": 539345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7796", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine associated with Crohn's disease.", "content": "A case is described of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine with coexisting regional enteritis. The previous reports in the literature are briefly reviewed and a causal relationship is discussed.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine associated with Crohn's disease. A case is described of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine with coexisting regional enteritis. The previous reports in the literature are briefly reviewed and a causal relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 539346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7797", "title": "[Analysis of the results of treatment of multiple myeloma].", "content": "Therapeutic results were analysed in 62 cases of multiple myeloma treated by two-stage method: I. with cyclically non-specific agents (melphalan) in each case. When this treatment was a failure the second step was given: II. cyclically specific and non-specific agents by the M-2 schedule. Good therapeutic response was obtained in 70% of cases. The mean survival time in the whole group was 35 months, and in the subgroup with good prognosis it was 44 months. Most (74%) patients with IgG M-protein responded well to treatment with cyclically non-specific agents, while only 50% of those with IgA M-protein had a good response to them.", "contents": "[Analysis of the results of treatment of multiple myeloma]. Therapeutic results were analysed in 62 cases of multiple myeloma treated by two-stage method: I. with cyclically non-specific agents (melphalan) in each case. When this treatment was a failure the second step was given: II. cyclically specific and non-specific agents by the M-2 schedule. Good therapeutic response was obtained in 70% of cases. The mean survival time in the whole group was 35 months, and in the subgroup with good prognosis it was 44 months. Most (74%) patients with IgG M-protein responded well to treatment with cyclically non-specific agents, while only 50% of those with IgA M-protein had a good response to them.", "PMID": 539350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7798", "title": "[Blood serum antiplatelet activity in acute leukemia and idiopathic thrombopenia studied with the aid of the platelet factor 3 availability test].", "content": "The effect of the activity present in the globulin fraction of the serum of patients with acute leukaemias and thrombocytopenia on the isologous platelets was investigated. This activity caused, due to increased availability of platelet factor 3, an acceleration of the endogenous clotting pathway with resulting shortening of the clotting time in the test of platelet factor 3 availability. This test was done in 44 patients with acute leukaemia and 19 with thrombocytopenia demonstrating a high-grade shortening of the clotting time as compared with that in a group of 30 healthy controls. In some cases of complete remission of acute leukaemia an effect of this activity on the autologous platelets was demonstrated. The antiplatelet activity was inhibited by rabbit serum against human IgG and Fc fragment of the heavy chain in IgG. These results suggest that the activity present in the globulin fraction of the serum may be one of the causes of thrombocytopenia in acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[Blood serum antiplatelet activity in acute leukemia and idiopathic thrombopenia studied with the aid of the platelet factor 3 availability test]. The effect of the activity present in the globulin fraction of the serum of patients with acute leukaemias and thrombocytopenia on the isologous platelets was investigated. This activity caused, due to increased availability of platelet factor 3, an acceleration of the endogenous clotting pathway with resulting shortening of the clotting time in the test of platelet factor 3 availability. This test was done in 44 patients with acute leukaemia and 19 with thrombocytopenia demonstrating a high-grade shortening of the clotting time as compared with that in a group of 30 healthy controls. In some cases of complete remission of acute leukaemia an effect of this activity on the autologous platelets was demonstrated. The antiplatelet activity was inhibited by rabbit serum against human IgG and Fc fragment of the heavy chain in IgG. These results suggest that the activity present in the globulin fraction of the serum may be one of the causes of thrombocytopenia in acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 539351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7799", "title": "[Physico-chemical and biological studies of plastic materials intended for long-term contact with blood].", "content": "The criteria used presently for evaluating the materials for haemotherapy, which are based on chemical, physicochemical and biological extracts of aqueous solutions have been found to differ from the results observed after actual prolonged contact of these materials with blood and its elements. All the investigated plastic materials complied with the required quality standards, and, despite this, some of them, such as natural latex or siliconized rubber, caused considerable adhesion of proteins, release of high amounts of haemoglobin from the erythrocytes, and have been found even most thrombogenic of all 8 plastic materials tested. Investigations by means of scanning microscopy demonstrated that adhesion of fibrinogen and thrombocytes to the surface of the plastic materials depended to a high extent on the smoothness of this surface. It depended also on migration of components specific for each material. This was also the cause of variations in the adsorption of albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen labelled with 125I after their mixing with plasma.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical and biological studies of plastic materials intended for long-term contact with blood]. The criteria used presently for evaluating the materials for haemotherapy, which are based on chemical, physicochemical and biological extracts of aqueous solutions have been found to differ from the results observed after actual prolonged contact of these materials with blood and its elements. All the investigated plastic materials complied with the required quality standards, and, despite this, some of them, such as natural latex or siliconized rubber, caused considerable adhesion of proteins, release of high amounts of haemoglobin from the erythrocytes, and have been found even most thrombogenic of all 8 plastic materials tested. Investigations by means of scanning microscopy demonstrated that adhesion of fibrinogen and thrombocytes to the surface of the plastic materials depended to a high extent on the smoothness of this surface. It depended also on migration of components specific for each material. This was also the cause of variations in the adsorption of albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen labelled with 125I after their mixing with plasma.", "PMID": 539352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7800", "title": "[Lymphocyte acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytic leukemia studied in tissue culture with the use of diffusion chambers].", "content": "The reported investigations showed that lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with low acid phosphatase activity had a rise of this enzyme level during culture in diffusion chamber. This rise is caused by increased number of lymphocytes with activity grades 1 degree and 2 degrees, and from the 6th day of culture also the number of lymphocytes with 3 degrees and 4 degrees activity score rose as well, while at the same time the proportion of cells without acid phosphatase activity fell. In the lymphocytes of healthy subjects a rise in acid phosphatase activity was observed as well under the same culture conditions.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytic leukemia studied in tissue culture with the use of diffusion chambers]. The reported investigations showed that lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with low acid phosphatase activity had a rise of this enzyme level during culture in diffusion chamber. This rise is caused by increased number of lymphocytes with activity grades 1 degree and 2 degrees, and from the 6th day of culture also the number of lymphocytes with 3 degrees and 4 degrees activity score rose as well, while at the same time the proportion of cells without acid phosphatase activity fell. In the lymphocytes of healthy subjects a rise in acid phosphatase activity was observed as well under the same culture conditions.", "PMID": 539353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7801", "title": "[Thomson's colchicine test in differential diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma].", "content": "The studies were performed to estimate the sensitivity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes (32 patients), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCL) lymphocytes (3 patients) and normal human (NH) lymphocytes (20 persons) to antimitotic concentration of colchicine in the conditions of the in vitro Thomson's test. Significant differences were observed in this sensitivity test: for CLL lymphocytes the mean values was 79%, for N-HL-lymphocytes 37%, for NH-lymphocytes--12%. These data show the possibility of practical use of Thomson's test in differential diagnosis of increased lymphocytosis. A quantitative heterogeneity of colchicine sensitive (pathological) and non-sensitive (\"normal\") CLL lymphocyte populations was observed among different CLL patients. There was no correlation between the proportion of the above populations and the patient's age, duration of illness and the magnitude of total lymphocytosis.", "contents": "[Thomson's colchicine test in differential diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. The studies were performed to estimate the sensitivity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes (32 patients), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCL) lymphocytes (3 patients) and normal human (NH) lymphocytes (20 persons) to antimitotic concentration of colchicine in the conditions of the in vitro Thomson's test. Significant differences were observed in this sensitivity test: for CLL lymphocytes the mean values was 79%, for N-HL-lymphocytes 37%, for NH-lymphocytes--12%. These data show the possibility of practical use of Thomson's test in differential diagnosis of increased lymphocytosis. A quantitative heterogeneity of colchicine sensitive (pathological) and non-sensitive (\"normal\") CLL lymphocyte populations was observed among different CLL patients. There was no correlation between the proportion of the above populations and the patient's age, duration of illness and the magnitude of total lymphocytosis.", "PMID": 539354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7802", "title": "[Possibility of using antibodies to lactosylsphingosine in the diagnosis of neoplasms].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was evolved for detection of antibodies reacting with lactosylsphingosine in the serum. Positive results were obtained in cases of digestive tract neoplasms, cervical carcinoma and burns.", "contents": "[Possibility of using antibodies to lactosylsphingosine in the diagnosis of neoplasms]. A radioimmunoassay was evolved for detection of antibodies reacting with lactosylsphingosine in the serum. Positive results were obtained in cases of digestive tract neoplasms, cervical carcinoma and burns.", "PMID": 539355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7803", "title": "Emergency surgery for acute hyperparathyroidism: anesthetic aspects.", "content": "Hyperparathyroid crisis with hypercalcemia which is resistant to medical treatment, is a rare clinical condition which requires prompt surgical intervention. Preoperative problems, anesthetic management and postoperative evolution are discussed. A case report is described.", "contents": "Emergency surgery for acute hyperparathyroidism: anesthetic aspects. Hyperparathyroid crisis with hypercalcemia which is resistant to medical treatment, is a rare clinical condition which requires prompt surgical intervention. Preoperative problems, anesthetic management and postoperative evolution are discussed. A case report is described.", "PMID": 539357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7804", "title": "Preoperative autotransfusion for total hip protheses.", "content": "The authors describe a method of preoperative autotransfusion for scheduled total hip prothesis. Blood is collected in the patients 10 days before the operation. This blood is retransfused at the end of surgery, done under continuous epidural anesthesia. Of the 15 patients, 85% had a total hip prothesis without receiving bank blood.", "contents": "Preoperative autotransfusion for total hip protheses. The authors describe a method of preoperative autotransfusion for scheduled total hip prothesis. Blood is collected in the patients 10 days before the operation. This blood is retransfused at the end of surgery, done under continuous epidural anesthesia. Of the 15 patients, 85% had a total hip prothesis without receiving bank blood.", "PMID": 539358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7805", "title": "Medically equipped emergency ambulance units at \"H\u00f4pital Civil de Charleroi\". Four years' activity.", "content": "In narrow collaboration with the so-called \"900 Service\", the civil Hospital of Charleroi provides, since 1971, medical attendance for two emergency medical aid flying squads. Five hospital doctors belonging to this \"900 Service\" alternately assume, night and day, such responsibilities. Their background is reanimation anesthesia. Medical attendance is assumed on the ground of gravity criterions which are appreciated by a switchboard operator working at the Telephone calls' Centre. The number of such emergency medical attendances is gradually increasing: 377 in 1974, 489 in 1975, 973 in 1976, 1661 in 1977, 2135 in 1978. The proportion of \"flying\" attendances assumed for sheer medical affections is also gradually increasing in regard to those assumed for traumatological causes. The daily average of such \"flying interventions\" reaches 5.8 with a daily peak record of 15, which unquestionably shows that such an organised medical service is definitely positive. One should concede that a better selection among such emergency telephone calls could make the good results now recorded even better. The way to improve this selection could be achieved if the operator were a physician as this is the case in France with the S.A.M.U. services. In theory, such an improvement could  be reached through a Regional Centre for Emergency Medical Aid, such a Centre being activated by both local medical and hospital forces interdependent in the pursuit of the same goal i.e. \"Cases of Emergency\".", "contents": "Medically equipped emergency ambulance units at \"H\u00f4pital Civil de Charleroi\". Four years' activity. In narrow collaboration with the so-called \"900 Service\", the civil Hospital of Charleroi provides, since 1971, medical attendance for two emergency medical aid flying squads. Five hospital doctors belonging to this \"900 Service\" alternately assume, night and day, such responsibilities. Their background is reanimation anesthesia. Medical attendance is assumed on the ground of gravity criterions which are appreciated by a switchboard operator working at the Telephone calls' Centre. The number of such emergency medical attendances is gradually increasing: 377 in 1974, 489 in 1975, 973 in 1976, 1661 in 1977, 2135 in 1978. The proportion of \"flying\" attendances assumed for sheer medical affections is also gradually increasing in regard to those assumed for traumatological causes. The daily average of such \"flying interventions\" reaches 5.8 with a daily peak record of 15, which unquestionably shows that such an organised medical service is definitely positive. One should concede that a better selection among such emergency telephone calls could make the good results now recorded even better. The way to improve this selection could be achieved if the operator were a physician as this is the case in France with the S.A.M.U. services. In theory, such an improvement could  be reached through a Regional Centre for Emergency Medical Aid, such a Centre being activated by both local medical and hospital forces interdependent in the pursuit of the same goal i.e. \"Cases of Emergency\".", "PMID": 539359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7806", "title": "Ro21-3981/ketamine anesthesia for the treatment of poor risk patients.", "content": "Two consecutive anesthetics were given to a young severely debilitated patient, who had recently had bone marrow transplantation. On both occasions a combination of a new benzodiazepine, Ro21-3981, and ketamine was used, the first with the patient breathing oxygen spontaneously, and the second under relaxation and artificial ventilation with pure oxygen. The findings suggest that this technique provides cardiovascular stability during anesthesia and rapid return to consciousness, free from emergence phenomena. The technique facilitated the early transport of the patient away from the recovery facilities.", "contents": "Ro21-3981/ketamine anesthesia for the treatment of poor risk patients. Two consecutive anesthetics were given to a young severely debilitated patient, who had recently had bone marrow transplantation. On both occasions a combination of a new benzodiazepine, Ro21-3981, and ketamine was used, the first with the patient breathing oxygen spontaneously, and the second under relaxation and artificial ventilation with pure oxygen. The findings suggest that this technique provides cardiovascular stability during anesthesia and rapid return to consciousness, free from emergence phenomena. The technique facilitated the early transport of the patient away from the recovery facilities.", "PMID": 539361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7807", "title": "Pubertal neurocranium growth in thymectomized rats.", "content": "Differences in neurocranium growth at puberty were studied in rats of both sexes thymectomized and sham-thymectomized at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days of age and in controls of matched age and sex; skull length, width and height, and skull base length and face length were measured. The neurocranium of the thymectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham-thymectomized and control rats of both sexes and in all age-groups.", "contents": "Pubertal neurocranium growth in thymectomized rats. Differences in neurocranium growth at puberty were studied in rats of both sexes thymectomized and sham-thymectomized at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days of age and in controls of matched age and sex; skull length, width and height, and skull base length and face length were measured. The neurocranium of the thymectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham-thymectomized and control rats of both sexes and in all age-groups.", "PMID": 539362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7808", "title": "[Radio-anatomic study of the median artery].", "content": "A study of the median artery has been done on 40 forearms, using anatomical and radiological methods. Of the points studied, the following are of particular interest: the mode of origin and the systematization of the various types.", "contents": "[Radio-anatomic study of the median artery]. A study of the median artery has been done on 40 forearms, using anatomical and radiological methods. Of the points studied, the following are of particular interest: the mode of origin and the systematization of the various types.", "PMID": 539363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7809", "title": "Fine structural analysis of the effect of trypan blue on the visceral endoderm of the mouse egg cylinder.", "content": "The effects of a maternal injection of trypan blue on primitive streak mouse embryos were studied with electron microscopy. Commercial trypan blue was purified by descending paper chromatography, and pregnant females received an intraperitoneal injection of the collected blue fraction on the evening of the 7th day of gestation. Ultrastructurally, the changes in the visceral endoderm were apparent 10 min after the injection and included an increase in the number of fuzzy-coated vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. By 20 min the apical cytoplasm of the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells was filled with many fuzzy-coated vesicles and numerous vacuoles of various size and electron density. 30 min after the injection, the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells were relatively smooth lacking a microvillous border and evidence of endocytic activity was rare. Many embryonic visceral endodermal cells were observed in various stages of degeneration although the underlying embryonic ectoderm appeared unaffected. Morphologically, it appears that trypan blue exerts its first effect by altering the endocytic activity of the visceral endoderm.", "contents": "Fine structural analysis of the effect of trypan blue on the visceral endoderm of the mouse egg cylinder. The effects of a maternal injection of trypan blue on primitive streak mouse embryos were studied with electron microscopy. Commercial trypan blue was purified by descending paper chromatography, and pregnant females received an intraperitoneal injection of the collected blue fraction on the evening of the 7th day of gestation. Ultrastructurally, the changes in the visceral endoderm were apparent 10 min after the injection and included an increase in the number of fuzzy-coated vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. By 20 min the apical cytoplasm of the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells was filled with many fuzzy-coated vesicles and numerous vacuoles of various size and electron density. 30 min after the injection, the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells were relatively smooth lacking a microvillous border and evidence of endocytic activity was rare. Many embryonic visceral endodermal cells were observed in various stages of degeneration although the underlying embryonic ectoderm appeared unaffected. Morphologically, it appears that trypan blue exerts its first effect by altering the endocytic activity of the visceral endoderm.", "PMID": 539364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7810", "title": "Electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle.", "content": "The electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle (SM) was performed in 31 different movements, in 12 subjects (10 male and 2 female) aged from 17 to 28 years. The action potentials were obtained with an electromyograph Teca TE 4. Our findings suggest that the SM acts mainly on the stability of the sternoclavicular joint; with more or less intensity according to the degree of the clavicular interaction with the movements of the peripheral parts of the superior limb. The SM seems to act as a substitute for the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle. The electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle (SM) was performed in 31 different movements, in 12 subjects (10 male and 2 female) aged from 17 to 28 years. The action potentials were obtained with an electromyograph Teca TE 4. Our findings suggest that the SM acts mainly on the stability of the sternoclavicular joint; with more or less intensity according to the degree of the clavicular interaction with the movements of the peripheral parts of the superior limb. The SM seems to act as a substitute for the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint.", "PMID": 539365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7811", "title": "Quantitative study on the fetal cervical dorsal root ganglion and observations on its relationship with the spinal nerve complex in the albino mouse.", "content": "In mouse fetuses aged 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days, the cervical dorsal root ganglion was studied quantitatively. The main growth in volume of the interneuroblastic spaces was between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life while the main increase in volume of its neuroblasts occurred in the subsequent 4 days. Thus, it was postulated that the growth and branching of the neuroblastic dendrites, growth of the neuroglial elements and the vascular ramifications inside the ganglion occurred mainly between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life. Different modalities in the spatial relationship between the dorsal root ganglion and the different components of the spinal nerve were met with. At times, the trunk of the spinal nerve was located inside the ganglion. At that site, the posterior primary ramus emerged from it and appeared as a branch of the ganglion. The ventral root sometimes passed close to the fibrous capsule of the ganglion. In other cases, it passed inside the ganglion, dividing the ganglionic neuroblasts into dorsal and ventral groups. These either remained ensheathed by one fibrous capsule or became divided into two separate masses that remained connected to each other by the fibrous dural sheath.", "contents": "Quantitative study on the fetal cervical dorsal root ganglion and observations on its relationship with the spinal nerve complex in the albino mouse. In mouse fetuses aged 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days, the cervical dorsal root ganglion was studied quantitatively. The main growth in volume of the interneuroblastic spaces was between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life while the main increase in volume of its neuroblasts occurred in the subsequent 4 days. Thus, it was postulated that the growth and branching of the neuroblastic dendrites, growth of the neuroglial elements and the vascular ramifications inside the ganglion occurred mainly between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life. Different modalities in the spatial relationship between the dorsal root ganglion and the different components of the spinal nerve were met with. At times, the trunk of the spinal nerve was located inside the ganglion. At that site, the posterior primary ramus emerged from it and appeared as a branch of the ganglion. The ventral root sometimes passed close to the fibrous capsule of the ganglion. In other cases, it passed inside the ganglion, dividing the ganglionic neuroblasts into dorsal and ventral groups. These either remained ensheathed by one fibrous capsule or became divided into two separate masses that remained connected to each other by the fibrous dural sheath.", "PMID": 539366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7812", "title": "[The optic nerve in the cat. I. Quantitative aspects in the adult cat].", "content": "A quantitative study was carried out on the adult cat optic nerve near the eyeball by systematically measuring the perimeters of all the axons seen through the optic microscope. The main purpose of this study was to define the topographical distribution of these axons in function of their size. Statistical studies show the existence of an area of maximal concentration of large axons in crescent form situated in the temporal zone of the nerve. The neurophysiological implications are discussed.", "contents": "[The optic nerve in the cat. I. Quantitative aspects in the adult cat]. A quantitative study was carried out on the adult cat optic nerve near the eyeball by systematically measuring the perimeters of all the axons seen through the optic microscope. The main purpose of this study was to define the topographical distribution of these axons in function of their size. Statistical studies show the existence of an area of maximal concentration of large axons in crescent form situated in the temporal zone of the nerve. The neurophysiological implications are discussed.", "PMID": 539367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7813", "title": "[The optic nerve in the cat. II. Qualitative aspects of maturation in the adult cat].", "content": "54 healthy cats were studied. In almost all cases, two types of degenerative signs could be seen: in the primary optic pathways, but also in the posterior funiculi and the spinal-cerebellar tracts, lesions of wide-diameter axons seen by their initial demyelination, accompanied by intense neuroglial reactions, and, on the other hand, a Wallerian degeneration of smaller axons situated in the axial part of the nerve. The percentage of these abnormalities must still be evaluated. Their eventual consequences and nature are discussed.", "contents": "[The optic nerve in the cat. II. Qualitative aspects of maturation in the adult cat]. 54 healthy cats were studied. In almost all cases, two types of degenerative signs could be seen: in the primary optic pathways, but also in the posterior funiculi and the spinal-cerebellar tracts, lesions of wide-diameter axons seen by their initial demyelination, accompanied by intense neuroglial reactions, and, on the other hand, a Wallerian degeneration of smaller axons situated in the axial part of the nerve. The percentage of these abnormalities must still be evaluated. Their eventual consequences and nature are discussed.", "PMID": 539368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7814", "title": "Levels of liver glycogen during normal and radiation-induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis.", "content": "This study shows that significant changes in the pattern of glycogen deposition are brought about by irradiation with 2,000 R gamma-rays. The sharp fall during the 1st week can be attributed to its emergent mobilization. However, glycogen stored in the liver during the 2nd and 3rd week prior to the resorptive process substantiates the fact that tadpoles complete metamorphic transformations in spite of sublethal irradiation.", "contents": "Levels of liver glycogen during normal and radiation-induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis. This study shows that significant changes in the pattern of glycogen deposition are brought about by irradiation with 2,000 R gamma-rays. The sharp fall during the 1st week can be attributed to its emergent mobilization. However, glycogen stored in the liver during the 2nd and 3rd week prior to the resorptive process substantiates the fact that tadpoles complete metamorphic transformations in spite of sublethal irradiation.", "PMID": 539369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7815", "title": "[Veins of the human cerebellum].", "content": "(1) The veins of the human cerebellum, which may be classified into internal and external venous channels, correspond, in this respect, to the veins of the cerebral hemispheres. (2) The external cerebellar veins are arranged in three groups which, in turn, correspond to the three cerebellar surfaces and which communicate extensively. Accordingly, the terminal segments of the cerebellar veins overlap, which implies that no one-to-one relationship exists between the mouths of the individual veins and their respective distributions. (3) The terminal segments of the cerebellar veins are the superior petrosal sinus, the tentorial venous sinuses, the great vein of Galen and the internal vertebral plexus. (4) The tentorial venous channels may form a collateral venous arrangement. (5) The internal cerebellar veins consist of the nuclear veins and the medullary veins. (6) The medullary veins form a cortex-perforating group and a group located in the basal medullary region. The latter form a venous arborization of blood vessels not described thus far. This group of veins opens chiefly into the vein of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle.(7) Attention is called to a 'venous watershed' corresponding to the one that exists in the cerebral hemispheres. (8) The veins of the dentate nucleus are composed of several venous channels draining its external surface and one single vein draining its internal surface. The latter has not been described thus far. The external veins of the dentate nucleus open into the venous star and the cortex-perforating veins. The internal nuclear vein, on the other hand, emerging from the hilum of the dentate nucleus, runs along the superior cerebellar peduncle. Thus, the term 'vena centralis nuclei dentati' appears to be appropriate to designate this vessel. It ultimately opens into the precentral cerebellar vein. (9) In certain places, various-colored substances used for injection form mixed pools.", "contents": "[Veins of the human cerebellum]. (1) The veins of the human cerebellum, which may be classified into internal and external venous channels, correspond, in this respect, to the veins of the cerebral hemispheres. (2) The external cerebellar veins are arranged in three groups which, in turn, correspond to the three cerebellar surfaces and which communicate extensively. Accordingly, the terminal segments of the cerebellar veins overlap, which implies that no one-to-one relationship exists between the mouths of the individual veins and their respective distributions. (3) The terminal segments of the cerebellar veins are the superior petrosal sinus, the tentorial venous sinuses, the great vein of Galen and the internal vertebral plexus. (4) The tentorial venous channels may form a collateral venous arrangement. (5) The internal cerebellar veins consist of the nuclear veins and the medullary veins. (6) The medullary veins form a cortex-perforating group and a group located in the basal medullary region. The latter form a venous arborization of blood vessels not described thus far. This group of veins opens chiefly into the vein of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle.(7) Attention is called to a 'venous watershed' corresponding to the one that exists in the cerebral hemispheres. (8) The veins of the dentate nucleus are composed of several venous channels draining its external surface and one single vein draining its internal surface. The latter has not been described thus far. The external veins of the dentate nucleus open into the venous star and the cortex-perforating veins. The internal nuclear vein, on the other hand, emerging from the hilum of the dentate nucleus, runs along the superior cerebellar peduncle. Thus, the term 'vena centralis nuclei dentati' appears to be appropriate to designate this vessel. It ultimately opens into the precentral cerebellar vein. (9) In certain places, various-colored substances used for injection form mixed pools.", "PMID": 539370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7816", "title": "[Morphodynamics of the thoracic lymphatic vessels in the dog in experimental pericarditis].", "content": "The changes in the veins of a lymph node in experimental pericarditis appear together with those in the organ tissues and characterize the morphodynamic process.", "contents": "[Morphodynamics of the thoracic lymphatic vessels in the dog in experimental pericarditis]. The changes in the veins of a lymph node in experimental pericarditis appear together with those in the organ tissues and characterize the morphodynamic process.", "PMID": 539371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7817", "title": "[Anatomical considerations in sternal puncture].", "content": "The thickness of the manubrium, the width and thickness of the body of the sternum at the level of second intercostal space as well as the thickness of the spongiosa and outer and inner compact layers have been measured in 67 human cadavers. Consequently, it is recommended that sternal puncture be made at the level of the second intercostal space in the adult and at the manubrium in children. Depth of puncture should not exceed 4 mm. Sternal puncture can thereby be done with greater confidence of avoiding penetration of the sternum, a potentially serious complication.", "contents": "[Anatomical considerations in sternal puncture]. The thickness of the manubrium, the width and thickness of the body of the sternum at the level of second intercostal space as well as the thickness of the spongiosa and outer and inner compact layers have been measured in 67 human cadavers. Consequently, it is recommended that sternal puncture be made at the level of the second intercostal space in the adult and at the manubrium in children. Depth of puncture should not exceed 4 mm. Sternal puncture can thereby be done with greater confidence of avoiding penetration of the sternum, a potentially serious complication.", "PMID": 539372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7818", "title": "Observations on the topographical relations of spinal nerve roots in the rat.", "content": "The spinal cord along with the ventral and dorsal roots (C1-S4) were dissected out in 10 male and 5 female CF rats. The vertebral levels of origin and exit of the spinal nerve roots and termination of the spinal cord were recorded. It was observed that from the mid-cervical to the sacral region, the roots arose increasingly at cranial levels compared to their levels of exit. This disparity was at its maximum in the lumbar and sacral segments. The spinal cord terminated between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. There was no sexual dimorphism either at the level of termination of the cord or at the levels of origin and exit of origin and exit of the various nerve roots.", "contents": "Observations on the topographical relations of spinal nerve roots in the rat. The spinal cord along with the ventral and dorsal roots (C1-S4) were dissected out in 10 male and 5 female CF rats. The vertebral levels of origin and exit of the spinal nerve roots and termination of the spinal cord were recorded. It was observed that from the mid-cervical to the sacral region, the roots arose increasingly at cranial levels compared to their levels of exit. This disparity was at its maximum in the lumbar and sacral segments. The spinal cord terminated between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. There was no sexual dimorphism either at the level of termination of the cord or at the levels of origin and exit of origin and exit of the various nerve roots.", "PMID": 539373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7819", "title": "[Neurotoxicity of formyl leurosine. An experimental and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Leg paralysis and wallerian degeneration of sciatic nerve fibres have been produced in rats by intraneural injection of 0.5, 1 or 5 micrograms of vincristine (VCR) or formyl leurosine (FLR) dissolved in 5 microliters of saline. Nerve lesions were dose-related, and were similar for equal concentrations of the two drugs. Six patients received one to three 5-day courses of FLR. The total dose of FLR administered ranged from 15 to 131 mg (mean 83 mg). Clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy were absent in four patients, and limited to orthostatic hypotension in one case and transient depression of reflexes in another. Motor conduction velocities measured in four peripheral nerves, and muscle evoked potentials remained unchanged throughout the treatment in all patients.", "contents": "[Neurotoxicity of formyl leurosine. An experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. Leg paralysis and wallerian degeneration of sciatic nerve fibres have been produced in rats by intraneural injection of 0.5, 1 or 5 micrograms of vincristine (VCR) or formyl leurosine (FLR) dissolved in 5 microliters of saline. Nerve lesions were dose-related, and were similar for equal concentrations of the two drugs. Six patients received one to three 5-day courses of FLR. The total dose of FLR administered ranged from 15 to 131 mg (mean 83 mg). Clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy were absent in four patients, and limited to orthostatic hypotension in one case and transient depression of reflexes in another. Motor conduction velocities measured in four peripheral nerves, and muscle evoked potentials remained unchanged throughout the treatment in all patients.", "PMID": 539376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7820", "title": "Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III. Relation to gestational age.", "content": "Using a method described earlier, the evaporation rate (ER) was studied at different humidities in 12 newborn infants born after 25 to 30 weeks of gestation and 10 infants born after 32 to 35 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was estimated in 32 infants born after 25 to 39 weeks of gestation. The ER values were highest in the infants with the lowest gestational age and the susceptibility to changes in ambient humidity was also greater at lower gestational ages. An exponential relationship was found between TEWL and gestational age. TEWL being 15 times higher in infants born after 25 weeks of gestation than in full-term infants.", "contents": "Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III. Relation to gestational age. Using a method described earlier, the evaporation rate (ER) was studied at different humidities in 12 newborn infants born after 25 to 30 weeks of gestation and 10 infants born after 32 to 35 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was estimated in 32 infants born after 25 to 39 weeks of gestation. The ER values were highest in the infants with the lowest gestational age and the susceptibility to changes in ambient humidity was also greater at lower gestational ages. An exponential relationship was found between TEWL and gestational age. TEWL being 15 times higher in infants born after 25 weeks of gestation than in full-term infants.", "PMID": 539401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7821", "title": "Some characteristics of transcutaneously monitored oxygen partial pressure in normal newborns.", "content": "The transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure (PtcO2) was monitored in 50 healthy, normally and spontaneously delivered newborns. Measurements were performed during the first to fourth day of life. The electrode temperature was 44.5 degrees C. The mean PtcO2 level recorded during about 45 min was 9.2 kPa (S.D. 1.4) recorded from the minute-to-minute values. The PtcO2 level normally oscillated to a certain extent and the oscillations were closely related to the breathing pattern of the patient. When the patient fell asleep during measurement, the normal oscillating pattern was replaced by a \"silent pattern\". During crying, the PtcO2 level showed four main reaction aptterns. A decrease in the PtcO2 level could be observed during breast-feeding. One child, recently fed, vomited a small amount of breast milk after a short period of crying and apparently had a laryngospasm, shown by a sudden drop in the PtcO2 level without any other signs of discomfort. The study shows that PtcO2 (and thus also PaO2) very sensitively reacts to changes in activity. This implies that earlier used methods for determination of PaO2 might give values that are not representative for the steady state as the sampling method per se might influence the recorded PO2 value.", "contents": "Some characteristics of transcutaneously monitored oxygen partial pressure in normal newborns. The transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure (PtcO2) was monitored in 50 healthy, normally and spontaneously delivered newborns. Measurements were performed during the first to fourth day of life. The electrode temperature was 44.5 degrees C. The mean PtcO2 level recorded during about 45 min was 9.2 kPa (S.D. 1.4) recorded from the minute-to-minute values. The PtcO2 level normally oscillated to a certain extent and the oscillations were closely related to the breathing pattern of the patient. When the patient fell asleep during measurement, the normal oscillating pattern was replaced by a \"silent pattern\". During crying, the PtcO2 level showed four main reaction aptterns. A decrease in the PtcO2 level could be observed during breast-feeding. One child, recently fed, vomited a small amount of breast milk after a short period of crying and apparently had a laryngospasm, shown by a sudden drop in the PtcO2 level without any other signs of discomfort. The study shows that PtcO2 (and thus also PaO2) very sensitively reacts to changes in activity. This implies that earlier used methods for determination of PaO2 might give values that are not representative for the steady state as the sampling method per se might influence the recorded PO2 value.", "PMID": 539402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7822", "title": "Arterial blood pressure elevations during motor activity and epileptic seizures in the newborn.", "content": "In nine distressed newborn infants, mean aortic blood pressure and motor activity were recorded continuously during the first two or three days of life. Six of the infants had been asphyxiated at birth, the remainder having idiopathic respiratory distress only. The results showed that mean arterial blood pressure varies synchronously with motor activity, reaching maximum values much higher than previously suspected: about 90 or 100 mmHg were recorded in several infants. In three cases focal and/or generalized epileptic seizures occurred during the recording. It was found that in these circumstances too blood pressure increases dramatically, even if the motor component of the seizure is insignificant.", "contents": "Arterial blood pressure elevations during motor activity and epileptic seizures in the newborn. In nine distressed newborn infants, mean aortic blood pressure and motor activity were recorded continuously during the first two or three days of life. Six of the infants had been asphyxiated at birth, the remainder having idiopathic respiratory distress only. The results showed that mean arterial blood pressure varies synchronously with motor activity, reaching maximum values much higher than previously suspected: about 90 or 100 mmHg were recorded in several infants. In three cases focal and/or generalized epileptic seizures occurred during the recording. It was found that in these circumstances too blood pressure increases dramatically, even if the motor component of the seizure is insignificant.", "PMID": 539403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7823", "title": "Neonatal convulsions. Incidence and causes in the Stockholm area.", "content": "The causes and short-term prognoses of neonatal convulsions in infants less than four weeks of age were studied in 77 full-term infants born in Stockholm in 1970--1976. In half of the infants (48%), hypoxia was considered to be the probable main etiology, while infection and metabolic disease including hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia were the next commonest cause, 12% for each condition. The etiology was unknown in 29% of the infants although 15 of those 22 included in this group had other additional diagnoses. The total mortality was 13%. At one year of age, 19 of the surviving 64 infants (30%) had severe psychomotor retardation. Of 11 infants with normal mental development at 12 months of age 6 had cerebral palsy and 5 epileptic seizures. Thirty-four (53%) of the infants still had no signs of sequelae. The poorest prognosis was found in the group with hypoxia as the main probable etiology. The incidence of neonatal convulsions was 1.5 per 1 000 full-ferm deliveries. In a similar study from Gothenburg which was performed 10 years earlier the incidence was 3.7 per 1 000. Corresponding figures for perinatal mortality rate were 13.5 and 23.8.", "contents": "Neonatal convulsions. Incidence and causes in the Stockholm area. The causes and short-term prognoses of neonatal convulsions in infants less than four weeks of age were studied in 77 full-term infants born in Stockholm in 1970--1976. In half of the infants (48%), hypoxia was considered to be the probable main etiology, while infection and metabolic disease including hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia were the next commonest cause, 12% for each condition. The etiology was unknown in 29% of the infants although 15 of those 22 included in this group had other additional diagnoses. The total mortality was 13%. At one year of age, 19 of the surviving 64 infants (30%) had severe psychomotor retardation. Of 11 infants with normal mental development at 12 months of age 6 had cerebral palsy and 5 epileptic seizures. Thirty-four (53%) of the infants still had no signs of sequelae. The poorest prognosis was found in the group with hypoxia as the main probable etiology. The incidence of neonatal convulsions was 1.5 per 1 000 full-ferm deliveries. In a similar study from Gothenburg which was performed 10 years earlier the incidence was 3.7 per 1 000. Corresponding figures for perinatal mortality rate were 13.5 and 23.8.", "PMID": 539404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7824", "title": "Sodium excretion in relation to sodium intake and aldosterone excretion in newborn pre-term and full-term infants.", "content": "The importance of aldosterone for the control of salt balance has been examined in pre-term infants (gestational age 28--34 weeks) and in full-term infants. The post-natal age has varied from 2--21 days. Eight-hour urinary specimens have been analysed with regard to sodium, potassium and aldosterone. The daily sodium intake has been recorded following determination of milk intake and analyses of sodium in breast milk. Due to variations of sodium content of breast milk, the daily sodium intake in pre-term infants was lower than in full-term infants during the first 10 days of life. The sodium excretion was significantly higher in pre-term infants than in full-term infants during the first six days of life. During the first week of life the sodium balance is negative in pre-term infants and positive in full-term infants. Aldosterone excretion is high during the first week of life and increases further from the 2nd to the 3rd week of life in both pre-term and full-term infants. The correlation between aldosterone excretion and urinary potassium/sodium quotient is 0.87 in full-term infants, 0.57 in pre-term infants aged 13--20 days and does not exist in pre-term infants aged 2--10 days. It is suggested that the high sodium excretion in newborn pre-term infants can in part be explained by an unresponsiveness to aldosterone at this developmental stage.", "contents": "Sodium excretion in relation to sodium intake and aldosterone excretion in newborn pre-term and full-term infants. The importance of aldosterone for the control of salt balance has been examined in pre-term infants (gestational age 28--34 weeks) and in full-term infants. The post-natal age has varied from 2--21 days. Eight-hour urinary specimens have been analysed with regard to sodium, potassium and aldosterone. The daily sodium intake has been recorded following determination of milk intake and analyses of sodium in breast milk. Due to variations of sodium content of breast milk, the daily sodium intake in pre-term infants was lower than in full-term infants during the first 10 days of life. The sodium excretion was significantly higher in pre-term infants than in full-term infants during the first six days of life. During the first week of life the sodium balance is negative in pre-term infants and positive in full-term infants. Aldosterone excretion is high during the first week of life and increases further from the 2nd to the 3rd week of life in both pre-term and full-term infants. The correlation between aldosterone excretion and urinary potassium/sodium quotient is 0.87 in full-term infants, 0.57 in pre-term infants aged 13--20 days and does not exist in pre-term infants aged 2--10 days. It is suggested that the high sodium excretion in newborn pre-term infants can in part be explained by an unresponsiveness to aldosterone at this developmental stage.", "PMID": 539405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7825", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A retrospective review of 103 hospitalised children.", "content": "The clinical aspects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in 103 children under 12 years admitted to hospital over an eight-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Respiratory illnesses occurred in 87 (85%) cases. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract involvement was similar in both pre-school and school children. Cough was the commonest symptom at all ages. Coryzal symptoms and wheeze were common in pre-school children. Most infants had signs of pharyngitis or otitis media. Non-specific symptoms--fever, lethargy, malaise, anorexia and vomiting--were common accompaniments in children older than one year of age. Non-respiratory illnesses in 16 (15%) patients included gastroenteritis, convulsions, non-specific skin rashes and limb pains. The duration of stay in hospital ranged from two to 30 days (median five days) with apparent clinical recovery and resolution of chest X-ray abnormalities within three months in 78 (76%) patients seen for review.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A retrospective review of 103 hospitalised children. The clinical aspects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in 103 children under 12 years admitted to hospital over an eight-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Respiratory illnesses occurred in 87 (85%) cases. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract involvement was similar in both pre-school and school children. Cough was the commonest symptom at all ages. Coryzal symptoms and wheeze were common in pre-school children. Most infants had signs of pharyngitis or otitis media. Non-specific symptoms--fever, lethargy, malaise, anorexia and vomiting--were common accompaniments in children older than one year of age. Non-respiratory illnesses in 16 (15%) patients included gastroenteritis, convulsions, non-specific skin rashes and limb pains. The duration of stay in hospital ranged from two to 30 days (median five days) with apparent clinical recovery and resolution of chest X-ray abnormalities within three months in 78 (76%) patients seen for review.", "PMID": 539406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7826", "title": "The spectrum of cow's milk allergy in childhood. Clinical, gastroenterological and immunological studies.", "content": "Seventeen of 52 children suspected of having cow's milk allergy had this diagnosis confirmed after milk challenge in hospital. A broad spectrum of reactions was obsserved including skin eruptions, respiratory symptoms and gastrointestinal disturbance. Not all patients with gastrointestinal symptoms showed small bowel mucosal damage. Only patients with skin reactions had positive skin tests. IgA deficiency and IgE elevation were common. Four patients had symptoms within 3 days of birth. Twelve children tolerated cow's milk by three years of age. Cow's milk allergy can cause a variety of symptoms. Challenge with milk for several days may be required before allergic manifestations can be demonstrated.", "contents": "The spectrum of cow's milk allergy in childhood. Clinical, gastroenterological and immunological studies. Seventeen of 52 children suspected of having cow's milk allergy had this diagnosis confirmed after milk challenge in hospital. A broad spectrum of reactions was obsserved including skin eruptions, respiratory symptoms and gastrointestinal disturbance. Not all patients with gastrointestinal symptoms showed small bowel mucosal damage. Only patients with skin reactions had positive skin tests. IgA deficiency and IgE elevation were common. Four patients had symptoms within 3 days of birth. Twelve children tolerated cow's milk by three years of age. Cow's milk allergy can cause a variety of symptoms. Challenge with milk for several days may be required before allergic manifestations can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 539407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7827", "title": "A prospective study of cow's milk protein intolerance in Swedish infants.", "content": "1 079 of 1 548 newborn infants were followed during their first year. 328 were prospectively contacted once a month. 751 were followed up at child welfare clinics. Altogether 20 were diagnosed as being cow's milk protein intolerant (1.9%). Symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and the skin predominated. Only 2 had respiratory symptoms. Ten had their symptoms within one week after the introduction of cow's milk, 3 of them at their first cow's milk-containing meal. A further 4 already had symptoms when fed only human milk. The others (6 infants) showed symptoms after more than one week on a cow's milk containing diet. Before 2 years of age, 13 had recovered. Twelve of the cow's milk protein intolerant infants also showed adverse reactions to other foods, soy-protein intolerance being the most common (7 infants). A family history of allergy was found in 35% (116) of the 328 infants and in 70% (14) of those with cow's milk protein intolerance.", "contents": "A prospective study of cow's milk protein intolerance in Swedish infants. 1 079 of 1 548 newborn infants were followed during their first year. 328 were prospectively contacted once a month. 751 were followed up at child welfare clinics. Altogether 20 were diagnosed as being cow's milk protein intolerant (1.9%). Symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and the skin predominated. Only 2 had respiratory symptoms. Ten had their symptoms within one week after the introduction of cow's milk, 3 of them at their first cow's milk-containing meal. A further 4 already had symptoms when fed only human milk. The others (6 infants) showed symptoms after more than one week on a cow's milk containing diet. Before 2 years of age, 13 had recovered. Twelve of the cow's milk protein intolerant infants also showed adverse reactions to other foods, soy-protein intolerance being the most common (7 infants). A family history of allergy was found in 35% (116) of the 328 infants and in 70% (14) of those with cow's milk protein intolerance.", "PMID": 539408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7828", "title": "227 road accidents to children.", "content": "In a 9-month period, 227 children attended the Accident and Emergency Dept. of the Children's Hospital, Sheffield, after accidents on the road--about 12% of all new attendances. 169 were accidents to pedestrians, 31 to cyclists and 27 to passengers. Of the 169 pedestrian accidents, 157 were hit by moving vehicles, 72 (45.9%) suffering serious injury, with two dead. 45% of the pedestrians, 22.6% of the cyclists and 11.1% of the passengers were admitted. 29.6% of the 227 had severe head injury (concussion with or without a fractured skull). 22% of the 227 had a fracture or fractures. 55 children had had previous accidents. Compared with 225 previously described skateboard injuries and 200 playground equipment injuries, those injured on the roads were much more serious, though with fewer fractures. 37% of the road accidents were serious, compared with 10.7% of those injured on skateboards and 7.5% of the play equipment cases; 40.9% of the skateboard injuries but only 22.0% of the road accidents involved fractures, but 29.6% of the latter, 6.0% of the play equipment injuries and 0.9% of the skateboard injuries involved serious head injury. 4.0% of the skateboard injuries, 10.0% of the play equipment injuries, but 45.0% of the pedestrian road accident cases necessitated admission.", "contents": "227 road accidents to children. In a 9-month period, 227 children attended the Accident and Emergency Dept. of the Children's Hospital, Sheffield, after accidents on the road--about 12% of all new attendances. 169 were accidents to pedestrians, 31 to cyclists and 27 to passengers. Of the 169 pedestrian accidents, 157 were hit by moving vehicles, 72 (45.9%) suffering serious injury, with two dead. 45% of the pedestrians, 22.6% of the cyclists and 11.1% of the passengers were admitted. 29.6% of the 227 had severe head injury (concussion with or without a fractured skull). 22% of the 227 had a fracture or fractures. 55 children had had previous accidents. Compared with 225 previously described skateboard injuries and 200 playground equipment injuries, those injured on the roads were much more serious, though with fewer fractures. 37% of the road accidents were serious, compared with 10.7% of those injured on skateboards and 7.5% of the play equipment cases; 40.9% of the skateboard injuries but only 22.0% of the road accidents involved fractures, but 29.6% of the latter, 6.0% of the play equipment injuries and 0.9% of the skateboard injuries involved serious head injury. 4.0% of the skateboard injuries, 10.0% of the play equipment injuries, but 45.0% of the pedestrian road accident cases necessitated admission.", "PMID": 539409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7829", "title": "Physical health screening of school-children. Extended health care responsibilities for school-nurses.", "content": "All 410 ten- and twelve-year-old children of a school district underwent two repeated physical examinations within the school services, the first by the school nurse, the second by the school doctor. The aim was to compare their assessments to see if physical class examinations could be delegated to the nurse in future in order to release doctor's time. More than half of the children were found to have slight deviations from normal, most common of the spine and in the skin. The nurse detected many more deviations than the doctor but their assessments showed good agreement concerning functionally important deviations. Newly detected functionally important deviations were noted in 8 children (2%). The routine physical examination could perfectly well be delegated to the school nurse who has the necessary prerequisites to take this responsibility and screen out those children in need of a doctor's assessment, in this study 20%. She would release valuable time for the doctor who could then apply himself to the real health problems of the children of today: chronic diseases, behavioural and school problems, many of which frequently are concerns beyond the boundaries of traditional medical care.", "contents": "Physical health screening of school-children. Extended health care responsibilities for school-nurses. All 410 ten- and twelve-year-old children of a school district underwent two repeated physical examinations within the school services, the first by the school nurse, the second by the school doctor. The aim was to compare their assessments to see if physical class examinations could be delegated to the nurse in future in order to release doctor's time. More than half of the children were found to have slight deviations from normal, most common of the spine and in the skin. The nurse detected many more deviations than the doctor but their assessments showed good agreement concerning functionally important deviations. Newly detected functionally important deviations were noted in 8 children (2%). The routine physical examination could perfectly well be delegated to the school nurse who has the necessary prerequisites to take this responsibility and screen out those children in need of a doctor's assessment, in this study 20%. She would release valuable time for the doctor who could then apply himself to the real health problems of the children of today: chronic diseases, behavioural and school problems, many of which frequently are concerns beyond the boundaries of traditional medical care.", "PMID": 539410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7830", "title": "Self-control with urinalysis in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "Urinary glucose excretion reflects the blood glucose levels and is therefore recommended and used as a relevant and practical method for self-control in juvenile diabetes. The purpose of this study was to estimate the attitudes of diabetic children and their parents towards such daily urinalysis. In 1975 69 juvenile diabetics 6--18 years old and their parents were studied and three years later another 69 patients were added. Standardized interviews and questionnaires were used. Only 3 out of 138 patients refused to test their urine regularly and to write down their results in the diary. The results indicate that a great majority of the patients and the parents easily accept the self-testing method and regard it as a valuable tool in the management of the disease. Almost nobody experienced the urine tests as a psychological problem.", "contents": "Self-control with urinalysis in juvenile diabetes. Urinary glucose excretion reflects the blood glucose levels and is therefore recommended and used as a relevant and practical method for self-control in juvenile diabetes. The purpose of this study was to estimate the attitudes of diabetic children and their parents towards such daily urinalysis. In 1975 69 juvenile diabetics 6--18 years old and their parents were studied and three years later another 69 patients were added. Standardized interviews and questionnaires were used. Only 3 out of 138 patients refused to test their urine regularly and to write down their results in the diary. The results indicate that a great majority of the patients and the parents easily accept the self-testing method and regard it as a valuable tool in the management of the disease. Almost nobody experienced the urine tests as a psychological problem.", "PMID": 539411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7831", "title": "Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "A prospective study of the accuracy of various diagnostic methods used in the detection of Hirschsprung's disease (syn. congenital intestinal aganglionosis, CIA) in 60 consecutive infants and children was done during the period 1972--76. Every patient underwent a barium enema, a rectal mucosal biopsy, which was prepared for both the demonstration of ganglia and for the assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity (ACE), and anal manometry was performed. In evaluating the clinical history, special emphasis was placed on signs of neonatal ileus. In the group of 10 patients with a definite diagnosis of CIA the results were almost uniform. In the 'non-CIA' group the search for ganglia in biopsy material proved non-confirmatory in nearly half of the cases studied due to the fact that specimens were taken too superficially. The findings pertaining to ACE, barium enema and the results of manometry were at variance or inconclusive of a final diagnosis in 10, 16 and 22% of the performed studies, respectively. The value given to neonatal history proved to be of the same order, i.e., 20% proved to be falsely positive.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. A prospective study of the accuracy of various diagnostic methods used in the detection of Hirschsprung's disease (syn. congenital intestinal aganglionosis, CIA) in 60 consecutive infants and children was done during the period 1972--76. Every patient underwent a barium enema, a rectal mucosal biopsy, which was prepared for both the demonstration of ganglia and for the assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity (ACE), and anal manometry was performed. In evaluating the clinical history, special emphasis was placed on signs of neonatal ileus. In the group of 10 patients with a definite diagnosis of CIA the results were almost uniform. In the 'non-CIA' group the search for ganglia in biopsy material proved non-confirmatory in nearly half of the cases studied due to the fact that specimens were taken too superficially. The findings pertaining to ACE, barium enema and the results of manometry were at variance or inconclusive of a final diagnosis in 10, 16 and 22% of the performed studies, respectively. The value given to neonatal history proved to be of the same order, i.e., 20% proved to be falsely positive.", "PMID": 539412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7832", "title": "Effect of pregnancy anaemia on cellular growth in the human placenta.", "content": "The effects of pregnancy anaemia on cell number and size in human placentae were investigated. Total organ weight, protein, RNA and DNA contents were determined in 54 fresh placentae from anaemic women (haemoglobin less than 110 g/l) and another 32 placentae from women without anaemia (haemoglobin greater than or equal to 110 g/l). The placental weight was significantly reduced in pregnancy anaemia. The decrease in total placental DNA in anaemic women suggested that the reduced placental weight was due to a decrease in cell number. However, these placentae also showed evidence of compensatory cellular hypertrophy as indicated by increase in both weight per cell and protein per cell.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy anaemia on cellular growth in the human placenta. The effects of pregnancy anaemia on cell number and size in human placentae were investigated. Total organ weight, protein, RNA and DNA contents were determined in 54 fresh placentae from anaemic women (haemoglobin less than 110 g/l) and another 32 placentae from women without anaemia (haemoglobin greater than or equal to 110 g/l). The placental weight was significantly reduced in pregnancy anaemia. The decrease in total placental DNA in anaemic women suggested that the reduced placental weight was due to a decrease in cell number. However, these placentae also showed evidence of compensatory cellular hypertrophy as indicated by increase in both weight per cell and protein per cell.", "PMID": 539413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7833", "title": "Increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in chronically jaundiced rats after phototherapy.", "content": "Littermate homozygous (jj) and heterozygous (Jj) Gunn rats, were irradiated with blue fluorescent light for 18 hours continuously. The incident irradiance was 1.5 mWatts/cm2 in the 420--480 nm band pass. The influence of the irradiance on circulating erthrocytes was studied by testing their osmotic fragility before and after the irradiance. The non-jaundiced, Jj, animals did not exhibit any increase in the osmotic fragility of their erythrocytes. The osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes from jaundiced, jj, animals was the same as the Jj animals prior irradiance. However, the fragility of the erythrocytes from the jj animals was significantly increased after the 18 hours of irradiance. The results indicated that the photodynamic action of bilirubin may be present in vivo.", "contents": "Increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in chronically jaundiced rats after phototherapy. Littermate homozygous (jj) and heterozygous (Jj) Gunn rats, were irradiated with blue fluorescent light for 18 hours continuously. The incident irradiance was 1.5 mWatts/cm2 in the 420--480 nm band pass. The influence of the irradiance on circulating erthrocytes was studied by testing their osmotic fragility before and after the irradiance. The non-jaundiced, Jj, animals did not exhibit any increase in the osmotic fragility of their erythrocytes. The osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes from jaundiced, jj, animals was the same as the Jj animals prior irradiance. However, the fragility of the erythrocytes from the jj animals was significantly increased after the 18 hours of irradiance. The results indicated that the photodynamic action of bilirubin may be present in vivo.", "PMID": 539414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7834", "title": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in two young females.", "content": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in paediatric patients is a rarely recognized pain syndrome probably of neurovascular origin. The manifectations in two young females consisted of disabling pain and localized hyperesthesia in lower extremities without evident trauma. Sympathetic block followed by active mobilization and, in the patient with atrophic changes, lumbar sympathectomy, resulted in complete recovery. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain and tenderness in an extremity.", "contents": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in two young females. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in paediatric patients is a rarely recognized pain syndrome probably of neurovascular origin. The manifectations in two young females consisted of disabling pain and localized hyperesthesia in lower extremities without evident trauma. Sympathetic block followed by active mobilization and, in the patient with atrophic changes, lumbar sympathectomy, resulted in complete recovery. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain and tenderness in an extremity.", "PMID": 539417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7835", "title": "Systemic air embolism. A possible complication of artificial ventilation.", "content": "A baby of 1 100 g and a gestational age of 28 weeks with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was treated with pressure limited artificial ventilation and positive and expiratory pressure. After 30 hours the infant deteriorated and the chest radiograph showed air in the carotid, subclavian and aortic artery.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism. A possible complication of artificial ventilation. A baby of 1 100 g and a gestational age of 28 weeks with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was treated with pressure limited artificial ventilation and positive and expiratory pressure. After 30 hours the infant deteriorated and the chest radiograph showed air in the carotid, subclavian and aortic artery.", "PMID": 539418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7836", "title": "Occurrence and characterization of \"avium-like\" Mycobacteria isolated from animals in Sweden.", "content": "431 cultures of \"avium-like\" mycobacteria (ALM) were isolated from wild and domestic animals during 1974--76 at the National Veterinary Institute, Stockholm. Of these, 50 isolates from pigs were studied by growth-chromogenicity, pathogenicity, and biochemical tests. Furthermore, thin-layer chromathography was performed, and on some isolates serotyping. All 50 isolates belonged to Runyon's group III and were pathogenic for chicken; none was capable of splitting oleic acid from Tween 80. 47 gave tellurite reduction within a period of three days; one was arylsulphatase-positive after three days and a further four after 14 days. The biological and biochemical tests permit assignation of the 50 isolates to the M. avium-intracellulare complex. The lipid patterns of the isolates examined were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Thirty-five of the isolates showed a lipid pattern similar to that of A 2 of the fowl reference strain; three belonged to lipid type A 1 and four to A 3. Eight could not be typed. Of 22 isolates, 14 could be assigned to M. avium serotypes.", "contents": "Occurrence and characterization of \"avium-like\" Mycobacteria isolated from animals in Sweden. 431 cultures of \"avium-like\" mycobacteria (ALM) were isolated from wild and domestic animals during 1974--76 at the National Veterinary Institute, Stockholm. Of these, 50 isolates from pigs were studied by growth-chromogenicity, pathogenicity, and biochemical tests. Furthermore, thin-layer chromathography was performed, and on some isolates serotyping. All 50 isolates belonged to Runyon's group III and were pathogenic for chicken; none was capable of splitting oleic acid from Tween 80. 47 gave tellurite reduction within a period of three days; one was arylsulphatase-positive after three days and a further four after 14 days. The biological and biochemical tests permit assignation of the 50 isolates to the M. avium-intracellulare complex. The lipid patterns of the isolates examined were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Thirty-five of the isolates showed a lipid pattern similar to that of A 2 of the fowl reference strain; three belonged to lipid type A 1 and four to A 3. Eight could not be typed. Of 22 isolates, 14 could be assigned to M. avium serotypes.", "PMID": 539419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7837", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and common viral infections in Iceland.", "content": "Sero-epidemiological studies on a few common virus infections, including measles, rubella, mumps and varicella-zoster, were carried out on patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls matched for age, sex, and residences since birth. The frequency of antibodies against measles was significantly higher in the MS patients. Where measles preceded the onset of MS, the time interval varied from 3 to 32 years. In two cases, known MS patients contracted measles 9 and 3 years after their onset of MS. Furthermore, three MS patients were vaccinated against measles as adults. Two of these took part in a WHO measles vaccine trial in 1962, 18 and 6 years after the onset of MS. Both of them were seronegative prior to vaccination.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and common viral infections in Iceland. Sero-epidemiological studies on a few common virus infections, including measles, rubella, mumps and varicella-zoster, were carried out on patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls matched for age, sex, and residences since birth. The frequency of antibodies against measles was significantly higher in the MS patients. Where measles preceded the onset of MS, the time interval varied from 3 to 32 years. In two cases, known MS patients contracted measles 9 and 3 years after their onset of MS. Furthermore, three MS patients were vaccinated against measles as adults. Two of these took part in a WHO measles vaccine trial in 1962, 18 and 6 years after the onset of MS. Both of them were seronegative prior to vaccination.", "PMID": 539420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7838", "title": "A rubella haemagglutination inhibition test not requiring removal of non-specific inhibitors. 1. Elaboration of the test.", "content": "The rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test can be simplified and the probelm of non-specific inhibitors circumvented by allowing the haemagglutinin to react with erythrocytes before addition of the serum specimen. The elaboration of the test procedure is described, and preliminary studies indicate that the new method may prove useful both in the diagnosis of rubella infection and for determination of immunity status.", "contents": "A rubella haemagglutination inhibition test not requiring removal of non-specific inhibitors. 1. Elaboration of the test. The rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test can be simplified and the probelm of non-specific inhibitors circumvented by allowing the haemagglutinin to react with erythrocytes before addition of the serum specimen. The elaboration of the test procedure is described, and preliminary studies indicate that the new method may prove useful both in the diagnosis of rubella infection and for determination of immunity status.", "PMID": 539421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7839", "title": "Toxoplasma Gondii: scanning electron microscope studies on the small intestine of infected and uninfected cats.", "content": "The mucosal surfaces of villi from the small intestine of cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii were studied with the scanning electron microscope and compared with those from uninfected control cats. In uninfected cats villi were predominantly leaf shaped and were lined with ridges; goblet cell openings could be seen. The enterocytes had a hexagonal surface outline and were dome-shaped. Infected cats had both normal and abnormal villi. Injured villi were shortened and attained a broad leaf shape, often with blunt edges. Enterocytes containing oocysts were enlarged, and microvilli were resolvable only on these surfaces. Ruptured cells from which parasite discharge had occurred were seen. Oocysts were observed and possessed a smooth coat.", "contents": "Toxoplasma Gondii: scanning electron microscope studies on the small intestine of infected and uninfected cats. The mucosal surfaces of villi from the small intestine of cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii were studied with the scanning electron microscope and compared with those from uninfected control cats. In uninfected cats villi were predominantly leaf shaped and were lined with ridges; goblet cell openings could be seen. The enterocytes had a hexagonal surface outline and were dome-shaped. Infected cats had both normal and abnormal villi. Injured villi were shortened and attained a broad leaf shape, often with blunt edges. Enterocytes containing oocysts were enlarged, and microvilli were resolvable only on these surfaces. Ruptured cells from which parasite discharge had occurred were seen. Oocysts were observed and possessed a smooth coat.", "PMID": 539422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7840", "title": "Effects of a sugar mixture on blood alcohol parameters and impairment in the intact rat.", "content": "The effects of a sugar mixture containing 43% glucose and 36% fructose on ethanol metabolism and on ethanol-induced impairment were studied in intact rats. When ethanol was given orally mixed with the sugars there was a significant reduction in the area of the blood alcohol time curve accompanied by a decrease in the peak ethanol concentration and a slowing in the rate of ethanol absorption. The whole curve followed a lower course and the time for complete removal of ethanol from the body was markedly reduced even though the slope of the elimination phase (beta) was not significantly increased. Ethanol-induced impairment as measured using a tilting plane device was significantly less when ethanol was given mixed with the sugars and paralleled the reduced area and duration of the blood alcohol curve. The magnitude of the effect observed on blood alcohol levels and impairment was dependent on the dose of sugars administered in relation to the alcohol dose. When the sugars were given orally after absorption and distribution of ethanol were complete the slope of the elimination phase (beta) was increase by 30%. These findings point to an increased rate of ethanol metabolism in rats in the presence of sugars. The action of the sugars prevails only for the first few hours after administration thereafter the rate of ethanol metabolism returns to normal.", "contents": "Effects of a sugar mixture on blood alcohol parameters and impairment in the intact rat. The effects of a sugar mixture containing 43% glucose and 36% fructose on ethanol metabolism and on ethanol-induced impairment were studied in intact rats. When ethanol was given orally mixed with the sugars there was a significant reduction in the area of the blood alcohol time curve accompanied by a decrease in the peak ethanol concentration and a slowing in the rate of ethanol absorption. The whole curve followed a lower course and the time for complete removal of ethanol from the body was markedly reduced even though the slope of the elimination phase (beta) was not significantly increased. Ethanol-induced impairment as measured using a tilting plane device was significantly less when ethanol was given mixed with the sugars and paralleled the reduced area and duration of the blood alcohol curve. The magnitude of the effect observed on blood alcohol levels and impairment was dependent on the dose of sugars administered in relation to the alcohol dose. When the sugars were given orally after absorption and distribution of ethanol were complete the slope of the elimination phase (beta) was increase by 30%. These findings point to an increased rate of ethanol metabolism in rats in the presence of sugars. The action of the sugars prevails only for the first few hours after administration thereafter the rate of ethanol metabolism returns to normal.", "PMID": 539433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7841", "title": "The influence of selinium on methyl mercury toxicity in rat hepatoma cells, human embryonic fibroblasts and human lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "The effect of methyl mercury and two selenium compounds have been studied in cell cultures. Methyl mercury in concentrations above 1 microM had a pronounced inhibiting effect on the growth of rat Morris hepatoma cells. Glucose and lactate uptake in relation to cell protein was appreciably stimulated by the organic mercury compound. Selenite in low concentration (0.5 microM) and seleno-di-N-acetyl glycine in thousandfold higher concentrations offered considerable protection against these effects of methyl mercury. The same selenite concentration (0.5 microM), which did not affect cell growth, caused an appreciable protection against methyl mercury (6 microM), even if it was added 3 days after methyl mercury. The methyl mercury inhibited the growth of human embryonic fibroblasts and the DNA-synthesis in the human lymphocytes. However, no protective effect of selenite were observed in these cell types. These results suggest that selenium compounds exert their protective effect through cell specific processes rather than by a direct chemical reaction between selenite and methyl mercury.", "contents": "The influence of selinium on methyl mercury toxicity in rat hepatoma cells, human embryonic fibroblasts and human lymphocytes in culture. The effect of methyl mercury and two selenium compounds have been studied in cell cultures. Methyl mercury in concentrations above 1 microM had a pronounced inhibiting effect on the growth of rat Morris hepatoma cells. Glucose and lactate uptake in relation to cell protein was appreciably stimulated by the organic mercury compound. Selenite in low concentration (0.5 microM) and seleno-di-N-acetyl glycine in thousandfold higher concentrations offered considerable protection against these effects of methyl mercury. The same selenite concentration (0.5 microM), which did not affect cell growth, caused an appreciable protection against methyl mercury (6 microM), even if it was added 3 days after methyl mercury. The methyl mercury inhibited the growth of human embryonic fibroblasts and the DNA-synthesis in the human lymphocytes. However, no protective effect of selenite were observed in these cell types. These results suggest that selenium compounds exert their protective effect through cell specific processes rather than by a direct chemical reaction between selenite and methyl mercury.", "PMID": 539435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7842", "title": "Inhibitory effect of ethanol on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) uptake in human blood platelets in vitro.", "content": "Ethanol in concentrations higher than 10(-2) M (or about 0.5% W/W) inhibited the uptake of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in human blood platelets in an artificial, protein-free medium, by a non-competitive mechanism. The inhibition was not influenced by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor methylpyrazole (10(-3) M). In concentrations up to 0.1 M, ethanol had no effect on 5-HT efflux from the platelets. At higher concentrations, ethanol increased efflux. Inhibition of 5-HT uptake was found to increase progressively in the sequence methanol - ethanol - propanol - butanol.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of ethanol on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) uptake in human blood platelets in vitro. Ethanol in concentrations higher than 10(-2) M (or about 0.5% W/W) inhibited the uptake of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in human blood platelets in an artificial, protein-free medium, by a non-competitive mechanism. The inhibition was not influenced by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor methylpyrazole (10(-3) M). In concentrations up to 0.1 M, ethanol had no effect on 5-HT efflux from the platelets. At higher concentrations, ethanol increased efflux. Inhibition of 5-HT uptake was found to increase progressively in the sequence methanol - ethanol - propanol - butanol.", "PMID": 539436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7843", "title": "Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide on chick embryos enhanced by trichloropropylene oxide.", "content": "The effects of TCPO (trichloropropylene oxide) on the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide and chick embryos were investigated. The compounds were injected into the air space of the eggs in a total volume of 25 microliter on the third day of embryogenesis. TCPO increased embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide. Our results present evidence that the epoxides possess embryotoxic and teratogenic properties in chick embryos.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide on chick embryos enhanced by trichloropropylene oxide. The effects of TCPO (trichloropropylene oxide) on the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide and chick embryos were investigated. The compounds were injected into the air space of the eggs in a total volume of 25 microliter on the third day of embryogenesis. TCPO increased embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of styrene and styrene oxide. Our results present evidence that the epoxides possess embryotoxic and teratogenic properties in chick embryos.", "PMID": 539437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7844", "title": "Mechanism of hyperosmolarity inhibition of vascular contractility.", "content": "Studies were made of the responses of the vascular bed of cat hind leg to intraarterial injection of noradrenaline, angiotensine, tyramine and vasopressine, as well as of carotid occlusion upon increasing the tissue osmolarity through intraarterial hypertonic infusion. The limb was perfused at constant blood flow. Hyperosmolarity inhibited the contractile effects of all stimuli studied. The inhibition of the contractility was greater in the case of tyramine and identical in the case of the remaining vasoconstrictor agents. Increased KCl content or the addition of L-ascorbic acid to the hypertonic solution with preservation of the same hyperosmolarity reduced the inhibition of the contractile responses to noradrenaline and angiotensine. The restoration of the contractility was much more pronounced upon simultaneous increase in the KCl content and addition of L-ascorbic acid. No recovery of the contractile effect of tyramine was observed. The mechanism of hyperosmolarity inhibition of the vascular contraction is discussed. In all vasoconstrictor stimuli the inhibition is connected primarily with disruption of the transmembrane exchange of Na+ and Ka+. In some vasoconstrictor agents, e. g. tyramine, there is disturbance in the specific mechanism connected secondarily with vascular contraction.", "contents": "Mechanism of hyperosmolarity inhibition of vascular contractility. Studies were made of the responses of the vascular bed of cat hind leg to intraarterial injection of noradrenaline, angiotensine, tyramine and vasopressine, as well as of carotid occlusion upon increasing the tissue osmolarity through intraarterial hypertonic infusion. The limb was perfused at constant blood flow. Hyperosmolarity inhibited the contractile effects of all stimuli studied. The inhibition of the contractility was greater in the case of tyramine and identical in the case of the remaining vasoconstrictor agents. Increased KCl content or the addition of L-ascorbic acid to the hypertonic solution with preservation of the same hyperosmolarity reduced the inhibition of the contractile responses to noradrenaline and angiotensine. The restoration of the contractility was much more pronounced upon simultaneous increase in the KCl content and addition of L-ascorbic acid. No recovery of the contractile effect of tyramine was observed. The mechanism of hyperosmolarity inhibition of the vascular contraction is discussed. In all vasoconstrictor stimuli the inhibition is connected primarily with disruption of the transmembrane exchange of Na+ and Ka+. In some vasoconstrictor agents, e. g. tyramine, there is disturbance in the specific mechanism connected secondarily with vascular contraction.", "PMID": 539444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7845", "title": "Participation of the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in the buffering of fast changes in the arterial pressure.", "content": "Acute experiments on cats are carried out to study the effect on the value of the pressor and depressor responses of the systemic arterial pressure (SAP) of the rise in the central venous pressure (CVP), occurring upon the administration of some hyper- and hypotensive agents. The responses of SAP to intravenous injection of different doses of noradrenaline and acetylcholine are determined at rest, after vagotomy, during intravenous infusion of dextrane solution and after vagotomy during infusion. It is shown that when the hypertensive agent causes a rise in CVP in addition to its pressor effect, the pressor response is subjected both to carotid and to aortic buffering as a result of the increased SAP, as well as to cardiopulmonary buffering due to the rise in CVP. In the case of the hypotensive agent the rise in CVP does not influence the value of the depressor SAP response, since the changes in the activation of the cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptors are in different directions. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the cardiopulmonary inhibition is transmitted along extravagal afferent ways in addition to being transmitted along the vagal nerves.", "contents": "Participation of the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in the buffering of fast changes in the arterial pressure. Acute experiments on cats are carried out to study the effect on the value of the pressor and depressor responses of the systemic arterial pressure (SAP) of the rise in the central venous pressure (CVP), occurring upon the administration of some hyper- and hypotensive agents. The responses of SAP to intravenous injection of different doses of noradrenaline and acetylcholine are determined at rest, after vagotomy, during intravenous infusion of dextrane solution and after vagotomy during infusion. It is shown that when the hypertensive agent causes a rise in CVP in addition to its pressor effect, the pressor response is subjected both to carotid and to aortic buffering as a result of the increased SAP, as well as to cardiopulmonary buffering due to the rise in CVP. In the case of the hypotensive agent the rise in CVP does not influence the value of the depressor SAP response, since the changes in the activation of the cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptors are in different directions. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the cardiopulmonary inhibition is transmitted along extravagal afferent ways in addition to being transmitted along the vagal nerves.", "PMID": 539445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7846", "title": "On the effect of preceding atrial- atrial and His-atrial intervals on the atrioventricular nodal conduction time in rabbit heart.", "content": "The study of conduction in the atrioventricular node is often associated with two characteristic time intervals. The first of these intervals reflects the time between two successive atrial excitatory complexes. The second interval reflects the time from the moment of the appearance of the excitation at the output of the atrioventricular node to the next atrial complex. In different publications the value of the conduction time is associated predominantly either with one (atrial-atrial) or with the other (His-atrial) preceding intervals. The present paper makes an attempt at comparative estimation of the effect of preceding atrial-atrial and His-atrial intervals on current conduction time. The experiments are carried out on rabbit heart preparation, using micro- and macroelectrode technique. Stimulation programmes guaranteeing the imposition of rhythm with fixed atrial-atrial and His-atrial intervals are used. It is concluded that there is no strictly determined connection between the value of any of the above intervals and atrioventricular conduction time.", "contents": "On the effect of preceding atrial- atrial and His-atrial intervals on the atrioventricular nodal conduction time in rabbit heart. The study of conduction in the atrioventricular node is often associated with two characteristic time intervals. The first of these intervals reflects the time between two successive atrial excitatory complexes. The second interval reflects the time from the moment of the appearance of the excitation at the output of the atrioventricular node to the next atrial complex. In different publications the value of the conduction time is associated predominantly either with one (atrial-atrial) or with the other (His-atrial) preceding intervals. The present paper makes an attempt at comparative estimation of the effect of preceding atrial-atrial and His-atrial intervals on current conduction time. The experiments are carried out on rabbit heart preparation, using micro- and macroelectrode technique. Stimulation programmes guaranteeing the imposition of rhythm with fixed atrial-atrial and His-atrial intervals are used. It is concluded that there is no strictly determined connection between the value of any of the above intervals and atrioventricular conduction time.", "PMID": 539446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7847", "title": "Firing frequency of single motor units upon voluntary control of the isometric tension in human muscles.", "content": "Selective surface electrodes were used to study 120 motor units (MUs) from m. biceps brachii of six subjects in experiments for grading the rates of increase of isometric muscle tension until its maximum value. Correlation dependences were sought between the rate of increase of the tension, the force of maximum tension and the initial firing frequency of the activated MUs. A positive correlation was established between velocity and force in a narrow range of the average velocities. The initial firing frequency of the MUs was in positive correlation relation with the rate of increase of the tension, though only according to summated data. This connection may not be manifested for the single MUs. The pattern of the activity of the single MUs is considered to be only statistically connected with the activity parameters of the entire muscle.", "contents": "Firing frequency of single motor units upon voluntary control of the isometric tension in human muscles. Selective surface electrodes were used to study 120 motor units (MUs) from m. biceps brachii of six subjects in experiments for grading the rates of increase of isometric muscle tension until its maximum value. Correlation dependences were sought between the rate of increase of the tension, the force of maximum tension and the initial firing frequency of the activated MUs. A positive correlation was established between velocity and force in a narrow range of the average velocities. The initial firing frequency of the MUs was in positive correlation relation with the rate of increase of the tension, though only according to summated data. This connection may not be manifested for the single MUs. The pattern of the activity of the single MUs is considered to be only statistically connected with the activity parameters of the entire muscle.", "PMID": 539447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7848", "title": "On the changes in the atrioventricular conduction time under the effect of acetylcholine.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of acetylcholine on the atrioventricular (AV) conduction time in preparation from rabbit heart right atrium. The artrial electrogram and the action potentials of the His-cells are recorded by means of bipolar electrodes and microelectrodes. The effect of acetylcholine is assessed by the simultaneous changes in the period of the atrial complexes and in the atrioventricular conduction time. The significance of the prolonged period of the atrial complexes for the compensation of the acetylcholine effect on the node area of the conduction system is pointed out. A considerable increase in the refractory periods of the atrioventricular node is found.", "contents": "On the changes in the atrioventricular conduction time under the effect of acetylcholine. The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of acetylcholine on the atrioventricular (AV) conduction time in preparation from rabbit heart right atrium. The artrial electrogram and the action potentials of the His-cells are recorded by means of bipolar electrodes and microelectrodes. The effect of acetylcholine is assessed by the simultaneous changes in the period of the atrial complexes and in the atrioventricular conduction time. The significance of the prolonged period of the atrial complexes for the compensation of the acetylcholine effect on the node area of the conduction system is pointed out. A considerable increase in the refractory periods of the atrioventricular node is found.", "PMID": 539448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7849", "title": "Effect of sodium selenite on experimental hypertension in rat.", "content": "Prophylactically applied sodium selenite lowers blood pressure of rats with renal hypertension and suppresses rise in blood pressure following infusion of angiotensin II, and it diminishes the epinephrine toxicity by half.", "contents": "Effect of sodium selenite on experimental hypertension in rat. Prophylactically applied sodium selenite lowers blood pressure of rats with renal hypertension and suppresses rise in blood pressure following infusion of angiotensin II, and it diminishes the epinephrine toxicity by half.", "PMID": 539449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7850", "title": "Neuropharmacological activity of newly-synthethized derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. III. N-Acyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione.", "content": "Neuropharmacological screening of five newly-synthesized derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione was carried out on albino mice. It was found that the N-acyl derivatives have a central depressive effect which is different in character compared with the effect of diethylpyridinedione. The compounds possess no hypnotic effect. All compounds potentiate hexobarbital sleep, while 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione, 1-carbophenoxy-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione inhibit the amphetamine-stimulated motor activity. 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-diethylpyridinedione manifests good analgetic effect (in the test with intraperitoneal administration of glacial acetic acid), while diethylpyridinedione increases the number of the abdominal spasms. The compounds studied manifest no anticonvulsive activity in corazol convulsions.", "contents": "Neuropharmacological activity of newly-synthethized derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. III. N-Acyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. Neuropharmacological screening of five newly-synthesized derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione was carried out on albino mice. It was found that the N-acyl derivatives have a central depressive effect which is different in character compared with the effect of diethylpyridinedione. The compounds possess no hypnotic effect. All compounds potentiate hexobarbital sleep, while 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione, 1-carbophenoxy-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione inhibit the amphetamine-stimulated motor activity. 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-diethylpyridinedione manifests good analgetic effect (in the test with intraperitoneal administration of glacial acetic acid), while diethylpyridinedione increases the number of the abdominal spasms. The compounds studied manifest no anticonvulsive activity in corazol convulsions.", "PMID": 539450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7851", "title": "Screening pharmacological studies of four dihydroisoquinoline derivatives.", "content": "Screening studies are carried out of the pharmacological activity of 3,4-dihydropapaverine (DHP) and three of its newly-synthesized derivatives: 6'-iodo-DHP, 6'-bromo-DHP and 6'-iodu-DHP methiodide. All compounds studied manifest central depressive action which is manifested in general depression, potentiation of hexobarbital anaesthesia, without inducing sleep when independently applied, as well as inhibition of the spontaneous and amphetamine-induced motor activity of mice. 6'-Iodo-DHP and its methiodide manifest analgesic effect. All four compounds studied reduce the blood pressure of urethane-anaesthesized cats, but they do not change the noradrenaline and the acetylcholine effects. The hypotensive effect of the compounds is preserved even after atropinization of the cats. The compounds studied manifest no antitussive effect. DHP-derivatives eliminate the spasms in guinea-pig colon, induced by BaCl2 and nicotine, while DHP has no effect on them. 6'-Iodo-DHP methoiodide inhibits the hypertensive nicotine effect on cats. DHP and 6'-iodo-DHP methoiodide manifest vasoconstricting action upon perfusion of the blood vessels of isolated rat hind legs.", "contents": "Screening pharmacological studies of four dihydroisoquinoline derivatives. Screening studies are carried out of the pharmacological activity of 3,4-dihydropapaverine (DHP) and three of its newly-synthesized derivatives: 6'-iodo-DHP, 6'-bromo-DHP and 6'-iodu-DHP methiodide. All compounds studied manifest central depressive action which is manifested in general depression, potentiation of hexobarbital anaesthesia, without inducing sleep when independently applied, as well as inhibition of the spontaneous and amphetamine-induced motor activity of mice. 6'-Iodo-DHP and its methiodide manifest analgesic effect. All four compounds studied reduce the blood pressure of urethane-anaesthesized cats, but they do not change the noradrenaline and the acetylcholine effects. The hypotensive effect of the compounds is preserved even after atropinization of the cats. The compounds studied manifest no antitussive effect. DHP-derivatives eliminate the spasms in guinea-pig colon, induced by BaCl2 and nicotine, while DHP has no effect on them. 6'-Iodo-DHP methoiodide inhibits the hypertensive nicotine effect on cats. DHP and 6'-iodo-DHP methoiodide manifest vasoconstricting action upon perfusion of the blood vessels of isolated rat hind legs.", "PMID": 539451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7852", "title": "Metabolic properties of nerve endings isolated from rat brain.", "content": "Energy metabolism was studied in nerve endings isolated from 3-week-old rat brain. Concentrations of glycogen, glucose, ATP, phosphocreatine and lactate were lower in synaptosomes than in the intact brain. The consumption of these endogenous substrates, the ability to generate high-energy phosphate, and the production of ammonia were determined in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Unlike nerve tissue in general, synaptosomes preferentially utilized endogenous ATP and phosphocreatine stores which, on incubation in the absence of exogenous substrates, were emptied long before glycogen stores were exhausted. The optimal medium for respiratory studies was found to have electrolyte concentrations equal to the extracellular fluid. The synaptosomes had an endogenous respiration rate of 6.3 nmol O2 mg prot. min, measured with an oxygen electrode, and it probably reflects consumption of their glycogen stores. Glucose usually had no effect on the respiration rate of synaptosomes, but sometimes increased it slightly. However, after incubation in the presence of arsenate synaptosomes showed an increase in respiration when glucose was added. ADP, when added with glucose, also stimulated respiration. Pyruvate and succinate always increased respiration, succinate usually having the stronger effect. The present results show that isolated nerve endings are metabolically intact, which justifies their use in research on neurotransmission. In addition, opposite to the present consensus, synaptic transmission does not seem primarily to depend on the availability of glucose but rather on local stores of high-energy phosphate compounds.", "contents": "Metabolic properties of nerve endings isolated from rat brain. Energy metabolism was studied in nerve endings isolated from 3-week-old rat brain. Concentrations of glycogen, glucose, ATP, phosphocreatine and lactate were lower in synaptosomes than in the intact brain. The consumption of these endogenous substrates, the ability to generate high-energy phosphate, and the production of ammonia were determined in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Unlike nerve tissue in general, synaptosomes preferentially utilized endogenous ATP and phosphocreatine stores which, on incubation in the absence of exogenous substrates, were emptied long before glycogen stores were exhausted. The optimal medium for respiratory studies was found to have electrolyte concentrations equal to the extracellular fluid. The synaptosomes had an endogenous respiration rate of 6.3 nmol O2 mg prot. min, measured with an oxygen electrode, and it probably reflects consumption of their glycogen stores. Glucose usually had no effect on the respiration rate of synaptosomes, but sometimes increased it slightly. However, after incubation in the presence of arsenate synaptosomes showed an increase in respiration when glucose was added. ADP, when added with glucose, also stimulated respiration. Pyruvate and succinate always increased respiration, succinate usually having the stronger effect. The present results show that isolated nerve endings are metabolically intact, which justifies their use in research on neurotransmission. In addition, opposite to the present consensus, synaptic transmission does not seem primarily to depend on the availability of glucose but rather on local stores of high-energy phosphate compounds.", "PMID": 539452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7853", "title": "Increase in local cerebral blood flow induced by circulating adrenaline: involvement of blood-brain barrier dysfunction.", "content": "The influence of intravenous infusion of adrenaline (8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) upon local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats was measured autoradiographically with 14C-iodoantipyrine as the diffusible tracer. At this dose, adrenaline invariably increased local CBF even though blood pressure was close to normal at the time of the CBF measurement. In average, local CBF increased to 400% of control. In 6 of 9 animals the increase in flow was inhomogenous with randomingly distributed areas of very high flow rates. Experiments with i.v. administration of Evans blue prior to infusion of adrenaline showed that areas of Evans blue extravasation appeared in 3 of 4 animals. Although areas of extravasation often corresponded to areas of high flow rates the former were much more circumscribed. Furthermore, very high flow rates were found in areas showing no sign of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. It is concluded that the increase in CBF was at least partly due to a pressure-mediated passage of adrenaline across the blood-brain barrier but that such a passage can occur in the absence of macroscopically visible extravasation of protein.", "contents": "Increase in local cerebral blood flow induced by circulating adrenaline: involvement of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. The influence of intravenous infusion of adrenaline (8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) upon local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats was measured autoradiographically with 14C-iodoantipyrine as the diffusible tracer. At this dose, adrenaline invariably increased local CBF even though blood pressure was close to normal at the time of the CBF measurement. In average, local CBF increased to 400% of control. In 6 of 9 animals the increase in flow was inhomogenous with randomingly distributed areas of very high flow rates. Experiments with i.v. administration of Evans blue prior to infusion of adrenaline showed that areas of Evans blue extravasation appeared in 3 of 4 animals. Although areas of extravasation often corresponded to areas of high flow rates the former were much more circumscribed. Furthermore, very high flow rates were found in areas showing no sign of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. It is concluded that the increase in CBF was at least partly due to a pressure-mediated passage of adrenaline across the blood-brain barrier but that such a passage can occur in the absence of macroscopically visible extravasation of protein.", "PMID": 539453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7854", "title": "Effects of cholera toxin on villous tissue osmolality and fluid and electrolyte transport in the small intestine of the cat.", "content": "The effects of cholera toxin on tissue osmolality and on net transport rates of water, sodium, chloride and potassium as well as on unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium were studied in vivo. In all experiments the toxin caused a net secretion of water, sodium, chloride and potassium. The unidirectional sodium transport from tissue to lumen was increased while the flux in the opposite direction was reduced 180 min after cholera toxin instillation. Cholera toxin produced only a small reduction in the villous tissue hyperosmolality, created by the intestinal countercurrent exchanger. This reduction was far too small to explain the observed net secretion of fluid and solutes induced by the cholera toxin. Other mechanisms underlying the cholera secretion are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cholera toxin on villous tissue osmolality and fluid and electrolyte transport in the small intestine of the cat. The effects of cholera toxin on tissue osmolality and on net transport rates of water, sodium, chloride and potassium as well as on unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium were studied in vivo. In all experiments the toxin caused a net secretion of water, sodium, chloride and potassium. The unidirectional sodium transport from tissue to lumen was increased while the flux in the opposite direction was reduced 180 min after cholera toxin instillation. Cholera toxin produced only a small reduction in the villous tissue hyperosmolality, created by the intestinal countercurrent exchanger. This reduction was far too small to explain the observed net secretion of fluid and solutes induced by the cholera toxin. Other mechanisms underlying the cholera secretion are discussed.", "PMID": 539454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7855", "title": "Changes in lipoprotein-lipase activity and lipid stores in human skeletal muscle with prolonged heavy exercise.", "content": "Lipoprotein-lipase (LPL) activity and intracellularly stored triglycerides were determined in muscle biopsies taken before and after an 85 km skiing race from 7 volunteers. The triglyceride stores were larger in slow twitch than in fast twitch fibres (proportions 5:1 before the race). The LPL activity increased and the triglyceride stores in slow twitch fibres decreased during the race. The best trained subjects had the largest TG stores before the race and their TG stores also decreased most during the race. These subjects also had very small increase of LPL activity. The least trained subject on the other hand showed a 6-fold increase of LPL activity. The high post-race LPL activity in less trained subjects indicates a higher capacity for uptake of fatty acids from serum TG as compared to the more trained subjects.", "contents": "Changes in lipoprotein-lipase activity and lipid stores in human skeletal muscle with prolonged heavy exercise. Lipoprotein-lipase (LPL) activity and intracellularly stored triglycerides were determined in muscle biopsies taken before and after an 85 km skiing race from 7 volunteers. The triglyceride stores were larger in slow twitch than in fast twitch fibres (proportions 5:1 before the race). The LPL activity increased and the triglyceride stores in slow twitch fibres decreased during the race. The best trained subjects had the largest TG stores before the race and their TG stores also decreased most during the race. These subjects also had very small increase of LPL activity. The least trained subject on the other hand showed a 6-fold increase of LPL activity. The high post-race LPL activity in less trained subjects indicates a higher capacity for uptake of fatty acids from serum TG as compared to the more trained subjects.", "PMID": 539455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7856", "title": "The effect of ingestion of amino acids, glucose and fat on circulating neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in man.", "content": "The effect of ingestion of amino acids (Vamin N), glucose, and fat (Intralipid) on the concentration of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in plasma was determined in 6 healthy male volunteers. After ingestion of Intralipid (55 ml, 200 mgxml-1) there was a significant increase in the plasma concentration of NTLI. The calculated integrated total NTLI response (6.7 +/- 2.5 nM over 180 min) was statistically significant. Although isocaloric amounts of Vamin and glucose also increased the plasma concentration of NTLI, these increases were not statistically significant. The data indicate that fat is an important stimulus for the release of NTLI from the small intestine. It is suggested that neurotensin, or a metabolite, in blood may be a hormone involved in the postprandial inhibition of gastric motility and gastric acid secretion elicited from the small intestine.", "contents": "The effect of ingestion of amino acids, glucose and fat on circulating neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in man. The effect of ingestion of amino acids (Vamin N), glucose, and fat (Intralipid) on the concentration of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in plasma was determined in 6 healthy male volunteers. After ingestion of Intralipid (55 ml, 200 mgxml-1) there was a significant increase in the plasma concentration of NTLI. The calculated integrated total NTLI response (6.7 +/- 2.5 nM over 180 min) was statistically significant. Although isocaloric amounts of Vamin and glucose also increased the plasma concentration of NTLI, these increases were not statistically significant. The data indicate that fat is an important stimulus for the release of NTLI from the small intestine. It is suggested that neurotensin, or a metabolite, in blood may be a hormone involved in the postprandial inhibition of gastric motility and gastric acid secretion elicited from the small intestine.", "PMID": 539456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7857", "title": "Tachycardia during egg-hypothermia in incubating ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus).", "content": "Incubating birds regulate the egg temperature by varying their posture and the distance between eggs and brood patch. In the present study, we show that this homeostatic process is further assisted by varying the brood patch blood flow according to the temperature of the eggs. When female ptarmigan resume incubation of cooled eggs (e.g. after a period of foraging), they immediately develop pronounced tachycardia (4 times noraml in wild, 2-3 times in captive birds). Tachycardia is maintained, although at decreasing intensity, until the eggs have obtained normal temperature. The eggs are heated 30 to 50% slower in females where tachycardia is inhibited by a beta-receptor blocking agent.", "contents": "Tachycardia during egg-hypothermia in incubating ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). Incubating birds regulate the egg temperature by varying their posture and the distance between eggs and brood patch. In the present study, we show that this homeostatic process is further assisted by varying the brood patch blood flow according to the temperature of the eggs. When female ptarmigan resume incubation of cooled eggs (e.g. after a period of foraging), they immediately develop pronounced tachycardia (4 times noraml in wild, 2-3 times in captive birds). Tachycardia is maintained, although at decreasing intensity, until the eggs have obtained normal temperature. The eggs are heated 30 to 50% slower in females where tachycardia is inhibited by a beta-receptor blocking agent.", "PMID": 539457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7858", "title": "Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part I.", "content": "Twenty patients with delirium tremens and related states were investigated from the time of admission until the acute state was over. Using strict diagnostic criteria the material was divided into two groups according to the severity of the clinical condition; nine patients had fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3), 11 patients had a less severe clinical state, known as \"Predelirium\" (grade 2). The material was found to be representative for the condition under discussion. Patients with grade 2 were admitted during the day and the evening, but not during the night; patients with fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3) were admitted during both the day and the night, and this difference is discussed. The two groups had the same pattern of alcohol abuse, but patients with proper delirium tremens had had a drinking bout preceding the acute state; this was not seen among patients with a less severe clinical state. Patients with grade 2 had had symptoms like sleep disturbances and gastro-intestinal disturbances for 12-24 hours before the admission, whereas grade 3 patients had had such symptoms for about 48 hours. Patients with grade 2 stopped drinking when the first symptoms of the acute state appeared, whereas patients with fully developed delirium tremens continued to drink in spite of their condition. These anamnestic were supported by the finding that significantly more patients with proper delirium tremens had alcohol in the blood--several even concentrations about 2 g/l--at the time of admission compared to patients with a less severe clinical state. This lack of \"latency period\", which previously has been described as a typical feature in the development of delirium tremens, is discussed. It is concluded that due to the methodology used, it has been possible to point out some of the differences between the milder, often harmless, conditions and the potentially serious, fully developed delirium tremens.", "contents": "Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part I. Twenty patients with delirium tremens and related states were investigated from the time of admission until the acute state was over. Using strict diagnostic criteria the material was divided into two groups according to the severity of the clinical condition; nine patients had fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3), 11 patients had a less severe clinical state, known as \"Predelirium\" (grade 2). The material was found to be representative for the condition under discussion. Patients with grade 2 were admitted during the day and the evening, but not during the night; patients with fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3) were admitted during both the day and the night, and this difference is discussed. The two groups had the same pattern of alcohol abuse, but patients with proper delirium tremens had had a drinking bout preceding the acute state; this was not seen among patients with a less severe clinical state. Patients with grade 2 had had symptoms like sleep disturbances and gastro-intestinal disturbances for 12-24 hours before the admission, whereas grade 3 patients had had such symptoms for about 48 hours. Patients with grade 2 stopped drinking when the first symptoms of the acute state appeared, whereas patients with fully developed delirium tremens continued to drink in spite of their condition. These anamnestic were supported by the finding that significantly more patients with proper delirium tremens had alcohol in the blood--several even concentrations about 2 g/l--at the time of admission compared to patients with a less severe clinical state. This lack of \"latency period\", which previously has been described as a typical feature in the development of delirium tremens, is discussed. It is concluded that due to the methodology used, it has been possible to point out some of the differences between the milder, often harmless, conditions and the potentially serious, fully developed delirium tremens.", "PMID": 539460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7859", "title": "Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part II.", "content": "Twenty patients with delirium tremens (grade 3) and a less severe clinical state (grade 2) were investigated thoroughly from the time of admission until recovery from the acute state. A lumbar puncture was performed in the majority of the patients immediately after admission and then repeated after recovery from the acute state. The cerebrospinal fluid was found to be both macroscopically and microscopically normal, as was the spinal fluid pressure. The clinical course was without complication, none of the patients were severely dehydrated. All the patients were treated with barbital, a long acting barbiturate. The duration of the acute state and the total amount of drug necessary in the treatment were equal in the two groups of severity. However, patients with proper delirium tremens needed significantly fewer barbital doses during the first hours after treatment was initiated than did patients with a less severe clinical state. The opposite was seen about 12 hours later. These findings are discussed in relation to the high blood alcohol concentration seen at the time of admission in the majority of the patients with proper delirium tremens, but not in patients with grade 2. It is concluded that barbital exerts its effect due to cross-dependence properties with alcohol. The majority of the patients had moderately elevated blood pressure, pulse rate and rectal temperature at the time of admission; these variables were to a great extent normalized within 48 hours after admission. No differences in those physical signs were seen between patients with fully developed delirium tremens and patients with less severe clinical states. The patients' condition during the acute state was followed by means of a delirium tremens rating scale. Physical symptoms were similar in various degrees of severity of the clinical condition. 18-24 hours after admission the differences in mental symptoms between patients with grade 3 and patients with grade 2 had disappeared, 48 hours after admission the patients' condition was to a large extent normalized. Methodological problems in using a rating scale in conditions as delirium tremens are discussed. The results are discussed in relation to aetiology and pathogenesis of delirium tremens. It is concluded that it may be that a qualitative, and not only a quantitative, difference exists between a severe withdrawal reaction and fully developed delirium tremens, and a hypothesis about a \"point of no return\" is suggested.", "contents": "Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part II. Twenty patients with delirium tremens (grade 3) and a less severe clinical state (grade 2) were investigated thoroughly from the time of admission until recovery from the acute state. A lumbar puncture was performed in the majority of the patients immediately after admission and then repeated after recovery from the acute state. The cerebrospinal fluid was found to be both macroscopically and microscopically normal, as was the spinal fluid pressure. The clinical course was without complication, none of the patients were severely dehydrated. All the patients were treated with barbital, a long acting barbiturate. The duration of the acute state and the total amount of drug necessary in the treatment were equal in the two groups of severity. However, patients with proper delirium tremens needed significantly fewer barbital doses during the first hours after treatment was initiated than did patients with a less severe clinical state. The opposite was seen about 12 hours later. These findings are discussed in relation to the high blood alcohol concentration seen at the time of admission in the majority of the patients with proper delirium tremens, but not in patients with grade 2. It is concluded that barbital exerts its effect due to cross-dependence properties with alcohol. The majority of the patients had moderately elevated blood pressure, pulse rate and rectal temperature at the time of admission; these variables were to a great extent normalized within 48 hours after admission. No differences in those physical signs were seen between patients with fully developed delirium tremens and patients with less severe clinical states. The patients' condition during the acute state was followed by means of a delirium tremens rating scale. Physical symptoms were similar in various degrees of severity of the clinical condition. 18-24 hours after admission the differences in mental symptoms between patients with grade 3 and patients with grade 2 had disappeared, 48 hours after admission the patients' condition was to a large extent normalized. Methodological problems in using a rating scale in conditions as delirium tremens are discussed. The results are discussed in relation to aetiology and pathogenesis of delirium tremens. It is concluded that it may be that a qualitative, and not only a quantitative, difference exists between a severe withdrawal reaction and fully developed delirium tremens, and a hypothesis about a \"point of no return\" is suggested.", "PMID": 539461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7860", "title": "Psychiatric illness in a neurological out-patient department in North East England. Use of the General Health Questionnaire in the prospective study of neurological out-patients.", "content": "342 patients referred to a neurological out-patient department in North East England between November 1975 and November 1976 were studied prospectively using two methods of psychiatric case identification, by clinical interview and by use of the General Health Questionnaire. The population of psychiatric patients identified by clinical techniques is different from that identified by the GHQ and it is concluded that GHQ cannot be used for routine screening in the neurological clinic. Clinical data were compared with a previous retrospective study. Clinical assessment revealed 27% with psychiatric disorders whilst GHQ showed a probable psychiatric morbidity of 48% with a cut off score of 11/12 and 21% with our best cut off score of 26/27. Statistical problems with this method are discussed and the results of this study compared with others using the same questionnaire. Aspects of organic and psychiatric disorder in a neurological clinic are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness in a neurological out-patient department in North East England. Use of the General Health Questionnaire in the prospective study of neurological out-patients. 342 patients referred to a neurological out-patient department in North East England between November 1975 and November 1976 were studied prospectively using two methods of psychiatric case identification, by clinical interview and by use of the General Health Questionnaire. The population of psychiatric patients identified by clinical techniques is different from that identified by the GHQ and it is concluded that GHQ cannot be used for routine screening in the neurological clinic. Clinical data were compared with a previous retrospective study. Clinical assessment revealed 27% with psychiatric disorders whilst GHQ showed a probable psychiatric morbidity of 48% with a cut off score of 11/12 and 21% with our best cut off score of 26/27. Statistical problems with this method are discussed and the results of this study compared with others using the same questionnaire. Aspects of organic and psychiatric disorder in a neurological clinic are discussed.", "PMID": 539462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7861", "title": "A follow-up study of 29 borderline psychotic children 5 to 20 years after discharge.", "content": "Twenty-nine children who during 1956 through 1970 were hospitalized for borderline psychosis were followed up in 1975. Twelve of them had received inpatient psychiatric treatment for 1-3 years. Seventeen were sent home for local, nonspecific help. At follow-up 67% of the treated group were no longer considered psychotic, compared with 70% of the untreated group. The two groups differ somewhat in a series of parameters, the treated group showing more severe psychopathological symptoms. The differences do not reach significant levels. No useful prognostic criteria were obtained from the study. The prognosis seems to be much better than for other types of psychosis in children.", "contents": "A follow-up study of 29 borderline psychotic children 5 to 20 years after discharge. Twenty-nine children who during 1956 through 1970 were hospitalized for borderline psychosis were followed up in 1975. Twelve of them had received inpatient psychiatric treatment for 1-3 years. Seventeen were sent home for local, nonspecific help. At follow-up 67% of the treated group were no longer considered psychotic, compared with 70% of the untreated group. The two groups differ somewhat in a series of parameters, the treated group showing more severe psychopathological symptoms. The differences do not reach significant levels. No useful prognostic criteria were obtained from the study. The prognosis seems to be much better than for other types of psychosis in children.", "PMID": 539463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7862", "title": "Prescribing patterns in psychiatric hospitals in Israel.", "content": "A survey conducted by pharmacists working in four psychiatric hospitals in Israel to assess the prescribing of psychotropic drugs revealed that polypharmacy was common: patients were receiving up to 11 different drugs and up to six different psychotropic drugs. The average number of psychotropic drugs per patient was two. The most popular combinations of drugs used were; one containing an antipsychotic drug(s) and an antiparkinson drug(s) and the other was a combination of more than one antipsychotic agent. Up to 30 doses per day were taken orally by one patient. Drugs that could have easily been administered on a once-a-day time schedule were often administered several times a day. Differences in prescribing patterns in the various hospitals and often times on different wards of the same institution could more easily be attributed to different educational backgrounds, habits and personal beliefs and perhaps the physician's experience as well, rather than to the types of patients treated.", "contents": "Prescribing patterns in psychiatric hospitals in Israel. A survey conducted by pharmacists working in four psychiatric hospitals in Israel to assess the prescribing of psychotropic drugs revealed that polypharmacy was common: patients were receiving up to 11 different drugs and up to six different psychotropic drugs. The average number of psychotropic drugs per patient was two. The most popular combinations of drugs used were; one containing an antipsychotic drug(s) and an antiparkinson drug(s) and the other was a combination of more than one antipsychotic agent. Up to 30 doses per day were taken orally by one patient. Drugs that could have easily been administered on a once-a-day time schedule were often administered several times a day. Differences in prescribing patterns in the various hospitals and often times on different wards of the same institution could more easily be attributed to different educational backgrounds, habits and personal beliefs and perhaps the physician's experience as well, rather than to the types of patients treated.", "PMID": 539464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7863", "title": "Fertility and sibship size in a psychiatric patient population. A comparison with national census data.", "content": "Fertility and sibship size of 2,518 psychiatric inpatients during 1968-1975 were compared with national census data and examined according to psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric diseases in first-degree relatives, early psychic disturbances, duration of disease, and school achievement. Fertility is markedly reduced in all diagnostic subgroups, though particularly in schizophrenia. While psychic disturbances before the age of 15, as an index of a severe disturbance of personality, reduced fertility even further, no significant correlation was found with the duration of the patients' actual disease. Less than ordinary schooling, but also higher qualifications led to a further reduction in fertility. This is particularly so in schizophrenia. Schizophrenics have their children at a later stage of their reproductive career. The psychological and biological consequences of this fact for the transmission of schizophrenia are discussed in detail. No change of fertility relative to the normal population was detected during the observed 8 years. There is suggestive evidence that patients stem from families smaller than expected from the national data. The inherent methodological problems are discussed. The results do not favour the hypothesis of a balanced polymorphism as a mechanism which could explain the constant incidence of psychoses in spite of the severe selection pressure against them.", "contents": "Fertility and sibship size in a psychiatric patient population. A comparison with national census data. Fertility and sibship size of 2,518 psychiatric inpatients during 1968-1975 were compared with national census data and examined according to psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric diseases in first-degree relatives, early psychic disturbances, duration of disease, and school achievement. Fertility is markedly reduced in all diagnostic subgroups, though particularly in schizophrenia. While psychic disturbances before the age of 15, as an index of a severe disturbance of personality, reduced fertility even further, no significant correlation was found with the duration of the patients' actual disease. Less than ordinary schooling, but also higher qualifications led to a further reduction in fertility. This is particularly so in schizophrenia. Schizophrenics have their children at a later stage of their reproductive career. The psychological and biological consequences of this fact for the transmission of schizophrenia are discussed in detail. No change of fertility relative to the normal population was detected during the observed 8 years. There is suggestive evidence that patients stem from families smaller than expected from the national data. The inherent methodological problems are discussed. The results do not favour the hypothesis of a balanced polymorphism as a mechanism which could explain the constant incidence of psychoses in spite of the severe selection pressure against them.", "PMID": 539465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7864", "title": "Lithium treatment and kidney function. A survey of 237 patients in long-term treatment.", "content": "Kidney function has been examined in 237 patients who in the autumn of 1977 were in lithium treatment at the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov, most of them as outpatients. The average age was 42 years. The patients had been given lithium treatment for 0.5-17 years, mean duration 5 years. The mean lithium dosage was 33 mmol/day and the mean 12-hour serum lithium concentration 0.85 mmol/l. Glomerular filtration rate was assessed through determination of 24-hour creatinine clearance and serum creatinine, in some cases iothalamate clearance. Water excretion was assessed through determination of 24-hour urine volume and in some cases urine osmolality after 26 hours of fluid deprivation. Creatinine clearances, serum creatinine concentrations, and urine volumes were subjected to multiple regression analysis with various clinically relevant predictor variables. Affection of glomerular filtration rate was only moderate and progressed slowly. The data indicate that the risk of renal insufficiency and terminal azotemia is remote even when lithium is given for many years. A large number of the patients had altered water excretion with polyuria or lowered urine concentrating ability or both. Due to the extra fluid loss these patients are apt to develop dehydration, and they may then be in danger of lithium poisoning. We hypothesize that lithium-induced changes of kidney function may become less frequent and less pronounced if patients are maintained at serum lithium levels somewhat lower than those employed in the group studied here. We recommend careful monitoring of serum lithium levels, regular control of kidney function, and extra caution when physical illness or additional drug treatment may lead to disturbance of fluid and electrolyte balance.", "contents": "Lithium treatment and kidney function. A survey of 237 patients in long-term treatment. Kidney function has been examined in 237 patients who in the autumn of 1977 were in lithium treatment at the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov, most of them as outpatients. The average age was 42 years. The patients had been given lithium treatment for 0.5-17 years, mean duration 5 years. The mean lithium dosage was 33 mmol/day and the mean 12-hour serum lithium concentration 0.85 mmol/l. Glomerular filtration rate was assessed through determination of 24-hour creatinine clearance and serum creatinine, in some cases iothalamate clearance. Water excretion was assessed through determination of 24-hour urine volume and in some cases urine osmolality after 26 hours of fluid deprivation. Creatinine clearances, serum creatinine concentrations, and urine volumes were subjected to multiple regression analysis with various clinically relevant predictor variables. Affection of glomerular filtration rate was only moderate and progressed slowly. The data indicate that the risk of renal insufficiency and terminal azotemia is remote even when lithium is given for many years. A large number of the patients had altered water excretion with polyuria or lowered urine concentrating ability or both. Due to the extra fluid loss these patients are apt to develop dehydration, and they may then be in danger of lithium poisoning. We hypothesize that lithium-induced changes of kidney function may become less frequent and less pronounced if patients are maintained at serum lithium levels somewhat lower than those employed in the group studied here. We recommend careful monitoring of serum lithium levels, regular control of kidney function, and extra caution when physical illness or additional drug treatment may lead to disturbance of fluid and electrolyte balance.", "PMID": 539466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7865", "title": "Effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on the course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice pretreated with dianhydrodulcitol (DAD).", "content": "In earlier experiments Bordetella pertussis vaccine was found to enhance and dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) to weaken cellular immune response to intracerebral LCM virus infection in suckling mice. B. pertussis vaccine proved to inhibit the restrictive effect of DAD produced on the immune response in mice when 2-to-4-days-old animals were pretreated with DAD and subsequently, at the age of 16 to 18 days of life, treated with B. pertussis vaccine then infected with LCM virus. Consequently, B. pertussis vaccine enhanced the immune response previously affected by DAD.", "contents": "Effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on the course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice pretreated with dianhydrodulcitol (DAD). In earlier experiments Bordetella pertussis vaccine was found to enhance and dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) to weaken cellular immune response to intracerebral LCM virus infection in suckling mice. B. pertussis vaccine proved to inhibit the restrictive effect of DAD produced on the immune response in mice when 2-to-4-days-old animals were pretreated with DAD and subsequently, at the age of 16 to 18 days of life, treated with B. pertussis vaccine then infected with LCM virus. Consequently, B. pertussis vaccine enhanced the immune response previously affected by DAD.", "PMID": 539467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7866", "title": "Stimulation of the cellular immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice.", "content": "Death occurred earlier and its rate was higher in one-week-old mice treated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and subsequently inoculated intracerebrally with LCM virus than in their virus infected but untreated littermates. Thus PHA treatment contributed to the outcome of LCM virus infection in the form of lethal meningitis. The course of LCM virus infection in 1-week-old PHA treated mice was similar as in the untreated 2-week-old mice. This indicates that PHA treatment accelerated the development of cell mediated immunological capacity in suckling mice.", "contents": "Stimulation of the cellular immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice. Death occurred earlier and its rate was higher in one-week-old mice treated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and subsequently inoculated intracerebrally with LCM virus than in their virus infected but untreated littermates. Thus PHA treatment contributed to the outcome of LCM virus infection in the form of lethal meningitis. The course of LCM virus infection in 1-week-old PHA treated mice was similar as in the untreated 2-week-old mice. This indicates that PHA treatment accelerated the development of cell mediated immunological capacity in suckling mice.", "PMID": 539468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7867", "title": "Hexagonal crystalline arrays of adenovirus type 1 hexons.", "content": "Separated, highly purified and concentrated adenovirus type 1 soluble hexon capsomers were crystallized by dialysis against 0.5 M acetate buffer. The crystallization process was followed electron microscopically. In the early phase of the crystallization, groups of a few hexons began to appear, then the two-dimensional crystal lattices grew gradually to a size of 1-2 micron. Simultaneously three-dimensional crystals of tetrahedral and prismatic shapes developed. The hexons in the two-dimensional crystal lattice formed regulator dense arrays corresponding to the hexagonal packing. Analysis of the crystal structure revealed 15-20% local irregularity (short range disorder) and about 10% deviation in the values of the lattice constant if determined from three different directions. The average lattice constant values showed considerable differences in different preparations. Angles formed by non-parallel hexon rows deviated by a few degrees from the regular hexagonal order. Consequently, the position of the hexons in dense two-dimensional crystals was found slightly skew and irregular, although each unit stayed within a certain distance as compared to its equilibrium position defined theoretically in the network. Dislocations were frequently found to disturb the regular arrays. The extra hexon row developing between two rows deverted them from their original direction. At these sites the crystal lattice slanted and the dense array of the hexons loosened. High resolution electron microscopy revealed fine linking structures between the hexons. In several cases the aggregated hexons failed to show a ring-like appearance, they were situated in lying--profile--position and the hexon-building polypeptide fibres became visible. The diameters of the hexons and the distance between them were measured in three directions and the size of the hexon-building polypeptides was determined as well.", "contents": "Hexagonal crystalline arrays of adenovirus type 1 hexons. Separated, highly purified and concentrated adenovirus type 1 soluble hexon capsomers were crystallized by dialysis against 0.5 M acetate buffer. The crystallization process was followed electron microscopically. In the early phase of the crystallization, groups of a few hexons began to appear, then the two-dimensional crystal lattices grew gradually to a size of 1-2 micron. Simultaneously three-dimensional crystals of tetrahedral and prismatic shapes developed. The hexons in the two-dimensional crystal lattice formed regulator dense arrays corresponding to the hexagonal packing. Analysis of the crystal structure revealed 15-20% local irregularity (short range disorder) and about 10% deviation in the values of the lattice constant if determined from three different directions. The average lattice constant values showed considerable differences in different preparations. Angles formed by non-parallel hexon rows deviated by a few degrees from the regular hexagonal order. Consequently, the position of the hexons in dense two-dimensional crystals was found slightly skew and irregular, although each unit stayed within a certain distance as compared to its equilibrium position defined theoretically in the network. Dislocations were frequently found to disturb the regular arrays. The extra hexon row developing between two rows deverted them from their original direction. At these sites the crystal lattice slanted and the dense array of the hexons loosened. High resolution electron microscopy revealed fine linking structures between the hexons. In several cases the aggregated hexons failed to show a ring-like appearance, they were situated in lying--profile--position and the hexon-building polypeptide fibres became visible. The diameters of the hexons and the distance between them were measured in three directions and the size of the hexon-building polypeptides was determined as well.", "PMID": 539469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7868", "title": "Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in suckling piglets.", "content": "The three portions of the small intestine of 18 neonatal piglets were examined by using the so-called scroll technique evolved by the authors and in cross sections. The chemical constitution and the immunoglobulin content of undigested protein droplets being under absorption were studied. An intensive absorption of immunoglobulins was demonstrated in the body of each cuticulated cylindric epithelial cell of the mucosa covering the jejunum and the proximal two-third of the ileum. Absorption was the most intensive, though variable by area, in the jejunum. It was demonstrable 4 hr after birth and reached the highest intensity between 8 and 12 hr, then tended to decline. In the protein droplets alpha-amino acids, neutral mucopolysaccharides and protein-bound Ca2+ were detected. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated around the droplets. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase reactions proved the presence of immunoglobulins, first of all of IgG, in droplets. Electron microscopically, the microvilli of the involved epithelial cells were swollen, sometimes neighbouring ones were pushed away from each other; in the same areas, an electron-dense substances (colostrum) covering the enterocytes was streaming through the tubulovascular network of cells to the perinuclear region, where it appeared in spherical droplets.", "contents": "Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in suckling piglets. The three portions of the small intestine of 18 neonatal piglets were examined by using the so-called scroll technique evolved by the authors and in cross sections. The chemical constitution and the immunoglobulin content of undigested protein droplets being under absorption were studied. An intensive absorption of immunoglobulins was demonstrated in the body of each cuticulated cylindric epithelial cell of the mucosa covering the jejunum and the proximal two-third of the ileum. Absorption was the most intensive, though variable by area, in the jejunum. It was demonstrable 4 hr after birth and reached the highest intensity between 8 and 12 hr, then tended to decline. In the protein droplets alpha-amino acids, neutral mucopolysaccharides and protein-bound Ca2+ were detected. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated around the droplets. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase reactions proved the presence of immunoglobulins, first of all of IgG, in droplets. Electron microscopically, the microvilli of the involved epithelial cells were swollen, sometimes neighbouring ones were pushed away from each other; in the same areas, an electron-dense substances (colostrum) covering the enterocytes was streaming through the tubulovascular network of cells to the perinuclear region, where it appeared in spherical droplets.", "PMID": 539470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7869", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor Daud. (Agamidae, Lacertilia).", "content": "A study on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor has been made using cholinesterase and silver reduction techniques. The tracheal and bronchial plexuses have been described. A number of nerve terminations along with synapses are reported. ChE activity has been observed on the periphery of the alveoli which is believed to be of importance in controlling the acetylcholine level, acting as a general tissue enzyme to prevent excessive accumulation of acetylcholine. Vascular nerve supply has been found to be largely of vagal origin.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor Daud. (Agamidae, Lacertilia). A study on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor has been made using cholinesterase and silver reduction techniques. The tracheal and bronchial plexuses have been described. A number of nerve terminations along with synapses are reported. ChE activity has been observed on the periphery of the alveoli which is believed to be of importance in controlling the acetylcholine level, acting as a general tissue enzyme to prevent excessive accumulation of acetylcholine. Vascular nerve supply has been found to be largely of vagal origin.", "PMID": 539471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7870", "title": "Observations on the distribution of the omentum in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "The greater omentum of the camel has been studied for the first time. Although the camel belongs to the suborder Artiodactyla, the greater omentum exhibits a striking similarity to that of Perissodactyla.", "contents": "Observations on the distribution of the omentum in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). The greater omentum of the camel has been studied for the first time. Although the camel belongs to the suborder Artiodactyla, the greater omentum exhibits a striking similarity to that of Perissodactyla.", "PMID": 539472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7871", "title": "The morphology of the vertical and transverse intrinsic musculature of the tongue in the 15-week human fetus.", "content": "The attachments, courses and interrelationships of the transverse and vertical intrinsic muscle masses of the tongue were examined in 28 fifteen-week fetal specimens. Observations were made from 30-micron sections cut through the tongue in one of the three standard planes of section. Both sets of muscululature are qualitatively well-developed by this time period in fetal life. The transverse fibers were found to occupy the entire length of the tongue. They attach to the lamina propria of the lateral aspect of the body of the tongue and, in the root, to perimysial and adventitial connective tissue. In addition, some fibers were observed to be confluent with the mm. palatoglossus, tonsilloglossus and pharyngis superior. Medially, transverse fibers were found for the most part to terminate in the dense ventral aspect of the median septum. Vertical fibers are present from a point slightly posterior to the tip of the tongue to the level of the foramen cecum, beyond which they become sparse. All vertical fibers attach superiorly to the dorsal lamina propria. In the free part of the body, their ventral attachment, likewise, is to lamina propria. In the middle part of the tongue and, to a greater extent, in the root (as the inferior and lateral free surface decreases) these fibers attach in either the fascial plane underlying the transverse component or to the perimysium of longitudinally-running muscle bundles.", "contents": "The morphology of the vertical and transverse intrinsic musculature of the tongue in the 15-week human fetus. The attachments, courses and interrelationships of the transverse and vertical intrinsic muscle masses of the tongue were examined in 28 fifteen-week fetal specimens. Observations were made from 30-micron sections cut through the tongue in one of the three standard planes of section. Both sets of muscululature are qualitatively well-developed by this time period in fetal life. The transverse fibers were found to occupy the entire length of the tongue. They attach to the lamina propria of the lateral aspect of the body of the tongue and, in the root, to perimysial and adventitial connective tissue. In addition, some fibers were observed to be confluent with the mm. palatoglossus, tonsilloglossus and pharyngis superior. Medially, transverse fibers were found for the most part to terminate in the dense ventral aspect of the median septum. Vertical fibers are present from a point slightly posterior to the tip of the tongue to the level of the foramen cecum, beyond which they become sparse. All vertical fibers attach superiorly to the dorsal lamina propria. In the free part of the body, their ventral attachment, likewise, is to lamina propria. In the middle part of the tongue and, to a greater extent, in the root (as the inferior and lateral free surface decreases) these fibers attach in either the fascial plane underlying the transverse component or to the perimysium of longitudinally-running muscle bundles.", "PMID": 539473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7872", "title": "Cueing properties of the decrease of white noise intensity for avoidance conditioning in cats.", "content": "In the main experiment two groups of 6 cats each were trained in active bar-pressing avoidance to a CS consisting of either a 10 dB or 20 dB decrease of the background white noise of 70 dB intensity. The two groups did not differ in rapidity of learning, however cats trained to the greater change .in background noise performed avoidance responses with shorter latencies than did cats trained to smaller change. Within-groups comparisons of cumulative distributions of response latencies for consecutive Vincentized fifths of avoidance acquisition showed the greatest changes in the region of latencies longer than the median latency of instrumental responses. On the other hand, the effects of CS intensity found in between-groups comparisons were located in the region of latencies shorter than the median latency of either group. Comparisons with data obtained in a complementary experiment employing additional 17 cats showed that subjects trained to stimuli less intense than the background noise level were marked by an exceptionally low level of avoidance responding with latencies shorter than 1.1 s, which was lower than expected from the probability of intertrial responses for this period of time. Due to this property of stimuli less intense than the background, the distributions of response latencies were moved to the right, in effect, prefrontal lesions influenced a greater part of latency distributions than in cats trained to stimuli more intense than the background.", "contents": "Cueing properties of the decrease of white noise intensity for avoidance conditioning in cats. In the main experiment two groups of 6 cats each were trained in active bar-pressing avoidance to a CS consisting of either a 10 dB or 20 dB decrease of the background white noise of 70 dB intensity. The two groups did not differ in rapidity of learning, however cats trained to the greater change .in background noise performed avoidance responses with shorter latencies than did cats trained to smaller change. Within-groups comparisons of cumulative distributions of response latencies for consecutive Vincentized fifths of avoidance acquisition showed the greatest changes in the region of latencies longer than the median latency of instrumental responses. On the other hand, the effects of CS intensity found in between-groups comparisons were located in the region of latencies shorter than the median latency of either group. Comparisons with data obtained in a complementary experiment employing additional 17 cats showed that subjects trained to stimuli less intense than the background noise level were marked by an exceptionally low level of avoidance responding with latencies shorter than 1.1 s, which was lower than expected from the probability of intertrial responses for this period of time. Due to this property of stimuli less intense than the background, the distributions of response latencies were moved to the right, in effect, prefrontal lesions influenced a greater part of latency distributions than in cats trained to stimuli more intense than the background.", "PMID": 539474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7873", "title": "Auditory frequency generalization in normal and prefrontal dogs trained in varieties of active avoidance reflexes.", "content": "Twelve dogs were trained to avoid shock with response contingent termination of a 1000 Hz tonal CS on all trials, whereas 12 additional dogs received the same training except that on 50 percent trials there was a fixed CS duration and no shock. Initial acquisition revealed that CS prolongation resulted in longer response latencies compared to subjects trained with response contingent CS termination. Both training groups were then assigned to subgroups (n=4) that received either lateral or medial lesions of the prefrontal cortex or a rest pause of 10 days. Postsurgical reacquisition indicated a medial deficit in response latencies for both training groups whereas performance levels of normal and lateral groups were comparable. Two generalization tests to tones of 600-, 800-, 1000-, 1200-, and 1400-Hz followed. During the sampled test only one block of the five test frequencies occurred with the regular 15 training trials, while the tonal frequencies were presented on all 20 daily extinction trials during massed generalization testing. No evidence of extinction was observed during the sampled generalization test in either training group. However, during massed testing, all subjects trained with response contingent CS termination showed an overall extinction influence, which was most pronounced in the medial subgroup, although the laterals showed frequency control as well. In the group trained with CS prolongation the controls had clear, discriminative performance, while little stimulus control or extinction influence were found in the medial or lateral subgroups. Comparison with alimentary data indicated much broader tonal frequency generalization in dogs trained in avoidance. However, when the procedures reduced avoidance levels, double dissociation of medial and lateral lesion effects on stimulus control and susceptibility to extinction emerged.", "contents": "Auditory frequency generalization in normal and prefrontal dogs trained in varieties of active avoidance reflexes. Twelve dogs were trained to avoid shock with response contingent termination of a 1000 Hz tonal CS on all trials, whereas 12 additional dogs received the same training except that on 50 percent trials there was a fixed CS duration and no shock. Initial acquisition revealed that CS prolongation resulted in longer response latencies compared to subjects trained with response contingent CS termination. Both training groups were then assigned to subgroups (n=4) that received either lateral or medial lesions of the prefrontal cortex or a rest pause of 10 days. Postsurgical reacquisition indicated a medial deficit in response latencies for both training groups whereas performance levels of normal and lateral groups were comparable. Two generalization tests to tones of 600-, 800-, 1000-, 1200-, and 1400-Hz followed. During the sampled test only one block of the five test frequencies occurred with the regular 15 training trials, while the tonal frequencies were presented on all 20 daily extinction trials during massed generalization testing. No evidence of extinction was observed during the sampled generalization test in either training group. However, during massed testing, all subjects trained with response contingent CS termination showed an overall extinction influence, which was most pronounced in the medial subgroup, although the laterals showed frequency control as well. In the group trained with CS prolongation the controls had clear, discriminative performance, while little stimulus control or extinction influence were found in the medial or lateral subgroups. Comparison with alimentary data indicated much broader tonal frequency generalization in dogs trained in avoidance. However, when the procedures reduced avoidance levels, double dissociation of medial and lateral lesion effects on stimulus control and susceptibility to extinction emerged.", "PMID": 539475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7874", "title": "Adrenergic modulation of the hypothalamic cholinergic mechanism in the control of emotional-defensive behavior in the cat.", "content": "Effects of drugs influencing the activity of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system on the carbachol-induced emotional-defensive response were investigated. Intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenalin, amphetamine and reserpine did not produce any changes in cats' behavior. Injections of carbachol into the same hypothalamic loci, following the injections of noradrenalin, amphetamine or reserpine evoked all the characteristic symptoms of emotional-defensive behavior. However, a strong decrease in the number of growls and the duration of growling was observed when reserpine injections preceded the injections of carbachol into the same hypothalamic areas. Adrenergic alpha and beta agonists (methoxamine and isoprenaline) as well as antagonists (phentolamine and oxprenolol) when injected alone had no influence on the cats' behavior. Their effect on vocal responses evoked by subsequent injections of carbachol was not statistically significant. Results show that emotional-defensive behavior cannot be triggered by an activation of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system. However, emotional defensive behavior induced by cholinergic stimulation of the hypothalamus may be modified by changes in the activity of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system.", "contents": "Adrenergic modulation of the hypothalamic cholinergic mechanism in the control of emotional-defensive behavior in the cat. Effects of drugs influencing the activity of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system on the carbachol-induced emotional-defensive response were investigated. Intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenalin, amphetamine and reserpine did not produce any changes in cats' behavior. Injections of carbachol into the same hypothalamic loci, following the injections of noradrenalin, amphetamine or reserpine evoked all the characteristic symptoms of emotional-defensive behavior. However, a strong decrease in the number of growls and the duration of growling was observed when reserpine injections preceded the injections of carbachol into the same hypothalamic areas. Adrenergic alpha and beta agonists (methoxamine and isoprenaline) as well as antagonists (phentolamine and oxprenolol) when injected alone had no influence on the cats' behavior. Their effect on vocal responses evoked by subsequent injections of carbachol was not statistically significant. Results show that emotional-defensive behavior cannot be triggered by an activation of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system. However, emotional defensive behavior induced by cholinergic stimulation of the hypothalamus may be modified by changes in the activity of the hypothalamic noradrenergic system.", "PMID": 539476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7875", "title": "Influence of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on the behavior of rats in a conflict situation.", "content": "Adaptation to altitude hypoxia under conditions of conflict between thirst and defensive motivation was studied. The subjects adapted to altitude hypoxia made three times more attempts to drink from a water bowl despite receiving an intense shock. Adaptation to altitude hypoxia increased the stability of an initiated drinking reaction over intense shock. In adapted animals that began to drink, the drinking response changed to defensive behavior with twice the shock intensity as in control animals. In the absence of conflict, there was no difference in the satisfaction of the thirst and the defensive motivation in animals adapted to hypoxia and in controls. Hence, the effect of adaptation to hypoxia consists in making the animals more capable of inhibiting the responses to defensive motivation under conditions where it is necessary to satisfy another vital motivation.", "contents": "Influence of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on the behavior of rats in a conflict situation. Adaptation to altitude hypoxia under conditions of conflict between thirst and defensive motivation was studied. The subjects adapted to altitude hypoxia made three times more attempts to drink from a water bowl despite receiving an intense shock. Adaptation to altitude hypoxia increased the stability of an initiated drinking reaction over intense shock. In adapted animals that began to drink, the drinking response changed to defensive behavior with twice the shock intensity as in control animals. In the absence of conflict, there was no difference in the satisfaction of the thirst and the defensive motivation in animals adapted to hypoxia and in controls. Hence, the effect of adaptation to hypoxia consists in making the animals more capable of inhibiting the responses to defensive motivation under conditions where it is necessary to satisfy another vital motivation.", "PMID": 539477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7876", "title": "Single-unit activity in cat's isolated midbrain.", "content": "The midbrain was isolated by two brainstem transections, pretrigeminal and premesencephalic. In the isolated midbrain, particularly within the reticular formation, EEG activity was greatly depressed. On the other hand, single-unit spike activity remained at a high level. The spatial density of active reticular units and the rate of their spontaneous activity were at least not smaller than those in the midbrain of the cat with only a pretrigeminal transection. Thus the flat EEG record is not necessarily a sign of the absence of neural activity.", "contents": "Single-unit activity in cat's isolated midbrain. The midbrain was isolated by two brainstem transections, pretrigeminal and premesencephalic. In the isolated midbrain, particularly within the reticular formation, EEG activity was greatly depressed. On the other hand, single-unit spike activity remained at a high level. The spatial density of active reticular units and the rate of their spontaneous activity were at least not smaller than those in the midbrain of the cat with only a pretrigeminal transection. Thus the flat EEG record is not necessarily a sign of the absence of neural activity.", "PMID": 539478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7877", "title": "[The influence of body-height at birth to further body-height development (author's transl)].", "content": "It is significantly showed, that great infants have also in further life average a long body-height. From body-height at birth can be estimated the body-height-development. The great infants are great to time of school-absolvation. This also proves right for boys and girls.", "contents": "[The influence of body-height at birth to further body-height development (author's transl)]. It is significantly showed, that great infants have also in further life average a long body-height. From body-height at birth can be estimated the body-height-development. The great infants are great to time of school-absolvation. This also proves right for boys and girls.", "PMID": 539496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7878", "title": "[Neuropediatric follow-up studies of preterm born babies with birth weight below 1600 g (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuropediatric follow-up studies during 18 months of preterm born babies with birth weight below 1600 g show a normal development in 70%. Better perinatological and neuropediatric long-term care are taken as causes of the improved developmental prognosis of children at risk in recent years.", "contents": "[Neuropediatric follow-up studies of preterm born babies with birth weight below 1600 g (author's transl)]. Neuropediatric follow-up studies during 18 months of preterm born babies with birth weight below 1600 g show a normal development in 70%. Better perinatological and neuropediatric long-term care are taken as causes of the improved developmental prognosis of children at risk in recent years.", "PMID": 539497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7879", "title": "[Social diagnosis and prognosis in childhood. Experience from Czechoslovakia II].", "content": "The function of the family as a social system was assessed by involving 3 criteria: Structure, stability and socio-economic status of the family, personality of the parents, brother and sister, childpersonality, parents interest towards the child, parents care for the child. The criteria were evaluated in a Score: The sum of the points allowed the family situation, to be assessed and rendered it possible to derive suitable measures of social-organisations in care of risk families.", "contents": "[Social diagnosis and prognosis in childhood. Experience from Czechoslovakia II]. The function of the family as a social system was assessed by involving 3 criteria: Structure, stability and socio-economic status of the family, personality of the parents, brother and sister, childpersonality, parents interest towards the child, parents care for the child. The criteria were evaluated in a Score: The sum of the points allowed the family situation, to be assessed and rendered it possible to derive suitable measures of social-organisations in care of risk families.", "PMID": 539498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7880", "title": "[Seasonal variation of menarche and month of birth (author's transl)].", "content": "Seasonal variations in the occurrence of menarche in 1226 Japanese girls are not uniform, when they were divided into two groups by their season of births. Summer trough (May-July) was inapparent in girls born in summer (May-October), and winter trough (February-March) was less deep in girls born in winter (November-April). No differences were found in fall trough (September-November) between both groups. Girls born in summer (or winter) seem to be resistant to some summer (or winter) factors, which inhibit the occurence of menarche.", "contents": "[Seasonal variation of menarche and month of birth (author's transl)]. Seasonal variations in the occurrence of menarche in 1226 Japanese girls are not uniform, when they were divided into two groups by their season of births. Summer trough (May-July) was inapparent in girls born in summer (May-October), and winter trough (February-March) was less deep in girls born in winter (November-April). No differences were found in fall trough (September-November) between both groups. Girls born in summer (or winter) seem to be resistant to some summer (or winter) factors, which inhibit the occurence of menarche.", "PMID": 539499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7881", "title": "[On adaptation of adolescents to the vocational training in the point of view of schooldoctors (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1969 bibliographie informes that growing numbers of apprentices and young workers are absent from work in spite of their obviously good health-state. All reported results of several studies and investigation-programms show that in most of the described cases problems of juvenile adaptability are linked with. Difficulties arise when young people change over from school education to vocational training. At first the paper deals with the differently used terminus adaptation. Three empirical principles from available studies may be deduced. They are interpreted under the point of view of school-doctors, works-doctors and vocational-school-instructors. Recommendations for school-doctors finish the paper.", "contents": "[On adaptation of adolescents to the vocational training in the point of view of schooldoctors (author's transl)]. Since 1969 bibliographie informes that growing numbers of apprentices and young workers are absent from work in spite of their obviously good health-state. All reported results of several studies and investigation-programms show that in most of the described cases problems of juvenile adaptability are linked with. Difficulties arise when young people change over from school education to vocational training. At first the paper deals with the differently used terminus adaptation. Three empirical principles from available studies may be deduced. They are interpreted under the point of view of school-doctors, works-doctors and vocational-school-instructors. Recommendations for school-doctors finish the paper.", "PMID": 539500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7882", "title": "[Present problems of gonorrhoea occuring at youth (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1977 juvenile minors infected by gonorrhoea represented the group being the secondly frequent one. Female juvenile minors are especially endangered. Reasons of this raising and measures for reducing the frequency of the disease are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Present problems of gonorrhoea occuring at youth (author's transl)]. In 1977 juvenile minors infected by gonorrhoea represented the group being the secondly frequent one. Female juvenile minors are especially endangered. Reasons of this raising and measures for reducing the frequency of the disease are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 539501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7883", "title": "[Rehabilitative pedagogic aid for imbecile children with an auditory defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on the results of diagnostic activities during eight years in a neuropsychiatric institution the image of the multiple injury imbecility plus auditory defect is introduced. Problems of rehabilitation of children injured in this way are discussed. A pretest-posttest control group procedure is followed by the discussion of the model of a stationary advancement by the help of rehabilitative pedagogy. In the front we consider an atmosphere with gestures and simultaneous speech, which is able to give a chance of communication to the multiple injured child.", "contents": "[Rehabilitative pedagogic aid for imbecile children with an auditory defect (author's transl)]. Basing on the results of diagnostic activities during eight years in a neuropsychiatric institution the image of the multiple injury imbecility plus auditory defect is introduced. Problems of rehabilitation of children injured in this way are discussed. A pretest-posttest control group procedure is followed by the discussion of the model of a stationary advancement by the help of rehabilitative pedagogy. In the front we consider an atmosphere with gestures and simultaneous speech, which is able to give a chance of communication to the multiple injured child.", "PMID": 539502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7884", "title": "[Quantification of environmentally influenced differences in physical and mental development of infants by a phenomenologic-mathematical separation of the body length growth into growth spurts (author's transl)].", "content": "Retardation phenomena in the physical development--especially in the increase of body length--of infants taken care of in social institutions (day-nursery, week-nursery, residential nursery) in relation to those growing up in the family will be represented in a quantitative-analytical form on the basis of a phenomenologic-mathematical model. This kind of modelling consists in the separation into 7 successive growth periods (growth spurts) of the whole growth process during the time interval from conception until the age of 3 years. For the time interval from birth until the end of 3 years we have 4 such growth spurts. The second one (fifth in the former numbering) determines mainly the growth during the 2nd year of the individual's life and makes evident the delay in the mean increase of body length of infants taken care of in social institutions, which is most evident for children who grow up in a residential nursery. The quantitative statements derived from the mathematical model concerning the physical development will be confronted with the known facts concerning the retardation in the mental-psychial development--especially in the ontogenesis of speech--of the same groups of children. There is an astonishingly close accordance of the values of time delays in reaching the levels of the physical and of the psychical development. The model may help to perceive and to diagnose the complex of causes responsible for these retardation phenomena from a social-medical and biological point of view. On the other hand this may also give a critizism and assessment of the real relevance of the biomathematical separation of the growth process into single growth spurts practiced here.", "contents": "[Quantification of environmentally influenced differences in physical and mental development of infants by a phenomenologic-mathematical separation of the body length growth into growth spurts (author's transl)]. Retardation phenomena in the physical development--especially in the increase of body length--of infants taken care of in social institutions (day-nursery, week-nursery, residential nursery) in relation to those growing up in the family will be represented in a quantitative-analytical form on the basis of a phenomenologic-mathematical model. This kind of modelling consists in the separation into 7 successive growth periods (growth spurts) of the whole growth process during the time interval from conception until the age of 3 years. For the time interval from birth until the end of 3 years we have 4 such growth spurts. The second one (fifth in the former numbering) determines mainly the growth during the 2nd year of the individual's life and makes evident the delay in the mean increase of body length of infants taken care of in social institutions, which is most evident for children who grow up in a residential nursery. The quantitative statements derived from the mathematical model concerning the physical development will be confronted with the known facts concerning the retardation in the mental-psychial development--especially in the ontogenesis of speech--of the same groups of children. There is an astonishingly close accordance of the values of time delays in reaching the levels of the physical and of the psychical development. The model may help to perceive and to diagnose the complex of causes responsible for these retardation phenomena from a social-medical and biological point of view. On the other hand this may also give a critizism and assessment of the real relevance of the biomathematical separation of the growth process into single growth spurts practiced here.", "PMID": 539503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7885", "title": "[Comparison of anthropometric and radiometric skull measurements of the first two years of life. 1st Part: Method of measurements and problems (author's transl)].", "content": "In 150 healthy boys and girls (1; 1,5; 2 years) seven anthropometric and several radiometric parameters (lengths, angles, planes) of the skull were determined. The methods are defined: anthromopetric measurements of the head taken after Martin (1959), radiometrics after Schmid and Filthuth, planimetric data collected after Wechselberg and Wessely.", "contents": "[Comparison of anthropometric and radiometric skull measurements of the first two years of life. 1st Part: Method of measurements and problems (author's transl)]. In 150 healthy boys and girls (1; 1,5; 2 years) seven anthropometric and several radiometric parameters (lengths, angles, planes) of the skull were determined. The methods are defined: anthromopetric measurements of the head taken after Martin (1959), radiometrics after Schmid and Filthuth, planimetric data collected after Wechselberg and Wessely.", "PMID": 539504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7886", "title": "[Comparison of anthropometric and radiometric skull measurements of the first two years of life. 2nd Part: Results (normal values) of kephalometric data -- results of linear metrics of the skull and planimetric results of x-ray analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistical criteria allow the results of researches on head resp. skull measurements of more than 1200 infants of Erfurt to be taken as normal values, yielding slightly larger figures as up to now in use. Optimum appreciation of growth requires combination of all methods mentioned.", "contents": "[Comparison of anthropometric and radiometric skull measurements of the first two years of life. 2nd Part: Results (normal values) of kephalometric data -- results of linear metrics of the skull and planimetric results of x-ray analysis (author's transl)]. Statistical criteria allow the results of researches on head resp. skull measurements of more than 1200 infants of Erfurt to be taken as normal values, yielding slightly larger figures as up to now in use. Optimum appreciation of growth requires combination of all methods mentioned.", "PMID": 539505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7887", "title": "[Percentiles of the neck-girth in children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Correlative calculations as to the circumference of the neck in age-conformingly developed children have revealed that neck circumference exhibits the best correlations to body weight, followed by body surface, body height, age and cervical skin thickness. The graph of the 50. percentile demonstrates sex-different course with single discontinuities of level, which are characteristic in the beginnings of school-resp. of puberal ages. The positions of the 1-s-deviations beside the 50. percentiles are almost symmetrical. An essential result of this investigations is the correction of the wide spread opinion of an age dependency of neck circumference. Instead of this, nearly linear correlation exists between body weight and neck circumference.", "contents": "[Percentiles of the neck-girth in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. Correlative calculations as to the circumference of the neck in age-conformingly developed children have revealed that neck circumference exhibits the best correlations to body weight, followed by body surface, body height, age and cervical skin thickness. The graph of the 50. percentile demonstrates sex-different course with single discontinuities of level, which are characteristic in the beginnings of school-resp. of puberal ages. The positions of the 1-s-deviations beside the 50. percentiles are almost symmetrical. An essential result of this investigations is the correction of the wide spread opinion of an age dependency of neck circumference. Instead of this, nearly linear correlation exists between body weight and neck circumference.", "PMID": 539506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7888", "title": "[Adaptation of children to hospitalization].", "content": "Infants especially of about 1 to 4 years of age are opposed to an unknown environment and to unusual demands when they are admissed to hospital. Literature informes about some characteristic troubles during the first time of adaptation. In addition to those kinds of transitory adaptional difficulties, physical and mental retardation of development may appear when infants become long-time patients. The socalled psychic hospitalism has to be valued as a sign of underprotection and differs from adaptional troubles as a symptom of full strain. The survey shows adequate measures how physicians and nurses may deal with both of the problems in order to ease adaptation and to prevent psychic hospitalism.", "contents": "[Adaptation of children to hospitalization]. Infants especially of about 1 to 4 years of age are opposed to an unknown environment and to unusual demands when they are admissed to hospital. Literature informes about some characteristic troubles during the first time of adaptation. In addition to those kinds of transitory adaptional difficulties, physical and mental retardation of development may appear when infants become long-time patients. The socalled psychic hospitalism has to be valued as a sign of underprotection and differs from adaptional troubles as a symptom of full strain. The survey shows adequate measures how physicians and nurses may deal with both of the problems in order to ease adaptation and to prevent psychic hospitalism.", "PMID": 539507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7889", "title": "[Definite contact with the outer world as a factor in hospitalism prophylaxis--on education and learning in pediatric hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "Being a useful means against negative psychic consequences of hospitalization, the \"walk\" in the near or distant surroundings of the hospital is analysed and methodically described. The immanent playing and occupation therapy as well as the stock of experience additionally acquired are integrating educational and learning aids. By the example of the observation of nature the use of the so-called \"creative moment\" in learning processes is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Definite contact with the outer world as a factor in hospitalism prophylaxis--on education and learning in pediatric hospitals (author's transl)]. Being a useful means against negative psychic consequences of hospitalization, the \"walk\" in the near or distant surroundings of the hospital is analysed and methodically described. The immanent playing and occupation therapy as well as the stock of experience additionally acquired are integrating educational and learning aids. By the example of the observation of nature the use of the so-called \"creative moment\" in learning processes is demonstrated.", "PMID": 539508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7890", "title": "[Possibilities and limits for palsied children in the general polytechnical school (author's transl)].", "content": "Some children with cerebral palsy attend the ten-form general polytechnical school. To this end, several prerequisites have to be fulfilled and other essential arrangements to be developed in cooperation with specially trained teachers. The learning conditions have to be fitted to the improving abilities of children during the educational process. Factors of influence and cooperation modes are discussed.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits for palsied children in the general polytechnical school (author's transl)]. Some children with cerebral palsy attend the ten-form general polytechnical school. To this end, several prerequisites have to be fulfilled and other essential arrangements to be developed in cooperation with specially trained teachers. The learning conditions have to be fitted to the improving abilities of children during the educational process. Factors of influence and cooperation modes are discussed.", "PMID": 539509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7891", "title": "[Effects of levamisole in the treatment of a group of patients with atopic asthma and depression cellular immunity].", "content": "We investigated the possibility of decreased cellular immunity (C.I.) in a substantial group of atopic asthmatic patients with respiratory tract infections during autumn and winter. Two-hundred and ten atopic asthmatic patients were selected, and the following tests for cellular immunity were performed. Skin tests with 11 bacterial and fungal antigens. Normal average value of the skin reactions is 2.5 mm. E rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. Normal value for patients of this age is 60 +/- 8%. Immunoglobulins A, G and M and complement fractions C3 and C4 were determined by radial immunodiffusion. IgE was determined using PRIST (Phadebas, Pharmacia). IgE was elevated in all except two of the patients. IgG, IgA and IgM, C3 and C4 were normal. Twenty five of the 85 patients had some depression in cellular immunity (decreased E rosettes and/or decreased skin reactions). Patients with depressed cellular immunity were given 2.5 mg Levamisol three times a week for three months. Their progress was evaluated clinically and immunologically and a positive correlation was found between clinical improvement and increased C.I. in 18 of the 25 patients. We consider Levamisol to be useful in approximately 8.5% of all asthmatic patients.", "contents": "[Effects of levamisole in the treatment of a group of patients with atopic asthma and depression cellular immunity]. We investigated the possibility of decreased cellular immunity (C.I.) in a substantial group of atopic asthmatic patients with respiratory tract infections during autumn and winter. Two-hundred and ten atopic asthmatic patients were selected, and the following tests for cellular immunity were performed. Skin tests with 11 bacterial and fungal antigens. Normal average value of the skin reactions is 2.5 mm. E rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. Normal value for patients of this age is 60 +/- 8%. Immunoglobulins A, G and M and complement fractions C3 and C4 were determined by radial immunodiffusion. IgE was determined using PRIST (Phadebas, Pharmacia). IgE was elevated in all except two of the patients. IgG, IgA and IgM, C3 and C4 were normal. Twenty five of the 85 patients had some depression in cellular immunity (decreased E rosettes and/or decreased skin reactions). Patients with depressed cellular immunity were given 2.5 mg Levamisol three times a week for three months. Their progress was evaluated clinically and immunologically and a positive correlation was found between clinical improvement and increased C.I. in 18 of the 25 patients. We consider Levamisol to be useful in approximately 8.5% of all asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 539520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7892", "title": "Specific desensitizing treatment in drug allergy.", "content": "Fourteen patients with allergy to drugs (4 to synthetic corticotrophin, 3 to insulin, 4 to pyramidon, 2 to penicillin, and 1 to iodine-containing contrast media) were submitted to specific desensitizing treatment using graduated doses of the drug. Therapy was completely successful in 11 of 14 cases: in one case, the authors were forced to suspend treatment because the patient allergic to pyramidon had become pregnant; in the other cases (allergic to corticotrophin and to penicillin) the treatment was suspended because of severe adverse reactions. On the basis of the present findings, immunotherapy in drug allergy is possible and should not present any special problems: it is necessary that the treatment be carried out by highly qualified staff and preferably on hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Specific desensitizing treatment in drug allergy. Fourteen patients with allergy to drugs (4 to synthetic corticotrophin, 3 to insulin, 4 to pyramidon, 2 to penicillin, and 1 to iodine-containing contrast media) were submitted to specific desensitizing treatment using graduated doses of the drug. Therapy was completely successful in 11 of 14 cases: in one case, the authors were forced to suspend treatment because the patient allergic to pyramidon had become pregnant; in the other cases (allergic to corticotrophin and to penicillin) the treatment was suspended because of severe adverse reactions. On the basis of the present findings, immunotherapy in drug allergy is possible and should not present any special problems: it is necessary that the treatment be carried out by highly qualified staff and preferably on hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 539523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7893", "title": "Breast cancer and histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "HLA antigens and haplotypes were studied in 50 women with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, from the Basque provinces and Navarra, and in a comtrol group consisted of 166 healthy persons from the same geographical area. A greater incidence of HLA-B7 and B26 was observed in the breast cancer group if compared with the frequency of occurrence of these antigens in the Spanish population. However, when compared with Navarra-Basque population, no significant differences were observed. The study of the haplotype frequencies in breast cancer showed a greater incidence of the A9, B27 and A10, B14 haplotypes than in the normal population. However, the significance of D values disappeared after making the necessary correction for the number of antigens tested. The major histocompatibility system has a variety of functions which have not yet been documented but that might predispose to disease. It is certainly probable that there will be multiple mechanisms underlying HLA and cancer associations, however so far none of the data available suggest the presence of an immune response gene linked with breast cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer and histocompatibility antigens. HLA antigens and haplotypes were studied in 50 women with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, from the Basque provinces and Navarra, and in a comtrol group consisted of 166 healthy persons from the same geographical area. A greater incidence of HLA-B7 and B26 was observed in the breast cancer group if compared with the frequency of occurrence of these antigens in the Spanish population. However, when compared with Navarra-Basque population, no significant differences were observed. The study of the haplotype frequencies in breast cancer showed a greater incidence of the A9, B27 and A10, B14 haplotypes than in the normal population. However, the significance of D values disappeared after making the necessary correction for the number of antigens tested. The major histocompatibility system has a variety of functions which have not yet been documented but that might predispose to disease. It is certainly probable that there will be multiple mechanisms underlying HLA and cancer associations, however so far none of the data available suggest the presence of an immune response gene linked with breast cancer.", "PMID": 539525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7894", "title": "Levels of serum IgE in patients with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris.", "content": "The level of serum IgE in thirty patients with pemphigus (19 with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (BPF) and 11 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)) were determined by means of a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the level of IgE was observed in BPF patients compared to the level of IgE in PV patients and healthy adults. The possible relationship of an elevated level of IgE with respect to other aberrations of immunologic responsiveness and the suggested infectious etiology of BPF are considered.", "contents": "Levels of serum IgE in patients with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris. The level of serum IgE in thirty patients with pemphigus (19 with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (BPF) and 11 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)) were determined by means of a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the level of IgE was observed in BPF patients compared to the level of IgE in PV patients and healthy adults. The possible relationship of an elevated level of IgE with respect to other aberrations of immunologic responsiveness and the suggested infectious etiology of BPF are considered.", "PMID": 539524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7895", "title": "HLA and pollinosis.", "content": "Sixty-two patients were selected who suffered from seasonal pollen-induced bronchial asthma and rhinitis. Histocompatibility antigen typing was carried out with a panel of 70 antisera (Behringwerke) of 33 HLA specificities. The results obtained at locus A of the most representative by percent phenotypic frequency of the HLA studies shows a decreased frecuency of HLA-A11. The phenotyic frequencies of the most representative HLA of B locus in the group of patients shows an increase in the frequency of HLA-B8. This represents 22.6% compared with 9.1% of the controls, which is definitely significant. The results obtained in a study of the haplotype frequency of three combinations of HLA antigens, in a group of allergic patients compared with the controls shows that the frequency of the haplotype A1 B8 is greater in the allergic patients than in the control group, a statistically significant finding. As regards the other two haplotypes A2 B12 and A3 B7, the respective results of the comparison were not significant in the first and marginally significant in the second. Even these few studied cases demonstrate the predominance of HLA-B8 in atopic or hyperreactive states. As regards the A1 B8 haplotype, we also find a slightly increased occurrence, in agreement with the literature. This suggests that the hyperergic response might be associated with the presence of the A1 B8 haplotype.", "contents": "HLA and pollinosis. Sixty-two patients were selected who suffered from seasonal pollen-induced bronchial asthma and rhinitis. Histocompatibility antigen typing was carried out with a panel of 70 antisera (Behringwerke) of 33 HLA specificities. The results obtained at locus A of the most representative by percent phenotypic frequency of the HLA studies shows a decreased frecuency of HLA-A11. The phenotyic frequencies of the most representative HLA of B locus in the group of patients shows an increase in the frequency of HLA-B8. This represents 22.6% compared with 9.1% of the controls, which is definitely significant. The results obtained in a study of the haplotype frequency of three combinations of HLA antigens, in a group of allergic patients compared with the controls shows that the frequency of the haplotype A1 B8 is greater in the allergic patients than in the control group, a statistically significant finding. As regards the other two haplotypes A2 B12 and A3 B7, the respective results of the comparison were not significant in the first and marginally significant in the second. Even these few studied cases demonstrate the predominance of HLA-B8 in atopic or hyperreactive states. As regards the A1 B8 haplotype, we also find a slightly increased occurrence, in agreement with the literature. This suggests that the hyperergic response might be associated with the presence of the A1 B8 haplotype.", "PMID": 539526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7896", "title": "Humoral and cellular immunity in chronic urticaria.", "content": "In chronic recurrent urticaria of months' or years' duration, it is difficult to identify the causative factor. From an immunological point of view, various authors have attempted to demonstrate alterations in levels of immunoglobulins and complement fractions. We do not know of any previous studies of cellular immunity in this disorder. Fifty-one patients with chronic urticaria were studied, 22 females and 29 males, with ages ranging from 8 to 70 years. The patients were considered to be affected by recurrent or chronic urticaria with no clear allergic etiology. In all subjects a determination was made of serum levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E and of the complement fractions: C1 inhibitor, C1q, C3, C4 and C5. In addition, a study of cellular immunity was carried out on these patients. The results of tests of humoral immunity in the group of chronic urticarial patients studied showed only an increase of IgM in 41.7%. No significant changes were noted among the complement fractions. The study of cellular immunity gave normal figures for total and for B and T lymphocytes. The only finding which may be worthy of is a slight decrease in active T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte transformation test also gave a normal response to PHA and overall a normal cellular immunity was shown in these patients. At present we do not consider that the increased IgM in 40 to 45% of the cases has any pathogenic diagnostic value.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immunity in chronic urticaria. In chronic recurrent urticaria of months' or years' duration, it is difficult to identify the causative factor. From an immunological point of view, various authors have attempted to demonstrate alterations in levels of immunoglobulins and complement fractions. We do not know of any previous studies of cellular immunity in this disorder. Fifty-one patients with chronic urticaria were studied, 22 females and 29 males, with ages ranging from 8 to 70 years. The patients were considered to be affected by recurrent or chronic urticaria with no clear allergic etiology. In all subjects a determination was made of serum levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E and of the complement fractions: C1 inhibitor, C1q, C3, C4 and C5. In addition, a study of cellular immunity was carried out on these patients. The results of tests of humoral immunity in the group of chronic urticarial patients studied showed only an increase of IgM in 41.7%. No significant changes were noted among the complement fractions. The study of cellular immunity gave normal figures for total and for B and T lymphocytes. The only finding which may be worthy of is a slight decrease in active T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte transformation test also gave a normal response to PHA and overall a normal cellular immunity was shown in these patients. At present we do not consider that the increased IgM in 40 to 45% of the cases has any pathogenic diagnostic value.", "PMID": 539521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7897", "title": "Study of humoral and cellular immunity in lobomycosis.", "content": "Fourteen patients with lobomycosis from the Amazon Basin were studied in order to assess their humoral and cellular immunological responses. The humoral response was normal, as shown by the normal levels of serum immunoglovulins. The cellular immunity was depressed for recent sensitizations as measured by skin contact test with DNCB (negative in 83.3% of 12 patients). The intradermal reactions to PPD and fungal extracts suggested that all patients were able to respond to at least 2 of the antigens used. It was also observed that patients reacting to PPD did not become sensitized to DNCB. Conversely, some Mantoux negative patients had positive reactions to DNCB. Both tests were negative in 3 patients.", "contents": "Study of humoral and cellular immunity in lobomycosis. Fourteen patients with lobomycosis from the Amazon Basin were studied in order to assess their humoral and cellular immunological responses. The humoral response was normal, as shown by the normal levels of serum immunoglovulins. The cellular immunity was depressed for recent sensitizations as measured by skin contact test with DNCB (negative in 83.3% of 12 patients). The intradermal reactions to PPD and fungal extracts suggested that all patients were able to respond to at least 2 of the antigens used. It was also observed that patients reacting to PPD did not become sensitized to DNCB. Conversely, some Mantoux negative patients had positive reactions to DNCB. Both tests were negative in 3 patients.", "PMID": 539528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7898", "title": "An evaluation of respirator canisters to acrylonitrile vapors.", "content": "Experimental breakthrough times obtained from evaluating respiratory canisters to acrylonitrile vapors at various concentrations are presented and compared to estimated breakthrough times calculated from Nelson's equation for organic vapors adsorbed on activated carbon. The slope of the regression for breakthrough time vs. concentration of acrylonitrile was found to compare closely to that derived from Nelson's equation in the concentration range from 30 to 1000 ppm. This demonstrates that the equation is capable of predicting breakthrough times for organic compounds which, like acrylonitrile, have low molecular weights and boiling points. This ability to predict service life is also influenced by other important factors such as relative humidity and amount of activated carbon packed in a canister. Results of this evaluation illustrate the need to determine breakthrough times for compounds under controlled conditions similar to those encountered in the field, especially at low concentrations. Industrial hygienists should use experimentally derived breakthrough times to predict the service life of an air purifying device if they are available.", "contents": "An evaluation of respirator canisters to acrylonitrile vapors. Experimental breakthrough times obtained from evaluating respiratory canisters to acrylonitrile vapors at various concentrations are presented and compared to estimated breakthrough times calculated from Nelson's equation for organic vapors adsorbed on activated carbon. The slope of the regression for breakthrough time vs. concentration of acrylonitrile was found to compare closely to that derived from Nelson's equation in the concentration range from 30 to 1000 ppm. This demonstrates that the equation is capable of predicting breakthrough times for organic compounds which, like acrylonitrile, have low molecular weights and boiling points. This ability to predict service life is also influenced by other important factors such as relative humidity and amount of activated carbon packed in a canister. Results of this evaluation illustrate the need to determine breakthrough times for compounds under controlled conditions similar to those encountered in the field, especially at low concentrations. Industrial hygienists should use experimentally derived breakthrough times to predict the service life of an air purifying device if they are available.", "PMID": 539541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7899", "title": "Relative ear protector performance in high vs low sound levels.", "content": "The attenuation of one specific ear protector was determined for a group of five normal hearing subjects and a group of five hearing impaired subjects. The hearing impaired group yielded significantly less attentuation than the normal hearing group. Since the measuring sound intensity level was high for the hearing impaired listeners and low for the normal listeners, it appears that a threshold procedure using normal subjects, as presented in the American standard (ANSI S3.19-1974), may overestimate the actual attenuation of ear protectors in most noisy environments.", "contents": "Relative ear protector performance in high vs low sound levels. The attenuation of one specific ear protector was determined for a group of five normal hearing subjects and a group of five hearing impaired subjects. The hearing impaired group yielded significantly less attentuation than the normal hearing group. Since the measuring sound intensity level was high for the hearing impaired listeners and low for the normal listeners, it appears that a threshold procedure using normal subjects, as presented in the American standard (ANSI S3.19-1974), may overestimate the actual attenuation of ear protectors in most noisy environments.", "PMID": 539542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7900", "title": "The efficiency of respiratory filters in a coke oven atmosphere.", "content": "Several types of commercially available respiratory filter/sorbent combinations were tested in a coke oven environment. The percent penetration of benzene soluble particulate and benzo(a)pyrene through these filters was determined and was generally found to be less than ten percent. Degradation of filtering efficiency was noted with some types of filters. The use of a sorbent cartridge in conjunction with a covering filter did not significantly change penetration of the contaminants which were measured.", "contents": "The efficiency of respiratory filters in a coke oven atmosphere. Several types of commercially available respiratory filter/sorbent combinations were tested in a coke oven environment. The percent penetration of benzene soluble particulate and benzo(a)pyrene through these filters was determined and was generally found to be less than ten percent. Degradation of filtering efficiency was noted with some types of filters. The use of a sorbent cartridge in conjunction with a covering filter did not significantly change penetration of the contaminants which were measured.", "PMID": 539543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7901", "title": "Two methods for establishing industrial hygiene priorities.", "content": "There is a need for a method to establish industrial hygiene priorities so that our limited health resources can be directed to those chemicals and conditions of use that pose the greatest risk to employee health. The Health Team hazard rating method presented in this paper accomplishes this goal and has been used successfully for several years. Also presented is a proposed method for calculating hazard ratings for inhalation exposures to gases and vapors that may allow those responsible for promulgating standards to address the hazard rather than the toxicity of a regulated chemical.", "contents": "Two methods for establishing industrial hygiene priorities. There is a need for a method to establish industrial hygiene priorities so that our limited health resources can be directed to those chemicals and conditions of use that pose the greatest risk to employee health. The Health Team hazard rating method presented in this paper accomplishes this goal and has been used successfully for several years. Also presented is a proposed method for calculating hazard ratings for inhalation exposures to gases and vapors that may allow those responsible for promulgating standards to address the hazard rather than the toxicity of a regulated chemical.", "PMID": 539544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7902", "title": "Total elemental content passive personal monitors.", "content": "The development of specific passive personal monitors for each volatile form of an element should ultimately lead to a common monitor which can detect any or all forms of that element. Such a device is presented here as a total elemental content passive personal monitor and depends upon diffusion to bring gaseous pollutants into its collecting matrices. The goal of this paper is to show how to compute and limit the ambient concentration error attributed to molecular diffusion approximations for such monitors. The error depends upon the value for the weighted diffusion coefficient used to convert the mass of element collected to ambient concentration. A computed average diffusion coefficient tends to be nonideal, because the relative concentrations of the volatile forms of an element entering the monitor are variable during the work day. Since it is not possible to calculate an exact diffusion coefficient, a finite error will exist between monitor and ambient concentration values. It is shown that total organic chlorine at a vinyl chloride plant can be estimated by use of an average diffusion coefficient without imparting significant error.", "contents": "Total elemental content passive personal monitors. The development of specific passive personal monitors for each volatile form of an element should ultimately lead to a common monitor which can detect any or all forms of that element. Such a device is presented here as a total elemental content passive personal monitor and depends upon diffusion to bring gaseous pollutants into its collecting matrices. The goal of this paper is to show how to compute and limit the ambient concentration error attributed to molecular diffusion approximations for such monitors. The error depends upon the value for the weighted diffusion coefficient used to convert the mass of element collected to ambient concentration. A computed average diffusion coefficient tends to be nonideal, because the relative concentrations of the volatile forms of an element entering the monitor are variable during the work day. Since it is not possible to calculate an exact diffusion coefficient, a finite error will exist between monitor and ambient concentration values. It is shown that total organic chlorine at a vinyl chloride plant can be estimated by use of an average diffusion coefficient without imparting significant error.", "PMID": 539545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7903", "title": "A model for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract.", "content": "A model has been developed for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract. This model has the advantages of employing a realistic asymmetric lung model and utilizing actual breath curves. Results from the model are presented for normal and abnormal breath patterns for both stable and unstable particles. Insofar as comparison is possible, agreement between model calculations and experiment appears to be reasonable.", "contents": "A model for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract. A model has been developed for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract. This model has the advantages of employing a realistic asymmetric lung model and utilizing actual breath curves. Results from the model are presented for normal and abnormal breath patterns for both stable and unstable particles. Insofar as comparison is possible, agreement between model calculations and experiment appears to be reasonable.", "PMID": 539546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7904", "title": "Predicint lifting capacity.", "content": "As science and technology become more sophisticated and with the rapid computation capabilities of the modern computer available, it becomes both possible and economically feasible to scientifically study man and his interaction with his working environment. It is now possible for a person seeking employment to expect and obtain a position which will not be unnecessarily hazardous to his immediate health or have detrimental effects over the long run. Manual materials handling is the contributor of over 400,000 back injuries suffered in the U.S. each year. This research is directed at determining the appropriate operator variables to measure for predicting the permissible weight of lift for three ranges of lift: floor to knuckle height, knuckle height to shoulder height, and shoulder height to reach height. A modified psychophysical procedure was used during which the subjects were instructed to adjust the weight in a tote box to the maximum weight they could lift repetitively without excessive strain or fatique. The task consisted of lifting loads under different conditions of task variables, namely, height of lift, frequency of lift, and load size. Industrial workers as well as students of both sexes were used as subjects. Based on the data obtained, the lifting capacity of the worker was determined for the different ranges of lift. In addition, predictive models were developed based on the operator variables and the task variables investigated.", "contents": "Predicint lifting capacity. As science and technology become more sophisticated and with the rapid computation capabilities of the modern computer available, it becomes both possible and economically feasible to scientifically study man and his interaction with his working environment. It is now possible for a person seeking employment to expect and obtain a position which will not be unnecessarily hazardous to his immediate health or have detrimental effects over the long run. Manual materials handling is the contributor of over 400,000 back injuries suffered in the U.S. each year. This research is directed at determining the appropriate operator variables to measure for predicting the permissible weight of lift for three ranges of lift: floor to knuckle height, knuckle height to shoulder height, and shoulder height to reach height. A modified psychophysical procedure was used during which the subjects were instructed to adjust the weight in a tote box to the maximum weight they could lift repetitively without excessive strain or fatique. The task consisted of lifting loads under different conditions of task variables, namely, height of lift, frequency of lift, and load size. Industrial workers as well as students of both sexes were used as subjects. Based on the data obtained, the lifting capacity of the worker was determined for the different ranges of lift. In addition, predictive models were developed based on the operator variables and the task variables investigated.", "PMID": 539547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7905", "title": "Lead determination in blood by atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "This paper describes a one-tube sample preparation method for blood lead determination which is relatively simple to perform and which does not require background correction for matrix effects. The red cells are lysed with a dilute potassium cyanide solution and heat. A citrate buffer is added, and the solution is then extracted with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and methyl isobutyl ketone. An aliquot of the MIBK layer is applied to a carbon rod atomizer and the peak at 217.0 nm is measured. The method demonstrates an overall in-run reproducibility of 1.39 microgram/100 mL blood standard deviation, a between-run standard deviation of 2.27 microgram/100 mL blood and a sensitivity of 0.012 microgram/mL/1% nm.", "contents": "Lead determination in blood by atomic absorption spectroscopy. This paper describes a one-tube sample preparation method for blood lead determination which is relatively simple to perform and which does not require background correction for matrix effects. The red cells are lysed with a dilute potassium cyanide solution and heat. A citrate buffer is added, and the solution is then extracted with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and methyl isobutyl ketone. An aliquot of the MIBK layer is applied to a carbon rod atomizer and the peak at 217.0 nm is measured. The method demonstrates an overall in-run reproducibility of 1.39 microgram/100 mL blood standard deviation, a between-run standard deviation of 2.27 microgram/100 mL blood and a sensitivity of 0.012 microgram/mL/1% nm.", "PMID": 539548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7906", "title": "Applicability of activated carbon felt to the dosimetry of solvent vapor mixture.", "content": "Affirmative results were obtained to prove that diffusion-absorption on carbon-desorption dosimetry is applicable to monitor exposure to mixed vapors of organic solvents (n-hexane:ethyl acetate:toluene=1:4:1). While most of seven carbon felt preparations tested failed to absorb n-hexane in humid air or the amounts absorbed were no longer proportional to vapor concentrations even in dry air when the sum of the three vapor concentrations were over 3 times workroom threshold limits, two preparations revealed capacity to absorb n-hexane even in the air with relative humidity of 95%. Furthermore, the amounts absorbed during four hour exposures were linearly related to the vapor concentrations of at least 4.5 times workroom threshold limits when the three vapor concentrations were summed up, and, at lower concentrations, the absorbed amounts were proportional to the exposure duration of up to eight hours. Short term peak exposure could also be detected; the ratio between the observed and the expected was about 80% at lowest.", "contents": "Applicability of activated carbon felt to the dosimetry of solvent vapor mixture. Affirmative results were obtained to prove that diffusion-absorption on carbon-desorption dosimetry is applicable to monitor exposure to mixed vapors of organic solvents (n-hexane:ethyl acetate:toluene=1:4:1). While most of seven carbon felt preparations tested failed to absorb n-hexane in humid air or the amounts absorbed were no longer proportional to vapor concentrations even in dry air when the sum of the three vapor concentrations were over 3 times workroom threshold limits, two preparations revealed capacity to absorb n-hexane even in the air with relative humidity of 95%. Furthermore, the amounts absorbed during four hour exposures were linearly related to the vapor concentrations of at least 4.5 times workroom threshold limits when the three vapor concentrations were summed up, and, at lower concentrations, the absorbed amounts were proportional to the exposure duration of up to eight hours. Short term peak exposure could also be detected; the ratio between the observed and the expected was about 80% at lowest.", "PMID": 539549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7907", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of permissible exposure limits for men in hot environments.", "content": "Forty-six industrial workers completed a total of 653 one-hour work bouts requiring an average of 122-235 kcal/M2/hr in an environmental chamber maintained at heat stress levels ranging from 8-37 degrees C wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). Heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) were measured at the end of each work bout. Environmental heat stress levels were divided into two groups - those above and those below the permissible exposure limits (PEL). The PEL is the proposed maximum environmental thermal stress to which industrial workers can be exposed without endangering their health. The number of observations in each of these regions was further divided into those which were above the recommended limits of a World Health Organization study group (HR less than or equal to 110 bpm, Tre less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C) and those which were not. The number of \"safe\" (HR less than or equal to 110 bpm, Tre less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C) observations in environments with heat stress less than or equal to the PEL ranged from 100% to 2.4% depending on subject acclimatization and work rate. The degree of protection was always less in the winter than in the summer and was less for higher work rates. Men who normally worked in hot environments had fewer \"excessive\" HR's and Tre's than those who did not.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of permissible exposure limits for men in hot environments. Forty-six industrial workers completed a total of 653 one-hour work bouts requiring an average of 122-235 kcal/M2/hr in an environmental chamber maintained at heat stress levels ranging from 8-37 degrees C wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). Heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) were measured at the end of each work bout. Environmental heat stress levels were divided into two groups - those above and those below the permissible exposure limits (PEL). The PEL is the proposed maximum environmental thermal stress to which industrial workers can be exposed without endangering their health. The number of observations in each of these regions was further divided into those which were above the recommended limits of a World Health Organization study group (HR less than or equal to 110 bpm, Tre less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C) and those which were not. The number of \"safe\" (HR less than or equal to 110 bpm, Tre less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C) observations in environments with heat stress less than or equal to the PEL ranged from 100% to 2.4% depending on subject acclimatization and work rate. The degree of protection was always less in the winter than in the summer and was less for higher work rates. Men who normally worked in hot environments had fewer \"excessive\" HR's and Tre's than those who did not.", "PMID": 539550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7908", "title": "Therapeutic community dropouts: criminal behavior five years after treatment.", "content": "Two hundred and two male dropouts, mainly heroin abusers averaging 3 to 6 years out of treatment, were sampled from the 1970-1971 Phoenix House admissions by race and time in program (less than 1 month to more than 2 years). Criminal justice arrest records were compared between three pre- and all posttreatment years. Percent and rate of arrest declined significantly in followup. Magnitude of reductions was uniform across race and legal status, varied by age, but increased systematically by time in program. Results replicated and extended earlier findings, confirming long-term positive change in criminal behavior associated with length of stay in the therapeutic community.", "contents": "Therapeutic community dropouts: criminal behavior five years after treatment. Two hundred and two male dropouts, mainly heroin abusers averaging 3 to 6 years out of treatment, were sampled from the 1970-1971 Phoenix House admissions by race and time in program (less than 1 month to more than 2 years). Criminal justice arrest records were compared between three pre- and all posttreatment years. Percent and rate of arrest declined significantly in followup. Magnitude of reductions was uniform across race and legal status, varied by age, but increased systematically by time in program. Results replicated and extended earlier findings, confirming long-term positive change in criminal behavior associated with length of stay in the therapeutic community.", "PMID": 539569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7909", "title": "Is phencyclidine (PCP) abuse associated with organic mental impairment?.", "content": "The performance of sober (average length of abstinence = 27 months) phencyclidine (PCP) abusers on neuropsychological measures of organicity was compared to that of polydrug users who were not experienced with PCP, and to controls who were not alcohol or drug abusers. Six of 12 PCP users, five of 12 polydrug users, and none of the controls showed neuropsychological impairments. The deficits in PCP users occurred despite negative medical-neurological history, and even though the PCP group abused other drugs previously associated with neuropsychological impairment less than the polydrug group. Deficiencies in abstracting and in perceptual-motor integrative abilities were noted. The results suggest the possibility that PCP abuse might be associated with neuropsychological disturbance which persists for considerable time after PCP use ceases.", "contents": "Is phencyclidine (PCP) abuse associated with organic mental impairment?. The performance of sober (average length of abstinence = 27 months) phencyclidine (PCP) abusers on neuropsychological measures of organicity was compared to that of polydrug users who were not experienced with PCP, and to controls who were not alcohol or drug abusers. Six of 12 PCP users, five of 12 polydrug users, and none of the controls showed neuropsychological impairments. The deficits in PCP users occurred despite negative medical-neurological history, and even though the PCP group abused other drugs previously associated with neuropsychological impairment less than the polydrug group. Deficiencies in abstracting and in perceptual-motor integrative abilities were noted. The results suggest the possibility that PCP abuse might be associated with neuropsychological disturbance which persists for considerable time after PCP use ceases.", "PMID": 539570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7910", "title": "Changing orientations among cocaine users: consequences of involvement in community distribution networks.", "content": "A study of 44 participants in a rural community cocaine network was conducted to determine the factors associated with increased expenditures for cocaine and the consequences of such involvement. Through correlational analysis techniques, four major categories of variables were shown to be strongly related to extent of involvement: demographic, purchasing ability, supply opportunities, and cost-reduction efforts. The major effects of increased involvement were an increase in egocentrism in relations with drug-using friends, a decline in self-control over administration, heightened concerns about possession, and strengthened justifications regarding drug use.", "contents": "Changing orientations among cocaine users: consequences of involvement in community distribution networks. A study of 44 participants in a rural community cocaine network was conducted to determine the factors associated with increased expenditures for cocaine and the consequences of such involvement. Through correlational analysis techniques, four major categories of variables were shown to be strongly related to extent of involvement: demographic, purchasing ability, supply opportunities, and cost-reduction efforts. The major effects of increased involvement were an increase in egocentrism in relations with drug-using friends, a decline in self-control over administration, heightened concerns about possession, and strengthened justifications regarding drug use.", "PMID": 539571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7911", "title": "Adults' drug use: relationship to perceived drug use of parents, friends while growing up, and present friends.", "content": "Results from a random household survey of the Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area show a consistent and relatively strong association of adults' use of coffee, tobacco, alcohol, tranquilizers, and marijuana with their perceptions of present friends' use. Associations with parents' and past adolescent friends' use are much weaker. The results support efforts to explain illicit drug use with general theories of behavior acquisition and cast doubt on the utility of deviance theories.", "contents": "Adults' drug use: relationship to perceived drug use of parents, friends while growing up, and present friends. Results from a random household survey of the Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area show a consistent and relatively strong association of adults' use of coffee, tobacco, alcohol, tranquilizers, and marijuana with their perceptions of present friends' use. Associations with parents' and past adolescent friends' use are much weaker. The results support efforts to explain illicit drug use with general theories of behavior acquisition and cast doubt on the utility of deviance theories.", "PMID": 539572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7912", "title": "Testing a causal model of environmental influences on the early drug involvement of inner city junior high school youths.", "content": "The present study examines a causal model explaining inner city youths' drug involvement using environmental variables which previously have been investigated singly or in various combinations and shown to influence drug use: the availability of drugs in the neighborhood and at school, a view of the neighborhood as tough, the esteem given to drug using, gang-involved persons by peers, friends' substance use, and participation in drug/street culture spare-time activities. The results show friends' use of alcohol and marijuana and participation in drug/street culture out-of-school activities have strong direct effects on personal drug involvement for the Black and Puerto Rican junior high school males and females who were studied; further, friends' use of alcohol and marijuana and the status peers give to drug using, gang-involved persons have respectable indirect effects on drug involvement for the four groups. In addition to these common features, a number of differences in the factors relating to drug involvement are found in the four groups. Implications of the results for alternative methods of drug abuse prevention and treatment are discussed, as is the necessity of utilizing an environmental, sociocultural view of drug use to adequately explain youth drug taking.", "contents": "Testing a causal model of environmental influences on the early drug involvement of inner city junior high school youths. The present study examines a causal model explaining inner city youths' drug involvement using environmental variables which previously have been investigated singly or in various combinations and shown to influence drug use: the availability of drugs in the neighborhood and at school, a view of the neighborhood as tough, the esteem given to drug using, gang-involved persons by peers, friends' substance use, and participation in drug/street culture spare-time activities. The results show friends' use of alcohol and marijuana and participation in drug/street culture out-of-school activities have strong direct effects on personal drug involvement for the Black and Puerto Rican junior high school males and females who were studied; further, friends' use of alcohol and marijuana and the status peers give to drug using, gang-involved persons have respectable indirect effects on drug involvement for the four groups. In addition to these common features, a number of differences in the factors relating to drug involvement are found in the four groups. Implications of the results for alternative methods of drug abuse prevention and treatment are discussed, as is the necessity of utilizing an environmental, sociocultural view of drug use to adequately explain youth drug taking.", "PMID": 539574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7913", "title": "Cultural implications in treating the Puerto Rican female.", "content": "This paper presents an overview of Puerto Rican history, its traditional effect on Puerto Rican women, and its applicability in treating the Puerto Rican female drug user. The paper focuses on items of historical and cultural significance and includes data gathered from selected interviews of Puerto Rican females in treatment. What has been compiled here is a description of characteristics, traits, and attributes that distinguish Puerto Ricans from other ethnic groups and those traits traditionally attributed to their women. It takes into consideration such things as the role of the family, religious implications, \"machismo\" behavior exhibited by males upon females, attitudinal differences between mainland and island females, and changes undergone during migration. There currently exists a paucity of literature concerning the treatment of Puerto Ricans in general and even less exists with regard to Puerto Rican women. This paper, therefore, purports only to present preliminary findings in this area. Its intent is to serve as an initial research effort, to encourage further areas of study, and to contribute valuable information for those who currently treat ethnic populations.", "contents": "Cultural implications in treating the Puerto Rican female. This paper presents an overview of Puerto Rican history, its traditional effect on Puerto Rican women, and its applicability in treating the Puerto Rican female drug user. The paper focuses on items of historical and cultural significance and includes data gathered from selected interviews of Puerto Rican females in treatment. What has been compiled here is a description of characteristics, traits, and attributes that distinguish Puerto Ricans from other ethnic groups and those traits traditionally attributed to their women. It takes into consideration such things as the role of the family, religious implications, \"machismo\" behavior exhibited by males upon females, attitudinal differences between mainland and island females, and changes undergone during migration. There currently exists a paucity of literature concerning the treatment of Puerto Ricans in general and even less exists with regard to Puerto Rican women. This paper, therefore, purports only to present preliminary findings in this area. Its intent is to serve as an initial research effort, to encourage further areas of study, and to contribute valuable information for those who currently treat ethnic populations.", "PMID": 539575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7914", "title": "Mortality rates of persons entering methadone maintenance: a seven-year study.", "content": "An analysis of all deaths occurring over a 79-month period in patients enrolled in methadone maintenance (MM) revealed an overall mortality rate of 20/1,000. Over a similar period 510 persons were discharged from MM. Follow-up able to be performed in 80% revealed at least 22 deaths to have occurred subsequent to discharge. Survival curves calculated on the basis of these data indicate that even under the best possible assumption, age adjusted mortality rates of heroin addicts are not only above the national mean but are one and a half times that of the population in the community surrounding the clinic. None of the deaths could  be directly attributed to methadone. Alcohol was prominent in 60% of all deaths, being responsible for 89% of medical deaths and present in 35% of violent deaths. These findings emphasize the persistent risk associated with heroin addiction as well as the role of alcoholism in the production of excessive mortality.", "contents": "Mortality rates of persons entering methadone maintenance: a seven-year study. An analysis of all deaths occurring over a 79-month period in patients enrolled in methadone maintenance (MM) revealed an overall mortality rate of 20/1,000. Over a similar period 510 persons were discharged from MM. Follow-up able to be performed in 80% revealed at least 22 deaths to have occurred subsequent to discharge. Survival curves calculated on the basis of these data indicate that even under the best possible assumption, age adjusted mortality rates of heroin addicts are not only above the national mean but are one and a half times that of the population in the community surrounding the clinic. None of the deaths could  be directly attributed to methadone. Alcohol was prominent in 60% of all deaths, being responsible for 89% of medical deaths and present in 35% of violent deaths. These findings emphasize the persistent risk associated with heroin addiction as well as the role of alcoholism in the production of excessive mortality.", "PMID": 539576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7915", "title": "Effects of contingent payment on compliance with a naltrexone regimen.", "content": "The effects of several schedules of payment on duration and patterns of compliance with a naltrexone regimen were examined. Patients were paid under contingencies based on either number of doses ingested or on a fixed time schedule. Reinforcement schedules based on number of doses ingested produced more consistent treatment-oriented behavior than a time-based schedule. Covariation between behavior and alternating contingencies (A-B-A) indicated that the schedules contributed to increased duration of treatment compared to previous noncontingent payment. The issue of using extrinsic reinforcers such as monetary payment to enhance compliance is discussed and additional procedures are suggested.", "contents": "Effects of contingent payment on compliance with a naltrexone regimen. The effects of several schedules of payment on duration and patterns of compliance with a naltrexone regimen were examined. Patients were paid under contingencies based on either number of doses ingested or on a fixed time schedule. Reinforcement schedules based on number of doses ingested produced more consistent treatment-oriented behavior than a time-based schedule. Covariation between behavior and alternating contingencies (A-B-A) indicated that the schedules contributed to increased duration of treatment compared to previous noncontingent payment. The issue of using extrinsic reinforcers such as monetary payment to enhance compliance is discussed and additional procedures are suggested.", "PMID": 539577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7916", "title": "Alcohol use in methadone maintenance clinics.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the frequency of alcohol use and the amount consumed by methadone maintenance patients. In four clinics of the Beth Israel Medical Center Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, every fifth patient from an alphabetical clinic list was selected for interview. Among the 101 patients who were interviewed, mean alcohol consumption was 1.2 ounces per day. Among those who drank, there was a continuum in terms of amount consumed. Forty-three percent had totally abstained from alcohol during the prior 3 months, and an additional 30% drank one or less ounces per day. Independently obtained staff rankings generally approximated interview results, and thus supported the reliability of the interview. Since staff rankings for participants and nonparticipants in the interview were similar, it appears that those who participated were typical of the group selected for study.", "contents": "Alcohol use in methadone maintenance clinics. A study was undertaken to determine the frequency of alcohol use and the amount consumed by methadone maintenance patients. In four clinics of the Beth Israel Medical Center Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, every fifth patient from an alphabetical clinic list was selected for interview. Among the 101 patients who were interviewed, mean alcohol consumption was 1.2 ounces per day. Among those who drank, there was a continuum in terms of amount consumed. Forty-three percent had totally abstained from alcohol during the prior 3 months, and an additional 30% drank one or less ounces per day. Independently obtained staff rankings generally approximated interview results, and thus supported the reliability of the interview. Since staff rankings for participants and nonparticipants in the interview were similar, it appears that those who participated were typical of the group selected for study.", "PMID": 539578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7917", "title": "Use of Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test with hospitalized alcoholics, psychiatric patients, drinking drivers, and social drinkers in New Zealand.", "content": "The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) has been validated on a wide range of American drinkers. In this study the MAST was administered to four groups of New Zealand males: 100 hospitalized alcoholics, 100 psychiatric inpatients, 70 convicted drinking drivers, and 55 social drinkers. All the diagnosed alcoholics scored in the test's alcoholic range, as did 83% of the drinking drivers. Seventy-six percent of psychiatric patients and 89% of social drinkers scored below 5. The MAST appears to be a valid instrument for use under New Zealand conditions, but the ability to discriminate between alcoholics and problem drinkers would be an added advantage.", "contents": "Use of Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test with hospitalized alcoholics, psychiatric patients, drinking drivers, and social drinkers in New Zealand. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) has been validated on a wide range of American drinkers. In this study the MAST was administered to four groups of New Zealand males: 100 hospitalized alcoholics, 100 psychiatric inpatients, 70 convicted drinking drivers, and 55 social drinkers. All the diagnosed alcoholics scored in the test's alcoholic range, as did 83% of the drinking drivers. Seventy-six percent of psychiatric patients and 89% of social drinkers scored below 5. The MAST appears to be a valid instrument for use under New Zealand conditions, but the ability to discriminate between alcoholics and problem drinkers would be an added advantage.", "PMID": 539579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7918", "title": "Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus. Three new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three newly found patients with an esophageal pseudosarcoma are described. The features of this unusual polypoid tumor are reviewed based on these three patients and 21 additional reported patients. The origin of the sarcomatous element as a metaplastic reaction to the underlying carcinoma is discussed. The exuberant growth may present with obstructive symptoms earlier than the usual carcinoma of the esophagus, permitting curative surgical resection in some patients.", "contents": "Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus. Three new cases and review of the literature. Three newly found patients with an esophageal pseudosarcoma are described. The features of this unusual polypoid tumor are reviewed based on these three patients and 21 additional reported patients. The origin of the sarcomatous element as a metaplastic reaction to the underlying carcinoma is discussed. The exuberant growth may present with obstructive symptoms earlier than the usual carcinoma of the esophagus, permitting curative surgical resection in some patients.", "PMID": 539580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7919", "title": "Biliary scintigraphy with a new scanning agent, 99mTc-(SN)-pyridoxylidene-isoleucine.", "content": "99mTechnetium-pyridoxylidene-isoleucine (hereinafter referred to as 99mTc-PI) is a new biliary scintiscanning agent. It has been evaluated in both health volunteers and patients with known surgical biliary tract diseases. It results in imaging of the liver in three minutes and the common bile duct and duodenum in 10-20 minutes. Its advantages as a diagnostic tool in disease of the hepatobiliary systems are in reducing the amount of radiotracer required, in shortening examination time and in producing scintigrams of higher resolution.", "contents": "Biliary scintigraphy with a new scanning agent, 99mTc-(SN)-pyridoxylidene-isoleucine. 99mTechnetium-pyridoxylidene-isoleucine (hereinafter referred to as 99mTc-PI) is a new biliary scintiscanning agent. It has been evaluated in both health volunteers and patients with known surgical biliary tract diseases. It results in imaging of the liver in three minutes and the common bile duct and duodenum in 10-20 minutes. Its advantages as a diagnostic tool in disease of the hepatobiliary systems are in reducing the amount of radiotracer required, in shortening examination time and in producing scintigrams of higher resolution.", "PMID": 539581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7920", "title": "Jejunal and ileal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiological considerations.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with jejunal and ileal adenocarcinoma were characterized by the demographic features of age, sex, ethnic group, residence occupation, religion and associated diseases. Comparison with the over all M. D. Anderson Hospital patient population did not identify any risk factors characteristic of this cancer.", "contents": "Jejunal and ileal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiological considerations. Twenty-nine patients with jejunal and ileal adenocarcinoma were characterized by the demographic features of age, sex, ethnic group, residence occupation, religion and associated diseases. Comparison with the over all M. D. Anderson Hospital patient population did not identify any risk factors characteristic of this cancer.", "PMID": 539582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7921", "title": "Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and malnutrition.", "content": "A patient with severe anorexia nervosa, who ingested 15 gm. of acetaminophen, was treated with oral N-acetylcysteine. Contrary to suggestions in the literature that malnutrition increases the susceptibility of patients to the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen this patient survived without evidence of liver damage. Changes in the metabolism of acetaminophen secondary to poor nutrition may explain the benign course in this and similar patients.", "contents": "Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and malnutrition. A patient with severe anorexia nervosa, who ingested 15 gm. of acetaminophen, was treated with oral N-acetylcysteine. Contrary to suggestions in the literature that malnutrition increases the susceptibility of patients to the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen this patient survived without evidence of liver damage. Changes in the metabolism of acetaminophen secondary to poor nutrition may explain the benign course in this and similar patients.", "PMID": 539583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7922", "title": "Development of diverticular disease in the transplanted colon.", "content": "A patient who had undergone an esophagogastrectomy and colon interposition for carcinoma subsequently developed diverticulosis in the graft years after. The pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Development of diverticular disease in the transplanted colon. A patient who had undergone an esophagogastrectomy and colon interposition for carcinoma subsequently developed diverticulosis in the graft years after. The pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 539584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7923", "title": "Enterolithiasis associated with ileal perforation in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Calcified enteroliths are an uncommon sign of stasis of intestinal contents in the distal small intestine, usually caused by Meckel's diverticulum, Crohn's disease or other stenosing lesion. Although enteroliths are occasionally associated with intestinal obstruction the clinical picture in this case was dominated by perforation of the ileum by a small enterolith. The relevant literature is discussed.", "contents": "Enterolithiasis associated with ileal perforation in Crohn's disease. Calcified enteroliths are an uncommon sign of stasis of intestinal contents in the distal small intestine, usually caused by Meckel's diverticulum, Crohn's disease or other stenosing lesion. Although enteroliths are occasionally associated with intestinal obstruction the clinical picture in this case was dominated by perforation of the ileum by a small enterolith. The relevant literature is discussed.", "PMID": 539585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7924", "title": "Spontaneous tuberculous enteroumbilical fistulas.", "content": "Gastrointestinal tuberculosis in children is an uncommon condition. Obstruction and hemorrhage are the known common complications of tuberculous enteritis. Perforation is an uncommon complication whereas tubercular enterocutaneous fistula is a still rarer complication. Five children with spontaneous tubercular enteroumbilical fistulas are being reported. All were below the age of 10 years, the youngest being 15 months old. Four children had conservative treatment with antitubercular drugs and one had exploration, resection of gut and excision of fistula. All the children who had conservative treatment survived whereas the child who underwent surgery died in the postoperative period. We feel that the conservative management is the treatment of choice in cases of established tubercular enterocutaneous fistulas.", "contents": "Spontaneous tuberculous enteroumbilical fistulas. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis in children is an uncommon condition. Obstruction and hemorrhage are the known common complications of tuberculous enteritis. Perforation is an uncommon complication whereas tubercular enterocutaneous fistula is a still rarer complication. Five children with spontaneous tubercular enteroumbilical fistulas are being reported. All were below the age of 10 years, the youngest being 15 months old. Four children had conservative treatment with antitubercular drugs and one had exploration, resection of gut and excision of fistula. All the children who had conservative treatment survived whereas the child who underwent surgery died in the postoperative period. We feel that the conservative management is the treatment of choice in cases of established tubercular enterocutaneous fistulas.", "PMID": 539586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7925", "title": "Bleeding time in uremia: a useful test to assess clinical bleeding.", "content": "Modified Ivy bleeding time (template) and platelet aggregation to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were studied in 26 uremic patients who had not recently ingested anti-platelet drugs. Regardless of the aggregating agent used, the abnormalities in platelet aggregation were often mild, even with advanced uremia, and frequently less severe than the effects of common anti-platelet drugs. The inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation was significantly correlated with both increased bleeding time and blood urea nitrogen. Platelet aggregation was not discriminative between clinically bleeding and non-bleeding groups of patients, but the bleeding time was helpful in this regard. In certain cases, the aggregometric patterns differed between drug-induced and uremic thrombocytopathies. Platelet aggregometry appears to be of little help clinically in assessing the severity of the uremic bleeding diathesis.", "contents": "Bleeding time in uremia: a useful test to assess clinical bleeding. Modified Ivy bleeding time (template) and platelet aggregation to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were studied in 26 uremic patients who had not recently ingested anti-platelet drugs. Regardless of the aggregating agent used, the abnormalities in platelet aggregation were often mild, even with advanced uremia, and frequently less severe than the effects of common anti-platelet drugs. The inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation was significantly correlated with both increased bleeding time and blood urea nitrogen. Platelet aggregation was not discriminative between clinically bleeding and non-bleeding groups of patients, but the bleeding time was helpful in this regard. In certain cases, the aggregometric patterns differed between drug-induced and uremic thrombocytopathies. Platelet aggregometry appears to be of little help clinically in assessing the severity of the uremic bleeding diathesis.", "PMID": 539588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7926", "title": "A new treatment strategy for hemophilia B: incorporation of factor IX into red cell ghosts.", "content": "Although patients with severe hemophilia B have lifelong spontaneous hemorrhage and crippling hemarthroses, patients with 0.01--0.03 U/ml Factor IX activity have a milder disease state. The clinical condition of severely affected individuals could potentially be improved by prolonging the half-life of transfused Factor IX. The feasibility of incorporating Factor IX into red cell ghosts was suggested by resealing experiments with similar sized molecules such as albumin. We have prepared resealed red cell ghosts containing human Factor IX and X. Human red cells were subjected to hypotonic lysis at 0 degrees C, pH 6.0. Commercial prothrombin complex concentrate was dissolved in the lysing medium immediately prior to the addition of the red cells. After being returned to isotonicity, the red cell ghosts were annealed at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes and then washed extensively. When intact red cell ghosts were tested, no Factor IX or X activity could be demonstrated. After disruption of the red cell ghost membranes with 3M urea or 2% Triton X-100, the procoagulants could be quantitatively recovered. Similar recovery of the clotting factors could be demonstrated from the lysate and the early wash samples. Red cells from Factor IX and X deficient patients served equally well as those from normal subjects. Red cell ghosts prepared in similar fashion but not exposed to the procoagulants had negligible clotting activity. We have demonstrated that human clotting factors can be incorporated into red cell ghosts. The ability of this system to prolong the biological half-life of Factor IX is under investigation.", "contents": "A new treatment strategy for hemophilia B: incorporation of factor IX into red cell ghosts. Although patients with severe hemophilia B have lifelong spontaneous hemorrhage and crippling hemarthroses, patients with 0.01--0.03 U/ml Factor IX activity have a milder disease state. The clinical condition of severely affected individuals could potentially be improved by prolonging the half-life of transfused Factor IX. The feasibility of incorporating Factor IX into red cell ghosts was suggested by resealing experiments with similar sized molecules such as albumin. We have prepared resealed red cell ghosts containing human Factor IX and X. Human red cells were subjected to hypotonic lysis at 0 degrees C, pH 6.0. Commercial prothrombin complex concentrate was dissolved in the lysing medium immediately prior to the addition of the red cells. After being returned to isotonicity, the red cell ghosts were annealed at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes and then washed extensively. When intact red cell ghosts were tested, no Factor IX or X activity could be demonstrated. After disruption of the red cell ghost membranes with 3M urea or 2% Triton X-100, the procoagulants could be quantitatively recovered. Similar recovery of the clotting factors could be demonstrated from the lysate and the early wash samples. Red cells from Factor IX and X deficient patients served equally well as those from normal subjects. Red cell ghosts prepared in similar fashion but not exposed to the procoagulants had negligible clotting activity. We have demonstrated that human clotting factors can be incorporated into red cell ghosts. The ability of this system to prolong the biological half-life of Factor IX is under investigation.", "PMID": 539589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7927", "title": "Host-tumor interactions: basis for the anemia in rats bearing the hepatoma 7777.", "content": "A significant anemia develops in Buffalo rats bearing the Morris hepatoma 7777. By indiceal measurements the red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be microcytic and hypochromic. Ferrokinetic studies demonstrate a decreased uptake of iron in the bone marrow and an increased incorporation of iron in the spleens of the tumor-bearing animals. RBC survival studies indicate the presence of a hemolytic component which appears to contribute to the anemia. The RBCs from tumor-bearing animals (T-RBC) have a greatly increased fragility in sodium chloride solutions. Inspection of these T-RBCs by electron microscopy demonstrates significant echinocytosis when they are compared to normal cells. Electrophoretic separation of the hemoglobin from T-RBCs shows a pattern different from normal cells and consistent with the pattern described for hemoglobin from spleen and bone marrow. The findings are consistent with bone marrow inadequacy and an increased splenic erythropoiesis which is insufficient to maintain normal hematological values. The hypothesis is presented that the RBCs synthesized under these circumstances appear in the circulation with an \"immature\" hemoglobin pattern and are hemolyzed more readily. This process then contributes to the hemolytic component and development of the anemia.", "contents": "Host-tumor interactions: basis for the anemia in rats bearing the hepatoma 7777. A significant anemia develops in Buffalo rats bearing the Morris hepatoma 7777. By indiceal measurements the red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be microcytic and hypochromic. Ferrokinetic studies demonstrate a decreased uptake of iron in the bone marrow and an increased incorporation of iron in the spleens of the tumor-bearing animals. RBC survival studies indicate the presence of a hemolytic component which appears to contribute to the anemia. The RBCs from tumor-bearing animals (T-RBC) have a greatly increased fragility in sodium chloride solutions. Inspection of these T-RBCs by electron microscopy demonstrates significant echinocytosis when they are compared to normal cells. Electrophoretic separation of the hemoglobin from T-RBCs shows a pattern different from normal cells and consistent with the pattern described for hemoglobin from spleen and bone marrow. The findings are consistent with bone marrow inadequacy and an increased splenic erythropoiesis which is insufficient to maintain normal hematological values. The hypothesis is presented that the RBCs synthesized under these circumstances appear in the circulation with an \"immature\" hemoglobin pattern and are hemolyzed more readily. This process then contributes to the hemolytic component and development of the anemia.", "PMID": 539590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7928", "title": "Characterization of platelets from normal mink and mink with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "Bleeding times of mink with the Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome was markedly prolonged. Platelet counts were normal but there was an impaired platelet aggregation response to collagen. The metabolic adenine nucleotide pool of platelets from normal and CH mink was labeled with 14C-adenine and the platelets were gel-filtered. Gel-filtered platelets (GFP) from CH mink contained only 37.9% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 9.6% of the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) found in normal platelets and the ATP/ADP ratio was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio. Platelet content of Ca2+, Mg2+, and in particular 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased. When GFP were incubated with thrombin to induce maximal secretion, only negligible amounts of ATP and ADP were released. The specific activity of the extracellular nucleotides approximated that within the platelet. These findings suggest that the stored nucleotide pool in CH platelets is virtually absent and that the abnormalities in platelet function may be due, in part, to the essential absence of secretable ADP and serotonin. The release of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by CH platelets was 56% and 27.8% of normal, respectively.", "contents": "Characterization of platelets from normal mink and mink with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Bleeding times of mink with the Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome was markedly prolonged. Platelet counts were normal but there was an impaired platelet aggregation response to collagen. The metabolic adenine nucleotide pool of platelets from normal and CH mink was labeled with 14C-adenine and the platelets were gel-filtered. Gel-filtered platelets (GFP) from CH mink contained only 37.9% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 9.6% of the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) found in normal platelets and the ATP/ADP ratio was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio. Platelet content of Ca2+, Mg2+, and in particular 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased. When GFP were incubated with thrombin to induce maximal secretion, only negligible amounts of ATP and ADP were released. The specific activity of the extracellular nucleotides approximated that within the platelet. These findings suggest that the stored nucleotide pool in CH platelets is virtually absent and that the abnormalities in platelet function may be due, in part, to the essential absence of secretable ADP and serotonin. The release of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by CH platelets was 56% and 27.8% of normal, respectively.", "PMID": 539591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7929", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and the Kell blood groups.", "content": "Approximately one in 250 people with autoimmunity involving their red cells have IgG autoantibodies with specificity in the Kell blood groups. Red cells of these individuals have an acquired temporary weakening of their Kell antigens. Some of the patients also have allo-anti-K in their serum. This report presents a case in which an IgG autoantibody may define a new high-incidence red cell antigen related to the Kell blood groups. The patient's Kell blood group antigens are depressed, and his serum contains allo-anti-K. It is postulated that reduced red cell Kell antigenicity is caused by enzymatic degradation, possibly of bacterial origin, and that the acquired loss of Kell antigens, the Kell-specific autoimmune state, and the serum all0-anti-K, are all related aspects of one phenomenon.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and the Kell blood groups. Approximately one in 250 people with autoimmunity involving their red cells have IgG autoantibodies with specificity in the Kell blood groups. Red cells of these individuals have an acquired temporary weakening of their Kell antigens. Some of the patients also have allo-anti-K in their serum. This report presents a case in which an IgG autoantibody may define a new high-incidence red cell antigen related to the Kell blood groups. The patient's Kell blood group antigens are depressed, and his serum contains allo-anti-K. It is postulated that reduced red cell Kell antigenicity is caused by enzymatic degradation, possibly of bacterial origin, and that the acquired loss of Kell antigens, the Kell-specific autoimmune state, and the serum all0-anti-K, are all related aspects of one phenomenon.", "PMID": 539592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7930", "title": "A factor V inhibitor: in vitro interference by calcium.", "content": "A patient with a factor V inhibitor resistant to all standard methods of therapy was recently reported. Because of this resistance, further investigation of the inhibitor was carried out employing the inhibitory plasma, serum, and isofocused fraction. It has subsequently been shown in vitro by use of the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and Russell's viper venom time that the activity of the inhibitor is diminished by the addition of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate to the inhibitory plasma, serum, or isofocused fraction before the addition of normal pooled plasma. This inhibitor, an IgG4 (lambda) immunoglobulin appears to have a high calcium binding affinity and is markedly potentiated in acid pH. These findings suggest that there may be a role in vivo for calcium infusion as part of the clinical management of such an inhibitor and that the metabolic acidosis associated with hemorrhagic shock may potentiate this type of inhibitor.", "contents": "A factor V inhibitor: in vitro interference by calcium. A patient with a factor V inhibitor resistant to all standard methods of therapy was recently reported. Because of this resistance, further investigation of the inhibitor was carried out employing the inhibitory plasma, serum, and isofocused fraction. It has subsequently been shown in vitro by use of the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and Russell's viper venom time that the activity of the inhibitor is diminished by the addition of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate to the inhibitory plasma, serum, or isofocused fraction before the addition of normal pooled plasma. This inhibitor, an IgG4 (lambda) immunoglobulin appears to have a high calcium binding affinity and is markedly potentiated in acid pH. These findings suggest that there may be a role in vivo for calcium infusion as part of the clinical management of such an inhibitor and that the metabolic acidosis associated with hemorrhagic shock may potentiate this type of inhibitor.", "PMID": 539593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7931", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis.", "content": "Bone marrow necrosis has been regarded as a rare entity in specimens obtained from living patients and has been associated with poor prognosis. In contrast, we believe that it is a commonplace finding in bone marrow specimens which is frequently overlooked and which occurs in patients with multiple acute and chronic disorders. It is postulated that bone marrow necrosis eventuates from vascular occlusion of small blood vessels as a result of a number of causes. When bone marrow necrosis is prolonged, it may be associated with the development of bone marrow fibrosis and serve as a predisposing lesion for idiopathic myelofibrosis. Additional investigation of this phenomenon is required to determine its usefulness in the diagnosis of disease states and its role in the pathophysiology of a number of disorders.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis. Bone marrow necrosis has been regarded as a rare entity in specimens obtained from living patients and has been associated with poor prognosis. In contrast, we believe that it is a commonplace finding in bone marrow specimens which is frequently overlooked and which occurs in patients with multiple acute and chronic disorders. It is postulated that bone marrow necrosis eventuates from vascular occlusion of small blood vessels as a result of a number of causes. When bone marrow necrosis is prolonged, it may be associated with the development of bone marrow fibrosis and serve as a predisposing lesion for idiopathic myelofibrosis. Additional investigation of this phenomenon is required to determine its usefulness in the diagnosis of disease states and its role in the pathophysiology of a number of disorders.", "PMID": 539594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7932", "title": "The effect of BCNU and adriamycin on normal and G6PD deficient erythrocytes.", "content": "In cell free systems Adriamycin induces oxygen radicals. We have shown previously that Adriamycin generates peroxide in human erythrocytes. BCNU, by inhibiting glutathione reductase, interferes with the major erythrocyte pathway to degrade peroxide. In this investigation we looked at interactions of these drugs with normal and abnormal erythrocytes. In G6PD-deficient erythrocytes Adriamycin posed a significant oxidant stress as demonstrated by hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and glutathione depletion. At similar molar concentrations Adriamycin was a stronger oxidant than acetylphenylhydrazine. BCNU=treated normal erythrocytes showed an enhanced susceptibility to oxidant stress as demonstrated by a lack of HMPS response to H2O2 and glutathione depletion during incubations with Adriamycin. The HMPS shunt of BCNU treated RBC was intact as shown by their nearly normal response to methylene blue stimulation. These BCNU studies also demonstrated the inability of H2O2 to react directly with NADPH. In conclusion Adriamycin poses a potent oxident stress to G6PD-deficient erythrocytes. BCNU promotes enhanced susceptibility of normal RBC to oxidant stress and BCNU can act as a probe to define drug interactions with the HMPS. These studies add to a growing body of evidence postulating the importance of oxygen radicals in the therapeutic and/or effects of Adriamycin.", "contents": "The effect of BCNU and adriamycin on normal and G6PD deficient erythrocytes. In cell free systems Adriamycin induces oxygen radicals. We have shown previously that Adriamycin generates peroxide in human erythrocytes. BCNU, by inhibiting glutathione reductase, interferes with the major erythrocyte pathway to degrade peroxide. In this investigation we looked at interactions of these drugs with normal and abnormal erythrocytes. In G6PD-deficient erythrocytes Adriamycin posed a significant oxidant stress as demonstrated by hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and glutathione depletion. At similar molar concentrations Adriamycin was a stronger oxidant than acetylphenylhydrazine. BCNU=treated normal erythrocytes showed an enhanced susceptibility to oxidant stress as demonstrated by a lack of HMPS response to H2O2 and glutathione depletion during incubations with Adriamycin. The HMPS shunt of BCNU treated RBC was intact as shown by their nearly normal response to methylene blue stimulation. These BCNU studies also demonstrated the inability of H2O2 to react directly with NADPH. In conclusion Adriamycin poses a potent oxident stress to G6PD-deficient erythrocytes. BCNU promotes enhanced susceptibility of normal RBC to oxidant stress and BCNU can act as a probe to define drug interactions with the HMPS. These studies add to a growing body of evidence postulating the importance of oxygen radicals in the therapeutic and/or effects of Adriamycin.", "PMID": 539595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7933", "title": "Community participation in the certificate-of-need process: a look at ten-taxpayer groups in Massachusetts.", "content": "Certificate-of-need statutes give designated state agencies veto power over investment in health care facilities. Some states have sought to temper the arbitrary character of this power by expanding the opportunities for community input into the certificate-of-need process. Massachusetts, for example, has enacted a statute that allows groups of ten taxpayers to petition for a public hearing on any certificate-of-need application. Some observers question whether the benefits of taxpayer-group participation are substantial enough to compensate for the delays and abuses that the statute allegedly invites. To help resolve this question, this Comment examines historical data on Massachusetts taxpayer groups and on their activities and assesses the significance of their composition and tactics to the certificate-of-need process. Although flaws exist in the Massachusetts ten-taxpayer mechanism, in this writer's view it has succeeded partially in making the certificate-of-need process responsive to community opinion. Many groups lack the skills and qualities needed to make constructive use of the ten-taxpayer mechanism. Nevertheless, it serves a valuable purpose by creating a public forum for and by encouraging public participation in the certificate-of-need process, especially by those who might otherwise try to circumvent that process through use of special legislation, of private pressure, or of other similar means.", "contents": "Community participation in the certificate-of-need process: a look at ten-taxpayer groups in Massachusetts. Certificate-of-need statutes give designated state agencies veto power over investment in health care facilities. Some states have sought to temper the arbitrary character of this power by expanding the opportunities for community input into the certificate-of-need process. Massachusetts, for example, has enacted a statute that allows groups of ten taxpayers to petition for a public hearing on any certificate-of-need application. Some observers question whether the benefits of taxpayer-group participation are substantial enough to compensate for the delays and abuses that the statute allegedly invites. To help resolve this question, this Comment examines historical data on Massachusetts taxpayer groups and on their activities and assesses the significance of their composition and tactics to the certificate-of-need process. Although flaws exist in the Massachusetts ten-taxpayer mechanism, in this writer's view it has succeeded partially in making the certificate-of-need process responsive to community opinion. Many groups lack the skills and qualities needed to make constructive use of the ten-taxpayer mechanism. Nevertheless, it serves a valuable purpose by creating a public forum for and by encouraging public participation in the certificate-of-need process, especially by those who might otherwise try to circumvent that process through use of special legislation, of private pressure, or of other similar means.", "PMID": 539596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7934", "title": "Pentasomy X with multiple dislocations.", "content": "We describe a pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) patient whose multiple dislocations led to a consideration of the Larsen syndrome. Review of the 11 reported cases of pentasomy X showed that elbow dislocations are known to occur in this syndrome. Our patient is the first to present hypoplasia of the glenoid process with consequent should dislocation. Clinical and radiologic findings of previously reported cases of pentasomy X are reviewed.", "contents": "Pentasomy X with multiple dislocations. We describe a pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) patient whose multiple dislocations led to a consideration of the Larsen syndrome. Review of the 11 reported cases of pentasomy X showed that elbow dislocations are known to occur in this syndrome. Our patient is the first to present hypoplasia of the glenoid process with consequent should dislocation. Clinical and radiologic findings of previously reported cases of pentasomy X are reviewed.", "PMID": 539601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7935", "title": "Additive inhibition of in vitro rabbit reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis with combinations of isoniazid, chloramphenicol and ethanol.", "content": "Isoniazid, chloramphenicol and ethanol are well known hematopoietic toxins. These agents inhibit in vitro rabbit reticulocyte heme synthesis and, as a result, inhibit protein synthesis. When combinations of isoniazid (2 x 10(-3)M) and ethanol (0.1M), isoniazid and chloramphenicol (10(-3)M) or ethanol and chloramphenicol were present in the same incubation, their inhibitory effects on heme and protein synthesis were additive. These results suggest that the development of clinical hematological toxicity in man may result from additive interaction of chemically unrelated compounds which inhibit the heme synthetic pathway.", "contents": "Additive inhibition of in vitro rabbit reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis with combinations of isoniazid, chloramphenicol and ethanol. Isoniazid, chloramphenicol and ethanol are well known hematopoietic toxins. These agents inhibit in vitro rabbit reticulocyte heme synthesis and, as a result, inhibit protein synthesis. When combinations of isoniazid (2 x 10(-3)M) and ethanol (0.1M), isoniazid and chloramphenicol (10(-3)M) or ethanol and chloramphenicol were present in the same incubation, their inhibitory effects on heme and protein synthesis were additive. These results suggest that the development of clinical hematological toxicity in man may result from additive interaction of chemically unrelated compounds which inhibit the heme synthetic pathway.", "PMID": 539598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7936", "title": "Familial, balanced insertional translocation of chromosome 7 leading to offspring with deletion and duplication of the inserted segment, 7p15 leads to 7p21.", "content": "We report an uncle and niece with duplication and deletion, respectively, of segment 7p15 leads to 7p21 originating from a balanced, intrachromosomal insertion in their mothers. The proposita had prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, retarded psychomotor development, microcephaly, wide cranial sutures, ocular hypertelorism, small palpebral fissures, apparently low-set and malformed ears, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, hypoplasia of the distal phalanx of first fingers, rocker-bottom feet, persistent cloaca, and imperforate anus. She died at three months. Her maternal uncle has duplication of this segment and is alive at 32 years. He has severe mental deficiency, but normal growth; communicating hydrocephalus was diagnosed at three months.", "contents": "Familial, balanced insertional translocation of chromosome 7 leading to offspring with deletion and duplication of the inserted segment, 7p15 leads to 7p21. We report an uncle and niece with duplication and deletion, respectively, of segment 7p15 leads to 7p21 originating from a balanced, intrachromosomal insertion in their mothers. The proposita had prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, retarded psychomotor development, microcephaly, wide cranial sutures, ocular hypertelorism, small palpebral fissures, apparently low-set and malformed ears, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, hypoplasia of the distal phalanx of first fingers, rocker-bottom feet, persistent cloaca, and imperforate anus. She died at three months. Her maternal uncle has duplication of this segment and is alive at 32 years. He has severe mental deficiency, but normal growth; communicating hydrocephalus was diagnosed at three months.", "PMID": 539602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7937", "title": "In vitro sulfate turnover in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita and tarda.", "content": "Sulfate (35SO4(-2)) uptake was studied in confluent skin fibroblasts from three patients with osteogenesis imperfecta \"congenita,\" six patients with osteogenesis imperfecta \"tarda,\" three clinically unaffected relatives of an osteogenesis imperfecta tarda patient, and four controls. Only two of the osteogenesis imperfecta congenita cell strains showed an increased uptake of sulfate, all other cell strains being comparable to the control group. The degradation rate of glycosaminolgycans in mutants as seen by the chase experimentas was comparable to that found in the normal control cell strains. Glucose oxidation was normal in the osteogenesis imperfecta cell strains having an abnormal sulfate uptake. This rules out the possibility of an hypermetabolic state of these cells. These findings do not warrant the use of 35SO4(-2) incorporation in cultured cells as a tool for prenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "contents": "In vitro sulfate turnover in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita and tarda. Sulfate (35SO4(-2)) uptake was studied in confluent skin fibroblasts from three patients with osteogenesis imperfecta \"congenita,\" six patients with osteogenesis imperfecta \"tarda,\" three clinically unaffected relatives of an osteogenesis imperfecta tarda patient, and four controls. Only two of the osteogenesis imperfecta congenita cell strains showed an increased uptake of sulfate, all other cell strains being comparable to the control group. The degradation rate of glycosaminolgycans in mutants as seen by the chase experimentas was comparable to that found in the normal control cell strains. Glucose oxidation was normal in the osteogenesis imperfecta cell strains having an abnormal sulfate uptake. This rules out the possibility of an hypermetabolic state of these cells. These findings do not warrant the use of 35SO4(-2) incorporation in cultured cells as a tool for prenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "PMID": 539603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7938", "title": "Combined effects of ticarcillin and cefazolin on blood coagulation and platelet function.", "content": "Combined intravenous infusions of ticarcillin and cefazolin given to normal volunteers resulted in a functional platelet defect which appeared to be determined primarily by the dose and duration of treatment with the penicillin component. No effect on soluble blood coagulation factors was evident. Acute administration of corticosteroids did not influence the prolonged bleeding times induced by extended ticarcillin infusions.", "contents": "Combined effects of ticarcillin and cefazolin on blood coagulation and platelet function. Combined intravenous infusions of ticarcillin and cefazolin given to normal volunteers resulted in a functional platelet defect which appeared to be determined primarily by the dose and duration of treatment with the penicillin component. No effect on soluble blood coagulation factors was evident. Acute administration of corticosteroids did not influence the prolonged bleeding times induced by extended ticarcillin infusions.", "PMID": 539599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7939", "title": "Anatomical studies of a boy trisomic for the distal portion of 13q.", "content": "A boy trisomic for the distal portion of 13q was dissected in detail and compared to 8 cases of complete trisomy 13 previously studied in our laboratory. The comparison shows that the partial trisomy 13q case did not correspond well to a muscle phenotype based on 6 variations common trisomy 13, but rather to a larger muscle phenotype that included variations less frequently observed in complete trisomy 13. Additional cases of partial trisomy 13 must be studied before these findings can be related to specific portions of chromosome 13.", "contents": "Anatomical studies of a boy trisomic for the distal portion of 13q. A boy trisomic for the distal portion of 13q was dissected in detail and compared to 8 cases of complete trisomy 13 previously studied in our laboratory. The comparison shows that the partial trisomy 13q case did not correspond well to a muscle phenotype based on 6 variations common trisomy 13, but rather to a larger muscle phenotype that included variations less frequently observed in complete trisomy 13. Additional cases of partial trisomy 13 must be studied before these findings can be related to specific portions of chromosome 13.", "PMID": 539604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7940", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism after radiation of the head and neck: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 66-year-old woman presented with hypercalcemia and a past history of external radiation to the neck. Hyperparathyroidism in this patient was caused by a parathyroid adenoma. The literature associating hyerparathyroidism with prior radiation of the head and neck was reviewed and analyzed. Current evidence supports a relationship between external radiation of the head or neck and the development of hyperparathyroidism as a late complication. Analysis of data available suggests that radiation-association hyperparathyroidsim develops after an average latent period of 38 years. Parathyroid adenoma occurred more often than did hyperplasia. Parathyroid carcinoma has not been reported in irradiated patients with hyperparathyroidsim. Neither age at radiation exposure, age at diagnosis of hyperparathyroidsim, nor interval between exposure and diagnosis was associated with a specific histologic diagnosis (adenoma or hyperplasis).", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism after radiation of the head and neck: a case report and review of the literature. A 66-year-old woman presented with hypercalcemia and a past history of external radiation to the neck. Hyperparathyroidism in this patient was caused by a parathyroid adenoma. The literature associating hyerparathyroidism with prior radiation of the head and neck was reviewed and analyzed. Current evidence supports a relationship between external radiation of the head or neck and the development of hyperparathyroidism as a late complication. Analysis of data available suggests that radiation-association hyperparathyroidsim develops after an average latent period of 38 years. Parathyroid adenoma occurred more often than did hyperplasia. Parathyroid carcinoma has not been reported in irradiated patients with hyperparathyroidsim. Neither age at radiation exposure, age at diagnosis of hyperparathyroidsim, nor interval between exposure and diagnosis was associated with a specific histologic diagnosis (adenoma or hyperplasis).", "PMID": 539600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7941", "title": "Neurotropic melanoma. A variant of desmoplastic melanoma.", "content": "We report a group of neuroid, cutaneous tumors that are usually associated with, or preceded by a melanocytic dysplasia. For this clinicopathologic entity we have chosen the term neurotropic melanoma. The neurotropic melanoma is a cutaneous fibrous tumor whose clinical course is characterized by local infiltration, multiple recurrences, and commonly by metastases. Its microscopic picture is characterized by atypical \"neuroma-like\" patterns, by poorly defined margins, and by neurotropism. Its early or precursory melanocytic dysplasias include lentigo maligna (actinic or lentigo maligna variant), and a melanoma with borderline cytologic characteristics (minimal deviation variant). A third type is not preceded by a recognizable melanocytic dysplasia: it has \"neuroma-like\" qualities at its inception (de novo variant). In our 22 cases, the preponderant sites were the head, neck, and lip. The patients were fair-faced, and 18 of the patients were over 40 years old. Seventeen patients had one or more recurrences. Of 16 patients with follow-up, nine died with evidence of disease, five are alive with active disease, and seven are apparently free of disease.", "contents": "Neurotropic melanoma. A variant of desmoplastic melanoma. We report a group of neuroid, cutaneous tumors that are usually associated with, or preceded by a melanocytic dysplasia. For this clinicopathologic entity we have chosen the term neurotropic melanoma. The neurotropic melanoma is a cutaneous fibrous tumor whose clinical course is characterized by local infiltration, multiple recurrences, and commonly by metastases. Its microscopic picture is characterized by atypical \"neuroma-like\" patterns, by poorly defined margins, and by neurotropism. Its early or precursory melanocytic dysplasias include lentigo maligna (actinic or lentigo maligna variant), and a melanoma with borderline cytologic characteristics (minimal deviation variant). A third type is not preceded by a recognizable melanocytic dysplasia: it has \"neuroma-like\" qualities at its inception (de novo variant). In our 22 cases, the preponderant sites were the head, neck, and lip. The patients were fair-faced, and 18 of the patients were over 40 years old. Seventeen patients had one or more recurrences. Of 16 patients with follow-up, nine died with evidence of disease, five are alive with active disease, and seven are apparently free of disease.", "PMID": 539614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7942", "title": "Glycogen in neuroblastomas. A light- and electron-microscopic study of 40 cases.", "content": "A light- and electron-microscopic review of 40 cases diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh as ganglioneuroblastoma, neuroblastoma, or small round cell tumor-probably neuroblastoma disclosed four cases that contained abundant glycogen. Two were unquestionable neuroblastomas by electron microscopy; one was primary in the adrenal gland, the other in the mediastinum. In the third case, a paraspinal tumor, the light-microscopic appearance was suggestive or neuroblastoma, but no catecholamine granules or neural processes were demonstrated in the material available for electron microscopy. The fourth case was an undifferentiated malignant tumor in the pectoralis muscle of a 12-year-old girl. By electron microscopy, neural processes were demonstrated and the tumor was classified as peripheral neuroblastoma. Of the remaining 36 cases, electron microscopy readily indicated a diagnosis of neuroblastoma or glangioneuroblastoma in 35 of them. In the other case, the tissue had been fixed in formalin and only a few catecholamine granules were found after an extensive search.", "contents": "Glycogen in neuroblastomas. A light- and electron-microscopic study of 40 cases. A light- and electron-microscopic review of 40 cases diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh as ganglioneuroblastoma, neuroblastoma, or small round cell tumor-probably neuroblastoma disclosed four cases that contained abundant glycogen. Two were unquestionable neuroblastomas by electron microscopy; one was primary in the adrenal gland, the other in the mediastinum. In the third case, a paraspinal tumor, the light-microscopic appearance was suggestive or neuroblastoma, but no catecholamine granules or neural processes were demonstrated in the material available for electron microscopy. The fourth case was an undifferentiated malignant tumor in the pectoralis muscle of a 12-year-old girl. By electron microscopy, neural processes were demonstrated and the tumor was classified as peripheral neuroblastoma. Of the remaining 36 cases, electron microscopy readily indicated a diagnosis of neuroblastoma or glangioneuroblastoma in 35 of them. In the other case, the tissue had been fixed in formalin and only a few catecholamine granules were found after an extensive search.", "PMID": 539615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7943", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the superior mediastinum. Report of a case with electron microscopy and computerized tomography.", "content": "An unusual case of cavernous hemangioma of the superior mediastinum in a 38-year-old male is presented. Mediastinal hemangiomas occur more often in children and are usually localized in the anterior-superior compartment in all age groups. Slow expansile growth, lack of infiltration of adjacent structures and microscopically mature cellular elements clearly marked the benign nature of the lesion. Vascular mesenchymal tumors in this location must be approached with caution because of the risks of hemorrhage or local infiltration of vital structures. Electron microscopy revealed active endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and intercellular matrix components suggestive of smooth muscle cell origin. Computerized tomography delineated the lesion clearly and demonstrated identical densities for the mass and adjacent blood vessels.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the superior mediastinum. Report of a case with electron microscopy and computerized tomography. An unusual case of cavernous hemangioma of the superior mediastinum in a 38-year-old male is presented. Mediastinal hemangiomas occur more often in children and are usually localized in the anterior-superior compartment in all age groups. Slow expansile growth, lack of infiltration of adjacent structures and microscopically mature cellular elements clearly marked the benign nature of the lesion. Vascular mesenchymal tumors in this location must be approached with caution because of the risks of hemorrhage or local infiltration of vital structures. Electron microscopy revealed active endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and intercellular matrix components suggestive of smooth muscle cell origin. Computerized tomography delineated the lesion clearly and demonstrated identical densities for the mass and adjacent blood vessels.", "PMID": 539616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7944", "title": "Soft tissue implantation of chondromyxoid fibroma.", "content": "While chondroblastoma, a usually benign cartilaginous bone tumor that has histologic features in common with chondromyxoid fibroma, can invade or be accidentally implanted in the soft tissues, it is less well known that this may also occur with chondromyxoid fibroma. A patient is described in whom a chondromyxoid fibroma recurred in the superficial soft tissues following prosthetic replacement of the upper femur. This is only the second such case reported without a simultaneous recurrence within the adjacent bone. The close association of the soft tissue tumor with suture fragments is taken as evidence for implantation at the time of operation. A unique histologic feature was the presence of vascular invasion within the implant. The literature on soft tissue involvement by chondromyxoid fibroma is reviewed and the meaning of this in terms of malignancy is discussed.", "contents": "Soft tissue implantation of chondromyxoid fibroma. While chondroblastoma, a usually benign cartilaginous bone tumor that has histologic features in common with chondromyxoid fibroma, can invade or be accidentally implanted in the soft tissues, it is less well known that this may also occur with chondromyxoid fibroma. A patient is described in whom a chondromyxoid fibroma recurred in the superficial soft tissues following prosthetic replacement of the upper femur. This is only the second such case reported without a simultaneous recurrence within the adjacent bone. The close association of the soft tissue tumor with suture fragments is taken as evidence for implantation at the time of operation. A unique histologic feature was the presence of vascular invasion within the implant. The literature on soft tissue involvement by chondromyxoid fibroma is reviewed and the meaning of this in terms of malignancy is discussed.", "PMID": 539617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7945", "title": "Multiple choice questions for assessment of primary FFARCS course students.", "content": "Multiple choice questions have been used to assess the progress of 105 postgraduate anaesthetic students over three successive academic years, at the University of Liverpool. Analysis of the results of these tests had revealed a good correlation existing between the MCQ scores obtained and success or failure in the Colleges' Primary FFARCS examinations. Both retrospective and prospective analyses are presented. The value of serial MCQ tests is discussed in relation to encouraging and discouraging students in sitting postgraduate examinations. Analyses of these tests are also of value in planning teaching programmes, assessment of teaching and predicting overall successes and failure of students.", "contents": "Multiple choice questions for assessment of primary FFARCS course students. Multiple choice questions have been used to assess the progress of 105 postgraduate anaesthetic students over three successive academic years, at the University of Liverpool. Analysis of the results of these tests had revealed a good correlation existing between the MCQ scores obtained and success or failure in the Colleges' Primary FFARCS examinations. Both retrospective and prospective analyses are presented. The value of serial MCQ tests is discussed in relation to encouraging and discouraging students in sitting postgraduate examinations. Analyses of these tests are also of value in planning teaching programmes, assessment of teaching and predicting overall successes and failure of students.", "PMID": 539635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7946", "title": "Acute amphetamine abuse. Problems during general anaesthesia for neurosurgery.", "content": "A case of unsuspected acute amphetamine abuse by a 22-year-old girl which led to serious intracranial hypertension during anaesthesia for a neurosurgical procedure is described. It was difficult to maintained anaesthesia with an intermittent positive-pressure ventilation technique using muscle relaxants, N2O and O2 and supplements of fentanyl despite large doses of pancuronium and fentanyl. The differing effects of chronic and acute amphetamine dosage on anaesthetic requirements are reviewed.", "contents": "Acute amphetamine abuse. Problems during general anaesthesia for neurosurgery. A case of unsuspected acute amphetamine abuse by a 22-year-old girl which led to serious intracranial hypertension during anaesthesia for a neurosurgical procedure is described. It was difficult to maintained anaesthesia with an intermittent positive-pressure ventilation technique using muscle relaxants, N2O and O2 and supplements of fentanyl despite large doses of pancuronium and fentanyl. The differing effects of chronic and acute amphetamine dosage on anaesthetic requirements are reviewed.", "PMID": 539636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7947", "title": "Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis following anterior cervical fusion.", "content": "A case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis following anterior cervical fusion is described. Although previously documented, this complication does not appear to be widely recognised. An outline for the pathogenesis is suggested. Immediate postoperative vocal cord inspection by the anaesthetist is advocated.", "contents": "Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis following anterior cervical fusion. A case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis following anterior cervical fusion is described. Although previously documented, this complication does not appear to be widely recognised. An outline for the pathogenesis is suggested. Immediate postoperative vocal cord inspection by the anaesthetist is advocated.", "PMID": 539637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7948", "title": "Ablation of the brachial plexus. Control of intractable pain, due to a pathological fracture of the humerus.", "content": "A case report is presented which illustrates the difficulties in providing control of intractable pain from pathological fractures of the humerus. Relief from large and frequent doses of systemic analgesics was found to be inadequate. Control was achieved using brachial plexus block with bupivacaine combined with absolute alcohol. The decision to partially ablate the plexus is considered to be justified by the improved quality of life which the patient enjoyed.", "contents": "Ablation of the brachial plexus. Control of intractable pain, due to a pathological fracture of the humerus. A case report is presented which illustrates the difficulties in providing control of intractable pain from pathological fractures of the humerus. Relief from large and frequent doses of systemic analgesics was found to be inadequate. Control was achieved using brachial plexus block with bupivacaine combined with absolute alcohol. The decision to partially ablate the plexus is considered to be justified by the improved quality of life which the patient enjoyed.", "PMID": 539638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7949", "title": "Cardiac arrest following a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.", "content": "Manula compression of the common carotid artery after a complication of the posterior approach to the internal jugular vein resulted in progressive AV block and cardiac arrest. Electrocardiographic monitoring is advocated as a routine.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest following a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation. Manula compression of the common carotid artery after a complication of the posterior approach to the internal jugular vein resulted in progressive AV block and cardiac arrest. Electrocardiographic monitoring is advocated as a routine.", "PMID": 539639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7950", "title": "Phenylbutazone self-poisoning treated by charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient who ingested a potentially fatal dose of phenylbutazone. Her clinical condition deteriorated despite adequate supportive therapy and the use of charcoal haemoperfusion proved life-saving.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone self-poisoning treated by charcoal haemoperfusion. A case is presented of a patient who ingested a potentially fatal dose of phenylbutazone. Her clinical condition deteriorated despite adequate supportive therapy and the use of charcoal haemoperfusion proved life-saving.", "PMID": 539640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7951", "title": "The Hygroscopic Condenser Humidifier. A new device for general use in anaesthesia and intensive care.", "content": "The design and performance of the Hygroscopic Condenser Humidifier (HCH) are described. In principle the HCH consists of two parts, a conventional Heat-Moisture-Exchanger (HME) and a hygroscopic unit. The hygroscopic action is shown to improve the water retention efficiency of the device by about a factor of two as compared with optimal HME designs. As a result, humidification levels corresponding to around 80% relative humidity at 37 degrees C are obtained in the trachea and this is also achieved when completely dry gases are delivered to the patient. The unit can therefore be used for all procedures in anaesthesia and in intensive care.", "contents": "The Hygroscopic Condenser Humidifier. A new device for general use in anaesthesia and intensive care. The design and performance of the Hygroscopic Condenser Humidifier (HCH) are described. In principle the HCH consists of two parts, a conventional Heat-Moisture-Exchanger (HME) and a hygroscopic unit. The hygroscopic action is shown to improve the water retention efficiency of the device by about a factor of two as compared with optimal HME designs. As a result, humidification levels corresponding to around 80% relative humidity at 37 degrees C are obtained in the trachea and this is also achieved when completely dry gases are delivered to the patient. The unit can therefore be used for all procedures in anaesthesia and in intensive care.", "PMID": 539642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7952", "title": "Coarctation in children. Controlled hypotension using labetalol and halothane.", "content": "Hypotension was induced with halothane and labetalol, an alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agent, in nine children undergoing operation for postductal coarctation of the aorta. The mean arterial pressure decreased by an average of 30% following labetalol, and in six patients the initial halothane concentration (1%) had to be reduced during this period. The heart rate decreased by an average of 8% after labetalol. Profound beta-blockade did not occur, and operating conditions were considered satisfactory. The usefulness of labetalol in the postoperative period is suggested.", "contents": "Coarctation in children. Controlled hypotension using labetalol and halothane. Hypotension was induced with halothane and labetalol, an alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agent, in nine children undergoing operation for postductal coarctation of the aorta. The mean arterial pressure decreased by an average of 30% following labetalol, and in six patients the initial halothane concentration (1%) had to be reduced during this period. The heart rate decreased by an average of 8% after labetalol. Profound beta-blockade did not occur, and operating conditions were considered satisfactory. The usefulness of labetalol in the postoperative period is suggested.", "PMID": 539643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7953", "title": "[The effect of hypothermia and methoxyflurane-anaesthesia on sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal activity in the course of cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the plasma, and certain haemodynamic parameters, were determined in 14 children undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects under hypothermia at 30 degrees C and methoxyflurane anaesthesia. During the pre-operative phase of hypothermia at 30 degrees C, the adrenaline levels rose to about 300% of the inital levels, and the noradrenaline levels to about 200%. During the postoperative phase of re-warming at 34 degrees C, a further dysregulative release of catecholamines led to an increase in adrenaline levels to a critical concentration of about 800% of the norm, and in noradrenaline levels of about 400% of the norm. No change was seen in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Hypothermia thus results in a massive activation of the sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal systems, which is not prevented by methoxyflurane anaesthesia, and which may endanger the recently operated heart, particularly during the early post-operative period, because of the increased oxygen requirements imposed on the myocardium. In normothermia, on the other hand, methoxyflurane anaesthesia results in only a slight degree of activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which increased only slightly during the post-operative period. Under these conditions, the plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity remains unchanged. Unlike the changes in plasma catecholamine levels, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity cannot be regarded as an index of changes in sympatho-neuronal activity.", "contents": "[The effect of hypothermia and methoxyflurane-anaesthesia on sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal activity in the course of cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the plasma, and certain haemodynamic parameters, were determined in 14 children undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects under hypothermia at 30 degrees C and methoxyflurane anaesthesia. During the pre-operative phase of hypothermia at 30 degrees C, the adrenaline levels rose to about 300% of the inital levels, and the noradrenaline levels to about 200%. During the postoperative phase of re-warming at 34 degrees C, a further dysregulative release of catecholamines led to an increase in adrenaline levels to a critical concentration of about 800% of the norm, and in noradrenaline levels of about 400% of the norm. No change was seen in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Hypothermia thus results in a massive activation of the sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal systems, which is not prevented by methoxyflurane anaesthesia, and which may endanger the recently operated heart, particularly during the early post-operative period, because of the increased oxygen requirements imposed on the myocardium. In normothermia, on the other hand, methoxyflurane anaesthesia results in only a slight degree of activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which increased only slightly during the post-operative period. Under these conditions, the plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity remains unchanged. Unlike the changes in plasma catecholamine levels, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity cannot be regarded as an index of changes in sympatho-neuronal activity.", "PMID": 539649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7954", "title": "[Circulatory changes in the sitting position during neurosurgical anaesthesia (NLA) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 23 neurosurgical patients with haemodynamic effects of neuroleptanaesthesia in the supine (13 patients) and upright position (10 patients) were studied. The patients in the upright position demonstrated an increase of the mean arterial pressure of 19% and the total peripheral resistance of 45%, and simultaneously a decreased stroke index of 20% and the cardiac index of 16%. The stability of the circulation was preserved due to the increase of heart rate (to 90 +/- 17 beats/min) and total peripheral resistance. In spite of the almost identical average total dose of fentanyl in both groups (4.72 +/- 2.2 mcg/kg/h), supine position) and 4.97 +/- 2.23 mcg/kg/h, (sitting position), only the patient group in the supine position demonstrated a decrease of pulse rate of 36% to 65 +/- 20 beats/min with a decline of the cardiac index of 33% and unchanged stroke index. Our clinical observations and the animal studies of other authors allow the conclusion that during neuroleptanaesthesia in the upright position the baroreceptor-activity and the catecholamine secretion is not markedly reduced and consequently circulatory stability obtained. We regard neuroleptanaesthesia as the method of choice for neurosurgical operations in the upright position.", "contents": "[Circulatory changes in the sitting position during neurosurgical anaesthesia (NLA) (author's transl)]. In 23 neurosurgical patients with haemodynamic effects of neuroleptanaesthesia in the supine (13 patients) and upright position (10 patients) were studied. The patients in the upright position demonstrated an increase of the mean arterial pressure of 19% and the total peripheral resistance of 45%, and simultaneously a decreased stroke index of 20% and the cardiac index of 16%. The stability of the circulation was preserved due to the increase of heart rate (to 90 +/- 17 beats/min) and total peripheral resistance. In spite of the almost identical average total dose of fentanyl in both groups (4.72 +/- 2.2 mcg/kg/h), supine position) and 4.97 +/- 2.23 mcg/kg/h, (sitting position), only the patient group in the supine position demonstrated a decrease of pulse rate of 36% to 65 +/- 20 beats/min with a decline of the cardiac index of 33% and unchanged stroke index. Our clinical observations and the animal studies of other authors allow the conclusion that during neuroleptanaesthesia in the upright position the baroreceptor-activity and the catecholamine secretion is not markedly reduced and consequently circulatory stability obtained. We regard neuroleptanaesthesia as the method of choice for neurosurgical operations in the upright position.", "PMID": 539650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7955", "title": "[A comparison of two preoperative medications: responses in sedative, psychic and somatic effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of two different premedication methods on the psychic reaction of the patient and their somatic-vegetative effect was tested in a controlled double-blind study. 96 patients between the ages of 20 and 40 took part in the study and were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 47) received meperidine (Alodan) and promethazine (Phenergan). Group 2 (n = 49) were given thalamonal. All patients underwent a personality test (Cattell 16 PF) a day prior to scheduled surgery. After administration of the respective pre-anaesthetic drugs, three different test methods were applied to determine their subjective state. Simultaneously, independent from the patients, their psychic reactions were determined by the anaesthetist. Premedication 2 effected less calm, i.e. decrease of fear, exhaustion and depression, than premedication 1. The somatic-vegetative region exhibited no significant difference except for increased cardiocirculatory symptoms in group 1. Based on the less favourable psychodynamics in patients who received thalamonal, it is not advised as pre-anaesthetic medication.", "contents": "[A comparison of two preoperative medications: responses in sedative, psychic and somatic effects (author's transl)]. The influence of two different premedication methods on the psychic reaction of the patient and their somatic-vegetative effect was tested in a controlled double-blind study. 96 patients between the ages of 20 and 40 took part in the study and were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 47) received meperidine (Alodan) and promethazine (Phenergan). Group 2 (n = 49) were given thalamonal. All patients underwent a personality test (Cattell 16 PF) a day prior to scheduled surgery. After administration of the respective pre-anaesthetic drugs, three different test methods were applied to determine their subjective state. Simultaneously, independent from the patients, their psychic reactions were determined by the anaesthetist. Premedication 2 effected less calm, i.e. decrease of fear, exhaustion and depression, than premedication 1. The somatic-vegetative region exhibited no significant difference except for increased cardiocirculatory symptoms in group 1. Based on the less favourable psychodynamics in patients who received thalamonal, it is not advised as pre-anaesthetic medication.", "PMID": 539651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7956", "title": "[Local myocardial necrosis and cardiac tamponade due to a central venous catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a paraventricular brain abscess, which favourably responded to conservative intensive therapy, is reported. A central venous catheter was the cause of myocardial necrosis leading to cardiac tamponade. In an attempt to tap the effusion, the partly necrotic cardiac wall was perforated. Only by recognition of the danger, by intensive clinical observation of a patient and by regular checkup of the catheter tip were the fatal complications following central venous catheterization avoided.", "contents": "[Local myocardial necrosis and cardiac tamponade due to a central venous catheter (author's transl)]. A case of a paraventricular brain abscess, which favourably responded to conservative intensive therapy, is reported. A central venous catheter was the cause of myocardial necrosis leading to cardiac tamponade. In an attempt to tap the effusion, the partly necrotic cardiac wall was perforated. Only by recognition of the danger, by intensive clinical observation of a patient and by regular checkup of the catheter tip were the fatal complications following central venous catheterization avoided.", "PMID": 539652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7957", "title": "Quinine poisoning. An unusual indication for stellate ganglion blockade.", "content": "The treatment of a case of quinine amblyopia by stellate ganglion blockade is described. The degree of restoration of vision confirms the experience of other workers and is attributable to relief of retinal vasoconstriction. The possibility is discussed that earlier and more prolonged use of the technique might improve results.", "contents": "Quinine poisoning. An unusual indication for stellate ganglion blockade. The treatment of a case of quinine amblyopia by stellate ganglion blockade is described. The degree of restoration of vision confirms the experience of other workers and is attributable to relief of retinal vasoconstriction. The possibility is discussed that earlier and more prolonged use of the technique might improve results.", "PMID": 539641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7958", "title": "Medical aspects of fitness to drive.", "content": "The paper considers the question of fitness to drive after the use of anaesthetics and other drugs and makes suggestions concerning the advice which anaesthetists should give to patients beofre an anaesthetic is administered.", "contents": "Medical aspects of fitness to drive. The paper considers the question of fitness to drive after the use of anaesthetics and other drugs and makes suggestions concerning the advice which anaesthetists should give to patients beofre an anaesthetic is administered.", "PMID": 539644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7959", "title": "The extension of labour epidural analgesia for Caesarean section.", "content": "Seven hundred and twenty-two patients who received epidural analgesia during labour were delivered by Caesarean section. The block was extended in 554 patients to provide analgesia for surgery. In twenty-one cases incomplete analgesia necessitated general anaesthesia. The main complications were maternal hypotension (15.9%) and vomiting (17.1%). Almost all patients expressed enthusiasm for the technique.", "contents": "The extension of labour epidural analgesia for Caesarean section. Seven hundred and twenty-two patients who received epidural analgesia during labour were delivered by Caesarean section. The block was extended in 554 patients to provide analgesia for surgery. In twenty-one cases incomplete analgesia necessitated general anaesthesia. The main complications were maternal hypotension (15.9%) and vomiting (17.1%). Almost all patients expressed enthusiasm for the technique.", "PMID": 539648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7960", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas of the digestive tract].", "content": "Study of the histology, epidemiology and course of 106 non-Hodgkins malignant lymphomas of the digestive tract seen in Tunisia revealed the high incidence of these ML in comparison with other malignant tumours of the same site and their predominance above all in young male subjects. The classification of these lymphomas has shown that forms with a high degree of malignancy are seen much more often than forms with a low degree of malignancy: Centroblastic ML accounted for more than 50 p. 100 of the histological forms seen in the intestine. Intermediate centroblastic and immunoblastic ML predominated in the stomach. Nodular ML is very rare. Finally, an important feature in the course of these tumours is worthy of note, i.e. the prolonged survival of 9 of our patients. This survival would however appear to be related more to the stage of the disease than to the histological type and the nature of the treatment used.", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas of the digestive tract]. Study of the histology, epidemiology and course of 106 non-Hodgkins malignant lymphomas of the digestive tract seen in Tunisia revealed the high incidence of these ML in comparison with other malignant tumours of the same site and their predominance above all in young male subjects. The classification of these lymphomas has shown that forms with a high degree of malignancy are seen much more often than forms with a low degree of malignancy: Centroblastic ML accounted for more than 50 p. 100 of the histological forms seen in the intestine. Intermediate centroblastic and immunoblastic ML predominated in the stomach. Nodular ML is very rare. Finally, an important feature in the course of these tumours is worthy of note, i.e. the prolonged survival of 9 of our patients. This survival would however appear to be related more to the stage of the disease than to the histological type and the nature of the treatment used.", "PMID": 539668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7961", "title": "[Liposarcoma of the pancreas. Study of a case including ultrastructure].", "content": "The authors report a case of polymorphous liposarcoma situated in the pancreas. Ultrastructural study of proliferation demonstrated two cell contingents which appeared to represent stages of varied differentiation in the elaboration of adipose cells. The marked preponderance in the case studied of clear and little organised cells would appear to justify the histological classification of the polymorphous liposarcoma as a relatively undifferentiated tumour. Furthermore, this study emphasised the value of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of neoplasms which are complex from a morphological standpoint.", "contents": "[Liposarcoma of the pancreas. Study of a case including ultrastructure]. The authors report a case of polymorphous liposarcoma situated in the pancreas. Ultrastructural study of proliferation demonstrated two cell contingents which appeared to represent stages of varied differentiation in the elaboration of adipose cells. The marked preponderance in the case studied of clear and little organised cells would appear to justify the histological classification of the polymorphous liposarcoma as a relatively undifferentiated tumour. Furthermore, this study emphasised the value of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of neoplasms which are complex from a morphological standpoint.", "PMID": 539669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7962", "title": "[Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the scalp. Anatomo-clinical, histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case and a review of the literature].", "content": "The third recurrence of a primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the right parietal scalp was studied by histochemistry and electron microscopy. Histochemically the mucin produced by this neoplasm was of the sialomucine type. Electron microscopy revealed a high differentiated tumour whose cells looked like eccrine mucinous ones. The natural history of this carcinoma is similar to that of 33 ones already published. The tumours, round and elevated, grow in 75 p. 100 of the cases in patients over 50 years of age. They are located on the face or the scalp and more rarely on the trunk. Such tumours are frequently misdiagnosed as carcinomas. But the knowledge of thier morphological and histochemical features should lead to the right diagnosis all the more since the various biological and radiological investigations do not discover other primary neoplasm. Besides if these neoplasms are not metastases they are quite different from the other sweat gland carcinomas. They have a better prognosis than these tumours. However they give local recurrences, lymph node or subcutaneous metastases and a fatal issue in 6 p. 100 of the cases.", "contents": "[Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the scalp. Anatomo-clinical, histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case and a review of the literature]. The third recurrence of a primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the right parietal scalp was studied by histochemistry and electron microscopy. Histochemically the mucin produced by this neoplasm was of the sialomucine type. Electron microscopy revealed a high differentiated tumour whose cells looked like eccrine mucinous ones. The natural history of this carcinoma is similar to that of 33 ones already published. The tumours, round and elevated, grow in 75 p. 100 of the cases in patients over 50 years of age. They are located on the face or the scalp and more rarely on the trunk. Such tumours are frequently misdiagnosed as carcinomas. But the knowledge of thier morphological and histochemical features should lead to the right diagnosis all the more since the various biological and radiological investigations do not discover other primary neoplasm. Besides if these neoplasms are not metastases they are quite different from the other sweat gland carcinomas. They have a better prognosis than these tumours. However they give local recurrences, lymph node or subcutaneous metastases and a fatal issue in 6 p. 100 of the cases.", "PMID": 539670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7963", "title": "[Kaposi's sarcoma simulating a splenolymphatic lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, and terminal cryptococcus infection (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of Kaposi's sarcome (K.S.) characterized by the small degree of cutaneous involvement as opposed to splenic and lymphatic invasion, lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the bone marrow, and opportunistic infections (toxoplasmosis, and cryptococcosis). The rapid mortal outcome and the anatomoclinical characteristics of the K.S. enable this case to be classified as one of the rare types of malignant K.S. with pseudo-cryptoccosis features.", "contents": "[Kaposi's sarcoma simulating a splenolymphatic lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, and terminal cryptococcus infection (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of Kaposi's sarcome (K.S.) characterized by the small degree of cutaneous involvement as opposed to splenic and lymphatic invasion, lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the bone marrow, and opportunistic infections (toxoplasmosis, and cryptococcosis). The rapid mortal outcome and the anatomoclinical characteristics of the K.S. enable this case to be classified as one of the rare types of malignant K.S. with pseudo-cryptoccosis features.", "PMID": 539679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7964", "title": "[Partial congenital deficiency in factor V associated with an intestinal malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis. A familial survey (author's transl)].", "content": "Owren's disease is a rare hemorrhagic diathesis which can occur in infancy as a severe hemorrhagic disorder. It also appears in adult life when clinical manifestations are those of acquired deficiencies of other coagulation factors. A familial survey enables a definite diagnosis to be made as it demonstrates the presence of deficiency in factor V in one or several members of the family. Such a case is reported in a young adult with an associated intestinal malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis. After administration of vitamin K the deficiency in factor V remained an isolated disorder, and the hemostatic anomaly was found in three other members of the family. The deficiency was a partial one, which explains why the Owren's disease only became evident during the course of the malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis which caused a reduction in the level of vitamin K dependent factors II, VII, and X.", "contents": "[Partial congenital deficiency in factor V associated with an intestinal malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis. A familial survey (author's transl)]. Owren's disease is a rare hemorrhagic diathesis which can occur in infancy as a severe hemorrhagic disorder. It also appears in adult life when clinical manifestations are those of acquired deficiencies of other coagulation factors. A familial survey enables a definite diagnosis to be made as it demonstrates the presence of deficiency in factor V in one or several members of the family. Such a case is reported in a young adult with an associated intestinal malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis. After administration of vitamin K the deficiency in factor V remained an isolated disorder, and the hemostatic anomaly was found in three other members of the family. The deficiency was a partial one, which explains why the Owren's disease only became evident during the course of the malabsorption syndrome due to lambliasis which caused a reduction in the level of vitamin K dependent factors II, VII, and X.", "PMID": 539680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7965", "title": "[Regressive dysautonomia associating orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse and choleriform diarrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of very severe orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse arising during the course of considerable motor diarrhea. The diagnosis of primary dysautonomia was made only after eliminating the many organic causes of diarrhea: microbial, toxic, tumoral endocrine including diabetes. Shy and Drager's syndrome was rejected because of the spontaneously regressive course after a period of 4 years, the patient having had no further signs of orthostatic hypotension.", "contents": "[Regressive dysautonomia associating orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse and choleriform diarrhea (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of very severe orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse arising during the course of considerable motor diarrhea. The diagnosis of primary dysautonomia was made only after eliminating the many organic causes of diarrhea: microbial, toxic, tumoral endocrine including diabetes. Shy and Drager's syndrome was rejected because of the spontaneously regressive course after a period of 4 years, the patient having had no further signs of orthostatic hypotension.", "PMID": 539681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7966", "title": "[Growth hormone deficiency during the course of histiocytoses. A report on a case of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Hand-Schuller-Christian disease frequently products histiocytic localization in the part of the posterior hypothalamus which is responsible for diabetes insipidus. Retarded growth is also relatively frequent and has multiple etiologies. An isolated deficiency in growth hormone (GH) which may be due to localization of the disease in the anterior hypothalamus is much rarer. In the case reported the possibility of this localization was only suspected because of the presence of a hyperprolactinemia. Retarded growth was obviously present but it was difficult to relate this to a GH defian 7 ng/ml. Follow-up examinations did however provide definite proof of a hormonal deficiency. This confirms the notion of partial growth hormone deficiency and the difficulty of providing proof during the usual stimulation tests in some cases.", "contents": "[Growth hormone deficiency during the course of histiocytoses. A report on a case of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease (author's transl)]. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease frequently products histiocytic localization in the part of the posterior hypothalamus which is responsible for diabetes insipidus. Retarded growth is also relatively frequent and has multiple etiologies. An isolated deficiency in growth hormone (GH) which may be due to localization of the disease in the anterior hypothalamus is much rarer. In the case reported the possibility of this localization was only suspected because of the presence of a hyperprolactinemia. Retarded growth was obviously present but it was difficult to relate this to a GH defian 7 ng/ml. Follow-up examinations did however provide definite proof of a hormonal deficiency. This confirms the notion of partial growth hormone deficiency and the difficulty of providing proof during the usual stimulation tests in some cases.", "PMID": 539682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7967", "title": "[A case of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma visible on standard pulmonary radiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Mediastinal adenomas form about 10 % of all parathyroid adenomas, and are only very rarely visualized in standard pulmonary radiograms. This was the case however in a 54-year-old woman with hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal insufficiency, and an anterosuperior mediastinal tumor. After surgical excision by sternotomy the mass was found to be a large parathyroid adenoma weighing 105 g and measuring 8 cm in diameter. The authors discuss the problems raised by mediastinal adenomas and review the cases reported in the published literature.", "contents": "[A case of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma visible on standard pulmonary radiography (author's transl)]. Mediastinal adenomas form about 10 % of all parathyroid adenomas, and are only very rarely visualized in standard pulmonary radiograms. This was the case however in a 54-year-old woman with hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal insufficiency, and an anterosuperior mediastinal tumor. After surgical excision by sternotomy the mass was found to be a large parathyroid adenoma weighing 105 g and measuring 8 cm in diameter. The authors discuss the problems raised by mediastinal adenomas and review the cases reported in the published literature.", "PMID": 539683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7968", "title": "[Diagnosis of interstitial pneumopathies in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the etiological features of interstitial pneumopathies, with particular emphasis on their characteristics in the newborn and in immunodeficient children, and review the diagnostic findings : clinical and radiological signs, functional disturbances, and results of pulmonary biopsy. The results of 154 needle biopsies in 124 children aged 1 month to 16 years are described. In 103 cases a diffuse pneumopathy was present and 80 % of the biopsies were successful. Precise diagnosis could be made from the histology specimen in 22 cases out of the 82 examined, while in 60 of these cases the specimen could be identified.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of interstitial pneumopathies in infants (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the etiological features of interstitial pneumopathies, with particular emphasis on their characteristics in the newborn and in immunodeficient children, and review the diagnostic findings : clinical and radiological signs, functional disturbances, and results of pulmonary biopsy. The results of 154 needle biopsies in 124 children aged 1 month to 16 years are described. In 103 cases a diffuse pneumopathy was present and 80 % of the biopsies were successful. Precise diagnosis could be made from the histology specimen in 22 cases out of the 82 examined, while in 60 of these cases the specimen could be identified.", "PMID": 539684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7969", "title": "[Total atrophy of the villi during primary agammaglobulinemia in adults. Therapeutic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "A 21-year-old man presented with a 10-year history of a malabsorption syndrome of moderate severity, splenomegaly, and recurrent respiratory infections. Investigations revealed total atrophy of the villi and primary agammaglobulinemia. A gluten-free diet was ineffective. In spite of the absence of lambliasis, treatment with metronidazole produced objective clinical improvement and biological signs of healing of the malabsorption syndrome, but no alteration in the agammaglobulinemia. The authors discuss the relationship between total villous atrophy and primary agammaglobulinemias and the mode of action of metronidazole.", "contents": "[Total atrophy of the villi during primary agammaglobulinemia in adults. Therapeutic problems (author's transl)]. A 21-year-old man presented with a 10-year history of a malabsorption syndrome of moderate severity, splenomegaly, and recurrent respiratory infections. Investigations revealed total atrophy of the villi and primary agammaglobulinemia. A gluten-free diet was ineffective. In spite of the absence of lambliasis, treatment with metronidazole produced objective clinical improvement and biological signs of healing of the malabsorption syndrome, but no alteration in the agammaglobulinemia. The authors discuss the relationship between total villous atrophy and primary agammaglobulinemias and the mode of action of metronidazole.", "PMID": 539685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7970", "title": "[Papillary thyroid cancer lying within a toxic adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer is rare. The commonest finding is multilobular goitres. When a toxic adenoma is associated with a thyroid cancer they are usually clearly separate lesions. A thyroid cancer lying within a toxic adenoma, as in this case, is a much rarer occurrence, and a review of the published literature suggests that the relatively frequent association of the two lesions is fortuitous. The possibility of a cancer occurring near, or within a toxic adenoma, is an argument in of surgical treatment of these formations.", "contents": "[Papillary thyroid cancer lying within a toxic adenoma (author's transl)]. The association of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer is rare. The commonest finding is multilobular goitres. When a toxic adenoma is associated with a thyroid cancer they are usually clearly separate lesions. A thyroid cancer lying within a toxic adenoma, as in this case, is a much rarer occurrence, and a review of the published literature suggests that the relatively frequent association of the two lesions is fortuitous. The possibility of a cancer occurring near, or within a toxic adenoma, is an argument in of surgical treatment of these formations.", "PMID": 539686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7971", "title": "[Hemochromatosis and puryvate kinase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A 25-year-old man with familial pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency who have been given only 6 transfusions during his lifetime died of cardiac failure from hemochromatosis (HC). This previously unreported association of PK and HC deficiency does not appear to be fortuitous but to be related to possible early hemolysis and intramedullary destruction, features of ineffective erythropoiesis. The role of splenectomy in the progression of the HC could, as in some thalassemias, be an unfavourable factor. Serum iron levels should therefore be measured during the course of AHPK.", "contents": "[Hemochromatosis and puryvate kinase deficiency (author's transl)]. A 25-year-old man with familial pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency who have been given only 6 transfusions during his lifetime died of cardiac failure from hemochromatosis (HC). This previously unreported association of PK and HC deficiency does not appear to be fortuitous but to be related to possible early hemolysis and intramedullary destruction, features of ineffective erythropoiesis. The role of splenectomy in the progression of the HC could, as in some thalassemias, be an unfavourable factor. Serum iron levels should therefore be measured during the course of AHPK.", "PMID": 539687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7972", "title": "[Screening for diabetes during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Screening for diabetes, or more commonly the study of maternal glucose tolerance, a routine procedure during pregnancy. The first step consists of assessing the diabetic risk for the patient. Screening tests should be applied early if risk factors for diabetes are present, and/or at a later stage in all pregnant women. The initial test should always be provoked hyperglycemia by the intravenous route. According to the value of the glucose assimilation coefficient K, the test will be repeated using the oral route. Screening can only be effective if applied to all pregnant women.", "contents": "[Screening for diabetes during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Screening for diabetes, or more commonly the study of maternal glucose tolerance, a routine procedure during pregnancy. The first step consists of assessing the diabetic risk for the patient. Screening tests should be applied early if risk factors for diabetes are present, and/or at a later stage in all pregnant women. The initial test should always be provoked hyperglycemia by the intravenous route. According to the value of the glucose assimilation coefficient K, the test will be repeated using the oral route. Screening can only be effective if applied to all pregnant women.", "PMID": 539688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7973", "title": "[Ventilation mechanics as an aid to diagnosis of early emphysematous disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Respiratory function in 27 subjects with at least one anomaly in ventilation mechanics suggestive of emphysema was compared with that of a control population by means of plethysmographic indices. Results showed that static compliance to CRF and compliance for a volume nil for the elastic properties of the lung on the one hand and alveolar compression for dynamic properties on the other hand, appear to be valid criteria for early diagnosis of emphysema.", "contents": "[Ventilation mechanics as an aid to diagnosis of early emphysematous disease (author's transl)]. Respiratory function in 27 subjects with at least one anomaly in ventilation mechanics suggestive of emphysema was compared with that of a control population by means of plethysmographic indices. Results showed that static compliance to CRF and compliance for a volume nil for the elastic properties of the lung on the one hand and alveolar compression for dynamic properties on the other hand, appear to be valid criteria for early diagnosis of emphysema.", "PMID": 539689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7974", "title": "[Myocardiopathy from a new anthracyclic derivative (author's transl)].", "content": "A 58-year-old man with subcutaneous metastases from a naevocarcinoma was prescribed 1 138 mg/m2 of a new anthracylic derivative, dietoxy-acetoxy-daunorubicine, at doses of 180 mg every three weeks. Irreversible cardiac failure occurred nine months after starting treatment, and was considered to be due to the toxic effects of the compound. He improved for a short period after very high doses of vasodilatators but death occured very shortly afterwards. Histological examination revealed severe subendocardial fibrosis, disseminated interstitial fibrosis, and degenerative and necrotic lesions of the myocytes. The authors discuss the factors involved in the cardiotoxicity of the anthracyclines: total dose, intervals between doses, associated risk, factors (age, radiotherapy). Even at usual doses signs of myocardial dysfunction are found in one third of patients treated, with the presence of histological lesions in all these cases, but clinical cardiac failure is rarely observed.", "contents": "[Myocardiopathy from a new anthracyclic derivative (author's transl)]. A 58-year-old man with subcutaneous metastases from a naevocarcinoma was prescribed 1 138 mg/m2 of a new anthracylic derivative, dietoxy-acetoxy-daunorubicine, at doses of 180 mg every three weeks. Irreversible cardiac failure occurred nine months after starting treatment, and was considered to be due to the toxic effects of the compound. He improved for a short period after very high doses of vasodilatators but death occured very shortly afterwards. Histological examination revealed severe subendocardial fibrosis, disseminated interstitial fibrosis, and degenerative and necrotic lesions of the myocytes. The authors discuss the factors involved in the cardiotoxicity of the anthracyclines: total dose, intervals between doses, associated risk, factors (age, radiotherapy). Even at usual doses signs of myocardial dysfunction are found in one third of patients treated, with the presence of histological lesions in all these cases, but clinical cardiac failure is rarely observed.", "PMID": 539690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7975", "title": "Comparative studies of the strains PA and PN of Mycobacterium phlei leading to their reclassification: examination of lipids and DNA, biochemical tests and phage typing.", "content": "Study of lipid and DNA, biochemical tests and phage typing performed on the strain PA previously labelled Mycobacterium phlei, lead to the conclusion that this strain belongs to the species M. smegmatis. Parallel studies performed on strain PN, isolated from a culture of strain PA, as well as DNA homology percentage of the two strains, do not support the assumption that strain PN could have resulted from a mutation of strain PA Strain PN produces mycolic acids similar to those found in Rhodococcus bronchialis; the few biological tests applied quite agree with such a classification.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the strains PA and PN of Mycobacterium phlei leading to their reclassification: examination of lipids and DNA, biochemical tests and phage typing. Study of lipid and DNA, biochemical tests and phage typing performed on the strain PA previously labelled Mycobacterium phlei, lead to the conclusion that this strain belongs to the species M. smegmatis. Parallel studies performed on strain PN, isolated from a culture of strain PA, as well as DNA homology percentage of the two strains, do not support the assumption that strain PN could have resulted from a mutation of strain PA Strain PN produces mycolic acids similar to those found in Rhodococcus bronchialis; the few biological tests applied quite agree with such a classification.", "PMID": 539691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7976", "title": "[Shulman's syndrome: eosinophilic fasciitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A detailed report is made of the clinical, histological, biological manifestations of eosinophilic fasciitis, i. e. the Shulman's syndrome, about a 53-year-old man. An extreme induration of sub-cutaneous tissues from arms, legs and trunk, without involvement of the face and extremities, was associated with severe thickening of deep peri-muscular fascias. Raynaud's phenomenon was absent, as were morpheas and visceral involvement. Results of biopsies studied by standard, electron and I. F. microscopy, revealed sclerosis and cellular infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and eosinophils) in fascia and muscular septa; no changes were seen in epidermis, dermis or sub-cutaneous fat tissue. An elevated ESR, eosinophilia and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia with high levels of circulating immune complexes were the only biological abnormalities. A good response to systemic corticosteroid therapy was observed. These features were similar to those seen in other cases of eosinophilic fasciitis. The etiology and pathogenesis of the Shulman's syndrome remain unclear. A critical review of the literature suggests that eosinophilic fasciitis should be separated from scleroderma and pseudoscleroderma, although this opinion has been discussed.", "contents": "[Shulman's syndrome: eosinophilic fasciitis (author's transl)]. A detailed report is made of the clinical, histological, biological manifestations of eosinophilic fasciitis, i. e. the Shulman's syndrome, about a 53-year-old man. An extreme induration of sub-cutaneous tissues from arms, legs and trunk, without involvement of the face and extremities, was associated with severe thickening of deep peri-muscular fascias. Raynaud's phenomenon was absent, as were morpheas and visceral involvement. Results of biopsies studied by standard, electron and I. F. microscopy, revealed sclerosis and cellular infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and eosinophils) in fascia and muscular septa; no changes were seen in epidermis, dermis or sub-cutaneous fat tissue. An elevated ESR, eosinophilia and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia with high levels of circulating immune complexes were the only biological abnormalities. A good response to systemic corticosteroid therapy was observed. These features were similar to those seen in other cases of eosinophilic fasciitis. The etiology and pathogenesis of the Shulman's syndrome remain unclear. A critical review of the literature suggests that eosinophilic fasciitis should be separated from scleroderma and pseudoscleroderma, although this opinion has been discussed.", "PMID": 539697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7977", "title": "[Tinea capitis: 73 cases observed in Bordeaux (author's transl)].", "content": "73 cases of tinea capitis were observed in the \"H\u00f4pital des Enfants\" in Bordeaux during these last five year. 71 children under 14 years of age and only 2 adults have seen. The dermatophytic spectrum transformation noticed in other parts of Western Europe is also encountered in Bordeaux. 83 p. 100 are affected by zoo-antropophilic dermatophytes, M. canis chiefly in town, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum in rural aeras. The cases are often familial, from an infected animal, but without any interhuman transmission. Only 8 out of 73 cases are due to strict antropophilic dermatophytes and are found in newly arrived immigrants from North Africa (T. violaceum, T. sch\u00f6nleini) of from West Africa (M. langeroni, T. ferrugineum, T. soudanense). Not a single case of scholar transmission could be observed. Cure by micronised griseofulvine per os (15 mg/kg/day) associated with local care was effective in all cases.", "contents": "[Tinea capitis: 73 cases observed in Bordeaux (author's transl)]. 73 cases of tinea capitis were observed in the \"H\u00f4pital des Enfants\" in Bordeaux during these last five year. 71 children under 14 years of age and only 2 adults have seen. The dermatophytic spectrum transformation noticed in other parts of Western Europe is also encountered in Bordeaux. 83 p. 100 are affected by zoo-antropophilic dermatophytes, M. canis chiefly in town, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum in rural aeras. The cases are often familial, from an infected animal, but without any interhuman transmission. Only 8 out of 73 cases are due to strict antropophilic dermatophytes and are found in newly arrived immigrants from North Africa (T. violaceum, T. sch\u00f6nleini) of from West Africa (M. langeroni, T. ferrugineum, T. soudanense). Not a single case of scholar transmission could be observed. Cure by micronised griseofulvine per os (15 mg/kg/day) associated with local care was effective in all cases.", "PMID": 539698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7978", "title": "[Lipids and lipopolysaccharides of \"Micrococcus radiodurans\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were carried out on lipid composition of Micrococcus radiodurans. The polar lipid components were found to be 4 glycolipids, 3 phospholipids and 2 phosphoglycolipids. The major fraction belongs to the last group. Correlation between these components and lipoteichoic acid was not observed. A lipid-polysaccharidic complex was isolated. It was not of this type.", "contents": "[Lipids and lipopolysaccharides of \"Micrococcus radiodurans\" (author's transl)]. Studies were carried out on lipid composition of Micrococcus radiodurans. The polar lipid components were found to be 4 glycolipids, 3 phospholipids and 2 phosphoglycolipids. The major fraction belongs to the last group. Correlation between these components and lipoteichoic acid was not observed. A lipid-polysaccharidic complex was isolated. It was not of this type.", "PMID": 539693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7979", "title": "[Study and differentiation of some hydrolases active on triglycerides and esters, in anaerobic bacteria, using gas liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria are classified using presence or absence of phospholipase and lipase, among other criteria. Techniques are described for the qualitative and quantitative detection of bacterial esterases (carboxylic ester hydrolase) and lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) endo- or -exocellular, using gas liquid chromatographic method. Results with representatives anaerobic species are briefly presented.", "contents": "[Study and differentiation of some hydrolases active on triglycerides and esters, in anaerobic bacteria, using gas liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. Anaerobic bacteria are classified using presence or absence of phospholipase and lipase, among other criteria. Techniques are described for the qualitative and quantitative detection of bacterial esterases (carboxylic ester hydrolase) and lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) endo- or -exocellular, using gas liquid chromatographic method. Results with representatives anaerobic species are briefly presented.", "PMID": 539692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7980", "title": "[On five new cases of association of basal cell carcinoma and multiple Pinkus fibroepithelial tumors on the spine following radiation damage to the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report five new cases associating basal cell epithelioma and multiple Pinkus fibro-epithelial tumors on the spine after radiation damage to the skin. One of them had previously published three similar observations: so his experience refers to eight cases. The authors recall similar cases of the literature, they discuss the relations between basal cell epitheliomas and Pinkus premalignant fibro-epithelial tumors of the skin. Histologically they saw several aspects of transition between the two types of tumors. They study the patterns of cancers found after radiation therapy, influence of type of radiations, dose, age, and intervals since X-rays. As regards such cases, the necessity of systematically searching for previous radiations by X-rays in the affected zone is emphasized.", "contents": "[On five new cases of association of basal cell carcinoma and multiple Pinkus fibroepithelial tumors on the spine following radiation damage to the skin (author's transl)]. The authors report five new cases associating basal cell epithelioma and multiple Pinkus fibro-epithelial tumors on the spine after radiation damage to the skin. One of them had previously published three similar observations: so his experience refers to eight cases. The authors recall similar cases of the literature, they discuss the relations between basal cell epitheliomas and Pinkus premalignant fibro-epithelial tumors of the skin. Histologically they saw several aspects of transition between the two types of tumors. They study the patterns of cancers found after radiation therapy, influence of type of radiations, dose, age, and intervals since X-rays. As regards such cases, the necessity of systematically searching for previous radiations by X-rays in the affected zone is emphasized.", "PMID": 539699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7981", "title": "[Comparative study of two dried intradermal BCG vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "Two BCG vaccines prepared from the same strain were studied clinically in Indonesia and in France. The concentration in culturable particles was comparable. Observed differences in the Mantoux results are discussed. The French results, based on use in a temperate climate by a specialized team, on well nourished children, appear better than the Indonesian findings. Further steps should be undertaken to improve results in Indonesia.", "contents": "[Comparative study of two dried intradermal BCG vaccines (author's transl)]. Two BCG vaccines prepared from the same strain were studied clinically in Indonesia and in France. The concentration in culturable particles was comparable. Observed differences in the Mantoux results are discussed. The French results, based on use in a temperate climate by a specialized team, on well nourished children, appear better than the Indonesian findings. Further steps should be undertaken to improve results in Indonesia.", "PMID": 539694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7982", "title": "[Lichen striatus with nail involvement. Report of 4 cases and review of the 4 cases in the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of lichen striatus (L.S.) with nail involvement were studied and the four cases published previously reviewed. There are several types of nail dystrophy: fraying, longitudinal ridging, splitting and shredding, onycholysis, and total nail loss. All of them are transient and can be explained by the pathologic changes observed, particulary the transitory disruption of the basal layer. Lichen striatus must be differentiated from systematized eruptions such as lichen planus (the simultaneous occurrence of L.S. and lichen planus is extremely rare and the resemblance of one dermatosis to the other can be so pronounced that a differential diagnosis is difficult) linear localized neurodermatitis, linear psoriasis (almost always associated with more typical lesions of psoriasis elsewhere on the body), linear keratosis follicularis (histologically typical of Darier's disease) and linear epidermal nevus which occasionaly does not appear at birth but later in life and may present nail involvement. In some cases, however, clinical similarity of the inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus to lichen striatus is striking.", "contents": "[Lichen striatus with nail involvement. Report of 4 cases and review of the 4 cases in the literature (author's transl)]. Four cases of lichen striatus (L.S.) with nail involvement were studied and the four cases published previously reviewed. There are several types of nail dystrophy: fraying, longitudinal ridging, splitting and shredding, onycholysis, and total nail loss. All of them are transient and can be explained by the pathologic changes observed, particulary the transitory disruption of the basal layer. Lichen striatus must be differentiated from systematized eruptions such as lichen planus (the simultaneous occurrence of L.S. and lichen planus is extremely rare and the resemblance of one dermatosis to the other can be so pronounced that a differential diagnosis is difficult) linear localized neurodermatitis, linear psoriasis (almost always associated with more typical lesions of psoriasis elsewhere on the body), linear keratosis follicularis (histologically typical of Darier's disease) and linear epidermal nevus which occasionaly does not appear at birth but later in life and may present nail involvement. In some cases, however, clinical similarity of the inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus to lichen striatus is striking.", "PMID": 539700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7983", "title": "[Kinetics of the reactions to experimental infection in mice after or without vaccination against rabies: study of etio-pathogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "When challenged by intramuscular route with the rabies strain CVS, mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated died during the four days following vaccination in larger numbers and earlier than controls which had been treated but not vaccinated. This phenomenon can be transferred, via splenocytes of mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated, into syngenic mice infected 24 h earlier by a large amount of virus (10.000 LD50 by intracerebral route). On the other hand, mice infected with a small amount of virus (1 LD50 by intracerebral route) can be protected by transferred splenocytes. These data suggest that an immunopathological phenomenon is involved in experimental rabies of mice, supported by direct or indirect action of T lymphocytes against infected target cells. Possible implications of this hypothesis in pre- or post-exposure vaccination are discussed.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the reactions to experimental infection in mice after or without vaccination against rabies: study of etio-pathogenesis (author's transl)]. When challenged by intramuscular route with the rabies strain CVS, mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated died during the four days following vaccination in larger numbers and earlier than controls which had been treated but not vaccinated. This phenomenon can be transferred, via splenocytes of mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated, into syngenic mice infected 24 h earlier by a large amount of virus (10.000 LD50 by intracerebral route). On the other hand, mice infected with a small amount of virus (1 LD50 by intracerebral route) can be protected by transferred splenocytes. These data suggest that an immunopathological phenomenon is involved in experimental rabies of mice, supported by direct or indirect action of T lymphocytes against infected target cells. Possible implications of this hypothesis in pre- or post-exposure vaccination are discussed.", "PMID": 539695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7984", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of Mibelli's porokeratosis. Pathogenic and therapeutic considerations in three cases].", "content": "Report of three cases of porokeratosis Mibelli with emphasis on the ultrastructural changes of the entire epidermis underlying the cornoid lamella: autophagocytosis, filamentous degeneration, formation of \"corps ronds\". These phenomena are correlated with those of apoptosis (or intraepidermal cellular death with filamentous degeneration). Its role in the genesis of the cornoid lamella and in the degeneration of the lesions is discussed. In conclusion, on the basis of the reported observations and of the studies showing the action of retinoic acid and its derivatives on precancerous lesions, the authors propose to treat the actinic disseminated form of porokeratosis Mibelli with the aromatic derivative of retinoic acid (RO 10 9359).", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of Mibelli's porokeratosis. Pathogenic and therapeutic considerations in three cases]. Report of three cases of porokeratosis Mibelli with emphasis on the ultrastructural changes of the entire epidermis underlying the cornoid lamella: autophagocytosis, filamentous degeneration, formation of \"corps ronds\". These phenomena are correlated with those of apoptosis (or intraepidermal cellular death with filamentous degeneration). Its role in the genesis of the cornoid lamella and in the degeneration of the lesions is discussed. In conclusion, on the basis of the reported observations and of the studies showing the action of retinoic acid and its derivatives on precancerous lesions, the authors propose to treat the actinic disseminated form of porokeratosis Mibelli with the aromatic derivative of retinoic acid (RO 10 9359).", "PMID": 539705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7985", "title": "[Knowledge of Solomon's epidermal nevus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Solomon's epidermal nevus syndrome is a questionable entity, because of its clinical heterogeneity. Four cases are presented in this paper, with emphasis on the complex relationship between variable types of epidermal nevi and diverse kinds of associated nervous, ocular and bone abnormalities. Nevertheless, it is of practical interest to know the frequency and the variability of these ectodermal and mesodermal associated defects; whatever the epidermal nevus, a careful examination must be carried out, in search of ocular, nervous, bone and renal signs, and, less frequently, but more often than in other children, these patients seem to be exposed to visceral malignancies.", "contents": "[Knowledge of Solomon's epidermal nevus syndrome (author's transl)]. Solomon's epidermal nevus syndrome is a questionable entity, because of its clinical heterogeneity. Four cases are presented in this paper, with emphasis on the complex relationship between variable types of epidermal nevi and diverse kinds of associated nervous, ocular and bone abnormalities. Nevertheless, it is of practical interest to know the frequency and the variability of these ectodermal and mesodermal associated defects; whatever the epidermal nevus, a careful examination must be carried out, in search of ocular, nervous, bone and renal signs, and, less frequently, but more often than in other children, these patients seem to be exposed to visceral malignancies.", "PMID": 539707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7986", "title": "[Cross sensitivity between aminoside antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The great number of topical preparation containing neomycin and their frequent use for a long period induce a lot of contact dermatitis. It is interesting to detect the importance of cross sensitivity between aminosides among the patients whose dermatitis was caused by neomycin. 15 neomycin eczematous patients were investigated. The research about cross-sensitivity concerned 6 antibiotics: streptomycin, framycetin, ribostamycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, tobramycin. Patch-tests (20 p. 100 in petrolatum) were used in order to show this cross-sensitivity. The results of these tests are nearly the same as in the other studies, as for 5 of the antibiotics; but it is the first time, to our knowledge, that a cross-sensitivity between ribostamycin and neomycin is observed. The cross-sensitivity between these two aminosides can be explained by their chemical structure. There are four rings in neomycin: the main components are neamin and neobiosamin. Only three rings are found in ribostamycin: ribostamycin is constitued of neomycin lacking neosamin of neobiosamin. Thus the structure of the 3 rings of ribostamycin is identical with the structure of 3 out of 4 rings of neomycin. The study about cross-sensitivity between aminosides suggests two conclusions: 1. The use of local antibiotics must be prescribed only when is it really necessary. 2. It seems wise to avoid all systemic aminosid antibiotics for patients who are sensitized by neomycin ointment.", "contents": "[Cross sensitivity between aminoside antibiotics (author's transl)]. The great number of topical preparation containing neomycin and their frequent use for a long period induce a lot of contact dermatitis. It is interesting to detect the importance of cross sensitivity between aminosides among the patients whose dermatitis was caused by neomycin. 15 neomycin eczematous patients were investigated. The research about cross-sensitivity concerned 6 antibiotics: streptomycin, framycetin, ribostamycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, tobramycin. Patch-tests (20 p. 100 in petrolatum) were used in order to show this cross-sensitivity. The results of these tests are nearly the same as in the other studies, as for 5 of the antibiotics; but it is the first time, to our knowledge, that a cross-sensitivity between ribostamycin and neomycin is observed. The cross-sensitivity between these two aminosides can be explained by their chemical structure. There are four rings in neomycin: the main components are neamin and neobiosamin. Only three rings are found in ribostamycin: ribostamycin is constitued of neomycin lacking neosamin of neobiosamin. Thus the structure of the 3 rings of ribostamycin is identical with the structure of 3 out of 4 rings of neomycin. The study about cross-sensitivity between aminosides suggests two conclusions: 1. The use of local antibiotics must be prescribed only when is it really necessary. 2. It seems wise to avoid all systemic aminosid antibiotics for patients who are sensitized by neomycin ointment.", "PMID": 539708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7987", "title": "A taxonomic reconsideration of some Plasmodium species from iguanid lizards.", "content": "Saurian Plasmodium populations previously identified as P. tropiduri from Panama are described as subspecies or distinct species. The nominate subspecies, P. tropiduri tropiduri parasitizes Tropidurus species from Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela. Two other subspecies occur in Panama, P. tropiduri panamense from Anolis biporcatus and P. tropiduri aquaticum from the semi-aquatic lizards Anolis lionotus and A. poecilopus. Parasites found in Anolis frenatus are described as a distinct species, P. marginatum, while those from Anolis limifrons represent a third, un-named species. A parasite of Plica plica in Guyana, previously called P. cnemidophori, is designated P. guyannense, while identification of Plica umbra parasites as P. tropiduri is corrected to P. vacuolatum and Fallisia simplex.", "contents": "A taxonomic reconsideration of some Plasmodium species from iguanid lizards. Saurian Plasmodium populations previously identified as P. tropiduri from Panama are described as subspecies or distinct species. The nominate subspecies, P. tropiduri tropiduri parasitizes Tropidurus species from Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela. Two other subspecies occur in Panama, P. tropiduri panamense from Anolis biporcatus and P. tropiduri aquaticum from the semi-aquatic lizards Anolis lionotus and A. poecilopus. Parasites found in Anolis frenatus are described as a distinct species, P. marginatum, while those from Anolis limifrons represent a third, un-named species. A parasite of Plica plica in Guyana, previously called P. cnemidophori, is designated P. guyannense, while identification of Plica umbra parasites as P. tropiduri is corrected to P. vacuolatum and Fallisia simplex.", "PMID": 539715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7988", "title": "[On the validity of Ichthyocotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) and the species affiliation of Tetracotyle ovata (v. Linstow, 1877) (Trematoda: Strigeidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Ichthyocotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) is a species of its own, differing from Ichthyocotylurus platycephalus (Creplin, 1825). The distinct morphological difference between the metacercariae of the two species must be stressed (Tetracotyle percaefluviatilis v. Linstow, 1877 = I. variegatus Tetracotyle ovata v. Linstow, 1877 = \"T. variegata\" sensu Hughes, 1928 = \"T. pileata\" sensu Dubois, 1938, 1968 = T. communis Hughes, 1928 = I. platycephalus), as well as the different location of the maritae in the definitive host (I. variegatus in the posterior third of the small intestine, I. platycephalus in the region of the cloaca). A key for the determination, synonymes and diagnoses of the metacercariae of the 4 Ichthyocotylurus species are presented.", "contents": "[On the validity of Ichthyocotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) and the species affiliation of Tetracotyle ovata (v. Linstow, 1877) (Trematoda: Strigeidae) (author's transl)]. Ichthyocotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) is a species of its own, differing from Ichthyocotylurus platycephalus (Creplin, 1825). The distinct morphological difference between the metacercariae of the two species must be stressed (Tetracotyle percaefluviatilis v. Linstow, 1877 = I. variegatus Tetracotyle ovata v. Linstow, 1877 = \"T. variegata\" sensu Hughes, 1928 = \"T. pileata\" sensu Dubois, 1938, 1968 = T. communis Hughes, 1928 = I. platycephalus), as well as the different location of the maritae in the definitive host (I. variegatus in the posterior third of the small intestine, I. platycephalus in the region of the cloaca). A key for the determination, synonymes and diagnoses of the metacercariae of the 4 Ichthyocotylurus species are presented.", "PMID": 539718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7989", "title": "[Study of gametocytes from the Plasmodium \"vivax\" group: morphology, development in Anopheles and infectivity of Plasmodium yoelii microgametocytes].", "content": "The study of the gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii enabled the differentiation of 4 morphological types: O, I, II and III (in a chronological order) and amongst each of these types the differentiation of healthy and altered gametocytes. These morphological data represent a tool for investigations on the biology of the gametocytes of the \"vivax\" group. Preliminary experiments bring informations on the evolution of gametocytes and the mechanisms of their infectivity. 1--In experimentaly infected white mice gametocytes of P.y. nigeriensis are infective up to the 3rd-4th day, those of P. y. yoelii until the 5th-6th days. These periods can be shorter when the infection is very virulent or longer when chronical. 2--The drop in infectivity coincides with the increase in number of the altered gametocytes. 3--The loss of infectivity is connected with the condition of the blood: when parasitaemiae are high, it becomes rapidly unsuitable to a normal evolution of the gametocytes: thus, non infective gametocytes acquire a good infectivity in less than two hours when transfered to a clean mouse. 4--The gametocytic composition of the blood taken up by the Anopheles in the capillaries can be very different from that taken at the tail of a Rodent. In the young parasitaemiae, when the Rodents are most infective to the Mosquitoes, there is a considerable enrichment in gametocytes O-I of the blood ingested by the Anopheles as compared to that taken from the Rodents by the usual techniques. This phenomenon could perhaps be explained by the larger size of gametocytes O and I and their retention in the capillaries of the host. 5--The strong infectivity of gametocytes O and I is confirmed by the fact that no infection develops in the Mosquitoes when no such gametocytes are present in the ingested blood. 6--The ageeing of gametocytes appears to be very rapid for gametocytes arising from exo-erythrocytic schizontes reach stage II, 29 hours and stage III, 35 hours, after the rupture of the very first schizonts.", "contents": "[Study of gametocytes from the Plasmodium \"vivax\" group: morphology, development in Anopheles and infectivity of Plasmodium yoelii microgametocytes]. The study of the gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii enabled the differentiation of 4 morphological types: O, I, II and III (in a chronological order) and amongst each of these types the differentiation of healthy and altered gametocytes. These morphological data represent a tool for investigations on the biology of the gametocytes of the \"vivax\" group. Preliminary experiments bring informations on the evolution of gametocytes and the mechanisms of their infectivity. 1--In experimentaly infected white mice gametocytes of P.y. nigeriensis are infective up to the 3rd-4th day, those of P. y. yoelii until the 5th-6th days. These periods can be shorter when the infection is very virulent or longer when chronical. 2--The drop in infectivity coincides with the increase in number of the altered gametocytes. 3--The loss of infectivity is connected with the condition of the blood: when parasitaemiae are high, it becomes rapidly unsuitable to a normal evolution of the gametocytes: thus, non infective gametocytes acquire a good infectivity in less than two hours when transfered to a clean mouse. 4--The gametocytic composition of the blood taken up by the Anopheles in the capillaries can be very different from that taken at the tail of a Rodent. In the young parasitaemiae, when the Rodents are most infective to the Mosquitoes, there is a considerable enrichment in gametocytes O-I of the blood ingested by the Anopheles as compared to that taken from the Rodents by the usual techniques. This phenomenon could perhaps be explained by the larger size of gametocytes O and I and their retention in the capillaries of the host. 5--The strong infectivity of gametocytes O and I is confirmed by the fact that no infection develops in the Mosquitoes when no such gametocytes are present in the ingested blood. 6--The ageeing of gametocytes appears to be very rapid for gametocytes arising from exo-erythrocytic schizontes reach stage II, 29 hours and stage III, 35 hours, after the rupture of the very first schizonts.", "PMID": 539716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7990", "title": "[Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) lizae n. sp.: a trypanosome with giant forms from the Michrochiroptera Hipposideros cyclops, in Gabon (author's transl)].", "content": "Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) lizae n. sp.: trypanosome with giant forms reaching a length of 1400 micrometers from the Microchiroptera Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon. Because of the peculiar morphology of giant forms and the characteristics of small individuals it is placed in a new species within the subgenus Megatrypanum.", "contents": "[Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) lizae n. sp.: a trypanosome with giant forms from the Michrochiroptera Hipposideros cyclops, in Gabon (author's transl)]. Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) lizae n. sp.: trypanosome with giant forms reaching a length of 1400 micrometers from the Microchiroptera Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon. Because of the peculiar morphology of giant forms and the characteristics of small individuals it is placed in a new species within the subgenus Megatrypanum.", "PMID": 539717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7991", "title": "[Importance of the time of sample taking in order to follow the variations in corticosteronemy during parasitism of the rat by Stronglyoides ratti (author's transl)].", "content": "The variations in corticosteronemy induced by the development of Stronglyoides ratti in the Rat can be detected both in the afternoon, when corticosteronemy reaches its maximum, and in the morning when it is at its lowest rate. Nevertheless, hypercorticosteronemy, which is at its maximum 48 hours after infestation, is more sensible in the morning, whereas on the contrary hypocorticosteronemy is more significant in the afternoon and then shows a sudden and very important drop which seems to coincide with the beginning of the expulsion of the adult worms. According to previous results, inhibition of the secretion of gluco-cortico-steroids is caused by the worms; furthermore, Ogilvie and Jones show the determinant role of sensitized lymphocytes, for the expulsion of antibody-damaged worms, whereas some authors suggest that eosinophils act as cytotoxic cells on sensitized helminths; the hypothesis may therefore be put forward that hypocorticosteronemy liberates the intervention of active lymphocytes and eosinophils, triggering so the phenomenon of spontaneous deparasiting.", "contents": "[Importance of the time of sample taking in order to follow the variations in corticosteronemy during parasitism of the rat by Stronglyoides ratti (author's transl)]. The variations in corticosteronemy induced by the development of Stronglyoides ratti in the Rat can be detected both in the afternoon, when corticosteronemy reaches its maximum, and in the morning when it is at its lowest rate. Nevertheless, hypercorticosteronemy, which is at its maximum 48 hours after infestation, is more sensible in the morning, whereas on the contrary hypocorticosteronemy is more significant in the afternoon and then shows a sudden and very important drop which seems to coincide with the beginning of the expulsion of the adult worms. According to previous results, inhibition of the secretion of gluco-cortico-steroids is caused by the worms; furthermore, Ogilvie and Jones show the determinant role of sensitized lymphocytes, for the expulsion of antibody-damaged worms, whereas some authors suggest that eosinophils act as cytotoxic cells on sensitized helminths; the hypothesis may therefore be put forward that hypocorticosteronemy liberates the intervention of active lymphocytes and eosinophils, triggering so the phenomenon of spontaneous deparasiting.", "PMID": 539721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7992", "title": "[Iconography of the differential characteristics of Fannia larvae (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors are showing the characteristics of Fannia larvae ventral and dorsal sides. They specify on figures the morphological characters that permit to distinguish the species scalaris, manicata and canicularis.", "contents": "[Iconography of the differential characteristics of Fannia larvae (author's transl)]. The authors are showing the characteristics of Fannia larvae ventral and dorsal sides. They specify on figures the morphological characters that permit to distinguish the species scalaris, manicata and canicularis.", "PMID": 539722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7993", "title": "[Occurence of Onchocerca tarsicola Bain and Schulz-Key, 1974, in reindeer (author's transl)].", "content": "Onchocerca tarsicola is recorded from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). This parasite is originally described from red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). There are indications that reindeer may not be the primary host of O. tarsicola: 1. Reindeer is parasitized only by O, tarsicola whereas red deer, due to speciations, is carrying three related Onchocerca species from the same line. 2. O. tarsicola, usually found along tendons distal of the tarsal and carpal joints, is in reindeer frequently found at aberrant locations which is commonly observed in connection with \"transfuga\" parasites. 3. Heavy infestations of O. tarsicola in reindeer seem to have started in the late sixties and since then have become more and more extensive.", "contents": "[Occurence of Onchocerca tarsicola Bain and Schulz-Key, 1974, in reindeer (author's transl)]. Onchocerca tarsicola is recorded from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). This parasite is originally described from red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). There are indications that reindeer may not be the primary host of O. tarsicola: 1. Reindeer is parasitized only by O, tarsicola whereas red deer, due to speciations, is carrying three related Onchocerca species from the same line. 2. O. tarsicola, usually found along tendons distal of the tarsal and carpal joints, is in reindeer frequently found at aberrant locations which is commonly observed in connection with \"transfuga\" parasites. 3. Heavy infestations of O. tarsicola in reindeer seem to have started in the late sixties and since then have become more and more extensive.", "PMID": 539724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7994", "title": "Effect of copper on growth and serum constituents of immunized and non-immunized rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Seventy-two five-week-old New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups and fed a basal diet containing 0, 125 or 250 ppm supplemental Cu for 4 weeks before each Cu-group was further subdivided into three lots of 8 rabbits each. One subgroup was immunized with Trypanosoma brucei before being infected with the same parasite, another subgroup was infected without immunization while the third subgroup was neither immunized nor infected. Parasitemia slightly depressed growth and efficiency of feed utilization while supplemental Cu at 125 and 250 ppm improved both parameters in rabbits. Immunization conferred slight protection on body weight losses by the infected rabbits while supplemental Cu at 250 ppm alone or in combination with immunization completely obliterated the effects of infection on growth performance. Infection depressed haematocrit, haemoglobin, and serum glucose, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. Supplemental Cu significantly increased both haemoglobin and serum glucose levels. Supplemental Cu reversed the effects of parasite infection on blood constituents. The study indicates that Cu may not only promote growth but will also suppress the effects of parasitemia on performance and serum profile of rabbits infected with trypanosomes.", "contents": "Effect of copper on growth and serum constituents of immunized and non-immunized rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Seventy-two five-week-old New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups and fed a basal diet containing 0, 125 or 250 ppm supplemental Cu for 4 weeks before each Cu-group was further subdivided into three lots of 8 rabbits each. One subgroup was immunized with Trypanosoma brucei before being infected with the same parasite, another subgroup was infected without immunization while the third subgroup was neither immunized nor infected. Parasitemia slightly depressed growth and efficiency of feed utilization while supplemental Cu at 125 and 250 ppm improved both parameters in rabbits. Immunization conferred slight protection on body weight losses by the infected rabbits while supplemental Cu at 250 ppm alone or in combination with immunization completely obliterated the effects of infection on growth performance. Infection depressed haematocrit, haemoglobin, and serum glucose, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. Supplemental Cu significantly increased both haemoglobin and serum glucose levels. Supplemental Cu reversed the effects of parasite infection on blood constituents. The study indicates that Cu may not only promote growth but will also suppress the effects of parasitemia on performance and serum profile of rabbits infected with trypanosomes.", "PMID": 539725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7995", "title": "[The helminthofauna of Teleostei from Madagascar. A review of the genus Pseudolamellodiscus Yamaguti, 1953 (Monogenea) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two new species of the genus Pseudolamellodiscus Yamaguti, 1953 (Monogenea, Diplectanidae): P. forsterii n. sp. and P. jelloi, branchial parasites of Sphyraena forsteri and Sphyraena jello respectively are described as well as two other species of the genus, P. pshyraenae Yamaguti, 1953 and P. nossibei Euzet and Razarihelisoa, 1959. The diagnosis of the genus has been modified.", "contents": "[The helminthofauna of Teleostei from Madagascar. A review of the genus Pseudolamellodiscus Yamaguti, 1953 (Monogenea) (author's transl)]. Two new species of the genus Pseudolamellodiscus Yamaguti, 1953 (Monogenea, Diplectanidae): P. forsterii n. sp. and P. jelloi, branchial parasites of Sphyraena forsteri and Sphyraena jello respectively are described as well as two other species of the genus, P. pshyraenae Yamaguti, 1953 and P. nossibei Euzet and Razarihelisoa, 1959. The diagnosis of the genus has been modified.", "PMID": 539726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7996", "title": "A new family of Monostome flukes (Platyhelminths, Digenea) from the dugong, Dugong dugon (M\u00fcller).", "content": "The family Labicolidae is erected to contain a new species of Monostome fluke occurring in abcesses in the upper lip of the dugong from northern Australia. Labicola elongata is described as a new species and figured.", "contents": "A new family of Monostome flukes (Platyhelminths, Digenea) from the dugong, Dugong dugon (M\u00fcller). The family Labicolidae is erected to contain a new species of Monostome fluke occurring in abcesses in the upper lip of the dugong from northern Australia. Labicola elongata is described as a new species and figured.", "PMID": 539727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7997", "title": "[Evaluation of a trial to control Biomphalaria glabrata in Guadeloupe by using a sterilizing trematode (author's transl)].", "content": "A trial of biological control of Biomphalaria glabrata was carried out in Guadeloupe by using Ribeiroia marini guadeloupensis Nassi, 1978, an autochtonal Trematode which sterilizes the snail vector of Schistosoma mansoni. The trial took place in a pond in which the population of B. glabrata presents an annual demographic cycle related to the alternation of dry and rainy seasons. About 8 millions eggs of R. marini were introduced in 15 months into the biotope. Despite the low yield of these introductions, due particularly to the high turbidity of the water, this trial gave positive results in the disappearance of almost all the snails. The analysis of the results concerning the evolution of the levels of the snails and of the prevalence shows that a comparable efficiency could be obtained by massive introductions of eggs during short periods.", "contents": "[Evaluation of a trial to control Biomphalaria glabrata in Guadeloupe by using a sterilizing trematode (author's transl)]. A trial of biological control of Biomphalaria glabrata was carried out in Guadeloupe by using Ribeiroia marini guadeloupensis Nassi, 1978, an autochtonal Trematode which sterilizes the snail vector of Schistosoma mansoni. The trial took place in a pond in which the population of B. glabrata presents an annual demographic cycle related to the alternation of dry and rainy seasons. About 8 millions eggs of R. marini were introduced in 15 months into the biotope. Despite the low yield of these introductions, due particularly to the high turbidity of the water, this trial gave positive results in the disappearance of almost all the snails. The analysis of the results concerning the evolution of the levels of the snails and of the prevalence shows that a comparable efficiency could be obtained by massive introductions of eggs during short periods.", "PMID": 539719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7998", "title": "[On the morphology of the Rictularid, Pterygodermatites nycticebi (M\u00f6nnig, 1920) (Nematoda, Riculariidae) of the slow Loris (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the male Pterygodermatites nycticebi (M\u00f6nnig, 1920) unknown until the present study, and a study of the cephalic and cuticular structures of the female. This rictularid has a morphological evolution comparable to that of other males of the Rictulariidae parasitic in viverrid carnivores and in primates.", "contents": "[On the morphology of the Rictularid, Pterygodermatites nycticebi (M\u00f6nnig, 1920) (Nematoda, Riculariidae) of the slow Loris (author's transl)]. Description of the male Pterygodermatites nycticebi (M\u00f6nnig, 1920) unknown until the present study, and a study of the cephalic and cuticular structures of the female. This rictularid has a morphological evolution comparable to that of other males of the Rictulariidae parasitic in viverrid carnivores and in primates.", "PMID": 539728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_7999", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of Palavascia sphaeromae (Trichomycetes Eccrinales) parasite of the proctodeum of Sphaeroma serratum (Crustacea Isopoda) (author's transl)].", "content": "All stages of development of Palavascia sphaeromae parasite of the proctodeum of Sphaeroma serratum, are studied for the first time under the electron microscope. The formation of the holdfast, cell walls and septa is followed. In the coiled apex of the mature thalli, the septa form two catogeries of unisporates sporangia leading to two types of spores. Type 1, a multinucleate spore giving birth in situ to several microthalli. Type 2, a uninucleate at first and then quadrinucleate spore, representing the only propagative elements of the species. This study proves that the Palavasciae are well integrated among the Eccrinales order. It also opens a new discussion concerning the phyletic affinities that can exist between the Eccrinales and the other three orders of Trichomycetes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of Palavascia sphaeromae (Trichomycetes Eccrinales) parasite of the proctodeum of Sphaeroma serratum (Crustacea Isopoda) (author's transl)]. All stages of development of Palavascia sphaeromae parasite of the proctodeum of Sphaeroma serratum, are studied for the first time under the electron microscope. The formation of the holdfast, cell walls and septa is followed. In the coiled apex of the mature thalli, the septa form two catogeries of unisporates sporangia leading to two types of spores. Type 1, a multinucleate spore giving birth in situ to several microthalli. Type 2, a uninucleate at first and then quadrinucleate spore, representing the only propagative elements of the species. This study proves that the Palavasciae are well integrated among the Eccrinales order. It also opens a new discussion concerning the phyletic affinities that can exist between the Eccrinales and the other three orders of Trichomycetes.", "PMID": 539730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8000", "title": "A new species of Phalacrotophora (dipt. Phoridae) from France.", "content": "A specimen attributed to Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fall\u00e9n) by Dr. A. Delage (1974, Annales de Parasitologie 49 (4), 495-500) is recognised as a new species. It is described and named P. delageae and compared with P. fasciata and P. berolinensis Schmitz.", "contents": "A new species of Phalacrotophora (dipt. Phoridae) from France. A specimen attributed to Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fall\u00e9n) by Dr. A. Delage (1974, Annales de Parasitologie 49 (4), 495-500) is recognised as a new species. It is described and named P. delageae and compared with P. fasciata and P. berolinensis Schmitz.", "PMID": 539729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8001", "title": "Lip adhesion--a passing fad?", "content": "Lip adhesion before a definitive cleft palate repair has received recent attention, and is being advocated for use in more cases. The presumed benefits are cited. Are these benefits exaggerated or misrepresented? What about the disadvantages? The author believes a more critical appraisal of the advantages and more awareness of the possible disadvantages are in order.", "contents": "Lip adhesion--a passing fad? Lip adhesion before a definitive cleft palate repair has received recent attention, and is being advocated for use in more cases. The presumed benefits are cited. Are these benefits exaggerated or misrepresented? What about the disadvantages? The author believes a more critical appraisal of the advantages and more awareness of the possible disadvantages are in order.", "PMID": 539744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8002", "title": "Simultaneous mastopexy and augmentation for correction of the small, ptotic breast.", "content": "A technique for aesthetic reconstruction of the small ptotic breast is described. The procedure combines a mastopexy of the Aries-Pitanguy type, accomplished after retromammary pocket dissection, and placement of an inflatable silicone prosthesis. The method provides maximum flexibility in selecting the volume of augmentation and the subsequent appropriate contouring of the reconstructed breast.", "contents": "Simultaneous mastopexy and augmentation for correction of the small, ptotic breast. A technique for aesthetic reconstruction of the small ptotic breast is described. The procedure combines a mastopexy of the Aries-Pitanguy type, accomplished after retromammary pocket dissection, and placement of an inflatable silicone prosthesis. The method provides maximum flexibility in selecting the volume of augmentation and the subsequent appropriate contouring of the reconstructed breast.", "PMID": 539746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8003", "title": "Unexpected bleeding after elective nasal surgery.", "content": "In 780 patients undergoing elective nasal surgery, the incidence of excessive bleeding was 3.6% (28 patients); of severe bleeding, 0.9% (7 patients). In most patients, effective treatment was to repack the nose and cauterize a bleeding site, or to suture an open area either in the incision or at the columella-septum junction. Contributing to the hemorrhage in 1 patient was aspirin ingestion, and in another, an unrecognized Factor XI deficiency. Although the excessive bleeding in these patients could probably have been prevented by obtaining a better history, in others it could not have been. Because of its unpredictability, bleeding as a complication must be discussed frankly with the patient.", "contents": "Unexpected bleeding after elective nasal surgery. In 780 patients undergoing elective nasal surgery, the incidence of excessive bleeding was 3.6% (28 patients); of severe bleeding, 0.9% (7 patients). In most patients, effective treatment was to repack the nose and cauterize a bleeding site, or to suture an open area either in the incision or at the columella-septum junction. Contributing to the hemorrhage in 1 patient was aspirin ingestion, and in another, an unrecognized Factor XI deficiency. Although the excessive bleeding in these patients could probably have been prevented by obtaining a better history, in others it could not have been. Because of its unpredictability, bleeding as a complication must be discussed frankly with the patient.", "PMID": 539747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8004", "title": "A follow-up investigation of patients who have had parotid duct transplantation surgery to control drooling.", "content": "Reports concerning surgical techniques to help combat the problem of drooling not only are new and limited, but few contain postsurgical follow-up information. In this study, the parents of parotid duct transplant patients rated or described particular aspects of their child's drooling or conditions associated with the drooling before and after surgery. Specific presurgical lingual patterns of these patients, as noted from cinefluorography analysis, are also reviewed.", "contents": "A follow-up investigation of patients who have had parotid duct transplantation surgery to control drooling. Reports concerning surgical techniques to help combat the problem of drooling not only are new and limited, but few contain postsurgical follow-up information. In this study, the parents of parotid duct transplant patients rated or described particular aspects of their child's drooling or conditions associated with the drooling before and after surgery. Specific presurgical lingual patterns of these patients, as noted from cinefluorography analysis, are also reviewed.", "PMID": 539748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8005", "title": "Chemical peeling as a practical method for removing rhytides of the upper lip.", "content": "Chemical peeling is a safe, effective method for removing upper lip lines, or rhytides, over a long period of time. While the predictable, undesirable sequela of loss of pigmentation occurs in a significant number of patients, the effectiveness and safety of the procedure seem to outweigh this problem. Chemical peeling has become an accepted and effective tool for eliminating upper lip lines due to aging, and should be considered by physicians undertaking treatment of the wrinkled upper lip.", "contents": "Chemical peeling as a practical method for removing rhytides of the upper lip. Chemical peeling is a safe, effective method for removing upper lip lines, or rhytides, over a long period of time. While the predictable, undesirable sequela of loss of pigmentation occurs in a significant number of patients, the effectiveness and safety of the procedure seem to outweigh this problem. Chemical peeling has become an accepted and effective tool for eliminating upper lip lines due to aging, and should be considered by physicians undertaking treatment of the wrinkled upper lip.", "PMID": 539749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8006", "title": "Tomographic diagnosis of palatal defects.", "content": "We present the results of a pilot study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of palatal tomography in patients suspected of having palatal defects not detectable by other methods. Twelve patients were involved in the projects, ranging in age from 3 to 11 years. There were 8 boys and 4 girls. Each patient was evaluated with voice recordings, lateral cineradiographic x-rays, and palatal tomograms. Nine of the 12 patients were found by tomography to have palatal defects that had not been detected either by cineradiography or by clinical investigation, including physical examination of the palate. The results of this study are presented with clinical findings.", "contents": "Tomographic diagnosis of palatal defects. We present the results of a pilot study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of palatal tomography in patients suspected of having palatal defects not detectable by other methods. Twelve patients were involved in the projects, ranging in age from 3 to 11 years. There were 8 boys and 4 girls. Each patient was evaluated with voice recordings, lateral cineradiographic x-rays, and palatal tomograms. Nine of the 12 patients were found by tomography to have palatal defects that had not been detected either by cineradiography or by clinical investigation, including physical examination of the palate. The results of this study are presented with clinical findings.", "PMID": 539750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8007", "title": "Dynamic correction of intractable vaginal prolapse.", "content": "Recurrent vaginal prolapse can be very difficult to correct by simple methods. This is especially true when adequate muscle support is lacking. Scar tissues will simply not support the vagina under constant pressure, and the prolapse recurs. A new technique of diminishing vaginal size, correcting the prolapse, and then supporting the vaginal wall dynamically with both innervated gracilis muscles is described with a successful two-year follow-up.", "contents": "Dynamic correction of intractable vaginal prolapse. Recurrent vaginal prolapse can be very difficult to correct by simple methods. This is especially true when adequate muscle support is lacking. Scar tissues will simply not support the vagina under constant pressure, and the prolapse recurs. A new technique of diminishing vaginal size, correcting the prolapse, and then supporting the vaginal wall dynamically with both innervated gracilis muscles is described with a successful two-year follow-up.", "PMID": 539753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8008", "title": "Monitoring visual evoked response during craniofacial surgery.", "content": "A case is presented in which intraoperative visual evoked response (VER) monitoring was employed during correction of orbital hypertelorism. This procedure is noninvasive and does not interfere with the execution of the operation. The operative time is prolonged only a few minutes to record the VER. This technique is a simple and safe method for detecting intraoperative damage to the optic nerve and chiasm, and may prove useful in avoiding damage to these critical structures during craniofacial surgical procedures.", "contents": "Monitoring visual evoked response during craniofacial surgery. A case is presented in which intraoperative visual evoked response (VER) monitoring was employed during correction of orbital hypertelorism. This procedure is noninvasive and does not interfere with the execution of the operation. The operative time is prolonged only a few minutes to record the VER. This technique is a simple and safe method for detecting intraoperative damage to the optic nerve and chiasm, and may prove useful in avoiding damage to these critical structures during craniofacial surgical procedures.", "PMID": 539754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8009", "title": "Small holes, small bones, and mandibular stability.", "content": "A technique is described for drilling and wiring small bone fragments in awkward positions. It has had excellent results, especially in combination with the transfixion wiring technique.", "contents": "Small holes, small bones, and mandibular stability. A technique is described for drilling and wiring small bone fragments in awkward positions. It has had excellent results, especially in combination with the transfixion wiring technique.", "PMID": 539755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8010", "title": "Blepharospasm.", "content": "Blepharospasm is a cranial nerve dysfunction in which involuntary and uncontrollable forcible lid closure occurs. Surgical treatment is far from ideal, but the condition can be improved by sectioning the branches of the facial nerve plexus which supply the orbicularis oculi, the frontalis and corrugator muscles, and the midfacial muscles. Not all patients with blepharospasm should be operated upon, since they may expect too much or may enjoy the attention their invalidism has given them. Ectropion of one or both lower lids may occur, and the most severe of all complications is recurrence. This may happen despite a careful microscopic search for the nerve fibers and their division and avulsion. Blepharospasm patients often require considerable psychological support.", "contents": "Blepharospasm. Blepharospasm is a cranial nerve dysfunction in which involuntary and uncontrollable forcible lid closure occurs. Surgical treatment is far from ideal, but the condition can be improved by sectioning the branches of the facial nerve plexus which supply the orbicularis oculi, the frontalis and corrugator muscles, and the midfacial muscles. Not all patients with blepharospasm should be operated upon, since they may expect too much or may enjoy the attention their invalidism has given them. Ectropion of one or both lower lids may occur, and the most severe of all complications is recurrence. This may happen despite a careful microscopic search for the nerve fibers and their division and avulsion. Blepharospasm patients often require considerable psychological support.", "PMID": 539757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8011", "title": "Restoration of frontal contour with methyl methacrylate.", "content": "Of the various materials currently available for reconstruction of bony frontal deformities, bone cement (methyl methacrylate) has been judged to be superior in its simplicity, reliability, and aesthetic potential. It is uniquely suited to reconstruction of irregular defects of the forehead. Its biological characteristics, advantages, and hazards are presented along with the techniques of its use. Clinical examples illustrate the results obtained with minimal preparation, surgical time, and morbidity.", "contents": "Restoration of frontal contour with methyl methacrylate. Of the various materials currently available for reconstruction of bony frontal deformities, bone cement (methyl methacrylate) has been judged to be superior in its simplicity, reliability, and aesthetic potential. It is uniquely suited to reconstruction of irregular defects of the forehead. Its biological characteristics, advantages, and hazards are presented along with the techniques of its use. Clinical examples illustrate the results obtained with minimal preparation, surgical time, and morbidity.", "PMID": 539759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8012", "title": "Methods of vascular pedicle coverage.", "content": "Based on our clinical experience, various methods of donor or recipient vascular pedicle coverage for an arterialized or free flap are reported. The vascular pedicle may be placed in the subcutaneous space either by incising the skin along the full length of the vascular route or by passing it through a subcutaneous tunnel. It has been our experience that the vascular pedicle can also be covered by either a local flap or a free skin graft. On rare occasions, a narrow skin flap strip including the vascular pedicle can be lifted en bloc and rotated toward the base of the area transferred.", "contents": "Methods of vascular pedicle coverage. Based on our clinical experience, various methods of donor or recipient vascular pedicle coverage for an arterialized or free flap are reported. The vascular pedicle may be placed in the subcutaneous space either by incising the skin along the full length of the vascular route or by passing it through a subcutaneous tunnel. It has been our experience that the vascular pedicle can also be covered by either a local flap or a free skin graft. On rare occasions, a narrow skin flap strip including the vascular pedicle can be lifted en bloc and rotated toward the base of the area transferred.", "PMID": 539760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8013", "title": "Closure of surgical wounds using contiguous island flaps (double V to Y procedure).", "content": "Closure of large or cosmetically important surgical wounds is often a difficult problem. The utilization of contiguous island flaps--the double V to Y technique--is evaluated as a primary method of closure. The results obtained with this technique were of high cosmetic quality in all areas of the body in which surgery was performed. Use of the technique avoids tissue distortion, cosmetic defects, grafting, and later reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "Closure of surgical wounds using contiguous island flaps (double V to Y procedure). Closure of large or cosmetically important surgical wounds is often a difficult problem. The utilization of contiguous island flaps--the double V to Y technique--is evaluated as a primary method of closure. The results obtained with this technique were of high cosmetic quality in all areas of the body in which surgery was performed. Use of the technique avoids tissue distortion, cosmetic defects, grafting, and later reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 539761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8014", "title": "A simplified technique for obliteration of glabellar frown lines.", "content": "A simple and effective method of smoothing glabellar depressions and frown lines is described. Filling the area beneath the frown line or depression with fibromuscular tissue is combined with light, superficial epidermal abrasion and redirection with temporary paralysis of corrugator function, using small and inconspicuous incisions in hidden areas.", "contents": "A simplified technique for obliteration of glabellar frown lines. A simple and effective method of smoothing glabellar depressions and frown lines is described. Filling the area beneath the frown line or depression with fibromuscular tissue is combined with light, superficial epidermal abrasion and redirection with temporary paralysis of corrugator function, using small and inconspicuous incisions in hidden areas.", "PMID": 539763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8015", "title": "Flexible implant arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers.", "content": "The use of an intramedullary stemmed flexible (silicone) hinge in reconstruction of the proximal interphalangeal joint has allowed us to obtain more predictable, durable, and reproducible results. The indications, surgical technique, and postoperative rehabilitation of this technique vary with each type of deformity presented and must be carefully followed. Adequate reconstruction of the extensor mechanism and the collateral ligament system, and appropriate postoperative rehabilitation are essential to obtain good balance of the digit, with functional mobility and stability of the reconstructed proximal interphalangeal joint.", "contents": "Flexible implant arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The use of an intramedullary stemmed flexible (silicone) hinge in reconstruction of the proximal interphalangeal joint has allowed us to obtain more predictable, durable, and reproducible results. The indications, surgical technique, and postoperative rehabilitation of this technique vary with each type of deformity presented and must be carefully followed. Adequate reconstruction of the extensor mechanism and the collateral ligament system, and appropriate postoperative rehabilitation are essential to obtain good balance of the digit, with functional mobility and stability of the reconstructed proximal interphalangeal joint.", "PMID": 539764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8016", "title": "Cutaneous lymphoma masquerading as granuloma faciale.", "content": "Granuloma faciale is a presumably benign disorder of the skin--usually of the face--characterized by a dense, polymorphous, inflammatory infiltrate including numerous eosinophils, separated from the epidermis by a clear or \"grenz\" zone, and possessing a small vessel, leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Primary malignant lymphoma of the skin, other than mycosis fungoides, is an unusual entity that may follow a widely variable course and is often extremely difficult to diagnose definitively. A patient is presented in whom a lesion consistent with granuloma faciale changed its histological appearance and clinical behavior into that of a malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Cutaneous lymphoma masquerading as granuloma faciale. Granuloma faciale is a presumably benign disorder of the skin--usually of the face--characterized by a dense, polymorphous, inflammatory infiltrate including numerous eosinophils, separated from the epidermis by a clear or \"grenz\" zone, and possessing a small vessel, leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Primary malignant lymphoma of the skin, other than mycosis fungoides, is an unusual entity that may follow a widely variable course and is often extremely difficult to diagnose definitively. A patient is presented in whom a lesion consistent with granuloma faciale changed its histological appearance and clinical behavior into that of a malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 539766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8017", "title": "Lymphomatoid papulosis: a proposed treatment plan.", "content": "An example is presented of the chronic, nonhealing ulceration that may be present with lymphomatoid papulosis. A treatment plan is outlined, and the importance of long-term follow-up for signs of disseminated malignancy is emphasized.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid papulosis: a proposed treatment plan. An example is presented of the chronic, nonhealing ulceration that may be present with lymphomatoid papulosis. A treatment plan is outlined, and the importance of long-term follow-up for signs of disseminated malignancy is emphasized.", "PMID": 539767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8018", "title": "Transient total blindness during cosmetic blepharoplasty: case report and discussion.", "content": "A case of transient total blindness during a cosmetic blepharoplasty is presented and the factors that might have contributed to produce this complication are emphasized. A brief review of the literature is given, followed by the current thought regarding diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this catastrophic complication.", "contents": "Transient total blindness during cosmetic blepharoplasty: case report and discussion. A case of transient total blindness during a cosmetic blepharoplasty is presented and the factors that might have contributed to produce this complication are emphasized. A brief review of the literature is given, followed by the current thought regarding diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this catastrophic complication.", "PMID": 539768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8019", "title": "Leprechaunism.", "content": "Leprechaunism is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology. As only 9 conclusive examples of the syndrome have been reported, it seems useful to add the present case to the literature. This congenital deformity produces a small, grossly hirsute, grotesque infant who usually fails to thrive and survives only a matter of months.", "contents": "Leprechaunism. Leprechaunism is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology. As only 9 conclusive examples of the syndrome have been reported, it seems useful to add the present case to the literature. This congenital deformity produces a small, grossly hirsute, grotesque infant who usually fails to thrive and survives only a matter of months.", "PMID": 539769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8020", "title": "[Drug metabolizing activity in birds: compared activity of liver and duodenum in four species (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug-metabolizing activity of liver and small intestine (duodenum) was examined in birds (A. rufa, P. perdix, Ph. colchicus, G. gallus) with 4 substrates (aniline, aldrin, p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine). In order of decreasing hepatic activity: P. perdix greater than Ph. colchicus greater than A. rufa greater than G. gallus. For all species, intestinal activity is higher than in rodents, especially with aldrin as substrate.", "contents": "[Drug metabolizing activity in birds: compared activity of liver and duodenum in four species (author's transl)]. Drug-metabolizing activity of liver and small intestine (duodenum) was examined in birds (A. rufa, P. perdix, Ph. colchicus, G. gallus) with 4 substrates (aniline, aldrin, p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine). In order of decreasing hepatic activity: P. perdix greater than Ph. colchicus greater than A. rufa greater than G. gallus. For all species, intestinal activity is higher than in rodents, especially with aldrin as substrate.", "PMID": 539771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8021", "title": "A semi-automated method for the determination of iodine in plants.", "content": "A method for the determination of iodine in plants is described. This method involves destruction of organic matter by alkaline incineration and automated spectrophotometric determination of iodide based on the Sandell and Kolthoff's reaction. The mean recovery of 131I was 93.4% (S.D. = 3.19)). For replicate analyses of different plant material, the coefficient of variation is between 3 and 5%.", "contents": "A semi-automated method for the determination of iodine in plants. A method for the determination of iodine in plants is described. This method involves destruction of organic matter by alkaline incineration and automated spectrophotometric determination of iodide based on the Sandell and Kolthoff's reaction. The mean recovery of 131I was 93.4% (S.D. = 3.19)). For replicate analyses of different plant material, the coefficient of variation is between 3 and 5%.", "PMID": 539772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8022", "title": "Evaluation of three rapid tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in bovine milk.", "content": "In order to develop a routine and rapid method for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk, three tests were evaluated with 200 strains isolated from different regions. Tests were performed with colonies isolated from the initial agar plate medium. Clumping factor reations were positive with 93.5% of the strains, beta hemolysin with 76% and protein A with 56% of them. It was found the three tests were never all negative for any particular strain. A scheme for rapid identification is proposed.", "contents": "Evaluation of three rapid tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in bovine milk. In order to develop a routine and rapid method for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk, three tests were evaluated with 200 strains isolated from different regions. Tests were performed with colonies isolated from the initial agar plate medium. Clumping factor reations were positive with 93.5% of the strains, beta hemolysin with 76% and protein A with 56% of them. It was found the three tests were never all negative for any particular strain. A scheme for rapid identification is proposed.", "PMID": 539773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8023", "title": "Furunculosis of salmonids: vaccination attempts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by formalin-killed germs.", "content": "Two immunization trials were performed in rainbow trout, using a formalin killed Aeromonas salmonicida suspension. In the first experiment, 200 g fish were administered orally or intraperitoneally. Circulating antibodies were elicited in injected animals only, but no protection was found when they were challenged with a highly virulent strain. Rough and smooth bacteria have provided similar agglutinins titers. In the second study, fingerlings were vaccinated by injection, but experimental disease was reproduced through IP or IM inoculations. Protection was effective in the second case. In the IP injected group the mortality was the same in vaccinated fish and controls, and carriers were detected among survivors 3 months later. The surprising fact is that serum agglutinins did not always provide a protection. This last one depends on different factors such as pathogenicity of strains and route of penetration of the challenge bacteria. So, experimental challenge has to be improved.", "contents": "Furunculosis of salmonids: vaccination attempts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by formalin-killed germs. Two immunization trials were performed in rainbow trout, using a formalin killed Aeromonas salmonicida suspension. In the first experiment, 200 g fish were administered orally or intraperitoneally. Circulating antibodies were elicited in injected animals only, but no protection was found when they were challenged with a highly virulent strain. Rough and smooth bacteria have provided similar agglutinins titers. In the second study, fingerlings were vaccinated by injection, but experimental disease was reproduced through IP or IM inoculations. Protection was effective in the second case. In the IP injected group the mortality was the same in vaccinated fish and controls, and carriers were detected among survivors 3 months later. The surprising fact is that serum agglutinins did not always provide a protection. This last one depends on different factors such as pathogenicity of strains and route of penetration of the challenge bacteria. So, experimental challenge has to be improved.", "PMID": 539775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8024", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a commercial vaccine against chlamydial abortion of ewes.", "content": "The immunity of ewes vaccinated prior to breeding with an adjuvant vaccine prepared from yolk sac propagated chlamydiae, was challenged at 70 days of pregnancy by intravenous (IV) or intradermal (ID) inoculation of a suspension of virulent yolk sac propagated chlamydiae. The response to challenge inoculation was followed by recording rectal temperature, CF antibody titer, lambing performance and by chlamydial isolation from vaginal swabs. That vaccine did not protect against IV challenge: 7 of 10 vaccinated ewes, and 7 of 8 controls aborted. When the challenge was given by the ID route, the incidence of abortion was reduced: 4 of 9 vaccinated, and 9 of 9 control ewes aborted, but chlamydiae were isolated from vaginal swabs of 7 of the 9 vaccinated ewes.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a commercial vaccine against chlamydial abortion of ewes. The immunity of ewes vaccinated prior to breeding with an adjuvant vaccine prepared from yolk sac propagated chlamydiae, was challenged at 70 days of pregnancy by intravenous (IV) or intradermal (ID) inoculation of a suspension of virulent yolk sac propagated chlamydiae. The response to challenge inoculation was followed by recording rectal temperature, CF antibody titer, lambing performance and by chlamydial isolation from vaginal swabs. That vaccine did not protect against IV challenge: 7 of 10 vaccinated ewes, and 7 of 8 controls aborted. When the challenge was given by the ID route, the incidence of abortion was reduced: 4 of 9 vaccinated, and 9 of 9 control ewes aborted, but chlamydiae were isolated from vaginal swabs of 7 of the 9 vaccinated ewes.", "PMID": 539776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8025", "title": "The emergence and treatment kinetic of cobalt deficiency in the sheep.", "content": "The emergence and treatment kinetic of the vitamin B12 deficiency was studied in 4 adult male Texel sheep bearing rumen fistulas. A natural meadow-grass, low in cobalt (0.04 mg/g of dry matter) was distributed freely to the animals. After the emergence of the vitamin B12 deficiency, the animals received every day a 10 ml solution containing 0.5 mg of cobalt in the rumen. The ingestion of a cobalt-deficient hay provoked a great decrease in the synthesis of vitamin B12 during the first week. The serum content decreases more slowly, the deficiency threshold being reached after 7 weeks. A serious deficiency is apparent 10 weeks after the deficient diet was first distributed. The treatment applied to the animals has a rapid and spectacular effect. The synthesis returns to normal 72 hours after the start of intraruminal cobalt infusions. The animals are no longer deficient after 24 to 28 hours of treatment.", "contents": "The emergence and treatment kinetic of cobalt deficiency in the sheep. The emergence and treatment kinetic of the vitamin B12 deficiency was studied in 4 adult male Texel sheep bearing rumen fistulas. A natural meadow-grass, low in cobalt (0.04 mg/g of dry matter) was distributed freely to the animals. After the emergence of the vitamin B12 deficiency, the animals received every day a 10 ml solution containing 0.5 mg of cobalt in the rumen. The ingestion of a cobalt-deficient hay provoked a great decrease in the synthesis of vitamin B12 during the first week. The serum content decreases more slowly, the deficiency threshold being reached after 7 weeks. A serious deficiency is apparent 10 weeks after the deficient diet was first distributed. The treatment applied to the animals has a rapid and spectacular effect. The synthesis returns to normal 72 hours after the start of intraruminal cobalt infusions. The animals are no longer deficient after 24 to 28 hours of treatment.", "PMID": 539778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8026", "title": "Serum antioxidant activity in normal and abnormal subjects.", "content": "Serum oxidant activity (AOA) was correlated with the serum caeruloplasmin and serum copper concentration and with the total and available serum iron-binding capacity in 313 normal and abnormal subjects. In all groups except in patients with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) there was a highly significant direct correlation between serum AOA and serum caeruloplasmin concentration. A statistically significant direct correlation between serum AOA and the available iron-binding capacity of serum was found only in normal subjects and in children with thalassemia major and iron overload. There was no correlation between serum AOA and the serum tocopherol concentration in any of the groups studied.", "contents": "Serum antioxidant activity in normal and abnormal subjects. Serum oxidant activity (AOA) was correlated with the serum caeruloplasmin and serum copper concentration and with the total and available serum iron-binding capacity in 313 normal and abnormal subjects. In all groups except in patients with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) there was a highly significant direct correlation between serum AOA and serum caeruloplasmin concentration. A statistically significant direct correlation between serum AOA and the available iron-binding capacity of serum was found only in normal subjects and in children with thalassemia major and iron overload. There was no correlation between serum AOA and the serum tocopherol concentration in any of the groups studied.", "PMID": 539789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8027", "title": "Long-term studies on immunoreactive human melatonin.", "content": "Immunoreactive melatonin has been studied in normal human volunteers, both men and women, at different times of day and different times of the year. At 2400, but not at 0800 or 1200, there are very large inter-individual variations in mean levels, the maximum difference being fivefold. Intra-individual variations are seen at different times of the year at 2400 and 0800, with low values in spring and autumn and high values in summer and winter.", "contents": "Long-term studies on immunoreactive human melatonin. Immunoreactive melatonin has been studied in normal human volunteers, both men and women, at different times of day and different times of the year. At 2400, but not at 0800 or 1200, there are very large inter-individual variations in mean levels, the maximum difference being fivefold. Intra-individual variations are seen at different times of the year at 2400 and 0800, with low values in spring and autumn and high values in summer and winter.", "PMID": 539790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8028", "title": "Changes in serum creatine kinase isoenzyme activities after surgical procedures and cardioversion.", "content": "Serum activities of creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzymes were monitored before and 16 to 20 hours after a variety of surgical procedures and cardioversion. Changes in total CK and CK MM activities in the surgical patients were consistent with the extent of trauma; changes in these activities in the cardioversion patients were more variable, ranging from -2 to 1829 U/l, and were unrelated to the applied electrical force. CK MB activity was unchanged after cystoscopy but rose moderately in 60% of patients after cholecystectomy, in 43% of patients requiring only implantation of a new pacemaker box, and in 87% of patients after implantation of an entire pacemaker system. No increase exceeded 6U/l. Fifty per cent of patients requiring cardioversion showed rises; the maximum value was 40.9 U/l.", "contents": "Changes in serum creatine kinase isoenzyme activities after surgical procedures and cardioversion. Serum activities of creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzymes were monitored before and 16 to 20 hours after a variety of surgical procedures and cardioversion. Changes in total CK and CK MM activities in the surgical patients were consistent with the extent of trauma; changes in these activities in the cardioversion patients were more variable, ranging from -2 to 1829 U/l, and were unrelated to the applied electrical force. CK MB activity was unchanged after cystoscopy but rose moderately in 60% of patients after cholecystectomy, in 43% of patients requiring only implantation of a new pacemaker box, and in 87% of patients after implantation of an entire pacemaker system. No increase exceeded 6U/l. Fifty per cent of patients requiring cardioversion showed rises; the maximum value was 40.9 U/l.", "PMID": 539791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8029", "title": "Changes in serum succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity in hepatobiliary diseases.", "content": "Serum succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity was elevated in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. The highest activities were seen in acute cholangitis and intrahepatic cholestasis. The change in succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity was closely associated with those in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. In some cases, however, the former was more sensitive than the latter.", "contents": "Changes in serum succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity in hepatobiliary diseases. Serum succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity was elevated in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. The highest activities were seen in acute cholangitis and intrahepatic cholestasis. The change in succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolysing activity was closely associated with those in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. In some cases, however, the former was more sensitive than the latter.", "PMID": 539792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8030", "title": "A simple robust assay for testosterone in male plasma using an 125I-radioligand and a solid-phase separation technique.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for testosterone in male plasma utilising a gamma-emitting radioligand and a solid-phase antiserum is described. The radioligand is testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime coupled to 125I-iodohistamine, and the solid-phase antiserum is prepared by coupling antitestosterone-3-bovine serum albumin to cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The new procedure retains much of the specificity associated with a published, specific radioimmunoassay using an antiserum raised against testosterone-11 alpha-BSA and a tritium radioligand and incorporating a dextra-coated charcoal separation procedure; values obtained by the two procedures are in excellent agreement (r = 0.98, n = 20). The combination of an 125I-radioligand and a solid-phase separation technique greatly increases sample throughput and has the further advantage of reduced running costs and a greater potential for automation. The method gives satisfactory levels of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy.", "contents": "A simple robust assay for testosterone in male plasma using an 125I-radioligand and a solid-phase separation technique. A radioimmunoassay for testosterone in male plasma utilising a gamma-emitting radioligand and a solid-phase antiserum is described. The radioligand is testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime coupled to 125I-iodohistamine, and the solid-phase antiserum is prepared by coupling antitestosterone-3-bovine serum albumin to cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The new procedure retains much of the specificity associated with a published, specific radioimmunoassay using an antiserum raised against testosterone-11 alpha-BSA and a tritium radioligand and incorporating a dextra-coated charcoal separation procedure; values obtained by the two procedures are in excellent agreement (r = 0.98, n = 20). The combination of an 125I-radioligand and a solid-phase separation technique greatly increases sample throughput and has the further advantage of reduced running costs and a greater potential for automation. The method gives satisfactory levels of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy.", "PMID": 539793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8031", "title": "Separation of creatine from arginine in biological fluids by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Creatine in biological fluids was estimated using a modified Sakaguchi procedure. Interference by arginine was eliminated by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Separation of creatine from arginine in biological fluids by thin-layer chromatography. Creatine in biological fluids was estimated using a modified Sakaguchi procedure. Interference by arginine was eliminated by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 539794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8032", "title": "Operating microscope, microsurgical instruments and microsutures.", "content": "A comprehensive knowledge of operating microscope, microsurgical instruments and microsutures is most essential for any beginner in this field. Magnification provided by an operation microscope is higher and variable to suit microsurgical procedures. Although zoom magnification and focussing are preferable for convenience, microscopes with manual controls can be used for clinical and experimental work. A beam splitter and camera equipment are essential accessories. Microsurgical instruments are delicate and expensive and must be bought with discretion and carefully protected. Fine dissecting forceps, needle holder, microscissors, microvascular clamps and clips and fine haemostats are the only essential instruments. Others are optional. Microsutures form the most expensive part of the microsurgical setup. 10-0polyamide suture mounted on a curved round bodied needle of 4 or 5 mm length is adequate for virtually all clinical and experimental microsurgical work.", "contents": "Operating microscope, microsurgical instruments and microsutures. A comprehensive knowledge of operating microscope, microsurgical instruments and microsutures is most essential for any beginner in this field. Magnification provided by an operation microscope is higher and variable to suit microsurgical procedures. Although zoom magnification and focussing are preferable for convenience, microscopes with manual controls can be used for clinical and experimental work. A beam splitter and camera equipment are essential accessories. Microsurgical instruments are delicate and expensive and must be bought with discretion and carefully protected. Fine dissecting forceps, needle holder, microscissors, microvascular clamps and clips and fine haemostats are the only essential instruments. Others are optional. Microsutures form the most expensive part of the microsurgical setup. 10-0polyamide suture mounted on a curved round bodied needle of 4 or 5 mm length is adequate for virtually all clinical and experimental microsurgical work.", "PMID": 539800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8033", "title": "Vein grafts in microvascular surgery.", "content": "The judicious use of vein grafts will lessen the incidence of thrombosis in microvascular surgery and help to overcome problem of vessels loss. Vein grafts are readily available and do not pose any major disadvantages.", "contents": "Vein grafts in microvascular surgery. The judicious use of vein grafts will lessen the incidence of thrombosis in microvascular surgery and help to overcome problem of vessels loss. Vein grafts are readily available and do not pose any major disadvantages.", "PMID": 539801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8034", "title": "Vessels and nerves transfer in reconstructive microsurgery.", "content": "This paper describes the application of re-routing neighbouring vessels and nerves to restore circulation and sensation in cases where there are vessel and nerve loss. The sources of donor vessels and nerves are discussed. Its use in salvaging the degloved and avulsed digits and skin in the hand is established. The extension of this technique in restoring sensation in paraplegic patients is promising.", "contents": "Vessels and nerves transfer in reconstructive microsurgery. This paper describes the application of re-routing neighbouring vessels and nerves to restore circulation and sensation in cases where there are vessel and nerve loss. The sources of donor vessels and nerves are discussed. Its use in salvaging the degloved and avulsed digits and skin in the hand is established. The extension of this technique in restoring sensation in paraplegic patients is promising.", "PMID": 539802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8035", "title": "Experience in replantation surgery in the upper extremity.", "content": "This page reports our experience of 423 digital and hand replantation over the period of 35 months. A classification based on the levels of amputation is suggested. The operative technique and indication of replantation are discussed.", "contents": "Experience in replantation surgery in the upper extremity. This page reports our experience of 423 digital and hand replantation over the period of 35 months. A classification based on the levels of amputation is suggested. The operative technique and indication of replantation are discussed.", "PMID": 539803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8036", "title": "Replantation of digits using microvascular technique.", "content": "This paper reports our experience of replantation of 31 digits. The operative technique and sequence of replantation is described. We have attempted to classify the functional results into three groups: near normal, useful and useless digits.", "contents": "Replantation of digits using microvascular technique. This paper reports our experience of replantation of 31 digits. The operative technique and sequence of replantation is described. We have attempted to classify the functional results into three groups: near normal, useful and useless digits.", "PMID": 539804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8037", "title": "Free transfer of the second toe combined with dorsalis pedis flap using microvascular technique for reconstruction of the thumb and other fingers.", "content": "The blood supply to the dorsum of the feet was studied in 100 cadaver feet specimens. The understanding of anatomical variation of branches of dorsalis pedis artery and its venous system are important in determining the success of the operation for free toe or dorsalis pedis flap transplantation. Three groups of fine branches of arterial system supplying the skin on the dorsum of the feet are classified; the central, the intermediate and the marginal groups. The central group is the dorminant blood supply to the dorsalis pedis skin flap. The first dorsal metatarsal artery which is a main branch of the dorsalis pedis artery remains to be dominant feeding artery to the second toe. From these cadaver specimens, three types of distribution are formulated, but with different percentages of distribution as compared with that of Gilbert's data. Seven consecutive cases of the second toe combined with dorsalis pedis flap transfer using microvascular technique for the reconstruction of thumb and other fingers are reported. The operation is designed to meet the demand of one stage reconstruction of the missing thumb or other fingers which are associated with surrounding soft tissue defects. Preparatory soft tissue repair by skin flap or tube flap is thus obviated.", "contents": "Free transfer of the second toe combined with dorsalis pedis flap using microvascular technique for reconstruction of the thumb and other fingers. The blood supply to the dorsum of the feet was studied in 100 cadaver feet specimens. The understanding of anatomical variation of branches of dorsalis pedis artery and its venous system are important in determining the success of the operation for free toe or dorsalis pedis flap transplantation. Three groups of fine branches of arterial system supplying the skin on the dorsum of the feet are classified; the central, the intermediate and the marginal groups. The central group is the dorminant blood supply to the dorsalis pedis skin flap. The first dorsal metatarsal artery which is a main branch of the dorsalis pedis artery remains to be dominant feeding artery to the second toe. From these cadaver specimens, three types of distribution are formulated, but with different percentages of distribution as compared with that of Gilbert's data. Seven consecutive cases of the second toe combined with dorsalis pedis flap transfer using microvascular technique for the reconstruction of thumb and other fingers are reported. The operation is designed to meet the demand of one stage reconstruction of the missing thumb or other fingers which are associated with surrounding soft tissue defects. Preparatory soft tissue repair by skin flap or tube flap is thus obviated.", "PMID": 539805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8038", "title": "2nd & 3rd toe transplantation to a transmetacarpal amputated hand.", "content": "This paper describes a method of using combined 2nd and 3rd toe transfer as one stage procedure for reconstruction of transmetacarpal amputation of the hand to restore chuck pinch and power grip.", "contents": "2nd & 3rd toe transplantation to a transmetacarpal amputated hand. This paper describes a method of using combined 2nd and 3rd toe transfer as one stage procedure for reconstruction of transmetacarpal amputation of the hand to restore chuck pinch and power grip.", "PMID": 539806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8039", "title": "Early complications in second toe to hand transplantation-the occurrences and preventive measures.", "content": "The operative experience of twenty cases of second toe to hand transplantations was discussed. Although there was only one total failure, there were frequent complications. The factors leading to the high rate of complications (just over 1/3 of cases) were analysed. A treatment scheme, which took into consideration a large number of precautions and preventive measures against early complications was carefully outlined.", "contents": "Early complications in second toe to hand transplantation-the occurrences and preventive measures. The operative experience of twenty cases of second toe to hand transplantations was discussed. Although there was only one total failure, there were frequent complications. The factors leading to the high rate of complications (just over 1/3 of cases) were analysed. A treatment scheme, which took into consideration a large number of precautions and preventive measures against early complications was carefully outlined.", "PMID": 539807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8040", "title": "Microvasular free flap transfer in reconstructive surgery.", "content": "The perfection of micro-suture of small vessels has enabled trnasplantation of various large composite tissues by anastomosing their nutrient vessels directly to suitable vessels in the recipient site. Among them, the so-called free skin flap has many advantages over the conventional flap methods for covering the complicated defects of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In this paper, the author introduces the representative free skin flaps on the basis of his 300 clinical free flap experiences.", "contents": "Microvasular free flap transfer in reconstructive surgery. The perfection of micro-suture of small vessels has enabled trnasplantation of various large composite tissues by anastomosing their nutrient vessels directly to suitable vessels in the recipient site. Among them, the so-called free skin flap has many advantages over the conventional flap methods for covering the complicated defects of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In this paper, the author introduces the representative free skin flaps on the basis of his 300 clinical free flap experiences.", "PMID": 539808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8041", "title": "Free flap transfers for upper extremity reconstruction.", "content": "Ihre clinical cases are presented using different donor sites for free flap transfer to the upper extremity. The advantages and disadvantages of the 3 donor sites namely Iliofemoral, dorsalis pedis and latissimus dorsi are discussed.", "contents": "Free flap transfers for upper extremity reconstruction. Ihre clinical cases are presented using different donor sites for free flap transfer to the upper extremity. The advantages and disadvantages of the 3 donor sites namely Iliofemoral, dorsalis pedis and latissimus dorsi are discussed.", "PMID": 539809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8042", "title": "Latissimus dorsi flap-a practical approach.", "content": "The value of the latissimus dorsi flap in its various modalities is illustrated. The practical aspects of planning, raising, transferring and monitoring the flap are discussed.", "contents": "Latissimus dorsi flap-a practical approach. The value of the latissimus dorsi flap in its various modalities is illustrated. The practical aspects of planning, raising, transferring and monitoring the flap are discussed.", "PMID": 539810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8043", "title": "Free muscle graft as applied to brachial plexus injury-case report and experimental study.", "content": "Active flexion of the elbow was restored in a case with complete brachial plexus injury of ten years' standing, by using free gracilis muscle graft with restoration of its vascular pedicle and the 3rd and 4th intercostal nerves for reinnervation of the graft. Experimental studies on the anterior tibial muscle of rats showed that the major bulk of the proximal part of the muscle by preservation of neuro-vascular bundle survived and was histologically viable, whereas, the major bulk of the distal part of the muscle replaced as a free graft necrosed and was replaced by fibrosis. A free graft with its intact circulation and neural supply could therefore provide a good proportion of viable muscle bulk for functional restoration in properly selected cases.", "contents": "Free muscle graft as applied to brachial plexus injury-case report and experimental study. Active flexion of the elbow was restored in a case with complete brachial plexus injury of ten years' standing, by using free gracilis muscle graft with restoration of its vascular pedicle and the 3rd and 4th intercostal nerves for reinnervation of the graft. Experimental studies on the anterior tibial muscle of rats showed that the major bulk of the proximal part of the muscle by preservation of neuro-vascular bundle survived and was histologically viable, whereas, the major bulk of the distal part of the muscle replaced as a free graft necrosed and was replaced by fibrosis. A free graft with its intact circulation and neural supply could therefore provide a good proportion of viable muscle bulk for functional restoration in properly selected cases.", "PMID": 539811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8044", "title": "A new method of treatment of congenital tibial pseudoarthrosis using free vascularised fibular graft: a preliminary report.", "content": "This paper reports our experience of using Vascularised Fibular Transfer in Treatment of Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of tibia in 12 cases. Although the preliminary results of bony union are encouraging, the long term results can only be assessed after skeletal maturity.", "contents": "A new method of treatment of congenital tibial pseudoarthrosis using free vascularised fibular graft: a preliminary report. This paper reports our experience of using Vascularised Fibular Transfer in Treatment of Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of tibia in 12 cases. Although the preliminary results of bony union are encouraging, the long term results can only be assessed after skeletal maturity.", "PMID": 539812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8045", "title": "Microlymphatic surgery in management of lymphoedema of the upper limb.", "content": "Microlymphatic surgery is a recent addition to the range of surgical procedures for lymphoedema. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis is the most direct approach to the basic cause of obstructive lymphoedema bypassing the obstruction of the axilla or groin. With increased experience the overall results have improved and, in selective cases, segmental reduction is carried out either at the same operation or at a later date. Microlymphatic surgery in conjunction with segmental reduction of the upper arm is aesthetically and functionally most acceptable. The most significant effect of lymphaticovenous anastomosis in relieving the lymphoedema of the upper limb is over the dorsum of the hand and lower forearm. At least two, or more if possible, lymphaticovenous anastomoses are required for effectiveness of the procedure. Besides subjective and objective improvement in the lymphoedema there is significant reduction in frequency of cellulitis following lymphaticovenous anastomoses. The technique, along with the results and follow-up over 5 years is presented.", "contents": "Microlymphatic surgery in management of lymphoedema of the upper limb. Microlymphatic surgery is a recent addition to the range of surgical procedures for lymphoedema. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis is the most direct approach to the basic cause of obstructive lymphoedema bypassing the obstruction of the axilla or groin. With increased experience the overall results have improved and, in selective cases, segmental reduction is carried out either at the same operation or at a later date. Microlymphatic surgery in conjunction with segmental reduction of the upper arm is aesthetically and functionally most acceptable. The most significant effect of lymphaticovenous anastomosis in relieving the lymphoedema of the upper limb is over the dorsum of the hand and lower forearm. At least two, or more if possible, lymphaticovenous anastomoses are required for effectiveness of the procedure. Besides subjective and objective improvement in the lymphoedema there is significant reduction in frequency of cellulitis following lymphaticovenous anastomoses. The technique, along with the results and follow-up over 5 years is presented.", "PMID": 539813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8046", "title": "Microvascular surgery in maxillo-facial reconstruction.", "content": "The recent advances in microvascular surgery have been applied to maxillo-facial reconstruction in the area of the lower jaw and soft tissue of the face. Five cases are presented, demonstrating some of the techniques and results in patients suffering from congenital, post-traumatic and post-cancer resection deformities.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery in maxillo-facial reconstruction. The recent advances in microvascular surgery have been applied to maxillo-facial reconstruction in the area of the lower jaw and soft tissue of the face. Five cases are presented, demonstrating some of the techniques and results in patients suffering from congenital, post-traumatic and post-cancer resection deformities.", "PMID": 539814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8047", "title": "Extracranial-intracranial microvascular by-pass in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The microanastomosis of a scalp artery to a cortical vessel to augment cerebral blood flow is a significant advance in the treatment of patients with cerebral ischemia due to intracranial arterial obstruction. Results of nearly two thousand cases performed in the world since 1967 show clearly that the operation is excellent in the relief of transient ischemic attacks and in the prevention of iatrogenic stroke. Its place in the long term prevention of strokes is being evaluated. A personal series of 16 patients with 18 microvascular by-passes is reported. The indication, technique and pitfalls of this procedure is illustrated in this local series.", "contents": "Extracranial-intracranial microvascular by-pass in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. The microanastomosis of a scalp artery to a cortical vessel to augment cerebral blood flow is a significant advance in the treatment of patients with cerebral ischemia due to intracranial arterial obstruction. Results of nearly two thousand cases performed in the world since 1967 show clearly that the operation is excellent in the relief of transient ischemic attacks and in the prevention of iatrogenic stroke. Its place in the long term prevention of strokes is being evaluated. A personal series of 16 patients with 18 microvascular by-passes is reported. The indication, technique and pitfalls of this procedure is illustrated in this local series.", "PMID": 539815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8048", "title": "Moulding press injury of the hand.", "content": "This paper reports pattern of hand injuries caused by Moulding Press Machine. A classification of the injuries to provide guideline to the management and prognosis is outlined.", "contents": "Moulding press injury of the hand. This paper reports pattern of hand injuries caused by Moulding Press Machine. A classification of the injuries to provide guideline to the management and prognosis is outlined.", "PMID": 539816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8049", "title": "Biotyping of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human facial skin.", "content": "Biochemical and serological characteristics of 128 strains of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from the facial skin of healthy Japanese volunteers were compared with the three standard strains of the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 6919, 11827, and 11828. Accordingly, the isolated strains of P. acnes were classified into five biotypes (B1 to B5) on the basis of fermentation tests of ribose, erythritol, and sorbitol. Two serotypes were distinguished by the agglutination test. P. acnes belonging to serotype I had galactose as a cell wall sugar, whereas those of serotype II lacked galactose. The strains of serotype I were distributed among all five biotypes (B1 to B5); however, those of serotype II consisted only of one biotype (B2). A term \"sero-biotype\" was introduced to differentiate and carefully classify the isolates. The predominant sero-biotypes differed with the individual and region of the facial skin. In general, strains of sero-biotype IB1, IB3, IB4, and IIB2 were more frequently isolated than those of sero-biotype IB2 and IB5. Thus, for routine assay work, serotyping of P. acnes as based on erythritol and sorbitol fermentation is both practical and applicable.", "contents": "Biotyping of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human facial skin. Biochemical and serological characteristics of 128 strains of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from the facial skin of healthy Japanese volunteers were compared with the three standard strains of the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 6919, 11827, and 11828. Accordingly, the isolated strains of P. acnes were classified into five biotypes (B1 to B5) on the basis of fermentation tests of ribose, erythritol, and sorbitol. Two serotypes were distinguished by the agglutination test. P. acnes belonging to serotype I had galactose as a cell wall sugar, whereas those of serotype II lacked galactose. The strains of serotype I were distributed among all five biotypes (B1 to B5); however, those of serotype II consisted only of one biotype (B2). A term \"sero-biotype\" was introduced to differentiate and carefully classify the isolates. The predominant sero-biotypes differed with the individual and region of the facial skin. In general, strains of sero-biotype IB1, IB3, IB4, and IIB2 were more frequently isolated than those of sero-biotype IB2 and IB5. Thus, for routine assay work, serotyping of P. acnes as based on erythritol and sorbitol fermentation is both practical and applicable.", "PMID": 539817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8050", "title": "Occurrence of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba in aquaria.", "content": "Samples from 24 aquaria were incubated at 28, 37, and 45 degrees C for the isolation of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. Naegleria was the predominant genus (60.9%), whereas Acanthamoeba represented 15.5% of the isolates. No pathogenic N. fowleri was identified, although a high number of strains were closely related to this species. One isolate (Aq/9/1/45D) was compared with an aquarium isolate (PPMFB-6) from Australia. The Belgian isolate was found to be more related to N. fowleri, whereas the Australian isolate was closer to N. gruberi.", "contents": "Occurrence of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba in aquaria. Samples from 24 aquaria were incubated at 28, 37, and 45 degrees C for the isolation of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. Naegleria was the predominant genus (60.9%), whereas Acanthamoeba represented 15.5% of the isolates. No pathogenic N. fowleri was identified, although a high number of strains were closely related to this species. One isolate (Aq/9/1/45D) was compared with an aquarium isolate (PPMFB-6) from Australia. The Belgian isolate was found to be more related to N. fowleri, whereas the Australian isolate was closer to N. gruberi.", "PMID": 539818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8051", "title": "Gas chromatographic analysis of in situ cyclitol utilization by Klebsielleae growing in redwood extracts.", "content": "Gas chromatographic analysis was employed to demonstrate in situ cyclitol utilization in aqueous extracts of redwood by isolates of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and several other genera of gram-negative bacteria. In aqueous redwood extracts, all but one of the Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates tested reached densities exceeding 5.0 x 10(6) cells/ml within 4 days, and all utilized pinitol and sequoyitol. Other enteric bacteria did not utilize cyclitols in this extract. A defined minimal medium, containing the carbohydrates and cyclitols (including myo-inositol) in redwood, was used to determine which carbon sources are preferentially utilized by Klebsielleae and other bacteria. It was found that D-glucose and L-arabinose were consumed by Klebsiella before the three cyclitols were utilized. Pinitol utilization proceeded in more slowly than that of sequoyitol and myo-inositol. Cyclitol utilization in the defined medium was also observed for Yersinia, Erwinia, and Salmonella. Escherichia coli isolates did not utilize cyclitol compounds. The ability to use cyclitols as a sole source of carbon can explain the high cell densities of Klebsielleae in redwood water reservoirs and in redwood lumber.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic analysis of in situ cyclitol utilization by Klebsielleae growing in redwood extracts. Gas chromatographic analysis was employed to demonstrate in situ cyclitol utilization in aqueous extracts of redwood by isolates of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and several other genera of gram-negative bacteria. In aqueous redwood extracts, all but one of the Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates tested reached densities exceeding 5.0 x 10(6) cells/ml within 4 days, and all utilized pinitol and sequoyitol. Other enteric bacteria did not utilize cyclitols in this extract. A defined minimal medium, containing the carbohydrates and cyclitols (including myo-inositol) in redwood, was used to determine which carbon sources are preferentially utilized by Klebsielleae and other bacteria. It was found that D-glucose and L-arabinose were consumed by Klebsiella before the three cyclitols were utilized. Pinitol utilization proceeded in more slowly than that of sequoyitol and myo-inositol. Cyclitol utilization in the defined medium was also observed for Yersinia, Erwinia, and Salmonella. Escherichia coli isolates did not utilize cyclitol compounds. The ability to use cyclitols as a sole source of carbon can explain the high cell densities of Klebsielleae in redwood water reservoirs and in redwood lumber.", "PMID": 539819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8052", "title": "Transformation of mercuric chloride and methylmercury by the rumen microflora.", "content": "The microflora in strained rumen fluid did not methylate or volatilize 203Hg2+ at detectable rates. However, there was an exponential decay in the concentration of added CH3Hg+, which was attributed to demethylation. The major product of demethylation was metallic mercury (Hg0), and it was released as a volatile product from the reaction mixture. Demethylation occurred under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The rate of demethylation was proportional to the concentration of added CH3Hg+-Hg from 0.02 to 100 microgram of Hg per ml. The presence of HgCl2 had almost no inhibitory effect on the rate of cleavage of the carbon-mercury bond of CH2HgCl, but it completely inhibited volatilization of the Hg formed, when the concentration of HgCl2-Hg reached 100 micrograms/ml. Three of 11 species of anaerobic rumen bacteria catalyzed demethylation. These were Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphaera elsdenii. None of the 11 species caused detectable methylation, and only two caused limited volatilization of Hg2+. Three species of bacteria out of 90 fresh aerobic isolates from rumen contents were demethylators: two were identified as Pseudomonas sp., and the third was a Micrococcus sp. Demethylation by the rumen microflora appeared to be carried out by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and, on the basis of Hg2+ sensitivity, probably resulted from the activity of two enzymes, a CH3-Hg+ hydrolase and a Hg2+ reductase.", "contents": "Transformation of mercuric chloride and methylmercury by the rumen microflora. The microflora in strained rumen fluid did not methylate or volatilize 203Hg2+ at detectable rates. However, there was an exponential decay in the concentration of added CH3Hg+, which was attributed to demethylation. The major product of demethylation was metallic mercury (Hg0), and it was released as a volatile product from the reaction mixture. Demethylation occurred under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The rate of demethylation was proportional to the concentration of added CH3Hg+-Hg from 0.02 to 100 microgram of Hg per ml. The presence of HgCl2 had almost no inhibitory effect on the rate of cleavage of the carbon-mercury bond of CH2HgCl, but it completely inhibited volatilization of the Hg formed, when the concentration of HgCl2-Hg reached 100 micrograms/ml. Three of 11 species of anaerobic rumen bacteria catalyzed demethylation. These were Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphaera elsdenii. None of the 11 species caused detectable methylation, and only two caused limited volatilization of Hg2+. Three species of bacteria out of 90 fresh aerobic isolates from rumen contents were demethylators: two were identified as Pseudomonas sp., and the third was a Micrococcus sp. Demethylation by the rumen microflora appeared to be carried out by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and, on the basis of Hg2+ sensitivity, probably resulted from the activity of two enzymes, a CH3-Hg+ hydrolase and a Hg2+ reductase.", "PMID": 539820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8053", "title": "Bacterial flora of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "The aerobic heterotrophic bacterial flora in over 200 individuals from 10 wild populations and 3 laboratory colonies of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata was examined. Internal bacterial densities were inversely proportional to snail size and were higher in stressed and laboratory-reared snails. The numerically predominant bacterial genera in individual snails included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and several members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacteriaceae seldom predominated in laboratory colonies. Our data suggest that Vibrio extorquens and a Pasteurella sp. tend to predominate in high-bacterial-density snails. These snails may be compromised and may harbor opportunistic snail pathogens.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The aerobic heterotrophic bacterial flora in over 200 individuals from 10 wild populations and 3 laboratory colonies of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata was examined. Internal bacterial densities were inversely proportional to snail size and were higher in stressed and laboratory-reared snails. The numerically predominant bacterial genera in individual snails included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and several members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacteriaceae seldom predominated in laboratory colonies. Our data suggest that Vibrio extorquens and a Pasteurella sp. tend to predominate in high-bacterial-density snails. These snails may be compromised and may harbor opportunistic snail pathogens.", "PMID": 539821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8054", "title": "Edwardsiella tarda in freshwater catfish and their environment.", "content": "Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from 47, 88, and 79% of skin, visceral, and dressed-fish samples, respectively. This species was also isolated from 30% of imported dressed fish, 75% of catfish pond water samples, 64% of catfish pond mud samples, and 100% of frogs, turtles, and crayfish from catfish ponds. The incidence of Edwardsiella increased during the summer months, as water temperatures increased. Of several isolation media evaluated, the most effective was selective enrichment in double-strength Salmonella-Shigella broth and subsequent plating on single-strength Samonella-Shigella agar. The significance of the incidence of Edwardsiella in catfish, catfish disease, and public health could not be substantiated.", "contents": "Edwardsiella tarda in freshwater catfish and their environment. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from 47, 88, and 79% of skin, visceral, and dressed-fish samples, respectively. This species was also isolated from 30% of imported dressed fish, 75% of catfish pond water samples, 64% of catfish pond mud samples, and 100% of frogs, turtles, and crayfish from catfish ponds. The incidence of Edwardsiella increased during the summer months, as water temperatures increased. Of several isolation media evaluated, the most effective was selective enrichment in double-strength Salmonella-Shigella broth and subsequent plating on single-strength Samonella-Shigella agar. The significance of the incidence of Edwardsiella in catfish, catfish disease, and public health could not be substantiated.", "PMID": 539822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8055", "title": "Enzyme recruitment allows the biodegradation of recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas citronellolis.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to construct pseudomonad strains capable of the biodegradation of certain recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons via a combination of alkane and citronellol degradative pathways. To promote the metabolism of the recalcitrant hydrocarbon 2,6-dimethyl-2-octene we transferred the OCT plasmid to Pseudomonas citronellolis, a pseudomonad containing the citronellol pathway. This extended the n-alkane substrate range of the organism, but did not permit utilization of the branched hydrocarbon even in the presence of a gratuitous inducer of the OCT plasmid. In a separate approach n-decane-utilizing (Dec+) mutants of P. citronellolis were selected and found to be constitutive for the expression of medium- to long-chain alkane oxidation. The Dec+ mutants were capable of degradation of 2,6-dimethyl-2-octene via the citronellol pathway as shown by (i) conversion of the hydrocarbon to citronellol, determined by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, (ii) induction of geranyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a key enzyme of the citronellol pathway, and (iii) demonstration of beta-decarboxymethylation of the hydrocarbon by whole cells. The Dec+ mutants had also acquired the capacity to metabolize other recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons such as 3,6-dimethyloctane and 2,6-dimethyldecane. These studies demonstrate how enzyme recruitment can provide a pathway for the biodegradation of otherwise recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Enzyme recruitment allows the biodegradation of recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas citronellolis. Experiments were carried out to construct pseudomonad strains capable of the biodegradation of certain recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons via a combination of alkane and citronellol degradative pathways. To promote the metabolism of the recalcitrant hydrocarbon 2,6-dimethyl-2-octene we transferred the OCT plasmid to Pseudomonas citronellolis, a pseudomonad containing the citronellol pathway. This extended the n-alkane substrate range of the organism, but did not permit utilization of the branched hydrocarbon even in the presence of a gratuitous inducer of the OCT plasmid. In a separate approach n-decane-utilizing (Dec+) mutants of P. citronellolis were selected and found to be constitutive for the expression of medium- to long-chain alkane oxidation. The Dec+ mutants were capable of degradation of 2,6-dimethyl-2-octene via the citronellol pathway as shown by (i) conversion of the hydrocarbon to citronellol, determined by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, (ii) induction of geranyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a key enzyme of the citronellol pathway, and (iii) demonstration of beta-decarboxymethylation of the hydrocarbon by whole cells. The Dec+ mutants had also acquired the capacity to metabolize other recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons such as 3,6-dimethyloctane and 2,6-dimethyldecane. These studies demonstrate how enzyme recruitment can provide a pathway for the biodegradation of otherwise recalcitrant branched hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 539823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8056", "title": "Microbial growth on hydrocarbons: terminal branching inhibits biodegradation.", "content": "A variety of octane-utilizing bacteria and fungi were screened for growth on some terminally branched dimethyloctane derivatives to explore the effects of iso- and anteiso-termini on the biodegradability of such hydrocarbons. Of 27 microbial strains tested, only 9 were found to use any of the branched hydrocarbons tested as a sole carbon source, and then only those hydrocarbons containing at least one iso-terminus were susceptible to degradation. Anteiso-or isopropenyl termini prevented biodegradation. None of the hydrocarbonoclastic yeasts tested was able to utilize branched-hydrocarbon growth sustrates. In the case of pseudomonads containing the OCT plasmid, whole-cell oxidation of n-octane was poorly induced by terminally branched dimethyloctanes. In the presence of a gratuitous inducer of the octane-oxidizing enzymes, the iso-branched 2,7-dimethyloctane was slowly oxidized by whole cells, whereas the anteiso-branched 3,6-dimethyloctane was not oxidized at all. This microbial sampling dramatically illustrated the deleterious effect of alkyl branching, especially anteiso-terminal branching, on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Microbial growth on hydrocarbons: terminal branching inhibits biodegradation. A variety of octane-utilizing bacteria and fungi were screened for growth on some terminally branched dimethyloctane derivatives to explore the effects of iso- and anteiso-termini on the biodegradability of such hydrocarbons. Of 27 microbial strains tested, only 9 were found to use any of the branched hydrocarbons tested as a sole carbon source, and then only those hydrocarbons containing at least one iso-terminus were susceptible to degradation. Anteiso-or isopropenyl termini prevented biodegradation. None of the hydrocarbonoclastic yeasts tested was able to utilize branched-hydrocarbon growth sustrates. In the case of pseudomonads containing the OCT plasmid, whole-cell oxidation of n-octane was poorly induced by terminally branched dimethyloctanes. In the presence of a gratuitous inducer of the octane-oxidizing enzymes, the iso-branched 2,7-dimethyloctane was slowly oxidized by whole cells, whereas the anteiso-branched 3,6-dimethyloctane was not oxidized at all. This microbial sampling dramatically illustrated the deleterious effect of alkyl branching, especially anteiso-terminal branching, on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 539824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8057", "title": "Asparaginase production by human clinical isolates of Vibrio succinogenes.", "content": "Three human isolates of Vibrio succinogenes produced asparaginase. Apparent Km's were 87,220, and 320 microM. The rate of glutamine hydrolysis was between 2.8 and 3.5% of the rate of asparagine hydrolysis. Asparaginase production was not induced by ammonium ions, and enzyme yields were lower than those obtained with the rumen strain.", "contents": "Asparaginase production by human clinical isolates of Vibrio succinogenes. Three human isolates of Vibrio succinogenes produced asparaginase. Apparent Km's were 87,220, and 320 microM. The rate of glutamine hydrolysis was between 2.8 and 3.5% of the rate of asparagine hydrolysis. Asparaginase production was not induced by ammonium ions, and enzyme yields were lower than those obtained with the rumen strain.", "PMID": 539825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8058", "title": "Residues of toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat in plant parts and gin waste from a treated cotton field.", "content": "The origin and fate of the gin waste residues of three chemicals--toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat--used frequently in cotton production in California were studied. Residues were determined for foliage and bolls in the live plants, for lint and seed in harvested seed cotton, and for gin waste and its lint and non-lint components, following commercial treatments to the cotton crop. Gin waste residues were followed during five months of open storage to ascertain dissipation rates in a typical waste sample. Relatively high residues of each of the three chemicals persisted at harvest, during storage prior to ginning, and in stored gin waste. The major proportion of gin waste residue was associated with the non-lint components--leaf parts, burrs, stems and other foreign matter. Average stored gin residues in the lint and non-lint components were 13 and 60, 11 and 58, and 5 and 10 ppm for toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat, respectively, during the open storage period.", "contents": "Residues of toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat in plant parts and gin waste from a treated cotton field. The origin and fate of the gin waste residues of three chemicals--toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat--used frequently in cotton production in California were studied. Residues were determined for foliage and bolls in the live plants, for lint and seed in harvested seed cotton, and for gin waste and its lint and non-lint components, following commercial treatments to the cotton crop. Gin waste residues were followed during five months of open storage to ascertain dissipation rates in a typical waste sample. Relatively high residues of each of the three chemicals persisted at harvest, during storage prior to ginning, and in stored gin waste. The major proportion of gin waste residue was associated with the non-lint components--leaf parts, burrs, stems and other foreign matter. Average stored gin residues in the lint and non-lint components were 13 and 60, 11 and 58, and 5 and 10 ppm for toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat, respectively, during the open storage period.", "PMID": 539830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8059", "title": "Exposure of field workers to organophosphorus insecticides: sweet corn and peaches.", "content": "Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels of professional agricultural workers engaged in packing sweet corn and thinning peaches were monitored. Workers with extensive contact with mechanically harvested sweet corn (the corn had been treated one or two days before harvest with a combination of ethyl and methyl parathion) exhibited significant depression of cholinesterase. Gloves, worn by 40% of the workers, provided some protection from absorption of pesticide residues. No significant cholinesterase depression was found in workers thinning peaches which had been previously treated with parathion.", "contents": "Exposure of field workers to organophosphorus insecticides: sweet corn and peaches. Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels of professional agricultural workers engaged in packing sweet corn and thinning peaches were monitored. Workers with extensive contact with mechanically harvested sweet corn (the corn had been treated one or two days before harvest with a combination of ethyl and methyl parathion) exhibited significant depression of cholinesterase. Gloves, worn by 40% of the workers, provided some protection from absorption of pesticide residues. No significant cholinesterase depression was found in workers thinning peaches which had been previously treated with parathion.", "PMID": 539831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8060", "title": "Translocation, distribution, and environmental degradation of hexachlorophene in tomatoes.", "content": "The translocation, distribution, metabolism and environmental degradation of hexachlorophene were investigated in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. beefsteak). All plants were grown under standardized conditions and treated with leaf-applied 14C-ring-labeled hexachlorophene (HCP). Treatment time ranged from 0 to 70 days. Autoradiographic analyses were performed on all plants. Selected plant tissues were extracted and chromatographed, using thin layer (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Hexachlorophene was not translocated from the plant leaves. No metabolites of hexachlorophene was found. A slight, but statistically nonsignificant, amount of HCP was lost from the leaves and the inert controls. At the end of the 70-day treatment, based on TLC and regression analysis of thin layer chromatographic plates, averages of 89.5% and 75.9% of the applied HPC remained unaltered on the treated plants and controls, respectively. This indicated that 10.5% and 24.1%, respectively, of the original HCP had been altered. Differences between the treatments and controls were statistically significant after 28 days of exposure. Further analyses of the above data, using gas chromatographic methods, showed that as many as 14 peaks were found in the treated samples and the controls, including the parent material. Ultraviolet photolysis seemed to be the mechanism responsible for alteration of the hexachlorophene. Three extracted chlorinated compounds have been identified by GC-mass spectral (MS) analysis including 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,5',6,6'-tetrachlorodiphenylmethane, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,5,5',6,6'-pentachlorodiphenylmethane, and 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3',5,5',6,6'-hexachlorodiphenylmethane (parent HCP). Eleven other electrophylic compounds have been found in various treated plant or control extracts. Further analyses will be necessary to verify the identification of the other degradation products.", "contents": "Translocation, distribution, and environmental degradation of hexachlorophene in tomatoes. The translocation, distribution, metabolism and environmental degradation of hexachlorophene were investigated in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. beefsteak). All plants were grown under standardized conditions and treated with leaf-applied 14C-ring-labeled hexachlorophene (HCP). Treatment time ranged from 0 to 70 days. Autoradiographic analyses were performed on all plants. Selected plant tissues were extracted and chromatographed, using thin layer (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Hexachlorophene was not translocated from the plant leaves. No metabolites of hexachlorophene was found. A slight, but statistically nonsignificant, amount of HCP was lost from the leaves and the inert controls. At the end of the 70-day treatment, based on TLC and regression analysis of thin layer chromatographic plates, averages of 89.5% and 75.9% of the applied HPC remained unaltered on the treated plants and controls, respectively. This indicated that 10.5% and 24.1%, respectively, of the original HCP had been altered. Differences between the treatments and controls were statistically significant after 28 days of exposure. Further analyses of the above data, using gas chromatographic methods, showed that as many as 14 peaks were found in the treated samples and the controls, including the parent material. Ultraviolet photolysis seemed to be the mechanism responsible for alteration of the hexachlorophene. Three extracted chlorinated compounds have been identified by GC-mass spectral (MS) analysis including 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,5',6,6'-tetrachlorodiphenylmethane, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,5,5',6,6'-pentachlorodiphenylmethane, and 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3',5,5',6,6'-hexachlorodiphenylmethane (parent HCP). Eleven other electrophylic compounds have been found in various treated plant or control extracts. Further analyses will be necessary to verify the identification of the other degradation products.", "PMID": 539832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8061", "title": "Certain biochemical changes in the trachea, lungs, and heart of squirrels exposed to three principal air pollutants.", "content": "The fate of total lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in the trachea, lungs, and heart of the common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, have been determined after separate exposure to three principal air pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Exposure to all of these gases produced edematous conditions; however, the moisture content of heart muscle was reduced. Carbon monoxide (CO) and NO2 are more toxic to pulmonary lipids than SO2. The lipid of the heart decreased, least effects noted with SO2 treatment. Mechanical properties of the lungs were changed by alteration of the lung lipids causing changes in the surface tension. Changes in protein content were caused by altered membrane permeability. Comparative data on the carbohydrates indicated adverse effects by the pollutants.", "contents": "Certain biochemical changes in the trachea, lungs, and heart of squirrels exposed to three principal air pollutants. The fate of total lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in the trachea, lungs, and heart of the common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, have been determined after separate exposure to three principal air pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Exposure to all of these gases produced edematous conditions; however, the moisture content of heart muscle was reduced. Carbon monoxide (CO) and NO2 are more toxic to pulmonary lipids than SO2. The lipid of the heart decreased, least effects noted with SO2 treatment. Mechanical properties of the lungs were changed by alteration of the lung lipids causing changes in the surface tension. Changes in protein content were caused by altered membrane permeability. Comparative data on the carbohydrates indicated adverse effects by the pollutants.", "PMID": 539833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8062", "title": "Vapor and liquid phase photolysis of the n-butyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.", "content": "The n-butyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the liquid and vapor phase was irradiated in a pyrex reactor for 188 hr by ultraviolet light of 300 nm using an intensity similar to that around 300 nm in the solar spectrum. In both phases, the ester was dechlorinated at the ortho position together with simultaneous reduction and Photo-Fries rearrangement to produce volatile photoproducts. Ether bond cleavage to produce chlorophenols, and a Norrish Type II photoprocess, also occurred. A 79% mass balance was accounted for by volatile chlorinated organic residues. HCL gas was also evolved. The production of Cl was also demonstrated in both vapor and liquid phases. The half time of decomposition was around 13 days. The possible effects of the volatile photoproducts on off-target plants were also noted.", "contents": "Vapor and liquid phase photolysis of the n-butyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The n-butyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the liquid and vapor phase was irradiated in a pyrex reactor for 188 hr by ultraviolet light of 300 nm using an intensity similar to that around 300 nm in the solar spectrum. In both phases, the ester was dechlorinated at the ortho position together with simultaneous reduction and Photo-Fries rearrangement to produce volatile photoproducts. Ether bond cleavage to produce chlorophenols, and a Norrish Type II photoprocess, also occurred. A 79% mass balance was accounted for by volatile chlorinated organic residues. HCL gas was also evolved. The production of Cl was also demonstrated in both vapor and liquid phases. The half time of decomposition was around 13 days. The possible effects of the volatile photoproducts on off-target plants were also noted.", "PMID": 539834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8063", "title": "Viruses and lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Studies on cultured rheumatoid lymphocytes.", "content": "Synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been examined for evidence of a productive infection with retroviruses by electron microscopy, labelling with 3H-uredine, growth in soft agar, and culturing in conditioned medium. No such viruses were detected. In addition, the synovial lymphocytes were activated before fusion and cocultivation with several cell lines which have proved permissive for primate retroviruses. Monitoring these cultures subsequently by reverse transcriptase assay, labelling with 3H-uridine, and membrane immunofluorescence gave no indication that retroviruses were present.", "contents": "Viruses and lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Studies on cultured rheumatoid lymphocytes. Synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been examined for evidence of a productive infection with retroviruses by electron microscopy, labelling with 3H-uredine, growth in soft agar, and culturing in conditioned medium. No such viruses were detected. In addition, the synovial lymphocytes were activated before fusion and cocultivation with several cell lines which have proved permissive for primate retroviruses. Monitoring these cultures subsequently by reverse transcriptase assay, labelling with 3H-uridine, and membrane immunofluorescence gave no indication that retroviruses were present.", "PMID": 539843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8064", "title": "Studies on the frequency and pathogenesis of liver involvement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A systematic prospective survey of 100 outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis revealed that 45 had biochemical evidence of liver disease. In most cases this was due to increases in total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Examination of serum ALP isoenzyme profiles in 50 of the patients showed that the liver isoenzyme was the sole or major component in 44 patients, including many with normal total ALP levels. 18% had raised serum liver ALP together with raised GGT, suggestive of an underlying hepatobiliary lesion. No correlation could be detected between raised serum levels of liver enzymes and the age or sex of the patient, duration or severity of arthritis, and drug or alcohol history. However, there was a significant correlation between raised serum ALP and lacrimal or salivary gland dysfunction. It is suggested that immunological mechanisms may be involved in the development of hepatic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Studies on the frequency and pathogenesis of liver involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic prospective survey of 100 outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis revealed that 45 had biochemical evidence of liver disease. In most cases this was due to increases in total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Examination of serum ALP isoenzyme profiles in 50 of the patients showed that the liver isoenzyme was the sole or major component in 44 patients, including many with normal total ALP levels. 18% had raised serum liver ALP together with raised GGT, suggestive of an underlying hepatobiliary lesion. No correlation could be detected between raised serum levels of liver enzymes and the age or sex of the patient, duration or severity of arthritis, and drug or alcohol history. However, there was a significant correlation between raised serum ALP and lacrimal or salivary gland dysfunction. It is suggested that immunological mechanisms may be involved in the development of hepatic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 539842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8065", "title": "A comparative radiological study of the pubic symphysis in rheumatic disorders.", "content": "Radiological abnormalities are often seen at the pubic symphysis in rheumatic disorders. In a radiological study of 120 patients with rheumatic diseases osteitis pubis with erosive and sclerotic changes was a feature of ankylosing spondylitis. Irregularity and subluxation were not related to osteitis pubis or diagnostic group but were common in females and had a possible association with previous pregnancy.", "contents": "A comparative radiological study of the pubic symphysis in rheumatic disorders. Radiological abnormalities are often seen at the pubic symphysis in rheumatic disorders. In a radiological study of 120 patients with rheumatic diseases osteitis pubis with erosive and sclerotic changes was a feature of ankylosing spondylitis. Irregularity and subluxation were not related to osteitis pubis or diagnostic group but were common in females and had a possible association with previous pregnancy.", "PMID": 539844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8066", "title": "In-vitro reactions of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Various lymphocyte functions and the percentage of different subpopulations have been measured in groups of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, sicca complex, and in normal controls. Several abnormal results were found--in the responses to mitogens, in the antibody-dependent cytotoxic test, and in the percentages of EA rosettes (antibody sensitised chick red cells test) and surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells. In the light of these findings cytotoxicity and lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in further groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients in whom the disease was at different stages. The results showed that the changes in cytotoxic potential occurred in patients with active arthritis. Correlation tests showed significant positive associations between the percentage of SE rosette-forming cells (sheep red cells test) and the mitogenic responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and between the percentage of EA rosette-forming cells and the levels of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. The results are discussed in the light of our understanding of cellular subpopulations in the immune system.", "contents": "In-vitro reactions of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Various lymphocyte functions and the percentage of different subpopulations have been measured in groups of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, sicca complex, and in normal controls. Several abnormal results were found--in the responses to mitogens, in the antibody-dependent cytotoxic test, and in the percentages of EA rosettes (antibody sensitised chick red cells test) and surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells. In the light of these findings cytotoxicity and lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in further groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients in whom the disease was at different stages. The results showed that the changes in cytotoxic potential occurred in patients with active arthritis. Correlation tests showed significant positive associations between the percentage of SE rosette-forming cells (sheep red cells test) and the mitogenic responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and between the percentage of EA rosette-forming cells and the levels of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. The results are discussed in the light of our understanding of cellular subpopulations in the immune system.", "PMID": 539845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8067", "title": "Changes in load bearing in the rheumatoid foot.", "content": "A study of peak force exerted under areas of the foot was made in 27 patients with rheumatoid disease and in 30 normal persons. Patients were found to exert considerably less force under their toes and under the first metatarsal head and more force under the 3 outer metatarsal heads. It was possible to correlate these changes with increasing clinical and radiological severity.", "contents": "Changes in load bearing in the rheumatoid foot. A study of peak force exerted under areas of the foot was made in 27 patients with rheumatoid disease and in 30 normal persons. Patients were found to exert considerably less force under their toes and under the first metatarsal head and more force under the 3 outer metatarsal heads. It was possible to correlate these changes with increasing clinical and radiological severity.", "PMID": 539846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8068", "title": "Liposome-incorporated corticosteroids. II. Therapeutic activity in experimental arthritis.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity of liposomes containing cortisol palmitate was determined in experimental acute arthritis in the rabbit knee by measuring joint temperature and diameter. The therapeutic activity of the liposome preparation was dose-dependent for both these parameters of inflammation. Liposomal corticosteroid therapy was effective also in decreasing the joint temperature of an acute inflammatory 'flare' superimposed on an underlying chronic arthritis. Phosphatidic acid was necessary for expression of full anti-inflammatory activity of the liposome preparation.", "contents": "Liposome-incorporated corticosteroids. II. Therapeutic activity in experimental arthritis. The anti-inflammatory activity of liposomes containing cortisol palmitate was determined in experimental acute arthritis in the rabbit knee by measuring joint temperature and diameter. The therapeutic activity of the liposome preparation was dose-dependent for both these parameters of inflammation. Liposomal corticosteroid therapy was effective also in decreasing the joint temperature of an acute inflammatory 'flare' superimposed on an underlying chronic arthritis. Phosphatidic acid was necessary for expression of full anti-inflammatory activity of the liposome preparation.", "PMID": 539847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8069", "title": "Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania species from Iraq.", "content": "Leishmaniasis in Iraq takes both the visceral and cutaneous forms. The causative organisms are identified according to the electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, 6PGD, PGM and IDH. The 37 visceral stocks investigated fall into two groups which differ only with respect to GPI. The six cutaneous stocks were divided into three groups. Group 3 represents Leishmania major, while groups 4 and 5 refer to L. tropica showing intraspecific variation with regard to 6PGD.", "contents": "Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania species from Iraq. Leishmaniasis in Iraq takes both the visceral and cutaneous forms. The causative organisms are identified according to the electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, 6PGD, PGM and IDH. The 37 visceral stocks investigated fall into two groups which differ only with respect to GPI. The six cutaneous stocks were divided into three groups. Group 3 represents Leishmania major, while groups 4 and 5 refer to L. tropica showing intraspecific variation with regard to 6PGD.", "PMID": 539855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8070", "title": "The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of Lake Sibaya, with a note on other areas of Tongaland (Natal, South Africa).", "content": "The epidemiology of human and bovine schistosomiasis in the Lake Sibaya area of Tongaland, South Africa, an undeveloped rural environment, is discussed. The mean prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection is 72%, but S. mansoni is absent; possible reasons for this are given and the different types of water habitat are shown to play different roles in transmission. Fear of crocodiles and hippopotami is important because villagers are compelled to use for domestic purposes, the smaller, shallower habitats, where Bulinus (Ph.) globosus occurs but not Biomphalaria pfeifferi, rather than the deeper, larger ones where both snails are found. This discontinuous distribution of B. pfeifferi in the deeper sites, due to the high temperatures in spring, is viewed in relation to local climatic conditions. A human population influx, such as would result from the economic development of Tongaland, would cause not only a decline in crocodile and hippopotamus populations, and thus encourage human contact with the deeper waterbodies, but would favour the introduction of S. mansoni into at least some of these habitats. A similar prevalence pattern of human schistosomiasis exists over the remainder of Tongaland and the lowlands of southern and central Mozambique. The mean prevalence of Schistosoma mattheei in Tongaland cattle is 42% and although data are not available a comparable percentage seems likely in Mozambique.", "contents": "The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of Lake Sibaya, with a note on other areas of Tongaland (Natal, South Africa). The epidemiology of human and bovine schistosomiasis in the Lake Sibaya area of Tongaland, South Africa, an undeveloped rural environment, is discussed. The mean prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection is 72%, but S. mansoni is absent; possible reasons for this are given and the different types of water habitat are shown to play different roles in transmission. Fear of crocodiles and hippopotami is important because villagers are compelled to use for domestic purposes, the smaller, shallower habitats, where Bulinus (Ph.) globosus occurs but not Biomphalaria pfeifferi, rather than the deeper, larger ones where both snails are found. This discontinuous distribution of B. pfeifferi in the deeper sites, due to the high temperatures in spring, is viewed in relation to local climatic conditions. A human population influx, such as would result from the economic development of Tongaland, would cause not only a decline in crocodile and hippopotamus populations, and thus encourage human contact with the deeper waterbodies, but would favour the introduction of S. mansoni into at least some of these habitats. A similar prevalence pattern of human schistosomiasis exists over the remainder of Tongaland and the lowlands of southern and central Mozambique. The mean prevalence of Schistosoma mattheei in Tongaland cattle is 42% and although data are not available a comparable percentage seems likely in Mozambique.", "PMID": 539856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8071", "title": "The development of Onchocerca volvulus in two temperate blackfly species, Simulium ornatum Meigen and Simulium lineatum Meigen.", "content": "In view of the promise shown by temperate simuliids for laboratory colonization, the ability of Simulium ornatum and S. lineatum to support the development of Onchocerca volvulus was investigated. An injection technique is described for the introduction of O. volvulus microfilariae from a chimpanzee into female simuliids in the absence of a bloodmeal. RPMI 1640 medium, with penicillin, streptomycin and foetal calf serum, proved satisfactory as an inoculation medium. Third stage larvae were obtained in both S. ornatum and S. lineatum after seven days at 27 degrees C. The rate of development of the parasite in S. ornatum is recorded.", "contents": "The development of Onchocerca volvulus in two temperate blackfly species, Simulium ornatum Meigen and Simulium lineatum Meigen. In view of the promise shown by temperate simuliids for laboratory colonization, the ability of Simulium ornatum and S. lineatum to support the development of Onchocerca volvulus was investigated. An injection technique is described for the introduction of O. volvulus microfilariae from a chimpanzee into female simuliids in the absence of a bloodmeal. RPMI 1640 medium, with penicillin, streptomycin and foetal calf serum, proved satisfactory as an inoculation medium. Third stage larvae were obtained in both S. ornatum and S. lineatum after seven days at 27 degrees C. The rate of development of the parasite in S. ornatum is recorded.", "PMID": 539857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8072", "title": "The abundance of pathogenic African trypanosomes in the salivary secretions of wild Glossina pallidipes.", "content": "Trypanosome infection rates in wild Glossina pallidipes from the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, were determined using salivation and fly dissection methods. Of the 416 flies examined by salivation, one was infected with Trypanosoma brucei, seven with T. congolense, 18 with T. vivax and three with both T. congolense and T. vivax. The fly infected with T. brucei always secreted saliva heavily infected with trypanosomes. Flies infected with T. vivax secreted saliva which contained very few trypanosomes and some of these flies produced negative saliva for several successive days. There was no significant difference between the proportions of male and female flies which were infected with any one species of trypanosome, but there were highly significant differences between the mean numbers of the different species of trypanosome in the saliva.", "contents": "The abundance of pathogenic African trypanosomes in the salivary secretions of wild Glossina pallidipes. Trypanosome infection rates in wild Glossina pallidipes from the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, were determined using salivation and fly dissection methods. Of the 416 flies examined by salivation, one was infected with Trypanosoma brucei, seven with T. congolense, 18 with T. vivax and three with both T. congolense and T. vivax. The fly infected with T. brucei always secreted saliva heavily infected with trypanosomes. Flies infected with T. vivax secreted saliva which contained very few trypanosomes and some of these flies produced negative saliva for several successive days. There was no significant difference between the proportions of male and female flies which were infected with any one species of trypanosome, but there were highly significant differences between the mean numbers of the different species of trypanosome in the saliva.", "PMID": 539858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8073", "title": "Differentiation between species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from 500 female Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis in n-hexane and the extracts examined by gas chromatographic analysis using a glass column packed with 3% OV-1 on a 100-200 mesh Gas Chrom Q which was maintained at 225 degrees C. Cuticular hydrocarbons consisted mostly of unbranched paraffins. There were differences between the distribution of compounds with 25-29 carbons. After adjusting the C27 peak to 100%, hydrocarbons C26 and C29 represent heights of 80 and 69% in An. gambiae compared with values of 49 and 95 % in An. arabiensis. Other small but consistent differences were also found. Investigations are being performed on extracts from smaller samples and on other species within the An. gambiae complex.", "contents": "Differentiation between species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. Lipids were extracted from 500 female Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis in n-hexane and the extracts examined by gas chromatographic analysis using a glass column packed with 3% OV-1 on a 100-200 mesh Gas Chrom Q which was maintained at 225 degrees C. Cuticular hydrocarbons consisted mostly of unbranched paraffins. There were differences between the distribution of compounds with 25-29 carbons. After adjusting the C27 peak to 100%, hydrocarbons C26 and C29 represent heights of 80 and 69% in An. gambiae compared with values of 49 and 95 % in An. arabiensis. Other small but consistent differences were also found. Investigations are being performed on extracts from smaller samples and on other species within the An. gambiae complex.", "PMID": 539859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8074", "title": "Polyacrilamide gel electrophoretic pattern of umbilical cord and maternal sera.", "content": "A comparative study was performed of the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of proteins in 100 sera from the umbilical cord and maternal sera after normal pregnancies and deliveries. To simplify this analysis, the electrophoretic pattern was arbitrarily divided into nine regions that were studied according to the number of band frequency and colour intensity. Protein nomination was made with literature data. Total protein concentrations in both sera were determined by colorimetric techniques. The most important data obtained from umbilical cord serum pattern were the following: a greater number of bands in the post albumin, post beta and gamma 1 regions; absence of \"hemopexin\" band or faintly stained if present; abundance of 7s-globulins with lack or scarcity of \"haptoglobin\" bands in gamma 2 region in 100 per cent of gels; and finally, the band closer to the origin (B-lipoprotein) slightly stained. Minimum number of bands was 11, maximum 24. Features of maternal serum were: highly stained \"hemopexin\" in 100 per cent of gels; frequent band absence in gamma 1 region; in gamma 2 region, there are scarce 7s globulins and \"haptoglobins\" are numerous and highly stained; in the middle part of this same region, frequent presence of a band that is more coloured than \"haptoglobins\"; the three last bands close to the origin are always observed showing high staining. Minimum number of bands was 13 and maximum 30. Total protein average concentration was 6.28/g/100 ml in umbilical cord serum and 7.14/g/100 ml in mother serum. Comparison of electrophoretic patterns in 100 paired sera showed that only three were identical. In this paper we discuss some of the possible causes of differences observed between both sera.", "contents": "Polyacrilamide gel electrophoretic pattern of umbilical cord and maternal sera. A comparative study was performed of the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of proteins in 100 sera from the umbilical cord and maternal sera after normal pregnancies and deliveries. To simplify this analysis, the electrophoretic pattern was arbitrarily divided into nine regions that were studied according to the number of band frequency and colour intensity. Protein nomination was made with literature data. Total protein concentrations in both sera were determined by colorimetric techniques. The most important data obtained from umbilical cord serum pattern were the following: a greater number of bands in the post albumin, post beta and gamma 1 regions; absence of \"hemopexin\" band or faintly stained if present; abundance of 7s-globulins with lack or scarcity of \"haptoglobin\" bands in gamma 2 region in 100 per cent of gels; and finally, the band closer to the origin (B-lipoprotein) slightly stained. Minimum number of bands was 11, maximum 24. Features of maternal serum were: highly stained \"hemopexin\" in 100 per cent of gels; frequent band absence in gamma 1 region; in gamma 2 region, there are scarce 7s globulins and \"haptoglobins\" are numerous and highly stained; in the middle part of this same region, frequent presence of a band that is more coloured than \"haptoglobins\"; the three last bands close to the origin are always observed showing high staining. Minimum number of bands was 13 and maximum 30. Total protein average concentration was 6.28/g/100 ml in umbilical cord serum and 7.14/g/100 ml in mother serum. Comparison of electrophoretic patterns in 100 paired sera showed that only three were identical. In this paper we discuss some of the possible causes of differences observed between both sera.", "PMID": 539861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8075", "title": "Hemolytic anemia caused by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "Results are reported concerning quantitation of glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme activity where in one of the members of a family a clinical diagnosis of acute hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency had been established. In the propositus, G6PD levels were found to be less than 10 per cent thus confirming diagnosis; the same enzymatic deficiency was identified in one of the siblings without a history of hematologic pathology and in a maternal cousin with a history of neonatal jaundice as well as two obliged carriers. Electrophoretical enzyme phenotype was similar to A variant in three affected males. Advantages of prevention and medical care possible with early diagnosis of G6PD deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemia caused by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Results are reported concerning quantitation of glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme activity where in one of the members of a family a clinical diagnosis of acute hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency had been established. In the propositus, G6PD levels were found to be less than 10 per cent thus confirming diagnosis; the same enzymatic deficiency was identified in one of the siblings without a history of hematologic pathology and in a maternal cousin with a history of neonatal jaundice as well as two obliged carriers. Electrophoretical enzyme phenotype was similar to A variant in three affected males. Advantages of prevention and medical care possible with early diagnosis of G6PD deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 539862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8076", "title": "Radiosensitivity of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells.", "content": "Radiosensitivity of L5178/ murine lymphoma was studied in vivo by means of Co60 pump radiations. The dosage necessary to inactivate these cells was from 5,000 to 6,000 rads applied in an only dose. Doses under 2,000 to 4,000 rads only achieved partial inactivation, proportional to dosage applied. 100 to 1600 rad doses did not produce adverse effects on these cells. Lethal dose for carrier mice was from 800 to 1200 rads applied in one dose only or a total of over 600 rads applied in 100 rad daily sessions. High radioresistance of lymphoma did not allow destruction of all neoplastic cells in vivo for, before this occurred carrier mice died.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells. Radiosensitivity of L5178/ murine lymphoma was studied in vivo by means of Co60 pump radiations. The dosage necessary to inactivate these cells was from 5,000 to 6,000 rads applied in an only dose. Doses under 2,000 to 4,000 rads only achieved partial inactivation, proportional to dosage applied. 100 to 1600 rad doses did not produce adverse effects on these cells. Lethal dose for carrier mice was from 800 to 1200 rads applied in one dose only or a total of over 600 rads applied in 100 rad daily sessions. High radioresistance of lymphoma did not allow destruction of all neoplastic cells in vivo for, before this occurred carrier mice died.", "PMID": 539863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8077", "title": "Blood and semen androgen values in a young unmarried population.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay procedure for testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in blood and semen plasma was developed using antisera against both androgens. The method utilized 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml volumes of blood plasma and semen respectively, and satisfies the recognized criteria of reliability. Determinations of T and DHT were performed on 33 healthy male unmarried subjects, aged 21-25 years old, and then compared to the sperm count. The T/DHT blood ratio was 7.8 and the correlation was r = 0.50, P less than 0.01, while the T/DHT semen ratio was 0.42 and the correlation r = 0.55, P less than 0.01. The T/DHT, blood/semen ratio was 10.8. No significant relationship was observed either between blood plasma androgens or semen plasma androgens and sperm concentrations.", "contents": "Blood and semen androgen values in a young unmarried population. A radioimmunoassay procedure for testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in blood and semen plasma was developed using antisera against both androgens. The method utilized 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml volumes of blood plasma and semen respectively, and satisfies the recognized criteria of reliability. Determinations of T and DHT were performed on 33 healthy male unmarried subjects, aged 21-25 years old, and then compared to the sperm count. The T/DHT blood ratio was 7.8 and the correlation was r = 0.50, P less than 0.01, while the T/DHT semen ratio was 0.42 and the correlation r = 0.55, P less than 0.01. The T/DHT, blood/semen ratio was 10.8. No significant relationship was observed either between blood plasma androgens or semen plasma androgens and sperm concentrations.", "PMID": 539864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8078", "title": "Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia cactus.", "content": "Nopal (Opuntia sp.) has been traditionally used by the Mexican population for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this work is to describe effects produced by directly liquified nopal and extracts from this plant in healthy and pancreatectomized rabbits. Preliminary results allow us to conclude that Opuntia streptacantha, Lemaire, has hypoglycemic properties when orally administered, in animals with experimentally induced diabetes as well as in healthy ones with physiologic hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia cactus. Nopal (Opuntia sp.) has been traditionally used by the Mexican population for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this work is to describe effects produced by directly liquified nopal and extracts from this plant in healthy and pancreatectomized rabbits. Preliminary results allow us to conclude that Opuntia streptacantha, Lemaire, has hypoglycemic properties when orally administered, in animals with experimentally induced diabetes as well as in healthy ones with physiologic hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 539865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8079", "title": "Seroepidemiologic studies in Oaxaca, Mexico. II. Survey for arbovirus antibody.", "content": "A serologic survey was conducted in south-western Mexico to obtain information on human experience with arbovirus infections. Sera were collected from two semitropical areas along the Pacific coast of Oaxaca State, two mountain areas above 1,700 meters and the interior valley at 1,500 meters. Of the 610 sera tested for group A antibody, 4.9 per cent were positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test to Venezuelan (VE), 11 per cent to Eastern, and none to Western encephalitis viruses. In neutralization tests the antibody was shown to be probably due to VE virus infections. When sera were screened for group B antibodies in the HI test, 32 per cent were positive with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 19 per cent with Ilh\u00e9us, and 4 per cent with yellow fever viruses. The pattern of reactions suggested that SLE or an antigenically related virus was responsible for the antibody detected. An unusually high rate was found in a mountain area at 2,000 meters: 41 per cent of 113 persons tested were seropositive to SLE. Of 493 sera screened by complement-fixation test, 6 per cent were positive to Nepuyo, 4 per cent to Patois, and 3 per cent to Tlacotalpan viruses.", "contents": "Seroepidemiologic studies in Oaxaca, Mexico. II. Survey for arbovirus antibody. A serologic survey was conducted in south-western Mexico to obtain information on human experience with arbovirus infections. Sera were collected from two semitropical areas along the Pacific coast of Oaxaca State, two mountain areas above 1,700 meters and the interior valley at 1,500 meters. Of the 610 sera tested for group A antibody, 4.9 per cent were positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test to Venezuelan (VE), 11 per cent to Eastern, and none to Western encephalitis viruses. In neutralization tests the antibody was shown to be probably due to VE virus infections. When sera were screened for group B antibodies in the HI test, 32 per cent were positive with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 19 per cent with Ilh\u00e9us, and 4 per cent with yellow fever viruses. The pattern of reactions suggested that SLE or an antigenically related virus was responsible for the antibody detected. An unusually high rate was found in a mountain area at 2,000 meters: 41 per cent of 113 persons tested were seropositive to SLE. Of 493 sera screened by complement-fixation test, 6 per cent were positive to Nepuyo, 4 per cent to Patois, and 3 per cent to Tlacotalpan viruses.", "PMID": 539866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8080", "title": "Amino acid utilization patterns in clostridial taxonomy.", "content": "The polyamide layer technique for the chromatographic separation of dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl amino acids has been adapted to the qualitative analysis of amino acids in media before and after the growth of micro-organisms. The method has been used to study the amino acids metabolized by cultures of proteolytic clostridia growing in a medium consisting of an acid hydrolysate of casein as a source of amino acids and small amounts of yeast extract and trypticase as sources of growth factors. The chromatograms of the media after growth showed which amino acids were used and which new amino acids were produced. Clostridium botulinum type F (proteolytic), C. ghoni, C. mangenoti and C. putrificum were found to reduce proline to 5-aminovaleric acid and to produce 2-aminobutyric acid, properties they shared with C. sporogenes and C. sticklandii. C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale used glycine, lysine, serine, and arginine but in contrast to C. sticklandii they neither reduced proline to 5-aminovaleric acid nor produced 2-aminobutyric acid. Both organisms oxidized phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan to phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and indole acetic acid respectively. C. lituseburense and C. scatologenes used serine, threonine and arginine and produced 2-amino butyric acid and ornithine. C. lentoputrescens, C. limosum and C. malenomenatum resembled C. tetanomorphum by using glutamic acid and tyrosine. The chromatograms always showed the physiological group to which an organism belonged and in some cases were characteristic of the species.", "contents": "Amino acid utilization patterns in clostridial taxonomy. The polyamide layer technique for the chromatographic separation of dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl amino acids has been adapted to the qualitative analysis of amino acids in media before and after the growth of micro-organisms. The method has been used to study the amino acids metabolized by cultures of proteolytic clostridia growing in a medium consisting of an acid hydrolysate of casein as a source of amino acids and small amounts of yeast extract and trypticase as sources of growth factors. The chromatograms of the media after growth showed which amino acids were used and which new amino acids were produced. Clostridium botulinum type F (proteolytic), C. ghoni, C. mangenoti and C. putrificum were found to reduce proline to 5-aminovaleric acid and to produce 2-aminobutyric acid, properties they shared with C. sporogenes and C. sticklandii. C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale used glycine, lysine, serine, and arginine but in contrast to C. sticklandii they neither reduced proline to 5-aminovaleric acid nor produced 2-aminobutyric acid. Both organisms oxidized phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan to phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and indole acetic acid respectively. C. lituseburense and C. scatologenes used serine, threonine and arginine and produced 2-amino butyric acid and ornithine. C. lentoputrescens, C. limosum and C. malenomenatum resembled C. tetanomorphum by using glutamic acid and tyrosine. The chromatograms always showed the physiological group to which an organism belonged and in some cases were characteristic of the species.", "PMID": 539867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8081", "title": "[Eradication of Candida from a premature infant unit].", "content": "To eradicate Candida from a neonatal unit the authors used increasingly strigent protocols of prophylaxis and treatment. Finally all carriers were identified and treated with nystatin. A strict routine for washing hands was introduced. As a result of these measures the cross infection rate within the hospital was very low (3%). The eradication was maintained by constant surveillance (weekly oral and rectal swabs) because of regular reintroduction of Candida by babies who had been infected before transfer to the unit. The other conclusions were that post natal infection is usually due to cross infection and rarely from mother. The gut and perianal skin are important reservoirs of infection. Erythema of the buttocks almost disappeared after the eradication of Candida. Guteal erythema commonly preceded of manifestations of Leiner's disease.", "contents": "[Eradication of Candida from a premature infant unit]. To eradicate Candida from a neonatal unit the authors used increasingly strigent protocols of prophylaxis and treatment. Finally all carriers were identified and treated with nystatin. A strict routine for washing hands was introduced. As a result of these measures the cross infection rate within the hospital was very low (3%). The eradication was maintained by constant surveillance (weekly oral and rectal swabs) because of regular reintroduction of Candida by babies who had been infected before transfer to the unit. The other conclusions were that post natal infection is usually due to cross infection and rarely from mother. The gut and perianal skin are important reservoirs of infection. Erythema of the buttocks almost disappeared after the eradication of Candida. Guteal erythema commonly preceded of manifestations of Leiner's disease.", "PMID": 539869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8082", "title": "[Neonatal purulent pericarditis. Value of echocardiography and surgical drainage].", "content": "Five neonates are described who developed purulent pericarditis during a septicaemia which suggest that this is not a rare complication. The diagnosis is difficult as classical clinical, ECG and radiological signs are usually absent. Rapid enlargement of the cardiac silhouette or just cardiomegaly in the presence of a severe infection are the usual modes of presentation. Echocardiography is the easiest and safest way to confirm the pericardial effusion. Surgical drainage is essential.", "contents": "[Neonatal purulent pericarditis. Value of echocardiography and surgical drainage]. Five neonates are described who developed purulent pericarditis during a septicaemia which suggest that this is not a rare complication. The diagnosis is difficult as classical clinical, ECG and radiological signs are usually absent. Rapid enlargement of the cardiac silhouette or just cardiomegaly in the presence of a severe infection are the usual modes of presentation. Echocardiography is the easiest and safest way to confirm the pericardial effusion. Surgical drainage is essential.", "PMID": 539870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8083", "title": "[Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Study of a series of 8 cases].", "content": "Eight adolescent patients, 4 boys and 4 girls with prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas have been studied. The first symptoms developed between the ages of 8 and 14 years. The main complaints were headache (7 cases), delay or failure of growth (6 cases) or of puberty (3 cases), and amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea (2 cases). The diagnosis could be made easily from the enlarged sella turcica and the high plasma prolactin levels. Anterior pituitary insufficiency is variable. Persistent hyperprolactinaemia after surgery may require treatment with bromocriptine.", "contents": "[Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Study of a series of 8 cases]. Eight adolescent patients, 4 boys and 4 girls with prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas have been studied. The first symptoms developed between the ages of 8 and 14 years. The main complaints were headache (7 cases), delay or failure of growth (6 cases) or of puberty (3 cases), and amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea (2 cases). The diagnosis could be made easily from the enlarged sella turcica and the high plasma prolactin levels. Anterior pituitary insufficiency is variable. Persistent hyperprolactinaemia after surgery may require treatment with bromocriptine.", "PMID": 539871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8084", "title": "[Atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Etiological hypothesis founded on a histological study of 130 fibrous remnants].", "content": "The hypothesis which might explain the congenital absence of extrahepatic bile ducts are reviewed from the study of samples obtained at surgery in 240 children with extrahepatic biliary atresia, and more especially from the pathologic study of 130 fibrous remnants taken as the first step of hepato-porto-enterostomy. This study allows the following pathophysiologic hypothesis: Epithelial damage occurring before birth and always at the same site in the biliary bud that has undergone normal migration and differentiation could be responsible for an atresia. The lesion could be due to abnormal vascularisation with the consequences similar to those observed in other hollow viscera. Below the lesion, bile retention would cause epithelial destruction and an inflammatory infiltrate as in auto-immune reactions. The portal fibrosis which progresses despite restoration of bile flow would be the result of stimulation of growth of the portal mesenchymal axis, which embryologically is only an extension of the fibrous remnant. This hypothesis could explain why it has never been possible to reproduce the condition exactly in animals because all experiments have been performed after birth.", "contents": "[Atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Etiological hypothesis founded on a histological study of 130 fibrous remnants]. The hypothesis which might explain the congenital absence of extrahepatic bile ducts are reviewed from the study of samples obtained at surgery in 240 children with extrahepatic biliary atresia, and more especially from the pathologic study of 130 fibrous remnants taken as the first step of hepato-porto-enterostomy. This study allows the following pathophysiologic hypothesis: Epithelial damage occurring before birth and always at the same site in the biliary bud that has undergone normal migration and differentiation could be responsible for an atresia. The lesion could be due to abnormal vascularisation with the consequences similar to those observed in other hollow viscera. Below the lesion, bile retention would cause epithelial destruction and an inflammatory infiltrate as in auto-immune reactions. The portal fibrosis which progresses despite restoration of bile flow would be the result of stimulation of growth of the portal mesenchymal axis, which embryologically is only an extension of the fibrous remnant. This hypothesis could explain why it has never been possible to reproduce the condition exactly in animals because all experiments have been performed after birth.", "PMID": 539877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8085", "title": "[Normal values of total serum IgE in children from birth to 16 years of age].", "content": "Total serum IgE values were measured by solid phase radio-immunoassay in 250 normal children, 129 females and 121 males, whose ages ranged from birth to 16 years. IgE is not present in cord blood in contrast to the high maternal values but thereafter levels increase in a linear manner (y = 2.28 + 5.43 x, n = 250, r = 0.57, alpha less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the sexes, both for the group as a whole as well as within age groups. There was no circadian variation. The distribution of the values in the age groups was log Gaussian and therefore the upper limit of normal should be defined as the 95% confidence intervals calculated from the log Gaussian distribution.", "contents": "[Normal values of total serum IgE in children from birth to 16 years of age]. Total serum IgE values were measured by solid phase radio-immunoassay in 250 normal children, 129 females and 121 males, whose ages ranged from birth to 16 years. IgE is not present in cord blood in contrast to the high maternal values but thereafter levels increase in a linear manner (y = 2.28 + 5.43 x, n = 250, r = 0.57, alpha less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the sexes, both for the group as a whole as well as within age groups. There was no circadian variation. The distribution of the values in the age groups was log Gaussian and therefore the upper limit of normal should be defined as the 95% confidence intervals calculated from the log Gaussian distribution.", "PMID": 539872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8086", "title": "[Coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins in nephrotic syndromes in children].", "content": "The main coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins have been studied in 22 children with nephrotic syndrome. Some anomalies such as the increase of fibrinogen and of Factors II, V, VII + X concentrations and the decrease of antithrombin III concentration could induce an hypercoagulability. Other anomalies such as the high alpha 2 macroglobulin concentration and the frequently low plasminogen concentrations could induce a decrease of the plasma fibrinolytic activity. The consequences of the low alpha 1 antitrypsin levels are probably less important. The fast alpha 2 antiplasmin levels have been found variable in the different patients. Practically, it appears that most children with plasma albumin levels less than 15-17 g/l have antithrombin III levels less than 23 mg/dl (70% of normal), which appears to result in a high risk of thrombosis (11).", "contents": "[Coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins in nephrotic syndromes in children]. The main coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins have been studied in 22 children with nephrotic syndrome. Some anomalies such as the increase of fibrinogen and of Factors II, V, VII + X concentrations and the decrease of antithrombin III concentration could induce an hypercoagulability. Other anomalies such as the high alpha 2 macroglobulin concentration and the frequently low plasminogen concentrations could induce a decrease of the plasma fibrinolytic activity. The consequences of the low alpha 1 antitrypsin levels are probably less important. The fast alpha 2 antiplasmin levels have been found variable in the different patients. Practically, it appears that most children with plasma albumin levels less than 15-17 g/l have antithrombin III levels less than 23 mg/dl (70% of normal), which appears to result in a high risk of thrombosis (11).", "PMID": 539878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8087", "title": "[Bile plug syndrome. A rare cause of curable cholestatic jaundice in the infant].", "content": "An eight week old baby who presented with a cholestatic jaundice had a bile plug in the ampulla of Vater. The plug was removal via a transduodenal approach. The bile plug syndrome is a rare cause of extrahepatic biliary cholestasis and is different from the inspissated bile syndrome in which the involvement is predominantly hepatocellular.", "contents": "[Bile plug syndrome. A rare cause of curable cholestatic jaundice in the infant]. An eight week old baby who presented with a cholestatic jaundice had a bile plug in the ampulla of Vater. The plug was removal via a transduodenal approach. The bile plug syndrome is a rare cause of extrahepatic biliary cholestasis and is different from the inspissated bile syndrome in which the involvement is predominantly hepatocellular.", "PMID": 539873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8088", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus manifested by thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs].", "content": "The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made in a 9 year old boy who had presented two months earlier with an extensive thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and femoral veins. Haemostatic abnormalities were detected as follows: a moderate thrombocytopenia, increased platelet aggregation and stickiness, and a circulating anticoagulant (antithromboplastin).", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus manifested by thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs]. The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made in a 9 year old boy who had presented two months earlier with an extensive thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and femoral veins. Haemostatic abnormalities were detected as follows: a moderate thrombocytopenia, increased platelet aggregation and stickiness, and a circulating anticoagulant (antithromboplastin).", "PMID": 539874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8089", "title": "[Complement and nephritic activity in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis].", "content": "A study of complement profiles and of \"nephritic activity\" (NeF activity) has been carried out in 33 children presenting with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), in order to determine the pathway of complement activation. By morphological studies two varieties of MPGN have been distinguished. In MPGN with subendothelial deposits, immunofluorescent studies and complement profiles show an activation by the classical pathway. The demonstration of NeF activity in 7 of 20 patients suggests that there is recruitment of the amplification pathway. In MPGN with dense deposits, immunopathological studies indicate an activation of the complement system through the alternate pathway, NeF activity being present in 10 of 13 patients. With the functional tests used, it is not possible to ascertain that the factors responsible for the NeF activity in MPGN with subendothelial deposits are identical to the C3NeF identified in MPGN with dense deposits and/or partial lipodystrophy.", "contents": "[Complement and nephritic activity in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]. A study of complement profiles and of \"nephritic activity\" (NeF activity) has been carried out in 33 children presenting with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), in order to determine the pathway of complement activation. By morphological studies two varieties of MPGN have been distinguished. In MPGN with subendothelial deposits, immunofluorescent studies and complement profiles show an activation by the classical pathway. The demonstration of NeF activity in 7 of 20 patients suggests that there is recruitment of the amplification pathway. In MPGN with dense deposits, immunopathological studies indicate an activation of the complement system through the alternate pathway, NeF activity being present in 10 of 13 patients. With the functional tests used, it is not possible to ascertain that the factors responsible for the NeF activity in MPGN with subendothelial deposits are identical to the C3NeF identified in MPGN with dense deposits and/or partial lipodystrophy.", "PMID": 539879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8090", "title": "[Circulating somatomedin activity and growth hormone secretion. Changes during late diagnosed celiac disease and effects of treatment].", "content": "Sixteen children, aged 5-19 years with late diagnosed coeliac disease who presented with significant growth delay were studied. Plasma somatomedin was decreased in all patients (mean 0.28 +/- 0.1) but the circulating growth hormone levels were normal in 12 patients. No inhibitory activity could be detected. Somatomedin activity was partially corrected in six patients who were re-examined after 3 months on a gluten free diet. This suggests that low somatomedin levels may be the result of the nutritional abnormalities during the active phase of the disease.", "contents": "[Circulating somatomedin activity and growth hormone secretion. Changes during late diagnosed celiac disease and effects of treatment]. Sixteen children, aged 5-19 years with late diagnosed coeliac disease who presented with significant growth delay were studied. Plasma somatomedin was decreased in all patients (mean 0.28 +/- 0.1) but the circulating growth hormone levels were normal in 12 patients. No inhibitory activity could be detected. Somatomedin activity was partially corrected in six patients who were re-examined after 3 months on a gluten free diet. This suggests that low somatomedin levels may be the result of the nutritional abnormalities during the active phase of the disease.", "PMID": 539880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8091", "title": "[\"Transitory\" phenylketonuria. A permanent deficit].", "content": "Three cases are reported with hyperphenylalaninaemia greater than 1.8 micrometer/ml-1 in the neonatal period, becoming tolerant of a normal regime (3 g protein per kg) without plasma levels of phenylalanine exceeding 0.2 to 0.3 micrometer/ml-1. Atypical kinetics (zero order) of phenylalanine clearance after intravenous perfusion were shown in the three cases at the age of one year and the persistence of the disorder was again demonstrated at the age of five years in two cases by the study of an oral load of phenylalanine. Examination of the parents showed normal fasting levels of phenylalanine and a normal phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. The observations draw together several previous publications from diverse authors and a new defined entity, \"transitory\" phenylketonuria, is proposed. It does not always appear to be a homogenous condition, as a partial defect in biopterin synthesis has been shown in the one case. In retrospect no anomaly of this kind was discovered in the other two cases where the mechanism was not elucidated.", "contents": "[\"Transitory\" phenylketonuria. A permanent deficit]. Three cases are reported with hyperphenylalaninaemia greater than 1.8 micrometer/ml-1 in the neonatal period, becoming tolerant of a normal regime (3 g protein per kg) without plasma levels of phenylalanine exceeding 0.2 to 0.3 micrometer/ml-1. Atypical kinetics (zero order) of phenylalanine clearance after intravenous perfusion were shown in the three cases at the age of one year and the persistence of the disorder was again demonstrated at the age of five years in two cases by the study of an oral load of phenylalanine. Examination of the parents showed normal fasting levels of phenylalanine and a normal phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. The observations draw together several previous publications from diverse authors and a new defined entity, \"transitory\" phenylketonuria, is proposed. It does not always appear to be a homogenous condition, as a partial defect in biopterin synthesis has been shown in the one case. In retrospect no anomaly of this kind was discovered in the other two cases where the mechanism was not elucidated.", "PMID": 539882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8092", "title": "Histological and cytological studies on the liquor contacting peptidergic neurons in the preoptic nucleus of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica).", "content": "Liquor contacting peptidergic neurons (LCPNs) in the preoptic nucleus of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), are investigated submacroscopically, light microscopically, electron microscopically (transmission and scanning) and histochemically. LCPNs appear in 8--13 per cent of all neurons constituting the preoptic nucleus and their cytoplasm contains many secretory granules stained by aldehyde-thionin or chrome hematoxylin. LCPNs have an epithelial cell-like polarity and their cytoplasmic organella shift to the supranuclear region. LCPNs are classified into three types (A, B, C) according to the liquor contacting portion of the cell: Granular type A neuron (40--50 x 40--50 microns 2), the cell of which is in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is the most common type and distributed in the ventral portion of the preoptic nucleus; this neuron is not connected with the neighboring ependymal cells by tight junctions. Bipolar type B neuron (60 x 30 micron 2), contacts the CSF with the tip of it cell process and is scattered throughout the preoptic nucleus; the cell is connected with the surrounding ependymal cells by tight junction. Bipolar type C neuron (60 x 30 micron 2) possesses a cell process protruded into the third ventricle and is distributed in the dorsal portion of the preoptic nucleus; this also is connected with the adjacent ependymal cells by tight junction. Regardless of type, all LCPNs exhibit a positive acetylcholinesterase and a negative ATPase reaction. Numerous fluorescent varicosities of monoaminergic nerve terminals are closely associated with the cell bodies of the LCPN. LCPNs are likely regulated by monoaminergic fibers.", "contents": "Histological and cytological studies on the liquor contacting peptidergic neurons in the preoptic nucleus of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Liquor contacting peptidergic neurons (LCPNs) in the preoptic nucleus of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), are investigated submacroscopically, light microscopically, electron microscopically (transmission and scanning) and histochemically. LCPNs appear in 8--13 per cent of all neurons constituting the preoptic nucleus and their cytoplasm contains many secretory granules stained by aldehyde-thionin or chrome hematoxylin. LCPNs have an epithelial cell-like polarity and their cytoplasmic organella shift to the supranuclear region. LCPNs are classified into three types (A, B, C) according to the liquor contacting portion of the cell: Granular type A neuron (40--50 x 40--50 microns 2), the cell of which is in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is the most common type and distributed in the ventral portion of the preoptic nucleus; this neuron is not connected with the neighboring ependymal cells by tight junctions. Bipolar type B neuron (60 x 30 micron 2), contacts the CSF with the tip of it cell process and is scattered throughout the preoptic nucleus; the cell is connected with the surrounding ependymal cells by tight junction. Bipolar type C neuron (60 x 30 micron 2) possesses a cell process protruded into the third ventricle and is distributed in the dorsal portion of the preoptic nucleus; this also is connected with the adjacent ependymal cells by tight junction. Regardless of type, all LCPNs exhibit a positive acetylcholinesterase and a negative ATPase reaction. Numerous fluorescent varicosities of monoaminergic nerve terminals are closely associated with the cell bodies of the LCPN. LCPNs are likely regulated by monoaminergic fibers.", "PMID": 539883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8093", "title": "Morphological and morphometric studies with the electron microscope on the Merkel cells and associated nerve terminals of normal and denervated skin.", "content": "Merkel cells and associated nerve endings of dog snout skin as well as foot and toe pads of rats were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Normal Merkel cells are characterized by the following morphological features: 1) localization restricted to the basal layer of the epidermis, 2) adjoining afferent nerve endings containing many mitochondria, 3) specific small round granules usually accumulated in the cytoplasm on one side of the nucleus facing the junction of the nerve ending, 4) highly lobulated irregular shape of the nucleus, 5) well developed Golgi apparatus with a few immature granules situated on the side of the nucleus opposite the junction at the ending, 6) spine-like processes extending from the cell surface where no nerve endings abut, 7) desmosomes and desmosome-like membrane thickening on the cell surface both abutting the surrounding keratinocytes and the nerve endings. The Merkel cells with nerve endings were observed and measured at various days after denervation. The experiments were carried out on rats whose sciatic nerves were transected. The samples of skin of foot and toe pads of the denervated legs were taken almost every day from 1 to 30 days. Almost no changes were noticed after 24 hrs, but within the next day the nerves retracted and were no longer observed in the epidermis. The Merkel cell granules increased in number in 1--3 days but decreased again to about a half of the value of the control at 30 days. The polarity of granules distribution showing a strong accumulation in the cytoplasm near the nerve ending became less marked after denervation. Some cells sustained severe degeneration in the later stage of experiment. It was remarkable that the activity of Merkel cells might depend on the associated nerves, but they never completely disappeared even after a long period of denervation.", "contents": "Morphological and morphometric studies with the electron microscope on the Merkel cells and associated nerve terminals of normal and denervated skin. Merkel cells and associated nerve endings of dog snout skin as well as foot and toe pads of rats were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Normal Merkel cells are characterized by the following morphological features: 1) localization restricted to the basal layer of the epidermis, 2) adjoining afferent nerve endings containing many mitochondria, 3) specific small round granules usually accumulated in the cytoplasm on one side of the nucleus facing the junction of the nerve ending, 4) highly lobulated irregular shape of the nucleus, 5) well developed Golgi apparatus with a few immature granules situated on the side of the nucleus opposite the junction at the ending, 6) spine-like processes extending from the cell surface where no nerve endings abut, 7) desmosomes and desmosome-like membrane thickening on the cell surface both abutting the surrounding keratinocytes and the nerve endings. The Merkel cells with nerve endings were observed and measured at various days after denervation. The experiments were carried out on rats whose sciatic nerves were transected. The samples of skin of foot and toe pads of the denervated legs were taken almost every day from 1 to 30 days. Almost no changes were noticed after 24 hrs, but within the next day the nerves retracted and were no longer observed in the epidermis. The Merkel cell granules increased in number in 1--3 days but decreased again to about a half of the value of the control at 30 days. The polarity of granules distribution showing a strong accumulation in the cytoplasm near the nerve ending became less marked after denervation. Some cells sustained severe degeneration in the later stage of experiment. It was remarkable that the activity of Merkel cells might depend on the associated nerves, but they never completely disappeared even after a long period of denervation.", "PMID": 539884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8094", "title": "Surface view of pericytes on the retinal capillary in rabbits revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Retinal capillaries of the rabbit were treated with HCl and collagenase to visualize the pericytes attached to the stromal surface of the capillary walls under the scanning electron microscope. Two types of pericytes were distinguishable on the basis of shape and localization. One type (Type I) had a slightly bulged, fusiform cell body with a few, long, branching cytoplasmic processes, and these cells were scattered mainly in the region of the true capillary. The other type (Type II) possessed a rather flattened and polymorphic cell body from which radiated short irregular cytoplasmic processes, and these cells, which tended to overlap more or less, were present predominantly in the region of the pre- or postcapillary vessels in the capillary bed. The latter type cells were assumed to be precursors of the smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Surface view of pericytes on the retinal capillary in rabbits revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Retinal capillaries of the rabbit were treated with HCl and collagenase to visualize the pericytes attached to the stromal surface of the capillary walls under the scanning electron microscope. Two types of pericytes were distinguishable on the basis of shape and localization. One type (Type I) had a slightly bulged, fusiform cell body with a few, long, branching cytoplasmic processes, and these cells were scattered mainly in the region of the true capillary. The other type (Type II) possessed a rather flattened and polymorphic cell body from which radiated short irregular cytoplasmic processes, and these cells, which tended to overlap more or less, were present predominantly in the region of the pre- or postcapillary vessels in the capillary bed. The latter type cells were assumed to be precursors of the smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 539885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8095", "title": "Histological observation of some of the endocrine glands in the sterile carp-funa hybrid (F1), with special reference to the hypophysis.", "content": "Some endocrine glands of the carp-funa hybrids were studied with a light microscope to elucidate their detailed structure and the possible causal factor of sterility in the males. Adult specimens of carp (Cyprinus carpio), gengoroh-buna (Carassius auratus cuvieri), and their hybrid (F1) were examined. The hybrid males are sterile as manifested by the failure of meiosis and seminomatous neoplasm in their testes. The hybrid females revealed well-developed ovaries, but their fertility was not tested. The hybrid hypophysis shows an intermediate condition between the parent species in the grade of ramification of the pars nervosa into the pars intermedia. Among seven types of granular cells demonstrated in the adenohypophysis, certain degenerative and anomalous changes are recognized only in the gonadotrophs of the hybrid hypophysis, especially in the female. These changes are discussed as a possible cause of sterility. A considerable amount of aldehyde fuchsin stainable neurosecretory material occurs in the cells of the nucleus preopticus and in the pars nervosa. The nucleus lateralis tuberis exhibits a histologically healthy condition.", "contents": "Histological observation of some of the endocrine glands in the sterile carp-funa hybrid (F1), with special reference to the hypophysis. Some endocrine glands of the carp-funa hybrids were studied with a light microscope to elucidate their detailed structure and the possible causal factor of sterility in the males. Adult specimens of carp (Cyprinus carpio), gengoroh-buna (Carassius auratus cuvieri), and their hybrid (F1) were examined. The hybrid males are sterile as manifested by the failure of meiosis and seminomatous neoplasm in their testes. The hybrid females revealed well-developed ovaries, but their fertility was not tested. The hybrid hypophysis shows an intermediate condition between the parent species in the grade of ramification of the pars nervosa into the pars intermedia. Among seven types of granular cells demonstrated in the adenohypophysis, certain degenerative and anomalous changes are recognized only in the gonadotrophs of the hybrid hypophysis, especially in the female. These changes are discussed as a possible cause of sterility. A considerable amount of aldehyde fuchsin stainable neurosecretory material occurs in the cells of the nucleus preopticus and in the pars nervosa. The nucleus lateralis tuberis exhibits a histologically healthy condition.", "PMID": 539886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8096", "title": "Fine structural localization of endogeneous peroxidase in the endostyle of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis. A part of phylogenetic studies of the thyroid gland.", "content": "The fine structural localization of peroxidase activity in the endostyle of Ciona intestinalis was studied by cytochemistry at electron microscopic level. Only zone 7 cells in this organ are positive for this enzyme activity. The reaction product is recognized in the external surface of the apical plasma membrane, and in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, of the nuclear envelope, and of the Golgi lamellae, and small vesicles of the Golgi region and of the apical cytoplasm. By electron microscopic autoradiography of 125I, the main site of iodination of thyroglobulin-like protein is considered to be the apical plasma membrane region of the zone 7 cells. The possibility of iodination of protein taking place within the endostylar lumen near the zone 7 cell cannot be ruled out. The relationship between the fine-structural localization of peroxidase activity and the site of iodination of protein is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structural localization of endogeneous peroxidase in the endostyle of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis. A part of phylogenetic studies of the thyroid gland. The fine structural localization of peroxidase activity in the endostyle of Ciona intestinalis was studied by cytochemistry at electron microscopic level. Only zone 7 cells in this organ are positive for this enzyme activity. The reaction product is recognized in the external surface of the apical plasma membrane, and in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, of the nuclear envelope, and of the Golgi lamellae, and small vesicles of the Golgi region and of the apical cytoplasm. By electron microscopic autoradiography of 125I, the main site of iodination of thyroglobulin-like protein is considered to be the apical plasma membrane region of the zone 7 cells. The possibility of iodination of protein taking place within the endostylar lumen near the zone 7 cell cannot be ruled out. The relationship between the fine-structural localization of peroxidase activity and the site of iodination of protein is discussed.", "PMID": 539887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8097", "title": "Comparative study of the monoamine neuron system in the spinal cord of the lamprey and hagfish.", "content": "Spinal cords of the lamprey and hagfish were fluorescence histochemically and electron microscopically examined. Ventrally to the central canal of both cyclostomes, yellow fluorescence bound to small to medium sized neurons was observed. In the lamprey only, weakly blue-green fluorescent subependymal cells were seen just beneath the central canal. In the ventral floor of their spinal cord, yellow fluorescent varicosities were observed; their density was much higher in the lamprey than in the hagfish. The lateral surface of the hagfish spinal cord was marginated by a chain of yellow fluorescent varicosities. The yellow fluorescence was microspectrofluorometrically identified as fluorescence due to 5-HT. Electron microscopically, the 5-HT neurons contained many large dense-core vesicles. The 5-HT varicosities or terminals seen in the ventral zone of both cyclostomes possessed the large dense-core vesicles and small clear synaptic vesicles, which appeared as small dense-core vesicles after KMnO4 fixation. The terminal of the lamprey was nakedly situated on the ventral surface, while that of the hagfish was always covered by the superficial glial layer. This finding seems to favor the view that lamprey and hagfish should be divided into two different classes.", "contents": "Comparative study of the monoamine neuron system in the spinal cord of the lamprey and hagfish. Spinal cords of the lamprey and hagfish were fluorescence histochemically and electron microscopically examined. Ventrally to the central canal of both cyclostomes, yellow fluorescence bound to small to medium sized neurons was observed. In the lamprey only, weakly blue-green fluorescent subependymal cells were seen just beneath the central canal. In the ventral floor of their spinal cord, yellow fluorescent varicosities were observed; their density was much higher in the lamprey than in the hagfish. The lateral surface of the hagfish spinal cord was marginated by a chain of yellow fluorescent varicosities. The yellow fluorescence was microspectrofluorometrically identified as fluorescence due to 5-HT. Electron microscopically, the 5-HT neurons contained many large dense-core vesicles. The 5-HT varicosities or terminals seen in the ventral zone of both cyclostomes possessed the large dense-core vesicles and small clear synaptic vesicles, which appeared as small dense-core vesicles after KMnO4 fixation. The terminal of the lamprey was nakedly situated on the ventral surface, while that of the hagfish was always covered by the superficial glial layer. This finding seems to favor the view that lamprey and hagfish should be divided into two different classes.", "PMID": 539888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8098", "title": "Fine structures of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the hypothalamus of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica.", "content": "In the preoptic, infundibular and posterior recesses of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons are distributed much more abundantly than in higher vertebrates. They are classified into three different types on the basis of their granules size or electron density: type 1 containing round dense granules of large size (180--230 nm in diameter), type 2 containing variously shaped dense granules of medium size (150--200 nm) and type 3 containing variously shaped granules of small size (100--150 nm). The neurons of the third type may be further classified into two subtypes: type 3a possessing dense granules and type 3b showing less dense granules. The intraventricular process of CSF-contacting neurons contains Golgi cisternae that are forming new secretory granules and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. It is suggested that secretory granules might be formed in the intraventricular process in addition to the perikaryon. Besides the small cytoplasmic protrusions presumably involved in microapocrine secretion, intraventricular processes occupied with many empty granules are detected which might represent a process of diacrine secretion. The intraventricular processes further contain multivesicular bodies which incorporate old or overproduced secretory granules, suggesting a process (crinophagy) and large lipid droplets likely corresponding to the final digestive product. The CSF-contacting neurons of all types are usually supplied with axo-somatic synapses on the perikaryon and subsurface cisternae are sometimes observed beneath the postsynaptic membrane. Axon terminals are also found forming synapses on the intraventricular process of type 2 and 3 neurons.", "contents": "Fine structures of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the hypothalamus of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. In the preoptic, infundibular and posterior recesses of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons are distributed much more abundantly than in higher vertebrates. They are classified into three different types on the basis of their granules size or electron density: type 1 containing round dense granules of large size (180--230 nm in diameter), type 2 containing variously shaped dense granules of medium size (150--200 nm) and type 3 containing variously shaped granules of small size (100--150 nm). The neurons of the third type may be further classified into two subtypes: type 3a possessing dense granules and type 3b showing less dense granules. The intraventricular process of CSF-contacting neurons contains Golgi cisternae that are forming new secretory granules and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. It is suggested that secretory granules might be formed in the intraventricular process in addition to the perikaryon. Besides the small cytoplasmic protrusions presumably involved in microapocrine secretion, intraventricular processes occupied with many empty granules are detected which might represent a process of diacrine secretion. The intraventricular processes further contain multivesicular bodies which incorporate old or overproduced secretory granules, suggesting a process (crinophagy) and large lipid droplets likely corresponding to the final digestive product. The CSF-contacting neurons of all types are usually supplied with axo-somatic synapses on the perikaryon and subsurface cisternae are sometimes observed beneath the postsynaptic membrane. Axon terminals are also found forming synapses on the intraventricular process of type 2 and 3 neurons.", "PMID": 539889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8099", "title": "Stress-induced degranulation accompanied by vesicle formation in the adrenal chromaffin cells of the mouse.", "content": "Stress was induced in mice by restraining on a board by pinning their limbs followed by immersion of the hind feet in a water bath of 20 degrees C. Fine structure of adrenal chromaffin cells was studied by light and electron microscopy. After 8 to 22 hrs' stress, remarkable decrease in the number of argentaffin granules of the NA cells was demonstrated by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, the decline in the granule number was marked in A, NA and SGC cells. This degranulation was accompanied by theoccurrence of numerous smally cytoplasmic vesicles which often appeared empty but sometimes contained an electron-dense material. Granule-containing invaginations of plasma membrane were frequently seen and were interpreted to represent the exocytotis profiles. The idea that the secretory granule membrane and associated substances might be recovered in the form of cytoplasmic vesicles was thus supported. Exposure of the mouse to restraint plus water immersion stress proved to be a simple method for production of acute and drastic degranulation of the adrenal chromaffin cells.", "contents": "Stress-induced degranulation accompanied by vesicle formation in the adrenal chromaffin cells of the mouse. Stress was induced in mice by restraining on a board by pinning their limbs followed by immersion of the hind feet in a water bath of 20 degrees C. Fine structure of adrenal chromaffin cells was studied by light and electron microscopy. After 8 to 22 hrs' stress, remarkable decrease in the number of argentaffin granules of the NA cells was demonstrated by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, the decline in the granule number was marked in A, NA and SGC cells. This degranulation was accompanied by theoccurrence of numerous smally cytoplasmic vesicles which often appeared empty but sometimes contained an electron-dense material. Granule-containing invaginations of plasma membrane were frequently seen and were interpreted to represent the exocytotis profiles. The idea that the secretory granule membrane and associated substances might be recovered in the form of cytoplasmic vesicles was thus supported. Exposure of the mouse to restraint plus water immersion stress proved to be a simple method for production of acute and drastic degranulation of the adrenal chromaffin cells.", "PMID": 539890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8100", "title": "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the premetamorphic papillae: possible chemoreceptive organs in the oral cavity of an anuran tadpole (Rana japonica).", "content": "Premetamorphic papillae of an anuran tadpole (Rana japonica) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Premetamorphic papillae of several shapes are seen in and around the oral cavities of tadpoles during late larval and early metamorphic stages. These papillae are composed of three parts: the apical cellular part, the underlying connective tissue core and the epithelial covering. In the apical cellular part, two populations of cells are observed: apical and basal cells. The apical cell has a slender cytoplasmic process whose apical surface is exposed in the oral cavity. The basal cell is located at the basal portion of the apical cellular part of the papilla without researching the oral cavity. A long solitary microvillus and a bunch of short microvilli are seen on the apical surface of each apical cell. The apical cells contain dense-cored vesicles of 100 nm diameter and make synaptic contacts at their basal membranes with terminals of nerve fibers. Possible chemoreceptive function of the premetamorphic papilla is discussed.", "contents": "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the premetamorphic papillae: possible chemoreceptive organs in the oral cavity of an anuran tadpole (Rana japonica). Premetamorphic papillae of an anuran tadpole (Rana japonica) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Premetamorphic papillae of several shapes are seen in and around the oral cavities of tadpoles during late larval and early metamorphic stages. These papillae are composed of three parts: the apical cellular part, the underlying connective tissue core and the epithelial covering. In the apical cellular part, two populations of cells are observed: apical and basal cells. The apical cell has a slender cytoplasmic process whose apical surface is exposed in the oral cavity. The basal cell is located at the basal portion of the apical cellular part of the papilla without researching the oral cavity. A long solitary microvillus and a bunch of short microvilli are seen on the apical surface of each apical cell. The apical cells contain dense-cored vesicles of 100 nm diameter and make synaptic contacts at their basal membranes with terminals of nerve fibers. Possible chemoreceptive function of the premetamorphic papilla is discussed.", "PMID": 539891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8101", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies on the synovial membrane.", "content": "Synovial membranes from human and rabbit joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy. 1. The surfaces of synovial membranes present locally variable appearances. In some parts cytoplasmic processes of lining cells extend long and flat causing an appearance like overlapping renal podocytes, whereas in other parts the cells protrude in cauliflower-like or more smooth-surfaced round bodies. 2. In cracked surfaces of synovial membranes, two types of lining cells are distinguished. One is the cell which has more surface processes and numerous granules in the cytoplasm, the other is the cell which has fewer processes and better developed endoplasmic reticulum without granules. 3. Fibroblasts apparently forming collagen fibers are observed in the subsynovial tissue. Two types of fibrogenesis are found. In the first type microfibrils seem to be formed extracellularly, whereas in the second type bundles of filaments are preformed in the cytoplasm and they appear to be extruded directly from the cell surface.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies on the synovial membrane. Synovial membranes from human and rabbit joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy. 1. The surfaces of synovial membranes present locally variable appearances. In some parts cytoplasmic processes of lining cells extend long and flat causing an appearance like overlapping renal podocytes, whereas in other parts the cells protrude in cauliflower-like or more smooth-surfaced round bodies. 2. In cracked surfaces of synovial membranes, two types of lining cells are distinguished. One is the cell which has more surface processes and numerous granules in the cytoplasm, the other is the cell which has fewer processes and better developed endoplasmic reticulum without granules. 3. Fibroblasts apparently forming collagen fibers are observed in the subsynovial tissue. Two types of fibrogenesis are found. In the first type microfibrils seem to be formed extracellularly, whereas in the second type bundles of filaments are preformed in the cytoplasm and they appear to be extruded directly from the cell surface.", "PMID": 539892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8102", "title": "Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of the mouse brain and application to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of the mouse brain revealed well-preserved ultrastructures of neurons and synaptic boutons filled with synaptic vesicles. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the neuron nucleus disclosed peaks for phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and potassium. Analysis of large regions (spots of ca. 1 micron in diameter) on the neuron nucleus revealed peaks for magnesium, whereas that of regions on the cytoplasm rarely disclosed the element, which was confirmed by removal of the background noise using a micro-Edit computer system. Analysis of regions on synaptic boutons except mitochondria also indicated peaks for magnesium.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of the mouse brain and application to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of the mouse brain revealed well-preserved ultrastructures of neurons and synaptic boutons filled with synaptic vesicles. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the neuron nucleus disclosed peaks for phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and potassium. Analysis of large regions (spots of ca. 1 micron in diameter) on the neuron nucleus revealed peaks for magnesium, whereas that of regions on the cytoplasm rarely disclosed the element, which was confirmed by removal of the background noise using a micro-Edit computer system. Analysis of regions on synaptic boutons except mitochondria also indicated peaks for magnesium.", "PMID": 539893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8103", "title": "An unusual architecture of occluding junctions between surface cells in teleost ovarian follicles (Plecoglossus altivelis).", "content": "An unusual architecture of occluding junctions between surface cells in teleost ovarian follicles was observed by electron microscopy, by using the freeze-fracture technique. On the P-face, double strands of intramembraneous particles are observed. A narrow furrow-like gap is recognized between two rows of particles in such double strands. On the E-face, two types of grooves can be distinguished. Type I groove consists of a wide furrow. Type II groove, which appears to be sequent to type I groove, consists of a pair of \"sub-grooves\" running parallel. Further, a row of particles appears to be located in the bottom of type I groove or between two \"sub-grooves\" of type II groove. These observations suggest that the double strands on the P-face are registered with the grooves (type I or type II) on the complementary E-face and that a row of particles on the E-face is registered with a furrow-like region between two rows in the double strands on the P-face. In other words, a single unit of the juncture of the present occluding junction is thought to consist of triplicated junctional strands.", "contents": "An unusual architecture of occluding junctions between surface cells in teleost ovarian follicles (Plecoglossus altivelis). An unusual architecture of occluding junctions between surface cells in teleost ovarian follicles was observed by electron microscopy, by using the freeze-fracture technique. On the P-face, double strands of intramembraneous particles are observed. A narrow furrow-like gap is recognized between two rows of particles in such double strands. On the E-face, two types of grooves can be distinguished. Type I groove consists of a wide furrow. Type II groove, which appears to be sequent to type I groove, consists of a pair of \"sub-grooves\" running parallel. Further, a row of particles appears to be located in the bottom of type I groove or between two \"sub-grooves\" of type II groove. These observations suggest that the double strands on the P-face are registered with the grooves (type I or type II) on the complementary E-face and that a row of particles on the E-face is registered with a furrow-like region between two rows in the double strands on the P-face. In other words, a single unit of the juncture of the present occluding junction is thought to consist of triplicated junctional strands.", "PMID": 539894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8104", "title": "Electron microscope study on the contact of neural crest cells in the early stage of migration in bantam embryos.", "content": "The early stage of migration of neural crest cells was observed in the mid-brain level of bantam embryos (5-somite stage to 15-somite stage) by transmission) electron microscopy. It was confirmed that the migration of the neural crest cells starts at the stage of 7-8 somites and ends at the stage of about 14 somites. During this period, not only the contact of migrating crest cells with each other but also the contact between migrating cells and superficial ectodermal cells and/or neural tube cells was observed. Intercellular distance in those contact regions was 3-4 nm. The contact between the migrating crest cell and the basement membrane of the neural tube cell and of the ectodermal cell as well as the contact between the neural crest cell and the fibrillar structure in the environment was also seen. These findings suggest the possibility of transitory interaction for migration between neural crest cells with each other, between neural crest cells and cellular components of the environment where these crest cells migrate, and between neural crest cells and extracellular structures in the environment.", "contents": "Electron microscope study on the contact of neural crest cells in the early stage of migration in bantam embryos. The early stage of migration of neural crest cells was observed in the mid-brain level of bantam embryos (5-somite stage to 15-somite stage) by transmission) electron microscopy. It was confirmed that the migration of the neural crest cells starts at the stage of 7-8 somites and ends at the stage of about 14 somites. During this period, not only the contact of migrating crest cells with each other but also the contact between migrating cells and superficial ectodermal cells and/or neural tube cells was observed. Intercellular distance in those contact regions was 3-4 nm. The contact between the migrating crest cell and the basement membrane of the neural tube cell and of the ectodermal cell as well as the contact between the neural crest cell and the fibrillar structure in the environment was also seen. These findings suggest the possibility of transitory interaction for migration between neural crest cells with each other, between neural crest cells and cellular components of the environment where these crest cells migrate, and between neural crest cells and extracellular structures in the environment.", "PMID": 539895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8105", "title": "[Action of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 3. Influence of leupeptin on the rate of protein synthesis and the intracellular protein degradation by use of a test system including constant infusion of labelled amino acids, estimation of 3-methyl-histidine excretion and a triple-labelling technique].", "content": "Male Wistar rats (initial body weight 90 g) were fed ad libitum a whole-egg diet containing 10,5% crude protein. The animals of the experimental group received in each case of 1 mg leupeptin per 100 g of body weight in 12 hrs-intervals by i. p.-injection (3 days of treatment). Control animals got a leupeptin free solution. In addition, lysine dihydrochloride-alpha-15N was applied during the first three days of experiment to all animals and the nitrogen balance was determined. Urine from the N-Balance collection was analysed for 3-methyl-histidine excretion in order to calculate the degradation rate of myofibrillar proteins. On the fourth day the fractional rate of protein synthesis in several organs was estimated using the continuous infusion technique with 14C-leucine and 14C-lysine. The apparent biological half-lives of tissue protein were determined by a triple labelling technique, with (14C)-guanidino-L-arginine, L-5-3H-arginine and 15N-Lysine. The short-term treatment 3 days) with leupeptin did not affect the weight gain, the apparent digestibility of nitrogen and the N-balance. The fractional rate of protein synthesis was highest in the small intestine followed by the large intestine, liver and skeletal muscle and no influence of leupeptin treatment was observed. Furthermore no differences in the degradation rates of myofibrillar proteins between treated and untreated animals were found. The 3-methyl-histidine excretion via urine was 1.44 mg . kg-1 day-1 in both groups corresponding to a fractional rate of degradation of myofibrillar proteins of 2,5% per day. Apparent half-lives of tissue proteins in the small intestine, large intestine and liver, respectively, were shortest when estimated from the decay curves for the 14C-label and longest from the curves for the 15N-label. Leupeptin treatment resulted in prolonged apparent half-lives of the proteins in the large intestine and of the slowly turning over proteins in the liver. However, this effect seems to be caused rather by an increased reutilization of labelled amino acids than by a decreased protein degradation. Before continuing this kind of work the rate of uptake of injected leupeptine into tissues has to be investigated. Studies dealing with the in vivo action of proteinase inhibitors on protein metabolism have to include estimations of N-balance, protein synthesis rate, intracellular degradation rate of proteins as well as amino acid reutilization.", "contents": "[Action of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 3. Influence of leupeptin on the rate of protein synthesis and the intracellular protein degradation by use of a test system including constant infusion of labelled amino acids, estimation of 3-methyl-histidine excretion and a triple-labelling technique]. Male Wistar rats (initial body weight 90 g) were fed ad libitum a whole-egg diet containing 10,5% crude protein. The animals of the experimental group received in each case of 1 mg leupeptin per 100 g of body weight in 12 hrs-intervals by i. p.-injection (3 days of treatment). Control animals got a leupeptin free solution. In addition, lysine dihydrochloride-alpha-15N was applied during the first three days of experiment to all animals and the nitrogen balance was determined. Urine from the N-Balance collection was analysed for 3-methyl-histidine excretion in order to calculate the degradation rate of myofibrillar proteins. On the fourth day the fractional rate of protein synthesis in several organs was estimated using the continuous infusion technique with 14C-leucine and 14C-lysine. The apparent biological half-lives of tissue protein were determined by a triple labelling technique, with (14C)-guanidino-L-arginine, L-5-3H-arginine and 15N-Lysine. The short-term treatment 3 days) with leupeptin did not affect the weight gain, the apparent digestibility of nitrogen and the N-balance. The fractional rate of protein synthesis was highest in the small intestine followed by the large intestine, liver and skeletal muscle and no influence of leupeptin treatment was observed. Furthermore no differences in the degradation rates of myofibrillar proteins between treated and untreated animals were found. The 3-methyl-histidine excretion via urine was 1.44 mg . kg-1 day-1 in both groups corresponding to a fractional rate of degradation of myofibrillar proteins of 2,5% per day. Apparent half-lives of tissue proteins in the small intestine, large intestine and liver, respectively, were shortest when estimated from the decay curves for the 14C-label and longest from the curves for the 15N-label. Leupeptin treatment resulted in prolonged apparent half-lives of the proteins in the large intestine and of the slowly turning over proteins in the liver. However, this effect seems to be caused rather by an increased reutilization of labelled amino acids than by a decreased protein degradation. Before continuing this kind of work the rate of uptake of injected leupeptine into tissues has to be investigated. Studies dealing with the in vivo action of proteinase inhibitors on protein metabolism have to include estimations of N-balance, protein synthesis rate, intracellular degradation rate of proteins as well as amino acid reutilization.", "PMID": 539900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8106", "title": "[Effect of native crude fiber on the digestibility of amino acids of laying hens of the fattening species].", "content": "One-year-old colostomised laying hens of the fattening species received 120 g of a basic ration approximately meeting their requirements (control group) and the animals of the test group 10, 20, 30 resp. 40 g wheat straw meal in addition. Straw meal admixtures of up to 30 g had no drastic influence on the apparent digestibility of amino acids. 40 g straw meal in the ration increased the excretion of the essential amino acids by 19% and of the non-essential ones (particularly glycine, zystine and serine) by 39% in comparison with the basic ration. The amount of free amino acids and of peptide in feces was significantly lower when the ration contained 20 g straw meal. On an average of the five variants checked, the amount of amino acid nitrogen soluble in TCA in the total-N in feces was 12%. Due to the partial digestion of the amino acids of the straw meal and the favourable influence of 10...20% straw meal in the ration on absorption, 2...3% additional nitrogen in the form of essential and non-essential amino acids was available to the hens in this range of admixture according to the analysis of feces.", "contents": "[Effect of native crude fiber on the digestibility of amino acids of laying hens of the fattening species]. One-year-old colostomised laying hens of the fattening species received 120 g of a basic ration approximately meeting their requirements (control group) and the animals of the test group 10, 20, 30 resp. 40 g wheat straw meal in addition. Straw meal admixtures of up to 30 g had no drastic influence on the apparent digestibility of amino acids. 40 g straw meal in the ration increased the excretion of the essential amino acids by 19% and of the non-essential ones (particularly glycine, zystine and serine) by 39% in comparison with the basic ration. The amount of free amino acids and of peptide in feces was significantly lower when the ration contained 20 g straw meal. On an average of the five variants checked, the amount of amino acid nitrogen soluble in TCA in the total-N in feces was 12%. Due to the partial digestion of the amino acids of the straw meal and the favourable influence of 10...20% straw meal in the ration on absorption, 2...3% additional nitrogen in the form of essential and non-essential amino acids was available to the hens in this range of admixture according to the analysis of feces.", "PMID": 539901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8107", "title": "[Lysine requirement of fattening boars in respect to their performance. 1. Influence of the consumption of energy and amino acids on the fattening performance].", "content": "With a total number of 157 boars 9 feeding variants with different levels of energy and amino acids were checked. The weight increase per fattening day and the energy and lysine expenditure per kg live weight increase were determined. The insufficient supply with lysine had negative effects on the live weight increase and the energy expenditure during the whole fattening period. Between the variantes with a high supply with amino acids (120%) and the supply according to standard (100%) no significant differences concerning the live weight increase could be ascertained up to 90 kg live weight. Between 90 and 120 kg live weight the animals in the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply achieved significantly higher increases than those in the standard variant. Up to 90 kg live weight the energy expenditure for all groups amounted to 2,08 kEFs (energetic feed units for pigs) per kg live weight increase. The most suitable results were achieved by the animals which received the variants rich in energy (1,760 resp. 1,770 kEFs per kg live weight increase). Above the 90 kg live weight limit the energy expenditure rose considerably, remained however under 2,000 kEFs per kg live weight increase for the boars of the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply as well as for the variant rich in energy and 100% lysine supply. The lysine expenditure in the first variant amounted to 25.1 g per kg live weight increase and for the variant rich in energy to 20.6 g lysine per kEFs.", "contents": "[Lysine requirement of fattening boars in respect to their performance. 1. Influence of the consumption of energy and amino acids on the fattening performance]. With a total number of 157 boars 9 feeding variants with different levels of energy and amino acids were checked. The weight increase per fattening day and the energy and lysine expenditure per kg live weight increase were determined. The insufficient supply with lysine had negative effects on the live weight increase and the energy expenditure during the whole fattening period. Between the variantes with a high supply with amino acids (120%) and the supply according to standard (100%) no significant differences concerning the live weight increase could be ascertained up to 90 kg live weight. Between 90 and 120 kg live weight the animals in the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply achieved significantly higher increases than those in the standard variant. Up to 90 kg live weight the energy expenditure for all groups amounted to 2,08 kEFs (energetic feed units for pigs) per kg live weight increase. The most suitable results were achieved by the animals which received the variants rich in energy (1,760 resp. 1,770 kEFs per kg live weight increase). Above the 90 kg live weight limit the energy expenditure rose considerably, remained however under 2,000 kEFs per kg live weight increase for the boars of the variant with medium energy level and 120% lysine supply as well as for the variant rich in energy and 100% lysine supply. The lysine expenditure in the first variant amounted to 25.1 g per kg live weight increase and for the variant rich in energy to 20.6 g lysine per kEFs.", "PMID": 539902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8108", "title": "[Lysine requirement of fattening boars in respect to their performance. 2. Relations between energy consumption and live weight increase].", "content": "Linear relations between live weight increase (y in g per kg live weight 0,75) and the daily energy consumption (x in energetic feed units pigs per kg live weight 0,75) were established. y = 0.8308 x-18.58, r = 0.7944 Extrapolation concerning the live weight balance showed an energy maintenance requirement of 22,36 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 78.26 kcal net energy fat for pigs per kg metabolic body weight. 121 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 424 kcal net energy fat for pigs were required for 100 g live weight increase.", "contents": "[Lysine requirement of fattening boars in respect to their performance. 2. Relations between energy consumption and live weight increase]. Linear relations between live weight increase (y in g per kg live weight 0,75) and the daily energy consumption (x in energetic feed units pigs per kg live weight 0,75) were established. y = 0.8308 x-18.58, r = 0.7944 Extrapolation concerning the live weight balance showed an energy maintenance requirement of 22,36 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 78.26 kcal net energy fat for pigs per kg metabolic body weight. 121 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 424 kcal net energy fat for pigs were required for 100 g live weight increase.", "PMID": 539903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8109", "title": "[Protein digestibility and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 5. Results of the application of 35S-methionine].", "content": "The intake, excretion and the rate of flow of protein, methionine and 35S were measured at four pigs (live weight 63 kg) with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and the ileocecal region after the oral application of 35S-methionine and the feeding with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine resp. a protein-free diet over a period of 7 days. From the measured values one pattern each for the N- and the methionine metabolism was laid down with the help of the compartment model, and the endogenous and exogenous levels of protein resp. methionine in the duodenum, the ileum and in feces were estimated.", "contents": "[Protein digestibility and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 5. Results of the application of 35S-methionine]. The intake, excretion and the rate of flow of protein, methionine and 35S were measured at four pigs (live weight 63 kg) with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and the ileocecal region after the oral application of 35S-methionine and the feeding with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine resp. a protein-free diet over a period of 7 days. From the measured values one pattern each for the N- and the methionine metabolism was laid down with the help of the compartment model, and the endogenous and exogenous levels of protein resp. methionine in the duodenum, the ileum and in feces were estimated.", "PMID": 539906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8110", "title": "Changes in body composition of pig fetuses during pregnancy.", "content": "40 fetuses taken from 10 litters on day 50, 60 fetuses taken from 15 litters on day 105 of the respective pregnancies and 6 newly born piglets taken from 3 litters were analyzed for dry matter, total N, amino acids, fat, energy and 5 major minerals. As compared to the amounts found at birth, on day 50 about 3 per cent of the Na and K and less than 2 per cent of the other components were found. On day 105th the corresponding percentages were 96 and 95 for Mg and K, 88 and 86 for fat and Na, between 71 and 74 for dry matter, N, energy and P, and 63 for Ca. During the course of pregnancy proportions of alanine tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine decreased, whereas those of proline and glycine increased. From the information presented in tables 4 and 5 it may be concluded that most of the fetal gain or organic and inorganic matter takes place during the last part of pregnancy. Increased nutrient requirements of the dam should be of quantitative importance only during this relatively short period. Changes in concentrations of protein and mineral elements during the course of pregnancy are not proportional.", "contents": "Changes in body composition of pig fetuses during pregnancy. 40 fetuses taken from 10 litters on day 50, 60 fetuses taken from 15 litters on day 105 of the respective pregnancies and 6 newly born piglets taken from 3 litters were analyzed for dry matter, total N, amino acids, fat, energy and 5 major minerals. As compared to the amounts found at birth, on day 50 about 3 per cent of the Na and K and less than 2 per cent of the other components were found. On day 105th the corresponding percentages were 96 and 95 for Mg and K, 88 and 86 for fat and Na, between 71 and 74 for dry matter, N, energy and P, and 63 for Ca. During the course of pregnancy proportions of alanine tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine decreased, whereas those of proline and glycine increased. From the information presented in tables 4 and 5 it may be concluded that most of the fetal gain or organic and inorganic matter takes place during the last part of pregnancy. Increased nutrient requirements of the dam should be of quantitative importance only during this relatively short period. Changes in concentrations of protein and mineral elements during the course of pregnancy are not proportional.", "PMID": 539907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8111", "title": "[N-balance investigations with young broiler chickens concerning the utilization of DL-threonine and DL-tryptophan].", "content": "It was the purpose of these investigations, apart from a methodical test of the procedure for the ascertainment of the efficiency of optical isomers of synthetic amino acids in an N-balance test, to draw conclusions concerning the value of DL-threonine and DL-Tryptophane for young chickens. The ascertained efficiency of 67% for DL-threonine (D-form 34%) resp. 86% for DL-tryptophane (D-form 72%) coincides with the results described in literature and speaks in favour of the method applied on the basis of the parameters of the efficiency graph of the limiting amino acids. The supposition made here that for a zero content of limiting amino acids the b-value also equals zero, requires further investigation. The clarification of the reasons for the low effectivity of the synthetic L-form ascertained in comparison with the native amino acid also makes further investigation necessary.", "contents": "[N-balance investigations with young broiler chickens concerning the utilization of DL-threonine and DL-tryptophan]. It was the purpose of these investigations, apart from a methodical test of the procedure for the ascertainment of the efficiency of optical isomers of synthetic amino acids in an N-balance test, to draw conclusions concerning the value of DL-threonine and DL-Tryptophane for young chickens. The ascertained efficiency of 67% for DL-threonine (D-form 34%) resp. 86% for DL-tryptophane (D-form 72%) coincides with the results described in literature and speaks in favour of the method applied on the basis of the parameters of the efficiency graph of the limiting amino acids. The supposition made here that for a zero content of limiting amino acids the b-value also equals zero, requires further investigation. The clarification of the reasons for the low effectivity of the synthetic L-form ascertained in comparison with the native amino acid also makes further investigation necessary.", "PMID": 539908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8112", "title": "[Feed value of straw materials in the in vitro system. 4. Influence of the additional pre-incubation with the rumen fluid of animals deprived of food on the in vitro rate of protein synthesis].", "content": "Rumen fluid was extracted from sheep after they had been deprived of food for 48 hours. This rumen fluid was either directly applied in an artificial rumen or after pre-incubation (up to 16 hours). The 35S-incorporation rate into the microbial protein was measured after the admixture of untreated straw meal, straw meal treated with NH3-water of with NaOH. Generally, the 35S-incorporation rates were highest for the blank experiments. The reason for this is that the straw meal admixtures withdraw from the microorganisms low-molecular, energetically utilisable substrates by absorption and adsorption. Pre-incubation could not much reduce the relatively higher 35S-incorporation rate of the blank experiments. The two treated straw variants were significantly superior to the untreated straw meal concerning the 35S-incorporation rate.", "contents": "[Feed value of straw materials in the in vitro system. 4. Influence of the additional pre-incubation with the rumen fluid of animals deprived of food on the in vitro rate of protein synthesis]. Rumen fluid was extracted from sheep after they had been deprived of food for 48 hours. This rumen fluid was either directly applied in an artificial rumen or after pre-incubation (up to 16 hours). The 35S-incorporation rate into the microbial protein was measured after the admixture of untreated straw meal, straw meal treated with NH3-water of with NaOH. Generally, the 35S-incorporation rates were highest for the blank experiments. The reason for this is that the straw meal admixtures withdraw from the microorganisms low-molecular, energetically utilisable substrates by absorption and adsorption. Pre-incubation could not much reduce the relatively higher 35S-incorporation rate of the blank experiments. The two treated straw variants were significantly superior to the untreated straw meal concerning the 35S-incorporation rate.", "PMID": 539909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8113", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on Aedes albopictus cells infected with dengue viruses.", "content": "In dengue virus infected Aedes albopictus cells, electron-dense particles, larger than single ribosomes, were arranged on the cytoplasmic sides of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. Mature virions 40--45 nm in diameter as well as vesiculotubular structures 50--120 nm in diameter appeared in enlarged cisternae of RER filled with fine granular substance. Many of the mature virions and somewhat degenerated vesiculotubular structures remained to be enclosed in membranous structures presumably derived from RER, even after degeneration of infected cells. The findings suggest that development of dengue viruses in cultured A. albopictus cells takes place in close relationship with the activated membranes of RER. Other morphological changes observed in dengue infected A. albopictus cells were 1. electron-dense \"double-track structures\" in areas of virion morphogenesis, 2. fine crystalline structures in type-2 dengue infected cells, and 3. aggregates of nucleoid structures, in cells persistently infected with type 2 dengue virus. The implication and nature of these structures in relation to virion morphogenesis remain to be investigated.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on Aedes albopictus cells infected with dengue viruses. In dengue virus infected Aedes albopictus cells, electron-dense particles, larger than single ribosomes, were arranged on the cytoplasmic sides of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. Mature virions 40--45 nm in diameter as well as vesiculotubular structures 50--120 nm in diameter appeared in enlarged cisternae of RER filled with fine granular substance. Many of the mature virions and somewhat degenerated vesiculotubular structures remained to be enclosed in membranous structures presumably derived from RER, even after degeneration of infected cells. The findings suggest that development of dengue viruses in cultured A. albopictus cells takes place in close relationship with the activated membranes of RER. Other morphological changes observed in dengue infected A. albopictus cells were 1. electron-dense \"double-track structures\" in areas of virion morphogenesis, 2. fine crystalline structures in type-2 dengue infected cells, and 3. aggregates of nucleoid structures, in cells persistently infected with type 2 dengue virus. The implication and nature of these structures in relation to virion morphogenesis remain to be investigated.", "PMID": 539910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8114", "title": "Effect of N,N'-bis(methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine on vaccinia virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Brief report.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of N,N'-bis(methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine (compound TSKI-VI) and methisazone (Marboran) on the growth of vaccinia virus (IHD strain) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic indices of both compounds determined in vivo were similar, but TSKI-VI was found more efficient in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of N,N'-bis(methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine on vaccinia virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Brief report. The inhibitory effect of N,N'-bis(methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine (compound TSKI-VI) and methisazone (Marboran) on the growth of vaccinia virus (IHD strain) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic indices of both compounds determined in vivo were similar, but TSKI-VI was found more efficient in vitro.", "PMID": 539911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8115", "title": "Distribution of glycosaminoglycans in consecutive layers of the rabbit aorta.", "content": "Transmural variations in various glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions were determined in adventitia-free thoracic aortas from rabbits. Total glycosaminoglycan concentration decreased from intima to outer media. These data are similar to total GAG concentration in bovine and human aortas as reported by others. There is a marked decrease in the concentration of the combined chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate component with increasing distance from the endothelial surface. These transmural differences are linked to the possible variation of the diffusion coefficient of a diffusing solute as a function of distance, which can affect the concentration profile of the solute.", "contents": "Distribution of glycosaminoglycans in consecutive layers of the rabbit aorta. Transmural variations in various glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions were determined in adventitia-free thoracic aortas from rabbits. Total glycosaminoglycan concentration decreased from intima to outer media. These data are similar to total GAG concentration in bovine and human aortas as reported by others. There is a marked decrease in the concentration of the combined chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate component with increasing distance from the endothelial surface. These transmural differences are linked to the possible variation of the diffusion coefficient of a diffusing solute as a function of distance, which can affect the concentration profile of the solute.", "PMID": 539912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8116", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in the intact animal.", "content": "This report presents evidence that 7-ketocholesterol effectively inhibits cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in intact rabbits. The 7-ketocholesterol was administered to the animals by infusing isologous blood pre-incubated with the sterol. Each animal was used as its own control by the use of 3H and 14C-labelled cholesterols as tracers to measure the arterial cholesterol uptake during two successive infusions. The mean cholesterol uptake by the carotid and femoral arteries in the presence of 7-ketocholesterol was 18+/-3 nmoles/g, whereas the average of cholesterol uptake by these arteries was 53+/-5 nmoles/g when the animals were infused with isologous blood containing no 7-ketocholesterol. The mean concentration of 7-ketocholesterol in the animals blood ranged from 34 to 87 nmoles/ml. In preliminary experiments in vitro, pre-incubation of plasma with particulate 7-ketocholesterol caused inhibition of cholesterol uptake by perfused pig coronary arteries, although the particulate fraction of 7-ketocholesterol was removed prior to perfusion. The mean cholesterol uptake by the arteries perfused with plasma containing 7-ketocholesterol (240+/-20 nmoles/ml) was 96+/-21 nmoles/g, whereas the mean cholesterol uptake of the paired controls was 324+/-86 nmoles/g. The 7-ketocholesterol was found to bind to the lipoproteins and with higher affinity to red cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in the intact animal. This report presents evidence that 7-ketocholesterol effectively inhibits cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in intact rabbits. The 7-ketocholesterol was administered to the animals by infusing isologous blood pre-incubated with the sterol. Each animal was used as its own control by the use of 3H and 14C-labelled cholesterols as tracers to measure the arterial cholesterol uptake during two successive infusions. The mean cholesterol uptake by the carotid and femoral arteries in the presence of 7-ketocholesterol was 18+/-3 nmoles/g, whereas the average of cholesterol uptake by these arteries was 53+/-5 nmoles/g when the animals were infused with isologous blood containing no 7-ketocholesterol. The mean concentration of 7-ketocholesterol in the animals blood ranged from 34 to 87 nmoles/ml. In preliminary experiments in vitro, pre-incubation of plasma with particulate 7-ketocholesterol caused inhibition of cholesterol uptake by perfused pig coronary arteries, although the particulate fraction of 7-ketocholesterol was removed prior to perfusion. The mean cholesterol uptake by the arteries perfused with plasma containing 7-ketocholesterol (240+/-20 nmoles/ml) was 96+/-21 nmoles/g, whereas the mean cholesterol uptake of the paired controls was 324+/-86 nmoles/g. The 7-ketocholesterol was found to bind to the lipoproteins and with higher affinity to red cells.", "PMID": 539913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8117", "title": "Circulating endothelial-like cells in arterial peripheral blood of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.", "content": "In blood smears obtained from the central ear artery of rabbits after 7 days of cholesterol-rich diet, a high number of well staining cells, morphologically very similar to endothelial cells may be found. After 15 days, macrophage-like cells are found in the smears together with degenerated (endothelial or macrophagic) cells. The presence of circulating endothelial cells is in agreement with the findings of de-endothelialized areas of aortic intima observed at scanning and transmission electron microscopy in short term hypercholesterolemic rabbits.", "contents": "Circulating endothelial-like cells in arterial peripheral blood of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In blood smears obtained from the central ear artery of rabbits after 7 days of cholesterol-rich diet, a high number of well staining cells, morphologically very similar to endothelial cells may be found. After 15 days, macrophage-like cells are found in the smears together with degenerated (endothelial or macrophagic) cells. The presence of circulating endothelial cells is in agreement with the findings of de-endothelialized areas of aortic intima observed at scanning and transmission electron microscopy in short term hypercholesterolemic rabbits.", "PMID": 539914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8118", "title": "A comparison of fatty acid patterns of arterial plasma, pericardial fluid and cardiac lymph in dog.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of cardiac lymph and pericardial fluid in anesthetized open-chest dogs, was analysed and compared with that of arterial plasma. The fatty acid content of triglyceride (TG) and total fatty acid fractions of pericardial fluid and cardiac lymph was significantly lower than that of plasma. On the other hand, free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of pericardial fluid, cardiac lymph and plasma were not significantly different. The FFA fraction of cardiac lymph contained relatively more stearic acid and less oleic acid whereas, in plasma, the FFA fraction contains less myristic acid. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that endothelial permeability is a limiting factor for the transvascular exchanges of large molecules such as TG and that the FFA distribution in intersititial spaces may have been modified by the contribution of fatty acids from endogenous cardiac reserves or from the hydrolysis of plasma TG.", "contents": "A comparison of fatty acid patterns of arterial plasma, pericardial fluid and cardiac lymph in dog. The fatty acid composition of cardiac lymph and pericardial fluid in anesthetized open-chest dogs, was analysed and compared with that of arterial plasma. The fatty acid content of triglyceride (TG) and total fatty acid fractions of pericardial fluid and cardiac lymph was significantly lower than that of plasma. On the other hand, free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of pericardial fluid, cardiac lymph and plasma were not significantly different. The FFA fraction of cardiac lymph contained relatively more stearic acid and less oleic acid whereas, in plasma, the FFA fraction contains less myristic acid. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that endothelial permeability is a limiting factor for the transvascular exchanges of large molecules such as TG and that the FFA distribution in intersititial spaces may have been modified by the contribution of fatty acids from endogenous cardiac reserves or from the hydrolysis of plasma TG.", "PMID": 539915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8119", "title": "Composition of acidic glycosaminoglycans in human term placenta blood vessels.", "content": "The composition of acidic glycosaminoglycans in pooled blood vessels, mostly of fetal origin, from a normal human term placenta was investigated by a series of procedures consisting of chromatography on a cetyl pyridinium chloride-cellulose column, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, susceptibility to testicular hyaluronidase and thin layer chromatography of the products of digestion with bacterial chondroitinases. The results indicate the presence of hyaluronic acid (36%), chondroitin-6-sulfate (27%), dermatan sulfate (21%), heparan sulfate (8%) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (8%). Several of the fractions obtained from the cetyl pyridinium chloride-cellulose column exhibited anticoagulant activity, which might be physiological importance for the maintainance of the fluidity of the intensively circulating placental blood.", "contents": "Composition of acidic glycosaminoglycans in human term placenta blood vessels. The composition of acidic glycosaminoglycans in pooled blood vessels, mostly of fetal origin, from a normal human term placenta was investigated by a series of procedures consisting of chromatography on a cetyl pyridinium chloride-cellulose column, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, susceptibility to testicular hyaluronidase and thin layer chromatography of the products of digestion with bacterial chondroitinases. The results indicate the presence of hyaluronic acid (36%), chondroitin-6-sulfate (27%), dermatan sulfate (21%), heparan sulfate (8%) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (8%). Several of the fractions obtained from the cetyl pyridinium chloride-cellulose column exhibited anticoagulant activity, which might be physiological importance for the maintainance of the fluidity of the intensively circulating placental blood.", "PMID": 539916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8120", "title": "Plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: lack of induction by phenobarbital in guinea pigs.", "content": "Compared with controls, guinea pigs ip injected by phenobarbital for 4 days displayed higher activities of two hepatic microsomial enzymes: aminopyrine N-deme-thylase and benzo(alpha)pyrene hydroxylase. In contrast plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was not increased by phenobarbital. It then appears that like in humans, plasma LCAT does not seem inducible by phenobarbital.", "contents": "Plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: lack of induction by phenobarbital in guinea pigs. Compared with controls, guinea pigs ip injected by phenobarbital for 4 days displayed higher activities of two hepatic microsomial enzymes: aminopyrine N-deme-thylase and benzo(alpha)pyrene hydroxylase. In contrast plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was not increased by phenobarbital. It then appears that like in humans, plasma LCAT does not seem inducible by phenobarbital.", "PMID": 539917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8121", "title": "Cholesteremia in Japanese quail: response to a mixture of vitamins C and E and choline chloride.", "content": "Five-week old, male, Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were given ad libitum access to glucose- soybean meal-10% fat diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% cholesterol, with or without the addition of a vitamin supplement (vitamin C--1 g/kg of diet, vitamin E--30 I.U./kg of diet and choline chloride--5.5 g/kg of diet). After 12 weeks, 9 quail from the 24 quail fed each diet were killed and the total cholesterol concentration of serum, liver, kidney, and aorta was determined. Cholesterol concentrations of these organs increased with increasing levels of dietary cholesterol. The vitamin supplementation enhanced the increase in the cholesterol concentration of serum and kidney, lessened the elevation of the liver cholesterol concentration and had no effect on the aorta cholesterol concentration. The remaining quail were fed the same diets, for a subsequent 12 week period, except that cholesterol was deleted. At the termination of the experiment, the total cholesterol concentration of serum, liver, and kidney returned to control level for all treatments in which organ cholesterol concentrations had been increased previously. Aortic cholesterol concentration decreased during the second 12 week period (0.5 and 1% cholesterol diets fed for the first 12 weeks), however, the aortic cholesterol concentration remained higher than those of the control at 24 weeks. No significant effect of vitamin supplementation on organ cholesterol concentration was noted at 24 weeks although serum cholesterol concentration was significantly lower for the vitamin- fed groups at all levels of dietary cholesterol. Aortic ahteromata were observed at both 12 and 24 weeks in all groups fed 0.5 and 1% cholesterol.", "contents": "Cholesteremia in Japanese quail: response to a mixture of vitamins C and E and choline chloride. Five-week old, male, Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were given ad libitum access to glucose- soybean meal-10% fat diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% cholesterol, with or without the addition of a vitamin supplement (vitamin C--1 g/kg of diet, vitamin E--30 I.U./kg of diet and choline chloride--5.5 g/kg of diet). After 12 weeks, 9 quail from the 24 quail fed each diet were killed and the total cholesterol concentration of serum, liver, kidney, and aorta was determined. Cholesterol concentrations of these organs increased with increasing levels of dietary cholesterol. The vitamin supplementation enhanced the increase in the cholesterol concentration of serum and kidney, lessened the elevation of the liver cholesterol concentration and had no effect on the aorta cholesterol concentration. The remaining quail were fed the same diets, for a subsequent 12 week period, except that cholesterol was deleted. At the termination of the experiment, the total cholesterol concentration of serum, liver, and kidney returned to control level for all treatments in which organ cholesterol concentrations had been increased previously. Aortic cholesterol concentration decreased during the second 12 week period (0.5 and 1% cholesterol diets fed for the first 12 weeks), however, the aortic cholesterol concentration remained higher than those of the control at 24 weeks. No significant effect of vitamin supplementation on organ cholesterol concentration was noted at 24 weeks although serum cholesterol concentration was significantly lower for the vitamin- fed groups at all levels of dietary cholesterol. Aortic ahteromata were observed at both 12 and 24 weeks in all groups fed 0.5 and 1% cholesterol.", "PMID": 539918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8122", "title": "The potential of some synthetic pyrethroids for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus).", "content": "As part of a continuing programme to aid in the development of new acaricides, the potentials of three synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin, were assessed against a range of resistant strains of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). The compounds were shown to be acaricidal, with decamethrin the most effective, giving efficient control of susceptible and organo-phosphorus resistant strains of the cattle tick at concentrations as low as one fifth of those previously used for any commercial acaricide. However higher concentrations were required for satisfactory control of the DDT-resistant strain. Permethrin-selection of a field strain containing a low percentage of DDT-resistant ticks led to rapid development of resistance to a level equivalent to that of the DDT-resistant strain. Further selection increased resistance to permethrin to a higher level than that shown in the DDT-resistant strain. This increased resistance to permethrin appears to be restricted mainly to this compound and is not associated with a marked increase in resistance to cypermethrin, decamethrin or DDT. The potential of organo-phosphorus compounds to potentiate the pyrethroids when the two classes of compounds are used as mixtures against the pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains was confirmed.", "contents": "The potential of some synthetic pyrethroids for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). As part of a continuing programme to aid in the development of new acaricides, the potentials of three synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin, were assessed against a range of resistant strains of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). The compounds were shown to be acaricidal, with decamethrin the most effective, giving efficient control of susceptible and organo-phosphorus resistant strains of the cattle tick at concentrations as low as one fifth of those previously used for any commercial acaricide. However higher concentrations were required for satisfactory control of the DDT-resistant strain. Permethrin-selection of a field strain containing a low percentage of DDT-resistant ticks led to rapid development of resistance to a level equivalent to that of the DDT-resistant strain. Further selection increased resistance to permethrin to a higher level than that shown in the DDT-resistant strain. This increased resistance to permethrin appears to be restricted mainly to this compound and is not associated with a marked increase in resistance to cypermethrin, decamethrin or DDT. The potential of organo-phosphorus compounds to potentiate the pyrethroids when the two classes of compounds are used as mixtures against the pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains was confirmed.", "PMID": 539930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8123", "title": "The effect of nutritional restriction of Hereford heifers in late pregnancy.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of attempting to control dystocia in Hereford heifers by restricting nutrition during late pregnancy. Nutritional level was controlled by varying feedlot rations in experiment 1 and by varying pasture availability in experiment 2. In neither experiment was the incidence of dystocia or stillbirths significantly affected by level of nutrition during late pregnancy. Calf birthweight was reduced and dam pelvic growth was retarded when the feed intake of heifers was restricted prior to calving. Clear evidence of the dangers associated with allowing heifers to lose too much weight in late pregnancy was provided by these experiments. The loss of around 0.5 kg/day during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with weak labour, increase dystocia rates, increased perinatal mortality, reduced calf growth rate, prolonged post partum anoestrus and a reduced pregnancy rate (not all statistically significant differences). These effects were not evident in heifers which were maintaining or gaining weight at a moderate rate during late pregnancy. On the basis of this work it is suggested that heifers should be fed to allow modest rates of bodyweight gain (0--0.5 kg/day) during late pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of nutritional restriction of Hereford heifers in late pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of attempting to control dystocia in Hereford heifers by restricting nutrition during late pregnancy. Nutritional level was controlled by varying feedlot rations in experiment 1 and by varying pasture availability in experiment 2. In neither experiment was the incidence of dystocia or stillbirths significantly affected by level of nutrition during late pregnancy. Calf birthweight was reduced and dam pelvic growth was retarded when the feed intake of heifers was restricted prior to calving. Clear evidence of the dangers associated with allowing heifers to lose too much weight in late pregnancy was provided by these experiments. The loss of around 0.5 kg/day during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with weak labour, increase dystocia rates, increased perinatal mortality, reduced calf growth rate, prolonged post partum anoestrus and a reduced pregnancy rate (not all statistically significant differences). These effects were not evident in heifers which were maintaining or gaining weight at a moderate rate during late pregnancy. On the basis of this work it is suggested that heifers should be fed to allow modest rates of bodyweight gain (0--0.5 kg/day) during late pregnancy.", "PMID": 539931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8124", "title": "Toxoplasmosis as a cause of perinatal death in goats.", "content": "Lesions typical of congenital toxoplasmosis were found in 5 aborted and stillborn kids. Serological findings in 2 of these kids and all their dams supported the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. In additon. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from twin kids.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis as a cause of perinatal death in goats. Lesions typical of congenital toxoplasmosis were found in 5 aborted and stillborn kids. Serological findings in 2 of these kids and all their dams supported the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. In additon. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from twin kids.", "PMID": 539933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8125", "title": "Vaccination against experimental staphylococcosis in sheep -- observations on bacteriology and pathology following challenge.", "content": "Sheep were vaccinated with a killed Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (2 doses) which had been cultured in vitro (Group 1), a killed S. aureus vaccine (2 doses) cultured in vivo (Group 2) or a single dose of a live vaccine (Group 3). Other sheep were used as non-vaccinated controls. All sheep were challenged by intravenous injection of 2.6 x 10(11) washed, viable S. aureus organisms, the vaccinated animals being given the challenge inoculum at various intervals after vaccination. The control sheep survived for 29h (mean) after challenge. Animals given killed vaccines survived longer, (particularly Group 2) if challenged less than 40 days post-vaccination, compared with those challenged more than 40 days post-vaccination. Animals in Group 3 survived longer if challenged after 40 days post-vaccination than those in Groups 1 or 2. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups for numbers of S. aureus recovered from blood in the 3h period following challenge. Histological and bacteriological evidence showed that the kidneys were more severely affected by the challenge inoculum than heart, spleen, liver or lungs. The kidneys showed both toxigenic and lymphoreticular reactions and large numbers of staphylococci were recovered more reliably from kidneys than other organs.", "contents": "Vaccination against experimental staphylococcosis in sheep -- observations on bacteriology and pathology following challenge. Sheep were vaccinated with a killed Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (2 doses) which had been cultured in vitro (Group 1), a killed S. aureus vaccine (2 doses) cultured in vivo (Group 2) or a single dose of a live vaccine (Group 3). Other sheep were used as non-vaccinated controls. All sheep were challenged by intravenous injection of 2.6 x 10(11) washed, viable S. aureus organisms, the vaccinated animals being given the challenge inoculum at various intervals after vaccination. The control sheep survived for 29h (mean) after challenge. Animals given killed vaccines survived longer, (particularly Group 2) if challenged less than 40 days post-vaccination, compared with those challenged more than 40 days post-vaccination. Animals in Group 3 survived longer if challenged after 40 days post-vaccination than those in Groups 1 or 2. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups for numbers of S. aureus recovered from blood in the 3h period following challenge. Histological and bacteriological evidence showed that the kidneys were more severely affected by the challenge inoculum than heart, spleen, liver or lungs. The kidneys showed both toxigenic and lymphoreticular reactions and large numbers of staphylococci were recovered more reliably from kidneys than other organs.", "PMID": 539932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8126", "title": "Copper administration to young calves: oral dosing with copper oxide compared with subcutaneous copper glycinate injection.", "content": "Calves were dosed with 50 g of copper oxide granules orally or given 120 mg copper glycinate subcutaneously. There was no significant difference between the weights of calves given either treatment during the trial. However, the copper oxide treatment resulted in sustained higher concentration of plasma copper and higher liver reserves than the glycinate treatment.", "contents": "Copper administration to young calves: oral dosing with copper oxide compared with subcutaneous copper glycinate injection. Calves were dosed with 50 g of copper oxide granules orally or given 120 mg copper glycinate subcutaneously. There was no significant difference between the weights of calves given either treatment during the trial. However, the copper oxide treatment resulted in sustained higher concentration of plasma copper and higher liver reserves than the glycinate treatment.", "PMID": 539934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8127", "title": "Atypical porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis: possible interraction between enteroviruses and arsenicals.", "content": "Porcine enteroviruses were isolated from weaner pigs that had nervous signs and mild non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis. The clinical signs and lesions were not typical of enterovirus infection and it is believed that an organic arsenical present in feed enhanced pathogenicity of enteroviruses. Severe non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis were produced in gnotobiotic pigs by oral inoculation of the viruses.", "contents": "Atypical porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis: possible interraction between enteroviruses and arsenicals. Porcine enteroviruses were isolated from weaner pigs that had nervous signs and mild non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis. The clinical signs and lesions were not typical of enterovirus infection and it is believed that an organic arsenical present in feed enhanced pathogenicity of enteroviruses. Severe non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis were produced in gnotobiotic pigs by oral inoculation of the viruses.", "PMID": 539935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8128", "title": "Ossifying ameloblastoma in a horse.", "content": "The features of an ossifying ameloblastoma in a 5-year-old gelding are described. The tumour developed in the angle of the right mandible and microscopically consisted of multiple follicles and islands of epithelial tissue adjacent to which were trabeculae of bone, osteoid and compact collagenous tissue.", "contents": "Ossifying ameloblastoma in a horse. The features of an ossifying ameloblastoma in a 5-year-old gelding are described. The tumour developed in the angle of the right mandible and microscopically consisted of multiple follicles and islands of epithelial tissue adjacent to which were trabeculae of bone, osteoid and compact collagenous tissue.", "PMID": 539936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8129", "title": "The role of inhibited larvae in the epidemiology of ovine haemonchosis.", "content": "Three paddocks were contaminated with Haemonchus contortus eggs from early spring to mid summer by yearling sheep. In Paddock 1, all contamination was derived from worms that had been previously inhibited in their development. The contamination in Paddock 2 was produced only by infections recently acquired from pasture, and in Paddock 3 contamination was attributable to both sources. When the yearling sheep were replaced in mid-summer by newly weaned lambs, severe outbreaks of haemonchosis occurred on all paddocks. It was concluded that inhibited H. contortus larvae are capable of producing sufficient eggs, when they resume development, to initiate an outbreak of haemonchosis in susceptible sheep.", "contents": "The role of inhibited larvae in the epidemiology of ovine haemonchosis. Three paddocks were contaminated with Haemonchus contortus eggs from early spring to mid summer by yearling sheep. In Paddock 1, all contamination was derived from worms that had been previously inhibited in their development. The contamination in Paddock 2 was produced only by infections recently acquired from pasture, and in Paddock 3 contamination was attributable to both sources. When the yearling sheep were replaced in mid-summer by newly weaned lambs, severe outbreaks of haemonchosis occurred on all paddocks. It was concluded that inhibited H. contortus larvae are capable of producing sufficient eggs, when they resume development, to initiate an outbreak of haemonchosis in susceptible sheep.", "PMID": 539940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8130", "title": "A comparison of urinary specific gravity and osmolality in sheep.", "content": "Urinary specific gravity and osmolality were determined on urine samples collected from three categories of sheep -- animals that were normal, in diuresis or had nephron numbers reduced surgically. Values for specific gravity and osmolality were compared and regression coefficients calculated for each category of sheep. In this study, specific gravity was found to be a relatively reliable indicator of osmolality, the correlation being highest in the urine from the sheep with reduced nephron numbers.", "contents": "A comparison of urinary specific gravity and osmolality in sheep. Urinary specific gravity and osmolality were determined on urine samples collected from three categories of sheep -- animals that were normal, in diuresis or had nephron numbers reduced surgically. Values for specific gravity and osmolality were compared and regression coefficients calculated for each category of sheep. In this study, specific gravity was found to be a relatively reliable indicator of osmolality, the correlation being highest in the urine from the sheep with reduced nephron numbers.", "PMID": 539941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8131", "title": "A retrospective study of osteomyelitis in dogs and cats.", "content": "Thirty-nine cases of osteomyelitis in dogs and cats were recorded at the Sydney University Veterinary Hospital and Clinic over a three and a half year period. In 36 cases osteomyelitis was established prior to admission. Three cases of osteomyelitis became established from a total of 502 orthopaedic surgery cases seen at the hospital in this period. In the dog the most common source of infection was open reduction of closed fractures, while in the cat, the most common source of infection was an extension from soft tissue infection. More males than females were affected. Ten cases of osteomyelitis were treated successfully, twelve cases required amputation, while euthanasia was performed on thirteen other cases. The problems and principles of treatment of active osteomyelitis as reflected in the treatment of this series of cases have been described.", "contents": "A retrospective study of osteomyelitis in dogs and cats. Thirty-nine cases of osteomyelitis in dogs and cats were recorded at the Sydney University Veterinary Hospital and Clinic over a three and a half year period. In 36 cases osteomyelitis was established prior to admission. Three cases of osteomyelitis became established from a total of 502 orthopaedic surgery cases seen at the hospital in this period. In the dog the most common source of infection was open reduction of closed fractures, while in the cat, the most common source of infection was an extension from soft tissue infection. More males than females were affected. Ten cases of osteomyelitis were treated successfully, twelve cases required amputation, while euthanasia was performed on thirteen other cases. The problems and principles of treatment of active osteomyelitis as reflected in the treatment of this series of cases have been described.", "PMID": 539942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8132", "title": "Benzimidazole resistance in small strongyles of horses.", "content": "Treatments with mebendazole, cambendazole or febantel were ineffective in reducing the faecal egg count of a group of 40 horses infected with small strongyle species. Evidence was also obtained that this apparent resistance extended to fenbendazole. In horses dosed with morantel tartrate egg counts were reduced to zero by 7 days after treatment. The development of resistance is discussed in relation to previous treatment of the horses and the mode of action of febantel.", "contents": "Benzimidazole resistance in small strongyles of horses. Treatments with mebendazole, cambendazole or febantel were ineffective in reducing the faecal egg count of a group of 40 horses infected with small strongyle species. Evidence was also obtained that this apparent resistance extended to fenbendazole. In horses dosed with morantel tartrate egg counts were reduced to zero by 7 days after treatment. The development of resistance is discussed in relation to previous treatment of the horses and the mode of action of febantel.", "PMID": 539943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8133", "title": "Effect of some pesticides on micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of maize, common bean, or cotton.", "content": "Pot experiments were run to investigate the influence of temik (insecticide and nematocide) and of orthocide (fungicide) on the soil micro-organisms with maize, common bean, and cotton. The counts showed that in some cases there was no influence on the micro-organisms compared with the control, in some cases their numbers increased. On the other hand, depressive effects were recorded for varying periods. This supports the evidence that the pesticides are attacked by several types and groups of rhizospheric microflora; in some cases the by-products may be more toxic than the original toxicants. Generally, however, the recorded effects differed according to the chemical composition of the pesticides, the type and growth phase of each individual plant, and the micro-organisms concerned.", "contents": "Effect of some pesticides on micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of maize, common bean, or cotton. Pot experiments were run to investigate the influence of temik (insecticide and nematocide) and of orthocide (fungicide) on the soil micro-organisms with maize, common bean, and cotton. The counts showed that in some cases there was no influence on the micro-organisms compared with the control, in some cases their numbers increased. On the other hand, depressive effects were recorded for varying periods. This supports the evidence that the pesticides are attacked by several types and groups of rhizospheric microflora; in some cases the by-products may be more toxic than the original toxicants. Generally, however, the recorded effects differed according to the chemical composition of the pesticides, the type and growth phase of each individual plant, and the micro-organisms concerned.", "PMID": 539994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8134", "title": "Interaction of alpha-thalassemia genes with each other and with HbC in an American black family.", "content": "The relative rates of in vitro synthesis of hemoglobin chains have been studied in an American black family in which the mother is doubly heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia and HbC and the father is heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia. The alpha/non-alpha synthetic ratio was equally unbalanced in both the bone marrow and the peripheral blood of the mother. Although HbC comprised 35% of her hemoglobin (compared to 42.2 +/- 2.2 in individuals with HbC trait and balanced globin synthesis), synthetic data showed that the newly synthesized beta C chain was 44% of the total newly synthesized beta chains. Isolated membranes contained more newly synthesized beta C than beta A chains. Three of the offspring were within the normal range, and the remaining three had alpha-thalassemia. There were two spontaneous abortions during the second trimester of pregnancy. Hydrops fetalis did not occur, and none of the children had HbH disease or HbC trait.", "contents": "Interaction of alpha-thalassemia genes with each other and with HbC in an American black family. The relative rates of in vitro synthesis of hemoglobin chains have been studied in an American black family in which the mother is doubly heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia and HbC and the father is heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia. The alpha/non-alpha synthetic ratio was equally unbalanced in both the bone marrow and the peripheral blood of the mother. Although HbC comprised 35% of her hemoglobin (compared to 42.2 +/- 2.2 in individuals with HbC trait and balanced globin synthesis), synthetic data showed that the newly synthesized beta C chain was 44% of the total newly synthesized beta chains. Isolated membranes contained more newly synthesized beta C than beta A chains. Three of the offspring were within the normal range, and the remaining three had alpha-thalassemia. There were two spontaneous abortions during the second trimester of pregnancy. Hydrops fetalis did not occur, and none of the children had HbH disease or HbC trait.", "PMID": 539999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8135", "title": "Human salivary proline-rich (Pr) proteins: a posttranslational derivation of the phenotypes.", "content": "The acidic proline-rich proteins (Pr) showing genetic polymorphism were purified from human parotid salivas by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Molecular weight determinations, amino acid composition analyses, and polypeptide mapping experiments indicate that the Pr 3 protein is a fragment of the Pr 1 protein. Studies of a parotid saliva factor capable of converting Pr 1 to Pr 3 and Pr 2 to Pr 4 indicate that Pr 3 and Pr 4 are generated from Pr 1 and Pr 2, respectively. Evidence suggests that the converting factor is a protease capable of posttranslationally cleaving Pr 1 and Pr 2, the primary or derived products of alleles Pr1 and Pr2.", "contents": "Human salivary proline-rich (Pr) proteins: a posttranslational derivation of the phenotypes. The acidic proline-rich proteins (Pr) showing genetic polymorphism were purified from human parotid salivas by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Molecular weight determinations, amino acid composition analyses, and polypeptide mapping experiments indicate that the Pr 3 protein is a fragment of the Pr 1 protein. Studies of a parotid saliva factor capable of converting Pr 1 to Pr 3 and Pr 2 to Pr 4 indicate that Pr 3 and Pr 4 are generated from Pr 1 and Pr 2, respectively. Evidence suggests that the converting factor is a protease capable of posttranslationally cleaving Pr 1 and Pr 2, the primary or derived products of alleles Pr1 and Pr2.", "PMID": 540000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8136", "title": "Genetic basis of creatine kinase isozymes in skeletal muscle of salmonid fishes.", "content": "The genetic basis of isozyme phenotypes of creatine kinase (CK) from extracts of skeletal muscle of salmonids has been resolved through breeding data including double heterozygous crosses and backcrosses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and backcrosses of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The two-three-, or four-banded phenotypes of homozygous individuals and all heterozygous and hybrid phenotypes of ten salmonid species are readily explained by the following model: (1) there are no detectable heterodimers either between allelic products at a single locus or between loci: (2) each allele is represented electrophoretically by two bands, presumably a reflection of stable posttranslational modification of a single polypeptide unit; (3) CK of salmonid muscle is encoded by two loci--CK-1 and CK-2. The distance separating the paired bands reflecting each allele provides a basis for two groupings--a broad-spaced group (including all species of Oncorhynchus tested excepting O. masou) and a narrow-spaced group (including all species of Salmo tested and O. masou). The relationships among species suggested by the relative mobilities and spacings of these CK bands are consistent with taxonomic schemes inferred from morphological, cytogenetic, and other isozymic data.", "contents": "Genetic basis of creatine kinase isozymes in skeletal muscle of salmonid fishes. The genetic basis of isozyme phenotypes of creatine kinase (CK) from extracts of skeletal muscle of salmonids has been resolved through breeding data including double heterozygous crosses and backcrosses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and backcrosses of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The two-three-, or four-banded phenotypes of homozygous individuals and all heterozygous and hybrid phenotypes of ten salmonid species are readily explained by the following model: (1) there are no detectable heterodimers either between allelic products at a single locus or between loci: (2) each allele is represented electrophoretically by two bands, presumably a reflection of stable posttranslational modification of a single polypeptide unit; (3) CK of salmonid muscle is encoded by two loci--CK-1 and CK-2. The distance separating the paired bands reflecting each allele provides a basis for two groupings--a broad-spaced group (including all species of Oncorhynchus tested excepting O. masou) and a narrow-spaced group (including all species of Salmo tested and O. masou). The relationships among species suggested by the relative mobilities and spacings of these CK bands are consistent with taxonomic schemes inferred from morphological, cytogenetic, and other isozymic data.", "PMID": 540001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8137", "title": "Genetic variation in alkaline phosphatase of the house mouse (Mus musculus) with emphasis on a manganese-requiring isozyme.", "content": "Genetic variation among inbred strains is described for electrophoretic migration of alkaline phosphatase from intestine, kidney, blood plasma, and three isozymes of liver. A manganese-requiring isozyme of liver and kidney unaffected by neuraminidase is described, and the locus controlling variation in this isozyme is designated Akp-1. Data from recombinant inbred strains place the locus on chromosome 1 at a distance of 3.6 +/- 2.9 cM from the M1s locus on the side distal to the centromere. Test-cross data show the following gene order and recombination percentages: Dip-1 19.0 +/- 3.8% Lp 7.4 +/- 2.2% Akp-1.", "contents": "Genetic variation in alkaline phosphatase of the house mouse (Mus musculus) with emphasis on a manganese-requiring isozyme. Genetic variation among inbred strains is described for electrophoretic migration of alkaline phosphatase from intestine, kidney, blood plasma, and three isozymes of liver. A manganese-requiring isozyme of liver and kidney unaffected by neuraminidase is described, and the locus controlling variation in this isozyme is designated Akp-1. Data from recombinant inbred strains place the locus on chromosome 1 at a distance of 3.6 +/- 2.9 cM from the M1s locus on the side distal to the centromere. Test-cross data show the following gene order and recombination percentages: Dip-1 19.0 +/- 3.8% Lp 7.4 +/- 2.2% Akp-1.", "PMID": 540002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8138", "title": "Tissue-specific zein synthesis in maize kernel.", "content": "Zein may account for as much as 10% of the total protein in the mature embryo of maize inbred W64A. This protein exhibited an electrophoretic pattern on SDS gels similar to that of the endosperm. Like the endosperm system, the synthesis of zein components in the embryo was controlled by the opaque-2 and floury-2-mutations. However, unlike zein synthesis in the endosperm, zein synthesis in the embryo could not be increased by nitrogen fertilizer. Variations in amino acid composition were observed between the zein components of the embryo and those of the endosperm.", "contents": "Tissue-specific zein synthesis in maize kernel. Zein may account for as much as 10% of the total protein in the mature embryo of maize inbred W64A. This protein exhibited an electrophoretic pattern on SDS gels similar to that of the endosperm. Like the endosperm system, the synthesis of zein components in the embryo was controlled by the opaque-2 and floury-2-mutations. However, unlike zein synthesis in the endosperm, zein synthesis in the embryo could not be increased by nitrogen fertilizer. Variations in amino acid composition were observed between the zein components of the embryo and those of the endosperm.", "PMID": 540003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8139", "title": "Serum esterase genetics: identification and hormone induction of the Es-1b esterase in inbred rats.", "content": "A previously unrecognized esterase from the sera of the appropriate strains of the rat Rattus norvegicus was revealed by a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic technique. This esterase migrated in the albumin region, whereas a previously known major albumin esterase controlled by the Es-2 locus migrated in the postalbumin region when the method was used. The new albumin esterase component which separated from the Es-2 esterase was identified as the product of the Es-1b gene. The new albumin esterase was not detectable in the sera of sexually mature males of the appropriate genotype, because the activity level of this esterase was influenced by sex hormones, especially androgen.", "contents": "Serum esterase genetics: identification and hormone induction of the Es-1b esterase in inbred rats. A previously unrecognized esterase from the sera of the appropriate strains of the rat Rattus norvegicus was revealed by a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic technique. This esterase migrated in the albumin region, whereas a previously known major albumin esterase controlled by the Es-2 locus migrated in the postalbumin region when the method was used. The new albumin esterase component which separated from the Es-2 esterase was identified as the product of the Es-1b gene. The new albumin esterase was not detectable in the sera of sexually mature males of the appropriate genotype, because the activity level of this esterase was influenced by sex hormones, especially androgen.", "PMID": 540004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8140", "title": "An electrophoretic method for the detection of human red cell acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "An electrophoretic method to demonstrate human red cell membrane acetylcholinesterase is described. The method, performed with crude Triton lysates of red cells on a flat-bed polyacrylamide gel, is sufficiently simple to be suitable for a population survey.", "contents": "An electrophoretic method for the detection of human red cell acetylcholinesterase. An electrophoretic method to demonstrate human red cell membrane acetylcholinesterase is described. The method, performed with crude Triton lysates of red cells on a flat-bed polyacrylamide gel, is sufficiently simple to be suitable for a population survey.", "PMID": 540005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8141", "title": "Amino acid sequence differences in pancreatic ribonucleases from water buffalo breeds from Indonesia and Italy.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of the pancreatic ribonucleases from river-breed water buffaloes from Italy and swamp-breed water buffaloes from Indonesia differ at three positions. One of the differences involves a replacement of asparagine-34, with covalently attached carbohydrate on all molecules, in the river-breed enzyme by serine in the swamp-breed enzyme. The ribonuclease content of the pancreas differs considerably between breeds and is lower in river buffaloes. A ribonuclease preparation from two swamp buffaloes contained a minor glycosylated component. Preliminary evidence was obtained that the amino acid sequence of this component has factors in common with the main component of the swamp-breed ribonuclease and with the river-breed enzyme.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence differences in pancreatic ribonucleases from water buffalo breeds from Indonesia and Italy. The amino acid sequences of the pancreatic ribonucleases from river-breed water buffaloes from Italy and swamp-breed water buffaloes from Indonesia differ at three positions. One of the differences involves a replacement of asparagine-34, with covalently attached carbohydrate on all molecules, in the river-breed enzyme by serine in the swamp-breed enzyme. The ribonuclease content of the pancreas differs considerably between breeds and is lower in river buffaloes. A ribonuclease preparation from two swamp buffaloes contained a minor glycosylated component. Preliminary evidence was obtained that the amino acid sequence of this component has factors in common with the main component of the swamp-breed ribonuclease and with the river-breed enzyme.", "PMID": 540006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8142", "title": "Floride inhibition in patients with atypical dibucaine-resistant plasmacholinesterase.", "content": "The fluoride numbers (FN) of 144 individuals referred to our laboratory for dibucaine number (DN) determinations because of prolonged apnea following succinylcholine in the probands or relatives were determined by our new method using 2.5 X 10(4) M concentration of sodium fluoride at 37 C. Dibucaine-resistant homozygotes and heterozygotes both had lower FN than the normal homozygotes. A linear correlation between DN and FN for all these genotypes was found which is described by the equation FN = 0.59 DN + 32. The correlation coefficient was r = 0.94. This equation will help in the correct identification of atypical fluoride resistant genotypes, since these ought to have an observed FN lower by 2 standard deviations than the FN calculated from this equation.", "contents": "Floride inhibition in patients with atypical dibucaine-resistant plasmacholinesterase. The fluoride numbers (FN) of 144 individuals referred to our laboratory for dibucaine number (DN) determinations because of prolonged apnea following succinylcholine in the probands or relatives were determined by our new method using 2.5 X 10(4) M concentration of sodium fluoride at 37 C. Dibucaine-resistant homozygotes and heterozygotes both had lower FN than the normal homozygotes. A linear correlation between DN and FN for all these genotypes was found which is described by the equation FN = 0.59 DN + 32. The correlation coefficient was r = 0.94. This equation will help in the correct identification of atypical fluoride resistant genotypes, since these ought to have an observed FN lower by 2 standard deviations than the FN calculated from this equation.", "PMID": 540007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8143", "title": "Identification of a new allele of Es-I segregating in an inbred strain of mice.", "content": "A new allele of Es-1, designated Es-1e, has been identified in the mouse.  This allele was discovered segregating among the progeny of a strain DBA/2J male and is apparently the result of a spontaneous mutation within this strain. Genetic analyses have shown that this mutation is heritable and, further, that both heterozygous and homozygous progeny are viable and fertile. To date, no discernible deleterious effects have been identified as associated with this mutation.", "contents": "Identification of a new allele of Es-I segregating in an inbred strain of mice. A new allele of Es-1, designated Es-1e, has been identified in the mouse.  This allele was discovered segregating among the progeny of a strain DBA/2J male and is apparently the result of a spontaneous mutation within this strain. Genetic analyses have shown that this mutation is heritable and, further, that both heterozygous and homozygous progeny are viable and fertile. To date, no discernible deleterious effects have been identified as associated with this mutation.", "PMID": 540008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8144", "title": "Evidence for a triplicate set of glucosephosphate isomerase structural genes in hexaploid wheat.", "content": "The glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI)zymogram phenotypes of 46 aneuploid derivatives of the cultivar Chinese Spring of hexaploid wheat were determined. Variation was observed among the strains in the relative level of expression of three GPI isozymes.  The relationships observed between chromosomal constitution and zymogram phenotype support the hypothesis that the three GPI isozymes are dimers composed of protomers encoded by a minimum of three homoeologous structural genes located one each in the short arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D.  The relative levels of expression per dose of chromosome arm of the products of the three arms differ in a manner consistent with the presence of a two-fold greater quantity of the product of 1BS than of the product of 1AS and of 1DS, indicating that 1BS may contain duplicate GPI structural genes.", "contents": "Evidence for a triplicate set of glucosephosphate isomerase structural genes in hexaploid wheat. The glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI)zymogram phenotypes of 46 aneuploid derivatives of the cultivar Chinese Spring of hexaploid wheat were determined. Variation was observed among the strains in the relative level of expression of three GPI isozymes.  The relationships observed between chromosomal constitution and zymogram phenotype support the hypothesis that the three GPI isozymes are dimers composed of protomers encoded by a minimum of three homoeologous structural genes located one each in the short arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D.  The relative levels of expression per dose of chromosome arm of the products of the three arms differ in a manner consistent with the presence of a two-fold greater quantity of the product of 1BS than of the product of 1AS and of 1DS, indicating that 1BS may contain duplicate GPI structural genes.", "PMID": 540009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8145", "title": "Genetic variation, inheritance, and quaternary structure of malic enzyme in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).", "content": "Electrophoretic variation is described for malic enzyme (ME) for the first time in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).  Since the quaternary structure of ME was not clear from examination of banding patterns in brook trout alone, ME phenotypes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)X brook trout hybrids as wel as in esocid species demonstrated that ME is tetrameric.  A model of two duplicated loci is proposed to account for the observed variation.  One locus (ME-2) is fixed and one locus (ME-1) is variable with three electrophoretically distinct alleles; the protein products of ME-1 are reduced in activity relative to the protein products of ME-2.  Joint segregation was examined between ME-1, ME-2, and nine other biochemical loci in a splake--lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) X brook trout hybrid--backcross.  All pairwise examinations showed random assortment except ME-2 with an isocitrate dehydrogenase locus (IDH-3), which showed complete linkage in the splake backcross.  This may be due to a chromosomal aberration.", "contents": "Genetic variation, inheritance, and quaternary structure of malic enzyme in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Electrophoretic variation is described for malic enzyme (ME) for the first time in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).  Since the quaternary structure of ME was not clear from examination of banding patterns in brook trout alone, ME phenotypes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)X brook trout hybrids as wel as in esocid species demonstrated that ME is tetrameric.  A model of two duplicated loci is proposed to account for the observed variation.  One locus (ME-2) is fixed and one locus (ME-1) is variable with three electrophoretically distinct alleles; the protein products of ME-1 are reduced in activity relative to the protein products of ME-2.  Joint segregation was examined between ME-1, ME-2, and nine other biochemical loci in a splake--lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) X brook trout hybrid--backcross.  All pairwise examinations showed random assortment except ME-2 with an isocitrate dehydrogenase locus (IDH-3), which showed complete linkage in the splake backcross.  This may be due to a chromosomal aberration.", "PMID": 540010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8146", "title": "Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. VIII. Heterozygosity and genic changes in isolated populations of D. engyochracea.", "content": "Drosophila engyochracea, an endemic Hawaiian fly found only in two, finite populations in Volcano National Park, has extensive electrophoretic heterozygosity on a par with that found in species with much wider distributions. A study of six polymorphic loci in both populations over an 18-month period revealed that the population in the more xeric environment is more dynamic genetically as well as more variable. In addition, genetic changes at one locus, Pgm, are correlaed to changes in an environmental moisture parameter. These findings confirm that migration is not necessary to maintain genetic variation in isolated population and demonstrate that D. engyochracea gene pools are susceptible to errors in Hardy-Weinberg equilibria during specific seasonal periods.", "contents": "Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. VIII. Heterozygosity and genic changes in isolated populations of D. engyochracea. Drosophila engyochracea, an endemic Hawaiian fly found only in two, finite populations in Volcano National Park, has extensive electrophoretic heterozygosity on a par with that found in species with much wider distributions. A study of six polymorphic loci in both populations over an 18-month period revealed that the population in the more xeric environment is more dynamic genetically as well as more variable. In addition, genetic changes at one locus, Pgm, are correlaed to changes in an environmental moisture parameter. These findings confirm that migration is not necessary to maintain genetic variation in isolated population and demonstrate that D. engyochracea gene pools are susceptible to errors in Hardy-Weinberg equilibria during specific seasonal periods.", "PMID": 540011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8147", "title": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme in mosaic skeletal muscle of mouse chimeras.", "content": "The question was investigated whether mitochondria in the mammalian skeletal muscle fiber syncytium incorporate gene products encoded by one or many nuclei.  Mouse chimeras were produced from strains which differ in their electrophoretic variants of the nuclear-coded mitochondrial protein, malic enzyme (MOD-2, E.C. 1.1.1.40, L-malate NADP+ oxidoreductase decarboxylating).  The MOD-2 phenotypes of skeletal muscles of these chimeras were characterized in a starch gel electrophoretic system.  The results indicate that individual mitochondria can contain products encoded by multiple nuclei and therefore that, for skeletal muscle mitochondria, the cell is not subdivided into nuclear territories.  Possible mechanisms of gene product distribution in skeletal muscle fibers are discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme in mosaic skeletal muscle of mouse chimeras. The question was investigated whether mitochondria in the mammalian skeletal muscle fiber syncytium incorporate gene products encoded by one or many nuclei.  Mouse chimeras were produced from strains which differ in their electrophoretic variants of the nuclear-coded mitochondrial protein, malic enzyme (MOD-2, E.C. 1.1.1.40, L-malate NADP+ oxidoreductase decarboxylating).  The MOD-2 phenotypes of skeletal muscles of these chimeras were characterized in a starch gel electrophoretic system.  The results indicate that individual mitochondria can contain products encoded by multiple nuclei and therefore that, for skeletal muscle mitochondria, the cell is not subdivided into nuclear territories.  Possible mechanisms of gene product distribution in skeletal muscle fibers are discussed.", "PMID": 540012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8148", "title": "Biochemical characterization of mutant propionyl CoA carboxylases from two minor genetic complementation groups.", "content": "We have biochemically characterized several parameters of propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) activity in fibroblast extracts from PCC-deficient patients belonging to the two minor genetic complementation groups with those of the two major complementation pccB and pccBC. Comparison of PCC's from these groups with those of the two major complementation groups, pcc A and pcc C, has demonstrated that PCCs from both the pcc B and pcc BC groups closely resemble each other as well as PCC from the pcc C group.  These results further support the hypothesis that the pcc B and pcc BC lines are interallelic with respect to pcc C and consequently that the structural mutations in the PCCs from these groups involve the same subunit.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of mutant propionyl CoA carboxylases from two minor genetic complementation groups. We have biochemically characterized several parameters of propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) activity in fibroblast extracts from PCC-deficient patients belonging to the two minor genetic complementation groups with those of the two major complementation pccB and pccBC. Comparison of PCC's from these groups with those of the two major complementation groups, pcc A and pcc C, has demonstrated that PCCs from both the pcc B and pcc BC groups closely resemble each other as well as PCC from the pcc C group.  These results further support the hypothesis that the pcc B and pcc BC lines are interallelic with respect to pcc C and consequently that the structural mutations in the PCCs from these groups involve the same subunit.", "PMID": 540013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8149", "title": "Evaluation of biotin responsiveness in cultured fibroblasts from patients with propionic acidemia: absence of response by structurally altered carboxylases.", "content": "We have demonstrated that, although propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) activity is deficient in fibroblast extracts from PCC-deficient patients belonging to the two major and two minor genetic complementation groups, the activity of another biotin-dependent carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (betaMCC), is normal.  Moreover, betaMCC activity is stimulated when the fibroblasts are cultured in high concentrations of biotin, in the same way that it is in normal fibroblasts, whereas the depressed PCC activity remains essentially unchanged.  Because these results are parallel with the in vivo failure of high-dose biotin to stimulate PCC activity in peripheral blood leukocytes, we conclude that the biotin responsiveness of PCC in cultured fibroblasts from patients with PCC deficiency may be  used to predict or confirm biotin responsiveness in vivo.", "contents": "Evaluation of biotin responsiveness in cultured fibroblasts from patients with propionic acidemia: absence of response by structurally altered carboxylases. We have demonstrated that, although propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) activity is deficient in fibroblast extracts from PCC-deficient patients belonging to the two major and two minor genetic complementation groups, the activity of another biotin-dependent carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (betaMCC), is normal.  Moreover, betaMCC activity is stimulated when the fibroblasts are cultured in high concentrations of biotin, in the same way that it is in normal fibroblasts, whereas the depressed PCC activity remains essentially unchanged.  Because these results are parallel with the in vivo failure of high-dose biotin to stimulate PCC activity in peripheral blood leukocytes, we conclude that the biotin responsiveness of PCC in cultured fibroblasts from patients with PCC deficiency may be  used to predict or confirm biotin responsiveness in vivo.", "PMID": 540014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8150", "title": "Cadmium metabolism in cdm/cdm mice.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of cadmium by cadmium-susceptible (+/+) and cadmium-resistant (cdm/cdm) strains of mice have been compared. These strains did not differ with respect to the quantitative uptake of cadmium into liver, kidney, or testis.  After intraperitoneal administration of a nontoxic dose, more than 80% of the cadmium in liver and testis of both strains is bound to low molecular weight proteins.  The chromatographic behavior of these cadmium-binding proteins is not affected by cdm genotype.", "contents": "Cadmium metabolism in cdm/cdm mice. The uptake and metabolism of cadmium by cadmium-susceptible (+/+) and cadmium-resistant (cdm/cdm) strains of mice have been compared. These strains did not differ with respect to the quantitative uptake of cadmium into liver, kidney, or testis.  After intraperitoneal administration of a nontoxic dose, more than 80% of the cadmium in liver and testis of both strains is bound to low molecular weight proteins.  The chromatographic behavior of these cadmium-binding proteins is not affected by cdm genotype.", "PMID": 540016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8151", "title": "Structural relatedness of mouse lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, A4 (muscle), B4 (heart), and C4 (testis).", "content": "Three homotetrameric lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, LDH-M(A4), LDH-H(B4), and LDH-X(C4), from DBA/2J mice have been purified by affinity chromatography.  The amino acid compositions of the subunits A,B, and C, based on a molecular weight of 36,000, have been determined.  The compositional relatedness of these isozymes indicates that subunits A (muscle) and B (heart) are more closely related to each other than to subunit C (testis).  Tryptic peptide maps and amino acid compositions of some active site peptides apear to confirm the compositional relatedness among these isozymes.  The sequence of the loop region of mouse C subunit seems to be markedly different from all known A and B sequences, and the structural and functional implications are discussed.", "contents": "Structural relatedness of mouse lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, A4 (muscle), B4 (heart), and C4 (testis). Three homotetrameric lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, LDH-M(A4), LDH-H(B4), and LDH-X(C4), from DBA/2J mice have been purified by affinity chromatography.  The amino acid compositions of the subunits A,B, and C, based on a molecular weight of 36,000, have been determined.  The compositional relatedness of these isozymes indicates that subunits A (muscle) and B (heart) are more closely related to each other than to subunit C (testis).  Tryptic peptide maps and amino acid compositions of some active site peptides apear to confirm the compositional relatedness among these isozymes.  The sequence of the loop region of mouse C subunit seems to be markedly different from all known A and B sequences, and the structural and functional implications are discussed.", "PMID": 540015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8152", "title": "Developmental expression of murine HPRT. I. Activities, heat stabilities, and electrophoretic mobilities in adult tissues.", "content": "Total and specific activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) varied widely among six tissues from C3H/f mice; the highest levels of activity were in brain. More striking were thermostability differences in tissue enzymes. Although brain, spleen, and kidney HPRT retained 65% basal activity after 15 min at 85 C, heart, liver, and erythrocyte HPRT retained only 20-30% initial activity. Kidney HPRT behaved as monospecific heat-stable enzyme (K-denatauration=0.022/min, and liver enzyme behaved as monospecific heat-labile enzyme (K-denaturation=0.061/min), while other tissues appeared to contain both forms of the enzyme. Multiple electrophoretic activity bands were present in all tissues; no activity band was restricted to a single tissue. The data presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that the distinct tissue properties of HPRT result from posttranslational modification of the product of a single genetic locus which is expressed in all tissues.", "contents": "Developmental expression of murine HPRT. I. Activities, heat stabilities, and electrophoretic mobilities in adult tissues. Total and specific activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) varied widely among six tissues from C3H/f mice; the highest levels of activity were in brain. More striking were thermostability differences in tissue enzymes. Although brain, spleen, and kidney HPRT retained 65% basal activity after 15 min at 85 C, heart, liver, and erythrocyte HPRT retained only 20-30% initial activity. Kidney HPRT behaved as monospecific heat-stable enzyme (K-denatauration=0.022/min, and liver enzyme behaved as monospecific heat-labile enzyme (K-denaturation=0.061/min), while other tissues appeared to contain both forms of the enzyme. Multiple electrophoretic activity bands were present in all tissues; no activity band was restricted to a single tissue. The data presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that the distinct tissue properties of HPRT result from posttranslational modification of the product of a single genetic locus which is expressed in all tissues.", "PMID": 540017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8153", "title": "Genetics of cat hemoglobins: a quantitative polymorphism.", "content": "Blood samples from domestic cats, representing the parents (26) and offspring (91) from 33 matings, were analyzed to determine the proportions of hemoglobins A and B. Evidence is presented that the proportions of the two hemoglobins are genetically determined and that cats may be divided into three groups on the basis of this characteristic. Family data and Hardy-Weinberg analysis support the hypothesis that the three groups represent the possible combinations of an allelic gene pair. In an attempt to explain the observed phenotypic differences, possible points of action of this gene pair are discussed, including effects on rates of synthesis or epigenetic modification of globin chains.", "contents": "Genetics of cat hemoglobins: a quantitative polymorphism. Blood samples from domestic cats, representing the parents (26) and offspring (91) from 33 matings, were analyzed to determine the proportions of hemoglobins A and B. Evidence is presented that the proportions of the two hemoglobins are genetically determined and that cats may be divided into three groups on the basis of this characteristic. Family data and Hardy-Weinberg analysis support the hypothesis that the three groups represent the possible combinations of an allelic gene pair. In an attempt to explain the observed phenotypic differences, possible points of action of this gene pair are discussed, including effects on rates of synthesis or epigenetic modification of globin chains.", "PMID": 540018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8154", "title": "Evidence for 15 genetically determined electrophoretic variants of transcobalamin II in rabbit serum.", "content": "By starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography two classes of vitamin B12 binding proteins were detected in rabbit serum. By analogy to the nomenclature used in man, the two classes of proteins were named \"transcobalamin I\" (TCI) and \"transcobalamin II\" (TCII). Fifteen TCII phenotypes were observed, and family data indicated  that they are controlled by five allelic codominant genes. The possibility that the five genes arise from the action of at least two polymorphic and closely linked structural loci is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for 15 genetically determined electrophoretic variants of transcobalamin II in rabbit serum. By starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography two classes of vitamin B12 binding proteins were detected in rabbit serum. By analogy to the nomenclature used in man, the two classes of proteins were named \"transcobalamin I\" (TCI) and \"transcobalamin II\" (TCII). Fifteen TCII phenotypes were observed, and family data indicated  that they are controlled by five allelic codominant genes. The possibility that the five genes arise from the action of at least two polymorphic and closely linked structural loci is discussed.", "PMID": 540019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8155", "title": "Sex difference in the accumulation of D-beta-aminoisobutyrate in organs of mouse after thymine loading.", "content": "The concentration of D-beta-aminoisobutyric acid (D-BAIB) in the liver and kidney was twice as high and dropped more slowly in the female mouse than in the male after an intraperitoneal injection of thymine. The concentration of beta-alanine, formed from uracil by the same enzyme system catalyzing formation of D-BAIB from thymine, was not different in the liver and kidney of both sexes after an intraperitoneal injection of uracil. After the intraperitoneal injection of D-BAIB, the concentration of BAIB in male liver decreased faster than that in female liver. Inhibition of D-BAIB: pyruvate aminotransferase caused by injection of D-cycloserine resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of BAIB in liver of both sexes after injection of thymine, but the concentration dropped more rapidly in the male. The activity of D-BAIB: pyruvate aminotransferase was not different in the livers of male and female mice. Under the action of probenecid, an inhibitor of active transport systems, the sex difference in accumulation and disappearance of the amino acid in the liver was not observed. This suggested that the excretion of BAIB is more active in the renal tubules of the male mouse than in those of the female. However, the amount of BAIB excreted in the urine after injection of thymine was larger in the female mice than in the male mice. There may be another probenecid-sensitive enzyme for the disposal of BAIB in male mice.", "contents": "Sex difference in the accumulation of D-beta-aminoisobutyrate in organs of mouse after thymine loading. The concentration of D-beta-aminoisobutyric acid (D-BAIB) in the liver and kidney was twice as high and dropped more slowly in the female mouse than in the male after an intraperitoneal injection of thymine. The concentration of beta-alanine, formed from uracil by the same enzyme system catalyzing formation of D-BAIB from thymine, was not different in the liver and kidney of both sexes after an intraperitoneal injection of uracil. After the intraperitoneal injection of D-BAIB, the concentration of BAIB in male liver decreased faster than that in female liver. Inhibition of D-BAIB: pyruvate aminotransferase caused by injection of D-cycloserine resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of BAIB in liver of both sexes after injection of thymine, but the concentration dropped more rapidly in the male. The activity of D-BAIB: pyruvate aminotransferase was not different in the livers of male and female mice. Under the action of probenecid, an inhibitor of active transport systems, the sex difference in accumulation and disappearance of the amino acid in the liver was not observed. This suggested that the excretion of BAIB is more active in the renal tubules of the male mouse than in those of the female. However, the amount of BAIB excreted in the urine after injection of thymine was larger in the female mice than in the male mice. There may be another probenecid-sensitive enzyme for the disposal of BAIB in male mice.", "PMID": 540020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8156", "title": "6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the housefly, Musca domestica L.:evidence for inheritable 6PGD polymorphism.", "content": "Two electrophoretic variants of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6 PGD) enzyme have been found in the WHO/IN/Musca domestica/l housefly laboratory strain. The patterns shown by Cellogel zone electrophoresis can be fully explained by the hypothesis of two codominant autosomal alleles. On this hypothesis, a specific Pgd locus has been postulated and the symbols PgdA and PgdB have been assigned to the two alleles causing the PGD-A and PGD-B phenotypes. The bands corresponding to the homozygous phenotypes PGD-A and PGD-B have different electrophoretic mobility and staining intensity; they can be described, respectively, as \"fast-weak\" and \"slow-thick.\" The heterozygous phenotype PGD-AB gives a three-banded pattern, indicative of a dimeric structure for this enzyme; this pattern is asymmetrical. Heterozygous flies have been found both among wild-type strains of recent colonization and among old established laboratory colonies. Most strains are PgdB monomorphic; up to now only three strains have been PgdA monomorphic, all of them being multimarker strains. The Pgd locus has been traced to the housefly linkage group III.", "contents": "6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the housefly, Musca domestica L.:evidence for inheritable 6PGD polymorphism. Two electrophoretic variants of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6 PGD) enzyme have been found in the WHO/IN/Musca domestica/l housefly laboratory strain. The patterns shown by Cellogel zone electrophoresis can be fully explained by the hypothesis of two codominant autosomal alleles. On this hypothesis, a specific Pgd locus has been postulated and the symbols PgdA and PgdB have been assigned to the two alleles causing the PGD-A and PGD-B phenotypes. The bands corresponding to the homozygous phenotypes PGD-A and PGD-B have different electrophoretic mobility and staining intensity; they can be described, respectively, as \"fast-weak\" and \"slow-thick.\" The heterozygous phenotype PGD-AB gives a three-banded pattern, indicative of a dimeric structure for this enzyme; this pattern is asymmetrical. Heterozygous flies have been found both among wild-type strains of recent colonization and among old established laboratory colonies. Most strains are PgdB monomorphic; up to now only three strains have been PgdA monomorphic, all of them being multimarker strains. The Pgd locus has been traced to the housefly linkage group III.", "PMID": 540022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8157", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes from lung cancer and noncancer patients: a correlation with family histories of cancer.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and peripheral blood lymphocytes from cigarette smokers with and without primary lung cancer. Frequency distribution analysis of AHH induction ratios for the two groups revealed an increased number of individuals in the lung cancer patient group with high lymphocyte induction values (P less than 0.05). A similar increase was not shown for high-PAM AHH values in lung cancer patients (P greater than 0.2). When individual PAM and lymphocyte AHH values were compared between noncancer and lung cancer patients, a positive correlation was observed for noncancer patients (r=0.195, P less than 0.001), but no correlation of these values was noted for lung cancer patients. The lung cancer patients were divided into three subgroups of patients showing (I) high PAM and low lymphocyte AHH levels, (II) low PAM and low lymphocyte AHH levels, and (III) low PAM and high lymphocyte AHH levels. When the incidence of family history of cancer was compared for these subgroups, no family cancer history was recorded for persons in subgroup II; however, individuals in subgroups I and III presented family cancer history incidence of 9.5% and 39.3%, respectively. Patients in group III averaged 6 years younger than those in group I. These data suggest that familial factors may be identified among lung cancer patients and that these factors appear to associate as either a cause of an effect with the capacity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes to be induced for AHH. The data support the hypothesis that high AHH values may be characteristic of lung cancer patients but show that enzyme values determined from a single tissue, either PAMs or lymphocytes, may not be appropriate for showing whether high AHH inducibility is correlated with lung cancer.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes from lung cancer and noncancer patients: a correlation with family histories of cancer. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and peripheral blood lymphocytes from cigarette smokers with and without primary lung cancer. Frequency distribution analysis of AHH induction ratios for the two groups revealed an increased number of individuals in the lung cancer patient group with high lymphocyte induction values (P less than 0.05). A similar increase was not shown for high-PAM AHH values in lung cancer patients (P greater than 0.2). When individual PAM and lymphocyte AHH values were compared between noncancer and lung cancer patients, a positive correlation was observed for noncancer patients (r=0.195, P less than 0.001), but no correlation of these values was noted for lung cancer patients. The lung cancer patients were divided into three subgroups of patients showing (I) high PAM and low lymphocyte AHH levels, (II) low PAM and low lymphocyte AHH levels, and (III) low PAM and high lymphocyte AHH levels. When the incidence of family history of cancer was compared for these subgroups, no family cancer history was recorded for persons in subgroup II; however, individuals in subgroups I and III presented family cancer history incidence of 9.5% and 39.3%, respectively. Patients in group III averaged 6 years younger than those in group I. These data suggest that familial factors may be identified among lung cancer patients and that these factors appear to associate as either a cause of an effect with the capacity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes to be induced for AHH. The data support the hypothesis that high AHH values may be characteristic of lung cancer patients but show that enzyme values determined from a single tissue, either PAMs or lymphocytes, may not be appropriate for showing whether high AHH inducibility is correlated with lung cancer.", "PMID": 540021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8158", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of vitamin B12 binding (R) proteins of human saliva detected by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin B12 binding (R) proteins of parotid saliva is determined by autosomal inheritance of codominant alleles. This hypothesis is supported by studies in 43 families including 152 children. For randomly collected salivas from 143 whites, 104 blacks, and 75 Chinese, gene frequencies are as follows: for whites, Rs1=0.88, Rs2=0.12; for blacks, Rs1=0.94, Rs2=0.06; for Chinese, Rs1=1.00. This genetic marker is also shared by R proteins of milk, tears, and leukocytes. In the Rs 1--2 salivary type there is less labeling of the protein products of Rs2 v. Rs1 with 57Co B12 as assessed by the intensity of the bands on the autoradiogram. There is no evidence for close linkage (theta less than 0.01) between Rs and TC II (transcobalamin II) or between Rs and salivary protein locus Pr, Db, Gl, or Ps.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of vitamin B12 binding (R) proteins of human saliva detected by isoelectric focusing. Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin B12 binding (R) proteins of parotid saliva is determined by autosomal inheritance of codominant alleles. This hypothesis is supported by studies in 43 families including 152 children. For randomly collected salivas from 143 whites, 104 blacks, and 75 Chinese, gene frequencies are as follows: for whites, Rs1=0.88, Rs2=0.12; for blacks, Rs1=0.94, Rs2=0.06; for Chinese, Rs1=1.00. This genetic marker is also shared by R proteins of milk, tears, and leukocytes. In the Rs 1--2 salivary type there is less labeling of the protein products of Rs2 v. Rs1 with 57Co B12 as assessed by the intensity of the bands on the autoradiogram. There is no evidence for close linkage (theta less than 0.01) between Rs and TC II (transcobalamin II) or between Rs and salivary protein locus Pr, Db, Gl, or Ps.", "PMID": 540023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8159", "title": "Genetics of the mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase system. II. Immunological and two-dimensional gel electrophoretic studies of phenylalanine hydroxylase in cultured normal and mutant rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "We have examined 11 previously described cultured rat hepatoma mutants with absent or reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity (Choo and Cotton, 1977). Immunological and electrophoretic methods failed to detect any structurally altered protein in these mutants. In nine independently isolated revertants from four different mutants, wild-type protein was regained (or accentuated). This evidence suggests that the mutation involved in these mutants is most likely to be regulatory in nature. These studies have provided three reasons for believing that in cultured rat hepatoma cells one gene codes for a single polypeptide chain, a number of which combine to form the active phenylalanine hydroxylase multimer: (1) Analysis of the purified protein by two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only a single polypeptide chain. (2) This polypeptide was diminished or undetectable in crude extracts of 11 independently isolated mutants with absent of reduced activity. (3) In none of these 11 mutants was the polypeptide we have designated to be phenylalanine hydroxylase present at normal levels, as would be expected if the mutation were at another locus responsible for a possible second subunit.", "contents": "Genetics of the mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase system. II. Immunological and two-dimensional gel electrophoretic studies of phenylalanine hydroxylase in cultured normal and mutant rat hepatoma cells. We have examined 11 previously described cultured rat hepatoma mutants with absent or reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity (Choo and Cotton, 1977). Immunological and electrophoretic methods failed to detect any structurally altered protein in these mutants. In nine independently isolated revertants from four different mutants, wild-type protein was regained (or accentuated). This evidence suggests that the mutation involved in these mutants is most likely to be regulatory in nature. These studies have provided three reasons for believing that in cultured rat hepatoma cells one gene codes for a single polypeptide chain, a number of which combine to form the active phenylalanine hydroxylase multimer: (1) Analysis of the purified protein by two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only a single polypeptide chain. (2) This polypeptide was diminished or undetectable in crude extracts of 11 independently isolated mutants with absent of reduced activity. (3) In none of these 11 mutants was the polypeptide we have designated to be phenylalanine hydroxylase present at normal levels, as would be expected if the mutation were at another locus responsible for a possible second subunit.", "PMID": 540024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8160", "title": "Isoenzyme pattern of HPRT in murine erythrocytes: control by an autosomal locus.", "content": "A locus on chromosome 7 controls the electrophoretic mobility of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) isoenzymes in mouse erythrocytes, but not in several other tissues. This locus is designated Hma (HPRT mobility alteration) and maps very close to the Hbb locus. The A/J, AKR/J, AU/SsJ, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, LP/J, RF/J, SEA/Gn, ST/BJ, and 129/J strains and our population of Swiss albino mice have the Hmaa allele. Hmaa is dominant to Hmab, which is found in the C57BL/6J, C57BL/KsJ, C58/J, LT/Sv, MA/MyJ, SJL/J, and SWR/J strains. Both alleles are found in feral Mus musculus. In our conditions, homozygotes for Hmab have two major bands of HPRT activity after electrophoresis of extracts of erythrocytes and of other tissues. Heterozygotes and Hmaa homozygotes have three bands in erythrocyte extracts but two band in other tissues.", "contents": "Isoenzyme pattern of HPRT in murine erythrocytes: control by an autosomal locus. A locus on chromosome 7 controls the electrophoretic mobility of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) isoenzymes in mouse erythrocytes, but not in several other tissues. This locus is designated Hma (HPRT mobility alteration) and maps very close to the Hbb locus. The A/J, AKR/J, AU/SsJ, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, LP/J, RF/J, SEA/Gn, ST/BJ, and 129/J strains and our population of Swiss albino mice have the Hmaa allele. Hmaa is dominant to Hmab, which is found in the C57BL/6J, C57BL/KsJ, C58/J, LT/Sv, MA/MyJ, SJL/J, and SWR/J strains. Both alleles are found in feral Mus musculus. In our conditions, homozygotes for Hmab have two major bands of HPRT activity after electrophoresis of extracts of erythrocytes and of other tissues. Heterozygotes and Hmaa homozygotes have three bands in erythrocyte extracts but two band in other tissues.", "PMID": 540025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8161", "title": "Intracellular mechanisms of the formation of homo- and heteropolymeric isozymes. I. Kinetics of the formation of the heteropolymeric isozyme of malate dehydrogenase in parasexual hybrids of two Acetabularia species.", "content": "The isozyme pattern of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of Acetabularia crenulata and A. mediterranea is characterized by heterogeneity in different regions of the cytoplasm of both algae, as well as by species specificity. The formation of the heteropolymeric MDH isozyme is restricted to a definite region of the cytoplasm of heterokaryons and nuclear-cytoplasmic A.crenulata-A.mediteranea hybrids at different stages of their development. The data obtained suggest that the concentrations of the free subunits of MDH, coded for by homologous genes, are unevenly distributed in the cytoplasm of hybrid cells. The heteropolymeric MDH isozyme in these cells is presumably the result of the de novo synthesis of isozyme subunits. This seems plausible inasmuch as no exchange occurs between the homopolymeric MDH isozymes of both parental types in the cytoplasm. The formation of the heteropolymeric MDH isozyme is tentatively related to the spatial compartmentalization of the mRNAs of homologous genes coding for the MDH subunits.", "contents": "Intracellular mechanisms of the formation of homo- and heteropolymeric isozymes. I. Kinetics of the formation of the heteropolymeric isozyme of malate dehydrogenase in parasexual hybrids of two Acetabularia species. The isozyme pattern of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of Acetabularia crenulata and A. mediterranea is characterized by heterogeneity in different regions of the cytoplasm of both algae, as well as by species specificity. The formation of the heteropolymeric MDH isozyme is restricted to a definite region of the cytoplasm of heterokaryons and nuclear-cytoplasmic A.crenulata-A.mediteranea hybrids at different stages of their development. The data obtained suggest that the concentrations of the free subunits of MDH, coded for by homologous genes, are unevenly distributed in the cytoplasm of hybrid cells. The heteropolymeric MDH isozyme in these cells is presumably the result of the de novo synthesis of isozyme subunits. This seems plausible inasmuch as no exchange occurs between the homopolymeric MDH isozymes of both parental types in the cytoplasm. The formation of the heteropolymeric MDH isozyme is tentatively related to the spatial compartmentalization of the mRNAs of homologous genes coding for the MDH subunits.", "PMID": 540026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8162", "title": "Role of 24- and 28-hydroxylated intermediates in the metabolism of beta-sitosterol in the insect Tenebrio molitor.", "content": "1. [28-3H]Stigmast-5-ene-3 beta, 28-diol and [23,23,25-3H]stigmast-5-ene-3 beta, 24-diol were synthesized. 2. Each of the samples was mixed with beta-[4-14C]sitosterol and administered to Tenebrio molitor larvae. 3. The former compound is not utilized by the insect; the latter, although metabolized to 24(28)-ethylidene sterols and cholesterol, is not a beta-sitosterol metabolite. 4. The above results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of formation of the 24(28)-double bond in beta-sitosterol metabolism in T. molitor.", "contents": "Role of 24- and 28-hydroxylated intermediates in the metabolism of beta-sitosterol in the insect Tenebrio molitor. 1. [28-3H]Stigmast-5-ene-3 beta, 28-diol and [23,23,25-3H]stigmast-5-ene-3 beta, 24-diol were synthesized. 2. Each of the samples was mixed with beta-[4-14C]sitosterol and administered to Tenebrio molitor larvae. 3. The former compound is not utilized by the insect; the latter, although metabolized to 24(28)-ethylidene sterols and cholesterol, is not a beta-sitosterol metabolite. 4. The above results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of formation of the 24(28)-double bond in beta-sitosterol metabolism in T. molitor.", "PMID": 540027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8163", "title": "The nature of the slow metal ion-dependent conformational transition in bovine prothrombin.", "content": "Kinetic parameters characterizing the slow structural isomerization observed via metal ion-dependent intrinsic fluorescence quenching of bovine prothrombin Fragment 1 have been determined. From forward and reverse rate constants, an equilibrium constant of approx. 0.25 is calculated. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that there exists, in the absence of metal ions, an equilibrium between two forms of bovine Fragment 1, one of which can interact rapidly with Ca2+ and subsequently with phospholipid. The other form of Fragment 1 cannot interact with Ca2+ in a manner that yields a phospholipid-binding form of the protein. Interconversion of these two forms of Fragment 1 occurs and may involve the isomerization of a proline residue.", "contents": "The nature of the slow metal ion-dependent conformational transition in bovine prothrombin. Kinetic parameters characterizing the slow structural isomerization observed via metal ion-dependent intrinsic fluorescence quenching of bovine prothrombin Fragment 1 have been determined. From forward and reverse rate constants, an equilibrium constant of approx. 0.25 is calculated. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that there exists, in the absence of metal ions, an equilibrium between two forms of bovine Fragment 1, one of which can interact rapidly with Ca2+ and subsequently with phospholipid. The other form of Fragment 1 cannot interact with Ca2+ in a manner that yields a phospholipid-binding form of the protein. Interconversion of these two forms of Fragment 1 occurs and may involve the isomerization of a proline residue.", "PMID": 540028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8164", "title": "Heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography for purification of bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase.", "content": "Bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase was purified 180-fold by chromatography on concanvalin A-Sepharose, heparin Sepharose, Sephadex G-200 and Sephacryl S-200. With hyaluronic acid as the substrate, the specific activity and turnover number of purified hyaluronidase were 3.63 mumol/min per mg (104000 National Formulary units/mg of protein) and 214 min-1 (mol of product formed/mol of enzyme per min) respectively. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified enzyme migrated as a single band on 7.5 and 10% (w/v) gels at pH 4.3 and 5.3. Bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase was markedly inhibited by hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine and semicarbazide. Purified hyaluronidase (1.25 munits; 1 unit = 1 mumol of N-acetylglucosamine liberated/min at 37 degrees C) dispersed the cumulus clot of rabbit ova in 1 h at 22 degrees C.", "contents": "Heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography for purification of bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase. Bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase was purified 180-fold by chromatography on concanvalin A-Sepharose, heparin Sepharose, Sephadex G-200 and Sephacryl S-200. With hyaluronic acid as the substrate, the specific activity and turnover number of purified hyaluronidase were 3.63 mumol/min per mg (104000 National Formulary units/mg of protein) and 214 min-1 (mol of product formed/mol of enzyme per min) respectively. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified enzyme migrated as a single band on 7.5 and 10% (w/v) gels at pH 4.3 and 5.3. Bull seminal-plasma hyaluronidase was markedly inhibited by hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine and semicarbazide. Purified hyaluronidase (1.25 munits; 1 unit = 1 mumol of N-acetylglucosamine liberated/min at 37 degrees C) dispersed the cumulus clot of rabbit ova in 1 h at 22 degrees C.", "PMID": 540029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8165", "title": "Matrix proteins bound to associatively prepared proteoglycans from bovine cartilage.", "content": "Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine tracheal cartilage by high-speed homogenization, the use of dissociative solvents being avoided. The homogenate was fractionated by gel chromatography, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography. A previously unrecognized protein, cartilage matrix protein, was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It cofractionated with the proteoglycans in all systems, indicating an interaction. The cartilage matrix protein-proteoglycan complex was dissociated by treatment with 4M-guanidinium chloride. The complex again formed when the guanidine was removed. The cartilage matrix protein has a mol.wt. of more than 200000. On reduction it yields subunits with a mol.wt. of approx. 60000.", "contents": "Matrix proteins bound to associatively prepared proteoglycans from bovine cartilage. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine tracheal cartilage by high-speed homogenization, the use of dissociative solvents being avoided. The homogenate was fractionated by gel chromatography, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography. A previously unrecognized protein, cartilage matrix protein, was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It cofractionated with the proteoglycans in all systems, indicating an interaction. The cartilage matrix protein-proteoglycan complex was dissociated by treatment with 4M-guanidinium chloride. The complex again formed when the guanidine was removed. The cartilage matrix protein has a mol.wt. of more than 200000. On reduction it yields subunits with a mol.wt. of approx. 60000.", "PMID": 540030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8166", "title": "The isolation and characterization of bovine C4a, an activation fragment of the fourth component of complement.", "content": "The fourth component of bovine complement, C4, was cleaved specifically by subcomponent C1s to produce two fragments, C4a and C4b. The smaller, C4a, was isolated in pure form and is a peptide of 9500 mol.wt. containing approx. 84 amino acids and no detectable carbohydrate. C4a has an amino acid composition that is comparable with the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, containing six cysteine residues/mol and a high proportion of basic residues. The amino acid sequence of the first thirteen residues shows four identities with the porcine C3a sequence. There is almost complete identity between the C4a sequence and that of the alpha-chain of human C4, indicating that this region is highly conserved. This evidence also clearly establishes that C4a is cleaved from the N-terminal of the alpha-chain of C4.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of bovine C4a, an activation fragment of the fourth component of complement. The fourth component of bovine complement, C4, was cleaved specifically by subcomponent C1s to produce two fragments, C4a and C4b. The smaller, C4a, was isolated in pure form and is a peptide of 9500 mol.wt. containing approx. 84 amino acids and no detectable carbohydrate. C4a has an amino acid composition that is comparable with the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, containing six cysteine residues/mol and a high proportion of basic residues. The amino acid sequence of the first thirteen residues shows four identities with the porcine C3a sequence. There is almost complete identity between the C4a sequence and that of the alpha-chain of human C4, indicating that this region is highly conserved. This evidence also clearly establishes that C4a is cleaved from the N-terminal of the alpha-chain of C4.", "PMID": 540031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8167", "title": "The purification and characterization of subcomponent C1s of the first component of bovine complement.", "content": "Bovine C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, was purified in good yield by a combination of euglobulin precipitation and ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography. Approx. 10 mg can be obtained from 3 litres of serum, representing a yield of 11%. The C1s is obtained in zymogen form, with a mol.wt. of 85000-88000, determined by gel filtration and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It is haemolytically active when tested with human C1q and C1r. Activation can be achieved by incubation with human C1r, resulting in cleavage of the C1s chain into two chains of 65000 and 27000 mol.wt. and the generation of an isoleucine N-terminal residue on the smaller chain. Active C1s binds an equimolar amount of di-isopropyl phosphorfluoridate to the smaller chain, which is the C-terminal part in the zymogen. The chains can be separated by ion-exchange in 8 M-urea. All of these characteristics show that bovine C1s is very similar to its human counterpart.", "contents": "The purification and characterization of subcomponent C1s of the first component of bovine complement. Bovine C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, was purified in good yield by a combination of euglobulin precipitation and ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography. Approx. 10 mg can be obtained from 3 litres of serum, representing a yield of 11%. The C1s is obtained in zymogen form, with a mol.wt. of 85000-88000, determined by gel filtration and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It is haemolytically active when tested with human C1q and C1r. Activation can be achieved by incubation with human C1r, resulting in cleavage of the C1s chain into two chains of 65000 and 27000 mol.wt. and the generation of an isoleucine N-terminal residue on the smaller chain. Active C1s binds an equimolar amount of di-isopropyl phosphorfluoridate to the smaller chain, which is the C-terminal part in the zymogen. The chains can be separated by ion-exchange in 8 M-urea. All of these characteristics show that bovine C1s is very similar to its human counterpart.", "PMID": 540032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8168", "title": "Specificity for guanine nucleotide activation and stabilization of rabbit cardiac adenylate cyclase.", "content": "These studies examined the structural specificity for guanine nucleotide-facilitated hormonal activation and guanine nucleotide stabilization of cardiac adenylate cyclase. 1. The phosphonate analogues of GTP, p[CH(2)]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-methylene]-triphosphate) and pp[CH(2)]pG (guanosine 5'-[alphabeta-methylene]triphosphate), were the most effective activators of adenylate cyclase. Other nucleotides producing significant activation (P<0.01) were, in decreasing order of activation: ITP, GDP, GMP, GTP, XTP, CTP, p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate), dGTP and 2'-O-methyl-GTP. Guanosine, cyclic GMP, UTP and ppppG (guanosine tetraphosphate) had no effect, and 7-methyl-GTP caused a decrease in the activity. 2. Preincubation of membranes at 37 degrees C for 15min before assay at 24 degrees C produced an 80% decrease in adenylate cyclase activity, and preincubation with p[CH(2)]ppG and pp[CH(2)]pG protected and resulted in a net increase in activity. Other nucleotides that completely or partially preserved activity in decreasing order of effectiveness were p[NH]ppG, GDP, GTP, dGTP, ITP, ppppG, 2'-O-methyl-GTP, GMP, CTP and XTP. Several compounds had no effect, including guanosine, cyclic GMP and UTP, whereas preincubation with 7-methyl-GTP produced a further decrease (P<0.05) in activity. 3. The concentration-dependence for activation and stabilization by the naturally occurring guanine nucleotides was examined in the absence of a regenerating system and revealed GMP to have no stabilizing effect and to be less potent than either GDP or GTP in activating adenylate cyclase. 4. A significant correlation (r=0.90) was found between the properties of activation and stabilization for the compounds examined. These findings are consistent with there being a single nucleotide site through which both the activation and stabilization of adenylate cyclase are mediated.", "contents": "Specificity for guanine nucleotide activation and stabilization of rabbit cardiac adenylate cyclase. These studies examined the structural specificity for guanine nucleotide-facilitated hormonal activation and guanine nucleotide stabilization of cardiac adenylate cyclase. 1. The phosphonate analogues of GTP, p[CH(2)]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-methylene]-triphosphate) and pp[CH(2)]pG (guanosine 5'-[alphabeta-methylene]triphosphate), were the most effective activators of adenylate cyclase. Other nucleotides producing significant activation (P<0.01) were, in decreasing order of activation: ITP, GDP, GMP, GTP, XTP, CTP, p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate), dGTP and 2'-O-methyl-GTP. Guanosine, cyclic GMP, UTP and ppppG (guanosine tetraphosphate) had no effect, and 7-methyl-GTP caused a decrease in the activity. 2. Preincubation of membranes at 37 degrees C for 15min before assay at 24 degrees C produced an 80% decrease in adenylate cyclase activity, and preincubation with p[CH(2)]ppG and pp[CH(2)]pG protected and resulted in a net increase in activity. Other nucleotides that completely or partially preserved activity in decreasing order of effectiveness were p[NH]ppG, GDP, GTP, dGTP, ITP, ppppG, 2'-O-methyl-GTP, GMP, CTP and XTP. Several compounds had no effect, including guanosine, cyclic GMP and UTP, whereas preincubation with 7-methyl-GTP produced a further decrease (P<0.05) in activity. 3. The concentration-dependence for activation and stabilization by the naturally occurring guanine nucleotides was examined in the absence of a regenerating system and revealed GMP to have no stabilizing effect and to be less potent than either GDP or GTP in activating adenylate cyclase. 4. A significant correlation (r=0.90) was found between the properties of activation and stabilization for the compounds examined. These findings are consistent with there being a single nucleotide site through which both the activation and stabilization of adenylate cyclase are mediated.", "PMID": 540033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8169", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in flowering plants.", "content": "Evidence for the sequence of duckweed (Lemna minor) chloroplast 5S rRNA was derived from the analysis of partial and complete enzymic digests of the 32P-labelled molecule. The possible sequence of the chloroplast 5S rRNA from three other flowering plants was deduced by complete digestion with T1 ribonuclease and comparison of the sequences of the oligonucleotide products with homologous sequences in the duckweed 5S rRNA. This analysis indicates that the chloroplast 5S rNA species differ appreciably from their cytosol counterparts but bear a strong resemblance to one another and to the 5S rRNA species of prokaryotes. Structural features apparently common to all 5S rRNA molecules are also discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in flowering plants. Evidence for the sequence of duckweed (Lemna minor) chloroplast 5S rRNA was derived from the analysis of partial and complete enzymic digests of the 32P-labelled molecule. The possible sequence of the chloroplast 5S rRNA from three other flowering plants was deduced by complete digestion with T1 ribonuclease and comparison of the sequences of the oligonucleotide products with homologous sequences in the duckweed 5S rRNA. This analysis indicates that the chloroplast 5S rNA species differ appreciably from their cytosol counterparts but bear a strong resemblance to one another and to the 5S rRNA species of prokaryotes. Structural features apparently common to all 5S rRNA molecules are also discussed.", "PMID": 540034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8170", "title": "4.5S ribonucleic acid, a novel ribosome component in the chloroplasts of flowering plants.", "content": "A species of low-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA, referred to as '4.5S rRNA', was found in addition to 5S rRNA in the large subunit of chloroplast ribosomes of a wide range of flowering plants. It was shown by sequence analysis that several variants of this RNA may occur in a plant. Furthermore, although in most flowering plants the predominant variant contains about 100 nucleotides, in the broad bean it has less than 80. It seems, therefore, to be much more diverse in size and sequence than the other ribosomal RNA species. Like 5S rRNA , it does not contain modified nucleotides and it is also unusual in having an unphosphorylated 5'-end. It is apparently neither a homologue of cytosol 5.8S rRNA nor a fragment of 23S rRNA.", "contents": "4.5S ribonucleic acid, a novel ribosome component in the chloroplasts of flowering plants. A species of low-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA, referred to as '4.5S rRNA', was found in addition to 5S rRNA in the large subunit of chloroplast ribosomes of a wide range of flowering plants. It was shown by sequence analysis that several variants of this RNA may occur in a plant. Furthermore, although in most flowering plants the predominant variant contains about 100 nucleotides, in the broad bean it has less than 80. It seems, therefore, to be much more diverse in size and sequence than the other ribosomal RNA species. Like 5S rRNA , it does not contain modified nucleotides and it is also unusual in having an unphosphorylated 5'-end. It is apparently neither a homologue of cytosol 5.8S rRNA nor a fragment of 23S rRNA.", "PMID": 540035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8171", "title": "Quantitative N-terminal analysis of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen [FR antigen] from human plasma.", "content": "Fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen (FR antigen) was isolated from as little as 1 ml of human plasma by immuno-affinity chromatography with agarose-bound antibody to human fibrinogen. N-terminal analysis was performed to determine the nature and extent of proteolytic degradation of the FR antigen in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and in normal subjects. Thrombin cleavage of the A- and B-peptides from fibrinogen in vitro was monitored by the appearance of N-terminal glycine, and an increase in glycine was shown in the FR antigen of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. As plasmin progressively degraded fibrinogen, increases in N-terminal alanine, aspartic acid and lysine were observed, corresponding to the known plasmin-cleavage points of fibrinogen; increases in these N-terminal amino acids were also found in the patients' FR antigen. Thrombin treatment in vitro was used to remove fibrinopeptide A (N-terminal alanine) from the samples and to reflect specifically the N-terminal alanine at the plasmin-cleavage point (Arg-42-Ala-43) of the B beta-chain on assay; this alanine was increased progressively in the FR antigen of a patient during urokinase therapy, and was high in other patients when the FR antigen was examined by this procedure.", "contents": "Quantitative N-terminal analysis of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen [FR antigen] from human plasma. Fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen (FR antigen) was isolated from as little as 1 ml of human plasma by immuno-affinity chromatography with agarose-bound antibody to human fibrinogen. N-terminal analysis was performed to determine the nature and extent of proteolytic degradation of the FR antigen in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and in normal subjects. Thrombin cleavage of the A- and B-peptides from fibrinogen in vitro was monitored by the appearance of N-terminal glycine, and an increase in glycine was shown in the FR antigen of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. As plasmin progressively degraded fibrinogen, increases in N-terminal alanine, aspartic acid and lysine were observed, corresponding to the known plasmin-cleavage points of fibrinogen; increases in these N-terminal amino acids were also found in the patients' FR antigen. Thrombin treatment in vitro was used to remove fibrinopeptide A (N-terminal alanine) from the samples and to reflect specifically the N-terminal alanine at the plasmin-cleavage point (Arg-42-Ala-43) of the B beta-chain on assay; this alanine was increased progressively in the FR antigen of a patient during urokinase therapy, and was high in other patients when the FR antigen was examined by this procedure.", "PMID": 540036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8172", "title": "Does high-mobility-group non-histone protein HMG 1 interact specifically with histone H1 subfractions?", "content": "The interaction of the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG (high-mobility group) 1 with histone H1 subfractions was investigated by equilibrium sedimentation and n.m.r. sectroscopy. In contrast with a previous report [Smerdon & Isenberg (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4242--4247], it was found, by using equilibrium-sedimentation analysis, that protein HMG 1 binds to all three histone H1 subfractions CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3, arguing against there being a specific interaction between protein HMG 1 and only two of the subfractions, CTL1 and CTL2. Raising the ionic strength of the solutions prevents binding of protein HMG 1 to total histone H1 and the three subfractions, suggesting that the binding in vitro is simply a non-specific ionic interaction between acidic regions of the non-histone protein and the basic regions of the histone. Protein HMG 1 binds to histone H5 also, supporting this view. The above conclusions are supported by n.m.r. studies of protein HMG 1/histone H1 subfraction mixtures. When the two proteins were mixed, there was little perturbation of the n.m.r. spectra and there was no evidence for specific interaction of protein HMG 1 with any of the subfractions. It therefore remains an open question as to whether protein HMG 1 and histone H1 are complexed together in chromatin.", "contents": "Does high-mobility-group non-histone protein HMG 1 interact specifically with histone H1 subfractions? The interaction of the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG (high-mobility group) 1 with histone H1 subfractions was investigated by equilibrium sedimentation and n.m.r. sectroscopy. In contrast with a previous report [Smerdon & Isenberg (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4242--4247], it was found, by using equilibrium-sedimentation analysis, that protein HMG 1 binds to all three histone H1 subfractions CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3, arguing against there being a specific interaction between protein HMG 1 and only two of the subfractions, CTL1 and CTL2. Raising the ionic strength of the solutions prevents binding of protein HMG 1 to total histone H1 and the three subfractions, suggesting that the binding in vitro is simply a non-specific ionic interaction between acidic regions of the non-histone protein and the basic regions of the histone. Protein HMG 1 binds to histone H5 also, supporting this view. The above conclusions are supported by n.m.r. studies of protein HMG 1/histone H1 subfraction mixtures. When the two proteins were mixed, there was little perturbation of the n.m.r. spectra and there was no evidence for specific interaction of protein HMG 1 with any of the subfractions. It therefore remains an open question as to whether protein HMG 1 and histone H1 are complexed together in chromatin.", "PMID": 540037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8173", "title": "Changes associated with glycolytic-enzyme binding in the equatorial X-ray-diffraction pattern of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle.", "content": "The binding of fructose biphosphate aldolase to the thin filaments of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle produces a significant change in its low-angle X-ray-diffraction pattern. The intensity of the (11) reflection relative to that of the (10) reflection increases by 26 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.M.), which is consistent with the increase in the mass of the thin filaments produced by enzyme binding. A similar effect is found with a mixture of aldolase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The significance of the change in intensity is considered with reference to the interpretation of the equatorial patterns obtained from muscles in different physiological states. The magnitude of the increase in the relative intensity of the (11) reflection is lower than that observed between relaxed and contracting muscle and does not bring into question the interpretation linking changes in these patterns to cross-bridge movement. However, the effect due to enzyme binding may be important when making detailed interpretations of these changes. It may also be related to an unusual pattern sometimes observed in cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Changes associated with glycolytic-enzyme binding in the equatorial X-ray-diffraction pattern of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle. The binding of fructose biphosphate aldolase to the thin filaments of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle produces a significant change in its low-angle X-ray-diffraction pattern. The intensity of the (11) reflection relative to that of the (10) reflection increases by 26 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.M.), which is consistent with the increase in the mass of the thin filaments produced by enzyme binding. A similar effect is found with a mixture of aldolase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The significance of the change in intensity is considered with reference to the interpretation of the equatorial patterns obtained from muscles in different physiological states. The magnitude of the increase in the relative intensity of the (11) reflection is lower than that observed between relaxed and contracting muscle and does not bring into question the interpretation linking changes in these patterns to cross-bridge movement. However, the effect due to enzyme binding may be important when making detailed interpretations of these changes. It may also be related to an unusual pattern sometimes observed in cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 540038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8174", "title": "Purification and characterization of zinc-binding protein from the liver of the partially hepatectomized rat.", "content": "Zn-binding protein in liver of the partially hepatectomized rat was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose. Homogeneity was judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by gel-permeation chromatography in 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride was 6700. This value is in good agreement with the molecular weight calculated from the amino acid composition, which was 6073. Zn-binding protein was composed of 61 amino acid residues, and the distinctive features include an extremely high content of cysteine, which accounted for one-third of the total amino acid residues, and an absolute absence of aromatic amino acids as well as of histidine, leucine and arginine. The amino acid composition was similar to that of the metallothioneins previously isolated from rat liver and mouse liver. These observations suggest that the Zn-binding protein can be classified as a type of metallothionein. Zn-binding protein contained 8.2g-atoms of zinc per mol and traces of copper, but no cadmium. The molar ratio of thiol groups to zinc was calculated to be 2.5:1. Possible roles of this Zn-binding protein in the transport and storage of zinc in the liver are discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of zinc-binding protein from the liver of the partially hepatectomized rat. Zn-binding protein in liver of the partially hepatectomized rat was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose. Homogeneity was judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by gel-permeation chromatography in 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride was 6700. This value is in good agreement with the molecular weight calculated from the amino acid composition, which was 6073. Zn-binding protein was composed of 61 amino acid residues, and the distinctive features include an extremely high content of cysteine, which accounted for one-third of the total amino acid residues, and an absolute absence of aromatic amino acids as well as of histidine, leucine and arginine. The amino acid composition was similar to that of the metallothioneins previously isolated from rat liver and mouse liver. These observations suggest that the Zn-binding protein can be classified as a type of metallothionein. Zn-binding protein contained 8.2g-atoms of zinc per mol and traces of copper, but no cadmium. The molar ratio of thiol groups to zinc was calculated to be 2.5:1. Possible roles of this Zn-binding protein in the transport and storage of zinc in the liver are discussed.", "PMID": 540039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8175", "title": "A new series of long-chain dicarboxylic acids with vicinal dimethyl branching found as major components of the lipids of Butyrivibrio spp.", "content": "1. Some members of the genus Butyrivibrio, including a general fatty acid auxotroph (strain S2), contain as a major part of their complex lipids a high-molecular-weight component that is probably formed by the union of two fatty acid chains [Hazlewood & Dawson (1979) J. Gen. Microbiol. 112, 15--27]. 2. Proton and 13C n.m.r. and i.r. and mass spectroscopy were used to examine a homologous series of these moieties and, in addition, the hydrocarbon derivative of one homologue and several synthetic compounds. 3. The results indicate that the high-molecular-weight components are a series of long-chain dicarboxylic acids containing vicinal dimethyl branching, located near the centre of the chain.", "contents": "A new series of long-chain dicarboxylic acids with vicinal dimethyl branching found as major components of the lipids of Butyrivibrio spp. 1. Some members of the genus Butyrivibrio, including a general fatty acid auxotroph (strain S2), contain as a major part of their complex lipids a high-molecular-weight component that is probably formed by the union of two fatty acid chains [Hazlewood & Dawson (1979) J. Gen. Microbiol. 112, 15--27]. 2. Proton and 13C n.m.r. and i.r. and mass spectroscopy were used to examine a homologous series of these moieties and, in addition, the hydrocarbon derivative of one homologue and several synthetic compounds. 3. The results indicate that the high-molecular-weight components are a series of long-chain dicarboxylic acids containing vicinal dimethyl branching, located near the centre of the chain.", "PMID": 540040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8176", "title": "Hydrophobic proteins of lamellated osmiophilic bodies isolated from pig lung.", "content": "1. In addition to proteins that are insoluble in organic solvents, lamellated bodies isolated from pig lung and surfactant prepared from bronchopulmonary lavage fluid contain another group of proteins that are extracted together with lipid into the organic phase. 2. These hydrophobic proteins constitute about 40% of the total protein of lamellated bodies and about 13% of the total protein of surfactant isolated from lavage fluid, whereas less than 1% of the total protein of pig lung microsomal fraction and mitochondria is extracted by organic solvents. 3. The hydrophobic proteins of lamellated bodies were separated into four fractions and freed from phospholipid by chromatographic procedures. Their apparent molecular weights vary between 11 500 and 16 500, they contain 72--79% of hydrophobic residues and 16--22% of sulphur-containing amino-acids, and leucine is the major N-terminal amino acid in each case.", "contents": "Hydrophobic proteins of lamellated osmiophilic bodies isolated from pig lung. 1. In addition to proteins that are insoluble in organic solvents, lamellated bodies isolated from pig lung and surfactant prepared from bronchopulmonary lavage fluid contain another group of proteins that are extracted together with lipid into the organic phase. 2. These hydrophobic proteins constitute about 40% of the total protein of lamellated bodies and about 13% of the total protein of surfactant isolated from lavage fluid, whereas less than 1% of the total protein of pig lung microsomal fraction and mitochondria is extracted by organic solvents. 3. The hydrophobic proteins of lamellated bodies were separated into four fractions and freed from phospholipid by chromatographic procedures. Their apparent molecular weights vary between 11 500 and 16 500, they contain 72--79% of hydrophobic residues and 16--22% of sulphur-containing amino-acids, and leucine is the major N-terminal amino acid in each case.", "PMID": 540041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8177", "title": "2,2'-Dithiodipyridine activates aldehyde dehydrogenase and protects the enzyme against inactivation by disulfiram.", "content": "Small concentrations of 2,2'-dithiodipyridine cause a rapid activation of sheep liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+. Enzyme pre-modified by 2,2'-dithiodipyridine is largely protected against the potent inactivatory effect of disulfiram. 2,2'-Dithiobis-(5-nitropyridine) inactivates the enzyme. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to various possible classes of thiol group in aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "contents": "2,2'-Dithiodipyridine activates aldehyde dehydrogenase and protects the enzyme against inactivation by disulfiram. Small concentrations of 2,2'-dithiodipyridine cause a rapid activation of sheep liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+. Enzyme pre-modified by 2,2'-dithiodipyridine is largely protected against the potent inactivatory effect of disulfiram. 2,2'-Dithiobis-(5-nitropyridine) inactivates the enzyme. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to various possible classes of thiol group in aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 540042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8178", "title": "Effects of fructose concentration on carbohydrate metabolism, heat production and substrate cycling in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Hepatocytes from starved rats were incubated with 5mm-glucose, labelled uniformly with (14)C and specifically with (3)H at positions 1, 2, 3 or 6, and with fructose at concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 or 25mm. 2. In the absence of other substrates only 1% of the radioactivity initially present in [U-(14)C]glucose appeared in the metabolic products, CO(2), lactate, pyruvate, amino acids and glycogen. 3. Fructose at 2.5mm caused a 30% increase in the glucose concentration and a 4-fold increase in the apparent oxidation of [U-(14)C]-glucose. 4. The formation of (3)H(2)O from [1-(3)H]-, [2-(3)H]-, [3-(3)H]- or [6-(3)H]-glucose was 2.4, 4.3, 2.15 or 1.6% respectively in the control incubations and 4.1, 10.4, 7.7 or 5.1% with 2.5mm-fructose. 5. Fructose at 7.5 and 25mm decreased the (3)H(2)O yields to less than the control values, but had no apparent effect on the amount of [U-(14)C]glucose metabolized. 6. In the incubations with 5mm-glucose and 25mm-fructose there were significant decreases in heat production, O(2) consumption and in the ratio of O(2) uptake to heat output. 7. Fructose at 2.5mm caused a 64% increase in heat output, but only a 43% increase in O(2) uptake. 8. The radioisotopic and calorimetric data demonstrate that physiological concentrations of fructose greatly increase metabolism in hepatocytes from starved rats. These data also indicate increased cycling at glucose/glucose 6-phosphate and at fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in the presence of 2.5mm-fructose, although the rates of cycling were actually decreased relative to the amount of glucose catabolized. 9. At concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 and 25mm, fructose depressed hepatocyte ATP concentrations by 20, 65 and 80% respectively. Although fructose at 7.5 and 25mm increased glucose and lactate release, O(2) consumption, production of heat and formation of(3)H(2)O from [1-(3)H]-, [2-(3)H]-, [3-(3)H]- or [6-(3)H]-glucose were lowered to values equal to, or less than, controls. These effects probably reflect a severe derangement of hepatic metabolism due to excess phosphorylation of fructose when present at high concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of fructose concentration on carbohydrate metabolism, heat production and substrate cycling in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1. Hepatocytes from starved rats were incubated with 5mm-glucose, labelled uniformly with (14)C and specifically with (3)H at positions 1, 2, 3 or 6, and with fructose at concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 or 25mm. 2. In the absence of other substrates only 1% of the radioactivity initially present in [U-(14)C]glucose appeared in the metabolic products, CO(2), lactate, pyruvate, amino acids and glycogen. 3. Fructose at 2.5mm caused a 30% increase in the glucose concentration and a 4-fold increase in the apparent oxidation of [U-(14)C]-glucose. 4. The formation of (3)H(2)O from [1-(3)H]-, [2-(3)H]-, [3-(3)H]- or [6-(3)H]-glucose was 2.4, 4.3, 2.15 or 1.6% respectively in the control incubations and 4.1, 10.4, 7.7 or 5.1% with 2.5mm-fructose. 5. Fructose at 7.5 and 25mm decreased the (3)H(2)O yields to less than the control values, but had no apparent effect on the amount of [U-(14)C]glucose metabolized. 6. In the incubations with 5mm-glucose and 25mm-fructose there were significant decreases in heat production, O(2) consumption and in the ratio of O(2) uptake to heat output. 7. Fructose at 2.5mm caused a 64% increase in heat output, but only a 43% increase in O(2) uptake. 8. The radioisotopic and calorimetric data demonstrate that physiological concentrations of fructose greatly increase metabolism in hepatocytes from starved rats. These data also indicate increased cycling at glucose/glucose 6-phosphate and at fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in the presence of 2.5mm-fructose, although the rates of cycling were actually decreased relative to the amount of glucose catabolized. 9. At concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 and 25mm, fructose depressed hepatocyte ATP concentrations by 20, 65 and 80% respectively. Although fructose at 7.5 and 25mm increased glucose and lactate release, O(2) consumption, production of heat and formation of(3)H(2)O from [1-(3)H]-, [2-(3)H]-, [3-(3)H]- or [6-(3)H]-glucose were lowered to values equal to, or less than, controls. These effects probably reflect a severe derangement of hepatic metabolism due to excess phosphorylation of fructose when present at high concentrations.", "PMID": 540043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8179", "title": "Metabolic oxidation of the ethynyl group in 4-ethynylbiphenyl.", "content": "1. 4-Ethynylbiphenyl undergoes extensive metabolism in the rat and the rabbit, involving aromatic hydroxylation and oxidation of the ethynyl group. No metabolites containing the intact ethynyl group were detected. 2. In the rat unchanged 4-ethynylbiphenyl was concentrated initially in the adipose tissue. No other tissues accumulated significant amounts of radioactivity. 3. The major metabolites were the same in both the rat and the rabbit, namely 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylacetic acid (90-95% of dose) and biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid (2-10% of dose). 4. Excretion was slower in the rat than in the rabbit, probably because of greater biliary and faecal excretion in the rat. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid and 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylacetic acid were demonstrated in the rat.", "contents": "Metabolic oxidation of the ethynyl group in 4-ethynylbiphenyl. 1. 4-Ethynylbiphenyl undergoes extensive metabolism in the rat and the rabbit, involving aromatic hydroxylation and oxidation of the ethynyl group. No metabolites containing the intact ethynyl group were detected. 2. In the rat unchanged 4-ethynylbiphenyl was concentrated initially in the adipose tissue. No other tissues accumulated significant amounts of radioactivity. 3. The major metabolites were the same in both the rat and the rabbit, namely 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylacetic acid (90-95% of dose) and biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid (2-10% of dose). 4. Excretion was slower in the rat than in the rabbit, probably because of greater biliary and faecal excretion in the rat. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid and 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylacetic acid were demonstrated in the rat.", "PMID": 540044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8180", "title": "Hydrolysis of an exogenous 125I-labelled protein by rat yolk sacs. Evidence for intracellular degradation within lysosomes.", "content": "When added to the serum-free medium in which 17.5-day rat yolk sacs were incubated, formaldehyde-denatured 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin was rapidly degraded. More than 80% of the radiolabelled digestion products appearing in the incubation medium consisted of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine; larger digestion products were found only in association with the yolk-sac tissue. In the early stages of an incubation, low-molecular-weight digestion products began to appear in the incubation medium only after they could be detected within the tissue, and progressive association of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble radioactivity with the tissue preceded both these events. None of the observed proteolysis could be attributed to proteinases released into the incubation medium. Tissue-associated acid-insoluble radioactivity showed a lysosomal distribution on sub-cellular fractionation, and cell-free homogenates of yolk sacs degraded albumin only at acid pH values. Progressively decreasing the rat of pinosome formation (either by progressively lowering the incubation temperature or by the use of increasing concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor rotenone) caused a corresponding decrease in the rate of degradation of albumin. These findings indicate that, in vitro, formaldehyde-denatured 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin is digested by rat yolk sacs exclusively intracellularly, within lysosomes.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of an exogenous 125I-labelled protein by rat yolk sacs. Evidence for intracellular degradation within lysosomes. When added to the serum-free medium in which 17.5-day rat yolk sacs were incubated, formaldehyde-denatured 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin was rapidly degraded. More than 80% of the radiolabelled digestion products appearing in the incubation medium consisted of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine; larger digestion products were found only in association with the yolk-sac tissue. In the early stages of an incubation, low-molecular-weight digestion products began to appear in the incubation medium only after they could be detected within the tissue, and progressive association of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble radioactivity with the tissue preceded both these events. None of the observed proteolysis could be attributed to proteinases released into the incubation medium. Tissue-associated acid-insoluble radioactivity showed a lysosomal distribution on sub-cellular fractionation, and cell-free homogenates of yolk sacs degraded albumin only at acid pH values. Progressively decreasing the rat of pinosome formation (either by progressively lowering the incubation temperature or by the use of increasing concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor rotenone) caused a corresponding decrease in the rate of degradation of albumin. These findings indicate that, in vitro, formaldehyde-denatured 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin is digested by rat yolk sacs exclusively intracellularly, within lysosomes.", "PMID": 540045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8181", "title": "Evidence for the rapid direct control both in vivo and in vitro of the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-L-thyronine in rats.", "content": "1. Examination of the distribution of L-tri-iodothyronine among rat liver tissue fractions after its intravenous injection into thyroidectomized rats focused attention on mitochondria at very short times after administration. By 15 min this fraction contained 18.5% of the tissue pool; however, the content had decreased sharply by 60 min and even further over the next 3 h. By contrast, the content in all other fractions was constant or increased over 4 h. About 60% of tissue hormone was bound to soluble protein. 2. Mitochondria isolated from thyroidectomized rats showed P/O ratios that were about 50% of those found in normal controls, with both succinate and pyruvate plus malate as substrates. There was no evidence of uncoupling; the respiratory-control ratio was about 6. 3. Mitochondria isolated 15 min after injection of tri-iodothyronine into thyroidectomized rats showed P/O ratios and respiratory-control ratios that were indistinguishable from those obtained in mitochondria from euthyroid animals. The oxidation rate was, however, not restored. 4. Incubation of homogenates of livers taken from thyroidectomized animals injected with L-tri-iodothyronine before isolation of the mitochondria restored the P/O ratio to normal; by contrast, direct addition of hormone to isolated mitochondria had no effect. The role of extramitochondrial factors in rapid tri-iodothyronine action is discussed. 5. Possible mechanisms by which tri-iodothyronine might rapidly alter phosphorylation efficiency are considered: it is concluded that control of adenine nucleotide translocase is unlikely to be involved. 6. The amounts of adenine nucleotides in liver were measured both  after thyroidectomy and 15 min after intravenous tri-iodo-thyronine administration to thyroidectomized animals. The concentrations found are consistent with a decreased phosphorylation efficiency in thyroidectomized animals. Tri-iodothyronine injection resulted in very significant changes in the amounts of ATP, ADP and AMP, and in the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio, consonant with those expected from an increased efficiency of ADP phosphorylation. This suggests that the changes seen in isolated mitochondria may indeed reflect a rapid response of liver in vivo to tri-iodo-thyronine.", "contents": "Evidence for the rapid direct control both in vivo and in vitro of the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-L-thyronine in rats. 1. Examination of the distribution of L-tri-iodothyronine among rat liver tissue fractions after its intravenous injection into thyroidectomized rats focused attention on mitochondria at very short times after administration. By 15 min this fraction contained 18.5% of the tissue pool; however, the content had decreased sharply by 60 min and even further over the next 3 h. By contrast, the content in all other fractions was constant or increased over 4 h. About 60% of tissue hormone was bound to soluble protein. 2. Mitochondria isolated from thyroidectomized rats showed P/O ratios that were about 50% of those found in normal controls, with both succinate and pyruvate plus malate as substrates. There was no evidence of uncoupling; the respiratory-control ratio was about 6. 3. Mitochondria isolated 15 min after injection of tri-iodothyronine into thyroidectomized rats showed P/O ratios and respiratory-control ratios that were indistinguishable from those obtained in mitochondria from euthyroid animals. The oxidation rate was, however, not restored. 4. Incubation of homogenates of livers taken from thyroidectomized animals injected with L-tri-iodothyronine before isolation of the mitochondria restored the P/O ratio to normal; by contrast, direct addition of hormone to isolated mitochondria had no effect. The role of extramitochondrial factors in rapid tri-iodothyronine action is discussed. 5. Possible mechanisms by which tri-iodothyronine might rapidly alter phosphorylation efficiency are considered: it is concluded that control of adenine nucleotide translocase is unlikely to be involved. 6. The amounts of adenine nucleotides in liver were measured both  after thyroidectomy and 15 min after intravenous tri-iodo-thyronine administration to thyroidectomized animals. The concentrations found are consistent with a decreased phosphorylation efficiency in thyroidectomized animals. Tri-iodothyronine injection resulted in very significant changes in the amounts of ATP, ADP and AMP, and in the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio, consonant with those expected from an increased efficiency of ADP phosphorylation. This suggests that the changes seen in isolated mitochondria may indeed reflect a rapid response of liver in vivo to tri-iodo-thyronine.", "PMID": 540046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8182", "title": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-L-aspartate by rat brain mitochondria and its involvement in mitochondrial/cytosolic carbon transport.", "content": "1. The synthesis and efflux of N-acetyl-l-aspartate from brain mitochondria of rats of different ages has been studied. 2. Brain mitochondrial State 3 (+ADP) respiration rate, using 10mm-glutamate and 2.5mm-malate as substrates, increases during the suckling period and reaches approx. 50% of the adult value at 17 days after birth [adult State 3 respiration rate=160+/-7ng-atoms of O/min per mg of mitochondrial protein(mean+/-s.d.; n=3)]. 3. The influence of 5mm-pyruvate or 10mm-dl-3-hydroxybutyrate on aspartate efflux from brain mitochondira from rats of different ages oxidizing glutamate and malate was studied. In all cases the aspartate efflux in State 3 was greater than in State 4, but, whereas the aspartate efflux in State 3 increased as the animals developed, that of State 4 showed only a small increase. However, the rate of aspartate efflux in the presence of pyruvate or 3-hydroxybutyrate as well as glutamate and malate was approx. 60-65% of that in the presence of glutamate and malate alone. 4. An inverse relationship between aspartate efflux and N-acetylaspartate efflux was observed with adult rat brain mitochondria oxidizing 10mm-glutamate and 2.5mm-malate in the presence of various pyruvate concentrations (0-5mm). 5. N-Acetylaspartate efflux by brain mitochondria of rats of different ages was studied in States 3 and 4, utilizing 5mm-pyruvate or 10mm-dl-3-hydroxybutyrate as acetyl-CoA sources. A similar pattern of increase during development was seen in State 3 for N-acetylaspartate efflux as for aspartate efflux (see point 3 above). Also only very small increases in N-acetylaspartate efflux occurred during development in State 4.6. Rat brain mitochondria in the presence of iso-osmotic N-acetylaspartate showed some swelling which was markedly increased in the presence of malate. 7. It is concluded that N-acetylaspartate may be synthesized and exported from both neonatal and adult rat brain mitochondria. It is proposed that the N-acetylaspartate is transported by the dicarboxylic acid translocase and may be an additional mechanism for mitochondrial/cytosolic carbon transport to that of citrate.", "contents": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-L-aspartate by rat brain mitochondria and its involvement in mitochondrial/cytosolic carbon transport. 1. The synthesis and efflux of N-acetyl-l-aspartate from brain mitochondria of rats of different ages has been studied. 2. Brain mitochondrial State 3 (+ADP) respiration rate, using 10mm-glutamate and 2.5mm-malate as substrates, increases during the suckling period and reaches approx. 50% of the adult value at 17 days after birth [adult State 3 respiration rate=160+/-7ng-atoms of O/min per mg of mitochondrial protein(mean+/-s.d.; n=3)]. 3. The influence of 5mm-pyruvate or 10mm-dl-3-hydroxybutyrate on aspartate efflux from brain mitochondira from rats of different ages oxidizing glutamate and malate was studied. In all cases the aspartate efflux in State 3 was greater than in State 4, but, whereas the aspartate efflux in State 3 increased as the animals developed, that of State 4 showed only a small increase. However, the rate of aspartate efflux in the presence of pyruvate or 3-hydroxybutyrate as well as glutamate and malate was approx. 60-65% of that in the presence of glutamate and malate alone. 4. An inverse relationship between aspartate efflux and N-acetylaspartate efflux was observed with adult rat brain mitochondria oxidizing 10mm-glutamate and 2.5mm-malate in the presence of various pyruvate concentrations (0-5mm). 5. N-Acetylaspartate efflux by brain mitochondria of rats of different ages was studied in States 3 and 4, utilizing 5mm-pyruvate or 10mm-dl-3-hydroxybutyrate as acetyl-CoA sources. A similar pattern of increase during development was seen in State 3 for N-acetylaspartate efflux as for aspartate efflux (see point 3 above). Also only very small increases in N-acetylaspartate efflux occurred during development in State 4.6. Rat brain mitochondria in the presence of iso-osmotic N-acetylaspartate showed some swelling which was markedly increased in the presence of malate. 7. It is concluded that N-acetylaspartate may be synthesized and exported from both neonatal and adult rat brain mitochondria. It is proposed that the N-acetylaspartate is transported by the dicarboxylic acid translocase and may be an additional mechanism for mitochondrial/cytosolic carbon transport to that of citrate.", "PMID": 540047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8183", "title": "Acetate is the preferred substrate for long-chain fatty acid synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "1. Commercially available [2-14C]pyruvate and [2-14C]malonate were found to contain 3-6% (w/w) of [14C]acetate. 2. The contaminating [14C]acetate was efficiently utilized for fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts, whereas the parent materials were poorer substrates. 3. Maximum incorporation rates of the different substrates examined were (ng-atoms of C/h per mg of chlorophyll): [1-14C]acetate, 2676; [2-14C]pyruvate, 810; H14CO3-, 355; [2-14C]malonate, 19. 4. Products of CO2 fixation were probably not a significant carbon source for fatty acid synthesis in the presence of exogenous acetate.", "contents": "Acetate is the preferred substrate for long-chain fatty acid synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts. 1. Commercially available [2-14C]pyruvate and [2-14C]malonate were found to contain 3-6% (w/w) of [14C]acetate. 2. The contaminating [14C]acetate was efficiently utilized for fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts, whereas the parent materials were poorer substrates. 3. Maximum incorporation rates of the different substrates examined were (ng-atoms of C/h per mg of chlorophyll): [1-14C]acetate, 2676; [2-14C]pyruvate, 810; H14CO3-, 355; [2-14C]malonate, 19. 4. Products of CO2 fixation were probably not a significant carbon source for fatty acid synthesis in the presence of exogenous acetate.", "PMID": 540048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8184", "title": "Linoleate and alpha-linolenate synthesis by isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts.", "content": "Diacylgalactosylglycerol synthesis was a prerequisite for the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate into linoleate and alpha-linolenate of isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. Oleate at position 1 of diacylgalactosylglycerol was desaturated to linoleate and alpha-linolenate both in the light and in the dark. Some desaturation of palmitate was also observed after prolonged incubations.", "contents": "Linoleate and alpha-linolenate synthesis by isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. Diacylgalactosylglycerol synthesis was a prerequisite for the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate into linoleate and alpha-linolenate of isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. Oleate at position 1 of diacylgalactosylglycerol was desaturated to linoleate and alpha-linolenate both in the light and in the dark. Some desaturation of palmitate was also observed after prolonged incubations.", "PMID": 540049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8185", "title": "The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. Metabolite concentrations, oxygen uptake and 14c-labelled amino acid labelling patterns.", "content": "Some aspects of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity during differentiation and aging in Dictyostelium discoideum were examined. The concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, alanine, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate and acetyl-CoA were determined at four stages over the course of differentiation. The rate of O2 utilization was also determined over differentiation. In addition, experiments are described in which the specific radioactivities of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate and malate were determined during a 30 min labelling of cells from the preculmination stage of development with [14C]glutamate, [14C]aspartate or [14C]alanine. A similar experiment was also performed with cells from the aggregation stage of development using [14C]glutamate.", "contents": "The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. Metabolite concentrations, oxygen uptake and 14c-labelled amino acid labelling patterns. Some aspects of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity during differentiation and aging in Dictyostelium discoideum were examined. The concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, alanine, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate and acetyl-CoA were determined at four stages over the course of differentiation. The rate of O2 utilization was also determined over differentiation. In addition, experiments are described in which the specific radioactivities of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate and malate were determined during a 30 min labelling of cells from the preculmination stage of development with [14C]glutamate, [14C]aspartate or [14C]alanine. A similar experiment was also performed with cells from the aggregation stage of development using [14C]glutamate.", "PMID": 540050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8186", "title": "The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. A model of the cycle at preculmination and aggregation.", "content": "A preliminary model of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity in Dictyostelium discoideum is presented. Specific-radioactivity labelling patterns of intra- and extra-mitochondrial pools are simulated by this model and compared with the experimental data. The model arrived at by this method shows the following features. (1) The cycle flux rate is approx. 0.4 mM/min. (2) Both fumarate and malate are compartmentalized at approx. 1:5 between cycle pools and non-cycle pools. These may represent mitochondrial and cytoplasmic pools. Citrate is compartmentalized at 1:10. Succinate appears to exist in three compartments, two of which become labelled by [14C]glutamate and only one by [14C]aspartate (3) Two pools of aspartate with two associated pools of oxaloacetate are necessary for simulation. (4) Exchange between the cycle and non-cycle pools of both citrate and fumarate occurs at very low rates of about 0.003 mM/min, whereas exchange between the malate pools is about 0.004 mM/min. The exchange reaction glutamate in equilibrium 2-oxoglutarate runs at approx. 15 times the cycle flux. (5) A reaction catalysed by \"malic\" enzyme is included in the model, as this reaction is necessary for complete oxidation of amino acid substrates. (6) Calculation of the ATP yield from the model is consistent with earlier estimates of ATP turnover if the activity of adenylate kinase is considered.", "contents": "The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. A model of the cycle at preculmination and aggregation. A preliminary model of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity in Dictyostelium discoideum is presented. Specific-radioactivity labelling patterns of intra- and extra-mitochondrial pools are simulated by this model and compared with the experimental data. The model arrived at by this method shows the following features. (1) The cycle flux rate is approx. 0.4 mM/min. (2) Both fumarate and malate are compartmentalized at approx. 1:5 between cycle pools and non-cycle pools. These may represent mitochondrial and cytoplasmic pools. Citrate is compartmentalized at 1:10. Succinate appears to exist in three compartments, two of which become labelled by [14C]glutamate and only one by [14C]aspartate (3) Two pools of aspartate with two associated pools of oxaloacetate are necessary for simulation. (4) Exchange between the cycle and non-cycle pools of both citrate and fumarate occurs at very low rates of about 0.003 mM/min, whereas exchange between the malate pools is about 0.004 mM/min. The exchange reaction glutamate in equilibrium 2-oxoglutarate runs at approx. 15 times the cycle flux. (5) A reaction catalysed by \"malic\" enzyme is included in the model, as this reaction is necessary for complete oxidation of amino acid substrates. (6) Calculation of the ATP yield from the model is consistent with earlier estimates of ATP turnover if the activity of adenylate kinase is considered.", "PMID": 540051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8187", "title": "A role for bicarbonate in the regulation of mammalian glutamine metabolism.", "content": "1. The concentration of HCO3- (independent of any change of pH) exerts different effects on glutamine metabolism in rat kidney-cortex tubules, hepatocytes and enterocytes.2. In kidney tubules HCO3- (10.5-50 MM) has no effect on glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), whereas glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) is inhibited as HCO3- concentration is increased. The result is that flux through the entire glutamate-to-glucose pathway is inhibited by increasing HCO3- concentrations. A large proportion (more than 30%) of the glutamine removed undergoes complete oxidation. 3. In hepatocytes, and to a smaller extent in enterocytes, HCO3- is an accelerator of glutaminase. Synthesis of glucose and urea from glutamine in hepatocytes increases as HCO3- concentration is increased. Calculations show that fumarate, formed via aspartate aminotransferase and arginino-succinate lyase, is the precursor of the glucose. There is no complete oxidation of the carbon skeleton of glutamine in hepatocytes. 4. Leucine at near-physiological concentrations (0.1-1 mM) is an accelerator of glutaminase in hepatocytes, but not in kidney tubules or in enterocytes. 5. The results are discussed in relation to regulation of acid/base balance in vivo.", "contents": "A role for bicarbonate in the regulation of mammalian glutamine metabolism. 1. The concentration of HCO3- (independent of any change of pH) exerts different effects on glutamine metabolism in rat kidney-cortex tubules, hepatocytes and enterocytes.2. In kidney tubules HCO3- (10.5-50 MM) has no effect on glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), whereas glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) is inhibited as HCO3- concentration is increased. The result is that flux through the entire glutamate-to-glucose pathway is inhibited by increasing HCO3- concentrations. A large proportion (more than 30%) of the glutamine removed undergoes complete oxidation. 3. In hepatocytes, and to a smaller extent in enterocytes, HCO3- is an accelerator of glutaminase. Synthesis of glucose and urea from glutamine in hepatocytes increases as HCO3- concentration is increased. Calculations show that fumarate, formed via aspartate aminotransferase and arginino-succinate lyase, is the precursor of the glucose. There is no complete oxidation of the carbon skeleton of glutamine in hepatocytes. 4. Leucine at near-physiological concentrations (0.1-1 mM) is an accelerator of glutaminase in hepatocytes, but not in kidney tubules or in enterocytes. 5. The results are discussed in relation to regulation of acid/base balance in vivo.", "PMID": 540052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8188", "title": "Changes in the nuclear polyamine content of chick erythrocytes during embryonic development.", "content": "The polyamine content of the circulating erythrocyte population in the embryonic chick was studied during its development. Total cellular polyamine content fell dramatically between 5 and 7 days of development, paralleling the decrease in metabolic activity exhibited by these cells. Nuclei were isolated from the erythrocytes by a non-aqueous technique, which not only eliminated the polyamine loss that occurred with aqueous isolation, but also prevented redistribution of the polyamines from the cytoplasm. Nuclear spermidine and spermine contents decreased markedly between 5 and 6 days of development from 31 to 10 pmol/microgram of DNA and from 33 to 18 pmol/microgram of DNA respectively. Thereafter the spermine content remained constant, but the spermidine content continued to decline. Good correlations between spermidine and RNA contents were observed in both cells and nuclei, and similarly between spermine and RNA contents in cells, but no such correlation was observed between spermine and RNA in nuclei.", "contents": "Changes in the nuclear polyamine content of chick erythrocytes during embryonic development. The polyamine content of the circulating erythrocyte population in the embryonic chick was studied during its development. Total cellular polyamine content fell dramatically between 5 and 7 days of development, paralleling the decrease in metabolic activity exhibited by these cells. Nuclei were isolated from the erythrocytes by a non-aqueous technique, which not only eliminated the polyamine loss that occurred with aqueous isolation, but also prevented redistribution of the polyamines from the cytoplasm. Nuclear spermidine and spermine contents decreased markedly between 5 and 6 days of development from 31 to 10 pmol/microgram of DNA and from 33 to 18 pmol/microgram of DNA respectively. Thereafter the spermine content remained constant, but the spermidine content continued to decline. Good correlations between spermidine and RNA contents were observed in both cells and nuclei, and similarly between spermine and RNA contents in cells, but no such correlation was observed between spermine and RNA in nuclei.", "PMID": 540053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8189", "title": "The degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. N.C.I.B. 10590.", "content": "The microbial degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. N.C.I.B. 10590 was studied, and two major products were isolated and identified as 7 alpha, 12 beta-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregna-1,4-diene-20-carboxylic acid. Four minor products were isolated and evidence is given for the following structures: 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 12 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione, 7 alpha, 12 beta, 17 beta-trihydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-20-carboxylic acid. The significance of the production of the steroid products is discussed, along with the possible enzymic mechanisms responsible for their production.", "contents": "The degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. N.C.I.B. 10590. The microbial degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. N.C.I.B. 10590 was studied, and two major products were isolated and identified as 7 alpha, 12 beta-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregna-1,4-diene-20-carboxylic acid. Four minor products were isolated and evidence is given for the following structures: 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 12 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione, 7 alpha, 12 beta, 17 beta-trihydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-20-carboxylic acid. The significance of the production of the steroid products is discussed, along with the possible enzymic mechanisms responsible for their production.", "PMID": 540054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8190", "title": "Identification of albumin as the plasma carrier for zinc absorption by perfused rat intestine.", "content": "The isolated vascularly perfused rat intestine exhibits an obligatory need for a protein carrier in order to absorb zinc. Therefore this system is ideal for use as a model to identify the plasma carrier during zinc absorption. Affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B was employed to separate the major serum zinc-binding proteins in the portal effluent of the perfused intestine. It  was found that 94% of newly absorbed 65Zn was transported in the portal serum-containing perfusate as an albumin-65Zn complex. The identity of albumin as the plasma carrier was confirmed by polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis. This evidence suggests that albumin is the plasma protein that is involved in removal of zinc from intestinal-mucosal cells and subsequent transport of the metal in portal blood to the liver.", "contents": "Identification of albumin as the plasma carrier for zinc absorption by perfused rat intestine. The isolated vascularly perfused rat intestine exhibits an obligatory need for a protein carrier in order to absorb zinc. Therefore this system is ideal for use as a model to identify the plasma carrier during zinc absorption. Affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B was employed to separate the major serum zinc-binding proteins in the portal effluent of the perfused intestine. It  was found that 94% of newly absorbed 65Zn was transported in the portal serum-containing perfusate as an albumin-65Zn complex. The identity of albumin as the plasma carrier was confirmed by polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis. This evidence suggests that albumin is the plasma protein that is involved in removal of zinc from intestinal-mucosal cells and subsequent transport of the metal in portal blood to the liver.", "PMID": 540055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8191", "title": "Measurement of the protein-synthetic activity in vivo of various tissues in rats by using [3H]Puromycin.", "content": "The validity of a new technique was examined for estimating the protein-synthetic activity of various tissues in vivo. The basic assumption underlying the method is that the number of peptide chains growing on each active ribosome would increase as the protein-synthetic activity of each tissue increases. The principle of the procedure, which was devised originally by Wool & Kurihara [(1967) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58, 2401-2407] to determine in vitro the number of functional ribosomes in skeletal muscle, is as follows. Puromycin is known to bind easily to the C-terminal end of the growing peptide on ribosomes and thus stop further chain elongation. Hence, if the number of puromycin molecules attached to the nascent peptide is determined by using radioactive puromycin as a tracer, one can estimate the number of growing peptides, i.e. the activity of tissue protein synthesis. By using this technique, it is shown that both starvation and the feeding of a protein-free diet caused marked decreases in the relative rate of formation of peptidyl-puromycin, i.e. activity of protein synthesis in liver, skeletal muscle, heart, spleen, testis, lung, kidney and intestine.", "contents": "Measurement of the protein-synthetic activity in vivo of various tissues in rats by using [3H]Puromycin. The validity of a new technique was examined for estimating the protein-synthetic activity of various tissues in vivo. The basic assumption underlying the method is that the number of peptide chains growing on each active ribosome would increase as the protein-synthetic activity of each tissue increases. The principle of the procedure, which was devised originally by Wool & Kurihara [(1967) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58, 2401-2407] to determine in vitro the number of functional ribosomes in skeletal muscle, is as follows. Puromycin is known to bind easily to the C-terminal end of the growing peptide on ribosomes and thus stop further chain elongation. Hence, if the number of puromycin molecules attached to the nascent peptide is determined by using radioactive puromycin as a tracer, one can estimate the number of growing peptides, i.e. the activity of tissue protein synthesis. By using this technique, it is shown that both starvation and the feeding of a protein-free diet caused marked decreases in the relative rate of formation of peptidyl-puromycin, i.e. activity of protein synthesis in liver, skeletal muscle, heart, spleen, testis, lung, kidney and intestine.", "PMID": 540056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8192", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on liver nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis in aging rats.", "content": "Changes in RNA synthesis in liver nuclei were observed at different ages and after hypophysectomy and hormone replacement in female Sprague-Dawley rats. As determined by the incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid-insoluble product, RNA synthesis decreased by about 75% in intact rats from 6 months to 24 months of age. This decline with age was not observed in liver nuclei from 24-month-old rats that had been hypophysectomized at 12 months and maintained on a minimal hormone-replacement therapy. Thyroid hormones and somatotropin (growth hormone) had an additive effect on RNA synthesis in liver nuclei from these hypophysectomized rats. The same hormones had no significant effect on intact, age-matched rats. With advancing age, nuclei of intact rats had an increase in the pool of free RNA polymerase and an apparent decrease in the enzyme activity bound to nuclear chromatin. There was no change in total enzyme with age. In hypophysectomized, hormone-treated rats, free RNA polymerase activity decreased and chromatin-bound activity increased. There was no difference in total nuclear RNA polymerase activity between operated or intact rats. However, the ratio of the bound to the free activity was different. These results suggest that the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to chromatin may be involved in the age-related decrease in liver nuclear RNA synthesis of intact rats.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on liver nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis in aging rats. Changes in RNA synthesis in liver nuclei were observed at different ages and after hypophysectomy and hormone replacement in female Sprague-Dawley rats. As determined by the incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid-insoluble product, RNA synthesis decreased by about 75% in intact rats from 6 months to 24 months of age. This decline with age was not observed in liver nuclei from 24-month-old rats that had been hypophysectomized at 12 months and maintained on a minimal hormone-replacement therapy. Thyroid hormones and somatotropin (growth hormone) had an additive effect on RNA synthesis in liver nuclei from these hypophysectomized rats. The same hormones had no significant effect on intact, age-matched rats. With advancing age, nuclei of intact rats had an increase in the pool of free RNA polymerase and an apparent decrease in the enzyme activity bound to nuclear chromatin. There was no change in total enzyme with age. In hypophysectomized, hormone-treated rats, free RNA polymerase activity decreased and chromatin-bound activity increased. There was no difference in total nuclear RNA polymerase activity between operated or intact rats. However, the ratio of the bound to the free activity was different. These results suggest that the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to chromatin may be involved in the age-related decrease in liver nuclear RNA synthesis of intact rats.", "PMID": 540057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8193", "title": "Secretion of haem by hepatic parenchymal cells.", "content": "Hepatic parenchymal cells in primary culture, and also the intact perfused liver, secrete newly synthesized haem into extracellular fluids. In cultures incubated with the haem precursor delta-amino[4-14C]laevulinate, labelled haem was formed at a linear rate for at least 8 h, and 10-20% of the total labelled haem was present in the culture medium. The appearance of labelled extracellular haem was proportional both to the concentration of labelled precursor offered to the cells and to the time of incubation. Similar results were obtained when [2-14C]glycine was added as haem precursor. Studies with the isolated perfused liver indicated that newly synthesized haem is secreted also by the intact liver. Approximately equal amounts of haem appeared in the bile and in perfusate. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of symptoms in the hereditary hepatic porphyrias.", "contents": "Secretion of haem by hepatic parenchymal cells. Hepatic parenchymal cells in primary culture, and also the intact perfused liver, secrete newly synthesized haem into extracellular fluids. In cultures incubated with the haem precursor delta-amino[4-14C]laevulinate, labelled haem was formed at a linear rate for at least 8 h, and 10-20% of the total labelled haem was present in the culture medium. The appearance of labelled extracellular haem was proportional both to the concentration of labelled precursor offered to the cells and to the time of incubation. Similar results were obtained when [2-14C]glycine was added as haem precursor. Studies with the isolated perfused liver indicated that newly synthesized haem is secreted also by the intact liver. Approximately equal amounts of haem appeared in the bile and in perfusate. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of symptoms in the hereditary hepatic porphyrias.", "PMID": 540058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8194", "title": "Prostaglandins and their precursors in tissues from rats fed on trans, trans-linoleate.", "content": "Feeding trans,trans-9,12-linoleate to rats as 50 and 100% of the dietary fat decreased the concentrations of n-6 fatty acids, i.e. 18:2, 20:3 and 20:4, in heart, kidney, lung, adipose tissue and platelets of rats. The concentrations of prostaglandin products prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2 alpha in serum were significantly decreased in rats receiving high concentrations of dietary trans, trans-linoleate.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and their precursors in tissues from rats fed on trans, trans-linoleate. Feeding trans,trans-9,12-linoleate to rats as 50 and 100% of the dietary fat decreased the concentrations of n-6 fatty acids, i.e. 18:2, 20:3 and 20:4, in heart, kidney, lung, adipose tissue and platelets of rats. The concentrations of prostaglandin products prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2 alpha in serum were significantly decreased in rats receiving high concentrations of dietary trans, trans-linoleate.", "PMID": 540059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8195", "title": "Effect of calcium ions on ethanol oxidation and drug glucuronidation in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "The effect of extracellular Ca2+ concentration on ethanol oxidation and drug metabolism was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Both ethanol oxidation and drug glucuronidation showed similar dependence upon Ca2+, which was a stimulation of activity as Ca2+ was increased to physiological concentration, and inhibition at higher concentration.", "contents": "Effect of calcium ions on ethanol oxidation and drug glucuronidation in isolated hepatocytes. The effect of extracellular Ca2+ concentration on ethanol oxidation and drug metabolism was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Both ethanol oxidation and drug glucuronidation showed similar dependence upon Ca2+, which was a stimulation of activity as Ca2+ was increased to physiological concentration, and inhibition at higher concentration.", "PMID": 540060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8196", "title": "Fate of bradykinin-potentiating peptide 9a after intravenous injection.", "content": "The fat of less than Glu1-3H-labelled bradykinin-potentiating peptide 9a [BPP9a; less than Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (peptidyl dipeptidase)] was studied in the rabbit. After intravenous injection, BPP9a was rapidly removed from blood and much of the associated radioactivity was excreted in urine. Approx. 8% of the radioactivity in urine collected 2h after drug administration occurred in the form of BPP9a itself, the remainder occurring in three lower homologues: less than Glu-Trp (60%), less Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln (20%) and less than Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile (12%). Hydrolysis was not accounted for by enzymes in blood or urine. Apparently hydrolysis occurred within the kidney, as less than Gl-Trp was obtained in 60% yield in urine of isolated rat kidney perfused with [less than Glu1-3H]BPP9a.", "contents": "Fate of bradykinin-potentiating peptide 9a after intravenous injection. The fat of less than Glu1-3H-labelled bradykinin-potentiating peptide 9a [BPP9a; less than Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (peptidyl dipeptidase)] was studied in the rabbit. After intravenous injection, BPP9a was rapidly removed from blood and much of the associated radioactivity was excreted in urine. Approx. 8% of the radioactivity in urine collected 2h after drug administration occurred in the form of BPP9a itself, the remainder occurring in three lower homologues: less than Glu-Trp (60%), less Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln (20%) and less than Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile (12%). Hydrolysis was not accounted for by enzymes in blood or urine. Apparently hydrolysis occurred within the kidney, as less than Gl-Trp was obtained in 60% yield in urine of isolated rat kidney perfused with [less than Glu1-3H]BPP9a.", "PMID": 540061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8197", "title": "Effect of methylamalonic acid on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat and guinea-pig hepatocytes.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, alanine, lactate and propionate was inhibited by methylmalonate in both rat and guinea-pig hepatocytes. The effect was dose-dependent. Gluconeogenesis from glycerol and xylitol was not affected.", "contents": "Effect of methylamalonic acid on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat and guinea-pig hepatocytes. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, alanine, lactate and propionate was inhibited by methylmalonate in both rat and guinea-pig hepatocytes. The effect was dose-dependent. Gluconeogenesis from glycerol and xylitol was not affected.", "PMID": 540062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8198", "title": "Binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin to the mitochondrial inner membrane as an artifact during preparation.", "content": "Endosperm from Ricinus communis was homogenized in the presence of 3H-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin, with or without addition of lactose. In preparations without the binding-specific sugar the subfraction containing the mitochondrial inner membrane contained sufficient labelled agglutinin to account for the agglutinin reported to be associated with this membrane.", "contents": "Binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin to the mitochondrial inner membrane as an artifact during preparation. Endosperm from Ricinus communis was homogenized in the presence of 3H-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin, with or without addition of lactose. In preparations without the binding-specific sugar the subfraction containing the mitochondrial inner membrane contained sufficient labelled agglutinin to account for the agglutinin reported to be associated with this membrane.", "PMID": 540063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8199", "title": "[From ergot alkaloids to nicergoline/Chemical points of view (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports the rationale of a line of research that has led to pharmacologically active ergoline derivatives from the more complex ergot alkaloids. Specific compounds showing oxytocic, alpha-adrenolytic and antiserotoninic activity were synthesized and the relationship between structure and activity discussed. Out of the compounds, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline) was chosen as the most interesting product for a detailed further development.", "contents": "[From ergot alkaloids to nicergoline/Chemical points of view (author's transl)]. The author reports the rationale of a line of research that has led to pharmacologically active ergoline derivatives from the more complex ergot alkaloids. Specific compounds showing oxytocic, alpha-adrenolytic and antiserotoninic activity were synthesized and the relationship between structure and activity discussed. Out of the compounds, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline) was chosen as the most interesting product for a detailed further development.", "PMID": 540064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8200", "title": "[Cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction processes. A model for the evaluation of pharmacological changes in the brain of the adult rat].", "content": "A test model of studying the effects of chronic pharmacological treatment on cerebral metabolism related to energy transduction was developed. The most useful biochemical parameters were the cerebral enzymatic activities related to the glycolytic pathway (lactate dehydrogenase), the Krebs' cycle (citrate synthetase and malate dehydrogenase) and the electron transfer chain (total NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase). The model is based on the natural growth-dependent changes occurring in the rat during aging (from 10 to 60 weeks of life). As test drug, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) was administered daily for three periods of 16 weeks each (10-26, or 28-44, or 44-60 weeks of life) by two different administration routes (oral and i.p.), and at two different dose levels: oral 1 or 4, i.p. 0.25 or 1 mg/kg. Biochemical data were obtained blindly after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment. The drug tested exerted different effects which were dependent on the various administration periods and the administration routes. No dose-effect relationship was established.", "contents": "[Cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction processes. A model for the evaluation of pharmacological changes in the brain of the adult rat]. A test model of studying the effects of chronic pharmacological treatment on cerebral metabolism related to energy transduction was developed. The most useful biochemical parameters were the cerebral enzymatic activities related to the glycolytic pathway (lactate dehydrogenase), the Krebs' cycle (citrate synthetase and malate dehydrogenase) and the electron transfer chain (total NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase). The model is based on the natural growth-dependent changes occurring in the rat during aging (from 10 to 60 weeks of life). As test drug, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) was administered daily for three periods of 16 weeks each (10-26, or 28-44, or 44-60 weeks of life) by two different administration routes (oral and i.p.), and at two different dose levels: oral 1 or 4, i.p. 0.25 or 1 mg/kg. Biochemical data were obtained blindly after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment. The drug tested exerted different effects which were dependent on the various administration periods and the administration routes. No dose-effect relationship was established.", "PMID": 540066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8201", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of nicergolin in man at rest and during exertion (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 healthy subjects the injection of 10-methyl-1,6-diemthyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate (nicergoline, Sermion) (5 mg i.v.) caused a permanent decrease in blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure is due to a rapidly occurring alpha-blocking effect and a secondary central alpha-stimulating effect which did not affect the postural regulating mechanisms of the arterial blood pressure in their function. The bradycardia and the elevation of the systolic volume and of the cardiac output are based on this central effect. After oral administration of 30 mg nicergoline the same modifications appeared but to a lesser extent. If nicergoline was administered in a dosage of 30 mg p.o. 1 h before bicyle exercise (100 W for 5 min), the cardiac output and blood flow in the lower extremities increased and the elevation of the systolic pressure was limited. However, the reactive tachycardia remained at the same level. The metabolic consequences of this administration resulted in an inhibited increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood, which is normally caused by this exertion. This favourable metabolic effect can be explained by 1. the initial bradycardia and the decrease in the total peripheral resistance whereby the oxygen consumption of the myocardium is reduced; 2. the peripheral vasodilation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of nicergolin in man at rest and during exertion (author's transl)]. In 10 healthy subjects the injection of 10-methyl-1,6-diemthyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate (nicergoline, Sermion) (5 mg i.v.) caused a permanent decrease in blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure is due to a rapidly occurring alpha-blocking effect and a secondary central alpha-stimulating effect which did not affect the postural regulating mechanisms of the arterial blood pressure in their function. The bradycardia and the elevation of the systolic volume and of the cardiac output are based on this central effect. After oral administration of 30 mg nicergoline the same modifications appeared but to a lesser extent. If nicergoline was administered in a dosage of 30 mg p.o. 1 h before bicyle exercise (100 W for 5 min), the cardiac output and blood flow in the lower extremities increased and the elevation of the systolic pressure was limited. However, the reactive tachycardia remained at the same level. The metabolic consequences of this administration resulted in an inhibited increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood, which is normally caused by this exertion. This favourable metabolic effect can be explained by 1. the initial bradycardia and the decrease in the total peripheral resistance whereby the oxygen consumption of the myocardium is reduced; 2. the peripheral vasodilation.", "PMID": 540069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8202", "title": "[Nicergoline and platelet aggregation. A review of experimental and clinical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion), an ergoline derivative in clinical use for syndromes related to cerebral and peripheral vascular insufficiency, displays a platelet antiaggregating effect which may be important for its therapeutic effect. This paper reviews the present experimental and clinical evidence relating to the platelet antiaggregating activity of nicergoline and its mechanisms of action is discussed in detail. Since the platelet antiaggregating effect of nicergoline is mainly related to its alpha-adrenolytic activity, the importance of catecholamines for the behaviour of both human platelets and endothelium as well as their interference with the prostaglandin/prostacycline system is also discussed.", "contents": "[Nicergoline and platelet aggregation. A review of experimental and clinical studies (author's transl)]. 10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion), an ergoline derivative in clinical use for syndromes related to cerebral and peripheral vascular insufficiency, displays a platelet antiaggregating effect which may be important for its therapeutic effect. This paper reviews the present experimental and clinical evidence relating to the platelet antiaggregating activity of nicergoline and its mechanisms of action is discussed in detail. Since the platelet antiaggregating effect of nicergoline is mainly related to its alpha-adrenolytic activity, the importance of catecholamines for the behaviour of both human platelets and endothelium as well as their interference with the prostaglandin/prostacycline system is also discussed.", "PMID": 540070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8203", "title": "[Effects of nicergoline on cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured before and after i.v. injection of the cerebral vasodilator 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) in 13 patients with cerebrovascular disease. CBF increased in seven. The possibility is discussed that the effect of the drug in the other patients may have been masked by a fall of CBF which occurs during sequential measurement of patients at rest. Nicergoline is an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent which affects cerebral blood flow by reducing cerebrovascular resistance. The present study was undertaken to assess the acute effect of the drug on cerebral blood flow and blood pressure in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Effects of nicergoline on cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured before and after i.v. injection of the cerebral vasodilator 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) in 13 patients with cerebrovascular disease. CBF increased in seven. The possibility is discussed that the effect of the drug in the other patients may have been masked by a fall of CBF which occurs during sequential measurement of patients at rest. Nicergoline is an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent which affects cerebral blood flow by reducing cerebrovascular resistance. The present study was undertaken to assess the acute effect of the drug on cerebral blood flow and blood pressure in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.", "PMID": 540071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8204", "title": "[Ultrastructural study on the effect of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) is introduced into human platelet-rich plasma at different stages of collagen-, ADP- or epinephrine-induced aggregation. Ultrastructural fixation is processed while aggregation on the same plasma sample is recorded. If introduced before the aggregating agent, nicergoline completely neutralises its action and the platelets become spherical. The microtubule marginal bundle is disorganized and both open and dense canalicular systems are modified. If intoduced after the aggregating agent, nicergoline immediately stops the aggregation and disaggregation follows, with complete separation of the platelets. Morphology of microtubules and canalicular systems depend on the time before application of nicergoline. Nicergoline stops the induction of aggregation as well as ADP release. Disaggregation is an active process involving the microtubules.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study on the effect of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation (author's transl)]. 10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) is introduced into human platelet-rich plasma at different stages of collagen-, ADP- or epinephrine-induced aggregation. Ultrastructural fixation is processed while aggregation on the same plasma sample is recorded. If introduced before the aggregating agent, nicergoline completely neutralises its action and the platelets become spherical. The microtubule marginal bundle is disorganized and both open and dense canalicular systems are modified. If intoduced after the aggregating agent, nicergoline immediately stops the aggregation and disaggregation follows, with complete separation of the platelets. Morphology of microtubules and canalicular systems depend on the time before application of nicergoline. Nicergoline stops the induction of aggregation as well as ADP release. Disaggregation is an active process involving the microtubules.", "PMID": 540072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8205", "title": "[Physiopathology of the inner ear and therapy of presbyacusis (author's transl)].", "content": "Many experimental investigations have shown that labyrinthine fluids play a basic role in the physiology of the inner ear. Modifications of perilymphatic fluids have been demonstrated in perceptive deafness (otosclerosis, M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, tympanolabyrinthosclerosis). Vasoactive agents fail to markedly affect the exchange between labyrinthine fluids, so that perceptive syndromes are generally regarded as unresponsive to treatment. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of 10-methoxy-1,6-diemthyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) in various conditions of the inner ear. In this investigation, 30 patients with presbyacusis were treated with 30 mg/day p.o. for 30 days. Speech audiometric curves were improved in 4 out of 18 cases of physiological presbyacusis and in 6 out of 12 cases of accelerated presbyacusis. These results are very interesting, since few effective therapies are available to treat these conditions.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of the inner ear and therapy of presbyacusis (author's transl)]. Many experimental investigations have shown that labyrinthine fluids play a basic role in the physiology of the inner ear. Modifications of perilymphatic fluids have been demonstrated in perceptive deafness (otosclerosis, M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, tympanolabyrinthosclerosis). Vasoactive agents fail to markedly affect the exchange between labyrinthine fluids, so that perceptive syndromes are generally regarded as unresponsive to treatment. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of 10-methoxy-1,6-diemthyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) in various conditions of the inner ear. In this investigation, 30 patients with presbyacusis were treated with 30 mg/day p.o. for 30 days. Speech audiometric curves were improved in 4 out of 18 cases of physiological presbyacusis and in 6 out of 12 cases of accelerated presbyacusis. These results are very interesting, since few effective therapies are available to treat these conditions.", "PMID": 540074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8206", "title": "[Neurophysiological study of 36 patients with cerebral vascular processes treated with nicergoline (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained from a group of 36 patients with non-acute cerebral vascular disturbances of various forms were evaluated. The clinical course and additional examinations are reported: electroencephalography, visually evoked potentials and cerebral rheography for the assessment of different cerebral regions and an interhemispherical comparison. The determination of the data obtained by rheography can be applied to the whole patient group. All tests were carried out before treatment and after a period of treatment with 15-20 mg 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) administered daily p.o. On the basis of the therapeutic results conclusions can be drawn as to clinical improvement and EEG normalisation and visually evoked potentials. The changes in the amplitude and the changes in the systolic gradient recorded by the rheogramme as well as the tendency to correction of dyssymmetry can be described as the result of nicergoline on the cerebral vascular system, on the oxygen supply and on the metabolism of the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological study of 36 patients with cerebral vascular processes treated with nicergoline (author's transl)]. The results obtained from a group of 36 patients with non-acute cerebral vascular disturbances of various forms were evaluated. The clinical course and additional examinations are reported: electroencephalography, visually evoked potentials and cerebral rheography for the assessment of different cerebral regions and an interhemispherical comparison. The determination of the data obtained by rheography can be applied to the whole patient group. All tests were carried out before treatment and after a period of treatment with 15-20 mg 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) administered daily p.o. On the basis of the therapeutic results conclusions can be drawn as to clinical improvement and EEG normalisation and visually evoked potentials. The changes in the amplitude and the changes in the systolic gradient recorded by the rheogramme as well as the tendency to correction of dyssymmetry can be described as the result of nicergoline on the cerebral vascular system, on the oxygen supply and on the metabolism of the brain tissue.", "PMID": 540075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8207", "title": "[Therapeutic efficacy of nicergoline in ophthalmology. Fluorescence retinographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergolin-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) administered intravenously (8 mg) in a group of 10 healthy subjects caused a reduction of the arm-retina circulation time and a reduction of the ocular tone. The therapeutic effectiveness in 37 patients with various eye diseases was tested by administering nicergoline p.o. at a dose of 30 mg/day for 30 days and 20 mg/day as maintenance dose for 60-120 days. Positive results, in various percentages, were observed in cases of arterial obstructions, venous thrombosis, diabetic retinopathies, senile macular degenerations, papilla ischaemic oedema, central serous chorioretinopathies. Nicergoline caused no subjective or objective undesired effects.", "contents": "[Therapeutic efficacy of nicergoline in ophthalmology. Fluorescence retinographic study (author's transl)]. 10-Methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergolin-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) administered intravenously (8 mg) in a group of 10 healthy subjects caused a reduction of the arm-retina circulation time and a reduction of the ocular tone. The therapeutic effectiveness in 37 patients with various eye diseases was tested by administering nicergoline p.o. at a dose of 30 mg/day for 30 days and 20 mg/day as maintenance dose for 60-120 days. Positive results, in various percentages, were observed in cases of arterial obstructions, venous thrombosis, diabetic retinopathies, senile macular degenerations, papilla ischaemic oedema, central serous chorioretinopathies. Nicergoline caused no subjective or objective undesired effects.", "PMID": 540076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8208", "title": "Resorption of insoluble, heterologous, fluorescein-collagen sponges in sensitized and non-sensitized rats.", "content": "Sponges of insoluble bovine collagen were slowly resorbed over a 35-day period when implanted under the back skin of rats. The cellular picture was typical of a mild foreign-body reaction. The reaction to fluorescein-labelled collagen sponges was similar but there was evidence also of a weak immunological response. An acute inflammatory reaction with massive oedema was elicited when fluorescein-labelled collagen sponges were implanted in rats previously sensitized to either fluorescein-collagen or fluorescein-bovine serum albumin. The early invasion by PMN leucocytes subsided after 4 days and caused no observable breakdown of the sponge. The implanted material was rapidly encapsulated by fibrous tissue which was then resorbed along with the sponge between the 7th and 12th day. Macrophages were very active in the sponge at this time, sometimes forming giant cells. Fibroblasts were invading from the periphery with the development of the granulation tissue. The small residue which remained after this time was overrun by granulation tissue and was slowly resorbed up to the 35th day. Throughout the period of study there was only a weak local immunological response after the 28th day. The level of circulating antibodies against the fluorescein hapten was high, but the titre for the antibodies against bovine collagen remained low. The significance of these findings in the pathological destruction of connective tissue is discussed.", "contents": "Resorption of insoluble, heterologous, fluorescein-collagen sponges in sensitized and non-sensitized rats. Sponges of insoluble bovine collagen were slowly resorbed over a 35-day period when implanted under the back skin of rats. The cellular picture was typical of a mild foreign-body reaction. The reaction to fluorescein-labelled collagen sponges was similar but there was evidence also of a weak immunological response. An acute inflammatory reaction with massive oedema was elicited when fluorescein-labelled collagen sponges were implanted in rats previously sensitized to either fluorescein-collagen or fluorescein-bovine serum albumin. The early invasion by PMN leucocytes subsided after 4 days and caused no observable breakdown of the sponge. The implanted material was rapidly encapsulated by fibrous tissue which was then resorbed along with the sponge between the 7th and 12th day. Macrophages were very active in the sponge at this time, sometimes forming giant cells. Fibroblasts were invading from the periphery with the development of the granulation tissue. The small residue which remained after this time was overrun by granulation tissue and was slowly resorbed up to the 35th day. Throughout the period of study there was only a weak local immunological response after the 28th day. The level of circulating antibodies against the fluorescein hapten was high, but the titre for the antibodies against bovine collagen remained low. The significance of these findings in the pathological destruction of connective tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 540096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8209", "title": "Premalignancy in vitro: progression of an initially benign epithelial cell line to malignancy.", "content": "An epithelial cell line, NMuLi, derived from normal mouse liver, produced a variety of tumours when inoculated s.c. into newborn mice. The inoculation of early-passage cells resulted in cystadenomas and proliferating cysts, while adenocarcinomas and carcinosarcomas were produced from cells that had been extensively subcultured. To determine the mechanism involved in the progression to malignancy, single-cell clones were isolated from early- and late-passage NMuLi cells. When inoculated into mice, early-passage clones were similar to the original population in that they initially formed benign cysts but produced increasingly aberrant tumours after extensive subculture. Inoculation of the late-passage clones resulted in only malignant tumours. These observations suggest that passage in culture induced an initially benign epithelial cell population to progress toward malignancy; thus early passage NMuLi cells represent a good in vitro model of the premalignant state.", "contents": "Premalignancy in vitro: progression of an initially benign epithelial cell line to malignancy. An epithelial cell line, NMuLi, derived from normal mouse liver, produced a variety of tumours when inoculated s.c. into newborn mice. The inoculation of early-passage cells resulted in cystadenomas and proliferating cysts, while adenocarcinomas and carcinosarcomas were produced from cells that had been extensively subcultured. To determine the mechanism involved in the progression to malignancy, single-cell clones were isolated from early- and late-passage NMuLi cells. When inoculated into mice, early-passage clones were similar to the original population in that they initially formed benign cysts but produced increasingly aberrant tumours after extensive subculture. Inoculation of the late-passage clones resulted in only malignant tumours. These observations suggest that passage in culture induced an initially benign epithelial cell population to progress toward malignancy; thus early passage NMuLi cells represent a good in vitro model of the premalignant state.", "PMID": 540098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8210", "title": "Physiological alterations secondary to perfusion and revascularization of canine intestine.", "content": "Our studies suggest that the perfusion rates of canine intestinal segments during extracorporeal perfusion are directly related to the quality of preservation; namely, better preserved specimens exhibit higher perfusion rates and vice versa. Production of intraluminal fluid (ILF) during preservation and following revascularization is related to the quality of preservation. Poorly preserved intestine seems generally to produce more fluid than well preserved specimens. Conversely, continuous pulsatile perfusion techniques resulted in more ILF production than specimens perfused with low-flow gravity-dependent systems. Ex vivo intestinal perfusion resulted in organ oedema inversely proportional to the quality of preservation. Poor preservation is also associated with washout of potassium, lactic dehydrogenase, and tissue acidosis both during preservation and revascularization. Perfusion with a high concentration of potassium ions results in poor preservation presumably owing to vasoconstriction. Mucosal malperfusion as demonstrated by the Microfil technique is the circulatory abnormality most closely associated with inadequate preservation. Smooth-muscle function, as measured by electrical activity recordings, is well preserved by pulsatile flow methods, whereas gravity perfusion results in disorganized and spastic muscular activity. The best preservation appeared to be obtained by the use of pulsatile flow with cryoprecipitated plasma as the perfusate.", "contents": "Physiological alterations secondary to perfusion and revascularization of canine intestine. Our studies suggest that the perfusion rates of canine intestinal segments during extracorporeal perfusion are directly related to the quality of preservation; namely, better preserved specimens exhibit higher perfusion rates and vice versa. Production of intraluminal fluid (ILF) during preservation and following revascularization is related to the quality of preservation. Poorly preserved intestine seems generally to produce more fluid than well preserved specimens. Conversely, continuous pulsatile perfusion techniques resulted in more ILF production than specimens perfused with low-flow gravity-dependent systems. Ex vivo intestinal perfusion resulted in organ oedema inversely proportional to the quality of preservation. Poor preservation is also associated with washout of potassium, lactic dehydrogenase, and tissue acidosis both during preservation and revascularization. Perfusion with a high concentration of potassium ions results in poor preservation presumably owing to vasoconstriction. Mucosal malperfusion as demonstrated by the Microfil technique is the circulatory abnormality most closely associated with inadequate preservation. Smooth-muscle function, as measured by electrical activity recordings, is well preserved by pulsatile flow methods, whereas gravity perfusion results in disorganized and spastic muscular activity. The best preservation appeared to be obtained by the use of pulsatile flow with cryoprecipitated plasma as the perfusate.", "PMID": 540097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8211", "title": "The migration of fibroblasts into an in vitro wound.", "content": "A method for the study in vitro of fibroblast migration in wounds is described. This consists of producing standard fibroblast monolayers (derived from subcultures of explants of flank skin from young male rats) in microtitre plates, wounding the monolayer in a linear fashion with razor blade, removing the monolayer from one side of the linear wound and retaining the other side for migration studies. Preliminary results using the method are described which illustrate its reproducibility and ease of performance.", "contents": "The migration of fibroblasts into an in vitro wound. A method for the study in vitro of fibroblast migration in wounds is described. This consists of producing standard fibroblast monolayers (derived from subcultures of explants of flank skin from young male rats) in microtitre plates, wounding the monolayer in a linear fashion with razor blade, removing the monolayer from one side of the linear wound and retaining the other side for migration studies. Preliminary results using the method are described which illustrate its reproducibility and ease of performance.", "PMID": 540099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8212", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on the biochemical response to fracture stress in rats.", "content": "After acclimatization to metabolic cages, groups of male Wistar rats were pretreated for 48 h with parenteral indomethacin to observe its effect on the biochemical response to femoral fracture stress. This trauma induced an average 2.3-fold rise in fibrinogen levels in all animals, which was maximal 24 h after injury. Indomethacin pretreatment caused a dose-related decrease in the plasma fibrinogen response 24 h after fracture: 1, 2, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of drug reduced the response by approximately 3, 10, 13 and 23%. Fibrinogen levels in rats treated with high doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of drug began to rise before fracture owing to intestinal ulceration. Plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and urine total catecholamine levels did not respond to either indomethacin treatment or to fracture but levels of both compounds rose gradually during the experiment. Indomethacin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and prostglandins may therefore be involved in the metabolic response to stress.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on the biochemical response to fracture stress in rats. After acclimatization to metabolic cages, groups of male Wistar rats were pretreated for 48 h with parenteral indomethacin to observe its effect on the biochemical response to femoral fracture stress. This trauma induced an average 2.3-fold rise in fibrinogen levels in all animals, which was maximal 24 h after injury. Indomethacin pretreatment caused a dose-related decrease in the plasma fibrinogen response 24 h after fracture: 1, 2, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of drug reduced the response by approximately 3, 10, 13 and 23%. Fibrinogen levels in rats treated with high doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of drug began to rise before fracture owing to intestinal ulceration. Plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and urine total catecholamine levels did not respond to either indomethacin treatment or to fracture but levels of both compounds rose gradually during the experiment. Indomethacin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and prostglandins may therefore be involved in the metabolic response to stress.", "PMID": 540100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8213", "title": "Dissociation of erythema and basophil accumulation in Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Relationship between delayed-in-onset erythema and infiltrating leucocytes in the skin reaction site of Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity was observed in guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were immunized with formalin-fixed (F-SRBC) or native form (N-SRBC) of sheep red blood cells in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Elicitation was carried out with intradermal injection of F-SRBC or N-SRBC in saline 1 or 3 weeks after immunization. One week after immunization with F-SRBC or N-SRBC in IFA, erythema accompanied by basophil infiltration was detected, but antibody production was negative. Erythema reached a peak at 24 h, but basophil infiltration reached a peak at 48 h or later. In the skin reaction site elicited with N-SRBC, high levels of basophil infiltration were detected persistently even after erythema had disappeared. Three weeks after immunization, low titres of PCA (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) were detected in guinea-pigs immunized with F-SRBC in IFA. At that time erythematous skin reaction was detected, but the level of basophil infiltration was lower than that of 1 week after immunization. In guinea-pigs immunized with N-SRBC in IFA, skin reaction of the Arthus type accompanied by haemorrhage was observed at the site elicited with N-SRBC.", "contents": "Dissociation of erythema and basophil accumulation in Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity in the guinea-pig. Relationship between delayed-in-onset erythema and infiltrating leucocytes in the skin reaction site of Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity was observed in guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were immunized with formalin-fixed (F-SRBC) or native form (N-SRBC) of sheep red blood cells in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Elicitation was carried out with intradermal injection of F-SRBC or N-SRBC in saline 1 or 3 weeks after immunization. One week after immunization with F-SRBC or N-SRBC in IFA, erythema accompanied by basophil infiltration was detected, but antibody production was negative. Erythema reached a peak at 24 h, but basophil infiltration reached a peak at 48 h or later. In the skin reaction site elicited with N-SRBC, high levels of basophil infiltration were detected persistently even after erythema had disappeared. Three weeks after immunization, low titres of PCA (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) were detected in guinea-pigs immunized with F-SRBC in IFA. At that time erythematous skin reaction was detected, but the level of basophil infiltration was lower than that of 1 week after immunization. In guinea-pigs immunized with N-SRBC in IFA, skin reaction of the Arthus type accompanied by haemorrhage was observed at the site elicited with N-SRBC.", "PMID": 540101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8214", "title": "Effects of intravenous injection of two different strains of Corynebacterium parvum in the mouse.", "content": "A strain of C. parvum, CN6134, known to have antitumour activity, caused thrombosis in the sites where the organism is phagocytosed. It bound to macrophages in vitro and activated the alternate pathway of complement. A strain of C. parvum, CN5888, which fails to show antitumour activity, did not show thrombosis. It did not bind to macrophages or activate guinea-pig complement. It did, however, cause marrow infarction which seems to result from a diminished clearance of the organism from the circulation.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous injection of two different strains of Corynebacterium parvum in the mouse. A strain of C. parvum, CN6134, known to have antitumour activity, caused thrombosis in the sites where the organism is phagocytosed. It bound to macrophages in vitro and activated the alternate pathway of complement. A strain of C. parvum, CN5888, which fails to show antitumour activity, did not show thrombosis. It did not bind to macrophages or activate guinea-pig complement. It did, however, cause marrow infarction which seems to result from a diminished clearance of the organism from the circulation.", "PMID": 540104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8215", "title": "Histochemical studies on peroxisomes in regenerating proximal tubules of the kidney.", "content": "Peroxisomes of the regenerating proximal tubules of the rat kidney were investigated after necrosis induced by mercuric chloride. Slices both for light and electron microscopic examinations were incubated in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium. Peroxisomes were absent in the necrotic epithelium. They appeared on the fourth day of regeneration and later their number increased reaching the normal distribution in the fourth week. They seem to be needed for the functional differentiation of the proximal tubule cells during regeneration.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on peroxisomes in regenerating proximal tubules of the kidney. Peroxisomes of the regenerating proximal tubules of the rat kidney were investigated after necrosis induced by mercuric chloride. Slices both for light and electron microscopic examinations were incubated in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium. Peroxisomes were absent in the necrotic epithelium. They appeared on the fourth day of regeneration and later their number increased reaching the normal distribution in the fourth week. They seem to be needed for the functional differentiation of the proximal tubule cells during regeneration.", "PMID": 540103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8216", "title": "The histopathology and ultrastructure of pleural mesotheliomas produced in the rat by injections of crocidolite asbestos.", "content": "Primary tumours of the pleural cavity were produced in rats by the intrapleural injection of crocidolite asbestos. Their histological structure as seen with both light and electron microscopy was very variable and tumours frequently contained elements of both connective-tissue and epithelial type. In some instances the connective-tissue elements predominated from the start and the earliest tumour nodules consisted mainly of pleomorphic connective-tissue cells with only a few layers of cells more nearly epithelial in type on the surface. This pattern was largely retained when tumour nodules increased in size and coalesced, but in the deeper layers of advanced tumours the pleomorphic connective-tissue pattern was often replaced by a more uniform spindle-cell form. Other tumours were more predominantly epithelial in type, showing either a papillary pattern with rounded epithelial cells growing in solid columns, or a vesicular form in which large tissue spaces, often intracellular, were lined by very thin layers of extended cell cytoplasm. Whereas early tumours showed only one histological pattern, the more advanced stages often exhibited areas of all 3, so that there seemed to be some degree of histological mutability. The spindle-cell areas of advanced tumours frequently showed evidence of direct invasion of the surrounding tissue but this was never seen with the epithelial forms of rat mesothelioma.", "contents": "The histopathology and ultrastructure of pleural mesotheliomas produced in the rat by injections of crocidolite asbestos. Primary tumours of the pleural cavity were produced in rats by the intrapleural injection of crocidolite asbestos. Their histological structure as seen with both light and electron microscopy was very variable and tumours frequently contained elements of both connective-tissue and epithelial type. In some instances the connective-tissue elements predominated from the start and the earliest tumour nodules consisted mainly of pleomorphic connective-tissue cells with only a few layers of cells more nearly epithelial in type on the surface. This pattern was largely retained when tumour nodules increased in size and coalesced, but in the deeper layers of advanced tumours the pleomorphic connective-tissue pattern was often replaced by a more uniform spindle-cell form. Other tumours were more predominantly epithelial in type, showing either a papillary pattern with rounded epithelial cells growing in solid columns, or a vesicular form in which large tissue spaces, often intracellular, were lined by very thin layers of extended cell cytoplasm. Whereas early tumours showed only one histological pattern, the more advanced stages often exhibited areas of all 3, so that there seemed to be some degree of histological mutability. The spindle-cell areas of advanced tumours frequently showed evidence of direct invasion of the surrounding tissue but this was never seen with the epithelial forms of rat mesothelioma.", "PMID": 540105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8217", "title": "A study of the effect of povidone-iodine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "Studies were made of the effect of povidone-iodine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were incubated with various concentrations of povidone-iodine and allowed to migrate across a membrane towards a chemotactic agent. Chemotactic movement was found to decrease as the concentration of povidone-iodine rose, 75 micrograms/ml completely inhibiting all movement. A concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of povidone-iodine was found actively to repel the white cells. In vivo studies in mice showed a reduction in polymorphonuclear leucocytes at wound surfaces in the presence of povidone-iodine dry powder spray.", "contents": "A study of the effect of povidone-iodine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis. Studies were made of the effect of povidone-iodine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were incubated with various concentrations of povidone-iodine and allowed to migrate across a membrane towards a chemotactic agent. Chemotactic movement was found to decrease as the concentration of povidone-iodine rose, 75 micrograms/ml completely inhibiting all movement. A concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of povidone-iodine was found actively to repel the white cells. In vivo studies in mice showed a reduction in polymorphonuclear leucocytes at wound surfaces in the presence of povidone-iodine dry powder spray.", "PMID": 540106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8218", "title": "[Sulfate transport across the limiting double membrane or envelope, of spinach chloroplasts].", "content": "Evidence is presented for low rates of carrier-mediated uptake of sulphate, thiosulphate and sulphite into the stroma of the C3 plant Spinacia oleracea. Uptake of sulphate in the dark was followed using two techniques (1) uptake of sulphate [35S] as determined by silicon oil centrifugal filtration and (2) uptake as indicated by inhibition of CO2-dependent O2 evolution rates after addition of sulphate. Sulphate, thiosulphate and sulphite were transported across the envelope leading to an accumulation in the chloroplasts. Sulphate for each molecule of sulphate entering the chloroplast, one molecule of phosphate leaves the stroma, and vice-versa. The uptake of sulphate by isolated intact chloroplasts exchanging for internal free phosphate induced a lower rate of photophosphorylation, which in turn inhibited CO2-dependent O2 evolution. The presence, on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts envelope, of a specific sulphate carrier, distinct from the phosphate translocator, is discussed.", "contents": "[Sulfate transport across the limiting double membrane or envelope, of spinach chloroplasts]. Evidence is presented for low rates of carrier-mediated uptake of sulphate, thiosulphate and sulphite into the stroma of the C3 plant Spinacia oleracea. Uptake of sulphate in the dark was followed using two techniques (1) uptake of sulphate [35S] as determined by silicon oil centrifugal filtration and (2) uptake as indicated by inhibition of CO2-dependent O2 evolution rates after addition of sulphate. Sulphate, thiosulphate and sulphite were transported across the envelope leading to an accumulation in the chloroplasts. Sulphate for each molecule of sulphate entering the chloroplast, one molecule of phosphate leaves the stroma, and vice-versa. The uptake of sulphate by isolated intact chloroplasts exchanging for internal free phosphate induced a lower rate of photophosphorylation, which in turn inhibited CO2-dependent O2 evolution. The presence, on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts envelope, of a specific sulphate carrier, distinct from the phosphate translocator, is discussed.", "PMID": 540107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8219", "title": "[Interaction of thiamine diphosphate with magnesium ion].", "content": "The action of magnesium ion on the exchange rate of the proton in C2 of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate is studied at different values of pD. Above pD 5 the ion Mg2+ increases this exchange rate. The phenomenon is markedly enhanced for TDP rather than thiamine and increases with pD. Below pD 5 magnesium decreases the exchange rate. This decrease is greater for TDP than for thiamine. The maximum effect is reached at a magnesium concentration of 0.5/1 for thiamine and of 1/1 for TDP. T1 measurements are made for different pH values with and without magnesium ion. Results seem to prove that an increase in pD values from 3.9 to 5.9 leads to an accentuation of the molecules \"folded\" form. Nevertheless for a given pD value the TDP-Mg complex seems to have a more \"folded\" form than TDP.", "contents": "[Interaction of thiamine diphosphate with magnesium ion]. The action of magnesium ion on the exchange rate of the proton in C2 of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate is studied at different values of pD. Above pD 5 the ion Mg2+ increases this exchange rate. The phenomenon is markedly enhanced for TDP rather than thiamine and increases with pD. Below pD 5 magnesium decreases the exchange rate. This decrease is greater for TDP than for thiamine. The maximum effect is reached at a magnesium concentration of 0.5/1 for thiamine and of 1/1 for TDP. T1 measurements are made for different pH values with and without magnesium ion. Results seem to prove that an increase in pD values from 3.9 to 5.9 leads to an accentuation of the molecules \"folded\" form. Nevertheless for a given pD value the TDP-Mg complex seems to have a more \"folded\" form than TDP.", "PMID": 540108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8220", "title": "Lip and nonpreferred forearm EMG activity as a function of orienting task.", "content": "Subjects performed orthographic or semantic orienting tasks while preparing an overt response (pressing one of two buttons). Electromyographic (EMG) activity of lip and nonpreferred forearm muscles and heart rate were monitored. Only lip EMG activity distinguished the extent of covert processing, evidencing greater activity during the semantic than sensory task. In contrast, increased nonpreferred forearm EMG and cardiac activity accompanied the behavioral response. It was concluded that general semantic and autonomic activity serve biological needs, but in addition, there are specific patterns of physiological response that are intrinsic to convert information processing.", "contents": "Lip and nonpreferred forearm EMG activity as a function of orienting task. Subjects performed orthographic or semantic orienting tasks while preparing an overt response (pressing one of two buttons). Electromyographic (EMG) activity of lip and nonpreferred forearm muscles and heart rate were monitored. Only lip EMG activity distinguished the extent of covert processing, evidencing greater activity during the semantic than sensory task. In contrast, increased nonpreferred forearm EMG and cardiac activity accompanied the behavioral response. It was concluded that general semantic and autonomic activity serve biological needs, but in addition, there are specific patterns of physiological response that are intrinsic to convert information processing.", "PMID": 540109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8221", "title": "Reactive gaze laterality in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Reflective lateral eye movements (LEMs) in response to questions of different categories are indicative of differential hemispheric reactivity. These LEMs were studied in schizophrenic patients and normal subjects, in response to 24 questions (12 visual-emotional and 12 verbal-neutral). Two categories of saccades were observed: short-latency LEMs (S-LEMs) and long-latency LEMs (L-LEMs). S-LEMs are believed to be associated with orienting response mechanism. L-LEMs are considered to be related to decision-making or formulating hemispheric-activity-dependent response strategy. In the present study, a general trend of leftward LEMs was found among normals regardless of the question's category, whereas schizophrenics tended to show predominantly rightward LEMs. This suggests that individual cognitive style, rather than task variables, affects LEM direction. The two types of LEM's and their different involvement in hemispheric activity are discussed.", "contents": "Reactive gaze laterality in schizophrenic patients. Reflective lateral eye movements (LEMs) in response to questions of different categories are indicative of differential hemispheric reactivity. These LEMs were studied in schizophrenic patients and normal subjects, in response to 24 questions (12 visual-emotional and 12 verbal-neutral). Two categories of saccades were observed: short-latency LEMs (S-LEMs) and long-latency LEMs (L-LEMs). S-LEMs are believed to be associated with orienting response mechanism. L-LEMs are considered to be related to decision-making or formulating hemispheric-activity-dependent response strategy. In the present study, a general trend of leftward LEMs was found among normals regardless of the question's category, whereas schizophrenics tended to show predominantly rightward LEMs. This suggests that individual cognitive style, rather than task variables, affects LEM direction. The two types of LEM's and their different involvement in hemispheric activity are discussed.", "PMID": 540110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8222", "title": "Sensorimotor rhythm feedback training and epilepsy: some methodological and conceptual issues.", "content": "This study examined the hypothesis that the enhancement of a 12-16 Hz sensorimotor rhythm in the EEG is inhibitory to epileptic seizure activity. The effects of training to enhance 12-16 Hz central EEG, to enhance 8-10 Hz central EEG, to suppress high voltage EEG activity, and of random feedback were compared over a period of 12 months in three adult patients suffering from chronic, drug-refractory epilepsy. All three patients experienced a significant reduction in seizure rate by the end of the study, but this was not related to any one particular training condition. It is suggested that the therapeutic mechanism might involve placebo effects, relaxation training, or a facilitation of EEG desynchronization, the effect being idiosyncratic to the individual patient.", "contents": "Sensorimotor rhythm feedback training and epilepsy: some methodological and conceptual issues. This study examined the hypothesis that the enhancement of a 12-16 Hz sensorimotor rhythm in the EEG is inhibitory to epileptic seizure activity. The effects of training to enhance 12-16 Hz central EEG, to enhance 8-10 Hz central EEG, to suppress high voltage EEG activity, and of random feedback were compared over a period of 12 months in three adult patients suffering from chronic, drug-refractory epilepsy. All three patients experienced a significant reduction in seizure rate by the end of the study, but this was not related to any one particular training condition. It is suggested that the therapeutic mechanism might involve placebo effects, relaxation training, or a facilitation of EEG desynchronization, the effect being idiosyncratic to the individual patient.", "PMID": 540111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8223", "title": "Adrenal-medullary and adrenal-cortical responses to understimulation and overstimulation: comparison between type A and type B persons.", "content": "Male and female university students, classified as Type A and Type B persons with the aid of a questionnaire measuring coronary-prone behavior, were studied while doing mental work under laboratory conditions, characterized by understimulation and overstimulation, and while unoccupied (baseline session). The urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol, heart rate (in the understimulation and baseline conditions) and self-reports were used as indices of arousal. The overall picture showed that both experimental conditions increased arousal, the rise being particularly pronounced for cortisol excretion during understimulation and for adrenaline excretion during overstimulation. Comparison between groups showed that cortisol excretion was higher in Type A than in Type B persons of both sexes during understimulation. Adrenaline excretion was about the same in both sexes (Type A and Type B) during understimulation, but was higher in males than in females during overstimulation. There were no group differences in performance.", "contents": "Adrenal-medullary and adrenal-cortical responses to understimulation and overstimulation: comparison between type A and type B persons. Male and female university students, classified as Type A and Type B persons with the aid of a questionnaire measuring coronary-prone behavior, were studied while doing mental work under laboratory conditions, characterized by understimulation and overstimulation, and while unoccupied (baseline session). The urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol, heart rate (in the understimulation and baseline conditions) and self-reports were used as indices of arousal. The overall picture showed that both experimental conditions increased arousal, the rise being particularly pronounced for cortisol excretion during understimulation and for adrenaline excretion during overstimulation. Comparison between groups showed that cortisol excretion was higher in Type A than in Type B persons of both sexes during understimulation. Adrenaline excretion was about the same in both sexes (Type A and Type B) during understimulation, but was higher in males than in females during overstimulation. There were no group differences in performance.", "PMID": 540113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8224", "title": "Direction of changes in the cardiac component in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm with variations in CS- and UCS-contents.", "content": "The research reported was aimed at examining the direction of heart rate post-stimulus changes in a conditioning paradigm with fear-relevant (snakes and spiders), and fear-irrelevant (circles and triangles) slide-CSs. Furthermore, half of the subjects in each group had electric shocks as the UCS, whereas the other two halves were merely threatened about the shock. Finally, all subjects were informed at the start of the extinction about the removal of the UCS. Thus, a 2 X 2 factorial design was used. The conditioning situation involved a differential paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 8 sec. There were 12 presentations of each cue during acquisition, and 20 during extinction. The results showed reliable effects of decelerative acquisition in the fear-relevant shock group, and the fear-irrelevant threat group. During extinction, only the fear-relevant shock group showed evidence of continuing differential responding, with larger deceleration to the CS+. It is speculated that responses to fear-relevant CSs, together with shock-UCSs, share important similarities with the irrational aspect of phobic behavior, since the instructions about the omission of the UCS during extinction did not eliminate the responses to the CS+ in the fear-relevant shock group.", "contents": "Direction of changes in the cardiac component in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm with variations in CS- and UCS-contents. The research reported was aimed at examining the direction of heart rate post-stimulus changes in a conditioning paradigm with fear-relevant (snakes and spiders), and fear-irrelevant (circles and triangles) slide-CSs. Furthermore, half of the subjects in each group had electric shocks as the UCS, whereas the other two halves were merely threatened about the shock. Finally, all subjects were informed at the start of the extinction about the removal of the UCS. Thus, a 2 X 2 factorial design was used. The conditioning situation involved a differential paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 8 sec. There were 12 presentations of each cue during acquisition, and 20 during extinction. The results showed reliable effects of decelerative acquisition in the fear-relevant shock group, and the fear-irrelevant threat group. During extinction, only the fear-relevant shock group showed evidence of continuing differential responding, with larger deceleration to the CS+. It is speculated that responses to fear-relevant CSs, together with shock-UCSs, share important similarities with the irrational aspect of phobic behavior, since the instructions about the omission of the UCS during extinction did not eliminate the responses to the CS+ in the fear-relevant shock group.", "PMID": 540114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8225", "title": "Structural investigation of biological material in aqueous environment by means of infrared-ATR spectroscopy.", "content": "Infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy may be used to investigate biological material (e.g., membranes, proteins, erythrocytes etc.) under biological conditions provided that adhesion of the sample can be achieved in aqueous environment. Uncharged lipid multilayer model membranes can be attached by hydrophobic interaction when hydrophobic internal reflection plates (e.g., ZnSe, CdTe) are used. However, if an electric field is applied across the membrane, germanium reflection elements would be preferred because of their low electric resistance (approximately 50 omega cm). This material can also be used if cells or proteins are linked chemically to the ATR plate because of the hydrophilic surface which is similar to that of glass and, thus, enables chemical modification by silanization. It has turned out that good adhesion of uncharged and negatively charged model membranes to germanium plates is achieved when they are coated with a monomolecular layer of aminopropylsilane. There is some evidence that erythrocytes remain more stable when adsorbed to a polymerized aminosilane coating (organic silanization) rather than to the corresponding monolayer (aqueous silanization). Negatively charged germanium surfaces have been obtained by succinylation of the aminosilane coating. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that proteins can be bound to the aminosilane coating by means of carbodiimide. Immobilized acetylcholinesterase was still enzymatically active.", "contents": "Structural investigation of biological material in aqueous environment by means of infrared-ATR spectroscopy. Infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy may be used to investigate biological material (e.g., membranes, proteins, erythrocytes etc.) under biological conditions provided that adhesion of the sample can be achieved in aqueous environment. Uncharged lipid multilayer model membranes can be attached by hydrophobic interaction when hydrophobic internal reflection plates (e.g., ZnSe, CdTe) are used. However, if an electric field is applied across the membrane, germanium reflection elements would be preferred because of their low electric resistance (approximately 50 omega cm). This material can also be used if cells or proteins are linked chemically to the ATR plate because of the hydrophilic surface which is similar to that of glass and, thus, enables chemical modification by silanization. It has turned out that good adhesion of uncharged and negatively charged model membranes to germanium plates is achieved when they are coated with a monomolecular layer of aminopropylsilane. There is some evidence that erythrocytes remain more stable when adsorbed to a polymerized aminosilane coating (organic silanization) rather than to the corresponding monolayer (aqueous silanization). Negatively charged germanium surfaces have been obtained by succinylation of the aminosilane coating. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that proteins can be bound to the aminosilane coating by means of carbodiimide. Immobilized acetylcholinesterase was still enzymatically active.", "PMID": 540124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8226", "title": "[Circulatory responses to selective stimulation of medullated and non-medullated fibers of the aortic nerve].", "content": "Circulatory responses to selective afferent stimulation of medullated and non-medullated fibers in the left aortic nerve were followed in terms of changes in arterial pressure, heart rate, contractile force of the left ventricular fragment and vascular resistance of the hind limb of cats with an opened thorax. Stimulation of the medullated afferents induced a reflex fall of blood pressure mainly by means of decrease in the peripheral vascular resistance, while activation of non-medullated fibers influenced the heart work, i. e. decreased heart rate and myocardial contractile force.", "contents": "[Circulatory responses to selective stimulation of medullated and non-medullated fibers of the aortic nerve]. Circulatory responses to selective afferent stimulation of medullated and non-medullated fibers in the left aortic nerve were followed in terms of changes in arterial pressure, heart rate, contractile force of the left ventricular fragment and vascular resistance of the hind limb of cats with an opened thorax. Stimulation of the medullated afferents induced a reflex fall of blood pressure mainly by means of decrease in the peripheral vascular resistance, while activation of non-medullated fibers influenced the heart work, i. e. decreased heart rate and myocardial contractile force.", "PMID": 540133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8227", "title": "[Role of adrenergic innervation in the regulation of the secretory activity of supraoptic nucleus cells in rats].", "content": "6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD), producing specific destruction of noradrenergic (NA) terminals, was used to study the role of NA innervation in the production of peptide neurohormones by the supraoptic nucleus (SON) cells. Seven days after intraventricular administration of 6-HD in a dose of 250 micrograms the fluorescence intensity of NA terminals in SON area was highly decreased and morphological pictures, reflecting the activation of hormone production in SON cells, were observed. According to the data obtained NA innervation is likely to inhibit the peptide neurohormone synthesis by SON cells and to regulate the transport and release of peptide neurohormones from the posterior pituitary into general circulation.", "contents": "[Role of adrenergic innervation in the regulation of the secretory activity of supraoptic nucleus cells in rats]. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD), producing specific destruction of noradrenergic (NA) terminals, was used to study the role of NA innervation in the production of peptide neurohormones by the supraoptic nucleus (SON) cells. Seven days after intraventricular administration of 6-HD in a dose of 250 micrograms the fluorescence intensity of NA terminals in SON area was highly decreased and morphological pictures, reflecting the activation of hormone production in SON cells, were observed. According to the data obtained NA innervation is likely to inhibit the peptide neurohormone synthesis by SON cells and to regulate the transport and release of peptide neurohormones from the posterior pituitary into general circulation.", "PMID": 540134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8228", "title": "[Regional neurovasomotor reactions of pulmonary circulation].", "content": "In experiments on anaesthetized cats with intact chest regional blood volume and flow in the lungs at horizontal and vertical body positions and under vagus and sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied using regional lung electroplethysmography. The regions of the lungs bearing more significant hydrostatic and hemodynamic load turn more labile to neurogen stimuli. The parasympathetic vasomotor reaction of the basal lung regions increases while the apical region reaction decreases at a vertical body position. The results obtained suggest the occurrence of regionally differentiated mechanisms of vasomotor control in the pulmonary circulation, directed to compensation of postural changes in pulmonary hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Regional neurovasomotor reactions of pulmonary circulation]. In experiments on anaesthetized cats with intact chest regional blood volume and flow in the lungs at horizontal and vertical body positions and under vagus and sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied using regional lung electroplethysmography. The regions of the lungs bearing more significant hydrostatic and hemodynamic load turn more labile to neurogen stimuli. The parasympathetic vasomotor reaction of the basal lung regions increases while the apical region reaction decreases at a vertical body position. The results obtained suggest the occurrence of regionally differentiated mechanisms of vasomotor control in the pulmonary circulation, directed to compensation of postural changes in pulmonary hemodynamics.", "PMID": 540135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8229", "title": "[Central hemodynamics of dogs in the early postresuscitation period and the outcome of resuscitation].", "content": "Variations in central hemodynamics of dogs were compared with the outcome of resuscitation of 18 dogs subjected to 12-minute reversible circulatory arrest because of ventricular fibrillation. Nine survived dogs with completely recovered neurological status during the first 10 minutes after resuscitation had moderate hypertension, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) being 175.0 + 8.9 mm Hg. In the dogs who died within 24-48 hours after resuscitation, the MAP did not rise during this period as compared to the initial level; 2 dogs developed excessive hypertension (MAP about 200 mm Hg). There were also found certain differences in other parameters of central hemodynamics. Moderate hypertension in the first 10 minutes of the postresuscitation period leads to rapid restoration of the adequate level of peripheral blood flow in organs and tissues, thus favouring survival of animals subjected to a long circulatory arrest.", "contents": "[Central hemodynamics of dogs in the early postresuscitation period and the outcome of resuscitation]. Variations in central hemodynamics of dogs were compared with the outcome of resuscitation of 18 dogs subjected to 12-minute reversible circulatory arrest because of ventricular fibrillation. Nine survived dogs with completely recovered neurological status during the first 10 minutes after resuscitation had moderate hypertension, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) being 175.0 + 8.9 mm Hg. In the dogs who died within 24-48 hours after resuscitation, the MAP did not rise during this period as compared to the initial level; 2 dogs developed excessive hypertension (MAP about 200 mm Hg). There were also found certain differences in other parameters of central hemodynamics. Moderate hypertension in the first 10 minutes of the postresuscitation period leads to rapid restoration of the adequate level of peripheral blood flow in organs and tissues, thus favouring survival of animals subjected to a long circulatory arrest.", "PMID": 540136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8230", "title": "[Regional redistributions of blood under peaking and dropping of fever in rats].", "content": "Regional redistributions of blood under height and drop of fever-heat were studied in rat experiments. Fever was induced by intravenous administration of leukocytic rabbit pyrogen as well as by intravenous injection of pyrogenal. The former factor produces more rapid and more significant temperature rise than the latter one. In all series of experiments multidimensional statistical analysis allowed one to reveal the effect conducive to a relative decrease in the blood content in the brain, myocardium, lungs, liver and to its increase in some abdominal organs, skin, muscle and bone tissues of the extremities, abdomen and pelvis. At the same time there emerged effects directed to blood redistribution mainly from organs and tissuesof the head, neck and chest to the liver.", "contents": "[Regional redistributions of blood under peaking and dropping of fever in rats]. Regional redistributions of blood under height and drop of fever-heat were studied in rat experiments. Fever was induced by intravenous administration of leukocytic rabbit pyrogen as well as by intravenous injection of pyrogenal. The former factor produces more rapid and more significant temperature rise than the latter one. In all series of experiments multidimensional statistical analysis allowed one to reveal the effect conducive to a relative decrease in the blood content in the brain, myocardium, lungs, liver and to its increase in some abdominal organs, skin, muscle and bone tissues of the extremities, abdomen and pelvis. At the same time there emerged effects directed to blood redistribution mainly from organs and tissuesof the head, neck and chest to the liver.", "PMID": 540137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8231", "title": "[Changes in somatotropic and lactotropic functions of the adenohypophysis of rats with acute alloxan diabetes].", "content": "Increased growth hormone and prolactin contents of the rat adenohypophysis during the development of experimental diabetes were found by colorimetric studies of stained electrophoregrams. 4 to 5 days after alloxan administration the levels of somatotropic hormone (STH) and prolactin were higher in comparison to those in intact animals by 58% and 43%, respectively. Experiments on the primary cell culture using the precursor 14C-L-leucine revealed an enhanced secretion of somatotropic hormone and prolactin by cells of the rats with alloxan diabetes. A possible role of the adenohypophyseal changes in the development of experimental diabetes is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in somatotropic and lactotropic functions of the adenohypophysis of rats with acute alloxan diabetes]. Increased growth hormone and prolactin contents of the rat adenohypophysis during the development of experimental diabetes were found by colorimetric studies of stained electrophoregrams. 4 to 5 days after alloxan administration the levels of somatotropic hormone (STH) and prolactin were higher in comparison to those in intact animals by 58% and 43%, respectively. Experiments on the primary cell culture using the precursor 14C-L-leucine revealed an enhanced secretion of somatotropic hormone and prolactin by cells of the rats with alloxan diabetes. A possible role of the adenohypophyseal changes in the development of experimental diabetes is discussed.", "PMID": 540138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8232", "title": "[Biosynthesis and cellular localization of embryonal prealbumin in human embryonal tissues].", "content": "Immunofluorescent analysis of chorion sections and various embryonal tissues revealed localization of embryonal prealbumin (EPA) in the mesenchymal cells of the chorion, bones, umbilical cord, skin and in the cytoplasm of the epithelium distal part of the embryonal kidney canals. Synthesis of EPA slow peak in the suspension tissue culture of the chorion, umbilical cord and bones was shown. It is suggested that EPA is a mesenchyme product which is actively synthesized during the period of embryonal development. EPA is resynthesized and localized in the cells of tumors originated from the connective tissue. Cells of the tumors of non-connective origin did not contain EPA, whereas it was detected in the cells of the adjacent connective tissue. The phenomenon of embryonal reversion, probably, takes place not only in the \"original\" tumor cells but also in the surrounding connective tissues.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis and cellular localization of embryonal prealbumin in human embryonal tissues]. Immunofluorescent analysis of chorion sections and various embryonal tissues revealed localization of embryonal prealbumin (EPA) in the mesenchymal cells of the chorion, bones, umbilical cord, skin and in the cytoplasm of the epithelium distal part of the embryonal kidney canals. Synthesis of EPA slow peak in the suspension tissue culture of the chorion, umbilical cord and bones was shown. It is suggested that EPA is a mesenchyme product which is actively synthesized during the period of embryonal development. EPA is resynthesized and localized in the cells of tumors originated from the connective tissue. Cells of the tumors of non-connective origin did not contain EPA, whereas it was detected in the cells of the adjacent connective tissue. The phenomenon of embryonal reversion, probably, takes place not only in the \"original\" tumor cells but also in the surrounding connective tissues.", "PMID": 540139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8233", "title": "[Kinetics of lipid peroxidation in isolated surviving rat livers].", "content": "The kinetics of accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (hydroperoxides as primary products and malonic dialdehyde and \"fluorescent pigments\" as secondary ones) was investigated in an isolated non-perfused and preliminarily perfused liver during aerobic incubation. In the course of surviving there takes place an intensive accumulation of primary, secondary and final products of lipid peroxidation whose kinetics is of an extreme character. The rate of this process in a non-perfused liver is considerably higher than in a preliminarily perfused liver.", "contents": "[Kinetics of lipid peroxidation in isolated surviving rat livers]. The kinetics of accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (hydroperoxides as primary products and malonic dialdehyde and \"fluorescent pigments\" as secondary ones) was investigated in an isolated non-perfused and preliminarily perfused liver during aerobic incubation. In the course of surviving there takes place an intensive accumulation of primary, secondary and final products of lipid peroxidation whose kinetics is of an extreme character. The rate of this process in a non-perfused liver is considerably higher than in a preliminarily perfused liver.", "PMID": 540140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8234", "title": "[Effect of the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats].", "content": "The effect of the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was studied in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control rats. The lipolytic activity was estimated from the increase in glycerol concentration in the incubation medium in vitro. The adipose tissue of SHR responded to adrenaline similarly to that of control rats, but the concentration of adrenaline inducing the half-maximum response (KA) was 2 times less for SHR than KA for normotensive controls. Under propranolol effect this parameter was increased more significantly in SHR than in controls. These data indicate higher sensitivity of SHR adipose tissue to propranolol that may well be relative to alteration of the properties of beta-adrenergic receptors of adipose tissue in this form of hypertension.", "contents": "[Effect of the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats]. The effect of the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol on adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was studied in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control rats. The lipolytic activity was estimated from the increase in glycerol concentration in the incubation medium in vitro. The adipose tissue of SHR responded to adrenaline similarly to that of control rats, but the concentration of adrenaline inducing the half-maximum response (KA) was 2 times less for SHR than KA for normotensive controls. Under propranolol effect this parameter was increased more significantly in SHR than in controls. These data indicate higher sensitivity of SHR adipose tissue to propranolol that may well be relative to alteration of the properties of beta-adrenergic receptors of adipose tissue in this form of hypertension.", "PMID": 540141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8235", "title": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on cerebral circulation and regional vasomotor reflexes].", "content": "In experiments on cats it was found using electromagnetic and resistographic methods that sodium hydroxybutyrate (100 mg/kg) considerably increases cerebral circulation. The drug also potentiates the blood flow to the brain during formation of pressor reflexes of the arterial pressure. The blood flow increase is also observed in the system of femoral arteries while in the intestinal artery, on the contrary, there is a reduction in the blood flow increase during vasomotor reflexes. The reflex changes of the resistance in regional vessels are also different: the inhibition of pressor reflexes in the cerebral vessels along with their facilitation in the intestinal and femoral arteries and the potentiation of the reflex dilatatory phase in the limb vessels are seen. Different sensitivity to the drug of synaptic formations in the central links of various regional vasomotor reflexes is likely to underlie the difference described.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on cerebral circulation and regional vasomotor reflexes]. In experiments on cats it was found using electromagnetic and resistographic methods that sodium hydroxybutyrate (100 mg/kg) considerably increases cerebral circulation. The drug also potentiates the blood flow to the brain during formation of pressor reflexes of the arterial pressure. The blood flow increase is also observed in the system of femoral arteries while in the intestinal artery, on the contrary, there is a reduction in the blood flow increase during vasomotor reflexes. The reflex changes of the resistance in regional vessels are also different: the inhibition of pressor reflexes in the cerebral vessels along with their facilitation in the intestinal and femoral arteries and the potentiation of the reflex dilatatory phase in the limb vessels are seen. Different sensitivity to the drug of synaptic formations in the central links of various regional vasomotor reflexes is likely to underlie the difference described.", "PMID": 540142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8236", "title": "[Acupuncture analgesia in rats and its changes under the effect of morphine and naloxone].", "content": "It was established in chronic experiments on rats that electric acupuncture of the acupuncture point noticeably decreases pain reaction to electric stimulation of the tail. Morphine given in a subanalgetic dose (5 mg/kg) potentiated acupuncture analgesia, while 5 mg/kg of naloxone completely abolished it. Potential mechanisms of analgesia realization during electric acupuncture are discussed.", "contents": "[Acupuncture analgesia in rats and its changes under the effect of morphine and naloxone]. It was established in chronic experiments on rats that electric acupuncture of the acupuncture point noticeably decreases pain reaction to electric stimulation of the tail. Morphine given in a subanalgetic dose (5 mg/kg) potentiated acupuncture analgesia, while 5 mg/kg of naloxone completely abolished it. Potential mechanisms of analgesia realization during electric acupuncture are discussed.", "PMID": 540143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8237", "title": "[Embryotropic action of phenazepam in mini pigs, a new species of experimental animals].", "content": "It has been established in experiments on mini pigs of Siberian origin that phenazepam given at a dose of 1 mg/kg per os during organogenesis has no embryotoxic or teratogenic action. The drug content in the blood of pregnant animals was determined simultaneously. A conclusion is drawn about perspectiveness of using mini pigs for testing embryotoxic activity of drugs.", "contents": "[Embryotropic action of phenazepam in mini pigs, a new species of experimental animals]. It has been established in experiments on mini pigs of Siberian origin that phenazepam given at a dose of 1 mg/kg per os during organogenesis has no embryotoxic or teratogenic action. The drug content in the blood of pregnant animals was determined simultaneously. A conclusion is drawn about perspectiveness of using mini pigs for testing embryotoxic activity of drugs.", "PMID": 540144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8238", "title": "[Microionophoretic study of the mechanism of action of gamma-hydroxybutyrate].", "content": "The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) on the extracellularly registered spontaneous electrical activity of nervous cells of the rabbit brain sensomotor cortex was studied using the microionophoretic technique. GHBA decreased the frequency of action potential in the majority of the neurons studied. A specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) blocking agent bicuculline prevented GBHA inhibitory effect. GHBA is suggested to interact with central GABA-receptors. The frequency of discharges increased in some neutrons due to GHBA, while GHBA prevented the development of GABA inhibitory effect. This is indicative of probable competitive relations between GHBA and GABA during their interaction with the same receptor. The conditions for the development of such relations are discussed.", "contents": "[Microionophoretic study of the mechanism of action of gamma-hydroxybutyrate]. The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) on the extracellularly registered spontaneous electrical activity of nervous cells of the rabbit brain sensomotor cortex was studied using the microionophoretic technique. GHBA decreased the frequency of action potential in the majority of the neurons studied. A specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) blocking agent bicuculline prevented GBHA inhibitory effect. GHBA is suggested to interact with central GABA-receptors. The frequency of discharges increased in some neutrons due to GHBA, while GHBA prevented the development of GABA inhibitory effect. This is indicative of probable competitive relations between GHBA and GABA during their interaction with the same receptor. The conditions for the development of such relations are discussed.", "PMID": 540145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8239", "title": "[Psychotropic effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate].", "content": "A conclusion was drawn on the qualitative features of the spectrum of sodium hydroxybutyrate psychotropic activity from its effect on the conditioned motor-defensive reflex, behaviour in the conflict situation, active avoidance without discriminative control in rats as well as from the lateral position test The results obtained allow the effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate in non-narcotic doses to be characterized as a hypnotic one showing elements inherent in neuroleptics and tranquilizers.", "contents": "[Psychotropic effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate]. A conclusion was drawn on the qualitative features of the spectrum of sodium hydroxybutyrate psychotropic activity from its effect on the conditioned motor-defensive reflex, behaviour in the conflict situation, active avoidance without discriminative control in rats as well as from the lateral position test The results obtained allow the effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate in non-narcotic doses to be characterized as a hypnotic one showing elements inherent in neuroleptics and tranquilizers.", "PMID": 540146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8240", "title": "[Inhibition of serotonin uptake in synaptosomes and glia cells by some pharmacological substances].", "content": "The uptake of serotonin -14 C by glial cells and synaptosomes of the rabbit brain cortex was studied. The Km value of the uptake of serotonin -14 C proved to be equal (0.83 + 0.02 microM) both for synaptosomes and glial cells. Synaptosomes of the rabbit brain cortex take up serotonin -14 C twice as fast as glial cells (uptake rates were compared from protein). Among psychotropic drugs studied the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and psychostimulant cocaine turned out the most active inhibitors of both synaptosomal and glial uptake of serotonin -14 C. The drugs in 50 microM concentration inhibit the uptake of serotonin -14 C in synaptosomes and glial cells by 90 and 75-80%, respectively.", "contents": "[Inhibition of serotonin uptake in synaptosomes and glia cells by some pharmacological substances]. The uptake of serotonin -14 C by glial cells and synaptosomes of the rabbit brain cortex was studied. The Km value of the uptake of serotonin -14 C proved to be equal (0.83 + 0.02 microM) both for synaptosomes and glial cells. Synaptosomes of the rabbit brain cortex take up serotonin -14 C twice as fast as glial cells (uptake rates were compared from protein). Among psychotropic drugs studied the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and psychostimulant cocaine turned out the most active inhibitors of both synaptosomal and glial uptake of serotonin -14 C. The drugs in 50 microM concentration inhibit the uptake of serotonin -14 C in synaptosomes and glial cells by 90 and 75-80%, respectively.", "PMID": 540147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8241", "title": "[Action of naloxone on emotionally positive and antinociceptive effects of hypothalamic stimulation in rats].", "content": "Naloxone (5 mg/kg subcutaneously) failed to effect significantly the reaction of electric self-stimulation in rats with electrodes implanted into lateral hypothalamic area. In 3 rats the analgesic effect manifested in an increase of the threshold of painful vocalization under electrostimulation of the tail was revealed. The antinociceptive effect was abolished with naloxone. Morphine (3 mg/kg) potentiated self-stimulation while naloxone antagonized this action. The role of opiate receptors in effects of self-stimulation and centrally produced analgesia is discussed.", "contents": "[Action of naloxone on emotionally positive and antinociceptive effects of hypothalamic stimulation in rats]. Naloxone (5 mg/kg subcutaneously) failed to effect significantly the reaction of electric self-stimulation in rats with electrodes implanted into lateral hypothalamic area. In 3 rats the analgesic effect manifested in an increase of the threshold of painful vocalization under electrostimulation of the tail was revealed. The antinociceptive effect was abolished with naloxone. Morphine (3 mg/kg) potentiated self-stimulation while naloxone antagonized this action. The role of opiate receptors in effects of self-stimulation and centrally produced analgesia is discussed.", "PMID": 540148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8242", "title": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of the effect of euphylline in cerebral blood flow deficiency].", "content": "In cerebral blood flow deficiency the level of ammonia in the cerebral tissue is appreciably increased and the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is decreased without material variations in the content of glutamine and amide groups of protein. Favouring normalization of the deranged cerebral blood flow, euphylline neutralizes excess ammonia by means of GDH activity recovery in the reduction amination reaction. The drug exhibited the most pronounced effect during acute cerebral ischemia. This indicates that euphylline influences the neurochemical mechanisms of the compensatory regulation of cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of the effect of euphylline in cerebral blood flow deficiency]. In cerebral blood flow deficiency the level of ammonia in the cerebral tissue is appreciably increased and the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is decreased without material variations in the content of glutamine and amide groups of protein. Favouring normalization of the deranged cerebral blood flow, euphylline neutralizes excess ammonia by means of GDH activity recovery in the reduction amination reaction. The drug exhibited the most pronounced effect during acute cerebral ischemia. This indicates that euphylline influences the neurochemical mechanisms of the compensatory regulation of cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 540149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8243", "title": "[Effect of lithium oxybutyrate on excitability of the cortex and some subcortical structures in rabbit brain].", "content": "Lithium oxybutyrate microinjections (10 mg/ml) produce a depressant action on spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the cortex and subcortical structure. The drug brings down excitability of the motor cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation; it also raises excitability of the tonsils. The depressant effect of lithium oxybutyrate is superior to that of lithium chloride.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium oxybutyrate on excitability of the cortex and some subcortical structures in rabbit brain]. Lithium oxybutyrate microinjections (10 mg/ml) produce a depressant action on spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the cortex and subcortical structure. The drug brings down excitability of the motor cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation; it also raises excitability of the tonsils. The depressant effect of lithium oxybutyrate is superior to that of lithium chloride.", "PMID": 540150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8244", "title": "[Suppressive factor release by mouse lymphocytes after incubation with syngeneic erythrocytes].", "content": "Suppressive factor, inhibiting the immune response to sheep red blood cells, is released after incubation in vitro of spleen cells of (CBA X C57BL) F1 mice, immunized with rat erythrocytes, in contact with syngeneic erythrocytes. Intravenous immunization results in the factor release by thymus and/or spleen cells but not by the bone marrow or lymph node cells. It is suggested that the factor is not antigen-specific and is secreted by non-specific T cells suppressors after the contact with syngeneic erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Suppressive factor release by mouse lymphocytes after incubation with syngeneic erythrocytes]. Suppressive factor, inhibiting the immune response to sheep red blood cells, is released after incubation in vitro of spleen cells of (CBA X C57BL) F1 mice, immunized with rat erythrocytes, in contact with syngeneic erythrocytes. Intravenous immunization results in the factor release by thymus and/or spleen cells but not by the bone marrow or lymph node cells. It is suggested that the factor is not antigen-specific and is secreted by non-specific T cells suppressors after the contact with syngeneic erythrocytes.", "PMID": 540151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8245", "title": "[Effect of antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells].", "content": "The mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins (MAAS) injected to mice sensitized with 10(5) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) did not influence the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) tested on the peak of sensitization (the 4th day) but enhanced significantly DTH tested on the 6th day. MAAS completely abolished the DTH suppression observed after sensitization with 5 x 10(7) SRBC. In transfer experiments the number of the DTH suppressor cells decreased in the spleen of sensitized mice under the MAAS action. MAAS did not affect the proliferation of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and hemagglutinin production but reduced by 70% the number of rosette-forming cells (RFC) in the spleen on the peak of the initial immune response.  The data obtained may indicate that RFC participate in DTH suppression.", "contents": "[Effect of antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells]. The mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins (MAAS) injected to mice sensitized with 10(5) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) did not influence the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) tested on the peak of sensitization (the 4th day) but enhanced significantly DTH tested on the 6th day. MAAS completely abolished the DTH suppression observed after sensitization with 5 x 10(7) SRBC. In transfer experiments the number of the DTH suppressor cells decreased in the spleen of sensitized mice under the MAAS action. MAAS did not affect the proliferation of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and hemagglutinin production but reduced by 70% the number of rosette-forming cells (RFC) in the spleen on the peak of the initial immune response.  The data obtained may indicate that RFC participate in DTH suppression.", "PMID": 540152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8246", "title": "[Effect of levamisole on the cytotoxic activity of normal lymphocytes in tissue culture].", "content": "Preliminary incubation of normal non-immune spleen lymphocytes from C57BL/6j and BALB/c mice with levamisole (1 . 10(-4) - 1 . 10(-5)M) for 45 min at 37 degrees C with subsequent wash-out resulted in potentiation of the cytotoxic effect with respect to allogenic target cells (L-cells). Simultaneous administration of lymphocytes and levamisole to a culture of target cells did not produce cytotoxic effect.", "contents": "[Effect of levamisole on the cytotoxic activity of normal lymphocytes in tissue culture]. Preliminary incubation of normal non-immune spleen lymphocytes from C57BL/6j and BALB/c mice with levamisole (1 . 10(-4) - 1 . 10(-5)M) for 45 min at 37 degrees C with subsequent wash-out resulted in potentiation of the cytotoxic effect with respect to allogenic target cells (L-cells). Simultaneous administration of lymphocytes and levamisole to a culture of target cells did not produce cytotoxic effect.", "PMID": 540153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8247", "title": "[Effect of melatonin on mitosis of the mouse ascites hepatoma Gelstein 22A].", "content": "The action of melatonin on mitosis of the mouse ascites Gelstein 22A hepatoma has been studied in C3HA male mice with 7-day ascites. The cells of ascites hepatoma have shown the metaphase block after intraperitoneal injection of melatonin. It was found that 3 hours after administration melationin at a concentration of 200 and 100 micrograms per 1 g body weight induces an increase in the mitotic index and accumulation of mitoses at the stage of metaphase.", "contents": "[Effect of melatonin on mitosis of the mouse ascites hepatoma Gelstein 22A]. The action of melatonin on mitosis of the mouse ascites Gelstein 22A hepatoma has been studied in C3HA male mice with 7-day ascites. The cells of ascites hepatoma have shown the metaphase block after intraperitoneal injection of melatonin. It was found that 3 hours after administration melationin at a concentration of 200 and 100 micrograms per 1 g body weight induces an increase in the mitotic index and accumulation of mitoses at the stage of metaphase.", "PMID": 540154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8248", "title": "[Basophil \"degranulation\" as an index of the body stress state].", "content": "A regular \"degranulation\" development of basophilic leucocytes in the blood has been established not only in cases of the joint and skin allergic reactions but in acute and chronic experimental hemorrhage, skin burns and acute radiation disease. Basophilic \"degranulation\" denotes the stress state of the organism as a result of stress situations.", "contents": "[Basophil \"degranulation\" as an index of the body stress state]. A regular \"degranulation\" development of basophilic leucocytes in the blood has been established not only in cases of the joint and skin allergic reactions but in acute and chronic experimental hemorrhage, skin burns and acute radiation disease. Basophilic \"degranulation\" denotes the stress state of the organism as a result of stress situations.", "PMID": 540155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8249", "title": "[Electron microscopy autoradiographic investigation of DNA synthesis in a nucleolus].", "content": "A compensatory increase in the number of the DNA synthezising hepatocytes was induced in mice by the CCl4 injection. Some variants of the distribution of the labeled DNA were detected in the nucleus after a short-term (20-30 min) labeling of the hepatocytes by thymidine-3H. In one of the variants the label was localized almost exclusively in the body of the nucleolus. Some features of the replication of intranucleolar DNA were noted: a rather poor labeling at this time of all the other nucleus structures including nucleolush eterochromatin, synchronism of DNA synthesis in different nucleoli of one nucleus; the decrease in electron density of the body of the nucleolus and a high label concentration above it.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy autoradiographic investigation of DNA synthesis in a nucleolus]. A compensatory increase in the number of the DNA synthezising hepatocytes was induced in mice by the CCl4 injection. Some variants of the distribution of the labeled DNA were detected in the nucleus after a short-term (20-30 min) labeling of the hepatocytes by thymidine-3H. In one of the variants the label was localized almost exclusively in the body of the nucleolus. Some features of the replication of intranucleolar DNA were noted: a rather poor labeling at this time of all the other nucleus structures including nucleolush eterochromatin, synchronism of DNA synthesis in different nucleoli of one nucleus; the decrease in electron density of the body of the nucleolus and a high label concentration above it.", "PMID": 540156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8250", "title": "[Gliovascular changes in the rat central nervous system induced by angiotensin II].", "content": "The action of the synthetic polypeptide hormone angiotensin-II (A-II) on the ultrastructure of capillaries and perivascular glia of the cerebral cortex was studied in experiments on adult male rats. Intraperitoneal injections of the hormone are accompanied by swelling of the growing fibers and bodies of the precapillary glia (astrocytes), and by a strong narrowing of the capillary lumen. The endothelium of these vessels swells and layer inclusions appear in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. The process is characterized by the growth of changes and reaches the maximum day 21 after the drug injections are started. The revealed changes in the pericapillary glia and capillary structure indicate microcirculatory disturbances in the cerebral cortex that may lead to trophic and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Gliovascular changes in the rat central nervous system induced by angiotensin II]. The action of the synthetic polypeptide hormone angiotensin-II (A-II) on the ultrastructure of capillaries and perivascular glia of the cerebral cortex was studied in experiments on adult male rats. Intraperitoneal injections of the hormone are accompanied by swelling of the growing fibers and bodies of the precapillary glia (astrocytes), and by a strong narrowing of the capillary lumen. The endothelium of these vessels swells and layer inclusions appear in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. The process is characterized by the growth of changes and reaches the maximum day 21 after the drug injections are started. The revealed changes in the pericapillary glia and capillary structure indicate microcirculatory disturbances in the cerebral cortex that may lead to trophic and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 540157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8251", "title": "[Characteristics of human neutrophils obtained by the chamber method of \"skin window\"].", "content": "Viability, morphology and function of healthy human cells migrated into the chamber through the \"skin window\" were studied. After 18 to 20 hours there were 42.0 +/- 5.3 (x 10(6))/cm2 viable cells characterized by a high content of mature neutrophils (98.6 +/- 0.6%). Normal reactivity of migrated neutrophils was observed using the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test. The chamber variant of the \"skin window\" method is recommended as a simple physiological technique for preparing pure populations of human neutrophils.", "contents": "[Characteristics of human neutrophils obtained by the chamber method of \"skin window\"]. Viability, morphology and function of healthy human cells migrated into the chamber through the \"skin window\" were studied. After 18 to 20 hours there were 42.0 +/- 5.3 (x 10(6))/cm2 viable cells characterized by a high content of mature neutrophils (98.6 +/- 0.6%). Normal reactivity of migrated neutrophils was observed using the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test. The chamber variant of the \"skin window\" method is recommended as a simple physiological technique for preparing pure populations of human neutrophils.", "PMID": 540158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8252", "title": "[Mechanical device for morphological and orientation analysis of biological structures].", "content": "A simple mechanical device for different kinds of morphological analysis is suggested. It consists of a binocular microscope, a luminiscent illuminator, a coordination table with a disc-chuck (0-360 degrees) and a nest for disposing the test systems and the light or electronmicroscopic negatives (6 x 9 and 9 x 12). The analysis is performed by means of visual scanning of the negatives, by counting the number of crossings of the structure with the test system knots and by registration of the measurements by a key recorder. For orientation analysis the microscope is supplied with a goniometer (0-360 degrees) and an oculometer with a cross of filaments.", "contents": "[Mechanical device for morphological and orientation analysis of biological structures]. A simple mechanical device for different kinds of morphological analysis is suggested. It consists of a binocular microscope, a luminiscent illuminator, a coordination table with a disc-chuck (0-360 degrees) and a nest for disposing the test systems and the light or electronmicroscopic negatives (6 x 9 and 9 x 12). The analysis is performed by means of visual scanning of the negatives, by counting the number of crossings of the structure with the test system knots and by registration of the measurements by a key recorder. For orientation analysis the microscope is supplied with a goniometer (0-360 degrees) and an oculometer with a cross of filaments.", "PMID": 540159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8253", "title": "[Application of mechanotronic transducers in experimental biological investigations].", "content": "Mechanotronic transducers applied usually in technical investigations for the measurement of displacements, tensions, pressures and other mechanical parameters have been studied to register the contractile activity of isolated organs (the frog heart ventricle, the rat ileum strips) and the blood pressure in anesthetized animals. It was found that the mechanotronic transducers are simple, convenient and reliable devices for such investigations.", "contents": "[Application of mechanotronic transducers in experimental biological investigations]. Mechanotronic transducers applied usually in technical investigations for the measurement of displacements, tensions, pressures and other mechanical parameters have been studied to register the contractile activity of isolated organs (the frog heart ventricle, the rat ileum strips) and the blood pressure in anesthetized animals. It was found that the mechanotronic transducers are simple, convenient and reliable devices for such investigations.", "PMID": 540160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8254", "title": "Medical audit in British hospital practice.", "content": "The imposition of a rigid system of medical audit throughout the NHS would be inappropriate at this time; nevertheless, every hospital and general practice could usefully consider what informal methods of audit should be employed. Most hospitals should try weekly death and complication meetings in addition to their other postgraduate activities. Greater attention is required to ensure that the medical records are improved in both hospital and general practice. Metcalf's (1979) suggestion for auditing GP work seems feasible. As medicine becomes more complicated in terms of techniques and team activities there is a greater need for more systematic methods of defining and measuring standards of care and feeding back this information. Much more research is needed to determine whether process or outcome studies are preferable, and structure and patient risks must be taken into account. Whatever system is devised the medical profession will accept it provided it is fair, educational, and shown to benefit the patient.", "contents": "Medical audit in British hospital practice. The imposition of a rigid system of medical audit throughout the NHS would be inappropriate at this time; nevertheless, every hospital and general practice could usefully consider what informal methods of audit should be employed. Most hospitals should try weekly death and complication meetings in addition to their other postgraduate activities. Greater attention is required to ensure that the medical records are improved in both hospital and general practice. Metcalf's (1979) suggestion for auditing GP work seems feasible. As medicine becomes more complicated in terms of techniques and team activities there is a greater need for more systematic methods of defining and measuring standards of care and feeding back this information. Much more research is needed to determine whether process or outcome studies are preferable, and structure and patient risks must be taken into account. Whatever system is devised the medical profession will accept it provided it is fair, educational, and shown to benefit the patient.", "PMID": 540200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8255", "title": "Five variations of sleep deprivation in a depressed woman.", "content": "Systematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm. Depression returned during as little as 15 minutes sleep. The effect of sleep deprivation was a specific response, probably unrelated to REM sleep.", "contents": "Five variations of sleep deprivation in a depressed woman. Systematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm. Depression returned during as little as 15 minutes sleep. The effect of sleep deprivation was a specific response, probably unrelated to REM sleep.", "PMID": 540205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8256", "title": "Degree of sobriety in male alcoholics and coping styles used by their wives.", "content": "The 'Coping With Drinking' questionnaire, administered to 124 A1-anon members, was factor analyzed and revealed nine identifiable styles of coping. Multiple regression analyses between three measures of sobriety and each of the nine styles of coping factors provide support for the general hypothesis that the coping styles used by wives of alcoholics are related to drinking outcome. Further, those modes of coping in which the wife communicates her feelings of distress and frustration to the drinking husband in a way which is minimally threatening for him seem to be most positively related to his attainment of sobriety.", "contents": "Degree of sobriety in male alcoholics and coping styles used by their wives. The 'Coping With Drinking' questionnaire, administered to 124 A1-anon members, was factor analyzed and revealed nine identifiable styles of coping. Multiple regression analyses between three measures of sobriety and each of the nine styles of coping factors provide support for the general hypothesis that the coping styles used by wives of alcoholics are related to drinking outcome. Further, those modes of coping in which the wife communicates her feelings of distress and frustration to the drinking husband in a way which is minimally threatening for him seem to be most positively related to his attainment of sobriety.", "PMID": 540207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8257", "title": "The hierarchy model of psychiatric symptomatology: an investigation based on present state examination ratings.", "content": "Psychiatric diagnoses are arranged in a rough hierarchy, generally regarded as a convention to enable patients with a wide range of symptoms to be allocated to single diagnostic categories. Foulds, on the basis of self-report questionnaire responses, claimed that patients with symptoms at the higher levels of this hierarchy not only may but characteristically do exhibit symptoms at all lower levels as well. Foulds' hierarchy model was tested here, using PSE ratings from two large series of in-patients; at least 75% fulfilled the requirements of the model, but up to 50% of schizophrenic and manic patients failed to do so. Almost two-thirds of all patients with psychotic symptoms establishing them in one of the upper two classes of the hierarchy did not exhibit the neurotic symptoms they required lower in the hierarchy.", "contents": "The hierarchy model of psychiatric symptomatology: an investigation based on present state examination ratings. Psychiatric diagnoses are arranged in a rough hierarchy, generally regarded as a convention to enable patients with a wide range of symptoms to be allocated to single diagnostic categories. Foulds, on the basis of self-report questionnaire responses, claimed that patients with symptoms at the higher levels of this hierarchy not only may but characteristically do exhibit symptoms at all lower levels as well. Foulds' hierarchy model was tested here, using PSE ratings from two large series of in-patients; at least 75% fulfilled the requirements of the model, but up to 50% of schizophrenic and manic patients failed to do so. Almost two-thirds of all patients with psychotic symptoms establishing them in one of the upper two classes of the hierarchy did not exhibit the neurotic symptoms they required lower in the hierarchy.", "PMID": 540208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8258", "title": "Neuroendocrine effects of apomorphine: characterization of response patterns and application to schizophrenia research.", "content": "Apomorphine, a direct-acting dopamine agonist, stimulates release of growth hormone (hGH) and suppresses release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior pituitary. Previous studies comparing the magnitude of these responses in schizophrenics and controls suggest that many acute (and some chronic) schizophrenics have exaggerated hGH responses; many chronic schizophrenics (and patients with tardive dyskinesia) have blunted hGH responses to apomorphine, and possibly blunted PRL responses. The present studies extend and confirm these findings in chronic schizophrenics; in addition, several studies were undertaken to further characterize these apomorphine-induced endocrine responses. Studies in which apomorphine was given on 2 or 3 separate occasions to each of five subjects indicate that the hGH response is a highly reproducible individual index, but PRL suppression is a less satisfactory measure. hGH responses to apomorphine were consistently antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol, supporting the concept that the hGH-releasing effect of apomorphine is mediated by its action on dopamine receptors. Cyproheptadine pretreatment was associated with erratic increases or decreases in the hGH response to apomorphine, but did not alter PRL levels or apomorphine-induced PRL suppression. The relationship of these findings to biological hypotheses of schizophrenia and to neuroleptic-induced receptor changes is discussed.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine effects of apomorphine: characterization of response patterns and application to schizophrenia research. Apomorphine, a direct-acting dopamine agonist, stimulates release of growth hormone (hGH) and suppresses release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior pituitary. Previous studies comparing the magnitude of these responses in schizophrenics and controls suggest that many acute (and some chronic) schizophrenics have exaggerated hGH responses; many chronic schizophrenics (and patients with tardive dyskinesia) have blunted hGH responses to apomorphine, and possibly blunted PRL responses. The present studies extend and confirm these findings in chronic schizophrenics; in addition, several studies were undertaken to further characterize these apomorphine-induced endocrine responses. Studies in which apomorphine was given on 2 or 3 separate occasions to each of five subjects indicate that the hGH response is a highly reproducible individual index, but PRL suppression is a less satisfactory measure. hGH responses to apomorphine were consistently antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol, supporting the concept that the hGH-releasing effect of apomorphine is mediated by its action on dopamine receptors. Cyproheptadine pretreatment was associated with erratic increases or decreases in the hGH response to apomorphine, but did not alter PRL levels or apomorphine-induced PRL suppression. The relationship of these findings to biological hypotheses of schizophrenia and to neuroleptic-induced receptor changes is discussed.", "PMID": 540209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8259", "title": "Kinetics of acetylcholinesterase immobilized on polyethylene tubing.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase was covalently attached to the inner surface of polyethylene tubing. Initial oxidation generated surface carboxylic groups which, on reaction with thionyl chloride, produced acid chloride groups; these were caused to react with excess ethylenediamine. The amino groups on the surface were linked to glutaraldehyde, and acetylcholinesterase was then attached to the surface. Various kinetic tests showed the catalysis of the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide to be diffusion controlled. The apparent Michaelis constants were strongly dependent on flow rate and were much larger than the value for the free enzyme. Rate measurements over the temperature range 6-42 degrees C showed changes in activation energies consistent with diffusion control.", "contents": "Kinetics of acetylcholinesterase immobilized on polyethylene tubing. Acetylcholinesterase was covalently attached to the inner surface of polyethylene tubing. Initial oxidation generated surface carboxylic groups which, on reaction with thionyl chloride, produced acid chloride groups; these were caused to react with excess ethylenediamine. The amino groups on the surface were linked to glutaraldehyde, and acetylcholinesterase was then attached to the surface. Various kinetic tests showed the catalysis of the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide to be diffusion controlled. The apparent Michaelis constants were strongly dependent on flow rate and were much larger than the value for the free enzyme. Rate measurements over the temperature range 6-42 degrees C showed changes in activation energies consistent with diffusion control.", "PMID": 540236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8260", "title": "2,3-butanedione as a photosensitizing agent: application to alpha-amino acids and alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "2,3-Butanedione sensitized the rapid photodestruction of free alpha-amino acids, and the photoinactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin, in the presence of ultraviolet light and oxygen. These reactions showed \"pseudo-first-order\" kinetics at 2,3-butanedione concentrations approximating those employed for the chemical modification of arginine residues in proteins. The photoreactions were inhibited in anoxic media or in the presence of azide; findings were consistent with a singlet oxygen mechanism for these reactions. No enhancement in the rate of reaction was observed in D2O. The rate of 2,3-butanedione-sensitized photodestruction of free amino acids increased with increasing pH. However, the rate constants for the photosensitized inactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin, as well as those for the photodestruction of the tryptophan residues of this enzyme, decreased linearly with increasing pH.", "contents": "2,3-butanedione as a photosensitizing agent: application to alpha-amino acids and alpha-chymotrypsin. 2,3-Butanedione sensitized the rapid photodestruction of free alpha-amino acids, and the photoinactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin, in the presence of ultraviolet light and oxygen. These reactions showed \"pseudo-first-order\" kinetics at 2,3-butanedione concentrations approximating those employed for the chemical modification of arginine residues in proteins. The photoreactions were inhibited in anoxic media or in the presence of azide; findings were consistent with a singlet oxygen mechanism for these reactions. No enhancement in the rate of reaction was observed in D2O. The rate of 2,3-butanedione-sensitized photodestruction of free amino acids increased with increasing pH. However, the rate constants for the photosensitized inactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin, as well as those for the photodestruction of the tryptophan residues of this enzyme, decreased linearly with increasing pH.", "PMID": 540238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8261", "title": "Additional properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "The results of differential, thermal analysis of a soluble, beta (1 leads to 2)-branched, beta (1 leads to 4)-D-glucan isolated from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum are consistent with previous conclusions about its structure. The O-acetyl content of the polymer is 8.3% which corresponds to a maximum substitution of one acetyl group per three glucose residues. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm that all the glycosidic bonds are beta linkages. Some preparations of the polymer are contaminated by another polymer containing mannose and rhamnose. No evidence was obtained to support a previous suggestion that the branched D-glucan is a precursor of bacterial cellulose and this suggestion is now withdrawn.", "contents": "Additional properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum. The results of differential, thermal analysis of a soluble, beta (1 leads to 2)-branched, beta (1 leads to 4)-D-glucan isolated from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum are consistent with previous conclusions about its structure. The O-acetyl content of the polymer is 8.3% which corresponds to a maximum substitution of one acetyl group per three glucose residues. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm that all the glycosidic bonds are beta linkages. Some preparations of the polymer are contaminated by another polymer containing mannose and rhamnose. No evidence was obtained to support a previous suggestion that the branched D-glucan is a precursor of bacterial cellulose and this suggestion is now withdrawn.", "PMID": 540240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8262", "title": "Acylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of cardiac lipids of rats during dietary lipidosis.", "content": "Stereospecific degradation and combined gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric (gc/ms) analysis were employed in a detailed investigation of the triacylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of the triacylglycerols transiently accumulating in the hearts of young rats receiving the oil in their diet. It was shown that feeding of mustard seed oil at 40% of the daily caloric requirement resulted in a deposition of cardiac triacylglycerols containing a high proportion of enantiomers of a positional distribution and molecular association of fatty acids which were closely similar to those found in the dietary oil. Complete structures were derived for a total of 88 species representing 75 to 85% of the triacylglycerols. About 90% of the accumulated triacylglycerol contained at least one long-chain (C20--C22) monounsaturated fatty acid per molecule. The long-chain acids were confined mainly to the primary positions and preferentially to the sn-3-position of the glycerol molecule. The dietary lipidosis, is, therefore, accompanied by little or no accumulation of the normal rat tissue triacylglycerols containing C16 and C18 fatty acids. It is suggested that the deposition and eventual clearance of the enantiomeric long-chain triacylglycerols in the rat heart during mustard seed oil feeding may be largely a result of a gradual change in specificity of the cardiac lipases.", "contents": "Acylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of cardiac lipids of rats during dietary lipidosis. Stereospecific degradation and combined gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric (gc/ms) analysis were employed in a detailed investigation of the triacylglycerol structure of mustard seed oil and of the triacylglycerols transiently accumulating in the hearts of young rats receiving the oil in their diet. It was shown that feeding of mustard seed oil at 40% of the daily caloric requirement resulted in a deposition of cardiac triacylglycerols containing a high proportion of enantiomers of a positional distribution and molecular association of fatty acids which were closely similar to those found in the dietary oil. Complete structures were derived for a total of 88 species representing 75 to 85% of the triacylglycerols. About 90% of the accumulated triacylglycerol contained at least one long-chain (C20--C22) monounsaturated fatty acid per molecule. The long-chain acids were confined mainly to the primary positions and preferentially to the sn-3-position of the glycerol molecule. The dietary lipidosis, is, therefore, accompanied by little or no accumulation of the normal rat tissue triacylglycerols containing C16 and C18 fatty acids. It is suggested that the deposition and eventual clearance of the enantiomeric long-chain triacylglycerols in the rat heart during mustard seed oil feeding may be largely a result of a gradual change in specificity of the cardiac lipases.", "PMID": 540242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8263", "title": "Analysis of a 5S RNA-protein complex isolated from the ribosomes of rye embryos.", "content": "Rye embryo ribosomes were dissociated into subunits and the large subunit fraction was treated with formamide. A low molecular weight complex of RNA and protein (RNP) was released. Electrophoresis of the RNP in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate yielded an RNA band and a single protein band. The protein had a molecular weight of approximately 41 000 and the RNA of the complex was shown to be 5S ribosomal RNA. Embryos were germinated in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate and the labelled RNP was isolated from their ribosomes. The RNA component was partially digested with pancreatic A ribonuclease and the parts protected from degradation by the protein were determined by sequence analysis. Although the whole 5S RNA molecule was shielded to some extent, the portion most protected was between nucleotides 68 and 108. This is, therefore, probably the part of plant cytosol 5S RNA which is primarily involved in the interaction with protein in the complex and possibly in the ribosome as well.", "contents": "Analysis of a 5S RNA-protein complex isolated from the ribosomes of rye embryos. Rye embryo ribosomes were dissociated into subunits and the large subunit fraction was treated with formamide. A low molecular weight complex of RNA and protein (RNP) was released. Electrophoresis of the RNP in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate yielded an RNA band and a single protein band. The protein had a molecular weight of approximately 41 000 and the RNA of the complex was shown to be 5S ribosomal RNA. Embryos were germinated in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate and the labelled RNP was isolated from their ribosomes. The RNA component was partially digested with pancreatic A ribonuclease and the parts protected from degradation by the protein were determined by sequence analysis. Although the whole 5S RNA molecule was shielded to some extent, the portion most protected was between nucleotides 68 and 108. This is, therefore, probably the part of plant cytosol 5S RNA which is primarily involved in the interaction with protein in the complex and possibly in the ribosome as well.", "PMID": 540243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8264", "title": "Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. IV. Des-Arg(9)-bradykinin and analogs.", "content": "We have synthesized a series of 19 analogs of the octapeptide fragment of bradykinin (BK), des-Arg 9-bradykinin, in order to perform a structure-activity study of this peptide on the newly discovered B1 receptor of bradykinin. The first time, each residue of the octapeptide was replaced by L-alanine to pinpoint biologically important residues. Thereafter, both phenylalanine residues in positions 5 and 8 were substituted by L-tyrosine methyl ether, L-cyclohexylalanine, D-phenylalanine, and L-leucine. This paper describes the synthesis of the analogs by the solid phase method. A Beckman peptide synthesizer was used to assemble the peptides on the resin support. Couplings were performed by the symmetrical anhydribe procedure. After cleavage with liquid HF, the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P2 resin. The purity of the octapeptides was then checked by tic, paper electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and elemental analysis. The new peptides were tested on the rabbit aorta in order to evaluate their kinin-like activities and to see if they act as antagonist. The results of the biological assays are discussed in terms of structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. IV. Des-Arg(9)-bradykinin and analogs. We have synthesized a series of 19 analogs of the octapeptide fragment of bradykinin (BK), des-Arg 9-bradykinin, in order to perform a structure-activity study of this peptide on the newly discovered B1 receptor of bradykinin. The first time, each residue of the octapeptide was replaced by L-alanine to pinpoint biologically important residues. Thereafter, both phenylalanine residues in positions 5 and 8 were substituted by L-tyrosine methyl ether, L-cyclohexylalanine, D-phenylalanine, and L-leucine. This paper describes the synthesis of the analogs by the solid phase method. A Beckman peptide synthesizer was used to assemble the peptides on the resin support. Couplings were performed by the symmetrical anhydribe procedure. After cleavage with liquid HF, the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P2 resin. The purity of the octapeptides was then checked by tic, paper electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and elemental analysis. The new peptides were tested on the rabbit aorta in order to evaluate their kinin-like activities and to see if they act as antagonist. The results of the biological assays are discussed in terms of structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 540245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8265", "title": "The binding of fluorescein-labelled stapbylococcal alpha toxoid to erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocytes of different animal species have variable hemolytic sensitivity to staphylococcal alpha toxin. Specific and non-specific binding of toxin was measured using fluorescein-labelled toxoid. These studies indicate that toxoid binding to erythrocytes increases with concentration for all species tested. Scatchard plot analyses of 35 animals representing seven species indicate that rabbit, pig, cow, and chicken erythrocytes possess 125 980, 103 920, 82 500, and 41 200 receptors per cell, respectively. The number of receptors remains constant over a period of at least 10 days. No detectable receptors were found for human, rat, and guinea pig erythrocytes. A correlation coefficient of 0.992 exists between receptor number and hemolytic sensitivity for those species having receptors. Variation in hemolytic sensitivity is governed by receptor number and not by variation in the dissociation constant. A threshold sensitivity of 37 000 receptors per cell has been calculated. Since species lacking detectable receptors have considerable sensitivity to hemolysis, it is proposed that two binding mechanisms, specific and non-specific, exist which prepare erythrocytes for destruction.", "contents": "The binding of fluorescein-labelled stapbylococcal alpha toxoid to erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of different animal species have variable hemolytic sensitivity to staphylococcal alpha toxin. Specific and non-specific binding of toxin was measured using fluorescein-labelled toxoid. These studies indicate that toxoid binding to erythrocytes increases with concentration for all species tested. Scatchard plot analyses of 35 animals representing seven species indicate that rabbit, pig, cow, and chicken erythrocytes possess 125 980, 103 920, 82 500, and 41 200 receptors per cell, respectively. The number of receptors remains constant over a period of at least 10 days. No detectable receptors were found for human, rat, and guinea pig erythrocytes. A correlation coefficient of 0.992 exists between receptor number and hemolytic sensitivity for those species having receptors. Variation in hemolytic sensitivity is governed by receptor number and not by variation in the dissociation constant. A threshold sensitivity of 37 000 receptors per cell has been calculated. Since species lacking detectable receptors have considerable sensitivity to hemolysis, it is proposed that two binding mechanisms, specific and non-specific, exist which prepare erythrocytes for destruction.", "PMID": 540249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8266", "title": "Comparative studies of the mosquito-larval toxin of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 and 1593.", "content": "Two strains of Bacillus sphaericus. SSII-1 and 1593, were bioassayed for toxic activity against second-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. It was found that strain 1593 developed a level of toxicity 3000 times that of strain SSII-1. Although the toxic activity of B. sphaericus SSII-1 was relatively unchanged throughout growth, an increase in activity of strain 1593 occurred as the bacteria began to sporulate. Strain differences were examined by (i) growth cycle experiments, (ii) bioassays of the toxicity of oligosporogenous mutants, and (iii) manganese limitation experiments. The toxin of strain 1593 was shown to be more stable than that of strain SSII-1. Unlike the spores of strain SSII-1, the spores of B. sphaericus 1593 were found to  be highly toxic. Thin sections of SSII-1 or 1593 cells did not reveal the presence of any inclusion body that might be related to toxicity.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the mosquito-larval toxin of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 and 1593. Two strains of Bacillus sphaericus. SSII-1 and 1593, were bioassayed for toxic activity against second-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. It was found that strain 1593 developed a level of toxicity 3000 times that of strain SSII-1. Although the toxic activity of B. sphaericus SSII-1 was relatively unchanged throughout growth, an increase in activity of strain 1593 occurred as the bacteria began to sporulate. Strain differences were examined by (i) growth cycle experiments, (ii) bioassays of the toxicity of oligosporogenous mutants, and (iii) manganese limitation experiments. The toxin of strain 1593 was shown to be more stable than that of strain SSII-1. Unlike the spores of strain SSII-1, the spores of B. sphaericus 1593 were found to  be highly toxic. Thin sections of SSII-1 or 1593 cells did not reveal the presence of any inclusion body that might be related to toxicity.", "PMID": 540250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8267", "title": "Effects of oxygen tension on the lipid composition of Azotobacter chroococcum.", "content": "Lipid content and composition were determined in Azotobacter chroococcum grown, under nitrogen-fixing conditions, in continuous culture with intense aeration under atmospheres containing between 5 and 40% O2. Total lipid content remained almost constant at approximately 9% of dry weight. Phospholipid content was maximal at 20% O2 where it accounted for 92% of total lipid, and was minimal at 40% O2. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the only species of phosphatide detected in this fraction. Neutral lipid content was minimal at 20% O2 and maximal at 40% O2 where it represented approximately 30% of the total lipid. Glycolipid remained between 2 and 13% of total lipid throughout. The principal fatty acids of A. chroococcum were hexadecanoic (C16:0), hexadecenoic (C16:1), and octadecenoic acid (C18:1) at all O2 tensions, but C18:1 increased at the expense of C16:1 at higher O2 tensions, particularly in free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions. [U-14C]acetate was readily incorporated into lipid  at both 20 and 40% O2, but total incorporation was much greater at 20% O2.", "contents": "Effects of oxygen tension on the lipid composition of Azotobacter chroococcum. Lipid content and composition were determined in Azotobacter chroococcum grown, under nitrogen-fixing conditions, in continuous culture with intense aeration under atmospheres containing between 5 and 40% O2. Total lipid content remained almost constant at approximately 9% of dry weight. Phospholipid content was maximal at 20% O2 where it accounted for 92% of total lipid, and was minimal at 40% O2. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the only species of phosphatide detected in this fraction. Neutral lipid content was minimal at 20% O2 and maximal at 40% O2 where it represented approximately 30% of the total lipid. Glycolipid remained between 2 and 13% of total lipid throughout. The principal fatty acids of A. chroococcum were hexadecanoic (C16:0), hexadecenoic (C16:1), and octadecenoic acid (C18:1) at all O2 tensions, but C18:1 increased at the expense of C16:1 at higher O2 tensions, particularly in free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions. [U-14C]acetate was readily incorporated into lipid  at both 20 and 40% O2, but total incorporation was much greater at 20% O2.", "PMID": 540251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8268", "title": "Selective infection of maize roots by streptomycin-resistant Azospirillum lipoferum and other bacteria.", "content": "The percentage of low-level streptomycin-resistant (20 microgram/mL) bacteria in surface-sterilized or washed maize roots was more than a thousand times higher than that in soil populations. There was also a higher incidence of resistant bacteria in rhizosphere as compared with non-rhizosphere soil and bacteria isolated from maize roots were relatively tolerant to several other antibiotics. Azospirillum lipoferum was predominant in surface-sterilized roots of field-grown maize and was low-level streptomycin-resistant while most soil isolates were sensitive. Inoculation with A. brasilense isolated from wheat roots was unsuccessful in terms of establishment even when streptomycin-resistant strains were used. Unidentified causes of specific plant-bacteria affinities therefore transcend the role of antibiotic resistance in maize root infection.", "contents": "Selective infection of maize roots by streptomycin-resistant Azospirillum lipoferum and other bacteria. The percentage of low-level streptomycin-resistant (20 microgram/mL) bacteria in surface-sterilized or washed maize roots was more than a thousand times higher than that in soil populations. There was also a higher incidence of resistant bacteria in rhizosphere as compared with non-rhizosphere soil and bacteria isolated from maize roots were relatively tolerant to several other antibiotics. Azospirillum lipoferum was predominant in surface-sterilized roots of field-grown maize and was low-level streptomycin-resistant while most soil isolates were sensitive. Inoculation with A. brasilense isolated from wheat roots was unsuccessful in terms of establishment even when streptomycin-resistant strains were used. Unidentified causes of specific plant-bacteria affinities therefore transcend the role of antibiotic resistance in maize root infection.", "PMID": 540253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8269", "title": "Effect of glycerol on carotenogenesis in the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "Growth of cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum in complex medium in the presence of 0.1 to 0.5% glycerol was slightly stimulated (about 10%), but the content of the major red pigment, bacterioruberin, was reduced fourfold and that of the minor red pigments, mono- and bisanhydrobacterioruberins, was also reduced but to a lesser extent. The content of the C40 carotenes, beta-carotene and lycopene, however, was greatly increased in 0.1 to 0.5% glycerol but was then reduced to negligible amounts at higher glycerol concentrations (1 to 5%). Similar effects of glycerol on carotenogenesis were observed when cells were grown in a chemically defined medium (BSMK), but growth of cells was considerably slower.", "contents": "Effect of glycerol on carotenogenesis in the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. Growth of cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum in complex medium in the presence of 0.1 to 0.5% glycerol was slightly stimulated (about 10%), but the content of the major red pigment, bacterioruberin, was reduced fourfold and that of the minor red pigments, mono- and bisanhydrobacterioruberins, was also reduced but to a lesser extent. The content of the C40 carotenes, beta-carotene and lycopene, however, was greatly increased in 0.1 to 0.5% glycerol but was then reduced to negligible amounts at higher glycerol concentrations (1 to 5%). Similar effects of glycerol on carotenogenesis were observed when cells were grown in a chemically defined medium (BSMK), but growth of cells was considerably slower.", "PMID": 540254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8270", "title": "Studies of the biosynthesis of C50 carotenoids in Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "Cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum were grown in the presence of [14C]mevalonate with and without 3 mM nicotine. Growth of cells was inhibited to a maximum extent of 25% but overall incorporation of 14C into total, neutral, or polar lipids was only inhibited about 16% during active growth and to a much lesser extent or not at all in stationary phase. Little effect of nicotine on labelling of squalenes, vitamin MK-8, geranylgeraniol, and phytoene was observed. However, labelling of bacterioruberin and monoanhydrobacterioruberin was extensively inhibited while that of lycopene and bisanhydrobacterioruberin was increased reciprocally by growth in the presence of 3 mM nicotine. Reincubation of the labelled nicotine-grown cells in fresh cold medium without nicotine restored the 14C-labelling of bacterioruberin and monoanhydrobacterioruberin at the expense of lycopene and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. These results confirm our previous findings suggesting that the C50 bacterioruberin is made by addition of a C5-isoprene unit to each end of the C40-lycopene chain, followed by introduction of four hydroxyl groups.", "contents": "Studies of the biosynthesis of C50 carotenoids in Halobacterium cutirubrum. Cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum were grown in the presence of [14C]mevalonate with and without 3 mM nicotine. Growth of cells was inhibited to a maximum extent of 25% but overall incorporation of 14C into total, neutral, or polar lipids was only inhibited about 16% during active growth and to a much lesser extent or not at all in stationary phase. Little effect of nicotine on labelling of squalenes, vitamin MK-8, geranylgeraniol, and phytoene was observed. However, labelling of bacterioruberin and monoanhydrobacterioruberin was extensively inhibited while that of lycopene and bisanhydrobacterioruberin was increased reciprocally by growth in the presence of 3 mM nicotine. Reincubation of the labelled nicotine-grown cells in fresh cold medium without nicotine restored the 14C-labelling of bacterioruberin and monoanhydrobacterioruberin at the expense of lycopene and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. These results confirm our previous findings suggesting that the C50 bacterioruberin is made by addition of a C5-isoprene unit to each end of the C40-lycopene chain, followed by introduction of four hydroxyl groups.", "PMID": 540255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8271", "title": "Synthesis of a selective agar medium for Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A new agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica was formulated based on growth studies which defined an optimum basal, and the evaluation of selective chemical agents, dyes, and antibiotics. The final formulation, designated cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin(CIN) agar, provided quantitative recovery of 40 different strains of Y. enterocolitica in 24 h using incubation at 32 degrees C or with 48 h of incubation at 22 degrees C. The medium was highly selective, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Colony morphology coupled with a differential reaction resulting from mannitol fermentation permitted discrimination of Y. enterocolitica from most of those Gram-negative bacteria that were able to grow on the medium. Recovery and selective characteristics of CIN agar were stable during storage at room temperature for 9 days. CIN agar gave a higher recovery of Y. enterocolitica from feces both direct and with cold enrichment (0.4/1.5%) than Salmonella-Shigella (0.0/0.7%) and MacConkey (0.0/0.9%) agars while significantly reducing the level of background organisms.", "contents": "Synthesis of a selective agar medium for Yersinia enterocolitica. A new agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica was formulated based on growth studies which defined an optimum basal, and the evaluation of selective chemical agents, dyes, and antibiotics. The final formulation, designated cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin(CIN) agar, provided quantitative recovery of 40 different strains of Y. enterocolitica in 24 h using incubation at 32 degrees C or with 48 h of incubation at 22 degrees C. The medium was highly selective, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Colony morphology coupled with a differential reaction resulting from mannitol fermentation permitted discrimination of Y. enterocolitica from most of those Gram-negative bacteria that were able to grow on the medium. Recovery and selective characteristics of CIN agar were stable during storage at room temperature for 9 days. CIN agar gave a higher recovery of Y. enterocolitica from feces both direct and with cold enrichment (0.4/1.5%) than Salmonella-Shigella (0.0/0.7%) and MacConkey (0.0/0.9%) agars while significantly reducing the level of background organisms.", "PMID": 540256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8272", "title": "Influence of soil texture on survival and saprophytic activity of Rhizoctonia solani in soils.", "content": "Survival of Rhizoctonia solani in precolonized tablebeet seed was greater in a light-textured sandy loam (SL 1) than in a heavy-textured silty clay loam (SiCL). Reduction in survival as well as competitive saprophytic activity of the pathogen resulted when clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) were added to SL to prepare soils of heavier texture. Survival and activity of R. solani, however, were not increased when sand was added to SiCL (suppressive to R. solani survival) to make this soil lighter in texture. In natural soils of different textures, activity of R. solani was maintained longer in two light-textured sandy loam soils than in a light-textured loamy sand or loam. During investigation of soil chemical and biological influences on R. solani survival, high K2O content in soil was significantly correlated with low saprophytic activity of the pathogen. In all instances where soil microbial activity as determined by a dehydrogenase assay was high, low saprophytic activity was found. Since high microbial activity or K2O content in soil were not associated with any particular soil type, biological or chemical factors may be more important than soil texture in influencing survival and activity of R. solani in soil.", "contents": "Influence of soil texture on survival and saprophytic activity of Rhizoctonia solani in soils. Survival of Rhizoctonia solani in precolonized tablebeet seed was greater in a light-textured sandy loam (SL 1) than in a heavy-textured silty clay loam (SiCL). Reduction in survival as well as competitive saprophytic activity of the pathogen resulted when clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) were added to SL to prepare soils of heavier texture. Survival and activity of R. solani, however, were not increased when sand was added to SiCL (suppressive to R. solani survival) to make this soil lighter in texture. In natural soils of different textures, activity of R. solani was maintained longer in two light-textured sandy loam soils than in a light-textured loamy sand or loam. During investigation of soil chemical and biological influences on R. solani survival, high K2O content in soil was significantly correlated with low saprophytic activity of the pathogen. In all instances where soil microbial activity as determined by a dehydrogenase assay was high, low saprophytic activity was found. Since high microbial activity or K2O content in soil were not associated with any particular soil type, biological or chemical factors may be more important than soil texture in influencing survival and activity of R. solani in soil.", "PMID": 540257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8273", "title": "[A new Salmonella serotype isolated in Canada:Salmonella sherbrooke (16:d:1,6)].", "content": "A new Salmonella serotype classified in the Kauffman sub-genus I (Kauffman 1963) has been isolated in Canada from a stock of cacao beans from Nigeria. Salmonella sherbrooke shares the antigenic structure 16:d:1,6.", "contents": "[A new Salmonella serotype isolated in Canada:Salmonella sherbrooke (16:d:1,6)]. A new Salmonella serotype classified in the Kauffman sub-genus I (Kauffman 1963) has been isolated in Canada from a stock of cacao beans from Nigeria. Salmonella sherbrooke shares the antigenic structure 16:d:1,6.", "PMID": 540258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8274", "title": "Enhancement of tissue damage by Candida albicans in cortisone or nitrogen mustard-treated mice.", "content": "Mice were either rendered leukopenic by administration of nitrogen mustard or were treated with cortisone prior to intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. Leukopenic animals died five times faster following Candida challenge than untreated controls and also had significantly higher serum levels of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase. Similarly, when Candida infection occurred in cortisone-treated mice, mortality rates were markedly accelerated and serum levels of creatine phosphokinase and blood urea nitrogen were significantly higher than those found in untreated animals. Severe lesions and large numbers of Candida were observed in tissue sections of heart, kidney, and stomach from cortisone-treated animals. These data indicate that damage to host tissues is one manner by which Candida contribute to the morbidity of immunosuppressed animals.", "contents": "Enhancement of tissue damage by Candida albicans in cortisone or nitrogen mustard-treated mice. Mice were either rendered leukopenic by administration of nitrogen mustard or were treated with cortisone prior to intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. Leukopenic animals died five times faster following Candida challenge than untreated controls and also had significantly higher serum levels of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase. Similarly, when Candida infection occurred in cortisone-treated mice, mortality rates were markedly accelerated and serum levels of creatine phosphokinase and blood urea nitrogen were significantly higher than those found in untreated animals. Severe lesions and large numbers of Candida were observed in tissue sections of heart, kidney, and stomach from cortisone-treated animals. These data indicate that damage to host tissues is one manner by which Candida contribute to the morbidity of immunosuppressed animals.", "PMID": 540259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8275", "title": "DNA base composition, nature of intracellular DNA, morphology, and classification of bacteriophages infecting Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Ten bacteriophages infecting Micrococcus luteus have been characterized. All phages contain double-stranded DNA, of 64.3--73.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine (GC). The DNA of phage N7 has the highest GC content reported for any bacterial virus. No unusual bases have been found. The intracellular replicating DNAs of six phages are covalently closed circular molecules. All 10 phages have isometric, probably icosahedral, heads and long, flexible, noncontractile tails and can be sorted into two morphological groups based on size and presence or absence of a collar. Host-range studies indicate six host-range groups.", "contents": "DNA base composition, nature of intracellular DNA, morphology, and classification of bacteriophages infecting Micrococcus luteus. Ten bacteriophages infecting Micrococcus luteus have been characterized. All phages contain double-stranded DNA, of 64.3--73.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine (GC). The DNA of phage N7 has the highest GC content reported for any bacterial virus. No unusual bases have been found. The intracellular replicating DNAs of six phages are covalently closed circular molecules. All 10 phages have isometric, probably icosahedral, heads and long, flexible, noncontractile tails and can be sorted into two morphological groups based on size and presence or absence of a collar. Host-range studies indicate six host-range groups.", "PMID": 540260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8276", "title": "Microbiology of a northern river: bacterial distribution and relationship to suspended sediment and organic carbon.", "content": "Epifluorescent microscopy showed as many as 4 x 10(6) bacteria/mL in the turbid waters of the Athabasca River near the tar sand deposits in northeastern Alberta. The numbers were usually similar upstream and downstream (60 km) from pilot-mining operations. The majority of bacteria existed as free-living cells in spite of the fact there were high concentrations of suspended sediment present (average 220 mg/L) during the ice-free period. Fluctuations in bacterial concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.86, P less than 0.05) with total organic carbon concentrations in the river water.", "contents": "Microbiology of a northern river: bacterial distribution and relationship to suspended sediment and organic carbon. Epifluorescent microscopy showed as many as 4 x 10(6) bacteria/mL in the turbid waters of the Athabasca River near the tar sand deposits in northeastern Alberta. The numbers were usually similar upstream and downstream (60 km) from pilot-mining operations. The majority of bacteria existed as free-living cells in spite of the fact there were high concentrations of suspended sediment present (average 220 mg/L) during the ice-free period. Fluctuations in bacterial concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.86, P less than 0.05) with total organic carbon concentrations in the river water.", "PMID": 540261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8277", "title": "Characterization of two Salmonella newport bacteriophages.", "content": "Salmonella newport phages 16--19 and 7--11 have very long heads and are members of two rare and so far little-known phage groups. Both produce various morphological aberrations. Preparations of phage 7--11 contain numerous polyheads and about 0.4% short heads belonging to nine size classes. In addition, one giant phage particle was observed. The head of phage 7--11 seems to be an icosahedron which became elongated by adding successive rows of subunits. Phages 16--19 and 7--11 have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.43 and 1.48 g/mL and particle weights of 103 and 204 x 10(6) respectively. Both viruses contain double-stranded DNA, internal proteins, and sugars. Phage 16--19 contains 46.5% DNA of 35 x 10(6) molecular weight, and glucose. Phage 7--11 contains 47.5% DNA of 108 x 10(6) molecular weight, and mannose. Base compositions of phage and S. newport DNAs were determined from buoyant densities, melting point, and acid hydrolysis. Phage 16--19 contains 5.4% 5-methylcytosine.", "contents": "Characterization of two Salmonella newport bacteriophages. Salmonella newport phages 16--19 and 7--11 have very long heads and are members of two rare and so far little-known phage groups. Both produce various morphological aberrations. Preparations of phage 7--11 contain numerous polyheads and about 0.4% short heads belonging to nine size classes. In addition, one giant phage particle was observed. The head of phage 7--11 seems to be an icosahedron which became elongated by adding successive rows of subunits. Phages 16--19 and 7--11 have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.43 and 1.48 g/mL and particle weights of 103 and 204 x 10(6) respectively. Both viruses contain double-stranded DNA, internal proteins, and sugars. Phage 16--19 contains 46.5% DNA of 35 x 10(6) molecular weight, and glucose. Phage 7--11 contains 47.5% DNA of 108 x 10(6) molecular weight, and mannose. Base compositions of phage and S. newport DNAs were determined from buoyant densities, melting point, and acid hydrolysis. Phage 16--19 contains 5.4% 5-methylcytosine.", "PMID": 540262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8278", "title": "The mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide for spleen cells from germfree, conventional, and gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Spleen cells from germfree rats, conventionally reared rats, and gnotobiotic rats associated with two Pseudomonas species gave no positive blastogenic response when incubated with each of four lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from Escherichia coli, with glycolipid extracted from Salmonella minnesota R595 or with S. minnesota R595 lipid A. However, spleen cell preparations from athymic mice demonstrated a positive blastogenic response when incubated with E. coli LPS. Removal of adherent cells from germfree and conventional-flora rat spleen cells did not increase the mitogenic activity of LPS for nonadherent cells (less than 0.5% esterase-positive cells). All rat spleen cell preparations gave positive blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. This study indicates that LPS may not be a mitogenic agent for rat spleen cells.", "contents": "The mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide for spleen cells from germfree, conventional, and gnotobiotic rats. Spleen cells from germfree rats, conventionally reared rats, and gnotobiotic rats associated with two Pseudomonas species gave no positive blastogenic response when incubated with each of four lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from Escherichia coli, with glycolipid extracted from Salmonella minnesota R595 or with S. minnesota R595 lipid A. However, spleen cell preparations from athymic mice demonstrated a positive blastogenic response when incubated with E. coli LPS. Removal of adherent cells from germfree and conventional-flora rat spleen cells did not increase the mitogenic activity of LPS for nonadherent cells (less than 0.5% esterase-positive cells). All rat spleen cell preparations gave positive blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. This study indicates that LPS may not be a mitogenic agent for rat spleen cells.", "PMID": 540263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8279", "title": "Antibiotic production by Pseudomonas reptilivora as a phage conversion.", "content": "The ability of Pseudomonas reptilivora to produce three broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances is easily lost when bacteria are subcultured. The study of the antibiotic production under defined culture conditions has shown that the biosynthesis of these substances depends upon the presence of a temperature-sensitive temperate phage. Antibiotic production is lost after phage induction.", "contents": "Antibiotic production by Pseudomonas reptilivora as a phage conversion. The ability of Pseudomonas reptilivora to produce three broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances is easily lost when bacteria are subcultured. The study of the antibiotic production under defined culture conditions has shown that the biosynthesis of these substances depends upon the presence of a temperature-sensitive temperate phage. Antibiotic production is lost after phage induction.", "PMID": 540264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8280", "title": "Effect of a bacteriophage on the colonisation and nodulation of clover roots by a strain of Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "The presence of a virulent bacteriophage in the root zone of clover growing in seedling agar under controlled environments (14--17 and 19--23 degrees C) produced changes in the persistence and symbiotic effectiveness of a susceptible strain of Rhizobium trifolii. The phage reduced the rhizoplane population of rhizobia and led to the appearance of variant substrains which were less susceptible to the bacteriophage and mostly ineffective in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Some were also changed in colonial morphology and nutritional requirements. At the higher temperature, the frequency of bacterial variants increased and the number of nodules due to the parent strain decreased. A large initial population of bacteriophage was able to reduce, but generally did not completely suppress, nodulation.", "contents": "Effect of a bacteriophage on the colonisation and nodulation of clover roots by a strain of Rhizobium trifolii. The presence of a virulent bacteriophage in the root zone of clover growing in seedling agar under controlled environments (14--17 and 19--23 degrees C) produced changes in the persistence and symbiotic effectiveness of a susceptible strain of Rhizobium trifolii. The phage reduced the rhizoplane population of rhizobia and led to the appearance of variant substrains which were less susceptible to the bacteriophage and mostly ineffective in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Some were also changed in colonial morphology and nutritional requirements. At the higher temperature, the frequency of bacterial variants increased and the number of nodules due to the parent strain decreased. A large initial population of bacteriophage was able to reduce, but generally did not completely suppress, nodulation.", "PMID": 540265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8281", "title": "Effect of a bacteriophage on colonisation and nodulation of clover roots by paired strains of Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "The effect of a virulent bacteriophage on the competitive behaviour of paired strains of Rhizobium trifolii in the root zone of clover plants was examined. The presence of bacteriophage reduced the population density of susceptible strains on the root surface and, in nodulation, favoured resistant or even partially resistant strains which were otherwise less able to form nodules. These effects occurred with different growth temperatures, host species, and ratios of strains in the inoculum.", "contents": "Effect of a bacteriophage on colonisation and nodulation of clover roots by paired strains of Rhizobium trifolii. The effect of a virulent bacteriophage on the competitive behaviour of paired strains of Rhizobium trifolii in the root zone of clover plants was examined. The presence of bacteriophage reduced the population density of susceptible strains on the root surface and, in nodulation, favoured resistant or even partially resistant strains which were otherwise less able to form nodules. These effects occurred with different growth temperatures, host species, and ratios of strains in the inoculum.", "PMID": 540266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8282", "title": "Properties of Rhizobium trifolii isolates surviving exposure to specific bacteriophage.", "content": "Six strains of Rhizobium trifolii were exposed to specific bacteriophages and the properties of 10 surviving clones of each studied. Two temperate bacteriophages produced clones which were lysogenic but showed no changes in colony form, symbiotic properties, or somatic antigens. Of forty clones selected by exposure to four other bacteriophages, none were lysogenic although there was some indication of unusually long association of phage with bacteria in infected cultures. Seventeen of these clones were changed in symbiotic properties, 15 in colony morphology, and 13 in somatic cross-reaction with the parent. Unexpectedly, despite stringent selection conditions, 28 were still either partially or completely susceptible to the selecting phage.", "contents": "Properties of Rhizobium trifolii isolates surviving exposure to specific bacteriophage. Six strains of Rhizobium trifolii were exposed to specific bacteriophages and the properties of 10 surviving clones of each studied. Two temperate bacteriophages produced clones which were lysogenic but showed no changes in colony form, symbiotic properties, or somatic antigens. Of forty clones selected by exposure to four other bacteriophages, none were lysogenic although there was some indication of unusually long association of phage with bacteria in infected cultures. Seventeen of these clones were changed in symbiotic properties, 15 in colony morphology, and 13 in somatic cross-reaction with the parent. Unexpectedly, despite stringent selection conditions, 28 were still either partially or completely susceptible to the selecting phage.", "PMID": 540267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8283", "title": "Differentiation of rapidly growing mycobacteria with trimethoprim (Tmp).", "content": "Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. vaccae, and M. diernhoferi by Trimethoprim (Tmp) in both liquid and solid media is described. Other mycobacteria were not inhibited by the same concentrations. The selective inhibition of the above strains, particularly M. smegmatis, by Tmp could be used for differentiation of these species from other fast-growing acid-fast bacteria.", "contents": "Differentiation of rapidly growing mycobacteria with trimethoprim (Tmp). Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. vaccae, and M. diernhoferi by Trimethoprim (Tmp) in both liquid and solid media is described. Other mycobacteria were not inhibited by the same concentrations. The selective inhibition of the above strains, particularly M. smegmatis, by Tmp could be used for differentiation of these species from other fast-growing acid-fast bacteria.", "PMID": 540268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8284", "title": "Investigations on the photosynthetic sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides causing seasonal blooms in Lake Kinneret.", "content": "Between May and December, the annual stratification period in Lake Kinneret, sulfide is formed and accumulates in the hypolimnion. In July-August a large population (up to 10(6) cells/mL) of green, photosynthetic, sulfur bacteria develops at the boundary of the oxidative and reductive zones of the water column lasting for 3--8 weeks. These bacteria were isolated from the lake and identified as Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. Optimal growth conditions included 160 mg S=L-1 and light intensities of 5--30 micron Einstein (micron E) m-2s-1. Glucose and acetate augmented growth when added to the mineral medium. The lowest light intensity which still supported growth was 0.3 micron E m-2s-1 when acetate was present and 1.0 micron E m-2s-1 when no organic substrate was present. Under complete darkness, either with or without organic substrate, the bacteria die. Photosynthetic activity was higher when no organic compound was added to the medium. Uptake of acetate was light-dependent. In the lake the photosynthetic activity of the bacteria is low because of the limited light intensity (0.3 micron E m-2s-1) at the bloom layer. It is suggested that the appearance and the disappearance of the bloom are caused by the influence of the daily internal seiche.", "contents": "Investigations on the photosynthetic sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides causing seasonal blooms in Lake Kinneret. Between May and December, the annual stratification period in Lake Kinneret, sulfide is formed and accumulates in the hypolimnion. In July-August a large population (up to 10(6) cells/mL) of green, photosynthetic, sulfur bacteria develops at the boundary of the oxidative and reductive zones of the water column lasting for 3--8 weeks. These bacteria were isolated from the lake and identified as Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. Optimal growth conditions included 160 mg S=L-1 and light intensities of 5--30 micron Einstein (micron E) m-2s-1. Glucose and acetate augmented growth when added to the mineral medium. The lowest light intensity which still supported growth was 0.3 micron E m-2s-1 when acetate was present and 1.0 micron E m-2s-1 when no organic substrate was present. Under complete darkness, either with or without organic substrate, the bacteria die. Photosynthetic activity was higher when no organic compound was added to the medium. Uptake of acetate was light-dependent. In the lake the photosynthetic activity of the bacteria is low because of the limited light intensity (0.3 micron E m-2s-1) at the bloom layer. It is suggested that the appearance and the disappearance of the bloom are caused by the influence of the daily internal seiche.", "PMID": 540269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8285", "title": "[Cytological and electron microscopy diagnosis of neuroblastoma].", "content": "Out of three cases of neuroblastoma under observation, the diagnosis could be established from the cytological and electron microscopical examinations of bone marrow in two of them. Slide smears revealed the rosette-shaped pattern characteristic of malignant neuroblastoma, many of which were fitted with dendritic plasmatic processes. Electronography helped to prove intraplasmatically the presence in those cells of dense neurosecretory granules, and--in their plasmatic processes--the presence of microfilaments, microtubules, neurosecretory granules and empty vesicules.", "contents": "[Cytological and electron microscopy diagnosis of neuroblastoma]. Out of three cases of neuroblastoma under observation, the diagnosis could be established from the cytological and electron microscopical examinations of bone marrow in two of them. Slide smears revealed the rosette-shaped pattern characteristic of malignant neuroblastoma, many of which were fitted with dendritic plasmatic processes. Electronography helped to prove intraplasmatically the presence in those cells of dense neurosecretory granules, and--in their plasmatic processes--the presence of microfilaments, microtubules, neurosecretory granules and empty vesicules.", "PMID": 540316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8286", "title": "[The diagnostic significance of cytological and histological examination of secretions, washout materials, catheterization and brush biopsy materials in the diagnosis of malignant bronchopulmonary diseases].", "content": "Referring to their group of 325 patients examined by means of all-around endobronchial biopsy material withdrawal the authors present the results of cytological and histological diagnosis. Endobronchially material obtained by direct aspiration of bronchial secretions, by wash-outs, and by catheterization and brush biopsy represents, particularly in peripheral localizations, a significant and often decisive contribution to the objectivization of malignant affections. The authors present and discuss morphological criteria of malignity derived from endobronchially obtained material processed by the method of cytoblocks stressing, at the same time, the possibility of an accurate localization of the pathological process down to the particular segment involved.", "contents": "[The diagnostic significance of cytological and histological examination of secretions, washout materials, catheterization and brush biopsy materials in the diagnosis of malignant bronchopulmonary diseases]. Referring to their group of 325 patients examined by means of all-around endobronchial biopsy material withdrawal the authors present the results of cytological and histological diagnosis. Endobronchially material obtained by direct aspiration of bronchial secretions, by wash-outs, and by catheterization and brush biopsy represents, particularly in peripheral localizations, a significant and often decisive contribution to the objectivization of malignant affections. The authors present and discuss morphological criteria of malignity derived from endobronchially obtained material processed by the method of cytoblocks stressing, at the same time, the possibility of an accurate localization of the pathological process down to the particular segment involved.", "PMID": 540317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8287", "title": "[Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum].", "content": "An analysis is presented of 14 cases of diffuse mesothelioma [one of them involving the peritoneum, the rest being of the pleural type] in postmortem material for a period of 18 years [1962--1978] with a view to the clinical course, macroscopic and microscopic pictures, diagnostic possibilities, and to the relationship to aetiological factors. With only one exception, no correlation to asbestosis was found in terms of either the patients' personal histories or morphology. A meticulously performed postmortem examination appears to be the most reliable diagnostic criterion.", "contents": "[Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum]. An analysis is presented of 14 cases of diffuse mesothelioma [one of them involving the peritoneum, the rest being of the pleural type] in postmortem material for a period of 18 years [1962--1978] with a view to the clinical course, macroscopic and microscopic pictures, diagnostic possibilities, and to the relationship to aetiological factors. With only one exception, no correlation to asbestosis was found in terms of either the patients' personal histories or morphology. A meticulously performed postmortem examination appears to be the most reliable diagnostic criterion.", "PMID": 540318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8288", "title": "[Morphology of systemic anaphylactic reaction in rabbits to bovine serum albumin and ferritin. I. Manifestations of the reaction after antigen administration: laboratory, macroscopic and optical microscopic findings].", "content": "A report is presented on systemic anaphylactic reaction [SAR] of rabbits to bovine serum albumin and ferritin. Active anaphylactic sensibilization with a high yield of sensibilized animals was achieved by administering antigens to rabbits aged a few hours up to 3 months. Tre rabbits showed no presence of precipitins in the circulation, but there were reagins against bovine serum albumin or ferritin. There were various types of SAR activity. Macroscopic findings showed acute emphysema and signs of right heart overload. Apart from acute pulmonary emphysema, histology showed occasional bronchospasm and certain manifestations of RES activation as there was evidence of oedematous infiltration of the peribronchial and perivascular spaces. The above morphological findings cannot as yet be regarded as pathognomonic for SAR.", "contents": "[Morphology of systemic anaphylactic reaction in rabbits to bovine serum albumin and ferritin. I. Manifestations of the reaction after antigen administration: laboratory, macroscopic and optical microscopic findings]. A report is presented on systemic anaphylactic reaction [SAR] of rabbits to bovine serum albumin and ferritin. Active anaphylactic sensibilization with a high yield of sensibilized animals was achieved by administering antigens to rabbits aged a few hours up to 3 months. Tre rabbits showed no presence of precipitins in the circulation, but there were reagins against bovine serum albumin or ferritin. There were various types of SAR activity. Macroscopic findings showed acute emphysema and signs of right heart overload. Apart from acute pulmonary emphysema, histology showed occasional bronchospasm and certain manifestations of RES activation as there was evidence of oedematous infiltration of the peribronchial and perivascular spaces. The above morphological findings cannot as yet be regarded as pathognomonic for SAR.", "PMID": 540319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8289", "title": "[Morphologic findings in the liver tissue of young rats after long-term administration of alcohol].", "content": "Pregnant female rats and a litter of 10 young were given ethanol for a period of 9.5 months. Focal, prodominantly centroacinous droplet steatosis and enlargement of hepatocytic mitochondria without changes in their enzymatic activity were found in 9 of them as a result. One of the animals developed cirrhotic liver tissue restructuring of the pseudoacinous type with focal extinction of hepatocytes, mild haemosiderosis and a preponderance of neutrophil leucocytes in the inflammatory infiltrates in connective tissue bands.", "contents": "[Morphologic findings in the liver tissue of young rats after long-term administration of alcohol]. Pregnant female rats and a litter of 10 young were given ethanol for a period of 9.5 months. Focal, prodominantly centroacinous droplet steatosis and enlargement of hepatocytic mitochondria without changes in their enzymatic activity were found in 9 of them as a result. One of the animals developed cirrhotic liver tissue restructuring of the pseudoacinous type with focal extinction of hepatocytes, mild haemosiderosis and a preponderance of neutrophil leucocytes in the inflammatory infiltrates in connective tissue bands.", "PMID": 540320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8290", "title": "[Primary hemangioendothelioma of the liver in childhood].", "content": "Rare cases of multiple haemangioendothelioma of the liver were seen in a boy 2 and a half months old and a girl aged 3 and a half years. More foci--in the skin in case No. 1, and in the spleen in the other case--were rated as part of the multiplicity not as metastases. Death was caused by cardiac failure due to arteriovenous shunt in the tumour.", "contents": "[Primary hemangioendothelioma of the liver in childhood]. Rare cases of multiple haemangioendothelioma of the liver were seen in a boy 2 and a half months old and a girl aged 3 and a half years. More foci--in the skin in case No. 1, and in the spleen in the other case--were rated as part of the multiplicity not as metastases. Death was caused by cardiac failure due to arteriovenous shunt in the tumour.", "PMID": 540321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8291", "title": "[Distance of alveolar septum insertions to nonrespiratory bronchioles in emphysema].", "content": "In the severest forms of emphysema the distance between neighbouring alveolar septa inserting to the walls of non respiratory bronchioles increases, and that by their disappearance. This reduces one of the externally acting forces which keep the bronchiole open, which subsequently results in secondary bronchial narrowing.", "contents": "[Distance of alveolar septum insertions to nonrespiratory bronchioles in emphysema]. In the severest forms of emphysema the distance between neighbouring alveolar septa inserting to the walls of non respiratory bronchioles increases, and that by their disappearance. This reduces one of the externally acting forces which keep the bronchiole open, which subsequently results in secondary bronchial narrowing.", "PMID": 540322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8292", "title": "[Validity of retrograde peripheral phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present and discuss the results obtained in phlebographic exploration by a particular method, namely retrograde peripheral phlebography. After describing the technicalities of this procedure, they evaluated its advantages and disadvantages, and conclude by recommending a more widespread use of this examination.", "contents": "[Validity of retrograde peripheral phlebography (author's transl)]. The Authors present and discuss the results obtained in phlebographic exploration by a particular method, namely retrograde peripheral phlebography. After describing the technicalities of this procedure, they evaluated its advantages and disadvantages, and conclude by recommending a more widespread use of this examination.", "PMID": 540365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8293", "title": "[Clinico-statistical review of 74 cases of subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon].", "content": "The Authors report 74 cases of subcutaneous hole of Achille's tendon that were treated surgically. 52 patients were clinically controlled at a distance from 1 to 5 years. The functional result at a distance is good in 67,3% of cases, satisfactory in 25%, insufficient in 4%. They point out an hig incidence of local post-operating complications (29,8%), especially when the paratendinea medial incision has been made. The authors suggest to opt for a paratendinea lateral incision and, experimentally, to drop the use of hemostatic string.", "contents": "[Clinico-statistical review of 74 cases of subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon]. The Authors report 74 cases of subcutaneous hole of Achille's tendon that were treated surgically. 52 patients were clinically controlled at a distance from 1 to 5 years. The functional result at a distance is good in 67,3% of cases, satisfactory in 25%, insufficient in 4%. They point out an hig incidence of local post-operating complications (29,8%), especially when the paratendinea medial incision has been made. The authors suggest to opt for a paratendinea lateral incision and, experimentally, to drop the use of hemostatic string.", "PMID": 540366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8294", "title": "[Surgical treatment of hiatal hernia in adults. Indications, technical and tactical considerations on 310 operated cases].", "content": "On the basis of 310 cases of hiatal hernia surgically treated, the anatomical, pathophysiological and clinical aspects are reviewed together with their surgical consequences. In rolling type hernia, gastroesophageal reflux and its sequelae do not occur: the treatment is based only on reduction and suture of the fundus to the undersurface of the diaphragm with repair of right crus. In sliding hiatal hernia the purpose of operation is functional one, that is satisfactory and lasting control of gastro-esophageal reflux. With one exception, the fundamental step of all successful procedures of repair is the creation of restoration of an infradiaphragmatic segment of esophagus: it puts the lower esophageal sphincter into the abdominal cavity with restoration of gastroesophageal competence.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of hiatal hernia in adults. Indications, technical and tactical considerations on 310 operated cases]. On the basis of 310 cases of hiatal hernia surgically treated, the anatomical, pathophysiological and clinical aspects are reviewed together with their surgical consequences. In rolling type hernia, gastroesophageal reflux and its sequelae do not occur: the treatment is based only on reduction and suture of the fundus to the undersurface of the diaphragm with repair of right crus. In sliding hiatal hernia the purpose of operation is functional one, that is satisfactory and lasting control of gastro-esophageal reflux. With one exception, the fundamental step of all successful procedures of repair is the creation of restoration of an infradiaphragmatic segment of esophagus: it puts the lower esophageal sphincter into the abdominal cavity with restoration of gastroesophageal competence.", "PMID": 540368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8295", "title": "[Association of idiopathic megaesophagus and carcinoma].", "content": "In the light of three cases of esophageal carcinoma developing on a pre-existing idiopathic megaesophagus the authors examine etiopatological, clinical and terapeutic problems related to this association. They believe that carcinoma of the esophagus tends to be a complication of cardiospasm in patients inadequately treated for the primary condition. Early diagnosis and an adequate Heller operation for cardiospasm will lessen the chance of cancer developing in megaesophagus with stasis. When finally diagnosed, this variety of esophageal carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis. An even more important claim upon the clinician is to be alert to the hazards of continued stasis in megaesophagus and to devise earlier techniques of recognition, including more frequent recourse to biopsy during esophagoscopy.", "contents": "[Association of idiopathic megaesophagus and carcinoma]. In the light of three cases of esophageal carcinoma developing on a pre-existing idiopathic megaesophagus the authors examine etiopatological, clinical and terapeutic problems related to this association. They believe that carcinoma of the esophagus tends to be a complication of cardiospasm in patients inadequately treated for the primary condition. Early diagnosis and an adequate Heller operation for cardiospasm will lessen the chance of cancer developing in megaesophagus with stasis. When finally diagnosed, this variety of esophageal carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis. An even more important claim upon the clinician is to be alert to the hazards of continued stasis in megaesophagus and to devise earlier techniques of recognition, including more frequent recourse to biopsy during esophagoscopy.", "PMID": 540369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8296", "title": "[Doctrinal and clinical aspects of cancer of the male breast].", "content": "On the base of a recent observation of one case of male mamma carcinoma, the authors examine the generalities and the etiopathogenetic factors of this rare tumor, also on the base of the most recent acquisitions on hormonal receptors. Then they stop on the characteristics of clinical picture, and outline the high frequency of unfavourable events, at the first medical examination already. In the end they outline the elective treatment and the therapy for the recovery of the cases with metastasis and they present the results of the most qualified mondial casuistry.", "contents": "[Doctrinal and clinical aspects of cancer of the male breast]. On the base of a recent observation of one case of male mamma carcinoma, the authors examine the generalities and the etiopathogenetic factors of this rare tumor, also on the base of the most recent acquisitions on hormonal receptors. Then they stop on the characteristics of clinical picture, and outline the high frequency of unfavourable events, at the first medical examination already. In the end they outline the elective treatment and the therapy for the recovery of the cases with metastasis and they present the results of the most qualified mondial casuistry.", "PMID": 540370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8297", "title": "[Primary closure of the perineum after Miles's abdominoperineal amputation for carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the results obtained in 32 cases of primary closure of the perineum after amputation of the rectum for cancer, the authors believe that this policy is best after removal of the malignancy by the abdominoperineal approach. Unquestionable advantages are shortening of the patient's hospital stay and a more rapid recovery; the possible disadvantages are relatively rare, from an uncommonly severe dysmetabolic situation to local disorders such as poor hemostasis, contamination of the operation site, inadequate preoperative antibacterial protection, or an unusually large tumor.", "contents": "[Primary closure of the perineum after Miles's abdominoperineal amputation for carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)]. In view of the results obtained in 32 cases of primary closure of the perineum after amputation of the rectum for cancer, the authors believe that this policy is best after removal of the malignancy by the abdominoperineal approach. Unquestionable advantages are shortening of the patient's hospital stay and a more rapid recovery; the possible disadvantages are relatively rare, from an uncommonly severe dysmetabolic situation to local disorders such as poor hemostasis, contamination of the operation site, inadequate preoperative antibacterial protection, or an unusually large tumor.", "PMID": 540371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8298", "title": "[Clinical considerations on the surgical treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer: experience in 479 cases].", "content": "In this work, the authors support the therapeutic validity of gastric-duodenal resection in urgency surgery. This study has been made on 479 cases observed during the last 21 years (1957-78). In 58 of them we have made a sinking of ulcer, in 421 patients we have made, immediatly, a gastric-duodenal resection with B II technique. On the base of the good obtained results, the authors conclude that the contro-indications to this operation (age, general conditions of patient, old pierce, etc.) that were accepted by the most surgeons up to few years ago, must considered of secondary importance.", "contents": "[Clinical considerations on the surgical treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer: experience in 479 cases]. In this work, the authors support the therapeutic validity of gastric-duodenal resection in urgency surgery. This study has been made on 479 cases observed during the last 21 years (1957-78). In 58 of them we have made a sinking of ulcer, in 421 patients we have made, immediatly, a gastric-duodenal resection with B II technique. On the base of the good obtained results, the authors conclude that the contro-indications to this operation (age, general conditions of patient, old pierce, etc.) that were accepted by the most surgeons up to few years ago, must considered of secondary importance.", "PMID": 540373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8299", "title": "[Lymphatic cyst of the retroperitoneal space (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an enormous lymphatic cyst, occupying cephalad and of the retroperitoneal space on the left side, half of it filled with a liquid collection and the other half being solid, displacing and compressing the stomach, spleen, and left kidney and adrenal gland (the later showing evidence of athrophy as a result of compression), Witlial, the patient had no subjective complaints and gave no objective signs of illness beyond the mere evidence of a space-occupying mass.", "contents": "[Lymphatic cyst of the retroperitoneal space (author's transl)]. The authors describe an enormous lymphatic cyst, occupying cephalad and of the retroperitoneal space on the left side, half of it filled with a liquid collection and the other half being solid, displacing and compressing the stomach, spleen, and left kidney and adrenal gland (the later showing evidence of athrophy as a result of compression), Witlial, the patient had no subjective complaints and gave no objective signs of illness beyond the mere evidence of a space-occupying mass.", "PMID": 540374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8300", "title": "[Morgagni-Larrey hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe minutely Morgagni-Larrey hernia, that is the least frequent of the spontaneous herniae of diaphragm, but it seems that it has a real superior incidence that in past time. They sop, particularly, to sketch the different stages of diagphragmatic embryogenesis that, in its complexity, induces to morphogenetic mistakes of variable relief. These mistakes have always their role in the pathodenic mechanism of considerate disease. In the end, they report a case which happened to their observation and that seems to resume the paradigmatic data of Morgagni-Larrey hernia, for its etiopathogenic, anatomo-pathologic and symptomatologic characteristics.", "contents": "[Morgagni-Larrey hernia (author's transl)]. The authors describe minutely Morgagni-Larrey hernia, that is the least frequent of the spontaneous herniae of diaphragm, but it seems that it has a real superior incidence that in past time. They sop, particularly, to sketch the different stages of diagphragmatic embryogenesis that, in its complexity, induces to morphogenetic mistakes of variable relief. These mistakes have always their role in the pathodenic mechanism of considerate disease. In the end, they report a case which happened to their observation and that seems to resume the paradigmatic data of Morgagni-Larrey hernia, for its etiopathogenic, anatomo-pathologic and symptomatologic characteristics.", "PMID": 540376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8301", "title": "[Hodgkin's lymphoma with \"primary\" ileal localization].", "content": "The authors describe an observation of Hodgking's disease with primitive location in ileum, that they treated urgently for intestinal stoppage. After having explained the peculiar history of this disease, they analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic principles, emphasizing the elements that are useful for determining the primitivity of the form and the peculiarity of the treatment.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's lymphoma with \"primary\" ileal localization]. The authors describe an observation of Hodgking's disease with primitive location in ileum, that they treated urgently for intestinal stoppage. After having explained the peculiar history of this disease, they analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic principles, emphasizing the elements that are useful for determining the primitivity of the form and the peculiarity of the treatment.", "PMID": 540377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8302", "title": "[The hematic histamina in malignant tumors of alimentary canal and respiratory apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors estimated the blood histamine level in 39 subjects with malignant tumors of the lung (19), Sthomac (11) and colon (9) and found a significant increase with respect to normal values. Among the groups investigated, the subjects with gastric tumors presented the greatest values. The results show a significant relationship between tumor and hyperhistaminemia as demonstrated by other Authors in experimental animals.", "contents": "[The hematic histamina in malignant tumors of alimentary canal and respiratory apparatus (author's transl)]. The Authors estimated the blood histamine level in 39 subjects with malignant tumors of the lung (19), Sthomac (11) and colon (9) and found a significant increase with respect to normal values. Among the groups investigated, the subjects with gastric tumors presented the greatest values. The results show a significant relationship between tumor and hyperhistaminemia as demonstrated by other Authors in experimental animals.", "PMID": 540378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8303", "title": "[Total hematic histamine in gastrectomized patients].", "content": "The Authors estimated the blood histamine in 15 patients after gastric-resection and found a significant decrease in all the cases with respect either to basal valus or to normal subjects. The autors suppose it is due to a lower presence of istidin-decarbojlase, owing to removal of gastric tissue where such enzime is placed.", "contents": "[Total hematic histamine in gastrectomized patients]. The Authors estimated the blood histamine in 15 patients after gastric-resection and found a significant decrease in all the cases with respect either to basal valus or to normal subjects. The autors suppose it is due to a lower presence of istidin-decarbojlase, owing to removal of gastric tissue where such enzime is placed.", "PMID": 540379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8304", "title": "[A-mode echography in surgery: a study of solitary thyroid nodules (author's transl)].", "content": "As part of their exploration of the possibilities afforded by A-mode ultrasonic investigation in several disorders of surgical interest, the authors report the results obtained in the study of solitary thyroid nodules. More precisely, after a brief explanation of ultrasonics, current apparatus for echography, and methods for echographic examination, they describe the semiological features exploited in A-mode echography: namely nodules with liquid content, mixed content, solid homogeneous content, and solid heterogeneous content. They conclude with considerations on the principles and indications of this diagnostic procedure in the light of their personal experience.", "contents": "[A-mode echography in surgery: a study of solitary thyroid nodules (author's transl)]. As part of their exploration of the possibilities afforded by A-mode ultrasonic investigation in several disorders of surgical interest, the authors report the results obtained in the study of solitary thyroid nodules. More precisely, after a brief explanation of ultrasonics, current apparatus for echography, and methods for echographic examination, they describe the semiological features exploited in A-mode echography: namely nodules with liquid content, mixed content, solid homogeneous content, and solid heterogeneous content. They conclude with considerations on the principles and indications of this diagnostic procedure in the light of their personal experience.", "PMID": 540381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8305", "title": "[A-mode echography in surgery. Study of nodular lesions of the breast].", "content": "In the context of researches for studying the possibilities of ultrasonic A-mode research for a diagnosis of thyroid, mamma and abdominal organs affections, in this first part the authors make known the results obtained studying nodulary lesions. After a short notice about ultra-sounds, echoscopic apparati and methods for echoscopic research, they outline the semeiologic characters for echoscopic A-mode diagnostic and they stop on echoscopic obtained pictures: liquid crops, nodulary images with homogeneus echostructure scarcely ecogena and nodulary images with not homogeneus echostructure highly ecogena. Then they ended with some considerations about the principles and the indications of this method, in the light of personal experience.", "contents": "[A-mode echography in surgery. Study of nodular lesions of the breast]. In the context of researches for studying the possibilities of ultrasonic A-mode research for a diagnosis of thyroid, mamma and abdominal organs affections, in this first part the authors make known the results obtained studying nodulary lesions. After a short notice about ultra-sounds, echoscopic apparati and methods for echoscopic research, they outline the semeiologic characters for echoscopic A-mode diagnostic and they stop on echoscopic obtained pictures: liquid crops, nodulary images with homogeneus echostructure scarcely ecogena and nodulary images with not homogeneus echostructure highly ecogena. Then they ended with some considerations about the principles and the indications of this method, in the light of personal experience.", "PMID": 540382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8306", "title": "[Coloportal fistula in ulcerative colitis (massive penetration, through the splenic vein, of barium and air into the portal system during barium enema)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of massive penetration of barium and air through the splenic vein into the portal system during administration of a radiopaque enema to a woman suffering from hemorrhagic proctitis in the florid phase. They provide a detailed description of this rare clinical case and discuss the possible etiology and pathophysiology of the observed event.", "contents": "[Coloportal fistula in ulcerative colitis (massive penetration, through the splenic vein, of barium and air into the portal system during barium enema)]. The authors describe one case of massive penetration of barium and air through the splenic vein into the portal system during administration of a radiopaque enema to a woman suffering from hemorrhagic proctitis in the florid phase. They provide a detailed description of this rare clinical case and discuss the possible etiology and pathophysiology of the observed event.", "PMID": 540383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8307", "title": "[Stenosis of hepatic artery associated with portal vein anomaly and splenomegaly: a haemodynamic evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of stenosis of the common hepatic artery associated with splenomegaly. After commenting on the rarity and peculiarity of such an occurrence, they explain the decisive role of selective celiac tripod arteriography not only for precise diagnostic definition of the case but also in terms of formulating an appropriate therapeutic program. The study of this case includes a detailed exploration of the hemodynomic situation created by the anomaly in the hepatosplenic district, and an equally detailed study of the associated blood picture changes.", "contents": "[Stenosis of hepatic artery associated with portal vein anomaly and splenomegaly: a haemodynamic evaluation (author's transl)]. The authors describe one case of stenosis of the common hepatic artery associated with splenomegaly. After commenting on the rarity and peculiarity of such an occurrence, they explain the decisive role of selective celiac tripod arteriography not only for precise diagnostic definition of the case but also in terms of formulating an appropriate therapeutic program. The study of this case includes a detailed exploration of the hemodynomic situation created by the anomaly in the hepatosplenic district, and an equally detailed study of the associated blood picture changes.", "PMID": 540384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8308", "title": "[Variations of hematic viscosity due to water-electrolyte disorders induced by muscular stress].", "content": "In view of the increasingly widespread tendency of common people to undertake sports activities without adequate athletic preparation, and in consideration of certain cardiovascular alterations detected in subjects cultivating athletic activities of some magnitude for a number of years, the authors set out to explore the effects of severe muscular activity on circulation. More precicely, they measured blood and plasma viscosity at rest and after 50 minutes of intense athletic activity, competitive or otherwise, at the same time looking for possible changes of volemia, blood lipid composition, and hemodynamic parameters. Trained subjects, even if no longer very young, showed viscosity values in the lower range of normal, with no increase following muscular exertion; and likewise no changes of circulating blood volumes. Untrained subjects, conversely, showed more significant increase of both said values, albeit not beyond the limits of norm. The definitely if not dramatically different behavior of the two groups of subjects (trained versus untrained) brings out the value of this simple test. The authors discuss the factors and mechanisms that may be responsible for the observed changes: namely the loss of water and associated changes of electrolyte and protein concentrations, the alterations of blood pH, the changes of paO2, and the increased velocity of blood flow.", "contents": "[Variations of hematic viscosity due to water-electrolyte disorders induced by muscular stress]. In view of the increasingly widespread tendency of common people to undertake sports activities without adequate athletic preparation, and in consideration of certain cardiovascular alterations detected in subjects cultivating athletic activities of some magnitude for a number of years, the authors set out to explore the effects of severe muscular activity on circulation. More precicely, they measured blood and plasma viscosity at rest and after 50 minutes of intense athletic activity, competitive or otherwise, at the same time looking for possible changes of volemia, blood lipid composition, and hemodynamic parameters. Trained subjects, even if no longer very young, showed viscosity values in the lower range of normal, with no increase following muscular exertion; and likewise no changes of circulating blood volumes. Untrained subjects, conversely, showed more significant increase of both said values, albeit not beyond the limits of norm. The definitely if not dramatically different behavior of the two groups of subjects (trained versus untrained) brings out the value of this simple test. The authors discuss the factors and mechanisms that may be responsible for the observed changes: namely the loss of water and associated changes of electrolyte and protein concentrations, the alterations of blood pH, the changes of paO2, and the increased velocity of blood flow.", "PMID": 540385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8309", "title": "[The behavior of blood viscosity in polyglobulism].", "content": "In polyglobulic subjects we have found a variable reduction of plasmatic viscosity, with an increase of total viscosity. If the increase of Ht is the first cause of the increase of total viscosity, it is less simple to find the cause of plasmatic viscosity decrease; to this end we have analysed direct and indirect factors (coagulation factors, proteinous and lipidic components). We haven't found any significant qualitative alterations. It is proposed the importance of the interventions of basic proteins of polication type. To this end it has been studied the connection between plasmatic viscosity and ESR, being both influenced by the same factors, but in a contrary way and with variable results. Then the role of plasmatic viscosity in these subjects, in substitution of ESR, is significant.", "contents": "[The behavior of blood viscosity in polyglobulism]. In polyglobulic subjects we have found a variable reduction of plasmatic viscosity, with an increase of total viscosity. If the increase of Ht is the first cause of the increase of total viscosity, it is less simple to find the cause of plasmatic viscosity decrease; to this end we have analysed direct and indirect factors (coagulation factors, proteinous and lipidic components). We haven't found any significant qualitative alterations. It is proposed the importance of the interventions of basic proteins of polication type. To this end it has been studied the connection between plasmatic viscosity and ESR, being both influenced by the same factors, but in a contrary way and with variable results. Then the role of plasmatic viscosity in these subjects, in substitution of ESR, is significant.", "PMID": 540386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8310", "title": "[Variations of hematic and plasmatic viscosity as a function of flow velocity, analyzed by means of an experimental model].", "content": "The authors have determined the hematic and plasmatic viscosity in 60 sound subjects, 30 men and 30 women respectively, at different values of cut drop, corresponding to the values that can be found at different levels of circulatory system. These subjects had value of Ht, total protidemy, cholesterolemy and trigliceryds, included in normal limits. For these determinations, made at constant temperature, they have used Well-Brookfield with a divergent angle of 0,8 degrees. In this way they could determinate the normality limits of hematic and plasmatic viscosity, in men and women, in connection with the physiologic modifications of flux speed. It has been confirmed the tixotropo behaviour of blood, whose viscosity increases exponentially for lessenings of cut drop and we have put this fact in touch with genesis of thrombosis. They haven't shown any expressive difference in the behaviour of the curves of two undergroups; the curve of middle values is higher for men, and it seems that this difference is owing to Ht. esclusively. In the end they have considered the curves of subjects that had values of viscosity different from normality; in this way they have found three different curves, in pathologic conditions.", "contents": "[Variations of hematic and plasmatic viscosity as a function of flow velocity, analyzed by means of an experimental model]. The authors have determined the hematic and plasmatic viscosity in 60 sound subjects, 30 men and 30 women respectively, at different values of cut drop, corresponding to the values that can be found at different levels of circulatory system. These subjects had value of Ht, total protidemy, cholesterolemy and trigliceryds, included in normal limits. For these determinations, made at constant temperature, they have used Well-Brookfield with a divergent angle of 0,8 degrees. In this way they could determinate the normality limits of hematic and plasmatic viscosity, in men and women, in connection with the physiologic modifications of flux speed. It has been confirmed the tixotropo behaviour of blood, whose viscosity increases exponentially for lessenings of cut drop and we have put this fact in touch with genesis of thrombosis. They haven't shown any expressive difference in the behaviour of the curves of two undergroups; the curve of middle values is higher for men, and it seems that this difference is owing to Ht. esclusively. In the end they have considered the curves of subjects that had values of viscosity different from normality; in this way they have found three different curves, in pathologic conditions.", "PMID": 540387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8311", "title": "[Traumatic hernias of the right hemidiaphragm].", "content": "Four cases of right traumatic diaphragmatic hernia are reported. The original aspect of this type of lesion is that herniation of abdominal viscera into the chest is usually delayed due to the liver temporary plugging of the diaphragmatic defect. Diagnostic importance of diaphragm elevation combined with mediastinal push-back is stressed, as well as the value of x-ray examination following pneumoperitoneum. Reduction of the hernia and repair of the diaphragmatic defect can easily be accomplished by abdominal route alone, instead by a transthoracic approach usually preferred by surgeons in delayed presentation, particularly in those patients with marked limitation of pulmonary reserve.", "contents": "[Traumatic hernias of the right hemidiaphragm]. Four cases of right traumatic diaphragmatic hernia are reported. The original aspect of this type of lesion is that herniation of abdominal viscera into the chest is usually delayed due to the liver temporary plugging of the diaphragmatic defect. Diagnostic importance of diaphragm elevation combined with mediastinal push-back is stressed, as well as the value of x-ray examination following pneumoperitoneum. Reduction of the hernia and repair of the diaphragmatic defect can easily be accomplished by abdominal route alone, instead by a transthoracic approach usually preferred by surgeons in delayed presentation, particularly in those patients with marked limitation of pulmonary reserve.", "PMID": 540388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8312", "title": "[Hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The authors report their experience in the treatment of hemorrhagic duodenal ulcers in 19 patients (17 men, 2 women) between 1972 and 1977. They compare the results obtained with the two methods adopted, namely gastric resection and local hemostasis of the ulcer followed by troncular or selective vagotomy, or selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The results so analyzed speak definitely in favor of the latter procedures as opposed to gastrectomy.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer]. The authors report their experience in the treatment of hemorrhagic duodenal ulcers in 19 patients (17 men, 2 women) between 1972 and 1977. They compare the results obtained with the two methods adopted, namely gastric resection and local hemostasis of the ulcer followed by troncular or selective vagotomy, or selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The results so analyzed speak definitely in favor of the latter procedures as opposed to gastrectomy.", "PMID": 540390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8313", "title": "[Our experience in the treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The Authors considers 49 cases of perforated duodenal ulcers in free peritoneum, observed in 6 years from 1972 to 1977. They are quite exclusively males (9 : 1), aged from 22 to 80 years, observed from over 4 to 72 hours from effective perforation. After the bare necessities of their hydroelectrolitics balancing, 20 cases came to a simple suture, 29 to an ulcer excision, vagotomy and pyloric plastics. No post operative complications were noted in the two groups: mortality has been of 2 patients in the first group and of no one in the second; pathological ulcerous relaps have been of 47% in the first group and 0 in the second one, with from over 15 months to 6 years controls. By clinical, radiological and andoscopical examinations the AA, concludes that the best therapy treatment in perforated duodenal ulcers--except very particular cases--consists at the same time in the treatment of ulcerous pathology and its complications, with vagotomy completed by piloric plastics sec. Judd, and ulcer's excision.", "contents": "[Our experience in the treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer]. The Authors considers 49 cases of perforated duodenal ulcers in free peritoneum, observed in 6 years from 1972 to 1977. They are quite exclusively males (9 : 1), aged from 22 to 80 years, observed from over 4 to 72 hours from effective perforation. After the bare necessities of their hydroelectrolitics balancing, 20 cases came to a simple suture, 29 to an ulcer excision, vagotomy and pyloric plastics. No post operative complications were noted in the two groups: mortality has been of 2 patients in the first group and of no one in the second; pathological ulcerous relaps have been of 47% in the first group and 0 in the second one, with from over 15 months to 6 years controls. By clinical, radiological and andoscopical examinations the AA, concludes that the best therapy treatment in perforated duodenal ulcers--except very particular cases--consists at the same time in the treatment of ulcerous pathology and its complications, with vagotomy completed by piloric plastics sec. Judd, and ulcer's excision.", "PMID": 540391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8314", "title": "Fitness and employee productivity.", "content": "What should management consider when deciding whether to sponsor a company fitness program? This article gives pragmatic answers to the business community as well as outlining critical avenues for future research for both academics and corporations. Understanding the nature of the commitment is a prerequisite for success. Whether the program should be short term and serve as a catalyst for future individual efforts, or a long-term commitment, is a question which must be considered. Decisions of this type are partially dependent on what criteria are used to evaluate success. As measurements of employee productivity are very subjective or non-existent, absenteeism and turnover are potential yardsticks. Details of employee programs must also address the issue of participation as well as the frequency, intensity and duration. Future research must separate the effect of the fitness improvement from the benfits derived from just being in a program. The measurement of productivity and the long-term effect of fitness programs, especially short-term programs, are also areas for future work.", "contents": "Fitness and employee productivity. What should management consider when deciding whether to sponsor a company fitness program? This article gives pragmatic answers to the business community as well as outlining critical avenues for future research for both academics and corporations. Understanding the nature of the commitment is a prerequisite for success. Whether the program should be short term and serve as a catalyst for future individual efforts, or a long-term commitment, is a question which must be considered. Decisions of this type are partially dependent on what criteria are used to evaluate success. As measurements of employee productivity are very subjective or non-existent, absenteeism and turnover are potential yardsticks. Details of employee programs must also address the issue of participation as well as the frequency, intensity and duration. Future research must separate the effect of the fitness improvement from the benfits derived from just being in a program. The measurement of productivity and the long-term effect of fitness programs, especially short-term programs, are also areas for future work.", "PMID": 540412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8315", "title": "Potential sources of anxiety and depression associated with athletic competition.", "content": "The major purpose of this paper is to explore some tentative hypotheses concerning the relationship between the athlete's personal (internal) vulnerability and the realistically induced stress of world class competition. Clinically-oriented psychodynamic theory provides the theoretical underpinnings for this exploration. First, the positive, and particularly the negative impart of anxiety and depression on athletic performance is discussed. Then, for purposes of demonstrating the potential applications of clinically-oriented theory, a composite case example is offered illustrating the manner in which an athlete's internal vulnerability could lead to performance inhibitions. Finally, some tentative formulations are offered with a view towards correctively intervening with athletes whose natural capacity to cope with stress is temporarily outstripped, leading to inhibited performance.", "contents": "Potential sources of anxiety and depression associated with athletic competition. The major purpose of this paper is to explore some tentative hypotheses concerning the relationship between the athlete's personal (internal) vulnerability and the realistically induced stress of world class competition. Clinically-oriented psychodynamic theory provides the theoretical underpinnings for this exploration. First, the positive, and particularly the negative impart of anxiety and depression on athletic performance is discussed. Then, for purposes of demonstrating the potential applications of clinically-oriented theory, a composite case example is offered illustrating the manner in which an athlete's internal vulnerability could lead to performance inhibitions. Finally, some tentative formulations are offered with a view towards correctively intervening with athletes whose natural capacity to cope with stress is temporarily outstripped, leading to inhibited performance.", "PMID": 540413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8316", "title": "Some factors affecting accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores.", "content": "Factors affecting the accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores have been evaluated in male and female office workers. At a first attempt, the typical subject underestimates his 10 sec post-exercise pulse count by 1 beat, with a superimposed probable error of 2 beats. However, the modest experience of pulse counting gained in an employee fitness programme corrects the systematic error, while the probable random error is reduced to approximately 8 beats/min. Taking account also of variations in the fficiency of stepping, the probable error of an Astrand prediction of V O2(max) is approximately 10.3%. Comparison with directly measured values in a subsample of 22 men shows an actual random discrepancy of 9.5%, plus a systematic error of approximately 19% due to an increase of heart rate with anticipation of the maximum test. The Jett\u00e9 prediction formula has a random discrepancy of approximately 8%, plus a systematic error of approximately 10.6%. Assuming the latter can be corrected by evaluation of a larger population, the fitness scores should give most people an indication of both their initial fitness and responses to a training regimen.", "contents": "Some factors affecting accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores. Factors affecting the accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores have been evaluated in male and female office workers. At a first attempt, the typical subject underestimates his 10 sec post-exercise pulse count by 1 beat, with a superimposed probable error of 2 beats. However, the modest experience of pulse counting gained in an employee fitness programme corrects the systematic error, while the probable random error is reduced to approximately 8 beats/min. Taking account also of variations in the fficiency of stepping, the probable error of an Astrand prediction of V O2(max) is approximately 10.3%. Comparison with directly measured values in a subsample of 22 men shows an actual random discrepancy of 9.5%, plus a systematic error of approximately 19% due to an increase of heart rate with anticipation of the maximum test. The Jett\u00e9 prediction formula has a random discrepancy of approximately 8%, plus a systematic error of approximately 10.6%. Assuming the latter can be corrected by evaluation of a larger population, the fitness scores should give most people an indication of both their initial fitness and responses to a training regimen.", "PMID": 540414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8317", "title": "Influence of running pace upon performance: effects upon oxygen intake, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion.", "content": "Three different techniques of middle distance running (fast/slow, slow/fast, and steady pace) have been compared in terms of oxygen intake, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The subjects (10 middle distance and long distance male runners) carried out the three patterns of running on the laboratory threadmill according to a randomly ordered sequence, on each occasion covering 1400 m in 4 min. The fast/slow protocol resulted in a rapid and sustained on-transient of oxygen intake, less lactate accumulation, and a lower rating of perceived exertion during the final 2 min of th4 min run. Physiological data thus support coaching impressions of the superiority of the fast/slow protocol.", "contents": "Influence of running pace upon performance: effects upon oxygen intake, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion. Three different techniques of middle distance running (fast/slow, slow/fast, and steady pace) have been compared in terms of oxygen intake, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The subjects (10 middle distance and long distance male runners) carried out the three patterns of running on the laboratory threadmill according to a randomly ordered sequence, on each occasion covering 1400 m in 4 min. The fast/slow protocol resulted in a rapid and sustained on-transient of oxygen intake, less lactate accumulation, and a lower rating of perceived exertion during the final 2 min of th4 min run. Physiological data thus support coaching impressions of the superiority of the fast/slow protocol.", "PMID": 540415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8318", "title": "A comparison between predicted VO2 max from the Astrand procedure and the Canadian Home Fitness Test.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the predicted maximal oxygen concumption derived from the Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT) and the Astrand ergometer test to the observed VO2 max determined from a progressive multi-stage treadmill test. Sixty-four sedentary subjects (35 males and 29 females) ranging in age from 20 to 54 years participated in the study. The mean VO2 max measured on the treadmill for males and females was 34.6 +/- 6.0 ml/kg/min while the Astrand procedure predicted a mean VO2max of 29.6 +/- 6.5 ml/kg/min and the CHFT predicted a mean VO2 max of 34.8 +/- 5.0 ml/kg/min. Statistical analysis revealed a significant under-prediction (P less than 0.001) of the VO2 predicted by the Astrand test to the VO2 max derived from the treadmill test while there were no differences between the treadmill VO2max and that predicted by the CHFT. When the male and female values were analyzed separately, the same results were seen in the males. For the females, however, there were no significant differences among predicted and observed values. It concluded that the CHFT provided an adequate prediction of cardio-respiratory fitness as well as, if not superior to, the Astrand procedure.", "contents": "A comparison between predicted VO2 max from the Astrand procedure and the Canadian Home Fitness Test. The purpose of this study was to compare the predicted maximal oxygen concumption derived from the Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT) and the Astrand ergometer test to the observed VO2 max determined from a progressive multi-stage treadmill test. Sixty-four sedentary subjects (35 males and 29 females) ranging in age from 20 to 54 years participated in the study. The mean VO2 max measured on the treadmill for males and females was 34.6 +/- 6.0 ml/kg/min while the Astrand procedure predicted a mean VO2max of 29.6 +/- 6.5 ml/kg/min and the CHFT predicted a mean VO2 max of 34.8 +/- 5.0 ml/kg/min. Statistical analysis revealed a significant under-prediction (P less than 0.001) of the VO2 predicted by the Astrand test to the VO2 max derived from the treadmill test while there were no differences between the treadmill VO2max and that predicted by the CHFT. When the male and female values were analyzed separately, the same results were seen in the males. For the females, however, there were no significant differences among predicted and observed values. It concluded that the CHFT provided an adequate prediction of cardio-respiratory fitness as well as, if not superior to, the Astrand procedure.", "PMID": 540416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8319", "title": "Growth patterns of elite French-Canadian female gymnasts.", "content": "In the present investigation, an elite group of competitive female French-Canadian gymnasts (N = 7) were evaluated using 35 standardized morphological measures at an interval of 475 days. At the two evaluatione, the average age of the gymnasts was 13.9 and 15.3 years and at the termination 4 of the 7 girls had not yet reached menarche. Standard body lengths, widths, skinfolds and proportions were measured. Almost everybody dependent variable increased significantly while the body proportions, for the most part, stayed the same. Skinfold measures of body fat tended to remain the same or to decrease over this period. In comparison to other reference groups of female gymnasts tested over the last 10 years, these elite competiters were younger, smaller, and lighter reflecting the present day trends. Implications of this decreased body size were discussed in terms of the potential mechanical advantages that accompany these characteristics.", "contents": "Growth patterns of elite French-Canadian female gymnasts. In the present investigation, an elite group of competitive female French-Canadian gymnasts (N = 7) were evaluated using 35 standardized morphological measures at an interval of 475 days. At the two evaluatione, the average age of the gymnasts was 13.9 and 15.3 years and at the termination 4 of the 7 girls had not yet reached menarche. Standard body lengths, widths, skinfolds and proportions were measured. Almost everybody dependent variable increased significantly while the body proportions, for the most part, stayed the same. Skinfold measures of body fat tended to remain the same or to decrease over this period. In comparison to other reference groups of female gymnasts tested over the last 10 years, these elite competiters were younger, smaller, and lighter reflecting the present day trends. Implications of this decreased body size were discussed in terms of the potential mechanical advantages that accompany these characteristics.", "PMID": 540417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8320", "title": "Knowledge of performance, skill level and performance on the balance beam.", "content": "Knowledge of performance (KP) using video-tape replay (VTR) was given to a group of girls aged 12--13, n = 8, learning to perform a beginning balance beam routine. A control group (n = 8) was taught utilizing conventional information feedback. Performance was assessed by three U.S. Federation Gymnastic judges after four weeks and again after six weeks. All S's in the experimental group were judged to be at the associative learning stage. The data were analyzed using a mixed repeated measures design with one between and one within subjects variables. A significant treatment effect (F = 48.7, alpha less than or equal to .01) and treatment by group interaction (F = 19.21, alpha less than or equal to .01) resulted. The experimental group was responsible for the bulk of the significance and it was therefore concluded th KP via VTP for S's in the associative learning stage was beneficial.", "contents": "Knowledge of performance, skill level and performance on the balance beam. Knowledge of performance (KP) using video-tape replay (VTR) was given to a group of girls aged 12--13, n = 8, learning to perform a beginning balance beam routine. A control group (n = 8) was taught utilizing conventional information feedback. Performance was assessed by three U.S. Federation Gymnastic judges after four weeks and again after six weeks. All S's in the experimental group were judged to be at the associative learning stage. The data were analyzed using a mixed repeated measures design with one between and one within subjects variables. A significant treatment effect (F = 48.7, alpha less than or equal to .01) and treatment by group interaction (F = 19.21, alpha less than or equal to .01) resulted. The experimental group was responsible for the bulk of the significance and it was therefore concluded th KP via VTP for S's in the associative learning stage was beneficial.", "PMID": 540418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8321", "title": "Report on the survey of National Sport Governing Bodies' Sport Science needs.", "content": "This study identifies areas of current and anticipated future utilization of Sport Science Specialists by National Sport Governing Bodies in National level Sport Programs. The results of the survey are discussed in terms of financial and time commitments for sport administrators and sport scientists, respectively.", "contents": "Report on the survey of National Sport Governing Bodies' Sport Science needs. This study identifies areas of current and anticipated future utilization of Sport Science Specialists by National Sport Governing Bodies in National level Sport Programs. The results of the survey are discussed in terms of financial and time commitments for sport administrators and sport scientists, respectively.", "PMID": 540419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8322", "title": "Haemodynamic alterations after reversal of renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. Cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were determined in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats of 4 weeks' duration, in matched normotensive controls and in declipped renal hypertensive rats 2 h-28 days after renal artery declipping. 2. After declipping mean pressure fell rapidly due to a corresponding reduction in total peripheral resistance, this being normalized after 1 day. Cardiac output and heart rate remained initially unchanged, but 1 day after declipping the former was significantly increased compared with output in renal hypertensive rats. 3. The initial normalization of total peripheral resistance must be ascribed to a subnormal vascular smooth muscle tone. The reason is that the hypertensive structural vascular changes are not yet significantly reduced and their presence implies an elevated flow resistance, even when vascular smooth muscle activity equals that in normotension. 4. This considerable 'overshoot' in vascular relaxation and lack of reflexogenic tachycardia, despite resetting of baroreceptors, suggest that peripheral as well as central mechanisms contribute to the rapid normalization of mean arterial pressure in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats, later stabilized by reversal of structural vascular changes.", "contents": "Haemodynamic alterations after reversal of renal hypertension in rats. 1. Cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were determined in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats of 4 weeks' duration, in matched normotensive controls and in declipped renal hypertensive rats 2 h-28 days after renal artery declipping. 2. After declipping mean pressure fell rapidly due to a corresponding reduction in total peripheral resistance, this being normalized after 1 day. Cardiac output and heart rate remained initially unchanged, but 1 day after declipping the former was significantly increased compared with output in renal hypertensive rats. 3. The initial normalization of total peripheral resistance must be ascribed to a subnormal vascular smooth muscle tone. The reason is that the hypertensive structural vascular changes are not yet significantly reduced and their presence implies an elevated flow resistance, even when vascular smooth muscle activity equals that in normotension. 4. This considerable 'overshoot' in vascular relaxation and lack of reflexogenic tachycardia, despite resetting of baroreceptors, suggest that peripheral as well as central mechanisms contribute to the rapid normalization of mean arterial pressure in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats, later stabilized by reversal of structural vascular changes.", "PMID": 540424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8323", "title": "Plasma catecholamines and blood pressure responses to the carotid baroreceptor reflex in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Slight decreases and increases in carotid baroreceptor activity were induced in subjects with essential hypertension by slight alterations in carotid transmural pressure (variable pressure neck-chamber technique) in order to obtain limited increases and reductions in sympathetic adrenergic activity. 2. When sympathetic activity was reflexly increased there was a rise in arterial pressure but no significant increase in plasma catecholamines. Likewise when sympathetic activity was reflexly reduced there was a fall in arterial pressure but no significant reduction in plasma catecholamines. 3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline significantly and markedly increased in the same subjects when sympathetic activity was increased by activation of both arterial and low pressure baroreceptor reflexes with tilting. 4. It is suggested that measurements of catecholamines in systemic plasma may reveal marked degrees of sympathetic activation but may not be a sensitive index of more moderate changes in sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines and blood pressure responses to the carotid baroreceptor reflex in essential hypertension. 1. Slight decreases and increases in carotid baroreceptor activity were induced in subjects with essential hypertension by slight alterations in carotid transmural pressure (variable pressure neck-chamber technique) in order to obtain limited increases and reductions in sympathetic adrenergic activity. 2. When sympathetic activity was reflexly increased there was a rise in arterial pressure but no significant increase in plasma catecholamines. Likewise when sympathetic activity was reflexly reduced there was a fall in arterial pressure but no significant reduction in plasma catecholamines. 3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline significantly and markedly increased in the same subjects when sympathetic activity was increased by activation of both arterial and low pressure baroreceptor reflexes with tilting. 4. It is suggested that measurements of catecholamines in systemic plasma may reveal marked degrees of sympathetic activation but may not be a sensitive index of more moderate changes in sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 540425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8324", "title": "Baroreflex control of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline during exercise in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Twelve subjects (mean age 46.3 +/- 12.5 years) with mild to moderate hypertension were studied before, during and after bicycle ergometer exercise. 2. Baroreflex sensitivity was determined by the Oxford phenylephrine method; sensitivity at rest was inversely related to intra-arterial pressure and age. Age and resting arterial pressure were not related. 3. Exercise for 5 min at 50 W and 5 min at 75 W raised the mean arterial pressure from 116.4 +/- 18.0 to 150.0 +/- 25.4 mmHg, the heart rate from 73.2 to 126.7 beats/min and the plasma noradrenaline from 541 +/- 142.7 to 1309.8 +/- 543.5 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). 4. The increase in noradrenaline during exercise and the maximum mean pressure achieved were inversely related to resting baroreflex sensitivity (r = -0.68 and -0.77 respectively). Resting values of noradrenaline were not related to baroreflex sensitivity, age, or resting blood pressure. 5. It is possible that the rise in both plasma noradrenaline and arterial blood pressure produced by exercise is controlled by the baroreceptor reflexes; these are less effective in hypertensive subjects and thus the increases in noradrenaline and arterial pressure during exercise are greater in subjects with raised blood pressure.", "contents": "Baroreflex control of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline during exercise in essential hypertension. 1. Twelve subjects (mean age 46.3 +/- 12.5 years) with mild to moderate hypertension were studied before, during and after bicycle ergometer exercise. 2. Baroreflex sensitivity was determined by the Oxford phenylephrine method; sensitivity at rest was inversely related to intra-arterial pressure and age. Age and resting arterial pressure were not related. 3. Exercise for 5 min at 50 W and 5 min at 75 W raised the mean arterial pressure from 116.4 +/- 18.0 to 150.0 +/- 25.4 mmHg, the heart rate from 73.2 to 126.7 beats/min and the plasma noradrenaline from 541 +/- 142.7 to 1309.8 +/- 543.5 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). 4. The increase in noradrenaline during exercise and the maximum mean pressure achieved were inversely related to resting baroreflex sensitivity (r = -0.68 and -0.77 respectively). Resting values of noradrenaline were not related to baroreflex sensitivity, age, or resting blood pressure. 5. It is possible that the rise in both plasma noradrenaline and arterial blood pressure produced by exercise is controlled by the baroreceptor reflexes; these are less effective in hypertensive subjects and thus the increases in noradrenaline and arterial pressure during exercise are greater in subjects with raised blood pressure.", "PMID": 540426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8325", "title": "Increased plasma and urinary normetanephrine in young patients with primary hypertension.", "content": "1. Normetanephrine was measured in small samples of plasma and urine of hypertensive patients and normal volunteers (age 20-60 years) by a specific radioenzymatic assay with bovine adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. 2. Noradrenaline was measured simultaneously in plasma and urine. 3. Plasma normetanephrine and noradrenaline concentrations varied in direct proportion to activation or suppression of sympathetic nerve function. 4. Both plasma and urinary normetanephrine concentrations were elevated in patients with phaeochromocytoma. 5. Plasma normetanephrine concentrations were related to plasma noradrenaline concentrations of hypertensive subjects. 6. Plasma normetanephrine and noradrenaline concentrations and urinary normetanephrine excretion rates were increased in some young patients with primary hypertension, suggesting that sympathetic nerve hyperactivity is a pathogenic factor in these patients.", "contents": "Increased plasma and urinary normetanephrine in young patients with primary hypertension. 1. Normetanephrine was measured in small samples of plasma and urine of hypertensive patients and normal volunteers (age 20-60 years) by a specific radioenzymatic assay with bovine adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. 2. Noradrenaline was measured simultaneously in plasma and urine. 3. Plasma normetanephrine and noradrenaline concentrations varied in direct proportion to activation or suppression of sympathetic nerve function. 4. Both plasma and urinary normetanephrine concentrations were elevated in patients with phaeochromocytoma. 5. Plasma normetanephrine concentrations were related to plasma noradrenaline concentrations of hypertensive subjects. 6. Plasma normetanephrine and noradrenaline concentrations and urinary normetanephrine excretion rates were increased in some young patients with primary hypertension, suggesting that sympathetic nerve hyperactivity is a pathogenic factor in these patients.", "PMID": 540427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8326", "title": "Cardiovascular design after 'reversal' of long-standing renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. After 4.5 months of renal hypertension in rats renal artery 'declipping' was performed. Eight weeks afterwards paired hindquarter perfusions were performed on the declipped rats and normotensive control rats, exploring the relationships between mean arterial pressure and flow, from maximal vasodilatation to maximal vasoconstriction, induced by graded noradrenaline infusions. Left ventricular weights were measured. 2. Declipping caused a fall in mean arterial pressure from 180 to 135 mmHg, though still after 8 weeks the mean pressure was 19% higher than in normotensive control rats. 3. All parameters reflecting design and reactivity of the resistance vessels and left ventricular weight decreased significantly, but not as much as mean arterial pressure, and were still significantly increased compared with those of control rats. 4. This neither mean arterial pressure nor cardiovascular design was normalized 8 weeks after 'reversal' of long-standing renal hypertension, in contrast to short-standing renal hypertension where both are completely normalized 3 weeks after declipping.", "contents": "Cardiovascular design after 'reversal' of long-standing renal hypertension in rats. 1. After 4.5 months of renal hypertension in rats renal artery 'declipping' was performed. Eight weeks afterwards paired hindquarter perfusions were performed on the declipped rats and normotensive control rats, exploring the relationships between mean arterial pressure and flow, from maximal vasodilatation to maximal vasoconstriction, induced by graded noradrenaline infusions. Left ventricular weights were measured. 2. Declipping caused a fall in mean arterial pressure from 180 to 135 mmHg, though still after 8 weeks the mean pressure was 19% higher than in normotensive control rats. 3. All parameters reflecting design and reactivity of the resistance vessels and left ventricular weight decreased significantly, but not as much as mean arterial pressure, and were still significantly increased compared with those of control rats. 4. This neither mean arterial pressure nor cardiovascular design was normalized 8 weeks after 'reversal' of long-standing renal hypertension, in contrast to short-standing renal hypertension where both are completely normalized 3 weeks after declipping.", "PMID": 540428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8327", "title": "Catecholamines and haemodynamics in fixed essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Arterial plasma catecholamines and haemodynamic status were simultaneously studied in 27 patients with fixed essential hypertension (WHO I-II). 2. Total arterial plasma catecholamines were found to be directly related to mean arterial pressure and to calculated total peripheral resistance, and they were inversely related to stroke index. 3. The degree of total peripheral resistance reduction after alpha-receptor blockade (phentolamine 10 mg intravenously) and the degree of mean arterial pressure reduction after combined alpha- and beta- receptor blockade (labetalol 100 mg intravenously) were directly related to pretreatment plasma catecholamine concentrations. 4. These findings support the view that the sympathetic nervous system, as evaluated by plasma catecholamine concentration, may have an important role in maintaining hypertension in a subgroup of patients, contributing mainly to the degree of peripheral vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Catecholamines and haemodynamics in fixed essential hypertension. 1. Arterial plasma catecholamines and haemodynamic status were simultaneously studied in 27 patients with fixed essential hypertension (WHO I-II). 2. Total arterial plasma catecholamines were found to be directly related to mean arterial pressure and to calculated total peripheral resistance, and they were inversely related to stroke index. 3. The degree of total peripheral resistance reduction after alpha-receptor blockade (phentolamine 10 mg intravenously) and the degree of mean arterial pressure reduction after combined alpha- and beta- receptor blockade (labetalol 100 mg intravenously) were directly related to pretreatment plasma catecholamine concentrations. 4. These findings support the view that the sympathetic nervous system, as evaluated by plasma catecholamine concentration, may have an important role in maintaining hypertension in a subgroup of patients, contributing mainly to the degree of peripheral vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 540429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8328", "title": "Recordings of renal and splanchnic sympathetic nervous activity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Recordings have been obtained from single sympathetic fibres to the left kidney in anaesthetized adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WK) rats. 2. Under control conditions SH rats had a mean sympathetic activity of 3.3 +/- SE 0.45 Hz and WK rats 1.6 +/- 0.23 Hz. During noradrenaline infusion single fibre discharge decreased gradually to low levels in both SH and WK rats. The absolute decrease in fibre activity/mmHg rise of arterial pressure was greater in SH rats than in WK rats, but the reverse was true when the discharge reduction was expressed as a percentage change. 3. Recordings have also been obtained from the left splanchnic nerve in awake SH and WK rats. Upon volume load with blood, in SH rats the sympathetic activity decreased significantly more than in WK rats. 4. Thus the sympathetic discharge to the kidneys is higher in SH rats than in WK rats. Upon volume load SH rats show an exaggerated reflex response, probably due to an augmented volume-receptor response.", "contents": "Recordings of renal and splanchnic sympathetic nervous activity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Recordings have been obtained from single sympathetic fibres to the left kidney in anaesthetized adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WK) rats. 2. Under control conditions SH rats had a mean sympathetic activity of 3.3 +/- SE 0.45 Hz and WK rats 1.6 +/- 0.23 Hz. During noradrenaline infusion single fibre discharge decreased gradually to low levels in both SH and WK rats. The absolute decrease in fibre activity/mmHg rise of arterial pressure was greater in SH rats than in WK rats, but the reverse was true when the discharge reduction was expressed as a percentage change. 3. Recordings have also been obtained from the left splanchnic nerve in awake SH and WK rats. Upon volume load with blood, in SH rats the sympathetic activity decreased significantly more than in WK rats. 4. Thus the sympathetic discharge to the kidneys is higher in SH rats than in WK rats. Upon volume load SH rats show an exaggerated reflex response, probably due to an augmented volume-receptor response.", "PMID": 540430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8329", "title": "Effect of neonatal sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine on volume and resistance regulation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Neonatal sympathectomy with 6 hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) was used as a tool to assess the significance of an increased sympathetic vascular tone for the development of high blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. After administration of 6-OHDA the rise in blood pressure was blunted for the following 9 weeks until innervation was re-established. 6-OHDA-treated rats retained more sodium and had larger plasma and blood volumes than sham-treated rats. 2. Catecholamines in plasma were increased 2-10-fold immediately after sympathectomy, but their concentrations were subnormal on day 7. Eight weeks after sympathectomy plasma noradrenaline and dopamine were not elevated, but plasma adrenaline has increased twofold. 3. The reactivity of resistance vessels to noradrenaline was markedly enhanced and the neuronal uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline were still reduced 8 weeks after neonatal sympathectomy. 4. These results confirm the significance of an intact sympathetic nervous system for the development in these rats. Sodium retention and increased plasma and blood volume may be considered as a compensatory mechanism for the vasodilatation resulting from decreased vasomotor tone.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine on volume and resistance regulation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Neonatal sympathectomy with 6 hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) was used as a tool to assess the significance of an increased sympathetic vascular tone for the development of high blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. After administration of 6-OHDA the rise in blood pressure was blunted for the following 9 weeks until innervation was re-established. 6-OHDA-treated rats retained more sodium and had larger plasma and blood volumes than sham-treated rats. 2. Catecholamines in plasma were increased 2-10-fold immediately after sympathectomy, but their concentrations were subnormal on day 7. Eight weeks after sympathectomy plasma noradrenaline and dopamine were not elevated, but plasma adrenaline has increased twofold. 3. The reactivity of resistance vessels to noradrenaline was markedly enhanced and the neuronal uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline were still reduced 8 weeks after neonatal sympathectomy. 4. These results confirm the significance of an intact sympathetic nervous system for the development in these rats. Sodium retention and increased plasma and blood volume may be considered as a compensatory mechanism for the vasodilatation resulting from decreased vasomotor tone.", "PMID": 540431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8330", "title": "Absence of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation in cats during early stages of affective behaviour elicited by stimulation of central amygdala, postero-lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus.", "content": "1. Stimulation of the central amygdala, postero-lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus in cats resulted in a sustained increase in arterial pressure, an increase in heart rate, with a poststimulation bradycardia and an increase in peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction in the vessels of the hindlimbs). The behavioural pattern was characterized by an alerting reaction. Increased stimulus intensities resulted in rage reactions if the amygdala or the hypothalamus were stimulated. 2. Stimulation of the basal amygdala resulted in a cardiovascular pattern characterized by a sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation. The concomitantly observed behaviour was characterized by alerting, anxious behaviour, eventually resulting in defence. 3. Alerting was not necessarily linked to sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation. 4. The cardiovascular pattern including sustained vasoconstriction of the vessels of the hindlimbs was supposed to be of greater importance for the induction of hypertension than the cardiovascular pattern, including sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation.", "contents": "Absence of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation in cats during early stages of affective behaviour elicited by stimulation of central amygdala, postero-lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus. 1. Stimulation of the central amygdala, postero-lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus in cats resulted in a sustained increase in arterial pressure, an increase in heart rate, with a poststimulation bradycardia and an increase in peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction in the vessels of the hindlimbs). The behavioural pattern was characterized by an alerting reaction. Increased stimulus intensities resulted in rage reactions if the amygdala or the hypothalamus were stimulated. 2. Stimulation of the basal amygdala resulted in a cardiovascular pattern characterized by a sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation. The concomitantly observed behaviour was characterized by alerting, anxious behaviour, eventually resulting in defence. 3. Alerting was not necessarily linked to sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation. 4. The cardiovascular pattern including sustained vasoconstriction of the vessels of the hindlimbs was supposed to be of greater importance for the induction of hypertension than the cardiovascular pattern, including sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation.", "PMID": 540432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8331", "title": "A sympathetic pressor reflex in the conscious dog.", "content": "1. The effects of mechanical activation of aortic sympathetic sensory fibres have been studied in conscious dogs. 2. A cannula covered by an inflatable rubber balloon, previously implanted in the descending thoracic aorta, was used to stretch the aortic walls without obstructing blood flow. 3. Aortic stretch significantly increased mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate from control values in the absence of pseudo-affective reactions. 4. This response indicates that positive feedback sympathetic reflexes are operative in the conscious, fully innervated animal.", "contents": "A sympathetic pressor reflex in the conscious dog. 1. The effects of mechanical activation of aortic sympathetic sensory fibres have been studied in conscious dogs. 2. A cannula covered by an inflatable rubber balloon, previously implanted in the descending thoracic aorta, was used to stretch the aortic walls without obstructing blood flow. 3. Aortic stretch significantly increased mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate from control values in the absence of pseudo-affective reactions. 4. This response indicates that positive feedback sympathetic reflexes are operative in the conscious, fully innervated animal.", "PMID": 540433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8332", "title": "Noradrenaline clearance in hypertensive patients with various degrees of renal function.", "content": "1. Hypertensive patients with normal renal function showed significantly higher plasma urinary noradrenaline than the normotensive controls, and the hypertensive patients with mild to moderate disturbance of renal function showed the same noradrenaline concentration as the controls. 2. Hypertensive patients with severe renal function disturbance showed significantly higher plasma noradrenaline concentrations and lower urinary noradrenaline excretion than the controls. 3. Noradrenaline clearance calculated by free plasma noradrenaline and total urinary noradrenaline was significantly decreased in those subjects with severe renal dysfunction. 4. Conjugated plasma noradrenaline was increased in the hypertensive patients with the severe disturbance of renal function, and conjugated urinary noradrenaline increased in those without severe renal dysfunction.", "contents": "Noradrenaline clearance in hypertensive patients with various degrees of renal function. 1. Hypertensive patients with normal renal function showed significantly higher plasma urinary noradrenaline than the normotensive controls, and the hypertensive patients with mild to moderate disturbance of renal function showed the same noradrenaline concentration as the controls. 2. Hypertensive patients with severe renal function disturbance showed significantly higher plasma noradrenaline concentrations and lower urinary noradrenaline excretion than the controls. 3. Noradrenaline clearance calculated by free plasma noradrenaline and total urinary noradrenaline was significantly decreased in those subjects with severe renal dysfunction. 4. Conjugated plasma noradrenaline was increased in the hypertensive patients with the severe disturbance of renal function, and conjugated urinary noradrenaline increased in those without severe renal dysfunction.", "PMID": 540434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8333", "title": "Is blood pressure variability related to activity of the sympathetic system?", "content": "1. In 70 patients with untreated essential hypertension, blood pressure variability was correlated to plasma catecholamines and to the response of blood pressure and peripheral flow to cold pressure and handgrip tests. 2. Supine blood pressure was recorded every 5 min, during 3 h. Variability was defined as the standard deviation of the mean of the readings in that period. 3. Blood pressure variability is positively and significantly correlated to the level of pressure and to age. 4. No significant correlation could be found with plasma catecholamines and sympathetic function tests. 5. It is concluded that blood pressure variability is related to the level of pressure but not to activity of the sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Is blood pressure variability related to activity of the sympathetic system? 1. In 70 patients with untreated essential hypertension, blood pressure variability was correlated to plasma catecholamines and to the response of blood pressure and peripheral flow to cold pressure and handgrip tests. 2. Supine blood pressure was recorded every 5 min, during 3 h. Variability was defined as the standard deviation of the mean of the readings in that period. 3. Blood pressure variability is positively and significantly correlated to the level of pressure and to age. 4. No significant correlation could be found with plasma catecholamines and sympathetic function tests. 5. It is concluded that blood pressure variability is related to the level of pressure but not to activity of the sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 540435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8334", "title": "Uptake and efflux of noradrenaline from platelets; a model system for neurogenic mechanisms in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. The rate (k) of initial efflux of noradrenaline from platelets was determined in 63 individuals. A highly significant correlation was found between diastolic blood pressure and efflux rate. 2. When platelets are incubated in buffers with various Na+ concentrations in the range 110-170 mmol/l a higher Na+ concentration will give a faster efflux of noradrenaline for each concentration tested. 3. The value for k was determined in 41 normotensive first-degree relatives of hypertensive individuals and 21 persons with no family history of hypertension. Efflux rate of noradrenaline was significantly higher in the relatives and within this group was a subgroup with very high k values.", "contents": "Uptake and efflux of noradrenaline from platelets; a model system for neurogenic mechanisms in essential hypertension. 1. The rate (k) of initial efflux of noradrenaline from platelets was determined in 63 individuals. A highly significant correlation was found between diastolic blood pressure and efflux rate. 2. When platelets are incubated in buffers with various Na+ concentrations in the range 110-170 mmol/l a higher Na+ concentration will give a faster efflux of noradrenaline for each concentration tested. 3. The value for k was determined in 41 normotensive first-degree relatives of hypertensive individuals and 21 persons with no family history of hypertension. Efflux rate of noradrenaline was significantly higher in the relatives and within this group was a subgroup with very high k values.", "PMID": 540436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8335", "title": "Constriction-distension relationships of resistance vessels in normo- and hyper-tension.", "content": "A haemodynamic analysis of resistance vessel behaviour in normo- and hyper-tension has been performed, relating vessel design, degree of contraction, wall distensibility and transmural pressure to each other in a way which allows a semiquantitative prediction of their respective influences in various situations.", "contents": "Constriction-distension relationships of resistance vessels in normo- and hyper-tension. A haemodynamic analysis of resistance vessel behaviour in normo- and hyper-tension has been performed, relating vessel design, degree of contraction, wall distensibility and transmural pressure to each other in a way which allows a semiquantitative prediction of their respective influences in various situations.", "PMID": 540437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8336", "title": "Enhanced release of noradrenaline in the kidney of the young spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. Vascular reactivity and noradrenaline overflow were studied in Tyrode solution-perfused kidneys from young (6 weeks) normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. The vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation was greater in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from young control rats. 3. Nerve stimulation evoked a greater release of noradrenaline in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from normotensive animals. 4. The results demonstrate that the renal sympathetic nerves release more noradrenaline than normal in the young SH rats, which could be an important factor in causing hypertension.", "contents": "Enhanced release of noradrenaline in the kidney of the young spontaneously hypertensive rat. 1. Vascular reactivity and noradrenaline overflow were studied in Tyrode solution-perfused kidneys from young (6 weeks) normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. The vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation was greater in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from young control rats. 3. Nerve stimulation evoked a greater release of noradrenaline in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from normotensive animals. 4. The results demonstrate that the renal sympathetic nerves release more noradrenaline than normal in the young SH rats, which could be an important factor in causing hypertension.", "PMID": 540438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8337", "title": "Modulation of sympathetic vascular tone by prostaglandins in corticosterone-induced hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. In corticosterone-induced hypertension in rats the activity of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and its modulation by prostaglandins was studied. 2. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline were reduced if compared with those in normotensive control rats. 3. The sensitivity of the isolated perfused hind-limb preparation to noradrenaline was enhanced before blood pressure rose and increased further with the development of hypertension. 4. Arachidonic acid, prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2), but not 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, reversed the supersensitivity to noradrenaline. 5. These results suggest that corticosterone induces a supersensitivity to noradrenaline by inhibiting the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Changes in the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle may play a role in the development of glucocorticoid hypertension.", "contents": "Modulation of sympathetic vascular tone by prostaglandins in corticosterone-induced hypertension in rats. 1. In corticosterone-induced hypertension in rats the activity of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and its modulation by prostaglandins was studied. 2. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline were reduced if compared with those in normotensive control rats. 3. The sensitivity of the isolated perfused hind-limb preparation to noradrenaline was enhanced before blood pressure rose and increased further with the development of hypertension. 4. Arachidonic acid, prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2), but not 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, reversed the supersensitivity to noradrenaline. 5. These results suggest that corticosterone induces a supersensitivity to noradrenaline by inhibiting the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Changes in the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle may play a role in the development of glucocorticoid hypertension.", "PMID": 540439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8338", "title": "Effects of high salt intake and meclofenamate on arterial pressure and renal function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. The effects of prolonged high sodium intake (duration 3 months) and meclofenamate were studied in two groups of male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. Group 1 (eight rats) received 1% NaCl in water and served as controls, and group 2 received 1% NaCl in water plus meclofenamate (3.5-4.0 mg daily). 3. Group 2 rats developed higher arterial pressure, renal vascular resistance and left ventricular weight and greater renal histological changes, with lower effective renal plasma flow, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, than group 1. No differences were observed between the two groups in heart rate, body weight, fluid intake, urine volume, UNaV, UKV and right ventricular weight. 4. The results suggest that the combination of high sodium intake and meclofenamate exerts a greater damaging effect on the arterial presssure and renal function of SH rats than salt alone.", "contents": "Effects of high salt intake and meclofenamate on arterial pressure and renal function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 1. The effects of prolonged high sodium intake (duration 3 months) and meclofenamate were studied in two groups of male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. Group 1 (eight rats) received 1% NaCl in water and served as controls, and group 2 received 1% NaCl in water plus meclofenamate (3.5-4.0 mg daily). 3. Group 2 rats developed higher arterial pressure, renal vascular resistance and left ventricular weight and greater renal histological changes, with lower effective renal plasma flow, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, than group 1. No differences were observed between the two groups in heart rate, body weight, fluid intake, urine volume, UNaV, UKV and right ventricular weight. 4. The results suggest that the combination of high sodium intake and meclofenamate exerts a greater damaging effect on the arterial presssure and renal function of SH rats than salt alone.", "PMID": 540440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8339", "title": "The ratio between thickness of media and internal radius in cerebral, mesenteric and renal arterial vessels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Larger arterial vessels of 15-day-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats showed significantly greater media/internal radius ratio than those of Wistar-Kyoto rats in the brain, kidney and mesentery. 2. Since larger cerebral and renal arteries of adult SH rats did not differ from controls the above results indicate the presence of a non-pressure-dependent vascular abnormality in young SH rats. 3. There were marked differences between the vascular beds of adult SH rats in the increase of media/radius ratio. Thus the changes were evident in all sizes of mesenteric arteries but only in the smallest cerebral arteries.", "contents": "The ratio between thickness of media and internal radius in cerebral, mesenteric and renal arterial vessels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Larger arterial vessels of 15-day-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats showed significantly greater media/internal radius ratio than those of Wistar-Kyoto rats in the brain, kidney and mesentery. 2. Since larger cerebral and renal arteries of adult SH rats did not differ from controls the above results indicate the presence of a non-pressure-dependent vascular abnormality in young SH rats. 3. There were marked differences between the vascular beds of adult SH rats in the increase of media/radius ratio. Thus the changes were evident in all sizes of mesenteric arteries but only in the smallest cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 540441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8340", "title": "The effect of mental stress on prostaglandin F2 alpha in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects.", "content": "1. The influence of mental stress, 30 min Kraepelin's arithmetic test under noise on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha was studied in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects. 2. Before the arithmetic test the plasma PGF2 alpha in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects. The mental stress produced a significant increased in plasm PGF2 alpha in healthy subjects but not in patients with essential hypertension. 3. Three hour urine excretion of PGF2 alpha before stress was about two times lower in hypertensive patients than in healthy subjects. After exposure to stress a significant decrease in urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha was found in healthy subjects, but not in hypertensive patients. 4. The stress-induced increase in plasma PGF2 alpha of healthy subjects may reflect elevated brain PGF2 alpha synthesis. The individual differences in response to stress in hypertensive patients may result from specific impairments in synthesis and/or prostaglandin turnover.", "contents": "The effect of mental stress on prostaglandin F2 alpha in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects. 1. The influence of mental stress, 30 min Kraepelin's arithmetic test under noise on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha was studied in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects. 2. Before the arithmetic test the plasma PGF2 alpha in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects. The mental stress produced a significant increased in plasm PGF2 alpha in healthy subjects but not in patients with essential hypertension. 3. Three hour urine excretion of PGF2 alpha before stress was about two times lower in hypertensive patients than in healthy subjects. After exposure to stress a significant decrease in urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha was found in healthy subjects, but not in hypertensive patients. 4. The stress-induced increase in plasma PGF2 alpha of healthy subjects may reflect elevated brain PGF2 alpha synthesis. The individual differences in response to stress in hypertensive patients may result from specific impairments in synthesis and/or prostaglandin turnover.", "PMID": 540442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8341", "title": "Familial resemblance in casual blood pressure--a maternal effect?", "content": "1. The familial resemblance in causal blood pressure was studied in material derived from an ophthalmic population survey. The population consisted of 1078 individuals forming 373 families and 1410 pairs divided into groups with different relationships. In order to adjust for age, the difference between the logarithm of the systolic blood pressure and that of the value expected from a linear regression on age was used instead of the observed pressure. 2. There was no significant correlation between spouses. Children did not resemble their fathers at all. Sons and daughters were significantly correlated with their mothers. The resemblance between siblings was even greater and highly significant. The familial resemblance was not dependent on synchronized pressure readings or on a common household and was not related to the time available for cumulation of effects. 3. Together these findings formed a pattern strongly suggesting long-lasting maternal effects on the systolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Familial resemblance in casual blood pressure--a maternal effect? 1. The familial resemblance in causal blood pressure was studied in material derived from an ophthalmic population survey. The population consisted of 1078 individuals forming 373 families and 1410 pairs divided into groups with different relationships. In order to adjust for age, the difference between the logarithm of the systolic blood pressure and that of the value expected from a linear regression on age was used instead of the observed pressure. 2. There was no significant correlation between spouses. Children did not resemble their fathers at all. Sons and daughters were significantly correlated with their mothers. The resemblance between siblings was even greater and highly significant. The familial resemblance was not dependent on synchronized pressure readings or on a common household and was not related to the time available for cumulation of effects. 3. Together these findings formed a pattern strongly suggesting long-lasting maternal effects on the systolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 540443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8342", "title": "Autoantibodies in untreated and treated essential hypertension: relationship to histocompatability leucocyte antigen-B15 and vascular complications.", "content": "1. The presence of autoantibodies and the histocompatibility leucocyte antigen (HLA) antigen B15 was studied in relation to vascular complications (WHO III) in 148 patients with essential hypertension. 2. Nine of 36 patients with WHO stage III hypertension had autoantibodies, compared with seven out of 78 normotensive controls. 3. The frequency of B15 was 36.1% in hypertensive patients with stage III hypertension and 14.8% in controls. Nine of 18 patients with cerebral complications had B15 and four out of 18 with cardiac complications had B15. 4. The relative risk of vascular complications was 3.4 times higher in B15-positive patients with essential hypertension compared with B15-negative patients. 5. This study suggests that B15-positive patients with essential hypertension represent a subgroup with a higher risk of vascular complications. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether B15 might serve as predictor for vascular complications. 6. The study adds further support to suggestions of a genetic and possibly HLA-linked connection between essential hypertension, diabetes and autoimmunity.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in untreated and treated essential hypertension: relationship to histocompatability leucocyte antigen-B15 and vascular complications. 1. The presence of autoantibodies and the histocompatibility leucocyte antigen (HLA) antigen B15 was studied in relation to vascular complications (WHO III) in 148 patients with essential hypertension. 2. Nine of 36 patients with WHO stage III hypertension had autoantibodies, compared with seven out of 78 normotensive controls. 3. The frequency of B15 was 36.1% in hypertensive patients with stage III hypertension and 14.8% in controls. Nine of 18 patients with cerebral complications had B15 and four out of 18 with cardiac complications had B15. 4. The relative risk of vascular complications was 3.4 times higher in B15-positive patients with essential hypertension compared with B15-negative patients. 5. This study suggests that B15-positive patients with essential hypertension represent a subgroup with a higher risk of vascular complications. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether B15 might serve as predictor for vascular complications. 6. The study adds further support to suggestions of a genetic and possibly HLA-linked connection between essential hypertension, diabetes and autoimmunity.", "PMID": 540444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8343", "title": "Physical activity and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.", "content": "1. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out in 10 subjects for a period of 48 h, the first or second 24 h part of which was selected randomly to be a period of complete bed rest. 2. Heart rate was significantly lower throughout the period of bed rest except for the period 04.00-08.00 hours, when there was little difference. 3. The circadian variation of blood pressure was reduced during the day of bed rest but this was mainly due to higher night-time pressures.", "contents": "Physical activity and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. 1. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out in 10 subjects for a period of 48 h, the first or second 24 h part of which was selected randomly to be a period of complete bed rest. 2. Heart rate was significantly lower throughout the period of bed rest except for the period 04.00-08.00 hours, when there was little difference. 3. The circadian variation of blood pressure was reduced during the day of bed rest but this was mainly due to higher night-time pressures.", "PMID": 540445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8344", "title": "Factors influencing blood pressure in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "1. Of 96 alcoholics admitted for detoxification, 48% were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg). 2. Elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was related to the severity of alcohol-withdrawal symptoms. 3. After these symptoms had abated only 9% of patients remained hypertensive. 4. Blood pressure remained normal if patients abstained from alcohol after discharge but rose in those who started drinking again. 5. Hypertension was not consistently related to the presence or severity of alcoholic liver disease. 6. Alcohol-related hypertension may be the result of the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome; increased noradrenergic activity is suggested as the likely mechanism.", "contents": "Factors influencing blood pressure in chronic alcoholics. 1. Of 96 alcoholics admitted for detoxification, 48% were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg). 2. Elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was related to the severity of alcohol-withdrawal symptoms. 3. After these symptoms had abated only 9% of patients remained hypertensive. 4. Blood pressure remained normal if patients abstained from alcohol after discharge but rose in those who started drinking again. 5. Hypertension was not consistently related to the presence or severity of alcoholic liver disease. 6. Alcohol-related hypertension may be the result of the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome; increased noradrenergic activity is suggested as the likely mechanism.", "PMID": 540446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8345", "title": "Effect of isometric exercise on the renal excretion of sodium and potassium in mild hypertension.", "content": "1. Basal levels of pulse rate, blood pressure and rates of sodium and potassium excretion were observed in eight white male patients with mild hypertension and eight age-, sex- and colour-matched controls during an initial rest period of 90 min and then for 5 h after a 1 h period of isometric exercise involving all four limbs in rotation. The studies were repeated on another day with the subjects resting instead of exercising for 1 h. 2. Changes in systolic pressure after exercise were similar in the hypertensive and control groups, whereas the rise in diastolic pressure was higher and the rise in pulse rate lower after exercise in the hypertensive group compared with the control group. 3. The changes in the rate of salt excretion were significantly different in the two groups, the hypertensive group retaining proportionately more sodium and potassium over several hours.", "contents": "Effect of isometric exercise on the renal excretion of sodium and potassium in mild hypertension. 1. Basal levels of pulse rate, blood pressure and rates of sodium and potassium excretion were observed in eight white male patients with mild hypertension and eight age-, sex- and colour-matched controls during an initial rest period of 90 min and then for 5 h after a 1 h period of isometric exercise involving all four limbs in rotation. The studies were repeated on another day with the subjects resting instead of exercising for 1 h. 2. Changes in systolic pressure after exercise were similar in the hypertensive and control groups, whereas the rise in diastolic pressure was higher and the rise in pulse rate lower after exercise in the hypertensive group compared with the control group. 3. The changes in the rate of salt excretion were significantly different in the two groups, the hypertensive group retaining proportionately more sodium and potassium over several hours.", "PMID": 540448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8346", "title": "Abnormal whole-body and cellular (erythrocytes) turnover of 22Na+ in normotensive relatives of probands with established essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Whole-body elimination rate of 22Na+ was decreased in normotensive or borderline first-degree relatives of hypertensive probands. 2. Whole-body potassium, exchangeable sodium and urine excretion of sodium, potassium and creatinine were similar in relatives and controls. 3. Erythrocyte net influx of 22Na+ was significantly increased in normotensive relatives. 4. Abnormal whole-body and cellular handling of sodium (22Na+) demonstrated in relatives indicates that this abnormality may have an important role in the development of essential hypertension in man.", "contents": "Abnormal whole-body and cellular (erythrocytes) turnover of 22Na+ in normotensive relatives of probands with established essential hypertension. 1. Whole-body elimination rate of 22Na+ was decreased in normotensive or borderline first-degree relatives of hypertensive probands. 2. Whole-body potassium, exchangeable sodium and urine excretion of sodium, potassium and creatinine were similar in relatives and controls. 3. Erythrocyte net influx of 22Na+ was significantly increased in normotensive relatives. 4. Abnormal whole-body and cellular handling of sodium (22Na+) demonstrated in relatives indicates that this abnormality may have an important role in the development of essential hypertension in man.", "PMID": 540449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8347", "title": "Intralymphocytic sodium in hypertensive patients: a significant correlation.", "content": "1. Intralymphocytic sodium concentration was measured in 50 patients with essential stable hypertension, 44 patients with labile hypertension and 40 subjects with normal blood pressure. 2. Intralymphocytic sodium concentration in normotensive subjects was significantly lower than in the other two groups. 3. The concentration was significantly correlated with mean blood pressure in the group as a whole and in the groups with stable and with labile hypertension. No correlation was found in normal subjects.", "contents": "Intralymphocytic sodium in hypertensive patients: a significant correlation. 1. Intralymphocytic sodium concentration was measured in 50 patients with essential stable hypertension, 44 patients with labile hypertension and 40 subjects with normal blood pressure. 2. Intralymphocytic sodium concentration in normotensive subjects was significantly lower than in the other two groups. 3. The concentration was significantly correlated with mean blood pressure in the group as a whole and in the groups with stable and with labile hypertension. No correlation was found in normal subjects.", "PMID": 540450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8348", "title": "Clinical and pathological relevance of erythrocyte cation fluxes measurement in hypertension.", "content": "1. The clinical applications of a simple laboratory test for the diagnosis of essential hypertension were further investigated on a large number of patients (124 individuals). 2. The reduced erythrocyte ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes observed in essential hypertensives might be secondary to a functional defect in a Na+-K+ cotransport system. 3. A similar reduction in the ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes was also observed in erythrocytes of some normotensive subjects born of hypertensive parents and of genetically hypertensive rats. This suggests that the erythrocyte membrane defect follows the genetic transmission of hypertension.", "contents": "Clinical and pathological relevance of erythrocyte cation fluxes measurement in hypertension. 1. The clinical applications of a simple laboratory test for the diagnosis of essential hypertension were further investigated on a large number of patients (124 individuals). 2. The reduced erythrocyte ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes observed in essential hypertensives might be secondary to a functional defect in a Na+-K+ cotransport system. 3. A similar reduction in the ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes was also observed in erythrocytes of some normotensive subjects born of hypertensive parents and of genetically hypertensive rats. This suggests that the erythrocyte membrane defect follows the genetic transmission of hypertension.", "PMID": 540451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8349", "title": "Circulatory changes during pregnancy in spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output (dye-dilution technique), stroke volume, total peripheral resistance (TPR), utero-placental blood supply (microsphere technique) and foetal weights were determined 2 days before expected birth in normotensive control (NC) rats, spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, rats with short-standing renal hypertension induced early in pregnancy and rats with established renal hypertension induced 4 weeks before pregnancy. Non-pregnant rats in comparable states served as controls. 2. In normal pregnancy cardiac output increased by 33% and blood pressure and TPR decreased by 17 and 38% respectively. The same principal changes were noted in SH rats and those with short-standing renal hypertension, but no changes were found in rats with established renal hypertension during pregnancy. 3. Myometrial and placental blood supply was lower in all hypertensive groups compared with NC rats, the reduction being 46 and 36% in SH rats and in rats with established renal hypertension as much as 74 and 68% respectively. 4. In SH rats foetal weights were reduced compared with NC rats, but despite the 68% reduction of placental blood flow in rats with established renal hypertension foetal weights were here unchanged.", "contents": "Circulatory changes during pregnancy in spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats. 1. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output (dye-dilution technique), stroke volume, total peripheral resistance (TPR), utero-placental blood supply (microsphere technique) and foetal weights were determined 2 days before expected birth in normotensive control (NC) rats, spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, rats with short-standing renal hypertension induced early in pregnancy and rats with established renal hypertension induced 4 weeks before pregnancy. Non-pregnant rats in comparable states served as controls. 2. In normal pregnancy cardiac output increased by 33% and blood pressure and TPR decreased by 17 and 38% respectively. The same principal changes were noted in SH rats and those with short-standing renal hypertension, but no changes were found in rats with established renal hypertension during pregnancy. 3. Myometrial and placental blood supply was lower in all hypertensive groups compared with NC rats, the reduction being 46 and 36% in SH rats and in rats with established renal hypertension as much as 74 and 68% respectively. 4. In SH rats foetal weights were reduced compared with NC rats, but despite the 68% reduction of placental blood flow in rats with established renal hypertension foetal weights were here unchanged.", "PMID": 540452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8350", "title": "A circulating humoral pressor agent in Dahl S rats with salt hypertension.", "content": "1. In Dahl S rats becoming hypertensive while on a diet of high NaCl content there appears to be a blood-borne humoral agent which produces vasoconstriction in a bioassay using the isolated hindquarters of rats. 2. This vasoconstrictor effect strongly suggests the presence of a humoral pressor agent or the lack of a vasodilator agent in the blood of hypertensive S rats. 3. The vasoconstrictor effect is not due to high renin concentrations. 4. This humoral vasoconstrictor action could partly account for the high vascular resistance in the hypertensive S rat.", "contents": "A circulating humoral pressor agent in Dahl S rats with salt hypertension. 1. In Dahl S rats becoming hypertensive while on a diet of high NaCl content there appears to be a blood-borne humoral agent which produces vasoconstriction in a bioassay using the isolated hindquarters of rats. 2. This vasoconstrictor effect strongly suggests the presence of a humoral pressor agent or the lack of a vasodilator agent in the blood of hypertensive S rats. 3. The vasoconstrictor effect is not due to high renin concentrations. 4. This humoral vasoconstrictor action could partly account for the high vascular resistance in the hypertensive S rat.", "PMID": 540453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8351", "title": "Biochemical alterations of connective tissue metabolism in the arterial walls of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. The chemical characteristics of the vascular connective tissue components were determined in stroke-prone (SP), stroke-resistant (SR) spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. 2. The ratio of hydroxylysine to hydroxylsine plus lysine in the vascular collagen was increased in 6-month-old SP-SH rats and SR-SH rats as compared with WK rats. 3. An age-related increase in uronic acid and hexose content of the aorta was noted in SP-SH, SR-SH and WK rats. However, the increase was more prominent in SH rats, especially SP-SH rats at the stages examined (11 weeks and over 8 months of age). 4. The ratio of galactosyl-hydroxylysine to glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine in the aortic collagen was decreased in 6-month-old SH rats, especially SP-SH rats as compared with WK rats. 5. A relative increase in beta and gamma components in aortic collagen was noted in 6-month-old SP-SH rats when compared with SR-SH rats. 6. The increased content of uronic acid and hexose and the structural changes of vascular collagen as demonstrated in SP-SH rats might be related to the fragility of the arterial wall and/or to the pathogenesis of stroke-proneness.", "contents": "Biochemical alterations of connective tissue metabolism in the arterial walls of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. The chemical characteristics of the vascular connective tissue components were determined in stroke-prone (SP), stroke-resistant (SR) spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. 2. The ratio of hydroxylysine to hydroxylsine plus lysine in the vascular collagen was increased in 6-month-old SP-SH rats and SR-SH rats as compared with WK rats. 3. An age-related increase in uronic acid and hexose content of the aorta was noted in SP-SH, SR-SH and WK rats. However, the increase was more prominent in SH rats, especially SP-SH rats at the stages examined (11 weeks and over 8 months of age). 4. The ratio of galactosyl-hydroxylysine to glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine in the aortic collagen was decreased in 6-month-old SH rats, especially SP-SH rats as compared with WK rats. 5. A relative increase in beta and gamma components in aortic collagen was noted in 6-month-old SP-SH rats when compared with SR-SH rats. 6. The increased content of uronic acid and hexose and the structural changes of vascular collagen as demonstrated in SP-SH rats might be related to the fragility of the arterial wall and/or to the pathogenesis of stroke-proneness.", "PMID": 540454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8352", "title": "The effects of metoprolol on ambulatory blood pressure.", "content": "1. Continuous monitoring of arterial pressure was performed via an indwelling cannula over 24 h in 12 hypertensive patients before treatment and again 2-4 months after starting metoprolol (100 mg twice daily). 2. During treatment, heart rate and systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly reduced. 3. The circadian patterns of heart rate and blood pressure changes were similar before and during therapy.", "contents": "The effects of metoprolol on ambulatory blood pressure. 1. Continuous monitoring of arterial pressure was performed via an indwelling cannula over 24 h in 12 hypertensive patients before treatment and again 2-4 months after starting metoprolol (100 mg twice daily). 2. During treatment, heart rate and systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly reduced. 3. The circadian patterns of heart rate and blood pressure changes were similar before and during therapy.", "PMID": 540455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8353", "title": "Responsiveness to prazosin in renal failure.", "content": "1. The fall in blood pressure produced by a test dose of prazosin was greater in a group of patients with chronic renal failure than in a group with normal renal function. 2. This difference could not be attributed to increased reactivity, measured as the slope of the regression line relating mean blood pressure and plasma prazosin concentration, nor to retarded elimination of the drug. 3. The enhanced antihypertensive effect of prazosin in renal failure appears to reflect changes in the bioavailability or distribution of the drug, which result in higher drug concentrations for a given dose.", "contents": "Responsiveness to prazosin in renal failure. 1. The fall in blood pressure produced by a test dose of prazosin was greater in a group of patients with chronic renal failure than in a group with normal renal function. 2. This difference could not be attributed to increased reactivity, measured as the slope of the regression line relating mean blood pressure and plasma prazosin concentration, nor to retarded elimination of the drug. 3. The enhanced antihypertensive effect of prazosin in renal failure appears to reflect changes in the bioavailability or distribution of the drug, which result in higher drug concentrations for a given dose.", "PMID": 540456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8354", "title": "Assessment of the antihypertensive effect of atenolol with 24 h ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure.", "content": "1. Twenty-four hour intra-arterial blood pressure measurements and electrocardiograms were obtained from 12 subjects with untreated essential hypertension. 2. The patients kept records of their activity, paying particular attention to times of retiring to bed, and times of waking in the morning. 3. All subjects were treated with a single daily dose of atenolol (50 to 200 mg) for between 2 and 9 months, and then underwent a second 24 h blood pressure study. 4. Arterial blood pressure was lowered significantly throughout the 24 h period with a single daily dose of atenolol.", "contents": "Assessment of the antihypertensive effect of atenolol with 24 h ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure. 1. Twenty-four hour intra-arterial blood pressure measurements and electrocardiograms were obtained from 12 subjects with untreated essential hypertension. 2. The patients kept records of their activity, paying particular attention to times of retiring to bed, and times of waking in the morning. 3. All subjects were treated with a single daily dose of atenolol (50 to 200 mg) for between 2 and 9 months, and then underwent a second 24 h blood pressure study. 4. Arterial blood pressure was lowered significantly throughout the 24 h period with a single daily dose of atenolol.", "PMID": 540457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8355", "title": "Protein synthesis and composition of cardiac and vascular tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the effects of beta-adrenergic antagonist treatment.", "content": "1. Propranolol and metoprolol were given in the diet of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats during the development of hypertension. 2. At the early established phase of hypertension, protein synthesis and protein composition of the left ventricle, aorta, mesenteric artery and vena cava were measured. 3. The left ventricle, aorta and mesenteric artery from the SH rats were hypertrophied compared with control Wistar-Kyoto rats, and protein composition was not dramatically changed. The increased protein content could only in a few cases be assigned to an increased protein synthesis at this age. 4. Both beta-adrenergic antagonists prevented the hypertrophy of aorta and mesenteric artery but not in heart.", "contents": "Protein synthesis and composition of cardiac and vascular tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the effects of beta-adrenergic antagonist treatment. 1. Propranolol and metoprolol were given in the diet of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats during the development of hypertension. 2. At the early established phase of hypertension, protein synthesis and protein composition of the left ventricle, aorta, mesenteric artery and vena cava were measured. 3. The left ventricle, aorta and mesenteric artery from the SH rats were hypertrophied compared with control Wistar-Kyoto rats, and protein composition was not dramatically changed. The increased protein content could only in a few cases be assigned to an increased protein synthesis at this age. 4. Both beta-adrenergic antagonists prevented the hypertrophy of aorta and mesenteric artery but not in heart.", "PMID": 540458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8356", "title": "Effect of exercise in hypertension controlled with metoprolol or methyldopa.", "content": "1. The adequacy of the control of essential hypertension during exercise was studied in patients whose resting blood pressure had been controlled for 1 year with either metoprolol or methyldopa. 2. Systolic blood pressure increased with exercise in both groups, the increase being significantly less in the metoprolol group than in the methyldopa group.", "contents": "Effect of exercise in hypertension controlled with metoprolol or methyldopa. 1. The adequacy of the control of essential hypertension during exercise was studied in patients whose resting blood pressure had been controlled for 1 year with either metoprolol or methyldopa. 2. Systolic blood pressure increased with exercise in both groups, the increase being significantly less in the metoprolol group than in the methyldopa group.", "PMID": 540459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8357", "title": "Observations on some properties of a long-acting preparation of propranolol.", "content": "1. The effects of 160 mg of propranolol and 160 mg of a long-acting (LA) formulation of propranolol were studied in healthy subjects. 2. Both drugs reduced an exercise tachycardia but the peak was less and the 24 h effect greater after long-acting propranolol than after propranolol. 3. These differences were maintained on repeated dosing for 8 days. 4. In contrast to single doses of 400 mg of sotalol, 160 mg of oxprenolol and 160 mg of slow-release oxprenolol, the peak effect of long-acting propranolol was less and that at 24 h was greater.", "contents": "Observations on some properties of a long-acting preparation of propranolol. 1. The effects of 160 mg of propranolol and 160 mg of a long-acting (LA) formulation of propranolol were studied in healthy subjects. 2. Both drugs reduced an exercise tachycardia but the peak was less and the 24 h effect greater after long-acting propranolol than after propranolol. 3. These differences were maintained on repeated dosing for 8 days. 4. In contrast to single doses of 400 mg of sotalol, 160 mg of oxprenolol and 160 mg of slow-release oxprenolol, the peak effect of long-acting propranolol was less and that at 24 h was greater.", "PMID": 540460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8358", "title": "Objective measurement of performance during acute stress in patients with essential hypertension: assessment of the effects of propranolol and metoprolol.", "content": "1. A standardized method of objectively measuring performance during simulated car driving is described. 2. The effect of a single dose of propranolol and metoprolol were compared with placebo in two groups of patients with untreated essential hypertension. 3. Performance was similar after beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents or placebo. 4. Blood pressure response to stress persisted after administration of the blocking agents.", "contents": "Objective measurement of performance during acute stress in patients with essential hypertension: assessment of the effects of propranolol and metoprolol. 1. A standardized method of objectively measuring performance during simulated car driving is described. 2. The effect of a single dose of propranolol and metoprolol were compared with placebo in two groups of patients with untreated essential hypertension. 3. Performance was similar after beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents or placebo. 4. Blood pressure response to stress persisted after administration of the blocking agents.", "PMID": 540461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8359", "title": "The pathogenesis of propranolol-withdrawal syndrome in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. In hypertension, the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome comprises tachycardia, sweating, tremor and general malaise, symptoms resembling thyrotoxicosis. 2. The effect of abrupt cessation of propranolol on serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was therefore investigated in five patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, treated with propranolol in doses from 160 to 480 mg/day. 3. Four of the five patients developed one or more of the above-mentioned symptoms within 2-6 days after withdrawal of propranolol. 4. A mean relative increase in serum free T3 of 51% (range 22-74%) was found in these four patients on the day of onset of symptoms. 5. The increase in free T3 in the five patients correlated positively with total serum propranolol on the last day the drug was given (r = 0.91, 2P = 0.03). 6. As an increase in T3 was found only in patients suffering the withdrawal syndrome, and was maximal the day the symptoms appeared, despite a variation in time of onset from 2 to 6 days, it is suggested that the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome, at least partially, is caused by rebound increased production of T3, induced by the well-known inhibition of the monodeiodination of T4 to T3 during beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. 7. This assumption may explain the clinical symptoms and the reported transient increased beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity with unchanged serum concentrations of catecholamines.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of propranolol-withdrawal syndrome in essential hypertension. 1. In hypertension, the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome comprises tachycardia, sweating, tremor and general malaise, symptoms resembling thyrotoxicosis. 2. The effect of abrupt cessation of propranolol on serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was therefore investigated in five patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, treated with propranolol in doses from 160 to 480 mg/day. 3. Four of the five patients developed one or more of the above-mentioned symptoms within 2-6 days after withdrawal of propranolol. 4. A mean relative increase in serum free T3 of 51% (range 22-74%) was found in these four patients on the day of onset of symptoms. 5. The increase in free T3 in the five patients correlated positively with total serum propranolol on the last day the drug was given (r = 0.91, 2P = 0.03). 6. As an increase in T3 was found only in patients suffering the withdrawal syndrome, and was maximal the day the symptoms appeared, despite a variation in time of onset from 2 to 6 days, it is suggested that the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome, at least partially, is caused by rebound increased production of T3, induced by the well-known inhibition of the monodeiodination of T4 to T3 during beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. 7. This assumption may explain the clinical symptoms and the reported transient increased beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity with unchanged serum concentrations of catecholamines.", "PMID": 540462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8360", "title": "Antihypertensive effects of clonidine in tetraplegic subjects devoid of central sympathetic control.", "content": "1. The effects of 300 microgram of oral clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were studied in seven tetraplegic subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections. 2. Clonidine did not significantly change resting blood pressure during the 8 h of the study. Resting heart rate fell. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, when measured 2 h after clonidine, were not significantly lower. 3. Urinary bladder stimulation resulted in a marked rise in blood pressure accompanied by an elevation in plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline. The hypertensive response to bladder stimulation was substantially reduced by clonidine, the maximum suppression occurring 2-4 h after administration of the drug. The plasma noradrenaline response to bladder stimulation, when measured 2 h after clonidine, was significantly lower than the response before clonidine. In two tetraplegic subjects with indwelling catheters the rise in intravesical pressure caused by bladder stimulation was unchanged by clonidine. 4. The pressor response to intravenous noradrenaline in two tetraplegic subjects and to intravenous phenylephrine in a further two tetraplegic subjects was unchanged by clonidine. 5. Clonidine may have additional antihypertensive effects which occur independently of actions in the brain. These effects may be exerted by an action either on sympathetic neurones in the spinal cord or on presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors in the periphery.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effects of clonidine in tetraplegic subjects devoid of central sympathetic control. 1. The effects of 300 microgram of oral clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were studied in seven tetraplegic subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections. 2. Clonidine did not significantly change resting blood pressure during the 8 h of the study. Resting heart rate fell. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, when measured 2 h after clonidine, were not significantly lower. 3. Urinary bladder stimulation resulted in a marked rise in blood pressure accompanied by an elevation in plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline. The hypertensive response to bladder stimulation was substantially reduced by clonidine, the maximum suppression occurring 2-4 h after administration of the drug. The plasma noradrenaline response to bladder stimulation, when measured 2 h after clonidine, was significantly lower than the response before clonidine. In two tetraplegic subjects with indwelling catheters the rise in intravesical pressure caused by bladder stimulation was unchanged by clonidine. 4. The pressor response to intravenous noradrenaline in two tetraplegic subjects and to intravenous phenylephrine in a further two tetraplegic subjects was unchanged by clonidine. 5. Clonidine may have additional antihypertensive effects which occur independently of actions in the brain. These effects may be exerted by an action either on sympathetic neurones in the spinal cord or on presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors in the periphery.", "PMID": 540463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8361", "title": "Action of clonidine on centrally evoked salivation in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "1. Clonidine (4 microgram/kg) given intracisternally to anaesthetized cats inhibited brain stem-evoked parasympathetic submaxillary or parotid salivation by 62% at 5 Hz and 44% at 15 Hz. 2. The inhibitory action of clonidine on salivation was equally prevented by pretreatment with either intracisternal yohimbine (175 microgram/kg) or phentolamine (250 microgram/kg), used as preferential pre- and post-synaptic alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs respectively. 3. the inhibition of centrally evoked salivation by clonidine is due to an action on alpha-adrenoreceptors but no clear evidence was obtained to indicate whether these were located pre- or post-synaptically. This is in contrast to the preferential presynaptic action of clonidine in reducing peripheral parasympathetic nerve-evoked salivation.", "contents": "Action of clonidine on centrally evoked salivation in anaesthetized cats. 1. Clonidine (4 microgram/kg) given intracisternally to anaesthetized cats inhibited brain stem-evoked parasympathetic submaxillary or parotid salivation by 62% at 5 Hz and 44% at 15 Hz. 2. The inhibitory action of clonidine on salivation was equally prevented by pretreatment with either intracisternal yohimbine (175 microgram/kg) or phentolamine (250 microgram/kg), used as preferential pre- and post-synaptic alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs respectively. 3. the inhibition of centrally evoked salivation by clonidine is due to an action on alpha-adrenoreceptors but no clear evidence was obtained to indicate whether these were located pre- or post-synaptically. This is in contrast to the preferential presynaptic action of clonidine in reducing peripheral parasympathetic nerve-evoked salivation.", "PMID": 540464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8362", "title": "Effect of age on noradrenaline sensitivity of mesenteric resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.", "content": "1. We have compared the noradrenaline sensitivity of 150 micron arterial resistance vessels taken from a specific place in the mesenteric bed of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and of control Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats at three ages: 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. 2. The noradrenaline sensitivity of the vessels under normal conditions was the same at all ages in both SH and WK rats (ED50 about 3 mu mol/l). 3. After addition of cocaine (which inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline in the nerve terminals) all vessels became more sensitive to noradrenaline, but at all ages the increase in sensitivity was greater in the vessels of SH rats, suggesting that the smooth muscle cells in these vessels had a greater intrinsic noradrenaline sensitivity than the vessels of WK rats. 4. Since elevation of the blood pressure in the SH rats occurs mainly between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks, the results suggest that the greater intrinsic smooth muscle cell sensitivity of the SH rat vessels is a factor which is amongst the primary factors responsible for the development of hypertension in the SH rat.", "contents": "Effect of age on noradrenaline sensitivity of mesenteric resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. 1. We have compared the noradrenaline sensitivity of 150 micron arterial resistance vessels taken from a specific place in the mesenteric bed of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and of control Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats at three ages: 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. 2. The noradrenaline sensitivity of the vessels under normal conditions was the same at all ages in both SH and WK rats (ED50 about 3 mu mol/l). 3. After addition of cocaine (which inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline in the nerve terminals) all vessels became more sensitive to noradrenaline, but at all ages the increase in sensitivity was greater in the vessels of SH rats, suggesting that the smooth muscle cells in these vessels had a greater intrinsic noradrenaline sensitivity than the vessels of WK rats. 4. Since elevation of the blood pressure in the SH rats occurs mainly between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks, the results suggest that the greater intrinsic smooth muscle cell sensitivity of the SH rat vessels is a factor which is amongst the primary factors responsible for the development of hypertension in the SH rat.", "PMID": 540465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8363", "title": "Intraluminal dilatation of renal artery stenosis.", "content": "1. In 13 patients with hypertension and renal artery stenosis the stenosis was dilated by an intra-arterial balloon catheter under local anaesthesia. 2. In all but one instance arteriography after the dilatation showed considerable widening of the stenosed area. 3. Six patients had a temporary increase of serum creatinine that lasted only a few days. 4. In seven patients, who had a prolonged transit time at renography, this marker of renal blood flow improved after the dilatation. 5. The effect of the dilatation on the blood pressure in this group of patients, selected on arteriographic criteria only, was variable, but comparable with results of renovascular surgery. 6. Dilatation of renal artery stenosis by an intra-arterial balloon catheter is a promising treatment for patients with hypertension and renal artery stenosis. It is a rapid procedure needing only local anaesthesia. Complications in our experience so far are minor.", "contents": "Intraluminal dilatation of renal artery stenosis. 1. In 13 patients with hypertension and renal artery stenosis the stenosis was dilated by an intra-arterial balloon catheter under local anaesthesia. 2. In all but one instance arteriography after the dilatation showed considerable widening of the stenosed area. 3. Six patients had a temporary increase of serum creatinine that lasted only a few days. 4. In seven patients, who had a prolonged transit time at renography, this marker of renal blood flow improved after the dilatation. 5. The effect of the dilatation on the blood pressure in this group of patients, selected on arteriographic criteria only, was variable, but comparable with results of renovascular surgery. 6. Dilatation of renal artery stenosis by an intra-arterial balloon catheter is a promising treatment for patients with hypertension and renal artery stenosis. It is a rapid procedure needing only local anaesthesia. Complications in our experience so far are minor.", "PMID": 540466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8364", "title": "Renovascular hypertension: comparison of medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "1. Results of medical and surgical therapy were compared in 28 patients with hypertension and unilateral renovascular ischaemia. 2. Renal function remained normal in both groups throughout the study period. After 6 months of follow-up systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the surgically treated patients. After 12 months of follow-up there was no significant difference between the two groups in diastolic blood pressure and after 24 months of follow-up there was no significant difference between the two groups in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. 3. Sixty per cent of surgically treated patients were cured 6 months after operation, but only 40% remained cured after 24 months of follow-up. 4. All patients cured at 6 months who subsequently required antihypertensive medication had arteriosclerotic renovascular disease.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension: comparison of medical and surgical therapy. 1. Results of medical and surgical therapy were compared in 28 patients with hypertension and unilateral renovascular ischaemia. 2. Renal function remained normal in both groups throughout the study period. After 6 months of follow-up systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the surgically treated patients. After 12 months of follow-up there was no significant difference between the two groups in diastolic blood pressure and after 24 months of follow-up there was no significant difference between the two groups in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. 3. Sixty per cent of surgically treated patients were cured 6 months after operation, but only 40% remained cured after 24 months of follow-up. 4. All patients cured at 6 months who subsequently required antihypertensive medication had arteriosclerotic renovascular disease.", "PMID": 540467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8365", "title": "Vascular reactivity in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "1. Alterations in vascular reactivity were assessed in isolated artificially perfused kidneys from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (spSH) rats at different stages of hypertension and after neonatal sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 2. During the pre-hypertensive stage, and the early and chronic stages of hypertension, the responses to noradrenaline, vasopressin, serotonin and angiotensin II were enhanced in renal vascular beds from spSH animals compared with age- and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats; dose-response curves were shifted to the left, had steeper slopes, greater maximal responses and decreased thresholds. 3. With increasing severity and duration of hypertension, renal vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation increased, the slopes of the dose-response curves were steeper and maximal responses were greater. 4. Neonatal sympathectomy with 6-OHDA greatly attenuated but did not prevent the eventual development of hypertension; furthermore, this treatment had no effect on the enhanced resistance or reactivity in renal vascular beds from spSH rats. 5. The appearance of enhanced resistance and reactivity in the early stages of hypertension and the inability to prevent these vascular changes by neonatal sympathectomy suggest that these alterations are a primary pathogenic mechanism in spSH rats.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. 1. Alterations in vascular reactivity were assessed in isolated artificially perfused kidneys from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (spSH) rats at different stages of hypertension and after neonatal sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 2. During the pre-hypertensive stage, and the early and chronic stages of hypertension, the responses to noradrenaline, vasopressin, serotonin and angiotensin II were enhanced in renal vascular beds from spSH animals compared with age- and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats; dose-response curves were shifted to the left, had steeper slopes, greater maximal responses and decreased thresholds. 3. With increasing severity and duration of hypertension, renal vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation increased, the slopes of the dose-response curves were steeper and maximal responses were greater. 4. Neonatal sympathectomy with 6-OHDA greatly attenuated but did not prevent the eventual development of hypertension; furthermore, this treatment had no effect on the enhanced resistance or reactivity in renal vascular beds from spSH rats. 5. The appearance of enhanced resistance and reactivity in the early stages of hypertension and the inability to prevent these vascular changes by neonatal sympathectomy suggest that these alterations are a primary pathogenic mechanism in spSH rats.", "PMID": 540470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8366", "title": "An 8 month longitudinal study of changes in elastic and muscular arteries and veins of the rabbit with sustained hypertension after abdominal aorta constriction.", "content": "1. Long-term changes in the function and structure of arteries and veins in response to an elevation in arterial pressure have been studied in the rabbit after partial abdominal aorta constriction. 2. Transient changes occur in the vasculature in association with the rise in arterial pressure. 3. The dominant change seen after arterial pressure elevation has been maintained for 8 months is an increase in arterial wall mass, including an increase in vascular smooth muscle cell number, and in some arteries an increase in internal diameter. 4. It may be inferred from this limited study of elastic and muscular arteries that structural alteration represents the over-riding response of the vasculature to an elevation in intramural pressure.", "contents": "An 8 month longitudinal study of changes in elastic and muscular arteries and veins of the rabbit with sustained hypertension after abdominal aorta constriction. 1. Long-term changes in the function and structure of arteries and veins in response to an elevation in arterial pressure have been studied in the rabbit after partial abdominal aorta constriction. 2. Transient changes occur in the vasculature in association with the rise in arterial pressure. 3. The dominant change seen after arterial pressure elevation has been maintained for 8 months is an increase in arterial wall mass, including an increase in vascular smooth muscle cell number, and in some arteries an increase in internal diameter. 4. It may be inferred from this limited study of elastic and muscular arteries that structural alteration represents the over-riding response of the vasculature to an elevation in intramural pressure.", "PMID": 540472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8367", "title": "Utilization of the poison center for the teaching of clinical toxicology to medical and pharmacy students, housestaff, and health care professionals.", "content": "The Massachusetts Poison Information Center has proved to be a good location for the teaching of clinical toxicology to physicians, pharmacists, and nurses at all periods of their training and professional development. With a continuous source of clinical problems, the availability of sophisticated information resources, and a wide array of clinical consultants, a center can become the setting for formal courses in toxicology, for fellowship training, and for continuing education. Review of clinical cases, discussion of management issues, literature reviews, bedside toxicology teaching, and formal weekly toxicology seminars are used to accomplish the educational goals of the program.", "contents": "Utilization of the poison center for the teaching of clinical toxicology to medical and pharmacy students, housestaff, and health care professionals. The Massachusetts Poison Information Center has proved to be a good location for the teaching of clinical toxicology to physicians, pharmacists, and nurses at all periods of their training and professional development. With a continuous source of clinical problems, the availability of sophisticated information resources, and a wide array of clinical consultants, a center can become the setting for formal courses in toxicology, for fellowship training, and for continuing education. Review of clinical cases, discussion of management issues, literature reviews, bedside toxicology teaching, and formal weekly toxicology seminars are used to accomplish the educational goals of the program.", "PMID": 540486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8368", "title": "3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine overdose.", "content": "MDA was indicated in the death of a 35-year-old male. Blood, tissue, and urine concentrations of MDA were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry after identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentrations found were within the range of previously reported fatal MDA levels.", "contents": "3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine overdose. MDA was indicated in the death of a 35-year-old male. Blood, tissue, and urine concentrations of MDA were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry after identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentrations found were within the range of previously reported fatal MDA levels.", "PMID": 540488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8369", "title": "Acute tetrachloroethylene fatality.", "content": "Tetrachloroethylene was indicated in the accidental death of a man clearing a line in a dry-cleaning establishment. Blood and tissue concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. Distribution of tetrachloroethylene was consistent with its lipophilic properties, being highest in the brain and lowest in the lung tissue.", "contents": "Acute tetrachloroethylene fatality. Tetrachloroethylene was indicated in the accidental death of a man clearing a line in a dry-cleaning establishment. Blood and tissue concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. Distribution of tetrachloroethylene was consistent with its lipophilic properties, being highest in the brain and lowest in the lung tissue.", "PMID": 540489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8370", "title": "Congenital defects in calves from maternal ingestion of Nicotiana glauca of high anabasine content.", "content": "Administration of Nicotiana glauca to four cows from the 50th to the 75th days of gestation induced congenital deformities in their calves. All four calves had arthrogryposis of forelimbs and one also had spinal curvature and rib cage deformity. The plant material contained 0.113% of the piperidine alkaloid anabasine as authenticated by gas chromatography and by infrared spectroscopy. Because of the presence of anabasine at a high concentration and because of its structural relationship to known teratogens, anabasine may be responsible teratogen.", "contents": "Congenital defects in calves from maternal ingestion of Nicotiana glauca of high anabasine content. Administration of Nicotiana glauca to four cows from the 50th to the 75th days of gestation induced congenital deformities in their calves. All four calves had arthrogryposis of forelimbs and one also had spinal curvature and rib cage deformity. The plant material contained 0.113% of the piperidine alkaloid anabasine as authenticated by gas chromatography and by infrared spectroscopy. Because of the presence of anabasine at a high concentration and because of its structural relationship to known teratogens, anabasine may be responsible teratogen.", "PMID": 540490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8371", "title": "Acetaminophen assay: the clinical consequences of a colorimetric vs a high-pressure liquid chromatography determination in the assessment of two potentially poisoned patients.", "content": "Following acetaminophen (APAP) overdosage, plasma half-life of APAP elimination appears to be a good prognostic indicator of potential hepatic toxicity. A half-life of greater than 4 hr is often associated with liver injury. In two patients who each allegedly ingested greater than 13 gm of APAP, serial assay procedures were performed using both a colorimetric (nitrous acid chromophore) method and HPLC for all samples. The data obtained were used to determine the plasma half life. A comparison of the results obtained from both methods revealed a significant variation. It appears that the colorimetric method, at lower plasma concentrations of APAP (less than 50 microgram/ml), overestimates the actual drug concentration, resulting in the calculation of a falsely prolonged plasma half-life. This may result in the unnecessary implementation of antidotal therapy. The HPLC method is considered to be more specific than the colorimetric analysis and to better reflect actual plasma APAP concentrations, especially at lower concentrations of APAP.", "contents": "Acetaminophen assay: the clinical consequences of a colorimetric vs a high-pressure liquid chromatography determination in the assessment of two potentially poisoned patients. Following acetaminophen (APAP) overdosage, plasma half-life of APAP elimination appears to be a good prognostic indicator of potential hepatic toxicity. A half-life of greater than 4 hr is often associated with liver injury. In two patients who each allegedly ingested greater than 13 gm of APAP, serial assay procedures were performed using both a colorimetric (nitrous acid chromophore) method and HPLC for all samples. The data obtained were used to determine the plasma half life. A comparison of the results obtained from both methods revealed a significant variation. It appears that the colorimetric method, at lower plasma concentrations of APAP (less than 50 microgram/ml), overestimates the actual drug concentration, resulting in the calculation of a falsely prolonged plasma half-life. This may result in the unnecessary implementation of antidotal therapy. The HPLC method is considered to be more specific than the colorimetric analysis and to better reflect actual plasma APAP concentrations, especially at lower concentrations of APAP.", "PMID": 540491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8372", "title": "Digoxin acute intoxication: evaluation of the efficiency of charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Since there is no widely used method of reducing the severity of massive digoxin intoxication, the capacity of hemoperfusion with coated, activated charcoal to remove digoxin was evaluated in a case of suicidal digoxin ingestion (25 mg). Seven hours after ingestion the digoxin plasma level was equal to 8.9 ng/ml. This was decreased to 4.5 ng/ml after 6 hr hemoperfusion. The amount of digoxin adsorbed by the column represents 4.8% of the absorbed dose. At a blood flow rate of 170 ml/min, the mean digoxin clearance by hemoperfusion was 44.5 +/- 26.9 ml/min. From these results we conclude that charcoal hemoperfusion in acute digoxin intoxication is of little value.", "contents": "Digoxin acute intoxication: evaluation of the efficiency of charcoal hemoperfusion. Since there is no widely used method of reducing the severity of massive digoxin intoxication, the capacity of hemoperfusion with coated, activated charcoal to remove digoxin was evaluated in a case of suicidal digoxin ingestion (25 mg). Seven hours after ingestion the digoxin plasma level was equal to 8.9 ng/ml. This was decreased to 4.5 ng/ml after 6 hr hemoperfusion. The amount of digoxin adsorbed by the column represents 4.8% of the absorbed dose. At a blood flow rate of 170 ml/min, the mean digoxin clearance by hemoperfusion was 44.5 +/- 26.9 ml/min. From these results we conclude that charcoal hemoperfusion in acute digoxin intoxication is of little value.", "PMID": 540492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8373", "title": "Temporal lobe epilepsy--a syndrome of sensory-limbic hyperconnection.", "content": "Psychological changes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy are considered. Prior observations of correlated psychiatric diagnoses and objections to these are reviewed. Specific features of behavior and thought, derived from the literature and clinical experience, are suggested as a more effective way of characterizing the interictal syndrome; their accuracy is supported by quantitative results of an ongoing study, Enhanced affective association is proposed as a mechanism underlying these diverse features. This is interpreted in the light of theoretical and experimental accounts that anatomical connection between sensory and limbic structures are established within the temporal lobe. In contrast to sensory limbic disconnection which results in dissociation of stimuli from affective values, it is suggested that the epileptic process effects sensory limbic hyperconnection, leading to a suffusion of experience with emotional coloration.", "contents": "Temporal lobe epilepsy--a syndrome of sensory-limbic hyperconnection. Psychological changes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy are considered. Prior observations of correlated psychiatric diagnoses and objections to these are reviewed. Specific features of behavior and thought, derived from the literature and clinical experience, are suggested as a more effective way of characterizing the interictal syndrome; their accuracy is supported by quantitative results of an ongoing study, Enhanced affective association is proposed as a mechanism underlying these diverse features. This is interpreted in the light of theoretical and experimental accounts that anatomical connection between sensory and limbic structures are established within the temporal lobe. In contrast to sensory limbic disconnection which results in dissociation of stimuli from affective values, it is suggested that the epileptic process effects sensory limbic hyperconnection, leading to a suffusion of experience with emotional coloration.", "PMID": 540509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8374", "title": "Normal and abnormal forgetting in organic amnesia: effect of locus of lesion.", "content": "Speed of forgetting by the patient H.M. was examined in two experiments using picture recognition tests. In both experiments stimulus duration was manipulated to equalize initial performance by H.M. and others, and speed of forgetting was investigated over a period of one week. In the first experiment, where initial performance was high, H,M. appeared to forget faster than normal controls. In the second experiment, where initial performance was somewhat lower, H.M. was shown to forget faster than both controls and Korsakoff patients (who forget at a normal rate). These results suggest a functional difference between the amnesia with hippocampal lesions and the amnesia of Korsakoff's disease.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal forgetting in organic amnesia: effect of locus of lesion. Speed of forgetting by the patient H.M. was examined in two experiments using picture recognition tests. In both experiments stimulus duration was manipulated to equalize initial performance by H.M. and others, and speed of forgetting was investigated over a period of one week. In the first experiment, where initial performance was high, H,M. appeared to forget faster than normal controls. In the second experiment, where initial performance was somewhat lower, H.M. was shown to forget faster than both controls and Korsakoff patients (who forget at a normal rate). These results suggest a functional difference between the amnesia with hippocampal lesions and the amnesia of Korsakoff's disease.", "PMID": 540510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8375", "title": "Lateralized psychological impairment associated with CT lesions in head injured patients.", "content": "Twenty-six adult patients with CT scans were given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) during recovery from an acute head injury. Focal lesions were observed on the initial CT scans of 24 patients. These included 13 in the right hemisphere, 8 in the left hemisphere and 3 in both hemispheres. Diffuse cerebral swelling was observed in the remaining 2 patients. Both the standard WAIS examination (11 subtests) and a shorter version described by McFie (7 subtests) were used to assess psychological impairment associated with CT documented lesions. The McFie method involved a special scoring procedure that utilized reference subtests as an index of premorbid functioning. When mean algebraic differences between Verbal and Performance subtests were used, both methods differentiated left and right-sided lesions to a highly significant degree (p less than .001). Lateralized lesions yielded significant differences on 3 individual subtests (1 Verbal and 2 Performance) with the McFie method and on 6 individual subtests (all Verbal) with the standard WAIS procedure. Wechsler's Deterioration Quotient did not discriminate between groups. It was concluded that the traditional distinction between Verbal and Performance subtests on the WAIS was valid for CT documented lesions, and the shorter McFie version was as effective as the standard WAIS in lateralizing psychological dysfunction. Acknowledgements. This research was supported by Contract NS 5-2316 and Grant NS 08803 from the National Institutes of Health. We are grateful to Drs. Thomas A. Gennarelli and Howard I. Hurtig for patient referrals and neurological evaluations.", "contents": "Lateralized psychological impairment associated with CT lesions in head injured patients. Twenty-six adult patients with CT scans were given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) during recovery from an acute head injury. Focal lesions were observed on the initial CT scans of 24 patients. These included 13 in the right hemisphere, 8 in the left hemisphere and 3 in both hemispheres. Diffuse cerebral swelling was observed in the remaining 2 patients. Both the standard WAIS examination (11 subtests) and a shorter version described by McFie (7 subtests) were used to assess psychological impairment associated with CT documented lesions. The McFie method involved a special scoring procedure that utilized reference subtests as an index of premorbid functioning. When mean algebraic differences between Verbal and Performance subtests were used, both methods differentiated left and right-sided lesions to a highly significant degree (p less than .001). Lateralized lesions yielded significant differences on 3 individual subtests (1 Verbal and 2 Performance) with the McFie method and on 6 individual subtests (all Verbal) with the standard WAIS procedure. Wechsler's Deterioration Quotient did not discriminate between groups. It was concluded that the traditional distinction between Verbal and Performance subtests on the WAIS was valid for CT documented lesions, and the shorter McFie version was as effective as the standard WAIS in lateralizing psychological dysfunction. Acknowledgements. This research was supported by Contract NS 5-2316 and Grant NS 08803 from the National Institutes of Health. We are grateful to Drs. Thomas A. Gennarelli and Howard I. Hurtig for patient referrals and neurological evaluations.", "PMID": 540511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8376", "title": "Visual agnosia: the dual deficit of perception and recognition.", "content": "This case of visual agnosia is of special interest because of its causation by trauma, of the unusually long follow-up (10 1/2 years), and the evidence for dual deficits of recognition and perception. Although most of the findings were characteristic of associative visual agnosia with preserved perceptual function, the poor copying, contrasted to better spontaneous drawing, suggested apperceptive agnosia as well. Prosopagnosia, alexia without agraphia, Balint's syndrome, visual static agnosia and simultanagnosia were also observed. The patient had persisting amnestic syndrome, but no dementia or aphasia. The responses to visual stimulation were perseverations, form confusions and confabulations. Visual evoked potentials were severely, bilaterally abnormal and computerized tomographic localization showed bilateral lesions also. The stages of recognition are analysed through this case of visual verbal disconnection and the importance of memory in perception is highlighted.", "contents": "Visual agnosia: the dual deficit of perception and recognition. This case of visual agnosia is of special interest because of its causation by trauma, of the unusually long follow-up (10 1/2 years), and the evidence for dual deficits of recognition and perception. Although most of the findings were characteristic of associative visual agnosia with preserved perceptual function, the poor copying, contrasted to better spontaneous drawing, suggested apperceptive agnosia as well. Prosopagnosia, alexia without agraphia, Balint's syndrome, visual static agnosia and simultanagnosia were also observed. The patient had persisting amnestic syndrome, but no dementia or aphasia. The responses to visual stimulation were perseverations, form confusions and confabulations. Visual evoked potentials were severely, bilaterally abnormal and computerized tomographic localization showed bilateral lesions also. The stages of recognition are analysed through this case of visual verbal disconnection and the importance of memory in perception is highlighted.", "PMID": 540512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8377", "title": "Capacity for holding sustained attention following commissurotomy.", "content": "To assess the relative capacities of the two cerebral hemispheres to sustain prolonged mental concentration, the performance of commissurotomized patients and normal controls was tested on monotonous sorting and signal detection tasks. The two series of tasks all required the maintenance of focused attention but differed in the amount of motor activity involved. Results showed that attentional capacity was different for active than for passive tasks in the patient group. During the active sorting tasks, commissurotomy patients were able to sustain continuous attention for periods of up to an hour while in the passive signal detection tasks, a decline in general levels of arousal was evident within ten to twenty minutes. The maintenance of generalized attention with minimal proprioceptive and external stimulation was thus found to be markedly weakened following commissurotomy. Neither hemisphere was consistently inferior to the other in sustaining mental concentration. The unique ability of commissurotomy patients to efficiently carry out mutually conflicting volitional decisions while sorting with the hands simultaneously points up the role of the intact commissures in unifying attentional components of cognitive processing.", "contents": "Capacity for holding sustained attention following commissurotomy. To assess the relative capacities of the two cerebral hemispheres to sustain prolonged mental concentration, the performance of commissurotomized patients and normal controls was tested on monotonous sorting and signal detection tasks. The two series of tasks all required the maintenance of focused attention but differed in the amount of motor activity involved. Results showed that attentional capacity was different for active than for passive tasks in the patient group. During the active sorting tasks, commissurotomy patients were able to sustain continuous attention for periods of up to an hour while in the passive signal detection tasks, a decline in general levels of arousal was evident within ten to twenty minutes. The maintenance of generalized attention with minimal proprioceptive and external stimulation was thus found to be markedly weakened following commissurotomy. Neither hemisphere was consistently inferior to the other in sustaining mental concentration. The unique ability of commissurotomy patients to efficiently carry out mutually conflicting volitional decisions while sorting with the hands simultaneously points up the role of the intact commissures in unifying attentional components of cognitive processing.", "PMID": 540513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8378", "title": "Influence of sex and handedness on hemispheric functioning.", "content": "Forty normal adult volunteers comprising an equal number of right- and left-handed males  and females solved simple multiplication problems presented visually to one cerebral hemisphere while various competing stimuli were simultaneously presented to the other hemisphere. The contribution of sex of subject, handedness, hemisphere of presentation and the nature of the competing stimulus in relation to task performance was examined. Each of these variables was significantly associated with correct responses and errors, with few statistically significant interactions. Females and dextrals made more correct responses than males or sinistrals. Type of error depended upon which hemisphere received the problem, with the right hemisphere yielding more errors of commission and the left more errors of omission. Simultaneously presented identical or different arithmetic problems resulted in the most errors compared to the other competing stimuli.", "contents": "Influence of sex and handedness on hemispheric functioning. Forty normal adult volunteers comprising an equal number of right- and left-handed males  and females solved simple multiplication problems presented visually to one cerebral hemisphere while various competing stimuli were simultaneously presented to the other hemisphere. The contribution of sex of subject, handedness, hemisphere of presentation and the nature of the competing stimulus in relation to task performance was examined. Each of these variables was significantly associated with correct responses and errors, with few statistically significant interactions. Females and dextrals made more correct responses than males or sinistrals. Type of error depended upon which hemisphere received the problem, with the right hemisphere yielding more errors of commission and the left more errors of omission. Simultaneously presented identical or different arithmetic problems resulted in the most errors compared to the other competing stimuli.", "PMID": 540514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8379", "title": "Articulatory and phonological aspects of consonant substitutions in apraxia of speech.", "content": "The articulatory and distinctive features in 825 consonant substitutions produced by nine subjects with apraxia of speech were analyzed. The articulatory and distinctive features of the target consonants were retained beyond chance levels. The substitution patterns observed were very systematic in that more substitutions were made in the initial word position and stops, alveolars, and voiced consonants were used most often as substitutes for target consonants. The retention and usage of the features in the substitutions were closely related to the phonological markedness of the features, Most of the markedness changes were from marked-to-unmarked. The relationships between distinctive features and their markedness suggest that apraxia of speech is primarily a phonological disorder that is manifested in articulatoriy changes. It appears therefore that speakers with apraxia of speech systematically reduce linguistic complexity and simplify the production of consonants. In addition, the substitutions made in apraxia of speech are similar to those made by children.", "contents": "Articulatory and phonological aspects of consonant substitutions in apraxia of speech. The articulatory and distinctive features in 825 consonant substitutions produced by nine subjects with apraxia of speech were analyzed. The articulatory and distinctive features of the target consonants were retained beyond chance levels. The substitution patterns observed were very systematic in that more substitutions were made in the initial word position and stops, alveolars, and voiced consonants were used most often as substitutes for target consonants. The retention and usage of the features in the substitutions were closely related to the phonological markedness of the features, Most of the markedness changes were from marked-to-unmarked. The relationships between distinctive features and their markedness suggest that apraxia of speech is primarily a phonological disorder that is manifested in articulatoriy changes. It appears therefore that speakers with apraxia of speech systematically reduce linguistic complexity and simplify the production of consonants. In addition, the substitutions made in apraxia of speech are similar to those made by children.", "PMID": 540515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8380", "title": "On the relationship of hemispheric specialization and developmental dyslexia.", "content": "Hemispheric specialization for linguistic material was compared for normal and dyslexic subjects under dichotic listening (Experiment 1) and hemi-retinal presentation (Experiment 2) conditions. In both experiments, group data indicated that dyslexic subjects were, overall, less accurate in their performance than normals but that both groups showed similar right ear/visual field superiority. However, examination of individual subjects scores in both experiments indicated that the distribution of lateralization scores for dyslexic subjects was bimodal, whereas that for normal subjects was unimodal. These results suggest that the dyslexic 'population' is heterogeneous with regard to cerebral lateralization and that previous work treating it as homogeneous is most likely misleading. It appears important to both carefully examine individual subject data in such studies and to consider the consequences of there being different types of cerebral lateralization etiologies for what has been typically considered to be a homogeneous dyslexic population.", "contents": "On the relationship of hemispheric specialization and developmental dyslexia. Hemispheric specialization for linguistic material was compared for normal and dyslexic subjects under dichotic listening (Experiment 1) and hemi-retinal presentation (Experiment 2) conditions. In both experiments, group data indicated that dyslexic subjects were, overall, less accurate in their performance than normals but that both groups showed similar right ear/visual field superiority. However, examination of individual subjects scores in both experiments indicated that the distribution of lateralization scores for dyslexic subjects was bimodal, whereas that for normal subjects was unimodal. These results suggest that the dyslexic 'population' is heterogeneous with regard to cerebral lateralization and that previous work treating it as homogeneous is most likely misleading. It appears important to both carefully examine individual subject data in such studies and to consider the consequences of there being different types of cerebral lateralization etiologies for what has been typically considered to be a homogeneous dyslexic population.", "PMID": 540516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8381", "title": "Further suggestions for cerebral CT-localization.", "content": "A method of obtaining lateral diagrams of brain lesions or structures from CT-scan pictures has been described and tested for accuracy with satisfactory results. Possible sources of error are discussed.", "contents": "Further suggestions for cerebral CT-localization. A method of obtaining lateral diagrams of brain lesions or structures from CT-scan pictures has been described and tested for accuracy with satisfactory results. Possible sources of error are discussed.", "PMID": 540517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8382", "title": "Recognition of random shapes in unilateral brain damaged patients: a reappraisal.", "content": "The performance of unilateral brain-damaged patients on recognition of random shapes was investigated by means of two different experiments. In experiment I interitem similarity and number of response-choice alternatives were varied to evaluate their possible influence on the subjects' performance. In experiment II stimulus exposure time was varied, In both experiments left brain-damaged patients with visual field defect obtained lower scores than control subjects. Right brain-damaged patients with visual field defect obtained scores significantly lower than controls only in the brief exposure condition.", "contents": "Recognition of random shapes in unilateral brain damaged patients: a reappraisal. The performance of unilateral brain-damaged patients on recognition of random shapes was investigated by means of two different experiments. In experiment I interitem similarity and number of response-choice alternatives were varied to evaluate their possible influence on the subjects' performance. In experiment II stimulus exposure time was varied, In both experiments left brain-damaged patients with visual field defect obtained lower scores than control subjects. Right brain-damaged patients with visual field defect obtained scores significantly lower than controls only in the brief exposure condition.", "PMID": 540518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8383", "title": "Differential impairment of memory in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "content": "Groups of Korsakoff, alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects were given picture-recognition memory (patterns and objects) and verbal learning tasks. Korsakoff subjects were impaired relative to the two control groups on verbal learning and object-picture memory; on pattern memory Korsakoff and alcoholic subjects were comparable but both were inferior to non-alcoholics. These findings gave some support to the idea (Butters and Cermak, 1976) that visuo-spatial functions (represented here by pattern memory) are impaired through chronic alcoholism whilst the development of Korsakoff's syndrome induces an additional impairment in semantic processing of information (represented here by verbal learning and object-picture memory).", "contents": "Differential impairment of memory in Korsakoff's syndrome. Groups of Korsakoff, alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects were given picture-recognition memory (patterns and objects) and verbal learning tasks. Korsakoff subjects were impaired relative to the two control groups on verbal learning and object-picture memory; on pattern memory Korsakoff and alcoholic subjects were comparable but both were inferior to non-alcoholics. These findings gave some support to the idea (Butters and Cermak, 1976) that visuo-spatial functions (represented here by pattern memory) are impaired through chronic alcoholism whilst the development of Korsakoff's syndrome induces an additional impairment in semantic processing of information (represented here by verbal learning and object-picture memory).", "PMID": 540519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8384", "title": "Theory and practice in the measurement of laterality.", "content": "Using data from a divided visual field task, it is shown that correlations between laterality measures and overall accuracy are not a consequence of the level of accuracy constraining the achievable range of laterality, but depend on the design of current laterality measures and on the differential correlation of each hemisphere's scores with total accuracy. Comparing four laterality measures on 125 subjects shows that, although the laterality distributions differ in dispersion, the four measures are significantly intercorrelated and give nearly identical indications of average lateralisation. It is concluded that laterality measures may be of some limited use in comparing experimental results from different sources rather than in evaluating theories of cerebral asymmetry.", "contents": "Theory and practice in the measurement of laterality. Using data from a divided visual field task, it is shown that correlations between laterality measures and overall accuracy are not a consequence of the level of accuracy constraining the achievable range of laterality, but depend on the design of current laterality measures and on the differential correlation of each hemisphere's scores with total accuracy. Comparing four laterality measures on 125 subjects shows that, although the laterality distributions differ in dispersion, the four measures are significantly intercorrelated and give nearly identical indications of average lateralisation. It is concluded that laterality measures may be of some limited use in comparing experimental results from different sources rather than in evaluating theories of cerebral asymmetry.", "PMID": 540520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8385", "title": "Xanthinol nicotinate in the management of leg ulcers associated with haemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The therapeutic role of xanthinol nicotinate, with its potent action on the peripheral circulation, in promoting healing of leg ulcers when added to conservative measures of ulcer treatment in adult beta-thalassaemia major and sickle cell thalassaemia, was evaluated in a double-blind crossover trial in 16 patients suffering from multiple leg ulcers. Conservative measures of ulcer treatment were leg raising in horizontal position for 14 hours, bed-rest, local antiseptic dressings and antibiotics. Xanthinol nicotinate or placebo was administered in a daily dose of 8 tablets (2400 mg) for 10 weeks. Comparison of the treatment results of conservative measures plus xanthinol nicotinate and those of conservative measures plus placebo revealed a statistically significant higher rate of complete ulcer healing during xanthinol nicotinate therapy (p less than 0.01). Apart from a low incidence of generalized itching and flushing at the start of the trial, xanthinol nicotinate was well tolerated in the prescribed dose.", "contents": "Xanthinol nicotinate in the management of leg ulcers associated with haemoglobinopathies. The therapeutic role of xanthinol nicotinate, with its potent action on the peripheral circulation, in promoting healing of leg ulcers when added to conservative measures of ulcer treatment in adult beta-thalassaemia major and sickle cell thalassaemia, was evaluated in a double-blind crossover trial in 16 patients suffering from multiple leg ulcers. Conservative measures of ulcer treatment were leg raising in horizontal position for 14 hours, bed-rest, local antiseptic dressings and antibiotics. Xanthinol nicotinate or placebo was administered in a daily dose of 8 tablets (2400 mg) for 10 weeks. Comparison of the treatment results of conservative measures plus xanthinol nicotinate and those of conservative measures plus placebo revealed a statistically significant higher rate of complete ulcer healing during xanthinol nicotinate therapy (p less than 0.01). Apart from a low incidence of generalized itching and flushing at the start of the trial, xanthinol nicotinate was well tolerated in the prescribed dose.", "PMID": 540521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8386", "title": "Clobetasone butyrate compared with betamethasone valerate in the treatment of atopic and contact dermatitis.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized study, 0.05% clobetasone butyrate cream was found to be as effective as 0.1% betamethasone valerate in the treatment of 48 patients with atopic or contact dermatitis, after 2 weeks as well as after 4 weeks of treatment. Side-effects with both drugs were rare and mild.", "contents": "Clobetasone butyrate compared with betamethasone valerate in the treatment of atopic and contact dermatitis. In a double-blind, randomized study, 0.05% clobetasone butyrate cream was found to be as effective as 0.1% betamethasone valerate in the treatment of 48 patients with atopic or contact dermatitis, after 2 weeks as well as after 4 weeks of treatment. Side-effects with both drugs were rare and mild.", "PMID": 540522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8387", "title": "Pimozide as a replacement for maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "An open 12-week study was carried out to investigate the use of pimozide (12 mg once daily) as a replacement for antipsychotic maintenance therapy in 30 chronic schizophrenics who had responded poorly to previous neuroleptic monotherapy or polytherapy. After 8 weeks of treatment with pimozide, all 18 symptoms of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were improved from previous treatment values. These differences were statistically significant for conceptual disorganization, depressive mood, hostility and motor retardation. Eleven patients who clearly responded well during the trial and consequently continued pimozide monotherapy were judged, 1 year later, to be functioning as well, or better, than with pre-trial drug treatment.", "contents": "Pimozide as a replacement for maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. An open 12-week study was carried out to investigate the use of pimozide (12 mg once daily) as a replacement for antipsychotic maintenance therapy in 30 chronic schizophrenics who had responded poorly to previous neuroleptic monotherapy or polytherapy. After 8 weeks of treatment with pimozide, all 18 symptoms of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were improved from previous treatment values. These differences were statistically significant for conceptual disorganization, depressive mood, hostility and motor retardation. Eleven patients who clearly responded well during the trial and consequently continued pimozide monotherapy were judged, 1 year later, to be functioning as well, or better, than with pre-trial drug treatment.", "PMID": 540523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8388", "title": "Amoxapine in depressive illness.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out in 29 patients recently admitted to hospital with depressive illness to compare the effectiveness and side-effect liability of treatment with amoxapine and imipramine. Both drugs were given in a dosage of 25 mg 3-times daily over a period of 4 weeks, and patients' progress was assessed using psychiatric and psychological rating scales for depression. Although amoxapine and imipramine proved equally effective, response to amoxapine was quicker and appeared to have the same effect after 1 week as did imipramine after 2 weeks. In addition, dryness of the mouth was complained of most frequently by patients taking imipramine.", "contents": "Amoxapine in depressive illness. A double-blind trial was carried out in 29 patients recently admitted to hospital with depressive illness to compare the effectiveness and side-effect liability of treatment with amoxapine and imipramine. Both drugs were given in a dosage of 25 mg 3-times daily over a period of 4 weeks, and patients' progress was assessed using psychiatric and psychological rating scales for depression. Although amoxapine and imipramine proved equally effective, response to amoxapine was quicker and appeared to have the same effect after 1 week as did imipramine after 2 weeks. In addition, dryness of the mouth was complained of most frequently by patients taking imipramine.", "PMID": 540524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8389", "title": "Piracetam in chronic brain failure.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out on 109 aged patients with minimal or with moderate chronic brain failure to assess the effectiveness of piracetam (2.4 g per day) in preventing the progression of dementia. Patients received piracetam or placebo each for 6 weeks, the order of treatment being at random. The results of 19 psychological tests, repeated at 6-weekly intervals, showed that piracetam produced statistically significant improvement in only one of them and then only during the first 6 weeks of treatment. These findings, therefore, do not support the usefulness of piracetam in the treatment of such patients.", "contents": "Piracetam in chronic brain failure. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out on 109 aged patients with minimal or with moderate chronic brain failure to assess the effectiveness of piracetam (2.4 g per day) in preventing the progression of dementia. Patients received piracetam or placebo each for 6 weeks, the order of treatment being at random. The results of 19 psychological tests, repeated at 6-weekly intervals, showed that piracetam produced statistically significant improvement in only one of them and then only during the first 6 weeks of treatment. These findings, therefore, do not support the usefulness of piracetam in the treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 540525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8390", "title": "Inhibition of artifically-induced asthma by reproterol ('Bronchospasmin').", "content": "A study was carried out in 25 patients with asthma caused by exposure to occupational antigens to investigate the effectiveness of reproterol in protecting and terminating the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled antigens. The results of lung function tests showed that the immediate reactions to the provocation test could be reversed by reproterol given either at the time of the reaction or shortly before challenge.", "contents": "Inhibition of artifically-induced asthma by reproterol ('Bronchospasmin'). A study was carried out in 25 patients with asthma caused by exposure to occupational antigens to investigate the effectiveness of reproterol in protecting and terminating the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled antigens. The results of lung function tests showed that the immediate reactions to the provocation test could be reversed by reproterol given either at the time of the reaction or shortly before challenge.", "PMID": 540526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8391", "title": "A fixed combination of metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension: a multi-centre study.", "content": "A multi-centre, open study was carried out in 140 hypertensive patients to investigate the hypotensive effect of 2 tablets of a fixed combination of 100 mg metoprolol plus 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide when taken either once-daily or twice-daily, each for 4 weeks. Blood pressure and pulse rate measurements were taken at rest, during and after exercise, on entry and at the end of each treatment period. The mean resting blood pressures were 168/108 mmHg, 151/98 mmHg and 150/96 mmHg at pre-trial, after the twice-daily dosage period and after the once-daily dosage period, respectively. The corresponding figures for exercise blood pressure were 191/115 mmHg, 176/105 mmHg, and 174/102 mmHg. Few side-effects were reported. It is concluded that once-daily dosing with this combination product is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for mild to moderate hypertension throughout the full 24-hour period.", "contents": "A fixed combination of metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension: a multi-centre study. A multi-centre, open study was carried out in 140 hypertensive patients to investigate the hypotensive effect of 2 tablets of a fixed combination of 100 mg metoprolol plus 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide when taken either once-daily or twice-daily, each for 4 weeks. Blood pressure and pulse rate measurements were taken at rest, during and after exercise, on entry and at the end of each treatment period. The mean resting blood pressures were 168/108 mmHg, 151/98 mmHg and 150/96 mmHg at pre-trial, after the twice-daily dosage period and after the once-daily dosage period, respectively. The corresponding figures for exercise blood pressure were 191/115 mmHg, 176/105 mmHg, and 174/102 mmHg. Few side-effects were reported. It is concluded that once-daily dosing with this combination product is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for mild to moderate hypertension throughout the full 24-hour period.", "PMID": 540527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8392", "title": "Ultrastructural transitions associated with the development of the bladder cells of the trichomes of Atriplex.", "content": "Early in development, bladder cells are characterized by the absence of a vacuole or vacuoles, the presence of autophagic vesicles, and numerous, unaggregated ribosomes. With the formation and expansion of the central vacuole, the ribosomes become aggregated and elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum become apparent. This developmental transition is probably related to the production of proteins involved in ion accumulation in the vacuole. Throughout expansion, invaginations of the tonoplast and membraneous structures are associated with the vacuole. These may be indicative of a continued lytic function for this compartment. Also, dictyosomes are continuously present and dictyosome vesicles are associated with both the plasmalemma and tonoplast, which suggest that they contribute to both membrane systems during expansion of the cell and vacuole.", "contents": "Ultrastructural transitions associated with the development of the bladder cells of the trichomes of Atriplex. Early in development, bladder cells are characterized by the absence of a vacuole or vacuoles, the presence of autophagic vesicles, and numerous, unaggregated ribosomes. With the formation and expansion of the central vacuole, the ribosomes become aggregated and elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum become apparent. This developmental transition is probably related to the production of proteins involved in ion accumulation in the vacuole. Throughout expansion, invaginations of the tonoplast and membraneous structures are associated with the vacuole. These may be indicative of a continued lytic function for this compartment. Also, dictyosomes are continuously present and dictyosome vesicles are associated with both the plasmalemma and tonoplast, which suggest that they contribute to both membrane systems during expansion of the cell and vacuole.", "PMID": 540532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8393", "title": "Unstable nuclear DNA in hypoglossal neurons of adult mice.", "content": "To demonstrate the existence of unstable or metabolic DNA in normal mammalian neurons and to study the effect of peripheral nerve injury on this metabolic DNA, adult mice were given repeated injections of high doses of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) on the day before injury to the left hypoglossal nerve. The animals were killed at intervals up to 33 days after the injections of 3H-T. Analyses of grain counts showed a low but significant elevation in the number of radioautographic grains per unit area of hypoglossal neuronal nuclei above background levels for up to 5 days after 3H-T injection. Digestion of the tissue with DNase lowered the nuclear grain counts to background levels, confirming that the DNA was indeed labelled. Although there was a loss of labelled material from the neuronal nuclei with time, there was no difference between injured and uninjured neurons at any of the intervals tested after injection of 3H-T.", "contents": "Unstable nuclear DNA in hypoglossal neurons of adult mice. To demonstrate the existence of unstable or metabolic DNA in normal mammalian neurons and to study the effect of peripheral nerve injury on this metabolic DNA, adult mice were given repeated injections of high doses of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) on the day before injury to the left hypoglossal nerve. The animals were killed at intervals up to 33 days after the injections of 3H-T. Analyses of grain counts showed a low but significant elevation in the number of radioautographic grains per unit area of hypoglossal neuronal nuclei above background levels for up to 5 days after 3H-T injection. Digestion of the tissue with DNase lowered the nuclear grain counts to background levels, confirming that the DNA was indeed labelled. Although there was a loss of labelled material from the neuronal nuclei with time, there was no difference between injured and uninjured neurons at any of the intervals tested after injection of 3H-T.", "PMID": 540533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8394", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of the pelvic and abdominal lymphatic system.", "content": "Evaluation of the pelvic and abdominal lymphatic systems is the subject of renewed interest by radiologists, radiotherapists, surgeons and medical oncologists. The primary reason for this interest has been the rapid advance of diagnostic imaging technology, particulary in ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT). Another reason is the realization that with some neoplasms, particularly gynecologic neoplasms, there has been little progress in long-term survival in spite of aggressive local management. A possible explanation for this is \"understaging\" of neoplasms by previous radiologic procedures. Although lymphangiography has a proved and well-defined place in the diagnostic regimen, it remains tedious, time-consuming and invasive. Gray-scale ultrasound and CT have been widely used for several years and their role, limitations and relationship to lymphangiography have become established. The purpose of this monograph is to provide a short review of the lymphatic system and lymphangiogram, with particular attention to the recent radiologic literature. The role and limitations of the various diagnostic modalities are discussed and the lymphatic drainage and common pelvic neoplasms (as approached in the recent literature) are reviewed. No attempt has been made to define the lymphatic drainage of abdominal visceral organs.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of the pelvic and abdominal lymphatic system. Evaluation of the pelvic and abdominal lymphatic systems is the subject of renewed interest by radiologists, radiotherapists, surgeons and medical oncologists. The primary reason for this interest has been the rapid advance of diagnostic imaging technology, particulary in ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT). Another reason is the realization that with some neoplasms, particularly gynecologic neoplasms, there has been little progress in long-term survival in spite of aggressive local management. A possible explanation for this is \"understaging\" of neoplasms by previous radiologic procedures. Although lymphangiography has a proved and well-defined place in the diagnostic regimen, it remains tedious, time-consuming and invasive. Gray-scale ultrasound and CT have been widely used for several years and their role, limitations and relationship to lymphangiography have become established. The purpose of this monograph is to provide a short review of the lymphatic system and lymphangiogram, with particular attention to the recent radiologic literature. The role and limitations of the various diagnostic modalities are discussed and the lymphatic drainage and common pelvic neoplasms (as approached in the recent literature) are reviewed. No attempt has been made to define the lymphatic drainage of abdominal visceral organs.", "PMID": 540529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8395", "title": "90-day sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of a mercapto-functional silicone oil in rats.", "content": "A mercapto-functional poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicone oil vapor (0.15 and 0.45 mg/l) was generated by passage of air through the heated oil and rats were subjected to these vapors over a 90-day period. An extensive pathological, clinical and hematological workup failed to demonstrate any significant effects of this exposure. In addition, weight gains over the experimental period were comparable to controls.", "contents": "90-day sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of a mercapto-functional silicone oil in rats. A mercapto-functional poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicone oil vapor (0.15 and 0.45 mg/l) was generated by passage of air through the heated oil and rats were subjected to these vapors over a 90-day period. An extensive pathological, clinical and hematological workup failed to demonstrate any significant effects of this exposure. In addition, weight gains over the experimental period were comparable to controls.", "PMID": 540538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8396", "title": "The influence of hyperoxia on the acute toxicity of paraquat and diquat.", "content": "Hyperoxia has been shown to enhance the toxicity of the herbicide paraquat. Experiments were conducted to learn more about the effects of oxygen following acute poisoning with paraquat as well as the structurally related herbicide, diquat. Rats were injected intravenously with various doses of diquat or paraquat and placed into an atmosphere of either 100% oxygen or room air. The time required for 50% lethality (LT50) of both diquat and paraquat was greatly diminished by hyperoxia and was dependent upon the herbicide dosage. Rats treated with 40 or 80 mg/kg diquat and exposed to 100% oxygen had a shorter LT50 than those treated similarly with paraquat. A dose of 20 mg/kg was equitoxic in 100% oxygen while rats treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg diquat had a longer LT50 than rats treated with the same dose of paraquat. All animals exhibited severe respiratory distress terminally. The plasma concentrations and tissue distribution of either herbicide at 20 mg/kg were the same in oxygen and air exposed animals. When oxygen concentrations were varied between 100% and 60% rats treated with 20 mg/kg diquat or paraquat exhibited increasing but equal LT50's. In 40% oxygen diquat treated rats died more rapidly than paraquat treated rats. These data demonstrate a toxic interaction between hyperoxia and diquat as well as paraquat.", "contents": "The influence of hyperoxia on the acute toxicity of paraquat and diquat. Hyperoxia has been shown to enhance the toxicity of the herbicide paraquat. Experiments were conducted to learn more about the effects of oxygen following acute poisoning with paraquat as well as the structurally related herbicide, diquat. Rats were injected intravenously with various doses of diquat or paraquat and placed into an atmosphere of either 100% oxygen or room air. The time required for 50% lethality (LT50) of both diquat and paraquat was greatly diminished by hyperoxia and was dependent upon the herbicide dosage. Rats treated with 40 or 80 mg/kg diquat and exposed to 100% oxygen had a shorter LT50 than those treated similarly with paraquat. A dose of 20 mg/kg was equitoxic in 100% oxygen while rats treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg diquat had a longer LT50 than rats treated with the same dose of paraquat. All animals exhibited severe respiratory distress terminally. The plasma concentrations and tissue distribution of either herbicide at 20 mg/kg were the same in oxygen and air exposed animals. When oxygen concentrations were varied between 100% and 60% rats treated with 20 mg/kg diquat or paraquat exhibited increasing but equal LT50's. In 40% oxygen diquat treated rats died more rapidly than paraquat treated rats. These data demonstrate a toxic interaction between hyperoxia and diquat as well as paraquat.", "PMID": 540539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8397", "title": "Absorption and distribution of C.I. Solvent Red 24 in rats; intra-tracheal administration of 14C labeled dye.", "content": "1-((2-methyl-4-[(2-methyl phenyl)azo] phenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenol (C.I. Solvent Red 24) was prepared having a 14C label on the methyl group of the central ring and was administered in suspension intra-tracheally to a male and a female rat. After 96 hours in metabolism cages, the animals were sacrificed and 14C counted in various organs and in urine/feces samples taken periodically up to 96 hours. Absorbed colorant was defined as that percentage of the total dose of radioactivity not present in the lung parenchyma after 96 hours relative to the total amount recovered and amounted to about 60%. Of this, about 98% was excreted in the urine and feces, the latter being the major excretory pathway. No free colorant was found in either feces or urine. Fractional percentages of the absorbed radioactivity were found in various tissues including the liver, and 4-amino-2',3(14C) dimethylazobenzene was identified in the urine after acid hydrolysis.", "contents": "Absorption and distribution of C.I. Solvent Red 24 in rats; intra-tracheal administration of 14C labeled dye. 1-((2-methyl-4-[(2-methyl phenyl)azo] phenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenol (C.I. Solvent Red 24) was prepared having a 14C label on the methyl group of the central ring and was administered in suspension intra-tracheally to a male and a female rat. After 96 hours in metabolism cages, the animals were sacrificed and 14C counted in various organs and in urine/feces samples taken periodically up to 96 hours. Absorbed colorant was defined as that percentage of the total dose of radioactivity not present in the lung parenchyma after 96 hours relative to the total amount recovered and amounted to about 60%. Of this, about 98% was excreted in the urine and feces, the latter being the major excretory pathway. No free colorant was found in either feces or urine. Fractional percentages of the absorbed radioactivity were found in various tissues including the liver, and 4-amino-2',3(14C) dimethylazobenzene was identified in the urine after acid hydrolysis.", "PMID": 540540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8398", "title": "Toxicity of 1,4-dihexylpiperazine.", "content": "Attempts to synthesize the insect repellent, N,N'-dihexyl-N-carbomethoxyethylenediamine, led to an impurity which exhibited strong toxicity in the rabbit eye irritation test. Isolation of the impurity led to its identification at 1,4-dihexylpiperazine.", "contents": "Toxicity of 1,4-dihexylpiperazine. Attempts to synthesize the insect repellent, N,N'-dihexyl-N-carbomethoxyethylenediamine, led to an impurity which exhibited strong toxicity in the rabbit eye irritation test. Isolation of the impurity led to its identification at 1,4-dihexylpiperazine.", "PMID": 540541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8399", "title": "[Cholestasis diagnostics. Experiences with the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) using the Chiba needle (author's transl)].", "content": "We were successfull in doing a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) using the Chiba needle in 29 out of our 32 first cases including 19 out of 20 icteric and 10 out of 12 unicteric patients. Already when getting familiarized with the procedure the PTC seems to be superior as compared to the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in regard to results, risks, inconvenience to the patient, costs and technical skill. In this way the cholestasis diagnostics could be improved also in smaller hospitals missing the personnel and instrumental requirements to do the ERC procedure.", "contents": "[Cholestasis diagnostics. Experiences with the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) using the Chiba needle (author's transl)]. We were successfull in doing a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) using the Chiba needle in 29 out of our 32 first cases including 19 out of 20 icteric and 10 out of 12 unicteric patients. Already when getting familiarized with the procedure the PTC seems to be superior as compared to the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in regard to results, risks, inconvenience to the patient, costs and technical skill. In this way the cholestasis diagnostics could be improved also in smaller hospitals missing the personnel and instrumental requirements to do the ERC procedure.", "PMID": 540561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8400", "title": "[Pancreatic neoplasms and risk of thrombosis].", "content": "Among all cancers of the pancreas, the liver and the bile ducts with icterus terminal lung embolism ist seldomer then among the same cancers without icterus. The risk of terminal lung embolism is among all tumours of the abdominal region higher than among all tumours of the thorax region, because the compression of the vena cava inferior increases the risk of thrombosis with lung embolism. The prevalence of adenocarcinoma among all cases with lung embolism is caused by the fact, that cancers of the abdomen are more frequent adenocarcinomas then all other tumours.", "contents": "[Pancreatic neoplasms and risk of thrombosis]. Among all cancers of the pancreas, the liver and the bile ducts with icterus terminal lung embolism ist seldomer then among the same cancers without icterus. The risk of terminal lung embolism is among all tumours of the abdominal region higher than among all tumours of the thorax region, because the compression of the vena cava inferior increases the risk of thrombosis with lung embolism. The prevalence of adenocarcinoma among all cases with lung embolism is caused by the fact, that cancers of the abdomen are more frequent adenocarcinomas then all other tumours.", "PMID": 540562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8401", "title": "[Multilobular biliary liver cirrhosis as a purely hepatic form of mucoviscidosis].", "content": "Report about a patient with intraoperative and histological secured multilobular biliary cirrhosis of the liver and local formed purulent bile-duct and gall inflammation as an isolated hepatical form of the cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.--The character was complicated by the development of a portal vein high pressure and esophagus varicose vein haemorrhage, who at once needed a Shunt operation. Fromout the point of our view Sulprim is a good way to the therapie of purulent bile-duct inflammation in the case of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Multilobular biliary liver cirrhosis as a purely hepatic form of mucoviscidosis]. Report about a patient with intraoperative and histological secured multilobular biliary cirrhosis of the liver and local formed purulent bile-duct and gall inflammation as an isolated hepatical form of the cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.--The character was complicated by the development of a portal vein high pressure and esophagus varicose vein haemorrhage, who at once needed a Shunt operation. Fromout the point of our view Sulprim is a good way to the therapie of purulent bile-duct inflammation in the case of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "PMID": 540564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8402", "title": "[Diabetic angiopathy. Proteinuria as an initial symptom].", "content": "Follow up studies in 19 diabetic patients with manifestation in the youth. Proteinurie within few years; later on nephropathy: 7 cases with glomerulosclerosis, 8 with arteriolosclerosis, 3 with pyelonephritis and 1 with chronic glomerulonephritis. In all cases retinopathy, very often coronarsclerosis, seldom peripheral and cerebral sclerosis. 14 patients died, mostly in young age in consequence of nephropathy. Proteinurie is a malignant symptom of diabetic angiopathy; in contrast to the retinopathy.", "contents": "[Diabetic angiopathy. Proteinuria as an initial symptom]. Follow up studies in 19 diabetic patients with manifestation in the youth. Proteinurie within few years; later on nephropathy: 7 cases with glomerulosclerosis, 8 with arteriolosclerosis, 3 with pyelonephritis and 1 with chronic glomerulonephritis. In all cases retinopathy, very often coronarsclerosis, seldom peripheral and cerebral sclerosis. 14 patients died, mostly in young age in consequence of nephropathy. Proteinurie is a malignant symptom of diabetic angiopathy; in contrast to the retinopathy.", "PMID": 540565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8403", "title": "[The influence of infusions and amino-acids on the determination of ammonia by means of indophenol-reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "It will analyse and discuss the influence of fructose-, glucose-, sorbitol- and argininmalat-infusions, of ascorbit acid and vitamin-B-complex as well as of 13 different amino-acids on the determination of ammonia by means of indophenol-reaction. With this the frequent of liver-cirrhosis i.v. administer substances trouble the determination of ammonia just as little (exception: arginin-malat), how amino-acids in physiological and little pathological range.", "contents": "[The influence of infusions and amino-acids on the determination of ammonia by means of indophenol-reaction (author's transl)]. It will analyse and discuss the influence of fructose-, glucose-, sorbitol- and argininmalat-infusions, of ascorbit acid and vitamin-B-complex as well as of 13 different amino-acids on the determination of ammonia by means of indophenol-reaction. With this the frequent of liver-cirrhosis i.v. administer substances trouble the determination of ammonia just as little (exception: arginin-malat), how amino-acids in physiological and little pathological range.", "PMID": 540566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8404", "title": "Time course of distribution to tissues of 125I-somatomedin A injected into the rat.", "content": "125I-somatomedin A (SMA) was injected iv into rats. Distribution studies in rats showed concentrations of radioactivity to be high in kidney and plasma, low in brain, and intermediate in other tissues. The concentration of total and trichloracetic acid (TCA) precipitable radioactivity in rat blood and tissues fell at rapid rate. Ninety per cent of the radioactivity was in the urine in 24 hr, and only 15% of urine radioactivity was TCA precipitable. The half-life of the radioactivity in TCA-precipitable fraction from blood and that from tissues were nearly identical (about 6 hr). In both liver and kidney, TCA-precipitable radioactivity was detected in membrane and/or organellar fraction and cytosol fraction. Sephadex G-200 chromatography at neutral PHY AT NEUTRAL PH of plasma after injection of 125I-SMA revealed 3 peaks of radioactivity in higher molecular weight region than purified SMA.", "contents": "Time course of distribution to tissues of 125I-somatomedin A injected into the rat. 125I-somatomedin A (SMA) was injected iv into rats. Distribution studies in rats showed concentrations of radioactivity to be high in kidney and plasma, low in brain, and intermediate in other tissues. The concentration of total and trichloracetic acid (TCA) precipitable radioactivity in rat blood and tissues fell at rapid rate. Ninety per cent of the radioactivity was in the urine in 24 hr, and only 15% of urine radioactivity was TCA precipitable. The half-life of the radioactivity in TCA-precipitable fraction from blood and that from tissues were nearly identical (about 6 hr). In both liver and kidney, TCA-precipitable radioactivity was detected in membrane and/or organellar fraction and cytosol fraction. Sephadex G-200 chromatography at neutral PHY AT NEUTRAL PH of plasma after injection of 125I-SMA revealed 3 peaks of radioactivity in higher molecular weight region than purified SMA.", "PMID": 540567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8405", "title": "Studies on the nuclear binding of steroid hormone-receptor complex; characteristics of binding of nuclei from fetal rat liver to 3H-dexamethasone-liver cytoplasmic receptor complex.", "content": "Binding of 3H-dexamethasone (Dex)-rat liver cytoplasmic receptor complex to nuclei from fetal rat livers in vitro exhibited a high-affinity and saturable nature (Kd=1.5 X 10- M, maximal binding sites=470 fmole/mg DNA), and the binding was inhibited competitively by prior injection of Dex in vivo. While binding of 3H-Dex-receptor complex to nuclei from adult rat liver was in low affinity and unsaturable, and injection of Dex prior to the sacrifice of animals did not influence the nuclear binding to 3H-Dex-receptor complex in vitro. Differential salt-extraction with KCl solution of the nuclear bound 3H-Dex receptor complex revealed the presence of salt-extractable and residual forms of bound receptors. The amount of the fraction extracted with 0.3 M KCl reached its maximum at 10 min after the start of incubation, while the 1.0 M KCl-extractable and residual fractions reached their maximum plateaus after 30 min of the incubation. Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding of the receptor complex to the 0.3M and 1.0M KCl fractions was saturable, while the residual fraction did not show any tendency of saturation under the experimental conditions employed in the present study. The results obtained in this work were compared to those which have been reported by other investigators.", "contents": "Studies on the nuclear binding of steroid hormone-receptor complex; characteristics of binding of nuclei from fetal rat liver to 3H-dexamethasone-liver cytoplasmic receptor complex. Binding of 3H-dexamethasone (Dex)-rat liver cytoplasmic receptor complex to nuclei from fetal rat livers in vitro exhibited a high-affinity and saturable nature (Kd=1.5 X 10- M, maximal binding sites=470 fmole/mg DNA), and the binding was inhibited competitively by prior injection of Dex in vivo. While binding of 3H-Dex-receptor complex to nuclei from adult rat liver was in low affinity and unsaturable, and injection of Dex prior to the sacrifice of animals did not influence the nuclear binding to 3H-Dex-receptor complex in vitro. Differential salt-extraction with KCl solution of the nuclear bound 3H-Dex receptor complex revealed the presence of salt-extractable and residual forms of bound receptors. The amount of the fraction extracted with 0.3 M KCl reached its maximum at 10 min after the start of incubation, while the 1.0 M KCl-extractable and residual fractions reached their maximum plateaus after 30 min of the incubation. Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding of the receptor complex to the 0.3M and 1.0M KCl fractions was saturable, while the residual fraction did not show any tendency of saturation under the experimental conditions employed in the present study. The results obtained in this work were compared to those which have been reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 540568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8406", "title": "A case of multiple extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas.", "content": "A 22 year old man with two extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas located in the mediastinum and in the pelvis is presented. We believe this is the first report in Japan of extra-adrenal multiple pheochromocytomas in adult located in the two distant places.", "contents": "A case of multiple extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. A 22 year old man with two extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas located in the mediastinum and in the pelvis is presented. We believe this is the first report in Japan of extra-adrenal multiple pheochromocytomas in adult located in the two distant places.", "PMID": 540569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8407", "title": "Binding protein of somatomedin A in serum from men and rats.", "content": "After gel chromatography of human and rat serum at pH 7.4, all endogenous somatomedin A was recovered in the high molecular weight range. The largest peak was found in the gamma-globulin (II) region and the next largest peak found in the albumin region (III). The amounts of somatomedin A in the peak II region increased in serum from acromegalies and decreased in serum from growth hormone deficient patients. Four radioactive peaks were observed after gel chromatography of serum incubated with 125I-somatomedin A. Only the two peaks corresponding to peaks II and III out of the four peaks were displaced by adding 50 microgram of partially purified cold somatomedin A. The radioactivity of peak II decreased in sera from growth hormone deficient patients and increased after growth hormone administration. These observations support the hypothesis that the growth hormone regulates not only somatomedin A but also its carrier protein.", "contents": "Binding protein of somatomedin A in serum from men and rats. After gel chromatography of human and rat serum at pH 7.4, all endogenous somatomedin A was recovered in the high molecular weight range. The largest peak was found in the gamma-globulin (II) region and the next largest peak found in the albumin region (III). The amounts of somatomedin A in the peak II region increased in serum from acromegalies and decreased in serum from growth hormone deficient patients. Four radioactive peaks were observed after gel chromatography of serum incubated with 125I-somatomedin A. Only the two peaks corresponding to peaks II and III out of the four peaks were displaced by adding 50 microgram of partially purified cold somatomedin A. The radioactivity of peak II decreased in sera from growth hormone deficient patients and increased after growth hormone administration. These observations support the hypothesis that the growth hormone regulates not only somatomedin A but also its carrier protein.", "PMID": 540570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8408", "title": "Central hypertensive actions of angiotensin I, II and III in conscious rats.", "content": "The effects of intracerebroventricular administrations of three natural angiotensins, angiotensin I (ANG I 3.8 X 10-11-9.4 X10-10 mol/kg body weight), II (9.6 X 10-12-2.4 X 10-10 mol/kg body weight) and III (2.7 X 10-10 2.5 X 10-9 mol/kg body weight) on systemic blood pressure were investigated in conscious rats. Angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG I and angiotensin III (ANG III), increased blood pressure in a dose-related manner. The order of potency of angiotensins was ANG II greater than ANG I greater than ANG III. The intraventricular administration of a converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14225, 6.9 X10-8 mol/kg) abolished the central effect of ANG I, while an angiotensin II analogue ([Sar1-Ala8]ANG II, 1.1 X 10-8 mol/kg) administered intraventricularly inhibited the central pressor effects of these three angiotensins. These results suggest that ANG II is a main mediator of the renin-angiotensin system in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Central hypertensive actions of angiotensin I, II and III in conscious rats. The effects of intracerebroventricular administrations of three natural angiotensins, angiotensin I (ANG I 3.8 X 10-11-9.4 X10-10 mol/kg body weight), II (9.6 X 10-12-2.4 X 10-10 mol/kg body weight) and III (2.7 X 10-10 2.5 X 10-9 mol/kg body weight) on systemic blood pressure were investigated in conscious rats. Angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG I and angiotensin III (ANG III), increased blood pressure in a dose-related manner. The order of potency of angiotensins was ANG II greater than ANG I greater than ANG III. The intraventricular administration of a converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14225, 6.9 X10-8 mol/kg) abolished the central effect of ANG I, while an angiotensin II analogue ([Sar1-Ala8]ANG II, 1.1 X 10-8 mol/kg) administered intraventricularly inhibited the central pressor effects of these three angiotensins. These results suggest that ANG II is a main mediator of the renin-angiotensin system in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 540571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8409", "title": "Differential effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on oxytocinergic and non-oxytocinergic neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the lactating rat.", "content": "The effects of the prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) given into the third cerebral ventricle on the unit activity of neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. The firing activity of PVN neurones was recorded extracellularly and 50 neurones were antidromically identified as neurosecretory neurones. Thirty of them were classified oxytocinergic neurones because they gave a burst of action potential 12-15 sec before reflex milk ejection and the remaining twenty PVN neurones which showed no response prior to reflex milk ejections were regarded as non-oxytocinergic ones. Twenty-five (83%) of the30 oxytocinergic neurones increased in the firing rate following the intraventricular (IVT) injection of PGF2 alpha (500ng in 1 microliter of isotonic saline) and the responses lasted for about 20-30 min. The remaining 5 (17%) oxytocinergic neurones showed no response in the firing rate to IVT PGF2 alpha. Fifteen (75%) of the 20 nonoxytocinergic neurones decreased in the firing activity in response to IVT PGF2 alpha, and the remaining 5 (25%) of them showed no response. IVT injection of isotonic saline (1 microliter) did not affect the firing activity of both the oxytocinergic and nonoxytocinergic cells. The intramammary pressure was slightly increased by the IVT administration of PGF2 alpha. These findings indicate that IVT PGF2 alpha has a differential action on oxytocinergic and non-oxytocinergic neurones in rats.", "contents": "Differential effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on oxytocinergic and non-oxytocinergic neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the lactating rat. The effects of the prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) given into the third cerebral ventricle on the unit activity of neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. The firing activity of PVN neurones was recorded extracellularly and 50 neurones were antidromically identified as neurosecretory neurones. Thirty of them were classified oxytocinergic neurones because they gave a burst of action potential 12-15 sec before reflex milk ejection and the remaining twenty PVN neurones which showed no response prior to reflex milk ejections were regarded as non-oxytocinergic ones. Twenty-five (83%) of the30 oxytocinergic neurones increased in the firing rate following the intraventricular (IVT) injection of PGF2 alpha (500ng in 1 microliter of isotonic saline) and the responses lasted for about 20-30 min. The remaining 5 (17%) oxytocinergic neurones showed no response in the firing rate to IVT PGF2 alpha. Fifteen (75%) of the 20 nonoxytocinergic neurones decreased in the firing activity in response to IVT PGF2 alpha, and the remaining 5 (25%) of them showed no response. IVT injection of isotonic saline (1 microliter) did not affect the firing activity of both the oxytocinergic and nonoxytocinergic cells. The intramammary pressure was slightly increased by the IVT administration of PGF2 alpha. These findings indicate that IVT PGF2 alpha has a differential action on oxytocinergic and non-oxytocinergic neurones in rats.", "PMID": 540572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8410", "title": "Changes in circulating L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou accompaning the smoltification, measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Serum levels of L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3) of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, were measured by radioimmunoassay during the months from March to September. Serum levels of T4 and T3 varied from 0.06 to 1.44 microgram and from 0.06 to 0.35 microgram per 100 ml serum respectively, although T4 content could not be detected in some specimens. T4 levels showed a seasonal fluctuation in which a higher value was observed in April when parr-smolt transformation was proceeding. T4 level in spring, particularly in April and June, was significantly higher in smolt than in parr. T3 content showed a small variation during the observed months and did not increase at smoltification, although the content tended to decrease to a minimum level in September when T4 level showed also the lowest level.", "contents": "Changes in circulating L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou accompaning the smoltification, measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum levels of L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3) of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, were measured by radioimmunoassay during the months from March to September. Serum levels of T4 and T3 varied from 0.06 to 1.44 microgram and from 0.06 to 0.35 microgram per 100 ml serum respectively, although T4 content could not be detected in some specimens. T4 levels showed a seasonal fluctuation in which a higher value was observed in April when parr-smolt transformation was proceeding. T4 level in spring, particularly in April and June, was significantly higher in smolt than in parr. T3 content showed a small variation during the observed months and did not increase at smoltification, although the content tended to decrease to a minimum level in September when T4 level showed also the lowest level.", "PMID": 540573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8411", "title": "Circannual variation of mortality rate following a single injection of hydrocortisone in newborn rats.", "content": "Under constant experimental conditions of room temperature and illumination, a highly significant seasonal difference was observed in the mortality rate of rats which received hydrocortisone on the first day of life. The rate was high in winter and low in summer. Inborn circannual variation of the susceptibility to exogenous corticosteroid was shown to exist in newborn rats.", "contents": "Circannual variation of mortality rate following a single injection of hydrocortisone in newborn rats. Under constant experimental conditions of room temperature and illumination, a highly significant seasonal difference was observed in the mortality rate of rats which received hydrocortisone on the first day of life. The rate was high in winter and low in summer. Inborn circannual variation of the susceptibility to exogenous corticosteroid was shown to exist in newborn rats.", "PMID": 540574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8412", "title": "Statistical evaluation of factors influencing prognosis of gastric cancer patients: Predication of prognosis on patient clusters.", "content": "We found ten clusters of gastric cancer patients in Imanaga's group under a cancer research project organized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and evaluated the prediction of prognosis of those patients in each cluster by using the censored regression of postsurgical survival time on a \"prognosic\" factor which has been extracted from nine explanatory variables observed mainly at the time of surgery. Consequently, the ten clusters were interpreted and confirmed to be useful for prediction of the patient prognosis by comparison of the failure rates among those clusters and between treated (administration of chemotherapy) group and control group.", "contents": "Statistical evaluation of factors influencing prognosis of gastric cancer patients: Predication of prognosis on patient clusters. We found ten clusters of gastric cancer patients in Imanaga's group under a cancer research project organized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and evaluated the prediction of prognosis of those patients in each cluster by using the censored regression of postsurgical survival time on a \"prognosic\" factor which has been extracted from nine explanatory variables observed mainly at the time of surgery. Consequently, the ten clusters were interpreted and confirmed to be useful for prediction of the patient prognosis by comparison of the failure rates among those clusters and between treated (administration of chemotherapy) group and control group.", "PMID": 540583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8413", "title": "Cancer epidemiology in Japan.", "content": "Patterns, change in occurrence, causative risk factors, and control strategy for cancer of each site in Japanese populations were studied by applying standard methods and techniques of biostatistics and epidemiology. As the results, cancers in Japan were classified into two groups: one on the decrease (stomach, cervix) and the other on the increase (lung, colon, pancreas, breast, prostate, urinary organs, leukemia). Analysis of vital statistics, national nutrition survey data, and on-going prospective study data revealed change in selective dietary intake and increase in cigarette consumption are the major factors responsible for such trend. Epidemiological characteristics and major risk factors of cancers of stomach, colon, pancreas, lung, breast, uterine cervix, ovary, endometrium, prostate, urinary bladder, and leukemia in Japan were summarized. A limited effect of mass screening was observed in the case of stomach cancer in addition to the strong effect of diet and nutrition. Cigarette smoking was confirmed to be the major causative factor of lung cancer in Japan. A close association of increased intake of animal fat and breast cancer risk in Japanese women was also observed.", "contents": "Cancer epidemiology in Japan. Patterns, change in occurrence, causative risk factors, and control strategy for cancer of each site in Japanese populations were studied by applying standard methods and techniques of biostatistics and epidemiology. As the results, cancers in Japan were classified into two groups: one on the decrease (stomach, cervix) and the other on the increase (lung, colon, pancreas, breast, prostate, urinary organs, leukemia). Analysis of vital statistics, national nutrition survey data, and on-going prospective study data revealed change in selective dietary intake and increase in cigarette consumption are the major factors responsible for such trend. Epidemiological characteristics and major risk factors of cancers of stomach, colon, pancreas, lung, breast, uterine cervix, ovary, endometrium, prostate, urinary bladder, and leukemia in Japan were summarized. A limited effect of mass screening was observed in the case of stomach cancer in addition to the strong effect of diet and nutrition. Cigarette smoking was confirmed to be the major causative factor of lung cancer in Japan. A close association of increased intake of animal fat and breast cancer risk in Japanese women was also observed.", "PMID": 540584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8414", "title": "Review of the methods of quantification.", "content": "In order to analyze qualitative observations, methods of quantification or optimal scaling have been proposed by Fisher, Guttman, and Hayashi. According to these methods, scores are assigned optimally in some objective and operational sense to the qualitative categories. The present paper mainly reviews Hayashi's four methods of quantification from the mathematical point of view. They are widely used, especially in Japan, in various fields such as social and marketing surveys, psychological research, medical research, etc., where information is obtained mainly in the form of qualitative categories. The first and second methods are applied to the case where an external criterion is present, and are used to predict the external criterion or to analyze the effects of factors. On the other hand, the third and fourth methods are applied to the case where no external criterion is present, and are used to construct a spatial configuration so as to grasp the mutual relationship of the data. After reviewing Hayashi's four methods, we discuss two topics which have been pointed out as the problems to be solved in applying the methods of quantification. One is quantification for ordered categories and the other is statistical consideration. With respect to these topics we review some recently developed methods including the studies due to the present author. Finally we mention briefly several computer programs available in Japan.", "contents": "Review of the methods of quantification. In order to analyze qualitative observations, methods of quantification or optimal scaling have been proposed by Fisher, Guttman, and Hayashi. According to these methods, scores are assigned optimally in some objective and operational sense to the qualitative categories. The present paper mainly reviews Hayashi's four methods of quantification from the mathematical point of view. They are widely used, especially in Japan, in various fields such as social and marketing surveys, psychological research, medical research, etc., where information is obtained mainly in the form of qualitative categories. The first and second methods are applied to the case where an external criterion is present, and are used to predict the external criterion or to analyze the effects of factors. On the other hand, the third and fourth methods are applied to the case where no external criterion is present, and are used to construct a spatial configuration so as to grasp the mutual relationship of the data. After reviewing Hayashi's four methods, we discuss two topics which have been pointed out as the problems to be solved in applying the methods of quantification. One is quantification for ordered categories and the other is statistical consideration. With respect to these topics we review some recently developed methods including the studies due to the present author. Finally we mention briefly several computer programs available in Japan.", "PMID": 540585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8415", "title": "Discussion of Tanaka's paper.", "content": "The theory of quantification is a method of statistical data analysis of categorical data. In other words, this is a kind of data theory and is closely related to optimum scaling method. This method has been mainly developed by Guttman in Israel and Hayashi in Japan. The multidimensional scaling method, which has been recently developed, is considered to be a continuation of the theory of quantification. Tanaka discussed mathematically some of Hayashi's methods of quantification. The present paper, gives an overview of the methods developed by him and other closely related methods and gives the orientation of those methods introduced by Tanaka. Then, as an illustration of exploratory categorical data analysis, the experimental data of Grizzle are analyzed by using the second method of quantification. The data structure is shown heuristically as a spatial configuration of factors in two-dimensional Euclidean space.", "contents": "Discussion of Tanaka's paper. The theory of quantification is a method of statistical data analysis of categorical data. In other words, this is a kind of data theory and is closely related to optimum scaling method. This method has been mainly developed by Guttman in Israel and Hayashi in Japan. The multidimensional scaling method, which has been recently developed, is considered to be a continuation of the theory of quantification. Tanaka discussed mathematically some of Hayashi's methods of quantification. The present paper, gives an overview of the methods developed by him and other closely related methods and gives the orientation of those methods introduced by Tanaka. Then, as an illustration of exploratory categorical data analysis, the experimental data of Grizzle are analyzed by using the second method of quantification. The data structure is shown heuristically as a spatial configuration of factors in two-dimensional Euclidean space.", "PMID": 540586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8416", "title": "Recent application of quantification II in Japanese medical research.", "content": "Hayashi's Quantification II is a method of multivariate discrimination analysis to manipulate attribute data as predictor variables. It is very useful in the medical research field for estimation, diagnosis, prognosis, evaluation of epidemiological factors, and other problems based on multiplicity of attribute data. In Japan, this method is so well known that most of the computer program packages include the Hayashi Quantification, but it seems to be yet unfamiliar with the method for researchers outside Japan. In view of this situation, we introduced 19 selected articles of recent applications of the Quantification II in Japanese medical research. In reviewing these papers, special mention is made to clarify how the researchers were satisfied with findings provided by the method. At the same time, some recommendations are made about terminology and program packages. Also a brief discussion of the background of the quantification methods is given with special reference to the Behaviormetric Society of Japan.", "contents": "Recent application of quantification II in Japanese medical research. Hayashi's Quantification II is a method of multivariate discrimination analysis to manipulate attribute data as predictor variables. It is very useful in the medical research field for estimation, diagnosis, prognosis, evaluation of epidemiological factors, and other problems based on multiplicity of attribute data. In Japan, this method is so well known that most of the computer program packages include the Hayashi Quantification, but it seems to be yet unfamiliar with the method for researchers outside Japan. In view of this situation, we introduced 19 selected articles of recent applications of the Quantification II in Japanese medical research. In reviewing these papers, special mention is made to clarify how the researchers were satisfied with findings provided by the method. At the same time, some recommendations are made about terminology and program packages. Also a brief discussion of the background of the quantification methods is given with special reference to the Behaviormetric Society of Japan.", "PMID": 540587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8417", "title": "Designing case-control studies.", "content": "Identification of confounding factors, evaluation of their influence on cause-effect associations, and the introduction of appropriate ways to account for these factors are important considerations in designing case-control studies. This paper presents designs useful for these purposes, after first providing a statistical definition of a confounding factor. Differences in the ability to identify and evaluate confounding factors and estimate disease risk between designs employing stratification (matching) and designs randomly sampling cases and controls are noted. Linear logistic models for the analysis of data from such designs are described and are shown to liberalize design requirements and to increase relative risk estimation efficiency. The methods are applied to data from a multiple factor investigation of lung cancer patients and controls.", "contents": "Designing case-control studies. Identification of confounding factors, evaluation of their influence on cause-effect associations, and the introduction of appropriate ways to account for these factors are important considerations in designing case-control studies. This paper presents designs useful for these purposes, after first providing a statistical definition of a confounding factor. Differences in the ability to identify and evaluate confounding factors and estimate disease risk between designs employing stratification (matching) and designs randomly sampling cases and controls are noted. Linear logistic models for the analysis of data from such designs are described and are shown to liberalize design requirements and to increase relative risk estimation efficiency. The methods are applied to data from a multiple factor investigation of lung cancer patients and controls.", "PMID": 540588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8418", "title": "Statistical analyses of the relative risk.", "content": "Let P1 be the probability of a disease in one population and P2 be the probability of a disease in a second population. The ratio of these quantities, R = P1/P2, is termed the relative risk. We consider first the analyses of the relative risk from retrospective studies. The relation between the relative risk and the odds ratio (or cross-product ratio) is developed. The odds ratio can be considered a parameter of an exponential model possessing sufficient statistics. This permits the development of exact significance tests and confidence intervals in the conditional space. Unconditional tests and intervals are also considered briefly. The consequences of misclassification errors and ignoring matching or stratifying are also considered. The various methods are extended to combination of results over the strata. Examples of case-control studies testing the association between HL-A frequencies and cancer illustrate the techniques. The parallel analyses of prospective studies are given. If P1 and P2 are small with large samples sizes the appropriate model is a Poisson distribution. This yields a exponential model with sufficient statistics. Exact conditional tests and confidence intervals can then be developed. Here we consider the case where two populations are compared adjusting for sex differences as well as for the strata (or covariate) differences such as age. The methods are applied to two examples: (1) testing in the two sexes the ratio of relative risks of skin cancer in people living in different latitudes, and (2) testing over time the ratio of the relative risks of cancer in two cities, one of which fluoridated its drinking water and one which did not.", "contents": "Statistical analyses of the relative risk. Let P1 be the probability of a disease in one population and P2 be the probability of a disease in a second population. The ratio of these quantities, R = P1/P2, is termed the relative risk. We consider first the analyses of the relative risk from retrospective studies. The relation between the relative risk and the odds ratio (or cross-product ratio) is developed. The odds ratio can be considered a parameter of an exponential model possessing sufficient statistics. This permits the development of exact significance tests and confidence intervals in the conditional space. Unconditional tests and intervals are also considered briefly. The consequences of misclassification errors and ignoring matching or stratifying are also considered. The various methods are extended to combination of results over the strata. Examples of case-control studies testing the association between HL-A frequencies and cancer illustrate the techniques. The parallel analyses of prospective studies are given. If P1 and P2 are small with large samples sizes the appropriate model is a Poisson distribution. This yields a exponential model with sufficient statistics. Exact conditional tests and confidence intervals can then be developed. Here we consider the case where two populations are compared adjusting for sex differences as well as for the strata (or covariate) differences such as age. The methods are applied to two examples: (1) testing in the two sexes the ratio of relative risks of skin cancer in people living in different latitudes, and (2) testing over time the ratio of the relative risks of cancer in two cities, one of which fluoridated its drinking water and one which did not.", "PMID": 540589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8419", "title": "Some applications of categorical data analysis to epidemiological studies.", "content": "Several examples of categorized data from epidemiological studies are analyzed to illustrate that more informative analysis than tests of independence can be performed by fitting models. All of the analyses fit into a unified conceptual framework that can be performed by weighted least squares. The methods presented show how to calculate point estimate of parameters, asymptotic variances, and asymptotically valid chi 2 tests. The examples presented are analysis of relative risks estimated from several 2 x 2 tables, analysis of selected features of life tables, construction of synthetic life tables from cross-sectional studies, and analysis of dose-response curves.", "contents": "Some applications of categorical data analysis to epidemiological studies. Several examples of categorized data from epidemiological studies are analyzed to illustrate that more informative analysis than tests of independence can be performed by fitting models. All of the analyses fit into a unified conceptual framework that can be performed by weighted least squares. The methods presented show how to calculate point estimate of parameters, asymptotic variances, and asymptotically valid chi 2 tests. The examples presented are analysis of relative risks estimated from several 2 x 2 tables, analysis of selected features of life tables, construction of synthetic life tables from cross-sectional studies, and analysis of dose-response curves.", "PMID": 540590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8420", "title": "Statistics and biomedical research.", "content": "Medical observations of leukemia or Hodgkin's disease clusters in time and space have led statisticians to invent techniques to evaluate the probability that these occurrences were due to chance. A difficult computation in human genetics was simplified by a matrix devised by a non-genetical statistician, and readily adapted to newly emerging computer-processing. The experiences exemplify the special opportunity in Japan to enhance research by merging mathematical talent with biomedical observations.", "contents": "Statistics and biomedical research. Medical observations of leukemia or Hodgkin's disease clusters in time and space have led statisticians to invent techniques to evaluate the probability that these occurrences were due to chance. A difficult computation in human genetics was simplified by a matrix devised by a non-genetical statistician, and readily adapted to newly emerging computer-processing. The experiences exemplify the special opportunity in Japan to enhance research by merging mathematical talent with biomedical observations.", "PMID": 540591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8421", "title": "Role of mathematical concepts in cancer research.", "content": "The role of mathematics in cancer research is not confined to epidemiology (population level). The expected contribution of it in various levels is exemplified stepwise. At the individual level, prediction of life expectancy of a cancer case or psychological analysis of life-threatened patient; at the tissue level, stochastic estimation of future metastases; at the cellular level, model contruction for abnormal metabolic processes in malignant cell; at the molecular level, elucidation of carcinogenetic mechanism from a thermodynamic standpoint of view.", "contents": "Role of mathematical concepts in cancer research. The role of mathematics in cancer research is not confined to epidemiology (population level). The expected contribution of it in various levels is exemplified stepwise. At the individual level, prediction of life expectancy of a cancer case or psychological analysis of life-threatened patient; at the tissue level, stochastic estimation of future metastases; at the cellular level, model contruction for abnormal metabolic processes in malignant cell; at the molecular level, elucidation of carcinogenetic mechanism from a thermodynamic standpoint of view.", "PMID": 540592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8422", "title": "Estimation of safe doses: critical review of the hockey stick regression method.", "content": "The hockey stick regression method is a convenient method to estimate safe doses, which is a kind of regression method using segmented lines. The method seems intuitively to be useful, but needs the assumption of the existence of the positive threshold value. The validity of the assumption is considered to be difficult to be shown. The alternative methods which are not based on the assumption, are given under suitable dose-response curves by introducing a risk level. Here the method using the probit model is compared with the hockey stick regression method. Computational results suggest that the alternative method is preferable. Furthermore similar problems in the case that response is measured as a continuous value are also extended. Data exemplified are concerned with relations of SO2 to simple chronic bronchitis, relations of photochemical oxidants to eye discomfort and residual antibiotics in the lever of the chicks. These data was analyzed by the original authors under the assumption of the existence of the positive threshold values.", "contents": "Estimation of safe doses: critical review of the hockey stick regression method. The hockey stick regression method is a convenient method to estimate safe doses, which is a kind of regression method using segmented lines. The method seems intuitively to be useful, but needs the assumption of the existence of the positive threshold value. The validity of the assumption is considered to be difficult to be shown. The alternative methods which are not based on the assumption, are given under suitable dose-response curves by introducing a risk level. Here the method using the probit model is compared with the hockey stick regression method. Computational results suggest that the alternative method is preferable. Furthermore similar problems in the case that response is measured as a continuous value are also extended. Data exemplified are concerned with relations of SO2 to simple chronic bronchitis, relations of photochemical oxidants to eye discomfort and residual antibiotics in the lever of the chicks. These data was analyzed by the original authors under the assumption of the existence of the positive threshold values.", "PMID": 540593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8423", "title": "Statistical principle and methodology in the NISAN system.", "content": "The NISAN system is a new interactive statistical analysis program package constructed by an organization of Japanese statisticans. The package is widely available for both statistical situations, confirmatory analysis and exploratory analysis, and is planned to obtain statistical wisdom and to choose optimal process of statistical analysis for senior statisticians.", "contents": "Statistical principle and methodology in the NISAN system. The NISAN system is a new interactive statistical analysis program package constructed by an organization of Japanese statisticans. The package is widely available for both statistical situations, confirmatory analysis and exploratory analysis, and is planned to obtain statistical wisdom and to choose optimal process of statistical analysis for senior statisticians.", "PMID": 540594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8424", "title": "A method of record linkage.", "content": "In cancer epidemiology, prospective approaches are very important both in testing etiological hypotheses and in evaluating preventive procedures. Prospective studies, however, are very difficult and expensive, because a large number of people and a long period of observation are necessary for a satisfactory study. As a data source for follow-up studies, population-based cancer registry is very useful. The Osaka Cancer Registry has been in operation since December, 1962. Since 1968 the data processing, including the work of collation, has been semicomputerized. In order to identify cancer patients, we use the following six indices: date of birth, first Chinese character of a person's family name, address a: city, ward, town or village, address b: further details. i.e., street, avenue, section, hamlet etc., site, and sex. When we have data on the collation indices for the subjects to be followed up, we can conduct follow-up studies easily and accurately, using a semicomputerized collation method similar to that in the cancer registration system. Because the master file of the Osaka Cancer Registry contains the data of cancer cases reported and all cancer deaths among the residents of Osaka Prefecture, we can follow up the subjects living in Osaka Prefecture and obtain data about vitually all cancer incidences and deaths among them. In this follow-up method by means of record linkage to the cancer registry, some considerations should be taken into account for the following factors; coverage of cancer data in the Osaka Cancer Registry, reliability of the collation method, and address of the subjects to be followed up. As an example of a study with this method, we present the follow-up study of the screenees of a mass screening program for stomach cancer.", "contents": "A method of record linkage. In cancer epidemiology, prospective approaches are very important both in testing etiological hypotheses and in evaluating preventive procedures. Prospective studies, however, are very difficult and expensive, because a large number of people and a long period of observation are necessary for a satisfactory study. As a data source for follow-up studies, population-based cancer registry is very useful. The Osaka Cancer Registry has been in operation since December, 1962. Since 1968 the data processing, including the work of collation, has been semicomputerized. In order to identify cancer patients, we use the following six indices: date of birth, first Chinese character of a person's family name, address a: city, ward, town or village, address b: further details. i.e., street, avenue, section, hamlet etc., site, and sex. When we have data on the collation indices for the subjects to be followed up, we can conduct follow-up studies easily and accurately, using a semicomputerized collation method similar to that in the cancer registration system. Because the master file of the Osaka Cancer Registry contains the data of cancer cases reported and all cancer deaths among the residents of Osaka Prefecture, we can follow up the subjects living in Osaka Prefecture and obtain data about vitually all cancer incidences and deaths among them. In this follow-up method by means of record linkage to the cancer registry, some considerations should be taken into account for the following factors; coverage of cancer data in the Osaka Cancer Registry, reliability of the collation method, and address of the subjects to be followed up. As an example of a study with this method, we present the follow-up study of the screenees of a mass screening program for stomach cancer.", "PMID": 540595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8425", "title": "Hazardous substances, the environment and public health: a statistical overview.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the statistical problems that exist and procedures that are available when attempts are made to assess the possible harm which has been or might be caused by substances in the environment. These issues bear directly on important decisions of public policy such as those related to the establishment and enforcement of regulations.", "contents": "Hazardous substances, the environment and public health: a statistical overview. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the statistical problems that exist and procedures that are available when attempts are made to assess the possible harm which has been or might be caused by substances in the environment. These issues bear directly on important decisions of public policy such as those related to the establishment and enforcement of regulations.", "PMID": 540596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8426", "title": "Animal experimentation and its relevance to man.", "content": "The problem of quantitatively estimating human cancer risk based upon animal carcinogenesis studies is reviewed. Mathematical functions for dose-response relationships are discussed with particular emphasis on multistage models. These models are based upon a single cell somatic mutation theory for the carcinogenesis process. It is shown that the multistage model and others which incorporate background additively are well approximated in low dose region by a linear function. The relationship between time-to-tumor and the multistage model is indicated. This relationship is important when dealing with less than life time exposure such as with data from many occupational studies. Design of bioassay experiments and its impact on risk estimation is noted. Finally, the problem of species-to-species extrapolation is considered.", "contents": "Animal experimentation and its relevance to man. The problem of quantitatively estimating human cancer risk based upon animal carcinogenesis studies is reviewed. Mathematical functions for dose-response relationships are discussed with particular emphasis on multistage models. These models are based upon a single cell somatic mutation theory for the carcinogenesis process. It is shown that the multistage model and others which incorporate background additively are well approximated in low dose region by a linear function. The relationship between time-to-tumor and the multistage model is indicated. This relationship is important when dealing with less than life time exposure such as with data from many occupational studies. Design of bioassay experiments and its impact on risk estimation is noted. Finally, the problem of species-to-species extrapolation is considered.", "PMID": 540597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8427", "title": "Statistical approaches to toxicological data.", "content": "Statistical techniques as applied to toxicological data are discussed. Issues concerning statistical hypothesis testing and combining studies are considered as well as design of experiments. The problems surrounding risk assessment are also mentioned.", "contents": "Statistical approaches to toxicological data. Statistical techniques as applied to toxicological data are discussed. Issues concerning statistical hypothesis testing and combining studies are considered as well as design of experiments. The problems surrounding risk assessment are also mentioned.", "PMID": 540599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8428", "title": "Implications for human health.", "content": "To analyze the implications for human health, the toxicologist requires four sets of data: the results of toxicity and other studies in animals; quantitative data on actual or potential human exposure; whatever information is available on effects of exposure in man; and the statistical extrapolations from the dose-response relationships in animals to the (usually) much lower levels of human exposure. Professional expertise in toxicology is essential to assess the nature and severity of the toxic effects observed in animals, including such characteristics as potential for progression, irreversibility and production of incapacity. Given sufficient data, an estimate can be arrived at of the likelihood that such effects will be elicited in human populations of differing susceptibilities. The criteria by which the overall implications for human health can be judged comprise both the direct effects on man, as well as the indirect consequences stemming from environmental impacts.", "contents": "Implications for human health. To analyze the implications for human health, the toxicologist requires four sets of data: the results of toxicity and other studies in animals; quantitative data on actual or potential human exposure; whatever information is available on effects of exposure in man; and the statistical extrapolations from the dose-response relationships in animals to the (usually) much lower levels of human exposure. Professional expertise in toxicology is essential to assess the nature and severity of the toxic effects observed in animals, including such characteristics as potential for progression, irreversibility and production of incapacity. Given sufficient data, an estimate can be arrived at of the likelihood that such effects will be elicited in human populations of differing susceptibilities. The criteria by which the overall implications for human health can be judged comprise both the direct effects on man, as well as the indirect consequences stemming from environmental impacts.", "PMID": 540600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8429", "title": "The law of toxic substances.", "content": "The law of toxic substances dates back to Medieval England, but the present comprehensive federal regulatory scheme was developed over the past two decades. This article presents a brief overview of the federal law of air and water pollution, solid waste control, and the regulation of chemicals.", "contents": "The law of toxic substances. The law of toxic substances dates back to Medieval England, but the present comprehensive federal regulatory scheme was developed over the past two decades. This article presents a brief overview of the federal law of air and water pollution, solid waste control, and the regulation of chemicals.", "PMID": 540601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8430", "title": "Toxic substances from coal energy: an overview.", "content": "Environmental concerns over increased coal consumption are fully justified by the past history of coal use. Although improved technology has provided some safeguards, increased utilization will require mining practices, emission control technologies, and waste disposal procedures that are not yet fully integrated into the routine use of the coal energy system. The Committee on Health and Evnironmental Effects of Increased Coal Utilization identified six critical environmental issues which are of concern: coal mine worker health and safety, reclamation of arid lands from surface mining, the health effects of coal combustion products, toxic trace elements in coal combustion wastes, acid fallout, and global effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This presentation addresses the first four of these issues.", "contents": "Toxic substances from coal energy: an overview. Environmental concerns over increased coal consumption are fully justified by the past history of coal use. Although improved technology has provided some safeguards, increased utilization will require mining practices, emission control technologies, and waste disposal procedures that are not yet fully integrated into the routine use of the coal energy system. The Committee on Health and Evnironmental Effects of Increased Coal Utilization identified six critical environmental issues which are of concern: coal mine worker health and safety, reclamation of arid lands from surface mining, the health effects of coal combustion products, toxic trace elements in coal combustion wastes, acid fallout, and global effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This presentation addresses the first four of these issues.", "PMID": 540602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8431", "title": "Methodological problems arising from the choice of an independent variable in linear regression, with application to an air pollution epidemiological study.", "content": "In epidemiological studies using linear regression, it is often necessary for reasons of economy or unavailability of data to use as the independent variable not the variable ideally demanded by the hypothesis under study but some convenient practical approximation to it. We show that if the correlation coefficient between the \"practical\" and \"ideal\" variables can be obtained, then a range of uncertainty can be obtained within which the desired regression coefficient of dependent on \"ideal\" variable may lie. This range can be quite wide, even if the practical and ideal variables are fairly well correlated. These points are illustrated with data on observed regression coefficients from an air pollution epidemiological study, in which pollution measured at one station in a large metropolitan area (containing 40 aerometric stations) was used as the practical approximation to the city-wide average pollution. The uncertainties in the regression coefficients were found to exceed the regression coefficients themselves by large factors. The problem is one that may afflict application of linear regression in general, and suggests caution when selecting independent variables for regression analysis on the basis of convenience, rather than relevance to the hypotheses tested.", "contents": "Methodological problems arising from the choice of an independent variable in linear regression, with application to an air pollution epidemiological study. In epidemiological studies using linear regression, it is often necessary for reasons of economy or unavailability of data to use as the independent variable not the variable ideally demanded by the hypothesis under study but some convenient practical approximation to it. We show that if the correlation coefficient between the \"practical\" and \"ideal\" variables can be obtained, then a range of uncertainty can be obtained within which the desired regression coefficient of dependent on \"ideal\" variable may lie. This range can be quite wide, even if the practical and ideal variables are fairly well correlated. These points are illustrated with data on observed regression coefficients from an air pollution epidemiological study, in which pollution measured at one station in a large metropolitan area (containing 40 aerometric stations) was used as the practical approximation to the city-wide average pollution. The uncertainties in the regression coefficients were found to exceed the regression coefficients themselves by large factors. The problem is one that may afflict application of linear regression in general, and suggests caution when selecting independent variables for regression analysis on the basis of convenience, rather than relevance to the hypotheses tested.", "PMID": 540603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8432", "title": "Population registries and other record resources for epidemiologic cancer research in the United States and Japan.", "content": "On the basis of the author's experience in epidemiologic studies on cancer in both the United States and Japan for the last 15 years, advantages and disadvantages of various record systems that can be utilized for epidemiologic cancer studies in these two countries are compared. Both countries are equally well provided with vital statistics and census records. Descriptive studies can be conducted without difficulties in both countries. For analytic studies, the Koseki record or family registration system in Japan provides an excellent tool in tracing subjects. However, Japanese record systems have problems as to management of hospital records, preservation of death certificates, etc. On the whole, restrospective cohort studies, particularly studies on patients, are more difficult in Japan than in the United States. There appear to be no material differences between these two countires as to case-control studies.", "contents": "Population registries and other record resources for epidemiologic cancer research in the United States and Japan. On the basis of the author's experience in epidemiologic studies on cancer in both the United States and Japan for the last 15 years, advantages and disadvantages of various record systems that can be utilized for epidemiologic cancer studies in these two countries are compared. Both countries are equally well provided with vital statistics and census records. Descriptive studies can be conducted without difficulties in both countries. For analytic studies, the Koseki record or family registration system in Japan provides an excellent tool in tracing subjects. However, Japanese record systems have problems as to management of hospital records, preservation of death certificates, etc. On the whole, restrospective cohort studies, particularly studies on patients, are more difficult in Japan than in the United States. There appear to be no material differences between these two countires as to case-control studies.", "PMID": 540604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8433", "title": "Role of mathematics in cancer research: attitudes and training of Japanese mathematicians.", "content": "An extensive survey of attitude towards scientific information of scientists in Japan was conducted in Japan. It was published in a technical report, and this survey is reviewed in this paper, with the hope that this will furnish findings important in working out the plan for promoting exploitation of mathematical talent in biomedical research. Findings are concordant with the impression of foreign visitors: (1) pure mathematicians tend to concentrate on mathematics only; (2) applied mathematics and statistics are heavily oriented toward industry; (3) mathematicians and pharmacologists are very different in their attitudes to scientific information. Based on the personal experience of the author, difficulties to be circumvented in utilizing aptitudes for mathematics and/or statistics in biomedical research are discussed.", "contents": "Role of mathematics in cancer research: attitudes and training of Japanese mathematicians. An extensive survey of attitude towards scientific information of scientists in Japan was conducted in Japan. It was published in a technical report, and this survey is reviewed in this paper, with the hope that this will furnish findings important in working out the plan for promoting exploitation of mathematical talent in biomedical research. Findings are concordant with the impression of foreign visitors: (1) pure mathematicians tend to concentrate on mathematics only; (2) applied mathematics and statistics are heavily oriented toward industry; (3) mathematicians and pharmacologists are very different in their attitudes to scientific information. Based on the personal experience of the author, difficulties to be circumvented in utilizing aptitudes for mathematics and/or statistics in biomedical research are discussed.", "PMID": 540605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8434", "title": "Developing clues to environmental cancer: a stepwise approach with the use of cancer mortality data.", "content": "Clues to environmental determinants can often be derived from the patterns of mortality from cancer. This review focuses on the stepwise approach of using cancer mortality maps, supplemented by correlation studies linking mortality rates with demographic and industrial data at the county level, to generate hypotheses to cancer etiology which can then be pursued by analytical epidemiological studies. Advantages and limitations of this approach and its application in the study of lung cancer in the United States are described.", "contents": "Developing clues to environmental cancer: a stepwise approach with the use of cancer mortality data. Clues to environmental determinants can often be derived from the patterns of mortality from cancer. This review focuses on the stepwise approach of using cancer mortality maps, supplemented by correlation studies linking mortality rates with demographic and industrial data at the county level, to generate hypotheses to cancer etiology which can then be pursued by analytical epidemiological studies. Advantages and limitations of this approach and its application in the study of lung cancer in the United States are described.", "PMID": 540606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8435", "title": "National cancer mortality and incidence in Japan.", "content": "In Japan cancer mortality statistics have been prepared by site, sex, and age group since 1937. The trends in age-adjusted death rates for selected sites from 1937 to 1975 in intervals of two or three years, and the age-adjusted death rates for some sites by prefecture in 1968-1972 were summarized. Concerning the accuracy of cancer mortality statistics, special consideration should be given to senility in Japan. In 1975 deaths due to senility accounted for 4.3% of all deaths for all ages. Though the regional cancer registration was being operated in 16 prefectures in Japan as of 1976, the incidence rates were published for only six prefectures. The percentage of cases registered from death certificate only in six registries in Japan was compared with that in the registries in the United States, indicating that the completeness of registration was yet unsatisfactory in Japan. As an index of accuracy of diagnosis, the percentage of cases confirmed histologically was also compared.", "contents": "National cancer mortality and incidence in Japan. In Japan cancer mortality statistics have been prepared by site, sex, and age group since 1937. The trends in age-adjusted death rates for selected sites from 1937 to 1975 in intervals of two or three years, and the age-adjusted death rates for some sites by prefecture in 1968-1972 were summarized. Concerning the accuracy of cancer mortality statistics, special consideration should be given to senility in Japan. In 1975 deaths due to senility accounted for 4.3% of all deaths for all ages. Though the regional cancer registration was being operated in 16 prefectures in Japan as of 1976, the incidence rates were published for only six prefectures. The percentage of cases registered from death certificate only in six registries in Japan was compared with that in the registries in the United States, indicating that the completeness of registration was yet unsatisfactory in Japan. As an index of accuracy of diagnosis, the percentage of cases confirmed histologically was also compared.", "PMID": 540607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8436", "title": "Study of cancer mortality by grid square method.", "content": "The grid square method as used in Japan has been standardized by the government, by use of the lines of the earth's latitude and longitude. The basic unit covers an area of approximately one square kilometer. An evaluation of this method is focused on the geographical distribution of cancer mortality in the city of Tokyo over a period of six years. The results indicated that for stomach and lung cancers, there was a very clear geographical distribution. High stomach cancer areas were similar for both males and females, and by comparing data with census data, it was evident that the blue-collar areas showed high mortality. High lung cancer areas were also similar for both males and females, but the distribution was opposite to that of stomach cancer, i.e., the higher mortality was observed in white-collar areas. Because the basic area unit of one square kilometer was too small for statistical analysis of geographical distribution, the moving average of nine grid squares as well as a \"combined grid square method\" based on population density was used. By this study a number of advantages of the grid square method as opposed to methods employing existing government boundaries became evident. The boundary lines do not move with political expediencies. X-Y coordinates can be easily defined for statistical analyses by computer, facilitating computer mapping, calculating the center of distribution, determination of the contour lines, and the estimation of values in places which lie between sampling stations.", "contents": "Study of cancer mortality by grid square method. The grid square method as used in Japan has been standardized by the government, by use of the lines of the earth's latitude and longitude. The basic unit covers an area of approximately one square kilometer. An evaluation of this method is focused on the geographical distribution of cancer mortality in the city of Tokyo over a period of six years. The results indicated that for stomach and lung cancers, there was a very clear geographical distribution. High stomach cancer areas were similar for both males and females, and by comparing data with census data, it was evident that the blue-collar areas showed high mortality. High lung cancer areas were also similar for both males and females, but the distribution was opposite to that of stomach cancer, i.e., the higher mortality was observed in white-collar areas. Because the basic area unit of one square kilometer was too small for statistical analysis of geographical distribution, the moving average of nine grid squares as well as a \"combined grid square method\" based on population density was used. By this study a number of advantages of the grid square method as opposed to methods employing existing government boundaries became evident. The boundary lines do not move with political expediencies. X-Y coordinates can be easily defined for statistical analyses by computer, facilitating computer mapping, calculating the center of distribution, determination of the contour lines, and the estimation of values in places which lie between sampling stations.", "PMID": 540608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8437", "title": "Multivariate analysis of cancer mortalities for selected sites in 24 countries.", "content": "In order to analyze the pattern in the geographical distribution of cancer death in 24 countries of the world, correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of mortality rates of different cancer sites, using the data for 13 sites in males and 14 sites in females over 18 years from 1950 to 1967. Then factor analysis by means of varimax method was performed on 13 x 13 correlation matrix for males, 14 x 14 correlation matrix for females and 27 x 27 correlation matrix for males and females combined. As a result of factor analysis, three factors are extracted, which are commonly recognized in both males and females. The first factor has high positive factor loadings on pancreas, prostate (for males), skin, and intestine cancers, and negative loadings on stomach and liver cancers. The second factor has high positive factor loading on rectum, intestine, and lung cancers, and the third factor on larynx, oral, and esophagus cancers. Factor analysis based on 27 x 27 correlation matrix revealed that the third factor of both sexes are heterogeneous with regards to the distributions of the factor score. In order that we may find some clues to develop an etiological hypothesis for each site of cancer, we obtained the correlation coefficient between the scores of the extracted factors and the variables on food and environmental agent, and performed stepwise regression methods as well. One of the most striking results we obtained was that excessive drinking of alcohol and the lack of appropriate intake of fruit are suspected as etiological promoters in the pathogenesis of oral, esophagus, and larynx cancers in males.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis of cancer mortalities for selected sites in 24 countries. In order to analyze the pattern in the geographical distribution of cancer death in 24 countries of the world, correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of mortality rates of different cancer sites, using the data for 13 sites in males and 14 sites in females over 18 years from 1950 to 1967. Then factor analysis by means of varimax method was performed on 13 x 13 correlation matrix for males, 14 x 14 correlation matrix for females and 27 x 27 correlation matrix for males and females combined. As a result of factor analysis, three factors are extracted, which are commonly recognized in both males and females. The first factor has high positive factor loadings on pancreas, prostate (for males), skin, and intestine cancers, and negative loadings on stomach and liver cancers. The second factor has high positive factor loading on rectum, intestine, and lung cancers, and the third factor on larynx, oral, and esophagus cancers. Factor analysis based on 27 x 27 correlation matrix revealed that the third factor of both sexes are heterogeneous with regards to the distributions of the factor score. In order that we may find some clues to develop an etiological hypothesis for each site of cancer, we obtained the correlation coefficient between the scores of the extracted factors and the variables on food and environmental agent, and performed stepwise regression methods as well. One of the most striking results we obtained was that excessive drinking of alcohol and the lack of appropriate intake of fruit are suspected as etiological promoters in the pathogenesis of oral, esophagus, and larynx cancers in males.", "PMID": 540609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8438", "title": "Normal and abnormal intestinal absorption by humans.", "content": "Adults eating a Western diet digest and absorb ingested food containing approximately 100 g fat, 350 g carbohydrate, and 75 g protein daily. Normal fat absorption requires adequate gastric, pancreatic, liver-biliary, mucosal, and lymphatic function. Carbohydrate and protein absorption is much less dependent on liver-biliary and lymphatic function. The intestine has a large reserve capacity for digestion and absorption of nutrients which is due to both excess function and to adaptive changes which increase function in one segment of the digestive-absorptive system when it is decreased or lost in another segment. The large reserve capacity explains why most of the prevalent intestinal diseases seldom cause clinically detectable changes in absorption. However, there are more than 30 less-common human diseases which cause malabsorption of one or more nutrients. Those that cause the malabsorption syndrome, i.e., steatorrhea and weight loss, can be conveniently categorized according to the major deficiency leading to the absorptive defect as follows: insufficient pancreatic enzyme activity, insufficient bile acid, disease of the small intestinal wall, multiple defects, mechanism unknown, and drug-induced malabsorption. A few diseases, most of which are congenital, cause malabsorption of only one or a few related nutrients such as lactose malabsorption in lactase deficiency. Most of the tests currently in use for detecting and diagnosing the cause of malabsorption are relatively insensitive and nonspecific. Chemical analysis of the fat in a three-day stool collection remains the single best test for diagnosing the malabsorption syndrome. However, a breath test using Triolein labeled with either the radioactive or stable isotope of carbon may be an important recent advance. Other breath tests are also currently being investigated for quantitating absorption or malabsorption of various substances including bile acids and various sugars. Studies of the function of the intestinal epithelial cells are usually best accomplished using tissue obtained by per oral biopsy. Biopsy specimens are used for many types of study including light and electron microscopic examination, chemical and enzymatic assays, tissue culture, and uptake of various radiolabeled compounds.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal intestinal absorption by humans. Adults eating a Western diet digest and absorb ingested food containing approximately 100 g fat, 350 g carbohydrate, and 75 g protein daily. Normal fat absorption requires adequate gastric, pancreatic, liver-biliary, mucosal, and lymphatic function. Carbohydrate and protein absorption is much less dependent on liver-biliary and lymphatic function. The intestine has a large reserve capacity for digestion and absorption of nutrients which is due to both excess function and to adaptive changes which increase function in one segment of the digestive-absorptive system when it is decreased or lost in another segment. The large reserve capacity explains why most of the prevalent intestinal diseases seldom cause clinically detectable changes in absorption. However, there are more than 30 less-common human diseases which cause malabsorption of one or more nutrients. Those that cause the malabsorption syndrome, i.e., steatorrhea and weight loss, can be conveniently categorized according to the major deficiency leading to the absorptive defect as follows: insufficient pancreatic enzyme activity, insufficient bile acid, disease of the small intestinal wall, multiple defects, mechanism unknown, and drug-induced malabsorption. A few diseases, most of which are congenital, cause malabsorption of only one or a few related nutrients such as lactose malabsorption in lactase deficiency. Most of the tests currently in use for detecting and diagnosing the cause of malabsorption are relatively insensitive and nonspecific. Chemical analysis of the fat in a three-day stool collection remains the single best test for diagnosing the malabsorption syndrome. However, a breath test using Triolein labeled with either the radioactive or stable isotope of carbon may be an important recent advance. Other breath tests are also currently being investigated for quantitating absorption or malabsorption of various substances including bile acids and various sugars. Studies of the function of the intestinal epithelial cells are usually best accomplished using tissue obtained by per oral biopsy. Biopsy specimens are used for many types of study including light and electron microscopic examination, chemical and enzymatic assays, tissue culture, and uptake of various radiolabeled compounds.", "PMID": 540610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8439", "title": "Environmental contaminants and intestinal function.", "content": "THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS WHICH HAVE THEIR MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE SMALL INTESTINE MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES: (1) bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents, (2) food and plant substances, (3) environmental and industrial products, (4) pharmaceutical agents, and (5) toxic agents whose metabolic effects are dependent on interreaction with intestinal bacterial flora, other physical agents (detergents), human intestinal enzyme deficiency states, and the nutritional state of the host.Bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents are the most important of all such agents, being responsible for significant mortality and morbidity in association with diarrheal diseases of adults and children. Several plant substances ingested as foods have unique effects on the small bowel as well as from contaminants such as fungi on poorly preserved grains and cereals. Environmental and industrial products, in spite of their widespread prevalence in industrial societies as contaminants, are less important unless unexpectedly intense exposure occurs to the intestinal tract. Pharmaceutical agents of several types interreact with the small bowel mucosa causing impairment of transport processes for fluid and electrolytes, amino acid, lipid and sugars as well as vitamins. These interreactions may be dependent on bacterial metabolic activity, association with detergents, mucosal enzyme deficiency state (disaccharidases), and the state of nutrition of the subject.", "contents": "Environmental contaminants and intestinal function. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS WHICH HAVE THEIR MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE SMALL INTESTINE MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES: (1) bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents, (2) food and plant substances, (3) environmental and industrial products, (4) pharmaceutical agents, and (5) toxic agents whose metabolic effects are dependent on interreaction with intestinal bacterial flora, other physical agents (detergents), human intestinal enzyme deficiency states, and the nutritional state of the host.Bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents are the most important of all such agents, being responsible for significant mortality and morbidity in association with diarrheal diseases of adults and children. Several plant substances ingested as foods have unique effects on the small bowel as well as from contaminants such as fungi on poorly preserved grains and cereals. Environmental and industrial products, in spite of their widespread prevalence in industrial societies as contaminants, are less important unless unexpectedly intense exposure occurs to the intestinal tract. Pharmaceutical agents of several types interreact with the small bowel mucosa causing impairment of transport processes for fluid and electrolytes, amino acid, lipid and sugars as well as vitamins. These interreactions may be dependent on bacterial metabolic activity, association with detergents, mucosal enzyme deficiency state (disaccharidases), and the state of nutrition of the subject.", "PMID": 540611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8440", "title": "Intestinal disease and the urban environment.", "content": "Factors in the urban environments of highly industralized societies are important causes of disease. This review examines urban diseases of small and large intestine. The urban environment is pervaded by chemicals including drugs, food additives, pesticides, industrial products, etc., which are potential causes of disease. Examples of typical urban, as contrasted with rural, intestinal disease are considered in terms of differing etiological factors. Urban intestinal disease is examined from the following standpoints: the population at risk; the chemical agents to which the population is exposed; a model for the physiology of distribution and metabolism of chemicals in relation to the alimentary tract; the application of this model to treatment of an industrial disease; a major urban disease of the alimentary tract, carcinoma of the colon, considered in terms of this model; approaches to characterizing, identifying, and controlling urban intestinal disease.", "contents": "Intestinal disease and the urban environment. Factors in the urban environments of highly industralized societies are important causes of disease. This review examines urban diseases of small and large intestine. The urban environment is pervaded by chemicals including drugs, food additives, pesticides, industrial products, etc., which are potential causes of disease. Examples of typical urban, as contrasted with rural, intestinal disease are considered in terms of differing etiological factors. Urban intestinal disease is examined from the following standpoints: the population at risk; the chemical agents to which the population is exposed; a model for the physiology of distribution and metabolism of chemicals in relation to the alimentary tract; the application of this model to treatment of an industrial disease; a major urban disease of the alimentary tract, carcinoma of the colon, considered in terms of this model; approaches to characterizing, identifying, and controlling urban intestinal disease.", "PMID": 540612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8441", "title": "Health and environmental impacts of increased generation of coal ash and FGD sludges. Report to the Committee on Health and Ecological Effects of Increased Coal Utilization.", "content": "This paper focuses on the incremental impacts of coal ash and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastes associated with increased coal usage by utilities and industry under the National Energy Plan (NEP). In the paper, 1985 and 2000 are the assessment points using the baseline data taken from the Annual Environmental Analysis Report (AEAR, September 1977). In each EPA region, the potential mix of disposal options has been broadly estimated and impacts assessed therefrom. In addition, future use of advanced combustion techniques has been taken into account. The quantities of coal ash and FGD wastes depend on ash and sulfur content of the coal, emission regulations, the types of ash collection and FGD systems, and operating conditions of the systems and boiler. The disposal of these wastes is (or will be) subject to Federal and State regulations. The one key legal framework concerning environmental impact on land is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA and related Federal and State laws provide a sufficient statutory basis for preventing significant adverse health and environmental impacts from coal ash and FGD waste disposal. However, much of the development and implementation of specific regulations lie ahead. FGD wastes and coal ash and FGD wastes are currently disposed of exclusively on land. The most common land disposal methods are inpoundments (ponds) and landfills, although some mine disposal is also practiced. The potential environmental impacts of this disposal are dependent on the characteristics of the disposal site, characteristics of the coal ash and FGD wastes, control method and the degree of control employed. In general, the major potential impacts are ground and surface water contamination and the \"degradation\" of large quantities of land. However, assuming land is available for disposal of these wastes, control technology exists for environmentally sound disposal. Because of existing increases in coal use, the possibility of significant environmental impacts, both regionally and nationally, exists regardless of whether the NEP scenario develops or not. Existing baseline data indicate that with sound control technology and successful development and implementation of existing regulatory framework, regional scale impacts are likely to be small; however, site-specific impacts could be significant and need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Both Federal and privately-funded programs are developing additional data and information on disposal of FGD sludges and coal ash. Continuation of these programs will provide additional vital information in the future. However, further information in several areas if desirable: further data on levels of radionuclides and trace metals in these wastes: studies on biological impacts of trace metals; and completion of current and planned studies on disposal problems associated with advanced combustion techniques like fluid bed combustion.", "contents": "Health and environmental impacts of increased generation of coal ash and FGD sludges. Report to the Committee on Health and Ecological Effects of Increased Coal Utilization. This paper focuses on the incremental impacts of coal ash and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastes associated with increased coal usage by utilities and industry under the National Energy Plan (NEP). In the paper, 1985 and 2000 are the assessment points using the baseline data taken from the Annual Environmental Analysis Report (AEAR, September 1977). In each EPA region, the potential mix of disposal options has been broadly estimated and impacts assessed therefrom. In addition, future use of advanced combustion techniques has been taken into account. The quantities of coal ash and FGD wastes depend on ash and sulfur content of the coal, emission regulations, the types of ash collection and FGD systems, and operating conditions of the systems and boiler. The disposal of these wastes is (or will be) subject to Federal and State regulations. The one key legal framework concerning environmental impact on land is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA and related Federal and State laws provide a sufficient statutory basis for preventing significant adverse health and environmental impacts from coal ash and FGD waste disposal. However, much of the development and implementation of specific regulations lie ahead. FGD wastes and coal ash and FGD wastes are currently disposed of exclusively on land. The most common land disposal methods are inpoundments (ponds) and landfills, although some mine disposal is also practiced. The potential environmental impacts of this disposal are dependent on the characteristics of the disposal site, characteristics of the coal ash and FGD wastes, control method and the degree of control employed. In general, the major potential impacts are ground and surface water contamination and the \"degradation\" of large quantities of land. However, assuming land is available for disposal of these wastes, control technology exists for environmentally sound disposal. Because of existing increases in coal use, the possibility of significant environmental impacts, both regionally and nationally, exists regardless of whether the NEP scenario develops or not. Existing baseline data indicate that with sound control technology and successful development and implementation of existing regulatory framework, regional scale impacts are likely to be small; however, site-specific impacts could be significant and need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Both Federal and privately-funded programs are developing additional data and information on disposal of FGD sludges and coal ash. Continuation of these programs will provide additional vital information in the future. However, further information in several areas if desirable: further data on levels of radionuclides and trace metals in these wastes: studies on biological impacts of trace metals; and completion of current and planned studies on disposal problems associated with advanced combustion techniques like fluid bed combustion.", "PMID": 540614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8442", "title": "Methods for the analysis of intestinal function.", "content": "The intestinal tract, an organ of considerable complexity, requires application of numerous techniques for analysis of its physiology and perturbations by toxicologic agents. This review describes the methodology of importance in analysis of the absorptive function of the intestine and the transit of intestinal contents. Methods for studying absorption are categorized according to the technique for administering the test substance such as inclusion in the diet or by gastric and intestinal placement and the method of quantitating the degree of absorption such as determining the appearance of a test substance in systemic fluids or its disappearance from its site of administration in the intestine. In vitro techniques which have no in vivo analogs, such as the use of the everted sac, are briefly described and their limitations emphasized. Procedures of importance in the clinical diagnosis of malabsorption or in the experimental analysis of absorptive function in man are included and distinguished from techniques used in animal models. In addition, methods for studying aspects of gastrointestinal motility, including the use of luminal markers and analysis of the contractile and electrical activity of intestinal smooth muscle, are reviewed.", "contents": "Methods for the analysis of intestinal function. The intestinal tract, an organ of considerable complexity, requires application of numerous techniques for analysis of its physiology and perturbations by toxicologic agents. This review describes the methodology of importance in analysis of the absorptive function of the intestine and the transit of intestinal contents. Methods for studying absorption are categorized according to the technique for administering the test substance such as inclusion in the diet or by gastric and intestinal placement and the method of quantitating the degree of absorption such as determining the appearance of a test substance in systemic fluids or its disappearance from its site of administration in the intestine. In vitro techniques which have no in vivo analogs, such as the use of the everted sac, are briefly described and their limitations emphasized. Procedures of importance in the clinical diagnosis of malabsorption or in the experimental analysis of absorptive function in man are included and distinguished from techniques used in animal models. In addition, methods for studying aspects of gastrointestinal motility, including the use of luminal markers and analysis of the contractile and electrical activity of intestinal smooth muscle, are reviewed.", "PMID": 540616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8443", "title": "Acid mine drainage and subsidence: effects of increased coal utilization.", "content": "The increases above 1975 levels for acid mine drainage and subsidence for the years 1985 and 2000 based on projections of current mining trends and the National Energy Plan are presented. No increases are projected for acid mine drainage from surface mines or waste since enforcement under present laws should control this problem. The increase in acid mine drainage from underground mines is projected to be 16 percent by 1985 and 10 percent by 2000. The smaller increase in 2000 over 1985 reflects the impact of the PL 95-87 abandoned mine program. Mine subsidence is projected to increase by 34 and 115 percent respectively for 1985 and 2000. This estimate assumes that subsidence will parallel the rate of underground coal production and that no new subsidence control measures are adopted to mitigate subsidence occurrence.", "contents": "Acid mine drainage and subsidence: effects of increased coal utilization. The increases above 1975 levels for acid mine drainage and subsidence for the years 1985 and 2000 based on projections of current mining trends and the National Energy Plan are presented. No increases are projected for acid mine drainage from surface mines or waste since enforcement under present laws should control this problem. The increase in acid mine drainage from underground mines is projected to be 16 percent by 1985 and 10 percent by 2000. The smaller increase in 2000 over 1985 reflects the impact of the PL 95-87 abandoned mine program. Mine subsidence is projected to increase by 34 and 115 percent respectively for 1985 and 2000. This estimate assumes that subsidence will parallel the rate of underground coal production and that no new subsidence control measures are adopted to mitigate subsidence occurrence.", "PMID": 540617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8444", "title": "Potential health and environmental effects of trace elements and radionuclides from increased coal utilization.", "content": "This report addresses the effects of coal-derived trace and radioactive elements. A summary of our current understanding of health and environmental effects of trace and radioactive elements released during coal mining, cleaning, combustion, and ash disposal is presented. Physical and biological transport phenomena which are important in determining organism exposure are also discussed. Biological concentration and transformation as well as synergistic and antagonistic actions among trace contaminants are discussed in terms of their importance in mobility, persistence, availability, and ultimate toxicity. The consequences of implementing the President's National Energy Plan are considered in terms of the impact of the NEP in 1985 and 2000 on the potential effects of trace and radioactive elements from the coal fuel cycle. Areas of needed research are identified in specific recommendations.", "contents": "Potential health and environmental effects of trace elements and radionuclides from increased coal utilization. This report addresses the effects of coal-derived trace and radioactive elements. A summary of our current understanding of health and environmental effects of trace and radioactive elements released during coal mining, cleaning, combustion, and ash disposal is presented. Physical and biological transport phenomena which are important in determining organism exposure are also discussed. Biological concentration and transformation as well as synergistic and antagonistic actions among trace contaminants are discussed in terms of their importance in mobility, persistence, availability, and ultimate toxicity. The consequences of implementing the President's National Energy Plan are considered in terms of the impact of the NEP in 1985 and 2000 on the potential effects of trace and radioactive elements from the coal fuel cycle. Areas of needed research are identified in specific recommendations.", "PMID": 540619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8445", "title": "Health effects of coal mining and combustion: carcinogens and cofactors.", "content": "Some polynuclear aromatics (PNA) have been found to be potent carcinogens for all tissues and organs of experimental animals that have been exposed to them, but different dose levels are needed for these effects. They have been known for decades to cause cancer at the site of application but also at certain sites distant from the area of contact. Although some hydrocarbons are potent and complete carcinogens, the majority of related hydrocarbons was originally found to be inactive. Since they generally appear together, it was important to know more about their interaction, particularly whether they would synergize, or antagonize. The polycyclic hydrocarbons have been studied by subcutaneous injection, where they prove very potent carcinogens. They are also very active on the skin of mice where they produce cancer on prolonged application. Inhalation studies, require larger doses yielded negative results until particulate matter was introduced which facilitated the development of lung tumors. Although iron oxide dust was used initially, other dusts were also capable of enhancing the response of the tissue to benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis. This point is of importance, particularly since the inhalation of PNA in situations of air pollution or coal mining involves particulates, although of a different type. Soot is not a homogenous substance and several factors determine its properties. Soots will lose some of the absorbed chemicals during their residence in air, but they retain their PNAs for long periods of time when they reach the soil. The carcinogenicity of PNAs in the adsorbed state may be completely absent, depending on particle size of the soot and availability of eluting capability of the tissues or cells in contact with the soot. Whenever the carcinogenic polynuclear aromatics can be eluted they will be active in producing cancer if their residence is adequate. There seems to be no reason to assume that a large increase in coal combustion in the future will by necessity lead to greater risks of cancer to the coal miners or the general urban dweller, because activities to be started now can take into consideration the requirements necessary for control of air pollution in mines as well as in cities. If new uses of coal will be developed, it will be a completely different situation, and statements about the carcinogenic risk from coal utilization do not apply there. Although some of the same carcinogenic PNAs are involved in the health hazards from those processes, other carcinogens and also cocarcinogens will be present, and the exposed workers will not have the apparent benefits of adsorption of PNAs on soot.", "contents": "Health effects of coal mining and combustion: carcinogens and cofactors. Some polynuclear aromatics (PNA) have been found to be potent carcinogens for all tissues and organs of experimental animals that have been exposed to them, but different dose levels are needed for these effects. They have been known for decades to cause cancer at the site of application but also at certain sites distant from the area of contact. Although some hydrocarbons are potent and complete carcinogens, the majority of related hydrocarbons was originally found to be inactive. Since they generally appear together, it was important to know more about their interaction, particularly whether they would synergize, or antagonize. The polycyclic hydrocarbons have been studied by subcutaneous injection, where they prove very potent carcinogens. They are also very active on the skin of mice where they produce cancer on prolonged application. Inhalation studies, require larger doses yielded negative results until particulate matter was introduced which facilitated the development of lung tumors. Although iron oxide dust was used initially, other dusts were also capable of enhancing the response of the tissue to benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis. This point is of importance, particularly since the inhalation of PNA in situations of air pollution or coal mining involves particulates, although of a different type. Soot is not a homogenous substance and several factors determine its properties. Soots will lose some of the absorbed chemicals during their residence in air, but they retain their PNAs for long periods of time when they reach the soil. The carcinogenicity of PNAs in the adsorbed state may be completely absent, depending on particle size of the soot and availability of eluting capability of the tissues or cells in contact with the soot. Whenever the carcinogenic polynuclear aromatics can be eluted they will be active in producing cancer if their residence is adequate. There seems to be no reason to assume that a large increase in coal combustion in the future will by necessity lead to greater risks of cancer to the coal miners or the general urban dweller, because activities to be started now can take into consideration the requirements necessary for control of air pollution in mines as well as in cities. If new uses of coal will be developed, it will be a completely different situation, and statements about the carcinogenic risk from coal utilization do not apply there. Although some of the same carcinogenic PNAs are involved in the health hazards from those processes, other carcinogens and also cocarcinogens will be present, and the exposed workers will not have the apparent benefits of adsorption of PNAs on soot.", "PMID": 540618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8446", "title": "Intestinal metabolism.", "content": "The anatomy of the intestine is outlined. The kinetics of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration in intestinal epithelium are described. The distribution of cell types between the proliferation and differentiation compartments of the epithelium is summarized. Seven preparations of intestine in current use for metabolic studies are listed. An outline review is presented of recent results on glucose, amino acid and ketone body metabolism obtained with three of these preparations: the ligature-isolated loop of intestine in vivo; the vascularly and luminally perfused intestine in vitro; and suspensions of respiring intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Reasons are given for thinking that these experimental systems are among the most useful currently available for metabolic studies, perhaps especially in the investigation of the metabolic fate of potentially toxic materials to which animal species may be exposed.", "contents": "Intestinal metabolism. The anatomy of the intestine is outlined. The kinetics of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration in intestinal epithelium are described. The distribution of cell types between the proliferation and differentiation compartments of the epithelium is summarized. Seven preparations of intestine in current use for metabolic studies are listed. An outline review is presented of recent results on glucose, amino acid and ketone body metabolism obtained with three of these preparations: the ligature-isolated loop of intestine in vivo; the vascularly and luminally perfused intestine in vitro; and suspensions of respiring intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Reasons are given for thinking that these experimental systems are among the most useful currently available for metabolic studies, perhaps especially in the investigation of the metabolic fate of potentially toxic materials to which animal species may be exposed.", "PMID": 540620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8447", "title": "Occupational safety and health implications of increased coal utilization.", "content": "An area of major concern in considering increased coal production and utilization is the health and safety of increased numbers of workers who mine, process, or utilize coal. Hazards related to mining activities in the past have been especially serious, resulting in many mine related accidental deaths, disabling injuries, and disability and death from chronic lung disease. Underground coal mines are clearly less safe than surface mines. Over one-third of currently employed underground miners experience chronic lung disease. Other stresses include noise and extremes of heat and cold. Newly emphasized technologies of the use of diesel powered mining equipment and the use of longwall mining techniques may be associated with serious health effects. Workers at coal-fired power plants are also potentially at risk of occupational diseases. Occupational safety and health aspects of coal mining are understood well enough today to justify implementing necessary and technically feasible and available control measures to minimize potential problems associated with increased coal production and use in the future. Increased emphasis on safety and health training for inexperienced coal miners expected to enter the work force is clearly needed. The recently enacted Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 will provide impetus for increased control over hazards in coal mining.", "contents": "Occupational safety and health implications of increased coal utilization. An area of major concern in considering increased coal production and utilization is the health and safety of increased numbers of workers who mine, process, or utilize coal. Hazards related to mining activities in the past have been especially serious, resulting in many mine related accidental deaths, disabling injuries, and disability and death from chronic lung disease. Underground coal mines are clearly less safe than surface mines. Over one-third of currently employed underground miners experience chronic lung disease. Other stresses include noise and extremes of heat and cold. Newly emphasized technologies of the use of diesel powered mining equipment and the use of longwall mining techniques may be associated with serious health effects. Workers at coal-fired power plants are also potentially at risk of occupational diseases. Occupational safety and health aspects of coal mining are understood well enough today to justify implementing necessary and technically feasible and available control measures to minimize potential problems associated with increased coal production and use in the future. Increased emphasis on safety and health training for inexperienced coal miners expected to enter the work force is clearly needed. The recently enacted Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 will provide impetus for increased control over hazards in coal mining.", "PMID": 540621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8448", "title": "Intestinal structure and function related to toxicology.", "content": "The study of toxic effects on small intestinal function is complicated by the integration of the activity of the small intestine with the activities of other regions of the GI tract. Also, the barrier and portal functions of the intestine are not as clearly defined as sometimes assumed. The intestinal surface functions as a barrier to the ingress of large quantities of large water soluble molecules. Lipidic substances enter the body quite readily as do small water-soluble molecules. The small intestinal surface is more a portal than a barrier, with its portal functions divided between nonspecific diffusional entry, which depends on physical properties and electric charge, and entry by specific membrane transport, which depends upon chemical structure. The implications of these properties of the small intestine for toxicological studies are stressed.", "contents": "Intestinal structure and function related to toxicology. The study of toxic effects on small intestinal function is complicated by the integration of the activity of the small intestine with the activities of other regions of the GI tract. Also, the barrier and portal functions of the intestine are not as clearly defined as sometimes assumed. The intestinal surface functions as a barrier to the ingress of large quantities of large water soluble molecules. Lipidic substances enter the body quite readily as do small water-soluble molecules. The small intestinal surface is more a portal than a barrier, with its portal functions divided between nonspecific diffusional entry, which depends on physical properties and electric charge, and entry by specific membrane transport, which depends upon chemical structure. The implications of these properties of the small intestine for toxicological studies are stressed.", "PMID": 540622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8449", "title": "Thermal pollution consequences of the implementation of the president's energy message on increased coal utilization.", "content": "The thermal consequences of coal utilization are most meaningfully assessed in comparison with the form of power generation replaced by coal which is most likely nuclear. The different effects are influenced by siting decisions and the intrinsic thermal efficiencies of the two fuel systems. Nuclear power plants discharge 50% more waste Rheat to the atmosphere through cooling towers or to a water body than coal-fired plants. Coal-fired plants require about 2/3 as much water as nuclear power plants. Nearly every property of water is affected nonlinearly by temperature, and biological effects may amplify these changes because protein denaturation takes place more rapidly above 30 degrees C and these high temperatures affect bactericidal and viricidal activity of chlorine compounds. Usually algal populations change from a dominance of diatoms and green algae to dominance by blue-green algae. All organisms experience elevated metabolic rates at higher temperatures which may affect total energy needs, foraging ability, reproduction, migration and susceptibility to disease. Intake structures inevitably draw many organisms into the cooling system of a power plant, but the number and kind are influenced by its location, configuration, and mode of operation. Use of water recirculation systems reduces water use and with it, the number of organisms entrained. Mechanical damage in the cooling system to small organisms is generally low, but fish and their larvae and eggs may be seriously damaged. Discharge effects may also be severe but are generally local. The near field, where there are strong shear velocities and rapid temperature changes are particularly stressful to fish, and stringent limitations on the timing and strength of discharges may be required to reduce these stresses to nondamaging levels. Off-stream cooling systems may increase cloudiness, ground fog, precipitation, temperature and local winds, but these effects generally extend no further than 1000 m even in winter. There is considerable potential for using condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes such as irrigation, frost protection, undersoil heating, greenhouse heating and climate control. However, over the next few decades little of this waste heat is likely to be used creatively. The thermal consequences of implementing NEP are locally serious but do not pose regional problems. Creative use of the waste heat for aquaculture, agriculture, cogeneration, and power for energy intensive industries can be a powerful means of mitigating undesirable effects.", "contents": "Thermal pollution consequences of the implementation of the president's energy message on increased coal utilization. The thermal consequences of coal utilization are most meaningfully assessed in comparison with the form of power generation replaced by coal which is most likely nuclear. The different effects are influenced by siting decisions and the intrinsic thermal efficiencies of the two fuel systems. Nuclear power plants discharge 50% more waste Rheat to the atmosphere through cooling towers or to a water body than coal-fired plants. Coal-fired plants require about 2/3 as much water as nuclear power plants. Nearly every property of water is affected nonlinearly by temperature, and biological effects may amplify these changes because protein denaturation takes place more rapidly above 30 degrees C and these high temperatures affect bactericidal and viricidal activity of chlorine compounds. Usually algal populations change from a dominance of diatoms and green algae to dominance by blue-green algae. All organisms experience elevated metabolic rates at higher temperatures which may affect total energy needs, foraging ability, reproduction, migration and susceptibility to disease. Intake structures inevitably draw many organisms into the cooling system of a power plant, but the number and kind are influenced by its location, configuration, and mode of operation. Use of water recirculation systems reduces water use and with it, the number of organisms entrained. Mechanical damage in the cooling system to small organisms is generally low, but fish and their larvae and eggs may be seriously damaged. Discharge effects may also be severe but are generally local. The near field, where there are strong shear velocities and rapid temperature changes are particularly stressful to fish, and stringent limitations on the timing and strength of discharges may be required to reduce these stresses to nondamaging levels. Off-stream cooling systems may increase cloudiness, ground fog, precipitation, temperature and local winds, but these effects generally extend no further than 1000 m even in winter. There is considerable potential for using condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes such as irrigation, frost protection, undersoil heating, greenhouse heating and climate control. However, over the next few decades little of this waste heat is likely to be used creatively. The thermal consequences of implementing NEP are locally serious but do not pose regional problems. Creative use of the waste heat for aquaculture, agriculture, cogeneration, and power for energy intensive industries can be a powerful means of mitigating undesirable effects.", "PMID": 540623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8450", "title": "Intestinal transport: studies with isolated epithelial cells.", "content": "Isolated intestinal epithelial cells have been extremely useful for characterizing the nature of intestinal absorption processes and for providing insight into the energetics of Na(+)-dependent transport systems. This report describes a number of experimental approaches which have been used for investigating the specific epithelial transport systems involved in sugar absorption, but provides information which ultimately should prove useful for characterizing a number of different intestinal transport events. Similar experiments should also prove useful for exploring the effect of environmental agents on the function of intestinal tissue. In the case of sugars, net absorption is accomplished via a mucosal, Na(+)-dependent concentrative transport system acting in sequence with a passive serosal system which does not require Na(+). The serosal system limits the full gradient-forming capability of the muscosal system. Agents such as phloretin or cytochalasin B which inhibit serosal transport allow the cells to establish sugar gradients as high as 70 fold in contrast to 10-15 fold gradients observed for control cells. Seventy-fold sugar gradients cannot be explained in terms of the energy available in the electrochemical potential for Na(+) if the Na(+):sugar coupling stoichiometry is 1:1 as commonly assumed. New information indicates that the true Na(+):sugar stoichiometry is in fact 2:1. Flow of two Na(+) ions per sugar molecule down the transmembrane electrochemical potential for Na(+) provides more than sufficient energy to account for observed 70 fold sugar gradients. If flow of sugar by other routes could be completely inhibited, theoretical sugar gradients as high as 400 could be achieved assuming that the cells maintain a membrane potential of -36 mV as measured for intact tissue.", "contents": "Intestinal transport: studies with isolated epithelial cells. Isolated intestinal epithelial cells have been extremely useful for characterizing the nature of intestinal absorption processes and for providing insight into the energetics of Na(+)-dependent transport systems. This report describes a number of experimental approaches which have been used for investigating the specific epithelial transport systems involved in sugar absorption, but provides information which ultimately should prove useful for characterizing a number of different intestinal transport events. Similar experiments should also prove useful for exploring the effect of environmental agents on the function of intestinal tissue. In the case of sugars, net absorption is accomplished via a mucosal, Na(+)-dependent concentrative transport system acting in sequence with a passive serosal system which does not require Na(+). The serosal system limits the full gradient-forming capability of the muscosal system. Agents such as phloretin or cytochalasin B which inhibit serosal transport allow the cells to establish sugar gradients as high as 70 fold in contrast to 10-15 fold gradients observed for control cells. Seventy-fold sugar gradients cannot be explained in terms of the energy available in the electrochemical potential for Na(+) if the Na(+):sugar coupling stoichiometry is 1:1 as commonly assumed. New information indicates that the true Na(+):sugar stoichiometry is in fact 2:1. Flow of two Na(+) ions per sugar molecule down the transmembrane electrochemical potential for Na(+) provides more than sufficient energy to account for observed 70 fold sugar gradients. If flow of sugar by other routes could be completely inhibited, theoretical sugar gradients as high as 400 could be achieved assuming that the cells maintain a membrane potential of -36 mV as measured for intact tissue.", "PMID": 540624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8451", "title": "Lipid absorption and metabolism.", "content": "Metabolic processes occurring within the mucosal cell are critical in determining results of interactions between environmental agents and the alimentary tract. The absorption, metabolism, and transport of lipids affects most those agents which are lipid soluble. The understanding of the process involved in lipid absorption and transport is therefore important for both appreciation of the mechanism of uptake of these toxins and for an effective interference with it. Most of the detailed mechanisms of lipid absorption and transport have been proposed from in vitro studies with soluble cell-free systems. The present review integrates these results with recent in vivo and in vitro findings with intact animal tissues and isolated mucosal cells. While there is much general agreement occasional startling differences are also observed, which may have a bearing on the mechanism of normal fat absorption and on the understanding of the transport of the fat-soluble toxins across the mucosal villus cell.", "contents": "Lipid absorption and metabolism. Metabolic processes occurring within the mucosal cell are critical in determining results of interactions between environmental agents and the alimentary tract. The absorption, metabolism, and transport of lipids affects most those agents which are lipid soluble. The understanding of the process involved in lipid absorption and transport is therefore important for both appreciation of the mechanism of uptake of these toxins and for an effective interference with it. Most of the detailed mechanisms of lipid absorption and transport have been proposed from in vitro studies with soluble cell-free systems. The present review integrates these results with recent in vivo and in vitro findings with intact animal tissues and isolated mucosal cells. While there is much general agreement occasional startling differences are also observed, which may have a bearing on the mechanism of normal fat absorption and on the understanding of the transport of the fat-soluble toxins across the mucosal villus cell.", "PMID": 540625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8452", "title": "Intestinal absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics.", "content": "There are five possible processes of intestinal absorption of xenobiotics. These are active transport, passive diffusions, pinocytosis, filtration through \"pores,\" and lymphatic absorption. The passive diffusion is major process for transport of foreign chemicals across the intestine. Though the lymphatic absorption of drugs is not of any major therapeutic significance, the uptake of toxic chemicals such as 3-MC, benzpyrene, and DDT through lymphatics may enhance their toxicity, since they are distributed to other organ systems in the body without being metabolized by liver. A number of factors such as diet, motility of intestine, interference with gastrointestinal flora, changes in the rate of gastric emptying, age of the animal, and dissolution rate of xenobiotic can alter the rate of absorption of chemicals. Liver is the major site of metabolism of xenobiotics, but the contribution of intestinal metabolism of xenobiotic can influence the overall bioavailability of chemicals. The xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes located in endoplasmic reticulum of intestine possess biochemical characteristics similar to that of liver. In general, the rate of metabolism of xenobiotics by intestinal microsomal preparation is lower than that observed with similar hepatic microsomal preparations. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of xenobiotics is affected by several factors including age, sex, diurnal variations, species, and nutritional status of the animal. The intestinal xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are stimulated by the pretreatment of animals with foreign chemicals, but this depends on the route of administration of chemicals, drug substrate and the animal species used. Rabbit intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics. There are five possible processes of intestinal absorption of xenobiotics. These are active transport, passive diffusions, pinocytosis, filtration through \"pores,\" and lymphatic absorption. The passive diffusion is major process for transport of foreign chemicals across the intestine. Though the lymphatic absorption of drugs is not of any major therapeutic significance, the uptake of toxic chemicals such as 3-MC, benzpyrene, and DDT through lymphatics may enhance their toxicity, since they are distributed to other organ systems in the body without being metabolized by liver. A number of factors such as diet, motility of intestine, interference with gastrointestinal flora, changes in the rate of gastric emptying, age of the animal, and dissolution rate of xenobiotic can alter the rate of absorption of chemicals. Liver is the major site of metabolism of xenobiotics, but the contribution of intestinal metabolism of xenobiotic can influence the overall bioavailability of chemicals. The xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes located in endoplasmic reticulum of intestine possess biochemical characteristics similar to that of liver. In general, the rate of metabolism of xenobiotics by intestinal microsomal preparation is lower than that observed with similar hepatic microsomal preparations. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of xenobiotics is affected by several factors including age, sex, diurnal variations, species, and nutritional status of the animal. The intestinal xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are stimulated by the pretreatment of animals with foreign chemicals, but this depends on the route of administration of chemicals, drug substrate and the animal species used. Rabbit intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.", "PMID": 540626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8453", "title": "Properties and biological significance of the ileal bile salt transport system.", "content": "The properties of a specific transport system for bile salts, which is located in the ileum of the small intestine are described. The system operates by a sodium ion cotransport mechanism, and it functions in maintaining a normal enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Analysis of structure-activity data allows us to depict our hypothesis for the interaction of bile salt and Na with the membranal recognition site of this transport system. The sequellae of metabolic disorders which can arise following disease or surgical ablation of the ileal region of the intestine which result in an interrupted bile salt enterohepatic circulation are described. We suggest that these findings hold interest to toxicologists, since it is not beyond reason that toxic agents might exist which impair the function of this transport system specifically or which could poison the ileal mucosal cell. Such agents might be detected by the presence of some of the described metabolic disorders. Finally, we discuss the ileal transport of the sulfated esters of bile salts and the possibility that this might relate to that aspect of detoxification pertaining to their enhanced excretion.", "contents": "Properties and biological significance of the ileal bile salt transport system. The properties of a specific transport system for bile salts, which is located in the ileum of the small intestine are described. The system operates by a sodium ion cotransport mechanism, and it functions in maintaining a normal enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Analysis of structure-activity data allows us to depict our hypothesis for the interaction of bile salt and Na with the membranal recognition site of this transport system. The sequellae of metabolic disorders which can arise following disease or surgical ablation of the ileal region of the intestine which result in an interrupted bile salt enterohepatic circulation are described. We suggest that these findings hold interest to toxicologists, since it is not beyond reason that toxic agents might exist which impair the function of this transport system specifically or which could poison the ileal mucosal cell. Such agents might be detected by the presence of some of the described metabolic disorders. Finally, we discuss the ileal transport of the sulfated esters of bile salts and the possibility that this might relate to that aspect of detoxification pertaining to their enhanced excretion.", "PMID": 540627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8454", "title": "A review of the salient features of osteochondrosis in the horse.", "content": "There appears to be an increasing incidence of osteochondrosis in young fast-growing horses in Europe and the USA. The disease is thought to be congenital in type and affects endochondral ossification in growing bones. It can be localised to one joint or may be a generalised condition. The clinical manifestations of the disease lead to a secondary chronic degenerative joint disease in adult animals. There is a genetic predisposition to the condition which is associated with rapid growth and excessive high energy feeding. The careful genetic selection of bloodstock and restricted intake in early life can greatly assist in decreasing the incidence of the disease.", "contents": "A review of the salient features of osteochondrosis in the horse. There appears to be an increasing incidence of osteochondrosis in young fast-growing horses in Europe and the USA. The disease is thought to be congenital in type and affects endochondral ossification in growing bones. It can be localised to one joint or may be a generalised condition. The clinical manifestations of the disease lead to a secondary chronic degenerative joint disease in adult animals. There is a genetic predisposition to the condition which is associated with rapid growth and excessive high energy feeding. The careful genetic selection of bloodstock and restricted intake in early life can greatly assist in decreasing the incidence of the disease.", "PMID": 540628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8455", "title": "Bacteria isolated from uterine washings from mares in the Sudan.", "content": "Uterine washes collected from 200 barren mares were examined at the Khartoum veterinary clinic during the period May 1977 to May 1978. A variety of bacteria was isolated from 77 per cent of the mares investigated. Thirty mares were treated by parenteral injection and intrauterine infusion of the appropriate antibiotics. Twenty-one of these mares conceived, of which 17 delivered normal foals and 4 had early embryonic deaths.", "contents": "Bacteria isolated from uterine washings from mares in the Sudan. Uterine washes collected from 200 barren mares were examined at the Khartoum veterinary clinic during the period May 1977 to May 1978. A variety of bacteria was isolated from 77 per cent of the mares investigated. Thirty mares were treated by parenteral injection and intrauterine infusion of the appropriate antibiotics. Twenty-one of these mares conceived, of which 17 delivered normal foals and 4 had early embryonic deaths.", "PMID": 540629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8456", "title": "Equine verminous arteritis. An arteriographic evaluation of the larvicidal activity of albendazole.", "content": "Albendazole was an effective larvicidal anthelmintic against the fourth stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae as late as one month post-infection. The drug was administered at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg three times daily for 5 days. Diarrhoea occurred in 3 of 4 foals treated and of these one died during belated intravenous therapy for dehydration. Arteriography allowed for an in vivo assessment of the development and regression of lesions in infected-treated foals compared to the continued development of lesions in infected-untreated foals. The arteriographic findings were confirmed at necropsy.", "contents": "Equine verminous arteritis. An arteriographic evaluation of the larvicidal activity of albendazole. Albendazole was an effective larvicidal anthelmintic against the fourth stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae as late as one month post-infection. The drug was administered at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg three times daily for 5 days. Diarrhoea occurred in 3 of 4 foals treated and of these one died during belated intravenous therapy for dehydration. Arteriography allowed for an in vivo assessment of the development and regression of lesions in infected-treated foals compared to the continued development of lesions in infected-untreated foals. The arteriographic findings were confirmed at necropsy.", "PMID": 540630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8457", "title": "A technique for the conduct of nutritional balance experiments in horses.", "content": "Standardbred geldings were used in a number of nutritional balance experiments. These consisted of 28-day cycles each of an 18-day equilibration period in yards and a 10-day settling  and collection period in metabolism crates. The crates were made of galvanised metal tubing over wooden flooring covered by rubber matting and rubber sheets. Total faeces were collected in trays at the rear of crates and total urine by canvas funnels slung beneath the sheath of each horse.", "contents": "A technique for the conduct of nutritional balance experiments in horses. Standardbred geldings were used in a number of nutritional balance experiments. These consisted of 28-day cycles each of an 18-day equilibration period in yards and a 10-day settling  and collection period in metabolism crates. The crates were made of galvanised metal tubing over wooden flooring covered by rubber matting and rubber sheets. Total faeces were collected in trays at the rear of crates and total urine by canvas funnels slung beneath the sheath of each horse.", "PMID": 540631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8458", "title": "Tissue and plasma activity of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in the horse.", "content": "Lactic dehydrogenase, although widely distributed in most tissues, was more highly concentrated in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidney and liver. Isoenzyme patterns showed a selective concentration of LDH5 in skeletal muscle while in the heart LDH 1 and 2 were predominant. In contrast, creatine kinase was only present in substantial concentration in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The serum concentrationof both enzymes showed a wide range of activity.", "contents": "Tissue and plasma activity of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in the horse. Lactic dehydrogenase, although widely distributed in most tissues, was more highly concentrated in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidney and liver. Isoenzyme patterns showed a selective concentration of LDH5 in skeletal muscle while in the heart LDH 1 and 2 were predominant. In contrast, creatine kinase was only present in substantial concentration in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The serum concentrationof both enzymes showed a wide range of activity.", "PMID": 540632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8459", "title": "A re-evaluation of the D (+) xylose absorption test in the horse.", "content": "The absorption of d-xylose forms the basis of a useful screening test in the investigation of small intestinal disorders in the horse. A comparison has been made of different assay methods and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with the parabromoaniline (PBA) method or the ferric chloride-orcinol (FCO) method. The orthotoluidine method was unsatisfactory. The anticoagulant agent did not affect the test. A dose of 0.5 g commercial grade xylose/kg body weight as a 10 per cent solution given by stomach tube, produced a peak plasma xylose level after 90 min and should discriminate normal from abnormal absorption. The FCO method was preferred for the occasional test performed in practice, and a 2-hour sampling period would be adequate.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of the D (+) xylose absorption test in the horse. The absorption of d-xylose forms the basis of a useful screening test in the investigation of small intestinal disorders in the horse. A comparison has been made of different assay methods and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with the parabromoaniline (PBA) method or the ferric chloride-orcinol (FCO) method. The orthotoluidine method was unsatisfactory. The anticoagulant agent did not affect the test. A dose of 0.5 g commercial grade xylose/kg body weight as a 10 per cent solution given by stomach tube, produced a peak plasma xylose level after 90 min and should discriminate normal from abnormal absorption. The FCO method was preferred for the occasional test performed in practice, and a 2-hour sampling period would be adequate.", "PMID": 540633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8460", "title": "Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 2. Experimental findings in resting horses.", "content": "The paper describes observations on 8 horses at rest using catheter-mounted microtransducers to record intracavity pressures. In 5 of them records were obtained from both left and right sides and in 3 horses from the right heart only. Twelve indices were measured. Variations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure seemed to influence the results on many of the parameters. It is suggested that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure itself may be a useful guide to left ventricular functional efficiency but more work is necessary to further evaluate these indices as possible measures of myocardial function in the horse.", "contents": "Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 2. Experimental findings in resting horses. The paper describes observations on 8 horses at rest using catheter-mounted microtransducers to record intracavity pressures. In 5 of them records were obtained from both left and right sides and in 3 horses from the right heart only. Twelve indices were measured. Variations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure seemed to influence the results on many of the parameters. It is suggested that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure itself may be a useful guide to left ventricular functional efficiency but more work is necessary to further evaluate these indices as possible measures of myocardial function in the horse.", "PMID": 540634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8461", "title": "A survey of early pregnancy losses in West German thoroughbred mares.", "content": "Embryonic resorption is reported as the main reason for early pregnancy losses in the West German Thoroughbred mare. An analysis of breeding records for the last 11 years showed a resorption rat of 8.4 per cent. Evidence was obtained that these early embryonic losses were associated with too early conception after foaling and with the state of lactation.", "contents": "A survey of early pregnancy losses in West German thoroughbred mares. Embryonic resorption is reported as the main reason for early pregnancy losses in the West German Thoroughbred mare. An analysis of breeding records for the last 11 years showed a resorption rat of 8.4 per cent. Evidence was obtained that these early embryonic losses were associated with too early conception after foaling and with the state of lactation.", "PMID": 540635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8462", "title": "A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horse urine.", "content": "A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group of drugs is described. The method invovles on-column methylation of the carboxylic acid group using trimethylanilinium hydroxide as the methylating reagent. Fifteen such drugs were studied. Eight of these were detected in urine collected from horses that had received these compounds orally and for these drugs, rates of urinary excretion are recorded. Seven other members of this group of drugs were shown to be detectable by this procedure but in these cases the drug was added to urine and not administered to the horse.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horse urine. A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group of drugs is described. The method invovles on-column methylation of the carboxylic acid group using trimethylanilinium hydroxide as the methylating reagent. Fifteen such drugs were studied. Eight of these were detected in urine collected from horses that had received these compounds orally and for these drugs, rates of urinary excretion are recorded. Seven other members of this group of drugs were shown to be detectable by this procedure but in these cases the drug was added to urine and not administered to the horse.", "PMID": 540636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8463", "title": "Bridging the gap - some problems of communication and empathy in nutrition education.", "content": "Among the approaches needed for improving the nutritional status of children, an important one is helping families to develop and use their present resources better. This means, however, bridging the gap in understanding so that feasible advice is given and taken, and mutual trust established between rural people and those who try to serve them. The present paper discusses some of the reasons for this gap and possible ways in which it may be bridged.", "contents": "Bridging the gap - some problems of communication and empathy in nutrition education. Among the approaches needed for improving the nutritional status of children, an important one is helping families to develop and use their present resources better. This means, however, bridging the gap in understanding so that feasible advice is given and taken, and mutual trust established between rural people and those who try to serve them. The present paper discusses some of the reasons for this gap and possible ways in which it may be bridged.", "PMID": 540663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8464", "title": "Who pays the piper?", "content": "To what extent have food manufacturers become nutrition educators simply by virtue of the products they advertise, the audiences they address and the intensity of their selling campaigns? Can the food industry do objective nutrition education? Should the food industry be engaged in nutrition education at all? Interest in nutrition education has increased over the last decade, and these questions have become important in both developed and developing countries. The following review attempts to draw some lessons from the United States experience with commercial nutrition education, in the hope that they may prove instructive for nations where food industry educational activities are as yet minimal.", "contents": "Who pays the piper? To what extent have food manufacturers become nutrition educators simply by virtue of the products they advertise, the audiences they address and the intensity of their selling campaigns? Can the food industry do objective nutrition education? Should the food industry be engaged in nutrition education at all? Interest in nutrition education has increased over the last decade, and these questions have become important in both developed and developing countries. The following review attempts to draw some lessons from the United States experience with commercial nutrition education, in the hope that they may prove instructive for nations where food industry educational activities are as yet minimal.", "PMID": 540664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8465", "title": "Fish protein concentrate type B - a more promising approach.", "content": "Dried fish has, from time immemorial, been an important item of the diet. Reduction to a powder for ease of use or storage is only an extension of the process and is by no means a new idea. Intensive efforts have been made in the last twenty years to develop and introduce nutritious low fat, powdered fish products, high in protein and suitable for mass feeding of malnourished populations in the developing world. However, the odourless, low-fat product known as Type A (described in Fd Nutr. Vol. 4, No. 1-2, 1978) failed to attract consumers. Attention is now focussed on Type B, a product containing up to 10 percent fat and tasting and smelling of fish. Its potential as a medium for improving the protein nutrition of vulnerable groups, particularly in developing countries is assessed in this article. Extensive acceptability trials show that up to 35 g per person per week may be included in food-aid programmes among populations accustomed to eating fish. Commercial prospects centre mainly on its use as a food product ingredient.", "contents": "Fish protein concentrate type B - a more promising approach. Dried fish has, from time immemorial, been an important item of the diet. Reduction to a powder for ease of use or storage is only an extension of the process and is by no means a new idea. Intensive efforts have been made in the last twenty years to develop and introduce nutritious low fat, powdered fish products, high in protein and suitable for mass feeding of malnourished populations in the developing world. However, the odourless, low-fat product known as Type A (described in Fd Nutr. Vol. 4, No. 1-2, 1978) failed to attract consumers. Attention is now focussed on Type B, a product containing up to 10 percent fat and tasting and smelling of fish. Its potential as a medium for improving the protein nutrition of vulnerable groups, particularly in developing countries is assessed in this article. Extensive acceptability trials show that up to 35 g per person per week may be included in food-aid programmes among populations accustomed to eating fish. Commercial prospects centre mainly on its use as a food product ingredient.", "PMID": 540666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8466", "title": "Nutrition research in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "According to Mellander (1973), childhood malnutrition has been eliminated in the People's Republic of China, without recourse to international conferences, unusual protein sources, systems analysis, and apparently no applied nutrition programmes. The secret? \"A genuine family level approach, providing simple food and simple advise to all families on a basis of absolute administrative priority for prevention in health services and in medical and paramedical education\".", "contents": "Nutrition research in the People's Republic of China. According to Mellander (1973), childhood malnutrition has been eliminated in the People's Republic of China, without recourse to international conferences, unusual protein sources, systems analysis, and apparently no applied nutrition programmes. The secret? \"A genuine family level approach, providing simple food and simple advise to all families on a basis of absolute administrative priority for prevention in health services and in medical and paramedical education\".", "PMID": 540667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8467", "title": "Economic importance of breastfeeding.", "content": "While an increasing body of research has documented the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, very little research has been done on its economic implications. From an economic perspective, breast milk can in many respects be regarded like any other food commodity. For example, it could be stored in milk banks, and redistributed from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity. But breast milk is inique in that many of its benefits are associated more with its method of delivery than with its physical or nutritional properties per se. In this study based on field work in West Africa, the authors evaluate the economics of breast-feeding versus artificial feeding, but point out that the major impact of breastfeeding at national level is associated with its health-promoting and birth-spacing effects, neither of which are quantifiable at present.", "contents": "Economic importance of breastfeeding. While an increasing body of research has documented the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, very little research has been done on its economic implications. From an economic perspective, breast milk can in many respects be regarded like any other food commodity. For example, it could be stored in milk banks, and redistributed from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity. But breast milk is inique in that many of its benefits are associated more with its method of delivery than with its physical or nutritional properties per se. In this study based on field work in West Africa, the authors evaluate the economics of breast-feeding versus artificial feeding, but point out that the major impact of breastfeeding at national level is associated with its health-promoting and birth-spacing effects, neither of which are quantifiable at present.", "PMID": 540668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8468", "title": "Malformation of embryonic neural retina elicited by BrdU.", "content": "Exposure of neural retina tissue from early chick embryos (5 and 6-days) to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 24 h irreversibly prevented normal histogenesis and resulted in the formation of chaotically disorganized tissue. The sensitivity of the retina to this effect decreased with embryonic age and declined sharply after the commencement of cell stratification. Examination by electron microscopy revealed the following progressive morphologic changes resulting from BrdU treatment: complete breakdown of the outer limiting membrane due to disappearance of its constituent tight junctions which normally anchor cells at the outer retinal surface; collapse and endocytosis of cilia, resulting in the absence of photoreceptor processes; increasing disorganization of the cells which commenced at the outer surface of the retina and progressed inward, resulting in chaotic distortion of the histologic architecture of the retina. Ultrastructural differences were noted between cells in the malformed retina, indicating the presence of several cell types. Possible mechanisms of this BrdU-elicited malformation are considered in the Discussion.", "contents": "Malformation of embryonic neural retina elicited by BrdU. Exposure of neural retina tissue from early chick embryos (5 and 6-days) to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 24 h irreversibly prevented normal histogenesis and resulted in the formation of chaotically disorganized tissue. The sensitivity of the retina to this effect decreased with embryonic age and declined sharply after the commencement of cell stratification. Examination by electron microscopy revealed the following progressive morphologic changes resulting from BrdU treatment: complete breakdown of the outer limiting membrane due to disappearance of its constituent tight junctions which normally anchor cells at the outer retinal surface; collapse and endocytosis of cilia, resulting in the absence of photoreceptor processes; increasing disorganization of the cells which commenced at the outer surface of the retina and progressed inward, resulting in chaotic distortion of the histologic architecture of the retina. Ultrastructural differences were noted between cells in the malformed retina, indicating the presence of several cell types. Possible mechanisms of this BrdU-elicited malformation are considered in the Discussion.", "PMID": 540671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8469", "title": "[Direct cardiac massage in refractory heart arrest. 2 cases sucessfully treated in the coronary care unit].", "content": "The open chest, or direct cardiac massage may be indicate in instances where closed chest techniques are ineffective. Direct cardiac massage was successfully applied by us in two patients who failed to resuscitate with closed chest massage. The patients, an 49 year old man with acute myocardial infarction and an 53 year old man who had a history of previous myocardial infarction with subsequent development of a ventricular aneurysm, had ventricular fibrillation who not responded to closed chest cardiac massage and to repeated electrical countershocks. When the pupils became dilated the decision was made to open the chest and apply direct massage. After several minutes of manual cardiac compression a single D.C. countershock returned the heart to a normal sinus rhythm in each of the patients. Although the thoracotomy was performed outside the operating room, none of the complications of the open chest resuscitation occurred, such as intrathoracic infection, rupture of the heart, and postresuscitative bleeding. The first patient recovered from the infarction, has been discharged from the hospital and is alive and well after 5 months. The second patient has been discharged from the U.C.C. and is alive and well after 15 days.", "contents": "[Direct cardiac massage in refractory heart arrest. 2 cases sucessfully treated in the coronary care unit]. The open chest, or direct cardiac massage may be indicate in instances where closed chest techniques are ineffective. Direct cardiac massage was successfully applied by us in two patients who failed to resuscitate with closed chest massage. The patients, an 49 year old man with acute myocardial infarction and an 53 year old man who had a history of previous myocardial infarction with subsequent development of a ventricular aneurysm, had ventricular fibrillation who not responded to closed chest cardiac massage and to repeated electrical countershocks. When the pupils became dilated the decision was made to open the chest and apply direct massage. After several minutes of manual cardiac compression a single D.C. countershock returned the heart to a normal sinus rhythm in each of the patients. Although the thoracotomy was performed outside the operating room, none of the complications of the open chest resuscitation occurred, such as intrathoracic infection, rupture of the heart, and postresuscitative bleeding. The first patient recovered from the infarction, has been discharged from the hospital and is alive and well after 5 months. The second patient has been discharged from the U.C.C. and is alive and well after 15 days.", "PMID": 540678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8470", "title": "[A new endocardiac electrode for permanent cardiac stimulation].", "content": "A modified pacemaker lead has been designed for permanent cardiac pacing. This can be inserted by percutaneous puncture of the subclavian vein using the Seldinger technique. Its use may be advantageous when isolation of an adequate vein for electrode insertion is difficult or impossible.", "contents": "[A new endocardiac electrode for permanent cardiac stimulation]. A modified pacemaker lead has been designed for permanent cardiac pacing. This can be inserted by percutaneous puncture of the subclavian vein using the Seldinger technique. Its use may be advantageous when isolation of an adequate vein for electrode insertion is difficult or impossible.", "PMID": 540679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8471", "title": "[Systolic time intervals: echocardiographic study of the right and left ventricle. (author's transl)].", "content": "Right and left ventricular systolic time intervals are measured in 40 cardiopathic subjects and compared with the respective values concerning 20 normal subjects. The results show a modification: a) of the values concerning the right ventricle in presence of pathology interesting this ventricle; b) of the values concerning the left ventricle in presence of pathology interesting this ventricle; c) of the values concerning both the ventricles in presence of left ventricular pathology which has, also, interested the right ventricle. The AA. emphasize the importance of the right and left ventricular systolic time intervals not only to separate pathology interesting the right ventricle from that interesting the left ventricle, but also, to evaluate the ventricular performance and the stage of evolution and extension of the cardiopathy.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals: echocardiographic study of the right and left ventricle. (author's transl)]. Right and left ventricular systolic time intervals are measured in 40 cardiopathic subjects and compared with the respective values concerning 20 normal subjects. The results show a modification: a) of the values concerning the right ventricle in presence of pathology interesting this ventricle; b) of the values concerning the left ventricle in presence of pathology interesting this ventricle; c) of the values concerning both the ventricles in presence of left ventricular pathology which has, also, interested the right ventricle. The AA. emphasize the importance of the right and left ventricular systolic time intervals not only to separate pathology interesting the right ventricle from that interesting the left ventricle, but also, to evaluate the ventricular performance and the stage of evolution and extension of the cardiopathy.", "PMID": 540681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8472", "title": "[Validity of the radiofrequency programmed stimulation in the treatment of the sick sinus syndrome. (author's transl)].", "content": "It is presented a patient sick sinus syndrome with the periods of the sinus bradycardia and of the superventricular tachycardia, treated with the implanted of a permanent ventricular inhibited pacemaker  and a passive radio- receiver connected with a ventricular electrocatheter. The tachycardia was interrupted by ventricular way with a discharge of beaths high frequency, utilizing a radiofrequency device connected with a exterior programmed stimulation. It is solicited a more large employment of the radiofrequency stimulation's system in the relapsing and persistent tachycardia, alternately with the pharmacologyc therapy and the DC shock.", "contents": "[Validity of the radiofrequency programmed stimulation in the treatment of the sick sinus syndrome. (author's transl)]. It is presented a patient sick sinus syndrome with the periods of the sinus bradycardia and of the superventricular tachycardia, treated with the implanted of a permanent ventricular inhibited pacemaker  and a passive radio- receiver connected with a ventricular electrocatheter. The tachycardia was interrupted by ventricular way with a discharge of beaths high frequency, utilizing a radiofrequency device connected with a exterior programmed stimulation. It is solicited a more large employment of the radiofrequency stimulation's system in the relapsing and persistent tachycardia, alternately with the pharmacologyc therapy and the DC shock.", "PMID": 540682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8473", "title": "[Mitral insufficiency associated with interatrial defect (ostium secundum). Problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment].", "content": "Of the 255 patients under observation of the AA. with ostium secundum interatrial defect who underwent surgery, 23 (9%) presented an associated mitral regurgitation. All patients had a hemodynamic test and a complete contrahistography, 8 patients polygraphic and 5 patients echocardiographic examinations. The clinical data alone, ecgraphic and Rx, supplied sufficient indications for a correct diagnosis in 87% of the cases. 22 patients underwent surgery: the septal defect was corrected in all patients, mitral regurgitation only in 9; in 5 by valve substitution, in 4 through conservative techniques. Only one patient died of cerebral coma. A report is made on the data relative to the clinical history, Rx, ecgraphic and hemodynamic examinations of the 23 patients under observation, the various anatomosurgical aspects of the valvular alterations, and the criteria adopted for the surgical correction of the mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "[Mitral insufficiency associated with interatrial defect (ostium secundum). Problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment]. Of the 255 patients under observation of the AA. with ostium secundum interatrial defect who underwent surgery, 23 (9%) presented an associated mitral regurgitation. All patients had a hemodynamic test and a complete contrahistography, 8 patients polygraphic and 5 patients echocardiographic examinations. The clinical data alone, ecgraphic and Rx, supplied sufficient indications for a correct diagnosis in 87% of the cases. 22 patients underwent surgery: the septal defect was corrected in all patients, mitral regurgitation only in 9; in 5 by valve substitution, in 4 through conservative techniques. Only one patient died of cerebral coma. A report is made on the data relative to the clinical history, Rx, ecgraphic and hemodynamic examinations of the 23 patients under observation, the various anatomosurgical aspects of the valvular alterations, and the criteria adopted for the surgical correction of the mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 540683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8474", "title": "[Correlations between the patterns--dynamic--of regional contraction and the ECG-enzymatic-clinical signs of myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "60 patients with clinical signs of coronary artery disease who had a hemodynamic examination were studied. The study of the regional dynamics using the deformation as a vectorial time-dependent parameter and the pressure-length loops, was carried out on a total of 420 parietal regions of the left ventricle: the basal ventriculography, the post-extrasystolic potentiation and the ventriculography after nitroglycerin were evaluated. The dynamic regional pattern was correlated with clinical-enzimatic signs of necrosis in the electrocardiogram. The possibility of correlating signs of necrosis with particular patterns of hypokinesia, akinesia, dyskinesia which differ from corresponding \"static\" forms of asynergy in active pressure development and deformation (even in a brief systolic interval) seems to confirm the physiopathologic interpretation of the regional phenomenon based on the ratio between viable not viable myocardium -- as primary cause.", "contents": "[Correlations between the patterns--dynamic--of regional contraction and the ECG-enzymatic-clinical signs of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 60 patients with clinical signs of coronary artery disease who had a hemodynamic examination were studied. The study of the regional dynamics using the deformation as a vectorial time-dependent parameter and the pressure-length loops, was carried out on a total of 420 parietal regions of the left ventricle: the basal ventriculography, the post-extrasystolic potentiation and the ventriculography after nitroglycerin were evaluated. The dynamic regional pattern was correlated with clinical-enzimatic signs of necrosis in the electrocardiogram. The possibility of correlating signs of necrosis with particular patterns of hypokinesia, akinesia, dyskinesia which differ from corresponding \"static\" forms of asynergy in active pressure development and deformation (even in a brief systolic interval) seems to confirm the physiopathologic interpretation of the regional phenomenon based on the ratio between viable not viable myocardium -- as primary cause.", "PMID": 540687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8475", "title": "[Echocardiography in Ebstein's anomaly (author's transl)].", "content": "Results about an echocardiographic study of 20 patients with Ebstein's anomaly diagnosed by cardiac catheterization and angiography, are referred. In 8 patients an echocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded and in five patients an echocontrast examination was performed. The echocardiographic features constantly recorded in Ebstein's anomaly are represented by anterior chamber dilatation, interventricular septum paradoxical movement, anterior tricuspid leaflet wide excursion, decreased diastolic closure rate and delayed closure of tricuspid valve compared to mitral valve. The reduced left ventricular dimension and frequent incidence of \"hammock-like\" shape of mitral valve during systole and reduced diastolic closure rate of anterior mitral leaflet are pointed out. Possible causes of anterior chamber dilatation, of interventricular septum paradoxical motion and delayed tricuspid closure are discussed. According to the previous study no echocardiographic pattern is surely diagnostic of the disease by itself; a delayed tricuspidal closure (more than 70 msec) when associated to an anterior tricuspid leaflet wide excursion and decreased E-F slope, is of particular value for diagnosis.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in Ebstein's anomaly (author's transl)]. Results about an echocardiographic study of 20 patients with Ebstein's anomaly diagnosed by cardiac catheterization and angiography, are referred. In 8 patients an echocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded and in five patients an echocontrast examination was performed. The echocardiographic features constantly recorded in Ebstein's anomaly are represented by anterior chamber dilatation, interventricular septum paradoxical movement, anterior tricuspid leaflet wide excursion, decreased diastolic closure rate and delayed closure of tricuspid valve compared to mitral valve. The reduced left ventricular dimension and frequent incidence of \"hammock-like\" shape of mitral valve during systole and reduced diastolic closure rate of anterior mitral leaflet are pointed out. Possible causes of anterior chamber dilatation, of interventricular septum paradoxical motion and delayed tricuspid closure are discussed. According to the previous study no echocardiographic pattern is surely diagnostic of the disease by itself; a delayed tricuspidal closure (more than 70 msec) when associated to an anterior tricuspid leaflet wide excursion and decreased E-F slope, is of particular value for diagnosis.", "PMID": 540689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8476", "title": "[Long-term prognosis of survivors from anterior myocardial infarction complicatedy by complete atrio-ventricular block (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen patients out of 42 affected by acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrio-ventricular block survived the illness and were discharged from hospital. Eight of these patients (60%) died, all in the first six months of follow up: 3 suddenly and 5 in consequence of progressive heart failure. Dead patients were all in III or IV class of the N.Y.H.A. Three had been previously submitted to permanent pacing, one of these died suddenly. Five patients survive at the end of follow up that varies from 2 to 56 months. Of these five survivors 1 patient belong to the I class of the N.Y.H.A., 1 to the II class and 3 to the III class. Among survivors there is only 1 patient with permanent pacing. This is also the only one who had syncopal attacks during a period of pacing failure. Prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction complicated by atrio-ventricular block who survive illness is dependent on functional class and seems to be not considerably modified by permanent pacing.", "contents": "[Long-term prognosis of survivors from anterior myocardial infarction complicatedy by complete atrio-ventricular block (author's transl)]. Thirteen patients out of 42 affected by acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrio-ventricular block survived the illness and were discharged from hospital. Eight of these patients (60%) died, all in the first six months of follow up: 3 suddenly and 5 in consequence of progressive heart failure. Dead patients were all in III or IV class of the N.Y.H.A. Three had been previously submitted to permanent pacing, one of these died suddenly. Five patients survive at the end of follow up that varies from 2 to 56 months. Of these five survivors 1 patient belong to the I class of the N.Y.H.A., 1 to the II class and 3 to the III class. Among survivors there is only 1 patient with permanent pacing. This is also the only one who had syncopal attacks during a period of pacing failure. Prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction complicated by atrio-ventricular block who survive illness is dependent on functional class and seems to be not considerably modified by permanent pacing.", "PMID": 540690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8477", "title": "[The predictability of the degree of right ventricular hypertension after correction of the tetralogy of Fallot].", "content": "The validity of an equation which, on the basis of various angiocardiographic measurements allows prediction of the post-repair ratio between the systolic pressures in the right and the left ventricle is retrospectively tested in a series of 46 patients with the \"classical\" form of tetralogy of Fallot. If the right and left pulmonary arteries are \"restrictive\", the equation was found to be reliable in such a prediction, provided a negligible gradient is left at the pulmonary anulus level. The implications of the use of this equation on surgical management of patients with tetralogy of Fallot are discussed.", "contents": "[The predictability of the degree of right ventricular hypertension after correction of the tetralogy of Fallot]. The validity of an equation which, on the basis of various angiocardiographic measurements allows prediction of the post-repair ratio between the systolic pressures in the right and the left ventricle is retrospectively tested in a series of 46 patients with the \"classical\" form of tetralogy of Fallot. If the right and left pulmonary arteries are \"restrictive\", the equation was found to be reliable in such a prediction, provided a negligible gradient is left at the pulmonary anulus level. The implications of the use of this equation on surgical management of patients with tetralogy of Fallot are discussed.", "PMID": 540691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8478", "title": "[Digitalis toxicity and digoxin blood levels in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Digoxin serum levels in 41 children with clinical and/or ECG symptoms of digitoxicity were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared to the normal values. 54% of the cases showed a good relationship between clinical and/or ECG signs of toxicity and digoxin levels; on the contrary, 29% of patients exhibited only clinical and/or ECG signs of toxicity with normal digoxin levels and 17% of patients had high digoxin levels without signs of toxicity. The significance and possible causes of this relative discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "[Digitalis toxicity and digoxin blood levels in children (author's transl)]. Digoxin serum levels in 41 children with clinical and/or ECG symptoms of digitoxicity were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared to the normal values. 54% of the cases showed a good relationship between clinical and/or ECG signs of toxicity and digoxin levels; on the contrary, 29% of patients exhibited only clinical and/or ECG signs of toxicity with normal digoxin levels and 17% of patients had high digoxin levels without signs of toxicity. The significance and possible causes of this relative discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 540692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8479", "title": "[How much harm can be caused by a badly recorded or badly interpreted ECG! (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are presented which support the sentence of the title. In a 38 years old man a life insurance company proposed an extra charge on the basis of a pseudoischemic ECG due to exceeding pressure of the writing pen on the ECG paper. In a 28 years old asymptomatic female an abnormal ECG was interpreted as due to ischemic heart disease. Physical activity was restricted and three pregnancies were interrupted. 18 years later an angiography showed normal coronary vessels. Some months later an echocardiogram showed an abnormal pericardial pattern, giving a possible explanation for the abnormal ECG.", "contents": "[How much harm can be caused by a badly recorded or badly interpreted ECG! (author's transl)]. Two cases are presented which support the sentence of the title. In a 38 years old man a life insurance company proposed an extra charge on the basis of a pseudoischemic ECG due to exceeding pressure of the writing pen on the ECG paper. In a 28 years old asymptomatic female an abnormal ECG was interpreted as due to ischemic heart disease. Physical activity was restricted and three pregnancies were interrupted. 18 years later an angiography showed normal coronary vessels. Some months later an echocardiogram showed an abnormal pericardial pattern, giving a possible explanation for the abnormal ECG.", "PMID": 540694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8480", "title": "[Habitual physical activity and responsibility at work as risk factors of fatal coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Mortality in 5 and 10 years for all causes in over 172,000 men classified for habitual physical activity at work was not substancially different between subjects classifed as sedentary, moderate and heavy workers. Mortality for coronary heart disease (CHD), for the same length of observation was statistically higher in sedentary and moderate than in heavy workers (ratio 1.7/1). Bivariate analysis considering both physical activity and responsibility at work, limited to 99,000 men aged 40-59 at entry for a period of 5 years having as end-point CHD, indicated that mortality is higher for higher levels of responsability. Partial correlation coefficients between physical activity and working responsibility on one side, and mortality for CHD on the other showed significant levels (-0.72 and 0.71 respectively) when considering eight combination of different activity and responsibility levels.", "contents": "[Habitual physical activity and responsibility at work as risk factors of fatal coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Mortality in 5 and 10 years for all causes in over 172,000 men classified for habitual physical activity at work was not substancially different between subjects classifed as sedentary, moderate and heavy workers. Mortality for coronary heart disease (CHD), for the same length of observation was statistically higher in sedentary and moderate than in heavy workers (ratio 1.7/1). Bivariate analysis considering both physical activity and responsibility at work, limited to 99,000 men aged 40-59 at entry for a period of 5 years having as end-point CHD, indicated that mortality is higher for higher levels of responsability. Partial correlation coefficients between physical activity and working responsibility on one side, and mortality for CHD on the other showed significant levels (-0.72 and 0.71 respectively) when considering eight combination of different activity and responsibility levels.", "PMID": 540697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8481", "title": "[Characteristics of drinking water and coronary heart disease. An epidemiological experience (author's transl)].", "content": "Mortality for coronary heart disease (CHD) in two samples of men aged 40-59 at entry was rather different after the first 5 year follow-up, but became more and more similar - and substancially identical - after 15 year follow-up. In the community which showed the greatest relative increase of CHD mortality beyond the fifth year, a drastic change in the characteristics of drinking water had occurred, with a large reduction of hardness, and of calcium and magnesium concentration.", "contents": "[Characteristics of drinking water and coronary heart disease. An epidemiological experience (author's transl)]. Mortality for coronary heart disease (CHD) in two samples of men aged 40-59 at entry was rather different after the first 5 year follow-up, but became more and more similar - and substancially identical - after 15 year follow-up. In the community which showed the greatest relative increase of CHD mortality beyond the fifth year, a drastic change in the characteristics of drinking water had occurred, with a large reduction of hardness, and of calcium and magnesium concentration.", "PMID": 540698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8482", "title": "[Ergometric evaluation of patients with WPW syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "20 subjects affected by ventricular pre-excitation, without any other associated cardiac disorder, underwent to maximal exercise test on bicycle ergometer; the aim of the research is to analyse their maximum levels of aerobic power, to study their electrocardiographic behaviour during exercise, with a particular reference to the ventricular repolarization, and finally to evaluate the incidence of arrhythmias during exercise. The maximum aerobic power was slightly lower than the reference standards (on average 78.32%); the muscular work, in 1 patient only, gave rise to cardiac arrhythmias during exercise. In these patients we assume as non specific, the \"like ischemic\" variations of the ventricular repolarisation during exercise.", "contents": "[Ergometric evaluation of patients with WPW syndrome (author's transl)]. 20 subjects affected by ventricular pre-excitation, without any other associated cardiac disorder, underwent to maximal exercise test on bicycle ergometer; the aim of the research is to analyse their maximum levels of aerobic power, to study their electrocardiographic behaviour during exercise, with a particular reference to the ventricular repolarization, and finally to evaluate the incidence of arrhythmias during exercise. The maximum aerobic power was slightly lower than the reference standards (on average 78.32%); the muscular work, in 1 patient only, gave rise to cardiac arrhythmias during exercise. In these patients we assume as non specific, the \"like ischemic\" variations of the ventricular repolarisation during exercise.", "PMID": 540701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8483", "title": "[Comparison of the hemodynamic effects induced by dobutamine, isoproterenol and dopamine in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The haemodynamic affects of dobutamine (DB) (5 microgram/kg/min), isoproterenol (I) (0.02 microgram/kg/min), dopamine (DP) (5 microgram/kg/min), were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease randomly divided in two groups of 6 patients. In one group each patient received DB and I, in the other group each patient received DB and DP. The following parameters were measured: heart rate, aortic blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dp/dt, pulmonary arterial and wedge pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistances. In both groups either I and DP increased significantly heart rate whereas DB did not modifie it. DB caused a larger increase of dp/dt max and of stroke volume as compared to I and DP. These data confirm that DB possesses an inotropic effect greater than I and DP without any significant positive chronotropic effect in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "[Comparison of the hemodynamic effects induced by dobutamine, isoproterenol and dopamine in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. The haemodynamic affects of dobutamine (DB) (5 microgram/kg/min), isoproterenol (I) (0.02 microgram/kg/min), dopamine (DP) (5 microgram/kg/min), were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease randomly divided in two groups of 6 patients. In one group each patient received DB and I, in the other group each patient received DB and DP. The following parameters were measured: heart rate, aortic blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dp/dt, pulmonary arterial and wedge pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistances. In both groups either I and DP increased significantly heart rate whereas DB did not modifie it. DB caused a larger increase of dp/dt max and of stroke volume as compared to I and DP. These data confirm that DB possesses an inotropic effect greater than I and DP without any significant positive chronotropic effect in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 540702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8484", "title": "[Post-extrasystolic potentiation for the study of regional left ventricular asynergy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 120 P. with ischemic heart disease, left ventricolar wall motion was analyzed from the left ventriculogram in a regular sinus beat as compared to the first beat following one or more premature ventricular contractions (PExP). The response of asynergic segment to PExP was determined with a qualitative as wall as a quantitative technique. Of a total of 225 asynergic segments, 62% showed a positive response to PExP. In the absence of pathologic Q waves in the electrocardiogram, the response was positive in 77% and negative in 23% of the cases. In the presence of Q waves, PExP was present only in 33% of the cases (p less than 0.001). In respect to the severity of asynergy, 68% of 145 hypokinetic segments and 52% of 80 akinetic-dyskinetic segments responded to PExP; in the presence of pathologic Q waves, the number of positive responses decreased to 36% in the case of segmental hypokinesis, and to 31% in the case of more severe asynergy. The study of PExP has appeared as an useful diagnostic technique, capable of detecting a residual myocardial function in left ventricular asynergic segments, even in the presence of electrocardiographic signs of infarction.", "contents": "[Post-extrasystolic potentiation for the study of regional left ventricular asynergy (author's transl)]. In 120 P. with ischemic heart disease, left ventricolar wall motion was analyzed from the left ventriculogram in a regular sinus beat as compared to the first beat following one or more premature ventricular contractions (PExP). The response of asynergic segment to PExP was determined with a qualitative as wall as a quantitative technique. Of a total of 225 asynergic segments, 62% showed a positive response to PExP. In the absence of pathologic Q waves in the electrocardiogram, the response was positive in 77% and negative in 23% of the cases. In the presence of Q waves, PExP was present only in 33% of the cases (p less than 0.001). In respect to the severity of asynergy, 68% of 145 hypokinetic segments and 52% of 80 akinetic-dyskinetic segments responded to PExP; in the presence of pathologic Q waves, the number of positive responses decreased to 36% in the case of segmental hypokinesis, and to 31% in the case of more severe asynergy. The study of PExP has appeared as an useful diagnostic technique, capable of detecting a residual myocardial function in left ventricular asynergic segments, even in the presence of electrocardiographic signs of infarction.", "PMID": 540703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8485", "title": "[Echocardiographic patterns of congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Review of literature and report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The (M-mode) echocardiographic patterns of three patients with congenital aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva are reported. In two patients the aneurysm ruptured into the right ventricular cavity. In the third case, in which the lesion was associated with coarctation of the aorta, no communication was shown between the aorta and other cardiac chambers. The characteristic echocardiographic features of the right coronary sinus aneurysm (either with or without rupture in the right ventricular cavity) consist of: 1) The presence of echoes (referable to the right aortic cusp pattern of motion) encroaching the right ventricular outflow tract. 2) The presence of the same box-shaped echoes at a low level of the left ventricular cavity, which seem to \"cross\" the septum (from the left to the right ventricular outflow tract). These images would reflect the \"prolapse\" of the affected cusp. Other common, but non-specific echocardiographic features of the lesion are: an indistinct contour of the anterior wall of the aortic root (probably due to dilatation of the right coronary sinus) and systolic indentations on the right anterior aortic cusp echoes.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic patterns of congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Review of literature and report of three cases (author's transl)]. The (M-mode) echocardiographic patterns of three patients with congenital aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva are reported. In two patients the aneurysm ruptured into the right ventricular cavity. In the third case, in which the lesion was associated with coarctation of the aorta, no communication was shown between the aorta and other cardiac chambers. The characteristic echocardiographic features of the right coronary sinus aneurysm (either with or without rupture in the right ventricular cavity) consist of: 1) The presence of echoes (referable to the right aortic cusp pattern of motion) encroaching the right ventricular outflow tract. 2) The presence of the same box-shaped echoes at a low level of the left ventricular cavity, which seem to \"cross\" the septum (from the left to the right ventricular outflow tract). These images would reflect the \"prolapse\" of the affected cusp. Other common, but non-specific echocardiographic features of the lesion are: an indistinct contour of the anterior wall of the aortic root (probably due to dilatation of the right coronary sinus) and systolic indentations on the right anterior aortic cusp echoes.", "PMID": 540704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8486", "title": "[Use of the thoraco-acromialis vein for implantation of a permanent transvenous PMK (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to implant a permanent PMK in 35 patients with total heart block the thoraco-acromialis vein has been investigated. The vein was easily found in the groove between the clavicular and sternal part of the musculus pectoralis major and used to implant a permanent pacing lead in 32 patients (91.5%). Following the satisfactory results and taking into account that the complications had reduced to a very low rate (in 2 cases lead tip displacement and pouch haematoma occurred respectively), the Authors consider the adopted method an useful approach for PMK implantation particularly when the use of the vena cephalica is deemed impossible.", "contents": "[Use of the thoraco-acromialis vein for implantation of a permanent transvenous PMK (author's transl)]. In order to implant a permanent PMK in 35 patients with total heart block the thoraco-acromialis vein has been investigated. The vein was easily found in the groove between the clavicular and sternal part of the musculus pectoralis major and used to implant a permanent pacing lead in 32 patients (91.5%). Following the satisfactory results and taking into account that the complications had reduced to a very low rate (in 2 cases lead tip displacement and pouch haematoma occurred respectively), the Authors consider the adopted method an useful approach for PMK implantation particularly when the use of the vena cephalica is deemed impossible.", "PMID": 540707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8487", "title": "[The role of the platelets in myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. suggest that the myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in the rat may be determined by phenomenons of intracoronaric platelets aggregation. The effects on the degree and extension of the infarctual necrotic area have been evaluated in a drug with remarkable platelets antiaggregation activity (ASL). The following parameters are considered: wet and dry weight of the organ, and tissutal CPK levels.", "contents": "[The role of the platelets in myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in the rat (author's transl)]. The AA. suggest that the myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in the rat may be determined by phenomenons of intracoronaric platelets aggregation. The effects on the degree and extension of the infarctual necrotic area have been evaluated in a drug with remarkable platelets antiaggregation activity (ASL). The following parameters are considered: wet and dry weight of the organ, and tissutal CPK levels.", "PMID": 540709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8488", "title": "The use of heritabilities of anthropometric measures and performance tests in personnel selection.", "content": "An analogy exists between the mathematical models of psychological test theory and quantitative genetics. From this analogy we can conclude, that longitudinal correlation and heritability in the broad sense are equivalent expressions for the reliability in the long run. Since long-range prediction is the aim of index construction for personnel selection in athletics and other applied fields, we recommend to use heritability as a weighting factor for phenotypic scores in order to calculate true scores and to eliminate error variance.", "contents": "The use of heritabilities of anthropometric measures and performance tests in personnel selection. An analogy exists between the mathematical models of psychological test theory and quantitative genetics. From this analogy we can conclude, that longitudinal correlation and heritability in the broad sense are equivalent expressions for the reliability in the long run. Since long-range prediction is the aim of index construction for personnel selection in athletics and other applied fields, we recommend to use heritability as a weighting factor for phenotypic scores in order to calculate true scores and to eliminate error variance.", "PMID": 540743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8489", "title": "[Post-natal growth of the skull in the house mouse Mus musculus Linn\u00e9, 1758, and in 2 different large subspecies of the field mouse Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1779. II. Results (I)].", "content": "Postnatal skull ontogeny of Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis arvalis and M. a. asturianus was studied qualitatively and quantitatively. To facilitate age determination for undated specimens, the most important stages in ossification of the skull bones are described, with drawings of selected ontogenetic stages (Part I). Using Parameter C of the growth function Y(t) = A - B exp (- Ct), it is possible to establish skull growth gradients. The growth functions are subdivided into 3 classes, based on Parameter C, associated with different growth regions of the skull. Changes in individual skull proportions are demonstrated by means of ontogenetic and intraspecific allometries.", "contents": "[Post-natal growth of the skull in the house mouse Mus musculus Linn\u00e9, 1758, and in 2 different large subspecies of the field mouse Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1779. II. Results (I)]. Postnatal skull ontogeny of Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis arvalis and M. a. asturianus was studied qualitatively and quantitatively. To facilitate age determination for undated specimens, the most important stages in ossification of the skull bones are described, with drawings of selected ontogenetic stages (Part I). Using Parameter C of the growth function Y(t) = A - B exp (- Ct), it is possible to establish skull growth gradients. The growth functions are subdivided into 3 classes, based on Parameter C, associated with different growth regions of the skull. Changes in individual skull proportions are demonstrated by means of ontogenetic and intraspecific allometries.", "PMID": 540747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8490", "title": "[The use of cladistic principles in the phylogeny and biogeography of the Lacerta].", "content": "The methodology used in Phylogenetics remains one of the more interesting problems in comparative biology. Among the methods used, the cladistic is the most accurate. In the present case, among the Saurians, the characters chosen appeared early and cannot be referred to any adaptation bound to an evolutive progress. We have successively considered their distribution in the classification, their polarity and one phylogenetic hypothesis based on the Hennig's concepts. Such a work leads necessarily to systematical conclusions. For instance, we note the heterogeneity of some families. Among the Iguania, the Iguanidea are polyphyletics, the north-american forms breaking up from the other very early. Among the Scincomorpha, the Lacertilia result from two parts of different origins. This research verifies some systematic cuttings in the modern classification: among the Anguimorpha, the separation between Helodermatidea and the group, Varanidea-Lanthanotidea. The characters studied show a non-random distribution in the classification and show also some consistency with the geographical distribution of the extant Saurians. Therefore, it is important to search for the most parsimonious geographical hypothesis, which is in concern with the present data on the continental drift and generally on the history of the Earth, and which strengthens the cladograms posed from the selected characters.", "contents": "[The use of cladistic principles in the phylogeny and biogeography of the Lacerta]. The methodology used in Phylogenetics remains one of the more interesting problems in comparative biology. Among the methods used, the cladistic is the most accurate. In the present case, among the Saurians, the characters chosen appeared early and cannot be referred to any adaptation bound to an evolutive progress. We have successively considered their distribution in the classification, their polarity and one phylogenetic hypothesis based on the Hennig's concepts. Such a work leads necessarily to systematical conclusions. For instance, we note the heterogeneity of some families. Among the Iguania, the Iguanidea are polyphyletics, the north-american forms breaking up from the other very early. Among the Scincomorpha, the Lacertilia result from two parts of different origins. This research verifies some systematic cuttings in the modern classification: among the Anguimorpha, the separation between Helodermatidea and the group, Varanidea-Lanthanotidea. The characters studied show a non-random distribution in the classification and show also some consistency with the geographical distribution of the extant Saurians. Therefore, it is important to search for the most parsimonious geographical hypothesis, which is in concern with the present data on the continental drift and generally on the history of the Earth, and which strengthens the cladograms posed from the selected characters.", "PMID": 540749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8491", "title": "Epidemiology and aetiology of aplastic anemia.", "content": "Epidemiological data show that the incidence of aplastic anemia is a least 4-5 times as high in the far East as in the West. The reason seems to be complex--a number of exogenic factors act against a background of genetic differences in susceptibility. A Swedish study of aplastic anemia shows the overall incidence to be 13 cases per million inhabitants and year, but also that the incidence varies greatly with age (range 4-61 cases per million). Drugs are the single most important aetiologic factor. Chloramphenicol is the most common offender, but in many countries it now has been replaced by the anti-inflammatory agents phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone. In Sweden the latter also have disappeared and sulfonamide preparations dominate among drugs causing aplasia.", "contents": "Epidemiology and aetiology of aplastic anemia. Epidemiological data show that the incidence of aplastic anemia is a least 4-5 times as high in the far East as in the West. The reason seems to be complex--a number of exogenic factors act against a background of genetic differences in susceptibility. A Swedish study of aplastic anemia shows the overall incidence to be 13 cases per million inhabitants and year, but also that the incidence varies greatly with age (range 4-61 cases per million). Drugs are the single most important aetiologic factor. Chloramphenicol is the most common offender, but in many countries it now has been replaced by the anti-inflammatory agents phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone. In Sweden the latter also have disappeared and sulfonamide preparations dominate among drugs causing aplasia.", "PMID": 540796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8492", "title": "Co-culture studies in transfused and untransfused patients with aplastic anemia.", "content": "Co-culture studies have two potential values: (1) In untransfused patients with AA they may be able to detect the small population of patients who have immunologically mediated disease and who therefore may respond to immunosuppressive therapy; (2) In transfused AA patients under consideration for allogenic marrow transplantation, inhibition in the coculture assay may indicate sensitization to minor histocompatibility antigens. Preliminary data indicates that this test may be more sensitive than the chromium release assay and should be added to a battery of prospective in vitro tests designed to detect those patients at risk for marrow graft rejection.", "contents": "Co-culture studies in transfused and untransfused patients with aplastic anemia. Co-culture studies have two potential values: (1) In untransfused patients with AA they may be able to detect the small population of patients who have immunologically mediated disease and who therefore may respond to immunosuppressive therapy; (2) In transfused AA patients under consideration for allogenic marrow transplantation, inhibition in the coculture assay may indicate sensitization to minor histocompatibility antigens. Preliminary data indicates that this test may be more sensitive than the chromium release assay and should be added to a battery of prospective in vitro tests designed to detect those patients at risk for marrow graft rejection.", "PMID": 540797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8493", "title": "Population and classification of intrapopulation units of helminths.", "content": "The study of the population problems revealed that the population is an elementary evolution unit of a species with biparental way of reproduction. This is a general theoretical definition which the author elaborated in detail for the helminths. With regard to the complicated intraspecific structure of these parasites also the classification of intrapopulation helminth units is proposed.", "contents": "Population and classification of intrapopulation units of helminths. The study of the population problems revealed that the population is an elementary evolution unit of a species with biparental way of reproduction. This is a general theoretical definition which the author elaborated in detail for the helminths. With regard to the complicated intraspecific structure of these parasites also the classification of intrapopulation helminth units is proposed.", "PMID": 540873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8494", "title": "The influence of temperature on the development of Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810) in oribatid mites.", "content": "The life cycle of Moniezia expansa was studied experimentally using 10 species of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts. Four of them became infected, namely Scheloribates laevigatus (76.2%), Sch. latipes (70.8%), Liacarus coracinus (20%) and Platynothrus peltifer (1.1%). The last was found for the first time to serve as intermediate host of M. expansa in Czechoslovakia. The development of the cysticercoid of M. expansa in the oribatid mites at 28 degrees C and 85% relative humidity is completed within 27 days. At 18-20 degrees C and the same relative humidity the development lasts even 97 days.", "contents": "The influence of temperature on the development of Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810) in oribatid mites. The life cycle of Moniezia expansa was studied experimentally using 10 species of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts. Four of them became infected, namely Scheloribates laevigatus (76.2%), Sch. latipes (70.8%), Liacarus coracinus (20%) and Platynothrus peltifer (1.1%). The last was found for the first time to serve as intermediate host of M. expansa in Czechoslovakia. The development of the cysticercoid of M. expansa in the oribatid mites at 28 degrees C and 85% relative humidity is completed within 27 days. At 18-20 degrees C and the same relative humidity the development lasts even 97 days.", "PMID": 540874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8495", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Hymenolepis diminuta larvae.", "content": "Electron microscopical studies of the cyst of 1-month-old H. diminuta larvae revealed considerable thickening of the superficial syncytium of tegument and formation of a large number of cavities and canals. The cytoplasm of the tegument is filled with microtubules produced by cytons of parenchymal layer which are analogs of tonofibrils. These peculiarities, together with numerous processes of the external fibrous layer, are regarded as adaptative to the changes of the hydrostatic pressure of the hemocoel of the intermediate host. The superficial syncytium is covered with microvilli and keeps polycellular cytoplasmatic bonds with cytons, which ensures energetic and plastic requirements for the stabilization of the hypertrophied syncytium and its physiological regeneration. Accumulations of fibres identical with those of the connective tissue were found in the cytons of the tegument. The cyst parenchyma consists mostly of cells with widened canals of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with the microfibrils and production of fibrous filaments. The internal fibrous layer is produced by typical fibroblasts. The tegument of the cercomer is thinner and is considered to be less differentiated.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Hymenolepis diminuta larvae. Electron microscopical studies of the cyst of 1-month-old H. diminuta larvae revealed considerable thickening of the superficial syncytium of tegument and formation of a large number of cavities and canals. The cytoplasm of the tegument is filled with microtubules produced by cytons of parenchymal layer which are analogs of tonofibrils. These peculiarities, together with numerous processes of the external fibrous layer, are regarded as adaptative to the changes of the hydrostatic pressure of the hemocoel of the intermediate host. The superficial syncytium is covered with microvilli and keeps polycellular cytoplasmatic bonds with cytons, which ensures energetic and plastic requirements for the stabilization of the hypertrophied syncytium and its physiological regeneration. Accumulations of fibres identical with those of the connective tissue were found in the cytons of the tegument. The cyst parenchyma consists mostly of cells with widened canals of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with the microfibrils and production of fibrous filaments. The internal fibrous layer is produced by typical fibroblasts. The tegument of the cercomer is thinner and is considered to be less differentiated.", "PMID": 540875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8496", "title": "Symptomatology of taeniasis caused by Taenia saginata.", "content": "The course of an infection with T. saginata has been studied for two years on a volunteer who had swallowed a 16-20 week-old Cysticercus bovis. The pathognomonic character of the infections was shown to be the spontaneous release of cestode proglottids first appearing in the faeces at day 87 p. i. An incidental release of a larger number of segments occurred after an excessive consumption of alcohol. The next release of proglottids followed after 42 to 88 days. The importance of the results of this observation both for the immediate study of the field case and an elucidation of the epidemiology of taeniasis has been evaluated in the present paper.", "contents": "Symptomatology of taeniasis caused by Taenia saginata. The course of an infection with T. saginata has been studied for two years on a volunteer who had swallowed a 16-20 week-old Cysticercus bovis. The pathognomonic character of the infections was shown to be the spontaneous release of cestode proglottids first appearing in the faeces at day 87 p. i. An incidental release of a larger number of segments occurred after an excessive consumption of alcohol. The next release of proglottids followed after 42 to 88 days. The importance of the results of this observation both for the immediate study of the field case and an elucidation of the epidemiology of taeniasis has been evaluated in the present paper.", "PMID": 540876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8497", "title": "[Automatic adder mixer for photometric cells: application to superprecipitation of myosin B. (author's transl)].", "content": "An automatic adder mixer for  photometric cells was newly developed in our laboratory and was applied in experiments of superprecipitation of myosin B. The mixer has a reciprocating blade-type impeller with a pit for loading samples. The pit was cut so as to be just above the meniscus of the solution in a cell at the top dead point of the cam mechanism and so as to enter the solution at the bottom dead point. When 10 microliter of methylene blue solution was added, the mixing time was 0.6 sec. Myosin B was extracted from rabbit white muscle. Adding ATP (1 mM) to myosin B suspension and mixing was carried out by hand, using a mixing plunger, and also using the automatic adder mixer. The recordings obtained were then compared. Continuous recording of the initial reaction was successfully obtained only when the automatic adder mixer was used. Excellent results were also obtained with respect to reproducibility. The automatic adder mixer is easy to make, inexpensive, and can be utilized in conjunction with conventional spectrophotometers.", "contents": "[Automatic adder mixer for photometric cells: application to superprecipitation of myosin B. (author's transl)]. An automatic adder mixer for  photometric cells was newly developed in our laboratory and was applied in experiments of superprecipitation of myosin B. The mixer has a reciprocating blade-type impeller with a pit for loading samples. The pit was cut so as to be just above the meniscus of the solution in a cell at the top dead point of the cam mechanism and so as to enter the solution at the bottom dead point. When 10 microliter of methylene blue solution was added, the mixing time was 0.6 sec. Myosin B was extracted from rabbit white muscle. Adding ATP (1 mM) to myosin B suspension and mixing was carried out by hand, using a mixing plunger, and also using the automatic adder mixer. The recordings obtained were then compared. Continuous recording of the initial reaction was successfully obtained only when the automatic adder mixer was used. Excellent results were also obtained with respect to reproducibility. The automatic adder mixer is easy to make, inexpensive, and can be utilized in conjunction with conventional spectrophotometers.", "PMID": 540877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8498", "title": "[Effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium on exudative inflammation in experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of tolmetin sodium(Tol) on acute and subacute exudative inflammation was tested in experimental animals. Tol had a potent inhibitory activity (ED50 = 0.75 mg/kg, p.o.) on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice, and the potency was about 0.4 times that of indomethacin (Ind), and 6-93 times that of ibuprofen (Ibu), phenylbutazone(Phe) and aspirin(Asp). The inhibitory activity of Tol(ED50 = 18.2 mg/kg, p.o.) on UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs was about 0.3 times that of Ind. A recovery of the hind paw edema of rats, produced by a mixture of kaolin and carrageenin, was promoted by oral administration of Tol(2.5 approximately 20 mg/kg x 5/2 days). Tol(80 mg/kg/day, p.o.) showed a significant activity in inhibiting the exudation caused by croton oil in rats, and the activity was about 0.025 times that of Ind and greater than that of Ibu, Phe and Asp. Tol(100-800 microgram/ml) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the phytohemagglutinin-induced blast transformation of cultured lymphocytes from rat thymus, as did salicylic acid. In vitro, Tol showed a potent activity similar to that of Ibu and Phe in preventing the denaturation of bovine serum albumin and the lysis of rat erythrocytes. From these results, it is suggested that Tol has a particularly potent inhibitory activity on acute exudative inflammation, and the mode of action may be attributed to a mechanism similar to that seen with other acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium on exudative inflammation in experimental animals (author's transl)]. Effect of tolmetin sodium(Tol) on acute and subacute exudative inflammation was tested in experimental animals. Tol had a potent inhibitory activity (ED50 = 0.75 mg/kg, p.o.) on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice, and the potency was about 0.4 times that of indomethacin (Ind), and 6-93 times that of ibuprofen (Ibu), phenylbutazone(Phe) and aspirin(Asp). The inhibitory activity of Tol(ED50 = 18.2 mg/kg, p.o.) on UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs was about 0.3 times that of Ind. A recovery of the hind paw edema of rats, produced by a mixture of kaolin and carrageenin, was promoted by oral administration of Tol(2.5 approximately 20 mg/kg x 5/2 days). Tol(80 mg/kg/day, p.o.) showed a significant activity in inhibiting the exudation caused by croton oil in rats, and the activity was about 0.025 times that of Ind and greater than that of Ibu, Phe and Asp. Tol(100-800 microgram/ml) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the phytohemagglutinin-induced blast transformation of cultured lymphocytes from rat thymus, as did salicylic acid. In vitro, Tol showed a potent activity similar to that of Ibu and Phe in preventing the denaturation of bovine serum albumin and the lysis of rat erythrocytes. From these results, it is suggested that Tol has a particularly potent inhibitory activity on acute exudative inflammation, and the mode of action may be attributed to a mechanism similar to that seen with other acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 540878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8499", "title": "[Effects of external Ca2+, dobutamine and other catecholamines on the Ca2+-dependent electrical response (author's transl)].", "content": "In isolated guinea pig right papillary muscle, the sodium-carrying system (fast inward current) was inactivated by increasing the external potassium concentration from 5.4 to 16 mM (decrease of an equivalent amount of NaCl). The electrical response was recorded with application of relatively strong cathodal current pulses of 10 or 400 msec duration to the muscle across a partition. The results obtained were; (1) the amplitude of the electrical response increased depending on the strength of the stimulation; (2) the mean rate of rise and the overshoot of this response increased markedly with a high concentration of external calcium; (3) the mean rate of rise (Ca2+ = 7.2 mM; 2.01 V/sec) was considerably smaller than that of the action potential; and (4) this electrical response was not affected by tetrodotoxin (4 x 10(-6) M), but was depressed by Mn2+ (3 x 10(-3) M). These results suggested that the electrical response (slow response) was due to activation of the slow component of inward current, mainly carried by Ca2+. The effect of dobutamine (DOB) on the slow response was studied in vitro, then compared with effects of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (ISO). These catecholamines (CA) increased the amplitude of the slow response and the sensitivity to electrical stimulus strength. Augmentative effects of these drugs were in the following order of ISO greater than NE greater than DOB greater than DA. The finding that DA and ISO increase the sensitivity to electrical stimulus strength more than the amplitude of slow response will be researched in further investigations.", "contents": "[Effects of external Ca2+, dobutamine and other catecholamines on the Ca2+-dependent electrical response (author's transl)]. In isolated guinea pig right papillary muscle, the sodium-carrying system (fast inward current) was inactivated by increasing the external potassium concentration from 5.4 to 16 mM (decrease of an equivalent amount of NaCl). The electrical response was recorded with application of relatively strong cathodal current pulses of 10 or 400 msec duration to the muscle across a partition. The results obtained were; (1) the amplitude of the electrical response increased depending on the strength of the stimulation; (2) the mean rate of rise and the overshoot of this response increased markedly with a high concentration of external calcium; (3) the mean rate of rise (Ca2+ = 7.2 mM; 2.01 V/sec) was considerably smaller than that of the action potential; and (4) this electrical response was not affected by tetrodotoxin (4 x 10(-6) M), but was depressed by Mn2+ (3 x 10(-3) M). These results suggested that the electrical response (slow response) was due to activation of the slow component of inward current, mainly carried by Ca2+. The effect of dobutamine (DOB) on the slow response was studied in vitro, then compared with effects of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (ISO). These catecholamines (CA) increased the amplitude of the slow response and the sensitivity to electrical stimulus strength. Augmentative effects of these drugs were in the following order of ISO greater than NE greater than DOB greater than DA. The finding that DA and ISO increase the sensitivity to electrical stimulus strength more than the amplitude of slow response will be researched in further investigations.", "PMID": 540879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8500", "title": "[Effects of adenosine triphosphate on the postrotatory nystagmus and disorders of vestibular function (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on the postrotatory-induced nystagmus in rabbits and disorders of vestibular function induced by repeated administration of streptomycin in guinea pigs were studied. ATP-2Na exerted little influence on the postrotatory nystagmus in doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.v., while slight suppressive effects were noted with a dose of 30 mg/kg. On the other hand, diphenidol hydrochloride remarkably suppressed the postrotatory nystagmus in a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v.. The disturbance in vestibular function following administration of streptomycin sulfate (400 mg/kg i.m., once daily x 9) was significantly alleviated when concomitant treatment with ATP-2Na (3 mg/kg i.p., 10 mg/kg i.p. and 100 mg/kg p.o., once daily x 14) or diphenidol hydrochloride (50 mg/kg p.o., once daily x 14) was given. ATP as well as diphenidol alleviated disorders in the vestibular function, while ATP had little influence on vestibular function in intact animals.", "contents": "[Effects of adenosine triphosphate on the postrotatory nystagmus and disorders of vestibular function (author's transl)]. Effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on the postrotatory-induced nystagmus in rabbits and disorders of vestibular function induced by repeated administration of streptomycin in guinea pigs were studied. ATP-2Na exerted little influence on the postrotatory nystagmus in doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.v., while slight suppressive effects were noted with a dose of 30 mg/kg. On the other hand, diphenidol hydrochloride remarkably suppressed the postrotatory nystagmus in a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v.. The disturbance in vestibular function following administration of streptomycin sulfate (400 mg/kg i.m., once daily x 9) was significantly alleviated when concomitant treatment with ATP-2Na (3 mg/kg i.p., 10 mg/kg i.p. and 100 mg/kg p.o., once daily x 14) or diphenidol hydrochloride (50 mg/kg p.o., once daily x 14) was given. ATP as well as diphenidol alleviated disorders in the vestibular function, while ATP had little influence on vestibular function in intact animals.", "PMID": 540880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8501", "title": "[Effect of 1-[(1-pyrrolidynylcarbonyl) methyl]-4-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamoyl)piperazine maleate (cinepazide) on cerebral and peripheral circulation in cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of cinepazide, a vasoactive agent, on regional circulations in various sites of brain and other organs in curarized, artificially respirated cats were studied using a thermoelectrical method. The mechanism of the vascular effect was also investigated. Cinepazide produced a marked increase in blood flow in the cerebellar cortex and an apparent increase in blood flow in the cerebral cortex. Effects of the drug on blood flow in the thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala were inconsistent. Cinepazide produced the most significant increase in myocardial blood flow and also an apparent increase in muscular blood flow, whereas the drug did not consistently alter hepatic blood flow, and decreased renal and dermal blood flow. Cinepazide produced a mild and sustained fall in blood pressure, however, a transient slight rise in blood pressure was noted when the drug was given into the vertebral artery. It seems possible that the action of cinepazide might involve a mild stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors and slight stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors but not cholinergic receptors, in the cerebral and peripheral vascular systems. Increase in blood flow induced by cinepazide seems to be mainly due to the smooth muscle relaxant effect and may be mediated via a metabolic mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of 1-[(1-pyrrolidynylcarbonyl) methyl]-4-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamoyl)piperazine maleate (cinepazide) on cerebral and peripheral circulation in cats (author's transl)]. Effects of cinepazide, a vasoactive agent, on regional circulations in various sites of brain and other organs in curarized, artificially respirated cats were studied using a thermoelectrical method. The mechanism of the vascular effect was also investigated. Cinepazide produced a marked increase in blood flow in the cerebellar cortex and an apparent increase in blood flow in the cerebral cortex. Effects of the drug on blood flow in the thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala were inconsistent. Cinepazide produced the most significant increase in myocardial blood flow and also an apparent increase in muscular blood flow, whereas the drug did not consistently alter hepatic blood flow, and decreased renal and dermal blood flow. Cinepazide produced a mild and sustained fall in blood pressure, however, a transient slight rise in blood pressure was noted when the drug was given into the vertebral artery. It seems possible that the action of cinepazide might involve a mild stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors and slight stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors but not cholinergic receptors, in the cerebral and peripheral vascular systems. Increase in blood flow induced by cinepazide seems to be mainly due to the smooth muscle relaxant effect and may be mediated via a metabolic mechanism.", "PMID": 540881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8502", "title": "[Cardiovascular pharmacology of cinepazide, a new cerebral vasodilator (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of cinepazide were compared with those of cinnarizine and papaverine. Cinepazide (3-30 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-related and transient increase in vertebral, carotid, renal and femoral arterial flow as well as cardiac output and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in anesthetized dogs. The magnitude and duration of mesenteric vasodilatation induced by cinepazide was much greater as compared to other vascular effects, and these effects were associated with a prolonged hypotension. The drug exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic actions, the latter being followed by bradycardia with the highest dose. Cinnarizine (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a greater increase in vertebral blood flow with bradycardia and papaverine (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a remarkable carotid vasodilatation with cardiac stimulation. Both reference drugs decreased renal blood flow. Cinepazide (30 mg/kg, i.v.) potentiated the vertebral vasodilator response of dogs to intravertebral adenosine and cyclic AMP, while cinnarizine (3 mg/kg i.v.) reduced their vasodilator effects. Intravertebral cinepazide(1-10 mg), like cinnarizine (0.1-1 mg) and papaverine (0.1-1 mg), increased vertebral blood flow in a dose-related manner and the effect was partially inhibited by intravenous pretreatment with aminophylline but not by pretreatment with autonomic antagonists. These antagonists did not modify the cinnarizine effect. Cinepazide resembled cinnarizine and papaverine in that the drug antagonized rabbit aortic contraction induced by KCl, norepinephrine or CaCl2.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular pharmacology of cinepazide, a new cerebral vasodilator (author's transl)]. Cardiovascular effects of cinepazide were compared with those of cinnarizine and papaverine. Cinepazide (3-30 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-related and transient increase in vertebral, carotid, renal and femoral arterial flow as well as cardiac output and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in anesthetized dogs. The magnitude and duration of mesenteric vasodilatation induced by cinepazide was much greater as compared to other vascular effects, and these effects were associated with a prolonged hypotension. The drug exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic actions, the latter being followed by bradycardia with the highest dose. Cinnarizine (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a greater increase in vertebral blood flow with bradycardia and papaverine (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a remarkable carotid vasodilatation with cardiac stimulation. Both reference drugs decreased renal blood flow. Cinepazide (30 mg/kg, i.v.) potentiated the vertebral vasodilator response of dogs to intravertebral adenosine and cyclic AMP, while cinnarizine (3 mg/kg i.v.) reduced their vasodilator effects. Intravertebral cinepazide(1-10 mg), like cinnarizine (0.1-1 mg) and papaverine (0.1-1 mg), increased vertebral blood flow in a dose-related manner and the effect was partially inhibited by intravenous pretreatment with aminophylline but not by pretreatment with autonomic antagonists. These antagonists did not modify the cinnarizine effect. Cinepazide resembled cinnarizine and papaverine in that the drug antagonized rabbit aortic contraction induced by KCl, norepinephrine or CaCl2.", "PMID": 540882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8503", "title": "[Effects of diazepam and baclofen on the anemic decerebrate rigidity in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of diazepam and baclofen on the anemic decerebrate rigidity in rats were studied by using the drugs that modify GABAergic mechanisms of deplete catecholamine. Rigid forelimb tension in anemic decerebrate rats took the form of tonically sustained tension (tonic component), while the phasic tension (phasic component) was induced by mechanical stimulation of hindlimbs. Diazepam exerted a marked dose-dependent inhibition of the phasic component, whereas baclofen produced a similar effect on both tonic and phasic components. In rats pretreated with semicarbazide, the inhibitory effect of diazepam on phasic component was reduced, and the effect of semicarbazide was antagonized by pyridoxine. The effect of diazepam was slightly enhanced by pretreatment with aminooxyacetic acid, and antagonized by picrotoxin. In contrast to diazepam, the depressant actions of baclofen on both components were not affected by semicarbazide, aminooxyacetic acid or picrotoxin. Catecholamine depletion produced by alpha-methyltyrosine or disulfiram significantly reduced the effect of baclofen on the phasic component. It thus appears that GABA is involved in the effect of diazepam on the phasic component, and noradrenaline is involved in the same effect of baclofen in anemic decerebrate rats.", "contents": "[Effects of diazepam and baclofen on the anemic decerebrate rigidity in rats (author's transl)]. Effects of diazepam and baclofen on the anemic decerebrate rigidity in rats were studied by using the drugs that modify GABAergic mechanisms of deplete catecholamine. Rigid forelimb tension in anemic decerebrate rats took the form of tonically sustained tension (tonic component), while the phasic tension (phasic component) was induced by mechanical stimulation of hindlimbs. Diazepam exerted a marked dose-dependent inhibition of the phasic component, whereas baclofen produced a similar effect on both tonic and phasic components. In rats pretreated with semicarbazide, the inhibitory effect of diazepam on phasic component was reduced, and the effect of semicarbazide was antagonized by pyridoxine. The effect of diazepam was slightly enhanced by pretreatment with aminooxyacetic acid, and antagonized by picrotoxin. In contrast to diazepam, the depressant actions of baclofen on both components were not affected by semicarbazide, aminooxyacetic acid or picrotoxin. Catecholamine depletion produced by alpha-methyltyrosine or disulfiram significantly reduced the effect of baclofen on the phasic component. It thus appears that GABA is involved in the effect of diazepam on the phasic component, and noradrenaline is involved in the same effect of baclofen in anemic decerebrate rats.", "PMID": 540883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8504", "title": "[Drug interaction on antitumor drugs I. Antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide in mice consecutively administered aminopyrine, chlorpromazine, or morphine (author's transl)].", "content": "Antitumor activity and lethality of cyclophosphamide alone and in combination with several drugs were investigated in male ddY mice. The antitumor activity was estimated by weighing the solid tumor on the 15th day after Ehrlich ascites cell inoculation. Pentobarbital induced sleeping time for monitoring the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was defined as the time between the loss and the recovery of the righting reflex. Consecutive administration of pentobarbital shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time and increased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. On the contrary, a single administration of SKF 525A or cycloheximide prolonged the pentobarbital sleeping time significantly and decreased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. Consecutive administration of aminopyrine, or chlorpromazine shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time and increased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. These results indicate that aminopyrine and chlorpromazine may increase the levels of the hepatic drug-metabolizing components and may activate cyclophosphamide by conversion to an active form. Effect of a consecutive administration of morphine on the pentobarbital sleeping time and the antitumor activity was uncertain in individual cases. On the other hand, aminopyrine, chlorpromazine, or morphine in consecutive administration increased the lethality of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Drug interaction on antitumor drugs I. Antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide in mice consecutively administered aminopyrine, chlorpromazine, or morphine (author's transl)]. Antitumor activity and lethality of cyclophosphamide alone and in combination with several drugs were investigated in male ddY mice. The antitumor activity was estimated by weighing the solid tumor on the 15th day after Ehrlich ascites cell inoculation. Pentobarbital induced sleeping time for monitoring the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was defined as the time between the loss and the recovery of the righting reflex. Consecutive administration of pentobarbital shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time and increased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. On the contrary, a single administration of SKF 525A or cycloheximide prolonged the pentobarbital sleeping time significantly and decreased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. Consecutive administration of aminopyrine, or chlorpromazine shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time and increased the antitumor activity after cyclophosphamide. These results indicate that aminopyrine and chlorpromazine may increase the levels of the hepatic drug-metabolizing components and may activate cyclophosphamide by conversion to an active form. Effect of a consecutive administration of morphine on the pentobarbital sleeping time and the antitumor activity was uncertain in individual cases. On the other hand, aminopyrine, chlorpromazine, or morphine in consecutive administration increased the lethality of cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 540884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8505", "title": "[Effects of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (II). Preventive and therapeutic effects of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on ethionine induced liver damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Preventive and therapeutic effects of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on ethionine induced liver damage were studied. Administration of 1 g/kg ethionine resulted in significant differences in the degree of liver damage, and such was dependent on the feeding conditions of the animals. The present experiment was performed under the conditions where the most serious liver damage was observed. In the experiment on the preventive effects, serum GOT and GPT were markedly elevated by ethionine, but such elevation could be suppressed by administering tiopronin or glutathione 10 min before ethionine administration. Liver nonprotein thiol (NPSH) content decreased by 40--60% of the normal level 16 hr after ethionine adminstration, but increased by 30--45% 24 hr later. Administration of tiopronin suppressed the initial fall of liver NPSH content caused by ethionine, but this tendency was not observed in the glutathione treatment. Both liver cholesterol and triglyceride increased in the ethionine treated rats, and triglycerides in particular decreased with administration of tiopronin or glutathione. In the experiment on the therapeutic effects, the maximal values of serum GOT and GPT brought by ethionine were suppressed by the thiol compounds given 16 hr after ethionine administration, but liver NPSH content and liver lipids were not influenced. Thus, tiopronin and glutathione are considered to have preventive and therapeutic effects on liver damage induced by ethionine.", "contents": "[Effects of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (II). Preventive and therapeutic effects of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on ethionine induced liver damage (author's transl)]. Preventive and therapeutic effects of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on ethionine induced liver damage were studied. Administration of 1 g/kg ethionine resulted in significant differences in the degree of liver damage, and such was dependent on the feeding conditions of the animals. The present experiment was performed under the conditions where the most serious liver damage was observed. In the experiment on the preventive effects, serum GOT and GPT were markedly elevated by ethionine, but such elevation could be suppressed by administering tiopronin or glutathione 10 min before ethionine administration. Liver nonprotein thiol (NPSH) content decreased by 40--60% of the normal level 16 hr after ethionine adminstration, but increased by 30--45% 24 hr later. Administration of tiopronin suppressed the initial fall of liver NPSH content caused by ethionine, but this tendency was not observed in the glutathione treatment. Both liver cholesterol and triglyceride increased in the ethionine treated rats, and triglycerides in particular decreased with administration of tiopronin or glutathione. In the experiment on the therapeutic effects, the maximal values of serum GOT and GPT brought by ethionine were suppressed by the thiol compounds given 16 hr after ethionine administration, but liver NPSH content and liver lipids were not influenced. Thus, tiopronin and glutathione are considered to have preventive and therapeutic effects on liver damage induced by ethionine.", "PMID": 540885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8506", "title": "[Behavioral and EEG effects of Zingiber mioga Roscoe (water soluble fraction) (author's transl)].", "content": "Behavioral and EEG effects of water soluble fraction extracted from Zingiber mioga Roscoe (Z. mioga) were investigated in mice, rats and rabbits. Z. mioga was dissolved in isotonic saline and given i.p. into mice and rats, and i.v. into rabbits, respectively. Z. mioga at doses of 50 approximately 400 mg/kf produced a marked reduction in locomotor activity of mice in the open-field test. The peak time of reduction was 30 min after the injection. In mice, Z. mioga at the same doses lowered significantly the rectal temperature and prolonged the sleeping time induced by thiopental-Na (40 mg/kg, i.v.). Z. mioga at a dose of 400 mg/kg had no anticonvulsant effects and it produced a slight muscle relaxation in mice. Z. mioga at doses of 50 approximately 200 mg/kg induced a significant inhibition of the active conditioned avoidance response of the rat in a shuttle box without affecting the unconditioned escape response. In the step-down method, however, the passive conditioned avoidance response was rarely affected by Z. mioga, but the response was suppressed by chlorpromazine. In rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes, Z. mioga at doses of 20--30 mg/kg induced a drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG, ilel high voltage slow waves in the neocortex and amygdala, and desynchronization in the case of hippocampal theta waves. The EEG arousal response to the external auditory stimulation was inhibited by the same doses of Z. mioga, whereas it failed to suppress the arousal response to either the midbrain reticular or posterior hypothalamic stimulation, as with chlorpromazine. Neither the recruiting response nor the photic driving response were affected by Z. mioga. On the other hand, the limbic after-discharges to the hippocampal or amygdaloid stimulation were enhanced by Z. mioga as well as chlorpromazin, but they were inhibited by diazepam. The EEG effects of Z. mioga were qualitatively similar to chlorpromazine, but not to diazepam. These results indicate the similarity of behavioral and EEG effects of Z. mioga to those seen with neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine.", "contents": "[Behavioral and EEG effects of Zingiber mioga Roscoe (water soluble fraction) (author's transl)]. Behavioral and EEG effects of water soluble fraction extracted from Zingiber mioga Roscoe (Z. mioga) were investigated in mice, rats and rabbits. Z. mioga was dissolved in isotonic saline and given i.p. into mice and rats, and i.v. into rabbits, respectively. Z. mioga at doses of 50 approximately 400 mg/kf produced a marked reduction in locomotor activity of mice in the open-field test. The peak time of reduction was 30 min after the injection. In mice, Z. mioga at the same doses lowered significantly the rectal temperature and prolonged the sleeping time induced by thiopental-Na (40 mg/kg, i.v.). Z. mioga at a dose of 400 mg/kg had no anticonvulsant effects and it produced a slight muscle relaxation in mice. Z. mioga at doses of 50 approximately 200 mg/kg induced a significant inhibition of the active conditioned avoidance response of the rat in a shuttle box without affecting the unconditioned escape response. In the step-down method, however, the passive conditioned avoidance response was rarely affected by Z. mioga, but the response was suppressed by chlorpromazine. In rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes, Z. mioga at doses of 20--30 mg/kg induced a drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG, ilel high voltage slow waves in the neocortex and amygdala, and desynchronization in the case of hippocampal theta waves. The EEG arousal response to the external auditory stimulation was inhibited by the same doses of Z. mioga, whereas it failed to suppress the arousal response to either the midbrain reticular or posterior hypothalamic stimulation, as with chlorpromazine. Neither the recruiting response nor the photic driving response were affected by Z. mioga. On the other hand, the limbic after-discharges to the hippocampal or amygdaloid stimulation were enhanced by Z. mioga as well as chlorpromazin, but they were inhibited by diazepam. The EEG effects of Z. mioga were qualitatively similar to chlorpromazine, but not to diazepam. These results indicate the similarity of behavioral and EEG effects of Z. mioga to those seen with neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 540886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8507", "title": "[Studies on biopharmacological actitivy of active vitamin D3 analogues (VII)  Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal function in rats and Beagle dogs (author's transl].", "content": "In male Wistar rats, 1 alpha-HCC and 1 alpha, 25-DHCC induced diuretic effects in doses of 2.5 and 25 micrograms/kg p.o., while no such effects of 1 alpha-HCC were seen with a dose of 0.25 microgram/kg p.o. Effect of 1 alpha-HCC appeared later than that of 1 alpha, 25-DHCC, but at 24 hr, the difference disappeared. Similar results were obtained with urinary concentrations of calcium (increase) and phosphorus (decrease). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were remarkably elevated by 1 alpha, 25-DHCC, and effects of 1 alpha-HCC were rather weak and apparently not dose dependent. In light of these results and the finding that there was no difference between the effects of 1 alpha-HCC and 1 alpha, 25-DHCC on serum calcium and phosphorus at 24 hr, the mechanism of action of these sterols on the renal function seems to differ. In male Beagle dogs, 0.25 microgram/kg/day p.o. of 1 alpha-HCC or 1 alpha, 25-DHCC induced a severe hypercalcemia and GFR was decreased in the 1 alpha, 25-DHCC treated group. A gradual recovery occurred with cessation of the administration. Thus decrease in GFR was considered to be due to calcification of the kidney.", "contents": "[Studies on biopharmacological actitivy of active vitamin D3 analogues (VII)  Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal function in rats and Beagle dogs (author's transl]. In male Wistar rats, 1 alpha-HCC and 1 alpha, 25-DHCC induced diuretic effects in doses of 2.5 and 25 micrograms/kg p.o., while no such effects of 1 alpha-HCC were seen with a dose of 0.25 microgram/kg p.o. Effect of 1 alpha-HCC appeared later than that of 1 alpha, 25-DHCC, but at 24 hr, the difference disappeared. Similar results were obtained with urinary concentrations of calcium (increase) and phosphorus (decrease). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were remarkably elevated by 1 alpha, 25-DHCC, and effects of 1 alpha-HCC were rather weak and apparently not dose dependent. In light of these results and the finding that there was no difference between the effects of 1 alpha-HCC and 1 alpha, 25-DHCC on serum calcium and phosphorus at 24 hr, the mechanism of action of these sterols on the renal function seems to differ. In male Beagle dogs, 0.25 microgram/kg/day p.o. of 1 alpha-HCC or 1 alpha, 25-DHCC induced a severe hypercalcemia and GFR was decreased in the 1 alpha, 25-DHCC treated group. A gradual recovery occurred with cessation of the administration. Thus decrease in GFR was considered to be due to calcification of the kidney.", "PMID": 540887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8508", "title": "[Effect of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (IV). Detoxicating effect of tiopronin, glutathione and cysteine on ethionine induced lived damage (author's transl)].", "content": "S-GPT elevated due to ethionine (Eth) administration was suppressed by thiol compounds such as tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine), glutathione, cysteine, in which tiopronin proved to be more effective than glutathione or cysteine. In thin-layer chromatography of urinary metabolites, Eth and ethionine sulfoxide were detected with administration of Eth, and S-ethyltiopronin plus Eth and ethionine sulfoxide by the administrations of Eth and tiopronin. These S-ethyl derivatives were not detected in the urine with administration of Eth and glutathione or cysteine. In the analysis of Eth and its metabolites by gas chromatography, cumulative urinary excretion of Eth within 72 hr after Eth administration was 40.7% in the Eth administered group, 23.6% in the Eth-tiopronin administered group and 38.2% in the Eth-glutathione administered group, respectively. In the urine of the Eth-tiopronin administered group, S-ethyltiopronin was excreted by 13.6%. Detoxicating effect of tiopronin on Eth induced liver damage was considered to involve the following mechanism. Tiopronin is considered to excrete part of Eth as S-ethyltiopronin by being an acceptor of transfer reaction of the ethyl group of Eth. Neither glutathione nor cysteine was an acceptor of the ethyl group and a detoxicating effect on Eth was not observed.", "contents": "[Effect of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (IV). Detoxicating effect of tiopronin, glutathione and cysteine on ethionine induced lived damage (author's transl)]. S-GPT elevated due to ethionine (Eth) administration was suppressed by thiol compounds such as tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine), glutathione, cysteine, in which tiopronin proved to be more effective than glutathione or cysteine. In thin-layer chromatography of urinary metabolites, Eth and ethionine sulfoxide were detected with administration of Eth, and S-ethyltiopronin plus Eth and ethionine sulfoxide by the administrations of Eth and tiopronin. These S-ethyl derivatives were not detected in the urine with administration of Eth and glutathione or cysteine. In the analysis of Eth and its metabolites by gas chromatography, cumulative urinary excretion of Eth within 72 hr after Eth administration was 40.7% in the Eth administered group, 23.6% in the Eth-tiopronin administered group and 38.2% in the Eth-glutathione administered group, respectively. In the urine of the Eth-tiopronin administered group, S-ethyltiopronin was excreted by 13.6%. Detoxicating effect of tiopronin on Eth induced liver damage was considered to involve the following mechanism. Tiopronin is considered to excrete part of Eth as S-ethyltiopronin by being an acceptor of transfer reaction of the ethyl group of Eth. Neither glutathione nor cysteine was an acceptor of the ethyl group and a detoxicating effect on Eth was not observed.", "PMID": 540888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8509", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on Zingiber mioga (ZM) (1). General pharmacological effects of water extracts (author's transl)].", "content": "In the central nervous system, ZM decreased locomotor activity and potentiated hypnosis of hexobarbital-Na in mice. ZM had little hypothermic action and there were no anticonvulsive effects on chemoconvulsion and electroconvulsion shock. ZM, 3 mg/kg i.v. produced a sleep-like pattern in the spontaneous EEG activity of cat; from 20 to 30 min. after injection, spindle burst-like waves (12-13 Hz) appeared in the cortex and subcortex. These EEG activities were antagonized by atropine sulfate. In the respiratory and cardiovascular system, ZM, 1 mg/kg or over produced a fall in blood pressure and stimulated respiration in dogs. This hypotensive action was antagonized by atropine sulfate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and tachyphylaxis was observed in blood pressure. This compound inhibited cardiomotility in isolated toad heart, had little effect on peripheral blood flow, and produced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum which were inhibited by atropine by sulfate. Regarding inflammatory response, ZM showed inhibitory effects on the acute edema induced serotonin and dextran. These results indicate that water extracts of ZM have cholinergic actions and in peripheral tissues, histaminergic-like actions.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on Zingiber mioga (ZM) (1). General pharmacological effects of water extracts (author's transl)]. In the central nervous system, ZM decreased locomotor activity and potentiated hypnosis of hexobarbital-Na in mice. ZM had little hypothermic action and there were no anticonvulsive effects on chemoconvulsion and electroconvulsion shock. ZM, 3 mg/kg i.v. produced a sleep-like pattern in the spontaneous EEG activity of cat; from 20 to 30 min. after injection, spindle burst-like waves (12-13 Hz) appeared in the cortex and subcortex. These EEG activities were antagonized by atropine sulfate. In the respiratory and cardiovascular system, ZM, 1 mg/kg or over produced a fall in blood pressure and stimulated respiration in dogs. This hypotensive action was antagonized by atropine sulfate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and tachyphylaxis was observed in blood pressure. This compound inhibited cardiomotility in isolated toad heart, had little effect on peripheral blood flow, and produced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum which were inhibited by atropine by sulfate. Regarding inflammatory response, ZM showed inhibitory effects on the acute edema induced serotonin and dextran. These results indicate that water extracts of ZM have cholinergic actions and in peripheral tissues, histaminergic-like actions.", "PMID": 540889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8510", "title": "[Individual differences in the accelerating effect of methamphetamine, d-amphetamine and morphine on ambulatory activity in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Several problems concerning the ambulatory activity were discussed from the viewpoint of drug assay using about 700 adult male mice of ddG strain. Each response pattern for 180 approximately 400 min obtained from the temporal changes of ambulatory activity after administration of methamphetamine (1 approximately 16 mg/kg s.c.), d-amphetamine (1.25 approximately 5 mg/kg s.c.) or morphine (5 approximately 20 mg/kg s.c.) was recorded and used for the data analysis. All the above mentioned drugs markedly accelerated the activity when the doses were optimal. However, the individual response to the drugs sometimes reached a 40- approximately 70-fold difference, even though both animal and measurement conditions were fixed as constant way as possible. The time when the experiments took place did not explain the individual differences, nor did the season or body weight of the animal. However, there was the possibility of colony differences. Animals with relatively high activity prior to drug administration tended to respond more forcibly after administration of the drugs. It was found from the statistical investigation that constant observation of over 1 hr using at least 15 animals was required in order to determine a standard effect of the drug. Furthermore, the accelerating effect of methamphetamine and d-amphetamine on the activity was observed to be dose-dependent when below 4 and 5 mg/kg was given, respectively. On the contrary, the effect decreased dose-dependently when higher doses were given as stereotyped behavior such as head-swaying, continuous sniffing and circular movements in opposition to the horizontal movements also developed dose-dependently. As the qualitatively different behavior could be simultaneously measured, the individual differences were more apparent.", "contents": "[Individual differences in the accelerating effect of methamphetamine, d-amphetamine and morphine on ambulatory activity in mice (author's transl)]. Several problems concerning the ambulatory activity were discussed from the viewpoint of drug assay using about 700 adult male mice of ddG strain. Each response pattern for 180 approximately 400 min obtained from the temporal changes of ambulatory activity after administration of methamphetamine (1 approximately 16 mg/kg s.c.), d-amphetamine (1.25 approximately 5 mg/kg s.c.) or morphine (5 approximately 20 mg/kg s.c.) was recorded and used for the data analysis. All the above mentioned drugs markedly accelerated the activity when the doses were optimal. However, the individual response to the drugs sometimes reached a 40- approximately 70-fold difference, even though both animal and measurement conditions were fixed as constant way as possible. The time when the experiments took place did not explain the individual differences, nor did the season or body weight of the animal. However, there was the possibility of colony differences. Animals with relatively high activity prior to drug administration tended to respond more forcibly after administration of the drugs. It was found from the statistical investigation that constant observation of over 1 hr using at least 15 animals was required in order to determine a standard effect of the drug. Furthermore, the accelerating effect of methamphetamine and d-amphetamine on the activity was observed to be dose-dependent when below 4 and 5 mg/kg was given, respectively. On the contrary, the effect decreased dose-dependently when higher doses were given as stereotyped behavior such as head-swaying, continuous sniffing and circular movements in opposition to the horizontal movements also developed dose-dependently. As the qualitatively different behavior could be simultaneously measured, the individual differences were more apparent.", "PMID": 540890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8511", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on Zingiber Mioga (2). Effects of water extracts on the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects on the cat central nervous system of water extracts of Zingiber Mioga (ZM) were studied by electroencephalography (EEG). ZM had little effect on the EEG arousal response to electrical stimulation of mid-brain reticular formation. ZM (3 approximately 5 mg/kg, i.v.) suppressed the recruiting response and the augmenting response recorded from the posterior sigmoid gyrus, respectively. ZM (1 approximately 3 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the photic driving response, while 5 mg/kg, i.v., tended to enhance the response. In the chronic experiments, ZM(1 approximately 3 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a drowsy pattern in the cortex and subcortex, and shortened the lasting time of the EEG arousal response to sonic stimulation. After 5 to 10 minutes, behavior showed a drowsy to light sleeping state, and electromyogram recorded from the platysma showed a decreased amplitude and frequency, but, did not have an inhibitory effect on the motor system, (ataxia). ZM (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced desynchronization in the cortex and subcortex, arousal wave appeared in hippocampus, midbrain reticular formation, nucl. ventralis postero-lateralis and amygdala, and behavior tended toward the awake stage. After 10 minutes, EEG transferred to a drowsy pattern and behavior showed a drowsy to light sleeping state. The animal could be readily awakened by sonic stimulation, at every time. ZM appears to have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on Zingiber Mioga (2). Effects of water extracts on the central nervous system (author's transl)]. Effects on the cat central nervous system of water extracts of Zingiber Mioga (ZM) were studied by electroencephalography (EEG). ZM had little effect on the EEG arousal response to electrical stimulation of mid-brain reticular formation. ZM (3 approximately 5 mg/kg, i.v.) suppressed the recruiting response and the augmenting response recorded from the posterior sigmoid gyrus, respectively. ZM (1 approximately 3 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the photic driving response, while 5 mg/kg, i.v., tended to enhance the response. In the chronic experiments, ZM(1 approximately 3 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a drowsy pattern in the cortex and subcortex, and shortened the lasting time of the EEG arousal response to sonic stimulation. After 5 to 10 minutes, behavior showed a drowsy to light sleeping state, and electromyogram recorded from the platysma showed a decreased amplitude and frequency, but, did not have an inhibitory effect on the motor system, (ataxia). ZM (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced desynchronization in the cortex and subcortex, arousal wave appeared in hippocampus, midbrain reticular formation, nucl. ventralis postero-lateralis and amygdala, and behavior tended toward the awake stage. After 10 minutes, EEG transferred to a drowsy pattern and behavior showed a drowsy to light sleeping state. The animal could be readily awakened by sonic stimulation, at every time. ZM appears to have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 540891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8512", "title": "Systematic relationships of gorillas from Kahuzi Tshiaberimu and Kayonza.", "content": "Previous classifications of gorillas from Mt. Kahuzi, Mt. Tshiaberimu and the Kayonza Forest, placing them in Gorilla gorilla graueri or G.g. beringei, somewhat over-simplify a complex situation. Both Kahuzi and Tshiaberimu gorillas are close to graueri and should be placed in that subspecies, but each (in different ways) shows some approach to beringei, either through independent adaptation to extreme montane conditions, or because they may be points along a (now disrupted) cline from one race to the other. A hypothesis for the dispersal of beringei is presented, making use of geophysical data on the movement of the African plate over the Virunga 'hot-spot'.", "contents": "Systematic relationships of gorillas from Kahuzi Tshiaberimu and Kayonza. Previous classifications of gorillas from Mt. Kahuzi, Mt. Tshiaberimu and the Kayonza Forest, placing them in Gorilla gorilla graueri or G.g. beringei, somewhat over-simplify a complex situation. Both Kahuzi and Tshiaberimu gorillas are close to graueri and should be placed in that subspecies, but each (in different ways) shows some approach to beringei, either through independent adaptation to extreme montane conditions, or because they may be points along a (now disrupted) cline from one race to the other. A hypothesis for the dispersal of beringei is presented, making use of geophysical data on the movement of the African plate over the Virunga 'hot-spot'.", "PMID": 540892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8513", "title": "The external nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus Horsfield, 1821 (Primates, Tarsiiformes).", "content": "A gross anatomical and microscopical study of the external nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus demonstrated the typical strepsirrhine shape of the nostrils and an extreme platyrrhine condition. The wide internarial area possesses no sinus hairs. The concepts of strepsirrhinism and haplorrhinism may be used to characterize the different shapes of the nostrils, but they do not have any taxonomical significance.", "contents": "The external nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus Horsfield, 1821 (Primates, Tarsiiformes). A gross anatomical and microscopical study of the external nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus demonstrated the typical strepsirrhine shape of the nostrils and an extreme platyrrhine condition. The wide internarial area possesses no sinus hairs. The concepts of strepsirrhinism and haplorrhinism may be used to characterize the different shapes of the nostrils, but they do not have any taxonomical significance.", "PMID": 540893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8514", "title": "[Congenital diaphragmatic eventration].", "content": "The nomenclature of congenital defects of the diaphragm is not unequivocal. Congenital eventration means the incomplete ingrowth of muscle fibers between the pleural and peritoneal sheet of the diaphragm during the embryonal period. The differential diagnosis of eventration and hernia may be very difficult. The adequate surgical treatment differs. As concomitant congenital defects of the ipsilateral lung often occur, congenital eventration should be operated by transthoracic approach. The prognosis of symptomatic eventration is poor in newborns and good in adults. This is illustrated by two own cases. The one deals with a newborn who had a large congenital eventration of the left diaphragm; the other has been reported detailed elsewhere.", "contents": "[Congenital diaphragmatic eventration]. The nomenclature of congenital defects of the diaphragm is not unequivocal. Congenital eventration means the incomplete ingrowth of muscle fibers between the pleural and peritoneal sheet of the diaphragm during the embryonal period. The differential diagnosis of eventration and hernia may be very difficult. The adequate surgical treatment differs. As concomitant congenital defects of the ipsilateral lung often occur, congenital eventration should be operated by transthoracic approach. The prognosis of symptomatic eventration is poor in newborns and good in adults. This is illustrated by two own cases. The one deals with a newborn who had a large congenital eventration of the left diaphragm; the other has been reported detailed elsewhere.", "PMID": 540896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8515", "title": "[Side effects of whooping cough inoculation].", "content": "During 1970 to 1977 adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination were reported for 149 children, 56% male and 44% female. Their symptoms permitted to divide the vaccinees into 2 groups: one with more severe (S) and the second with other symptoms (0). No differences were observed in age and sex among the two groups. The interval between vaccination and appearance of first symptoms was longer for the 0 than for the S group. While less than one quarter of the reactions in the 0 group occurred after primovaccination, more than half of the S side effects were seen after the first vaccination. Further analysis of the S group revealed, that all but two of their symptoms (fever and encephalopathy) corresponded to the hypoglycaemic syndrome. The consequences hereof are discussed with regard to prevention and therapy.", "contents": "[Side effects of whooping cough inoculation]. During 1970 to 1977 adverse reactions after pertussis vaccination were reported for 149 children, 56% male and 44% female. Their symptoms permitted to divide the vaccinees into 2 groups: one with more severe (S) and the second with other symptoms (0). No differences were observed in age and sex among the two groups. The interval between vaccination and appearance of first symptoms was longer for the 0 than for the S group. While less than one quarter of the reactions in the 0 group occurred after primovaccination, more than half of the S side effects were seen after the first vaccination. Further analysis of the S group revealed, that all but two of their symptoms (fever and encephalopathy) corresponded to the hypoglycaemic syndrome. The consequences hereof are discussed with regard to prevention and therapy.", "PMID": 540897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8516", "title": "[Results of an altered resection in the Billroth II-resected stomach for restoration of the gastroduodenal passage].", "content": "Our indications for re-establishment of the gastroduodenal passage were complicated and intractable anastomotic ulcers (20 patients), loop- (8 patients) and dumping-syndromes (8 patients). All 36 procedures were carried out without mortality. Two additional reoperations were necessary because of one anastomotic stenosis and one recurrent ulcer. 83% (24 out of 29) of the patients, who had follow-up examinations, were free of complaints. Normalization of resorptive function by re-establishment of gastroduodenal passage could be proven objectively by normal laboratory values and an increase in body weight.", "contents": "[Results of an altered resection in the Billroth II-resected stomach for restoration of the gastroduodenal passage]. Our indications for re-establishment of the gastroduodenal passage were complicated and intractable anastomotic ulcers (20 patients), loop- (8 patients) and dumping-syndromes (8 patients). All 36 procedures were carried out without mortality. Two additional reoperations were necessary because of one anastomotic stenosis and one recurrent ulcer. 83% (24 out of 29) of the patients, who had follow-up examinations, were free of complaints. Normalization of resorptive function by re-establishment of gastroduodenal passage could be proven objectively by normal laboratory values and an increase in body weight.", "PMID": 540900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8517", "title": "[Intelligence testing in early old age. The correlation between the multiple-choice vocabulary test (MCVT-B) and the progressive matrices test (PMT) in a patient cohort in early old age].", "content": "Taking a random sample of 147 patients a substantial correlation of 0.54 between the \"Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test (MWT-B)\" by Lehrl and the \"Progressiver Matrizen-Test\" by Raven could be found. The MWT-B did not show significant differences between the age groups of 34-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years. In the PMT differences between the age groups only showed up when the raw-scores were converted to IQ-scores (reffering to the corresponding age groups). Using the raw-scores no significant differences could be determined. Investigating an average IQ of 109 in the PMT, we found an average IQ of 97 in the MWT-B for the same patients. A main reason for the superelevated IQ-scores in PMT seems to be the reference to different age groups. A new standardization of the test should be undertaken.", "contents": "[Intelligence testing in early old age. The correlation between the multiple-choice vocabulary test (MCVT-B) and the progressive matrices test (PMT) in a patient cohort in early old age]. Taking a random sample of 147 patients a substantial correlation of 0.54 between the \"Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test (MWT-B)\" by Lehrl and the \"Progressiver Matrizen-Test\" by Raven could be found. The MWT-B did not show significant differences between the age groups of 34-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years. In the PMT differences between the age groups only showed up when the raw-scores were converted to IQ-scores (reffering to the corresponding age groups). Using the raw-scores no significant differences could be determined. Investigating an average IQ of 109 in the PMT, we found an average IQ of 97 in the MWT-B for the same patients. A main reason for the superelevated IQ-scores in PMT seems to be the reference to different age groups. A new standardization of the test should be undertaken.", "PMID": 540901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8518", "title": "Corneal endothelium: a modified method for cultivation.", "content": "A modified method for establishing cultures of rabbit corneal cells is described. The new technique utilized a Lucite disc in combination with a Tygon ring for growth of pure cell cultures and was compared with an explant method for growing cells. Each method provided adequate cell cultures for biochemical or ultrastructure studies of rabbit corneal cells, but the ring and disc method described here allowed the isolation of specific cell types without the interference of stromal cell contamination.", "contents": "Corneal endothelium: a modified method for cultivation. A modified method for establishing cultures of rabbit corneal cells is described. The new technique utilized a Lucite disc in combination with a Tygon ring for growth of pure cell cultures and was compared with an explant method for growing cells. Each method provided adequate cell cultures for biochemical or ultrastructure studies of rabbit corneal cells, but the ring and disc method described here allowed the isolation of specific cell types without the interference of stromal cell contamination.", "PMID": 540913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8519", "title": "Conditions affecting prolonged maintenance of mouse and rat colon in organ culture.", "content": "The effect of variations in culture conditions on survival of fragments of mouse and rat descending colon in organ culture was studied by morphological and functional criteria. A combination of conditions demonstrated to be beneficial permitted maintenance for at least 35 days. These included: a gaseous environment of 95% O2:5% CO2, an attachment matrix consisting of a Metricel GA-4 membrane (pore size, 0.8 mu), intermittent exposure to the gas and fluid phases by rocking in 5 ml medium and supplementation of the medium with 1.0 microM dexamethasone and 10% FBS. During this time, the crypt structure of the mucosal epithelium was well preserved, and DNA synthesis in the crypts and mucin production in the crypts and superficial epithelium continued. In addition, the synthetic trophic hormone, pentagastrin, stimulated DNA synthesis in the mucosal epithelium of mouse colon fragment in short-term organ culture.", "contents": "Conditions affecting prolonged maintenance of mouse and rat colon in organ culture. The effect of variations in culture conditions on survival of fragments of mouse and rat descending colon in organ culture was studied by morphological and functional criteria. A combination of conditions demonstrated to be beneficial permitted maintenance for at least 35 days. These included: a gaseous environment of 95% O2:5% CO2, an attachment matrix consisting of a Metricel GA-4 membrane (pore size, 0.8 mu), intermittent exposure to the gas and fluid phases by rocking in 5 ml medium and supplementation of the medium with 1.0 microM dexamethasone and 10% FBS. During this time, the crypt structure of the mucosal epithelium was well preserved, and DNA synthesis in the crypts and mucin production in the crypts and superficial epithelium continued. In addition, the synthetic trophic hormone, pentagastrin, stimulated DNA synthesis in the mucosal epithelium of mouse colon fragment in short-term organ culture.", "PMID": 540914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8520", "title": "Lactogenic response of mouse mammary explants from different days of pregnancy to placental lactogen and pituitary prolactin.", "content": "The lactogenic response of mouse mammary gland explants to human placental lactogen (hPL) and ovine pituitary prolactin (oPRL) was examined on days 10 to 18 of pregnancy by measuring 3H-amino acid incorporation into calcium-rennin precipitable casein. To determine the lactogenic response of the explants, the mean slopes of dose-response curves were calculated for each hormone treatment. Slope means of dose-response curves for oPRL and hPL did not differ from each other on any day of pregnancy examined. A triphasic pattern of response was suggested when slope means of dose-response curves for both hormones were plotted as a function of day of gestation. Peak responses were observed on days 10, 13 and 17-18. Combinations of oPRL and hPL, in ratios of oPRL:hPL = 2:1 and oPRL:hPL = 1:2, also produced a triphasic pattern of sensitivity very similar to that produced by either hormone alone. These results suggest that mouse mammary explants may be more sensitive to oPRL and hPL on days 10, 13 and 17-18 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Lactogenic response of mouse mammary explants from different days of pregnancy to placental lactogen and pituitary prolactin. The lactogenic response of mouse mammary gland explants to human placental lactogen (hPL) and ovine pituitary prolactin (oPRL) was examined on days 10 to 18 of pregnancy by measuring 3H-amino acid incorporation into calcium-rennin precipitable casein. To determine the lactogenic response of the explants, the mean slopes of dose-response curves were calculated for each hormone treatment. Slope means of dose-response curves for oPRL and hPL did not differ from each other on any day of pregnancy examined. A triphasic pattern of response was suggested when slope means of dose-response curves for both hormones were plotted as a function of day of gestation. Peak responses were observed on days 10, 13 and 17-18. Combinations of oPRL and hPL, in ratios of oPRL:hPL = 2:1 and oPRL:hPL = 1:2, also produced a triphasic pattern of sensitivity very similar to that produced by either hormone alone. These results suggest that mouse mammary explants may be more sensitive to oPRL and hPL on days 10, 13 and 17-18 of pregnancy.", "PMID": 540915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8521", "title": "Effect of different fetal bovine serum concentrations on the replicative life span of cultured chick cells.", "content": "The effect of Eagle's minimal essential medium, containing different fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations, on the proliferation and replicative life span of cultured chick cells has been studied. Our results showed that the rate of chick cell proliferation and the cell density at stationary phase increased as a function of serum concentration between 5 and 30% FBS. The replicative life span of cultured chick cells was dependent on the FBS concentration between 5 and 20% in a medium volume of 0.20 ml/cm2. The maximum replicative life span of chick cells was obtained by serially propagating cells in a medium volume of 0.20 ml/cm2 containing 20 or 30% FBS, or, alternatively, in 0.53 ml/cm2 containing 10, 20 or 30% FBS. Cells grown in medium containing 5% serum had a calendar life span of 35 days, whereas cells propagated in medium containing higher serum concentrations had a calendar life span of 50 days. These results reenforce the concept that, although the kinetics of cell population aging can be affected by the culture medium composition, the aging of cells in culture is controlled by alterations within the cell.", "contents": "Effect of different fetal bovine serum concentrations on the replicative life span of cultured chick cells. The effect of Eagle's minimal essential medium, containing different fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations, on the proliferation and replicative life span of cultured chick cells has been studied. Our results showed that the rate of chick cell proliferation and the cell density at stationary phase increased as a function of serum concentration between 5 and 30% FBS. The replicative life span of cultured chick cells was dependent on the FBS concentration between 5 and 20% in a medium volume of 0.20 ml/cm2. The maximum replicative life span of chick cells was obtained by serially propagating cells in a medium volume of 0.20 ml/cm2 containing 20 or 30% FBS, or, alternatively, in 0.53 ml/cm2 containing 10, 20 or 30% FBS. Cells grown in medium containing 5% serum had a calendar life span of 35 days, whereas cells propagated in medium containing higher serum concentrations had a calendar life span of 50 days. These results reenforce the concept that, although the kinetics of cell population aging can be affected by the culture medium composition, the aging of cells in culture is controlled by alterations within the cell.", "PMID": 540916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8522", "title": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines from adult mouse regenerating liver.", "content": "A simple technique for developing epithelial cell lines from regenerating mouse liver has been described. Twenty-one epithelial cell lines have been developed and can be divided into four groups according to their morphology. All these near diploid cell lines have the capacity to metabolize diverse classes of chemical carcinogens (3-methylcholanthrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, dimethylnitrosamine and aflatoxin B1) to cytotoxic metabolites. It is not yet possible to determine which ones of these cell lines originated from hepatocytes. Studies are in progress to further characterize and to use these cell lines as lethally irradiated feeder layers for cell-mediated activation of various classes of chemical carcinogens and mutagens with C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts as indicator cells.", "contents": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines from adult mouse regenerating liver. A simple technique for developing epithelial cell lines from regenerating mouse liver has been described. Twenty-one epithelial cell lines have been developed and can be divided into four groups according to their morphology. All these near diploid cell lines have the capacity to metabolize diverse classes of chemical carcinogens (3-methylcholanthrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, dimethylnitrosamine and aflatoxin B1) to cytotoxic metabolites. It is not yet possible to determine which ones of these cell lines originated from hepatocytes. Studies are in progress to further characterize and to use these cell lines as lethally irradiated feeder layers for cell-mediated activation of various classes of chemical carcinogens and mutagens with C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts as indicator cells.", "PMID": 540917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8523", "title": "Injury to primary cultures of rat heart endothelial cells by hypoxia and glucose deprivation.", "content": "Primary cultures of rat heart endothelial cells were subjected to simulated conditions of ischemia: hyposia and glucose deprivation for 4 and 24 hr. Cellular injury was evaluated by measuring changes in viability, total protein, cellular morphology, and leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from the cells into the culture medium. Deprivation of oxygen and glucose for 4 or 24 hr did not lethally injure the cells as noted by no change in cell viability, morphology, and total protein when compared to controls. However, reversible or non-lethal cellular injury was produced as reflected by a significant release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells into the medium after treatment with hypoxia and glucose deprivation for 4 or 24 hr. When the cultures were deprived of glucose, but were oxygenated, cellular injury was not evident after 24 hr. Deprivation of oxygen but not glucose resulted in significant loss of LDH after 4 or 24 hr. When the cultures were allowed to recover after oxygen and glucose deprivation in complete medium containing 1000 mg glucose per 1 and a normal atmosphere of 20% O2, they had levels of LDH leakage comparable to those of control cultures.", "contents": "Injury to primary cultures of rat heart endothelial cells by hypoxia and glucose deprivation. Primary cultures of rat heart endothelial cells were subjected to simulated conditions of ischemia: hyposia and glucose deprivation for 4 and 24 hr. Cellular injury was evaluated by measuring changes in viability, total protein, cellular morphology, and leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from the cells into the culture medium. Deprivation of oxygen and glucose for 4 or 24 hr did not lethally injure the cells as noted by no change in cell viability, morphology, and total protein when compared to controls. However, reversible or non-lethal cellular injury was produced as reflected by a significant release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells into the medium after treatment with hypoxia and glucose deprivation for 4 or 24 hr. When the cultures were deprived of glucose, but were oxygenated, cellular injury was not evident after 24 hr. Deprivation of oxygen but not glucose resulted in significant loss of LDH after 4 or 24 hr. When the cultures were allowed to recover after oxygen and glucose deprivation in complete medium containing 1000 mg glucose per 1 and a normal atmosphere of 20% O2, they had levels of LDH leakage comparable to those of control cultures.", "PMID": 540918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8524", "title": "A syngeneic anti tumor serum recognizing a complex H-2 alloantigen.", "content": "A methylcholanthrene induced tumor of BALBc (H-2d) origin had a high rate of spontaneous regression when transplanted into syngeneic animals. The tumor induced in BALB/c mice iso-antibodies with high anti-tumor cytotoxic activity. A specificity analysis of such BALB/c anti MCG4 sera revealed that the antibodies were directed against a tumor antigen which is very similar to H-2- alloantigens (e.g. H-2.5) expressed on normal cells of certain foreign mouse strains. The sera also reacted with nine out of ten B10.W congenic strains bearing H-2wi haplotypes derived from wild mice. Whether the tumor antigen is identical with foreign H-2 antigens or only cross-reactive cannot be decided at present.", "contents": "A syngeneic anti tumor serum recognizing a complex H-2 alloantigen. A methylcholanthrene induced tumor of BALBc (H-2d) origin had a high rate of spontaneous regression when transplanted into syngeneic animals. The tumor induced in BALB/c mice iso-antibodies with high anti-tumor cytotoxic activity. A specificity analysis of such BALB/c anti MCG4 sera revealed that the antibodies were directed against a tumor antigen which is very similar to H-2- alloantigens (e.g. H-2.5) expressed on normal cells of certain foreign mouse strains. The sera also reacted with nine out of ten B10.W congenic strains bearing H-2wi haplotypes derived from wild mice. Whether the tumor antigen is identical with foreign H-2 antigens or only cross-reactive cannot be decided at present.", "PMID": 540966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8525", "title": "Isolation of late complement components by affinity chromatography. II. Purification of the human complement component C6.", "content": "We developed a new procedure for the rapid and gentle isolation of the human complement component C6 comparable to that described previously for C9. The procedure is based on affinity chromatography. As a first step, C6 is immunoabsorbed on insolubilized anti-C6 antibodies. These antibodies were derived from C6-defective rabbits (Freiburg strain). C6 was eluted with 3 M thiocyanate, pH 7.2, with a recovery of 15--23% of its hemolytic activity and a more than 270--fold purification. Impurities were removed in a second step by an \"anti-impurity\" column. The final product yielded a 12% recovery of the hemolytic activity and the purification factor was higher than 1300. The final product was homogeneous in SDS polyacrylamide and immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Isolation of late complement components by affinity chromatography. II. Purification of the human complement component C6. We developed a new procedure for the rapid and gentle isolation of the human complement component C6 comparable to that described previously for C9. The procedure is based on affinity chromatography. As a first step, C6 is immunoabsorbed on insolubilized anti-C6 antibodies. These antibodies were derived from C6-defective rabbits (Freiburg strain). C6 was eluted with 3 M thiocyanate, pH 7.2, with a recovery of 15--23% of its hemolytic activity and a more than 270--fold purification. Impurities were removed in a second step by an \"anti-impurity\" column. The final product yielded a 12% recovery of the hemolytic activity and the purification factor was higher than 1300. The final product was homogeneous in SDS polyacrylamide and immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 540967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8526", "title": "Precipitating and non-precipitating complement consuming IgG subclass antibodies in pigeon breeders' disease.", "content": "The sera of patients with pigeon breeder's disease usually contain precipitating serum factors as well as human complement consuming factors as shown by incubation of the serum with pigeon dropping antigens. Although a single serum factor, possibly an IgG antibody, might account for both phenomena, affinity chromatography experiments revealed that the sera of patients with pigeon breeders' disease contain non-recipitating, human complement consuming, serum factors besides precipitating serum factors which are also capable of complement consumption. The non-precipitating serum factors most likely belong to the IgG3 immunoglobulin subclass, whereas the precipitating antibodies belong to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2.", "contents": "Precipitating and non-precipitating complement consuming IgG subclass antibodies in pigeon breeders' disease. The sera of patients with pigeon breeder's disease usually contain precipitating serum factors as well as human complement consuming factors as shown by incubation of the serum with pigeon dropping antigens. Although a single serum factor, possibly an IgG antibody, might account for both phenomena, affinity chromatography experiments revealed that the sera of patients with pigeon breeders' disease contain non-recipitating, human complement consuming, serum factors besides precipitating serum factors which are also capable of complement consumption. The non-precipitating serum factors most likely belong to the IgG3 immunoglobulin subclass, whereas the precipitating antibodies belong to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2.", "PMID": 540968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8527", "title": "Cation requirement of natural, in-vitro generated and antibody dependent killing exerted by human lymphocytes.", "content": "Three cytotoxic systems, NK, ADCC and the seemingly indiscriminative cytotoxicity of in vitro activated lymphocytes (cultivated with K 562) were found to require Ca++ and did not function in Mg++. The optimum concentration of Ca++ was identical for the three systems and for various lymphocyte subsets. 15 minutes after initiation of the interaction cell damage had already occurred in all three systems.", "contents": "Cation requirement of natural, in-vitro generated and antibody dependent killing exerted by human lymphocytes. Three cytotoxic systems, NK, ADCC and the seemingly indiscriminative cytotoxicity of in vitro activated lymphocytes (cultivated with K 562) were found to require Ca++ and did not function in Mg++. The optimum concentration of Ca++ was identical for the three systems and for various lymphocyte subsets. 15 minutes after initiation of the interaction cell damage had already occurred in all three systems.", "PMID": 540969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8528", "title": "Correlation between effector lymphocytes in natural and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Human sera enhanced spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), while anti-IgG (Fab') 2 treatment decreased this cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes for an in vitro growing cell line (K--562). Trypsin treatment of the effector cells considerably decreased the cytotoxic potential. However, a significant cytotoxic activity could always be found in serum-free medium. While these findings suggest the involvement of antibodies in the SCMC, they also reflect the existence of serum-indpendent (sui generis) SCMC activity of lymphocytes. Removal of SCMC of Fc receptor bearing effector cells was performed by target cell adherence (rosetting). Separation of the target cell-bound lymphocytes was done by centrifugation on special Ficoll gradient. The depletion of SCMC effector cells resulted in a 62% reduction of SCMC and in a 39% reduction of ADCC. On the other hand, removal of Fc bearing effector cells showed a similar reduction in both ADCC (66%) and SCMC (78%). Our results suggest that SCMC represents a complex activity, arising partly from the interactions of certain serum-derived or lymphocytes surface-bound antibodies and partly from a spontaneous cytotoxic function of the effector cells. It is possible that the effector cells involved in both SCMC and ADCC derive from the same lymphocyte population and the differences are due mainly to the lower number of SCMC effector cells.", "contents": "Correlation between effector lymphocytes in natural and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Human sera enhanced spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), while anti-IgG (Fab') 2 treatment decreased this cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes for an in vitro growing cell line (K--562). Trypsin treatment of the effector cells considerably decreased the cytotoxic potential. However, a significant cytotoxic activity could always be found in serum-free medium. While these findings suggest the involvement of antibodies in the SCMC, they also reflect the existence of serum-indpendent (sui generis) SCMC activity of lymphocytes. Removal of SCMC of Fc receptor bearing effector cells was performed by target cell adherence (rosetting). Separation of the target cell-bound lymphocytes was done by centrifugation on special Ficoll gradient. The depletion of SCMC effector cells resulted in a 62% reduction of SCMC and in a 39% reduction of ADCC. On the other hand, removal of Fc bearing effector cells showed a similar reduction in both ADCC (66%) and SCMC (78%). Our results suggest that SCMC represents a complex activity, arising partly from the interactions of certain serum-derived or lymphocytes surface-bound antibodies and partly from a spontaneous cytotoxic function of the effector cells. It is possible that the effector cells involved in both SCMC and ADCC derive from the same lymphocyte population and the differences are due mainly to the lower number of SCMC effector cells.", "PMID": 540970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8529", "title": "[Serological classification of post-transfusion hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) remains to be a major hazard after massive blood transfusions. After 141 cardiac surgeries with massive blood transfusions the frequency of PTH reached 38%. The natural history of this type of hepatitis proved to be clinically mild but usually protracted. Icterus was found in one third. Serologically 46% of the PTH could be identified by HBs-Ag-testing as type B hepatitis. 39% revealed anti-HBs and 15% remained unclassified. HBs-Ag or anti-HBs were found in 40% patients without clinical or biochemical evidences of a hepatitis. The diagnosis of PTH still should rely on a synopsis of a typical clinical and biochemical hepatitis syndrome, characteristic serological findings and an adequate intervall between blood transfusion and outbreak of hepatitis.", "contents": "[Serological classification of post-transfusion hepatitis (author's transl)]. Post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) remains to be a major hazard after massive blood transfusions. After 141 cardiac surgeries with massive blood transfusions the frequency of PTH reached 38%. The natural history of this type of hepatitis proved to be clinically mild but usually protracted. Icterus was found in one third. Serologically 46% of the PTH could be identified by HBs-Ag-testing as type B hepatitis. 39% revealed anti-HBs and 15% remained unclassified. HBs-Ag or anti-HBs were found in 40% patients without clinical or biochemical evidences of a hepatitis. The diagnosis of PTH still should rely on a synopsis of a typical clinical and biochemical hepatitis syndrome, characteristic serological findings and an adequate intervall between blood transfusion and outbreak of hepatitis.", "PMID": 540971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8530", "title": "Changes in plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate during physical activity in hypertensive man.", "content": "We have investigated the changes in plasma norepinephrine and blood pressure and heart rate during a range of physical activities in eight hypertensive subjects in order to determine whether changes in plasma norepinephrine reflect changes in sympathetic activity. Blood pressure was recorded over 24 hours from an intra-arterial cannula. Plasma norepinephrine, measured by a sensitive radioenzymatic method, increased progressively with increasing levels of physical activity. In each subject a statistically significant linear relationship was observed between the logarithm of plasma norepinephrine and systolic blood pressure. Analysis of variance showed that 66% of the variance of plasma norepinephrine was associated with changes in blood pressure and heart rate. These observations support the hypothesis that plasma norepinephrine reflects short-term changes in sympathetic activity. Use of the quantitative relationship described, in conjunction with measurements of norepinephrine metabolism, may help to determine the significance of increased levels of plasma norepinephrine observed in some hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Changes in plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate during physical activity in hypertensive man. We have investigated the changes in plasma norepinephrine and blood pressure and heart rate during a range of physical activities in eight hypertensive subjects in order to determine whether changes in plasma norepinephrine reflect changes in sympathetic activity. Blood pressure was recorded over 24 hours from an intra-arterial cannula. Plasma norepinephrine, measured by a sensitive radioenzymatic method, increased progressively with increasing levels of physical activity. In each subject a statistically significant linear relationship was observed between the logarithm of plasma norepinephrine and systolic blood pressure. Analysis of variance showed that 66% of the variance of plasma norepinephrine was associated with changes in blood pressure and heart rate. These observations support the hypothesis that plasma norepinephrine reflects short-term changes in sympathetic activity. Use of the quantitative relationship described, in conjunction with measurements of norepinephrine metabolism, may help to determine the significance of increased levels of plasma norepinephrine observed in some hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 541038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8531", "title": "Pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks and whites. A review of the basis of racial blood pressure differences.", "content": "Differences in blood pressure between blacks and whites in the United States are now well documented. The causes of these differences remain speculative. Genetic factors, personal characteristics, renal physiology, endocrine factors, autonomic nervous system function, cardiac function and various environmental factors are examined in the present review as potential determinants of racial blood pressure differences. Racial differences in renal physiology and environmental influences such as socioeconomic status seem to be likely candidates for important contributions to blood pressure differences. Further research aimed specifically at black-white blood pressure differences is of great importance to a fundamental understanding of the etiology and prevention of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks and whites. A review of the basis of racial blood pressure differences. Differences in blood pressure between blacks and whites in the United States are now well documented. The causes of these differences remain speculative. Genetic factors, personal characteristics, renal physiology, endocrine factors, autonomic nervous system function, cardiac function and various environmental factors are examined in the present review as potential determinants of racial blood pressure differences. Racial differences in renal physiology and environmental influences such as socioeconomic status seem to be likely candidates for important contributions to blood pressure differences. Further research aimed specifically at black-white blood pressure differences is of great importance to a fundamental understanding of the etiology and prevention of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 541040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8532", "title": "Clonidine and carotid baroreflex in essential hypertension.", "content": "Clonidine is believed to reduce blood pressure by a neural action and animal experiments suggest that this consists in potentiation of baroreflexes. In 16 patients with essential hypertension we studied the effects of alterations in carotid sinus baroreceptor activity (neck chamber technique) on arterial blood pressure (catheter measurements) and heart rate, before and after intravenous administration of 150 microgram and 300 microgram of clonidine. The magnitude of the reflex responses was assessed by the slope of the linear regressions relating applied increase and decrease in tissue pressure at the carotid sinus (and therefore applied decrease and increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure) and resulting changes in mean arterial pressure and R-R interval. Clonidine caused a marked reduction in mean arterial pressure (-26 +/- 3 mm Hg) and a slight but significant reduction in heart rate (-5 +/- 1 b/min). There was no evidence for a potentiation of the baroreceptor influence on blood pressure, although a slight potentiation of the baroreceptor influence on heart rate was observed in few instances. We conclude that in man clonidine can exert a pronounced hypotensive effect without potentiating baroreceptor influence on blood pressure. Therefore this mechanism does not play a prominent role in the clinical antihypertensive action of the drug.", "contents": "Clonidine and carotid baroreflex in essential hypertension. Clonidine is believed to reduce blood pressure by a neural action and animal experiments suggest that this consists in potentiation of baroreflexes. In 16 patients with essential hypertension we studied the effects of alterations in carotid sinus baroreceptor activity (neck chamber technique) on arterial blood pressure (catheter measurements) and heart rate, before and after intravenous administration of 150 microgram and 300 microgram of clonidine. The magnitude of the reflex responses was assessed by the slope of the linear regressions relating applied increase and decrease in tissue pressure at the carotid sinus (and therefore applied decrease and increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure) and resulting changes in mean arterial pressure and R-R interval. Clonidine caused a marked reduction in mean arterial pressure (-26 +/- 3 mm Hg) and a slight but significant reduction in heart rate (-5 +/- 1 b/min). There was no evidence for a potentiation of the baroreceptor influence on blood pressure, although a slight potentiation of the baroreceptor influence on heart rate was observed in few instances. We conclude that in man clonidine can exert a pronounced hypotensive effect without potentiating baroreceptor influence on blood pressure. Therefore this mechanism does not play a prominent role in the clinical antihypertensive action of the drug.", "PMID": 541039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8533", "title": "Central hemodynamics in the developmental stage of spontaneous hypertension in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "The hemodynamic alterations associated with the developmental phase of high blood pressure were investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). All hemodynamic measurements were made in unanesthetized, unrestrained SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats instrumented with chronic electromagnetic flow probes on the ascending aorta and arterial pressure catheters. Rats were studied at 30-41 days, 80 days, and 120 days of age. Hemodynamics of SHRs and WKYs in the 30-41 day group were monitored daily. Spontaneously hypertensive rats demonstrated a higher cardiac index than WKYs (p less than 0.05) from 32 through 41 days of age. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was not elevated in SHRs at this time. Heart rate and stroke index were elevated in SHRs (p less than 0.05) from 34 through 41 days, however, stroke volume was not. At 80 and 120 days SHRs had higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and TPR than WKYs (p less than 0.05), although cardiac index was not significantly different. This hemodynamic pattern of a hyperkinetic circulation prior to the development of hypertension supports the theory of total body autoregulation. A transient increase in cardiac index precedes an increase in TPR, which then normalizes cardiac index while elevating MAP.", "contents": "Central hemodynamics in the developmental stage of spontaneous hypertension in the unanesthetized rat. The hemodynamic alterations associated with the developmental phase of high blood pressure were investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). All hemodynamic measurements were made in unanesthetized, unrestrained SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats instrumented with chronic electromagnetic flow probes on the ascending aorta and arterial pressure catheters. Rats were studied at 30-41 days, 80 days, and 120 days of age. Hemodynamics of SHRs and WKYs in the 30-41 day group were monitored daily. Spontaneously hypertensive rats demonstrated a higher cardiac index than WKYs (p less than 0.05) from 32 through 41 days of age. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was not elevated in SHRs at this time. Heart rate and stroke index were elevated in SHRs (p less than 0.05) from 34 through 41 days, however, stroke volume was not. At 80 and 120 days SHRs had higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and TPR than WKYs (p less than 0.05), although cardiac index was not significantly different. This hemodynamic pattern of a hyperkinetic circulation prior to the development of hypertension supports the theory of total body autoregulation. A transient increase in cardiac index precedes an increase in TPR, which then normalizes cardiac index while elevating MAP.", "PMID": 541042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8534", "title": "Chronic hypothalamic stimulation in awake rats fails to induce hypertension.", "content": "Daily electrical stimulation of the posterior hypotalamus for 12 weeks in awake rats caused persistent cardioacceleration but barely increased systolic pressure. Subsequent postmortem examination showed extensive fibrosis at sites of electrode implantation in both stimulated and unstimulated rats. Because Folkow and Rubinstein had succeeded in elevating blood pressure progressively by stimulating the \"hypothalamic defence area,\" chronic stimulation was repeated following their stereotaxic coordinates. Systolic pressure rose but the elevation was significant only on Weeks 8 and 10. To maintain behavioral effects during chronic stimulation, current strengths had to be increased periodically, and stimulated rats gained weight more rapidly than unstimulated controls. Both these findings indicated that electrical stimulation had damaged the brain, but since local fibrosis made histologic verification difficult, additional experiments were done to determine if functional deficits could be detected. Upon further hypothalamic stimulation, electrical thresholds were higher and pressor and sympathetic nerve responses were smaller in rats that had been stimulated chronically than in those that had not. Although our results do not disprove the hypothesis that centrally-induced sympathetic hyperactivity initiates hypertension, they show that blood pressure cannot be elevated by hypothalamic stimulation alone when the brain has been injured.", "contents": "Chronic hypothalamic stimulation in awake rats fails to induce hypertension. Daily electrical stimulation of the posterior hypotalamus for 12 weeks in awake rats caused persistent cardioacceleration but barely increased systolic pressure. Subsequent postmortem examination showed extensive fibrosis at sites of electrode implantation in both stimulated and unstimulated rats. Because Folkow and Rubinstein had succeeded in elevating blood pressure progressively by stimulating the \"hypothalamic defence area,\" chronic stimulation was repeated following their stereotaxic coordinates. Systolic pressure rose but the elevation was significant only on Weeks 8 and 10. To maintain behavioral effects during chronic stimulation, current strengths had to be increased periodically, and stimulated rats gained weight more rapidly than unstimulated controls. Both these findings indicated that electrical stimulation had damaged the brain, but since local fibrosis made histologic verification difficult, additional experiments were done to determine if functional deficits could be detected. Upon further hypothalamic stimulation, electrical thresholds were higher and pressor and sympathetic nerve responses were smaller in rats that had been stimulated chronically than in those that had not. Although our results do not disprove the hypothesis that centrally-induced sympathetic hyperactivity initiates hypertension, they show that blood pressure cannot be elevated by hypothalamic stimulation alone when the brain has been injured.", "PMID": 541041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8535", "title": "Estimating compliance with diuretic therapy: urinary hydrochlorothiazide-creatinine ratios in normal subjects.", "content": "We gave 21 healthy young men 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily to determine whether or not urinary detection of the drug was feasible as a measure of compliance on a standard antihypertensive regimen. All subjects took the drug daily for 6 days, after which they were divided into four groups with differing patterns of medication administration. Urine hydrochlorothiazide and creatinine measurements were obtained to validate the urinary hydrochlorothiazide-creatinine ratio (UHCR) as an accurate quantitative index of compliance. The subjects achieved a constant level of UHCR of 13 +/- 3.0 within 48 hours of hydrochlorothiazide administration. The UHCR levels decreased to 5.0 +/- 0.8 48 hours after discontinuation of the drug (p less than 0.001). UHCR values in the range of  13 +/- 6 indicate that the subject has ingested hydrochlorothiazide 24 hours previously. The UHCR is a potentially useful means of assessing compliance in hypertensive patients taking hydrochlorothiazide.", "contents": "Estimating compliance with diuretic therapy: urinary hydrochlorothiazide-creatinine ratios in normal subjects. We gave 21 healthy young men 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily to determine whether or not urinary detection of the drug was feasible as a measure of compliance on a standard antihypertensive regimen. All subjects took the drug daily for 6 days, after which they were divided into four groups with differing patterns of medication administration. Urine hydrochlorothiazide and creatinine measurements were obtained to validate the urinary hydrochlorothiazide-creatinine ratio (UHCR) as an accurate quantitative index of compliance. The subjects achieved a constant level of UHCR of 13 +/- 3.0 within 48 hours of hydrochlorothiazide administration. The UHCR levels decreased to 5.0 +/- 0.8 48 hours after discontinuation of the drug (p less than 0.001). UHCR values in the range of  13 +/- 6 indicate that the subject has ingested hydrochlorothiazide 24 hours previously. The UHCR is a potentially useful means of assessing compliance in hypertensive patients taking hydrochlorothiazide.", "PMID": 541045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8536", "title": "Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome due to guanethidine. Case report.", "content": "A patient is described who developed symptomatic sinus bradycardia as low as 20 beats per minute and sinus arrest of up to 4.4 seconds while receiving guanethidine, 75 mg daily. The bradycardia resolved following discontinuation of the drug and reappeared upon challenge with it. Intrinsic disease of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes was evidenced 3 weeks following discontinuation of the guanethidine by a borderline abnormally prolonged sinus node recovery time of 1500 msec and a PR interval of 0.28 seconds. Although sinus bradycardia is a known and not infrequent side effect of guanethidine, such an extreme form as seen in our patient appears to be quite rare, and may be related to the pre-existing disease of the conduction system.", "contents": "Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome due to guanethidine. Case report. A patient is described who developed symptomatic sinus bradycardia as low as 20 beats per minute and sinus arrest of up to 4.4 seconds while receiving guanethidine, 75 mg daily. The bradycardia resolved following discontinuation of the drug and reappeared upon challenge with it. Intrinsic disease of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes was evidenced 3 weeks following discontinuation of the guanethidine by a borderline abnormally prolonged sinus node recovery time of 1500 msec and a PR interval of 0.28 seconds. Although sinus bradycardia is a known and not infrequent side effect of guanethidine, such an extreme form as seen in our patient appears to be quite rare, and may be related to the pre-existing disease of the conduction system.", "PMID": 541046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8537", "title": "Hemodynamic responses to DOCA in young pigs.", "content": "Hemodynamic variables were measured in 20 young pigs; thirteen received subcutaneous implantations of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) impregnated in Silastic strips, seven received implants of Silastic strips alone and served as controls. No salt was added to the standard diet of either group. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose in a regular pattern in the DOCA-treated pigs, reaching on the average a level significantly greater than that of the control group 48 hours after the implantation. Pressure continued to rise, reaching a plateau 38% above that of the preimplant value 2 weeks later. In some pigs the MAP elevation was caused by an increase in cardiac output (CO); in others it was caused by an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR). An increase in central venous pressure occurred in many DOCA-treated pigs regardless of whether the increase in MAP was caused by an increase in CO or in TPR. The results indicate that it is arterial pressure per se that is the regulated variable in this model of mineralocorticoid hypertension. The regulating system, whether it resides in the kidney or in the central nervous system, elevates pressure by effecting increases in either CO or TPR.", "contents": "Hemodynamic responses to DOCA in young pigs. Hemodynamic variables were measured in 20 young pigs; thirteen received subcutaneous implantations of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) impregnated in Silastic strips, seven received implants of Silastic strips alone and served as controls. No salt was added to the standard diet of either group. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose in a regular pattern in the DOCA-treated pigs, reaching on the average a level significantly greater than that of the control group 48 hours after the implantation. Pressure continued to rise, reaching a plateau 38% above that of the preimplant value 2 weeks later. In some pigs the MAP elevation was caused by an increase in cardiac output (CO); in others it was caused by an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR). An increase in central venous pressure occurred in many DOCA-treated pigs regardless of whether the increase in MAP was caused by an increase in CO or in TPR. The results indicate that it is arterial pressure per se that is the regulated variable in this model of mineralocorticoid hypertension. The regulating system, whether it resides in the kidney or in the central nervous system, elevates pressure by effecting increases in either CO or TPR.", "PMID": 541051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8538", "title": "Can overnight urine replace 24-hour urine collection to asses salt intake?", "content": "Are overnight urine specimens adequate for characterizing the daily salt intake of individuals, i.e., can the overnight specimen replace the 24-hour specimen? Data from 142 male participants of an ongoing trial on the primary prevention of hypertension were used to examine this question with correlation analysis and quantile classification. Estimated correlation between the true mean 24-hour and the true mean overnight sodium excretion was 0.72. Furthermore, 67% of the individuals in the upper third of the distribution of true mean overnight urine sodium were also in the upper third of the distribution of true mean 24-hour sodium. Thus, these data are promising in regard to the use of overnight urine specimens for characterizing the salt intake of individuals. The number of overnight urine collections required to estimate accurately the correlation between an individual's true mean overnight urine sodium and a variable of interest (e.g., blood pressure) was calculated. Given the observed intra- and inter-individual variation, the data indicate that 14 measurements are needed to limit the diminution of the correlation coefficient to 10%.", "contents": "Can overnight urine replace 24-hour urine collection to asses salt intake? Are overnight urine specimens adequate for characterizing the daily salt intake of individuals, i.e., can the overnight specimen replace the 24-hour specimen? Data from 142 male participants of an ongoing trial on the primary prevention of hypertension were used to examine this question with correlation analysis and quantile classification. Estimated correlation between the true mean 24-hour and the true mean overnight sodium excretion was 0.72. Furthermore, 67% of the individuals in the upper third of the distribution of true mean overnight urine sodium were also in the upper third of the distribution of true mean 24-hour sodium. Thus, these data are promising in regard to the use of overnight urine specimens for characterizing the salt intake of individuals. The number of overnight urine collections required to estimate accurately the correlation between an individual's true mean overnight urine sodium and a variable of interest (e.g., blood pressure) was calculated. Given the observed intra- and inter-individual variation, the data indicate that 14 measurements are needed to limit the diminution of the correlation coefficient to 10%.", "PMID": 541044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8539", "title": "Blood pressure in childhood. The National Health Examination Survey.", "content": "Data were analyzed from the U.S. Health Examination Survey (Cycle II) to determine relationships between blood pressure and other characteristics. This survey examined a national probability sample of children aged 6-11 years. Significant relationships were found for blood pressure and the following variables: chronological and skeletal age, skinfold thickness (adiposity) and other anthropometric measurements, pulse rate, and systolic murmurs. These relationships may be interpreted as indicating important relationships between blood pressure and growth, adiposity, and hemodynamic manifestations of cardiac output. Data from this representative population portray blood pressure relationships in childhood.", "contents": "Blood pressure in childhood. The National Health Examination Survey. Data were analyzed from the U.S. Health Examination Survey (Cycle II) to determine relationships between blood pressure and other characteristics. This survey examined a national probability sample of children aged 6-11 years. Significant relationships were found for blood pressure and the following variables: chronological and skeletal age, skinfold thickness (adiposity) and other anthropometric measurements, pulse rate, and systolic murmurs. These relationships may be interpreted as indicating important relationships between blood pressure and growth, adiposity, and hemodynamic manifestations of cardiac output. Data from this representative population portray blood pressure relationships in childhood.", "PMID": 541048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8540", "title": "Blood pressure in adolescence. The United States Health Examination survey.", "content": "A nationally representative sample of adolescents 12-17 years of age were examined in the U.S. Health Examination Survey and relationships between blood pressure and other variables were explored. During adolescence, blood pressure increases more rapidly in males than in females and only small racial differences are present. Weight has the strongest relationship to both systolic and diastolic pressure. Physiological maturation assessed by skeletal age and adiposity (skinfold thickness) are components of weight and each is also related to blood pressure. Although systolic murmurs are related to blood pressure at the time of examination, the murmurs are transitory and not predictive of future pressures. All factors were equally influential in each race-sex group. No significant relationships were found between geographic or demographic variables and blood pressure. These observations indicate the important relationships of physiological maturation and adiposity to adolescent blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure in adolescence. The United States Health Examination survey. A nationally representative sample of adolescents 12-17 years of age were examined in the U.S. Health Examination Survey and relationships between blood pressure and other variables were explored. During adolescence, blood pressure increases more rapidly in males than in females and only small racial differences are present. Weight has the strongest relationship to both systolic and diastolic pressure. Physiological maturation assessed by skeletal age and adiposity (skinfold thickness) are components of weight and each is also related to blood pressure. Although systolic murmurs are related to blood pressure at the time of examination, the murmurs are transitory and not predictive of future pressures. All factors were equally influential in each race-sex group. No significant relationships were found between geographic or demographic variables and blood pressure. These observations indicate the important relationships of physiological maturation and adiposity to adolescent blood pressure.", "PMID": 541049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8541", "title": "Sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in normotensive backcross rats genetically related to the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The genetic basis of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was assessed by measuring SNA in animals derived from a backcross (BC) breeding program designed to isolate single gene differences causing changes in blood pressure. Selective breeding of the male hypertensive rats with inbred normotensive female Wistar/Lewis rats yielded progeny with a range of blood pressures, but whose group mean pressures were lower than the group mean pressures of the original SHR. Progressive generations had progressively lower group mean pressures. There was a positive correlation between SNA and mean arterial pressure in BC rats. These results indicate that the genetic defect in SHR may be abnormality in SNA, and the hypertension in these animals is a secondary result of this primary defect. Baroreceptor function was also assessed in SHR and in BC rats. In young (8 to 24 weeks old) SHR, baroreceptor function was similar to that in BC rats, whereas SNA was markedly increased. Only in older (24 to 40 weeks old) SHR was there an abnormality in the gain of baroreceptors. The development of hypertension in SHR therefore appears to be due to increased SNA resulting from a defect in the central nervous system. Changes in baroreceptor function are secondary to the hypertension and occur after the hypertension is established.", "contents": "Sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in normotensive backcross rats genetically related to the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The genetic basis of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was assessed by measuring SNA in animals derived from a backcross (BC) breeding program designed to isolate single gene differences causing changes in blood pressure. Selective breeding of the male hypertensive rats with inbred normotensive female Wistar/Lewis rats yielded progeny with a range of blood pressures, but whose group mean pressures were lower than the group mean pressures of the original SHR. Progressive generations had progressively lower group mean pressures. There was a positive correlation between SNA and mean arterial pressure in BC rats. These results indicate that the genetic defect in SHR may be abnormality in SNA, and the hypertension in these animals is a secondary result of this primary defect. Baroreceptor function was also assessed in SHR and in BC rats. In young (8 to 24 weeks old) SHR, baroreceptor function was similar to that in BC rats, whereas SNA was markedly increased. Only in older (24 to 40 weeks old) SHR was there an abnormality in the gain of baroreceptors. The development of hypertension in SHR therefore appears to be due to increased SNA resulting from a defect in the central nervous system. Changes in baroreceptor function are secondary to the hypertension and occur after the hypertension is established.", "PMID": 541052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8542", "title": "Arterial baroreceptor reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The combined and individual carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptor control of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were studied by direct measurement in groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Kyoto Wistar rats (WKY) of 5 to 40 weeks of age. The SHR showed a significantly greater SNA and resultant MAP increase as a function of age compared to that of the WKY rats. Both SHR and WKY rats showed a significant rise in SNA and MAP with ablation of all four major baroreceptors. The proportionate change of SNA and MAP after ablation was greater in the younger SHR than in the younger WKY groups and the change in these decreased as a function of age in the SHR. The reflex inhibition of SNA via baroreceptor stimulation also decreased as a function of age in the SHR, due to a 43% loss of aortic inhibitory function; no significant loss of carotid sinus function was found in either the SHR or WKY. The decrement in aortic function occurred after the rapid phase of blood pressure development; therefore baroreceptor dysfunction cannot be the cause of the high SNA and MAP observed in young SHR. An upward resetting of central sympathetic centers was evaluated via the baroreceptor deafferentation; and it appears that the hyperactive sympathetic nervous system and resultant hypertension in the SHR is due to central resetting of sympathetic centers rather than baroreceptor dysfunction.", "contents": "Arterial baroreceptor reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The combined and individual carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptor control of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were studied by direct measurement in groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Kyoto Wistar rats (WKY) of 5 to 40 weeks of age. The SHR showed a significantly greater SNA and resultant MAP increase as a function of age compared to that of the WKY rats. Both SHR and WKY rats showed a significant rise in SNA and MAP with ablation of all four major baroreceptors. The proportionate change of SNA and MAP after ablation was greater in the younger SHR than in the younger WKY groups and the change in these decreased as a function of age in the SHR. The reflex inhibition of SNA via baroreceptor stimulation also decreased as a function of age in the SHR, due to a 43% loss of aortic inhibitory function; no significant loss of carotid sinus function was found in either the SHR or WKY. The decrement in aortic function occurred after the rapid phase of blood pressure development; therefore baroreceptor dysfunction cannot be the cause of the high SNA and MAP observed in young SHR. An upward resetting of central sympathetic centers was evaluated via the baroreceptor deafferentation; and it appears that the hyperactive sympathetic nervous system and resultant hypertension in the SHR is due to central resetting of sympathetic centers rather than baroreceptor dysfunction.", "PMID": 541053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8543", "title": "Evidence for enhanced sodium transport in the tail artery of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients in the rat tail artery were dissipated by overnight incubation in K-free PSS at 10 degrees C and then allowed to recover in normal physiologic salt solution (PSS) at 37 degrees C. The active extrusion of Na+ and uptake of K+ during the recovery period was monitored with Na+ and K+ selective glass electrodes. Passive exchanges were differentiated by re-admitting K+ at 3 degrees C, or in the presence of 1 mM ouabain at both 3 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Active exchange was switched on by an abrupt transfer of the tissue from 3 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Active exchange, measured in perfused, superfused, or sequentially incubated arteries, was distinctly enhanced in young (16-, 20- and 26-week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto strain compared with age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) controls. No such difference was observed in rats with hypertension of 7 or 12 weeks' duration and equal severity induced by unilateral constriction of the renal artery. Steady-state Nai and Ki were measured after washing the tissues for 45 minutes at 3 degrees C in lithium-substituted medium to exchange extracellular sodium with lithium. Cell sodium in these tissues was further partitioned into a free component proportional to [Na]0 and an independent, constrained component. Cell potassium was found to be distinctly elevated in 2- and 4-month-old SHR, while free cell sodium remained normal, despite increased cell permeability demonstrable in a significant exchange of lithium for cell potassium and sodium even at 3 degrees C.", "contents": "Evidence for enhanced sodium transport in the tail artery of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients in the rat tail artery were dissipated by overnight incubation in K-free PSS at 10 degrees C and then allowed to recover in normal physiologic salt solution (PSS) at 37 degrees C. The active extrusion of Na+ and uptake of K+ during the recovery period was monitored with Na+ and K+ selective glass electrodes. Passive exchanges were differentiated by re-admitting K+ at 3 degrees C, or in the presence of 1 mM ouabain at both 3 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Active exchange was switched on by an abrupt transfer of the tissue from 3 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Active exchange, measured in perfused, superfused, or sequentially incubated arteries, was distinctly enhanced in young (16-, 20- and 26-week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto strain compared with age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) controls. No such difference was observed in rats with hypertension of 7 or 12 weeks' duration and equal severity induced by unilateral constriction of the renal artery. Steady-state Nai and Ki were measured after washing the tissues for 45 minutes at 3 degrees C in lithium-substituted medium to exchange extracellular sodium with lithium. Cell sodium in these tissues was further partitioned into a free component proportional to [Na]0 and an independent, constrained component. Cell potassium was found to be distinctly elevated in 2- and 4-month-old SHR, while free cell sodium remained normal, despite increased cell permeability demonstrable in a significant exchange of lithium for cell potassium and sodium even at 3 degrees C.", "PMID": 541050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8544", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in hypertension.", "content": "We measured serum immunoglobulins in 52 persons whose blood pressure was higher than 140/90 mm Hg, and 52 normotensive controls matched for age, sex and race. All were selected from a population of actively employed persons undergoing a routine health evaluation. Contrary to previous reports, the hypertensive subjects did not have higher levels of IgG or IgA than the controls. Sixteen hypertensive subjects with mean blood pressure higher than 115 mm Hg did not have elevated IgG or IgA levels when analyzed separately. Serum IgM was significantly lower in the 52 hypertensive subjects (125 +/- 67 mg/dl vs 171 +/- 85 mg/dl, p less than 0.01). Our subjects failed to show the increase in immunoglobulins reported by others. The most likely reasons for this is the mildness of their blood pressure elevation, although the absence of immunoglobulin elevation in the small number with more marked hypertension does not support this explanation.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in hypertension. We measured serum immunoglobulins in 52 persons whose blood pressure was higher than 140/90 mm Hg, and 52 normotensive controls matched for age, sex and race. All were selected from a population of actively employed persons undergoing a routine health evaluation. Contrary to previous reports, the hypertensive subjects did not have higher levels of IgG or IgA than the controls. Sixteen hypertensive subjects with mean blood pressure higher than 115 mm Hg did not have elevated IgG or IgA levels when analyzed separately. Serum IgM was significantly lower in the 52 hypertensive subjects (125 +/- 67 mg/dl vs 171 +/- 85 mg/dl, p less than 0.01). Our subjects failed to show the increase in immunoglobulins reported by others. The most likely reasons for this is the mildness of their blood pressure elevation, although the absence of immunoglobulin elevation in the small number with more marked hypertension does not support this explanation.", "PMID": 541054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8545", "title": "Phenomenological structuring of the adult lifespan as a function of age and sex.", "content": "The hypothesis that increasing differentiation in the phenomenological structure of the lifespan can be expected to occur during adolescence and early adulthood, stabilization during adulthood and a process of de-differentiation in the later part of life, was tested on eighty Israeli participants, age sixteen to seventy-eight. They were asked to divide the course of life into periods, starting at age eleven, and to mark the range of each period. As hypothesized the younger people perceived the lifespan as more differentiated (divided into more periods) whereas older people perceived it in a less differentiated way. There was consensus among the different age groups in their perception of the different stages of development. The earlier stages were viewed as more differentiated whereas the later periods were viewed in a more global way. In addition, women tended to perceive the lifespan as somewhat more differentiated than men; they also tended to perceive the pace of life as more rapid.", "contents": "Phenomenological structuring of the adult lifespan as a function of age and sex. The hypothesis that increasing differentiation in the phenomenological structure of the lifespan can be expected to occur during adolescence and early adulthood, stabilization during adulthood and a process of de-differentiation in the later part of life, was tested on eighty Israeli participants, age sixteen to seventy-eight. They were asked to divide the course of life into periods, starting at age eleven, and to mark the range of each period. As hypothesized the younger people perceived the lifespan as more differentiated (divided into more periods) whereas older people perceived it in a less differentiated way. There was consensus among the different age groups in their perception of the different stages of development. The earlier stages were viewed as more differentiated whereas the later periods were viewed in a more global way. In addition, women tended to perceive the lifespan as somewhat more differentiated than men; they also tended to perceive the pace of life as more rapid.", "PMID": 541117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8546", "title": "Individual differences in cognitive functioning in the elderly - phenomena and interpretation.", "content": "Residents (N = 27) of a Jewish home for the aged were given a battery of twenty-five tests of cognitive abilities. Participants included people carrying a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome. Subsets of tests were designed to measure immediate sequential memory, ability to handle categories, and ability to execute motor patterns. There were marked individual differences among participants. Poorer performance was associated with carrying a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and with a number of other background variables. There was empirical evidence that immediate sequential memory and ability to handle categories can be discriminatively measured. A wide variety of qualitative behavioral phenomena was described. The findings were interpreted in terms of an information-processing model.", "contents": "Individual differences in cognitive functioning in the elderly - phenomena and interpretation. Residents (N = 27) of a Jewish home for the aged were given a battery of twenty-five tests of cognitive abilities. Participants included people carrying a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome. Subsets of tests were designed to measure immediate sequential memory, ability to handle categories, and ability to execute motor patterns. There were marked individual differences among participants. Poorer performance was associated with carrying a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and with a number of other background variables. There was empirical evidence that immediate sequential memory and ability to handle categories can be discriminatively measured. A wide variety of qualitative behavioral phenomena was described. The findings were interpreted in terms of an information-processing model.", "PMID": 541118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8547", "title": "Safety on the streets: cohort changes in fear.", "content": "Using data from two national surveys, cohort changes in fear for one's safety on the streets are examined over an eleven year period. Fear of walking alone at night has increased among all cohorts, but the greatest increases have taken place among the older cohorts. These results are consistent with interpretations that stress characteristics of the aging process to account for the elderly's greater fear of vulnerability to criminal victimization.", "contents": "Safety on the streets: cohort changes in fear. Using data from two national surveys, cohort changes in fear for one's safety on the streets are examined over an eleven year period. Fear of walking alone at night has increased among all cohorts, but the greatest increases have taken place among the older cohorts. These results are consistent with interpretations that stress characteristics of the aging process to account for the elderly's greater fear of vulnerability to criminal victimization.", "PMID": 541119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8548", "title": "The impact on mood of verbal reminiscing in later adulthood.", "content": "The impact on mood of verbal reminiscing was compared with that of talking about the present or future in a group of thirty-six female participants between the ages of forty-six and eighty-five. Self reports of mood showed a relatively more positive effect of reminiscing and thus support the hypothesis that reminiscence may serve an adaptive function in later life. Participants over sixty-five years of age, however, did not report a different impact on mood than the younger participants, calling into question the age-specific nature of this phenomenon. Potential theoretical explanations and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The impact on mood of verbal reminiscing in later adulthood. The impact on mood of verbal reminiscing was compared with that of talking about the present or future in a group of thirty-six female participants between the ages of forty-six and eighty-five. Self reports of mood showed a relatively more positive effect of reminiscing and thus support the hypothesis that reminiscence may serve an adaptive function in later life. Participants over sixty-five years of age, however, did not report a different impact on mood than the younger participants, calling into question the age-specific nature of this phenomenon. Potential theoretical explanations and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 541120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8549", "title": "Delivery of care for severely retarded children: a follow-up study.", "content": "The study progress in the move from institutional toward community care a study was made of all children below 16 years of age for whom application for residential care had been made between 1970 and 1974. These children were followed-up in 1975 to (1) compare services needed with services obtained for those residing in hospitals compared to those living in the community, and (2) ascertain factors determining placement. Among those who applied, level of functioning was associated to a greater extent with age than degree of retardation. Two thirds of the youngest group was non-ambulant, at age 11-15 only 5% were still non-ambulant. Similar improvements with age occured in speech development and ability to follow simple instructions. Children living in the community in 1975 failed to obtain needed services more than those institutionalized although both groups did not differ in regard to service needs. Especially scarce for parents of children living at home at follow-up were supportive services as counselling for parents, home-maker or baby sitters needed by most. It was expected that placement would be related to level of functioning of the retarded, behavior problems, proportion of broken families. Yet no relationship was found between these variables and placement. Placement was determined solely by social class and ethnic background of the patients. In contrast to an earlier study more parents came from ethnic minorities and the lower classes. These parents may be more tolerant, more accepting of having a retarded child that middle class parents. Progress was noted in the proportion of retarded placed into the community and regionalization.", "contents": "Delivery of care for severely retarded children: a follow-up study. The study progress in the move from institutional toward community care a study was made of all children below 16 years of age for whom application for residential care had been made between 1970 and 1974. These children were followed-up in 1975 to (1) compare services needed with services obtained for those residing in hospitals compared to those living in the community, and (2) ascertain factors determining placement. Among those who applied, level of functioning was associated to a greater extent with age than degree of retardation. Two thirds of the youngest group was non-ambulant, at age 11-15 only 5% were still non-ambulant. Similar improvements with age occured in speech development and ability to follow simple instructions. Children living in the community in 1975 failed to obtain needed services more than those institutionalized although both groups did not differ in regard to service needs. Especially scarce for parents of children living at home at follow-up were supportive services as counselling for parents, home-maker or baby sitters needed by most. It was expected that placement would be related to level of functioning of the retarded, behavior problems, proportion of broken families. Yet no relationship was found between these variables and placement. Placement was determined solely by social class and ethnic background of the patients. In contrast to an earlier study more parents came from ethnic minorities and the lower classes. These parents may be more tolerant, more accepting of having a retarded child that middle class parents. Progress was noted in the proportion of retarded placed into the community and regionalization.", "PMID": 541149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8550", "title": "Espousing melodic intonation therapy in aphasia rehabilitation: a case study.", "content": "A program of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) was adapted as a home training procedure to enable a severely affected aphasic adult to respond to 52 simple questions bearing relevance to his daily life. MIT involves embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern. As the patient progresses through the program, the melodic aspect is faded and the program eventually leads to production of the target phrase or sentence in normal speech prosody. The present procedure consisted of three levels of training designed to advance the subject from an initial level of intoning responses in a simple melody to producing the responses in normal speech prosody. The subject's wife was trained to administer MIT both in the clinical and home settings. Considerable improvement was obtained in imitation and in context related responses to questions. These findings lend support to the proposal that the music dominance to the right hemisphere assists, and perhaps diminishes the language dominance of, the damaged left hemisphere. The limitations of use of Melodic Intonation Therapy were discussed.", "contents": "Espousing melodic intonation therapy in aphasia rehabilitation: a case study. A program of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) was adapted as a home training procedure to enable a severely affected aphasic adult to respond to 52 simple questions bearing relevance to his daily life. MIT involves embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern. As the patient progresses through the program, the melodic aspect is faded and the program eventually leads to production of the target phrase or sentence in normal speech prosody. The present procedure consisted of three levels of training designed to advance the subject from an initial level of intoning responses in a simple melody to producing the responses in normal speech prosody. The subject's wife was trained to administer MIT both in the clinical and home settings. Considerable improvement was obtained in imitation and in context related responses to questions. These findings lend support to the proposal that the music dominance to the right hemisphere assists, and perhaps diminishes the language dominance of, the damaged left hemisphere. The limitations of use of Melodic Intonation Therapy were discussed.", "PMID": 541150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8551", "title": "Horticultural therapy--aspects of land use for the mentally handicapped. A system of planning for the requirements of the mentally handicapped gardener.", "content": "An increasing number of facilities for the mentally handicapped use horticulture, agriculture and gardening in their training programmes. This paper contains a review of: (1) some aspects of land use as a medium for leisure, rehabilitation, therapy and training for the mentally handicapped, (2) employment, both sheltered and open, in land use as reflected in a recent survey, (3) the variety of knowledge available through the medium of land use. The main emphasis of the paper deals with: (1) the need for planning, (2) a suggested planning system that assists the instructor in understanding the requirements of the mentally handicapped gardener when he approaches a given job, (3) some problems peculiar to land use work with the mentally handicapped. In conclusion the authors briefly examine: (1) the need for assessment, (2) the need to distinguish between production and training, (3) suggestions towards an expansion of the planning system to take in other areas of the horticultural unit than were originally described, (4) social activities connected with the horticultural activities described, (5) the hierarchy identified through the use of a particular planning system.", "contents": "Horticultural therapy--aspects of land use for the mentally handicapped. A system of planning for the requirements of the mentally handicapped gardener. An increasing number of facilities for the mentally handicapped use horticulture, agriculture and gardening in their training programmes. This paper contains a review of: (1) some aspects of land use as a medium for leisure, rehabilitation, therapy and training for the mentally handicapped, (2) employment, both sheltered and open, in land use as reflected in a recent survey, (3) the variety of knowledge available through the medium of land use. The main emphasis of the paper deals with: (1) the need for planning, (2) a suggested planning system that assists the instructor in understanding the requirements of the mentally handicapped gardener when he approaches a given job, (3) some problems peculiar to land use work with the mentally handicapped. In conclusion the authors briefly examine: (1) the need for assessment, (2) the need to distinguish between production and training, (3) suggestions towards an expansion of the planning system to take in other areas of the horticultural unit than were originally described, (4) social activities connected with the horticultural activities described, (5) the hierarchy identified through the use of a particular planning system.", "PMID": 541151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8552", "title": "Time trends in colo-rectal cancer mortality in relation to food and alcohol consumption: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.", "content": "Recent epidemiologically and experimental research has implicated dietary factors, including alcoholic drinks, in cancers of the colon and rectum. Analysis of time trends in cancer mortality since 1921, in the United States, England and Wales, Australia, and New Zealand, in relation to changes in per capita consumption of foodstuffs and alcohol reveals some support for the protective effect of fibre, but an inconsistent role for fat and meat in colon cancer. For rectal cancer, and to a lesser extent colon cancer, the most consistent correlate in comparisons across time, and between place, sex, and age-group, is beer consumption. Possible reasons for this correlation within this data set are discussed.", "contents": "Time trends in colo-rectal cancer mortality in relation to food and alcohol consumption: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Recent epidemiologically and experimental research has implicated dietary factors, including alcoholic drinks, in cancers of the colon and rectum. Analysis of time trends in cancer mortality since 1921, in the United States, England and Wales, Australia, and New Zealand, in relation to changes in per capita consumption of foodstuffs and alcohol reveals some support for the protective effect of fibre, but an inconsistent role for fat and meat in colon cancer. For rectal cancer, and to a lesser extent colon cancer, the most consistent correlate in comparisons across time, and between place, sex, and age-group, is beer consumption. Possible reasons for this correlation within this data set are discussed.", "PMID": 541153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8553", "title": "Isoniazid exposure in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of tuberculosis patients.", "content": "41 226 isoniazid exposed and 22 811 non-exposed patients admitted to Canadian institutions for the treatment of tuberculosis from 1952 to 1960 were followed to 1973 by computerised record linkage to the National Death Index and, for 1969 to 1973, to the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System; The mortality for the total cohort compared to that expected from the mortality in the Canadian population, was greater than expected for tuberculosis, other chest diseases and certain cancer sites associated with cigarette smoking (except bladder cancer). There was, however, no difference between the isoniazid-exposed and non-exposed in mortality from all cancer and individual cancer sites, except for oesophageal cancer in males. Cancer incidence from 1969 to 1973 was also similar for the isoniazid- exposed and non-exposed groups. An elevated standardised incidence ratio was seen only for buccal cavity and pharynx in male exposed subjects. It is concluded that this study provides additional negative evidence on the carcinogenicity of isoniazid in man.", "contents": "Isoniazid exposure in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of tuberculosis patients. 41 226 isoniazid exposed and 22 811 non-exposed patients admitted to Canadian institutions for the treatment of tuberculosis from 1952 to 1960 were followed to 1973 by computerised record linkage to the National Death Index and, for 1969 to 1973, to the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System; The mortality for the total cohort compared to that expected from the mortality in the Canadian population, was greater than expected for tuberculosis, other chest diseases and certain cancer sites associated with cigarette smoking (except bladder cancer). There was, however, no difference between the isoniazid-exposed and non-exposed in mortality from all cancer and individual cancer sites, except for oesophageal cancer in males. Cancer incidence from 1969 to 1973 was also similar for the isoniazid- exposed and non-exposed groups. An elevated standardised incidence ratio was seen only for buccal cavity and pharynx in male exposed subjects. It is concluded that this study provides additional negative evidence on the carcinogenicity of isoniazid in man.", "PMID": 541154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8554", "title": "Quantity and variation in morbidity: THAID-analysis of the occurrence of gastroenteritis among Ethiopan children.", "content": "Morbidity figures from a one-year longitudinal child health study comprising 749 children in an urban area in Ethiopia are reported. Aggregated morbidity measures, based on frequency distributions according to morbidity level, demonstrate gastroenteritis among infants and young preschool children as a quantitatively important morbidity problem. Variation in the occurrence of gastroenteritis is studied among 390 children under 5 years by means of a multi-variate method, THAID-analysis, designed for a categorical or, as in this study, a categorized criterion variable. The results indicate that variables expressing nutrition, housing, hygiene and sanitation are dominating predictors of childhood diarrhoeal disease.", "contents": "Quantity and variation in morbidity: THAID-analysis of the occurrence of gastroenteritis among Ethiopan children. Morbidity figures from a one-year longitudinal child health study comprising 749 children in an urban area in Ethiopia are reported. Aggregated morbidity measures, based on frequency distributions according to morbidity level, demonstrate gastroenteritis among infants and young preschool children as a quantitatively important morbidity problem. Variation in the occurrence of gastroenteritis is studied among 390 children under 5 years by means of a multi-variate method, THAID-analysis, designed for a categorical or, as in this study, a categorized criterion variable. The results indicate that variables expressing nutrition, housing, hygiene and sanitation are dominating predictors of childhood diarrhoeal disease.", "PMID": 541155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8555", "title": "The relation between respiratory illness in primary schoolchildren and the use of gas for cooking--II. Factors affecting nitrogen dioxide levels in the home.", "content": "The study was designed to determine whether there was an association between indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and respiratory illness and lung function in schoolchildren. NO2 was measured for one week in the winter outside and inside the homes of children aged 6-7 years living and attending primary schools in a defined 4 square km area in Middlesbrough, Cleveland, UK. Outdoor levels of NO2 measured at 75 points within the area ranged from 14-24 ppb weekly average. Measurements were also made in 428 kitchens with gas cookers, range 5-317 ppb, mean 112.2 ppb, and in 87 kitchens with electric cookers, range 6-188 ppb, mean 18.0 ppb. In a random subsample of homes the range of NO2 levels in 107 children's bedrooms in homes where gas was used for cooking was 4-169 ppb, mean 30.5 ppb, in 18 bedrooms in electric cooking homes the range was 3-37 ppb, mean 13.9 ppb. NO2 levels in the gas cooking kitchens were positively related to the presence of pilot lights, use of gas fires for main heating, number of regular smokers, and the number of people in the home. Information from 29 homes with the highest kitchen NO2 levels paired with 29 low NO2 gas cooking homes showed that the daily number of meals eaten and the frequency with which the cooker was used for heating and drying clothes were significantly greater in the high NO2 homes.", "contents": "The relation between respiratory illness in primary schoolchildren and the use of gas for cooking--II. Factors affecting nitrogen dioxide levels in the home. The study was designed to determine whether there was an association between indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and respiratory illness and lung function in schoolchildren. NO2 was measured for one week in the winter outside and inside the homes of children aged 6-7 years living and attending primary schools in a defined 4 square km area in Middlesbrough, Cleveland, UK. Outdoor levels of NO2 measured at 75 points within the area ranged from 14-24 ppb weekly average. Measurements were also made in 428 kitchens with gas cookers, range 5-317 ppb, mean 112.2 ppb, and in 87 kitchens with electric cookers, range 6-188 ppb, mean 18.0 ppb. In a random subsample of homes the range of NO2 levels in 107 children's bedrooms in homes where gas was used for cooking was 4-169 ppb, mean 30.5 ppb, in 18 bedrooms in electric cooking homes the range was 3-37 ppb, mean 13.9 ppb. NO2 levels in the gas cooking kitchens were positively related to the presence of pilot lights, use of gas fires for main heating, number of regular smokers, and the number of people in the home. Information from 29 homes with the highest kitchen NO2 levels paired with 29 low NO2 gas cooking homes showed that the daily number of meals eaten and the frequency with which the cooker was used for heating and drying clothes were significantly greater in the high NO2 homes.", "PMID": 541156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8556", "title": "The relation between respiratory illness in primary schoolchildren and the use of gas for cooking--III. Nitrogen dioxide, respiratory illness and lung infection.", "content": "We examined the relation between lung function and respiratory illness in a population of 808 primary school children aged 6-7 years and the levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the kitchens and bedrooms in their homes. Complete data were collected on about 66% of the population. The children lived in a defined 4 square km area in Middlesbrough, Cleveland, UK. One week average outdoor levels of NO2 varied little over the area (14-24 ppb); The prevalence of respiratory illness was higher in children from gas than electric cooking homes (p approximately or equal to 0.1). Although prevalence was not related to kitchen NO2 levels (range 5-317 ppb) it increased with increasing levels of NO2 in the children's bedrooms in gas cooking homes (range 4-169 ppb, p approximately or equal to 0.1). Symptoms in siblings and parents were not related to kitchen NO2 levels. Lung function was not related to NO2 levels in the kitchen or bedroom. Because of the very low levels of NO2 at which an association with illness was observed and the inconsistency between our results in the UK and those from several studies in the US, it is possible that the NO2 levels were a proxy for some other factor more directly related to respiratory disease such as temperature or humidity.", "contents": "The relation between respiratory illness in primary schoolchildren and the use of gas for cooking--III. Nitrogen dioxide, respiratory illness and lung infection. We examined the relation between lung function and respiratory illness in a population of 808 primary school children aged 6-7 years and the levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the kitchens and bedrooms in their homes. Complete data were collected on about 66% of the population. The children lived in a defined 4 square km area in Middlesbrough, Cleveland, UK. One week average outdoor levels of NO2 varied little over the area (14-24 ppb); The prevalence of respiratory illness was higher in children from gas than electric cooking homes (p approximately or equal to 0.1). Although prevalence was not related to kitchen NO2 levels (range 5-317 ppb) it increased with increasing levels of NO2 in the children's bedrooms in gas cooking homes (range 4-169 ppb, p approximately or equal to 0.1). Symptoms in siblings and parents were not related to kitchen NO2 levels. Lung function was not related to NO2 levels in the kitchen or bedroom. Because of the very low levels of NO2 at which an association with illness was observed and the inconsistency between our results in the UK and those from several studies in the US, it is possible that the NO2 levels were a proxy for some other factor more directly related to respiratory disease such as temperature or humidity.", "PMID": 541157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8557", "title": "The relationship of symptoms and blood pressure in a population sample.", "content": "The relationships of symptoms and blood pressure were studied in a population sample of 1926 individuals. Analysis of covariance showed that none of the 13 symptoms was significantly related to systolic or diastolic BP. Symptoms were more strongly associated with confounding variables.", "contents": "The relationship of symptoms and blood pressure in a population sample. The relationships of symptoms and blood pressure were studied in a population sample of 1926 individuals. Analysis of covariance showed that none of the 13 symptoms was significantly related to systolic or diastolic BP. Symptoms were more strongly associated with confounding variables.", "PMID": 541158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8558", "title": "Impact of changing age and parity distributions of mothers on perinatal mortality in Sweden, 1953-1975.", "content": "A study was made on how the shift in the age and parity distribution of mothers affected the perinatal mortality in Sweden between 1953-55 and 1973-75. During these years the overall perinatal mortality rate fell from 29 to 13 per 1 000 births. The authors used the specific perinatal mortality rates by the mother's age and infant's birth order in 1973-75 to calculate what the overall perinatal mortality rate would have been with the age and parity distributions of mothers in 1953-55 and 1963-65. They conclude that only 1.4 of the 16 per 1 000 decline in perinatal mortality could be attributed to the shift in the mother's age and parity distribution.", "contents": "Impact of changing age and parity distributions of mothers on perinatal mortality in Sweden, 1953-1975. A study was made on how the shift in the age and parity distribution of mothers affected the perinatal mortality in Sweden between 1953-55 and 1973-75. During these years the overall perinatal mortality rate fell from 29 to 13 per 1 000 births. The authors used the specific perinatal mortality rates by the mother's age and infant's birth order in 1973-75 to calculate what the overall perinatal mortality rate would have been with the age and parity distributions of mothers in 1953-55 and 1963-65. They conclude that only 1.4 of the 16 per 1 000 decline in perinatal mortality could be attributed to the shift in the mother's age and parity distribution.", "PMID": 541159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8559", "title": "Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: a prospective study.", "content": "Mortality among male employees was studied in a chromium chemical production plant, part of which was rebuilt in 1950-51 and the remainder in 1960, to reduce exposure to chromium bearing dusts. Of 2 101 employees initially employed between 1945 and 1974 and having worked at least 90 days, the vital status of 88% was ascertained, as of mid-1977. Lung cancer mortality for hourly workers initially employed between 1945 and 1959 was significantly higher than in the comparison Baltimore City population (SMR = 2.0), yet it was lower than that reported in previous studies of this industry. A dose response effect was evident from the relationship between duration of employment and mortality. The lung cancer mortality among those employed for three or more years exclusively in the new facility was similar to that observed for such long-term workers in other parts of the plant. Specific job positions were examined. A history of employment in the Bichromate and Special Products Department (production of chromic acid and other products), known as the 'wet end', was associated with the increased lung cancer mortality in contrast to the Mill and Roast Department, known as the 'dry end'. Because of the long latency period associated with chromium exposure and cancer, it was not possible to adequately assess the risk of cancer for workers initially employed after 1960. Methodological issues related to these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: a prospective study. Mortality among male employees was studied in a chromium chemical production plant, part of which was rebuilt in 1950-51 and the remainder in 1960, to reduce exposure to chromium bearing dusts. Of 2 101 employees initially employed between 1945 and 1974 and having worked at least 90 days, the vital status of 88% was ascertained, as of mid-1977. Lung cancer mortality for hourly workers initially employed between 1945 and 1959 was significantly higher than in the comparison Baltimore City population (SMR = 2.0), yet it was lower than that reported in previous studies of this industry. A dose response effect was evident from the relationship between duration of employment and mortality. The lung cancer mortality among those employed for three or more years exclusively in the new facility was similar to that observed for such long-term workers in other parts of the plant. Specific job positions were examined. A history of employment in the Bichromate and Special Products Department (production of chromic acid and other products), known as the 'wet end', was associated with the increased lung cancer mortality in contrast to the Mill and Roast Department, known as the 'dry end'. Because of the long latency period associated with chromium exposure and cancer, it was not possible to adequately assess the risk of cancer for workers initially employed after 1960. Methodological issues related to these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 541160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8560", "title": "A follow-up study of non-retired and retired members of the Danish Carpenter/Cabinet Makers' Trade Union.", "content": "A 6 years follow-up study of mortality among Danish carpenters and cabinet makers (40 000 persons) shows an SMR of 82 in the group of non-retired and an SMR of 70 in the group of retired union members. No major causes of death except nasal cancer were significantly above the national average. Problems of methodology in using retired workers in the occupational mortality studies are discussed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of non-retired and retired members of the Danish Carpenter/Cabinet Makers' Trade Union. A 6 years follow-up study of mortality among Danish carpenters and cabinet makers (40 000 persons) shows an SMR of 82 in the group of non-retired and an SMR of 70 in the group of retired union members. No major causes of death except nasal cancer were significantly above the national average. Problems of methodology in using retired workers in the occupational mortality studies are discussed.", "PMID": 541161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8561", "title": "Potential-years-life-lost from motor vehicle crashes in Israel: an epidemiologic analysis.", "content": "Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVC) were the 7th ranking specific cause of mortality (Israel 1975) after ischaemic heart disease (ISHD), cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, various types of cancer, and accidents other than MVC, but were the top ranking single cause (in males, next to accidents of all kinds) of Potential-Years-Life-Lost (PYLL) ages 1-65 among men and women and men 1-70 and 2nd ranking cause of PYLL age 1-75 among men. Many young male deaths from MVC and few from non-traumatic causes below age 40 account for these high PYLL rankings for MVC. Israeli age-specific death rates from MVC below age 40 were lower than those of USA, but higher among the elderly (reason: pedestrian deaths). Both Israel's PYLL rate (PYLL per 100 000 persons) from MVC and crude mortality rates are only slightly lower than those of USA. Trends in Israel point to a growing number of drivers among young and poorer groupings, who have been shown elsewhere to be at high-risk for MVC mortality. PYLL from MVC in Israel can be expected to increase, even if crude death rates remain stable or decline. Swift low-cost preventive measures could arrest or reverse these predicted trends.", "contents": "Potential-years-life-lost from motor vehicle crashes in Israel: an epidemiologic analysis. Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVC) were the 7th ranking specific cause of mortality (Israel 1975) after ischaemic heart disease (ISHD), cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, various types of cancer, and accidents other than MVC, but were the top ranking single cause (in males, next to accidents of all kinds) of Potential-Years-Life-Lost (PYLL) ages 1-65 among men and women and men 1-70 and 2nd ranking cause of PYLL age 1-75 among men. Many young male deaths from MVC and few from non-traumatic causes below age 40 account for these high PYLL rankings for MVC. Israeli age-specific death rates from MVC below age 40 were lower than those of USA, but higher among the elderly (reason: pedestrian deaths). Both Israel's PYLL rate (PYLL per 100 000 persons) from MVC and crude mortality rates are only slightly lower than those of USA. Trends in Israel point to a growing number of drivers among young and poorer groupings, who have been shown elsewhere to be at high-risk for MVC mortality. PYLL from MVC in Israel can be expected to increase, even if crude death rates remain stable or decline. Swift low-cost preventive measures could arrest or reverse these predicted trends.", "PMID": 541162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8562", "title": "Immersion and distance: two varieties of experience of psychiatric hospitalization.", "content": "In this paper we describe an inquiry into the experience of short-term hospitalization. Sixty-seven patients were interviewed shortly before discharge with the goal of obtaining a picture of their subjective impressions--satisfactions, criticisms, hopes for the future--growing out of their hospitalization. Two broad types of experiences were noted, which we label 'immersion' and 'distance'. We illustrate some of the clinical manifestations of these two divergent hospital experiences, discuss their relations to traditional diagnostic categories, and speculate on their implications for clinical management.", "contents": "Immersion and distance: two varieties of experience of psychiatric hospitalization. In this paper we describe an inquiry into the experience of short-term hospitalization. Sixty-seven patients were interviewed shortly before discharge with the goal of obtaining a picture of their subjective impressions--satisfactions, criticisms, hopes for the future--growing out of their hospitalization. Two broad types of experiences were noted, which we label 'immersion' and 'distance'. We illustrate some of the clinical manifestations of these two divergent hospital experiences, discuss their relations to traditional diagnostic categories, and speculate on their implications for clinical management.", "PMID": 541174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8563", "title": "Multiple primary malignant tumors: a rare combination in the stomach.", "content": "We have reported one case of a rare combination of multiple primary malignancies in the stomach, a leiomyosarcoma and an adenocarcinoma in a 72-year-old male. He also had a leiomyoma of the stomach and a cavernous hemangioma of the spleen. Since he has had two malignant and two benign tumors, it would appear that this patient has a tendency to develop neoplasia.", "contents": "Multiple primary malignant tumors: a rare combination in the stomach. We have reported one case of a rare combination of multiple primary malignancies in the stomach, a leiomyosarcoma and an adenocarcinoma in a 72-year-old male. He also had a leiomyoma of the stomach and a cavernous hemangioma of the spleen. Since he has had two malignant and two benign tumors, it would appear that this patient has a tendency to develop neoplasia.", "PMID": 541180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8564", "title": "Peptic ulcer in Rwanda, Africa: influence of geography and dietary habits.", "content": "There are areas of Africa with an extremely high incidence of peptic ulcer disease, while most of Africa has a low incidence of ulcer disease. The reason for this variation is unknown. Thirty-three patients with peptic ulcer disease in Rwanda, Africa, were studied in an attempt to determine why they had ulcer disease. High basal acid studies (mean of 10.3 mq per hour) were found in the patients with duodenal peptic ulcers. The males predominated over the females and the Batutsi predominated over the Bahutu in having much more peptic ulcer disease. The male population and patients with ulcers had the custom of eating only one large meal per day. There is a definite correlation between the incidence of peptic ulcers among certain tribes and going for long periods without eating.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer in Rwanda, Africa: influence of geography and dietary habits. There are areas of Africa with an extremely high incidence of peptic ulcer disease, while most of Africa has a low incidence of ulcer disease. The reason for this variation is unknown. Thirty-three patients with peptic ulcer disease in Rwanda, Africa, were studied in an attempt to determine why they had ulcer disease. High basal acid studies (mean of 10.3 mq per hour) were found in the patients with duodenal peptic ulcers. The males predominated over the females and the Batutsi predominated over the Bahutu in having much more peptic ulcer disease. The male population and patients with ulcers had the custom of eating only one large meal per day. There is a definite correlation between the incidence of peptic ulcers among certain tribes and going for long periods without eating.", "PMID": 541181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8565", "title": "Hemobilia: an unusual complication of the intrahepatic intubation of the biliary ducts.", "content": "Hemobilia, occurring as a complication in the intrahepatic intubation of biliary digestive anastomosis, carried out according to the Saypol and Kurian technique, is reported. It is postulated that this complication can occur when anatomic variations of the artery related to the biliary duct in either the anterior or posterior position are present.", "contents": "Hemobilia: an unusual complication of the intrahepatic intubation of the biliary ducts. Hemobilia, occurring as a complication in the intrahepatic intubation of biliary digestive anastomosis, carried out according to the Saypol and Kurian technique, is reported. It is postulated that this complication can occur when anatomic variations of the artery related to the biliary duct in either the anterior or posterior position are present.", "PMID": 541182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8566", "title": "Intraoperative transcystic extraction of common bile duct stones by a Dormia-Pironneau catheter.", "content": "During cholecystectomy 21 patients were subjected to transcystic extraction of common bile duct stones by a Dormia-Pironneau catheter; this was the only treatment used for lithiasis of the common bile duct, in the absence of papillary lesions. Of these patients, 14 were followed up from one to three years after surgery. Clinical and radiological controls revealed the patients' complete recovery from the biliary disease. Our late results thus warrant the method. We suggest that is should be employed in all cases in which the presence of minute stones in the gallbladder, a wide cystic duct, and the absence of papillary lesions suggest migration of gallstones from the gallbladder to the common bile duct.", "contents": "Intraoperative transcystic extraction of common bile duct stones by a Dormia-Pironneau catheter. During cholecystectomy 21 patients were subjected to transcystic extraction of common bile duct stones by a Dormia-Pironneau catheter; this was the only treatment used for lithiasis of the common bile duct, in the absence of papillary lesions. Of these patients, 14 were followed up from one to three years after surgery. Clinical and radiological controls revealed the patients' complete recovery from the biliary disease. Our late results thus warrant the method. We suggest that is should be employed in all cases in which the presence of minute stones in the gallbladder, a wide cystic duct, and the absence of papillary lesions suggest migration of gallstones from the gallbladder to the common bile duct.", "PMID": 541183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8567", "title": "Aneurysm of pancreaticoduodenal artery: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal artery are uncommon. Only 24 cases have so far been reported. A case of clinically unsuspected, fatally ruptured pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm in a 64-year-old man with a five-day history of mild epigastric pain is reported. A review of the literature and brief discussion of etiologic factors and clinical presentations are also included.", "contents": "Aneurysm of pancreaticoduodenal artery: report of a case and review of the literature. Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal artery are uncommon. Only 24 cases have so far been reported. A case of clinically unsuspected, fatally ruptured pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm in a 64-year-old man with a five-day history of mild epigastric pain is reported. A review of the literature and brief discussion of etiologic factors and clinical presentations are also included.", "PMID": 541184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8568", "title": "Pancreatic abscess: a case report.", "content": "The case history of an 81-year-old man who developed a large pancreatic abscess following pancreatitis is presented in depth. The underlying cause was biliary tract disease, and the patient successfully underwent cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy, and drainage of the pancreatic abscess. Several important points in the management of this problem are emphasized.", "contents": "Pancreatic abscess: a case report. The case history of an 81-year-old man who developed a large pancreatic abscess following pancreatitis is presented in depth. The underlying cause was biliary tract disease, and the patient successfully underwent cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy, and drainage of the pancreatic abscess. Several important points in the management of this problem are emphasized.", "PMID": 541185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8569", "title": "Colon and anorectal neoplasms in a tropical African population.", "content": "At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, over a 30-month period (January 1975 to June 1977) more than 29 cases were fully studied. Nine patients presented with acute large bowel obstruction. In five cases, colonic neoplasms were palpated abdominally before surgery, and four of the patients were initially being treated for \"hemorrhoids\". All the patients presented at late stages. There was neither socio-economic nor sexual bias in this affliction. Sixty-nine percent of all the tumors occurred in the anorectal area well within the reach of the index finger, and 27.5% occurred in the right colon. Differential diagnosis included ameboma, rectal schistosomiasis, rectal tubercolosis, anal fistula and adult chronic intermittent intussusception. The treatment administered depended on the nature, location and stage of the disease. There was a case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the hepatic flexure causing obstruction. The metastasis was from carcinoma of the cervix which had been treated with cesium insertions about three years previously. It is now known that colon and anorectal neoplasms, once regarded as rare among Africans living in tropical Africa, is not that rare. With the Africans boycotting native \"doctors\" in favor of medical institutions, many of the diseases once thought to be rare in Africans will unfortunately become less rare.", "contents": "Colon and anorectal neoplasms in a tropical African population. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, over a 30-month period (January 1975 to June 1977) more than 29 cases were fully studied. Nine patients presented with acute large bowel obstruction. In five cases, colonic neoplasms were palpated abdominally before surgery, and four of the patients were initially being treated for \"hemorrhoids\". All the patients presented at late stages. There was neither socio-economic nor sexual bias in this affliction. Sixty-nine percent of all the tumors occurred in the anorectal area well within the reach of the index finger, and 27.5% occurred in the right colon. Differential diagnosis included ameboma, rectal schistosomiasis, rectal tubercolosis, anal fistula and adult chronic intermittent intussusception. The treatment administered depended on the nature, location and stage of the disease. There was a case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the hepatic flexure causing obstruction. The metastasis was from carcinoma of the cervix which had been treated with cesium insertions about three years previously. It is now known that colon and anorectal neoplasms, once regarded as rare among Africans living in tropical Africa, is not that rare. With the Africans boycotting native \"doctors\" in favor of medical institutions, many of the diseases once thought to be rare in Africans will unfortunately become less rare.", "PMID": 541186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8570", "title": "Mechanical problems in the use of the intra-aortic balloon.", "content": "Although there are many complications in the use of the intraortic balloon (IAB) support device, they are relatively benign compared to the benefits of the device. The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to review a protocol in the safe use of this device, and secondly to remind enthusiastic users of the IAB that the use of this method is not always as benign as we would like it to be. Rarely reported findings at postmortem examination in two patients who died in cardiogenic shock are described. The aorta of one of the two cases in this report had a longitudinal tear which involved only the intima and extended from the common femoral artery to well above the renal arteries. In the second case, the balloon tip had entered at the bifurcation of the aorta in a subintimal manner and had re-entered well below the renal arteries, to be relocated in the proper site in the descending aorta.", "contents": "Mechanical problems in the use of the intra-aortic balloon. Although there are many complications in the use of the intraortic balloon (IAB) support device, they are relatively benign compared to the benefits of the device. The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to review a protocol in the safe use of this device, and secondly to remind enthusiastic users of the IAB that the use of this method is not always as benign as we would like it to be. Rarely reported findings at postmortem examination in two patients who died in cardiogenic shock are described. The aorta of one of the two cases in this report had a longitudinal tear which involved only the intima and extended from the common femoral artery to well above the renal arteries. In the second case, the balloon tip had entered at the bifurcation of the aorta in a subintimal manner and had re-entered well below the renal arteries, to be relocated in the proper site in the descending aorta.", "PMID": 541188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8571", "title": "Priapism and pudendal arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "The authors report a case of recurrent priapism treated by saphenocavernous bypass and accompanied by a congenital internal pudendal arteriovenous fistula. In the light of this case and the literature, they discuss the physiopathology of priapism and the sound basis of the various therapeutic methods proposed.", "contents": "Priapism and pudendal arteriovenous fistula. The authors report a case of recurrent priapism treated by saphenocavernous bypass and accompanied by a congenital internal pudendal arteriovenous fistula. In the light of this case and the literature, they discuss the physiopathology of priapism and the sound basis of the various therapeutic methods proposed.", "PMID": 541191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8572", "title": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In a series of 34 consecutive staging laparotomies for Hodgkin's disease, unsuspected disease was discovered below the diaphragm in four cases (11,8%). The clinical staging was changed in 11 cases (32,4%). These data correspond to the results in most large series. Since staging laparotomy can be performed with minimal morbidity and gives the clinician the information essential to a rational plan of therapy, it is suggested that staging be performed prior to initiation of treatment in all patients with Hodgkin's disease not clinically proven to be disseminated.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease. In a series of 34 consecutive staging laparotomies for Hodgkin's disease, unsuspected disease was discovered below the diaphragm in four cases (11,8%). The clinical staging was changed in 11 cases (32,4%). These data correspond to the results in most large series. Since staging laparotomy can be performed with minimal morbidity and gives the clinician the information essential to a rational plan of therapy, it is suggested that staging be performed prior to initiation of treatment in all patients with Hodgkin's disease not clinically proven to be disseminated.", "PMID": 541193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8573", "title": "Birth injury to the spinal cord.", "content": "11 cases of children with birth injury to the spinal cord born between 1960 and 1970 are presented in review and compared to about 200 previously published cases. 8 children presented at delivery with one or both feet and 2 with breech. 9 of these infants were born by difficult extraction and needed resuscitation due to primary asphyxia. One child had an easy vertex delivery without evident risk. Diagnosis was established within the first days of life, based on flaccid motor and sensory paralysis below a defined level, mostly in the cervical or upper thoracic spine, with bladder and bowel paralysis, and confirmed by autopsy or by follow-up study. One child with disruption of the spinal cord above C4 survived only a few hours despite artificial ventilation. 4 children died within the first three years of life, 3 of them due to acute pneumonia. 5 of 6 surviving children were followed regularly and are now 10 to 18 years old. They are ambulant with crutches and are well integrated in their families. 4 children attend normal school, and one girl gets special training for mentally retarded children.", "contents": "Birth injury to the spinal cord. 11 cases of children with birth injury to the spinal cord born between 1960 and 1970 are presented in review and compared to about 200 previously published cases. 8 children presented at delivery with one or both feet and 2 with breech. 9 of these infants were born by difficult extraction and needed resuscitation due to primary asphyxia. One child had an easy vertex delivery without evident risk. Diagnosis was established within the first days of life, based on flaccid motor and sensory paralysis below a defined level, mostly in the cervical or upper thoracic spine, with bladder and bowel paralysis, and confirmed by autopsy or by follow-up study. One child with disruption of the spinal cord above C4 survived only a few hours despite artificial ventilation. 4 children died within the first three years of life, 3 of them due to acute pneumonia. 5 of 6 surviving children were followed regularly and are now 10 to 18 years old. They are ambulant with crutches and are well integrated in their families. 4 children attend normal school, and one girl gets special training for mentally retarded children.", "PMID": 541216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8574", "title": "Posttraumatic anterior pituitary insufficiency in childhood.", "content": "5 patients are presented in whom cerebral trauma of varying intensity during childhood was followed by pituitary insufficiency. There was no correlation between the severity of injury and subsequent hormonal defects. Among other anterior pituitary hormone defects, growth retardation secondary to growth hormone deficiency is a predominant feature in the pediatric age group. Only one patient requires treatment of neurohormonal diabetes insipidus. The prevalence of traumatic origin among the hypopituitary dwarfs observed in our departement is 3.7%.", "contents": "Posttraumatic anterior pituitary insufficiency in childhood. 5 patients are presented in whom cerebral trauma of varying intensity during childhood was followed by pituitary insufficiency. There was no correlation between the severity of injury and subsequent hormonal defects. Among other anterior pituitary hormone defects, growth retardation secondary to growth hormone deficiency is a predominant feature in the pediatric age group. Only one patient requires treatment of neurohormonal diabetes insipidus. The prevalence of traumatic origin among the hypopituitary dwarfs observed in our departement is 3.7%.", "PMID": 541217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8575", "title": "[Serum IgE levels in atopic diseases in childhood].", "content": "The serum IgE levels were determined according to the radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST), in 208 children aged between 1 and 14 years, with atopic diseases alone or in combination. Geometric mean IgE levels were significantly increased and rose progressively from the atopic dermatitis \"alone\" to the allergic rhinitis, the allergic asthma and the combination of asthma with rhinitis, with the highest values in patients where atopic dermatitis was combined with respiratory allergy. IgE levels rose slowly with age. For the atopy diagnosis in vitro, two criteria were chosen and compared: a fixed IgE-level of 100 U/ml, and one standard deviation below the geometric mean of the atopic children.", "contents": "[Serum IgE levels in atopic diseases in childhood]. The serum IgE levels were determined according to the radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST), in 208 children aged between 1 and 14 years, with atopic diseases alone or in combination. Geometric mean IgE levels were significantly increased and rose progressively from the atopic dermatitis \"alone\" to the allergic rhinitis, the allergic asthma and the combination of asthma with rhinitis, with the highest values in patients where atopic dermatitis was combined with respiratory allergy. IgE levels rose slowly with age. For the atopy diagnosis in vitro, two criteria were chosen and compared: a fixed IgE-level of 100 U/ml, and one standard deviation below the geometric mean of the atopic children.", "PMID": 541218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8576", "title": "[Bacterial meningitis in newborn infants. A retrospective study from a pediatric clinic 1967-1978].", "content": "A total of 22 newborn infants (14 boys, 8 girls) have been admitted and treated for bacterial meningitis in the University Pediatric Service of Geneva over a period of 11 years (May 1967 to May 1978). The three most common infectious agents were: Group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (6/22 cases), Escherichia coli (6/22 cases), and Listeria monocytogenes (4/22 cases). Thirteen of the 22 infants died (a 59% mortality, in keeping with that observed in other centers). Follow-up of the nine survivors showed a relatively favorable course from a developmental and neurological point of view. Only two of the infants have significant sequelae. Factors predisposing toward the occurrence of neonatal meningitis are a small birth weight, premature rupture of the membranes, and perinatal maternal infection. Prevention of neonatal meningitis is therefore very much dependent upon good perinatal care of the mother. Treatment of neonatal meningitis is impaired by the poor diffusion of antibiotics through the blood-brain barrier. Intrathecal antibiotics were used in 4 cases in this series, and three of these 4 patients died: intrathecal antibiotherapy is obviously not a good solution. Molecules with a better diffusion such as chloramphenicol should be considered with renewed interest.", "contents": "[Bacterial meningitis in newborn infants. A retrospective study from a pediatric clinic 1967-1978]. A total of 22 newborn infants (14 boys, 8 girls) have been admitted and treated for bacterial meningitis in the University Pediatric Service of Geneva over a period of 11 years (May 1967 to May 1978). The three most common infectious agents were: Group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (6/22 cases), Escherichia coli (6/22 cases), and Listeria monocytogenes (4/22 cases). Thirteen of the 22 infants died (a 59% mortality, in keeping with that observed in other centers). Follow-up of the nine survivors showed a relatively favorable course from a developmental and neurological point of view. Only two of the infants have significant sequelae. Factors predisposing toward the occurrence of neonatal meningitis are a small birth weight, premature rupture of the membranes, and perinatal maternal infection. Prevention of neonatal meningitis is therefore very much dependent upon good perinatal care of the mother. Treatment of neonatal meningitis is impaired by the poor diffusion of antibiotics through the blood-brain barrier. Intrathecal antibiotics were used in 4 cases in this series, and three of these 4 patients died: intrathecal antibiotherapy is obviously not a good solution. Molecules with a better diffusion such as chloramphenicol should be considered with renewed interest.", "PMID": 541219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8577", "title": "Nonsurgical treatment of interhemispheric subdural empyemas.", "content": "Interhemispheric subdural empyema complicating sinusitis was diagnosed in two children by CAT scan. One of them presented with intracranial hypertension and paresis of one foot (syndrome of the falx cerebri). Antibiotic treatment alone without surgery (in one case with brief initial steroid therapy) brought rapid and complete clinical and radiological cure. A nonsurgical approach can now be considered in certain cases of intracranial local suppurations, given the possibility of earlier and more precise initial diagnosis and follow-up with CAT scan.", "contents": "Nonsurgical treatment of interhemispheric subdural empyemas. Interhemispheric subdural empyema complicating sinusitis was diagnosed in two children by CAT scan. One of them presented with intracranial hypertension and paresis of one foot (syndrome of the falx cerebri). Antibiotic treatment alone without surgery (in one case with brief initial steroid therapy) brought rapid and complete clinical and radiological cure. A nonsurgical approach can now be considered in certain cases of intracranial local suppurations, given the possibility of earlier and more precise initial diagnosis and follow-up with CAT scan.", "PMID": 541220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8578", "title": "Subdural interhemispheric empyema in a 7-year-old boy.", "content": "Subdural interhemispheric empyema was diagnosed by angiography and computerized tomography (CT) in a 7-year-old boy suffering from acute left hemiparesis. After neurosurgical intervention his condition improved. Peptostreptococcus intermedius was cultured from the empyema. One year after hospitalisation the boy is in good condition. The importance of the CT-scanning for diagnosis and management of brain abscess or empyema is stressed.", "contents": "Subdural interhemispheric empyema in a 7-year-old boy. Subdural interhemispheric empyema was diagnosed by angiography and computerized tomography (CT) in a 7-year-old boy suffering from acute left hemiparesis. After neurosurgical intervention his condition improved. Peptostreptococcus intermedius was cultured from the empyema. One year after hospitalisation the boy is in good condition. The importance of the CT-scanning for diagnosis and management of brain abscess or empyema is stressed.", "PMID": 541221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8579", "title": "Strychnine treatment attempted in newborn twins with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia.", "content": "Strychnine, a potent antagonist of glycine was given to twins suffering from nonketotic hyperglycinemia at age 73 hours. Within hours of the onset of treatment favorable effects were observed such as improvements of muscle tone, movements, defense reactions, and probably breathing. Pyridoxine, N5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and lipoic acid were given concomitantly with strychnine but failed to alter glycine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The therapeutic trial was terminated after 2 1/2 days because success, though considerable, was judged inadequate.", "contents": "Strychnine treatment attempted in newborn twins with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Strychnine, a potent antagonist of glycine was given to twins suffering from nonketotic hyperglycinemia at age 73 hours. Within hours of the onset of treatment favorable effects were observed such as improvements of muscle tone, movements, defense reactions, and probably breathing. Pyridoxine, N5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and lipoic acid were given concomitantly with strychnine but failed to alter glycine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The therapeutic trial was terminated after 2 1/2 days because success, though considerable, was judged inadequate.", "PMID": 541222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8580", "title": "Amniotic cells in fetal Fallopian tubes.", "content": "In a dizygotic 25-week-old twin fetus the histologic examination of the Fallopian tubes disclosed an unusual finding: the bilateral salpingeal lumen was filled with amniotic cells. The latter were especially numerous in the ampulla which still had few folds and which therefore had a comparatively wide  lumen. Amniotic cells and numerous granulocytes were present in stomach and duodenum, but no focus of perforation could be demonstrated. The clinical significance of the so far unknown resorptive potential of the Fallopian tubes and the possible late complications of prenatal intraperitoneal blood transfusions are discussed.", "contents": "Amniotic cells in fetal Fallopian tubes. In a dizygotic 25-week-old twin fetus the histologic examination of the Fallopian tubes disclosed an unusual finding: the bilateral salpingeal lumen was filled with amniotic cells. The latter were especially numerous in the ampulla which still had few folds and which therefore had a comparatively wide  lumen. Amniotic cells and numerous granulocytes were present in stomach and duodenum, but no focus of perforation could be demonstrated. The clinical significance of the so far unknown resorptive potential of the Fallopian tubes and the possible late complications of prenatal intraperitoneal blood transfusions are discussed.", "PMID": 541223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8581", "title": "Disorders of candidacidal activity and other neutrophil functions in three cases of chronic candidiasis.", "content": "Three unrelated cases of recurrent and untreatable candidiasis have been followed for about one year. A persistent in vitro defect of neutrophil candidacidal activity characterized the three cases, while other neutrophil functions were shown to be only transiently impaired during the period of observation. None of the three cases could be identified with previously described granulocytopathies.", "contents": "Disorders of candidacidal activity and other neutrophil functions in three cases of chronic candidiasis. Three unrelated cases of recurrent and untreatable candidiasis have been followed for about one year. A persistent in vitro defect of neutrophil candidacidal activity characterized the three cases, while other neutrophil functions were shown to be only transiently impaired during the period of observation. None of the three cases could be identified with previously described granulocytopathies.", "PMID": 541224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8582", "title": "Unilateral galactocoele in a male infant.", "content": "An otherwise healthy 1 1/2-year-old boy slowly developed a marked enlargement of his right breast during several months. The lesion was soft, round, fluctuant and translucent. Aspiration revealed the presence of a milk-like fluid. Surgical extirpation was performed. Histologically the cyst showed areas of actively secreting acinar mammary cells.", "contents": "Unilateral galactocoele in a male infant. An otherwise healthy 1 1/2-year-old boy slowly developed a marked enlargement of his right breast during several months. The lesion was soft, round, fluctuant and translucent. Aspiration revealed the presence of a milk-like fluid. Surgical extirpation was performed. Histologically the cyst showed areas of actively secreting acinar mammary cells.", "PMID": 541225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8583", "title": "[What can be expected of the endolaryngeal use of the neodymium-YAG laser as a treatment method?].", "content": "A short review of experiences in animal usage is made, and the first clinical experiences with the endolaryngeal application of the Neodymium: YAG laser MediLas in the treatment of benign vocal cord lesions are reported. The initial results are favourable, but final judgement of this microsurgical technique must be based upon a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up.", "contents": "[What can be expected of the endolaryngeal use of the neodymium-YAG laser as a treatment method?]. A short review of experiences in animal usage is made, and the first clinical experiences with the endolaryngeal application of the Neodymium: YAG laser MediLas in the treatment of benign vocal cord lesions are reported. The initial results are favourable, but final judgement of this microsurgical technique must be based upon a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up.", "PMID": 541230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8584", "title": "[The behavior of the facial nerve in vitamin A and thalidomide induced atresia auris congenita. A microsurgical and histological animal study (author's transl)].", "content": "Atresia auris congenita may include either a complete or incomplete paralysis of the facial nerve as well as a possible abnormal course of its tympanic segment. Pregnant Wistar rats were given high doses (50,000, 80,000 or 100,000 USP units) of vitamin A and (10,15 or 20 mg) Thalidomide on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th days of gestation. The animals were then sacrificed, and the temporal bones and the medulla oblongatas of the fetuses and the adult rats were examined microsurgically and histologically. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, no significantly abnormal courses of the nerve could be found. These findings corresponded to those of 62 endaurally operated human ear malformations. The paralysis of the facial nerve in these patients seems due to a reduced diameter of the nerve and not to a malformation of its nucleus.", "contents": "[The behavior of the facial nerve in vitamin A and thalidomide induced atresia auris congenita. A microsurgical and histological animal study (author's transl)]. Atresia auris congenita may include either a complete or incomplete paralysis of the facial nerve as well as a possible abnormal course of its tympanic segment. Pregnant Wistar rats were given high doses (50,000, 80,000 or 100,000 USP units) of vitamin A and (10,15 or 20 mg) Thalidomide on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th days of gestation. The animals were then sacrificed, and the temporal bones and the medulla oblongatas of the fetuses and the adult rats were examined microsurgically and histologically. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, no significantly abnormal courses of the nerve could be found. These findings corresponded to those of 62 endaurally operated human ear malformations. The paralysis of the facial nerve in these patients seems due to a reduced diameter of the nerve and not to a malformation of its nucleus.", "PMID": 541231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8585", "title": "[Psychopathology in patients with presumed nasal deformities (author's transl)].", "content": "If a patient with a \"normal\" nose desires rhinoplastic surgery, psychopathologic behavior should be recognized. In such patients, surgery is contra-indicated and the origin for the neurosis should be investigated. Two patients are presented in whom psychoanalysis was useful in correcting complex neurotic fixations on the nose with their attendant psychic dysharmonias. Therapy provided each patient with a more satisfying personal image. Each patient's desire for corrective nasal surgery was eliminated and patients were better able to accept their nasal features as well as gain positive social adjustments in their future lives.", "contents": "[Psychopathology in patients with presumed nasal deformities (author's transl)]. If a patient with a \"normal\" nose desires rhinoplastic surgery, psychopathologic behavior should be recognized. In such patients, surgery is contra-indicated and the origin for the neurosis should be investigated. Two patients are presented in whom psychoanalysis was useful in correcting complex neurotic fixations on the nose with their attendant psychic dysharmonias. Therapy provided each patient with a more satisfying personal image. Each patient's desire for corrective nasal surgery was eliminated and patients were better able to accept their nasal features as well as gain positive social adjustments in their future lives.", "PMID": 541232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8586", "title": "[Experiences with osteosynthesis for maxillofacial fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Over the past few years a number of methods, including the miniplate system for the osteosynthesis of facial fractures have been developed. These and the instruments used are described with examples.", "contents": "[Experiences with osteosynthesis for maxillofacial fractures (author's transl)]. Over the past few years a number of methods, including the miniplate system for the osteosynthesis of facial fractures have been developed. These and the instruments used are described with examples.", "PMID": 541233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8587", "title": "Nodular fasciitis and proliferative myositis as variants of one disease entity.", "content": "The concept of nodular fasciitis and proliferative myositis as variants of the same fibroblastic disorder is supported by intermediary cases, showing simultaneous features thought to be typical of either nodular fasciitis or proliferative myositis. Various other anatomical, pathological and clinical similarities found in this study of 100 cases support such conclusions. 'Ganglion-like' cells were a distinct, but not exclusive, feature of all cases with sole, or only partial, muscle involvement.", "contents": "Nodular fasciitis and proliferative myositis as variants of one disease entity. The concept of nodular fasciitis and proliferative myositis as variants of the same fibroblastic disorder is supported by intermediary cases, showing simultaneous features thought to be typical of either nodular fasciitis or proliferative myositis. Various other anatomical, pathological and clinical similarities found in this study of 100 cases support such conclusions. 'Ganglion-like' cells were a distinct, but not exclusive, feature of all cases with sole, or only partial, muscle involvement.", "PMID": 541228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8588", "title": "[Septoplasty without postoperative nasal packing. Mucosal repair of the upper airway with human biologica glue (author's transl)].", "content": "With the use of human biological adhesives in nasal septal surgery with or without extensive dissection, nasal packing can be avoided or at least its use essentially shortened. As a result, nasal breathing is not interrupted and mucociliary clearance resumes at an earlier stage of healing. In addition, infections of the sinsuses or the deep airway are prevented. The provisional high costs of the adhesive can be justified by the lessened patient morbidity. Similar favorable experiences with the adhesive were also found in various other reconstructive procedures of the head and neck, including tympanoplasty, aural atresia, skin transplantation, etc.", "contents": "[Septoplasty without postoperative nasal packing. Mucosal repair of the upper airway with human biologica glue (author's transl)]. With the use of human biological adhesives in nasal septal surgery with or without extensive dissection, nasal packing can be avoided or at least its use essentially shortened. As a result, nasal breathing is not interrupted and mucociliary clearance resumes at an earlier stage of healing. In addition, infections of the sinsuses or the deep airway are prevented. The provisional high costs of the adhesive can be justified by the lessened patient morbidity. Similar favorable experiences with the adhesive were also found in various other reconstructive procedures of the head and neck, including tympanoplasty, aural atresia, skin transplantation, etc.", "PMID": 541234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8589", "title": "Metrical analysis of growth changes in the jaws and teeth of normal, protein deficient and calorie deficient pigs.", "content": "Weanling pigs were separated into three groups: control animals were allowed unlimited food; protein deficient animals were allowed unlimited carbohydrate or fat but restricted in protein intake; calorie deficient animals were restricted in total food intake. The skulls and teeth of animals killed at one year and at two years of age were measured from radiographs, and from the results were derived the following conclusions: (1) Pigs fed on protein and on calorie deficient diets all showed considerable retardation of the growth of jaws and teeth, consistently more severe in the calorie deficient than in the protein deficient animals. (2) The shape of the mandible was altered by both types of malnutrition, the height of the ascending ramus being reduced to a greater extent than either its anteroposterior width or the length of the body of the mandible. The labial alveolar process became more proclined with increasingly severe malnutrition. (3) The upper and lower jaws were retarded to a similar extent in both groups of experimentally malnourished animals. (4) Retardation of tooth growth was less severe than that of jaw growth. (5) Contralateral asymmetry of molar crown size in the protein deficient animals was initally quite marked, but when the teeth were approaching their final size the asymmetry was no greater than in control animals.", "contents": "Metrical analysis of growth changes in the jaws and teeth of normal, protein deficient and calorie deficient pigs. Weanling pigs were separated into three groups: control animals were allowed unlimited food; protein deficient animals were allowed unlimited carbohydrate or fat but restricted in protein intake; calorie deficient animals were restricted in total food intake. The skulls and teeth of animals killed at one year and at two years of age were measured from radiographs, and from the results were derived the following conclusions: (1) Pigs fed on protein and on calorie deficient diets all showed considerable retardation of the growth of jaws and teeth, consistently more severe in the calorie deficient than in the protein deficient animals. (2) The shape of the mandible was altered by both types of malnutrition, the height of the ascending ramus being reduced to a greater extent than either its anteroposterior width or the length of the body of the mandible. The labial alveolar process became more proclined with increasingly severe malnutrition. (3) The upper and lower jaws were retarded to a similar extent in both groups of experimentally malnourished animals. (4) Retardation of tooth growth was less severe than that of jaw growth. (5) Contralateral asymmetry of molar crown size in the protein deficient animals was initally quite marked, but when the teeth were approaching their final size the asymmetry was no greater than in control animals.", "PMID": 541235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8590", "title": "Morphological observations on the metanephros in the postnatal opossum, Didelphis virginiana.", "content": "The metanephros of the newborn opossum is very immature, consisting only of collecting tubules and a few immature nephrons. Development during the postnatal period can be divided into two distinct phases. The initial phase occurs during the first 60 days of postnatal life and is concerned with nephronogenesis and the differentiation of nephrons that have formed during this period. The second phase lasts through the remainder of the postnatal period and is concerned with further differentiation and growth of established nephrons. During this latter period the tubular portion of the nephron increases in length and the renal corpuscle increases in diameter. Ultrastructural observations suggest that metanephric nephrons are not functional during the first 4 days of postnatal life, while the mesonephros reaches the height of its development during this period: there may be some functional overlap between the mesonephros and metanephros during the latter part of the first week of postnatal life. The pattern of nephron induction and differentiation in the opossum is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological observations on the metanephros in the postnatal opossum, Didelphis virginiana. The metanephros of the newborn opossum is very immature, consisting only of collecting tubules and a few immature nephrons. Development during the postnatal period can be divided into two distinct phases. The initial phase occurs during the first 60 days of postnatal life and is concerned with nephronogenesis and the differentiation of nephrons that have formed during this period. The second phase lasts through the remainder of the postnatal period and is concerned with further differentiation and growth of established nephrons. During this latter period the tubular portion of the nephron increases in length and the renal corpuscle increases in diameter. Ultrastructural observations suggest that metanephric nephrons are not functional during the first 4 days of postnatal life, while the mesonephros reaches the height of its development during this period: there may be some functional overlap between the mesonephros and metanephros during the latter part of the first week of postnatal life. The pattern of nephron induction and differentiation in the opossum is discussed.", "PMID": 541236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8591", "title": "Ultrastruct and origin of epiplexus cells in the telencephalic choroid plexus of postnatal rats studied by intravenous injection of carbon particles.", "content": "Epiplexus cells in the telencephalic choroid plexus of postnatal rats were shown with the electron microscope to be of two kinds, one with monocyte features including an indented nucleus with coarse chromatin, numerous polyribosomes, long profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules and coated vesicles, long cytoplasmic process and filopodia; the other with the addition of highly vacuolated cytoplasm. In order to clarify the origin of these cells, rats were given two intravenous injections of carbon particles. Shortly after the second carbon injection (1-4 days) none of the epiplexus cells were tagged with carbon. Five and six days after the second carbon injection, however, a variable number of epiplexus cells were labelled with intracytoplasmic carbon. Their number decreased later and by 9 days hardly any were seen. The present evidence suggests that the carbon-labelled epiplexus cells are derived from circulating monocytes which have ingested the carbon particles while in the blood. The labelled cells then cross the walls of subependymal blood vessels, penetrate the multilayered subspendyma and ependymal lining and enter the lumen of the lateral ventricle.", "contents": "Ultrastruct and origin of epiplexus cells in the telencephalic choroid plexus of postnatal rats studied by intravenous injection of carbon particles. Epiplexus cells in the telencephalic choroid plexus of postnatal rats were shown with the electron microscope to be of two kinds, one with monocyte features including an indented nucleus with coarse chromatin, numerous polyribosomes, long profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules and coated vesicles, long cytoplasmic process and filopodia; the other with the addition of highly vacuolated cytoplasm. In order to clarify the origin of these cells, rats were given two intravenous injections of carbon particles. Shortly after the second carbon injection (1-4 days) none of the epiplexus cells were tagged with carbon. Five and six days after the second carbon injection, however, a variable number of epiplexus cells were labelled with intracytoplasmic carbon. Their number decreased later and by 9 days hardly any were seen. The present evidence suggests that the carbon-labelled epiplexus cells are derived from circulating monocytes which have ingested the carbon particles while in the blood. The labelled cells then cross the walls of subependymal blood vessels, penetrate the multilayered subspendyma and ependymal lining and enter the lumen of the lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 541237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8592", "title": "The role of cartilage canals in the formation of secondary centres of ossification.", "content": "The present studies indicate that in the growth of cartilage canals the cartilage is removed by chondroclasts which stem from the primitive connective tissue cells of the perichondrium. Besides fusing to form multinucleated chondroclasts, these cells also provide the osteoblasts which establish the secondary centre of ossification. The growing tips of the blood vessels within the canals are also fashioned from these primitive connective tissue cells as they invade the microhaemorrhages at the ends of the canals. This is an identical procedure to that found in the vascular invasion of the primary growth plate. The cartilage canals are clearly useful sites in which to study the development of osteoclasts and chondroclasts from more primitive (osteoprogenitor) cells.", "contents": "The role of cartilage canals in the formation of secondary centres of ossification. The present studies indicate that in the growth of cartilage canals the cartilage is removed by chondroclasts which stem from the primitive connective tissue cells of the perichondrium. Besides fusing to form multinucleated chondroclasts, these cells also provide the osteoblasts which establish the secondary centre of ossification. The growing tips of the blood vessels within the canals are also fashioned from these primitive connective tissue cells as they invade the microhaemorrhages at the ends of the canals. This is an identical procedure to that found in the vascular invasion of the primary growth plate. The cartilage canals are clearly useful sites in which to study the development of osteoclasts and chondroclasts from more primitive (osteoprogenitor) cells.", "PMID": 541238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8593", "title": "Age-related degenerative changes in the mouse mandibular joint.", "content": "The mandibular joints of ageing male ICR mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. A high incidence of degenerative joint disease was found relatively early in adult life, osteoarthrosis being evident by the seventh month. Initially the pathological changes were those of chondromalacia confined to isolated foci on the articular surface of the condylar cartilage. Later, characteristic signs of osteoarthrosis were noted, namely fibrillation, fibrous ankylosis, lipping and subchondral osteosclerosis. Ultrastructural examination indicated a marked heterogeneity in the articular lesions. Deep fissures and extensive cracks spread to the underlying matrix, and these were associated with severe alterations in its macromolecular structure. It is proposed that ageing chondrocytes produce a matrix which is increasingly incapable of withstanding normal mechanical forces, and this leads to the morphological changes recognized first as chondromalacia and then as osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Age-related degenerative changes in the mouse mandibular joint. The mandibular joints of ageing male ICR mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. A high incidence of degenerative joint disease was found relatively early in adult life, osteoarthrosis being evident by the seventh month. Initially the pathological changes were those of chondromalacia confined to isolated foci on the articular surface of the condylar cartilage. Later, characteristic signs of osteoarthrosis were noted, namely fibrillation, fibrous ankylosis, lipping and subchondral osteosclerosis. Ultrastructural examination indicated a marked heterogeneity in the articular lesions. Deep fissures and extensive cracks spread to the underlying matrix, and these were associated with severe alterations in its macromolecular structure. It is proposed that ageing chondrocytes produce a matrix which is increasingly incapable of withstanding normal mechanical forces, and this leads to the morphological changes recognized first as chondromalacia and then as osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 541239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8594", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of the pineal recess of the adult brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).", "content": "The ventricular surface features of the pineal recess of 35 adult brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were studied, mainly with the scanning microscope. The complex and interesting details observed have not been reported before. The pineal recess shows three distinct zones, and it is suggested that these be called: central, paracentral, and peripheral. The surface cells of the central zone show neither cilia nor microvilli, the paracentral zone shows microvilli (in a polygonal and homogeneous array), supraependymal cells and CSF-contacting nerve processes, while the peripheral zone is heavily ciliated. These features are consistent with the hypothesis that, in certain physiological states, the CSF from the pineal recess carrying pineal secretion is momentarily 'swept' forward in the direction of the median eminence to influence hypothalamic functions directly.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of the pineal recess of the adult brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The ventricular surface features of the pineal recess of 35 adult brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were studied, mainly with the scanning microscope. The complex and interesting details observed have not been reported before. The pineal recess shows three distinct zones, and it is suggested that these be called: central, paracentral, and peripheral. The surface cells of the central zone show neither cilia nor microvilli, the paracentral zone shows microvilli (in a polygonal and homogeneous array), supraependymal cells and CSF-contacting nerve processes, while the peripheral zone is heavily ciliated. These features are consistent with the hypothesis that, in certain physiological states, the CSF from the pineal recess carrying pineal secretion is momentarily 'swept' forward in the direction of the median eminence to influence hypothalamic functions directly.", "PMID": 541240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8595", "title": "Experimental induction of premature movement of rat palatal shelves in vivo.", "content": "In order to enhance further knowledge of palatal shelf movement and the factors involved in palate closure, a method was developed for prematurely elevating palatal shelves in utero. Approximately 7 hours before expected shelf elevation, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were laparotomized and two medially directed squeezes were applied to the face of some of the embryos through the intact uterine wall. Palates from control (unsqueezed) and experimental animals were obtained immediately after the procedure and 2, 4, 7, 12 and 24 hours later. In the 0, 2 and 4 hours groups, 82% of experimental palates were elevated, whereas only 6% of control palates were elevated. At 0 hours only the hard palate in the experimental group had elevated, but at 2 and 4 hours almost half this group showed elevation of the soft palate as well, and, in addition, contact had been made between the elevated shelves.", "contents": "Experimental induction of premature movement of rat palatal shelves in vivo. In order to enhance further knowledge of palatal shelf movement and the factors involved in palate closure, a method was developed for prematurely elevating palatal shelves in utero. Approximately 7 hours before expected shelf elevation, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were laparotomized and two medially directed squeezes were applied to the face of some of the embryos through the intact uterine wall. Palates from control (unsqueezed) and experimental animals were obtained immediately after the procedure and 2, 4, 7, 12 and 24 hours later. In the 0, 2 and 4 hours groups, 82% of experimental palates were elevated, whereas only 6% of control palates were elevated. At 0 hours only the hard palate in the experimental group had elevated, but at 2 and 4 hours almost half this group showed elevation of the soft palate as well, and, in addition, contact had been made between the elevated shelves.", "PMID": 541242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8596", "title": "Demonstration of circadian rhythm in granular vesicle number in pinealocytes of mice and the effect of light: semi-quantitative electron microscopic study.", "content": "Adult (70-100 days) male dd-mice were killed at 7 a.m., 1 p.m., 7 p.m. and 1 a.m. under controlled daily photoperiods (L: 7 a.m.-7 p.m.) and temperature, and at 6, 12 and 18 hours after exposure to continuous lighting which started at 7 p.m. Montage photographs were made from electron micrographs at x8200 based on mesh hole areas, using either 150 or 300 meshes. The number of granular vesicles per unit area was counted (GV Score). The GV Score in distal, mid and proximal portions of the body of the pineal gland showed marked 24 hour change, with high values in the late light period and low values in the dark period. The GV Score in the Golgi region showed a 24 hour change with a smaller amplitude. A peak level was attained at mid-light period and low values during a dark period. Additional lighting inhibited the nocturnal decrease in the GV Score in both the whole cytoplasm and the Golgi region, resulting in a slight increase. It is concluded that the number of granular vesicles in mouse pinealocytes (and in their Golgi regions) follows a 24 hour rhythm, and that the nocturnal decrease in the vesicle number depends upon darkness.", "contents": "Demonstration of circadian rhythm in granular vesicle number in pinealocytes of mice and the effect of light: semi-quantitative electron microscopic study. Adult (70-100 days) male dd-mice were killed at 7 a.m., 1 p.m., 7 p.m. and 1 a.m. under controlled daily photoperiods (L: 7 a.m.-7 p.m.) and temperature, and at 6, 12 and 18 hours after exposure to continuous lighting which started at 7 p.m. Montage photographs were made from electron micrographs at x8200 based on mesh hole areas, using either 150 or 300 meshes. The number of granular vesicles per unit area was counted (GV Score). The GV Score in distal, mid and proximal portions of the body of the pineal gland showed marked 24 hour change, with high values in the late light period and low values in the dark period. The GV Score in the Golgi region showed a 24 hour change with a smaller amplitude. A peak level was attained at mid-light period and low values during a dark period. Additional lighting inhibited the nocturnal decrease in the GV Score in both the whole cytoplasm and the Golgi region, resulting in a slight increase. It is concluded that the number of granular vesicles in mouse pinealocytes (and in their Golgi regions) follows a 24 hour rhythm, and that the nocturnal decrease in the vesicle number depends upon darkness.", "PMID": 541243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8597", "title": "The chick embryo late primitive streak and head process studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Changes in cell shape during the formation of the head process and regression of Hensen's node have been examined by scanning electron microscopy in a series of chick embryos from stage -5 to stage -8. The endoderm was removed from embryos mounted for New culture so that the mesoderm could be viewed from the ventral surface. As the primitive streak shortens its cells flatten and lose the flap-like processes characteristic of earlier stages. The notochord differentiates and its cells become transversely orientated, then re-align along the embryonic axis between stage 6 and stage -8. At the same time a split or cleft appears between notochord and head mesoderm, and extracellular fibrils are formed which are the first sign of the formation of a notochordal sheath.", "contents": "The chick embryo late primitive streak and head process studied by scanning electron microscopy. Changes in cell shape during the formation of the head process and regression of Hensen's node have been examined by scanning electron microscopy in a series of chick embryos from stage -5 to stage -8. The endoderm was removed from embryos mounted for New culture so that the mesoderm could be viewed from the ventral surface. As the primitive streak shortens its cells flatten and lose the flap-like processes characteristic of earlier stages. The notochord differentiates and its cells become transversely orientated, then re-align along the embryonic axis between stage 6 and stage -8. At the same time a split or cleft appears between notochord and head mesoderm, and extracellular fibrils are formed which are the first sign of the formation of a notochordal sheath.", "PMID": 541244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8598", "title": "The ventricular surface of the subcommissural organ: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "The subcommissural organ of the rat has been studied by a combination of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Special attention has been paid to the appearance of the ventricular surface of the organ. The ependyma-derived cells on the surface of the organ are extremely long with a width which diminishes steadily from the base, where the nucleus is situated, to the ventricular surface. This results in a fan-shaped arrangement of cells, the cytoplasm of each cell reaching the surface of the ventricular system. The apical surface of the cell has small ciliated extensions 1-1.5 micrometers in diameter protruding into the ventricular lumen. With conspicuous rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and microtubules in profusion, the subcommissural organ cells possess the hallmarks of active secreting cells. The surface of the cells shows pinocytic vesicles-suggesting exchange of materials with the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "The ventricular surface of the subcommissural organ: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. The subcommissural organ of the rat has been studied by a combination of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Special attention has been paid to the appearance of the ventricular surface of the organ. The ependyma-derived cells on the surface of the organ are extremely long with a width which diminishes steadily from the base, where the nucleus is situated, to the ventricular surface. This results in a fan-shaped arrangement of cells, the cytoplasm of each cell reaching the surface of the ventricular system. The apical surface of the cell has small ciliated extensions 1-1.5 micrometers in diameter protruding into the ventricular lumen. With conspicuous rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and microtubules in profusion, the subcommissural organ cells possess the hallmarks of active secreting cells. The surface of the cells shows pinocytic vesicles-suggesting exchange of materials with the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 541245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8599", "title": "The structure of the excurrent ducts of the testis of the guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris).", "content": "The epididymal region of the guinea-fowl was studied in sexually mature birds. The structure of the epididymal region was generally similar to that already described for the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail. Well formed, intratesticular tubuli recti was seen connecting the seminiferous tubules with the rete testis. The latter consists of both intracapsular and extracapsular portions. Six main cell types were recognised in the region: the rete testis was lined by squamous cells, the proximal efferent ductules by ciliated and non-ciliated Type I cells, the distal efferent ductule by ciliated and non-ciliated Type II cells, and the connecting ductules, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens were lined by non-ciliated Type III and basal cells. The cell classification adopted in this study is discussed.", "contents": "The structure of the excurrent ducts of the testis of the guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris). The epididymal region of the guinea-fowl was studied in sexually mature birds. The structure of the epididymal region was generally similar to that already described for the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail. Well formed, intratesticular tubuli recti was seen connecting the seminiferous tubules with the rete testis. The latter consists of both intracapsular and extracapsular portions. Six main cell types were recognised in the region: the rete testis was lined by squamous cells, the proximal efferent ductules by ciliated and non-ciliated Type I cells, the distal efferent ductule by ciliated and non-ciliated Type II cells, and the connecting ductules, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens were lined by non-ciliated Type III and basal cells. The cell classification adopted in this study is discussed.", "PMID": 541246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8600", "title": "Aortic aneurysm in Marfan's syndrome: changes in the ultrastructure and composition of collagen.", "content": "Aneurysmal aortic tissue and the mitral valve of a patient with Marfan's syndrome were examined. Biochemical analysis of the tissue showed a qualitative and quantitative defect in alpha 2 chain production of Type I collagen. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the aortic extract, two separate bands in the alpha 2 region and an increase of the alpha 1 to alpha 2 ratio were found. Examination by electron microscopy revealed elastic fibre degeneration, helical collagen fibres, and metabolically active modified smooth muscle cells. The formation of helical collagen fibres is attributed to a defect in the development of chains and cross-links of collagen precursors produced by the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells. Elastic fibre disintegration is believed to be due to a lack of support by Type I collagen fibres, which have decreased tensile strength. A scheme for the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm and other connective tissue abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome is proposed as follows. Type I collagen fibres have decreased tensile strength because of a defect in the alpha 2 chain biosynthesis and decreased cross-linking. Over many years the wall of the ascending aorta is subjected to cyclic stresses and it dilates. Elastic fibres disintegrate. The attempt at repair by metabolically activated modified smooth muscle cells is abortive, and rupture is likely to occur.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm in Marfan's syndrome: changes in the ultrastructure and composition of collagen. Aneurysmal aortic tissue and the mitral valve of a patient with Marfan's syndrome were examined. Biochemical analysis of the tissue showed a qualitative and quantitative defect in alpha 2 chain production of Type I collagen. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the aortic extract, two separate bands in the alpha 2 region and an increase of the alpha 1 to alpha 2 ratio were found. Examination by electron microscopy revealed elastic fibre degeneration, helical collagen fibres, and metabolically active modified smooth muscle cells. The formation of helical collagen fibres is attributed to a defect in the development of chains and cross-links of collagen precursors produced by the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells. Elastic fibre disintegration is believed to be due to a lack of support by Type I collagen fibres, which have decreased tensile strength. A scheme for the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm and other connective tissue abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome is proposed as follows. Type I collagen fibres have decreased tensile strength because of a defect in the alpha 2 chain biosynthesis and decreased cross-linking. Over many years the wall of the ascending aorta is subjected to cyclic stresses and it dilates. Elastic fibres disintegrate. The attempt at repair by metabolically activated modified smooth muscle cells is abortive, and rupture is likely to occur.", "PMID": 541247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8601", "title": "Regeneration of peritoneum: a fibrinolytic study.", "content": "The healing of peritoneal wounds has been studied using a fibrin slide technique. Normal peritoneal mesothelium shows fibrinolytic activity. During the first 48 hours of healing fibrinolytic activity is absent from the wound surface but thereafter gradually increases until 8 days, when peritoneal regeneration is complete. At this time the activity is much greater than that in normal mesothelium. The results suggest that fibrinolytic activity of regenerating mesothelial cells will allow them to penetrate into and lyse fibrinous adhesions before fibroplasia occurs, thus preventing the formation of permanent fibrous adhesions.", "contents": "Regeneration of peritoneum: a fibrinolytic study. The healing of peritoneal wounds has been studied using a fibrin slide technique. Normal peritoneal mesothelium shows fibrinolytic activity. During the first 48 hours of healing fibrinolytic activity is absent from the wound surface but thereafter gradually increases until 8 days, when peritoneal regeneration is complete. At this time the activity is much greater than that in normal mesothelium. The results suggest that fibrinolytic activity of regenerating mesothelial cells will allow them to penetrate into and lyse fibrinous adhesions before fibroplasia occurs, thus preventing the formation of permanent fibrous adhesions.", "PMID": 541248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8602", "title": "Hydroheptin: a water-soluble polyene macrolide. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation.", "content": "A soil isolate of Streptomyces, which has been deposited in the culture collection of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University as IMRU 3962, produces a new heptaene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, hydroheptin. The producing microorganism, which co-produces the antibiotic, chartreusin, has been identified as a strain of Streptomyces chartreusis. Fermentation and bioassay procedures were developed for the production and analysis of hydroheptin and chartreusin. Isolation and purification procedures based on solvent extraction and precipitation of an organic acid yielded a relatively pure product of hydroheptin.", "contents": "Hydroheptin: a water-soluble polyene macrolide. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation. A soil isolate of Streptomyces, which has been deposited in the culture collection of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University as IMRU 3962, produces a new heptaene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, hydroheptin. The producing microorganism, which co-produces the antibiotic, chartreusin, has been identified as a strain of Streptomyces chartreusis. Fermentation and bioassay procedures were developed for the production and analysis of hydroheptin and chartreusin. Isolation and purification procedures based on solvent extraction and precipitation of an organic acid yielded a relatively pure product of hydroheptin.", "PMID": 541249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8603", "title": "Hydroheptin: a water-soluble polyene macrolide. II. Chemical and biological properties.", "content": "Hydroheptin, a new polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, is co-produced with the antibiotic, chartreusin, by a strain of Streptomyces chartreusis designated as IMRU 3962 isolated in our laboratory. The unique water-solubility of this antibiotic at neutrality, revealing in aqueous solution molecular dispersion and an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum characteristic of an all-trans heptaene chromophore, clearly distinguishes it from all previously-described and naturally-occurring heptaene macrolides. The isolation and identification of the amino sugar, mycosamine (3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose), in acid hydrolysates of hydroheptin and the absence of an aromatic amine upon retrograde alkaline dealdolization of the molecule certainly characterize the antibiotic as a member of the non-aromatic heptaene macrolide group. Chromatographic and countercurrent distribution studies likewise support its novelty. With little or no demonstrable activity against bacteria, hydroheptin as compared to other non-aromatic heptaene macrolides exhibits excellent but somewhat less activity against a wide variety of yeasts and fungi. Likewise, its parenteral toxicity appears to be less than that of other heptaene macrolides.", "contents": "Hydroheptin: a water-soluble polyene macrolide. II. Chemical and biological properties. Hydroheptin, a new polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, is co-produced with the antibiotic, chartreusin, by a strain of Streptomyces chartreusis designated as IMRU 3962 isolated in our laboratory. The unique water-solubility of this antibiotic at neutrality, revealing in aqueous solution molecular dispersion and an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum characteristic of an all-trans heptaene chromophore, clearly distinguishes it from all previously-described and naturally-occurring heptaene macrolides. The isolation and identification of the amino sugar, mycosamine (3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose), in acid hydrolysates of hydroheptin and the absence of an aromatic amine upon retrograde alkaline dealdolization of the molecule certainly characterize the antibiotic as a member of the non-aromatic heptaene macrolide group. Chromatographic and countercurrent distribution studies likewise support its novelty. With little or no demonstrable activity against bacteria, hydroheptin as compared to other non-aromatic heptaene macrolides exhibits excellent but somewhat less activity against a wide variety of yeasts and fungi. Likewise, its parenteral toxicity appears to be less than that of other heptaene macrolides.", "PMID": 541250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8604", "title": "Staphcoccomycin, a new basic macrolide antibiotic.", "content": "Staphcoccomycin (SCM) is a new member of the basic macrolide family of antibiotics which was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AS-NG 16. The production, purification and determination of physical and chemical properties of this novel metabolite have been completed. Comparison of the mass fragmentation patterns of SCM and its peracetate with those of angolamycin peracetate suggested a des-mycarosyl derivative of angolamycin. Moreover, the molecular ion peak (m/e 771) corresponded to C39H65NO14 and the 1H-NMR of SCM was also consistent with the proposed structure.", "contents": "Staphcoccomycin, a new basic macrolide antibiotic. Staphcoccomycin (SCM) is a new member of the basic macrolide family of antibiotics which was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AS-NG 16. The production, purification and determination of physical and chemical properties of this novel metabolite have been completed. Comparison of the mass fragmentation patterns of SCM and its peracetate with those of angolamycin peracetate suggested a des-mycarosyl derivative of angolamycin. Moreover, the molecular ion peak (m/e 771) corresponded to C39H65NO14 and the 1H-NMR of SCM was also consistent with the proposed structure.", "PMID": 541251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8605", "title": "Biosynthetic relationships among the secalonic acids. Isolation of emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids from Pyrenochaeta terrestris and Aspergillus aculeatus.", "content": "Cynodontin, emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids A, E and G have been isolated from five strains of Pyrenochaeta terrestis. Aspergillus aculeatus produces emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids B, D and F. No cynodontin was detected. Isolation of emodin in small amounts supports previous evidence that it is an intermediate in secalonic acid biosynthesis. Isolation of cynodontin and endocrocin, which are co-produced with secalonic acids in other organisms, suggests that these compounds are formed by a common branching pathway. A natural isolate of P. terrestris contained variant strains which produced different relative amounts of secalonic acids A, E and G. From the combinations of secalonic acids produced in organisms so far examined it is concluded that precursor tetrahydroxanthone units or formed in pairs differing in stereo-chemistry only at C-5 or at the trans-invariant C-6 : C-10a positions. A possible biosynthetic pathway is discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthetic relationships among the secalonic acids. Isolation of emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids from Pyrenochaeta terrestris and Aspergillus aculeatus. Cynodontin, emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids A, E and G have been isolated from five strains of Pyrenochaeta terrestis. Aspergillus aculeatus produces emodin, endocrocin and secalonic acids B, D and F. No cynodontin was detected. Isolation of emodin in small amounts supports previous evidence that it is an intermediate in secalonic acid biosynthesis. Isolation of cynodontin and endocrocin, which are co-produced with secalonic acids in other organisms, suggests that these compounds are formed by a common branching pathway. A natural isolate of P. terrestris contained variant strains which produced different relative amounts of secalonic acids A, E and G. From the combinations of secalonic acids produced in organisms so far examined it is concluded that precursor tetrahydroxanthone units or formed in pairs differing in stereo-chemistry only at C-5 or at the trans-invariant C-6 : C-10a positions. A possible biosynthetic pathway is discussed.", "PMID": 541252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8606", "title": "The structures of fortimicins C, D, and KE.", "content": "Fortimicins C, D, and KE are new aminocyclitol antibiotics produced by a mutant of fortimicin-producing organisms. Their structures have been determined by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectra and chemical degradations. Fortimicin C is 4-N-hydantoylfortimicin B, fortimicin KE is 6'-demethylfortimicin B, and fortimicin D is 4-N-glycylfortimicin KE. The last two antibiotics have purpurosamine C instead of 6-epi-purpurosamine B.", "contents": "The structures of fortimicins C, D, and KE. Fortimicins C, D, and KE are new aminocyclitol antibiotics produced by a mutant of fortimicin-producing organisms. Their structures have been determined by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectra and chemical degradations. Fortimicin C is 4-N-hydantoylfortimicin B, fortimicin KE is 6'-demethylfortimicin B, and fortimicin D is 4-N-glycylfortimicin KE. The last two antibiotics have purpurosamine C instead of 6-epi-purpurosamine B.", "PMID": 541253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8607", "title": "Chloramphenicol resistance of three different flavobacteria.", "content": "The chloramphenicol resistance of some flavobacteria was investigated comparatively. This resistance can be explained either by acetylation of chloramphenicol to O-acetylchloramphenicol via constitutively formed acetyltransferases, followed by cometabolic degradation (strain CB 60), or by limited uptake and total degradation (strain CB 6) by inducible enzymes or by other mechanisms (F. devorans). The mechanisms of resistance, CM-acetylation, CM-degradation and limited uptake are discussed.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol resistance of three different flavobacteria. The chloramphenicol resistance of some flavobacteria was investigated comparatively. This resistance can be explained either by acetylation of chloramphenicol to O-acetylchloramphenicol via constitutively formed acetyltransferases, followed by cometabolic degradation (strain CB 60), or by limited uptake and total degradation (strain CB 6) by inducible enzymes or by other mechanisms (F. devorans). The mechanisms of resistance, CM-acetylation, CM-degradation and limited uptake are discussed.", "PMID": 541254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8608", "title": "Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. II Cephalosporin derivatives in the naphthalene series. Chemical and microbiological properties.", "content": "A seris of new 7-acylamidocephalosporins, containing a substituted naphthalene moiety in the side chain, has been prepared and tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some observations are made on the structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. II Cephalosporin derivatives in the naphthalene series. Chemical and microbiological properties. A seris of new 7-acylamidocephalosporins, containing a substituted naphthalene moiety in the side chain, has been prepared and tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some observations are made on the structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 541255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8609", "title": "Pamamycin: a new antibiotic and stimulator of aerial mycelia formation.", "content": "Pamamycin is a new antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces alboniger ATCC 12461. The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, Neurospora, and Mycobacteria. The compound also acts as a streptomycete differentiation effector. It stimulates aerial mycelia formation in the producing organism. The new antibiotic of elemental composition C36H63NO7 is completely different from puromycin, also produced by this strain. The present communication deals with the isolation, properties, and preliminary characterization of pamamycin.", "contents": "Pamamycin: a new antibiotic and stimulator of aerial mycelia formation. Pamamycin is a new antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces alboniger ATCC 12461. The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, Neurospora, and Mycobacteria. The compound also acts as a streptomycete differentiation effector. It stimulates aerial mycelia formation in the producing organism. The new antibiotic of elemental composition C36H63NO7 is completely different from puromycin, also produced by this strain. The present communication deals with the isolation, properties, and preliminary characterization of pamamycin.", "PMID": 541261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8610", "title": "New antibiotic pigments related to fusarubin from Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. I. Fermentation, isolation, and antimicrobial activities.", "content": "A cholesterol-decomposing fungus, Fusarium solani (Mart.) SACC. strain PP 96, was found to produce several different naphthaquinone pigments in a glycerol-mineral salts medium. Three novel compounds structurally related to fusarubin were isolated by chloroform extration followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The purified compounds were found to have relatively low activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.", "contents": "New antibiotic pigments related to fusarubin from Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. I. Fermentation, isolation, and antimicrobial activities. A cholesterol-decomposing fungus, Fusarium solani (Mart.) SACC. strain PP 96, was found to produce several different naphthaquinone pigments in a glycerol-mineral salts medium. Three novel compounds structurally related to fusarubin were isolated by chloroform extration followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The purified compounds were found to have relatively low activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.", "PMID": 541262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8611", "title": "New antibiotic pigments related to fusarubin from Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. II. Structure elucidations.", "content": "Three antibiotic pigments isolated from Fusarium solani and related to fusarubin (4) were shown to be O-ethylfusarubin (2), hydroxidihydrofusarubin (3) and O-ethylhydroxydihydrofusarubin (1).", "contents": "New antibiotic pigments related to fusarubin from Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. II. Structure elucidations. Three antibiotic pigments isolated from Fusarium solani and related to fusarubin (4) were shown to be O-ethylfusarubin (2), hydroxidihydrofusarubin (3) and O-ethylhydroxydihydrofusarubin (1).", "PMID": 541263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8612", "title": "Semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives: preparation and antibacterial evaluation.", "content": "A number of semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives have been prepared by modifications at various sites of the molecule. The preparation, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of the new compounds is described. In contrast to bicyclomycin itself, the new derivatives 48 and 58 are also active against Proteus species. Otherwise, the antibacterial potency of the bicyclomycin molecule was found to be very sensitive to structural changes.", "contents": "Semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives: preparation and antibacterial evaluation. A number of semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives have been prepared by modifications at various sites of the molecule. The preparation, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of the new compounds is described. In contrast to bicyclomycin itself, the new derivatives 48 and 58 are also active against Proteus species. Otherwise, the antibacterial potency of the bicyclomycin molecule was found to be very sensitive to structural changes.", "PMID": 541264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8613", "title": "Bactericidal activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model.", "content": "Cefadroxil (Duricef, Mead Johnson and Company), resembles cephalexin and cephradine in spectrum of antibacterial activity but differs in human pharmacokinetic properties. Whether the latter are likely to affect activity in vivo was assessed by determining bactericidal activity against clinical isolates under conditions simulating the variation of drug concentration in the blood stream after an oral dose of 500 mg to adults. In this kinetic model, cefadroxil was more active than cephalexin or cephradine against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae and one of two strains of Escherichia coli. The other strain of E. coli was virtually unaffected by the cephalosporins. S. pyogenes was equally susceptible to all three cephalosporins. Analysis of the results suggest that the pharmocokinetic properties of an antibiotic affect its activity in the blood stream, provided the susceptibility of the infecting organism is concentration-dependent within the range of drug concentration occurring in serum.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Cefadroxil (Duricef, Mead Johnson and Company), resembles cephalexin and cephradine in spectrum of antibacterial activity but differs in human pharmacokinetic properties. Whether the latter are likely to affect activity in vivo was assessed by determining bactericidal activity against clinical isolates under conditions simulating the variation of drug concentration in the blood stream after an oral dose of 500 mg to adults. In this kinetic model, cefadroxil was more active than cephalexin or cephradine against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae and one of two strains of Escherichia coli. The other strain of E. coli was virtually unaffected by the cephalosporins. S. pyogenes was equally susceptible to all three cephalosporins. Analysis of the results suggest that the pharmocokinetic properties of an antibiotic affect its activity in the blood stream, provided the susceptibility of the infecting organism is concentration-dependent within the range of drug concentration occurring in serum.", "PMID": 541265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8614", "title": "In vitro actions of some antibiotics on phospholipases.", "content": "The effects of some antibiotics on activities of phospholipase A2, B and C were investigated in vitro. Tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol and carbenicillin inhibited the activity of Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase A2 towards phospholipids of egg-yolk emulsions. When the ability to inhibit the activity of Penicillium notatum phospholipase B towards mixed micelles of phosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100 was investigated, polymyxin B was found to be inhibitory while chloramphenicol and carbenicillin were found to stimulate the activity of the phospholipase. The activity of Bacillus cereus phospholipase C towards the mixed micelles was inhibited by bleomycin, oleandomycin and chloramphenicol.", "contents": "In vitro actions of some antibiotics on phospholipases. The effects of some antibiotics on activities of phospholipase A2, B and C were investigated in vitro. Tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol and carbenicillin inhibited the activity of Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase A2 towards phospholipids of egg-yolk emulsions. When the ability to inhibit the activity of Penicillium notatum phospholipase B towards mixed micelles of phosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100 was investigated, polymyxin B was found to be inhibitory while chloramphenicol and carbenicillin were found to stimulate the activity of the phospholipase. The activity of Bacillus cereus phospholipase C towards the mixed micelles was inhibited by bleomycin, oleandomycin and chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 541266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8615", "title": "Comparative effects of ionophores grisorixin, alborixin and two derivatives on K+ glutamate efflux in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The alkali cations discrimination on a liquid membrane electrodes system, was determined for the carboxylic ionophores grisorixin, alborixin and two derivatives, dihydrogrisorixin and hexahydroalborixin. The two antibiotics exhibited a great perference for K+. Dihydrogrisorixin again showed the selectivity curve of a carboxylic ionophore, but with a discrimination power lowered compared with grisorixin. Hexahydroalborixin had lost all the complexing properties of the natural molecule. The selectivity scales measured for cations, were directly correlated with the K+ and glutamate effluxes measured in rat liver mitochondria. The chemical modifications of the natural structures of grisorixin and alborixin resulted in a drastic reduction of their ionophoric properties. The loss of K+-glutamate might occur in two steps, the efflux of K+ catalysed by the ionophores then causing a loss of negative charges in the form of glutamate.", "contents": "Comparative effects of ionophores grisorixin, alborixin and two derivatives on K+ glutamate efflux in rat liver mitochondria. The alkali cations discrimination on a liquid membrane electrodes system, was determined for the carboxylic ionophores grisorixin, alborixin and two derivatives, dihydrogrisorixin and hexahydroalborixin. The two antibiotics exhibited a great perference for K+. Dihydrogrisorixin again showed the selectivity curve of a carboxylic ionophore, but with a discrimination power lowered compared with grisorixin. Hexahydroalborixin had lost all the complexing properties of the natural molecule. The selectivity scales measured for cations, were directly correlated with the K+ and glutamate effluxes measured in rat liver mitochondria. The chemical modifications of the natural structures of grisorixin and alborixin resulted in a drastic reduction of their ionophoric properties. The loss of K+-glutamate might occur in two steps, the efflux of K+ catalysed by the ionophores then causing a loss of negative charges in the form of glutamate.", "PMID": 541267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8616", "title": "Selecting interspecific human-mouse and Chinese hamster-mouse hybrids using a new half-selection technique with a polyene antibiotic.", "content": "Interspecific human-mouse and Chinese hamster-mouse hybrids were isolated from polyethylene glycol fused cells by a new half-selection technique employing a structurally modified polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), and HAT media. Unfused parental cells were killed as a result of innate sensitivity to AME or their genetic deficiency, absence of thymidine kinase (TK-) or hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT-). In contrast, hybrid colonies were isolated after two to three weeks growth in three or four changes of HAT-AME media and subsequent growth in HAT media alone. The ability of hybrid cells to proliferate using this selective protocol indicates that genetic complementation resulted, and polyene antibiotic resistance was expressed as a dominant phenotypic property in the hybrids. Hybrid selection was dependent on: (1) the number of cells of each parental cell type co-cultivated; (2) the level of polyene antibiotic administered; and (3) the time interval before selection was initiated. The half-selection technique described in this report is simple to use, very effective in eliminating unfused parental cells and increases the potential types of hybrids which can be formed. Only one parental cell type need contain a biochemical defect, whereas the second parental type can be genetically normal.", "contents": "Selecting interspecific human-mouse and Chinese hamster-mouse hybrids using a new half-selection technique with a polyene antibiotic. Interspecific human-mouse and Chinese hamster-mouse hybrids were isolated from polyethylene glycol fused cells by a new half-selection technique employing a structurally modified polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), and HAT media. Unfused parental cells were killed as a result of innate sensitivity to AME or their genetic deficiency, absence of thymidine kinase (TK-) or hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT-). In contrast, hybrid colonies were isolated after two to three weeks growth in three or four changes of HAT-AME media and subsequent growth in HAT media alone. The ability of hybrid cells to proliferate using this selective protocol indicates that genetic complementation resulted, and polyene antibiotic resistance was expressed as a dominant phenotypic property in the hybrids. Hybrid selection was dependent on: (1) the number of cells of each parental cell type co-cultivated; (2) the level of polyene antibiotic administered; and (3) the time interval before selection was initiated. The half-selection technique described in this report is simple to use, very effective in eliminating unfused parental cells and increases the potential types of hybrids which can be formed. Only one parental cell type need contain a biochemical defect, whereas the second parental type can be genetically normal.", "PMID": 541268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8617", "title": "Different behaviour of quadratic and cubic difference tones.", "content": "Level and phase of the cubic and quadratic difference tone were measured as a function of the primary tones' level, frequency separation, frequency region as well as of the frequency of an additional simultaneous masker. The results lead to the conclusion that quadratic and cubic difference tones are produced in different nonlinearities although both result in the same kind of adequate stimulus.", "contents": "Different behaviour of quadratic and cubic difference tones. Level and phase of the cubic and quadratic difference tone were measured as a function of the primary tones' level, frequency separation, frequency region as well as of the frequency of an additional simultaneous masker. The results lead to the conclusion that quadratic and cubic difference tones are produced in different nonlinearities although both result in the same kind of adequate stimulus.", "PMID": 541277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8618", "title": "Scaling of pitch strength.", "content": "Pitch strength of the following equally loud sounds was scaled by magnitude estimation procedures: pure and complex tones, band-pass filtered complex tones, AM-tones, low-pass, high-pass and band-pass noise, comb-filtered noise. AM-noise and Zwicker-tone. At the test frequencies 125, 250 and 500 Hz pure tones were assigned a pitch strength of 100%. Relative to this value spectral pitches reach 100--75%, virtual pitches 50% and noise pitches 25--0% pitch strength. At 125 Hz no consistent data were found for the Zwicker-tone, while at 500 Hz it elicits on the average the same pitch strength as a pure tone (100%). Implications concerning pitch mechanisms would seem to suggest a prevalence of the 'place principle' in comparison to the 'time principle'.", "contents": "Scaling of pitch strength. Pitch strength of the following equally loud sounds was scaled by magnitude estimation procedures: pure and complex tones, band-pass filtered complex tones, AM-tones, low-pass, high-pass and band-pass noise, comb-filtered noise. AM-noise and Zwicker-tone. At the test frequencies 125, 250 and 500 Hz pure tones were assigned a pitch strength of 100%. Relative to this value spectral pitches reach 100--75%, virtual pitches 50% and noise pitches 25--0% pitch strength. At 125 Hz no consistent data were found for the Zwicker-tone, while at 500 Hz it elicits on the average the same pitch strength as a pure tone (100%). Implications concerning pitch mechanisms would seem to suggest a prevalence of the 'place principle' in comparison to the 'time principle'.", "PMID": 541278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8619", "title": "Frequency selectivity in bird and man: a comparison among critical ratios, critical bands and psychophysical tuning curves.", "content": "The relative frequency selectivity of the internal auditory filters, as measured by critical bands or critical ratios, and psychophysical tuning curves, was compared in an avian species (parakeet) and human listeners. The results indicate that the critical band predicts the frequency selectivity of psychophysical tuning curves and vice versa. These findings suggest that there are similar mechanisms which contribute to the frequency selectivity measured by these two procedures and that these mechanisms operate in both the human and avian ear.", "contents": "Frequency selectivity in bird and man: a comparison among critical ratios, critical bands and psychophysical tuning curves. The relative frequency selectivity of the internal auditory filters, as measured by critical bands or critical ratios, and psychophysical tuning curves, was compared in an avian species (parakeet) and human listeners. The results indicate that the critical band predicts the frequency selectivity of psychophysical tuning curves and vice versa. These findings suggest that there are similar mechanisms which contribute to the frequency selectivity measured by these two procedures and that these mechanisms operate in both the human and avian ear.", "PMID": 541279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8620", "title": "Effects of exposure to noise on ion movement in guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Healthy guinea pigs were exposed to broad band noise at levels between 95 and 115 dBA for 7 days. A significant decrease of the sound-induced cochlear responses, together with a substantial increase of the endocochlear potential, was observed in guinea pigs exposed to noise at 105 or 115 dBA. Microsamples of the endolymph obtained from these guinea pigs showed a significant increase of K+ and Cl- concentrations and a decrease of Na+ concentration, when compared with those from control animals. The K+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the perilymph were not markedly affected by noise exposure. When the perilymphatic space was perfused with artificial perilymph containing 43K, 22Na or 36 Cl, the uptake of radiotracers into the endolymph showed a single exponential function of the perfusion time. When compared with rate constants in normal animals, the value of rate constant for K+ was significantly decreased in animals exposed to noise. These results indicate that ionic permeability changes of the endolymph-perilymph barrier are a significant factor in the physiological mechanisms underlying noise-induced hearing loss.", "contents": "Effects of exposure to noise on ion movement in guinea pig cochlea. Healthy guinea pigs were exposed to broad band noise at levels between 95 and 115 dBA for 7 days. A significant decrease of the sound-induced cochlear responses, together with a substantial increase of the endocochlear potential, was observed in guinea pigs exposed to noise at 105 or 115 dBA. Microsamples of the endolymph obtained from these guinea pigs showed a significant increase of K+ and Cl- concentrations and a decrease of Na+ concentration, when compared with those from control animals. The K+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the perilymph were not markedly affected by noise exposure. When the perilymphatic space was perfused with artificial perilymph containing 43K, 22Na or 36 Cl, the uptake of radiotracers into the endolymph showed a single exponential function of the perfusion time. When compared with rate constants in normal animals, the value of rate constant for K+ was significantly decreased in animals exposed to noise. These results indicate that ionic permeability changes of the endolymph-perilymph barrier are a significant factor in the physiological mechanisms underlying noise-induced hearing loss.", "PMID": 541280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8621", "title": "Effects of noise on cochlear potentials and endolymph potassium concentration recorded with potassium-selective electrodes.", "content": "Guinea pig cochleas were exposed to either broad-band noise at intensities between 95 and 115 dBA or octave-band noise centered at 380 Hz or 4.2 kHz at intensities between 115 and 125 dB SPL. Cochlear microphonics (CM), summating potentials (SP) and action potentials (AP) were recorded from differential electrodes in the perilymphatic scalae between successive 20-min periods of noise exposure. The endocochlear potential (EP) and endolymph potassium concentration [Kendo+] were recorded continuously from scala media using double-barreled potassium-sensitive electrodes. It was found that the initial exposure to noise at 115 dBA produced considerable suppression of the CM and AP, while the EP and [Kendo+] were elevated above their normal values. When animals previously treated with kanamycin were subjected to the same level of noise exposure no systematic increase in either EP ro [Kendo+] was observed. After prolonged exposure to 380 Hz octave-band noise at 125 dB SPL, a slow decline of EP and [Kendo+] was observed. The relationships between the changes in EP, [Kendo+] and CM are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of noise on cochlear potentials and endolymph potassium concentration recorded with potassium-selective electrodes. Guinea pig cochleas were exposed to either broad-band noise at intensities between 95 and 115 dBA or octave-band noise centered at 380 Hz or 4.2 kHz at intensities between 115 and 125 dB SPL. Cochlear microphonics (CM), summating potentials (SP) and action potentials (AP) were recorded from differential electrodes in the perilymphatic scalae between successive 20-min periods of noise exposure. The endocochlear potential (EP) and endolymph potassium concentration [Kendo+] were recorded continuously from scala media using double-barreled potassium-sensitive electrodes. It was found that the initial exposure to noise at 115 dBA produced considerable suppression of the CM and AP, while the EP and [Kendo+] were elevated above their normal values. When animals previously treated with kanamycin were subjected to the same level of noise exposure no systematic increase in either EP ro [Kendo+] was observed. After prolonged exposure to 380 Hz octave-band noise at 125 dB SPL, a slow decline of EP and [Kendo+] was observed. The relationships between the changes in EP, [Kendo+] and CM are discussed.", "PMID": 541281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8622", "title": "The functions of assessment: implications for selection and development of devices for assessing repertoires in clinical, educational, and other settings.", "content": "An attempt is made to identify the many different functions that assessment of an individual's repertoire can serve. Implications of these functions for the character of and evidence about assessment devices are suggested. The functions fall into two general groups, those which influence decisions regarding an individual learner, and those which influence policy, program development, and scientific knowledge. The first group of functions is presented in a rough chronological sequence such that they form a \"behavioral assessment funnel,\" beginning with functions involving broad-band assessment to identify likely persons and skill areas, and narrowing to the precise pinpointing, monitoring, and follow-up functions. The contribution of behavior analysis and behavior therapy to assessment methodology in this sequence is identified as well as the areas where more traditionally conceived methods are still useful. The second group of functions and behavioral contributions to it are then discussed.", "contents": "The functions of assessment: implications for selection and development of devices for assessing repertoires in clinical, educational, and other settings. An attempt is made to identify the many different functions that assessment of an individual's repertoire can serve. Implications of these functions for the character of and evidence about assessment devices are suggested. The functions fall into two general groups, those which influence decisions regarding an individual learner, and those which influence policy, program development, and scientific knowledge. The first group of functions is presented in a rough chronological sequence such that they form a \"behavioral assessment funnel,\" beginning with functions involving broad-band assessment to identify likely persons and skill areas, and narrowing to the precise pinpointing, monitoring, and follow-up functions. The contribution of behavior analysis and behavior therapy to assessment methodology in this sequence is identified as well as the areas where more traditionally conceived methods are still useful. The second group of functions and behavioral contributions to it are then discussed.", "PMID": 541308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8623", "title": "Social validation: the evolution of standards of competency for target behaviors.", "content": "The use of social validation procedures has become widespread in recent years. Although most researchers have used social validation procedures to select target behaviors and to evaluate whether the changes produced by a treatment program should be considered socially useful, little attention has been focused upon using the social validation process to determine the optimal levels for target behaviors. This paper suggests several ways in which social validation procedures can be employed in order to select when and how much to change target behaviors.", "contents": "Social validation: the evolution of standards of competency for target behaviors. The use of social validation procedures has become widespread in recent years. Although most researchers have used social validation procedures to select target behaviors and to evaluate whether the changes produced by a treatment program should be considered socially useful, little attention has been focused upon using the social validation process to determine the optimal levels for target behaviors. This paper suggests several ways in which social validation procedures can be employed in order to select when and how much to change target behaviors.", "PMID": 541309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8624", "title": "Assessment of smoking behavior.", "content": "The nature of smoking risk is first reviewed and a classification of procedures for assessing smoking behavior is presented. Areas requiring assessment include not only the traditionally measured smoking rate, but also the substance used and topography of consumption. Each of these areas may be assessed through a variety of self-report, observational, or indirect techniques. These techniques as well as some of their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Recently published (1975 to mid-1978) data-based smoking research appearing in four journals (Addictive Behaviors, Behavior Therapy, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology) is then reviewed with respect to measurement reliability and the use of multiple measures. Results show a strong tendency to assess only the risk area of smoking rate and a low frequency of appropriate measurement reliability checks, especially during baseline and treatment phases. Some of the implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of smoking behavior. The nature of smoking risk is first reviewed and a classification of procedures for assessing smoking behavior is presented. Areas requiring assessment include not only the traditionally measured smoking rate, but also the substance used and topography of consumption. Each of these areas may be assessed through a variety of self-report, observational, or indirect techniques. These techniques as well as some of their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Recently published (1975 to mid-1978) data-based smoking research appearing in four journals (Addictive Behaviors, Behavior Therapy, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology) is then reviewed with respect to measurement reliability and the use of multiple measures. Results show a strong tendency to assess only the risk area of smoking rate and a low frequency of appropriate measurement reliability checks, especially during baseline and treatment phases. Some of the implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 541310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8625", "title": "Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and nondistressed mother-adolescent dyads.", "content": "A battery of measures was used to assess conflict between mothers and young adolescents (females and males, 11 to 15 years of age). Two groups of families, one composed of a distressed clinical sample (N = 38), the other a nondistressed normative sample (N = 40), participated. The assessment battery included retrospective judgments, frequency estimates, self-monitored home recording, and tape-recorded discussion of a home problem. Content of assessment measures tapped aspects of parental control, decision-making, self-reported interaction behavior, arguments, interaction behavior rated by independent \"blind\" observers, frequency and anger-intensity of specific problematic issues, and perceptions of positive and negative behaviors of the other family member. Based on univariate analyses, 21 of the 26 defined variables discriminated significantly in the predicted direction. Maternal and adolescent reports of behavior and independent ratings of tape-recorded interaction emerged as strong and consistent discriminators. Stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis provided successful classification of 100% of the families based on the inclusion of nine variables. In a cross-validation sample, 84% of the families were correctly classified. Implications for systematic outcome research as well as clinical application are discussed.", "contents": "Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and nondistressed mother-adolescent dyads. A battery of measures was used to assess conflict between mothers and young adolescents (females and males, 11 to 15 years of age). Two groups of families, one composed of a distressed clinical sample (N = 38), the other a nondistressed normative sample (N = 40), participated. The assessment battery included retrospective judgments, frequency estimates, self-monitored home recording, and tape-recorded discussion of a home problem. Content of assessment measures tapped aspects of parental control, decision-making, self-reported interaction behavior, arguments, interaction behavior rated by independent \"blind\" observers, frequency and anger-intensity of specific problematic issues, and perceptions of positive and negative behaviors of the other family member. Based on univariate analyses, 21 of the 26 defined variables discriminated significantly in the predicted direction. Maternal and adolescent reports of behavior and independent ratings of tape-recorded interaction emerged as strong and consistent discriminators. Stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis provided successful classification of 100% of the families based on the inclusion of nine variables. In a cross-validation sample, 84% of the families were correctly classified. Implications for systematic outcome research as well as clinical application are discussed.", "PMID": 541311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8626", "title": "Analysis of the consistency of objective measures of sexual arousal in women.", "content": "Eight adult women volunteers viewed the same erotic film in two different sessions. Their resulting genital responses were recorded simultaneously by three different measures: vaginal pressure pulse, vaginal blood volume, and labial temperature change. During the erotic stimulation, the vaginal pressure pulse and labial responses always increased, and the vaginal blood volume response increased on all but two occasions. Although there was considerable intersubject variability in each genital measure, all three measures were found to have some intrasubject consistency over sessions with respect to either their response amplitudes or patterns, with labial temperature being the most consistent on both parameters. The relationship between the response patterns of the three measures during the film was also relatively consistent across sessions, as was the correspondence between subjective ratings of arousal and both vaginal pressure pulse and labial responses but not vaginal blood volume response. To overcome the problem of considerable intrasubject variability of response amplitudes, it was suggested that the inclusion in the data analysis of several parameters of response patterns, which were relatively stable over sessions, might facilitate the evaluation of a treatment.", "contents": "Analysis of the consistency of objective measures of sexual arousal in women. Eight adult women volunteers viewed the same erotic film in two different sessions. Their resulting genital responses were recorded simultaneously by three different measures: vaginal pressure pulse, vaginal blood volume, and labial temperature change. During the erotic stimulation, the vaginal pressure pulse and labial responses always increased, and the vaginal blood volume response increased on all but two occasions. Although there was considerable intersubject variability in each genital measure, all three measures were found to have some intrasubject consistency over sessions with respect to either their response amplitudes or patterns, with labial temperature being the most consistent on both parameters. The relationship between the response patterns of the three measures during the film was also relatively consistent across sessions, as was the correspondence between subjective ratings of arousal and both vaginal pressure pulse and labial responses but not vaginal blood volume response. To overcome the problem of considerable intrasubject variability of response amplitudes, it was suggested that the inclusion in the data analysis of several parameters of response patterns, which were relatively stable over sessions, might facilitate the evaluation of a treatment.", "PMID": 541312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8627", "title": "Isolation and characterization of tunicamycin resistant mutants from Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Stable clones selected for resistance to tunicamycin (TM) have been isolated from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The TMR phenotype is stable for more than nine months in the absence of the drug. The morphology of TMR mutant varies from epitheloid to abnormally elongate. The mutants do not display cross-resistance for ConA but are slightly cross-resistant to PHA. Biochemically labeled membrane proteins and glycoprotein of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) grown in the TMR mutants revealed that the incorporation of radioactive glucosamine was markedly reduced in the mutants. The results indicate that TMR cells are a novel type of membrane mutant.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of tunicamycin resistant mutants from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Stable clones selected for resistance to tunicamycin (TM) have been isolated from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The TMR phenotype is stable for more than nine months in the absence of the drug. The morphology of TMR mutant varies from epitheloid to abnormally elongate. The mutants do not display cross-resistance for ConA but are slightly cross-resistant to PHA. Biochemically labeled membrane proteins and glycoprotein of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) grown in the TMR mutants revealed that the incorporation of radioactive glucosamine was markedly reduced in the mutants. The results indicate that TMR cells are a novel type of membrane mutant.", "PMID": 541348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8628", "title": "Concanavalin A is mitogenic for resident peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Con A, a known T-cell mitogen, is also mitogenic for resident peritoneal macrophages. The stimulated cells morphologically resemble macrophages and are actively phagocytic. The concentration of con A (30 micrograms/ml) required to stimulate 3H-TdR incorporation is ten times that required for T-cell activation. Con A must be present throughout the entire culture period to produce the maximum effect, and con A-depleted supernatant fluids from con A-stimulated cells cannot replace the con A requirement. Stimulation of 3H-TdR incorporation occurs after a 48-hour lag period and is maximal on the fifth to seventh day of culture. At the peak of the response, 20-30% of the macrophages can be stimulated to incorporate 3H-TdR, but little or no increase in the total number of cells present in the culture occurs. This and pulse-chase experiments indicate that only a single cycle of replication occurs in the stimulated cells. Con A-responsive peritoneal macrophages appear to be a distinct subpopulation and might play a different role in the interaction with T cells and B cells in the immune response than the con A-non-responsive cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A is mitogenic for resident peritoneal macrophages. Con A, a known T-cell mitogen, is also mitogenic for resident peritoneal macrophages. The stimulated cells morphologically resemble macrophages and are actively phagocytic. The concentration of con A (30 micrograms/ml) required to stimulate 3H-TdR incorporation is ten times that required for T-cell activation. Con A must be present throughout the entire culture period to produce the maximum effect, and con A-depleted supernatant fluids from con A-stimulated cells cannot replace the con A requirement. Stimulation of 3H-TdR incorporation occurs after a 48-hour lag period and is maximal on the fifth to seventh day of culture. At the peak of the response, 20-30% of the macrophages can be stimulated to incorporate 3H-TdR, but little or no increase in the total number of cells present in the culture occurs. This and pulse-chase experiments indicate that only a single cycle of replication occurs in the stimulated cells. Con A-responsive peritoneal macrophages appear to be a distinct subpopulation and might play a different role in the interaction with T cells and B cells in the immune response than the con A-non-responsive cells.", "PMID": 541349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8629", "title": "Effect of cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in mitochondria isolated from HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cell mitochondria were allowed to incorporate 3H-thymidine in a cell free system and the effect of ethidium bromide, cytosine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the labeling of mitochondrial DNA was studied. The labeled products, isolated by sedimentation velocity in CsCl-ethidium bromide two-step gradients, showed similar sedimentation profiles as in vivo labeled mtDNA. Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and ethidium bromide strongly inhibited the labeling of mitochondrial DNA, whereas cytosine arabinoside appeared to be much less effective. Tritiated deoxycytidine was found to be incorporated by isolated mitochondria, whereas cytosine arabinoside was shown to enter the mitochondrial acid-soluble pool but not to be incorporated in acid-insoluble form. These results are in agreement with the previously reported findings of in vivo experiments.", "contents": "Effect of cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in mitochondria isolated from HeLa cells. HeLa cell mitochondria were allowed to incorporate 3H-thymidine in a cell free system and the effect of ethidium bromide, cytosine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the labeling of mitochondrial DNA was studied. The labeled products, isolated by sedimentation velocity in CsCl-ethidium bromide two-step gradients, showed similar sedimentation profiles as in vivo labeled mtDNA. Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and ethidium bromide strongly inhibited the labeling of mitochondrial DNA, whereas cytosine arabinoside appeared to be much less effective. Tritiated deoxycytidine was found to be incorporated by isolated mitochondria, whereas cytosine arabinoside was shown to enter the mitochondrial acid-soluble pool but not to be incorporated in acid-insoluble form. These results are in agreement with the previously reported findings of in vivo experiments.", "PMID": 541351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8630", "title": "Spontaneous, mutagen-induced and adenovirus-induced anchorage independent tumorigenic variants of mouse cells.", "content": "Normal C57 Black mouse embryo cells did not form colonies in agarose, but rare variant (ar+) cells able to grow in agarose were detected. Fluctuation analysis showed that ar+ variants arose by spontaneous mutation in the cultured cells. The frequency of ar+ variants was increased by treating cells with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methane sulphonate, or by abortive infection by human adenovirus type 5. Induced ar+ cells were fibroblastic; most grew slowly and had slightly reduced saturation density and increased serum requirement, but formed colonies in agarose. Fourteen of twenty ar+ clones induced by Ad5 were T antigen negative and two of these were also negative when tested for viral DNA. Six clones contained a few cells that were T antigen positive when first tested, but were negative when retested later. The ar+ variants were tumorigenic in athymic and in normal syngeneic mice. The results suggest that the ar+ phenotype can arise by spontaneous or chemically-induced mutation, and can be induced by adenovirus by a process different from classical transformation.", "contents": "Spontaneous, mutagen-induced and adenovirus-induced anchorage independent tumorigenic variants of mouse cells. Normal C57 Black mouse embryo cells did not form colonies in agarose, but rare variant (ar+) cells able to grow in agarose were detected. Fluctuation analysis showed that ar+ variants arose by spontaneous mutation in the cultured cells. The frequency of ar+ variants was increased by treating cells with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methane sulphonate, or by abortive infection by human adenovirus type 5. Induced ar+ cells were fibroblastic; most grew slowly and had slightly reduced saturation density and increased serum requirement, but formed colonies in agarose. Fourteen of twenty ar+ clones induced by Ad5 were T antigen negative and two of these were also negative when tested for viral DNA. Six clones contained a few cells that were T antigen positive when first tested, but were negative when retested later. The ar+ variants were tumorigenic in athymic and in normal syngeneic mice. The results suggest that the ar+ phenotype can arise by spontaneous or chemically-induced mutation, and can be induced by adenovirus by a process different from classical transformation.", "PMID": 541352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8631", "title": "Trace element uptake by L-cells as a function of trace elements in a synthetic growth medium.", "content": "The concentration of trace elements in L-cells has been studied as a function of the trace metal content of the growth medium. Cells were cultured in synthetic media which contained varying trace amounts of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum. The cellular concentration of the of the elements potassium, iron, copper and zinc were then determined. It was found that the cell accumulates trace metals at a different rate than they are made available. Deficiencies in zinc could be \"induced\" in the cell by increasing the concentration of iron, manganese and cobalt; cellular iron deficiencies were observed at larger medium concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt. Trace metal uptake by the cell was seen to parallel the utilization by multicellular organisms.", "contents": "Trace element uptake by L-cells as a function of trace elements in a synthetic growth medium. The concentration of trace elements in L-cells has been studied as a function of the trace metal content of the growth medium. Cells were cultured in synthetic media which contained varying trace amounts of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum. The cellular concentration of the of the elements potassium, iron, copper and zinc were then determined. It was found that the cell accumulates trace metals at a different rate than they are made available. Deficiencies in zinc could be \"induced\" in the cell by increasing the concentration of iron, manganese and cobalt; cellular iron deficiencies were observed at larger medium concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt. Trace metal uptake by the cell was seen to parallel the utilization by multicellular organisms.", "PMID": 541353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8632", "title": "On the adaptation of cultured chick embryo cells to growth in the presence of chloramphenicol.", "content": "We have found that tryptose phosphate broth (TPB) prevents the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol (CAM) on the cell proliferation of chick embryo fibroblasts. Study of growth parameters indicated that no lag or adaptation period appeared necessary for TPB-exposed chick cell populations to grow in the presence of CAM suggesting that a particular cell type was not selected. TPB did not prevent the inhibitory effect of CAM on the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system. This was supported by cytochrome oxidase activity measurements, studies on the incorporation of 35S-metionine into mitochondrial proteins, electron microscopic observation of alterations in mitochondrial structure. Oxygen consumption was reduced by 95% and cyanide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, and salicylhydroxamic acid do not significantly affect the residual respiration. Analyses of reduced-minus-oxidized-cytochrome spectra of CAM-treated chick cells demonstrate the disappearance of the absorption bands of cytochromes aa3, b559, c1, and c. The presence of a type b cytochrome with maxima at 552 and 557 nm was observed. The results obtained indicate that long-term cultures of CAM-treated chick embryo cells cultivated in the presence of TPB grow with mitochondria devoid of a functional respiratory chain.", "contents": "On the adaptation of cultured chick embryo cells to growth in the presence of chloramphenicol. We have found that tryptose phosphate broth (TPB) prevents the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol (CAM) on the cell proliferation of chick embryo fibroblasts. Study of growth parameters indicated that no lag or adaptation period appeared necessary for TPB-exposed chick cell populations to grow in the presence of CAM suggesting that a particular cell type was not selected. TPB did not prevent the inhibitory effect of CAM on the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system. This was supported by cytochrome oxidase activity measurements, studies on the incorporation of 35S-metionine into mitochondrial proteins, electron microscopic observation of alterations in mitochondrial structure. Oxygen consumption was reduced by 95% and cyanide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, and salicylhydroxamic acid do not significantly affect the residual respiration. Analyses of reduced-minus-oxidized-cytochrome spectra of CAM-treated chick cells demonstrate the disappearance of the absorption bands of cytochromes aa3, b559, c1, and c. The presence of a type b cytochrome with maxima at 552 and 557 nm was observed. The results obtained indicate that long-term cultures of CAM-treated chick embryo cells cultivated in the presence of TPB grow with mitochondria devoid of a functional respiratory chain.", "PMID": 541354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8633", "title": "[Biliary abscess and fistula. Three cases associated with cholelithiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "These three cases illustrate the course of biliary abscess (abscess formation, tumour with a chronic course, fistula formation) and the problems of diagnosis and treatment of this complication of cholelithiasis, which has been known for sometime but which has become rare.", "contents": "[Biliary abscess and fistula. Three cases associated with cholelithiasis (author's transl)]. These three cases illustrate the course of biliary abscess (abscess formation, tumour with a chronic course, fistula formation) and the problems of diagnosis and treatment of this complication of cholelithiasis, which has been known for sometime but which has become rare.", "PMID": 541355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8634", "title": "[Reflexion on thirty eight cases of Monteggia fracture of children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report thirty eight cases of Monteggia fractures, seven of which being old dislocations of the head of the radius. They insist on early diagnosis and treatment of recent fractures, with a successful result if the ulnar hache become rightly alined. In late untreated luxations of the head of the radius, they occasionally use fascia lata transplant to repair the annular ligament, after correction of ulnar hache. However, early diagnosis and immediate full treatment are the best for successful result.", "contents": "[Reflexion on thirty eight cases of Monteggia fracture of children (author's transl)]. The authors report thirty eight cases of Monteggia fractures, seven of which being old dislocations of the head of the radius. They insist on early diagnosis and treatment of recent fractures, with a successful result if the ulnar hache become rightly alined. In late untreated luxations of the head of the radius, they occasionally use fascia lata transplant to repair the annular ligament, after correction of ulnar hache. However, early diagnosis and immediate full treatment are the best for successful result.", "PMID": 541356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8635", "title": "[The lymphatic drainage of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors became interested in the lymphatic drainage of the stomach in order to attempt to determine for each region the type of drainage and the risk of cancer spread. They studied 132 dissections including 97 injections, 210 cases records of gastric carcinoma, 8 lymphographies by ultrafluid Lipiodol and 17 peroperative injections of vital staining. The system of drainage proposed by Rouvi\u00e8re was on the whole confirmed; however, one should emphasise the doubling of the hepatic chain, the existence of long collectors which bypass a relay in the left gastric artery, the importance of the posterior gastric artery which transmits the lymphatics of the splenic chain. Finally, the authors emphasise the existence of 3 longitudinal areas on the stomach where the presence or agsence of valvules in the subserous collectors orients the lymph towards the lesser or greater curvature of the stomach, which easily explains the onset of isolated carcinomatous adenopathy, situated on the curvature opposite the neoplasm.", "contents": "[The lymphatic drainage of the stomach (author's transl)]. The authors became interested in the lymphatic drainage of the stomach in order to attempt to determine for each region the type of drainage and the risk of cancer spread. They studied 132 dissections including 97 injections, 210 cases records of gastric carcinoma, 8 lymphographies by ultrafluid Lipiodol and 17 peroperative injections of vital staining. The system of drainage proposed by Rouvi\u00e8re was on the whole confirmed; however, one should emphasise the doubling of the hepatic chain, the existence of long collectors which bypass a relay in the left gastric artery, the importance of the posterior gastric artery which transmits the lymphatics of the splenic chain. Finally, the authors emphasise the existence of 3 longitudinal areas on the stomach where the presence or agsence of valvules in the subserous collectors orients the lymph towards the lesser or greater curvature of the stomach, which easily explains the onset of isolated carcinomatous adenopathy, situated on the curvature opposite the neoplasm.", "PMID": 541357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8636", "title": "[Bouveret's syndrome. Two new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyloro-duodenal obstruction by a gall-stone which has passed through a bilio-digestive fistula (Bouveret's syndrome) is rare. The authors report two cases. The clinical picture is that of pyloric obstruction. The diagnosis, suspected on barium meal, is today confirmed by fibre endoscopy. The treatment is fairly simple: cholecystectomy, removal of the gall stone, closure of the fistula; the prognosis depends on the general context.", "contents": "[Bouveret's syndrome. Two new cases (author's transl)]. Pyloro-duodenal obstruction by a gall-stone which has passed through a bilio-digestive fistula (Bouveret's syndrome) is rare. The authors report two cases. The clinical picture is that of pyloric obstruction. The diagnosis, suspected on barium meal, is today confirmed by fibre endoscopy. The treatment is fairly simple: cholecystectomy, removal of the gall stone, closure of the fistula; the prognosis depends on the general context.", "PMID": 541358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8637", "title": "[Lumbar hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of lumbar hernia is reported here. The likelihood of the traumatic etiology of this case and the technics of parietal reparation are discussed. The risk of strangulation justify the preventive treatment.", "contents": "[Lumbar hernia (author's transl)]. A case of lumbar hernia is reported here. The likelihood of the traumatic etiology of this case and the technics of parietal reparation are discussed. The risk of strangulation justify the preventive treatment.", "PMID": 541359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8638", "title": "[Histological study of livers conserved for long periods (author's transl)].", "content": "33 pig livers were preserved using two comparative methods: extra-corporeal perfusion and immersion in hypothermia. The duration of conservation varied between 2 and 24 hours. A macroscopic and microscopic study carried out in all cases permitted us to define four cytological stages for the lesions, completed by an ultrastructural study showing the cyto-pathological course of the hepatocytes in two distinct cell series. The interest of this study is to better appreciate the degree of aggression of the lobule in relation to the metabolic gradient and that of the hepatic parenchyma. Analysis of the results is in favour of conservation of the liver by immersion.", "contents": "[Histological study of livers conserved for long periods (author's transl)]. 33 pig livers were preserved using two comparative methods: extra-corporeal perfusion and immersion in hypothermia. The duration of conservation varied between 2 and 24 hours. A macroscopic and microscopic study carried out in all cases permitted us to define four cytological stages for the lesions, completed by an ultrastructural study showing the cyto-pathological course of the hepatocytes in two distinct cell series. The interest of this study is to better appreciate the degree of aggression of the lobule in relation to the metabolic gradient and that of the hepatic parenchyma. Analysis of the results is in favour of conservation of the liver by immersion.", "PMID": 541360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8639", "title": "[Reaction of some suture materials on the process of intestinal healing. Experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of some suture materials (normal and chromic catgut, silk, polygalactic acid and polypropylene) on the process of healing of the small intestine in the rabbit. From the macroscopic, microscopic and mechanical examinations, it results that polygalactic acid is the material which comes closest to the ideal material. There follow, in that order: silk, polypropylene, chromic catgut and normal catgut.", "contents": "[Reaction of some suture materials on the process of intestinal healing. Experimental study (author's transl)]. The authors studied the influence of some suture materials (normal and chromic catgut, silk, polygalactic acid and polypropylene) on the process of healing of the small intestine in the rabbit. From the macroscopic, microscopic and mechanical examinations, it results that polygalactic acid is the material which comes closest to the ideal material. There follow, in that order: silk, polypropylene, chromic catgut and normal catgut.", "PMID": 541362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8640", "title": "Capillary column gas chromatographic profile analysis of volatile compounds in sera of normal and virus-infected patients.", "content": "Using a transevaporator sampling technique, the volatile profiles from 70 microliter of serum were obtained by capillary-column gas chromatography. The complex chromatograms were interpreted by a combination of manual and computer techniques and a two-peak ratio method devised for the classification of normal and virus-infected sera. Using the K-nearest neighbor approach 85.7% of the unknown samples were classified correctly. Some preliminary results indicate the possible use of the method for the assessment of virus susceptibility.", "contents": "Capillary column gas chromatographic profile analysis of volatile compounds in sera of normal and virus-infected patients. Using a transevaporator sampling technique, the volatile profiles from 70 microliter of serum were obtained by capillary-column gas chromatography. The complex chromatograms were interpreted by a combination of manual and computer techniques and a two-peak ratio method devised for the classification of normal and virus-infected sera. Using the K-nearest neighbor approach 85.7% of the unknown samples were classified correctly. Some preliminary results indicate the possible use of the method for the assessment of virus susceptibility.", "PMID": 541363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8641", "title": "Urinary phenylethylamine excretion: gas chromatographic assay with electron-capture detection of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative.", "content": "Phenylethylamine was extracted into n-hexane from alkaline urine saturated with sodium chloride, and back-extracted into dilute acid. The extract was freeze-dried and the residue converted to a pentafluorobenzoyl derivative for analysis by gas chromatography on a column of OV-225 with electron-capture detection. Quantification was achieved by adding an internal standard of tolylethylamine to each sample prior to extraction. Output values in normal subjects and in some patients with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia were in agreement with those in some other recent reports.", "contents": "Urinary phenylethylamine excretion: gas chromatographic assay with electron-capture detection of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative. Phenylethylamine was extracted into n-hexane from alkaline urine saturated with sodium chloride, and back-extracted into dilute acid. The extract was freeze-dried and the residue converted to a pentafluorobenzoyl derivative for analysis by gas chromatography on a column of OV-225 with electron-capture detection. Quantification was achieved by adding an internal standard of tolylethylamine to each sample prior to extraction. Output values in normal subjects and in some patients with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia were in agreement with those in some other recent reports.", "PMID": 541364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8642", "title": "Determination of plasma and urinary cortisol by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence derivatization with dansyl hydrazine.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of cortisol in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorophotometric detection. After extraction with methylene chloride, cortisol is labelled with dansyl hydrazine, and then separated by high-performance chromatography. The eluate is monitored by a fluorophotometer at 350 nm (excitation) and 505 nm (emission). The optimum conditions for the determination, such as HCl and dansyl hydrazine concentrations, reaction time and reaction temperature, and for the eluent of high-performance liquid chromatography, are discussed. Linearity of the fluorescence intensity (peak height) with the amount of cortisol was obtained between 0.5 and 60 ng. The recoveries for 50 and 100 ng of added cortisol were 98.7 and 95.4% for plasma, and 96.4 and 90.6% for urine, respectively. Comparison with a radioimmunoassay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.978. The proposed method is suitable for the routine analysis of cortisol in plasma and urine.", "contents": "Determination of plasma and urinary cortisol by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence derivatization with dansyl hydrazine. A method is described for the determination of cortisol in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorophotometric detection. After extraction with methylene chloride, cortisol is labelled with dansyl hydrazine, and then separated by high-performance chromatography. The eluate is monitored by a fluorophotometer at 350 nm (excitation) and 505 nm (emission). The optimum conditions for the determination, such as HCl and dansyl hydrazine concentrations, reaction time and reaction temperature, and for the eluent of high-performance liquid chromatography, are discussed. Linearity of the fluorescence intensity (peak height) with the amount of cortisol was obtained between 0.5 and 60 ng. The recoveries for 50 and 100 ng of added cortisol were 98.7 and 95.4% for plasma, and 96.4 and 90.6% for urine, respectively. Comparison with a radioimmunoassay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.978. The proposed method is suitable for the routine analysis of cortisol in plasma and urine.", "PMID": 541365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8643", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of free and total polyamines in human serum as fluorescamine derivatives.", "content": "A highly sensitive and simple fluorimetric method for the determination of free and total polyamines, spermidine, spermine, putrescine and cadaverine, in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The polyamines, obtained after clean-up of deproteinized serum by Cellex P column chromatography, are converted to their fluorescamine derivatives in the presence of nickel ion which inhibits the reaction of interfering amines with fluorescamine, and the derivatives are separated simultaneously by reversed-phase chromatography (LiChrosorb RP-18) with a linear gradient elution. The lower limits of detection are 10 and 15 pmole for spermine and the others in 0.5 ml of serum, respectively.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of free and total polyamines in human serum as fluorescamine derivatives. A highly sensitive and simple fluorimetric method for the determination of free and total polyamines, spermidine, spermine, putrescine and cadaverine, in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The polyamines, obtained after clean-up of deproteinized serum by Cellex P column chromatography, are converted to their fluorescamine derivatives in the presence of nickel ion which inhibits the reaction of interfering amines with fluorescamine, and the derivatives are separated simultaneously by reversed-phase chromatography (LiChrosorb RP-18) with a linear gradient elution. The lower limits of detection are 10 and 15 pmole for spermine and the others in 0.5 ml of serum, respectively.", "PMID": 541366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8644", "title": "Measurement of mephenytoin (3-methyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) and its demethylated metabolite by selective ion monitoring.", "content": "Mephenytoin (3-methyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) and its demethylated metabolite Nirvanol (5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) were measured by a selective ion monitoring technique. This method was used in the analysis of both compounds in plasma from a patient receiving 50 mg and 400 mg of mephenytoin in single oral doses. Both compounds were extracted from plasma and ethylated prior to analysis by electron-impact mass spectrometry. Alkylation, using ethyl iodide in 2-butanone, occurred in the N-1 and N-3 positions of the hydantoin ring when concentrated KOH was added to the reaction mixture. The lower limits of quantitation for mephenytoin and Nirvanol were 10 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively, and were found to be reproducible within 8% upon repeated quantification.", "contents": "Measurement of mephenytoin (3-methyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) and its demethylated metabolite by selective ion monitoring. Mephenytoin (3-methyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) and its demethylated metabolite Nirvanol (5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin) were measured by a selective ion monitoring technique. This method was used in the analysis of both compounds in plasma from a patient receiving 50 mg and 400 mg of mephenytoin in single oral doses. Both compounds were extracted from plasma and ethylated prior to analysis by electron-impact mass spectrometry. Alkylation, using ethyl iodide in 2-butanone, occurred in the N-1 and N-3 positions of the hydantoin ring when concentrated KOH was added to the reaction mixture. The lower limits of quantitation for mephenytoin and Nirvanol were 10 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively, and were found to be reproducible within 8% upon repeated quantification.", "PMID": 541367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8645", "title": "Isolation by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitation by radioimmunoassay of therapeutic concentrations of digoxin and metabolites.", "content": "A method combining high-performance liquid chromatography for separation of digoxin from three of its metabolites with subsequent quantitation of each compound by radioimmunoassay is described. The metabolites are shown to interfere with the radioimmunoassay procedure thus providing the need for separation prior to assay.", "contents": "Isolation by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitation by radioimmunoassay of therapeutic concentrations of digoxin and metabolites. A method combining high-performance liquid chromatography for separation of digoxin from three of its metabolites with subsequent quantitation of each compound by radioimmunoassay is described. The metabolites are shown to interfere with the radioimmunoassay procedure thus providing the need for separation prior to assay.", "PMID": 541368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8646", "title": "Determination of plasma concentrations of dapsone, monoacetyl dapsone and pyrimethamine in human subjects dosed with maloprim.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to enable dapsone, monoacetyl dapsone and pyrimethamine to be measured simultaneously in plasma samples from volunteers in England and Malaysia who had been dosed with Maloprim. Mean half-lives of 25 and 80 h were calculated for dapsone and pyrimethamine, respectively, but there was wide individual variation. All subjects were found to be classifiable as \"slow acetylators\".", "contents": "Determination of plasma concentrations of dapsone, monoacetyl dapsone and pyrimethamine in human subjects dosed with maloprim. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to enable dapsone, monoacetyl dapsone and pyrimethamine to be measured simultaneously in plasma samples from volunteers in England and Malaysia who had been dosed with Maloprim. Mean half-lives of 25 and 80 h were calculated for dapsone and pyrimethamine, respectively, but there was wide individual variation. All subjects were found to be classifiable as \"slow acetylators\".", "PMID": 541369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8647", "title": "Simultaneous determination of the anticonvulsants, cinromide (3-bromo-n-ethylcinnamamide), 3-bromocinnamamide, and carbamazepine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for monitoring plasma concentrations of cinromide (3-bromo-N-ethylcinnamamide) and its de-ethylated metabolite. Carbamazepine levels can be easily measured by the same technique. The N-isopropyl analogue of cinromide is used as internal standard, and all compounds are easily separated on a reversed-phase column operated at 55 degrees with a small-diameter pre-column maintained at the same temperature. The extraction is rapid and generally applicable to plasma and urine samples that are to be analyzed by reversed-phase chromatography. Short- and long-term reproducibility studies show less than 4% relative standard deviation for replicate determinations for all drugs. Limits of quantitation are 10-20 ng/ml with an internal standard concentration of 3 micrograms/ml. Another metabolite of cinromide, 3-bromocinnamic acid, which may have some anticonvulsant effect, can be analyzed simultaneously by buffering the mobile phase and adding an ion-pairing reagent.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of the anticonvulsants, cinromide (3-bromo-n-ethylcinnamamide), 3-bromocinnamamide, and carbamazepine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for monitoring plasma concentrations of cinromide (3-bromo-N-ethylcinnamamide) and its de-ethylated metabolite. Carbamazepine levels can be easily measured by the same technique. The N-isopropyl analogue of cinromide is used as internal standard, and all compounds are easily separated on a reversed-phase column operated at 55 degrees with a small-diameter pre-column maintained at the same temperature. The extraction is rapid and generally applicable to plasma and urine samples that are to be analyzed by reversed-phase chromatography. Short- and long-term reproducibility studies show less than 4% relative standard deviation for replicate determinations for all drugs. Limits of quantitation are 10-20 ng/ml with an internal standard concentration of 3 micrograms/ml. Another metabolite of cinromide, 3-bromocinnamic acid, which may have some anticonvulsant effect, can be analyzed simultaneously by buffering the mobile phase and adding an ion-pairing reagent.", "PMID": 541370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8648", "title": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic measurement of n-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32) and trifluoroacetyladriamycin (AD 41) in blood and tissues.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the detection and measurement of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32) and its major metabolite trifluoroacetyladriamycin (AD 41). The procedure gives satisfactory linearity over a large range of concentrations. The coefficient of variability is about 10% over the entire range of usable concentrations, giving good reproducibility; sensitivity is 25 ng for both AD 32 and AD 41. Analysis is specific for AD 32 and AD 41 since adriamycin or more polar metabolites can be differentiated. Recovery is high (85-90%) and the method is simple and economical to use. Pharmacokinetics of AD 32 and AD 41 are reported in blood and some tissues of mice bearing Lewis Lung carcinoma.", "contents": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic measurement of n-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32) and trifluoroacetyladriamycin (AD 41) in blood and tissues. A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the detection and measurement of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32) and its major metabolite trifluoroacetyladriamycin (AD 41). The procedure gives satisfactory linearity over a large range of concentrations. The coefficient of variability is about 10% over the entire range of usable concentrations, giving good reproducibility; sensitivity is 25 ng for both AD 32 and AD 41. Analysis is specific for AD 32 and AD 41 since adriamycin or more polar metabolites can be differentiated. Recovery is high (85-90%) and the method is simple and economical to use. Pharmacokinetics of AD 32 and AD 41 are reported in blood and some tissues of mice bearing Lewis Lung carcinoma.", "PMID": 541371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8649", "title": "Determination of sulfinpyrazone and two of its metabolites in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography and selective detection.", "content": "A selective and sensitive gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of sulfinpyrazone and two of its metabolites (the para-hydroxylated metabolite and the sulfone metabolite) in biological fluids using alkali flame ionization detection (AFID), electron capture detection (ECD) and mass fragmentographic detection is described. The compounds are extracted from the samples, methylated and separated on 2% OV-17 or 3% OV-225 columns. Phenylbutazone is used as internal standard. Standard curves are linear. The coefficient of variation at 10 microgram/ml of sulfinpyrazone in plasma was shown to be 1.8% (AFID), and the detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml (AFID) and 10 ng/ml (ECD). Mass spectra of the methylated compounds are shown and serum concentration curves after oral administration of 100 mg sulfinpyrazone to two persons are determined together with the excreted amounts of drug and metabolites.", "contents": "Determination of sulfinpyrazone and two of its metabolites in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography and selective detection. A selective and sensitive gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of sulfinpyrazone and two of its metabolites (the para-hydroxylated metabolite and the sulfone metabolite) in biological fluids using alkali flame ionization detection (AFID), electron capture detection (ECD) and mass fragmentographic detection is described. The compounds are extracted from the samples, methylated and separated on 2% OV-17 or 3% OV-225 columns. Phenylbutazone is used as internal standard. Standard curves are linear. The coefficient of variation at 10 microgram/ml of sulfinpyrazone in plasma was shown to be 1.8% (AFID), and the detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml (AFID) and 10 ng/ml (ECD). Mass spectra of the methylated compounds are shown and serum concentration curves after oral administration of 100 mg sulfinpyrazone to two persons are determined together with the excreted amounts of drug and metabolites.", "PMID": 541381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8650", "title": "Simultaneous determination of griseofulvin and 6-desmethylgriseofulvin in plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "Two methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of griseofulvin and its major metabolite 6-desmethylgriseofulvin in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography. The first method was based on the quantitative reversion of the 6-desmethyl metabolite to griseofulvin by diazomethane. Plasma extract was chromatographed both before and after treatment with diazomethane, the former being the measure of griseofulvin and the latter representing the sum of the two compounds. In the second method, plasma extract was treated with diazobutane and griseofulvin and the butylated metabolite were separated by gas chromatography. The sensitivity for griseofulvin was 20 ng/ml by both methods and that for the metabolite was 20 ng/ml and 40 ng/ml by the first and the second method, respectively. The concentrations of the metabolite as well as griseofulvin were determined in dog and human plasma after oral administration of griseofulvin.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of griseofulvin and 6-desmethylgriseofulvin in plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography. Two methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of griseofulvin and its major metabolite 6-desmethylgriseofulvin in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography. The first method was based on the quantitative reversion of the 6-desmethyl metabolite to griseofulvin by diazomethane. Plasma extract was chromatographed both before and after treatment with diazomethane, the former being the measure of griseofulvin and the latter representing the sum of the two compounds. In the second method, plasma extract was treated with diazobutane and griseofulvin and the butylated metabolite were separated by gas chromatography. The sensitivity for griseofulvin was 20 ng/ml by both methods and that for the metabolite was 20 ng/ml and 40 ng/ml by the first and the second method, respectively. The concentrations of the metabolite as well as griseofulvin were determined in dog and human plasma after oral administration of griseofulvin.", "PMID": 541382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8651", "title": "Profiling of uremic serum by high-resolution gas chromatography-electron-impact, chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A fast and reliable procedure for gas chromatographic profiling of components in ultrafiltrated uremic serum has been developed, using glass capillary columns. Sample pretreatment consists of ultrafiltration, evaporation and silylation. Some twenty components are identified by electron-impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A comparison is made between profiles of sera from a series of uremic patients, before and after hemodialysis, and from non-uremic sera. Significant differences are found between these profiles. A \"dialysis ratio\" is introduced as a parameter for the removal of retained components by hemodialysis treatment.", "contents": "Profiling of uremic serum by high-resolution gas chromatography-electron-impact, chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A fast and reliable procedure for gas chromatographic profiling of components in ultrafiltrated uremic serum has been developed, using glass capillary columns. Sample pretreatment consists of ultrafiltration, evaporation and silylation. Some twenty components are identified by electron-impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A comparison is made between profiles of sera from a series of uremic patients, before and after hemodialysis, and from non-uremic sera. Significant differences are found between these profiles. A \"dialysis ratio\" is introduced as a parameter for the removal of retained components by hemodialysis treatment.", "PMID": 541389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8652", "title": "Comparison of different high-performance liquid chromatographic systems for the purification of adrenal and gonadal steroids prior to immunoassay.", "content": "The high-performance liquid chromatography of nineteen hormonal steroids with special respect to its suitability for routine purification of these steroids from crude, organic extracts of biological fluids prior to final quantitation by immunoassay has been studied. In all systems the gradient elution technique was applied. Separation of steroids has been investigated using different stationary phases chemically coated with non-polar, hydroxyl, NO2 and CN groups. Reproducibility of retention times was studied on a stationary phase coated with hydroxyl groups (DIOL column) using different organic eluents. Coefficients of variation range from 0.76 to 8.16%. Reproducibility was shown to be unequivocally better in the gradient part than in the isocratic part of the chromatographic run. In contrast to the other steroids, 18-hydroxylated steroids were more or less unstable in certain systems studied. As to resolution and reproducibility, the DIOL column run with an n-hexane-dioxane gradient has been shown to be superior to the other systems studied.", "contents": "Comparison of different high-performance liquid chromatographic systems for the purification of adrenal and gonadal steroids prior to immunoassay. The high-performance liquid chromatography of nineteen hormonal steroids with special respect to its suitability for routine purification of these steroids from crude, organic extracts of biological fluids prior to final quantitation by immunoassay has been studied. In all systems the gradient elution technique was applied. Separation of steroids has been investigated using different stationary phases chemically coated with non-polar, hydroxyl, NO2 and CN groups. Reproducibility of retention times was studied on a stationary phase coated with hydroxyl groups (DIOL column) using different organic eluents. Coefficients of variation range from 0.76 to 8.16%. Reproducibility was shown to be unequivocally better in the gradient part than in the isocratic part of the chromatographic run. In contrast to the other steroids, 18-hydroxylated steroids were more or less unstable in certain systems studied. As to resolution and reproducibility, the DIOL column run with an n-hexane-dioxane gradient has been shown to be superior to the other systems studied.", "PMID": 541394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8653", "title": "Determination of cortisol in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of cortisol in human plasma using 45% aqueous methanol eluent on a 120 mm x 4.5 mm I.D. Hypersil octadecylsilane column with UV detection at 239 nm after a simple dichloromethane extraction and evaporation with a prednisone internal standard. The sample preparation time and chromatography time are each about 15 min and linear correlations have been obtained with plasma samples assayed by the Mattingly fluorimetric technique and a commercial-kit competitive protein binding method. Concentration down to 30 nmol/l may be measured and the method can be used when fluorimetry is invalidated by interference, particularly from spironolactone.", "contents": "Determination of cortisol in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A method is described for the measurement of cortisol in human plasma using 45% aqueous methanol eluent on a 120 mm x 4.5 mm I.D. Hypersil octadecylsilane column with UV detection at 239 nm after a simple dichloromethane extraction and evaporation with a prednisone internal standard. The sample preparation time and chromatography time are each about 15 min and linear correlations have been obtained with plasma samples assayed by the Mattingly fluorimetric technique and a commercial-kit competitive protein binding method. Concentration down to 30 nmol/l may be measured and the method can be used when fluorimetry is invalidated by interference, particularly from spironolactone.", "PMID": 541395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8654", "title": "Determination of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl derivatives of urinary polyamines by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the determination of diamines and polyamines by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl derivatives of putrescine, 1,6-diaminohexane, spermidine and spermine are separated on a muBondapak C18 reversed-phase column with 1-heptanesulfonic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. All compounds are eluted within 30 min using a programmed solvent gradient system. The method has a lower detection limit of 1 pmole on column. Because of the simplicity of the method, its application provides a better means for closely monitoring patients undergoing treatment for various types of genito-urinary neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Determination of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl derivatives of urinary polyamines by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive and specific method for the determination of diamines and polyamines by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl derivatives of putrescine, 1,6-diaminohexane, spermidine and spermine are separated on a muBondapak C18 reversed-phase column with 1-heptanesulfonic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. All compounds are eluted within 30 min using a programmed solvent gradient system. The method has a lower detection limit of 1 pmole on column. Because of the simplicity of the method, its application provides a better means for closely monitoring patients undergoing treatment for various types of genito-urinary neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 541396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8655", "title": "Determination of dopa, dopamine, dopac, epinephrine, norepinephrine, alpha-monofluoromethyldopa and alpha-difluoromethyldopa in various tissues of mice and rats using reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "A method for the determination of catecholic amino acids and amines by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been developed. B using octanesulfonic acid for ion pairing and by optimising ionic strength, pH and methanol concentration of the mobile phase, separation was achieved of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and dopamine (DA). Alpha-Difluoromethyldopa (DFMD) and alpha-monofluoromethyldopa (MFMD), two potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase were also separated from the natural catechols. Concentrations of catechols and inhibitors were measured in brains, hearts and kidneys of mice treated with small repeated doses of MFMD. The method has also been applied to the determination of catechols in other organs such as prostates and seminal vesicles of rats and in smaller tissues like mesenteric arteries. A semi-automated procedure making use of an automatic sample processor and a digital integrator permitted the analysis of as many as sixty samples per day.", "contents": "Determination of dopa, dopamine, dopac, epinephrine, norepinephrine, alpha-monofluoromethyldopa and alpha-difluoromethyldopa in various tissues of mice and rats using reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A method for the determination of catecholic amino acids and amines by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been developed. B using octanesulfonic acid for ion pairing and by optimising ionic strength, pH and methanol concentration of the mobile phase, separation was achieved of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and dopamine (DA). Alpha-Difluoromethyldopa (DFMD) and alpha-monofluoromethyldopa (MFMD), two potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase were also separated from the natural catechols. Concentrations of catechols and inhibitors were measured in brains, hearts and kidneys of mice treated with small repeated doses of MFMD. The method has also been applied to the determination of catechols in other organs such as prostates and seminal vesicles of rats and in smaller tissues like mesenteric arteries. A semi-automated procedure making use of an automatic sample processor and a digital integrator permitted the analysis of as many as sixty samples per day.", "PMID": 541397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8656", "title": "Quantitative analysis of volatile halothane metabolites in biological tissues by gas chromatography.", "content": "A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of 2-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethylene (CDE) and 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE), two highly volatile metabolites of halothane, in blood, liver and isolated hepatic microsomes is described. The entire head-space in equilibrium with a known volume or weight of the sample is injected into the gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Quantification is accomplished with standards prepared by fortifying blank samples with known concentrations of CDE and CTE which are treated under the same conditions as the samples. Detection limits for CDE and CTE were 2 pmole/ml in blood and 10 pmole/g in liver and the mean relative standard deviations are no greater than +/- 6% except for CTE in hepatic microsomes (+/- 9%). A preliminary study of blood CDE and CTE levels in humans anesthetized with halothane is reported.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of volatile halothane metabolites in biological tissues by gas chromatography. A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of 2-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethylene (CDE) and 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE), two highly volatile metabolites of halothane, in blood, liver and isolated hepatic microsomes is described. The entire head-space in equilibrium with a known volume or weight of the sample is injected into the gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Quantification is accomplished with standards prepared by fortifying blank samples with known concentrations of CDE and CTE which are treated under the same conditions as the samples. Detection limits for CDE and CTE were 2 pmole/ml in blood and 10 pmole/g in liver and the mean relative standard deviations are no greater than +/- 6% except for CTE in hepatic microsomes (+/- 9%). A preliminary study of blood CDE and CTE levels in humans anesthetized with halothane is reported.", "PMID": 541398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8657", "title": "Determination of trimethoprim in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of trimethoprim in blood, plasma, and urine using normalphase (adsorption) chromatography on a microparticulate silica column and UV monitoring at 280 nm. Trimethoprim is selectively extracted from the biological sample matrix at alkaline pH with chloroform, providng nearly quantitative extraction (greater than 95%) and a sensitivity limit of 0.01 to 0.02 microgram/ml blood or plasma, without interference from sulfonamides.", "contents": "Determination of trimethoprim in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of trimethoprim in blood, plasma, and urine using normalphase (adsorption) chromatography on a microparticulate silica column and UV monitoring at 280 nm. Trimethoprim is selectively extracted from the biological sample matrix at alkaline pH with chloroform, providng nearly quantitative extraction (greater than 95%) and a sensitivity limit of 0.01 to 0.02 microgram/ml blood or plasma, without interference from sulfonamides.", "PMID": 541399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8658", "title": "Simple method for the determination of choline and acetylcholine by prolysis gas chromatography.", "content": "An improved purification procedure is described for the simultaneous assay of endogenous choline and acetylcholine by pyrolysis gas chromatography, particularly for providing a simple and effective method for propionylation of choline in the presence of acetylcholine. The reaction was carried out in acetonitrile solution prepared by dissolving the evaporated residue of the supernatant of brain homogenate. Thus samples for propionylation were prepared without the use of ion-exchange chromatography.", "contents": "Simple method for the determination of choline and acetylcholine by prolysis gas chromatography. An improved purification procedure is described for the simultaneous assay of endogenous choline and acetylcholine by pyrolysis gas chromatography, particularly for providing a simple and effective method for propionylation of choline in the presence of acetylcholine. The reaction was carried out in acetonitrile solution prepared by dissolving the evaporated residue of the supernatant of brain homogenate. Thus samples for propionylation were prepared without the use of ion-exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 541403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8659", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone and their hemisuccinate esters in human serum.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of methylprednisolone (MP) and methylprednisolone hemisuccinate (MPHS), or hydrocortisone (HC) and hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (HCHS) in human serum. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was performed on a microparticulate C18 column (Spherisorb, 5 micron) using a mobile phase of 2% glacial acetic acid, 30--35% acetonitrile, 70--65% water with ultraviolet detection (254 nm). The method uses 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as the internal standard for the determination of methylprednisolone and its hemisuccinate ester, or 11-deoxy-17-hydroxycorticosterone as the internal standard for the determination of hydrocortisone and its hemisuccinate ester. The sensitivity is 0.03 microgram/ml for HC, 0.07 microgram/ml for MP, 0.04 microgram/ml for MPHS, and 0.10 microgram/ml for HCHS, with a detection limit of 0.02 microgram/ml for all four steroids. Calibration curves are linear up to 3 micrograms/ml for MP or MPHS (as equivalent MP) and up to 4 micrograms/ml for HC and 7 micrograms/ml (as equivalent HC) for HCHS. The pooled relative standard deviation for replicate for each steroid is less than 7%. Plasma concentration--time curves are reported for MP and MPHS or HC and HCHS of two human subjects following intramuscular administration of 125 mg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection, U.S.P., or 250 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate for injection, U.S.P.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone and their hemisuccinate esters in human serum. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of methylprednisolone (MP) and methylprednisolone hemisuccinate (MPHS), or hydrocortisone (HC) and hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (HCHS) in human serum. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was performed on a microparticulate C18 column (Spherisorb, 5 micron) using a mobile phase of 2% glacial acetic acid, 30--35% acetonitrile, 70--65% water with ultraviolet detection (254 nm). The method uses 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as the internal standard for the determination of methylprednisolone and its hemisuccinate ester, or 11-deoxy-17-hydroxycorticosterone as the internal standard for the determination of hydrocortisone and its hemisuccinate ester. The sensitivity is 0.03 microgram/ml for HC, 0.07 microgram/ml for MP, 0.04 microgram/ml for MPHS, and 0.10 microgram/ml for HCHS, with a detection limit of 0.02 microgram/ml for all four steroids. Calibration curves are linear up to 3 micrograms/ml for MP or MPHS (as equivalent MP) and up to 4 micrograms/ml for HC and 7 micrograms/ml (as equivalent HC) for HCHS. The pooled relative standard deviation for replicate for each steroid is less than 7%. Plasma concentration--time curves are reported for MP and MPHS or HC and HCHS of two human subjects following intramuscular administration of 125 mg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection, U.S.P., or 250 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate for injection, U.S.P.", "PMID": 541404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8660", "title": "[Identification of 4-O-methyldopamine in rat tissues by reverded-phase liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "4-O-Methyldopamine was identified and assayed in tissues from L-dopa treated rats by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The initial steps in the separation of catecholamines were performed by alumine, a weak cation-exchange resin, and thin-layer chromatographic techniques. After L-[3 H] dopa administration, the radiochromatogram was superimposed on the fluorochromatogram obtained with authentic marker 4-O-methyldopamine. This metabolite was detected in kidney but not in brain. The 4-O-methyldopamine:3-O-methyldopamine ratio was 0.032 in kidney. The influence of various treatments on this ratio was investigated. A 160% increase was found after L-dopa administration. This effect was potentiated by nialamide pretreatment (550% increase).", "contents": "[Identification of 4-O-methyldopamine in rat tissues by reverded-phase liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. 4-O-Methyldopamine was identified and assayed in tissues from L-dopa treated rats by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The initial steps in the separation of catecholamines were performed by alumine, a weak cation-exchange resin, and thin-layer chromatographic techniques. After L-[3 H] dopa administration, the radiochromatogram was superimposed on the fluorochromatogram obtained with authentic marker 4-O-methyldopamine. This metabolite was detected in kidney but not in brain. The 4-O-methyldopamine:3-O-methyldopamine ratio was 0.032 in kidney. The influence of various treatments on this ratio was investigated. A 160% increase was found after L-dopa administration. This effect was potentiated by nialamide pretreatment (550% increase).", "PMID": 541405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8661", "title": "Determination of the naturally occurring monoacetyl derivatives of di- and polyamines.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of pmol quantities of monoacetylputrescine, N1-acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine and related compounds. The method is based on the derivation of these compounds with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonylchloride, followed by thin-layer chromatographic separation. Cleanup steps allow the application of the method to urine analyses. From the repeated determination of acetylated polyamines in the urine of healthy individuals it can be concluded that these conjugates are the major excretory form of di- and polyamines. The cleanup steps used in this procedure and the method described for the stabilization of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonyl derivatives on thin-layer plates are advantageous also for the analyses of total polyamines in urine hydrolysates, and in related applications of the dansylation method.", "contents": "Determination of the naturally occurring monoacetyl derivatives of di- and polyamines. A method is described for the determination of pmol quantities of monoacetylputrescine, N1-acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine and related compounds. The method is based on the derivation of these compounds with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonylchloride, followed by thin-layer chromatographic separation. Cleanup steps allow the application of the method to urine analyses. From the repeated determination of acetylated polyamines in the urine of healthy individuals it can be concluded that these conjugates are the major excretory form of di- and polyamines. The cleanup steps used in this procedure and the method described for the stabilization of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonyl derivatives on thin-layer plates are advantageous also for the analyses of total polyamines in urine hydrolysates, and in related applications of the dansylation method.", "PMID": 541406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8662", "title": "Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of lorcainide hydrochloride and three of its principal metabolites in biological samples.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of the antiarrhythmic drug lorcainide hydrochloride and its three main metabolites in plasma, urine, faeces and tissues from man and animals. The procedure involves the extract of the parent drug, its metabolites and the internal standard from the biological materials at different alkaline pH values, back-extraction into sulphuric acid and re-extraction into the organic phase (heptane--isoamyl alcohol). After silylation of the different phenolic and the N-dealkylated metabolites, analyses were carried out by automated gas--liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method has a sensitivity limit of 5 ng for lorcainide, and 10--20 ng for the various metabolites, per millilitre of plasma. The method was applied to urine, faeces, plasma and tissue samples from man and animals. It was also suitable for automatic sample analysis.", "contents": "Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of lorcainide hydrochloride and three of its principal metabolites in biological samples. A method is described for the determination of the antiarrhythmic drug lorcainide hydrochloride and its three main metabolites in plasma, urine, faeces and tissues from man and animals. The procedure involves the extract of the parent drug, its metabolites and the internal standard from the biological materials at different alkaline pH values, back-extraction into sulphuric acid and re-extraction into the organic phase (heptane--isoamyl alcohol). After silylation of the different phenolic and the N-dealkylated metabolites, analyses were carried out by automated gas--liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method has a sensitivity limit of 5 ng for lorcainide, and 10--20 ng for the various metabolites, per millilitre of plasma. The method was applied to urine, faeces, plasma and tissue samples from man and animals. It was also suitable for automatic sample analysis.", "PMID": 541407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8663", "title": "Dynamic cation-exchange systems for the separation of drugs derived from butyrophenone and diphenylpiperidine by high-performance liquid chromatography and applied in the determination of halopemide in plasma.", "content": "Dynamic (solvent generated) cation-exchange systems for the separation of drugs and main metabolites derived from butyrophenone and diphenylpiperidine (haloperidol, pimozide, halopemide) were investigated. The effect of organic modifier, detergent, counter-ion concentration and of the pH on the retention has been determined. The results show that variation of these parameters permits adjustment of the retention of these drugs over a wide range. The dynamic cation-exchange system developed was applied to the determination of halopemide and its main metabolite in plasma. The precision and detection limit of the method and the extraction efficiency were established. The time course of halopemide and plasma levels of patients chronically receiving halopemide are reported.", "contents": "Dynamic cation-exchange systems for the separation of drugs derived from butyrophenone and diphenylpiperidine by high-performance liquid chromatography and applied in the determination of halopemide in plasma. Dynamic (solvent generated) cation-exchange systems for the separation of drugs and main metabolites derived from butyrophenone and diphenylpiperidine (haloperidol, pimozide, halopemide) were investigated. The effect of organic modifier, detergent, counter-ion concentration and of the pH on the retention has been determined. The results show that variation of these parameters permits adjustment of the retention of these drugs over a wide range. The dynamic cation-exchange system developed was applied to the determination of halopemide and its main metabolite in plasma. The precision and detection limit of the method and the extraction efficiency were established. The time course of halopemide and plasma levels of patients chronically receiving halopemide are reported.", "PMID": 541408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8664", "title": "Quantitative analysis of sulpiride in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of sulpiride, N-ethyl-2-(2-methoxy-5-sulphonamido-benzamido-methyl)-pyrrolidine, in body fluids is described. A structurally related compound, N-ethyl-2-(2,4-dimethoxy-benzamido-methyl)-pyrrolidine, was used as internal standard. A fluorescence detector with excitation maximum at 299 nm and emission maximum at 342 nm was used for the quantitation. The detection limit was about 10 ng/ml in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and about 200 ng/ml in urine. The experimental error was 5--10% in the concentration range 25--100 ng/ml. Some preliminary data from a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers are presented. The half-life for sulpiride in serum was about 8 h. Sulpiride was also measured in cerebrospinal fluid from five drug-treated psychotic patients.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of sulpiride in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of sulpiride, N-ethyl-2-(2-methoxy-5-sulphonamido-benzamido-methyl)-pyrrolidine, in body fluids is described. A structurally related compound, N-ethyl-2-(2,4-dimethoxy-benzamido-methyl)-pyrrolidine, was used as internal standard. A fluorescence detector with excitation maximum at 299 nm and emission maximum at 342 nm was used for the quantitation. The detection limit was about 10 ng/ml in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and about 200 ng/ml in urine. The experimental error was 5--10% in the concentration range 25--100 ng/ml. Some preliminary data from a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers are presented. The half-life for sulpiride in serum was about 8 h. Sulpiride was also measured in cerebrospinal fluid from five drug-treated psychotic patients.", "PMID": 541409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8665", "title": "[High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of benfurodil hemisuccinate in blood and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "A sensitive and reliable method for quantitative determination of benfurodil hemisuccinate and benfurodil in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography on a Zorbax SIL column with a mean particle size of 7 micrometer and UV detection at 254 nm is described. Benfurodil hemisuccinate is stable in plasma but not in aqueous solutions. This is explained by its great fixation to plasma proteins which has been shown by equilibrium dialysis.", "contents": "[High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of benfurodil hemisuccinate in blood and urine (author's transl)]. A sensitive and reliable method for quantitative determination of benfurodil hemisuccinate and benfurodil in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography on a Zorbax SIL column with a mean particle size of 7 micrometer and UV detection at 254 nm is described. Benfurodil hemisuccinate is stable in plasma but not in aqueous solutions. This is explained by its great fixation to plasma proteins which has been shown by equilibrium dialysis.", "PMID": 541410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8666", "title": "Detection of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue by a radioenzymatic--thin-layer chromatographic assay.", "content": "A sensitive radioenzymaticc--thin-layer chromatographic assay for the quantitative analysis of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, salsolinol, in plasma and neonatal rat tissue is described. The assay involves the enzymatic O-methylation of salsolinol by catechol-O-methyltransferase in presence of [3H]S-adenosylmethionine, and subsequent separation by thin-layer chromatography of the resultant [3H]O-methyl-salsolinol from the O-methylated derivatives of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The method allows the detection of as little as 100 pg salsolinol per g tissue, and the accurate quantitation of as little as 100 pg/ml plasma and 500 pg/g tissue. This assay permitted the detection of trace amounts of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue (less than 500 pg/g tissue).", "contents": "Detection of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue by a radioenzymatic--thin-layer chromatographic assay. A sensitive radioenzymaticc--thin-layer chromatographic assay for the quantitative analysis of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, salsolinol, in plasma and neonatal rat tissue is described. The assay involves the enzymatic O-methylation of salsolinol by catechol-O-methyltransferase in presence of [3H]S-adenosylmethionine, and subsequent separation by thin-layer chromatography of the resultant [3H]O-methyl-salsolinol from the O-methylated derivatives of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The method allows the detection of as little as 100 pg salsolinol per g tissue, and the accurate quantitation of as little as 100 pg/ml plasma and 500 pg/g tissue. This assay permitted the detection of trace amounts of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue (less than 500 pg/g tissue).", "PMID": 541411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8667", "title": "New procedure for isolation of amino acids based on selective hydrolysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives.", "content": "A rapid procedure for the isolation of amino acids from physiological fluids by class separation suitable for gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis is described. A physiological fluid such as plasma is adjusted to pH 2 and extracted with diethyl ether to remove organic acids and neutrals. After precipitation of proteins with trichloroacetic acid, the aqueous plasma is dried and derivatized by trimethylsilylation. Organic compounds like sugars and amino acids are rendered soluble in petroleum ether leaving inorganic salts when the soluble layer is transferred. Separation of sugars from amino acids is achieved by taking advantage of the different rates of aqueous hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Mixing the petroleum ether extract with a small volume of water results in two phases. The petroleum ether layer contains TMS-Sugar constituents of plasma and the aqueous layer contains free amino acids and amines. This procedure was used to isolate L-dopa, 3-O-methyldopa and tyrosine from human plasma in a quantitation assay using 18O-labelled amino acids and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "New procedure for isolation of amino acids based on selective hydrolysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives. A rapid procedure for the isolation of amino acids from physiological fluids by class separation suitable for gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis is described. A physiological fluid such as plasma is adjusted to pH 2 and extracted with diethyl ether to remove organic acids and neutrals. After precipitation of proteins with trichloroacetic acid, the aqueous plasma is dried and derivatized by trimethylsilylation. Organic compounds like sugars and amino acids are rendered soluble in petroleum ether leaving inorganic salts when the soluble layer is transferred. Separation of sugars from amino acids is achieved by taking advantage of the different rates of aqueous hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Mixing the petroleum ether extract with a small volume of water results in two phases. The petroleum ether layer contains TMS-Sugar constituents of plasma and the aqueous layer contains free amino acids and amines. This procedure was used to isolate L-dopa, 3-O-methyldopa and tyrosine from human plasma in a quantitation assay using 18O-labelled amino acids and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 541418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8668", "title": "Determination of erythrocyte amino acids by gas chromatography.", "content": "Erythrocyte amino acid levels were determined, by gas chromatography, in a group of 34 normal human adults. No significant sex or age correlations were noted. A method for the quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of free amino acids in erythrocytes is described. Following hemolysis and deproteinization the amino acids were isolated on a cation-exchange resin. Glutathione was removed from the amino acid mixture by adsorption on an anion-exchange resin. Following conversion to their N-acetyl-n-propyl esters, 19 amino acids were separated and quantitated by gas chromatography on a single column in 18 min. Typical reproducibility data indicate that a coefficient of variation of 2-5% is attainable.", "contents": "Determination of erythrocyte amino acids by gas chromatography. Erythrocyte amino acid levels were determined, by gas chromatography, in a group of 34 normal human adults. No significant sex or age correlations were noted. A method for the quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of free amino acids in erythrocytes is described. Following hemolysis and deproteinization the amino acids were isolated on a cation-exchange resin. Glutathione was removed from the amino acid mixture by adsorption on an anion-exchange resin. Following conversion to their N-acetyl-n-propyl esters, 19 amino acids were separated and quantitated by gas chromatography on a single column in 18 min. Typical reproducibility data indicate that a coefficient of variation of 2-5% is attainable.", "PMID": 541419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8669", "title": "Determination of tryptophan and several of its metabolites in physiological samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "A new method for the concurrent assay of three tryptophan metabolites at the picomole level is described. The method has been developed for blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue samples such as whole brain, brain parts, and endocrine glands. Tryptophan itself, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid are isolated initially on extraction columns, eluted with a suitable solvent, and injected onto a liquid chromatograph with an amperometric detector. This general approach may be applicable to a variety of other tryptophan metabolites and should be useful in both research and clinical investigations.", "contents": "Determination of tryptophan and several of its metabolites in physiological samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A new method for the concurrent assay of three tryptophan metabolites at the picomole level is described. The method has been developed for blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue samples such as whole brain, brain parts, and endocrine glands. Tryptophan itself, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid are isolated initially on extraction columns, eluted with a suitable solvent, and injected onto a liquid chromatograph with an amperometric detector. This general approach may be applicable to a variety of other tryptophan metabolites and should be useful in both research and clinical investigations.", "PMID": 541420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8670", "title": "Determination of therapeutic and toxic concentrations of doxepin and loxapine using gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive detector, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of loxapine.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of therapeutic and toxic serum levels of doxepin and loxapine, using a nitrogen-phosphorus-sensitive detector. Amitriptyline is used as the internal standard. The method is accurate, sensitive and specific with no derivatization required prior to analysis. An advantage of the procedure is the small serum sample size needed for analysis and the selectivity and sensitivity of the detector, with the limit of detection being 3 and 2 microgram/l for doxepin and loxapine, respectively. Nine cases of doxenin and loxapine misuse are presented. Serum doxepin concentrations ranged from 113 to 439 microgram/l, with a loxapine concentration of 192 microgram/l observed in one patient. The presence of the tricyclics was identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the mass spectrum of loxapine is reported.", "contents": "Determination of therapeutic and toxic concentrations of doxepin and loxapine using gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive detector, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of loxapine. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of therapeutic and toxic serum levels of doxepin and loxapine, using a nitrogen-phosphorus-sensitive detector. Amitriptyline is used as the internal standard. The method is accurate, sensitive and specific with no derivatization required prior to analysis. An advantage of the procedure is the small serum sample size needed for analysis and the selectivity and sensitivity of the detector, with the limit of detection being 3 and 2 microgram/l for doxepin and loxapine, respectively. Nine cases of doxenin and loxapine misuse are presented. Serum doxepin concentrations ranged from 113 to 439 microgram/l, with a loxapine concentration of 192 microgram/l observed in one patient. The presence of the tricyclics was identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the mass spectrum of loxapine is reported.", "PMID": 541421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8671", "title": "Measurement of adriamycin (doxorubicin) and its metabolites in human plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.", "content": "We describe a method for measuring adriamycin and its major metabolite, adriamycinol, in plasma, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The lower limit of detection is approximately 1 ng/ml for both compounds; within-day coefficients of variation are 3.6% and 4.4% for adriamycin and adriamycinol, respectively. A slight modification of this procedure also allows measurement of aglycone metabolites.", "contents": "Measurement of adriamycin (doxorubicin) and its metabolites in human plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. We describe a method for measuring adriamycin and its major metabolite, adriamycinol, in plasma, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The lower limit of detection is approximately 1 ng/ml for both compounds; within-day coefficients of variation are 3.6% and 4.4% for adriamycin and adriamycinol, respectively. A slight modification of this procedure also allows measurement of aglycone metabolites.", "PMID": 541422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8672", "title": "Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of plasma levels of adriamycin and adriamycinol.", "content": "A method is given for the determination of adriamycin and its main metabolite, adriamycinol in plasma from cancer patients after administration of adriamycin as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. Adriamycin and adriamycinol are extracted in a column from 1 ml of plasma (pH 8.6) using a mixture of chloroform--1-heptanol (8:2). After re-extraction into phosphate buffer pH 2.2, the separation is performed as reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a LiChrosorb RP-2 (5 micron) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water, acidified with phosphoric acid. The precision by quantitation with photometric detection was better than 5% within the range 50-300 ng/ml. Plasma levels of adriamycin and adriamycinol in a cancer patient are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of plasma levels of adriamycin and adriamycinol. A method is given for the determination of adriamycin and its main metabolite, adriamycinol in plasma from cancer patients after administration of adriamycin as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. Adriamycin and adriamycinol are extracted in a column from 1 ml of plasma (pH 8.6) using a mixture of chloroform--1-heptanol (8:2). After re-extraction into phosphate buffer pH 2.2, the separation is performed as reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a LiChrosorb RP-2 (5 micron) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water, acidified with phosphoric acid. The precision by quantitation with photometric detection was better than 5% within the range 50-300 ng/ml. Plasma levels of adriamycin and adriamycinol in a cancer patient are presented in this paper.", "PMID": 541423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8673", "title": "Spectrofluorimetric determination of dipyridamole in serum--a comparison of two methods.", "content": "Two spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of dipyridamole in plasma are described. The thin-layer chromatographic-fluoridensitometric method utilizes 1 ml of plasma which is extracted at pH 10 with diethyl ether-dichloromethane (80:20). The organic phase is evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in 250 microliter dichloromethane and 5 microliter are spotted on a silica gel 60 plate. The plate is developed in ethyl acetate-methanol-ammonia (85:10:5), dried, dipped in a paraffin wax solution, dried, and scanned using 380 nm as excitation wavelength, a 430 nm cut-off filter, and collecting all emitted light on the photomultiplier. Quantitation was done by the external standard method, peak heights being measured and a calibration graph constructed. For the spectrofluorimetric method 1 ml of plasma is extracted at pH 10 with 8 ml of hexane-isoamyl alcohol (95:5) and the organic phase used directly for the measurement of the fluorescence intensity (excitation 405 nm, emission 495 nm). Quantitation was done by measuring the fluorescence of standards that were treated as above and constructing a calibration graph of concentration versus fluorescence intensity. Concentrations of unknowns were found by interpolation from this graph. The two methods were found to exhibit good correlation but the spectrofluorimetric method proved to be more amenable to the analysis of a large number of samples.", "contents": "Spectrofluorimetric determination of dipyridamole in serum--a comparison of two methods. Two spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of dipyridamole in plasma are described. The thin-layer chromatographic-fluoridensitometric method utilizes 1 ml of plasma which is extracted at pH 10 with diethyl ether-dichloromethane (80:20). The organic phase is evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in 250 microliter dichloromethane and 5 microliter are spotted on a silica gel 60 plate. The plate is developed in ethyl acetate-methanol-ammonia (85:10:5), dried, dipped in a paraffin wax solution, dried, and scanned using 380 nm as excitation wavelength, a 430 nm cut-off filter, and collecting all emitted light on the photomultiplier. Quantitation was done by the external standard method, peak heights being measured and a calibration graph constructed. For the spectrofluorimetric method 1 ml of plasma is extracted at pH 10 with 8 ml of hexane-isoamyl alcohol (95:5) and the organic phase used directly for the measurement of the fluorescence intensity (excitation 405 nm, emission 495 nm). Quantitation was done by measuring the fluorescence of standards that were treated as above and constructing a calibration graph of concentration versus fluorescence intensity. Concentrations of unknowns were found by interpolation from this graph. The two methods were found to exhibit good correlation but the spectrofluorimetric method proved to be more amenable to the analysis of a large number of samples.", "PMID": 541424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8674", "title": "Dual-detector-post-column reactor system for the detection of isoenzymes separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Description and theory.", "content": "We describe a dual-detector-post-column chromatographic reaction detector system that corrects for substances present in biological samples that interfere with the measurement of isoenzymes separated on a chromatographic column. The response observed at the detector in front of the reaction coil is mathematically dispersed, time transformed and subtracted from the detector behind the coil to produce a blank corrected chromatogram. The same computer program calculates peak areas and other chromatographic parameters such as height equivalent to a theoretical plate and retention time. In addition, we have evaluated the dispersion effects caused by various changes in our experimental system.", "contents": "Dual-detector-post-column reactor system for the detection of isoenzymes separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Description and theory. We describe a dual-detector-post-column chromatographic reaction detector system that corrects for substances present in biological samples that interfere with the measurement of isoenzymes separated on a chromatographic column. The response observed at the detector in front of the reaction coil is mathematically dispersed, time transformed and subtracted from the detector behind the coil to produce a blank corrected chromatogram. The same computer program calculates peak areas and other chromatographic parameters such as height equivalent to a theoretical plate and retention time. In addition, we have evaluated the dispersion effects caused by various changes in our experimental system.", "PMID": 541433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8675", "title": "Dual-detector-post-column reactor system for the detection of isoenzymes separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation and application to lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.", "content": "We describe the separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatography-anion-exchange columns and their quantitation by a computer-controlled, dual-detector post-column reaction system. The recoveries from the separation column were ca. 90%. The dynamic range of the system was linear over about three orders of magnitude from 3 to 1500 U/l. The coefficient of variation for isoenzyme peak areas was ca. 2%. The method is compared to the classical electrophoresis measurement and shows increased speed, resolution, precision and accuracy.", "contents": "Dual-detector-post-column reactor system for the detection of isoenzymes separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation and application to lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. We describe the separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatography-anion-exchange columns and their quantitation by a computer-controlled, dual-detector post-column reaction system. The recoveries from the separation column were ca. 90%. The dynamic range of the system was linear over about three orders of magnitude from 3 to 1500 U/l. The coefficient of variation for isoenzyme peak areas was ca. 2%. The method is compared to the classical electrophoresis measurement and shows increased speed, resolution, precision and accuracy.", "PMID": 541434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8676", "title": "Determination of bromhexine as its trifluoroacetyl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "A specific gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection is described for the determination of bromhexine at the nanogram level. Structurally analogous internal standards were synthesized and their suitability was investigated, based on their chromatographic properties on different stationary liquid phases. The electron-capture activity of the compounds is increased by trifluoroacetylation. Reaction conditions for this derivatization were studied. Calibration graphs in the range 0-57 ng (in a total of 100 microliters of reaction mixture) showed good linearity.", "contents": "Determination of bromhexine as its trifluoroacetyl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. A specific gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection is described for the determination of bromhexine at the nanogram level. Structurally analogous internal standards were synthesized and their suitability was investigated, based on their chromatographic properties on different stationary liquid phases. The electron-capture activity of the compounds is increased by trifluoroacetylation. Reaction conditions for this derivatization were studied. Calibration graphs in the range 0-57 ng (in a total of 100 microliters of reaction mixture) showed good linearity.", "PMID": 541435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8677", "title": "Screening methods for the detection of thirteen common mycotoxins.", "content": "A study of screening methods for thirteen mycotoxins showed that they can be separated as neutral and acidic metabolites. RF values were determined in several solvent systems. The reactions of the mycotoxins with well known spray reagents were investigated, and their detection limits were established. A general procedure for the extraction of mycotoxins from contaminated samples is described.", "contents": "Screening methods for the detection of thirteen common mycotoxins. A study of screening methods for thirteen mycotoxins showed that they can be separated as neutral and acidic metabolites. RF values were determined in several solvent systems. The reactions of the mycotoxins with well known spray reagents were investigated, and their detection limits were established. A general procedure for the extraction of mycotoxins from contaminated samples is described.", "PMID": 541436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8678", "title": "Separation of tryptic peptides of normal and abnormal alpha, beta, gamma, and delta hemoglobin chains by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate tryptic peptides of the normal alpha, beta, gamma, and delta chains of human hemoglobins A, F, and A2 and of the abnormal chains of 25 hemoglobin variants. In addition, the separation of chymotryptic peptides of the oxidized core of the normal alpha chain by HPLC was evaluated. HPLC has several advantages over conventional methods used for the separation of proteolytic fragments of hemoglobin chains. The method is fast, and reproducible, and requires only small quantities of material. Several peptides are eluted as single zones, thus eliminating the need of rechromatography for further purification. Characteristic changes in the elution pattern of the peptides often indicate specific modifications.", "contents": "Separation of tryptic peptides of normal and abnormal alpha, beta, gamma, and delta hemoglobin chains by high-performance liquid chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate tryptic peptides of the normal alpha, beta, gamma, and delta chains of human hemoglobins A, F, and A2 and of the abnormal chains of 25 hemoglobin variants. In addition, the separation of chymotryptic peptides of the oxidized core of the normal alpha chain by HPLC was evaluated. HPLC has several advantages over conventional methods used for the separation of proteolytic fragments of hemoglobin chains. The method is fast, and reproducible, and requires only small quantities of material. Several peptides are eluted as single zones, thus eliminating the need of rechromatography for further purification. Characteristic changes in the elution pattern of the peptides often indicate specific modifications.", "PMID": 541440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8679", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the nitroimidazole azanidazole in human plasma and urine.", "content": "Azanidazole can be measured in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography employing UV detection. Peak mean plasma concentrations of azanidazole, of 267 ng/ml, occurred at 1.5 h after single oral doses to human subjects, and declined with a half-life of 0.8 h. Less than 0.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Metabolites of azanidazole were also detected by the procedures used.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the nitroimidazole azanidazole in human plasma and urine. Azanidazole can be measured in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography employing UV detection. Peak mean plasma concentrations of azanidazole, of 267 ng/ml, occurred at 1.5 h after single oral doses to human subjects, and declined with a half-life of 0.8 h. Less than 0.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Metabolites of azanidazole were also detected by the procedures used.", "PMID": 541441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8680", "title": "Improved thin-layer chromatographic method for sugar separations.", "content": "A method is described for the utilization of pre-coated, non-impregnated silical gel thin layers in one- and two-dimensional separations of carbodhyrates and related compounds. Boric and phenylboronic acids were added to the organic elution systems in different concentrations and their interactions with the sugar molecules during the chromatographic process were studied. A comparison was made between solvent systems containing boric or phenylboronic acid and systems devoid of both acids as eluents. With boric acid-containing solvents the migration of some sugars was considerably inhibited, whereas phenylboronic acid produced an increase in the RF values of certain sugars. The combination of these two types of solvent in two dimensional development resulted in the clear separation of a group of mono- and disaccharides of bioclinical interest.", "contents": "Improved thin-layer chromatographic method for sugar separations. A method is described for the utilization of pre-coated, non-impregnated silical gel thin layers in one- and two-dimensional separations of carbodhyrates and related compounds. Boric and phenylboronic acids were added to the organic elution systems in different concentrations and their interactions with the sugar molecules during the chromatographic process were studied. A comparison was made between solvent systems containing boric or phenylboronic acid and systems devoid of both acids as eluents. With boric acid-containing solvents the migration of some sugars was considerably inhibited, whereas phenylboronic acid produced an increase in the RF values of certain sugars. The combination of these two types of solvent in two dimensional development resulted in the clear separation of a group of mono- and disaccharides of bioclinical interest.", "PMID": 541444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8681", "title": "Equilibrium saturation chromatographic method for studying the binding of ligands to human serum albumin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Influence of fatty acids and sodium dodecyl sulphate on warfarin-human serum albumin binding.", "content": "A size exclusion chromatographic method for studying ligand-macromolecule binding parameters is described. This equilibrium saturation method allows the determination of the concentrations of constituents in equilibrium and is specially useful for characterizing ligand--protein binding under conditions that can be compared with physiological conditions. The method has been used for measuring warfarin--human serum albumin (HSA) binding and for studying the influence of free fatty acids (FFA) and sodium dodecyl sulphate on warfarin--HSA binding. Some comparisons with the Hummel and Dreyer method are given. The influence of the FFA is strongly dependent on their chain length, with an inversion of the effect for a 10-carbon chain.", "contents": "Equilibrium saturation chromatographic method for studying the binding of ligands to human serum albumin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Influence of fatty acids and sodium dodecyl sulphate on warfarin-human serum albumin binding. A size exclusion chromatographic method for studying ligand-macromolecule binding parameters is described. This equilibrium saturation method allows the determination of the concentrations of constituents in equilibrium and is specially useful for characterizing ligand--protein binding under conditions that can be compared with physiological conditions. The method has been used for measuring warfarin--human serum albumin (HSA) binding and for studying the influence of free fatty acids (FFA) and sodium dodecyl sulphate on warfarin--HSA binding. Some comparisons with the Hummel and Dreyer method are given. The influence of the FFA is strongly dependent on their chain length, with an inversion of the effect for a 10-carbon chain.", "PMID": 541445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8682", "title": "Methylthiohydantoin amino acids: chromatographic separation and comparison to phenylthiohydantoin amino acids.", "content": "Most phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids and most methylthiohydantoin (MTH) amino acids may be separated from one another by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the same sequential development technique with the same two solvents. Similarly, a single solvent system may be used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate most PTH-amino acids and most MTH-amino acids. When both TLC and HPLC separations are performed on a sample, all MTH-and PTH-amino acids can be uniquely identified. Since many solid-phase protein sequencing techniques generate both MTH-and PTH-amino acids, these analytical systems simplify identification of the amino acid derivatives. Although the chromatographic properties of MTH-and PTH-amino acids are similar, they are not identical (contrary to a previous report).", "contents": "Methylthiohydantoin amino acids: chromatographic separation and comparison to phenylthiohydantoin amino acids. Most phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids and most methylthiohydantoin (MTH) amino acids may be separated from one another by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the same sequential development technique with the same two solvents. Similarly, a single solvent system may be used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate most PTH-amino acids and most MTH-amino acids. When both TLC and HPLC separations are performed on a sample, all MTH-and PTH-amino acids can be uniquely identified. Since many solid-phase protein sequencing techniques generate both MTH-and PTH-amino acids, these analytical systems simplify identification of the amino acid derivatives. Although the chromatographic properties of MTH-and PTH-amino acids are similar, they are not identical (contrary to a previous report).", "PMID": 541446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8683", "title": "Simple method for the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin by stepwise elution from a short column of weak cation-exchange resin.", "content": "A simple method for the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin using a short column of Amberlite CG-50 is described. Noradrenaline and dopamine were eluted from the column with phosphate buffers containing 1.5 and 4.0% boric acid, respectively, and then serotonin was eluted with 1.0 N HCl. Catecholamines were determined by a modification of the ethylenediamine condensation method using potassium ferricyanide as oxidant and isobutanol for extraction of the fluorophores. Serotonin was measured by the acidic o-phthalaldehyde method. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in discrete regions of rat brain.", "contents": "Simple method for the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin by stepwise elution from a short column of weak cation-exchange resin. A simple method for the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin using a short column of Amberlite CG-50 is described. Noradrenaline and dopamine were eluted from the column with phosphate buffers containing 1.5 and 4.0% boric acid, respectively, and then serotonin was eluted with 1.0 N HCl. Catecholamines were determined by a modification of the ethylenediamine condensation method using potassium ferricyanide as oxidant and isobutanol for extraction of the fluorophores. Serotonin was measured by the acidic o-phthalaldehyde method. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in discrete regions of rat brain.", "PMID": 541447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8684", "title": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of formaldehyde in ambient air using a sampling tube.", "content": "A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique for the analysis of trace concentrations of formaldehyde in air is described. Molecular Sieve 13X was found to be an excellent adsorbent. The collected samples were thermally desorbed onto the analytical column (Porapak T) for separation, and quantified by mass fragmentography (m/e 29 and 30). Advantages of the technique include ppb sensitivity, selectivity and quantitative recovery. Experimental results are given for air samples in a rural area.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of formaldehyde in ambient air using a sampling tube. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique for the analysis of trace concentrations of formaldehyde in air is described. Molecular Sieve 13X was found to be an excellent adsorbent. The collected samples were thermally desorbed onto the analytical column (Porapak T) for separation, and quantified by mass fragmentography (m/e 29 and 30). Advantages of the technique include ppb sensitivity, selectivity and quantitative recovery. Experimental results are given for air samples in a rural area.", "PMID": 541448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8685", "title": "Methylation analysis in glycoprotein chemistry. General procedure for quantification of the products of solvolysis of permethylated glycopeptides and glycoproteins.", "content": "A technique for the gas chromatographic analysis of the products of solvolysis of permethylated glycopeptides and glycoproteins has been developed. It involves methanolysis of a permethylated compound, quantitative transformation of methyl ethers of methyl glycosides into the corresponding O-trimethylsilyl(TMS)-O-methylalditols [2-deoxy-2-(N-methyl)acetamido-O-TMS-O-methylalditols in the case of hexosamine derivatives] and gas chromatographic quantification using a single column packed with 0.4% OV-225 on surface-modified Chromosorb.", "contents": "Methylation analysis in glycoprotein chemistry. General procedure for quantification of the products of solvolysis of permethylated glycopeptides and glycoproteins. A technique for the gas chromatographic analysis of the products of solvolysis of permethylated glycopeptides and glycoproteins has been developed. It involves methanolysis of a permethylated compound, quantitative transformation of methyl ethers of methyl glycosides into the corresponding O-trimethylsilyl(TMS)-O-methylalditols [2-deoxy-2-(N-methyl)acetamido-O-TMS-O-methylalditols in the case of hexosamine derivatives] and gas chromatographic quantification using a single column packed with 0.4% OV-225 on surface-modified Chromosorb.", "PMID": 541450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8686", "title": "Season and treatment effects on serum prolactin and milk yield during induced lactation.", "content": "Nineteen nonpregnant, nonlactating dairy cows were allotted to three treatments to induce lactation during winter, 1976, or spring, 1977. All groups received 17 beta-estradiol (.1 mg/kg) days 1 to 7. Groups 2 and 3 also received progesterone (.25 mg/kg) days 1 to 7. Groups 1 and 2 were given reserpine (5 mg intramuscular) on days 8, 10, 12, and 14. Group 3 received reserpine (5 mg intramuscular) on days 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14. Blood samples were collected for prolactin analysis just prior to and 3 h after reserpine injection. Mean daily temperatures were 11.9 C for spring group and -6.5 C for winter group. Comparisons of spring with winter for basal prolactin concentrations, reserpine-stimulated prolactin concentrations, and 100-day milk yields were 44 with 10 ng/ml, 482 with 199 ng/ml, and 1991 with 862 kg. Differences in prolactin concentrations and milk yields among hormone and reserpine treatments could not be detected, but cows on treatment 3 in the spring gave the largest yield of milk. Prolactin concentrations were correlated with milk yields among cows and among cows within seasons. Seasonal differences demonstrate the critical role of prolactin in the treatment to induce lactation.", "contents": "Season and treatment effects on serum prolactin and milk yield during induced lactation. Nineteen nonpregnant, nonlactating dairy cows were allotted to three treatments to induce lactation during winter, 1976, or spring, 1977. All groups received 17 beta-estradiol (.1 mg/kg) days 1 to 7. Groups 2 and 3 also received progesterone (.25 mg/kg) days 1 to 7. Groups 1 and 2 were given reserpine (5 mg intramuscular) on days 8, 10, 12, and 14. Group 3 received reserpine (5 mg intramuscular) on days 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14. Blood samples were collected for prolactin analysis just prior to and 3 h after reserpine injection. Mean daily temperatures were 11.9 C for spring group and -6.5 C for winter group. Comparisons of spring with winter for basal prolactin concentrations, reserpine-stimulated prolactin concentrations, and 100-day milk yields were 44 with 10 ng/ml, 482 with 199 ng/ml, and 1991 with 862 kg. Differences in prolactin concentrations and milk yields among hormone and reserpine treatments could not be detected, but cows on treatment 3 in the spring gave the largest yield of milk. Prolactin concentrations were correlated with milk yields among cows and among cows within seasons. Seasonal differences demonstrate the critical role of prolactin in the treatment to induce lactation.", "PMID": 541460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8687", "title": "Effects of low chloride intake on performance, clinical characteristics, and chloride, sodium, potassium, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy calves.", "content": "Young male Holstein calves were fed either a control (.5% chloride) or a low-chloride (.038% chloride) practical diet for 7 wk. Both groups received low-chloride (.00038% chloride) well water. Feeding the low-chloride diet did not produce definite clinical symptoms of chloride deficiency. Neither body weight gains, feed intake, feed digestibility, nor body retention of chloride, sodium, potassium, or nitrogen were effected adversely. Although the chloride intake of the low-chloride calves was only one-sixteenth that of controls, body chloride retention was similar for the two groups. The similar retention of body chloride was due to effective homeostatic mechanisms in which urinary chloride excretion was reduced by 95% in the low-chloride calves. Low-chloride calves consumed more water and excreted more urine than control calves. Although the exact minimum chloride requirement for growth in calves was not established, .038% chloride was adequate for normal growth for the 7 wk.", "contents": "Effects of low chloride intake on performance, clinical characteristics, and chloride, sodium, potassium, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy calves. Young male Holstein calves were fed either a control (.5% chloride) or a low-chloride (.038% chloride) practical diet for 7 wk. Both groups received low-chloride (.00038% chloride) well water. Feeding the low-chloride diet did not produce definite clinical symptoms of chloride deficiency. Neither body weight gains, feed intake, feed digestibility, nor body retention of chloride, sodium, potassium, or nitrogen were effected adversely. Although the chloride intake of the low-chloride calves was only one-sixteenth that of controls, body chloride retention was similar for the two groups. The similar retention of body chloride was due to effective homeostatic mechanisms in which urinary chloride excretion was reduced by 95% in the low-chloride calves. Low-chloride calves consumed more water and excreted more urine than control calves. Although the exact minimum chloride requirement for growth in calves was not established, .038% chloride was adequate for normal growth for the 7 wk.", "PMID": 541461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8688", "title": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. III. Amount of absorption.", "content": "Amount of colostrum fed and age at first feeding are the two major factors in determining maximum immunoglobulin concentration in serum for each immunoglobulin class in postcolostral calves. Both factors show linear response: increasing age, decreasing concentration; increasing amount fed up to 2 liters, increasing concentration. The two factors interact in a curvilinear response. Calves with initial feeding at progressively older ages need less colostrum to reach maximum absorption. Maximum absorption is represented by a progressively lower immunoglobulin concentration in serum with increasing age. Response surface contours for the maximum immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA, based on experimental data, have been included. Neither body weights of the experimental calves nor pooled colostral concentrations of immunoglobulin from pooled colostrums fed to the calves influenced maximum concentrations of immunoglobulin in serum.", "contents": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. III. Amount of absorption. Amount of colostrum fed and age at first feeding are the two major factors in determining maximum immunoglobulin concentration in serum for each immunoglobulin class in postcolostral calves. Both factors show linear response: increasing age, decreasing concentration; increasing amount fed up to 2 liters, increasing concentration. The two factors interact in a curvilinear response. Calves with initial feeding at progressively older ages need less colostrum to reach maximum absorption. Maximum absorption is represented by a progressively lower immunoglobulin concentration in serum with increasing age. Response surface contours for the maximum immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA, based on experimental data, have been included. Neither body weights of the experimental calves nor pooled colostral concentrations of immunoglobulin from pooled colostrums fed to the calves influenced maximum concentrations of immunoglobulin in serum.", "PMID": 541462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8689", "title": "Health care requirements of dairy cattle. I. Response to milk yield selection.", "content": "To measure direct response to single trait selection for milk yield and correlated response in health problems, two homologous base populations were formed by pairing 66 Holstein females by sire. Base populations and descendants were managed identically except for selection by milk yield. One base and lineage were mated with sires with highest predicted difference milk (selection group); other base and lineage were mated with average sires in 1964 (control group). Milk yield, supplemental labor, and veterinary and semen expense were recorded specific to each cow. Over 9 yr, 130 selection and 163 control cows were observed. Selection cows yielded more milk but with increase in labor and expense for health care. Estimates of labor for the selection group were greater for mammary, locomotion, and digestion categories and for expense in mammary, respiration, first insemination, and later insemination categories. Labor and expense for reproduction did not differ for genetic groups. Differences between groups in annual estimated labor and expense totaled $27.00. Extra income over feed cost more than compensated for greater health care and semen cost; however, the magnitude of the latter indicates a need for them to be considered when economically evaluating breeding programs where major emphasis is on milk yield.", "contents": "Health care requirements of dairy cattle. I. Response to milk yield selection. To measure direct response to single trait selection for milk yield and correlated response in health problems, two homologous base populations were formed by pairing 66 Holstein females by sire. Base populations and descendants were managed identically except for selection by milk yield. One base and lineage were mated with sires with highest predicted difference milk (selection group); other base and lineage were mated with average sires in 1964 (control group). Milk yield, supplemental labor, and veterinary and semen expense were recorded specific to each cow. Over 9 yr, 130 selection and 163 control cows were observed. Selection cows yielded more milk but with increase in labor and expense for health care. Estimates of labor for the selection group were greater for mammary, locomotion, and digestion categories and for expense in mammary, respiration, first insemination, and later insemination categories. Labor and expense for reproduction did not differ for genetic groups. Differences between groups in annual estimated labor and expense totaled $27.00. Extra income over feed cost more than compensated for greater health care and semen cost; however, the magnitude of the latter indicates a need for them to be considered when economically evaluating breeding programs where major emphasis is on milk yield.", "PMID": 541463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8690", "title": "Three times a day milking during the first half of lactation.", "content": "Three milking frequency treatments were compared: twice daily milking; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 24 kg; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 31 kg. Three time milking was at least 45 days but no more than 150 days. Cows (12 to 14 per group) were managed alike except for milking frequency. In early lactation, increased milking had little effect. With time the superiority in yields increased such that cows on three times for 150 days were outproducing two time cows by 20%. Cumulative milk yields were greater for the thrice groups than for the twice group by 5% at 56 days, 11 and 8% at 154 days, 11 and 9% at 182 days, and 10% at 280 days. Fat percentage, adjusted for previous lactation fat percentage, averaged .2 to .3% lower for the cows milked three times until 24 kig but only .1% lower for cows milked thrice until 31 kg. Increased yield was primarily from prolonged peak yield and less subsequent decline. Switching from three to two milkings decreased yield 6 to 8% in the 1st wk. However, three time milking had a positive carryover, apparently due to higher starting yield at the point at which they were switched.", "contents": "Three times a day milking during the first half of lactation. Three milking frequency treatments were compared: twice daily milking; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 24 kg; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 31 kg. Three time milking was at least 45 days but no more than 150 days. Cows (12 to 14 per group) were managed alike except for milking frequency. In early lactation, increased milking had little effect. With time the superiority in yields increased such that cows on three times for 150 days were outproducing two time cows by 20%. Cumulative milk yields were greater for the thrice groups than for the twice group by 5% at 56 days, 11 and 8% at 154 days, 11 and 9% at 182 days, and 10% at 280 days. Fat percentage, adjusted for previous lactation fat percentage, averaged .2 to .3% lower for the cows milked three times until 24 kig but only .1% lower for cows milked thrice until 31 kg. Increased yield was primarily from prolonged peak yield and less subsequent decline. Switching from three to two milkings decreased yield 6 to 8% in the 1st wk. However, three time milking had a positive carryover, apparently due to higher starting yield at the point at which they were switched.", "PMID": 541464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8691", "title": "[Fossae, recesses and culs-de-sac in the pelvic peritoneum of women (author's transl)].", "content": "The pelvic peritoneum in women is peculiarly irregular because of the numerous folds, fossae, recesses and culs-de-sac that exist in it. Blood and purulent serous fluids occur in the abdomino-pelvic cavity and stagnate in these sites. Since they are particularly to be found around the adnexae they can give rise to secondary infection occurring as a result of primary adnexal infection. Furthermore, when serous fluid is regurgitated into the tubo-ovarian hollow through the abdominal os of the tube and into the pertoneum around the ovary, adhesions and endometrial deposits occurring in this area can be explained. Each one of these structures should be systematically explored, particularly when hystero-salpingographies and laparoscopies are being carried out. Furthermore, they should be cleaned out very meticulously after all conservative surgery to prevent the formation of adhesions.", "contents": "[Fossae, recesses and culs-de-sac in the pelvic peritoneum of women (author's transl)]. The pelvic peritoneum in women is peculiarly irregular because of the numerous folds, fossae, recesses and culs-de-sac that exist in it. Blood and purulent serous fluids occur in the abdomino-pelvic cavity and stagnate in these sites. Since they are particularly to be found around the adnexae they can give rise to secondary infection occurring as a result of primary adnexal infection. Furthermore, when serous fluid is regurgitated into the tubo-ovarian hollow through the abdominal os of the tube and into the pertoneum around the ovary, adhesions and endometrial deposits occurring in this area can be explained. Each one of these structures should be systematically explored, particularly when hystero-salpingographies and laparoscopies are being carried out. Furthermore, they should be cleaned out very meticulously after all conservative surgery to prevent the formation of adhesions.", "PMID": 541475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8692", "title": "[Maternal mortality in the gynaecological and obstetrical clinic of the University Hospital in Rennes. A retrospective study over 10 years, from 1969 to 1979 (author's transl)].", "content": "Maternal mortality in the C.H.U. of Rennes from the 1st January 1969 to the 1st January 1979 consisted of 8 deaths in 24.911 deliveries and 1.381 Caesarean sections, which gives a mortality of 32 per 100.000 deliveries. There was 1 death due to hyperemesis gravidarum, 1 due to toxaemia of pregnancy, 3 due to haemorrhage, 1 due to puerperal sepsis, 1 due to cerebral haemorrhage and lastly 1 due to cancer of the pancreas. 2 women died during Caesarean section, which works out at 1 death per 690 Caesareans. Of these 8 deaths, 4 were possibly avoidable, and 3 of their children survived. In spite of continual progress since the end of the second world war, maternal mortality should decrease still further and tend down to the figures for Scandinavia or England (10 deaths for 100.000 deliveries).", "contents": "[Maternal mortality in the gynaecological and obstetrical clinic of the University Hospital in Rennes. A retrospective study over 10 years, from 1969 to 1979 (author's transl)]. Maternal mortality in the C.H.U. of Rennes from the 1st January 1969 to the 1st January 1979 consisted of 8 deaths in 24.911 deliveries and 1.381 Caesarean sections, which gives a mortality of 32 per 100.000 deliveries. There was 1 death due to hyperemesis gravidarum, 1 due to toxaemia of pregnancy, 3 due to haemorrhage, 1 due to puerperal sepsis, 1 due to cerebral haemorrhage and lastly 1 due to cancer of the pancreas. 2 women died during Caesarean section, which works out at 1 death per 690 Caesareans. Of these 8 deaths, 4 were possibly avoidable, and 3 of their children survived. In spite of continual progress since the end of the second world war, maternal mortality should decrease still further and tend down to the figures for Scandinavia or England (10 deaths for 100.000 deliveries).", "PMID": 541476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8693", "title": "[Arterio-venous fistulae of interest in the uterine vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report an interesting case of arterio-venous fistula in the uterine vessels in a young two-para of 23 years of age. A pulsatile and throbbing mass was found in the right parametrium at her post-natal visit after the second delivery, although no abnormal sign had been noted during the pregnancy. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography. Two surgical procedures have not been able to cure this patient entirely of these multiple fistulae which were congenital in origin. The production of an arterial embolus finally got over the difficulty of removing the residual troubles at the same time allowing the patient to keep her uterus. Following this case, the authors discuss the aetiology of acquired or congenital fistulae and the means by which this rare vascular pathological condition can be diagnosed and treated in the pelvis.", "contents": "[Arterio-venous fistulae of interest in the uterine vessels (author's transl)]. The authors report an interesting case of arterio-venous fistula in the uterine vessels in a young two-para of 23 years of age. A pulsatile and throbbing mass was found in the right parametrium at her post-natal visit after the second delivery, although no abnormal sign had been noted during the pregnancy. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography. Two surgical procedures have not been able to cure this patient entirely of these multiple fistulae which were congenital in origin. The production of an arterial embolus finally got over the difficulty of removing the residual troubles at the same time allowing the patient to keep her uterus. Following this case, the authors discuss the aetiology of acquired or congenital fistulae and the means by which this rare vascular pathological condition can be diagnosed and treated in the pelvis.", "PMID": 541478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8694", "title": "[Vulvar granuloma due to Enterobius vermicularis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of casual discovery of a enterobiasic vulvar granuloma arising on the left labia. This woman, living in Lille (France), 70 years had been treated by surgery and roentgentherapy for a well differentiated squamous carcinoma of the vulva. They consider the question of the genital localisation of Enterobius vermicularis in women and discuss the pathogenic hypothesis.", "contents": "[Vulvar granuloma due to Enterobius vermicularis (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of casual discovery of a enterobiasic vulvar granuloma arising on the left labia. This woman, living in Lille (France), 70 years had been treated by surgery and roentgentherapy for a well differentiated squamous carcinoma of the vulva. They consider the question of the genital localisation of Enterobius vermicularis in women and discuss the pathogenic hypothesis.", "PMID": 541479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8695", "title": "[A computerised study of 124 cases of varicocoele which were operated on for diminished fertility. General features (author's transl)].", "content": "A computerised study has been carried out on the general features of a clinical, biological and histological nature occurring in 124 varicocoele cases that were operated. These features were furthermore studied in correlation with the degree of varicocoele in existence and whether characteristics were found in isolation or in association with one another. The authors conclude that there were significant correlations between the degree of varicocoele present and the hormonal and histological findings. They advance a theory about the transport of testosterone in the spermatic cord which can explain the low level of testosterone found in the blood in these varicocoeles.", "contents": "[A computerised study of 124 cases of varicocoele which were operated on for diminished fertility. General features (author's transl)]. A computerised study has been carried out on the general features of a clinical, biological and histological nature occurring in 124 varicocoele cases that were operated. These features were furthermore studied in correlation with the degree of varicocoele in existence and whether characteristics were found in isolation or in association with one another. The authors conclude that there were significant correlations between the degree of varicocoele present and the hormonal and histological findings. They advance a theory about the transport of testosterone in the spermatic cord which can explain the low level of testosterone found in the blood in these varicocoeles.", "PMID": 541480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8696", "title": "[Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism by measuring TSH in dried blood samples. Two years experience in the method (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism was started in Lyon in September 1976. This screening was coupled with PKU screening, using the same dried blood samples in filter paper obtained on the 5 th day of life. TSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay adapted for dried blood samples (Kit Abbott). In 24 months, 56 176 samples were analyzed. The critical level calling for control was successively raised from 20 to 30 now 40 muUl/ml of serum. A high level of TSH was found in 307 children (0.55 p. 100). Pathological deliveries were found in most of these infants (neonatal injury, cesarean section, forceps or ocytocic perfusion, neonatal icterus) and a second or a third measurement showed normal TSH level. Congenital hypothyroidism, was detected in 18 infants: 12 ectopic gland, 5 athyreosis and 1 dyshormonogenesis. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 38 days (29 to 50 days). Despite a short follow-up the psychomotor development of the infants seems to be normal in all cases but one (one athyreosis with a neonatal injury and a malformative syndrome).", "contents": "[Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism by measuring TSH in dried blood samples. Two years experience in the method (author's transl)]. Systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism was started in Lyon in September 1976. This screening was coupled with PKU screening, using the same dried blood samples in filter paper obtained on the 5 th day of life. TSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay adapted for dried blood samples (Kit Abbott). In 24 months, 56 176 samples were analyzed. The critical level calling for control was successively raised from 20 to 30 now 40 muUl/ml of serum. A high level of TSH was found in 307 children (0.55 p. 100). Pathological deliveries were found in most of these infants (neonatal injury, cesarean section, forceps or ocytocic perfusion, neonatal icterus) and a second or a third measurement showed normal TSH level. Congenital hypothyroidism, was detected in 18 infants: 12 ectopic gland, 5 athyreosis and 1 dyshormonogenesis. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 38 days (29 to 50 days). Despite a short follow-up the psychomotor development of the infants seems to be normal in all cases but one (one athyreosis with a neonatal injury and a malformative syndrome).", "PMID": 541477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8697", "title": "[Clindamycin levels in the cervical mucus after intramuscular administration of the drug (author's transl)].", "content": "Female genital tract is a major area of anaerobic infections. Clindamycin has been used as a highly active antibiotic against both gram positive and negative anaerobic pathogens including bacteroides fragilis. Concentration of clindamycin in cervical mucus has been tested in 30 women after administration of one single dose (600 mg) of the antibiotic intramuscularly. Antibiotic levels were tested by agar diffusion method employing a strain of alpha-hemolytic streptococcus. Levels of clindamycin in cervical mucus were found to be sufficient to inhibit \"in vitro\" a significant proportion of anaerobic bacteria present in cervical mucus.", "contents": "[Clindamycin levels in the cervical mucus after intramuscular administration of the drug (author's transl)]. Female genital tract is a major area of anaerobic infections. Clindamycin has been used as a highly active antibiotic against both gram positive and negative anaerobic pathogens including bacteroides fragilis. Concentration of clindamycin in cervical mucus has been tested in 30 women after administration of one single dose (600 mg) of the antibiotic intramuscularly. Antibiotic levels were tested by agar diffusion method employing a strain of alpha-hemolytic streptococcus. Levels of clindamycin in cervical mucus were found to be sufficient to inhibit \"in vitro\" a significant proportion of anaerobic bacteria present in cervical mucus.", "PMID": 541482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8698", "title": "[Severe epistaxis during pregnancy. A case history (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a case of severe epistaxis in pregnancy with maternal collapse and fetal death. A few similar cases have been published in the literature. These epistaxis happen towards the end of the pregnancy and occur with hyperaemia of the nasal mucosa, which is very probably hormone dependent. Delivery or death of the fetus brings about immediate cessation in the bleeding. The mother's life and that of the fetus can be jeopardised because of the severity of the bleeding or its recurrence, which makes it a very severe condition. When local treatment is useless in such a case two radical treatment have to be considered: the one is surgical, and is ligature of the sphenopalatine artery, and the other is obstetrical, and is termination of the pregnancy (which brings to an end the aetiological factor).", "contents": "[Severe epistaxis during pregnancy. A case history (author's transl)]. We report on a case of severe epistaxis in pregnancy with maternal collapse and fetal death. A few similar cases have been published in the literature. These epistaxis happen towards the end of the pregnancy and occur with hyperaemia of the nasal mucosa, which is very probably hormone dependent. Delivery or death of the fetus brings about immediate cessation in the bleeding. The mother's life and that of the fetus can be jeopardised because of the severity of the bleeding or its recurrence, which makes it a very severe condition. When local treatment is useless in such a case two radical treatment have to be considered: the one is surgical, and is ligature of the sphenopalatine artery, and the other is obstetrical, and is termination of the pregnancy (which brings to an end the aetiological factor).", "PMID": 541481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8699", "title": "A comparison of the characteristics of two strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 in mice.", "content": "Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire each have their specific snail intermediate host. Hybridization experiments between S. intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire have resulted in viable miracidia for only two generations. If the two strains are of the same species, cross breeding should be possible for several generations. This paper presents a comparison of the characteristics of the two strains of S. intercalatum in experimental infections in mice. Worm return, male-female worm ratio, growth rate, number of testes in male adult worms are compared. The quantitative distribution of eggs in the tissues of the mice is recorded. A comparison of the size and shape of the parasite eggs is described as are the changes in the weight of the liver and spleen of the infected mice. It is considered that the differences observed between the two strains of S. intercalatum do not necessitate a division of the two strains into two separate species.", "contents": "A comparison of the characteristics of two strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 in mice. Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire each have their specific snail intermediate host. Hybridization experiments between S. intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire have resulted in viable miracidia for only two generations. If the two strains are of the same species, cross breeding should be possible for several generations. This paper presents a comparison of the characteristics of the two strains of S. intercalatum in experimental infections in mice. Worm return, male-female worm ratio, growth rate, number of testes in male adult worms are compared. The quantitative distribution of eggs in the tissues of the mice is recorded. A comparison of the size and shape of the parasite eggs is described as are the changes in the weight of the liver and spleen of the infected mice. It is considered that the differences observed between the two strains of S. intercalatum do not necessitate a division of the two strains into two separate species.", "PMID": 541492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8700", "title": "[Prostaglandin F-2-alpha gel for induction of midtrimester abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "Prostaglandin F2-alpha was administered extra-amniotic as a gel through the cervix uteri to 100 patients in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy: 82 for termination of pregnancy, 17 for intrauterine death, and 1 for a hydatiform mole. The success rate was 96 p. 100. Mean duration of induction was 17 hrs 06 min., cervical priming lowered this duration to 11 hrs 40 min. (p less than 0.01). Extradural analgesia provided satisfactory pain relief and allowed a dilatation and curettage to be performed without recoure to a general anaesthetic. The technique described showed a lower incidence of side-effects than other modes of administration of PG F2-alpha, and proved to be effective, reliable, and acceptable to patients.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin F-2-alpha gel for induction of midtrimester abortion (author's transl)]. Prostaglandin F2-alpha was administered extra-amniotic as a gel through the cervix uteri to 100 patients in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy: 82 for termination of pregnancy, 17 for intrauterine death, and 1 for a hydatiform mole. The success rate was 96 p. 100. Mean duration of induction was 17 hrs 06 min., cervical priming lowered this duration to 11 hrs 40 min. (p less than 0.01). Extradural analgesia provided satisfactory pain relief and allowed a dilatation and curettage to be performed without recoure to a general anaesthetic. The technique described showed a lower incidence of side-effects than other modes of administration of PG F2-alpha, and proved to be effective, reliable, and acceptable to patients.", "PMID": 541483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8701", "title": "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. II. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia.", "content": "The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia and various species and strains of Bulinus, has been investigated. The main emphasis was placed on evaluating the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails as an index of the compatibility between snail and schistosome. The observations confirmed the results of previous compatibility studies which showed that there were two groups of S. haematobium, truncatus-borne from Sudan and Zaire, and africanus-borne, from Zambia. They also revealed that this division was not absolute, as some overlapping occurred. However, if the cercarial production was taken as an indication of compatibility, instead of the infection rate, there was a more definite division between the two groups. The observation that there is a truncatus-borne strain of S. haematobium present in Zaire extends the area where there is a mixture of truncatus- and africanus-borne strains farther southwards.", "contents": "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. II. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia. The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia and various species and strains of Bulinus, has been investigated. The main emphasis was placed on evaluating the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails as an index of the compatibility between snail and schistosome. The observations confirmed the results of previous compatibility studies which showed that there were two groups of S. haematobium, truncatus-borne from Sudan and Zaire, and africanus-borne, from Zambia. They also revealed that this division was not absolute, as some overlapping occurred. However, if the cercarial production was taken as an indication of compatibility, instead of the infection rate, there was a more definite division between the two groups. The observation that there is a truncatus-borne strain of S. haematobium present in Zaire extends the area where there is a mixture of truncatus- and africanus-borne strains farther southwards.", "PMID": 541493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8702", "title": "Vitamin absorption in the in vivo intestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats.", "content": "Uptake and serosal transfer of the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and folic acid have been studied in vivo in normal and parasitized rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Regional differences in intestinal uptake of all three vitamins in both uninfected and parasitized animals were not satistically significant. In the parasitized intestine mucosal uptake and serosal transfer of thiamine were significantly inhibited, with increased mucosal accumulation of the vitamin as luminal thiamine concentration increased. Apparent increased riboflavin mucosal uptake in parasitized animals, was not matched by the reduced serosal transfer, suggesting adsorption of the vitamin in the unstirred aqueous layers. Mucosal uptake of folic acid increased in the parasitized gut; serosal transfer and mucosal accumulation were not affected. These results, indicating vitamin malabsorption associated with infection by H. diminuta, are consistent with the parasite inhibiting mucosal passive transport mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by the changes in net water fluxes associated with vitamin uptake in the parasitized intestine.", "contents": "Vitamin absorption in the in vivo intestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats. Uptake and serosal transfer of the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and folic acid have been studied in vivo in normal and parasitized rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Regional differences in intestinal uptake of all three vitamins in both uninfected and parasitized animals were not satistically significant. In the parasitized intestine mucosal uptake and serosal transfer of thiamine were significantly inhibited, with increased mucosal accumulation of the vitamin as luminal thiamine concentration increased. Apparent increased riboflavin mucosal uptake in parasitized animals, was not matched by the reduced serosal transfer, suggesting adsorption of the vitamin in the unstirred aqueous layers. Mucosal uptake of folic acid increased in the parasitized gut; serosal transfer and mucosal accumulation were not affected. These results, indicating vitamin malabsorption associated with infection by H. diminuta, are consistent with the parasite inhibiting mucosal passive transport mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by the changes in net water fluxes associated with vitamin uptake in the parasitized intestine.", "PMID": 541494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8703", "title": "The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 1. The routine use of latex-agglutination and complement-fixation in diagnosis.", "content": "The combined use of complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) tests is reported on sera from 6328 patients with suspected hydatid disease; 191 were confirmed positive at operation ('known positives'). Results by LA are related to CF titres. Both tests were negative in 90% of specimens. Nine patients were subsequently found infected of whom 3 became positive in tests after operation. Of sera positive in both tests, 75% were from 'known positives'. The remainder were almost certainly from infected patients. Half the patients whose sera were LA positive/CF less than or equal to 1/4 were follow-up 'known positives' in whom CF titres had waned; 2 were early infections. Only 3% of the cases with an LA negative/CF titre of greater than or equal to 1/16 were 'known positives' and 6% where the CF titre was 1/8. The remaining CF results in the group were false positives and accounted for 1.2% of all sera tested. Findings show that a CF titre greater than or equal to 1/8 with positive LA indicates past or present infection; a negative CF test with positive LA usually indicates past infection; rarely, infection is present when a CF titre is greater than or equal to 1/8 and LA is negative. A rising CF titre and positive LA indicates current infection; reliable prognosis following treatment is given by CF.", "contents": "The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 1. The routine use of latex-agglutination and complement-fixation in diagnosis. The combined use of complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) tests is reported on sera from 6328 patients with suspected hydatid disease; 191 were confirmed positive at operation ('known positives'). Results by LA are related to CF titres. Both tests were negative in 90% of specimens. Nine patients were subsequently found infected of whom 3 became positive in tests after operation. Of sera positive in both tests, 75% were from 'known positives'. The remainder were almost certainly from infected patients. Half the patients whose sera were LA positive/CF less than or equal to 1/4 were follow-up 'known positives' in whom CF titres had waned; 2 were early infections. Only 3% of the cases with an LA negative/CF titre of greater than or equal to 1/16 were 'known positives' and 6% where the CF titre was 1/8. The remaining CF results in the group were false positives and accounted for 1.2% of all sera tested. Findings show that a CF titre greater than or equal to 1/8 with positive LA indicates past or present infection; a negative CF test with positive LA usually indicates past infection; rarely, infection is present when a CF titre is greater than or equal to 1/8 and LA is negative. A rising CF titre and positive LA indicates current infection; reliable prognosis following treatment is given by CF.", "PMID": 541497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8704", "title": "Studies of the relationship between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. III. The genus Biomphalaria and Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, West Indies (St. Lucia) and Zaire (two different strains: Katanga and Kinshasa).", "content": "The compatibility between strains of Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, the West Indies, and Zaire (two strains which came from Katanga and from Kinshasa), and various species and strains of Biomphalaria, i.e. Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. alexandrina, B. glabrata and B. camerunensis was investigated. Data as mortality, rate of infection of the surviving snails, duration of infection, cercarial production per day per positive snail, etc., were observed. The main emphasis was placed on determining the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails for each snail population. It was possible to infect all the tested populations of B pfeifferi with the various strains of S. mansoni, but the observation as e.g. TCP/100 exposed snails varied greatly according to the population of snail and the strain of S. mansoni. The results for the remaining species of Biomphalaria varied greatly, depending on the combination, e.g. B. alexandrina was only susceptible to the local S. mansoni from Egypt. The highest TCP/100 exposed snails was more than 1 million for the strains of S. mansoni from Egypt, Kenya and the West Indies in B. alexandrina, B. pfeifferi and B. glabrata, respectively. The next group, with a TCP/100 exposed snails on 7--800 000 consists of S. mansoni from Sudan, Uganda and Zaire (Katanga) all in B. pfeifferi. The last tested strain of S. mansoni, Zaire (Kinshasa) yielded a cercarial production on 500 000 per 100 exposed snails in B. pfeifferi and B. camerunensis. The shortest prepatent period, 19 days, was observed for S. mansoni from Kinshasa, Zaire, in B. camerunensis, and the longest prepatent period, 25 days, was found for strains from Egypt and from the West Indies in B. alexandrina and B. glabrata, respectively. In general, a very long duration of infection, lasting up to 200 days, was observed.", "contents": "Studies of the relationship between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. III. The genus Biomphalaria and Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, West Indies (St. Lucia) and Zaire (two different strains: Katanga and Kinshasa). The compatibility between strains of Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, the West Indies, and Zaire (two strains which came from Katanga and from Kinshasa), and various species and strains of Biomphalaria, i.e. Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. alexandrina, B. glabrata and B. camerunensis was investigated. Data as mortality, rate of infection of the surviving snails, duration of infection, cercarial production per day per positive snail, etc., were observed. The main emphasis was placed on determining the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails for each snail population. It was possible to infect all the tested populations of B pfeifferi with the various strains of S. mansoni, but the observation as e.g. TCP/100 exposed snails varied greatly according to the population of snail and the strain of S. mansoni. The results for the remaining species of Biomphalaria varied greatly, depending on the combination, e.g. B. alexandrina was only susceptible to the local S. mansoni from Egypt. The highest TCP/100 exposed snails was more than 1 million for the strains of S. mansoni from Egypt, Kenya and the West Indies in B. alexandrina, B. pfeifferi and B. glabrata, respectively. The next group, with a TCP/100 exposed snails on 7--800 000 consists of S. mansoni from Sudan, Uganda and Zaire (Katanga) all in B. pfeifferi. The last tested strain of S. mansoni, Zaire (Kinshasa) yielded a cercarial production on 500 000 per 100 exposed snails in B. pfeifferi and B. camerunensis. The shortest prepatent period, 19 days, was observed for S. mansoni from Kinshasa, Zaire, in B. camerunensis, and the longest prepatent period, 25 days, was found for strains from Egypt and from the West Indies in B. alexandrina and B. glabrata, respectively. In general, a very long duration of infection, lasting up to 200 days, was observed.", "PMID": 541498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8705", "title": "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. IV. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma bovis from Morocco.", "content": "Schistosoma bovis from Morocco was used in infection experiments with several populations of Bulinus truncatus. The snails from Libya, Malawi, Morocco and Senegal were very compatible with the schistosome since the infection rates were approximately 90%, the mortality was low, and a very high production of cercariae, approximately 1.2 million per 100 exposed snails, was observed. Only a very few B. truncatus (2n = 36) from Rhodesia became infected. B. permembranaceus and B. forskalii were refractory.", "contents": "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. IV. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma bovis from Morocco. Schistosoma bovis from Morocco was used in infection experiments with several populations of Bulinus truncatus. The snails from Libya, Malawi, Morocco and Senegal were very compatible with the schistosome since the infection rates were approximately 90%, the mortality was low, and a very high production of cercariae, approximately 1.2 million per 100 exposed snails, was observed. Only a very few B. truncatus (2n = 36) from Rhodesia became infected. B. permembranaceus and B. forskalii were refractory.", "PMID": 541499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8706", "title": "Species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from the black-tailed wallaby, Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) from eastern Australia.", "content": "Species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) are reported and/or described from the stomach of the macropodid marsupial Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) collected in eastern Australia. Nematodes were examined from 26 hosts collected in 3 states and the number of species of Cloacina in any one host was 2--7. The following species were encountered: C. wallabiae Johnston and Mawson, 1939, C. gallardi Johnston and Mawson, 1940, C. edwardsi Mawson, 1972 and C. cornuta (Davey and Wood, 1938) the last named constituting a new host record. The following new species are described: C. mawsonae sp. nov., C. papillata sp. nov., C. annulata sp. nov., C. castor sp. nov. and C. pollux sp. nov.", "contents": "Species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from the black-tailed wallaby, Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) from eastern Australia. Species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) are reported and/or described from the stomach of the macropodid marsupial Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) collected in eastern Australia. Nematodes were examined from 26 hosts collected in 3 states and the number of species of Cloacina in any one host was 2--7. The following species were encountered: C. wallabiae Johnston and Mawson, 1939, C. gallardi Johnston and Mawson, 1940, C. edwardsi Mawson, 1972 and C. cornuta (Davey and Wood, 1938) the last named constituting a new host record. The following new species are described: C. mawsonae sp. nov., C. papillata sp. nov., C. annulata sp. nov., C. castor sp. nov. and C. pollux sp. nov.", "PMID": 541500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8707", "title": "Reinfection with influenza A (H3N2) virus in young children and their families.", "content": "The frequency and consequences of reinfection with influenza A virus were studied by longitudinal observation of families for a three-year period in which two epidemics of influenza A (H3N2) occurred. Seven children followed from birth were reinfected 10-25 months after their first infection. Two children were reinfected by the same H3N2 virus while the others were reinfected with a closely related variant. At least five of these reinfections were accompanied by respiratory illness. Reinfection illness was similar to that accompanying primary infection. For children in the second and third year of life during the 1978 epidemic, the rate of infection was the same for those who had been previously infected (seven of 12) as for those who had not been previously infected (22 of 40). Reinfection was detected in 26% of older siblings and 6% of parents. The occurrence of reinfection may have important implications for elucidation of the protective immune response and for development of prophylaxis for influenzal infections.", "contents": "Reinfection with influenza A (H3N2) virus in young children and their families. The frequency and consequences of reinfection with influenza A virus were studied by longitudinal observation of families for a three-year period in which two epidemics of influenza A (H3N2) occurred. Seven children followed from birth were reinfected 10-25 months after their first infection. Two children were reinfected by the same H3N2 virus while the others were reinfected with a closely related variant. At least five of these reinfections were accompanied by respiratory illness. Reinfection illness was similar to that accompanying primary infection. For children in the second and third year of life during the 1978 epidemic, the rate of infection was the same for those who had been previously infected (seven of 12) as for those who had not been previously infected (22 of 40). Reinfection was detected in 26% of older siblings and 6% of parents. The occurrence of reinfection may have important implications for elucidation of the protective immune response and for development of prophylaxis for influenzal infections.", "PMID": 541521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8708", "title": "Secretory immunity in influenza.", "content": "The dynamics of secretory antibody formation, the duration of secretory antibody preservation, and changes in the concentration of secretory antibodies to antigens other than influenza virus were studied in 64 patients with influenza A, 105 patients with influenza B, and 23 persons who had had influenza A. Severe forms of influenza A were accompanied by antibody accumulation in sera and nasal secretions; in some cases of mild forms of this infection, this process was limited by the humoral immunity system. In the first days of severe forms, transudation of antibodies from sera to nasal secretions was noted. Secretory antibodies to influenza A virus were preserved at titers of greater than or equal to 1:4 for four to eight months in persons with mild forms of the disease and for more than eight months in those with severe influenza A complicated with pneumonia. Decreases in the titer of antibodies to agents other than influenza A virus, including influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and staphylococcus toxin, were demonstrated in association with rises in titers of antibody to influenza A virus. Among patients with influenza B, who were infected with a new influenza virus variant, the formation of circulating antibodies was more intensely stimulated than was the formation of secretory antibodies. No correlation between the level of IgA and the antibody titer in nasal secretions was found.", "contents": "Secretory immunity in influenza. The dynamics of secretory antibody formation, the duration of secretory antibody preservation, and changes in the concentration of secretory antibodies to antigens other than influenza virus were studied in 64 patients with influenza A, 105 patients with influenza B, and 23 persons who had had influenza A. Severe forms of influenza A were accompanied by antibody accumulation in sera and nasal secretions; in some cases of mild forms of this infection, this process was limited by the humoral immunity system. In the first days of severe forms, transudation of antibodies from sera to nasal secretions was noted. Secretory antibodies to influenza A virus were preserved at titers of greater than or equal to 1:4 for four to eight months in persons with mild forms of the disease and for more than eight months in those with severe influenza A complicated with pneumonia. Decreases in the titer of antibodies to agents other than influenza A virus, including influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and staphylococcus toxin, were demonstrated in association with rises in titers of antibody to influenza A virus. Among patients with influenza B, who were infected with a new influenza virus variant, the formation of circulating antibodies was more intensely stimulated than was the formation of secretory antibodies. No correlation between the level of IgA and the antibody titer in nasal secretions was found.", "PMID": 541522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8709", "title": "Activity of human blood leukocytes against Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Previous reports on the ability of Toxoplasma gondii to multiply within human mononuclear phagocytes have supported the concept that the phagocytes may protect Toxoplasma from antibody and act as a transport mechanism for dissemination of the organism throughout the body. However, after phagocytosis of viable Toxoplasma, greater than 80% of freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes and 50% of polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly destroyed these intracellular organisms. Virtually no replication of Toxoplasma occurred within these cells, as determined by microscopic examination and by uptake of [3H]uracil. These results suggested that circulating phagocytes from humans restrict rather than facilitate the initial dissemination of Toxoplasma.", "contents": "Activity of human blood leukocytes against Toxoplasma gondii. Previous reports on the ability of Toxoplasma gondii to multiply within human mononuclear phagocytes have supported the concept that the phagocytes may protect Toxoplasma from antibody and act as a transport mechanism for dissemination of the organism throughout the body. However, after phagocytosis of viable Toxoplasma, greater than 80% of freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes and 50% of polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly destroyed these intracellular organisms. Virtually no replication of Toxoplasma occurred within these cells, as determined by microscopic examination and by uptake of [3H]uracil. These results suggested that circulating phagocytes from humans restrict rather than facilitate the initial dissemination of Toxoplasma.", "PMID": 541523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8710", "title": "Infection of untreated primary human amnion monolayers with Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "For development of a laboratory model for chlamydial infection of the human genital tract, untreated primary human epithelial cell monolayers, prepared from each of four placentas, were infected with a stock strain of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the nasopharynx of an infant with pneumonia. Infectivity titrations were performed with use of standard procedures of chlamydial inoculation, and inclusions grown in amnion cell monolayers and in McCoy cells were measured versus infectious units inoculated. By linear regression analysis, untreated human amnion cells (y = 0.948x + 4.63, r = 0.9255) were as susceptible as McCoy cells treated with diethylaminoethyl dextran and 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (y = 1.104x + 5.35, r = 0.9804). Human amnion may prove a valuable model for study of human chlamydial infection and may have important implications for investigation of clinical disease.", "contents": "Infection of untreated primary human amnion monolayers with Chlamydia trachomatis. For development of a laboratory model for chlamydial infection of the human genital tract, untreated primary human epithelial cell monolayers, prepared from each of four placentas, were infected with a stock strain of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the nasopharynx of an infant with pneumonia. Infectivity titrations were performed with use of standard procedures of chlamydial inoculation, and inclusions grown in amnion cell monolayers and in McCoy cells were measured versus infectious units inoculated. By linear regression analysis, untreated human amnion cells (y = 0.948x + 4.63, r = 0.9255) were as susceptible as McCoy cells treated with diethylaminoethyl dextran and 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (y = 1.104x + 5.35, r = 0.9804). Human amnion may prove a valuable model for study of human chlamydial infection and may have important implications for investigation of clinical disease.", "PMID": 541524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8711", "title": "Hepatitis B virus infections among Danish surgeons.", "content": "Acute viral hepatitis B is considered to be an occupational risk to health-care workers worldwide. At the 1977 annual meeting of the Danish Society of Surgeons, 224 participants were examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HGsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) with use of a radioimmunoassay. None of the surgeons was HBsAg-positive, but 23% had anti-HBs. The prevalence of anti-HBs was five times higher among these surgeons than that in an age-matched control population. Hepatitis acquired during occupation as a surgeon was predominantly of type B, in contrast to hepatitis acquired before entering the surgical profession. Danish surgeons must be regarded as a group at high risk of hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus infections among Danish surgeons. Acute viral hepatitis B is considered to be an occupational risk to health-care workers worldwide. At the 1977 annual meeting of the Danish Society of Surgeons, 224 participants were examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HGsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) with use of a radioimmunoassay. None of the surgeons was HBsAg-positive, but 23% had anti-HBs. The prevalence of anti-HBs was five times higher among these surgeons than that in an age-matched control population. Hepatitis acquired during occupation as a surgeon was predominantly of type B, in contrast to hepatitis acquired before entering the surgical profession. Danish surgeons must be regarded as a group at high risk of hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 541525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8712", "title": "Single-dose metronidazole and tinidazole as therapy for giardiasis: success rates, side effects, and drug absorption and elimination.", "content": "Eighty-five symptomatic patients with parasitologically confirmed, recently acquired giardiasis were treated in a comparative trial of 2.4 g of metronidazole either once or on two successive days or 2.0 g of tinidazole once. The follow-up period was eight weeks; the parasitological follow-up consisted of 871 stool and 30 duodenal specimens. Reinfections were unlikely. The rates of success were: metronidazole, single dose, 13 of 26; metronidazole, two doses, 24 of 31; and tinidazole, single dose, 26 of 28. Clinical and parasitological effects were parallel in nearly all cases. Tinidazole was more effective, produced fewer side effects, and was recommendable as the drug of choice in single-dose therapy. Pharmacokinetic explanations for therapeutic failure was sought with use of a bioassay of drug concentrations in serum. The outcome of therapy was not related to serum levels at 1hr or 24 hr, or to the rate of elimination. The mean serum half-lives of active metronidazole and tinidazole were 9.5 and 13.0 hr, respectively.", "contents": "Single-dose metronidazole and tinidazole as therapy for giardiasis: success rates, side effects, and drug absorption and elimination. Eighty-five symptomatic patients with parasitologically confirmed, recently acquired giardiasis were treated in a comparative trial of 2.4 g of metronidazole either once or on two successive days or 2.0 g of tinidazole once. The follow-up period was eight weeks; the parasitological follow-up consisted of 871 stool and 30 duodenal specimens. Reinfections were unlikely. The rates of success were: metronidazole, single dose, 13 of 26; metronidazole, two doses, 24 of 31; and tinidazole, single dose, 26 of 28. Clinical and parasitological effects were parallel in nearly all cases. Tinidazole was more effective, produced fewer side effects, and was recommendable as the drug of choice in single-dose therapy. Pharmacokinetic explanations for therapeutic failure was sought with use of a bioassay of drug concentrations in serum. The outcome of therapy was not related to serum levels at 1hr or 24 hr, or to the rate of elimination. The mean serum half-lives of active metronidazole and tinidazole were 9.5 and 13.0 hr, respectively.", "PMID": 541526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8713", "title": "A model for population regulation with density- and frequency-dependent selection.", "content": "The life-cycle of a species with separate generations is divided into a 'reproduction phase' and a 'growing-up phase'. In the reproduction phase we assume random mating and selection due to genotype differences in fecundity of the parents and viability of the offspring. During the growing-up phase we assume a (deterministic) death process in continuous time with death rates for the genotypes which increase linearly with the genotype population sizes. In the absence of genotype differences the model gives logistic population regulation. With genotype differences the model generalizes the usual separate generations selection patterns. In addition to these we exhibit cases with three polymorphic equilibria or with a stable cycle.", "contents": "A model for population regulation with density- and frequency-dependent selection. The life-cycle of a species with separate generations is divided into a 'reproduction phase' and a 'growing-up phase'. In the reproduction phase we assume random mating and selection due to genotype differences in fecundity of the parents and viability of the offspring. During the growing-up phase we assume a (deterministic) death process in continuous time with death rates for the genotypes which increase linearly with the genotype population sizes. In the absence of genotype differences the model gives logistic population regulation. With genotype differences the model generalizes the usual separate generations selection patterns. In addition to these we exhibit cases with three polymorphic equilibria or with a stable cycle.", "PMID": 541576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8714", "title": "Delays in physiological systems.", "content": "In comparison to most physical or chemical systems, biological systems are of extreme complexity. In addition the time needed for transport or processing of chemical components or signals may be of considerable length. Thus temporal delays have to be incorporated into models leading to differential-difference and functional differential equations rather than ordinary differential equations. A number of examples, on different levels of biological organization, demonstrate that delays can have an influence on the qualitative behavior of biological systems: The existence or non-existence of instabilities and periodic or even chaotic oscillations can entirely depend on the presence of absence of delays with appropriate duration.", "contents": "Delays in physiological systems. In comparison to most physical or chemical systems, biological systems are of extreme complexity. In addition the time needed for transport or processing of chemical components or signals may be of considerable length. Thus temporal delays have to be incorporated into models leading to differential-difference and functional differential equations rather than ordinary differential equations. A number of examples, on different levels of biological organization, demonstrate that delays can have an influence on the qualitative behavior of biological systems: The existence or non-existence of instabilities and periodic or even chaotic oscillations can entirely depend on the presence of absence of delays with appropriate duration.", "PMID": 541577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8715", "title": "Deterministic single-locus density-dependent selection.", "content": "Density-regulated selection is considered for a single, multiallele gene locus and separated generations. Characteristics resulting from the basic assumption that the average population fitness decreases with increasing density are derived. Under this assumption, it proves to be necessary to distinguish between regions of allelic frequencies which imply limited population growth, unlimited growth, or ultimate extinction when the population stays in the respective region. Particular attention is given to the investigation of the region of limited growth and the 'carrying capacity function' theta defined on it. Relationships between theta and the average fitness (adaptive surface) in the non-density dependent model are explained. Besides stability properties of equilibrium points, more general characteristics concerning the asymptotic behavior of population trajectories are treated. In this context, the problems of sudden loss of alleles and of population extinction as a result of large fluctuations in density are discussed.", "contents": "Deterministic single-locus density-dependent selection. Density-regulated selection is considered for a single, multiallele gene locus and separated generations. Characteristics resulting from the basic assumption that the average population fitness decreases with increasing density are derived. Under this assumption, it proves to be necessary to distinguish between regions of allelic frequencies which imply limited population growth, unlimited growth, or ultimate extinction when the population stays in the respective region. Particular attention is given to the investigation of the region of limited growth and the 'carrying capacity function' theta defined on it. Relationships between theta and the average fitness (adaptive surface) in the non-density dependent model are explained. Besides stability properties of equilibrium points, more general characteristics concerning the asymptotic behavior of population trajectories are treated. In this context, the problems of sudden loss of alleles and of population extinction as a result of large fluctuations in density are discussed.", "PMID": 541578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8716", "title": "Unlinked strands as a topological constraint on chromosomal DNA, plasmid integration, and DNA repair.", "content": "It is proposed that circular chromosomal DNA must be constrained such that the two strands are topologically unlinked. This structure can be replicated without strand breakage (nicking) by locally acting enzymes. The recently discovered form V DNA satisfies this topological constraint. The structure is likely to consist of left-handed and right-handed segments of double helix. The constraint of zero linkage has to be preserved by DNA repair, plasmid insertion and by crossing over. The argument presented in this paper is a topological one, following W.F. Pohl, that linkage is a global property that cannot be measured by locally acting enzymes. In contrast to Pohl no argument in favor of a side-by-side structure is presented. A zero linkage constraint would be hereditary and compatible with a multitude of local structures.", "contents": "Unlinked strands as a topological constraint on chromosomal DNA, plasmid integration, and DNA repair. It is proposed that circular chromosomal DNA must be constrained such that the two strands are topologically unlinked. This structure can be replicated without strand breakage (nicking) by locally acting enzymes. The recently discovered form V DNA satisfies this topological constraint. The structure is likely to consist of left-handed and right-handed segments of double helix. The constraint of zero linkage has to be preserved by DNA repair, plasmid insertion and by crossing over. The argument presented in this paper is a topological one, following W.F. Pohl, that linkage is a global property that cannot be measured by locally acting enzymes. In contrast to Pohl no argument in favor of a side-by-side structure is presented. A zero linkage constraint would be hereditary and compatible with a multitude of local structures.", "PMID": 541579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8717", "title": "Input-output relationship of the Leaky-integrator neuron model.", "content": "This paper presents a method of calculating the spike sequence at the output of the Leaky-Integrator Neuron Model (LIM) in response to an arbitrary input stimulus. The calculations have revealed new properties of the initial transient behavior of the LIM, as well as new constraints upon necessary and sufficient conditions for the appearance of spikes with a fixed phase relation to a periodic input. It is also possible to infer what knowledge about the input stimulus can be obtained from a temporal sequence of spikes at the output of the LIM. In the Discussion, neuronal examples are considered which do not encode the transmitted information as a spike rate, but rather monitor the time of occurence of individual spikes by comparison with a reference signal. This relatively common case is not adequately treated by previous descriptions based on system theory; ways are suggested by which the formalism developed here can be used to describe completely, and understand more fully, the performance of such systems.", "contents": "Input-output relationship of the Leaky-integrator neuron model. This paper presents a method of calculating the spike sequence at the output of the Leaky-Integrator Neuron Model (LIM) in response to an arbitrary input stimulus. The calculations have revealed new properties of the initial transient behavior of the LIM, as well as new constraints upon necessary and sufficient conditions for the appearance of spikes with a fixed phase relation to a periodic input. It is also possible to infer what knowledge about the input stimulus can be obtained from a temporal sequence of spikes at the output of the LIM. In the Discussion, neuronal examples are considered which do not encode the transmitted information as a spike rate, but rather monitor the time of occurence of individual spikes by comparison with a reference signal. This relatively common case is not adequately treated by previous descriptions based on system theory; ways are suggested by which the formalism developed here can be used to describe completely, and understand more fully, the performance of such systems.", "PMID": 541580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8718", "title": "Influence of dietary protein restriction on ovulation, fertilization rates and pre-implantation embryonic development in mice.", "content": "Eggs were recovered from 153 adult female mice fed either a normal (27% protein) or a protein-deficient (8% protein) diet from day 15 (Group I) or 30 (Group II) before mating until sacrifice. The females were mated with fertile males and sacrificed 48, 72, 96 or 120 hours after observation of vaginal plugs. The study was performed with females that ovulated spontaneously and with females induced to ovulate by injection of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Without gonadotrophin treatment, significantly fewer eggs were recovered from malnourished than from normal females. However, after hormonal treatment, the number of eggs ovulated by malnourished and normal females increased similarly. About 50% of the eggs recovered from malnourished females in both groups I and II were cleaved whereas 90% of the eggs recovered from well-nourished females were cleaved. The development of the cleaved eggs from protein deficient females was delayed and asynchronous in comparison with that of eggs from normal females. Embryos recovered from malnourished females also were retarded in differentiation of morulae to blastocysts. It is concluded that a protein-restricted diet adversely affects the fertilization of eggs as well as their early development and differentiation.", "contents": "Influence of dietary protein restriction on ovulation, fertilization rates and pre-implantation embryonic development in mice. Eggs were recovered from 153 adult female mice fed either a normal (27% protein) or a protein-deficient (8% protein) diet from day 15 (Group I) or 30 (Group II) before mating until sacrifice. The females were mated with fertile males and sacrificed 48, 72, 96 or 120 hours after observation of vaginal plugs. The study was performed with females that ovulated spontaneously and with females induced to ovulate by injection of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Without gonadotrophin treatment, significantly fewer eggs were recovered from malnourished than from normal females. However, after hormonal treatment, the number of eggs ovulated by malnourished and normal females increased similarly. About 50% of the eggs recovered from malnourished females in both groups I and II were cleaved whereas 90% of the eggs recovered from well-nourished females were cleaved. The development of the cleaved eggs from protein deficient females was delayed and asynchronous in comparison with that of eggs from normal females. Embryos recovered from malnourished females also were retarded in differentiation of morulae to blastocysts. It is concluded that a protein-restricted diet adversely affects the fertilization of eggs as well as their early development and differentiation.", "PMID": 541601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8719", "title": "Fertilization of hamster eggs in vitro at sperm:egg ratios close to unity.", "content": "Hamster epididymal spermatozoa were washed and preincubated at extremely low sperm concentrations (100/ml or less) in a culture medium containing naturally-occurring sperm motility-stimulating substances. These substances were partially purified \"sperm motility factor\" (SMF) derived from hamster adrenal glands and catecholamines (epinephrine or isoproterenol). After preincubation for three hours, a small number (5 or less) of washed, cumulus-free hamster eggs was added to each sperm suspension. Many of these eggs were undergoing fertilization when examined two to three hours later. Fertilization was accomplished in vitro at sperm:egg ratios approaching 1:1, a situation comparable to that believed to exist in vivo. It appears that this demonstration will considerably enhance the potential of in vitro fertilization studies for providing useful information on mammalian gamete interactions.", "contents": "Fertilization of hamster eggs in vitro at sperm:egg ratios close to unity. Hamster epididymal spermatozoa were washed and preincubated at extremely low sperm concentrations (100/ml or less) in a culture medium containing naturally-occurring sperm motility-stimulating substances. These substances were partially purified \"sperm motility factor\" (SMF) derived from hamster adrenal glands and catecholamines (epinephrine or isoproterenol). After preincubation for three hours, a small number (5 or less) of washed, cumulus-free hamster eggs was added to each sperm suspension. Many of these eggs were undergoing fertilization when examined two to three hours later. Fertilization was accomplished in vitro at sperm:egg ratios approaching 1:1, a situation comparable to that believed to exist in vivo. It appears that this demonstration will considerably enhance the potential of in vitro fertilization studies for providing useful information on mammalian gamete interactions.", "PMID": 541602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8720", "title": "Polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in mouse eggs fertilized in vitro.", "content": "The time sequence of the mechanisms that prevent polyspermy in cumulus-free mouse eggs was determined by continuous micropscopic observations during in vitro fertilization. The zona reaction had begun, and the vitelline surface block to polyspermy was established, in less than one minute following sperm fusion with the vitellus. In less than five minutes, the zona reaction had advanced to the stage that no more spermatozoa could become firmly attached to the surface of the zona pellucida.", "contents": "Polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in mouse eggs fertilized in vitro. The time sequence of the mechanisms that prevent polyspermy in cumulus-free mouse eggs was determined by continuous micropscopic observations during in vitro fertilization. The zona reaction had begun, and the vitelline surface block to polyspermy was established, in less than one minute following sperm fusion with the vitellus. In less than five minutes, the zona reaction had advanced to the stage that no more spermatozoa could become firmly attached to the surface of the zona pellucida.", "PMID": 541603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8721", "title": "Failure of human spermatozoa to penetrate zona free mouse and rat ova in vitro.", "content": "When incubated for 8 to 26 hours with zona-free mouse or rat ova, human spermatozoa failed to attach to or penetrate any of the ova. The ova were capable of being fertilized since both intra- and inter-species penetration of spermatozoa and formation of pronuclei occurred between rat and mouse gametes. When mouse spermatozoa were incubated for three to eight hours with rat ova, a high proportion of the ova were penetrated, formation of pronuclei occurred and in 9 out of 36 ova incubated for 40 hours after insemination, regular cleavage and formation of morphologically normal 2-cell embryos occurred. Human spermatozoa retained their morphological integrity and motility only when the culture medium contained purified bovine serum albumin (3 mg/ml) or human serum (5% v/v) and not when unpurified BSA from several different commercial sources was used as a protein source. In this latter medium, the ova of both rats and mice degenerated after 8-hour incubation in the presence of human spermatozoa but not when human spermatozoa were absent or in the presence of either rat or mouse spermatozoa. Electron microscopy indicated that the human spermatozoa incubated for eight hours in medium containing purified BSA had undergone an acrosome reaction. These spermatozoa also attached to and penetrated human oocytes which had been matured in vitro.", "contents": "Failure of human spermatozoa to penetrate zona free mouse and rat ova in vitro. When incubated for 8 to 26 hours with zona-free mouse or rat ova, human spermatozoa failed to attach to or penetrate any of the ova. The ova were capable of being fertilized since both intra- and inter-species penetration of spermatozoa and formation of pronuclei occurred between rat and mouse gametes. When mouse spermatozoa were incubated for three to eight hours with rat ova, a high proportion of the ova were penetrated, formation of pronuclei occurred and in 9 out of 36 ova incubated for 40 hours after insemination, regular cleavage and formation of morphologically normal 2-cell embryos occurred. Human spermatozoa retained their morphological integrity and motility only when the culture medium contained purified bovine serum albumin (3 mg/ml) or human serum (5% v/v) and not when unpurified BSA from several different commercial sources was used as a protein source. In this latter medium, the ova of both rats and mice degenerated after 8-hour incubation in the presence of human spermatozoa but not when human spermatozoa were absent or in the presence of either rat or mouse spermatozoa. Electron microscopy indicated that the human spermatozoa incubated for eight hours in medium containing purified BSA had undergone an acrosome reaction. These spermatozoa also attached to and penetrated human oocytes which had been matured in vitro.", "PMID": 541604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8722", "title": "Beat frequency is bimodally distributed in spermatozoa from T/t12 mice.", "content": "Flagellar beat frequencies of spermatozoa from mice of varying genotype were studied using highspeed cinemicrography. Beat frequency was variable but unimodal in two inbred lines, their F1, and an outbred line. In contrast, beat frequency in spermatozoa from T-complex, balanced lethal stocks (T/t6 and T/t12) tended not to vary between individual males of each genotype up to four hours after collection. The two-hour distribution of beat frequency for T/t12 was, moreover, bimodal, suggesting the possible existence of two subpopulations of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Beat frequency is bimodally distributed in spermatozoa from T/t12 mice. Flagellar beat frequencies of spermatozoa from mice of varying genotype were studied using highspeed cinemicrography. Beat frequency was variable but unimodal in two inbred lines, their F1, and an outbred line. In contrast, beat frequency in spermatozoa from T-complex, balanced lethal stocks (T/t6 and T/t12) tended not to vary between individual males of each genotype up to four hours after collection. The two-hour distribution of beat frequency for T/t12 was, moreover, bimodal, suggesting the possible existence of two subpopulations of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 541605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8723", "title": "Changes observed in bone during hibernation using Procion red dye as a matrical marker.", "content": "Visual examination of the intensity of Procion dye in hamster femurs revealed that dye incorporation decreased during hibernation. Little or no dye was observed after hibernation lasting longer than 50 days. It seems that hibernation may be associated with increased bone resorption and a loss of bone matrix.", "contents": "Changes observed in bone during hibernation using Procion red dye as a matrical marker. Visual examination of the intensity of Procion dye in hamster femurs revealed that dye incorporation decreased during hibernation. Little or no dye was observed after hibernation lasting longer than 50 days. It seems that hibernation may be associated with increased bone resorption and a loss of bone matrix.", "PMID": 541606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8724", "title": "Paternal X chromosome expression in extraembryonic membranes of XO mice.", "content": "The paternally derived allelic form of the X chromosome linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) is expressed in both the fetus and extraembryonic membranes of 9.5 day post coitum XO (XpO) mouse conceptuses. Previous studies on trophectoderm and primitive endoderm derived extraembryonic membranes in XX conceptuses suggest expression of only the maternally derived X chromosome (Xm). Our results suggest that the observed lack of expression of Xp in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm derivatives of XX embryos is not an intrinsic property of the Xp chromosome.", "contents": "Paternal X chromosome expression in extraembryonic membranes of XO mice. The paternally derived allelic form of the X chromosome linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) is expressed in both the fetus and extraembryonic membranes of 9.5 day post coitum XO (XpO) mouse conceptuses. Previous studies on trophectoderm and primitive endoderm derived extraembryonic membranes in XX conceptuses suggest expression of only the maternally derived X chromosome (Xm). Our results suggest that the observed lack of expression of Xp in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm derivatives of XX embryos is not an intrinsic property of the Xp chromosome.", "PMID": 541607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8725", "title": "Effects of divalent cations on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.", "content": "Lowering the external concentrations of both Mg+2 and Ca+2 caused failure of meiotic resumption in vitro of bovine, oocyte-cumulus complexes. Lowering of external Ca+2 levels singly had no effect on either meiotic resumption or completion of the first meiotic division. Lowering of external Mg+2 concentrations alone, although having no effect on meiotic resumption in vitro when Ca+2 was present, did interfere with the completion of the first meiotic division. The result was arrest of oocyte maturation between germinal vesicle breakdown and formation of the first metaphase plate.", "contents": "Effects of divalent cations on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. Lowering the external concentrations of both Mg+2 and Ca+2 caused failure of meiotic resumption in vitro of bovine, oocyte-cumulus complexes. Lowering of external Ca+2 levels singly had no effect on either meiotic resumption or completion of the first meiotic division. Lowering of external Mg+2 concentrations alone, although having no effect on meiotic resumption in vitro when Ca+2 was present, did interfere with the completion of the first meiotic division. The result was arrest of oocyte maturation between germinal vesicle breakdown and formation of the first metaphase plate.", "PMID": 541608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8726", "title": "Forensic pathology--the hidden specialty: A survey of forensic pathology training available to medical students and residents.", "content": "It is no wonder that some people refer to forensic pathology as the \"hidden specialty.\" This paper shows evidence that the only exposure given to most medical students is a brief, all-too-explicit demonstration (\"horror show\") of interesting cases that can only attract the bizarre of mind into the field. It is further pointed out that even residents in pathology receive scanty, if any, formal training in most medical school residency programs, in spite of the fact that two thirds of the medical schools responding have one or more forensic pathologists on their faculty. The obvious answer is a change in the curriculum if this increasingly important subspecialty is to be saved.", "contents": "Forensic pathology--the hidden specialty: A survey of forensic pathology training available to medical students and residents. It is no wonder that some people refer to forensic pathology as the \"hidden specialty.\" This paper shows evidence that the only exposure given to most medical students is a brief, all-too-explicit demonstration (\"horror show\") of interesting cases that can only attract the bizarre of mind into the field. It is further pointed out that even residents in pathology receive scanty, if any, formal training in most medical school residency programs, in spite of the fact that two thirds of the medical schools responding have one or more forensic pathologists on their faculty. The obvious answer is a change in the curriculum if this increasingly important subspecialty is to be saved.", "PMID": 541610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8727", "title": "A comparative analysis of Cannabis material.", "content": "Extracts of 100 plant-like or resinous materials were analyzed for CBD, CBC, delta 9-THC, and CBN by GC using two different column packings and by GC-MS. Our independent identification of these cannabinoids confirmed those of other forensic science analysts who used microscopic examination, the Duquenois-Levine color test, and TLC for their analyses of the same samples. The identifications of cannabinoids by forensic acience analysts using TLC were corroborated by GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of appropriate chromatogram spots.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of Cannabis material. Extracts of 100 plant-like or resinous materials were analyzed for CBD, CBC, delta 9-THC, and CBN by GC using two different column packings and by GC-MS. Our independent identification of these cannabinoids confirmed those of other forensic science analysts who used microscopic examination, the Duquenois-Levine color test, and TLC for their analyses of the same samples. The identifications of cannabinoids by forensic acience analysts using TLC were corroborated by GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of appropriate chromatogram spots.", "PMID": 541611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8728", "title": "Incidence of cocaine metabolites in urine specimens from medical examiners' cases.", "content": "Isobutane CIMS is useful for determining the molecular weight of morphine and its derivatives, as well as for identifying labile acyl substituents on morphine's O-6 position. Furthermore, this technique will provide information relating to the presence or absence of pi-bonding on the C-7 carbon. The spectra of morphine derivatives can be further simplified by employing ethylenediamine as a reagent gas. This approach proves useful for eliciting or confirming molecular weight information from the CI spectrum. In our laboratory extended use of ethylenediamine has been accomplished without any deleterious effect on the mass spectrometer's source or its vacuum system. The utility of isobutane and ethylenediamine CI rests with its ability to supply the analyst with structure elucidation data that may be used to complement more detailed information extractable from either EI or CE spectra. This aspect of mass spectrometry is especially useful when one is dealing with an unknown member of a particular class of organic compounds.", "contents": "Incidence of cocaine metabolites in urine specimens from medical examiners' cases. Isobutane CIMS is useful for determining the molecular weight of morphine and its derivatives, as well as for identifying labile acyl substituents on morphine's O-6 position. Furthermore, this technique will provide information relating to the presence or absence of pi-bonding on the C-7 carbon. The spectra of morphine derivatives can be further simplified by employing ethylenediamine as a reagent gas. This approach proves useful for eliciting or confirming molecular weight information from the CI spectrum. In our laboratory extended use of ethylenediamine has been accomplished without any deleterious effect on the mass spectrometer's source or its vacuum system. The utility of isobutane and ethylenediamine CI rests with its ability to supply the analyst with structure elucidation data that may be used to complement more detailed information extractable from either EI or CE spectra. This aspect of mass spectrometry is especially useful when one is dealing with an unknown member of a particular class of organic compounds.", "PMID": 541612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8729", "title": "The detection of Y chromosomes in bloodstains--a reevaluation.", "content": "A method has been described for detecting Y chromosomes in the leukocytes of human bloodstains prepared on a variety of substrates. The factors that influence the proportion of chromosomes exhibiting a Y spot (the Y cell index) in a bloodstain are considered, including the subjective nature of assessment of the Y chromosome fluorescence, the substrate, and the age of bloodstain. In contrast to previous workers no decay in Y cell index with the age of the stain was observed. The results of a blind trial involving stains derived from case work, where from other evidence there was no doubt as to the sex of the donor, are presented. Sixty-five percent of the male bloodstains were correctly identified and no females were wrongly reported as male.", "contents": "The detection of Y chromosomes in bloodstains--a reevaluation. A method has been described for detecting Y chromosomes in the leukocytes of human bloodstains prepared on a variety of substrates. The factors that influence the proportion of chromosomes exhibiting a Y spot (the Y cell index) in a bloodstain are considered, including the subjective nature of assessment of the Y chromosome fluorescence, the substrate, and the age of bloodstain. In contrast to previous workers no decay in Y cell index with the age of the stain was observed. The results of a blind trial involving stains derived from case work, where from other evidence there was no doubt as to the sex of the donor, are presented. Sixty-five percent of the male bloodstains were correctly identified and no females were wrongly reported as male.", "PMID": 541616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8730", "title": "Racial classifications based on blood group protein systems.", "content": "Two methods employing frequencies of blood group phenotypes are assessed as methods of accurately classifying individuals into racial categories. The data used consist of eleven blood group protein systems from 5043 males distributed into four ethnic categories (white, black, Chicano/Amerindian, and Asian). Both methods work equally well and yield a rate of misclassification of about 22%. Also included is a discussion of two probabilistic calculations relevant to employing blood group protein systems in the context of an identification tool.", "contents": "Racial classifications based on blood group protein systems. Two methods employing frequencies of blood group phenotypes are assessed as methods of accurately classifying individuals into racial categories. The data used consist of eleven blood group protein systems from 5043 males distributed into four ethnic categories (white, black, Chicano/Amerindian, and Asian). Both methods work equally well and yield a rate of misclassification of about 22%. Also included is a discussion of two probabilistic calculations relevant to employing blood group protein systems in the context of an identification tool.", "PMID": 541617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8731", "title": "Absorption patterns for 33P phosphate into single human and animal hairs.", "content": "Absorption of phosphate into single human and animal hair shafts has been studied by means of 32P radiotracer techniques. Nondestructive radioassay permitted repetitive experiments on the same hair specimen. Phosphate concentration patterns were shown to be complementary to those for zinc absorption and sometimes to exhibit prominent concentration peaks extending over regions of the shaft 10 to 20 mm in length. Appearance of such peaks was shown to be favored by pH decreasing below 7 but not by migration of phosphate along the hair shaft, which was unimportant.", "contents": "Absorption patterns for 33P phosphate into single human and animal hairs. Absorption of phosphate into single human and animal hair shafts has been studied by means of 32P radiotracer techniques. Nondestructive radioassay permitted repetitive experiments on the same hair specimen. Phosphate concentration patterns were shown to be complementary to those for zinc absorption and sometimes to exhibit prominent concentration peaks extending over regions of the shaft 10 to 20 mm in length. Appearance of such peaks was shown to be favored by pH decreasing below 7 but not by migration of phosphate along the hair shaft, which was unimportant.", "PMID": 541619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8732", "title": "Separation of standard opiates and their analysis in pharmaceutical and illicit preparations by paired-ion reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation of standard opiates in a mixture and their analysis in clandestine and pharmaceutical preparations were accomplished by PIC on a micro-Bondapak C18 column. The identification of the opiates was based on two parameters: retention times and the ratios of absorbance peaks recorded at 254 and 280 nm. No prior clean-up procedure of samples was required for analysis by this method. Baseline separation of drug components in clandestine and in pharmaceutical preparations made this method suitable for their quantitation.", "contents": "Separation of standard opiates and their analysis in pharmaceutical and illicit preparations by paired-ion reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The separation of standard opiates in a mixture and their analysis in clandestine and pharmaceutical preparations were accomplished by PIC on a micro-Bondapak C18 column. The identification of the opiates was based on two parameters: retention times and the ratios of absorbance peaks recorded at 254 and 280 nm. No prior clean-up procedure of samples was required for analysis by this method. Baseline separation of drug components in clandestine and in pharmaceutical preparations made this method suitable for their quantitation.", "PMID": 541620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8733", "title": "Acute epiglottitis (supraglottitis).", "content": "During an autopsy the clinician, as well as the pathologist, should insist on a culture and adequate examination of the neck. Failure to examine the neck structures in this catastrophic illness may result in an incorrect determination of the cause of death [12,13]. Many autopsy surgeons assume pneumonia is present but later find only microscopic evidence of pulmonary edema. By then the decedent has been buried. Untreated fatalities are seldom reported [3,5,14]. Future reports should include statistics from the medical examiner's or coroner's office in their jurisdiction. This will promote knowledge of the true incidence of acute epiglottitis.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis (supraglottitis). During an autopsy the clinician, as well as the pathologist, should insist on a culture and adequate examination of the neck. Failure to examine the neck structures in this catastrophic illness may result in an incorrect determination of the cause of death [12,13]. Many autopsy surgeons assume pneumonia is present but later find only microscopic evidence of pulmonary edema. By then the decedent has been buried. Untreated fatalities are seldom reported [3,5,14]. Future reports should include statistics from the medical examiner's or coroner's office in their jurisdiction. This will promote knowledge of the true incidence of acute epiglottitis.", "PMID": 541622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8734", "title": "\"Paradoxical undressing\" in fatal hypothermia.", "content": "The phenomenon called paradoxical undressing has been described from 33 cases of hypothermia collected from Swedish police reports. The cases were almost evenly distributed with regard to sex, age, and geographical distribution. The cases occurred more frequently in open land although cases from town areas were also found. Most incidents were recorded from November to February at low ambient temperatures, although cases were also reported at temperatures above 0 degree C. Arteriosclerosis and chronic alcoholism were important concomitant illnesses, the latter being frequent in middle-aged men. Epilepsy, diabetes, and pregnancy were present in single cases. Ethanol and other drugs were present in 67% of the males and in 78% of the females, ethanol predominating in men and various psychotropic agents in women. The mean blood ethanol concentration in males was 0.16% and in females, 0.18%. Most frequent findings at necropsy were purple spots or discoloration on the extremities, pulmonary edema, and gastric hemorrhages. It is concluded that paradoxical undressing might be explained by changes in peripheral vasoconstriction in the deeply hypothermic person. It represents the last effort of the victim and is followed almost immediately by unconsciousness and death.", "contents": "\"Paradoxical undressing\" in fatal hypothermia. The phenomenon called paradoxical undressing has been described from 33 cases of hypothermia collected from Swedish police reports. The cases were almost evenly distributed with regard to sex, age, and geographical distribution. The cases occurred more frequently in open land although cases from town areas were also found. Most incidents were recorded from November to February at low ambient temperatures, although cases were also reported at temperatures above 0 degree C. Arteriosclerosis and chronic alcoholism were important concomitant illnesses, the latter being frequent in middle-aged men. Epilepsy, diabetes, and pregnancy were present in single cases. Ethanol and other drugs were present in 67% of the males and in 78% of the females, ethanol predominating in men and various psychotropic agents in women. The mean blood ethanol concentration in males was 0.16% and in females, 0.18%. Most frequent findings at necropsy were purple spots or discoloration on the extremities, pulmonary edema, and gastric hemorrhages. It is concluded that paradoxical undressing might be explained by changes in peripheral vasoconstriction in the deeply hypothermic person. It represents the last effort of the victim and is followed almost immediately by unconsciousness and death.", "PMID": 541627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8735", "title": "The effect of time of death on extravascular tissue/blood secobarbital concentration ratios in the rat.", "content": "Extravascular liver/blood and brain/blood ratios were found to be an average of 6% and 1% higher, respectively, in all experiments than total liver/blood and brain/blood ratios. This difference may be informative in establishing true tissue levels. There was a significant time effect (P less than 0.05) with the extravascular liver/blood ratios but not with the extravscular brain/blood ratios. Extravascular liver/blood ratios were slightly higher in phenobarbital-pretreated animals than in non-pretreated animals. Tissue secobarbital levels in pretreated and non-pretreated animals are not different at 1/4 or 1 h, even though pretreated animals received higher doses than non-pretreated animals. Tissue levels are significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in pretreated animals than in non-pretreated animals at 4 h. It is possible that, at this time period, the barbiturate-metabolizing enzymes have become saturated or exhausted.", "contents": "The effect of time of death on extravascular tissue/blood secobarbital concentration ratios in the rat. Extravascular liver/blood and brain/blood ratios were found to be an average of 6% and 1% higher, respectively, in all experiments than total liver/blood and brain/blood ratios. This difference may be informative in establishing true tissue levels. There was a significant time effect (P less than 0.05) with the extravascular liver/blood ratios but not with the extravscular brain/blood ratios. Extravascular liver/blood ratios were slightly higher in phenobarbital-pretreated animals than in non-pretreated animals. Tissue secobarbital levels in pretreated and non-pretreated animals are not different at 1/4 or 1 h, even though pretreated animals received higher doses than non-pretreated animals. Tissue levels are significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in pretreated animals than in non-pretreated animals at 4 h. It is possible that, at this time period, the barbiturate-metabolizing enzymes have become saturated or exhausted.", "PMID": 541628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8736", "title": "Reidentification of a major impurity in illicit amphetamine.", "content": "An impurity previously reported in illicit amphetamine has been found as a by-product om the synthesis of N-formylamphetamine, a reaction precursor to amphetamine by the Leukart synthesis. Its reidentification as di-(1-phenylisopropyl) formamide has been supported by combined spectroscopic analysis of isolated fractions.", "contents": "Reidentification of a major impurity in illicit amphetamine. An impurity previously reported in illicit amphetamine has been found as a by-product om the synthesis of N-formylamphetamine, a reaction precursor to amphetamine by the Leukart synthesis. Its reidentification as di-(1-phenylisopropyl) formamide has been supported by combined spectroscopic analysis of isolated fractions.", "PMID": 541629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8737", "title": "Fatal retropleural hematoma from a ruptured abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm.", "content": "This paper has reported a case of sudden unexpected death in a 19-year-old man, shot in the abdomen, who was surgically treated and discharged. He died of massive left retropleural hematoma from a spontaneous rupture of a traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Diagnosis of the retropleural hemorrhage and the aortic pseudo-aneurysm was possible, though not made antemortem, through chest X-rays and ultrasound studies of the abdomen correlated with the patient's symptoms. Early radiologic signs of the hematoma consisted of obliteration of the aortic silhouette on the anteroposterior view and the left primary sulcus on the lateral film by a convex expanding homogenous density whose medial border blended imperceptibly with the mediastinal shadow. On ultrasound study the pseudo-aneurysm appears as semilucent midline shadow anterior to the vertebral column and related to the aorta, giving the latter an appearance of increased diameter.", "contents": "Fatal retropleural hematoma from a ruptured abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm. This paper has reported a case of sudden unexpected death in a 19-year-old man, shot in the abdomen, who was surgically treated and discharged. He died of massive left retropleural hematoma from a spontaneous rupture of a traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Diagnosis of the retropleural hemorrhage and the aortic pseudo-aneurysm was possible, though not made antemortem, through chest X-rays and ultrasound studies of the abdomen correlated with the patient's symptoms. Early radiologic signs of the hematoma consisted of obliteration of the aortic silhouette on the anteroposterior view and the left primary sulcus on the lateral film by a convex expanding homogenous density whose medial border blended imperceptibly with the mediastinal shadow. On ultrasound study the pseudo-aneurysm appears as semilucent midline shadow anterior to the vertebral column and related to the aorta, giving the latter an appearance of increased diameter.", "PMID": 541630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8738", "title": "A simple method for preparing human sketetal material for forensic examination.", "content": "A method using dilute sodium hypochlorite for the cleaning of human skeletal material from decomposed bodies is described. With this simple procedure, which requires minimal expenditure of time and money, bones may be cleaned in a manner that produces specimens satisfactory for forensic examination, documentation of injuries, and jury presentation.", "contents": "A simple method for preparing human sketetal material for forensic examination. A method using dilute sodium hypochlorite for the cleaning of human skeletal material from decomposed bodies is described. With this simple procedure, which requires minimal expenditure of time and money, bones may be cleaned in a manner that produces specimens satisfactory for forensic examination, documentation of injuries, and jury presentation.", "PMID": 541632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8739", "title": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. I:Choice of resin, chromatographic conditions, and recovery studies.", "content": "Amberlite XAD-2, a nonionic polystyrene divinylbenzene resin, was first used for the analysis of drugs in urine and a number of reports have described the development at optimal conditions for extraction, including type of resin columns, pH conditions, and eluting solvents. XAD-4 and XAD-7 resins were compared to the similarly structured XAD-2 resin and no significant advantage over the XAD-2 resin for drug screening was observed. A quantity of 5 to 6 g of resin was found to have sufficient capacity for the extraction of 200 ml of pentobarbital solution (1 mg/100ml). A column flow rate of approximately 15 ml/min (gravitational flow) was sufficient for analysis and slower rates were not more efficient. A mixture of ethyl acetate and 1,2-dichloroethane (3:2) was found to give best overall recovery (66 to 94%) of drugs, the resulting extracts being reasonably free of interfering substances. A pH value of 8.5 is recommended as optimum for comprehensive analysis of acidic and basic drugs. Recovery studies were conducted on spiked samples to determine drug losses occuring during various steps in the XAD-2 extraction procedure for four acidic (amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital) and four basic (morphine, codeine, meperidine, and methadone) drugs. A relatively small amount (0 to 5%) of the drugs was not adsorbed by the resin and amounts varying from 6 to 40% failed to be desorbed by the eluting solvent. Additional losses occurred during the removal and analysis of TLC spots. Recovery of drugs from aqueous solutions analyzed with the XAD-2 resin were compared to recoveries reported in the literature with other XAD-2 resin methods for the extraction of drugs from urine. Recovery of phenobarbital, morphine, and codeine improved by 4 to 23% while recoveries of amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, methadone, and meperidine were 4 to 28% less efficient when compared to literature data.", "contents": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. I:Choice of resin, chromatographic conditions, and recovery studies. Amberlite XAD-2, a nonionic polystyrene divinylbenzene resin, was first used for the analysis of drugs in urine and a number of reports have described the development at optimal conditions for extraction, including type of resin columns, pH conditions, and eluting solvents. XAD-4 and XAD-7 resins were compared to the similarly structured XAD-2 resin and no significant advantage over the XAD-2 resin for drug screening was observed. A quantity of 5 to 6 g of resin was found to have sufficient capacity for the extraction of 200 ml of pentobarbital solution (1 mg/100ml). A column flow rate of approximately 15 ml/min (gravitational flow) was sufficient for analysis and slower rates were not more efficient. A mixture of ethyl acetate and 1,2-dichloroethane (3:2) was found to give best overall recovery (66 to 94%) of drugs, the resulting extracts being reasonably free of interfering substances. A pH value of 8.5 is recommended as optimum for comprehensive analysis of acidic and basic drugs. Recovery studies were conducted on spiked samples to determine drug losses occuring during various steps in the XAD-2 extraction procedure for four acidic (amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital) and four basic (morphine, codeine, meperidine, and methadone) drugs. A relatively small amount (0 to 5%) of the drugs was not adsorbed by the resin and amounts varying from 6 to 40% failed to be desorbed by the eluting solvent. Additional losses occurred during the removal and analysis of TLC spots. Recovery of drugs from aqueous solutions analyzed with the XAD-2 resin were compared to recoveries reported in the literature with other XAD-2 resin methods for the extraction of drugs from urine. Recovery of phenobarbital, morphine, and codeine improved by 4 to 23% while recoveries of amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, methadone, and meperidine were 4 to 28% less efficient when compared to literature data.", "PMID": 541635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8740", "title": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. II:Analysis of liver in medical examiner's cases.", "content": "Liver tends to concentrate drugs in quantities generally higher than those found in blood or other body compartments. This fact as well as the general availability of liver in postmortem cases makes it an important specimen for comprehensive toxicologic investigation. A scheme for the analysis of liver for drugs with tissue hydrolysis, XAD-2 resin extraction, and TLC has been developed and the parameters affecting recovery have been studied. The hydrolysis of liver specimens at various pH conditions resulted in an improved recovery for morphine by using pH 2 (2N hydrochloric acid). Recoveries of barbiturates, codeine, and meperidine were essentially the same at pH 2 and pH 3. A considerable loss (22 to 55%) was observed for four drugs (pentobarbital, morphine, codeine, and meperidine) as a result of drug binding to the tissue pellets during the process of centrifuging the liver homogenates. This method is recommended as a comprehensive screening procedure for drugs in liver tissue. For quantitative purposes, however, it is necessary to determine a correction factor for all the losses occurring at the various steps of the procedure. This procedure compared favorably with other procedures for liver analysis reported in literature.", "contents": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. II:Analysis of liver in medical examiner's cases. Liver tends to concentrate drugs in quantities generally higher than those found in blood or other body compartments. This fact as well as the general availability of liver in postmortem cases makes it an important specimen for comprehensive toxicologic investigation. A scheme for the analysis of liver for drugs with tissue hydrolysis, XAD-2 resin extraction, and TLC has been developed and the parameters affecting recovery have been studied. The hydrolysis of liver specimens at various pH conditions resulted in an improved recovery for morphine by using pH 2 (2N hydrochloric acid). Recoveries of barbiturates, codeine, and meperidine were essentially the same at pH 2 and pH 3. A considerable loss (22 to 55%) was observed for four drugs (pentobarbital, morphine, codeine, and meperidine) as a result of drug binding to the tissue pellets during the process of centrifuging the liver homogenates. This method is recommended as a comprehensive screening procedure for drugs in liver tissue. For quantitative purposes, however, it is necessary to determine a correction factor for all the losses occurring at the various steps of the procedure. This procedure compared favorably with other procedures for liver analysis reported in literature.", "PMID": 541636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8741", "title": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. III:A routine screening procedure for bile.", "content": "The ability of bile to concentrate drugs and metabolites coupled with its general availability make it suitable for analysis and often the fluid of choice in postmorten cases requiring drug screening. Bile (5 to 10 ml) was diluted with water, sulfuric acid was added, and the mixture was autoclaved. The precipitated bile salts were easily removed by filtration and the filtrate (pH adjusted to 8.0 to 8.5) extracted with XAD-2 resin. Drugs were eluted with a mixture of ethyl acetate/1,2-dichloroethane and analyzed with thin-layer chromatography. Varying the dilution of bile improved the recovery of morphine, codeine, methadone, amobarbital, and phenobarbital. Excessive dilution, however, caused a washing phenomenon and reduced recovery of some drugs, as shown with morphine and codeine. The procedure described is useful for the rapid screening of bile specimens for drugs.", "contents": "Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. III:A routine screening procedure for bile. The ability of bile to concentrate drugs and metabolites coupled with its general availability make it suitable for analysis and often the fluid of choice in postmorten cases requiring drug screening. Bile (5 to 10 ml) was diluted with water, sulfuric acid was added, and the mixture was autoclaved. The precipitated bile salts were easily removed by filtration and the filtrate (pH adjusted to 8.0 to 8.5) extracted with XAD-2 resin. Drugs were eluted with a mixture of ethyl acetate/1,2-dichloroethane and analyzed with thin-layer chromatography. Varying the dilution of bile improved the recovery of morphine, codeine, methadone, amobarbital, and phenobarbital. Excessive dilution, however, caused a washing phenomenon and reduced recovery of some drugs, as shown with morphine and codeine. The procedure described is useful for the rapid screening of bile specimens for drugs.", "PMID": 541637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8742", "title": "Sudden unexpected death from cardiac concussion (commotio cordis) with unusual legal complications.", "content": "Sudden and unexpected death may result from cardiac concussion following blunt force trauma to the thorax. Undiagnosed pathologic disease must be carefully evaluated as a possible contributory element. Legal complications may arise from any autopsy. It is recommended that a photograph be taken upon completion of the autopsy. This photograph and adequate records can be used to refute any charges against the pathologist or assistants for the poor condition of a body after its release.", "contents": "Sudden unexpected death from cardiac concussion (commotio cordis) with unusual legal complications. Sudden and unexpected death may result from cardiac concussion following blunt force trauma to the thorax. Undiagnosed pathologic disease must be carefully evaluated as a possible contributory element. Legal complications may arise from any autopsy. It is recommended that a photograph be taken upon completion of the autopsy. This photograph and adequate records can be used to refute any charges against the pathologist or assistants for the poor condition of a body after its release.", "PMID": 541638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8743", "title": "Sudden death and sepsis after splenectomy.", "content": "This paper has reported two deaths occurring in young adults who had undergone splenectomy for trauma several years before developing pneumococcal sepsis. Tissues at autopsy demonstrated a disproportionate autolysis for the postmortem interval. One victim also showed diffuse serosal hemorrhages, presumably as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Both showed evidence of residual splenic implants but such implants clearly did not provide protection against sepsis. The mechanisms whereby the spleen protects from sepsis appear to be that of a mechanical filter and an immunological organ producing antibody or antibody-like substance. How much splenic tissue and what relationships to the system circulation are necessary to provide protection remain undiscovered.", "contents": "Sudden death and sepsis after splenectomy. This paper has reported two deaths occurring in young adults who had undergone splenectomy for trauma several years before developing pneumococcal sepsis. Tissues at autopsy demonstrated a disproportionate autolysis for the postmortem interval. One victim also showed diffuse serosal hemorrhages, presumably as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Both showed evidence of residual splenic implants but such implants clearly did not provide protection against sepsis. The mechanisms whereby the spleen protects from sepsis appear to be that of a mechanical filter and an immunological organ producing antibody or antibody-like substance. How much splenic tissue and what relationships to the system circulation are necessary to provide protection remain undiscovered.", "PMID": 541639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8744", "title": "Suicide by intravenous injection of a veterinary euthanasia agent: report of a case and toxicologic studies.", "content": "Previously reported cases of suicide by intravenous barbiturates, as well as two other unusual cases [5,6], are compared in Table 2. All decedents were either medical or paramedical personnel and familiar with the drugs and the routes of administration used for their suicides. Lethal is used in veterinary euthanasia at an intravenous dose of 1 ml per 5 kg (10 lbs) body weight. Unconsciousness usually occurs during injection and death supervenes within a matter of seconds. The decedent in the present case weighed 90 kg (200 lbs) and had injected at least 40 ml of the drug, approximately twice the recommended lethal dose. There appears to be little doubt of the victim's suicidal intent, since he had used Lethal in his daily occupational duties. Additionally, the physical configuration of the supports devised to hold the syringe was quite stable, and injection stopped only when the decedent's hand came to rest upon the towels. To our knowledge, the present case represents the only one of its kind in the literature.", "contents": "Suicide by intravenous injection of a veterinary euthanasia agent: report of a case and toxicologic studies. Previously reported cases of suicide by intravenous barbiturates, as well as two other unusual cases [5,6], are compared in Table 2. All decedents were either medical or paramedical personnel and familiar with the drugs and the routes of administration used for their suicides. Lethal is used in veterinary euthanasia at an intravenous dose of 1 ml per 5 kg (10 lbs) body weight. Unconsciousness usually occurs during injection and death supervenes within a matter of seconds. The decedent in the present case weighed 90 kg (200 lbs) and had injected at least 40 ml of the drug, approximately twice the recommended lethal dose. There appears to be little doubt of the victim's suicidal intent, since he had used Lethal in his daily occupational duties. Additionally, the physical configuration of the supports devised to hold the syringe was quite stable, and injection stopped only when the decedent's hand came to rest upon the towels. To our knowledge, the present case represents the only one of its kind in the literature.", "PMID": 541640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8745", "title": "Death associated with nitrite ingestion: report of a case.", "content": "The tissue concentrations of nitrite and nitrate found at autopsy of a case of intentional ingestion of nitrite salts have been reported. The percentage of methemoglobin and the serum nitrite concentrations are consistent with those reported for acute overdoses. We conclude that noth nitrite and nitrate salts may be identified in tissues from persons ingesting only nitrite salts and that a significant conversion to nitrate may result from oxidation of nitrite during the conversion of heme iron to Fe3+.", "contents": "Death associated with nitrite ingestion: report of a case. The tissue concentrations of nitrite and nitrate found at autopsy of a case of intentional ingestion of nitrite salts have been reported. The percentage of methemoglobin and the serum nitrite concentrations are consistent with those reported for acute overdoses. We conclude that noth nitrite and nitrate salts may be identified in tissues from persons ingesting only nitrite salts and that a significant conversion to nitrate may result from oxidation of nitrite during the conversion of heme iron to Fe3+.", "PMID": 541641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8746", "title": "Histologic diagnosis of sodomy.", "content": "A case of homicidal strangulation with sodomy is presented. Without the use of a simple routine histologic technique, the diagnosis of sodomy could not have been unequivocally substantiated.", "contents": "Histologic diagnosis of sodomy. A case of homicidal strangulation with sodomy is presented. Without the use of a simple routine histologic technique, the diagnosis of sodomy could not have been unequivocally substantiated.", "PMID": 541642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8747", "title": "Pyrolysis analysis of the herbicide paraquat on cannabis by coupled gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy.", "content": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with infrared identification of eluted peaks confirms that paraquat is pyrolyzed into chloromethane and 4,4'-dipyridyl at smoking temperatures and above. This reaction occurs at 610 degrees C to completion in small amounts in an inert atmosphere. The toxicity of 4,4'-dipyridyl remains to be determined. Pyrolysis of contaminated marijuana also produces the same two products, although detection at low limits is difficult with this procedure.", "contents": "Pyrolysis analysis of the herbicide paraquat on cannabis by coupled gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy. Pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with infrared identification of eluted peaks confirms that paraquat is pyrolyzed into chloromethane and 4,4'-dipyridyl at smoking temperatures and above. This reaction occurs at 610 degrees C to completion in small amounts in an inert atmosphere. The toxicity of 4,4'-dipyridyl remains to be determined. Pyrolysis of contaminated marijuana also produces the same two products, although detection at low limits is difficult with this procedure.", "PMID": 541644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8748", "title": "Increased safety and specificity in the thin-layer chromatographic identification of marihuana.", "content": "We are reporting what we believe to be a safe, rapid TLC system and spray for the identification of marihuana. The use of Fast Blue 2B salt greatly enhances the specificity of the TLC analysis of suspected marihuana samples.", "contents": "Increased safety and specificity in the thin-layer chromatographic identification of marihuana. We are reporting what we believe to be a safe, rapid TLC system and spray for the identification of marihuana. The use of Fast Blue 2B salt greatly enhances the specificity of the TLC analysis of suspected marihuana samples.", "PMID": 541645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8749", "title": "The rapid determination of cocaine and other local anesthetics using field tests and chromatography.", "content": "The application of field tests and chromatography to the detection of cocaine and some other local anesthetics that have been used to adulterate cocaine is described. Initial screening of samples by field tests, followed by concurrent TLC and GC, enables rapid identification of these compounds to be achieved. In particular, the use of flow-programmed GC shortens the time for analysis compared with conventional GC and requires negligible equilibration time between consecutive runs [12]. The method gives reliable quantitative data.", "contents": "The rapid determination of cocaine and other local anesthetics using field tests and chromatography. The application of field tests and chromatography to the detection of cocaine and some other local anesthetics that have been used to adulterate cocaine is described. Initial screening of samples by field tests, followed by concurrent TLC and GC, enables rapid identification of these compounds to be achieved. In particular, the use of flow-programmed GC shortens the time for analysis compared with conventional GC and requires negligible equilibration time between consecutive runs [12]. The method gives reliable quantitative data.", "PMID": 541646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8750", "title": "An efficient method to eliminate streaking in the electrophoretic analysis of haptoglobin in bloodstains.", "content": "A bloodstain extraction procedure that improves the analysis of haptoglobin in dried bloodstains has been developed. The streaking of electrophoresis gels caused by deteriorated hemoglobin can be eliminated by incorporating chloroform in the bloodstain extraction procedure. The method is easier to execute than previously published techniques for eliminating the adverse effects of deteriorated hemoglobin on the analysis of haptoglobin. Bloodstains up to two years old were correctly phenotyped in haptoglobin by this method.", "contents": "An efficient method to eliminate streaking in the electrophoretic analysis of haptoglobin in bloodstains. A bloodstain extraction procedure that improves the analysis of haptoglobin in dried bloodstains has been developed. The streaking of electrophoresis gels caused by deteriorated hemoglobin can be eliminated by incorporating chloroform in the bloodstain extraction procedure. The method is easier to execute than previously published techniques for eliminating the adverse effects of deteriorated hemoglobin on the analysis of haptoglobin. Bloodstains up to two years old were correctly phenotyped in haptoglobin by this method.", "PMID": 541647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8751", "title": "radE, a new radiation-sensitive locus in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Dictyostelium discoideum strain M28, which has been used widely in genetic studies, was found to carry a radiation-sensitive mutation. This allele, termed rad-100, was recessive in heterozygous diploids and mapped in linkage group III. Complementation analysis and survival studies on strains carrying rad-100 suggested that this allele defines a new radiation-sensitive locus in D. discoideum, and this locus has been designated radE. radE strains were moderately sensitive to ultraviolet light (D10 90 J m-2) and slightly sensitive to 137Cs gamma rays D10 255 krad). radE strains also exhibited increased sensitivity to killing by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but not by other alkylating agents such as ethyl methanesulphonate or methyl methanesulphonate. The frequency of spontaneous methanol-resistant (acrA) mutants was approximately the same in cultures of radE and radE+ strains. However, when amoebae of these strains were irradiated with ultraviolet light, the frequency of induced mutants was significantly lower in cultures of the radE strain. Furthermore, when amoebae of wild-type strain NC4 were plated in the presence of caffeine after ultraviolet-irradiation, the survival curves were very similar to the curves obtained for amoebae of radE strains in the presence or in the absence of caffeine. These results suggest that the radE100 mutation and caffeine interfere with an error-prone DNA repair pathway in D. discoideum.", "contents": "radE, a new radiation-sensitive locus in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dictyostelium discoideum strain M28, which has been used widely in genetic studies, was found to carry a radiation-sensitive mutation. This allele, termed rad-100, was recessive in heterozygous diploids and mapped in linkage group III. Complementation analysis and survival studies on strains carrying rad-100 suggested that this allele defines a new radiation-sensitive locus in D. discoideum, and this locus has been designated radE. radE strains were moderately sensitive to ultraviolet light (D10 90 J m-2) and slightly sensitive to 137Cs gamma rays D10 255 krad). radE strains also exhibited increased sensitivity to killing by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but not by other alkylating agents such as ethyl methanesulphonate or methyl methanesulphonate. The frequency of spontaneous methanol-resistant (acrA) mutants was approximately the same in cultures of radE and radE+ strains. However, when amoebae of these strains were irradiated with ultraviolet light, the frequency of induced mutants was significantly lower in cultures of the radE strain. Furthermore, when amoebae of wild-type strain NC4 were plated in the presence of caffeine after ultraviolet-irradiation, the survival curves were very similar to the curves obtained for amoebae of radE strains in the presence or in the absence of caffeine. These results suggest that the radE100 mutation and caffeine interfere with an error-prone DNA repair pathway in D. discoideum.", "PMID": 541658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8752", "title": "Characterization and persistence of actinophage RP2 isolated from Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970.", "content": "While searching for true lysogens among oxytetracycline-producing Streptomyces rimosus strains, free phage particles were detected and isolated from a liquid culture of S. rimosus ATCC 10970 (R7). The actinophage, designated RP2, appears to be a typical temperate DNA phage producing turbid plaques on the sensitive strain S. rimosus R6. Electron microscopic examination of RP2 lysates showed that it belongs to group B of Bradley's morphological classification. The rate of RP2 adsoprption at 28 degrees C appeared to be low. The length of the latent period was about 6 h and the average burst size about 120 phage particles. The lysogenic nature of the host-virus system described was established on the basis of the following characteristics: spontaneous lysis frequency of 2 X 10(-6) per cell, resistance to curing with phage-specific antiserum, spontaneous curing frequency of less than 0.05% and immunity to superinfection with the homologous phage. Clear-plaque mutants of RP2, which failed to lysogenize sensitive cultures, arose at a frequency of 10(-5).", "contents": "Characterization and persistence of actinophage RP2 isolated from Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970. While searching for true lysogens among oxytetracycline-producing Streptomyces rimosus strains, free phage particles were detected and isolated from a liquid culture of S. rimosus ATCC 10970 (R7). The actinophage, designated RP2, appears to be a typical temperate DNA phage producing turbid plaques on the sensitive strain S. rimosus R6. Electron microscopic examination of RP2 lysates showed that it belongs to group B of Bradley's morphological classification. The rate of RP2 adsoprption at 28 degrees C appeared to be low. The length of the latent period was about 6 h and the average burst size about 120 phage particles. The lysogenic nature of the host-virus system described was established on the basis of the following characteristics: spontaneous lysis frequency of 2 X 10(-6) per cell, resistance to curing with phage-specific antiserum, spontaneous curing frequency of less than 0.05% and immunity to superinfection with the homologous phage. Clear-plaque mutants of RP2, which failed to lysogenize sensitive cultures, arose at a frequency of 10(-5).", "PMID": 541659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8753", "title": "Regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii by traces of oxygen in commercial nitrogen gas and by glutamate.", "content": "Glutamate induced the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase 50-fold during anaerobic growth of Citrobacter freundii and, in the absence of glutamate, this enzyme was even more active in cultures sparged with N2/CO2(95:5, v/v). Enzyme synthesis was partially repressed when the inlet gas was passed through heated copper but totally repressed when the inlet gas was passed through alkaline pyrogallol and reduced benzyl viologen (a treatment which would remove CO2 as well as O2). Fumarate hydratase activity also decreased but alcohol dehydrogenase and the sum of the succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase activities increased when residual O2 was removed from the sparging gas. Soluble cytochromes a1 and c552.5 were detected in rigorously anaerobic cultures. Thus traces of O2 which contaminate commercial compressed N2 are sufficient to induce 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis and to affect significantly the synthesis and incorporation of respiratory chain components into the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii by traces of oxygen in commercial nitrogen gas and by glutamate. Glutamate induced the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase 50-fold during anaerobic growth of Citrobacter freundii and, in the absence of glutamate, this enzyme was even more active in cultures sparged with N2/CO2(95:5, v/v). Enzyme synthesis was partially repressed when the inlet gas was passed through heated copper but totally repressed when the inlet gas was passed through alkaline pyrogallol and reduced benzyl viologen (a treatment which would remove CO2 as well as O2). Fumarate hydratase activity also decreased but alcohol dehydrogenase and the sum of the succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase activities increased when residual O2 was removed from the sparging gas. Soluble cytochromes a1 and c552.5 were detected in rigorously anaerobic cultures. Thus traces of O2 which contaminate commercial compressed N2 are sufficient to induce 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis and to affect significantly the synthesis and incorporation of respiratory chain components into the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 541660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8754", "title": "Factors affecting aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a chemically defined medium.", "content": "The optimum levels of sucrose, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, KH2PO4 and ZnSO4 for aflatoxin production in a chemically defined medium have been established. The last two were found to be essential for fungal growth and aflatoxin production. The effect of various carbon sources on aflatoxin production was tested using the defined medium. Asparagine was found to be essential for aflatoxin production. Very little aflatoxin was produced in the absence of asparagine with any of the other inorganic nitrogen sources tested. Supplementation with yeast extract, Casamino acids, Casitone and peptone increased the aflatoxin yield, but omission of asparagine led to decreased aflatoxin yields even when complex nitrogen sources were present. Asparagine could be replaced by aspartic acid or alanine.", "contents": "Factors affecting aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a chemically defined medium. The optimum levels of sucrose, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, KH2PO4 and ZnSO4 for aflatoxin production in a chemically defined medium have been established. The last two were found to be essential for fungal growth and aflatoxin production. The effect of various carbon sources on aflatoxin production was tested using the defined medium. Asparagine was found to be essential for aflatoxin production. Very little aflatoxin was produced in the absence of asparagine with any of the other inorganic nitrogen sources tested. Supplementation with yeast extract, Casamino acids, Casitone and peptone increased the aflatoxin yield, but omission of asparagine led to decreased aflatoxin yields even when complex nitrogen sources were present. Asparagine could be replaced by aspartic acid or alanine.", "PMID": 541661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8755", "title": "Biochemical differentiation in large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae.", "content": "Large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae which were about 700 micrometer thick were frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned horizontally. The sections were disrupted and several oxidative enzymes were assayed in the crude unfractionated homogenates. In the top 120 micrometer of the colonies the specific activities of the enzymes were high and characteristic of aerobically adapted cells. Cells nearer the base of colonies had very low enzyme activities.", "contents": "Biochemical differentiation in large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae. Large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae which were about 700 micrometer thick were frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned horizontally. The sections were disrupted and several oxidative enzymes were assayed in the crude unfractionated homogenates. In the top 120 micrometer of the colonies the specific activities of the enzymes were high and characteristic of aerobically adapted cells. Cells nearer the base of colonies had very low enzyme activities.", "PMID": 541662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8756", "title": "Studies on the temperature-dependent DNA replication of the herpesvirus of the turkey in chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The development of cytopathogenic changes in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the herpesvirus of the turkey, strain PB-THVI, and the release of virus particles into the supernatant of infected cultures is accelerated at temperatures higher than 37 degrees C and is fastest at 41 degrees C, the normal body temperature of chickens. The growth rate of HVT in CEF cultures was followed by determination of the number of virus genome equivalents within infected cells at various time intervals p.i. A temperature-dependent increase in the amount of virus DNA per infected cell could be detected, which is highest at 41 degrees C. At all temperatures tested (34, 36, 41 and 43 degrees C) the number of virus genome equivalents per infected cell ultimately reaches the same level. In the course of infection, virus DNA in CEF cultures at 37 and 41 degrees C becomes associated with the cellular DNA, as determined by neutral CsCl gradients of the total cellular DNA and hybridization of each fraction with 32P-labelled virus-specific complementary RNA. Association of virus to cellular DNA occurs earlier at 41 than at 37 degrees C. However, the same proportion (45%) of the total virus DNA appears ultimately to be associated with cellular DNA at both temperatures. A temperature-shift of CEF cultures infected with PB-THVI from 41 to 37 degrees C 24 h p.i. resulted in the same replication kinetics of virus DNA as was found at 41 degrees C.", "contents": "Studies on the temperature-dependent DNA replication of the herpesvirus of the turkey in chicken embryo fibroblasts. The development of cytopathogenic changes in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the herpesvirus of the turkey, strain PB-THVI, and the release of virus particles into the supernatant of infected cultures is accelerated at temperatures higher than 37 degrees C and is fastest at 41 degrees C, the normal body temperature of chickens. The growth rate of HVT in CEF cultures was followed by determination of the number of virus genome equivalents within infected cells at various time intervals p.i. A temperature-dependent increase in the amount of virus DNA per infected cell could be detected, which is highest at 41 degrees C. At all temperatures tested (34, 36, 41 and 43 degrees C) the number of virus genome equivalents per infected cell ultimately reaches the same level. In the course of infection, virus DNA in CEF cultures at 37 and 41 degrees C becomes associated with the cellular DNA, as determined by neutral CsCl gradients of the total cellular DNA and hybridization of each fraction with 32P-labelled virus-specific complementary RNA. Association of virus to cellular DNA occurs earlier at 41 than at 37 degrees C. However, the same proportion (45%) of the total virus DNA appears ultimately to be associated with cellular DNA at both temperatures. A temperature-shift of CEF cultures infected with PB-THVI from 41 to 37 degrees C 24 h p.i. resulted in the same replication kinetics of virus DNA as was found at 41 degrees C.", "PMID": 541663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8757", "title": "Regulation of imm gene expression in bacteriophage T4-infected cells.", "content": "Two polypeptides (imm-a and imm-b) which are not induced by an immunity mutant T4Dimm2 but by a wild-type strain T4D were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their mol. wt. were 77 000 and 45 000, respectively. These polypeptides exhibited a similar kinetic pattern of synthesis. Within a few minutes p.i. the primary phage established the system that inhibited imm gene expression of superinfecting phage. This was shown by measuring both the phenotypic expression of immunity and the synthesis of imm gene polypeptides. The expression of two other immediate-early genes, namely genes s and 30, and early gene 33, was not affected by primary infection.", "contents": "Regulation of imm gene expression in bacteriophage T4-infected cells. Two polypeptides (imm-a and imm-b) which are not induced by an immunity mutant T4Dimm2 but by a wild-type strain T4D were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their mol. wt. were 77 000 and 45 000, respectively. These polypeptides exhibited a similar kinetic pattern of synthesis. Within a few minutes p.i. the primary phage established the system that inhibited imm gene expression of superinfecting phage. This was shown by measuring both the phenotypic expression of immunity and the synthesis of imm gene polypeptides. The expression of two other immediate-early genes, namely genes s and 30, and early gene 33, was not affected by primary infection.", "PMID": 541664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8758", "title": "Replication and interaction of virus DNA and cellular DNA in mouse cells infected by a human adenovirus.", "content": "C57 black mouse cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) produced large amounts of early virus proteins, small amounts of late virus proteins and less than 0.2 infectious units (i.u.)/cell of infectious virus. Many cells died but the cultures recovered. Virus DNA and cellular DNA were synthesized. Some Ad5 DNA sedimented with cell DNA in alkaline sucrose, but virus DNA was rapidly lost from the culture after recovery and none of 28 unselected cloned survivors contained detectable amounts of virus DNA or antigens. Ad5 ts36 was temperature-sensitive for virus DNA replication in mouse cells, but ts125 was detective at 32.5 degrees C as well as at 39.9 degrees C. No difference was detected in the percentage of virus DNA that sedimented in alkali with cell DNA, in mouse cells infected by Ad5 ts+, ts36 or ts125 at 32.5 or 39.9 degrees C. All parts of the virus genome were equally represented in virus DNA that sedimented with cell DNA, in mouse cells infected by Ad5 ts+ or ts36 at either temperature.", "contents": "Replication and interaction of virus DNA and cellular DNA in mouse cells infected by a human adenovirus. C57 black mouse cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) produced large amounts of early virus proteins, small amounts of late virus proteins and less than 0.2 infectious units (i.u.)/cell of infectious virus. Many cells died but the cultures recovered. Virus DNA and cellular DNA were synthesized. Some Ad5 DNA sedimented with cell DNA in alkaline sucrose, but virus DNA was rapidly lost from the culture after recovery and none of 28 unselected cloned survivors contained detectable amounts of virus DNA or antigens. Ad5 ts36 was temperature-sensitive for virus DNA replication in mouse cells, but ts125 was detective at 32.5 degrees C as well as at 39.9 degrees C. No difference was detected in the percentage of virus DNA that sedimented in alkali with cell DNA, in mouse cells infected by Ad5 ts+, ts36 or ts125 at 32.5 or 39.9 degrees C. All parts of the virus genome were equally represented in virus DNA that sedimented with cell DNA, in mouse cells infected by Ad5 ts+ or ts36 at either temperature.", "PMID": 541665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8759", "title": "Sequence analysis of lactosamine type glycans of individual membrane proteins of Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "3H-fucose and 14C-glucosamine labelled glycopeptides of the individual membrane proteins E1, E2 and E3 of Semliki Forest virus could be sequentially digested with alpha-neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha- and beta-mannosidase, N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase and finally with alpha-fucosidase. The degradations of the virus glycopeptides proceeded in the same way as stepwise digestions of reference glycopeptides of the lactosamine type obtained from IgG and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. This suggests that all three membrane glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus contained glycans with a monosaccharide sequence characteristic for lactosamine type oligosaccharides. The number of both distal and proximal N-acetyl-glucosamine residues was estimated to be usually two. According to exo- and endo-glycosidase digestions, fucose seemed to be attached to the innermost N-acetyl-glucosamine unit.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of lactosamine type glycans of individual membrane proteins of Semliki Forest virus. 3H-fucose and 14C-glucosamine labelled glycopeptides of the individual membrane proteins E1, E2 and E3 of Semliki Forest virus could be sequentially digested with alpha-neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha- and beta-mannosidase, N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase and finally with alpha-fucosidase. The degradations of the virus glycopeptides proceeded in the same way as stepwise digestions of reference glycopeptides of the lactosamine type obtained from IgG and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. This suggests that all three membrane glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus contained glycans with a monosaccharide sequence characteristic for lactosamine type oligosaccharides. The number of both distal and proximal N-acetyl-glucosamine residues was estimated to be usually two. According to exo- and endo-glycosidase digestions, fucose seemed to be attached to the innermost N-acetyl-glucosamine unit.", "PMID": 541666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8760", "title": "Morphological irregularities in Dane particle cores.", "content": "Electron microscopy of hepatitis B antigen has revealed Dane particles with abnormal morphology. These aberrant Dane particles contain incomplete cores. They were seen in large numbers in the serum of an HBsAg-carrying renal dialysis patient and were less numerous but invariably present in other Dane particle-containing sera --12 from asymptomatic carriers, 2 chronic hepatitis patients and 1 patient with acute hepatitis. All 16 sera were shown to contain HBeAg.", "contents": "Morphological irregularities in Dane particle cores. Electron microscopy of hepatitis B antigen has revealed Dane particles with abnormal morphology. These aberrant Dane particles contain incomplete cores. They were seen in large numbers in the serum of an HBsAg-carrying renal dialysis patient and were less numerous but invariably present in other Dane particle-containing sera --12 from asymptomatic carriers, 2 chronic hepatitis patients and 1 patient with acute hepatitis. All 16 sera were shown to contain HBeAg.", "PMID": 541667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8761", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a homogeneous DNA-protein complex from adenovirus type 2 virion.", "content": "Adenovirus DNA-protein complex purified by sedimentation on a sucrose gradient containing 4 M-guanidine hydrochloride was found to contain other virion proteins in addition to the terminal protein of mol. wt. 55000. In this report, we describe a simple and rapid method for the isolation of a homogeneous DNA-protein complex. The procedure involves gel electrophoresis of the complex on agarose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. DNA was found to migrate into the gel with a single protein of mol. wt. 55000 tightly attached to it. Restriction enzyme cleavage analysis of the DNA-protein complex shows that the protein is associated with the two terminal fragments.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a homogeneous DNA-protein complex from adenovirus type 2 virion. Adenovirus DNA-protein complex purified by sedimentation on a sucrose gradient containing 4 M-guanidine hydrochloride was found to contain other virion proteins in addition to the terminal protein of mol. wt. 55000. In this report, we describe a simple and rapid method for the isolation of a homogeneous DNA-protein complex. The procedure involves gel electrophoresis of the complex on agarose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. DNA was found to migrate into the gel with a single protein of mol. wt. 55000 tightly attached to it. Restriction enzyme cleavage analysis of the DNA-protein complex shows that the protein is associated with the two terminal fragments.", "PMID": 541668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8762", "title": "Newly synthesized influenza virus proteins are transported from the nucleus.", "content": "Newly synthesized nuclear NP, M and NS1 proteins migrated from the nucleus over a period of several hours. Rates of transport were higher for NP than for M or NS1 and suggest that nuclear NP may play a role in multiplication.", "contents": "Newly synthesized influenza virus proteins are transported from the nucleus. Newly synthesized nuclear NP, M and NS1 proteins migrated from the nucleus over a period of several hours. Rates of transport were higher for NP than for M or NS1 and suggest that nuclear NP may play a role in multiplication.", "PMID": 541669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8763", "title": "Structural polypeptides of Orthopoxvirus: their distribution in various members and location within the virion.", "content": "The structural polypeptides of accepted species and recently isolated members of the genus Orthopoxvirus have been examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses shared many polypeptides but some differences were found. The viruses could be divided into a vaccinia group (including buffalopox, 'Lenny' and MK-10), an ectromelia group (including elephant virus and Moscow virus), cowpox, camelpox and monkeypox. Minor differences were found in the polypeptides of monkeypox virus strains from human and monkey outbreaks. Controlled degradation of virions showed that the polypeptides which enabled the viruses to be differentiated were located in the surface and sub-surface layers. The cores of the viruses all gave the same complex polypeptide pattern.", "contents": "Structural polypeptides of Orthopoxvirus: their distribution in various members and location within the virion. The structural polypeptides of accepted species and recently isolated members of the genus Orthopoxvirus have been examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses shared many polypeptides but some differences were found. The viruses could be divided into a vaccinia group (including buffalopox, 'Lenny' and MK-10), an ectromelia group (including elephant virus and Moscow virus), cowpox, camelpox and monkeypox. Minor differences were found in the polypeptides of monkeypox virus strains from human and monkey outbreaks. Controlled degradation of virions showed that the polypeptides which enabled the viruses to be differentiated were located in the surface and sub-surface layers. The cores of the viruses all gave the same complex polypeptide pattern.", "PMID": 541670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8764", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear input virus RNPs in influenza virus-infected cells.", "content": "Chicken fibroblasts and MDCK cells were infected with influenza virus labelled with either 3H-uridine or 14C-amino acids, and the location in infected cells and properties of input virus-labelled structures were studied. Input virus RNA and protein were found in the cytoplasm of nuclei 1 h p.i. A part of the intranuclear parental structures was associated with chromatin while the other part could be extracted from nucleoplasm by 0.16 M-NaCl and represented free ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. These RNPs sedimented in glycerol velocity gradients at 40 to 70S, very similar to cytoplasmic RNPs, but differed distinctly from them in buoyant density. The bulk of cytoplasmic RNPs after fixation with formaldehyde banded in CsCl at 1.34 g/ml while nucleoplasmic RNPs banded at 1.39 or 1.41 g/ml. RNPs isolated from virions and infected cells contained the NP polypeptide which was revealed by SDS-PAGE analysis as a double band. The ratio of the two bands varied in cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic RNPs, the lower band being dominant in cytoplasmic but not in nucleoplasmic RNPs. In addition, cytoplasmic RNPs were phosphorylated. The possible significance of intracellular RNP modifications for virus replication is discussed.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear input virus RNPs in influenza virus-infected cells. Chicken fibroblasts and MDCK cells were infected with influenza virus labelled with either 3H-uridine or 14C-amino acids, and the location in infected cells and properties of input virus-labelled structures were studied. Input virus RNA and protein were found in the cytoplasm of nuclei 1 h p.i. A part of the intranuclear parental structures was associated with chromatin while the other part could be extracted from nucleoplasm by 0.16 M-NaCl and represented free ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. These RNPs sedimented in glycerol velocity gradients at 40 to 70S, very similar to cytoplasmic RNPs, but differed distinctly from them in buoyant density. The bulk of cytoplasmic RNPs after fixation with formaldehyde banded in CsCl at 1.34 g/ml while nucleoplasmic RNPs banded at 1.39 or 1.41 g/ml. RNPs isolated from virions and infected cells contained the NP polypeptide which was revealed by SDS-PAGE analysis as a double band. The ratio of the two bands varied in cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic RNPs, the lower band being dominant in cytoplasmic but not in nucleoplasmic RNPs. In addition, cytoplasmic RNPs were phosphorylated. The possible significance of intracellular RNP modifications for virus replication is discussed.", "PMID": 541671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8765", "title": "Replication cycle of Newcastle disease virus in three host cells of different permissiveness.", "content": "Various degrees of permissiveness for NDV have been described in different cell lines. In the present work three systems were investigated: bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, chick embryo (CE) cells and mouse L cells producing 50 to 100 p.f.u., 2 to 10 p.f.u. and less than 0.1 p.f.u./cell, respectively. Analysis of the radioactive virus messenger RNAs (vmRNAs) accumulating in actinomycin D-treated cells throughout the infection cycle revealed that, except for the absence of one 18S vmRNA species in L cells, all vmRNA components were formed in the three cell types, although variations occurred in their total and relative amounts from one cell type to another. Kinetic studies of vmRNA synthesis confirmed the absence of one 18S vmRNA species in L cells and also showed that the labelling rate of this vmRNA component is higher in CE cells. Virus proteins synthesized in the infected cells were labelled with 14C-amino acids and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the major NDV polypeptides were formed as expected in both CE and MDBK cells but only traces were detected in L cells. In contrast in a cell-free translation system from wheat germ, all of the NDV major proteins were synthesized using RNA extracted from the three infected cell types. Moreover, the total radioactivity incorporated into NDV proteins was twice as great with CE cell RNA and five times as great with L cell RNA than with equivalent quantities of RNA from MDBK cells.", "contents": "Replication cycle of Newcastle disease virus in three host cells of different permissiveness. Various degrees of permissiveness for NDV have been described in different cell lines. In the present work three systems were investigated: bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, chick embryo (CE) cells and mouse L cells producing 50 to 100 p.f.u., 2 to 10 p.f.u. and less than 0.1 p.f.u./cell, respectively. Analysis of the radioactive virus messenger RNAs (vmRNAs) accumulating in actinomycin D-treated cells throughout the infection cycle revealed that, except for the absence of one 18S vmRNA species in L cells, all vmRNA components were formed in the three cell types, although variations occurred in their total and relative amounts from one cell type to another. Kinetic studies of vmRNA synthesis confirmed the absence of one 18S vmRNA species in L cells and also showed that the labelling rate of this vmRNA component is higher in CE cells. Virus proteins synthesized in the infected cells were labelled with 14C-amino acids and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the major NDV polypeptides were formed as expected in both CE and MDBK cells but only traces were detected in L cells. In contrast in a cell-free translation system from wheat germ, all of the NDV major proteins were synthesized using RNA extracted from the three infected cell types. Moreover, the total radioactivity incorporated into NDV proteins was twice as great with CE cell RNA and five times as great with L cell RNA than with equivalent quantities of RNA from MDBK cells.", "PMID": 541672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8766", "title": "The pathogenesis of infection in mouse brain by Mount Elgon bat virus.", "content": "Mount Elgon bat virus given intracerebrally readily killed mice up to 12 days of age (1 to 4 p.f.u/LD50). Virus in doses of 10 to 10(6) p.f.u. killed 40 to 80% of weanling mice of both sexes and up to 20% of adult females and 40 to 80% of adult males. Clearance of brain infectivity in the resistant mice coincided with the appearance of circulating virus neutralizing antibody which occurred earliest in the adult female mice. Immunosuppression of adult mice with cyclophosphamide resulted in the death of all the virus-inoculated mice of both sexes. Virus in these mice reached tenfold higher titres and their brains contained 30- to 60-fold more interferon than the brains of infected mice not given cyclophosphamide. Interferon was apparently without effect on the outcome of infection in the brains of resistant mice and its synthesis reflected the extent of virus growth.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of infection in mouse brain by Mount Elgon bat virus. Mount Elgon bat virus given intracerebrally readily killed mice up to 12 days of age (1 to 4 p.f.u/LD50). Virus in doses of 10 to 10(6) p.f.u. killed 40 to 80% of weanling mice of both sexes and up to 20% of adult females and 40 to 80% of adult males. Clearance of brain infectivity in the resistant mice coincided with the appearance of circulating virus neutralizing antibody which occurred earliest in the adult female mice. Immunosuppression of adult mice with cyclophosphamide resulted in the death of all the virus-inoculated mice of both sexes. Virus in these mice reached tenfold higher titres and their brains contained 30- to 60-fold more interferon than the brains of infected mice not given cyclophosphamide. Interferon was apparently without effect on the outcome of infection in the brains of resistant mice and its synthesis reflected the extent of virus growth.", "PMID": 541673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8767", "title": "The influence of arginine starvation on the synthesis of virus high molecular weight DNA in HeLa cells productively infected by adenovirus type 5.", "content": "In culture cells productively infected by adenovirus a high mol. wt. form of DNA is synthesized which is known to represent, at least in part, virus DNA integrated into cellular DNA. We found that the synthesis of this high mol. wt. DNA and the other DNA size classes can strongly and differentially be influenced by altering the metabolic state of the cells. The effects of different rates of cell growth were tested in this respect as well as arginine deprivation as opposed to application of complete growth medium. Synthesis of virus high mol. wt. DNA and unit genome length DNA is enhanced in actively growing as compared to resting Ad5-infected HeLa cells. Under arginine deficiency, in resting Ad5-infected HeLa cells, integration of virus DNA sequences into cellular DNA is almost totally suppressed whereas virus unit genome length DNA is still synthesized. This differential effect is interpreted by the hypothesis that the formation of virus high mol. wt. DNA is a synthetic process that is independent of the unit size virus DNA replication, but coupled to the synthesis of a special form of a special form of cellular DNA that is less effectively shut off by the infection than cellular DNA in general.", "contents": "The influence of arginine starvation on the synthesis of virus high molecular weight DNA in HeLa cells productively infected by adenovirus type 5. In culture cells productively infected by adenovirus a high mol. wt. form of DNA is synthesized which is known to represent, at least in part, virus DNA integrated into cellular DNA. We found that the synthesis of this high mol. wt. DNA and the other DNA size classes can strongly and differentially be influenced by altering the metabolic state of the cells. The effects of different rates of cell growth were tested in this respect as well as arginine deprivation as opposed to application of complete growth medium. Synthesis of virus high mol. wt. DNA and unit genome length DNA is enhanced in actively growing as compared to resting Ad5-infected HeLa cells. Under arginine deficiency, in resting Ad5-infected HeLa cells, integration of virus DNA sequences into cellular DNA is almost totally suppressed whereas virus unit genome length DNA is still synthesized. This differential effect is interpreted by the hypothesis that the formation of virus high mol. wt. DNA is a synthetic process that is independent of the unit size virus DNA replication, but coupled to the synthesis of a special form of a special form of cellular DNA that is less effectively shut off by the infection than cellular DNA in general.", "PMID": 541674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8768", "title": "The structural and infected cell polypeptides of influenza B virus.", "content": "Structural and virus-induced infected cell polypeptides of several strains of influenza B virus were examined by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shown to be directly analogous to those of the influenza A viruses. Eight structural polypeptides, P1, P2, P3, HA1, HA2, NA, NP and M were observed in purified virus and at least two additional polypeptides, HA and NS could be detected in infected MDCK cells. The three P proteins  plus NP were shown to be associated with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and HA, HA1, HA2 and NA were shown to be glycosylated. Like the influenza A viruses, migrational differences of some of the infected cell polypeptides could be observed between different B strains. Investigation of a time course of virus replication failed to show any temporal control of protein synthesis in the infected cell.", "contents": "The structural and infected cell polypeptides of influenza B virus. Structural and virus-induced infected cell polypeptides of several strains of influenza B virus were examined by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shown to be directly analogous to those of the influenza A viruses. Eight structural polypeptides, P1, P2, P3, HA1, HA2, NA, NP and M were observed in purified virus and at least two additional polypeptides, HA and NS could be detected in infected MDCK cells. The three P proteins  plus NP were shown to be associated with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and HA, HA1, HA2 and NA were shown to be glycosylated. Like the influenza A viruses, migrational differences of some of the infected cell polypeptides could be observed between different B strains. Investigation of a time course of virus replication failed to show any temporal control of protein synthesis in the infected cell.", "PMID": 541675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8769", "title": "The immune response of the mouse to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. I. Circulating antibodies.", "content": "A search was made in LCM virus-immune mice for virus-specific antibodies. With the help of an L-cell plaque assay, neutralizing antibody was readily detected. There were no essential differences between mouse strains, but marked differences existed between virus strains. Whereas the inoculation of either large or small doses of WE strain virus led to the early production of considerable concentrations of neutralizing antibody, in the case of E-350 strain virus, high doses were required and a much longer time interval had to elapse before the threshold of detection was attained. In addition to neutralizing antibody, LCM virus-infected mice produced sensitizing antibody (detected by the enhancing effect of an anti-mouse Ig antiserum on the ability of a serum to reduce virus infectivity) and complement-fixing antibody. Previous failures to detect neutralizing antibody in LCM virus-immune mice might have been caused by properties of the chosen virus, but in many instances lack of a suitable assay host is a more likely explanation.", "contents": "The immune response of the mouse to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. I. Circulating antibodies. A search was made in LCM virus-immune mice for virus-specific antibodies. With the help of an L-cell plaque assay, neutralizing antibody was readily detected. There were no essential differences between mouse strains, but marked differences existed between virus strains. Whereas the inoculation of either large or small doses of WE strain virus led to the early production of considerable concentrations of neutralizing antibody, in the case of E-350 strain virus, high doses were required and a much longer time interval had to elapse before the threshold of detection was attained. In addition to neutralizing antibody, LCM virus-infected mice produced sensitizing antibody (detected by the enhancing effect of an anti-mouse Ig antiserum on the ability of a serum to reduce virus infectivity) and complement-fixing antibody. Previous failures to detect neutralizing antibody in LCM virus-immune mice might have been caused by properties of the chosen virus, but in many instances lack of a suitable assay host is a more likely explanation.", "PMID": 541676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8770", "title": "[Hereditary demyelinating diseases - the leukodystrophies].", "content": "Schilder's disease and Greenfield's metachromatic leucodystrophy are hereditary demyelinating diseases, which are probably metabolic and lysosomal, although the responsible enzyme is not yet known for all.", "contents": "[Hereditary demyelinating diseases - the leukodystrophies]. Schilder's disease and Greenfield's metachromatic leucodystrophy are hereditary demyelinating diseases, which are probably metabolic and lysosomal, although the responsible enzyme is not yet known for all.", "PMID": 541677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8771", "title": "[The use of Bayes theorum in genetic counseling in cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Bayes' law or theorem (1763) allows the expression of a posterior probability of heterozygosity for an X-linked gene, from two different kinds of information, namely: 1. the prior probability for the mother of an isolated case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: --to be a carrier by mutation of the gene in one of her parents, or by segregation from earlier generations; --to be herself the origin of the mutation; 2. conditional probabilities, taking into consideration the existence of this woman's normal brothers, sons or maternal uncles and the serum creatine-kinase levels in the possible carrier(s) of the mutant gene. In some situations, these calculations give a recurrence risk which is lower than expected at first and allows sometimes to reassure anxious consultants on their genetic risk.", "contents": "[The use of Bayes theorum in genetic counseling in cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. Bayes' law or theorem (1763) allows the expression of a posterior probability of heterozygosity for an X-linked gene, from two different kinds of information, namely: 1. the prior probability for the mother of an isolated case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: --to be a carrier by mutation of the gene in one of her parents, or by segregation from earlier generations; --to be herself the origin of the mutation; 2. conditional probabilities, taking into consideration the existence of this woman's normal brothers, sons or maternal uncles and the serum creatine-kinase levels in the possible carrier(s) of the mutant gene. In some situations, these calculations give a recurrence risk which is lower than expected at first and allows sometimes to reassure anxious consultants on their genetic risk.", "PMID": 541678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8772", "title": "[Distal renal tubular acidosis: report of 3 cases].", "content": "Three observations of R.T.A. with nerve deafness are reported. Case 1 and 2 concern consanguinous brothers whose parents are not affected, which confirm the syndrom as an autosomal recessive entity. The third, sporadic, case relates to a 13-year-old non consanguinous girl. Metabolic abnormalities and renal evolution with nephrocalcinosis was such as in Albright disease. However a progressive nerve deafness makes distinction. The authors underline the importance of this sometimes difficult distinction for genetic counseling.", "contents": "[Distal renal tubular acidosis: report of 3 cases]. Three observations of R.T.A. with nerve deafness are reported. Case 1 and 2 concern consanguinous brothers whose parents are not affected, which confirm the syndrom as an autosomal recessive entity. The third, sporadic, case relates to a 13-year-old non consanguinous girl. Metabolic abnormalities and renal evolution with nephrocalcinosis was such as in Albright disease. However a progressive nerve deafness makes distinction. The authors underline the importance of this sometimes difficult distinction for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 541679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8773", "title": "[Meckel's syndrome: an unusual pedigree].", "content": "The authors report the case, in the same family, of two children with the Meckel's syndrome, of two mis-arriages (one foetus with anencephalia, the other one with occipital meningocele), and of two still-born children (one with anencephalia, the other one with occipital meningocele). The genetic problems raised by this unusual genealogy are discussed.", "contents": "[Meckel's syndrome: an unusual pedigree]. The authors report the case, in the same family, of two children with the Meckel's syndrome, of two mis-arriages (one foetus with anencephalia, the other one with occipital meningocele), and of two still-born children (one with anencephalia, the other one with occipital meningocele). The genetic problems raised by this unusual genealogy are discussed.", "PMID": 541680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8774", "title": "[Genetic counseling in consanguinous marriages].", "content": "The authors report their own experience as regard to the genetic counseling for consanguineous marriages. They observe that outpatients still marry and procreate despite the medical advices.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling in consanguinous marriages]. The authors report their own experience as regard to the genetic counseling for consanguineous marriages. They observe that outpatients still marry and procreate despite the medical advices.", "PMID": 541681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8775", "title": "Dane particles and associated DNA-polymerase activity in saliva of chronic hepatitis B carriers.", "content": "To investigate furhter the problem of salivary transmission of type B hepatitis, salivas free of blood contamination from three HBsAg-positive carriers with chronic active hepatitis were examined by CsCl equilibrium density gradients and electron microscopy (EM). In the CsCl gradient HBsAg of whole salivas distributed in a band centered at 1.19gm/cm3 with a clearly defined shoulder at 1.24 gm/cm3; the HBsAg was found mainly in the mucous component. On EM examination, fractions from the 1.19 gm/cm3 peak contained spherical HBsAg particles of 22 +/- 3 nm diameter, whereas in the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder Dane particles 43 nm in diameter with 28 nm cores were found. Specific hepatitis B virus associated DNA-polymerase activity also was found in the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder where the Dane particles occurred and was absent from the saliva of healthy controls. When salivas were incubated for three hours at 37 degrees C the total amount of HBsAg diminished and the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder disappeared, probably as a result of endogenous degradation of the Dane particles and the free HBsAg. These findings clearly indicate that the hepatitis B viral particle is present in the saliva of chronic HBsAg carriers with active disease and further confirm that saliva is an important vehicle of infection.", "contents": "Dane particles and associated DNA-polymerase activity in saliva of chronic hepatitis B carriers. To investigate furhter the problem of salivary transmission of type B hepatitis, salivas free of blood contamination from three HBsAg-positive carriers with chronic active hepatitis were examined by CsCl equilibrium density gradients and electron microscopy (EM). In the CsCl gradient HBsAg of whole salivas distributed in a band centered at 1.19gm/cm3 with a clearly defined shoulder at 1.24 gm/cm3; the HBsAg was found mainly in the mucous component. On EM examination, fractions from the 1.19 gm/cm3 peak contained spherical HBsAg particles of 22 +/- 3 nm diameter, whereas in the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder Dane particles 43 nm in diameter with 28 nm cores were found. Specific hepatitis B virus associated DNA-polymerase activity also was found in the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder where the Dane particles occurred and was absent from the saliva of healthy controls. When salivas were incubated for three hours at 37 degrees C the total amount of HBsAg diminished and the 1.24 gm/cm3 shoulder disappeared, probably as a result of endogenous degradation of the Dane particles and the free HBsAg. These findings clearly indicate that the hepatitis B viral particle is present in the saliva of chronic HBsAg carriers with active disease and further confirm that saliva is an important vehicle of infection.", "PMID": 541682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8776", "title": "Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: baseline data and protocols.", "content": "The protocols of three placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials to assess the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients and staff, and in male homosexuals are described. Based on the projected attack rates of HBV in the controls, the vaccine efficacy and rates of loss to follow-up, over three thousand participants followed for at least twelve months are required to prove the efficacy of the vaccine. The results of longterm baseline studies in these populations are also reviewed.", "contents": "Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: baseline data and protocols. The protocols of three placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials to assess the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients and staff, and in male homosexuals are described. Based on the projected attack rates of HBV in the controls, the vaccine efficacy and rates of loss to follow-up, over three thousand participants followed for at least twelve months are required to prove the efficacy of the vaccine. The results of longterm baseline studies in these populations are also reviewed.", "PMID": 541683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8777", "title": "Rat-brain pyruvate kinase: purification and effects of lithium.", "content": "Purified pyruvate kinase was prepared from pooled brains obtained from untreated rats. Its properties suggest that it is similar to type 'M' pyruvate kinase. Lithium inhibition was demonstrated at pharmacologically significant lithium concentrations (7%-12% at 2 mmol 1-1 Li) and this was similar in character to that previously seen in rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase, namely noncompetitive with respect to phosphoenol pyruvate, K+, and Mg2+ but competitive with ADP.", "contents": "Rat-brain pyruvate kinase: purification and effects of lithium. Purified pyruvate kinase was prepared from pooled brains obtained from untreated rats. Its properties suggest that it is similar to type 'M' pyruvate kinase. Lithium inhibition was demonstrated at pharmacologically significant lithium concentrations (7%-12% at 2 mmol 1-1 Li) and this was similar in character to that previously seen in rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase, namely noncompetitive with respect to phosphoenol pyruvate, K+, and Mg2+ but competitive with ADP.", "PMID": 541684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8778", "title": "Molecular specializations of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination.", "content": "Nodes of Ranvier from normal and 'dystrophic' mice have been examined with quantitative freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Regions of nodal, paranodal and interparanodal axolemma of normal fibres are clearly distinguishable on the basis of particle size distributions in electron micrographs of freeze-fractured replicas. Protoplasmic fracture faces of normal nodes of Ranvier, contain approximately 40% 100 A particles and about 25% elongated particles 150 by 250 A. Paranodal and interparanodal membranes contain a more uniform distribution of smaller diameter particles. 'Dystrophic', mice of the 129/ReJ-Dy strain have a genetic defect of Schwann cell development and myelinogenesis. Axons of the sciatic and deep peroneal nerves in dystrophic mice, which appear to be normally myelinated, possess approximately the same distributions of particles as axons in normal mice. However, in affected regions of the ventral and dorsal roots, Schwann cell wrappings may be missing, creating heminodes of Ranvier where the myelination terminates or begins again. At such heminodes, there is a circular band of axonal membrane which bears particles of sizes and packing densities similar to that found at normal nodes. High voltage electron microscopic examination of 0.25--1 micron thick sections from these hemi-nodal regions reveals the presence of a filamentous layer beneath the particle-rich membrane. In addition, completely amyelinated regions of root axons contain particle patches having size-density distributions similar to that of both normal and hemi-nodal membranes. Thus, the nodal membrane displays a characteristic particle-size distribution profile. The occurrence of this particle profile does not appear to be dependent upon the presence or absence of Schwann cells. These observations suggest that the functions subserved by the numerous particles at the node of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination for their local differentiation within the axonal membrane.", "contents": "Molecular specializations of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination. Nodes of Ranvier from normal and 'dystrophic' mice have been examined with quantitative freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Regions of nodal, paranodal and interparanodal axolemma of normal fibres are clearly distinguishable on the basis of particle size distributions in electron micrographs of freeze-fractured replicas. Protoplasmic fracture faces of normal nodes of Ranvier, contain approximately 40% 100 A particles and about 25% elongated particles 150 by 250 A. Paranodal and interparanodal membranes contain a more uniform distribution of smaller diameter particles. 'Dystrophic', mice of the 129/ReJ-Dy strain have a genetic defect of Schwann cell development and myelinogenesis. Axons of the sciatic and deep peroneal nerves in dystrophic mice, which appear to be normally myelinated, possess approximately the same distributions of particles as axons in normal mice. However, in affected regions of the ventral and dorsal roots, Schwann cell wrappings may be missing, creating heminodes of Ranvier where the myelination terminates or begins again. At such heminodes, there is a circular band of axonal membrane which bears particles of sizes and packing densities similar to that found at normal nodes. High voltage electron microscopic examination of 0.25--1 micron thick sections from these hemi-nodal regions reveals the presence of a filamentous layer beneath the particle-rich membrane. In addition, completely amyelinated regions of root axons contain particle patches having size-density distributions similar to that of both normal and hemi-nodal membranes. Thus, the nodal membrane displays a characteristic particle-size distribution profile. The occurrence of this particle profile does not appear to be dependent upon the presence or absence of Schwann cells. These observations suggest that the functions subserved by the numerous particles at the node of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination for their local differentiation within the axonal membrane.", "PMID": 541690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8779", "title": "The alkaloids of Delphinium cashmirianum.", "content": "Dephinium cashmirianum Royle (Ranunculaceae) has yielded the new base cashmiradelphine (12), together with the known alkaloids anthranoyllycoctonine  (9), lycaconitine (15), avadharidine (17), lappaconitine (4), and N-deacetyllappaconitine (7). Pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation of lycoctonine furnished the new aldehyde lycoctonal (11). The arrhythmogenic and heart rate effects of several of these diterpenoidal alkaloids have been measured on the isolated guinea atria. Lappaconitine was arrhythmogenic at 10(-4)M concentrations. But in contrast to the reference drug aconitine, lappaconitine did not increase the heart rate. In anesthetized rabbits injected with lappaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine, and lappaconine up to 1 mg/kg, cardiac arrhythmia was quickly observed. Even up to 5 mg/kg, the other substances were non-arrhythmogenic.", "contents": "The alkaloids of Delphinium cashmirianum. Dephinium cashmirianum Royle (Ranunculaceae) has yielded the new base cashmiradelphine (12), together with the known alkaloids anthranoyllycoctonine  (9), lycaconitine (15), avadharidine (17), lappaconitine (4), and N-deacetyllappaconitine (7). Pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation of lycoctonine furnished the new aldehyde lycoctonal (11). The arrhythmogenic and heart rate effects of several of these diterpenoidal alkaloids have been measured on the isolated guinea atria. Lappaconitine was arrhythmogenic at 10(-4)M concentrations. But in contrast to the reference drug aconitine, lappaconitine did not increase the heart rate. In anesthetized rabbits injected with lappaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine, and lappaconine up to 1 mg/kg, cardiac arrhythmia was quickly observed. Even up to 5 mg/kg, the other substances were non-arrhythmogenic.", "PMID": 541686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8780", "title": "Improved antitumor activity by modification of nogalamycin.", "content": "Nogalamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, has been converted to a series of analogs by removal of the carbomethoxy group at C-10 and replacement of the neutral sugar at C-7 by other groups. Removal of the carbomethoxy group to give disnogamycin (6) followed by acidic alcoholysis gave pairs of isomeric 7-alkoxy compounds differing in configuration at C-7. Treatment of 6 with trifluoroacetic acid followed by nucleophiles gave a series of analogs having substituents at C-7 with a configuration at C-7 opposite to that of nogalamycin. Among the analogs prepared, 7-con-O-methylnogarol (7) is a highly active antitumor agent.", "contents": "Improved antitumor activity by modification of nogalamycin. Nogalamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, has been converted to a series of analogs by removal of the carbomethoxy group at C-10 and replacement of the neutral sugar at C-7 by other groups. Removal of the carbomethoxy group to give disnogamycin (6) followed by acidic alcoholysis gave pairs of isomeric 7-alkoxy compounds differing in configuration at C-7. Treatment of 6 with trifluoroacetic acid followed by nucleophiles gave a series of analogs having substituents at C-7 with a configuration at C-7 opposite to that of nogalamycin. Among the analogs prepared, 7-con-O-methylnogarol (7) is a highly active antitumor agent.", "PMID": 541685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8781", "title": "The relationship between some measures of synaptic ultrastructure as a function of distance from the soma on lamprey reticulospinal neurons.", "content": "Synaptic junctions located on the dendrites of lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) reticulospinal neurons labelled with intracellularly-injected horseradish peroxidase were studied. The normal ultrastructure of the synaptic junctions was defined and several quantitative measures made from each junction in order to test the hypothesis that distally-located synapses are ultrastructurally different from those located at proximal dendritic sites. A total of 820 contacts from one neuron and 279 from a second neuron ranging from 20 to 340 microns from the soma were quantified. The vast majority of the presynaptic endings contained round, clear-cored vesicles and formed an asymmetrical membrane differentiation with the postsynaptic dendrite. A small fraction of the population contained flattened or pleomorphic vesicles and these synapses were equally distributed with respect to distance from the soma. Many of the terminals contained a few large dark- and clear-cored vesicles. Four quantitative measures of each synaptic contact were made. These included vesicle number, length of differentiated membrane, vesicle area and terminal area. Four ratios relating the different quantitative measures were also calculated. Each ratio or measurement from the synaptic junctions was plotted as a function of distance from the soma to determine if differences existed at any distance. It was found that synaptic junctions are uniformly similar and that distal junctions did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05) from those at proximal dendritic sites. It is concluded that if distal synapses do compensate for their remote location they do this is some other way, possibly by increasing the number of synaptic contacts made by each presynaptic axon.", "contents": "The relationship between some measures of synaptic ultrastructure as a function of distance from the soma on lamprey reticulospinal neurons. Synaptic junctions located on the dendrites of lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) reticulospinal neurons labelled with intracellularly-injected horseradish peroxidase were studied. The normal ultrastructure of the synaptic junctions was defined and several quantitative measures made from each junction in order to test the hypothesis that distally-located synapses are ultrastructurally different from those located at proximal dendritic sites. A total of 820 contacts from one neuron and 279 from a second neuron ranging from 20 to 340 microns from the soma were quantified. The vast majority of the presynaptic endings contained round, clear-cored vesicles and formed an asymmetrical membrane differentiation with the postsynaptic dendrite. A small fraction of the population contained flattened or pleomorphic vesicles and these synapses were equally distributed with respect to distance from the soma. Many of the terminals contained a few large dark- and clear-cored vesicles. Four quantitative measures of each synaptic contact were made. These included vesicle number, length of differentiated membrane, vesicle area and terminal area. Four ratios relating the different quantitative measures were also calculated. Each ratio or measurement from the synaptic junctions was plotted as a function of distance from the soma to determine if differences existed at any distance. It was found that synaptic junctions are uniformly similar and that distal junctions did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05) from those at proximal dendritic sites. It is concluded that if distal synapses do compensate for their remote location they do this is some other way, possibly by increasing the number of synaptic contacts made by each presynaptic axon.", "PMID": 541691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8782", "title": "Comprehensive survey of indigenous Iraqi plants for potential economic value. 1. Screening results of 327 species for alkaloids and antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-seven indigenous Iraqi plant species were screened for their antimicrobial activities and for the presence of alkaloids. The plants represent 221 genera and 49 families. Ethanolic extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids with both Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents. Of these, 146 species, belonging to 109 genera distributed among 32 families, showed positive alkaloid tests to both reagents. Of these, 26 genera have not been previously reported in the literature as containing alkaloid-bearing plants. The extracts were also tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar dilution-streak method against six economically significant microbes. Five species were highly active, while another 90 species showed weak activity against one or more microorganisms.", "contents": "Comprehensive survey of indigenous Iraqi plants for potential economic value. 1. Screening results of 327 species for alkaloids and antimicrobial agents. Three hundred and twenty-seven indigenous Iraqi plant species were screened for their antimicrobial activities and for the presence of alkaloids. The plants represent 221 genera and 49 families. Ethanolic extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids with both Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents. Of these, 146 species, belonging to 109 genera distributed among 32 families, showed positive alkaloid tests to both reagents. Of these, 26 genera have not been previously reported in the literature as containing alkaloid-bearing plants. The extracts were also tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar dilution-streak method against six economically significant microbes. Five species were highly active, while another 90 species showed weak activity against one or more microorganisms.", "PMID": 541687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8783", "title": "Morphological changes in afferent vestibular hair cell synapses during the postnatal development of the cat.", "content": "In the course of postnatal development in the cat, there is a decrease of about 93% in the total number of synaptic bodies (synaptic balls and synaptic bars) in type I hair cells. In type II hair cells, there is no change in the number of synaptic balls. Simultaneously, the length of specialized neuroepithelial contact increases by approximately 300% during type I hair cell maturation. Only the synaptic bars displaying a polylamellar ultrastructure persist in the type I hair cells of the adult animal. It is suggested that the afferent vestibular synapses of the type I hair cell are transformed during ontogeny.", "contents": "Morphological changes in afferent vestibular hair cell synapses during the postnatal development of the cat. In the course of postnatal development in the cat, there is a decrease of about 93% in the total number of synaptic bodies (synaptic balls and synaptic bars) in type I hair cells. In type II hair cells, there is no change in the number of synaptic balls. Simultaneously, the length of specialized neuroepithelial contact increases by approximately 300% during type I hair cell maturation. Only the synaptic bars displaying a polylamellar ultrastructure persist in the type I hair cells of the adult animal. It is suggested that the afferent vestibular synapses of the type I hair cell are transformed during ontogeny.", "PMID": 541692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8784", "title": "Thyroid-hormone concentrations after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Fourteen hyperthyroid patients (11 men, three women), ages 28-66, were followed with serial measurements of serum thyroid hormone levels for 1 mo after therapy with I-131. Twelve patients had diffuse toxic goiters (25--70 g in size); two patients had multinodular glands (40--100 g). The patients were taking no antithyroid medications; ten patients were treated with propranolol. All patients received the equivalent of 5000 rad, except the two with multinodular glands, who received larger doses. There was no consistent pattern of serum T4 and T3 levels after the I-131 therapy. For the entire group, there was no significant increase of the mean serum hormone concentration. One group (three patients) had a mean T4 increase of 28% and a T3 increase of 91% above baseline at Days 10--11. Seven patients had minimal increases of hormone levels at Days 2--3, and a third group (four patients) had no increase of thyroid hormones after I-131 therapy. The patients with no rise in hormone concentrations had smaller goiters than the other groups. There was no correlation of the dose of radioactive iodine, or of the initial hormone concentration, with the rises or declines of T4 and T3 levels after I-131 therapy. Radioiodine therapy caused no significant increase of serum T4 and T3 concentrations in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Thyroid-hormone concentrations after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. Fourteen hyperthyroid patients (11 men, three women), ages 28-66, were followed with serial measurements of serum thyroid hormone levels for 1 mo after therapy with I-131. Twelve patients had diffuse toxic goiters (25--70 g in size); two patients had multinodular glands (40--100 g). The patients were taking no antithyroid medications; ten patients were treated with propranolol. All patients received the equivalent of 5000 rad, except the two with multinodular glands, who received larger doses. There was no consistent pattern of serum T4 and T3 levels after the I-131 therapy. For the entire group, there was no significant increase of the mean serum hormone concentration. One group (three patients) had a mean T4 increase of 28% and a T3 increase of 91% above baseline at Days 10--11. Seven patients had minimal increases of hormone levels at Days 2--3, and a third group (four patients) had no increase of thyroid hormones after I-131 therapy. The patients with no rise in hormone concentrations had smaller goiters than the other groups. There was no correlation of the dose of radioactive iodine, or of the initial hormone concentration, with the rises or declines of T4 and T3 levels after I-131 therapy. Radioiodine therapy caused no significant increase of serum T4 and T3 concentrations in the majority of patients.", "PMID": 541694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8785", "title": "Myocardial accumulation of labeled phosphate in malignant pericardial effusion.", "content": "Recognition of the presence of a malignant pericardial effusion is important because of the insidious onset and life-threatening potential. This report presents data on three patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the breast, all admitted with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of malignant pericardial effusion. Two of the three revealed a diffuse concentration of Tc-99m PPi within the myocardium. In these cases the diagnosis was confirmed by identification of malignant cells in the pericardial fluid. We suggest that the use of labeled phosphate agents may allow early recognition of myocardial involvement in patients with disseminated neoplasm that results in malignant pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Myocardial accumulation of labeled phosphate in malignant pericardial effusion. Recognition of the presence of a malignant pericardial effusion is important because of the insidious onset and life-threatening potential. This report presents data on three patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the breast, all admitted with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of malignant pericardial effusion. Two of the three revealed a diffuse concentration of Tc-99m PPi within the myocardium. In these cases the diagnosis was confirmed by identification of malignant cells in the pericardial fluid. We suggest that the use of labeled phosphate agents may allow early recognition of myocardial involvement in patients with disseminated neoplasm that results in malignant pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 541695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8786", "title": "Xenon-133 retention in hepatic steatosis-correlation with liver biopsy in 45 patients: concise communication.", "content": "This study presents the results of comparison of hepatic fat content with hepatic xenon retention in 45 patients. The degree of hepatic Xe-133 retention was measured during pulmonary ventilation studies. The amount of hepatic steatosis was graded 0 to 4+ on histologic liver sections obtained by needle or surgical biopsy. There was agreement between the amount of hepatic xenon retention determined scintigraphically and the degree of steatosis determined histologically. These results suggest that Xe-133 retention in the liver provides a simple means of evaluating fatty infiltration of the liver. The potential of this technique as a noninvasive means of investigating hepatic fatty infiltration is discussed.", "contents": "Xenon-133 retention in hepatic steatosis-correlation with liver biopsy in 45 patients: concise communication. This study presents the results of comparison of hepatic fat content with hepatic xenon retention in 45 patients. The degree of hepatic Xe-133 retention was measured during pulmonary ventilation studies. The amount of hepatic steatosis was graded 0 to 4+ on histologic liver sections obtained by needle or surgical biopsy. There was agreement between the amount of hepatic xenon retention determined scintigraphically and the degree of steatosis determined histologically. These results suggest that Xe-133 retention in the liver provides a simple means of evaluating fatty infiltration of the liver. The potential of this technique as a noninvasive means of investigating hepatic fatty infiltration is discussed.", "PMID": 541696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8787", "title": "Gated and cinematic perfusion lung imaging in dogs with experimental pulmonary embolism.", "content": "To determine how pulmonary respiratory motion affects detection of pulmonary emboli, 11 dogs had routine lung scans and gated or cinematic perfusion images after undergoing autologous experimental pulmonary embolism. Six dogs had routine six-view perfusion studies, plus end-inspiratory and end-expiratory gated perfusion studies performed with a physiologic synchronizer set to 80% threshold. Five other dogs had three-view ungated and cinematic (post., LPO, RPO) perfusion images. Cinematic studies were acquired by synchronizing a camera-computer system to the Harvard respirator that ventilated the dog. Before death, all animals received i.v. India ink to outline pulmonary perfusion defects, and postmortem lung dissection verified sites of emboli. An ROC curve analysis of randomized perfusion studies showed that end-inspiratory gated images yielded true-positive rates 5--10% higher than ungated images at any given false-positive rate. Lesion detection by cinematic studies was comparable to detection by ungated images, but detection by end-expiratory images was worse. End-inspiratory gated imaging may be useful as an occasional adjunct to routine perfusion lung imaging.", "contents": "Gated and cinematic perfusion lung imaging in dogs with experimental pulmonary embolism. To determine how pulmonary respiratory motion affects detection of pulmonary emboli, 11 dogs had routine lung scans and gated or cinematic perfusion images after undergoing autologous experimental pulmonary embolism. Six dogs had routine six-view perfusion studies, plus end-inspiratory and end-expiratory gated perfusion studies performed with a physiologic synchronizer set to 80% threshold. Five other dogs had three-view ungated and cinematic (post., LPO, RPO) perfusion images. Cinematic studies were acquired by synchronizing a camera-computer system to the Harvard respirator that ventilated the dog. Before death, all animals received i.v. India ink to outline pulmonary perfusion defects, and postmortem lung dissection verified sites of emboli. An ROC curve analysis of randomized perfusion studies showed that end-inspiratory gated images yielded true-positive rates 5--10% higher than ungated images at any given false-positive rate. Lesion detection by cinematic studies was comparable to detection by ungated images, but detection by end-expiratory images was worse. End-inspiratory gated imaging may be useful as an occasional adjunct to routine perfusion lung imaging.", "PMID": 541697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8788", "title": "Potential anticancer agents. XIV. Isolation of spruceanol and montanin from Cunuria spruceana (Euphorbiaceae).", "content": "Montanin (1) and spruceanol (2), two quite different diterpenes, were found to be responsible for the cytotoxic and antitumor activity of the root and root bark of Cunuria spruceana (Euphorbiaceae). The structure of spruceanol (2) was deduced from spectral interpretation and chemical correlation with 12-methoxycleistanth-8,11,13-trien-3-one (4).", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents. XIV. Isolation of spruceanol and montanin from Cunuria spruceana (Euphorbiaceae). Montanin (1) and spruceanol (2), two quite different diterpenes, were found to be responsible for the cytotoxic and antitumor activity of the root and root bark of Cunuria spruceana (Euphorbiaceae). The structure of spruceanol (2) was deduced from spectral interpretation and chemical correlation with 12-methoxycleistanth-8,11,13-trien-3-one (4).", "PMID": 541688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8789", "title": "The in vitro stability of [131I]o-iodohippurate.", "content": "The kinetics of [131I]o-iodohippurate (OIH) decomposition were evaluated to develop an accelerated technique for the prediction of radiopharmaceutical stability. Decomposition due to temperature and self-absorbed radiation was characterized simultaneously. Using the proposed technique, the extent of OIH decomposition was calculated a priori to be 7.6% over a 28-day period when extrapolated to a specific concentration of 2 mCi/ml and a storage of 25 degrees C. Extended storage under these same conditions yielded a mean decomposition value of 8.0% over an equivalent time interval. The techniques developed offer a rapid means of accurately assessing the stability of new radiopharmaceuticals as they are developed.", "contents": "The in vitro stability of [131I]o-iodohippurate. The kinetics of [131I]o-iodohippurate (OIH) decomposition were evaluated to develop an accelerated technique for the prediction of radiopharmaceutical stability. Decomposition due to temperature and self-absorbed radiation was characterized simultaneously. Using the proposed technique, the extent of OIH decomposition was calculated a priori to be 7.6% over a 28-day period when extrapolated to a specific concentration of 2 mCi/ml and a storage of 25 degrees C. Extended storage under these same conditions yielded a mean decomposition value of 8.0% over an equivalent time interval. The techniques developed offer a rapid means of accurately assessing the stability of new radiopharmaceuticals as they are developed.", "PMID": 541699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8790", "title": "Regional ventilatory clearance by xenon scintigraphy: a critical evaluation of two estimation procedures.", "content": "Estimates of ventilatory clearance are usually made by inspecting xenon washout images. Quantitative computer procedures have been described that produce regional clearance rates, yet their accuracy is not well established. We define a mathematical model for scintigraphic ventilation data based on 96 clinical studies, and with this model we test the accuracy of two procedures used to estimate ventilatory clearance. The least-squares curve-fitting technique for both washin and washout data has the same accuracy as a modified Stewart-Hamilton method (A/H) that uses washout data alone. Both procedures demonstrate relative errors of less than 5% and coefficients of variation of 10-20% when regions with equilibrium count rates of 3 cps and clearance times between 10 and 90 sec are examined. Because the A/H procedure is preferred for its simplicity and speed, we analyze two of its main sources of error: early washin/washout termination and background activity. To measure regional ventilation by the A/H procedure, we recommend: (a) washin and washout periods at least three times the largest clearance time of clinical interest; b) a regional equilibrium count rate of at least 3cps; and c) a 25- to 50-sec average of the equilibrium count rate.", "contents": "Regional ventilatory clearance by xenon scintigraphy: a critical evaluation of two estimation procedures. Estimates of ventilatory clearance are usually made by inspecting xenon washout images. Quantitative computer procedures have been described that produce regional clearance rates, yet their accuracy is not well established. We define a mathematical model for scintigraphic ventilation data based on 96 clinical studies, and with this model we test the accuracy of two procedures used to estimate ventilatory clearance. The least-squares curve-fitting technique for both washin and washout data has the same accuracy as a modified Stewart-Hamilton method (A/H) that uses washout data alone. Both procedures demonstrate relative errors of less than 5% and coefficients of variation of 10-20% when regions with equilibrium count rates of 3 cps and clearance times between 10 and 90 sec are examined. Because the A/H procedure is preferred for its simplicity and speed, we analyze two of its main sources of error: early washin/washout termination and background activity. To measure regional ventilation by the A/H procedure, we recommend: (a) washin and washout periods at least three times the largest clearance time of clinical interest; b) a regional equilibrium count rate of at least 3cps; and c) a 25- to 50-sec average of the equilibrium count rate.", "PMID": 541708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8791", "title": "Can the extent of coronary artery disease be predicted from thallium-201 myocardial images?", "content": "The accuracy with which the extent of coronary artery disease can be predicted from stress thallium-201 myocardial images has been assessed in 81 patients with chest pain. Whereas the appearance of the myocardial images was both a sensitive means of detecting coronary artery disease (images abnormal in 43 of 47 patients with abnormal coronary arteriograms) and specific in excluding it (images normal in 31 of 34 patients with normal arteriograms), there was poor correlation between the extent of disease predicted from the Tl-201 images and the findings at arteriography. It is concluded that although stress Tl-201 myocardial imaging is a useful method for the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease, it cannot be relied upon to predict the number of abnormal vessels.", "contents": "Can the extent of coronary artery disease be predicted from thallium-201 myocardial images? The accuracy with which the extent of coronary artery disease can be predicted from stress thallium-201 myocardial images has been assessed in 81 patients with chest pain. Whereas the appearance of the myocardial images was both a sensitive means of detecting coronary artery disease (images abnormal in 43 of 47 patients with abnormal coronary arteriograms) and specific in excluding it (images normal in 31 of 34 patients with normal arteriograms), there was poor correlation between the extent of disease predicted from the Tl-201 images and the findings at arteriography. It is concluded that although stress Tl-201 myocardial imaging is a useful method for the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease, it cannot be relied upon to predict the number of abnormal vessels.", "PMID": 541709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8792", "title": "Reliability of gated heart scintigrams for detection of left-ventricular aneurysm: concise communication.", "content": "Gated heart scintigrams and angiocardiograms were performed on 138 patients with coronary artery disease. Scintigraphy detected 61 of 64 left-ventricular aneurysms demonstrated by angiography. The scintigram correctly identified all 54 apical and anteroapical aneurysms and one inferior aneurysm, but missed one of six anterior and two of three posterobasal aneurysms. In 74 patients with angiograms negative for aneurysm, the scintigram was also negative in 72, with two false positives. Overall accuracy of gated heart scintigraphy for the detection of aneurysm was 96% (133/138). Cardiac surgery was performed on 76 patients, and the angiographic findings were confirmed in all cases. Scintigraphic findings were confirmed in 74 of 76 patients. Among ten patients scintigraphed before and after aneurysmectomy, problems were first recognized by the scintigram in three cases. Gated heart scintigraphy is recommended as a screening procedure for suspected left-ventricular aneurysm because of its high reliability in the apical and anterior portions of the heart, where most of the aneurysms occur.", "contents": "Reliability of gated heart scintigrams for detection of left-ventricular aneurysm: concise communication. Gated heart scintigrams and angiocardiograms were performed on 138 patients with coronary artery disease. Scintigraphy detected 61 of 64 left-ventricular aneurysms demonstrated by angiography. The scintigram correctly identified all 54 apical and anteroapical aneurysms and one inferior aneurysm, but missed one of six anterior and two of three posterobasal aneurysms. In 74 patients with angiograms negative for aneurysm, the scintigram was also negative in 72, with two false positives. Overall accuracy of gated heart scintigraphy for the detection of aneurysm was 96% (133/138). Cardiac surgery was performed on 76 patients, and the angiographic findings were confirmed in all cases. Scintigraphic findings were confirmed in 74 of 76 patients. Among ten patients scintigraphed before and after aneurysmectomy, problems were first recognized by the scintigram in three cases. Gated heart scintigraphy is recommended as a screening procedure for suspected left-ventricular aneurysm because of its high reliability in the apical and anterior portions of the heart, where most of the aneurysms occur.", "PMID": 541710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8793", "title": "Comparison of wall motion and regional ejection fraction at rest and during isometric exercise: concise communication.", "content": "The detection of regional abnormalities of left-ventricular wall motion provides strong evidence for the presence of coronary heart disease. In 129 patients undergoing coronary arteriography, the relative value of radionuclide angiographic assessment of wall motion was compared with computer-generated regional ejection fraction, at rest and during handgrip exercise. Wall motion was determined by superposition of computer-derived end-diastolic and end-systolic perimeters. Relative regional ejection fraction was determined using a computer-generated 16-color isocount image that permitted a quantitative assessment of zonal contribution to ejection fraction. Of the 129 patients, coronary arteries were normal in 31 and diseased in 98. Of 24 patients with single-vessel disease, wall-motion abnormalities were present, at rest or during exercise in 15, whereas regional ejection fraction detected 20 patients. Seventy-four patients had multivessel disease. Of these, wall-motion abnormalities occurred in 52 but regional ejection fraction was abnormal in 69 (p less than .01). Overall, sensitivity was 67% by wall motion and 91% by relative regional ejection fraction (p less than .001). Specificity was 94% by wall motion and 87% by regional ejection fraction (not significant). Thus, radionuclide angiographic assessment of regional ejection fraction during handgrip exercise is both highly sensitive and specific for coronary heart disease and significantly enhances detection of coronary heart disease compared with wall-motion assessment, with little loss in specificity.", "contents": "Comparison of wall motion and regional ejection fraction at rest and during isometric exercise: concise communication. The detection of regional abnormalities of left-ventricular wall motion provides strong evidence for the presence of coronary heart disease. In 129 patients undergoing coronary arteriography, the relative value of radionuclide angiographic assessment of wall motion was compared with computer-generated regional ejection fraction, at rest and during handgrip exercise. Wall motion was determined by superposition of computer-derived end-diastolic and end-systolic perimeters. Relative regional ejection fraction was determined using a computer-generated 16-color isocount image that permitted a quantitative assessment of zonal contribution to ejection fraction. Of the 129 patients, coronary arteries were normal in 31 and diseased in 98. Of 24 patients with single-vessel disease, wall-motion abnormalities were present, at rest or during exercise in 15, whereas regional ejection fraction detected 20 patients. Seventy-four patients had multivessel disease. Of these, wall-motion abnormalities occurred in 52 but regional ejection fraction was abnormal in 69 (p less than .01). Overall, sensitivity was 67% by wall motion and 91% by relative regional ejection fraction (p less than .001). Specificity was 94% by wall motion and 87% by regional ejection fraction (not significant). Thus, radionuclide angiographic assessment of regional ejection fraction during handgrip exercise is both highly sensitive and specific for coronary heart disease and significantly enhances detection of coronary heart disease compared with wall-motion assessment, with little loss in specificity.", "PMID": 541711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8794", "title": "Comparison of the liver's respiratory motion in the supine and upright positions: concise communication.", "content": "The effect of the upright position, compared with the supine position, in reducing respiratory motion during liver scintigraphy has been measured in a group of 51 randomly selected patients. Little improvement in spatial resolution can be expected from simply standing the patient upright, and analog motion correction is recommended as much more effective in minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in liver scintigraphy.", "contents": "Comparison of the liver's respiratory motion in the supine and upright positions: concise communication. The effect of the upright position, compared with the supine position, in reducing respiratory motion during liver scintigraphy has been measured in a group of 51 randomly selected patients. Little improvement in spatial resolution can be expected from simply standing the patient upright, and analog motion correction is recommended as much more effective in minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in liver scintigraphy.", "PMID": 541712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8795", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of hair for determining opiate-abuse histories.", "content": "Heroin and morphine metabolites can be detected in hair with the use of commercially available radioimmunoassay reagents and with minor sample preparation. Hair samples obtained from morphine-treated mice and heroin users contained nanogram levels of the drug per milligram of hair (single human hair). The results of the hair analyses for all subjects admitting the use of heroin were positive, whereas the results of only 30% of thin-layer chromatographic urinanalyses of these same subjects were positive. In addition, differences in drug concentration for sections of hair near the scalp and near the distal end correlated with the length of time the drug had been used. These results exemplify the potential advantages of the use of hair analysis over urine and serum analyses in terms of accessibility, sample stability, and long-term retention of information.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of hair for determining opiate-abuse histories. Heroin and morphine metabolites can be detected in hair with the use of commercially available radioimmunoassay reagents and with minor sample preparation. Hair samples obtained from morphine-treated mice and heroin users contained nanogram levels of the drug per milligram of hair (single human hair). The results of the hair analyses for all subjects admitting the use of heroin were positive, whereas the results of only 30% of thin-layer chromatographic urinanalyses of these same subjects were positive. In addition, differences in drug concentration for sections of hair near the scalp and near the distal end correlated with the length of time the drug had been used. These results exemplify the potential advantages of the use of hair analysis over urine and serum analyses in terms of accessibility, sample stability, and long-term retention of information.", "PMID": 541713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8796", "title": "The biodistribution of Br-77-labeled estrone: visualization of tissues containing increased estrogen receptors.", "content": "The biodistribution of a lipid-soluble brominated female sex hormone, Br-77-labeled estrone, has been determined in dogs and rabbits. Following i.v. or intragastric administration, Br-77-labeled estrone localized in the gallbladder bile within 20-25 min. Fifty-six percent of the injected activity was found in the bile at 90 min. Breast tissue was imaged by scintillation camera in three female dogs with postpartum breast enlargement at 24 hr following i.v. injection. Analysis of digitized images revealed 50% more counts per pixel in stimulated female breast tissue than was in surrounding tissue. Increased Br-77 activity in the breast was associated with the presence of increased concentrations of estrogen receptors.", "contents": "The biodistribution of Br-77-labeled estrone: visualization of tissues containing increased estrogen receptors. The biodistribution of a lipid-soluble brominated female sex hormone, Br-77-labeled estrone, has been determined in dogs and rabbits. Following i.v. or intragastric administration, Br-77-labeled estrone localized in the gallbladder bile within 20-25 min. Fifty-six percent of the injected activity was found in the bile at 90 min. Breast tissue was imaged by scintillation camera in three female dogs with postpartum breast enlargement at 24 hr following i.v. injection. Analysis of digitized images revealed 50% more counts per pixel in stimulated female breast tissue than was in surrounding tissue. Increased Br-77 activity in the breast was associated with the presence of increased concentrations of estrogen receptors.", "PMID": 541714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8797", "title": "\"Circumferential profiles:\" a new method for computer analysis of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images.", "content": "A method for computer analysis of thallium-201 scintigrams is described, in which the left-ventricular activity is measured along radii constructed from the center of the left ventricle (LV) to each point on the LV circumference. Data are then displayed graphically as a \"circumferential profile\" of normalized activity against radial location. Thallium defects are identified and scored by comparison of the profile curve with empirically determined normal limits. In patients with coronary artery disease, defect scores were found to be quantitative and reproducible, and to agree generally with subjective visual analysis.", "contents": "\"Circumferential profiles:\" a new method for computer analysis of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images. A method for computer analysis of thallium-201 scintigrams is described, in which the left-ventricular activity is measured along radii constructed from the center of the left ventricle (LV) to each point on the LV circumference. Data are then displayed graphically as a \"circumferential profile\" of normalized activity against radial location. Thallium defects are identified and scored by comparison of the profile curve with empirically determined normal limits. In patients with coronary artery disease, defect scores were found to be quantitative and reproducible, and to agree generally with subjective visual analysis.", "PMID": 541715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8798", "title": "Radioiodinated DNA as potential tumor-imaging agent.", "content": "Radiolabeled heat-denatured DNA and some related nucleic acids localize in tumor tissue following i.v. administration. Retention of radioactivity by tumors is longer than for other organs and localization of tumor tissues is possible by scintigraphic techniques 8-24 hr after injection.", "contents": "Radioiodinated DNA as potential tumor-imaging agent. Radiolabeled heat-denatured DNA and some related nucleic acids localize in tumor tissue following i.v. administration. Retention of radioactivity by tumors is longer than for other organs and localization of tumor tissues is possible by scintigraphic techniques 8-24 hr after injection.", "PMID": 541716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8799", "title": "Improvement of pulse-mode photographic images in MDS computer systems.", "content": "Users of scintigraphic computer systems manufactured by Medical Data Systems (MDS) frequently experience textured distortion of oscilloscope images when scans are produced by Z-axis modulation. The source of this malfunction has been identified and a way to eliminate the problem is described. The modification is simple and inexpensive. The availability of Z-axis modulation significantly enhances the capabilities of MDS systems.", "contents": "Improvement of pulse-mode photographic images in MDS computer systems. Users of scintigraphic computer systems manufactured by Medical Data Systems (MDS) frequently experience textured distortion of oscilloscope images when scans are produced by Z-axis modulation. The source of this malfunction has been identified and a way to eliminate the problem is described. The modification is simple and inexpensive. The availability of Z-axis modulation significantly enhances the capabilities of MDS systems.", "PMID": 541717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8800", "title": "Labeling efficiency and stomach concentration in methylene diphosphonate bone imaging.", "content": "When Tc-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate was used 4.75 hr after reconstitution, stomach concentration was seen in the majority of patients. The number of patients with stomach concentration increases with time and is associated with the increasing amount of product breakdown. The reconstituted labeled MDP should not be used after 4-5 hr if stomach concentration is to be avoided.", "contents": "Labeling efficiency and stomach concentration in methylene diphosphonate bone imaging. When Tc-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate was used 4.75 hr after reconstitution, stomach concentration was seen in the majority of patients. The number of patients with stomach concentration increases with time and is associated with the increasing amount of product breakdown. The reconstituted labeled MDP should not be used after 4-5 hr if stomach concentration is to be avoided.", "PMID": 541718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8801", "title": "Gallium-67 citrate scanning--a new adjunct in the detection and follow-up of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: concise communication.", "content": "Gallium-67 citrate scans were obtained in 11 patients considered at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Radiographic and bacteriologic studies were performed routinely and tissue biopsy selectively. Of five patients with proven extrapulmonary tuberculosis, there were three with renal tuberculosis, one with Pott's disease, and one with peritoneal tuberculosis. The Ga-67 scan correctly predicted presence or absence of active extrapulmonary foci in all 11 patients. Follow-up scans correlated well with clinical response to therapy. The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is often overlooked because of nonspecific symptoms and frequent lack of concurrent lung involvement. Scanning with Ga-67 citrate offers a reliable and simple means of screening patients at risk and of monitoring response to treatment.", "contents": "Gallium-67 citrate scanning--a new adjunct in the detection and follow-up of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: concise communication. Gallium-67 citrate scans were obtained in 11 patients considered at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Radiographic and bacteriologic studies were performed routinely and tissue biopsy selectively. Of five patients with proven extrapulmonary tuberculosis, there were three with renal tuberculosis, one with Pott's disease, and one with peritoneal tuberculosis. The Ga-67 scan correctly predicted presence or absence of active extrapulmonary foci in all 11 patients. Follow-up scans correlated well with clinical response to therapy. The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is often overlooked because of nonspecific symptoms and frequent lack of concurrent lung involvement. Scanning with Ga-67 citrate offers a reliable and simple means of screening patients at risk and of monitoring response to treatment.", "PMID": 541729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8802", "title": "A transferrin-mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcoma. I. Studies in tissue culture.", "content": "We have studied the in vitro uptake of gallium-67 by exponentially growing EMT-6 sarcoma cells in long-term tissue culture. In this system, the addition of transferrin to the medium was required before an appreciable cellular uptake of Ga-67 occurred. The transferrin effect was complex, with an initial stimulation to a peak cell-to-medium ratio of 8--10:1 at low concentrations of transferrin (0.2 mg/ml), followed by a gradual decline in uptake as transferrin in the medium was increased further. EMT-6 tumor-cell uptake of Ga-67 was probably mediated by a specific cellular receptor for transferrin. Scatchard analysis of the EMT-6 cellular binding of human transferrin labeled with iodine-125 indicated a cellular receptor with affinity for transferrin of 5 X 10(6) l/mole and abundance of 500,000 receptors per cell. Over the experimental range of transferrin concentration in the medium, the observed uptake of Ga-67 was closely correlated with the degree of formation of Ga-67-labeled transferrin and the fraction of transferrin bound to the cellular receptor (N = 69, r = 0.86, p less than 0.0001).", "contents": "A transferrin-mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcoma. I. Studies in tissue culture. We have studied the in vitro uptake of gallium-67 by exponentially growing EMT-6 sarcoma cells in long-term tissue culture. In this system, the addition of transferrin to the medium was required before an appreciable cellular uptake of Ga-67 occurred. The transferrin effect was complex, with an initial stimulation to a peak cell-to-medium ratio of 8--10:1 at low concentrations of transferrin (0.2 mg/ml), followed by a gradual decline in uptake as transferrin in the medium was increased further. EMT-6 tumor-cell uptake of Ga-67 was probably mediated by a specific cellular receptor for transferrin. Scatchard analysis of the EMT-6 cellular binding of human transferrin labeled with iodine-125 indicated a cellular receptor with affinity for transferrin of 5 X 10(6) l/mole and abundance of 500,000 receptors per cell. Over the experimental range of transferrin concentration in the medium, the observed uptake of Ga-67 was closely correlated with the degree of formation of Ga-67-labeled transferrin and the fraction of transferrin bound to the cellular receptor (N = 69, r = 0.86, p less than 0.0001).", "PMID": 541730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8803", "title": "A transferrin-mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcoma. II. Studies in vivo (BALB/c mice): concise communication.", "content": "The EMT-6 sarcoma-like tumor of BALB/c mice can be grown as a solid subcutaneous transplantable tumor in vivo or as a monolayer culture in vitro. We have studied the uptake of gallium-67 by this tumor growing subcutaneously on the backs of 6-week-old BALB/c mice. After i.v. administration of Ga-67 citrate, tumor uptakes were as high as any others reported for mouse tumors. Also, for unknown reasons, there was appreciable reduction in tumor uptake with increasing amounts of Ga-67 citrate, even in the microcurie range. Furthermore, when mouse serum is prelabeled with Ga-67 and then injected, the EMT-6 uptake is greater than with Ga-67 administered as citrate (p less than 0.02). We believe that the finding of avid Ga-67 uptake in vivo helps to establish this unique in vivo/in vitro tumor system as a valid experimental model for studies regarding the mechanism of Ga-67 accumulation by neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "A transferrin-mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcoma. II. Studies in vivo (BALB/c mice): concise communication. The EMT-6 sarcoma-like tumor of BALB/c mice can be grown as a solid subcutaneous transplantable tumor in vivo or as a monolayer culture in vitro. We have studied the uptake of gallium-67 by this tumor growing subcutaneously on the backs of 6-week-old BALB/c mice. After i.v. administration of Ga-67 citrate, tumor uptakes were as high as any others reported for mouse tumors. Also, for unknown reasons, there was appreciable reduction in tumor uptake with increasing amounts of Ga-67 citrate, even in the microcurie range. Furthermore, when mouse serum is prelabeled with Ga-67 and then injected, the EMT-6 uptake is greater than with Ga-67 administered as citrate (p less than 0.02). We believe that the finding of avid Ga-67 uptake in vivo helps to establish this unique in vivo/in vitro tumor system as a valid experimental model for studies regarding the mechanism of Ga-67 accumulation by neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 541731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8804", "title": "Detection of a false left ventricular aneurysm by first-pass radionuclide ventriculography.", "content": "A false left ventricular aneurysm complicating an inferior myocardial infarction was successfully identified by computerized first-pass radionuclide ventriculography using a multicrystal gamma camera. The aneurysmal chamber exhibited paradoxical systolic expansion, a pattern of contraction confirmed by contrast cineangiography. Because of the propensity of false aneurysms to rupture, early noninvasive firm diagnosis is desirable and may be accomplished by first-pass radionuclide angiography.", "contents": "Detection of a false left ventricular aneurysm by first-pass radionuclide ventriculography. A false left ventricular aneurysm complicating an inferior myocardial infarction was successfully identified by computerized first-pass radionuclide ventriculography using a multicrystal gamma camera. The aneurysmal chamber exhibited paradoxical systolic expansion, a pattern of contraction confirmed by contrast cineangiography. Because of the propensity of false aneurysms to rupture, early noninvasive firm diagnosis is desirable and may be accomplished by first-pass radionuclide angiography.", "PMID": 541732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8805", "title": "The gallium \"bone scan\" in acute leukemia.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with acute leukemia had a gallium-67 scan that was virtually identical to his technetium-99m pyrophosphate bone scan, except for lack of renal visualization. The quality of the radiopharmaceutical was assured by the normal appearance of gallium scan performed in another patient on the same day and with the same radionuclide batch. This extensive osseous uptake was probably due to bone-marrow replacement by leukemia cells and is a pattern that should be recognized as indicating a diffuse marrow-infiltrating disease.", "contents": "The gallium \"bone scan\" in acute leukemia. A 15-year-old boy with acute leukemia had a gallium-67 scan that was virtually identical to his technetium-99m pyrophosphate bone scan, except for lack of renal visualization. The quality of the radiopharmaceutical was assured by the normal appearance of gallium scan performed in another patient on the same day and with the same radionuclide batch. This extensive osseous uptake was probably due to bone-marrow replacement by leukemia cells and is a pattern that should be recognized as indicating a diffuse marrow-infiltrating disease.", "PMID": 541733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8806", "title": "DL-[Carboxyl-11C]tryptophan, a potential agent for pancreatic imaging; production and preclinical investigations.", "content": "In animal studies, DL-[carboxyl-14C]tryptophan [DL-Try(C-14)] showed a high specificity for the pancreas, which suggested the potential of DL-[carboxyl-11C]tryptophan [DL-Try(C-11)] for clinical pancreatic inaging. The blood clearance and tissue uptake of the amino acid were very rapid, and no carrier effect was observed through a dose of 5 mg/kg. None of three transplanted hamster pancreatic adenocarcinomas that we studied showed a selective uptake of DL-Try(C-14) by the tumor, and none of the three enzymatic regimens investigated gave significant enhancement of the pancreatic specificity. Commercial L-Try(C-14) gave slightly better pancreatic specificity than the analogous racemic compound but without enough improvement to warrant attempts at optical resolution. DL-Try(C-11) was synthesized in amounts up to 325 mCi using a rapid, high-temperature, high-pressure modification of the B\u00fccherer-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Yields ranged from 30--60%, and a total of 40 min was required for synthesis and chromatographic purification. DL-Try(C-11) thus appears to have significant potential as a clinical pancreas-imaging agent, particularly when used in conjunction with positron computerized transaxial tomography.", "contents": "DL-[Carboxyl-11C]tryptophan, a potential agent for pancreatic imaging; production and preclinical investigations. In animal studies, DL-[carboxyl-14C]tryptophan [DL-Try(C-14)] showed a high specificity for the pancreas, which suggested the potential of DL-[carboxyl-11C]tryptophan [DL-Try(C-11)] for clinical pancreatic inaging. The blood clearance and tissue uptake of the amino acid were very rapid, and no carrier effect was observed through a dose of 5 mg/kg. None of three transplanted hamster pancreatic adenocarcinomas that we studied showed a selective uptake of DL-Try(C-14) by the tumor, and none of the three enzymatic regimens investigated gave significant enhancement of the pancreatic specificity. Commercial L-Try(C-14) gave slightly better pancreatic specificity than the analogous racemic compound but without enough improvement to warrant attempts at optical resolution. DL-Try(C-11) was synthesized in amounts up to 325 mCi using a rapid, high-temperature, high-pressure modification of the B\u00fccherer-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Yields ranged from 30--60%, and a total of 40 min was required for synthesis and chromatographic purification. DL-Try(C-11) thus appears to have significant potential as a clinical pancreas-imaging agent, particularly when used in conjunction with positron computerized transaxial tomography.", "PMID": 541734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8807", "title": "The distribution of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, quinuclidinyl benzilate and quinuclidinyl benzilate methiodide (both  tritiated), in rat, guinea pig, and rabbit.", "content": "The distribution of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and its methiodide salt was determined in rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Accumulation in the myocardium of up to 2% of the injected dose per gram of tissue was obtained with both compounds, providing heart-to-blood ratios of approximately 30 and heart-to-lung ratios of approximately 4. The accumulation in the heart was blocked (89%) by preinjection of atropine. The distribution of tritium in rabbit heart corresponds to the muscarinic receptor densities determined in vitro. Calculation of the theoretical maximum for the bound-to-free ratio, based on in-vitro equilibrium binding isotherms, resulted in ratios in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Because of the high accumulation in the heart with low serum concentration, we conclude that the methiodide salt of quinuclidinyl benzilate represents an ideal parent structure for the design of a receptor-binding gamma-emitting radiopharmaceutical for imaging of the myocardium.", "contents": "The distribution of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, quinuclidinyl benzilate and quinuclidinyl benzilate methiodide (both  tritiated), in rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. The distribution of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and its methiodide salt was determined in rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Accumulation in the myocardium of up to 2% of the injected dose per gram of tissue was obtained with both compounds, providing heart-to-blood ratios of approximately 30 and heart-to-lung ratios of approximately 4. The accumulation in the heart was blocked (89%) by preinjection of atropine. The distribution of tritium in rabbit heart corresponds to the muscarinic receptor densities determined in vitro. Calculation of the theoretical maximum for the bound-to-free ratio, based on in-vitro equilibrium binding isotherms, resulted in ratios in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Because of the high accumulation in the heart with low serum concentration, we conclude that the methiodide salt of quinuclidinyl benzilate represents an ideal parent structure for the design of a receptor-binding gamma-emitting radiopharmaceutical for imaging of the myocardium.", "PMID": 541735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8808", "title": "Labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m after oral administration of SnCl2: concise communication.", "content": "In vivo labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m was possible after prior oral administration of SnCl2, both in rats and human volunteers. Absorption of oral SnCl2 was low but sufficient for more than 95% labeling efficiency. Prior i.v. administration of stannous chloride is known to induce in vivo labeling of red blood cells with pertechnetate. We have observed that such labeling is possible even after oral administration of stannous chloride. Nearly 95% of the circulating radioactivity and 93.7% of the administered radioactivity was in RBCs 30 min after i.v. injection of 99mTcO4- in rats that were fed 5 mg of stannous chloride (3.13 mg Sn2+ ion) 2 hr before injection. Red blood cells from four human volunteers could bind pertechnetate, both in vitro and in vivo, after oral administration of 100 mg of SnCl2. We have obtained a blood-pool image of the human heart by labeling the RBCs in vivo by this method. We have also studied various parameters affecting the in vivo binding of RBCs with Tc-99m--such as the amount of orally administered SnCl2, the time of injection of radionuclide after oral SnCl2, and the optimum time for the imaging.", "contents": "Labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m after oral administration of SnCl2: concise communication. In vivo labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m was possible after prior oral administration of SnCl2, both in rats and human volunteers. Absorption of oral SnCl2 was low but sufficient for more than 95% labeling efficiency. Prior i.v. administration of stannous chloride is known to induce in vivo labeling of red blood cells with pertechnetate. We have observed that such labeling is possible even after oral administration of stannous chloride. Nearly 95% of the circulating radioactivity and 93.7% of the administered radioactivity was in RBCs 30 min after i.v. injection of 99mTcO4- in rats that were fed 5 mg of stannous chloride (3.13 mg Sn2+ ion) 2 hr before injection. Red blood cells from four human volunteers could bind pertechnetate, both in vitro and in vivo, after oral administration of 100 mg of SnCl2. We have obtained a blood-pool image of the human heart by labeling the RBCs in vivo by this method. We have also studied various parameters affecting the in vivo binding of RBCs with Tc-99m--such as the amount of orally administered SnCl2, the time of injection of radionuclide after oral SnCl2, and the optimum time for the imaging.", "PMID": 541736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8809", "title": "Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from isolated brain synaptosomes during semicarbazide-induced convulsions.", "content": "The in vivo effect of semicarbazide (SC) and aminoxyacetic acid (AOAA) upon gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the synaptosomal fraction, and GABA release from the same fraction were studied in the mouse. The convulsive dose of SC reduced the GABA content in synaptosomes, and when the convulsions were protected by pretreatment with AOAA, the reduced GABA content in synaptosomes rose to or above the normal level. Moreover, the SC treatment decreased the GABA releases from synaptosomes both in a Ca2+-free Ringer's solution and in a high K+ Ringer's solution. When the convulsions were protected by pretreatment with AOAA, the decreased GABA releases in both the conditions rose to or above the normal levels. Therefore, it is suggested that the decrease in GABA release from the nerve endings, because of the decrease of GABA content in the same compartment, is possibly an important factor in the onset of some kinds of convulsions.", "contents": "Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from isolated brain synaptosomes during semicarbazide-induced convulsions. The in vivo effect of semicarbazide (SC) and aminoxyacetic acid (AOAA) upon gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the synaptosomal fraction, and GABA release from the same fraction were studied in the mouse. The convulsive dose of SC reduced the GABA content in synaptosomes, and when the convulsions were protected by pretreatment with AOAA, the reduced GABA content in synaptosomes rose to or above the normal level. Moreover, the SC treatment decreased the GABA releases from synaptosomes both in a Ca2+-free Ringer's solution and in a high K+ Ringer's solution. When the convulsions were protected by pretreatment with AOAA, the decreased GABA releases in both the conditions rose to or above the normal levels. Therefore, it is suggested that the decrease in GABA release from the nerve endings, because of the decrease of GABA content in the same compartment, is possibly an important factor in the onset of some kinds of convulsions.", "PMID": 541748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8810", "title": "Developmental and convalescent changes of the anemia caused by excess methionine in the rat.", "content": "An experiment was performed to investigate the progressive changes of the anemia caused by excess methionine in rats, during the developmental and convalescent periods. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and red blood cell count were elevated in the initial stage of excess methionine feeding, they then gradually decreased. During the convalescent period, after ceasing administration of the excess methionine diet, symptoms of anemia gradually disappeared. The nitrogen efficiency ratio was markedly decreased by excess methionine feeding, however, it rapidly recovered after ceasing administration of the excess methionine diet. Iron deposited in the spleen also disappeared quickly during the convalescent period. Of the symptoms of anemia caused by excess methionine, the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) in the bone marrow showed the most acute changes. As mentioned previously (1), although lowered globin biosynthesis due to amino acid imbalance could be considered as one of the important causes of the anemia and also would be one of the causes of the compensative elevation of ALAS activity, the possibility still remain that there are other unknown effects of excess methionine on ALAS activity in the bone marrow in this case.", "contents": "Developmental and convalescent changes of the anemia caused by excess methionine in the rat. An experiment was performed to investigate the progressive changes of the anemia caused by excess methionine in rats, during the developmental and convalescent periods. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and red blood cell count were elevated in the initial stage of excess methionine feeding, they then gradually decreased. During the convalescent period, after ceasing administration of the excess methionine diet, symptoms of anemia gradually disappeared. The nitrogen efficiency ratio was markedly decreased by excess methionine feeding, however, it rapidly recovered after ceasing administration of the excess methionine diet. Iron deposited in the spleen also disappeared quickly during the convalescent period. Of the symptoms of anemia caused by excess methionine, the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) in the bone marrow showed the most acute changes. As mentioned previously (1), although lowered globin biosynthesis due to amino acid imbalance could be considered as one of the important causes of the anemia and also would be one of the causes of the compensative elevation of ALAS activity, the possibility still remain that there are other unknown effects of excess methionine on ALAS activity in the bone marrow in this case.", "PMID": 541749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8811", "title": "An autoradiographic study of new fat cell formation in adipose tissue in adult mice during malnutrition and refeeding.", "content": "The renewal of adipose cells in adult mice has been autoradiographically studied. The number of adipose cells was diminished by eighty percent during malnutrition and the same number of adipose cells proliferated during the refeeding stage. The results of our study showed that adipose tissue, which had previously been believed to be stable in cell number, has the capacity for cell proliferation according to changes in nutritional status.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of new fat cell formation in adipose tissue in adult mice during malnutrition and refeeding. The renewal of adipose cells in adult mice has been autoradiographically studied. The number of adipose cells was diminished by eighty percent during malnutrition and the same number of adipose cells proliferated during the refeeding stage. The results of our study showed that adipose tissue, which had previously been believed to be stable in cell number, has the capacity for cell proliferation according to changes in nutritional status.", "PMID": 541750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8812", "title": "Effect of antivitamin B6 on regional GABA metabolism in mouse brain and its relation to convulsions.", "content": "The effects of administration of DL-penicillamine (PeA), thiosemicarbazide (TSC), semicarbazide-HCl (SC) as convulsants and pyridoxine (PN) as anticonvulsant on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities in cerebral cortex, striatum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum and pons/medulla were investigated. The onset of convulsions induced by these convulsants coincides with the fall in GABA content and GAD activity in the mesencephalon area, and in contrast, the cessation of the convulsions by PN supplement coincides with the recovery in both the parameters. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a potent GABA-elevating agent showed an anticonvulsant property against convulsion by TSC for several hours after the injection of AOAA, but lost this property 16 hr after the treatment. The TSC administration 16 hr after the AOAA pretreatment significantly decreased the GABA content in all the regions, particularly in the mesencephalon and diencephalon areas, which had been elevated by the AOAA pretreatment, together with its ability to induce convulsion. FRom the above results it may be postulated that the critical drop of GABA level from a plateau to another lower level following the decrease of GAD activity in the mesencephalon area is an important factor in the induction of convulsion.", "contents": "Effect of antivitamin B6 on regional GABA metabolism in mouse brain and its relation to convulsions. The effects of administration of DL-penicillamine (PeA), thiosemicarbazide (TSC), semicarbazide-HCl (SC) as convulsants and pyridoxine (PN) as anticonvulsant on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities in cerebral cortex, striatum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum and pons/medulla were investigated. The onset of convulsions induced by these convulsants coincides with the fall in GABA content and GAD activity in the mesencephalon area, and in contrast, the cessation of the convulsions by PN supplement coincides with the recovery in both the parameters. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a potent GABA-elevating agent showed an anticonvulsant property against convulsion by TSC for several hours after the injection of AOAA, but lost this property 16 hr after the treatment. The TSC administration 16 hr after the AOAA pretreatment significantly decreased the GABA content in all the regions, particularly in the mesencephalon and diencephalon areas, which had been elevated by the AOAA pretreatment, together with its ability to induce convulsion. FRom the above results it may be postulated that the critical drop of GABA level from a plateau to another lower level following the decrease of GAD activity in the mesencephalon area is an important factor in the induction of convulsion.", "PMID": 541751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8813", "title": "Assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method using preparative and analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is proposed for the assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) in human plasma. A constant volume (0.2--2.0 ml) of a plasma sample was saponified. The unsaponifiable matter was first applied to preparative HPLC using a column of the straight-phase type (Zorbax SIL) in order to separate a 25-OH-D3 fraction from lipophilic concomitants giving ultraviolet-absorbing noise. Then, the separated 25-OH-D3 fraction was applied to analytical HPLC using a column of the reversed-phase type (Zorbax ODS) in order to measure the content of 25-OH-D3 from the peak height. This is a revised method from Jones (1978): Clin. Chem., 24, 287--298). The results showed that the clean-up procedure by the first preparative HPLC was successfully performed because the peak corresponding to 25-OH-D3 on the chromatogram of the second analytical HPLC was not disturbed by any other interfering peaks. Moreover, recovery through the whole procedure was satisfacotry (about 100%) and the procedures of saponification and isolation of the unsaponifiable matter diminished the overload to the columns. These are the revised points of Jones' method. When two determinations were performed on 12 samples of plasma taken from normal adults in October, the values were 22.6 +/- 4.8 and 21.0 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- SD) ng/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method using preparative and analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is proposed for the assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) in human plasma. A constant volume (0.2--2.0 ml) of a plasma sample was saponified. The unsaponifiable matter was first applied to preparative HPLC using a column of the straight-phase type (Zorbax SIL) in order to separate a 25-OH-D3 fraction from lipophilic concomitants giving ultraviolet-absorbing noise. Then, the separated 25-OH-D3 fraction was applied to analytical HPLC using a column of the reversed-phase type (Zorbax ODS) in order to measure the content of 25-OH-D3 from the peak height. This is a revised method from Jones (1978): Clin. Chem., 24, 287--298). The results showed that the clean-up procedure by the first preparative HPLC was successfully performed because the peak corresponding to 25-OH-D3 on the chromatogram of the second analytical HPLC was not disturbed by any other interfering peaks. Moreover, recovery through the whole procedure was satisfacotry (about 100%) and the procedures of saponification and isolation of the unsaponifiable matter diminished the overload to the columns. These are the revised points of Jones' method. When two determinations were performed on 12 samples of plasma taken from normal adults in October, the values were 22.6 +/- 4.8 and 21.0 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- SD) ng/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 541752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8814", "title": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to nuclear macromolecules.", "content": "The binding of metabolically activated 14C-benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to rat liver nuclei was studied. The nuclear framework structure, termed the nuclear matrix, was found to bind BP preferably. alpha-Tocopherol inhibited the binding of BP to nuclear macromolecules in the presence of phenobarbital (PB)-induced microsomes. alpha-Tocopherol decreased the level of BP metabolites in nuclei, though it did not inhibit the activation of BP by PB-induced microsomes.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to nuclear macromolecules. The binding of metabolically activated 14C-benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to rat liver nuclei was studied. The nuclear framework structure, termed the nuclear matrix, was found to bind BP preferably. alpha-Tocopherol inhibited the binding of BP to nuclear macromolecules in the presence of phenobarbital (PB)-induced microsomes. alpha-Tocopherol decreased the level of BP metabolites in nuclei, though it did not inhibit the activation of BP by PB-induced microsomes.", "PMID": 541753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8815", "title": "Tocopherol level in human blood cells.", "content": "The study was undertaken on alpha-tocopherol levels, separated from other analogs, in the red blood cells (RBC) of cord blood, premature infants, healthy children and adults as well as in pregnant women, and compared with the plasma levels. 1. The majority of tocopherol found in the RBC was localized in the membranes. 2. Only alpha-tocopherol was found in the RBC, while alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were found in the plasma. 3. Alpha-tocopherol level in the RBC changes during development in parallel with that in the plasma. However, changes in the level in RBC were smaller than those of the plasma. 4. The ratio of alpha-tocopherol level in the RBC to the plasma was higher in the cord blood and premature infants than in the children and adults. 5. With regard to the cases with high plasma tocopherol levels, a different finding was obtained on the RBC level between pregnant women and adults with a large amount of tocopherol. In the latter, high RBC levels were observed as the plasma levels were elevated, while in spite of a high plasma tocopherol level, the lowest RBC levels were found in the pregnant women.", "contents": "Tocopherol level in human blood cells. The study was undertaken on alpha-tocopherol levels, separated from other analogs, in the red blood cells (RBC) of cord blood, premature infants, healthy children and adults as well as in pregnant women, and compared with the plasma levels. 1. The majority of tocopherol found in the RBC was localized in the membranes. 2. Only alpha-tocopherol was found in the RBC, while alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were found in the plasma. 3. Alpha-tocopherol level in the RBC changes during development in parallel with that in the plasma. However, changes in the level in RBC were smaller than those of the plasma. 4. The ratio of alpha-tocopherol level in the RBC to the plasma was higher in the cord blood and premature infants than in the children and adults. 5. With regard to the cases with high plasma tocopherol levels, a different finding was obtained on the RBC level between pregnant women and adults with a large amount of tocopherol. In the latter, high RBC levels were observed as the plasma levels were elevated, while in spite of a high plasma tocopherol level, the lowest RBC levels were found in the pregnant women.", "PMID": 541754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8816", "title": "Concentrations of thiamine and its phosphate esters in rat tissues determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Thiamine and its phosphate esters in rat tissues were determined by high-performances liquid chromatography after conversion to thiochrome and its phosphate esters as described previously (Ishii, K. et al. (1979) Anal. Biochem., 97, 191--195). Total thiamine concentrations determined in the brain, liver, heart and kidney were 6.39, 25.5, 15.7, and 14.9 nmol/g wet weight, respectively. In all the tissues tested, thiamine, its monophosphate, pyrophosphate, and triphosphate were found to be present at the rates of 1.2--7.7, 5.9--11.0, 85.7--90.0, and 0.7--1.6%, respectively. Although these percentages of thiamine phosphates were similar to those reported previously using different procedures, the percentage of thiamine triphosphate content in rat tissues was found to be fairly lower than that reported. The time required for the whole process of analysis averaged 90 min after isolation of the organs from the animal.", "contents": "Concentrations of thiamine and its phosphate esters in rat tissues determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Thiamine and its phosphate esters in rat tissues were determined by high-performances liquid chromatography after conversion to thiochrome and its phosphate esters as described previously (Ishii, K. et al. (1979) Anal. Biochem., 97, 191--195). Total thiamine concentrations determined in the brain, liver, heart and kidney were 6.39, 25.5, 15.7, and 14.9 nmol/g wet weight, respectively. In all the tissues tested, thiamine, its monophosphate, pyrophosphate, and triphosphate were found to be present at the rates of 1.2--7.7, 5.9--11.0, 85.7--90.0, and 0.7--1.6%, respectively. Although these percentages of thiamine phosphates were similar to those reported previously using different procedures, the percentage of thiamine triphosphate content in rat tissues was found to be fairly lower than that reported. The time required for the whole process of analysis averaged 90 min after isolation of the organs from the animal.", "PMID": 541755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8817", "title": "Effect of feeding amino acid mixtures on lipid transport from rat liver as measured by liver perfusion.", "content": "The present study examined lipid transport from the liver by application of a perfusion technique in situ in rats fed diets consisting of a low level Wheat- or Rice- or Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture. The net release of hepatic lipids was directly estimated from analysis of the perfusate continuously circulated through the liver. The net release of triacylglycerol from the liver into the perfusate was much more severely inhibited in the Wheat-pattern diet group, and more depressed in the Rice-pattern diet group than in the control group, and slightly reduced in the Miyazaki-pattern diet group compared with the control. For serum lipoproteins fractionated by the Quick-Disc electrophoresis method, there was a significant decrease in the serum pre-beta lipoprotein fraction in all the rats of the Wheat-, Rice- and Miyazaki-pattern diet groups compared with the control. These observations provide firm support for the hypothesis that in rats given diets consisting of a low level of the Wheat-, Rice- and Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture, fatty liver may be produced mainly by an impaired transport of triacylglycerols from the liver.", "contents": "Effect of feeding amino acid mixtures on lipid transport from rat liver as measured by liver perfusion. The present study examined lipid transport from the liver by application of a perfusion technique in situ in rats fed diets consisting of a low level Wheat- or Rice- or Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture. The net release of hepatic lipids was directly estimated from analysis of the perfusate continuously circulated through the liver. The net release of triacylglycerol from the liver into the perfusate was much more severely inhibited in the Wheat-pattern diet group, and more depressed in the Rice-pattern diet group than in the control group, and slightly reduced in the Miyazaki-pattern diet group compared with the control. For serum lipoproteins fractionated by the Quick-Disc electrophoresis method, there was a significant decrease in the serum pre-beta lipoprotein fraction in all the rats of the Wheat-, Rice- and Miyazaki-pattern diet groups compared with the control. These observations provide firm support for the hypothesis that in rats given diets consisting of a low level of the Wheat-, Rice- and Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture, fatty liver may be produced mainly by an impaired transport of triacylglycerols from the liver.", "PMID": 541756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8818", "title": "A sero-epidemiological study of onchocerciasis with the indirect hemagglutination test.", "content": "A sero-epidemiological study of onchocerciasis was carried out with the IHA test in Guatemala. In the endemic area, 94.8% of 191 subjects with microfilariae, 82.1% of 172 cases with onchocercal nodules, and 22.5% of 236 cases without either microfilariae or nodules gave positive reactions in the IHA test. On the other hand, the positive rate was 3.4% and 2.0% in each of 2 nonendemic populations. A follow-up study of reactors in the IHA with neither microfilariae nor nodules showed that 11 (42%) of 26 cases were microfilaria positive 6--7 mo after the first examination. A clear correlation was found between the results of the IHA test and skin biopsy in surveyed communities. The age distribution curve of the IHA test was closely associated with skin biopsy although the former was higher. IHA titers rose in proportion to microfilarial density. A sex-related difference was evident in the IHA positive rate in the subjects from medium and low endemic areas, but little difference was shown in individuals from a higher endemic area.", "contents": "A sero-epidemiological study of onchocerciasis with the indirect hemagglutination test. A sero-epidemiological study of onchocerciasis was carried out with the IHA test in Guatemala. In the endemic area, 94.8% of 191 subjects with microfilariae, 82.1% of 172 cases with onchocercal nodules, and 22.5% of 236 cases without either microfilariae or nodules gave positive reactions in the IHA test. On the other hand, the positive rate was 3.4% and 2.0% in each of 2 nonendemic populations. A follow-up study of reactors in the IHA with neither microfilariae nor nodules showed that 11 (42%) of 26 cases were microfilaria positive 6--7 mo after the first examination. A clear correlation was found between the results of the IHA test and skin biopsy in surveyed communities. The age distribution curve of the IHA test was closely associated with skin biopsy although the former was higher. IHA titers rose in proportion to microfilarial density. A sex-related difference was evident in the IHA positive rate in the subjects from medium and low endemic areas, but little difference was shown in individuals from a higher endemic area.", "PMID": 541759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8819", "title": "Eimeria caprina sp. n. from the domestic goat, Capra hircus, from the USA.", "content": "The ellipsoidal to slightly ovoid oocysts of Eimeria caprina sp. n. from the domestic goat, Capra hircus, are 27--40 x 19.5--26 micrometers (mean 31.8 x 23.1 micrometers); their sporocysts are 13--17 x 7--10 micrometers (mean 15.3 x 8.5 micrometers). The oocyst wall is 1.7 micrometers thick, smooth, dark brown to brownish-yellow, and 2-layered. Micropyle, polar granule, and sporocyst residuum are present; micropylar cap and oocyst residuum are absent. These features distinguish the new species from other species in the genus which have a micropylar cap, or are smaller, or have a small micropyle with a small internal plug.", "contents": "Eimeria caprina sp. n. from the domestic goat, Capra hircus, from the USA. The ellipsoidal to slightly ovoid oocysts of Eimeria caprina sp. n. from the domestic goat, Capra hircus, are 27--40 x 19.5--26 micrometers (mean 31.8 x 23.1 micrometers); their sporocysts are 13--17 x 7--10 micrometers (mean 15.3 x 8.5 micrometers). The oocyst wall is 1.7 micrometers thick, smooth, dark brown to brownish-yellow, and 2-layered. Micropyle, polar granule, and sporocyst residuum are present; micropylar cap and oocyst residuum are absent. These features distinguish the new species from other species in the genus which have a micropylar cap, or are smaller, or have a small micropyle with a small internal plug.", "PMID": 541761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8820", "title": "Home visiting: the part played by the \"intermediary\".", "content": "Home visits are usually initiated by someone other than the patient, whom we have called the ;intermediary'. It is seldom an objective decision on the part of the intermediary that a home visit is needed and is usually the result of his or her own anxieties. It is therefore important for the doctor consciously to aim at a diagnosis or formulation of the problems of the intermediary, and it may then become possible deliberately to help him or her with his needs and anxieties. If these are not considered, the strains or dissatisfaction of the intermediary which initiated the visit are likely to remain, and to influence both the way the doctor treats the patient and the doctor's sense of competence.", "contents": "Home visiting: the part played by the \"intermediary\". Home visits are usually initiated by someone other than the patient, whom we have called the ;intermediary'. It is seldom an objective decision on the part of the intermediary that a home visit is needed and is usually the result of his or her own anxieties. It is therefore important for the doctor consciously to aim at a diagnosis or formulation of the problems of the intermediary, and it may then become possible deliberately to help him or her with his needs and anxieties. If these are not considered, the strains or dissatisfaction of the intermediary which initiated the visit are likely to remain, and to influence both the way the doctor treats the patient and the doctor's sense of competence.", "PMID": 541786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8821", "title": "General practitioners and their staff.", "content": "We describe the practices and staff of a random sample of 158 doctors. There has been a significant increase in ancillary staff since the Doctors' Charter of 1966. The study showed that there was no economy in staff as the number of doctors in a practice increased. In the selection of receptionists, doctors preferred married women over 35 with children, and were in favour of good personal qualities rather than good academic attainments. However, a high standard of work is important as well as a good understanding of human behaviour.", "contents": "General practitioners and their staff. We describe the practices and staff of a random sample of 158 doctors. There has been a significant increase in ancillary staff since the Doctors' Charter of 1966. The study showed that there was no economy in staff as the number of doctors in a practice increased. In the selection of receptionists, doctors preferred married women over 35 with children, and were in favour of good personal qualities rather than good academic attainments. However, a high standard of work is important as well as a good understanding of human behaviour.", "PMID": 541787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8822", "title": "'Red'flu': a study of an epidemic in a girls' boarding school in February 1978.", "content": "All the girls at a boarding school who presented with symptoms of influenza were interviewed and examined. Their symptoms and signs were recorded and related to age, date of last menstrual period, and previous influenza immunization.The age of the girls had no influence on the incidence of disease, nor did the number of girls in each form. However, the attack rate among those not immunized was 61 per cent and those not immunized 71 per cent. There was a highly significant variation in the incidence of influenza in relation to the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "'Red'flu': a study of an epidemic in a girls' boarding school in February 1978. All the girls at a boarding school who presented with symptoms of influenza were interviewed and examined. Their symptoms and signs were recorded and related to age, date of last menstrual period, and previous influenza immunization.The age of the girls had no influence on the incidence of disease, nor did the number of girls in each form. However, the attack rate among those not immunized was 61 per cent and those not immunized 71 per cent. There was a highly significant variation in the incidence of influenza in relation to the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 541788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8823", "title": "The self-assessment of confidence, by one vocational trainee.", "content": "A list of important topics in general practice was constructed and a trainee was asked to indicate his confidence about each topic on a one to five scale. Repeated use showed different confidence ratings by the same trainee, and an attempt was made to correlate factual knowledge by using a multiple choice questionnaire.Despite important limitations, which are described, this method may be useful in identifying suitable topics for teaching during the trainee year.", "contents": "The self-assessment of confidence, by one vocational trainee. A list of important topics in general practice was constructed and a trainee was asked to indicate his confidence about each topic on a one to five scale. Repeated use showed different confidence ratings by the same trainee, and an attempt was made to correlate factual knowledge by using a multiple choice questionnaire.Despite important limitations, which are described, this method may be useful in identifying suitable topics for teaching during the trainee year.", "PMID": 541789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8824", "title": "The accessibility of primary care to urban patients: a geographical analysis.", "content": "Techniques of analysis now used in geography can be applied to general practice. They show that the locations of general practitioners' premises are not randomly distributed and are not related to the sites of populations or to patients in greatest need of medical services. The findings suggest a concentration of surgeries in middle class areas and lack of surgeries in areas of low social class.", "contents": "The accessibility of primary care to urban patients: a geographical analysis. Techniques of analysis now used in geography can be applied to general practice. They show that the locations of general practitioners' premises are not randomly distributed and are not related to the sites of populations or to patients in greatest need of medical services. The findings suggest a concentration of surgeries in middle class areas and lack of surgeries in areas of low social class.", "PMID": 541790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8825", "title": "The prevalence of epigastric bruit.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of an epigastric bruit in a family practice population.Auscultation of the abdomen in the supine position was carried out on 567 consecutive unselected patients. A systolic bruit, localized to the epigastrium, was heard in 80 patients, none of whom had symptoms of intra-abdominal vascular disorder.The results are tabulated by age and sex, and show statistically significant differences in prevalence between males and females of similar ages, and also between different age groups of the same sex. The highest prevalence is in females aged between 10 and 34 years and no significant difference is found between pregnant and non-pregnant females of comparable age.", "contents": "The prevalence of epigastric bruit. A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of an epigastric bruit in a family practice population.Auscultation of the abdomen in the supine position was carried out on 567 consecutive unselected patients. A systolic bruit, localized to the epigastrium, was heard in 80 patients, none of whom had symptoms of intra-abdominal vascular disorder.The results are tabulated by age and sex, and show statistically significant differences in prevalence between males and females of similar ages, and also between different age groups of the same sex. The highest prevalence is in females aged between 10 and 34 years and no significant difference is found between pregnant and non-pregnant females of comparable age.", "PMID": 541792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8826", "title": "Group discussions with doctors' wives.", "content": "Group discussions with the wives of general practitioners and vocational trainees have been held in the Boston vocational training scheme. Many problems such as being tied to the telephone and the registration of doctors' families with other general practitioners were discussed.A consensus view emerged on several topics and I believe that further discussions with wives on subjects of this kind would be valuable.", "contents": "Group discussions with doctors' wives. Group discussions with the wives of general practitioners and vocational trainees have been held in the Boston vocational training scheme. Many problems such as being tied to the telephone and the registration of doctors' families with other general practitioners were discussed.A consensus view emerged on several topics and I believe that further discussions with wives on subjects of this kind would be valuable.", "PMID": 541793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8827", "title": "Prodromal itching in asthma.", "content": "In a survey of 50 young asthmatic patients it was found that 35 (70 per cent) recognized a sensation of itching of the lower face, or anterior neck, in association with their asthmatic attacks. Sixteen (32 per cent) said that the itching closely preceded subjective wheezing, and 15 (30 per cent) said that it occurred at the onset of wheezing. Recognition of this early sign may be of use in the prompt treatment of an asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Prodromal itching in asthma. In a survey of 50 young asthmatic patients it was found that 35 (70 per cent) recognized a sensation of itching of the lower face, or anterior neck, in association with their asthmatic attacks. Sixteen (32 per cent) said that the itching closely preceded subjective wheezing, and 15 (30 per cent) said that it occurred at the onset of wheezing. Recognition of this early sign may be of use in the prompt treatment of an asthmatic attack.", "PMID": 541797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8828", "title": "Family practice in the United States of America: the first 10 years.", "content": "Family medicine was officially recognized as an independent discipline and as the twentieth specialty in the USA in 1969, when the American Board of Family Practice was established.The main achievements of the first 10 years has been the establishment of departments of family practice in two thirds of the medical schools and the growth of graduate training has advanced rapidly from a total of 290 residents in 1970 to over 6,000 in 1978. Developments in group practice, team work, and medical records have been considerable and research is expanding.In 1976, the 50-year trend of falling numbers of family physicians in the USA was reversed for the first time and excellent progress is also being made in countering the geographical maldistribution of physicians.The challenges for the future of family practice are different from those in the past and are discussed.", "contents": "Family practice in the United States of America: the first 10 years. Family medicine was officially recognized as an independent discipline and as the twentieth specialty in the USA in 1969, when the American Board of Family Practice was established.The main achievements of the first 10 years has been the establishment of departments of family practice in two thirds of the medical schools and the growth of graduate training has advanced rapidly from a total of 290 residents in 1970 to over 6,000 in 1978. Developments in group practice, team work, and medical records have been considerable and research is expanding.In 1976, the 50-year trend of falling numbers of family physicians in the USA was reversed for the first time and excellent progress is also being made in countering the geographical maldistribution of physicians.The challenges for the future of family practice are different from those in the past and are discussed.", "PMID": 541798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8829", "title": "French general practice.", "content": "Five British general practitioners spent a week with French colleagues in various parts of France. We report results of the observations which we agreed in advance to make about some aspects of clinical practice in France.", "contents": "French general practice. Five British general practitioners spent a week with French colleagues in various parts of France. We report results of the observations which we agreed in advance to make about some aspects of clinical practice in France.", "PMID": 541799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8830", "title": "Anglo-Australian exchange in general practice.", "content": "An exchange visit was arranged between the two partners in our practice in Chagford, Devon and two partners in a practice in Canberra, Australia.This enabled us to experience a completely different type of practice and financial system with the opportunity of working closely with other colleagues, while maintaining continuity of treatment for our own patients, since only one partner was exchanged at a time.We also benefited from seeing new patients with new diseases, and felt that our patients probably benefited from seeing a new doctor. We returned to the practice refreshed and stimulated and our patients appeared to have been similarly stimulated by the impact of a different culture.", "contents": "Anglo-Australian exchange in general practice. An exchange visit was arranged between the two partners in our practice in Chagford, Devon and two partners in a practice in Canberra, Australia.This enabled us to experience a completely different type of practice and financial system with the opportunity of working closely with other colleagues, while maintaining continuity of treatment for our own patients, since only one partner was exchanged at a time.We also benefited from seeing new patients with new diseases, and felt that our patients probably benefited from seeing a new doctor. We returned to the practice refreshed and stimulated and our patients appeared to have been similarly stimulated by the impact of a different culture.", "PMID": 541800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8831", "title": "Night calls in a group practice.", "content": "Night calls attended in 1977 by four doctors in a group practice were analysed and divided into categories of urgency.Slightly over half the night calls were genuine emergencies, and only four per cent were totally unnecessary.", "contents": "Night calls in a group practice. Night calls attended in 1977 by four doctors in a group practice were analysed and divided into categories of urgency.Slightly over half the night calls were genuine emergencies, and only four per cent were totally unnecessary.", "PMID": 541802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8832", "title": "Killing, letting die and euthanasia.", "content": "Medical ethicists debate whether or not the moral assessment of cases of euthanasia should depend on whether the patient is 'killed' or 'allowed to die'. The usual presupposition is that a clear distinction between killing and letting die can be drawn so that this substantive question is not begged. I contend that the categorisation of cases of instances of killing rather than as instances of letting die depends in part on a prior moral assessment of the case. Hence is it trivially rather than substantively true that the distinction has moral significance. But even if a morally neutral (ie non-question begging) distinction could be drawn, its application to the euthanasia controversy is problematic. I illustrate the difficulties of employing this distinction to reach moral conclusions by critically discussing Philippa Foot's recent treatment of euthanasia. I conclude that even if an act of euthanasia is an instance of killing, and there exists a prima facie moral duty not to kill, and no more stringent duty overrides this duty, one still cannot determine such an act to be morally impermissible.", "contents": "Killing, letting die and euthanasia. Medical ethicists debate whether or not the moral assessment of cases of euthanasia should depend on whether the patient is 'killed' or 'allowed to die'. The usual presupposition is that a clear distinction between killing and letting die can be drawn so that this substantive question is not begged. I contend that the categorisation of cases of instances of killing rather than as instances of letting die depends in part on a prior moral assessment of the case. Hence is it trivially rather than substantively true that the distinction has moral significance. But even if a morally neutral (ie non-question begging) distinction could be drawn, its application to the euthanasia controversy is problematic. I illustrate the difficulties of employing this distinction to reach moral conclusions by critically discussing Philippa Foot's recent treatment of euthanasia. I conclude that even if an act of euthanasia is an instance of killing, and there exists a prima facie moral duty not to kill, and no more stringent duty overrides this duty, one still cannot determine such an act to be morally impermissible.", "PMID": 541821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8833", "title": "Functional defects of RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis and Semliki Forest viruses.", "content": "Defects in RNA and protein synthesis of seven Sindbis virus and seven Semliki Forest virus RNA-negative, temperature-sensitive mutants were studied after shift to the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) in the middle of the growth cycle. Only one of the mutants, Ts-6 of Sindbis virus, a representative of complementation group F, was clearly unable to continue RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, apparently due to temperature-sensitive polymerase. The defect was reversible and affected the synthesis of both 42S and 26S RNA equally, suggesting that the same polymerase component(s) is required for the synthesis of both RNA species. One of the three Sindbis virus mutants of complementation group A, Ts-4, and one RNA +/- mutant of Semliki Forest virus, ts-10, showed a polymerase defect even at the permissive temperature. Seven of the 14 RNA-negative mutants showed a preferential reduction in 26S RNA synthesis. The 26S RNA-defective mutants of Sindbis virus were from two different complementation groups, A and G, indicating that functions of two viral nonstructural proteins (\"A\" and \"G\") are required in the regulation of the synthesis of 26S RNA. Since the synthesis of 42S RNA continued, these functions of proteins A and G are not needed for the polymerization of RNA late in infection. The RNA-negative phenotype of 26S RNA-deficient mutants implies that proteins regulating the synthesis of this subgenomic RNA must have another function vital for RNA synthesis early in infection or in the assembly of functional polymerase. Several of the mutants having a specific defect in the synthesis of 26S RNA showed an accumulation of a large nonstructural precursor protein with a molecular weight of about 200,000. One even larger protein was demonstrated in both Semliki Forest virus- and Sindbis virus-infected cells which probably represents the entire nonstructural polyprotein.", "contents": "Functional defects of RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis and Semliki Forest viruses. Defects in RNA and protein synthesis of seven Sindbis virus and seven Semliki Forest virus RNA-negative, temperature-sensitive mutants were studied after shift to the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) in the middle of the growth cycle. Only one of the mutants, Ts-6 of Sindbis virus, a representative of complementation group F, was clearly unable to continue RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, apparently due to temperature-sensitive polymerase. The defect was reversible and affected the synthesis of both 42S and 26S RNA equally, suggesting that the same polymerase component(s) is required for the synthesis of both RNA species. One of the three Sindbis virus mutants of complementation group A, Ts-4, and one RNA +/- mutant of Semliki Forest virus, ts-10, showed a polymerase defect even at the permissive temperature. Seven of the 14 RNA-negative mutants showed a preferential reduction in 26S RNA synthesis. The 26S RNA-defective mutants of Sindbis virus were from two different complementation groups, A and G, indicating that functions of two viral nonstructural proteins (\"A\" and \"G\") are required in the regulation of the synthesis of 26S RNA. Since the synthesis of 42S RNA continued, these functions of proteins A and G are not needed for the polymerization of RNA late in infection. The RNA-negative phenotype of 26S RNA-deficient mutants implies that proteins regulating the synthesis of this subgenomic RNA must have another function vital for RNA synthesis early in infection or in the assembly of functional polymerase. Several of the mutants having a specific defect in the synthesis of 26S RNA showed an accumulation of a large nonstructural precursor protein with a molecular weight of about 200,000. One even larger protein was demonstrated in both Semliki Forest virus- and Sindbis virus-infected cells which probably represents the entire nonstructural polyprotein.", "PMID": 541824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8834", "title": "Structural and biological properties of mycoplasmavirus MVL3: an unusual virus-procaryote interaction.", "content": "The kinetics of adsorption and growth of mycoplasmavirus MVL3 in Acholeplasma laidlawii 1305/68 host cells have been studied with one-step growth, premature lysis, and single-burst experiments. The virus was found to kill infected host cells. Virus release starts 90 min after infection and continues for about 10 to 15 h. Hence, virus production is unlike the classical lytic bacteriophages and instead resembles nonlytic cytocidal animal viruses. Structural details of the virus are described, and the molecular weight of the viral linear DNA has beenfound to be 26 x 10(6).", "contents": "Structural and biological properties of mycoplasmavirus MVL3: an unusual virus-procaryote interaction. The kinetics of adsorption and growth of mycoplasmavirus MVL3 in Acholeplasma laidlawii 1305/68 host cells have been studied with one-step growth, premature lysis, and single-burst experiments. The virus was found to kill infected host cells. Virus release starts 90 min after infection and continues for about 10 to 15 h. Hence, virus production is unlike the classical lytic bacteriophages and instead resembles nonlytic cytocidal animal viruses. Structural details of the virus are described, and the molecular weight of the viral linear DNA has beenfound to be 26 x 10(6).", "PMID": 541825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8835", "title": "Mappings of adenovirus type 7 cytoplasmic RNA species synthesized early in lytically infected cells and synthesized in transformed cells.", "content": "Early virus-specific RNA synthesized in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 7 and virus-specific RNA synthesized in rat embryo cells (71JY1-2) transformed by the adenovirus type 7 HindIII-I.J fragment (left-hand 8.1% of the viral genome) have been mapped on the viral genome. About 25% of the viral genome, four discrete regions, two on each strand of the viral genome, are expressed as \"early\" mRNA. Almost similar regions in the left-hand 8.1% of the viral genome are transcribed both in KB cells at early times after infection and in 71JY1-2 cells.", "contents": "Mappings of adenovirus type 7 cytoplasmic RNA species synthesized early in lytically infected cells and synthesized in transformed cells. Early virus-specific RNA synthesized in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 7 and virus-specific RNA synthesized in rat embryo cells (71JY1-2) transformed by the adenovirus type 7 HindIII-I.J fragment (left-hand 8.1% of the viral genome) have been mapped on the viral genome. About 25% of the viral genome, four discrete regions, two on each strand of the viral genome, are expressed as \"early\" mRNA. Almost similar regions in the left-hand 8.1% of the viral genome are transcribed both in KB cells at early times after infection and in 71JY1-2 cells.", "PMID": 541826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8836", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of sublingual nifedipine in congestive heart failure.", "content": "Hemodynamic response of nifedipine in 11 patients with congestive heart failure was examined. Thirty minutes after sublingual administration of nifedipine, CI and SVI were increased together with a decrease in PAEDP and TSVRI. The increase in CI was proportional to the decrease in TSVRI. Twenty-four hours after continuous administration of nifedipine, however, six of 11 patients did not show the improvement of left ventricular function. These results indicate that sublingual administration of nifedipine is effective in the short-term therapy of the patients with a markedly decreased cardiac output and an increased systemic vascular resistance.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of sublingual nifedipine in congestive heart failure. Hemodynamic response of nifedipine in 11 patients with congestive heart failure was examined. Thirty minutes after sublingual administration of nifedipine, CI and SVI were increased together with a decrease in PAEDP and TSVRI. The increase in CI was proportional to the decrease in TSVRI. Twenty-four hours after continuous administration of nifedipine, however, six of 11 patients did not show the improvement of left ventricular function. These results indicate that sublingual administration of nifedipine is effective in the short-term therapy of the patients with a markedly decreased cardiac output and an increased systemic vascular resistance.", "PMID": 541827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8837", "title": "Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations in six cases of atrioventricular block.", "content": "1) A prolonged A-H interval suggested A-V nodal involvement. 2) A prolonged duration of the His potential suggested moderate His bundle involvement. 3) Complete block distal to H appeared to reflect total disruption of both bundle branches. 4) The lesion at the penetrating portion of the His bundle could be responsible for A-H block. 5) A-H block occurred in a case of cellular infiltration in the A-V node and the His bundle, in which bilateral bundle branch showed severe fibrosis. 6) A combination of right bundle branch block, marked left axis deviation and H-V prolongation suggested trifascicular disease. 7) In case 6, there was a severe pathologic lesion at the origin of the left bundle branch, yet left bundle branch block was not indicated electrocardiographically. This study revealed a close correlation between electrophysiologic and pathologic findings in 4 out of 6 cases.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations in six cases of atrioventricular block. 1) A prolonged A-H interval suggested A-V nodal involvement. 2) A prolonged duration of the His potential suggested moderate His bundle involvement. 3) Complete block distal to H appeared to reflect total disruption of both bundle branches. 4) The lesion at the penetrating portion of the His bundle could be responsible for A-H block. 5) A-H block occurred in a case of cellular infiltration in the A-V node and the His bundle, in which bilateral bundle branch showed severe fibrosis. 6) A combination of right bundle branch block, marked left axis deviation and H-V prolongation suggested trifascicular disease. 7) In case 6, there was a severe pathologic lesion at the origin of the left bundle branch, yet left bundle branch block was not indicated electrocardiographically. This study revealed a close correlation between electrophysiologic and pathologic findings in 4 out of 6 cases.", "PMID": 541828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8838", "title": "Ectopic aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A case is described wherein Fallot's tetralogy was associated with aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. The left pulmonary artery was the continuation of the pulmonary trunk. Although a number of examples of Fallot's tetralogy associated with aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery are known, combination of Fallot's tetralogy and aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery is rare and has been described in only two cases previously.", "contents": "Ectopic aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery in tetralogy of Fallot. A case is described wherein Fallot's tetralogy was associated with aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. The left pulmonary artery was the continuation of the pulmonary trunk. Although a number of examples of Fallot's tetralogy associated with aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery are known, combination of Fallot's tetralogy and aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery is rare and has been described in only two cases previously.", "PMID": 541829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8839", "title": "Echocardiographic features of Uhl's anomaly. A case report.", "content": "M-mode echocardiography on a fifty-eight year old female with Uhl's anomaly showed several characteristic findings, which were considered to be useful in differentiating Uhl's anomaly from Ebstein's. Those findings were normal tricuspid diastolic closing velocity, the relatively early tricuspid valve opening, easy visualization of the tricuspid valve in usual position and the unusual mid-diastolic pulmonic valve full opening. The premature opening of the pulmonic valve correlated with the right atrial and ventricular mid-diastolic pressure exceeding that of the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of Uhl's anomaly. A case report. M-mode echocardiography on a fifty-eight year old female with Uhl's anomaly showed several characteristic findings, which were considered to be useful in differentiating Uhl's anomaly from Ebstein's. Those findings were normal tricuspid diastolic closing velocity, the relatively early tricuspid valve opening, easy visualization of the tricuspid valve in usual position and the unusual mid-diastolic pulmonic valve full opening. The premature opening of the pulmonic valve correlated with the right atrial and ventricular mid-diastolic pressure exceeding that of the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 541830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8840", "title": "A lectin-like substance from bovine spleen.", "content": "A lectin-like substance was isolated and purified from bovine spleen. This protein was named bovine spleen binding protein (BSBP). BSBP has binding activity for sialidase-treated bovine erythrocytes but not for normal erythrocytes. It specifically recognizes terminal galactose residues of sugar moieties of the bovine erythrocyte cell surface. BSBP shows an apparent molecular weight of 240,000. It is an acidic protein having a pI value of 4.8 and containing 13% carbohydrates. It has mitogenic activity against human peripheral lymphocytes. The physiological role of BSBP has not been clarified yet, but it may play a significant role in the clearance of aged erythrocytes which have a decreased amount of sialic acid on the cell surface.", "contents": "A lectin-like substance from bovine spleen. A lectin-like substance was isolated and purified from bovine spleen. This protein was named bovine spleen binding protein (BSBP). BSBP has binding activity for sialidase-treated bovine erythrocytes but not for normal erythrocytes. It specifically recognizes terminal galactose residues of sugar moieties of the bovine erythrocyte cell surface. BSBP shows an apparent molecular weight of 240,000. It is an acidic protein having a pI value of 4.8 and containing 13% carbohydrates. It has mitogenic activity against human peripheral lymphocytes. The physiological role of BSBP has not been clarified yet, but it may play a significant role in the clearance of aged erythrocytes which have a decreased amount of sialic acid on the cell surface.", "PMID": 541863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8841", "title": "Detection of IgG antibody to measles virus by radioimmunoassay technique.", "content": "A highly sensitive procedure of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the detection of measles IgG antibody. HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus were used as a solid-phase antigen. This technique was applied to the detection of measles IgG antibody in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and multiple sclerosis. Normal subjects having experienced natural measles or measles vaccination and patients with various neurological diseases of non-virus nature were also examined as control groups. Measles antibody was detected at high titers in both the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of SSPE patients. Moreover, RIA/HI ratios of SSPE patients were significantly higher than those of normal subjects, suggesting the presence in the formers of antibodies to nucleocapsids at high titers as well as to viral envelopes. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in both RIA and HI titers between the sera of multiple sclerosis and those of various neurological diseases.", "contents": "Detection of IgG antibody to measles virus by radioimmunoassay technique. A highly sensitive procedure of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the detection of measles IgG antibody. HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus were used as a solid-phase antigen. This technique was applied to the detection of measles IgG antibody in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and multiple sclerosis. Normal subjects having experienced natural measles or measles vaccination and patients with various neurological diseases of non-virus nature were also examined as control groups. Measles antibody was detected at high titers in both the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of SSPE patients. Moreover, RIA/HI ratios of SSPE patients were significantly higher than those of normal subjects, suggesting the presence in the formers of antibodies to nucleocapsids at high titers as well as to viral envelopes. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in both RIA and HI titers between the sera of multiple sclerosis and those of various neurological diseases.", "PMID": 541873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8842", "title": "Induction of pupal diapause and photoperiodic sensitivity during early development of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae.", "content": "Effects of long day and short day treatments during the embryonic and larval stages on induction of pupal diapause were studied on a diapausing race of Sarcophaga peregrina. Two long day (15L 9D) cycles during 2 days before or after the larviposition completely stopped the induction of pupal diapause on larvae which grow in short day condition before and after the long day treatment. The sensitivity appeared to decrease during the early stage of the third instar and to increase again to some extent in the prepupal stage.", "contents": "Induction of pupal diapause and photoperiodic sensitivity during early development of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae. Effects of long day and short day treatments during the embryonic and larval stages on induction of pupal diapause were studied on a diapausing race of Sarcophaga peregrina. Two long day (15L 9D) cycles during 2 days before or after the larviposition completely stopped the induction of pupal diapause on larvae which grow in short day condition before and after the long day treatment. The sensitivity appeared to decrease during the early stage of the third instar and to increase again to some extent in the prepupal stage.", "PMID": 541874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8843", "title": "A putative role for cell-cell epithelial contacts in lactose secretion.", "content": "Rates of synthesis and secretory release and the maximal requisite intracellular transit time (Tsec) for lactose were measured in vitro for three preparations of lactating guinea pig mammary tissue: tissue slices, mammary epithelial cell (MEC) acini, and mono-dispersed MEC. The Tsec values for tissue slice and acini preparations were similar, lactose required approximately 16 min to pass from its site of synthesis (Golgi) to the extracellular medium. Dispersal of mammary tissue into single cells by collagenase disruption of all cell-cell junctional complexes increased the Tsec value to approximately 25 min but did not alter kinetics of lactose synthesis and secretory release. These data suggest a possible involvement of cell-cell junctional contacts in intracellular transport of lactose.", "contents": "A putative role for cell-cell epithelial contacts in lactose secretion. Rates of synthesis and secretory release and the maximal requisite intracellular transit time (Tsec) for lactose were measured in vitro for three preparations of lactating guinea pig mammary tissue: tissue slices, mammary epithelial cell (MEC) acini, and mono-dispersed MEC. The Tsec values for tissue slice and acini preparations were similar, lactose required approximately 16 min to pass from its site of synthesis (Golgi) to the extracellular medium. Dispersal of mammary tissue into single cells by collagenase disruption of all cell-cell junctional complexes increased the Tsec value to approximately 25 min but did not alter kinetics of lactose synthesis and secretory release. These data suggest a possible involvement of cell-cell junctional contacts in intracellular transport of lactose.", "PMID": 541894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8844", "title": "Seasonal variation of plasma glucagon concentrations in men.", "content": "In an attempt to understand a role of glucagon in seasonal acclimatization in men, measurements of plasma glucagon, blood free fatty acids (FFA), blood glucose, blood ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate) and hematocrit were made in 13 male and 8 female college staff members, aged 20 to 42, once a month for one year. Blood samples were obtained at 4:00 to 5:00 p.m, between meals. Average monthly temperatures during the study were as follows; Jan. -7.8, Feb. -5.6, March -3.7, Apr. 4.6, May 11.4, June 18.3, July 23.9, Aug. 22.0, Sept. 14.7, Oct. 7.5, Nov. 1.4, Dec. -4.2 (degrees C). Plasma glucagon, blood FFA and blood ketone body exhibited significant monthly variation in both sexes. Plasma glucagon as well as blood FFA level was significantly higher in winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.) than in summer (June, July, Aug), whereas blood ketone body level was lower in winter than in summer. Plasma glucagon level was significantly lower in female than in male subjects. A significant positive correlation was observed between plasma glucagon and blood FFA levels throughout the year. Seasonal variations of blood glucose and hematocrit were not observed. These results suggest that seasonal variation in glucagon secretion is associated with seasonal changes in ambient temperatures as one of the strategies for climatic acclimatization through regulation of lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of plasma glucagon concentrations in men. In an attempt to understand a role of glucagon in seasonal acclimatization in men, measurements of plasma glucagon, blood free fatty acids (FFA), blood glucose, blood ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate) and hematocrit were made in 13 male and 8 female college staff members, aged 20 to 42, once a month for one year. Blood samples were obtained at 4:00 to 5:00 p.m, between meals. Average monthly temperatures during the study were as follows; Jan. -7.8, Feb. -5.6, March -3.7, Apr. 4.6, May 11.4, June 18.3, July 23.9, Aug. 22.0, Sept. 14.7, Oct. 7.5, Nov. 1.4, Dec. -4.2 (degrees C). Plasma glucagon, blood FFA and blood ketone body exhibited significant monthly variation in both sexes. Plasma glucagon as well as blood FFA level was significantly higher in winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.) than in summer (June, July, Aug), whereas blood ketone body level was lower in winter than in summer. Plasma glucagon level was significantly lower in female than in male subjects. A significant positive correlation was observed between plasma glucagon and blood FFA levels throughout the year. Seasonal variations of blood glucose and hematocrit were not observed. These results suggest that seasonal variation in glucagon secretion is associated with seasonal changes in ambient temperatures as one of the strategies for climatic acclimatization through regulation of lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 541895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8845", "title": "Excitation of squid giant axons in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.", "content": "Excitability of intracellularly perfused squid giant axons was maintained in hypotonic solutions (down to 300 mOSM) and in hypertonic solutions (up to about 10 OSM), when osmolalities of internal and external solutions were adjusted to be equal with glycerol, glucose, or sucrose. Molar concentrations of ions were kept constant during one series of experiments. The resting potential and the amplitude of the action potential did not change in both hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. With reduction of osmolality, the duration of action potential decreased and the maximum rate of rise and conduction velocity increased. By raising osmolality, the duration was prolonged and the maximum rate of rise and the conduction velocity decreased. Effects of osmolality change were almost reversible. However, these effects were not directly related to the osmolality change but seemed to be related to the viscosity change of the solutions. When the osmolality of external solution was raised with NaCl (up to 2.6 M NaCl), the overshoot increased in porportion to the logarithm of the NaCl concentration. The slope of increase was about 50 mV/decade. However, the resting potential showed little change. With increase of the NaCl concentration, the duration of the action potential increased.", "contents": "Excitation of squid giant axons in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. Excitability of intracellularly perfused squid giant axons was maintained in hypotonic solutions (down to 300 mOSM) and in hypertonic solutions (up to about 10 OSM), when osmolalities of internal and external solutions were adjusted to be equal with glycerol, glucose, or sucrose. Molar concentrations of ions were kept constant during one series of experiments. The resting potential and the amplitude of the action potential did not change in both hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. With reduction of osmolality, the duration of action potential decreased and the maximum rate of rise and conduction velocity increased. By raising osmolality, the duration was prolonged and the maximum rate of rise and the conduction velocity decreased. Effects of osmolality change were almost reversible. However, these effects were not directly related to the osmolality change but seemed to be related to the viscosity change of the solutions. When the osmolality of external solution was raised with NaCl (up to 2.6 M NaCl), the overshoot increased in porportion to the logarithm of the NaCl concentration. The slope of increase was about 50 mV/decade. However, the resting potential showed little change. With increase of the NaCl concentration, the duration of the action potential increased.", "PMID": 541896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8846", "title": "Thermogenic responses of brown adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon in heat-acclimated and cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "Heat production of isolated brown-fat cells by addition of noradrenaline and glucagon was measured in warm-acclimated control, cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats by use of a twin-type conduction microcalorimeter. Noradrenaline and glucagon induced maximum heat production per 10(6) cells in dose of 1 microgram/ml. Heat produced by maximum thermogenic response to glucagon was twice as much as that to noradrenaline. Thermogenic response to noradrenaline was markedly increased in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes, while it was reduced in heat-acclimated ones. Thermogenic response to glucagon was significantly reduced in heat-acclimated brown adipocytes, while it was not affected in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes.", "contents": "Thermogenic responses of brown adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon in heat-acclimated and cold-acclimated rats. Heat production of isolated brown-fat cells by addition of noradrenaline and glucagon was measured in warm-acclimated control, cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats by use of a twin-type conduction microcalorimeter. Noradrenaline and glucagon induced maximum heat production per 10(6) cells in dose of 1 microgram/ml. Heat produced by maximum thermogenic response to glucagon was twice as much as that to noradrenaline. Thermogenic response to noradrenaline was markedly increased in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes, while it was reduced in heat-acclimated ones. Thermogenic response to glucagon was significantly reduced in heat-acclimated brown adipocytes, while it was not affected in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes.", "PMID": 541897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8847", "title": "Denervated muscle: rate of propagation and effects of manganese ions and glycerol on the fibrillatory activity of frog semitendinosus.", "content": "Denervated frog's semitendinosus muscles were studied. Fibrillation potentials generate propagated spikes which are conducted at a rate similar to that calculated for innervated muscles. The twitch tension per unit area was similar in denervated and innervated single fibres; the average value corresponded with values reported in the literature for fibres stimulated at 125/sec. Manganese ions (1-3 mM), selectively inhibit fibrillation potentials and have no appreciable effect upon evoked spikes. Mn2+ also inhibits (40-50%) the twitch responses and abolishes the resting tension of muscle fibres. The latter effects were observed in denervated as well as in innervated preparations when the fibres studied belonged to fasicles located at the site of entrance of the nerve. Disruption of the transverse tubular system by glycerol treatment does not interfere with the generation of fibrillation potentials, although the effects on twitching are similar to those reported in the literature. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the generation of fibrillation potentials in frog denervated muscles.", "contents": "Denervated muscle: rate of propagation and effects of manganese ions and glycerol on the fibrillatory activity of frog semitendinosus. Denervated frog's semitendinosus muscles were studied. Fibrillation potentials generate propagated spikes which are conducted at a rate similar to that calculated for innervated muscles. The twitch tension per unit area was similar in denervated and innervated single fibres; the average value corresponded with values reported in the literature for fibres stimulated at 125/sec. Manganese ions (1-3 mM), selectively inhibit fibrillation potentials and have no appreciable effect upon evoked spikes. Mn2+ also inhibits (40-50%) the twitch responses and abolishes the resting tension of muscle fibres. The latter effects were observed in denervated as well as in innervated preparations when the fibres studied belonged to fasicles located at the site of entrance of the nerve. Disruption of the transverse tubular system by glycerol treatment does not interfere with the generation of fibrillation potentials, although the effects on twitching are similar to those reported in the literature. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the generation of fibrillation potentials in frog denervated muscles.", "PMID": 541899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8848", "title": "Motor nuclear representation of masticatory muscles in the rat.", "content": "Representation of the masticatory muscles within the motor trigeminal nucleus was studied in rats by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and the antidromic field potential method. The motor trigeminal nucleus of the rat could be divided cytoarchitecturally into a dorsolateral and  a ventromedial division. Within the dorsolateral division, the temporal muscle was represented dorsomedially, the masseter muscle dorsolaterally and laterally, and the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles ventrolaterally. Within the ventromedial division, the anterior digastric muscle was represented dorsomedially and the mylohyoid muscle ventrolaterally. Distribution of antidromic field potentials evoked by stimulation of the mylohyoid and masseteric nerves coincided with the results from the HRP investigation.", "contents": "Motor nuclear representation of masticatory muscles in the rat. Representation of the masticatory muscles within the motor trigeminal nucleus was studied in rats by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and the antidromic field potential method. The motor trigeminal nucleus of the rat could be divided cytoarchitecturally into a dorsolateral and  a ventromedial division. Within the dorsolateral division, the temporal muscle was represented dorsomedially, the masseter muscle dorsolaterally and laterally, and the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles ventrolaterally. Within the ventromedial division, the anterior digastric muscle was represented dorsomedially and the mylohyoid muscle ventrolaterally. Distribution of antidromic field potentials evoked by stimulation of the mylohyoid and masseteric nerves coincided with the results from the HRP investigation.", "PMID": 541900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8849", "title": "Neurogenic constriction of the superior mesenteric and femoral veins during systemic blood pressure oscillation in rabbits.", "content": "Behavior of the mesenteric and femoral veins was studied in rabbits during an arterial pressure oscillation elicited by a method that we call the \"side pressure exertion experiment.\" A segment of the mesenteric or femoral vein with intact innervation was vascularly isolated and was perfused under an isovolumetric condition. The force of the isovolumetric constriction of the segments was recorded in terms of the intrasegmental pressure duirng arterial pressure oscillation. The intrasegmental pressure of the superior mesenteric vein indicated an alternation of marked rise and fall during the oscillation. On the other hand, the response of the femoral segment during oscillation was less phasic but was better maintained at the higher range of initial pressures than that of the superior mesenteric segment. Simultaneously with the maximum rise of systemic arterial pressure, maximum elevation by 6.1, 6.1 and 6.4 mmHg was obtained in the mesenteric vein segment at initial intrasegmental pressures of 6, 10 and 14 mmHg, respectively. In the same circumstances, the femoral vein segment indicated a maximum rise of 8.1 to 9.3 mmHg at initial pressures of 10, 18, 26 and 34 mmHg. It can be concluded that there  are marked differences between the mesenteric and femoral segments in behavior during systemic arterial oscillation and in the range of bearable intrasegmental pressure. The characteristics of the two veins might be related to the difference of specific circumstances in which the respective veins send blood back to the heart.", "contents": "Neurogenic constriction of the superior mesenteric and femoral veins during systemic blood pressure oscillation in rabbits. Behavior of the mesenteric and femoral veins was studied in rabbits during an arterial pressure oscillation elicited by a method that we call the \"side pressure exertion experiment.\" A segment of the mesenteric or femoral vein with intact innervation was vascularly isolated and was perfused under an isovolumetric condition. The force of the isovolumetric constriction of the segments was recorded in terms of the intrasegmental pressure duirng arterial pressure oscillation. The intrasegmental pressure of the superior mesenteric vein indicated an alternation of marked rise and fall during the oscillation. On the other hand, the response of the femoral segment during oscillation was less phasic but was better maintained at the higher range of initial pressures than that of the superior mesenteric segment. Simultaneously with the maximum rise of systemic arterial pressure, maximum elevation by 6.1, 6.1 and 6.4 mmHg was obtained in the mesenteric vein segment at initial intrasegmental pressures of 6, 10 and 14 mmHg, respectively. In the same circumstances, the femoral vein segment indicated a maximum rise of 8.1 to 9.3 mmHg at initial pressures of 10, 18, 26 and 34 mmHg. It can be concluded that there  are marked differences between the mesenteric and femoral segments in behavior during systemic arterial oscillation and in the range of bearable intrasegmental pressure. The characteristics of the two veins might be related to the difference of specific circumstances in which the respective veins send blood back to the heart.", "PMID": 541901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8850", "title": "Factors affecting frequency dependence of resistance observed in healthy lungs.", "content": "The frequency dependence of effective resistance of the respiratory system was studied in seated and supine healthy subjects by use of a forced oscillation technique for the purpose of estimating the distribution of regional ventilation. Effective resistance determined at respective FRC levels of both these body postures fell with an increase in the breathing frequency, although the frequency dependence of resistance delta R/delta f was more dominant in the supine posture than when seated. The delta R/delta f increased to an appreciable  extent by reducing the lung volume in the seated posture, while in the supine position the value  was relatively insensitive to the volume change. The chest wall vibration measured during the forced oscillation was found to be larger in amplitude in the basilar than in the apical regions, and the regional difference became less dominant by postural change from seated to supine. Transthoracic electrical impedance change measured during voluntary ventilations with different frequencies gave a slight frequency dependence when measured in the basilar region either in the seated or supine posture. The above results lead to the conclusion that an inhomogeneous distribution of time constants independent of gravity appears between the apex and the base, and the gravity-independent distribution of time constants, either interlobular or intralobular, would be a prime determinant of the frequency-dependent resistance.", "contents": "Factors affecting frequency dependence of resistance observed in healthy lungs. The frequency dependence of effective resistance of the respiratory system was studied in seated and supine healthy subjects by use of a forced oscillation technique for the purpose of estimating the distribution of regional ventilation. Effective resistance determined at respective FRC levels of both these body postures fell with an increase in the breathing frequency, although the frequency dependence of resistance delta R/delta f was more dominant in the supine posture than when seated. The delta R/delta f increased to an appreciable  extent by reducing the lung volume in the seated posture, while in the supine position the value  was relatively insensitive to the volume change. The chest wall vibration measured during the forced oscillation was found to be larger in amplitude in the basilar than in the apical regions, and the regional difference became less dominant by postural change from seated to supine. Transthoracic electrical impedance change measured during voluntary ventilations with different frequencies gave a slight frequency dependence when measured in the basilar region either in the seated or supine posture. The above results lead to the conclusion that an inhomogeneous distribution of time constants independent of gravity appears between the apex and the base, and the gravity-independent distribution of time constants, either interlobular or intralobular, would be a prime determinant of the frequency-dependent resistance.", "PMID": 541902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8851", "title": "Significance of skin pressure in body heat balance.", "content": "It has been demonstrated by Takagi and his colleagues that pressure on a specified area of the body surface causes depression of sweating in a certain body division and changes in the relative sweat rates between body divisions. Furthermore, skin pressure has been assumed to suppress  the central thermoregulatory activity, thus bringing about a rise or fall in body temperature in a hot or cool environment, respectively. We examined the effect of skin pressure applied to the bilateral subaxillary regions on body heat balance by means of continuous recordings of evaporative weight loss (total sweat rate), local sweat rates at various areas and rectal and skin temperatures and measurements of metabolic rate. Most experiments were carried out at a room temperature of 36 degrees C with 40% rh and a few were done at 27 degrees C in the absence of thermal sweating. Various strengths of pressure up to 5 kg/50 cm2 were employed. It  was observed that the total sweat rate was either unchanged, decreased or occasionally even increased. There  was an apparent tendency that the stronger the pressure was, the more depressed was the total sweating. A weaker pressure, on the other hand, often caused facilitation of total sweating. Changes in rectal and mean body temperatures and in metabolic rate were minimal in the majority of cases, and bore no relationship to the changes in the total sweat rate. These results offer no evidence that skin pressure of up to 5 kg/50 cm2 affects human central thermoregulatory activity but suggest that it may exert a sweat-inhibitory effect, primarily through the interaction of sudomotor impulses somewhere along the efferent pathways, possibly at the spinal segmental level.", "contents": "Significance of skin pressure in body heat balance. It has been demonstrated by Takagi and his colleagues that pressure on a specified area of the body surface causes depression of sweating in a certain body division and changes in the relative sweat rates between body divisions. Furthermore, skin pressure has been assumed to suppress  the central thermoregulatory activity, thus bringing about a rise or fall in body temperature in a hot or cool environment, respectively. We examined the effect of skin pressure applied to the bilateral subaxillary regions on body heat balance by means of continuous recordings of evaporative weight loss (total sweat rate), local sweat rates at various areas and rectal and skin temperatures and measurements of metabolic rate. Most experiments were carried out at a room temperature of 36 degrees C with 40% rh and a few were done at 27 degrees C in the absence of thermal sweating. Various strengths of pressure up to 5 kg/50 cm2 were employed. It  was observed that the total sweat rate was either unchanged, decreased or occasionally even increased. There  was an apparent tendency that the stronger the pressure was, the more depressed was the total sweating. A weaker pressure, on the other hand, often caused facilitation of total sweating. Changes in rectal and mean body temperatures and in metabolic rate were minimal in the majority of cases, and bore no relationship to the changes in the total sweat rate. These results offer no evidence that skin pressure of up to 5 kg/50 cm2 affects human central thermoregulatory activity but suggest that it may exert a sweat-inhibitory effect, primarily through the interaction of sudomotor impulses somewhere along the efferent pathways, possibly at the spinal segmental level.", "PMID": 541903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8852", "title": "High potassium-induced, calcium-dependent monoamine release from brain slices of the newborn rat.", "content": "To determine the functional significance of monoamines taken up into the newborn rat brain, a high K+-induced, Ca2+-dependent release of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) from brain slices of the newborn rat was investigated and compared with that of the adult animal. Depolarization by increasing the potassium concentration in the medium induced the release of L-[3H]NA,[3H]DA or [3H]5-HT from brain slices prelabelled with the radioactive monoamines in the 2-day- or 3-day-old rat as well as in the adult. The release of three [3H]amines was markedly inhibited by perfusing with Ca2+- free medium in the presence of EGTA (2.0 mM) at both newborn and adult stages, although the inhibitory potency of Ca2+- deficiency in the newborn preparation was lower than in the adult. The degree of the release against [3H]amines initially taken up in the newborn was of the same order of magnitude as those in the adult. It is suggested that NA, DA and 5-HT are stored in a functionally releasable pool of the nerve terminals of the central monoamine neurons in the rat and that these compounds act as neurotransmitters at birth and at the adult stage.", "contents": "High potassium-induced, calcium-dependent monoamine release from brain slices of the newborn rat. To determine the functional significance of monoamines taken up into the newborn rat brain, a high K+-induced, Ca2+-dependent release of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) from brain slices of the newborn rat was investigated and compared with that of the adult animal. Depolarization by increasing the potassium concentration in the medium induced the release of L-[3H]NA,[3H]DA or [3H]5-HT from brain slices prelabelled with the radioactive monoamines in the 2-day- or 3-day-old rat as well as in the adult. The release of three [3H]amines was markedly inhibited by perfusing with Ca2+- free medium in the presence of EGTA (2.0 mM) at both newborn and adult stages, although the inhibitory potency of Ca2+- deficiency in the newborn preparation was lower than in the adult. The degree of the release against [3H]amines initially taken up in the newborn was of the same order of magnitude as those in the adult. It is suggested that NA, DA and 5-HT are stored in a functionally releasable pool of the nerve terminals of the central monoamine neurons in the rat and that these compounds act as neurotransmitters at birth and at the adult stage.", "PMID": 541905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8853", "title": "Interaction between aspirin and prostaglandins in the isolated guinea-pig tracheal muscle.", "content": "The effects of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on the tonus of isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain were investigated and compared with those of histamine and acetylcholine. PGE2 reduced tonus in normal resting state, but elevated tracheal tonus reduced by aspirin. Such PGE2-induced contractions did not exceed the initial resting tonus, and the magnitude and duration of the contractions progressively diminished with increase of PGE2 concentrations. Aspirin produced neither relaxation nor contraction in the presence of a low dose of PGE2. Unlike PGE2, PGF2 alpha produced a dose-related contraction in the normal tracheal chain, and the contractile response to PGF2 alpha was markedly potentiated by aspirin. In the presence of PGF2 alpha, aspirin no longer produced tracheal relaxation but produced a dose-related contraction. The contractile effect of histamine but not of acetylcholine was also potentiated by aspirin, but there was a slight difference between PGF2 alpha and histamine in that the potentiation of action of PGF2 alpha by aspirin was more easily diminished by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 plays an important role in the maintenance of the resting tonus of the isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain, and in large doses it also acts as a tracheal relaxant and attenuates the tracheal responses to PGF2 alpha and histamine.", "contents": "Interaction between aspirin and prostaglandins in the isolated guinea-pig tracheal muscle. The effects of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on the tonus of isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain were investigated and compared with those of histamine and acetylcholine. PGE2 reduced tonus in normal resting state, but elevated tracheal tonus reduced by aspirin. Such PGE2-induced contractions did not exceed the initial resting tonus, and the magnitude and duration of the contractions progressively diminished with increase of PGE2 concentrations. Aspirin produced neither relaxation nor contraction in the presence of a low dose of PGE2. Unlike PGE2, PGF2 alpha produced a dose-related contraction in the normal tracheal chain, and the contractile response to PGF2 alpha was markedly potentiated by aspirin. In the presence of PGF2 alpha, aspirin no longer produced tracheal relaxation but produced a dose-related contraction. The contractile effect of histamine but not of acetylcholine was also potentiated by aspirin, but there was a slight difference between PGF2 alpha and histamine in that the potentiation of action of PGF2 alpha by aspirin was more easily diminished by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 plays an important role in the maintenance of the resting tonus of the isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain, and in large doses it also acts as a tracheal relaxant and attenuates the tracheal responses to PGF2 alpha and histamine.", "PMID": 541906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8854", "title": "[The importance of the plasmatic blood clotting system in the early stages of arterial thrombogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Apart from today's concept of arterial thrombogenesis, a mechanism of the early events in arterial thrombus formation is proposed, which also includes recent insight into the nature of the blood vessel wall and its interaction with the plasmatic blood clotting system. Observations have accumulated indicating that at the site of lesions of the interior vessel lining thromboplastic activity does appear to induce local thrombin formation. Under conditions of high arterial blood flow thrombin interacts with platelets culminating in the formation of a white thrombus. Based on these considerations, which in part may still be speculative, the possibility may evolve to develop a new highly specific prophylaxis and therapy of arterial thrombosis.", "contents": "[The importance of the plasmatic blood clotting system in the early stages of arterial thrombogenesis (author's transl)]. Apart from today's concept of arterial thrombogenesis, a mechanism of the early events in arterial thrombus formation is proposed, which also includes recent insight into the nature of the blood vessel wall and its interaction with the plasmatic blood clotting system. Observations have accumulated indicating that at the site of lesions of the interior vessel lining thromboplastic activity does appear to induce local thrombin formation. Under conditions of high arterial blood flow thrombin interacts with platelets culminating in the formation of a white thrombus. Based on these considerations, which in part may still be speculative, the possibility may evolve to develop a new highly specific prophylaxis and therapy of arterial thrombosis.", "PMID": 541980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8855", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and persistent virus infection? Discussion of immunohistological findings on two cases (author's trsnsl)].", "content": "The presence of rubella virus antigen was demonstrated by means of immunohistological methods in two cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. One patient had elevated serum anti rubella titer and myocarditis. These findings support the idea that angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy develops as a combined effect of persistent virus infection and partial immune deficiency.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and persistent virus infection? Discussion of immunohistological findings on two cases (author's trsnsl)]. The presence of rubella virus antigen was demonstrated by means of immunohistological methods in two cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. One patient had elevated serum anti rubella titer and myocarditis. These findings support the idea that angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy develops as a combined effect of persistent virus infection and partial immune deficiency.", "PMID": 541981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8856", "title": "[On circadian variations of the placebo effect on the pain threshold of healthy teeth: Contribution to a physiology of placebo effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Placebo doses can influence the pain threshold of healthy teeth according to the label. Systematic longitudinal researches over the day with measuring the utilization time of cold stimulus on healthy front teeth demonstrate that the placebo effect is subject to significant circadian variations. During daytime a pseudo-analgesic causes a stronger and steeper onset of increase of the tooth pain threshold than during the night, when the pain threshold is influenced only minimal or even inverse. The placebo effect can come up to 40% of the pain threshold increase caused by a usual analgesic; this portion, however, is as well subject to high circadian variations. The extent of the placebo effect corresponds to the order of magnitude of the spontaneous circadian variations of pain threshold and correlates positively to it. These correlations are considered as indicating that those vegetative mechanisms causing the circadian variations of the pain threshold are equally involved in affecting the placebo actions.", "contents": "[On circadian variations of the placebo effect on the pain threshold of healthy teeth: Contribution to a physiology of placebo effects (author's transl)]. Placebo doses can influence the pain threshold of healthy teeth according to the label. Systematic longitudinal researches over the day with measuring the utilization time of cold stimulus on healthy front teeth demonstrate that the placebo effect is subject to significant circadian variations. During daytime a pseudo-analgesic causes a stronger and steeper onset of increase of the tooth pain threshold than during the night, when the pain threshold is influenced only minimal or even inverse. The placebo effect can come up to 40% of the pain threshold increase caused by a usual analgesic; this portion, however, is as well subject to high circadian variations. The extent of the placebo effect corresponds to the order of magnitude of the spontaneous circadian variations of pain threshold and correlates positively to it. These correlations are considered as indicating that those vegetative mechanisms causing the circadian variations of the pain threshold are equally involved in affecting the placebo actions.", "PMID": 541982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8857", "title": "Hemoperfusion in chronic schizophrenics: a critical report.", "content": "Ten chronic schizophrenic patients were treated with hemoperfusion on a weekly or twice weekly basis for 6 to 10 weeks. Two of the patients improved markedly, while the condition of three of them deteriorated. These findings indicate that this method might not be of general usefulness in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion in chronic schizophrenics: a critical report. Ten chronic schizophrenic patients were treated with hemoperfusion on a weekly or twice weekly basis for 6 to 10 weeks. Two of the patients improved markedly, while the condition of three of them deteriorated. These findings indicate that this method might not be of general usefulness in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 541983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8858", "title": "Hallucinogenic plant use and related indigenous belief systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon.", "content": "This review article focuses on the on-going use of plant hallucinogens, especially various Banisteriopsis species, among contemporary aboriginal populations of Ecuador. It surveys the evidence of prehistoric ayahuasca use by interpretations of Ecuadorian archaeological remains, and surveys in detail the use and belief systems connected to major plant hallucinogenic use among the Jibaro Indians and other tribal groups. A secondary theme includes coastal and Inter-Adnean aboriginal drug use. The article stresses the interrelatedness of aboriginal belief systems, folk medicine and world view linked to plant hallucinogenic ingestion.", "contents": "Hallucinogenic plant use and related indigenous belief systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This review article focuses on the on-going use of plant hallucinogens, especially various Banisteriopsis species, among contemporary aboriginal populations of Ecuador. It surveys the evidence of prehistoric ayahuasca use by interpretations of Ecuadorian archaeological remains, and surveys in detail the use and belief systems connected to major plant hallucinogenic use among the Jibaro Indians and other tribal groups. A secondary theme includes coastal and Inter-Adnean aboriginal drug use. The article stresses the interrelatedness of aboriginal belief systems, folk medicine and world view linked to plant hallucinogenic ingestion.", "PMID": 542010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8859", "title": "Coca pests and pesticides.", "content": "The major pests of coca are listed and discussed along with methods used to control them in the past and present. Results of analyses for pesticide residues in samples of commercial Peruvian coca leaves are presented. Levels of pesticides found in these samples are too low to be considered a medical risk to coca chewers.", "contents": "Coca pests and pesticides. The major pests of coca are listed and discussed along with methods used to control them in the past and present. Results of analyses for pesticide residues in samples of commercial Peruvian coca leaves are presented. Levels of pesticides found in these samples are too low to be considered a medical risk to coca chewers.", "PMID": 542014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8860", "title": "Evidence of an ethnomedical form of aversion therapy on the United States-Mexico border.", "content": "Ethnographic data are presented on the use of a seed, haba de San Ignacio (Hura polyandra L. and Hura crepitans L.) to promote an aversion to the consumption of alcohol by problem drinkers in Mexican American and Mexican national populations on the United States-Mexico border.", "contents": "Evidence of an ethnomedical form of aversion therapy on the United States-Mexico border. Ethnographic data are presented on the use of a seed, haba de San Ignacio (Hura polyandra L. and Hura crepitans L.) to promote an aversion to the consumption of alcohol by problem drinkers in Mexican American and Mexican national populations on the United States-Mexico border.", "PMID": 542015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8861", "title": "Anatomical study of the pulmonary lymphatics.", "content": "As the result of anatomical as well as histological investigations on the lymphatics of the human lung, the authors have arrived at the following conclusions: 1. According to the distribution and the direction of lymph flow, pulmonary lymphatics are classified into two systems and four groups. 2. The lymphatics cannot be found in the interalveolar septum. 3. The extravascular fluid pathway system plays an important role for cleaning particles in the most peripheral part of the respiratory tract where no lymphatics are found. 4. Efferent lymph flow reaches the venous angles via two routes on both sides respectively.", "contents": "Anatomical study of the pulmonary lymphatics. As the result of anatomical as well as histological investigations on the lymphatics of the human lung, the authors have arrived at the following conclusions: 1. According to the distribution and the direction of lymph flow, pulmonary lymphatics are classified into two systems and four groups. 2. The lymphatics cannot be found in the interalveolar septum. 3. The extravascular fluid pathway system plays an important role for cleaning particles in the most peripheral part of the respiratory tract where no lymphatics are found. 4. Efferent lymph flow reaches the venous angles via two routes on both sides respectively.", "PMID": 542016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8862", "title": "The flow and composition of pulmonary and systemic lymph in dogs with edema.", "content": "In animals with edema, pulmonary and systemic lymphatics may function to remove accumulated extravascular fluid in addition to responding to events as they occur in the exchanging vessels. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the flow rate and composition of thoracic duct and right duct lymph in anesthetized dogs made edematous by rapid fluid infusion. During a fluid challenge equivalent to 30% of body weight, thoracic and right duct lymph flow rates increased 30- and 60-fold, respectively. After the infusion, lymph flow rates rapidly decreased even though the dogs were edematous. During the postinfusion period, the decrease in right duct lymph flow rate was directly related to a decrease in estimated net pulmonary fluid filtration pressure. We conclude that lymph flow rate and composition reflect events occurring in the microvasculature whether or not edema is present.", "contents": "The flow and composition of pulmonary and systemic lymph in dogs with edema. In animals with edema, pulmonary and systemic lymphatics may function to remove accumulated extravascular fluid in addition to responding to events as they occur in the exchanging vessels. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the flow rate and composition of thoracic duct and right duct lymph in anesthetized dogs made edematous by rapid fluid infusion. During a fluid challenge equivalent to 30% of body weight, thoracic and right duct lymph flow rates increased 30- and 60-fold, respectively. After the infusion, lymph flow rates rapidly decreased even though the dogs were edematous. During the postinfusion period, the decrease in right duct lymph flow rate was directly related to a decrease in estimated net pulmonary fluid filtration pressure. We conclude that lymph flow rate and composition reflect events occurring in the microvasculature whether or not edema is present.", "PMID": 542017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8863", "title": "Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: increased microvascular permeability to protein in unanesthetized lambs.", "content": "To study transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to protein in the lung during prolonged hyperoxia, we measured lung lymph flow, protein transport, and simultaneous pulmonary vascular pressures of six lambs breathing 100 percent O2 for five days. Lymph flow doubled, protein flow increased by 131 percent, and radioactive tracer studies demonstrated a clearcut increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability to protein after five days of continuous O2 breathing.", "contents": "Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: increased microvascular permeability to protein in unanesthetized lambs. To study transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to protein in the lung during prolonged hyperoxia, we measured lung lymph flow, protein transport, and simultaneous pulmonary vascular pressures of six lambs breathing 100 percent O2 for five days. Lymph flow doubled, protein flow increased by 131 percent, and radioactive tracer studies demonstrated a clearcut increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability to protein after five days of continuous O2 breathing.", "PMID": 542018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8864", "title": "Distribution of interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient in canine lung.", "content": "Utilizing a modification of the isogravimetric methodology, we have estimated the perivascular interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient in the canine lung. These values averaged 1.8 g/cm H2O and 34 (g/h)/cm H2O, respectively, per 100 g lung wet weight. By studying lungs at both low and high states of inflation (where the alveolar septae are collapsed) we were also able to determine the spatial distribution of both the interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient. We estimate that of the above total interstitial compliance a maximum of 55% is around alveolar septal vessels, 20% around extra-alveolar arteries and 25% around extra-alveolar veins. Of the above total filtration coefficient, 50% represents filtration from alveolar septal vessels, 23% from extra-alveolar arteries, and 27% from extra-alveolar veins. Our results imply that there are finite interstitial compliances communicating with all permeable vessels. Significant pressures can be built up in these spaces, thereby acutely limiting the further formation of interstitial edema.", "contents": "Distribution of interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient in canine lung. Utilizing a modification of the isogravimetric methodology, we have estimated the perivascular interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient in the canine lung. These values averaged 1.8 g/cm H2O and 34 (g/h)/cm H2O, respectively, per 100 g lung wet weight. By studying lungs at both low and high states of inflation (where the alveolar septae are collapsed) we were also able to determine the spatial distribution of both the interstitial compliance and filtration coefficient. We estimate that of the above total interstitial compliance a maximum of 55% is around alveolar septal vessels, 20% around extra-alveolar arteries and 25% around extra-alveolar veins. Of the above total filtration coefficient, 50% represents filtration from alveolar septal vessels, 23% from extra-alveolar arteries, and 27% from extra-alveolar veins. Our results imply that there are finite interstitial compliances communicating with all permeable vessels. Significant pressures can be built up in these spaces, thereby acutely limiting the further formation of interstitial edema.", "PMID": 542019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8865", "title": "Pulmonary transvascular fluid dynamics in sheep during hemorrhage.", "content": "The effects of hemorrhage on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung transvascular fluid dynamics were studied in sheep. We found that 2 hr of hemorrhage caused a fall in lung lymph flow (p less than 0.05) and no significant change in lymph protein concentration. The fall in lymph flow was not due to decreased vascular surface area since the regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion was not altered during hemorrhage; however, the decrease in lymph flow was associated with decrease (p less than 0.05) in the calculated pulmonary microvascular pressure. The extravascular lung water lung content per g bloodless dry lung was increased (p less than 0.05) in the hemorrhaged sheep from the control values. Pulmonary edema was not due to increased lung vascular endothelial permeability since the net transvascular protein flux was not increased. The finding that pulmonary edema occurred despite the consistent decreases in lymph flow suggests that edema may be due to hemorrhage-induced lymphatic \"failure\" or that edema fluid is sequestered in spaces (e.g., endothelial cells) where if cannot be drained by the lymphatics.", "contents": "Pulmonary transvascular fluid dynamics in sheep during hemorrhage. The effects of hemorrhage on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung transvascular fluid dynamics were studied in sheep. We found that 2 hr of hemorrhage caused a fall in lung lymph flow (p less than 0.05) and no significant change in lymph protein concentration. The fall in lymph flow was not due to decreased vascular surface area since the regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion was not altered during hemorrhage; however, the decrease in lymph flow was associated with decrease (p less than 0.05) in the calculated pulmonary microvascular pressure. The extravascular lung water lung content per g bloodless dry lung was increased (p less than 0.05) in the hemorrhaged sheep from the control values. Pulmonary edema was not due to increased lung vascular endothelial permeability since the net transvascular protein flux was not increased. The finding that pulmonary edema occurred despite the consistent decreases in lymph flow suggests that edema may be due to hemorrhage-induced lymphatic \"failure\" or that edema fluid is sequestered in spaces (e.g., endothelial cells) where if cannot be drained by the lymphatics.", "PMID": 542020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8866", "title": "Lactic dehydrogenase activity in lung lymph during hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation and recovery.", "content": "Lactic dehydrogenase activity was determined in lung lymph before, during and after hemorrhagic shock to determine if this insult produced pulmonary cellular damage. Lung lymph flow and lymph protein content, reliable indices of fluids filtration rate and microvascular protein permeability were also monitored. The experiment was performed in unanesthetized sheep with a chronic lung lymph fistula. Lymph flow, lymph LDH and protein content did not change during the period of shock. Lymph flow increased significantly during resuscitation but lymph LDH and protein content decreased in relation to plasma values indicating the sieving effect of the microvascular membrane for protein to be intact. The increased flow was most likely caused by an increase in microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Plasma LDH was significantly increased during the 72 hour recovery period with lymph flow, lymph protein and lymph LDH being normal. We therefore found that hemorrhagic shock produced a systemic cellular injury reflected in an increased plasma LDH activity. No pulmonary cellular damage was noted.", "contents": "Lactic dehydrogenase activity in lung lymph during hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation and recovery. Lactic dehydrogenase activity was determined in lung lymph before, during and after hemorrhagic shock to determine if this insult produced pulmonary cellular damage. Lung lymph flow and lymph protein content, reliable indices of fluids filtration rate and microvascular protein permeability were also monitored. The experiment was performed in unanesthetized sheep with a chronic lung lymph fistula. Lymph flow, lymph LDH and protein content did not change during the period of shock. Lymph flow increased significantly during resuscitation but lymph LDH and protein content decreased in relation to plasma values indicating the sieving effect of the microvascular membrane for protein to be intact. The increased flow was most likely caused by an increase in microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Plasma LDH was significantly increased during the 72 hour recovery period with lymph flow, lymph protein and lymph LDH being normal. We therefore found that hemorrhagic shock produced a systemic cellular injury reflected in an increased plasma LDH activity. No pulmonary cellular damage was noted.", "PMID": 542021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8867", "title": "Morphological and physiological study of the effect of histamine on the isolated perfused rabbit lung.", "content": "Histamine causes interstitial pulmonary edema, but whether this is the result of an increased permeability of the pulmonary circulation or only of the bronchial circulation remains to be determined. In order to selectively study the effect of histamine on the pulmonary circulation, we used an isolated perfused rabbit lung preparation because in this species, the bronchial circulation is poorly developed. Edema formation was assessed by continuously monitoring the weight of the lung perfused at constant pressure. These studies were supplemented by electron microscopic observations using hemoglobin as an ultrastructural tracer for microvascular permeability. We found that histamine (8.0 microgram base/100 ml of perfusate) did not cause lung weight to increase. Ultrastructural studies showed that histamine, at this dosage, did not cause a greater leakage of hemoglobin that occurred in the control lungs. Thus, we have concluded that histamine does not increase the permeability of the pulmonary microcirculation in the isolated perfused rabbit lung.", "contents": "Morphological and physiological study of the effect of histamine on the isolated perfused rabbit lung. Histamine causes interstitial pulmonary edema, but whether this is the result of an increased permeability of the pulmonary circulation or only of the bronchial circulation remains to be determined. In order to selectively study the effect of histamine on the pulmonary circulation, we used an isolated perfused rabbit lung preparation because in this species, the bronchial circulation is poorly developed. Edema formation was assessed by continuously monitoring the weight of the lung perfused at constant pressure. These studies were supplemented by electron microscopic observations using hemoglobin as an ultrastructural tracer for microvascular permeability. We found that histamine (8.0 microgram base/100 ml of perfusate) did not cause lung weight to increase. Ultrastructural studies showed that histamine, at this dosage, did not cause a greater leakage of hemoglobin that occurred in the control lungs. Thus, we have concluded that histamine does not increase the permeability of the pulmonary microcirculation in the isolated perfused rabbit lung.", "PMID": 542022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8868", "title": "Vertical gradient in regional vascular resistance and pre to post capillary resistance ratios in the dog lung.", "content": "The ratios of pre-capillary (Ra) and post-capillary (Rv) resistances to total vascular resistance (RT) were measured at different vertical distances in the lungs of supine dogs. Capillary pressures were estimated as the algebraic sum of the alveolar absorption pressure for Tyrode's solution and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Segmental resistance fractions (Ra/RT, Rv/RT) were calculated using the pressure drops between arterial, capillary, and venous pressures at each vertical distance within the lung. In a second group of animals, total vascular resistance was calculated at each lung level using regional blood flow as measured by radiolabelled microspheres and the corresponding regional vascular pressures. The total vascular resistance was lowest in Zone III portions of the lung, but Ra/RT and Rv/RT were constant throughout this zone (n = 22) averaging .63 +/- .02 (SEM) and .37 +/- .02 (SEM, respectively, resulting in Ra/Rv of 1.70). Total vascular resistance increased markedly in Zone II portions of the lung, but the relative contribution of Ra/RT decreased from .62 +/- .07 (SEM) to .45 +/- .05 (SEM). Thus Ra/Rv decreased from 1.70 to .82 in Zone II. The absolute values of pre- and post-capillary resistances were lowest in Zone III but post-capillary resistance increased to a greater degree than pre-capillary resistance up Zone II.", "contents": "Vertical gradient in regional vascular resistance and pre to post capillary resistance ratios in the dog lung. The ratios of pre-capillary (Ra) and post-capillary (Rv) resistances to total vascular resistance (RT) were measured at different vertical distances in the lungs of supine dogs. Capillary pressures were estimated as the algebraic sum of the alveolar absorption pressure for Tyrode's solution and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Segmental resistance fractions (Ra/RT, Rv/RT) were calculated using the pressure drops between arterial, capillary, and venous pressures at each vertical distance within the lung. In a second group of animals, total vascular resistance was calculated at each lung level using regional blood flow as measured by radiolabelled microspheres and the corresponding regional vascular pressures. The total vascular resistance was lowest in Zone III portions of the lung, but Ra/RT and Rv/RT were constant throughout this zone (n = 22) averaging .63 +/- .02 (SEM) and .37 +/- .02 (SEM, respectively, resulting in Ra/Rv of 1.70). Total vascular resistance increased markedly in Zone II portions of the lung, but the relative contribution of Ra/RT decreased from .62 +/- .07 (SEM) to .45 +/- .05 (SEM). Thus Ra/Rv decreased from 1.70 to .82 in Zone II. The absolute values of pre- and post-capillary resistances were lowest in Zone III but post-capillary resistance increased to a greater degree than pre-capillary resistance up Zone II.", "PMID": 542023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8869", "title": "On the existence of stretchable pores in the exchange vessels of the isolated rabbit lung preparation.", "content": "In the present work our aim has been to seek evidence for or against the existence of stretchable pores in the exchange vessels of the lungs. In isolated rabbit lungs ventilated by positive pressure and perfused with homologous blood we performed repeated tests with fluid filtration from the exchange vessels. In these tests the outflow pressure was elevated to specific values for periods of 6 min. The rate of weight gain of the preparation during the last 2 min of each test period was taken as the rate of fluid filtration from the exchange vessels. We found a linear relationship between rate of filtration and outflow pressure in the range from 5 to 20 mm Hg. This indicates that the hydraulic conductivity of the exchange vessels did not change with outflow pressure and thus that no pore stretching occurred within this pressure range. An abrupt increase in filtration rate took place when the outflow pressure was set at 25 or 30 mm Hg. The hydraulic conductivity of the exchange vessels was therefore probably increased at these high pressures. Since in 3 lungs this increase in filtration rate was fully reversible we suggest that a stretching of pores in the exchange vessels of the lungs contributed to the increase in hydraulic conductivity. This stretching of pores occurred only when vascular pressures were at or above the upper level of the physiological pressure range for the lungs.", "contents": "On the existence of stretchable pores in the exchange vessels of the isolated rabbit lung preparation. In the present work our aim has been to seek evidence for or against the existence of stretchable pores in the exchange vessels of the lungs. In isolated rabbit lungs ventilated by positive pressure and perfused with homologous blood we performed repeated tests with fluid filtration from the exchange vessels. In these tests the outflow pressure was elevated to specific values for periods of 6 min. The rate of weight gain of the preparation during the last 2 min of each test period was taken as the rate of fluid filtration from the exchange vessels. We found a linear relationship between rate of filtration and outflow pressure in the range from 5 to 20 mm Hg. This indicates that the hydraulic conductivity of the exchange vessels did not change with outflow pressure and thus that no pore stretching occurred within this pressure range. An abrupt increase in filtration rate took place when the outflow pressure was set at 25 or 30 mm Hg. The hydraulic conductivity of the exchange vessels was therefore probably increased at these high pressures. Since in 3 lungs this increase in filtration rate was fully reversible we suggest that a stretching of pores in the exchange vessels of the lungs contributed to the increase in hydraulic conductivity. This stretching of pores occurred only when vascular pressures were at or above the upper level of the physiological pressure range for the lungs.", "PMID": 542024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8870", "title": "Fibrinogen clearance from the pulmonary interstitium.", "content": "Previous experiments demonstrated that 125I-human fibrinogen (125-RIF) instilled into the distal airway of the right lower lobe in intact dogs passed through the microairway into the interstitium. This report analyzed the subsequent interstitial clearance of this fibrinogen by analyzing plasma and lymph samples for 125I activity. This activity was separated into clottable, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble and soluble components. Clottable and TCA-insoluble 125-RIF in the same ratio appeared in lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RD) and thoracic duct (TD). From standard mixing equations we calculate that 1.4 times as much lymph from the right lower lobe flows into the TD as into the RD. With one exception, clottable 125-RIF appeared in plasma only in the absence of an RD; this suggested the presence of accessory lymphatico-venous communications rather than back flux of 125-RIF at the capillary wall. By injecting 131I-human fibrinogen intravenously, we observed a small reduction in clottability (maximum of 10%) in lymph both from the RD and TD. Equilibration in RD lymph was only 1/5 as fast as albumin, and from the measured equilibration rate constant, and the assumption that interstitial fibrinogen clearance is entirely convective, we estimate that the pulmonary interstitial distribution volume for fibrinogen is 70% that for albumin. Non dialyzable 125-RIF products generated in the distal airway adhered to intracapillary, circulating erythrocytes. These products retained fibrinogen antigenicity, and appeared to be further degraded in the vascular compartment.", "contents": "Fibrinogen clearance from the pulmonary interstitium. Previous experiments demonstrated that 125I-human fibrinogen (125-RIF) instilled into the distal airway of the right lower lobe in intact dogs passed through the microairway into the interstitium. This report analyzed the subsequent interstitial clearance of this fibrinogen by analyzing plasma and lymph samples for 125I activity. This activity was separated into clottable, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble and soluble components. Clottable and TCA-insoluble 125-RIF in the same ratio appeared in lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RD) and thoracic duct (TD). From standard mixing equations we calculate that 1.4 times as much lymph from the right lower lobe flows into the TD as into the RD. With one exception, clottable 125-RIF appeared in plasma only in the absence of an RD; this suggested the presence of accessory lymphatico-venous communications rather than back flux of 125-RIF at the capillary wall. By injecting 131I-human fibrinogen intravenously, we observed a small reduction in clottability (maximum of 10%) in lymph both from the RD and TD. Equilibration in RD lymph was only 1/5 as fast as albumin, and from the measured equilibration rate constant, and the assumption that interstitial fibrinogen clearance is entirely convective, we estimate that the pulmonary interstitial distribution volume for fibrinogen is 70% that for albumin. Non dialyzable 125-RIF products generated in the distal airway adhered to intracapillary, circulating erythrocytes. These products retained fibrinogen antigenicity, and appeared to be further degraded in the vascular compartment.", "PMID": 542025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8871", "title": "Equilibration of intravascular albumin with lung lymph in unanesthetized sheep.", "content": "In 16 unanesthetized sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas we measured pulmonary vascular pressures, lymph flow, lymph and plasma total protein and albumin concentration. We determined the rate of equilibration of radioiodinated albumin between plasma and lung interstitial fluid (lung lymph) in three steady-state conditions; baseline (n = 14), increased pulmonary microvascular pressure (n = 9) and increased microvascular permeability (n = 4). The tracer protein equilibration proceeded according to single compartment wash-in kinetics in all experiments. Lung lymph flow averaged 5.3 +/- 2.8 (S.D.)ml/h under baseline conditions, 16.1 +/- 10.6 ml/h during increased pressure and 37.3 +/- 29.4 ml/h during increased permeability. The half time of equilibration averaged 2.9 +/- 1.0 h, 2.2 +/- 1.0 h and 0.7 +/- 0.2 h, respectively. Lung interstitial fluid equilibrates with plasma proteins more rapidly than most other organs. The marked difference between increased permeability and the other conditions demonstrates the sensitivity of this method. No evidence was obtained that any tracer protein entered lung lymph within the caudal mediastinal lymph node.", "contents": "Equilibration of intravascular albumin with lung lymph in unanesthetized sheep. In 16 unanesthetized sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas we measured pulmonary vascular pressures, lymph flow, lymph and plasma total protein and albumin concentration. We determined the rate of equilibration of radioiodinated albumin between plasma and lung interstitial fluid (lung lymph) in three steady-state conditions; baseline (n = 14), increased pulmonary microvascular pressure (n = 9) and increased microvascular permeability (n = 4). The tracer protein equilibration proceeded according to single compartment wash-in kinetics in all experiments. Lung lymph flow averaged 5.3 +/- 2.8 (S.D.)ml/h under baseline conditions, 16.1 +/- 10.6 ml/h during increased pressure and 37.3 +/- 29.4 ml/h during increased permeability. The half time of equilibration averaged 2.9 +/- 1.0 h, 2.2 +/- 1.0 h and 0.7 +/- 0.2 h, respectively. Lung interstitial fluid equilibrates with plasma proteins more rapidly than most other organs. The marked difference between increased permeability and the other conditions demonstrates the sensitivity of this method. No evidence was obtained that any tracer protein entered lung lymph within the caudal mediastinal lymph node.", "PMID": 542026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8872", "title": "Errors in a computerized medical records system (CLINICS).", "content": "The accuracy of computer-held medical information can be of critical importance in patient care, therefore it is important not only to know the error rate in the stored data but also to know the effectiveness of error checking and correction programs. This paper reports on the errors which were detected by checking the consistency between stored data and incoming data (context checks), in Southampton University Primary Medical Care computer system (CLINICS). The majority of detected errors were traced either to the registration of new patients or to the doctors failing to pay adequate attention to detail in their record keeping (or to their legibility). 7% of incoming data had errors detected by the context checking program and subsequently corrected; we calculate that the stored data contains less than 1% in error.", "contents": "Errors in a computerized medical records system (CLINICS). The accuracy of computer-held medical information can be of critical importance in patient care, therefore it is important not only to know the error rate in the stored data but also to know the effectiveness of error checking and correction programs. This paper reports on the errors which were detected by checking the consistency between stored data and incoming data (context checks), in Southampton University Primary Medical Care computer system (CLINICS). The majority of detected errors were traced either to the registration of new patients or to the doctors failing to pay adequate attention to detail in their record keeping (or to their legibility). 7% of incoming data had errors detected by the context checking program and subsequently corrected; we calculate that the stored data contains less than 1% in error.", "PMID": 542042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8873", "title": "A computer-aided interactive procedure to improve nurse-training programmes.", "content": "Nurses represent the largest single resource in terms of numbers of staff employed as well as the revenue cost within the National Health Service. As trainee nurses constitute about 30% of the nursing staff and in some cases provide more than 60% of the bedside care, the effective design of nurse training programmes must receive considerable analytic attention. A computer-aided interactive procedure is described which enables senior nursing administrators to evaluate and improve, from service point of view, a given nurse training programme.", "contents": "A computer-aided interactive procedure to improve nurse-training programmes. Nurses represent the largest single resource in terms of numbers of staff employed as well as the revenue cost within the National Health Service. As trainee nurses constitute about 30% of the nursing staff and in some cases provide more than 60% of the bedside care, the effective design of nurse training programmes must receive considerable analytic attention. A computer-aided interactive procedure is described which enables senior nursing administrators to evaluate and improve, from service point of view, a given nurse training programme.", "PMID": 542043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8874", "title": "The problems of transferring software: a medical case history.", "content": "This paper discusses the problems which arose in the transfer of a Pathology Laboratory data-base system from a CTL Mod 1 computer to a Ferranti Argus 700E computer. Both systems were programmed in CORAL-66. Definition of the analytical tests, the wards and clinics and G.P.'s addresses serviced by the laboratory proved to be a much larger task than had been anticipated. The mirroring of the comparative facilities of the two hardware systems is also described.", "contents": "The problems of transferring software: a medical case history. This paper discusses the problems which arose in the transfer of a Pathology Laboratory data-base system from a CTL Mod 1 computer to a Ferranti Argus 700E computer. Both systems were programmed in CORAL-66. Definition of the analytical tests, the wards and clinics and G.P.'s addresses serviced by the laboratory proved to be a much larger task than had been anticipated. The mirroring of the comparative facilities of the two hardware systems is also described.", "PMID": 542044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8875", "title": "Medical audit and reliability control of cranial computer tomography.", "content": "A long-term documentation is presented which serves different quality-control mechanisms in computer tomography (CT) reporting. Developed by co-operation between different departments of the Hannover Medical School it has been based on 1000 CT reports and the experiences gained from them. The modular straightforward design makes the system applicable for routine documentation as well as for scientific investigations. It allows easy statistical analysis of the data gathered and can be used as a differentiated master file for special investigations, for example pattern-recognition procedures on the original data matrices. With regard to medical audit it allows the patients who really need it, access to the limited CT capacity.", "contents": "Medical audit and reliability control of cranial computer tomography. A long-term documentation is presented which serves different quality-control mechanisms in computer tomography (CT) reporting. Developed by co-operation between different departments of the Hannover Medical School it has been based on 1000 CT reports and the experiences gained from them. The modular straightforward design makes the system applicable for routine documentation as well as for scientific investigations. It allows easy statistical analysis of the data gathered and can be used as a differentiated master file for special investigations, for example pattern-recognition procedures on the original data matrices. With regard to medical audit it allows the patients who really need it, access to the limited CT capacity.", "PMID": 542045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8876", "title": "MUMPS as an education tool.", "content": "The department of Medical Informatics at the Free University is, in addition to research, responsible for the education of medical students in medical-information processing. The Department has a PDP 11/70 running part-time under MUMPS-11 V4B, and since 1978 has had a PDP 11/60. A set of medical education programs has been developed consisting of: (a) A simple introduction to MUMPS. (b) A patient-census module. (c) A neonatal module. (d) A dental data-base. In this paper the educational programs are outlined and examples of their use are given.", "contents": "MUMPS as an education tool. The department of Medical Informatics at the Free University is, in addition to research, responsible for the education of medical students in medical-information processing. The Department has a PDP 11/70 running part-time under MUMPS-11 V4B, and since 1978 has had a PDP 11/60. A set of medical education programs has been developed consisting of: (a) A simple introduction to MUMPS. (b) A patient-census module. (c) A neonatal module. (d) A dental data-base. In this paper the educational programs are outlined and examples of their use are given.", "PMID": 542046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8877", "title": "Velocity-diameter relationships of the microcirculation.", "content": "An analytical expression for the relationship between velocity (and blood flow) and diameter for vessels in the microcirculatory range up to 900 mum diameter is presented. Both the arterial and venous systems are considered. The analytical expression for these relationships has been derived from computer analysis of data obtained from individual measurements reported in the literature. Computer analysis shows that blood velocity is a nearly linear function of diameter of blood vessels for the arteriolar tree. The relationship for blood flow as a function of diameter is Q = 108d3.101 for arteries, arterioles and capillaries in the diameter range 5 to 900 mum and for the venous system in the range 5 to 115 mum is Q = 334d2.388 where Q is in mum3 per second and d is in mum. Comparison of the results of this study for the arterial system to the Hagen-Poiseuille Law reveals close agreement, if correction is made for geometric factors of blood vessels and for the variation of viscosity with diameter for blood.", "contents": "Velocity-diameter relationships of the microcirculation. An analytical expression for the relationship between velocity (and blood flow) and diameter for vessels in the microcirculatory range up to 900 mum diameter is presented. Both the arterial and venous systems are considered. The analytical expression for these relationships has been derived from computer analysis of data obtained from individual measurements reported in the literature. Computer analysis shows that blood velocity is a nearly linear function of diameter of blood vessels for the arteriolar tree. The relationship for blood flow as a function of diameter is Q = 108d3.101 for arteries, arterioles and capillaries in the diameter range 5 to 900 mum and for the venous system in the range 5 to 115 mum is Q = 334d2.388 where Q is in mum3 per second and d is in mum. Comparison of the results of this study for the arterial system to the Hagen-Poiseuille Law reveals close agreement, if correction is made for geometric factors of blood vessels and for the variation of viscosity with diameter for blood.", "PMID": 542047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8878", "title": "[Disarticulation in the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the results with thirty patients, disarticulation in the knee is to be recommended as a very good amputation level. Two groups of patients seem to be especially suitable for this amputation level: patients with malignant bone tumors of the proximal tibia or fibula and patients with peripheral vascular diseases. Above all, the easy operational technique and the functionally valuable long thigh stump offer decisive advantages as compared with amputation of the thigh. Problems with prosthesis fitting were solved through modification of the socket shape as well as new developments in artificial knee joints.", "contents": "[Disarticulation in the knee joint (author's transl)]. Based on the results with thirty patients, disarticulation in the knee is to be recommended as a very good amputation level. Two groups of patients seem to be especially suitable for this amputation level: patients with malignant bone tumors of the proximal tibia or fibula and patients with peripheral vascular diseases. Above all, the easy operational technique and the functionally valuable long thigh stump offer decisive advantages as compared with amputation of the thigh. Problems with prosthesis fitting were solved through modification of the socket shape as well as new developments in artificial knee joints.", "PMID": 542058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8879", "title": "[Miniaturized methods to monitor intracranial pressure. Technical and clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis of numerous diseases of the central nervous system is essentially determined by the intracranial pressure (ICP) and its therapeutic influencing. Long-term monitoring of the ICP must therefore be the objective in neurological and neurosurgical patients at risk. For this purpose, miniaturized methods were tested and developed. To monitor the intracranial pressure in patients who were not operated on, a miniature pressure transducer the size of a match head was used which was directly implanted 'percutaneously' in the intensive care unit: After a stab wound had been made in the skin, a 5-mm burrhole is made; the specially constructed miniature coaxial burr which disengages as soon as it touches the dura automatically enables coplanar epidural implantation of the transducer by means of an adapter capsule. The skin is closed without tension. For monitoring the pressure after trepanation, a spiralled miniature pressure transducer is implanted. The equally flattened receiver with lateral membranes is placed intracranially as desired, e.g., epidurally or subdurally, durin the operation. The zero point can be checked from outside without danger of infection. After the end of the measurements the recorder is easily extracted. Up to the present time, the epidural pressure has been reliably monitored for several weeks by this method in 86 patients. Ten comparative measurements showed corresponding cerebrospinal fluid pressures to within a few mm Hg with very good reproduction of frequency and amplitude. Small zero drift and the external zero control give an accuracy of measurement +/- 5 mm Hg independently of the time of measurement. The measurement permits early recognition of progressive intracranial space-occupying lesions. In 14 patients (16%) a measured rise in intracranial pressure was an essential basis for indication for neurosurgical operations. In addition, the pressure measurement provides an objective assessment of the effect of measures to lower the ICP; progressive increases in intracranial pressure which cannot be influenced conservatively can be brought for surgical decompression in good time before the brain has been irreversibly damaged by pressure. In craniocerebral traumata, monitoring the intracranial pressure permits the differentiation of primary damage to the brain stem with uniform, normal intracranial pressure from secondary constrictions of the brain stem with considerable rise of intracranial pressure and disturbed autoregulation. Only in chronic subdural haematomata are considerable displacements of intracranial masses to be seen with only slightly increased ICP ( less than 30 mm Hg). Besides space-occupying lesions, the measurement of pressure also detects generalised epileptic attakcs due to a considerable rise in intracranial pressure caused by hyperemia. Also disorders of respiration are recognised by supervision of ICP. The procedures described seem suitable for routine monitoring of ICP in patients at risk, with little operative effort and minimum danger...", "contents": "[Miniaturized methods to monitor intracranial pressure. Technical and clinical results (author's transl)]. The prognosis of numerous diseases of the central nervous system is essentially determined by the intracranial pressure (ICP) and its therapeutic influencing. Long-term monitoring of the ICP must therefore be the objective in neurological and neurosurgical patients at risk. For this purpose, miniaturized methods were tested and developed. To monitor the intracranial pressure in patients who were not operated on, a miniature pressure transducer the size of a match head was used which was directly implanted 'percutaneously' in the intensive care unit: After a stab wound had been made in the skin, a 5-mm burrhole is made; the specially constructed miniature coaxial burr which disengages as soon as it touches the dura automatically enables coplanar epidural implantation of the transducer by means of an adapter capsule. The skin is closed without tension. For monitoring the pressure after trepanation, a spiralled miniature pressure transducer is implanted. The equally flattened receiver with lateral membranes is placed intracranially as desired, e.g., epidurally or subdurally, durin the operation. The zero point can be checked from outside without danger of infection. After the end of the measurements the recorder is easily extracted. Up to the present time, the epidural pressure has been reliably monitored for several weeks by this method in 86 patients. Ten comparative measurements showed corresponding cerebrospinal fluid pressures to within a few mm Hg with very good reproduction of frequency and amplitude. Small zero drift and the external zero control give an accuracy of measurement +/- 5 mm Hg independently of the time of measurement. The measurement permits early recognition of progressive intracranial space-occupying lesions. In 14 patients (16%) a measured rise in intracranial pressure was an essential basis for indication for neurosurgical operations. In addition, the pressure measurement provides an objective assessment of the effect of measures to lower the ICP; progressive increases in intracranial pressure which cannot be influenced conservatively can be brought for surgical decompression in good time before the brain has been irreversibly damaged by pressure. In craniocerebral traumata, monitoring the intracranial pressure permits the differentiation of primary damage to the brain stem with uniform, normal intracranial pressure from secondary constrictions of the brain stem with considerable rise of intracranial pressure and disturbed autoregulation. Only in chronic subdural haematomata are considerable displacements of intracranial masses to be seen with only slightly increased ICP ( less than 30 mm Hg). Besides space-occupying lesions, the measurement of pressure also detects generalised epileptic attakcs due to a considerable rise in intracranial pressure caused by hyperemia. Also disorders of respiration are recognised by supervision of ICP. The procedures described seem suitable for routine monitoring of ICP in patients at risk, with little operative effort and minimum danger...", "PMID": 542059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8880", "title": "[Primary carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1957--1977 193 patients were treated at the surgical clinic of the University of T\u00fcbingen for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Gall bladder carcinoma made up 139 cases; 54 were of bile duct carcinoma. The tumors were no longer operable in two-thirds of the patients with extrahepatic bile ducts cancer. The life expectancy rate of five years for patients with gall bladder carcinoma held for 7%. Up to now only one patient with a bile duct malignancy has survived longer than five years. In the last decade essentially no improvement of median life expectancy has occurred despite improved operating techniques. Due to uncharacteristic, misleading upper abdominal symptoms, patients who suffer gall bladder or bile duct cancer are unfortunately accurately diagnosed only after the carcinoma has overcome organ borders or is already metastatic. There is reasonable hope for improved early prognosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography) and computer-tomography. Because the possibility of a relationship between gall bladder stones and/or the chronic inflammation of gall bladder and bile ducts and the development of cancer is not out of the question, widespread prophylactic cholecystectomy and gall passage cleansing should be employed.", "contents": "[Primary carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts (author's transl)]. From 1957--1977 193 patients were treated at the surgical clinic of the University of T\u00fcbingen for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Gall bladder carcinoma made up 139 cases; 54 were of bile duct carcinoma. The tumors were no longer operable in two-thirds of the patients with extrahepatic bile ducts cancer. The life expectancy rate of five years for patients with gall bladder carcinoma held for 7%. Up to now only one patient with a bile duct malignancy has survived longer than five years. In the last decade essentially no improvement of median life expectancy has occurred despite improved operating techniques. Due to uncharacteristic, misleading upper abdominal symptoms, patients who suffer gall bladder or bile duct cancer are unfortunately accurately diagnosed only after the carcinoma has overcome organ borders or is already metastatic. There is reasonable hope for improved early prognosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography) and computer-tomography. Because the possibility of a relationship between gall bladder stones and/or the chronic inflammation of gall bladder and bile ducts and the development of cancer is not out of the question, widespread prophylactic cholecystectomy and gall passage cleansing should be employed.", "PMID": 542060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8881", "title": "[On diagnosis of heart contusion in blunt thoracic trauma. Investigation in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The reliability of CKMB for diagnosis of cardiac damage in cases of thoracic contusion is tested in dogs. Results show that increased level of CKMB identificates the risk group of heart contusioned patients early and clearly, so that an continuous supervision of these patients can be established.", "contents": "[On diagnosis of heart contusion in blunt thoracic trauma. Investigation in dogs (author's transl)]. The reliability of CKMB for diagnosis of cardiac damage in cases of thoracic contusion is tested in dogs. Results show that increased level of CKMB identificates the risk group of heart contusioned patients early and clearly, so that an continuous supervision of these patients can be established.", "PMID": 542061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8882", "title": "[Experimental and clinical employment of an endovenous-myocardiac screwing electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "A common postoperative complication following transvenous endocardial pacemaker implantation is the dislodgement and displacement of the electrode. Following trial of a new endovenous-myocardiac screwing electrode in dogs we have tried this electrode since December 1976 on 105 patients, of which 84 cases were implanted primarily and 21 secondarily. The average stimulation threshold was 0.7 V at a pulse width of 1 ms. 6 patients had complications. By making a judicious use of this electrode the rate of electrode dislodgement can be reduced appreciably.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical employment of an endovenous-myocardiac screwing electrode (author's transl)]. A common postoperative complication following transvenous endocardial pacemaker implantation is the dislodgement and displacement of the electrode. Following trial of a new endovenous-myocardiac screwing electrode in dogs we have tried this electrode since December 1976 on 105 patients, of which 84 cases were implanted primarily and 21 secondarily. The average stimulation threshold was 0.7 V at a pulse width of 1 ms. 6 patients had complications. By making a judicious use of this electrode the rate of electrode dislodgement can be reduced appreciably.", "PMID": 542062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8883", "title": "[Pathogen elimination after surgical interventions on common bile duct (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 130 bile samples from the choledochus, 64% were positive for bacteria. Different antibiotics were administered according to the susceptibility tests. Colony counts were monitored daily. Beta-lactam antibiotics lead to a more rapid pathogen clearance than the tetracyclines. Antibiotic therapy is discussed especially in older patients and in patients with recurrent interventions on common bile duct. Bile cultures were positive in most of these patients.", "contents": "[Pathogen elimination after surgical interventions on common bile duct (author's transl)]. Of 130 bile samples from the choledochus, 64% were positive for bacteria. Different antibiotics were administered according to the susceptibility tests. Colony counts were monitored daily. Beta-lactam antibiotics lead to a more rapid pathogen clearance than the tetracyclines. Antibiotic therapy is discussed especially in older patients and in patients with recurrent interventions on common bile duct. Bile cultures were positive in most of these patients.", "PMID": 542063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8884", "title": "[What position does primary scar carcinoma of the lung take in surgical treatment of lung cancer? (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 295 resected peripheral carcinomas of the lung were analysed by tumor staging and histology. 89 cases of scar cancer of the lung have been compared to 206 peripheral cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate was far less in the peripheral lung cancer group (24%). Best prognosis had patients with tumors without lymph node metastasis or adenocarcinoma in the scar (39--45%). These tumors tend to be slowly progressive and metastasize late. When early characteristic signs can be seen on x-ray examination, lung scars should be followed carefully.", "contents": "[What position does primary scar carcinoma of the lung take in surgical treatment of lung cancer? (author's transl)]. The results of surgical treatment of 295 resected peripheral carcinomas of the lung were analysed by tumor staging and histology. 89 cases of scar cancer of the lung have been compared to 206 peripheral cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate was far less in the peripheral lung cancer group (24%). Best prognosis had patients with tumors without lymph node metastasis or adenocarcinoma in the scar (39--45%). These tumors tend to be slowly progressive and metastasize late. When early characteristic signs can be seen on x-ray examination, lung scars should be followed carefully.", "PMID": 542064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8885", "title": "[Anatomical variations of frontal sinus duct system. results of radioresistometric examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of the authors x-ray examination of radioresistometry the multiple variations of sinus frontalis drainage ways are classified in accordance with the nomenclature of Prott. A simple connection between the frontal sinus and the nose has been found in only one third of cases, in all other cases the drainage ways are divided during the passage of the ethmoideal cell system.", "contents": "[Anatomical variations of frontal sinus duct system. results of radioresistometric examinations (author's transl)]. With the aid of the authors x-ray examination of radioresistometry the multiple variations of sinus frontalis drainage ways are classified in accordance with the nomenclature of Prott. A simple connection between the frontal sinus and the nose has been found in only one third of cases, in all other cases the drainage ways are divided during the passage of the ethmoideal cell system.", "PMID": 542066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8886", "title": "[The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland--a common problem of otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of the hypophyseal adenomas can be removed by extracranial operation techniques. The ENT specialist prepares the approach to the pituitary gland while the neurosurgeon will resect the adenoma after having given the indication for this procedure. In this paper special attention is called to one of the extracranial techniques i.e. the sublabial-transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy. It seems to be more advantageous than the other because the pituitary gland can be exactly removed oppositely. By that way the damage of the sinus, the carotid artery or the optic nerve can be avoided. The possibility of perforation of the nasal septum, deformation of the nose or atrophic rhinitis is of small importance especially if the otorhinologist will prepare the extracranial part of the operation. Moreover the neurosurgeon meets with a great and clear operation area because the anterior wall of the sella turcica can be resected extremely. Besides further advantages discussed in the paper the transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is rather simple, distinct and shortens the operation time.", "contents": "[The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland--a common problem of otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery (author's transl)]. Most of the hypophyseal adenomas can be removed by extracranial operation techniques. The ENT specialist prepares the approach to the pituitary gland while the neurosurgeon will resect the adenoma after having given the indication for this procedure. In this paper special attention is called to one of the extracranial techniques i.e. the sublabial-transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy. It seems to be more advantageous than the other because the pituitary gland can be exactly removed oppositely. By that way the damage of the sinus, the carotid artery or the optic nerve can be avoided. The possibility of perforation of the nasal septum, deformation of the nose or atrophic rhinitis is of small importance especially if the otorhinologist will prepare the extracranial part of the operation. Moreover the neurosurgeon meets with a great and clear operation area because the anterior wall of the sella turcica can be resected extremely. Besides further advantages discussed in the paper the transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is rather simple, distinct and shortens the operation time.", "PMID": 542067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8887", "title": "Phosphatase activity in susceptible and resistant cultivars of Brassica juncea inoculated with isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.", "content": "Inoculations with isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resulted in a significant increase in the acid phosphatase activity of susceptible and resistant cultivars of Brassica juncea, which appeared to be related to the disease reaction of different host-pathogen combinations. After an increase on the 6th day of inoculation there was usually a fall in activity on the 12th and 18th days. Resistant cultivars showed very poor activity in comparison to their susceptible counterparts.", "contents": "Phosphatase activity in susceptible and resistant cultivars of Brassica juncea inoculated with isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Inoculations with isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resulted in a significant increase in the acid phosphatase activity of susceptible and resistant cultivars of Brassica juncea, which appeared to be related to the disease reaction of different host-pathogen combinations. After an increase on the 6th day of inoculation there was usually a fall in activity on the 12th and 18th days. Resistant cultivars showed very poor activity in comparison to their susceptible counterparts.", "PMID": 542131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8888", "title": "Nutrition and growth of the moderately halophilic bacteria Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15.", "content": "Chemically defined media have been developed for the growth of two moderately halophilic bacteria, Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15. M. morrhuae K-17 grows well in a synthetic medium (SM-1) which contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 2 M NaCl, D-mannose, five vitamins and ten amino acids. The synthetic medium (SM-2) for M. luteus K-15 contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 1 M NaCl, D-fructose, nine vitamins and nine amino acids. Nutritional studies show that M. morrhuae K-17 can utilize a large number of organic compounds as carbon and energy source while the ability of M. luteus K-15 in utilizing the organic compounds is rather limited. The minimum salt requirement is 0.5 M NaCl for both strains when growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C. However, this requirement can be lowered to 0.2 M in M. luteus K-15 when grown at a lower temperature of 25 degrees C. It is concluded that the ability to grow in a wider range of salt concentrations in response to temperature is species specific in moderate halophiles. The salt range for growth to occur can be extended when cells of both strains are grown in complex medium which might provide the amino acids and growth factors that cannot be synthesized by these strains at high salt concentrations.", "contents": "Nutrition and growth of the moderately halophilic bacteria Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15. Chemically defined media have been developed for the growth of two moderately halophilic bacteria, Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15. M. morrhuae K-17 grows well in a synthetic medium (SM-1) which contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 2 M NaCl, D-mannose, five vitamins and ten amino acids. The synthetic medium (SM-2) for M. luteus K-15 contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 1 M NaCl, D-fructose, nine vitamins and nine amino acids. Nutritional studies show that M. morrhuae K-17 can utilize a large number of organic compounds as carbon and energy source while the ability of M. luteus K-15 in utilizing the organic compounds is rather limited. The minimum salt requirement is 0.5 M NaCl for both strains when growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C. However, this requirement can be lowered to 0.2 M in M. luteus K-15 when grown at a lower temperature of 25 degrees C. It is concluded that the ability to grow in a wider range of salt concentrations in response to temperature is species specific in moderate halophiles. The salt range for growth to occur can be extended when cells of both strains are grown in complex medium which might provide the amino acids and growth factors that cannot be synthesized by these strains at high salt concentrations.", "PMID": 542132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8889", "title": "Ultrastructure of the asexual apparatus in Mycotypha (Mucorales).", "content": "The development of the asexual apparatus of Mycotypha africana and Mycotypha poitrasii observed by means of scanning electron microscopy is reported. Using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, sporangiole structure is described. Sporangiospore structure is compared with that of other members of the Thamnidiaceae.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the asexual apparatus in Mycotypha (Mucorales). The development of the asexual apparatus of Mycotypha africana and Mycotypha poitrasii observed by means of scanning electron microscopy is reported. Using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, sporangiole structure is described. Sporangiospore structure is compared with that of other members of the Thamnidiaceae.", "PMID": 542133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8890", "title": "Influence of temperature on ionic sparing effect and cell-associated cations in the moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians var. halophilus.", "content": "Cells of the moderately halophilic Micrococcus varians var. halophilus grew well in a chemically defined medium containing 1 to 3 M NaCl and 0.0103 M K+. The requirement for NaCl could be partially replaced by K+,:Li+ and Cs+. The efficiency of the sparing effect of these cations for NaCl was in order of K+ GReater than Li+ greater than Cs+. Increase in growth temperature was found to enchance the sparing effect of Li+ and Cs+ but not that of K+. Over the range of NaCl concentrations in which the cells grew well, cell-Na+ concentrations were similar to the medium NaCl concentrations while cellK+ concentrations were several-fold that in the medium. Cell-bound Na+ and K+ concentrations increased proportionally with medium NaCl concentration and growth temperature. The temperature-dependent cation accumulation was more obvious with K+ than Na+. The cell-associated Na+ + K+ concentrations were almost as high as or slightly higher than the external media which contained appropriate levels of NaCl regardless of the growth temperature.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on ionic sparing effect and cell-associated cations in the moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians var. halophilus. Cells of the moderately halophilic Micrococcus varians var. halophilus grew well in a chemically defined medium containing 1 to 3 M NaCl and 0.0103 M K+. The requirement for NaCl could be partially replaced by K+,:Li+ and Cs+. The efficiency of the sparing effect of these cations for NaCl was in order of K+ GReater than Li+ greater than Cs+. Increase in growth temperature was found to enchance the sparing effect of Li+ and Cs+ but not that of K+. Over the range of NaCl concentrations in which the cells grew well, cell-Na+ concentrations were similar to the medium NaCl concentrations while cellK+ concentrations were several-fold that in the medium. Cell-bound Na+ and K+ concentrations increased proportionally with medium NaCl concentration and growth temperature. The temperature-dependent cation accumulation was more obvious with K+ than Na+. The cell-associated Na+ + K+ concentrations were almost as high as or slightly higher than the external media which contained appropriate levels of NaCl regardless of the growth temperature.", "PMID": 542134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8891", "title": "Binding of lectins to membranes of mycoplasmas from aging cultures.", "content": "The binding of iodinated concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) to intact cells and isolated membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma capricolum decreased with the progression of the culture from the mid- to the late-logarithmic phase of growth. The binding of the lectins to Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes had no significant effect on membrane fluidity, as assessed by electron-paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of spin-labelled fatty acids, and had no effect on several membrane-associated enzymic activities. Temperature affected the binding of Con A and RCA in an opposite manner: the binding of Con A increased, whereas that of RCA decreased, on raising the temperature from 4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. No significant difference in lectin binding was found between oleate- and elaidate-enriched membranes at low temperatures where the former was in the liquid-crystalline state and the latter in the gel state, suggesting that membranes fluidity does not influence the binding of Con A and RCA to Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes.", "contents": "Binding of lectins to membranes of mycoplasmas from aging cultures. The binding of iodinated concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) to intact cells and isolated membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma capricolum decreased with the progression of the culture from the mid- to the late-logarithmic phase of growth. The binding of the lectins to Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes had no significant effect on membrane fluidity, as assessed by electron-paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of spin-labelled fatty acids, and had no effect on several membrane-associated enzymic activities. Temperature affected the binding of Con A and RCA in an opposite manner: the binding of Con A increased, whereas that of RCA decreased, on raising the temperature from 4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. No significant difference in lectin binding was found between oleate- and elaidate-enriched membranes at low temperatures where the former was in the liquid-crystalline state and the latter in the gel state, suggesting that membranes fluidity does not influence the binding of Con A and RCA to Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes.", "PMID": 542135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8892", "title": "Preventive measure against nitrous oxide induced volume and pressure changes of endotracheal tube cuffs.", "content": "Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff volume and pressure changes were studied in patients receiving 70% and 50% nitrous oxide for anaesthesia. ETT cuffs were inflated with either room air or inhalation mixture. There was a significant increase in cuff volumes and pressures in ETT cuffs containing room air compared to insignificant changes in cuffs containing the inhalation mixture during a two hour study period. A simple measure of substitution of air by the inspired anaesthetic gases for ETT cuff inflation is highly beneficial in the prevention of detrimental changes due to excessive increase in cuff volumes and pressure during nitrous oxide administration.", "contents": "Preventive measure against nitrous oxide induced volume and pressure changes of endotracheal tube cuffs. Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff volume and pressure changes were studied in patients receiving 70% and 50% nitrous oxide for anaesthesia. ETT cuffs were inflated with either room air or inhalation mixture. There was a significant increase in cuff volumes and pressures in ETT cuffs containing room air compared to insignificant changes in cuffs containing the inhalation mixture during a two hour study period. A simple measure of substitution of air by the inspired anaesthetic gases for ETT cuff inflation is highly beneficial in the prevention of detrimental changes due to excessive increase in cuff volumes and pressure during nitrous oxide administration.", "PMID": 542139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8893", "title": "Characterization of multi-layered membrane generated by rabies virus.", "content": "Electron microscopy revealed multi-layered membranes within the cytoplasmic inclusion (accumulation of nucleocapsids) produced by rabies virus. When infected BHK cells were maintained at 31 C, an enhancement in production of these membranes occurred in approximately 60% of inclusion-containing cells. Multi-layered membranes were composed of an alternate array of two different layers; an electron-dense, thin membrane and a less dense layer which was thicker. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy of isolated multi-layered membrane preparations demonstrated that the structures contained viral G and M2 polypeptides. Our observations suggest that these membranous structures are not a degenerative product of rabies virus infection but rather are related to the replication of viral envelope constituents, although they represent themselves to be an abortive form of viral assembly.", "contents": "Characterization of multi-layered membrane generated by rabies virus. Electron microscopy revealed multi-layered membranes within the cytoplasmic inclusion (accumulation of nucleocapsids) produced by rabies virus. When infected BHK cells were maintained at 31 C, an enhancement in production of these membranes occurred in approximately 60% of inclusion-containing cells. Multi-layered membranes were composed of an alternate array of two different layers; an electron-dense, thin membrane and a less dense layer which was thicker. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy of isolated multi-layered membrane preparations demonstrated that the structures contained viral G and M2 polypeptides. Our observations suggest that these membranous structures are not a degenerative product of rabies virus infection but rather are related to the replication of viral envelope constituents, although they represent themselves to be an abortive form of viral assembly.", "PMID": 542140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8894", "title": "[Evaluation of cytophotometric DNA-measurements of samples from the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of DNA-cytophotometric studies of samples from the uterine cervix are evaluated in normal cervical epithelia, inflammation, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. As to their significance for cytology-automation the results suggest an arbitrary DNA-value in the range of 4.5 to 5 c by which precancerous lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma can be distinguished from benign squamous epithelia. Possibly a higher DNA-value is acceptable if larger cell populations are analyzed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of cytophotometric DNA-measurements of samples from the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. Results of DNA-cytophotometric studies of samples from the uterine cervix are evaluated in normal cervical epithelia, inflammation, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. As to their significance for cytology-automation the results suggest an arbitrary DNA-value in the range of 4.5 to 5 c by which precancerous lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma can be distinguished from benign squamous epithelia. Possibly a higher DNA-value is acceptable if larger cell populations are analyzed.", "PMID": 542175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8895", "title": "[Drug interaction during therapy with tolbutamide. The influence of some commonly used drugs on plasma level and half life in diabetic out-patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Tolbutamide belongs to those drugs responsible for the majority of drug interactions. E.g. Tolbutamide metabolism has been shown to be inhibited by coumarole derivatives. We determined plasma-tolbutamide levels in diabetic out-patients for one year. The results obtained indicate no difference in patients additionally treated with either digoxin or digoxin and alpha-methyldopa, or buformin and phenprocumone as compared with control groups. Interactions with respect to biotransformation should not be expected as far as digoxin, alpha-Methyldopa, or buformine were concerned, since these compounds do not share a common metabolic pathway with tolbutamide. In a different group of patients the elimination half life of tolbutamide under the influence of phenprocoumone was additonally determined. Differences could not be detected. This finding can be explained by means of enzyme-kinetic considerations, since phenprocumone, in contrast to dicoumarole, becomes metabolized according to a first order reaction. Competitive enzyme inhibition with tolbutamide which is metabolized similarly to phenprocoumone, therefore appears improbable.", "contents": "[Drug interaction during therapy with tolbutamide. The influence of some commonly used drugs on plasma level and half life in diabetic out-patients (author's transl)]. Tolbutamide belongs to those drugs responsible for the majority of drug interactions. E.g. Tolbutamide metabolism has been shown to be inhibited by coumarole derivatives. We determined plasma-tolbutamide levels in diabetic out-patients for one year. The results obtained indicate no difference in patients additionally treated with either digoxin or digoxin and alpha-methyldopa, or buformin and phenprocumone as compared with control groups. Interactions with respect to biotransformation should not be expected as far as digoxin, alpha-Methyldopa, or buformine were concerned, since these compounds do not share a common metabolic pathway with tolbutamide. In a different group of patients the elimination half life of tolbutamide under the influence of phenprocoumone was additonally determined. Differences could not be detected. This finding can be explained by means of enzyme-kinetic considerations, since phenprocumone, in contrast to dicoumarole, becomes metabolized according to a first order reaction. Competitive enzyme inhibition with tolbutamide which is metabolized similarly to phenprocoumone, therefore appears improbable.", "PMID": 542176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8896", "title": "[The range and lipid-lowering effect of etofibrate as a retard-preparation in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with hyperlipoproteinemia, type IIa, were treated with an adequate diet; additionally they were given 500 mg etofibrate daily. Within 14 days the total cholesterol-level in serum, LDL and LDL-cholesterol were reduced significantly, whereas the level of HDL was not affected. The potency of etofibrate is equal to approximately 50 to 80% of the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate in an optimal dosis of 2 g/day.", "contents": "[The range and lipid-lowering effect of etofibrate as a retard-preparation in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa (author's transl)]. Patients with hyperlipoproteinemia, type IIa, were treated with an adequate diet; additionally they were given 500 mg etofibrate daily. Within 14 days the total cholesterol-level in serum, LDL and LDL-cholesterol were reduced significantly, whereas the level of HDL was not affected. The potency of etofibrate is equal to approximately 50 to 80% of the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate in an optimal dosis of 2 g/day.", "PMID": 542179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8897", "title": "[Anamnesis of sleep in the internal medicine hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "An anamnestic sleep questionnaire was developed with which 41 unselected but seriously ill hospitalised patients in the age of 23 to 71 years (43,7 y.) were investigated. 1. The data analysis suggests that disturbed sleep is an universal problem but it shows significantly in the clinic. The frequently fragmented sleep occurs to be the most important form of disturbed sleep patterns. 2. Answers to often used stereotyped questions on the conditions of sleep are neither correlated to the subjective status nor to objective behavioral datas of sleep. 3. Physical-technical stimulus patterns occur to be of minor importance related to internal conditions in disturbing the sleep. Highly range fear of medical investigation (71%) and expectation of an uncertain future. This underlines the necessity of a psychosocial guidance of hospitalised patients. 4. Accordingly the medication rate of hypnotices and tranquilizers is high-rated; the percentage of patients who are engaged in exercising consciously presomnic behavioral patterns is low. Patients who demonstrate a negative attitude towards soporifics perceive side effects on a significantly larger scale than positively motivated patients. A negative attitude towards these drugs has no behavioral consequences.", "contents": "[Anamnesis of sleep in the internal medicine hospital (author's transl)]. An anamnestic sleep questionnaire was developed with which 41 unselected but seriously ill hospitalised patients in the age of 23 to 71 years (43,7 y.) were investigated. 1. The data analysis suggests that disturbed sleep is an universal problem but it shows significantly in the clinic. The frequently fragmented sleep occurs to be the most important form of disturbed sleep patterns. 2. Answers to often used stereotyped questions on the conditions of sleep are neither correlated to the subjective status nor to objective behavioral datas of sleep. 3. Physical-technical stimulus patterns occur to be of minor importance related to internal conditions in disturbing the sleep. Highly range fear of medical investigation (71%) and expectation of an uncertain future. This underlines the necessity of a psychosocial guidance of hospitalised patients. 4. Accordingly the medication rate of hypnotices and tranquilizers is high-rated; the percentage of patients who are engaged in exercising consciously presomnic behavioral patterns is low. Patients who demonstrate a negative attitude towards soporifics perceive side effects on a significantly larger scale than positively motivated patients. A negative attitude towards these drugs has no behavioral consequences.", "PMID": 542180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8898", "title": "Antiemetic effect of intravenous diazepam in patients receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II: a pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study suggesting the usefulness of intravenous diazepam as an antiemetic for adult patients receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum is presented. Observations included 24 patients and 34 courses of therapy. Patients received diazepam and prochlorperazine, and the incidence of vomiting and subjective evaluation of nausea were compared to previous courses of therapy with prochlorperazine alone. A positive response was observed in 87% of the patients. Use of other antiemetics is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Antiemetic effect of intravenous diazepam in patients receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II: a pilot study. A pilot study suggesting the usefulness of intravenous diazepam as an antiemetic for adult patients receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum is presented. Observations included 24 patients and 34 courses of therapy. Patients received diazepam and prochlorperazine, and the incidence of vomiting and subjective evaluation of nausea were compared to previous courses of therapy with prochlorperazine alone. A positive response was observed in 87% of the patients. Use of other antiemetics is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 542189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8899", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil, methyl-1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine.", "content": "The combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-1,3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (methylCCNU), and vincristine (VCR) has been reported to produce a 43.5% response rate in metastatic colorectal cancer, although subsequent studies did not produce such good response rates. The clinical trial reported here was undertaken to assess the reported results. In 52 evaluable patients the overall response rate was 11%. No complete remissions were observed. Six patients with colon carcinoma had a partial remission lasting for a median of ten months, with a median survival of 15 months. No responses were observed in rectosigmoid cancer. The median survival for nonresponders was 7.5 months. Thirty-three percent of the patients had significant hematological toxicity (while count) less than or equal to 1,000/mm3, platelets less than or equal to 50,000/mm3); 58% of the patients experienced nausea and vomiting; and 32% experienced some degree of neurotoxicity. In our hands the combination of 5-FU, methylCCNU, and VCR produced a response rate of 11% in metastatic colorectal cancer with a considerable amount of toxicity.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil, methyl-1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine. The combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-1,3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (methylCCNU), and vincristine (VCR) has been reported to produce a 43.5% response rate in metastatic colorectal cancer, although subsequent studies did not produce such good response rates. The clinical trial reported here was undertaken to assess the reported results. In 52 evaluable patients the overall response rate was 11%. No complete remissions were observed. Six patients with colon carcinoma had a partial remission lasting for a median of ten months, with a median survival of 15 months. No responses were observed in rectosigmoid cancer. The median survival for nonresponders was 7.5 months. Thirty-three percent of the patients had significant hematological toxicity (while count) less than or equal to 1,000/mm3, platelets less than or equal to 50,000/mm3); 58% of the patients experienced nausea and vomiting; and 32% experienced some degree of neurotoxicity. In our hands the combination of 5-FU, methylCCNU, and VCR produced a response rate of 11% in metastatic colorectal cancer with a considerable amount of toxicity.", "PMID": 542190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8900", "title": "Remission induction in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: comparison of a seven-day and ten-day infusion of cytosine arabinoside in combination with adriamycin.", "content": "Forty-six previously untreated patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated with a remission induction regimen consisting of three daily doses of Adriamycin (30 mg/m2/day) and a ten-day continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside (ara C) (100 mg/m2/day). The overall remission rate was 72%, with 88% of the patients less than 50 and 62% of patients greater than 50 years old achieving complete remission status. Thirty-one of the 33 complete remissions occurred after a single course of chemotherapy. Retrospective comparison of this regimen with its predecessor (identical, except that a seven-day infusion of ara C was administered) demonstrated that the increase in duration of ara C administration resulted in greater antileukemic effectiveness without an increase in hematologic toxicity to the patient.", "contents": "Remission induction in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: comparison of a seven-day and ten-day infusion of cytosine arabinoside in combination with adriamycin. Forty-six previously untreated patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated with a remission induction regimen consisting of three daily doses of Adriamycin (30 mg/m2/day) and a ten-day continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside (ara C) (100 mg/m2/day). The overall remission rate was 72%, with 88% of the patients less than 50 and 62% of patients greater than 50 years old achieving complete remission status. Thirty-one of the 33 complete remissions occurred after a single course of chemotherapy. Retrospective comparison of this regimen with its predecessor (identical, except that a seven-day infusion of ara C was administered) demonstrated that the increase in duration of ara C administration resulted in greater antileukemic effectiveness without an increase in hematologic toxicity to the patient.", "PMID": 542191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8901", "title": "Estrogen receptor determination in percutaneous bone marrow biopsies of patients with metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Estrogen receptor determination in metastatic breast cancer has been shown to be important in determining potential for response to endocrine therapy. One limitation to this procedure can be the availability of neoplastic material for receptor assay. This report describes patients in whom estrogen receptor status was determined using malignant cells obtained through routine posterior iliac crest bone marrow biopsy. The ability to obtain receptor data from percutaneous bone marrow biopsy specimens has proved to be of important in patients in whom other sites involved with tumor were not accessible.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor determination in percutaneous bone marrow biopsies of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Estrogen receptor determination in metastatic breast cancer has been shown to be important in determining potential for response to endocrine therapy. One limitation to this procedure can be the availability of neoplastic material for receptor assay. This report describes patients in whom estrogen receptor status was determined using malignant cells obtained through routine posterior iliac crest bone marrow biopsy. The ability to obtain receptor data from percutaneous bone marrow biopsy specimens has proved to be of important in patients in whom other sites involved with tumor were not accessible.", "PMID": 542192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8902", "title": "What, when, and how about why: a longitudinal study of early expressions of causality.", "content": "Children's expressions of causality in natural discourse with adults were examined in terms of linguistic, contextual, and pragmatic influences. Specifically, the causal statements, questions, and responses to causal questions of eight 2-3-year-old children were examined in terms of developments in language content, form, and use. With respect to content, the referential and functional uses of causal expressions for both children and adults were to ongoing or imminent situations, with the speaker commenting on his or her intention to act, or requesting the listener to act. The major categories of reference in all three utterance types were negation, direction, and intention. In terms of form, there were (a) increasing use of connectives to link clauses for all the children, and (b) three main patterns of clause order differentiating among the children: cause/effect, effect/cause, and equal use of both orders. The use of expressions of causality developed in the order: child statements less than adult questions less than child responses less than child questions. The relationship of the linguistic context to these developments was found to be one of mutual influence between child and adult. The results are discussed in terms of previous hypotheses concerning (a) causal reasoning (especially those put forth by Piaget, and by Werner & Kaplan in 1963), (b) the relationship between language and conceptual development, (c) the constraints involved in different discourse situations, and (d) variation in child language.", "contents": "What, when, and how about why: a longitudinal study of early expressions of causality. Children's expressions of causality in natural discourse with adults were examined in terms of linguistic, contextual, and pragmatic influences. Specifically, the causal statements, questions, and responses to causal questions of eight 2-3-year-old children were examined in terms of developments in language content, form, and use. With respect to content, the referential and functional uses of causal expressions for both children and adults were to ongoing or imminent situations, with the speaker commenting on his or her intention to act, or requesting the listener to act. The major categories of reference in all three utterance types were negation, direction, and intention. In terms of form, there were (a) increasing use of connectives to link clauses for all the children, and (b) three main patterns of clause order differentiating among the children: cause/effect, effect/cause, and equal use of both orders. The use of expressions of causality developed in the order: child statements less than adult questions less than child responses less than child questions. The relationship of the linguistic context to these developments was found to be one of mutual influence between child and adult. The results are discussed in terms of previous hypotheses concerning (a) causal reasoning (especially those put forth by Piaget, and by Werner & Kaplan in 1963), (b) the relationship between language and conceptual development, (c) the constraints involved in different discourse situations, and (d) variation in child language.", "PMID": 542205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8903", "title": "Spontaneous feline sporotrichosis: a fine structural study.", "content": "Fine structural details of the parasitic yeastlike phase of Sporothrix schenckii contained in biopsy tissue from a naturally-occurring case of disseminated feline sporotrichosis are described and illustrated by electron microscopy. Both free and phagocytosed fungal cells were observed. The fungal cells were contained within an extracellular, electron transparent vacuolar area which was bounded by a limiting membrane of probable host origin. The yeastlike cells were characterized by a conspicuous layer of osmiophilic microfilaments which occurred along the outermost surface of the cell wall. In many yeastlike cells, scattered, membrane-bound vacuoles containing electron opaque material were observed in the cytoplasm. Asteroid bodies were not observed.", "contents": "Spontaneous feline sporotrichosis: a fine structural study. Fine structural details of the parasitic yeastlike phase of Sporothrix schenckii contained in biopsy tissue from a naturally-occurring case of disseminated feline sporotrichosis are described and illustrated by electron microscopy. Both free and phagocytosed fungal cells were observed. The fungal cells were contained within an extracellular, electron transparent vacuolar area which was bounded by a limiting membrane of probable host origin. The yeastlike cells were characterized by a conspicuous layer of osmiophilic microfilaments which occurred along the outermost surface of the cell wall. In many yeastlike cells, scattered, membrane-bound vacuoles containing electron opaque material were observed in the cytoplasm. Asteroid bodies were not observed.", "PMID": 542207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8904", "title": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. VII. Polarographic oxidation of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in dimethylformamide.", "content": "The electrooxidation of polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbons in dimethylformamide solutions was studied by polarography. The results generally have confirmed that a correlation exists between oxidation potentials and carcinogenic activity of the studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The half-wave potentials of the polarographic curves have been found to be directly related to the root xn of the H\u00fcckel secular equation for the highest bonding orbital and to the reduction potentials measured in dimethylformamide.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. VII. Polarographic oxidation of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in dimethylformamide. The electrooxidation of polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbons in dimethylformamide solutions was studied by polarography. The results generally have confirmed that a correlation exists between oxidation potentials and carcinogenic activity of the studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The half-wave potentials of the polarographic curves have been found to be directly related to the root xn of the H\u00fcckel secular equation for the highest bonding orbital and to the reduction potentials measured in dimethylformamide.", "PMID": 542208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8905", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and survival rates in bronchogenic carcinoma patients.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels were estimated in 112 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, and the obtained values were as follows: IgG = 1762 +/- 595 mg/100 ml; IgA = 332 +/- 104 mg/100 ml; IgM = 157 +/- 76 mg/100 ml. Subsequently the patients were divided in a group of 74 patients with epidermoid carcinoma, and a group of 38 patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus. In patients with epidermoid carcinoma, in cases with disseminated disease the mean survival was shorter (7.9 months) when compared to the mean survival of patients with localized disease (20.8 months). Similarly, a depression of lymphocyte counts was observed in cases with disseminated disease. In cases with IgA concentrations ranging from 300 to 410 mg/100 ml longer survival rates were observed. In patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma variety, the survival rates in patients with localized disease were almost identical with those in patients with disseminated disease (11.4 months versus 9.9 months). The longest survival rates were observed in cases with IgG concentrations ranging from 1600 to 2100 mg/100 ml, and IgM concentrations ranging from 190 to 320 mg/100 ml of serum.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and survival rates in bronchogenic carcinoma patients. Serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels were estimated in 112 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, and the obtained values were as follows: IgG = 1762 +/- 595 mg/100 ml; IgA = 332 +/- 104 mg/100 ml; IgM = 157 +/- 76 mg/100 ml. Subsequently the patients were divided in a group of 74 patients with epidermoid carcinoma, and a group of 38 patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus. In patients with epidermoid carcinoma, in cases with disseminated disease the mean survival was shorter (7.9 months) when compared to the mean survival of patients with localized disease (20.8 months). Similarly, a depression of lymphocyte counts was observed in cases with disseminated disease. In cases with IgA concentrations ranging from 300 to 410 mg/100 ml longer survival rates were observed. In patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma variety, the survival rates in patients with localized disease were almost identical with those in patients with disseminated disease (11.4 months versus 9.9 months). The longest survival rates were observed in cases with IgG concentrations ranging from 1600 to 2100 mg/100 ml, and IgM concentrations ranging from 190 to 320 mg/100 ml of serum.", "PMID": 542209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8906", "title": "Stress, behavioral arousal, and open field activity--a reexamination of emotionality in the rat.", "content": "The effects of stress upon emotionality, and of emotionality upon the open field activity of rats have now been studied for over four decades. Controversy remains however regarding the degree to which stress alters behavior, and the direction of that change. One reason for this is the absence of an adequate behavioral definition of stress. The present series of experiments demonstrates a standard relatively nontraumatic stress induction procedure which may be used in conjunction with open field testing. Pre-exposure to moderately intense light and white noise facilitated open field activity as measured by initial activity, lowered defecation scores, and supplementary measures (rearing, grooming, center field penetration). Further parametric, psychoendocrine, and pharmacological studies characterized the nature of the facilitation, its time course, and its modification by other manipulations. Our results suggest the initial behavioral response to stress in an open field is activation. Previous studies may have differed in their results relating stress and behavior because of subtle procedural distinctions, some of which may be identified using the present technique.", "contents": "Stress, behavioral arousal, and open field activity--a reexamination of emotionality in the rat. The effects of stress upon emotionality, and of emotionality upon the open field activity of rats have now been studied for over four decades. Controversy remains however regarding the degree to which stress alters behavior, and the direction of that change. One reason for this is the absence of an adequate behavioral definition of stress. The present series of experiments demonstrates a standard relatively nontraumatic stress induction procedure which may be used in conjunction with open field testing. Pre-exposure to moderately intense light and white noise facilitated open field activity as measured by initial activity, lowered defecation scores, and supplementary measures (rearing, grooming, center field penetration). Further parametric, psychoendocrine, and pharmacological studies characterized the nature of the facilitation, its time course, and its modification by other manipulations. Our results suggest the initial behavioral response to stress in an open field is activation. Previous studies may have differed in their results relating stress and behavior because of subtle procedural distinctions, some of which may be identified using the present technique.", "PMID": 542239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8907", "title": "Reoperations in strabismus.", "content": "Reoperations in strabismus are done for overcorrection, undercorrections, and new strabismus problems such as dissociated vertical deviation and ptosis. Each patient requiring reoperation should be thoroughly evaluated on the basis of current findings with the understanding that some alteration in anatomy will be found. Restrictions must be freed and muscle force balanced to first provide straight eyes in the primary position and secondly the best vision possible. With persistence, 80% to 90% of patients requiring reoperation can expect a satisfactory end result.", "contents": "Reoperations in strabismus. Reoperations in strabismus are done for overcorrection, undercorrections, and new strabismus problems such as dissociated vertical deviation and ptosis. Each patient requiring reoperation should be thoroughly evaluated on the basis of current findings with the understanding that some alteration in anatomy will be found. Restrictions must be freed and muscle force balanced to first provide straight eyes in the primary position and secondly the best vision possible. With persistence, 80% to 90% of patients requiring reoperation can expect a satisfactory end result.", "PMID": 542241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8908", "title": "The four-step test for diagnosis of paralytic and/or restrictive strabismus.", "content": "By placing four diagnostic steps in a logical sequential manner, the diagnosis of a paralytic or restrictive deviation is made somewhat easier. Each time an incomitant strabismus is presented to an ophthalmologist, the four-step procedure should be used. Versions, ductions, and the cover test will reveal the eye to be investigated. Saccades, forced ductions, and/or forced generations will determine the problem and direct a surgical approach if needed.", "contents": "The four-step test for diagnosis of paralytic and/or restrictive strabismus. By placing four diagnostic steps in a logical sequential manner, the diagnosis of a paralytic or restrictive deviation is made somewhat easier. Each time an incomitant strabismus is presented to an ophthalmologist, the four-step procedure should be used. Versions, ductions, and the cover test will reveal the eye to be investigated. Saccades, forced ductions, and/or forced generations will determine the problem and direct a surgical approach if needed.", "PMID": 542242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8909", "title": "Internal ophthalmoplegia following inferior oblique myectomy: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients are reported in whom paralysis of accommodation and mydriasis (internal ophthalmoplegia) developed following inferior oblique myectomy. In all three patients, accommodation eventually returned to normal; in two, mild anisocoria persisted; in one patient, pupillotonia was noted after 2 1/2 years. The mechanism of this previously unreported surgical complication is thought to be excessive stretching of the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle with secondary trauma to the ciliary ganglion.", "contents": "Internal ophthalmoplegia following inferior oblique myectomy: a report of three cases. Three patients are reported in whom paralysis of accommodation and mydriasis (internal ophthalmoplegia) developed following inferior oblique myectomy. In all three patients, accommodation eventually returned to normal; in two, mild anisocoria persisted; in one patient, pupillotonia was noted after 2 1/2 years. The mechanism of this previously unreported surgical complication is thought to be excessive stretching of the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle with secondary trauma to the ciliary ganglion.", "PMID": 542243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8910", "title": "The effects of congenital nystagmus surgery.", "content": "Anderson-Kestenbaum operations for congenital nystagmus with severe head turn have been employed for the past 25 years. They have been documented as being effective in correcting head turns associated with congenital nystagmus. We have studied a group of patients with congenital nystagmus and head turn, both preoperatively and postoperatively, by means of recordings of eye movements. We have documented the effect of surgery in shifting the null position, in broadening the null position, and in lowering the nystagmus intensity. In some cases, an improvement of the visual acuity has also occurred.", "contents": "The effects of congenital nystagmus surgery. Anderson-Kestenbaum operations for congenital nystagmus with severe head turn have been employed for the past 25 years. They have been documented as being effective in correcting head turns associated with congenital nystagmus. We have studied a group of patients with congenital nystagmus and head turn, both preoperatively and postoperatively, by means of recordings of eye movements. We have documented the effect of surgery in shifting the null position, in broadening the null position, and in lowering the nystagmus intensity. In some cases, an improvement of the visual acuity has also occurred.", "PMID": 542244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8911", "title": "Dissociated hypertropia: surgical treatment.", "content": "Dissociated hypertropia can be corrected surgically by recession of the superior rectus muscle or resection of the inferior rectus muscle. The usual \"maximum\" amount of surgery of 4-5 mm is the minimum amount of surgery necessary for correction of this cosmetically disfiguring strabismus. Complications relate to narrowing of the palpebral fissure width and restrictive hypotropia\" both following marked inferior rectus muscle resections.", "contents": "Dissociated hypertropia: surgical treatment. Dissociated hypertropia can be corrected surgically by recession of the superior rectus muscle or resection of the inferior rectus muscle. The usual \"maximum\" amount of surgery of 4-5 mm is the minimum amount of surgery necessary for correction of this cosmetically disfiguring strabismus. Complications relate to narrowing of the palpebral fissure width and restrictive hypotropia\" both following marked inferior rectus muscle resections.", "PMID": 542245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8912", "title": "Unilateral four-muscle surgery for large-angle exotropia.", "content": "Eight patients with large-angle exotropia and unimprovable poor vision in one eye were treated with conventional maximum horizontal rectus recession/resection plus weakening of both obliques of the poorly seeing eye. This appears to be a useful alternative to \"supermaximal\" recession/resection procedures, which are more likely to lead to deficient or restricted rotations. The effect is probably due to the release of additional sites of contracture that occur in the oblique muscles. The principal disadvantage is a small postsurgical hypertropia of the operated eye, for which routine infraplacement of both horizontal recti can compensate adequately.", "contents": "Unilateral four-muscle surgery for large-angle exotropia. Eight patients with large-angle exotropia and unimprovable poor vision in one eye were treated with conventional maximum horizontal rectus recession/resection plus weakening of both obliques of the poorly seeing eye. This appears to be a useful alternative to \"supermaximal\" recession/resection procedures, which are more likely to lead to deficient or restricted rotations. The effect is probably due to the release of additional sites of contracture that occur in the oblique muscles. The principal disadvantage is a small postsurgical hypertropia of the operated eye, for which routine infraplacement of both horizontal recti can compensate adequately.", "PMID": 542246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8913", "title": "Clinical observations in cyclodeviations.", "content": "Cyclodeviations differ from other strabismus forms in several aspects. Adaptive mechanisms other than suppression cause the patient to remain asymptomatic in spite of ophthalmoscopically demonstrable torsion of the globe around the sagittal axis. These mechanisms include cyclofusion and a monocular sensory adaptation causing the images seen by the paretic eye to appear vertically and horizontally aligned even though they do not fall on the vertical and horizontal anatomic-geometric retinal meridians. Pure excyclotropias, ie, those not associated with vertical deviations, respond well to anterior and lateral displacement of the anterior portion of the superior oblique tendon. The operation eliminated the cyclodeviation in four eyes (three patients); however, a partial recurrence was observed in one case.", "contents": "Clinical observations in cyclodeviations. Cyclodeviations differ from other strabismus forms in several aspects. Adaptive mechanisms other than suppression cause the patient to remain asymptomatic in spite of ophthalmoscopically demonstrable torsion of the globe around the sagittal axis. These mechanisms include cyclofusion and a monocular sensory adaptation causing the images seen by the paretic eye to appear vertically and horizontally aligned even though they do not fall on the vertical and horizontal anatomic-geometric retinal meridians. Pure excyclotropias, ie, those not associated with vertical deviations, respond well to anterior and lateral displacement of the anterior portion of the superior oblique tendon. The operation eliminated the cyclodeviation in four eyes (three patients); however, a partial recurrence was observed in one case.", "PMID": 542247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8914", "title": "Dynamic depth reversal stereograms.", "content": "A new stimulus was generated to create dynamic stereopsis. Binocular disparity was alternated between crossed and uncrossed conditions, while mean luminance remained constant, to produce a stereoscopic stimulus that appeared to move continuously in depth. These dynamic depth reversal stereograms provided an effective stimulus to elicit the visual evoked potential (VEP). Neural coding of stereopsis was reflected in the cortical response with VEP amplitudes changing as a function of binocular disparity and of image blur in the stereograms.", "contents": "Dynamic depth reversal stereograms. A new stimulus was generated to create dynamic stereopsis. Binocular disparity was alternated between crossed and uncrossed conditions, while mean luminance remained constant, to produce a stereoscopic stimulus that appeared to move continuously in depth. These dynamic depth reversal stereograms provided an effective stimulus to elicit the visual evoked potential (VEP). Neural coding of stereopsis was reflected in the cortical response with VEP amplitudes changing as a function of binocular disparity and of image blur in the stereograms.", "PMID": 542248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8915", "title": "Indications, complications and results with silicone stents.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with complicated lacrimal problems were treated with silicone stents. Our overall success rate, judging from a minimum 6-month follow-up, was 40% in these complicated cases, accepting only positive dye tests as our criteria for success. We divided these cases into six groups with successes ranging from 0--68%. Twenty-nine percent of patients had complications related to their stents. While silicone stents are probably the most important recent advance in lacrimal surgery, one must be aware of their indications, limitations and complications.", "contents": "Indications, complications and results with silicone stents. Fifty-two patients with complicated lacrimal problems were treated with silicone stents. Our overall success rate, judging from a minimum 6-month follow-up, was 40% in these complicated cases, accepting only positive dye tests as our criteria for success. We divided these cases into six groups with successes ranging from 0--68%. Twenty-nine percent of patients had complications related to their stents. While silicone stents are probably the most important recent advance in lacrimal surgery, one must be aware of their indications, limitations and complications.", "PMID": 542249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8916", "title": "Nasolacrimal duct probing in infants.", "content": "Use of a fiberoptic endoscope to visualize the vault of the inferior turbinate during lacrimal duct probing and irrigation revealed a high incidence of false passages. This was confirmed on dacryocystofluoroscopy. The creation of false passages as documented by us can help explain clinical probing failure in apparently successful probings in which \"metal on metal\" is felt in the nose.", "contents": "Nasolacrimal duct probing in infants. Use of a fiberoptic endoscope to visualize the vault of the inferior turbinate during lacrimal duct probing and irrigation revealed a high incidence of false passages. This was confirmed on dacryocystofluoroscopy. The creation of false passages as documented by us can help explain clinical probing failure in apparently successful probings in which \"metal on metal\" is felt in the nose.", "PMID": 542250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8917", "title": "Aponeurotic defects in congenital ptosis.", "content": "Levator aponeurosis disinsertion is an accepted etiologic factor in some acquired ptosis cases, but it has not previously been reported as a cause of congenital ptosis. Forty-six congenitally ptotic eyelids in 36 patients with no history of birth trauma were surgically explored and three eyelids were found to have levator disinsertions. All three cases were treated by aponeurotic repair with excellent results. These cases and suggestions that help to preoperatively identify congenitally ptotic eyelids with levator disinsertions are presented. We feel the aponeurotic approach to ptosis correction is applicable to cases of congenital ptosis with at least 5 mm of function.", "contents": "Aponeurotic defects in congenital ptosis. Levator aponeurosis disinsertion is an accepted etiologic factor in some acquired ptosis cases, but it has not previously been reported as a cause of congenital ptosis. Forty-six congenitally ptotic eyelids in 36 patients with no history of birth trauma were surgically explored and three eyelids were found to have levator disinsertions. All three cases were treated by aponeurotic repair with excellent results. These cases and suggestions that help to preoperatively identify congenitally ptotic eyelids with levator disinsertions are presented. We feel the aponeurotic approach to ptosis correction is applicable to cases of congenital ptosis with at least 5 mm of function.", "PMID": 542251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8918", "title": "Management of subretinal and vitreous cysticercosis: role of photocoagulation and surgery.", "content": "Treatment of intraocular cysticercosis requires selection of the proper method, prevention of complications, and careful follow-up. Small subretinal cysticercus can be treated with xenon or argon photocoagulation. Macular cysticercus are extracted through a sclerochoroidal incision. Large cysticercus can be removed in selected cases with an outcome probe placed in the subretinal space. Cysticercus in the vitreous should be removed with a suction-cutter probe via the pars plana.", "contents": "Management of subretinal and vitreous cysticercosis: role of photocoagulation and surgery. Treatment of intraocular cysticercosis requires selection of the proper method, prevention of complications, and careful follow-up. Small subretinal cysticercus can be treated with xenon or argon photocoagulation. Macular cysticercus are extracted through a sclerochoroidal incision. Large cysticercus can be removed in selected cases with an outcome probe placed in the subretinal space. Cysticercus in the vitreous should be removed with a suction-cutter probe via the pars plana.", "PMID": 542252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8919", "title": "Suction ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis.", "content": "In a prospective evaluation of 39 patients who had arteriography for suspected carotid stenosis, suction ophthalmodynamometry correctly identified 86% of the patients who had radiographically demonstrable unilateral or asymmetric obstructions. This compares favorably with carotid compression tonography, oculoplethysmography, and Doppler flow studies. The false-positive rate was 27%, a figure higher than the latter two noninvasive tests.", "contents": "Suction ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis. In a prospective evaluation of 39 patients who had arteriography for suspected carotid stenosis, suction ophthalmodynamometry correctly identified 86% of the patients who had radiographically demonstrable unilateral or asymmetric obstructions. This compares favorably with carotid compression tonography, oculoplethysmography, and Doppler flow studies. The false-positive rate was 27%, a figure higher than the latter two noninvasive tests.", "PMID": 542254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8920", "title": "Giant dermoid cysts of the orbit.", "content": "Giant dermoid cysts of the orbit are developmental abnormalities that are usually found near the lacrimal gland in adults. The diagnosis of giant dermoid cysts can usually be established by radiographic studies and computed tomographic scanning. A surgical technique for the removal of these lesions with minimal complications is described in detail. Two cases are presented to demonstrate the methods used to diagnose and completely remove giant dermoid cysts with recovery of visual function and extraocular movements.", "contents": "Giant dermoid cysts of the orbit. Giant dermoid cysts of the orbit are developmental abnormalities that are usually found near the lacrimal gland in adults. The diagnosis of giant dermoid cysts can usually be established by radiographic studies and computed tomographic scanning. A surgical technique for the removal of these lesions with minimal complications is described in detail. Two cases are presented to demonstrate the methods used to diagnose and completely remove giant dermoid cysts with recovery of visual function and extraocular movements.", "PMID": 542255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8921", "title": "Angle closure in carotid-cavernous fistula.", "content": "The case reported is one of the angle closure and pupillary block associated with carotid-cavernous fistula. Pathophysiologic mechanisms, involving elevated orbital venous pressure, are explored.", "contents": "Angle closure in carotid-cavernous fistula. The case reported is one of the angle closure and pupillary block associated with carotid-cavernous fistula. Pathophysiologic mechanisms, involving elevated orbital venous pressure, are explored.", "PMID": 542256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8922", "title": "Wound healing by primary intention in the larynx.", "content": "In this article, I have attempted to bring forward well known and widely accepted principles of wound healing and to show how they are pertinent to the repair of severe acute and chronic crush injuries of the larynx. The process has brought some time honored practices into question and forced a search for new, more effective ones.", "contents": "Wound healing by primary intention in the larynx. In this article, I have attempted to bring forward well known and widely accepted principles of wound healing and to show how they are pertinent to the repair of severe acute and chronic crush injuries of the larynx. The process has brought some time honored practices into question and forced a search for new, more effective ones.", "PMID": 542295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8923", "title": "Management of glottic stenosis.", "content": "Limited glottic stenosis may be managed by microlaryngoscopy. The extensive lesions should be managed by extralaryngeal procedures. The techniques described here give the patient adequate respiratory and vocal rehabilitation with early decannulation. The lack of response to the more conservative procedures should indicate exploration via laryngofissure with precise incision and excision of the scar tissue and without resection of other vital laryngeal structures. Defects should be covered with acceptable flaps or grafts.", "contents": "Management of glottic stenosis. Limited glottic stenosis may be managed by microlaryngoscopy. The extensive lesions should be managed by extralaryngeal procedures. The techniques described here give the patient adequate respiratory and vocal rehabilitation with early decannulation. The lack of response to the more conservative procedures should indicate exploration via laryngofissure with precise incision and excision of the scar tissue and without resection of other vital laryngeal structures. Defects should be covered with acceptable flaps or grafts.", "PMID": 542307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8924", "title": "Submucosal cordectomy for laryngeal stenosis.", "content": "Submucosal cordectomy, an old procedure first described for the treatment of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis, was used to relieve glottic or minimal subglottic stenosis in four patients. Three attained adequate airways with no further procedures; one required subsequent dilations for granulation tissue after which decannulation was successfully effected. Although airway restoration has been successful, the resultant voice has been poor, poorer than that usually achieved with arytenoidectomy. When cricoarytenoid scarring precludes arytenoidectomy and lateral vocal cord fixation, an adequate laryngeal lumen can be restored with submucosal cordectomy if sufficient laryngeal cartilage support remains.", "contents": "Submucosal cordectomy for laryngeal stenosis. Submucosal cordectomy, an old procedure first described for the treatment of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis, was used to relieve glottic or minimal subglottic stenosis in four patients. Three attained adequate airways with no further procedures; one required subsequent dilations for granulation tissue after which decannulation was successfully effected. Although airway restoration has been successful, the resultant voice has been poor, poorer than that usually achieved with arytenoidectomy. When cricoarytenoid scarring precludes arytenoidectomy and lateral vocal cord fixation, an adequate laryngeal lumen can be restored with submucosal cordectomy if sufficient laryngeal cartilage support remains.", "PMID": 542308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8925", "title": "Tracheal stenosis: conservative surgery as a primary mode of management.", "content": "Tracheal and laryngeal stenosis has become increasingly common following prolonged intubation or tracheostomy for mechanical ventilation and is directly related to trauma. Tracheal resection up to 4 to 5 cm. with an end to end anastomosis is the generally accepted treatment. However, tracheal resection carries the danger of mortality and considerable morbidity. From 1974 to 1979 all patients in our series with tracheal stenosis, even with laryngeal involvement, regardless of etiology and age were intiially treated by conservative surgical management consisting of dilation, severance of the stenotic ring, intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide, and stenting with a silicone T tube for 90 days. Sixteen of 19 patients obtained good results and enjoy an adequate airway without a tracheostomy tube. The longest follow-up period was five years and the shortest, six months. Intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide is essential for successful treatment. No mortality or serious complications resulted from this treatment. Our experience indicates that patients with tracheal and laryngeal stenosis should undergo a primarily conservative surgical management. This technique appears worthy of trial prior to contemplating a more extensive procedure.", "contents": "Tracheal stenosis: conservative surgery as a primary mode of management. Tracheal and laryngeal stenosis has become increasingly common following prolonged intubation or tracheostomy for mechanical ventilation and is directly related to trauma. Tracheal resection up to 4 to 5 cm. with an end to end anastomosis is the generally accepted treatment. However, tracheal resection carries the danger of mortality and considerable morbidity. From 1974 to 1979 all patients in our series with tracheal stenosis, even with laryngeal involvement, regardless of etiology and age were intiially treated by conservative surgical management consisting of dilation, severance of the stenotic ring, intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide, and stenting with a silicone T tube for 90 days. Sixteen of 19 patients obtained good results and enjoy an adequate airway without a tracheostomy tube. The longest follow-up period was five years and the shortest, six months. Intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide is essential for successful treatment. No mortality or serious complications resulted from this treatment. Our experience indicates that patients with tracheal and laryngeal stenosis should undergo a primarily conservative surgical management. This technique appears worthy of trial prior to contemplating a more extensive procedure.", "PMID": 542310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8926", "title": "Population regulation in ticks: the role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts.", "content": "Attachment, engorgement and subsequent development of successive infestations of Ixodes trianguliceps larvae and nymphs on natural hosts, Apodemus sylvaticus, and unnatural hosts, laboratory mice, are compared. In laboratory mice, primary infestations above a threshold level of about 10 ticks elicit an immunological response which reduces, in a density-dependent manner, the rate of successful tick engorgement during subsequent infestations. In contrast, in A. sylvaticus successive infestations of larvae result in unchanged or slightly improved survival through to nymphs. The relevance of these results to the concept of host-parasite co-evolution and to tick population regulation is discussed.", "contents": "Population regulation in ticks: the role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts. Attachment, engorgement and subsequent development of successive infestations of Ixodes trianguliceps larvae and nymphs on natural hosts, Apodemus sylvaticus, and unnatural hosts, laboratory mice, are compared. In laboratory mice, primary infestations above a threshold level of about 10 ticks elicit an immunological response which reduces, in a density-dependent manner, the rate of successful tick engorgement during subsequent infestations. In contrast, in A. sylvaticus successive infestations of larvae result in unchanged or slightly improved survival through to nymphs. The relevance of these results to the concept of host-parasite co-evolution and to tick population regulation is discussed.", "PMID": 542316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8927", "title": "The effect of age, acquired resistance, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi.", "content": "An experiment is described in which the effects of age, previous infection, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi were studied. It was found that an acquired resistance to the establishment of worms developed more rapidly in 20-month-old heifers than in calves, that it was unaffected by pregnancy of the host but that it was largely lost by heifers in early lactation. The rate at which populations were turned over, i.e. the mean life-span of worms through the late 4th and 5th stages was unaffected by the factors studied. Although, in the conditions of the experiment, development of the worms was not arrested in susceptible calves, both age of the host and its previous experience of infection were significant causes of arrest, and in previously infected 20-month-old cattle 86% of the worms of a challenge infection were arrested. Pregnancy did not affect the proportion of worms that was arrested but in lactating heifers only marginally more worms were arrested than in calves. Worms that were not arrested grew more rapidly in calves and in lactating heifers than in empty heifers or those in mid-pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of age, acquired resistance, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. An experiment is described in which the effects of age, previous infection, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi were studied. It was found that an acquired resistance to the establishment of worms developed more rapidly in 20-month-old heifers than in calves, that it was unaffected by pregnancy of the host but that it was largely lost by heifers in early lactation. The rate at which populations were turned over, i.e. the mean life-span of worms through the late 4th and 5th stages was unaffected by the factors studied. Although, in the conditions of the experiment, development of the worms was not arrested in susceptible calves, both age of the host and its previous experience of infection were significant causes of arrest, and in previously infected 20-month-old cattle 86% of the worms of a challenge infection were arrested. Pregnancy did not affect the proportion of worms that was arrested but in lactating heifers only marginally more worms were arrested than in calves. Worms that were not arrested grew more rapidly in calves and in lactating heifers than in empty heifers or those in mid-pregnancy.", "PMID": 542317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8928", "title": "Factors influencing the assessment of anticoccidial activity in cell culture.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the factors influencing the assessment of anticoccidial potency in vitro against Eimeria tenella using established anticoccidials and arprinocid and some of its analogues. Drugs whose potency depended upon medium composition were amprolium, lasalocid and halofuginone. There was a difference in strain sensitivity with robenidine. Host cell type had an important effect on potency of monensin, decoquinate, arprinocid and its analogues. Arprinocid was active in chick liver cell systems but totally inactive in chick kidney cell systems, although its N-oxide was active in both cell types. Arprinocid-containing medium, conditioned by supporting the growth of chick embryo liver cell cultures, had an anticoccidial effect on E. tenella growing in chick kidney cells. It is deduced that the anticoccidial activity of arprinocid in the chick is due to a metabolite.", "contents": "Factors influencing the assessment of anticoccidial activity in cell culture. A comparative study has been made of the factors influencing the assessment of anticoccidial potency in vitro against Eimeria tenella using established anticoccidials and arprinocid and some of its analogues. Drugs whose potency depended upon medium composition were amprolium, lasalocid and halofuginone. There was a difference in strain sensitivity with robenidine. Host cell type had an important effect on potency of monensin, decoquinate, arprinocid and its analogues. Arprinocid was active in chick liver cell systems but totally inactive in chick kidney cell systems, although its N-oxide was active in both cell types. Arprinocid-containing medium, conditioned by supporting the growth of chick embryo liver cell cultures, had an anticoccidial effect on E. tenella growing in chick kidney cells. It is deduced that the anticoccidial activity of arprinocid in the chick is due to a metabolite.", "PMID": 542318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8929", "title": "Tracking radioactive larvae of Strongyloides ratti in the host.", "content": "Infective larvae of homogonic Strongyloides ratti grown in faecal culture with 32P or 75Se acquired a significant amount of radioactivity which was firmly attached to them. Heating removed most of the 32P but left 75Se in place. Subcutaneous injection of virgin and nursing mother rats with living and heat-killed radioactive larvae resulted in a pattern of labelling in the small intestine of injected animals and, in the case of 75Se, those of suckling pups, which can only be explained if labelled worms follow the natural migratory routes. The use of this tool in migratory studies is discussed, with precautions to allow for flaws in the technique.", "contents": "Tracking radioactive larvae of Strongyloides ratti in the host. Infective larvae of homogonic Strongyloides ratti grown in faecal culture with 32P or 75Se acquired a significant amount of radioactivity which was firmly attached to them. Heating removed most of the 32P but left 75Se in place. Subcutaneous injection of virgin and nursing mother rats with living and heat-killed radioactive larvae resulted in a pattern of labelling in the small intestine of injected animals and, in the case of 75Se, those of suckling pups, which can only be explained if labelled worms follow the natural migratory routes. The use of this tool in migratory studies is discussed, with precautions to allow for flaws in the technique.", "PMID": 542319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8930", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: a histological study of migration in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "Quantitative histological methods were applied in a study of the migratory route of schistosomula within the definitive mammal host. The observations are consistent with an entirely intravascular mode of migration in the direction of blood flow. They do not support a trans-diaphragm route. Schistosomula can be identified in low numbers in systemic organs, in the left side of the heart and in the venous compartment of the pulmonary circulation. They were not observed penetrating the diaphragm or the capsule of the liver. No histopathological evidence was found to suggest that the tissue responses of previously unexposed hosts affect migrating schistosomula at any stage during migration. These non-specific tissue responses were marked only in the skin phase of migration.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: a histological study of migration in the laboratory mouse. Quantitative histological methods were applied in a study of the migratory route of schistosomula within the definitive mammal host. The observations are consistent with an entirely intravascular mode of migration in the direction of blood flow. They do not support a trans-diaphragm route. Schistosomula can be identified in low numbers in systemic organs, in the left side of the heart and in the venous compartment of the pulmonary circulation. They were not observed penetrating the diaphragm or the capsule of the liver. No histopathological evidence was found to suggest that the tissue responses of previously unexposed hosts affect migrating schistosomula at any stage during migration. These non-specific tissue responses were marked only in the skin phase of migration.", "PMID": 542321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8931", "title": "Prevalence of schistosome infections within molluscan populations: observed patterns and theoretical predictions.", "content": "The paper draws together a large and scattered body of empirical evidence concerning the prevalence of snail infection with schistosome parasites in field situations, the duration of the latent period of infection in snails (and its dependence on temperature), and the mortality rates of infected and uninfected snails in field and laboratory conditions. A review and synthesis of quantitative data on the population biology of schistosome infections within the molluscan host is attempted and observed patterns of infection are compared with predictions of a schistosomiasis model developed by May (1977) which incorporates differential snail mortality (between infected and uninfected snails) and latent periods of infection. It is suggested that the low levels of prevalence within snail populations in endemic areas of schistosomiasis are closely associated with high rates of infected snail mortality and the duration of the latent period of infection within the mollusc. In certain instances, the expected life-span of an infected snail may be less than the duration of the latent period of infection. Such patterns generate very low levels of parasite prevalence. A new age prevalence model for schistosome infections within snail populations is developed and its predictions compared with observed patterns. The implications of this study of observed and predicted patterns of snail infection within molluscan populations are discussed in relation to the overall transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Prevalence of schistosome infections within molluscan populations: observed patterns and theoretical predictions. The paper draws together a large and scattered body of empirical evidence concerning the prevalence of snail infection with schistosome parasites in field situations, the duration of the latent period of infection in snails (and its dependence on temperature), and the mortality rates of infected and uninfected snails in field and laboratory conditions. A review and synthesis of quantitative data on the population biology of schistosome infections within the molluscan host is attempted and observed patterns of infection are compared with predictions of a schistosomiasis model developed by May (1977) which incorporates differential snail mortality (between infected and uninfected snails) and latent periods of infection. It is suggested that the low levels of prevalence within snail populations in endemic areas of schistosomiasis are closely associated with high rates of infected snail mortality and the duration of the latent period of infection within the mollusc. In certain instances, the expected life-span of an infected snail may be less than the duration of the latent period of infection. Such patterns generate very low levels of parasite prevalence. A new age prevalence model for schistosome infections within snail populations is developed and its predictions compared with observed patterns. The implications of this study of observed and predicted patterns of snail infection within molluscan populations are discussed in relation to the overall transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 542322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8932", "title": "Evolutionary implications of Leishmania amastigotes in circulating blood cells of lizards.", "content": "Amastigotes of 2 Leishmania species are reported from the Pakistani lizards Teratoscincus scincus (Gekkonidae) and Agama agilis (Agamidae) collected in western Baluchistan and north-central Sind, respectively. Parasites were seen only in blood cells primarily within thrombocytes, and were detected on smears of peripheral blood. Slides made at 3-day intervals for 38 days from an infected hatchling T. scincus demonstrated an increase with time in the mean number of amastigotes/infected thrombocyte. No evidence of an infection focus in fixed cells of the viscera was found. It is suggested, in view of reports of amastigotes in circulating blood cells of hosts belonging to 5 genera, collected in 5 countries from India to France, that saurian Leishmania may behave simply as parasites of circulating blood cells, thus illustrating an early stage in the adaptation of leishmanias to the vertebrate host.", "contents": "Evolutionary implications of Leishmania amastigotes in circulating blood cells of lizards. Amastigotes of 2 Leishmania species are reported from the Pakistani lizards Teratoscincus scincus (Gekkonidae) and Agama agilis (Agamidae) collected in western Baluchistan and north-central Sind, respectively. Parasites were seen only in blood cells primarily within thrombocytes, and were detected on smears of peripheral blood. Slides made at 3-day intervals for 38 days from an infected hatchling T. scincus demonstrated an increase with time in the mean number of amastigotes/infected thrombocyte. No evidence of an infection focus in fixed cells of the viscera was found. It is suggested, in view of reports of amastigotes in circulating blood cells of hosts belonging to 5 genera, collected in 5 countries from India to France, that saurian Leishmania may behave simply as parasites of circulating blood cells, thus illustrating an early stage in the adaptation of leishmanias to the vertebrate host.", "PMID": 542323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8933", "title": "Phagocytosis and killing of Trypanosoma dionisii by human neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes.", "content": "The cell-mediated resistance of human leucocytes to Trypanosoma dionisii, a bat parasite related to T. cruzi, was investigated. Human peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes were cytotoxic to T. dionisii as assessed by electron microscopy and by induction of 99mTc release from trypanosomes pre-labelled with [99mTc] pertechnetate. The enhancement of cytotoxicity by specific antiserum varied considerably from one individual to another. Neither blood lymphocytes nor blood eosinophils induced 99mTc release from T. dionisii. The trypanosomes were readily phagocytosed by neutrophils and monocytes even in the absence of added antiserum but the rate was enchanced when antiserum was present. Eosinophils also phagocytosed T. dionisii but only in the presence of antiserum. Investigation by electron microscopy revealed that T. dionisii is rapidly destroyed in the phagocytic vacuole of enutrophils and monocytes and by eosinophils. Phagocytosis, ultrastructural damage and induction of 99mTc release occurred more rapidly in neutrophils than in monocytes.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and killing of Trypanosoma dionisii by human neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. The cell-mediated resistance of human leucocytes to Trypanosoma dionisii, a bat parasite related to T. cruzi, was investigated. Human peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes were cytotoxic to T. dionisii as assessed by electron microscopy and by induction of 99mTc release from trypanosomes pre-labelled with [99mTc] pertechnetate. The enhancement of cytotoxicity by specific antiserum varied considerably from one individual to another. Neither blood lymphocytes nor blood eosinophils induced 99mTc release from T. dionisii. The trypanosomes were readily phagocytosed by neutrophils and monocytes even in the absence of added antiserum but the rate was enchanced when antiserum was present. Eosinophils also phagocytosed T. dionisii but only in the presence of antiserum. Investigation by electron microscopy revealed that T. dionisii is rapidly destroyed in the phagocytic vacuole of enutrophils and monocytes and by eosinophils. Phagocytosis, ultrastructural damage and induction of 99mTc release occurred more rapidly in neutrophils than in monocytes.", "PMID": 542324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8934", "title": "An experimental study of the effects of Nosema eurytremae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) on the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "A microsporidian parasite, Nosema eurytremae, was fed to Lymnaea trunculata infected with Fasciola hepatica. Microsporidian infection of the snail was always light, though spores were present in all tissues but the rediae became heavily infected in the parenchyma. The proportion of infected rediae increased with time and was especially high in ageing infections. Although rediae were only lightly infected when examined before cercarial release began, the infections became progressively heavier, so that towards the end of the life of the snails a high proportion of rediae were totally destroyed and contained no cercariae. Cercarial output was significantly depressed over a long period of active shedding by snails which had been hyperinfected with 1 x 106 spores and some of the liberated cercariae were themselves infected.", "contents": "An experimental study of the effects of Nosema eurytremae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) on the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. A microsporidian parasite, Nosema eurytremae, was fed to Lymnaea trunculata infected with Fasciola hepatica. Microsporidian infection of the snail was always light, though spores were present in all tissues but the rediae became heavily infected in the parenchyma. The proportion of infected rediae increased with time and was especially high in ageing infections. Although rediae were only lightly infected when examined before cercarial release began, the infections became progressively heavier, so that towards the end of the life of the snails a high proportion of rediae were totally destroyed and contained no cercariae. Cercarial output was significantly depressed over a long period of active shedding by snails which had been hyperinfected with 1 x 106 spores and some of the liberated cercariae were themselves infected.", "PMID": 542325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8935", "title": "Fasciola hepatica: attempts to induce protection against infection in rats and mice by injection of excretory/secretory products of immature worms.", "content": "In vitro excretory/secretory products of 4-week (immature) and 8-week-old (mature) Fasciola hepatica parasites, derived from rats, were injected together with adjuvant into naive rats and mice. Resistance to infection was assessed in rats by counting adults in the bile ducts at 9 weeks, or in mice by recording deaths after oral challenge with a high dose of viable metacercariae. Exposure of rats to excretory/secretory products of immature F. hepatica conferred a significant degree of resistance which was comparable to the level of resistance induced following oral administration of a low number of metacercariae. No protection against infection was seen in rats injected with excretory/secretory products from mature, bile duct-derived worms. In mice, no obvious mouse strain variation in susceptibility to first infection existed and hypothymic nude mice were as susceptible to infection as intact mice. As determined by protection against death, vaccination with excretory/secretory products derived from immature F. hepatica was without effect in mice. It is concluded that \"host protective antigens\", at least for rats, were present in the excretory/secretory products of immature F. hepatica larvae.", "contents": "Fasciola hepatica: attempts to induce protection against infection in rats and mice by injection of excretory/secretory products of immature worms. In vitro excretory/secretory products of 4-week (immature) and 8-week-old (mature) Fasciola hepatica parasites, derived from rats, were injected together with adjuvant into naive rats and mice. Resistance to infection was assessed in rats by counting adults in the bile ducts at 9 weeks, or in mice by recording deaths after oral challenge with a high dose of viable metacercariae. Exposure of rats to excretory/secretory products of immature F. hepatica conferred a significant degree of resistance which was comparable to the level of resistance induced following oral administration of a low number of metacercariae. No protection against infection was seen in rats injected with excretory/secretory products from mature, bile duct-derived worms. In mice, no obvious mouse strain variation in susceptibility to first infection existed and hypothymic nude mice were as susceptible to infection as intact mice. As determined by protection against death, vaccination with excretory/secretory products derived from immature F. hepatica was without effect in mice. It is concluded that \"host protective antigens\", at least for rats, were present in the excretory/secretory products of immature F. hepatica larvae.", "PMID": 542326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8936", "title": "Hymenolepis diminuta: the role of the tail in determining the position of the worm in the intestine of the rat.", "content": "One-worm infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in rats had their strobila severed surgically, in the neck region, on day 14 of an infection. The scolex and remaining strobila survived but were recovered from a more posterior region of the intestine where small worms are attached during development. The movement to the new region was usually not complete in 24 h, but was complete by 72 h, and probably by 48 h. The operation, involving laparotomy and an incision in the duodenal wall which avoided severing the strobila, had no effect on the position of the worm but did depress the growth of the worm during the ensuing 24 h. It is suggested that (1) the preferred site for H. diminuta is 30-50% down the small intestine, (2) the worm monitors information about its position from all over its strobila and (3) as the worm grows, its position is determined by balancing the input of adverse information from its tail and head ends. The slowness with which surgically shortened worms return to the preferred site may be due either to delay in the worm \"realising\" it has no tail, or to the location stimuli in the intestine being disturbed for 24 h by the operation.", "contents": "Hymenolepis diminuta: the role of the tail in determining the position of the worm in the intestine of the rat. One-worm infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in rats had their strobila severed surgically, in the neck region, on day 14 of an infection. The scolex and remaining strobila survived but were recovered from a more posterior region of the intestine where small worms are attached during development. The movement to the new region was usually not complete in 24 h, but was complete by 72 h, and probably by 48 h. The operation, involving laparotomy and an incision in the duodenal wall which avoided severing the strobila, had no effect on the position of the worm but did depress the growth of the worm during the ensuing 24 h. It is suggested that (1) the preferred site for H. diminuta is 30-50% down the small intestine, (2) the worm monitors information about its position from all over its strobila and (3) as the worm grows, its position is determined by balancing the input of adverse information from its tail and head ends. The slowness with which surgically shortened worms return to the preferred site may be due either to delay in the worm \"realising\" it has no tail, or to the location stimuli in the intestine being disturbed for 24 h by the operation.", "PMID": 542327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8937", "title": "New CNS-active 3-methyl-4-substituted methyl-delta 2-isoxazolin-5-ones.", "content": "Eight 3-methyl-4-substituted methyl-delta 2-isoxazolin-5-ones were synthesized and evaluated for central nervous system (CNS) activity. All compounds at a concentration of 1 . 10(-3) mol/l inhibited rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) in vitro and provided protection against pentetrazole-induced convulsions in mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. Compounds 2 and 6 showed 80% protection. All isoxazolines (100 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated pentobarbital sleeping time in mice.", "contents": "New CNS-active 3-methyl-4-substituted methyl-delta 2-isoxazolin-5-ones. Eight 3-methyl-4-substituted methyl-delta 2-isoxazolin-5-ones were synthesized and evaluated for central nervous system (CNS) activity. All compounds at a concentration of 1 . 10(-3) mol/l inhibited rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) in vitro and provided protection against pentetrazole-induced convulsions in mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. Compounds 2 and 6 showed 80% protection. All isoxazolines (100 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated pentobarbital sleeping time in mice.", "PMID": 542475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8938", "title": "[Biologically active N-Mannich bases of isatin-3-(phenyl)-imines (author's transl)].", "content": "By the condensation of isatin and 5-nitroisatin with substituted aromatic amines, isatin- and 5-nitroisatin-3-(phenyl)-imines (azomethines) are formed which are converted into N-Mannich-bases by aminomethylation and may be formulated as azomethines with E configuration. A biotest of Lepidium sativum L. was used to prove mitodepressive properties. Some compounds showed a significant growth-inhibiting activity. It was found that a change in activity is produced by condensation on the carbon atom in position 3 and by aminomethylation on the nitrogen atom in the isatin nucleus.", "contents": "[Biologically active N-Mannich bases of isatin-3-(phenyl)-imines (author's transl)]. By the condensation of isatin and 5-nitroisatin with substituted aromatic amines, isatin- and 5-nitroisatin-3-(phenyl)-imines (azomethines) are formed which are converted into N-Mannich-bases by aminomethylation and may be formulated as azomethines with E configuration. A biotest of Lepidium sativum L. was used to prove mitodepressive properties. Some compounds showed a significant growth-inhibiting activity. It was found that a change in activity is produced by condensation on the carbon atom in position 3 and by aminomethylation on the nitrogen atom in the isatin nucleus.", "PMID": 542484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8939", "title": "Potential fungicidal and bactericidal agents. Synthesis of certain 4-(2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)quinolines.", "content": "The synthesis of some new 4-[2-alkyl (aryl or aralkyl) amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-2-substituted quinolines is described. IR, UV, NMR and MS data of representative examples are discussed. Most of the compounds prepared showed a reasonable antifungal and antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Potential fungicidal and bactericidal agents. Synthesis of certain 4-(2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)quinolines. The synthesis of some new 4-[2-alkyl (aryl or aralkyl) amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-2-substituted quinolines is described. IR, UV, NMR and MS data of representative examples are discussed. Most of the compounds prepared showed a reasonable antifungal and antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 542485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8940", "title": "[Studies on suspension ointments. Part 2: The Diffusion of salicylic acid as influenced by the colloid chemical properties of the vehicle (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the solubility and the diffusion of salicylic acid in two hydrocarbon gels (Plastibase, vaseline) has been made. It was found that there was no difference in solubility, whereas the diffusion rate was greater in Plastibase. The solubilities and the diffusion rates were identical in the liquid components of the gels. The difference in diffusion rate between the two gels is attributable to the different properties of the solids in the gels. The greater in vitro diffusion rate in Plastibase results in a more rapid drug release in vivo. Suspension ointments may be regarded as saturated solutions with an excess of the drug in suspension. For this reason, the studies were undertaken mainly on saturated solutions.", "contents": "[Studies on suspension ointments. Part 2: The Diffusion of salicylic acid as influenced by the colloid chemical properties of the vehicle (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the solubility and the diffusion of salicylic acid in two hydrocarbon gels (Plastibase, vaseline) has been made. It was found that there was no difference in solubility, whereas the diffusion rate was greater in Plastibase. The solubilities and the diffusion rates were identical in the liquid components of the gels. The difference in diffusion rate between the two gels is attributable to the different properties of the solids in the gels. The greater in vitro diffusion rate in Plastibase results in a more rapid drug release in vivo. Suspension ointments may be regarded as saturated solutions with an excess of the drug in suspension. For this reason, the studies were undertaken mainly on saturated solutions.", "PMID": 542487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8941", "title": "[Interactions between macromolecular adjuvants and drugs. Part 18: The binding behaviour of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and other macromolecules towards streptomycin sulphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Unlike the other macromolecules under investigation (polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol), sodium carboxymethylcellulose acts on streptomycin sulphate, which leads to isolable precipitates. By equilibrium dialysis in electrolyte-free and electrolyte-containing solutions, the interaction was characterized in more detail and described by Donnan curves. The associates (which contained, on an average, 40% of streptomycin) proved to be resistant to light and air, and stable to thin-layer chromatography. Microbiological assays on the test strain Bacillus subtilis SG119 revealed a decrease in activity of the streptomycin-sodium carboxymethylcellulose associates compared to pure streptomycin (tested in the solid form, using rice granulate as a carrier substance). In contrast, the associate was as efficient as the antibiotic when dissolved in a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.", "contents": "[Interactions between macromolecular adjuvants and drugs. Part 18: The binding behaviour of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and other macromolecules towards streptomycin sulphate (author's transl)]. Unlike the other macromolecules under investigation (polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol), sodium carboxymethylcellulose acts on streptomycin sulphate, which leads to isolable precipitates. By equilibrium dialysis in electrolyte-free and electrolyte-containing solutions, the interaction was characterized in more detail and described by Donnan curves. The associates (which contained, on an average, 40% of streptomycin) proved to be resistant to light and air, and stable to thin-layer chromatography. Microbiological assays on the test strain Bacillus subtilis SG119 revealed a decrease in activity of the streptomycin-sodium carboxymethylcellulose associates compared to pure streptomycin (tested in the solid form, using rice granulate as a carrier substance). In contrast, the associate was as efficient as the antibiotic when dissolved in a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.", "PMID": 542488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8942", "title": "The absorption and excretion rates of a new pyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidine derivative (Chinoin 123) in rats.", "content": "The metabolism and absorption of a potential new drug, Chinoin 123, having an antiatherogenic effect, were studied in rats. Using different methods it was confirmed that the main metabolite of the drug is a free acid form, formed by ester hydrolysis. In Sartorius Resorption Model only the gastric absorption was confirmed and calculated. In vivo experiments in rats showed rather good absorption. The blood and urine concentrations of the drug were determined.", "contents": "The absorption and excretion rates of a new pyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidine derivative (Chinoin 123) in rats. The metabolism and absorption of a potential new drug, Chinoin 123, having an antiatherogenic effect, were studied in rats. Using different methods it was confirmed that the main metabolite of the drug is a free acid form, formed by ester hydrolysis. In Sartorius Resorption Model only the gastric absorption was confirmed and calculated. In vivo experiments in rats showed rather good absorption. The blood and urine concentrations of the drug were determined.", "PMID": 542489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8943", "title": "Correlation between the spermicidal activity and the haemolytic index of certain plant saponins.", "content": "The haemolytic index, the spermicidal efficacy and the effect on the vaginal mucosa of some plant saponins were determined. It was proved that a certain correlation exists between the haemolytic index and the spermicidal efficacy of these saponins. Saponin of Gypsophila paniculata was proved to be relatively superior when used in aqueous solution or when formulated in polyethylene glycol ointment base.", "contents": "Correlation between the spermicidal activity and the haemolytic index of certain plant saponins. The haemolytic index, the spermicidal efficacy and the effect on the vaginal mucosa of some plant saponins were determined. It was proved that a certain correlation exists between the haemolytic index and the spermicidal efficacy of these saponins. Saponin of Gypsophila paniculata was proved to be relatively superior when used in aqueous solution or when formulated in polyethylene glycol ointment base.", "PMID": 542490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8944", "title": "Complex encoding in word-final voiced and voiceless stops.", "content": "The multifunctionality of vowel and closure duration is investigated in two experiments using the word pair 'bag'-'back'. In experiment I, categorization of synthetic stimuli at three simulated rates of speech supports the notion of the vowel/vowel + closure quotient as a tempo-independent cue to the final 'voiced'-'voiceless' opposition. In experiment II, manipulated natural stimuli are tested at two rates of speech, sentence-medially and finally. In final position, the results of experiment I are confirmed though durational and nondurational properties interact. Medially, a specific context effect is found.", "contents": "Complex encoding in word-final voiced and voiceless stops. The multifunctionality of vowel and closure duration is investigated in two experiments using the word pair 'bag'-'back'. In experiment I, categorization of synthetic stimuli at three simulated rates of speech supports the notion of the vowel/vowel + closure quotient as a tempo-independent cue to the final 'voiced'-'voiceless' opposition. In experiment II, manipulated natural stimuli are tested at two rates of speech, sentence-medially and finally. In final position, the results of experiment I are confirmed though durational and nondurational properties interact. Medially, a specific context effect is found.", "PMID": 542498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8945", "title": "Some relationships between speech production and perception.", "content": "EMG studies of the American English vowel pairs /i-I/ and /e-epsilon/ reveal two different production strategies: some speakers appear to differentiate the members of each pair primarily on the basis to tongue height; for others the basis of differentiation appears to be tongue tension. There was no obvious reflection of these differences in the speech wave-forms or formant patterns of the two groups. To determine if these differences in production might correspond to differences in perception, two vowel identification tests were given to the EMG subjects. Subjects were asked to label the members of a seven-step vowel continuum, /i/ through /I/. In one condition each item had an equal probability of occurrence. The other condition was an anchoring test; the first stimulus, /i/, was heard four times as often as any other stimulus. Compared with the equal-probability test labelling boundary, the boundary in the anchoring test was displaced toward the more frequently occurring stimulus. The magnitude of the shift of the labelling boundary was greater for subjects using a production strategy based on tongue height than for subjects using tongue tension to differentiate these vowels, suggesting that the stimuli represent adjacent categories in the speakers' phonetic space for the former, but not for the latter, group.", "contents": "Some relationships between speech production and perception. EMG studies of the American English vowel pairs /i-I/ and /e-epsilon/ reveal two different production strategies: some speakers appear to differentiate the members of each pair primarily on the basis to tongue height; for others the basis of differentiation appears to be tongue tension. There was no obvious reflection of these differences in the speech wave-forms or formant patterns of the two groups. To determine if these differences in production might correspond to differences in perception, two vowel identification tests were given to the EMG subjects. Subjects were asked to label the members of a seven-step vowel continuum, /i/ through /I/. In one condition each item had an equal probability of occurrence. The other condition was an anchoring test; the first stimulus, /i/, was heard four times as often as any other stimulus. Compared with the equal-probability test labelling boundary, the boundary in the anchoring test was displaced toward the more frequently occurring stimulus. The magnitude of the shift of the labelling boundary was greater for subjects using a production strategy based on tongue height than for subjects using tongue tension to differentiate these vowels, suggesting that the stimuli represent adjacent categories in the speakers' phonetic space for the former, but not for the latter, group.", "PMID": 542499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8946", "title": "Some observations on velar movement in plosives.", "content": "Using a photoelectric device, velar movement of 6 subjects is continuously registered in test words containing /p, t, k, b, d, g/. There are differences in both timing and degree of velar movement patterns as a function of voicing, place of articulation, vocalic context, and mode of release. There is extensive coarticulation in both directions. A hierarchical relationship for the realization of velar height targets for vowels and consonants is found, leading to the supposition that there are two different kinds of coarticulation on the neuromotor level.", "contents": "Some observations on velar movement in plosives. Using a photoelectric device, velar movement of 6 subjects is continuously registered in test words containing /p, t, k, b, d, g/. There are differences in both timing and degree of velar movement patterns as a function of voicing, place of articulation, vocalic context, and mode of release. There is extensive coarticulation in both directions. A hierarchical relationship for the realization of velar height targets for vowels and consonants is found, leading to the supposition that there are two different kinds of coarticulation on the neuromotor level.", "PMID": 542500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8947", "title": "Feeding cholestanol to infants causes atherosclerosis.", "content": "The atheromas of adult aortas have been found to be composed mostly of tabular crystals of a highly insoluble cholesterol-cholestanol-water adduct designated C-C-2W. Early feeding of cholestanol risks precipitation of C-C-2W on the incomplete membranes of infants. Resultant impairment of cell permeability and reactivity can give rise to incipient atherosclerosis. The pathological condition becomes patent only with adulthood, when the aorta intima-media will be stacked with the adduct and fatty streaks will occur. Cholesterol, as provided by the usual dietary sources, contains from 3 to 10% of cholestanol, quantities more than sufficient to reach the solubility product of C-C-2W: 10(-7) mg/ml. It follows that much atherosclerosis could be avoided if cholestanol-containing foods, specifically dietary cholesterol, were not fed to infants or children. Cholestanolosis and hypercholestanolemia are new concepts to be considered in dietary approaches to control of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Feeding cholestanol to infants causes atherosclerosis. The atheromas of adult aortas have been found to be composed mostly of tabular crystals of a highly insoluble cholesterol-cholestanol-water adduct designated C-C-2W. Early feeding of cholestanol risks precipitation of C-C-2W on the incomplete membranes of infants. Resultant impairment of cell permeability and reactivity can give rise to incipient atherosclerosis. The pathological condition becomes patent only with adulthood, when the aorta intima-media will be stacked with the adduct and fatty streaks will occur. Cholesterol, as provided by the usual dietary sources, contains from 3 to 10% of cholestanol, quantities more than sufficient to reach the solubility product of C-C-2W: 10(-7) mg/ml. It follows that much atherosclerosis could be avoided if cholestanol-containing foods, specifically dietary cholesterol, were not fed to infants or children. Cholestanolosis and hypercholestanolemia are new concepts to be considered in dietary approaches to control of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 542501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8948", "title": "Relation between suicide and the electromagnetic field of overhead power lines.", "content": "Laboratory studies have shown that electromagnetic fields similar to those from high-voltage transmission lines can produce biological effects. Surveys of the actual effects of such lines on exposed individuals usually have been hampered by complicating factors tending to blur the data. By means of a new approach, however, correlation has been established between the presence of transmission-line fields and the occurrence of suicides in part of the Midlands of England.", "contents": "Relation between suicide and the electromagnetic field of overhead power lines. Laboratory studies have shown that electromagnetic fields similar to those from high-voltage transmission lines can produce biological effects. Surveys of the actual effects of such lines on exposed individuals usually have been hampered by complicating factors tending to blur the data. By means of a new approach, however, correlation has been established between the presence of transmission-line fields and the occurrence of suicides in part of the Midlands of England.", "PMID": 542502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8949", "title": "Chemical characterization and biological activity of an anticancer agent of marine origin.", "content": "Clinical interest in the pharmacology of medicinals from marine organisms has heightened due to anticancer effects indicated for Mercenaria marine clam components. This report further characterizes the anticancer principle. Hydrophilic products were extracted by aqueous and/or salting-out methods followed by dialysis. Organic solvent extraction produced a new family of active agents related to the hydrophilic component. Thin layer and liquid column chromatography as well as enzymatic degradation were used to secure a more pure product for analysis. Assay included P388 leukemia and B16 melanoma. Oligonucleotide fractions and smaller components were observed to increase survival rate; treated mice remained at 67% survival when control animals had reached zero. A many-fold purified product was effectively reduced from 300 mg/kg body weight to 5 mg/kg to achieve anticancer activity. Chemical analysis suggested a product composed of carbohydrate, phosphate, peptide, and an unidentified material. Acid hydrolysis revealed the presence of hexoses, pentoses, and a full spectrum of amino acids. Several distinct components found to comprise the active samples may act as the effective product or as a carrier.", "contents": "Chemical characterization and biological activity of an anticancer agent of marine origin. Clinical interest in the pharmacology of medicinals from marine organisms has heightened due to anticancer effects indicated for Mercenaria marine clam components. This report further characterizes the anticancer principle. Hydrophilic products were extracted by aqueous and/or salting-out methods followed by dialysis. Organic solvent extraction produced a new family of active agents related to the hydrophilic component. Thin layer and liquid column chromatography as well as enzymatic degradation were used to secure a more pure product for analysis. Assay included P388 leukemia and B16 melanoma. Oligonucleotide fractions and smaller components were observed to increase survival rate; treated mice remained at 67% survival when control animals had reached zero. A many-fold purified product was effectively reduced from 300 mg/kg body weight to 5 mg/kg to achieve anticancer activity. Chemical analysis suggested a product composed of carbohydrate, phosphate, peptide, and an unidentified material. Acid hydrolysis revealed the presence of hexoses, pentoses, and a full spectrum of amino acids. Several distinct components found to comprise the active samples may act as the effective product or as a carrier.", "PMID": 542503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8950", "title": "Long-range dielectric aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle.", "content": "The phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are described in terms of H. Fr\u00f6hlich's theory of long-range coherence in biological systems. A phonon condensation is believed to initiate the S phase of the cycle. Following this event, an increasing polarization of the cell should occur, resulting in a phase transition to a metastable ferroelectric state at the beginning of mitosis. This polarized state is expected to be dissipated after mitosis is completed. It is believed that malignant cells possess a ferroelectric state throughout their life cycles.", "contents": "Long-range dielectric aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle. The phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are described in terms of H. Fr\u00f6hlich's theory of long-range coherence in biological systems. A phonon condensation is believed to initiate the S phase of the cycle. Following this event, an increasing polarization of the cell should occur, resulting in a phase transition to a metastable ferroelectric state at the beginning of mitosis. This polarized state is expected to be dissipated after mitosis is completed. It is believed that malignant cells possess a ferroelectric state throughout their life cycles.", "PMID": 542504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8951", "title": "Temperature dependence of 31P-NMR spectra of chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes.", "content": "The shape of the 31P-NMR signal of DNA in nucleosomes isolated from chicken erythrocytes has been examined in the temperature range of 15--80 degrees C at 40.48 MHz. This resonance is composed of at least two partially overlapping peaks with different line-widths and chemical shifts. The relative intensities of the peaks were found to vary with temperature. Although a quantitative analysis of the components is difficult at this frequency, the presence of various peaks under the resonance signal is further confirmed by inspection of the partially relaxed spectra at 15 degrees C. A comparison of the thermal behavior of protein-free DNA isolated from nucleosomes with that of DNA bound to histones indicates that DNA segments in nucleosomes take on several conformational states.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of 31P-NMR spectra of chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes. The shape of the 31P-NMR signal of DNA in nucleosomes isolated from chicken erythrocytes has been examined in the temperature range of 15--80 degrees C at 40.48 MHz. This resonance is composed of at least two partially overlapping peaks with different line-widths and chemical shifts. The relative intensities of the peaks were found to vary with temperature. Although a quantitative analysis of the components is difficult at this frequency, the presence of various peaks under the resonance signal is further confirmed by inspection of the partially relaxed spectra at 15 degrees C. A comparison of the thermal behavior of protein-free DNA isolated from nucleosomes with that of DNA bound to histones indicates that DNA segments in nucleosomes take on several conformational states.", "PMID": 542505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8952", "title": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies on nuclear fractions of normal and malignant tissues.", "content": "Nuclear fractions isolated from normal liver tissues and an experimental tumor--mouse fibrosarcoma (MFS)--were studied by pulsed NMR. Findings were: (1) T1 values of nuclear fractions are higher than those of the tissues or origin. (2) T1 values of nuclear fractions isolated from liver of tumor-bearers are higher than T1 values of nuclear fractions of normal liver. (3) T1 values of nuclear fractions of MFS tumor are higher than nuclear fractions of liver of tumor-bearing mice. Comparison of T1 values of the nuclear fractions shows a hierarchy of T1 from liver to MFS.", "contents": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies on nuclear fractions of normal and malignant tissues. Nuclear fractions isolated from normal liver tissues and an experimental tumor--mouse fibrosarcoma (MFS)--were studied by pulsed NMR. Findings were: (1) T1 values of nuclear fractions are higher than those of the tissues or origin. (2) T1 values of nuclear fractions isolated from liver of tumor-bearers are higher than T1 values of nuclear fractions of normal liver. (3) T1 values of nuclear fractions of MFS tumor are higher than nuclear fractions of liver of tumor-bearing mice. Comparison of T1 values of the nuclear fractions shows a hierarchy of T1 from liver to MFS.", "PMID": 542506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8953", "title": "[The unstable-frequency EEG--as a concept and its correlations to neuropsychiatric diseases in children].", "content": "A total of 21,040 electroencephalograms obtained from 6,834 children constituting the routine patient stock of an electroencephalographic department of a pediatric clinic were checked for \"frequency instability\". It was possible to observe an age dependence of this characteristic and determine statistical correlations with certain clinical disease units showing different frequencies of this particular characteristic, especially neuropathies and neuroses.", "contents": "[The unstable-frequency EEG--as a concept and its correlations to neuropsychiatric diseases in children]. A total of 21,040 electroencephalograms obtained from 6,834 children constituting the routine patient stock of an electroencephalographic department of a pediatric clinic were checked for \"frequency instability\". It was possible to observe an age dependence of this characteristic and determine statistical correlations with certain clinical disease units showing different frequencies of this particular characteristic, especially neuropathies and neuroses.", "PMID": 542538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8954", "title": "[Electromyographic examinations of the musculus sphincter urethrae in children with meningomyelocele].", "content": "Thirty children with neurogenic voiding attendant upon myelomeningoceles were examined, and for twenty-three children the electromyographic findings were compared with urodynamic measuring results. The authors conclude that an increase in subvesical resistance is due not to an increase of tonicity of somatic sphincter muscles but to a predominance of sympathetic over parasympathetic innervation.", "contents": "[Electromyographic examinations of the musculus sphincter urethrae in children with meningomyelocele]. Thirty children with neurogenic voiding attendant upon myelomeningoceles were examined, and for twenty-three children the electromyographic findings were compared with urodynamic measuring results. The authors conclude that an increase in subvesical resistance is due not to an increase of tonicity of somatic sphincter muscles but to a predominance of sympathetic over parasympathetic innervation.", "PMID": 542539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8955", "title": "[Importance of \"accentuation\" for diagnostics in practical medicine].", "content": "The report is about a study made in the USSR of 840 people (sick persons, female students, workers, intellectuals). All were given questionnaires acc. to H. Schmieschek in a Russian version, and the author (V. N. Belyayev) lists the results in tables and analyzes them. Reference is made to various aspects which are of importance for practical medicine and relate to a diagnosis of \"accentuation\" acc. to K. Leonhard.", "contents": "[Importance of \"accentuation\" for diagnostics in practical medicine]. The report is about a study made in the USSR of 840 people (sick persons, female students, workers, intellectuals). All were given questionnaires acc. to H. Schmieschek in a Russian version, and the author (V. N. Belyayev) lists the results in tables and analyzes them. Reference is made to various aspects which are of importance for practical medicine and relate to a diagnosis of \"accentuation\" acc. to K. Leonhard.", "PMID": 542540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8956", "title": "[Variability of normal grapho-elements and the assessment of abnormal grapho-elements in the EEG of clinically healthy test persons].", "content": "The percentage pattern and topical distribution of alpha, beta, theta and delta waves, the occipital voltage level asymmetry of the alpha waves and the frequency of temporal functional disorders were studied in 100 17-year-olds, 273 male test persons of various age and 6,000 healthy persons. The results indicated that 1/4--1/8 of the test section is precentrally taken up by theta waves in the E.E.G. of healthy 17-year-olds. Random sampling on a larger scale shows that left occipital alpha wave domination is just as frequent as on the right; voltage level symmetry occurs only in 13--23 per cent of all cases. Three per cent of the clinically healthy persons showed local temporal E.E.G. anomalies which were on the left in 96 per cent of the cases. Attention is drawn to possible consequences with regard to nomenclature, evaluation and diagnostic assessment.", "contents": "[Variability of normal grapho-elements and the assessment of abnormal grapho-elements in the EEG of clinically healthy test persons]. The percentage pattern and topical distribution of alpha, beta, theta and delta waves, the occipital voltage level asymmetry of the alpha waves and the frequency of temporal functional disorders were studied in 100 17-year-olds, 273 male test persons of various age and 6,000 healthy persons. The results indicated that 1/4--1/8 of the test section is precentrally taken up by theta waves in the E.E.G. of healthy 17-year-olds. Random sampling on a larger scale shows that left occipital alpha wave domination is just as frequent as on the right; voltage level symmetry occurs only in 13--23 per cent of all cases. Three per cent of the clinically healthy persons showed local temporal E.E.G. anomalies which were on the left in 96 per cent of the cases. Attention is drawn to possible consequences with regard to nomenclature, evaluation and diagnostic assessment.", "PMID": 542541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8957", "title": "[Requirement for and position of partial clinical treatment in the system of psychiatric care].", "content": "Reference is made to the level of development of psychiatry in the USSR and the general principles of psychiatric care accepted in the country. Part of the development in the GDR is then described, followed by an argument in favour of day and night care for patients. This is an area where much remains to be done. This partial clinical treatment is to fill the gap between inpatient and outpatient facilities and should be available in the residential area of the patient.", "contents": "[Requirement for and position of partial clinical treatment in the system of psychiatric care]. Reference is made to the level of development of psychiatry in the USSR and the general principles of psychiatric care accepted in the country. Part of the development in the GDR is then described, followed by an argument in favour of day and night care for patients. This is an area where much remains to be done. This partial clinical treatment is to fill the gap between inpatient and outpatient facilities and should be available in the residential area of the patient.", "PMID": 542542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8958", "title": "[Results of treatment of leg paraspasm cases following longitudinal frontal myelotomy].", "content": "Follow-up examinations of 14 patients on whom longitudinal frontal myelotomy had been performed because of extreme leg spasms, showed consistently good results as far as spasm removal was concerned. Effective rehabilitation is possible only if the basic condition is stationary, if the operation is made at an early stage and followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation programme. For patients with an advancing condition the operation can alleviate the subjective discomfort felt, and it can make care easier.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of leg paraspasm cases following longitudinal frontal myelotomy]. Follow-up examinations of 14 patients on whom longitudinal frontal myelotomy had been performed because of extreme leg spasms, showed consistently good results as far as spasm removal was concerned. Effective rehabilitation is possible only if the basic condition is stationary, if the operation is made at an early stage and followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation programme. For patients with an advancing condition the operation can alleviate the subjective discomfort felt, and it can make care easier.", "PMID": 542543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8959", "title": "[Experiences and empirical results of ambulatory psychotherapy in care and treatment of special psychosomatic disorders (neuroses)].", "content": "Object of the outlying paper are some few practical experience and theoretical based reflections in application of some elements of special-psychotherapeutical, personality- and conflict-centred techniques by treatment of psychosomatical disorders or likewise structured disorders in a district near Berlin (GDR). The methodical and methodological basis is directly related to some elements of the psychotherapeutical system of Oderich, developed while the last ten years have passed. In the centre of this methodical procedure we see especially self-relaxation, active therapeutical attitudes by patient and real-demand-related and patient-centred, conflict-orientated treatment as basis for systematic behavior modification. In the last part of this paper we refered some aspected results of empirical-statistical analysis.", "contents": "[Experiences and empirical results of ambulatory psychotherapy in care and treatment of special psychosomatic disorders (neuroses)]. Object of the outlying paper are some few practical experience and theoretical based reflections in application of some elements of special-psychotherapeutical, personality- and conflict-centred techniques by treatment of psychosomatical disorders or likewise structured disorders in a district near Berlin (GDR). The methodical and methodological basis is directly related to some elements of the psychotherapeutical system of Oderich, developed while the last ten years have passed. In the centre of this methodical procedure we see especially self-relaxation, active therapeutical attitudes by patient and real-demand-related and patient-centred, conflict-orientated treatment as basis for systematic behavior modification. In the last part of this paper we refered some aspected results of empirical-statistical analysis.", "PMID": 542544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8960", "title": "[Treatment of neurotic sleep disorders with the use of V. E. Frank's logotherapy].", "content": "V. E. Frankl's logotherapy is a useful method of treatment in the psychotherapy of neuroses. Its systematic approach to reorientation, the assistance it provides is adopting an optimistic outlook on life, and its dynamic character and comparative limitation in time make it ideal for outpatient therapy. Patients easily adopt its two recommendations, the \"paradoxical intention\" and \"dereflection\", and these have a capacity for overcoming symptoms. This frees the patient sufficiently to make it possible for him to deal with the causes of his crisis. Through analyzing his conflict with the environment he can arrive at a new synthesis and find a meaningful philosophy of life.", "contents": "[Treatment of neurotic sleep disorders with the use of V. E. Frank's logotherapy]. V. E. Frankl's logotherapy is a useful method of treatment in the psychotherapy of neuroses. Its systematic approach to reorientation, the assistance it provides is adopting an optimistic outlook on life, and its dynamic character and comparative limitation in time make it ideal for outpatient therapy. Patients easily adopt its two recommendations, the \"paradoxical intention\" and \"dereflection\", and these have a capacity for overcoming symptoms. This frees the patient sufficiently to make it possible for him to deal with the causes of his crisis. Through analyzing his conflict with the environment he can arrive at a new synthesis and find a meaningful philosophy of life.", "PMID": 542545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8961", "title": "[The epidemiology of Wilson's disease in the German Democratic Republic and current problems from the viewpoint of population genetics].", "content": "Between 1949 and Nov. 30, 1977 a total of 123 cases of Wilson's disease have been registered in the GDR. Using the available statistics the incidence rate of the disease is assumed to be about 2.9/100,000, the gene frequency approx. 0.53 per cent and the heterozygote incidence 1.05 per cent, supposing that the Hardy-Weinberg law applies to a large extent. Conclusions are drawn from the available material with a view to detection of the disease infuture and to genetic family counselling.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of Wilson's disease in the German Democratic Republic and current problems from the viewpoint of population genetics]. Between 1949 and Nov. 30, 1977 a total of 123 cases of Wilson's disease have been registered in the GDR. Using the available statistics the incidence rate of the disease is assumed to be about 2.9/100,000, the gene frequency approx. 0.53 per cent and the heterozygote incidence 1.05 per cent, supposing that the Hardy-Weinberg law applies to a large extent. Conclusions are drawn from the available material with a view to detection of the disease infuture and to genetic family counselling.", "PMID": 542546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8962", "title": "[Intravenous tolbutamide test in depression].", "content": "The intravenous tolbutamide test (ORABET) shows pathological developments in timid and depressive patients, regardless of their nosological classification as suffering from unipolar endogenic depressions, the depressive phase of MDK and reactive depressions. With the disappearance of the depressive--timid psychopathological picture the i.v. TT also normalizes.", "contents": "[Intravenous tolbutamide test in depression]. The intravenous tolbutamide test (ORABET) shows pathological developments in timid and depressive patients, regardless of their nosological classification as suffering from unipolar endogenic depressions, the depressive phase of MDK and reactive depressions. With the disappearance of the depressive--timid psychopathological picture the i.v. TT also normalizes.", "PMID": 542547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8963", "title": "[Abnormal corpus callosum and epilepsy--a catamnestic report].", "content": "A catamnestic account is given of a case of corpus callosum deficiency. The clinical symptoms and para-clinical findings could not be interpreted with the syndrome. A short reference is made to the importance of the corpus callosum deficiency.", "contents": "[Abnormal corpus callosum and epilepsy--a catamnestic report]. A catamnestic account is given of a case of corpus callosum deficiency. The clinical symptoms and para-clinical findings could not be interpreted with the syndrome. A short reference is made to the importance of the corpus callosum deficiency.", "PMID": 542548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8964", "title": "[The clinical picture of essential myoclonus].", "content": "Familial essential myoclonus, a rare hereditary disease, is characterized by spontaneous myocloni without any other neurological and psychic symptoms. The report deals with two sisters who suffered from the disease and in whose family the syndrome occurred in two more generations. The outlook for a favourable therapeutic effect is limited. The prognosis is good.", "contents": "[The clinical picture of essential myoclonus]. Familial essential myoclonus, a rare hereditary disease, is characterized by spontaneous myocloni without any other neurological and psychic symptoms. The report deals with two sisters who suffered from the disease and in whose family the syndrome occurred in two more generations. The outlook for a favourable therapeutic effect is limited. The prognosis is good.", "PMID": 542549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8965", "title": "[Prognosis in epilepsy and tactics to be applied in terminating anti-epilepsy therapy].", "content": "This paper compares basic concepts published by eminent epileptologists, supplementing them by a specific analysis of 350 case records. The author, on the basis of data reported in the literature and the results of his own investigations, makes concrete recommendations for the discontinuation of anticonvulsives in the treatment of epilepsy.", "contents": "[Prognosis in epilepsy and tactics to be applied in terminating anti-epilepsy therapy]. This paper compares basic concepts published by eminent epileptologists, supplementing them by a specific analysis of 350 case records. The author, on the basis of data reported in the literature and the results of his own investigations, makes concrete recommendations for the discontinuation of anticonvulsives in the treatment of epilepsy.", "PMID": 542550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8966", "title": "[The EEG and its correlation with the intermittent vertebrobasilar syndrome].", "content": "A total of 325 patients with an intermittent vertebrobasilar insufficiency syndrome were subjected to electroencephalography. Certain characteristic features could be determined. Dominant among pathological findings were beta wave frequency bands in females. Normal electroencephalograms were obtained especially in males. There was frequently observed a low level of brain potentials, but this should not be regarded as an obligate criterion. Correlation of the electroencephalogram with the clinical syndrome was only possible by taking into account the patient's medical history and by taking additional diagnostic measures, more especially as other processes in the middle and posterior cranial fossae also tended to produce corresponding changes in electroencephalograms. Also dealth with by the author in his present paper are pathophysiological relationships.", "contents": "[The EEG and its correlation with the intermittent vertebrobasilar syndrome]. A total of 325 patients with an intermittent vertebrobasilar insufficiency syndrome were subjected to electroencephalography. Certain characteristic features could be determined. Dominant among pathological findings were beta wave frequency bands in females. Normal electroencephalograms were obtained especially in males. There was frequently observed a low level of brain potentials, but this should not be regarded as an obligate criterion. Correlation of the electroencephalogram with the clinical syndrome was only possible by taking into account the patient's medical history and by taking additional diagnostic measures, more especially as other processes in the middle and posterior cranial fossae also tended to produce corresponding changes in electroencephalograms. Also dealth with by the author in his present paper are pathophysiological relationships.", "PMID": 542551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8967", "title": "[So-called slow posterior activity in the EEG and the sensori-motor reaction time. Results of re-examinations made after 5 years].", "content": "Six persons showing what is called slow posterior activity (4/s rhythm) in the electroencephalogram were reexamined after a period of five years. Sensorimotor reaction times were recorded in addition to the electroencephalogram which was analyzed for the frequency of LPA and for the degree of stability of time dependence. The frequency and distinctness of LPA were found to be stable after five years (r = 0.09 and 0.82, respectively; p less than 0.001), whereas the alpha rhythmus of the subjects had undergone considerable changes (r = 0.34; p greater than 0.05). The extension of reaction times to be observed under the influence of LPA was also seen to remain constant (r = 0.79; p less than 0.05). Accordingly, LPA proved an extremely stable characteristic which did not show any substantial variations in the course of five years.", "contents": "[So-called slow posterior activity in the EEG and the sensori-motor reaction time. Results of re-examinations made after 5 years]. Six persons showing what is called slow posterior activity (4/s rhythm) in the electroencephalogram were reexamined after a period of five years. Sensorimotor reaction times were recorded in addition to the electroencephalogram which was analyzed for the frequency of LPA and for the degree of stability of time dependence. The frequency and distinctness of LPA were found to be stable after five years (r = 0.09 and 0.82, respectively; p less than 0.001), whereas the alpha rhythmus of the subjects had undergone considerable changes (r = 0.34; p greater than 0.05). The extension of reaction times to be observed under the influence of LPA was also seen to remain constant (r = 0.79; p less than 0.05). Accordingly, LPA proved an extremely stable characteristic which did not show any substantial variations in the course of five years.", "PMID": 542552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8968", "title": "[Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam (Antelepsin)].", "content": "Clonazepam (Antelepsin) was tested on 179 patients in 8 institutions during a period of 180 days. 169 patients had been unsuccessfully treated with the usual standard medication and were additionally given Antelepsin. Typical absences and attacks of the West and Lennox syndromes yielded best to treatment with the drug, with favorable effects also being produced in cases of partial or focal epilepsy. The most important side-effect was tiredness, other collateral effects being balance disorders, sensations of dizziness, and musuclar weakness. The frequency of side-effects decreased in the course of therapy. In the electroencephalogram there was observed a significant increase in beta waves and a significant decrease in 3 Hz spike and wave complexes.", "contents": "[Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam (Antelepsin)]. Clonazepam (Antelepsin) was tested on 179 patients in 8 institutions during a period of 180 days. 169 patients had been unsuccessfully treated with the usual standard medication and were additionally given Antelepsin. Typical absences and attacks of the West and Lennox syndromes yielded best to treatment with the drug, with favorable effects also being produced in cases of partial or focal epilepsy. The most important side-effect was tiredness, other collateral effects being balance disorders, sensations of dizziness, and musuclar weakness. The frequency of side-effects decreased in the course of therapy. In the electroencephalogram there was observed a significant increase in beta waves and a significant decrease in 3 Hz spike and wave complexes.", "PMID": 542553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8969", "title": "[Experience with a list of clinical symptoms].", "content": "This is a report of the experience with a list of complaints used to examine a sample of patients (n = 71) prior and subsequent to treatment on an inpatient basis. A reduction of symptoms was observed especially in the area of vegatative and psychic symptoms of anxiety. A detailed factor analysis yielded four interpretable factors.", "contents": "[Experience with a list of clinical symptoms]. This is a report of the experience with a list of complaints used to examine a sample of patients (n = 71) prior and subsequent to treatment on an inpatient basis. A reduction of symptoms was observed especially in the area of vegatative and psychic symptoms of anxiety. A detailed factor analysis yielded four interpretable factors.", "PMID": 542554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8970", "title": "[Cerebromeningeal fibroxanthoma. A case report].", "content": "This is a report on an almost seven-year-old girl with a histologically evident fibroxanthoma of the leptomeninx and dura mater cerebri. To the authors' knowledge, this is the fifth case of an intracranial fibroxanthoma reported in the literature. Histologically, the tumor consists of close-lying pleomorphic cells and giant multinuclear cells with vacuolate or homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm and fusiform cells occasionally arranged in meningeoma-like whorls. The experience gathered thus far shows that, so far as intracranial fibroxanthomata are concerned, predictions or conclusions regarding the course of disease and the probability of recovery should be made with reservation only.", "contents": "[Cerebromeningeal fibroxanthoma. A case report]. This is a report on an almost seven-year-old girl with a histologically evident fibroxanthoma of the leptomeninx and dura mater cerebri. To the authors' knowledge, this is the fifth case of an intracranial fibroxanthoma reported in the literature. Histologically, the tumor consists of close-lying pleomorphic cells and giant multinuclear cells with vacuolate or homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm and fusiform cells occasionally arranged in meningeoma-like whorls. The experience gathered thus far shows that, so far as intracranial fibroxanthomata are concerned, predictions or conclusions regarding the course of disease and the probability of recovery should be made with reservation only.", "PMID": 542555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8971", "title": "Iron induced increase in red cell size in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "In a group of haemodialysis patients who were iron loaded secondary to parenteral iron administration a slight but significant increase in red cell size was noted when compared to a normal population. This macrocytosis was not related to serum B12 or folate levels, or to the reticulocyte count. On stopping iron therapy both mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values declined significantly as did serum ferritin and iron levels. Bone marrow smears were of normal or increased cellularity. When iron therapy was discontinued there was a steady fall in serum ferritin levels without a drop in haemoglobin values suggesting that the excess iron was available for haemopoiesis. These findings suggest that the increase in red cell size in this group of patients may have been induced directly by iron overload.", "contents": "Iron induced increase in red cell size in haemodialysis patients. In a group of haemodialysis patients who were iron loaded secondary to parenteral iron administration a slight but significant increase in red cell size was noted when compared to a normal population. This macrocytosis was not related to serum B12 or folate levels, or to the reticulocyte count. On stopping iron therapy both mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values declined significantly as did serum ferritin and iron levels. Bone marrow smears were of normal or increased cellularity. When iron therapy was discontinued there was a steady fall in serum ferritin levels without a drop in haemoglobin values suggesting that the excess iron was available for haemopoiesis. These findings suggest that the increase in red cell size in this group of patients may have been induced directly by iron overload.", "PMID": 542585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8972", "title": "Psychiatric manifestations of Cushing's syndrome: response to lowering of plasma cortisol.", "content": "The incidence of psychiatric abnormalities has been assessed in 38 patients with Cushing's syndrome and two with alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Twenty-six patients were examined by one of us using a standardized psychiatric interview, and this group included all those with severe to moderate psychiatric disorders. Depression was the commonest symptom: five patients (13%) were markedly or severely depressed, four (10%) were moderately depressed and 13 (32%) were mildly depressed. Four patients exhibited other, non-depressive psychiatric symptoms and only 14 (35%) were judged free from psychiatric abnormality. The first line of treatment was to reduce the circulating cortisol level either by adrenalectomy or by treatment with oral metyrapone; both patients with alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome were treated by alcohol withdrawal. Once the plasma cortisol level was successfully controlled, depressive symptoms were relieved in all five patients with marked or severe depression and in three of the four who were moderately depressed. Mild depressive symptoms were relieved in six of the 13 affected. It is concluded that metyrapone may be of considerable value in the management of the acute psychiatric states which may occur in Cushing's syndrome and these findings are discussed in the light of their possible pathogenesis.", "contents": "Psychiatric manifestations of Cushing's syndrome: response to lowering of plasma cortisol. The incidence of psychiatric abnormalities has been assessed in 38 patients with Cushing's syndrome and two with alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Twenty-six patients were examined by one of us using a standardized psychiatric interview, and this group included all those with severe to moderate psychiatric disorders. Depression was the commonest symptom: five patients (13%) were markedly or severely depressed, four (10%) were moderately depressed and 13 (32%) were mildly depressed. Four patients exhibited other, non-depressive psychiatric symptoms and only 14 (35%) were judged free from psychiatric abnormality. The first line of treatment was to reduce the circulating cortisol level either by adrenalectomy or by treatment with oral metyrapone; both patients with alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome were treated by alcohol withdrawal. Once the plasma cortisol level was successfully controlled, depressive symptoms were relieved in all five patients with marked or severe depression and in three of the four who were moderately depressed. Mild depressive symptoms were relieved in six of the 13 affected. It is concluded that metyrapone may be of considerable value in the management of the acute psychiatric states which may occur in Cushing's syndrome and these findings are discussed in the light of their possible pathogenesis.", "PMID": 542586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8973", "title": "[The antibiogram in hospital practice. Its necessity and usefulness].", "content": "The A. examined 525 biologic samples that reached the Laboratory for normal bacteriological research. From those samples 625 bacterial species have been isolated, which have been tested with six antibiotics of commoner use, according to the method of Kirby-Bauer, employing two sorts of medium, the Mueller-Hinton Agar and the Brain Heart Infusion Agar. From these sensitivity-tests there resulted a very high rate of antibiotic resistance to of the six antibiotics examined. Several reasons have been invoked to explain the phenomenon but the most plausible explanation is that, it is due to the genetic modifications that the bacteria have undergone.", "contents": "[The antibiogram in hospital practice. Its necessity and usefulness]. The A. examined 525 biologic samples that reached the Laboratory for normal bacteriological research. From those samples 625 bacterial species have been isolated, which have been tested with six antibiotics of commoner use, according to the method of Kirby-Bauer, employing two sorts of medium, the Mueller-Hinton Agar and the Brain Heart Infusion Agar. From these sensitivity-tests there resulted a very high rate of antibiotic resistance to of the six antibiotics examined. Several reasons have been invoked to explain the phenomenon but the most plausible explanation is that, it is due to the genetic modifications that the bacteria have undergone.", "PMID": 542590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8974", "title": "[Chromogenic and immunological determination of antithrombin III and of antiplasmin in subjects under treatment with oral hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "We have effectuated a chromogenic and immunologic determination of alpha 2-At III and antiplasmin in plasma into three groups of patients. The 1st group is constituted of 93 subjects which never take oral hormone contraceptives. The 2nd group is constituted of 56 subjects who are taking oral hormone contraceptives. The 3rd group is constituted of 55 subjects in pregnancy (VI-VIII months). The results show a light difference, in the immunologic assay, between I in equilibrium or formed of II and I in equilibrium or formed of III, but there is not a significant difference in the chromogenic determination. Data have not evidenced significant variations in the antiplasmin too, except for the group of subjects in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Chromogenic and immunological determination of antithrombin III and of antiplasmin in subjects under treatment with oral hormonal contraceptives]. We have effectuated a chromogenic and immunologic determination of alpha 2-At III and antiplasmin in plasma into three groups of patients. The 1st group is constituted of 93 subjects which never take oral hormone contraceptives. The 2nd group is constituted of 56 subjects who are taking oral hormone contraceptives. The 3rd group is constituted of 55 subjects in pregnancy (VI-VIII months). The results show a light difference, in the immunologic assay, between I in equilibrium or formed of II and I in equilibrium or formed of III, but there is not a significant difference in the chromogenic determination. Data have not evidenced significant variations in the antiplasmin too, except for the group of subjects in pregnancy.", "PMID": 542593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8975", "title": "[Evaluation of 2 analytical technics for determination of fecal lipids].", "content": "The van de Kamer titrimetric method for the determination of fecal fatty acids has been compared with the colorimetric technique described by TOMASZEWSKI. Reproducibility and accuracy as well as the applicability in a clinical laboratory service are discussed. The AA. point out that van de Kamer method still remains the method of choice for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Evaluation of 2 analytical technics for determination of fecal lipids]. The van de Kamer titrimetric method for the determination of fecal fatty acids has been compared with the colorimetric technique described by TOMASZEWSKI. Reproducibility and accuracy as well as the applicability in a clinical laboratory service are discussed. The AA. point out that van de Kamer method still remains the method of choice for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 542594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8976", "title": "The direct influence of electromagnetic fields on nerve- and muscle cells of man within the frequency range of 1 Hz to 30 MHz.", "content": "By using several biophysical approximations and considering man as free space model limiting order-of-magnitude values for external electric and magnetic field strengths which may be hazardous for human beings were calculated. Danger may occur by excitation processes below 30 kHz for field strengths exceeding these limiting values; for frequencies larger than 60 kHz, thermal effects are predominant before excitation occurs. The external electric field strength necessary for causing action potentials in the central nervous system exceeds by far the corona forming level. But excitation is possible by strong alternating magnetic fields. Furthermore, by comparing the electrically and magnetically induced currents with the naturally flowing currents in man caused by the brain's and heart's electrical activity, a \"lower boundary-line\" was estimated. Regarding electric or magnetic field strengths undercutting this boundary-line, direct effects on the central nervous system may be excluded. Other mechanisms should be responsible for demonstrated biological effects.", "contents": "The direct influence of electromagnetic fields on nerve- and muscle cells of man within the frequency range of 1 Hz to 30 MHz. By using several biophysical approximations and considering man as free space model limiting order-of-magnitude values for external electric and magnetic field strengths which may be hazardous for human beings were calculated. Danger may occur by excitation processes below 30 kHz for field strengths exceeding these limiting values; for frequencies larger than 60 kHz, thermal effects are predominant before excitation occurs. The external electric field strength necessary for causing action potentials in the central nervous system exceeds by far the corona forming level. But excitation is possible by strong alternating magnetic fields. Furthermore, by comparing the electrically and magnetically induced currents with the naturally flowing currents in man caused by the brain's and heart's electrical activity, a \"lower boundary-line\" was estimated. Regarding electric or magnetic field strengths undercutting this boundary-line, direct effects on the central nervous system may be excluded. Other mechanisms should be responsible for demonstrated biological effects.", "PMID": 542596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8977", "title": "The effect of environmental temperature and average dose rate of microwave radiation on the oxygen-consumption rate of mice.", "content": "The oxygen consumption rate of CF1 male mice was determined before, during, and after sham- and microwave-irradiation at environmental temperatures of 20 degrees C, 24 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 35 degrees C, relative humidity of 55%, and air flow rate of 78 ml/min. Five forward power levels ranging from 0.09 to 3.3 W, which resulted in corresponding average dose rates ranging from 1.2 to 45.1 mW/g were used. The values of the oxygen consumption rate were converted to those of the specific metabolic rate (SMR). The result indicates that with high levels of microwave dosing (greater than 10 mW/g) the specific metabolic rate of mice decreased in some cases, in the environmental temperatures of 20 degrees C and 24 degrees C. However, the decreased SMR values were not lower than the SMR values of the sham-irradiated group in 30 degrees C. In the case of 35 degrees C, the high level dosing with microwave radiation caused increases in the SMR value over the sham value. A possible trend towards increased SMR value during and after irradiationwith low level (1.6 mW/g) microwave radiation in the environmental temperatures of 24 degrees C and 30 degrees C suggests further experiments with low level microwave radiation to determine possible effects of low level microwave radiation in stimulating increases in specific metabolic rate.", "contents": "The effect of environmental temperature and average dose rate of microwave radiation on the oxygen-consumption rate of mice. The oxygen consumption rate of CF1 male mice was determined before, during, and after sham- and microwave-irradiation at environmental temperatures of 20 degrees C, 24 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 35 degrees C, relative humidity of 55%, and air flow rate of 78 ml/min. Five forward power levels ranging from 0.09 to 3.3 W, which resulted in corresponding average dose rates ranging from 1.2 to 45.1 mW/g were used. The values of the oxygen consumption rate were converted to those of the specific metabolic rate (SMR). The result indicates that with high levels of microwave dosing (greater than 10 mW/g) the specific metabolic rate of mice decreased in some cases, in the environmental temperatures of 20 degrees C and 24 degrees C. However, the decreased SMR values were not lower than the SMR values of the sham-irradiated group in 30 degrees C. In the case of 35 degrees C, the high level dosing with microwave radiation caused increases in the SMR value over the sham value. A possible trend towards increased SMR value during and after irradiationwith low level (1.6 mW/g) microwave radiation in the environmental temperatures of 24 degrees C and 30 degrees C suggests further experiments with low level microwave radiation to determine possible effects of low level microwave radiation in stimulating increases in specific metabolic rate.", "PMID": 542597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8978", "title": "Effect of 239Pu on mouse hemopoietic stem cells in different types of bone marrow cavities.", "content": "Repopulative activity of hemopoietic stem cells of mice given i.v. 5 kBq 239Pu/mouse (166.5 kBq/kg) was followed. The activity retained was measured in the whole mouse, the skeleton and the liver. Simultaneously average cumulative skeletal dose was calculated. Quantitative parameters of the stem cell compartment and the marrow cellularity were studied in variously arranged bones (femur, pelvis, lumbar vertebra) using the exocolonizing test and cytological techniques. The effects of radiation were most marked in lumbar vertebra, less serious changes were found in pelvis and only a moderate response was present in femur. The bone marrow hemopoiesis is damaged in various bone sites to different degrees and the percentage of cells at risk appears higher in trabecular than in cortical bone.", "contents": "Effect of 239Pu on mouse hemopoietic stem cells in different types of bone marrow cavities. Repopulative activity of hemopoietic stem cells of mice given i.v. 5 kBq 239Pu/mouse (166.5 kBq/kg) was followed. The activity retained was measured in the whole mouse, the skeleton and the liver. Simultaneously average cumulative skeletal dose was calculated. Quantitative parameters of the stem cell compartment and the marrow cellularity were studied in variously arranged bones (femur, pelvis, lumbar vertebra) using the exocolonizing test and cytological techniques. The effects of radiation were most marked in lumbar vertebra, less serious changes were found in pelvis and only a moderate response was present in femur. The bone marrow hemopoiesis is damaged in various bone sites to different degrees and the percentage of cells at risk appears higher in trabecular than in cortical bone.", "PMID": 542598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8979", "title": "Effect of methyl thiouracil on radioiodine thyroidal retention in rats.", "content": "Some goitrogens like methyl thiouracil (MTU) because of their thynamide grouping act as antithyroid drugs inhibiting the organification of iodide, but do not alter the iodide transport. Their administration to an intact animal, therefore, might alter the thyroidal iodine kinetics. Here an attempt has been made to study the effect of MTU on thyroidal iodine kinetics in rats as well as to find out whether any difference in kinetics could be detected between different radioiodines, viz., 131I, 125I, and 123I. Cumulated thyroidal activity which is a time integral of the activity has been taken as the parameter to represent the sum effect of thyroidal iodine kinetics over a specific time period of interest. From the in vivo thyroidal activity measurements, carried out over extended periods of time, the cumulated activity was calculated for both MTU treated and normal rats that received 131I, 125I, or 123I at different times before the MTU start. Within a day of the start of the MTU there is a rapid loss of thyroidal iodine. The severity of the loss depended upon the time that elapsed between the start of the MTU schedule and the particular radioiodine administered. The absence of isotopic effect on the uptake as well as on the rate of uptake for the three different radioiodine isotopes studied has been brought out.", "contents": "Effect of methyl thiouracil on radioiodine thyroidal retention in rats. Some goitrogens like methyl thiouracil (MTU) because of their thynamide grouping act as antithyroid drugs inhibiting the organification of iodide, but do not alter the iodide transport. Their administration to an intact animal, therefore, might alter the thyroidal iodine kinetics. Here an attempt has been made to study the effect of MTU on thyroidal iodine kinetics in rats as well as to find out whether any difference in kinetics could be detected between different radioiodines, viz., 131I, 125I, and 123I. Cumulated thyroidal activity which is a time integral of the activity has been taken as the parameter to represent the sum effect of thyroidal iodine kinetics over a specific time period of interest. From the in vivo thyroidal activity measurements, carried out over extended periods of time, the cumulated activity was calculated for both MTU treated and normal rats that received 131I, 125I, or 123I at different times before the MTU start. Within a day of the start of the MTU there is a rapid loss of thyroidal iodine. The severity of the loss depended upon the time that elapsed between the start of the MTU schedule and the particular radioiodine administered. The absence of isotopic effect on the uptake as well as on the rate of uptake for the three different radioiodine isotopes studied has been brought out.", "PMID": 542599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8980", "title": "Distribution of radiation induced lesions in human chromosomes and dose-effect relation analysed with G-banding.", "content": "Human female lymphocytes were exposed to X-rays in vitro at 7 different doses between 40-280 R. In 830 metaphases chromosome analyses were carried out with either conventional staining or G-banding, respectively. 486 breakpoints are non-randomly distributed between chromosomes and chromosome arms. An excess of lesions was present in chromosomes 1 and 5 or in 1p. 85% of the lesions were located in G-negative bands (pale G-bands). 29% of all lesions appeared in either the last terminal pale band (21%) or in the centromere region (8%). With regard to an application of G-banding for a biological dose-estimation, the dose-response relations of dic and ace were analysed. Although G-banding enables detailed analysis of the whole karyotype it cannot be recommended for cytogenetic routine analyses in medical radioprotection monitoring, without suitable automated scoring techniques. Dose estimations based on the frequency of dic and carried out with conventional staining cannot be essentially improved at present with banding. Nevertheless, by banding criteria for a correct evaluation of other aberration types, e.g. ace, can be provided. This is a prerequisite for the calculation of representative dose-effect curves.", "contents": "Distribution of radiation induced lesions in human chromosomes and dose-effect relation analysed with G-banding. Human female lymphocytes were exposed to X-rays in vitro at 7 different doses between 40-280 R. In 830 metaphases chromosome analyses were carried out with either conventional staining or G-banding, respectively. 486 breakpoints are non-randomly distributed between chromosomes and chromosome arms. An excess of lesions was present in chromosomes 1 and 5 or in 1p. 85% of the lesions were located in G-negative bands (pale G-bands). 29% of all lesions appeared in either the last terminal pale band (21%) or in the centromere region (8%). With regard to an application of G-banding for a biological dose-estimation, the dose-response relations of dic and ace were analysed. Although G-banding enables detailed analysis of the whole karyotype it cannot be recommended for cytogenetic routine analyses in medical radioprotection monitoring, without suitable automated scoring techniques. Dose estimations based on the frequency of dic and carried out with conventional staining cannot be essentially improved at present with banding. Nevertheless, by banding criteria for a correct evaluation of other aberration types, e.g. ace, can be provided. This is a prerequisite for the calculation of representative dose-effect curves.", "PMID": 542600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8981", "title": "Evaluation of dose equivalent using a tissue-equivalent ionization chamber and a Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter.", "content": "When detailed neutron energy spectrum data are lacking for a mixed field of neutrons and photons, it is permissible when estimating the dose equivalent to assume that the quality factor for the neutrons is 10. With this assumption, it is shown that the responses of a tissue-equivalent ionization chamber and a Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter can be used to obtain an acceptable approximation of the dose equivalent in the mixed field without requiring precise knowledge of the relative neutron sensitivity of the Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter.", "contents": "Evaluation of dose equivalent using a tissue-equivalent ionization chamber and a Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter. When detailed neutron energy spectrum data are lacking for a mixed field of neutrons and photons, it is permissible when estimating the dose equivalent to assume that the quality factor for the neutrons is 10. With this assumption, it is shown that the responses of a tissue-equivalent ionization chamber and a Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter can be used to obtain an acceptable approximation of the dose equivalent in the mixed field without requiring precise knowledge of the relative neutron sensitivity of the Geiger-M\u00fcller dosimeter.", "PMID": 542601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8982", "title": "Quantitative risk in radiation protection standards.", "content": "Although the overall aim of radiobiology is to understand the biological effects of radiation, it also has the implied practical purpose of developing rational measures for the control of radiation exposure in man. The emphasis in this presentation is to show that the enormous effort expended over the years to develop quantitative dose-effect relations relationships in biochemical and cellular systems, animals and human beings, now seems to be paying off. The pieces appear to be falling into place, and a framework is evolving to utilize these data. Specifically, quantitative risk assessments will be discussed in terms of the cellular, animal and human data on which they are based; their use in the development of radiation protection standards; and their present and potential impact and meaning in relation to the quantity dose equivalent and its special unit, the rem. Recent neutron carcinogenesis data in man are evaluated.", "contents": "Quantitative risk in radiation protection standards. Although the overall aim of radiobiology is to understand the biological effects of radiation, it also has the implied practical purpose of developing rational measures for the control of radiation exposure in man. The emphasis in this presentation is to show that the enormous effort expended over the years to develop quantitative dose-effect relations relationships in biochemical and cellular systems, animals and human beings, now seems to be paying off. The pieces appear to be falling into place, and a framework is evolving to utilize these data. Specifically, quantitative risk assessments will be discussed in terms of the cellular, animal and human data on which they are based; their use in the development of radiation protection standards; and their present and potential impact and meaning in relation to the quantity dose equivalent and its special unit, the rem. Recent neutron carcinogenesis data in man are evaluated.", "PMID": 542602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8983", "title": "The role of microdosimetry in radiobiology.", "content": "Microdosimetry is a branch of radiological physics that provides quantitative characterization of the non-uniformity of energy deposition in uniformly irradiated matter. Consideration based on microdosimetry indicate that the action of ionizing radiation on the cells of higher organisms depends on the square of the specific energy absorbed in subcellular volumes. This is the basis of the Theory of Dual Radiation Action. The basic postulate of this theory is reviewed and four factors are discussed that modify its elementary formulation.", "contents": "The role of microdosimetry in radiobiology. Microdosimetry is a branch of radiological physics that provides quantitative characterization of the non-uniformity of energy deposition in uniformly irradiated matter. Consideration based on microdosimetry indicate that the action of ionizing radiation on the cells of higher organisms depends on the square of the specific energy absorbed in subcellular volumes. This is the basis of the Theory of Dual Radiation Action. The basic postulate of this theory is reviewed and four factors are discussed that modify its elementary formulation.", "PMID": 542603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8984", "title": "Hereditary damage.", "content": "For the purposes of radiation protection, risk estimates should be based on effects of irradiation at low doses and low dose-rates. Although few genetic studies have been made on effects at low doses those carried out at low dose-rates suggest that the response is generally linear for induction of both gene mutations and chromosomes aberrations. For obtaining an overall genetic risk assessment under these conditions a doubling dose of 100 rem (1 Sv) has been used by the ICRP and other bodies, with respect to radiation of low LET. In addition, it is necessary to know frequencies of human hereditary conditions, the extent to which these frequencies are maintained by recurrent mutation and the average number of generations the different categories of hereditary damage persist in the population. By the use of this information, as well as some data on translocation induction obtained directly from human exposures, an estimate of the risk of serious hereditary ill health in the first two generations after low-level radiation exposure was obtained for the Commission by one of its task groups. Thus the estimate of 10-2 Sv-1 used in ICRP 26 has a factual basis, although a number of far-reaching assumptions have still to be made when any risk estimation of this nature is attempted.", "contents": "Hereditary damage. For the purposes of radiation protection, risk estimates should be based on effects of irradiation at low doses and low dose-rates. Although few genetic studies have been made on effects at low doses those carried out at low dose-rates suggest that the response is generally linear for induction of both gene mutations and chromosomes aberrations. For obtaining an overall genetic risk assessment under these conditions a doubling dose of 100 rem (1 Sv) has been used by the ICRP and other bodies, with respect to radiation of low LET. In addition, it is necessary to know frequencies of human hereditary conditions, the extent to which these frequencies are maintained by recurrent mutation and the average number of generations the different categories of hereditary damage persist in the population. By the use of this information, as well as some data on translocation induction obtained directly from human exposures, an estimate of the risk of serious hereditary ill health in the first two generations after low-level radiation exposure was obtained for the Commission by one of its task groups. Thus the estimate of 10-2 Sv-1 used in ICRP 26 has a factual basis, although a number of far-reaching assumptions have still to be made when any risk estimation of this nature is attempted.", "PMID": 542604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8985", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by subpopulations of human peripheral blood monocytes.", "content": "The ability of monocytes/macrophages to regulate various aspects of immunologic responses may in part depend on their release of soluble substances such as prostaglandins. Using quantitative gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, prostaglandin E2 was found to be the major prostaglandin synthesized in culture by human peripheral blood monocytes. Subjecting these cells to discontinuous density gradient fractionation demonstrated significant differences in the synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and E1 among the resulting monocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by subpopulations of human peripheral blood monocytes. The ability of monocytes/macrophages to regulate various aspects of immunologic responses may in part depend on their release of soluble substances such as prostaglandins. Using quantitative gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, prostaglandin E2 was found to be the major prostaglandin synthesized in culture by human peripheral blood monocytes. Subjecting these cells to discontinuous density gradient fractionation demonstrated significant differences in the synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and E1 among the resulting monocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 542607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8986", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on arachidonate induced mortality in male and female mice.", "content": "Sodium arachidonate (50 mg/kg) given intravenously to male and female mice induces pulmonary emboli followed by respiratory distress and cyanosis. Female mice are significantly more resistant to this treatment than male mice. Cortisone pretreatment for four days to intact mice (10 mg/kg/day/4 days) had a significant protective effect in both males and females against arachidonate toxicity, eliminating the sex difference previously observed. Adrenalectomy four days before arachidonate infusion increased the sensitivity to SA and resulted in 100% mortality in both sexes. Pretreatment of adrenalized animals with cortisone significantly reduced to some degree the mortality rate in both sexes. Castration of male and female mice three weeks before adrenalectomy did not affect the mortality rate seen following adrenalectomy alone. In conclusion, exogenous cortical steroids augment the resistance of even intact mice and are absolutely necessary for survival in adrenalectomized animals. The observed sex differences in untreated intact animals is not seen after treatment with cortisone or adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on arachidonate induced mortality in male and female mice. Sodium arachidonate (50 mg/kg) given intravenously to male and female mice induces pulmonary emboli followed by respiratory distress and cyanosis. Female mice are significantly more resistant to this treatment than male mice. Cortisone pretreatment for four days to intact mice (10 mg/kg/day/4 days) had a significant protective effect in both males and females against arachidonate toxicity, eliminating the sex difference previously observed. Adrenalectomy four days before arachidonate infusion increased the sensitivity to SA and resulted in 100% mortality in both sexes. Pretreatment of adrenalized animals with cortisone significantly reduced to some degree the mortality rate in both sexes. Castration of male and female mice three weeks before adrenalectomy did not affect the mortality rate seen following adrenalectomy alone. In conclusion, exogenous cortical steroids augment the resistance of even intact mice and are absolutely necessary for survival in adrenalectomized animals. The observed sex differences in untreated intact animals is not seen after treatment with cortisone or adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 542608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8987", "title": "Developmental response to indomethacin: a comparison of isometric tension with PGE2 formation in the lamb ductus arteriosus.", "content": "We studied the effects of oxygen and indomethacin on the isometric contractile response and the production of PGE2 in isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus from animals of different gestational ages (100 to 144 days; term is 150 days). Rings of ductus arteriosus from animals less than 110 days released significantly less PGE2 than did rings from animals greater than 120 days. The indomethacin-induced increase in muscle tension in relation to the decrease in endogenous PGE2 production in preparations from animals less than 110 days gestation was greater than in animals older than 120 days. These findings do not support the hypothesis that immature animals have a larger indomethacin-induced contraction due to an increased production of PGE2 earlier in gestation. They are, however, consistent with a decreased sensitivity to PGE2 in the more mature animals; they also support the hypothesis that the decreased effectiveness of indomethacin on the ductus arteriosus from later gestation animals reflects primarily a decrease in the sensitivity of the vessel to PGE2 during development.", "contents": "Developmental response to indomethacin: a comparison of isometric tension with PGE2 formation in the lamb ductus arteriosus. We studied the effects of oxygen and indomethacin on the isometric contractile response and the production of PGE2 in isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus from animals of different gestational ages (100 to 144 days; term is 150 days). Rings of ductus arteriosus from animals less than 110 days released significantly less PGE2 than did rings from animals greater than 120 days. The indomethacin-induced increase in muscle tension in relation to the decrease in endogenous PGE2 production in preparations from animals less than 110 days gestation was greater than in animals older than 120 days. These findings do not support the hypothesis that immature animals have a larger indomethacin-induced contraction due to an increased production of PGE2 earlier in gestation. They are, however, consistent with a decreased sensitivity to PGE2 in the more mature animals; they also support the hypothesis that the decreased effectiveness of indomethacin on the ductus arteriosus from later gestation animals reflects primarily a decrease in the sensitivity of the vessel to PGE2 during development.", "PMID": 542609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8988", "title": "Synthesis of tritium-labeled N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide (CP-27,987).", "content": "The preparation of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide (CP-27,987) regioselectively labeled at C-18 and C-19 with tritium is described. The overall radiochemical yield was 8.0% at a specific activity of 0.49 Ci/mmole. The synthesis employed is applicable to the preparation of tritium labeled natural prostaglandins and a variety of analogs.", "contents": "Synthesis of tritium-labeled N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide (CP-27,987). The preparation of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide (CP-27,987) regioselectively labeled at C-18 and C-19 with tritium is described. The overall radiochemical yield was 8.0% at a specific activity of 0.49 Ci/mmole. The synthesis employed is applicable to the preparation of tritium labeled natural prostaglandins and a variety of analogs.", "PMID": 542611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8989", "title": "Metabolism of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide in the rat.", "content": "After intratracheal administration to rats, the bronchodilator N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide was converted rapidly to PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, the major plasma metabolite. Oxidation of the N-acetyl carboxamide by prostaglandin dehydrogenase and hydrolysis of the imide bond were demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide in the rat. After intratracheal administration to rats, the bronchodilator N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide was converted rapidly to PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, the major plasma metabolite. Oxidation of the N-acetyl carboxamide by prostaglandin dehydrogenase and hydrolysis of the imide bond were demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 542612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8990", "title": "Effects of some prostaglandin E1 analogues on guinea pig and human respiratory tract.", "content": "The effects of (a) 4, 5, 6-trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene PGE1 methyl ester, (b) 4, 5, 6 trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene 3 oxa PGE1 and (c) 4, 5, 6 trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene 3 oxa PGE1 methyl ester on human and guinea pig respiratory tract muscle in vitro and in vivo have been studied. All the analogues relaxed the isolated preparations of guinea-pig tracheal chain, human tracheal, bronchial and bronchiolar muscles and decreased histamine-induced lung resistance in the anaesthetised guinea pig. On some preparations the effects of the analogues were more pronounced than those of PGE1. The results suggest that some of the inter-m-phenylene analogues of PGE1 may be bronchodilators in asthmatics.", "contents": "Effects of some prostaglandin E1 analogues on guinea pig and human respiratory tract. The effects of (a) 4, 5, 6-trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene PGE1 methyl ester, (b) 4, 5, 6 trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene 3 oxa PGE1 and (c) 4, 5, 6 trinor-3, 7-inter-m-phenylene 3 oxa PGE1 methyl ester on human and guinea pig respiratory tract muscle in vitro and in vivo have been studied. All the analogues relaxed the isolated preparations of guinea-pig tracheal chain, human tracheal, bronchial and bronchiolar muscles and decreased histamine-induced lung resistance in the anaesthetised guinea pig. On some preparations the effects of the analogues were more pronounced than those of PGE1. The results suggest that some of the inter-m-phenylene analogues of PGE1 may be bronchodilators in asthmatics.", "PMID": 542613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8991", "title": "Differential production of prostaglandins within the human uterus.", "content": "The ability of broken cell preparations of human endometrium, myometrium and a mixture of endometrium and myometrium to convert 14C arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PG's) was compared. Endometrium metabolished arachidonic acid predominantly to a mixture of PGF2 alpha and PGE2. A similar weight of myometrium showed relatively little activity, the major product identified was 6 oxo PGF1 alpha. However, a combination of endometrium and myometrium showed an enhanced conversion of arachidonic acid to 6 oxo PGF1 alpha associated with a decreased production of PGF2 alpha and PGE2. This suggests that human endometrium and myometrium differ in their ability to metabolize arachidonic acid and in their ability to convert the endoperoxides formed, to PG's.", "contents": "Differential production of prostaglandins within the human uterus. The ability of broken cell preparations of human endometrium, myometrium and a mixture of endometrium and myometrium to convert 14C arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PG's) was compared. Endometrium metabolished arachidonic acid predominantly to a mixture of PGF2 alpha and PGE2. A similar weight of myometrium showed relatively little activity, the major product identified was 6 oxo PGF1 alpha. However, a combination of endometrium and myometrium showed an enhanced conversion of arachidonic acid to 6 oxo PGF1 alpha associated with a decreased production of PGF2 alpha and PGE2. This suggests that human endometrium and myometrium differ in their ability to metabolize arachidonic acid and in their ability to convert the endoperoxides formed, to PG's.", "PMID": 542614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8992", "title": "Uptake of uranium by various cell fractions of Chlorella regularis.", "content": "To know what kinds of the cell components of Chlorella regularis are concerned with uranium binding, uptake of uranium by various cell fractions was examined. The uptake value (microgramU/mg starting dry cells) of the hot water-treated cells was almost the same as that of the starting dry Chlorella cells, showing that the cell components extracted with hot water were not so concerned with uranium binding. The cell components extracted with dilute alkali seemed to play an important role in uranium binding, and those extracted with chloroform-methanol seemed to be partly concerned with uranium binding. The cellulose fraction of the cells was scarcely concerned with uranium binding. In the dry cells, 34% of uranium taken up existed in the cell walls. However, in the living cells, 85% existed in the cell walls. The above results showed that the dry or the hot water-treated cells are the most convenient for uranium recovery from the aqueous systems.", "contents": "Uptake of uranium by various cell fractions of Chlorella regularis. To know what kinds of the cell components of Chlorella regularis are concerned with uranium binding, uptake of uranium by various cell fractions was examined. The uptake value (microgramU/mg starting dry cells) of the hot water-treated cells was almost the same as that of the starting dry Chlorella cells, showing that the cell components extracted with hot water were not so concerned with uranium binding. The cell components extracted with dilute alkali seemed to play an important role in uranium binding, and those extracted with chloroform-methanol seemed to be partly concerned with uranium binding. The cellulose fraction of the cells was scarcely concerned with uranium binding. In the dry cells, 34% of uranium taken up existed in the cell walls. However, in the living cells, 85% existed in the cell walls. The above results showed that the dry or the hot water-treated cells are the most convenient for uranium recovery from the aqueous systems.", "PMID": 542634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8993", "title": "[Microdosimetry of in-flight pi-beams (author's transl)].", "content": "Microdosimetry of in-flight pi-beams was performed at the T1 channel of National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan. Distributions of lineal energy (y) in-flight pi-beams having six momentum values from 120 MeV/c to 1000 MeV/c were measured with an LET counter which simulates 2 micron sphere of soft tissue filled with the methane base tissue equivalent gas. Frequency spectra were obtained in the range of 1.6 less than y less than 430 keV/micron. Fractional dose y . d(y), cumulative dose D(y), and mean lineal energy were calculated from these spectra; then momentum dependences were investigated. These absolute values have little physical application because of the lack of data for y less than 1.6 keV/micron. However, the general trends of y distribution in momentum dependence were found, qualitatively. As the momentum becomes smaller, the rate of high y component in the dose increased.", "contents": "[Microdosimetry of in-flight pi-beams (author's transl)]. Microdosimetry of in-flight pi-beams was performed at the T1 channel of National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan. Distributions of lineal energy (y) in-flight pi-beams having six momentum values from 120 MeV/c to 1000 MeV/c were measured with an LET counter which simulates 2 micron sphere of soft tissue filled with the methane base tissue equivalent gas. Frequency spectra were obtained in the range of 1.6 less than y less than 430 keV/micron. Fractional dose y . d(y), cumulative dose D(y), and mean lineal energy were calculated from these spectra; then momentum dependences were investigated. These absolute values have little physical application because of the lack of data for y less than 1.6 keV/micron. However, the general trends of y distribution in momentum dependence were found, qualitatively. As the momentum becomes smaller, the rate of high y component in the dose increased.", "PMID": 542642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8994", "title": "Fundamental study on decontamination of tritium from gaseous phases by copper oxide.", "content": "Some fundamental studies on removal of tritium from gaseous streams by a small column of copper oxide were carried out. An about 10 cm length of column packed with 100 g of copper oxide was examined on the conversion ratios of hydrogen and tritium into water. The experiment with hydrogen of 0.1% in argon showed that the logarithmic plot of remaining ratio of hydrogen by passing through the column is proportional to the reciprocal of gas flow rate and to the length of oxide column. The oxide column was also used for treating tritium-bearing waste gas from an evacuating system of alpha D-T neutron generator. It was observed that at column temperatures lower than 450 degrees C the conversion ratio of tritium in the waste gas into water is considerably smaller than that of hydrogen of 0.1% in argon.", "contents": "Fundamental study on decontamination of tritium from gaseous phases by copper oxide. Some fundamental studies on removal of tritium from gaseous streams by a small column of copper oxide were carried out. An about 10 cm length of column packed with 100 g of copper oxide was examined on the conversion ratios of hydrogen and tritium into water. The experiment with hydrogen of 0.1% in argon showed that the logarithmic plot of remaining ratio of hydrogen by passing through the column is proportional to the reciprocal of gas flow rate and to the length of oxide column. The oxide column was also used for treating tritium-bearing waste gas from an evacuating system of alpha D-T neutron generator. It was observed that at column temperatures lower than 450 degrees C the conversion ratio of tritium in the waste gas into water is considerably smaller than that of hydrogen of 0.1% in argon.", "PMID": 542643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8995", "title": "[Diagnostic evaluation on cerebral hemisphere scintigraphy using 99mTc-MAA (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 99mTc-labeled macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA), we made an examination of the cerebral blood flow distribution with various kinds of cerebrovascular diseases in 151 cases. The particle size of MAA used in this study ranged from 10 to 100 micron. Scan was performed after injection of 3 mCi of 99mTc-MAA into common carotid artery. No side effects were observed except for one case with headache. Distribution of 99mTc-MAA was found to be homogeneous in normal cerebral hemisphere but not in the lesion. Most lesion was shown as nonradioactive area. Meningioma with hypervascularity was represented as hot area. By this method cerebral infarct could be easily represented not only in main artery but also in such a very small artery as hardly detected by CAG. This method is therefore useful for detecting cerebral infarct, sequela of cerebral apoplexy, head injury and others. The dose of 99mTc-MAA used in this method is much lower compared with those of common brain scan, its excretion is speedy, and therefore internal radiation exposure is diminished.", "contents": "[Diagnostic evaluation on cerebral hemisphere scintigraphy using 99mTc-MAA (author's transl)]. Using 99mTc-labeled macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA), we made an examination of the cerebral blood flow distribution with various kinds of cerebrovascular diseases in 151 cases. The particle size of MAA used in this study ranged from 10 to 100 micron. Scan was performed after injection of 3 mCi of 99mTc-MAA into common carotid artery. No side effects were observed except for one case with headache. Distribution of 99mTc-MAA was found to be homogeneous in normal cerebral hemisphere but not in the lesion. Most lesion was shown as nonradioactive area. Meningioma with hypervascularity was represented as hot area. By this method cerebral infarct could be easily represented not only in main artery but also in such a very small artery as hardly detected by CAG. This method is therefore useful for detecting cerebral infarct, sequela of cerebral apoplexy, head injury and others. The dose of 99mTc-MAA used in this method is much lower compared with those of common brain scan, its excretion is speedy, and therefore internal radiation exposure is diminished.", "PMID": 542644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8996", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy with reference to tumor detectability (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical usefulness of 67Ga-citrate whole body scanning is evaluated in 178 cases of the various diseases in a period of 1976-1978. The cases are 59 cases of thoracic lesions, 41 cases of head and neck lesions, 35 cases of abdominal, bone, and soft tissue lesions, and 43 cases of benign and malignant lymphoma. The clinical results and detectability of various known lesions are shown in tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. The detectability of unknown lesions of malignant lymphoma is shown in table 5. The study demonstrates the particular clinical values of 67Ga-citrate scan in detectability of unknown lesions to be in cases of malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy with reference to tumor detectability (author's transl)]. The clinical usefulness of 67Ga-citrate whole body scanning is evaluated in 178 cases of the various diseases in a period of 1976-1978. The cases are 59 cases of thoracic lesions, 41 cases of head and neck lesions, 35 cases of abdominal, bone, and soft tissue lesions, and 43 cases of benign and malignant lymphoma. The clinical results and detectability of various known lesions are shown in tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. The detectability of unknown lesions of malignant lymphoma is shown in table 5. The study demonstrates the particular clinical values of 67Ga-citrate scan in detectability of unknown lesions to be in cases of malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 542645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8997", "title": "[Superimpose of images by appending two simple video amplifier circuits to color television (author's transl)].", "content": "Images are very useful to obtain diagnostic informations in medical fields. Also by superimposing two or three images obtained from the same patient, various informations, for example a degree of overlapping and anatomical land mark, which can not be found in only one image, can be often found. In this paper characteristics of our trial color television system for the purpose of superimposing X-ray images and/or radionuclide images are described. This color television system, superimposing two images in each different color consists of two monochromatic vidicon cameras and 20 inches conventional color television in which only two simple video amplifier circuits are added. Signals from vidicon cameras are amplified about 40 dB and are directly applied to cathode terminals of color CRT in the television. This system is very simple and economical color displays, and enhance a degree of overlapping and displacement between images. As one of typical clinical applications, pancreas images were superimposed in color by this method. As a result, size and position of pancreas was enhanced. Also X-ray image and radionuclide image were superimposed to find exactly the position of tumors. Furthermore this system was very useful for color display of multinuclides scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Superimpose of images by appending two simple video amplifier circuits to color television (author's transl)]. Images are very useful to obtain diagnostic informations in medical fields. Also by superimposing two or three images obtained from the same patient, various informations, for example a degree of overlapping and anatomical land mark, which can not be found in only one image, can be often found. In this paper characteristics of our trial color television system for the purpose of superimposing X-ray images and/or radionuclide images are described. This color television system, superimposing two images in each different color consists of two monochromatic vidicon cameras and 20 inches conventional color television in which only two simple video amplifier circuits are added. Signals from vidicon cameras are amplified about 40 dB and are directly applied to cathode terminals of color CRT in the television. This system is very simple and economical color displays, and enhance a degree of overlapping and displacement between images. As one of typical clinical applications, pancreas images were superimposed in color by this method. As a result, size and position of pancreas was enhanced. Also X-ray image and radionuclide image were superimposed to find exactly the position of tumors. Furthermore this system was very useful for color display of multinuclides scintigraphy.", "PMID": 542647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8998", "title": "[On Siphonaptera from rodents of Formosa county, Goi\u00e1s State (author's transl)].", "content": "Polygenis bohlsi jordani (Costa Lima, 1937) (Siphonaptera) is for the first time recorded as ectoparasite on wild rodents captured in the \"cerrado\" area of Central Brazil. Seven out of nine rodents collected were found bearing P. b. jordani. The most common species found infested with the flea were: Zygodontomys lasiurus, Oryzomys eliurus, Calomys callosus and Nectomys squamipes.", "contents": "[On Siphonaptera from rodents of Formosa county, Goi\u00e1s State (author's transl)]. Polygenis bohlsi jordani (Costa Lima, 1937) (Siphonaptera) is for the first time recorded as ectoparasite on wild rodents captured in the \"cerrado\" area of Central Brazil. Seven out of nine rodents collected were found bearing P. b. jordani. The most common species found infested with the flea were: Zygodontomys lasiurus, Oryzomys eliurus, Calomys callosus and Nectomys squamipes.", "PMID": 542652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_8999", "title": "[Study of the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) termination in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the terminal portion in fifteen newborn thoracic ducts, using the neoprene latex injection method and posterior dissection. Variations in the manner and number of terminations of the thoracic ducts were found and described. The results are compared with data from the literature. Differences between newborns and adults are discussed.", "contents": "[Study of the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) termination in newborns (author's transl)]. The authors studied the terminal portion in fifteen newborn thoracic ducts, using the neoprene latex injection method and posterior dissection. Variations in the manner and number of terminations of the thoracic ducts were found and described. The results are compared with data from the literature. Differences between newborns and adults are discussed.", "PMID": 542654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9000", "title": "[Observations upon some factors which influence the laboratory maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)].", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni has been maintained in the laboratory using a laboratory strain of B. glabrata, white mice (Mus musculus) and golden hamster (Cricetus auratus). Observations were collected during five consecutive years and the results were analysed for factors which might have influenced them. The analysis has shown that--(1) snail mortalities were independent of the relatively small variation in temperature and of the mean number of miracidia used for infection; (2) rate of infection of snails increased slowly with the increase of the mean number of miracidia; (3) the temperature was in reciprocal proportion with the logarithm of the cercarial development period; (4) the yield of viable eggs has increased steadily in white mice during the observation period; (5) significant increase of egg production was observed in golden hamsters when subcutaneous route of inoculation was used instead of inoculation through the alimentary pouch.", "contents": "[Observations upon some factors which influence the laboratory maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)]. Schistosoma mansoni has been maintained in the laboratory using a laboratory strain of B. glabrata, white mice (Mus musculus) and golden hamster (Cricetus auratus). Observations were collected during five consecutive years and the results were analysed for factors which might have influenced them. The analysis has shown that--(1) snail mortalities were independent of the relatively small variation in temperature and of the mean number of miracidia used for infection; (2) rate of infection of snails increased slowly with the increase of the mean number of miracidia; (3) the temperature was in reciprocal proportion with the logarithm of the cercarial development period; (4) the yield of viable eggs has increased steadily in white mice during the observation period; (5) significant increase of egg production was observed in golden hamsters when subcutaneous route of inoculation was used instead of inoculation through the alimentary pouch.", "PMID": 542655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9001", "title": "[Human serum hexosamine. Determination in Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus].", "content": "The serum hexosamine levels of 39 patients with P\u00eanfigo Foli\u00e1ceo Brasileiro were determined. The mean value obtained, compared with the mean value found in 30 normal individuals in our laboratory, by Santos et al. (1977), shows that in this disease, the levels of serum glycosamine are higher than in the normal group. The application of Student's test (/t/) indicates a significant difference in the mean values (/t/) = 9,02 P greater than 0,001). Although little is known about the fundamental processes concerned with the increase of serum glycosamines, the authors based on the suggestions of Seibert et al. (1947) reason on the possibility that the essential lesion, i.e., the destruction of the intercellular cement (of glycoprotein nature) is an important factor in the increase of glycoproteins rich in glicosamines.", "contents": "[Human serum hexosamine. Determination in Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus]. The serum hexosamine levels of 39 patients with P\u00eanfigo Foli\u00e1ceo Brasileiro were determined. The mean value obtained, compared with the mean value found in 30 normal individuals in our laboratory, by Santos et al. (1977), shows that in this disease, the levels of serum glycosamine are higher than in the normal group. The application of Student's test (/t/) indicates a significant difference in the mean values (/t/) = 9,02 P greater than 0,001). Although little is known about the fundamental processes concerned with the increase of serum glycosamines, the authors based on the suggestions of Seibert et al. (1947) reason on the possibility that the essential lesion, i.e., the destruction of the intercellular cement (of glycoprotein nature) is an important factor in the increase of glycoproteins rich in glicosamines.", "PMID": 542656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9002", "title": "[Coexistence of surgical acute abdomen and acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Based on experience acquired in 10 cases the authors stress the difficulties of the clinical and the para-clinic diagnosis when such events occur simultaneously. The severity of the clinical picture (death-rate is over 90 per cent) requires great capacity of perception of therapeutic priorities, and the success cannot be achieved but through a close medico-surgical cooperation.", "contents": "[Coexistence of surgical acute abdomen and acute myocardial infarct]. Based on experience acquired in 10 cases the authors stress the difficulties of the clinical and the para-clinic diagnosis when such events occur simultaneously. The severity of the clinical picture (death-rate is over 90 per cent) requires great capacity of perception of therapeutic priorities, and the success cannot be achieved but through a close medico-surgical cooperation.", "PMID": 542661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9003", "title": "[Tumors of the small intestine].", "content": "On the basis of 20 observations of tumours of the small bowel a series of diagnostic, therapeutic and prognosis of these lesions are discussed. Malignant tumours of the small bowel (10 adenocarcinomas and 2 sarcomas in the present statistics) represent 1,9 per cent of the total number of malignant tumours of the small bowel. The patients were hospitalized following an acute complication occlusion, haemorrhage, perforation). Four of the patients benefited from a curative treatment, in 5 only a derivation was possible, and in 9 only exploratory laparotomy and bioptic sampling. Eight of the tumours were benign and consisted in : 3 fibromas; 2 neurogenic tumours; 2 adenomatous polyps, and one lipoma. All were discovered in the course of emergency surgery for occluding syndrome or haemorrhage, and benefited from a radical treatment. Two deaths were recorded in the entire series (one following embolism in the 10-th day after surgery and another in the 3-rd day with occluding shock). Both patients were in a condition of severe hydroelectrolytic imbalance.", "contents": "[Tumors of the small intestine]. On the basis of 20 observations of tumours of the small bowel a series of diagnostic, therapeutic and prognosis of these lesions are discussed. Malignant tumours of the small bowel (10 adenocarcinomas and 2 sarcomas in the present statistics) represent 1,9 per cent of the total number of malignant tumours of the small bowel. The patients were hospitalized following an acute complication occlusion, haemorrhage, perforation). Four of the patients benefited from a curative treatment, in 5 only a derivation was possible, and in 9 only exploratory laparotomy and bioptic sampling. Eight of the tumours were benign and consisted in : 3 fibromas; 2 neurogenic tumours; 2 adenomatous polyps, and one lipoma. All were discovered in the course of emergency surgery for occluding syndrome or haemorrhage, and benefited from a radical treatment. Two deaths were recorded in the entire series (one following embolism in the 10-th day after surgery and another in the 3-rd day with occluding shock). Both patients were in a condition of severe hydroelectrolytic imbalance.", "PMID": 542657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9004", "title": "[Gastric resection with preservation of the pylorus with a variant of pyloroplasty].", "content": "The authors present the case of a female patient with gastric ulcer of the small curvature of the stomach who showed a particular neuropsychical lability, in whom emergency surgery was performed before it was possible to obtain data concerning the behaviour of the gastric acidity. In an attempt to avoid the postoperative dumping syndrome the authors performed a medio-fastric resection, removing the area with the ulcer and maintaining the antro-pylorus. For the obtention of a good drainage of the remaining stomach a variant of the pyloroplastia technique was associated.", "contents": "[Gastric resection with preservation of the pylorus with a variant of pyloroplasty]. The authors present the case of a female patient with gastric ulcer of the small curvature of the stomach who showed a particular neuropsychical lability, in whom emergency surgery was performed before it was possible to obtain data concerning the behaviour of the gastric acidity. In an attempt to avoid the postoperative dumping syndrome the authors performed a medio-fastric resection, removing the area with the ulcer and maintaining the antro-pylorus. For the obtention of a good drainage of the remaining stomach a variant of the pyloroplastia technique was associated.", "PMID": 542662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9005", "title": "[Pathogenesis of primary lymphedemas].", "content": "The role of the involvement of regional limph-node relays is already known, in the genesis of secondary lymphatic oedemas. With regard to the primary lymphatic oedemas however the role of regional lymph-nodes is considered to be limited. Following a complex investigation of an important clinical material the authors conclude that, in cases of primary lymphatic oedemas the determinat lesion is in the regional lymph nodes, and that it consists in an alteration of the filtration capacity, as well as in a reduction of the processing capabilities by the lymph nodes of the lymph flowing from the afferent lymph vessels. Simultaneously with the functional alterations lymphography revealed a series of changes, and macro- and microscopic examination also showed morphological pathologic alterations. The clinicat evolution and the prognosis of the oedema in the limb involved will depend on the extension and the evolution of these lesions.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of primary lymphedemas]. The role of the involvement of regional limph-node relays is already known, in the genesis of secondary lymphatic oedemas. With regard to the primary lymphatic oedemas however the role of regional lymph-nodes is considered to be limited. Following a complex investigation of an important clinical material the authors conclude that, in cases of primary lymphatic oedemas the determinat lesion is in the regional lymph nodes, and that it consists in an alteration of the filtration capacity, as well as in a reduction of the processing capabilities by the lymph nodes of the lymph flowing from the afferent lymph vessels. Simultaneously with the functional alterations lymphography revealed a series of changes, and macro- and microscopic examination also showed morphological pathologic alterations. The clinicat evolution and the prognosis of the oedema in the limb involved will depend on the extension and the evolution of these lesions.", "PMID": 542659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9006", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in solitary round shadows of the lung].", "content": "The authors present statistic of 307 patients with radiological rounds solitares pulmonary shadows that had underwent surgery and make an analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic attitude. Diagnosis preceding surgery being incertin in 64,5% cases and because, bronchopulmonary cancers represent 20,8% of the total of patients that underwent surgery, it is that for the authors choice solution is thoracothomy with double diagnostical and therapeutical pourpouse. Their clinical results was satisfactory in 95,2%.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in solitary round shadows of the lung]. The authors present statistic of 307 patients with radiological rounds solitares pulmonary shadows that had underwent surgery and make an analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic attitude. Diagnosis preceding surgery being incertin in 64,5% cases and because, bronchopulmonary cancers represent 20,8% of the total of patients that underwent surgery, it is that for the authors choice solution is thoracothomy with double diagnostical and therapeutical pourpouse. Their clinical results was satisfactory in 95,2%.", "PMID": 542658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9007", "title": "[Paralytic scoliosis].", "content": "The authors discuss the problems raised by paralytic scolioses. A total of 14 patients with this syndrome were operated, of which 13 with the instrumentation, and according to the procedure introduced by Harrington. The authors stress the pathophysiologic context which defines the surgical indications and the prognosis.", "contents": "[Paralytic scoliosis]. The authors discuss the problems raised by paralytic scolioses. A total of 14 patients with this syndrome were operated, of which 13 with the instrumentation, and according to the procedure introduced by Harrington. The authors stress the pathophysiologic context which defines the surgical indications and the prognosis.", "PMID": 542660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9008", "title": "[The Paltrinieri operation in treatment of pseudarthroses of the leg].", "content": "The authors present 8 cases of pseudarthroses of the tibia secondary to surgical and orthopaedic treatments of fractures of the leg, in whom para-focal osteotomia was performed. The Paltrinieri method is a simple and efficient intervention based on the biochemical principle of re-establishing a normal tibial axis, and on exclusion of the pseudarthrosis focus from under the influence of negative mechanical factors, an intervention which leads to a revival of the capacities of consolidation of the pseudarthrosis. The very good results obtained justify the recommendation ofthis therapeutical method in the treatment of pseudarthroses, especially of the suppurated pseudarthroses of the leg.", "contents": "[The Paltrinieri operation in treatment of pseudarthroses of the leg]. The authors present 8 cases of pseudarthroses of the tibia secondary to surgical and orthopaedic treatments of fractures of the leg, in whom para-focal osteotomia was performed. The Paltrinieri method is a simple and efficient intervention based on the biochemical principle of re-establishing a normal tibial axis, and on exclusion of the pseudarthrosis focus from under the influence of negative mechanical factors, an intervention which leads to a revival of the capacities of consolidation of the pseudarthrosis. The very good results obtained justify the recommendation ofthis therapeutical method in the treatment of pseudarthroses, especially of the suppurated pseudarthroses of the leg.", "PMID": 542663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9009", "title": "[The nutritive utilization of phosphorus in dietary calcium deprivation (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of alimentary calcium deprivation on the nutritional utilization of phosphorus and its corporal retention, after ingestion of diethylstilbesterol has been studied in quail. When female quail are given a highly calcium-deficient diet, egg-laying stops and there follows a substantial decrease in phosphorus utilization and retention, as well as a clear drop in bone mineralization, with calcium and phosphorus content losses in the femur. In males, deprivation of alimentary calcium shows tangible effects on phosphorus retention only when this situation concurs with prior ingestion of diethylstilbestrol.", "contents": "[The nutritive utilization of phosphorus in dietary calcium deprivation (author's transl)]. The influence of alimentary calcium deprivation on the nutritional utilization of phosphorus and its corporal retention, after ingestion of diethylstilbesterol has been studied in quail. When female quail are given a highly calcium-deficient diet, egg-laying stops and there follows a substantial decrease in phosphorus utilization and retention, as well as a clear drop in bone mineralization, with calcium and phosphorus content losses in the femur. In males, deprivation of alimentary calcium shows tangible effects on phosphorus retention only when this situation concurs with prior ingestion of diethylstilbestrol.", "PMID": 542701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9010", "title": "Respiratory activity during germination of seeds of Cicer arietinum L. II. Effect of some metabolic inhibitors and mitochondrial activities.", "content": "Changes in respiration rate during the early period of germination of Cicer arietinum L. seeds were studied. Three phases were distinguished. During phases I and II the RQ was higher than unity. Sodium fluoride showed no effect on gaseous exchange during phase I while in phases II and III a progressive increase in the inhibition of the respiratory activity was obtained. Iodoacetate inhibited oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution from the beginning of germination. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes increased during the germination period, especially after the first 24 hours. The respiratory control and ADP/O ratio of the isolated mitochondria increased gradually during germination, reaching maximum values at 48 hours, lower, however than the expected theoretical ones.", "contents": "Respiratory activity during germination of seeds of Cicer arietinum L. II. Effect of some metabolic inhibitors and mitochondrial activities. Changes in respiration rate during the early period of germination of Cicer arietinum L. seeds were studied. Three phases were distinguished. During phases I and II the RQ was higher than unity. Sodium fluoride showed no effect on gaseous exchange during phase I while in phases II and III a progressive increase in the inhibition of the respiratory activity was obtained. Iodoacetate inhibited oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution from the beginning of germination. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes increased during the germination period, especially after the first 24 hours. The respiratory control and ADP/O ratio of the isolated mitochondria increased gradually during germination, reaching maximum values at 48 hours, lower, however than the expected theoretical ones.", "PMID": 542702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9011", "title": "Study of the action of the nucleus accumbens septi electrical stimulation upon the unitary activity of the amygdaloid complex of waking cats.", "content": "The extracellular activity of the amygdaloid cells and the action of the NAS stimulation upon them were studied in unanesthetized, non-paralized, waking cats. The neurons were classified according to their responsiveness to olfactory, auditive, visual and behavioural stimuli, and then, the action of the NAS electrical stimulation upon the spontaneous activity of the previously classified cells was studied. The number of cells responding to visual stimuli (projected spot of light, movement) was found to be higher than in previous works. On the other hand, some of the cells activated by behavioural stimulation (presence of rat) behave in a complex manner by changing the characteristics of the response upon modification of its distance from the rat. However the majority of the recorded neurons failed to respond to any of the tested natural stimuli. The existence of rather extensive zones in the amygdaloid complex without spontaneous activity as well as the small number of cells showing modifications of the rate of firing induced by NAS electrical stimulation was remarkable.", "contents": "Study of the action of the nucleus accumbens septi electrical stimulation upon the unitary activity of the amygdaloid complex of waking cats. The extracellular activity of the amygdaloid cells and the action of the NAS stimulation upon them were studied in unanesthetized, non-paralized, waking cats. The neurons were classified according to their responsiveness to olfactory, auditive, visual and behavioural stimuli, and then, the action of the NAS electrical stimulation upon the spontaneous activity of the previously classified cells was studied. The number of cells responding to visual stimuli (projected spot of light, movement) was found to be higher than in previous works. On the other hand, some of the cells activated by behavioural stimulation (presence of rat) behave in a complex manner by changing the characteristics of the response upon modification of its distance from the rat. However the majority of the recorded neurons failed to respond to any of the tested natural stimuli. The existence of rather extensive zones in the amygdaloid complex without spontaneous activity as well as the small number of cells showing modifications of the rate of firing induced by NAS electrical stimulation was remarkable.", "PMID": 542703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9012", "title": "[Effects of T3, T4 and methyltiouracile short-term treatments on plasma and liver lipid levels in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of short-term administration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and methyltiouracile (MTU) on liver and plasma lipid levels in female rats have been comparatively studied T3 increases the levels of all the studied liver lipids and decreases the plasma lipids. T4 produces smaller and even, in some cases (liver triglycerides and cholesterol esters), opposite effects. The administration of MTU produces, in general, opposite effects to T3 and T4.", "contents": "[Effects of T3, T4 and methyltiouracile short-term treatments on plasma and liver lipid levels in rats (author's transl)]. The effects of short-term administration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and methyltiouracile (MTU) on liver and plasma lipid levels in female rats have been comparatively studied T3 increases the levels of all the studied liver lipids and decreases the plasma lipids. T4 produces smaller and even, in some cases (liver triglycerides and cholesterol esters), opposite effects. The administration of MTU produces, in general, opposite effects to T3 and T4.", "PMID": 542704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9013", "title": "[Effect of the thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine on fatty acid chain elongation of mitochondrial phospholipids (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine (T3) on composition of Fatty Acid of Mitochondrial Phospholipids is studied. In animals (Gallus domesticus var. Cornis and White Roc.) treated with an injection of T3 containing 0.04 microgram/g body weight, increase length and insaturation increases of the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids in mitochondrial phospholipids are observed in relation to the corresponding controls. This elongation is maximum at 14 hours after treatment with the hormone. Animals treated with T3 showed a higher proportion of stearic and eicosatrienoic acids than controls. This increase is accompanied by an equivalent decrease of the palmitic and oleic acids, their respective biosynthetic precursors. The highest proportion of long chain and unsatured fatty acids can be observed in phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines.", "contents": "[Effect of the thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine on fatty acid chain elongation of mitochondrial phospholipids (author's transl)]. The effect of the Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine (T3) on composition of Fatty Acid of Mitochondrial Phospholipids is studied. In animals (Gallus domesticus var. Cornis and White Roc.) treated with an injection of T3 containing 0.04 microgram/g body weight, increase length and insaturation increases of the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids in mitochondrial phospholipids are observed in relation to the corresponding controls. This elongation is maximum at 14 hours after treatment with the hormone. Animals treated with T3 showed a higher proportion of stearic and eicosatrienoic acids than controls. This increase is accompanied by an equivalent decrease of the palmitic and oleic acids, their respective biosynthetic precursors. The highest proportion of long chain and unsatured fatty acids can be observed in phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines.", "PMID": 542705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9014", "title": "[Molecular forms of chicken liver cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase has been purified 20 -- fold from the supernatant fraction of chicken liver homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose (differential centrifugation at 100,000 x g) through calcium phosphate gel absorption, ammonium sulphate fractionation (45-80% saturation) and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Two molecular forms, A and B, of the enzyme are unmodified during the purification process, observed by electrophoresis. Two additional bands that appear in the electrophoretic patterns are not attributable to molecular forms of the enzyme, but to the lack of non-dehydrogenase activity of the preparation used. Both forms differ in their thermal stability (form A is more thermolabile) and net charge; and they both have the same molecular weight (67,000 +/- 5,000 daltons), determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The enzyme in the purified preparations exhibits two KM values in the double reciprocal plot v vs [L-malate], due to the presence of two forms with different affinity for the hydroxyacid.", "contents": "[Molecular forms of chicken liver cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (author's transl)]. Cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase has been purified 20 -- fold from the supernatant fraction of chicken liver homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose (differential centrifugation at 100,000 x g) through calcium phosphate gel absorption, ammonium sulphate fractionation (45-80% saturation) and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Two molecular forms, A and B, of the enzyme are unmodified during the purification process, observed by electrophoresis. Two additional bands that appear in the electrophoretic patterns are not attributable to molecular forms of the enzyme, but to the lack of non-dehydrogenase activity of the preparation used. Both forms differ in their thermal stability (form A is more thermolabile) and net charge; and they both have the same molecular weight (67,000 +/- 5,000 daltons), determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The enzyme in the purified preparations exhibits two KM values in the double reciprocal plot v vs [L-malate], due to the presence of two forms with different affinity for the hydroxyacid.", "PMID": 542706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9015", "title": "Effect of the septal lesion on the non-learned responses of the rat.", "content": "Effect of septal lesions has been studied in rats to find if they alter aspects of its SSDR. Results may be summarized as follows: 1. Animals with the septal syndrome tried to attack only when about to be caught, while they showed exaggerate freezing and submissive responses once caught. 2. A shock associated situation caused an increase in the freezing behavior and a decrease in the number of boluses excreted. 3. The septal animals never left walls of the open field, and did not explored its internal areas, showed in increase in thigmotaxis. 4. They showed an increase in the emergence time. The results are interpreted as due to an enhancement of the species-specific defence reactions.", "contents": "Effect of the septal lesion on the non-learned responses of the rat. Effect of septal lesions has been studied in rats to find if they alter aspects of its SSDR. Results may be summarized as follows: 1. Animals with the septal syndrome tried to attack only when about to be caught, while they showed exaggerate freezing and submissive responses once caught. 2. A shock associated situation caused an increase in the freezing behavior and a decrease in the number of boluses excreted. 3. The septal animals never left walls of the open field, and did not explored its internal areas, showed in increase in thigmotaxis. 4. They showed an increase in the emergence time. The results are interpreted as due to an enhancement of the species-specific defence reactions.", "PMID": 542707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9016", "title": "Effect of fasting on urinary excretion of water and nitrogen in the rat.", "content": "Rats housed in metabolic cages undergoing 48 h fasting showed reduced daily intake of drinking water and increased urinary volume. Both the daily amount of urinary creatinine and urea excreted were diminished with fasting, while that of ammonia was augmented. Besides demonstrating metabolic water loss under fasting, results suggest that ammonia derived from glutamine in the kidney, rather than urea formed in the liver, is the main nitrogenous catabolic product of amino acids in fasting.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on urinary excretion of water and nitrogen in the rat. Rats housed in metabolic cages undergoing 48 h fasting showed reduced daily intake of drinking water and increased urinary volume. Both the daily amount of urinary creatinine and urea excreted were diminished with fasting, while that of ammonia was augmented. Besides demonstrating metabolic water loss under fasting, results suggest that ammonia derived from glutamine in the kidney, rather than urea formed in the liver, is the main nitrogenous catabolic product of amino acids in fasting.", "PMID": 542708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9017", "title": "[Effect of progesterone on rat plasma and liver lipid levels (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of progesterone upon several lipidic parameters on rat liver and plasma was studied. Progesterone administration led to a significant increase in the hepatic triacylglyceride and cholesterol esterified levels and to a decrease in the phospholipid content. After progesterone treatment decreases in plasma total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esterified were observed, whereas plasma triacylglyceride and free fatty acid levels increased. The hormonal treatment altered the lipoprotein pattern, which significantly reduced the beta-lipoprotein fraction.", "contents": "[Effect of progesterone on rat plasma and liver lipid levels (author's transl)]. The effect of progesterone upon several lipidic parameters on rat liver and plasma was studied. Progesterone administration led to a significant increase in the hepatic triacylglyceride and cholesterol esterified levels and to a decrease in the phospholipid content. After progesterone treatment decreases in plasma total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esterified were observed, whereas plasma triacylglyceride and free fatty acid levels increased. The hormonal treatment altered the lipoprotein pattern, which significantly reduced the beta-lipoprotein fraction.", "PMID": 542709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9018", "title": "The effect of 2-oxoglutarate and biotin in the release of amino acids by Citrobacter intermedius C3.", "content": "Excretion of amino acids by Citrobacter intermedius C3 was assayed in a mineral medium with glucose as carbon source. Glutamic acid is the main amino acid excreted in liquid medium and it is also detected at the colonial level in solid medium. Mutants with different behaviour with respect to the excretion of amino acids are studied. The presence of 2-oxoglutarate in the medium induced excretion in all strains. On the other hand when biotin was added to the culture media amino acid excretion was partially reduced.", "contents": "The effect of 2-oxoglutarate and biotin in the release of amino acids by Citrobacter intermedius C3. Excretion of amino acids by Citrobacter intermedius C3 was assayed in a mineral medium with glucose as carbon source. Glutamic acid is the main amino acid excreted in liquid medium and it is also detected at the colonial level in solid medium. Mutants with different behaviour with respect to the excretion of amino acids are studied. The presence of 2-oxoglutarate in the medium induced excretion in all strains. On the other hand when biotin was added to the culture media amino acid excretion was partially reduced.", "PMID": 542710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9019", "title": "Colostrum production by ewes and the amounts ingested by lambs.", "content": "Studies involving 49 ewes which were well nourished during the last eight weeks of pregnancy indicated that ewe weight loss during pregnancy and lamb birth weights followed the recognised pattern and were within acceptable \"normal\" limits. Colostrum production ranged from 1238 to 4593 g per ewe during the 48 h following the first suckling and there was evidence that production levels were related to demand by the lambs. Colostrum consumption by individual lambs was related to litter size. The smaller the litter size the greater was the amount ingested during the first 48 h of life. No clear relationship was established between the amount of colostrum consumed and the level of immunoglobulin in a lamb's circulation. Possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Colostrum production by ewes and the amounts ingested by lambs. Studies involving 49 ewes which were well nourished during the last eight weeks of pregnancy indicated that ewe weight loss during pregnancy and lamb birth weights followed the recognised pattern and were within acceptable \"normal\" limits. Colostrum production ranged from 1238 to 4593 g per ewe during the 48 h following the first suckling and there was evidence that production levels were related to demand by the lambs. Colostrum consumption by individual lambs was related to litter size. The smaller the litter size the greater was the amount ingested during the first 48 h of life. No clear relationship was established between the amount of colostrum consumed and the level of immunoglobulin in a lamb's circulation. Possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 542714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9020", "title": "An investigation of the toxicity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol to calves.", "content": "Two calves were treated with 15 micrograms/kg body weight of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol by intramuscular injection on four occasions at seven-day intervals. Anorexia and reduced water consumption persisted for 48 h after each treatment. No clinical signs of iridocyclitis or any other lesions of the eyes were present at any time either macroscopically or microscopically. After the first treatment serum GOT and GD activities increased, serum AP activity fell, serum concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphate increased, and magnesium concentrations decreased. The reduced serum magnesium concentrations and increased calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were maintained for the duration of the experiment, but there was no evidence of a cumulative effect of successive treatments. Blood urea concentrations increased after the third treatment. The gross pathology at post mortem examination was similar to that reported after vitamin D3 supplementation.", "contents": "An investigation of the toxicity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol to calves. Two calves were treated with 15 micrograms/kg body weight of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol by intramuscular injection on four occasions at seven-day intervals. Anorexia and reduced water consumption persisted for 48 h after each treatment. No clinical signs of iridocyclitis or any other lesions of the eyes were present at any time either macroscopically or microscopically. After the first treatment serum GOT and GD activities increased, serum AP activity fell, serum concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphate increased, and magnesium concentrations decreased. The reduced serum magnesium concentrations and increased calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were maintained for the duration of the experiment, but there was no evidence of a cumulative effect of successive treatments. Blood urea concentrations increased after the third treatment. The gross pathology at post mortem examination was similar to that reported after vitamin D3 supplementation.", "PMID": 542713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9021", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in ewe colostrum and in lamb serum.", "content": "The immunoglobulin content of ewe colostrum falls rapidly after the first suckling and reaches a low level 36 h after the first feed. The whey content of colostrum will rise by more than 50 per cent during the same period. The production of colostral immunoglobulin during the 24 h following the first feed was related, in this work, to the amount of colostrum produced; the greater the colostrum production, the greater the immunoglobulin production. Colostrum production ranged from 1216 to 4493 g and immunoglobulin production from 22-21 to 86-34 g during the eight feeds studied. Colostrum production was related to demand by the lambs. There was a clear positive correlation between the total amount of immunoglobulin the lambs' circulation 30 h after the first feed and the immunoglobulin consumed. Approximately 20 to 25 per cent of the immunoglobulin ingested was present in the lambs' circulation at this time.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in ewe colostrum and in lamb serum. The immunoglobulin content of ewe colostrum falls rapidly after the first suckling and reaches a low level 36 h after the first feed. The whey content of colostrum will rise by more than 50 per cent during the same period. The production of colostral immunoglobulin during the 24 h following the first feed was related, in this work, to the amount of colostrum produced; the greater the colostrum production, the greater the immunoglobulin production. Colostrum production ranged from 1216 to 4493 g and immunoglobulin production from 22-21 to 86-34 g during the eight feeds studied. Colostrum production was related to demand by the lambs. There was a clear positive correlation between the total amount of immunoglobulin the lambs' circulation 30 h after the first feed and the immunoglobulin consumed. Approximately 20 to 25 per cent of the immunoglobulin ingested was present in the lambs' circulation at this time.", "PMID": 542715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9022", "title": "Increase in plasma cortisol concentrations in ewes fed oestrogenic subterranean clover.", "content": "Pen-feeding oestrogenic clover to ewes increased their plasma cortisol concentration by the third day. This was not due to any change in the variation of cortisol concentration with time of day. Ovulation rate was not affected during the experiment as judged by the levels of plasma progesterone and laparoscopy. The plasma cortisol concentration of ewes also rose within three days of their being placed on oestrogenic clover pasture. During the next 21 days, their mean plasma cortisol was increased by 58 per cent. A previous history of clover disease did not affect this response.", "contents": "Increase in plasma cortisol concentrations in ewes fed oestrogenic subterranean clover. Pen-feeding oestrogenic clover to ewes increased their plasma cortisol concentration by the third day. This was not due to any change in the variation of cortisol concentration with time of day. Ovulation rate was not affected during the experiment as judged by the levels of plasma progesterone and laparoscopy. The plasma cortisol concentration of ewes also rose within three days of their being placed on oestrogenic clover pasture. During the next 21 days, their mean plasma cortisol was increased by 58 per cent. A previous history of clover disease did not affect this response.", "PMID": 542716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9023", "title": "Cure of Dermatophilus congolensis infection in cattle by long-acting oxytetracycline.", "content": "Under conditions simulating traditional husbandry, a single intramuscular dose (20 mg/kg) of long-acting oxytetracycline was efficacious in treating different grades of bovine dermatophilosis. There was complete healing in 26 out of 28 animals (93 per cent) within four weeks. By contrast, only four out of 11 animals treated with penicillin (70,000 iu/kg) plus streptomycin (70mg/kg) were apparently cured and three relapsed within one month. No spontaneous recoveries were observed among 18 untreated animals. In the group treated with oxytetracycline, two, in the penicillin plus streptomycin, seven, and in the untreated control group, 11 animals died of the disease.", "contents": "Cure of Dermatophilus congolensis infection in cattle by long-acting oxytetracycline. Under conditions simulating traditional husbandry, a single intramuscular dose (20 mg/kg) of long-acting oxytetracycline was efficacious in treating different grades of bovine dermatophilosis. There was complete healing in 26 out of 28 animals (93 per cent) within four weeks. By contrast, only four out of 11 animals treated with penicillin (70,000 iu/kg) plus streptomycin (70mg/kg) were apparently cured and three relapsed within one month. No spontaneous recoveries were observed among 18 untreated animals. In the group treated with oxytetracycline, two, in the penicillin plus streptomycin, seven, and in the untreated control group, 11 animals died of the disease.", "PMID": 542717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9024", "title": "Identification of clumping-factor-negative staphylococci isolated from cows' udders.", "content": "Identification to species level was attempted on a collection of 954 cultures of catalase-positive, clumping-factor- and beta-haemolysin-negative Gram-positive cocci isolated from teats and milk of cows. Eighty-seven per cent of the strains were identified as Staphylococcus xylosus, S epidermidis, S sciuri, S haemolyticus, S hyicus subsp hyicus and chromogenes, S simulans and S cohnii. Nine per cent of the collection belonged to another group which could not be identified with any of the known Staphylococcus species. Many of the strains of this group and also part of the S epidermidis and S hyicus subsp chromogenes strains examined showed various degrees of growth enhancement on certain media when fatty substances were added. Only nine strains were classified as Micrococcus. A scheme for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci from cows' milk is proposed.", "contents": "Identification of clumping-factor-negative staphylococci isolated from cows' udders. Identification to species level was attempted on a collection of 954 cultures of catalase-positive, clumping-factor- and beta-haemolysin-negative Gram-positive cocci isolated from teats and milk of cows. Eighty-seven per cent of the strains were identified as Staphylococcus xylosus, S epidermidis, S sciuri, S haemolyticus, S hyicus subsp hyicus and chromogenes, S simulans and S cohnii. Nine per cent of the collection belonged to another group which could not be identified with any of the known Staphylococcus species. Many of the strains of this group and also part of the S epidermidis and S hyicus subsp chromogenes strains examined showed various degrees of growth enhancement on certain media when fatty substances were added. Only nine strains were classified as Micrococcus. A scheme for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci from cows' milk is proposed.", "PMID": 542718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9025", "title": "Protection of goats against peste-des-petits-ruminants with attenuated rinderpest virus.", "content": "Goats vaccinated with attenuated rinderpest were protected from peste-des-petits-ruminants virus for at least 12 months; vaccinated animals were unable to transmit the challenge virus. Before challenge neutralising antibodies were directed primarily against rinderpest but following exposure to peste-des-petits-ruminants, a high antibody level to both viruses was found.", "contents": "Protection of goats against peste-des-petits-ruminants with attenuated rinderpest virus. Goats vaccinated with attenuated rinderpest were protected from peste-des-petits-ruminants virus for at least 12 months; vaccinated animals were unable to transmit the challenge virus. Before challenge neutralising antibodies were directed primarily against rinderpest but following exposure to peste-des-petits-ruminants, a high antibody level to both viruses was found.", "PMID": 542719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9026", "title": "The effect of skeletal muscle needle biopsy on blood constituents, muscle glycogen and heart rate of cattle.", "content": "Muscle samples from Friesian bulls were obtained using the Bergstr\u00f6m percutaneous biopsy needle. The samples (100 to 200 mg) were suitable for metabolite and enzymic analyses and histological examination in relation to meat quality. The physiological response to biopsy was assessed by measuring serum free fatty acid and blood glucose concentrations, plasma creatine kinase activity and heart rate. Muscle glycogen concentration was also measured. These parameters were unchanged by the experimental procedure, with the exception of blood glucose and heart rate which showed significant increases. The experimental animals showed no adverse effects after repeated biopsy and it is concluded that the technique is suitable for investigating beef muscle metabolism in vivo, and does not cause an unacceptable degree of stress.", "contents": "The effect of skeletal muscle needle biopsy on blood constituents, muscle glycogen and heart rate of cattle. Muscle samples from Friesian bulls were obtained using the Bergstr\u00f6m percutaneous biopsy needle. The samples (100 to 200 mg) were suitable for metabolite and enzymic analyses and histological examination in relation to meat quality. The physiological response to biopsy was assessed by measuring serum free fatty acid and blood glucose concentrations, plasma creatine kinase activity and heart rate. Muscle glycogen concentration was also measured. These parameters were unchanged by the experimental procedure, with the exception of blood glucose and heart rate which showed significant increases. The experimental animals showed no adverse effects after repeated biopsy and it is concluded that the technique is suitable for investigating beef muscle metabolism in vivo, and does not cause an unacceptable degree of stress.", "PMID": 542720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9027", "title": "Laboratory and field trials on a formalin inactivated vaccine for the control of Pasteurella anatipestifer septicaemia in ducks.", "content": "A series of laboratory trials on a number of different types of inactivated Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccines suggested that a formolised vaccine would be the most suitable for protection. A satisfactory dose of vaccine was found to be approximately 3 x 109 cells administered intramuscularly. The efficacy of this vaccine was confirmed by a field trial on a farm where anatipestifer septicaemia was endemic, ducks being vaccinated at three weeks of age before their transfer to pasture from indoor rearing units.", "contents": "Laboratory and field trials on a formalin inactivated vaccine for the control of Pasteurella anatipestifer septicaemia in ducks. A series of laboratory trials on a number of different types of inactivated Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccines suggested that a formolised vaccine would be the most suitable for protection. A satisfactory dose of vaccine was found to be approximately 3 x 109 cells administered intramuscularly. The efficacy of this vaccine was confirmed by a field trial on a farm where anatipestifer septicaemia was endemic, ducks being vaccinated at three weeks of age before their transfer to pasture from indoor rearing units.", "PMID": 542721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9028", "title": "A whole blood method for measuring mitogen-induced transformation of sheep lymphocytes.", "content": "A simple and reproducible micromethod for determination of in vitro mitogenic responses of sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. The test uses (i) whole blood diluted in RPMI 1640 medium to give a cell count of 0.5 x 106-1 x 106 lymphocytes/ml, (ii) mitogens in the range of 5-20 micrograms of phytohaemagglutinin/ml, 20-80 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 20-80 microliters of poke weed mitogen/ml, and (iii) a stimulation time of 42 to 90 h. A considerable variation in mitogenic response was observed both between animals and on different occasions in the same animal. Because of the large periodic variation it was suggested that the test should be repeated using blood drawn at different times in order to determine the mitogenic response of an animal.", "contents": "A whole blood method for measuring mitogen-induced transformation of sheep lymphocytes. A simple and reproducible micromethod for determination of in vitro mitogenic responses of sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. The test uses (i) whole blood diluted in RPMI 1640 medium to give a cell count of 0.5 x 106-1 x 106 lymphocytes/ml, (ii) mitogens in the range of 5-20 micrograms of phytohaemagglutinin/ml, 20-80 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 20-80 microliters of poke weed mitogen/ml, and (iii) a stimulation time of 42 to 90 h. A considerable variation in mitogenic response was observed both between animals and on different occasions in the same animal. Because of the large periodic variation it was suggested that the test should be repeated using blood drawn at different times in order to determine the mitogenic response of an animal.", "PMID": 542722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9029", "title": "Rapid assay for repair of damage induced by ultraviolet light in bovine lymphocytes.", "content": "Bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibit a peak of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, measured after exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, three to four days after phytohaemagglutinin addition to diluted blood cultures. This peak of DNA repair is induced coincidentally with that of DNA replication. DNA repair is determined in the presence of hydroxyurea which inhibits DNA replication. This assay provides a rapid screening method for deficits in DNA repair synthesis in cattle.", "contents": "Rapid assay for repair of damage induced by ultraviolet light in bovine lymphocytes. Bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibit a peak of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, measured after exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, three to four days after phytohaemagglutinin addition to diluted blood cultures. This peak of DNA repair is induced coincidentally with that of DNA replication. DNA repair is determined in the presence of hydroxyurea which inhibits DNA replication. This assay provides a rapid screening method for deficits in DNA repair synthesis in cattle.", "PMID": 542723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9030", "title": "Isolation of Leptospira of the serotype hardjo from bovine kidneys.", "content": "Thirteen strains of Leptospira serotype hardjo were cultured from 200 bovine kidneys collected from an abattoir. All strains grew on primary isolation in EMJH medium 0.1 per cent Noble agar but most failed to grow in a variety of media containing neomycin or 5-fluorouracil as selective agents. Two of the cattle from which hardjo were isolated were seronegative by the microscopic agglutination test against hardjo, two had titres of 1/100, five of 1/400, three of 1/1600 and one of 1/6400.", "contents": "Isolation of Leptospira of the serotype hardjo from bovine kidneys. Thirteen strains of Leptospira serotype hardjo were cultured from 200 bovine kidneys collected from an abattoir. All strains grew on primary isolation in EMJH medium 0.1 per cent Noble agar but most failed to grow in a variety of media containing neomycin or 5-fluorouracil as selective agents. Two of the cattle from which hardjo were isolated were seronegative by the microscopic agglutination test against hardjo, two had titres of 1/100, five of 1/400, three of 1/1600 and one of 1/6400.", "PMID": 542724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9031", "title": "Copper, zinc and iron levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of copper poisoned sheep.", "content": "Copper, zinc and iron levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal and copper poisoned sheep. Copper values were within the range recorded for humans but zinc levels were six to 20 times and iron levels were 20 to 30 times higher than values reported for humans. The amount of copper, zinc and iron in the CSF did not increase in sheep dosed with copper and hence it is unlikely that the level of copper in the CSF is related to the changes in the nervous system that have been reported in copper poisoned sheep.", "contents": "Copper, zinc and iron levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of copper poisoned sheep. Copper, zinc and iron levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal and copper poisoned sheep. Copper values were within the range recorded for humans but zinc levels were six to 20 times and iron levels were 20 to 30 times higher than values reported for humans. The amount of copper, zinc and iron in the CSF did not increase in sheep dosed with copper and hence it is unlikely that the level of copper in the CSF is related to the changes in the nervous system that have been reported in copper poisoned sheep.", "PMID": 542725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9032", "title": "Interaction of certain bovine immunoglobulins with complement in a single radial haemolysis system.", "content": "Bovine IgG1, IgG2, and IgM initiated haemolysis by bovine complement. With guinea pig complement bovine IgG1 and IgM appeared effective, but bovine IgG2 was much less effective. Single radial haemolysis systems using guinea pig complement to measure bovine antibody are likely to detect predominantly IgG1 and IgM. However, in vivo IgG2 should activate bovine complement.", "contents": "Interaction of certain bovine immunoglobulins with complement in a single radial haemolysis system. Bovine IgG1, IgG2, and IgM initiated haemolysis by bovine complement. With guinea pig complement bovine IgG1 and IgM appeared effective, but bovine IgG2 was much less effective. Single radial haemolysis systems using guinea pig complement to measure bovine antibody are likely to detect predominantly IgG1 and IgM. However, in vivo IgG2 should activate bovine complement.", "PMID": 542726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9033", "title": "Metabolic events in acutely damaged brain and the effect of dexamethasone in guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect on 210 guinea pigs of a special clinically used compound on substantial brain damage was evaluated. Cerebral metabolism was well preserved in small laboratory animals after blunt head injury by the administration of dexamethasone intraperitoneally. The high doses used were similar to those employed for cerebral contusion of the brain in patients. The concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and ATP were maintained better in cerebral tissue by pre- and post-traumatic use of dexamethasone than by treatment with a placebo. Analysis of the blood showed no such correlation indicating that the effect of dexamethasone was due to a local effect on the central nervous system, rather than a systemic effect. With rapid freezing, brain tissue from guinea pigs exposed to high doses of systemic dexamethasone was found to contain less lactate and pyruvate compared with untreated controls. ATP was preserved at the original non-traumatic level. This was not accompanied by an increased rate of glycolysis since the glucose level in the damaged brain was not affected by the glucocorticoid.", "contents": "Metabolic events in acutely damaged brain and the effect of dexamethasone in guinea pigs. The effect on 210 guinea pigs of a special clinically used compound on substantial brain damage was evaluated. Cerebral metabolism was well preserved in small laboratory animals after blunt head injury by the administration of dexamethasone intraperitoneally. The high doses used were similar to those employed for cerebral contusion of the brain in patients. The concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and ATP were maintained better in cerebral tissue by pre- and post-traumatic use of dexamethasone than by treatment with a placebo. Analysis of the blood showed no such correlation indicating that the effect of dexamethasone was due to a local effect on the central nervous system, rather than a systemic effect. With rapid freezing, brain tissue from guinea pigs exposed to high doses of systemic dexamethasone was found to contain less lactate and pyruvate compared with untreated controls. ATP was preserved at the original non-traumatic level. This was not accompanied by an increased rate of glycolysis since the glucose level in the damaged brain was not affected by the glucocorticoid.", "PMID": 542727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9034", "title": "Electroencephalographic protective action of pyridoxylate during acute hypoxia and subsequent recovery in the rat.", "content": "Pyridoxylase at a concentration of 0.6 mmol/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally in rats, increased the resistance of animals to severe hypoxia (O2:3.2%; N2; 96.,%). The electrocorticogram (ECoG) was used to indicate the effectiveness of the drug in lowering the delay of electrographic silence, in 19 control rats and 12 pretreated rats. The ECoG was also recorded period under pure oxygen. In pretreated rats, the ECoG records became flat in a mean time of 551 s, compared with 269 s in the control group. The latent periods of successive steps during cerebral anoxia were significantly delayed in pyridoxylate-pretreated rats subjected to hypoxia. During the recovery period, pyridoxylate improved the recovery of the normal ECoG, particularly when values were expressed as a function of the duration of the hypoxic period. These findings are in good agreement with the significant protection afforded by pyridoxylate on the cerebral rate of energy-rich phosphate bond utilization during hypoxia studied in a separate work.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic protective action of pyridoxylate during acute hypoxia and subsequent recovery in the rat. Pyridoxylase at a concentration of 0.6 mmol/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally in rats, increased the resistance of animals to severe hypoxia (O2:3.2%; N2; 96.,%). The electrocorticogram (ECoG) was used to indicate the effectiveness of the drug in lowering the delay of electrographic silence, in 19 control rats and 12 pretreated rats. The ECoG was also recorded period under pure oxygen. In pretreated rats, the ECoG records became flat in a mean time of 551 s, compared with 269 s in the control group. The latent periods of successive steps during cerebral anoxia were significantly delayed in pyridoxylate-pretreated rats subjected to hypoxia. During the recovery period, pyridoxylate improved the recovery of the normal ECoG, particularly when values were expressed as a function of the duration of the hypoxic period. These findings are in good agreement with the significant protection afforded by pyridoxylate on the cerebral rate of energy-rich phosphate bond utilization during hypoxia studied in a separate work.", "PMID": 542728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9035", "title": "Effect of pyridoxine, glyoxylic acid and pyridoxylate on oxidative metabolism in vitro and phosphorylated energy-rich compounds studied in rat brains during acute hypoxia and ischaemia.", "content": "Pyridoxine (1-8 mmol/l) did not change significantly the cerebral oxygen nor the hypoxic or ischaemic degradation of phosphocreatine and ATP. Glyoxylic acid (1-8 mmol/l), an inhibitor of the citric acid cycle, depressed the electrically stimulated oxygen uptake of brain slices to a lesser extent than did pyridoxylate. Moreover, at concentrations of 0.66 mmol/l, pyridoxylate predominantly delayed the hypoxic or the ischaemic breakdown of creatine phosphate and of ATP compared with glyoxylic acid (0.66 mmol/l). These findings paralleled clearly the prominent hypoxic and post-hypoxic protection afforded by pyridoxylate upon rat brain electrogenesis, reported in the preceding paper.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxine, glyoxylic acid and pyridoxylate on oxidative metabolism in vitro and phosphorylated energy-rich compounds studied in rat brains during acute hypoxia and ischaemia. Pyridoxine (1-8 mmol/l) did not change significantly the cerebral oxygen nor the hypoxic or ischaemic degradation of phosphocreatine and ATP. Glyoxylic acid (1-8 mmol/l), an inhibitor of the citric acid cycle, depressed the electrically stimulated oxygen uptake of brain slices to a lesser extent than did pyridoxylate. Moreover, at concentrations of 0.66 mmol/l, pyridoxylate predominantly delayed the hypoxic or the ischaemic breakdown of creatine phosphate and of ATP compared with glyoxylic acid (0.66 mmol/l). These findings paralleled clearly the prominent hypoxic and post-hypoxic protection afforded by pyridoxylate upon rat brain electrogenesis, reported in the preceding paper.", "PMID": 542729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9036", "title": "Effect of infused hypothalamic phospholipids on the maturation of foetal rabbit lungs.", "content": "The effect of hypothalamic phospholipids on the maturation of foetal lung was investigated in a series of experiments in rabbits. Sixteen pregnant does were injected with hypothalamic phospholipids (2 mg day-1 kg-1) from day 21 of gestation. A second group of 16 does was injected with saline, and served as controls. The foetuses were delivered at gestational ages between 27 and 28 days by means of caesarean section under intravenous pentothal anaesthesia. Foetuses born from treated mothers were more active, breathed better, and their lungs expanded to a greater extent compared with the foetuses born to control mothers. In the animals of treated mothers there was, on electron microscopy, evidence of accelerated maturation of alveolar epithelial cells.", "contents": "Effect of infused hypothalamic phospholipids on the maturation of foetal rabbit lungs. The effect of hypothalamic phospholipids on the maturation of foetal lung was investigated in a series of experiments in rabbits. Sixteen pregnant does were injected with hypothalamic phospholipids (2 mg day-1 kg-1) from day 21 of gestation. A second group of 16 does was injected with saline, and served as controls. The foetuses were delivered at gestational ages between 27 and 28 days by means of caesarean section under intravenous pentothal anaesthesia. Foetuses born from treated mothers were more active, breathed better, and their lungs expanded to a greater extent compared with the foetuses born to control mothers. In the animals of treated mothers there was, on electron microscopy, evidence of accelerated maturation of alveolar epithelial cells.", "PMID": 542731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9037", "title": "Aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of acute renal failure in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Over a period of 2 years, 82 patients out of 2,390 (3.43%) admitted to an intensive care unit developed acute renal failure (ARF). The diagnosis of ARF was based on the usual criteria of oliguria, a rising blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, urine sodium concentration greater than 20 mmol/l and a U/P osmolality ratio less than 1.1. In 9.2% of patients the latter two criteria were misleading. Sepsis was the commonest cause of vasomotor nephropathy but in 20.7% potentially nephrotoxic agents had been administered before development of ARF. Overall mortality was 73.2%, with patients older than 50 years of age having the highest mortality. ARF is associated with prolonged bed occupancy--an average of 59.8 days for the dialysed patients with ARF versus an average length of stay of 8.4 days for the hospital overall.", "contents": "Aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of acute renal failure in an intensive care unit. Over a period of 2 years, 82 patients out of 2,390 (3.43%) admitted to an intensive care unit developed acute renal failure (ARF). The diagnosis of ARF was based on the usual criteria of oliguria, a rising blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, urine sodium concentration greater than 20 mmol/l and a U/P osmolality ratio less than 1.1. In 9.2% of patients the latter two criteria were misleading. Sepsis was the commonest cause of vasomotor nephropathy but in 20.7% potentially nephrotoxic agents had been administered before development of ARF. Overall mortality was 73.2%, with patients older than 50 years of age having the highest mortality. ARF is associated with prolonged bed occupancy--an average of 59.8 days for the dialysed patients with ARF versus an average length of stay of 8.4 days for the hospital overall.", "PMID": 542732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9038", "title": "Granulomatous synovitis: the role of atypical mycobacteria.", "content": "Clinical data on 25 patients with granulomatous synovitis and bursitis observed from 1970 through 1977 are reviewed. The lesions occurred about the extremities, the wrists and hands being involved most often. With three exceptions, the patients had no significant underlying disease. The lesions were chronic and often followed minor trauma. Many patients had had prior surgery, steriod injections, or both. At the time of surgery for the synovitis, the gross appearance proved to be relatively characteristic, and microscopic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation. Mycobacteria were found in 20 patients. In 15 of these cases, mycobacteria were isolated in cultures; in an additional five cases, acid-fast bacilli were seen in the excised tissue but cultures were negative. The species isolated were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (four cases), Mycobacterium kansaii (six), Mycobacterium marinum (one), Mycobacterium gordonae (one), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (two), and Mycobacterium chelonei (one). The clinical results after therapy that combined surgery and antimicrobial agents were generally favorable. It is stressed that surgical specimens should be sent for appropriate cultures as well as for histologic study.", "contents": "Granulomatous synovitis: the role of atypical mycobacteria. Clinical data on 25 patients with granulomatous synovitis and bursitis observed from 1970 through 1977 are reviewed. The lesions occurred about the extremities, the wrists and hands being involved most often. With three exceptions, the patients had no significant underlying disease. The lesions were chronic and often followed minor trauma. Many patients had had prior surgery, steriod injections, or both. At the time of surgery for the synovitis, the gross appearance proved to be relatively characteristic, and microscopic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation. Mycobacteria were found in 20 patients. In 15 of these cases, mycobacteria were isolated in cultures; in an additional five cases, acid-fast bacilli were seen in the excised tissue but cultures were negative. The species isolated were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (four cases), Mycobacterium kansaii (six), Mycobacterium marinum (one), Mycobacterium gordonae (one), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (two), and Mycobacterium chelonei (one). The clinical results after therapy that combined surgery and antimicrobial agents were generally favorable. It is stressed that surgical specimens should be sent for appropriate cultures as well as for histologic study.", "PMID": 542760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9039", "title": "Variability of immune response induced by bacteria treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to explore the possibility that bacterial strains treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of fosfomycin might induce immune responses different from those induced by intact, untreated bacteria. A preliminary study was done with a strain of Salmonella wien. The immune response in rabbits immunized with bacteria that had been exposed to either the sub-MIC or the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was compared with that in rabbits immunized with S. wien not exposed to the drug. The titers of antibody to S. wien in rabbits immunized with abnormal, sub-MIC-treated bacteria were higher than those in rabbits immunized with either MIC-treated or untreated S. wien. This difference was seen not only with the total antigen of Salmonella but also with somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.", "contents": "Variability of immune response induced by bacteria treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin. Experiments were conducted to explore the possibility that bacterial strains treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of fosfomycin might induce immune responses different from those induced by intact, untreated bacteria. A preliminary study was done with a strain of Salmonella wien. The immune response in rabbits immunized with bacteria that had been exposed to either the sub-MIC or the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was compared with that in rabbits immunized with S. wien not exposed to the drug. The titers of antibody to S. wien in rabbits immunized with abnormal, sub-MIC-treated bacteria were higher than those in rabbits immunized with either MIC-treated or untreated S. wien. This difference was seen not only with the total antigen of Salmonella but also with somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.", "PMID": 542762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9040", "title": "Recombination as a mechanism in the evolution of influenza viruses: a two-year study of ducks in Hong Kong.", "content": "An analysis was made of 149 influenza A viruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong during the period of November 1975 through October 1977. The viruses were isolated five times more frequently from ducks raised in the People's Republic of China than from those raised in Hong Kong. The isolation rate fo viruses was higher from the cloaca than it was from the trachea, but this pattern varied over the two years of investifation. The large number of different combinations (30) of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes suggests that recombination of viruses was taking place. Analysis of these combinations showed that their distribution was not random and that certain combinations occured more frequently, and others less frequently, than was expected. The recombination of influenza viruses and the excess or restriction of certain combinations may have implications for the evolution of pandemic strains of influenza virus in humans.", "contents": "Recombination as a mechanism in the evolution of influenza viruses: a two-year study of ducks in Hong Kong. An analysis was made of 149 influenza A viruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong during the period of November 1975 through October 1977. The viruses were isolated five times more frequently from ducks raised in the People's Republic of China than from those raised in Hong Kong. The isolation rate fo viruses was higher from the cloaca than it was from the trachea, but this pattern varied over the two years of investifation. The large number of different combinations (30) of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes suggests that recombination of viruses was taking place. Analysis of these combinations showed that their distribution was not random and that certain combinations occured more frequently, and others less frequently, than was expected. The recombination of influenza viruses and the excess or restriction of certain combinations may have implications for the evolution of pandemic strains of influenza virus in humans.", "PMID": 542763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9041", "title": "Nosocomial infection due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei: two cases and an epidemiologic study.", "content": "Pseudomonas pseudomallei was recovered from urine specimens of two patients who acquired the organism after they were admitted to a hospital in a region in which it is endemic. Both patients were diabetic and both had urethral catheters passed while they were hospitalized. samples of soil taken from the hospital grounds yielded an isolate of P. pseudomallei that was identical biochemically and by antibiogram to the two isolates recovered from the urine specimens of the two patients. The two patients stayed in wards located in separate hospital blocks, which were geographically distinct but connected by a walkway. The relevant clinical histories of the two patients and the epidemiologic and microbiologic characteristics of the P. pseudomallei isolates were studied. Sera from both patients showed a significant rise in titers of antibody specific for P. pseudomallei. These two patients are considered to represent the first reported cases of hospital-acquired infection due to P. pseudomallei.", "contents": "Nosocomial infection due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei: two cases and an epidemiologic study. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was recovered from urine specimens of two patients who acquired the organism after they were admitted to a hospital in a region in which it is endemic. Both patients were diabetic and both had urethral catheters passed while they were hospitalized. samples of soil taken from the hospital grounds yielded an isolate of P. pseudomallei that was identical biochemically and by antibiogram to the two isolates recovered from the urine specimens of the two patients. The two patients stayed in wards located in separate hospital blocks, which were geographically distinct but connected by a walkway. The relevant clinical histories of the two patients and the epidemiologic and microbiologic characteristics of the P. pseudomallei isolates were studied. Sera from both patients showed a significant rise in titers of antibody specific for P. pseudomallei. These two patients are considered to represent the first reported cases of hospital-acquired infection due to P. pseudomallei.", "PMID": 542764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9042", "title": "Prolonged effect of Corynebacterium parvum stimulation on granulopoiesis.", "content": "An intravenous injection of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into C57BL mice led to a significant increase in the number of both committed stem cells (GM-CFC) and proliferating cells of bone marrow granulocytic series. This increase appeared 24 h after the injection of the bacterium, persisted in varying levels until the 4th week and was accompanied by a marked and prolonged granulocytosis. The proportion of GM-CFC in DNA synthesis was found to be increased 1, 2, and 5 d after injection of C. parvum. Increased serum lysozyme levels were observed on the 9th and 15th d. These findings suggest that C. parvum can stimulate granulopoiesis in the animal system. This property of the bacterium should be considered when a combined chemo-immunotherapy schedule has to be applied.", "contents": "Prolonged effect of Corynebacterium parvum stimulation on granulopoiesis. An intravenous injection of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into C57BL mice led to a significant increase in the number of both committed stem cells (GM-CFC) and proliferating cells of bone marrow granulocytic series. This increase appeared 24 h after the injection of the bacterium, persisted in varying levels until the 4th week and was accompanied by a marked and prolonged granulocytosis. The proportion of GM-CFC in DNA synthesis was found to be increased 1, 2, and 5 d after injection of C. parvum. Increased serum lysozyme levels were observed on the 9th and 15th d. These findings suggest that C. parvum can stimulate granulopoiesis in the animal system. This property of the bacterium should be considered when a combined chemo-immunotherapy schedule has to be applied.", "PMID": 542797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9043", "title": "Studies on the presence and possible oscillations of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in human blood.", "content": "The presence of CFU-C in the peripheral blood of 3 healthy volunteers was monitored over a period of 70 d. Blood samples were taken 3 times a week. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were separated from blood leucocytes by dextran sedimentation and the iron ingestion method. After cryopreservation the cells were cultured in soft agar. One sample of mononuclear cells was cultured using a leucocyte feeder layer as a source of colony stimulating activity (CSA) and another sample using human placental conditioned medium as CSA. In cultures using a leucocyte feeder layer, the average number of CFU-C was 29, 43, 118 per ml blood. No systematic oscillations were observed. When human placental conditioned medium was used the average number of CFU-C was 255, 125, 222 per ml blood, respectively. Significant oscillations with periods of 23, 19 and 25 d were observed.", "contents": "Studies on the presence and possible oscillations of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in human blood. The presence of CFU-C in the peripheral blood of 3 healthy volunteers was monitored over a period of 70 d. Blood samples were taken 3 times a week. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were separated from blood leucocytes by dextran sedimentation and the iron ingestion method. After cryopreservation the cells were cultured in soft agar. One sample of mononuclear cells was cultured using a leucocyte feeder layer as a source of colony stimulating activity (CSA) and another sample using human placental conditioned medium as CSA. In cultures using a leucocyte feeder layer, the average number of CFU-C was 29, 43, 118 per ml blood. No systematic oscillations were observed. When human placental conditioned medium was used the average number of CFU-C was 255, 125, 222 per ml blood, respectively. Significant oscillations with periods of 23, 19 and 25 d were observed.", "PMID": 542798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9044", "title": "Human erythropoiesis in diffusion chambers.", "content": "The diffusion chamber technique has been modified in order to stimulate human erythropoiesis in addition to granulo- and monocytopoiesis. The chamber recipient mice were subjected to a combination of 750 rad irradiation and long-term non-interrupted hypoxia (0.5 atm) without chamber retransplantation. 7 d after implantation erythroid cells started to increase, reaching a maximum of up to 70% of the nucleated cells on day 12.", "contents": "Human erythropoiesis in diffusion chambers. The diffusion chamber technique has been modified in order to stimulate human erythropoiesis in addition to granulo- and monocytopoiesis. The chamber recipient mice were subjected to a combination of 750 rad irradiation and long-term non-interrupted hypoxia (0.5 atm) without chamber retransplantation. 7 d after implantation erythroid cells started to increase, reaching a maximum of up to 70% of the nucleated cells on day 12.", "PMID": 542799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9045", "title": "S\u00e9zary syndrome associated with sideroblastic anaemia.", "content": "A 66-year-old man with acquired sideroblastic anaemia and S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. This is believed to be the first such case reported in the literature. We speculate on the possibility that a common stem cell defect could account for the simultaneous development of the two abnormalities. Other features of this case of S\u00e9zary syndrome are discussed in relation to previous reports on patients with this disease.", "contents": "S\u00e9zary syndrome associated with sideroblastic anaemia. A 66-year-old man with acquired sideroblastic anaemia and S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. This is believed to be the first such case reported in the literature. We speculate on the possibility that a common stem cell defect could account for the simultaneous development of the two abnormalities. Other features of this case of S\u00e9zary syndrome are discussed in relation to previous reports on patients with this disease.", "PMID": 542800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9046", "title": "Pel-Ebstein fever coinciding with cyclical haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A 46-year-old man with an aortic valve replacement was investigated for recurrent episodes of fever associated with splenomegaly and haemolytic anaemia. Initially bacterial endocarditis was suspected. At laparotomy he proved to have mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease confined to the spleen. The undefined mechanism underlying Pel-Ebstein fever in this patient may also have been the cause of simultaneous haemolysis and splenomegaly.", "contents": "Pel-Ebstein fever coinciding with cyclical haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A 46-year-old man with an aortic valve replacement was investigated for recurrent episodes of fever associated with splenomegaly and haemolytic anaemia. Initially bacterial endocarditis was suspected. At laparotomy he proved to have mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease confined to the spleen. The undefined mechanism underlying Pel-Ebstein fever in this patient may also have been the cause of simultaneous haemolysis and splenomegaly.", "PMID": 542801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9047", "title": "Characterization of peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow cells from a patient with hairy cell leukaemia.", "content": "The peripheral blood cells, spleen cells and bone marrow cells from a patient with hairy cell leukaemia were studied by means of several immunological methods and by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Both by light and electron microscopy the cells had the morphology of hairy cells. 60 % of all the peripheral blood cells, and 80 % of the spleen cells had membrane-bound IgGk immunoglobulin. 60 % of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and 90 % of the spleen cells were positive for Ia-antigens, and 80 % of the peripheral blood, and 70 % of the spleen cells had receptors for complement factor C3. The percentages of cells with receptor for the Fc part of IgC and receptors for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were low both in peripheral blood and in spleen. Reduced numbers of peroxidase positive cells and cytotoxic plaque-forming cells were also observed as well as reduced lymphocyte responses after stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with PHA, PWM, ConA, PPD and allogeneic cells. A normal antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and PHA-induced cytotoxicity was observed for the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patients. Our results suggest that the hairy cells in our patient are derived from B lymphocytes and have a monoclonal origin.", "contents": "Characterization of peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow cells from a patient with hairy cell leukaemia. The peripheral blood cells, spleen cells and bone marrow cells from a patient with hairy cell leukaemia were studied by means of several immunological methods and by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Both by light and electron microscopy the cells had the morphology of hairy cells. 60 % of all the peripheral blood cells, and 80 % of the spleen cells had membrane-bound IgGk immunoglobulin. 60 % of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and 90 % of the spleen cells were positive for Ia-antigens, and 80 % of the peripheral blood, and 70 % of the spleen cells had receptors for complement factor C3. The percentages of cells with receptor for the Fc part of IgC and receptors for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were low both in peripheral blood and in spleen. Reduced numbers of peroxidase positive cells and cytotoxic plaque-forming cells were also observed as well as reduced lymphocyte responses after stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with PHA, PWM, ConA, PPD and allogeneic cells. A normal antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and PHA-induced cytotoxicity was observed for the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patients. Our results suggest that the hairy cells in our patient are derived from B lymphocytes and have a monoclonal origin.", "PMID": 542802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9048", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a native Danish family. A new variant.", "content": "Deficiency of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found in a native Danish family, in which 2 boys suffered from severe haemolytic anaemia. The mother and 3 sisters of the boys were heterozygotes for G-6-PD deficiency. The biochemical investigations indicate that this deficient G-6-PD is very similar to the Mediterranean variant; however, this variant gene may represent another example of G-6-PD 'Helsinki' or an unique variant with properties similar to G-6-PD B(--).", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a native Danish family. A new variant. Deficiency of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found in a native Danish family, in which 2 boys suffered from severe haemolytic anaemia. The mother and 3 sisters of the boys were heterozygotes for G-6-PD deficiency. The biochemical investigations indicate that this deficient G-6-PD is very similar to the Mediterranean variant; however, this variant gene may represent another example of G-6-PD 'Helsinki' or an unique variant with properties similar to G-6-PD B(--).", "PMID": 542803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9049", "title": "'Lennert's lymphoma' terminating as malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "A case of the so-called 'Lennert's lymphoma' terminating as malignant histiocytosis is reported. Such a sequence of diagnoses is discussed as a possible progression of the initial 'Lennert's lymphoma' eventually under the influence of cytostatic treatment. A review of other known malignancies ending up in malignant histiocytosis is given.", "contents": "'Lennert's lymphoma' terminating as malignant histiocytosis. A case of the so-called 'Lennert's lymphoma' terminating as malignant histiocytosis is reported. Such a sequence of diagnoses is discussed as a possible progression of the initial 'Lennert's lymphoma' eventually under the influence of cytostatic treatment. A review of other known malignancies ending up in malignant histiocytosis is given.", "PMID": 542804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9050", "title": "Transient acquired resistance to the coumarin anticoagulants phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol.", "content": "A 62-year-old man developed resistance to coumarin congeners during treatment with phenprocoumon (Marcoumar) and acenocoumarol (Sintrom), requiring at least triple the usual therapeutic dose and plasma concentration of phenprocoumon for satisfactory anticoagulation. After 8 months on this high dosage, the patient suddenly developed haemorrhagic diathesis. The medication was therefore discontinued. The resistance could not be ascribed to impaired absorption or enhanced metabolism.", "contents": "Transient acquired resistance to the coumarin anticoagulants phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. A 62-year-old man developed resistance to coumarin congeners during treatment with phenprocoumon (Marcoumar) and acenocoumarol (Sintrom), requiring at least triple the usual therapeutic dose and plasma concentration of phenprocoumon for satisfactory anticoagulation. After 8 months on this high dosage, the patient suddenly developed haemorrhagic diathesis. The medication was therefore discontinued. The resistance could not be ascribed to impaired absorption or enhanced metabolism.", "PMID": 542805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9051", "title": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and mitogen responsiveness of human peripheral blood lymphocytes differing in avidity for sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "To characterize the effector cells (K-cells) in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a nucleated target cell (El 4), human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were fractionated by rosette sedimentation into subpopulations differing in avidity for sheep erythrocytes (E). The fractions obtained were assayed for surface markers, and as a functional T cell marker, for responsiveness to the mitogen leucoagglutinin (La). By depleting PBL of E-receptor-bearing cells (Et+), approximately half of the cytotoxic potential was found in the Et-depleted fraction. While the Et+ fraction had low activity on a per cell basis, it nevertheless contained a significant proportion of the original cytotoxicity. By sequential E-rosetting, fractions binding E with high avidity (Et+), low avidity (Et+) or not at all (E-) were obtained. Both E-binding fractions consisted primarily of T-cells, as judged from their surface marker profiles. Both fractions responded well to La, but with different dose optima. The E- fraction contained primarily B-and null cells and did not respond  to La. Significant K-cell activity was found in all these fractions. The results show that a significant fraction of the K-cells have receptors for E and these can be of either high or low avidity. Since both EH+ and EL+ fractions respond well to La and contain K-cells, a T-cell origin of the latter is suggested. However, whether or not cytotoxicity and La-responsiveness are functions of the same cells remains to be established.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and mitogen responsiveness of human peripheral blood lymphocytes differing in avidity for sheep erythrocytes. To characterize the effector cells (K-cells) in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a nucleated target cell (El 4), human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were fractionated by rosette sedimentation into subpopulations differing in avidity for sheep erythrocytes (E). The fractions obtained were assayed for surface markers, and as a functional T cell marker, for responsiveness to the mitogen leucoagglutinin (La). By depleting PBL of E-receptor-bearing cells (Et+), approximately half of the cytotoxic potential was found in the Et-depleted fraction. While the Et+ fraction had low activity on a per cell basis, it nevertheless contained a significant proportion of the original cytotoxicity. By sequential E-rosetting, fractions binding E with high avidity (Et+), low avidity (Et+) or not at all (E-) were obtained. Both E-binding fractions consisted primarily of T-cells, as judged from their surface marker profiles. Both fractions responded well to La, but with different dose optima. The E- fraction contained primarily B-and null cells and did not respond  to La. Significant K-cell activity was found in all these fractions. The results show that a significant fraction of the K-cells have receptors for E and these can be of either high or low avidity. Since both EH+ and EL+ fractions respond well to La and contain K-cells, a T-cell origin of the latter is suggested. However, whether or not cytotoxicity and La-responsiveness are functions of the same cells remains to be established.", "PMID": 542806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9052", "title": "Primary structure of pooled, papain-solubilized HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens.", "content": "The tentative amino acid sequence of pooled, papain-solubilized HLA antigen heavy chains has been determined. The amino acid sequence comprises 273 residues. As the structural analyses were performed on HLA antigen heavy chains comprising a mixture of several allelic forms derived from the A, B, and possibly C loci, multiple residues were encountered in several positions. However, a quantitatively dominating residue could always be easily identified. The present data suggest that the amino acid variability of the HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens is found in restricted regions of the molecule. The COOH-terminal third of the HLA antigen heavy chain appears to be less variable than other regions of the molecule. Previous work has shown that the HLA antigen heavy chain contains two immunoglobulin-like disulphide loops. The COOH-terminal third of the heavy chain was shown to be similar in primary structure to beta 2-microglobulin and the immunoglobulin G constant domains.", "contents": "Primary structure of pooled, papain-solubilized HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens. The tentative amino acid sequence of pooled, papain-solubilized HLA antigen heavy chains has been determined. The amino acid sequence comprises 273 residues. As the structural analyses were performed on HLA antigen heavy chains comprising a mixture of several allelic forms derived from the A, B, and possibly C loci, multiple residues were encountered in several positions. However, a quantitatively dominating residue could always be easily identified. The present data suggest that the amino acid variability of the HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens is found in restricted regions of the molecule. The COOH-terminal third of the HLA antigen heavy chain appears to be less variable than other regions of the molecule. Previous work has shown that the HLA antigen heavy chain contains two immunoglobulin-like disulphide loops. The COOH-terminal third of the heavy chain was shown to be similar in primary structure to beta 2-microglobulin and the immunoglobulin G constant domains.", "PMID": 542807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9053", "title": "Reconstruction of patellar articular cartilage with free autologous perichondrial grafts. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The cartilaginous potential of the perichondrium has earlier been utilized to reconstruct articular cartilage in unloaded joints in adult rabbits. The present work in adult dogs has been performed to find out if the perichondrium can be used for the same purpose in joints subjected to pressure. In 13 knee joints the articular cartilage of the patella was excised completely and the resected surface was covered with an autologous perichondrial graft taken from the rib cartilage. After 3 weeks of immobilization the dogs were allowed to run freely until sacrifice 2 to 17 months later. In all 13 cases regeneration of cartilage took place. Within 8 months the regenerated cartilage showed no or only very slight degenerative signs but from 12 months and later such changes were common. In control cases where the resected surface was left without any graft no cartilage at all was found. Conclusively cartilage formation from grafted rib perichondrium is achieved in the knee joints of adult dogs, but it does not resist considerable pressure forces.", "contents": "Reconstruction of patellar articular cartilage with free autologous perichondrial grafts. An experimental study in dogs. The cartilaginous potential of the perichondrium has earlier been utilized to reconstruct articular cartilage in unloaded joints in adult rabbits. The present work in adult dogs has been performed to find out if the perichondrium can be used for the same purpose in joints subjected to pressure. In 13 knee joints the articular cartilage of the patella was excised completely and the resected surface was covered with an autologous perichondrial graft taken from the rib cartilage. After 3 weeks of immobilization the dogs were allowed to run freely until sacrifice 2 to 17 months later. In all 13 cases regeneration of cartilage took place. Within 8 months the regenerated cartilage showed no or only very slight degenerative signs but from 12 months and later such changes were common. In control cases where the resected surface was left without any graft no cartilage at all was found. Conclusively cartilage formation from grafted rib perichondrium is achieved in the knee joints of adult dogs, but it does not resist considerable pressure forces.", "PMID": 542808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9054", "title": "Formation of cartilage from rib perichondrium grafted to an articular defect in the femur condyle of the rabbit.", "content": "In immature and adult rabbits perichondrium from the rib was autologously grafted to a surgically created defect of the articular surface of the femur condyles exposing the subchondral bone. After one week of immobilization the animals were allowed to move freely until sacrifice after 7 and 13 weeks. In all grafted cases newly formed cartilage of a hyalin appearance filled the defect. Using the technique of intraarticular administration of tritiated thymidine, mitotic activity was found in the superficial zone of the regenerated cartilage indicating that the proliferation of cells is initiated from the perichondrium. In control cases where no graft covered the defect no cartilage was found.", "contents": "Formation of cartilage from rib perichondrium grafted to an articular defect in the femur condyle of the rabbit. In immature and adult rabbits perichondrium from the rib was autologously grafted to a surgically created defect of the articular surface of the femur condyles exposing the subchondral bone. After one week of immobilization the animals were allowed to move freely until sacrifice after 7 and 13 weeks. In all grafted cases newly formed cartilage of a hyalin appearance filled the defect. Using the technique of intraarticular administration of tritiated thymidine, mitotic activity was found in the superficial zone of the regenerated cartilage indicating that the proliferation of cells is initiated from the perichondrium. In control cases where no graft covered the defect no cartilage was found.", "PMID": 542809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9055", "title": "Single layered periosteoplasty in experimental mid-palatal clefts. A histological study in the cat.", "content": "At the age of 2 months, the mid-palatal suture, with adjacent bone and nasal mucoperiosteum, was resected in 20 domestic cats leaving postoperatively only the oral side of the more than 5 mm wide osseous defect covered with mucoperiosteum. After cessation of general growth this single layered \"palatal cleft periosteoplasty\" had, an all animals, resulted in the formation of new bone extending from the resection edges, i.e. nearly butting in the midline in about 85% of the cases. Bone bridges interlocking the palatal halves were, as in normal untreated individuals, never observed. In 3 out of 20 other cats where merely an oral mucoperiosteal flap had been elevated and replaced, i.e. a shamoperation without resection of bone or mucoperiosteum, a beginning synostosis of the mid-palatal suture was found. In the remaining 17 cats of this last group and in further 20 unoperated controls, the suture was open even at 2 1/2 years of age. The results seem to indicate that soft tissue trauma inevitable in palatal surgery may interfere with periosteal and sutural integrity. In addition, the findings may render new informations in palatal/maxillary growth following cleft palate periosteoplasty.", "contents": "Single layered periosteoplasty in experimental mid-palatal clefts. A histological study in the cat. At the age of 2 months, the mid-palatal suture, with adjacent bone and nasal mucoperiosteum, was resected in 20 domestic cats leaving postoperatively only the oral side of the more than 5 mm wide osseous defect covered with mucoperiosteum. After cessation of general growth this single layered \"palatal cleft periosteoplasty\" had, an all animals, resulted in the formation of new bone extending from the resection edges, i.e. nearly butting in the midline in about 85% of the cases. Bone bridges interlocking the palatal halves were, as in normal untreated individuals, never observed. In 3 out of 20 other cats where merely an oral mucoperiosteal flap had been elevated and replaced, i.e. a shamoperation without resection of bone or mucoperiosteum, a beginning synostosis of the mid-palatal suture was found. In the remaining 17 cats of this last group and in further 20 unoperated controls, the suture was open even at 2 1/2 years of age. The results seem to indicate that soft tissue trauma inevitable in palatal surgery may interfere with periosteal and sutural integrity. In addition, the findings may render new informations in palatal/maxillary growth following cleft palate periosteoplasty.", "PMID": 542810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9056", "title": "Transversal maxillary growth in experimental submucous mid-palatal clefts. A roentgen-cephalometric study in the cat.", "content": "At the average age of 2 1/2 months the mid-palatal suture and adjacent bone was extirpated in 24 domestic cats resulting in a 5 mm wide submucous cleft in the hard palate. In 16 other animals the corresponding mucoperiosteal flap was elevated and replaced without resection of the suture, i.e. testing the effect of the soft resection of the suture, i.e. testing the effect of the soft tissue trauma implied. Twenty-eight unoperated cats of corresponding age served as controls. The transversal maxillary growth was then studied radiographically by measuring the increase in distance, on cephalograms, between metallic implants inserted into both sides of the hard palate. Up to 50% reduction of transversal growth appeared where the mid-palatal suture had been extirpated. The palatal dimensions of the sham operated- and the unoperated groups did not diverge. The results obtained seem to indicate that growth in the mid-palatal suture is a combination of active growth due to proliferation of the sutural tissue, and passive growth induced by external forces exerting a traction in lateral direction.", "contents": "Transversal maxillary growth in experimental submucous mid-palatal clefts. A roentgen-cephalometric study in the cat. At the average age of 2 1/2 months the mid-palatal suture and adjacent bone was extirpated in 24 domestic cats resulting in a 5 mm wide submucous cleft in the hard palate. In 16 other animals the corresponding mucoperiosteal flap was elevated and replaced without resection of the suture, i.e. testing the effect of the soft resection of the suture, i.e. testing the effect of the soft tissue trauma implied. Twenty-eight unoperated cats of corresponding age served as controls. The transversal maxillary growth was then studied radiographically by measuring the increase in distance, on cephalograms, between metallic implants inserted into both sides of the hard palate. Up to 50% reduction of transversal growth appeared where the mid-palatal suture had been extirpated. The palatal dimensions of the sham operated- and the unoperated groups did not diverge. The results obtained seem to indicate that growth in the mid-palatal suture is a combination of active growth due to proliferation of the sutural tissue, and passive growth induced by external forces exerting a traction in lateral direction.", "PMID": 542811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9057", "title": "A technical and biomechanical comparison between two types of microvascular anastomoses. An experimental study in rats.", "content": "The microvascular sleeve anastomosis, where one vessel is inserted into the other, was compared with the conventional end to end anastomosis. In an experimental study in rat femoral arteries 42 anastomoses of each kind were examined. Operating time, patency rates, flow rates and strength of the anastomoses were recorded at various postoperative time intervals. It is concluded that the sleeve anastomosis is quicker to perform and that the two types of anastomoses in biomechanical respects are similar. Flow rates are slightly decreased immediately postoperatively in the sleeve anastomosis but this is of a temporary nature.", "contents": "A technical and biomechanical comparison between two types of microvascular anastomoses. An experimental study in rats. The microvascular sleeve anastomosis, where one vessel is inserted into the other, was compared with the conventional end to end anastomosis. In an experimental study in rat femoral arteries 42 anastomoses of each kind were examined. Operating time, patency rates, flow rates and strength of the anastomoses were recorded at various postoperative time intervals. It is concluded that the sleeve anastomosis is quicker to perform and that the two types of anastomoses in biomechanical respects are similar. Flow rates are slightly decreased immediately postoperatively in the sleeve anastomosis but this is of a temporary nature.", "PMID": 542812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9058", "title": "Columella lengthening in bilateral cleft lip patients. Experience with the forked flap procedure.", "content": "All patients with bilateral complete clefts of the lip and some patients with incomplete clefts have a short or almost non-existing columella. This is a characteristic deformity which can only be corrected by surgical lengthening of the columella. Among the numerous methods which have been used for this purpose, the forked falp method as described by Millard (1958) has certain advantages: 1. Sufficient donor tissue is available in the lateral parts of the prolabium to produce full lengthening of the columella and adequate projection of the tip of the nose. 2. Most patients with bilateral clefts need secondary correction of the lip scars and a narrowing of the nostrils after the primary operation. Both of these objectives are achieved as a part of the forked flap procedure. 3. Access is gained both to the lip muscles and to the alar cartilages at the tip of the nose. 4. Narrowing of the lip in the upper part results in a natural eversion of the lower part, and a short lip can be lengthened by letting the remaining central part of the prolabium go down during suturing. 5. The scars left in the upper lip are in an unobtrusive position corresponding to the philtral ridges. During the period 1965-77, 87 patients with bilateral cleft lip have had a columella lengthening performed according to the forked flap method. Our experience with this method has been very favourable. No serious complications have ensued, and the cosmetic results have been most satisfactory in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Columella lengthening in bilateral cleft lip patients. Experience with the forked flap procedure. All patients with bilateral complete clefts of the lip and some patients with incomplete clefts have a short or almost non-existing columella. This is a characteristic deformity which can only be corrected by surgical lengthening of the columella. Among the numerous methods which have been used for this purpose, the forked falp method as described by Millard (1958) has certain advantages: 1. Sufficient donor tissue is available in the lateral parts of the prolabium to produce full lengthening of the columella and adequate projection of the tip of the nose. 2. Most patients with bilateral clefts need secondary correction of the lip scars and a narrowing of the nostrils after the primary operation. Both of these objectives are achieved as a part of the forked flap procedure. 3. Access is gained both to the lip muscles and to the alar cartilages at the tip of the nose. 4. Narrowing of the lip in the upper part results in a natural eversion of the lower part, and a short lip can be lengthened by letting the remaining central part of the prolabium go down during suturing. 5. The scars left in the upper lip are in an unobtrusive position corresponding to the philtral ridges. During the period 1965-77, 87 patients with bilateral cleft lip have had a columella lengthening performed according to the forked flap method. Our experience with this method has been very favourable. No serious complications have ensued, and the cosmetic results have been most satisfactory in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 542813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9059", "title": "Sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus. Electromyography and radiologic follow-up study of temporomandibular joint function in 44 patients.", "content": "A follow-up study was performed on 44 patients operated with sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus for correction of a mandibular protrusion. The study included clinical examination, electromyography and masticatory efficiency test as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joint. The maximum opening capacity and protrusion of the mandible decreased one to three years after the operation. The activity of the temporal muscle decreased in rest position after the operation. Masticatory efficiency was unchanged. The position of the condyle in the fossa was unchanged postoperatively, while a posterior and superior condylar movement occurred during the fixation period. Normalization of the condylar position tended to occur one year after the operation. In 37 of 86 condyles, a double contour was seen on the postesuperior margin of the condyle one year after the operation. Possible mechanism behind the development of the new condylar bone layer is discussed.", "contents": "Sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus. Electromyography and radiologic follow-up study of temporomandibular joint function in 44 patients. A follow-up study was performed on 44 patients operated with sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus for correction of a mandibular protrusion. The study included clinical examination, electromyography and masticatory efficiency test as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joint. The maximum opening capacity and protrusion of the mandible decreased one to three years after the operation. The activity of the temporal muscle decreased in rest position after the operation. Masticatory efficiency was unchanged. The position of the condyle in the fossa was unchanged postoperatively, while a posterior and superior condylar movement occurred during the fixation period. Normalization of the condylar position tended to occur one year after the operation. In 37 of 86 condyles, a double contour was seen on the postesuperior margin of the condyle one year after the operation. Possible mechanism behind the development of the new condylar bone layer is discussed.", "PMID": 542814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9060", "title": "Sagittal split osteotomy in our experience. A follow-up study of 100 operated patients.", "content": "Sagittal split osteotomy is a tricky and time-consuming operation but gives excellent mobilization of the mandibular body for the purpose of positional changes. A follow-up study of 100 operated patients up to 3 years and more has demonstrated good and stable occlusion and subjective appraisal of improvement in appearance and bite. Negative effects of the operation are injuries to the inferior avleolar and lingual nerves. We are now of the opinion that sagittal split osteotomy is the method of choice only for correction of mandibular retrusion with or without open bite.", "contents": "Sagittal split osteotomy in our experience. A follow-up study of 100 operated patients. Sagittal split osteotomy is a tricky and time-consuming operation but gives excellent mobilization of the mandibular body for the purpose of positional changes. A follow-up study of 100 operated patients up to 3 years and more has demonstrated good and stable occlusion and subjective appraisal of improvement in appearance and bite. Negative effects of the operation are injuries to the inferior avleolar and lingual nerves. We are now of the opinion that sagittal split osteotomy is the method of choice only for correction of mandibular retrusion with or without open bite.", "PMID": 542815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9061", "title": "Surgical correction of mandibular prognathism by the oblique sliding osteotomy. A clinical and radiological follow-up study of 112 consecutive cases.", "content": "The oblique sliding osteotomy has been used for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism, sometimes in combination with open bite, in 112 patients treated from 1969 to 1978. The method has proved to be connected with few surgical complications and minimal relapse tendency. No correlation was found between the degree of posterior positioning or closure of open bite at the operation and relapse tendency. Consequently no limitations in the field of application concerning the degree of mandibular protrusion or open bite have been found in this study.", "contents": "Surgical correction of mandibular prognathism by the oblique sliding osteotomy. A clinical and radiological follow-up study of 112 consecutive cases. The oblique sliding osteotomy has been used for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism, sometimes in combination with open bite, in 112 patients treated from 1969 to 1978. The method has proved to be connected with few surgical complications and minimal relapse tendency. No correlation was found between the degree of posterior positioning or closure of open bite at the operation and relapse tendency. Consequently no limitations in the field of application concerning the degree of mandibular protrusion or open bite have been found in this study.", "PMID": 542816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9062", "title": "Implant arthroplasty of the scapho-trapezial joint.", "content": "Degenerative changes in the scapho-trapezial-trapezoidal (ST) joint may occur as an isolated process or more frequently as a dominant part of pantrapezial degenerative joint affections. In the present study results of surgery on 24 hands with isolated degenerative changes in the ST joint have been assessed. Arthrodesis was previously the sole procedure and has resulted in normal hand function in those cases where bony union was achieved without complications. The ST joint is difficult to fuse, however, and prolonged immobilization implies obvious risks of rigidity and impaired hand function. During the last 5 years a new technique for implant arthroplasty of the ST joint has been tried. The distal articular surface of the scaphoid has been resected and replaced with a heat-molded silicone rubber implant. In the present paper the method is presented and anatomical and technical points and pitfalls are discussed. It is concluded that implant arthroplasty may become a useful method for treatment of isolated ST arthrosis provided that the implant material will tolerate the compressive stress created during pinch.", "contents": "Implant arthroplasty of the scapho-trapezial joint. Degenerative changes in the scapho-trapezial-trapezoidal (ST) joint may occur as an isolated process or more frequently as a dominant part of pantrapezial degenerative joint affections. In the present study results of surgery on 24 hands with isolated degenerative changes in the ST joint have been assessed. Arthrodesis was previously the sole procedure and has resulted in normal hand function in those cases where bony union was achieved without complications. The ST joint is difficult to fuse, however, and prolonged immobilization implies obvious risks of rigidity and impaired hand function. During the last 5 years a new technique for implant arthroplasty of the ST joint has been tried. The distal articular surface of the scaphoid has been resected and replaced with a heat-molded silicone rubber implant. In the present paper the method is presented and anatomical and technical points and pitfalls are discussed. It is concluded that implant arthroplasty may become a useful method for treatment of isolated ST arthrosis provided that the implant material will tolerate the compressive stress created during pinch.", "PMID": 542817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9063", "title": "Hyperaemia induced by topical application of anaesthetic formulations containing ketocaine.", "content": "The hyperaemia produced by topical application of ketocaine-containing formulations was studied in human skin. The temperature in the hyperaemic area was unchanged or decreased which indicates that the hyperaemia was of a passive type, caused by a reduced flow in the venous side of the capillary bed.", "contents": "Hyperaemia induced by topical application of anaesthetic formulations containing ketocaine. The hyperaemia produced by topical application of ketocaine-containing formulations was studied in human skin. The temperature in the hyperaemic area was unchanged or decreased which indicates that the hyperaemia was of a passive type, caused by a reduced flow in the venous side of the capillary bed.", "PMID": 542818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9064", "title": "The sleeve anastomosis in clinical microsurgery. Case report.", "content": "Clinical use of the microvascular sleeve anastomosis in 6 elective free tissue transfers is reported. Arterial and venous anastomoses were performed. It was found that with the exception of the distal anastomosis of a vein graft to artery the sleeve anastomosis was simple and efficient. It was concluded that when the vessels to be anastomosed have suitable length and diameter the sleeve anastomosis may well be used. By its use time and effort can be saved, especially in cases requiring multiple anastomoses.", "contents": "The sleeve anastomosis in clinical microsurgery. Case report. Clinical use of the microvascular sleeve anastomosis in 6 elective free tissue transfers is reported. Arterial and venous anastomoses were performed. It was found that with the exception of the distal anastomosis of a vein graft to artery the sleeve anastomosis was simple and efficient. It was concluded that when the vessels to be anastomosed have suitable length and diameter the sleeve anastomosis may well be used. By its use time and effort can be saved, especially in cases requiring multiple anastomoses.", "PMID": 542819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9065", "title": "Labiobuccal mucosal island flap for closure of anterior palatal fistulae. Case report.", "content": "A method for closure of wide anterior palatal fistulae with a labiobuccal mucosal island flap introduced to the defect along the nasal floor is described. Five operated cases, of which one was a partial failure, are presented. The operations preferable for various types of fistulae are discussed.", "contents": "Labiobuccal mucosal island flap for closure of anterior palatal fistulae. Case report. A method for closure of wide anterior palatal fistulae with a labiobuccal mucosal island flap introduced to the defect along the nasal floor is described. Five operated cases, of which one was a partial failure, are presented. The operations preferable for various types of fistulae are discussed.", "PMID": 542820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9066", "title": "Comparison between the in vitro flow dynamics of the standard and the convexo-concave Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prostheses.", "content": "In the new convexo-concave model of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis the disc pivots 2.5 mm downstream, creating a space between the disc and the ring when the disc tilts open. Its flow dynamics were compared with those of the standard model under steady flow rates 0--32 1/min of a water-glycerin mixture employed as blood-analogous test fluid. The following results are valid for corresponding sizes of the conventionally used 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 and 31 mm prosthetic valves of the two models. The transprosthetic pressure fall varied directly, but in a parabolic fashion with the steady flow rate for all the partial and full flow orifices. The resistance to flow 0--32 1/min for the full flow orifice of the convexo-concave prosthesis was in average 16% lower than that of the standard model, with highly significant differences for the 21 and 23 mm prostheses (p less than 0.001). There was a redistribution of flow towards the smaller prosthetic opening from 23% (S.D. +/- 1.4) for the standard model to 30% (S.D. +/- 2.4) for the convexo-concave model (p less than 0.001). The minimum steady flow rate required to maintain the convexo-concave disc in completely open position (60 ml/sec) was only half that (37--50%) required for the standard disc (125 ml/sec) (p less than 0.001). Regurgitation through the closed prosthesis varied directly and linearly with the driving pressure and was slightly but definitely lower with the convexo-concave model than with standard model. The main features of the new design are decreased resistance to flow, redistribution of the flow within the prosthesis in order to prevent stasis along its smaller orifice, diminished opening resistance and reduced regurgitation. It is concluded that the flow dynamics of the convexo-concave model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis constitute a significant improvement over those of the standard model.", "contents": "Comparison between the in vitro flow dynamics of the standard and the convexo-concave Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prostheses. In the new convexo-concave model of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis the disc pivots 2.5 mm downstream, creating a space between the disc and the ring when the disc tilts open. Its flow dynamics were compared with those of the standard model under steady flow rates 0--32 1/min of a water-glycerin mixture employed as blood-analogous test fluid. The following results are valid for corresponding sizes of the conventionally used 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 and 31 mm prosthetic valves of the two models. The transprosthetic pressure fall varied directly, but in a parabolic fashion with the steady flow rate for all the partial and full flow orifices. The resistance to flow 0--32 1/min for the full flow orifice of the convexo-concave prosthesis was in average 16% lower than that of the standard model, with highly significant differences for the 21 and 23 mm prostheses (p less than 0.001). There was a redistribution of flow towards the smaller prosthetic opening from 23% (S.D. +/- 1.4) for the standard model to 30% (S.D. +/- 2.4) for the convexo-concave model (p less than 0.001). The minimum steady flow rate required to maintain the convexo-concave disc in completely open position (60 ml/sec) was only half that (37--50%) required for the standard disc (125 ml/sec) (p less than 0.001). Regurgitation through the closed prosthesis varied directly and linearly with the driving pressure and was slightly but definitely lower with the convexo-concave model than with standard model. The main features of the new design are decreased resistance to flow, redistribution of the flow within the prosthesis in order to prevent stasis along its smaller orifice, diminished opening resistance and reduced regurgitation. It is concluded that the flow dynamics of the convexo-concave model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis constitute a significant improvement over those of the standard model.", "PMID": 542821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9067", "title": "Aortic valve replacement. A randomized study comparing Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valves. Haematological evaluation.", "content": "In this study, 79 randomized patients with either Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (B-S) or Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) aortic disc valves were re-admitted two years after operation for clinical, haemodynamic and haematological evaluation. This paper deals in particular with the haematological results. Cine-aortography was carried out in 76 patients and left ventricular catheterization via the transseptal approach was performed in 43 patients. Haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, platlet count, reticulocyte count, plasma haemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin, serum iron, serum haptoglobin and serum lactate dehydrogenase were studied in the patients. Postoperatively all patients had normal haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. Haptoglobin was absent or reduced in 43% of patients with B-S valves and in 65% of those with L-K valves. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was abnormally elevated in 26% of patients in the B-S group and in 65% of those in the L-K group. Mean LDH was significantly higher in the L-K group compared with the B-S group (p less than 0.01). A highly significant linear correlation could be demonstrated between mean systolic pressure difference across the valve (delta pm) and LDH (p less than 0.001). This finding helps to explain why the L-K valves provoke more erythrocyte destruction than the B-S valves, since delta pm proved to be significantly higher in the L-K group. LDH was not significantly increased in 6 patients in whom a paravalvular leakage was demonstrated.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement. A randomized study comparing Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valves. Haematological evaluation. In this study, 79 randomized patients with either Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (B-S) or Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) aortic disc valves were re-admitted two years after operation for clinical, haemodynamic and haematological evaluation. This paper deals in particular with the haematological results. Cine-aortography was carried out in 76 patients and left ventricular catheterization via the transseptal approach was performed in 43 patients. Haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, platlet count, reticulocyte count, plasma haemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin, serum iron, serum haptoglobin and serum lactate dehydrogenase were studied in the patients. Postoperatively all patients had normal haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. Haptoglobin was absent or reduced in 43% of patients with B-S valves and in 65% of those with L-K valves. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was abnormally elevated in 26% of patients in the B-S group and in 65% of those in the L-K group. Mean LDH was significantly higher in the L-K group compared with the B-S group (p less than 0.01). A highly significant linear correlation could be demonstrated between mean systolic pressure difference across the valve (delta pm) and LDH (p less than 0.001). This finding helps to explain why the L-K valves provoke more erythrocyte destruction than the B-S valves, since delta pm proved to be significantly higher in the L-K group. LDH was not significantly increased in 6 patients in whom a paravalvular leakage was demonstrated.", "PMID": 542823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9068", "title": "Myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Selective infusion of cold cardioplegic solution into the left coronary artery.", "content": "A simple method for hypothermic cardioplegia during aortic valve surgery is described. Cold cardioplegic solution (Ringer's acetate with 16 mEq potassium added) was selectively infused into the left coronary artery after the aorta had been opened. This resulted in an even cooling of the left ventricle with a relatively small amount of cardioplegic solution. Local cooling with \"soft ice\" was then initiated and the heart isolated from its warmer surroundings with the aid of a specially designed pad of compressed plastic foam. Thus, the left ventricular temperature could be kept below 20 degrees C for more than one hour. One hundred and three (103) patients were operated on with this method during a one-year-period. Only one patient died (1%). There were few early and/or late complications. Postoperative heart function was excellent in 23 patients subjected to a special study. Peak aortic pressure during the first 16 postoperative hours was 130 (+/- 22) mmHg, mean left atrial pressure 12 (+/- 2) mmHg, mean right atrial pressure 10 (+/- 2) mmHg and all patients were in sinus rhythm. There was a brief and limited release of myocardial enzymes postoperatively, indicating slight intra-operative myocardial damage. Apart from the cardioplegic technique, there are certain factors of importance for the efficacy of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Among them may be mentioned avoidance of ventricular fibrillation, gentle reperfusion after release of the aortic cross-clamping, avoidance of left ventricular distension and administration of calcium intravenously before termination of bypass.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Selective infusion of cold cardioplegic solution into the left coronary artery. A simple method for hypothermic cardioplegia during aortic valve surgery is described. Cold cardioplegic solution (Ringer's acetate with 16 mEq potassium added) was selectively infused into the left coronary artery after the aorta had been opened. This resulted in an even cooling of the left ventricle with a relatively small amount of cardioplegic solution. Local cooling with \"soft ice\" was then initiated and the heart isolated from its warmer surroundings with the aid of a specially designed pad of compressed plastic foam. Thus, the left ventricular temperature could be kept below 20 degrees C for more than one hour. One hundred and three (103) patients were operated on with this method during a one-year-period. Only one patient died (1%). There were few early and/or late complications. Postoperative heart function was excellent in 23 patients subjected to a special study. Peak aortic pressure during the first 16 postoperative hours was 130 (+/- 22) mmHg, mean left atrial pressure 12 (+/- 2) mmHg, mean right atrial pressure 10 (+/- 2) mmHg and all patients were in sinus rhythm. There was a brief and limited release of myocardial enzymes postoperatively, indicating slight intra-operative myocardial damage. Apart from the cardioplegic technique, there are certain factors of importance for the efficacy of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Among them may be mentioned avoidance of ventricular fibrillation, gentle reperfusion after release of the aortic cross-clamping, avoidance of left ventricular distension and administration of calcium intravenously before termination of bypass.", "PMID": 542824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9069", "title": "Elevated mid-myocardial oxygen tension in the fibrillating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Mid-myocardial tissue oxygen tension was measured in the left ventricular wall of the hearts of ten dogs by means of a Silastic tonometer implanted earlier. During cardiopulmonary bypass, myocardial PO2 was significantly higher in a spontaneously fibrillating heart (5.4 +/- 0.9 kPa) than during the initial beating period (3.7 +/- 0.5 kPa) or after defibrillation (4.0 +/- 0.7 kPa). In general, there was a tendency towards increased myocardial blood flow, elevated oxygen uptake and reduced coronary sinus oxygen content during ventricular fibrillation, compared with the situation in the beating heart. Myocardial lactate extraction remained unchanged during the different phases of cardiopulmonary bypass. The increase in mid-myocardial oxygen tension during ventricular fibrillation was probably due to increased total myocardial blood flow and redistribution of regional myocardial circulation. In two additional dogs, ventricular fibrillation resulted in left ventricular distension and a simultaneous fall of myocardial oxygen tension, which indicates the necessity of left ventricular decompression suction in a fibrillating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Elevated mid-myocardial oxygen tension in the fibrillating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass. Mid-myocardial tissue oxygen tension was measured in the left ventricular wall of the hearts of ten dogs by means of a Silastic tonometer implanted earlier. During cardiopulmonary bypass, myocardial PO2 was significantly higher in a spontaneously fibrillating heart (5.4 +/- 0.9 kPa) than during the initial beating period (3.7 +/- 0.5 kPa) or after defibrillation (4.0 +/- 0.7 kPa). In general, there was a tendency towards increased myocardial blood flow, elevated oxygen uptake and reduced coronary sinus oxygen content during ventricular fibrillation, compared with the situation in the beating heart. Myocardial lactate extraction remained unchanged during the different phases of cardiopulmonary bypass. The increase in mid-myocardial oxygen tension during ventricular fibrillation was probably due to increased total myocardial blood flow and redistribution of regional myocardial circulation. In two additional dogs, ventricular fibrillation resulted in left ventricular distension and a simultaneous fall of myocardial oxygen tension, which indicates the necessity of left ventricular decompression suction in a fibrillating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 542825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9070", "title": "Effect of aortic valve replacement on the left ventricle. A cin\u00e9-angiographic evaluation.", "content": "Heart catheterization and quantitative left ventricular cin\u00e9-angiography data on thirty patients with aortic vlave disease were analyzed pre-operatively and 12 months after insertion of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve. The pre-operative and postoperative data were compared and also with a control group of 22 patients with no organic heart disease. According to the functional NYHA classification, 14 patients had improved, 14 were unchanged and 2 had deteriorated. Regurgitation had been totally corrected in 27 patients, and the high or moderate pressure gradient between the left ventricle and aorta had been reduced, but the valve itself caused a gradient of 5 to 35 mmHg. The pre-operatively abnormal pump function, hypertrophy, dilatation and impaired myocardial function had all become markedly more normal. The most obvious changes were an improvement in stroke work relative to end-diastolic volume and myocardial mass (p less than 0.001) and reductions in end-diastolic volume (p less than 0.001), pump power (p less than 0.001) and myocardial mass (p less than 0.001). Aortic valve replacement seems to be an appropriate procedure in cases where the left ventricular performance and haemodynamics are sufficiently disturbed.", "contents": "Effect of aortic valve replacement on the left ventricle. A cin\u00e9-angiographic evaluation. Heart catheterization and quantitative left ventricular cin\u00e9-angiography data on thirty patients with aortic vlave disease were analyzed pre-operatively and 12 months after insertion of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve. The pre-operative and postoperative data were compared and also with a control group of 22 patients with no organic heart disease. According to the functional NYHA classification, 14 patients had improved, 14 were unchanged and 2 had deteriorated. Regurgitation had been totally corrected in 27 patients, and the high or moderate pressure gradient between the left ventricle and aorta had been reduced, but the valve itself caused a gradient of 5 to 35 mmHg. The pre-operatively abnormal pump function, hypertrophy, dilatation and impaired myocardial function had all become markedly more normal. The most obvious changes were an improvement in stroke work relative to end-diastolic volume and myocardial mass (p less than 0.001) and reductions in end-diastolic volume (p less than 0.001), pump power (p less than 0.001) and myocardial mass (p less than 0.001). Aortic valve replacement seems to be an appropriate procedure in cases where the left ventricular performance and haemodynamics are sufficiently disturbed.", "PMID": 542827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9071", "title": "Thrombotic obstruction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Report of four cases.", "content": "We present four cases of late thrombotic obstruction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. The incidence of this complication reported in the literature to vary from 0.7% to 5%. In our experience of a total of 623 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve replacements, we observed this complication in only 4 patients (0.6%). Two of them had poorly controlled anticoagulation therapy. The clinical presentation was subacute in all four patients. Surgical treatment, thrombectomy and debridement, was performed in all of them. The diagnosis was made upon abrupt and progressive onset of dyspnoea, physical examination data and echocardiographic and radioscopic findings. Angiocardiographic studies were needed in two patients.", "contents": "Thrombotic obstruction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Report of four cases. We present four cases of late thrombotic obstruction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. The incidence of this complication reported in the literature to vary from 0.7% to 5%. In our experience of a total of 623 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve replacements, we observed this complication in only 4 patients (0.6%). Two of them had poorly controlled anticoagulation therapy. The clinical presentation was subacute in all four patients. Surgical treatment, thrombectomy and debridement, was performed in all of them. The diagnosis was made upon abrupt and progressive onset of dyspnoea, physical examination data and echocardiographic and radioscopic findings. Angiocardiographic studies were needed in two patients.", "PMID": 542828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9072", "title": "Rupture of the inferior vena cava during open-heart surgery. Aetiology and surgical management.", "content": "Bleeding during open-heart surgery is a not unusual complication. Rupture of the inferior vena cava during dissection of the heart from adhesions from a previous operation for mitral disease or congenital palliative surgery is a serious and sometimes fatal complication. Its treatment is a challenge even to the most experienced heart surgeon. In two of our three patients, vena cava rupture occurred during open-heart surgery for correction of mitral and aortic valvular disease. In one patient, congenital infundibular stricture of the right ventricle, associated with tricuspid valve insufficiency, was present. In this report, some relevant data were presented from each case and the aetiology of the rupture is discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of the inferior vena cava during open-heart surgery. Aetiology and surgical management. Bleeding during open-heart surgery is a not unusual complication. Rupture of the inferior vena cava during dissection of the heart from adhesions from a previous operation for mitral disease or congenital palliative surgery is a serious and sometimes fatal complication. Its treatment is a challenge even to the most experienced heart surgeon. In two of our three patients, vena cava rupture occurred during open-heart surgery for correction of mitral and aortic valvular disease. In one patient, congenital infundibular stricture of the right ventricle, associated with tricuspid valve insufficiency, was present. In this report, some relevant data were presented from each case and the aetiology of the rupture is discussed.", "PMID": 542829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9073", "title": "Retrograde (atrial) dislodgement of a Cross-Jones mitral valve occluder.", "content": "Fatal atrial dislodgement of a lenticular disc occurred seven years after surgery in a 54-year-old patient, who had had a mitral valve replacement with a Cross-Jones prosthesis, for ruptured chordae tendinae. A marked distortion of the titanium ring reinforced silicone rubber lens disc due to material wear was the cause of this complication. From the literature available to us, atrial dislodgement of a prosthetic mitral occluder has not been previously recorded. We therefore intend to recommend elective replacement of the Cross-Jones prosthesis in all patients who have had their artificial valve functioning for more than five years.", "contents": "Retrograde (atrial) dislodgement of a Cross-Jones mitral valve occluder. Fatal atrial dislodgement of a lenticular disc occurred seven years after surgery in a 54-year-old patient, who had had a mitral valve replacement with a Cross-Jones prosthesis, for ruptured chordae tendinae. A marked distortion of the titanium ring reinforced silicone rubber lens disc due to material wear was the cause of this complication. From the literature available to us, atrial dislodgement of a prosthetic mitral occluder has not been previously recorded. We therefore intend to recommend elective replacement of the Cross-Jones prosthesis in all patients who have had their artificial valve functioning for more than five years.", "PMID": 542830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9074", "title": "DC-conversion of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve operation. An analysis of the long-term results.", "content": "In a prospective study comprising 43 patients with atrial fibrillation after mitral valve surgery, an evaluation was made of the prognostic significance of clinical, radiological, haemodynamic and operative factors for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after DC-conversion. Atrial fibrillation with a duration of less than 12 months proved to be the only single factor of significance for sustained sinus rhythm after 12 months and it is suggested as a simple clinical criterion for selection of patients for DC-conversion after mitral valve operation.", "contents": "DC-conversion of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve operation. An analysis of the long-term results. In a prospective study comprising 43 patients with atrial fibrillation after mitral valve surgery, an evaluation was made of the prognostic significance of clinical, radiological, haemodynamic and operative factors for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after DC-conversion. Atrial fibrillation with a duration of less than 12 months proved to be the only single factor of significance for sustained sinus rhythm after 12 months and it is suggested as a simple clinical criterion for selection of patients for DC-conversion after mitral valve operation.", "PMID": 542831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9075", "title": "Liver drug metabolism in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.", "content": "The effect of open-heart surgery on the drug metabolism of the liver was investigated in 17 patients by using the rate of antipyrine elimination as an index. A correlation was found between the pre-operative heart size and the antipyrine elimination rate. In patients with a markedly dilated heart, the plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged and apparent clearance significantly impaired. Immediately postoperatively, antipyrine elimination was impaired in all patients. Later, the drug metabolism improved in patients with atrial septal defect, changed temporarily in patients with aortic valve replacement, and remained unchanged in patients with mitral valve replacement. The results indicate that adaptive changes in drug metabolizing capacity occur in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The changes are related to the type of lesion corrected, the pre-operative functional capacity of the liver, and the time lapse after surgery.", "contents": "Liver drug metabolism in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The effect of open-heart surgery on the drug metabolism of the liver was investigated in 17 patients by using the rate of antipyrine elimination as an index. A correlation was found between the pre-operative heart size and the antipyrine elimination rate. In patients with a markedly dilated heart, the plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged and apparent clearance significantly impaired. Immediately postoperatively, antipyrine elimination was impaired in all patients. Later, the drug metabolism improved in patients with atrial septal defect, changed temporarily in patients with aortic valve replacement, and remained unchanged in patients with mitral valve replacement. The results indicate that adaptive changes in drug metabolizing capacity occur in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The changes are related to the type of lesion corrected, the pre-operative functional capacity of the liver, and the time lapse after surgery.", "PMID": 542833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9076", "title": "Postpericardiotomy syndrome diagnosed by echocardiography.", "content": "In order to evaluate the present incidence of post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) and the reliability of conventional diagnostic methods in its detection, 194 consecutive patients were studied by echocardiography one month after cardiac surgery and thereafter every third month up to one year, and also during hospitalization if symptoms or signs of PPS appeared. PPS was diagnosed on the basis of pericardial effusion demonstrated by echocardiography and was found in 15 patients (8%) 7-142 days (mean 44 days) after operation. Four of these patients (27%) were without symptoms. In 7 patients (47%) there were no diagnostic signs on the electrocardiogram and the chest X-ray and in 6 of those patients the pericardial friction rub was missing. Hence in 40% of the patients echocardiography was the only way to make correct diagnosis. In the investigation of a patient with chest pain and/or fever after cardiac surgery, echocardiography seems very useful since the conventional electrocardiogram and the chest X-ray are often unreliable because of the changes caused by the cardiac surgery per se.", "contents": "Postpericardiotomy syndrome diagnosed by echocardiography. In order to evaluate the present incidence of post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) and the reliability of conventional diagnostic methods in its detection, 194 consecutive patients were studied by echocardiography one month after cardiac surgery and thereafter every third month up to one year, and also during hospitalization if symptoms or signs of PPS appeared. PPS was diagnosed on the basis of pericardial effusion demonstrated by echocardiography and was found in 15 patients (8%) 7-142 days (mean 44 days) after operation. Four of these patients (27%) were without symptoms. In 7 patients (47%) there were no diagnostic signs on the electrocardiogram and the chest X-ray and in 6 of those patients the pericardial friction rub was missing. Hence in 40% of the patients echocardiography was the only way to make correct diagnosis. In the investigation of a patient with chest pain and/or fever after cardiac surgery, echocardiography seems very useful since the conventional electrocardiogram and the chest X-ray are often unreliable because of the changes caused by the cardiac surgery per se.", "PMID": 542834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9077", "title": "Surgical correction of subclavian steal syndrome.", "content": "Eleven patients with subclavian steal syndrome underwent surgical correction without mortality. Ten patients were relieved from their symptoms. Two vessels reoccluded, two months and three years postoperatively, with reappearance of symptoms. One patient was hemiplegic after the operation. Associated lesions of other precerebral vessels were found in 7 patients, and surgical correction of two or three stenosed or occluded arteries was performed in 5 of them. Satisfactory and complete preoperative angiographic study of all precerebral vessels is therefore important. In 4 patients studied, the vertebral artery flow changed from a mean retrograde flow of 91 ml/min to a mean forward flow of 64 ml/min.", "contents": "Surgical correction of subclavian steal syndrome. Eleven patients with subclavian steal syndrome underwent surgical correction without mortality. Ten patients were relieved from their symptoms. Two vessels reoccluded, two months and three years postoperatively, with reappearance of symptoms. One patient was hemiplegic after the operation. Associated lesions of other precerebral vessels were found in 7 patients, and surgical correction of two or three stenosed or occluded arteries was performed in 5 of them. Satisfactory and complete preoperative angiographic study of all precerebral vessels is therefore important. In 4 patients studied, the vertebral artery flow changed from a mean retrograde flow of 91 ml/min to a mean forward flow of 64 ml/min.", "PMID": 542835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9078", "title": "Surgical experience with simultaneous bilateral carotid endarterectomies.", "content": "Eighty patients who had undergone bilateral carotid endarterectomy at the same operation were reviewed. All operative procedures were performed under general anaesthesia and during systemic heparinization and in all but six cases by using internal shunt. There were three deaths related to the operation representing 3.8% hospital mortality. Transient neurological deficits were noted in four patients (5% incidence) and permanent neurological deficits in four patients (also 5% incidence). A 100% late follow-up after an average period of 48 months revealed that 85.7% of the long-term survivors were functionally normal or improved. There were ten late deaths with heart disease accounting for 50% and stroke 30%.", "contents": "Surgical experience with simultaneous bilateral carotid endarterectomies. Eighty patients who had undergone bilateral carotid endarterectomy at the same operation were reviewed. All operative procedures were performed under general anaesthesia and during systemic heparinization and in all but six cases by using internal shunt. There were three deaths related to the operation representing 3.8% hospital mortality. Transient neurological deficits were noted in four patients (5% incidence) and permanent neurological deficits in four patients (also 5% incidence). A 100% late follow-up after an average period of 48 months revealed that 85.7% of the long-term survivors were functionally normal or improved. There were ten late deaths with heart disease accounting for 50% and stroke 30%.", "PMID": 542836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9079", "title": "Clinical value of pulmonary needle biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoma.", "content": "In 92 consecutive pulmonary needle biopsies, preliminary diagnoses on the basis of radiological and clinical data were compared with cytological reports. Three groups emerged. In the first, of 43 cases with radiological changes typical for primary lung carcinoma and no clinical data making other diagnosis a plausible alternative, the cytologist found carcinoma cells in 37 and malignant lymphoma cells in one. A further 3 cases proved to be carcinomas at the histological examination. Two cases were not carcinomas. In the second group, where 30 patients displayed radiological changes less typical for primary diagnoses, or clinical/anamnestical data also supported alternative diagnoses, the cytologist found malignancies in 8 cases, carcinoid in one and no signs of malignancy in 21 cases. In 19 cases the patients were considered radiologically to have no malignancies. Malignant cells were found in none. It is concluded that in a certain group of patients, the diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoma can be made with reasonable accuracy from radiological and clinical data alone. Needle aspiration biopsy and similar techniques are of questionable value as routine procedures when the probability of this diagnosis is already very high on other grounds. Their use should be reserved for cases where plausible diagnostic alternatives are present.", "contents": "Clinical value of pulmonary needle biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoma. In 92 consecutive pulmonary needle biopsies, preliminary diagnoses on the basis of radiological and clinical data were compared with cytological reports. Three groups emerged. In the first, of 43 cases with radiological changes typical for primary lung carcinoma and no clinical data making other diagnosis a plausible alternative, the cytologist found carcinoma cells in 37 and malignant lymphoma cells in one. A further 3 cases proved to be carcinomas at the histological examination. Two cases were not carcinomas. In the second group, where 30 patients displayed radiological changes less typical for primary diagnoses, or clinical/anamnestical data also supported alternative diagnoses, the cytologist found malignancies in 8 cases, carcinoid in one and no signs of malignancy in 21 cases. In 19 cases the patients were considered radiologically to have no malignancies. Malignant cells were found in none. It is concluded that in a certain group of patients, the diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoma can be made with reasonable accuracy from radiological and clinical data alone. Needle aspiration biopsy and similar techniques are of questionable value as routine procedures when the probability of this diagnosis is already very high on other grounds. Their use should be reserved for cases where plausible diagnostic alternatives are present.", "PMID": 542837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9080", "title": "Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical and pathological assessment. Comparison with other large-cell anaplastic bronchogenic carcinomas.", "content": "Fewer than 40 cases of giant-cell carcinoma of the lung have been described in the world literature. Fourteen new cases are now presented. This is a special type of large-cell anaplastic carcinoma characterized by tumour giant cells with one or more nuclei and by a very pleomorphic appearance. A number of previous authors have emphasized the following special features of this type of tumour. Occurrence in a younger age group, a more rapid course from initial symptoms until death, more extensive metastasization, and a more peripheral location of the primary tumour than in other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas. It has also been stated that the tumour differs from other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas in its shorter duration (average 4 1/2 months) and more peripheral distribution (c/p ratio 1:2.2). In the present material only the survival period was significantly shorter (average 7 months), while in other respects the tumour did not differ from other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas.", "contents": "Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical and pathological assessment. Comparison with other large-cell anaplastic bronchogenic carcinomas. Fewer than 40 cases of giant-cell carcinoma of the lung have been described in the world literature. Fourteen new cases are now presented. This is a special type of large-cell anaplastic carcinoma characterized by tumour giant cells with one or more nuclei and by a very pleomorphic appearance. A number of previous authors have emphasized the following special features of this type of tumour. Occurrence in a younger age group, a more rapid course from initial symptoms until death, more extensive metastasization, and a more peripheral location of the primary tumour than in other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas. It has also been stated that the tumour differs from other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas in its shorter duration (average 4 1/2 months) and more peripheral distribution (c/p ratio 1:2.2). In the present material only the survival period was significantly shorter (average 7 months), while in other respects the tumour did not differ from other large-cell anaplastic carcinomas.", "PMID": 542838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9081", "title": "[Sodium and magnesium levels in the vitreous body].", "content": "The technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed for the estimation of sodium and magnesium in 50 deceased persons. No dependence on the time elapsed after death was found. Significantly higher average quantities of sodium were proved in subjects who had died as a result of brain contusion; higher quatities of magnesium were found in subjects who had suffered from chronic liver involvement.", "contents": "[Sodium and magnesium levels in the vitreous body]. The technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed for the estimation of sodium and magnesium in 50 deceased persons. No dependence on the time elapsed after death was found. Significantly higher average quantities of sodium were proved in subjects who had died as a result of brain contusion; higher quatities of magnesium were found in subjects who had suffered from chronic liver involvement.", "PMID": 542846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9082", "title": "[The mechanism of the origin of acute subdural hemorrhage].", "content": "Acute subdural haemorrhage was found in 220 persons, i. e. 30.1% of a group of 731 of those who died as a result of blunt impact head injuries. The result of an analysis confirmed the significant effect of the direction and site of the blow on the development of acute subdural bleeding. Subdural haemorrhage was found the most frequently in violent blows coming from the side on the temporal region [43.4%] and in blows coming from behind on the occipital region [40.5%]. Another point proved was that in blows dealt in these directions the highest incidence of subdural haemorrhage was due to significantly more frequent development of bleeding in the group of middle-aged persons over 50, and that at the site of contrecoup. Proceeding from the results of his analysis the author stresses the significance of brain contusion and laceration for the development of acute subdural haemorrhage.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the origin of acute subdural hemorrhage]. Acute subdural haemorrhage was found in 220 persons, i. e. 30.1% of a group of 731 of those who died as a result of blunt impact head injuries. The result of an analysis confirmed the significant effect of the direction and site of the blow on the development of acute subdural bleeding. Subdural haemorrhage was found the most frequently in violent blows coming from the side on the temporal region [43.4%] and in blows coming from behind on the occipital region [40.5%]. Another point proved was that in blows dealt in these directions the highest incidence of subdural haemorrhage was due to significantly more frequent development of bleeding in the group of middle-aged persons over 50, and that at the site of contrecoup. Proceeding from the results of his analysis the author stresses the significance of brain contusion and laceration for the development of acute subdural haemorrhage.", "PMID": 542847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9083", "title": "[Changes in the myocardium due to shock in resuscitated persons].", "content": "The authors report on myocardial changes in 60 patients who died at resuscitation wards after a clinical diagnosis of shock. A separate section is devoted to complications developing after cardiosurgical operations.", "contents": "[Changes in the myocardium due to shock in resuscitated persons]. The authors report on myocardial changes in 60 patients who died at resuscitation wards after a clinical diagnosis of shock. A separate section is devoted to complications developing after cardiosurgical operations.", "PMID": 542848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9084", "title": "Population, food and nutrition during the remainder of this century: Part I. World prospects.", "content": "People mainly depend on food that can be produced on arable land. However, the amount of this land is strictly limited and is less than is generally assumed. Particularly in the developing countries it is usually very fully exploited, but the crop yields obtained are poor and all too often the productive capacity is steadily decreasing. Efforts to improve conditions were often successful, but they have been largely arrested by the rapid rise in the cost of energy. These improvements were partly responsible for a slight rise in the standard of living, sufficient to cause a corresponding slight reduction in the awesome rate at which the population was increasing. For the same reason this encouraging tendency can no longer be expected; indeed it will be reversed. Other adverse effects must be expected from this new factor which will increase the gravity of a situation already so very serious. More and more people cannot be nourished by land that is becoming less and less productive. But how can the nations be awakened from their mutual suspicions and fears? From their preoccupation with creating ever more deadly tools of destruction? How can they be made to see the magnitude of the danger which will affect them all? Is there not an urgent need for them to draw on their immense resources and engage in a concerted effort, on an adequate scale, to win what is becoming a war for survival?", "contents": "Population, food and nutrition during the remainder of this century: Part I. World prospects. People mainly depend on food that can be produced on arable land. However, the amount of this land is strictly limited and is less than is generally assumed. Particularly in the developing countries it is usually very fully exploited, but the crop yields obtained are poor and all too often the productive capacity is steadily decreasing. Efforts to improve conditions were often successful, but they have been largely arrested by the rapid rise in the cost of energy. These improvements were partly responsible for a slight rise in the standard of living, sufficient to cause a corresponding slight reduction in the awesome rate at which the population was increasing. For the same reason this encouraging tendency can no longer be expected; indeed it will be reversed. Other adverse effects must be expected from this new factor which will increase the gravity of a situation already so very serious. More and more people cannot be nourished by land that is becoming less and less productive. But how can the nations be awakened from their mutual suspicions and fears? From their preoccupation with creating ever more deadly tools of destruction? How can they be made to see the magnitude of the danger which will affect them all? Is there not an urgent need for them to draw on their immense resources and engage in a concerted effort, on an adequate scale, to win what is becoming a war for survival?", "PMID": 542881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9085", "title": "Population, food and nutrition during the remainder of this century: Part II. South Africa.", "content": "Whether South Africa can grow enough food over the next 20 years to meet the needs of a population estimated to be increasing by up to 1 million a year depends primarily on the extent, nature and condition of its natural resources and secondly on how they will be conserved and used. These, together with other relevant matters, are the subjects considered for both White and Black areas, especially as they affect the production of our basic foodstuff--maize. The maize production potential of the homelands is considerable, but at present they are largely dependent on imports obtained from White farms. Possible reasons for this unhealthy state of affairs are discussed. What can be done to enable the homelands to make their contribution to the food supplies of the country?", "contents": "Population, food and nutrition during the remainder of this century: Part II. South Africa. Whether South Africa can grow enough food over the next 20 years to meet the needs of a population estimated to be increasing by up to 1 million a year depends primarily on the extent, nature and condition of its natural resources and secondly on how they will be conserved and used. These, together with other relevant matters, are the subjects considered for both White and Black areas, especially as they affect the production of our basic foodstuff--maize. The maize production potential of the homelands is considerable, but at present they are largely dependent on imports obtained from White farms. Possible reasons for this unhealthy state of affairs are discussed. What can be done to enable the homelands to make their contribution to the food supplies of the country?", "PMID": 542882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9086", "title": "Diagnosis of pituitary micro-adenomas by computed tomography.", "content": "Ten cases of pituitary micro-adenomas are reported. Skull radiographs and tomography were negative or questionable in all 10 cases. All patients were scanned because of changes in the endocrine system governed by the pituitary fossa. All patients presented clinically with symptoms which indicated the presence of micro-adenomas. Surgery verified 4 cases which were proved to be adenomas on histological examination.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pituitary micro-adenomas by computed tomography. Ten cases of pituitary micro-adenomas are reported. Skull radiographs and tomography were negative or questionable in all 10 cases. All patients were scanned because of changes in the endocrine system governed by the pituitary fossa. All patients presented clinically with symptoms which indicated the presence of micro-adenomas. Surgery verified 4 cases which were proved to be adenomas on histological examination.", "PMID": 542883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9087", "title": "Retroperitoneal neural tumours obstructing labour: A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of dystocia due to retroperitoneal tumours of the nervous system are described, as well as the patients' course, obstetric management and a review of the literature.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal neural tumours obstructing labour: A report of 2 cases. Two cases of dystocia due to retroperitoneal tumours of the nervous system are described, as well as the patients' course, obstetric management and a review of the literature.", "PMID": 542884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9088", "title": "Epidemiologic study of dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain).", "content": "An epidemiologic study of the dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain) from 1973 to 1976 was performed. Dermatophyte species were identified in 224 patients with clinical tinea infections; 31 bovines, 18 rodents and 70 soil samples. The prevalence of Trichophyton verrucosum and Epidermophyton floccosum was strikingly high in relation to other statistics. The most common clinical forms were tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Tinea capitis by anthropophilic species was uncommon.", "contents": "Epidemiologic study of dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain). An epidemiologic study of the dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain) from 1973 to 1976 was performed. Dermatophyte species were identified in 224 patients with clinical tinea infections; 31 bovines, 18 rodents and 70 soil samples. The prevalence of Trichophyton verrucosum and Epidermophyton floccosum was strikingly high in relation to other statistics. The most common clinical forms were tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Tinea capitis by anthropophilic species was uncommon.", "PMID": 542885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9089", "title": "Incidence of dermatophytosis in Kuwait.", "content": "Dermatophytosis in Kuwait was found to be associated with poor, over-crowded socioeconomic localities. This infection occurred in all age groups, but patients below 10 years of age were most susceptible. Tinea capitis was observed in 71.1% of 135 patients with dermatophytosis, with a higher incidence (48.2%) in males than in females. Microsporum canis caused 60.7% of all cases of dermatophytosis and 76% of tinea capitis. A high rate of failure to culture from microscopically positive specimens was observed in tinea cruris and onychomycosis.", "contents": "Incidence of dermatophytosis in Kuwait. Dermatophytosis in Kuwait was found to be associated with poor, over-crowded socioeconomic localities. This infection occurred in all age groups, but patients below 10 years of age were most susceptible. Tinea capitis was observed in 71.1% of 135 patients with dermatophytosis, with a higher incidence (48.2%) in males than in females. Microsporum canis caused 60.7% of all cases of dermatophytosis and 76% of tinea capitis. A high rate of failure to culture from microscopically positive specimens was observed in tinea cruris and onychomycosis.", "PMID": 542886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9090", "title": "[Study of yeast phase Histoplasma capsulatum antigens used for skin tests].", "content": "The results of skin tests with two antigens of the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum are presented. Both antigens were able to fix complement and form precipitating bands in the presence of sera from patients with active histoplasmosis. Their sensitivity was lower than the metabolic antigen usually employed in serology. Results of skin tests obtained with both yeast phase antigens and a standard histoplasmin coincided in animals infected with H. capsulatum. Only one cross reaction was observed in animals inoculated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Skin tests in humans were conducted on patients with and without mycotic disease. The percentages of positive reactions in patients with histoplasmosis were not significantly different between control histoplasmin and whole cell extracts. In the patients with non mycotic diseases the frequency of positive tests varied between 28.8% and 32%, which agrees with previous statistical data for the general population of the area. Equally the positive percentage of 55% and 68% in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis coincided with the results of previous studies. The histological patterns of these skin tests showed that they were produced by cell mediated hypersensitivity. The sensitivity of a whole yeast cell extract was similar to histoplasmin L48, but its preparation was quicker and easier to perform and it had no foreign substances from the culture medium, so we think that it would be easier to standardize it chemically.", "contents": "[Study of yeast phase Histoplasma capsulatum antigens used for skin tests]. The results of skin tests with two antigens of the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum are presented. Both antigens were able to fix complement and form precipitating bands in the presence of sera from patients with active histoplasmosis. Their sensitivity was lower than the metabolic antigen usually employed in serology. Results of skin tests obtained with both yeast phase antigens and a standard histoplasmin coincided in animals infected with H. capsulatum. Only one cross reaction was observed in animals inoculated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Skin tests in humans were conducted on patients with and without mycotic disease. The percentages of positive reactions in patients with histoplasmosis were not significantly different between control histoplasmin and whole cell extracts. In the patients with non mycotic diseases the frequency of positive tests varied between 28.8% and 32%, which agrees with previous statistical data for the general population of the area. Equally the positive percentage of 55% and 68% in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis coincided with the results of previous studies. The histological patterns of these skin tests showed that they were produced by cell mediated hypersensitivity. The sensitivity of a whole yeast cell extract was similar to histoplasmin L48, but its preparation was quicker and easier to perform and it had no foreign substances from the culture medium, so we think that it would be easier to standardize it chemically.", "PMID": 542887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9091", "title": "Coccidioidin sensitivity in San Diego schools.", "content": "San Diego is located within the geographic distribution of known occurrence of Coccidioides immitis contamination of the soil. Forty-five to fifty-five cases are diagnosed in San Diego hospitals each year. Skin tests were administered to one thousand and twenty-seven ninth grade students in five selected San Diego schools. Coccidioidin 1:100 was administered by Mantoux technique, intradermally. Induration was measured at forty-eight hours. Greater than 5 mm of induration was noted in 9.7% of students tested. Among 378 students who had been lifelong residents of San Diego County, 7% had greater than 5 mm of induration. Coccidioidomycosis is endemic in San Diego but the level of endemicity is rather modest.", "contents": "Coccidioidin sensitivity in San Diego schools. San Diego is located within the geographic distribution of known occurrence of Coccidioides immitis contamination of the soil. Forty-five to fifty-five cases are diagnosed in San Diego hospitals each year. Skin tests were administered to one thousand and twenty-seven ninth grade students in five selected San Diego schools. Coccidioidin 1:100 was administered by Mantoux technique, intradermally. Induration was measured at forty-eight hours. Greater than 5 mm of induration was noted in 9.7% of students tested. Among 378 students who had been lifelong residents of San Diego County, 7% had greater than 5 mm of induration. Coccidioidomycosis is endemic in San Diego but the level of endemicity is rather modest.", "PMID": 542888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9092", "title": "Cerebellar malformations in prenatally X-irradiated rats: quantitative analysis and detailed description.", "content": "Pregnant WKA/Hok rats were exposed to 100 R or 200 R X-irradiation on one of gestation days 16 through 21. Offspring were killed at 60 days of age and the cerebellum was examined. The cerebellum of animals exposed to 200 R was slightly reduced in weight but not in width. The observed reduction in the dorsoventral length of the cerebellum was more evident when the X-irradiation was early in gestation. The anteroposterior length of the hemispheres increased following exposure to X-ray on days 16 through 19, and that of the vermis and paravermis decreased following treatment on days 17 through 21. Therefore, the anterior portions of hemispheres were situated anterior to the culmen in every 200 R group. Somewhat anteroposteriorly and horizontally directed lobules, as opposed to the normal transverse arrangement, were seen in the cerebellum of rats treated on day 16 or 17. Lobule contortion and fragmentation and an increased number of sublobules were striking in cases treated later. Histologically, ectopic Purkinje cells in the granule cell layer and white matter appeared following X-irradiation on day 20 or 21, but they were not found following earlier treatment. In the cerebellum of animals exposed to 100 R the reduction in size was mild and the folial abnormalities were rare, but the number of sublobules decreased.", "contents": "Cerebellar malformations in prenatally X-irradiated rats: quantitative analysis and detailed description. Pregnant WKA/Hok rats were exposed to 100 R or 200 R X-irradiation on one of gestation days 16 through 21. Offspring were killed at 60 days of age and the cerebellum was examined. The cerebellum of animals exposed to 200 R was slightly reduced in weight but not in width. The observed reduction in the dorsoventral length of the cerebellum was more evident when the X-irradiation was early in gestation. The anteroposterior length of the hemispheres increased following exposure to X-ray on days 16 through 19, and that of the vermis and paravermis decreased following treatment on days 17 through 21. Therefore, the anterior portions of hemispheres were situated anterior to the culmen in every 200 R group. Somewhat anteroposteriorly and horizontally directed lobules, as opposed to the normal transverse arrangement, were seen in the cerebellum of rats treated on day 16 or 17. Lobule contortion and fragmentation and an increased number of sublobules were striking in cases treated later. Histologically, ectopic Purkinje cells in the granule cell layer and white matter appeared following X-irradiation on day 20 or 21, but they were not found following earlier treatment. In the cerebellum of animals exposed to 100 R the reduction in size was mild and the folial abnormalities were rare, but the number of sublobules decreased.", "PMID": 542891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9093", "title": "The murine Ah locus: in utero toxicity and teratogenesis associated with genetic differences in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism.", "content": "Benzo[a]pyrene, at dose between 50 and 300 mg per kg body weight given at Day 7 or 10 of gestation, causes in utero toxicity and teratogenicity more so in genetically \"responsive\" C57BL/6 than in \"nonresponsive\" AKR inbred mice. With the use of AKR X (C57BL/6) (AKR)F1 and (C57BL/6) (AKR)F1 X AKR backcrosses, it was shown that allelic differences at the Ah locus in the fetus can be correlated with dysmorphogenesis. If the mother is nonresponsive (Ahd/Ahd), the Ahb/Ahd genotype in the fetus is associated with more stillborns and resorptions, decreased fetal weight, increased congenital anomalies, and enhanced P1-450-mediated covalent binding of BP metabolites to fetal protein and DNA, when compared with the Ahd/Ahd genotype in the fetus from the same uterus. If the mother is responsive (Ahb/Ahd), however, none of these parameters can be distinguished between Ahb/Ahd and Ahd/Ahd individuals in the same uterus, presumably because enhanced BP metabolism in maternal tissues and placenta cancels out these differences between individual fetuses. Of particular interest in our study is the fact that the mother and the father both must be of a particular genotype before differences in teratogenesis among fetuses (due to their genotype) will be expressed. These data might provide an example in attempting to explain clinically why only one child is affected with an apparent \"drug-induced syndrome\" although the mother has taken the same dose of the particular drug during each of numerous pregnancies.", "contents": "The murine Ah locus: in utero toxicity and teratogenesis associated with genetic differences in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. Benzo[a]pyrene, at dose between 50 and 300 mg per kg body weight given at Day 7 or 10 of gestation, causes in utero toxicity and teratogenicity more so in genetically \"responsive\" C57BL/6 than in \"nonresponsive\" AKR inbred mice. With the use of AKR X (C57BL/6) (AKR)F1 and (C57BL/6) (AKR)F1 X AKR backcrosses, it was shown that allelic differences at the Ah locus in the fetus can be correlated with dysmorphogenesis. If the mother is nonresponsive (Ahd/Ahd), the Ahb/Ahd genotype in the fetus is associated with more stillborns and resorptions, decreased fetal weight, increased congenital anomalies, and enhanced P1-450-mediated covalent binding of BP metabolites to fetal protein and DNA, when compared with the Ahd/Ahd genotype in the fetus from the same uterus. If the mother is responsive (Ahb/Ahd), however, none of these parameters can be distinguished between Ahb/Ahd and Ahd/Ahd individuals in the same uterus, presumably because enhanced BP metabolism in maternal tissues and placenta cancels out these differences between individual fetuses. Of particular interest in our study is the fact that the mother and the father both must be of a particular genotype before differences in teratogenesis among fetuses (due to their genotype) will be expressed. These data might provide an example in attempting to explain clinically why only one child is affected with an apparent \"drug-induced syndrome\" although the mother has taken the same dose of the particular drug during each of numerous pregnancies.", "PMID": 542892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9094", "title": "Teratogenic potential of dichlorvos given by inhalation and gavage to mice and rabbits.", "content": "Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) is an important organophosphate insecticide and anthelmintic with widespread use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the teratogenic potential of dichlorvos given orally at the maximum tolerated dose to mice (60 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (5 mg/kg/day) and by inhalation in both species at a concentration of 4 microgram/l seven hours daily. Dichlorvos was not found to be teratogenic in either species by either route of administration.", "contents": "Teratogenic potential of dichlorvos given by inhalation and gavage to mice and rabbits. Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) is an important organophosphate insecticide and anthelmintic with widespread use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the teratogenic potential of dichlorvos given orally at the maximum tolerated dose to mice (60 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (5 mg/kg/day) and by inhalation in both species at a concentration of 4 microgram/l seven hours daily. Dichlorvos was not found to be teratogenic in either species by either route of administration.", "PMID": 542893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9095", "title": "Amphetamines reduce embryonic size and produce caudal hematomas during early chick morphogenesis.", "content": "Experiments were designed to study some of the similarities and differences in the effects of amphetamines and trypan blue on early chick morphogenesis. Both dextroamphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/egg) and methamphetamine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/egg) were capable of inducing, in 3-day chick embryos, caudal hematomas which were similar in appearance and location to those routinely observed following treatment with trypan blue. It was found, too, that both dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine treated embryos frequently exhibited a significant decrease in crown rump length and cross-sectional area of the notochord, neural tube, dorsal aortae and whole body section, when compared with unopened or saline injected controls. Trypan blue treated embryos had only a rare decrease or increase in the size of structures when compared to either control group. These findings suggest that the amphetamines have an ability to decrease or retard embryonic growth in the chick.", "contents": "Amphetamines reduce embryonic size and produce caudal hematomas during early chick morphogenesis. Experiments were designed to study some of the similarities and differences in the effects of amphetamines and trypan blue on early chick morphogenesis. Both dextroamphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/egg) and methamphetamine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/egg) were capable of inducing, in 3-day chick embryos, caudal hematomas which were similar in appearance and location to those routinely observed following treatment with trypan blue. It was found, too, that both dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine treated embryos frequently exhibited a significant decrease in crown rump length and cross-sectional area of the notochord, neural tube, dorsal aortae and whole body section, when compared with unopened or saline injected controls. Trypan blue treated embryos had only a rare decrease or increase in the size of structures when compared to either control group. These findings suggest that the amphetamines have an ability to decrease or retard embryonic growth in the chick.", "PMID": 542894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9096", "title": "The survival and implantation of mouse blastocysts at varying degrees of reduced atmospheric pressure.", "content": "Pregnant mice were exposed to reduced atmospheric pressures ranging from 630 to 390 mm Hg during the pre-implantation and implantation periods and the numbers of embryos surviving 85 hours post coitum compared with those in litter-mate controls. Even at a pressure of 630 mm Hg (= 1,550 mm Hg) there was a significant fall in numbers of normal blastocysts and rise in abnormal forms before implantation, and implantation sites were reduced in number. The numbers of abnormal forms increased and implantation sites decreased at lower pressures, suggesting strongly that the hypoxia of reduce atmospheric pressure was responsible for the abnormalities observed. The pre-implantation period appears to be one during which the fertilised ovum is at particular risk, both of hypoxic damage and of failure to implant. Implantation may afford a degree of protection against hypoxia.", "contents": "The survival and implantation of mouse blastocysts at varying degrees of reduced atmospheric pressure. Pregnant mice were exposed to reduced atmospheric pressures ranging from 630 to 390 mm Hg during the pre-implantation and implantation periods and the numbers of embryos surviving 85 hours post coitum compared with those in litter-mate controls. Even at a pressure of 630 mm Hg (= 1,550 mm Hg) there was a significant fall in numbers of normal blastocysts and rise in abnormal forms before implantation, and implantation sites were reduced in number. The numbers of abnormal forms increased and implantation sites decreased at lower pressures, suggesting strongly that the hypoxia of reduce atmospheric pressure was responsible for the abnormalities observed. The pre-implantation period appears to be one during which the fertilised ovum is at particular risk, both of hypoxic damage and of failure to implant. Implantation may afford a degree of protection against hypoxia.", "PMID": 542895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9097", "title": "Chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation.", "content": "To diagnose the cause of chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation, the physician must take into account many factors usually not considered in bilateral cases. We report on the diagnosis and treatment of ten unilateral cases encompassing a variety of ocular and systemic problems. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the importance of systematic consideration of all diagnostic possibilities and to suggest a diagnostic protocol to aid in the study of patients with chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation.", "contents": "Chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation. To diagnose the cause of chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation, the physician must take into account many factors usually not considered in bilateral cases. We report on the diagnosis and treatment of ten unilateral cases encompassing a variety of ocular and systemic problems. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the importance of systematic consideration of all diagnostic possibilities and to suggest a diagnostic protocol to aid in the study of patients with chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation.", "PMID": 542890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9098", "title": "A teratogenicity study on hydroxyurea and diphenylhydantoin in cats.", "content": "Hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug and known teratogen in rat, miniature swine and dog, and diphenylhydantoin, a teratogen in mouse and rat, were assessed for teratogenic effects in cat. Pregnancies were induced, by synchronizing gonadotropin-stimulated estrus and ovulation with natural copulations. Hydroxyurea at 50 or 100 mg/kg, and sodium diphenylhydantoin at 1 or 2 mg/kg dosages, were administered orally in single daily doses from gestation days 10-22. Appropriate controls given empty capsules, were included for each drug. Cats were necropsied on gestation day 43. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Hydroxyurea at 50 mg/kg dose produced a low teratogenic activity and at 100 mg/kg a high incidence of non-pregnancy and resorptions with, consequently, fewer live fetuses. Diphenylhydantoin gave no clear evidence of teratogenicity at any test dose but was embryolethal at the maternally toxic dose of 2 mg/kg. So far, studies conducted suggest that the cat is a useful species for screening drugs and chemicals for their teratogenic potential.", "contents": "A teratogenicity study on hydroxyurea and diphenylhydantoin in cats. Hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug and known teratogen in rat, miniature swine and dog, and diphenylhydantoin, a teratogen in mouse and rat, were assessed for teratogenic effects in cat. Pregnancies were induced, by synchronizing gonadotropin-stimulated estrus and ovulation with natural copulations. Hydroxyurea at 50 or 100 mg/kg, and sodium diphenylhydantoin at 1 or 2 mg/kg dosages, were administered orally in single daily doses from gestation days 10-22. Appropriate controls given empty capsules, were included for each drug. Cats were necropsied on gestation day 43. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Hydroxyurea at 50 mg/kg dose produced a low teratogenic activity and at 100 mg/kg a high incidence of non-pregnancy and resorptions with, consequently, fewer live fetuses. Diphenylhydantoin gave no clear evidence of teratogenicity at any test dose but was embryolethal at the maternally toxic dose of 2 mg/kg. So far, studies conducted suggest that the cat is a useful species for screening drugs and chemicals for their teratogenic potential.", "PMID": 542896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9099", "title": "Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos.", "content": "The embryotoxic potential of external applications of methyl mercury on mallard eggs was investigated to assess the possible impact of mercury transferred from the plumage of effluent-contaminated aquatic birds to their eggs. Eggs were treated on day 3 of development with microliter applications of methyl mercury that was dissolved with ethyl acetate into an aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle. Mercury analysis by atomic absorption indicated that almost half of the mercury applied entered the eggs past the shell membranes within several days of treatment. Most mortality occurred within this period at doses of 9 microgram of mercury per egg or higher. Decreased embryonic growth resulted with similar doses. A significant incidence of malformations occurred at a dose of 1 microgram per egg. These malformations were mainly minor skeletal aberrations and incomplete ossification. With higher doses of mercury, defects included gross external ones such as micromella, gastroschisis, and eye and brain defects. Application of the aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle did not result in any of these defects.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos. The embryotoxic potential of external applications of methyl mercury on mallard eggs was investigated to assess the possible impact of mercury transferred from the plumage of effluent-contaminated aquatic birds to their eggs. Eggs were treated on day 3 of development with microliter applications of methyl mercury that was dissolved with ethyl acetate into an aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle. Mercury analysis by atomic absorption indicated that almost half of the mercury applied entered the eggs past the shell membranes within several days of treatment. Most mortality occurred within this period at doses of 9 microgram of mercury per egg or higher. Decreased embryonic growth resulted with similar doses. A significant incidence of malformations occurred at a dose of 1 microgram per egg. These malformations were mainly minor skeletal aberrations and incomplete ossification. With higher doses of mercury, defects included gross external ones such as micromella, gastroschisis, and eye and brain defects. Application of the aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle did not result in any of these defects.", "PMID": 542897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9100", "title": "Intersexes in the dog.", "content": "A litter of five salukis was presented in which all of the individuals were intersexes or hermaphrodites. Anatomical abnormalities were observed. The external genitalia resembled a combination of penile sheath and vulva positioned approximately midway between the anus and umbilicus. At birth structures resembling scrotal sacs were present on either side of the genital structure. These were not apparent in older animals. Internal anatomy consisted of two gonads in a position expected for ovaries, oviducts, uterus and cord-like structures lateral to the uterus which extended from gonad to inside of the \"scrotal sacs.\" Histologically, the gonads appeared to be ovaries which contained many dysgenic follicles. Cause of the condition is unknown.", "contents": "Intersexes in the dog. A litter of five salukis was presented in which all of the individuals were intersexes or hermaphrodites. Anatomical abnormalities were observed. The external genitalia resembled a combination of penile sheath and vulva positioned approximately midway between the anus and umbilicus. At birth structures resembling scrotal sacs were present on either side of the genital structure. These were not apparent in older animals. Internal anatomy consisted of two gonads in a position expected for ovaries, oviducts, uterus and cord-like structures lateral to the uterus which extended from gonad to inside of the \"scrotal sacs.\" Histologically, the gonads appeared to be ovaries which contained many dysgenic follicles. Cause of the condition is unknown.", "PMID": 542898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9101", "title": "Threatened abortion, hormone therapy and malformed embryos.", "content": "Causal relations between maternal genital bleeding, supportive hormone therapy and external malformations of the embryos were investigated with special reference to the critical period of organogenesis. This was done using morphological and obstetrical data obtained by Nishimura and his associates from 667 undamaged embryos derived from induced abortions whose mothers had genital bleeding in early pregnancy. In addition, data from 90 embryos with polydactyly and 38 with limb reductions in the Nishimura collection were used for case history studies. Evidence was presented to demonstrate that, for major malformations such as CNS anomalies, cleft lip, polydactyly and limb reductions, maternal genital bleeding was not a cause but a consequence of the conception of an abnormal embryo. No indication was revealed that exogenous female hormones currently used in Japan for preventing miscarraiges could produce major malformations recognizable at the embryonic stage, including limb reductions, nor salvage the severely malformed embryos. This does not however mean to exclude the possible relationship of progestogens/estrogens intake during early pregnancy with an increased incidence at birth of certain internal and/or external malformations. It was suggested that most, if not all, of the minor anomalies observed at certain embryonic stages are kinds of normal variants without any functional impairment of embryonic development.", "contents": "Threatened abortion, hormone therapy and malformed embryos. Causal relations between maternal genital bleeding, supportive hormone therapy and external malformations of the embryos were investigated with special reference to the critical period of organogenesis. This was done using morphological and obstetrical data obtained by Nishimura and his associates from 667 undamaged embryos derived from induced abortions whose mothers had genital bleeding in early pregnancy. In addition, data from 90 embryos with polydactyly and 38 with limb reductions in the Nishimura collection were used for case history studies. Evidence was presented to demonstrate that, for major malformations such as CNS anomalies, cleft lip, polydactyly and limb reductions, maternal genital bleeding was not a cause but a consequence of the conception of an abnormal embryo. No indication was revealed that exogenous female hormones currently used in Japan for preventing miscarraiges could produce major malformations recognizable at the embryonic stage, including limb reductions, nor salvage the severely malformed embryos. This does not however mean to exclude the possible relationship of progestogens/estrogens intake during early pregnancy with an increased incidence at birth of certain internal and/or external malformations. It was suggested that most, if not all, of the minor anomalies observed at certain embryonic stages are kinds of normal variants without any functional impairment of embryonic development.", "PMID": 542899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9102", "title": "Estimation of lung volumes from chest radiographs using shape information.", "content": "The cross-sectional shapes of the chest and its contained structures have been assessed in post-mortem anatomical sections and from computerised tomographic scans in living subjects. These shapes are described by simple equations that can be used to increase the accuracy of measuring lung volumes from chest radiographs. Radiographic estimates of total lung capacity, using the equations, were compared with plethysmographic and single-breath helium dilution measurements in 35 normal subjects. The postures commonly used for taking chest radiographs were found, on average, to decrease total lung capacity (TLC) and to increase residual volume by about 200 ml when compared with the sitting positions used for the other two measurements (studies made in 18 of the subjects). After correction for this effect, the radiographic estimates of TLC, which measure the displacement volume of the lung, exceeded the plethysmographic estimates of contained gas volume by a mean of 720 ml, which was taken as the volume of tissue, blood, and water in the lungs. The single-breath dilution estimates of TLC fell short of the plethysmographic values by a mean of 480 ml, taken as the volume of contained gas that was inaccessible to helium in 10 seconds. The tomographic studies suggested that the radiographic technique of measuring lung displacement volumes has an accuracy of +/- 210 ml. The method is rapid and simple to use and has intra- and inter-observer variabilities of less than 1% and less than 5% respectively.", "contents": "Estimation of lung volumes from chest radiographs using shape information. The cross-sectional shapes of the chest and its contained structures have been assessed in post-mortem anatomical sections and from computerised tomographic scans in living subjects. These shapes are described by simple equations that can be used to increase the accuracy of measuring lung volumes from chest radiographs. Radiographic estimates of total lung capacity, using the equations, were compared with plethysmographic and single-breath helium dilution measurements in 35 normal subjects. The postures commonly used for taking chest radiographs were found, on average, to decrease total lung capacity (TLC) and to increase residual volume by about 200 ml when compared with the sitting positions used for the other two measurements (studies made in 18 of the subjects). After correction for this effect, the radiographic estimates of TLC, which measure the displacement volume of the lung, exceeded the plethysmographic estimates of contained gas volume by a mean of 720 ml, which was taken as the volume of tissue, blood, and water in the lungs. The single-breath dilution estimates of TLC fell short of the plethysmographic values by a mean of 480 ml, taken as the volume of contained gas that was inaccessible to helium in 10 seconds. The tomographic studies suggested that the radiographic technique of measuring lung displacement volumes has an accuracy of +/- 210 ml. The method is rapid and simple to use and has intra- and inter-observer variabilities of less than 1% and less than 5% respectively.", "PMID": 542910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9103", "title": "Post-mortem lung volumes.", "content": "The volumes of 78 adult human lungs at necropsy after fixation with intrabronchial 10% formaldehyde at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cm of water (VL) were similar to their total lung capacity (TLC) as assessed radiologically (VX). Corrected for stature, VL and VX did not increase with age in non-emphsematous lungs, nor did the radio of VL to VX (VL/VX) change with age. VL and VX relative to body length increased with emphysema, and the increase even occurred in lungs from men with trivial or equivocal amounts of emphysema. Thus alteration of the mechanical properties of the lung may precede the appearance of obvious emphysema. VL/VX was not affected by the presence or severity of emphysema. The right lung formed 53% of VL with a range of 49-58% in apparently normal lungs. The amount of air in 13 human lungs at necropsy averaged 61% of TLC with a wide variation, indicating that this is not a useful point at which to measure lung dimensions. It is concluded that the volume of lungs fixed with formaldehyde at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cmH2O closely approximates to total lung capacity.", "contents": "Post-mortem lung volumes. The volumes of 78 adult human lungs at necropsy after fixation with intrabronchial 10% formaldehyde at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cm of water (VL) were similar to their total lung capacity (TLC) as assessed radiologically (VX). Corrected for stature, VL and VX did not increase with age in non-emphsematous lungs, nor did the radio of VL to VX (VL/VX) change with age. VL and VX relative to body length increased with emphysema, and the increase even occurred in lungs from men with trivial or equivocal amounts of emphysema. Thus alteration of the mechanical properties of the lung may precede the appearance of obvious emphysema. VL/VX was not affected by the presence or severity of emphysema. The right lung formed 53% of VL with a range of 49-58% in apparently normal lungs. The amount of air in 13 human lungs at necropsy averaged 61% of TLC with a wide variation, indicating that this is not a useful point at which to measure lung dimensions. It is concluded that the volume of lungs fixed with formaldehyde at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cmH2O closely approximates to total lung capacity.", "PMID": 542911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9104", "title": "Treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema: the case for fenestration.", "content": "In Mearnskirk Hospital, Glasgow, 29 patients with postpneumonectomy empyema were treated by fenestration in a 12-year-period. Seven of these were not considered fit enough for definitive closure and died of continuing disease or respiratory infection. Twenty-two patients went on to closure of their fenestra, and in 17 (77%) the pneumonectomy space was rendered permanently sterile. If the empyema recurred treatment was repeated but proved less successful. Fenestration is an effective method of dealing with postpneumonectomy empyema, but also has several other advantages, particularly if the empyema is associated with a bronchopleural fistula.", "contents": "Treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema: the case for fenestration. In Mearnskirk Hospital, Glasgow, 29 patients with postpneumonectomy empyema were treated by fenestration in a 12-year-period. Seven of these were not considered fit enough for definitive closure and died of continuing disease or respiratory infection. Twenty-two patients went on to closure of their fenestra, and in 17 (77%) the pneumonectomy space was rendered permanently sterile. If the empyema recurred treatment was repeated but proved less successful. Fenestration is an effective method of dealing with postpneumonectomy empyema, but also has several other advantages, particularly if the empyema is associated with a bronchopleural fistula.", "PMID": 542912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9105", "title": "Intravascular haemolysis after valve replacement: comparative study between Starr-Edwards (ball valve) and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (disc valve) prosthesis.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with single prosthetic valves (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Starr-Edwards) in the mitral or aortic position and 18 controls with rheumatic valvar heart disease were investigated for evidence of intravascular haemolysis. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used as the most sensitive indicator of haemolysis. Raised concentrations were found in a third of 39 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses (mean 281 IU/l) and in all 35 patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses (mean 859 IU/l. Values were considerably higher in patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses and particularly in those with aortic prostheses (mean 927 IU/l). Eight out of 12 patients with haemosiderinuria had Starr-Edwards valves. Intravascular haemolysis was of little clinical significance in patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses, but some patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses became iron deficient as a result.", "contents": "Intravascular haemolysis after valve replacement: comparative study between Starr-Edwards (ball valve) and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (disc valve) prosthesis. Seventy-four patients with single prosthetic valves (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Starr-Edwards) in the mitral or aortic position and 18 controls with rheumatic valvar heart disease were investigated for evidence of intravascular haemolysis. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used as the most sensitive indicator of haemolysis. Raised concentrations were found in a third of 39 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses (mean 281 IU/l) and in all 35 patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses (mean 859 IU/l. Values were considerably higher in patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses and particularly in those with aortic prostheses (mean 927 IU/l). Eight out of 12 patients with haemosiderinuria had Starr-Edwards valves. Intravascular haemolysis was of little clinical significance in patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses, but some patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses became iron deficient as a result.", "PMID": 542913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9106", "title": "Does sleep cause nocturnal asthma?", "content": "The effects of sleep interruption and deprivation were studied in 21 patients with nocturnal asthma. Seven patients were awakened at 0200 on three consecutive night and exercised for 15 minutes. This produced no significant improvement in the overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) compared with a control night of uninterrupted sleep. In a second study in five patients PEFR was measured at two-hourly intervals to estimate the time of onset of the nocturnal fall in PEFR. On three subsequent nights they were awakened and exercised one hour before this time. This also failed to prevent a fall in PEFR by 0600. Eleven patients, who had followed a similar protocol to the second study, were kept awake until after 0300 or later, and PEFR was observed hourly. Six of them (group A) sustained their usual fall in PEFR while awake, proving that sleep was not responsible for their nocturnal asthma. Five patients (group B) showed little fall in PEFR until they were allowed to sleep, when an appreciable fall was noted on waking at 0600. When sleep deprivation was repeated in two patients in group B, however, they sustained falls in PEFR while still awake. We conclude that the circadian rhythm in PEFR is often in phase with the timing of sleep but sleep does not cause nocturnal asthma. Disruption of sleep therefore has no apparent value in the treatment of nocturnal asthma.", "contents": "Does sleep cause nocturnal asthma? The effects of sleep interruption and deprivation were studied in 21 patients with nocturnal asthma. Seven patients were awakened at 0200 on three consecutive night and exercised for 15 minutes. This produced no significant improvement in the overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) compared with a control night of uninterrupted sleep. In a second study in five patients PEFR was measured at two-hourly intervals to estimate the time of onset of the nocturnal fall in PEFR. On three subsequent nights they were awakened and exercised one hour before this time. This also failed to prevent a fall in PEFR by 0600. Eleven patients, who had followed a similar protocol to the second study, were kept awake until after 0300 or later, and PEFR was observed hourly. Six of them (group A) sustained their usual fall in PEFR while awake, proving that sleep was not responsible for their nocturnal asthma. Five patients (group B) showed little fall in PEFR until they were allowed to sleep, when an appreciable fall was noted on waking at 0600. When sleep deprivation was repeated in two patients in group B, however, they sustained falls in PEFR while still awake. We conclude that the circadian rhythm in PEFR is often in phase with the timing of sleep but sleep does not cause nocturnal asthma. Disruption of sleep therefore has no apparent value in the treatment of nocturnal asthma.", "PMID": 542914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9107", "title": "Frequency dependence of dynamic compliance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "An investigation of lung function was carried out in 99 randomly selected patients with calssic or definite rheumatoid arthritis and in 60 control subjects matched for age, sex, and smoking habits. Mean FEV1 and mean VC were both significantly lower in the rheumatoid patients due to significant differences for women but mean FEV/VC ratio was 73.0% in the rheumatoid group and 72.1% in the control. Steady-state transfer factor was significantly greater in the normal men than in the comparable rheumatoid group, but there was no difference for women. After excluding patients with FEV1 less than 80% predicted normal and patients with low compliance, 72 rheumatoid patients and 45 controls provided series of tracings that could be assessed for a fall in Cdyn of 20% between 20 cycles and 60 cycles a minute. Dynamic compliance was not significantly different in any group at any rate of respiration. Fourteen of 72 rheumatoid patients and three of 45 controls showed frequency dependence (FDC). After the age of 50 the prevalence in the rheumatoid groupwas 11/38 and in the control group 2/27. This difference was significant (P less than 0.05). FDC was not consistently related to other abnormalities of lung function or to the duration, severity, or treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis. In various categories of smoking habits, dust exposure, or allergic tendency, the prevalence was always greater in the rheumatoid group. This provides evidence of patchy involvement of small airways, or alveoli and connective tissue, by the rheumatoid process.", "contents": "Frequency dependence of dynamic compliance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An investigation of lung function was carried out in 99 randomly selected patients with calssic or definite rheumatoid arthritis and in 60 control subjects matched for age, sex, and smoking habits. Mean FEV1 and mean VC were both significantly lower in the rheumatoid patients due to significant differences for women but mean FEV/VC ratio was 73.0% in the rheumatoid group and 72.1% in the control. Steady-state transfer factor was significantly greater in the normal men than in the comparable rheumatoid group, but there was no difference for women. After excluding patients with FEV1 less than 80% predicted normal and patients with low compliance, 72 rheumatoid patients and 45 controls provided series of tracings that could be assessed for a fall in Cdyn of 20% between 20 cycles and 60 cycles a minute. Dynamic compliance was not significantly different in any group at any rate of respiration. Fourteen of 72 rheumatoid patients and three of 45 controls showed frequency dependence (FDC). After the age of 50 the prevalence in the rheumatoid groupwas 11/38 and in the control group 2/27. This difference was significant (P less than 0.05). FDC was not consistently related to other abnormalities of lung function or to the duration, severity, or treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis. In various categories of smoking habits, dust exposure, or allergic tendency, the prevalence was always greater in the rheumatoid group. This provides evidence of patchy involvement of small airways, or alveoli and connective tissue, by the rheumatoid process.", "PMID": 542915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9108", "title": "Isocyanate asthma: respiratory symptoms due to 1,5-naphthylene di-isocyanate.", "content": "Occupationally related asthma developing in three patients due specifically to exposure to 1,5-naphthylene di-isocyanate (NDI), a hot curing agent used in manufacturing rubber, has been confirmed for the first time using bronchial provocation testing. This substance has been thought to be safer than toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane di-isocyanate (MDI) because of its relatively high melting point (120 degrees C). Each patient worked in the same factory and the circumstances of exposure were similar. Provocation testing was also performed with TDI in concentrations up to 0.018 parts per million (ppm) and MDI in concentrations up to 0.02 ppm, to which the patients had been exposed in the past, but no reactions were elicited. None of the patients had increased bronchial reactivity judged by histamine lability and exercise testing. Each patient was advised to give up his job, but two of the three could not find alternative employment and remained exposed. Three-year follow-up shows that airways narrowing has persisted in those who have remained exposed.", "contents": "Isocyanate asthma: respiratory symptoms due to 1,5-naphthylene di-isocyanate. Occupationally related asthma developing in three patients due specifically to exposure to 1,5-naphthylene di-isocyanate (NDI), a hot curing agent used in manufacturing rubber, has been confirmed for the first time using bronchial provocation testing. This substance has been thought to be safer than toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane di-isocyanate (MDI) because of its relatively high melting point (120 degrees C). Each patient worked in the same factory and the circumstances of exposure were similar. Provocation testing was also performed with TDI in concentrations up to 0.018 parts per million (ppm) and MDI in concentrations up to 0.02 ppm, to which the patients had been exposed in the past, but no reactions were elicited. None of the patients had increased bronchial reactivity judged by histamine lability and exercise testing. Each patient was advised to give up his job, but two of the three could not find alternative employment and remained exposed. Three-year follow-up shows that airways narrowing has persisted in those who have remained exposed.", "PMID": 542916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9109", "title": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a technician using Pauli's reagent.", "content": "A technician working in a medical laboratory used a spray of sodium diazobenzenesulphate (Pauli's reagent) in chromatography. She developed a respiratory illness with both airways obstruction and radiographic and physiological evidence of interstitial pneumonitis. An occupational type of challenge test was followed by both immediate and late bronchial obstructive responses, by a fall in arterial oxygen tension, and by increased radiographic shadowing. Histology of a lung biopsy specimen, a low serum C3, and a postive skin prick test to the reagent suggested that the illness was a hypersensitivity reaction to Pauli's reagent.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a technician using Pauli's reagent. A technician working in a medical laboratory used a spray of sodium diazobenzenesulphate (Pauli's reagent) in chromatography. She developed a respiratory illness with both airways obstruction and radiographic and physiological evidence of interstitial pneumonitis. An occupational type of challenge test was followed by both immediate and late bronchial obstructive responses, by a fall in arterial oxygen tension, and by increased radiographic shadowing. Histology of a lung biopsy specimen, a low serum C3, and a postive skin prick test to the reagent suggested that the illness was a hypersensitivity reaction to Pauli's reagent.", "PMID": 542917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9110", "title": "A study of plasma proteins in the sol phase of sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "We have studied the sputum/serum protein concentration ratios from 23 patients with bronchitis both in the stable clinical state and during acute chest infections. During the stable state there was a significant negative correlation (2 P less than 0.005) between the ratio and protein size. The ratios of IgG, IgA, C3, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were significantly displaced from this relation suggesting local production in the lung. IgM was found in all samples and alpha 2-macroglobulin in 55% of non-infected samples which may be the result of local production rather than transudation from serum, because of their larger size. During acute chest infections the albumin content of sputum rose from a mean sputum/serum ratio of 0.83 (SE +/- 0.08) X 10(-2) to 13.77 (SE +/- 3.21 X 10(-2) suggesting increased transudation from the blood. In the presence of increased transudation, local production of protein appears to be less significant.", "contents": "A study of plasma proteins in the sol phase of sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis. We have studied the sputum/serum protein concentration ratios from 23 patients with bronchitis both in the stable clinical state and during acute chest infections. During the stable state there was a significant negative correlation (2 P less than 0.005) between the ratio and protein size. The ratios of IgG, IgA, C3, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were significantly displaced from this relation suggesting local production in the lung. IgM was found in all samples and alpha 2-macroglobulin in 55% of non-infected samples which may be the result of local production rather than transudation from serum, because of their larger size. During acute chest infections the albumin content of sputum rose from a mean sputum/serum ratio of 0.83 (SE +/- 0.08) X 10(-2) to 13.77 (SE +/- 3.21 X 10(-2) suggesting increased transudation from the blood. In the presence of increased transudation, local production of protein appears to be less significant.", "PMID": 542918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9111", "title": "Diet, absorption, and hormone studies in relation to body weight in obstructive airways disease.", "content": "Sixteen male patients with stable chronic obstructive airways disease were separated into two groups of eight according to arterial carbon dioxide tensions. Hypercapnia was associated with lower arterial oxygen tensions, higher red cell volume, and increased weight, while normocapnic subjects were decidedly thin. The considerable difference in body weight between the two groups could not be explained by variation in caloric intake, and malabsorption was excluded as a cause of weight loss in the underweight subjects. Serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, and oestradiol concentrations were similar and normal in each group, but both groups had significantly low testosterone values as compared with controls, values in the hypercapnic being appreciably lower than in the normocapnic group. The adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly high in the normocapnic group and low in the hypercapnic group compared with controls. Serum pituitary luteinising and follicle stimulating hormones were normal, but three hypercapnic individuals had high serum prolactin values. Early morning urinary aldosterone values were significantly higher in the hypercapnic than in the normocapnic group. Such hormone comparisons have not previously been made in subjects with chronic obstructive airways disease grouped according to arterial blood gas values, and it is concluded that major alterations in adrenal and testicular function may occur, possibly due to pituitary suppression from hypoxia. Such hormonal changes might in part account for the contrasting alterations in body habitus found in this condition.", "contents": "Diet, absorption, and hormone studies in relation to body weight in obstructive airways disease. Sixteen male patients with stable chronic obstructive airways disease were separated into two groups of eight according to arterial carbon dioxide tensions. Hypercapnia was associated with lower arterial oxygen tensions, higher red cell volume, and increased weight, while normocapnic subjects were decidedly thin. The considerable difference in body weight between the two groups could not be explained by variation in caloric intake, and malabsorption was excluded as a cause of weight loss in the underweight subjects. Serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, and oestradiol concentrations were similar and normal in each group, but both groups had significantly low testosterone values as compared with controls, values in the hypercapnic being appreciably lower than in the normocapnic group. The adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly high in the normocapnic group and low in the hypercapnic group compared with controls. Serum pituitary luteinising and follicle stimulating hormones were normal, but three hypercapnic individuals had high serum prolactin values. Early morning urinary aldosterone values were significantly higher in the hypercapnic than in the normocapnic group. Such hormone comparisons have not previously been made in subjects with chronic obstructive airways disease grouped according to arterial blood gas values, and it is concluded that major alterations in adrenal and testicular function may occur, possibly due to pituitary suppression from hypoxia. Such hormonal changes might in part account for the contrasting alterations in body habitus found in this condition.", "PMID": 542919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9112", "title": "Prothrombin time standardization: report of the expert panel on oral anticoagulant control. The International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, The International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.", "content": "In collaborative experiments in 199 laboratories, nine commercial thromboplastins, four thromboplastins held by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBS & C), London and the British Comparative Thromboplastin were tested on fresh normal and coumarin plasmas, and on three series of freeze-dried plasmas. One of these was made from coumarin plasmas and the other two were prepared from normal plasmas; in each series, one plasma was normal and the other two represented different degrees of coumarin defect. Each thromboplastin was calibrated against NIBS & C rabbit brain 70/178, from the slope of the line joining the origin to the point of intersection of the mean ratios of coumarin/normal prothrombin times when the ratios obtained with the two thromboplastins on the same fresh plasmas were plotted against each other. From previous evidence, the slopes were calculated which would have been obtained against the NIBS & C \"research standard\" thromboplastin 67/40, and termed the \"calibration constant\" of each thromboplastin. Values obtained from the freeze-dried coumarin plasmas gave generally similar results to those from fresh plasmas for all thromboplastins, whereas values from the artificial plasmas agreed with those from fresh plasmas only when similar thromboplastins were being compared. Taking into account the slopes of the calibration lines and the variation between laboratories, precision in obtaining a patient's prothrombin time was similar for all thromboplastins.", "contents": "Prothrombin time standardization: report of the expert panel on oral anticoagulant control. The International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, The International Committee for Standardization in Hematology. In collaborative experiments in 199 laboratories, nine commercial thromboplastins, four thromboplastins held by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBS & C), London and the British Comparative Thromboplastin were tested on fresh normal and coumarin plasmas, and on three series of freeze-dried plasmas. One of these was made from coumarin plasmas and the other two were prepared from normal plasmas; in each series, one plasma was normal and the other two represented different degrees of coumarin defect. Each thromboplastin was calibrated against NIBS & C rabbit brain 70/178, from the slope of the line joining the origin to the point of intersection of the mean ratios of coumarin/normal prothrombin times when the ratios obtained with the two thromboplastins on the same fresh plasmas were plotted against each other. From previous evidence, the slopes were calculated which would have been obtained against the NIBS & C \"research standard\" thromboplastin 67/40, and termed the \"calibration constant\" of each thromboplastin. Values obtained from the freeze-dried coumarin plasmas gave generally similar results to those from fresh plasmas for all thromboplastins, whereas values from the artificial plasmas agreed with those from fresh plasmas only when similar thromboplastins were being compared. Taking into account the slopes of the calibration lines and the variation between laboratories, precision in obtaining a patient's prothrombin time was similar for all thromboplastins.", "PMID": 542923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9113", "title": "Results of calibration by the Dutch National Reference Laboratory of the thromboplastins included in the ICTH/ICSH collaborative study of prothrombin time standardization.", "content": "Results obtained with the original calibration procedure of Biggs and Denson obtained by one expert laboratory compare well with those obtained from the ICTH/ICSH collaborative study. The simplified calibration procedure described in 1975 should only be used for the assessment of inter-batch variability of a given brand of thromboplastin; for the calibration of unlike thromboplastins, the simplified procedure should be revised by using more than two abnormal plasmas, e.g. different plasmas representing seven levels of anticoagulation between international calibrated ratios (ICRs) from 1.5 to 4.5. The formula for the calculation for the proposed ICRs based on the calibration constant should be modified to allow for instances where the calibration line for dissimilar thromboplastins, fitted in the therapeutic range, does not pass through the origin of ratio 1,1.", "contents": "Results of calibration by the Dutch National Reference Laboratory of the thromboplastins included in the ICTH/ICSH collaborative study of prothrombin time standardization. Results obtained with the original calibration procedure of Biggs and Denson obtained by one expert laboratory compare well with those obtained from the ICTH/ICSH collaborative study. The simplified calibration procedure described in 1975 should only be used for the assessment of inter-batch variability of a given brand of thromboplastin; for the calibration of unlike thromboplastins, the simplified procedure should be revised by using more than two abnormal plasmas, e.g. different plasmas representing seven levels of anticoagulation between international calibrated ratios (ICRs) from 1.5 to 4.5. The formula for the calculation for the proposed ICRs based on the calibration constant should be modified to allow for instances where the calibration line for dissimilar thromboplastins, fitted in the therapeutic range, does not pass through the origin of ratio 1,1.", "PMID": 542925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9114", "title": "Prothrombin time standardization report of the expert panel on oral anticoagulant control: a minority opinion.", "content": "The ICTH/ICSH collaborative study failed to achieve its aims because each combination of plasma, thromboplastin and method was tested by too few laboratories in relation to intra and inter laboratory variation, and because the stability of the reference thromboplastin 70/178 is suspect. The evidence of the study does not support the superiority of reference thromboplastins over reference plasmas, but the concept of reference plasma was not adequately explored.", "contents": "Prothrombin time standardization report of the expert panel on oral anticoagulant control: a minority opinion. The ICTH/ICSH collaborative study failed to achieve its aims because each combination of plasma, thromboplastin and method was tested by too few laboratories in relation to intra and inter laboratory variation, and because the stability of the reference thromboplastin 70/178 is suspect. The evidence of the study does not support the superiority of reference thromboplastins over reference plasmas, but the concept of reference plasma was not adequately explored.", "PMID": 542926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9115", "title": "The stability of the WHO reference thromboplastin NIBS & C 67/40.", "content": "The International Reference Preparation of human brain thromboplastin coded 67/40 has been thought to show evidence of instability. The evidence is discussed and is not thought to be strong; but it is suggested that it would be wise to replace 67/40 with a new preparation of human brain, both for this reason and because 67/40 is in a form (like Thrombotest) in which few workers seem to use human brain. A 'plain' preparation would be more appropriate; and a freeze-dried sample of BCT is recommended as the successor preparation. The opportunity should be taken also to replace the corresponding ox and rabbit preparations. In the collaborative study which would be required it would then be desirable to test in parallel line the three old and the three new preparations. The relative sensitivities of the old preparations could be compared with those found in earlier studies to obtain further evidence on the stability of 67/40; if stability were confirmed, the new preparations should be calibrated against it, but if not, the new human material should receive a calibration constant of 1.0 and the new ox and rabbit materials calibrated against that. The types of evidence available for monitoring the long-term stability of a thromboplastin are discussed.", "contents": "The stability of the WHO reference thromboplastin NIBS & C 67/40. The International Reference Preparation of human brain thromboplastin coded 67/40 has been thought to show evidence of instability. The evidence is discussed and is not thought to be strong; but it is suggested that it would be wise to replace 67/40 with a new preparation of human brain, both for this reason and because 67/40 is in a form (like Thrombotest) in which few workers seem to use human brain. A 'plain' preparation would be more appropriate; and a freeze-dried sample of BCT is recommended as the successor preparation. The opportunity should be taken also to replace the corresponding ox and rabbit preparations. In the collaborative study which would be required it would then be desirable to test in parallel line the three old and the three new preparations. The relative sensitivities of the old preparations could be compared with those found in earlier studies to obtain further evidence on the stability of 67/40; if stability were confirmed, the new preparations should be calibrated against it, but if not, the new human material should receive a calibration constant of 1.0 and the new ox and rabbit materials calibrated against that. The types of evidence available for monitoring the long-term stability of a thromboplastin are discussed.", "PMID": 542927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9116", "title": "Inhibition by N-acetyl neuraminic (sialic) acid of platelet aggregation induced by different stimuli.", "content": "Addition of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid, NANA) to citrated rat platelet-rich plasma significantly inhibited aggregation induced by near-threshold concentration of ADP, collagen or thrombin. In heparinized rat platelet-rich plasma aggregation of platelets induced by endotoxin or tumour cells of various origins was also inhibited by sialic acid. It is suggested that exogenous or endogenous sialic acid may act against various aggregating stimuli on the platelet membrane by masking a common factor through which various aggregating agents exert their effect.", "contents": "Inhibition by N-acetyl neuraminic (sialic) acid of platelet aggregation induced by different stimuli. Addition of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid, NANA) to citrated rat platelet-rich plasma significantly inhibited aggregation induced by near-threshold concentration of ADP, collagen or thrombin. In heparinized rat platelet-rich plasma aggregation of platelets induced by endotoxin or tumour cells of various origins was also inhibited by sialic acid. It is suggested that exogenous or endogenous sialic acid may act against various aggregating stimuli on the platelet membrane by masking a common factor through which various aggregating agents exert their effect.", "PMID": 542928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9117", "title": "Collagen-induced platelet aggregation:--evidence against the essential role of platelet adenosine diphosphate.", "content": "The hypothesis that platelet ADP is responsible for collagen-induced aggregation has been re-examined. It was found that the concentration of ADP obtaining in human PRP at the onset of aggregation was not sufficient to account for that aggregation. Furthermore, the time-course of collagen-induced release in human PRP was the same as that in sheep PRP where ADP does not cause release. These findings are not consistent with claims that ADP alone perpetuates a collagen-initiated release-aggregation-release sequence. The effects of high doses of collagen, which released 4-5 microM ADP, were not inhibited by 500 microM adenosine, a concentration that greatly reduced the effect of 300 microM ADP. Collagen caused aggregation in ADP-refractory PRP and in platelet suspensions unresponsive to 1 mM ADP. Thus human platelets can aggregate in response to collagen under circumstances in which they cannot respond to ADP. Apyrase inhibited aggregation and ATP release in platelet suspensions but not in human PRP. Evidence is presented that the means currently used to examine the role of ADP in aggregation require investigation.", "contents": "Collagen-induced platelet aggregation:--evidence against the essential role of platelet adenosine diphosphate. The hypothesis that platelet ADP is responsible for collagen-induced aggregation has been re-examined. It was found that the concentration of ADP obtaining in human PRP at the onset of aggregation was not sufficient to account for that aggregation. Furthermore, the time-course of collagen-induced release in human PRP was the same as that in sheep PRP where ADP does not cause release. These findings are not consistent with claims that ADP alone perpetuates a collagen-initiated release-aggregation-release sequence. The effects of high doses of collagen, which released 4-5 microM ADP, were not inhibited by 500 microM adenosine, a concentration that greatly reduced the effect of 300 microM ADP. Collagen caused aggregation in ADP-refractory PRP and in platelet suspensions unresponsive to 1 mM ADP. Thus human platelets can aggregate in response to collagen under circumstances in which they cannot respond to ADP. Apyrase inhibited aggregation and ATP release in platelet suspensions but not in human PRP. Evidence is presented that the means currently used to examine the role of ADP in aggregation require investigation.", "PMID": 542929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9118", "title": "Interaction of bovine platelets with bovine glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "The interaction of bovine platelets with bovine glomerular basement membrane has been studied by aggregometry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and measurement of [3H] serotonin release. In the absence of added calcium platelets adhere to basement membrane but fail to undergo the release reaction or aggregation. In the presence of 0.2-0.5 mM calcium release of serotonin and complete aggregation of the platelets are observed when sufficient basement membrane is present. Platelets were strongly adhered to the basement membrane surface, the platelet surface in the aggregates closely following the surface of the basement membrane. Platelet morphology in aggregates with basement membrane closely resembled that of platelets from collagen-induced aggregates. Basement membrane differed from collagen in its requirement for calcium for the aggregation and release reactions. In addition purified basement membrane was 1.5-3 fold less active on a weight basis than bovine tendon collagen in promoting aggregation.", "contents": "Interaction of bovine platelets with bovine glomerular basement membrane. The interaction of bovine platelets with bovine glomerular basement membrane has been studied by aggregometry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and measurement of [3H] serotonin release. In the absence of added calcium platelets adhere to basement membrane but fail to undergo the release reaction or aggregation. In the presence of 0.2-0.5 mM calcium release of serotonin and complete aggregation of the platelets are observed when sufficient basement membrane is present. Platelets were strongly adhered to the basement membrane surface, the platelet surface in the aggregates closely following the surface of the basement membrane. Platelet morphology in aggregates with basement membrane closely resembled that of platelets from collagen-induced aggregates. Basement membrane differed from collagen in its requirement for calcium for the aggregation and release reactions. In addition purified basement membrane was 1.5-3 fold less active on a weight basis than bovine tendon collagen in promoting aggregation.", "PMID": 542930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9119", "title": "The released proteins from avian thrombocytes.", "content": "The effect of aggregating agents on the amounts and nature of released proteins from washed goose and chicken thrombocytes was studied. The released protein material was separated on Sepharose 4B. Protein fractions with low molecular weight were next chromatographed on Sephadex G-200. The released proteins from thrombin aggregated pig platelets were analysed in the same way. It was shown that during aggregation avian thrombocytes release protein material containing a well separated fraction (the major component) which seems to correspond to a platelet specific beta-thromboglobulin.", "contents": "The released proteins from avian thrombocytes. The effect of aggregating agents on the amounts and nature of released proteins from washed goose and chicken thrombocytes was studied. The released protein material was separated on Sepharose 4B. Protein fractions with low molecular weight were next chromatographed on Sephadex G-200. The released proteins from thrombin aggregated pig platelets were analysed in the same way. It was shown that during aggregation avian thrombocytes release protein material containing a well separated fraction (the major component) which seems to correspond to a platelet specific beta-thromboglobulin.", "PMID": 542934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9120", "title": "Spectrophotometric assays of prothrombin in plasma of patients using oral anticoagulants.", "content": "Two spectrophotometric assays for prothrombin have been developed and compared with a one stage coagulant and an immunological assay. One of these assays (called the XAPC assay) uses a combination of factor Xa, phospholipid, Ca2+ and factor V as activator of prothrombin, and measures only normal prothrombin. The second (the ECAR assay) uses Echis carinatus venom as activator. This assay measures both normal prothrombin and PIVKA II (protein induced by vitamin K antagonists/absence). Combination of the results obtained by the XAPC and ECAR assays provides rapid and reliable information on the degree of \"subcarboxylation\" of prothrombin (oral anticoagulation, vitamin K deficiency). For patients on long term anticoagulant treatment the prothrombin time (Thrombotest) shows better correlation with the ratio prothrombin/prothrombin plus PIVKA II (XAPC/ECAR) than with the factor II concentration. For patients starting the anticoagulant treatment there is no correlation between the Thrombotest time and the XAPC/ECAR ratio. It seems doubtful that (a) spectrophotometric factor II assay(s) will be as useful as the prothrombin time in the control of oral anticoagulation.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric assays of prothrombin in plasma of patients using oral anticoagulants. Two spectrophotometric assays for prothrombin have been developed and compared with a one stage coagulant and an immunological assay. One of these assays (called the XAPC assay) uses a combination of factor Xa, phospholipid, Ca2+ and factor V as activator of prothrombin, and measures only normal prothrombin. The second (the ECAR assay) uses Echis carinatus venom as activator. This assay measures both normal prothrombin and PIVKA II (protein induced by vitamin K antagonists/absence). Combination of the results obtained by the XAPC and ECAR assays provides rapid and reliable information on the degree of \"subcarboxylation\" of prothrombin (oral anticoagulation, vitamin K deficiency). For patients on long term anticoagulant treatment the prothrombin time (Thrombotest) shows better correlation with the ratio prothrombin/prothrombin plus PIVKA II (XAPC/ECAR) than with the factor II concentration. For patients starting the anticoagulant treatment there is no correlation between the Thrombotest time and the XAPC/ECAR ratio. It seems doubtful that (a) spectrophotometric factor II assay(s) will be as useful as the prothrombin time in the control of oral anticoagulation.", "PMID": 542935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9121", "title": "In vitro stability of human fibrinopeptide B.", "content": "In anticipation of a future clinical application of plasma fibrinopeptide B (FPB) measurement, we studied the stability of FPB in an ultrafiltrate of normal plasma, normal urine and alkaline buffer by measuring the immunoreactivity of the peptide by FPB radioimmunoassay using anti FPB serum (R-29). FPB was unstable in an ultrafiltrate of plasma and urine and demonstrated a temperature dependent loss of activity. In plasma ultrafiltrate the loss of immunoreactivity was not significant during the first 24 hours, however, 92% of the peptide activity was lost at the end of seven days at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The rate of FPB degradation in urine was comparable. The peptide was stable in an alkaline buffer (pH 8.5) at temperatures ranging from -10 degrees C to 37 degrees C or in plasma ultrafiltrate or urine when incubated at -10 degrees C. Treatment with carboxypeptidase B or leucine aminopeptidase for two hours at 37 degrees C (enzyme/substrate molar ratio of up to 1:100) did not cause a loss of FPB immunoreactivity. EDTA (1.0 mM) and Trasylol (500 units/ml) completely stabilized the peptide in a plasma ultrafiltrate.", "contents": "In vitro stability of human fibrinopeptide B. In anticipation of a future clinical application of plasma fibrinopeptide B (FPB) measurement, we studied the stability of FPB in an ultrafiltrate of normal plasma, normal urine and alkaline buffer by measuring the immunoreactivity of the peptide by FPB radioimmunoassay using anti FPB serum (R-29). FPB was unstable in an ultrafiltrate of plasma and urine and demonstrated a temperature dependent loss of activity. In plasma ultrafiltrate the loss of immunoreactivity was not significant during the first 24 hours, however, 92% of the peptide activity was lost at the end of seven days at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The rate of FPB degradation in urine was comparable. The peptide was stable in an alkaline buffer (pH 8.5) at temperatures ranging from -10 degrees C to 37 degrees C or in plasma ultrafiltrate or urine when incubated at -10 degrees C. Treatment with carboxypeptidase B or leucine aminopeptidase for two hours at 37 degrees C (enzyme/substrate molar ratio of up to 1:100) did not cause a loss of FPB immunoreactivity. EDTA (1.0 mM) and Trasylol (500 units/ml) completely stabilized the peptide in a plasma ultrafiltrate.", "PMID": 542936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9122", "title": "Role of reduced glutathione on platelet functions.", "content": "The role of reduced glutathione (GSH) on platelet functions was investigated utilizing thiol oxidizing agent, \"diamide\". Diamide reacted rapidly with GSH in platelets, but not with protein thiols. Platelets treated with diamide showed inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine and collagen in a concentration dependent manner. Clot retraction was grossly inhibited by diamide. Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin was examined by the method of Niewiarowski et al. (1972). There was no interaction obeserved between diamide-treated platelets and polymerizing fibrin. Ultrastructural observation  of clots formed in the presence of diamide also showed no direct contact between platelets and fibrin strands. Platelets retained their granular contents, but showed loss of microtubules and dilatation of open canalicular system. Our findings may further support the idea that GSH plays an important role on platelet functions.", "contents": "Role of reduced glutathione on platelet functions. The role of reduced glutathione (GSH) on platelet functions was investigated utilizing thiol oxidizing agent, \"diamide\". Diamide reacted rapidly with GSH in platelets, but not with protein thiols. Platelets treated with diamide showed inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine and collagen in a concentration dependent manner. Clot retraction was grossly inhibited by diamide. Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin was examined by the method of Niewiarowski et al. (1972). There was no interaction obeserved between diamide-treated platelets and polymerizing fibrin. Ultrastructural observation  of clots formed in the presence of diamide also showed no direct contact between platelets and fibrin strands. Platelets retained their granular contents, but showed loss of microtubules and dilatation of open canalicular system. Our findings may further support the idea that GSH plays an important role on platelet functions.", "PMID": 542937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9123", "title": "Changes in platelet aggregability after ovariectomy.", "content": "Changes in platelets in 48 patients with uterine myoma before and after hysterectomy with and without ovariectomy were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy in 25 cases (ovariectomized group) and unilateral or non-ovariectomy in 23 cases (control group) were performed at the hysterectomy. Platelet count and an appearance rate of secondary aggregation decreased at one day after and increased at one week after the operation, similarly in both the ovariectomized and the control group. The appearance rate of secondary aggregation was reflected in an intensity of aggregation at 5 min after the addition of reagent to PRP. At one month after the operation, the appearance rate of secondary aggregation induced by 3 microM ADP showed a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperation value (P less than 0.05) and the enhancement of 5-min aggregation was still observed in the control group, while ceased in the ovariectomized group. The difference between the two groups was significant (P less than 0.05). There was almost no change in the speed and intensity of primary and secondary aggregation during the observation period. No significant differences in collagen-induced aggregation were noted between the two groups. The results suggest that ovarian hormones, mainly estrogen, facilitate platelet activation which is mediated by the so-called secondary aggregation.", "contents": "Changes in platelet aggregability after ovariectomy. Changes in platelets in 48 patients with uterine myoma before and after hysterectomy with and without ovariectomy were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy in 25 cases (ovariectomized group) and unilateral or non-ovariectomy in 23 cases (control group) were performed at the hysterectomy. Platelet count and an appearance rate of secondary aggregation decreased at one day after and increased at one week after the operation, similarly in both the ovariectomized and the control group. The appearance rate of secondary aggregation was reflected in an intensity of aggregation at 5 min after the addition of reagent to PRP. At one month after the operation, the appearance rate of secondary aggregation induced by 3 microM ADP showed a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperation value (P less than 0.05) and the enhancement of 5-min aggregation was still observed in the control group, while ceased in the ovariectomized group. The difference between the two groups was significant (P less than 0.05). There was almost no change in the speed and intensity of primary and secondary aggregation during the observation period. No significant differences in collagen-induced aggregation were noted between the two groups. The results suggest that ovarian hormones, mainly estrogen, facilitate platelet activation which is mediated by the so-called secondary aggregation.", "PMID": 542938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9124", "title": "The need for surgery in an unselected bronchial carcinoma population.", "content": "An epidemiological study of bronchial carcinoma was carried out in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, during a five-year period. The number of cases found was 273. Of these, 25% were operated upon. The operation rate was six operations/100,000 inhibitants per year. Including additional patients with a false preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma, the operation rate was seven operations/100,000 inhabitants per yera. This figure is clearly subject to influence by the level of medical ambition. The expected five-year survival rate of the surgically treated carcinoma cases in 29%. Twenty-nine percent of the surgically treated patients and 45% of the expected survivors were detected by mass miniature chest X-ray during a general health survey. Fifty-five percent of the surgically treated patients and 75% of the expected survivors were discovered by chance. In no group comparisons with comparable non-surgically treated patients were the deceased surgically treated patients found to have a longer survival. Among the patients who were operated upon, a small tumor size, a peripheral location, clinico-anatomical stage 1 of the disease, and detection by chance were favorable prognostic indicators. Twenty-eight percent of the surgically treated patients were over 70 years of age. Their expected five-year survival rate is 21%. Active early diagnosis (increasing the need for surgery) and restriction of surgery only to those most likely to benefit from it (decreasing the need for surgery) may be expected to give maximum effectiveness in the surgical treatment in bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "The need for surgery in an unselected bronchial carcinoma population. An epidemiological study of bronchial carcinoma was carried out in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, during a five-year period. The number of cases found was 273. Of these, 25% were operated upon. The operation rate was six operations/100,000 inhibitants per year. Including additional patients with a false preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma, the operation rate was seven operations/100,000 inhabitants per yera. This figure is clearly subject to influence by the level of medical ambition. The expected five-year survival rate of the surgically treated carcinoma cases in 29%. Twenty-nine percent of the surgically treated patients and 45% of the expected survivors were detected by mass miniature chest X-ray during a general health survey. Fifty-five percent of the surgically treated patients and 75% of the expected survivors were discovered by chance. In no group comparisons with comparable non-surgically treated patients were the deceased surgically treated patients found to have a longer survival. Among the patients who were operated upon, a small tumor size, a peripheral location, clinico-anatomical stage 1 of the disease, and detection by chance were favorable prognostic indicators. Twenty-eight percent of the surgically treated patients were over 70 years of age. Their expected five-year survival rate is 21%. Active early diagnosis (increasing the need for surgery) and restriction of surgery only to those most likely to benefit from it (decreasing the need for surgery) may be expected to give maximum effectiveness in the surgical treatment in bronchial carcinoma.", "PMID": 542942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9125", "title": "Ventilation studies with krypton-81m.", "content": "Nuclear medicine offers well-established methods for regional lung function assessment in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lung disease. The perfusion study with Tc-99m macroaggregates is simple and can be performed without special precautions in radiation shielding. The ventilation study with Xe-133, however, requires more elaborate apparatus as well as special procedures to collect the exhaled radioactive rare gas. Nuclear medicine departments with access to short-lived radionuclides from a nearby cyclotron can use the krypton isotope Kr-81m. The physical half-life of Kr-81m is 13 s. Its gamma energy of 190 keV is optimal for gamma cameras. Kr-81m can be used as a medical isotope in spite of its short half-life. It can be eluted with a continuously flowing gas from the generator containing the mother nuclide Rb-81 which has half-life of 4.6 h. This short half-life not only simplifies radiation protection but allows repeated studies in different projections as well. Examples of comparative studies with Xe-133 and Kr-81m are presented. The importance of taking not only anterior and posterior pictures but also lateral oblique views is stressed.", "contents": "Ventilation studies with krypton-81m. Nuclear medicine offers well-established methods for regional lung function assessment in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lung disease. The perfusion study with Tc-99m macroaggregates is simple and can be performed without special precautions in radiation shielding. The ventilation study with Xe-133, however, requires more elaborate apparatus as well as special procedures to collect the exhaled radioactive rare gas. Nuclear medicine departments with access to short-lived radionuclides from a nearby cyclotron can use the krypton isotope Kr-81m. The physical half-life of Kr-81m is 13 s. Its gamma energy of 190 keV is optimal for gamma cameras. Kr-81m can be used as a medical isotope in spite of its short half-life. It can be eluted with a continuously flowing gas from the generator containing the mother nuclide Rb-81 which has half-life of 4.6 h. This short half-life not only simplifies radiation protection but allows repeated studies in different projections as well. Examples of comparative studies with Xe-133 and Kr-81m are presented. The importance of taking not only anterior and posterior pictures but also lateral oblique views is stressed.", "PMID": 542943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9126", "title": "Bronchofiberscopy in the postoperative management of lung surgery patients.", "content": "A retrospective study of 60 bronchofiberscopic lavage procedures following lung surgery showed an increase of prebronchoscopy oxygen partial pressure from 64.2 mmHg (S.D. +/- 16.2) to 69.9 mmHg (S.D +/- 18.0) after bronchoscopy (P less than 0.01), while carbon dioxide partial pressure did not change significantly. Lobectomied patients tended more often to develop ipsilateral atelactases, invariably responding well to lavage; this group may benefit from prophylactic fiberoptic lavage. Cases are presented to demonstrate this point and to show the need for repeated lavage in some instances. Administration of a standard premedication dosage to patients sedated for other reasons occasionally led to worsened respiratory status; pre-medication should be reduced or eliminated in sedated patients. The effective application of lidocain and salbutamol intrabronchially is discussed. The bronchofiberscope is an important tool in optimal post-operative management of lung surgery patients.", "contents": "Bronchofiberscopy in the postoperative management of lung surgery patients. A retrospective study of 60 bronchofiberscopic lavage procedures following lung surgery showed an increase of prebronchoscopy oxygen partial pressure from 64.2 mmHg (S.D. +/- 16.2) to 69.9 mmHg (S.D +/- 18.0) after bronchoscopy (P less than 0.01), while carbon dioxide partial pressure did not change significantly. Lobectomied patients tended more often to develop ipsilateral atelactases, invariably responding well to lavage; this group may benefit from prophylactic fiberoptic lavage. Cases are presented to demonstrate this point and to show the need for repeated lavage in some instances. Administration of a standard premedication dosage to patients sedated for other reasons occasionally led to worsened respiratory status; pre-medication should be reduced or eliminated in sedated patients. The effective application of lidocain and salbutamol intrabronchially is discussed. The bronchofiberscope is an important tool in optimal post-operative management of lung surgery patients.", "PMID": 542944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9127", "title": "Thymolipoma--a rare, benign tumor of the thymus gland two case reports and review of the literature.", "content": "Two case reports of thymolipoma are presented. In a review of the literature on the subject, the clinical and etiologic features of this nonmalignant tumor in the anterior mediastinum are discussed. Although rare, thymolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors.", "contents": "Thymolipoma--a rare, benign tumor of the thymus gland two case reports and review of the literature. Two case reports of thymolipoma are presented. In a review of the literature on the subject, the clinical and etiologic features of this nonmalignant tumor in the anterior mediastinum are discussed. Although rare, thymolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors.", "PMID": 542945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9128", "title": "Hydatid cyst of the heart.  Clinical and surgical implications.", "content": "Hydatid cyst of the heart is an uncommon lesion which usually develops in the left ventricle. Diagnosis should be considered in patients coming from an area where hydatid cyst is endemic and who present with an abnormal heart shadow on chest X-ray, frequently associated with T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. The cyst tends to grow and thus compress the neighboring myocardium. It causes displacement of the coronary vessels, rhythm disturbances and mechanical interference with the AV valves and ventricular function. Spontaneous involution of the cyst with calcification of its wall as well as rupture with anaphylactic shock may occur. Early excision with standby cardiopulmonary bypass is advisable. Three patients with hydatid cyst of the left ventricle, 2 of whom were operated on by using cardiopulmonary bypass, are presented. Results of the surgical treatment, both early and late, are rewarding, with relief of symptoms, regression of electrocardiographic abnormalities and very low incidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Hydatid cyst of the heart.  Clinical and surgical implications. Hydatid cyst of the heart is an uncommon lesion which usually develops in the left ventricle. Diagnosis should be considered in patients coming from an area where hydatid cyst is endemic and who present with an abnormal heart shadow on chest X-ray, frequently associated with T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. The cyst tends to grow and thus compress the neighboring myocardium. It causes displacement of the coronary vessels, rhythm disturbances and mechanical interference with the AV valves and ventricular function. Spontaneous involution of the cyst with calcification of its wall as well as rupture with anaphylactic shock may occur. Early excision with standby cardiopulmonary bypass is advisable. Three patients with hydatid cyst of the left ventricle, 2 of whom were operated on by using cardiopulmonary bypass, are presented. Results of the surgical treatment, both early and late, are rewarding, with relief of symptoms, regression of electrocardiographic abnormalities and very low incidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 542947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9129", "title": "Doppler ultrasound studies of subclavian steal hemodynamics in subclavian stenosis.", "content": "By means of ultrasound Doppler sonography it is shown that a proximal subclavian stenosis does not necessarily influence the blood flow of the vertebral artery in a subclavian steal syndrome (permanent retrograde flow in the vertebral artery) as is characteristic for subclavian occlusion. Depending on the peripheral resistance in the cranial and brachial circulation, the vertebral artery competes with the brachial artery for the poststenotic flow. Thus, a reduction of the vertebral flow during hyperemia within the brachial artery ststem, alternating vertebral flow, or a temporary steal syndrome may result in stenosis. Obviously the relation of the flow resistance may also change within one pulse beat, so that in the vertebral artery a characteristic flow pulse, i.e., an alternating flow, is detected with opposite direction in systole and diastole.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound studies of subclavian steal hemodynamics in subclavian stenosis. By means of ultrasound Doppler sonography it is shown that a proximal subclavian stenosis does not necessarily influence the blood flow of the vertebral artery in a subclavian steal syndrome (permanent retrograde flow in the vertebral artery) as is characteristic for subclavian occlusion. Depending on the peripheral resistance in the cranial and brachial circulation, the vertebral artery competes with the brachial artery for the poststenotic flow. Thus, a reduction of the vertebral flow during hyperemia within the brachial artery ststem, alternating vertebral flow, or a temporary steal syndrome may result in stenosis. Obviously the relation of the flow resistance may also change within one pulse beat, so that in the vertebral artery a characteristic flow pulse, i.e., an alternating flow, is detected with opposite direction in systole and diastole.", "PMID": 542948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9130", "title": "Management of concomitant occlusive disease of the supraaortic and lower-limb arteries.", "content": "Angiography examinations of the extracranial cerebral arteries in patients with peripheral occlusive disease of the lower limbs indicate cerebro-vascular disease more often than might be assumed from clinical-neurological examinations alone. In total, 61.5% of the patients examined showed lesions of the extracranial cerebral arteries which necessitated an operation. The elimination of risks in an operation requiring extensive peripheral vessel reconstruction necessitates initial supraaortic vessel reconstruction. Of the 48 patients with reconstructions in both vascular systems, none has suffered any postoperative neurological dysfunction. Concomitant occlusive disease of the supraaortic and peripheral arteries should not be treated simultaneously.", "contents": "Management of concomitant occlusive disease of the supraaortic and lower-limb arteries. Angiography examinations of the extracranial cerebral arteries in patients with peripheral occlusive disease of the lower limbs indicate cerebro-vascular disease more often than might be assumed from clinical-neurological examinations alone. In total, 61.5% of the patients examined showed lesions of the extracranial cerebral arteries which necessitated an operation. The elimination of risks in an operation requiring extensive peripheral vessel reconstruction necessitates initial supraaortic vessel reconstruction. Of the 48 patients with reconstructions in both vascular systems, none has suffered any postoperative neurological dysfunction. Concomitant occlusive disease of the supraaortic and peripheral arteries should not be treated simultaneously.", "PMID": 542949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9131", "title": "Synergistic effects on the toxicity of organotins on cotton leafworms.", "content": "Piperonyl butoxide, sulfoxide and MGK 264 were found to act as synergists for certain organotin compounds; with respect to their toxicity on the larvae of a susceptible strain of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). High degree of synergism was obtained when either piperonyl butoxide or MGK 264 was combined with Plictran and/or MGK 264 when combined with Duter. The 3 synergists were equivalent in their synergistic action with Brestan. In all cases, the relatively high degree of synergism was brought about when organotins and synergists were mixed at ratio of 10 : 1. On the basis of synergistic ratios, data indicated that detoxification mechanism of Plictran may be more sensitive to synergistic effects than that of Duter and Brestan. Testing organotin compounds against the more tolerable field strain provided probable evidence of negative correlation between different insecticides and organotins, especially Plictran.", "contents": "Synergistic effects on the toxicity of organotins on cotton leafworms. Piperonyl butoxide, sulfoxide and MGK 264 were found to act as synergists for certain organotin compounds; with respect to their toxicity on the larvae of a susceptible strain of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). High degree of synergism was obtained when either piperonyl butoxide or MGK 264 was combined with Plictran and/or MGK 264 when combined with Duter. The 3 synergists were equivalent in their synergistic action with Brestan. In all cases, the relatively high degree of synergism was brought about when organotins and synergists were mixed at ratio of 10 : 1. On the basis of synergistic ratios, data indicated that detoxification mechanism of Plictran may be more sensitive to synergistic effects than that of Duter and Brestan. Testing organotin compounds against the more tolerable field strain provided probable evidence of negative correlation between different insecticides and organotins, especially Plictran.", "PMID": 542951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9132", "title": "On the role of metallothionein in cadmium absorption by rat jejunum in situ.", "content": "The role of metallothionein (MT) in the mechanism of cadmium absorption from the jejunum was studied in 7--9 week-old-male rats exposed to 50 ppm of cadmium in drinking water for 9 days. Exposed animals contained an average of 144 micrograms MT/g of mucosal tissue, compared to 40 micrograms in control anaimls. During jejunal perfusion in situ with 5 mM glucose-saline containing 10--20 nM CdCl2 the increased MT content of mucosa exerted no effect either on cadmium absorption from the lumen (step I), or on its further transport into the body (step II). Immediately after perfusion, essentially all cadmium removed from the lumen was fully recovered in the intestinal mucosa. About 50% of the mucosal cadmium was found in the sediment after homogenization and centrifugation; a large portion of this cadmium may be assigned to the membrane fraction. The binding of freshly absorbed cadmium in the mucosal cytosol was not restricted to low molecular weight protein, although cadmium binding capacity in the MT fraction of controls as well as of exposed animals greatly exceeded actual binding of newly absorbed cadmium. Our results offer no support for the view that MT in the jejunal mucosa serves as determinant of cadmium absorption.", "contents": "On the role of metallothionein in cadmium absorption by rat jejunum in situ. The role of metallothionein (MT) in the mechanism of cadmium absorption from the jejunum was studied in 7--9 week-old-male rats exposed to 50 ppm of cadmium in drinking water for 9 days. Exposed animals contained an average of 144 micrograms MT/g of mucosal tissue, compared to 40 micrograms in control anaimls. During jejunal perfusion in situ with 5 mM glucose-saline containing 10--20 nM CdCl2 the increased MT content of mucosa exerted no effect either on cadmium absorption from the lumen (step I), or on its further transport into the body (step II). Immediately after perfusion, essentially all cadmium removed from the lumen was fully recovered in the intestinal mucosa. About 50% of the mucosal cadmium was found in the sediment after homogenization and centrifugation; a large portion of this cadmium may be assigned to the membrane fraction. The binding of freshly absorbed cadmium in the mucosal cytosol was not restricted to low molecular weight protein, although cadmium binding capacity in the MT fraction of controls as well as of exposed animals greatly exceeded actual binding of newly absorbed cadmium. Our results offer no support for the view that MT in the jejunal mucosa serves as determinant of cadmium absorption.", "PMID": 542952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9133", "title": "Potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rats by a metabolite of 2-butanone: 2,3-butanediol.", "content": "The role of ketaone metabolism in 2-butanone-induced potentiaion of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity was studied in rats. The blood concentrations of 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol detected 4 h after dosing were 3.2 mg/100 ml, 2.4 mg/100 ml and 8.6 mg/100 ml, respectively. Eighteen hours after 2-butanone, the concentration of 2,3-butanediol rose to 25.6 mg/100 ml, while the concentrations of 2-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone declined to 0.6 mg/100 ml and 1.4 mg/100 ml, respectively. A 16-h pretreatment with either 2-butanone (2.1 ml/kg, p.o.) or 2,3-butanediol (2.12 ml/kg, p.o.) markedly enhanced the hepatotoxic response to CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg, i.p.), as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride content. In vivo, limited formation of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone occurred after this dose of 2,3-butanediol. These data suggest that the production of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol via 2-butanone metabolism may participate in the augmented necrogenic effect of CCl4 seen after pretreatment with 2-butanone.", "contents": "Potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rats by a metabolite of 2-butanone: 2,3-butanediol. The role of ketaone metabolism in 2-butanone-induced potentiaion of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity was studied in rats. The blood concentrations of 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol detected 4 h after dosing were 3.2 mg/100 ml, 2.4 mg/100 ml and 8.6 mg/100 ml, respectively. Eighteen hours after 2-butanone, the concentration of 2,3-butanediol rose to 25.6 mg/100 ml, while the concentrations of 2-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone declined to 0.6 mg/100 ml and 1.4 mg/100 ml, respectively. A 16-h pretreatment with either 2-butanone (2.1 ml/kg, p.o.) or 2,3-butanediol (2.12 ml/kg, p.o.) markedly enhanced the hepatotoxic response to CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg, i.p.), as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride content. In vivo, limited formation of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone occurred after this dose of 2,3-butanediol. These data suggest that the production of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol via 2-butanone metabolism may participate in the augmented necrogenic effect of CCl4 seen after pretreatment with 2-butanone.", "PMID": 542953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9134", "title": "Delayed neurotoxic, late acute and cholinergic effects of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF): subchronic (90 days) administration in hens.", "content": "Subchdronic administration of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused 3 toxicologic effects in hens, depending upon route of administration. Small delay oral doses (0.5--20 mg/kg) of DEF produced ataxia, which progressed to paralysis and death in some birds. Large daily oral doses (40 and 80 mg/kg) caused a 'late acute' effect 4 days after administration. The clinical signs of the late acute effect were identical to those produced by n-butyl mercaptan (nBM), a hydrolytic product of DEF, and were not relieved by atropine sulfate. The late acute effect of DEF overlapped with the clinical signs of delayed neurotoxicity. These hens died early, and while one hen showed histopathological lesions in peripheral nerves, another showed unequivocal lesions in the central nervous system. Topical application of daily doses of DEF consistently produced delayed neurotoxicity in the absence of late acute poisonining and was characterized by degeneration of the central and peripheral nerve tissues. Orally administered DEF was rapidly metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract to nBM, which apparently caused the late acute toxic effect. Topically administered DEF, which was not subjected to gastrointestinal tract hydrolysis, caused delayed neurotoxicity but did not produce a late acute effect.", "contents": "Delayed neurotoxic, late acute and cholinergic effects of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF): subchronic (90 days) administration in hens. Subchdronic administration of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused 3 toxicologic effects in hens, depending upon route of administration. Small delay oral doses (0.5--20 mg/kg) of DEF produced ataxia, which progressed to paralysis and death in some birds. Large daily oral doses (40 and 80 mg/kg) caused a 'late acute' effect 4 days after administration. The clinical signs of the late acute effect were identical to those produced by n-butyl mercaptan (nBM), a hydrolytic product of DEF, and were not relieved by atropine sulfate. The late acute effect of DEF overlapped with the clinical signs of delayed neurotoxicity. These hens died early, and while one hen showed histopathological lesions in peripheral nerves, another showed unequivocal lesions in the central nervous system. Topical application of daily doses of DEF consistently produced delayed neurotoxicity in the absence of late acute poisonining and was characterized by degeneration of the central and peripheral nerve tissues. Orally administered DEF was rapidly metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract to nBM, which apparently caused the late acute toxic effect. Topically administered DEF, which was not subjected to gastrointestinal tract hydrolysis, caused delayed neurotoxicity but did not produce a late acute effect.", "PMID": 542954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9135", "title": "Retention of cadmium in the duodenum of the rat following oral administration.", "content": "The retention of cadmium in selected organs of the rat was studied following oral administration of the metal in the form of a carrier-free tracer and also as cadmium chloride. These 2 contrasting approaches (only the second being toxic) resulted in a similar retention pattern in the tissues. Both the cadmium burden and retention was greatest in the duodenum, followed by the kidney and the liver. This retention of cadmium in the duodenum following oral administration is relevant to the toxic effects of this metal associated with imparied calcium absorption in the intestine.", "contents": "Retention of cadmium in the duodenum of the rat following oral administration. The retention of cadmium in selected organs of the rat was studied following oral administration of the metal in the form of a carrier-free tracer and also as cadmium chloride. These 2 contrasting approaches (only the second being toxic) resulted in a similar retention pattern in the tissues. Both the cadmium burden and retention was greatest in the duodenum, followed by the kidney and the liver. This retention of cadmium in the duodenum following oral administration is relevant to the toxic effects of this metal associated with imparied calcium absorption in the intestine.", "PMID": 542955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9136", "title": "Nasopharyngeal removal of ozone in rabbits and guinea pigs.", "content": "In estimating pollutant concentrations responsible for observed pulmonary effects, nasopharyngeal removal of the pollutant plays an important role. The nasopharyngeal removal of ozone (O3) in anesthetized male guinea pigs and male and female rabbits was determined by drawing O3 through the isolated upper airways at a constant flow rate which approximated the animal's respiratory minute volume. The tracheal O3 concentration in rabbits and guinea pigs was markedly similar and was linearly related to the chamber concentration of O3 over a range of 196--3920 micrograms/m3 (0.1--2.0 ppm O3). Regression analyses showed that O3 removal in the nasopharyngeal region is approximately 50% in both species. Both rabbit sexes responded similarly over the concentration range studied. Exposures of guinea pigs to O3 concentrations between 3920 and 5880 micrograms/m3 (2.0 and 3.0 ppm) showed that, at these higher concentrations, relatively more O3 is removed by the upper airways.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal removal of ozone in rabbits and guinea pigs. In estimating pollutant concentrations responsible for observed pulmonary effects, nasopharyngeal removal of the pollutant plays an important role. The nasopharyngeal removal of ozone (O3) in anesthetized male guinea pigs and male and female rabbits was determined by drawing O3 through the isolated upper airways at a constant flow rate which approximated the animal's respiratory minute volume. The tracheal O3 concentration in rabbits and guinea pigs was markedly similar and was linearly related to the chamber concentration of O3 over a range of 196--3920 micrograms/m3 (0.1--2.0 ppm O3). Regression analyses showed that O3 removal in the nasopharyngeal region is approximately 50% in both species. Both rabbit sexes responded similarly over the concentration range studied. Exposures of guinea pigs to O3 concentrations between 3920 and 5880 micrograms/m3 (2.0 and 3.0 ppm) showed that, at these higher concentrations, relatively more O3 is removed by the upper airways.", "PMID": 542956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9137", "title": "Limitations of in vitro short-term tests as prescreening models for carcinogenicity in industry: a theoretical approach.", "content": "The validity of in vitro short-term tests was investigated using published data from 10 investigations on a total of more than 800 compounds. The predictive value strongly depends on the number of carcinogens investigated in a test and, therefore, is not suited to describe the reliability of a short-term test. The usefulness of short-term tests as prescreening models for possible carcinogenicity to be used as a routine procedure in industry is very limited. If it is assumed that most of the compounds tested are non-carcinogenic, other criteria than results of short-term tests should be used additionally in deciding which compounds require investigation in long-term bioassays for possible tumorigenic hazards.", "contents": "Limitations of in vitro short-term tests as prescreening models for carcinogenicity in industry: a theoretical approach. The validity of in vitro short-term tests was investigated using published data from 10 investigations on a total of more than 800 compounds. The predictive value strongly depends on the number of carcinogens investigated in a test and, therefore, is not suited to describe the reliability of a short-term test. The usefulness of short-term tests as prescreening models for possible carcinogenicity to be used as a routine procedure in industry is very limited. If it is assumed that most of the compounds tested are non-carcinogenic, other criteria than results of short-term tests should be used additionally in deciding which compounds require investigation in long-term bioassays for possible tumorigenic hazards.", "PMID": 542957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9138", "title": "Inorganic and organic fluoride concentrations in tissues after the oral administration of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to rats.", "content": "Male rats were used to study the inorganic (ionic) and organic fluoride concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys and stomach content after oral doses of 0, 2.2, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0 mg sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA, Compound 1080)/kg body weight. Tissue and plasma ionic fluoride concentrations were observed to be higher in all rats given SMFA as compared to rats in the control group. This observation suggests in vivo defluorination of SMFA. Homogenates of liver obtained from SMFA poisoned rats showed significant increases in ionic fluoride concentration during a 6-day storage period at +4 degrees C, with the total fluoride concentration (ionic and organic) remaining constant. The average percentages of distribution of SMFA (organic fluoride) in plasma, liver, and kidneys were 7.05, 5.07 and 1.68, respectively. Plasma and tissue SMFA concentrations were generally lower than the corresponding stomach fluid SMFA concentrations for all dosage groups. Lethal concentration of SMFA in the liquid stomach content was in the range 84.9--189 micrograms/ml, corresponding to total (ionic and organic) fluoride concentrations in the range of 16.1--36 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Inorganic and organic fluoride concentrations in tissues after the oral administration of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to rats. Male rats were used to study the inorganic (ionic) and organic fluoride concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys and stomach content after oral doses of 0, 2.2, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0 mg sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA, Compound 1080)/kg body weight. Tissue and plasma ionic fluoride concentrations were observed to be higher in all rats given SMFA as compared to rats in the control group. This observation suggests in vivo defluorination of SMFA. Homogenates of liver obtained from SMFA poisoned rats showed significant increases in ionic fluoride concentration during a 6-day storage period at +4 degrees C, with the total fluoride concentration (ionic and organic) remaining constant. The average percentages of distribution of SMFA (organic fluoride) in plasma, liver, and kidneys were 7.05, 5.07 and 1.68, respectively. Plasma and tissue SMFA concentrations were generally lower than the corresponding stomach fluid SMFA concentrations for all dosage groups. Lethal concentration of SMFA in the liquid stomach content was in the range 84.9--189 micrograms/ml, corresponding to total (ionic and organic) fluoride concentrations in the range of 16.1--36 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 542959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9139", "title": "Repeated exposure to butenolide vapour: subacute study in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The subacute inhalation toxicity of butenolide was examined in hamsters by repeated exposure of 4 groups of 10 males and 10 females to butenolide vapour at concentrations of 0, 5.4, 25 and 130 ppm respectively (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a period of 13 weeks. The effects found at 130 ppm included eye irritation, salivation, nasal discharge, growth retardation, decreased number of eosinophils, increased liver weight, and hyper- and metaplastic epithelium in the nasal cavity. At the 5.4 and 25 ppm levels no changes were observed which could be attributed to butenolide; 25 ppm was, therefore, considered the highest no-toxic effect level observed. The actual no-adverse effect level was placed at 75 ppm.", "contents": "Repeated exposure to butenolide vapour: subacute study in Syrian golden hamsters. The subacute inhalation toxicity of butenolide was examined in hamsters by repeated exposure of 4 groups of 10 males and 10 females to butenolide vapour at concentrations of 0, 5.4, 25 and 130 ppm respectively (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a period of 13 weeks. The effects found at 130 ppm included eye irritation, salivation, nasal discharge, growth retardation, decreased number of eosinophils, increased liver weight, and hyper- and metaplastic epithelium in the nasal cavity. At the 5.4 and 25 ppm levels no changes were observed which could be attributed to butenolide; 25 ppm was, therefore, considered the highest no-toxic effect level observed. The actual no-adverse effect level was placed at 75 ppm.", "PMID": 542960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9140", "title": "Transmission dynamics of endemic schistosomiasis.", "content": "Observations on schistosome infections in a human population, on the occurrence of the intermediate host, and on the exposure of man to infested water in an endemic area in Ethiopia, are brought together. It is observed that there is an apparent lack of correlation between the results of the first type of observation and those of the other two. The relative insensitivity of stool examination methods, the low counts of S. mansoni eggs, and the consequent underestimation of infection rates is discussed along with serologic findings. Finally, it is suggested that schistosomiasis in the area could be described as 'hyperendemic', a situation with a surplus of transmission in which the parasite populations do not seem to be regulated any more by transmission factors.", "contents": "Transmission dynamics of endemic schistosomiasis. Observations on schistosome infections in a human population, on the occurrence of the intermediate host, and on the exposure of man to infested water in an endemic area in Ethiopia, are brought together. It is observed that there is an apparent lack of correlation between the results of the first type of observation and those of the other two. The relative insensitivity of stool examination methods, the low counts of S. mansoni eggs, and the consequent underestimation of infection rates is discussed along with serologic findings. Finally, it is suggested that schistosomiasis in the area could be described as 'hyperendemic', a situation with a surplus of transmission in which the parasite populations do not seem to be regulated any more by transmission factors.", "PMID": 542983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9141", "title": "Immunoglobulins in serum and duodenal juice and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with giardiasis.", "content": "Forty eight patients with symptomatic giardiasis and 22 apparently healthy matched controls without Giardia lamblia were studied with respect to the following variables--immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A and M in serum, IgA in duodenal juice and T and B in lymphocyte sub-populations. There were no differences observed between the two groups with regard to any of these variables except for serum IgG which was found to be higher in patients. It was concluded that endemic giardiasis has no immunodeficient basis and has nothing in common with the association of giardiasis, mal absorption and immunodeficiency reported from the West. Further, no change in these variables was observed when the tests were repeated after cure.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in serum and duodenal juice and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with giardiasis. Forty eight patients with symptomatic giardiasis and 22 apparently healthy matched controls without Giardia lamblia were studied with respect to the following variables--immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A and M in serum, IgA in duodenal juice and T and B in lymphocyte sub-populations. There were no differences observed between the two groups with regard to any of these variables except for serum IgG which was found to be higher in patients. It was concluded that endemic giardiasis has no immunodeficient basis and has nothing in common with the association of giardiasis, mal absorption and immunodeficiency reported from the West. Further, no change in these variables was observed when the tests were repeated after cure.", "PMID": 542984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9142", "title": "Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in dogs in Chandigarh territory, North India.", "content": "Sera from 119 dogs examined by the indirect haemagglutination test for Toxoplasma antibodies showed an overall prevalence rate of 29.4 per cent; 10.9 per cent with antibody titre of 1:128 or more. The per cent of positive cases in a dog clinic was not significantly higher than in apparently healthy subjects. Higher titre levels were more frequent in the sera of older animals and in those having concomitant disease.", "contents": "Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in dogs in Chandigarh territory, North India. Sera from 119 dogs examined by the indirect haemagglutination test for Toxoplasma antibodies showed an overall prevalence rate of 29.4 per cent; 10.9 per cent with antibody titre of 1:128 or more. The per cent of positive cases in a dog clinic was not significantly higher than in apparently healthy subjects. Higher titre levels were more frequent in the sera of older animals and in those having concomitant disease.", "PMID": 542985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9143", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of antibodies to influenza A virus in Nigerian children.", "content": "Although attempts have been made to define the significance of influenza A virus infection serologically in children from developing countries, this has not been done in Nigeria. Based on this study of sera by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 179 healthy Nigerian children aged between 0--5 years of age, a prevalence rate of influenza A virus infection of 40.22% has been demonstrated. This is more significant during 1--4 years of age and particularly between 2--3 years. The clinical significance of this finding is discussed: the high prevalence is probably related to high susceptibility due to genetic factors linked to ABO blood groups.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of antibodies to influenza A virus in Nigerian children. Although attempts have been made to define the significance of influenza A virus infection serologically in children from developing countries, this has not been done in Nigeria. Based on this study of sera by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 179 healthy Nigerian children aged between 0--5 years of age, a prevalence rate of influenza A virus infection of 40.22% has been demonstrated. This is more significant during 1--4 years of age and particularly between 2--3 years. The clinical significance of this finding is discussed: the high prevalence is probably related to high susceptibility due to genetic factors linked to ABO blood groups.", "PMID": 542986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9144", "title": "Forecasting the onset of a scrub typhus epidemic in the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan using daily maximum temperatures.", "content": "Daily maximum atmospheric temperatures were used to forecast the seasonal onset of scrub typhus in the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan. The day of the year on which the temperature first reached 30 degrees C was selected as the predictive base. Predictions for 1977 closely matched observed events. The model provides an easy and effective means to forecast the start of scrub typhus epidemics in the Pescadores Islands and could be used for such practical purposes as determining when prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to subjects whose risk of infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi is high.", "contents": "Forecasting the onset of a scrub typhus epidemic in the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan using daily maximum temperatures. Daily maximum atmospheric temperatures were used to forecast the seasonal onset of scrub typhus in the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan. The day of the year on which the temperature first reached 30 degrees C was selected as the predictive base. Predictions for 1977 closely matched observed events. The model provides an easy and effective means to forecast the start of scrub typhus epidemics in the Pescadores Islands and could be used for such practical purposes as determining when prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to subjects whose risk of infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi is high.", "PMID": 542987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9145", "title": "Staphylococcal pericarditis with pyopericardium.", "content": "Seven previously well patients with acute staphylococcal pericarditis and purulent pericardial effusion are described. All had a septicaemic illness in which worsening heart failure with signs of cardiac tamponade became the major problems of management. Tropical pyomyositis was probably the predisposing illness in four patients. This number of proven cases within an 18-month period suggests that staphylococcal pyopericardium is in a tropical environment probably commoner than realised.", "contents": "Staphylococcal pericarditis with pyopericardium. Seven previously well patients with acute staphylococcal pericarditis and purulent pericardial effusion are described. All had a septicaemic illness in which worsening heart failure with signs of cardiac tamponade became the major problems of management. Tropical pyomyositis was probably the predisposing illness in four patients. This number of proven cases within an 18-month period suggests that staphylococcal pyopericardium is in a tropical environment probably commoner than realised.", "PMID": 542988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9146", "title": "Sicklers surviving childhood in Tanzania.", "content": "Sixty two cases of sickling haemoglobinopathy have been admitted and specially studied between 1973 and 1977 in the Bugando Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania. Presenting symptoms are described. The problems of recognition in the medical diaspora and of management are considered. It is expected that with improving regional health facilities more cases will survive childhood but also will cause special difficulties in adequate care. It is pleaded that because of the ubiquity of the HbS gene in Tanzania sufficient priority is given to the affected in planning health services in Tanzania.", "contents": "Sicklers surviving childhood in Tanzania. Sixty two cases of sickling haemoglobinopathy have been admitted and specially studied between 1973 and 1977 in the Bugando Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania. Presenting symptoms are described. The problems of recognition in the medical diaspora and of management are considered. It is expected that with improving regional health facilities more cases will survive childhood but also will cause special difficulties in adequate care. It is pleaded that because of the ubiquity of the HbS gene in Tanzania sufficient priority is given to the affected in planning health services in Tanzania.", "PMID": 542989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9147", "title": "Epidemiological aspects of neonatal jaundice in Chinese infants.", "content": "A study of 200 full-term Chinese newborns within a twelve months period has not demonstrated any significant effect of early immunizations on the incidence of neonatal jaundice in the first seven days of life. Study of cord serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels has also failed to establish an association between raised IgM levels with more severe degrees of jaundice. The significantly higher serum bilirubin levels seen in normal Chinese neonates cannot be attributed to infection, either natural or attenuated, and further investigations are indicated.", "contents": "Epidemiological aspects of neonatal jaundice in Chinese infants. A study of 200 full-term Chinese newborns within a twelve months period has not demonstrated any significant effect of early immunizations on the incidence of neonatal jaundice in the first seven days of life. Study of cord serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels has also failed to establish an association between raised IgM levels with more severe degrees of jaundice. The significantly higher serum bilirubin levels seen in normal Chinese neonates cannot be attributed to infection, either natural or attenuated, and further investigations are indicated.", "PMID": 542990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9148", "title": "Hiatal hernia in the African.", "content": "Eight cases of symptomatic hiatal hernia were investigated; four presented with respiratory symptoms simulating chronic asthmatic bronchitis or bronchopneumonia. Among 27 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux but without radiologically visible hernia, six presented with fibrous stricture; no stricture was found in association with hiatal hernia. It is suggested that patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux should be offered surgical follow-up or surgery to prevent the development of a stricture before the more easily recognizable symptoms of heart burn and postural acid regurgitation get worse.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia in the African. Eight cases of symptomatic hiatal hernia were investigated; four presented with respiratory symptoms simulating chronic asthmatic bronchitis or bronchopneumonia. Among 27 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux but without radiologically visible hernia, six presented with fibrous stricture; no stricture was found in association with hiatal hernia. It is suggested that patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux should be offered surgical follow-up or surgery to prevent the development of a stricture before the more easily recognizable symptoms of heart burn and postural acid regurgitation get worse.", "PMID": 542991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9149", "title": "Early discharge of low-birthweight babies.", "content": "Forty-two breastfed low-birthweight infants were followed up from 2 to 12 weeks for postnatal weight gain after an early discharge from hospital. Thirty one (74%) were discharged within 7 days after birth and 10 (24%) in the second week. Twenty seven (64.3%) had a birth weight between 1501 and 2000 g and 4 (9.5%) weighed 1500 g or less. Mean daily weight gain at home was steady and satisfactory when compared with standards. It is suggested that low-birthweight babies may be discharged as soon as they start sucking well on breast irrespective of their weight at birth and on discharge.", "contents": "Early discharge of low-birthweight babies. Forty-two breastfed low-birthweight infants were followed up from 2 to 12 weeks for postnatal weight gain after an early discharge from hospital. Thirty one (74%) were discharged within 7 days after birth and 10 (24%) in the second week. Twenty seven (64.3%) had a birth weight between 1501 and 2000 g and 4 (9.5%) weighed 1500 g or less. Mean daily weight gain at home was steady and satisfactory when compared with standards. It is suggested that low-birthweight babies may be discharged as soon as they start sucking well on breast irrespective of their weight at birth and on discharge.", "PMID": 542992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9150", "title": "Nutrition and nutritional status of rural women in East Java.", "content": "In the rural parts of nine regencies of the province of East Java Indonesia, in the dry seasons of 1975 and 1976 extensive nutrition surveys were carried out. So designated surplus, marginal and minus areas were included. Social and hygienic features of the household were recorded. The reproductive characteristics of the mother population were noted. Anthropometric data were collected. Their diet, including consumption frequency of staple and secondary foodstuffs, was registered by interview. Of a total of 3,828 mothers of children 0--15 years old 37% were lactating and 6.7% were pregnant. Of the latter some 10% were still nursing a child. The number of live children per family was rather small (2.0--3.4) and the percent of those who had died was high (10--31%). Average height of the mothers was 149 cm and weight 42 kg. A cross-sectional calculation of weight gain during pregnancy resulted in 5.0--7.4 kg. Lactating mothers showed a higher weight-height ratio than non-lactating or pregnant. Taking 90% of the Indonesian standard of weight-for-height as cut-off point for an acceptable nutritional status, 18--24% of the nonpregnant non-lactating, 13--35% of the lactating and 33--57% of the pregnant mothers fell below that standard. Considerable and rather unexpected differences existed between regencies. Low percentages of illiteracy and highest of child survival were found in an area designated as 'minus' for per capita income and food production. Only in Sidoarjo was rice the most frequently consumed staple food. In Trenggalek (south coast) and in Sampang (Madura) it was cassava. In Blitar (south coast) it was rice, maize and cassava mixed or varying according to season. In the remaining six regions a mixture of rice and maize was the common food.", "contents": "Nutrition and nutritional status of rural women in East Java. In the rural parts of nine regencies of the province of East Java Indonesia, in the dry seasons of 1975 and 1976 extensive nutrition surveys were carried out. So designated surplus, marginal and minus areas were included. Social and hygienic features of the household were recorded. The reproductive characteristics of the mother population were noted. Anthropometric data were collected. Their diet, including consumption frequency of staple and secondary foodstuffs, was registered by interview. Of a total of 3,828 mothers of children 0--15 years old 37% were lactating and 6.7% were pregnant. Of the latter some 10% were still nursing a child. The number of live children per family was rather small (2.0--3.4) and the percent of those who had died was high (10--31%). Average height of the mothers was 149 cm and weight 42 kg. A cross-sectional calculation of weight gain during pregnancy resulted in 5.0--7.4 kg. Lactating mothers showed a higher weight-height ratio than non-lactating or pregnant. Taking 90% of the Indonesian standard of weight-for-height as cut-off point for an acceptable nutritional status, 18--24% of the nonpregnant non-lactating, 13--35% of the lactating and 33--57% of the pregnant mothers fell below that standard. Considerable and rather unexpected differences existed between regencies. Low percentages of illiteracy and highest of child survival were found in an area designated as 'minus' for per capita income and food production. Only in Sidoarjo was rice the most frequently consumed staple food. In Trenggalek (south coast) and in Sampang (Madura) it was cassava. In Blitar (south coast) it was rice, maize and cassava mixed or varying according to season. In the remaining six regions a mixture of rice and maize was the common food.", "PMID": 542993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9151", "title": "Differences in blood status of three ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Anaemia, splenomegaly and associated causes.", "content": "In a village population in N. Nigeria the Fulani form a heterogeneous group in comparison with the Hausa and Maguzawa people. It was demonstrated that, apart from having a different body build, Fulani men have on the average lower haemoglobin concentrations, more splenomegaly and higher IgM and IgG concentrations. Splenomegaly and higher IgM levels were correlated in the Fulani only, and this probably is a manifestation of their altered immune response to malaria, which is manifested by the prolonged parasitaemia in Fulani men suggesting that their control over malaria parasites is less effective. Very high IgM levels (more than 9.6 g/l) were present in 6/70 (9%) of Fulani and in none of the others. According to the criteria used the Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome could be diagnosed in 4/70 (6%) of Fulani and in 2/89 (2%) of Hausa and Maguzawa. A nutritional factor, presumably iron intake, and Schistoma haematobium infections appeared to be determinants of haemoglobin concentration in the Hausa and Maguzawa. In Fulani a different pattern emerged characterised by the nutritional factor and a haemolytic factor related to the sickle cell trait. The frequency of the sickle cell trait, however, was similar in all tribes. The significance of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that the heterogeneity of Fulani is possibly due to their less complete adaptation to stable malaria.", "contents": "Differences in blood status of three ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Anaemia, splenomegaly and associated causes. In a village population in N. Nigeria the Fulani form a heterogeneous group in comparison with the Hausa and Maguzawa people. It was demonstrated that, apart from having a different body build, Fulani men have on the average lower haemoglobin concentrations, more splenomegaly and higher IgM and IgG concentrations. Splenomegaly and higher IgM levels were correlated in the Fulani only, and this probably is a manifestation of their altered immune response to malaria, which is manifested by the prolonged parasitaemia in Fulani men suggesting that their control over malaria parasites is less effective. Very high IgM levels (more than 9.6 g/l) were present in 6/70 (9%) of Fulani and in none of the others. According to the criteria used the Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome could be diagnosed in 4/70 (6%) of Fulani and in 2/89 (2%) of Hausa and Maguzawa. A nutritional factor, presumably iron intake, and Schistoma haematobium infections appeared to be determinants of haemoglobin concentration in the Hausa and Maguzawa. In Fulani a different pattern emerged characterised by the nutritional factor and a haemolytic factor related to the sickle cell trait. The frequency of the sickle cell trait, however, was similar in all tribes. The significance of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that the heterogeneity of Fulani is possibly due to their less complete adaptation to stable malaria.", "PMID": 542994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9152", "title": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XVI. The outcome of pregnancy.", "content": "The outcome of pregnancy of all women belonging to the study population of the Machakos project studies who delivered during 1975 and 1976 is presented. The birth-rate was 43.0 per 1,000 population per year, the fertility rate was 235 per 1,000 women 15--44 years of age per year. Unexpected low mortality rates were found; stillbirths, neonatal and infant death rates were respectively 29.8 per 1,000 total births and 22.5 and 50.0 per 1,000 live births. One maternal death occurred among the 2,223 deliveries. Maternal age of less than 25 and over 34 years, a history of previous perinatal death and breech delivery were associated with higher perinatal mortality. Parity, marital status, birth-interval and maternal height were not associated with a difference in outcome of pregnancy. The stillbirth rate among the children born in hospital (26.4%) was 4.4% compared with 2.4% among the children born at home, neonatal and infant death rates were the same. Half of all perinatal deaths were caused by either prematurity or birth trauma, 75% of all infant deaths after the first week of life were caused by infections.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XVI. The outcome of pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy of all women belonging to the study population of the Machakos project studies who delivered during 1975 and 1976 is presented. The birth-rate was 43.0 per 1,000 population per year, the fertility rate was 235 per 1,000 women 15--44 years of age per year. Unexpected low mortality rates were found; stillbirths, neonatal and infant death rates were respectively 29.8 per 1,000 total births and 22.5 and 50.0 per 1,000 live births. One maternal death occurred among the 2,223 deliveries. Maternal age of less than 25 and over 34 years, a history of previous perinatal death and breech delivery were associated with higher perinatal mortality. Parity, marital status, birth-interval and maternal height were not associated with a difference in outcome of pregnancy. The stillbirth rate among the children born in hospital (26.4%) was 4.4% compared with 2.4% among the children born at home, neonatal and infant death rates were the same. Half of all perinatal deaths were caused by either prematurity or birth trauma, 75% of all infant deaths after the first week of life were caused by infections.", "PMID": 542995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9153", "title": "Developing world. Patients' choice of anaesthetic techniques in a developing country.", "content": "A study of the choice between general and local anaesthetic techniques among 200 post-operative Nigerian patients was conducted, using a questionnaire. The patients were interviewed between two and seven days after various types of surgery. Most of the patients (59.5%) preferred general anaesthesia. The commonest reason was fear with psychological upset if they are awake during surgery. This appears to be a basic human feeling which does not appear to be related to sophistication or level of development. Adequate pre-operative communication between doctors and patients should minimise this apprehension. 18% preferred local anaesthetic techniques while 21.5% would not mind either.", "contents": "Developing world. Patients' choice of anaesthetic techniques in a developing country. A study of the choice between general and local anaesthetic techniques among 200 post-operative Nigerian patients was conducted, using a questionnaire. The patients were interviewed between two and seven days after various types of surgery. Most of the patients (59.5%) preferred general anaesthesia. The commonest reason was fear with psychological upset if they are awake during surgery. This appears to be a basic human feeling which does not appear to be related to sophistication or level of development. Adequate pre-operative communication between doctors and patients should minimise this apprehension. 18% preferred local anaesthetic techniques while 21.5% would not mind either.", "PMID": 542996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9154", "title": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense). I. Sumptomatology and clinical pathology.", "content": "Twenty five cattle were infected with T. vivax, 25 with T. congolense, and 25 served as controls. Pathogenic clinical signs of trypanosomal infection were not observed. Secondary bacterial infections were common. Fever, increased heart and respiratory rates, anorexia, and emaciation developed. Elevations in parasitemai and body temperature were positively correlated in the T. vivax group. Infected groups were affected non-uniformly, with some animals in each group remaining asymptomatic and tending to have lower parasitemias. The T. vivax parasitemia was cyclic and the organisms had a genaration time of 7.9 SD 2.5 hours. The first peak of parasitemia in both infections was closely associated with the development of pancytopenia, i.e. anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The bone marrow erythroid response in the T. congolense group was significantly greater thn that in either the T. vivax or control groups. Leukopenia was due to concomitant neutropenia and lymphopenia.", "contents": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense). I. Sumptomatology and clinical pathology. Twenty five cattle were infected with T. vivax, 25 with T. congolense, and 25 served as controls. Pathogenic clinical signs of trypanosomal infection were not observed. Secondary bacterial infections were common. Fever, increased heart and respiratory rates, anorexia, and emaciation developed. Elevations in parasitemai and body temperature were positively correlated in the T. vivax group. Infected groups were affected non-uniformly, with some animals in each group remaining asymptomatic and tending to have lower parasitemias. The T. vivax parasitemia was cyclic and the organisms had a genaration time of 7.9 SD 2.5 hours. The first peak of parasitemia in both infections was closely associated with the development of pancytopenia, i.e. anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The bone marrow erythroid response in the T. congolense group was significantly greater thn that in either the T. vivax or control groups. Leukopenia was due to concomitant neutropenia and lymphopenia.", "PMID": 542998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9155", "title": "The complement fixation test and African trypanosomiasis. II. The complement fixation test as an aid for assessing therapy.", "content": "Complement-fixing antibody titres decline after successful treatment of trypanosoma infected cattle during a fixed period. For investigating the practicability of the resulting double test procedure in the field, cattle under controlled drug regimes were tested at treatment and again 3 weeks later. Alternatively, the results from groups of treated and untreated animals from the same area were compared. Both serological and parasitological test results indicated an insuffieicnt effectiveness of therapy in the area under investibation.", "contents": "The complement fixation test and African trypanosomiasis. II. The complement fixation test as an aid for assessing therapy. Complement-fixing antibody titres decline after successful treatment of trypanosoma infected cattle during a fixed period. For investigating the practicability of the resulting double test procedure in the field, cattle under controlled drug regimes were tested at treatment and again 3 weeks later. Alternatively, the results from groups of treated and untreated animals from the same area were compared. Both serological and parasitological test results indicated an insuffieicnt effectiveness of therapy in the area under investibation.", "PMID": 542999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9156", "title": "Experiments on the Babesia bigemina carrier state in East African buffalo and eland.", "content": "Three captive East African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were injected with 5 x 109 bovine erythrocytes with Babesia bigemina pathogenic for cattle. None of the buffalo showed signs of disease, but Babesia were found in blood smears for four days indicating their multiplication. The carrier state of Babesia bigemina was established in two buffalo for 28 and 147 days respectively by sub-inoculation into splenectomized calves, while no parasites were demonstrated 28 days after injection in the third buffalo. Two buffalo shot in Kenya did not appear to be carriers of Babesia gibemina, as shown by sub-inoculation of blood in splenectomized calves. Two captive eland (Taurotragus oryx) were inoculated and their blood investigated as with the experimental buffalo. Neither eland appeared to harbour Babesia bigemina 28 days after injection, even though one was splenectomized. The experimental data indicate that the East African buffalo can be a carrier of Babesia bigemina for at least 5 months, while this parasite did not survive in eland. Buffalo may play a role in the epidemiology of babesiosis in cattle, while eland most likely do not.", "contents": "Experiments on the Babesia bigemina carrier state in East African buffalo and eland. Three captive East African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were injected with 5 x 109 bovine erythrocytes with Babesia bigemina pathogenic for cattle. None of the buffalo showed signs of disease, but Babesia were found in blood smears for four days indicating their multiplication. The carrier state of Babesia bigemina was established in two buffalo for 28 and 147 days respectively by sub-inoculation into splenectomized calves, while no parasites were demonstrated 28 days after injection in the third buffalo. Two buffalo shot in Kenya did not appear to be carriers of Babesia gibemina, as shown by sub-inoculation of blood in splenectomized calves. Two captive eland (Taurotragus oryx) were inoculated and their blood investigated as with the experimental buffalo. Neither eland appeared to harbour Babesia bigemina 28 days after injection, even though one was splenectomized. The experimental data indicate that the East African buffalo can be a carrier of Babesia bigemina for at least 5 months, while this parasite did not survive in eland. Buffalo may play a role in the epidemiology of babesiosis in cattle, while eland most likely do not.", "PMID": 543000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9157", "title": "Entomological aspects of the first five years of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin.", "content": "The history and structure of the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin are described. An outline of the vector control operations is given, and the techniques and organisation of the entomological evaluation network are described in detail. During the course of the evaluation and related studies undertaken between November 1974 and October 1978 almost 1.2 million S. damnosum females have been taken in over 52,000 man days of catching, and 674,000 flies were dissected. An assessment based on this effort using Annual Biting Rates and Annual Transmission Potentials shows that the transmission of O. volvulus has been reduced to below a defined maximum permissible level over most of the central part of the Programme Area. The difficulties encountered in the remainder, and at certain problem sites are outlined and relevant data given. The benefits to be expected from extending the area further southwards and the possibilities of later reductions in control activity are discussed.", "contents": "Entomological aspects of the first five years of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin. The history and structure of the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin are described. An outline of the vector control operations is given, and the techniques and organisation of the entomological evaluation network are described in detail. During the course of the evaluation and related studies undertaken between November 1974 and October 1978 almost 1.2 million S. damnosum females have been taken in over 52,000 man days of catching, and 674,000 flies were dissected. An assessment based on this effort using Annual Biting Rates and Annual Transmission Potentials shows that the transmission of O. volvulus has been reduced to below a defined maximum permissible level over most of the central part of the Programme Area. The difficulties encountered in the remainder, and at certain problem sites are outlined and relevant data given. The benefits to be expected from extending the area further southwards and the possibilities of later reductions in control activity are discussed.", "PMID": 543001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9158", "title": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 8. The action of furazolidone on adult worms and microfilariae.", "content": "After oral administration of furazolidone in doses of 5 x 50 mg/kg and 1 x 100 mg/kg body weight to Litomosoides carinii--infected Mastomys natalensis microfilaraemia decreased continuously and was reduced by more than 98% 42 days after start of treatment. After the 5-day treatment all adult female and male worms were found dead and encapsulated within 2 weeks, whereas after the single dose 100% of the female parasites were encapsulated 28 days after treatment. In untreated animals quantiative examinations of the intrauterine stages showed an average number of 500 x 103 embryos per adult female worm. Following the 5-day treatment the number of embryos per female parasite was reduced after 42 days to 12.5 x 103, and after the single treatment to 26.9 x 103. By classification into 5 different stages (2- and 4-cell stages, Morula stage, \"Horse-shoe\" stage, \"Ring\" and \"Brezel\" stages, and intruterine microfilariae) an embryogram showed a continuous increase in pathologically-altered embryos during the whole observation period. The 2- and 4-cell stages suffered the most damaged. By 16 days after the end of the 5-day treatment and by 28 days after the single treatment all embryonic stages in the uteri were found to be pathologically altered. Furazolidone possessess high macrofilaricidal activity together with a considerable adverse effect on embryognesis and some delayed effect on microfilaraemia.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 8. The action of furazolidone on adult worms and microfilariae. After oral administration of furazolidone in doses of 5 x 50 mg/kg and 1 x 100 mg/kg body weight to Litomosoides carinii--infected Mastomys natalensis microfilaraemia decreased continuously and was reduced by more than 98% 42 days after start of treatment. After the 5-day treatment all adult female and male worms were found dead and encapsulated within 2 weeks, whereas after the single dose 100% of the female parasites were encapsulated 28 days after treatment. In untreated animals quantiative examinations of the intrauterine stages showed an average number of 500 x 103 embryos per adult female worm. Following the 5-day treatment the number of embryos per female parasite was reduced after 42 days to 12.5 x 103, and after the single treatment to 26.9 x 103. By classification into 5 different stages (2- and 4-cell stages, Morula stage, \"Horse-shoe\" stage, \"Ring\" and \"Brezel\" stages, and intruterine microfilariae) an embryogram showed a continuous increase in pathologically-altered embryos during the whole observation period. The 2- and 4-cell stages suffered the most damaged. By 16 days after the end of the 5-day treatment and by 28 days after the single treatment all embryonic stages in the uteri were found to be pathologically altered. Furazolidone possessess high macrofilaricidal activity together with a considerable adverse effect on embryognesis and some delayed effect on microfilaraemia.", "PMID": 543002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9159", "title": "IgE serum levels in urinary schistosomiasis.", "content": "IgE serum levels were determined by PRIST in 56 patients suffering from urinary schistosomiasis and in 39 healthy subjects living in the Coriolei area, south of Mogadishu. Abnormally high IgE values (as referred to normal values found in European healthy controls) were observed in 87.5% of the patients, the mean average being 1359.58 +/- 721.11 U/ml in schistosomiasis and 430.57 +/- 600.90 U/ml in Somalian healthy controls (P less than 0.01). The possible role of IgE in parasitic infection is discussed.", "contents": "IgE serum levels in urinary schistosomiasis. IgE serum levels were determined by PRIST in 56 patients suffering from urinary schistosomiasis and in 39 healthy subjects living in the Coriolei area, south of Mogadishu. Abnormally high IgE values (as referred to normal values found in European healthy controls) were observed in 87.5% of the patients, the mean average being 1359.58 +/- 721.11 U/ml in schistosomiasis and 430.57 +/- 600.90 U/ml in Somalian healthy controls (P less than 0.01). The possible role of IgE in parasitic infection is discussed.", "PMID": 543003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9160", "title": "[Echinococcus multilocularis: superinfections in experimentally infected mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of subcutaneous superinfections following an intraperitoneal primary infection after 4 and 14 weeks respectively has been examined in Echinococcus multiolcularis infected NMRI-mice. It could be shown that the growth of subcutaneous echinococci is inhibited in superinfected mice (372 mg) if compared with control mice (903 mg parasite weight). Other differences (composition of serum proteins and white blood cells, hemoglobin content) are exclusively due to the primary intraperitoneal infection.", "contents": "[Echinococcus multilocularis: superinfections in experimentally infected mice (author's transl)]. The influence of subcutaneous superinfections following an intraperitoneal primary infection after 4 and 14 weeks respectively has been examined in Echinococcus multiolcularis infected NMRI-mice. It could be shown that the growth of subcutaneous echinococci is inhibited in superinfected mice (372 mg) if compared with control mice (903 mg parasite weight). Other differences (composition of serum proteins and white blood cells, hemoglobin content) are exclusively due to the primary intraperitoneal infection.", "PMID": 543004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9161", "title": "The effect of praziquantel on Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro.", "content": "Qualitative observations were made on Hymenolepis diminuta, H. microstoma, H. nana and pre-adult Echinococcus multilocularis in vitro. A dose as low as 0.0001 microgram praziquantel/ml affects the tapeworms, while concentrations of 0.01 - 0.1 and 1-10 microgram/ml cause contraction and paralysis in the contracted state within 10 min and 10-30 s, respectively. The in vitro effects of praziquantel on Hymenolepis diminuta have been studied using anaerobic and aerobic incubations and media containing or lacking glucose. Praziquantel inhibits glucose up-take by half at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml, both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The stimulation of lactate release was most marked in the absence of glucose. A doubling of the amount of lactate released during anaerobic incubation in the presence of glucose was achieved in 0.1 microgram/ml, while 0.01 microgram/ml had the same effect in the absence of glucose. Under aerobic conditions and in the absence of glucose, 0.1 microgram/ml doubled the amount of lactate released while 3 and 10 microgram/ml were without effect in the presence of glucose. Praziquantel increases the total amount of excreted acidic metabolites only in the absence of glucose. The oxygen consumption of H. diminuta was unaffected by praziquantel at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml. Worms treated in their host and then incubated display the same changes as worms treated in vitro. Praziquantel causes an efflux of glucose and alpha-amino-N from the worm into the medium. This impairment of tegumental integrity and the inhibition of glucose up-take and the stimulation of lactate release are reversible after a 15 min incubation in praziquantel solution. Discussion of pharmacokinetic data indicates, that in the in vivo situation, effective concentrations of praziquantel prevail for much longer. Mechanisms that might explain the observed effects are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of praziquantel on Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro. Qualitative observations were made on Hymenolepis diminuta, H. microstoma, H. nana and pre-adult Echinococcus multilocularis in vitro. A dose as low as 0.0001 microgram praziquantel/ml affects the tapeworms, while concentrations of 0.01 - 0.1 and 1-10 microgram/ml cause contraction and paralysis in the contracted state within 10 min and 10-30 s, respectively. The in vitro effects of praziquantel on Hymenolepis diminuta have been studied using anaerobic and aerobic incubations and media containing or lacking glucose. Praziquantel inhibits glucose up-take by half at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml, both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The stimulation of lactate release was most marked in the absence of glucose. A doubling of the amount of lactate released during anaerobic incubation in the presence of glucose was achieved in 0.1 microgram/ml, while 0.01 microgram/ml had the same effect in the absence of glucose. Under aerobic conditions and in the absence of glucose, 0.1 microgram/ml doubled the amount of lactate released while 3 and 10 microgram/ml were without effect in the presence of glucose. Praziquantel increases the total amount of excreted acidic metabolites only in the absence of glucose. The oxygen consumption of H. diminuta was unaffected by praziquantel at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml. Worms treated in their host and then incubated display the same changes as worms treated in vitro. Praziquantel causes an efflux of glucose and alpha-amino-N from the worm into the medium. This impairment of tegumental integrity and the inhibition of glucose up-take and the stimulation of lactate release are reversible after a 15 min incubation in praziquantel solution. Discussion of pharmacokinetic data indicates, that in the in vivo situation, effective concentrations of praziquantel prevail for much longer. Mechanisms that might explain the observed effects are discussed.", "PMID": 543005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9162", "title": "The efficacy of praziquantel against Taenia saginata cysticercosis in naturally infected calves.", "content": "The effect of Praziquantel on Taenia saginata cysticerci was investigated in a trial involving 80 calves from an endemic area in East Africa. When administered subcutaneously at a dose rate of 100 mg per kg of body weight Praziquantel killed all cysterci in all treated calves. A few cysticerci remained viable after a single subcutaneous infection at 50 mg/kg.", "contents": "The efficacy of praziquantel against Taenia saginata cysticercosis in naturally infected calves. The effect of Praziquantel on Taenia saginata cysticerci was investigated in a trial involving 80 calves from an endemic area in East Africa. When administered subcutaneously at a dose rate of 100 mg per kg of body weight Praziquantel killed all cysterci in all treated calves. A few cysticerci remained viable after a single subcutaneous infection at 50 mg/kg.", "PMID": 543006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9163", "title": "The symptoms of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and patients' attitudes to the disease and to its treatment in Hong Kong.", "content": "A questionnaire was applied by Government Health Visitors in Hong Kong to 201 consecutive patients with smear-positive, and 199 with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis who were attending one of the 7 full-time Government chest clinics for the first time on account of their current illness. Information was obtained about the symptoms of the disease and its diagnosis and management outside the Government service, and about patients' knowledge and attitudes towards the Government service. Among the 343 patients who sought treatment because of respiratory symptoms, the first symptom for the great majority (81 %) was cough, 15 % having sputum and 27 % haemoptysis as well. However, treatment was sought by only 15 % because of cough alone, compared with 40 % because of haemoptysis. Most patients (76 %) attended their first source of treatment or investigation within a month of the onset of symptoms, but some allowed long delays, and only 35 % attended a Government chest clinic within a month (whether this was the first source of treatment or not). The first source attended was a private practitioner for 53 % of the patients, another private medical establishment for 4 %, a Government chest clinic for only 11 % and another Government medical establishment for 17 %, 9 % went first to a herbalist and 5 % went to a drug store or treated themselves. The delays between the patients' first attendance at a source of treatment and their first attendance at a Government clinic were important, because outside the Government chest clinics only 49 % were investigated by chest radiograph and only 7 % by sputum bacteriology. Only 33 % were even suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, and many were correspondingly inadequately treated. The patients were, in general, ill informed about the Government chest clinic service; 52 % did not know, before their current illness, of the existence of the service, only 9 % knew that it was free, and only 12 % that it specialised in the management of tuberculosis. This study thus revealed a need to educate the public about the symptoms of tuberculosis, and about the possibility of their being investigated and treated, free, in a Government chest clinic.", "contents": "The symptoms of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and patients' attitudes to the disease and to its treatment in Hong Kong. A questionnaire was applied by Government Health Visitors in Hong Kong to 201 consecutive patients with smear-positive, and 199 with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis who were attending one of the 7 full-time Government chest clinics for the first time on account of their current illness. Information was obtained about the symptoms of the disease and its diagnosis and management outside the Government service, and about patients' knowledge and attitudes towards the Government service. Among the 343 patients who sought treatment because of respiratory symptoms, the first symptom for the great majority (81 %) was cough, 15 % having sputum and 27 % haemoptysis as well. However, treatment was sought by only 15 % because of cough alone, compared with 40 % because of haemoptysis. Most patients (76 %) attended their first source of treatment or investigation within a month of the onset of symptoms, but some allowed long delays, and only 35 % attended a Government chest clinic within a month (whether this was the first source of treatment or not). The first source attended was a private practitioner for 53 % of the patients, another private medical establishment for 4 %, a Government chest clinic for only 11 % and another Government medical establishment for 17 %, 9 % went first to a herbalist and 5 % went to a drug store or treated themselves. The delays between the patients' first attendance at a source of treatment and their first attendance at a Government clinic were important, because outside the Government chest clinics only 49 % were investigated by chest radiograph and only 7 % by sputum bacteriology. Only 33 % were even suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, and many were correspondingly inadequately treated. The patients were, in general, ill informed about the Government chest clinic service; 52 % did not know, before their current illness, of the existence of the service, only 9 % knew that it was free, and only 12 % that it specialised in the management of tuberculosis. This study thus revealed a need to educate the public about the symptoms of tuberculosis, and about the possibility of their being investigated and treated, free, in a Government chest clinic.", "PMID": 543007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9164", "title": "The protective effect of BCG vaccination as indicated by autopsy studies.", "content": "In a detailed study of the pathology of tuberculous infection made in Finland in 1961, tuberculous foci were found at autopsy in 61 of 67 non-vaccinated subjects and in 35 of 83 BCG-vaccinated subjects, all of whom had died between the ages of 1 and 45 years (with 2 exceptions from causes other than tuberculosis). In the present note on the same material, national information on tuberculin sensitivity and tuberculosis mortality has been used to calculate the risk of tuberculous infection in Finland at different times and ages during the lifetime of these subjects. From these risks of infection in Finland it was estimated that 63 or 64 of the non-vaccinated subjects had been infected during their lifetime and that between 25 and 31 of the BCG-vaccinated subjects were expected to have been naturally infected (had they not been vaccinated) between the time of vaccination and death. It is concluded that virtually all tuberculous infections in unvaccinated subjects lead to pulmonary foci, which are demonstrable at autopsy. Further, the same appears to be so in vaccinated subjects; there is no evidence to support the suggestion that in man BCG vaccine can prevent the establishment of infection in an exposed subject. The effects of BCG (as demonstrated in the earlier paper) appear to be confined to limiting the multiplication and dissemination of the bacilli and the development of lesions following infection.", "contents": "The protective effect of BCG vaccination as indicated by autopsy studies. In a detailed study of the pathology of tuberculous infection made in Finland in 1961, tuberculous foci were found at autopsy in 61 of 67 non-vaccinated subjects and in 35 of 83 BCG-vaccinated subjects, all of whom had died between the ages of 1 and 45 years (with 2 exceptions from causes other than tuberculosis). In the present note on the same material, national information on tuberculin sensitivity and tuberculosis mortality has been used to calculate the risk of tuberculous infection in Finland at different times and ages during the lifetime of these subjects. From these risks of infection in Finland it was estimated that 63 or 64 of the non-vaccinated subjects had been infected during their lifetime and that between 25 and 31 of the BCG-vaccinated subjects were expected to have been naturally infected (had they not been vaccinated) between the time of vaccination and death. It is concluded that virtually all tuberculous infections in unvaccinated subjects lead to pulmonary foci, which are demonstrable at autopsy. Further, the same appears to be so in vaccinated subjects; there is no evidence to support the suggestion that in man BCG vaccine can prevent the establishment of infection in an exposed subject. The effects of BCG (as demonstrated in the earlier paper) appear to be confined to limiting the multiplication and dissemination of the bacilli and the development of lesions following infection.", "PMID": 543008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9165", "title": "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin--preliminary report.", "content": "Twenty two children with tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid, streptomycin and rifampicin and 19 were treated with isoniazid, PAS and streptomycin for at least 18 months. Both groups received corticosteroids at the beginning of treatment. The 2 groups were compared for clinical and neurological improvement, rate of recovery, the presence of neurological sequelae and for mortality. The drug toxicity of both regimens was also compared. The rate of recovery in the first 2 months of treatment was slightly more rapid in group I than in group II and neurological sequelae were less frequent in group I than in group II, but the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. There was very little difference in the death rate in both groups. A high incidence of jaundice was found amongst the children who received rifampicin.", "contents": "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin--preliminary report. Twenty two children with tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid, streptomycin and rifampicin and 19 were treated with isoniazid, PAS and streptomycin for at least 18 months. Both groups received corticosteroids at the beginning of treatment. The 2 groups were compared for clinical and neurological improvement, rate of recovery, the presence of neurological sequelae and for mortality. The drug toxicity of both regimens was also compared. The rate of recovery in the first 2 months of treatment was slightly more rapid in group I than in group II and neurological sequelae were less frequent in group I than in group II, but the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. There was very little difference in the death rate in both groups. A high incidence of jaundice was found amongst the children who received rifampicin.", "PMID": 543009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9166", "title": "In vitro and in vivo selection of two Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines.", "content": "Two tumor cell lines adapted to grow in vitro were originated from an explant of lung metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma. These lines differ in their malignancy when reinoculated into syngeneic animals; nevertheless, they do not show any difference for their in vitro clonogenic ability. From these lines 2 in vivo sublines of 3LL carcinoma were developed. The TD50 of the 2 in vivo sublines are different, and both the values obtained are lower than that of the original line. These results are interpreted as a selection of more malignant tumor cell lines.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo selection of two Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines. Two tumor cell lines adapted to grow in vitro were originated from an explant of lung metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma. These lines differ in their malignancy when reinoculated into syngeneic animals; nevertheless, they do not show any difference for their in vitro clonogenic ability. From these lines 2 in vivo sublines of 3LL carcinoma were developed. The TD50 of the 2 in vivo sublines are different, and both the values obtained are lower than that of the original line. These results are interpreted as a selection of more malignant tumor cell lines.", "PMID": 543011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9167", "title": "Analysis of tumor incidence in BALB/c mice used as controls in carcinogenicity experiments.", "content": "The tumor incidence was studied in 4 groups of BALB/c mice kept under observation in the same experimental conditions as untreated controls in the course of bioassays of chemical carcinogenesis. Two parameters that reflect the variations of environmental factors were studied: body growth and survival rate. Their possible influence on tumor incidence was also considered. Fluctuations were observed in the incidence of different tumor types among the groups, but the level of significance was reached only when comparing the incidence of hepatomas, adrenal cortex tumors and subcutaneous fibrosarcomas among males and the incidence of angiomas and angiosarcomas among females. No association was found between the variations of tumor incidence and body growth and survival rate, which remained constant among the groups.", "contents": "Analysis of tumor incidence in BALB/c mice used as controls in carcinogenicity experiments. The tumor incidence was studied in 4 groups of BALB/c mice kept under observation in the same experimental conditions as untreated controls in the course of bioassays of chemical carcinogenesis. Two parameters that reflect the variations of environmental factors were studied: body growth and survival rate. Their possible influence on tumor incidence was also considered. Fluctuations were observed in the incidence of different tumor types among the groups, but the level of significance was reached only when comparing the incidence of hepatomas, adrenal cortex tumors and subcutaneous fibrosarcomas among males and the incidence of angiomas and angiosarcomas among females. No association was found between the variations of tumor incidence and body growth and survival rate, which remained constant among the groups.", "PMID": 543012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9168", "title": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with norethisterone acetate.", "content": "The medical records of 84 postmenopausal women treated with oral norethisterone acetate (NTA) for advanced breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment was devoid of significant toxicity. Twenty-one patients were not evaluable for treatment response either because of insufficient data or inadequate treatment trial. Complete plus partial response was obtained in 21 (33.3%) of the 63 evaluable patients, with a median duration of 10 months. Disease stabilization was observed in 16 (25.4%) patients for a median duration of 5 months, while 26 patients (41.3%) showed progressive disease while on treatment. The best response was observed in women with dominant soft part disease and an age over 70 (CR+PR 48%). The literature on norethisterone acetate is reviewed and compared with present results. The role of progestational agents in the treatment of advanced mammary carcinoma is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with norethisterone acetate. The medical records of 84 postmenopausal women treated with oral norethisterone acetate (NTA) for advanced breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment was devoid of significant toxicity. Twenty-one patients were not evaluable for treatment response either because of insufficient data or inadequate treatment trial. Complete plus partial response was obtained in 21 (33.3%) of the 63 evaluable patients, with a median duration of 10 months. Disease stabilization was observed in 16 (25.4%) patients for a median duration of 5 months, while 26 patients (41.3%) showed progressive disease while on treatment. The best response was observed in women with dominant soft part disease and an age over 70 (CR+PR 48%). The literature on norethisterone acetate is reviewed and compared with present results. The role of progestational agents in the treatment of advanced mammary carcinoma is discussed.", "PMID": 543013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9169", "title": "Bone metastases from breast cancer treated with calcitonin. Case report.", "content": "A case of bone metastases from breast cancer is reported. After 6 months of therapy with calcitonin, the skeletal radiological examination showed an evident change in the roentgenographic pattern of a large metastasis of the left femur. A possible relationship between the calcitonin treatment and the radiological change is discussed.", "contents": "Bone metastases from breast cancer treated with calcitonin. Case report. A case of bone metastases from breast cancer is reported. After 6 months of therapy with calcitonin, the skeletal radiological examination showed an evident change in the roentgenographic pattern of a large metastasis of the left femur. A possible relationship between the calcitonin treatment and the radiological change is discussed.", "PMID": 543014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9170", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children. Pathologic study of 87 cases.", "content": "From 1963 to 1977 at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori at Milan, 112 patients below the age of 16 years with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were observed, representing 13.2% of all the cases of this disease seen during the stated time interval. Eighty-seven of these cases are the subject of the present study. Fifty-nine patients were males and 28 females (2.1:1 ratio). The age range varied from 2 years 10 months to 15 years 10 months (median 10 years). Forty-three (49.4%) children, of whom 35 were males and 8 females, were below the age of 10 years at the onset of their disease. The clinical staging resulted in 34 patients as stage I, 33 as stage II, 13 as stage III and 7 as stage IV. The histologic type was nodular sclerosis (NS) in 49 cases (56.3%), lymphocytic predominance (LP) in 15 cases (17.2%), mixed cellularity (MC) type in 9 cases (10.3%) and lymphocytic depletion (LD) in 8 cases (9.2%). In the remaining 6 cases the histologic classification was not applicable. LP type in 15/15 (100%) patients was associated with stages I and II, and NS in 38/49 (77%) patients was related to stage I and stage II. The latter was also the istologic type most often encountered in patients with stage II disease (23/33 or 70%). Eleven patients have died, and their survival varied from 6 to 47 months (median 30 months). The histologic type was LD in 4 cases, NS in 3 cases, MC in 1 case, and LP in 1 case. In the other 2 nonsurvivors, the histologic type was not identifiable. Of the 23 patients with more than a 5-year survival, 14 (60.8%) had NS HD. As in adults, LP and NS were associated with early stages of the disease and with long survival.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children. Pathologic study of 87 cases. From 1963 to 1977 at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori at Milan, 112 patients below the age of 16 years with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were observed, representing 13.2% of all the cases of this disease seen during the stated time interval. Eighty-seven of these cases are the subject of the present study. Fifty-nine patients were males and 28 females (2.1:1 ratio). The age range varied from 2 years 10 months to 15 years 10 months (median 10 years). Forty-three (49.4%) children, of whom 35 were males and 8 females, were below the age of 10 years at the onset of their disease. The clinical staging resulted in 34 patients as stage I, 33 as stage II, 13 as stage III and 7 as stage IV. The histologic type was nodular sclerosis (NS) in 49 cases (56.3%), lymphocytic predominance (LP) in 15 cases (17.2%), mixed cellularity (MC) type in 9 cases (10.3%) and lymphocytic depletion (LD) in 8 cases (9.2%). In the remaining 6 cases the histologic classification was not applicable. LP type in 15/15 (100%) patients was associated with stages I and II, and NS in 38/49 (77%) patients was related to stage I and stage II. The latter was also the istologic type most often encountered in patients with stage II disease (23/33 or 70%). Eleven patients have died, and their survival varied from 6 to 47 months (median 30 months). The histologic type was LD in 4 cases, NS in 3 cases, MC in 1 case, and LP in 1 case. In the other 2 nonsurvivors, the histologic type was not identifiable. Of the 23 patients with more than a 5-year survival, 14 (60.8%) had NS HD. As in adults, LP and NS were associated with early stages of the disease and with long survival.", "PMID": 543015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9171", "title": "Feasibility of different combinations of chemotherapy (6 MOPP) plus radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "During a preliminary clinical experience (1973-1977) we experimented three different sequences in associating 6 MOPP cycles (CT) with radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of stage II and III Hodgkin's disease. A total of 55 consecutive previously untreated patients can be estimated to contribute in defining feasibility, immediate results and toxicity of the combined treatment. In this group of patients RT preceded CT in 20 cases (RT-6 MOPP), the opposite sequence (6 MOPP-RT) was preferred in 16 cases, whilst a split-course CT fitting in the RT (3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP) was employed in 19 cases. Except for the sequence used with respect to irradiation, the CT was carried out in all the cases according to the classical scheme proposed by De Vita et al. (11). RT was effected with 60Co-teletherapy and a wide field or segmental sequential fields, having variable extension depending on the stage (\"extended nodal irradiation\" for stage II and III cases with lymph node involvement not below L3; \"total nodal irradiation\" for the remaining cases in stage III). The programmed doses were 45.0 Gy to the involved areas and 40.0 Gy to the clinically uninvolved regions for the RT-6 MOPP and 6 MOPP-RT groups. Doses of 35.0/30.0 Gy were planned for the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP group. The three different groups are not homogeneous with regard to certain important clinical and pathological characteristics; in fact, a higher quota of stage III patients, with systemic symptoms and spleen positivity is present in the 6 MOPP-RT and 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP groups. The combined treatment has achieved a complete clinical remission in 18/20 patients in the RT-6 MOPP group (90.0%), in 12/16 patients of the 6 MOPP-RT group (75.0%), and in 17/19 cases in the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP \"sandwich\" combination (89.5%). The average overall duration of the treatment was 48 weeks for the sandwich combination, 50 weeks for the RT-6 MOPP group, and 56 weeks for the 6 MOPP-RT association. As regards the sandwich combination, both CT and RT took a reasonable length of time to complete. On the contrary, both the medical treatment and irradiation required an excessively long time and were not well tolerated when preceded by either RT or CT in full doses. In particular, myelosuppression was less acute and prolonged in the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP group, whereas the actual doses of CT and RT were higher than those which can be reached with respect to other groups. Three preliminary cycles of CT considerably reduce the target volumes and complications arising from RT. The first CT time gave an objective response greater than 50% in 9/9 cases of the 3 MOPP-RT-3-MOPP group with mediastinal involvement. In this group, rather considerable pulmonary complications were observed in 3/9 patients (33.3%) with respect to the 40% found for the 6 MOPP-RT group (2/5 cases) and the 67.7% for the RT-6 MOPP group (6/9 cases).", "contents": "Feasibility of different combinations of chemotherapy (6 MOPP) plus radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease. During a preliminary clinical experience (1973-1977) we experimented three different sequences in associating 6 MOPP cycles (CT) with radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of stage II and III Hodgkin's disease. A total of 55 consecutive previously untreated patients can be estimated to contribute in defining feasibility, immediate results and toxicity of the combined treatment. In this group of patients RT preceded CT in 20 cases (RT-6 MOPP), the opposite sequence (6 MOPP-RT) was preferred in 16 cases, whilst a split-course CT fitting in the RT (3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP) was employed in 19 cases. Except for the sequence used with respect to irradiation, the CT was carried out in all the cases according to the classical scheme proposed by De Vita et al. (11). RT was effected with 60Co-teletherapy and a wide field or segmental sequential fields, having variable extension depending on the stage (\"extended nodal irradiation\" for stage II and III cases with lymph node involvement not below L3; \"total nodal irradiation\" for the remaining cases in stage III). The programmed doses were 45.0 Gy to the involved areas and 40.0 Gy to the clinically uninvolved regions for the RT-6 MOPP and 6 MOPP-RT groups. Doses of 35.0/30.0 Gy were planned for the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP group. The three different groups are not homogeneous with regard to certain important clinical and pathological characteristics; in fact, a higher quota of stage III patients, with systemic symptoms and spleen positivity is present in the 6 MOPP-RT and 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP groups. The combined treatment has achieved a complete clinical remission in 18/20 patients in the RT-6 MOPP group (90.0%), in 12/16 patients of the 6 MOPP-RT group (75.0%), and in 17/19 cases in the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP \"sandwich\" combination (89.5%). The average overall duration of the treatment was 48 weeks for the sandwich combination, 50 weeks for the RT-6 MOPP group, and 56 weeks for the 6 MOPP-RT association. As regards the sandwich combination, both CT and RT took a reasonable length of time to complete. On the contrary, both the medical treatment and irradiation required an excessively long time and were not well tolerated when preceded by either RT or CT in full doses. In particular, myelosuppression was less acute and prolonged in the 3 MOPP-RT-3 MOPP group, whereas the actual doses of CT and RT were higher than those which can be reached with respect to other groups. Three preliminary cycles of CT considerably reduce the target volumes and complications arising from RT. The first CT time gave an objective response greater than 50% in 9/9 cases of the 3 MOPP-RT-3-MOPP group with mediastinal involvement. In this group, rather considerable pulmonary complications were observed in 3/9 patients (33.3%) with respect to the 40% found for the 6 MOPP-RT group (2/5 cases) and the 67.7% for the RT-6 MOPP group (6/9 cases).", "PMID": 543016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9172", "title": "Histologic subclassification of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Nodular sclerosis (NS) Hodgkin's disease was pathologically subdivided by cellular composition and degree of fibrosis in a series of 49 children admitted to the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan between 1967 and 1977. NS showed lymphocytic predominance (LP) in 26 cases, mixed cellularity (MC) in 16 cases, and lymphocytic depletion (LD) in 7 cases. \"Early fibrosis\" (EF) and \"advanced fibrosis\" (AF) subgroups in 28 and 21 cases, respectively, were observed. Of the cases with LP 76.9% (20/26) presented with stages I and II disease, compared with 37.5% (6/16) and 28.6% (2/7) of the MC nad LD subgroups, respectively. LP and EF subgroups coexisted in 12 of 28 (42.9%) patients at stages I and II. Predominance of lymphocytes, rarity of lacunar cells, and a mild degree of fibrosis were asociated with early stages of disease. This data confirms that subclassification of NS is feasible.", "contents": "Histologic subclassification of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease. Nodular sclerosis (NS) Hodgkin's disease was pathologically subdivided by cellular composition and degree of fibrosis in a series of 49 children admitted to the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan between 1967 and 1977. NS showed lymphocytic predominance (LP) in 26 cases, mixed cellularity (MC) in 16 cases, and lymphocytic depletion (LD) in 7 cases. \"Early fibrosis\" (EF) and \"advanced fibrosis\" (AF) subgroups in 28 and 21 cases, respectively, were observed. Of the cases with LP 76.9% (20/26) presented with stages I and II disease, compared with 37.5% (6/16) and 28.6% (2/7) of the MC nad LD subgroups, respectively. LP and EF subgroups coexisted in 12 of 28 (42.9%) patients at stages I and II. Predominance of lymphocytes, rarity of lacunar cells, and a mild degree of fibrosis were asociated with early stages of disease. This data confirms that subclassification of NS is feasible.", "PMID": 543017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9173", "title": "[Computerized tomography of lymphomas: a simple method in the control of abdominal localization after treatment].", "content": "The authors, according to their experience of repeated controls of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in 10 patients with Hodgkin's and non Hodgkin's lymphomas, obtained a clear demonstration of therapy response and disease evolution. The reduction or enlargement after therapy of periaortic, pericaval, hepatic, splenic and pancreatic lymph nodes not always opacified from lymphographic contrast medium is evaluated. It was possible, during the same examination, to evaluate liver, spleen, kidneys parenchyma and regional bone. CT results were always well correlated with clinical findings.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography of lymphomas: a simple method in the control of abdominal localization after treatment]. The authors, according to their experience of repeated controls of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in 10 patients with Hodgkin's and non Hodgkin's lymphomas, obtained a clear demonstration of therapy response and disease evolution. The reduction or enlargement after therapy of periaortic, pericaval, hepatic, splenic and pancreatic lymph nodes not always opacified from lymphographic contrast medium is evaluated. It was possible, during the same examination, to evaluate liver, spleen, kidneys parenchyma and regional bone. CT results were always well correlated with clinical findings.", "PMID": 543018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9174", "title": "Argentaffin pulmonary tumorlets.", "content": "The left lung, surgically removed from a patient, was found to be bronchiectasic and polycystic. Using light microscopy it was possible to locate multiple tumorlets originating from the Kulchitsky cells of the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosae. With the traditional histochemical staining, argyrophilia and argentaffinity were demonstrated. The latter, not previously reported in the literature, suggests the presence of different monoamines in the neurosecretory cytoplasmic granules of the tumorlet cells.", "contents": "Argentaffin pulmonary tumorlets. The left lung, surgically removed from a patient, was found to be bronchiectasic and polycystic. Using light microscopy it was possible to locate multiple tumorlets originating from the Kulchitsky cells of the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosae. With the traditional histochemical staining, argyrophilia and argentaffinity were demonstrated. The latter, not previously reported in the literature, suggests the presence of different monoamines in the neurosecretory cytoplasmic granules of the tumorlet cells.", "PMID": 543019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9175", "title": "A case of hyperthyroidism due to metastasis of a thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "A case of hyperthyroidism, which developed in a patient affected by thyroid carcinoma a few days after thyroidectomy, is described. The symptomatology was caused by a bone metastasis at the left ischiopubic branch, which had a high iodine-uptake capacity and was sensitive to metabolic radiotherapy. Pulmonary metastases were also present; they had a distinct low affinity for iodine and showed no response to repeated administrations of 131I. The case is evaluated on the basis of the evolution of the clinical picture and the hormone dosages administered in a follow-up period of 3 years.", "contents": "A case of hyperthyroidism due to metastasis of a thyroid carcinoma. A case of hyperthyroidism, which developed in a patient affected by thyroid carcinoma a few days after thyroidectomy, is described. The symptomatology was caused by a bone metastasis at the left ischiopubic branch, which had a high iodine-uptake capacity and was sensitive to metabolic radiotherapy. Pulmonary metastases were also present; they had a distinct low affinity for iodine and showed no response to repeated administrations of 131I. The case is evaluated on the basis of the evolution of the clinical picture and the hormone dosages administered in a follow-up period of 3 years.", "PMID": 543020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9176", "title": "[Properties of the olfactorymucosa's water-soluble proteins].", "content": "A quantitative and qualitative biochemical investigation was carried out for the composition of water-soluble proteins in preparation of the bull's olfactory mucosa scrape. Comparing the results with those obtained for a similar preparation of a nonsensory nature (a preparation of a respiratory epithelium scrape) the authors found that the most electrically-mobile protein fractions differ in their physical properties and number. A reaction for glycoproteins showed that with an alcian blue an appropriate colour for acidic glycoproteins is given only by two protein fractions. The most electrically-mobile fraction with its visual colour of an olfactory pigment is probably identical to its water-soluble component absorbed on phosphatides. The second, weakly mobile protein is the main acidic glycoprotein of the olfactory mucus and besides it has a reaction for on alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Properties of the olfactorymucosa's water-soluble proteins]. A quantitative and qualitative biochemical investigation was carried out for the composition of water-soluble proteins in preparation of the bull's olfactory mucosa scrape. Comparing the results with those obtained for a similar preparation of a nonsensory nature (a preparation of a respiratory epithelium scrape) the authors found that the most electrically-mobile protein fractions differ in their physical properties and number. A reaction for glycoproteins showed that with an alcian blue an appropriate colour for acidic glycoproteins is given only by two protein fractions. The most electrically-mobile fraction with its visual colour of an olfactory pigment is probably identical to its water-soluble component absorbed on phosphatides. The second, weakly mobile protein is the main acidic glycoprotein of the olfactory mucus and besides it has a reaction for on alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 543021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9177", "title": "[Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the grass carp oocytes, ovarian and perivitelline fluids].", "content": "The alanine aminotransferase activity in the ovarian fluid is much higher than in the mature oocytes and perivitelline fluid, the aspartate aminotransferase activity is higher in the perivitelline fluid than in the oocytes and ovarian fluid. The aspartate aminotransferase activity prevails in the mature oocytes and perivitelline fluid. The temperature optimum of the both activities is 38-44 degrees C, the pH optimum is between 7.5-7.6.", "contents": "[Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the grass carp oocytes, ovarian and perivitelline fluids]. The alanine aminotransferase activity in the ovarian fluid is much higher than in the mature oocytes and perivitelline fluid, the aspartate aminotransferase activity is higher in the perivitelline fluid than in the oocytes and ovarian fluid. The aspartate aminotransferase activity prevails in the mature oocytes and perivitelline fluid. The temperature optimum of the both activities is 38-44 degrees C, the pH optimum is between 7.5-7.6.", "PMID": 543022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9178", "title": "[Phosphorylation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparations of rat liver tissues in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "The capacity for phosphorylation was studied in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from the rat liver after introducing Na2H32PO4 to the organism as well as in the in vitro experiments. Some kinetic characteristics of this reaction were investigated. The velocity of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases phosphorylation reaches its maximum 5 minutes later, and the enzyme saturation with substrate occurs at low concentration of the latter. The values of Km, Vmax and V0 are 1.27 x 10(-2) mg/ml, 8.33 mumol 32P/mg per 1 min and 6.09 mumol 32P/mg per 1 min, respectively. A conclusion is drawn that in the in vivo and in vitro experiments there occurs phosphorylation of the total preparation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and individual lysyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "[Phosphorylation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparations of rat liver tissues in vivo and in vitro]. The capacity for phosphorylation was studied in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from the rat liver after introducing Na2H32PO4 to the organism as well as in the in vitro experiments. Some kinetic characteristics of this reaction were investigated. The velocity of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases phosphorylation reaches its maximum 5 minutes later, and the enzyme saturation with substrate occurs at low concentration of the latter. The values of Km, Vmax and V0 are 1.27 x 10(-2) mg/ml, 8.33 mumol 32P/mg per 1 min and 6.09 mumol 32P/mg per 1 min, respectively. A conclusion is drawn that in the in vivo and in vitro experiments there occurs phosphorylation of the total preparation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and individual lysyl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 543023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9179", "title": "[Effect of mitochondria and microsomal fractions on glycolytic activity of rat brain and liver tissues under hypoxia].", "content": "It is found that acute hypoxia inhibits the glycolytic activity of postmitochondrial fraction in the liver, activates in the brain, but has no effect on glycolysis under conditions of a preliminary administration of diethylaminoethylamide of parachlorophenoxyacetic acid--antihypoxic preparation. In the processes of two- and four-week interrupted training of adaptation to hypoxia the activity of the liver glycolytic system rises. Suspensions of the mitochondric and microsomal fraction added in definite ratios to the postmitochondrial fraction of the brain and liver intensify its glycolytic activity both in control and hypoxic animals. The activating effect of mitochondria is higher as compared with the control when glycolysis is decreased; when glycolysis is increased the phenomenon is not observed. A mechanism of the found changes in glycolysis and the validity of the tissue glycolysis estimation from the activity of the postmitochondrial fraction are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of mitochondria and microsomal fractions on glycolytic activity of rat brain and liver tissues under hypoxia]. It is found that acute hypoxia inhibits the glycolytic activity of postmitochondrial fraction in the liver, activates in the brain, but has no effect on glycolysis under conditions of a preliminary administration of diethylaminoethylamide of parachlorophenoxyacetic acid--antihypoxic preparation. In the processes of two- and four-week interrupted training of adaptation to hypoxia the activity of the liver glycolytic system rises. Suspensions of the mitochondric and microsomal fraction added in definite ratios to the postmitochondrial fraction of the brain and liver intensify its glycolytic activity both in control and hypoxic animals. The activating effect of mitochondria is higher as compared with the control when glycolysis is decreased; when glycolysis is increased the phenomenon is not observed. A mechanism of the found changes in glycolysis and the validity of the tissue glycolysis estimation from the activity of the postmitochondrial fraction are discussed.", "PMID": 543026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9180", "title": "[Effect of freezing-thawing on proteolytic activity of soluble and immobilized trypsin].", "content": "The proteolytic activity of soluble trypsin was studied after the effect of different freezing-thawing conditions ranging from 0 to 196 degrees C. The enzyme is inactivated most essentially during a slow warming of the preparations under experiment. The trypsin activity decrease is found to depend directly on the number of the freezing-thawing cycles. The loss of the enzymic activity within 3h after the effect of low temperatures and warming is irreversible. The data obtained give reason to consider the leading role of the physicochemical factors arising at the stage of the enzymic preparations thawing in the mechanism of trypsin cryodestruction.", "contents": "[Effect of freezing-thawing on proteolytic activity of soluble and immobilized trypsin]. The proteolytic activity of soluble trypsin was studied after the effect of different freezing-thawing conditions ranging from 0 to 196 degrees C. The enzyme is inactivated most essentially during a slow warming of the preparations under experiment. The trypsin activity decrease is found to depend directly on the number of the freezing-thawing cycles. The loss of the enzymic activity within 3h after the effect of low temperatures and warming is irreversible. The data obtained give reason to consider the leading role of the physicochemical factors arising at the stage of the enzymic preparations thawing in the mechanism of trypsin cryodestruction.", "PMID": 543027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9181", "title": "[Nucleases of cell fractions of rat brain tissues].", "content": "Nucleases are found in different fractions of nerve cells in the rat brain. The nuclease denaturating preferably the one-chain DNA at pH 8.0 is located chiefly in the neuron nuclei. Fractions of cell nuclei containg mainly neuron nuclei or glial nuclei were obtained by the method of ultracentrifugation within the sucrose gradient.", "contents": "[Nucleases of cell fractions of rat brain tissues]. Nucleases are found in different fractions of nerve cells in the rat brain. The nuclease denaturating preferably the one-chain DNA at pH 8.0 is located chiefly in the neuron nuclei. Fractions of cell nuclei containg mainly neuron nuclei or glial nuclei were obtained by the method of ultracentrifugation within the sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 543028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9182", "title": "[[14C] GABA and [14C]GABA-pantoyl metabolism in mice].", "content": "It is shown that more than 90% of the labelled substance D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate is rapidly removed from the organism with urea; 6-8% are products of its transformation, among them GABA is identified. An insignificant transformation of D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate up to 14CO2 is observed. After the preparation administration only unchanged D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate was found in the tissues, except of the liver where, as in urea, there is a nonidentified product with small Rf. [1-14C] GABA is rapidly transformed to 14CO2 and only its insignificant part is removed with urea, chiefly as products of transformation.", "contents": "[[14C] GABA and [14C]GABA-pantoyl metabolism in mice]. It is shown that more than 90% of the labelled substance D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate is rapidly removed from the organism with urea; 6-8% are products of its transformation, among them GABA is identified. An insignificant transformation of D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate up to 14CO2 is observed. After the preparation administration only unchanged D-[1-14C] calcium homopantotenate was found in the tissues, except of the liver where, as in urea, there is a nonidentified product with small Rf. [1-14C] GABA is rapidly transformed to 14CO2 and only its insignificant part is removed with urea, chiefly as products of transformation.", "PMID": 543029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9183", "title": "[Peculiarities in structure and properties of rabbit blood serum and liver albumins in ontogenesis].", "content": "Isoelectrofocusing and infrared spectroscopy were used to study blood serum and liver albumins in rats aged 30, 45, 90 days, 6 months and 2 years. The analysis of infrared and isoelectric spectra shows that the blood serum albumin as compared to the liver albumin is more basic albumin with a less hard structure. With age theses albumins are found to become similar. An assumption is advanced that a modified albumin participates in the processes of this albumin decay and synthesis.", "contents": "[Peculiarities in structure and properties of rabbit blood serum and liver albumins in ontogenesis]. Isoelectrofocusing and infrared spectroscopy were used to study blood serum and liver albumins in rats aged 30, 45, 90 days, 6 months and 2 years. The analysis of infrared and isoelectric spectra shows that the blood serum albumin as compared to the liver albumin is more basic albumin with a less hard structure. With age theses albumins are found to become similar. An assumption is advanced that a modified albumin participates in the processes of this albumin decay and synthesis.", "PMID": 543024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9184", "title": "[Changes in lipid composition of mucosa secretion from chick glandular stomach intermediate zone in A-vitaminosis].", "content": "The lipid composition of secretion and the vitamin A content in it were studied. Secretion of normal chickens is shown to contain 96 +/- 3.1 mg of lipids, 82.5 +/- 3.4 of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester, 30 +/- 2.1 of unsaponifiable lipids and 2.43 +/- 0.285 micrograms of vitamin A per 1 g of dry residue. With A-avitaminosis the secretion amount is twice as large with vitamin A absent; the lipid content is almost twice as low, the total weight of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester is four times as low and that of the lipid unsaponifiable fraction--2.5 times as low. Quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid zones were detected by means of thin-layer chromatography and UV-spectroscopy, and structural changes in the secretion--by electron microscopy. Vitamin A is suggested to participate in formation of macromolecular lipid systems of the secretion.", "contents": "[Changes in lipid composition of mucosa secretion from chick glandular stomach intermediate zone in A-vitaminosis]. The lipid composition of secretion and the vitamin A content in it were studied. Secretion of normal chickens is shown to contain 96 +/- 3.1 mg of lipids, 82.5 +/- 3.4 of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester, 30 +/- 2.1 of unsaponifiable lipids and 2.43 +/- 0.285 micrograms of vitamin A per 1 g of dry residue. With A-avitaminosis the secretion amount is twice as large with vitamin A absent; the lipid content is almost twice as low, the total weight of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester is four times as low and that of the lipid unsaponifiable fraction--2.5 times as low. Quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid zones were detected by means of thin-layer chromatography and UV-spectroscopy, and structural changes in the secretion--by electron microscopy. Vitamin A is suggested to participate in formation of macromolecular lipid systems of the secretion.", "PMID": 543030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9185", "title": "[E-vitamin activity of vitamin E derivatives with experimental encephalomalacia in chicks].", "content": "When adding pharmacopoeian alpha-tocopherylacetate, short-chain alpha-tocopherylacetate, alpha-tocopherylquinine, short-chain alpha-tocopherylquinone and alpha-tocopheronolactone to E-avitaminotic rations pharmacopoeian alpha-tocopherylacetate and alpha-tocopheronolactone manifest the highest E-vitamin activity in preventing encephalomalacia in chickens. The action of alpha-tocopheronolactone is not directly associated with changes in the content of vitamin E and ubiquinone in the brain and liver tissues. All the studied derivatives are effective in increasing resistance of erythrocytes to osmotic hemolysis. The data obtained evidence for a nonspecific function of vitamin E in preventing alimentary encephalomalacia in chickens as well as for the absence of disturbances in ubiquinone metabolism under conditions of the E-hypovitaminosis experimental model.", "contents": "[E-vitamin activity of vitamin E derivatives with experimental encephalomalacia in chicks]. When adding pharmacopoeian alpha-tocopherylacetate, short-chain alpha-tocopherylacetate, alpha-tocopherylquinine, short-chain alpha-tocopherylquinone and alpha-tocopheronolactone to E-avitaminotic rations pharmacopoeian alpha-tocopherylacetate and alpha-tocopheronolactone manifest the highest E-vitamin activity in preventing encephalomalacia in chickens. The action of alpha-tocopheronolactone is not directly associated with changes in the content of vitamin E and ubiquinone in the brain and liver tissues. All the studied derivatives are effective in increasing resistance of erythrocytes to osmotic hemolysis. The data obtained evidence for a nonspecific function of vitamin E in preventing alimentary encephalomalacia in chickens as well as for the absence of disturbances in ubiquinone metabolism under conditions of the E-hypovitaminosis experimental model.", "PMID": 543031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9186", "title": "[Effect of low temperatures on the phospholipase A2 activity of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Phospholipase A2 is shown to be activated by freezing-thawing, possibly due to changes in the state of lipid bilayer under the effect of both the temperatures themselves and physicochemical factors formed in the low-temperature range.", "contents": "[Effect of low temperatures on the phospholipase A2 activity of rat liver mitochondria]. Phospholipase A2 is shown to be activated by freezing-thawing, possibly due to changes in the state of lipid bilayer under the effect of both the temperatures themselves and physicochemical factors formed in the low-temperature range.", "PMID": 543025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9187", "title": "[Characteristic of sorption properties of skeletal muscle nuclei in the normal state and with E-avitaminotic muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Sorption properties of skeletal muscles nuclei in rabbits in normal state and with E-avitaminosis were studied using organic dyes: neutral red (cationic) and turquoise direct light-fast \"K\" (anionic) and the influence of calcium-modified membrane of nuclei on their sorption. The nuclear surface is established to have both positive and negative charged groups sorbing turquioise direct and neutral red, respectively. The maximum volume of the dyes binding and the dissociation constants of the membrane-dye complex are estimated. It is shown that with muscular dystrophy the number of charged groups of both signs on the nuclear surface decreases. Calcium ions decrease the cationic dye sorption both in the normal state and with dystrophy and insignificantly decrease the anionic dye with dystrophy.", "contents": "[Characteristic of sorption properties of skeletal muscle nuclei in the normal state and with E-avitaminotic muscular dystrophy]. Sorption properties of skeletal muscles nuclei in rabbits in normal state and with E-avitaminosis were studied using organic dyes: neutral red (cationic) and turquoise direct light-fast \"K\" (anionic) and the influence of calcium-modified membrane of nuclei on their sorption. The nuclear surface is established to have both positive and negative charged groups sorbing turquioise direct and neutral red, respectively. The maximum volume of the dyes binding and the dissociation constants of the membrane-dye complex are estimated. It is shown that with muscular dystrophy the number of charged groups of both signs on the nuclear surface decreases. Calcium ions decrease the cationic dye sorption both in the normal state and with dystrophy and insignificantly decrease the anionic dye with dystrophy.", "PMID": 543032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9188", "title": "[Effect of hypothermia on the ammonia-glutamine-glutamic acid system in ground squirrels after hibernation].", "content": "The effect of forced cooling was studied as applied to the contents of ammonia, glutamine, glutaminic, asparaginic and alpha-amino butyric acids in the brain of sousliks woken-from hibernation. The cooling of the woken sousliks to the body temperature of 30, 20 and 25 degrees C decreased to some extent the ammonia content in the brain. A deeper hypothermia (10 degrees C) causes its 60,4% decrease as compared to the ammonia amount in woken animals. The cooling of the animals to 30, 25, 20 and 10 degrees C considerably decreases the contents of glutamine, glutaminic acid and GABA in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of hypothermia on the ammonia-glutamine-glutamic acid system in ground squirrels after hibernation]. The effect of forced cooling was studied as applied to the contents of ammonia, glutamine, glutaminic, asparaginic and alpha-amino butyric acids in the brain of sousliks woken-from hibernation. The cooling of the woken sousliks to the body temperature of 30, 20 and 25 degrees C decreased to some extent the ammonia content in the brain. A deeper hypothermia (10 degrees C) causes its 60,4% decrease as compared to the ammonia amount in woken animals. The cooling of the animals to 30, 25, 20 and 10 degrees C considerably decreases the contents of glutamine, glutaminic acid and GABA in the brain tissue.", "PMID": 543034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9189", "title": "[Possibilities for Ellman reaction application in the presence of detergents].", "content": "Triton X-100, triton X-305, twin-80 and sodium deoxycholate in definite concentrations lower the colour intensity of the solution which contains the product of the Ellman reaction. In the case of triton X-100 the colour disappearance is due to resynthesis of the Ellman reagent from 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate with the presence of detergent in the concentration which is higher than the critical concentration of micelle-formation.", "contents": "[Possibilities for Ellman reaction application in the presence of detergents]. Triton X-100, triton X-305, twin-80 and sodium deoxycholate in definite concentrations lower the colour intensity of the solution which contains the product of the Ellman reaction. In the case of triton X-100 the colour disappearance is due to resynthesis of the Ellman reagent from 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate with the presence of detergent in the concentration which is higher than the critical concentration of micelle-formation.", "PMID": 543036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9190", "title": "[Protein amidation in the aging organism].", "content": "The role of protein amide groups was studied in the process of the organism ageing. It is shown that with ageing there occurs the asparagin deamidation in water-soluble and water-insolbule proteins of the rat brain, liver and heart. The glutamine content in the old rat tissues remains at the level determined in the young animal tissues. Tissue proteins of old rats are better substrates for protein--a complex of proteinases of a wide specificity that those of young animals. An increased attack of the old animals proteins by nonspecific proteinases is due to a decrease in their amidation degree during ageing.", "contents": "[Protein amidation in the aging organism]. The role of protein amide groups was studied in the process of the organism ageing. It is shown that with ageing there occurs the asparagin deamidation in water-soluble and water-insolbule proteins of the rat brain, liver and heart. The glutamine content in the old rat tissues remains at the level determined in the young animal tissues. Tissue proteins of old rats are better substrates for protein--a complex of proteinases of a wide specificity that those of young animals. An increased attack of the old animals proteins by nonspecific proteinases is due to a decrease in their amidation degree during ageing.", "PMID": 543033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9191", "title": "[Determination of tyrosine and tryptophan in proteins by the absorption spectra of derivatives].", "content": "The contents of tyrosine and tryptophan were determined by the method based on the first derivatives of the proteins absorption spectra within the alkali pH. The advantages of the method are as follows: a much better resolution of tyrosine and tryptophan spectral maxima located at 293 and 307 nm, respectively, which allows the precision of their assay to be increased, especially in case of a small amount of one amino acid and relative abundance of the other and high turbidity of the preparations; the account of the cystine absorption is not necessary; possibility to study proteins containing the chromophore prosthetic groups.", "contents": "[Determination of tyrosine and tryptophan in proteins by the absorption spectra of derivatives]. The contents of tyrosine and tryptophan were determined by the method based on the first derivatives of the proteins absorption spectra within the alkali pH. The advantages of the method are as follows: a much better resolution of tyrosine and tryptophan spectral maxima located at 293 and 307 nm, respectively, which allows the precision of their assay to be increased, especially in case of a small amount of one amino acid and relative abundance of the other and high turbidity of the preparations; the account of the cystine absorption is not necessary; possibility to study proteins containing the chromophore prosthetic groups.", "PMID": 543035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9192", "title": "Effect of nicotinic acid on the posttraumatic increase in free fatty acids and fibrinolysis inhibition activity in the rat.", "content": "Nicotinic acid effectively inhibited the posttraumatic increase in both free fatty acids (FFA) and fibrinolysis inhibition activity (FIA) in the blood in rats, indicating that FFA might be involved in the posttraumatic increase of FIA. The FIA in the liver was greater than that in other organs studied and was increased in the posttraumatic phase. The possible role of the liver in the posttraumatic increase of FIA is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of nicotinic acid on the posttraumatic increase in free fatty acids and fibrinolysis inhibition activity in the rat. Nicotinic acid effectively inhibited the posttraumatic increase in both free fatty acids (FFA) and fibrinolysis inhibition activity (FIA) in the blood in rats, indicating that FFA might be involved in the posttraumatic increase of FIA. The FIA in the liver was greater than that in other organs studied and was increased in the posttraumatic phase. The possible role of the liver in the posttraumatic increase of FIA is discussed.", "PMID": 543049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9193", "title": "Hepatic triglyceride and lipoprotein lipase activities of post-heparin plasma in normals and hypertriglyceridemics.", "content": "Post-heparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were 8-34 and 3.5-21 (range) mu mol/ml/hr respectively in males with normal serum lipid concentrations. In females the corresponding values were 4-25 and 4-16 mu mol/ml/hr. No significant differences were observed between ages or between the two sexes. Male patients with hypertriglyceridaemia had similar activities of H-TGL but significantly lower values for LPL activities than the control males. Significant linear correlations were found between serum triglyceride concentrations and LPL activities both for males (coefficient of correlation = r = -0.64) and for females (r = -0.62).", "contents": "Hepatic triglyceride and lipoprotein lipase activities of post-heparin plasma in normals and hypertriglyceridemics. Post-heparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were 8-34 and 3.5-21 (range) mu mol/ml/hr respectively in males with normal serum lipid concentrations. In females the corresponding values were 4-25 and 4-16 mu mol/ml/hr. No significant differences were observed between ages or between the two sexes. Male patients with hypertriglyceridaemia had similar activities of H-TGL but significantly lower values for LPL activities than the control males. Significant linear correlations were found between serum triglyceride concentrations and LPL activities both for males (coefficient of correlation = r = -0.64) and for females (r = -0.62).", "PMID": 543050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9194", "title": "Thyroid function in breast cancer patients before and up to two years after mastectomy.", "content": "In 41 women newly diagnosed as having breast cancer the thyroid function was assessed by determination of the serum TSH, tririodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine (T4), T3-resin uptake and free T4-index. Blood samples were drawn before the primary treatment and at follow-up after 7-28 months. There was no significant change in any of these variables during the period of observation. Nor was there any difference between the values of the patients who developed recurrent disease and of those who did not. These results contradict previously proposed hypotheses of a progressive decrease in thyroid function after primary treatment and of a relation between the clinical course and the thyroid function in breast cancer patients.", "contents": "Thyroid function in breast cancer patients before and up to two years after mastectomy. In 41 women newly diagnosed as having breast cancer the thyroid function was assessed by determination of the serum TSH, tririodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine (T4), T3-resin uptake and free T4-index. Blood samples were drawn before the primary treatment and at follow-up after 7-28 months. There was no significant change in any of these variables during the period of observation. Nor was there any difference between the values of the patients who developed recurrent disease and of those who did not. These results contradict previously proposed hypotheses of a progressive decrease in thyroid function after primary treatment and of a relation between the clinical course and the thyroid function in breast cancer patients.", "PMID": 543051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9195", "title": "A prospective epidemiological survey of cerebrovascular disease in a Swedish community.", "content": "A prospective epidemiological study of cerebrovascular diseases and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) is presented. During a three-year period the annual incidence of strokes was 2.90 and of TIA 0.45 per thousand population. This difference in incidence and the disparities in age characteristics favour the hypothesis that TIA precedes only a minority of the strokes. The short-term mortality is high among the stroke patients.", "contents": "A prospective epidemiological survey of cerebrovascular disease in a Swedish community. A prospective epidemiological study of cerebrovascular diseases and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) is presented. During a three-year period the annual incidence of strokes was 2.90 and of TIA 0.45 per thousand population. This difference in incidence and the disparities in age characteristics favour the hypothesis that TIA precedes only a minority of the strokes. The short-term mortality is high among the stroke patients.", "PMID": 543052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9196", "title": "Estimation of parenchymal cell mass of parathyroid glands using a volumeter technique.", "content": "A volumeter technique was used to estimate the density of the two main tissue components of the parathyroid gland--parenchymal and fat tissue. The difference in density between the two components was distinct (1.06 and 0.93 g/ml) and measurements of the weight and volume of parathyroid glands could therefore be utilized in calculating their parenchymal tissue content. The results of these measurements corresponded to those obtained at histopathological evaluation of parathyroid glands. The presented technique is simple and convenient and with slight improvement could be used for intraoperative characterization of parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Estimation of parenchymal cell mass of parathyroid glands using a volumeter technique. A volumeter technique was used to estimate the density of the two main tissue components of the parathyroid gland--parenchymal and fat tissue. The difference in density between the two components was distinct (1.06 and 0.93 g/ml) and measurements of the weight and volume of parathyroid glands could therefore be utilized in calculating their parenchymal tissue content. The results of these measurements corresponded to those obtained at histopathological evaluation of parathyroid glands. The presented technique is simple and convenient and with slight improvement could be used for intraoperative characterization of parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 543053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9197", "title": "Clinical and surgical staging of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Staging laparotomy was performed in 36 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The surgical procedure changed the stage in 14 cases or 36% and also revealed subdiaphragmatic disease in 14 patients. Mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis were the main histopathological types, contributing 44% and 42%, respectively, of the whole material. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases (22%)--none was fatal. The average hospital stay was 9.5 days, the longest being 22 days.", "contents": "Clinical and surgical staging of Hodgkin's disease. Staging laparotomy was performed in 36 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The surgical procedure changed the stage in 14 cases or 36% and also revealed subdiaphragmatic disease in 14 patients. Mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis were the main histopathological types, contributing 44% and 42%, respectively, of the whole material. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases (22%)--none was fatal. The average hospital stay was 9.5 days, the longest being 22 days.", "PMID": 543054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9198", "title": "Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm into the vena cava.", "content": "Aortic abdominal aneurysm combined with aorto-caval fistula is a rare condition with a high mortality. We discuss here the sympatomatology and treatment of one such patient.", "contents": "Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm into the vena cava. Aortic abdominal aneurysm combined with aorto-caval fistula is a rare condition with a high mortality. We discuss here the sympatomatology and treatment of one such patient.", "PMID": 543055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9199", "title": "[X-ray picture of diseases of the osteoarticular and ligamentous apparatus of the digits in large ruminants].", "content": "R\u00f6ntgenological findings are presented of bone-joint and finger-joint apparatus diseases in big ruminants in cases of bone distrophy in highly productive cows, of asceptic ligament, tendon and periosteum inflammatory diseases as well as of suppurative inflammatory bone and hoof joints.", "contents": "[X-ray picture of diseases of the osteoarticular and ligamentous apparatus of the digits in large ruminants]. R\u00f6ntgenological findings are presented of bone-joint and finger-joint apparatus diseases in big ruminants in cases of bone distrophy in highly productive cows, of asceptic ligament, tendon and periosteum inflammatory diseases as well as of suppurative inflammatory bone and hoof joints.", "PMID": 543090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9200", "title": "[Radiotelemetric studies of uterine motility in cows with placental retention].", "content": "Uterine motility of 21 cows with retention of the placenta from delivery to 120 D was studied by the radiotelemetric method. Higher uterine motility until 48 D was established in cows with retention of the placenta as compared to cows with a normal third stage of delivery. The mean values of total uterine motility frequency and amplitude of contractions are presented in tables and graphs. Estradiol 17-beta content in cow blood plasma until the 40 D post delivery was higher in cows with retention of the placenta. Bending and folding of uterine horns proved to be the reason for retention of the placenta in 6 cows.", "contents": "[Radiotelemetric studies of uterine motility in cows with placental retention]. Uterine motility of 21 cows with retention of the placenta from delivery to 120 D was studied by the radiotelemetric method. Higher uterine motility until 48 D was established in cows with retention of the placenta as compared to cows with a normal third stage of delivery. The mean values of total uterine motility frequency and amplitude of contractions are presented in tables and graphs. Estradiol 17-beta content in cow blood plasma until the 40 D post delivery was higher in cows with retention of the placenta. Bending and folding of uterine horns proved to be the reason for retention of the placenta in 6 cows.", "PMID": 543091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9201", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on the macroelements, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and density of the bones in calves].", "content": "Comparative experimental investigations, including 70 experimental and 70 control calves aged 15 to 105 days, aiming to establish the effect of ultraviolet irradiated milk on Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, alkaline phosphatase activity and the density of the distal radius part, carpal and metacarpal bones and tail vertebrae, were performed. It was established that ultraviolet irradiated cow milk has a favourable effect on the physiological state of young calf organism and leads to higher blood serum Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, enhances alkaline phosphatase activity and stimulates osteogenesis processes.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on the macroelements, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and density of the bones in calves]. Comparative experimental investigations, including 70 experimental and 70 control calves aged 15 to 105 days, aiming to establish the effect of ultraviolet irradiated milk on Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, alkaline phosphatase activity and the density of the distal radius part, carpal and metacarpal bones and tail vertebrae, were performed. It was established that ultraviolet irradiated cow milk has a favourable effect on the physiological state of young calf organism and leads to higher blood serum Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, enhances alkaline phosphatase activity and stimulates osteogenesis processes.", "PMID": 543092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9202", "title": "[Changes in the amount of free amino acids in infections due to Gram-negative agents].", "content": "Changes of free amino acid content in blood plasma from sheep and hens infected with S. abortus ovis and P. multocida or treated with purified lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of the respective agent, were studied. It was established that the infection reduced total free amino acid content by about 46% in sheep and by 36% in hens. The reduction in total free amino acid content did not affect to the same extent each individual amino acid. Treatment of sheep and hens only with purified lipopolysaccharides of respectively S. abortus ovis and P. multocida resulted also in reduced total free amino acid content equal to 33% in sheep and about 59% in hens. The reduced content of total free amino acids in this case also did not concern equally the individual amino acids. However, in all cases observed, when a given amino acid was reduced during the infection period the same reduction was evident following endotoxin treatment only. The conclusion is drawn that disturbances in cell metabolism arising under the influence of endotoxins let free by the respective agent are the main cause for the reduction both of total free amino acid content and of the individual free amino acid content.", "contents": "[Changes in the amount of free amino acids in infections due to Gram-negative agents]. Changes of free amino acid content in blood plasma from sheep and hens infected with S. abortus ovis and P. multocida or treated with purified lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of the respective agent, were studied. It was established that the infection reduced total free amino acid content by about 46% in sheep and by 36% in hens. The reduction in total free amino acid content did not affect to the same extent each individual amino acid. Treatment of sheep and hens only with purified lipopolysaccharides of respectively S. abortus ovis and P. multocida resulted also in reduced total free amino acid content equal to 33% in sheep and about 59% in hens. The reduced content of total free amino acids in this case also did not concern equally the individual amino acids. However, in all cases observed, when a given amino acid was reduced during the infection period the same reduction was evident following endotoxin treatment only. The conclusion is drawn that disturbances in cell metabolism arising under the influence of endotoxins let free by the respective agent are the main cause for the reduction both of total free amino acid content and of the individual free amino acid content.", "PMID": 543093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9203", "title": "[Clinical and paraclinical studies in experimental nematodiriasis of lambs].", "content": "An experiment including 20 lambs aged 3.5--4 months was performed with the aim to study the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of experimental nematodirosis. The lambs were divided into 4 groups each consisting of 5 animals. Experimental invasion with N. spathiger larvae was effected once per os as follows:group I--with 5000, group II--with 10 000, group III--with 30 000 larvae, and group IV was used as control. It was established that the course of nematodirosis is typical with well expressed clinical symptoms in group III -- diarrhoea, loss of appetite, nervous symptoms, oligochromemia, erythropaenia, leucocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophyly, acidosis, reduced carotene and total protein. Calcium and magnesium vary within the normal range while phosphorus content is reduced. The prepatent period is within the range of the 15th to the 22nd day. The first clinical symptoms appear in most cases before the first eggs in the feaces are observed. Clinical symptoms haematological changes are correlated with the number of larvae given.", "contents": "[Clinical and paraclinical studies in experimental nematodiriasis of lambs]. An experiment including 20 lambs aged 3.5--4 months was performed with the aim to study the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of experimental nematodirosis. The lambs were divided into 4 groups each consisting of 5 animals. Experimental invasion with N. spathiger larvae was effected once per os as follows:group I--with 5000, group II--with 10 000, group III--with 30 000 larvae, and group IV was used as control. It was established that the course of nematodirosis is typical with well expressed clinical symptoms in group III -- diarrhoea, loss of appetite, nervous symptoms, oligochromemia, erythropaenia, leucocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophyly, acidosis, reduced carotene and total protein. Calcium and magnesium vary within the normal range while phosphorus content is reduced. The prepatent period is within the range of the 15th to the 22nd day. The first clinical symptoms appear in most cases before the first eggs in the feaces are observed. Clinical symptoms haematological changes are correlated with the number of larvae given.", "PMID": 543094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9204", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory action of extracts from marine algae collected in the area of Burgas seacoast].", "content": "It was established by a series of experiments with white Wistar rats that intraperitoneal injection of water extracts (infusions) of a mixed sample of dried algae (Cystosira barbata, Ulva lactica and Zostera nona) collected at the Bourgas coastal region, respectively leveled to an isotonic solution by use of 0.9% NaCl produces well expressed antiinflammatory effect in Caragina provoked oedema. The mixed sample of algae has LD0--0.250 g dry drug per kg body weight, LD'100--0.500 g/kg b. w. and LD50--0.407 g/kg b. w. The therapeutic index of the algae is relatively high -- LD50/U50+20.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory action of extracts from marine algae collected in the area of Burgas seacoast]. It was established by a series of experiments with white Wistar rats that intraperitoneal injection of water extracts (infusions) of a mixed sample of dried algae (Cystosira barbata, Ulva lactica and Zostera nona) collected at the Bourgas coastal region, respectively leveled to an isotonic solution by use of 0.9% NaCl produces well expressed antiinflammatory effect in Caragina provoked oedema. The mixed sample of algae has LD0--0.250 g dry drug per kg body weight, LD'100--0.500 g/kg b. w. and LD50--0.407 g/kg b. w. The therapeutic index of the algae is relatively high -- LD50/U50+20.", "PMID": 543095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9205", "title": "[Pathomorphological studies of experimental thiazole-80 poisoning in sheep].", "content": "Investigations on the pathomorphological changes occurring in the organisms of 4 sheep poisoned experimentally by varying Thiazole-80 doses applied orally were made. It was established macroscopically that after opening the rumen a smell of sulfuric hydrogen is felt. The abomasum was with rusty brown haemorrhages and liver distrophy as well as enlarged gall bladder were observed. The histological studies of parenchymal organs revealed vascular disturbances, hyperemia, oedema and intervascular haemolysis. A heavy diffuse nephrosis, hyaline and protein cylinders were found in the kidney cortex, while in the ganglial cells of medula oblongata were evident degenerative changes. Histochemically, in sheep poisoned by thiazole-80, a well expressed reaction to iron in the lungs, leptomeniges and distrophic hepatocytes were established. Glycogen quantity in the liver was considerably reduced.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological studies of experimental thiazole-80 poisoning in sheep]. Investigations on the pathomorphological changes occurring in the organisms of 4 sheep poisoned experimentally by varying Thiazole-80 doses applied orally were made. It was established macroscopically that after opening the rumen a smell of sulfuric hydrogen is felt. The abomasum was with rusty brown haemorrhages and liver distrophy as well as enlarged gall bladder were observed. The histological studies of parenchymal organs revealed vascular disturbances, hyperemia, oedema and intervascular haemolysis. A heavy diffuse nephrosis, hyaline and protein cylinders were found in the kidney cortex, while in the ganglial cells of medula oblongata were evident degenerative changes. Histochemically, in sheep poisoned by thiazole-80, a well expressed reaction to iron in the lungs, leptomeniges and distrophic hepatocytes were established. Glycogen quantity in the liver was considerably reduced.", "PMID": 543096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9206", "title": "[Effect of certain procedures on the puerperal period in cows].", "content": "The course and duration of the post delivery period, uterine involution, independence and service period, number of fertilizations and the percentage of complications were studied in 82 cows aged 3 to 7 years, reared by two differing technoligies. One group (experimental) of 53 cows was reared together with the calves until the 6th day post delivery, while the other group (control) of 29 cows was reared without the calves. Both groups were subdivided into groups with and without complications; It was established that the proposed technology of cow rearing with the calves sucking until the 6th day post delivery creates good conditions for the course of puerperium. Clinically uterine involution lasts 27.5 +/- 0.88 days, the independence period lasts 95.8 +/- 5.94 days, the service period -- 115.9 +/- 4.28 days, and the fertilization index is 1.26 +/- 0.21. The proposed technology of cow rearing letting the calves suck until the 6th day post delivery can be applied in animal rearing practice.", "contents": "[Effect of certain procedures on the puerperal period in cows]. The course and duration of the post delivery period, uterine involution, independence and service period, number of fertilizations and the percentage of complications were studied in 82 cows aged 3 to 7 years, reared by two differing technoligies. One group (experimental) of 53 cows was reared together with the calves until the 6th day post delivery, while the other group (control) of 29 cows was reared without the calves. Both groups were subdivided into groups with and without complications; It was established that the proposed technology of cow rearing with the calves sucking until the 6th day post delivery creates good conditions for the course of puerperium. Clinically uterine involution lasts 27.5 +/- 0.88 days, the independence period lasts 95.8 +/- 5.94 days, the service period -- 115.9 +/- 4.28 days, and the fertilization index is 1.26 +/- 0.21. The proposed technology of cow rearing letting the calves suck until the 6th day post delivery can be applied in animal rearing practice.", "PMID": 543097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9207", "title": "[Pathogenic Newcastle virus carrier state in congenitally immune chickens].", "content": "Five-day-old chickens decendants of hens vaccinated several times under conditions existing in the practice were ophtalmo-nasally inoculated with 10(5),5ELD50 velogenic viscerothropic Newcastle Disease virus NDV. Thirty two per cent of them were stricken by the disease and died, but the remaining 68% resisted the provocation and showed no clinical symptoms 80 days post inoculation. The virulogical investigation of the chickens resistant to inoculation proved they are spreading the virus for 45 days and remained virus-carriers for 54 days post inoculation. NDV did not change its pathogenic properties even after persisting for long periods of time. Two virulogical methods for virus isolation were used -- tissue homogenates and cloaca washings inoculated on hen embryos and tracheal organ culture. The advantages and the great possibilities for discovering latent NDV infection of the organ culture are pointed out. Latent fowl pest infection in birds is discussed.", "contents": "[Pathogenic Newcastle virus carrier state in congenitally immune chickens]. Five-day-old chickens decendants of hens vaccinated several times under conditions existing in the practice were ophtalmo-nasally inoculated with 10(5),5ELD50 velogenic viscerothropic Newcastle Disease virus NDV. Thirty two per cent of them were stricken by the disease and died, but the remaining 68% resisted the provocation and showed no clinical symptoms 80 days post inoculation. The virulogical investigation of the chickens resistant to inoculation proved they are spreading the virus for 45 days and remained virus-carriers for 54 days post inoculation. NDV did not change its pathogenic properties even after persisting for long periods of time. Two virulogical methods for virus isolation were used -- tissue homogenates and cloaca washings inoculated on hen embryos and tracheal organ culture. The advantages and the great possibilities for discovering latent NDV infection of the organ culture are pointed out. Latent fowl pest infection in birds is discussed.", "PMID": 543098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9208", "title": "[Microbiological studies of brynza cheese].", "content": "Studies on the changes occurring in the microflora at the time of 45-day ripening and 4-month storage of cheese produced in pitchers (earthen jugs) were performed. It was established that at the beginning of the ripening period the total number of microorganisms as well as the number of lactic acid producing microorganisms increases, but after the 15th day of ripening until the end of storage their number diminishes. At the time of ripening and storage of cheese curdled in pitchers, coliform bacteria diminish progressively. In case cheese curd is used, these bacteria vanish as soon as ripening comes to an end, while in case lactic acid or butter curd is used they vanish during the 1st month of storage. In spontaneously curdled cheese coliform bacteria vanish during the third month of storage. At the time of cheese ripening in a pitcher the yeast quantity increases, while during storage it varies. At the time of ripening fungae get into the cheese produced in pitchers and their number increases along with the ripening process.", "contents": "[Microbiological studies of brynza cheese]. Studies on the changes occurring in the microflora at the time of 45-day ripening and 4-month storage of cheese produced in pitchers (earthen jugs) were performed. It was established that at the beginning of the ripening period the total number of microorganisms as well as the number of lactic acid producing microorganisms increases, but after the 15th day of ripening until the end of storage their number diminishes. At the time of ripening and storage of cheese curdled in pitchers, coliform bacteria diminish progressively. In case cheese curd is used, these bacteria vanish as soon as ripening comes to an end, while in case lactic acid or butter curd is used they vanish during the 1st month of storage. In spontaneously curdled cheese coliform bacteria vanish during the third month of storage. At the time of cheese ripening in a pitcher the yeast quantity increases, while during storage it varies. At the time of ripening fungae get into the cheese produced in pitchers and their number increases along with the ripening process.", "PMID": 543100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9209", "title": "[Na and K content in the blood and feces of healthy newborn calves and in those ill with dyspepsia].", "content": "Investigations on natrium and potassium content in erythrocites, plasma and faeces of healthy calves and in calves suffering from gastrointestinal disturbances aged 1 to 20 days were carried out. A clearly expressed trend toward reduction of potassium and increase of natrium content in erythrocites with age was established. Natrium content rose from 47 mg% in one-day old calves to 76.1 mg% in 20 day-old ones, while potassium was reduced from 203.89 mg% to 131.70 mg% respectively. The same rate of natrium and potassium changes was preserved in sick calves, but Na values in this case were higher as compared to these in healthy animals. Potassium content in erythrocites of recovered 6 to 10 day-old calves increased. Standard values of natrium and potassium in faeces of calves of the same age are presented. It was established that natrium content in faeces of new born calves is higher, while the content of potassium is lower as compared to that in faeces of 10 day-old calves. In case of sickness Na and K contents in the faeces rose while post recovery it became normal again. The investigation contributes for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disturbances in calves and for the improvement of the method used in Na and K assessment in biological materials.", "contents": "[Na and K content in the blood and feces of healthy newborn calves and in those ill with dyspepsia]. Investigations on natrium and potassium content in erythrocites, plasma and faeces of healthy calves and in calves suffering from gastrointestinal disturbances aged 1 to 20 days were carried out. A clearly expressed trend toward reduction of potassium and increase of natrium content in erythrocites with age was established. Natrium content rose from 47 mg% in one-day old calves to 76.1 mg% in 20 day-old ones, while potassium was reduced from 203.89 mg% to 131.70 mg% respectively. The same rate of natrium and potassium changes was preserved in sick calves, but Na values in this case were higher as compared to these in healthy animals. Potassium content in erythrocites of recovered 6 to 10 day-old calves increased. Standard values of natrium and potassium in faeces of calves of the same age are presented. It was established that natrium content in faeces of new born calves is higher, while the content of potassium is lower as compared to that in faeces of 10 day-old calves. In case of sickness Na and K contents in the faeces rose while post recovery it became normal again. The investigation contributes for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disturbances in calves and for the improvement of the method used in Na and K assessment in biological materials.", "PMID": 543101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9210", "title": "[Architectonics of the blood vessels in the wall of the allantoamnion of the mare].", "content": "Alantoamnion vascularization was studied on clarified preparations from three mares in advanced pregnancy. Two large blood vessels (artery and vein) beginning from the umbilical vessels were found in the alantoamnion wall. Numerous anastomoses were observed at the passage between the arterial and the vein section. The large arteries had a thick, jely-like vascular wall and snake-like folded lumen. In separate sections of the alantoamnion wall a well developed capillary net was observed consisting of individual particles, polygonal in shape. Vast avascular zones surrounded by numerous vascular branches and anastomoses were found. It is presumed that the blood vessels in mare alantoamnion take an active part in amnion fluid production and metabolism.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the blood vessels in the wall of the allantoamnion of the mare]. Alantoamnion vascularization was studied on clarified preparations from three mares in advanced pregnancy. Two large blood vessels (artery and vein) beginning from the umbilical vessels were found in the alantoamnion wall. Numerous anastomoses were observed at the passage between the arterial and the vein section. The large arteries had a thick, jely-like vascular wall and snake-like folded lumen. In separate sections of the alantoamnion wall a well developed capillary net was observed consisting of individual particles, polygonal in shape. Vast avascular zones surrounded by numerous vascular branches and anastomoses were found. It is presumed that the blood vessels in mare alantoamnion take an active part in amnion fluid production and metabolism.", "PMID": 543102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9211", "title": "[Pathomorphological changes in experimental nematodiriasis of lambs].", "content": "Pathomorphological studies on three lamb groups experimentally invaded by 5000, 10 000 and 30 000 capable of invasion N. spathiger larvae were performed. The macro- and microscopic changes of the inner parenchymal organs observed at the 18th and 60th day post invasion are described. It was established that morphological changes due to experimental nematodirosis depend both on the number of N. sathiger larvae swallowed and on the duration of their sojourn in the host organism. Lighter invasion caused slight to moderate changes mainly in the small intestines, while heavier invasion led to similar changes in some parenchymal organs (liver, spleen and kidneys) also.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological changes in experimental nematodiriasis of lambs]. Pathomorphological studies on three lamb groups experimentally invaded by 5000, 10 000 and 30 000 capable of invasion N. spathiger larvae were performed. The macro- and microscopic changes of the inner parenchymal organs observed at the 18th and 60th day post invasion are described. It was established that morphological changes due to experimental nematodirosis depend both on the number of N. sathiger larvae swallowed and on the duration of their sojourn in the host organism. Lighter invasion caused slight to moderate changes mainly in the small intestines, while heavier invasion led to similar changes in some parenchymal organs (liver, spleen and kidneys) also.", "PMID": 543103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9212", "title": "[Morphological changes in diplococcosis in calves].", "content": "Diplococcous infection was observed in 15 calves aged 3 to 30 days. Diplococcous pneumoniae was isolated from synovial fluid and parenchymal organs in affected joints of dead calves. Clinically and morphologically the disease had an active course in calves aged up to 20 days, while in the older ones a subacute or chronic course of the disease was observed. The morphological changes depended on the type of infection. In acute infections a septic course of the disease, including hemorrhagic diathesis, enlarged spleen, myocarditis, hyperaemia, oedema and isolated hemorrhages of the brain meninges was observed, while in the chronic cases pneumonia, pleutisy, pericarditis, arthritis of the knee, elbow, dorsal and carpal joints and ofien suppurative meningoencephalitis were encountered.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in diplococcosis in calves]. Diplococcous infection was observed in 15 calves aged 3 to 30 days. Diplococcous pneumoniae was isolated from synovial fluid and parenchymal organs in affected joints of dead calves. Clinically and morphologically the disease had an active course in calves aged up to 20 days, while in the older ones a subacute or chronic course of the disease was observed. The morphological changes depended on the type of infection. In acute infections a septic course of the disease, including hemorrhagic diathesis, enlarged spleen, myocarditis, hyperaemia, oedema and isolated hemorrhages of the brain meninges was observed, while in the chronic cases pneumonia, pleutisy, pericarditis, arthritis of the knee, elbow, dorsal and carpal joints and ofien suppurative meningoencephalitis were encountered.", "PMID": 543105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9213", "title": "[Determination of sorbic acid, its salts and salicylic acid in food products of animal origin].", "content": "A foreign method for quantitative assay of sorbic acid and natrium sorbate in food stuff of plant origin was applied by the authors for food stuffs of animal origin. The conservant of the food stuff was isolated by water vapour distillation. Sorbic acid and natrium sorbate assay was performed on part of the distillate colorimetrically at wave length lambda--532 nm. The method proved highly sensitive (2 gammas and 94% reproduction). It can be used in conservant assay of various fish assortments, canned food, roe and some types of cheese. A qualitative method for proving the presence of salicylic acid is proposed, using water vapour distillation of the biological material. Part of the distillate produced is treated directly by 1% ferriammonium sulfate water solution. A violet tint of the solution proves the presence of salicylic acid in the product studied.", "contents": "[Determination of sorbic acid, its salts and salicylic acid in food products of animal origin]. A foreign method for quantitative assay of sorbic acid and natrium sorbate in food stuff of plant origin was applied by the authors for food stuffs of animal origin. The conservant of the food stuff was isolated by water vapour distillation. Sorbic acid and natrium sorbate assay was performed on part of the distillate colorimetrically at wave length lambda--532 nm. The method proved highly sensitive (2 gammas and 94% reproduction). It can be used in conservant assay of various fish assortments, canned food, roe and some types of cheese. A qualitative method for proving the presence of salicylic acid is proposed, using water vapour distillation of the biological material. Part of the distillate produced is treated directly by 1% ferriammonium sulfate water solution. A violet tint of the solution proves the presence of salicylic acid in the product studied.", "PMID": 543106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9214", "title": "[Kinetic studies of the technical phosphate of Pharmachem tylosin in chickens and pigs].", "content": "Studies on the pharmaco-kinetics of the technical tylosine phosphate (TTP) with an activity of 50 UI/mg were carried out using chickens and pigs. It was established that the tylosine phosphate contained in TTP is resorbed in the alimentary canal of the chickens and produces the needed bacteriological concentrations in the blood both following single intraingluvial application (in doses of 1 and 2 g/kg b.w.) and after application via fodder (in doses of 10 and 20 g/kg b.w.). Absorption of the preparation by the digestive tract of pigs following compulsory application is satisfactory, but it is very slight and uneven in case of application through the food ration. Therefore, the use of TTP in this way should be limited in swine only and exclusively for therapy or prophylaxis of intestinal infections (dysentery, necrotic enteritis, etc). Following resorption TTP penetrates to a varying extent in the individual organs, tissues and fluids of chicken and pig organisms and remains there for a long period of time. It is eliminated mainly through the gall bladder secretion and by the urine, as well as by the eggs (of layers). In order not to allow residual quantities of the antibiotic in the products obtained from treated mammals and birds TTP application must cease 4--5 days before decapitation. The use of preparation for hens of commodity farms is not appropriate.", "contents": "[Kinetic studies of the technical phosphate of Pharmachem tylosin in chickens and pigs]. Studies on the pharmaco-kinetics of the technical tylosine phosphate (TTP) with an activity of 50 UI/mg were carried out using chickens and pigs. It was established that the tylosine phosphate contained in TTP is resorbed in the alimentary canal of the chickens and produces the needed bacteriological concentrations in the blood both following single intraingluvial application (in doses of 1 and 2 g/kg b.w.) and after application via fodder (in doses of 10 and 20 g/kg b.w.). Absorption of the preparation by the digestive tract of pigs following compulsory application is satisfactory, but it is very slight and uneven in case of application through the food ration. Therefore, the use of TTP in this way should be limited in swine only and exclusively for therapy or prophylaxis of intestinal infections (dysentery, necrotic enteritis, etc). Following resorption TTP penetrates to a varying extent in the individual organs, tissues and fluids of chicken and pig organisms and remains there for a long period of time. It is eliminated mainly through the gall bladder secretion and by the urine, as well as by the eggs (of layers). In order not to allow residual quantities of the antibiotic in the products obtained from treated mammals and birds TTP application must cease 4--5 days before decapitation. The use of preparation for hens of commodity farms is not appropriate.", "PMID": 543107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9215", "title": "[Effect of cortisome on monocyte \"disappearance\" from the blood].", "content": "The effect of cortisone on monocyte \"disappearance\" from peripheral blood of guinea pigs sensibilized with live S. abortus ovis culture and showing positive skin-allergic reaction with allergen of the same salmonella was studied. It was established that in case cortisone is applied in a dose of 22 mg per guinea pig intramusculary 3 or 1 h before or simultaneously with intravenous injection of homologous allergen, it blocks the allergen's effect on monocyte \"disappearance\", i.e. the number or monocytes in cortisone treated animals does not change, while their number in the control animals (not treated with cortisone) decreases considerably. The possible blocking effect mechanisms of cortisone on the specific allergen action are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of cortisome on monocyte \"disappearance\" from the blood]. The effect of cortisone on monocyte \"disappearance\" from peripheral blood of guinea pigs sensibilized with live S. abortus ovis culture and showing positive skin-allergic reaction with allergen of the same salmonella was studied. It was established that in case cortisone is applied in a dose of 22 mg per guinea pig intramusculary 3 or 1 h before or simultaneously with intravenous injection of homologous allergen, it blocks the allergen's effect on monocyte \"disappearance\", i.e. the number or monocytes in cortisone treated animals does not change, while their number in the control animals (not treated with cortisone) decreases considerably. The possible blocking effect mechanisms of cortisone on the specific allergen action are discussed.", "PMID": 543108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9216", "title": "[Carcinoma of the uterus in the Austrian mortality statistics. I. Carcinoma of the uterus in Viennese autopsy reports 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The official mortality statistics in Austria fail to report the localization of uterine cancer in nearly two thirds of cases and, thus, the annual death rate of women with cervical versus endometrial cancer is not clear. These two diseases behave totally differently with regard to their aetiology, age distribution, early diagnosis, therapy and prognosis and, therefore, a separate analysis is necessary. This study presents an analysis of the incidence of uterine cancer in a series of 7,276 women who died in Vienna hospitals in 1976. Of the 151 cases (2% of all the women in the examined collective) 109 died of cervical carcinoma, 33 of endometrial carcinoma and 9 of unspecified uterine carcinoma. The average age of women who died of cervical carcinomas was 60 years, whilst that of patients with endometrial carcinoma was 71.7 years. In 12.6% of cases double carcinomata were found. The relation between deaths from cervical carcinoma to endometrial carcinoma is 3.3:1. If this ratio is applied to the 942 deaths from uterine carcinoma in 1976 in Austria, then one can estimate that more than 700 women must have died of cervical carcinoma and more than 200 of endometrial carcinoma. The 303 deaths from cervical carcinoma and 65 from endometrial carcinoma reported in the official mortality statistics are, therefore, totally misleading and ought not to be used as a basis for epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the uterus in the Austrian mortality statistics. I. Carcinoma of the uterus in Viennese autopsy reports 1976 (author's transl)]. The official mortality statistics in Austria fail to report the localization of uterine cancer in nearly two thirds of cases and, thus, the annual death rate of women with cervical versus endometrial cancer is not clear. These two diseases behave totally differently with regard to their aetiology, age distribution, early diagnosis, therapy and prognosis and, therefore, a separate analysis is necessary. This study presents an analysis of the incidence of uterine cancer in a series of 7,276 women who died in Vienna hospitals in 1976. Of the 151 cases (2% of all the women in the examined collective) 109 died of cervical carcinoma, 33 of endometrial carcinoma and 9 of unspecified uterine carcinoma. The average age of women who died of cervical carcinomas was 60 years, whilst that of patients with endometrial carcinoma was 71.7 years. In 12.6% of cases double carcinomata were found. The relation between deaths from cervical carcinoma to endometrial carcinoma is 3.3:1. If this ratio is applied to the 942 deaths from uterine carcinoma in 1976 in Austria, then one can estimate that more than 700 women must have died of cervical carcinoma and more than 200 of endometrial carcinoma. The 303 deaths from cervical carcinoma and 65 from endometrial carcinoma reported in the official mortality statistics are, therefore, totally misleading and ought not to be used as a basis for epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 543140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9217", "title": "[Amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolactin was determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 112 patients with primary or secondary amenorrhoea. 21 cases showed hyperprolactinaemia with levels above 25 ng/ml (18.7%). 10 patients with levels between 25 and 50 ng/ml showed heterogeneous clinical features. In nine women (8%) the prolactin level was above 100 ng/ml; they all had severe amenorrhoea. As a result of treatment with bromocriptine menstrual bleeding occurred in 4 out of 7 cases and 2 of these patients became pregnant. In 3 cases prolactin did not return to normal levels and in 2 out of these patients microadenomas of the pituitary gland were diagnosed by special methods. They were removed surgically by the transsphenoidal approach.", "contents": "[Amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)]. Prolactin was determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 112 patients with primary or secondary amenorrhoea. 21 cases showed hyperprolactinaemia with levels above 25 ng/ml (18.7%). 10 patients with levels between 25 and 50 ng/ml showed heterogeneous clinical features. In nine women (8%) the prolactin level was above 100 ng/ml; they all had severe amenorrhoea. As a result of treatment with bromocriptine menstrual bleeding occurred in 4 out of 7 cases and 2 of these patients became pregnant. In 3 cases prolactin did not return to normal levels and in 2 out of these patients microadenomas of the pituitary gland were diagnosed by special methods. They were removed surgically by the transsphenoidal approach.", "PMID": 543141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9218", "title": "[Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. Determinations were carried out before treatment and, in accordance with expected peak values in case of myocardial necrosis, after 6 and 12 hours. Three pathological values were recorded and these are discussed individually. Furthermore, statistical evaluation of the recorded values showed no significant differences.", "contents": "[Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)]. Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. Determinations were carried out before treatment and, in accordance with expected peak values in case of myocardial necrosis, after 6 and 12 hours. Three pathological values were recorded and these are discussed individually. Furthermore, statistical evaluation of the recorded values showed no significant differences.", "PMID": 543142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9219", "title": "[Results of postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer at the Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna. Our data compare well with the best results reported in the literature. Apart from the importance of high loco-regional freedom from disease for the quality of life of these patients, the related increase in survival prospects is stressed.", "contents": "[Results of postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer (author's transl)]. The results are presented of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer at the Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna. Our data compare well with the best results reported in the literature. Apart from the importance of high loco-regional freedom from disease for the quality of life of these patients, the related increase in survival prospects is stressed.", "PMID": 543143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9220", "title": "[Hexoprenalin as a tocolytic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "Hexoprenalin, a betasympathomimetic drug, was tested with respect to tocolytic effect and cardiovascular side effects. The dosage varied according to the obstetrical situation and the resultant indication for tocolysis. \"Long-term tocolysis\" in the prophylaxis of premature labour was indicated when more or less rhythmical uterine contractions were present without any effect, as yet, on the cervix. The dosage was 0.075 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously as long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in fetal heart rate being 2.43% and the mean rise in maternal heart rate 4.13%. Massive tocolysis to inhibit effective premature labour was indicated when rhythmical uterine contractions had already exerted an effect on the cervix. The dosage was 0.33 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously in form of a long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in maternal heart rate being 33% and the mean rise in fetal heart rate 3%. Acute tocolysis to inhibit labour during parturition was indicated when ominous signs of fetal distress were present, or as premedication before surgical intervention. The dosage was 1.0 microgram/min hexoprenalin as an intravenous bolus over a period of 5 min. In a collective of 10 patients the tocolytic effect was adequate. Evaluation of the rise in maternal and fetal heart rate does not appear to be useful.", "contents": "[Hexoprenalin as a tocolytic drug (author's transl)]. Hexoprenalin, a betasympathomimetic drug, was tested with respect to tocolytic effect and cardiovascular side effects. The dosage varied according to the obstetrical situation and the resultant indication for tocolysis. \"Long-term tocolysis\" in the prophylaxis of premature labour was indicated when more or less rhythmical uterine contractions were present without any effect, as yet, on the cervix. The dosage was 0.075 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously as long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in fetal heart rate being 2.43% and the mean rise in maternal heart rate 4.13%. Massive tocolysis to inhibit effective premature labour was indicated when rhythmical uterine contractions had already exerted an effect on the cervix. The dosage was 0.33 microgram/min hexoprenalin intravenously in form of a long-term infusion using a motor pump. In a collective of 20 patients in the last trimester of pregnancy the tocolytic effect was satisfactory, the mean rise in maternal heart rate being 33% and the mean rise in fetal heart rate 3%. Acute tocolysis to inhibit labour during parturition was indicated when ominous signs of fetal distress were present, or as premedication before surgical intervention. The dosage was 1.0 microgram/min hexoprenalin as an intravenous bolus over a period of 5 min. In a collective of 10 patients the tocolytic effect was adequate. Evaluation of the rise in maternal and fetal heart rate does not appear to be useful.", "PMID": 543144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9221", "title": "[Primary amenorrhea, a symptom of occlusive hydrocephalus].", "content": "A report is given on the syndrom: primary amenorrhea, gliosis of the aqueduct and hydrocephalus internus of non-tumoral and non-inflammatory origin. In all three cases a cyclic menstruation was induced by performing shunting procedures.", "contents": "[Primary amenorrhea, a symptom of occlusive hydrocephalus]. A report is given on the syndrom: primary amenorrhea, gliosis of the aqueduct and hydrocephalus internus of non-tumoral and non-inflammatory origin. In all three cases a cyclic menstruation was induced by performing shunting procedures.", "PMID": 543145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9222", "title": "[First clinical experiences with a new atrial pacemaker electrode (\"atrial tined J lead\") (author's transl)].", "content": "First clinical experiences with a new atrial tined J-shaped pacemaker electrode are reported. The electrode was used for permanent atrial stimulation and--together with a ventricular lead--for bifocal stimulation. Implantation technique, stimulation thresholds and complications are described. Advantages and disadvantages of various atrial electrodes are discussed.", "contents": "[First clinical experiences with a new atrial pacemaker electrode (\"atrial tined J lead\") (author's transl)]. First clinical experiences with a new atrial tined J-shaped pacemaker electrode are reported. The electrode was used for permanent atrial stimulation and--together with a ventricular lead--for bifocal stimulation. Implantation technique, stimulation thresholds and complications are described. Advantages and disadvantages of various atrial electrodes are discussed.", "PMID": 543146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9223", "title": "[Early operation of patients with life threatening hemorrhage from an intracerebral arteriovenous angioma (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last twenty years 113 arteriovenous angiomas were treated at the University Clinic for Neurosurgery in Graz. Contrary to earlier practice tending towards conservative measurements in acute hemorrhage improved technic and close cooperation between the radiologist, the anaesthesist and the neurosurgeon have resulted in a diminished operative risk and made early operative intervention possible. Operation even in patients with an acute life threatening hemorrhage improve the prognosis markedly. This is demonstrated by a case report.", "contents": "[Early operation of patients with life threatening hemorrhage from an intracerebral arteriovenous angioma (author's transl)]. In the last twenty years 113 arteriovenous angiomas were treated at the University Clinic for Neurosurgery in Graz. Contrary to earlier practice tending towards conservative measurements in acute hemorrhage improved technic and close cooperation between the radiologist, the anaesthesist and the neurosurgeon have resulted in a diminished operative risk and made early operative intervention possible. Operation even in patients with an acute life threatening hemorrhage improve the prognosis markedly. This is demonstrated by a case report.", "PMID": 543147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9224", "title": "[Psychosurgery today (author's transl)].", "content": "After discussion of the historical and neurophysiological bases of psychosurgery a report on personal experience in different indications is given. Finally, the present degree of informedness of doctors and the media on psychosurgery is discussed.", "contents": "[Psychosurgery today (author's transl)]. After discussion of the historical and neurophysiological bases of psychosurgery a report on personal experience in different indications is given. Finally, the present degree of informedness of doctors and the media on psychosurgery is discussed.", "PMID": 543148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9225", "title": "[Sudden deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Sudden deafness\" is understood as an instant loss of the hearing ability meaning a sensorineural hearing loss of one or both ears which can lead to total deafness. Suitable measures for treatment of sudden deafness are vasodilatation by infusions of Complamin (Lamuran, Dusodril, Rheomacrodex), blockage of the ganglion stellatum, hospitalizations of the patient to protect him from psychogenic stress factors and prescription of sedatives. From 1973 to 1977 84 patients with sudden deafness were treated at the ear, nose and throat department of the Landeskrankenanstalten Salzburg. Only 2 patients were under 20 years of age, 53 (62.3%) were between 20 and 50, and 29 (34.5%) over 50 years old. In 60.6% of the cases an improvement of the hearing ability by 20 db to normal could be achieved, 39.4% did not show any positive therapeutic results.", "contents": "[Sudden deafness (author's transl)]. \"Sudden deafness\" is understood as an instant loss of the hearing ability meaning a sensorineural hearing loss of one or both ears which can lead to total deafness. Suitable measures for treatment of sudden deafness are vasodilatation by infusions of Complamin (Lamuran, Dusodril, Rheomacrodex), blockage of the ganglion stellatum, hospitalizations of the patient to protect him from psychogenic stress factors and prescription of sedatives. From 1973 to 1977 84 patients with sudden deafness were treated at the ear, nose and throat department of the Landeskrankenanstalten Salzburg. Only 2 patients were under 20 years of age, 53 (62.3%) were between 20 and 50, and 29 (34.5%) over 50 years old. In 60.6% of the cases an improvement of the hearing ability by 20 db to normal could be achieved, 39.4% did not show any positive therapeutic results.", "PMID": 543149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9226", "title": "[Standardized forced diuresis and peritoneal dialysis in the therapy of organophosphorous poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of severe poisoning with the organophosphorous insecticide methidathione standardized forced diuresis and peritoneal dialysis were performed for the first time in addition to the usual therapeutical procedures (e.g. repeated gastric lavage, induced diarrhea, atropine and intensive care). The course of the illness as well as the duration of the acute phase were significantly shorter than in comparable cases. No hazardous situation occurred after the first hours of treatment. The presence of the organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitor or of its metabolites in the urine and the dialysate was proved by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "[Standardized forced diuresis and peritoneal dialysis in the therapy of organophosphorous poisoning (author's transl)]. In a case of severe poisoning with the organophosphorous insecticide methidathione standardized forced diuresis and peritoneal dialysis were performed for the first time in addition to the usual therapeutical procedures (e.g. repeated gastric lavage, induced diarrhea, atropine and intensive care). The course of the illness as well as the duration of the acute phase were significantly shorter than in comparable cases. No hazardous situation occurred after the first hours of treatment. The presence of the organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitor or of its metabolites in the urine and the dialysate was proved by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 543150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9227", "title": "[Possible relations between Reiter's disease and psoriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a characteristic venereal type of Reiter's disease with a pustular exanthem and a balanitis circinata. In the course of the disease the pustular exanthem probably transformed into a typical Psoriasis vulgaris. In search of genetical markers it was not possible in this case to show the HLA-antigens, which are characteristic of the Reiter's disease and the Psoriasis vulgaris; the HLA-antigens A 10, B7 and B12 however could be proved. The question is up for discussion, wether a HLA-B 27-negative Reiter's disease might include a disposition to the appearance of a phenotypical Psoriasis vulgaris, the genotype of which is represented by rather \"unusual\" histocompatibility-gens.", "contents": "[Possible relations between Reiter's disease and psoriasis (author's transl)]. Description of a characteristic venereal type of Reiter's disease with a pustular exanthem and a balanitis circinata. In the course of the disease the pustular exanthem probably transformed into a typical Psoriasis vulgaris. In search of genetical markers it was not possible in this case to show the HLA-antigens, which are characteristic of the Reiter's disease and the Psoriasis vulgaris; the HLA-antigens A 10, B7 and B12 however could be proved. The question is up for discussion, wether a HLA-B 27-negative Reiter's disease might include a disposition to the appearance of a phenotypical Psoriasis vulgaris, the genotype of which is represented by rather \"unusual\" histocompatibility-gens.", "PMID": 543151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9228", "title": "[Parasitological results of a medico-anthropological research-work at the Azande in northeast-Zaire (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 165 examined Azande 118 (71.5%) were found with intestinal helminthic infections: Hookworm (69.1%), Schistosoma mansoni (13.9%), Trichuris trichiura (4.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.6%). The intradermal Schistosoma test with a commercial antigen preparation was positive in 63.3% of 147 examinees. Protozoa-excretions were found in 62.2% of 151 examines: E. histolytica (27.2%), E. hartmanni (13.2%), E. coli (24.5%), Jodamoeba buetschlii (7.3%), Endolimax nana (1.3%), Lamblia intestinalis (17.2%). Microfilariae were found in 87 of 165 blood-smears (52.7%). The positive diagnoses increased with the age of the examinees. 73.8% of 141 examinees showed an increase of eosinophilic granulozytes up to 11-29%, and 7.8% up to more than 30%. The reliability of the methods used to conserve the test material under extreme conditions as well as the connection between ethnographical situations and the detected parasites are discussed.", "contents": "[Parasitological results of a medico-anthropological research-work at the Azande in northeast-Zaire (author's transl)]. Among 165 examined Azande 118 (71.5%) were found with intestinal helminthic infections: Hookworm (69.1%), Schistosoma mansoni (13.9%), Trichuris trichiura (4.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.6%). The intradermal Schistosoma test with a commercial antigen preparation was positive in 63.3% of 147 examinees. Protozoa-excretions were found in 62.2% of 151 examines: E. histolytica (27.2%), E. hartmanni (13.2%), E. coli (24.5%), Jodamoeba buetschlii (7.3%), Endolimax nana (1.3%), Lamblia intestinalis (17.2%). Microfilariae were found in 87 of 165 blood-smears (52.7%). The positive diagnoses increased with the age of the examinees. 73.8% of 141 examinees showed an increase of eosinophilic granulozytes up to 11-29%, and 7.8% up to more than 30%. The reliability of the methods used to conserve the test material under extreme conditions as well as the connection between ethnographical situations and the detected parasites are discussed.", "PMID": 543152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9229", "title": "[Typical annual course of urolithiasis in relation to the chemical structure of the concrements (author's transl)].", "content": "Urolithiasis is seen in our region throughout the year as a periodic appearing disease with peaks not only in summer, but also--somewhat lower--in January, April and October. This appearance is especially caused by the calcium oxalate stones. Uric acid calculi show a rise between May and October. The magnesium ammonium phosphate stones appear almost completely irregular.", "contents": "[Typical annual course of urolithiasis in relation to the chemical structure of the concrements (author's transl)]. Urolithiasis is seen in our region throughout the year as a periodic appearing disease with peaks not only in summer, but also--somewhat lower--in January, April and October. This appearance is especially caused by the calcium oxalate stones. Uric acid calculi show a rise between May and October. The magnesium ammonium phosphate stones appear almost completely irregular.", "PMID": 543153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9230", "title": "[Results of partial duodenopancreatectomies (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 36 partial duodenopancreatectomies (1956-1976) are reported. The operative mortality was 25%, during the last 5 years 12.5%. The lowest operative mortality and the best prognosis was found in carcinomas of Vater's ampulla, with 14.2% mortality and 50% 5 years survival time, followed by carcinomas of the distal bile duct. The most infavorable result was found in the carcinomas of the head of the pancreas with an operative mortality of 36% and the shortest survival times.", "contents": "[Results of partial duodenopancreatectomies (author's transl)]. The results of 36 partial duodenopancreatectomies (1956-1976) are reported. The operative mortality was 25%, during the last 5 years 12.5%. The lowest operative mortality and the best prognosis was found in carcinomas of Vater's ampulla, with 14.2% mortality and 50% 5 years survival time, followed by carcinomas of the distal bile duct. The most infavorable result was found in the carcinomas of the head of the pancreas with an operative mortality of 36% and the shortest survival times.", "PMID": 543154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9231", "title": "[Occurrence of pyruvic acid in capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) of klebsiellas].", "content": "The capsular polysaccharides of 77 Klebsiella K-types were analysed for the presence of pyruvic acid. One half of the polysaccharides investigated were found to contain between 1.3 and 12% of the keto acid. A comparison between the analyses performed and the calculated values from some pyruvic acid containing polysaccharides of known structure showed that there is only in 5 out of 10 cases a good correlation with a regular substitution of the oligosaccharide repeating units.", "contents": "[Occurrence of pyruvic acid in capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) of klebsiellas]. The capsular polysaccharides of 77 Klebsiella K-types were analysed for the presence of pyruvic acid. One half of the polysaccharides investigated were found to contain between 1.3 and 12% of the keto acid. A comparison between the analyses performed and the calculated values from some pyruvic acid containing polysaccharides of known structure showed that there is only in 5 out of 10 cases a good correlation with a regular substitution of the oligosaccharide repeating units.", "PMID": 543156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9232", "title": "[Steroid-transforming enzymes from microorganisms. X. Enrichment of a 4-en-3-oxosteroid-5 alpha-reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as separation and enrichment of the apoenzyme by means of affinity chromatography].", "content": "The 4-en-3-oxosteroid-5 alpha-reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis was bound biospecifically on the affinant containing an immobilized testosterone ligand. The enzyme obtained by elution with ethylene glycol and urea in a 32 fold purity has a S. A. of 8.73 X 10(-3) microM androstenedione min-1 mg-1. The coenzyme (FAD) could be separated from the immobilized enzyme substrate complex on the affinity matrix, in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 at pH 3.0. After elution of the apoenzyme 97% of the initial enzyme activity was obtained by incubation with FAD. The reactivated enzyme results in a 40-fold enrichment.", "contents": "[Steroid-transforming enzymes from microorganisms. X. Enrichment of a 4-en-3-oxosteroid-5 alpha-reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as separation and enrichment of the apoenzyme by means of affinity chromatography]. The 4-en-3-oxosteroid-5 alpha-reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis was bound biospecifically on the affinant containing an immobilized testosterone ligand. The enzyme obtained by elution with ethylene glycol and urea in a 32 fold purity has a S. A. of 8.73 X 10(-3) microM androstenedione min-1 mg-1. The coenzyme (FAD) could be separated from the immobilized enzyme substrate complex on the affinity matrix, in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 at pH 3.0. After elution of the apoenzyme 97% of the initial enzyme activity was obtained by incubation with FAD. The reactivated enzyme results in a 40-fold enrichment.", "PMID": 543159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9233", "title": "[The psychophysiology of the visual thought perception of visually evoked brain potentials and recognition mechanisms].", "content": "The study tries to demonstrate, that the combination of the actualgenetic method (Sander, Froehlich), and the VEP, allows a systematic and differentiated analysis of the psychophysiological process of visual thinking. A student group was compared with mental retardates in VEP and EOG, watching actualgenetically manipulated picture series. Phasic EEG-changes are significantly related to the identification process. Most sensitive are amplitude changes about 120 to 270 msec. The mental retardates had significant VEP changes 180--270 msec, the students 128--192 msec after picture presentation. The process factor analysis (Pawlik) elaborated an illumination factor and two factors being labelled general reaction set. VEP averaging over the persons revealed different attention and/or discrimination behavior for the student group and the mental retardates, identifying the picture objects.", "contents": "[The psychophysiology of the visual thought perception of visually evoked brain potentials and recognition mechanisms]. The study tries to demonstrate, that the combination of the actualgenetic method (Sander, Froehlich), and the VEP, allows a systematic and differentiated analysis of the psychophysiological process of visual thinking. A student group was compared with mental retardates in VEP and EOG, watching actualgenetically manipulated picture series. Phasic EEG-changes are significantly related to the identification process. Most sensitive are amplitude changes about 120 to 270 msec. The mental retardates had significant VEP changes 180--270 msec, the students 128--192 msec after picture presentation. The process factor analysis (Pawlik) elaborated an illumination factor and two factors being labelled general reaction set. VEP averaging over the persons revealed different attention and/or discrimination behavior for the student group and the mental retardates, identifying the picture objects.", "PMID": 543170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9234", "title": "[The role of the pupil's size in the perception of other persons].", "content": "Studies by Hess (1975) show that the pupil serves as a source of information in perception of the emotional state of another person. Large pupils are interpreted in a positive sense. Basing on the results of Hess, the hypothesis that pupil size does not become a relevant variable in person perception until after puberty, was formed. The following result would be interpreted as supporting the hypothesis: since girls reach puberty before boys, more girls should react to pupil size than boys of the same age. 121 students between the ages of 11 and 16 years judged in several statements which of two face photos of a teacher expressed a greater degree of positive attention and esteem towards the students. The two face photos were identical with the exception of pupil size. All age groups rated the photos with larger pupils more positively. Sex differences occurred in the  ratings of the 11 to 12-year-olds. Some basic differences between this experiment and that of Hess are discussed.", "contents": "[The role of the pupil's size in the perception of other persons]. Studies by Hess (1975) show that the pupil serves as a source of information in perception of the emotional state of another person. Large pupils are interpreted in a positive sense. Basing on the results of Hess, the hypothesis that pupil size does not become a relevant variable in person perception until after puberty, was formed. The following result would be interpreted as supporting the hypothesis: since girls reach puberty before boys, more girls should react to pupil size than boys of the same age. 121 students between the ages of 11 and 16 years judged in several statements which of two face photos of a teacher expressed a greater degree of positive attention and esteem towards the students. The two face photos were identical with the exception of pupil size. All age groups rated the photos with larger pupils more positively. Sex differences occurred in the  ratings of the 11 to 12-year-olds. Some basic differences between this experiment and that of Hess are discussed.", "PMID": 543171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9235", "title": "[Gastritis and stomach ulcer].", "content": "Patients with ventricular ulcer (n = 109) were examined endoscopically and bioptically concerning the frequency of an at the same time existing gastritis. It was shown that stomachs with ulcer practically without any exception, i.e. in 96 per cent, had a pangastritis. In the endoscopic comparative group without focal lesions (n = 231) a gradually less pronouncedly expressed gastritis is present than in patients with ulcer. Patients with gastric ulcer and such persons with endoscopical negative dyspepsia (endoscopic comparative group) have common the more pronounced appearance of the gastritis in the antrum (antritis) than in the corpus. Gastric ulcers appeared in males at the age from 30 to 49 years twice as often as in females. The latter showed an approximately linear increase of the frequency of corpus ulcers between 20 and 69 years. In antrum ulcers like in duodenal ulcers the males dominate at the age from 20 to 59 years, whereas the females prevail in the 7th decennium.", "contents": "[Gastritis and stomach ulcer]. Patients with ventricular ulcer (n = 109) were examined endoscopically and bioptically concerning the frequency of an at the same time existing gastritis. It was shown that stomachs with ulcer practically without any exception, i.e. in 96 per cent, had a pangastritis. In the endoscopic comparative group without focal lesions (n = 231) a gradually less pronouncedly expressed gastritis is present than in patients with ulcer. Patients with gastric ulcer and such persons with endoscopical negative dyspepsia (endoscopic comparative group) have common the more pronounced appearance of the gastritis in the antrum (antritis) than in the corpus. Gastric ulcers appeared in males at the age from 30 to 49 years twice as often as in females. The latter showed an approximately linear increase of the frequency of corpus ulcers between 20 and 69 years. In antrum ulcers like in duodenal ulcers the males dominate at the age from 20 to 59 years, whereas the females prevail in the 7th decennium.", "PMID": 543172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9236", "title": "[Chronic gastritis in stomach cancer].", "content": "In a random test of 128 patients with neoplasms of the stomach and in a control group of 170 persons corresponding to age without any focal lesion at the stomach the connection between carcinoma of the stomach and the chronic gastritis was tested. The carcinoma of the stomach is always accompanied by chronic gastritis. The chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia is significantly more frequent than in control persons. We found the chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia more frequently than in the adenocarcinoma (environmental carcinoma) than in the solid carcinoma. The clear dependence of age of the carcinoma of the stomach is confirmed; particularly great increase of the frequency of the carcinoma in the male in the fourth to the seventh decennium of life, in which case males more frequently have an adenocarcinoma, females, on the other hand, a solid carcinoma.", "contents": "[Chronic gastritis in stomach cancer]. In a random test of 128 patients with neoplasms of the stomach and in a control group of 170 persons corresponding to age without any focal lesion at the stomach the connection between carcinoma of the stomach and the chronic gastritis was tested. The carcinoma of the stomach is always accompanied by chronic gastritis. The chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia is significantly more frequent than in control persons. We found the chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia more frequently than in the adenocarcinoma (environmental carcinoma) than in the solid carcinoma. The clear dependence of age of the carcinoma of the stomach is confirmed; particularly great increase of the frequency of the carcinoma in the male in the fourth to the seventh decennium of life, in which case males more frequently have an adenocarcinoma, females, on the other hand, a solid carcinoma.", "PMID": 543173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9237", "title": "[Duodenitis].", "content": "In 211 bulboscopies 108 normal findings, 29 duodenal ulcers, 44 cases of scar bulb, 4 times erosions of the bulb and 26 times a bulbitis alone (macroscopically) were found. The macroscopic findings duodenitis were confirmed histologically in 85%, the macroscopic findings normal bulbous mucous membrane only in 30% of the cases. In patients with the histological findings duodenitis the bulbous mucous membrane was endoscopically regarded as normal in 70% of the cases. Patients with duodenitis more frequently have an antrum gastritis and less frequently a corpus gastritis than a control group corresponding to age without any macroscopic changes at the stomach and duodenal bulb. On account of its clinico-therapeutic importance is referred to the fact to demarcate the peptic corrosive bulbitis (bulbitis with bulboscopically probable lesion) from the bulbitis without bulboscopic lesion.", "contents": "[Duodenitis]. In 211 bulboscopies 108 normal findings, 29 duodenal ulcers, 44 cases of scar bulb, 4 times erosions of the bulb and 26 times a bulbitis alone (macroscopically) were found. The macroscopic findings duodenitis were confirmed histologically in 85%, the macroscopic findings normal bulbous mucous membrane only in 30% of the cases. In patients with the histological findings duodenitis the bulbous mucous membrane was endoscopically regarded as normal in 70% of the cases. Patients with duodenitis more frequently have an antrum gastritis and less frequently a corpus gastritis than a control group corresponding to age without any macroscopic changes at the stomach and duodenal bulb. On account of its clinico-therapeutic importance is referred to the fact to demarcate the peptic corrosive bulbitis (bulbitis with bulboscopically probable lesion) from the bulbitis without bulboscopic lesion.", "PMID": 543174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9238", "title": "[The value of fiber gastroscopy and targeted gastrobiopsy in the diagnosis of stomach ulcers and tumors].", "content": "In 2,000 patients the fiber-gastroscopic and bioptic findings were tested with the help of control examinations, results of operations and course observations. Here the fibergastroscopic diagnosis tumour was confirmed in 89.4%. 13 times a wrong diagnosis of tumour was made. Here different substrates were in question (ventricular ulcers, polypous hyperblastic mucous membrane and others). 11 carcinomas were gastroscopically not recognized as tumour. In 25 cases (20%) of the histological investigation of bioptically taken tissue did not result in a confirmation of the fiber-gastroscopic diagnosis of tumour. But 19 times of them the histology was falsely negative. The supplementation of the gastroscopy by biopsy resulted in a right diagnosis in 93.6%. By control examinations a further increase of the accuracy to 96.8% could be reached.", "contents": "[The value of fiber gastroscopy and targeted gastrobiopsy in the diagnosis of stomach ulcers and tumors]. In 2,000 patients the fiber-gastroscopic and bioptic findings were tested with the help of control examinations, results of operations and course observations. Here the fibergastroscopic diagnosis tumour was confirmed in 89.4%. 13 times a wrong diagnosis of tumour was made. Here different substrates were in question (ventricular ulcers, polypous hyperblastic mucous membrane and others). 11 carcinomas were gastroscopically not recognized as tumour. In 25 cases (20%) of the histological investigation of bioptically taken tissue did not result in a confirmation of the fiber-gastroscopic diagnosis of tumour. But 19 times of them the histology was falsely negative. The supplementation of the gastroscopy by biopsy resulted in a right diagnosis in 93.6%. By control examinations a further increase of the accuracy to 96.8% could be reached.", "PMID": 543175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9239", "title": "[Use of B-sonography in the diagnosis of liver diseases].", "content": "The criteria important for the sonographic judgment of the liver and the value of the sonography in the strategy of the diagnostics of liver diseases are described. Since none of the symptoms mentioned, such as size of the liver, ventral contour, lower margin of the liver, demarcability, sound conduction as well size, density and distribution of the structural reflexes, is typical for a certain disease, an approximate diagnosis or the exclusion of certain diseases is a possible only taking into consideration several symptoms and also extrahepatic, sonographically probable ones. On account of the simplicity and of the undangerousness of the examination it is obvious to use the sonography immediately after the examination and thus to organize the selection of further diagnostic measures more rational.", "contents": "[Use of B-sonography in the diagnosis of liver diseases]. The criteria important for the sonographic judgment of the liver and the value of the sonography in the strategy of the diagnostics of liver diseases are described. Since none of the symptoms mentioned, such as size of the liver, ventral contour, lower margin of the liver, demarcability, sound conduction as well size, density and distribution of the structural reflexes, is typical for a certain disease, an approximate diagnosis or the exclusion of certain diseases is a possible only taking into consideration several symptoms and also extrahepatic, sonographically probable ones. On account of the simplicity and of the undangerousness of the examination it is obvious to use the sonography immediately after the examination and thus to organize the selection of further diagnostic measures more rational.", "PMID": 543176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9240", "title": "[Various viewpoints in the evaluation of rheograms of the extremities. I. Rheographs of the leg].", "content": "1. All angular measures of the rheogramme depend in their size on the height of the gauge wave. In order to gain uniform reference values and to perform a comparison between different curves, it is necessary to eliminate the effect of the various heights of gauge waves on the curves by a standardisation on a constant reference value. The technical performance of the standardisation is described. 2. The connection between height of the gauge waves and the angular measures is not linear. A polynoma of second degree is the result of the function of size of angle and height of gauge wave. 3. As strongest parameter for the separation between pathologic cases and comparative persons with healthy vessels the standardized sum of angles of the three first after-waves in the descending side of the curve is found. 4. Other separation parameters are the relative pulse volume, the standardized ascending and peak angle as well as the peak height in milli-Ohm. For these parameters the mean value and the lower limits of the reference regions are given.", "contents": "[Various viewpoints in the evaluation of rheograms of the extremities. I. Rheographs of the leg]. 1. All angular measures of the rheogramme depend in their size on the height of the gauge wave. In order to gain uniform reference values and to perform a comparison between different curves, it is necessary to eliminate the effect of the various heights of gauge waves on the curves by a standardisation on a constant reference value. The technical performance of the standardisation is described. 2. The connection between height of the gauge waves and the angular measures is not linear. A polynoma of second degree is the result of the function of size of angle and height of gauge wave. 3. As strongest parameter for the separation between pathologic cases and comparative persons with healthy vessels the standardized sum of angles of the three first after-waves in the descending side of the curve is found. 4. Other separation parameters are the relative pulse volume, the standardized ascending and peak angle as well as the peak height in milli-Ohm. For these parameters the mean value and the lower limits of the reference regions are given.", "PMID": 543177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9241", "title": "[The effect of drugs on laboratory diagnosis. The effect of ascorbic acid on selected automatic laboratory methods].", "content": "The paper presents further investigations for a critical survey on the influences of drugs on laboratory methods. In controversion to the meanings you can find in the literature that ascorbic acid is most one of the important drugs to interfere with laboratory results we couldn't see in our systematical experimental investigation such results. Only in very extremly cases it seems to be right. Selected parameters of clinical chemistry (glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartal-aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, protein, albumine, creatinine, butanol extractable iodine, ferrum) show under therapeutic conditions no influences of ascorbic acid, which can lead to diagnostic or therapeutic false interpretations. Above all the often mentioned example that glucose estimations in blood (reduction methods) can disturb if ascorbic acid is present, is abstracted in an uncritical manner how our experimental results may show.", "contents": "[The effect of drugs on laboratory diagnosis. The effect of ascorbic acid on selected automatic laboratory methods]. The paper presents further investigations for a critical survey on the influences of drugs on laboratory methods. In controversion to the meanings you can find in the literature that ascorbic acid is most one of the important drugs to interfere with laboratory results we couldn't see in our systematical experimental investigation such results. Only in very extremly cases it seems to be right. Selected parameters of clinical chemistry (glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartal-aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, protein, albumine, creatinine, butanol extractable iodine, ferrum) show under therapeutic conditions no influences of ascorbic acid, which can lead to diagnostic or therapeutic false interpretations. Above all the often mentioned example that glucose estimations in blood (reduction methods) can disturb if ascorbic acid is present, is abstracted in an uncritical manner how our experimental results may show.", "PMID": 543178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9242", "title": "[Sideropenia].", "content": "The most frequent deficiency state in our population, the sideropenia, is caused by decreased intake, increased losses and increased need of iron. In certain groups of persons, in whom sideropenias are particularly frequent, a prevention of iron deficiency is to be recommended by the application of iron preparations, above all during puberty and gravidity, in strongly menstruating women and in persons who more than twice a year act as blood donors. The quantity of iron which is to be added in hypoferric anaemic is easily to be calculated from the existing deficit of haemoglobin; the substitution of iron mostly demands an oral therapy lasting several weeks, in more severe anaemias started by intravenous applications of iron, if necessary.", "contents": "[Sideropenia]. The most frequent deficiency state in our population, the sideropenia, is caused by decreased intake, increased losses and increased need of iron. In certain groups of persons, in whom sideropenias are particularly frequent, a prevention of iron deficiency is to be recommended by the application of iron preparations, above all during puberty and gravidity, in strongly menstruating women and in persons who more than twice a year act as blood donors. The quantity of iron which is to be added in hypoferric anaemic is easily to be calculated from the existing deficit of haemoglobin; the substitution of iron mostly demands an oral therapy lasting several weeks, in more severe anaemias started by intravenous applications of iron, if necessary.", "PMID": 543179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9243", "title": "[The slope clearance method in renal functional diagnosis. J-131-hippurate clearance is used as an example].", "content": "The clinical relevance of the clearance of radiopharmaca is controversial in literature. The cause for this are in our opinion the different methods of evaluation which either make difficult or make impossible a comparison of individual results. The late phase of the disappearance (at least 70 and 100 min p.i.) possesses a high value under the aspect of renal diagnosis, since by its means with a high approximation the renal function may be established itself.", "contents": "[The slope clearance method in renal functional diagnosis. J-131-hippurate clearance is used as an example]. The clinical relevance of the clearance of radiopharmaca is controversial in literature. The cause for this are in our opinion the different methods of evaluation which either make difficult or make impossible a comparison of individual results. The late phase of the disappearance (at least 70 and 100 min p.i.) possesses a high value under the aspect of renal diagnosis, since by its means with a high approximation the renal function may be established itself.", "PMID": 543180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9244", "title": "[Neonatal intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "About 3 percent of live borns on average need intensive care. This has been proved to be highly effective in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity provided it is incorporated in a graded system of regional perinatal health services. Its concept is based upon selection and weighing of risks and distribution on different care levels according to individual needs. It depends on close interdisciplinary regional cooperation. Although high quality conditions could be established at single places, there is yet, in general, lack of understanding of and of proper facilities for functionally adequate neonatal care.", "contents": "[Neonatal intensive care (author's transl)]. About 3 percent of live borns on average need intensive care. This has been proved to be highly effective in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity provided it is incorporated in a graded system of regional perinatal health services. Its concept is based upon selection and weighing of risks and distribution on different care levels according to individual needs. It depends on close interdisciplinary regional cooperation. Although high quality conditions could be established at single places, there is yet, in general, lack of understanding of and of proper facilities for functionally adequate neonatal care.", "PMID": 543181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9245", "title": "[Cardiac effect of fenoterol alone or combined with Verapamil (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups each consisting of twelve healthy students received Fenoterol (0,03 microgram/kg/min) alone or in combination with Verapamil (1,2 micrograms/kg/min) intravenously. In both groups, heart rate, arterial blood pressure amplitude and echocardiographically determined left ventricular contractility parameters increased significantly and equally. These results suggest that Verapamil does not counteract the positive chronotropic and inotropic effect of Fenoterol.", "contents": "[Cardiac effect of fenoterol alone or combined with Verapamil (author's transl)]. Two groups each consisting of twelve healthy students received Fenoterol (0,03 microgram/kg/min) alone or in combination with Verapamil (1,2 micrograms/kg/min) intravenously. In both groups, heart rate, arterial blood pressure amplitude and echocardiographically determined left ventricular contractility parameters increased significantly and equally. These results suggest that Verapamil does not counteract the positive chronotropic and inotropic effect of Fenoterol.", "PMID": 543182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9246", "title": "[Serum kreatinkinase MB during fenoterol tocolysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the investigation of possible myocardial damage, the assay of the heart specific isoenzyme kreatinkinase MB has established itself as a highly sensitive proof of a heart necrosis. In patients who underwent stationary treatment for premature contractions, the CK-activity was measured in the initial phase of tocolysis and additionally right before the therapy was ended. There was no laboratory indication of any heart damage due to tocolytic treatment.", "contents": "[Serum kreatinkinase MB during fenoterol tocolysis (author's transl)]. In the investigation of possible myocardial damage, the assay of the heart specific isoenzyme kreatinkinase MB has established itself as a highly sensitive proof of a heart necrosis. In patients who underwent stationary treatment for premature contractions, the CK-activity was measured in the initial phase of tocolysis and additionally right before the therapy was ended. There was no laboratory indication of any heart damage due to tocolytic treatment.", "PMID": 543183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9247", "title": "[Electrodiagnostical determination of strength-duration curves during pregnancy, labour, puerperium, and their evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrodiagnostical determination of Rheobase and Chronaxy has been carried out on 10 women during pregnancy, beginning labour and puerperium. Rheobase and Chronaxy were marked in a Strength-Duration Curves scheme as well as some other points within that scheme. As a base of rise of the gained curves the actual rise at the point of the chronaxy was calculated. Our results show that with all 10 women the t-Difference-Test showed a significantly much lower curve during labour than that obtained during pregnancy. The same applied to the rise of the curve obtained during labour, which was significantly much lower than that during puerperium. There was no significant difference between the curves obtained during pregnancy and puerperium. The significance of the decline of the actual rise at the point of the Chronaxy of the Strength-Duration Curve before starting of labour as a physiological method of functional diagnostic will be discussed there under.", "contents": "[Electrodiagnostical determination of strength-duration curves during pregnancy, labour, puerperium, and their evaluation (author's transl)]. Electrodiagnostical determination of Rheobase and Chronaxy has been carried out on 10 women during pregnancy, beginning labour and puerperium. Rheobase and Chronaxy were marked in a Strength-Duration Curves scheme as well as some other points within that scheme. As a base of rise of the gained curves the actual rise at the point of the chronaxy was calculated. Our results show that with all 10 women the t-Difference-Test showed a significantly much lower curve during labour than that obtained during pregnancy. The same applied to the rise of the curve obtained during labour, which was significantly much lower than that during puerperium. There was no significant difference between the curves obtained during pregnancy and puerperium. The significance of the decline of the actual rise at the point of the Chronaxy of the Strength-Duration Curve before starting of labour as a physiological method of functional diagnostic will be discussed there under.", "PMID": 543184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9248", "title": "[Electrodiagnostical investigations during pregnancy, labour, puerperium, and in impending early delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrodiagnostical investigations measuring the Rheobase and the Chronaxy have been carried out on 100 women, 36 during pregnancy, 21 during labour, 29 in puerperium and 14 with impending early delivery. As the results show, the rheobase values, which were determined during pregnancy, were significantly much higher, than those during labour or impending early delivery. The rheobase values were significantly lower during 19th--30th week of pregnancy than during 30--40th week, and the latter were significantly much higher, than those during labour or impending early delivery. In puerperium there was no significant difference of the rheobase values to those during labour, but a significant difference to the values obtained during pregnancy. The chronaxy values show no significant differences during pregnancy and labour and during pregnancy and impending early delivery. Only the chronaxy values in puerperium were significantly lower than in pregnancy as well as in labour.", "contents": "[Electrodiagnostical investigations during pregnancy, labour, puerperium, and in impending early delivery (author's transl)]. Electrodiagnostical investigations measuring the Rheobase and the Chronaxy have been carried out on 100 women, 36 during pregnancy, 21 during labour, 29 in puerperium and 14 with impending early delivery. As the results show, the rheobase values, which were determined during pregnancy, were significantly much higher, than those during labour or impending early delivery. The rheobase values were significantly lower during 19th--30th week of pregnancy than during 30--40th week, and the latter were significantly much higher, than those during labour or impending early delivery. In puerperium there was no significant difference of the rheobase values to those during labour, but a significant difference to the values obtained during pregnancy. The chronaxy values show no significant differences during pregnancy and labour and during pregnancy and impending early delivery. Only the chronaxy values in puerperium were significantly lower than in pregnancy as well as in labour.", "PMID": 543185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9249", "title": "[Psychomotor development of children born operatively by Caesarian section, vacuum or forceps in the period between 3 and 7 years (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period between 1966 and 1977 9,591 children were born at the UFK, Mannheim, and of these 1.008 were operative deliveries (10.5%). Out of these children, 99 of those delivered by section, 39 by forceps, 140 by vacuum and 67 spontaneous births were examined in an alphabetically determined group (R) for mental and motor development. The means used for the follow-up investigation were the Kramer-Binet Intelligence Test, and careful questioning of the parents on their children's early development. No connection between the type of delivery and intelligence quotient could be determined. A mean IQ of 114.4 was found for those delivered by section, 116.6 for those by forceps, and 117.7 for thos delivered by vacuum. The spontaneously-born children had an IQ of 108.7. The IQ results determined were correlated with the following data: EPH-gestosis, alteration in the child's heart sounds, protracted birth and Apga. No significant differences in the intelligence or any delayed motor development could be found in relation to the comparative group.", "contents": "[Psychomotor development of children born operatively by Caesarian section, vacuum or forceps in the period between 3 and 7 years (author's transl)]. In the period between 1966 and 1977 9,591 children were born at the UFK, Mannheim, and of these 1.008 were operative deliveries (10.5%). Out of these children, 99 of those delivered by section, 39 by forceps, 140 by vacuum and 67 spontaneous births were examined in an alphabetically determined group (R) for mental and motor development. The means used for the follow-up investigation were the Kramer-Binet Intelligence Test, and careful questioning of the parents on their children's early development. No connection between the type of delivery and intelligence quotient could be determined. A mean IQ of 114.4 was found for those delivered by section, 116.6 for those by forceps, and 117.7 for thos delivered by vacuum. The spontaneously-born children had an IQ of 108.7. The IQ results determined were correlated with the following data: EPH-gestosis, alteration in the child's heart sounds, protracted birth and Apga. No significant differences in the intelligence or any delayed motor development could be found in relation to the comparative group.", "PMID": 543186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9250", "title": "[On the problems of prognosis in cerclage operations. A suggestion for classification according to indication groups (author's transl)].", "content": "While limiting the definition to the period between the 14th and the completed 28th week of pregnancy, it is suggested to exclusively use the anatomic functional findings with regard to the internal os uteri as a basis for valid classification by indication groups. Evaluation of the results of 262 cerclage operations at the Feiburg University Gynaecological Hospital on this basis, supports the suggested principle.", "contents": "[On the problems of prognosis in cerclage operations. A suggestion for classification according to indication groups (author's transl)]. While limiting the definition to the period between the 14th and the completed 28th week of pregnancy, it is suggested to exclusively use the anatomic functional findings with regard to the internal os uteri as a basis for valid classification by indication groups. Evaluation of the results of 262 cerclage operations at the Feiburg University Gynaecological Hospital on this basis, supports the suggested principle.", "PMID": 543187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9251", "title": "[Measurement of regional and global coronary sinus blood flow with the continuous thermodilution technique. I. Method and experimental studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences from 233 coronary sinus blood flow measurements with the Ganz continuous thermodilution technique are reported. Experimental studies revealed: 1. Because of incomplete isolation of the external thermistor against injectate one has to take into account a systematic error in the range of 3--4%. 2. If flow exceeds 200 ml/min, injection rate must be increased from 30--40 ml/min to 60--70 ml/min for complete mixing of blood and injectate. Then flow rates up to 450 ml/min may be measured precisely. 3. Using the double thermistor catheter experimental studies indicated complete mixing of blood and injectate between injection orifice and first external thermistor. 4. To avoid right atrial admixture the external thermistor should be positioned 3 cm deep into the coronary sinus. 5. It is easier to obtain an identical catheter position within the great cardiac vein, when repeated measurements at different days are necessary. Compared with other measuring methods of myocardial blood flow this technique is inexpensive and simple. It permits rapid changes in coronary sinus blood flow to be studied. The possibility to determine simultaneously myocardial substrate utilisation is of great advantage.", "contents": "[Measurement of regional and global coronary sinus blood flow with the continuous thermodilution technique. I. Method and experimental studies (author's transl)]. Experiences from 233 coronary sinus blood flow measurements with the Ganz continuous thermodilution technique are reported. Experimental studies revealed: 1. Because of incomplete isolation of the external thermistor against injectate one has to take into account a systematic error in the range of 3--4%. 2. If flow exceeds 200 ml/min, injection rate must be increased from 30--40 ml/min to 60--70 ml/min for complete mixing of blood and injectate. Then flow rates up to 450 ml/min may be measured precisely. 3. Using the double thermistor catheter experimental studies indicated complete mixing of blood and injectate between injection orifice and first external thermistor. 4. To avoid right atrial admixture the external thermistor should be positioned 3 cm deep into the coronary sinus. 5. It is easier to obtain an identical catheter position within the great cardiac vein, when repeated measurements at different days are necessary. Compared with other measuring methods of myocardial blood flow this technique is inexpensive and simple. It permits rapid changes in coronary sinus blood flow to be studied. The possibility to determine simultaneously myocardial substrate utilisation is of great advantage.", "PMID": 543192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9252", "title": "[Diagnosis of coronary artery disease: value and limitations of non-invasive methods. (Ecg, thallium perfusion scintigraphy, radionuclide angiography) (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to compare the three non-invasive exercise tests Ecg, Thallium myocardial perfusion imaging and radionuclide angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, the results of these tests in a consecutive series of 30 patients and 14 controls were analyzed. In all 88 symptom-limited exercise tests a significantly higher double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure, mm Hg/min) was reached on a treadmill test (for Ecg and Thallium scintigraphy) as compared to the supine bicycle ergometer exercise (for radionuclide angiography: 243.1 +/- 61.1 vs. 215.2 +/- 46.5 x 10(2) (p less than 0.01). Considering all 132 diagnostic tests the overall sensitivity for rest/exercise Ecg was 67%, for Thallium scans 77%, for both combined 83% and for the ejection fraction response to exercise determined by radionuclide angiography 97%. If only the exercise response was considered, the corresponding sensitivity values were 60% (Ecg), 47% (Thallium scans), 70% (both tests combined) and 97% (radionuclide angiography). The specificity for coronary artery disease was determined to be 79% for Ecg, 86% for Thallium scintigraphy, 64% for Ecg/Thallium scans and 71% for radionuclide angiography. The most common reason for a false-positive result in all tests was found to be the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, whereas most false-negative results were seen in patients with single vessel right coronary artery disease. Based on these results, the clinical implications of the three non-invasive tests in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of coronary artery disease: value and limitations of non-invasive methods. (Ecg, thallium perfusion scintigraphy, radionuclide angiography) (author's transl)]. In order to compare the three non-invasive exercise tests Ecg, Thallium myocardial perfusion imaging and radionuclide angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, the results of these tests in a consecutive series of 30 patients and 14 controls were analyzed. In all 88 symptom-limited exercise tests a significantly higher double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure, mm Hg/min) was reached on a treadmill test (for Ecg and Thallium scintigraphy) as compared to the supine bicycle ergometer exercise (for radionuclide angiography: 243.1 +/- 61.1 vs. 215.2 +/- 46.5 x 10(2) (p less than 0.01). Considering all 132 diagnostic tests the overall sensitivity for rest/exercise Ecg was 67%, for Thallium scans 77%, for both combined 83% and for the ejection fraction response to exercise determined by radionuclide angiography 97%. If only the exercise response was considered, the corresponding sensitivity values were 60% (Ecg), 47% (Thallium scans), 70% (both tests combined) and 97% (radionuclide angiography). The specificity for coronary artery disease was determined to be 79% for Ecg, 86% for Thallium scintigraphy, 64% for Ecg/Thallium scans and 71% for radionuclide angiography. The most common reason for a false-positive result in all tests was found to be the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, whereas most false-negative results were seen in patients with single vessel right coronary artery disease. Based on these results, the clinical implications of the three non-invasive tests in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease are discussed.", "PMID": 543193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9253", "title": "[Electrocardiology basis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (author's transl)].", "content": "55 patients (15 subjects in whom a special cardiac disease could be ruled out and 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) were investigated by means of the extrastimulus method at a driving rate of 80 min-1. In 32 of the 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurred signs of atrial vulnerability. When compared with the healthy subjects and the remaining 8 patients who did not fulfil the criteria for vulnerability, there were significant shorter effective and longer relative refractory periods of the right atrium in the vulnerability group. These findings suggest that the re-entry phenomenon may be the underlying mechanism of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the group with atrial vulnerability.", "contents": "[Electrocardiology basis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (author's transl)]. 55 patients (15 subjects in whom a special cardiac disease could be ruled out and 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) were investigated by means of the extrastimulus method at a driving rate of 80 min-1. In 32 of the 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurred signs of atrial vulnerability. When compared with the healthy subjects and the remaining 8 patients who did not fulfil the criteria for vulnerability, there were significant shorter effective and longer relative refractory periods of the right atrium in the vulnerability group. These findings suggest that the re-entry phenomenon may be the underlying mechanism of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the group with atrial vulnerability.", "PMID": 543194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9254", "title": "[Exercise tolerance of patients with artificial cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine their exercise tolerance, 20 patients with artificial ventricular demand pacemakers below the age of seventy were studied by bicycle ergometry. Only 30% of the patients showed a normal exercise tolerance according to the criteria by Kaltenbach, while 70% stopped the test prematurely because of leg fatigue, dyspnoe or chest pain. In terms of their exercise tolerance, there was no difference between patients who developed normal sinus rhythm or rapid atrial fibrillation during the exercise and those who remained at the fixed pacemaker rate throughout the test. It is concluded, therefore, that the exercise tolerance of pacemaker-patients is not only limited by the fixed heart rate but mainly by the underlying heart disease (coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease etc.) and the general physical condition of the patients. In an age-matched control group of 20 patients 50% showed a normal exercise tolerance and the duration of exercise in this group was only slightly longer (21%) than in the pacemaker-group.", "contents": "[Exercise tolerance of patients with artificial cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)]. In order to determine their exercise tolerance, 20 patients with artificial ventricular demand pacemakers below the age of seventy were studied by bicycle ergometry. Only 30% of the patients showed a normal exercise tolerance according to the criteria by Kaltenbach, while 70% stopped the test prematurely because of leg fatigue, dyspnoe or chest pain. In terms of their exercise tolerance, there was no difference between patients who developed normal sinus rhythm or rapid atrial fibrillation during the exercise and those who remained at the fixed pacemaker rate throughout the test. It is concluded, therefore, that the exercise tolerance of pacemaker-patients is not only limited by the fixed heart rate but mainly by the underlying heart disease (coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease etc.) and the general physical condition of the patients. In an age-matched control group of 20 patients 50% showed a normal exercise tolerance and the duration of exercise in this group was only slightly longer (21%) than in the pacemaker-group.", "PMID": 543195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9255", "title": "[Scatter radiation during heart catheterization--a new protective device (author's transl)].", "content": "During cardiac angiography the scatter radiation can reach a relevant dose at the head of the examiner. Radiation was measured with a dosimeter in the left temporal region with and without a new flexible lead-shield. The shield did not disturb the procedure. Scatter radiation was reduced to one fifth of the values without shield.", "contents": "[Scatter radiation during heart catheterization--a new protective device (author's transl)]. During cardiac angiography the scatter radiation can reach a relevant dose at the head of the examiner. Radiation was measured with a dosimeter in the left temporal region with and without a new flexible lead-shield. The shield did not disturb the procedure. Scatter radiation was reduced to one fifth of the values without shield.", "PMID": 543196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9256", "title": "[Bone marrow depression with peripheral pancytopenia under the treatment with an ampicillin/oxacillin combination (author's transl)].", "content": "Under the treatment with ampicillin or oxacillin resp. hematologic changes turn up very rarely except for eosinophilia, in addition it is only granulocytes or platelets alone which are involved in the cases yet published. In the case presented here therapy by an ampicillin/Oxacillin combination induces bone marrow depression with peripheral pancytopenia on a toxic or allergic base.", "contents": "[Bone marrow depression with peripheral pancytopenia under the treatment with an ampicillin/oxacillin combination (author's transl)]. Under the treatment with ampicillin or oxacillin resp. hematologic changes turn up very rarely except for eosinophilia, in addition it is only granulocytes or platelets alone which are involved in the cases yet published. In the case presented here therapy by an ampicillin/Oxacillin combination induces bone marrow depression with peripheral pancytopenia on a toxic or allergic base.", "PMID": 543197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9257", "title": "[Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations during exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations (PVR) were analysed from biplane ventriculograms and simultaneous pressure measurements in 33 patients at rest (R) and during ergometer exercise (E) (8 normals [N], 8 patients with coronary artery disease [CAD], 8 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy [COCM], 5 patients with aortic insufficiency [AI] and 5 patients with pressure overload (4 with aortic stenosis [A-St.] and 1 coarctation of the aorta). In N and AI diastolic PVR was essentially unchanged with E, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (T) decreased significantly (N: delta T = -24.4 +/- 11.6%, p less than 0.001; AI: delta T = -27.3 +/- 6.8%, p less than 0.005). In CAD diastolic PVR was shifted upwards in all cases with angina pectoris during E (7/8), minimal rate of left ventricular pressure change (dp/dtmin) and T did not change significantly. In COCM diastolic PVR was shifted upwards in 4 cases, while dp/dtmin increased significantly (R = -1107 +/- 327, E = -1508 +/- 626 mm Hg-s-1, p less than 0.05), T on the average was unchanged (R = 53 +/- 10.5, E = 51 +/- 14.2 msec). In A-St. in 3 of 4 cases diastolic PVR was significantly shifted upwards with E, dp/dtmin increased (R = -1633 +/- 93, E = -2093 +/- 170 mm Hg-s-1, p less than 0.001), T in contrast to N and AI was prolonged (R = 33.8 +/- 4, E = 39.9 +/- 1.9 msec). In N and AI diastolic ventricular function is not altered with exercise. In COCM and especially in A-St., however, there are similar alterations like in CAD with angina pectoris. Changes in T indicate that shifts of the PVR with exercise in non-ischemic heart disease are related to a disturbed ventricular relaxation.", "contents": "[Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations during exercise (author's transl)]. Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations (PVR) were analysed from biplane ventriculograms and simultaneous pressure measurements in 33 patients at rest (R) and during ergometer exercise (E) (8 normals [N], 8 patients with coronary artery disease [CAD], 8 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy [COCM], 5 patients with aortic insufficiency [AI] and 5 patients with pressure overload (4 with aortic stenosis [A-St.] and 1 coarctation of the aorta). In N and AI diastolic PVR was essentially unchanged with E, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (T) decreased significantly (N: delta T = -24.4 +/- 11.6%, p less than 0.001; AI: delta T = -27.3 +/- 6.8%, p less than 0.005). In CAD diastolic PVR was shifted upwards in all cases with angina pectoris during E (7/8), minimal rate of left ventricular pressure change (dp/dtmin) and T did not change significantly. In COCM diastolic PVR was shifted upwards in 4 cases, while dp/dtmin increased significantly (R = -1107 +/- 327, E = -1508 +/- 626 mm Hg-s-1, p less than 0.05), T on the average was unchanged (R = 53 +/- 10.5, E = 51 +/- 14.2 msec). In A-St. in 3 of 4 cases diastolic PVR was significantly shifted upwards with E, dp/dtmin increased (R = -1633 +/- 93, E = -2093 +/- 170 mm Hg-s-1, p less than 0.001), T in contrast to N and AI was prolonged (R = 33.8 +/- 4, E = 39.9 +/- 1.9 msec). In N and AI diastolic ventricular function is not altered with exercise. In COCM and especially in A-St., however, there are similar alterations like in CAD with angina pectoris. Changes in T indicate that shifts of the PVR with exercise in non-ischemic heart disease are related to a disturbed ventricular relaxation.", "PMID": 543198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9258", "title": "[Echocardiographic dimensions of the left ventricle during ergometric exercise: results in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "10 healthy men aged 18 to 32 years underwent M-mode-echocardiographic studies at rest, during exercise and recovery. Semisupine bicycle exercise was performed using work loads of 25, 50, 75, and 100 W with measurements taken every minute. With increasing exercise, heart rate rose significantly (p less than 0.01) from 68/min to a maximum of 132/min, blood pressure as obtained by sphygmomanometry rose from a mean of 83 torr to 102 torr. Left ventricular enddiastolic dimension (EDD) did not change significantly with exercise, left ventricular endsystolic dimension (ESD) decreased from a group mean of 34.8 mm to 30.5 mm. This paralleled an increase in stroke dimension from 18.3 to 22.6 mm and of fractional shortening (FS) from 0.34 to 0.43. Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVCF) rose from 1.01 circ/s to 2.06 circ/s. During recovery, heart rate and blood pressure returned faster to resting levels than did ESD, FS, and MVCF. Again EDD did not change. These data indicate that heart rate contributes more to the increases in cardiac output observed with ergometric exercise than does stroke volume; with moderate exercise levels this increase in stroke volume is produced by diminishing endsystolic volume whilst enddiastolic volume remains unchanged.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic dimensions of the left ventricle during ergometric exercise: results in normal subjects (author's transl)]. 10 healthy men aged 18 to 32 years underwent M-mode-echocardiographic studies at rest, during exercise and recovery. Semisupine bicycle exercise was performed using work loads of 25, 50, 75, and 100 W with measurements taken every minute. With increasing exercise, heart rate rose significantly (p less than 0.01) from 68/min to a maximum of 132/min, blood pressure as obtained by sphygmomanometry rose from a mean of 83 torr to 102 torr. Left ventricular enddiastolic dimension (EDD) did not change significantly with exercise, left ventricular endsystolic dimension (ESD) decreased from a group mean of 34.8 mm to 30.5 mm. This paralleled an increase in stroke dimension from 18.3 to 22.6 mm and of fractional shortening (FS) from 0.34 to 0.43. Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVCF) rose from 1.01 circ/s to 2.06 circ/s. During recovery, heart rate and blood pressure returned faster to resting levels than did ESD, FS, and MVCF. Again EDD did not change. These data indicate that heart rate contributes more to the increases in cardiac output observed with ergometric exercise than does stroke volume; with moderate exercise levels this increase in stroke volume is produced by diminishing endsystolic volume whilst enddiastolic volume remains unchanged.", "PMID": 543199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9259", "title": "[Pressure-dimension analysis of the poststimulation potentiation--influence of heart rate and ventricular function (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanism of poststimulation potentiation (PSP) was studied in 17 patients with coronary artery disease by simultaneous pressure-dimension analysis. The left ventricular pressure (LVP) was measured by catheter-tip-micromanometer and LV diameter by M-mode echocardiography. The pressure signals were digitised and analysed on line by 400 Hz. The pressure-dimension tracings were additionally analysed half-automatically. Measurements were done during right atrial pacing at 80, 120, 140 beats/min and during the poststimulation period. 1. Right atrial pacing increased the rate of LV pressure development (dp/dt max), the rate of pressure fall (dp/dt min), the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF mn), and fiber dilatation (vcf mx) dependent on heart rate and cardiac function. 2. LV enddiastolic diameter (LVEDD) reached during the first poststimulation period the starting point independent on pacing rate and cardiac function. LV enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) showed a slight overshoot. PSP resulted in an increase of LVP, dp/dt max, VCF mn, and the velocity of posterior wall motion, dp/dt min, VCF mx, and the velocity of posterior wall relaxation decreased, however, with the first post-stimulation beat. 3. The PSP was dependent on atrial pacing rate. The higher the pacing rate the higher the PSP. dp/dt max increased after cessation of 120/min for +29% and after 140/min for +38%. The PSP for the preload independent parameter of contractility, V-40, was, however, equal for both heart rates +25% and +28% respectively. 4. Another determinant of PSP was cardiac function. The PSP was relatively higher in patients with reduced ejection fraction than in patients with a normal ejection fraction: dp/dt max +55% and 25%, VCF mn +18% and +7% respectively.  From the derived ventricular function curves, it could be shown, that atrial pacing reflected an increase in LV contractility (Bowditch effect), whereas PSP reflected an increase in LV performance by the Frank-Straub-Starling (Woodworth staircase) effect on a new left ventricular function curve, which was shifted to the left by atrial pacing.", "contents": "[Pressure-dimension analysis of the poststimulation potentiation--influence of heart rate and ventricular function (author's transl)]. The mechanism of poststimulation potentiation (PSP) was studied in 17 patients with coronary artery disease by simultaneous pressure-dimension analysis. The left ventricular pressure (LVP) was measured by catheter-tip-micromanometer and LV diameter by M-mode echocardiography. The pressure signals were digitised and analysed on line by 400 Hz. The pressure-dimension tracings were additionally analysed half-automatically. Measurements were done during right atrial pacing at 80, 120, 140 beats/min and during the poststimulation period. 1. Right atrial pacing increased the rate of LV pressure development (dp/dt max), the rate of pressure fall (dp/dt min), the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF mn), and fiber dilatation (vcf mx) dependent on heart rate and cardiac function. 2. LV enddiastolic diameter (LVEDD) reached during the first poststimulation period the starting point independent on pacing rate and cardiac function. LV enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) showed a slight overshoot. PSP resulted in an increase of LVP, dp/dt max, VCF mn, and the velocity of posterior wall motion, dp/dt min, VCF mx, and the velocity of posterior wall relaxation decreased, however, with the first post-stimulation beat. 3. The PSP was dependent on atrial pacing rate. The higher the pacing rate the higher the PSP. dp/dt max increased after cessation of 120/min for +29% and after 140/min for +38%. The PSP for the preload independent parameter of contractility, V-40, was, however, equal for both heart rates +25% and +28% respectively. 4. Another determinant of PSP was cardiac function. The PSP was relatively higher in patients with reduced ejection fraction than in patients with a normal ejection fraction: dp/dt max +55% and 25%, VCF mn +18% and +7% respectively.  From the derived ventricular function curves, it could be shown, that atrial pacing reflected an increase in LV contractility (Bowditch effect), whereas PSP reflected an increase in LV performance by the Frank-Straub-Starling (Woodworth staircase) effect on a new left ventricular function curve, which was shifted to the left by atrial pacing.", "PMID": 543200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9260", "title": "[Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography in coronary artery disease after administration of isosorbiddinitrate (author's transl)].", "content": "The change in left ventricular volume during a representative cardiac cycle was assessed in 19 patients with CAD and 8 control subjects before and after 10 mg isosorbiddinitrate sublingually. 15mCi99mTc-HSA were administered intravenously. After the tracer had equilibrated, the precordial changes of activity were measured with a gamma-camera connected to a computer. In order to determine the overall left-ventricular function from volume curves, the ejection fraction, the maximal systolic ejection rate and the maximal diastolic filling rate of the left ventricle were measured. For the assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities the volume changes were observed in a cinemode on a colour video display. In addition the relative changes of regional EF, regional stroke volume and the timing of endsystole were recorded as a functional scintigram. The results showed very clear differences between control subjects and patients with CAD. Furthermore differences existed between patients with hypokinesia and those with akinesia or aneurysm. The results emphasize that quantitative gated nuclear cardiography not only provides information concerning the left ventricular function but also allows the assessment of local wall motion as to reversible or irreversible asynergy.", "contents": "[Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography in coronary artery disease after administration of isosorbiddinitrate (author's transl)]. The change in left ventricular volume during a representative cardiac cycle was assessed in 19 patients with CAD and 8 control subjects before and after 10 mg isosorbiddinitrate sublingually. 15mCi99mTc-HSA were administered intravenously. After the tracer had equilibrated, the precordial changes of activity were measured with a gamma-camera connected to a computer. In order to determine the overall left-ventricular function from volume curves, the ejection fraction, the maximal systolic ejection rate and the maximal diastolic filling rate of the left ventricle were measured. For the assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities the volume changes were observed in a cinemode on a colour video display. In addition the relative changes of regional EF, regional stroke volume and the timing of endsystole were recorded as a functional scintigram. The results showed very clear differences between control subjects and patients with CAD. Furthermore differences existed between patients with hypokinesia and those with akinesia or aneurysm. The results emphasize that quantitative gated nuclear cardiography not only provides information concerning the left ventricular function but also allows the assessment of local wall motion as to reversible or irreversible asynergy.", "PMID": 543201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9261", "title": "[Influence of perhexilinmaleat on the exercise electrocardiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "In 15 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and reproducible exercise induced ischemic ST-segment depression the antianginal effect of Perhexilinmaleat was tested in a cross-over randomized double-blind trial. The patients were treated 4 weeks with a placebo, 2 weeks with 200 mg and 2 weeks with 400 mg/day Perhexilinmaleat. The exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) by Perhexilinmaleat. This calcium-antagonist drug also prolonged the PQ-interval and reduced the heart rate during exercise. Some liver specific enzymes were slightly elevated. These and other side effects more often occurred at the higher dose of 400 mg/day.", "contents": "[Influence of perhexilinmaleat on the exercise electrocardiogram (author's transl)]. In 15 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and reproducible exercise induced ischemic ST-segment depression the antianginal effect of Perhexilinmaleat was tested in a cross-over randomized double-blind trial. The patients were treated 4 weeks with a placebo, 2 weeks with 200 mg and 2 weeks with 400 mg/day Perhexilinmaleat. The exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) by Perhexilinmaleat. This calcium-antagonist drug also prolonged the PQ-interval and reduced the heart rate during exercise. Some liver specific enzymes were slightly elevated. These and other side effects more often occurred at the higher dose of 400 mg/day.", "PMID": 543202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9262", "title": "[Localization of sclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and their epicardial branches (author's transl)].", "content": "In the hearts of 100 unselected adult autopsies (average age 65 years) the coronary arteries and their major branches were investigated. After opening the lumen, the vessels were measured, and the location of all sclerotic lesions was identified, including fatty streaks. The frequency of distribution of advanced sclerotic changes was similar to that of lipid and fibrolipid plaques. 1003 major coronary artery branches were studied. 25% of them showed sclerotic changes in contrast to 92% in the coronary arteries themselves. There was a good correlation between the sclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and their branches: no changes were found in the branches the corresponding stems of which were unchanged. In contrast to that, sclerotic branches nearly always originated from sclerotic areas of the coronary arteries. Branches of the left anterior descending artery were more frequently affected by atherosclerosis (39%) than branches of the right coronary artery (17%). Contrary to the right coronary artery sclerotic changes of the proximal branches of the left anterior descending and the left circumflex artery were significantly more frequent than sclerotic lesions of the distal branches. The frequency of sclerotic lesions in the branches was similar to that in the coronary arteries; the proximal part was more frequently affected than the distal one. In addition, the peripheral decreasing frequency of sclerotic changes, which was found to be more pronounced in the left coronary arteries than in the right one, showed a similar behaviour in the corresponding branches. Our investigations indicate the vessel's diameter to be a significant (but not the only) factor in atherosclerosis development in coronary arteries and their branches. In case of a corresponding size of lumen, the frequency of sclerotic changes in the coronary arteries was approximately the same as in their branches.", "contents": "[Localization of sclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and their epicardial branches (author's transl)]. In the hearts of 100 unselected adult autopsies (average age 65 years) the coronary arteries and their major branches were investigated. After opening the lumen, the vessels were measured, and the location of all sclerotic lesions was identified, including fatty streaks. The frequency of distribution of advanced sclerotic changes was similar to that of lipid and fibrolipid plaques. 1003 major coronary artery branches were studied. 25% of them showed sclerotic changes in contrast to 92% in the coronary arteries themselves. There was a good correlation between the sclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and their branches: no changes were found in the branches the corresponding stems of which were unchanged. In contrast to that, sclerotic branches nearly always originated from sclerotic areas of the coronary arteries. Branches of the left anterior descending artery were more frequently affected by atherosclerosis (39%) than branches of the right coronary artery (17%). Contrary to the right coronary artery sclerotic changes of the proximal branches of the left anterior descending and the left circumflex artery were significantly more frequent than sclerotic lesions of the distal branches. The frequency of sclerotic lesions in the branches was similar to that in the coronary arteries; the proximal part was more frequently affected than the distal one. In addition, the peripheral decreasing frequency of sclerotic changes, which was found to be more pronounced in the left coronary arteries than in the right one, showed a similar behaviour in the corresponding branches. Our investigations indicate the vessel's diameter to be a significant (but not the only) factor in atherosclerosis development in coronary arteries and their branches. In case of a corresponding size of lumen, the frequency of sclerotic changes in the coronary arteries was approximately the same as in their branches.", "PMID": 543203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9263", "title": "On some cardiological aspects of Steinert's disease (myotonic dystrophy).", "content": "The authors investigated 10 ambulant patients with myotonic dystrophy, under 40 years of age (mean 22.3 years) and free of subjective heart complaints. Not only Ecg alterations but also kinetocardiographic changes and anomalies of the systolic intervals were rarer and milder than those found in patients with other neuromyopathies, namely Friedreich's disease and Duchenne's disease. This observation suggests that, at least in older patients, not all the cardiac alterations usually attributed to myotonic dystrophy are really imputable to the disease. On the other hand, the observed echocardiographic alterations (reduction of per cent systolic-diastolic variation of internal diameter of the left ventricle and/or the ejection fraction) apparently indicate an early tendency to modification of left ventricular function in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Since other authors have found cardiac anomalies in this disease before the onset of any neurological manifestations, the possibility emerges that some cases of myocardial disease interpreted as \"primitive\" might in reality be secondary to undetected myopathy.", "contents": "On some cardiological aspects of Steinert's disease (myotonic dystrophy). The authors investigated 10 ambulant patients with myotonic dystrophy, under 40 years of age (mean 22.3 years) and free of subjective heart complaints. Not only Ecg alterations but also kinetocardiographic changes and anomalies of the systolic intervals were rarer and milder than those found in patients with other neuromyopathies, namely Friedreich's disease and Duchenne's disease. This observation suggests that, at least in older patients, not all the cardiac alterations usually attributed to myotonic dystrophy are really imputable to the disease. On the other hand, the observed echocardiographic alterations (reduction of per cent systolic-diastolic variation of internal diameter of the left ventricle and/or the ejection fraction) apparently indicate an early tendency to modification of left ventricular function in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Since other authors have found cardiac anomalies in this disease before the onset of any neurological manifestations, the possibility emerges that some cases of myocardial disease interpreted as \"primitive\" might in reality be secondary to undetected myopathy.", "PMID": 543205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9264", "title": "[External mechanical cardiac stimulation. Methods and possible application (author's transl)].", "content": "External mechanical cardiac stimulation represents a noninvasive method for myocardial stimulation which has significant advantages of external electric stimulation. This paper describes a new method using pressure- and shockwaves for transthoracic cardiac stimulation. On the basis of animal experiments the potential value of external mechanical stimulation for emergency medicine and various other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[External mechanical cardiac stimulation. Methods and possible application (author's transl)]. External mechanical cardiac stimulation represents a noninvasive method for myocardial stimulation which has significant advantages of external electric stimulation. This paper describes a new method using pressure- and shockwaves for transthoracic cardiac stimulation. On the basis of animal experiments the potential value of external mechanical stimulation for emergency medicine and various other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 543207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9265", "title": "[Pharmacodynamic studies in suicidal digoxin poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients with suicidal digoxin poisoning the correlations between serum digoxin concentration and changes in the duration of QTc and the flattening of the T-waves were studied. The digoxin serum half-life following suicidal digoxin poisoning was in the first patient (10 mg beta-acetyl derivative of digoxin) 77 h, prolonged cause of renal insufficiency, and in the second patient 39.6 h. (20 mg beta-acetyl derivative of digoxin). In both patients the digoxin induced flattening of the T-wave reached a plateau of maximum efficacy at a serum level of 2-3 ng/ml with no further change up to a serum level of 13.2 ng/ml and 9.6 ng/ml respectively. A linear correlation, however, was found between the digoxin serum concentration and the digoxin induced shortening of QTc, r = 0.88 and r = 0.92 respectively. A plateau maximum efficacy was not found. The regression equations were y = -12.0 chi + 430.8 and y = -8.0 chi + 391.9 respectively. The shortening of QTc is therefore an important parameter for the diagnosis of digoxin poisoning. It can be determined very quick with no methodical problems.", "contents": "[Pharmacodynamic studies in suicidal digoxin poisoning (author's transl)]. In two patients with suicidal digoxin poisoning the correlations between serum digoxin concentration and changes in the duration of QTc and the flattening of the T-waves were studied. The digoxin serum half-life following suicidal digoxin poisoning was in the first patient (10 mg beta-acetyl derivative of digoxin) 77 h, prolonged cause of renal insufficiency, and in the second patient 39.6 h. (20 mg beta-acetyl derivative of digoxin). In both patients the digoxin induced flattening of the T-wave reached a plateau of maximum efficacy at a serum level of 2-3 ng/ml with no further change up to a serum level of 13.2 ng/ml and 9.6 ng/ml respectively. A linear correlation, however, was found between the digoxin serum concentration and the digoxin induced shortening of QTc, r = 0.88 and r = 0.92 respectively. A plateau maximum efficacy was not found. The regression equations were y = -12.0 chi + 430.8 and y = -8.0 chi + 391.9 respectively. The shortening of QTc is therefore an important parameter for the diagnosis of digoxin poisoning. It can be determined very quick with no methodical problems.", "PMID": 543208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9266", "title": "Babesia bovis (argentina): analysis of fibrinogen-like proteins during infection.", "content": "Fibrinogen and fibrinogen-like proteins (FLP) were isolated from plasma and serum of cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis. The sizes and chain structures of these proteins were examined and clotting assays performed. The results indicated that the blood was in a hypercoagulable state due mainly to enhanced production of hydrogen bonded fibrin and offset partly by slight inhibition of chain cross-linking. The latter appeared due to a Factor XIII inhibitor. Reduction of A alpha chains of plasma FLP was not evident, nor could lower molecular weight remnants be regularly detected strongly suggesting that fibrin(ogen) lysis rarely occurred. Similarly the size and chain structure of the majority of noncoagulable FLP of serum was consistent with their being the product of coagulation and not fibrinolysis. Only in heavily infected splenectomized cattle were products from lysed cross-linked fibrin detected and these constituted only about 3% of total serum FLP.", "contents": "Babesia bovis (argentina): analysis of fibrinogen-like proteins during infection. Fibrinogen and fibrinogen-like proteins (FLP) were isolated from plasma and serum of cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis. The sizes and chain structures of these proteins were examined and clotting assays performed. The results indicated that the blood was in a hypercoagulable state due mainly to enhanced production of hydrogen bonded fibrin and offset partly by slight inhibition of chain cross-linking. The latter appeared due to a Factor XIII inhibitor. Reduction of A alpha chains of plasma FLP was not evident, nor could lower molecular weight remnants be regularly detected strongly suggesting that fibrin(ogen) lysis rarely occurred. Similarly the size and chain structure of the majority of noncoagulable FLP of serum was consistent with their being the product of coagulation and not fibrinolysis. Only in heavily infected splenectomized cattle were products from lysed cross-linked fibrin detected and these constituted only about 3% of total serum FLP.", "PMID": 543211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9267", "title": "The plasma cryofibrinogen of calves infected with Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "content": "A cryofibrinogen complex was detected in the plasma of cattle infected with Oesophagostomum radiatum. Its formation coincided with the development of hypofibrinogenaemia and it consisted basically of fibrinogen and soluble noncross-linked fibrin in both monomer and high molecular forms. Also present in the complex, albeit in trace amounts, were cold insoluble globulin, TgG, and plasminogen. It is suggested that the complex results from thrombin activation in vivo and its role is to maintain fibrin in solution thus preventing its deposition in the vascular system.", "contents": "The plasma cryofibrinogen of calves infected with Oesophagostomum radiatum. A cryofibrinogen complex was detected in the plasma of cattle infected with Oesophagostomum radiatum. Its formation coincided with the development of hypofibrinogenaemia and it consisted basically of fibrinogen and soluble noncross-linked fibrin in both monomer and high molecular forms. Also present in the complex, albeit in trace amounts, were cold insoluble globulin, TgG, and plasminogen. It is suggested that the complex results from thrombin activation in vivo and its role is to maintain fibrin in solution thus preventing its deposition in the vascular system.", "PMID": 543212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9268", "title": "[Histological reactions of the host induced by the larvae of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina Pall. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological reactions of Mastomys natalensis induced by the larvae of Oestromyia leporina are described from the start of the infection to the complete healing of the evacuated cyst. Against the migrating larva no cellular reactions take place. After the larva settles, the most obvious feature is a non-suppurative inflammation of the surrounding tissue, while a layer of granulation tissue, infiltrated with eosinophils, is built up around the parasite. About 13 days p.i. the number of eosinophils starts to decrease again. No giant cells are present; plasmocytes and lymphocytes are relatively scarce. A few days before the parasite leaves the host, the inner surface of the warble is infiltrated with masses of neutrophils, obviously caused by secondary invasion of bacteria through the warble opening. After the parasite leaves the host, the repair of the tissue takes place within three weeks. The remaining scar tissue contains cells carrying haemosiderin, which disappears entirely about two months later.", "contents": "[Histological reactions of the host induced by the larvae of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina Pall. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) (author's transl)]. The histological reactions of Mastomys natalensis induced by the larvae of Oestromyia leporina are described from the start of the infection to the complete healing of the evacuated cyst. Against the migrating larva no cellular reactions take place. After the larva settles, the most obvious feature is a non-suppurative inflammation of the surrounding tissue, while a layer of granulation tissue, infiltrated with eosinophils, is built up around the parasite. About 13 days p.i. the number of eosinophils starts to decrease again. No giant cells are present; plasmocytes and lymphocytes are relatively scarce. A few days before the parasite leaves the host, the inner surface of the warble is infiltrated with masses of neutrophils, obviously caused by secondary invasion of bacteria through the warble opening. After the parasite leaves the host, the repair of the tissue takes place within three weeks. The remaining scar tissue contains cells carrying haemosiderin, which disappears entirely about two months later.", "PMID": 543213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9269", "title": "The surface topography of a monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The body surface of adult Diclidophora merlangi is characterized by an annular array of irregularly-shaped ridges, with the intervening troughs of tegument invested with microvilli. The microvilli measure approximately 0.5 micrometer in length and 0.06 micrometer in diameter and at maximum density (10.8/micrometer 2) increase the body surface area by a factor of two. On the anterio-dorsal surface of each peduncle the ridge-like structures consolidate as a distinct area of ornamentaltion some 100 micrometer in diameter. A frontal pit opens just inside the mouth and is thought to provide the outlet for the buccal gland secretions. The tegument surrounding the gonopore and paired excretory pores is unmodified in morphology. Presumed sensory endings are of at least two types: (1) uniciliated structures, projecting from a pit or supported by a collar of tegument, and distributed either singly over the general body surface and in the buccal cavity, or in groups around the mouth; and (2) large numbers of non-ciliated papillae localized on the opisthaptor. A number of these papillae occur on a wart-like outgrowth of tegument positioned on the ventral surface of each peduncle and have obvious significance in contact communications.", "contents": "The surface topography of a monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The body surface of adult Diclidophora merlangi is characterized by an annular array of irregularly-shaped ridges, with the intervening troughs of tegument invested with microvilli. The microvilli measure approximately 0.5 micrometer in length and 0.06 micrometer in diameter and at maximum density (10.8/micrometer 2) increase the body surface area by a factor of two. On the anterio-dorsal surface of each peduncle the ridge-like structures consolidate as a distinct area of ornamentaltion some 100 micrometer in diameter. A frontal pit opens just inside the mouth and is thought to provide the outlet for the buccal gland secretions. The tegument surrounding the gonopore and paired excretory pores is unmodified in morphology. Presumed sensory endings are of at least two types: (1) uniciliated structures, projecting from a pit or supported by a collar of tegument, and distributed either singly over the general body surface and in the buccal cavity, or in groups around the mouth; and (2) large numbers of non-ciliated papillae localized on the opisthaptor. A number of these papillae occur on a wart-like outgrowth of tegument positioned on the ventral surface of each peduncle and have obvious significance in contact communications.", "PMID": 543215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9270", "title": "Learning capacity and memory of normal and Toxoplasma-infected laboratory rats and mice.", "content": "An experimental Toxoplasma-infection affects the learning performance and the memory of laboratory rats and mice. The investigations yielded the following results: 1. Maze experiments with rats showed that infection significantly reduces the learning performance of the infected animals. However, no significant differences were found between infected rats inoculated at varying times prior to training. In contrast to the learning capacity, memory does not seem to be impaired at all by infection. 2. Compared to rats, the learning capacity of mice is much more conspicuously retarded by a Toxoplasma-infection. In the memory test, the infected animals remained significantly below the performance level of the controls on all days, indicating that their memory was severely affected. 3. A significant correlation was established between the learning performance of the mice and the number of brain cysts. It is assumed that the cysts contribute to the impairment of learning ability. The fact that animals infected for a longer period usually show improved test performances further supports this assumption. This coincides with the decrease in brain cysts. Nevertheless, the clusters of necrosis developing together with the cysts in the nervous tissue might also cause learning retardation. 4. In mice, infection with an avirulent Toxoplasma-strain does not always take a wholly asymptomatic course. When observing the animals closely, a few of them could be seen to run in 'circles' with their heads bent to one side when moving and sitting, which might be interpreted as an impairment of the sense of balance. 5. Another effect of the Toxoplasma-infection in the animal species used is the significantly reduced activity observed on many days of training.", "contents": "Learning capacity and memory of normal and Toxoplasma-infected laboratory rats and mice. An experimental Toxoplasma-infection affects the learning performance and the memory of laboratory rats and mice. The investigations yielded the following results: 1. Maze experiments with rats showed that infection significantly reduces the learning performance of the infected animals. However, no significant differences were found between infected rats inoculated at varying times prior to training. In contrast to the learning capacity, memory does not seem to be impaired at all by infection. 2. Compared to rats, the learning capacity of mice is much more conspicuously retarded by a Toxoplasma-infection. In the memory test, the infected animals remained significantly below the performance level of the controls on all days, indicating that their memory was severely affected. 3. A significant correlation was established between the learning performance of the mice and the number of brain cysts. It is assumed that the cysts contribute to the impairment of learning ability. The fact that animals infected for a longer period usually show improved test performances further supports this assumption. This coincides with the decrease in brain cysts. Nevertheless, the clusters of necrosis developing together with the cysts in the nervous tissue might also cause learning retardation. 4. In mice, infection with an avirulent Toxoplasma-strain does not always take a wholly asymptomatic course. When observing the animals closely, a few of them could be seen to run in 'circles' with their heads bent to one side when moving and sitting, which might be interpreted as an impairment of the sense of balance. 5. Another effect of the Toxoplasma-infection in the animal species used is the significantly reduced activity observed on many days of training.", "PMID": 543216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9271", "title": "Immunization of lambs against Oesophagostomum columbianum, using irradiated third stage larvae.", "content": "The effect of gamma irradiation at doses of 40- and 50 kR on the development of third stage larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum and the protection conferred by these irradiated larvae against the nematode, was studied in 6-8 week old male Kashmir Merino lambs. At 40- and 50 kR doses, the third stage larvae failed to develop to the adult stage in the intestine. Though single vaccination with 2000, 50 kR irradiated larvae failed to protect the animals against the infection, vaccination with the same number of 40 kR irradiated larvae conferred a partial protection. The presence of adult worms of O. columbianum in sites outside the intestine of 6-8 week old lambs have been demonstrated for the first time.", "contents": "Immunization of lambs against Oesophagostomum columbianum, using irradiated third stage larvae. The effect of gamma irradiation at doses of 40- and 50 kR on the development of third stage larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum and the protection conferred by these irradiated larvae against the nematode, was studied in 6-8 week old male Kashmir Merino lambs. At 40- and 50 kR doses, the third stage larvae failed to develop to the adult stage in the intestine. Though single vaccination with 2000, 50 kR irradiated larvae failed to protect the animals against the infection, vaccination with the same number of 40 kR irradiated larvae conferred a partial protection. The presence of adult worms of O. columbianum in sites outside the intestine of 6-8 week old lambs have been demonstrated for the first time.", "PMID": 543217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9272", "title": "[Sequence of reconversion of the sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni producing cercariae, to the production of new generations of sporocysts (author's transl)].", "content": "During the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni the production of sporocysts of a higher order than secondary is a normal mode of larval multiplication which intervenes in asexual reproduction of the parasite. The sequence of reconversion of sporocysts producing cercariae to those producing sporocysts III, IV, etc... can be divided into three principal steps: (1) cessation of cercariae production; (2) degeneration of cercariae contained in the sporocyst, and (3) production of the new generation of sporocysts. Degeneration of intrasporocystic larval material seems to be an indispensable step for the new orientation of production. The signifance of this method os multiplication in the ecology of transmission is discussed.", "contents": "[Sequence of reconversion of the sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni producing cercariae, to the production of new generations of sporocysts (author's transl)]. During the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni the production of sporocysts of a higher order than secondary is a normal mode of larval multiplication which intervenes in asexual reproduction of the parasite. The sequence of reconversion of sporocysts producing cercariae to those producing sporocysts III, IV, etc... can be divided into three principal steps: (1) cessation of cercariae production; (2) degeneration of cercariae contained in the sporocyst, and (3) production of the new generation of sporocysts. Degeneration of intrasporocystic larval material seems to be an indispensable step for the new orientation of production. The signifance of this method os multiplication in the ecology of transmission is discussed.", "PMID": 543218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9273", "title": "Effect of BCG on the resistance of rats to infection with Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "The effects of three different doses of BCG, given at various periods before infection, on the subsequent establishment of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae were studied. Although evidence was found to suggest that rats which received BCG had mounted a cell mediated immune response, there were no significant differences in worm recovery between BCG-treated rats and controls. The significance of these results in the light of current knowledge on immunity to F. hepatica in rats is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of BCG on the resistance of rats to infection with Fasciola hepatica. The effects of three different doses of BCG, given at various periods before infection, on the subsequent establishment of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae were studied. Although evidence was found to suggest that rats which received BCG had mounted a cell mediated immune response, there were no significant differences in worm recovery between BCG-treated rats and controls. The significance of these results in the light of current knowledge on immunity to F. hepatica in rats is discussed.", "PMID": 543219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9274", "title": "[Problems in comparative psychotherapeutic research in psychogenic disorders].", "content": "A documentation system is described that provides data for different research programmes. Facts are collected concerning: 1. Disease and Development of the disease, 2. General anamneses, 3. Anamnese of the family, 4. Items, describing psychic reactions of the patient and special ways of communication, 5. Prognosis, 6. Therapeutic plan.", "contents": "[Problems in comparative psychotherapeutic research in psychogenic disorders]. A documentation system is described that provides data for different research programmes. Facts are collected concerning: 1. Disease and Development of the disease, 2. General anamneses, 3. Anamnese of the family, 4. Items, describing psychic reactions of the patient and special ways of communication, 5. Prognosis, 6. Therapeutic plan.", "PMID": 543318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9275", "title": "[Client centered psychotherapy].", "content": "In the discussion concerning which psychotherapeutic methods should come under the auspices of the medical health system in West Germany, the question is raised regarding the client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers. Can it be considered a distinct psychotherapeutic method? A review of the scientific literature dealing with this method shows that it provides neither a theory of mental illness nor a theory of clinical application based on individual cases or specific neurotic disturbances, Therefore it should be categorized as a useful method of communication in the field of psychology and not as a therapeutic method for treating mental illness.", "contents": "[Client centered psychotherapy]. In the discussion concerning which psychotherapeutic methods should come under the auspices of the medical health system in West Germany, the question is raised regarding the client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers. Can it be considered a distinct psychotherapeutic method? A review of the scientific literature dealing with this method shows that it provides neither a theory of mental illness nor a theory of clinical application based on individual cases or specific neurotic disturbances, Therefore it should be categorized as a useful method of communication in the field of psychology and not as a therapeutic method for treating mental illness.", "PMID": 543319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9276", "title": "[Behavior therapy].", "content": "In the discussion concerning which psychotherapeutic methods should come under the auspices of the medical health system in West Germany, the question is raised regarding the behavioral therapy. Can it be considered a distinct psychotherapeutic method? A review of the scientific literature in this area shows that \"behavioral therapy\" includes a conglomerate of therapeutic procedures which have no common basis neither in theory nor in practical application. These therapeutic procedures are usually pragmatic and symptom-orientated, many of them never having been sufficiently tested in experiments or in clinical application. Before behavioral therapy can be inclused as a legitimate therapeutic method, it is necessary first to establish a catalogue of acceptable procedures. Psychologists working as behavioral therapists must be required to go through thorough training in their own special field as well as basid training in the mental health sciences comparable to that of psychotherapists with a medical background.", "contents": "[Behavior therapy]. In the discussion concerning which psychotherapeutic methods should come under the auspices of the medical health system in West Germany, the question is raised regarding the behavioral therapy. Can it be considered a distinct psychotherapeutic method? A review of the scientific literature in this area shows that \"behavioral therapy\" includes a conglomerate of therapeutic procedures which have no common basis neither in theory nor in practical application. These therapeutic procedures are usually pragmatic and symptom-orientated, many of them never having been sufficiently tested in experiments or in clinical application. Before behavioral therapy can be inclused as a legitimate therapeutic method, it is necessary first to establish a catalogue of acceptable procedures. Psychologists working as behavioral therapists must be required to go through thorough training in their own special field as well as basid training in the mental health sciences comparable to that of psychotherapists with a medical background.", "PMID": 543320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9277", "title": "[The mirror stage (\"Stade du Miroir\" by J. Lacan) as a crucial stage of development for finding one's identity - normal, neurotic, psychotic development].", "content": "The socalled \"Mirror Stage\" (\"Stade du Miroir\" by J. Lacan) seems to be a normal stage of development between the sixth and the eighteenth month of age. In the centre of this study you find terms of developmental psychology and especially of psychoanalysis like: 'mother-child relationship', 'first relationship to objects', 'passage from primary to secondary narcism', 'ego-ideal' and 'ideal of the ego' and others. The Mirror Stage seems to be especially important for the formation of the identity: wether the child becomes 'normal', 'neurotic' or 'psychotic'. Here we also find terms, invented by Lacan like the 'Real', the 'Imaginary' and the 'Symbolic'.", "contents": "[The mirror stage (\"Stade du Miroir\" by J. Lacan) as a crucial stage of development for finding one's identity - normal, neurotic, psychotic development]. The socalled \"Mirror Stage\" (\"Stade du Miroir\" by J. Lacan) seems to be a normal stage of development between the sixth and the eighteenth month of age. In the centre of this study you find terms of developmental psychology and especially of psychoanalysis like: 'mother-child relationship', 'first relationship to objects', 'passage from primary to secondary narcism', 'ego-ideal' and 'ideal of the ego' and others. The Mirror Stage seems to be especially important for the formation of the identity: wether the child becomes 'normal', 'neurotic' or 'psychotic'. Here we also find terms, invented by Lacan like the 'Real', the 'Imaginary' and the 'Symbolic'.", "PMID": 543322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9278", "title": "[Homing behavior in Salamandra salamandra (L.)].", "content": "Homing behavior in salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) was studied in the field (52 adults) and in laboratory experiments (75 adult animals). Displacements, occluding of sense organs and experiments with different visual patterns revealed that the home-site orientation is guided by vision. While visual landmarks are most important, Salamandra is also able to use a moon-compass.", "contents": "[Homing behavior in Salamandra salamandra (L.)]. Homing behavior in salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) was studied in the field (52 adults) and in laboratory experiments (75 adult animals). Displacements, occluding of sense organs and experiments with different visual patterns revealed that the home-site orientation is guided by vision. While visual landmarks are most important, Salamandra is also able to use a moon-compass.", "PMID": 543329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9279", "title": "[Disordered relationships in psychoses and forms of relationships in their psychotherapy].", "content": "In psychosis the relationship between the patient and the world is deeply altered because the self-absorbment of the patient within the influence of his bad intrapsychic objects. The psychotherapy is possible through the establishment of a therapeutic symbiosis, where parts of the ill personality are introjected by the psychotherapist and parts of his personality are adopted by the patient, as shown by the fact that the dreams, the unconscious fantasies, and the efforts of the therapist reflect the anxieties of the patient, whereas the patient's dreams are structured by the inner movements of the psychotherapist, as if there were a partially shared identity between them both.", "contents": "[Disordered relationships in psychoses and forms of relationships in their psychotherapy]. In psychosis the relationship between the patient and the world is deeply altered because the self-absorbment of the patient within the influence of his bad intrapsychic objects. The psychotherapy is possible through the establishment of a therapeutic symbiosis, where parts of the ill personality are introjected by the psychotherapist and parts of his personality are adopted by the patient, as shown by the fact that the dreams, the unconscious fantasies, and the efforts of the therapist reflect the anxieties of the patient, whereas the patient's dreams are structured by the inner movements of the psychotherapist, as if there were a partially shared identity between them both.", "PMID": 543323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9280", "title": "[The borderline syndrome - a sign of our times].", "content": "In conclusion, I would like to say until about 30 to 40 years ago, the patients we saw in our clinical practices presented mainly mono-symptomatic disturbances. Now the picture tends to be multi-symptomatic. It is possible that stronger Victorian influences on ego disciplines were responsible for the mono-symptomatic pattern; in any case, at present, the ego-self boundaries seem weakened, more \"permissive\", yielding and permeable and this may account for the more multi-symptomatic picture.", "contents": "[The borderline syndrome - a sign of our times]. In conclusion, I would like to say until about 30 to 40 years ago, the patients we saw in our clinical practices presented mainly mono-symptomatic disturbances. Now the picture tends to be multi-symptomatic. It is possible that stronger Victorian influences on ego disciplines were responsible for the mono-symptomatic pattern; in any case, at present, the ego-self boundaries seem weakened, more \"permissive\", yielding and permeable and this may account for the more multi-symptomatic picture.", "PMID": 543324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9281", "title": "A model of imprinting evolved from neurophysiological concepts.", "content": "The imprinting process is described by a model evolved from physiological data. For the case of sexual imprinting in zebra finches a second sensitive phase, occurring at sexual maturity, is considered. The first sensitive phase is not restricted exclusively to the imprinting of sexual objects. Properties of the model allow for the explanation of apparent reversibility of imprinting. The same physiological mechanisms involved in the organization of simple neuronal connections are assumed to operate in the highly complex networks associated with imprinting phenomena.", "contents": "A model of imprinting evolved from neurophysiological concepts. The imprinting process is described by a model evolved from physiological data. For the case of sexual imprinting in zebra finches a second sensitive phase, occurring at sexual maturity, is considered. The first sensitive phase is not restricted exclusively to the imprinting of sexual objects. Properties of the model allow for the explanation of apparent reversibility of imprinting. The same physiological mechanisms involved in the organization of simple neuronal connections are assumed to operate in the highly complex networks associated with imprinting phenomena.", "PMID": 543330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9282", "title": "Temperature dependence of memory in fish.", "content": "The influence of temperature on the retention period of a pattern discrimination task (cross versus triangle) was examined on Carassius carassius, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum and Phoximus phoximus. After training at optimal temperature conditions the experimental subjects were kept at a 10 degree C lowered temperature, whereas for control subjects there was no temperature change. Tests, carried out every two weeks, showed a significant increase of retention for Carassius c. and Cichlasoma n.; Phoximus p. showed a slightly more rapid forgetting. These results and investigations of oxygen-uptake indicate a direct dependence of memory processes on the metabolic level.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of memory in fish. The influence of temperature on the retention period of a pattern discrimination task (cross versus triangle) was examined on Carassius carassius, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum and Phoximus phoximus. After training at optimal temperature conditions the experimental subjects were kept at a 10 degree C lowered temperature, whereas for control subjects there was no temperature change. Tests, carried out every two weeks, showed a significant increase of retention for Carassius c. and Cichlasoma n.; Phoximus p. showed a slightly more rapid forgetting. These results and investigations of oxygen-uptake indicate a direct dependence of memory processes on the metabolic level.", "PMID": 543331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9283", "title": "[Osteosynthesis by ultrasonic welding (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of ultrasound as so-called power sound in operative medicine is a new method for operations on the skeletal system. This method was first developed in the USSR. The technical and medical problems of ultrasonic welding are dealt with. However further improvements by experimental work are required.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis by ultrasonic welding (author's transl)]. The use of ultrasound as so-called power sound in operative medicine is a new method for operations on the skeletal system. This method was first developed in the USSR. The technical and medical problems of ultrasonic welding are dealt with. However further improvements by experimental work are required.", "PMID": 543332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9284", "title": "[Arterial blood supply of the liver].", "content": "We examined (dogs) the influence of hypovolaemic shock and reversible interruption of the portal vein on the arterial blood flow and metabolism of the liver. Depending on the arterial mean-pressure hypovolaemic shock decreases the flowrate of the hepatic artery, while it is increases to 30 to 40% during interruption of the portal vein. Whether hypoxy will cause liver damage or not is only dependant from the resulting oxygen supply of the liver. This critical range is below 6 to 7 ml/min per 100 g liver tissue.", "contents": "[Arterial blood supply of the liver]. We examined (dogs) the influence of hypovolaemic shock and reversible interruption of the portal vein on the arterial blood flow and metabolism of the liver. Depending on the arterial mean-pressure hypovolaemic shock decreases the flowrate of the hepatic artery, while it is increases to 30 to 40% during interruption of the portal vein. Whether hypoxy will cause liver damage or not is only dependant from the resulting oxygen supply of the liver. This critical range is below 6 to 7 ml/min per 100 g liver tissue.", "PMID": 543333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9285", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice by simple methods may be useful for screening and for planning the operation. Interpreting the statistical evaluation of parameters of 89 patients it is suggested to use the \"index of alimentation\", i.e. the deviation from Broca's normal weight in percent. Its sensitivity and specifity is about 80%.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. Preoperative differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice by simple methods may be useful for screening and for planning the operation. Interpreting the statistical evaluation of parameters of 89 patients it is suggested to use the \"index of alimentation\", i.e. the deviation from Broca's normal weight in percent. Its sensitivity and specifity is about 80%.", "PMID": 543334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9286", "title": "[Ebstein's malformation].", "content": "2 patients suffering from Ebstein's malformation underwent a total correction 3 years or 9 months respectively ago. In the first case we used a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve, plication according to Hardy was omitted. In the second case an Angell-Shiley-bioprosthesis combined with Hardy's plication was performed. Both children are in a good condition now.", "contents": "[Ebstein's malformation]. 2 patients suffering from Ebstein's malformation underwent a total correction 3 years or 9 months respectively ago. In the first case we used a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve, plication according to Hardy was omitted. In the second case an Angell-Shiley-bioprosthesis combined with Hardy's plication was performed. Both children are in a good condition now.", "PMID": 543336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9287", "title": "[Shunting procedures in portal hypertension in children (author's transl)].", "content": "31 children aged 2,5 to 14 years suffering from portal hypertension underwent shunting operations (cavosplenal and cavomesenteric anastomoses). The follow-up period covers 2 months to 8 years. Patent anastomoses could be demonstrated in 26 patients.", "contents": "[Shunting procedures in portal hypertension in children (author's transl)]. 31 children aged 2,5 to 14 years suffering from portal hypertension underwent shunting operations (cavosplenal and cavomesenteric anastomoses). The follow-up period covers 2 months to 8 years. Patent anastomoses could be demonstrated in 26 patients.", "PMID": 543337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9288", "title": "[Interscapulotharacic ampulation, disarticulation of the hip, hemipelvectomy. Indications and results].", "content": "Interscapulothoracic amputation, disarticulation of the hip and hemipelvectomy were performed relatively seldom in the past. The results in 38 patients demonstrate that the aim to save the extremity at all events at the beginning of treatment will often lead to incurable conditions later on. Radical surgery of sarcomas of the extremities is the only chance for cure.", "contents": "[Interscapulotharacic ampulation, disarticulation of the hip, hemipelvectomy. Indications and results]. Interscapulothoracic amputation, disarticulation of the hip and hemipelvectomy were performed relatively seldom in the past. The results in 38 patients demonstrate that the aim to save the extremity at all events at the beginning of treatment will often lead to incurable conditions later on. Radical surgery of sarcomas of the extremities is the only chance for cure.", "PMID": 543339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9289", "title": "[Malignant melanomas of fingers and toes (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1968 to 1978 more than 500 patients suffering from histologically verified malignant melanoma were seen. Only in 12 cases (appr. 2%) the tumour was situated on the tip of the fingers and toes. In such cases nowadays amputation and exarticulation of the whole extremity is no longer practiced. It is sufficient only to remove the corresponding finger or toe. Additional chemotherapy should supplement surgery.", "contents": "[Malignant melanomas of fingers and toes (author's transl)]. From 1968 to 1978 more than 500 patients suffering from histologically verified malignant melanoma were seen. Only in 12 cases (appr. 2%) the tumour was situated on the tip of the fingers and toes. In such cases nowadays amputation and exarticulation of the whole extremity is no longer practiced. It is sufficient only to remove the corresponding finger or toe. Additional chemotherapy should supplement surgery.", "PMID": 543340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9290", "title": "[Influence of strumectomy on preoperative tracheal compression (author's transl)].", "content": "Young persons and the groups of age past fifty years form the greatest portion of preoperative tracheal compressions caused by struma. In most cases there is no relationship between subjective complaints and objective findings. 80% of all retrosternal strumata showed a narrowing of the trachea. The age of the patients could be found to be the most important factor for restitutio ad integrum of the compression of the trachea.", "contents": "[Influence of strumectomy on preoperative tracheal compression (author's transl)]. Young persons and the groups of age past fifty years form the greatest portion of preoperative tracheal compressions caused by struma. In most cases there is no relationship between subjective complaints and objective findings. 80% of all retrosternal strumata showed a narrowing of the trachea. The age of the patients could be found to be the most important factor for restitutio ad integrum of the compression of the trachea.", "PMID": 543341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9291", "title": "[Heredity of individual disposition for malignant tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of heredity of the individual disposition for malignant tumours (immunity and protectivity hypothesis) is demonstrated by example of a melanom-family. Only team-work (surgery and immunology) yields new possibilities to detect cancer in high risk patients early.", "contents": "[Heredity of individual disposition for malignant tumours (author's transl)]. The problem of heredity of the individual disposition for malignant tumours (immunity and protectivity hypothesis) is demonstrated by example of a melanom-family. Only team-work (surgery and immunology) yields new possibilities to detect cancer in high risk patients early.", "PMID": 543342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9292", "title": "Association between Azotobacter and other soil bacteria and its effect on nitrogen fixation.", "content": "The association between A. vinelandii and either Agrobacterium sp. or Micrococcus sp., which are usually found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures, was investigated. In comparison with pure cultures, association increased the microbiol counts in addition to increasing nitrogen fixation rates and efficiency. In liquid cultures higher Azotobacter densities were observed in the top 5 cm of the column concomitant with lowering the economic coefficient of utilization of carbonaceous compounds, which resulted in low efficiency of nitrogen fixation. In deep layers, lower amounts of nitrogen gain were obtained, but higher efficiencies of N2-fixation were recorded. In sand cultures, the biggest amounts of fixed nitrogen were in the 5--15 cm layer of the soil column and in deeper layers economic utilization of sugars occurred, but nitrogen gain sharply decreased.", "contents": "Association between Azotobacter and other soil bacteria and its effect on nitrogen fixation. The association between A. vinelandii and either Agrobacterium sp. or Micrococcus sp., which are usually found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures, was investigated. In comparison with pure cultures, association increased the microbiol counts in addition to increasing nitrogen fixation rates and efficiency. In liquid cultures higher Azotobacter densities were observed in the top 5 cm of the column concomitant with lowering the economic coefficient of utilization of carbonaceous compounds, which resulted in low efficiency of nitrogen fixation. In deep layers, lower amounts of nitrogen gain were obtained, but higher efficiencies of N2-fixation were recorded. In sand cultures, the biggest amounts of fixed nitrogen were in the 5--15 cm layer of the soil column and in deeper layers economic utilization of sugars occurred, but nitrogen gain sharply decreased.", "PMID": 543344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9293", "title": "Nitrogen-fixing capacity of Azotobacter as affected by the type and depth of substrate.", "content": "Sixty isolates, representing the different types of azotobacters in Egyptian soils, were studied for their N2-fixing capacity. When A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii were grown in shallow layers of N-deficient liquid medium, nitrogen gains ranged from 48 to 92 and from 20 to 120 ppm with efficiencies of N2-fixation from 15.8 to 50.0 and from 16.6 to 21.2 mg N fixed/g C oxidized, respectively. Culturing in deep layers generally lowered the nitrogen gains and the oxidation of carbon, but at different rates, resulting in the increase of the efficiency of N2-fixation by 2--78%, indicating that the depth of the liquid medium has a definite effect on the outcome of N2-fixation. In another experiment, A. vinelandii was grown in increasing depths of liquid or solid substrates and consequently at variable ratios of surface area: depth. In liquid medium, maximum counts, sugar consumption, and nitrogen gains were detected in the widest surface area: depth ratio, but the efficiency of N2-fixation increased with the narrowing of the ratio. In sand cultures an opposite trend was observed.", "contents": "Nitrogen-fixing capacity of Azotobacter as affected by the type and depth of substrate. Sixty isolates, representing the different types of azotobacters in Egyptian soils, were studied for their N2-fixing capacity. When A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii were grown in shallow layers of N-deficient liquid medium, nitrogen gains ranged from 48 to 92 and from 20 to 120 ppm with efficiencies of N2-fixation from 15.8 to 50.0 and from 16.6 to 21.2 mg N fixed/g C oxidized, respectively. Culturing in deep layers generally lowered the nitrogen gains and the oxidation of carbon, but at different rates, resulting in the increase of the efficiency of N2-fixation by 2--78%, indicating that the depth of the liquid medium has a definite effect on the outcome of N2-fixation. In another experiment, A. vinelandii was grown in increasing depths of liquid or solid substrates and consequently at variable ratios of surface area: depth. In liquid medium, maximum counts, sugar consumption, and nitrogen gains were detected in the widest surface area: depth ratio, but the efficiency of N2-fixation increased with the narrowing of the ratio. In sand cultures an opposite trend was observed.", "PMID": 543345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9294", "title": "Vitamin requirements of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum.", "content": "The effect of eight water-soluble vitamins on germination, germ-tube extension, growth, and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder and Hansen, was studied. Each vitamin was utilized in eight different concentrations. The fungus responded favourably to all of the utilized vitamins in almost all the concentrations where germination, growth, and sporulation were substantially greater than the controls. Among the vitamins used, the fungus appeared to be highly sensitive to thiamine and pyridoxine, moderately sensitive to inositol and pantothenate, and least affected by folic acid.", "contents": "Vitamin requirements of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The effect of eight water-soluble vitamins on germination, germ-tube extension, growth, and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder and Hansen, was studied. Each vitamin was utilized in eight different concentrations. The fungus responded favourably to all of the utilized vitamins in almost all the concentrations where germination, growth, and sporulation were substantially greater than the controls. Among the vitamins used, the fungus appeared to be highly sensitive to thiamine and pyridoxine, moderately sensitive to inositol and pantothenate, and least affected by folic acid.", "PMID": 543346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9295", "title": "[Relations between the fungi Gaeumannomyces graminis and Phialophora radicicola when growing together outside the host (author's transl)].", "content": "In laboratory model experiments, numerous hyphal adhesions were found to take place between a severe wheat pathogen, G. graminis var. tritici, and a weak wheat pathogen, P. radicicola var, radicicola, and therefore the linear growth of the both fungi is inhibited. When both fungi occur concurrently side by side on celophane, the hyphae of one fungus do not occupy the place colonized before by the other fungus, due to mutual contact. It can be presumed that also direct interaction between hyphae of both fungi participates in cross protection mechanism of the take-all fungus G. graminis with P. radicicola.", "contents": "[Relations between the fungi Gaeumannomyces graminis and Phialophora radicicola when growing together outside the host (author's transl)]. In laboratory model experiments, numerous hyphal adhesions were found to take place between a severe wheat pathogen, G. graminis var. tritici, and a weak wheat pathogen, P. radicicola var, radicicola, and therefore the linear growth of the both fungi is inhibited. When both fungi occur concurrently side by side on celophane, the hyphae of one fungus do not occupy the place colonized before by the other fungus, due to mutual contact. It can be presumed that also direct interaction between hyphae of both fungi participates in cross protection mechanism of the take-all fungus G. graminis with P. radicicola.", "PMID": 543347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9296", "title": "[The spreading of Agrobacterium strains in soft-agar (author's transl)].", "content": "In a diluted synthetic medium solidified by 0.17% agar populations of Agrobacterium spread with a velocity of 0 to 20 mm/24 hours. This spreading is a consequence of chemotactic movement and cell division. Different bacterial strains spread with a characteristic velocity each. Loss of the TI-plasmid leaves the spreading behaviour unimpaired. It is changed after the introduction of virulence by Kerr transfer or after prolonged culture in D-amino acids.", "contents": "[The spreading of Agrobacterium strains in soft-agar (author's transl)]. In a diluted synthetic medium solidified by 0.17% agar populations of Agrobacterium spread with a velocity of 0 to 20 mm/24 hours. This spreading is a consequence of chemotactic movement and cell division. Different bacterial strains spread with a characteristic velocity each. Loss of the TI-plasmid leaves the spreading behaviour unimpaired. It is changed after the introduction of virulence by Kerr transfer or after prolonged culture in D-amino acids.", "PMID": 543348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9297", "title": "[Studies on growth of the fungus strain Mucor circinelloides (1 M). I. Forms of the growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The fungus strain Mucor circinelloides (1 M) grew polymorphic with the three forms hyphae, gemmae, and budding cells in nutrition substrate with glucose or n-alkanes as C- and energy source. The forms of the growth were differentiated in the size and colour of the cells and in the mode of formation of biomass. The results were discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on growth of the fungus strain Mucor circinelloides (1 M). I. Forms of the growth (author's transl)]. The fungus strain Mucor circinelloides (1 M) grew polymorphic with the three forms hyphae, gemmae, and budding cells in nutrition substrate with glucose or n-alkanes as C- and energy source. The forms of the growth were differentiated in the size and colour of the cells and in the mode of formation of biomass. The results were discussed.", "PMID": 543349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9298", "title": "[Results from the Central Laboratory for Streptococci Research in Kiel from 1965 to 1977 - a survey (author's transl)].", "content": "At the Central Laboratory for Streptococci Research at the Institute for Hygiene of the Federal Dairy Research Centre in Kiel a data bank has been established which comprises as well bibliographical data (until now more than 8000 titles out of the international literature concerning streptococci) as laboratory data of all strains which have been identified since 1965. For this present publication as a survey the total material covering 34,935 strains was analyzed and interpreted. Besides a short introduction describing the general examination procedure for streptococci and the encoding of results for the data bank the material is condensed in different tables considering the incidence of pathogenic species occuring mainly in man and animals. In addition findings of enterococci and lactic streptococci are presented. 41.8% of the strains examined were isolated from human specimens, 46.7% from cattle and the remaining ones from pigs, horses, dogs, laboratory animals and others. Only 2.0% of all cultures could not be identified as one of the known species. Remarkable observations are - the high incidence of group B-Streptococci in man - the unexpected frequency of typical \"human\" streptococci as those of group F and G and also Sc. milleri and Sc. MG in different animals - the possible interrelation of group L- and P-streptococci in pigs and cattle - the overlap of Sc. faecalis and Sc. faecium in man and animals showing no typical distribution as it is postulated in the literature - the high percentage of unidentifiable streptococci from pigs and laboratory animals as an eventual indication for some new species. In consecuting papers some problems emerging from the presented material and own experiments will be discussed as - interrelation of group B-Streptococci in man and cattle - incidence and importance of enterococci in humans, animals and foodstuffs and - classification of species not to identify by serological grouping.", "contents": "[Results from the Central Laboratory for Streptococci Research in Kiel from 1965 to 1977 - a survey (author's transl)]. At the Central Laboratory for Streptococci Research at the Institute for Hygiene of the Federal Dairy Research Centre in Kiel a data bank has been established which comprises as well bibliographical data (until now more than 8000 titles out of the international literature concerning streptococci) as laboratory data of all strains which have been identified since 1965. For this present publication as a survey the total material covering 34,935 strains was analyzed and interpreted. Besides a short introduction describing the general examination procedure for streptococci and the encoding of results for the data bank the material is condensed in different tables considering the incidence of pathogenic species occuring mainly in man and animals. In addition findings of enterococci and lactic streptococci are presented. 41.8% of the strains examined were isolated from human specimens, 46.7% from cattle and the remaining ones from pigs, horses, dogs, laboratory animals and others. Only 2.0% of all cultures could not be identified as one of the known species. Remarkable observations are - the high incidence of group B-Streptococci in man - the unexpected frequency of typical \"human\" streptococci as those of group F and G and also Sc. milleri and Sc. MG in different animals - the possible interrelation of group L- and P-streptococci in pigs and cattle - the overlap of Sc. faecalis and Sc. faecium in man and animals showing no typical distribution as it is postulated in the literature - the high percentage of unidentifiable streptococci from pigs and laboratory animals as an eventual indication for some new species. In consecuting papers some problems emerging from the presented material and own experiments will be discussed as - interrelation of group B-Streptococci in man and cattle - incidence and importance of enterococci in humans, animals and foodstuffs and - classification of species not to identify by serological grouping.", "PMID": 543350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9299", "title": "[Season-related incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica in fecal material of healthy slaughterhouse pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period July 1976 to June 1977 a total of 1358 fecal specimens and 165 mesenteric lymphnodes of healthy slaughterhouse pigs were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.). The animals originated from 215 farms in 86 localities of Northern Bavaria. Y.e. was found in fecal specimens of 371 pigs (27.3%). A total of 408 strains was isolated including 35 double and one triple infections. Most cultures belonged to serogroups O:6...(186 strains), O:7...(78 strains), and O:5...(71 strains, Table 3). The serogroups O:3 and O:9 which in Europe are most frequently associated with human disease were isolated from 26 animals (1.9%). Lymphnodes were positive in two instances only (1.2%). Besides aerobic subculture on SS-agar after cold enrichment in phosphate buffered saline anaerobic incubation was performed simultaneously during the last 8 months of the study. This method rendered more than twice as many isolations due to an effective inhibition of environmental bacteria with oxidative metabolism (mainly Pseudomonas spp.; Tables 3 and 4). The incidence of asymptomatic infections was markedly related to season. The lowest incidence was observed during the summer months (August 1976:0%) but increased steadily to a maximum in April 1977 (71.2%; Table 4). With one exception the serogroups O:3 and O:9 were only isolated during October to December (Fig. 1). Despite the frequent occurrence of Y.e. in healthy pigs the significance of these animals for human yersiniosis remains to be clarified. Especially the frequency of disease in infants and young children would not suggest porc meat as an important vehicle of transmission. It is imaginable that the human pathogenic serogroups O:3 and O:9 might be simultaneously adapted to several hosts with independent cycles of infection. Future investigations will mainly have to consider the elucidation of the hitherto unknown mode of transmission of human yersiniosis.", "contents": "[Season-related incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica in fecal material of healthy slaughterhouse pigs (author's transl)]. In the period July 1976 to June 1977 a total of 1358 fecal specimens and 165 mesenteric lymphnodes of healthy slaughterhouse pigs were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.). The animals originated from 215 farms in 86 localities of Northern Bavaria. Y.e. was found in fecal specimens of 371 pigs (27.3%). A total of 408 strains was isolated including 35 double and one triple infections. Most cultures belonged to serogroups O:6...(186 strains), O:7...(78 strains), and O:5...(71 strains, Table 3). The serogroups O:3 and O:9 which in Europe are most frequently associated with human disease were isolated from 26 animals (1.9%). Lymphnodes were positive in two instances only (1.2%). Besides aerobic subculture on SS-agar after cold enrichment in phosphate buffered saline anaerobic incubation was performed simultaneously during the last 8 months of the study. This method rendered more than twice as many isolations due to an effective inhibition of environmental bacteria with oxidative metabolism (mainly Pseudomonas spp.; Tables 3 and 4). The incidence of asymptomatic infections was markedly related to season. The lowest incidence was observed during the summer months (August 1976:0%) but increased steadily to a maximum in April 1977 (71.2%; Table 4). With one exception the serogroups O:3 and O:9 were only isolated during October to December (Fig. 1). Despite the frequent occurrence of Y.e. in healthy pigs the significance of these animals for human yersiniosis remains to be clarified. Especially the frequency of disease in infants and young children would not suggest porc meat as an important vehicle of transmission. It is imaginable that the human pathogenic serogroups O:3 and O:9 might be simultaneously adapted to several hosts with independent cycles of infection. Future investigations will mainly have to consider the elucidation of the hitherto unknown mode of transmission of human yersiniosis.", "PMID": 543351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9300", "title": "Sensitivity patterns of bacteria and antibiotic usage at the National Hospital of Norway in 1976 and 1978.", "content": "During the first three months of 1976 and 1978 the sensitivity patterns of bacteria and the antibiotic usage at the National Hospital of Norway was recorded. The computerized results showed that bacteria isolated at the department of pediatrics was more resistant to penicillins. Isolates from two other departments did not differ very much in their sensitivity patterns. Comparing the sensitivity patterns, a tendency of increased sensitivity to antibiotics from 1976 to 1978 was seen. Exception was the increasing resistance to gentamicin. Furthermore, tobramycin was found less effective than gentamicin on our isolates. The antibiotics most widely used at the hospital are the penicillins which account for more than 50 per cent of the usage. From 1976 to 1978 the usage of antibiotics increased about 30 per cent. A more extensive use of penicillin V and G, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was responsible for most of the increase. No clear cut relationship between the antibiotic usage and the changes in sensitivity patterns of the bacteria from 1976 to 1978 was seen. Our work confirms, the usefulness of using \"daily defined doses\", as recommended by WHO, for estimating the antibiotic usage in a hospital.", "contents": "Sensitivity patterns of bacteria and antibiotic usage at the National Hospital of Norway in 1976 and 1978. During the first three months of 1976 and 1978 the sensitivity patterns of bacteria and the antibiotic usage at the National Hospital of Norway was recorded. The computerized results showed that bacteria isolated at the department of pediatrics was more resistant to penicillins. Isolates from two other departments did not differ very much in their sensitivity patterns. Comparing the sensitivity patterns, a tendency of increased sensitivity to antibiotics from 1976 to 1978 was seen. Exception was the increasing resistance to gentamicin. Furthermore, tobramycin was found less effective than gentamicin on our isolates. The antibiotics most widely used at the hospital are the penicillins which account for more than 50 per cent of the usage. From 1976 to 1978 the usage of antibiotics increased about 30 per cent. A more extensive use of penicillin V and G, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was responsible for most of the increase. No clear cut relationship between the antibiotic usage and the changes in sensitivity patterns of the bacteria from 1976 to 1978 was seen. Our work confirms, the usefulness of using \"daily defined doses\", as recommended by WHO, for estimating the antibiotic usage in a hospital.", "PMID": 543352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9301", "title": "Comparison of three methods of susceptibility testing of bacteroidaceae, peptococcaceae and other anaerobes to doxycycline.", "content": "The in vitro activity of doxycycline against 147 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes was determined by broth dilution, agar dilution and agar diffusion tests. The strains were isolated from clinical specimens in 1977. Saccharolytic Bacteroides strains (39 B. fragilis, 6 B. thetaiotaomicron, 4 B. vulgatus) showed broth dilution MICs of less than or equal to 0.0625-4.0 microgram/ml after 5 h incubation and MICs of less than or equal to 16 microgram/ml after 15 h incubation at 37 degrees C. With strains of B. oralis, B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius, B. corrodens, Veillonella sp. and Megasphaera elsdenii the broth dilution MICs were less than or equal to 0.0625-32 microgram/ml after 15 h incubation. Peptostreptococcus spp., Propionibacterium acnes, Eubacterium sp., Bifidobacterium sp. and Clostridium sp. had broth dilution MICs of less than or equal to 2 microgram/ml, whereas Peptococcus spp. were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.0625 to greater than 32 microgram/ml. With the great majority of strains tested, MICs were 2 to 256 times higher in agar than in broth dilution tests. Clinical and experimental studies seem to be needed to determine which of the in vitro data are correlated to the outcome of doxycycline therapy. Several groups and species were separately considered for statistical analysis of the relationship between zone size and MIC. With gram-positive anaerobes, correlation was poor between broth dilution MIC and zone size (correlation coefficients r = - 0.168 for Peptococcaceae, and r = - 0.108 for P. acnes). When calculating the regression lines for agar dilution MICs and zone diameters, a higher correlation was found (r = - 0.9 for Peptococcaceae; r = - 0.397 for P. acnes). With B. fragilis and other Bacteroides species correlation coefficients were r = - 0.807 to r = - 0.891 for broth and agar dilution MICs and zone size but stochastic linearity was lacking.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods of susceptibility testing of bacteroidaceae, peptococcaceae and other anaerobes to doxycycline. The in vitro activity of doxycycline against 147 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes was determined by broth dilution, agar dilution and agar diffusion tests. The strains were isolated from clinical specimens in 1977. Saccharolytic Bacteroides strains (39 B. fragilis, 6 B. thetaiotaomicron, 4 B. vulgatus) showed broth dilution MICs of less than or equal to 0.0625-4.0 microgram/ml after 5 h incubation and MICs of less than or equal to 16 microgram/ml after 15 h incubation at 37 degrees C. With strains of B. oralis, B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius, B. corrodens, Veillonella sp. and Megasphaera elsdenii the broth dilution MICs were less than or equal to 0.0625-32 microgram/ml after 15 h incubation. Peptostreptococcus spp., Propionibacterium acnes, Eubacterium sp., Bifidobacterium sp. and Clostridium sp. had broth dilution MICs of less than or equal to 2 microgram/ml, whereas Peptococcus spp. were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.0625 to greater than 32 microgram/ml. With the great majority of strains tested, MICs were 2 to 256 times higher in agar than in broth dilution tests. Clinical and experimental studies seem to be needed to determine which of the in vitro data are correlated to the outcome of doxycycline therapy. Several groups and species were separately considered for statistical analysis of the relationship between zone size and MIC. With gram-positive anaerobes, correlation was poor between broth dilution MIC and zone size (correlation coefficients r = - 0.168 for Peptococcaceae, and r = - 0.108 for P. acnes). When calculating the regression lines for agar dilution MICs and zone diameters, a higher correlation was found (r = - 0.9 for Peptococcaceae; r = - 0.397 for P. acnes). With B. fragilis and other Bacteroides species correlation coefficients were r = - 0.807 to r = - 0.891 for broth and agar dilution MICs and zone size but stochastic linearity was lacking.", "PMID": 543353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9302", "title": "[Experiments to improve the oncolysis-effect of clostridial-strain M55 (author's transl)].", "content": "Decreasing the oxygen in the respiration-air of animals to 11-12%, it was possible to increase the oncolysis-effect of the Clostridial-Strain M55 significant (macroscopical complete oncolysis in comparison with the usual application: Ehrlich-Solid-Tumour +62%, Harding-Passey-Melanom +64%). In nearly 30%, Tumours cured completely.", "contents": "[Experiments to improve the oncolysis-effect of clostridial-strain M55 (author's transl)]. Decreasing the oxygen in the respiration-air of animals to 11-12%, it was possible to increase the oncolysis-effect of the Clostridial-Strain M55 significant (macroscopical complete oncolysis in comparison with the usual application: Ehrlich-Solid-Tumour +62%, Harding-Passey-Melanom +64%). In nearly 30%, Tumours cured completely.", "PMID": 543354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9303", "title": "[The dynamics of the immunocytoadherence test with Trichinella spiralis-antigen in the experimental rabbit trichinellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analysed the dynamics of the immunozytoadherence test in experimental trichinellosis. The evaluation was carried out by mixing the lymphocytes of the infected rabbits with sheep erythrocytes encoated with antigen Trichinella spiralis. In three groups of infected rabbits (group I - 15 000 larves per rabbit, group II - 20 000 larves per rabbit, group III - 30 000 larves per rabbit) the examinations were performed 3, 6, 10, 20, 47, 82, 110, 140, 170 and 230 days after infection. It was observed that the maximum percentage of rosette occurred 10 days after infection. In the course of the observation the percentage demonstrated a tendency to decrease. The observed dynamics of the immunozytoadherence test indicates its value in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of trichinellosis.", "contents": "[The dynamics of the immunocytoadherence test with Trichinella spiralis-antigen in the experimental rabbit trichinellosis (author's transl)]. The authors analysed the dynamics of the immunozytoadherence test in experimental trichinellosis. The evaluation was carried out by mixing the lymphocytes of the infected rabbits with sheep erythrocytes encoated with antigen Trichinella spiralis. In three groups of infected rabbits (group I - 15 000 larves per rabbit, group II - 20 000 larves per rabbit, group III - 30 000 larves per rabbit) the examinations were performed 3, 6, 10, 20, 47, 82, 110, 140, 170 and 230 days after infection. It was observed that the maximum percentage of rosette occurred 10 days after infection. In the course of the observation the percentage demonstrated a tendency to decrease. The observed dynamics of the immunozytoadherence test indicates its value in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of trichinellosis.", "PMID": 543355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9304", "title": "The validity of the TTC-test for dehydrogenase activity of activated sludges in the presence of chemical inhibitors.", "content": "Dehydrogenase activity of activated sludges coming from a laboratory plant, has been evaluated by the TTC-test in the presence of some chemical toxics. The results obtained have shown that, for all inhibitors tested, there exists a range of concentrations in which the dose-response relationship is linear. As far as the comparison of the inhibition data from the TTC-test and from the Oxygen-respiration rate is concerned, the results obtained show that the inhibitors tested may be divided into three groups: (i) inhibitors which inhibit the Oxygen-respiration rate more than th Dehydrogenase activity (Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Zn(CN)4(2-), Cd(CN)4(2-)); (II) inhibitors for which there are no significant differences in the inhibition value obtained by the two methods (CN-, C6H5O-, C6Cl5O-, C6H3ClO-, Hg(CN)4(2-)); (iii) inhibitors which inhibit the dehydrogenase activity more than theoxygen-respiration rate (Cu2+, CrO4(2-), Ni(CN)4(2-)). The inhibition data obtained by other authors evaluating by direct methods (COD reduction, turbidity of the final effluent etc.) the performance of pilot or laboratory plants in the presence of some of the toxics used in the present research, are in sufficient agreement with the dehydrogenase inhibition data obtained in this work.", "contents": "The validity of the TTC-test for dehydrogenase activity of activated sludges in the presence of chemical inhibitors. Dehydrogenase activity of activated sludges coming from a laboratory plant, has been evaluated by the TTC-test in the presence of some chemical toxics. The results obtained have shown that, for all inhibitors tested, there exists a range of concentrations in which the dose-response relationship is linear. As far as the comparison of the inhibition data from the TTC-test and from the Oxygen-respiration rate is concerned, the results obtained show that the inhibitors tested may be divided into three groups: (i) inhibitors which inhibit the Oxygen-respiration rate more than th Dehydrogenase activity (Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Zn(CN)4(2-), Cd(CN)4(2-)); (II) inhibitors for which there are no significant differences in the inhibition value obtained by the two methods (CN-, C6H5O-, C6Cl5O-, C6H3ClO-, Hg(CN)4(2-)); (iii) inhibitors which inhibit the dehydrogenase activity more than theoxygen-respiration rate (Cu2+, CrO4(2-), Ni(CN)4(2-)). The inhibition data obtained by other authors evaluating by direct methods (COD reduction, turbidity of the final effluent etc.) the performance of pilot or laboratory plants in the presence of some of the toxics used in the present research, are in sufficient agreement with the dehydrogenase inhibition data obtained in this work.", "PMID": 543356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9305", "title": "[Preliminary physiological and psychological results under various electroclimatic conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Before the start of a research project which was to stretch over a period of several years, characteristics of the control space were to be defined. Therefore the influence of spherics and 50 Hz-alternating fields in the unscreened control space were studied.--Pupils (Foster children) were the test subjects. Each test subject was subjected to the conditions of the control space as well as the testing space.--Two classes of parameters were studied. Blood sugar, blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded as physiological dimensions. Short-term memory, powers of concentration as well as the subjective well-being were the psychological parameters.--As to the parameters examined, no significant difference between testing and control space conditions was recorded. In order to examine whether the climatic factors of the control space have an antagonistic effect on the variables in question, their influence was studied separately in two further investigations. In order to clarify this problem, spherics-impulses in the 10 Khz range were given in screened space (\"Vorversuch 2\"/preliminary experiment 2), then--in, \"Vorversuch 3\"/preliminary experiment 3 - a 50 Hz-alternating field was applied. For each of the climatic factors under examination the influence on each single parameter was negative. The assumption of an antagonistic effect which would hinder the definition of standard spatial conditions was thereby shown to be incorrect.", "contents": "[Preliminary physiological and psychological results under various electroclimatic conditions (author's transl)]. Before the start of a research project which was to stretch over a period of several years, characteristics of the control space were to be defined. Therefore the influence of spherics and 50 Hz-alternating fields in the unscreened control space were studied.--Pupils (Foster children) were the test subjects. Each test subject was subjected to the conditions of the control space as well as the testing space.--Two classes of parameters were studied. Blood sugar, blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded as physiological dimensions. Short-term memory, powers of concentration as well as the subjective well-being were the psychological parameters.--As to the parameters examined, no significant difference between testing and control space conditions was recorded. In order to examine whether the climatic factors of the control space have an antagonistic effect on the variables in question, their influence was studied separately in two further investigations. In order to clarify this problem, spherics-impulses in the 10 Khz range were given in screened space (\"Vorversuch 2\"/preliminary experiment 2), then--in, \"Vorversuch 3\"/preliminary experiment 3 - a 50 Hz-alternating field was applied. For each of the climatic factors under examination the influence on each single parameter was negative. The assumption of an antagonistic effect which would hinder the definition of standard spatial conditions was thereby shown to be incorrect.", "PMID": 543357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9306", "title": "[The influence of electric 50 Hz fields on humans (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations concerning the influence of supply-frequent electric fields on man have been carried out on 12 subjects in 24 single trials. A field intensity as it occurs in the height of the subjects' head under a 380 kV high voltage transmission line was used. Some physiological parameters like ECG, EEG, blood pressure, blood gas and reaction time have been recorded and analyzed. The parameters were both analogously recorded and digitally stored as indicated in Fig. 2. Some of the investigations were carried out under mental load of the subjects and showed that the changes in the heartrate due to this load cover the switch-off effect of the heartrate. For the other parameters like EEG, reaction time, blood gas and blood pressure no influence of the investigated field intensity on man could be found.", "contents": "[The influence of electric 50 Hz fields on humans (author's transl)]. The investigations concerning the influence of supply-frequent electric fields on man have been carried out on 12 subjects in 24 single trials. A field intensity as it occurs in the height of the subjects' head under a 380 kV high voltage transmission line was used. Some physiological parameters like ECG, EEG, blood pressure, blood gas and reaction time have been recorded and analyzed. The parameters were both analogously recorded and digitally stored as indicated in Fig. 2. Some of the investigations were carried out under mental load of the subjects and showed that the changes in the heartrate due to this load cover the switch-off effect of the heartrate. For the other parameters like EEG, reaction time, blood gas and blood pressure no influence of the investigated field intensity on man could be found.", "PMID": 543359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9307", "title": "[Experiences and results of medico-meteorological investigations in Vienna and suggestions for a further programme of measuring (author's transl)].", "content": "Meteorological parameters represent under different effects of the complex environment a part which is measurable by means of physical techniques. The correlation with physiological functions or the biological system all together--this will be discussed by examples according to own investigations--need above all continuous measurements in the systems and for parameters according to the question. The gravity of further investigations may be a working model in which the biological parameters are directly registered e.g. telemetrically and correlated with these recorded meteorological parameters in the investigation field.", "contents": "[Experiences and results of medico-meteorological investigations in Vienna and suggestions for a further programme of measuring (author's transl)]. Meteorological parameters represent under different effects of the complex environment a part which is measurable by means of physical techniques. The correlation with physiological functions or the biological system all together--this will be discussed by examples according to own investigations--need above all continuous measurements in the systems and for parameters according to the question. The gravity of further investigations may be a working model in which the biological parameters are directly registered e.g. telemetrically and correlated with these recorded meteorological parameters in the investigation field.", "PMID": 543361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9308", "title": "[Studies in medical meteorology at the \"Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik\" at Vienna (author's transl)].", "content": "Weather situations connected with small pressure gradients show a statistically significant correlation with the liability to heart-attacks. Changes from cyclonic to anticyclonic situations with descending air-motion lead to a rise of the number of heart-attacks in summer. In winter the change from anticyclonic to cyclonic pressure distributions seems to be critical.", "contents": "[Studies in medical meteorology at the \"Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik\" at Vienna (author's transl)]. Weather situations connected with small pressure gradients show a statistically significant correlation with the liability to heart-attacks. Changes from cyclonic to anticyclonic situations with descending air-motion lead to a rise of the number of heart-attacks in summer. In winter the change from anticyclonic to cyclonic pressure distributions seems to be critical.", "PMID": 543362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9309", "title": "[The evaluation of the thermal environment of man (author's transl)].", "content": "Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorological parameters which influence the thermal environment of man (i.g. short- and long-wave radiation, air temperature, wind velocity and air humidity). In addition to that a method for determining this thermal environment by a biometeorological index has to consider thermophysiologically relevant factors so as activity level and thermal resistance of the clothing. By means of the comfort equation (Fanger, 1970) it is possible, for any activity level and clothing to calculate all combinations of meteorological parameters, which will create optimal thermal comfort. The parametrization of the fluxes of short- and long-wave radiation permits to applicate this equation to outdoor conditions (Jendritzky, S\u00f6nning and Swantes, 1977). Examples for calculating some given conditions (i.g. street in the city, cross-country kinesitherapy, special land-use areas within a city) are demonstrated.", "contents": "[The evaluation of the thermal environment of man (author's transl)]. Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorological parameters which influence the thermal environment of man (i.g. short- and long-wave radiation, air temperature, wind velocity and air humidity). In addition to that a method for determining this thermal environment by a biometeorological index has to consider thermophysiologically relevant factors so as activity level and thermal resistance of the clothing. By means of the comfort equation (Fanger, 1970) it is possible, for any activity level and clothing to calculate all combinations of meteorological parameters, which will create optimal thermal comfort. The parametrization of the fluxes of short- and long-wave radiation permits to applicate this equation to outdoor conditions (Jendritzky, S\u00f6nning and Swantes, 1977). Examples for calculating some given conditions (i.g. street in the city, cross-country kinesitherapy, special land-use areas within a city) are demonstrated.", "PMID": 543363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9310", "title": "[Animal model of acute respiratory insufficiency by HCl aspiration in Lewe mini-pigs].", "content": "Acute respiratory insufficiency or adult respiratory distress syndrome is a common medical emergency in intensive medicine complicated by high mortality. To study the acute respiratory insufficiency under standardized conditions an animal model in Lewe-mini-pigs has been developed. This model is based on aspiration pneumonitis produced by intrabrochial atomisation of 0.2 N hydrochloric acid. General anesthesia was performed by neuroleptanalgesia. In all animals the profound changes in gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics as well as quasi-static volume-pressure relationships after hydrochloric acid aspiration were described. The results suggest that this model is suitable to outline the profound changes in pulmonary function in this type of acute respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Animal model of acute respiratory insufficiency by HCl aspiration in Lewe mini-pigs]. Acute respiratory insufficiency or adult respiratory distress syndrome is a common medical emergency in intensive medicine complicated by high mortality. To study the acute respiratory insufficiency under standardized conditions an animal model in Lewe-mini-pigs has been developed. This model is based on aspiration pneumonitis produced by intrabrochial atomisation of 0.2 N hydrochloric acid. General anesthesia was performed by neuroleptanalgesia. In all animals the profound changes in gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics as well as quasi-static volume-pressure relationships after hydrochloric acid aspiration were described. The results suggest that this model is suitable to outline the profound changes in pulmonary function in this type of acute respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 543365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9311", "title": "[Iodoamino acid distribution and weight of the thyroid gland, T4 serum level and T4 metabolism in relation to diet, body fat content and age of rats].", "content": "Rats were rendered obese by feeding them a fatty diet (HFD, fat: 50% of weight). At the end of the experimental period the animals were divided, also the control rats, which were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, fat: 3% of weight), in light and heavy weight groups. The heavy and obese HFD groups showed, unlike the light LFD-animals, equal absolute but significantly lower relative thyroidal weights. The absolute thyroidal weights of light and heavy animal groups, which received in each case the same diet, were identical, the relative thyroidal weights of the heavy rats on the other hand decreased significantly. The iodoamino acid distribution in the thyroid of rats showed no variation in animals fed various diets and differed in body mass and fat content. The T4 serum levels of the HFD-, in comparison to the LFD-animals increased significantly. Between light and heavy animals in equal diet groups no differences were obtained for the T4 serum values. The serum T3 levels of LFD- and HFD-rats were also equal. The heavy HFD- showed in comparison to the light LFD-animals a significantly lower T4 clearance and in the higher age groups a significantly extended T4 half-life time. The HFD- and LFD-rats with approximately equal body mass and body fat content showed no differences in T4 half-life time and T4 clearance rate depending on diet. A relation between higher body fat content and increased serum T4 levels as a possible adaption to obesity in heavy HFD-rats is discussed. By the comparison of younger and older rats in the most investigated diet and weight groups the older animals showed a decreasing tendency for K and TD/100 g KM and a significant decrease in the clearance rate and in the TD for T4, related to body mass. An influence of diet, body mass or fat content on the decrease of the T4 metabolism of rats with increased age is not evident. The T4 serum levels were not different in dependence on age, but the free T4 serum level was significantly lower in the older rats.", "contents": "[Iodoamino acid distribution and weight of the thyroid gland, T4 serum level and T4 metabolism in relation to diet, body fat content and age of rats]. Rats were rendered obese by feeding them a fatty diet (HFD, fat: 50% of weight). At the end of the experimental period the animals were divided, also the control rats, which were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, fat: 3% of weight), in light and heavy weight groups. The heavy and obese HFD groups showed, unlike the light LFD-animals, equal absolute but significantly lower relative thyroidal weights. The absolute thyroidal weights of light and heavy animal groups, which received in each case the same diet, were identical, the relative thyroidal weights of the heavy rats on the other hand decreased significantly. The iodoamino acid distribution in the thyroid of rats showed no variation in animals fed various diets and differed in body mass and fat content. The T4 serum levels of the HFD-, in comparison to the LFD-animals increased significantly. Between light and heavy animals in equal diet groups no differences were obtained for the T4 serum values. The serum T3 levels of LFD- and HFD-rats were also equal. The heavy HFD- showed in comparison to the light LFD-animals a significantly lower T4 clearance and in the higher age groups a significantly extended T4 half-life time. The HFD- and LFD-rats with approximately equal body mass and body fat content showed no differences in T4 half-life time and T4 clearance rate depending on diet. A relation between higher body fat content and increased serum T4 levels as a possible adaption to obesity in heavy HFD-rats is discussed. By the comparison of younger and older rats in the most investigated diet and weight groups the older animals showed a decreasing tendency for K and TD/100 g KM and a significant decrease in the clearance rate and in the TD for T4, related to body mass. An influence of diet, body mass or fat content on the decrease of the T4 metabolism of rats with increased age is not evident. The T4 serum levels were not different in dependence on age, but the free T4 serum level was significantly lower in the older rats.", "PMID": 543366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9312", "title": "[Effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives ethephon and trichlorphon on the incorporation in vivo of (14C)-acetate into cholesterol and other lipids in rats].", "content": "The effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives Ethephon and Trichlorphon on the incorporation of 14C-labelled acetate into lipids especially cholesterol was investigated. Adult Wistar rats were fed for 7 days diets containing 50 and 500 ppm, respectively, of the phosphonic acid derivatives. Both compounds caused a significant increase of the 14C-activity in lipids of serum, liver, heart, and brain. The effect of Ethephon was significantly more intense than that of Trichlorphon. The important finding was the Ethephon-induced increase of the [14C]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol which continued across all the tissues studied.", "contents": "[Effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives ethephon and trichlorphon on the incorporation in vivo of (14C)-acetate into cholesterol and other lipids in rats]. The effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives Ethephon and Trichlorphon on the incorporation of 14C-labelled acetate into lipids especially cholesterol was investigated. Adult Wistar rats were fed for 7 days diets containing 50 and 500 ppm, respectively, of the phosphonic acid derivatives. Both compounds caused a significant increase of the 14C-activity in lipids of serum, liver, heart, and brain. The effect of Ethephon was significantly more intense than that of Trichlorphon. The important finding was the Ethephon-induced increase of the [14C]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol which continued across all the tissues studied.", "PMID": 543367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9313", "title": "Binding of complement by complexes between antibodies to nucleic acid constituents and short oligodeoxyribonucleotides.", "content": "Oligodeoxyribonucleotides act as inhibitors of the complement fixation caused by complexes between antibodies to defined oligodeoxyribonucleotides and denatured DNA. At concentrations higher than 50 micrograms oligodeoxyribonucleotide/ml complement fixation occurred in the absence of antigen. The extent of complement binding depends on the specificity of the antibodies as well as on the composition of the oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Complement fixation is observed most strongly with antisera to oligodeoxyribonucleotides and to denatured DNA, which belong predominantly to the IgM class. With two LE-sera, containing antibodies to denatured and to native DNA, no complement fixation was found. It is supposed that specific interactions of the oligodeoxyribonucleotides with amino acid residues closely neighbored to the antibody combining site lead to conformational changes in the antibody molecules and to an activation of the complement binding site.", "contents": "Binding of complement by complexes between antibodies to nucleic acid constituents and short oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides act as inhibitors of the complement fixation caused by complexes between antibodies to defined oligodeoxyribonucleotides and denatured DNA. At concentrations higher than 50 micrograms oligodeoxyribonucleotide/ml complement fixation occurred in the absence of antigen. The extent of complement binding depends on the specificity of the antibodies as well as on the composition of the oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Complement fixation is observed most strongly with antisera to oligodeoxyribonucleotides and to denatured DNA, which belong predominantly to the IgM class. With two LE-sera, containing antibodies to denatured and to native DNA, no complement fixation was found. It is supposed that specific interactions of the oligodeoxyribonucleotides with amino acid residues closely neighbored to the antibody combining site lead to conformational changes in the antibody molecules and to an activation of the complement binding site.", "PMID": 543368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9314", "title": "[Rapid method for the quantitative determination of haptoglobin (hemoglobin binding capacity) in serum].", "content": "An automatical method for the determination of the haptoglobin (haemoglobin-binding capacity) of serum is described. The method based on the separation of free and bound haemoglobin by gel chromatography. By use of a short column with sephacryl-S200, a varioperpex pump and the measurement of the optical density in the flow-out the determination needs ten minutes only.", "contents": "[Rapid method for the quantitative determination of haptoglobin (hemoglobin binding capacity) in serum]. An automatical method for the determination of the haptoglobin (haemoglobin-binding capacity) of serum is described. The method based on the separation of free and bound haemoglobin by gel chromatography. By use of a short column with sephacryl-S200, a varioperpex pump and the measurement of the optical density in the flow-out the determination needs ten minutes only.", "PMID": 543369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9315", "title": "[Energy metabolism of the rat renal cortex, as measured by incubation in various substrates].", "content": "Different substrate mixtures were investigated for their effect on energy metabolism using sections of the rat renal cortex. Simultaneous determination of adenine nucleotide concentrations and determination of the damage quotient of oxidative phosphorylation proved to be appropriate parameters for selecting substrate mixtures that have a favorable effect on energy metabolism. A mixture of albumin (1 mM) and octanoate (5.6 mM) with electrolytes proved to be adequate. The extent of oxygen consumption (60%) and 14CO2 formation (75%) argues in favor of the metabolization of this mixture; a damage quotient of 23% and general constancy of the concentration of high-energy compounds render prospective their testing in animal experiments. Addition of dicarbosylic acids increase the antimycin A resistant oxygen consumption without any energy conservation being demonstrable. Therefore, these substrates should not be used for conservation.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism of the rat renal cortex, as measured by incubation in various substrates]. Different substrate mixtures were investigated for their effect on energy metabolism using sections of the rat renal cortex. Simultaneous determination of adenine nucleotide concentrations and determination of the damage quotient of oxidative phosphorylation proved to be appropriate parameters for selecting substrate mixtures that have a favorable effect on energy metabolism. A mixture of albumin (1 mM) and octanoate (5.6 mM) with electrolytes proved to be adequate. The extent of oxygen consumption (60%) and 14CO2 formation (75%) argues in favor of the metabolization of this mixture; a damage quotient of 23% and general constancy of the concentration of high-energy compounds render prospective their testing in animal experiments. Addition of dicarbosylic acids increase the antimycin A resistant oxygen consumption without any energy conservation being demonstrable. Therefore, these substrates should not be used for conservation.", "PMID": 543370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9316", "title": "RNA-primed DNA synthesis by an enzyme preparation of calf thymus containing highly enriched RNA polymerase B and DNA polymerase.", "content": "RNA polymerase B and DNA polymerase alpha were highly enriched simultaneously from calf thymus. It was shown that the preparation exhibits RNA-synthesizing activity, which is able to stimulate in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha by its preceding RNA synthesis. A part of the DNA was found to be covalently attached to RNA in Cs2SO4 equilibrium gradients after denaturation by formamide.", "contents": "RNA-primed DNA synthesis by an enzyme preparation of calf thymus containing highly enriched RNA polymerase B and DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase B and DNA polymerase alpha were highly enriched simultaneously from calf thymus. It was shown that the preparation exhibits RNA-synthesizing activity, which is able to stimulate in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha by its preceding RNA synthesis. A part of the DNA was found to be covalently attached to RNA in Cs2SO4 equilibrium gradients after denaturation by formamide.", "PMID": 543371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9317", "title": "[Alterations of the volume and surface of liver cells of male rats during postnatal development].", "content": "To characterize the postnatal development of hepatocytes of male rats quantitative, morphometrical investigations of male rat livers were carried out at the following times: day of birth, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day as well as 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th month. Several methods were used to determine the cell volumes and surfaces as a whole, the nucleus, and the sinusoidal (supranuclear), lateral, and bile cancliculi-near cellular zone, as well as the sinusoidal, lateral, and bile canaliculi-near plasma membrane. The cellular volume increases from the day of birth (5,775.9 +/- 545.5 micrometer 3) till the 6th month to 11,494.2 +/- 1,241.6 micrometer 3. At the same time, the liver cell surface increases from 1,900 micrometer 2 to 3,191.7 micrometer 2. The number of microvilli of the sinusoidal plasma membrane increases from 1,074.4 to 2,170.0, and of the plasma membrane limiting the bile canaliculi their number changes from 248.9 to 340.2. The values of the liver volumes and surfaces of adult animals differ from those in the literature, as they are based on mononuclear cells only (i.e., the about 30% binuclear cells are not taken into account) and a smooth surface without considering the existence of microvilli. The nuclear volumes increase from 412.7 +/- 28.2 micrometer 3 (birth) to 549.5 +/- 440 micrometer 3, whereas the relative percentage decreases from 7.14% to 4.78%, which corresponds with the findings of other authors. The proportion of the 3 zones of the cytoplasm changes in the following way : day 0 (birth) : sinusoidal zone: 2,224 micrometer 3 = 36.8%; lateral zone: 1,473 micrometer 3 = 25.9%; bile canaliculi-near zone: 1,017 micrometer 3 = 17.7%; end of 6th month : sinusoidal zone: 4,000 micrometer 3 = 34.8%; lateral zone: 4,724 micrometer 3 = 40.0%; bile cancliculi-near zone: 1,345 micrometer 3 = 12.1%. Taking into account other findings our investigations suggest that the postnatal development of the male rat liver can be definitely characterized by determining the parameters at the following dates: day of birth, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 14th, and 28th day, 3rd and 6th month.", "contents": "[Alterations of the volume and surface of liver cells of male rats during postnatal development]. To characterize the postnatal development of hepatocytes of male rats quantitative, morphometrical investigations of male rat livers were carried out at the following times: day of birth, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day as well as 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th month. Several methods were used to determine the cell volumes and surfaces as a whole, the nucleus, and the sinusoidal (supranuclear), lateral, and bile cancliculi-near cellular zone, as well as the sinusoidal, lateral, and bile canaliculi-near plasma membrane. The cellular volume increases from the day of birth (5,775.9 +/- 545.5 micrometer 3) till the 6th month to 11,494.2 +/- 1,241.6 micrometer 3. At the same time, the liver cell surface increases from 1,900 micrometer 2 to 3,191.7 micrometer 2. The number of microvilli of the sinusoidal plasma membrane increases from 1,074.4 to 2,170.0, and of the plasma membrane limiting the bile canaliculi their number changes from 248.9 to 340.2. The values of the liver volumes and surfaces of adult animals differ from those in the literature, as they are based on mononuclear cells only (i.e., the about 30% binuclear cells are not taken into account) and a smooth surface without considering the existence of microvilli. The nuclear volumes increase from 412.7 +/- 28.2 micrometer 3 (birth) to 549.5 +/- 440 micrometer 3, whereas the relative percentage decreases from 7.14% to 4.78%, which corresponds with the findings of other authors. The proportion of the 3 zones of the cytoplasm changes in the following way : day 0 (birth) : sinusoidal zone: 2,224 micrometer 3 = 36.8%; lateral zone: 1,473 micrometer 3 = 25.9%; bile canaliculi-near zone: 1,017 micrometer 3 = 17.7%; end of 6th month : sinusoidal zone: 4,000 micrometer 3 = 34.8%; lateral zone: 4,724 micrometer 3 = 40.0%; bile cancliculi-near zone: 1,345 micrometer 3 = 12.1%. Taking into account other findings our investigations suggest that the postnatal development of the male rat liver can be definitely characterized by determining the parameters at the following dates: day of birth, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 14th, and 28th day, 3rd and 6th month.", "PMID": 543372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9318", "title": "Phagocytosis-stimulating mediators in insects.", "content": "The ability of insect blood cells to ingest all kinds of synthetic particles and also a wide range of microorganisms in a very short time after injection has up to now been regarded as a phagocytic function without any humoral mediators. In a phagocytosis model with latex beads and nonhagocytosable cells of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus, we are able to demonstrate the existence of lymphokine-like factors, which intervene in cellular defence reactions of insect. The following results were obtained: 1. Immediately after injection of latex beads, normally non-phagocytosable cells of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus are phagocytosed. 2. Cell-free haemolymph of larvae of Galleria mellonella previously injected with latex beads, stimulates in new larvae phagocytosis of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus after transfusion. 3. The fractionation of homogenates of latex-treated larvae on Sephadex G 50 shows two fractions which stimulate phagocytosis. We suppose that the appearance of these phagocytosis-stimulating factors is the result of a successful recognition of foreign material.", "contents": "Phagocytosis-stimulating mediators in insects. The ability of insect blood cells to ingest all kinds of synthetic particles and also a wide range of microorganisms in a very short time after injection has up to now been regarded as a phagocytic function without any humoral mediators. In a phagocytosis model with latex beads and nonhagocytosable cells of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus, we are able to demonstrate the existence of lymphokine-like factors, which intervene in cellular defence reactions of insect. The following results were obtained: 1. Immediately after injection of latex beads, normally non-phagocytosable cells of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus are phagocytosed. 2. Cell-free haemolymph of larvae of Galleria mellonella previously injected with latex beads, stimulates in new larvae phagocytosis of Bacillus thuringiensis subtoxicus after transfusion. 3. The fractionation of homogenates of latex-treated larvae on Sephadex G 50 shows two fractions which stimulate phagocytosis. We suppose that the appearance of these phagocytosis-stimulating factors is the result of a successful recognition of foreign material.", "PMID": 543373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9319", "title": "Inhibition of proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by halogeno analogues of long chain acyl- and alkylglycerols.", "content": "A series of halogeno (chloro or fluoro) analogues of phospholipid precursors has been checked for their cytostatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. The compounds included monoacyl-, diacyl-, monoalkyldeoxyhalogenoglycerols and other acylhalogenoalkanols. Analogues of monoacylglycerols or monoalkylglycerols were found to have a strong inhibitory activity on the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in suspension culture. The compounds were also effective in vivo. Tolerable doses (e.g. 1/10 of the LD50) given i.p. only once on the first day after transplantation of EAC cells reduced the cell number on day 7 by 99% or increased the survival time about 4-fold. The in vivo efficacy or the ether derivatives was higher than that of the corresponding esters. However, most of the compounds so far investigated had no effect on the survival time or cell number after s.c. application. Moreover, there was no prolongation of the survival time of leukemia L1210 or L184 bearing mice. This shows that the systemic effects of most of the compounds are low and that they have to come into direct contact with tumour cells during application in order to be active. It is discussed whether theese compounds interfere more with the structure of the membrane than with membrane biosynthesis. However, at least in comparison to Tween 80 (which is of poorer cytostatic activity) they show only very low lytic effects on red blood cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by halogeno analogues of long chain acyl- and alkylglycerols. A series of halogeno (chloro or fluoro) analogues of phospholipid precursors has been checked for their cytostatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. The compounds included monoacyl-, diacyl-, monoalkyldeoxyhalogenoglycerols and other acylhalogenoalkanols. Analogues of monoacylglycerols or monoalkylglycerols were found to have a strong inhibitory activity on the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in suspension culture. The compounds were also effective in vivo. Tolerable doses (e.g. 1/10 of the LD50) given i.p. only once on the first day after transplantation of EAC cells reduced the cell number on day 7 by 99% or increased the survival time about 4-fold. The in vivo efficacy or the ether derivatives was higher than that of the corresponding esters. However, most of the compounds so far investigated had no effect on the survival time or cell number after s.c. application. Moreover, there was no prolongation of the survival time of leukemia L1210 or L184 bearing mice. This shows that the systemic effects of most of the compounds are low and that they have to come into direct contact with tumour cells during application in order to be active. It is discussed whether theese compounds interfere more with the structure of the membrane than with membrane biosynthesis. However, at least in comparison to Tween 80 (which is of poorer cytostatic activity) they show only very low lytic effects on red blood cells.", "PMID": 543374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9320", "title": "[Action of acetylcholine on the mammalian auricle influenced by verapamil].", "content": "The action of acetylcholine (ACh) and verapamil (VePa) on the action potential (V(t)), phase plane trajectories of V(t) (dV/dt--V(t) -- plot) and isotonic contractions were investigated using an isolated vegal innervated preparation from rabbit atrium (method I) and investigating action potentials from atrial trabeculae by means a modified sucrose gap technique (method II). If the VePa-concentration increases to 4 mg/1 the duration of the action potential decreases at 20 and 90% repolarization (driving frequencies 2 s-1). In the VePa-solutions phase plane trajectories of the action potential did not change significantly. ACh application favours the disappearance of a region in the repolarization phase plane plot showing anomalous rectification (d(--dV/dt)/dV less than 0) both by control conditions and verapamil. The electrotropic ACh-and vagal effects will be unchanged by verapamil. The inotropic ACh-and vegal action (method I) increases by VePa (2 mg/1). The action of ACh and verapamil will be analysed using a mathematical model for reconstructing the repolarization phase of mammalian atrial myocardium action potentials.", "contents": "[Action of acetylcholine on the mammalian auricle influenced by verapamil]. The action of acetylcholine (ACh) and verapamil (VePa) on the action potential (V(t)), phase plane trajectories of V(t) (dV/dt--V(t) -- plot) and isotonic contractions were investigated using an isolated vegal innervated preparation from rabbit atrium (method I) and investigating action potentials from atrial trabeculae by means a modified sucrose gap technique (method II). If the VePa-concentration increases to 4 mg/1 the duration of the action potential decreases at 20 and 90% repolarization (driving frequencies 2 s-1). In the VePa-solutions phase plane trajectories of the action potential did not change significantly. ACh application favours the disappearance of a region in the repolarization phase plane plot showing anomalous rectification (d(--dV/dt)/dV less than 0) both by control conditions and verapamil. The electrotropic ACh-and vagal effects will be unchanged by verapamil. The inotropic ACh-and vegal action (method I) increases by VePa (2 mg/1). The action of ACh and verapamil will be analysed using a mathematical model for reconstructing the repolarization phase of mammalian atrial myocardium action potentials.", "PMID": 543375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9321", "title": "[Electrotropic acetylcholine action on the mammalian auricle by means of the \"phase plane\" trajectories of the action potential].", "content": "A single sucrose gap techniques has been used to study action potentials and phase plane trajectories of them in atrial trabeculae of the rabbit. Using polynomial representations of current-voltage relationships a model of membrane action potential of atrial myocardial fibres is described and allows an interpretation of recording data from the phase plane trajectories. Our findings show: 1. Increasing extracellular calcium concentration increases a potassium conductivity of the atrial membrane. 2. An anomalous rectification concerning repolarizing currents in atrial fibres decreases with increasing extracellular calcium. 3. Acetylcholine (3.10(-4) g.cm-3) abolishes the anomalous rectification. These results are discussed in relation to previous electrophysiological studies of negative electrotropic effects of acetylcholine in cardiac muscle.", "contents": "[Electrotropic acetylcholine action on the mammalian auricle by means of the \"phase plane\" trajectories of the action potential]. A single sucrose gap techniques has been used to study action potentials and phase plane trajectories of them in atrial trabeculae of the rabbit. Using polynomial representations of current-voltage relationships a model of membrane action potential of atrial myocardial fibres is described and allows an interpretation of recording data from the phase plane trajectories. Our findings show: 1. Increasing extracellular calcium concentration increases a potassium conductivity of the atrial membrane. 2. An anomalous rectification concerning repolarizing currents in atrial fibres decreases with increasing extracellular calcium. 3. Acetylcholine (3.10(-4) g.cm-3) abolishes the anomalous rectification. These results are discussed in relation to previous electrophysiological studies of negative electrotropic effects of acetylcholine in cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 543376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9322", "title": "[Quantitative description of a calcium induced potassium conductance of the rabbit atrial myocardium by variation of the Ca++ concentration].", "content": "Action potentials of trabeculae from the left rabbit atrium were studied using a modified sucrose gap method. A mathematical treatment of the action potential time course and the phase plane trajectories gives an approximation of a potassium conductance of gK.GK increases be action potential shows a maximum at 1 s.gK reaches a steady state level after 40 s. The experimental findings are interpreted by means a mathematical model of a Ca++-induced K+-conductance.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of a calcium induced potassium conductance of the rabbit atrial myocardium by variation of the Ca++ concentration]. Action potentials of trabeculae from the left rabbit atrium were studied using a modified sucrose gap method. A mathematical treatment of the action potential time course and the phase plane trajectories gives an approximation of a potassium conductance of gK.GK increases be action potential shows a maximum at 1 s.gK reaches a steady state level after 40 s. The experimental findings are interpreted by means a mathematical model of a Ca++-induced K+-conductance.", "PMID": 543377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9323", "title": "Decreased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The mean activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in erythrocytes of 22 Israel-Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (19.3 +/- 4.5 U/gHb) was significantly lower than in a control group of 30 Jewish patients with various neurological disorders (24.3 +/- 5.1 U/gHb). This observation confirms a similar finding of a decreased activity of GSH-Px in erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients in Denmark (Shukla et al. 1977). These results are discussed in relation to the possibility of selenium deficiency and to the recently described genetic polymorphism and ethnic variation of GSH-Px activity in human red cells. It is concluded that additional investigations are required in order to elucidate the cause of the decreased activity of this enzyme in red cells of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Decreased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in multiple sclerosis. The mean activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in erythrocytes of 22 Israel-Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (19.3 +/- 4.5 U/gHb) was significantly lower than in a control group of 30 Jewish patients with various neurological disorders (24.3 +/- 5.1 U/gHb). This observation confirms a similar finding of a decreased activity of GSH-Px in erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients in Denmark (Shukla et al. 1977). These results are discussed in relation to the possibility of selenium deficiency and to the recently described genetic polymorphism and ethnic variation of GSH-Px activity in human red cells. It is concluded that additional investigations are required in order to elucidate the cause of the decreased activity of this enzyme in red cells of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 543388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9324", "title": "Clinical features and risk factors in stroke in young.", "content": "A total of 251 young patients (less than 40 years) with stroke were admitted during a 7-year period and investigated. These constituted 30% of the total stroke patients admitted to this hospital. Among the young, 63% of strokes were of nonembolic occlusive group. Hemorrhagic strokes were observed in 26% cases. This study revealed that concurrent infection, nonspecific arteritis, diabetes mellitus and hypertension contribute very little to the stroke in younger population. However, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, triglycerides, platelet adhesiveness and platelet aggregation were significantly increased in some of the clinical groups.", "contents": "Clinical features and risk factors in stroke in young. A total of 251 young patients (less than 40 years) with stroke were admitted during a 7-year period and investigated. These constituted 30% of the total stroke patients admitted to this hospital. Among the young, 63% of strokes were of nonembolic occlusive group. Hemorrhagic strokes were observed in 26% cases. This study revealed that concurrent infection, nonspecific arteritis, diabetes mellitus and hypertension contribute very little to the stroke in younger population. However, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, triglycerides, platelet adhesiveness and platelet aggregation were significantly increased in some of the clinical groups.", "PMID": 543389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9325", "title": "Composition of free amino acids in brain tumors.", "content": "The composition of the free amino acid pools in various brain tumors and in normal brains obtained at surgery or at autopsy is determined with an automatic amino acid analyzer and the results statistically evaluated. The tumors have lower ratios of GABA in the pools than the normal brain; tumors with higher GABA ratios are found in those which are in close contact with and have an invasive nature to brain tissue. In gliomas, the more malignant a tumor becomes, the more different the composition in that tumor is from that in normal brain tissue. But conversely, the ratio of GABA is highest in glioblastoma. The composition of the pool in oligodendroglioma is not significantly different from that in the normal brain. Metastatic brain tumors show the highest ratios of phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine in the pool among the tumors and the normal brain. From the viewpoint of the composition of the free amino acid pools, like from that of the histological aspects, brain tumors seem to be classified into four groups: glioma, neurinoma, meningioma and metastatic tumors.", "contents": "Composition of free amino acids in brain tumors. The composition of the free amino acid pools in various brain tumors and in normal brains obtained at surgery or at autopsy is determined with an automatic amino acid analyzer and the results statistically evaluated. The tumors have lower ratios of GABA in the pools than the normal brain; tumors with higher GABA ratios are found in those which are in close contact with and have an invasive nature to brain tissue. In gliomas, the more malignant a tumor becomes, the more different the composition in that tumor is from that in normal brain tissue. But conversely, the ratio of GABA is highest in glioblastoma. The composition of the pool in oligodendroglioma is not significantly different from that in the normal brain. Metastatic brain tumors show the highest ratios of phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine in the pool among the tumors and the normal brain. From the viewpoint of the composition of the free amino acid pools, like from that of the histological aspects, brain tumors seem to be classified into four groups: glioma, neurinoma, meningioma and metastatic tumors.", "PMID": 543390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9326", "title": "Dogs, distemper, and multiple sclerosis in the United States.", "content": "Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) was defined by case/control ratios for state of pre-illness residence for US white male veterans \"service-connected\" for MS. The Veterinary Medical Data Program of the National Cancer Institute receives diagnostic information from most of the university veterinary medical centers in the US (and Canada). The Center for Disease Control had carried out a 2-year surveillance program for human bites by animals. State distributions for MS were compared with those for the proportion of admissions for canine distemper (CD), the ratio of CD cases to the human population, and human bites by dogs per unit of population. There was no evidence that any of the CD risk indices was positively correlated with that for MS. These results suggest that CD, exposure to dogs, or dog bites are unlikely to be involved in the etiology of MS.", "contents": "Dogs, distemper, and multiple sclerosis in the United States. Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) was defined by case/control ratios for state of pre-illness residence for US white male veterans \"service-connected\" for MS. The Veterinary Medical Data Program of the National Cancer Institute receives diagnostic information from most of the university veterinary medical centers in the US (and Canada). The Center for Disease Control had carried out a 2-year surveillance program for human bites by animals. State distributions for MS were compared with those for the proportion of admissions for canine distemper (CD), the ratio of CD cases to the human population, and human bites by dogs per unit of population. There was no evidence that any of the CD risk indices was positively correlated with that for MS. These results suggest that CD, exposure to dogs, or dog bites are unlikely to be involved in the etiology of MS.", "PMID": 543391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9327", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in multiple sclerosis in Orkney.", "content": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M in the population of multiple sclerosis patients in Orkney were generally similar to those in series of contiguous and discontiguous controls, and in the normal first-degree relatives both of patients and controls. There is a slight elevation of mean log IgE in patients, and this is due mainly to elevation in the rural patients. Factors possibly responsible are sought, but none can be clearly identified.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in multiple sclerosis in Orkney. Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M in the population of multiple sclerosis patients in Orkney were generally similar to those in series of contiguous and discontiguous controls, and in the normal first-degree relatives both of patients and controls. There is a slight elevation of mean log IgE in patients, and this is due mainly to elevation in the rural patients. Factors possibly responsible are sought, but none can be clearly identified.", "PMID": 543392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9328", "title": "Calcium distribution and exchange in the pregnant and post partum rabbit uterus.", "content": "Calcium content and distribution of the 25-day pregnant (PR) and post partum (PP) rabbit uterus was studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and 45Ca determination. Total Ca content [2.28 +/- 0.28 (PR) and 2.19 +/- 0.12 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] extracellular [1.21 +/- 0.09 (PR) and 1.25 +/- 0.11 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] cellular [1.07 +/- 0.08 (PR) and 0.94 +/- 0.09 (PP) mM/kg wet et], total exchangeable [1.86 +/- 0.11 (PR) and 1.84 +/- 0.09 (PR) mM/kg wet wt] and inexchangeable [0.43 +/- 0.05 (PR) and 0.35 +/- 0.04 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] Ca fractions were identical in the two extreme endocrinological conditions. In contrast compartment size and rate constant of different exchangeable Ca fractions determined by kinetic analysis of 45Ca desaturation \"urves (curve-peeling tecnique and computer method), revealed significant differences between PR and PP uteri. Two exchangeable phases could be identified in both endocrinological states. The rate constants of both phases of efflux were significantly higher in the PP (alpha 1 = 0.173 +/- 0.02 min-1; alpha 2 = 0.023 +/- 0.001 min-1) than in the PR uterus (alpha 1 = 0.099 +/- 0.01 min-1; alpha 2 = 0.018 +/- 0.01 min-1). Compartment size of phase 1 (fast component) was significantly higher in the PR (1.13 +/- 0.1 mM/kg wet wt) than in the PP uterus (0.77 +/- 0.06 mM/kg wet wt). In contrast, compartment size of phase 2 (slow component) was significantly smaller in PR than in PP uterine strips (0.74 +/- 0.06 and 1.08 +/- 0.11 mM/kg wet wt). The last portion of desaturation curves represents efflux from one homogenous compartment. The present results suggest that endocrinological control of the rabbit myometrium is linked to the regulation of the binding of a superficial exchangeable Ca fraction.", "contents": "Calcium distribution and exchange in the pregnant and post partum rabbit uterus. Calcium content and distribution of the 25-day pregnant (PR) and post partum (PP) rabbit uterus was studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and 45Ca determination. Total Ca content [2.28 +/- 0.28 (PR) and 2.19 +/- 0.12 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] extracellular [1.21 +/- 0.09 (PR) and 1.25 +/- 0.11 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] cellular [1.07 +/- 0.08 (PR) and 0.94 +/- 0.09 (PP) mM/kg wet et], total exchangeable [1.86 +/- 0.11 (PR) and 1.84 +/- 0.09 (PR) mM/kg wet wt] and inexchangeable [0.43 +/- 0.05 (PR) and 0.35 +/- 0.04 (PP) mM/kg wet wt] Ca fractions were identical in the two extreme endocrinological conditions. In contrast compartment size and rate constant of different exchangeable Ca fractions determined by kinetic analysis of 45Ca desaturation \"urves (curve-peeling tecnique and computer method), revealed significant differences between PR and PP uteri. Two exchangeable phases could be identified in both endocrinological states. The rate constants of both phases of efflux were significantly higher in the PP (alpha 1 = 0.173 +/- 0.02 min-1; alpha 2 = 0.023 +/- 0.001 min-1) than in the PR uterus (alpha 1 = 0.099 +/- 0.01 min-1; alpha 2 = 0.018 +/- 0.01 min-1). Compartment size of phase 1 (fast component) was significantly higher in the PR (1.13 +/- 0.1 mM/kg wet wt) than in the PP uterus (0.77 +/- 0.06 mM/kg wet wt). In contrast, compartment size of phase 2 (slow component) was significantly smaller in PR than in PP uterine strips (0.74 +/- 0.06 and 1.08 +/- 0.11 mM/kg wet wt). The last portion of desaturation curves represents efflux from one homogenous compartment. The present results suggest that endocrinological control of the rabbit myometrium is linked to the regulation of the binding of a superficial exchangeable Ca fraction.", "PMID": 543399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9329", "title": "Simulation of the ionic mechanisms of molluscan neurons under pentylenetetrazol-induced effects.", "content": "Some effects of the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on molluscan neurons were simulated. The calculations were based on the voltage clamp results of Connor and Stevens as well as Williamson and Crill. The normal repetitive state and the PTZ-controlled state were compared and threshold phenomena shown by prolonged depolarizations were studied by injection of hyperpolarizing currents into the first segment of the cable model, which is a widely used description of electrical spread in neuronal membranes. The potassium leakage (concentration per unit area) occurring simultaneously with the fluctuations of the ionic components was also evaluated. It is concluded that the PTZ-controlled state may alter the profile of the potassium leakage both quantitatively and dynamically. The hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current sequences may be functionally related to the intracellular epileptiform discharges.", "contents": "Simulation of the ionic mechanisms of molluscan neurons under pentylenetetrazol-induced effects. Some effects of the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on molluscan neurons were simulated. The calculations were based on the voltage clamp results of Connor and Stevens as well as Williamson and Crill. The normal repetitive state and the PTZ-controlled state were compared and threshold phenomena shown by prolonged depolarizations were studied by injection of hyperpolarizing currents into the first segment of the cable model, which is a widely used description of electrical spread in neuronal membranes. The potassium leakage (concentration per unit area) occurring simultaneously with the fluctuations of the ionic components was also evaluated. It is concluded that the PTZ-controlled state may alter the profile of the potassium leakage both quantitatively and dynamically. The hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current sequences may be functionally related to the intracellular epileptiform discharges.", "PMID": 543400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9330", "title": "Species differences in the response of sugar and amino acid transport.", "content": "Transport of xylose, glycine and leucine at six different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 mM) has been studied in Ophiocephalus punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis. With the increase in the concentration of the compounds in the filling solution, a corresponding increase is brought about in the transport rate. On a further increase in the concentration of the compounds transport rate is reduced. The transport of these nutrients has also been determined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min intervals. Absorption is significant even at the 15 min stage. At low concentrations of the sugars and leucine, the process was more active in comparison to higher concentrations. Variations in the transport of nutrients were noted in the two fishes.", "contents": "Species differences in the response of sugar and amino acid transport. Transport of xylose, glycine and leucine at six different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 mM) has been studied in Ophiocephalus punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis. With the increase in the concentration of the compounds in the filling solution, a corresponding increase is brought about in the transport rate. On a further increase in the concentration of the compounds transport rate is reduced. The transport of these nutrients has also been determined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min intervals. Absorption is significant even at the 15 min stage. At low concentrations of the sugars and leucine, the process was more active in comparison to higher concentrations. Variations in the transport of nutrients were noted in the two fishes.", "PMID": 543401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9331", "title": "Effect of mepacrine on gastric motility in the rat.", "content": "Mepacrine given orally to rats inhibits gastric motility; its blocking effect is comparable to that of chloroquine, papaverine, and drotaverine, but less expressed than that of bencyclane. Similarly as the delayed gastric emptying induced by chloroquine, the effect of mepacrine is antagonized by acetyl-beta-methylcholine in a dose-related fashion, while that of papaverine, drotaverine, and bencyclane remains unchanged after treatment with the cholinomimetic drug.", "contents": "Effect of mepacrine on gastric motility in the rat. Mepacrine given orally to rats inhibits gastric motility; its blocking effect is comparable to that of chloroquine, papaverine, and drotaverine, but less expressed than that of bencyclane. Similarly as the delayed gastric emptying induced by chloroquine, the effect of mepacrine is antagonized by acetyl-beta-methylcholine in a dose-related fashion, while that of papaverine, drotaverine, and bencyclane remains unchanged after treatment with the cholinomimetic drug.", "PMID": 543402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9332", "title": "Hyperaldosteronism in the sodium depleted rat: effect of a low sodium diet or diuretic treatment on steroid output by the superfused adrenal zona glomerulosa.", "content": "The effect of chronic and acute sodium depletion on the function of the adrenal zona glomerulosa was examined by means of superfusion of adrenal capsular glands. The glands were removed from rats kept on a low sodium diet for 7 days or from dexamethasone-pretreated rats 30 min after administration of the diuretic drug furosemide. Chronic sodium depletion brought about a high initial output of aldosterone followed by a rapid fall in output. The initial rate of corticosterone output did not differ significantly from that by control glands but exhibited a more rapid decline with time. Aldosterone: corticosterone ratio, an indicator of the rate of conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone, was much higher in the sodium depleted group throughout the whole superfusion period. Acute sodium depletion was followed by high initial and rapidly falling aldosterone and corticosterone output, without any significant change in the ratio of aldosterone to corticosterone output rate. The above dynamic patterns of steroid output indicate that a sodium deficient diet evokes hyperaldosteronism by increasing the formation of aldosterone from corticosterone (not excluding the possibility of increasing the formation of corticosterone as well) while diuretic treatment stimulates aldosterone secretion by acting on the formation of corticosterone only.", "contents": "Hyperaldosteronism in the sodium depleted rat: effect of a low sodium diet or diuretic treatment on steroid output by the superfused adrenal zona glomerulosa. The effect of chronic and acute sodium depletion on the function of the adrenal zona glomerulosa was examined by means of superfusion of adrenal capsular glands. The glands were removed from rats kept on a low sodium diet for 7 days or from dexamethasone-pretreated rats 30 min after administration of the diuretic drug furosemide. Chronic sodium depletion brought about a high initial output of aldosterone followed by a rapid fall in output. The initial rate of corticosterone output did not differ significantly from that by control glands but exhibited a more rapid decline with time. Aldosterone: corticosterone ratio, an indicator of the rate of conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone, was much higher in the sodium depleted group throughout the whole superfusion period. Acute sodium depletion was followed by high initial and rapidly falling aldosterone and corticosterone output, without any significant change in the ratio of aldosterone to corticosterone output rate. The above dynamic patterns of steroid output indicate that a sodium deficient diet evokes hyperaldosteronism by increasing the formation of aldosterone from corticosterone (not excluding the possibility of increasing the formation of corticosterone as well) while diuretic treatment stimulates aldosterone secretion by acting on the formation of corticosterone only.", "PMID": 543403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9333", "title": "Human fetal and adult spleen phospholipids and their fatty acid composition.", "content": "Total phospholipid contents and the individual phospholipid components of human adult and fetal spleens from 17--18 and 23--24 week's pregnancies composition of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid studied in human adult, 17--18 and 23--24 week fetal spleens.", "contents": "Human fetal and adult spleen phospholipids and their fatty acid composition. Total phospholipid contents and the individual phospholipid components of human adult and fetal spleens from 17--18 and 23--24 week's pregnancies composition of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid studied in human adult, 17--18 and 23--24 week fetal spleens.", "PMID": 543404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9334", "title": "Alterations in plasma sexual steroid concentrations in the collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) during the sexual maturation and reproduction cycle.", "content": "Plasma progesterone (PROG), testosterone (TEST), oestrone (E1) and 17 beta-oestradiole (E2) concentrations were determined in collared doves living under natural conditions in young as well as sexually inactive animals further in different phases of the reproduction cycle; measurements were made by radioimmunoassay following Sephadex LH 20 chromatography. Sexual steroid plasma concentration in young and sexually inactive male and female birds were essentially the same characterized by relatively high PROG (3--400 pg/ml), and lower and similar TEST and E2 levels (2--300 pg/ml). In males, high TEST (2092 +/- 1074.9 pg/ml) and low E2 (89.4 +/- 57.3 pg/ml) levels were characteristic during the courting phase. In hatching males, although the weight of the testicles were not altered. TEST level markedly decreased 498 +/- 132.9 pg/ml) while E2 level significantly increased (469 +/- 90.1 pg/ml). \"Lactating\" males were characterized by similar sexual steroid plasma concentration levels, however, the weight of the testicles was greatly reduced. In female doves high PROG (1057 +/- 430.7 pg/ml) and low E2 (96.5 +/- 79.9 pg/ml) levels were found during the growing period of the follicles. In birds with ovaries having large follicles PROG level were depressed (487.7 +/- 255.6 pg/ml), while that of E2 increased (337 +/- 140.2 pg/ml). In periovulating birds high PROG (2972.5 +/- 1134.9 pg/ml) and low E2 (73 +/- 82.4 pg/ml) levels were detected. Both PROG (478.5 +/- 98.4 pg/ml) and E2 (101 +/- 45.5 pg/ml) levels were low in hatching and lactating females. Throughout the maturation and the sexual cycle PROG remained unchanged in males, TEST was not altered in females, while E1 levels remained unaltered in both sexes.", "contents": "Alterations in plasma sexual steroid concentrations in the collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) during the sexual maturation and reproduction cycle. Plasma progesterone (PROG), testosterone (TEST), oestrone (E1) and 17 beta-oestradiole (E2) concentrations were determined in collared doves living under natural conditions in young as well as sexually inactive animals further in different phases of the reproduction cycle; measurements were made by radioimmunoassay following Sephadex LH 20 chromatography. Sexual steroid plasma concentration in young and sexually inactive male and female birds were essentially the same characterized by relatively high PROG (3--400 pg/ml), and lower and similar TEST and E2 levels (2--300 pg/ml). In males, high TEST (2092 +/- 1074.9 pg/ml) and low E2 (89.4 +/- 57.3 pg/ml) levels were characteristic during the courting phase. In hatching males, although the weight of the testicles were not altered. TEST level markedly decreased 498 +/- 132.9 pg/ml) while E2 level significantly increased (469 +/- 90.1 pg/ml). \"Lactating\" males were characterized by similar sexual steroid plasma concentration levels, however, the weight of the testicles was greatly reduced. In female doves high PROG (1057 +/- 430.7 pg/ml) and low E2 (96.5 +/- 79.9 pg/ml) levels were found during the growing period of the follicles. In birds with ovaries having large follicles PROG level were depressed (487.7 +/- 255.6 pg/ml), while that of E2 increased (337 +/- 140.2 pg/ml). In periovulating birds high PROG (2972.5 +/- 1134.9 pg/ml) and low E2 (73 +/- 82.4 pg/ml) levels were detected. Both PROG (478.5 +/- 98.4 pg/ml) and E2 (101 +/- 45.5 pg/ml) levels were low in hatching and lactating females. Throughout the maturation and the sexual cycle PROG remained unchanged in males, TEST was not altered in females, while E1 levels remained unaltered in both sexes.", "PMID": 543405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9335", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 on acetylcholine release from the cat brain.", "content": "Cerebral ventricular perfusion with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, 1.4 X 10(-8) M) reduced the release of acetylcholine (ACh) into the ventriculo-cisternal perfusate of the unanaesthetized cat's brain. The samples of effluent were assayed on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Neither a halving (1.07 X 10(-3) M) nor a threefold rise (6.45 X 10(-3) M) in the calcium concentration of the perfusate had any effect on the spontaneous release of the cholinergic transmitter. The action of PGE1 was counteracted by decreasing and potentiated by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP, 10(-4) g/ml) in itself did not significantly affect the ACh outflow. Preperfusion however, with this drug readily antagonized the depressant effect of PGE1. Ouabain (2.0 X 10(-5) M) added to the perfusion fluid increased the ACh output from the cat brain, and PGE1 prevented this effect of ouabain. A single intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (1 mg) counteracted the inhibitory effect of PGE1 on spontaneous ACh release. A perfusion with the potent PG synthesis inhibitor suprofen (3.8 X 10(-7) M) did not influence change the mean output of the transmitter. Our data indicate that PGE1 reduces ACh release in the CNS via a pre- or postsynaptic modification of monoaminergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 on acetylcholine release from the cat brain. Cerebral ventricular perfusion with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, 1.4 X 10(-8) M) reduced the release of acetylcholine (ACh) into the ventriculo-cisternal perfusate of the unanaesthetized cat's brain. The samples of effluent were assayed on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Neither a halving (1.07 X 10(-3) M) nor a threefold rise (6.45 X 10(-3) M) in the calcium concentration of the perfusate had any effect on the spontaneous release of the cholinergic transmitter. The action of PGE1 was counteracted by decreasing and potentiated by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP, 10(-4) g/ml) in itself did not significantly affect the ACh outflow. Preperfusion however, with this drug readily antagonized the depressant effect of PGE1. Ouabain (2.0 X 10(-5) M) added to the perfusion fluid increased the ACh output from the cat brain, and PGE1 prevented this effect of ouabain. A single intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (1 mg) counteracted the inhibitory effect of PGE1 on spontaneous ACh release. A perfusion with the potent PG synthesis inhibitor suprofen (3.8 X 10(-7) M) did not influence change the mean output of the transmitter. Our data indicate that PGE1 reduces ACh release in the CNS via a pre- or postsynaptic modification of monoaminergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 543406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9336", "title": "Influence of x-ray irradiation on the effects of apomorphine and L-dopa with respect to the dopamine level in rat brain and corpus striatum.", "content": "The influence of X-ray irradiation on the dopamine level in brain and in corpus striatum of male albino rats is studied. The changes in the influence of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and L-DOPA, applied independently and in combination, on the dopamine level in brain and striatum, are established comparatively (in non-irradiated rats and in rats on the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R). Apomorphine is found to have no significant influence on the dopamine level in brain and striatum of non-irradiated rats, while L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine raise this level. On the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R there is no essential change in the dopamine level in brain and the striatum; apomorphine raises the dopamine level in brain and striatum; the effect of L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine is potentiated with respect to the increase of the dopamine level in brain and striatum.", "contents": "Influence of x-ray irradiation on the effects of apomorphine and L-dopa with respect to the dopamine level in rat brain and corpus striatum. The influence of X-ray irradiation on the dopamine level in brain and in corpus striatum of male albino rats is studied. The changes in the influence of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and L-DOPA, applied independently and in combination, on the dopamine level in brain and striatum, are established comparatively (in non-irradiated rats and in rats on the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R). Apomorphine is found to have no significant influence on the dopamine level in brain and striatum of non-irradiated rats, while L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine raise this level. On the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R there is no essential change in the dopamine level in brain and the striatum; apomorphine raises the dopamine level in brain and striatum; the effect of L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine is potentiated with respect to the increase of the dopamine level in brain and striatum.", "PMID": 543408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9337", "title": "Pharmacological studies of a group of semi-synthetic structural analogues of glaucine.", "content": "Glaucine and the newly-synthesized compounds possess some general properties conditioned by the common apomorphine structure - inhibition of the central nervous system, brief decrease in blood pressure and spasmolytic action. At the same time the changes in the structure of glaucine lead to quantitative or qualitative changes in some of its effects. Substitution of hydrogen in 3rd position with -CH2. NH-group reduces glaucine toxicity 3.5 times. Still greater decrease in the toxicity (7.5-10 times) is found in the case of N-oxidation or dehydrogenation of glaucine. The extension of the methyl group in 3rd position with a hydroxy group or with an amide residue of the benzoic acid, as well as the dehydrogenation and N-oxidation of glaucine, lead to intensification of the inhibitory action on the central nervous system. With the exception of 7-methyl dehydroglaucine which has antitussive action similar to glaucine, the other glaucine structural analogues do not possess this property. Both glaucine and its structural analogues exercise a bronchoconstrictor effect. 3-Aminomethyl derivatives preserve the spasmolytic activity of glaucine, and their several-fold lower toxicity makes them more promising spasmolytic agents than glaucine. Dehydrogenation and N-oxidation of glaucine reduce considerably its spasmolytic action.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of a group of semi-synthetic structural analogues of glaucine. Glaucine and the newly-synthesized compounds possess some general properties conditioned by the common apomorphine structure - inhibition of the central nervous system, brief decrease in blood pressure and spasmolytic action. At the same time the changes in the structure of glaucine lead to quantitative or qualitative changes in some of its effects. Substitution of hydrogen in 3rd position with -CH2. NH-group reduces glaucine toxicity 3.5 times. Still greater decrease in the toxicity (7.5-10 times) is found in the case of N-oxidation or dehydrogenation of glaucine. The extension of the methyl group in 3rd position with a hydroxy group or with an amide residue of the benzoic acid, as well as the dehydrogenation and N-oxidation of glaucine, lead to intensification of the inhibitory action on the central nervous system. With the exception of 7-methyl dehydroglaucine which has antitussive action similar to glaucine, the other glaucine structural analogues do not possess this property. Both glaucine and its structural analogues exercise a bronchoconstrictor effect. 3-Aminomethyl derivatives preserve the spasmolytic activity of glaucine, and their several-fold lower toxicity makes them more promising spasmolytic agents than glaucine. Dehydrogenation and N-oxidation of glaucine reduce considerably its spasmolytic action.", "PMID": 543409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9338", "title": "Influence of the acute intoxication with salts of some heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and hexobarbital metabolism.", "content": "The effect of acute intoxication with salts of ten heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and the dependence of this effect on the time of application and the dose of the heavy metal are studied in experiments on male albino rats. Two hours after subcutaneous injection of toxic doses, only cobalt nitrate significantly prolongs hexobarbital sleep. Significant prolongation of the sleep is observed at the 24th hour in intoxication with CuSO4, CdSO4, Co(NO3)2, Pb(CH3COO)2, ZnSO4, NiSO4, while As2O3, HgCl2, Bi(NO3)2 and SnCl2 do not change it. All heavy metals (with the exception of NiSO4) prolong significantly hexobarbital sleep 96 hours after the intoxication. At the 24th hour after intoxication with salts of heavy metals, the hexobarbital level in the blood serum at the 30th min after its administration is significantly higher for Co(NO3)2, CdSO4, NiSO4, and it tends to be higher for CuSO4 and Pb(CH3COO)2. This, together with the significant inhibition of the hexobarbital-oxidizing enzyme system in the case of Cu, Co, Cd and Pb, suggests that in the case of these heavy metals potentiation of the hexobarbital sleep is largely due to inhibition of the hexobarbital metabolism. No significant prolongation of hexobarbital sleep or changes in hexobarbital metabolism are found in intoxication with Hg, As, Bi and Sn salts. The definitely lower hexobarbital level in the blood serum and brain at the waking moment, as well as the lower threshold hypnotic doses, suggest the interference of pharmacodynamic mechanisms at the level of the central nervous system in the prolongation of hexobarbital sleep after acute intoxication with CuSO4, CdSO4 and NiSO4.", "contents": "Influence of the acute intoxication with salts of some heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and hexobarbital metabolism. The effect of acute intoxication with salts of ten heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and the dependence of this effect on the time of application and the dose of the heavy metal are studied in experiments on male albino rats. Two hours after subcutaneous injection of toxic doses, only cobalt nitrate significantly prolongs hexobarbital sleep. Significant prolongation of the sleep is observed at the 24th hour in intoxication with CuSO4, CdSO4, Co(NO3)2, Pb(CH3COO)2, ZnSO4, NiSO4, while As2O3, HgCl2, Bi(NO3)2 and SnCl2 do not change it. All heavy metals (with the exception of NiSO4) prolong significantly hexobarbital sleep 96 hours after the intoxication. At the 24th hour after intoxication with salts of heavy metals, the hexobarbital level in the blood serum at the 30th min after its administration is significantly higher for Co(NO3)2, CdSO4, NiSO4, and it tends to be higher for CuSO4 and Pb(CH3COO)2. This, together with the significant inhibition of the hexobarbital-oxidizing enzyme system in the case of Cu, Co, Cd and Pb, suggests that in the case of these heavy metals potentiation of the hexobarbital sleep is largely due to inhibition of the hexobarbital metabolism. No significant prolongation of hexobarbital sleep or changes in hexobarbital metabolism are found in intoxication with Hg, As, Bi and Sn salts. The definitely lower hexobarbital level in the blood serum and brain at the waking moment, as well as the lower threshold hypnotic doses, suggest the interference of pharmacodynamic mechanisms at the level of the central nervous system in the prolongation of hexobarbital sleep after acute intoxication with CuSO4, CdSO4 and NiSO4.", "PMID": 543410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9339", "title": "Neuropharmacological activity of new derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. IV. 1-alkyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione.", "content": "Neuropharmacological screening of five 1-alkyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione was performed on male albino mice. The substances studied manifest very good analgesic effect in the test involving intraperitoneal injection of glacial acetic acid. 1-Alkyl derivatives have no hypnotic effect. They potentiate hexobarbital anaesthesia (with the exception of 1-/4'-/2''-hydroxyethyl/-piperazinylpropano/-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione). 1-/2-morpholinoethyl/-3,3-diethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-pyridinedione and 1-/2'-morpholinoethyl/-3,3-diethyl-5-/3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyloxymethyl/-2,4-pyridinedione inhibit the amphetamine-stimulated motor activity. The newly-synthesized substances have no anticonvulsant action in corazol convulsions. 1-Alkyl derivatives are found to manifest a central depressive action, differing from that of diethylpyridinedione.", "contents": "Neuropharmacological activity of new derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. IV. 1-alkyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione. Neuropharmacological screening of five 1-alkyl derivatives of 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione was performed on male albino mice. The substances studied manifest very good analgesic effect in the test involving intraperitoneal injection of glacial acetic acid. 1-Alkyl derivatives have no hypnotic effect. They potentiate hexobarbital anaesthesia (with the exception of 1-/4'-/2''-hydroxyethyl/-piperazinylpropano/-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione). 1-/2-morpholinoethyl/-3,3-diethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-pyridinedione and 1-/2'-morpholinoethyl/-3,3-diethyl-5-/3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyloxymethyl/-2,4-pyridinedione inhibit the amphetamine-stimulated motor activity. The newly-synthesized substances have no anticonvulsant action in corazol convulsions. 1-Alkyl derivatives are found to manifest a central depressive action, differing from that of diethylpyridinedione.", "PMID": 543411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9340", "title": "Reduction of Cu2+ by isolated rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The present work provided evidence that isolated rat liver mitochondria reduce the larger part of the added CU2+ and that the reduction is of important for copper accumulation in mitochondria. The process is rapid, energy-independent and affected by steric factors. Both mitochondrial thiols and cytochrome c could participate in the Cu2+-reduction. Blocking of these mitochondrial components decrease sharply but does not abolish the reduction ability of mitochondria. Copper ions undergoing reversible reduction and oxidation in the presence of cysteine and ferrocytochrome c lead to the formation of O2- and H2O2. Superoxide radicals arise only from reoxidation of Cu+.", "contents": "Reduction of Cu2+ by isolated rat liver mitochondria. The present work provided evidence that isolated rat liver mitochondria reduce the larger part of the added CU2+ and that the reduction is of important for copper accumulation in mitochondria. The process is rapid, energy-independent and affected by steric factors. Both mitochondrial thiols and cytochrome c could participate in the Cu2+-reduction. Blocking of these mitochondrial components decrease sharply but does not abolish the reduction ability of mitochondria. Copper ions undergoing reversible reduction and oxidation in the presence of cysteine and ferrocytochrome c lead to the formation of O2- and H2O2. Superoxide radicals arise only from reoxidation of Cu+.", "PMID": 543412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9341", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potential of the stretch-reflex (T-reflex).", "content": "Averaging of EEG recorded monopolarly from C3, contralateral to the activated limb, in the stretch reflex shows the presence of somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) with characteristic shape: four constant waves--P29, N84, P202 and N294, and four inconstant waves--N31, P74, P99 and N123. Comparison of this SSEP with the SSEP in children, evoked in the stretch reflex, shows shorter latencies of the waves in adults. On the basis of data from the different series of experiments, it is assumed that kinesthetic signalization plays a dominant role in the genesis of SSEP of the T-reflex. Studies have shown that SSEP of the T-reflex is succeptible to habituation upon long repetition of the stretch reflex.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potential of the stretch-reflex (T-reflex). Averaging of EEG recorded monopolarly from C3, contralateral to the activated limb, in the stretch reflex shows the presence of somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) with characteristic shape: four constant waves--P29, N84, P202 and N294, and four inconstant waves--N31, P74, P99 and N123. Comparison of this SSEP with the SSEP in children, evoked in the stretch reflex, shows shorter latencies of the waves in adults. On the basis of data from the different series of experiments, it is assumed that kinesthetic signalization plays a dominant role in the genesis of SSEP of the T-reflex. Studies have shown that SSEP of the T-reflex is succeptible to habituation upon long repetition of the stretch reflex.", "PMID": 543413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9342", "title": "Method for simultaneous investigation of feeding and drinking behaviours and renal excretory function in small animals.", "content": "A new construction of individual metabolism cage for small laboratory animals with recording devices for registration of feeding and drinking behaviours is described. Using this metabolism cage, the method is elaborated with the following advantages: 1. Simultaneous studying of food and water intake and renal excretory function; 2. Twenty-four hour registration of feeding and drinking for investigation of their circadian rhythms and their efficiency as behavioural acts; 3. Collection of urine samples non-contaminated with food and faeces. The metabolism cage and recording devices are inexpensive, easy to prepare and to handle.", "contents": "Method for simultaneous investigation of feeding and drinking behaviours and renal excretory function in small animals. A new construction of individual metabolism cage for small laboratory animals with recording devices for registration of feeding and drinking behaviours is described. Using this metabolism cage, the method is elaborated with the following advantages: 1. Simultaneous studying of food and water intake and renal excretory function; 2. Twenty-four hour registration of feeding and drinking for investigation of their circadian rhythms and their efficiency as behavioural acts; 3. Collection of urine samples non-contaminated with food and faeces. The metabolism cage and recording devices are inexpensive, easy to prepare and to handle.", "PMID": 543414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9343", "title": "Morphological and mechanical properties of small mesenteric arteries and veins in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Segments of small mesenteric arteries(approximately 150 micrometer lumen diameter) and of corresponding veins were taken from 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) AND FROM AGE MATCHED Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. The segments were mounted on a myograph which enabled their mechanical and morphological parameters to be investigated simultaneously. Compared with the WKY arteries the lumen diameter of the SHR arteries was smaller while the media thickness and active wall tension response were greater. On the other hand there were no differences between the corresponding veins from SHR and WKY animals although, compared with the arteries, the veins had a greater lumen diameter, a smaller media thickness and a smaller tension response. The findings suggest that the morphological and mechanical differences seen in arteries from SHR are not found on the venous side.", "contents": "Morphological and mechanical properties of small mesenteric arteries and veins in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Segments of small mesenteric arteries(approximately 150 micrometer lumen diameter) and of corresponding veins were taken from 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) AND FROM AGE MATCHED Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. The segments were mounted on a myograph which enabled their mechanical and morphological parameters to be investigated simultaneously. Compared with the WKY arteries the lumen diameter of the SHR arteries was smaller while the media thickness and active wall tension response were greater. On the other hand there were no differences between the corresponding veins from SHR and WKY animals although, compared with the arteries, the veins had a greater lumen diameter, a smaller media thickness and a smaller tension response. The findings suggest that the morphological and mechanical differences seen in arteries from SHR are not found on the venous side.", "PMID": 543427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9344", "title": "Firing behaviour in a stochastic nerve membrane model based upon the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.", "content": "A nerve membrane model with a two-state pore system was investigated by computer simulation in the uniform (space-clamped) case. Both sodium and potassium conducting pores were modelled, each pore having four independent gates which switched randomly between the open and the closed position, governed by the assumed rate constants. Each pore conducted only when all the gates were open. The model was based upon the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for the giant axon in squid, and in the limit of an infinite number of pores it was identical to these. The firing behaviour of this model as a function of the number of pores and the injected current were investigated. The mean firing frequency and the distribution of interspike intervals were mainly used in the presentation of the results. It was found that for pore numbers less than about 20 000 the main effects due to a finite number of pores were a lowering of the current threshold for firing and a more linear frequency current relationship relative to that of the original H-H equations. For higher pore numbers an increase in the current threshold and a pronounced burst firing close to the threshold were found.", "contents": "Firing behaviour in a stochastic nerve membrane model based upon the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. A nerve membrane model with a two-state pore system was investigated by computer simulation in the uniform (space-clamped) case. Both sodium and potassium conducting pores were modelled, each pore having four independent gates which switched randomly between the open and the closed position, governed by the assumed rate constants. Each pore conducted only when all the gates were open. The model was based upon the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for the giant axon in squid, and in the limit of an infinite number of pores it was identical to these. The firing behaviour of this model as a function of the number of pores and the injected current were investigated. The mean firing frequency and the distribution of interspike intervals were mainly used in the presentation of the results. It was found that for pore numbers less than about 20 000 the main effects due to a finite number of pores were a lowering of the current threshold for firing and a more linear frequency current relationship relative to that of the original H-H equations. For higher pore numbers an increase in the current threshold and a pronounced burst firing close to the threshold were found.", "PMID": 543428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9345", "title": "[Attitudes concerning military duty and personality structures. Clinical, psychometric and projective study of Jehovah wittnesses and conscientious objectors (author's transl)].", "content": "Refusal of military duty appearing to be a deviant social attitude, the authors have investigated the relationship between this behaviour and personality. They hypothesize that the rigid attitude of the Jehovah Wittness, refusing military duty and civil service, would be linked to parano\u00efd structure, and conscientious objectors to border-line states. A triple approach (clinical, Rorschach and aggressivity inventory of Buss and Durkee) was used; representative groups of these two populations were compared to control military recruits. Rorschach protocoles did not differentiate the Jehovah and control group, both being characterized by poor items and retraction. The authors interpret there data by possible absence of motivation in controls, or a rigid psychological organisation, which could be related habits in life and spirit of our societies. For the objectors, these are richer and more open. Five out of twelve appear to have a border-line organisation.", "contents": "[Attitudes concerning military duty and personality structures. Clinical, psychometric and projective study of Jehovah wittnesses and conscientious objectors (author's transl)]. Refusal of military duty appearing to be a deviant social attitude, the authors have investigated the relationship between this behaviour and personality. They hypothesize that the rigid attitude of the Jehovah Wittness, refusing military duty and civil service, would be linked to parano\u00efd structure, and conscientious objectors to border-line states. A triple approach (clinical, Rorschach and aggressivity inventory of Buss and Durkee) was used; representative groups of these two populations were compared to control military recruits. Rorschach protocoles did not differentiate the Jehovah and control group, both being characterized by poor items and retraction. The authors interpret there data by possible absence of motivation in controls, or a rigid psychological organisation, which could be related habits in life and spirit of our societies. For the objectors, these are richer and more open. Five out of twelve appear to have a border-line organisation.", "PMID": 543432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9346", "title": "[On the ontogenic character of the \"Pierre Marie-Behague's test\" and its utilization in the study of spatial orientation by patients with senile dementia (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is part of a series of researches conducted since some fifteen years in the geriatric department of the \"Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire de Gen\u00e8ve\". Its purpose is to investigate how and why old people are oriented/disoriented in space. In addition to the methods generally used in similar works, i.e. observation and questionnaires, the authors are preoccupied in understanding the mechanisms: in order to better define the concept of orientation, on the one hand, and to help the patients' adaptation, on the other hand. The results a) show that the Pierre Marie - Behague's Test of direction evince patterns of behaviour that correspond to developmental stages; b) permit the authors to give typical descriptions of patients with senile dementia. The analysis was qualitative rather than quantitative and similar to that used in genetic psychology. The results demonstrate that this approach is fruitful when adapted to geriatric research.", "contents": "[On the ontogenic character of the \"Pierre Marie-Behague's test\" and its utilization in the study of spatial orientation by patients with senile dementia (author's transl)]. This study is part of a series of researches conducted since some fifteen years in the geriatric department of the \"Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire de Gen\u00e8ve\". Its purpose is to investigate how and why old people are oriented/disoriented in space. In addition to the methods generally used in similar works, i.e. observation and questionnaires, the authors are preoccupied in understanding the mechanisms: in order to better define the concept of orientation, on the one hand, and to help the patients' adaptation, on the other hand. The results a) show that the Pierre Marie - Behague's Test of direction evince patterns of behaviour that correspond to developmental stages; b) permit the authors to give typical descriptions of patients with senile dementia. The analysis was qualitative rather than quantitative and similar to that used in genetic psychology. The results demonstrate that this approach is fruitful when adapted to geriatric research.", "PMID": 543431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9347", "title": "[The PRM test (memory profile). Results in a situation of posttraumatic examination (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of caracteristics of 50 protocoles of the PRM test obtained in \"old\" cranial traumatism. A comparison with the standards of Rey and various groups of results obtained for patients with traumatism (Rey, 1966; Crochelet, 1970) permits to situate our cases on a real scale of severity of memory deficit.", "contents": "[The PRM test (memory profile). Results in a situation of posttraumatic examination (author's transl)]. Study of caracteristics of 50 protocoles of the PRM test obtained in \"old\" cranial traumatism. A comparison with the standards of Rey and various groups of results obtained for patients with traumatism (Rey, 1966; Crochelet, 1970) permits to situate our cases on a real scale of severity of memory deficit.", "PMID": 543434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9348", "title": "[Detection of simulation in posttraumatic expertises (author's transl)].", "content": "The test PRM, used in examinations of posttraumatic deficits, has allowed the elaboration of a score globalizing anomalies in this protocole, for this type of examination. This score, called \"Score Fi\", permits to detect doubtfull protocoles. The use of this PRM in a psychiatric hospital permits the hypothesis that the score Fi can also have value of an index of organicity. A study on this topic is in progress.", "contents": "[Detection of simulation in posttraumatic expertises (author's transl)]. The test PRM, used in examinations of posttraumatic deficits, has allowed the elaboration of a score globalizing anomalies in this protocole, for this type of examination. This score, called \"Score Fi\", permits to detect doubtfull protocoles. The use of this PRM in a psychiatric hospital permits the hypothesis that the score Fi can also have value of an index of organicity. A study on this topic is in progress.", "PMID": 543435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9349", "title": "Perceived value-orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins.", "content": "Various studies have suggested an increase in the incidence of premarital intercourse among women with a corresponding decline in premarital virginity. The present study was conducted in an attempt to determine perceived value-orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins. It examined the possibility of different orientations for different virgin or nonvirgin classifications and motivations. Results suggested significant differences between female virgins and nonvirgins among ten value-orientation criteria.", "contents": "Perceived value-orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins. Various studies have suggested an increase in the incidence of premarital intercourse among women with a corresponding decline in premarital virginity. The present study was conducted in an attempt to determine perceived value-orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins. It examined the possibility of different orientations for different virgin or nonvirgin classifications and motivations. Results suggested significant differences between female virgins and nonvirgins among ten value-orientation criteria.", "PMID": 543436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9350", "title": "Classification and grading of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "In 155 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix malignancy point grading was based on histologic examination of pretreatment biopsies. The observation time extended over 10 years. All patients received similar radiologic treatment. Tumour cell population and tumour-host relationship were estimated separately using eight parameters graded from 1 to 3. A fairly sharp border is distinguishable at 16 points, but an overlap occurred in both directions. The curable recurrences had 16 points or less. The necessity of deep biopsies for adequate grading was demonstrated.", "contents": "Classification and grading of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In 155 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix malignancy point grading was based on histologic examination of pretreatment biopsies. The observation time extended over 10 years. All patients received similar radiologic treatment. Tumour cell population and tumour-host relationship were estimated separately using eight parameters graded from 1 to 3. A fairly sharp border is distinguishable at 16 points, but an overlap occurred in both directions. The curable recurrences had 16 points or less. The necessity of deep biopsies for adequate grading was demonstrated.", "PMID": 543443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9351", "title": "Laryngeal carcinoma. III. Treatment results in relation to microscopic score.", "content": "Long term treatment results for 254 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, primarily treated by irradiation, have been analysed according to a microscopic score, indicating the degree of malignancy. Deaths from carcinoma are significantly correlated to the microscopic score. It is strongly indicated that such correlations also exist for local recurrence/residual tumour and regional lymph node metastases. Therefore it is concluded that the microscopic grading system is a valuable prognostic factor supporting, and additional to, the T.N. classification. Larger series are needed in order to obtain correlations in subgroups, and accordingly primary therapeutic consequences can only be suggested, in doubtful cases.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinoma. III. Treatment results in relation to microscopic score. Long term treatment results for 254 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, primarily treated by irradiation, have been analysed according to a microscopic score, indicating the degree of malignancy. Deaths from carcinoma are significantly correlated to the microscopic score. It is strongly indicated that such correlations also exist for local recurrence/residual tumour and regional lymph node metastases. Therefore it is concluded that the microscopic grading system is a valuable prognostic factor supporting, and additional to, the T.N. classification. Larger series are needed in order to obtain correlations in subgroups, and accordingly primary therapeutic consequences can only be suggested, in doubtful cases.", "PMID": 543444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9352", "title": "Psycho-social variables of female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape.", "content": "Rape statistics are difficult to assess due to differential definitions of the crime, the ratio of arrests resulting from reported complaints, and the extent of the numbers of unreported rapes, especially those regarding the first incidence of the crime. The present research was conducted to determine: 1. specific psycho-social variables associated with female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape, and 2. a comparison of the similarities and/or differences of each, as well as 3. their influences on the women leading them to develop not reporting and reporting positions. Results suggested sixteen different variables important to female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape. There were significant differences regarding which of these tended to be associated with either the women not reporting or reporting the rape act.", "contents": "Psycho-social variables of female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape. Rape statistics are difficult to assess due to differential definitions of the crime, the ratio of arrests resulting from reported complaints, and the extent of the numbers of unreported rapes, especially those regarding the first incidence of the crime. The present research was conducted to determine: 1. specific psycho-social variables associated with female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape, and 2. a comparison of the similarities and/or differences of each, as well as 3. their influences on the women leading them to develop not reporting and reporting positions. Results suggested sixteen different variables important to female rapees not reporting and reporting the first incidence of rape. There were significant differences regarding which of these tended to be associated with either the women not reporting or reporting the rape act.", "PMID": 543437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9353", "title": "[Haschish and heroine: considerations on interviews with drug addicts (author's transl)].", "content": "The author analyzes the phenomenological experience of drug in 48 drug addicts with haschisch or hero\u00efne. The choice of the drug is linked to the severity and the type of suffering and the relationship between the drug addict and the drug is not necessarily self-destructive.", "contents": "[Haschish and heroine: considerations on interviews with drug addicts (author's transl)]. The author analyzes the phenomenological experience of drug in 48 drug addicts with haschisch or hero\u00efne. The choice of the drug is linked to the severity and the type of suffering and the relationship between the drug addict and the drug is not necessarily self-destructive.", "PMID": 543438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9354", "title": "[Neuropsychology and psychological testing: boundaries and proximity (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychological testing is briefly described and we present the fields of proximity between neuropsychology and psychometry (psychosurgery and aphasiology. Yet it appears that usefulness of psychometry in neuropsychology is only limited to practical aspects. The main limitation arises from two problems: non-neuropsychological goal of psychometry and non-functional and quantitative studies of behavior. A specific \"neuropsychometry\" is presented and examples are suggested from studies of italian, soviet (Luria's school) and swiss (Piaget's method) researchers; applications in clinical neuropsychology are discussed. In conclusion, neuropsychology must produce a functional analysis of behavior and conceive this behavior as a reorganisation rather than a deficit or a loss.", "contents": "[Neuropsychology and psychological testing: boundaries and proximity (author's transl)]. The psychological testing is briefly described and we present the fields of proximity between neuropsychology and psychometry (psychosurgery and aphasiology. Yet it appears that usefulness of psychometry in neuropsychology is only limited to practical aspects. The main limitation arises from two problems: non-neuropsychological goal of psychometry and non-functional and quantitative studies of behavior. A specific \"neuropsychometry\" is presented and examples are suggested from studies of italian, soviet (Luria's school) and swiss (Piaget's method) researchers; applications in clinical neuropsychology are discussed. In conclusion, neuropsychology must produce a functional analysis of behavior and conceive this behavior as a reorganisation rather than a deficit or a loss.", "PMID": 543433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9355", "title": "Treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Value of calcitonin as tumour marker.", "content": "Changes in immunoreactive serum calcitonin were measured in 11 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, before and after surgery, external high-voltage irradiation, 131I therapy, and chemotherapy. Measurement of serum calcitonin concentration was found to be a useful method for evaluating tumour mass and function during treatment. Contrary to previous reports, treatment with 131I resulted in a positive effect on serum calcitonin and diarrhoea, and in one patient with bone metastases these disappeared. No response was found following chemotherapeutic regimes. Calcitonin was found to be more sentitive than palpation, radiography, and scintigraphy for determining the amount of tumour tissue, but a definite correlation between this amount and the concentration of serum calcitonin was not found.", "contents": "Treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Value of calcitonin as tumour marker. Changes in immunoreactive serum calcitonin were measured in 11 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, before and after surgery, external high-voltage irradiation, 131I therapy, and chemotherapy. Measurement of serum calcitonin concentration was found to be a useful method for evaluating tumour mass and function during treatment. Contrary to previous reports, treatment with 131I resulted in a positive effect on serum calcitonin and diarrhoea, and in one patient with bone metastases these disappeared. No response was found following chemotherapeutic regimes. Calcitonin was found to be more sentitive than palpation, radiography, and scintigraphy for determining the amount of tumour tissue, but a definite correlation between this amount and the concentration of serum calcitonin was not found.", "PMID": 543445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9356", "title": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. III. Biologic significance of a modified Lukes and Collins classification.", "content": "With a modified Lukes & Collins classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas applied retrospectively to a patient series the biologic and clinical implications of some microscopic features were analysed. It was found that, based on this classification, proliferation, dissemination and differentiation could be explained in a comprehensible way.", "contents": "Clinico-pathologic correlation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. III. Biologic significance of a modified Lukes and Collins classification. With a modified Lukes & Collins classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas applied retrospectively to a patient series the biologic and clinical implications of some microscopic features were analysed. It was found that, based on this classification, proliferation, dissemination and differentiation could be explained in a comprehensible way.", "PMID": 543446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9357", "title": "Low frequency vibration dilatation of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Dilatation of the uterine cervix by low frequency vibrations has been carried out before intra-uterine irradiation with 60Co by the afterloading technique. No complications or technical difficulties occurred. The method seems to be easy, safe, rapid and usually without unacceptable discomfort to the patient. The need for sedatives or general or local anaesthesia was reduced.", "contents": "Low frequency vibration dilatation of the uterine cervix. Dilatation of the uterine cervix by low frequency vibrations has been carried out before intra-uterine irradiation with 60Co by the afterloading technique. No complications or technical difficulties occurred. The method seems to be easy, safe, rapid and usually without unacceptable discomfort to the patient. The need for sedatives or general or local anaesthesia was reduced.", "PMID": 543447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9358", "title": "Prognostic factors in pyriform sinus carcinoma.", "content": "In the 48-month survival analysis of 76 evaluable pyriform sinus carcinoma cases, nodal stage and size played the most significant prognosis-affecting roles. N3 stage and node greater than 3 cm decreased the survival fourfold and threefold, respectively, at statistically significant levels. The difference between the 35 per cent preoperative radiation therapy and 3 per cent radical radiation therapy cumulative 48-mouth survivals was significant at p less than 0.01. Complication rates were 6 per cent with radical radiation, 35 per cent with preoperative radiation and 43 per cent with curative surgery.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in pyriform sinus carcinoma. In the 48-month survival analysis of 76 evaluable pyriform sinus carcinoma cases, nodal stage and size played the most significant prognosis-affecting roles. N3 stage and node greater than 3 cm decreased the survival fourfold and threefold, respectively, at statistically significant levels. The difference between the 35 per cent preoperative radiation therapy and 3 per cent radical radiation therapy cumulative 48-mouth survivals was significant at p less than 0.01. Complication rates were 6 per cent with radical radiation, 35 per cent with preoperative radiation and 43 per cent with curative surgery.", "PMID": 543448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9359", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the testis.", "content": "The clinical features and the results of treatment in 12 cases of malignant lymphoma of a series of 280 consecutive cases of testicular tumor are reported. The tendency of these neoplasms for bilateral involvement and the association with skin and upper respiratory tract lesions, reported in the literature, were confirmed. Long survival of a few cases after orchidectomy or regional treatment only (2 in the present series) suggests the existence of malignant lymphoma of the testis as a primary condition, although in most cases a lymphomatous involvement of the testis must be considered as a local manifestation of disseminated lymphoma.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the testis. The clinical features and the results of treatment in 12 cases of malignant lymphoma of a series of 280 consecutive cases of testicular tumor are reported. The tendency of these neoplasms for bilateral involvement and the association with skin and upper respiratory tract lesions, reported in the literature, were confirmed. Long survival of a few cases after orchidectomy or regional treatment only (2 in the present series) suggests the existence of malignant lymphoma of the testis as a primary condition, although in most cases a lymphomatous involvement of the testis must be considered as a local manifestation of disseminated lymphoma.", "PMID": 543449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9360", "title": "Photochromogenic and scotochromogenic mycobacteria: their clinical significance.", "content": "In the period 1973--1977, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated by cultivation in 4408 cases from the clinical specimens of patients with positive X-ray findings. On the basis of atypical colony morphology or pigment formation, 263 other mycobacterial strains were identified: of these 23 were photochromogenic and belonged to Mycobacterium kansasii. The strains were cultured on several occasions from the specimens of 4 patients with broncho-pulmonary mycobacteriosis. The strains were resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin, sensitive to ethambutol and rifampicin. A total of 18 scotochromogenic isolates cultured from 14 patients with positive X-ray findings were identified as Mycobacterium aquae (M. gordonae) and its variants: strains showing slow Tween hydrolysis and 1 strain of rapid growth. In 5 cases M. tuberculosis was also obtained, indicating the presence of a mixed mycobacterial population. All scotochromogens were resistant to isoniazid and sensitive to ethambutol, with the exception of two strains sensitive to rifampicin.", "contents": "Photochromogenic and scotochromogenic mycobacteria: their clinical significance. In the period 1973--1977, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated by cultivation in 4408 cases from the clinical specimens of patients with positive X-ray findings. On the basis of atypical colony morphology or pigment formation, 263 other mycobacterial strains were identified: of these 23 were photochromogenic and belonged to Mycobacterium kansasii. The strains were cultured on several occasions from the specimens of 4 patients with broncho-pulmonary mycobacteriosis. The strains were resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin, sensitive to ethambutol and rifampicin. A total of 18 scotochromogenic isolates cultured from 14 patients with positive X-ray findings were identified as Mycobacterium aquae (M. gordonae) and its variants: strains showing slow Tween hydrolysis and 1 strain of rapid growth. In 5 cases M. tuberculosis was also obtained, indicating the presence of a mixed mycobacterial population. All scotochromogens were resistant to isoniazid and sensitive to ethambutol, with the exception of two strains sensitive to rifampicin.", "PMID": 543456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9361", "title": "Interactions between two spatially separated letters presented in succession.", "content": "The interactions between two letters presented in succession to neighboring regions of retina were investigated. The interstimulus intervals were: 0, 20, 60, 250 ms, 2.5 s. In control trials single letters were presented in two positions corresponding to the positions of letters in pairs. The recognition of a letter presented as the first element of pairs with either simultaneous presentation or with 250 ms delay of the second element was significantly better than the recognition of single letters. On the contrary, the interstimulus interval 20 and 60 ms yielded an increase of errors made in the recognition of the first letter. The results are interpreted in terms of inhibitory interactions between transient and sustained channels, and in terms of hypothesized excitatory connections between the cortical cells responding to visual elements forming more complex patterns.", "contents": "Interactions between two spatially separated letters presented in succession. The interactions between two letters presented in succession to neighboring regions of retina were investigated. The interstimulus intervals were: 0, 20, 60, 250 ms, 2.5 s. In control trials single letters were presented in two positions corresponding to the positions of letters in pairs. The recognition of a letter presented as the first element of pairs with either simultaneous presentation or with 250 ms delay of the second element was significantly better than the recognition of single letters. On the contrary, the interstimulus interval 20 and 60 ms yielded an increase of errors made in the recognition of the first letter. The results are interpreted in terms of inhibitory interactions between transient and sustained channels, and in terms of hypothesized excitatory connections between the cortical cells responding to visual elements forming more complex patterns.", "PMID": 543458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9362", "title": "Quantitative anatomical and behavioral analyses of regeneration and collateral sprouting following spinal cord transection in the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum).", "content": "The spinal cord was transected at the mid-thoracic level in 32 nurse sharks. Four animals per group were sacrificed at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 days postoperative. Two groups of fish underwent a subsequent spinla1 cord retransection at the same site at 90 days and were sacrificed 10 and 20 days later. Three sections of spinal cord were removed from each shark for histological analysis. Behaviorally, timed trials for swimming speed and a strength test for axial musculature contraction caudal to the lesion site were performed at 5 day postoperative intervals. Histological analysis showed little regeneration (9-13 percent) of two descending tracts 90 days following the lesion and no return of rostrally controlled movements caudal to the lesion. However, synaptic readjustment did occur caudal to the lesion. This phenomenon was attributed to local segmental sprouting of adjacent, intact nerve fibers. A close correlation was shown between this synaptic readjustment and the strength of uncontrollable undulatory movements seen caudal to the lesion site following spinal cord transection. The relationship of regeneration and collateral sprouting to quantitative behavioral changes is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative anatomical and behavioral analyses of regeneration and collateral sprouting following spinal cord transection in the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum). The spinal cord was transected at the mid-thoracic level in 32 nurse sharks. Four animals per group were sacrificed at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 days postoperative. Two groups of fish underwent a subsequent spinla1 cord retransection at the same site at 90 days and were sacrificed 10 and 20 days later. Three sections of spinal cord were removed from each shark for histological analysis. Behaviorally, timed trials for swimming speed and a strength test for axial musculature contraction caudal to the lesion site were performed at 5 day postoperative intervals. Histological analysis showed little regeneration (9-13 percent) of two descending tracts 90 days following the lesion and no return of rostrally controlled movements caudal to the lesion. However, synaptic readjustment did occur caudal to the lesion. This phenomenon was attributed to local segmental sprouting of adjacent, intact nerve fibers. A close correlation was shown between this synaptic readjustment and the strength of uncontrollable undulatory movements seen caudal to the lesion site following spinal cord transection. The relationship of regeneration and collateral sprouting to quantitative behavioral changes is discussed.", "PMID": 543459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9363", "title": "Alimentary instrumental responses and neurological reflexes in amygdalar cats.", "content": "Lesions in ventromedial part of amygdala impaired neither alimentary instrumental reflexes nor food intake, but impaired predatory behavior. Lesions localized in the more dorsal and lateral part of the amygdala produced disorders in instrumental performance and food intake without changes in predatory attack. Both kind of lesions did not impair neurological reflexes, therefore the abolishment of predatory attack after ventromedial amygdala damage was not caused by sensory-motor disturbances. It is concluded that predatory behavior is based on specific mechanisms separate from both alimentary and instrumental ones.", "contents": "Alimentary instrumental responses and neurological reflexes in amygdalar cats. Lesions in ventromedial part of amygdala impaired neither alimentary instrumental reflexes nor food intake, but impaired predatory behavior. Lesions localized in the more dorsal and lateral part of the amygdala produced disorders in instrumental performance and food intake without changes in predatory attack. Both kind of lesions did not impair neurological reflexes, therefore the abolishment of predatory attack after ventromedial amygdala damage was not caused by sensory-motor disturbances. It is concluded that predatory behavior is based on specific mechanisms separate from both alimentary and instrumental ones.", "PMID": 543460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9364", "title": "The effects of imipramine treatment on the unconditioned alimentary behavior and classical conditioned salivary reactions in dogs.", "content": "In Experiment I the effect of imipramine treatment on the unconditioned food intake in dogs was tested. In Experiment II imipramine was injected in dogs in which classical conditioned salivary reflexes had been previously elaborated. Both conditioned and unconditioned salivation were decreased. The differentiation of conditioned salivation to CS+ and CS- was disturbed during the imipramine treatment, due to the prominent decrease of conditioned salivary reflexes to CS+ and also increase of reactions to CS-. Imipramine treatment produced only a slight decrease of food intake. In most dogs of both groups the increase of general arousal and improvement of social contact was observed. The variability of the imipramine effect on particular parameters of alimentary behavior depended on the individual characteristics of each dog. It is concluded that in the evaluation of the effect of imipramine one should take into consideration its differential influences on various motor, autonomic and emotional, central as well as peripheral components of alimentary behavior and characteristics of the individual subjects.", "contents": "The effects of imipramine treatment on the unconditioned alimentary behavior and classical conditioned salivary reactions in dogs. In Experiment I the effect of imipramine treatment on the unconditioned food intake in dogs was tested. In Experiment II imipramine was injected in dogs in which classical conditioned salivary reflexes had been previously elaborated. Both conditioned and unconditioned salivation were decreased. The differentiation of conditioned salivation to CS+ and CS- was disturbed during the imipramine treatment, due to the prominent decrease of conditioned salivary reflexes to CS+ and also increase of reactions to CS-. Imipramine treatment produced only a slight decrease of food intake. In most dogs of both groups the increase of general arousal and improvement of social contact was observed. The variability of the imipramine effect on particular parameters of alimentary behavior depended on the individual characteristics of each dog. It is concluded that in the evaluation of the effect of imipramine one should take into consideration its differential influences on various motor, autonomic and emotional, central as well as peripheral components of alimentary behavior and characteristics of the individual subjects.", "PMID": 543461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9365", "title": "The light-dark relation in maintained discharge of collicular neurons of the cat.", "content": "In dark-adapted state, neurons of superior colliculus showed higher frequency of maintained discharges than un light-adapted state. Among the active cells two types of interval histogram distributions were registered, uni- and bimodal.", "contents": "The light-dark relation in maintained discharge of collicular neurons of the cat. In dark-adapted state, neurons of superior colliculus showed higher frequency of maintained discharges than un light-adapted state. Among the active cells two types of interval histogram distributions were registered, uni- and bimodal.", "PMID": 543462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9366", "title": "[Present changes in age of menarche in G\u00f6rlitz born girls (author's transl)].", "content": "In former studies we could show, that the menarche of G\u00f6rlitz-born girls accelerated from annual-set to annual-set between 1944 and 1953. The annual-sets 1954 to 1958 have constantly a mean-age of menarche from 12 years and 3 months. In 1959 and 1960 born girls we find now, that they have a menarche-mean-age of 12 years and 10 months. Also there are some girls, which had her menarche first again after ending her 15. year of life.", "contents": "[Present changes in age of menarche in G\u00f6rlitz born girls (author's transl)]. In former studies we could show, that the menarche of G\u00f6rlitz-born girls accelerated from annual-set to annual-set between 1944 and 1953. The annual-sets 1954 to 1958 have constantly a mean-age of menarche from 12 years and 3 months. In 1959 and 1960 born girls we find now, that they have a menarche-mean-age of 12 years and 10 months. Also there are some girls, which had her menarche first again after ending her 15. year of life.", "PMID": 543465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9367", "title": "[Sport therapy for children and young people with bronchial-pulmonary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchial-pulmonary disease is of great importance during infancy. Additionnal to common methods the advantages of sport therapy are pointed to. Experience and hints for its application are explained. In pediatrics sport therapy should be used to a greater extend than before.", "contents": "[Sport therapy for children and young people with bronchial-pulmonary disease (author's transl)]. Bronchial-pulmonary disease is of great importance during infancy. Additionnal to common methods the advantages of sport therapy are pointed to. Experience and hints for its application are explained. In pediatrics sport therapy should be used to a greater extend than before.", "PMID": 543466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9368", "title": "[State of health in graduates (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of an inquiry about individual development and state of health during education at univerisities. From graduation to begin of professional work a diminuation of disorders of health is to be found. Only 20% feel their state of health more disturbed. General stabilization of health is accompanied by more resistance to psychical stress. Especially important are the following factors: fellowship in team work, social integration (partner, friends, neighbours), long-termed overdosage of work, missing success (partially because of an inadequate claim). So this inquiry leads to the result: education at universities is a period of psychical stress. Therefore psycho-hygienic points of view must be considered in planning the studies.", "contents": "[State of health in graduates (author's transl)]. Results of an inquiry about individual development and state of health during education at univerisities. From graduation to begin of professional work a diminuation of disorders of health is to be found. Only 20% feel their state of health more disturbed. General stabilization of health is accompanied by more resistance to psychical stress. Especially important are the following factors: fellowship in team work, social integration (partner, friends, neighbours), long-termed overdosage of work, missing success (partially because of an inadequate claim). So this inquiry leads to the result: education at universities is a period of psychical stress. Therefore psycho-hygienic points of view must be considered in planning the studies.", "PMID": 543467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9369", "title": "[Sexual experience and family planning among freshmen (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last few years, the number of freshmen who experienced their first sexual intercourse prior to college has increased. This is due to the first occurrence of sexual intercourse at an earlier age even among prospective students. The proportion of university students wishing to get married and to have children during their university years has substantially increased.", "contents": "[Sexual experience and family planning among freshmen (author's transl)]. In the last few years, the number of freshmen who experienced their first sexual intercourse prior to college has increased. This is due to the first occurrence of sexual intercourse at an earlier age even among prospective students. The proportion of university students wishing to get married and to have children during their university years has substantially increased.", "PMID": 543468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9370", "title": "[Questionaire tests to assess student's troubles in general practioner's and psychologist's advisory centres (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlations between the ENR-test (Brengelmann and Brengelmann) and the VELA-test (Fahrenberg) result in a highly significant coincidence of the dimensions neuroticism and anatomic instability with the categories A until F or K\u00fchn's questionnaire test of student's troubles (QST). The ENR- and VELA-tests are suitable as a screening for mass examinations. In therapeutic institutions engaging not especially with the problems of student's troubles and failness, these tests should be preferred, but in special psychological advisory centres for students K\u00fchn's QST is indispensable.", "contents": "[Questionaire tests to assess student's troubles in general practioner's and psychologist's advisory centres (author's transl)]. The correlations between the ENR-test (Brengelmann and Brengelmann) and the VELA-test (Fahrenberg) result in a highly significant coincidence of the dimensions neuroticism and anatomic instability with the categories A until F or K\u00fchn's questionnaire test of student's troubles (QST). The ENR- and VELA-tests are suitable as a screening for mass examinations. In therapeutic institutions engaging not especially with the problems of student's troubles and failness, these tests should be preferred, but in special psychological advisory centres for students K\u00fchn's QST is indispensable.", "PMID": 543469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9371", "title": "Effects of stimulation of acupuncture loci Ta-Chuei (Go-14), Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Tsu-San-Li (St-36) on thermoregulatory function of normal adults.", "content": "The effects of acupuncture stimulation on the Ta-Chuei (Go-14), Nei-Kuan (EH-6), and Tsu-San-Li (St-36) loci on thermoregulatory function were assessed in normal adults. Stimulation of acupuncture locus Ta-Chuei produced hypothermia. The hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolic rate, an increase in cutaneous circulation (the back region) and perspiration. On the other hand, acupuncture stimulation of either the Nei-Kuan or Tsu-San-Li loci produced a slight hyperthermia. The hyperthermia was due to a decrease in cutaneous circulation. The data indicate that each acupuncture locus may have its own function with special reference to body temperature regulation.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation of acupuncture loci Ta-Chuei (Go-14), Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Tsu-San-Li (St-36) on thermoregulatory function of normal adults. The effects of acupuncture stimulation on the Ta-Chuei (Go-14), Nei-Kuan (EH-6), and Tsu-San-Li (St-36) loci on thermoregulatory function were assessed in normal adults. Stimulation of acupuncture locus Ta-Chuei produced hypothermia. The hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolic rate, an increase in cutaneous circulation (the back region) and perspiration. On the other hand, acupuncture stimulation of either the Nei-Kuan or Tsu-San-Li loci produced a slight hyperthermia. The hyperthermia was due to a decrease in cutaneous circulation. The data indicate that each acupuncture locus may have its own function with special reference to body temperature regulation.", "PMID": 543487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9372", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the effects of Korean Panax ginseng on the theca interna of rat ovary.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to delineate the fine structure of steroid-producing ovarian theca interna cells following administration of Korean Panax ginseng to rats for 60 days. The cytoplasmic changes were observed in the ginseng-treated theca interna cells, increased number, size and density of the mitochondria, and increased size of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The nucleus and nucleolus were slightly enlarged and increased numbers of dense bodies were seen whereas lipid droplets were decreased in number. The changes may result from hyperfunction of the steroid-producing cells. Morphologic changes seen may represent stimulating effects on the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna in ginseng-treated animals.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the effects of Korean Panax ginseng on the theca interna of rat ovary. An investigation was conducted to delineate the fine structure of steroid-producing ovarian theca interna cells following administration of Korean Panax ginseng to rats for 60 days. The cytoplasmic changes were observed in the ginseng-treated theca interna cells, increased number, size and density of the mitochondria, and increased size of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The nucleus and nucleolus were slightly enlarged and increased numbers of dense bodies were seen whereas lipid droplets were decreased in number. The changes may result from hyperfunction of the steroid-producing cells. Morphologic changes seen may represent stimulating effects on the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna in ginseng-treated animals.", "PMID": 543488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9373", "title": "Can an extract of deer antlers alter cardiovascular dynamics?", "content": "Ten (10) dogs were maintained under 0.75% halothane anesthesia while 11 cardiovascular parameters were studied before and following intravenous administration of an extract prepared from deer antlers. The eleven variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base line deficit were studied. Stroke volume was consistently elevated during the period of observation and significantly elevated at two time intervals. Other values were not altered significantly. Extract from deer antlers does not appear to have a great acute effect on the cardiovascular system of this animal model.", "contents": "Can an extract of deer antlers alter cardiovascular dynamics? Ten (10) dogs were maintained under 0.75% halothane anesthesia while 11 cardiovascular parameters were studied before and following intravenous administration of an extract prepared from deer antlers. The eleven variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base line deficit were studied. Stroke volume was consistently elevated during the period of observation and significantly elevated at two time intervals. Other values were not altered significantly. Extract from deer antlers does not appear to have a great acute effect on the cardiovascular system of this animal model.", "PMID": 543489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9374", "title": "Successful use of Chinese medicine and corticosteroid for pemphigus erythematosus (Senear-Usher syndrome).", "content": "Chinese medicine was used in the treatment of a patient with pemphigus vulgaris in combination with corticosteroid (bethamethasone). Results indicate that the use of Chinese medicine in combination with corticosteroid is a highly effective treatment method for pemphigus erythematosus.", "contents": "Successful use of Chinese medicine and corticosteroid for pemphigus erythematosus (Senear-Usher syndrome). Chinese medicine was used in the treatment of a patient with pemphigus vulgaris in combination with corticosteroid (bethamethasone). Results indicate that the use of Chinese medicine in combination with corticosteroid is a highly effective treatment method for pemphigus erythematosus.", "PMID": 543490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9375", "title": "Simple low cost stimulator for electroacupuncture.", "content": "A simple low cost stimulator for electroacupuncture is described. The stimulator can be used with needle electrodes or with surface electrodes.", "contents": "Simple low cost stimulator for electroacupuncture. A simple low cost stimulator for electroacupuncture is described. The stimulator can be used with needle electrodes or with surface electrodes.", "PMID": 543491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9376", "title": "Inspection of back surface aspheric contact lenses.", "content": "Two methods of clinically inspecting and verifying rigid back surface aspheric contact lenses were investigated. A modification of the Radiuscope was found to be an accurate method for making such measurements. Measurement data of a number of aspheric lenses obtained by using this procedure are presented.", "contents": "Inspection of back surface aspheric contact lenses. Two methods of clinically inspecting and verifying rigid back surface aspheric contact lenses were investigated. A modification of the Radiuscope was found to be an accurate method for making such measurements. Measurement data of a number of aspheric lenses obtained by using this procedure are presented.", "PMID": 543493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9377", "title": "Human visual acuity assessment through linear extrapolation to threshold of bar grating VERs.", "content": "Visual evoked responses (VERs) were obtained from seven normal eyes, using high contrast square-wave gratings of varying bar size on an 8 degrees or 24 degrees stimulus field. VER amplitude was plotted as a function of bar size. These plots, called square wave transfer functions (SWTFs), have one or more peaks when generated by a 24 degree field. In some individuals, the small bar size extreme of the function can be fitted well with a straight line for purposes of extrapolation to the visual acuity bar size. However, interindividual differences in the shape of the 24 degree field SWTF invalidates any a priori assumption of what bar sizes may be included in the extrapolation. Results from three subjects, using an 8 degree field, suggest that a more uniform single-peaked triangular SWTF with a peak near 5 min arc may be assumed for extrapolation purposes. The interindividual SWTF differences obtained with the 24 degree field were not random, the subjects falling into one of two groups on the basis of SWTF shape. This SWTF shape dichotomy may be correlated with the presence or absence of strabismus.", "contents": "Human visual acuity assessment through linear extrapolation to threshold of bar grating VERs. Visual evoked responses (VERs) were obtained from seven normal eyes, using high contrast square-wave gratings of varying bar size on an 8 degrees or 24 degrees stimulus field. VER amplitude was plotted as a function of bar size. These plots, called square wave transfer functions (SWTFs), have one or more peaks when generated by a 24 degree field. In some individuals, the small bar size extreme of the function can be fitted well with a straight line for purposes of extrapolation to the visual acuity bar size. However, interindividual differences in the shape of the 24 degree field SWTF invalidates any a priori assumption of what bar sizes may be included in the extrapolation. Results from three subjects, using an 8 degree field, suggest that a more uniform single-peaked triangular SWTF with a peak near 5 min arc may be assumed for extrapolation purposes. The interindividual SWTF differences obtained with the 24 degree field were not random, the subjects falling into one of two groups on the basis of SWTF shape. This SWTF shape dichotomy may be correlated with the presence or absence of strabismus.", "PMID": 543494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9378", "title": "Reaction and response times for accommodation.", "content": "Using an infra-red dynamic optometer, a qualitative comparison of the accommodation responses of two observers to step changes in target position showed marked differences in their  ability to accommodate correctly. Measurement of reaction time (or latency) gave results comparable with those of other workers and independent of target position. Measurements of response time showed for one observer that the response time was dependent on the extent of the accommodative change required; this was not true of the other observer. Possible reasons for the intersubject differences and the role of the instructions given to the observer are discussed.", "contents": "Reaction and response times for accommodation. Using an infra-red dynamic optometer, a qualitative comparison of the accommodation responses of two observers to step changes in target position showed marked differences in their  ability to accommodate correctly. Measurement of reaction time (or latency) gave results comparable with those of other workers and independent of target position. Measurements of response time showed for one observer that the response time was dependent on the extent of the accommodative change required; this was not true of the other observer. Possible reasons for the intersubject differences and the role of the instructions given to the observer are discussed.", "PMID": 543495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9379", "title": "Use of horizontal prism to correct vertical fixation disparity.", "content": "By noting the direction of gaze in which the vertical phoria is largest, one can determine where binocular discomfort is likely to be greatest. Treatment of the discomfort is then based upon prescribing horizontal prism for the horizontal phoria. The recommended amount of horizontal prism is that amount which reduces the vertical fixation disparity to zero. Although the fixation disparity can change in different directions of gaze, in most instances, the prescribed amount of horizontal prism is determined in the primary position of gaze.", "contents": "Use of horizontal prism to correct vertical fixation disparity. By noting the direction of gaze in which the vertical phoria is largest, one can determine where binocular discomfort is likely to be greatest. Treatment of the discomfort is then based upon prescribing horizontal prism for the horizontal phoria. The recommended amount of horizontal prism is that amount which reduces the vertical fixation disparity to zero. Although the fixation disparity can change in different directions of gaze, in most instances, the prescribed amount of horizontal prism is determined in the primary position of gaze.", "PMID": 543496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9380", "title": "Further investigation of hydrogel lens power changes due to flexure.", "content": "Measured values for ametropia-correcting powers and front surface radii of lenses on the eye are compared to values which would be expected, using the Equal Change Hypothesis and the Invariant Normals-Constant Arc Hypothesis. Photographs of various lenses on the eye, with large molecule fluorescein instilled, are presented and show no noticeable tear lens of a finite power. These photographs and our data indicate that the Equal Change Hypothesis is not valid for predicting lens power changes due to flexure. In contrast, the Invariant Normals-Constant Arc Hypothesis appears to closely predict lens flexure effects. A clinical application of this study would be to note that thin minus hydrogels correct slightly more ametropia in their flexed state than in their unflexed state. Thin plus hydrogels correct slightly less ametropia in the flexed state than in the unflexed state.", "contents": "Further investigation of hydrogel lens power changes due to flexure. Measured values for ametropia-correcting powers and front surface radii of lenses on the eye are compared to values which would be expected, using the Equal Change Hypothesis and the Invariant Normals-Constant Arc Hypothesis. Photographs of various lenses on the eye, with large molecule fluorescein instilled, are presented and show no noticeable tear lens of a finite power. These photographs and our data indicate that the Equal Change Hypothesis is not valid for predicting lens power changes due to flexure. In contrast, the Invariant Normals-Constant Arc Hypothesis appears to closely predict lens flexure effects. A clinical application of this study would be to note that thin minus hydrogels correct slightly more ametropia in their flexed state than in their unflexed state. Thin plus hydrogels correct slightly less ametropia in the flexed state than in the unflexed state.", "PMID": 543497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9381", "title": "Jerk nystagmus: some new findings.", "content": "Eye movements in a subject with jerk nystagmus were recorded during a variety of tracking tasks using a photoelectric method. New findings included ability to reduce nystagmus amplitude and frequency when instructed \"to hold the eye steady\" rather than \"to fixate\" in the presence of a visible target, changes in nystagmus characteristics and visual acuity as a function of head position which related to overall retinal-image motion, marked variability of nystagmus especially during reading, and necessity of a prolonged period of visual feedback for generation of nystagmus to approach a \"steady-state\" level. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed, including use of the \"hold\" command during ophthalmoscopy in patients with nystagmus.", "contents": "Jerk nystagmus: some new findings. Eye movements in a subject with jerk nystagmus were recorded during a variety of tracking tasks using a photoelectric method. New findings included ability to reduce nystagmus amplitude and frequency when instructed \"to hold the eye steady\" rather than \"to fixate\" in the presence of a visible target, changes in nystagmus characteristics and visual acuity as a function of head position which related to overall retinal-image motion, marked variability of nystagmus especially during reading, and necessity of a prolonged period of visual feedback for generation of nystagmus to approach a \"steady-state\" level. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed, including use of the \"hold\" command during ophthalmoscopy in patients with nystagmus.", "PMID": 543498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9382", "title": "Reflectance of visual acuity screens.", "content": "The luminance of the background and of the target (visual acuity letter) was measured for five commonly used visual acuity screen materials. Most materials were found to be highly nonlambertian. A greater than threefold difference in reflectance normal to the surface was found for the respective screens tested. The percent polarization maintained by each screen material, using American Optical Vectograph systems, was measured. The relative illuminations generated by eight projector systems were compared. A discussion of the factors and recommendations for improvements related to projected chart visibility are made.", "contents": "Reflectance of visual acuity screens. The luminance of the background and of the target (visual acuity letter) was measured for five commonly used visual acuity screen materials. Most materials were found to be highly nonlambertian. A greater than threefold difference in reflectance normal to the surface was found for the respective screens tested. The percent polarization maintained by each screen material, using American Optical Vectograph systems, was measured. The relative illuminations generated by eight projector systems were compared. A discussion of the factors and recommendations for improvements related to projected chart visibility are made.", "PMID": 543499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9383", "title": "Hand-held slit lamp with a lid opener.", "content": "During ocular examinations, it often is necessary for the doctor to both inspect and treat the eye simultaneously. An instrument has been developed which makes this process considerably simpler.", "contents": "Hand-held slit lamp with a lid opener. During ocular examinations, it often is necessary for the doctor to both inspect and treat the eye simultaneously. An instrument has been developed which makes this process considerably simpler.", "PMID": 543500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9384", "title": "The quiet carrier of beta-thalassemia.", "content": "Heterozygosity for beta-thalassemia is usually characterized by hypochromia, microcytosis, mild anemia, and increased percentage of Hb A2, and normal or mildly increased Hb F. We have studied an unusual type of beta-thalassemia with typical morphologic abnormalities but normal levels of Hb A2 and Hb F, with diagnosis confirmed by globin synthesis studies. The results indicate that globin synthesis studies may be necessary when the cause of hypochromia and microcytosis cannot be clearly determined by hemoglobin quantitation and electrophoresis and other standard clinical tests.", "contents": "The quiet carrier of beta-thalassemia. Heterozygosity for beta-thalassemia is usually characterized by hypochromia, microcytosis, mild anemia, and increased percentage of Hb A2, and normal or mildly increased Hb F. We have studied an unusual type of beta-thalassemia with typical morphologic abnormalities but normal levels of Hb A2 and Hb F, with diagnosis confirmed by globin synthesis studies. The results indicate that globin synthesis studies may be necessary when the cause of hypochromia and microcytosis cannot be clearly determined by hemoglobin quantitation and electrophoresis and other standard clinical tests.", "PMID": 543507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9385", "title": "Antioxidant relationship between selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase and tocopherol.", "content": "Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium-dependent enzyme, and tocopherol interact and may, indeed, compensate for deficiencies of one or the other. Iron-supplemented, \"tocopherol-sufficient,\" low-birth-weight premature infants fed (selenium-poor) formulas rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (greater than 35% of fat as PUFA) develop severe hemolysis secondary to erythrocyte phosphatidyl ethanolamine loss. By further increasing tocopherol supplementation one can prevent the clinical expression of a relative tocopherol and an absolute selenium--glutathione peroxidase deficiency. Selenium-poor cow's milk preparations containing 12--15% of fat as polyunsaturated fatty acids, trace amounts of iron, and 12--15 mg/liter of tocopherol are sufficient to maintain proper nutrition without risk of increased peroxidation.", "contents": "Antioxidant relationship between selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase and tocopherol. Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium-dependent enzyme, and tocopherol interact and may, indeed, compensate for deficiencies of one or the other. Iron-supplemented, \"tocopherol-sufficient,\" low-birth-weight premature infants fed (selenium-poor) formulas rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (greater than 35% of fat as PUFA) develop severe hemolysis secondary to erythrocyte phosphatidyl ethanolamine loss. By further increasing tocopherol supplementation one can prevent the clinical expression of a relative tocopherol and an absolute selenium--glutathione peroxidase deficiency. Selenium-poor cow's milk preparations containing 12--15% of fat as polyunsaturated fatty acids, trace amounts of iron, and 12--15 mg/liter of tocopherol are sufficient to maintain proper nutrition without risk of increased peroxidation.", "PMID": 543508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9386", "title": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity amelioration by alpha-tocopherol.", "content": "Adriamycin has become a potent member of the cancer chemotherapeutic program. However, the full utilization of adriamycin is limited by its cardiotoxicity. In experimental animals, alpha-tocopherol has been shown by some to ameliorate or prevent cardiac dysfunction without impairing antitumor effectiveness. During adriamycin therapy, future clinical research should consist of biochemical measurements of vitamin E in plasma, lipoperoxidation in red cells and platelets, while cars to indicate deficiency, should be considered as one method of ameliorating toxicity.", "contents": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity amelioration by alpha-tocopherol. Adriamycin has become a potent member of the cancer chemotherapeutic program. However, the full utilization of adriamycin is limited by its cardiotoxicity. In experimental animals, alpha-tocopherol has been shown by some to ameliorate or prevent cardiac dysfunction without impairing antitumor effectiveness. During adriamycin therapy, future clinical research should consist of biochemical measurements of vitamin E in plasma, lipoperoxidation in red cells and platelets, while cars to indicate deficiency, should be considered as one method of ameliorating toxicity.", "PMID": 543510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9387", "title": "Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E.", "content": "In the studies outlined in this report, normal dogs receiving megadoses of vitamin E displayed no abnormalities in their coagulation mechanisms. However, when made mildly vitamin-K-deficient by using warfarin, the introduction of vitamin E produced a profound coagulopathy. This coagulopathy was characterized by a further reduction in the vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors and did not influence the levels of the non-vitamin K coagulation factors. Only one human case has been described to date, and this particular patients was vitamin-K-deficient at the time he was receiving vitamin E. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the usefulness of this vitamin in trombotic disease and to define the possible hematological toxicity in those patients with concomitant vitamin K deficiency.", "contents": "Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E. In the studies outlined in this report, normal dogs receiving megadoses of vitamin E displayed no abnormalities in their coagulation mechanisms. However, when made mildly vitamin-K-deficient by using warfarin, the introduction of vitamin E produced a profound coagulopathy. This coagulopathy was characterized by a further reduction in the vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors and did not influence the levels of the non-vitamin K coagulation factors. Only one human case has been described to date, and this particular patients was vitamin-K-deficient at the time he was receiving vitamin E. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the usefulness of this vitamin in trombotic disease and to define the possible hematological toxicity in those patients with concomitant vitamin K deficiency.", "PMID": 543511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9388", "title": "A possible role of vitamin E in the prevention or amelioration of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant cause of chronic pulmonary disease following mechanical ventilation of newborn infants. Although the exact pathogenesis of BPD has yet to be elucidated, high concentration of supplemental oxygen delivered by positive pressure through an endotracheal tube is thought to be a major predisposing factor. The only reported clinical trial of the administration of an exogenous antioxidant as vitamin E (20 mg/kg/day I.M.) to premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who were receiving supplemental oxygen greater than 40% showed a shorter exposure to all levels of supplemental oxygen when compared to a control group. No roentgenographic changes of BPD were noted in any vitamin-E-treated infants. Vitamin E may modify the development of BPD, but until further clinical trials demonstrate a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of BPD, efforts should be made to minimize exposure to any of the associated factors in the pathogenesis of BPD.", "contents": "A possible role of vitamin E in the prevention or amelioration of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant cause of chronic pulmonary disease following mechanical ventilation of newborn infants. Although the exact pathogenesis of BPD has yet to be elucidated, high concentration of supplemental oxygen delivered by positive pressure through an endotracheal tube is thought to be a major predisposing factor. The only reported clinical trial of the administration of an exogenous antioxidant as vitamin E (20 mg/kg/day I.M.) to premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who were receiving supplemental oxygen greater than 40% showed a shorter exposure to all levels of supplemental oxygen when compared to a control group. No roentgenographic changes of BPD were noted in any vitamin-E-treated infants. Vitamin E may modify the development of BPD, but until further clinical trials demonstrate a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of BPD, efforts should be made to minimize exposure to any of the associated factors in the pathogenesis of BPD.", "PMID": 543512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9389", "title": "The relationship between fibrinogen degradation products and cryofibrinogen.", "content": "Cryofibrinogen obtained from four children with inflammatory diseases was invesitgated for immunoglobulin and FDP activity. It is concluded that the potential for fibrinogenolysis is present in cryofibrinogen but it is not necessary for its formation. The proteins in the cryoprecipitates that migrate electrophorectically with the alpha-, beta- and gamma-globulins represent immunoglobulins and, perhaps, some FDP.", "contents": "The relationship between fibrinogen degradation products and cryofibrinogen. Cryofibrinogen obtained from four children with inflammatory diseases was invesitgated for immunoglobulin and FDP activity. It is concluded that the potential for fibrinogenolysis is present in cryofibrinogen but it is not necessary for its formation. The proteins in the cryoprecipitates that migrate electrophorectically with the alpha-, beta- and gamma-globulins represent immunoglobulins and, perhaps, some FDP.", "PMID": 543513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9390", "title": "The multiple hematologic manifestations of neuroblastoma.", "content": "The hematologic manifestations of neuroblastoma are numerous and varied. Bone marrow invasion by tumor cells may cause leukoerythroblastic changes or depression of one or more of the cell lines in the peripheral blood; occasionally bone marrow involvement may be so extensive that tumor cells may be released into the peripheral blood and lead to an erroneous diagnosis of leukemia. Anemia in neuroblastoma patients may result not only from bone marrow involvement, but also from bleeding into a tumor mass or from the hemolysis accompanying a consumption coagulopathy. A specific morphologic abnormality, the cogwheel erythrocyte, has been reported in patients with neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma may also be associated with elevation of the platelet count or a hypercoagulable state. Recognition of these protean hematologic manifestations may facilitate diagnosis in children with atypical presentations of this highly malignant tumor.", "contents": "The multiple hematologic manifestations of neuroblastoma. The hematologic manifestations of neuroblastoma are numerous and varied. Bone marrow invasion by tumor cells may cause leukoerythroblastic changes or depression of one or more of the cell lines in the peripheral blood; occasionally bone marrow involvement may be so extensive that tumor cells may be released into the peripheral blood and lead to an erroneous diagnosis of leukemia. Anemia in neuroblastoma patients may result not only from bone marrow involvement, but also from bleeding into a tumor mass or from the hemolysis accompanying a consumption coagulopathy. A specific morphologic abnormality, the cogwheel erythrocyte, has been reported in patients with neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma may also be associated with elevation of the platelet count or a hypercoagulable state. Recognition of these protean hematologic manifestations may facilitate diagnosis in children with atypical presentations of this highly malignant tumor.", "PMID": 543514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9391", "title": "Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of hemostatic disorders in newborn infants.", "content": "We describe a microtechnology for the study of the coagulation system in newborn infants. Interpretation of results demands an understanding of the techniques used and the nature of the control population from which normal values are drawn. We have examined two syndromes which represent the majority of hemostatic disorders of sick newborn infants. The first is thrombocytopenia resulting from bacterial infections in which there are minimal changes in the levels of blood coagulation factors and little tendency to bleed. The second is a syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in which there is a profound disturbance in the coagulation mechanism, relatively little change in platelet counts, a severe hemorrhagic diathesis, and widespread ischemic necrosis.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of hemostatic disorders in newborn infants. We describe a microtechnology for the study of the coagulation system in newborn infants. Interpretation of results demands an understanding of the techniques used and the nature of the control population from which normal values are drawn. We have examined two syndromes which represent the majority of hemostatic disorders of sick newborn infants. The first is thrombocytopenia resulting from bacterial infections in which there are minimal changes in the levels of blood coagulation factors and little tendency to bleed. The second is a syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in which there is a profound disturbance in the coagulation mechanism, relatively little change in platelet counts, a severe hemorrhagic diathesis, and widespread ischemic necrosis.", "PMID": 543515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9392", "title": "Platelet function in the neonate.", "content": "Impairment of platelet function is well recognized in the neonate. The abnormalities include a reduction in platelet factor 3 activity and availability, a reduction in the release of nonmetabolic storage pool ADP and ATP, and platelet factor 4 following stimulation, decreased adhesiveness, and impaired aggregation with ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin. Whether the cause of the platelet abnormality and the impairment in platelet secretion is due to a \"storage pool deficiency\" or an \"aspirin-like defect\" has been unclear. However, recent data suggests that the neonatal platelet possesses neither a significant deficiency in prostaglandin synthesis nor a significant decrease in storage pool adenine nucleotides. The abnormalities noted appear most likely to be due to a membrane-related phenomenon.", "contents": "Platelet function in the neonate. Impairment of platelet function is well recognized in the neonate. The abnormalities include a reduction in platelet factor 3 activity and availability, a reduction in the release of nonmetabolic storage pool ADP and ATP, and platelet factor 4 following stimulation, decreased adhesiveness, and impaired aggregation with ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin. Whether the cause of the platelet abnormality and the impairment in platelet secretion is due to a \"storage pool deficiency\" or an \"aspirin-like defect\" has been unclear. However, recent data suggests that the neonatal platelet possesses neither a significant deficiency in prostaglandin synthesis nor a significant decrease in storage pool adenine nucleotides. The abnormalities noted appear most likely to be due to a membrane-related phenomenon.", "PMID": 543516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9393", "title": "Refusal of treatment: a new dilemma for oncologists.", "content": "Thirteen cases of childhood malignancy are described in which treatment was refused. Four groups are presented: 1) the parents refused treatment for a child with a good prognosis, 2) parents refused treatment for a child with a poor prognosis, 2) the patients refused treatment, and 4) child abuse or neglect occurred in conjunction with refusal of treatment. Parents refused treatment on the basis of religious grounds, seeking unproven methods of treatment, a conviction that treatment was worthless, or a feeling that treatment of the child interfered with the parents' life-style. Children refused treatment because they did not like the therapy side effects, did not like painful procedures, or felt the disease was hopeless. Some families refused treatment at  one point, then later asked to resume treatment. Management of these cases depends, to a great extent, on prognosis. Those children having a good prognosis can be called to the attention of the juvenile court on the basis of medical neglect. In children with a poor prognosis, recourse to the juvenile court is not indicated. In all cases, frequent communication with the families is extremely important even when treatment has been refused.", "contents": "Refusal of treatment: a new dilemma for oncologists. Thirteen cases of childhood malignancy are described in which treatment was refused. Four groups are presented: 1) the parents refused treatment for a child with a good prognosis, 2) parents refused treatment for a child with a poor prognosis, 2) the patients refused treatment, and 4) child abuse or neglect occurred in conjunction with refusal of treatment. Parents refused treatment on the basis of religious grounds, seeking unproven methods of treatment, a conviction that treatment was worthless, or a feeling that treatment of the child interfered with the parents' life-style. Children refused treatment because they did not like the therapy side effects, did not like painful procedures, or felt the disease was hopeless. Some families refused treatment at  one point, then later asked to resume treatment. Management of these cases depends, to a great extent, on prognosis. Those children having a good prognosis can be called to the attention of the juvenile court on the basis of medical neglect. In children with a poor prognosis, recourse to the juvenile court is not indicated. In all cases, frequent communication with the families is extremely important even when treatment has been refused.", "PMID": 543517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9394", "title": "Zinc deficiency in children with sickle cell disease.", "content": "Zinc status was studied in 47 children with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD). Decreased hair and plasma zinc was demonstrated in these children and hyperzincuria was found in the older patients. This study indicates that zinc deficiency in patients with SCD is probably due to hyperzincuria.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in children with sickle cell disease. Zinc status was studied in 47 children with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD). Decreased hair and plasma zinc was demonstrated in these children and hyperzincuria was found in the older patients. This study indicates that zinc deficiency in patients with SCD is probably due to hyperzincuria.", "PMID": 543518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9395", "title": "Evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of psoriasis. New observations and correlation of clinical and histologic findings.", "content": "The evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of psoriasis were studied histologically. The earliest histologic changes in pinhead-sized macules of psoriasis consist of a superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes and dilation and tortuosity of the blood vessels in the dermal papillae. Some lymphocytes move upward into the spinous zone of the epidermis and slight intercellular edema develops. Above these slight spongiotic foci, and after the granular layer disappears, the cornified layer becomes compact, and parakeratosis and epidermal hyperplasia develop. Only then do neutropils move through the epidermis into the mounds of parakeratosis. These changes, initially focal and episodic, become more confluent and constant, resulting in formation of clinical plaques. In spontaneously resolving lesions, inflammatory cells disappear first, the other changes next, and tortuosity of blood vessels in the dermal papillae last.", "contents": "Evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of psoriasis. New observations and correlation of clinical and histologic findings. The evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of psoriasis were studied histologically. The earliest histologic changes in pinhead-sized macules of psoriasis consist of a superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes and dilation and tortuosity of the blood vessels in the dermal papillae. Some lymphocytes move upward into the spinous zone of the epidermis and slight intercellular edema develops. Above these slight spongiotic foci, and after the granular layer disappears, the cornified layer becomes compact, and parakeratosis and epidermal hyperplasia develop. Only then do neutropils move through the epidermis into the mounds of parakeratosis. These changes, initially focal and episodic, become more confluent and constant, resulting in formation of clinical plaques. In spontaneously resolving lesions, inflammatory cells disappear first, the other changes next, and tortuosity of blood vessels in the dermal papillae last.", "PMID": 543520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9396", "title": "Fibrous papule of the face. An electron-microscopic study of two cases.", "content": "Fibrous papules on the nose from two patients were examined by electron microscopy. In each, the large characteristic dermal cells had ultrastructural features of fibroblasts, and there was no evidence of either melanocytic or Schwann cell differentiation. Banded structures (long-spacing collagen) were present in one case.", "contents": "Fibrous papule of the face. An electron-microscopic study of two cases. Fibrous papules on the nose from two patients were examined by electron microscopy. In each, the large characteristic dermal cells had ultrastructural features of fibroblasts, and there was no evidence of either melanocytic or Schwann cell differentiation. Banded structures (long-spacing collagen) were present in one case.", "PMID": 543527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9397", "title": "Fibrous papule of the face. A study of five cases by electron microscopy.", "content": "The stellate-shaped and multinucleated cells in fibrous papule of the face from five patients were studied by electron microscopy and found to be fibrohistiocytic cells.", "contents": "Fibrous papule of the face. A study of five cases by electron microscopy. The stellate-shaped and multinucleated cells in fibrous papule of the face from five patients were studied by electron microscopy and found to be fibrohistiocytic cells.", "PMID": 543528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9398", "title": "[Human phrenic nerve: analysis of nerve fibre types on the base of their acetylcholinesterase activity (author's transl)].", "content": "As marked differences in the Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)-activity of myelinated nerve fibres of ventral and dorsal spinal roots can be found also in human post mortem material (ZENKER et al. 1978), the Karnovsky-method for histochemical demonstration of ACHE-activity has been used for differentiation of motor and sensory fibres in the human phrenic nerve. In cross sections of the phrenic nerve 1--2 cm above its entrance into the diaphragm, after an incubation period of 24 hours, 86% of the medullated nerve fibres displayed a high enzyme activity and therefore were classified as motoric. The histogram of these stained fibres revealed a large group of fibres with a peak at 9--10 micron in diameter which were interpreted as A-alpha fibres and a small group of fibres with a peak at 2--3 micron which were classified as A-gamma fibres. The mean diameter of the A-alpha group fibres is smaller than the mean diameter in a \"typical\" muscle nerve. Furthermore, the number of A-gamma fibres in the phrenic nerve, as compared with a \"typical\" muscle nerve is strikingly small. This seems to be in accordance with the small number of unstained fibres (14% only) which were interpreted as sensoric. In this group no fibre was found larger than 9 micrometers in diameter. This could mean a complete lack of primary afferents within the human phrenic nerve.", "contents": "[Human phrenic nerve: analysis of nerve fibre types on the base of their acetylcholinesterase activity (author's transl)]. As marked differences in the Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)-activity of myelinated nerve fibres of ventral and dorsal spinal roots can be found also in human post mortem material (ZENKER et al. 1978), the Karnovsky-method for histochemical demonstration of ACHE-activity has been used for differentiation of motor and sensory fibres in the human phrenic nerve. In cross sections of the phrenic nerve 1--2 cm above its entrance into the diaphragm, after an incubation period of 24 hours, 86% of the medullated nerve fibres displayed a high enzyme activity and therefore were classified as motoric. The histogram of these stained fibres revealed a large group of fibres with a peak at 9--10 micron in diameter which were interpreted as A-alpha fibres and a small group of fibres with a peak at 2--3 micron which were classified as A-gamma fibres. The mean diameter of the A-alpha group fibres is smaller than the mean diameter in a \"typical\" muscle nerve. Furthermore, the number of A-gamma fibres in the phrenic nerve, as compared with a \"typical\" muscle nerve is strikingly small. This seems to be in accordance with the small number of unstained fibres (14% only) which were interpreted as sensoric. In this group no fibre was found larger than 9 micrometers in diameter. This could mean a complete lack of primary afferents within the human phrenic nerve.", "PMID": 543560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9399", "title": "[Local variation of brain structures related to C. T. reference line (author's transl)].", "content": "Median sagittal sections of the cranium of 18 males and 7 females aging from 42 to 74 years were investigated. The distance of brain structures from the skull varied about 11 to 22 mm if the orbitomeatal line is used as reference. A correlation coefficient below 0.5 is found between distances on the outside of the skull and on the median sagittal section as well in horizontal as in the vertical direction. The statistical deviation of the outline of the brain is less extended with an intracerebral reference line than with reference points on the outer surface of the skull. The localization of several telencephalic parts are correlated with the inclination angle of the brain stem. The long axis of the brain stem therefore appears to be the best reference line for localization of brain structures.", "contents": "[Local variation of brain structures related to C. T. reference line (author's transl)]. Median sagittal sections of the cranium of 18 males and 7 females aging from 42 to 74 years were investigated. The distance of brain structures from the skull varied about 11 to 22 mm if the orbitomeatal line is used as reference. A correlation coefficient below 0.5 is found between distances on the outside of the skull and on the median sagittal section as well in horizontal as in the vertical direction. The statistical deviation of the outline of the brain is less extended with an intracerebral reference line than with reference points on the outer surface of the skull. The localization of several telencephalic parts are correlated with the inclination angle of the brain stem. The long axis of the brain stem therefore appears to be the best reference line for localization of brain structures.", "PMID": 543561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9400", "title": "[Helping factors of the occlusion and oppening mechanisms of gastric cardiac region in opossum. Comparative study to the man (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological factors that should work to help the cardial occlusion (esophageal and gastric mucosal folds) and are arranged to cooperate for the cardial oppening (smooth muscle fibres of the longitudinal layer of esophagus and stomach) are described in opossum (Didelphis albiventris), comparatively to the man. Also are comparatively discussed the anatomical disposition of diaphragm, esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, gastrophrenic ligament and phrenosophagical membrane.", "contents": "[Helping factors of the occlusion and oppening mechanisms of gastric cardiac region in opossum. Comparative study to the man (author's transl)]. The morphological factors that should work to help the cardial occlusion (esophageal and gastric mucosal folds) and are arranged to cooperate for the cardial oppening (smooth muscle fibres of the longitudinal layer of esophagus and stomach) are described in opossum (Didelphis albiventris), comparatively to the man. Also are comparatively discussed the anatomical disposition of diaphragm, esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, gastrophrenic ligament and phrenosophagical membrane.", "PMID": 543562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9401", "title": "The hematology of mrigal, Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).", "content": "Hematological parameters of a carp, Cirrhina mrigala, are reported here. Haematocrit ranged from 29.0 to 44.0%. The range of hemoglobin was 7.06 to 11.86 g/100 ml of blood, and the total number of erythrocytes varied from 1.7 to 3.0 million/mm3 of the blood, both hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentrations being higher in males than in the females. Mean ESR was 1.88 mm/h, with higher ESR in females (2.05 mm/h) than in the males (1.67 mm/h). The clotting time in males (41.0 seconds) was lower than in the females (63.5 seconds). Hematological values varied with the size and weight of the fishes. Variations in hematological parameters with season and in fishes of different maturation states were quite apparent.", "contents": "The hematology of mrigal, Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Hematological parameters of a carp, Cirrhina mrigala, are reported here. Haematocrit ranged from 29.0 to 44.0%. The range of hemoglobin was 7.06 to 11.86 g/100 ml of blood, and the total number of erythrocytes varied from 1.7 to 3.0 million/mm3 of the blood, both hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentrations being higher in males than in the females. Mean ESR was 1.88 mm/h, with higher ESR in females (2.05 mm/h) than in the males (1.67 mm/h). The clotting time in males (41.0 seconds) was lower than in the females (63.5 seconds). Hematological values varied with the size and weight of the fishes. Variations in hematological parameters with season and in fishes of different maturation states were quite apparent.", "PMID": 543563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9402", "title": "[Correlative relations of spondylometric features and the height of the body in the Lower Silesian children and adolescent's process of growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The author has carried out an analyzis of correlative relations of spondylometric features and the height of the body in 1197 children and adolescents aged 3 up to 16. He has stated individual segments of vertebral column to show slight correlative tendencies or complete lack of them. The length of the vertebral column segments is positively correlated with the length of the vertebral column as well as with the boys and girls body higt - in the process of growth and especially in puberty. A stabilization of proportions of spondylometric features as well as of those and the height of the body takes place in the period of pubescence. That process is more distinct in girls than in boys.", "contents": "[Correlative relations of spondylometric features and the height of the body in the Lower Silesian children and adolescent's process of growth (author's transl)]. The author has carried out an analyzis of correlative relations of spondylometric features and the height of the body in 1197 children and adolescents aged 3 up to 16. He has stated individual segments of vertebral column to show slight correlative tendencies or complete lack of them. The length of the vertebral column segments is positively correlated with the length of the vertebral column as well as with the boys and girls body higt - in the process of growth and especially in puberty. A stabilization of proportions of spondylometric features as well as of those and the height of the body takes place in the period of pubescence. That process is more distinct in girls than in boys.", "PMID": 543565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9403", "title": "[Microbiological monitoring of embalmed cadavera during dissection courses (author's transl)].", "content": "Microbiological monitoring of normal anatomical specimens was done in order to evaluate results which were obtained in a investigation of decay of embalmed cadavera. The process of decay was characterized by massive colonisation with enterobacteria and aerobic sporeformers. Under normal conditions mainly germs from skin and air are cultivated from surfaces of anatomical specimens, but only in small numbers. The number of germs is increased after periods of intensive preparative work. The results show that the main criterion for the microbiological quality of embalmed cadavera is resistency against external germs during course work. This is to be achieved by consequent preventive measures in the dissection laboratory.", "contents": "[Microbiological monitoring of embalmed cadavera during dissection courses (author's transl)]. Microbiological monitoring of normal anatomical specimens was done in order to evaluate results which were obtained in a investigation of decay of embalmed cadavera. The process of decay was characterized by massive colonisation with enterobacteria and aerobic sporeformers. Under normal conditions mainly germs from skin and air are cultivated from surfaces of anatomical specimens, but only in small numbers. The number of germs is increased after periods of intensive preparative work. The results show that the main criterion for the microbiological quality of embalmed cadavera is resistency against external germs during course work. This is to be achieved by consequent preventive measures in the dissection laboratory.", "PMID": 543566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9404", "title": "[Comparison of disinfectant activity of 3 different embalming fluids on cadavera for anatomical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of 3 different embalming fluids (Phenol/Formaline, JORES 1913 TUTSCH 1975) was evaluated from the beginning of the conservation process through storage in a new system (TUTSCH et al. 1971) and the subsequent dissection course. Endogenous bacteria are significantly reduced 24 hours after injection. Later on during the storage period of at least 6 months no germs are detected in swabs from orifices whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic sporeforming bacteria were found on the surfaces of the bodies in some cases. The formula of the disinfectant (Phenol/Formaline or Merfen according to NEUMANN 1974) in the storage system appears to be of no significance. During dissection as a rule Staphylococcus epidermidis and a few aerobic sporeformers were found on the surface of specimens, at one time Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultivated too. Swabs from the peritoneal cavity and from contents of the intestine were sterile. Investigations by broth dilution method were carried out in order to evaluate the degree of bacteriostatic activity of the various fluids in use. This method is now routinely used for control of the disinfectants in the storage system.", "contents": "[Comparison of disinfectant activity of 3 different embalming fluids on cadavera for anatomical study (author's transl)]. The antimicrobial effect of 3 different embalming fluids (Phenol/Formaline, JORES 1913 TUTSCH 1975) was evaluated from the beginning of the conservation process through storage in a new system (TUTSCH et al. 1971) and the subsequent dissection course. Endogenous bacteria are significantly reduced 24 hours after injection. Later on during the storage period of at least 6 months no germs are detected in swabs from orifices whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic sporeforming bacteria were found on the surfaces of the bodies in some cases. The formula of the disinfectant (Phenol/Formaline or Merfen according to NEUMANN 1974) in the storage system appears to be of no significance. During dissection as a rule Staphylococcus epidermidis and a few aerobic sporeformers were found on the surface of specimens, at one time Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultivated too. Swabs from the peritoneal cavity and from contents of the intestine were sterile. Investigations by broth dilution method were carried out in order to evaluate the degree of bacteriostatic activity of the various fluids in use. This method is now routinely used for control of the disinfectants in the storage system.", "PMID": 543567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9405", "title": "Retrospective DNA analyses in cervical  dysplasia as related to neoplastic progression or regression.", "content": "Intracellular DNA distribution was measured in cells from two groups of patients with moderate cervical dysplasia. One group consisted of patients who subsequently developed carcinoma in situ; the other consisted of patients whose lesions regressed to normality. Papanicolaou-stained slides were examined cytologically, and dysplastic cells were located. The slides were then destained and restained by means of the Feulgen DNA staining method, after which they were analyzed in a microspectrophotometer. The DNA distribution pattern of both groups was different from that of normal cells and exhibited the same characteristics observed earlier in premalignant cervical cellular atypias. There was no significant difference between the two groups. The results indicate that quantitative DNA determinations in cytomorphologically equivalent dysplastic cervical cells do not offer additional means of predicting the outcome of the lesions.", "contents": "Retrospective DNA analyses in cervical  dysplasia as related to neoplastic progression or regression. Intracellular DNA distribution was measured in cells from two groups of patients with moderate cervical dysplasia. One group consisted of patients who subsequently developed carcinoma in situ; the other consisted of patients whose lesions regressed to normality. Papanicolaou-stained slides were examined cytologically, and dysplastic cells were located. The slides were then destained and restained by means of the Feulgen DNA staining method, after which they were analyzed in a microspectrophotometer. The DNA distribution pattern of both groups was different from that of normal cells and exhibited the same characteristics observed earlier in premalignant cervical cellular atypias. There was no significant difference between the two groups. The results indicate that quantitative DNA determinations in cytomorphologically equivalent dysplastic cervical cells do not offer additional means of predicting the outcome of the lesions.", "PMID": 543572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9406", "title": "Field test and experimental use of CYBEST model 2 for practical gynecologic mass screening.", "content": "CYBEST is an automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing a pattern-recognition image-analysis system. The prototype was developed in 1972 following fundamental studies of feature extraction, feature evaluation using ambiguity differential functions and segmentation of cell and nuclear images. Model 2 was developed in 1974 with an improved mechanism and function. The parameters employed are nuclear size, nuclear optical density, N/C ratio and nuclear shape. The data of field tests using 220 samples containing three cases of dysplasia, 110 cases of carcinoma and 107 nonmalignant cases were as follows: two false-negative cases (1.8%), 13 false positives (12.1%) and one reject (0.9%). This system was experimentally tested for practical mass population screening with 1,829 cases including 17 atypical cases (four epidermoid carcinomas). The data were as follows: no false-negative cases and 581 false-positive cases (32.1%). Of the latter, 311 cases (17.2%) were pathologic samples, such as severe cervicitis, senile colpitis, Trichomonas infestation, etc., and the remaining 270 cases (14.9%) were within physiologic limits, corresponding to true false-positive samples.", "contents": "Field test and experimental use of CYBEST model 2 for practical gynecologic mass screening. CYBEST is an automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing a pattern-recognition image-analysis system. The prototype was developed in 1972 following fundamental studies of feature extraction, feature evaluation using ambiguity differential functions and segmentation of cell and nuclear images. Model 2 was developed in 1974 with an improved mechanism and function. The parameters employed are nuclear size, nuclear optical density, N/C ratio and nuclear shape. The data of field tests using 220 samples containing three cases of dysplasia, 110 cases of carcinoma and 107 nonmalignant cases were as follows: two false-negative cases (1.8%), 13 false positives (12.1%) and one reject (0.9%). This system was experimentally tested for practical mass population screening with 1,829 cases including 17 atypical cases (four epidermoid carcinomas). The data were as follows: no false-negative cases and 581 false-positive cases (32.1%). Of the latter, 311 cases (17.2%) were pathologic samples, such as severe cervicitis, senile colpitis, Trichomonas infestation, etc., and the remaining 270 cases (14.9%) were within physiologic limits, corresponding to true false-positive samples.", "PMID": 543573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9407", "title": "Estimation of proportion of the patients with a very low number of tumor cells from carcinoma in situ in the cervical smear.", "content": "The proportion of patients with cervical carcinoma in situ exhibiting a very low number of tumor cells in cytologic samples from the female reproductive tract was assessed with a model based on a multivariate beta distribution. The results of the study indicate that it is highly unlikely that a case of carcinoma in situ will be missed when 50,000 cells are screened in a given sample. However, the study also shows the importance of sampling methodology in the design of screening systems for cervical cancer and the crucial role that the coefficient of variation between patients assumes.", "contents": "Estimation of proportion of the patients with a very low number of tumor cells from carcinoma in situ in the cervical smear. The proportion of patients with cervical carcinoma in situ exhibiting a very low number of tumor cells in cytologic samples from the female reproductive tract was assessed with a model based on a multivariate beta distribution. The results of the study indicate that it is highly unlikely that a case of carcinoma in situ will be missed when 50,000 cells are screened in a given sample. However, the study also shows the importance of sampling methodology in the design of screening systems for cervical cancer and the crucial role that the coefficient of variation between patients assumes.", "PMID": 543575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9408", "title": "Components and results of a new preparation technique for automated analysis of cervical samples.", "content": "Components and evaluations of a new preparative procedure for automated high-resolution analysis of cervical samples are presented. This procedure is based on sedimentation velocity separation of samples with subsequent fractionation of the separation column and centrifugal deposition of suspended cells on coated glass slides. A system for specimen collection and mailing of suspended samples is described. A new type of glass slide designed for automated analysis is presented, and centrifugal buckets for cell deposition on a 6-sq-cm area are described. Experimental results with different kinds of coating substances for glass slides as well as different isopyknic media are discussed, and data for differential cell counts are graphically demonstrated. Looking at the diagnostic accuracy and economic feasibility of this system, the authors realize that preparations have to be evaluated quantitatively and that constraints of sample size and processing time have to be taken into consideration for further developments.", "contents": "Components and results of a new preparation technique for automated analysis of cervical samples. Components and evaluations of a new preparative procedure for automated high-resolution analysis of cervical samples are presented. This procedure is based on sedimentation velocity separation of samples with subsequent fractionation of the separation column and centrifugal deposition of suspended cells on coated glass slides. A system for specimen collection and mailing of suspended samples is described. A new type of glass slide designed for automated analysis is presented, and centrifugal buckets for cell deposition on a 6-sq-cm area are described. Experimental results with different kinds of coating substances for glass slides as well as different isopyknic media are discussed, and data for differential cell counts are graphically demonstrated. Looking at the diagnostic accuracy and economic feasibility of this system, the authors realize that preparations have to be evaluated quantitatively and that constraints of sample size and processing time have to be taken into consideration for further developments.", "PMID": 543574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9409", "title": "Mammary reduction combined with reverse abdominoplasty.", "content": "We present the surgical technique of reverse abdominoplasty combined with mammary reduction in a single stage.  The technical details are described, with special reference to patient selection and postoperative care.  Comments about the midsternal scar line are also included.", "contents": "Mammary reduction combined with reverse abdominoplasty. We present the surgical technique of reverse abdominoplasty combined with mammary reduction in a single stage.  The technical details are described, with special reference to patient selection and postoperative care.  Comments about the midsternal scar line are also included.", "PMID": 543599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9410", "title": "Centripetal rotation-advancement for cleft lip nasal deformities.", "content": "A technique for reconstruction of the bilateral cleft lip nose is described.  The literature for bilateral cleft lip nasal repair and the use of autogenous cartilage grafts is reviewed.", "contents": "Centripetal rotation-advancement for cleft lip nasal deformities. A technique for reconstruction of the bilateral cleft lip nose is described.  The literature for bilateral cleft lip nasal repair and the use of autogenous cartilage grafts is reviewed.", "PMID": 543600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9411", "title": "The anatomical basis for common cosmetic anterior neck deformities.", "content": "The anatomical basis for some common anterior neck deformities, the key to which is the presence or absence of decussation of the platysma muscles at the midline, is described.  A plea is made to be specific in describing these deformities, and to approach corrective surgery anatomically.", "contents": "The anatomical basis for common cosmetic anterior neck deformities. The anatomical basis for some common anterior neck deformities, the key to which is the presence or absence of decussation of the platysma muscles at the midline, is described.  A plea is made to be specific in describing these deformities, and to approach corrective surgery anatomically.", "PMID": 543601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9412", "title": "Surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck.", "content": "A report is presented on surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck, with mention of possible complications.  Surgical treatment of the relaxed platysma in these cases is also described, and a surgical technique suggested for correcting prolapse of the submandibular gland and its supporting structures.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck. A report is presented on surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck, with mention of possible complications.  Surgical treatment of the relaxed platysma in these cases is also described, and a surgical technique suggested for correcting prolapse of the submandibular gland and its supporting structures.", "PMID": 543602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9413", "title": "Medial thigh lift.", "content": "Medial thigh ptosis, characterized by rhytidosis and seen commonly from aging and great weight loss, is seldom improved by lateral or posterior thigh lift.  A simple procedure has been developed to correct this laxity of the upper, inner thighs.  This consists of symmetrical resection of a crescent-shaped segment of skin and subcutaneous tissue having the distribution of an L1 embryological dermatome, just inferior to the inguinal crease.  Despite temporary sensory loss and spreading of scars in some patients, the procedure has been gratifying to both patient and surgeon.  Patients must be carefully selected, as the procedure does not correct either trochanteric lipodystrophy or ptosis, or lipodystrophy medial to and just superior to the knee.", "contents": "Medial thigh lift. Medial thigh ptosis, characterized by rhytidosis and seen commonly from aging and great weight loss, is seldom improved by lateral or posterior thigh lift.  A simple procedure has been developed to correct this laxity of the upper, inner thighs.  This consists of symmetrical resection of a crescent-shaped segment of skin and subcutaneous tissue having the distribution of an L1 embryological dermatome, just inferior to the inguinal crease.  Despite temporary sensory loss and spreading of scars in some patients, the procedure has been gratifying to both patient and surgeon.  Patients must be carefully selected, as the procedure does not correct either trochanteric lipodystrophy or ptosis, or lipodystrophy medial to and just superior to the knee.", "PMID": 543604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9414", "title": "The intercostal flap: an anatomical and hemodynamic approach.", "content": "The intercostal island flap is a new omnipotential flap that is extremely valuable for torso reconstruction, provided one understands the intricacies of intercostal anatomy.  Human cadaver dissections were done to determine the precise course and branching pattern of the lower (T7-T11) intercostal neurovascular bundles.  On the basis of these dissections, the intercostal structures can be divided into four anatomical segments: vertebral, costal groove, intermuscular, and rectus.  The anatomical segments can be safely combined in many ways to create versatile skin flaps.  Three different clinical applications with requisite modifications in surgical technique are described in detail to exemplify important anatomical observations.  The potential value of the intercostal island flap in reconstructive surgery is discussed.", "contents": "The intercostal flap: an anatomical and hemodynamic approach. The intercostal island flap is a new omnipotential flap that is extremely valuable for torso reconstruction, provided one understands the intricacies of intercostal anatomy.  Human cadaver dissections were done to determine the precise course and branching pattern of the lower (T7-T11) intercostal neurovascular bundles.  On the basis of these dissections, the intercostal structures can be divided into four anatomical segments: vertebral, costal groove, intermuscular, and rectus.  The anatomical segments can be safely combined in many ways to create versatile skin flaps.  Three different clinical applications with requisite modifications in surgical technique are described in detail to exemplify important anatomical observations.  The potential value of the intercostal island flap in reconstructive surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 543605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9415", "title": "Section of the frontalis-procerus-corrugator aponeurosis in the correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles.", "content": "The author presents a study of 280 cases of frontal face lift out of 2,934 cases of rhytidectomy, and his personal technique for correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles.  The anatomical and physiological aspects of the facial musculature, especially the procerus and corrugator muscles, are described.  Emphasis is placed on the technique of vertical and horizontal cuts in the aponeurosis of the frontal region.", "contents": "Section of the frontalis-procerus-corrugator aponeurosis in the correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles. The author presents a study of 280 cases of frontal face lift out of 2,934 cases of rhytidectomy, and his personal technique for correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles.  The anatomical and physiological aspects of the facial musculature, especially the procerus and corrugator muscles, are described.  Emphasis is placed on the technique of vertical and horizontal cuts in the aponeurosis of the frontal region.", "PMID": 543606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9416", "title": "Skin abuts skin at the alar margins of the nose.", "content": "The microscopic anatomy of the alar margins of the nose shows that skin abuts skin without intervening subcutaneous tissues.  It is the only place in humans where this occurs.", "contents": "Skin abuts skin at the alar margins of the nose. The microscopic anatomy of the alar margins of the nose shows that skin abuts skin without intervening subcutaneous tissues.  It is the only place in humans where this occurs.", "PMID": 543607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9417", "title": "The immediate postoperative care of a child with cleft lip: time-proved suggestions.", "content": "An excellent cleft lip repair demands and depends upon good postoperative care.  The strain caused by crying can be minimized by eliminating restraints and by early hospital dismissal.  Protein and vitamin C are important in healing.  A nongreasy pressure dressing capable of absorbing serum is applied for the first night only, then the suture line is sponged with cold water after each feeding.  Following suture removal, effective bridging is achieved by applying perforated Zonas adhesive directly to the wound.  The care outlined has been used successfully for 93 cleft lip patients over 24 years.  Both sides of bilateral clefts were closed at one operation.  Two patients among 18 with bilateral clefts had one side break down; 1 patient had a partial breakdown on both sides.  This same postoperative routine has been used successfully when operating under less than ideal circumstances in primitive areas.  Good postoperative care consists of attention to many little details, none of which are important by themselves but which, when added together, give perfection.", "contents": "The immediate postoperative care of a child with cleft lip: time-proved suggestions. An excellent cleft lip repair demands and depends upon good postoperative care.  The strain caused by crying can be minimized by eliminating restraints and by early hospital dismissal.  Protein and vitamin C are important in healing.  A nongreasy pressure dressing capable of absorbing serum is applied for the first night only, then the suture line is sponged with cold water after each feeding.  Following suture removal, effective bridging is achieved by applying perforated Zonas adhesive directly to the wound.  The care outlined has been used successfully for 93 cleft lip patients over 24 years.  Both sides of bilateral clefts were closed at one operation.  Two patients among 18 with bilateral clefts had one side break down; 1 patient had a partial breakdown on both sides.  This same postoperative routine has been used successfully when operating under less than ideal circumstances in primitive areas.  Good postoperative care consists of attention to many little details, none of which are important by themselves but which, when added together, give perfection.", "PMID": 543608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9418", "title": "The in situ rib split graft.", "content": "The in situ rib split graft was devised in response to experimental data demonstrating superior survival of autograft bone bearing periosteum.  A more compelling reason for adopting the technique as a standard means for obtaining limited amounts of rib graft is the marked decrease in pain and pulmonary morbidity postoperatively.  This is achieved by leaving the inner half of the rib in continuity and resecting only the outer half as the graft.", "contents": "The in situ rib split graft. The in situ rib split graft was devised in response to experimental data demonstrating superior survival of autograft bone bearing periosteum.  A more compelling reason for adopting the technique as a standard means for obtaining limited amounts of rib graft is the marked decrease in pain and pulmonary morbidity postoperatively.  This is achieved by leaving the inner half of the rib in continuity and resecting only the outer half as the graft.", "PMID": 543609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9419", "title": "Multiple Y-V plasty.", "content": "Webs and contracture, whether congenital or the result of trauma or surgical excision, have been resurfaced with local tissue utilizing the principle of multiple Y-V advancement flaps.  Initially the procedure was used in releasing broad scar contracture following a burn wound of the torso, and for congenital soft tissue shortening of the dorsum of the foot, both with gratifying results.  The procedure was later used to obtain adjacent soft tissue for resurfacing defects of the nasal tip or ala, resulting from trauma and following the excision of a tumor. (For example, it enabled us to compensate for a rotation flap defect.)  It is also useful for additional release of scar contractures of the digits and extremities after transposition of Z-plasty flaps, which can be further advanced using the Y-V advancement principle.", "contents": "Multiple Y-V plasty. Webs and contracture, whether congenital or the result of trauma or surgical excision, have been resurfaced with local tissue utilizing the principle of multiple Y-V advancement flaps.  Initially the procedure was used in releasing broad scar contracture following a burn wound of the torso, and for congenital soft tissue shortening of the dorsum of the foot, both with gratifying results.  The procedure was later used to obtain adjacent soft tissue for resurfacing defects of the nasal tip or ala, resulting from trauma and following the excision of a tumor. (For example, it enabled us to compensate for a rotation flap defect.)  It is also useful for additional release of scar contractures of the digits and extremities after transposition of Z-plasty flaps, which can be further advanced using the Y-V advancement principle.", "PMID": 543610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9420", "title": "Correction of a persistent lower eyelid deformity caused by a displaced orbital floor implant.", "content": "A long-standing lower eyelid deformity associated with a displaced alloplastic orbital floor implant was corrected by an orbicularis oculi muscle flap from the upper eyelid, a nasal chondromucosal graft, and a pericranial sling.  Removal of the displaced acrylic implant and replacement with an autogenous bone graft also corrected the patient's diplopia.", "contents": "Correction of a persistent lower eyelid deformity caused by a displaced orbital floor implant. A long-standing lower eyelid deformity associated with a displaced alloplastic orbital floor implant was corrected by an orbicularis oculi muscle flap from the upper eyelid, a nasal chondromucosal graft, and a pericranial sling.  Removal of the displaced acrylic implant and replacement with an autogenous bone graft also corrected the patient's diplopia.", "PMID": 543611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9421", "title": "A classification of injuries of the nasal skeleton.", "content": "A classification of fractures of the nasal skeleton is presented, based on both the pattern of impact and the subsequent damage sustained. The fractures are broadly classed into those resulting from lateral force and those from frontal impact. The latter are further subdivided into three levels of planes of injury; knowledge of the applied anatomy of these injuries is shown to be essential. The clinical findings and the management of each group are discussed.", "contents": "A classification of injuries of the nasal skeleton. A classification of fractures of the nasal skeleton is presented, based on both the pattern of impact and the subsequent damage sustained. The fractures are broadly classed into those resulting from lateral force and those from frontal impact. The latter are further subdivided into three levels of planes of injury; knowledge of the applied anatomy of these injuries is shown to be essential. The clinical findings and the management of each group are discussed.", "PMID": 543615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9422", "title": "Volume reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "I present an operation for breast reduction in which a prosthesis-shaped mass of breast tissue is removed through a transverse inframammary incision. No skin is removed. With time the breast tissue and skin shrink. No skin markings are required. There is very little interference with blood or nerve supply to the skin, areola, and nipple. The breast appears normal postoperatively.", "contents": "Volume reduction mammaplasty. I present an operation for breast reduction in which a prosthesis-shaped mass of breast tissue is removed through a transverse inframammary incision. No skin is removed. With time the breast tissue and skin shrink. No skin markings are required. There is very little interference with blood or nerve supply to the skin, areola, and nipple. The breast appears normal postoperatively.", "PMID": 543616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9423", "title": "A review of the mortality in the burns units at the Victoria General Hospital and the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, January, 1967, to April, 1977.", "content": "We reviewed the mortality experience in Halifax burn units over the ten-year period January, 1967, to April, 1977. Major complications leading to death were examined and related to initial injury, length of survival, and preexisting disease. When possible, antemortem diagnoses were compared with postmortem pathological findings. Renal failure, sepsis, and pulmonary complications were the most frequent causes of death in burn patients. The patients who died from renal failure tended to expire soon after being burned, and tended to have been inadequately hydrated during the long journey to Halifax. Patients with sepsis did not die within the first 48 hours of being burned. Early excision of the burn wound with homograft replacement might have prevented some of these deaths. Pulmonary complications early in the postburn course appeared related to closed-space and possibly to inhalation injury. However, pneumonia tended to predominate later.", "contents": "A review of the mortality in the burns units at the Victoria General Hospital and the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, January, 1967, to April, 1977. We reviewed the mortality experience in Halifax burn units over the ten-year period January, 1967, to April, 1977. Major complications leading to death were examined and related to initial injury, length of survival, and preexisting disease. When possible, antemortem diagnoses were compared with postmortem pathological findings. Renal failure, sepsis, and pulmonary complications were the most frequent causes of death in burn patients. The patients who died from renal failure tended to expire soon after being burned, and tended to have been inadequately hydrated during the long journey to Halifax. Patients with sepsis did not die within the first 48 hours of being burned. Early excision of the burn wound with homograft replacement might have prevented some of these deaths. Pulmonary complications early in the postburn course appeared related to closed-space and possibly to inhalation injury. However, pneumonia tended to predominate later.", "PMID": 543617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9424", "title": "Improving results in orbital hypertelorism correction.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1977, 40 patients with orbital hypertelorism were operated on by the craniofacial team in Toronto. Results have improved as a result of this experience. Tomography in two planes has revealed four types of medial orbital wall deformity. Cephalographs proved inadequate to understand this three-dimensional problem. Mobilization of the orbits and their correct realignment, with removal of the precise amount of interorbital bone, are only preliminary steps in producing good results. Different techniques for reattachment of the medial canthal ligament, correct orientation of the lateral canthus, changes in methods of nasal excision, and the elimination of other facial or eyelid scars are helping to produce more normal looking patients. Simultaneous major intraoral procedures have been the greatest source of complications. Limitation of this surgery to one team has given sufficient experience to enable a diminution in morbidity and a halving in blood loss and time taken for the operation.", "contents": "Improving results in orbital hypertelorism correction. Between 1971 and 1977, 40 patients with orbital hypertelorism were operated on by the craniofacial team in Toronto. Results have improved as a result of this experience. Tomography in two planes has revealed four types of medial orbital wall deformity. Cephalographs proved inadequate to understand this three-dimensional problem. Mobilization of the orbits and their correct realignment, with removal of the precise amount of interorbital bone, are only preliminary steps in producing good results. Different techniques for reattachment of the medial canthal ligament, correct orientation of the lateral canthus, changes in methods of nasal excision, and the elimination of other facial or eyelid scars are helping to produce more normal looking patients. Simultaneous major intraoral procedures have been the greatest source of complications. Limitation of this surgery to one team has given sufficient experience to enable a diminution in morbidity and a halving in blood loss and time taken for the operation.", "PMID": 543618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9425", "title": "Calf augmentation--a preliminary report.", "content": "An operative procedure has been devised to increase the size of the calf of the leg. This method may be valuable in patients who have thin, spindly legs or disparity of leg size due to previous poliomyelitis infection. The first series of patients on whom the procedure has been carried out, and the complications encountered, are discussed. I wish to emphasize that this is a new procedure and that the best implant has not yet been found.", "contents": "Calf augmentation--a preliminary report. An operative procedure has been devised to increase the size of the calf of the leg. This method may be valuable in patients who have thin, spindly legs or disparity of leg size due to previous poliomyelitis infection. The first series of patients on whom the procedure has been carried out, and the complications encountered, are discussed. I wish to emphasize that this is a new procedure and that the best implant has not yet been found.", "PMID": 543619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9426", "title": "Symmetrical lipodystrophy with hypothyroidism.", "content": "We present the history and treatment of a woman who had benign symmetrical lipomatosis and hypothyroidism. We suggest full thyroid investigation of future patients. We also suggest shortening the name of the disorder to symmetrical lipodystrophy, since the syndrome seems to be related to fat deposit growth rather than lipoma, and no malignant variant has been reported.", "contents": "Symmetrical lipodystrophy with hypothyroidism. We present the history and treatment of a woman who had benign symmetrical lipomatosis and hypothyroidism. We suggest full thyroid investigation of future patients. We also suggest shortening the name of the disorder to symmetrical lipodystrophy, since the syndrome seems to be related to fat deposit growth rather than lipoma, and no malignant variant has been reported.", "PMID": 543621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9427", "title": "Sudden blindness following reduction of a malar fracture.", "content": "A case of reduction of a displaced zygomatic fracture with postoperative proptosis, a dilated, nonreactive pupil, and blindness is presented. Early diagnosis with extended lateral canthotomy and removal of the lateral bony wall of the orbit for a depth of 18 mm produced immediate decompression with relief of the proptosis and possible blindness from pressure on the optic nerve. Vision was maintained, and a satisfactory cosmetic result was achieved.", "contents": "Sudden blindness following reduction of a malar fracture. A case of reduction of a displaced zygomatic fracture with postoperative proptosis, a dilated, nonreactive pupil, and blindness is presented. Early diagnosis with extended lateral canthotomy and removal of the lateral bony wall of the orbit for a depth of 18 mm produced immediate decompression with relief of the proptosis and possible blindness from pressure on the optic nerve. Vision was maintained, and a satisfactory cosmetic result was achieved.", "PMID": 543622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9428", "title": "Conservative treatment of keratoacanthoma.", "content": "In recent years there has been a trend toward more aggressive management of keratoacanthoma: surgical extirpation has been recommended as giving a superior result and resolving diagnostic problems. A selection of cases is presented suggesting that (1) surgical repair in the florid phase can be little short of mutilating, (2) the scars produced by the natural resolution of keratoacanthoma are usually insignificant, and (3) in those in which the residual scar must be \"tidied up,\" the final result is more acceptable than that achieved through earlier interference. Emphasis is placed on close, personal follow-up, to preclude mistaken diagnosis.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of keratoacanthoma. In recent years there has been a trend toward more aggressive management of keratoacanthoma: surgical extirpation has been recommended as giving a superior result and resolving diagnostic problems. A selection of cases is presented suggesting that (1) surgical repair in the florid phase can be little short of mutilating, (2) the scars produced by the natural resolution of keratoacanthoma are usually insignificant, and (3) in those in which the residual scar must be \"tidied up,\" the final result is more acceptable than that achieved through earlier interference. Emphasis is placed on close, personal follow-up, to preclude mistaken diagnosis.", "PMID": 543623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9429", "title": "Reconstruction of congenital amastia with complication.", "content": "Subcutaneous insertion of a gel-filled Silastic prosthesis to reconstruct a congenitally absent right breast was complicated by deterioration in skin circulation that necessitated removal of the implant approximately three hours postoperatively. No complications ensued when the same procedure was carried out three months later. Attention is drawn to the risk of interfering with skin circulation in patients with the rare anomaly of congenital absence of breast and nipple. The literature on this subject is reviewed. The author suggests that subpectoral implant may be a safer alternative in such cases.", "contents": "Reconstruction of congenital amastia with complication. Subcutaneous insertion of a gel-filled Silastic prosthesis to reconstruct a congenitally absent right breast was complicated by deterioration in skin circulation that necessitated removal of the implant approximately three hours postoperatively. No complications ensued when the same procedure was carried out three months later. Attention is drawn to the risk of interfering with skin circulation in patients with the rare anomaly of congenital absence of breast and nipple. The literature on this subject is reviewed. The author suggests that subpectoral implant may be a safer alternative in such cases.", "PMID": 543624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9430", "title": "The management of elective hernia repair.", "content": "The history of Shouldice Hospital and the technique of herniorrhaphy used there are described briefly. The main thesis is that the morbidity and mortality from adult elective hernia repair in the Province of Ontario are needlessly high; both could be drastically reduced if local infliltration anesthesia became the accepted routine, combined with immediate ambulation and a genuine program of ensuing physical activity. Economic considerations apart, the advantages of outpatient herniorrhaphy are questionable.", "contents": "The management of elective hernia repair. The history of Shouldice Hospital and the technique of herniorrhaphy used there are described briefly. The main thesis is that the morbidity and mortality from adult elective hernia repair in the Province of Ontario are needlessly high; both could be drastically reduced if local infliltration anesthesia became the accepted routine, combined with immediate ambulation and a genuine program of ensuing physical activity. Economic considerations apart, the advantages of outpatient herniorrhaphy are questionable.", "PMID": 543625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9431", "title": "Free dermal fat flaps to the face.", "content": "Patients with extensive facial asymmetry continue to be a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Surgical techniques using microvascular anastomoses and free flap transfers can now be applied in the management of patients with such conditions as Romberg disease, postirradiation hypoplasia of the face, and Goldenhar syndrome, and in patients with bronchial arch developmental defects. Four patients are presented in this paper to demonstrate the use of free dermal fat in reconstruction of facial asymmetry. One patient with a moderate facial defect was treated with a free dermal fat graft, and the other 3, who had more extensive defects, were treated with deepithelialized free dermal fat flaps using direct microvascular anastomoses between the donor and recipient vessels. The groin was the donor area in each case. Results appear to indicate that free dermal fat flaps are useful in reconstructive procedures for patients with extensive facial defects.", "contents": "Free dermal fat flaps to the face. Patients with extensive facial asymmetry continue to be a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Surgical techniques using microvascular anastomoses and free flap transfers can now be applied in the management of patients with such conditions as Romberg disease, postirradiation hypoplasia of the face, and Goldenhar syndrome, and in patients with bronchial arch developmental defects. Four patients are presented in this paper to demonstrate the use of free dermal fat in reconstruction of facial asymmetry. One patient with a moderate facial defect was treated with a free dermal fat graft, and the other 3, who had more extensive defects, were treated with deepithelialized free dermal fat flaps using direct microvascular anastomoses between the donor and recipient vessels. The groin was the donor area in each case. Results appear to indicate that free dermal fat flaps are useful in reconstructive procedures for patients with extensive facial defects.", "PMID": 543628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9432", "title": "Eminectomy for chronic recurring subluxation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Numerous treatment modalities have been employed for chronic recurrent subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. Most conservative and surgical approaches have had mediocre results. In 1951 Hilmar Myrhaug reported on a new surgical technique wherein the articular eminence is removed. This procedure, it appears, has not been widely accepted. Our experience with 15 patients treated by this means has been excellent. The series is presented to recommend it as a useful surgical technique for this often perplexing problem.", "contents": "Eminectomy for chronic recurring subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. Numerous treatment modalities have been employed for chronic recurrent subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. Most conservative and surgical approaches have had mediocre results. In 1951 Hilmar Myrhaug reported on a new surgical technique wherein the articular eminence is removed. This procedure, it appears, has not been widely accepted. Our experience with 15 patients treated by this means has been excellent. The series is presented to recommend it as a useful surgical technique for this often perplexing problem.", "PMID": 543629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9433", "title": "Immediate flap reconstruction after excision of basal cell carcinoma of the face.", "content": "The authors review 175 basal cell carcinomas of the face, treated primarily by surgery. The overall cure rate was 97%. Among these cases, 53 were treated by excision and immediate local flap reconstruction. Analysis of results in the latter group encourages the use of this method for virgin, untreated tumors provided basic rules of surgical oncology are followed. Furthermore, it has a definite advantage cosmetically over more conservative methods. If radiotherapy has been the initial treatment, however, immediate reconstruction after excision of a recurrent tumor should be contemplated reluctance.", "contents": "Immediate flap reconstruction after excision of basal cell carcinoma of the face. The authors review 175 basal cell carcinomas of the face, treated primarily by surgery. The overall cure rate was 97%. Among these cases, 53 were treated by excision and immediate local flap reconstruction. Analysis of results in the latter group encourages the use of this method for virgin, untreated tumors provided basic rules of surgical oncology are followed. Furthermore, it has a definite advantage cosmetically over more conservative methods. If radiotherapy has been the initial treatment, however, immediate reconstruction after excision of a recurrent tumor should be contemplated reluctance.", "PMID": 543630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9434", "title": "An intraarticular approach to correction of the bifid thumb.", "content": "Surgery of the bifid thumb may leave significant residual deformity. A technique is presented in which the nondominant component is amputated, while its collateral ligament and an attached epiphyseal segment are preserved in continuity. These are relocated accurately on the dominant part. Intraarticular reshaping of the proximal bone is also performed. We report 2 cases in which this method was used, with three- and six-year follow-up. Adequate skeletal correction and stability have been achieved, no disturbance of growth has been noted, and function is satisfactory.", "contents": "An intraarticular approach to correction of the bifid thumb. Surgery of the bifid thumb may leave significant residual deformity. A technique is presented in which the nondominant component is amputated, while its collateral ligament and an attached epiphyseal segment are preserved in continuity. These are relocated accurately on the dominant part. Intraarticular reshaping of the proximal bone is also performed. We report 2 cases in which this method was used, with three- and six-year follow-up. Adequate skeletal correction and stability have been achieved, no disturbance of growth has been noted, and function is satisfactory.", "PMID": 543631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9435", "title": "Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals.", "content": "This paper describes the indications for operation, the choice of operation, and the results in 9 patients evaluated by a gender identity clinic and referred for breast removal and construction of a male chest. These patients have lived for an average of ten years in their cross-gender identity and were found to be stable, nondemanding, cooperative, and responsible in their life as males. A different operation is recommended for each of three types of breasts. None of the patients was suitable for a simple gynecomastia-type operation. Patients with excess skin should have a procedure that produces an inframammary crease scar not connected to the nipple. Patients with less skin require a procedure that results in a C-shaped scar curing downward and laterally from the nipple.", "contents": "Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals. This paper describes the indications for operation, the choice of operation, and the results in 9 patients evaluated by a gender identity clinic and referred for breast removal and construction of a male chest. These patients have lived for an average of ten years in their cross-gender identity and were found to be stable, nondemanding, cooperative, and responsible in their life as males. A different operation is recommended for each of three types of breasts. None of the patients was suitable for a simple gynecomastia-type operation. Patients with excess skin should have a procedure that produces an inframammary crease scar not connected to the nipple. Patients with less skin require a procedure that results in a C-shaped scar curing downward and laterally from the nipple.", "PMID": 543632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9436", "title": "Is the Strombeck breast reduction viable?", "content": "In 1960, J. C. Strombeck described a new technique for reduction of the hypertrophied breast. This single-stage, bipedicle, nipple-bearing, transverse dermal breast flap procedure was well received and widely practiced. There were, however, deficiencies in the original method that led others to modify and subsequently utilize adaptations of the technique. I hope to engender continued interest in the Strombeck procedure by highlighting problematic areas of its execution, and by offering my own solutions to them. I hope also to pay tribute to Strombeck for his ingenuity.", "contents": "Is the Strombeck breast reduction viable? In 1960, J. C. Strombeck described a new technique for reduction of the hypertrophied breast. This single-stage, bipedicle, nipple-bearing, transverse dermal breast flap procedure was well received and widely practiced. There were, however, deficiencies in the original method that led others to modify and subsequently utilize adaptations of the technique. I hope to engender continued interest in the Strombeck procedure by highlighting problematic areas of its execution, and by offering my own solutions to them. I hope also to pay tribute to Strombeck for his ingenuity.", "PMID": 543633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9437", "title": "Concomitant treatment of developmental jaw deformities with rhinoplasty.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of a complete assessment of facial profile and dentition in selected patients who seek rhinoplasty or correction of developmental jaw anomalies. To offer these individuals the optimum result, it is mandatory to have close liaison with an orthodontic colleague. At times it may be necessary for the surgeon to urge orthodontic care even though this was not contemplated by the patient. The orthodontist will prepare occlusion and study models of the teeth. X-ray examination includes a Panorex projection and cephalometric radiography. The surgeon should be familiar with the rudiments of skeletal analysis, as it facilitates joint discussion of the proposed treatment. Soft tissue profile, photographs, and clinical examination complete the assessment. A wafer splint is an important adjunct for accurate placement of the occlusion at the time of surgery. Three patients are presented to illustrate the advantage of combined treatment planning. The end result in each has been enhanced. In maxillary protrusion, simultaneous osteotomy and rhinoplasty have halved the surgical procedures required.", "contents": "Concomitant treatment of developmental jaw deformities with rhinoplasty. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of a complete assessment of facial profile and dentition in selected patients who seek rhinoplasty or correction of developmental jaw anomalies. To offer these individuals the optimum result, it is mandatory to have close liaison with an orthodontic colleague. At times it may be necessary for the surgeon to urge orthodontic care even though this was not contemplated by the patient. The orthodontist will prepare occlusion and study models of the teeth. X-ray examination includes a Panorex projection and cephalometric radiography. The surgeon should be familiar with the rudiments of skeletal analysis, as it facilitates joint discussion of the proposed treatment. Soft tissue profile, photographs, and clinical examination complete the assessment. A wafer splint is an important adjunct for accurate placement of the occlusion at the time of surgery. Three patients are presented to illustrate the advantage of combined treatment planning. The end result in each has been enhanced. In maxillary protrusion, simultaneous osteotomy and rhinoplasty have halved the surgical procedures required.", "PMID": 543634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9438", "title": "Anterior interosseous syndrome.", "content": "Four cases of anterior interosseous syndrome are presented. Two patients failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment and were surgically explored. Constricting bands found at surgery were divided, and function returned completely within a few weeks. The other 2 patients were treated nonsurgically, with slow improvement in symptoms.", "contents": "Anterior interosseous syndrome. Four cases of anterior interosseous syndrome are presented. Two patients failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment and were surgically explored. Constricting bands found at surgery were divided, and function returned completely within a few weeks. The other 2 patients were treated nonsurgically, with slow improvement in symptoms.", "PMID": 543635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9439", "title": "Avascular necrosis of bone following revascularization of the thumb.", "content": "A 35-year-old man underwent revascularization of a thumb transected through the base of the proximal phalanx after sharp division of all structures except a bridge of dorsal skin 1 cm wide. The digit survived. Avascular necrosis of the bone of the distal segment of the proximal phalanx was evident at 4 weeks and maximal at 9. Avascular necrosis did not occur in the distal phalanx. Roentgenographic changes indicated revascularization initially at the distal end of the phalanx, progressing proximally. Revascularization was first evident subperiosteally and progressed centrally; it was complete at 31 weeks. Fracture healing was delayed-evident at 17 weeks and complete at 27 weeks after injury. Avascular necrosis of bone may be the cause of delayed union or nonunion of bone cited in recent long-term reviews of successfully replanted digits. Measures should be taken to monitor, minimize, and compensate for this complication.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of bone following revascularization of the thumb. A 35-year-old man underwent revascularization of a thumb transected through the base of the proximal phalanx after sharp division of all structures except a bridge of dorsal skin 1 cm wide. The digit survived. Avascular necrosis of the bone of the distal segment of the proximal phalanx was evident at 4 weeks and maximal at 9. Avascular necrosis did not occur in the distal phalanx. Roentgenographic changes indicated revascularization initially at the distal end of the phalanx, progressing proximally. Revascularization was first evident subperiosteally and progressed centrally; it was complete at 31 weeks. Fracture healing was delayed-evident at 17 weeks and complete at 27 weeks after injury. Avascular necrosis of bone may be the cause of delayed union or nonunion of bone cited in recent long-term reviews of successfully replanted digits. Measures should be taken to monitor, minimize, and compensate for this complication.", "PMID": 543636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9440", "title": "The contribution of electrodiagnosis to plastic surgery.", "content": "The numb or painful hand or foot may result from a peripheral nerve entrapment. Detailed examination including electromyography frequently reveals to the plastic surgeon the exact site of pathology and the indicated treatment.", "contents": "The contribution of electrodiagnosis to plastic surgery. The numb or painful hand or foot may result from a peripheral nerve entrapment. Detailed examination including electromyography frequently reveals to the plastic surgeon the exact site of pathology and the indicated treatment.", "PMID": 543637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9441", "title": "A quantitative examination of the use of fluorescein in predicting viability of skin flaps.", "content": "The use of fluorescein as a predictor of skin viability in the rat flap model of avascular skin necrosis is well known in the field of plastic surgery. Inherent in this model are several faults that must be corrected if it is to become a valid standard. Fluorescence readings are one of the main variables in flap models. By carefully shaving rat backs with a double-edged razor, taking fluorescence readings in a uniformly darkened space, carefully tattooing the exact extent of both the bright and the mottled areas of fluorescence on the flap, and placing a plastic barrier between the flap and the body to prevent any part of the flap from acting as a graft, we were able to quantitatively predict which portions of a flap would survive and which would die after fourteen days. The bright fluorescent area (mean = 11.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.53 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will survive (mean = 11.91 cm2, SEM +/- 0.50 cm2; NS), while the sum of the nonfluorescent area and the mottled fluorescent area (mean = 27.69(2), SEM +/- 0.52 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will die (mean = 27.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.52 cm2; NS).", "contents": "A quantitative examination of the use of fluorescein in predicting viability of skin flaps. The use of fluorescein as a predictor of skin viability in the rat flap model of avascular skin necrosis is well known in the field of plastic surgery. Inherent in this model are several faults that must be corrected if it is to become a valid standard. Fluorescence readings are one of the main variables in flap models. By carefully shaving rat backs with a double-edged razor, taking fluorescence readings in a uniformly darkened space, carefully tattooing the exact extent of both the bright and the mottled areas of fluorescence on the flap, and placing a plastic barrier between the flap and the body to prevent any part of the flap from acting as a graft, we were able to quantitatively predict which portions of a flap would survive and which would die after fourteen days. The bright fluorescent area (mean = 11.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.53 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will survive (mean = 11.91 cm2, SEM +/- 0.50 cm2; NS), while the sum of the nonfluorescent area and the mottled fluorescent area (mean = 27.69(2), SEM +/- 0.52 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will die (mean = 27.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.52 cm2; NS).", "PMID": 543639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9442", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty: a technique to achieve the conical breast.", "content": "Conceptualization of the problem in reduction of the large breast is defined. A technique for reduction mammaplasty is presented based on: (1) the Wise-type pattern, (2) wide undermining of skin flaps with definitive sculpting of the breast parenchyma, and (3) utilization of hypotensive anesthesia. A series of 63 patients is presented in which this technique was utilized.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty: a technique to achieve the conical breast. Conceptualization of the problem in reduction of the large breast is defined. A technique for reduction mammaplasty is presented based on: (1) the Wise-type pattern, (2) wide undermining of skin flaps with definitive sculpting of the breast parenchyma, and (3) utilization of hypotensive anesthesia. A series of 63 patients is presented in which this technique was utilized.", "PMID": 543640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9443", "title": "Modified Limberg flap for lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects.", "content": "We have recently developed a technique for closing round or wide oval lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects by modifying the Limberg flap. Four cases of repair of lumbosacral meningomyelocele were treated, with good skin closure in 3. The indications for and advantages of our method are discussed.", "contents": "Modified Limberg flap for lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects. We have recently developed a technique for closing round or wide oval lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects by modifying the Limberg flap. Four cases of repair of lumbosacral meningomyelocele were treated, with good skin closure in 3. The indications for and advantages of our method are discussed.", "PMID": 543641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9444", "title": "A maneuver to improve the nasal airway.", "content": "The functional sequelae of rhinoplastic surgery are emphasized and the functional and anatomical causes of postoperative nasal obstruction are discussed. A maneuver to improve the airway and decrease the incidence of postoperative nasal obstruction is presented.", "contents": "A maneuver to improve the nasal airway. The functional sequelae of rhinoplastic surgery are emphasized and the functional and anatomical causes of postoperative nasal obstruction are discussed. A maneuver to improve the airway and decrease the incidence of postoperative nasal obstruction is presented.", "PMID": 543642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9445", "title": "Influence of cleft palate closure by osteotomy technique on growth of the dentomaxillary complex in human beings.", "content": "Properly done, osteotomy cleft palate closure in human beings reproduces a normal dentomaxillary complex in patients with an incomplete cleft palate and in those with a narrow unilateral complete lip and palate cleft. In wider complete clefts, the dentomaxillary complex is influenced by the constrictive action of the lip muscle during closure rather than by the osteotomy procedure. Plaster casts of osteotomy surgical cases late postoperatively demonstrate the normal growth pattern achieved. Variations in cleft palate osteotomy have been worked out for every type of cleft palate.", "contents": "Influence of cleft palate closure by osteotomy technique on growth of the dentomaxillary complex in human beings. Properly done, osteotomy cleft palate closure in human beings reproduces a normal dentomaxillary complex in patients with an incomplete cleft palate and in those with a narrow unilateral complete lip and palate cleft. In wider complete clefts, the dentomaxillary complex is influenced by the constrictive action of the lip muscle during closure rather than by the osteotomy procedure. Plaster casts of osteotomy surgical cases late postoperatively demonstrate the normal growth pattern achieved. Variations in cleft palate osteotomy have been worked out for every type of cleft palate.", "PMID": 543643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9446", "title": "Cervical apron flap reconstruction: a technique for second-stage revision.", "content": "A technique for second-stage revision of a cervical apron flap is described. Food particle retention and pocketing in hair-bearing recesses can be minimized by accurately trimming and contouring the flap to fit smoothly into the oral defect.", "contents": "Cervical apron flap reconstruction: a technique for second-stage revision. A technique for second-stage revision of a cervical apron flap is described. Food particle retention and pocketing in hair-bearing recesses can be minimized by accurately trimming and contouring the flap to fit smoothly into the oral defect.", "PMID": 543644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9447", "title": "Use of dermal flaps about the breasts during major reconstruction.", "content": "During major breast surgery, we have achieved superior results by securing a dermal flap to the chest wall. This technique has been used successfully for the past three years with improvement in breast contour, prevention of ptosis, and less pronounced scarring than is produced by techniques of the past.", "contents": "Use of dermal flaps about the breasts during major reconstruction. During major breast surgery, we have achieved superior results by securing a dermal flap to the chest wall. This technique has been used successfully for the past three years with improvement in breast contour, prevention of ptosis, and less pronounced scarring than is produced by techniques of the past.", "PMID": 543645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9448", "title": "A new technique of dermabrasion.", "content": "Dermabrasion is an accepted method for improving the appearance of facial scars. It allows the epidermis to regenerate as a smooth surface after the defective dermis and epidermis have been removed. Several methods and instruments are currently being employed for dermabrasion. Sandpaper wrapped around a motor-driven cylinder is effective in broad, flat areas but is difficult to use around the eyes and nose. A wire-mesh brush of multiple short, curved, stainless steel wires driven by a motor is useful; but the skin is easily abraded too deeply, it is hazardous to use the device near the eyes, and gauze sponges are easily enmeshed in the rapidly whirling brush. Consequently, we have modified the use of this wire-mesh brush. It is as effective and more safely used by hand, without the motor.", "contents": "A new technique of dermabrasion. Dermabrasion is an accepted method for improving the appearance of facial scars. It allows the epidermis to regenerate as a smooth surface after the defective dermis and epidermis have been removed. Several methods and instruments are currently being employed for dermabrasion. Sandpaper wrapped around a motor-driven cylinder is effective in broad, flat areas but is difficult to use around the eyes and nose. A wire-mesh brush of multiple short, curved, stainless steel wires driven by a motor is useful; but the skin is easily abraded too deeply, it is hazardous to use the device near the eyes, and gauze sponges are easily enmeshed in the rapidly whirling brush. Consequently, we have modified the use of this wire-mesh brush. It is as effective and more safely used by hand, without the motor.", "PMID": 543646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9449", "title": "A simple method for rapid assessment of malar depression.", "content": "The presence of malar depression following facial trauma is often difficult to assess clinically due to soft tissue swelling. A simple maneuver for assessing malar depression is described.", "contents": "A simple method for rapid assessment of malar depression. The presence of malar depression following facial trauma is often difficult to assess clinically due to soft tissue swelling. A simple maneuver for assessing malar depression is described.", "PMID": 543647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9450", "title": "Giant keratoacanthomas.", "content": "A patient with multiple keratoacanthomas association with a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is presented. Incomplete excision of a keratoacanthoma deprives the pathologist of his main criteria in differentiating this lesion from a squamous cell carcinoma. Wide excision  appears to be the treatment of choice. Multiple keratoacanthomas can be associated with squamous cell carcinomas, which initially look identical. Persistence with conservative treatment in a growing lesion can fail to deal with an invasive squamous cell carcinoma which will require disfiguring or mutilating operations to cure. Squamous cell carcinoma does develop in keratoacanthomas, but metastases are rare.", "contents": "Giant keratoacanthomas. A patient with multiple keratoacanthomas association with a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is presented. Incomplete excision of a keratoacanthoma deprives the pathologist of his main criteria in differentiating this lesion from a squamous cell carcinoma. Wide excision  appears to be the treatment of choice. Multiple keratoacanthomas can be associated with squamous cell carcinomas, which initially look identical. Persistence with conservative treatment in a growing lesion can fail to deal with an invasive squamous cell carcinoma which will require disfiguring or mutilating operations to cure. Squamous cell carcinoma does develop in keratoacanthomas, but metastases are rare.", "PMID": 543650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9451", "title": "Malignant transformation of a Warthin tumor: case report, review of the literature, and discussion of pathology.", "content": "Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor) is generally considered to be a benign tumor. However, a few well-documented cases of malignant transformation have been reported. In each case, the patient had received radiotherapy to the neck region where the tumor later developed. This paper reports a case of malignant transformation of a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (PCL) in a patient who had not received radiotherapy. Light and electron microscopy documented this transformation and clearly identified the malignant portion of the tumor as having its origin in a benign PCL. The literature is reviewed and a discussion of pathology presented.", "contents": "Malignant transformation of a Warthin tumor: case report, review of the literature, and discussion of pathology. Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor) is generally considered to be a benign tumor. However, a few well-documented cases of malignant transformation have been reported. In each case, the patient had received radiotherapy to the neck region where the tumor later developed. This paper reports a case of malignant transformation of a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (PCL) in a patient who had not received radiotherapy. Light and electron microscopy documented this transformation and clearly identified the malignant portion of the tumor as having its origin in a benign PCL. The literature is reviewed and a discussion of pathology presented.", "PMID": 543651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9452", "title": "Medial canthal ligament reconstruction.", "content": "A method of medial canthal ligament reconstruction is presented. The method requires an intact medial orbital wall and orbital periosteum. The technique has been useful following radical surgical ablation of a medial canthal area neoplasm. The principle is simple and effective and would seem applicable in the treatment of telecanthus from a variety of causes.", "contents": "Medial canthal ligament reconstruction. A method of medial canthal ligament reconstruction is presented. The method requires an intact medial orbital wall and orbital periosteum. The technique has been useful following radical surgical ablation of a medial canthal area neoplasm. The principle is simple and effective and would seem applicable in the treatment of telecanthus from a variety of causes.", "PMID": 543652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9453", "title": "More on the care and feeding of the Padgett dermatome.", "content": "Three suggestions to facilitate use and care of the Padgett dermatome are presented.", "contents": "More on the care and feeding of the Padgett dermatome. Three suggestions to facilitate use and care of the Padgett dermatome are presented.", "PMID": 543653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9454", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty utilizing an inferior pedicle nipple-areolar flap.", "content": "A technique utilizing the inferiorly based dermal pedicle nipple-areolar flap is described. The advantages of this technique are:(1) predictable breast shape based on preoperative markings; (2) direct visibility of all areas for ease of resection and hemostasis; (3) retention of normal nipple duct connections; (4) no impairment of subjective sensation; and (5) adequate blood supply. This technique has particular application in younger women, in whom nipple sensation is quite important. The interruption of the intercostal nerve branches is usually limited because of the thickness and width of the inferior pedicles. Utilizing our modifications of the technique originally described, this versatile flap can now be used routinely in reduction mammaplasties requiring the removal of either small amounts (200 gm) or quite large amounts (2,500 gm) of tissue with consistently satisfactory aesthetic results and excellent patient satisfaction.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty utilizing an inferior pedicle nipple-areolar flap. A technique utilizing the inferiorly based dermal pedicle nipple-areolar flap is described. The advantages of this technique are:(1) predictable breast shape based on preoperative markings; (2) direct visibility of all areas for ease of resection and hemostasis; (3) retention of normal nipple duct connections; (4) no impairment of subjective sensation; and (5) adequate blood supply. This technique has particular application in younger women, in whom nipple sensation is quite important. The interruption of the intercostal nerve branches is usually limited because of the thickness and width of the inferior pedicles. Utilizing our modifications of the technique originally described, this versatile flap can now be used routinely in reduction mammaplasties requiring the removal of either small amounts (200 gm) or quite large amounts (2,500 gm) of tissue with consistently satisfactory aesthetic results and excellent patient satisfaction.", "PMID": 543656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9455", "title": "Posttraumatic median neuroma: a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with laceration of the median nerve in the distal forearm sometimes occurs. The presenting symptoms related to the initial trauma and the obvious sequelae of the nerve injury itself may focus attention on the neuroma, but the neurological disability may be due in great part to carpal tunnel compression of the nerve distal to the neuroma. Operative decompression usually results in prompt recovery. The possibility of post-traumatic carpal tunnel syndrome must be considered by those evaluating and caring for the primary nerve injury.", "contents": "Posttraumatic median neuroma: a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with laceration of the median nerve in the distal forearm sometimes occurs. The presenting symptoms related to the initial trauma and the obvious sequelae of the nerve injury itself may focus attention on the neuroma, but the neurological disability may be due in great part to carpal tunnel compression of the nerve distal to the neuroma. Operative decompression usually results in prompt recovery. The possibility of post-traumatic carpal tunnel syndrome must be considered by those evaluating and caring for the primary nerve injury.", "PMID": 543657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9456", "title": "Human pigment factors relative to chemical face peeling.", "content": "Two major and 18 minor complications in a series of 408 private patients undergoing partial or full-face phenol chemical peeling in a five-year period prompted a fundamental evaluation of several factors relevant to the procedure. Pigmentary change was the most common problem. Human skin pigment and factors that affect it such as hormone intake, cold exposure, ultraviolet light, medication, contact agents, and trauma are unanswered questions relative to at least pigmentary problems. Depigmentary factors were studied in an attempt to evaluate treatment of postoperative pigmentary changes.", "contents": "Human pigment factors relative to chemical face peeling. Two major and 18 minor complications in a series of 408 private patients undergoing partial or full-face phenol chemical peeling in a five-year period prompted a fundamental evaluation of several factors relevant to the procedure. Pigmentary change was the most common problem. Human skin pigment and factors that affect it such as hormone intake, cold exposure, ultraviolet light, medication, contact agents, and trauma are unanswered questions relative to at least pigmentary problems. Depigmentary factors were studied in an attempt to evaluate treatment of postoperative pigmentary changes.", "PMID": 543658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9457", "title": "Secondary unilateral cleft lip repair: combining rotation-advancement principles with a cross-lip muscle-vermilion flap.", "content": "Any lip without a complete philtral complex looks unnatural. This important anatomical entity can be recovered in many lips primarily closed with straight-line or Mirault-Blair-Brown-McDowell procedure. In these patients, combining a rotation-advancement upper lip revision with tubercle reconstruction using a cross-lip vermilion-orbicularis oris muscle flap results in a rotation-advancement scar ideally located in the skin of the upper lip and no scar in the skin of the lower lip. The tubercle is reconstructed as a unit from lower lip vermilion and muscle. The scar in the lower lip is restricted to the vermillion and therefore becomes extremely subtle and difficult to detect. The many scars resulting from a standard Abbe flap are avoided. Even patients with lip deformities considered too mild for a standard Abbe flap no longer need be denied lip revision when the cupid's bow is deficient.", "contents": "Secondary unilateral cleft lip repair: combining rotation-advancement principles with a cross-lip muscle-vermilion flap. Any lip without a complete philtral complex looks unnatural. This important anatomical entity can be recovered in many lips primarily closed with straight-line or Mirault-Blair-Brown-McDowell procedure. In these patients, combining a rotation-advancement upper lip revision with tubercle reconstruction using a cross-lip vermilion-orbicularis oris muscle flap results in a rotation-advancement scar ideally located in the skin of the upper lip and no scar in the skin of the lower lip. The tubercle is reconstructed as a unit from lower lip vermilion and muscle. The scar in the lower lip is restricted to the vermillion and therefore becomes extremely subtle and difficult to detect. The many scars resulting from a standard Abbe flap are avoided. Even patients with lip deformities considered too mild for a standard Abbe flap no longer need be denied lip revision when the cupid's bow is deficient.", "PMID": 543659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9458", "title": "Treatment of obstructing inferior turbinates with intranasal corticosteroids.", "content": "The most common cause of nasal obstruction is chronic enlargement of the inferior turbinate bones. The variety of medical and surgical treatments available for this condition bears testimony to their frequent ineffectiveness and the frustration of the physician or surgeon caring for these patients. Removal or destruction of the inferior turbinates has received strong criticism from rhinologists, although at present there is renewed interest in turbinectomy combined with rhinoplasty. A technique employing intranasal injections of long-acting corticosteroids has been used successfully for over twenty years in treating obstructing inferior turbinates secondary to allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. The indications, technique, and complications of this method are reviewed; the technique is presented as an alternative to destruction or resection of the inferior turbinates.", "contents": "Treatment of obstructing inferior turbinates with intranasal corticosteroids. The most common cause of nasal obstruction is chronic enlargement of the inferior turbinate bones. The variety of medical and surgical treatments available for this condition bears testimony to their frequent ineffectiveness and the frustration of the physician or surgeon caring for these patients. Removal or destruction of the inferior turbinates has received strong criticism from rhinologists, although at present there is renewed interest in turbinectomy combined with rhinoplasty. A technique employing intranasal injections of long-acting corticosteroids has been used successfully for over twenty years in treating obstructing inferior turbinates secondary to allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. The indications, technique, and complications of this method are reviewed; the technique is presented as an alternative to destruction or resection of the inferior turbinates.", "PMID": 543660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9459", "title": "Experience with the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty technique.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty are cited. It is a very good technique when used with the described modifications in properly selected patients.", "contents": "Experience with the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty technique. The advantages and disadvantages of the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty are cited. It is a very good technique when used with the described modifications in properly selected patients.", "PMID": 543661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9460", "title": "Hemangioma of the temporalis muscle: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of infancy and childhood. Most involve skin and subcutaneous tissues and are readily visible. Intramuscular hemangiomas are very uncommon, and rarely appear in the musculature of the head and neck. A 59-year-old woman who had had a lipoma excised from her left temporal region many years earlier underwent excision of a hemangioma of the left temporalis muscle. Intramuscular hemangiomas do not spontaneously involute and should be removed as soon as they are diagnosed, in order to obviate later destruction of the involved muscle and adjacent tissues. Preoperative embolization of the hemangioma may reduce intraoperative hemorrhaging.", "contents": "Hemangioma of the temporalis muscle: a case report and review of the literature. Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of infancy and childhood. Most involve skin and subcutaneous tissues and are readily visible. Intramuscular hemangiomas are very uncommon, and rarely appear in the musculature of the head and neck. A 59-year-old woman who had had a lipoma excised from her left temporal region many years earlier underwent excision of a hemangioma of the left temporalis muscle. Intramuscular hemangiomas do not spontaneously involute and should be removed as soon as they are diagnosed, in order to obviate later destruction of the involved muscle and adjacent tissues. Preoperative embolization of the hemangioma may reduce intraoperative hemorrhaging.", "PMID": 543662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9461", "title": "Coverage of a shoulder wound with a deltoid muscle flap.", "content": "An unusual and severe injury to the soft tissues of the shoulder with exposure of the humeral head and glenohumeral joint is presented. The principles of muscle transposition were applied to rotation of the deltoid muscle in achievement of wound closure. Healing was rapid and satisfactory, and a useful upper extremity was salvaged.", "contents": "Coverage of a shoulder wound with a deltoid muscle flap. An unusual and severe injury to the soft tissues of the shoulder with exposure of the humeral head and glenohumeral joint is presented. The principles of muscle transposition were applied to rotation of the deltoid muscle in achievement of wound closure. Healing was rapid and satisfactory, and a useful upper extremity was salvaged.", "PMID": 543663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9462", "title": "Simple method for marking the limit of resection of excess skin in facelifts.", "content": "A simple, readily available tool and technique are presented for estimating the amount of skin to be resected during facelifts.", "contents": "Simple method for marking the limit of resection of excess skin in facelifts. A simple, readily available tool and technique are presented for estimating the amount of skin to be resected during facelifts.", "PMID": 543664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9463", "title": "Gross and microscopic anatomical studies of palate structure and osteotomy site.", "content": "A normal 1-year-old infant palate and a newborn cleft palate were studied grossly, radiographically, and microscopically for histological structure in hard palate osteotomy sites. A correlated study of biopsies from an osteotomy site seven days postoperatively and another at twelve months following osteotomy was also made. The findings showed that successful osteotomy in infant cleft palate surgery translocates autogenous fibrous bone and osteogenic cells into a cleft-bridging position. Woven fibrous bone rapidly forms across the cleft, and then matures by lamellar bone replacement and haversian system remodeling. Both normal and cleft palates have a rich anastomosis of microscopic blood supply that is vitally important in the remodeling process. These factors may help to explain successful long-term results in early cleft palate osteotomy surgery.", "contents": "Gross and microscopic anatomical studies of palate structure and osteotomy site. A normal 1-year-old infant palate and a newborn cleft palate were studied grossly, radiographically, and microscopically for histological structure in hard palate osteotomy sites. A correlated study of biopsies from an osteotomy site seven days postoperatively and another at twelve months following osteotomy was also made. The findings showed that successful osteotomy in infant cleft palate surgery translocates autogenous fibrous bone and osteogenic cells into a cleft-bridging position. Woven fibrous bone rapidly forms across the cleft, and then matures by lamellar bone replacement and haversian system remodeling. Both normal and cleft palates have a rich anastomosis of microscopic blood supply that is vitally important in the remodeling process. These factors may help to explain successful long-term results in early cleft palate osteotomy surgery.", "PMID": 543667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9464", "title": "The arc of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "content": "An anatomical description of the latissimus dorsi muscle, together with that of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, is presented, with examples of its versatility for reconstruction.", "contents": "The arc of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. An anatomical description of the latissimus dorsi muscle, together with that of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, is presented, with examples of its versatility for reconstruction.", "PMID": 543668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9465", "title": "The brassiere shop: a front line of assistance to the mastectomy patient.", "content": "This report presents information received from a sampling of breast prosthesis fitters which is of importance to surgeons working with mastectomy patients. The characteristics of various types of external prostheses are described. Shop fitters relate their attitudes about patients, describe patients' reactions to cancer and surgery and the problems encountered in proper fitting, and discuss their limitations as counselors. Fitters' negative attitudes toward reconstruction mammaplasty are also presented. The authors discuss these attitudes and raise questions about appropriate interaction between surgeons and prosthesis fitters.", "contents": "The brassiere shop: a front line of assistance to the mastectomy patient. This report presents information received from a sampling of breast prosthesis fitters which is of importance to surgeons working with mastectomy patients. The characteristics of various types of external prostheses are described. Shop fitters relate their attitudes about patients, describe patients' reactions to cancer and surgery and the problems encountered in proper fitting, and discuss their limitations as counselors. Fitters' negative attitudes toward reconstruction mammaplasty are also presented. The authors discuss these attitudes and raise questions about appropriate interaction between surgeons and prosthesis fitters.", "PMID": 543669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9466", "title": "Augmentation mammaplasty associated with a severe systemic illness.", "content": "A case report of a systemic, near-fatal illness possibly related to augmentation mammaplasty with silicone gel prostheses is presented. Twenty-four hours after the augmentation procedure, the patient, a 32-year-old woman, developed a high fever followed by diffuse arthritis, renal failure, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Shortly after removal of the prostheses, the patient's condition improved dramatically. Samples from blood, urine, sputum, and breast pockets collected at the time of prosthesis removal demonstrated silicone polymers. Evidence is presented that indicates the illness was not of infectious origin.", "contents": "Augmentation mammaplasty associated with a severe systemic illness. A case report of a systemic, near-fatal illness possibly related to augmentation mammaplasty with silicone gel prostheses is presented. Twenty-four hours after the augmentation procedure, the patient, a 32-year-old woman, developed a high fever followed by diffuse arthritis, renal failure, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Shortly after removal of the prostheses, the patient's condition improved dramatically. Samples from blood, urine, sputum, and breast pockets collected at the time of prosthesis removal demonstrated silicone polymers. Evidence is presented that indicates the illness was not of infectious origin.", "PMID": 543671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9467", "title": "Simultaneous correction of pectus excavatum and breast hypoplasia.", "content": "A technique is described for simultaneous insertion through a single inframammary incision of a custom-made prosthesis for pectus excavatum and a unilateral subpectoral breast prosthesis. This was performed under ketamine, diazepam, and local infiltration anesthesia in an office operating room suite. The technique can also be used for pectus excavatum alone or with bilateral augmentation mammaplasties.", "contents": "Simultaneous correction of pectus excavatum and breast hypoplasia. A technique is described for simultaneous insertion through a single inframammary incision of a custom-made prosthesis for pectus excavatum and a unilateral subpectoral breast prosthesis. This was performed under ketamine, diazepam, and local infiltration anesthesia in an office operating room suite. The technique can also be used for pectus excavatum alone or with bilateral augmentation mammaplasties.", "PMID": 543672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9468", "title": "Recent advances in cataract surgery.", "content": "Cataract surgery has undergone profound changes in the past ten to twenty years. Not only are these changes evident in the technique and methods of extraction, but it has become critical for the well-versed ophthalmic surgeon to be concerned with the optical correction of aphakia. New instruments, highly refined microscopes, and better diagnostic techniques have all contributed to significant improvement in the result of the procedure. Sophisticated surgical instruments are now available for highly trained surgeons. Intraocular lens implantation (pseudophakia) has introduced one of the greatest controversies in ophthalmic surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of this process are set forth.", "contents": "Recent advances in cataract surgery. Cataract surgery has undergone profound changes in the past ten to twenty years. Not only are these changes evident in the technique and methods of extraction, but it has become critical for the well-versed ophthalmic surgeon to be concerned with the optical correction of aphakia. New instruments, highly refined microscopes, and better diagnostic techniques have all contributed to significant improvement in the result of the procedure. Sophisticated surgical instruments are now available for highly trained surgeons. Intraocular lens implantation (pseudophakia) has introduced one of the greatest controversies in ophthalmic surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of this process are set forth.", "PMID": 543674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9469", "title": "Medium for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A medium was devised for the rapid presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila. It also offered good differentiation of Klebsiella, Proteus, and other enteric species. Mannitol fermentation, inositol fermentation, ornithine decarboxylation and deamination, indole production, motility, and H2S production from sodium thiosulfate and cysteine could be recorded in a single tube of the medium.", "contents": "Medium for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacteriaceae. A medium was devised for the rapid presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila. It also offered good differentiation of Klebsiella, Proteus, and other enteric species. Mannitol fermentation, inositol fermentation, ornithine decarboxylation and deamination, indole production, motility, and H2S production from sodium thiosulfate and cysteine could be recorded in a single tube of the medium.", "PMID": 543697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9470", "title": "Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies.", "content": "A procedure is presented for screening the quality of feed in respect to ochratoxin A contamination based upon the analysis of ochratoxin A in pig blood. Representative samples from large feed lots may be obtained by using pigs as in vivo sample collectors which enrich the toxin and forms homogeneous samples in the blood. The spectrofluorometric procedure for ochratoxin A analysis (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976) has been adapted to pig blood and has been simplified to involve only three extraction steps. A volume of 2.5 ml of blood or plasma is needed, and the detection limit is 2 ng of ochratoxin A per ml. The disappearance of ochratoxin A from pig blood as a function of time has been studied. A feeding experiment with ochratoxin A has been performed, and the time course of the concentration of ochratoxin A in blood has been followed during the experiment.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies. A procedure is presented for screening the quality of feed in respect to ochratoxin A contamination based upon the analysis of ochratoxin A in pig blood. Representative samples from large feed lots may be obtained by using pigs as in vivo sample collectors which enrich the toxin and forms homogeneous samples in the blood. The spectrofluorometric procedure for ochratoxin A analysis (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976) has been adapted to pig blood and has been simplified to involve only three extraction steps. A volume of 2.5 ml of blood or plasma is needed, and the detection limit is 2 ng of ochratoxin A per ml. The disappearance of ochratoxin A from pig blood as a function of time has been studied. A feeding experiment with ochratoxin A has been performed, and the time course of the concentration of ochratoxin A in blood has been followed during the experiment.", "PMID": 543698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9471", "title": "Coexistence of different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp.", "content": "Pseudomonas desmolytica S449B1 and Pseudomonas convexa S107B1 grown on n-propylbenzene oxidized n-propylbenzene to beta-phenylpropionic acid and benzoic acid by initial oxidation of the n-propyl side chain and the following beta-oxidation, respectively. The same strains also oxidized n-propylbenzene to 3-n-propylcatechol by initial oxidation of positions 2 and 3 of the aromatic nucleus. A ring fission product, 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, was also isolated from the culture broth. Together with the results of oxygen uptake experiments, the data obtained suggested not only the existence of a reductive step to form 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, but also the coexistence of two different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by the strains used.", "contents": "Coexistence of different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp. Pseudomonas desmolytica S449B1 and Pseudomonas convexa S107B1 grown on n-propylbenzene oxidized n-propylbenzene to beta-phenylpropionic acid and benzoic acid by initial oxidation of the n-propyl side chain and the following beta-oxidation, respectively. The same strains also oxidized n-propylbenzene to 3-n-propylcatechol by initial oxidation of positions 2 and 3 of the aromatic nucleus. A ring fission product, 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, was also isolated from the culture broth. Together with the results of oxygen uptake experiments, the data obtained suggested not only the existence of a reductive step to form 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, but also the coexistence of two different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by the strains used.", "PMID": 543699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9472", "title": "N-demethylation of nicotine and reduction of nicotine-1'-N-oxide by Microsporum gypseum.", "content": "Several microorganisms were examined for their abilities to convert S-nicotine into nornicotine. Five microorganisms including Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 11395) produced nornicotine and three unknown metabolites. M. gypseum efficiently reduced nicotine-1'-N-oxide to nicotine, but no nornicotine was obtained when the N-oxide was used as substrate.", "contents": "N-demethylation of nicotine and reduction of nicotine-1'-N-oxide by Microsporum gypseum. Several microorganisms were examined for their abilities to convert S-nicotine into nornicotine. Five microorganisms including Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 11395) produced nornicotine and three unknown metabolites. M. gypseum efficiently reduced nicotine-1'-N-oxide to nicotine, but no nornicotine was obtained when the N-oxide was used as substrate.", "PMID": 543700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9473", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of ingested NO3- and NO2- in germfree and conventional-flora rats.", "content": "Germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats were fed sodium nitrate or sodium nitrite in their drinking water (1,000 microgram/ml), and various organs, tissues, and sections of the intestinal tract were assayed for nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) by a spectrophotometric method. When fed NO3-, germfree rats had chemically detectable levels of NO3- (only) in the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- had both NO3- and NO2- in the stomach, but only NO3- in the small intestine and colon. When fed NO2-, germfree rats had both NO3- and NO2- in the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conventional-flora rats fed NO2- had both ions in the stomach and small intestine, but only NO3- in the large intestine. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- or NO2- had lower amounts of these ions in the gastrointestinal tract than comparably fed germfree rats. Control (non-NO3- or NO2--fed) germfree and conventional-flora rats had trace amounts of NO3- (only) in their stomachs and bladders. These results, in conjunction with various in vitro studies with intestinal contents, suggest that NO3- or NO2- reduction is a function of the normal bacterial flora, whereas NO2- oxidation is attributable to the mammalian host. In addition, the distribution of these ions after their ingestion appears more widespread in the body than previously thought.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of ingested NO3- and NO2- in germfree and conventional-flora rats. Germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats were fed sodium nitrate or sodium nitrite in their drinking water (1,000 microgram/ml), and various organs, tissues, and sections of the intestinal tract were assayed for nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) by a spectrophotometric method. When fed NO3-, germfree rats had chemically detectable levels of NO3- (only) in the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- had both NO3- and NO2- in the stomach, but only NO3- in the small intestine and colon. When fed NO2-, germfree rats had both NO3- and NO2- in the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conventional-flora rats fed NO2- had both ions in the stomach and small intestine, but only NO3- in the large intestine. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- or NO2- had lower amounts of these ions in the gastrointestinal tract than comparably fed germfree rats. Control (non-NO3- or NO2--fed) germfree and conventional-flora rats had trace amounts of NO3- (only) in their stomachs and bladders. These results, in conjunction with various in vitro studies with intestinal contents, suggest that NO3- or NO2- reduction is a function of the normal bacterial flora, whereas NO2- oxidation is attributable to the mammalian host. In addition, the distribution of these ions after their ingestion appears more widespread in the body than previously thought.", "PMID": 543701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9474", "title": "Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate and nitrite in germfree and conventional-flora rats.", "content": "The in vivo distribution of physiological concentrations of NO3- and NO2- labeled with 13N was studied in germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats after gastric intubation (gavage), intravenous (cardiac or tail vein), or intraluminal (intestinal) injection. Some in vitro studies were performed to determine the influence of the bacterial flora on ion distribution. After gavage with 13NO3-, essentially all of the label passed into the upper small intestine, where most was absorbed; however, up to 24% of the 13N could reach the ileum within 1 h. Gavage with 13NO2- resulted in some gastric absorption of the label, but most seemed to exit the stomach via passage into the duodenum. The exit of 13NO2- from the stomach was slower, and less 13N appeared to be absorbed from the small intestine than with 13NO3-. Movement of label through the gastrointestinal tract could be enhanced by inducing diarrhea. Absorbed 13N was either excreted in the urine, reentered the gastrointestinal tract at various points, or was temporarily stored in the eviscerated carcass. The bacterial flora, either by incorporation or chemical alteration, appeared to have some influence on the distribution of 13N from 13NO3- or 13NO2-.", "contents": "Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate and nitrite in germfree and conventional-flora rats. The in vivo distribution of physiological concentrations of NO3- and NO2- labeled with 13N was studied in germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats after gastric intubation (gavage), intravenous (cardiac or tail vein), or intraluminal (intestinal) injection. Some in vitro studies were performed to determine the influence of the bacterial flora on ion distribution. After gavage with 13NO3-, essentially all of the label passed into the upper small intestine, where most was absorbed; however, up to 24% of the 13N could reach the ileum within 1 h. Gavage with 13NO2- resulted in some gastric absorption of the label, but most seemed to exit the stomach via passage into the duodenum. The exit of 13NO2- from the stomach was slower, and less 13N appeared to be absorbed from the small intestine than with 13NO3-. Movement of label through the gastrointestinal tract could be enhanced by inducing diarrhea. Absorbed 13N was either excreted in the urine, reentered the gastrointestinal tract at various points, or was temporarily stored in the eviscerated carcass. The bacterial flora, either by incorporation or chemical alteration, appeared to have some influence on the distribution of 13N from 13NO3- or 13NO2-.", "PMID": 543702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9475", "title": "Science of hemolytic activity of some radiation-resistant micrococci in food.", "content": "Micrococci resistant to 1 Mrad of gamma radiation were isolated from irradiated chicken. Three isolates were hemolytic on blood agar plates and were selected for further study. Two other radiation-resistant micrococci, Micrococcus radiodurans and Micrococcus radiophilus, were included in the study because there is only a very limited amount of information regarding hemolytic activity of these organisms and their potential role of public health importance. Tests to determine hemolytic patterns, hemolytic activity of extracellular substances, leukocytic activity, presence of enzymes commonly associated with pathogenicity (coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase), and pathogenicity for laboratory animals all suggested that the organisms would not be of public health significance.", "contents": "Science of hemolytic activity of some radiation-resistant micrococci in food. Micrococci resistant to 1 Mrad of gamma radiation were isolated from irradiated chicken. Three isolates were hemolytic on blood agar plates and were selected for further study. Two other radiation-resistant micrococci, Micrococcus radiodurans and Micrococcus radiophilus, were included in the study because there is only a very limited amount of information regarding hemolytic activity of these organisms and their potential role of public health importance. Tests to determine hemolytic patterns, hemolytic activity of extracellular substances, leukocytic activity, presence of enzymes commonly associated with pathogenicity (coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase), and pathogenicity for laboratory animals all suggested that the organisms would not be of public health significance.", "PMID": 543703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9476", "title": "Evaluation of a class III biological safety cabinet for enclosure of an ultracentrifuge.", "content": "An evaluation of a special safety cabinet housing a high-speed centrifuge was made. The cabinet enclosed both the top access port and the drive and pumping machinery of the centrifuge. A titanium rotor was loaded with tubes containing a bacterial culture, weakened, and driven until rotor rupture occurred. There were several bent and broken components in the centrifuge, and bacteria leaked from the vacuum chamber. Although the forces were sufficient to displace the cabinet, none of the test bacteria were found outside the cabinet.", "contents": "Evaluation of a class III biological safety cabinet for enclosure of an ultracentrifuge. An evaluation of a special safety cabinet housing a high-speed centrifuge was made. The cabinet enclosed both the top access port and the drive and pumping machinery of the centrifuge. A titanium rotor was loaded with tubes containing a bacterial culture, weakened, and driven until rotor rupture occurred. There were several bent and broken components in the centrifuge, and bacteria leaked from the vacuum chamber. Although the forces were sufficient to displace the cabinet, none of the test bacteria were found outside the cabinet.", "PMID": 543704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9477", "title": "Intestinal microbial flora of the of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.", "content": "A morphological study employing scanning and transmission electron microscopy was made by the alimentary tract of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. A. complex microbiota of diverse morphology, which could not be readily dislodged, was observed and found to be restricted to the hindgut, particularly the colon. Numerous filamentous forms were noted, and some are described, including the morphologically distinct Methanospirillum. Flora was noted attached to the cuticular lining and cuticular filaments of the colon, and several spiral forms were observed in the luminal contents from the colon.", "contents": "Intestinal microbial flora of the of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. A morphological study employing scanning and transmission electron microscopy was made by the alimentary tract of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. A. complex microbiota of diverse morphology, which could not be readily dislodged, was observed and found to be restricted to the hindgut, particularly the colon. Numerous filamentous forms were noted, and some are described, including the morphologically distinct Methanospirillum. Flora was noted attached to the cuticular lining and cuticular filaments of the colon, and several spiral forms were observed in the luminal contents from the colon.", "PMID": 543705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9478", "title": "Enumeration and selective isolation of rumen spirochetes.", "content": "Enumeration by means of light microscopy showed that from 0.4 x 10(8) to 2.0 x 10(8) spirochetes were present per ml of bovine rumen fluid. Viable cell counts yielded slightly lower values, ranging from 0.1 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(8) spirochetes per ml of rumen fluid. The antibiotic rifampin, which served as a selective agent for rumen spirochetes, was added to agar media used in the estimation of viable spirochete numbers in rumen fluid. Morphologically diverse spirochetes were isolated from rumen fluid by means of a procedure involving the use of rifampin as a selective agent in agar media. The strains isolated represented seven morphological types of spirochetes differing in cell size, cell coiling pattern, and number of periplasmic fibrils per cell. Electron microscopy showed that the number of periplasmic fibrils present in the different morphological types of rumen spirochetes ranged from 2 to more than 20 per cell. The results of this study indicate that the bovine rumen is a highly favorable environment for a number of morphologically diverse spirochetes.", "contents": "Enumeration and selective isolation of rumen spirochetes. Enumeration by means of light microscopy showed that from 0.4 x 10(8) to 2.0 x 10(8) spirochetes were present per ml of bovine rumen fluid. Viable cell counts yielded slightly lower values, ranging from 0.1 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(8) spirochetes per ml of rumen fluid. The antibiotic rifampin, which served as a selective agent for rumen spirochetes, was added to agar media used in the estimation of viable spirochete numbers in rumen fluid. Morphologically diverse spirochetes were isolated from rumen fluid by means of a procedure involving the use of rifampin as a selective agent in agar media. The strains isolated represented seven morphological types of spirochetes differing in cell size, cell coiling pattern, and number of periplasmic fibrils per cell. Electron microscopy showed that the number of periplasmic fibrils present in the different morphological types of rumen spirochetes ranged from 2 to more than 20 per cell. The results of this study indicate that the bovine rumen is a highly favorable environment for a number of morphologically diverse spirochetes.", "PMID": 543706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9479", "title": "[Immunoglobulin-like serum proteins from the ratfish (Callorhynchus callorhynchus) (author's transl)].", "content": "Ratfish serum proteins have been fractionated by ammonium sulfate, followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. This experimental procedure yields very pure product, as assayed by inmunoelectrophoresis and rechromatography en Sepharose 6B. Basic polypeptide structural analysis performed by polycrylamide sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis (PAGE-SDS) shows two polypeptides, having 7.49 X 10(4) daltons and 2.44 X 10(4) daltons, respectively. The hexose content is less than in the similar high molecular weight immunoglobulin heavy chain from the human previously described. This fact could explain the apparent low molecular weight of such polypeptide on PAGE-SDS. The molecular weight determination of the native molecule by protein gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, gives a value of about 9.6 X 10(5) daltons, which is similar in that found for others Chondrichthyes high molecular weight immunoglobulins described before by others.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin-like serum proteins from the ratfish (Callorhynchus callorhynchus) (author's transl)]. Ratfish serum proteins have been fractionated by ammonium sulfate, followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. This experimental procedure yields very pure product, as assayed by inmunoelectrophoresis and rechromatography en Sepharose 6B. Basic polypeptide structural analysis performed by polycrylamide sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis (PAGE-SDS) shows two polypeptides, having 7.49 X 10(4) daltons and 2.44 X 10(4) daltons, respectively. The hexose content is less than in the similar high molecular weight immunoglobulin heavy chain from the human previously described. This fact could explain the apparent low molecular weight of such polypeptide on PAGE-SDS. The molecular weight determination of the native molecule by protein gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, gives a value of about 9.6 X 10(5) daltons, which is similar in that found for others Chondrichthyes high molecular weight immunoglobulins described before by others.", "PMID": 543729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9480", "title": "Comparative cytology of hydrochloric acid secreting cells.", "content": "A comparative study of the oxyntic cells of the stomach of Vertebrates is presented. A system of membranous tubules which is apparently inter-convertible with the luminal plasma membrane is described as an important structural feature in all classes. In all Vertebrates with the sole exception of Mammals, this system shares a common cell with the structures involved in the secretion of zymogen. In Mammals it becomes segregated into a specialized cell type, the parietal cell, characterized in addition by the presence of a long tortuous intracellular canaliculus, which serves as its secretory pole. The hypothesis is presented and discussed that the parietal cell is capable of achieving a higher efficiency in hydrochloric acid secretion by the existence of the intracellular canaliculus which makes the immediate surroundings of the secretory pole independent of the contents of the gastic lumen. In Birds (whose gastric glands do not possess parietal cells) a corresponding effect can be achieved only by complex structures such as the compound gastric glands. An explanation is hereby offered for the unique features of the Avian stomach.", "contents": "Comparative cytology of hydrochloric acid secreting cells. A comparative study of the oxyntic cells of the stomach of Vertebrates is presented. A system of membranous tubules which is apparently inter-convertible with the luminal plasma membrane is described as an important structural feature in all classes. In all Vertebrates with the sole exception of Mammals, this system shares a common cell with the structures involved in the secretion of zymogen. In Mammals it becomes segregated into a specialized cell type, the parietal cell, characterized in addition by the presence of a long tortuous intracellular canaliculus, which serves as its secretory pole. The hypothesis is presented and discussed that the parietal cell is capable of achieving a higher efficiency in hydrochloric acid secretion by the existence of the intracellular canaliculus which makes the immediate surroundings of the secretory pole independent of the contents of the gastic lumen. In Birds (whose gastric glands do not possess parietal cells) a corresponding effect can be achieved only by complex structures such as the compound gastric glands. An explanation is hereby offered for the unique features of the Avian stomach.", "PMID": 543730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9481", "title": "Glucose utilization in vertebrates as a molecular probe for the study of evolution.", "content": "Hexokinase isozymic profiles from the liver of 68 vertebrate species are presented. The comparison of the diverse patterns observed, as well as the kinetic and physicochemical properties of the isozymes, reveals that the hexokinases from mammals are very similar to those from turtles and amphibians. The hexokinases from birds, lizards and snakes on the other hand are similar within themselves and different from the enzymes from mammals and amphibians. Liver pyruvate kinases show about the same behavior. The hexokinase system from vertebrate muscle however is very uniform in all the species studied consisting mainly of hexokinase B.", "contents": "Glucose utilization in vertebrates as a molecular probe for the study of evolution. Hexokinase isozymic profiles from the liver of 68 vertebrate species are presented. The comparison of the diverse patterns observed, as well as the kinetic and physicochemical properties of the isozymes, reveals that the hexokinases from mammals are very similar to those from turtles and amphibians. The hexokinases from birds, lizards and snakes on the other hand are similar within themselves and different from the enzymes from mammals and amphibians. Liver pyruvate kinases show about the same behavior. The hexokinase system from vertebrate muscle however is very uniform in all the species studied consisting mainly of hexokinase B.", "PMID": 543731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9482", "title": "Effects of theo-esberiven on the development of collateral circulation in dog hearts.", "content": "Effects of Theo-Esberiven, a coronary vasodilator, on the development of collateral circulation were investigated in dogs with their left anterior descending artery chronically occluded. The drug was administered i.v. at 0.1 ml/kg once a day for 1 to 4 weeks after the occlusion. Left circumflex coronary flow in dogs treated with the drug was increased over the value in control ones when measured one week after the occlusion. At the same time, the ratio of retrograde pressure to perfusion pressure, which correlates negatively with the collateral vascular resistance, significantly exceeded the value in control (P less than 0.05). On the basis of observations with blood vessel casts of hearts, distinct anastomoses between the circumflex and anterior descending arteries had already been observed in all preparations from dogs treated for 2 weeks in contrast to the findings seen in control ones. There were less histological changes in myocardial tissue obtained from dogs treated for one week than those in control ones. From these results, Theo-Esberiven appears possibly to accerelate the collateral development at the earlier stages after the coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Effects of theo-esberiven on the development of collateral circulation in dog hearts. Effects of Theo-Esberiven, a coronary vasodilator, on the development of collateral circulation were investigated in dogs with their left anterior descending artery chronically occluded. The drug was administered i.v. at 0.1 ml/kg once a day for 1 to 4 weeks after the occlusion. Left circumflex coronary flow in dogs treated with the drug was increased over the value in control ones when measured one week after the occlusion. At the same time, the ratio of retrograde pressure to perfusion pressure, which correlates negatively with the collateral vascular resistance, significantly exceeded the value in control (P less than 0.05). On the basis of observations with blood vessel casts of hearts, distinct anastomoses between the circumflex and anterior descending arteries had already been observed in all preparations from dogs treated for 2 weeks in contrast to the findings seen in control ones. There were less histological changes in myocardial tissue obtained from dogs treated for one week than those in control ones. From these results, Theo-Esberiven appears possibly to accerelate the collateral development at the earlier stages after the coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 543741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9483", "title": "Gastric antiulcer and antisecretory effects of carbenoxolone, aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone in rats.", "content": "The beneficial antiulcer actions of carbenoxolone may possibly be due to an aldosterone-like component on the gastric mucosa. This suggests that aldosterone and possibly other corticoids may have antiulcer actions. The potential gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions of aldosterone (ALDO) and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were studied in the rat in comparison to the reference standard carbenoxolone. Stress ulcers were induced in fasted rats by the the forced exertion technique. Gastric secretion was evaluated in the five-hour pyloric ligated Shay rat model. The renal mineralocorticoid actions of these drugs were also studied in the adrenalectomized rat. Intragastric administration of carbenoxolone and DOCA, but not ALDO, significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation in rats. Carbenoxolone given subcutaneously (s.c.) did not inhibit ulcer formation. ALDO exhibited antiulcer actions only when multiple s.c. injections were made. The antiulcer actions of DOCA and ALDO are not mediated via an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion. At all doses tested DOCA and ALDO showed significant renal effect, while carbenoxolone exhibited this effect only at the highest tested dose. These results suggest that the beneficial antiulcerogenic action of carbenoxolone is due to a direct effect on gastric mucosa and is not related to an aldosterone-like component.", "contents": "Gastric antiulcer and antisecretory effects of carbenoxolone, aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone in rats. The beneficial antiulcer actions of carbenoxolone may possibly be due to an aldosterone-like component on the gastric mucosa. This suggests that aldosterone and possibly other corticoids may have antiulcer actions. The potential gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions of aldosterone (ALDO) and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were studied in the rat in comparison to the reference standard carbenoxolone. Stress ulcers were induced in fasted rats by the the forced exertion technique. Gastric secretion was evaluated in the five-hour pyloric ligated Shay rat model. The renal mineralocorticoid actions of these drugs were also studied in the adrenalectomized rat. Intragastric administration of carbenoxolone and DOCA, but not ALDO, significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation in rats. Carbenoxolone given subcutaneously (s.c.) did not inhibit ulcer formation. ALDO exhibited antiulcer actions only when multiple s.c. injections were made. The antiulcer actions of DOCA and ALDO are not mediated via an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion. At all doses tested DOCA and ALDO showed significant renal effect, while carbenoxolone exhibited this effect only at the highest tested dose. These results suggest that the beneficial antiulcerogenic action of carbenoxolone is due to a direct effect on gastric mucosa and is not related to an aldosterone-like component.", "PMID": 543742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9484", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of primidone and its active metabolites in the dog.", "content": "In dogs, the metabolism of primidone and the pharmacokinetics of the drug itself as well as its metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonic acid diamide (PEMA) was followed after single oral doses of 30 mg/kg (0.14 mmole/kg). Primidone was rapidly absorbed, so that maximal serum concentrations were reached after 2 hr, the concentration fell then with a half-life averaging 5 hr in Beagles and 10 hr in Mongrels. PEMA appeared in plasma with a ka of 0.003--0.005 min-1, reached maximal concentrations after about 6.5 hr in Beagles and 12 hr in Mongrels. The elimination half-life averaged 7.5 hr in Beagles and 14 hr in Mongrels. After single oral doses, phenobarbital could only be detected in low concentrations in some Beagles. Phenobarbital had an elimination half-life of 32 +/- 4.8 hr in Beagles and of 70 +/- 16 hr in Mongrels. During continued treatment with daily doses of 30--50 mg/kg primidone, steady-state concentrations of about 15 micrograms/ml (65 nmole/ml) were reached after 6--8 days, the PEMA concentrations showed rather pronounced fluctuations around average values of 8--10 micrograms/ml (39--49 nmole/ml), whereas the concentrations of primidone mainly remained below 5 micrograms/ml (23 nmole/ml). In mice, the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs was determined: Elevations of the electroconvulsant threshold by 40 V were produced by 0.01 mmole/kg of phenobarbital, 0.017 mmole/kg of primidone or 0.37 mmole/kg of PEMA. Taking the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs into consideration, phenobarbital is responsible for more than 85% of the total anticonvulsant activity during continued medication of primidone. The penetration of primidone and its metabolites into the cerebro-spinal fluid was followed: phenobarbital reached steady state levels already after 1--1.5 hr, primidone and PEMA not before 2.5 hr. The concentrations in CSF roughly corresponded to the free drug in plasma. On account of the similarities in metabolism and pharmacokinetics of primidone in dog and man, the former species seems to be a suitable model in epilepsy research. Differences between both species are most pronounced in the Beagle.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of primidone and its active metabolites in the dog. In dogs, the metabolism of primidone and the pharmacokinetics of the drug itself as well as its metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonic acid diamide (PEMA) was followed after single oral doses of 30 mg/kg (0.14 mmole/kg). Primidone was rapidly absorbed, so that maximal serum concentrations were reached after 2 hr, the concentration fell then with a half-life averaging 5 hr in Beagles and 10 hr in Mongrels. PEMA appeared in plasma with a ka of 0.003--0.005 min-1, reached maximal concentrations after about 6.5 hr in Beagles and 12 hr in Mongrels. The elimination half-life averaged 7.5 hr in Beagles and 14 hr in Mongrels. After single oral doses, phenobarbital could only be detected in low concentrations in some Beagles. Phenobarbital had an elimination half-life of 32 +/- 4.8 hr in Beagles and of 70 +/- 16 hr in Mongrels. During continued treatment with daily doses of 30--50 mg/kg primidone, steady-state concentrations of about 15 micrograms/ml (65 nmole/ml) were reached after 6--8 days, the PEMA concentrations showed rather pronounced fluctuations around average values of 8--10 micrograms/ml (39--49 nmole/ml), whereas the concentrations of primidone mainly remained below 5 micrograms/ml (23 nmole/ml). In mice, the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs was determined: Elevations of the electroconvulsant threshold by 40 V were produced by 0.01 mmole/kg of phenobarbital, 0.017 mmole/kg of primidone or 0.37 mmole/kg of PEMA. Taking the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs into consideration, phenobarbital is responsible for more than 85% of the total anticonvulsant activity during continued medication of primidone. The penetration of primidone and its metabolites into the cerebro-spinal fluid was followed: phenobarbital reached steady state levels already after 1--1.5 hr, primidone and PEMA not before 2.5 hr. The concentrations in CSF roughly corresponded to the free drug in plasma. On account of the similarities in metabolism and pharmacokinetics of primidone in dog and man, the former species seems to be a suitable model in epilepsy research. Differences between both species are most pronounced in the Beagle.", "PMID": 543743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9485", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of metoclopramide on the transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The effects of metoclopramide (Mcp), a benzamide derivative, have been quantitatively analyzed on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum to transmural stimulation. Mcp (0.03 microgram ml-1 upwards) increased these responses but this effect which was calcium-dependent was not concentration-dependent (up to 30 micrograms ml-1). Mcp antagonized the inhibitor effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, proca\u00efne, adenosine triphosphate, bufexamac and hydrocortisone on the ileal responses, but not those of tetrodotoxin and verapamil.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of metoclopramide on the transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum. The effects of metoclopramide (Mcp), a benzamide derivative, have been quantitatively analyzed on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum to transmural stimulation. Mcp (0.03 microgram ml-1 upwards) increased these responses but this effect which was calcium-dependent was not concentration-dependent (up to 30 micrograms ml-1). Mcp antagonized the inhibitor effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, proca\u00efne, adenosine triphosphate, bufexamac and hydrocortisone on the ileal responses, but not those of tetrodotoxin and verapamil.", "PMID": 543744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9486", "title": "Cortisone mediated decrease in fetal metabolism of glucose.", "content": "14C-Glucose was administered to pregnant mice with and without a teratogenic dose of cortisone. Cortisone decreased the transfer of glucose and its metabolites to the fetus and chorioallantoic placenta while increasing the disposition of these substances in maternal liver and muscle. This shift suggests that cortisone exerts its teratogenic action by depriving the fetus of an adequate supply of carbohydrate during its rapid growth and differentiation.", "contents": "Cortisone mediated decrease in fetal metabolism of glucose. 14C-Glucose was administered to pregnant mice with and without a teratogenic dose of cortisone. Cortisone decreased the transfer of glucose and its metabolites to the fetus and chorioallantoic placenta while increasing the disposition of these substances in maternal liver and muscle. This shift suggests that cortisone exerts its teratogenic action by depriving the fetus of an adequate supply of carbohydrate during its rapid growth and differentiation.", "PMID": 543745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9487", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on digitoxin toxicity and biotransformation in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhanced digitoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs. In both male and female animals the LD50 was reduced by one half as compared to control animals. Plasma and bile concentrations were determined at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intraperitoneal administration of 3H digitoxin. Plasma from pretreated guinea-pigs always presented higher concentrations of non-metabolized digitoxin and lower amounts of water soluble metabolites than control animals. If these compounds are less active than the parent drug, the increased toxicity of digitoxin after pretreatment with the enzymatic inducer may be explained by inhibition of detoxication.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on digitoxin toxicity and biotransformation in guinea-pigs. Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhanced digitoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs. In both male and female animals the LD50 was reduced by one half as compared to control animals. Plasma and bile concentrations were determined at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intraperitoneal administration of 3H digitoxin. Plasma from pretreated guinea-pigs always presented higher concentrations of non-metabolized digitoxin and lower amounts of water soluble metabolites than control animals. If these compounds are less active than the parent drug, the increased toxicity of digitoxin after pretreatment with the enzymatic inducer may be explained by inhibition of detoxication.", "PMID": 543746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9488", "title": "Bioavailability of 14C-sulpiride in dogs.", "content": "The plasma and urinary concentrations of unchanged 14C-sulpiride were measured in the dog following i.v. and oral administration. Bioavailability of the oral hydrochloride solution was 85% and that of the free base suspension was 75%. Sulpiride equilibrated rapidly with tissue fluid and had an apparent volume of distribution of 3.3--3.8 1/kg. The plasma half-life was 2.5--3 hours. The short plasma half-life and its negligible concentrations in the brain are consistent with the low lipophilicity of supliride. When 100 mg sulpiride was given orally either as hydrochloride or free base, the maximum plasma level was reached within one hour and concentrations were 2.3 and 1.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The similarity of urinary excretion data from i.v. and oral preparations suggest minimal \"first-pass\" effect.", "contents": "Bioavailability of 14C-sulpiride in dogs. The plasma and urinary concentrations of unchanged 14C-sulpiride were measured in the dog following i.v. and oral administration. Bioavailability of the oral hydrochloride solution was 85% and that of the free base suspension was 75%. Sulpiride equilibrated rapidly with tissue fluid and had an apparent volume of distribution of 3.3--3.8 1/kg. The plasma half-life was 2.5--3 hours. The short plasma half-life and its negligible concentrations in the brain are consistent with the low lipophilicity of supliride. When 100 mg sulpiride was given orally either as hydrochloride or free base, the maximum plasma level was reached within one hour and concentrations were 2.3 and 1.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The similarity of urinary excretion data from i.v. and oral preparations suggest minimal \"first-pass\" effect.", "PMID": 543747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9489", "title": "Effect of in vivo deslanoside on the uptake of serotonin into platelets.", "content": "The purpose of our study was to determine whether deslanoside administered in vivo results in inhibition of the active transport of [3H]-serotonin into blood platelets. Experiments were performed in cats and arterial blood samples were taken prior to initiating deslanoside infusion and at the point when it appeared from the ECG that ventricular fibrillation was imminent. Toxic arrhythmogenic doses of deslanoside were found to produce a significant reduction in the uptake of [3H]-serotonin into platelets. This increase in free serotonin in plasma caused by inhibition of uptake may play a role in the cardiotoxicity of deslanoside.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo deslanoside on the uptake of serotonin into platelets. The purpose of our study was to determine whether deslanoside administered in vivo results in inhibition of the active transport of [3H]-serotonin into blood platelets. Experiments were performed in cats and arterial blood samples were taken prior to initiating deslanoside infusion and at the point when it appeared from the ECG that ventricular fibrillation was imminent. Toxic arrhythmogenic doses of deslanoside were found to produce a significant reduction in the uptake of [3H]-serotonin into platelets. This increase in free serotonin in plasma caused by inhibition of uptake may play a role in the cardiotoxicity of deslanoside.", "PMID": 543748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9490", "title": "Studies on the modes of action of dicyclohexylamine and related amines with a potentiating effect on noradrenaline responses in the rat vas deferens.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) and related amines with saturated and unsaturated cyclic side-chains produce a potentiation of noradrenaline responses in rat vas deferens. The present study shows that the potentiation is mediated via a cocaine-like effect, by acting as neuronal uptake inhibitors on sympathetic nerve terminals of the rat vas deferens. Furthermore, it has been established that the contractions of the vas, which are induced by high concentrations of DCHA and its analogues, are due to an indirect sympathomimetic activity of these compounds.", "contents": "Studies on the modes of action of dicyclohexylamine and related amines with a potentiating effect on noradrenaline responses in the rat vas deferens. Previous studies have shown that dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) and related amines with saturated and unsaturated cyclic side-chains produce a potentiation of noradrenaline responses in rat vas deferens. The present study shows that the potentiation is mediated via a cocaine-like effect, by acting as neuronal uptake inhibitors on sympathetic nerve terminals of the rat vas deferens. Furthermore, it has been established that the contractions of the vas, which are induced by high concentrations of DCHA and its analogues, are due to an indirect sympathomimetic activity of these compounds.", "PMID": 543749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9491", "title": "The mechanism of action of a novel cerebral protective drug against anoxia I. The effect on cerebral energy demand.", "content": "The effect of a novel cerebral protective drug, Y-9179, on cerebral metabolic rate was investigated in mice in comparison with that of phenobarbital. Injection of 150 mg/kg of phenobarbital to adult mice resulted in the decrease in the rates of use of phosphocreatine, ATP, glucose and glycogen in brain, and the cerebral metabolic rate was estimated to be 12.8 mumoles/g/min in terms of the use-rate of high energy phosphate equivalents (approximately P). This value corresponded to 43% of that of the control animals. In the adult animals treated with 1 mg/kg of Y-9179, the rates of use of the energy reserves were decreased, and the cerebral metabolic rate was determined to be 19.6 mumoles/g/min. A similar result was obtained in the experiments with 9-day old mice; the cerebral metabolic rate was decreased from 4.82 to 2.65 mumoles/g/min by the treatment with Y-9179. Furthermore, the Y-9179-treated mice had less lactate accumulation and higher energy reserves than the control animals. Barbiturate and Y-9179 proved to have common properties, namely, the cerebral protection against anoxia and the lowering action of cerebral metabolic rate. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which Y-9179 protects against cerebral anoxia is mediated by the lowering of cerebral energy demand.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of a novel cerebral protective drug against anoxia I. The effect on cerebral energy demand. The effect of a novel cerebral protective drug, Y-9179, on cerebral metabolic rate was investigated in mice in comparison with that of phenobarbital. Injection of 150 mg/kg of phenobarbital to adult mice resulted in the decrease in the rates of use of phosphocreatine, ATP, glucose and glycogen in brain, and the cerebral metabolic rate was estimated to be 12.8 mumoles/g/min in terms of the use-rate of high energy phosphate equivalents (approximately P). This value corresponded to 43% of that of the control animals. In the adult animals treated with 1 mg/kg of Y-9179, the rates of use of the energy reserves were decreased, and the cerebral metabolic rate was determined to be 19.6 mumoles/g/min. A similar result was obtained in the experiments with 9-day old mice; the cerebral metabolic rate was decreased from 4.82 to 2.65 mumoles/g/min by the treatment with Y-9179. Furthermore, the Y-9179-treated mice had less lactate accumulation and higher energy reserves than the control animals. Barbiturate and Y-9179 proved to have common properties, namely, the cerebral protection against anoxia and the lowering action of cerebral metabolic rate. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which Y-9179 protects against cerebral anoxia is mediated by the lowering of cerebral energy demand.", "PMID": 543750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9492", "title": "Effects of picrotoxin, naloxone, and vagotomy on chlordiazepoxide-induced respiratory depression.", "content": "Intravenous administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) caused respiratory depression in both rats and cats. The maximally tolerated dose of CDP was found to be 165 +/- 15 mg/kg, i.v., in rats. Pretreatment with picrotoxin (1.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (20 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased the maximally tolerated dose of CDP to 330 +/- 40 mg/kg, i.v., and 270 +/- 35 mg/kg, i.v., respectively. The protective effects of both naloxone and picrotoxin were absent in bilaterally vagotomized rats. Naloxone pretreatment (25 mg/kg, i.v.) was also found to block the respiratory depressant effects of CDP in anesthetized cats, but had no effect on the cardiovascular actions of CDP. It is possible that the respiratory effects of CDP are due to its actions on GABA receptors, and that peripheral GABA receptors may mediate the protective actions of picrotoxin and naloxone.", "contents": "Effects of picrotoxin, naloxone, and vagotomy on chlordiazepoxide-induced respiratory depression. Intravenous administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) caused respiratory depression in both rats and cats. The maximally tolerated dose of CDP was found to be 165 +/- 15 mg/kg, i.v., in rats. Pretreatment with picrotoxin (1.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (20 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased the maximally tolerated dose of CDP to 330 +/- 40 mg/kg, i.v., and 270 +/- 35 mg/kg, i.v., respectively. The protective effects of both naloxone and picrotoxin were absent in bilaterally vagotomized rats. Naloxone pretreatment (25 mg/kg, i.v.) was also found to block the respiratory depressant effects of CDP in anesthetized cats, but had no effect on the cardiovascular actions of CDP. It is possible that the respiratory effects of CDP are due to its actions on GABA receptors, and that peripheral GABA receptors may mediate the protective actions of picrotoxin and naloxone.", "PMID": 543751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9493", "title": "The comparative disposition of nomifensine (Merital) in the pregnant and non-pregnant rat.", "content": "The disposition of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine has been compared in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats by examining plasma profiles, the qualitative tissue distribution (whole body autoradiography) and the quantitative tissue distribution of radioactivity. The clearance of radioactivity of 14C-nomifensine from the plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant rats was similar and was complex with secondary peaks and plateaux after both oral and intravenous dosing. Maximum plasma levels (mean +/- S.D., 0.20 +/- 0.05 and 0.22 +/- 0.02 microgram equivalents nomifensine/ml plasma for pregnant and non-pregnant rats respectively) occurred at 30 to 45 min after oral dosing. The biological half-life of radioactivity in plasma was between 4 and 5 hr for both routes of administration, although there was an additional rapid initial phase (t 1/2 approx. 20 min) after intravenous dosing. Whole body autoradiography also showed a very similar tissue distribution pattern of radioactivity between pregnant and non-pregnant rats with extensive distribution from blood into tissue. Only traces of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine were seen to cross the placenta into the foetuses of 15-day pregnant rats and these rapidly cleared with time. Slightly higher amounts were seen to cross the foetuses of 18-day pregnant rats and radioactivity was seen in the foetal brain, heart, liver and lung. Quantitative tissue distribution studies confirmed these qualitative findings. The biological half-life of radioactivity in both adult and foetal tissues was approximately 5 hr, except for adult livers where a longer half-life of radioactivity of approximately 10 hr was found.", "contents": "The comparative disposition of nomifensine (Merital) in the pregnant and non-pregnant rat. The disposition of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine has been compared in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats by examining plasma profiles, the qualitative tissue distribution (whole body autoradiography) and the quantitative tissue distribution of radioactivity. The clearance of radioactivity of 14C-nomifensine from the plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant rats was similar and was complex with secondary peaks and plateaux after both oral and intravenous dosing. Maximum plasma levels (mean +/- S.D., 0.20 +/- 0.05 and 0.22 +/- 0.02 microgram equivalents nomifensine/ml plasma for pregnant and non-pregnant rats respectively) occurred at 30 to 45 min after oral dosing. The biological half-life of radioactivity in plasma was between 4 and 5 hr for both routes of administration, although there was an additional rapid initial phase (t 1/2 approx. 20 min) after intravenous dosing. Whole body autoradiography also showed a very similar tissue distribution pattern of radioactivity between pregnant and non-pregnant rats with extensive distribution from blood into tissue. Only traces of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine were seen to cross the placenta into the foetuses of 15-day pregnant rats and these rapidly cleared with time. Slightly higher amounts were seen to cross the foetuses of 18-day pregnant rats and radioactivity was seen in the foetal brain, heart, liver and lung. Quantitative tissue distribution studies confirmed these qualitative findings. The biological half-life of radioactivity in both adult and foetal tissues was approximately 5 hr, except for adult livers where a longer half-life of radioactivity of approximately 10 hr was found.", "PMID": 543752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9494", "title": "Ethanol, anaesthetics and other lipophilic drugs preferentially inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine- and acetylcholine-induced noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerves.", "content": "The noradrenaline release from the terminal sympathetic nerve fibres was investgated in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution. Noradrenaline in the perfusate was determined spectrofluorimetrically.--The noradrenaline output evoked by activation of the presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors with 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased by ethanol, diethyl ether, halothane, thiopental and droperidol. There was a good correlation between the negative logarithms of the IC50 values of these compounds and the longarithms of their membrane/buffer partition coefficients (r = 0.993).--Similar to our our previous results with aliphatic alcohols and inhalation anaesthetics, we found that the noradrenaline output induced by activation of the nicotine receptors with acetylcholine was also decreased by barbiturates, propanidid, ketamine, phenytoin and chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory potency of these compounds on acetylcholine-induced output was also proportional to their hydrophobic property.--Considerably higher concentrations of phenobarbital and ketamine than those which decreased the receptor-mediated noradrenaline output were necessary to inhibit the output evoked by 80 mM K+.--It is concluded that the inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release by low concentrations of the compounds appears to be due to hydrophobic interaction with membrane constituents of the terminal sympathetic fibres, presumably proteins belonging to the receptor-ionic channel complexes.", "contents": "Ethanol, anaesthetics and other lipophilic drugs preferentially inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine- and acetylcholine-induced noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerves. The noradrenaline release from the terminal sympathetic nerve fibres was investgated in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution. Noradrenaline in the perfusate was determined spectrofluorimetrically.--The noradrenaline output evoked by activation of the presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors with 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased by ethanol, diethyl ether, halothane, thiopental and droperidol. There was a good correlation between the negative logarithms of the IC50 values of these compounds and the longarithms of their membrane/buffer partition coefficients (r = 0.993).--Similar to our our previous results with aliphatic alcohols and inhalation anaesthetics, we found that the noradrenaline output induced by activation of the nicotine receptors with acetylcholine was also decreased by barbiturates, propanidid, ketamine, phenytoin and chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory potency of these compounds on acetylcholine-induced output was also proportional to their hydrophobic property.--Considerably higher concentrations of phenobarbital and ketamine than those which decreased the receptor-mediated noradrenaline output were necessary to inhibit the output evoked by 80 mM K+.--It is concluded that the inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release by low concentrations of the compounds appears to be due to hydrophobic interaction with membrane constituents of the terminal sympathetic fibres, presumably proteins belonging to the receptor-ionic channel complexes.", "PMID": 543753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9495", "title": "Effect of amiloride on isolated guinea-pig atrium.", "content": "The effect of high concentrations (62.5-500 microgram/ml) of amiloride, a potassium sparing diuretic, was investigated in the isolated guinea-pig atrium. Amiloride decreased the frequency of contractions of the spontaneously beating right atrium in a time-dependent fashion. The inotropic effect of amiloride was frequency-dependent. It increased the peak developed tension of the electrically paced left atrium with 1 Hz stimulation. This was dose and time-dependent. Stimulation at 0.35 and 0.1 Hz resulted in no effect and a negative inotropic effect respectively. The effects of amiloride were not prevented by atropine, propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, metiamide, tetrodotoxin or by pretreatment of animals with reserpine. The positive inotropic effect (at 1 Hz) was inhibited by calcium antagonists verapamil or chlorpromazine. The negative inotropic effect (at 0.1 Hz) was prevented by doubling calcium concentration of the medium. Amiloride had no significant effect on sodium, potassium and calcium content of the tissue. It is concluded that high concentrations of amiloride decreases the frequency and changes the peak developed tension of the guinea-pig atrium possibly by decreasing sodium entry and altering the availability of calcium to the contractile elements.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on isolated guinea-pig atrium. The effect of high concentrations (62.5-500 microgram/ml) of amiloride, a potassium sparing diuretic, was investigated in the isolated guinea-pig atrium. Amiloride decreased the frequency of contractions of the spontaneously beating right atrium in a time-dependent fashion. The inotropic effect of amiloride was frequency-dependent. It increased the peak developed tension of the electrically paced left atrium with 1 Hz stimulation. This was dose and time-dependent. Stimulation at 0.35 and 0.1 Hz resulted in no effect and a negative inotropic effect respectively. The effects of amiloride were not prevented by atropine, propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, metiamide, tetrodotoxin or by pretreatment of animals with reserpine. The positive inotropic effect (at 1 Hz) was inhibited by calcium antagonists verapamil or chlorpromazine. The negative inotropic effect (at 0.1 Hz) was prevented by doubling calcium concentration of the medium. Amiloride had no significant effect on sodium, potassium and calcium content of the tissue. It is concluded that high concentrations of amiloride decreases the frequency and changes the peak developed tension of the guinea-pig atrium possibly by decreasing sodium entry and altering the availability of calcium to the contractile elements.", "PMID": 543754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9496", "title": "Site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229.", "content": "The site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229, 2-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl)-1-propyl]-5 alpha, 9 alpha-dimethyl-2'-hydroxyl-6, 7-benzomorphan was investigated using electrophysiological methods. In rabbits, ID-1229 (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) caused slowing in the EEG, and depressed the evoked potentials recorded from the sensory cortex and the Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus elicited by sciatic stimulation. A small dose (1 mg/kg) of ID-1229 decreased the bradykinin-induced unitary discharges of lamina V neuron of the spinal dorsal horn in intact rabbits but not in spinal rabbits. These results suggest that ID-1229 inhibits the sensory transmission of bradykinin-induced pain at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, through its facilitatory action on the descending inhibitory system from the supra-spinal structure.", "contents": "Site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229. The site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229, 2-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl)-1-propyl]-5 alpha, 9 alpha-dimethyl-2'-hydroxyl-6, 7-benzomorphan was investigated using electrophysiological methods. In rabbits, ID-1229 (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) caused slowing in the EEG, and depressed the evoked potentials recorded from the sensory cortex and the Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus elicited by sciatic stimulation. A small dose (1 mg/kg) of ID-1229 decreased the bradykinin-induced unitary discharges of lamina V neuron of the spinal dorsal horn in intact rabbits but not in spinal rabbits. These results suggest that ID-1229 inhibits the sensory transmission of bradykinin-induced pain at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, through its facilitatory action on the descending inhibitory system from the supra-spinal structure.", "PMID": 543755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9497", "title": "A test for analgesics as an indicator of locomotor activity in writhing mice.", "content": "Marked depression of locomotor activity was observed in writhing mice given acetic acid i.p. This depression of the activity was evidenced by a squatting posture in reaction to pain. The hypoactivity was reversed dose-dependently by nonnarcotic analgesics such as acetyl-salicylic acid, aminopyrine and mefenamic acid in smaller dosages than those obtained by the conventional writhing syndrome test, and was also reversed dose-dependently by narcotic analgesics such as morphine, pethidine and codeine. Consequently, this hypoactivity test proved to be useful for analgesics screening.", "contents": "A test for analgesics as an indicator of locomotor activity in writhing mice. Marked depression of locomotor activity was observed in writhing mice given acetic acid i.p. This depression of the activity was evidenced by a squatting posture in reaction to pain. The hypoactivity was reversed dose-dependently by nonnarcotic analgesics such as acetyl-salicylic acid, aminopyrine and mefenamic acid in smaller dosages than those obtained by the conventional writhing syndrome test, and was also reversed dose-dependently by narcotic analgesics such as morphine, pethidine and codeine. Consequently, this hypoactivity test proved to be useful for analgesics screening.", "PMID": 543756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9498", "title": "The nutritional significance of root and tuber crop development as staples in the Caribbean community.", "content": "The competition between cereals and root crops as CARICOM staples is described. The move to substitute locally grown food for imported wheat is shown to favor root crop development in the region. Against this background, traditional nutrition-prompted objections to wheat substitution by root crops are examined. Evidence is cited to show the essential adequacy of protein in root crops, except plantain and cassava and for all humans except perhaps some infants. The low protein in cassava and plantain, it is proposed, can be easily overcome in the process of local root crop development. Finally, it is argued that there exists the potential to obtain cheap calories from root crops. This and the generation of economic activity among small farmers, concomitant with root crop development, are seen as possible indicators of good nutrition for the region in the future.", "contents": "The nutritional significance of root and tuber crop development as staples in the Caribbean community. The competition between cereals and root crops as CARICOM staples is described. The move to substitute locally grown food for imported wheat is shown to favor root crop development in the region. Against this background, traditional nutrition-prompted objections to wheat substitution by root crops are examined. Evidence is cited to show the essential adequacy of protein in root crops, except plantain and cassava and for all humans except perhaps some infants. The low protein in cassava and plantain, it is proposed, can be easily overcome in the process of local root crop development. Finally, it is argued that there exists the potential to obtain cheap calories from root crops. This and the generation of economic activity among small farmers, concomitant with root crop development, are seen as possible indicators of good nutrition for the region in the future.", "PMID": 543769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9499", "title": "Application of a simple method to the characterization and differentiation of protein foods.", "content": "A screening method for the characterization and differentiation of proteinaceous samples and amino acid mixtures was applied to protein foods (4 protein-rich mixtures, one product sold as dietary supplement, and 3 raw materials of frequent use in the preparation of these products). Graphic profiles which describe the relative amounts of amino acid groups in the samples were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis. According to a previously established criterion of identity or difference, the correlation coefficients showed that at least 90% of the comparisons dealt with different samples. The method is proposed as a valuable tool for the quality control of protein-rich foods and their raw materials.", "contents": "Application of a simple method to the characterization and differentiation of protein foods. A screening method for the characterization and differentiation of proteinaceous samples and amino acid mixtures was applied to protein foods (4 protein-rich mixtures, one product sold as dietary supplement, and 3 raw materials of frequent use in the preparation of these products). Graphic profiles which describe the relative amounts of amino acid groups in the samples were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis. According to a previously established criterion of identity or difference, the correlation coefficients showed that at least 90% of the comparisons dealt with different samples. The method is proposed as a valuable tool for the quality control of protein-rich foods and their raw materials.", "PMID": 543770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9500", "title": "Studies of the growth and cell dynamics of the intestinal epithelium in corn and sorghum-fed rats.", "content": "A study was undertaken to compare the effects of corn and sorghum-based diets on the growth curve of young adult rats and on cell renewal in the intestinal epithelium of the jejunum and colon of the animals. Three groups of 10 rats each were studied: the first was submitted to a corn diet (Corn Group); the second to a sorghum diet (Sorghum Group), and the third to a casein diet (Control Group). The diets supplied about 7 g% protein. The experimental period lasted 13 weeks. Effects were measured in terms of weight curves, mitotic and calyciform cell indexes in the jejunum and colon. A special statistical analysis was applied allowing comparisons between the groups, and considering the sample size and the individual variations in the growth curves. The animals in the sorghum group revealed a lower growth rate, and those in the corn group showed more marked cell dynamics changes in the jejunal epithelium. Findings in the corn and sorghum-fed animals were different and cannot be explained solely in terms of niacin deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of the growth and cell dynamics of the intestinal epithelium in corn and sorghum-fed rats. A study was undertaken to compare the effects of corn and sorghum-based diets on the growth curve of young adult rats and on cell renewal in the intestinal epithelium of the jejunum and colon of the animals. Three groups of 10 rats each were studied: the first was submitted to a corn diet (Corn Group); the second to a sorghum diet (Sorghum Group), and the third to a casein diet (Control Group). The diets supplied about 7 g% protein. The experimental period lasted 13 weeks. Effects were measured in terms of weight curves, mitotic and calyciform cell indexes in the jejunum and colon. A special statistical analysis was applied allowing comparisons between the groups, and considering the sample size and the individual variations in the growth curves. The animals in the sorghum group revealed a lower growth rate, and those in the corn group showed more marked cell dynamics changes in the jejunal epithelium. Findings in the corn and sorghum-fed animals were different and cannot be explained solely in terms of niacin deficiency.", "PMID": 543771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9501", "title": "[Metabolic products of microorganisms 183, Imacidin, a new peptid antibiotic from Streptomyces olivaceus (author's transl)].", "content": "Streptomyces olivaceus, strain T\u00fc 1379 produces beside the red dyestuff prodigiosin several closely related hitherto unknown cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics, mainly imacidine B and C and imacidinic acids. The antibiotics affect murein biosynthesis. Only actinomycetes are inhibited.", "contents": "[Metabolic products of microorganisms 183, Imacidin, a new peptid antibiotic from Streptomyces olivaceus (author's transl)]. Streptomyces olivaceus, strain T\u00fc 1379 produces beside the red dyestuff prodigiosin several closely related hitherto unknown cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics, mainly imacidine B and C and imacidinic acids. The antibiotics affect murein biosynthesis. Only actinomycetes are inhibited.", "PMID": 543774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9502", "title": "Manganese deficiency leads to elevated amino acid pools in citric acid accumulating Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Free amino acid pools have been investigated in a citric acid accumulating strain of Aspergillus niger during batch growth under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions by means of an improved chromatographic method. Studies on the mycelial content of several nitrogenous compounds under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions showed that manganese deficiency resulted in lower amino acid pool sizes during trophophase and considerable accumulation during idiophase, and in a reduction of the protein and nucleic acid contents. Addition of cycloheximide to mycelia grown with sufficient manganese also caused an elevation of free amino acid pool sizes, thus indicating that impairment of protein synthesis by manganese deficiency is responsible for the observed rise in amino acid concentration. Furthermore it was observed that the manganese deficient mycelia excreted high amounts of all amino acids suggesting that manganese deficiency may also affect membrane permeability.", "contents": "Manganese deficiency leads to elevated amino acid pools in citric acid accumulating Aspergillus niger. Free amino acid pools have been investigated in a citric acid accumulating strain of Aspergillus niger during batch growth under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions by means of an improved chromatographic method. Studies on the mycelial content of several nitrogenous compounds under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions showed that manganese deficiency resulted in lower amino acid pool sizes during trophophase and considerable accumulation during idiophase, and in a reduction of the protein and nucleic acid contents. Addition of cycloheximide to mycelia grown with sufficient manganese also caused an elevation of free amino acid pool sizes, thus indicating that impairment of protein synthesis by manganese deficiency is responsible for the observed rise in amino acid concentration. Furthermore it was observed that the manganese deficient mycelia excreted high amounts of all amino acids suggesting that manganese deficiency may also affect membrane permeability.", "PMID": 543776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9503", "title": "[In-vitro effect of X-irradation on respiration and glycolysis of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse--an experimental comparison with the mouse tumour-tetanus assay (author's transl)].", "content": "Depending on the dose of X-rays, in-vitro irradiation of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse affected both respiration and glycolysis. 15,000 R irradiation suppressed the aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism rather strongly followed by a reduction of the \"take\" and growth of the subcutaneously injected tumour cells, as opposed to the growth behaviour of non-irradiated cells. In analogy, tetanus mortality rates were reduced in the mouse tumour-tetanus assay with 15,000 R irradiated cells. On the other hand, irradiation with 2,000 R of Ehrlich carcinoma cells resulted in unchanged rates of respiration and glycolysis, in spite of the strongly limited growth capacity of the tumour cells. The tumour-tetanus assay of the mouse showed good correlation with subcutaneous tumour growth; no such correlation was found in the tetanus assay and the manometric values of respiration and glycolysis with 2,000 R irradiated tumour cells.--After subcutaneous injection of mixed cell suspensions consisting of 1 x 10(5) viable and 1 x 10(6) 15,000 R irradiated Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells as well as of 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores per single dose, we observed similar rates of tumour growth, or tetanus mortality, respectively, if 1 x 10(5) viable tumour cells alone were administered together with 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores, without addition of irradiated tumour cells.", "contents": "[In-vitro effect of X-irradation on respiration and glycolysis of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse--an experimental comparison with the mouse tumour-tetanus assay (author's transl)]. Depending on the dose of X-rays, in-vitro irradiation of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse affected both respiration and glycolysis. 15,000 R irradiation suppressed the aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism rather strongly followed by a reduction of the \"take\" and growth of the subcutaneously injected tumour cells, as opposed to the growth behaviour of non-irradiated cells. In analogy, tetanus mortality rates were reduced in the mouse tumour-tetanus assay with 15,000 R irradiated cells. On the other hand, irradiation with 2,000 R of Ehrlich carcinoma cells resulted in unchanged rates of respiration and glycolysis, in spite of the strongly limited growth capacity of the tumour cells. The tumour-tetanus assay of the mouse showed good correlation with subcutaneous tumour growth; no such correlation was found in the tetanus assay and the manometric values of respiration and glycolysis with 2,000 R irradiated tumour cells.--After subcutaneous injection of mixed cell suspensions consisting of 1 x 10(5) viable and 1 x 10(6) 15,000 R irradiated Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells as well as of 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores per single dose, we observed similar rates of tumour growth, or tetanus mortality, respectively, if 1 x 10(5) viable tumour cells alone were administered together with 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores, without addition of irradiated tumour cells.", "PMID": 543779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9504", "title": "[First experiences with the leukocyte migration inhibition test performed on patient hysterectomized on account of myoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed on 56 patients hysterectomized on account of myoma. Despite low antigenicity of autologous myoma tissue significant differences in inhibitions of migration were observed depending on the extent of surgical radicality in the adnexal region. Non-inhibition of leukozyte migration in patients whose myomatous uterus alone was exstirpated is explained by the oestrogens produced in the remaining ovaries.", "contents": "[First experiences with the leukocyte migration inhibition test performed on patient hysterectomized on account of myoma (author's transl)]. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed on 56 patients hysterectomized on account of myoma. Despite low antigenicity of autologous myoma tissue significant differences in inhibitions of migration were observed depending on the extent of surgical radicality in the adnexal region. Non-inhibition of leukozyte migration in patients whose myomatous uterus alone was exstirpated is explained by the oestrogens produced in the remaining ovaries.", "PMID": 543780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9505", "title": "[Relationship between obesity and prognosis in operated breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Correlations between obesity and prognosis of operated cancer of the breast have not been investigated until now. In 491 patients operated upon by radical mastectomy (1968 to 1972) it can be demonstrated that in patients in whom the weight of the resected breast is above 1100 g the survival rates are more unfavourable than in other cases. As to tumor size and invasion of lymphnodes the distribution in the group with \"heavy breasts\" is more unfavourable than in the other groups. The causes of the differences in survival may be attributed to worsened conditions for detection of cancer in cases with large breasts as well as to alterations of hormone production and metabolism in connection with nutritional factors.", "contents": "[Relationship between obesity and prognosis in operated breast cancer (author's transl)]. Correlations between obesity and prognosis of operated cancer of the breast have not been investigated until now. In 491 patients operated upon by radical mastectomy (1968 to 1972) it can be demonstrated that in patients in whom the weight of the resected breast is above 1100 g the survival rates are more unfavourable than in other cases. As to tumor size and invasion of lymphnodes the distribution in the group with \"heavy breasts\" is more unfavourable than in the other groups. The causes of the differences in survival may be attributed to worsened conditions for detection of cancer in cases with large breasts as well as to alterations of hormone production and metabolism in connection with nutritional factors.", "PMID": 543781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9506", "title": "[Morphological and immuno-cytological classification of secretory immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "After an introduction about the frequency of \"secretory\" immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas and the histological equivalent of intracytoplasmatic immunoglobulin the results of a co-operative retrospective study on 102 cases of immunocytoma and 28 cases of immunoblastoma are discussed. According to the different types of physiological plasma cell reaction lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma might be functionally interpreted as \"parafollicular\" immunocytoma, whereas lymphoplasmacytic and polymorphous immunocytoma might be functionally considered as a \"transfollicular\" one. These subtypes of the immunocytoma show differences in morphology, immunocytology, primary localization and occurrence of leukemia.", "contents": "[Morphological and immuno-cytological classification of secretory immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. After an introduction about the frequency of \"secretory\" immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas and the histological equivalent of intracytoplasmatic immunoglobulin the results of a co-operative retrospective study on 102 cases of immunocytoma and 28 cases of immunoblastoma are discussed. According to the different types of physiological plasma cell reaction lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma might be functionally interpreted as \"parafollicular\" immunocytoma, whereas lymphoplasmacytic and polymorphous immunocytoma might be functionally considered as a \"transfollicular\" one. These subtypes of the immunocytoma show differences in morphology, immunocytology, primary localization and occurrence of leukemia.", "PMID": 543782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9507", "title": "[Prognostic clinical and morphological classification of multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical staging has been widely accepted as essential for optimal treatment of many types of cancer. Various groups of workers have investigated factors which influence prognosis in multiple myeloma. Important factors which have been indentified include the performance status, the presence or absence of renal insufficiency, the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum, the extent of bone lesions, the serum concentration of albumin and calcium, and the hemoglobin level. Since our findings agreed with the staging, previously proposed by Salmon, this procedure was used to stage myeloma cases in a retrospective study. Survival was statistically significant shorter in stage III than in stage I and in subtype B shorter than in subtype A. In addition to the clinical findings we propose a system for the cytological and histological staging of multiple myeloma which is based on differences in maturity of myeloma cells and have tested its validity in predicting survival in a retrospective follow-up study. 202 cases of multiple myeloma have been analysed by cytological and histological methods. On the basis of the findings the following types were distinguished: 1. plasmocytic myeloma (127 cases), 2. plasmoblastic-plasmocytic myeloma (35 cases), and 3. plasmoblastic myeloma (32 cases). In 8 cases predominance of giant cells were seen. In types 2 and 3 involvement of extraskeletal sites (lymph node, liver, spleen) was significantly higher than in type 1, just as survival was significantly higher (39,7 months) in this type than in type 3 (9,8 months). There seemed to be no correlation between morphological type and class specificity of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Use of the clinical and morphological staging system should provide better initial assessment and follow-up of individual patients, and should lead to improved study design and analysis in large clinical trials of diagnosis and therapy for multiple myeloma.", "contents": "[Prognostic clinical and morphological classification of multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. Clinical staging has been widely accepted as essential for optimal treatment of many types of cancer. Various groups of workers have investigated factors which influence prognosis in multiple myeloma. Important factors which have been indentified include the performance status, the presence or absence of renal insufficiency, the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum, the extent of bone lesions, the serum concentration of albumin and calcium, and the hemoglobin level. Since our findings agreed with the staging, previously proposed by Salmon, this procedure was used to stage myeloma cases in a retrospective study. Survival was statistically significant shorter in stage III than in stage I and in subtype B shorter than in subtype A. In addition to the clinical findings we propose a system for the cytological and histological staging of multiple myeloma which is based on differences in maturity of myeloma cells and have tested its validity in predicting survival in a retrospective follow-up study. 202 cases of multiple myeloma have been analysed by cytological and histological methods. On the basis of the findings the following types were distinguished: 1. plasmocytic myeloma (127 cases), 2. plasmoblastic-plasmocytic myeloma (35 cases), and 3. plasmoblastic myeloma (32 cases). In 8 cases predominance of giant cells were seen. In types 2 and 3 involvement of extraskeletal sites (lymph node, liver, spleen) was significantly higher than in type 1, just as survival was significantly higher (39,7 months) in this type than in type 3 (9,8 months). There seemed to be no correlation between morphological type and class specificity of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Use of the clinical and morphological staging system should provide better initial assessment and follow-up of individual patients, and should lead to improved study design and analysis in large clinical trials of diagnosis and therapy for multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 543783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9508", "title": "[The therapeutic and prognostic meaning of the histological subtype of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical staging has much lesser importance in non-Hodgkin-lymphomas than in Hodgkin-lymphomas. Much more important for prognosis and treatment is there the histopathological subtype. For this reason there are many international activities directed to new ways of the histological classification of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. Without any doubt Rappaport's proposal is the clinically most used non-Hodgkin-classification but more and more also the proposal of Lennert  becomes accepted by clinicians. The immunological approach seemed to be the most promising way to qualify the Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma classification and finally to individualize the management of this type of neoplasia.", "contents": "[The therapeutic and prognostic meaning of the histological subtype of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas (author's transl)]. The clinical staging has much lesser importance in non-Hodgkin-lymphomas than in Hodgkin-lymphomas. Much more important for prognosis and treatment is there the histopathological subtype. For this reason there are many international activities directed to new ways of the histological classification of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. Without any doubt Rappaport's proposal is the clinically most used non-Hodgkin-classification but more and more also the proposal of Lennert  becomes accepted by clinicians. The immunological approach seemed to be the most promising way to qualify the Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma classification and finally to individualize the management of this type of neoplasia.", "PMID": 543784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9509", "title": "[Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "9 primary malignant lymphomas of the CNS were found at autopsies. The youngest patient was 4 months and the oldest 69 years of age. The lymphomas were classified in accordance with the Kiel classification. Most of them were immunoblastomas and immunocytomas. The neoplastic transformation seems to start in the adventitia of the blood vessels. From there the tumour cells invade the brain tissue and the meninges. A multifocal origin of primary lymphomas of the CNS has been seen in some cases. An isolated development of primary lymphomas of the spinal cord is not present in our material. The pathogenesis of the primary  malignant lymphomas of the CNS is discussed.", "contents": "[Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. 9 primary malignant lymphomas of the CNS were found at autopsies. The youngest patient was 4 months and the oldest 69 years of age. The lymphomas were classified in accordance with the Kiel classification. Most of them were immunoblastomas and immunocytomas. The neoplastic transformation seems to start in the adventitia of the blood vessels. From there the tumour cells invade the brain tissue and the meninges. A multifocal origin of primary lymphomas of the CNS has been seen in some cases. An isolated development of primary lymphomas of the spinal cord is not present in our material. The pathogenesis of the primary  malignant lymphomas of the CNS is discussed.", "PMID": 543785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9510", "title": "Effect of vitamin C on the mitotic activity and follicular growth of the thyroid gland of juvenile pigeon.", "content": "The present investigation aims to ascertain the role of vitamin C upon thyroidal activity in immature pigeons. Thyroid follicular function was assessed by karyodynamic and histometric studies. Administration of vitamin C increased mitotic figures as well as epithelial thickeness in the follicles in both sexes of the birds. It is suggested that vitamin C has a mitosis inducing action upon the thyroid gland in juvenile pigeons.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin C on the mitotic activity and follicular growth of the thyroid gland of juvenile pigeon. The present investigation aims to ascertain the role of vitamin C upon thyroidal activity in immature pigeons. Thyroid follicular function was assessed by karyodynamic and histometric studies. Administration of vitamin C increased mitotic figures as well as epithelial thickeness in the follicles in both sexes of the birds. It is suggested that vitamin C has a mitosis inducing action upon the thyroid gland in juvenile pigeons.", "PMID": 543786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9511", "title": "Morphological studies on the mouth cavity of urodeles. IV. The teeth of the upper jaw and the palate in Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque) (Proteidae: Amphibia).", "content": "Adults of the neotenic (paedomorph) Necturus maculosus possess in the upper jaw and the palate rather uniform, conical, monocuspid teeth arranged in a single line (\"Zahnzeile\"; monostichous  pattern) and showing a broad dividing zone, which separates the pedicel and the distal crown. This zone consists of globular and fibrous material obviously mineralized. Both premaxillaries are provided with teeth by one continuous dental lamina, whereas the vomer and palatopterygoid are accompanied by two dental laminae on each side of the palate. The results are compared to the conditions observed in other larval, neotenic, and metamorphosed Urodela.", "contents": "Morphological studies on the mouth cavity of urodeles. IV. The teeth of the upper jaw and the palate in Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque) (Proteidae: Amphibia). Adults of the neotenic (paedomorph) Necturus maculosus possess in the upper jaw and the palate rather uniform, conical, monocuspid teeth arranged in a single line (\"Zahnzeile\"; monostichous  pattern) and showing a broad dividing zone, which separates the pedicel and the distal crown. This zone consists of globular and fibrous material obviously mineralized. Both premaxillaries are provided with teeth by one continuous dental lamina, whereas the vomer and palatopterygoid are accompanied by two dental laminae on each side of the palate. The results are compared to the conditions observed in other larval, neotenic, and metamorphosed Urodela.", "PMID": 543787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9512", "title": "[The diagnosis of organic brain damage with common psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)].", "content": "WIP, Hopper-VOT, Benton-Test d2-Test, and the KVT were used to examine 124 brain-damaged people with sufficiently secured localized wounds on the brain (48 frontal, 30 temperoral, 29 parietal and 17 occipital lobe damaged patients). The results showed considerable differences depending on the localisation of the injury. The differences between the frontal lobe damaged and the parieto-occipital damaged patients were significant. A normal score in one or more tests does not exclude a frontal lobe damage.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of organic brain damage with common psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)]. WIP, Hopper-VOT, Benton-Test d2-Test, and the KVT were used to examine 124 brain-damaged people with sufficiently secured localized wounds on the brain (48 frontal, 30 temperoral, 29 parietal and 17 occipital lobe damaged patients). The results showed considerable differences depending on the localisation of the injury. The differences between the frontal lobe damaged and the parieto-occipital damaged patients were significant. A normal score in one or more tests does not exclude a frontal lobe damage.", "PMID": 543791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9513", "title": "[Aspects of immunologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Results with tumor-associated membrane antigens and the electrophoretic mobility test (author's transl)].", "content": "In cell-mediated immune processes the products of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes are detectable as charge-changing lymphokines by means of the cell electrophoretic mobility method (EM test). the improvement of the method concerns the measuring procedures (indicator particle and automation) and the application of specific antigens. The employment of special membrane antigens (3 M KCl extracts) from tissue of normal brain and brain tumors is decisive for further differentiating results. The application of tumor-associated membrane antigens (TAA) from various kinds of brain tumors shows some diagnostically important reaction patterns. Using a common tumor antigen, the TAA-X3 mixture, a (1) characteristic result of general significance for neoplasms can be obtained; in applying the different TAA of brain tumors the findings in EM test point out an (2) organospecific reactivity and/or a (3) histogenetic reaction pattern. The distinct neuroepithelial and mesodermal brain tumors produce predominantly an organospecific reaction and only partly a histogenetical profile. For this type of reactivity to the TAA in brain tumors, a series of factors depending on neuroimmunological specialities are important.", "contents": "[Aspects of immunologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Results with tumor-associated membrane antigens and the electrophoretic mobility test (author's transl)]. In cell-mediated immune processes the products of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes are detectable as charge-changing lymphokines by means of the cell electrophoretic mobility method (EM test). the improvement of the method concerns the measuring procedures (indicator particle and automation) and the application of specific antigens. The employment of special membrane antigens (3 M KCl extracts) from tissue of normal brain and brain tumors is decisive for further differentiating results. The application of tumor-associated membrane antigens (TAA) from various kinds of brain tumors shows some diagnostically important reaction patterns. Using a common tumor antigen, the TAA-X3 mixture, a (1) characteristic result of general significance for neoplasms can be obtained; in applying the different TAA of brain tumors the findings in EM test point out an (2) organospecific reactivity and/or a (3) histogenetic reaction pattern. The distinct neuroepithelial and mesodermal brain tumors produce predominantly an organospecific reaction and only partly a histogenetical profile. For this type of reactivity to the TAA in brain tumors, a series of factors depending on neuroimmunological specialities are important.", "PMID": 543792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9514", "title": "Autonomic responses to meaningful and non-meaningful auditory stimuli in coma.", "content": "In a group of poisoned patients, the lowest MCS (Munich Coma Scale) vigilance grade at which patients responded when called by their names was determined. In 12 patients at this vigilance grade, the extent to which the meaning of the names contributed to their reactions was investigated. Their first name and a control stimulus (name backwards) were repeatedly presented via headphones. Stimulus intensity was 90 dB(A). During stimulus presentation, changes in heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and electrodermal activity were recorded. A comparison between responses under both stimulus conditions revealed that the first reactions of poisoned patients to their names are primarily elicited by the physical properties of the stimulus.", "contents": "Autonomic responses to meaningful and non-meaningful auditory stimuli in coma. In a group of poisoned patients, the lowest MCS (Munich Coma Scale) vigilance grade at which patients responded when called by their names was determined. In 12 patients at this vigilance grade, the extent to which the meaning of the names contributed to their reactions was investigated. Their first name and a control stimulus (name backwards) were repeatedly presented via headphones. Stimulus intensity was 90 dB(A). During stimulus presentation, changes in heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and electrodermal activity were recorded. A comparison between responses under both stimulus conditions revealed that the first reactions of poisoned patients to their names are primarily elicited by the physical properties of the stimulus.", "PMID": 543793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9515", "title": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. III. A catamnestic reexamination of patients suffering from hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen patients (4 females and 11 males) with hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism underwent extensive psychiatric investigation in 1962-1965. A follow-up study of the personality development and social conditions was made in 1977. The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 56 years (the average being 40). As before, the main finding was an infantile personality with a defective psychosexual maturity. Only a few patients had reached a somehat adult, independent personality in spite of hormonal deficiencies. Several patients had continued to grow and attained a stature slightly below average. However, this subsequent growth scarcely influenced personality development. Depressive moods are now more frequent than before and among the more differentiated patients, the neurotic symptoms are mainly phobic fears. Almost all of the patients have discontinued treatment with hormonal substitutes (androgenes, cortison, thyrotropic hormone) inspite of persistent deficiency symptoms, because the outcome did not match their high expectations. The symptoms of the endocrine psychosyndrome seem of minor importance compared with the psychic infantilism and the reactions to the experience of dwarfism and missing puberty. One female has suffered several psychotic episodes which were understood as being partially of endocrine origin.", "contents": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. III. A catamnestic reexamination of patients suffering from hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism (author's transl)]. Fifteen patients (4 females and 11 males) with hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism underwent extensive psychiatric investigation in 1962-1965. A follow-up study of the personality development and social conditions was made in 1977. The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 56 years (the average being 40). As before, the main finding was an infantile personality with a defective psychosexual maturity. Only a few patients had reached a somehat adult, independent personality in spite of hormonal deficiencies. Several patients had continued to grow and attained a stature slightly below average. However, this subsequent growth scarcely influenced personality development. Depressive moods are now more frequent than before and among the more differentiated patients, the neurotic symptoms are mainly phobic fears. Almost all of the patients have discontinued treatment with hormonal substitutes (androgenes, cortison, thyrotropic hormone) inspite of persistent deficiency symptoms, because the outcome did not match their high expectations. The symptoms of the endocrine psychosyndrome seem of minor importance compared with the psychic infantilism and the reactions to the experience of dwarfism and missing puberty. One female has suffered several psychotic episodes which were understood as being partially of endocrine origin.", "PMID": 543794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9516", "title": "Psychogenic needs in depression.", "content": "Thirty-eight depressed in- and outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry, Ume\u00e5 University, were asked to complete a CMPS form concerning their psychogenic needs. The depression depth of these patients was then rated by a doctor who utilized selected items from the CPRS scale. The 38 patients were matched according to age and sex with 38 former depressed patients who had been investigated after recovery from a depressive syndrome to establish whether there is any correlation between psychogenic needs and severity of a depressive disorder and to determine whether these psychogenic needs depend on depression or are a more stable part of an individual's personality.", "contents": "Psychogenic needs in depression. Thirty-eight depressed in- and outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry, Ume\u00e5 University, were asked to complete a CMPS form concerning their psychogenic needs. The depression depth of these patients was then rated by a doctor who utilized selected items from the CPRS scale. The 38 patients were matched according to age and sex with 38 former depressed patients who had been investigated after recovery from a depressive syndrome to establish whether there is any correlation between psychogenic needs and severity of a depressive disorder and to determine whether these psychogenic needs depend on depression or are a more stable part of an individual's personality.", "PMID": 543795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9517", "title": "[A procedure for analyzing metric asymmetric proximity matrices (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is discussed and illustrated which yields a geometric representation of asymmetric proximity matrices. Assuming the observations are metric the data matrix is uniquely decomposed into a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix-valued component. The former entails a spatial configuration vis some MDS technique; the formation contained in the latter can then be integrated into this space in various ways.", "contents": "[A procedure for analyzing metric asymmetric proximity matrices (author's transl)]. A method is discussed and illustrated which yields a geometric representation of asymmetric proximity matrices. Assuming the observations are metric the data matrix is uniquely decomposed into a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix-valued component. The former entails a spatial configuration vis some MDS technique; the formation contained in the latter can then be integrated into this space in various ways.", "PMID": 543796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9518", "title": "[An analysis of moral judgments in impression formation (author's transl)].", "content": "This experiment was designed to test the assumption of additive information integration in moral judgment. 35 subjects gave punishment ratings for descriptions that varied in kind of offence, information about previous conviction and personality characteristics. The data, analysed by Anova, show regular deviations from additivity.", "contents": "[An analysis of moral judgments in impression formation (author's transl)]. This experiment was designed to test the assumption of additive information integration in moral judgment. 35 subjects gave punishment ratings for descriptions that varied in kind of offence, information about previous conviction and personality characteristics. The data, analysed by Anova, show regular deviations from additivity.", "PMID": 543797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9519", "title": "[Bayesianism or Biasianism? (author's transl)].", "content": "Testing hypotheses from a Bayesian viewpoint cannot be regarded as obligatory to all, because conditions for neutrality and objectivity are injured in common. But realizing neutrality and objectivity necessary leads to drop the Bayesian formalism and to create the likelihood as a measure of support. In so far for someone who wished neutral and objective hypotheses testing Bayesian testing is useless.", "contents": "[Bayesianism or Biasianism? (author's transl)]. Testing hypotheses from a Bayesian viewpoint cannot be regarded as obligatory to all, because conditions for neutrality and objectivity are injured in common. But realizing neutrality and objectivity necessary leads to drop the Bayesian formalism and to create the likelihood as a measure of support. In so far for someone who wished neutral and objective hypotheses testing Bayesian testing is useless.", "PMID": 543798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9520", "title": "[Game behavior depending on \"kind of information\" and \"degree of risk\" in an alternating-sequential 2 x 2 game (author's transl)].", "content": "By an alternating-sequential 2 x 2-game behavior is analysed in dependence of eye contact, feedback about the score of the partner and the degree of risk. The dependent variables are 'need of information' and 'readiness for cooperation' score. The data of 48 university students are analysed by means of Analysis of Variance. They yield evidence for the hypotheses that 'need for information' and 'readiness for cooperation' is determined by all experimental variables, especially by 'eye contact'. The results are discussed in relation to models of thinking and problem solving.", "contents": "[Game behavior depending on \"kind of information\" and \"degree of risk\" in an alternating-sequential 2 x 2 game (author's transl)]. By an alternating-sequential 2 x 2-game behavior is analysed in dependence of eye contact, feedback about the score of the partner and the degree of risk. The dependent variables are 'need of information' and 'readiness for cooperation' score. The data of 48 university students are analysed by means of Analysis of Variance. They yield evidence for the hypotheses that 'need for information' and 'readiness for cooperation' is determined by all experimental variables, especially by 'eye contact'. The results are discussed in relation to models of thinking and problem solving.", "PMID": 543799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9521", "title": "Relativistic effects in visual perception of real and apparent motion.", "content": "Timing in the visual field is regarded as an additive conjoint measurement structure, psychophysical extension of stimulus path as an extensive measurement structure. These two sets of postulates lead to the derivation of an essential maximum for velocity perception. Apparent phi motion perception under strictly stationary stimulus conditions is described as relative motion of the first stimulus' psychophysical mapping with respect to a moving perceptual subsystem. The essential maximum of velocity modifies the relative motion postulate: relativistic dilatation of seen length of path is predicted. Testable properties of the model, comparison with experimental data from \"real\" motion and apparent phi motion perception are discussed.", "contents": "Relativistic effects in visual perception of real and apparent motion. Timing in the visual field is regarded as an additive conjoint measurement structure, psychophysical extension of stimulus path as an extensive measurement structure. These two sets of postulates lead to the derivation of an essential maximum for velocity perception. Apparent phi motion perception under strictly stationary stimulus conditions is described as relative motion of the first stimulus' psychophysical mapping with respect to a moving perceptual subsystem. The essential maximum of velocity modifies the relative motion postulate: relativistic dilatation of seen length of path is predicted. Testable properties of the model, comparison with experimental data from \"real\" motion and apparent phi motion perception are discussed.", "PMID": 543800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9522", "title": "Structure of bromelain-released influenza virus haemagglutinin as revealed by electrophoresis, sedimentation and electron microscopy.", "content": "Sigma bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) was used to isolate the haemagglutinin (HA) from the MRC-11 (H3N2) and A/U.S.S.R./90/77 (H1N1) influenza A virus strains. Sedimentation analysis of bromelain-solubilized preparations revealed 9.5S and 5.5S protein components, the former being identified as the bromelain-released haemagglutinin (BHA). No residual neuraminidase (NA) activity was detected in the BHA isolated from the MRC-11 strain whereas up to 80 per cent of the enzymatically active NA was found to be preserved in the electrophoretically pure BHA isolated from the A/U.S.S.R./90/77 strain. Increased electrophoretic mobilities were exhibited by both the light and heavy chains of the BHA subunit. The difference observed in the molecular weights of the polypeptide fragments removed by bromelain from the light chains is interpreted in terms of the different depth of penetration of antigenically distinct HAs through the influenza virus lipid membrane. Splitting off of approximately 15 and 26 per cent of the sugars from the carbohydrate portions of the light and heavy chains respectively, was demonstrated. This suggested involvement of glycosidase impurities present in the bromelain preparation employed. The rod-shaped BHA molecules proved to be 110 +/- 5 Angstrom long and 40 +/- 5 Angstrom wide as measured by electron microscopy. It is proposed that the 45,000-molecular-weight polypeptide observed constantly in egg-grown influenza viruses is host actin.", "contents": "Structure of bromelain-released influenza virus haemagglutinin as revealed by electrophoresis, sedimentation and electron microscopy. Sigma bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) was used to isolate the haemagglutinin (HA) from the MRC-11 (H3N2) and A/U.S.S.R./90/77 (H1N1) influenza A virus strains. Sedimentation analysis of bromelain-solubilized preparations revealed 9.5S and 5.5S protein components, the former being identified as the bromelain-released haemagglutinin (BHA). No residual neuraminidase (NA) activity was detected in the BHA isolated from the MRC-11 strain whereas up to 80 per cent of the enzymatically active NA was found to be preserved in the electrophoretically pure BHA isolated from the A/U.S.S.R./90/77 strain. Increased electrophoretic mobilities were exhibited by both the light and heavy chains of the BHA subunit. The difference observed in the molecular weights of the polypeptide fragments removed by bromelain from the light chains is interpreted in terms of the different depth of penetration of antigenically distinct HAs through the influenza virus lipid membrane. Splitting off of approximately 15 and 26 per cent of the sugars from the carbohydrate portions of the light and heavy chains respectively, was demonstrated. This suggested involvement of glycosidase impurities present in the bromelain preparation employed. The rod-shaped BHA molecules proved to be 110 +/- 5 Angstrom long and 40 +/- 5 Angstrom wide as measured by electron microscopy. It is proposed that the 45,000-molecular-weight polypeptide observed constantly in egg-grown influenza viruses is host actin.", "PMID": 543801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9523", "title": "Characterization of virus-like particles produced by an influenza A virus.", "content": "The influenza strain 413 1,1 segregated as a stable recombinant during passage of the isolate 19/N which was obtained after double infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by virus N and the fowl plague virus (FPV) mutant ts 19. Its gene constellation was determined by molecular hybridization. Upon infection of chick embryo cells by this recombinant strain, two particle populations of high (H) and low (L) buoyant densities were produced. By biological and biochemical parameters, the H-population (delta = 1.22 g/cm3) cannot be distinguished from standard infectious influenza virus. In contrast, the noninfectious L-particles (delta = 1.14 g/cm3) lack all virus-specific glycoproteins (HA, NA) as well as the matrix protein M and are visualized by electron microscopy as spikeless particles. Significant changes in the quantitative composition of the phospholipid bilayer are evident as compared to the H-particles. In addition to the previously characterized eight genes both populations contain a variety of smaller RNA fragments which hybridize with complementary RNA and presumably represent degradation products of full-length genes.", "contents": "Characterization of virus-like particles produced by an influenza A virus. The influenza strain 413 1,1 segregated as a stable recombinant during passage of the isolate 19/N which was obtained after double infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by virus N and the fowl plague virus (FPV) mutant ts 19. Its gene constellation was determined by molecular hybridization. Upon infection of chick embryo cells by this recombinant strain, two particle populations of high (H) and low (L) buoyant densities were produced. By biological and biochemical parameters, the H-population (delta = 1.22 g/cm3) cannot be distinguished from standard infectious influenza virus. In contrast, the noninfectious L-particles (delta = 1.14 g/cm3) lack all virus-specific glycoproteins (HA, NA) as well as the matrix protein M and are visualized by electron microscopy as spikeless particles. Significant changes in the quantitative composition of the phospholipid bilayer are evident as compared to the H-particles. In addition to the previously characterized eight genes both populations contain a variety of smaller RNA fragments which hybridize with complementary RNA and presumably represent degradation products of full-length genes.", "PMID": 543802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9524", "title": "Production of temperature-sensitive and pathogenic virus from Aedes albopictus cells (Singh) persistently infected with Chikungunya virus.", "content": "When A. albopictus, clone C6/36, cells were infected with chikungunya (CHIK) virus, high virus yield accompanied by a cytopathic effect in the acute stage of infection was followed by a relatively low yield of virus over a long period of time. Virus produced from persistently infected cultures became gradually of smaller plaque size and more temperature-sensitive; however, such virus still retained pathogenicity for suckling mice even after one year of infection. When the persistently infected cells were subcultured, a dissociation was observed between the time course of cell growth and that of virus production, suggesting some intracellular mechanisms that turn off virus production. The greater part of the interference against CHIK virus by the culture medium of the persistently infected cells appeared to be mediated by the infective virus in the medium. The infective virus was easily removed from the persistently infected cells either by subculture or by cloning in the presence of anti-CHIK serum, yielding cured cultures or virus-negative clones.", "contents": "Production of temperature-sensitive and pathogenic virus from Aedes albopictus cells (Singh) persistently infected with Chikungunya virus. When A. albopictus, clone C6/36, cells were infected with chikungunya (CHIK) virus, high virus yield accompanied by a cytopathic effect in the acute stage of infection was followed by a relatively low yield of virus over a long period of time. Virus produced from persistently infected cultures became gradually of smaller plaque size and more temperature-sensitive; however, such virus still retained pathogenicity for suckling mice even after one year of infection. When the persistently infected cells were subcultured, a dissociation was observed between the time course of cell growth and that of virus production, suggesting some intracellular mechanisms that turn off virus production. The greater part of the interference against CHIK virus by the culture medium of the persistently infected cells appeared to be mediated by the infective virus in the medium. The infective virus was easily removed from the persistently infected cells either by subculture or by cloning in the presence of anti-CHIK serum, yielding cured cultures or virus-negative clones.", "PMID": 543803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9525", "title": "Novel tubular and crystalline structures in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. Brief report.", "content": "Hitherto undescribed tubular and crystalline structures were detected by negative contrast electron microscopy in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. It is suggested that these are viral in origin and are composed of aggregates of viral glycoprotein.", "contents": "Novel tubular and crystalline structures in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. Brief report. Hitherto undescribed tubular and crystalline structures were detected by negative contrast electron microscopy in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. It is suggested that these are viral in origin and are composed of aggregates of viral glycoprotein.", "PMID": 543804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9526", "title": "The role of cell-mediated immunity in typhoid.", "content": "The cell-mediated immunity in typhoid was assessed by the leukocyte migration inhibition test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test in 60 clinical typhoid patients. The property of leukocyte migration inhibition appeared first and was positive in 28 of 60 (46.7%) patients on admission and 45 of 60 (75%) at the time of discharge. This difference was definitely more in blood culture positive patients. The delayed hypersensitivity appeared later and was positive in 18 of 60 (30%) on admission and 31 of 60 (51.7%) at the time of discharge. Patients with positive cellular-immune response against typhoid antigen did not develop relapse. On the whole cell-mediated immunity seems to play an important role in typoid. The control groups--the medical and surgical patients, doctors, clinical students and preclinical students--showed positive cellular immune response of 43.3 81.3, 40.7 and 25% respectively. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The role of cell-mediated immunity in typhoid. The cell-mediated immunity in typhoid was assessed by the leukocyte migration inhibition test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test in 60 clinical typhoid patients. The property of leukocyte migration inhibition appeared first and was positive in 28 of 60 (46.7%) patients on admission and 45 of 60 (75%) at the time of discharge. This difference was definitely more in blood culture positive patients. The delayed hypersensitivity appeared later and was positive in 18 of 60 (30%) on admission and 31 of 60 (51.7%) at the time of discharge. Patients with positive cellular-immune response against typhoid antigen did not develop relapse. On the whole cell-mediated immunity seems to play an important role in typoid. The control groups--the medical and surgical patients, doctors, clinical students and preclinical students--showed positive cellular immune response of 43.3 81.3, 40.7 and 25% respectively. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 543814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9527", "title": "Vectors of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever with advances in their control.", "content": "The most important vector of dengue in the Western Pacific Region is Ae. aegypti. On some occasions, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis and several other species of the Ae. scutellaris complex have been suspected vectors in localities where Ae. aegypti was not found. Long-term vector control by the use of insecticides has been expensive and difficult to achieve. However, spray equipment and ULV insecticides have been obtained in many places for emergency use during outbreaks, and Abate larviciding also has been used in high-risk localities to help prevent outbreaks. Obtaining greater community participation supported by intensified health education and other acceptable measures is considered an important approach for achieving improved long-term control. Developing an acceptable and effective cover for domestic water storage containers is also recognized as a potentially important tool for suppressing vector populations.", "contents": "Vectors of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever with advances in their control. The most important vector of dengue in the Western Pacific Region is Ae. aegypti. On some occasions, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis and several other species of the Ae. scutellaris complex have been suspected vectors in localities where Ae. aegypti was not found. Long-term vector control by the use of insecticides has been expensive and difficult to achieve. However, spray equipment and ULV insecticides have been obtained in many places for emergency use during outbreaks, and Abate larviciding also has been used in high-risk localities to help prevent outbreaks. Obtaining greater community participation supported by intensified health education and other acceptable measures is considered an important approach for achieving improved long-term control. Developing an acceptable and effective cover for domestic water storage containers is also recognized as a potentially important tool for suppressing vector populations.", "PMID": 543815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9528", "title": "Serum calcium and magnesium in leprosy.", "content": "Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in 70 leprosy patients and 25 normal healthy individuals. An attempt has been made in this study to find out if there is any correlation between the clinical and pathological status of the disease and serum calcium and magnesium levels in the blood. Serum calcium was found to be significantly decreased in lepromatous leprosy (Ca=8.42+/-0.7 mg%, P less than 0.001) and dimorphous leprosy (Ca=8.68+/-0.94 mg%, P less than 0.05) while it was normal in tuberculoid leprosy (Ca=9.14+/-2.12, P less than 0.05). The decrease in serum magnesium level was highly significant in all clinical types of leprosy (Mg=1.08+/-0.29, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Serum calcium and magnesium in leprosy. Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in 70 leprosy patients and 25 normal healthy individuals. An attempt has been made in this study to find out if there is any correlation between the clinical and pathological status of the disease and serum calcium and magnesium levels in the blood. Serum calcium was found to be significantly decreased in lepromatous leprosy (Ca=8.42+/-0.7 mg%, P less than 0.001) and dimorphous leprosy (Ca=8.68+/-0.94 mg%, P less than 0.05) while it was normal in tuberculoid leprosy (Ca=9.14+/-2.12, P less than 0.05). The decrease in serum magnesium level was highly significant in all clinical types of leprosy (Mg=1.08+/-0.29, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 543816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9529", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry of the sheep uterus during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Enzyme histochemical techniques were applied to frozen sheep uteri from different stages of the oestrous cycle. The localization and activities of succinate, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, and isocitrate (NADP+) dehydrogenases and acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in the luminal and glandular epithelia, caruncle and myometrium. Enzyme activity in the sections was scored on a scale of 0--5. In general the enzyme activity in the uterine caruncles and epithelia was higher than in the myometrium. The myometrium did not show any alkaline phosphatase activity and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity was negligible. The low activities of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and the moderate levels of glucose-6-phosphate and succinate dehydrogenases in the myometrium were constant. The caruncular tissue showed high levels of phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, moderate levels of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases, and low levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) throughout the oestrous cycle. Much lower phosphatase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) levels were found in the epithelium of deep glands compared with superficial glands. The high activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the luminal epithelium and the superficial glands was constant from mid-cycle to ovulation, but a significant decrease was observed immediately after ovulation. The level of dehydrogenases in epithelia was generally high and did not change during the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry of the sheep uterus during the oestrous cycle. Enzyme histochemical techniques were applied to frozen sheep uteri from different stages of the oestrous cycle. The localization and activities of succinate, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, and isocitrate (NADP+) dehydrogenases and acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in the luminal and glandular epithelia, caruncle and myometrium. Enzyme activity in the sections was scored on a scale of 0--5. In general the enzyme activity in the uterine caruncles and epithelia was higher than in the myometrium. The myometrium did not show any alkaline phosphatase activity and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity was negligible. The low activities of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and the moderate levels of glucose-6-phosphate and succinate dehydrogenases in the myometrium were constant. The caruncular tissue showed high levels of phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, moderate levels of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases, and low levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) throughout the oestrous cycle. Much lower phosphatase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) levels were found in the epithelium of deep glands compared with superficial glands. The high activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the luminal epithelium and the superficial glands was constant from mid-cycle to ovulation, but a significant decrease was observed immediately after ovulation. The level of dehydrogenases in epithelia was generally high and did not change during the oestrous cycle.", "PMID": 543817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9530", "title": "Ethanol extraction of basic proteins from ejaculated human spermatozoa.", "content": "A method for the extraction of basic proteins from human ejaculated spermatozoa has been developed. It relies on the previously unreported observation that such basic protein is soluble in a solution containing 60% (v/v) ethanol. This unconventional method yields a high percentage of arginine-rich basic protein which is then able to be characterized on the basis of its amino acid composition. This method also allows comparisons to be made between single ejaculates by the banding pattern each displays when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Ethanol extraction of basic proteins from ejaculated human spermatozoa. A method for the extraction of basic proteins from human ejaculated spermatozoa has been developed. It relies on the previously unreported observation that such basic protein is soluble in a solution containing 60% (v/v) ethanol. This unconventional method yields a high percentage of arginine-rich basic protein which is then able to be characterized on the basis of its amino acid composition. This method also allows comparisons to be made between single ejaculates by the banding pattern each displays when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 543818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9531", "title": "Haemoglobin oxidation in whole blood samples from sheep in relation to glutathione peroxidase activity.", "content": "A high correlation was observed between H2O2-induced oxidation of haemoglobin and glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood samples from sheep. A role of this enzyme in the prevention of oxidative damage to the erythrocyte and its contents has been previously demonstrated. The possibility of using haemoglobin oxidation in whole blood as an alternative assessment of glutathione peroxidase activity and hence of selenium status is proposed.", "contents": "Haemoglobin oxidation in whole blood samples from sheep in relation to glutathione peroxidase activity. A high correlation was observed between H2O2-induced oxidation of haemoglobin and glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood samples from sheep. A role of this enzyme in the prevention of oxidative damage to the erythrocyte and its contents has been previously demonstrated. The possibility of using haemoglobin oxidation in whole blood as an alternative assessment of glutathione peroxidase activity and hence of selenium status is proposed.", "PMID": 543819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9532", "title": "Optimal conditions for lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination of external proteins on mouse erythrocytes.", "content": "Optimal conditions were established for specific labelling of the surface proteins of mouse erythrocytes using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination. The levels of H2O2 and I-, and cell concentrations required for restriction of haemoglobin labelling to less than 5% of the total 125I-protein, were different for radioiodination employing direct H2O2 addition or generation of H2O2 with glucose oxidase plus glucose. Preparation of mouse erythrocyte ghosts by hypotonic lysis caused loss of some minor labelled proteins present on intact cells and shifts to lower molecular weights of others. It is therefore important to solubilize labelled cells directly in electrophoresis buffer to avoid artifactual degradation of labelled proteins. The extent of labelling internal cell proteins was measured by a procedure suitable for the comparison of a large number of samples: solubilized radioiodinated erythrocytes were electrophoresed on 14% acrylamide gels and the radioactivity determined in the haemoglobin band which migrates separately from other proteins. The major labelled protein on the mouse erythrocytes had an apparent molecular weight of 92,000, and may be analogous to Band 3 of the human erythrocyte.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination of external proteins on mouse erythrocytes. Optimal conditions were established for specific labelling of the surface proteins of mouse erythrocytes using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination. The levels of H2O2 and I-, and cell concentrations required for restriction of haemoglobin labelling to less than 5% of the total 125I-protein, were different for radioiodination employing direct H2O2 addition or generation of H2O2 with glucose oxidase plus glucose. Preparation of mouse erythrocyte ghosts by hypotonic lysis caused loss of some minor labelled proteins present on intact cells and shifts to lower molecular weights of others. It is therefore important to solubilize labelled cells directly in electrophoresis buffer to avoid artifactual degradation of labelled proteins. The extent of labelling internal cell proteins was measured by a procedure suitable for the comparison of a large number of samples: solubilized radioiodinated erythrocytes were electrophoresed on 14% acrylamide gels and the radioactivity determined in the haemoglobin band which migrates separately from other proteins. The major labelled protein on the mouse erythrocytes had an apparent molecular weight of 92,000, and may be analogous to Band 3 of the human erythrocyte.", "PMID": 543820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9533", "title": "IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: magnitude of the response in mice infected with various parasites.", "content": "Mice chronically infected with 3 metazoan and 1 protozoan parasite contain in their circulation levels of IgG1 which are increased over the levels in uninfected mice by at least 10x. In the case of infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, the serum IgG1 concentration can reach greater than 50 mg/ml and, with a half-life of less than 2 days, the number of cells engaged in IgG1 production is approximately 2 x 10(8). The IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is not seen in infected hypothymic nude mice. Biosynthetic labelling studies with organ and tissue cultures established that in two of the chronic infections the organs principally involved in IgG1 synthesis were those pathologically involved or those \"in line\" for antigen capture: i.e. liver and spleen in the case of M. corti which is located in the liver and the peritoneal cavity, and various intestinal lymph nodes in the case of the gut-dwelling nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. This apparently exaggerated response to chronic parasitic infection is of interest simply because of the potential magnitude of the effect and the fact that it involves an Ig isotype with very poorly defined biological function.", "contents": "IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: magnitude of the response in mice infected with various parasites. Mice chronically infected with 3 metazoan and 1 protozoan parasite contain in their circulation levels of IgG1 which are increased over the levels in uninfected mice by at least 10x. In the case of infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, the serum IgG1 concentration can reach greater than 50 mg/ml and, with a half-life of less than 2 days, the number of cells engaged in IgG1 production is approximately 2 x 10(8). The IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is not seen in infected hypothymic nude mice. Biosynthetic labelling studies with organ and tissue cultures established that in two of the chronic infections the organs principally involved in IgG1 synthesis were those pathologically involved or those \"in line\" for antigen capture: i.e. liver and spleen in the case of M. corti which is located in the liver and the peritoneal cavity, and various intestinal lymph nodes in the case of the gut-dwelling nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. This apparently exaggerated response to chronic parasitic infection is of interest simply because of the potential magnitude of the effect and the fact that it involves an Ig isotype with very poorly defined biological function.", "PMID": 543821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9534", "title": "Possible pathways of contamination of meat and bone meal with Salmonella.", "content": "Samples taken at various points along the processing line in 2 rendering plants showed that post-processing contamination occurs almost immediately after termination of the heat process in the percolator and surge bin. Further contamination occurs at each processing stage. In plant A 12.5% of the samples collected from material leaving the surge bin, 36% of the samples of product after it has passed the milling stage and 61% of samples collected from the stored product were found to be contaminated with salmonellas. In plant B the results were 15%, 40% and 69% respectively. Heavy contamination of product left overnight in percolators and surge bins, which are not cleaned routinely, was considered an important source of early post-processing contamination. The ecology was found to be similar at both plants despite the fact that in one plant the uncooked and cooked areas were separated completely, whilst this was not the case in the other plant. None of the air samples collected yielded salmonellas, while nearly all the insect samples collected in the rendering plants yielded salmonellas.", "contents": "Possible pathways of contamination of meat and bone meal with Salmonella. Samples taken at various points along the processing line in 2 rendering plants showed that post-processing contamination occurs almost immediately after termination of the heat process in the percolator and surge bin. Further contamination occurs at each processing stage. In plant A 12.5% of the samples collected from material leaving the surge bin, 36% of the samples of product after it has passed the milling stage and 61% of samples collected from the stored product were found to be contaminated with salmonellas. In plant B the results were 15%, 40% and 69% respectively. Heavy contamination of product left overnight in percolators and surge bins, which are not cleaned routinely, was considered an important source of early post-processing contamination. The ecology was found to be similar at both plants despite the fact that in one plant the uncooked and cooked areas were separated completely, whilst this was not the case in the other plant. None of the air samples collected yielded salmonellas, while nearly all the insect samples collected in the rendering plants yielded salmonellas.", "PMID": 543823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9535", "title": "Brucella suis infection in pregnant cattle.", "content": "Six pregnant, Bos taurus cows with stages of gestation ranging from 11 to 33 weeks were each inoculated into the right conjunctival sac with 0.2 ml of a smooth culture of Brucella suis type I containing 27 x 10(6) viable organisms. The 6 cows produced 7 calves of which one single calf and one twin calf were stillborn, the cause of which was not determined. Br. suis was not isolated from any of the cows or calves using either special media or guinea pig inoculation. No abnormality was found in any of the cows or calves at autopsy. Microscopic examination of placentas and tissues from stillborn calves revealed no abnormality. Serologically, 2 weeks after inoculation all 6 cows had positive reactions to the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and serum agglutination (SAT) titres of 25 iu to 116 iu. However, these reactions disappeared within 11 weeks. Only 2 cows had a complement fixation (CFT) titre which lasted a maximum of 5 weeks and reached a titre of 4/4. Following the anamnestic use of Br. abortus strain 45/20 vaccine on 3 of the cows, positive RBT reactions, SAT titres of 33 iu, 29 iu and 58 iu and CFT titres of 4/16, 1/8 and 3/8 respectively were recorded 6 weeks after vaccination.", "contents": "Brucella suis infection in pregnant cattle. Six pregnant, Bos taurus cows with stages of gestation ranging from 11 to 33 weeks were each inoculated into the right conjunctival sac with 0.2 ml of a smooth culture of Brucella suis type I containing 27 x 10(6) viable organisms. The 6 cows produced 7 calves of which one single calf and one twin calf were stillborn, the cause of which was not determined. Br. suis was not isolated from any of the cows or calves using either special media or guinea pig inoculation. No abnormality was found in any of the cows or calves at autopsy. Microscopic examination of placentas and tissues from stillborn calves revealed no abnormality. Serologically, 2 weeks after inoculation all 6 cows had positive reactions to the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and serum agglutination (SAT) titres of 25 iu to 116 iu. However, these reactions disappeared within 11 weeks. Only 2 cows had a complement fixation (CFT) titre which lasted a maximum of 5 weeks and reached a titre of 4/4. Following the anamnestic use of Br. abortus strain 45/20 vaccine on 3 of the cows, positive RBT reactions, SAT titres of 33 iu, 29 iu and 58 iu and CFT titres of 4/16, 1/8 and 3/8 respectively were recorded 6 weeks after vaccination.", "PMID": 543824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9536", "title": "Bruising in cattle fasted prior to transport for slaughter.", "content": "Three trials, each with 100 bullocks previously grazing improved pasture, compared bruising in cattle fasted for 0, 24 and 48 hours prior to transport for slaughter. Overall the weight of bruised trim from unfasted bullocks (0.48 kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than from bullocks fasted for 24 h (0.99 kg) or 48 h (1.03 kg). length of fast overall had no significant effect. This pattern was not consistent within trials.", "contents": "Bruising in cattle fasted prior to transport for slaughter. Three trials, each with 100 bullocks previously grazing improved pasture, compared bruising in cattle fasted for 0, 24 and 48 hours prior to transport for slaughter. Overall the weight of bruised trim from unfasted bullocks (0.48 kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than from bullocks fasted for 24 h (0.99 kg) or 48 h (1.03 kg). length of fast overall had no significant effect. This pattern was not consistent within trials.", "PMID": 543825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9537", "title": "The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride in the treatment of adult Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Dogs infected with D. immitis were treated with oral levamisole hydrochloride at various dose rates over different durations. Clinical toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters, body weight and food intake were recorded and filarial mortality estimated at autopsy. All filariae were dead in dogs treated at 10 mg/kg body weight twice daily (12 hourly) for 14 days, with minimal clinical toxicity being seen during the treatment period.", "contents": "The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride in the treatment of adult Dirofilaria immitis. Dogs infected with D. immitis were treated with oral levamisole hydrochloride at various dose rates over different durations. Clinical toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters, body weight and food intake were recorded and filarial mortality estimated at autopsy. All filariae were dead in dogs treated at 10 mg/kg body weight twice daily (12 hourly) for 14 days, with minimal clinical toxicity being seen during the treatment period.", "PMID": 543826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9538", "title": "Y chromosome morphology of cattle.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes were prepared from 246 bulls including Bos indicus, Bos taurus. Bos (Bibos) banteng, Sanga and interspecific and intra-specific breed crosses. Morphology and karyotype position of the Y chromosome for each bull were noted. Karyotype position of the Y chromosome varied between bulls from 25th to 29th pair and the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus and breeds derived from Bos indicus bulls were acrocentric while those of Bos taurus, Sanga and breeds derived from these bulls were metacentric/submetacentric. Two forms of Y chromosome were noted in the Droughtmaster breed. C-banding patterns of the acrocentric Y chromosome were characteristic and enabled easy identification.", "contents": "Y chromosome morphology of cattle. Metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes were prepared from 246 bulls including Bos indicus, Bos taurus. Bos (Bibos) banteng, Sanga and interspecific and intra-specific breed crosses. Morphology and karyotype position of the Y chromosome for each bull were noted. Karyotype position of the Y chromosome varied between bulls from 25th to 29th pair and the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus and breeds derived from Bos indicus bulls were acrocentric while those of Bos taurus, Sanga and breeds derived from these bulls were metacentric/submetacentric. Two forms of Y chromosome were noted in the Droughtmaster breed. C-banding patterns of the acrocentric Y chromosome were characteristic and enabled easy identification.", "PMID": 543828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9539", "title": "The epidemiology of ringworm in racehorses caused by Trichophyton equinum var autotrophicum.", "content": "The epidemiology of dermatomycocis due to Trichophyton equinum var autotrophicum was studied in a number of thoroughbred stables in south-east Queensland. The significant factors in the epidemiology were defined. The infection was readily transmitted, particularly by infected saddle-girths, on which the fungus could survive for 12 months. Mild abrasion from the saddle during work favoured the development of lesions and prolonged the recovery period. A pronounced age and seasonal incidence of the disease was demonstrated as young horses under the age of 3 years were most susceptible, and the majority of cases occurred in periods of high humidity.", "contents": "The epidemiology of ringworm in racehorses caused by Trichophyton equinum var autotrophicum. The epidemiology of dermatomycocis due to Trichophyton equinum var autotrophicum was studied in a number of thoroughbred stables in south-east Queensland. The significant factors in the epidemiology were defined. The infection was readily transmitted, particularly by infected saddle-girths, on which the fungus could survive for 12 months. Mild abrasion from the saddle during work favoured the development of lesions and prolonged the recovery period. A pronounced age and seasonal incidence of the disease was demonstrated as young horses under the age of 3 years were most susceptible, and the majority of cases occurred in periods of high humidity.", "PMID": 543830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9540", "title": "Some hatchery factors involved in early chick mortality.", "content": "Observations made in a commerical broiler hatchery revealed that chicks hatched over a period of 48 hours. Chick mortality to 10 days of age was 3.2% for those hatched at the commencement of the hatch, 1.2% for those hatched at peak of hatch and 52.9% for those hatched at the end of hatching. Chicks hatched early were more prone to dehydration while late hatching chicks had a higher incidence of leg weakness. Chicks held for 48 hours in hatcher machines lost 12.5% to 21.7% of their hatching weight and 79.4% of the hatching weight of the yolk sac. Normal 10-day mortality from this hatchery in winter months was observed to be 2.4% but was reduced to 1.2% when staggered setting times of donor flocks was employed by removing chicks from the machines 3 hours after 100% hatch, but was increased to 5.6% by holding chicks in the hatchery in chick boxes for 24 hours at 70 degrees C.", "contents": "Some hatchery factors involved in early chick mortality. Observations made in a commerical broiler hatchery revealed that chicks hatched over a period of 48 hours. Chick mortality to 10 days of age was 3.2% for those hatched at the commencement of the hatch, 1.2% for those hatched at peak of hatch and 52.9% for those hatched at the end of hatching. Chicks hatched early were more prone to dehydration while late hatching chicks had a higher incidence of leg weakness. Chicks held for 48 hours in hatcher machines lost 12.5% to 21.7% of their hatching weight and 79.4% of the hatching weight of the yolk sac. Normal 10-day mortality from this hatchery in winter months was observed to be 2.4% but was reduced to 1.2% when staggered setting times of donor flocks was employed by removing chicks from the machines 3 hours after 100% hatch, but was increased to 5.6% by holding chicks in the hatchery in chick boxes for 24 hours at 70 degrees C.", "PMID": 543832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9541", "title": "The incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of Haemonchus contortus on the northern tablelands of New South Wales.", "content": "A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of H. contortus in sheep flocks on 40 farms distributed throughout the sheep grazing area of the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Treatment with thiabendazole at 66 mg/kg reduced H. contortus ova output by 96-100% in 18 flocks while in the remaining 22 there was a range of responses down to levels where the anthelmintic was without apparent effect. Factors which may contribute to the high incidence of anthelmintic resistance are discussed and the possibility of widespread resistance occurring in other sheep raising areas is considered.", "contents": "The incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of Haemonchus contortus on the northern tablelands of New South Wales. A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of H. contortus in sheep flocks on 40 farms distributed throughout the sheep grazing area of the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Treatment with thiabendazole at 66 mg/kg reduced H. contortus ova output by 96-100% in 18 flocks while in the remaining 22 there was a range of responses down to levels where the anthelmintic was without apparent effect. Factors which may contribute to the high incidence of anthelmintic resistance are discussed and the possibility of widespread resistance occurring in other sheep raising areas is considered.", "PMID": 543833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9542", "title": "Pneumonia associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica in captive koalas.", "content": "Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 12 cases of purulent bronchopneumonia from a captive koala colony near Brisbane, Queensland. An initial epizootic in March 1967 causing 13% mortality was followed by annual outbreaks causing 2% mortality usually in newly weaned and aged koalas in late winter to early spring. High population density and a low plane of nutrition in winter were thought to predispose to the occurrence of the disease.", "contents": "Pneumonia associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica in captive koalas. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 12 cases of purulent bronchopneumonia from a captive koala colony near Brisbane, Queensland. An initial epizootic in March 1967 causing 13% mortality was followed by annual outbreaks causing 2% mortality usually in newly weaned and aged koalas in late winter to early spring. High population density and a low plane of nutrition in winter were thought to predispose to the occurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 543834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9543", "title": "Eperythrozoon ovis -- a cause of anaemia, reduced production and decreased exercise tolerance in sheep.", "content": "Sheep infected with E. ovis have lowered Hb and PCV values, reduced weight gains, reduced wool production and decreased exercise tolerance when compared with uninfected sheep.", "contents": "Eperythrozoon ovis -- a cause of anaemia, reduced production and decreased exercise tolerance in sheep. Sheep infected with E. ovis have lowered Hb and PCV values, reduced weight gains, reduced wool production and decreased exercise tolerance when compared with uninfected sheep.", "PMID": 543836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9544", "title": "Efficacy of albendazole against Fasciola hepatica in sheep.", "content": "In series of 4 trials dose rates of 3.8, 4.75 and 7.5 mg/kg of albendazole were given to sheep either as a single or repeat dose such as may be given under field conditions. Efficacy against 6-to 7-week-old Fasciola hepatica ranged from 16.0% to 43.6%. Efficacy against mature 12- to 17-week-old fluke ranged from 74.4% to 94.5%.", "contents": "Efficacy of albendazole against Fasciola hepatica in sheep. In series of 4 trials dose rates of 3.8, 4.75 and 7.5 mg/kg of albendazole were given to sheep either as a single or repeat dose such as may be given under field conditions. Efficacy against 6-to 7-week-old Fasciola hepatica ranged from 16.0% to 43.6%. Efficacy against mature 12- to 17-week-old fluke ranged from 74.4% to 94.5%.", "PMID": 543835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9545", "title": "Melioidosis in wallabies.", "content": "This paper records 2 fatal cases of melioidosis in wallabies from Australia maintained in the Botanical Gardens, Penang, for about 3 months. The nature of lesions described is different from that described by various workers.", "contents": "Melioidosis in wallabies. This paper records 2 fatal cases of melioidosis in wallabies from Australia maintained in the Botanical Gardens, Penang, for about 3 months. The nature of lesions described is different from that described by various workers.", "PMID": 543838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9546", "title": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate and reproductive processes in male dogs.", "content": "The treatment of normal male dogs with a depot preparation of medroxyprogesterone acetate (4 mg/kg) for 7 weeks reduced peripheral testosterone levels by 58%. No effects on testicular size and consistency, semen quality or libido were found.", "contents": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate and reproductive processes in male dogs. The treatment of normal male dogs with a depot preparation of medroxyprogesterone acetate (4 mg/kg) for 7 weeks reduced peripheral testosterone levels by 58%. No effects on testicular size and consistency, semen quality or libido were found.", "PMID": 543837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9547", "title": "[On the determination and metabolism of diethylallylacetamide (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on the paper, thin-layer and gas chromatographical determination of diethyl-allyl-acetamide and its principal metabolites in urine specimens. Chemical and physical examinations show that diethyl-allyl-acetamide decomposes in the organism to 2,2-diethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-lambda-butyrolactone.", "contents": "[On the determination and metabolism of diethylallylacetamide (author's transl)]. A report on the paper, thin-layer and gas chromatographical determination of diethyl-allyl-acetamide and its principal metabolites in urine specimens. Chemical and physical examinations show that diethyl-allyl-acetamide decomposes in the organism to 2,2-diethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-lambda-butyrolactone.", "PMID": 543871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9548", "title": "Urinary metabolites of clomethiazole. Detection and structural analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "As the result of a renewed extensive investigation of clomethiazole (Distraneurin) metabolism five previously unknown metabolites could be isolated from human urine. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry. Whereas previous investigations on the metabolism of clomethiazole had demonstrated changes only of the ethyl group, we now found metabolites attached to the methyl group, too. The newly isolated compounds 5-(1-hydroxy-2-chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole (9) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-thiazole carboxylic acid lactone (5) were found to be more abundant in human urine than 4-methyl-5-thiazole acetic acid previously considered as the main metabolite.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of clomethiazole. Detection and structural analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As the result of a renewed extensive investigation of clomethiazole (Distraneurin) metabolism five previously unknown metabolites could be isolated from human urine. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry. Whereas previous investigations on the metabolism of clomethiazole had demonstrated changes only of the ethyl group, we now found metabolites attached to the methyl group, too. The newly isolated compounds 5-(1-hydroxy-2-chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole (9) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-thiazole carboxylic acid lactone (5) were found to be more abundant in human urine than 4-methyl-5-thiazole acetic acid previously considered as the main metabolite.", "PMID": 543872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9549", "title": "A novel class of potent topical antiinflammatory agents: 17-benzoylated, 7 alpha-halogeno substituted corticosteroids.", "content": "As part of continued efforts in the synthesis of structurally novel corticosteroids, a number of 17 alpha-benzoylated, 7 alpha-halogeno substituted prednisolones were tested for topical antiinflammatory activity. 7 alpha-Chloro, 7 alpha-bromo, and 7 alpha-iodo corticosteroids were synthesized by hydrogen halide addition to 1,4,6-triene-3-ones. The 7 alpha-fluoro substituted steroid was obtained by reaction of the appropriate 7 beta-hydroxy compound with N,N-diethyl(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)amine. Antiinflammatory potencies were obtained using a croton oil-induced inflammation in the ears of mice. In this assay the greatest effect of a 7 alpha-halogen was observed in the 16 alpha-methylprednisolone series, where 7 alpha-fluoro and 7 alpha-bromo substitution yielded corticosteroids with topical potencies significantly higher than those of the corresponding 17,21-dipropionate analogs. Surprisingly, little potency enhancement due to 7 alpha-halogenation was discerned in the 16 beta-methylprednisolone series.", "contents": "A novel class of potent topical antiinflammatory agents: 17-benzoylated, 7 alpha-halogeno substituted corticosteroids. As part of continued efforts in the synthesis of structurally novel corticosteroids, a number of 17 alpha-benzoylated, 7 alpha-halogeno substituted prednisolones were tested for topical antiinflammatory activity. 7 alpha-Chloro, 7 alpha-bromo, and 7 alpha-iodo corticosteroids were synthesized by hydrogen halide addition to 1,4,6-triene-3-ones. The 7 alpha-fluoro substituted steroid was obtained by reaction of the appropriate 7 beta-hydroxy compound with N,N-diethyl(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)amine. Antiinflammatory potencies were obtained using a croton oil-induced inflammation in the ears of mice. In this assay the greatest effect of a 7 alpha-halogen was observed in the 16 alpha-methylprednisolone series, where 7 alpha-fluoro and 7 alpha-bromo substitution yielded corticosteroids with topical potencies significantly higher than those of the corresponding 17,21-dipropionate analogs. Surprisingly, little potency enhancement due to 7 alpha-halogenation was discerned in the 16 beta-methylprednisolone series.", "PMID": 543873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9550", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of verapamil in plasma and urine.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of verapamil in body fluids has been developed. Verapamil and internal standard are extracted from alkalized fluid with heptane and then back extracted into 1 N HCl. After re-extraction into heptane, verapamil and internal standard are analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using a nitrogen-specific detector (N-FID). The method is specific for verapamil. Concentrations can be measured down to 4 ng ml-1 plasma. The coefficients of variation in plasma samples were 5--8% (within-day; range of concentration 5--30 ng ml-1). Recovery in this range was 100 +/- 6.2% during several weeks.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of verapamil in plasma and urine. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of verapamil in body fluids has been developed. Verapamil and internal standard are extracted from alkalized fluid with heptane and then back extracted into 1 N HCl. After re-extraction into heptane, verapamil and internal standard are analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using a nitrogen-specific detector (N-FID). The method is specific for verapamil. Concentrations can be measured down to 4 ng ml-1 plasma. The coefficients of variation in plasma samples were 5--8% (within-day; range of concentration 5--30 ng ml-1). Recovery in this range was 100 +/- 6.2% during several weeks.", "PMID": 543874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9551", "title": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of budesonide, a new non-halogenated glucocorticoid with high local activity.", "content": "As part of a study of the local anti-inflammatory activity of corticosteroid 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetals it was found that on acetalization of 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone with n-butyraldehyde the two possible epimers were formed in the ratio of 1: 1. The reaction product was resolved by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The isolated epimers were studied by NMR and mass spectrometry. The epimeric mixture of this new non-halogenated corticoid, 16 alpha, 17 alpha-(22R,S)-propylmethylenedioxypregna-1,4-diene-11 beta,21-diol-3,20-dione (budesonide), was shown to have a local antiinflammatory potency comparable to that of fluocinolone acetonide in cotton pellet tests in rats. In contrast, its systemic glucocorticoid activity was found to be 4--7 times lower than that of fluocinolone acetonide, however.", "contents": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of budesonide, a new non-halogenated glucocorticoid with high local activity. As part of a study of the local anti-inflammatory activity of corticosteroid 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetals it was found that on acetalization of 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone with n-butyraldehyde the two possible epimers were formed in the ratio of 1: 1. The reaction product was resolved by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The isolated epimers were studied by NMR and mass spectrometry. The epimeric mixture of this new non-halogenated corticoid, 16 alpha, 17 alpha-(22R,S)-propylmethylenedioxypregna-1,4-diene-11 beta,21-diol-3,20-dione (budesonide), was shown to have a local antiinflammatory potency comparable to that of fluocinolone acetonide in cotton pellet tests in rats. In contrast, its systemic glucocorticoid activity was found to be 4--7 times lower than that of fluocinolone acetonide, however.", "PMID": 543875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9552", "title": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tetracyclines in blood and organs of experimental animals.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of tetracyclines from biological material. Tetracyclines can be extracted from serum or organ homogenates by means of acetonitrile containing buffer. The extract is chromatographed on a reversed-phase column and the tetracyclines are monitored spectrophotometerically at 357 nm. Tetracyclines, pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, and doxycycline are thus separated within 8 min. The lowest concentration for the intact molecule detectable are 0.2 micrograms/ml serum or blood and 0.4 micrograms/g organ. In a comparative study the new extraction procedure and the chromatographic analysis yielded the same results as a microbiological method.", "contents": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tetracyclines in blood and organs of experimental animals. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of tetracyclines from biological material. Tetracyclines can be extracted from serum or organ homogenates by means of acetonitrile containing buffer. The extract is chromatographed on a reversed-phase column and the tetracyclines are monitored spectrophotometerically at 357 nm. Tetracyclines, pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, and doxycycline are thus separated within 8 min. The lowest concentration for the intact molecule detectable are 0.2 micrograms/ml serum or blood and 0.4 micrograms/g organ. In a comparative study the new extraction procedure and the chromatographic analysis yielded the same results as a microbiological method.", "PMID": 543876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9553", "title": "Distribution of pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline (rolitetracycline) and tetracycline in blood and various organs of mice measured by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "By means of a newly developed high-pressure liquid chromatographic method the organ distribution of tetracycline (TC) and pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline (PMT) has been studied. When mice were treated with 50 mg/kg i.v. TC or PMT these antibiotics could be detected in all organs investigated (liver, kidney, heart, lung, muscle, spleen). Especially high concentrations were found in liver and kidneys, where TC and PMT could be detected up to 6 h. In animals treated with PMT part of the PMT applied decomposed slowly yielding TC, which was found together with PMT in blood and all organs.", "contents": "Distribution of pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline (rolitetracycline) and tetracycline in blood and various organs of mice measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. By means of a newly developed high-pressure liquid chromatographic method the organ distribution of tetracycline (TC) and pyrrolidinomethyl-tetracycline (PMT) has been studied. When mice were treated with 50 mg/kg i.v. TC or PMT these antibiotics could be detected in all organs investigated (liver, kidney, heart, lung, muscle, spleen). Especially high concentrations were found in liver and kidneys, where TC and PMT could be detected up to 6 h. In animals treated with PMT part of the PMT applied decomposed slowly yielding TC, which was found together with PMT in blood and all organs.", "PMID": 543877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9554", "title": "[On the influence of clanobutine on the formation of restraint ulcer in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Prophylactic effect of 4-[(4-chlorobenzoyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)-amino]-butyric acid (clanobutine, Bykahepar) on restraint stress ulcer formation was studied in male albino rats. Number and size of ulcers were counted, pH value of gastric juice and plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon and blood sugar were measured. Rats treated with clanobutine had only the one-third of ulcers compared with the untreated animals. This effect was found to be dose-dependent. Clanobutine did not change plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon or blood sugar. Rise in pH value of gastric juice during stress exposition was found to be lower in clanobutine treated animals than in untreated controls. Blood flow in gastrointestinal tract was seen to be much better under the influence of clanobutine. The mechanism of action of clanobutine is discussed.", "contents": "[On the influence of clanobutine on the formation of restraint ulcer in rats (author's transl)]. Prophylactic effect of 4-[(4-chlorobenzoyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)-amino]-butyric acid (clanobutine, Bykahepar) on restraint stress ulcer formation was studied in male albino rats. Number and size of ulcers were counted, pH value of gastric juice and plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon and blood sugar were measured. Rats treated with clanobutine had only the one-third of ulcers compared with the untreated animals. This effect was found to be dose-dependent. Clanobutine did not change plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon or blood sugar. Rise in pH value of gastric juice during stress exposition was found to be lower in clanobutine treated animals than in untreated controls. Blood flow in gastrointestinal tract was seen to be much better under the influence of clanobutine. The mechanism of action of clanobutine is discussed.", "PMID": 543879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9555", "title": "Metabolism and kinetics of renal elimination of N-picolyl-3,5-dimethylbenzamides.", "content": "The metabolism and kinetics of renal elimination of N-(2-picolyl)-, N-(3-picolyl)- and N-(4-picolyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamides were studied. These products have a depressive activity on the central nervous system, as well as an anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic activity. The elimination of the products N-(3-picolyl)- and N-(4-picolyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamides includes a process of metabolic oxidization of the atom of pyridinic nitrogen with formation of the corresponding N-oxides as main products of its bio-transformation. The process of N-oxidization was not observed with the product N-(2-picolyl)-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide. The results showed that the renal elimination rate of the products studied is greater as the pyridinic nitrogen moves away from the amide group. In the biotransformation process of these products, there is an opposite effect, i.e., the formation of corresponding N-oxides is lower as the pyridinic nitrogen approaches the amide group.", "contents": "Metabolism and kinetics of renal elimination of N-picolyl-3,5-dimethylbenzamides. The metabolism and kinetics of renal elimination of N-(2-picolyl)-, N-(3-picolyl)- and N-(4-picolyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamides were studied. These products have a depressive activity on the central nervous system, as well as an anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic activity. The elimination of the products N-(3-picolyl)- and N-(4-picolyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamides includes a process of metabolic oxidization of the atom of pyridinic nitrogen with formation of the corresponding N-oxides as main products of its bio-transformation. The process of N-oxidization was not observed with the product N-(2-picolyl)-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide. The results showed that the renal elimination rate of the products studied is greater as the pyridinic nitrogen moves away from the amide group. In the biotransformation process of these products, there is an opposite effect, i.e., the formation of corresponding N-oxides is lower as the pyridinic nitrogen approaches the amide group.", "PMID": 543880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9556", "title": "Normalizing effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) on lipoprotein disorder in rats.", "content": "S-Methylmethionine (vitamin U) dose-dependently lowered the increased plasma LDL and normalized the decreased HDL in dietary-induced hyperlipidemic rats.", "contents": "Normalizing effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) on lipoprotein disorder in rats. S-Methylmethionine (vitamin U) dose-dependently lowered the increased plasma LDL and normalized the decreased HDL in dietary-induced hyperlipidemic rats.", "PMID": 543882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9557", "title": "[Effect of behavior changing drugs, imipramine and tranylcypromine, on the composition of the blood and activity of the alkaline leukocytophosphatase of emotive and non-emotive adult male Wistar rats].", "content": "The corpuscular composition of the blood and the alcalic leucocytophosphatase (ALP) activity was measured for a total of 40 emotive and non-emotive adult male Wistar rats in order to test the influence of a single dose of imipramine (IMI) and tranylcypromine (TRAN) as well as of IMI and TRAN given in a period of 8 days. Special attention was paid to the reaction type of the animals. Changes in the red and white components of the blood were found due to drug application and to reaction type. The relationship between reaction type and drug application we assumed to exist was confirmed. The ALP activity also changed depending on the type of drug dosage. The assumption that ALP activity is higher for emotive rats than for non-emotive ones was confirmed as well.", "contents": "[Effect of behavior changing drugs, imipramine and tranylcypromine, on the composition of the blood and activity of the alkaline leukocytophosphatase of emotive and non-emotive adult male Wistar rats]. The corpuscular composition of the blood and the alcalic leucocytophosphatase (ALP) activity was measured for a total of 40 emotive and non-emotive adult male Wistar rats in order to test the influence of a single dose of imipramine (IMI) and tranylcypromine (TRAN) as well as of IMI and TRAN given in a period of 8 days. Special attention was paid to the reaction type of the animals. Changes in the red and white components of the blood were found due to drug application and to reaction type. The relationship between reaction type and drug application we assumed to exist was confirmed. The ALP activity also changed depending on the type of drug dosage. The assumption that ALP activity is higher for emotive rats than for non-emotive ones was confirmed as well.", "PMID": 543883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9558", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of a fixed combination with propranolol, hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene.", "content": "The blood levels of propranolol, hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene, three components of a new antihypertensive combination, Dociteren, were studied in patients with mild hypertension after single dosage. The blood levels of propranolol in the combination did not differ from the blood levels obtained after a single dose of propranolol given alone.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of a fixed combination with propranolol, hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene. The blood levels of propranolol, hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene, three components of a new antihypertensive combination, Dociteren, were studied in patients with mild hypertension after single dosage. The blood levels of propranolol in the combination did not differ from the blood levels obtained after a single dose of propranolol given alone.", "PMID": 543886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9559", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on broad spectrum antibiotic combinations of penicillin and oxacillin in normal volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "After i.v. application of broad spectrum penicillins (ampicillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin) alone or combined with oxacillin (concomitantly) in different dosages to normal volunteers, the course of serum levels and recovery from urine were assessed and pharmacokinetic data were calculated for a 1-compartment model, in some cases also for a 2-compartment model. The following penicillins were tested alone and combined with oxacillin; ampicillin 3 g, oxacillin 2 g and their combination; ampicillin 2 g, oxacillin 1 g and their combination; mezlocillin 3.75 g, oxacillin 1.25 g and their combination; mezlocillin 2 g, oxacillin 1 g and their combination; carbenicillin 7.5 g, oxacillin 2.5 g and their combination. Apart from one combination (oxacillin 2 g + ampicillin 3 g), all penicillin combinations exceeded the serum levels achieved after individual application at any time. In combinations, the elimination constants decreased, total clearance was lower, and half-lives increased. The distribution volumes varied. With one exception, oxacillin 2.5 g + carbenicillin 7.5 g, all the combinations yielded a higher recovery from urine than did individual administration. When administering i.v. two penicillins simultaneously, a process similar to that following administration of probenecid in association with caronamide must need be considered. It may be assumed that the prolongation and elevation of serum levels after combined administration likewise lead to higher tissue concentrations, which effect might be of clinical consequence.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on broad spectrum antibiotic combinations of penicillin and oxacillin in normal volunteers (author's transl)]. After i.v. application of broad spectrum penicillins (ampicillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin) alone or combined with oxacillin (concomitantly) in different dosages to normal volunteers, the course of serum levels and recovery from urine were assessed and pharmacokinetic data were calculated for a 1-compartment model, in some cases also for a 2-compartment model. The following penicillins were tested alone and combined with oxacillin; ampicillin 3 g, oxacillin 2 g and their combination; ampicillin 2 g, oxacillin 1 g and their combination; mezlocillin 3.75 g, oxacillin 1.25 g and their combination; mezlocillin 2 g, oxacillin 1 g and their combination; carbenicillin 7.5 g, oxacillin 2.5 g and their combination. Apart from one combination (oxacillin 2 g + ampicillin 3 g), all penicillin combinations exceeded the serum levels achieved after individual application at any time. In combinations, the elimination constants decreased, total clearance was lower, and half-lives increased. The distribution volumes varied. With one exception, oxacillin 2.5 g + carbenicillin 7.5 g, all the combinations yielded a higher recovery from urine than did individual administration. When administering i.v. two penicillins simultaneously, a process similar to that following administration of probenecid in association with caronamide must need be considered. It may be assumed that the prolongation and elevation of serum levels after combined administration likewise lead to higher tissue concentrations, which effect might be of clinical consequence.", "PMID": 543889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9560", "title": "[Quantitative EEG examinations on the vigilance stabilizing effect of nicergoline / Results of a double blind study with gerontopsychiatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A randomized, double blind, cross-over study was carried out on long-term gerontopsychiatric patients. The aim of the study was to compare the EEG effects of a four weeks' treatment with 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) with those of dihydroergotoxin-mesylate (DHETM) and a four weeks' placebo period. The results of the power spectrum analysis with a consecutive factor analysis of the spectral data show that nicergoline and DHETM have a vigilance stabilizing effect which is characterized by a decrease in the relative power of slow delta-theta frequencies and an increase in the alpha power. As opposed to DHETM, for which this effect could not be proved, nicergoline produces a significant increase in power of the fast alpha frequencies as well as of the beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 band.", "contents": "[Quantitative EEG examinations on the vigilance stabilizing effect of nicergoline / Results of a double blind study with gerontopsychiatric patients (author's transl)]. A randomized, double blind, cross-over study was carried out on long-term gerontopsychiatric patients. The aim of the study was to compare the EEG effects of a four weeks' treatment with 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) with those of dihydroergotoxin-mesylate (DHETM) and a four weeks' placebo period. The results of the power spectrum analysis with a consecutive factor analysis of the spectral data show that nicergoline and DHETM have a vigilance stabilizing effect which is characterized by a decrease in the relative power of slow delta-theta frequencies and an increase in the alpha power. As opposed to DHETM, for which this effect could not be proved, nicergoline produces a significant increase in power of the fast alpha frequencies as well as of the beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 band.", "PMID": 543890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9561", "title": "Studies on the antibacterial activity of two new acylureidopenicillins, mezlocillin and azlocillin.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of 6-[(R)-2[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido-a1-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) was measured against 545 clinical isolates, including gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci and Bacteroides. Mezlocillin was more effective than azlocillin against the majority of the strains studied, but azlocillin was more effective against Pseudomonas strains. The minimal bactericidal concentration was equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration for the strains tested, but it was twice or four-fold as high for Staphylococcus.", "contents": "Studies on the antibacterial activity of two new acylureidopenicillins, mezlocillin and azlocillin. The antimicrobial activity of 6-[(R)-2[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido-a1-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) was measured against 545 clinical isolates, including gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci and Bacteroides. Mezlocillin was more effective than azlocillin against the majority of the strains studied, but azlocillin was more effective against Pseudomonas strains. The minimal bactericidal concentration was equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration for the strains tested, but it was twice or four-fold as high for Staphylococcus.", "PMID": 543893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9562", "title": "Synergistic action between sisomicin and mezlocillin against gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The combined effect of sisomicin and 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido-a1-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) was studied against 50 bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. Klebsiella-Enterobacter, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. No antagonism or indifference was detected with the strains studied. Both antibiotics were synergistic against 62% of the strains, and partially synergistic against 38%. Out of the bacteria studied, Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible to the combined action of sisomicin and mezlocillin.", "contents": "Synergistic action between sisomicin and mezlocillin against gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The combined effect of sisomicin and 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido-a1-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) was studied against 50 bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. Klebsiella-Enterobacter, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. No antagonism or indifference was detected with the strains studied. Both antibiotics were synergistic against 62% of the strains, and partially synergistic against 38%. Out of the bacteria studied, Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible to the combined action of sisomicin and mezlocillin.", "PMID": 543894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9563", "title": "[High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of azlocillin and its penicilloate in urine].", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) and its major metabolite the azlocillin-penicilloic acid in human urine. The separation of the parent compound and its metabolite from the interfering material of the urine was performed by gradient elution technic using reversal-phase material as stationary phase. Urine was diluted with phosphate buffer, filtered through a micropore membrane and the filtrate was injected directly onto the chromatographic column.", "contents": "[High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of azlocillin and its penicilloate in urine]. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) and its major metabolite the azlocillin-penicilloic acid in human urine. The separation of the parent compound and its metabolite from the interfering material of the urine was performed by gradient elution technic using reversal-phase material as stationary phase. Urine was diluted with phosphate buffer, filtered through a micropore membrane and the filtrate was injected directly onto the chromatographic column.", "PMID": 543895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9564", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of Azlocillin in premature and newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In 13 newborns and 12 prematures the pharmacokinetic parameters of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen), were investigated after a single i.v. load of 50 mg/kg body weight. From the concentration-time curve an open two-compartment model could be postulated. The values of the microconstants indicate that there is a rapid diffusion from the peripheral compartment into the central one. The elimination half-life calculated from the beta-slope is 2.6-2.5 h. differences between newborns and prematures are lacking. To reach an average steady-state concentration C-infinity between 50 and 80 microgram/ml plasma, 100-200 mg azlocillin/kg body weight during 24h must be given. The accumulation rates for a dosage interval of 6 or 8 h are 0.6 and 0.45.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of Azlocillin in premature and newborn infants (author's transl)]. In 13 newborns and 12 prematures the pharmacokinetic parameters of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen), were investigated after a single i.v. load of 50 mg/kg body weight. From the concentration-time curve an open two-compartment model could be postulated. The values of the microconstants indicate that there is a rapid diffusion from the peripheral compartment into the central one. The elimination half-life calculated from the beta-slope is 2.6-2.5 h. differences between newborns and prematures are lacking. To reach an average steady-state concentration C-infinity between 50 and 80 microgram/ml plasma, 100-200 mg azlocillin/kg body weight during 24h must be given. The accumulation rates for a dosage interval of 6 or 8 h are 0.6 and 0.45.", "PMID": 543897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9565", "title": "[On the excretion of azlocillin with bronchial secretion in children (author's transl)].", "content": "This pharmacokinetic study involved school children who were treated with 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium walt (azlocillin, Securopen) at doses of 50 mg/kg bodyweight or 75 mg/kg body weight i.v. Kinetics of the first order were found for the concentrations measured at the same time, being proportionate to the administered dose, while there was no dose dependence for the relative distribution volume. The elimination half-life was about 55 min. In 25 children of different age who had to undergo bronchoscopy for diagnositic and therapeutic reasons, the azlocillin concentrations in the bronchial secretions were measured 1 h and 4 h after the administration of 75 mg/kg quantity of bronchial secretion was obtained, azlocillin concentrations of 30 - 240 microgram/g were found. Measurements of azlocillin concentration in the bronchial secretion and in the serum, which were made at the same time, did not show any correlation.", "contents": "[On the excretion of azlocillin with bronchial secretion in children (author's transl)]. This pharmacokinetic study involved school children who were treated with 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium walt (azlocillin, Securopen) at doses of 50 mg/kg bodyweight or 75 mg/kg body weight i.v. Kinetics of the first order were found for the concentrations measured at the same time, being proportionate to the administered dose, while there was no dose dependence for the relative distribution volume. The elimination half-life was about 55 min. In 25 children of different age who had to undergo bronchoscopy for diagnositic and therapeutic reasons, the azlocillin concentrations in the bronchial secretions were measured 1 h and 4 h after the administration of 75 mg/kg quantity of bronchial secretion was obtained, azlocillin concentrations of 30 - 240 microgram/g were found. Measurements of azlocillin concentration in the bronchial secretion and in the serum, which were made at the same time, did not show any correlation.", "PMID": 543898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9566", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of azlocillin in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "6-E1(R)-2-(oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) was given in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight to children with cystic fibrosis. After intravenous bolus infections, the serum half-life was 0.82 +/- 0.12 h after the lower dose and 0.98 +/- 0.18 h after the higher dose. This was consequent to a dose limited elimination kinetics due to limitation in both renal and non-renal processes of elimination. Upon doubling of the dose from 100 to 200 mg/kg, the total body clearance dropped from 13.93 to 5.10 1/h. Evaluation of data presented in other publications indicate that a dose limited elimination kinetics is the normal situation for azlocillin. Besides, the serum concentrations of patients with cystic fibrosis were considerably lower than seen in the healthy state. The reason is faster elimination by the renal route in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of azlocillin in children with cystic fibrosis. 6-E1(R)-2-(oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) was given in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight to children with cystic fibrosis. After intravenous bolus infections, the serum half-life was 0.82 +/- 0.12 h after the lower dose and 0.98 +/- 0.18 h after the higher dose. This was consequent to a dose limited elimination kinetics due to limitation in both renal and non-renal processes of elimination. Upon doubling of the dose from 100 to 200 mg/kg, the total body clearance dropped from 13.93 to 5.10 1/h. Evaluation of data presented in other publications indicate that a dose limited elimination kinetics is the normal situation for azlocillin. Besides, the serum concentrations of patients with cystic fibrosis were considerably lower than seen in the healthy state. The reason is faster elimination by the renal route in cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 543899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9567", "title": "Comparison between the pharmacokinetic properties of mezlocillin when given intravenously as a bolus injection or as an infusion.", "content": "6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) in doses of 5.0 g was given i.v. as an infusion or as a bolus injection to 5 healthy volunteers. 5 min after the completion of the infusion, the mean serum concentration was 430 +/- 81 microgram/ml compared to 424 +/- 91 microgram/ml after the bolus injection. The half-lives were 1.31 +/- 0.24 h and 1.72 +/- 0.21 h, respectively. These results indicate that differences in serum concentrations between various investigators probably can be attributed to differences in body size and do not seem to depend on the administration route.", "contents": "Comparison between the pharmacokinetic properties of mezlocillin when given intravenously as a bolus injection or as an infusion. 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) in doses of 5.0 g was given i.v. as an infusion or as a bolus injection to 5 healthy volunteers. 5 min after the completion of the infusion, the mean serum concentration was 430 +/- 81 microgram/ml compared to 424 +/- 91 microgram/ml after the bolus injection. The half-lives were 1.31 +/- 0.24 h and 1.72 +/- 0.21 h, respectively. These results indicate that differences in serum concentrations between various investigators probably can be attributed to differences in body size and do not seem to depend on the administration route.", "PMID": 543900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9568", "title": "Elimination kinetics of mezlocillin in normal and impaired renal function including the effects of dialysis.", "content": "The kinetics of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) in renal failure were studied in 23 patients, given 5 g as i.v. infusion. Serum half-lives (t1/2) were around 60 min in normal renal function, 90 to 120 min in patients with a creatinine clearance (Clcr) of 30-60 ml/min, 160 to 190 min at a ClCr of 15 to 30 ml/min and 6 to 14 h in patients with a ClCr below 10 ml/min. There was a linear correlation between serum creatinine and t1/2. Peritoneal dialysis reduced t1/2 to 3 to 4 h and during haemodialysis t1/2 was 1.4 to 2 h with a mean extraction ratio of 0.25. Levels in urine were very high, even in advanced renal failure and the recovery rate was around 60% of dose in normal renal function, but less in renal failure, being only 10-20% at a ClCr of less than 10 ml/min. Levels in peritoneal dialysate fluctuated between 20  and 30 microgram/ml for 4 to 6 h after the infusion, falling slowly but still averaging 10 to 15 microgram/ml after 18 h. Dosage regimens are proposed for various situations in impaired renal function.", "contents": "Elimination kinetics of mezlocillin in normal and impaired renal function including the effects of dialysis. The kinetics of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) in renal failure were studied in 23 patients, given 5 g as i.v. infusion. Serum half-lives (t1/2) were around 60 min in normal renal function, 90 to 120 min in patients with a creatinine clearance (Clcr) of 30-60 ml/min, 160 to 190 min at a ClCr of 15 to 30 ml/min and 6 to 14 h in patients with a ClCr below 10 ml/min. There was a linear correlation between serum creatinine and t1/2. Peritoneal dialysis reduced t1/2 to 3 to 4 h and during haemodialysis t1/2 was 1.4 to 2 h with a mean extraction ratio of 0.25. Levels in urine were very high, even in advanced renal failure and the recovery rate was around 60% of dose in normal renal function, but less in renal failure, being only 10-20% at a ClCr of less than 10 ml/min. Levels in peritoneal dialysate fluctuated between 20  and 30 microgram/ml for 4 to 6 h after the infusion, falling slowly but still averaging 10 to 15 microgram/ml after 18 h. Dosage regimens are proposed for various situations in impaired renal function.", "PMID": 543901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9569", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of mezlocillin.", "content": "The passage of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen), into the CSF was studied in 9 patients with symptoms of acute meningitis, presumed to be of viral origin. The antibiotic was given as a single 5 g dose i.v. over 30 min. The CSF/serum concentration ratio of mezlocillin showed a variation from 0 to 10.7%. The antibiotic could be effective in the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae and by most Enterobacteriaceae, provided these results will be confirmed by a study now in progress. In one patient suffering from meningococcal meningitis this concentration ratio varied between 72% (day 3) and 54% (day 12).", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of mezlocillin. The passage of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen), into the CSF was studied in 9 patients with symptoms of acute meningitis, presumed to be of viral origin. The antibiotic was given as a single 5 g dose i.v. over 30 min. The CSF/serum concentration ratio of mezlocillin showed a variation from 0 to 10.7%. The antibiotic could be effective in the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae and by most Enterobacteriaceae, provided these results will be confirmed by a study now in progress. In one patient suffering from meningococcal meningitis this concentration ratio varied between 72% (day 3) and 54% (day 12).", "PMID": 543903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9570", "title": "[Mezlocillin concentrations in human bone tissue].", "content": "20 patients undergoing extended hip surgery received a single i.v. injection of 2 g 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen). At different times after the infections but simultaneously 31 samples of blood and bone (spongiosa) were collected for determination of mezlocillin concentrations. On an average, maximum concentrations of approximately 20 microgram/g bone were demonstrated 30 min after injection, these being within the clinico-therapeutical range. The concentration of azlocillin--another acylureido-penicillin--was comparatively higher.", "contents": "[Mezlocillin concentrations in human bone tissue]. 20 patients undergoing extended hip surgery received a single i.v. injection of 2 g 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen). At different times after the infections but simultaneously 31 samples of blood and bone (spongiosa) were collected for determination of mezlocillin concentrations. On an average, maximum concentrations of approximately 20 microgram/g bone were demonstrated 30 min after injection, these being within the clinico-therapeutical range. The concentration of azlocillin--another acylureido-penicillin--was comparatively higher.", "PMID": 543904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9571", "title": "Treatment with azlocillin in complicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "20 patients, aged 18-84 years, with complicated urinary tract infections admitted to hospital were treated with 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) for 5 to 10 days. Isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (3), Escherichia coli (2) and Klebsiella spp. (1). Serum concentrations and urine recovery were measured on the fifth day of treatment. The mean serum half-life was 1.85 h and the mean value of the urine recovery 47% of the single dose. Tissue concentrations were analyzed in one patient. The samples were taken 3 h after the infusion. The azlocillin concentration of the renal cortex, 60 microgram/g, was six times higher than the corresponding serum concentration. On the 5th day of treatment the urine was sterile in 80% of the patients. In 12 patients (60%) the urine was still sterile when controlled 2-6 months later. Three patients were treated twice and bacteriologically cured after each period. No sign of sensitization was seen. Side-effects were not reported.", "contents": "Treatment with azlocillin in complicated urinary tract infections. 20 patients, aged 18-84 years, with complicated urinary tract infections admitted to hospital were treated with 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) for 5 to 10 days. Isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (3), Escherichia coli (2) and Klebsiella spp. (1). Serum concentrations and urine recovery were measured on the fifth day of treatment. The mean serum half-life was 1.85 h and the mean value of the urine recovery 47% of the single dose. Tissue concentrations were analyzed in one patient. The samples were taken 3 h after the infusion. The azlocillin concentration of the renal cortex, 60 microgram/g, was six times higher than the corresponding serum concentration. On the 5th day of treatment the urine was sterile in 80% of the patients. In 12 patients (60%) the urine was still sterile when controlled 2-6 months later. Three patients were treated twice and bacteriologically cured after each period. No sign of sensitization was seen. Side-effects were not reported.", "PMID": 543906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9572", "title": "Local tolerance of i.m. mezlocillin injection.", "content": "To evaluate the intensity of the localized pain caused by intramuscular administration of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen), the pain was compared to that caused by ampicillin in a blind test. Ampicillin served as reference because of its extensive use. 50 patients were given 1 g of mezlocillin and 1 g of ampicillin successively, in both gluteal regions. Ampicillin is significantly more painful than mezlocillin. However, substantial pain is produced by both drugs. In a second study, to reduce the pain, 50 patients were given 1 g of mezlocillin twice, one injection was given in a period of 5-7 s, and the other in a 12-15 s period. The slower injection is significantly less painful than the faster one. In conclusion, i.m. administration of mezlocillin is less painful than that of ampicillin, and the slow injection reduces the pain of mezlocillin administration.", "contents": "Local tolerance of i.m. mezlocillin injection. To evaluate the intensity of the localized pain caused by intramuscular administration of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen), the pain was compared to that caused by ampicillin in a blind test. Ampicillin served as reference because of its extensive use. 50 patients were given 1 g of mezlocillin and 1 g of ampicillin successively, in both gluteal regions. Ampicillin is significantly more painful than mezlocillin. However, substantial pain is produced by both drugs. In a second study, to reduce the pain, 50 patients were given 1 g of mezlocillin twice, one injection was given in a period of 5-7 s, and the other in a 12-15 s period. The slower injection is significantly less painful than the faster one. In conclusion, i.m. administration of mezlocillin is less painful than that of ampicillin, and the slow injection reduces the pain of mezlocillin administration.", "PMID": 543907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9573", "title": "[Clinical experience with mezlocillin in infections of mouth and jaw (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness and tolerance of the new semisynthetic acylureidopenicillin 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) were investigated in 10 patients with bone and soft tissue infections of the mouth and jaw. The antibiotic was given in doses of 2 to 10 g/d. Indications for treatment were osteomyelitis of the jaw and/or phlegmon of the floor of the mouth and abscesses of the soft palate. 9 out of 10 infections could be cured. Due to the short treatment period one case was not assessable. In 6 patients 9 causative aerobic and anaerobic organisms were isolated which were eliminated. The clinical and laboratory control examinations did not reveal any adverse reactions.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with mezlocillin in infections of mouth and jaw (author's transl)]. The effectiveness and tolerance of the new semisynthetic acylureidopenicillin 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) were investigated in 10 patients with bone and soft tissue infections of the mouth and jaw. The antibiotic was given in doses of 2 to 10 g/d. Indications for treatment were osteomyelitis of the jaw and/or phlegmon of the floor of the mouth and abscesses of the soft palate. 9 out of 10 infections could be cured. Due to the short treatment period one case was not assessable. In 6 patients 9 causative aerobic and anaerobic organisms were isolated which were eliminated. The clinical and laboratory control examinations did not reveal any adverse reactions.", "PMID": 543908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9574", "title": "Treatment of childhood meningitis with mezlocillin.", "content": "30 children suffering from bacterial meningitis and 2 children suffering from septicemia were treated with 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetmido(-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen). The daily dose was 250 mg/kg, divided in three portions. Therapy was successful in all patients. Neither signs of toxicity nor side effects of any kind could be found. Mezlocillin concentrations were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mainly on days one and six or seven of therapy. Serum concentrations were in the expected range. CSF concentrations depended on the inflammation of the meninges. On the first day of treatment they ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 to 12.0 microgram/ml. After normalisation of CSF no concentrations of mezlocillin were detectable.", "contents": "Treatment of childhood meningitis with mezlocillin. 30 children suffering from bacterial meningitis and 2 children suffering from septicemia were treated with 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetmido(-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen). The daily dose was 250 mg/kg, divided in three portions. Therapy was successful in all patients. Neither signs of toxicity nor side effects of any kind could be found. Mezlocillin concentrations were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mainly on days one and six or seven of therapy. Serum concentrations were in the expected range. CSF concentrations depended on the inflammation of the meninges. On the first day of treatment they ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 to 12.0 microgram/ml. After normalisation of CSF no concentrations of mezlocillin were detectable.", "PMID": 543912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9575", "title": "[Therapy of pneumonia in children with mezlocillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumonia in children requires immediate antibiotic treatment. The identification of the causative organism is very difficult and, therefore, of little importance for therapy. A number of simple examinations, such as BSR, neutrophil count and unsegmented neutrophil count, allow to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections. This method is particularly suitable for assessing an antibiotic treatment retrospectively. These considerations were borne in mind when instituting treatment in 72 babies and children suffering from pneumonia. The following diagnoses were established: 12 cases of whooping cough associated with pneumonia, 4 cases of congenital defects and pneumonia, 1 case of rare Salmonella-induced septicopyaemia and pneumonia, 6 cases of pneumonia and reduced defence against infections and 49 cases of primary pneumonia. Except for one child presenting an insufficiently developed immunity system, all the children were rapidly cured within 5-7 days. The only side effect observed was rash in two cases.", "contents": "[Therapy of pneumonia in children with mezlocillin (author's transl)]. Pneumonia in children requires immediate antibiotic treatment. The identification of the causative organism is very difficult and, therefore, of little importance for therapy. A number of simple examinations, such as BSR, neutrophil count and unsegmented neutrophil count, allow to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections. This method is particularly suitable for assessing an antibiotic treatment retrospectively. These considerations were borne in mind when instituting treatment in 72 babies and children suffering from pneumonia. The following diagnoses were established: 12 cases of whooping cough associated with pneumonia, 4 cases of congenital defects and pneumonia, 1 case of rare Salmonella-induced septicopyaemia and pneumonia, 6 cases of pneumonia and reduced defence against infections and 49 cases of primary pneumonia. Except for one child presenting an insufficiently developed immunity system, all the children were rapidly cured within 5-7 days. The only side effect observed was rash in two cases.", "PMID": 543913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9576", "title": "[Experience with the combination mezlocillin/oxacillin in severe bacterial infections in a children's surgical ward (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe bacterial infections accompanying conditions during childhood which demand for surgical intervention mostly are caused by Staph. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella/Aerobacter or Ps. aeruginosa. 20 patients, 10 of them suffering from a putrid peritonitis, showed a good efficacy of Optocillin (Bay 1-1330), a combination of 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor), in 85%. Bacteria were eliminated in 79%.", "contents": "[Experience with the combination mezlocillin/oxacillin in severe bacterial infections in a children's surgical ward (author's transl)]. Severe bacterial infections accompanying conditions during childhood which demand for surgical intervention mostly are caused by Staph. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella/Aerobacter or Ps. aeruginosa. 20 patients, 10 of them suffering from a putrid peritonitis, showed a good efficacy of Optocillin (Bay 1-1330), a combination of 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor), in 85%. Bacteria were eliminated in 79%.", "PMID": 543915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9577", "title": "[Clinical studies with a mezlocillin-oxacillin combination in a children's intensive care ward].", "content": "25 severely infected children, including 10 premature babies weighing less than 2000 g, were treated with Optocillin, Bay 1-1330 a combination of 6-((R)-2-[methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolypenicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor). Three children died, but probably only one of them of an (uncomfirmed) infection. Very good therapeutic results were obtained in 10 of the 22 survivors, good results in 11 children, and there was one therapeutic failure. In 9  cases an aminoglycoside antibiotic (mostly amikacin) was given in addition during the critical phase of the disease. The daily dose ranged between 120 and 270 mg/kg bodyweight, corresponding to 80-180 mg mezlocillin and 40-90  mg oxacillin/kg bodyweight. The duration of treatment was between 5 and 38 days. Severe side effects definitely produced by the compound were not observed; a rise in the liver-specific laboratory values of one patient was not definitely attributable to medication. According to this study, the combination mezlocillin-oxacillin can be rated as an antibiotic well effective against a broad range of pathogens and marked by a good tolerance especially in the children's intensive care ward.", "contents": "[Clinical studies with a mezlocillin-oxacillin combination in a children's intensive care ward]. 25 severely infected children, including 10 premature babies weighing less than 2000 g, were treated with Optocillin, Bay 1-1330 a combination of 6-((R)-2-[methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolypenicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor). Three children died, but probably only one of them of an (uncomfirmed) infection. Very good therapeutic results were obtained in 10 of the 22 survivors, good results in 11 children, and there was one therapeutic failure. In 9  cases an aminoglycoside antibiotic (mostly amikacin) was given in addition during the critical phase of the disease. The daily dose ranged between 120 and 270 mg/kg bodyweight, corresponding to 80-180 mg mezlocillin and 40-90  mg oxacillin/kg bodyweight. The duration of treatment was between 5 and 38 days. Severe side effects definitely produced by the compound were not observed; a rise in the liver-specific laboratory values of one patient was not definitely attributable to medication. According to this study, the combination mezlocillin-oxacillin can be rated as an antibiotic well effective against a broad range of pathogens and marked by a good tolerance especially in the children's intensive care ward.", "PMID": 543916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9578", "title": "[Therapy with an antibiotic combination mezlocillin/oxacillin and clinical experience/Second communication: Children (author's transl)].", "content": "Almost all infections of newborn have to be treated with antibiotics before the result of microbiological examination is available since there are either difficulties in identifying the causative organisms(s) or antibiotic treatment must be instituted without delay in view of the patient's life threatening condition. The present paper reports on the therapeutic results obtained in association with the multicentre study of 51 children affected by bacterial infections. 17 (33.0%) patients were newborn up to one week of age. 12 patients were classified as premature babies, some presenting a high degree of immaturity. Treatment with Optocillin (Bay 1-1330), a combination of 6-((R)-2-[3-Methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl-penicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor), proved effective in 90% of the children, although 22 patients had been treated with other antibiotics prior to the use of this compound. An average daily dose of about 225 mg/kg bodyweight was found to be effective and perfectly tolerated even on long-term treatment, as became evident from two cases of extremely premature babies effected by neonatal septicaemia (duration of treatment 38 and 34 days, respectively). The combination showed a perfect local tolerance, exanthema appearing only in one infant.", "contents": "[Therapy with an antibiotic combination mezlocillin/oxacillin and clinical experience/Second communication: Children (author's transl)]. Almost all infections of newborn have to be treated with antibiotics before the result of microbiological examination is available since there are either difficulties in identifying the causative organisms(s) or antibiotic treatment must be instituted without delay in view of the patient's life threatening condition. The present paper reports on the therapeutic results obtained in association with the multicentre study of 51 children affected by bacterial infections. 17 (33.0%) patients were newborn up to one week of age. 12 patients were classified as premature babies, some presenting a high degree of immaturity. Treatment with Optocillin (Bay 1-1330), a combination of 6-((R)-2-[3-Methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl-penicillin (oxacillin, Stapenor), proved effective in 90% of the children, although 22 patients had been treated with other antibiotics prior to the use of this compound. An average daily dose of about 225 mg/kg bodyweight was found to be effective and perfectly tolerated even on long-term treatment, as became evident from two cases of extremely premature babies effected by neonatal septicaemia (duration of treatment 38 and 34 days, respectively). The combination showed a perfect local tolerance, exanthema appearing only in one infant.", "PMID": 543917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9579", "title": "Changes in metabolic activities of Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and Rhizoctonia solani in response to Dithan A-40 fungicide.", "content": "The effect of different concentrations of Dithan A-40 fungicide on the metabolic activities of the wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and the root rot agent Rhizoctonia solani was studied. All toxicant concentrations reduced energy generation, total phosphorus and nitrogen content of both fungi. In addition, the toxicant caused a shift in free amino acids pool. As a result of these changes, the mycelium dry weight of both fungi was greatly reduced. R. solani was more sensitive to the toxic effect of Dithan A-40 than F. oxysporum.", "contents": "Changes in metabolic activities of Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and Rhizoctonia solani in response to Dithan A-40 fungicide. The effect of different concentrations of Dithan A-40 fungicide on the metabolic activities of the wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and the root rot agent Rhizoctonia solani was studied. All toxicant concentrations reduced energy generation, total phosphorus and nitrogen content of both fungi. In addition, the toxicant caused a shift in free amino acids pool. As a result of these changes, the mycelium dry weight of both fungi was greatly reduced. R. solani was more sensitive to the toxic effect of Dithan A-40 than F. oxysporum.", "PMID": 543918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9580", "title": "[Influence of moisture on the nitrification of two soils of central Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) (author's transl)].", "content": "The production of N-NO3 as a function of initial moisture (pFinit), incubation moisture (pFinc) and time of incubation was investigated in two soils in Prague area. The results show the existence of linear relationships between the production of N-NO3 (expressed in logarithm of p.p.m.) and pFinit, pFinc, time of incubation (expressed in logarithm of number of days).", "contents": "[Influence of moisture on the nitrification of two soils of central Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) (author's transl)]. The production of N-NO3 as a function of initial moisture (pFinit), incubation moisture (pFinc) and time of incubation was investigated in two soils in Prague area. The results show the existence of linear relationships between the production of N-NO3 (expressed in logarithm of p.p.m.) and pFinit, pFinc, time of incubation (expressed in logarithm of number of days).", "PMID": 543919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9581", "title": "Comparative studies with regard to the influence of carbon and nitrogen ratio on sporulation in Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme v. subglutinans.", "content": "Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a factor for sporulation, expressed in terms of magnitude of population variation of macroconidia and microconidia in the cultures of Eusarium oxysporum Schlecht ex. Fr., Fusarium moniliforme v. subglutinans Wr. and Rg., and of chlamydospores (only in Fusarium oxysporum) was investigated. It has been found that the amount of carbon source shapes the course of macro- and micro. conidial production in a linear fashion, being enhanced parallel to the increase in its amount-Nitrogen level, limiting proliferation and effectively diminishing the macro- and micro-conidial population, varies for the two species, namely Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme v-subglutinans. For chlamydomspore production, higher carbon and still higher nitrogen concentration favours profuse proliferation in case of Fusarium oxysporum.", "contents": "Comparative studies with regard to the influence of carbon and nitrogen ratio on sporulation in Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme v. subglutinans. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a factor for sporulation, expressed in terms of magnitude of population variation of macroconidia and microconidia in the cultures of Eusarium oxysporum Schlecht ex. Fr., Fusarium moniliforme v. subglutinans Wr. and Rg., and of chlamydospores (only in Fusarium oxysporum) was investigated. It has been found that the amount of carbon source shapes the course of macro- and micro. conidial production in a linear fashion, being enhanced parallel to the increase in its amount-Nitrogen level, limiting proliferation and effectively diminishing the macro- and micro-conidial population, varies for the two species, namely Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme v-subglutinans. For chlamydomspore production, higher carbon and still higher nitrogen concentration favours profuse proliferation in case of Fusarium oxysporum.", "PMID": 543920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9582", "title": "The influence of mutagenic chemicals on lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU.", "content": "Lactic acid fermentation from molasses by L. bulgaricus AU in the presence of caffeine and ammonium fluoride was studied. It was found that caffeine had a stimulating effect only at lower concentration (0.001%-0.002%), while at high concentration the acid-producing activity of the bacteria was considerably depressed. Ammonium fluoride, at a concentration of 0.001%-0.005%, had a stimulating effect on the activity of the bacteria, maximum activity was observed at a concentration of 0.003%.", "contents": "The influence of mutagenic chemicals on lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU. Lactic acid fermentation from molasses by L. bulgaricus AU in the presence of caffeine and ammonium fluoride was studied. It was found that caffeine had a stimulating effect only at lower concentration (0.001%-0.002%), while at high concentration the acid-producing activity of the bacteria was considerably depressed. Ammonium fluoride, at a concentration of 0.001%-0.005%, had a stimulating effect on the activity of the bacteria, maximum activity was observed at a concentration of 0.003%.", "PMID": 543921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9583", "title": "Correlation between macrophage intracellular electrical potentials and malignant melanoma growth in a murine model.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages were collected from mice at varying periods after transplantation of an allogeneic malignant melanoma in the hind limb. The intracellular electrical potentials of these macrophages were measured and a correlation was found to exist between tumor growth measured by size and pathological examination, and the development of large negative intracellular potentials. We propose that this change in intracellular potential is correlated with changes in the immune system and may be triggered by membrane permeability changes possibly in response to calcium ions.", "contents": "Correlation between macrophage intracellular electrical potentials and malignant melanoma growth in a murine model. Peritoneal macrophages were collected from mice at varying periods after transplantation of an allogeneic malignant melanoma in the hind limb. The intracellular electrical potentials of these macrophages were measured and a correlation was found to exist between tumor growth measured by size and pathological examination, and the development of large negative intracellular potentials. We propose that this change in intracellular potential is correlated with changes in the immune system and may be triggered by membrane permeability changes possibly in response to calcium ions.", "PMID": 543927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9584", "title": "A potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in \"middle molecules\" isolated from the urine of uremic patients.", "content": "A potent inhibitor of cell proliferation was found in the urine of a patient with chronic renal failure. This substance included in \"middle molecules\" (MM) fraction, was obtained by chromatography. This factor was shown to inhibit noticeably the proliferation of various cells : lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic cells, monolayer cell lines of normal or tumorous origin and leukemic cell lines derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This effect was reversible and thus could not be related to a direct, rapid cytotoxic effect of MM. Such substances could play an important part in uremic symptoms, such as immunodeficiency, anemia, thrombopenia, gastrointestinal or skin manifestations.", "contents": "A potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in \"middle molecules\" isolated from the urine of uremic patients. A potent inhibitor of cell proliferation was found in the urine of a patient with chronic renal failure. This substance included in \"middle molecules\" (MM) fraction, was obtained by chromatography. This factor was shown to inhibit noticeably the proliferation of various cells : lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic cells, monolayer cell lines of normal or tumorous origin and leukemic cell lines derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This effect was reversible and thus could not be related to a direct, rapid cytotoxic effect of MM. Such substances could play an important part in uremic symptoms, such as immunodeficiency, anemia, thrombopenia, gastrointestinal or skin manifestations.", "PMID": 543928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9585", "title": "Lymphokine-induced changes in macrophage transmembrane electrical potentials.", "content": "Intracellular electrical potentials have been measured in nonactivated and immunologically-activated macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavities of mice. Normal macrophage potentials were established and found to become significantly more electronegative after in vitro exposure for 10 minutes to a lymphokine-containing supernatant which induced macrophage activation. This approach may reflect very early concomitants of such activation and is also useful in the study of other immunologic systems.", "contents": "Lymphokine-induced changes in macrophage transmembrane electrical potentials. Intracellular electrical potentials have been measured in nonactivated and immunologically-activated macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavities of mice. Normal macrophage potentials were established and found to become significantly more electronegative after in vitro exposure for 10 minutes to a lymphokine-containing supernatant which induced macrophage activation. This approach may reflect very early concomitants of such activation and is also useful in the study of other immunologic systems.", "PMID": 543929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9586", "title": "Some causes of blindness seen at Noor Eye Institute, Afghanistan.", "content": "This is a survey of the causes of blindness recorded by three students of The City University during a six-week stay at NOOR Eye Institute in Kabul, Afghanistan. The nature of the sample used makes it unsuitable for direct comparison with surveys from other countries. Nevertheless, broad conclusions can be drawn. Severe eye disease is a considerable problem in Afghanistan, in common with other developing countries. The survey included all new patients seen in the outpatient clinic, blind to the extent of being unable to count fingers at more than three metres, in one eye or both. The sample of patients was examined by an ophthalmologist working with our team. A diagnosis was made and various social and demographic questions were asked with the help of an interpreter. In all, 473 patients were examined and included in our survey sample, a very high proportion of the new patients attending the clinic (40.46 per cent). The main causes of blindness were found to be cataract (31.12 per cent), corneal scarring (19.8 per cent), chorioretinal degenerations (6.79 per cent), glaucoma (6.65 per cent) and aphakia (5.52 per cent). Of the major causes of blindness, about forty per cent of the cases were considered remediable, and about thirty per cent could have been prevented. An outstanding difference between the causes of blindness in developed nations and those seen in Afghanistan was the amount of blindness caused by infection, especially in the younger age groups (up to 30 years). Cataract is a major cause of blindness in the older age groups of both societies. People suffering from ocular disease in Afghanistan wait until their sight is badly impaired or lost completely before seeking treatment. This results from a lack of knowledge of what could be done to conserve sight, the irreversible nature of many eye diseases, the distances involved in travelling to the clinic, and even a lack of knowledge of its existence.", "contents": "Some causes of blindness seen at Noor Eye Institute, Afghanistan. This is a survey of the causes of blindness recorded by three students of The City University during a six-week stay at NOOR Eye Institute in Kabul, Afghanistan. The nature of the sample used makes it unsuitable for direct comparison with surveys from other countries. Nevertheless, broad conclusions can be drawn. Severe eye disease is a considerable problem in Afghanistan, in common with other developing countries. The survey included all new patients seen in the outpatient clinic, blind to the extent of being unable to count fingers at more than three metres, in one eye or both. The sample of patients was examined by an ophthalmologist working with our team. A diagnosis was made and various social and demographic questions were asked with the help of an interpreter. In all, 473 patients were examined and included in our survey sample, a very high proportion of the new patients attending the clinic (40.46 per cent). The main causes of blindness were found to be cataract (31.12 per cent), corneal scarring (19.8 per cent), chorioretinal degenerations (6.79 per cent), glaucoma (6.65 per cent) and aphakia (5.52 per cent). Of the major causes of blindness, about forty per cent of the cases were considered remediable, and about thirty per cent could have been prevented. An outstanding difference between the causes of blindness in developed nations and those seen in Afghanistan was the amount of blindness caused by infection, especially in the younger age groups (up to 30 years). Cataract is a major cause of blindness in the older age groups of both societies. People suffering from ocular disease in Afghanistan wait until their sight is badly impaired or lost completely before seeking treatment. This results from a lack of knowledge of what could be done to conserve sight, the irreversible nature of many eye diseases, the distances involved in travelling to the clinic, and even a lack of knowledge of its existence.", "PMID": 543966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9587", "title": "Seasonal acclimatisation in the hen.", "content": "1. The oxygen consumption and body temperature of White Leghorn x Rhode Island Red laying hens, which were being kept in a semi-natural climate, were periodically measured for short periods at ambient temperatures between 2 and 32 degrees C in a suitable chamber. 2. A seasonal shift was observed in lower critical temperature (Tc) and thermoneutral oxygen consumption. The slope of the relationship between oxygen consumption and air temperature at less than Tc was not discernibly affected by season. 3. The seasonal shifts correlated best with mean daily outside temperature Ta) during the experimental periods; a seasonal decrease of 10 degrees C in Ta was associated with a decrease of 8.5 degrees C in Tc and a 12% increase in thermoneutral oxygen consumption. 4. The capacity to maintain body temperature stability at extremes of environmental temperature was improved by acclimatisation to heat.", "contents": "Seasonal acclimatisation in the hen. 1. The oxygen consumption and body temperature of White Leghorn x Rhode Island Red laying hens, which were being kept in a semi-natural climate, were periodically measured for short periods at ambient temperatures between 2 and 32 degrees C in a suitable chamber. 2. A seasonal shift was observed in lower critical temperature (Tc) and thermoneutral oxygen consumption. The slope of the relationship between oxygen consumption and air temperature at less than Tc was not discernibly affected by season. 3. The seasonal shifts correlated best with mean daily outside temperature Ta) during the experimental periods; a seasonal decrease of 10 degrees C in Ta was associated with a decrease of 8.5 degrees C in Tc and a 12% increase in thermoneutral oxygen consumption. 4. The capacity to maintain body temperature stability at extremes of environmental temperature was improved by acclimatisation to heat.", "PMID": 543967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9588", "title": "Effects of food intake regulation on the energy metabolism of hens and cockerels of a layer strain.", "content": "1. Indirect calorimetry was used to study the effects on the energy metabolism of cockerels and hens after peak lay of a hybrid layer strain of regulating food or energy intake to 80% of ad libitum for an extended period of time. 2. Regulation of food intake decreased fasting and fed heat productions per bird and per unit metabolic body weight (kg0.75). 3. Maintenance energy requirements (per kg0.75) of both sexes were reduced about 20% by regulation; maintenance requirements of cockerels were about 30% lower per kg0.75 than hens on the same treatments. 4. Reducing the intake of all nutrients by 20% had the same effect on the energy metabolism of cockerels as restricting energy alone by the same amount. 5. Gross efficiency of egg production, in terms of both mass and energy, was higher when intake was regulated. During weeks 21 to 52 of restriction, daily egg mass output was significantly higher in hens fed ad libitum. 6. After 52 weeks of food regulation, restricted hens weighed 20% less and their total carcass energy was 36% less than hens fed ad libitum; similar effects were found in the cockerels.", "contents": "Effects of food intake regulation on the energy metabolism of hens and cockerels of a layer strain. 1. Indirect calorimetry was used to study the effects on the energy metabolism of cockerels and hens after peak lay of a hybrid layer strain of regulating food or energy intake to 80% of ad libitum for an extended period of time. 2. Regulation of food intake decreased fasting and fed heat productions per bird and per unit metabolic body weight (kg0.75). 3. Maintenance energy requirements (per kg0.75) of both sexes were reduced about 20% by regulation; maintenance requirements of cockerels were about 30% lower per kg0.75 than hens on the same treatments. 4. Reducing the intake of all nutrients by 20% had the same effect on the energy metabolism of cockerels as restricting energy alone by the same amount. 5. Gross efficiency of egg production, in terms of both mass and energy, was higher when intake was regulated. During weeks 21 to 52 of restriction, daily egg mass output was significantly higher in hens fed ad libitum. 6. After 52 weeks of food regulation, restricted hens weighed 20% less and their total carcass energy was 36% less than hens fed ad libitum; similar effects were found in the cockerels.", "PMID": 543968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9589", "title": "Effects of water temperature on short-term water intake and medullary neuronal responses in the hen.", "content": "1. The daily water intake of adult Brown Leghorn hens was measured at water temperatures of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45 degrees C. The electrical activity of neurones in the nucleus ventro-lateralis anterior solitarii (NVLAS) of the medulla was also measured when the mouth was stimulated with water at the same temperatures. 2. There was a significant decrease in water intake when the temperature of the water was 10 or 45 degrees C. 3. There was an increase in activity of some of the NVLAS neurones with decreasing water temperature and this activity was in response to specific \"cold\" receptors. 4. Some NVLAS neurones were identified which showed an increase in activity at temperatures of 45 degrees C and more; it was concluded that these represented responses to thermal pain. 5. It is concluded that the effects of temperature on water intake may in part be explained by the behaviour of the oral receptors.", "contents": "Effects of water temperature on short-term water intake and medullary neuronal responses in the hen. 1. The daily water intake of adult Brown Leghorn hens was measured at water temperatures of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45 degrees C. The electrical activity of neurones in the nucleus ventro-lateralis anterior solitarii (NVLAS) of the medulla was also measured when the mouth was stimulated with water at the same temperatures. 2. There was a significant decrease in water intake when the temperature of the water was 10 or 45 degrees C. 3. There was an increase in activity of some of the NVLAS neurones with decreasing water temperature and this activity was in response to specific \"cold\" receptors. 4. Some NVLAS neurones were identified which showed an increase in activity at temperatures of 45 degrees C and more; it was concluded that these represented responses to thermal pain. 5. It is concluded that the effects of temperature on water intake may in part be explained by the behaviour of the oral receptors.", "PMID": 543969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9590", "title": "Water intake of laying hens after exposure to a warm climate.", "content": "1. The water intake of laying hens was measured after exposure for 4 h to an ambient temperature (TA) of 35 or 40 degrees C. 2. Water intake increased continuously over 1 h but did not exceed a mean value of 80% of water lost by evaporation. There was considerable variation between birds.", "contents": "Water intake of laying hens after exposure to a warm climate. 1. The water intake of laying hens was measured after exposure for 4 h to an ambient temperature (TA) of 35 or 40 degrees C. 2. Water intake increased continuously over 1 h but did not exceed a mean value of 80% of water lost by evaporation. There was considerable variation between birds.", "PMID": 543970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9591", "title": "Trimethylamine and egg taint.", "content": "1. The sensory qualities of \"crabby\", \"fishy\" tainted eggs are closely similar to those of an aqueous solution of trimethylamine (1 x 10(-2) microgram/g). 2. The odour threshold of trimethylamine in water is 5 +/- 1 x 10(-4) microgram/g. 3. The taint occurs in eggs which contain more than 0.8 microgram/g trimethylamine. The reasons why this concentration is higher than that in water are discussed.", "contents": "Trimethylamine and egg taint. 1. The sensory qualities of \"crabby\", \"fishy\" tainted eggs are closely similar to those of an aqueous solution of trimethylamine (1 x 10(-2) microgram/g). 2. The odour threshold of trimethylamine in water is 5 +/- 1 x 10(-4) microgram/g. 3. The taint occurs in eggs which contain more than 0.8 microgram/g trimethylamine. The reasons why this concentration is higher than that in water are discussed.", "PMID": 543971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9592", "title": "Early body-weight selection of broiler breeder males in relation to reproductive and growth performance of their offspring.", "content": "1. The effectiveness of selection of broiler breeder males for body weight at 3 weeks of age on later growth, semen quality and performance of progeny has been tested. 2. Correlation between 3- and 20-week body weights in the breeders was poor but significant. 3. On the basis of 3-week body weight males were divided into heavy birds (mean + 0.5 standard deviation) and all birds. 4. Semen quality was not different between the two groups, but some selection for semen quality was practised within groups. 5. There were no differences in fertility and hatchability of eggs produced from hens artificially inseminated with diluted, stored semen from both groups. 6. There was a small, positive, but non-significant, effect of selection of breeder males on body weight of progeny at 6 weeks of age.", "contents": "Early body-weight selection of broiler breeder males in relation to reproductive and growth performance of their offspring. 1. The effectiveness of selection of broiler breeder males for body weight at 3 weeks of age on later growth, semen quality and performance of progeny has been tested. 2. Correlation between 3- and 20-week body weights in the breeders was poor but significant. 3. On the basis of 3-week body weight males were divided into heavy birds (mean + 0.5 standard deviation) and all birds. 4. Semen quality was not different between the two groups, but some selection for semen quality was practised within groups. 5. There were no differences in fertility and hatchability of eggs produced from hens artificially inseminated with diluted, stored semen from both groups. 6. There was a small, positive, but non-significant, effect of selection of breeder males on body weight of progeny at 6 weeks of age.", "PMID": 543972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9593", "title": "Further studies with a sex-linked lethal gene in the fowl.", "content": "1. The ladykiller (lk) gene has been located on the sex chromosome of the fowl. It is 4.2 map units distant from the feathering rate locus (k) and 11.2 map units distant from the dwarf (dw) locus. 2. Most of the embryonic mortalities associated with this gene occurred between 3 and 4 d of incubation.", "contents": "Further studies with a sex-linked lethal gene in the fowl. 1. The ladykiller (lk) gene has been located on the sex chromosome of the fowl. It is 4.2 map units distant from the feathering rate locus (k) and 11.2 map units distant from the dwarf (dw) locus. 2. Most of the embryonic mortalities associated with this gene occurred between 3 and 4 d of incubation.", "PMID": 543973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9594", "title": "The relationship of several genes suppressing plumage colour with body weight, food intake and feather loss of laying hens.", "content": "1. Growth rate, egg number, egg and adult body weight, plumage condition, food intake and efficiency of laying hens were compared in birds differing in plumage colour genotype at five loci (C, I, S, Ig, B). 2. Laying rates of the different genotypes were not different. 3. Growth rate and adult body weight of females were significantly less in loci C and I white females as compared with the corresponding coloured females; there was a similar tendency in adult weight for the other loci, and in egg weight. Differences in body weight were more marked in birds kept in cages than in those kept on the floor.  4. For all loci the genotype suppressing colour was associated with less plumage deterioration, this being highly significant for loci C and S. 5. Food intake, adjusted for body weight and egg production, was less in locus I white hens, in agreement with previous data concerning the C locus. 6. Pleiotropic effects associated with colour were suggested and their consequences on efficiency of egg production are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship of several genes suppressing plumage colour with body weight, food intake and feather loss of laying hens. 1. Growth rate, egg number, egg and adult body weight, plumage condition, food intake and efficiency of laying hens were compared in birds differing in plumage colour genotype at five loci (C, I, S, Ig, B). 2. Laying rates of the different genotypes were not different. 3. Growth rate and adult body weight of females were significantly less in loci C and I white females as compared with the corresponding coloured females; there was a similar tendency in adult weight for the other loci, and in egg weight. Differences in body weight were more marked in birds kept in cages than in those kept on the floor.  4. For all loci the genotype suppressing colour was associated with less plumage deterioration, this being highly significant for loci C and S. 5. Food intake, adjusted for body weight and egg production, was less in locus I white hens, in agreement with previous data concerning the C locus. 6. Pleiotropic effects associated with colour were suggested and their consequences on efficiency of egg production are discussed.", "PMID": 543974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9595", "title": "An electrophysiological quantitation of the cubital tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Four hundred and ninety-two ulnar nerves were studied in 237 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome and 233 subjects without clinically apparent ulnar neuropathy. Terminal motor and sensory latencies, motor and sensory conduction velocities, sensory action potential amplitudes and dispersons, and needle electromyography were analysed by a 0 to 10 rating--the EMG score. The patients were clinically graded from 1 (least severe) to 4 (most severe). The median EMG scores of these were 0.9/10 (N = 70); 1.6/10 (N = 81); 4.7/10 (N = 46); and 7.1/10 (N = 56), respectively. The median EMG score for the controls was 0.6/10 (N = 239) and 14.7% had asymptomatic ulnar entrapments. This incidence reached 30% in controls who were 60 years or older. In 25 other controls, the above sulcus sensory action potential was analysed. Its mean dispersion was 4.9 +/- 1.0 s-3. This measurement was significantly prolonged in 84.6% of 13 studies in which the EMG score was 0/10. These patients had either sensory symptoms only or an additional mild sensory deficit. Comparison of the EMG score obtained with sequential studies would allow one to objectively evaluate improvement or deterioration of the clinical state, giving a rational means of determining the need for surgery.", "contents": "An electrophysiological quantitation of the cubital tunnel syndrome. Four hundred and ninety-two ulnar nerves were studied in 237 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome and 233 subjects without clinically apparent ulnar neuropathy. Terminal motor and sensory latencies, motor and sensory conduction velocities, sensory action potential amplitudes and dispersons, and needle electromyography were analysed by a 0 to 10 rating--the EMG score. The patients were clinically graded from 1 (least severe) to 4 (most severe). The median EMG scores of these were 0.9/10 (N = 70); 1.6/10 (N = 81); 4.7/10 (N = 46); and 7.1/10 (N = 56), respectively. The median EMG score for the controls was 0.6/10 (N = 239) and 14.7% had asymptomatic ulnar entrapments. This incidence reached 30% in controls who were 60 years or older. In 25 other controls, the above sulcus sensory action potential was analysed. Its mean dispersion was 4.9 +/- 1.0 s-3. This measurement was significantly prolonged in 84.6% of 13 studies in which the EMG score was 0/10. These patients had either sensory symptoms only or an additional mild sensory deficit. Comparison of the EMG score obtained with sequential studies would allow one to objectively evaluate improvement or deterioration of the clinical state, giving a rational means of determining the need for surgery.", "PMID": 543982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9596", "title": "Evaluation of cerebral blood flow in arteriovenous malformations by the xenon 133 inhalation method.", "content": "Fifteen regional cerebral blood flow studies (rCBF) were conducted on 14 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Only one patient was studied at the time of a hemorrhage. None of the patients were operated upon. All patients had angiographically demonstrated lesions. All the CT scans performed demonstrated the lesions. rCBF was increased in the involved hemisphere compared to the non-involved hemisphere and the difference was greater when the malformations were superficial. There was a higher incidence of high flow regions in the involved hemisphere of patients with AVMs compared to our normal control group and patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from aneurysms. Flow rates within the involved hemisphere demonstrated abnormal distributions and greater variability than normals. Some peaks previously demonstrated in the intra-arterial flow studies are not apparent using the inhalation method. This non-invasive technique has a potential to provide additional useful information on the natural history of this disorder.", "contents": "Evaluation of cerebral blood flow in arteriovenous malformations by the xenon 133 inhalation method. Fifteen regional cerebral blood flow studies (rCBF) were conducted on 14 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Only one patient was studied at the time of a hemorrhage. None of the patients were operated upon. All patients had angiographically demonstrated lesions. All the CT scans performed demonstrated the lesions. rCBF was increased in the involved hemisphere compared to the non-involved hemisphere and the difference was greater when the malformations were superficial. There was a higher incidence of high flow regions in the involved hemisphere of patients with AVMs compared to our normal control group and patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from aneurysms. Flow rates within the involved hemisphere demonstrated abnormal distributions and greater variability than normals. Some peaks previously demonstrated in the intra-arterial flow studies are not apparent using the inhalation method. This non-invasive technique has a potential to provide additional useful information on the natural history of this disorder.", "PMID": 543983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9597", "title": "Methylmercury poisoning in Canadian Indians--the elusive diagnosis.", "content": "A World Health Organization Expert Committee has concluded that symptoms of methylmercury poisoning may appear at blood concentrations of 200-500 ng Hg/ml. Blood levels in this range have been found in several Indian and Inuit communities in Canada. The syndrome of severe methylmercury poisoning (Hunter-Russell syndrome) is well described. However, diagnosis of less severe cases is difficult. This paper review the present situation in Canada. The problems of diagnosis currently being encountered are discussed and are illustrated by the case of an individual who had one of the highest blood concentrations (551 ng Hg/ml) ever described in fish-eating populations outside of the outbreaks in Minamata and Niigata in Japan. Although mercury concentrations in brain were estimated to have been in the \"symptomatic\" range at least once in the two years prior to his death, neurohistological examination was normal. Detailed examination by two teams of neurologists revealed effects that may be associated with methylmercury poisoning but a definitive diagnosis remained elusive.", "contents": "Methylmercury poisoning in Canadian Indians--the elusive diagnosis. A World Health Organization Expert Committee has concluded that symptoms of methylmercury poisoning may appear at blood concentrations of 200-500 ng Hg/ml. Blood levels in this range have been found in several Indian and Inuit communities in Canada. The syndrome of severe methylmercury poisoning (Hunter-Russell syndrome) is well described. However, diagnosis of less severe cases is difficult. This paper review the present situation in Canada. The problems of diagnosis currently being encountered are discussed and are illustrated by the case of an individual who had one of the highest blood concentrations (551 ng Hg/ml) ever described in fish-eating populations outside of the outbreaks in Minamata and Niigata in Japan. Although mercury concentrations in brain were estimated to have been in the \"symptomatic\" range at least once in the two years prior to his death, neurohistological examination was normal. Detailed examination by two teams of neurologists revealed effects that may be associated with methylmercury poisoning but a definitive diagnosis remained elusive.", "PMID": 543984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9598", "title": "Tissue albumin and water content in the early stages of vasogenic brain edema formation.", "content": "Brain edema (BE) research lacks quantitative regional methods. We modified the method of Pappius and McCann (1969), who used radioactive iodinated I125 serum albumin (RISA) as a label for vasogenic BE fluid. To correct for intravascular plasma volume we used Cr51 labelled red blood cells and calculated equivalent extravascular plasma volume (EVPV). The modified RISA method was compared with a standard method for measuring increased tissue water, i.e. the change in wet:dry weights. Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to unilateral cortical freeze injury and sacrificed three hours later. The lesion corresponding to the area of blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was delineated by Evan's blue staining. That area and the two adjacent poles were sectioned. The contralateral hemisphere was used as the control. Good agreement was found between the two methods. By the modified RISA method, 4.08% of the wet weight of the injured hemisphere was EVPV while the decrease in dry weight corresponded to 5.56% edema. In the freeze lesion, however, where BBB breakdown occurred extravascular (EV) protein exceeded EV water, while adjacent to the lesion in the area with intact BBB, EV water exceeded EV protein. This suggests that the diffusion rate for water through brain tissue exceeds that of albumin in the early stages of vasogenic BE formation. We conclude that the modified RISA method is a satisfactory measure of regional vasogenic BE in acute animal experiments.", "contents": "Tissue albumin and water content in the early stages of vasogenic brain edema formation. Brain edema (BE) research lacks quantitative regional methods. We modified the method of Pappius and McCann (1969), who used radioactive iodinated I125 serum albumin (RISA) as a label for vasogenic BE fluid. To correct for intravascular plasma volume we used Cr51 labelled red blood cells and calculated equivalent extravascular plasma volume (EVPV). The modified RISA method was compared with a standard method for measuring increased tissue water, i.e. the change in wet:dry weights. Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to unilateral cortical freeze injury and sacrificed three hours later. The lesion corresponding to the area of blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was delineated by Evan's blue staining. That area and the two adjacent poles were sectioned. The contralateral hemisphere was used as the control. Good agreement was found between the two methods. By the modified RISA method, 4.08% of the wet weight of the injured hemisphere was EVPV while the decrease in dry weight corresponded to 5.56% edema. In the freeze lesion, however, where BBB breakdown occurred extravascular (EV) protein exceeded EV water, while adjacent to the lesion in the area with intact BBB, EV water exceeded EV protein. This suggests that the diffusion rate for water through brain tissue exceeds that of albumin in the early stages of vasogenic BE formation. We conclude that the modified RISA method is a satisfactory measure of regional vasogenic BE in acute animal experiments.", "PMID": 543985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9599", "title": "Examining survival data.", "content": "This brief review presents a nonmathematical description of the methods used to describe the outcome of patient groups when the time to an event such as death or disease recurrence is of interest. Calculation of the product-limit, actuarial and relative survival curves is described and the underlying principles are explained. Two statistical tests frequently used in comparing survival curves (the generalized Wilcoxon and the log-rank or Mantel test) are described and an example of their use is given.", "contents": "Examining survival data. This brief review presents a nonmathematical description of the methods used to describe the outcome of patient groups when the time to an event such as death or disease recurrence is of interest. Calculation of the product-limit, actuarial and relative survival curves is described and the underlying principles are explained. Two statistical tests frequently used in comparing survival curves (the generalized Wilcoxon and the log-rank or Mantel test) are described and an example of their use is given.", "PMID": 543995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9600", "title": "Drug prescribing for the elderly in Saskatchewan during 1976.", "content": "Over 11% of Saskatchewan's population is 65 years of age or older. To study patterns of prescribing for the elderly a computer file of more than 3.6 million prescriptions filled in Saskatchewan in 1976 was reviewed. The elderly population (aged 65 years or more) that year was 102 070, and 77.3% received at least one prescription drug listed in the Saskatchewan Formulary. In comparison with a \"middle-aged\" group (persons between the ages of 35 and 54 years) the elderly showed moderately higher average numbers of prescriptions filled and drugs used per person that year. However, the prescription of antihypertensive agents and diuretics increased dramatically with age, and barbiturates, in view of their potential toxicity, appeared to be overprescribed for the elderly.", "contents": "Drug prescribing for the elderly in Saskatchewan during 1976. Over 11% of Saskatchewan's population is 65 years of age or older. To study patterns of prescribing for the elderly a computer file of more than 3.6 million prescriptions filled in Saskatchewan in 1976 was reviewed. The elderly population (aged 65 years or more) that year was 102 070, and 77.3% received at least one prescription drug listed in the Saskatchewan Formulary. In comparison with a \"middle-aged\" group (persons between the ages of 35 and 54 years) the elderly showed moderately higher average numbers of prescriptions filled and drugs used per person that year. However, the prescription of antihypertensive agents and diuretics increased dramatically with age, and barbiturates, in view of their potential toxicity, appeared to be overprescribed for the elderly.", "PMID": 543996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9601", "title": "Case report: equine colic associated with sand impaction of the large colon.", "content": "In most cases the outcome of impaction of the colon is favourable and with mild purging and lubrication, the mass can be broken down and the horse returned to normal health. It is important to reevaluate impaction cases which neither deteriorate or improve in a 24 hour period and to perform a paracentesis to evaluate the etiology and prognosis. A decision of euthanasia or surgical correction should be made as early as possible. Though initially stable, vital signs will deteriorate rapidly without warning. A critical evaluation of the client's farm management can prevent many impaction colics and the service practitioners provide is not complete unless the necessary changes are made.", "contents": "Case report: equine colic associated with sand impaction of the large colon. In most cases the outcome of impaction of the colon is favourable and with mild purging and lubrication, the mass can be broken down and the horse returned to normal health. It is important to reevaluate impaction cases which neither deteriorate or improve in a 24 hour period and to perform a paracentesis to evaluate the etiology and prognosis. A decision of euthanasia or surgical correction should be made as early as possible. Though initially stable, vital signs will deteriorate rapidly without warning. A critical evaluation of the client's farm management can prevent many impaction colics and the service practitioners provide is not complete unless the necessary changes are made.", "PMID": 544003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9602", "title": "Case report: fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in a dog.", "content": "This case report gives details concerning fibrocartilaginous arterial embolism leading to an ischemic myelopathy in a dog. Using various histochemical techniques, the material occluding the vessels was found to be similar to that reported for fibrocartilaginous ground substance of the nucleus pulposus. The pathway by which this material enters the arterial vasculature of the spinal cord is not known.", "contents": "Case report: fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in a dog. This case report gives details concerning fibrocartilaginous arterial embolism leading to an ischemic myelopathy in a dog. Using various histochemical techniques, the material occluding the vessels was found to be similar to that reported for fibrocartilaginous ground substance of the nucleus pulposus. The pathway by which this material enters the arterial vasculature of the spinal cord is not known.", "PMID": 544004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9603", "title": "[Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a dairy cow in Quebec (author's transl)].", "content": "Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a dairy cow in QuebecA case of infection by Dermatophilus congonlensis is described for the first time in the Province of Quebec, in a dairy cow. Dermatophilosis was diagnosed in the area of Saint-Hyacinthe in October 1978. It was not possible to find the source of the infection. The isolation of the microorganism was successful and the three techniques used are described. The death of the animal was attributed to complications following invasion by a secondary pathogen. All the other animals in the herd were free from clinical signs of infection. Moreover, no other case of infection by D. congolensis was found in other animal species or humans in the area.", "contents": "[Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a dairy cow in Quebec (author's transl)]. Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a dairy cow in QuebecA case of infection by Dermatophilus congonlensis is described for the first time in the Province of Quebec, in a dairy cow. Dermatophilosis was diagnosed in the area of Saint-Hyacinthe in October 1978. It was not possible to find the source of the infection. The isolation of the microorganism was successful and the three techniques used are described. The death of the animal was attributed to complications following invasion by a secondary pathogen. All the other animals in the herd were free from clinical signs of infection. Moreover, no other case of infection by D. congolensis was found in other animal species or humans in the area.", "PMID": 544005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9604", "title": "Cytocidal effect of rifamycin derivatives on ascites tumor cells: studies with [125I]iododeoxyuridine.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of 2 rifamycin derivatives, rifazone-82 and rifampicin, on mouse ascites cells was studied, using the [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) method of labeling the tumor cells. This technique allows a distinction to be made between a cytocidal and cytostatic effect. The 2 drugs exerted a cytocidal effect against 2 non-leukemic cell lines, but had no effect against 3 leukemic lines.", "contents": "Cytocidal effect of rifamycin derivatives on ascites tumor cells: studies with [125I]iododeoxyuridine. The cytotoxicity of 2 rifamycin derivatives, rifazone-82 and rifampicin, on mouse ascites cells was studied, using the [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) method of labeling the tumor cells. This technique allows a distinction to be made between a cytocidal and cytostatic effect. The 2 drugs exerted a cytocidal effect against 2 non-leukemic cell lines, but had no effect against 3 leukemic lines.", "PMID": 544007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9605", "title": "The effect of time on the incidence of carcinomas obtained by the implantation of paraffin wax pellets into mouse bladder.", "content": "Paraffin wax pellets were implanted surgically into the mouse bladder lumen and animals killed after 40-50, 70-80 and 100-110 weeks. The number and malignancy of bladder carcinomas increased considerably with the time after implantation. Pellets containing 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol significantly increased at each time the incidence of bladder carcinomas relative to that observed with paraffin wax. Pellets containing N-2-fluorenylacetamide or its metabolites gave very similar incidences or carcinomas whether or not they were carcinogenic by oral or parenteral administration.", "contents": "The effect of time on the incidence of carcinomas obtained by the implantation of paraffin wax pellets into mouse bladder. Paraffin wax pellets were implanted surgically into the mouse bladder lumen and animals killed after 40-50, 70-80 and 100-110 weeks. The number and malignancy of bladder carcinomas increased considerably with the time after implantation. Pellets containing 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol significantly increased at each time the incidence of bladder carcinomas relative to that observed with paraffin wax. Pellets containing N-2-fluorenylacetamide or its metabolites gave very similar incidences or carcinomas whether or not they were carcinogenic by oral or parenteral administration.", "PMID": 544008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9606", "title": "Identification of transformed rat liver epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "The growth potential of normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cells in culture was investigated under various experimental conditions. The control cells failed to form colonies over a base layer of living parent cells, whereas transformed cells formed distinct colonies. Contact with living normal liver cells is required for the growth inhibition of the untransformed cells. Malignant cells capable of producing hepatocellular carcinomas in vivo exhibited signs of invasion in vitro. Altered properties of hepatic cells during the early stages of transformation can be assessed by plating such cell population over a living base layer of normal liver cells.", "contents": "Identification of transformed rat liver epithelial cells in culture. The growth potential of normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cells in culture was investigated under various experimental conditions. The control cells failed to form colonies over a base layer of living parent cells, whereas transformed cells formed distinct colonies. Contact with living normal liver cells is required for the growth inhibition of the untransformed cells. Malignant cells capable of producing hepatocellular carcinomas in vivo exhibited signs of invasion in vitro. Altered properties of hepatic cells during the early stages of transformation can be assessed by plating such cell population over a living base layer of normal liver cells.", "PMID": 544009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9607", "title": "Microsomal biphenyl 2-hydroxylation in the presence of some carcinogenic alkylaryltriazenes.", "content": "A hepatic mixed-function oxygenase system gave enhanced biphenyl 2-hydroxylation in the presence of known carcinogens in vitro and was therefore suggested as a convenient short-term assay for the detection of potentially dangerous compounds. However, the test did not yield the expected increase of biphenyl 2-hydroxylation with any of 8 selected carcinogenic triazenes. The new data are discussed in relation to the original supposition and to the hydroxylation pattern of various triazene substrates in vivo.", "contents": "Microsomal biphenyl 2-hydroxylation in the presence of some carcinogenic alkylaryltriazenes. A hepatic mixed-function oxygenase system gave enhanced biphenyl 2-hydroxylation in the presence of known carcinogens in vitro and was therefore suggested as a convenient short-term assay for the detection of potentially dangerous compounds. However, the test did not yield the expected increase of biphenyl 2-hydroxylation with any of 8 selected carcinogenic triazenes. The new data are discussed in relation to the original supposition and to the hydroxylation pattern of various triazene substrates in vivo.", "PMID": 544010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9608", "title": "Androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors of the R3327H Copenhagen rat prostatic tumor.", "content": "Sucrose density gradient analysis of the R3327H tumor cytosol demonstrated the presence of both androgen and estrogen binding proteins. Competitive binding analysis with 17 beta-estradiol, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, R1881, cyproterone acetate, and cortisol was consistent with the presence of 2 different binding sites for androgens and estrogens. Scatchard binding analysis was performed in the dorsal-lateral prostate as well as the R3327H tumor from normal Copenhagen rats. High affinity receptors for androgen and estrogen but not progesterone were found. However, in R3327H tumors relapsing following castration, the presence of high affinity receptors for progesterone were readily detectable.", "contents": "Androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors of the R3327H Copenhagen rat prostatic tumor. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the R3327H tumor cytosol demonstrated the presence of both androgen and estrogen binding proteins. Competitive binding analysis with 17 beta-estradiol, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, R1881, cyproterone acetate, and cortisol was consistent with the presence of 2 different binding sites for androgens and estrogens. Scatchard binding analysis was performed in the dorsal-lateral prostate as well as the R3327H tumor from normal Copenhagen rats. High affinity receptors for androgen and estrogen but not progesterone were found. However, in R3327H tumors relapsing following castration, the presence of high affinity receptors for progesterone were readily detectable.", "PMID": 544011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9609", "title": "Carcinogenicity of di(N-nitroso)-perhydropyrimidine (DNPP) after intraperitoneal application to rats.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 30 mg/kg body wt. (group I) or 15 mg/kg (group II) di(N-nitroso)-perhydropyrimidine (DNPP) by the intraperitoneal route once a week for life. The DNPP treatment significantly reduced the life expectancy in both groups. DNPP induced tumors of the esophagus (27% incidence in group I, 33% in group II) and possibly also of the liver (4% incidence in group I, 8% in group II).", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of di(N-nitroso)-perhydropyrimidine (DNPP) after intraperitoneal application to rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 30 mg/kg body wt. (group I) or 15 mg/kg (group II) di(N-nitroso)-perhydropyrimidine (DNPP) by the intraperitoneal route once a week for life. The DNPP treatment significantly reduced the life expectancy in both groups. DNPP induced tumors of the esophagus (27% incidence in group I, 33% in group II) and possibly also of the liver (4% incidence in group I, 8% in group II).", "PMID": 544012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9610", "title": "Amino acid conferred protection against melphalan interference with melphalan therapy by L-leucine, a competitive substrate for transport.", "content": "Melphalan uptake by L1210 leukemia cells obtained from tumor bearing mice is reduced to one-third of control by physiological concentrations of L-leucine. Kinetic analysis revealed that melphalan and leucine compete for transport carrier sites. Administration of leucine with optimal therapeutic doses of melphalan to tumor bearing mice negated the efficacy of the drug.", "contents": "Amino acid conferred protection against melphalan interference with melphalan therapy by L-leucine, a competitive substrate for transport. Melphalan uptake by L1210 leukemia cells obtained from tumor bearing mice is reduced to one-third of control by physiological concentrations of L-leucine. Kinetic analysis revealed that melphalan and leucine compete for transport carrier sites. Administration of leucine with optimal therapeutic doses of melphalan to tumor bearing mice negated the efficacy of the drug.", "PMID": 544013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9611", "title": "Effects of morphine on left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with previous myocardial infarction.", "content": "To assess the effects of morphine sulfate on left ventricular function and dimensions we administered 15 mg of this agent to 11 stable patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction. All studies were carried out in the supine position. Before morphine administration an echocardiogram was obtained, and this procedure was repeated at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after morphine. Heart rate decreased from a control value of 69 +/- 4 to 62 +/- 5 beats/min 2 h after morphine (p less than 0.01, analysis of variance); this slower heart rate persisted for 4 h after morphine. Serial measurements of blood pressure, echocardiographic ejection fraction, percent of fractional shortening, and mean normalized velocity of circumferential fiber shortening also showed no significant alterations after morphine. We conclude that in stable patients with chronic ischemic heart disease studied in the supine position, 1) morphine exerts no effect on left ventricular dimensions, an observation which does not support the concept that this agent acts in humans by producing a 'pharmacologic phlebotomy'; and 2) morphine does not alter left ventricular function at rest. Whether different results will be found in patients with increased sympathetic activity, such as occurs in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction or during an episode of acute pulmonary edema, remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Effects of morphine on left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with previous myocardial infarction. To assess the effects of morphine sulfate on left ventricular function and dimensions we administered 15 mg of this agent to 11 stable patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction. All studies were carried out in the supine position. Before morphine administration an echocardiogram was obtained, and this procedure was repeated at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after morphine. Heart rate decreased from a control value of 69 +/- 4 to 62 +/- 5 beats/min 2 h after morphine (p less than 0.01, analysis of variance); this slower heart rate persisted for 4 h after morphine. Serial measurements of blood pressure, echocardiographic ejection fraction, percent of fractional shortening, and mean normalized velocity of circumferential fiber shortening also showed no significant alterations after morphine. We conclude that in stable patients with chronic ischemic heart disease studied in the supine position, 1) morphine exerts no effect on left ventricular dimensions, an observation which does not support the concept that this agent acts in humans by producing a 'pharmacologic phlebotomy'; and 2) morphine does not alter left ventricular function at rest. Whether different results will be found in patients with increased sympathetic activity, such as occurs in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction or during an episode of acute pulmonary edema, remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 544111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9612", "title": "Quantification of myocardial ischemia and infarction with 201thallium scintigraphy.", "content": "A quantitative method for the analysis of 201thallium myocardial scintigrams, developed in an experimental infarcted dog heart model, has been compared with two nonquantitative methods for interpretation of stress myocardial scintigrams in two groups of patients studied with coronary angiography: 11 with normal coronary arteries and 14 with coronary artery disease. Three independent observers interpreted scintigrams which were 1) not computer processed; 2) corrected for background activity in lungs and chest wall; and 3) processed by a computer method which uses a uniform threshold of counts determined from the dog model to define perfusion defects. Interobserver variability as well as sensitivity and specificity of detecting coronary disease were examined. In patients with coronary artery disease interobserver variability was improved by using the computer technique: observers agreed as to the existence of a perfusion defect in 93% of the scintigrams as compared to 55% and 81% for the unprocessed and background-subtracted images respectively. No false positive indications of coronary disease were obtained by any of the three techniques. Use of the computer method did not improve the sensitivity of detecting coronary disease, however--71% compared to 64% for unprocessed images and 79% for background-substracted images. The advantages of this quantitative computer method are increased consistency of interpretation and lack of false positive diagnoses of coronary disease. An improved sensitivity of detection may be gained by varying thallium count thresholds according to anatomic location in the heart.", "contents": "Quantification of myocardial ischemia and infarction with 201thallium scintigraphy. A quantitative method for the analysis of 201thallium myocardial scintigrams, developed in an experimental infarcted dog heart model, has been compared with two nonquantitative methods for interpretation of stress myocardial scintigrams in two groups of patients studied with coronary angiography: 11 with normal coronary arteries and 14 with coronary artery disease. Three independent observers interpreted scintigrams which were 1) not computer processed; 2) corrected for background activity in lungs and chest wall; and 3) processed by a computer method which uses a uniform threshold of counts determined from the dog model to define perfusion defects. Interobserver variability as well as sensitivity and specificity of detecting coronary disease were examined. In patients with coronary artery disease interobserver variability was improved by using the computer technique: observers agreed as to the existence of a perfusion defect in 93% of the scintigrams as compared to 55% and 81% for the unprocessed and background-subtracted images respectively. No false positive indications of coronary disease were obtained by any of the three techniques. Use of the computer method did not improve the sensitivity of detecting coronary disease, however--71% compared to 64% for unprocessed images and 79% for background-substracted images. The advantages of this quantitative computer method are increased consistency of interpretation and lack of false positive diagnoses of coronary disease. An improved sensitivity of detection may be gained by varying thallium count thresholds according to anatomic location in the heart.", "PMID": 544113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9613", "title": "The prognosis of anterior myocardial infarction revisited: a community-wide study.", "content": "A study was carried out in metropolitan Baltimore in which the short- and long-term prognosis of 655 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was compared with that of 520 patients with inferior/posterior MI. The study was performed on a community-wide basis in two time periods before the clinical introduction and widespread use of beta-blockade therapy. After simultaneous adjustment for several socio-demographic and clinical variables, the in-hospital case fatality rate was greater for patients with anterior (27.5%) than for those with inferior/posterior MI (22.9%) (p less than 0.05). Similarly, for those discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, patients with infarction of the anterior wall had a significantly poorer long-term survival than that of patients with infarction of the inferior/posterior wall (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that closer surveillance should be directed at patients with anterior myocardial infarction, both during the acute phase and after hospital discharge.", "contents": "The prognosis of anterior myocardial infarction revisited: a community-wide study. A study was carried out in metropolitan Baltimore in which the short- and long-term prognosis of 655 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was compared with that of 520 patients with inferior/posterior MI. The study was performed on a community-wide basis in two time periods before the clinical introduction and widespread use of beta-blockade therapy. After simultaneous adjustment for several socio-demographic and clinical variables, the in-hospital case fatality rate was greater for patients with anterior (27.5%) than for those with inferior/posterior MI (22.9%) (p less than 0.05). Similarly, for those discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, patients with infarction of the anterior wall had a significantly poorer long-term survival than that of patients with infarction of the inferior/posterior wall (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that closer surveillance should be directed at patients with anterior myocardial infarction, both during the acute phase and after hospital discharge.", "PMID": 544114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9614", "title": "Natural history and pathophysiology of arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "AVMs are congenital malformations of central nervous system blood vessels. The majority of lesions become symptomatic prior to age 40. Hemorrhage and epilepsy are the most frequent presenting symptoms. Disabling headache, transient, progressive, and permanent neurological deficit, heart failure, hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, and intellectual impairment may also occur. Long-term mortality is approximately 18%, and morbidity leading to disability occurs in 30% of patients. Aggressive management when possible is indicated.", "contents": "Natural history and pathophysiology of arteriovenous malformations. AVMs are congenital malformations of central nervous system blood vessels. The majority of lesions become symptomatic prior to age 40. Hemorrhage and epilepsy are the most frequent presenting symptoms. Disabling headache, transient, progressive, and permanent neurological deficit, heart failure, hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, and intellectual impairment may also occur. Long-term mortality is approximately 18%, and morbidity leading to disability occurs in 30% of patients. Aggressive management when possible is indicated.", "PMID": 544127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9615", "title": "Microsurgical approach to orbital tumors.", "content": "Neurodiagnostic techniques now permit precise localization of intraorbital tumors relative to the optic nerve and intracranial compartment. With such localization, surgical procedures may be planned along more anatomical lines. Those circumscribed tumors may be planned along more anatomical lines. Those circumscribed tumors lateral, superior, and inferior to the optic nerve may well be approached by a lateral orbitotomy using microdissecting techniques. Those tumors medial to the optic nerve deep in the apex and those with possible intracranial extension should be approached transfrontally. In both surgical approaches, precise anatomical knowledge and microdissecting techniques are needed.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to orbital tumors. Neurodiagnostic techniques now permit precise localization of intraorbital tumors relative to the optic nerve and intracranial compartment. With such localization, surgical procedures may be planned along more anatomical lines. Those circumscribed tumors may be planned along more anatomical lines. Those circumscribed tumors lateral, superior, and inferior to the optic nerve may well be approached by a lateral orbitotomy using microdissecting techniques. Those tumors medial to the optic nerve deep in the apex and those with possible intracranial extension should be approached transfrontally. In both surgical approaches, precise anatomical knowledge and microdissecting techniques are needed.", "PMID": 544135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9616", "title": "Multiple bleeds in haemophilia A.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-one bleeding episodes involving two sites simultaneously were noted during a survey of 4935 bleeding episodes, an incidence of 3.7%. Elbows, knees and ankles were the commonest sites involved in double bleeds, while the thigh, upper arm and elbow were the commonest sites involved in the double bleeds needing most transfusions. The overall transfusion requirements were less than for single bleeds. The frequency of multiple bleeds correlated significantly with the overall bleeding frequency, but not with the number of days under observation.", "contents": "Multiple bleeds in haemophilia A. One hundred and eighty-one bleeding episodes involving two sites simultaneously were noted during a survey of 4935 bleeding episodes, an incidence of 3.7%. Elbows, knees and ankles were the commonest sites involved in double bleeds, while the thigh, upper arm and elbow were the commonest sites involved in the double bleeds needing most transfusions. The overall transfusion requirements were less than for single bleeds. The frequency of multiple bleeds correlated significantly with the overall bleeding frequency, but not with the number of days under observation.", "PMID": 544142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9617", "title": "The use of Dispholidus typus venom in elucidating the cause of a low prothrombin index.", "content": "A simple and rapid in vitro test was devised to detect the presence of the prothrombin precursor molecule circulating in the plasma of 55 out of 56 patients receiving oral vitamin K antagonists and in 4 out of 5 patients with obstructive jaundice, using either Dispholidus typus or Echis carinatus venoms. The absence of the molecule from the plasma of jaundiced patients was suggestive of hepatocellular rather than obstructive jaundice. The test is based on the clotting of aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed plasma by the venoms. It is more sensitive and easier to perform than measuring antigenic prothrombin levels.", "contents": "The use of Dispholidus typus venom in elucidating the cause of a low prothrombin index. A simple and rapid in vitro test was devised to detect the presence of the prothrombin precursor molecule circulating in the plasma of 55 out of 56 patients receiving oral vitamin K antagonists and in 4 out of 5 patients with obstructive jaundice, using either Dispholidus typus or Echis carinatus venoms. The absence of the molecule from the plasma of jaundiced patients was suggestive of hepatocellular rather than obstructive jaundice. The test is based on the clotting of aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed plasma by the venoms. It is more sensitive and easier to perform than measuring antigenic prothrombin levels.", "PMID": 544143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9618", "title": "The low mean cell volume in routine haematology.", "content": "This study establishes the prevalence and distribution of an MCV less than 80 fl by review of the Coulter indices of 7887 samples. Retrospectively, 146 patients are studied and the relationships between the low MCV, film microscopy, iron status, and clinical diagnosis assessed. Plasma ferritin measured radioisotopically in 100 patients is compared to serum iron and iron binding capacity values and some of the problems of assessing iron stores are discussed. The discriminant formulae devised to differentiate between the microcytosis of thalassaemia trait and that or iron deficiency are found to be of limited value when applied to the red cell indices of a hospital population.", "contents": "The low mean cell volume in routine haematology. This study establishes the prevalence and distribution of an MCV less than 80 fl by review of the Coulter indices of 7887 samples. Retrospectively, 146 patients are studied and the relationships between the low MCV, film microscopy, iron status, and clinical diagnosis assessed. Plasma ferritin measured radioisotopically in 100 patients is compared to serum iron and iron binding capacity values and some of the problems of assessing iron stores are discussed. The discriminant formulae devised to differentiate between the microcytosis of thalassaemia trait and that or iron deficiency are found to be of limited value when applied to the red cell indices of a hospital population.", "PMID": 544144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9619", "title": "A laboratory evaluation of Compur M 1000 Miniphotometer and the Compur M 11OO minicentrifuge.", "content": "The Compur Miniphotometer and Minicentrifuge are portable instruments designed for rapid estimation of haemoglobin, red cell count and haematocrit on capillary blood. Haemoglobin and haematocrit results correlate well with reference methods. Accurate red cell counts are only obtained when the sample MCV is within the range 83--103 fl, thus restricting the application of this method. The Compur M 1000 Miniphotometer and Compur M 1100 Minicentrifuge have been designed as portable instruments to permit rapid estimations of haemoglobin concentration, red cell count and haematocrit by the non-laboratory worker.", "contents": "A laboratory evaluation of Compur M 1000 Miniphotometer and the Compur M 11OO minicentrifuge. The Compur Miniphotometer and Minicentrifuge are portable instruments designed for rapid estimation of haemoglobin, red cell count and haematocrit on capillary blood. Haemoglobin and haematocrit results correlate well with reference methods. Accurate red cell counts are only obtained when the sample MCV is within the range 83--103 fl, thus restricting the application of this method. The Compur M 1000 Miniphotometer and Compur M 1100 Minicentrifuge have been designed as portable instruments to permit rapid estimations of haemoglobin concentration, red cell count and haematocrit by the non-laboratory worker.", "PMID": 544145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9620", "title": "A computer system for haematology. I. System design and data acquisition.", "content": "The configuration for a comprehensive computer system in haematology is given including the hardware and a general description of the software. Details are provided of the application programs and the methods used for test data acquisition and verification.", "contents": "A computer system for haematology. I. System design and data acquisition. The configuration for a comprehensive computer system in haematology is given including the hardware and a general description of the software. Details are provided of the application programs and the methods used for test data acquisition and verification.", "PMID": 544146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9621", "title": "A computer system for haematology. 2. Handling, storing and transmitting of data.", "content": "Using a system described elsewhere, a suite of programs to collect, verify, store and retrieve patient and laboratory data were created. The way in which this is carried out and the lessons to be learnt for the future are described.", "contents": "A computer system for haematology. 2. Handling, storing and transmitting of data. Using a system described elsewhere, a suite of programs to collect, verify, store and retrieve patient and laboratory data were created. The way in which this is carried out and the lessons to be learnt for the future are described.", "PMID": 544147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9622", "title": "Effect of cardiac pacing on ECG pattern in patients with myocardial infarction.", "content": "The ECG tracings in patients with recent and past myocardial infarction and permanent or temporary artificial pacing were analysed. The observations were made in 12 patients (8 with recent infarction and 4 with a past one). Anterior wall infarction was diagnosed in 4 subjects, anteroseptal in 3, inferior wall infarction was recognized in 4, and posterior wall infarction in one patient. In the stimulated complexes of persons with anterior and anteroseptal infarctions there appears a pathological Q deflection with ST segment elevation in leads I, aVL, V5. In the infarct of the inferior wall the ST segment elevation occurs in leads II, III, aVF without the presence of Q deflection. No differences were shown in the morphology of stimulated complexes in persons with recent and past myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of cardiac pacing on ECG pattern in patients with myocardial infarction. The ECG tracings in patients with recent and past myocardial infarction and permanent or temporary artificial pacing were analysed. The observations were made in 12 patients (8 with recent infarction and 4 with a past one). Anterior wall infarction was diagnosed in 4 subjects, anteroseptal in 3, inferior wall infarction was recognized in 4, and posterior wall infarction in one patient. In the stimulated complexes of persons with anterior and anteroseptal infarctions there appears a pathological Q deflection with ST segment elevation in leads I, aVL, V5. In the infarct of the inferior wall the ST segment elevation occurs in leads II, III, aVF without the presence of Q deflection. No differences were shown in the morphology of stimulated complexes in persons with recent and past myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 544170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9623", "title": "The use of the first derivative of apexcardiogram for determining some systolic and diastolic time intervals in ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "In 50 normal subjects and in 63 patients with ischaemic heart disease, the left ventricular apexcardiogram with its first derivative (dA/dt), electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously. This allowed to measure four systolic and diastolic time intervals using the first derivative of apexcardiogram. In patients with ischaemic heart disease in increase of the interval R to peak dA/dt, systolic upstoke time of dA/dt, and early apexcardiographic relaxation time (the time from the onset of the aortic component of the second heart sound in the phonocardiogram to the negative peak of the dA/dt) was established. It is concluded that dA/dt is a suitable technique for more exact non-invasive determination of some time intervals than conventional apexcardiogram in ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "The use of the first derivative of apexcardiogram for determining some systolic and diastolic time intervals in ischaemic heart disease. In 50 normal subjects and in 63 patients with ischaemic heart disease, the left ventricular apexcardiogram with its first derivative (dA/dt), electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously. This allowed to measure four systolic and diastolic time intervals using the first derivative of apexcardiogram. In patients with ischaemic heart disease in increase of the interval R to peak dA/dt, systolic upstoke time of dA/dt, and early apexcardiographic relaxation time (the time from the onset of the aortic component of the second heart sound in the phonocardiogram to the negative peak of the dA/dt) was established. It is concluded that dA/dt is a suitable technique for more exact non-invasive determination of some time intervals than conventional apexcardiogram in ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 544171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9624", "title": "Diagnosis of intraventricular conduction disturbances with the aid of orthogonal electrocardiography.", "content": "In 104 patients with various type of bundle branch block the three most known systems of orthogonal ECG leads (Frank; McFee-Parungao; Beswick-Jordan) were compared with 12 routine leads. All three orthogonal systems proved to possess good informative value, not inferior to that obtained by routine ECG. Examinations of 123 patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease with signs of diffuse myocardial changes with the aid of the Frank's system of orthogonal ECG confirmed the high informative value of the system in the detection of local disturbances of intraventricular conduction. Criteria of evaluation of orthogonal ECG tracings in the detection of left anterior, right, and left bundle branch block were elaborated. The high informative value and limited number of leads recommend the orthogonal ECG system for wide practical use.", "contents": "Diagnosis of intraventricular conduction disturbances with the aid of orthogonal electrocardiography. In 104 patients with various type of bundle branch block the three most known systems of orthogonal ECG leads (Frank; McFee-Parungao; Beswick-Jordan) were compared with 12 routine leads. All three orthogonal systems proved to possess good informative value, not inferior to that obtained by routine ECG. Examinations of 123 patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease with signs of diffuse myocardial changes with the aid of the Frank's system of orthogonal ECG confirmed the high informative value of the system in the detection of local disturbances of intraventricular conduction. Criteria of evaluation of orthogonal ECG tracings in the detection of left anterior, right, and left bundle branch block were elaborated. The high informative value and limited number of leads recommend the orthogonal ECG system for wide practical use.", "PMID": 544172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9625", "title": "Functional states of various heart segments during protracted hypokinesis in patients with tuberculosis of bones and joints.", "content": "By the method of acceleration cinecardiography the effect of hypokinesis on the contracting activity of the left and right heart was studied in 46 patients with tuberculous affections of bones and joints, confined to strict bed rest. As controls here served 40 patients with unrestricted mobility and 33 healthy subjects. It was found that the restriction of mobility and compulsory horizontal body positions of the patients contributed to a rearrangement of the phasic structure of the cardiac cycle. During the initial phase of immobilization the unusual conditions of circulation and the specific intoxication enhanced the cardiac contracting activity. From the third month of bed rest onwards, myocardial hypofunction set on in both ventricles and the left atrium. Accelerated heart rate during the hypokinetic period attested to a low efficacy of cardiac work. Disturbances of heart dynamics did not cease even three month of bed rest onwards, myocardial hypofunction set on in both ventricles and the completely controlled.", "contents": "Functional states of various heart segments during protracted hypokinesis in patients with tuberculosis of bones and joints. By the method of acceleration cinecardiography the effect of hypokinesis on the contracting activity of the left and right heart was studied in 46 patients with tuberculous affections of bones and joints, confined to strict bed rest. As controls here served 40 patients with unrestricted mobility and 33 healthy subjects. It was found that the restriction of mobility and compulsory horizontal body positions of the patients contributed to a rearrangement of the phasic structure of the cardiac cycle. During the initial phase of immobilization the unusual conditions of circulation and the specific intoxication enhanced the cardiac contracting activity. From the third month of bed rest onwards, myocardial hypofunction set on in both ventricles and the left atrium. Accelerated heart rate during the hypokinetic period attested to a low efficacy of cardiac work. Disturbances of heart dynamics did not cease even three month of bed rest onwards, myocardial hypofunction set on in both ventricles and the completely controlled.", "PMID": 544173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9626", "title": "Shifts in external iliac venous pressure under local and general anaesthesia. Their impact on the tactics of venous thrombectomy in iliofemoral thrombosis.", "content": "The authors measured the venous pressure in the iliofemoral segment in 12 patients in good general conditions, with a normal patency of the inferior caval vein, profound pelvic veins, and lower limb veins. Examination was performed with Claudy manometer. The resting venous pressure in the external iliac vein was 40--75 mm H2O = 3--5.5 mmHg. During Valsalva's manoeuvre the patients achieved an overpressure 250--1 100 mm H2O = 18--81 mmHg for 20 s. After induction of general anaesthesia and intubation, the anaesthesiologist produced an overpressure of 50 cm H2O in the patient's respiratory circuit for 20 s, but the venous pressure rose only to 90--175 mm H2O = 7-- mmHg. This rise is lesser with a high statistical significance than the overpressure produced in the Valsalva's manoeuvre. In the light of these results the authors discuss the tactics of venous thrombectomy. As a safe prevention of peroperative uplmonary embolism they regard either Valsalva's manoeuvre, carried out under local anaesthesia, or a tourniquet fixation of the clot head during the surgical intervention under general anaesthesia. The anaesthesiologist cannot prevent embolism by restriction of the venous return by producing an overpressure in the respiratory circuit of a patient under general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Shifts in external iliac venous pressure under local and general anaesthesia. Their impact on the tactics of venous thrombectomy in iliofemoral thrombosis. The authors measured the venous pressure in the iliofemoral segment in 12 patients in good general conditions, with a normal patency of the inferior caval vein, profound pelvic veins, and lower limb veins. Examination was performed with Claudy manometer. The resting venous pressure in the external iliac vein was 40--75 mm H2O = 3--5.5 mmHg. During Valsalva's manoeuvre the patients achieved an overpressure 250--1 100 mm H2O = 18--81 mmHg for 20 s. After induction of general anaesthesia and intubation, the anaesthesiologist produced an overpressure of 50 cm H2O in the patient's respiratory circuit for 20 s, but the venous pressure rose only to 90--175 mm H2O = 7-- mmHg. This rise is lesser with a high statistical significance than the overpressure produced in the Valsalva's manoeuvre. In the light of these results the authors discuss the tactics of venous thrombectomy. As a safe prevention of peroperative uplmonary embolism they regard either Valsalva's manoeuvre, carried out under local anaesthesia, or a tourniquet fixation of the clot head during the surgical intervention under general anaesthesia. The anaesthesiologist cannot prevent embolism by restriction of the venous return by producing an overpressure in the respiratory circuit of a patient under general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 544174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9627", "title": "The effects of cold and restraint on the glucose level, bilirubin level and the production of stressed ulcers in rats.", "content": "The effect of restraint and cold on the glucose level, bilirubin level and production of stress ulcers were studied in white, adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats of the Holtzman strain. In addition, the role of mucin in reducing incidence of gastric lesions produced by stress was investigated. The highest incidence and depth of ulceration was produced by the stress factor combination of fasting for 24 h followed by physical restraint and cold exposure for 2 h. Under these conditions only one of the experimental rats died throughout the experimentation period. Fasting alone did not produce ulceration. The stress factor combination of fasting for 24 h, followed by physical restraint and cold exposure for 2 h resulted in an increase in glucose level. Increase in bilirubin level was highest in the stress factor combination of fasting, physical restraint and cold exposure acting synergistically. It can thus be hypothesized that the higher the bilirubin level the greater is the rate of red blood cell destruction. Introduction of 2 ml mucin directly into the stomach of the stressed rats reduced ulceration incidence by more than 50%.", "contents": "The effects of cold and restraint on the glucose level, bilirubin level and the production of stressed ulcers in rats. The effect of restraint and cold on the glucose level, bilirubin level and production of stress ulcers were studied in white, adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats of the Holtzman strain. In addition, the role of mucin in reducing incidence of gastric lesions produced by stress was investigated. The highest incidence and depth of ulceration was produced by the stress factor combination of fasting for 24 h followed by physical restraint and cold exposure for 2 h. Under these conditions only one of the experimental rats died throughout the experimentation period. Fasting alone did not produce ulceration. The stress factor combination of fasting for 24 h, followed by physical restraint and cold exposure for 2 h resulted in an increase in glucose level. Increase in bilirubin level was highest in the stress factor combination of fasting, physical restraint and cold exposure acting synergistically. It can thus be hypothesized that the higher the bilirubin level the greater is the rate of red blood cell destruction. Introduction of 2 ml mucin directly into the stomach of the stressed rats reduced ulceration incidence by more than 50%.", "PMID": 544193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9628", "title": "Insect sex chromosomes. IV DNA replication in the chromosomes of Gryllotalpa fossor.", "content": "In Gryllotalpa the cell cycle duration in the hepatic caecae in vivo is about 12.5 h and of various phases are, G2 + P about 10 h, S about 2.5--3.5 h, and G1 appears negligible or absent. These estimates of the cell cycle are the only ones available in Gryllotalpidae. In the female Gryllotalpa, as in mammals, there is asynchronous DNA replication between the two euchromatic arms of the two X chromosomes. The other arm is constitutively heterochromatized and as expected is late replicating. Thus, a regulatory mechanism for dosage compensation by X chromosome inactivation appears to be operating in Gryllotalpa. This we believe, is the first cytogenetic demonstration of such a mechanism outside mammals.", "contents": "Insect sex chromosomes. IV DNA replication in the chromosomes of Gryllotalpa fossor. In Gryllotalpa the cell cycle duration in the hepatic caecae in vivo is about 12.5 h and of various phases are, G2 + P about 10 h, S about 2.5--3.5 h, and G1 appears negligible or absent. These estimates of the cell cycle are the only ones available in Gryllotalpidae. In the female Gryllotalpa, as in mammals, there is asynchronous DNA replication between the two euchromatic arms of the two X chromosomes. The other arm is constitutively heterochromatized and as expected is late replicating. Thus, a regulatory mechanism for dosage compensation by X chromosome inactivation appears to be operating in Gryllotalpa. This we believe, is the first cytogenetic demonstration of such a mechanism outside mammals.", "PMID": 544194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9629", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the scolex of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the scolex of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis was studied by means of electron microscopy. Acetylthiocholine iodide was used as the substrate and 10(-4) M of eserine used to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. The sites of activity were visualized within the microtriches of the distal cytoplasm, muscle bundles, cytoplasm, vesiculated bodies, flame cells and hooks of the rostellar region. Enzyme activity was also localized within the nuclear membrane, neuroplasm, and membranes of nerve cells.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the scolex of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the scolex of the cysticercus of Hydatigera taeniaeformis was studied by means of electron microscopy. Acetylthiocholine iodide was used as the substrate and 10(-4) M of eserine used to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. The sites of activity were visualized within the microtriches of the distal cytoplasm, muscle bundles, cytoplasm, vesiculated bodies, flame cells and hooks of the rostellar region. Enzyme activity was also localized within the nuclear membrane, neuroplasm, and membranes of nerve cells.", "PMID": 544195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9630", "title": "Failure of tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate to displace estradiol from its specific receptor.", "content": "A permanent cell line derived from rat endometrium which contains a specific, low capacity, high affinity estrogen binding protein in cytosol and nuclear fractions (estrogen receptor) is available. Extracts of cells from this line did not appreciably bind the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The result suggests that the action of the promoter does not involve translocation to the cell nucleus via binding to the specific estrogen receptor.", "contents": "Failure of tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate to displace estradiol from its specific receptor. A permanent cell line derived from rat endometrium which contains a specific, low capacity, high affinity estrogen binding protein in cytosol and nuclear fractions (estrogen receptor) is available. Extracts of cells from this line did not appreciably bind the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The result suggests that the action of the promoter does not involve translocation to the cell nucleus via binding to the specific estrogen receptor.", "PMID": 544271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9631", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of ovine and bovine serum progesterone without extraction and chromatography.", "content": "A procedure for the radioimmunoassay of ovine and bovine serum progesterone is described which does not require extraction and chromatography. Serum samples are assayed directly, and a highly specific antiserum that was prepared in rabbits against 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin is used. Interference from serum binding proteins is alleviated by use of a phosphate buffer containing 5% BSA and separation of bound and free tritiated progesterone by a double antibody procedure. Serum samples are assayed in a mini-vial, the bound fraction (double antibody precipitate) is mixed with scintillation solution and the radioactivity is counted in the same vial. The assay procedure is sensitive (10 pg, 100 pg/ml) and has acceptable accuracy and precision. Because there is no extraction or chromatography, serum progesterone is not lost. Most important, the procedure is specific for progesterone and measures serum progesterone concentrations in the ewe and cow which are comparable with those obtained with conventional assay techniques. The progesterone assay described herein provides a rapid, economical procedure that can facilitate the study of ovarian cyclicity and aid in the early diagnosis of pregnancy.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of ovine and bovine serum progesterone without extraction and chromatography. A procedure for the radioimmunoassay of ovine and bovine serum progesterone is described which does not require extraction and chromatography. Serum samples are assayed directly, and a highly specific antiserum that was prepared in rabbits against 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin is used. Interference from serum binding proteins is alleviated by use of a phosphate buffer containing 5% BSA and separation of bound and free tritiated progesterone by a double antibody procedure. Serum samples are assayed in a mini-vial, the bound fraction (double antibody precipitate) is mixed with scintillation solution and the radioactivity is counted in the same vial. The assay procedure is sensitive (10 pg, 100 pg/ml) and has acceptable accuracy and precision. Because there is no extraction or chromatography, serum progesterone is not lost. Most important, the procedure is specific for progesterone and measures serum progesterone concentrations in the ewe and cow which are comparable with those obtained with conventional assay techniques. The progesterone assay described herein provides a rapid, economical procedure that can facilitate the study of ovarian cyclicity and aid in the early diagnosis of pregnancy.", "PMID": 544272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9632", "title": "Alteration of tissue zinc distribution and biochemical analysis of serum following pinealectomy in the rat.", "content": "Eight weeks following pinealectomy in adult male Wistar rats, zinc levels of various tissues were found to be significantly altered: zinc in thoracic aorta was significantly increased, and in serum, pituitary, adrenal, heart, lung, and body hair, it was decreased. Serum biochemical analysis indicated that there was a significant elevation of cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, urea, and creatinine in serum from pinealectomised rats. Liver, spleen, and thymus weights were lower following pinealectomy, although hearts were increased. The effects of pinealectomy on zinc levels in serum and tissues and on serum cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase may be related to its effects on vascular reactivity and liver fibrosis.", "contents": "Alteration of tissue zinc distribution and biochemical analysis of serum following pinealectomy in the rat. Eight weeks following pinealectomy in adult male Wistar rats, zinc levels of various tissues were found to be significantly altered: zinc in thoracic aorta was significantly increased, and in serum, pituitary, adrenal, heart, lung, and body hair, it was decreased. Serum biochemical analysis indicated that there was a significant elevation of cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, urea, and creatinine in serum from pinealectomised rats. Liver, spleen, and thymus weights were lower following pinealectomy, although hearts were increased. The effects of pinealectomy on zinc levels in serum and tissues and on serum cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase may be related to its effects on vascular reactivity and liver fibrosis.", "PMID": 544273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9633", "title": "[Partial purification of hog thyroid peroxidase using detergent treatment and its spectral changes induced by hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)].", "content": "Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was partially purified from hog thyroid microsomes after solubilization by means of deoxycholate treatment followed by ammonium sulfate farctionation and affinity chromatography with Con A Sepharose. The absorption spectra of the preparation showed the maxima at around 410 nm for oxidized form, 422 nm for dithionite-reduced form and 422 nm for CO complex of reduced form. The cyanide difference spectrum showed a peak at 431 nm and a trough at 403 nm. This preparation was contaminated with little cytochrome b5 and it was shown that the TPO preparation was able to be used for the following spectrophotometric experiments. The addition of H2O2 to the TPO preparation induced the characteristic change in the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm, which was gradually disappeared in a few minutes, but at the high concentration of H2O2 (35 muM) the trough at 411 nm was observed after decomposition of H2O2, accompanying loss of peroxidase activity. This deepening of the trough caused the heme degradation which was dependent with the concentration of H2O2 added and to less extent at the low concentration of H2O2 (3.5 MUM). Since the difference spectrum produced by the addition of small amount of H2O2 disappeared rapidly after the addition of KI or ascorbate and resembled the spectral change due to the formation of Compound II in the reaction of other perioxidases, it was concluded that the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm observed after the addition of H2O2 was ascribable to the formation of Compound II of TPO. Although Compound I was not observed under the experimental conditions used, the results were accounted for the presence of I bound to TPO or other endogeneous reducing agents. We tentatively concluded that Compound I and Compound II are formed in the reaction of TPO with H2O2 as well as in that of horseradish peroxidase.", "contents": "[Partial purification of hog thyroid peroxidase using detergent treatment and its spectral changes induced by hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)]. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was partially purified from hog thyroid microsomes after solubilization by means of deoxycholate treatment followed by ammonium sulfate farctionation and affinity chromatography with Con A Sepharose. The absorption spectra of the preparation showed the maxima at around 410 nm for oxidized form, 422 nm for dithionite-reduced form and 422 nm for CO complex of reduced form. The cyanide difference spectrum showed a peak at 431 nm and a trough at 403 nm. This preparation was contaminated with little cytochrome b5 and it was shown that the TPO preparation was able to be used for the following spectrophotometric experiments. The addition of H2O2 to the TPO preparation induced the characteristic change in the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm, which was gradually disappeared in a few minutes, but at the high concentration of H2O2 (35 muM) the trough at 411 nm was observed after decomposition of H2O2, accompanying loss of peroxidase activity. This deepening of the trough caused the heme degradation which was dependent with the concentration of H2O2 added and to less extent at the low concentration of H2O2 (3.5 MUM). Since the difference spectrum produced by the addition of small amount of H2O2 disappeared rapidly after the addition of KI or ascorbate and resembled the spectral change due to the formation of Compound II in the reaction of other perioxidases, it was concluded that the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm observed after the addition of H2O2 was ascribable to the formation of Compound II of TPO. Although Compound I was not observed under the experimental conditions used, the results were accounted for the presence of I bound to TPO or other endogeneous reducing agents. We tentatively concluded that Compound I and Compound II are formed in the reaction of TPO with H2O2 as well as in that of horseradish peroxidase.", "PMID": 544287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9634", "title": "Determination of the concentration of plasma proteins by density measurement.", "content": "Density measurement with a commercially available instrument (DMA 46, PAAR) was studied as an alternative method to the time-consuming and sometimes expensive methods currently in use for the determination of protein concentrations. The method is very useful for protein estimation in salt--and alcohol--free albumin bulk solutions and as an additional end product test for albumin and immunoglobulin solutions; it may also be used in the determination of total protein in plasma.", "contents": "Determination of the concentration of plasma proteins by density measurement. Density measurement with a commercially available instrument (DMA 46, PAAR) was studied as an alternative method to the time-consuming and sometimes expensive methods currently in use for the determination of protein concentrations. The method is very useful for protein estimation in salt--and alcohol--free albumin bulk solutions and as an additional end product test for albumin and immunoglobulin solutions; it may also be used in the determination of total protein in plasma.", "PMID": 544288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9635", "title": "Application of parallel line bioassay method to the potency test of anti-HBs immunoglobulin.", "content": "The parallel line bioassay method was applied to the potency test of anti-HBs immunoglobulin by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in an attempt to express the relative potency of three test samples in terms of ratio to the BoB reference preparation. By plotting the net c.p.m. readings without being divided by the 'cut-off' values against the dilution factors, both being converted to log10, parallelism between linear regression lines could be observed within wide ranges. Calibration of relative potency was possible wherever the regression lines were parallel, thus making any attempt of comparison at specified points alone, such as ED50, unnecessary.", "contents": "Application of parallel line bioassay method to the potency test of anti-HBs immunoglobulin. The parallel line bioassay method was applied to the potency test of anti-HBs immunoglobulin by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in an attempt to express the relative potency of three test samples in terms of ratio to the BoB reference preparation. By plotting the net c.p.m. readings without being divided by the 'cut-off' values against the dilution factors, both being converted to log10, parallelism between linear regression lines could be observed within wide ranges. Calibration of relative potency was possible wherever the regression lines were parallel, thus making any attempt of comparison at specified points alone, such as ED50, unnecessary.", "PMID": 544289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9636", "title": "Assay of anticomplementary activity in solutions of immunoglobulins.", "content": "A method of estimating the inactivation of complement by immunoglobulins, based on a hemolytic assay, is described. During a three year period of routine assays the investigation of standard immunoglobulin solutions of high and low anticomplementary activity confirmed the reliability of the method. Since the activity of complement is largely dependent on the ionic strength, the salt concentration of the test solution must be carefully adjusted. The specific complement inactivation per gram immunoglobulin CI50/g is proposed as a parameter to compare the anticomplementary activity of immunoglobulin solutions.", "contents": "Assay of anticomplementary activity in solutions of immunoglobulins. A method of estimating the inactivation of complement by immunoglobulins, based on a hemolytic assay, is described. During a three year period of routine assays the investigation of standard immunoglobulin solutions of high and low anticomplementary activity confirmed the reliability of the method. Since the activity of complement is largely dependent on the ionic strength, the salt concentration of the test solution must be carefully adjusted. The specific complement inactivation per gram immunoglobulin CI50/g is proposed as a parameter to compare the anticomplementary activity of immunoglobulin solutions.", "PMID": 544290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9637", "title": "Purity, anticomplementary activity, and viral antibody profile of NIG preparations for intravenous and intramuscular use.", "content": "16 normal immunoglobulin preparations of 4 different manufacturers for intravenous and intramuscular use were tested with regard to purity, anticomplementary activity, and viral antibody profile. Besides IgG, which accounted for the main part of the protein content, small amounts of IgA, IgD, and IgM were found. IgE was detected in every batch studied. Some contained IgE-concentrations, which are usually seen in atopic persons. Anticomplementary activity was detected in preparations for i.m. application but surprisingly also in some preparations for intravenous use, a fact which may possibly cause allergic or anaphylactic reactions. The investigated batches showed almost the same variety of viral antibodies and only slightly differing antibody titers. Antibodies to vaccinia virus could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Purity, anticomplementary activity, and viral antibody profile of NIG preparations for intravenous and intramuscular use. 16 normal immunoglobulin preparations of 4 different manufacturers for intravenous and intramuscular use were tested with regard to purity, anticomplementary activity, and viral antibody profile. Besides IgG, which accounted for the main part of the protein content, small amounts of IgA, IgD, and IgM were found. IgE was detected in every batch studied. Some contained IgE-concentrations, which are usually seen in atopic persons. Anticomplementary activity was detected in preparations for i.m. application but surprisingly also in some preparations for intravenous use, a fact which may possibly cause allergic or anaphylactic reactions. The investigated batches showed almost the same variety of viral antibodies and only slightly differing antibody titers. Antibodies to vaccinia virus could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 544291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9638", "title": "Toxicity of factor IX concentrates in mice.", "content": "Mice to which Factor IX concentrates are administered intraperitoneally at high doses (approximately 1000 u/kg) die between 4 and 18 hours thereafter. Histologic examination reveals hemorrhage in the lung and liver. Death is prevented by reduction of the concentrate with dithiothreitol but not by treatment of the preparation with enzyme inhibitors (diisopropyperosphorofluoridate, soybean trypsin inhibitor, heparin). Prothrombin, devoid of Factors VII, IX and X, also is lethal to mice. Activation of the Factor IX concentrate by insolubilized Russel's Viper Venom (NAPTT 1/5000 less than 20'') resulted in decreased mortality when compared to controls (4/30 vs. 11/20). These experiments indicate that some of the adverse effects of Factor IX concentrates may result from high levels of zymogens rather than the presence of small amounts of active enzymes. Intensive animal testing might be indicated for routine quality control of Factor IX concentrates.", "contents": "Toxicity of factor IX concentrates in mice. Mice to which Factor IX concentrates are administered intraperitoneally at high doses (approximately 1000 u/kg) die between 4 and 18 hours thereafter. Histologic examination reveals hemorrhage in the lung and liver. Death is prevented by reduction of the concentrate with dithiothreitol but not by treatment of the preparation with enzyme inhibitors (diisopropyperosphorofluoridate, soybean trypsin inhibitor, heparin). Prothrombin, devoid of Factors VII, IX and X, also is lethal to mice. Activation of the Factor IX concentrate by insolubilized Russel's Viper Venom (NAPTT 1/5000 less than 20'') resulted in decreased mortality when compared to controls (4/30 vs. 11/20). These experiments indicate that some of the adverse effects of Factor IX concentrates may result from high levels of zymogens rather than the presence of small amounts of active enzymes. Intensive animal testing might be indicated for routine quality control of Factor IX concentrates.", "PMID": 544292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9639", "title": "A test method for the absence of thrombogenicity in factor IX complex.", "content": "Consumption coagulopathy was developed in three cases of liver cirrhosis and a case of haemophilia B upon administration of Factor IX preparations which had been tested by the manufacturers for the absence of active clotting factors according to the Japanese Minimum Requirements for Biological Products. By employing the TGT determination, however, active clotting factor(s) could be detected in some of the preparations used in these cases. Accordingly, it was found necessary to modify the current test method in the Minimum Requirements by introducing calcium ion into the test medium. There was no correlation between the clotting activitiy detected by our modified test method and the Factor IX potency of the product. Addition of heparin did not significantly influence the results in our modified method.", "contents": "A test method for the absence of thrombogenicity in factor IX complex. Consumption coagulopathy was developed in three cases of liver cirrhosis and a case of haemophilia B upon administration of Factor IX preparations which had been tested by the manufacturers for the absence of active clotting factors according to the Japanese Minimum Requirements for Biological Products. By employing the TGT determination, however, active clotting factor(s) could be detected in some of the preparations used in these cases. Accordingly, it was found necessary to modify the current test method in the Minimum Requirements by introducing calcium ion into the test medium. There was no correlation between the clotting activitiy detected by our modified test method and the Factor IX potency of the product. Addition of heparin did not significantly influence the results in our modified method.", "PMID": 544293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9640", "title": "Gel chromatography applied to quantitation of components of IgG preparations.", "content": "Investigations were undertaken to standardize gel chromatography for quality control of IgG preparations. Great importance was attached to convenience of procedure. With application of the optimal type ofgel, Ultrogel AcA 34, the influence on quality of separation of various experimental parameters such as pH and ionic strength of the eluant, volume and concentration of the sample, flow rate and direction, and temperature were tested. Various methods of evaluation were applied. According to the demands, quantitation of components may be performed by collection of fractions and determination of peak volumes and protein concentrations, by determination of peak areas on absorbance recordings, or automatically by use of an integrator or a computer. The results obtained by gel chromatography are discussed and compared with the results of analytical ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Gel chromatography applied to quantitation of components of IgG preparations. Investigations were undertaken to standardize gel chromatography for quality control of IgG preparations. Great importance was attached to convenience of procedure. With application of the optimal type ofgel, Ultrogel AcA 34, the influence on quality of separation of various experimental parameters such as pH and ionic strength of the eluant, volume and concentration of the sample, flow rate and direction, and temperature were tested. Various methods of evaluation were applied. According to the demands, quantitation of components may be performed by collection of fractions and determination of peak volumes and protein concentrations, by determination of peak areas on absorbance recordings, or automatically by use of an integrator or a computer. The results obtained by gel chromatography are discussed and compared with the results of analytical ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 544294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9641", "title": "Testing for potential thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates.", "content": "The methods used in the author's laboratory for testing for potential thrombogenicity in prothrombin complex concentrates are described and compared critically. Alternative methods of presenting the results of these test systems are discussed. Changes in fractionation procedure which have resulted in improved performance of concentrates in one or more of the tests are discussed.", "contents": "Testing for potential thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates. The methods used in the author's laboratory for testing for potential thrombogenicity in prothrombin complex concentrates are described and compared critically. Alternative methods of presenting the results of these test systems are discussed. Changes in fractionation procedure which have resulted in improved performance of concentrates in one or more of the tests are discussed.", "PMID": 544295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9642", "title": "Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 for the control of preparations of human immunoglobulin.", "content": "Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 has been used in the quality control of normal and specific immunoglobulins at the Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, for more than eleven years. Eluting from a 140 cm column, polymerised and aggregated protein is excluded by the gel, followed in order of elution by fractions containing the IgG dimer and the monomer. After these, smaller protein impurities such as albumin are eluted and then fragments from the proteolytic breakdown of IgG. On a single chromatogram, possibly five distinct peaks may be recorded and their components quantified. Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 provides an alternative to sedimentary boundary ultracentrifugation, by which fragmentation of IgG can be more readily observed. In addition, the fraction containing the polydisperse aggregates excluded by the gel provides an index of adverse treatment of immunoglobulin during preparation and storage.", "contents": "Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 for the control of preparations of human immunoglobulin. Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 has been used in the quality control of normal and specific immunoglobulins at the Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, for more than eleven years. Eluting from a 140 cm column, polymerised and aggregated protein is excluded by the gel, followed in order of elution by fractions containing the IgG dimer and the monomer. After these, smaller protein impurities such as albumin are eluted and then fragments from the proteolytic breakdown of IgG. On a single chromatogram, possibly five distinct peaks may be recorded and their components quantified. Gel filtration in Sephadex G200 provides an alternative to sedimentary boundary ultracentrifugation, by which fragmentation of IgG can be more readily observed. In addition, the fraction containing the polydisperse aggregates excluded by the gel provides an index of adverse treatment of immunoglobulin during preparation and storage.", "PMID": 544296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9643", "title": "Experience of changing pyrogenicity in albumin solutions.", "content": "A number of production lots of an intravenous preparation of 4.3 g/dl of human albumin failed to EP pyrogen test when tested in three rabbits. Several lots were reprocessed and subsequently proved satisfactory but over thirty lots were placed in storage and monitored by both the EP test and by using the LAL test over a period up to 650 days. The majority of the lots showed a steady fall in the pyrogen response by both tests. These lots were removed from storage and reprocessed by sterile filtration and dispensing into new glass containers. Further examination of the product showed it to be satisfactory in all regards. The product of several lots was used in treatment episodes involving the use of cell separators and shown to be satisfactory in clinical use. The remaining lots were also issues for general clinical use without incident.", "contents": "Experience of changing pyrogenicity in albumin solutions. A number of production lots of an intravenous preparation of 4.3 g/dl of human albumin failed to EP pyrogen test when tested in three rabbits. Several lots were reprocessed and subsequently proved satisfactory but over thirty lots were placed in storage and monitored by both the EP test and by using the LAL test over a period up to 650 days. The majority of the lots showed a steady fall in the pyrogen response by both tests. These lots were removed from storage and reprocessed by sterile filtration and dispensing into new glass containers. Further examination of the product showed it to be satisfactory in all regards. The product of several lots was used in treatment episodes involving the use of cell separators and shown to be satisfactory in clinical use. The remaining lots were also issues for general clinical use without incident.", "PMID": 544297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9644", "title": "Limulus amebocyte lysate testing of nomral serum albumin (human) in the United States since 1975.", "content": "In order to determine the reactivity of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate to albumin products, over 1500 lots of 25% Normal Serum (Human) produced by 12 U.S. licensed manufacturers were tested over the past 4 years. Representative samples of 5% Normal Serum Albumin (Human) and Purified Protein Fraction (human) were also tested with Limulus Amebocyte Lysate. Problems associated with apparent false negative reactions are discussed. Model test protocols are presented that might be useful in determining the degree of false positivity of albumin products. These models could be adopted by blood fractionators to gather validation data to support substitution of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test for the rabbit pyrogen test.", "contents": "Limulus amebocyte lysate testing of nomral serum albumin (human) in the United States since 1975. In order to determine the reactivity of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate to albumin products, over 1500 lots of 25% Normal Serum (Human) produced by 12 U.S. licensed manufacturers were tested over the past 4 years. Representative samples of 5% Normal Serum Albumin (Human) and Purified Protein Fraction (human) were also tested with Limulus Amebocyte Lysate. Problems associated with apparent false negative reactions are discussed. Model test protocols are presented that might be useful in determining the degree of false positivity of albumin products. These models could be adopted by blood fractionators to gather validation data to support substitution of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test for the rabbit pyrogen test.", "PMID": 544298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9645", "title": "Calibration of the limulus test for blood products.", "content": "The Protein Fractionation Centre has been using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test for detecting the presence of pyrogens for some five years. All tests on final plasma products have been carried out in parallel with the EP rabbit pyrogen test. Good correlation between both tests has been obtained with products such as distilled water and crystalloid solutions. However, it is more difficult to correlate results when dealing with plasma proteins. Each product appears to react differently. Some normally pass the limulus test undiluted while others, such as immune globulins and albuminoid products, have to be diluted to various concentrations before they pass. A preliminary statistical analysis has been carried out on the results of pyrogen testing on Stable Plasma Protein Solution, firstly to ascertain that a significant correlation does exist between the LAL test and the rabbit test, and secondly to try to obtain \"cut off\" values for the limulus test which compare well with the official EP temperature rises in the rabbit test.", "contents": "Calibration of the limulus test for blood products. The Protein Fractionation Centre has been using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test for detecting the presence of pyrogens for some five years. All tests on final plasma products have been carried out in parallel with the EP rabbit pyrogen test. Good correlation between both tests has been obtained with products such as distilled water and crystalloid solutions. However, it is more difficult to correlate results when dealing with plasma proteins. Each product appears to react differently. Some normally pass the limulus test undiluted while others, such as immune globulins and albuminoid products, have to be diluted to various concentrations before they pass. A preliminary statistical analysis has been carried out on the results of pyrogen testing on Stable Plasma Protein Solution, firstly to ascertain that a significant correlation does exist between the LAL test and the rabbit test, and secondly to try to obtain \"cut off\" values for the limulus test which compare well with the official EP temperature rises in the rabbit test.", "PMID": 544299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9646", "title": "Improved methodology for the quantitative analysis of mixtures by band centrifugation: reversible equilibration in immunoglobulin preparations.", "content": "Double-sector aluminium centerpieces are modified for use in analytical high-speed band centrifugation up to 60,000 rpm. A method has been developed for testing IG preparations according to administrative regulations with special regard to precision and reproducibility. The proposed band-forming centrifugation method with scanner registration in UV absorption optics and special evaluation of the curves gives values in comparison to well-known procedures by Svedberg and Pedersen. Subjective and systematic errors are especially estimated with this method and the sensitivity is best suited to automatic computerization and results are therefore readily available at the end of the centrifuge run within a few minutes. Investigations have been undertaken to analyze reversible equilibration in immunoglobulin preparations; the results are discussed.", "contents": "Improved methodology for the quantitative analysis of mixtures by band centrifugation: reversible equilibration in immunoglobulin preparations. Double-sector aluminium centerpieces are modified for use in analytical high-speed band centrifugation up to 60,000 rpm. A method has been developed for testing IG preparations according to administrative regulations with special regard to precision and reproducibility. The proposed band-forming centrifugation method with scanner registration in UV absorption optics and special evaluation of the curves gives values in comparison to well-known procedures by Svedberg and Pedersen. Subjective and systematic errors are especially estimated with this method and the sensitivity is best suited to automatic computerization and results are therefore readily available at the end of the centrifuge run within a few minutes. Investigations have been undertaken to analyze reversible equilibration in immunoglobulin preparations; the results are discussed.", "PMID": 544300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9647", "title": "Control of blood group specific substances A and B and human chorionic gonadotropin in human immunoglobulins and albumins.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-six lots of normal human immunoglobulins and 95 lots of human albumins were tested for blood group substances A and B using haemagglutination inhibition assay. Blood group substances A and B were revealed in all the samples of commercial preparations from placental origin. The haemagglutination inhibition test is very suitable for routine control but since the only standard is the U.S. standard for blood group substances A and B, an international standard for these substances is urgently needed. Sixty-five lots of normal human immunoglobulins and 15 lots of human albumins were assayed against the Second International Standard for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) using three biological and three immunological methods. Hormonal activity was revealed in all the preparations from placental origin. The results obtained by immunological methods were found to be considerably higher than those obtained by biological methods which indicate that the activities measured by the two groups of methods were different. The control of preparations is discussed. Antibodies to HCG were found in the immunoglobulin preparations as well.", "contents": "Control of blood group specific substances A and B and human chorionic gonadotropin in human immunoglobulins and albumins. One hundred and thirty-six lots of normal human immunoglobulins and 95 lots of human albumins were tested for blood group substances A and B using haemagglutination inhibition assay. Blood group substances A and B were revealed in all the samples of commercial preparations from placental origin. The haemagglutination inhibition test is very suitable for routine control but since the only standard is the U.S. standard for blood group substances A and B, an international standard for these substances is urgently needed. Sixty-five lots of normal human immunoglobulins and 15 lots of human albumins were assayed against the Second International Standard for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) using three biological and three immunological methods. Hormonal activity was revealed in all the preparations from placental origin. The results obtained by immunological methods were found to be considerably higher than those obtained by biological methods which indicate that the activities measured by the two groups of methods were different. The control of preparations is discussed. Antibodies to HCG were found in the immunoglobulin preparations as well.", "PMID": 544301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9648", "title": "Chemical contaminants in human serum albumin: presence of glucose and ethanol in freeze-dried or ultrafiltered products.", "content": "Glucose and Ethanol are determined in final Human Serum Albumin solutions, obtained by two different processes: freeze-drying (FD) and ultrafiltration (UF). The elimination rate for glucose is higher than that for ethanol in case of ultrafiltration. The concentration of both \"contaminants\" seems to be much lower by UF than by FD. From these data arises the question of a limit-value for fractionating agents, in the final product. In the case of FD process, as the reagents remain in the product final, they all must be strongly controlled. As a large part of small molecules can be eliminated by UF process, it permits to seek new reagents for protein separation.", "contents": "Chemical contaminants in human serum albumin: presence of glucose and ethanol in freeze-dried or ultrafiltered products. Glucose and Ethanol are determined in final Human Serum Albumin solutions, obtained by two different processes: freeze-drying (FD) and ultrafiltration (UF). The elimination rate for glucose is higher than that for ethanol in case of ultrafiltration. The concentration of both \"contaminants\" seems to be much lower by UF than by FD. From these data arises the question of a limit-value for fractionating agents, in the final product. In the case of FD process, as the reagents remain in the product final, they all must be strongly controlled. As a large part of small molecules can be eliminated by UF process, it permits to seek new reagents for protein separation.", "PMID": 544303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9649", "title": "Gel permeation chromatography as a stability-indicating assay for human serum albumin.", "content": "It has been known for a considerable period of time that preparations of normal human serum albumin contain a amount of polymers and their formation appears to be related to the stability of human albumin solutions. This report describes a gel permeation chromatography technique using Sephadex G-150 to separate albumin molecules into monomers, imers, and polymers. In order to determine if this system could detect small changes in albumin solutions, 5% solutions of albumin were heat denatured and assayed. The changes which resulted from the heat denaturation were easily measurable. Additional experiments using 5% and 25% albumin solutions showed that this system could also detect changes in the amount of aggregation which occurred in these solutions with time. It therefore appears that this technique may be of value in assessing the stability of albumin solutions as measured by the formation of protein aggregates.", "contents": "Gel permeation chromatography as a stability-indicating assay for human serum albumin. It has been known for a considerable period of time that preparations of normal human serum albumin contain a amount of polymers and their formation appears to be related to the stability of human albumin solutions. This report describes a gel permeation chromatography technique using Sephadex G-150 to separate albumin molecules into monomers, imers, and polymers. In order to determine if this system could detect small changes in albumin solutions, 5% solutions of albumin were heat denatured and assayed. The changes which resulted from the heat denaturation were easily measurable. Additional experiments using 5% and 25% albumin solutions showed that this system could also detect changes in the amount of aggregation which occurred in these solutions with time. It therefore appears that this technique may be of value in assessing the stability of albumin solutions as measured by the formation of protein aggregates.", "PMID": 544305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9650", "title": "Genetic transmission of Moloney leukemia virus: mapping of the chromosomal integration site.", "content": "Mice genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (Balb/Mo) have been previously derived. These animals carried one copy of Moloney virus DNA (M-MuLV) in their germ line and transmitted the virus as a single Mendelian gene to the next generation. Homozygous BALB/Mo mice were used to genetically map the M-MuLV locus. Embryo fibroblasts were fused to established Chinese hamster cells and somatic cell hybrids were selected. Segregation of mouse chromosomal markers in the hybrids was correlated to the loss of M-MuLV-specific sequences as detected by molecular hybridization. Of 15 isozymes located on different mouse chromosomes only triosephosphate isomerase segregated syntenic with the M-MuLV gene, suggesting that the virus was integrated on chromosome No. 6. This was confirmed by sexual genetic experiments analyzing segregation of Moloney viremia and two markers on chromosome 6 and 15, respectively. The results show that M-MuLV expression is linked to wa-1 on chromosome 6 at a distance of about 30 map units. These data define a new genetic locus, Mov-1, representing the structural gene of M-MuLV in BALB/Mo mice.", "contents": "Genetic transmission of Moloney leukemia virus: mapping of the chromosomal integration site. Mice genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (Balb/Mo) have been previously derived. These animals carried one copy of Moloney virus DNA (M-MuLV) in their germ line and transmitted the virus as a single Mendelian gene to the next generation. Homozygous BALB/Mo mice were used to genetically map the M-MuLV locus. Embryo fibroblasts were fused to established Chinese hamster cells and somatic cell hybrids were selected. Segregation of mouse chromosomal markers in the hybrids was correlated to the loss of M-MuLV-specific sequences as detected by molecular hybridization. Of 15 isozymes located on different mouse chromosomes only triosephosphate isomerase segregated syntenic with the M-MuLV gene, suggesting that the virus was integrated on chromosome No. 6. This was confirmed by sexual genetic experiments analyzing segregation of Moloney viremia and two markers on chromosome 6 and 15, respectively. The results show that M-MuLV expression is linked to wa-1 on chromosome 6 at a distance of about 30 map units. These data define a new genetic locus, Mov-1, representing the structural gene of M-MuLV in BALB/Mo mice.", "PMID": 544367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9651", "title": "Integrated interpretation of fetal heart rate, intrauterine pressure and fetal transcutaneous PO2.", "content": "By a study of the patterns of changes and the temporal relationship in fetal heart rate, intrauterine pressure, fetal tcPO2 and 'flow', a series of ten typical examples of combined patterns are described. Fetal tcPO2 is affected by the level of the fetal oxygenation and by the blood flow beneath the electrode. Should the latter be below a certain critical level fetal tcPO2 will be lower than fetal scalp blood PO2. By the integrated analysis of the four simultaneously recorded variables the different factors dominating fetal tcPO2 may be identified.", "contents": "Integrated interpretation of fetal heart rate, intrauterine pressure and fetal transcutaneous PO2. By a study of the patterns of changes and the temporal relationship in fetal heart rate, intrauterine pressure, fetal tcPO2 and 'flow', a series of ten typical examples of combined patterns are described. Fetal tcPO2 is affected by the level of the fetal oxygenation and by the blood flow beneath the electrode. Should the latter be below a certain critical level fetal tcPO2 will be lower than fetal scalp blood PO2. By the integrated analysis of the four simultaneously recorded variables the different factors dominating fetal tcPO2 may be identified.", "PMID": 544368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9652", "title": "Chronic occlusion of the rabbit Fallopian tube with silicone polymer.", "content": "Investigators have previously reported good retention, antifertility efficacy, and good retrievability with no adverse tissue reactions in rabbit oviducts occluded with silicone rubber for 55 days. The present study attempts to determine the long-term effects of this silicone polymer system installed into the oviducts of 12 New Zealand White rabbits for 7 months. 9 rabbits had both oviducts occluded while 3 had only one oviduct treated. All animals were visualized by X-rays and were mated an average of six times over the experimental period. Oviduct tissue was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no evidence of inflammation, distortion, or tissue irritation. Good retention and antifertility efficacy were exhibited.", "contents": "Chronic occlusion of the rabbit Fallopian tube with silicone polymer. Investigators have previously reported good retention, antifertility efficacy, and good retrievability with no adverse tissue reactions in rabbit oviducts occluded with silicone rubber for 55 days. The present study attempts to determine the long-term effects of this silicone polymer system installed into the oviducts of 12 New Zealand White rabbits for 7 months. 9 rabbits had both oviducts occluded while 3 had only one oviduct treated. All animals were visualized by X-rays and were mated an average of six times over the experimental period. Oviduct tissue was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no evidence of inflammation, distortion, or tissue irritation. Good retention and antifertility efficacy were exhibited.", "PMID": 544369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9653", "title": "Diagnostic aid of endometrium biopsy.", "content": "The 784 cases, from which 701 complained of abnormal uterine bleeding, were reviewed by age groups, presenting symptoms, sex steroid medication and endometrial findings. Endometrial polyps and endometritis, which showed an incidence of 17.5 and 10.0%, respectively, were correlated with clinicopathologic findings. Peri- and postmenopausal bleeders were investigated with special reference to hormone therapy and endometrial patterns. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was diagnosed in 48.7% of the subjects during reproductive years. Pathologic findings were found to explain the clinical symptoms in 60.6% of the entire study group.", "contents": "Diagnostic aid of endometrium biopsy. The 784 cases, from which 701 complained of abnormal uterine bleeding, were reviewed by age groups, presenting symptoms, sex steroid medication and endometrial findings. Endometrial polyps and endometritis, which showed an incidence of 17.5 and 10.0%, respectively, were correlated with clinicopathologic findings. Peri- and postmenopausal bleeders were investigated with special reference to hormone therapy and endometrial patterns. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was diagnosed in 48.7% of the subjects during reproductive years. Pathologic findings were found to explain the clinical symptoms in 60.6% of the entire study group.", "PMID": 544370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9654", "title": "Evidence of lack of passage of human prolactin through human placental membranes.", "content": "Human prolactin (hPRL) derived from either amniotic fluid (AF) or pituitary was tested for its passage capability through amniotic and chorionic membranes placed in an in vitro perfusion chamber. The passage of both 'cold' and labelled prolactin were investigated using intact monomeric iodinated hPRL isolated from amniotic fluid which also served as a tracer in a homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay used for prolactin determinations. Throughout 4 h incubation period at 37 degrees C, there was no passage of 'cold' hPRL from either of the sources across either direction. Also, in contrast to free iodine ions, there was no passage of intact labelled prolactin in either direction. Decomposition of labelled prolactin occurred only in the chorionic side, and only decomposed labelled prolactin molecules passed into the amniotic side. These became detectable 1 h after commencement of incubation. These results may explain the long half-life and the high concentration of hPRL in amniotic fluid, and also suggest that the source of AF hPRL is not maternal.", "contents": "Evidence of lack of passage of human prolactin through human placental membranes. Human prolactin (hPRL) derived from either amniotic fluid (AF) or pituitary was tested for its passage capability through amniotic and chorionic membranes placed in an in vitro perfusion chamber. The passage of both 'cold' and labelled prolactin were investigated using intact monomeric iodinated hPRL isolated from amniotic fluid which also served as a tracer in a homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay used for prolactin determinations. Throughout 4 h incubation period at 37 degrees C, there was no passage of 'cold' hPRL from either of the sources across either direction. Also, in contrast to free iodine ions, there was no passage of intact labelled prolactin in either direction. Decomposition of labelled prolactin occurred only in the chorionic side, and only decomposed labelled prolactin molecules passed into the amniotic side. These became detectable 1 h after commencement of incubation. These results may explain the long half-life and the high concentration of hPRL in amniotic fluid, and also suggest that the source of AF hPRL is not maternal.", "PMID": 544371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9655", "title": "Ixodid ticks of Barun Glacier region (the Nepal Himalaya).", "content": "During the 3rd Czechoslovak mountaineering expedition to the Himalaya in the spring 1973 ticks of the family Ixodidae were collected from small mammals and additionally from pastured sheep, and humans. The tick material represented the following species: Ixodes (P.) ovatus Neumann, 1899, Ixodes (I.) acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880) and Haemaphysalis (A.) aponommoides Warburton, 1921. Ecological and zoogeographical characteristics of the ticks found are given and their potential medical importance is discussed.", "contents": "Ixodid ticks of Barun Glacier region (the Nepal Himalaya). During the 3rd Czechoslovak mountaineering expedition to the Himalaya in the spring 1973 ticks of the family Ixodidae were collected from small mammals and additionally from pastured sheep, and humans. The tick material represented the following species: Ixodes (P.) ovatus Neumann, 1899, Ixodes (I.) acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880) and Haemaphysalis (A.) aponommoides Warburton, 1921. Ecological and zoogeographical characteristics of the ticks found are given and their potential medical importance is discussed.", "PMID": 544390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9656", "title": "Allergogenous mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in private recreation houses.", "content": "The bed fauna of periodically inhabited dwellings markedly differs from the bed fauna in town apartments, both in quantity--a higher number of mites and quality--an important dominance of the species Euroglyphus maynei which makes up 70.4% of mites in country cottages, but only 28% in town apratments used by the owners of such recreation houses. In other apartments it is very rare. There differences are explained by the specific regime of humidity and temperature in the periodically inhabited rooms. The patients' worsening condition is apparently caused by quantitative changes.", "contents": "Allergogenous mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in private recreation houses. The bed fauna of periodically inhabited dwellings markedly differs from the bed fauna in town apartments, both in quantity--a higher number of mites and quality--an important dominance of the species Euroglyphus maynei which makes up 70.4% of mites in country cottages, but only 28% in town apratments used by the owners of such recreation houses. In other apartments it is very rare. There differences are explained by the specific regime of humidity and temperature in the periodically inhabited rooms. The patients' worsening condition is apparently caused by quantitative changes.", "PMID": 544391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9657", "title": "Some ecological criteria of natural focality of mycotic zoonoses.", "content": "Mycotic zoonoses sensu stricto and mycotic infections acquired from animal polluted environment belong to diseases characterized by the phenomenon of natural focality. On a global scale they comprise 16 different diseases caused by yeast-like organisms, dematophytes, dimorphous agents of systemic mycoses and primarily saprophytic fungi as well. Prevalence of mentioned diseases is influenced by a number of factors concerning not only biology and ecology of pathogenic agents and particular hosts, but also character of specific extra-animal substrates which make possible long-term maintenance or active propagation of agents in the environment. On the basis of their experience and published data as well, the authors present a survey and analysis of these factors, with particular emphasis on very frequent dermatophytozoonoses and some systemic mycoses. They pay attention to different conditions in urbanized and rural areas and to specific situations encountered by man and food producing animals in these areas. They note different ways of heterotrophy of particular agents and their association with vertebrate hosts which they divide into six ecologically different groups. The authors also characterize the environment in which a portion of saproparatrophic circulation of the agent takes place. They also give a survey of animal-connected human mycoses, which may arise due to occupational hazards.", "contents": "Some ecological criteria of natural focality of mycotic zoonoses. Mycotic zoonoses sensu stricto and mycotic infections acquired from animal polluted environment belong to diseases characterized by the phenomenon of natural focality. On a global scale they comprise 16 different diseases caused by yeast-like organisms, dematophytes, dimorphous agents of systemic mycoses and primarily saprophytic fungi as well. Prevalence of mentioned diseases is influenced by a number of factors concerning not only biology and ecology of pathogenic agents and particular hosts, but also character of specific extra-animal substrates which make possible long-term maintenance or active propagation of agents in the environment. On the basis of their experience and published data as well, the authors present a survey and analysis of these factors, with particular emphasis on very frequent dermatophytozoonoses and some systemic mycoses. They pay attention to different conditions in urbanized and rural areas and to specific situations encountered by man and food producing animals in these areas. They note different ways of heterotrophy of particular agents and their association with vertebrate hosts which they divide into six ecologically different groups. The authors also characterize the environment in which a portion of saproparatrophic circulation of the agent takes place. They also give a survey of animal-connected human mycoses, which may arise due to occupational hazards.", "PMID": 544392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9658", "title": "Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in Hungary.", "content": "Rickettsiae were detected by haemocyte test in 7.2% of Dermacentor marginatus and 4.7% of D. reticulatus ticks collected in Hungary. Six strains of rickettsiae were isolated from positive specimens. These rickettsiae according to CFR are closely related, probably identical with R. slovaca and they represent the first rickettsiae of the Spotted Fever group found in that country.", "contents": "Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in Hungary. Rickettsiae were detected by haemocyte test in 7.2% of Dermacentor marginatus and 4.7% of D. reticulatus ticks collected in Hungary. Six strains of rickettsiae were isolated from positive specimens. These rickettsiae according to CFR are closely related, probably identical with R. slovaca and they represent the first rickettsiae of the Spotted Fever group found in that country.", "PMID": 544393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9659", "title": "[Influence of carrageenin inflammation on prostaglandin release from rat synovial membrane and action of anti-inflammatory drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Carrageenin was injected into the knee joint cavity of rats, and influence of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin (PG) release in vitro from inflamed synovial membrane was studied. Release of PGE and F from inflamed synovial membrane was increased. Aspirin suppressed PGE and F release from non-inflamed and inflamed synovial membrane in vivo and in vitro, but suppression of PGF release was more intense. Hydrocortisone suppressed release of PGE and F from inflamed synovial membrane in vivo, and did not influence PG release in vitro. Release of PGE and F fron non-inflamed synovial membrane was not influenced by hydrocortisone in vivo and in vitro. PGE content in inflamed synovial membrane was increased markedly, and PGE and F content in inflamed and non-inflamed synovial membrane was decreased markedly by aspirin in vivo. Content of PGE and F in non-inflamed and inflamed synovial membrane showed a tendency to decrease with hydrocortisone administration in vivo, but such was not significant.", "contents": "[Influence of carrageenin inflammation on prostaglandin release from rat synovial membrane and action of anti-inflammatory drugs (author's transl)]. Carrageenin was injected into the knee joint cavity of rats, and influence of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin (PG) release in vitro from inflamed synovial membrane was studied. Release of PGE and F from inflamed synovial membrane was increased. Aspirin suppressed PGE and F release from non-inflamed and inflamed synovial membrane in vivo and in vitro, but suppression of PGF release was more intense. Hydrocortisone suppressed release of PGE and F from inflamed synovial membrane in vivo, and did not influence PG release in vitro. Release of PGE and F fron non-inflamed synovial membrane was not influenced by hydrocortisone in vivo and in vitro. PGE content in inflamed synovial membrane was increased markedly, and PGE and F content in inflamed and non-inflamed synovial membrane was decreased markedly by aspirin in vivo. Content of PGE and F in non-inflamed and inflamed synovial membrane showed a tendency to decrease with hydrocortisone administration in vivo, but such was not significant.", "PMID": 544394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9660", "title": "[Effect of spasmolytics on cathartic activity of pilocarpine, 5-HT and prostaglandlin E2 in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of autonomic, anti-histaminic, anti-5HT drugs, papaverine and morphine on cathartic activity of spasmogens such as pilocarpine, 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were tested by giving these drugs to mice subcutaneously. Mice used were male dd strain weighing 20 +/- 2 g and the catharatic effect was evaluated by the all or none method. The cathartic effect by pilocarpine was inhibited markedly by anti-cholinergic drugs such as atropine and diphenhydramine, but not by hexamethonium and methysergide. Therefore, the action of pilocarpine was found to be direct on the acetylcholine receptors. The catharatic effect by 5-HT was inhibited significantly by hexamethonium and methysergide. Atropine inhibited the cathartic effect of 5-HT, but the inhibitory activity was lower by about one hundredth than that on pilocarpine-induced diarrhea. It is suggested that 5-HT has dual sites of actions and there are less cholinergic and specific serotonergic actions. The cathartic effect by PGE2 was inhibited by anticholinergic, anti-5HT and ganglion blocking agents. PGE2 appears to possess the same mode of action as both pilocarpine and 5-HT. Papaverine inhibited little the cathartic effect of all three spasmogens, while morphine had a potent and nonspecific inhibitory effect on the cathartic action of all three spasmogens.", "contents": "[Effect of spasmolytics on cathartic activity of pilocarpine, 5-HT and prostaglandlin E2 in mice (author's transl)]. Effects of autonomic, anti-histaminic, anti-5HT drugs, papaverine and morphine on cathartic activity of spasmogens such as pilocarpine, 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were tested by giving these drugs to mice subcutaneously. Mice used were male dd strain weighing 20 +/- 2 g and the catharatic effect was evaluated by the all or none method. The cathartic effect by pilocarpine was inhibited markedly by anti-cholinergic drugs such as atropine and diphenhydramine, but not by hexamethonium and methysergide. Therefore, the action of pilocarpine was found to be direct on the acetylcholine receptors. The catharatic effect by 5-HT was inhibited significantly by hexamethonium and methysergide. Atropine inhibited the cathartic effect of 5-HT, but the inhibitory activity was lower by about one hundredth than that on pilocarpine-induced diarrhea. It is suggested that 5-HT has dual sites of actions and there are less cholinergic and specific serotonergic actions. The cathartic effect by PGE2 was inhibited by anticholinergic, anti-5HT and ganglion blocking agents. PGE2 appears to possess the same mode of action as both pilocarpine and 5-HT. Papaverine inhibited little the cathartic effect of all three spasmogens, while morphine had a potent and nonspecific inhibitory effect on the cathartic action of all three spasmogens.", "PMID": 544395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9661", "title": "[A fundamental study on a bioassay for the antiphlogistic effect of topically applied antiinflammatory agents (author's transl)].", "content": "To establish a reliable laboratory assay for quantitating topical anti-inflammatory efficacy, the method of Tonelli et al was modified by employing felt fixed forceps, felt and sharp punch in Wistar rats. Croton oil, applied topically to the rat ear, elicited an acute phlogistic response which was maximal 6 hr after the application. The phlogistic response elicited by a single topical application of croton oil (1, 2, 5 and 10%) was increased in a dose-dependent manner, and croton oil, 5%, induced 63.2% increase of ear weight and was the optimal concentration for the experiment. Using this procedure, the antiphlogistic potencies of two corticoids were assayed under conditions of a blind test. ED50 of betamethasone valerate and diflucortolone valerate was 0.26 mg/ml and 0.0097 mg/ml, respectively, in Wistar rats, and 0.86 mg/ml and 0.016 mg/ml in Sprague Dawley rats, suggesting that diflucortolone valerate has an antiphlogistic potency of 27-56 relative to that seen with betamethasone valerate with minor differences in the strain of the rat. Our method should prove to be a useful assay for rapidly quantitating antiphlogistic activities of topically applied corticoids.", "contents": "[A fundamental study on a bioassay for the antiphlogistic effect of topically applied antiinflammatory agents (author's transl)]. To establish a reliable laboratory assay for quantitating topical anti-inflammatory efficacy, the method of Tonelli et al was modified by employing felt fixed forceps, felt and sharp punch in Wistar rats. Croton oil, applied topically to the rat ear, elicited an acute phlogistic response which was maximal 6 hr after the application. The phlogistic response elicited by a single topical application of croton oil (1, 2, 5 and 10%) was increased in a dose-dependent manner, and croton oil, 5%, induced 63.2% increase of ear weight and was the optimal concentration for the experiment. Using this procedure, the antiphlogistic potencies of two corticoids were assayed under conditions of a blind test. ED50 of betamethasone valerate and diflucortolone valerate was 0.26 mg/ml and 0.0097 mg/ml, respectively, in Wistar rats, and 0.86 mg/ml and 0.016 mg/ml in Sprague Dawley rats, suggesting that diflucortolone valerate has an antiphlogistic potency of 27-56 relative to that seen with betamethasone valerate with minor differences in the strain of the rat. Our method should prove to be a useful assay for rapidly quantitating antiphlogistic activities of topically applied corticoids.", "PMID": 544396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9662", "title": "[Irritative activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent 4-(p-chorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800) on the gastrointestinal tract in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "A single oral administration of CH-800 induced a dose-dependent irritation of the stomach and intestine. As determined from the UD50 value (the dose inducing ulceration by 50%), the potency of gastric irritation was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than CH-800 greater than phenylbutazone. Repeated administrations of CH-800 for 5 days induced a gastric irritation when given in doses from 3 to 100 mg/kg, however, the response was not dose-related. In contrast, the irritation of intestinal mucosa seen with CH-800 administration was dose-related. The degree of gastric or intestinal irritation seen with dosing of other drugs was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than phenylbutazone or indomethacin greater than CH-800 = diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than phenylbutazone, respectively. CH-800 given for 5 days significantly delayed the healing of active ulcers and the healed ulcers showed a tendency toward re-ulceration. However, the irritating activity of phenylbutazone, diclofenac Na and ibuprofen was more potent than that of CH-800. Thus, CH-800 appears to have a rather weak irritative activity on the gastrointestinal tract of rats without ulceration, in contrast to other commonly clinically prescribed drugs.", "contents": "[Irritative activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent 4-(p-chorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800) on the gastrointestinal tract in rats (author's transl)]. A single oral administration of CH-800 induced a dose-dependent irritation of the stomach and intestine. As determined from the UD50 value (the dose inducing ulceration by 50%), the potency of gastric irritation was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than CH-800 greater than phenylbutazone. Repeated administrations of CH-800 for 5 days induced a gastric irritation when given in doses from 3 to 100 mg/kg, however, the response was not dose-related. In contrast, the irritation of intestinal mucosa seen with CH-800 administration was dose-related. The degree of gastric or intestinal irritation seen with dosing of other drugs was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than phenylbutazone or indomethacin greater than CH-800 = diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than phenylbutazone, respectively. CH-800 given for 5 days significantly delayed the healing of active ulcers and the healed ulcers showed a tendency toward re-ulceration. However, the irritating activity of phenylbutazone, diclofenac Na and ibuprofen was more potent than that of CH-800. Thus, CH-800 appears to have a rather weak irritative activity on the gastrointestinal tract of rats without ulceration, in contrast to other commonly clinically prescribed drugs.", "PMID": 544397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9663", "title": "[Etiology of membranous nephropathy in children: Association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis B virus infection (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 163 Japanese children (90 boys and 73 girls, ranging in age from 3 to 15) with proteinuria and/or hematuria were studied for renal histopathology using biopsy materials by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluolescence method. Eleven patients were diagnosed as membranous nephropathy (MN) while the other 152 patients had various renal diseases other than MN. All patients with MN did not have any known predisposing of associated caused. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum, as determined by a reversed passive hemagglutination method (RPHA), was positive in 100% of the patients with MN, while it was positive in 4.6% of the patients with other renal diseases. The difference was statistically significant. Of the 11 mothers of the children with MN, six were positive for HBsAg, and one of the remaining 2 was positive for antibody to HGsAg (anti-HBs) and another was not examined. These findings suggest that MN among Japanese children are mainly, if not exclusively, caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and that the virus is transmitted from the mother to child in most instances. In each case of HBsAg-associated glomerulonephritis reported, HBsAg was detected, by immunofluorescence, in the glomeruli, with a distribution similar to that of immunoglobulins. However deposits of HBsAg could not be demonstrated in the glomeruli of the 9 patients with MN studied. Pathogenic immune complexes in the glomerular lesions with subepithelial deposits have been shown to weigh less than 1 million daltons. Since the intact 20-nm HBsAg has a molecular weight of more than 2.4 million daltons, probably most immune complexes containing it would be very large and rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. Therefore, this failure to detect glomerular staining with anti-HBs antiserum may mean that MN is caused by some other antigen, of a lower molecular weight, associated with HBV, but not necessarily by HB surface antigen.", "contents": "[Etiology of membranous nephropathy in children: Association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis B virus infection (author's transl)]. A total of 163 Japanese children (90 boys and 73 girls, ranging in age from 3 to 15) with proteinuria and/or hematuria were studied for renal histopathology using biopsy materials by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluolescence method. Eleven patients were diagnosed as membranous nephropathy (MN) while the other 152 patients had various renal diseases other than MN. All patients with MN did not have any known predisposing of associated caused. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum, as determined by a reversed passive hemagglutination method (RPHA), was positive in 100% of the patients with MN, while it was positive in 4.6% of the patients with other renal diseases. The difference was statistically significant. Of the 11 mothers of the children with MN, six were positive for HBsAg, and one of the remaining 2 was positive for antibody to HGsAg (anti-HBs) and another was not examined. These findings suggest that MN among Japanese children are mainly, if not exclusively, caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and that the virus is transmitted from the mother to child in most instances. In each case of HBsAg-associated glomerulonephritis reported, HBsAg was detected, by immunofluorescence, in the glomeruli, with a distribution similar to that of immunoglobulins. However deposits of HBsAg could not be demonstrated in the glomeruli of the 9 patients with MN studied. Pathogenic immune complexes in the glomerular lesions with subepithelial deposits have been shown to weigh less than 1 million daltons. Since the intact 20-nm HBsAg has a molecular weight of more than 2.4 million daltons, probably most immune complexes containing it would be very large and rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. Therefore, this failure to detect glomerular staining with anti-HBs antiserum may mean that MN is caused by some other antigen, of a lower molecular weight, associated with HBV, but not necessarily by HB surface antigen.", "PMID": 544409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9664", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the mechanism of alcoholic fatty liver (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to clarify the mechanism of alcoholic fatty liver, rats were reared with alcohol diet from adult, foetal or weanling periods. When rats were fed with the diet from adult for 4 weeks, these livers showed apparent fatty deposition histologically and biochemically. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) in serums of these rats lowered in level significantly than control, which indicate decreased production of secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the liver from which converted to LDL in peripheral tissues. When rats were reared with the diet from their foetal life, their livers deposited little of fat at any time examined after birth up to 13 weeks in spite of good diet uptake. The same phenomenon was observed in rats reared from their weanling period with the diet. In situ liver perfusion was performed to clarify the anti-fatty liver mechanism. Ketone body (KB) production rates from palmitate infused constantly at physiological concentration and bile production rates were not different among control, weanling and foetal groups. Oxygen consumption rate in control decreased after infusion of palmitate-albumin complex solution. However the rates in weanling and foetal alcohol rats increased significantly after infusion of the solution. The latter group showed more increase in rate than the former. When theoretical oxygen consumption for production of KB was compared with actual one, livers from control rats seemed to use the whole oxygen for KB production. On the other hand only 59.7% of whole oxygen in foetal alcohol group and 85.9% in weanling group used for KB production respectively. It is surmized that the increased non ketone oxygen in these groups, especially in foetal alcohol group, indicate the anti-fatty liver mechanism in these groups, probably augmented FFA oxidation. Electrophoretic analysis of lipoproteins in chronic alcoholisms showed decreased beta and pre-beta band and increased alpha band. These changes returned to normal after 1 week of admission. These experimental and clinical data indicate that impaired oxidation of FFA is an important factor for the formation of alcoholic fatty liver and impaired transport of fat from liver might enhance the change in the liver.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the mechanism of alcoholic fatty liver (author's transl)]. In order to clarify the mechanism of alcoholic fatty liver, rats were reared with alcohol diet from adult, foetal or weanling periods. When rats were fed with the diet from adult for 4 weeks, these livers showed apparent fatty deposition histologically and biochemically. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) in serums of these rats lowered in level significantly than control, which indicate decreased production of secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the liver from which converted to LDL in peripheral tissues. When rats were reared with the diet from their foetal life, their livers deposited little of fat at any time examined after birth up to 13 weeks in spite of good diet uptake. The same phenomenon was observed in rats reared from their weanling period with the diet. In situ liver perfusion was performed to clarify the anti-fatty liver mechanism. Ketone body (KB) production rates from palmitate infused constantly at physiological concentration and bile production rates were not different among control, weanling and foetal groups. Oxygen consumption rate in control decreased after infusion of palmitate-albumin complex solution. However the rates in weanling and foetal alcohol rats increased significantly after infusion of the solution. The latter group showed more increase in rate than the former. When theoretical oxygen consumption for production of KB was compared with actual one, livers from control rats seemed to use the whole oxygen for KB production. On the other hand only 59.7% of whole oxygen in foetal alcohol group and 85.9% in weanling group used for KB production respectively. It is surmized that the increased non ketone oxygen in these groups, especially in foetal alcohol group, indicate the anti-fatty liver mechanism in these groups, probably augmented FFA oxidation. Electrophoretic analysis of lipoproteins in chronic alcoholisms showed decreased beta and pre-beta band and increased alpha band. These changes returned to normal after 1 week of admission. These experimental and clinical data indicate that impaired oxidation of FFA is an important factor for the formation of alcoholic fatty liver and impaired transport of fat from liver might enhance the change in the liver.", "PMID": 544410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9665", "title": "[Histological study of the paracervical ganglion (Frankenh\u00e4user) in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The paracervical ganglion in dd-mice ranging in age from birth to 90 days was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by light microscopy. The paracervical ganglion is located just lateral to the fornix vaginae, and is shaped like a flattened cone. Out of the parenchymal cells, nerve cells are 97% and chromaffin cells are 3%, respectively. The chromaffin cells are arranged in small clusters or individually, and are scattered throughout the ganglion. Their chromaffin reaction varies in density from cell to cell. In neonatal mice, the ganglion consists of nerve cells and small spherical cells. With advancing age, as the small cells decrease in number, chromaffin cells appear. At 20 days of age, the ganglion is almost similar in structure to that of the adult. The nuclear and cellular size distribution curves of nerve cells are symmetrical in pattern after the age of 20 days. The nuclear size distribution curves of the chromaffin cells are symmetrical and are almost the same in pattern in newborns as in adults. The cellular size distribution curve of chromaffin cells are symmetrical before 20 days of age, but, with advancing age, the curve shifts to the larger size and becomes asymmetrical in pattern due to an increase of larger cells.", "contents": "[Histological study of the paracervical ganglion (Frankenh\u00e4user) in mice (author's transl)]. The paracervical ganglion in dd-mice ranging in age from birth to 90 days was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by light microscopy. The paracervical ganglion is located just lateral to the fornix vaginae, and is shaped like a flattened cone. Out of the parenchymal cells, nerve cells are 97% and chromaffin cells are 3%, respectively. The chromaffin cells are arranged in small clusters or individually, and are scattered throughout the ganglion. Their chromaffin reaction varies in density from cell to cell. In neonatal mice, the ganglion consists of nerve cells and small spherical cells. With advancing age, as the small cells decrease in number, chromaffin cells appear. At 20 days of age, the ganglion is almost similar in structure to that of the adult. The nuclear and cellular size distribution curves of nerve cells are symmetrical in pattern after the age of 20 days. The nuclear size distribution curves of the chromaffin cells are symmetrical and are almost the same in pattern in newborns as in adults. The cellular size distribution curve of chromaffin cells are symmetrical before 20 days of age, but, with advancing age, the curve shifts to the larger size and becomes asymmetrical in pattern due to an increase of larger cells.", "PMID": 544411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9666", "title": "[A comparative study between radiologic and macroscopic findings of small cancers less than 1 cm in the antrum of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study was made of macroscopic and radiologic findings about 95 lesions (83 cases)  of small cancers (10 mm and below) in the antrum of the stomach, and the following results were obtained. 1) Preoperative diagnostic rate was 11/66 (17%) for lesions of micro-gastric cancers (5 mm and below), and 21/29 (72%) for lesions of small gastric cancers 5.1-10). Lesions of microgastric cancers which were preoperatively diagnosed as such were those with size of 3 to 5 mm accompanied by marginal elevations. 2) Radiologic findings about micro-gastric cancers. Some of the micro-gastric cancers which gave some findings in barium filled pictures existing along the greater or lesser curvature were observed as pictures of slight depression. In the compression pictures were noticed niches of irregular linear or stellar shapes with surrounding translucency. For qualitative diagnosis, the compression method was found most effective. It is considered very important to look for small niches, slight translucency, and slight deformity in the greater or lesser curvature carefully.", "contents": "[A comparative study between radiologic and macroscopic findings of small cancers less than 1 cm in the antrum of the stomach (author's transl)]. A comparative study was made of macroscopic and radiologic findings about 95 lesions (83 cases)  of small cancers (10 mm and below) in the antrum of the stomach, and the following results were obtained. 1) Preoperative diagnostic rate was 11/66 (17%) for lesions of micro-gastric cancers (5 mm and below), and 21/29 (72%) for lesions of small gastric cancers 5.1-10). Lesions of microgastric cancers which were preoperatively diagnosed as such were those with size of 3 to 5 mm accompanied by marginal elevations. 2) Radiologic findings about micro-gastric cancers. Some of the micro-gastric cancers which gave some findings in barium filled pictures existing along the greater or lesser curvature were observed as pictures of slight depression. In the compression pictures were noticed niches of irregular linear or stellar shapes with surrounding translucency. For qualitative diagnosis, the compression method was found most effective. It is considered very important to look for small niches, slight translucency, and slight deformity in the greater or lesser curvature carefully.", "PMID": 544412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9667", "title": "[Juvenile, non-progressive muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm. Report of 16 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen cases of juvenile, non-progressive muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm were seen at our neurology out-patient clinic for the past 8 years. The analyses of these 16 cases disclosed characteristic features as follows: 1) juvenile onset 2) male preponderance 3) unique distribution of muscular atrophy and weakness in the hand and forearm. 4) insidious onset, initial progressive period and subsequent non-progressive course 5) tendon reflexes of the arms are hypoactive in half of the cases 6) no pathological reflexes 7) cold paresis 8) no definite sensory disturbance 9) no cranial nerve involvement 10) neurogenic patterns on EMG According to these features, this clinical entity carrying good prognosis must be differentiated from several diseases associated with similar muscular atrophy of extremities, especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which is notorious as a fetal disease.", "contents": "[Juvenile, non-progressive muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm. Report of 16 cases (author's transl)]. Sixteen cases of juvenile, non-progressive muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm were seen at our neurology out-patient clinic for the past 8 years. The analyses of these 16 cases disclosed characteristic features as follows: 1) juvenile onset 2) male preponderance 3) unique distribution of muscular atrophy and weakness in the hand and forearm. 4) insidious onset, initial progressive period and subsequent non-progressive course 5) tendon reflexes of the arms are hypoactive in half of the cases 6) no pathological reflexes 7) cold paresis 8) no definite sensory disturbance 9) no cranial nerve involvement 10) neurogenic patterns on EMG According to these features, this clinical entity carrying good prognosis must be differentiated from several diseases associated with similar muscular atrophy of extremities, especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which is notorious as a fetal disease.", "PMID": 544413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9668", "title": "[Influence of food browning on nutrition. III. Effect of brown substances on digestive enzyme activity (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, we separated and partially purified brown substances from eggplants and examined their inhibitory action on trypsin activity. The following results were obtained: 1. The first half of the elute after passing ethanol-extractable brown substances through DEAE-cellulose column showed no inhibitory action on trypsin, whereas the middle portion of the elute contained a trypsin inhibitor(s). Similar results were obtained after fractionation with Sephadex G-25. The degree of inhibition was increased after purification. 2. Both crude ethanol extracts of eggplant brown substances and acetate buffer extracts from eggplant exocarps showed similarly an enzyme inhibition of competitive type. 3. Both nondialyzable portion of ethanol extracts and purified fraction after Sephadex G-25 passage showed a noncompetitive type of inhibition. DOPA-melanin and chlorogenic acid-melanin as model substances exhibited a similar noncompetitive inhibition. Purified ethanol extracts of eggplant brown substances showed an ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to that of chlorogenic acid. From these findings it is concluded that both eggplant brown substances and polyphenol substances play an essential role in the inhibition of digestive enzymes.", "contents": "[Influence of food browning on nutrition. III. Effect of brown substances on digestive enzyme activity (author's transl)]. In the present study, we separated and partially purified brown substances from eggplants and examined their inhibitory action on trypsin activity. The following results were obtained: 1. The first half of the elute after passing ethanol-extractable brown substances through DEAE-cellulose column showed no inhibitory action on trypsin, whereas the middle portion of the elute contained a trypsin inhibitor(s). Similar results were obtained after fractionation with Sephadex G-25. The degree of inhibition was increased after purification. 2. Both crude ethanol extracts of eggplant brown substances and acetate buffer extracts from eggplant exocarps showed similarly an enzyme inhibition of competitive type. 3. Both nondialyzable portion of ethanol extracts and purified fraction after Sephadex G-25 passage showed a noncompetitive type of inhibition. DOPA-melanin and chlorogenic acid-melanin as model substances exhibited a similar noncompetitive inhibition. Purified ethanol extracts of eggplant brown substances showed an ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to that of chlorogenic acid. From these findings it is concluded that both eggplant brown substances and polyphenol substances play an essential role in the inhibition of digestive enzymes.", "PMID": 544414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9669", "title": "Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents.", "content": "The hemodynamic response to mental stress (mental arithmetic) was studied in adolscents with varying risk factors for essential hypertension (EH), One group (genetic) consisted of normotensive well adolescents who had at least one parentnt with EH. Another group (labile) consisted of adolescents with labile hypertension each of whom also had at least one pare with EH. The control population consisted of normotensive adolescents with a negative family history of EH. Subjects with labile hypertension demonstrated a sustained increase in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate during stress. This response was significantly different than the control population (P less than THE CONTROL POPULATION (P LESS THAN 0.001). The stress response of the normotensive genetic population was qualitatively similar to the group with labile hypertension and significantly different than the controls in diastolic pressure and heart rate (p less than 0.001, less than 0.02). Post-stress plasma catecholamines were higher in the labile hypertensive and genetic groups than in the control group. These findings demonstrate increased central nervous system mediated adrenergic activity and cardiovascular response in labile hypertension and also in some normotensive subjects with a genetic risk for hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents. The hemodynamic response to mental stress (mental arithmetic) was studied in adolscents with varying risk factors for essential hypertension (EH), One group (genetic) consisted of normotensive well adolescents who had at least one parentnt with EH. Another group (labile) consisted of adolescents with labile hypertension each of whom also had at least one pare with EH. The control population consisted of normotensive adolescents with a negative family history of EH. Subjects with labile hypertension demonstrated a sustained increase in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate during stress. This response was significantly different than the control population (P less than THE CONTROL POPULATION (P LESS THAN 0.001). The stress response of the normotensive genetic population was qualitatively similar to the group with labile hypertension and significantly different than the controls in diastolic pressure and heart rate (p less than 0.001, less than 0.02). Post-stress plasma catecholamines were higher in the labile hypertensive and genetic groups than in the control group. These findings demonstrate increased central nervous system mediated adrenergic activity and cardiovascular response in labile hypertension and also in some normotensive subjects with a genetic risk for hypertension.", "PMID": 544510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9670", "title": "Cardiac output and peripheral resistance in strains of rats sensitive and resistant to NaCl hypertension.", "content": "The interrelationship of blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance was studied in Dahl \"S\" and \"R\" rats after 3 days on a high (8%) NaCl diet. Both \"S\" and \"R\" rats were normotensive when fed a normal (0.3%) NaCl diet. After 3 days of the high NaCl diet, the \"R\" rats remained normotensive (BP 112 mm Hg), while the \"S\" rats had an elevation of arterial pressure (BP 133 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001). The cardiac outputs of both \"S\" and \"R\" rats were similar on the low NaCl diet. After 3 days of high NaCl feeding, the cardiac output of the \"R\" rats rose 18% above the \"R\" control level (p less than 0.0001), while the peripheral resistance declined 14% below the \"R\" control level (p less than 0.005), and the blood pressure (BP) did not change, a pattern quite contrary to the concept of \"whole-body\" autoregulation. With a similar 3-day high NaCl feeding in \"S\" rats, cardiac output (p less than 0.005) and peripheral resistance (p less than 0.05) both increased 10%, while BP rose 20%. After 7 days of high NaCl feeding, the cardiac output of the \"S\" rats had returned to normal, while blood pressure and peripheral resistance both continued to be elevated. This pattern of response in \"S\" rats could be compatible with the concept of \"whole-body\" autoregulation. However, since both NaCl hypertension and Goldblatt hypertension can occur in settings in which \"whole-body\" autoregulation appears not be to causally related, one cannot be certain whether \"whole-body\" autoregulation is playing a causal role in the mechanism of NaCl-induced hypertension in \"S\" rats. It is a striking dichotomy that 3 days of high salt feeding produces vasoconstriction in \"S\" rats and vasodilation in \"R\" rats.", "contents": "Cardiac output and peripheral resistance in strains of rats sensitive and resistant to NaCl hypertension. The interrelationship of blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance was studied in Dahl \"S\" and \"R\" rats after 3 days on a high (8%) NaCl diet. Both \"S\" and \"R\" rats were normotensive when fed a normal (0.3%) NaCl diet. After 3 days of the high NaCl diet, the \"R\" rats remained normotensive (BP 112 mm Hg), while the \"S\" rats had an elevation of arterial pressure (BP 133 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001). The cardiac outputs of both \"S\" and \"R\" rats were similar on the low NaCl diet. After 3 days of high NaCl feeding, the cardiac output of the \"R\" rats rose 18% above the \"R\" control level (p less than 0.0001), while the peripheral resistance declined 14% below the \"R\" control level (p less than 0.005), and the blood pressure (BP) did not change, a pattern quite contrary to the concept of \"whole-body\" autoregulation. With a similar 3-day high NaCl feeding in \"S\" rats, cardiac output (p less than 0.005) and peripheral resistance (p less than 0.05) both increased 10%, while BP rose 20%. After 7 days of high NaCl feeding, the cardiac output of the \"S\" rats had returned to normal, while blood pressure and peripheral resistance both continued to be elevated. This pattern of response in \"S\" rats could be compatible with the concept of \"whole-body\" autoregulation. However, since both NaCl hypertension and Goldblatt hypertension can occur in settings in which \"whole-body\" autoregulation appears not be to causally related, one cannot be certain whether \"whole-body\" autoregulation is playing a causal role in the mechanism of NaCl-induced hypertension in \"S\" rats. It is a striking dichotomy that 3 days of high salt feeding produces vasoconstriction in \"S\" rats and vasodilation in \"R\" rats.", "PMID": 544511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9671", "title": "Lack of correlation between serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure in middle-aged men.", "content": "The activity of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was measured in 1194 asymptomatic middle-aged men with diastolic blood pressure ranging from 75 to 125 mm Hg during the baseline examination of a multifactorial intervention program for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. No correlation was present between serum DBH activity and systolic (r = -0.01, NS) or diastolic (r = +0.02, NS) blood pressure. No significant differences in serum DBH activity was observed between individuals with blood pressure in the lower, middle or upper deciles. Serum DBH activity was similar in subjects with normal blood pressure, in individuals with widely fluctuating blood pressure and in patients with fixed hypertension. The results suggest that serum DBH activity cannot be used as an aid in the diagnosis of essential hypertension of middle-aged men.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure in middle-aged men. The activity of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was measured in 1194 asymptomatic middle-aged men with diastolic blood pressure ranging from 75 to 125 mm Hg during the baseline examination of a multifactorial intervention program for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. No correlation was present between serum DBH activity and systolic (r = -0.01, NS) or diastolic (r = +0.02, NS) blood pressure. No significant differences in serum DBH activity was observed between individuals with blood pressure in the lower, middle or upper deciles. Serum DBH activity was similar in subjects with normal blood pressure, in individuals with widely fluctuating blood pressure and in patients with fixed hypertension. The results suggest that serum DBH activity cannot be used as an aid in the diagnosis of essential hypertension of middle-aged men.", "PMID": 544513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9672", "title": "The importance of vasopressin in the development and maintenance of DOC-salt hypertension in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine the role of vasopressin in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt hypertension. In order to determine if vasopressin is necessary for the development of DOC-salt hypertension, rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and normal Long-Evans rats (LE) were unilaterally nephrectomized, treated with DOC Pivalate (30 mg/kg . week) and given saline to drink for 8 weeks. A second group of DI rats were unilaterally nephrectomized, but received no treatment. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 40 mm Hg in the LE group (p less than 0.01) but failed to increase significantly in either DI group. Urinary excretion of vasopressin (UADHV) and SBP were measured in unilaterally nephrectomized LE rats treated with DOC and salt (DOC-LE), salt alone (NaCl-LE) and untreated rats (H2O-LE). The UADHV was elevated in DOC-LE (p less than 0.01) and NaCl-LE (p less than 0.05), but only the DOC-LE rats became hypertensive. Finally, the I.V. injection of analogs of vasopressin, which block its pressor but not antidiuretic activity, lowered mean arterial blood pressure 27 +/- 5 mm Hg in 11 conscious DOC-salt hypertensive rats. It is concluded that vasopressin plays a major role as a pressor agent in both the onset and maintenance of DOC-salt hypertension.", "contents": "The importance of vasopressin in the development and maintenance of DOC-salt hypertension in the rat. Experiments were performed to determine the role of vasopressin in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt hypertension. In order to determine if vasopressin is necessary for the development of DOC-salt hypertension, rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and normal Long-Evans rats (LE) were unilaterally nephrectomized, treated with DOC Pivalate (30 mg/kg . week) and given saline to drink for 8 weeks. A second group of DI rats were unilaterally nephrectomized, but received no treatment. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 40 mm Hg in the LE group (p less than 0.01) but failed to increase significantly in either DI group. Urinary excretion of vasopressin (UADHV) and SBP were measured in unilaterally nephrectomized LE rats treated with DOC and salt (DOC-LE), salt alone (NaCl-LE) and untreated rats (H2O-LE). The UADHV was elevated in DOC-LE (p less than 0.01) and NaCl-LE (p less than 0.05), but only the DOC-LE rats became hypertensive. Finally, the I.V. injection of analogs of vasopressin, which block its pressor but not antidiuretic activity, lowered mean arterial blood pressure 27 +/- 5 mm Hg in 11 conscious DOC-salt hypertensive rats. It is concluded that vasopressin plays a major role as a pressor agent in both the onset and maintenance of DOC-salt hypertension.", "PMID": 544512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9673", "title": "Metastasis of human tumors in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The incidence of metastasis of xenogeneic tumors transplanted to nude mice is controversial. We studied 106 malignant human tumor lines in a total of 1,045 nude mice, and observed metastasis in only 14 instances (1.3%), involving 11 different tumor lines. Three of the lines showed repeated metastasis. Breast tumor lines metastasized with significantly greater frequency than other tumor types. None of the sarcoma lines metastasized. Tumors derived from human metastases were no more prone to metastasizing in nude mice than were tumors derived from primary sites. However, deep penetration of the body wall during growth of the tumor transplant was highly correlated with metastasis (p less than 0.001). Such factors as nude mouse health, tumor size and growth rate, and age and sex of the host mouse were not correlated with metastasis. Serial passage in nude mice did not select for a more malignant tumor line, since the incidence of metastasis did not differ at various passage levels. Thus, metastasis of human malignant tumors in nude mice would appear to depend primarily upon the site of tumor growth in the nude mouse, and upon the intrinsic metastasizing capability of the tumor line employed.", "contents": "Metastasis of human tumors in athymic nude mice. The incidence of metastasis of xenogeneic tumors transplanted to nude mice is controversial. We studied 106 malignant human tumor lines in a total of 1,045 nude mice, and observed metastasis in only 14 instances (1.3%), involving 11 different tumor lines. Three of the lines showed repeated metastasis. Breast tumor lines metastasized with significantly greater frequency than other tumor types. None of the sarcoma lines metastasized. Tumors derived from human metastases were no more prone to metastasizing in nude mice than were tumors derived from primary sites. However, deep penetration of the body wall during growth of the tumor transplant was highly correlated with metastasis (p less than 0.001). Such factors as nude mouse health, tumor size and growth rate, and age and sex of the host mouse were not correlated with metastasis. Serial passage in nude mice did not select for a more malignant tumor line, since the incidence of metastasis did not differ at various passage levels. Thus, metastasis of human malignant tumors in nude mice would appear to depend primarily upon the site of tumor growth in the nude mouse, and upon the intrinsic metastasizing capability of the tumor line employed.", "PMID": 544528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9674", "title": "Content and distribution of macrophages and lymphocytes in solid malignant human tumours.", "content": "The relative content of lymphocytes and macrophages was studied in 20 solid malignant human tumours. Mechanically prepared tumour-cell suspensions contained both lymphocytes (0.2-4.0%) and macrophages (0.2-7.0%). Macrophages were characterized as esterase-positive, phagocytosing cells. The distribution of the cells within the tumours was studied on cryostat sections. A modified esterase method, using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate, always gave an intensive staining of tissue-infiltrating macrophages, even in malignant tissues where some neoplastic cells exhibited a weak to moderate esterase activity. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were studied in HE-stained tissue sections. The study demonstrates that both cell types were usually more numerous in the stroma surrounding the tumour tissue and in the stromal septa between the cords of malignant cells (peripheral infiltration) than in the central areas of the tumours. No signs of cell necrosis were seen near the lymphocyte zones or the stromal macrophages; however, some central necrotic areas contained aggregates of macrophages, lymphocytes and PMN.", "contents": "Content and distribution of macrophages and lymphocytes in solid malignant human tumours. The relative content of lymphocytes and macrophages was studied in 20 solid malignant human tumours. Mechanically prepared tumour-cell suspensions contained both lymphocytes (0.2-4.0%) and macrophages (0.2-7.0%). Macrophages were characterized as esterase-positive, phagocytosing cells. The distribution of the cells within the tumours was studied on cryostat sections. A modified esterase method, using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate, always gave an intensive staining of tissue-infiltrating macrophages, even in malignant tissues where some neoplastic cells exhibited a weak to moderate esterase activity. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were studied in HE-stained tissue sections. The study demonstrates that both cell types were usually more numerous in the stroma surrounding the tumour tissue and in the stromal septa between the cords of malignant cells (peripheral infiltration) than in the central areas of the tumours. No signs of cell necrosis were seen near the lymphocyte zones or the stromal macrophages; however, some central necrotic areas contained aggregates of macrophages, lymphocytes and PMN.", "PMID": 544529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9675", "title": "Embryo-derived teratocarcinoma: I. The role of strain and gender in the control of teratocarcinogenesis.", "content": "The role of gender and genetic (strain-specific) factors in the regulation of teratocarcinogenesis was studied by monitoring the outgrowth of benign and malignant embryo-derived teratoid tumors, i.e., teratomas and teratocarconomas in several mouse strains. Teratocarcinomas were produced in all mouse strains tested, but the ratio of teratoma to teratocarcinoma varied from one strain to another. A high yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in A/J, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, CBA/J and C3H/J mice, irrespective of the sex of the recipient. A low yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in both male and female C57BL/6J and AKR/J recipients, and in 129/J female recipients. For all strains but 129/J and eventually AKR/J the sex of the recipients did not significantly affect the outgrowth of embryo-derived tumors. These data suggest the existence of mouse strains with high and low permissiveness for embryo-derived teratocarcinogenesis. The sex of the recipients may influence the yield of embryo-derived teratocarcinomas in some mouse strains but is of no consequence in others.", "contents": "Embryo-derived teratocarcinoma: I. The role of strain and gender in the control of teratocarcinogenesis. The role of gender and genetic (strain-specific) factors in the regulation of teratocarcinogenesis was studied by monitoring the outgrowth of benign and malignant embryo-derived teratoid tumors, i.e., teratomas and teratocarconomas in several mouse strains. Teratocarcinomas were produced in all mouse strains tested, but the ratio of teratoma to teratocarcinoma varied from one strain to another. A high yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in A/J, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, CBA/J and C3H/J mice, irrespective of the sex of the recipient. A low yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in both male and female C57BL/6J and AKR/J recipients, and in 129/J female recipients. For all strains but 129/J and eventually AKR/J the sex of the recipients did not significantly affect the outgrowth of embryo-derived tumors. These data suggest the existence of mouse strains with high and low permissiveness for embryo-derived teratocarcinogenesis. The sex of the recipients may influence the yield of embryo-derived teratocarcinomas in some mouse strains but is of no consequence in others.", "PMID": 544530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9676", "title": "Immunotherapy of an ascitic rat hepatoma with cord factor (trehalose-6, 6'-dimycolate) and synthetic analogues.", "content": "The ability of cord factor (trehalose-6, 6'-dimycolate) and a range of shorter carbon chain fatty acid trehalose diesters to suppress growth of an ascitic rat hepatoma has been examined and compared with that of whole, living BCG organisms. Aqueous suspensions of BCG, and cord factor in 0.4% arachis oil:Triton emulsion, injected intraperitoneally, retarded growth of up to 10(5) ascites tumour cells. Trehalose-6, 6'-dibehenate was also tumour-suppressive, but only against lower challenge inocula (10(4) cells). Trehalose-6, 6'-dipalmitate and 6,6'-di-0-2-tetradecyl -3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl alpha, alpha trehalose (designated C76) were virtually ineffective and 6,6' -di-0-2-eicosyl-3-hydroxy-tetracosanoyl alpha, alpha trehalose (designated C100) gave small and variable effects only against low challenge inocula. However, improved responses were seen with light mineral oil in place of arachis oil in the emulsions.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of an ascitic rat hepatoma with cord factor (trehalose-6, 6'-dimycolate) and synthetic analogues. The ability of cord factor (trehalose-6, 6'-dimycolate) and a range of shorter carbon chain fatty acid trehalose diesters to suppress growth of an ascitic rat hepatoma has been examined and compared with that of whole, living BCG organisms. Aqueous suspensions of BCG, and cord factor in 0.4% arachis oil:Triton emulsion, injected intraperitoneally, retarded growth of up to 10(5) ascites tumour cells. Trehalose-6, 6'-dibehenate was also tumour-suppressive, but only against lower challenge inocula (10(4) cells). Trehalose-6, 6'-dipalmitate and 6,6'-di-0-2-tetradecyl -3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl alpha, alpha trehalose (designated C76) were virtually ineffective and 6,6' -di-0-2-eicosyl-3-hydroxy-tetracosanoyl alpha, alpha trehalose (designated C100) gave small and variable effects only against low challenge inocula. However, improved responses were seen with light mineral oil in place of arachis oil in the emulsions.", "PMID": 544531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9677", "title": "Lung carcinoma induction in BD rats after a single intratracheal instillation of an arsenic-containing pesticide mixture formerly used in vineyards.", "content": "A single intratracheal 0.1-ml instillation of a calcium-arsenate containing vineyard pesticide induced multi-focal bronchogenic adenocarcinomas and bronchiolar-alveolar-cell carcinomas in nine out of 15 treated BD rats. This seems to be the first experimental confirmation of carcinogenicity of arsenic-containing pesticides used formerly in vineyards.", "contents": "Lung carcinoma induction in BD rats after a single intratracheal instillation of an arsenic-containing pesticide mixture formerly used in vineyards. A single intratracheal 0.1-ml instillation of a calcium-arsenate containing vineyard pesticide induced multi-focal bronchogenic adenocarcinomas and bronchiolar-alveolar-cell carcinomas in nine out of 15 treated BD rats. This seems to be the first experimental confirmation of carcinogenicity of arsenic-containing pesticides used formerly in vineyards.", "PMID": 544532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9678", "title": "Immunological basis for differences in susceptibility to hydrocarbon oncogenesis among mice of a single genotype.", "content": "The tendency for tumor induction to occur preferentially in certain individual mice of an inbred strain vanished when the putative immune response was reduced either by radiation plus thymectomy or by reduction of the concentration of the chemical oncogen.", "contents": "Immunological basis for differences in susceptibility to hydrocarbon oncogenesis among mice of a single genotype. The tendency for tumor induction to occur preferentially in certain individual mice of an inbred strain vanished when the putative immune response was reduced either by radiation plus thymectomy or by reduction of the concentration of the chemical oncogen.", "PMID": 544533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9679", "title": "Alterations in chromosomal proteins in C3H/HeN mice with spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas.", "content": "The chromosomal proteins from chromatins of normal and background liver and spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas (PHC) of C3H/HeN mice were examined by high resolution acid-urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Before gel analysis, the histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) from the various tissues studied were separated by affinity chromatography. No qualitative or quantitative differences in histone content were detected in any of the chromatins studied. Tumor and background chromatins did, however, exhibit higher NHCP content than normal tissues. When NHCP were fractionated on SDS polyacrylamide gels, the appearance of 10 new unique NHCP, many of which were of high molecular weight, was found to accompany the manifestation of malignancy in these C3H/HeN mice. Conversely, the abundance of a number of individual NHCP decreased precipitiously in PHC chromatin; and, additionally, two high-molecular-weight NHCP present in normal chromatins were not detectable in background and PHC chromatin. A number of NHCP were found to be unique to each of the chromatins studied. The progressive increase in total number of NHCP in background and PHC chromatin when compared to normal chromatin suggested that such changes in NHCP might indicate progression towards malignancy. The acquisition of new high-molecular-weight NHCP, the loss of some high-molecular-weight NHCP, and the decrease in individual NHCP found for mouse PHC correlate well with findings of previous studies in other systems in which malignant transformation was induced with some agent. It appears then that changes in NHCP accompany both spontaneous and induced malignant transformation, and that such changes may reflect alterations in gene expression known to accompany malignancy.", "contents": "Alterations in chromosomal proteins in C3H/HeN mice with spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas. The chromosomal proteins from chromatins of normal and background liver and spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas (PHC) of C3H/HeN mice were examined by high resolution acid-urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Before gel analysis, the histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) from the various tissues studied were separated by affinity chromatography. No qualitative or quantitative differences in histone content were detected in any of the chromatins studied. Tumor and background chromatins did, however, exhibit higher NHCP content than normal tissues. When NHCP were fractionated on SDS polyacrylamide gels, the appearance of 10 new unique NHCP, many of which were of high molecular weight, was found to accompany the manifestation of malignancy in these C3H/HeN mice. Conversely, the abundance of a number of individual NHCP decreased precipitiously in PHC chromatin; and, additionally, two high-molecular-weight NHCP present in normal chromatins were not detectable in background and PHC chromatin. A number of NHCP were found to be unique to each of the chromatins studied. The progressive increase in total number of NHCP in background and PHC chromatin when compared to normal chromatin suggested that such changes in NHCP might indicate progression towards malignancy. The acquisition of new high-molecular-weight NHCP, the loss of some high-molecular-weight NHCP, and the decrease in individual NHCP found for mouse PHC correlate well with findings of previous studies in other systems in which malignant transformation was induced with some agent. It appears then that changes in NHCP accompany both spontaneous and induced malignant transformation, and that such changes may reflect alterations in gene expression known to accompany malignancy.", "PMID": 544534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9680", "title": "Betel quid chewing and oral cancer: experimental studies on hamsters.", "content": "Betel quid ingredients--betel nut, betel leaf, lime, catechu and tobacco--were tested separately and in various combinations for carcinogenicity, using hamster cheek pouch as the experimental site. The four modes of administration used were (1) tri-weekly painting of the cheek pouch with aqueous extracts of test materials, (2) deposition of replaceable wax pellets containing the test material, (3) gelatin capsules containing the powdered material and (4) insertion of natural material into the pouch for trauma and direct exposure. Untreated controls and standard carcinogen DMBA-treated controls were also maintained. A total of 317 young adult golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) used for the experiments were killed in two age groups: 6-12 months and 13-24 months, only when signs of general debility were observed. In the untreated controls, animals were free of any malignancy. In the experimental series, various betel quid ingredient combinations under test induced both oral and gastric lesions ranging from massive atypia and precancerous lesions to frank carcinomas. Maximum lesions were observed in the groups receiving betel nut, lime and tobacco combinations and in the polyphenol fraction of betel nut containing major tannins. The mode of administration of test material resulted in distinct differences; tri-weekly paintings giving oral lesions in the range of 22-23% and gastric lesions 39-48%; the same material given either through the replaceable gelatin capsule or in natural form induced 69% oral lesions and 63 to 82% gastric lesions. Overall evaluation of the data of all the four series confirms the potent carcinogenicity of betel nut, particularly its tannin-containing polyphenolic fraction and its combination with lime and tobacco. Maximum oral lesions induced in the hamsters by continuous exposure to capsules and natural material, highlight the direct relationship of frequency of chewing in habitual chewers with oral carcinogenesis. The high incidence of gastric (forestomach) lesions invites special attention.", "contents": "Betel quid chewing and oral cancer: experimental studies on hamsters. Betel quid ingredients--betel nut, betel leaf, lime, catechu and tobacco--were tested separately and in various combinations for carcinogenicity, using hamster cheek pouch as the experimental site. The four modes of administration used were (1) tri-weekly painting of the cheek pouch with aqueous extracts of test materials, (2) deposition of replaceable wax pellets containing the test material, (3) gelatin capsules containing the powdered material and (4) insertion of natural material into the pouch for trauma and direct exposure. Untreated controls and standard carcinogen DMBA-treated controls were also maintained. A total of 317 young adult golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) used for the experiments were killed in two age groups: 6-12 months and 13-24 months, only when signs of general debility were observed. In the untreated controls, animals were free of any malignancy. In the experimental series, various betel quid ingredient combinations under test induced both oral and gastric lesions ranging from massive atypia and precancerous lesions to frank carcinomas. Maximum lesions were observed in the groups receiving betel nut, lime and tobacco combinations and in the polyphenol fraction of betel nut containing major tannins. The mode of administration of test material resulted in distinct differences; tri-weekly paintings giving oral lesions in the range of 22-23% and gastric lesions 39-48%; the same material given either through the replaceable gelatin capsule or in natural form induced 69% oral lesions and 63 to 82% gastric lesions. Overall evaluation of the data of all the four series confirms the potent carcinogenicity of betel nut, particularly its tannin-containing polyphenolic fraction and its combination with lime and tobacco. Maximum oral lesions induced in the hamsters by continuous exposure to capsules and natural material, highlight the direct relationship of frequency of chewing in habitual chewers with oral carcinogenesis. The high incidence of gastric (forestomach) lesions invites special attention.", "PMID": 544535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9681", "title": "Estimation of catecholamines in human plasma by ion-exchange chromatography coupled with fluorimetry.", "content": "Estimation of catecholamines in human plasma was made by ion-exchange chromatography coupled with fluorimetry. Catecholamines in deproteinized plasma were adsorbed onto Amberlite CG-50 (pH 6.5, buffered with 0.4 M phosphate buffer) and selectively eluted by 0.66 M boric acid. The catecholamine fraction was separated further on a column of Amberlite IRC-50 which was coupled with a device for the automated performance of the trihydroxyindole method (epinephrine and norepinephrine) or the 4-aminobenzoic acid-oxidation method (dopamine). One sample could be analysed within 25 min with either method. The lower detection limits were 0.02 ng for epinephrine and dopamine, and 0.04 ng for norepinephrine. Plasma catecholamine contents of healthy adults at rest were epinephrine 0.07 +/- 0.01 ng/ml (n = 19), norepinephrine 0.27 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (n = 19) and dopamine 0.22 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (n = 26). The procedure of adsorption and elution of the plasma catecholamines by ion-exchange resin was simple, the simplicity contributing to constant recovery. The catecholamine fraction could be analysed without evaporation of the eluate. The analytical column could be used for the analysis of more than 1000 samples before excessive back-pressure developed. Our method of continuous measurement of plasma catecholamine fulfils clinical requirements.", "contents": "Estimation of catecholamines in human plasma by ion-exchange chromatography coupled with fluorimetry. Estimation of catecholamines in human plasma was made by ion-exchange chromatography coupled with fluorimetry. Catecholamines in deproteinized plasma were adsorbed onto Amberlite CG-50 (pH 6.5, buffered with 0.4 M phosphate buffer) and selectively eluted by 0.66 M boric acid. The catecholamine fraction was separated further on a column of Amberlite IRC-50 which was coupled with a device for the automated performance of the trihydroxyindole method (epinephrine and norepinephrine) or the 4-aminobenzoic acid-oxidation method (dopamine). One sample could be analysed within 25 min with either method. The lower detection limits were 0.02 ng for epinephrine and dopamine, and 0.04 ng for norepinephrine. Plasma catecholamine contents of healthy adults at rest were epinephrine 0.07 +/- 0.01 ng/ml (n = 19), norepinephrine 0.27 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (n = 19) and dopamine 0.22 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (n = 26). The procedure of adsorption and elution of the plasma catecholamines by ion-exchange resin was simple, the simplicity contributing to constant recovery. The catecholamine fraction could be analysed without evaporation of the eluate. The analytical column could be used for the analysis of more than 1000 samples before excessive back-pressure developed. Our method of continuous measurement of plasma catecholamine fulfils clinical requirements.", "PMID": 544600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9682", "title": "Selected ion monitoring assay for biogenic amine metabolites and probenecid in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Details are presented of an improved selected ion monitoring assay for the major biogenic amine metabolites and probenecid in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The metabolites and probenecid are simultaneously extracted with ethyl acetate from an acidified aqueous phase, and are simultaneously converted to pentafluoropropionyl esters by reaction with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol. The esters of the metabolites are analyzed following a single injection of the derivatized sample onto the gas chromatographic column, while the ester of probenecid is analyzed following a separate injection onto the gas chromatographic column. Quantitation is achieved using for internal standards dueterated analogues of the metabolites and a chemical analogue of probenecid. Data are presented on the concentration of free and conjugated forms of the metabolites in lumbar CSF taken from healthy volunteers.", "contents": "Selected ion monitoring assay for biogenic amine metabolites and probenecid in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. Details are presented of an improved selected ion monitoring assay for the major biogenic amine metabolites and probenecid in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The metabolites and probenecid are simultaneously extracted with ethyl acetate from an acidified aqueous phase, and are simultaneously converted to pentafluoropropionyl esters by reaction with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol. The esters of the metabolites are analyzed following a single injection of the derivatized sample onto the gas chromatographic column, while the ester of probenecid is analyzed following a separate injection onto the gas chromatographic column. Quantitation is achieved using for internal standards dueterated analogues of the metabolites and a chemical analogue of probenecid. Data are presented on the concentration of free and conjugated forms of the metabolites in lumbar CSF taken from healthy volunteers.", "PMID": 544601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9683", "title": "Rapid assay for theophylline in clinical samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A fast, sensitive and highly specific method for the determination of theophylline in human serum is reported. Using a C18-bonded reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase theophylline is completely resolved not only from other dietary xanthines and their metabolites but also from co-administered drugs such as paracetamol and phenobarbitone. Use of beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline as internal standard allows a within batch precision of 2.0% and a between batch variation of 3.0%. Factors involved in the development of the method and its performance are discussed.", "contents": "Rapid assay for theophylline in clinical samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A fast, sensitive and highly specific method for the determination of theophylline in human serum is reported. Using a C18-bonded reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase theophylline is completely resolved not only from other dietary xanthines and their metabolites but also from co-administered drugs such as paracetamol and phenobarbitone. Use of beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline as internal standard allows a within batch precision of 2.0% and a between batch variation of 3.0%. Factors involved in the development of the method and its performance are discussed.", "PMID": 544602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9684", "title": "Evaluation of a modified high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite.", "content": "Extensive modification of an existing high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite has markedly improved chromatographic stability eliminating the previous need for frequent adjustment of the eluent composition to accommodate continuous loss of column retention. The eluents now used and avoidance of the requirement for elevated column temperature may be significant factors in the ability to maintain column life over 8 months of continuous use with little decrease in retention. As a result of the improved chromatographic stability full advantage can now be taken of automatic injection devices for the unattended processing of large numbers of samples. A significant modification of the work-up of blood samples has improved precision of the assay in whole blood. Nevertheless, it is recommended that plasma samples rather than whole blood be analyzed, since the plasma assay is faster and still more precise.", "contents": "Evaluation of a modified high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite. Extensive modification of an existing high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite has markedly improved chromatographic stability eliminating the previous need for frequent adjustment of the eluent composition to accommodate continuous loss of column retention. The eluents now used and avoidance of the requirement for elevated column temperature may be significant factors in the ability to maintain column life over 8 months of continuous use with little decrease in retention. As a result of the improved chromatographic stability full advantage can now be taken of automatic injection devices for the unattended processing of large numbers of samples. A significant modification of the work-up of blood samples has improved precision of the assay in whole blood. Nevertheless, it is recommended that plasma samples rather than whole blood be analyzed, since the plasma assay is faster and still more precise.", "PMID": 544603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9685", "title": "Trace analysis of the MIF analogue pareptide in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and short-wavelength excitation fluorometry.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed and applied to analysis of the pharmacologically active MIF analogue pareptide in human plasma. The procedure involves formation of a fluorescent 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzyl-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) pareptide derivative followed by separation of the NBD derivative from plasma components on a 30-cm microparticle octadecylsilane bonded column. The separated derivative was quantitated using a short-wavelength excitation fluorometric detector. The detection limit of pareptide in plasma samples was 5 ng or 17 pmoles per ml of plasma. In the absence of plasma, the corresponding on-column detection limit was 0.5 pmoles.", "contents": "Trace analysis of the MIF analogue pareptide in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and short-wavelength excitation fluorometry. A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed and applied to analysis of the pharmacologically active MIF analogue pareptide in human plasma. The procedure involves formation of a fluorescent 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzyl-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) pareptide derivative followed by separation of the NBD derivative from plasma components on a 30-cm microparticle octadecylsilane bonded column. The separated derivative was quantitated using a short-wavelength excitation fluorometric detector. The detection limit of pareptide in plasma samples was 5 ng or 17 pmoles per ml of plasma. In the absence of plasma, the corresponding on-column detection limit was 0.5 pmoles.", "PMID": 544604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9686", "title": "[Separation and characterization of acidic urine constituents (author's transl)].", "content": "The acidic compounds of urine were separated by thin-layer chromatography in eight fractions. Each fraction was investigated separately by the combination glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. About 500 compounds were detected, 2/5 of these could be characterized by their mass spectra. Retention data and key fragments of the mass spectra were tabulated. Many of the detected compounds are still unknown.", "contents": "[Separation and characterization of acidic urine constituents (author's transl)]. The acidic compounds of urine were separated by thin-layer chromatography in eight fractions. Each fraction was investigated separately by the combination glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. About 500 compounds were detected, 2/5 of these could be characterized by their mass spectra. Retention data and key fragments of the mass spectra were tabulated. Many of the detected compounds are still unknown.", "PMID": 544607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9687", "title": "[Occurrence of alpha-alkyl-substituted malic acids, and beta-hydroxy-beta-alkyl-substituted dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acid derivatives in normal urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Urine contains a number of alpha-hydroxy acids so far unknown to occur in biological liquids. Besides the already as urine constituent known methylmalic acid, also the ethyl, isopropyl and butyl derivatives of malic acid were found. Further metabolites in urine are a beta-propyl-substituted beta-hydrosyglutaric acid, a beta-hydroxy-beta-[methyl-carbomethoxy]-adipinic acid and two isomeric alpha-methylcitric acids.", "contents": "[Occurrence of alpha-alkyl-substituted malic acids, and beta-hydroxy-beta-alkyl-substituted dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acid derivatives in normal urine (author's transl)]. Urine contains a number of alpha-hydroxy acids so far unknown to occur in biological liquids. Besides the already as urine constituent known methylmalic acid, also the ethyl, isopropyl and butyl derivatives of malic acid were found. Further metabolites in urine are a beta-propyl-substituted beta-hydrosyglutaric acid, a beta-hydroxy-beta-[methyl-carbomethoxy]-adipinic acid and two isomeric alpha-methylcitric acids.", "PMID": 544608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9688", "title": "Automated quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of intact lipis. II. Accuracy, precision and reproducibility of results.", "content": "The effect of various factors on the precision and accuracy of the gas chromatographic determination of neutral lipids was studied in the concentration range where the correction factors are dependent on the amount analyzed. The mutual effect of individual components of the neutral lipid spectrum on the recovery was examined. A method is described which provides the stable recovery of the components present at low concentrations, using the addition of high-molecular-weight triglyceride (triarachidin) which does not interfere in the determination of the usual triglycerides. The validity of the correction factors measured with pure compounds was verified by hydrogenation of biological samples of various compositions. Hydrogenation of the sample also solves the problem of the determination of the triglyceride fraction of carbon number 46, which interferes under normal conditions with the determination of the cholesteryl ester fraction of carbon number 47. A method for the standardization of the gas chromatographic determination of neutral lipids is given using pure compounds instead of lyophilized biological samples. Long-term quality control was carried out using synthetic control samples. The results show sufficiently low values of the variation coefficients over the whole period. The values of the variation coefficients measured over an interval of 25 weeks are about 4% for the main components of the neutral lipid spectrum and 6.3% for the components present at concentrations up to 5%. Thw within-day variation for the most neutral lipid fractions and for lipid classes attains a value of 40-75% of the day-to-day variation. The most satisfactory values are obtained for the variation within a single series which amount to less than 2% for all substances except for triglyceride fractions 48 and 54. The correlation of the determination of total cholesterol and triglycerides by gas chromatography and by enzymatic methods shows a very good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. Using quality control, it is possible to follow the accuracy of the calibration and to demonstrate objectively the necessity for system recalibration.", "contents": "Automated quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of intact lipis. II. Accuracy, precision and reproducibility of results. The effect of various factors on the precision and accuracy of the gas chromatographic determination of neutral lipids was studied in the concentration range where the correction factors are dependent on the amount analyzed. The mutual effect of individual components of the neutral lipid spectrum on the recovery was examined. A method is described which provides the stable recovery of the components present at low concentrations, using the addition of high-molecular-weight triglyceride (triarachidin) which does not interfere in the determination of the usual triglycerides. The validity of the correction factors measured with pure compounds was verified by hydrogenation of biological samples of various compositions. Hydrogenation of the sample also solves the problem of the determination of the triglyceride fraction of carbon number 46, which interferes under normal conditions with the determination of the cholesteryl ester fraction of carbon number 47. A method for the standardization of the gas chromatographic determination of neutral lipids is given using pure compounds instead of lyophilized biological samples. Long-term quality control was carried out using synthetic control samples. The results show sufficiently low values of the variation coefficients over the whole period. The values of the variation coefficients measured over an interval of 25 weeks are about 4% for the main components of the neutral lipid spectrum and 6.3% for the components present at concentrations up to 5%. Thw within-day variation for the most neutral lipid fractions and for lipid classes attains a value of 40-75% of the day-to-day variation. The most satisfactory values are obtained for the variation within a single series which amount to less than 2% for all substances except for triglyceride fractions 48 and 54. The correlation of the determination of total cholesterol and triglycerides by gas chromatography and by enzymatic methods shows a very good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. Using quality control, it is possible to follow the accuracy of the calibration and to demonstrate objectively the necessity for system recalibration.", "PMID": 544609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9689", "title": "Determination of phenylalanine in serum using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.", "content": "A liquid chromatography procedure is reported for determining phenylalanine in small volumes of serum. A 10-microliter volume of serum was deproteinized with ethanol and an aliquot was derivatized with dansyl chloride reagent. The dansylated phenylalanine and the norleucine internal standard were separated using reversed-phase chromatography and measured with a fluorescence detector. Linearity was excellent over the range 50-800 mg/l. Within-run precision was better than 4%. Total analysis time including chromatography was approximately 40 min. As little as 300 pg of dansylated phenylalanine was detected.", "contents": "Determination of phenylalanine in serum using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. A liquid chromatography procedure is reported for determining phenylalanine in small volumes of serum. A 10-microliter volume of serum was deproteinized with ethanol and an aliquot was derivatized with dansyl chloride reagent. The dansylated phenylalanine and the norleucine internal standard were separated using reversed-phase chromatography and measured with a fluorescence detector. Linearity was excellent over the range 50-800 mg/l. Within-run precision was better than 4%. Total analysis time including chromatography was approximately 40 min. As little as 300 pg of dansylated phenylalanine was detected.", "PMID": 544610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9690", "title": "Amniotic fluid uric acid levels determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric and electrochemical detection.", "content": "A rapid and precise, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for amniotic fluid uric acid is described. Detection of uric acid and other naturally occurring constitutents is based on UV absorption at a wavelength of 280 nm and direct electrochemical oxidation at a potential of +0.800 V. The total analysis time is short (20 min) and the assay requires only filtration of the samples. Uric acid levels were determined in 14 samples of amniotic fluid obtained during the 15th to 24th week of gestation. Results ranged from 0.897 to 4.39 mg per 100 ml of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid uric acid levels determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric and electrochemical detection. A rapid and precise, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for amniotic fluid uric acid is described. Detection of uric acid and other naturally occurring constitutents is based on UV absorption at a wavelength of 280 nm and direct electrochemical oxidation at a potential of +0.800 V. The total analysis time is short (20 min) and the assay requires only filtration of the samples. Uric acid levels were determined in 14 samples of amniotic fluid obtained during the 15th to 24th week of gestation. Results ranged from 0.897 to 4.39 mg per 100 ml of amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 544611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9691", "title": "Determination of amoxicillin in body fluids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a post-column derivatization procedure.", "content": "Quantitative methods for determination of amoxicillin in body fluids are described. They comprise separation by reversed-phase chromatography (LiChrosorb RP-8, 5 micron) of the aqueous supernatants obtained from plasma or urine after purification steps involving protein precipitation followed by extraction in the case of plasma, or a double extraction procedure in the case of urine, post-column derivatization with air segmentation, and finally measurement of the UV absorbance at 310 nm. The derivatization involves formation of the mercuric mercaptide of penicillenic acid and is specific for compounds with an intact penicillanic acid ring system. Detection limits achieved on injecting 200 microliter of plasma and 20 microliter of urine are about 25 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml, respectively, but it is possible to improve the sensitivity further by injecting larger volumes. Precisions (srel) obtained for determination of 0.10 and 0.45 migrogram/ml in plasma were 3.72 and 1.40%, respectively. Some problems regarding column stability originating from the injection of biological samples are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of amoxicillin in body fluids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a post-column derivatization procedure. Quantitative methods for determination of amoxicillin in body fluids are described. They comprise separation by reversed-phase chromatography (LiChrosorb RP-8, 5 micron) of the aqueous supernatants obtained from plasma or urine after purification steps involving protein precipitation followed by extraction in the case of plasma, or a double extraction procedure in the case of urine, post-column derivatization with air segmentation, and finally measurement of the UV absorbance at 310 nm. The derivatization involves formation of the mercuric mercaptide of penicillenic acid and is specific for compounds with an intact penicillanic acid ring system. Detection limits achieved on injecting 200 microliter of plasma and 20 microliter of urine are about 25 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml, respectively, but it is possible to improve the sensitivity further by injecting larger volumes. Precisions (srel) obtained for determination of 0.10 and 0.45 migrogram/ml in plasma were 3.72 and 1.40%, respectively. Some problems regarding column stability originating from the injection of biological samples are discussed.", "PMID": 544612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9692", "title": "Sensitive electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic assay for the de-ethylated metabolite of metoclopramide.", "content": "A procedure is described for determining 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-N-(2-ethylaminoethyl)benzamide, a metabolite formed by de-ethylation of metochlopramide, in urine from rats. The sampe is extracted (at pH approximately 13) with chloroform and, after treatment with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, derivatives of the extracted compounds are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, with electron-capture detection and diazepam as internal standard. The drug and its metabolite are separated, and the latter can be determined in the range 0.4 to 1.85 microgram/ml in the sample. The behaviour of the metabolic during chemical-ionization and electron-impact mass spectrometry is discussed.", "contents": "Sensitive electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic assay for the de-ethylated metabolite of metoclopramide. A procedure is described for determining 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-N-(2-ethylaminoethyl)benzamide, a metabolite formed by de-ethylation of metochlopramide, in urine from rats. The sampe is extracted (at pH approximately 13) with chloroform and, after treatment with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, derivatives of the extracted compounds are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, with electron-capture detection and diazepam as internal standard. The drug and its metabolite are separated, and the latter can be determined in the range 0.4 to 1.85 microgram/ml in the sample. The behaviour of the metabolic during chemical-ionization and electron-impact mass spectrometry is discussed.", "PMID": 544617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9693", "title": "Determination of L-alanosine in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the Dns derivative.", "content": "L-Alanosine is an antitumour antibiotic that has recently been placed in clinical trial. We have developed a relatively rapid and specific assay for urinary and plasma alanosine, based on formation of the Dns derivative and separation of this from other Dns compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Dns-Alanosine is detected by its absorption at 254 nm, since alanosine is atypical in that it forms a Dns derivative with very low fluorescence. The lower limit of detection of alanosine in plasma is 0.1 microgram/ml. The assay has been used to measure the levels of alanosine in the plasma and urine of rabbits and of man.", "contents": "Determination of L-alanosine in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the Dns derivative. L-Alanosine is an antitumour antibiotic that has recently been placed in clinical trial. We have developed a relatively rapid and specific assay for urinary and plasma alanosine, based on formation of the Dns derivative and separation of this from other Dns compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Dns-Alanosine is detected by its absorption at 254 nm, since alanosine is atypical in that it forms a Dns derivative with very low fluorescence. The lower limit of detection of alanosine in plasma is 0.1 microgram/ml. The assay has been used to measure the levels of alanosine in the plasma and urine of rabbits and of man.", "PMID": 544618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9694", "title": "Separation of nebramycin components by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the detection of major nebramycin components, for the separation of tobramycin from other components and for studying the hydrolysis of carbamoyl derivatives and procedures for isolation and purification. A sensitive method has also been established for the detection of kanamycin B in tobramycin and for the assay of apramycin in kanamycin B.", "contents": "Separation of nebramycin components by thin-layer chromatography. A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the detection of major nebramycin components, for the separation of tobramycin from other components and for studying the hydrolysis of carbamoyl derivatives and procedures for isolation and purification. A sensitive method has also been established for the detection of kanamycin B in tobramycin and for the assay of apramycin in kanamycin B.", "PMID": 544619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9695", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of digitoxigenin and digoxigenin as acetates of their epoxygeninic acid methyl esters.", "content": "Gas chromatographic analysis of ditigoxigenin and digoxigenin, the genins of the cardenolide glycosides digitoxin and digoxin, cannot be done without derivatization. However, during the derivatization, side-reactions often present serious problems. A procedure has been found for transforming digitoxigenin and digoxigenin into the corresponding acetates of their epoxygeninic acid methyl esters, which are stable compounds and suitable for gas chromatographic analysis.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of digitoxigenin and digoxigenin as acetates of their epoxygeninic acid methyl esters. Gas chromatographic analysis of ditigoxigenin and digoxigenin, the genins of the cardenolide glycosides digitoxin and digoxin, cannot be done without derivatization. However, during the derivatization, side-reactions often present serious problems. A procedure has been found for transforming digitoxigenin and digoxigenin into the corresponding acetates of their epoxygeninic acid methyl esters, which are stable compounds and suitable for gas chromatographic analysis.", "PMID": 544629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9696", "title": "Characteristics of lithium iodide-containing poly(ethylene glycol) as a gas chromatographic stationary phase, and its application to analysis of amidic drugs.", "content": "The characteristics of lithium iodide-containing poly(ethylene glycol) as a gas chromatographic stationary phase have been evaluated in terms of partial free energy of transfer (delta G t0) from poly(ethylene glycol) to the lithium iodide-poly(ethylene glycol) system for a variaty of amides (n-fatty acid amides, lactams, benzamides, anilides, nicotinamides, isonicotinamides, barbiturates, pyrazolones) and several amines. The changes in relative retention and resolution of two solute peaks caused by the addition of lithium iodide to poly)ethylene glycol) are correlated with the difference in their delta Gt0 values. The application to the specific separation of some amidic drugs is demonstrated.", "contents": "Characteristics of lithium iodide-containing poly(ethylene glycol) as a gas chromatographic stationary phase, and its application to analysis of amidic drugs. The characteristics of lithium iodide-containing poly(ethylene glycol) as a gas chromatographic stationary phase have been evaluated in terms of partial free energy of transfer (delta G t0) from poly(ethylene glycol) to the lithium iodide-poly(ethylene glycol) system for a variaty of amides (n-fatty acid amides, lactams, benzamides, anilides, nicotinamides, isonicotinamides, barbiturates, pyrazolones) and several amines. The changes in relative retention and resolution of two solute peaks caused by the addition of lithium iodide to poly)ethylene glycol) are correlated with the difference in their delta Gt0 values. The application to the specific separation of some amidic drugs is demonstrated.", "PMID": 544630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9697", "title": "Bacteriophage typing scheme for Salmonella infantis.", "content": "A bacteriophage typing system is described for Salmonella infantis. Nine phages were selected, of which three were isolated from sewage and six from human feces. All except 7 of the 546 strains collected between 1974 and 1978 could be classified into 23 different phage types. The five most common phage types comprised 26, 13, 9, 9, and 9% of all strains, respectively. Strains from humans, animals, food, and water isolated during nine episodes, or from given patients at different intervals of time, belonged to the same phage type.", "contents": "Bacteriophage typing scheme for Salmonella infantis. A bacteriophage typing system is described for Salmonella infantis. Nine phages were selected, of which three were isolated from sewage and six from human feces. All except 7 of the 546 strains collected between 1974 and 1978 could be classified into 23 different phage types. The five most common phage types comprised 26, 13, 9, 9, and 9% of all strains, respectively. Strains from humans, animals, food, and water isolated during nine episodes, or from given patients at different intervals of time, belonged to the same phage type.", "PMID": 544631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9698", "title": "Evaluation of commercial latex agglutination reagents for grouping streptococci.", "content": "A total of 155 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci were serologically grouped by conventional techniques (Lancefield extraction and capillary precipitin testing) and by latex agglutination (LA). Agreement between conventional and LA techniques was 97% when the instructions of the manufacturer for the LA technique were followed. Agreement of 99% was obtained when modified autoclave extracts were used as antigens in the LA procedure. A total of 82 strains of non-beta-hemolytic streptococci were also tested by conventional, prescribed LA, and modified autoclave procedures. The agreement between conventional techniques and both LA procedures was 76%. However, when serological cross-reactions in the conventional grouping procedures were considered as errors, the accuracy of identification of both LA procedures was 88% among the non-beta-hemolytic strains. Of 13 strains of Streptococcus bovis, 10 did not react with the LA group D reagent but were serogroup D by conventional techniques. More S. bovis strains were grouped by the LA technique when extracts of 20 ml of broth cultures were used as antigens; however, cross-reactions were observed with non-group D strains when this technique was applied to them.", "contents": "Evaluation of commercial latex agglutination reagents for grouping streptococci. A total of 155 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci were serologically grouped by conventional techniques (Lancefield extraction and capillary precipitin testing) and by latex agglutination (LA). Agreement between conventional and LA techniques was 97% when the instructions of the manufacturer for the LA technique were followed. Agreement of 99% was obtained when modified autoclave extracts were used as antigens in the LA procedure. A total of 82 strains of non-beta-hemolytic streptococci were also tested by conventional, prescribed LA, and modified autoclave procedures. The agreement between conventional techniques and both LA procedures was 76%. However, when serological cross-reactions in the conventional grouping procedures were considered as errors, the accuracy of identification of both LA procedures was 88% among the non-beta-hemolytic strains. Of 13 strains of Streptococcus bovis, 10 did not react with the LA group D reagent but were serogroup D by conventional techniques. More S. bovis strains were grouped by the LA technique when extracts of 20 ml of broth cultures were used as antigens; however, cross-reactions were observed with non-group D strains when this technique was applied to them.", "PMID": 544632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9699", "title": "Destruction of bacterial viruses in serum by heat and radiation under conditions that sustain the ability of serum to support growth of cells in suspended culture.", "content": "Methods for inactivating bacterial viruses in serum were developed through the use of heat and ionizing radiation, and the effects of these treatments on the growth rates of cultured cells were tested. Viruses chosen for this study were the radiation-resistant bacteriphage f2 and heat-resistant phage T4. The viabilities of these phages were reduced more than 2 and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively, by a treatment at 60 degrees C for 30 min followed by 420 krads of ionizing radiation. Simultaneous application of heat and radiation caused a considerably greater reduction in viability of both phages in serum, but also caused a significant decrease in the growth rates of L cells in medium supplemented with serum treated in this manner. Treatment of serum with these same doses but given in the sequential fashion of heat followed by radiation caused little or no change in the growth rates of L cells. Finally, it was found that simultaneous treatment of serum with these doses of heat and radiation had little effect on the growth rates of either HeLa or Chinese hamster cells.", "contents": "Destruction of bacterial viruses in serum by heat and radiation under conditions that sustain the ability of serum to support growth of cells in suspended culture. Methods for inactivating bacterial viruses in serum were developed through the use of heat and ionizing radiation, and the effects of these treatments on the growth rates of cultured cells were tested. Viruses chosen for this study were the radiation-resistant bacteriphage f2 and heat-resistant phage T4. The viabilities of these phages were reduced more than 2 and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively, by a treatment at 60 degrees C for 30 min followed by 420 krads of ionizing radiation. Simultaneous application of heat and radiation caused a considerably greater reduction in viability of both phages in serum, but also caused a significant decrease in the growth rates of L cells in medium supplemented with serum treated in this manner. Treatment of serum with these same doses but given in the sequential fashion of heat followed by radiation caused little or no change in the growth rates of L cells. Finally, it was found that simultaneous treatment of serum with these doses of heat and radiation had little effect on the growth rates of either HeLa or Chinese hamster cells.", "PMID": 544633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9700", "title": "Evaluation of vented blood culture media with sorbitol.", "content": "Two consecutive studies comparing the recovery of microorganisms from transiently vented blood cultures in tryptic soy or brain heart infusion broth with added sorbitol and that from tryptic soy broth without sorbitol failed to demonstrate any significant advantage of hypertonic media. A significantly greater number of organisms was isolated in both studies from the medium without sorbitol.", "contents": "Evaluation of vented blood culture media with sorbitol. Two consecutive studies comparing the recovery of microorganisms from transiently vented blood cultures in tryptic soy or brain heart infusion broth with added sorbitol and that from tryptic soy broth without sorbitol failed to demonstrate any significant advantage of hypertonic media. A significantly greater number of organisms was isolated in both studies from the medium without sorbitol.", "PMID": 544634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9701", "title": "Relative recovery of anaerobes on different isolation media.", "content": "The recovery of clinical anaerobic isolates on selective and nonselective agar media, as well as the time required to detect the isolates, was examined. Of a total of 235 isolates, 77, 46, and 40% were detected on Schaedler blood agar, colistinnalidixic acid blood agar, and kanamycin-vancomycin-lysed blood agar, respectively, and 94% were detected on the combination of Schaedler blood agar with kanamycin-vancomycin-lysed blood agar. A total of 19% of the anaerobes were detected after incubation for 1 day, and 70% were detected after 2 days.", "contents": "Relative recovery of anaerobes on different isolation media. The recovery of clinical anaerobic isolates on selective and nonselective agar media, as well as the time required to detect the isolates, was examined. Of a total of 235 isolates, 77, 46, and 40% were detected on Schaedler blood agar, colistinnalidixic acid blood agar, and kanamycin-vancomycin-lysed blood agar, respectively, and 94% were detected on the combination of Schaedler blood agar with kanamycin-vancomycin-lysed blood agar. A total of 19% of the anaerobes were detected after incubation for 1 day, and 70% were detected after 2 days.", "PMID": 544636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9702", "title": "Upper limit of normal titer for detection of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila by the microagglutination test.", "content": "An upper limit of normal microagglutination titer for the Knoxville strain of Legionella pneumophila was determined by testing 830 sera. The upper limit of normal titer was found to be 8; however, we suggest that when applied to single serum specimens a titer of 32 be considered the lowest titer suggestive of infection (not necessarily disease).", "contents": "Upper limit of normal titer for detection of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila by the microagglutination test. An upper limit of normal microagglutination titer for the Knoxville strain of Legionella pneumophila was determined by testing 830 sera. The upper limit of normal titer was found to be 8; however, we suggest that when applied to single serum specimens a titer of 32 be considered the lowest titer suggestive of infection (not necessarily disease).", "PMID": 544635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9703", "title": "Group G streptococcal pneumonia and sepsis in a newborn infant.", "content": "A case of neonatal pneumonia and sepsis caused by a group G Streptococcus is described. Clinical and microbiological aspects of group G streptococci are compared with those of group B streptococci.", "contents": "Group G streptococcal pneumonia and sepsis in a newborn infant. A case of neonatal pneumonia and sepsis caused by a group G Streptococcus is described. Clinical and microbiological aspects of group G streptococci are compared with those of group B streptococci.", "PMID": 544637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9704", "title": "[Lactic acid in the human umbilical cord. Influence of glycolysis in the blood in cord and in cordonal tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood staid in human umbilical cord increases his lactate concentration (about + 4 mg/l/mn, in average). It is the fact of an high metabolic activity of foetal erythrocytes for glycolysis, but also of action of cordonal tissue itself. This tissue, after elimination of blood, allows an high concentration of lactate, which increases when cord is kept at room temperature, reaching and rising above 1 or 2 g/kg, after many hours. This glycolytic process indicates than cord tissue has a metabolic activity which seems to be in relation with the high lactate concentration of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Lactic acid in the human umbilical cord. Influence of glycolysis in the blood in cord and in cordonal tissue (author's transl)]. The blood staid in human umbilical cord increases his lactate concentration (about + 4 mg/l/mn, in average). It is the fact of an high metabolic activity of foetal erythrocytes for glycolysis, but also of action of cordonal tissue itself. This tissue, after elimination of blood, allows an high concentration of lactate, which increases when cord is kept at room temperature, reaching and rising above 1 or 2 g/kg, after many hours. This glycolytic process indicates than cord tissue has a metabolic activity which seems to be in relation with the high lactate concentration of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 544678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9705", "title": "[The correlation between the results of caryotype studies and sperm counts. 119 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "119 patients had sperm counts and caryotyping performed. Seven out of 33 azoospermic patients had a major caryotype abnormality of the gonosomes. Five out of 86 subjects who were not azoospermic had a persistent translocation and other moderate abnormalities in the sperm picture.", "contents": "[The correlation between the results of caryotype studies and sperm counts. 119 cases (author's transl)]. 119 patients had sperm counts and caryotyping performed. Seven out of 33 azoospermic patients had a major caryotype abnormality of the gonosomes. Five out of 86 subjects who were not azoospermic had a persistent translocation and other moderate abnormalities in the sperm picture.", "PMID": 544679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9706", "title": "[Antenatal diagnosis of the sex of the fetus by diagnostic ultrasound (echography) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results they obtained in diagnosing fetal sex in utero by the use of real-time echography. They also have reviewed the other different techniques for the diagnosis and their fallibility. The prediction of fetal sex is possible in 90 p. 100 of echographies carried out routinely. When a very careful well codified technique is used the method becomes highly reliable. In a successive series of 103 pregnancies fetal sex was diagnosed correctly in every case. The authors point out that they diagnose female sex through positive echographic finding and not by a process of exclusion of the male organs.", "contents": "[Antenatal diagnosis of the sex of the fetus by diagnostic ultrasound (echography) (author's transl)]. The authors present the results they obtained in diagnosing fetal sex in utero by the use of real-time echography. They also have reviewed the other different techniques for the diagnosis and their fallibility. The prediction of fetal sex is possible in 90 p. 100 of echographies carried out routinely. When a very careful well codified technique is used the method becomes highly reliable. In a successive series of 103 pregnancies fetal sex was diagnosed correctly in every case. The authors point out that they diagnose female sex through positive echographic finding and not by a process of exclusion of the male organs.", "PMID": 544680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9707", "title": "[Oxytocinase: levels in normal and pathological pregnancies].", "content": "The author has determined the levels of plasma oxytocinase in a series of normal and pathological pregnancies. It appears from studying these levels that it is useful to measure the oxytocinase particularly in cases where there is failure of intra-uterine growth.", "contents": "[Oxytocinase: levels in normal and pathological pregnancies]. The author has determined the levels of plasma oxytocinase in a series of normal and pathological pregnancies. It appears from studying these levels that it is useful to measure the oxytocinase particularly in cases where there is failure of intra-uterine growth.", "PMID": 544681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9708", "title": "[Necrotising enterocolitis and pregnancy. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "Having had a case of necrotising enterocolitis which occured on the third day after delivery and which was successfully treated by total colectomy with secondary restoration of bowel continuity, the authors discuss the pathogenicity of this condition. It can be secondary to a haemorragic or a septic obstetrical complication. It may equally be the sequel of a functional paralytic ileus which, although rare, is one of the classical complications following labour and Caesarean operations. In this way it can be compared to those cases of enterocolitis which are secondary to ileus, such as are found in patients who have a tumour of the colon or in patients who have been treated with neuroleptic drugs.", "contents": "[Necrotising enterocolitis and pregnancy. One case (author's transl)]. Having had a case of necrotising enterocolitis which occured on the third day after delivery and which was successfully treated by total colectomy with secondary restoration of bowel continuity, the authors discuss the pathogenicity of this condition. It can be secondary to a haemorragic or a septic obstetrical complication. It may equally be the sequel of a functional paralytic ileus which, although rare, is one of the classical complications following labour and Caesarean operations. In this way it can be compared to those cases of enterocolitis which are secondary to ileus, such as are found in patients who have a tumour of the colon or in patients who have been treated with neuroleptic drugs.", "PMID": 544682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9709", "title": "[Tumours of the ovary in young women. The way they arise and the limits of conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Although tumours of the ovary are rare in woman under the age of 35 they are not exceptional and they form 15 p. 100 of the cases (17 patients) out of a series of 112 tumours of the ovary which were collected in 7 years. 11 of these patients had only one ovary affected and were able to be treated conservatively. In this way 5 of them were able to carry one or more pregnancies to term and another patient who was lost from observation for two years had to have a second operation to deal with a recurrence in the opposite ovary. Conservative treatment is only permissible if one is absolutely sure that the contro-lateral ovary is normal, and if there is the slightest doubt ovariotomy should be carried out to perform a biopsy. Furthermore the authors suggest that in view of the difficulties of strict supervision for a long term the opposite ovary and tube should be removed and hysterectomy carried out once the patient has had one or two children or when they have reached the age of 40.", "contents": "[Tumours of the ovary in young women. The way they arise and the limits of conservative treatment (author's transl)]. Although tumours of the ovary are rare in woman under the age of 35 they are not exceptional and they form 15 p. 100 of the cases (17 patients) out of a series of 112 tumours of the ovary which were collected in 7 years. 11 of these patients had only one ovary affected and were able to be treated conservatively. In this way 5 of them were able to carry one or more pregnancies to term and another patient who was lost from observation for two years had to have a second operation to deal with a recurrence in the opposite ovary. Conservative treatment is only permissible if one is absolutely sure that the contro-lateral ovary is normal, and if there is the slightest doubt ovariotomy should be carried out to perform a biopsy. Furthermore the authors suggest that in view of the difficulties of strict supervision for a long term the opposite ovary and tube should be removed and hysterectomy carried out once the patient has had one or two children or when they have reached the age of 40.", "PMID": 544683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9710", "title": "[A summary of the results of microsurgical exploration and treatment. 40 cases of male sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their statistical results of 40 subjects that were explored and where double epididymo-deferens anastomoses were achieved. They found that there were associated conditions which worsened the prognosis, namely: stenosis of the genital tracts and broncho-pulmonary infections. On the other hand stenosis of the genital tracts associated with varicocoele gave a better prognosis. Permeability was achieved in 40 p. 100 of cases. Six pregnancies occured from 33 patients who were followed up with post-operative spermograms. The following treatments are useful if added to the surgical treatment: gonadotrophins, corticoids and antibiotics. They point out that surgical cure is much more likely when varicocoele is associated.", "contents": "[A summary of the results of microsurgical exploration and treatment. 40 cases of male sterility (author's transl)]. The authors report their statistical results of 40 subjects that were explored and where double epididymo-deferens anastomoses were achieved. They found that there were associated conditions which worsened the prognosis, namely: stenosis of the genital tracts and broncho-pulmonary infections. On the other hand stenosis of the genital tracts associated with varicocoele gave a better prognosis. Permeability was achieved in 40 p. 100 of cases. Six pregnancies occured from 33 patients who were followed up with post-operative spermograms. The following treatments are useful if added to the surgical treatment: gonadotrophins, corticoids and antibiotics. They point out that surgical cure is much more likely when varicocoele is associated.", "PMID": 544684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9711", "title": "[Study of transplacental transmission of beta-lactam antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of the study of transplacental transfer of 3 recent beta lactam antibiotics: amoxicillin, cephradin and cefoxitin. The experiment was carried out in 37 pregnant women who had a premature rupture of membranes or who were undergoing a cesarean section. In these patients antibiotherapy was indicated in view of a possible superinfection. The results of the study show a worthwhile transplacental penetration of the 3 drugs tested. The concentrations achieved in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid increase with time and finally exceed the levels measured in maternal blood, after a period of time varying from 2 to 4 hours according to the drug and the route of administration.", "contents": "[Study of transplacental transmission of beta-lactam antibiotics (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of the study of transplacental transfer of 3 recent beta lactam antibiotics: amoxicillin, cephradin and cefoxitin. The experiment was carried out in 37 pregnant women who had a premature rupture of membranes or who were undergoing a cesarean section. In these patients antibiotherapy was indicated in view of a possible superinfection. The results of the study show a worthwhile transplacental penetration of the 3 drugs tested. The concentrations achieved in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid increase with time and finally exceed the levels measured in maternal blood, after a period of time varying from 2 to 4 hours according to the drug and the route of administration.", "PMID": 544685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9712", "title": "Group graph of the genetic code.", "content": "The genetic code doublets can be divided into two octets of completely degenerate and ambiguous coding dinucleotides. These two octets have the algebraic property of lying on continuously connected planes on the group graph (a tesseract) of the Cartesian product of two Klein 4-groups of nucleotide exchange operators. The K X K group can also be broken into four cosets, one of which has completely degenerate coding elements, and another that has completely ambiguous coding elements. The two octets of coding doublets have the further algebraic property that the product of their internal exchange operators naturally divide into two exactly equivalent sets. These properties of the genetic code are relevant to unraveling error-detecting and error-correcting (proof-reading) aspects of the genetic code and may be helpful in understanding the context-sensitive grammar of genetic language.", "contents": "Group graph of the genetic code. The genetic code doublets can be divided into two octets of completely degenerate and ambiguous coding dinucleotides. These two octets have the algebraic property of lying on continuously connected planes on the group graph (a tesseract) of the Cartesian product of two Klein 4-groups of nucleotide exchange operators. The K X K group can also be broken into four cosets, one of which has completely degenerate coding elements, and another that has completely ambiguous coding elements. The two octets of coding doublets have the further algebraic property that the product of their internal exchange operators naturally divide into two exactly equivalent sets. These properties of the genetic code are relevant to unraveling error-detecting and error-correcting (proof-reading) aspects of the genetic code and may be helpful in understanding the context-sensitive grammar of genetic language.", "PMID": 544687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9713", "title": "Hereditary macrostomus in the rabbit: a model for Treacher Collins syndrome, one form of mandibulofacial dysostosis.", "content": "Macrostomus in the rabbit was diagnosed externally by the presence of papillae at the corners of the mouth. Internally the effect is on the zygomatic complex and is extremely variable. Inheritance appears to be due to a single autosomal recessive gene with incomplete penetrance. We propose the symbol mst for the gene responsible for this condition. Evidence is presented to suggest that this gene is very likely in linkage group IV. Macrostomus in the rabbit is a model for the Treacher Collins syndrome, one form of mandibulofacial dysostosis in humans.", "contents": "Hereditary macrostomus in the rabbit: a model for Treacher Collins syndrome, one form of mandibulofacial dysostosis. Macrostomus in the rabbit was diagnosed externally by the presence of papillae at the corners of the mouth. Internally the effect is on the zygomatic complex and is extremely variable. Inheritance appears to be due to a single autosomal recessive gene with incomplete penetrance. We propose the symbol mst for the gene responsible for this condition. Evidence is presented to suggest that this gene is very likely in linkage group IV. Macrostomus in the rabbit is a model for the Treacher Collins syndrome, one form of mandibulofacial dysostosis in humans.", "PMID": 544686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9714", "title": "[A study of the obstacles to reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigation on ten patients with typical congenital dislocation of the hip generalized joint laxity indicated the changes in the antero-inferior part of the acetabulum, which are mainly adhesion and narrowing produced by the capsule pulled superoposteriorly, as the major obstacle for successful reduction. Inverted limbus, pulvinar mass and ligamentum teres may represent secondary obstacles mostly due to iatrogenic procedures. The purpose of the closed reduction is to get rid of the obstacles during the conservative treatment. The cause of the failure of conservative treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip is a misjudgement of true reduction, allowing enough cavity for the femoral head in the antero-inferior part of the joint without the presence of the capsule between the femoral head and the acetabular cartilage. To get better understanding of the true reduction, tangential view in the arthrography of the hip joint gives us more precise data about the antero-inferior part of the joint because the acetabulum faces the joint cavity laterally and anteriorly.", "contents": "[A study of the obstacles to reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)]. Investigation on ten patients with typical congenital dislocation of the hip generalized joint laxity indicated the changes in the antero-inferior part of the acetabulum, which are mainly adhesion and narrowing produced by the capsule pulled superoposteriorly, as the major obstacle for successful reduction. Inverted limbus, pulvinar mass and ligamentum teres may represent secondary obstacles mostly due to iatrogenic procedures. The purpose of the closed reduction is to get rid of the obstacles during the conservative treatment. The cause of the failure of conservative treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip is a misjudgement of true reduction, allowing enough cavity for the femoral head in the antero-inferior part of the joint without the presence of the capsule between the femoral head and the acetabular cartilage. To get better understanding of the true reduction, tangential view in the arthrography of the hip joint gives us more precise data about the antero-inferior part of the joint because the acetabulum faces the joint cavity laterally and anteriorly.", "PMID": 544713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9715", "title": "[Radiographical and anatomical studies on the pathogenesis of degenerative spondylolisthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to elucidate the causes of degenerative spondylolisthesis (D.S), the functional role of lumbar intervertebral joints and also laminae of the vertebral arch was studied by means of roentgenographic and also pathological exams. The inclination of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints changed with age in accordance with statokinetic loading of the lumbar spine. In the group with increased lumbar lordosis at the upper level, movement of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae was great, accompanied by horizontal inclination of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints and by osteoarthritic changes (O.A). This is similar to D.S. D.S is caused by abnormal spinal curvature and structural specificity of the lower limbs vertebrae, resulting in degeneration of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints, changes in the inclination, decreased control of movement, and sliding of the vertebrae. Prodromal conditions resulting in the sliding of the vertebrae and in disc degeneration appear to be caused by D.S.", "contents": "[Radiographical and anatomical studies on the pathogenesis of degenerative spondylolisthesis (author's transl)]. In order to elucidate the causes of degenerative spondylolisthesis (D.S), the functional role of lumbar intervertebral joints and also laminae of the vertebral arch was studied by means of roentgenographic and also pathological exams. The inclination of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints changed with age in accordance with statokinetic loading of the lumbar spine. In the group with increased lumbar lordosis at the upper level, movement of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae was great, accompanied by horizontal inclination of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints and by osteoarthritic changes (O.A). This is similar to D.S. D.S is caused by abnormal spinal curvature and structural specificity of the lower limbs vertebrae, resulting in degeneration of the laminae of the vertebral arch and the intervertebral joints, changes in the inclination, decreased control of movement, and sliding of the vertebrae. Prodromal conditions resulting in the sliding of the vertebrae and in disc degeneration appear to be caused by D.S.", "PMID": 544714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9716", "title": "[Classification and growth of loose bodies in joints (author's transl)].", "content": "A loose body in a joint can be attributed to various factors, such as osteochondritis dissecans, osteochondral fracture, synovial chondromatosis, or fracture of osteophytes in osteoarthritis. Some of the cases involving loose bodies in joints have evident etiological factors identified on the basis of radiographic and/or operative findings, while the others have etiological factors which have not yet been clarified. We have therefore investigated loose bodies taken from joints at arthrotomy and attempted to establish the process involved in their growth by histopathological, microradiographic and fluorescence-microscopic, and scanning electron microscopic means, and tried to clarify whether it is feasible to assess the etiological factors from these findings. The results revealed that the loose body in the joint is surrounded eventually by fibrous tissue, the lower layer of which forms osteo-cartilaginous tissue and that, in the center of the loose body, degenerated osteocartilaginous tissues from which etiological factors can be suspected are located, and the author mentioned that etiological diseases of the loose body could possibly be suggested from the studies on their microfine structures. It was furthermore clarified that the loose body is fed by synovial fluid and grows, and yet the rate of the growth is extremely slow.", "contents": "[Classification and growth of loose bodies in joints (author's transl)]. A loose body in a joint can be attributed to various factors, such as osteochondritis dissecans, osteochondral fracture, synovial chondromatosis, or fracture of osteophytes in osteoarthritis. Some of the cases involving loose bodies in joints have evident etiological factors identified on the basis of radiographic and/or operative findings, while the others have etiological factors which have not yet been clarified. We have therefore investigated loose bodies taken from joints at arthrotomy and attempted to establish the process involved in their growth by histopathological, microradiographic and fluorescence-microscopic, and scanning electron microscopic means, and tried to clarify whether it is feasible to assess the etiological factors from these findings. The results revealed that the loose body in the joint is surrounded eventually by fibrous tissue, the lower layer of which forms osteo-cartilaginous tissue and that, in the center of the loose body, degenerated osteocartilaginous tissues from which etiological factors can be suspected are located, and the author mentioned that etiological diseases of the loose body could possibly be suggested from the studies on their microfine structures. It was furthermore clarified that the loose body is fed by synovial fluid and grows, and yet the rate of the growth is extremely slow.", "PMID": 544715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9717", "title": "[An experimental study on the effects of the plating method for bone fractures--with reference to bone union and bone strength (author's transl)].", "content": "The plating method for bone fractures is in wide use. The author studied both new bone formation and bone atrophy of the cortex of fracture site after long periods of plating. This study is concerned with the bone strength of the fracture site as influenced by rigid plate fixation, and also with bone union after the removal of the plate. The experimental results, using mature rabbits as subjects, showed the following: X-rays of the bone union at the fracture site treated by the plating method confirmed evident union at 8 weeks after surgery. The bone strength at the region of this union, as tested by the bending method (an Instron Type Testing Machine was used), showed its highest values at 28 weeks after surgery. Yet, this was only 60% of the bone strength as measured at a non-fracture site; it then gradually declined in strength. On the other hand, in the case where the plate had been removed 8 weeks after surgery, bone strength was recovered to the same level as that of non-fracture sites 16 weeks after surgery. In conclusion, rigid plate fixation for a long period may result not only in progressive bone atrophy of the cortex but also in a delayed remodeling of the bone at the region of the bone union. It is, therefore, very important to remove the plate as early as possible once union has been achieved. Careful observation, however, is necessary during the short time between plate removal and the period when bone strength becomes again normal.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the effects of the plating method for bone fractures--with reference to bone union and bone strength (author's transl)]. The plating method for bone fractures is in wide use. The author studied both new bone formation and bone atrophy of the cortex of fracture site after long periods of plating. This study is concerned with the bone strength of the fracture site as influenced by rigid plate fixation, and also with bone union after the removal of the plate. The experimental results, using mature rabbits as subjects, showed the following: X-rays of the bone union at the fracture site treated by the plating method confirmed evident union at 8 weeks after surgery. The bone strength at the region of this union, as tested by the bending method (an Instron Type Testing Machine was used), showed its highest values at 28 weeks after surgery. Yet, this was only 60% of the bone strength as measured at a non-fracture site; it then gradually declined in strength. On the other hand, in the case where the plate had been removed 8 weeks after surgery, bone strength was recovered to the same level as that of non-fracture sites 16 weeks after surgery. In conclusion, rigid plate fixation for a long period may result not only in progressive bone atrophy of the cortex but also in a delayed remodeling of the bone at the region of the bone union. It is, therefore, very important to remove the plate as early as possible once union has been achieved. Careful observation, however, is necessary during the short time between plate removal and the period when bone strength becomes again normal.", "PMID": 544716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9718", "title": "[An experimental study on the influences of artificial socket upon articular cartilage of the femoral head (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the influences of artificial socket made of stainless-steel, pure titanium, high-density polyethylene (HDP), and polycrystal ceramics upon the articular cartilage of the femoral head, experimental artificial sockets were developed. This artificial socket was inserted into the hip joint in a dog, and the changes in the articular cartilage of the femoral head were studied at varying intervals after insertion of the socket. The results revealed that both the stainless-steel and the ceramic sockets caused slight atrophy and degeneration in the articular cartilage of the femoral head since one month after the operation, and these changes were increasingly more appreciable as time advanced. Any changes were hardly noted in the articular cartilage of the femoral head by titanium socket at the end of one month after the operation, whereas the HDP socket caused substantial changes. At the end of one year after the operation, marked degeneration was noted in the articular cartilage of the femoral head by socket made of stainless-steel, titanium, and HDP, and also the femoral head developed deformity. On the basis of the scanning electron microscopic findings on the surface of the articular cartilage of the femoral head affected by each of these artificial socket, and of the metal microscopic examinations of the surface of the artificial sockets, and furthermore on the basis of the findings of gradual deformation of femoral heads due to the artificial sockets, it was shown that articular cartilage of the femoral head was mainly influenced in the case of metallic socket and that both sides of the artificial socket and the articular cartilage of the femoral head were worn out in the case of HDP socket. The ceramic socket was found cracked, developing a loosening in some cases. In summary, it was concluded that the articular cartilage of the femoral head is affected by the artificial socket at a relatively early stage after its application despite materials of the sockets.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the influences of artificial socket upon articular cartilage of the femoral head (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the influences of artificial socket made of stainless-steel, pure titanium, high-density polyethylene (HDP), and polycrystal ceramics upon the articular cartilage of the femoral head, experimental artificial sockets were developed. This artificial socket was inserted into the hip joint in a dog, and the changes in the articular cartilage of the femoral head were studied at varying intervals after insertion of the socket. The results revealed that both the stainless-steel and the ceramic sockets caused slight atrophy and degeneration in the articular cartilage of the femoral head since one month after the operation, and these changes were increasingly more appreciable as time advanced. Any changes were hardly noted in the articular cartilage of the femoral head by titanium socket at the end of one month after the operation, whereas the HDP socket caused substantial changes. At the end of one year after the operation, marked degeneration was noted in the articular cartilage of the femoral head by socket made of stainless-steel, titanium, and HDP, and also the femoral head developed deformity. On the basis of the scanning electron microscopic findings on the surface of the articular cartilage of the femoral head affected by each of these artificial socket, and of the metal microscopic examinations of the surface of the artificial sockets, and furthermore on the basis of the findings of gradual deformation of femoral heads due to the artificial sockets, it was shown that articular cartilage of the femoral head was mainly influenced in the case of metallic socket and that both sides of the artificial socket and the articular cartilage of the femoral head were worn out in the case of HDP socket. The ceramic socket was found cracked, developing a loosening in some cases. In summary, it was concluded that the articular cartilage of the femoral head is affected by the artificial socket at a relatively early stage after its application despite materials of the sockets.", "PMID": 544717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9719", "title": "[Problems concerning bone union influenced by heat generated in osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The author experimentally investigated in rabbits how the heat generated by bone saws affected bone union in osteotomy. Radiographic and soft X-ray findings revealed that recovery of the lesion in every bone shaft after osteotomy was marked in all. However, the time required to obtain complete recovery of the lesion differed depending on the instruments used. That is to say, it required 3 weeks after surgery by means of Gigli's saw, 4 weeks by means of Stryker bone saw and lower speed bur (2,000 rpm) and 6 weeks by means of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Recovery of lesion by bone cut with each bone saw on the unscalded side was one or two weeks earlier than that in the scalded side. This was also proved on histopathological findings. With regard to the disappearance of osteocytes in the bone cortex at the cut surfaces of bones, micrometric findings revealed that there was a great difference between the scalded and the unscalded side in every group except in the group where a Gigli's saw was used. However, almost no difference was observed on the unscalded side among every bone saw. According to scanning electron microscopic findings at every surface cut with various bone saws, collagen fiber was preserved on the unscalded side where physiological saline solution was sprayed. Particularly, the collagen fiber appeared to be torn off in the case of lower speed bur (2,000 rpm), the cut surface was well uniform in the case of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Thus, I have learnt that we do not need to give much attention to the kind of instrument, if effort using physiological saline solution, are made to avoid the heat generated by bone saws when osteotomy is done.", "contents": "[Problems concerning bone union influenced by heat generated in osteotomy (author's transl)]. The author experimentally investigated in rabbits how the heat generated by bone saws affected bone union in osteotomy. Radiographic and soft X-ray findings revealed that recovery of the lesion in every bone shaft after osteotomy was marked in all. However, the time required to obtain complete recovery of the lesion differed depending on the instruments used. That is to say, it required 3 weeks after surgery by means of Gigli's saw, 4 weeks by means of Stryker bone saw and lower speed bur (2,000 rpm) and 6 weeks by means of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Recovery of lesion by bone cut with each bone saw on the unscalded side was one or two weeks earlier than that in the scalded side. This was also proved on histopathological findings. With regard to the disappearance of osteocytes in the bone cortex at the cut surfaces of bones, micrometric findings revealed that there was a great difference between the scalded and the unscalded side in every group except in the group where a Gigli's saw was used. However, almost no difference was observed on the unscalded side among every bone saw. According to scanning electron microscopic findings at every surface cut with various bone saws, collagen fiber was preserved on the unscalded side where physiological saline solution was sprayed. Particularly, the collagen fiber appeared to be torn off in the case of lower speed bur (2,000 rpm), the cut surface was well uniform in the case of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Thus, I have learnt that we do not need to give much attention to the kind of instrument, if effort using physiological saline solution, are made to avoid the heat generated by bone saws when osteotomy is done.", "PMID": 544718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9720", "title": "[A study on postoperative management and pre-and postoperative changes of blood volume in orthopedic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to apply adequate postoperative management of patients in the orthopedic surgery, the in vivo effects of the operations were investigated in the present study, from various viewpoints such as circulatory functions, metabolism of proteins, and hepatic and renal functions. In addition, the circulating blood volumes were determined in order to know the variations in the amount of blood loss from the operated regions during and after operations so as to improve the operative and postoperative management. On the basis of the results, the countermeasures against the adverse variations in blood volume were also investigated. Pediatric patients were found to be prone to develop more appreciable systemic postoperative reactions than those in adult ages, especially so in those of circulatory system, peripheral blood, hepatic functions, and protein metabolism, and also prone to be more affected by operative procedures. Senile patients were found to be prone to have less reserve capacity in circulation, peripheral blood, renal functions, and protein metabolism, and also prone to show delayed postoperative reactions and slower recoveries. The results of measurement of circulating blood volume in pre- and postoperations revealed that the loss of circulating blood in most patients was greater than the bleeding weight during the operation measured by gause count, and that, on the day following the operation, the blood volume was reduced by about 10-15% than those immediately after the operation. It was concluded that, as a whole, no changes causing serious deviation from the normal physiological ranges occur except in pediatric and senile patients. On the basis of the above findings, most appreciable systemic postoperative reactions of the operative procedures in orthopedic surgery would be attributed to by loss of blood volume during operations and that the postoperative hemorrhage from bone structure (which is usually difficult to control) or the postoperative hemorrhage after removal of air tourniquet would be almost negligible.", "contents": "[A study on postoperative management and pre-and postoperative changes of blood volume in orthopedic surgery (author's transl)]. In order to apply adequate postoperative management of patients in the orthopedic surgery, the in vivo effects of the operations were investigated in the present study, from various viewpoints such as circulatory functions, metabolism of proteins, and hepatic and renal functions. In addition, the circulating blood volumes were determined in order to know the variations in the amount of blood loss from the operated regions during and after operations so as to improve the operative and postoperative management. On the basis of the results, the countermeasures against the adverse variations in blood volume were also investigated. Pediatric patients were found to be prone to develop more appreciable systemic postoperative reactions than those in adult ages, especially so in those of circulatory system, peripheral blood, hepatic functions, and protein metabolism, and also prone to be more affected by operative procedures. Senile patients were found to be prone to have less reserve capacity in circulation, peripheral blood, renal functions, and protein metabolism, and also prone to show delayed postoperative reactions and slower recoveries. The results of measurement of circulating blood volume in pre- and postoperations revealed that the loss of circulating blood in most patients was greater than the bleeding weight during the operation measured by gause count, and that, on the day following the operation, the blood volume was reduced by about 10-15% than those immediately after the operation. It was concluded that, as a whole, no changes causing serious deviation from the normal physiological ranges occur except in pediatric and senile patients. On the basis of the above findings, most appreciable systemic postoperative reactions of the operative procedures in orthopedic surgery would be attributed to by loss of blood volume during operations and that the postoperative hemorrhage from bone structure (which is usually difficult to control) or the postoperative hemorrhage after removal of air tourniquet would be almost negligible.", "PMID": 544719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9721", "title": "Spinal evoked potential (SEP) obtained by stimulation on the median nerve--experimental and clinical studies.", "content": "The present study was done experimentally and clinically to measure the segmental spinal evoked potential (SEP) of the cervical cord, stimulated on the median nerve, to try to determine the location and severity of cord lesion in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. SEP in control subjects consisted of two waves. The primary reactive wave (R wave) consists of both the nerve root potential and the funiculus posterior potential. The secondary reactive wave (N wave) consists of the post-synaptic potential in the spinal cord. With regard to cervical spondylotic myelopathy, in the early stages the N-wave weakens or disappears at the level of lesion, then, as damage progresses, the R-wave also weakens or disappears.", "contents": "Spinal evoked potential (SEP) obtained by stimulation on the median nerve--experimental and clinical studies. The present study was done experimentally and clinically to measure the segmental spinal evoked potential (SEP) of the cervical cord, stimulated on the median nerve, to try to determine the location and severity of cord lesion in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. SEP in control subjects consisted of two waves. The primary reactive wave (R wave) consists of both the nerve root potential and the funiculus posterior potential. The secondary reactive wave (N wave) consists of the post-synaptic potential in the spinal cord. With regard to cervical spondylotic myelopathy, in the early stages the N-wave weakens or disappears at the level of lesion, then, as damage progresses, the R-wave also weakens or disappears.", "PMID": 544720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9722", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of Trypanosoma congolense in Glossina morsitans morsitans.", "content": "The course of Trypanosoma congolense infections in Glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. Guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of T. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. Trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the central region of the midgut. By post infection day 21, trypanosomes had reached the proboscis of the fly and were found as clumps of epimastigote forms attached to the  labrum by hemidesmosomes between their flagella and the chitinous lining of the food canal. Desmosome connections were observed between the flagella of adjacent epimastigotes. Flies examined at postinfection days 28 and 42 had, in addition to the attached forms in the labrum, free forms in the hypopharynx.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of Trypanosoma congolense in Glossina morsitans morsitans. The course of Trypanosoma congolense infections in Glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. Guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of T. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. Trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the central region of the midgut. By post infection day 21, trypanosomes had reached the proboscis of the fly and were found as clumps of epimastigote forms attached to the  labrum by hemidesmosomes between their flagella and the chitinous lining of the food canal. Desmosome connections were observed between the flagella of adjacent epimastigotes. Flies examined at postinfection days 28 and 42 had, in addition to the attached forms in the labrum, free forms in the hypopharynx.", "PMID": 544799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9723", "title": "Starch gel electrophoresis: an effective method for separation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria strains.", "content": "Isoenzyme electrophoresis of 7 different enzyme systems was used to compare 24 strains of Naegleria fowleri and 6 strains of N. gruberi. The 30 strains could be grouped into 4 distinct categories based upon zymogram patterns. No interstrain band variation in all enzyme systems was demonstrated in pathogenic strains of N. fowleri. Three nonpathogenic high temperature-tolerant strains of Naegleria had similar zymograms. Four of the 5 remaining nonpathogenic Naegleria strains had no interstrain band variation. Based upon zymograms, the 22 pathogenic strains constitute a homogenous species. Similarly the high temperature-tolerant nonpathogenic strains formed a cohesive group. The remaining nonpathogenic strains could be separated into 2 groups.", "contents": "Starch gel electrophoresis: an effective method for separation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria strains. Isoenzyme electrophoresis of 7 different enzyme systems was used to compare 24 strains of Naegleria fowleri and 6 strains of N. gruberi. The 30 strains could be grouped into 4 distinct categories based upon zymogram patterns. No interstrain band variation in all enzyme systems was demonstrated in pathogenic strains of N. fowleri. Three nonpathogenic high temperature-tolerant strains of Naegleria had similar zymograms. Four of the 5 remaining nonpathogenic Naegleria strains had no interstrain band variation. Based upon zymograms, the 22 pathogenic strains constitute a homogenous species. Similarly the high temperature-tolerant nonpathogenic strains formed a cohesive group. The remaining nonpathogenic strains could be separated into 2 groups.", "PMID": 544800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9724", "title": "Purification of Plasmodium lophurae exoerythrocytic merozoites by an ion exchange column.", "content": "Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium lophurae grown in embryonic turkey brain cells were successfully separated from host cell material by elution from a DEAE-cellulose column at ionic strength 0.22. Purity of parasite samples was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Increasing the ionic strength gave greater recoveries of merozoites, but host cell contamination increased.", "contents": "Purification of Plasmodium lophurae exoerythrocytic merozoites by an ion exchange column. Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium lophurae grown in embryonic turkey brain cells were successfully separated from host cell material by elution from a DEAE-cellulose column at ionic strength 0.22. Purity of parasite samples was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Increasing the ionic strength gave greater recoveries of merozoites, but host cell contamination increased.", "PMID": 544801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9725", "title": "Curative effects of the antipiroplasms amicarbalide and imidocarb on Trypanosoma brucei infection in mice.", "content": "The babesicides imidocarb and amicarbalide, which have structural similarities to the antitrypanosomatid diamidines, proved active against Trypanosoma brucei mouse infections: both cured infections when doses were administered daily for 3 days 24 h post-inoculation (curative dose imidocarb, 10 mg/kg; amicarbalide, 25 mg/kg). Mice were considered cured after survival 30 days longer than untreated infected controls, with no trypanosomes present in blood or cerebrospinal fluid smears. Both agents also cured when administered 48 and 72 h after challenge with T. brucei and prolonged the lives of animals 94 h after challenge. The results are discussed in respect to the potential of these carbanilides and their precursors, the antitumor phthalanilides, as lead compounds in chemotherapy of mammalian trypanosomiases.", "contents": "Curative effects of the antipiroplasms amicarbalide and imidocarb on Trypanosoma brucei infection in mice. The babesicides imidocarb and amicarbalide, which have structural similarities to the antitrypanosomatid diamidines, proved active against Trypanosoma brucei mouse infections: both cured infections when doses were administered daily for 3 days 24 h post-inoculation (curative dose imidocarb, 10 mg/kg; amicarbalide, 25 mg/kg). Mice were considered cured after survival 30 days longer than untreated infected controls, with no trypanosomes present in blood or cerebrospinal fluid smears. Both agents also cured when administered 48 and 72 h after challenge with T. brucei and prolonged the lives of animals 94 h after challenge. The results are discussed in respect to the potential of these carbanilides and their precursors, the antitumor phthalanilides, as lead compounds in chemotherapy of mammalian trypanosomiases.", "PMID": 544802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9726", "title": "An experiment in training in child care for general practitioners.", "content": "The educational objectives for training general practitioners are widely agreed. However, there is a shortage of paediatric posts in hospital, especially in Scotland. As there are obvious advantages in training clinicians who will work in general practice in the setting of general practice, we have initiated 10 posts in training each of six months' duration and each in addition to the trainee year. Three months will be spent in general practice itself and systematic teaching will also be provided for three months by the Edinburgh School of Community Paediatrics. Pre-course and post-course assessments will be carried out and the learning achieved will be evaluated.", "contents": "An experiment in training in child care for general practitioners. The educational objectives for training general practitioners are widely agreed. However, there is a shortage of paediatric posts in hospital, especially in Scotland. As there are obvious advantages in training clinicians who will work in general practice in the setting of general practice, we have initiated 10 posts in training each of six months' duration and each in addition to the trainee year. Three months will be spent in general practice itself and systematic teaching will also be provided for three months by the Edinburgh School of Community Paediatrics. Pre-course and post-course assessments will be carried out and the learning achieved will be evaluated.", "PMID": 544803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9727", "title": "The identification of children with learning problems in general practice.", "content": "Twenty-four childen who were patients in a large general practice in Southern England were seen in a learning problem clinic in the practice during a 14-month period. The method of assessment used took an hour per child but several examples show that it was both practical and effective.", "contents": "The identification of children with learning problems in general practice. Twenty-four childen who were patients in a large general practice in Southern England were seen in a learning problem clinic in the practice during a 14-month period. The method of assessment used took an hour per child but several examples show that it was both practical and effective.", "PMID": 544805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9728", "title": "Respiratory morbidity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children.", "content": "A sample of 99 children had lung function tests before and after exercise. Sixteen had a decrease in lung function after exercise (forced expiratory flow) of more than 20 per cent, which indicated an important degree of exerciseinduced bronchospasm. Review of the medical records for the total sample revealed that those with exercise-induced bronchospasm had a higher consultation rate for respiratory symptoms, while their consultation rate for non-respiratory symptoms was the same as the remainder of the sample. These findings suggest that bronchial lability may be a predisposing factor in some respiratory diseases.", "contents": "Respiratory morbidity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. A sample of 99 children had lung function tests before and after exercise. Sixteen had a decrease in lung function after exercise (forced expiratory flow) of more than 20 per cent, which indicated an important degree of exerciseinduced bronchospasm. Review of the medical records for the total sample revealed that those with exercise-induced bronchospasm had a higher consultation rate for respiratory symptoms, while their consultation rate for non-respiratory symptoms was the same as the remainder of the sample. These findings suggest that bronchial lability may be a predisposing factor in some respiratory diseases.", "PMID": 544806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9729", "title": "Food intake before migraine attacks in children.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of 120 children with migraine showed an average age of onset of 5.15 years, an equal sex ratio under nine years, and a positive family history in 79 per cent. Eye symptoms (42 per cent) and headaches (32 per cent) heralded an attack, with abdominal pain and vomiting later and less frequent. Visual aura was not recognized under five years, but occurred in 52 per cent of the 13 to 15 year age group. Most attacks occurred on schooldays and 82 per cent were over within two days.The 24-hour food intake before an attack was compared with the food intake seven days later when no migraine occurred. This suggested that fasting (41 per cent) or specific foods (38 per cent) could have been responsible for many of the attacks.", "contents": "Food intake before migraine attacks in children. A questionnaire survey of 120 children with migraine showed an average age of onset of 5.15 years, an equal sex ratio under nine years, and a positive family history in 79 per cent. Eye symptoms (42 per cent) and headaches (32 per cent) heralded an attack, with abdominal pain and vomiting later and less frequent. Visual aura was not recognized under five years, but occurred in 52 per cent of the 13 to 15 year age group. Most attacks occurred on schooldays and 82 per cent were over within two days.The 24-hour food intake before an attack was compared with the food intake seven days later when no migraine occurred. This suggested that fasting (41 per cent) or specific foods (38 per cent) could have been responsible for many of the attacks.", "PMID": 544807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9730", "title": "The tissue distribution and the pattern of excretion of [14C]-13-labeled 12, 13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene in mice and rats.", "content": "The distribution in the mouse tissues of 13-[14C]-12,13-epoxtrichothec-9-ene administered intravenously was determined by whole-body autoradiography and by tracing the radioactivity of the tissues oxidized in an Auto Sample Oxidizer. The appearance of the label in urine and feces was also followed by the tracer technique. The distributions of radioactivity in tissues as determined by the two methods were almost identical. On the autoradiograms of mice killed 10 min after the injection, marked blackening of the film was observed at the sites corresponding to the liver, kidney, and bladder with urine, and much less darkening at other sites. The radioactivities contained in the liver, kidney, urine and small intestine were 13.3, 2.3, 2.6 and 10.2% of the dose, respectively. The labeled toxin was rapidly excreted into urine and feces, 56.0 and 4.9% in 6 hr and 66.7 and 28.0% in 24 hr after injection, respectively. Oral administration of the labeled toxin to mother mice resulted in the appearance of radioactivity in the stomach contents of 7-day suckling mice, thus demonstrating indirectly the secretion of the toxin into the milk. An attempt to show a respiratory route of excretion in rats given the radioactive compound orally or intravenously failed to detect any radioactivity in the expired CO2 collected for 6 hr, suggesting that the 14C in the epoxy ring was intact.", "contents": "The tissue distribution and the pattern of excretion of [14C]-13-labeled 12, 13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene in mice and rats. The distribution in the mouse tissues of 13-[14C]-12,13-epoxtrichothec-9-ene administered intravenously was determined by whole-body autoradiography and by tracing the radioactivity of the tissues oxidized in an Auto Sample Oxidizer. The appearance of the label in urine and feces was also followed by the tracer technique. The distributions of radioactivity in tissues as determined by the two methods were almost identical. On the autoradiograms of mice killed 10 min after the injection, marked blackening of the film was observed at the sites corresponding to the liver, kidney, and bladder with urine, and much less darkening at other sites. The radioactivities contained in the liver, kidney, urine and small intestine were 13.3, 2.3, 2.6 and 10.2% of the dose, respectively. The labeled toxin was rapidly excreted into urine and feces, 56.0 and 4.9% in 6 hr and 66.7 and 28.0% in 24 hr after injection, respectively. Oral administration of the labeled toxin to mother mice resulted in the appearance of radioactivity in the stomach contents of 7-day suckling mice, thus demonstrating indirectly the secretion of the toxin into the milk. An attempt to show a respiratory route of excretion in rats given the radioactive compound orally or intravenously failed to detect any radioactivity in the expired CO2 collected for 6 hr, suggesting that the 14C in the epoxy ring was intact.", "PMID": 544866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9731", "title": "Multicorrelation analyses of toxic and antigenic components of DPT and DP vaccines produced in Japan.", "content": "The combined diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and combined diphtheria-pertussis vaccines, of which the contents of endotoxin, LPF and HSF were reported in the previous paper, have been tested for the respective potencies of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus components. In order to obtain some information concerning possible adjuvanticities of the toxic components of pertussis cells, relationship between respective toxic activities and the potencies of the respective antigenic components were tested by applying the multiple regression analyses. The results showed that the effects of the toxic components were fairly complicated. Within the ranges of contents of the respective toxic components of the vaccines used in the present experiment, LPF appeared to enhance all the three potencies as the content increased, while the effects of endotoxin and HSF were either enhancing or suppressive depending on the antigenic components.", "contents": "Multicorrelation analyses of toxic and antigenic components of DPT and DP vaccines produced in Japan. The combined diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and combined diphtheria-pertussis vaccines, of which the contents of endotoxin, LPF and HSF were reported in the previous paper, have been tested for the respective potencies of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus components. In order to obtain some information concerning possible adjuvanticities of the toxic components of pertussis cells, relationship between respective toxic activities and the potencies of the respective antigenic components were tested by applying the multiple regression analyses. The results showed that the effects of the toxic components were fairly complicated. Within the ranges of contents of the respective toxic components of the vaccines used in the present experiment, LPF appeared to enhance all the three potencies as the content increased, while the effects of endotoxin and HSF were either enhancing or suppressive depending on the antigenic components.", "PMID": 544867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9732", "title": "Augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and resistance against allogeneic or syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in mice preimmunized with the tumor extracts.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses against methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in C3H/He and BDF1 mice were developed in BDF1 mice by sc injection of the respective mitomycin C-treated tumor cells. The DTH responses to the allogeneic and the syngeneic tumor cells were accelerated and enhanced tumor-specifically by priming 7 days previously with KCl extracts of the respective tumors. The ability in the mice primed with the tumor extracts enhancing the DTH response against the tumor cells could be transferred to recipient mice by the spleen cells, but not by the T-cell-depleted spleen cells. Rejection of allogeneic tumor was accelerated under the development of accelerated and enhanced DTH response against the allogeneic tumor antigens. Moreover, resistance to syngeneic tumor growth increased significantly with the development of accelerated and enhanced DTH response against the syngeneic tumor antigens. Thus, the augmentation of DTH response by preimmunization with tumor extracts was accompanied by the increased resistance to tumor growth, suggesting that T cells involved in the augmentation of tumor-specific DTH response play some role in increasing the resistance to tumor growth.", "contents": "Augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and resistance against allogeneic or syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in mice preimmunized with the tumor extracts. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses against methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in C3H/He and BDF1 mice were developed in BDF1 mice by sc injection of the respective mitomycin C-treated tumor cells. The DTH responses to the allogeneic and the syngeneic tumor cells were accelerated and enhanced tumor-specifically by priming 7 days previously with KCl extracts of the respective tumors. The ability in the mice primed with the tumor extracts enhancing the DTH response against the tumor cells could be transferred to recipient mice by the spleen cells, but not by the T-cell-depleted spleen cells. Rejection of allogeneic tumor was accelerated under the development of accelerated and enhanced DTH response against the allogeneic tumor antigens. Moreover, resistance to syngeneic tumor growth increased significantly with the development of accelerated and enhanced DTH response against the syngeneic tumor antigens. Thus, the augmentation of DTH response by preimmunization with tumor extracts was accompanied by the increased resistance to tumor growth, suggesting that T cells involved in the augmentation of tumor-specific DTH response play some role in increasing the resistance to tumor growth.", "PMID": 544868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9733", "title": "[Disappearance and reversal of depth in stereopsis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to examine the transition of depth selection by mutual inhibition among disparities. (a) With random-dot stereograms, the time required for stereoscopic depth disappearance under fixation was found to be an inverse function of the magnitude of disparity. (b) Measurement of the cumulative time for perception of ambiguous stereograms showed that the depth was perceived longer with relatively smaller disparity. (c) The perception of stereoscopic depth under fixation was more stable in random-dot target than in ambiguous target. (d) Stereoscopic depth reversal occurred more frequently under fixation than in free observation. These results suggest that the whole range of disparities might be detected simultaneously and that the inhibition mechanism might have some important role in stereopsis.", "contents": "[Disappearance and reversal of depth in stereopsis (author's transl)]. Four experiments were conducted to examine the transition of depth selection by mutual inhibition among disparities. (a) With random-dot stereograms, the time required for stereoscopic depth disappearance under fixation was found to be an inverse function of the magnitude of disparity. (b) Measurement of the cumulative time for perception of ambiguous stereograms showed that the depth was perceived longer with relatively smaller disparity. (c) The perception of stereoscopic depth under fixation was more stable in random-dot target than in ambiguous target. (d) Stereoscopic depth reversal occurred more frequently under fixation than in free observation. These results suggest that the whole range of disparities might be detected simultaneously and that the inhibition mechanism might have some important role in stereopsis.", "PMID": 544882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9734", "title": "[Punished behavior in hippocampectomized rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Hippocampectomized rats were compared with the controls on punishment training in a L-shaped alley. Five measures of running time were taken; startbox latency A (from the placement in the startbox to the door), startbox latency B(from the door to the runway), runway running time, goalbox entry time and goalbox time. The postshock running time of controls was significantly longer than the preshock one in all measures. Hippocampals showed no hesitation in both startbox latencies, but did show hesitation in the other three measures just as the controls did. The controls spent a long time in the startbox from which they were unable to see outside stimuli until reaching the startbox door. These results support the spatial cognition theory of hippocampal function rather than the distant cue theory.", "contents": "[Punished behavior in hippocampectomized rats (author's transl)]. Hippocampectomized rats were compared with the controls on punishment training in a L-shaped alley. Five measures of running time were taken; startbox latency A (from the placement in the startbox to the door), startbox latency B(from the door to the runway), runway running time, goalbox entry time and goalbox time. The postshock running time of controls was significantly longer than the preshock one in all measures. Hippocampals showed no hesitation in both startbox latencies, but did show hesitation in the other three measures just as the controls did. The controls spent a long time in the startbox from which they were unable to see outside stimuli until reaching the startbox door. These results support the spatial cognition theory of hippocampal function rather than the distant cue theory.", "PMID": 544883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9735", "title": "The pathophysiology and surgical management of portal hypertension.", "content": "1. A classification of portal hypertension is given which relates better to the disordered pathophysiology than the older anatomical classification. 2. A review of the various procedural approaches to solution of the problems associated with portal hypertension has been given. 3. Based on our existing knowledge, a suggested approach to portal hypertension is described in which the various procedures and various types of shunts suggested over the years may be selectively applied to the appropriate patients.", "contents": "The pathophysiology and surgical management of portal hypertension. 1. A classification of portal hypertension is given which relates better to the disordered pathophysiology than the older anatomical classification. 2. A review of the various procedural approaches to solution of the problems associated with portal hypertension has been given. 3. Based on our existing knowledge, a suggested approach to portal hypertension is described in which the various procedures and various types of shunts suggested over the years may be selectively applied to the appropriate patients.", "PMID": 544884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9736", "title": "The surgical management of malignant lesions of the pancreas.", "content": "Over the past 20 years, carcinoma of the pancreas has increased in incidence by 20 percent. In spite of this marked increase, there continues to be controversy in some areas regarding the proper surgical management of ductal lesions. To date, there have been 122 total pancreatectomies performed at the Mayo Clinic; 63 of these were performed for carcinoma of the pancreas. Among 21 patients treated by total pancreatectomy since 1975, there was one operative death for an overall operative mortality of 4.7 percent. During the same period of time, when 34 patients underwent partial pancreatectomy of the Whipple type, there were three postoperative deaths with an operative mortality of 8.8 percent. The three patients that expired following performance of the Whipple procedure did so as a result of leakage at the anastomosis between the pancreas and the jejunum. Endocrine and exocrine pancreatectomy management have not been a particular problem. Conclusions can be drawn that total pancreatectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas is an acceptable procedure.", "contents": "The surgical management of malignant lesions of the pancreas. Over the past 20 years, carcinoma of the pancreas has increased in incidence by 20 percent. In spite of this marked increase, there continues to be controversy in some areas regarding the proper surgical management of ductal lesions. To date, there have been 122 total pancreatectomies performed at the Mayo Clinic; 63 of these were performed for carcinoma of the pancreas. Among 21 patients treated by total pancreatectomy since 1975, there was one operative death for an overall operative mortality of 4.7 percent. During the same period of time, when 34 patients underwent partial pancreatectomy of the Whipple type, there were three postoperative deaths with an operative mortality of 8.8 percent. The three patients that expired following performance of the Whipple procedure did so as a result of leakage at the anastomosis between the pancreas and the jejunum. Endocrine and exocrine pancreatectomy management have not been a particular problem. Conclusions can be drawn that total pancreatectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas is an acceptable procedure.", "PMID": 544885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9737", "title": "Effect of noncoronary blood flow upon myocardial mitochondrial function during hypothermic anoxic arrest.", "content": "Mongrel dogs (23) were subjected to the experimental study characterizing the effect of noncoronary blood flow upon myocardial mitochondrial respiration. Anoxic arrest for 60 minutes was obtained by cross-clamping of the aorta under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, and heart was reperfused for 10 minutes, then heart was excised to obtain the endocardium, epicardium of the left ventricle and ventricular septum for study of mitochondrial function and myocardial blood flow. Myocardial blood flow was measured with carbonized plastic tracer 46Sc during cross-clamping of the aorta. Noncoronary blood flow showed equal distribution in the left ventricle and septum with flow of 0.16 +/- 0.23 ml/ min/100g (endocardium). Mitochondrial respiratory function following 60 minutes of hypothermic anoxic arrest at 20 degrees C recovered to normal level, and also no correlation was demonstrated between noncoronary blood flow during cross-clamping of the aorta and mitochondrial respiratory function. It was concluded that noncoronary blood flow was negligible with respect to the oxygen demand at 20 degrees C of myocardial temperature, and that noncoronary blood flow during cross-clamping of the aorta was not correlated to mitochondrial protection from ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of noncoronary blood flow upon myocardial mitochondrial function during hypothermic anoxic arrest. Mongrel dogs (23) were subjected to the experimental study characterizing the effect of noncoronary blood flow upon myocardial mitochondrial respiration. Anoxic arrest for 60 minutes was obtained by cross-clamping of the aorta under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, and heart was reperfused for 10 minutes, then heart was excised to obtain the endocardium, epicardium of the left ventricle and ventricular septum for study of mitochondrial function and myocardial blood flow. Myocardial blood flow was measured with carbonized plastic tracer 46Sc during cross-clamping of the aorta. Noncoronary blood flow showed equal distribution in the left ventricle and septum with flow of 0.16 +/- 0.23 ml/ min/100g (endocardium). Mitochondrial respiratory function following 60 minutes of hypothermic anoxic arrest at 20 degrees C recovered to normal level, and also no correlation was demonstrated between noncoronary blood flow during cross-clamping of the aorta and mitochondrial respiratory function. It was concluded that noncoronary blood flow was negligible with respect to the oxygen demand at 20 degrees C of myocardial temperature, and that noncoronary blood flow during cross-clamping of the aorta was not correlated to mitochondrial protection from ischemia.", "PMID": 544886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9738", "title": "In vitro sensitivity test of stomach cancer tissues by the use of metal grid method.", "content": "Ninety-nine specimens obtained from 53 patients with stomach cancer were cultured for about 3 days by means of the stainless steel grid method. In vitro effects of antitumor drugs on the cancer cells were evaluated autoradiographically or biochemically using a liquid scintillation counter to measure the uptake of 3H-thymidine. The radioactivity of the labeled tumor cells of both control fragments and fragments affected by drugs varied greatly among individual tumors. Therefore, the in vitro efficacy of antitumor drugs was represented as a comparison with that of control fragments. Positive correlation between in vitro tests and the clinical effects of antitumor drugs was observed in the specimens of 18 cases.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity test of stomach cancer tissues by the use of metal grid method. Ninety-nine specimens obtained from 53 patients with stomach cancer were cultured for about 3 days by means of the stainless steel grid method. In vitro effects of antitumor drugs on the cancer cells were evaluated autoradiographically or biochemically using a liquid scintillation counter to measure the uptake of 3H-thymidine. The radioactivity of the labeled tumor cells of both control fragments and fragments affected by drugs varied greatly among individual tumors. Therefore, the in vitro efficacy of antitumor drugs was represented as a comparison with that of control fragments. Positive correlation between in vitro tests and the clinical effects of antitumor drugs was observed in the specimens of 18 cases.", "PMID": 544887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9739", "title": "Difference in calcium metabolism following Billroth-I and Billroth-II procedures for gastric and duodenal ulcers.", "content": "There have been 7 patients with postoperative osteomalacia in our series of 500 patients who had a gastrectomy for gastric or duodenal ulcers. All seven of these patients had a Billroth-II type gastrojejunostomy or esophagojejunostomy which caused food to bypass the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum, and six of these patients showed milk intolerance and had diarrhea on food other than cow's milk. From this finding, it may be surmised that patients are predisposed to osteopenia after gastrectomy due to disorder in the process of calcium absorption and they develop osteomalacia when treated with the Billroth-II procedure, showing milk intolerance and diarrhea on food other than cow's milk.", "contents": "Difference in calcium metabolism following Billroth-I and Billroth-II procedures for gastric and duodenal ulcers. There have been 7 patients with postoperative osteomalacia in our series of 500 patients who had a gastrectomy for gastric or duodenal ulcers. All seven of these patients had a Billroth-II type gastrojejunostomy or esophagojejunostomy which caused food to bypass the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum, and six of these patients showed milk intolerance and had diarrhea on food other than cow's milk. From this finding, it may be surmised that patients are predisposed to osteopenia after gastrectomy due to disorder in the process of calcium absorption and they develop osteomalacia when treated with the Billroth-II procedure, showing milk intolerance and diarrhea on food other than cow's milk.", "PMID": 544888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9740", "title": "Diagonal abdominothoracic incision as an approach to carcinoma of the cardia and upper gastric region.", "content": "An operative technique consisting of a diagonal epigastric incision extending to the left chest wall and severing the inner side of diaphragm adjacent to the pericardium to the hiatus is introduced. This technique was successfully used in 16 cases and the present surgical approach facilitates frontal visualization of the lower esophagus without disruption of the circulatory system. Furthermore, a sufficiently large operative field is obtained and radical dissection of cardia and upper gastric region or combined resection of infiltrated adjacent organs is facilitated. Postoperative recovery of pulmonary function in terms of PaO2 and PaCO2 was similar to that of patients who had received an upper median incision. We found no postoperative complications peculiar to the operative technique introduced here in any of the 16 patients.", "contents": "Diagonal abdominothoracic incision as an approach to carcinoma of the cardia and upper gastric region. An operative technique consisting of a diagonal epigastric incision extending to the left chest wall and severing the inner side of diaphragm adjacent to the pericardium to the hiatus is introduced. This technique was successfully used in 16 cases and the present surgical approach facilitates frontal visualization of the lower esophagus without disruption of the circulatory system. Furthermore, a sufficiently large operative field is obtained and radical dissection of cardia and upper gastric region or combined resection of infiltrated adjacent organs is facilitated. Postoperative recovery of pulmonary function in terms of PaO2 and PaCO2 was similar to that of patients who had received an upper median incision. We found no postoperative complications peculiar to the operative technique introduced here in any of the 16 patients.", "PMID": 544889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9741", "title": "Plasma glucagon changes in surgical patients.", "content": "We studied the effect of surgery on plasma glucagon (IRG) levels in 40 patients divided into 3 groups according to the severity of surgical stress. In the major and moderate stress groups, 30--100% IRG increases were noted one hour after the start of surgery. In these groups, IRG was increased in the lst to 7th postoperative days and there was a correlation between the amount of increase and the severity of operative stress. In the minor stress group, no postoperative IRG increase was noted. Our results indicate that the severity of operative stress had a direct bearing on the amount of intra- and postoperative IRG increase. We also discuss the origin of hyperglucagonemia in surgical patients.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon changes in surgical patients. We studied the effect of surgery on plasma glucagon (IRG) levels in 40 patients divided into 3 groups according to the severity of surgical stress. In the major and moderate stress groups, 30--100% IRG increases were noted one hour after the start of surgery. In these groups, IRG was increased in the lst to 7th postoperative days and there was a correlation between the amount of increase and the severity of operative stress. In the minor stress group, no postoperative IRG increase was noted. Our results indicate that the severity of operative stress had a direct bearing on the amount of intra- and postoperative IRG increase. We also discuss the origin of hyperglucagonemia in surgical patients.", "PMID": 544890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9742", "title": "Functional effect of collateral circulation after dearterialization of the liver.", "content": "The functional effect of the collateral circulation after hepatic dearterialization was investigated in dogs with end-to-side protacaval shunt after ligation of hepatic artery. The functional effect of collateral circulation was far less than that of the native hepatic artery even for one week after occlusion of the common hepatic artery. However the functional effect of the collateral blood flow suddenly rose to the level of that of native hepatic artery one week after ligation of common hepatic artery or two weeks after ligation of proper hepatic artery.", "contents": "Functional effect of collateral circulation after dearterialization of the liver. The functional effect of the collateral circulation after hepatic dearterialization was investigated in dogs with end-to-side protacaval shunt after ligation of hepatic artery. The functional effect of collateral circulation was far less than that of the native hepatic artery even for one week after occlusion of the common hepatic artery. However the functional effect of the collateral blood flow suddenly rose to the level of that of native hepatic artery one week after ligation of common hepatic artery or two weeks after ligation of proper hepatic artery.", "PMID": 544891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9743", "title": "A case of mesenteric cyst diagnosed by ultrasound examination and a review of Japanese literatures.", "content": "Mesenteric cyst is relatively rare, and its diagnosis is difficult. We carried out an ultrasound examination on a 6-year-old boy who showed intestinal obstruction. This examination revealed an abdominal mass, and he was diagnosed as mesenteric cyst. Later it was confirmed by operation. The histopathological examination revealed that it was a lymphangioma. A review was also carried out on 288 cases of mesenteric cyst in Japan.", "contents": "A case of mesenteric cyst diagnosed by ultrasound examination and a review of Japanese literatures. Mesenteric cyst is relatively rare, and its diagnosis is difficult. We carried out an ultrasound examination on a 6-year-old boy who showed intestinal obstruction. This examination revealed an abdominal mass, and he was diagnosed as mesenteric cyst. Later it was confirmed by operation. The histopathological examination revealed that it was a lymphangioma. A review was also carried out on 288 cases of mesenteric cyst in Japan.", "PMID": 544892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9744", "title": "Experimental production of varicocele and its effect on testes.", "content": "Parital obstruction of left renal vein leads to production of varicocele in a fairly short period, i.e.; even within a month. Collateral venous channels play an important role in the formation and degree of varicocele. Varicocele has got a depressive effect on the spermatogenesis on the side of varicocele as well as on opposite testes. Leydig cells and interstitial tissue flourish at the expense of gonadal elements. The factors affecting the spermatogenesis are different from those of other tissues of the testes.", "contents": "Experimental production of varicocele and its effect on testes. Parital obstruction of left renal vein leads to production of varicocele in a fairly short period, i.e.; even within a month. Collateral venous channels play an important role in the formation and degree of varicocele. Varicocele has got a depressive effect on the spermatogenesis on the side of varicocele as well as on opposite testes. Leydig cells and interstitial tissue flourish at the expense of gonadal elements. The factors affecting the spermatogenesis are different from those of other tissues of the testes.", "PMID": 544893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9745", "title": "Fibrous projections from the core of a bacteriophage T7 procapsid.", "content": "A cylindrical core previously demonstrated in a bacteriophage T7 procapsid (capsid I) has been further examined by electron microscopy. Fibrous extensions of the core have been observed; these fibers appear to connect the core to the capsid I envelope. After infection of a nonpermissive host with bacteriophage T7 amber mutant in any gene coding for a core protein, the resulting lysates contained more noncapsid assemblies of capsid envelope protein than did wild-type lysates; these assemblies had a mass two to at least 500 times greater than the mass of capsid I. This suggests that the internal core and fibers assist the assembly of subunits in the envelope of capsid I.", "contents": "Fibrous projections from the core of a bacteriophage T7 procapsid. A cylindrical core previously demonstrated in a bacteriophage T7 procapsid (capsid I) has been further examined by electron microscopy. Fibrous extensions of the core have been observed; these fibers appear to connect the core to the capsid I envelope. After infection of a nonpermissive host with bacteriophage T7 amber mutant in any gene coding for a core protein, the resulting lysates contained more noncapsid assemblies of capsid envelope protein than did wild-type lysates; these assemblies had a mass two to at least 500 times greater than the mass of capsid I. This suggests that the internal core and fibers assist the assembly of subunits in the envelope of capsid I.", "PMID": 544920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9746", "title": "Pyrenesulfonyl azide as a fluorescent label for the study of protein-lipid boundaries of acetylcholine receptors in membranes.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) enriched membrane fragments from Torpedo californica electroplax were labeled by in situ photogenerated nitrenes from a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, pyrene-1-sulfonyl azide. Preferential photolabeling of membrane proteins, mainly AcChR, has been achieved and there is a pronounced exposure of the 48,000 and 55,000 molecular weight subunits of AcChR to the lipid environment of the membrane core. Covalent attachment of the photogenerated fluorescence probe does not perturb the alpha-neurotoxins' binding properties of membrane-bound AcChR or the desensitization kinetics induced by prolonged exposures to cholinergic agonists. Non-covalent photoproducts can be conveniently removed from labeled membrane preparations by exchange into lipid vesicles prepared from electroplax membrane lipids. Fluorescence features of model pyrene sulfonyl amide derivatives, such as fine vibrational structure of emission spectra of fluorescence lifetimes, are highly sensitive to the solvent milieu. The covalently bound probe shows similar fluorescence properties in situ. PySA photoproducts have great potential to spectroscopically monitor neurotransmitter induced events on selected AcChR subunits exposed to the hydrophobic environment of membranes.", "contents": "Pyrenesulfonyl azide as a fluorescent label for the study of protein-lipid boundaries of acetylcholine receptors in membranes. Acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) enriched membrane fragments from Torpedo californica electroplax were labeled by in situ photogenerated nitrenes from a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, pyrene-1-sulfonyl azide. Preferential photolabeling of membrane proteins, mainly AcChR, has been achieved and there is a pronounced exposure of the 48,000 and 55,000 molecular weight subunits of AcChR to the lipid environment of the membrane core. Covalent attachment of the photogenerated fluorescence probe does not perturb the alpha-neurotoxins' binding properties of membrane-bound AcChR or the desensitization kinetics induced by prolonged exposures to cholinergic agonists. Non-covalent photoproducts can be conveniently removed from labeled membrane preparations by exchange into lipid vesicles prepared from electroplax membrane lipids. Fluorescence features of model pyrene sulfonyl amide derivatives, such as fine vibrational structure of emission spectra of fluorescence lifetimes, are highly sensitive to the solvent milieu. The covalently bound probe shows similar fluorescence properties in situ. PySA photoproducts have great potential to spectroscopically monitor neurotransmitter induced events on selected AcChR subunits exposed to the hydrophobic environment of membranes.", "PMID": 544921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9747", "title": "The serum-free growth of Balb/c 3T3 cells in medium supplemented with bovine colostrum.", "content": "Bovine milk contains growth promoting factors that stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in confluent monolayers of quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells. The growth factor activity was highest in colostrum obtained within 24 hours after birth of a calf. Samples of milk obtained 32 hours and 60 hours after birth were 20% and 1% as active respectively as was a sample obtained 8 hours after birth in stimulating DNA synthesis. No activity was detectable 3 days after birth or thereafter. A similar temporal dependence was found in sheep's milk. Bovine colostrum obtained on the day of a calf's birth can be substituted for serum and will support the growth of sparse Balb/c 3T3 cells to confluence. In Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2.5% (vol/vol) bovine colostrum, the number of Balb/c 3T3 cells in a dish increased 35-fold, from 2.0 X 10(4) cells to 7 X 10(5) cells. The generation time was approximately 38 hours. Proliferation of cells was characterized by formation of clusters of confluent Balb/c 3T3 cells which were smaller in size and more tightly packed than were Balb/c 3T3 cells grown to confluence in serum. No proliferation was detected in DMEM supplemented with milk obtained 10 days after birth of a calf or in DMEM supplemented with bovine serum albumen.", "contents": "The serum-free growth of Balb/c 3T3 cells in medium supplemented with bovine colostrum. Bovine milk contains growth promoting factors that stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in confluent monolayers of quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells. The growth factor activity was highest in colostrum obtained within 24 hours after birth of a calf. Samples of milk obtained 32 hours and 60 hours after birth were 20% and 1% as active respectively as was a sample obtained 8 hours after birth in stimulating DNA synthesis. No activity was detectable 3 days after birth or thereafter. A similar temporal dependence was found in sheep's milk. Bovine colostrum obtained on the day of a calf's birth can be substituted for serum and will support the growth of sparse Balb/c 3T3 cells to confluence. In Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2.5% (vol/vol) bovine colostrum, the number of Balb/c 3T3 cells in a dish increased 35-fold, from 2.0 X 10(4) cells to 7 X 10(5) cells. The generation time was approximately 38 hours. Proliferation of cells was characterized by formation of clusters of confluent Balb/c 3T3 cells which were smaller in size and more tightly packed than were Balb/c 3T3 cells grown to confluence in serum. No proliferation was detected in DMEM supplemented with milk obtained 10 days after birth of a calf or in DMEM supplemented with bovine serum albumen.", "PMID": 544922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9748", "title": "Stimulation of human vascular endothelial cell growth by a platelet-derived growth factor and thrombin.", "content": "Repair of a vascular wound is mediated by migration and subsequent replication of the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels. We have measured the growth response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuE) to two polypeptides that are transiently produced in high concentrations at the site of a wound; the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the protease thrombin. When 10(4) HuE cells are seeded as a dense island (2-mm diameter) in the center of a 16-mm tissue culture well in medium containing 20% human serum derived from platelet-poor plasma (PDS), no increase in cell number or colony size is observed. With the addition of 0.5 ng/ml partially purified PDGF, colony size increases and the number of cells after 8 days is 4.8 X 10(4). When human thrombin (1 microgram/ml) is added along with the PDGF, the cell number rises to 9.2 X 10(4). Thrombin alone stimulates no increase in cell number. Although partially purified PDGF stimulates endothelial cells maintained in PDS as well as those maintained in whole blood serum (WBS), pure PDGF is active only when assayed in medium that contains WBS and is supplemented with thrombin. These results suggest the existence of a second class of platelet-derived factors that enable HuE cells to respond to the mitogenic activity of the purified platelet mitogen and thrombin.", "contents": "Stimulation of human vascular endothelial cell growth by a platelet-derived growth factor and thrombin. Repair of a vascular wound is mediated by migration and subsequent replication of the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels. We have measured the growth response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuE) to two polypeptides that are transiently produced in high concentrations at the site of a wound; the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the protease thrombin. When 10(4) HuE cells are seeded as a dense island (2-mm diameter) in the center of a 16-mm tissue culture well in medium containing 20% human serum derived from platelet-poor plasma (PDS), no increase in cell number or colony size is observed. With the addition of 0.5 ng/ml partially purified PDGF, colony size increases and the number of cells after 8 days is 4.8 X 10(4). When human thrombin (1 microgram/ml) is added along with the PDGF, the cell number rises to 9.2 X 10(4). Thrombin alone stimulates no increase in cell number. Although partially purified PDGF stimulates endothelial cells maintained in PDS as well as those maintained in whole blood serum (WBS), pure PDGF is active only when assayed in medium that contains WBS and is supplemented with thrombin. These results suggest the existence of a second class of platelet-derived factors that enable HuE cells to respond to the mitogenic activity of the purified platelet mitogen and thrombin.", "PMID": 544923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9749", "title": "Subcellular fractionation of brown adipose tissue.", "content": "The present study proposes a technique, using Metrizamide, which permits the preparation of brown adipose tissue plasma membranes from the crude mitochondria as well as from the crude microsome fraction. These plasma membranes have high relative specific activities of their marker enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase (15 +/- 3 and 14 +/- 2 respectively) and, particularly those originating in the crude microsomes, are relatively free of mitochondria contamination. This study also shows the influence of the mode of cell disruption on microsome integrity. When cell disruption was achieved by grinding in liquid nitrogen the purified microsome NADPH cytochrome c reductase specific activity was found to be 3.5 times greater than that of microsomes obtained after homogenization of the tissue.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation of brown adipose tissue. The present study proposes a technique, using Metrizamide, which permits the preparation of brown adipose tissue plasma membranes from the crude mitochondria as well as from the crude microsome fraction. These plasma membranes have high relative specific activities of their marker enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase (15 +/- 3 and 14 +/- 2 respectively) and, particularly those originating in the crude microsomes, are relatively free of mitochondria contamination. This study also shows the influence of the mode of cell disruption on microsome integrity. When cell disruption was achieved by grinding in liquid nitrogen the purified microsome NADPH cytochrome c reductase specific activity was found to be 3.5 times greater than that of microsomes obtained after homogenization of the tissue.", "PMID": 544924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9750", "title": "Growth rate and chromosome number of tumor cell lines with different metastatic potential.", "content": "We investigated whether the metastatic potential of various tumor cell lines was related to chromosome counts or to rate of growth in vitro or in vivo. Clones of known metastatic potential derived from a C3H- fibrosarcoma induced by UV radiation (UV-2237) and from C57BL/6 B16 melanoma were tested for these characteristics. No correlation was found between the growth rate of these clones in monolayer culture or at a subcutaneous site and their ability to produce metastases. The cells from clones of UV-2237 were mainly in the diploid range with only one exception, and the B16 clones were all hyperploid. Thus, there was also no correlation between malignant behavior of the clones and gross changes in chromosome number.", "contents": "Growth rate and chromosome number of tumor cell lines with different metastatic potential. We investigated whether the metastatic potential of various tumor cell lines was related to chromosome counts or to rate of growth in vitro or in vivo. Clones of known metastatic potential derived from a C3H- fibrosarcoma induced by UV radiation (UV-2237) and from C57BL/6 B16 melanoma were tested for these characteristics. No correlation was found between the growth rate of these clones in monolayer culture or at a subcutaneous site and their ability to produce metastases. The cells from clones of UV-2237 were mainly in the diploid range with only one exception, and the B16 clones were all hyperploid. Thus, there was also no correlation between malignant behavior of the clones and gross changes in chromosome number.", "PMID": 544925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9751", "title": "Ganglioside patterns of metastatic and non-metastatic transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas of the rat.", "content": "In previous investigations, we correlated levels of sialic acid, gangliosides, and ganglioside glycosyltransferases with tumorigenesis over a 24-week continuum of growth of hepatocellular neoplasms of the rat induced by the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. However, metastatic tumors developed only rarely and were not analyzed. To investigate surface changes associated with metastasis, well-differentiated and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas were transplanted to syngeneic recipient rats. From those, several metastatic and nonmetastatic isolates were obtained and compared. Both total and ganglioside sialic acid amounts in transplantable hepatomas were elevated above control liver values but were significantly lower for metastatic lines than for nonmetastatic lines. The nonmetastatic lines were characterized by ganglioside patterns depleted in the precursor ganglioside GM3 (sialic acid-galactose-glucose-ceramide) and elevated in the products of the monosialoganglioside pathway. In contrast, metastatic isolates exhibited a restoration of GM3 and nearer normal amounts of other gangliosides. The findings point to differences in sialic acid-containing glycolipids, comparing metastatic and nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinomas, and further extend the concept that ganglioside alterations do not cause tumorigenesis but are the end result of a cascade of events which apparently continue beyond the onset of metastasis.", "contents": "Ganglioside patterns of metastatic and non-metastatic transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas of the rat. In previous investigations, we correlated levels of sialic acid, gangliosides, and ganglioside glycosyltransferases with tumorigenesis over a 24-week continuum of growth of hepatocellular neoplasms of the rat induced by the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. However, metastatic tumors developed only rarely and were not analyzed. To investigate surface changes associated with metastasis, well-differentiated and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas were transplanted to syngeneic recipient rats. From those, several metastatic and nonmetastatic isolates were obtained and compared. Both total and ganglioside sialic acid amounts in transplantable hepatomas were elevated above control liver values but were significantly lower for metastatic lines than for nonmetastatic lines. The nonmetastatic lines were characterized by ganglioside patterns depleted in the precursor ganglioside GM3 (sialic acid-galactose-glucose-ceramide) and elevated in the products of the monosialoganglioside pathway. In contrast, metastatic isolates exhibited a restoration of GM3 and nearer normal amounts of other gangliosides. The findings point to differences in sialic acid-containing glycolipids, comparing metastatic and nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinomas, and further extend the concept that ganglioside alterations do not cause tumorigenesis but are the end result of a cascade of events which apparently continue beyond the onset of metastasis.", "PMID": 544926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9752", "title": "Lectin affinity chromatography of cell surface proteins of Novikoff tumor cells.", "content": "Novikoff hepatocellular carcinoma cells were radioiodinated by a cell surface-specific method using lactoperoxidase/125I. The iodinated proteins were solubilized in 0.5% Nonidet P-40 and subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-conjugated lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinins I or II, soybean agglutinin, concanavalin A, or wheat germ agglutinin) and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Almost all the iodinated proteins bound to one or more of the Sepharose-conjugated lectins, presumptive evidence that these peptides are glycosylated. Lectin affinity chromatography resolved defined subsets of iodinated glycoproteins and suggested that certain glycoproteins could be fractionated on the basis of heterogeneity of their heterosaccharide moieties. Incubation of the iodinated cells with neuraminidase resulted in increased binding of iodinated proteins to Sepharose-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II and soybean agglutinin and decreased binding to Sepharose-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin. Binding of iodinated proteins to concanavalin A was unaffected by neuraminidase treatment of the cells. These studies demonstrate the utility of lectins for the multicomponent analysis of plasma membrane proteins.", "contents": "Lectin affinity chromatography of cell surface proteins of Novikoff tumor cells. Novikoff hepatocellular carcinoma cells were radioiodinated by a cell surface-specific method using lactoperoxidase/125I. The iodinated proteins were solubilized in 0.5% Nonidet P-40 and subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-conjugated lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinins I or II, soybean agglutinin, concanavalin A, or wheat germ agglutinin) and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Almost all the iodinated proteins bound to one or more of the Sepharose-conjugated lectins, presumptive evidence that these peptides are glycosylated. Lectin affinity chromatography resolved defined subsets of iodinated glycoproteins and suggested that certain glycoproteins could be fractionated on the basis of heterogeneity of their heterosaccharide moieties. Incubation of the iodinated cells with neuraminidase resulted in increased binding of iodinated proteins to Sepharose-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II and soybean agglutinin and decreased binding to Sepharose-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin. Binding of iodinated proteins to concanavalin A was unaffected by neuraminidase treatment of the cells. These studies demonstrate the utility of lectins for the multicomponent analysis of plasma membrane proteins.", "PMID": 544927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9753", "title": "Human placental cell surface antigens:expression by cultured cells of diverse phenotypic origin.", "content": "The present work examined the expression of cell surface glycoprotein antigens in cultured human cell lines. The set of glycoproteins studied was defined by their immunoreactivity with antiserum developed to Triton-solubilized extracts of placental brush border membranes. Studies were performed using cell lines of trophoblastic (BeWo, JEG-3) and nontrophoblastic (Chang liver cells) origin, as well as diploid fibroblast cell lines (WI-38, GM-38). Antiplacental brush border antiserum reacts with at least 19 distinct antigens present in placental membrane preparations, each of which can be resolved and identified in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight and isoelectric point for all components were defined by their positions in the two-dimensional matrix. Thirteen of these could be detected among the five cell lines examined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface iodination. One of these 13 antigens has been identified as the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (PAP). The expression of this component is limited to choriocarcinoma cells and Chang liver cells and it is not present in diploid fibroblasts. Under normal circumstances expression of PAP is unique to the differentiated placenta but has been frequently demonstrated in both trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic neoplasms. Two other antigens are variably expressed among the different cell types examined in the present study and their presence or absence was independent of the trophoblastic, epithelial nontrophoblastic, or fibroblastic origin of the cells. Ten surface antigens were expressed in all five cell lines. Six of these had previously been found common to membranes from three adult differentiated tissues, including liver and kidney, as well as placenta (Wada et al, J Supramol Struc 10(3): 287-305, 1979). The presence of this set of antigens in cultured cells as well extends the possibility that these are ubiquitously expressed on human cell surfaces. Two other antigens observed in all cultured cells had been found in both placental and either kidney or liver membranes and may represent common functions shared by many tissues which are also necessary for growth in vitro. The two remaining placental antigens seen in all cultured cells have previously been shown to be absent in adult tissues. Their presence in cultured cells but not in the membranes of resting differentiated tissues may signify the expression of glycoproteins characteristic of trophoblasts in all cells adapted to growth in culture.", "contents": "Human placental cell surface antigens:expression by cultured cells of diverse phenotypic origin. The present work examined the expression of cell surface glycoprotein antigens in cultured human cell lines. The set of glycoproteins studied was defined by their immunoreactivity with antiserum developed to Triton-solubilized extracts of placental brush border membranes. Studies were performed using cell lines of trophoblastic (BeWo, JEG-3) and nontrophoblastic (Chang liver cells) origin, as well as diploid fibroblast cell lines (WI-38, GM-38). Antiplacental brush border antiserum reacts with at least 19 distinct antigens present in placental membrane preparations, each of which can be resolved and identified in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight and isoelectric point for all components were defined by their positions in the two-dimensional matrix. Thirteen of these could be detected among the five cell lines examined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface iodination. One of these 13 antigens has been identified as the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (PAP). The expression of this component is limited to choriocarcinoma cells and Chang liver cells and it is not present in diploid fibroblasts. Under normal circumstances expression of PAP is unique to the differentiated placenta but has been frequently demonstrated in both trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic neoplasms. Two other antigens are variably expressed among the different cell types examined in the present study and their presence or absence was independent of the trophoblastic, epithelial nontrophoblastic, or fibroblastic origin of the cells. Ten surface antigens were expressed in all five cell lines. Six of these had previously been found common to membranes from three adult differentiated tissues, including liver and kidney, as well as placenta (Wada et al, J Supramol Struc 10(3): 287-305, 1979). The presence of this set of antigens in cultured cells as well extends the possibility that these are ubiquitously expressed on human cell surfaces. Two other antigens observed in all cultured cells had been found in both placental and either kidney or liver membranes and may represent common functions shared by many tissues which are also necessary for growth in vitro. The two remaining placental antigens seen in all cultured cells have previously been shown to be absent in adult tissues. Their presence in cultured cells but not in the membranes of resting differentiated tissues may signify the expression of glycoproteins characteristic of trophoblasts in all cells adapted to growth in culture.", "PMID": 544928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9754", "title": "Selection of malignant melanoma variant cell lines for ovary colonization.", "content": "Murine melanoma line B16-F1, which shows some specificity for metastatic organ colonization of lung but rarely metastasizes to ovary, was used to select variant cell lines with increased preference for experimental ovary metastasis. Ovary-colonizing melanoma cell lines were sequentially selected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by repeated intravenous administration and surgical recovery of ovarian melanoma tumors for tissue culture. After ten selections for experimental ovary metastasis, line B16-010 was established which formed experimental metastatic ovary tumors in almost every test animal. In tissue culture B16-010 cells grew in circular colonies with rounded, smooth cell peripheries compared to B16-F1 cells which were flatter, grew in irregular patterns, and exhibited long cellular projections. Ovary-selected B16 lines contained less melanin pigment (B16-010 less than B16-05 less than B16-01 approximately equal to B16-F1) compared to the parental melanoma line. Together with previous cloning and selection data, these results are consistent with the preexistence of highly malignant cells in the parental tumor population that possess the ability to metastasize to specific organs.", "contents": "Selection of malignant melanoma variant cell lines for ovary colonization. Murine melanoma line B16-F1, which shows some specificity for metastatic organ colonization of lung but rarely metastasizes to ovary, was used to select variant cell lines with increased preference for experimental ovary metastasis. Ovary-colonizing melanoma cell lines were sequentially selected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by repeated intravenous administration and surgical recovery of ovarian melanoma tumors for tissue culture. After ten selections for experimental ovary metastasis, line B16-010 was established which formed experimental metastatic ovary tumors in almost every test animal. In tissue culture B16-010 cells grew in circular colonies with rounded, smooth cell peripheries compared to B16-F1 cells which were flatter, grew in irregular patterns, and exhibited long cellular projections. Ovary-selected B16 lines contained less melanin pigment (B16-010 less than B16-05 less than B16-01 approximately equal to B16-F1) compared to the parental melanoma line. Together with previous cloning and selection data, these results are consistent with the preexistence of highly malignant cells in the parental tumor population that possess the ability to metastasize to specific organs.", "PMID": 544929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9755", "title": "Production of monoclonal antibodies against a cell surface concanavalin A binding glycoprotein.", "content": "Concanavalin A-binding (Con-A)-binding cell surface glycoproteins were isolated, via Con A-affinity chromatography, from Triton X-100-solubilized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell plasma membranes. The Con A binding glycoproteins isolated in this manner displayed a significantly different profile on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels than did the Triton-soluble surface components, which were not retarded by the Con-A-Sepharose column. [125I]-Con A overlays of the pooled column fractions displayed on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that there were virtually no Con A receptors associated with the unretarded peak released by the Con A-Sepharose column, whereas the material which was bound and specifically eluted from the Con A-Sepharose column with the sugar hapten alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside contained at least 15 prominent bands which bound [125I]-Con A. In order to produce monoclonal antibodies against various cell surface Con A receptors, Balb/c mice were immunized with the pooled Con A receptor fraction. Following immunization spleens were excised from the animals and single spleen cell suspensions were fused with mouse myeloma P3/X63-Ag8 cells. Numerous hybridoma clones were subsequently picked on the basis of their ability to secrete antibody which could bind to both live and glutaraldehyde-fixed CHO cells as well as to the Triton-soluble fraction isolated from the CHO plasma membrane fraction. Antibody from two of these clones was able to precipitate a single [125I]-labeled CHO surface component of approximately 265,000 daltons.", "contents": "Production of monoclonal antibodies against a cell surface concanavalin A binding glycoprotein. Concanavalin A-binding (Con-A)-binding cell surface glycoproteins were isolated, via Con A-affinity chromatography, from Triton X-100-solubilized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell plasma membranes. The Con A binding glycoproteins isolated in this manner displayed a significantly different profile on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels than did the Triton-soluble surface components, which were not retarded by the Con-A-Sepharose column. [125I]-Con A overlays of the pooled column fractions displayed on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that there were virtually no Con A receptors associated with the unretarded peak released by the Con A-Sepharose column, whereas the material which was bound and specifically eluted from the Con A-Sepharose column with the sugar hapten alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside contained at least 15 prominent bands which bound [125I]-Con A. In order to produce monoclonal antibodies against various cell surface Con A receptors, Balb/c mice were immunized with the pooled Con A receptor fraction. Following immunization spleens were excised from the animals and single spleen cell suspensions were fused with mouse myeloma P3/X63-Ag8 cells. Numerous hybridoma clones were subsequently picked on the basis of their ability to secrete antibody which could bind to both live and glutaraldehyde-fixed CHO cells as well as to the Triton-soluble fraction isolated from the CHO plasma membrane fraction. Antibody from two of these clones was able to precipitate a single [125I]-labeled CHO surface component of approximately 265,000 daltons.", "PMID": 544930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9756", "title": "Structural states of dictyostelium myosin.", "content": "Myosin purified from Dictyostelium amoebae has approximately 10% by weight of RNA associated with it, unless specific steps (DEAE cellulose chromatography or RNase digestion) are taken to remove it. This RNA has significant effects on the structural states formed by the myosin at low ionic strength in the presence of Mg2+. Rapid precipitation of RNA-free myosin by dilution generates bipolar thick filaments (540 nm long, 33 nm thick), often with a bare zone and a 15-nm transverse repeat. Rapid precipitation of myosin with copurified RNA yields linear aggregates of bipolar filaments, showing some lateral association. Slow precipitation of RNA-free myosin by dialysis yields very long filaments or ribbons (greater than 5 micrometer, 30--60 nm wide) in which the myosin may be packed diagonally across the filament, similar to the \"side-polar\" aggregates formed by other nonmuscle myosins and by smooth muscle myosin (Craig R, Megerman J: J Cell Biol 75:990, 1977; Hinssen H, D'Haese J, Small JV, Sobieszek A: J Ultrastruct Res 64:282, 1978). Slow precipitation of myosin with copurified RNA generates linear filaments with repeat intervals of 290 and 650 nm. Other polyanions were tested for their effects on myosin aggregation. Total RNA and ribosomal RNA from Dictyostelium, when added to RNA-free myosin, also induced the extensive linear aggregation seen with the copurified RNA/myosin complex, although higher concentrations of RNA were required to obtain quantitatively the same effect. DNA and heparin were also effective inducers of linear aggregation, whereas homopolymers of nucleotides and of acidic or basic amino acids were poorly effective.", "contents": "Structural states of dictyostelium myosin. Myosin purified from Dictyostelium amoebae has approximately 10% by weight of RNA associated with it, unless specific steps (DEAE cellulose chromatography or RNase digestion) are taken to remove it. This RNA has significant effects on the structural states formed by the myosin at low ionic strength in the presence of Mg2+. Rapid precipitation of RNA-free myosin by dilution generates bipolar thick filaments (540 nm long, 33 nm thick), often with a bare zone and a 15-nm transverse repeat. Rapid precipitation of myosin with copurified RNA yields linear aggregates of bipolar filaments, showing some lateral association. Slow precipitation of RNA-free myosin by dialysis yields very long filaments or ribbons (greater than 5 micrometer, 30--60 nm wide) in which the myosin may be packed diagonally across the filament, similar to the \"side-polar\" aggregates formed by other nonmuscle myosins and by smooth muscle myosin (Craig R, Megerman J: J Cell Biol 75:990, 1977; Hinssen H, D'Haese J, Small JV, Sobieszek A: J Ultrastruct Res 64:282, 1978). Slow precipitation of myosin with copurified RNA generates linear filaments with repeat intervals of 290 and 650 nm. Other polyanions were tested for their effects on myosin aggregation. Total RNA and ribosomal RNA from Dictyostelium, when added to RNA-free myosin, also induced the extensive linear aggregation seen with the copurified RNA/myosin complex, although higher concentrations of RNA were required to obtain quantitatively the same effect. DNA and heparin were also effective inducers of linear aggregation, whereas homopolymers of nucleotides and of acidic or basic amino acids were poorly effective.", "PMID": 544931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9757", "title": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cell surface labeling and kinetics of glycocalyx release.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cells spontaneously release cell surface material (glycocalyx) into isotonic saline medium. Exposure of these cells to tritium-labeled 4,4'-diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid (3H2DIDS) at 4 degrees C leads to preferential labeling of the cell surface coat. We have combined studies of the kinetics of 3H2DIDS-label release, the effects of enzymatic treatment, and cell electrophoretic mobility to characterize the 3H2DIDS-labeled components of the cell surface. Approximately 73% of the cell-associated radioactivity is spontaneously released from the cells after 5 h at 23 degrees C. The kinetics of release is consistent with the first-order loss of two fractions; a slow (tau 1/2 = 360 min) component representing 33% of the radioactivity and a fast (tau 1/2 = 20 min) component representing 26%. The remaining 14% of the labile binding may reflect mechanically induced surface release. Trypsin (1 microgram/ml) also removes approximately 73% of the labeled material within 30 min and converts the kinetics of release to that of a single component (tau 1/2 = 5.5 min). The specific activity (SA) of material released by trypsin immediately after labeling is 83% of the SA of the material spontaneously lost in 1 h. However, trypsinization following a 2-h period of spontaneous release yields material of reduced (43%) SA. Neither 3H2DIDS labeling nor the initial spontaneous loss of labeled material alters cell electrophoretic mobility. However, extended spontaneous release is accompanied by a significant decrease in surface charge density. Trypsinization immediately following labeling or after spontaneous release (2 h) reduces mobility by 32%. We have tentatively identified the slowly released compartment as contributing to cell surface negativity.", "contents": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cell surface labeling and kinetics of glycocalyx release. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells spontaneously release cell surface material (glycocalyx) into isotonic saline medium. Exposure of these cells to tritium-labeled 4,4'-diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid (3H2DIDS) at 4 degrees C leads to preferential labeling of the cell surface coat. We have combined studies of the kinetics of 3H2DIDS-label release, the effects of enzymatic treatment, and cell electrophoretic mobility to characterize the 3H2DIDS-labeled components of the cell surface. Approximately 73% of the cell-associated radioactivity is spontaneously released from the cells after 5 h at 23 degrees C. The kinetics of release is consistent with the first-order loss of two fractions; a slow (tau 1/2 = 360 min) component representing 33% of the radioactivity and a fast (tau 1/2 = 20 min) component representing 26%. The remaining 14% of the labile binding may reflect mechanically induced surface release. Trypsin (1 microgram/ml) also removes approximately 73% of the labeled material within 30 min and converts the kinetics of release to that of a single component (tau 1/2 = 5.5 min). The specific activity (SA) of material released by trypsin immediately after labeling is 83% of the SA of the material spontaneously lost in 1 h. However, trypsinization following a 2-h period of spontaneous release yields material of reduced (43%) SA. Neither 3H2DIDS labeling nor the initial spontaneous loss of labeled material alters cell electrophoretic mobility. However, extended spontaneous release is accompanied by a significant decrease in surface charge density. Trypsinization immediately following labeling or after spontaneous release (2 h) reduces mobility by 32%. We have tentatively identified the slowly released compartment as contributing to cell surface negativity.", "PMID": 544932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9758", "title": "Membrane dynamics of differentiating cultured embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells by fluorescence microscopy techniques.", "content": "Changes in membrane fluidity during myogenesis have been studied by fluorescence microscopy of individual cells growing in monolayer cultures of embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells. Membrane fluidity was determined by the techniques of fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR), with the use of a lipid-soluble carbocyanine dye, and by fluorescence depolarization (FD), with perylene used as the lipid probe. The fluidity of myoblast plasma membranes, as determined from FPR measurements in membrane areas above nuclei, increased during the period of myoblast fusion and then returned to its initial level. The membrane fluidity of fibroblasts, also found in these primary cultures, remained constant. The fluidity in specific regions along the length of the myoblast membrane was studied by FD, and it was observed that the extended arms of the myoblast have the highest fluidity on the cell and that the tips at the ends of the arms had the lowest fluidity. However, since the perylene probe used in the FD experiments appeared to label cytoplasmic components, changes in fluidity measured with this probe reflect changes in membrane fluidity as well as in cytoplasmic fluidity. The relative change in each of these compartments cannot yet be ascertained. Tips have specialized surface structures, filopodia and lamellipodia, which may be accompanied by a more immobile membrane as well as a more rigid cytoplasm. Rounded cells, which may also have a more convoluted surface structure, show a lower apparent membrane fluidity than extended cells.", "contents": "Membrane dynamics of differentiating cultured embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells by fluorescence microscopy techniques. Changes in membrane fluidity during myogenesis have been studied by fluorescence microscopy of individual cells growing in monolayer cultures of embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells. Membrane fluidity was determined by the techniques of fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR), with the use of a lipid-soluble carbocyanine dye, and by fluorescence depolarization (FD), with perylene used as the lipid probe. The fluidity of myoblast plasma membranes, as determined from FPR measurements in membrane areas above nuclei, increased during the period of myoblast fusion and then returned to its initial level. The membrane fluidity of fibroblasts, also found in these primary cultures, remained constant. The fluidity in specific regions along the length of the myoblast membrane was studied by FD, and it was observed that the extended arms of the myoblast have the highest fluidity on the cell and that the tips at the ends of the arms had the lowest fluidity. However, since the perylene probe used in the FD experiments appeared to label cytoplasmic components, changes in fluidity measured with this probe reflect changes in membrane fluidity as well as in cytoplasmic fluidity. The relative change in each of these compartments cannot yet be ascertained. Tips have specialized surface structures, filopodia and lamellipodia, which may be accompanied by a more immobile membrane as well as a more rigid cytoplasm. Rounded cells, which may also have a more convoluted surface structure, show a lower apparent membrane fluidity than extended cells.", "PMID": 544933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9759", "title": "Biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat hepatoma tissue culture cells.", "content": "The early steps in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins associated with the plasma membranes of rat hepatoma tissue culture cells has been analyzed. By measuring the effect of tunicamycin on the incorporation of [3H] mannose and [3H] fucose into cell glycoproteins, it was determined that an interval of about 1 h was required to transfer the glycoprotein from site of mannosylation to the site of fucosylation. This result was corroborated by an analysis of the time required for the appearance of either mannose or fucose-labeled glycoproteins at the cell surface. The separation of membrane glycoproteins by a two-dimensional gel system allowed the visualization of the modifications leading to both size and charge heterogeneity of these proteins. By following the changes in electrophoretic mobility introduced into membrane glycoproteins during a chase period after a pulse labeling, the time course of these molecular alterations could be estimated. Several glycoproteins have apparently higher rates of synthesis than the bulk of membrane-associated glycoproteins. Most of these glycoproteins were released within 2 h after biosynthesis from the intracellular membrane fraction and appear after 3 h in the medium. In addition to the glycoproteins that contain both mannose and fucose and that show a high degree of charge heterogeneity, there are other membrane-bound species that are not noticeably modified by the incorporation of fucose or sialic acids. These glycoproteins could represent constituents limited to the internal membrane system of the HTC cell.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat hepatoma tissue culture cells. The early steps in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins associated with the plasma membranes of rat hepatoma tissue culture cells has been analyzed. By measuring the effect of tunicamycin on the incorporation of [3H] mannose and [3H] fucose into cell glycoproteins, it was determined that an interval of about 1 h was required to transfer the glycoprotein from site of mannosylation to the site of fucosylation. This result was corroborated by an analysis of the time required for the appearance of either mannose or fucose-labeled glycoproteins at the cell surface. The separation of membrane glycoproteins by a two-dimensional gel system allowed the visualization of the modifications leading to both size and charge heterogeneity of these proteins. By following the changes in electrophoretic mobility introduced into membrane glycoproteins during a chase period after a pulse labeling, the time course of these molecular alterations could be estimated. Several glycoproteins have apparently higher rates of synthesis than the bulk of membrane-associated glycoproteins. Most of these glycoproteins were released within 2 h after biosynthesis from the intracellular membrane fraction and appear after 3 h in the medium. In addition to the glycoproteins that contain both mannose and fucose and that show a high degree of charge heterogeneity, there are other membrane-bound species that are not noticeably modified by the incorporation of fucose or sialic acids. These glycoproteins could represent constituents limited to the internal membrane system of the HTC cell.", "PMID": 544934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9760", "title": "Structural comparisons of the aggregates of tobacco mosaic virus protein.", "content": "The coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus forms numerous aggregates, including the small A-protein, the disk, and two helical forms. The structures of the disk, the helical protein forms, and the virus are compared. Most of the differences are in the conformation of the chain between residues 89 and 113, which lies in the region of protein at the center of the virus, inside the RNA. It is disordered in the disk, but has a fixed conformation in the virus and the protein helices. The differences between the virus and the two helical protein forms are largely in the conformations of arginines and carboxylic acids in this region.", "contents": "Structural comparisons of the aggregates of tobacco mosaic virus protein. The coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus forms numerous aggregates, including the small A-protein, the disk, and two helical forms. The structures of the disk, the helical protein forms, and the virus are compared. Most of the differences are in the conformation of the chain between residues 89 and 113, which lies in the region of protein at the center of the virus, inside the RNA. It is disordered in the disk, but has a fixed conformation in the virus and the protein helices. The differences between the virus and the two helical protein forms are largely in the conformations of arginines and carboxylic acids in this region.", "PMID": 544935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9761", "title": "Biosynthesis and maturation of cellular membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "The biosynthesis and the processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of cellular membrane glycoproteins were examined in monolayer cultures of BHK21 cells and human diploid fibroblasts after pulse- and pulse-chase labeling with [2-3H]mannose. After pronase digestion, radiolabeled glycopeptides were characterized by high-resolution gel filtration, with or without additional digestion with various exoglycosidases and endoglycosidases. Pulse-labeled glycoproteins contained a relatively homogenous population of neutral oligosaccharides (major species: Man9GlcNAc2ASN). The vast majority of these asparagine-linked oligosaccharides was smaller than the major fraction of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from the cell and was apparently devoid of terminal glucose. After pulse-chase or long labeling periods, a significant fraction of the large oligomannosyl cores was processed by removal of mannose units and addition of branch sugars (NeuNAc-Gal-GlcNAc), resulting in complex acidic structures containing three and possibly five mannoses. In addition, some of the large oligomannosyl cores were processed by the removal of only several mannoses, resulting in a mixture of neutral structures with 5-9 mannoses. This oligomannosyl core heterogeneity in both neutral and acidic oligosaccharides linked to asparagine in cellular membrane glycoproteins was analogous to the heterogeneity reported for the oligosaccharides of avian RNA tumor virus glycoproteins (Hunt LA, Wright SE, Etchison JR, Summers DF: J Virol 29:336, 1979).", "contents": "Biosynthesis and maturation of cellular membrane glycoproteins. The biosynthesis and the processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of cellular membrane glycoproteins were examined in monolayer cultures of BHK21 cells and human diploid fibroblasts after pulse- and pulse-chase labeling with [2-3H]mannose. After pronase digestion, radiolabeled glycopeptides were characterized by high-resolution gel filtration, with or without additional digestion with various exoglycosidases and endoglycosidases. Pulse-labeled glycoproteins contained a relatively homogenous population of neutral oligosaccharides (major species: Man9GlcNAc2ASN). The vast majority of these asparagine-linked oligosaccharides was smaller than the major fraction of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from the cell and was apparently devoid of terminal glucose. After pulse-chase or long labeling periods, a significant fraction of the large oligomannosyl cores was processed by removal of mannose units and addition of branch sugars (NeuNAc-Gal-GlcNAc), resulting in complex acidic structures containing three and possibly five mannoses. In addition, some of the large oligomannosyl cores were processed by the removal of only several mannoses, resulting in a mixture of neutral structures with 5-9 mannoses. This oligomannosyl core heterogeneity in both neutral and acidic oligosaccharides linked to asparagine in cellular membrane glycoproteins was analogous to the heterogeneity reported for the oligosaccharides of avian RNA tumor virus glycoproteins (Hunt LA, Wright SE, Etchison JR, Summers DF: J Virol 29:336, 1979).", "PMID": 544936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9762", "title": "Introduction of metastatic heterogeneity by short-term in vivo passage of a cloned transformed cell line.", "content": "An experimental system for the study of metastasis has been developed using an epithelioid cell line of hepatic origin which had previously been chemically transformed in vitro. These metastatic cells were studied in the syngeneic rat strain. The cloned parent cell line metastasizes only to the lungs following intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal injection. The metastatic phenotype is stable during in vitro passage, and subclones from the parent clone have a metastatic capacity statistically similar to that of the parent clone. Following ascites passage of the parent cell line, the cell population obtained exhibits the same metastatic ability as the parent clone. However, subclones obtained from the ascites-passaged population exhibit metastatic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is introduced by the host passage and not by in vitro culture or subcloning. In the case of the two metastatic variants examined, the difference in the metastatic phenotype is found not to be due to differences in arrest or trapping of the cells but appears to be related to long-term survival and proliferation of the tumor cells following their arrest in the lungs. Morphologically the variants are very similar, and growth of the metastatic foci provokes a vigorous inflammatory response by the host.", "contents": "Introduction of metastatic heterogeneity by short-term in vivo passage of a cloned transformed cell line. An experimental system for the study of metastasis has been developed using an epithelioid cell line of hepatic origin which had previously been chemically transformed in vitro. These metastatic cells were studied in the syngeneic rat strain. The cloned parent cell line metastasizes only to the lungs following intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal injection. The metastatic phenotype is stable during in vitro passage, and subclones from the parent clone have a metastatic capacity statistically similar to that of the parent clone. Following ascites passage of the parent cell line, the cell population obtained exhibits the same metastatic ability as the parent clone. However, subclones obtained from the ascites-passaged population exhibit metastatic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is introduced by the host passage and not by in vitro culture or subcloning. In the case of the two metastatic variants examined, the difference in the metastatic phenotype is found not to be due to differences in arrest or trapping of the cells but appears to be related to long-term survival and proliferation of the tumor cells following their arrest in the lungs. Morphologically the variants are very similar, and growth of the metastatic foci provokes a vigorous inflammatory response by the host.", "PMID": 544937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9763", "title": "Direct linkage of thrombin to its cell surface receptors in different cell types.", "content": "When 125I-thrombin was incubated with foreskin fibroblasts, cervical carcinoma cells or fibrosarcoma cells of human origin, or with secondary chick embryo cells or Chinese hamster lung cells, it became directly linked to its cell surface receptors. The thrombin-receptor complex (TH-R) was derived exclusively from a pool of 125I-thrombin that had become specifically bound to the cell surface. The linkage was probably covalent, since the complex was resistant to boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Raising the pH to 12 disrupted TH-R, but did not affect a similar complex between epidermal growth factor and its receptor, suggesting that the linkage of these mitogens to their receptors was different. Mild trypsin treatment removed the ability of cells to form TH-R; however, after a 24-h incubation in serum-free medium, trypsin-treated cells recovered the capacity to form TH-R, suggesting that TH-R resulted from interaction of 125I-thrombin with a cellular rather than a serum component. The mitogenic response of cells to thrombin was inversely related to the fraction of specifically bound 125I-thrombin represented by TH-R. The role of TH-R in mitogenesis may be clarified in future studies by obtaining clones of Chinese hamster lung cells that vary in their capacities to form TH-R and to respond to the mitogenic action of thrombin.", "contents": "Direct linkage of thrombin to its cell surface receptors in different cell types. When 125I-thrombin was incubated with foreskin fibroblasts, cervical carcinoma cells or fibrosarcoma cells of human origin, or with secondary chick embryo cells or Chinese hamster lung cells, it became directly linked to its cell surface receptors. The thrombin-receptor complex (TH-R) was derived exclusively from a pool of 125I-thrombin that had become specifically bound to the cell surface. The linkage was probably covalent, since the complex was resistant to boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Raising the pH to 12 disrupted TH-R, but did not affect a similar complex between epidermal growth factor and its receptor, suggesting that the linkage of these mitogens to their receptors was different. Mild trypsin treatment removed the ability of cells to form TH-R; however, after a 24-h incubation in serum-free medium, trypsin-treated cells recovered the capacity to form TH-R, suggesting that TH-R resulted from interaction of 125I-thrombin with a cellular rather than a serum component. The mitogenic response of cells to thrombin was inversely related to the fraction of specifically bound 125I-thrombin represented by TH-R. The role of TH-R in mitogenesis may be clarified in future studies by obtaining clones of Chinese hamster lung cells that vary in their capacities to form TH-R and to respond to the mitogenic action of thrombin.", "PMID": 544938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9764", "title": "Isolation of cholera toxin receptors from a mouse fibroblast and lymphoid cell line by immune precipitation.", "content": "Cholera toxin receptors have been isolated from both a mouse fibroblast (Balbc/3T3) and mouse lymphoid cell line labeled by the galactose oxidase borotritiide technique. Tritiated receptor-toxin complexes solubilized in NP40 were isolated by addition of toxin antibody followed by a protein A-containing strain of Staphylococcus aureus. In both cell types by far the major species of toxin receptor isolated was ganglioside in nature, although galactoproteins were also present in the immune complexes. Whether the galactoproteins form part of a toxin-receptor complex or are artifacts of the isolation procedure is presently unclear. The relative specificity of cholera toxin for a carbohydrate sequence in a glycolipid suggests that the toxin might prove a useful tool in establishing the function and organization of glycolipids in membranes. For example, interaction of cholera toxin with the mouse lymphoid cell line was shown to result in patching and capping of bound toxin, raising the possibility that the glycolipid receptor interacts indirectly with cytoskeletal elements. Cholera toxin might also be used to select for mutant fibroblasts lacking the toxin receptor and therefore having an altered glycolipid profile. Such mutants might prove useful in establishing the relationship (if any) between modified glycolipid pattern and other aspects of the transformed phenotype. Attempts to isolate mutants, based on the expectation that growth of cells containing the toxin receptor would be inhibited by the increase in cAMP levels normally induced by cholera toxin, proved unsuccessful. Cholera toxin failed to inhibit significantly the growth of either Balbc or Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts although it markedly elevated cAMP levels.", "contents": "Isolation of cholera toxin receptors from a mouse fibroblast and lymphoid cell line by immune precipitation. Cholera toxin receptors have been isolated from both a mouse fibroblast (Balbc/3T3) and mouse lymphoid cell line labeled by the galactose oxidase borotritiide technique. Tritiated receptor-toxin complexes solubilized in NP40 were isolated by addition of toxin antibody followed by a protein A-containing strain of Staphylococcus aureus. In both cell types by far the major species of toxin receptor isolated was ganglioside in nature, although galactoproteins were also present in the immune complexes. Whether the galactoproteins form part of a toxin-receptor complex or are artifacts of the isolation procedure is presently unclear. The relative specificity of cholera toxin for a carbohydrate sequence in a glycolipid suggests that the toxin might prove a useful tool in establishing the function and organization of glycolipids in membranes. For example, interaction of cholera toxin with the mouse lymphoid cell line was shown to result in patching and capping of bound toxin, raising the possibility that the glycolipid receptor interacts indirectly with cytoskeletal elements. Cholera toxin might also be used to select for mutant fibroblasts lacking the toxin receptor and therefore having an altered glycolipid profile. Such mutants might prove useful in establishing the relationship (if any) between modified glycolipid pattern and other aspects of the transformed phenotype. Attempts to isolate mutants, based on the expectation that growth of cells containing the toxin receptor would be inhibited by the increase in cAMP levels normally induced by cholera toxin, proved unsuccessful. Cholera toxin failed to inhibit significantly the growth of either Balbc or Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts although it markedly elevated cAMP levels.", "PMID": 544939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9765", "title": "Hallucinogenic plants of the Tarahumara.", "content": "Plants used by the Mexican Tarahumara Indians to alter their perception are discussed from an ethnobotanical viewpoint. Reports from earlier workers are reviewed. Recent field work has corroborated many of the early observations. In addition, five Tarahumara plants are reported for the first time as hallucinogenic. They include species of Coryphantha, Echinocereus, Mammillaria, and Scirpus. Other plants are suspected of producing hallucinations or are associated with hallucinogenic plants.", "contents": "Hallucinogenic plants of the Tarahumara. Plants used by the Mexican Tarahumara Indians to alter their perception are discussed from an ethnobotanical viewpoint. Reports from earlier workers are reviewed. Recent field work has corroborated many of the early observations. In addition, five Tarahumara plants are reported for the first time as hallucinogenic. They include species of Coryphantha, Echinocereus, Mammillaria, and Scirpus. Other plants are suspected of producing hallucinations or are associated with hallucinogenic plants.", "PMID": 544948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9766", "title": "Herbal remedies of the Maritime Indians.", "content": "Maritime Indians, in common with other aboriginal people, developed a variety of herbal remedies to use in treating illness. A review of the writings of early settlers and missionaries has resulted in a list of 128 local plants and the medical problems to which they were applied. Although the known composition of some of these plants indicates the value of their application, little is known to date about the others.", "contents": "Herbal remedies of the Maritime Indians. Maritime Indians, in common with other aboriginal people, developed a variety of herbal remedies to use in treating illness. A review of the writings of early settlers and missionaries has resulted in a list of 128 local plants and the medical problems to which they were applied. Although the known composition of some of these plants indicates the value of their application, little is known to date about the others.", "PMID": 544949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9767", "title": "Cocaine in blood of coca chewers.", "content": "Coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca Lamarck) and powder (5 - 10 g) were taken orally by human subjects in the same way as South American natives do. The cocaine, as measured by mass fragmentography, was immediately detected in the blood, reached peak concentrations from 10 - 150 ng/ml plasma at 0.38 - 1.95 hours, and persisted in the plasma for more than 7 hours. Half-lives of the elimination of cocaine were calculated and ranged from 1.0 to 1.9 hours. The absorption half-lives ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 hours. The shape of the curves fits with the subjective effects reported. There is no reason to believe that the stimulating effect achieved by the use of either coca leaves or powder is not due to cocaine.", "contents": "Cocaine in blood of coca chewers. Coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca Lamarck) and powder (5 - 10 g) were taken orally by human subjects in the same way as South American natives do. The cocaine, as measured by mass fragmentography, was immediately detected in the blood, reached peak concentrations from 10 - 150 ng/ml plasma at 0.38 - 1.95 hours, and persisted in the plasma for more than 7 hours. Half-lives of the elimination of cocaine were calculated and ranged from 1.0 to 1.9 hours. The absorption half-lives ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 hours. The shape of the curves fits with the subjective effects reported. There is no reason to believe that the stimulating effect achieved by the use of either coca leaves or powder is not due to cocaine.", "PMID": 544950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9768", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of Albizzia lebbeck, an Indian indigenous drug used in the treatment of atopic allergy.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the decoction of the bark of Albizzia lebbeck which has been in use by Ayurvedic physicians for bronchial asthma and eczema. The effect of A. lebbeck was studied on the degranulation rate of sensitized peritoneal mast cells of albino rats when challenged with antigen (horse serum). Triple vaccine was used as adjuvant. Disodium cromoglycate (DCG) and prednisolone were used for comparison. Drugs were given during the first or second week of sensitization and the mast cells studied at the end of the second or third week. Serum from these rats was used to passively sensitize recipient rats whose peritoneal mast cells were then studied. The in vitro effects of A. lebbeck and DCG on the degranulation rate of the sensitized mast cells were also studied. The results show that A. lebbeck has a significant cromoglycate-like action on the mast cells. In addition, it appears that it inhibits the early processes of sensitization and synthesis of reaginic-type antibodies. If A. lebbeck is given during the first week of sensitization it markedly inhibits the early sensitizing processes, while if given during the second week it suppresses antibody production during the period of drug administration. The active ingredients of the bark appear to be heat-stable and water-soluble.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of Albizzia lebbeck, an Indian indigenous drug used in the treatment of atopic allergy. Studies were conducted on the decoction of the bark of Albizzia lebbeck which has been in use by Ayurvedic physicians for bronchial asthma and eczema. The effect of A. lebbeck was studied on the degranulation rate of sensitized peritoneal mast cells of albino rats when challenged with antigen (horse serum). Triple vaccine was used as adjuvant. Disodium cromoglycate (DCG) and prednisolone were used for comparison. Drugs were given during the first or second week of sensitization and the mast cells studied at the end of the second or third week. Serum from these rats was used to passively sensitize recipient rats whose peritoneal mast cells were then studied. The in vitro effects of A. lebbeck and DCG on the degranulation rate of the sensitized mast cells were also studied. The results show that A. lebbeck has a significant cromoglycate-like action on the mast cells. In addition, it appears that it inhibits the early processes of sensitization and synthesis of reaginic-type antibodies. If A. lebbeck is given during the first week of sensitization it markedly inhibits the early sensitizing processes, while if given during the second week it suppresses antibody production during the period of drug administration. The active ingredients of the bark appear to be heat-stable and water-soluble.", "PMID": 544953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9769", "title": "Technique for precision beveling of relatively large micropipettes.", "content": "A technique is described for embedding various sizes of diamond dust in a film of Varathane laid upon an optically flat glass surface. This forms a precise and very durable abrasive surface. When such abrasive surfaces are used with previously described equipment, micropipettes may be beveled rapidly and reliably to tip diameters extending from 0.5 micron to indefinitely large sizes. Beveled tips formed in this manner are extremely sharp, as shown by high resolution SEM photographs. Plugging of the micropipette tip during beveling is prevented by applying pressure to the contained electrolyte. This procedure allows the micropipette's electrical resistance to be monitored accurately and continuously, so that beveling may be stopped at the electrical resistance associated with any predetermined tip diameter. The beveling of such relatively large micropipettes appears to have a variety of applications in neurophysiology, plus additional applications in kidney and capillary micropuncture work.", "contents": "Technique for precision beveling of relatively large micropipettes. A technique is described for embedding various sizes of diamond dust in a film of Varathane laid upon an optically flat glass surface. This forms a precise and very durable abrasive surface. When such abrasive surfaces are used with previously described equipment, micropipettes may be beveled rapidly and reliably to tip diameters extending from 0.5 micron to indefinitely large sizes. Beveled tips formed in this manner are extremely sharp, as shown by high resolution SEM photographs. Plugging of the micropipette tip during beveling is prevented by applying pressure to the contained electrolyte. This procedure allows the micropipette's electrical resistance to be monitored accurately and continuously, so that beveling may be stopped at the electrical resistance associated with any predetermined tip diameter. The beveling of such relatively large micropipettes appears to have a variety of applications in neurophysiology, plus additional applications in kidney and capillary micropuncture work.", "PMID": 544956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9770", "title": "Photoelectrode with a very short time-constant for recording intracerebrally Ca2+ transients at a cellular level.", "content": "In order to study calcium transients in the central nervous system of vertebrates a microphotoelectrode was designed. It is composed of three channels, through the first aequorin is perfused into the extracellular space under constant pressure, the second is an optical glass light-conducting channel, and the third a classical NaCl-filled recording pipette. The light emitted by the interaction of the injected aequorin with the local extracellular calcium is transmitted through the optic fiber to a photomultiplier of high sensitivity.", "contents": "Photoelectrode with a very short time-constant for recording intracerebrally Ca2+ transients at a cellular level. In order to study calcium transients in the central nervous system of vertebrates a microphotoelectrode was designed. It is composed of three channels, through the first aequorin is perfused into the extracellular space under constant pressure, the second is an optical glass light-conducting channel, and the third a classical NaCl-filled recording pipette. The light emitted by the interaction of the injected aequorin with the local extracellular calcium is transmitted through the optic fiber to a photomultiplier of high sensitivity.", "PMID": 544957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9771", "title": "A new moving-coil microelectrode puller.", "content": "This paper describes an improved electrode puller for the manufacture of glass microelectrodes or micropipettes. The instrument resembles a conventional horizontal two-stage, solenoid-powered electrode puller but the pull is now developed by a light moving-coil and a fixed permanent magnet, using the principle of the moving-coil loudspeaker. In a conventional puller the force is generated by a solenoid with a massive moving-iron core. In this new puller the moving-coil solenoid responds much more rapidly to changing currents because of its greatly reduced inductance, and a substantial reduction in mass to 25 g, gives more acceleration from a comparable force. The sudden discharge of a capacitor bank through the coil accelerates the glass quickly during the last stage of the pull. This rapid acceleration is of importance in the formation of good electrodes with fine tips. For the prototype, an electronic control unit was constructed which allows the parameters necessary for the manufacture of electrodes to be set and regulated accurately and repeatedly, so that series of electrodes of constant shapes can be made. The length of the electrode shank may be predetermined over a wide range and tip diameters down to 0.08 micron have already been measured. The angle of the taper that supports the tip may be varied from less than 1 to over 6 degrees. The mechanical design of the instrument is comparatively simple, as it has only one moving part, while the relative complexity of the electronic control section should not present any manufacturing difficulties. Although this puller has been used mainly to make single-barrel fine electrodes from borosilicate glass, it is adaptable for other purposes. The extent of the control over the shape of the shank of the electrode renders it particularly suitable for the manufacture of composite, ion-sensitive electrodes.", "contents": "A new moving-coil microelectrode puller. This paper describes an improved electrode puller for the manufacture of glass microelectrodes or micropipettes. The instrument resembles a conventional horizontal two-stage, solenoid-powered electrode puller but the pull is now developed by a light moving-coil and a fixed permanent magnet, using the principle of the moving-coil loudspeaker. In a conventional puller the force is generated by a solenoid with a massive moving-iron core. In this new puller the moving-coil solenoid responds much more rapidly to changing currents because of its greatly reduced inductance, and a substantial reduction in mass to 25 g, gives more acceleration from a comparable force. The sudden discharge of a capacitor bank through the coil accelerates the glass quickly during the last stage of the pull. This rapid acceleration is of importance in the formation of good electrodes with fine tips. For the prototype, an electronic control unit was constructed which allows the parameters necessary for the manufacture of electrodes to be set and regulated accurately and repeatedly, so that series of electrodes of constant shapes can be made. The length of the electrode shank may be predetermined over a wide range and tip diameters down to 0.08 micron have already been measured. The angle of the taper that supports the tip may be varied from less than 1 to over 6 degrees. The mechanical design of the instrument is comparatively simple, as it has only one moving part, while the relative complexity of the electronic control section should not present any manufacturing difficulties. Although this puller has been used mainly to make single-barrel fine electrodes from borosilicate glass, it is adaptable for other purposes. The extent of the control over the shape of the shank of the electrode renders it particularly suitable for the manufacture of composite, ion-sensitive electrodes.", "PMID": 544958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9772", "title": "Immunoglobulin elution from multiple sclerosis brain.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) was eluted from multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue. Razor thin slices of white matter from 10 g of MS and control brains were washed with 5 liters of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), then treated for 90 sec with acetic acid, pH 2.5, containing Pepstatin and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The protein concentrations of the PBS washes and neutralized acid eluates were determined, and the eluates were assayed for Ig by competitive microradioimmunoassay using rabbit anti-human F(ab1)2. Successive PBS washes reduced extracellular protein to a very low level. Equivalent quantities of protein were recovered from 7 MS and 6 non-MS brain samples after PBS washing and acetic acid elution. However, the amount of protein needed for 50% inhibition of [125I]IgG binding to anti-human F(ab1)2 was significantly less in MS brain than in non-MS brain (P less 0.05). The Ig in brain eluates was present in the void volume of a DEAE cellulose column. The techniques described above facilitate the isolation and characterization of cell-surface Ig in MS brain.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin elution from multiple sclerosis brain. Immunoglobulin (Ig) was eluted from multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue. Razor thin slices of white matter from 10 g of MS and control brains were washed with 5 liters of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), then treated for 90 sec with acetic acid, pH 2.5, containing Pepstatin and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The protein concentrations of the PBS washes and neutralized acid eluates were determined, and the eluates were assayed for Ig by competitive microradioimmunoassay using rabbit anti-human F(ab1)2. Successive PBS washes reduced extracellular protein to a very low level. Equivalent quantities of protein were recovered from 7 MS and 6 non-MS brain samples after PBS washing and acetic acid elution. However, the amount of protein needed for 50% inhibition of [125I]IgG binding to anti-human F(ab1)2 was significantly less in MS brain than in non-MS brain (P less 0.05). The Ig in brain eluates was present in the void volume of a DEAE cellulose column. The techniques described above facilitate the isolation and characterization of cell-surface Ig in MS brain.", "PMID": 544959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9773", "title": "The physics of iontophoretic pipettes.", "content": "A theoretical study has been made of the release of drugs from iontophoretic pipettes. The chief predictions are: (1) in the steady state, release becomes linear with current and independent of pipette geometry when the ejecting voltage exceeds approximately 100 mV; (2) release rises relatively slowly during an ejecting pulse to approach its steady state value. At the end of the pulse, release falls abruptly. This asymmetry of the release curve is greatly accentuated by the prior application of a retaining current. It provides an explanation for the characteristic time course of response commonly seen when drugs are applied iontophoretically to central neurones: (3) the above effects occur on a time scale which depends strongly on the geometry of the pipette. Release from pipettes of large tip diameter and nearly cylindrical bore, such as those generally used in the central nervous system, should be thousands of times slower than from pepettes of small tip diameter and larger taper angle. Experimental observations of the release of an ionized fluorescent compound quantitatively confirm prediction (1) and qualitatively confirm predictions (2) and (3).", "contents": "The physics of iontophoretic pipettes. A theoretical study has been made of the release of drugs from iontophoretic pipettes. The chief predictions are: (1) in the steady state, release becomes linear with current and independent of pipette geometry when the ejecting voltage exceeds approximately 100 mV; (2) release rises relatively slowly during an ejecting pulse to approach its steady state value. At the end of the pulse, release falls abruptly. This asymmetry of the release curve is greatly accentuated by the prior application of a retaining current. It provides an explanation for the characteristic time course of response commonly seen when drugs are applied iontophoretically to central neurones: (3) the above effects occur on a time scale which depends strongly on the geometry of the pipette. Release from pipettes of large tip diameter and nearly cylindrical bore, such as those generally used in the central nervous system, should be thousands of times slower than from pepettes of small tip diameter and larger taper angle. Experimental observations of the release of an ionized fluorescent compound quantitatively confirm prediction (1) and qualitatively confirm predictions (2) and (3).", "PMID": 544961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9774", "title": "An improved method for extracellular marking of electrode tip positions in nervous tissue.", "content": "The Alcian blue method for extracellular marking of recording sites has been improved by filling the glass micropipettes with 3% Alcian blue 8GX or 8GS in 3M KCl buffered to pH 5.2 with 0.05M Potassium acetate. By filling the microelectrodes with a strong electrolyte (3M KCl) the same low resistances (5--25 M omega) and recording properties as conventional micropepettes are preserved. Currents of 0.5--1 microA for 1--3 min passed through the different electrode connected as anode, resulted in coloured spots of 10--100 micrometers in diameter. There was a positive correlation between the amount of curren passed, and the size of the spots. The localization of the electrode tips was successful in more than 80% of all cases. The dyemarks remained for at least 5 cays in vivo and resisted many histological procedures.", "contents": "An improved method for extracellular marking of electrode tip positions in nervous tissue. The Alcian blue method for extracellular marking of recording sites has been improved by filling the glass micropipettes with 3% Alcian blue 8GX or 8GS in 3M KCl buffered to pH 5.2 with 0.05M Potassium acetate. By filling the microelectrodes with a strong electrolyte (3M KCl) the same low resistances (5--25 M omega) and recording properties as conventional micropepettes are preserved. Currents of 0.5--1 microA for 1--3 min passed through the different electrode connected as anode, resulted in coloured spots of 10--100 micrometers in diameter. There was a positive correlation between the amount of curren passed, and the size of the spots. The localization of the electrode tips was successful in more than 80% of all cases. The dyemarks remained for at least 5 cays in vivo and resisted many histological procedures.", "PMID": 544963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9775", "title": "A versatile physiological data analysis system using an Intel 8080 microprocessor.", "content": "A microprocessor based physiological data processor has been realised. The system controls the data flow from physiological experiments and performs on-line mean and variance calculations with an output in graphical form. The analyser accepts one data point every 0.5 ms and has a capacity of 128 records each containing 800 data points. Post stimulus histogram and interval histogram analysis programs have also been written and implemented.", "contents": "A versatile physiological data analysis system using an Intel 8080 microprocessor. A microprocessor based physiological data processor has been realised. The system controls the data flow from physiological experiments and performs on-line mean and variance calculations with an output in graphical form. The analyser accepts one data point every 0.5 ms and has a capacity of 128 records each containing 800 data points. Post stimulus histogram and interval histogram analysis programs have also been written and implemented.", "PMID": 544964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9776", "title": "Sustained extracellular potentials in the cat spinal cord during the microiontophoretic application of excitatory amino acids.", "content": "Sustained negative potentials were recorded in the ventral horn of the cat spinal cord during current balanced extracellular iontophoresis of excitatoyr amino acids. The potentials (referred to a distant indifferent electrode) were measured by an extracellular microelectrode. These focal potentials (FPs) were evoked by DL-homocysteate, L-glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate. These FPs are not an artifact of extracellular microiontophoresis. Their time course is correlated with the depolarization of spinal motoneurones by excitatory amino acids. During iontophoresis of kainate, FPs can be as large as 50 mV and can be recorded for up to 1 mm from the site of drug application. The FP and depolarization caused by kainate were usually irreversible. The depolarization of motoneurones evoked by excitatory amino acids is very much larger when recorded as a 'transmembrane potential' (i.e. the potential of an intracellular electrode minus the potential of a local extracellular electrode) rather than as a 'classical' intracellular potential (i.e. referred to a distant reference electrode). Possible mechanisms for the generation of the FP are discussed. It is suggested that FP may be recorded routinely during microiontophoretic studies employing extracellular recording of neuronal activity. The application of the FP as a measure of cell depolarization during pharmacological studies of excitatory amino acids and agents that block their action is discussed.", "contents": "Sustained extracellular potentials in the cat spinal cord during the microiontophoretic application of excitatory amino acids. Sustained negative potentials were recorded in the ventral horn of the cat spinal cord during current balanced extracellular iontophoresis of excitatoyr amino acids. The potentials (referred to a distant indifferent electrode) were measured by an extracellular microelectrode. These focal potentials (FPs) were evoked by DL-homocysteate, L-glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate. These FPs are not an artifact of extracellular microiontophoresis. Their time course is correlated with the depolarization of spinal motoneurones by excitatory amino acids. During iontophoresis of kainate, FPs can be as large as 50 mV and can be recorded for up to 1 mm from the site of drug application. The FP and depolarization caused by kainate were usually irreversible. The depolarization of motoneurones evoked by excitatory amino acids is very much larger when recorded as a 'transmembrane potential' (i.e. the potential of an intracellular electrode minus the potential of a local extracellular electrode) rather than as a 'classical' intracellular potential (i.e. referred to a distant reference electrode). Possible mechanisms for the generation of the FP are discussed. It is suggested that FP may be recorded routinely during microiontophoretic studies employing extracellular recording of neuronal activity. The application of the FP as a measure of cell depolarization during pharmacological studies of excitatory amino acids and agents that block their action is discussed.", "PMID": 544965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9777", "title": "A comparison of extracellular and intracellular recording during extracellular microiontophoresis.", "content": "A technique is described in which a central recording microelectrode can be moved independently of a concentrically arranged multibarrelled electrode prepared for microiontophoresis. Recordings were made from cat spinal motoneurones during microiontophoretic applications of excitatory amino acids and biogenic amines with the central electrode placed first extracellularly and then intracellularly. Recording were also made from one of the iontophoretic barrels. Both intra- and extracellular electrodes were used to record action potential firing, the ventral root field (VRF) evoked by antidromic ventral root stimulation and the membrane potential (EM). They were also used to record 'focal potentials' evoked by the extracellular application of drugs to nearby neurones. The firing pattern evoked by extracellular iontophoretic applications of DL-homocysteate and glutamate was not altered significantly following impalement of the cell by the recording microelectrode. Excitatory amino acids usually caused a reduction of the VRF negative wave and evoked an additional late positive wave. These VRF changes recovered at the same rate as the extracellularly recorded, negative 'focal potentials' (Flatman and Lambert, 1979). Iontophoretic applications of biogenic amines caused small increases, small decreases, or no change of the VRF negative wave. Variable responses were also seen during intracellular recording: hyperpolarization, no response and, occasionally, depolarizations were recorded. It is concluded that, during the drug action, VRF changes are difficult to interpret and are a poor index of drug-evoked changes in neuronal excitability or EM.", "contents": "A comparison of extracellular and intracellular recording during extracellular microiontophoresis. A technique is described in which a central recording microelectrode can be moved independently of a concentrically arranged multibarrelled electrode prepared for microiontophoresis. Recordings were made from cat spinal motoneurones during microiontophoretic applications of excitatory amino acids and biogenic amines with the central electrode placed first extracellularly and then intracellularly. Recording were also made from one of the iontophoretic barrels. Both intra- and extracellular electrodes were used to record action potential firing, the ventral root field (VRF) evoked by antidromic ventral root stimulation and the membrane potential (EM). They were also used to record 'focal potentials' evoked by the extracellular application of drugs to nearby neurones. The firing pattern evoked by extracellular iontophoretic applications of DL-homocysteate and glutamate was not altered significantly following impalement of the cell by the recording microelectrode. Excitatory amino acids usually caused a reduction of the VRF negative wave and evoked an additional late positive wave. These VRF changes recovered at the same rate as the extracellularly recorded, negative 'focal potentials' (Flatman and Lambert, 1979). Iontophoretic applications of biogenic amines caused small increases, small decreases, or no change of the VRF negative wave. Variable responses were also seen during intracellular recording: hyperpolarization, no response and, occasionally, depolarizations were recorded. It is concluded that, during the drug action, VRF changes are difficult to interpret and are a poor index of drug-evoked changes in neuronal excitability or EM.", "PMID": 544966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9778", "title": "Isolation of synaptosomal fractions from rabbit retina.", "content": "Homogenization of rabbit retina in isotonic sucrose and differential rate centrifugation yielded two morphologically distinct synaptosomal fractions. One fraction  was enriched in photoreceptor cell synaptosomes; the second fraction contained small synaptosomes derived from conventional sized synapses most abundant in the inner plexiform layer. Attempts to further purify these fractions using a variety of density gradients proved unsuccessful due to poor viability of photoreceptor cell synaptosomes. The synaptosomes prepared by our method are functionally stable as they demonstrate high affinity uptake for putative retinal neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity, and calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated release of [14C]GABA and [3H]dopamine.", "contents": "Isolation of synaptosomal fractions from rabbit retina. Homogenization of rabbit retina in isotonic sucrose and differential rate centrifugation yielded two morphologically distinct synaptosomal fractions. One fraction  was enriched in photoreceptor cell synaptosomes; the second fraction contained small synaptosomes derived from conventional sized synapses most abundant in the inner plexiform layer. Attempts to further purify these fractions using a variety of density gradients proved unsuccessful due to poor viability of photoreceptor cell synaptosomes. The synaptosomes prepared by our method are functionally stable as they demonstrate high affinity uptake for putative retinal neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity, and calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated release of [14C]GABA and [3H]dopamine.", "PMID": 544967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9779", "title": "Hypothalamic uptake of tritiated testosterone in the sheep following intracerebroventricular infusion.", "content": "A method is described for the intracerebroventricular infusion of labelled testosterone in conscious sheep. Our objective was to establish whether the infused testosterone entered the nuclei of cells in the hypothalamic region. Since the results from castrated males showed testosterone to be taken up by cell nuclei, in the hypothalamic region, the method promises to be useful for the study of the hypothalamic metabolism of androgens in relation to the sexual behaviour and neuroendocrine function in large animals.", "contents": "Hypothalamic uptake of tritiated testosterone in the sheep following intracerebroventricular infusion. A method is described for the intracerebroventricular infusion of labelled testosterone in conscious sheep. Our objective was to establish whether the infused testosterone entered the nuclei of cells in the hypothalamic region. Since the results from castrated males showed testosterone to be taken up by cell nuclei, in the hypothalamic region, the method promises to be useful for the study of the hypothalamic metabolism of androgens in relation to the sexual behaviour and neuroendocrine function in large animals.", "PMID": 544968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9780", "title": "An apparatus for the assembly of a combined single barrel recording electrode and a multibarrelled micropipette.", "content": "In order to impale cells lying in deeper structures of the brain with 'parallel' multibarrelled electrode, we designed a new apparatus for the assembly of a multibarrelled micropipette and a single barrel recording electrode. This device greatly simplifies the procedure of constructing electrodes with shafts of approximately 15-20 mm in length even if the multibarrelled micropipettes are pulled with a slightly curved shaft and the bend made near the base of the shaft is not exactly to the specified angle. Electrodes of this type greatly improve the size and stability of the extracellularly recorded units from the caudate nucleus.", "contents": "An apparatus for the assembly of a combined single barrel recording electrode and a multibarrelled micropipette. In order to impale cells lying in deeper structures of the brain with 'parallel' multibarrelled electrode, we designed a new apparatus for the assembly of a multibarrelled micropipette and a single barrel recording electrode. This device greatly simplifies the procedure of constructing electrodes with shafts of approximately 15-20 mm in length even if the multibarrelled micropipettes are pulled with a slightly curved shaft and the bend made near the base of the shaft is not exactly to the specified angle. Electrodes of this type greatly improve the size and stability of the extracellularly recorded units from the caudate nucleus.", "PMID": 544969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9781", "title": "Simultaneous use of retrograde fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry for convenient and precise mapping of monoaminergic projections and collateral arrangements in the CNS.", "content": "A procedure is described for the use of fluorescent retrograde tracers in conjunction with monamine fluorescence histochemistry for single or double labeling studies of the projections of identified catecholamine or indoleamine neurons in the CNS. A number of fluorescent tracers, including Evans Blue, bisbenzimide, DAPI, 'True Blue', 'Granular Blue' and propidium iodide, have been tested and characterized microspectrofluorometrically. Of these, 'True Blue', propidium iodide and Evans Blue were found to have the most suitable properties to be studied concomitant with the monoamine fluorphores. A combination of two of these tracers--'True Blue' fluorescing blue and propidium iodide or Evans Blue fluorescing orange to red--and the catecholamines and indoleamines fluorescing yellow-green and yellow to brownish yellow, respectively, makes possible simultaneous use of four different fluorescent markers in one and the same section. The present procedure has great practical advantages over available HRP techniques and should in modified form also be applicable to other types of transmitter-specific neuronal tracing based on immunocytochemistry or enzyme histochemistry.", "contents": "Simultaneous use of retrograde fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry for convenient and precise mapping of monoaminergic projections and collateral arrangements in the CNS. A procedure is described for the use of fluorescent retrograde tracers in conjunction with monamine fluorescence histochemistry for single or double labeling studies of the projections of identified catecholamine or indoleamine neurons in the CNS. A number of fluorescent tracers, including Evans Blue, bisbenzimide, DAPI, 'True Blue', 'Granular Blue' and propidium iodide, have been tested and characterized microspectrofluorometrically. Of these, 'True Blue', propidium iodide and Evans Blue were found to have the most suitable properties to be studied concomitant with the monoamine fluorphores. A combination of two of these tracers--'True Blue' fluorescing blue and propidium iodide or Evans Blue fluorescing orange to red--and the catecholamines and indoleamines fluorescing yellow-green and yellow to brownish yellow, respectively, makes possible simultaneous use of four different fluorescent markers in one and the same section. The present procedure has great practical advantages over available HRP techniques and should in modified form also be applicable to other types of transmitter-specific neuronal tracing based on immunocytochemistry or enzyme histochemistry.", "PMID": 544971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9782", "title": "Carbon fibre microelectrodes.", "content": "A technique for making recording microelectrodes containing an ultrafine carbon fibre is described. This technique can be used for single- and multi-barrel microelectrodes. These microelectrodes not only have a very low signal-to-noise ratio comparable with that found in tungsten microelectrodes but are simpler to make. When used in a multi-barrel array for iontophoretic application of drugs the carbon fibre microelectrode has many advantages over a fluid electrolyte-filled recording barrel, including very high signal-to-noise ratio and relative immunity to spike distortion during application of iontophoretic current.", "contents": "Carbon fibre microelectrodes. A technique for making recording microelectrodes containing an ultrafine carbon fibre is described. This technique can be used for single- and multi-barrel microelectrodes. These microelectrodes not only have a very low signal-to-noise ratio comparable with that found in tungsten microelectrodes but are simpler to make. When used in a multi-barrel array for iontophoretic application of drugs the carbon fibre microelectrode has many advantages over a fluid electrolyte-filled recording barrel, including very high signal-to-noise ratio and relative immunity to spike distortion during application of iontophoretic current.", "PMID": 544972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9783", "title": "Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice behavior of rats.", "content": "Spatial memory of rats was examined in two types of radial mazes in which animals had to obtain food from 6-, 8-, or 12-different arms without repeating choices. In Maze 1 with tubular channels closed at the far end rats returned to the central platform by backing out from the just visited alley. In Maze 2 the tubular channels were equipped with one-way doors at both ends and the central platform was raised 5 cm above the floor. Rats leaving the far end of the alley returned to the central platform through a circular hole in its center. Performance was almost perfect in both apparatuses, but rats preferred to enter adjacent alleys in Maze 1 and widely separated alleys in Maze 2. These behaviors were significantly different from computer-simulated random choice from the set of correct solutions of the task. It is concluded that Maze 2 is better suited for repeated experiments with the same animal because the obligatory return to the center of the platform precludes the simplification of the task by response chaining.", "contents": "Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice behavior of rats. Spatial memory of rats was examined in two types of radial mazes in which animals had to obtain food from 6-, 8-, or 12-different arms without repeating choices. In Maze 1 with tubular channels closed at the far end rats returned to the central platform by backing out from the just visited alley. In Maze 2 the tubular channels were equipped with one-way doors at both ends and the central platform was raised 5 cm above the floor. Rats leaving the far end of the alley returned to the central platform through a circular hole in its center. Performance was almost perfect in both apparatuses, but rats preferred to enter adjacent alleys in Maze 1 and widely separated alleys in Maze 2. These behaviors were significantly different from computer-simulated random choice from the set of correct solutions of the task. It is concluded that Maze 2 is better suited for repeated experiments with the same animal because the obligatory return to the center of the platform precludes the simplification of the task by response chaining.", "PMID": 544975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9784", "title": "A gentle bounce-free assembly for quick-freezing tissues for electron microscopy: application to isolated torpedine ray electrocyte stacks.", "content": "Thin, isolated stacks of Narcine brasiliensis electric organ were prepared for freeze substitution using a rapid freezing device similar to that described by Van Harreveld and Crowell (1964). Although the impact stress was reduced as much as the design of the apparatus allowed, the tissue was found to become severely squashed and the first layer of nerve terminals was found to be badly damaged. However, in occasional blocks, the morphology of the deeper layers encouraged the view that the tissue could be well suited to the procedure if the impact squash could be minimized. A second problem was identified when studying the impact of various tissue holders with the freeze surface: the original type of apparatus is highly susceptible to bouce in the millisecond time range. Tissue squash was controlled by mounting the sample on a piece of dry foam fitted into a slotted striker tip. Bounce was eliminated by coupling the striker to a simple hydraulic-pneumatic damping device. When electrocytes were frozen with this apparatus and freeze-substituted, the first layer of nerve terminals was found to be intact, well frozen and well fixed.", "contents": "A gentle bounce-free assembly for quick-freezing tissues for electron microscopy: application to isolated torpedine ray electrocyte stacks. Thin, isolated stacks of Narcine brasiliensis electric organ were prepared for freeze substitution using a rapid freezing device similar to that described by Van Harreveld and Crowell (1964). Although the impact stress was reduced as much as the design of the apparatus allowed, the tissue was found to become severely squashed and the first layer of nerve terminals was found to be badly damaged. However, in occasional blocks, the morphology of the deeper layers encouraged the view that the tissue could be well suited to the procedure if the impact squash could be minimized. A second problem was identified when studying the impact of various tissue holders with the freeze surface: the original type of apparatus is highly susceptible to bouce in the millisecond time range. Tissue squash was controlled by mounting the sample on a piece of dry foam fitted into a slotted striker tip. Bounce was eliminated by coupling the striker to a simple hydraulic-pneumatic damping device. When electrocytes were frozen with this apparatus and freeze-substituted, the first layer of nerve terminals was found to be intact, well frozen and well fixed.", "PMID": 544976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9785", "title": "A method to determine dopamine levels and turnover rate in discrete dopamine nerve terminal systems by quantitative use of dopamine fluorescence obtained by Falck--Hillarp methodology.", "content": "In tissue sections of regions with evenly distributed dopamine (DA) nerve terminals such as the nucleus caudatus, it is possible to obtain absolute amounts (nmol/g) of DA by means of quantitative microfluorimetrical measurements of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence intensity in the tissue and in DA-containing albumin-agar standards. The values agree well with mass-fragmentographical determinations of DA. The steady-state DA levels of heterogenously innervated areas such as the tuberculum olfactorium determined by quantitative microfluorimetry can be made comparable to the steady-state levels of DA obtained by biochemistry in the entire tuberculum olfactorium by means of a conversion factor which considers the dilution of the DA-containing structures by non-DA-containing nerve cells in the biochemical analysis. This factor is obtained by making biochemical determinations in such regions of untreated animals (e.g. the tuberculum olfactorium). The results of this paper have demonstrated that the histochemical approach not only has a high power of resolution and makes it possible to perform studies on an intact morphological substrate but also allows the determination of DA steady-state (nmol/g) and DA turnover rate (nmol/g x min-1) in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the brain in absolute amounts.", "contents": "A method to determine dopamine levels and turnover rate in discrete dopamine nerve terminal systems by quantitative use of dopamine fluorescence obtained by Falck--Hillarp methodology. In tissue sections of regions with evenly distributed dopamine (DA) nerve terminals such as the nucleus caudatus, it is possible to obtain absolute amounts (nmol/g) of DA by means of quantitative microfluorimetrical measurements of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence intensity in the tissue and in DA-containing albumin-agar standards. The values agree well with mass-fragmentographical determinations of DA. The steady-state DA levels of heterogenously innervated areas such as the tuberculum olfactorium determined by quantitative microfluorimetry can be made comparable to the steady-state levels of DA obtained by biochemistry in the entire tuberculum olfactorium by means of a conversion factor which considers the dilution of the DA-containing structures by non-DA-containing nerve cells in the biochemical analysis. This factor is obtained by making biochemical determinations in such regions of untreated animals (e.g. the tuberculum olfactorium). The results of this paper have demonstrated that the histochemical approach not only has a high power of resolution and makes it possible to perform studies on an intact morphological substrate but also allows the determination of DA steady-state (nmol/g) and DA turnover rate (nmol/g x min-1) in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the brain in absolute amounts.", "PMID": 544977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9786", "title": "[Effect of long-term work in hot microclimate on various physiological parameters in metallurgists].", "content": "The study was carried out in 20 per cent of the total number of workers repairing furnaces. Thermal load of workers exceeded the permissible values of heat stress indices (HSI, P4SR, WBGT). Body temperature and pulse rate in workers, taken at the workplaces, confirmed the high thermal load. In the laboratory there were measured: VO2 max., VC, FEV1 blood pressure (RR) and hemoglobin level (Hb). It was stated that VO2 max. in the consecutive class intervals of age decreased not because of work in heat stress but due to ageing. VO2 max. amounted, in those aged 56--60, to 68 per cent, in comparison with those aged 18--25 years. VD, FEV4 and RR were within the physiological limits. Hb level was lower in all age groups as compared to physiological values. The analysis of workers' age structure indicated that only those with high physical capacity and acclimatization abilities were able to remain in the occupation and reach pensionable age (60 years). The work in heat stress itself causes natural selection of workers. On the basis of the study it was concluded that the pensionable age for workers exposed to heat stress should be lowered.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term work in hot microclimate on various physiological parameters in metallurgists]. The study was carried out in 20 per cent of the total number of workers repairing furnaces. Thermal load of workers exceeded the permissible values of heat stress indices (HSI, P4SR, WBGT). Body temperature and pulse rate in workers, taken at the workplaces, confirmed the high thermal load. In the laboratory there were measured: VO2 max., VC, FEV1 blood pressure (RR) and hemoglobin level (Hb). It was stated that VO2 max. in the consecutive class intervals of age decreased not because of work in heat stress but due to ageing. VO2 max. amounted, in those aged 56--60, to 68 per cent, in comparison with those aged 18--25 years. VD, FEV4 and RR were within the physiological limits. Hb level was lower in all age groups as compared to physiological values. The analysis of workers' age structure indicated that only those with high physical capacity and acclimatization abilities were able to remain in the occupation and reach pensionable age (60 years). The work in heat stress itself causes natural selection of workers. On the basis of the study it was concluded that the pensionable age for workers exposed to heat stress should be lowered.", "PMID": 545091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9787", "title": "[Incidence of obesity and food habits among industrial workers of Szczecin].", "content": "The investigation involved a representative group of workers of three big industrial plants in Szczecin. The aim was to evaluate workers' nutritional habits, using the 24 hr. questionnaire of the Institute of Food and Feeding in Warsaw. Among 556 men examined, in 16.2% Rohrer's index indicated overweight. At the same time a statistical dependence between overweight rate and frequency of meals intake was found.", "contents": "[Incidence of obesity and food habits among industrial workers of Szczecin]. The investigation involved a representative group of workers of three big industrial plants in Szczecin. The aim was to evaluate workers' nutritional habits, using the 24 hr. questionnaire of the Institute of Food and Feeding in Warsaw. Among 556 men examined, in 16.2% Rohrer's index indicated overweight. At the same time a statistical dependence between overweight rate and frequency of meals intake was found.", "PMID": 545092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9788", "title": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of methyl-isobutyl ketone, methyl-isobutyl carbinol, acetone, toluene and o-xylene vapors in the air].", "content": "A gas chromatographic method of determination of methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl carbinol, acetone, toluene and o-xylene has been elaborated. Those compounds have been best separated on the column containing 10% Carbowax 20 M on Chromosorb W. Air samples were collected by passing the examined air through charcoal tubes and by consequent desorption of adsorbed compounds with carbon disulfide. Activated charcoal used in tests has been found to adsorb (by weight) 15% of the determined solvents.", "contents": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of methyl-isobutyl ketone, methyl-isobutyl carbinol, acetone, toluene and o-xylene vapors in the air]. A gas chromatographic method of determination of methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isobutyl carbinol, acetone, toluene and o-xylene has been elaborated. Those compounds have been best separated on the column containing 10% Carbowax 20 M on Chromosorb W. Air samples were collected by passing the examined air through charcoal tubes and by consequent desorption of adsorbed compounds with carbon disulfide. Activated charcoal used in tests has been found to adsorb (by weight) 15% of the determined solvents.", "PMID": 545093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9789", "title": "[Kinetices of urinary excretion of various metals after administration of a single massive dose].", "content": "The rate of excreting chromium, mercury, thallium and arsenic, in cases when they induced acute poisoning, was observed. Only in a few cases of intoxication, Cr, Hg, Tl and As excretion was diphase. In 40% of subjects, the excretion was irregular and not diphase. What seems interesting is that in some cases some dependence between the rate of Cr, Hg and As excretion and the magnitude of diuresis was observed.", "contents": "[Kinetices of urinary excretion of various metals after administration of a single massive dose]. The rate of excreting chromium, mercury, thallium and arsenic, in cases when they induced acute poisoning, was observed. Only in a few cases of intoxication, Cr, Hg, Tl and As excretion was diphase. In 40% of subjects, the excretion was irregular and not diphase. What seems interesting is that in some cases some dependence between the rate of Cr, Hg and As excretion and the magnitude of diuresis was observed.", "PMID": 545094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9790", "title": "[Modular way of sampling for determination of the degree of occupational exposure at industrial plants with periodically changing dust concentration].", "content": "A work station with dustiness changing periodically during a workshift is one of the most common types of work stations, as regards exposure dynamics. Cyclic significant concentrations of dust occurring from time to time result from a specific technological treatment used. The measuring module will be the time of measurement, starting with the beginning of the cycle of working out a given detail or--the technological process through the whole treating and technological process as well as breaks--due to various reasons--until starting another, analogous operation. What was found is that average dust concentrations obtained from modular measurements correspond to average concentration to which an employee is exposed during the whole workshift. Modular measurements allow to reconstruct work conditions inducing silicosis, and may be helpful in settling the maximum allowable concentration.", "contents": "[Modular way of sampling for determination of the degree of occupational exposure at industrial plants with periodically changing dust concentration]. A work station with dustiness changing periodically during a workshift is one of the most common types of work stations, as regards exposure dynamics. Cyclic significant concentrations of dust occurring from time to time result from a specific technological treatment used. The measuring module will be the time of measurement, starting with the beginning of the cycle of working out a given detail or--the technological process through the whole treating and technological process as well as breaks--due to various reasons--until starting another, analogous operation. What was found is that average dust concentrations obtained from modular measurements correspond to average concentration to which an employee is exposed during the whole workshift. Modular measurements allow to reconstruct work conditions inducing silicosis, and may be helpful in settling the maximum allowable concentration.", "PMID": 545095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9791", "title": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. III. Effects of smoking on the rate of chronic respiratory tract diseases in coal miners].", "content": "Effects of smoking on the case rate of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases in underground coal miners of two mines \"A\" and \"B\" were analysed. Work environment and miners under investigation have been thoroughly described in Part I. Smoking miners from both mines, as examined using the significance test chi 2, did not differ significantly, as regards their age and length of employment. In either mine 73.7% of miners were smokers. In both groups of miners, smoking was found to largely affect health. The chronic nonsepcific respiratory tract diseases were 13 times more frequent in smokers and 11 times in ex-smokers, as compared to non-smokers. In smokers and ex-smokers the case rate of these diseases was found to be directly proportional to the amount of cigarettes smoked daily. The higest percentage of those diseases was found in smokers and ex-smokers smoking more than 25 cigarettes a day. The prevalence of chronic non-specific respiratory tract diseases was not increasing after more than 10 years of smoking. The obturative form of the disease came to about 10% in smokers and ex-smokers from both groups; thus it was 8 times more frequent than among general populations examined. In mine \"A\" non-smokers, the case rate of the disease was found to be almost twice that of mine \"B\", which may be indicative of additional factors promoting the development of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases.", "contents": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. III. Effects of smoking on the rate of chronic respiratory tract diseases in coal miners]. Effects of smoking on the case rate of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases in underground coal miners of two mines \"A\" and \"B\" were analysed. Work environment and miners under investigation have been thoroughly described in Part I. Smoking miners from both mines, as examined using the significance test chi 2, did not differ significantly, as regards their age and length of employment. In either mine 73.7% of miners were smokers. In both groups of miners, smoking was found to largely affect health. The chronic nonsepcific respiratory tract diseases were 13 times more frequent in smokers and 11 times in ex-smokers, as compared to non-smokers. In smokers and ex-smokers the case rate of these diseases was found to be directly proportional to the amount of cigarettes smoked daily. The higest percentage of those diseases was found in smokers and ex-smokers smoking more than 25 cigarettes a day. The prevalence of chronic non-specific respiratory tract diseases was not increasing after more than 10 years of smoking. The obturative form of the disease came to about 10% in smokers and ex-smokers from both groups; thus it was 8 times more frequent than among general populations examined. In mine \"A\" non-smokers, the case rate of the disease was found to be almost twice that of mine \"B\", which may be indicative of additional factors promoting the development of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases.", "PMID": 545096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9792", "title": "[Respiratory indicators after laryngectomy].", "content": "35 males aged 48--65 were spirometrically examined prior to treatment and following an operation. Excision of neoplastic larynx and tracheostoma breathing were found to result in defected lung ventilation. The defected lung ventilation depends on the size of neoplastic infiltration and its location, but primarily on the degree of narrowing of larynx lumen.", "contents": "[Respiratory indicators after laryngectomy]. 35 males aged 48--65 were spirometrically examined prior to treatment and following an operation. Excision of neoplastic larynx and tracheostoma breathing were found to result in defected lung ventilation. The defected lung ventilation depends on the size of neoplastic infiltration and its location, but primarily on the degree of narrowing of larynx lumen.", "PMID": 545097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9793", "title": "[Thermal injuries of the middle ear in welders].", "content": "In the years 1970--1976 19 cases of middle ear burns due to sparks or incandescent foreign bodies were treated. All patients were metal welders. In the first period of treatment conservative procedures were used and 5 patients were surgically treated (antromastoidectomy, myringoplasty).", "contents": "[Thermal injuries of the middle ear in welders]. In the years 1970--1976 19 cases of middle ear burns due to sparks or incandescent foreign bodies were treated. All patients were metal welders. In the first period of treatment conservative procedures were used and 5 patients were surgically treated (antromastoidectomy, myringoplasty).", "PMID": 545098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9794", "title": "[Organizational characteristics of health care problems and the problems of industrial health services. I. Problems of organizational \"morphology\"].", "content": "The major part of industrial health care facilities act in frames of territorial health care complexes (ZOZ). It is unquestionable that ZOZ's organizational features influence fundamentally the efficiency of industrial health care activity. It is assumed that an analysis of these characteristics enables formulation of hypotheses regarding organizational conditions of effective activity of industrial health care. In part I the author analyses two ZOZ's features: 1) organizational components 2) flexibility of organizational structure. The author comes to the conclusion that the flexible structure enables composition of health care facilities network which fit the existing needs. If any needs remain unsatisfied it is a result of either shortage in resources or mismanagement.", "contents": "[Organizational characteristics of health care problems and the problems of industrial health services. I. Problems of organizational \"morphology\"]. The major part of industrial health care facilities act in frames of territorial health care complexes (ZOZ). It is unquestionable that ZOZ's organizational features influence fundamentally the efficiency of industrial health care activity. It is assumed that an analysis of these characteristics enables formulation of hypotheses regarding organizational conditions of effective activity of industrial health care. In part I the author analyses two ZOZ's features: 1) organizational components 2) flexibility of organizational structure. The author comes to the conclusion that the flexible structure enables composition of health care facilities network which fit the existing needs. If any needs remain unsatisfied it is a result of either shortage in resources or mismanagement.", "PMID": 545099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9795", "title": "Studies on a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 1 isolation and characterization.", "content": "A comparative study of various procedures of a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (LPPC) from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was carried out. The materials obtained were fractionated by molecular-sieve chromatography on Sepharose 2B resulting in highly aggregated complexes with antigen activity. LPPC aggregates dissociated in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and urea. The chemical composition and serologic properties of fractions obtained are under consideration. The protein component of the complex consists of two major polypeptides (molecular weights--45,000 and 20,000) and some minor ones. The LPS component appeared to give 2--3 narrow bands in gel under conditions of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suggested that such fractionation is caused by LPS association-dissociation in the course of electrophoresis.", "contents": "Studies on a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 1 isolation and characterization. A comparative study of various procedures of a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (LPPC) from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was carried out. The materials obtained were fractionated by molecular-sieve chromatography on Sepharose 2B resulting in highly aggregated complexes with antigen activity. LPPC aggregates dissociated in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and urea. The chemical composition and serologic properties of fractions obtained are under consideration. The protein component of the complex consists of two major polypeptides (molecular weights--45,000 and 20,000) and some minor ones. The LPS component appeared to give 2--3 narrow bands in gel under conditions of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suggested that such fractionation is caused by LPS association-dissociation in the course of electrophoresis.", "PMID": 545100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9796", "title": "Reversible inhibition of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) haemolysis by bivalent cations.", "content": "The capacity of paramyxoviruses for haemolysis (hl) is enhanced after treatment with physical agents and complement (C'). Bivalent cations in the medium inhibit HL. The inhibition is proportional to the molar concentrations, and is graded Ba++ greater than Ca++ greater than Mg++. Substitution of the bivalent cations with K+ and re-incubation leads to reappearance of HL, but in reverse order. It is postulated that bivalent cations inhibit HL mainly by stabilising the virus membrane integrated into the erythrocyte membrane and slowing down the permeability rates. This inhibition is removed on substitution with monovalent cations. The bivalent cations also reversibly inhibit the permeability of the transferred C' lesion.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) haemolysis by bivalent cations. The capacity of paramyxoviruses for haemolysis (hl) is enhanced after treatment with physical agents and complement (C'). Bivalent cations in the medium inhibit HL. The inhibition is proportional to the molar concentrations, and is graded Ba++ greater than Ca++ greater than Mg++. Substitution of the bivalent cations with K+ and re-incubation leads to reappearance of HL, but in reverse order. It is postulated that bivalent cations inhibit HL mainly by stabilising the virus membrane integrated into the erythrocyte membrane and slowing down the permeability rates. This inhibition is removed on substitution with monovalent cations. The bivalent cations also reversibly inhibit the permeability of the transferred C' lesion.", "PMID": 545101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9797", "title": "[Methohexital clearance in patients with acute hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of methohexital were studied in patients with acute hepatitis and after a treatment period either with \"essential phospholipids\" or phenobarbital. During the acute phase the distribution of methohexital was significantly altered. No change had been observed in the methohexital clearance. During remission the distribution of methohexital was in a normal range. After treatment with phenobarbital the methohexital clearance increased significantly whereas no change was observed after treatment with \"essential phospholipids\".", "contents": "[Methohexital clearance in patients with acute hepatitis (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetics of methohexital were studied in patients with acute hepatitis and after a treatment period either with \"essential phospholipids\" or phenobarbital. During the acute phase the distribution of methohexital was significantly altered. No change had been observed in the methohexital clearance. During remission the distribution of methohexital was in a normal range. After treatment with phenobarbital the methohexital clearance increased significantly whereas no change was observed after treatment with \"essential phospholipids\".", "PMID": 545102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9798", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "With only a few exceptions, in sarcoidosis the lung is virtually always, the liver mostly and the spleen only occasionally involved. Therefore, thorax-X-ray is the most important screening procedure. Histological verification by laparoscopy, bronchoscopy (transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchial mucosa biopsy) or mediastinoscopy is essential. In order to decide the therapeutic regimen, particularly the use of corticosteroids, the staging according to Wurm seems less suitable than pulmonary function testing (pneumotachograph, plethysmograph, CO-transfer, compliance). Futher clinical trials will have to find out, whether enzyme analysis (ACE) is apt to monitor progression of disease or to diagnose sarcoidosis in clinical routine use.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. With only a few exceptions, in sarcoidosis the lung is virtually always, the liver mostly and the spleen only occasionally involved. Therefore, thorax-X-ray is the most important screening procedure. Histological verification by laparoscopy, bronchoscopy (transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchial mucosa biopsy) or mediastinoscopy is essential. In order to decide the therapeutic regimen, particularly the use of corticosteroids, the staging according to Wurm seems less suitable than pulmonary function testing (pneumotachograph, plethysmograph, CO-transfer, compliance). Futher clinical trials will have to find out, whether enzyme analysis (ACE) is apt to monitor progression of disease or to diagnose sarcoidosis in clinical routine use.", "PMID": 545103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9799", "title": "The M protein of influenza viruses has no immunizing effect.", "content": "Influenza A virus M protein was prepared by electrophoresis in SDS polyacrylamide gel from virus particles which had been pretreated with octylglucoside to remove the surface glycoproteins; M antigens from the influenza virus strains A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), A/FPV/Rostock (Hav1N1) and A/chick/Germany/49 (Hav2Neq1) did not protect mice against a lethal challenge infection with the virulent Victoria strain.", "contents": "The M protein of influenza viruses has no immunizing effect. Influenza A virus M protein was prepared by electrophoresis in SDS polyacrylamide gel from virus particles which had been pretreated with octylglucoside to remove the surface glycoproteins; M antigens from the influenza virus strains A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), A/FPV/Rostock (Hav1N1) and A/chick/Germany/49 (Hav2Neq1) did not protect mice against a lethal challenge infection with the virulent Victoria strain.", "PMID": 545115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9800", "title": "Effect of x-ray filtration on dose and image performance of CT scanners.", "content": "X-ray source filtration as a means to reduce patient dose while maintaining image quality was investigated for CT scanners. The CT values, their variances for various materials, and the surface dose to a cylindrical phantom were calculated for different filter thicknesses and composition as well as for different tube potentials. Thermoluminescent dosimetry indicated that the maximum dose could be predicted by calculation with an accuracy of 10% (+/- 2 s.d.). The product of the variance of the CT values times surface dose was used to establish the appropriate thickness and composition of the filter, a figure of merit that was independent of dose and noise when the sole source of noise was Poisson statistics. This analysis indicated that source filter materials with an atomic number from 29 to 40 are optimum, and if aluminum is used, the minimum thickness, at 120 kVp, should be 4 mm.", "contents": "Effect of x-ray filtration on dose and image performance of CT scanners. X-ray source filtration as a means to reduce patient dose while maintaining image quality was investigated for CT scanners. The CT values, their variances for various materials, and the surface dose to a cylindrical phantom were calculated for different filter thicknesses and composition as well as for different tube potentials. Thermoluminescent dosimetry indicated that the maximum dose could be predicted by calculation with an accuracy of 10% (+/- 2 s.d.). The product of the variance of the CT values times surface dose was used to establish the appropriate thickness and composition of the filter, a figure of merit that was independent of dose and noise when the sole source of noise was Poisson statistics. This analysis indicated that source filter materials with an atomic number from 29 to 40 are optimum, and if aluminum is used, the minimum thickness, at 120 kVp, should be 4 mm.", "PMID": 545116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9801", "title": "Influence of metal screens on contrast in megavoltage x-ray imaging.", "content": "The radiographic contrast of metal screen-film detectors was investigated in order to determine the contrast capabilities of these detectors applied to megavoltage x-ray imaging. The film contrast gamma was found to be independent of the metal screen composition. Measurement of the scatter-to-primary film dose ratio in contact geometry demonstrated that a thick front screen of either 1.5 g/cm2 copper of 2.5 g/cm2 lead provides optimum contrast for the photon energies studied (60Co and 4- and 8-MV x rays). The same thickness were also found to be suitable in an air gap geometry which significantly improved the contrast compared to the contact geometry. Rear lead screens were found to provide no contrast improvement.", "contents": "Influence of metal screens on contrast in megavoltage x-ray imaging. The radiographic contrast of metal screen-film detectors was investigated in order to determine the contrast capabilities of these detectors applied to megavoltage x-ray imaging. The film contrast gamma was found to be independent of the metal screen composition. Measurement of the scatter-to-primary film dose ratio in contact geometry demonstrated that a thick front screen of either 1.5 g/cm2 copper of 2.5 g/cm2 lead provides optimum contrast for the photon energies studied (60Co and 4- and 8-MV x rays). The same thickness were also found to be suitable in an air gap geometry which significantly improved the contrast compared to the contact geometry. Rear lead screens were found to provide no contrast improvement.", "PMID": 545117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9802", "title": "Absorbed dose in the presence of contrast agents during pediatric cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations were conducted. First, entrance and exit exposures to the patient were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated for the diagnostic x-ray energy range. Second, a dose enhancement factor was calculated from mass energy absorption coefficients for various concentrations of the contrast media and at selected x-ray energies. Third, the dose enhancement factor was estimated from survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes suspended in varying concentrations of the contrast agent during exposure to graded doses of x-rays. Fourth, a mean absorbed dose to the patient's blood was calculated using (a) the dose enhancement factor determined above, (b) an estimate of the mean exposure in the irradiated body volume calculated from the entrance and exit exposure measurements, (c) an effective iodine concentration in the blood during the exposure time, and (d) a ratio correcting for the distribution and circulation of the blood. For eight pediatric patients monitored, absorbed doses to the blood ranged between 3 and 12 rad. These values were two to three times greater than the expected dose without administration of a contrast agent.", "contents": "Absorbed dose in the presence of contrast agents during pediatric cardiac catheterization. Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations were conducted. First, entrance and exit exposures to the patient were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated for the diagnostic x-ray energy range. Second, a dose enhancement factor was calculated from mass energy absorption coefficients for various concentrations of the contrast media and at selected x-ray energies. Third, the dose enhancement factor was estimated from survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes suspended in varying concentrations of the contrast agent during exposure to graded doses of x-rays. Fourth, a mean absorbed dose to the patient's blood was calculated using (a) the dose enhancement factor determined above, (b) an estimate of the mean exposure in the irradiated body volume calculated from the entrance and exit exposure measurements, (c) an effective iodine concentration in the blood during the exposure time, and (d) a ratio correcting for the distribution and circulation of the blood. For eight pediatric patients monitored, absorbed doses to the blood ranged between 3 and 12 rad. These values were two to three times greater than the expected dose without administration of a contrast agent.", "PMID": 545120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9803", "title": "Metal screen-film detector MTF at megavoltage x-ray energies.", "content": "The MTF of metal screen film detectors used in radiation treatment verification has been measured at 4 and 8 MV x-ray energies. The results show that lead screens provide better resolution than copper screens, and a single-emulsion film offers considerable advantage over the traditional double-emulsion film. A rear lead screen was found to seriously degrade the resolution properties of a front lead screen single-emulsion film detector. The detector MTF was found to be energy dependent. In general, both the low and the high spatial frequency response decreased with increasing x-ray energy. This, in part, accounts for the noticeable image quality difference between 4 and 8 MV radiographs.", "contents": "Metal screen-film detector MTF at megavoltage x-ray energies. The MTF of metal screen film detectors used in radiation treatment verification has been measured at 4 and 8 MV x-ray energies. The results show that lead screens provide better resolution than copper screens, and a single-emulsion film offers considerable advantage over the traditional double-emulsion film. A rear lead screen was found to seriously degrade the resolution properties of a front lead screen single-emulsion film detector. The detector MTF was found to be energy dependent. In general, both the low and the high spatial frequency response decreased with increasing x-ray energy. This, in part, accounts for the noticeable image quality difference between 4 and 8 MV radiographs.", "PMID": 545122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9804", "title": "Choice of reference point in megavoltage dosimetry.", "content": "This work considers the problems associated in megavoltage x-ray dosimetry concepts with the current techniques used for normalizing the various dose parameters. The depth of transient charged particle equilibrium (CPE) is introduced as the optimum choice of the normalization point. Properties of this depth are discussed and its uniqueness as a measure of beam quality is illustrated.", "contents": "Choice of reference point in megavoltage dosimetry. This work considers the problems associated in megavoltage x-ray dosimetry concepts with the current techniques used for normalizing the various dose parameters. The depth of transient charged particle equilibrium (CPE) is introduced as the optimum choice of the normalization point. Properties of this depth are discussed and its uniqueness as a measure of beam quality is illustrated.", "PMID": 545121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9805", "title": "Geometrical considerations for Compton scatter densitometry.", "content": "The determination of the physical density by Compton scatter densitometry is dependent upon the geometry used for the measurement. The diameter of the sample, the density range, and the scattering volume size and shape influence the relative electron density values obtained by such a system. This work presents the results of an experimental analysis of these parameters in which the importance of each is evaluated for samples of known density. A bias in the computed Compton density, due to multiple scattering and attenuation, is defined; and an expression relating the density bias to these geometrical parameters is presented. The importance of applying corrections to the computed physical density for samples of large diameter and/or high density (cortical bone tissue and large diameter cancellous bone tissue) is discussed.", "contents": "Geometrical considerations for Compton scatter densitometry. The determination of the physical density by Compton scatter densitometry is dependent upon the geometry used for the measurement. The diameter of the sample, the density range, and the scattering volume size and shape influence the relative electron density values obtained by such a system. This work presents the results of an experimental analysis of these parameters in which the importance of each is evaluated for samples of known density. A bias in the computed Compton density, due to multiple scattering and attenuation, is defined; and an expression relating the density bias to these geometrical parameters is presented. The importance of applying corrections to the computed physical density for samples of large diameter and/or high density (cortical bone tissue and large diameter cancellous bone tissue) is discussed.", "PMID": 545123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9806", "title": "Thermoluminescence in hydroxyapatite.", "content": "A thermoluminescent (TL) glow peak has been shown to exist at 80 degrees C in synthetic hydroxyapatite, in amorphous calcium phosphate, and in deproteinated rat bone mineral. This TL glow peak is excited by a thermal pretreatment at elevated temperature, followed by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. When measured on a cylic TL-readout UV-exposure basis after an original thermal pretreatment, the intensity of this 85 degrees C glow peak displays a logarithmic decay curve characteristic of a transfer thermoluminescence process: A deep trap is activated during the annealing process, and the subsequent UV exposure causes charge transfer to the 85 degrees C glow peak, as is verified using electron spin resonance. Exposure to the atmosphere appears to decrease the TL intensity levels, presumably due to water adsorption; vacuum drying and additional thermal pretreatment reverse this effect on the TL intensities. TL measurements are applied to the comparison of bone mineral samples of varying age. Increases in overall TL intensity are demonstrated between a four-week old normal rat group and eight- and fourteen-week-old normal rat groupings. The TL intensity is also increased by metabolic disorder which causes changes in bone mineral chemistry and crystallography.", "contents": "Thermoluminescence in hydroxyapatite. A thermoluminescent (TL) glow peak has been shown to exist at 80 degrees C in synthetic hydroxyapatite, in amorphous calcium phosphate, and in deproteinated rat bone mineral. This TL glow peak is excited by a thermal pretreatment at elevated temperature, followed by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. When measured on a cylic TL-readout UV-exposure basis after an original thermal pretreatment, the intensity of this 85 degrees C glow peak displays a logarithmic decay curve characteristic of a transfer thermoluminescence process: A deep trap is activated during the annealing process, and the subsequent UV exposure causes charge transfer to the 85 degrees C glow peak, as is verified using electron spin resonance. Exposure to the atmosphere appears to decrease the TL intensity levels, presumably due to water adsorption; vacuum drying and additional thermal pretreatment reverse this effect on the TL intensities. TL measurements are applied to the comparison of bone mineral samples of varying age. Increases in overall TL intensity are demonstrated between a four-week old normal rat group and eight- and fourteen-week-old normal rat groupings. The TL intensity is also increased by metabolic disorder which causes changes in bone mineral chemistry and crystallography.", "PMID": 545118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9807", "title": "The effect of phosphor K x-rays on the MFT of rare-earth screens.", "content": "The LSF's and MTF's of two high resolution rare-earth screen-film combinations were measured at two beam qualities. The two beam qualities were chosen to provide x-ray spectral distributions either above or below the K-edge of the screen phosphor. The LSF's were found to be photon energy dependent. This energy dependence is attributed to the generation and reabsorption of phosphor K x-rays resulting in a broadening of the LSF.", "contents": "The effect of phosphor K x-rays on the MFT of rare-earth screens. The LSF's and MTF's of two high resolution rare-earth screen-film combinations were measured at two beam qualities. The two beam qualities were chosen to provide x-ray spectral distributions either above or below the K-edge of the screen phosphor. The LSF's were found to be photon energy dependent. This energy dependence is attributed to the generation and reabsorption of phosphor K x-rays resulting in a broadening of the LSF.", "PMID": 545119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9808", "title": "Laser fluorescence bronchoscope for localization of occult lung tumors.", "content": "A system for imaging occult bronchogenic carcinoma by the fluorescence of previously-injected, tumor-specific compound hematoporphyrin-derivative has been assembled and successfully used to locate a tumor 1 mm thick. The violet excitation source is a krypton ion laser coupled to fused quartz fiber light conductor. An electrostatic image intensifier attached to a standard flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope provides a bright image even at relatively low irradiance. A red secondary filter rejects most reflected background and autofluorescence. Sensitivity and contrast capability of the system should permit detection of a tumor less than 0.1 mm thick.", "contents": "Laser fluorescence bronchoscope for localization of occult lung tumors. A system for imaging occult bronchogenic carcinoma by the fluorescence of previously-injected, tumor-specific compound hematoporphyrin-derivative has been assembled and successfully used to locate a tumor 1 mm thick. The violet excitation source is a krypton ion laser coupled to fused quartz fiber light conductor. An electrostatic image intensifier attached to a standard flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope provides a bright image even at relatively low irradiance. A red secondary filter rejects most reflected background and autofluorescence. Sensitivity and contrast capability of the system should permit detection of a tumor less than 0.1 mm thick.", "PMID": 545124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9809", "title": "Cobalt-60 dose calibration: a comparison of methods.", "content": "Cobalt-60 dose determination can be accomplished by a variety of methods. This study investigates dose determination by actual \"at-depth\" measurement for the depths and field sizes desired as well as by \"in-air\" or \"in-water\" calibration measurements for both constant SSD and isocentric techniques. Comparison of the above dose determination methods reveals the existence of both depth-dependent and field size-dependent dose discrepancies between the individual methods studied. For many teletherapy units, the source of these discrepancies lies in the inapplicability of the tabulated percent depth dose and tissue-air ratio values employed. Appropriate percent depth dose and tissue-air ratios can be obtained by performing a series of at-depth dose determinations for a variety of depths and field sizes. When the appropriate values are employed, excellent agreement is found between all of the dose determination methods investigated.", "contents": "Cobalt-60 dose calibration: a comparison of methods. Cobalt-60 dose determination can be accomplished by a variety of methods. This study investigates dose determination by actual \"at-depth\" measurement for the depths and field sizes desired as well as by \"in-air\" or \"in-water\" calibration measurements for both constant SSD and isocentric techniques. Comparison of the above dose determination methods reveals the existence of both depth-dependent and field size-dependent dose discrepancies between the individual methods studied. For many teletherapy units, the source of these discrepancies lies in the inapplicability of the tabulated percent depth dose and tissue-air ratio values employed. Appropriate percent depth dose and tissue-air ratios can be obtained by performing a series of at-depth dose determinations for a variety of depths and field sizes. When the appropriate values are employed, excellent agreement is found between all of the dose determination methods investigated.", "PMID": 545126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9810", "title": "Electron beam depth dose scaling by means of effective atomic number reconstructed from CT scans.", "content": "A method is developed by which the computed tomography scans of a medium carried out at a number of diagnostic energies can be utilized to obtain the in situ \"Effective Atomic Number\" and \"Effective Density\". The electron depth dose curves in water when scaled by these factors estimate the actual electron depth dose distribution in that medium. It appears that the use of CT scans for electron beam treatment planning, in the management of cancer, is quite promising.", "contents": "Electron beam depth dose scaling by means of effective atomic number reconstructed from CT scans. A method is developed by which the computed tomography scans of a medium carried out at a number of diagnostic energies can be utilized to obtain the in situ \"Effective Atomic Number\" and \"Effective Density\". The electron depth dose curves in water when scaled by these factors estimate the actual electron depth dose distribution in that medium. It appears that the use of CT scans for electron beam treatment planning, in the management of cancer, is quite promising.", "PMID": 545125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9811", "title": "Accuracy of a two-sensor sonic digitizer.", "content": "Digitizing devices are typically used in radiotherapy computer treatment planning for entering patient anatomy, the locations of internal radioactive source, and the outlines of irregularly shaped external beams. The errors encountered in the use of a large-area two-sensor sonic digitizer for computer input have been studied. Conversion of data from triangular to Cartesian coordinates makes the precision of the digitizer nonuniform over the sensitive area. The response of each senor has been measured and found to be a nonlinear function of distance. The assumption of linearity in computing the triangular distances from the sensor readings produces errors in the computed distances of up to 0.8%. An alternative method of computing the distances using a fitted cubic function reduces the errors to less than 0.1%. For a test pattern, the maximum position error was reduced from 0.5 to 0.1 cm.", "contents": "Accuracy of a two-sensor sonic digitizer. Digitizing devices are typically used in radiotherapy computer treatment planning for entering patient anatomy, the locations of internal radioactive source, and the outlines of irregularly shaped external beams. The errors encountered in the use of a large-area two-sensor sonic digitizer for computer input have been studied. Conversion of data from triangular to Cartesian coordinates makes the precision of the digitizer nonuniform over the sensitive area. The response of each senor has been measured and found to be a nonlinear function of distance. The assumption of linearity in computing the triangular distances from the sensor readings produces errors in the computed distances of up to 0.8%. An alternative method of computing the distances using a fitted cubic function reduces the errors to less than 0.1%. For a test pattern, the maximum position error was reduced from 0.5 to 0.1 cm.", "PMID": 545127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9812", "title": "Lipid storage myopathy, ichthyosis, and steatorrhea.", "content": "A 41-year-old man had ichtyrosis, ectropion, steatorrhea, and slowly progressive proximal limb weakness. Biopsies showed abnormal lipid accumulation in muscle, liver skin, leukocytes, and gastric mucosa. Lipid storage was particularly marked in cultures of skin and muscle, and it increased in subsequent cell generations. By electron microscopy, the lipid globules showed no limiting membranes. The stored lipid was identified by thin-layer chromatography as triglyceride; there was no excess of cholesterol or cholesteryl esters. Muscle carnitine concentration and activities of carnitine palmityltransferase and acid lipase were normal; 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate in leukocytes was not impaired. The excessive accumulation of triglyceride in different tissues and in the progeny of cells in tissue culture suggests a genetic error of lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Lipid storage myopathy, ichthyosis, and steatorrhea. A 41-year-old man had ichtyrosis, ectropion, steatorrhea, and slowly progressive proximal limb weakness. Biopsies showed abnormal lipid accumulation in muscle, liver skin, leukocytes, and gastric mucosa. Lipid storage was particularly marked in cultures of skin and muscle, and it increased in subsequent cell generations. By electron microscopy, the lipid globules showed no limiting membranes. The stored lipid was identified by thin-layer chromatography as triglyceride; there was no excess of cholesterol or cholesteryl esters. Muscle carnitine concentration and activities of carnitine palmityltransferase and acid lipase were normal; 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate in leukocytes was not impaired. The excessive accumulation of triglyceride in different tissues and in the progeny of cells in tissue culture suggests a genetic error of lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 545139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9813", "title": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of blood and muscle in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity was measured in red cells and in skeletal muscles of normal and Duchenne subjects. [8-14C] hypoxanthine was used as substrate, and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) was used as the ribose-5-phosphate donor. The [8-14C] inosine monophosphate (IMP) formed was separated by high-voltage electrophoresis, and radioactivity was measured by lipid scintillation counting. HGPRT activity in Duchenne and normal red-cell hemolysates was similar, but such activity was significantly higher in Duchenne than in normal muscle homogenates. Red cells of both normal and Duchenne subjects had significantly higher enzyme activity than did skeletal muscles. It is suggested that increased HGPRT activity may be involved in enhancing protein synthesis by increasing intracellular levels of purine ribonucleotides.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of blood and muscle in Duchenne dystrophy. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity was measured in red cells and in skeletal muscles of normal and Duchenne subjects. [8-14C] hypoxanthine was used as substrate, and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) was used as the ribose-5-phosphate donor. The [8-14C] inosine monophosphate (IMP) formed was separated by high-voltage electrophoresis, and radioactivity was measured by lipid scintillation counting. HGPRT activity in Duchenne and normal red-cell hemolysates was similar, but such activity was significantly higher in Duchenne than in normal muscle homogenates. Red cells of both normal and Duchenne subjects had significantly higher enzyme activity than did skeletal muscles. It is suggested that increased HGPRT activity may be involved in enhancing protein synthesis by increasing intracellular levels of purine ribonucleotides.", "PMID": 545141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9814", "title": "F chronodispersion: a new electrophysiologic method.", "content": "We have introduced the term F chronodispersion to denote the scatter or dispersion of the relative latencies of statistically significant numbers of consecutively recorded F waves. Five patients with chronic renal failure and five control subjects were studied. The two groups were matched for age, sex, proximal and distal motor conduction velocity, and latency of fast F waves plotted against distance traveled. We found that the extent of F chronodispersion of the deep peroneal nerve did not exceed 7.5 mscec in control subjects, while it was longer than this value in all uremic patients studied. Measurements of this type may prove to be a useful diagnostic tool for cases in which traditional electrophysiologic measurements are normal.", "contents": "F chronodispersion: a new electrophysiologic method. We have introduced the term F chronodispersion to denote the scatter or dispersion of the relative latencies of statistically significant numbers of consecutively recorded F waves. Five patients with chronic renal failure and five control subjects were studied. The two groups were matched for age, sex, proximal and distal motor conduction velocity, and latency of fast F waves plotted against distance traveled. We found that the extent of F chronodispersion of the deep peroneal nerve did not exceed 7.5 mscec in control subjects, while it was longer than this value in all uremic patients studied. Measurements of this type may prove to be a useful diagnostic tool for cases in which traditional electrophysiologic measurements are normal.", "PMID": 545143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9815", "title": "Inflammatory myopathy in oculopharyngeal dystrophy.", "content": "A 75-year-old French-Canadian woman with familial oculopharyngeal dystrophy demonstrated histopathologic alterations similar to those of idiopathic polymyositis. A second biopsy obtained 15 months later was more consistent with previously reported cases. It is suggested that certain patients with oculopharyngeal dystrophy may pass through an initial phase of secondary muscle inflammation similar to that seen in some other heritable myopathies.", "contents": "Inflammatory myopathy in oculopharyngeal dystrophy. A 75-year-old French-Canadian woman with familial oculopharyngeal dystrophy demonstrated histopathologic alterations similar to those of idiopathic polymyositis. A second biopsy obtained 15 months later was more consistent with previously reported cases. It is suggested that certain patients with oculopharyngeal dystrophy may pass through an initial phase of secondary muscle inflammation similar to that seen in some other heritable myopathies.", "PMID": 545144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9816", "title": "Neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle phospholipids.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of rat gastrocnemius muscles was assessed one to nine days after sciatic nerve transection was performed either close to the muscle (5-8 mm from the point of entrance of the nerve into the muscle for short-stump nerve sections) or far from it (30-35 mm central to the nerve's point of entrance for long-stump nerve sections). In both instances, denervation did not cause striking changes in total phospholipid content but resulted in a selective loss of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, GPE). The quantity of GPE in denervated muscles was found to be significantly less than that it controls (p less than 0.01) within one day for short-stump preparations, as compared to three days for long-stump preparations. Also, direct comparison of short- and long-stump GPE values showed significant differences (p less than 0.01) at all times from the first to the fifth day following denervation, with no difference detected thereafter. These results imply that maintenance of skeletal muscle GPE involves a neurogenic influence which is independent of nerve-evoked muscle activity. This conclusion may help us understand neuromuscular diseases in which perturbation of phospholipid components has been implicated.", "contents": "Neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle phospholipids. The phospholipid composition of rat gastrocnemius muscles was assessed one to nine days after sciatic nerve transection was performed either close to the muscle (5-8 mm from the point of entrance of the nerve into the muscle for short-stump nerve sections) or far from it (30-35 mm central to the nerve's point of entrance for long-stump nerve sections). In both instances, denervation did not cause striking changes in total phospholipid content but resulted in a selective loss of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, GPE). The quantity of GPE in denervated muscles was found to be significantly less than that it controls (p less than 0.01) within one day for short-stump preparations, as compared to three days for long-stump preparations. Also, direct comparison of short- and long-stump GPE values showed significant differences (p less than 0.01) at all times from the first to the fifth day following denervation, with no difference detected thereafter. These results imply that maintenance of skeletal muscle GPE involves a neurogenic influence which is independent of nerve-evoked muscle activity. This conclusion may help us understand neuromuscular diseases in which perturbation of phospholipid components has been implicated.", "PMID": 545145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9817", "title": "Delayed functional disability in dystrophic chickens receiving chemotherapy.", "content": "Line 413 early-onset, genetically homozygous dystrophic chickens were given twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of the antiserotoninergic drug cinanserin, alone or in combination with methysergide. Other trials consisted of penicillamine treatment in combination with either methysergide or cyproheptadine. Chemotherapy significantly prolonged the righting ability of treated dystrophic chickens, as measured by a periodic standardized flip-test procedure. Plasma creatine kinase activities were not affected by any of the various drug treatments. However, the blood serotonin levels of the dystrophic chickens (grand mean 1.47 microgram serotonin/ml blood) were found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those in the corresponding normal chickens (0.99 microgram/ml). This finding may partially account for the antiserotoninergic drug enhancement in righting ability that was demonstrated in the drug-treated dystrophic chickens.", "contents": "Delayed functional disability in dystrophic chickens receiving chemotherapy. Line 413 early-onset, genetically homozygous dystrophic chickens were given twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of the antiserotoninergic drug cinanserin, alone or in combination with methysergide. Other trials consisted of penicillamine treatment in combination with either methysergide or cyproheptadine. Chemotherapy significantly prolonged the righting ability of treated dystrophic chickens, as measured by a periodic standardized flip-test procedure. Plasma creatine kinase activities were not affected by any of the various drug treatments. However, the blood serotonin levels of the dystrophic chickens (grand mean 1.47 microgram serotonin/ml blood) were found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those in the corresponding normal chickens (0.99 microgram/ml). This finding may partially account for the antiserotoninergic drug enhancement in righting ability that was demonstrated in the drug-treated dystrophic chickens.", "PMID": 545142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9818", "title": "Spontaneous electrical muscle fiber activity in polymyositis and dermatomyositis.", "content": "Forty patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis underwent detailed electromyographic evaluation. The paraspinal muscles of all patients were examined, as were several extremity muscles. The distribution of fibrillation potentials (FPs) in different muscles is discussed. FPs were most frequent in paraspinal muscles. We conclude that, for any patient suspected of having a myopathy, electromyographic examination should include the paraspinal muscles.", "contents": "Spontaneous electrical muscle fiber activity in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Forty patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis underwent detailed electromyographic evaluation. The paraspinal muscles of all patients were examined, as were several extremity muscles. The distribution of fibrillation potentials (FPs) in different muscles is discussed. FPs were most frequent in paraspinal muscles. We conclude that, for any patient suspected of having a myopathy, electromyographic examination should include the paraspinal muscles.", "PMID": 545140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9819", "title": "Prednisone-neostigmine interactions at cholinergic junctions.", "content": "The effect of corticosteroid (prednisone) and/or chronic anticholinesterase (neostigmine) treatment on alpha-bungarotoxin binding was examined in the diaphragms of male rats. In endplate regions of the diaphragm, prednisone treatment had no effect on the density of toxin binding sites, either when given alone or when administered in conjunction with neostigmine while neostigmine was observed to reduce specific binding to less than half after one week.", "contents": "Prednisone-neostigmine interactions at cholinergic junctions. The effect of corticosteroid (prednisone) and/or chronic anticholinesterase (neostigmine) treatment on alpha-bungarotoxin binding was examined in the diaphragms of male rats. In endplate regions of the diaphragm, prednisone treatment had no effect on the density of toxin binding sites, either when given alone or when administered in conjunction with neostigmine while neostigmine was observed to reduce specific binding to less than half after one week.", "PMID": 545147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9820", "title": "Subclinical entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an autopsy study.", "content": "Five out of 12 lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, removed at routine autopsies, showed pathologic changes in myelinated nerve fibers in the vicinity of the inguinal ligament. These changes included both local demyelination and Wallerian degeneration, particularly affecting the fibers with the largest diameters. The presence of polarized internodal swellings on single nerve fibers from two specimens suggested that mechanical factors were involved in pathogenesis. Endoneurial vascular thickening confined to the region of the inguinal ligament was also seen and may be implicated in the production of some of the symptoms of meralgia paresthetica (MP).", "contents": "Subclinical entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an autopsy study. Five out of 12 lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, removed at routine autopsies, showed pathologic changes in myelinated nerve fibers in the vicinity of the inguinal ligament. These changes included both local demyelination and Wallerian degeneration, particularly affecting the fibers with the largest diameters. The presence of polarized internodal swellings on single nerve fibers from two specimens suggested that mechanical factors were involved in pathogenesis. Endoneurial vascular thickening confined to the region of the inguinal ligament was also seen and may be implicated in the production of some of the symptoms of meralgia paresthetica (MP).", "PMID": 545146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9821", "title": "The convulsant drugs 3-mercaptopropionate and methionine sulfoximine inhibit L-glutamate and L-aspartate binding to a hydrophobic protein fraction from rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The action of the convulsant drugs, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP), megimide (MG), and allylglycine on the binding of L-[14C]aspartate, L-[14C]glutamate and [14C]GABA to a hydrophobic protein fraction isolated from rat cerebral cortex was studied. Using the convulsant at 10(-4) M concentration and the radioactive ligands as 10(-6) M the binding of L-[14C]glutamate was inhibited 60% by 3-MP and 40% by MSO, while MG and allylglycine had no effect. The binding of L-[14C]aspartate was inhibited 55%, and 10--20% by 3-MP and MSO, respectively, while MG and allylglycine had not effect. None of the drugs mentioned, except for a minimal inhibition by MG, altered the binding of [14C]GABA. Neither MSO nor 3-MP affected the high-affinity sites for L-[14C]glutamate of L-[14C]aspartate, but they had a strong inhibitory action on the medium affinity site. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of these drugs on L-glutamate and L-aspartate receptors.", "contents": "The convulsant drugs 3-mercaptopropionate and methionine sulfoximine inhibit L-glutamate and L-aspartate binding to a hydrophobic protein fraction from rat cerebral cortex. The action of the convulsant drugs, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP), megimide (MG), and allylglycine on the binding of L-[14C]aspartate, L-[14C]glutamate and [14C]GABA to a hydrophobic protein fraction isolated from rat cerebral cortex was studied. Using the convulsant at 10(-4) M concentration and the radioactive ligands as 10(-6) M the binding of L-[14C]glutamate was inhibited 60% by 3-MP and 40% by MSO, while MG and allylglycine had no effect. The binding of L-[14C]aspartate was inhibited 55%, and 10--20% by 3-MP and MSO, respectively, while MG and allylglycine had not effect. None of the drugs mentioned, except for a minimal inhibition by MG, altered the binding of [14C]GABA. Neither MSO nor 3-MP affected the high-affinity sites for L-[14C]glutamate of L-[14C]aspartate, but they had a strong inhibitory action on the medium affinity site. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of these drugs on L-glutamate and L-aspartate receptors.", "PMID": 545163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9822", "title": "Biochemical characterization of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in dissociated brain cell cultures from chick embryos.", "content": "The uptake of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) was studied in dissociated brain cell cultures prepared from 8-day-old chick embryos using the whole brain (minus optic lobes). Uptake [3H]NE, 5 x 10(-9) m, 10 min incubation, in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic chick brain cells, was detected in 6-day-old embryos; it was temperature and drug (cocaine, metanephrine) sensitive and increased with brain development. In cultured cells, which were assayed at various days in culture, the increase in [3H]NE accumulation per culture was less than that seen in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic cells. When [H]NE uptake was expressed per mg protein, a decrease with days in culture was observed. reflecting perhaps a dilution of growth or proliferation of cells not accumulating NE. Metanephrine, 5 X 10(-6) M, an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE in 5-day-old cultures whereas desmethylimipramine, an inhibitor of neuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE uptake in 15- and 20-day-old cultures. Cocaine, another neuronal inhibitor, inhibited [3N]NE at 10 and 15 days only. We interpret these findings to suggest that during early growth in culture most neuroblasts accumulate NE nonspecifically and, as neuronal maturation proceeds, NE accumulation becomes specific.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in dissociated brain cell cultures from chick embryos. The uptake of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) was studied in dissociated brain cell cultures prepared from 8-day-old chick embryos using the whole brain (minus optic lobes). Uptake [3H]NE, 5 x 10(-9) m, 10 min incubation, in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic chick brain cells, was detected in 6-day-old embryos; it was temperature and drug (cocaine, metanephrine) sensitive and increased with brain development. In cultured cells, which were assayed at various days in culture, the increase in [3H]NE accumulation per culture was less than that seen in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic cells. When [H]NE uptake was expressed per mg protein, a decrease with days in culture was observed. reflecting perhaps a dilution of growth or proliferation of cells not accumulating NE. Metanephrine, 5 X 10(-6) M, an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE in 5-day-old cultures whereas desmethylimipramine, an inhibitor of neuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE uptake in 15- and 20-day-old cultures. Cocaine, another neuronal inhibitor, inhibited [3N]NE at 10 and 15 days only. We interpret these findings to suggest that during early growth in culture most neuroblasts accumulate NE nonspecifically and, as neuronal maturation proceeds, NE accumulation becomes specific.", "PMID": 545164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9823", "title": "Abnormal protein patterns in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and those obtained from normal subjects are indistinguishable by regular 5% or 7% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, 11 out of 15 MS sera examined by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three distinct protein bands. None of the sera obtained from 10 normal subjects showed the characteristic protein patterns when they were examined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Similar results were obtained with de-albumin serum samples or with serum proteins precipitable at 50% ammonium sulfate saturation. These three proteins have now been purified to homogeneity by preparative gradient gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of these proteins were estimated from gradient gel electrophoresis as 398,000, 363,000 and 302,000 daltons, respectively.", "contents": "Abnormal protein patterns in multiple sclerosis. Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and those obtained from normal subjects are indistinguishable by regular 5% or 7% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, 11 out of 15 MS sera examined by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three distinct protein bands. None of the sera obtained from 10 normal subjects showed the characteristic protein patterns when they were examined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Similar results were obtained with de-albumin serum samples or with serum proteins precipitable at 50% ammonium sulfate saturation. These three proteins have now been purified to homogeneity by preparative gradient gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of these proteins were estimated from gradient gel electrophoresis as 398,000, 363,000 and 302,000 daltons, respectively.", "PMID": 545165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9824", "title": "Treatment of Mooren's ulcer by conjunctival excision.", "content": "3 early Mooren's ulcers were successfully treated by only one-time conjunctival excision adjacent to the ulcer, while in 2 other chronic vascularized Mooren's ulcers, repeated conjunctival excision was required for a final remission. The clinical outcome of these 5 eyes was better than that of 7 other eyes treated by conjunctival flap procedure, lamellar keratoplasty, topical eye drops or systemic medications. Four fragments of excised conjunctival tissue were examined histopathologically; the substantia propria was found to be infiltrated with plasma cells.", "contents": "Treatment of Mooren's ulcer by conjunctival excision. 3 early Mooren's ulcers were successfully treated by only one-time conjunctival excision adjacent to the ulcer, while in 2 other chronic vascularized Mooren's ulcers, repeated conjunctival excision was required for a final remission. The clinical outcome of these 5 eyes was better than that of 7 other eyes treated by conjunctival flap procedure, lamellar keratoplasty, topical eye drops or systemic medications. Four fragments of excised conjunctival tissue were examined histopathologically; the substantia propria was found to be infiltrated with plasma cells.", "PMID": 545192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9825", "title": "Chromosomal anomaly in a female patient with anterior lenticonus.", "content": "Anterior lenticonus is reported in a 20-year-old female who had perceptive deafness, albuminuria, microscopic haematuria, pyuria, primary amenorrhoea, aplasia of the uterus and poorly developed external genitalia. Chromosomal study revealed 45 XO pattern. It is suggested that the gene for anterior lenticonus is recessive and is carried in the short term of the X chromosome.", "contents": "Chromosomal anomaly in a female patient with anterior lenticonus. Anterior lenticonus is reported in a 20-year-old female who had perceptive deafness, albuminuria, microscopic haematuria, pyuria, primary amenorrhoea, aplasia of the uterus and poorly developed external genitalia. Chromosomal study revealed 45 XO pattern. It is suggested that the gene for anterior lenticonus is recessive and is carried in the short term of the X chromosome.", "PMID": 545193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9826", "title": "Acute severe uveitis with retinal vasculitis and retinal detachment.", "content": "5 adult patients (7 eyes) with acute severe uveitis with retinal vasculitis and retinal detachment of unknown etiology were studied. Yellowish exudations which appeared in the peripheral fundus rapidly extended posteriorly, and there was a patchy perivasculitis, white sheathing and obliteration of the retinal vessels. The absorption of these yellowish exudations was followed by atrophy of the retina and the choroid. Secondary detachment of the retina then developed, and the visual acuity remained poor in most cases.", "contents": "Acute severe uveitis with retinal vasculitis and retinal detachment. 5 adult patients (7 eyes) with acute severe uveitis with retinal vasculitis and retinal detachment of unknown etiology were studied. Yellowish exudations which appeared in the peripheral fundus rapidly extended posteriorly, and there was a patchy perivasculitis, white sheathing and obliteration of the retinal vessels. The absorption of these yellowish exudations was followed by atrophy of the retina and the choroid. Secondary detachment of the retina then developed, and the visual acuity remained poor in most cases.", "PMID": 545194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9827", "title": "Acetazolamide in the treatment of haemorrhagic glaucoma.", "content": "For the first time the clinical effect of acetazolamide (AZA) in haemorrhagic glaucoma has been the subject of a controlled study. The clinical impression of none, or a slight effect of AZA in haemorrhagic glaucoma was confirmed. An intravenous injection of a AZA, 10 mg/kg body weight, produced in 13 patients (14 eyes) with haemorrhagic glaucoma a fall in the intraocular pressure (IOP) of only 7.7% within 30 min. A similar examination of 4 patients (5 eyes) with other types of glaucoma showed a drop in pressure of 32.0%. Examinations of the haemorrhagic-glaucoma eyes later that day and on the next day showed no further effect of AZA on the IOP. It is concluded that AZA is of no importance in the treatmen of haemorrhagic glaucoma.", "contents": "Acetazolamide in the treatment of haemorrhagic glaucoma. For the first time the clinical effect of acetazolamide (AZA) in haemorrhagic glaucoma has been the subject of a controlled study. The clinical impression of none, or a slight effect of AZA in haemorrhagic glaucoma was confirmed. An intravenous injection of a AZA, 10 mg/kg body weight, produced in 13 patients (14 eyes) with haemorrhagic glaucoma a fall in the intraocular pressure (IOP) of only 7.7% within 30 min. A similar examination of 4 patients (5 eyes) with other types of glaucoma showed a drop in pressure of 32.0%. Examinations of the haemorrhagic-glaucoma eyes later that day and on the next day showed no further effect of AZA on the IOP. It is concluded that AZA is of no importance in the treatmen of haemorrhagic glaucoma.", "PMID": 545195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9828", "title": "[Therapy of arterial vascular occlusions of retinal and optic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 136 cases of arterial occlusion (80 patients suffering from occlusion of the retinal vessels and 56 patients with vascular occlusion in the optic nerve) who were treated with the vasoactive xanthic substance Pentoxifylline (Trental). A part from its positive effect on the vascular circulation, Trental also helps to improve microcirculation in the retinal and optic nerve tissue damaged by hypoxia. After a 2-week infusion therapy with additional digitalisation, treatment was continued for another 3-6 months with oral administration of Trental 400. In 50 cases therapy was combined with the systemic administration of corticosteroids. Under the mentioned therapy a definitely improved visual acuity (at least 3 lines on the eye charts) was achieved in 56% of the cases with occlusion of the retinal vessels and in 51% of the cases with vascular occlusion in the optic nerve, i.e., in 54% of the total number of patients. Whether or not the additional administration of corticosteroids helped to this effect was not proved.", "contents": "[Therapy of arterial vascular occlusions of retinal and optic nerve (author's transl)]. The authors report on 136 cases of arterial occlusion (80 patients suffering from occlusion of the retinal vessels and 56 patients with vascular occlusion in the optic nerve) who were treated with the vasoactive xanthic substance Pentoxifylline (Trental). A part from its positive effect on the vascular circulation, Trental also helps to improve microcirculation in the retinal and optic nerve tissue damaged by hypoxia. After a 2-week infusion therapy with additional digitalisation, treatment was continued for another 3-6 months with oral administration of Trental 400. In 50 cases therapy was combined with the systemic administration of corticosteroids. Under the mentioned therapy a definitely improved visual acuity (at least 3 lines on the eye charts) was achieved in 56% of the cases with occlusion of the retinal vessels and in 51% of the cases with vascular occlusion in the optic nerve, i.e., in 54% of the total number of patients. Whether or not the additional administration of corticosteroids helped to this effect was not proved.", "PMID": 545196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9829", "title": "[Pseudo-internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a case of myeloma of clivus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 72-year-old female suffering from a histologically proven myeloma of the clivus exhibited an eye movement disorder closely resembling a bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The pertinent clinical findings suggested a peripheral lesions involving both oculomotor nerves. It is discussed under which circumstances an infranuclear lesion can simulate a supranuclear disorder of eye motility.", "contents": "[Pseudo-internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a case of myeloma of clivus (author's transl)]. A 72-year-old female suffering from a histologically proven myeloma of the clivus exhibited an eye movement disorder closely resembling a bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The pertinent clinical findings suggested a peripheral lesions involving both oculomotor nerves. It is discussed under which circumstances an infranuclear lesion can simulate a supranuclear disorder of eye motility.", "PMID": 545197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9830", "title": "Contraceptive-induced unilateral retinopathy.", "content": "A case of pigmentary retinopathy attributed to an oral contraceptive is described. After suspension of the drug the ocular symptoms regressed, whereas the ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic picture did not reflect this regression. Fluorescein angiography, used in this condition for the first time, showed that the amount of pigment was much greater than that observed ophthalmo-scopically.", "contents": "Contraceptive-induced unilateral retinopathy. A case of pigmentary retinopathy attributed to an oral contraceptive is described. After suspension of the drug the ocular symptoms regressed, whereas the ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic picture did not reflect this regression. Fluorescein angiography, used in this condition for the first time, showed that the amount of pigment was much greater than that observed ophthalmo-scopically.", "PMID": 545198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9831", "title": "Symposium: Clinical management of physiologic myopia. Introduction.", "content": "Myopia is not a cause of serious disease, although the two are sometimes associated. In contrast to hyperopia, it is a symptom and is easily understood. Myopia can have social as well as physical effects. Myopic patients often fear that they have increased their refractive error by their own behavior. This belief is enhanced by practitioners who subscribe to environmental theories and therapies.", "contents": "Symposium: Clinical management of physiologic myopia. Introduction. Myopia is not a cause of serious disease, although the two are sometimes associated. In contrast to hyperopia, it is a symptom and is easily understood. Myopia can have social as well as physical effects. Myopic patients often fear that they have increased their refractive error by their own behavior. This belief is enhanced by practitioners who subscribe to environmental theories and therapies.", "PMID": 545200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9832", "title": "Role of cyclopegics in progressive myopia.", "content": "Atropine sulfate 1% was instilled in both eyes of 86 children (172 eyes) on a daily basis for a period of two to eight years. No untoward changes in intraocular pressure, pupillary response, accommodation, or appearance of the ocular fundi were noted. A comparison with a similar group of children having only glasses prescribed during a similar time span revealed that atropine is effective in reducing theprogression of myopia in children; a permanent reduction in the degree of myopia may be achieved. Relaxation of accommodation by means of cycloplegic drugs may be a safe and effective treatment of myopia.", "contents": "Role of cyclopegics in progressive myopia. Atropine sulfate 1% was instilled in both eyes of 86 children (172 eyes) on a daily basis for a period of two to eight years. No untoward changes in intraocular pressure, pupillary response, accommodation, or appearance of the ocular fundi were noted. A comparison with a similar group of children having only glasses prescribed during a similar time span revealed that atropine is effective in reducing theprogression of myopia in children; a permanent reduction in the degree of myopia may be achieved. Relaxation of accommodation by means of cycloplegic drugs may be a safe and effective treatment of myopia.", "PMID": 545201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9833", "title": "Role of cycloplegia in the management of functional myopia.", "content": "Those who undertake the management of functional or physiologic myopia subscribe to the thesis that the accommodative-convergence synkinesis is the primary factor in the development and progression of this condition; therefore monocular or binocular cycloplegia has been employed as the essence of management for nearly a century. The results of an uncontrolled series of young functional myopic patients who were managed with 1% atropine sulfate drops and bifocal spectacle lenses for up to one year are reported, and the author's views on the overall value of such therapy are presented.", "contents": "Role of cycloplegia in the management of functional myopia. Those who undertake the management of functional or physiologic myopia subscribe to the thesis that the accommodative-convergence synkinesis is the primary factor in the development and progression of this condition; therefore monocular or binocular cycloplegia has been employed as the essence of management for nearly a century. The results of an uncontrolled series of young functional myopic patients who were managed with 1% atropine sulfate drops and bifocal spectacle lenses for up to one year are reported, and the author's views on the overall value of such therapy are presented.", "PMID": 545202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9834", "title": "Symposium: Clinical management of physiologic myopia. Role of orthokeratology: a perspective.", "content": "Orthokeratology is the reduction, modification, or elimination of refractive anomalies by the programmed application of contact lenses. A brief background is given on corneal changes induced by contact lenses fitted by normal and orthokeratology techniques. A common orthokeratology fitting method is described, results of inducing refractive changes are discussed, and a recently published study of this method of contact lens fitting and the author's personal observation on patients fitted by this technique are reported. Recent trends in orthokeratology and their possible effects on contact lens fitting are discussed, and a summarization of the effects of this contact lens fitting technique on myopia is given.", "contents": "Symposium: Clinical management of physiologic myopia. Role of orthokeratology: a perspective. Orthokeratology is the reduction, modification, or elimination of refractive anomalies by the programmed application of contact lenses. A brief background is given on corneal changes induced by contact lenses fitted by normal and orthokeratology techniques. A common orthokeratology fitting method is described, results of inducing refractive changes are discussed, and a recently published study of this method of contact lens fitting and the author's personal observation on patients fitted by this technique are reported. Recent trends in orthokeratology and their possible effects on contact lens fitting are discussed, and a summarization of the effects of this contact lens fitting technique on myopia is given.", "PMID": 545203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9835", "title": "Prescribing glasses for myopia.", "content": "Myopia is a one-symptom refraction problem: blurring of distance vision. Correction of the myopia should eliminate this symptom, but a prescription for glasses may, in fact, produce other symptoms equally--or more--disturbing. A few of the more common pitfalls in prescribing for the myopic patient are: (1) failure to recognize accommodative stress masquerading as low myopia; (2) confusion as to when, or whether, to prescribe for the unilateral myopic patient; (3) overcorrecting the myopic refractive error and failure to appreciate the symptoms that result from overcorrection; (4) difficulties in gaining acceptance of bifocals by the myopic presbyopic patient; (5) appropriate selection of bifocal segments; and (6) acquired myopic anisometropia caused by sclerosis of the crystalline lens. Although myopia would appear to be the least troublesome of all refractive problems, the maximizing of visual potential with comfort and safety needs refracting skills, experience, and clinical judgement.", "contents": "Prescribing glasses for myopia. Myopia is a one-symptom refraction problem: blurring of distance vision. Correction of the myopia should eliminate this symptom, but a prescription for glasses may, in fact, produce other symptoms equally--or more--disturbing. A few of the more common pitfalls in prescribing for the myopic patient are: (1) failure to recognize accommodative stress masquerading as low myopia; (2) confusion as to when, or whether, to prescribe for the unilateral myopic patient; (3) overcorrecting the myopic refractive error and failure to appreciate the symptoms that result from overcorrection; (4) difficulties in gaining acceptance of bifocals by the myopic presbyopic patient; (5) appropriate selection of bifocal segments; and (6) acquired myopic anisometropia caused by sclerosis of the crystalline lens. Although myopia would appear to be the least troublesome of all refractive problems, the maximizing of visual potential with comfort and safety needs refracting skills, experience, and clinical judgement.", "PMID": 545204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9836", "title": "The effect of atropine on myopia.", "content": "Sixty-two children were treated with atropine in one eye for one year; the fellow eye was the control. The eyes were switched the second year. Twenty-eight patients were treated for four years on the same basis. Control eyes showed significant increases in myopia compared to treated eyes. Some treated eyes showed decreases in myopia; no decreases were seen in control eyes. Posttreatment data analysis indicates the effects are long-term.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on myopia. Sixty-two children were treated with atropine in one eye for one year; the fellow eye was the control. The eyes were switched the second year. Twenty-eight patients were treated for four years on the same basis. Control eyes showed significant increases in myopia compared to treated eyes. Some treated eyes showed decreases in myopia; no decreases were seen in control eyes. Posttreatment data analysis indicates the effects are long-term.", "PMID": 545205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9837", "title": "Ophthalmic findings in dural arteriovenous shunts.", "content": "Five cases of dural carotid arteriovenous shunts in the region of the cavernous sinus are reported. Discussion of the specific carotid angiographic features stresses the pathophysiologic characteristics of these shunts in relation to the ophthalmic findings. In all cases, the meningohypophyseal artery was involved as the sole or predominant source of the afferent arterial supply, and the degree of proptosis, epibulbar congestion and secondary glaucoma correlated with retrograde filling of the superior ophthalmic vein from the cavernous sinus. The ophthalmologist's early recognition of this entity as a \"spontaneous\" pathologic occurrence is important, since he is intimately involved in its diagnosis and long-term management.", "contents": "Ophthalmic findings in dural arteriovenous shunts. Five cases of dural carotid arteriovenous shunts in the region of the cavernous sinus are reported. Discussion of the specific carotid angiographic features stresses the pathophysiologic characteristics of these shunts in relation to the ophthalmic findings. In all cases, the meningohypophyseal artery was involved as the sole or predominant source of the afferent arterial supply, and the degree of proptosis, epibulbar congestion and secondary glaucoma correlated with retrograde filling of the superior ophthalmic vein from the cavernous sinus. The ophthalmologist's early recognition of this entity as a \"spontaneous\" pathologic occurrence is important, since he is intimately involved in its diagnosis and long-term management.", "PMID": 545206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9838", "title": "Retrocorneal pigment proliferation after cataract extraction.", "content": "Retrocorneal pigment proliferation after cateract extraction is not rare. Downgrowths proliferate from fragments of iris pigment or peripheral iris in the corneal wound edges and occur slowly. Vision is affected if the central cornea is involved. Preventive measures include minimizing iris trauma and irrigating pigment fragments from the cornea and incision during surgery. In the study presented, patches of dislodged iris pigment epithelium were observed in 22 eyes. Lace-like downgrowths occurred in 18 eyes of 14 patients.", "contents": "Retrocorneal pigment proliferation after cataract extraction. Retrocorneal pigment proliferation after cateract extraction is not rare. Downgrowths proliferate from fragments of iris pigment or peripheral iris in the corneal wound edges and occur slowly. Vision is affected if the central cornea is involved. Preventive measures include minimizing iris trauma and irrigating pigment fragments from the cornea and incision during surgery. In the study presented, patches of dislodged iris pigment epithelium were observed in 22 eyes. Lace-like downgrowths occurred in 18 eyes of 14 patients.", "PMID": 545207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9839", "title": "Capillary hemangioma of the lids and orbit: an analysis of the clinical features and therapeutic results in 101 cases.", "content": "The clinical records of 101 patients (biopsies done on 48) with capillary hemangiomas of the orbit, orbit and lids, and lids were analyzed. Lesions predominated in females and typically appeared at birth or within the first two months of life. The superior orbit and lids were definite sites of predilection. Telltale periocular cutaneous involvement occurred in one third of the cases. Pure proptosis caused by a deep orbital tumor without an anterior component was found in seven cases. Proptosis in general was mild, but in two cases was severe enough to cause corneal exposure. Findings suprortive of a diagnosis of an orbital or periorbital hemangioma include (1) change in tumor size on crying (46%); (2) a dark vascular coloration to the subcutaneous tissue (80%); and (3) the existence of nonperiocular strawberry marks (25). Diagnostic tests of most value were plain radiography, ultrasonography, computed axial tomography, and arteriography. The complication rate in the 50 patients followed up over five years was 80% (60% with amblyopia). Present treatment modalities do not appear to be achieving the desired goals of a good cosmetic and functional outcome. Radiotherapy and corticosteroids are both effective in individual cases, but many lesions are resistant to all forms of present treatment. Amblyopia therapy is difficult and often unsuccessful in these patients.", "contents": "Capillary hemangioma of the lids and orbit: an analysis of the clinical features and therapeutic results in 101 cases. The clinical records of 101 patients (biopsies done on 48) with capillary hemangiomas of the orbit, orbit and lids, and lids were analyzed. Lesions predominated in females and typically appeared at birth or within the first two months of life. The superior orbit and lids were definite sites of predilection. Telltale periocular cutaneous involvement occurred in one third of the cases. Pure proptosis caused by a deep orbital tumor without an anterior component was found in seven cases. Proptosis in general was mild, but in two cases was severe enough to cause corneal exposure. Findings suprortive of a diagnosis of an orbital or periorbital hemangioma include (1) change in tumor size on crying (46%); (2) a dark vascular coloration to the subcutaneous tissue (80%); and (3) the existence of nonperiocular strawberry marks (25). Diagnostic tests of most value were plain radiography, ultrasonography, computed axial tomography, and arteriography. The complication rate in the 50 patients followed up over five years was 80% (60% with amblyopia). Present treatment modalities do not appear to be achieving the desired goals of a good cosmetic and functional outcome. Radiotherapy and corticosteroids are both effective in individual cases, but many lesions are resistant to all forms of present treatment. Amblyopia therapy is difficult and often unsuccessful in these patients.", "PMID": 545208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9840", "title": "Congenital, infantile, and juvenile glaucoma.", "content": "The appearance of the anterior chamber angle shows considerable variation in eyes with glaucoma caused by congenital or developmental causes. These differences, in over 100 eyes studied, correlate well with the effectiveness of trabeculotomy in controlling the intraocular pressure. In angles harboring what is probably embryonic mesoderm (although they may vary in their gonioscopic appearance), prognosis for control of IOP by trabeculotomy is excellent, while in those that show evidence of a fibrotic process at the limbus, the prognosis for trabeculotomy is hopeless. The latter, once recognized, should be treated by trabeculectomy, this condition being the only good indication for trabeculectomy in these eyes.", "contents": "Congenital, infantile, and juvenile glaucoma. The appearance of the anterior chamber angle shows considerable variation in eyes with glaucoma caused by congenital or developmental causes. These differences, in over 100 eyes studied, correlate well with the effectiveness of trabeculotomy in controlling the intraocular pressure. In angles harboring what is probably embryonic mesoderm (although they may vary in their gonioscopic appearance), prognosis for control of IOP by trabeculotomy is excellent, while in those that show evidence of a fibrotic process at the limbus, the prognosis for trabeculotomy is hopeless. The latter, once recognized, should be treated by trabeculectomy, this condition being the only good indication for trabeculectomy in these eyes.", "PMID": 545209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9841", "title": "Orbital tumor evaluation.", "content": "The key tests in the evaluation of orbital pathology--orbital roentgenograms, CT scans, and ultrasonography--are defined.", "contents": "Orbital tumor evaluation. The key tests in the evaluation of orbital pathology--orbital roentgenograms, CT scans, and ultrasonography--are defined.", "PMID": 545215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9842", "title": "Orbital septa: anatomy and function.", "content": "As a consequence of some puzzling motility disturbances in patients with blow-out fractures, a new anatomic approach to the human orbit was developed. This new approach revealed unknown connective tissue septa inside the orbit. These connective tissue septa were highly organized and formed an accessory locomotor system. This system is involved in pathologic circumstances like blow-out fractures and can account for the motility disturbances in these cases; additionally, it plays an important, yet to be unravelled, role when normal eye movements are performed.", "contents": "Orbital septa: anatomy and function. As a consequence of some puzzling motility disturbances in patients with blow-out fractures, a new anatomic approach to the human orbit was developed. This new approach revealed unknown connective tissue septa inside the orbit. These connective tissue septa were highly organized and formed an accessory locomotor system. This system is involved in pathologic circumstances like blow-out fractures and can account for the motility disturbances in these cases; additionally, it plays an important, yet to be unravelled, role when normal eye movements are performed.", "PMID": 545216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9843", "title": "Diagnostic modalities and natural behavior of optic nerve gliomas.", "content": "The preoperative evaluation of a patient with a suspected optic nerve glioma has been enhanced by the use of recently developed techniques such as computerized tomography and ultrasonography, which enable evaluation of tumor configuration. Conventional radiographic studies with stereoscopic orbital foramen views, as well as tomography of the optic canal, are important and permit accurate measurement of canal size, shape, and margins. The glioma characteristically develops as an intradural, monolobular, fusiform enlargement of the orbital, canalicular, or chiasmal portion of the nerve. Enlargement may be produced by astrocytic proliferation within the nerve or within the perineural sheath, by arachnoid hyperplasia, intracellular mucosubstance production, or by vascular congestion. Each of these features will be described and discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic modalities and natural behavior of optic nerve gliomas. The preoperative evaluation of a patient with a suspected optic nerve glioma has been enhanced by the use of recently developed techniques such as computerized tomography and ultrasonography, which enable evaluation of tumor configuration. Conventional radiographic studies with stereoscopic orbital foramen views, as well as tomography of the optic canal, are important and permit accurate measurement of canal size, shape, and margins. The glioma characteristically develops as an intradural, monolobular, fusiform enlargement of the orbital, canalicular, or chiasmal portion of the nerve. Enlargement may be produced by astrocytic proliferation within the nerve or within the perineural sheath, by arachnoid hyperplasia, intracellular mucosubstance production, or by vascular congestion. Each of these features will be described and discussed.", "PMID": 545217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9844", "title": "Vascular problems of the orbit.", "content": "Vascular neoplasms and malformations of the orbit are unusual and fascinating problems. The benign capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors and are classified separately because of distinct clinical and pathologic differences. The capillary hemangiomas progress rapidly in early childhood but have a tendency to regress. The cavernous hemangiomas occur later in life, progress slowly, and often require surgical excision. The orbital aneurysm, venous malformation, arteriovenous malformation, and carotid-cavernous fistula all may cause exophthalmos, visual loss, and other ocular abnormalities. They can be differentiated clinically; however, recent advances in ultrasonography, venography, and arteriography usually permit an exaxt diagnosis. They may be treated surgically, but the mortality and morbidity associated with such surgery must be balanced against the threat of loss of vision.", "contents": "Vascular problems of the orbit. Vascular neoplasms and malformations of the orbit are unusual and fascinating problems. The benign capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors and are classified separately because of distinct clinical and pathologic differences. The capillary hemangiomas progress rapidly in early childhood but have a tendency to regress. The cavernous hemangiomas occur later in life, progress slowly, and often require surgical excision. The orbital aneurysm, venous malformation, arteriovenous malformation, and carotid-cavernous fistula all may cause exophthalmos, visual loss, and other ocular abnormalities. They can be differentiated clinically; however, recent advances in ultrasonography, venography, and arteriography usually permit an exaxt diagnosis. They may be treated surgically, but the mortality and morbidity associated with such surgery must be balanced against the threat of loss of vision.", "PMID": 545218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9845", "title": "Orbital lymphangiomas.", "content": "The exact nature of lymphangiomas of the orbit is controversial. Nineteen cases with typical clinical, surgical, and histopathologic findings are presented. These tumors are diffuse, slowly progressive, difficult to remove, and relatively insensitive to irradiation. They frequently hemorrhage, causing rapid increase in proptosis, which may require emergency surgery, and they fluctuate in size with upper respiratory tract infections. Optic disc edema and amblyopia secondary to astigmatism are occasionally noted.", "contents": "Orbital lymphangiomas. The exact nature of lymphangiomas of the orbit is controversial. Nineteen cases with typical clinical, surgical, and histopathologic findings are presented. These tumors are diffuse, slowly progressive, difficult to remove, and relatively insensitive to irradiation. They frequently hemorrhage, causing rapid increase in proptosis, which may require emergency surgery, and they fluctuate in size with upper respiratory tract infections. Optic disc edema and amblyopia secondary to astigmatism are occasionally noted.", "PMID": 545219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9846", "title": "Surgical approaches to the orbit.", "content": "After the appropriate workup, the size, location, and consistency of an orbital mass will dictate the surgical approach chosen. Masses in the muscle cone area or in the temporal portion of the orbit are most easily approached by the lateral orbitotomy. For lacrimal gland tumors a superior extension of the lateral orbitotomy will expose the lacrimal fossa area. The superior medial subperiosteal approach is indicated for masses in the superior medial orbit. For the more difficult area between the medial rectus and optic nerve, the combination lateral-medial orbitotomy through the medial fornix will expose the medial retrobulbar area. To reduce postoperative morbidity, emphasis is placed on adequate exposure, careful manipulation of tissues, and meticulous hemostasis.", "contents": "Surgical approaches to the orbit. After the appropriate workup, the size, location, and consistency of an orbital mass will dictate the surgical approach chosen. Masses in the muscle cone area or in the temporal portion of the orbit are most easily approached by the lateral orbitotomy. For lacrimal gland tumors a superior extension of the lateral orbitotomy will expose the lacrimal fossa area. The superior medial subperiosteal approach is indicated for masses in the superior medial orbit. For the more difficult area between the medial rectus and optic nerve, the combination lateral-medial orbitotomy through the medial fornix will expose the medial retrobulbar area. To reduce postoperative morbidity, emphasis is placed on adequate exposure, careful manipulation of tissues, and meticulous hemostasis.", "PMID": 545220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9847", "title": "Radiation treatment of orbital lymphoid hyperplasia.", "content": "Ten patients with biopsy-proved lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudotumor) of the orbit were treated with radiation therapy individed sose ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 rads. Five of the ten patients had prior treatment with corticosteroids in high dosages with only partial or no response. All ten patients had clinical resolution of the lymphoid hyperplasia orbital mass within three weeks following radiation therapy. A follow-up period of six months to five years has demonstrated no recurrences. There were no discernible complications from the radiation therapy. We believe that radiation therapy should be considered as a primary treatment of benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the orbit.", "contents": "Radiation treatment of orbital lymphoid hyperplasia. Ten patients with biopsy-proved lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudotumor) of the orbit were treated with radiation therapy individed sose ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 rads. Five of the ten patients had prior treatment with corticosteroids in high dosages with only partial or no response. All ten patients had clinical resolution of the lymphoid hyperplasia orbital mass within three weeks following radiation therapy. A follow-up period of six months to five years has demonstrated no recurrences. There were no discernible complications from the radiation therapy. We believe that radiation therapy should be considered as a primary treatment of benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the orbit.", "PMID": 545221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9848", "title": "Clinicopathologic characteristics of orbital lymphoid hyperplasia.", "content": "The clinical characteristics and microscopic features of the biopsy specimens of 66 patients with orbital lymphoid tumors were analyzed with respect to clinical outcome (disease remaining localized to the orbit or developing associated extraorbital lesions). The patients' average age was 63 years, and their tumors had a marked tendency to arise in the anterosuperior orbit. No clinical or radiographic findings helped to distinguish the cases of localized disease from disseminated disease. The lesions were divided microscopically into three categories: reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (16), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (38), and malignant lymphoma (12). Extraorbital lesions developed in 25%, 50%, and 75% of cases, respectively. The five-year mortality rates were also significantly different for each type of lesion: 6%, 19%, and 58%, respectively.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic characteristics of orbital lymphoid hyperplasia. The clinical characteristics and microscopic features of the biopsy specimens of 66 patients with orbital lymphoid tumors were analyzed with respect to clinical outcome (disease remaining localized to the orbit or developing associated extraorbital lesions). The patients' average age was 63 years, and their tumors had a marked tendency to arise in the anterosuperior orbit. No clinical or radiographic findings helped to distinguish the cases of localized disease from disseminated disease. The lesions were divided microscopically into three categories: reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (16), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (38), and malignant lymphoma (12). Extraorbital lesions developed in 25%, 50%, and 75% of cases, respectively. The five-year mortality rates were also significantly different for each type of lesion: 6%, 19%, and 58%, respectively.", "PMID": 545222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9849", "title": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis A: serological study among a French population (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to hepatitis A antigen (anti HAV Ab) we tested 848 French people living mainly but not exclusively in Franche-Comt\u00e9 (East of France). In Franche-Comt\u00e9, 76 per cent of all the subjects studied were found to be anti-Hav ab positive, as determined by specific radio-immuno-assay. The rate of antibody detection was correlated with age; the prevalence was low (38 per cent) in childhood and adolescence, gradually increasing throught adulthood, and reaching its peak level (greater than 95 per cent) in people aged 40 and above. Anti-HAV Ab was detected more frequently in farmers (89 per cent), factory workers (87 per cent) and office employees (80 per cent) than in hospital personnel (53 per cent). Socioeconomic differences were found to be important in young people but tended to disappear at about 40 years of age. No difference was found in the prevalence of anti-HAV Ab between national servicemen from Franche-Comt\u00e9 and those from other regions. In 3 per cent of cases anti-HBs Ab was associated with the presence of anti HAV Ab. The subject possessing anti HBS Ab had the same prevalence of anti-HAV Ab (75 per cent) as those without (76 per cent).", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis A: serological study among a French population (author's transl)]. To investigate the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to hepatitis A antigen (anti HAV Ab) we tested 848 French people living mainly but not exclusively in Franche-Comt\u00e9 (East of France). In Franche-Comt\u00e9, 76 per cent of all the subjects studied were found to be anti-Hav ab positive, as determined by specific radio-immuno-assay. The rate of antibody detection was correlated with age; the prevalence was low (38 per cent) in childhood and adolescence, gradually increasing throught adulthood, and reaching its peak level (greater than 95 per cent) in people aged 40 and above. Anti-HAV Ab was detected more frequently in farmers (89 per cent), factory workers (87 per cent) and office employees (80 per cent) than in hospital personnel (53 per cent). Socioeconomic differences were found to be important in young people but tended to disappear at about 40 years of age. No difference was found in the prevalence of anti-HAV Ab between national servicemen from Franche-Comt\u00e9 and those from other regions. In 3 per cent of cases anti-HBs Ab was associated with the presence of anti HAV Ab. The subject possessing anti HBS Ab had the same prevalence of anti-HAV Ab (75 per cent) as those without (76 per cent).", "PMID": 545284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9850", "title": "[Malignant myelofibrosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 75-year-old man, the rapid development of a pancytopenia as a result to total marrow failure, in the absence of tumour or extramedullary myelopoiesis, but with a histological appearance of the marrow identical to that seen in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia led to a diagnosis of malignant myelofibrosis. The patient died 7 months after the apparent onset of the disease. The 48 other published cases are discussed. Only 17 are considered to be true cases of malignant myelofibrosis.", "contents": "[Malignant myelofibrosis. One case (author's transl)]. In a 75-year-old man, the rapid development of a pancytopenia as a result to total marrow failure, in the absence of tumour or extramedullary myelopoiesis, but with a histological appearance of the marrow identical to that seen in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia led to a diagnosis of malignant myelofibrosis. The patient died 7 months after the apparent onset of the disease. The 48 other published cases are discussed. Only 17 are considered to be true cases of malignant myelofibrosis.", "PMID": 545285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9851", "title": "[Antimicrobial therapy in granulopenic patients with malignant hematologic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Rational antimicrobial therapy in neutropenic patients includes early empiric therapy with combinations of antibiotics active in vitro against the causal pathogen. The duration of therapy is to be adapted to the clinical response. In patients who do not respond to antimicrobial therapy, transfusion of granulocytes and empiric use of antifungal drugs should be considered.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial therapy in granulopenic patients with malignant hematologic diseases (author's transl)]. Rational antimicrobial therapy in neutropenic patients includes early empiric therapy with combinations of antibiotics active in vitro against the causal pathogen. The duration of therapy is to be adapted to the clinical response. In patients who do not respond to antimicrobial therapy, transfusion of granulocytes and empiric use of antifungal drugs should be considered.", "PMID": 545300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9852", "title": "[Hemoglobin G Coushatta (beta 22 (B4) glu leads to ala) in Algeria: an homozygous case].", "content": "In this paper, we report the first observation of Hb G Coushatta (beta 22 (B4) Glu leads to Ala) in North Africa. An homozygous case was discovered and studied. The structural abnormality was characterized by using S. aureus protease. The analytical methods capable of distinguishing these hemoglobins from D Punjab, D Ouled Rabah and D Iran which have similar hemoglobin electrophoretic mobilities will be discussed.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin G Coushatta (beta 22 (B4) glu leads to ala) in Algeria: an homozygous case]. In this paper, we report the first observation of Hb G Coushatta (beta 22 (B4) Glu leads to Ala) in North Africa. An homozygous case was discovered and studied. The structural abnormality was characterized by using S. aureus protease. The analytical methods capable of distinguishing these hemoglobins from D Punjab, D Ouled Rabah and D Iran which have similar hemoglobin electrophoretic mobilities will be discussed.", "PMID": 545312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9853", "title": "Methylcellulose culture of human granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC *): results of bone marrow and blood cultures for normal subjects.", "content": "Normal values for the colony-forming ability of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC) were established for 26 samples of normal bone marrow and 8 samples of normal blood cultured in methylcellulose. The concentration of CFC in the marrow was measured classically as the number of CFC per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated and, in addition, as the number of CFC per 10(5) precursors (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes) and per 10(5) metamyelocytes. A value approximating the total number of marrow CFC was calculated by using the number of CFC per 10(5) metamyelocytes. The normal value for circulating CFC were determined as number per ml of blood, per kg of body weight, per 10(5) circulating lymphocytes, and per 10(5) circulating granulocytes. The value of these different modes of expression are discussed. Although the values reported are not directly applicable from one laboratory to the next, they may constitute a useful reference point. Furthermore, they show that the statistical variation in the results is sufficiently small to permit the comparison of values found for pathologic samples with those determined for normal samples.", "contents": "Methylcellulose culture of human granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC *): results of bone marrow and blood cultures for normal subjects. Normal values for the colony-forming ability of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC) were established for 26 samples of normal bone marrow and 8 samples of normal blood cultured in methylcellulose. The concentration of CFC in the marrow was measured classically as the number of CFC per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated and, in addition, as the number of CFC per 10(5) precursors (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes) and per 10(5) metamyelocytes. A value approximating the total number of marrow CFC was calculated by using the number of CFC per 10(5) metamyelocytes. The normal value for circulating CFC were determined as number per ml of blood, per kg of body weight, per 10(5) circulating lymphocytes, and per 10(5) circulating granulocytes. The value of these different modes of expression are discussed. Although the values reported are not directly applicable from one laboratory to the next, they may constitute a useful reference point. Furthermore, they show that the statistical variation in the results is sufficiently small to permit the comparison of values found for pathologic samples with those determined for normal samples.", "PMID": 545313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9854", "title": "Sequential study of the bone marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC *) in children treated by chemotherapy for non-hodgkin malignant lymphomas.", "content": "We have studied the time course changes in committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC) in 54 pediatric patients treated by chemotherapy for a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This study has revealed the following points: 1) In the absence of patent bone marrow invasion, the bone marrow CFC concentration is, before treatment, less than normal; 2) Bone marrow invasion coincides with a large decline in bone marrow CFC concentration; 3) The aplasia induced by the initial chemotherapy is mediated by a quasi-complete destruction of CFC; 4) After regeneration from the initial therapeutic aplastic state the CFC exhibited a quite variable behavior from one patient to another. This phenomenon is probably linked to the variable recuperation time for each patient; 5) Following the conclusion of treatment, the patients, although having a normal peripheral leukocyte count, appeared to maintain a major aftereffect characterized by a clear and prolonged reduction in the concentration and total number of CFC.", "contents": "Sequential study of the bone marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC *) in children treated by chemotherapy for non-hodgkin malignant lymphomas. We have studied the time course changes in committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC) in 54 pediatric patients treated by chemotherapy for a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This study has revealed the following points: 1) In the absence of patent bone marrow invasion, the bone marrow CFC concentration is, before treatment, less than normal; 2) Bone marrow invasion coincides with a large decline in bone marrow CFC concentration; 3) The aplasia induced by the initial chemotherapy is mediated by a quasi-complete destruction of CFC; 4) After regeneration from the initial therapeutic aplastic state the CFC exhibited a quite variable behavior from one patient to another. This phenomenon is probably linked to the variable recuperation time for each patient; 5) Following the conclusion of treatment, the patients, although having a normal peripheral leukocyte count, appeared to maintain a major aftereffect characterized by a clear and prolonged reduction in the concentration and total number of CFC.", "PMID": 545314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9855", "title": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 3: Synthesis and CNS activity of some new fluorine-containing pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4]thiazepines.", "content": "A series of new fluorine-containing pyrazolo [3,4-e][1,4]thiazepines has been synthesized by the condensation of 5-amino-3/1, 3-substituted pyrazole with appropriate arylaldehydes or ketones and mercaptoacetic acid in dry toluene. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by their m.p.'s elemental analysis, IR, H-NMR and F-NMR. A representative number of compounds has also been screened for their CNS activity and found to act as mild stimulants.", "contents": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 3: Synthesis and CNS activity of some new fluorine-containing pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4]thiazepines. A series of new fluorine-containing pyrazolo [3,4-e][1,4]thiazepines has been synthesized by the condensation of 5-amino-3/1, 3-substituted pyrazole with appropriate arylaldehydes or ketones and mercaptoacetic acid in dry toluene. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by their m.p.'s elemental analysis, IR, H-NMR and F-NMR. A representative number of compounds has also been screened for their CNS activity and found to act as mild stimulants.", "PMID": 545339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9856", "title": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 7: Synthesis and CNS activity of some fluorinated 2,4,7/8-trisubstituted-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorates.", "content": "A series of new fluorinated 2,4'7/8-trisubstituted-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorates have been synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectral studies. Representative compounds have been screened for their CNS activity viz., behavioural, analgesic, anticonvulsant and antireserpine. 8-Chloro-2-(4'-fluorophenyl)-4-phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorate has shown pronounced antireserpine activity.", "contents": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 7: Synthesis and CNS activity of some fluorinated 2,4,7/8-trisubstituted-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorates. A series of new fluorinated 2,4'7/8-trisubstituted-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorates have been synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectral studies. Representative compounds have been screened for their CNS activity viz., behavioural, analgesic, anticonvulsant and antireserpine. 8-Chloro-2-(4'-fluorophenyl)-4-phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepinium monoperchlorate has shown pronounced antireserpine activity.", "PMID": 545340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9857", "title": "[Micromethod for the determination of phospholipids (author's transl)].", "content": "Optimal conditions for separation and analysis of phospholipids in very small tissue samples have been elaborated. The phospholipid pattern of the rat vena portae and arteria mesenterica was determined.", "contents": "[Micromethod for the determination of phospholipids (author's transl)]. Optimal conditions for separation and analysis of phospholipids in very small tissue samples have been elaborated. The phospholipid pattern of the rat vena portae and arteria mesenterica was determined.", "PMID": 545341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9858", "title": "[Studies on the separation and photometric determination of antiepileptics (author's transl)].", "content": "Well-known methods for the photometric determination of antiepileptics in body fluids were tested from the aspect of their utilization in a pharmacokinetic therapy service of clinical pharmacology. In the framework of a comparative synopsis of methods, specifications are given for the determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, and carbamazepine.", "contents": "[Studies on the separation and photometric determination of antiepileptics (author's transl)]. Well-known methods for the photometric determination of antiepileptics in body fluids were tested from the aspect of their utilization in a pharmacokinetic therapy service of clinical pharmacology. In the framework of a comparative synopsis of methods, specifications are given for the determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, and carbamazepine.", "PMID": 545342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9859", "title": "[The excretion of hippuric acid and ascorbic acid in the urine of liver-damaged rats (author's transl].", "content": "The authors investigated the effects of the administration of thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride and aminophenazone on the excretion of ascorbic acid and hippuric acid in adult male and female Wistar rats. After a single application of thioacetamide and aminophenazone, the ascorbic acid content in the urine showed a dose-dependent increase, whereas that in the liver had decreased. This increase in the urinary ascorbic acid might be due to a release of stored ascorbic acid from the liver cells. When thioacetamide was given for a prolonged period, the ascorbic acid content in the urine increased at the beginning; later one, at the end of three weeks, it was slightly inferior to the control value. Both single and repeated applications of thioacetamide led to a decrease in the excretion of hippuric acid in the urine, which is attributed to an impairment of the mitochondrial hippuric acid synthesis. Long-term treatment with aminophenazone resulted in an increase of ascorbic acid in the urine, which is indicative of an induction effect, whereas the ascorbic acid content in the liver remained unchanged. There was no effect on the excretion of hippuric acid. In regard to their use in the toxicological evaluation of drugs, these two metabolic effects offer no decisive advantage over current liver function tests.", "contents": "[The excretion of hippuric acid and ascorbic acid in the urine of liver-damaged rats (author's transl]. The authors investigated the effects of the administration of thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride and aminophenazone on the excretion of ascorbic acid and hippuric acid in adult male and female Wistar rats. After a single application of thioacetamide and aminophenazone, the ascorbic acid content in the urine showed a dose-dependent increase, whereas that in the liver had decreased. This increase in the urinary ascorbic acid might be due to a release of stored ascorbic acid from the liver cells. When thioacetamide was given for a prolonged period, the ascorbic acid content in the urine increased at the beginning; later one, at the end of three weeks, it was slightly inferior to the control value. Both single and repeated applications of thioacetamide led to a decrease in the excretion of hippuric acid in the urine, which is attributed to an impairment of the mitochondrial hippuric acid synthesis. Long-term treatment with aminophenazone resulted in an increase of ascorbic acid in the urine, which is indicative of an induction effect, whereas the ascorbic acid content in the liver remained unchanged. There was no effect on the excretion of hippuric acid. In regard to their use in the toxicological evaluation of drugs, these two metabolic effects offer no decisive advantage over current liver function tests.", "PMID": 545344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9860", "title": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 9: Synthesis and CNS activity of some new fluorine-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines.", "content": "A number of new fluorine-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-amino-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole with appropriate fluorinated beta-diketones in glacial acetic acid. All synthesized compounds were characterized by their m.p.'s, nitrogen analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 19F NMR. A representative number of compounds was screened for their CNS activity and found to be mild stimulants.", "contents": "Possible psychopharmacological agents. Part 9: Synthesis and CNS activity of some new fluorine-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines. A number of new fluorine-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-amino-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole with appropriate fluorinated beta-diketones in glacial acetic acid. All synthesized compounds were characterized by their m.p.'s, nitrogen analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 19F NMR. A representative number of compounds was screened for their CNS activity and found to be mild stimulants.", "PMID": 545348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9861", "title": "[On the polymorphism of barbiturates in powders and tablets - Part 3: The effect of the pressing power on the modification of barbital (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors took X-ray diffraction pictures from two commercial brands of barbital (produced in the GDR and in the Hungarian People's Republic, respectively), the interpretation of which convinced them that these two commercial brands are different modifications. These crystals were brought by pressure (10 and 20 kN) into the shape of tablets. Textural studies showed that both commercial brands are easy to compress. An increase in pressing power caused insignificant changes in the structure of the GDR product; and in the Hungarian commercial product, only slight changes were observed. It could be proved by X-ray diffraction analysis that the form of the barbital crystals is affected by the application of pressure. But this change occurs already under a pressure less than 10 kN. A further increase in pressing power produces no further changes in crystal structure.", "contents": "[On the polymorphism of barbiturates in powders and tablets - Part 3: The effect of the pressing power on the modification of barbital (author's transl)]. The authors took X-ray diffraction pictures from two commercial brands of barbital (produced in the GDR and in the Hungarian People's Republic, respectively), the interpretation of which convinced them that these two commercial brands are different modifications. These crystals were brought by pressure (10 and 20 kN) into the shape of tablets. Textural studies showed that both commercial brands are easy to compress. An increase in pressing power caused insignificant changes in the structure of the GDR product; and in the Hungarian commercial product, only slight changes were observed. It could be proved by X-ray diffraction analysis that the form of the barbital crystals is affected by the application of pressure. But this change occurs already under a pressure less than 10 kN. A further increase in pressing power produces no further changes in crystal structure.", "PMID": 545349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9862", "title": "[The effects of various factors on the in vitro velocity of drug release from repository tablets. Part 4: Isoniazid (Rimicid) respository tablets (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigated the release of isoniazid from repository tablets as related to form, processing technology, strength constant and storage for 5 years. On determining the diffusion coefficient (D), the initial dissolution rate (Vo) and the time required for the diffusion of the releasing medium to the middle of the tablet (t1/2), it was found that the difference in release rate between the flat and the biconvex tablets is small. Furthermore, it was stated that the three-layer tablets have very high D and Vo values and very low t1/2 values, for what reason they are unsuited for repository tablets of the composition under investigation. Moreover, it was found that an increase of the strength constant does not affect the D, t1/2 and Vo values, and that the release of isoniazid is retarded only in flat tablets with the highest strength constant. Storage exerts no effect on the drug release from these tablets. The industrial production of these tablets is under way.", "contents": "[The effects of various factors on the in vitro velocity of drug release from repository tablets. Part 4: Isoniazid (Rimicid) respository tablets (author's transl)]. The authors investigated the release of isoniazid from repository tablets as related to form, processing technology, strength constant and storage for 5 years. On determining the diffusion coefficient (D), the initial dissolution rate (Vo) and the time required for the diffusion of the releasing medium to the middle of the tablet (t1/2), it was found that the difference in release rate between the flat and the biconvex tablets is small. Furthermore, it was stated that the three-layer tablets have very high D and Vo values and very low t1/2 values, for what reason they are unsuited for repository tablets of the composition under investigation. Moreover, it was found that an increase of the strength constant does not affect the D, t1/2 and Vo values, and that the release of isoniazid is retarded only in flat tablets with the highest strength constant. Storage exerts no effect on the drug release from these tablets. The industrial production of these tablets is under way.", "PMID": 545350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9863", "title": "Compatibility of a new suppository base with certain pharmaceuticals.", "content": "The compatibility of the macromolecular product Novosup-78 (mixture of polyethylene glycol esters with the free acids of sunflower oil and lard) with certain drugs relatively widely used in the suppository formulations was studied. By means of the solubility procedure and the UV spectral technique, significant interactions only with definite amounts from both components can take place. A predominant micellar solubilization in Novosup-78 solutions up to 0.5% was assumed. Taking into consideration the dependences obtained, it was concluded that the minimum ratio of drug to Novosup-78 in the proposed suppository formulations is not favorable for complexation interactions.", "contents": "Compatibility of a new suppository base with certain pharmaceuticals. The compatibility of the macromolecular product Novosup-78 (mixture of polyethylene glycol esters with the free acids of sunflower oil and lard) with certain drugs relatively widely used in the suppository formulations was studied. By means of the solubility procedure and the UV spectral technique, significant interactions only with definite amounts from both components can take place. A predominant micellar solubilization in Novosup-78 solutions up to 0.5% was assumed. Taking into consideration the dependences obtained, it was concluded that the minimum ratio of drug to Novosup-78 in the proposed suppository formulations is not favorable for complexation interactions.", "PMID": 545351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9864", "title": "[Biotransformation and Stability of Hydrocotarnine and Diazocarbonylhydrocotarnine and -hydrohydrastinine derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "After oral application of the weakly basic (pKs = 6.18-6.26) and relatively stable (1 at pH = 7.4; t1/2(35 degrees C) = 6.9 h) secondary 1-diazocarbonylhydrocotarnine or -hydrohydrastinine derivatives 1-4 and of hydrocotarnine (6) to rats, a total of 18 metabolites, predominantly isoquinolines of varying degrees of hydrogenation (7-19), were isolated from 48-hour urine specimens. These isoquinolines result from cleavage of the C-1/C-1' bond as well as from oxygenation (11, 15, 17-19), N-dealkylation (13, 15, 17-19) and O-dealkylation (8-12, 18, 19). Among these isoquinolines were some phenolic betaines (8-11) of which 9 is the major metabolite of the cotarnine derivatives. Furthermore, C-1-substituted metabolites as well as metabolites with benzo-1,2-diazaindolizine (23, 24) or benzodiazepine structure (20, 21) were isolated. Also in an aqueous-alkaline or an aqueous-acidic medium, the cleavage of the C-1/C-1' bond as well as the formation of benzodiazepines follows a non-enzymatic pathway as evidenced by stability studies. The structures assigned to the different compounds are supported by high-resolved mass spectra, further spectroscopic studies (UV, IR and  1H-NMR spectra) and, in part, by comparison with authentical material.", "contents": "[Biotransformation and Stability of Hydrocotarnine and Diazocarbonylhydrocotarnine and -hydrohydrastinine derivatives (author's transl)]. After oral application of the weakly basic (pKs = 6.18-6.26) and relatively stable (1 at pH = 7.4; t1/2(35 degrees C) = 6.9 h) secondary 1-diazocarbonylhydrocotarnine or -hydrohydrastinine derivatives 1-4 and of hydrocotarnine (6) to rats, a total of 18 metabolites, predominantly isoquinolines of varying degrees of hydrogenation (7-19), were isolated from 48-hour urine specimens. These isoquinolines result from cleavage of the C-1/C-1' bond as well as from oxygenation (11, 15, 17-19), N-dealkylation (13, 15, 17-19) and O-dealkylation (8-12, 18, 19). Among these isoquinolines were some phenolic betaines (8-11) of which 9 is the major metabolite of the cotarnine derivatives. Furthermore, C-1-substituted metabolites as well as metabolites with benzo-1,2-diazaindolizine (23, 24) or benzodiazepine structure (20, 21) were isolated. Also in an aqueous-alkaline or an aqueous-acidic medium, the cleavage of the C-1/C-1' bond as well as the formation of benzodiazepines follows a non-enzymatic pathway as evidenced by stability studies. The structures assigned to the different compounds are supported by high-resolved mass spectra, further spectroscopic studies (UV, IR and  1H-NMR spectra) and, in part, by comparison with authentical material.", "PMID": 545353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9865", "title": "On the local anaesthetic action of propolis and some of its constituents.", "content": "An ethanolic propolis extract and some constituents isolated from propolis were tested on the cornea of the rabbit and of the mouse for local anaesthetic activity. Total anaesthesia was obtained with the total extract as well as with the compounds 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (pinostrobin) and with a mixture of caffeic acid esters. Each of these compounds was nearly thrice as potent as the total extract. Propoxypiperocaine which was tested for the purpose of comparison was still efficient in an almost 10-fold lower concentration. When applied subcutaneously, pinocembrin and the mixture of caffeic acid esters produced nearly the same anaesthesia as lidocaine.", "contents": "On the local anaesthetic action of propolis and some of its constituents. An ethanolic propolis extract and some constituents isolated from propolis were tested on the cornea of the rabbit and of the mouse for local anaesthetic activity. Total anaesthesia was obtained with the total extract as well as with the compounds 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (pinostrobin) and with a mixture of caffeic acid esters. Each of these compounds was nearly thrice as potent as the total extract. Propoxypiperocaine which was tested for the purpose of comparison was still efficient in an almost 10-fold lower concentration. When applied subcutaneously, pinocembrin and the mixture of caffeic acid esters produced nearly the same anaesthesia as lidocaine.", "PMID": 545354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9866", "title": "[Economic aspects of the treatment of leg ulcers].", "content": "The authors have compared the healing time and the cost of leg ulcers of venous origin according to whether they were treated on an out-patient basis or by admission to hospital. The healing times were extremely similar, but the cost of cure by hospital admission was twenty times as great. Although one cannot claim to cure all leg ulcers on an out-patient basis, it is clear that significant public economies could be achieved by avoiding or shortening some costly hospital admissions.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of the treatment of leg ulcers]. The authors have compared the healing time and the cost of leg ulcers of venous origin according to whether they were treated on an out-patient basis or by admission to hospital. The healing times were extremely similar, but the cost of cure by hospital admission was twenty times as great. Although one cannot claim to cure all leg ulcers on an out-patient basis, it is clear that significant public economies could be achieved by avoiding or shortening some costly hospital admissions.", "PMID": 545357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9867", "title": "[Generalization of leg eczema].", "content": "Extensive secondary eczema of the legs and chronic venous insufficiency coexist fairly often ; among aetiological factors are considered atopy and multiple sensitivities, contact dermatitis, and eczematizations of infective origin (bacterial or fungal) from organisms with weak pathogenic potency but strong allergenic potency. There is a short clinical description referring to the phenomena of primary irritation and controlateral extensions of the eczema. The pathogenesis relates to immunological phenomena and antigen-antibody conflicts. These types of eczema come for the most part into the category of delayed hypersensitivity type IV of the Gell-Coombs classification.", "contents": "[Generalization of leg eczema]. Extensive secondary eczema of the legs and chronic venous insufficiency coexist fairly often ; among aetiological factors are considered atopy and multiple sensitivities, contact dermatitis, and eczematizations of infective origin (bacterial or fungal) from organisms with weak pathogenic potency but strong allergenic potency. There is a short clinical description referring to the phenomena of primary irritation and controlateral extensions of the eczema. The pathogenesis relates to immunological phenomena and antigen-antibody conflicts. These types of eczema come for the most part into the category of delayed hypersensitivity type IV of the Gell-Coombs classification.", "PMID": 545358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9868", "title": "[Nosology of so-called capillaritis ulcers].", "content": "It was with ochre dermatitis that the clinical notion of \"capillaritis\" was first put forward, but in what sense is it still possible today to speak of \"capillaritic ulcer\"? Although some special characteristics have been ascribed to it, this ulcer is derived from a microvascular and tissue reaction to venous stasis, whether the latter is primary due to varicose veins or secondary due to \"post-thrombotic syndrome\" or obliterative arteriopathy of the supplying trunks and especially the nutritional branches of the dermohypodermic network. This type of ulcer involves the Circulatory Unit and is expressed by an imbalance in irrigation, the result of a whole sequence of capillary closures and anastomotic openings, of which the \"mosaic\" appearance on infra-red thermography is evidence. It is a stasis ulcer in which the mode of distribution of the capillaries is involved just as much as the thickness of the skin of the groove of Bisgaard, but it is the result of the majority of the angiopathic states of the lower limb.", "contents": "[Nosology of so-called capillaritis ulcers]. It was with ochre dermatitis that the clinical notion of \"capillaritis\" was first put forward, but in what sense is it still possible today to speak of \"capillaritic ulcer\"? Although some special characteristics have been ascribed to it, this ulcer is derived from a microvascular and tissue reaction to venous stasis, whether the latter is primary due to varicose veins or secondary due to \"post-thrombotic syndrome\" or obliterative arteriopathy of the supplying trunks and especially the nutritional branches of the dermohypodermic network. This type of ulcer involves the Circulatory Unit and is expressed by an imbalance in irrigation, the result of a whole sequence of capillary closures and anastomotic openings, of which the \"mosaic\" appearance on infra-red thermography is evidence. It is a stasis ulcer in which the mode of distribution of the capillaries is involved just as much as the thickness of the skin of the groove of Bisgaard, but it is the result of the majority of the angiopathic states of the lower limb.", "PMID": 545359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9869", "title": "[Acquired telangiectases of the lower extremities].", "content": "The aim of our study is to place the different forms of telangiectasia of the lower limbs in their clinical categories, before tackling, along with Dr OUVRY, the therapeutic problem with which the phlebologist is daily confronted. The idiopathic telangiectasias of the lower limbs are very common in women, and are considered as simple, but clearly form an entity within the framework of venous pathology : unfortunately we do not have a very precise pathophysiological explanation to provide a basis for prophylaxis, which is still doubtful, or for definitive treatments : nevertheless that is a field for the exercise of the phlebologist's skill. Other types of telangiectasia, which we have mentioned, should call for a search for a general pathology in terms of a complete physical examination from a dermatological viewpoint. More rarely, their precise dermatological category will be that of a dysembryoplasia, while others will be vascular naeval disorders with delayed manifestation. These will all require a specific therapeutic approach.", "contents": "[Acquired telangiectases of the lower extremities]. The aim of our study is to place the different forms of telangiectasia of the lower limbs in their clinical categories, before tackling, along with Dr OUVRY, the therapeutic problem with which the phlebologist is daily confronted. The idiopathic telangiectasias of the lower limbs are very common in women, and are considered as simple, but clearly form an entity within the framework of venous pathology : unfortunately we do not have a very precise pathophysiological explanation to provide a basis for prophylaxis, which is still doubtful, or for definitive treatments : nevertheless that is a field for the exercise of the phlebologist's skill. Other types of telangiectasia, which we have mentioned, should call for a search for a general pathology in terms of a complete physical examination from a dermatological viewpoint. More rarely, their precise dermatological category will be that of a dysembryoplasia, while others will be vascular naeval disorders with delayed manifestation. These will all require a specific therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 545360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9870", "title": "[Sclerosing treatment of telangiectasis of the lower extremities].", "content": "Sclerosant treatment of the telangiectasias should follow several rules : --Sclerosis of varicose veins, then of varicosities, should always precede sclerosis of the telangiectasias. --Small amounts of sclerosant material should be injected at a time, using numerous points of injection. --The author describes the material employed and recommends the use of loop glasses for the treatment of the smallest telangiectasias. --The efficacy of sclerosant treatment is greater than that of other known methods.", "contents": "[Sclerosing treatment of telangiectasis of the lower extremities]. Sclerosant treatment of the telangiectasias should follow several rules : --Sclerosis of varicose veins, then of varicosities, should always precede sclerosis of the telangiectasias. --Small amounts of sclerosant material should be injected at a time, using numerous points of injection. --The author describes the material employed and recommends the use of loop glasses for the treatment of the smallest telangiectasias. --The efficacy of sclerosant treatment is greater than that of other known methods.", "PMID": 545361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9871", "title": "[Indications for corticotherapy in phlebology].", "content": "Corticosteroid therapy has not revolutionised phlebology but it is very useful in certain cases. The following indications are considered, with or without associated antibiotics : anaphylactic shock after sclerosant injections, chronic lymphangitis of the lower limbs, sclero-inflammatory hypodermatitis, eczemas, phlebitis, ulcers and angiomas. Various forms of corticosteroid therapy are considered ; injectable, long-acting, local and oral.", "contents": "[Indications for corticotherapy in phlebology]. Corticosteroid therapy has not revolutionised phlebology but it is very useful in certain cases. The following indications are considered, with or without associated antibiotics : anaphylactic shock after sclerosant injections, chronic lymphangitis of the lower limbs, sclero-inflammatory hypodermatitis, eczemas, phlebitis, ulcers and angiomas. Various forms of corticosteroid therapy are considered ; injectable, long-acting, local and oral.", "PMID": 545363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9872", "title": "[Functional disorders of the venous muscular pump seen in chronic venous insufficiency].", "content": "The study of the functioning of the venous muscle pump by means of plethysmographic tests allowed us to discover a clearly marked condition in the varicose veins combined with chronic venous deficiency and in the thromboses of the deep veins. In the case of varicose veins, we found an interdependence between the gravity of the functional lesions and the existence of insufficient perforating veins. The study, which dealt with cases of thrombosis, showed that the trophic skin lesions appear only after several years of poor nervous pump functioning.", "contents": "[Functional disorders of the venous muscular pump seen in chronic venous insufficiency]. The study of the functioning of the venous muscle pump by means of plethysmographic tests allowed us to discover a clearly marked condition in the varicose veins combined with chronic venous deficiency and in the thromboses of the deep veins. In the case of varicose veins, we found an interdependence between the gravity of the functional lesions and the existence of insufficient perforating veins. The study, which dealt with cases of thrombosis, showed that the trophic skin lesions appear only after several years of poor nervous pump functioning.", "PMID": 545364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9873", "title": "[Personal experience in the diagnosis and treatment of post-phlebitis syndrome].", "content": "The author proposes a new classification of the post-phlebitic syndrome which he has used for several years. The term chronic thrombosis is used together with the name of the thrombosed vein. Note is made of the degree of chronic venous insufficiency, the causal disease and the date of onset. Treatment is above all medical (compression, physiotherapy, mineral spring therapy, rehabilitation and instruction of patients). Radical surgical treatment is indicated when phlebography shows a recanalization of the deep veins.", "contents": "[Personal experience in the diagnosis and treatment of post-phlebitis syndrome]. The author proposes a new classification of the post-phlebitic syndrome which he has used for several years. The term chronic thrombosis is used together with the name of the thrombosed vein. Note is made of the degree of chronic venous insufficiency, the causal disease and the date of onset. Treatment is above all medical (compression, physiotherapy, mineral spring therapy, rehabilitation and instruction of patients). Radical surgical treatment is indicated when phlebography shows a recanalization of the deep veins.", "PMID": 545366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9874", "title": "[Circulatory effect of saphenous reflux in primary varicose veins].", "content": "The authors studied venous pressure in the posterior tibial vein and the internal saphenous vein in primary varicose veins and after saphenous ligation with stripping. It is saphenous reflux which is the cause of all the disorders and which it is necessary to suppress by a perfect saphenous arch ligation. He has done this successfully in 358 cases.", "contents": "[Circulatory effect of saphenous reflux in primary varicose veins]. The authors studied venous pressure in the posterior tibial vein and the internal saphenous vein in primary varicose veins and after saphenous ligation with stripping. It is saphenous reflux which is the cause of all the disorders and which it is necessary to suppress by a perfect saphenous arch ligation. He has done this successfully in 358 cases.", "PMID": 545367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9875", "title": "[Facial erythrosis].", "content": "At the borders of two sister disciplines, facial erythrosis is a fairly disabling microvascular phenomenon, since it appears most frequently in women. From several rather special cases, the authors review the aetiology and differential diagnosis of these manifestations. An attempt is made to explain the pathogenesis of these phenomena. The authors stress the absence of treatment, but base their hopes on certain dimers or tetramers of hyaluronic acid, provided for their use by Dr CURRI.", "contents": "[Facial erythrosis]. At the borders of two sister disciplines, facial erythrosis is a fairly disabling microvascular phenomenon, since it appears most frequently in women. From several rather special cases, the authors review the aetiology and differential diagnosis of these manifestations. An attempt is made to explain the pathogenesis of these phenomena. The authors stress the absence of treatment, but base their hopes on certain dimers or tetramers of hyaluronic acid, provided for their use by Dr CURRI.", "PMID": 545362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9876", "title": "[Team-cooperation and its pitfalls in psychotic states (author's transl)].", "content": "This article describes the reasons why pluriprofessional teams offer the ideal conditions for the therapy of psychotic states. Only they can reach the stability and the flexibility necessary to serve as a \"container\" for the fragmented ego of the patient in psychotic crises. But in this function, the team may fail. A new pathology arises, beyond the well-known \"institutional neurosis\". We call this pathology the \"combined institutional-psychotic syndrome\". Different forms of such syndromes are described. Last of all, we reflect on the consequences of these considerations for the conception of psychiatric institutions.", "contents": "[Team-cooperation and its pitfalls in psychotic states (author's transl)]. This article describes the reasons why pluriprofessional teams offer the ideal conditions for the therapy of psychotic states. Only they can reach the stability and the flexibility necessary to serve as a \"container\" for the fragmented ego of the patient in psychotic crises. But in this function, the team may fail. A new pathology arises, beyond the well-known \"institutional neurosis\". We call this pathology the \"combined institutional-psychotic syndrome\". Different forms of such syndromes are described. Last of all, we reflect on the consequences of these considerations for the conception of psychiatric institutions.", "PMID": 545417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9877", "title": "[Onward along the beaten track? or: psychiatrists at the crossroads (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the framework of present-day strained relations between physicians, respectively their professional changes of making a career on the one hand, and society on the other, psychiatrists will be facing an even more critical controversy with their colleagues and psychologists. Looking to the demands made by these groups of physicians in respect of medical importance, psychiatrists are compelled to reconsider their own actions and professional pattern more thoroughly and purposefully than ever before.--A cursory glance at the increasingly obvious tasks of meaningful psych-iatry will immediately show that besides the very serious material problems in this underdeveloped branch of medicine, other and even more difficult tasks have to be tackled. One of the most serious problems, which is particularly delicate because it touches upon the psychiatrist's medical self-understanding, is the manner in which psychiatrists should conceive their own activities as a part of medical science and how they should arrive at mutually acceptable terms with their medical colleagues on the one hand and with psychologists on the other, the ultimate aim being to serve medical interests and not only the professional interests of the groups of physicians and allied specialists.", "contents": "[Onward along the beaten track? or: psychiatrists at the crossroads (author's transl)]. Within the framework of present-day strained relations between physicians, respectively their professional changes of making a career on the one hand, and society on the other, psychiatrists will be facing an even more critical controversy with their colleagues and psychologists. Looking to the demands made by these groups of physicians in respect of medical importance, psychiatrists are compelled to reconsider their own actions and professional pattern more thoroughly and purposefully than ever before.--A cursory glance at the increasingly obvious tasks of meaningful psych-iatry will immediately show that besides the very serious material problems in this underdeveloped branch of medicine, other and even more difficult tasks have to be tackled. One of the most serious problems, which is particularly delicate because it touches upon the psychiatrist's medical self-understanding, is the manner in which psychiatrists should conceive their own activities as a part of medical science and how they should arrive at mutually acceptable terms with their medical colleagues on the one hand and with psychologists on the other, the ultimate aim being to serve medical interests and not only the professional interests of the groups of physicians and allied specialists.", "PMID": 545418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9878", "title": "[Models for the integration into therapy of work performed by helpers within the framework of psychiatric wards (author's transl)].", "content": "Several models for the integration of the work done by nurses and attendants into therapy are presented. In particular, the use of the \"Scale for Behavioral Observation in Wards\" is described. Important modes of behavior, which are relevant for therapy, can be trained for the benefit of nurses and attendants by observing the patients' behavioral patterns. The approach described in this article can improve the co-operation between the psychiatrist and nurses or helpers.", "contents": "[Models for the integration into therapy of work performed by helpers within the framework of psychiatric wards (author's transl)]. Several models for the integration of the work done by nurses and attendants into therapy are presented. In particular, the use of the \"Scale for Behavioral Observation in Wards\" is described. Important modes of behavior, which are relevant for therapy, can be trained for the benefit of nurses and attendants by observing the patients' behavioral patterns. The approach described in this article can improve the co-operation between the psychiatrist and nurses or helpers.", "PMID": 545419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9879", "title": "Psychoendocrinology of the menstrual cycle: I. Enjoyment of daily activities and moods.", "content": "Thirty-three women participated in a study of the relationship between moods and enjoyment of activities during the menstrual cycle. All subjects had normal cycles and were screened for psychological health. None were taking oral contraceptives. Each subject filled out daily the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Social--Sexual Activities Log (SAAL). They also completed the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) once a month. The SSAL was developed as part of this research in order to provide a means of assessing subjective enjoyment of daily activities. SSAL items were developed from semistructural individual interviews and assessed behavior across eight different categories. Results suggest that the SSAL is a reliable self-report instrument. Although there were no changes in either moods or enjoyment of activities as a function of cycle phase with either the POMS or the SSAL, scores on the MDQ showed the usual cycle-related differences. These findings raise questions concerning the validity of retrospective methods in general, and of the MDQ in particular, as techniques for assessment of personal distress during the menstrual cycle. Equally important, the results suggest that when changes in psychological states are assessed concurrently during the menstrual cycle, the fluctuations observed in a healthy population are minimal.", "contents": "Psychoendocrinology of the menstrual cycle: I. Enjoyment of daily activities and moods. Thirty-three women participated in a study of the relationship between moods and enjoyment of activities during the menstrual cycle. All subjects had normal cycles and were screened for psychological health. None were taking oral contraceptives. Each subject filled out daily the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Social--Sexual Activities Log (SAAL). They also completed the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) once a month. The SSAL was developed as part of this research in order to provide a means of assessing subjective enjoyment of daily activities. SSAL items were developed from semistructural individual interviews and assessed behavior across eight different categories. Results suggest that the SSAL is a reliable self-report instrument. Although there were no changes in either moods or enjoyment of activities as a function of cycle phase with either the POMS or the SSAL, scores on the MDQ showed the usual cycle-related differences. These findings raise questions concerning the validity of retrospective methods in general, and of the MDQ in particular, as techniques for assessment of personal distress during the menstrual cycle. Equally important, the results suggest that when changes in psychological states are assessed concurrently during the menstrual cycle, the fluctuations observed in a healthy population are minimal.", "PMID": 545422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9880", "title": "Psychoendocrinology of the menstrual cycle: II. The relationship between enjoyment of activities, moods, and reproductive hormones.", "content": "Fourteen women served as subjects in a study of the relationships between emotional states, enjoyment of activities, and reproductive hormones. Each subject was psychologically and physically healthy, had a documented history of normal and regular menstrual cycles, was not taking oral contraceptives, and was involved in an ongoing heterosexual relationship. Each woman participated for at least two complete menstrual cycles. The Profile of Mood States and the Social-Sexual Activities Log were filled out daily; other questionnaires were completed less frequently. Blood was drawn between 3 and 5 times/week and was analyzed, using radioimmunoassay methods, from plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone. Twenty-seven of the twenty-eight cycles appeared to be normal and ovulatory, according to accepted endocrinological criteria. Results showed that in this sample of healthy women there was no relationship between mood states or enjoyment of activities and phase of the menstrual cycle, and no relationship between these psychological states and absolute levels of the reproductive hormones estradiol and progesterone.", "contents": "Psychoendocrinology of the menstrual cycle: II. The relationship between enjoyment of activities, moods, and reproductive hormones. Fourteen women served as subjects in a study of the relationships between emotional states, enjoyment of activities, and reproductive hormones. Each subject was psychologically and physically healthy, had a documented history of normal and regular menstrual cycles, was not taking oral contraceptives, and was involved in an ongoing heterosexual relationship. Each woman participated for at least two complete menstrual cycles. The Profile of Mood States and the Social-Sexual Activities Log were filled out daily; other questionnaires were completed less frequently. Blood was drawn between 3 and 5 times/week and was analyzed, using radioimmunoassay methods, from plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone. Twenty-seven of the twenty-eight cycles appeared to be normal and ovulatory, according to accepted endocrinological criteria. Results showed that in this sample of healthy women there was no relationship between mood states or enjoyment of activities and phase of the menstrual cycle, and no relationship between these psychological states and absolute levels of the reproductive hormones estradiol and progesterone.", "PMID": 545423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9881", "title": "Asthma attack frequency in a pediatric population.", "content": "The joint occurrence of asthmatic symptomatology and psychological maladjustment does not necessarily imply a functional relationship between these two sets of phenomena. To test the contribution of psychological adjustment to the prediction of asthma symptomatology, a stepwise multiple regression was applied. Pulmonary and psychological adjustment variables were included in the regression analysis. The single best predictor of attack frequency was the pulmonary factor MMEF. Predictability was significantly increased with the family adjustment rating, the pulmonary factor FEV1, and the Child Adjustment Rating entered into the equation. The results were interpreted to be consistent with psychosomatic theory.", "contents": "Asthma attack frequency in a pediatric population. The joint occurrence of asthmatic symptomatology and psychological maladjustment does not necessarily imply a functional relationship between these two sets of phenomena. To test the contribution of psychological adjustment to the prediction of asthma symptomatology, a stepwise multiple regression was applied. Pulmonary and psychological adjustment variables were included in the regression analysis. The single best predictor of attack frequency was the pulmonary factor MMEF. Predictability was significantly increased with the family adjustment rating, the pulmonary factor FEV1, and the Child Adjustment Rating entered into the equation. The results were interpreted to be consistent with psychosomatic theory.", "PMID": 545424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9882", "title": "Psychological factors in the prognosis of malignant melanoma: a prospective study.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with Stage I or II malignant melanoma who were apparently disease free rated the amount of adjustment needed to cope with their illness on a scale of 1 to 100. The resultant figure was called the melanoma adjustment score. Twenty-nine patients who relapsed within 1 year of surgery reported a score of 53 +/- 31 (mean +/- SD); 35 nonrelapsers reported a score of 80 +/- 20, p less than 0.001. Based upon analysis of indivual melanoma adjustment scores in the first 31 patients, we predicted that subjects scoring greater or equal to 65 would stay in remission, whereas those scoring greater than 65 would relapse. Applying this prospectively to the next 33 patients we correctly identified 25 of 33 outcomes (76%), p less than 0.03. This psychological variable was independent of known biological prognostic factors, which did not predict 1 year survival. The melanoma adjustment score was also independent of the number of positive lymph nodes, which did correlate with outcome in these patients. The results suggest a role for psychological factors in the one year prognosis of this malignancy.", "contents": "Psychological factors in the prognosis of malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Sixty-four patients with Stage I or II malignant melanoma who were apparently disease free rated the amount of adjustment needed to cope with their illness on a scale of 1 to 100. The resultant figure was called the melanoma adjustment score. Twenty-nine patients who relapsed within 1 year of surgery reported a score of 53 +/- 31 (mean +/- SD); 35 nonrelapsers reported a score of 80 +/- 20, p less than 0.001. Based upon analysis of indivual melanoma adjustment scores in the first 31 patients, we predicted that subjects scoring greater or equal to 65 would stay in remission, whereas those scoring greater than 65 would relapse. Applying this prospectively to the next 33 patients we correctly identified 25 of 33 outcomes (76%), p less than 0.03. This psychological variable was independent of known biological prognostic factors, which did not predict 1 year survival. The melanoma adjustment score was also independent of the number of positive lymph nodes, which did correlate with outcome in these patients. The results suggest a role for psychological factors in the one year prognosis of this malignancy.", "PMID": 545425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9883", "title": "Divorce and remarriage in a 65-year-old male following transphenoidal surgery and bromocriptine of hyperprolactinemic impotence: a dilemma.", "content": "Hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropinism, and subnormal plasma testosterone were found in a 65-year-old patient who had an enlarged sella turcica, complained of fatigue, and addmitted to decreased sexual interest and potency. Selective nontotal tumorectomy followed by bromocriptine therapy resulted in normoprolactinemia, increased plasma testosterone, and \"rejuvenation difficult to follow\" according to his wife. This patient described his sexual status as comparable to that of age 24 when he fathered his only child. Both wife and husband attributed the changes to bromocriptine and requested discontinuation (wife) and continuation (husband) of the treatment; because of the clinical indications, treatment was continued. Legally, a medical certification of a normal state of health was required before divorce--and subsequent marriage to a young woman--were permitted.", "contents": "Divorce and remarriage in a 65-year-old male following transphenoidal surgery and bromocriptine of hyperprolactinemic impotence: a dilemma. Hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropinism, and subnormal plasma testosterone were found in a 65-year-old patient who had an enlarged sella turcica, complained of fatigue, and addmitted to decreased sexual interest and potency. Selective nontotal tumorectomy followed by bromocriptine therapy resulted in normoprolactinemia, increased plasma testosterone, and \"rejuvenation difficult to follow\" according to his wife. This patient described his sexual status as comparable to that of age 24 when he fathered his only child. Both wife and husband attributed the changes to bromocriptine and requested discontinuation (wife) and continuation (husband) of the treatment; because of the clinical indications, treatment was continued. Legally, a medical certification of a normal state of health was required before divorce--and subsequent marriage to a young woman--were permitted.", "PMID": 545426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9884", "title": "Neutron activation analysis of biological materials by the monostandard method.", "content": "Instrumental neutron activation analysis by the monostandard method has been applied to the analyses of biological NBS standard reference materials; 1571 Orchard Leaves and 1577 Bovine Liver. Aluminum foils containing 0.100% gold or 2.00% cobalt were used as the monostandards. The gamma-ray spectral data were recorded on punched paper tape and were analyzed by a computer assisted data processing. The following 25 elements were determined: Al, Ca, Cl Cu, Mg, Mn, V (by short period irradiation), As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm and Zn (by long period irradiation). The results were compared with the certified values by NBS and the reported values in literatures to prove the reliability and accuracy of the monostandard method.", "contents": "Neutron activation analysis of biological materials by the monostandard method. Instrumental neutron activation analysis by the monostandard method has been applied to the analyses of biological NBS standard reference materials; 1571 Orchard Leaves and 1577 Bovine Liver. Aluminum foils containing 0.100% gold or 2.00% cobalt were used as the monostandards. The gamma-ray spectral data were recorded on punched paper tape and were analyzed by a computer assisted data processing. The following 25 elements were determined: Al, Ca, Cl Cu, Mg, Mn, V (by short period irradiation), As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm and Zn (by long period irradiation). The results were compared with the certified values by NBS and the reported values in literatures to prove the reliability and accuracy of the monostandard method.", "PMID": 545435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9885", "title": "Studies on the biotransformation of paeonol by means of isotope tracer techniques.--Synthesis and physicochemical properties of carbon-13 and deuterium labeled compounds--.", "content": "In order to perform the metabolic study of paeonol (I) in human and animals by using isotope tracer techniques, synthesis of I and its urinary metabolites labeled with carbon-13 or deuterium was investigated. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy[d3]acetophenone, 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy[d3]acetophenone, and resacetophenone[acetyl-13C2] were synthesized from methyl iodide-d3, dimethyl sulfate-d6, and acetic acid-1,2-13C2, respectively. Physicochemical studies by IR and NMR spectra showed that stable isotope was not eliminated during the synthetic process of each compound. For the quantification of the metabolites by GC-MS analysis, isotope effect on gas chromatography and fragmentation was studied.", "contents": "Studies on the biotransformation of paeonol by means of isotope tracer techniques.--Synthesis and physicochemical properties of carbon-13 and deuterium labeled compounds--. In order to perform the metabolic study of paeonol (I) in human and animals by using isotope tracer techniques, synthesis of I and its urinary metabolites labeled with carbon-13 or deuterium was investigated. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy[d3]acetophenone, 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy[d3]acetophenone, and resacetophenone[acetyl-13C2] were synthesized from methyl iodide-d3, dimethyl sulfate-d6, and acetic acid-1,2-13C2, respectively. Physicochemical studies by IR and NMR spectra showed that stable isotope was not eliminated during the synthetic process of each compound. For the quantification of the metabolites by GC-MS analysis, isotope effect on gas chromatography and fragmentation was studied.", "PMID": 545436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9886", "title": "Whole-body autoradiography of bumetanide-14C in dogs by round saw method.--A combined method of autoradiography and tissue radioassay--.", "content": "The distribution of a new potent diuretic, Bumetanide, in dogs was studied by means of a combined method of whole-body autoradiography and tissue radioassay, after oral administration of Bumetanide-14C to five young beagle dogs (ca. 1.2 kg). A round saw method developed by Kalberer was applied to obtain frozen slices of dog whole-body with a thickness of 3 mm. After exposure to X-ray films from both sides of the slices at -60 degrees C, frozen samples of the main tissues as well as the blood, urine, bile and intestinal contents were obtained to be assayed for radioactivity and to be analyzed for metabolites by TLC. The advantages of the round saw method (thick slices) in larger animals as dogs and monkeys as compared to the conventional microtome method (thin sections) were pointed out and discussed.", "contents": "Whole-body autoradiography of bumetanide-14C in dogs by round saw method.--A combined method of autoradiography and tissue radioassay--. The distribution of a new potent diuretic, Bumetanide, in dogs was studied by means of a combined method of whole-body autoradiography and tissue radioassay, after oral administration of Bumetanide-14C to five young beagle dogs (ca. 1.2 kg). A round saw method developed by Kalberer was applied to obtain frozen slices of dog whole-body with a thickness of 3 mm. After exposure to X-ray films from both sides of the slices at -60 degrees C, frozen samples of the main tissues as well as the blood, urine, bile and intestinal contents were obtained to be assayed for radioactivity and to be analyzed for metabolites by TLC. The advantages of the round saw method (thick slices) in larger animals as dogs and monkeys as compared to the conventional microtome method (thin sections) were pointed out and discussed.", "PMID": 545437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9887", "title": "[Myocardial imaging with thallium-201--subtraction imaging with 201TlCl and 99mTcO4- for the visualization of the right ventricle--(author's transl)].", "content": "The dual radioisotope techniques with 201TlCl and 99mTcO4- were performed in 30 cases inclusive of various heart and lung diseases, using a scintillation camera coupling to a small digital computer. The scintigraphic procedures were started about 5 minutes after intravenous injection of 201TlCl. The myocardial images such as anterior, 60 degrees left anterior oblique, and left lateral view, were obtained. Next, 30 degrees left anterior oblique view was taken and radionuclide angiogram with 99mTcO4- was done in the same position too. This joint use of the myocardial imaging and radionuclide angiography could increase diagnostic reliability. Superimposing the image as iso-count map extracted out of radionuclide angiogram to the brightness image of 201TlCl, the anatomic orientation of the image of 201TlCl was improved. Subtracting the blood pool image with 99mTcO4- or radionuclide angiogram, which showed visualization of the right ventricle, lungs and left ventricle, from the image of 201TlCl, the subtraction image was obtained. The right ventricle was visualized more clearly on this subtraction image than the original image of 201TlCl. Good visualization of the right ventricle was shown in 25 cases on the subtraction image, and in 17 cases on the original image of 201TlCl.", "contents": "[Myocardial imaging with thallium-201--subtraction imaging with 201TlCl and 99mTcO4- for the visualization of the right ventricle--(author's transl)]. The dual radioisotope techniques with 201TlCl and 99mTcO4- were performed in 30 cases inclusive of various heart and lung diseases, using a scintillation camera coupling to a small digital computer. The scintigraphic procedures were started about 5 minutes after intravenous injection of 201TlCl. The myocardial images such as anterior, 60 degrees left anterior oblique, and left lateral view, were obtained. Next, 30 degrees left anterior oblique view was taken and radionuclide angiogram with 99mTcO4- was done in the same position too. This joint use of the myocardial imaging and radionuclide angiography could increase diagnostic reliability. Superimposing the image as iso-count map extracted out of radionuclide angiogram to the brightness image of 201TlCl, the anatomic orientation of the image of 201TlCl was improved. Subtracting the blood pool image with 99mTcO4- or radionuclide angiogram, which showed visualization of the right ventricle, lungs and left ventricle, from the image of 201TlCl, the subtraction image was obtained. The right ventricle was visualized more clearly on this subtraction image than the original image of 201TlCl. Good visualization of the right ventricle was shown in 25 cases on the subtraction image, and in 17 cases on the original image of 201TlCl.", "PMID": 545438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9888", "title": "Analysis of physical parameters of discrete cell populations. (Double data control by combining specific density and sedimentation velocity cell separation techniques).", "content": "Physical cell separations are employed in a number of investigations in cell biology, immunology, haematology, etc., when the study of homogeneous cell populations is required. Differences in physical characters are reflected in the various functions and differentiation stages of the individual cell lines, which can be concentrated and separated into discrete cell classes by these methods. The correct utilization of the separation techniques mainly depends on the knowledge of the physical laws on which they are based. This paper discusses the theoretical background and a practical application of a combined separation procedure which uses velocity sedimentation and linear density gradient and also gives a double check of the physical data obtained in the different experiments. As an example of this analysis, cells from the lymph nodes of Hodgkin's patients were separated, and the physical parameters as well as some sources of 'error' in the experimental results obtained with these 'Hodgkin's cells' are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of physical parameters of discrete cell populations. (Double data control by combining specific density and sedimentation velocity cell separation techniques). Physical cell separations are employed in a number of investigations in cell biology, immunology, haematology, etc., when the study of homogeneous cell populations is required. Differences in physical characters are reflected in the various functions and differentiation stages of the individual cell lines, which can be concentrated and separated into discrete cell classes by these methods. The correct utilization of the separation techniques mainly depends on the knowledge of the physical laws on which they are based. This paper discusses the theoretical background and a practical application of a combined separation procedure which uses velocity sedimentation and linear density gradient and also gives a double check of the physical data obtained in the different experiments. As an example of this analysis, cells from the lymph nodes of Hodgkin's patients were separated, and the physical parameters as well as some sources of 'error' in the experimental results obtained with these 'Hodgkin's cells' are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 545642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9889", "title": "Radiopharmacology. (The state of the art).", "content": "The past, present and future development of radiopharmacology as a new branch of science is being presented. Radiopharmacological techniques have been applied by many scientists in the past, not knowing that they were developing a new scientific field. With the advancement of these techniques, the creation of a specialized teaching program and the organization of the first international symposium on radiopharmacology, the first specialized meeting in this area, radiopharmacology became a discipline standing on its own feet. The main purpose of radiopharmacology is to study the chemical properties of radiotracers, and their interactions with living organisms. In order to promote and further expand this field, an international association of radiopharmacology was created. The main purpose of the association is to congregate all those interested in the uses of radiotracers in biological sciences, including medicine, by the organization of national and international meetings.", "contents": "Radiopharmacology. (The state of the art). The past, present and future development of radiopharmacology as a new branch of science is being presented. Radiopharmacological techniques have been applied by many scientists in the past, not knowing that they were developing a new scientific field. With the advancement of these techniques, the creation of a specialized teaching program and the organization of the first international symposium on radiopharmacology, the first specialized meeting in this area, radiopharmacology became a discipline standing on its own feet. The main purpose of radiopharmacology is to study the chemical properties of radiotracers, and their interactions with living organisms. In order to promote and further expand this field, an international association of radiopharmacology was created. The main purpose of the association is to congregate all those interested in the uses of radiotracers in biological sciences, including medicine, by the organization of national and international meetings.", "PMID": 545643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9890", "title": "Liver involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "Twenty-one of 30 patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) had evidence of liver involvement. The liver disease was characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, mild elevation of enzymes, abnormal BSP retention and low albumin levels. Histology, available in 12 patients, showed either chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis; 44% of the patients had HBsAg or HBsAb in sera and/or cryoglobulins, confirming the high frequency of exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in EMC. However, liver lesions were similar in all patients, regardless of HBV exposure. Since other factors usually associated with chronic liver diseases were absent or apparently irrelevant, it is temptative to speculate that a 'cryoglobulinemic hepatitis' may exist as a distinct syndrome. The characteristic complement profile of the patients with EMC (low CH50 and C4, normal C3PA), not related to albumin levels, can help to differentiate this disease from chronic liver disease without cryoglobulins.", "contents": "Liver involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Twenty-one of 30 patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) had evidence of liver involvement. The liver disease was characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, mild elevation of enzymes, abnormal BSP retention and low albumin levels. Histology, available in 12 patients, showed either chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis; 44% of the patients had HBsAg or HBsAb in sera and/or cryoglobulins, confirming the high frequency of exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in EMC. However, liver lesions were similar in all patients, regardless of HBV exposure. Since other factors usually associated with chronic liver diseases were absent or apparently irrelevant, it is temptative to speculate that a 'cryoglobulinemic hepatitis' may exist as a distinct syndrome. The characteristic complement profile of the patients with EMC (low CH50 and C4, normal C3PA), not related to albumin levels, can help to differentiate this disease from chronic liver disease without cryoglobulins.", "PMID": 545644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9891", "title": "IgA nephropathy (Clinical, pathological and immunological findings).", "content": "Seventy-five biopsy samples from patients with chronic renal disorders were examined by the usual techniques of light microscopy and immunofluorescence; in fifteen patients IgA nephropathy was found. These patients were young adults; the onset of the disease was characterized by macrohematuria, and recurrent episodes of hematuria were observed. Histological examination revealed proliferative endothelio-mesangial glomerulonephritis at various stages of development with focal or diffuse patterns; immunofluorescence revealed constant and intense positive reactions for IgA mainly in association with C3. It is assumed that there is a relationship connecting the more advanced histological changes, a more severe clinical course and the presence of IgM deposits.", "contents": "IgA nephropathy (Clinical, pathological and immunological findings). Seventy-five biopsy samples from patients with chronic renal disorders were examined by the usual techniques of light microscopy and immunofluorescence; in fifteen patients IgA nephropathy was found. These patients were young adults; the onset of the disease was characterized by macrohematuria, and recurrent episodes of hematuria were observed. Histological examination revealed proliferative endothelio-mesangial glomerulonephritis at various stages of development with focal or diffuse patterns; immunofluorescence revealed constant and intense positive reactions for IgA mainly in association with C3. It is assumed that there is a relationship connecting the more advanced histological changes, a more severe clinical course and the presence of IgM deposits.", "PMID": 545645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9892", "title": "Plasma bile pigment conjugation modalities in icterus syndromes of various origin.", "content": "Plasma azopigments derived from conjugated bilirubin were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography according to HEIRWEGH et al. in 14 cases of obstructive jaundice and in 11 of acute hepatitis. The chromatographic patterns were compared with those obtained from azopigments derived from 8 normal bile samples. The plasma pigment patterns did not differ from those of the bile in number and chromatographic mobility of the spots. However, the quantitative percentages of the plasma azopigments were significantly modified: the alpha 0 fraction (free azodipyrrolic pigment) increased in both icteric syndromes, while the delta fraction (mainly glucuronide azopigment) decreased. Moreover, the behavior of two closed components of the delta group showed significant differences in both icteric syndromes. It can be postulated that the synthesis of bilirubin diconjugates decreases both in hepatocellular and cholestatic jaundice, while monoglucuronidated as well as saccharide and glucoside conjugates increase. In cholestatic jaundice the conjugation with glucuronic acid mainly takes place in the normal way, whereas compounds with different features are formed in hepatitis.", "contents": "Plasma bile pigment conjugation modalities in icterus syndromes of various origin. Plasma azopigments derived from conjugated bilirubin were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography according to HEIRWEGH et al. in 14 cases of obstructive jaundice and in 11 of acute hepatitis. The chromatographic patterns were compared with those obtained from azopigments derived from 8 normal bile samples. The plasma pigment patterns did not differ from those of the bile in number and chromatographic mobility of the spots. However, the quantitative percentages of the plasma azopigments were significantly modified: the alpha 0 fraction (free azodipyrrolic pigment) increased in both icteric syndromes, while the delta fraction (mainly glucuronide azopigment) decreased. Moreover, the behavior of two closed components of the delta group showed significant differences in both icteric syndromes. It can be postulated that the synthesis of bilirubin diconjugates decreases both in hepatocellular and cholestatic jaundice, while monoglucuronidated as well as saccharide and glucoside conjugates increase. In cholestatic jaundice the conjugation with glucuronic acid mainly takes place in the normal way, whereas compounds with different features are formed in hepatitis.", "PMID": 545646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9893", "title": "[Radiocompetitive dosage of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in geriatrics. Study of seasonal variations].", "content": "Dosages of 25 (OH) D and of 24, 25 (OH) 2 D in the plasma were done in March and October in 26 women more than 70 years old, hospitalized in a semi-chronic disease hospital of the Paris area. Eleven young adults, studied in June, served as control. There was a significant decrease of 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH) 2 D in older individuals (pL 0,001). In march, the levels of 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH) 2 D were respectively 2,7 +/- 1,6 mg/ml and 0,88 +/- 0,53 mg/ml. In October the level of 25 (OH) D (5,8 +/- 2,6 mg/ml) were significantly higher (p L 0,01) whereas the level of 24,25 (OH) 2 D did not vary (0,84 +/- 0,58 mg/ml). These results are in agreement with those obtained in England. The underline the relative deficit vitamin D in older individuals. The constant decrease of 24, 25 (OH) 2 D remained unexplained.", "contents": "[Radiocompetitive dosage of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in geriatrics. Study of seasonal variations]. Dosages of 25 (OH) D and of 24, 25 (OH) 2 D in the plasma were done in March and October in 26 women more than 70 years old, hospitalized in a semi-chronic disease hospital of the Paris area. Eleven young adults, studied in June, served as control. There was a significant decrease of 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH) 2 D in older individuals (pL 0,001). In march, the levels of 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH) 2 D were respectively 2,7 +/- 1,6 mg/ml and 0,88 +/- 0,53 mg/ml. In October the level of 25 (OH) D (5,8 +/- 2,6 mg/ml) were significantly higher (p L 0,01) whereas the level of 24,25 (OH) 2 D did not vary (0,84 +/- 0,58 mg/ml). These results are in agreement with those obtained in England. The underline the relative deficit vitamin D in older individuals. The constant decrease of 24, 25 (OH) 2 D remained unexplained.", "PMID": 545663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9894", "title": "[Cutaneous psoriasis. Symptoms and therapy].", "content": "Skin psoriasis, a multi- causal disease with unknown mechanism, has several clinical aspects. Besides ordinary psoriasis with mica-like plaques and its special locations, two less known notions are underlined: the localized forms are often less typical (for example: scalp, ears, folds of the hand, foot and nails). They may be relevant to the rhumatologist for the diagnosis the inflammatory forms are often disseminated with pustules and keratosis and constitute another groups where the rhumatologic manifestations are more frequent and more severe. Various forms of treatment are active on the cutaneous symptoms, chronic or relapsing topical therapy with  tar, corticoids, nitrogen mustard, photochemytherapy, oral derivatives of retinoic acid, and exceptionally immunosuppressors. Each technic has its advantages, its disadvantages on a short or long term. Therefore each patient should receive the therapy which is adapted to his form of psoriasis, the need and possibilities of the patient. Collaboration is a must and each patient should receive the adequate care making possible an improvement of his condition.", "contents": "[Cutaneous psoriasis. Symptoms and therapy]. Skin psoriasis, a multi- causal disease with unknown mechanism, has several clinical aspects. Besides ordinary psoriasis with mica-like plaques and its special locations, two less known notions are underlined: the localized forms are often less typical (for example: scalp, ears, folds of the hand, foot and nails). They may be relevant to the rhumatologist for the diagnosis the inflammatory forms are often disseminated with pustules and keratosis and constitute another groups where the rhumatologic manifestations are more frequent and more severe. Various forms of treatment are active on the cutaneous symptoms, chronic or relapsing topical therapy with  tar, corticoids, nitrogen mustard, photochemytherapy, oral derivatives of retinoic acid, and exceptionally immunosuppressors. Each technic has its advantages, its disadvantages on a short or long term. Therefore each patient should receive the therapy which is adapted to his form of psoriasis, the need and possibilities of the patient. Collaboration is a must and each patient should receive the adequate care making possible an improvement of his condition.", "PMID": 545664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9895", "title": "Heating at 56 degrees C does not eliminate immune complex-bound Clq.", "content": "The effect of heating at 56 degrees C on free and complex-bound Clq was studied by radioisotope and sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques. The ability of soluble complexes of egg albumin, rabbit anti-egg albumin, and human Clq to bind extrinsic iodinated Clq did not increase following heating at 56 degrees C. The results of this study did not support the postulated release of complex-bound Clq on heating at 56 degrees C. They also showed that free Clq was more heat-labile than Clq in the Clqrs state. The importance of elimination or monitoring of intrinsic Clq in Clq assays for circulating immune complexes is stressed.", "contents": "Heating at 56 degrees C does not eliminate immune complex-bound Clq. The effect of heating at 56 degrees C on free and complex-bound Clq was studied by radioisotope and sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques. The ability of soluble complexes of egg albumin, rabbit anti-egg albumin, and human Clq to bind extrinsic iodinated Clq did not increase following heating at 56 degrees C. The results of this study did not support the postulated release of complex-bound Clq on heating at 56 degrees C. They also showed that free Clq was more heat-labile than Clq in the Clqrs state. The importance of elimination or monitoring of intrinsic Clq in Clq assays for circulating immune complexes is stressed.", "PMID": 545666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9896", "title": "Effect of dipyridamole on the survival of experimental critical skin flaps.", "content": "The effect of dipyridamole (Persantin) on the survival of experimental skin flaps was studied. In controls 39% of the skin flap area survived. Intraperitoneal injection of dipyridamole 4 mg/kg twice daily starting four hours preoperatively increased the surviving area with 18%. This increase is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The improved survival could be due to the vasodilatory action of the drug and/or proliferation of small bloodvessels induced by the drug.", "contents": "Effect of dipyridamole on the survival of experimental critical skin flaps. The effect of dipyridamole (Persantin) on the survival of experimental skin flaps was studied. In controls 39% of the skin flap area survived. Intraperitoneal injection of dipyridamole 4 mg/kg twice daily starting four hours preoperatively increased the surviving area with 18%. This increase is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The improved survival could be due to the vasodilatory action of the drug and/or proliferation of small bloodvessels induced by the drug.", "PMID": 545667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9897", "title": "Reconstruction of articular cartilage with free autologous perichondrial grafts. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "An experimental study in adult rabbits has been performed to find out whether the cartilage forming capacity of the perichondrium could be utilized in reconstruction of articular cartilage. The normal articular cartilage of the glenoid surface of the humero-scapular joint was completely removed. Auricular perichondrium was grafted to cover the exposed bony surface with the active chondrogenic layer of the perichondrial graft facing the joint cavity. The joint was not immobilized but the operated limb was amputated at wrist level to avoid weight bearing. The animals were sacrificed at different time intervals ranging from 1 to 17 weeks. In 12 out of 14 grafted rabbits regeneration of cartilage occurred. In 6 of 10 control cases where no perichondrium was grafted to cover the resected surface no cartilage was found. In the other 4, only small areas of mature cartilage were seen, probably remnants of the original articular cartilage.", "contents": "Reconstruction of articular cartilage with free autologous perichondrial grafts. An experimental study in rabbits. An experimental study in adult rabbits has been performed to find out whether the cartilage forming capacity of the perichondrium could be utilized in reconstruction of articular cartilage. The normal articular cartilage of the glenoid surface of the humero-scapular joint was completely removed. Auricular perichondrium was grafted to cover the exposed bony surface with the active chondrogenic layer of the perichondrial graft facing the joint cavity. The joint was not immobilized but the operated limb was amputated at wrist level to avoid weight bearing. The animals were sacrificed at different time intervals ranging from 1 to 17 weeks. In 12 out of 14 grafted rabbits regeneration of cartilage occurred. In 6 of 10 control cases where no perichondrium was grafted to cover the resected surface no cartilage was found. In the other 4, only small areas of mature cartilage were seen, probably remnants of the original articular cartilage.", "PMID": 545668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9898", "title": "The cartilaginous potential of the perichondrium in rabbit ear and rib. A comparative study in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "In an experimental study the cartilaginous protential of the rabbit ear perichondrium has been compared with that of the rib in vivo and in vitro. Perichondrium was transferred as free autologous grafts to the subcutaneous tissue on the scalp and as loose bodies into the knee joint. The presence of cartilage in the grafts was examined after six weeks. In vitro explants of rabbit perichondrium from the ear and the rib were maintained in an organ culture system. The presence of cartilage was analyzed after one to three weeks. Rabbit perichondrium from the rib appeared to have a greater cartilaginous potential than that from the ear both in vivo and in vitro. Chondrogenesis in perichondrium was demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "The cartilaginous potential of the perichondrium in rabbit ear and rib. A comparative study in vivo and in vitro. In an experimental study the cartilaginous protential of the rabbit ear perichondrium has been compared with that of the rib in vivo and in vitro. Perichondrium was transferred as free autologous grafts to the subcutaneous tissue on the scalp and as loose bodies into the knee joint. The presence of cartilage in the grafts was examined after six weeks. In vitro explants of rabbit perichondrium from the ear and the rib were maintained in an organ culture system. The presence of cartilage was analyzed after one to three weeks. Rabbit perichondrium from the rib appeared to have a greater cartilaginous potential than that from the ear both in vivo and in vitro. Chondrogenesis in perichondrium was demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 545669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9899", "title": "Healing of membranous and long bone defects. An experimental study in growing rabbits.", "content": "Different isolation models have been used for qualitative and quantitative studies on the individual roles of periosteum, cortical bone, endosteum and bone marrow in the repair of long bone defects. Corresponding skull defects were studied to evaluate also the dural osteogenetic capacity. A total of 53 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 33 growing rabbits. The animals were killed 10-12 weeks after surgery. Ordinary rough histological methods were used for studying bone formation, and quantitative estimates were made using serial sections. The cortex, endosteum and bone marrow were demonstrated to play a minor part in the healing of tibial defects. Periosteum, on the other hand, had the most potent healing capacity. Calvarial periosteum, however, was found to be less bone producing and in that respect not to be superior to the dura. For a complete bony restoration combined periosteal and dural bone formation is necessary, also regarding the structural normalization.", "contents": "Healing of membranous and long bone defects. An experimental study in growing rabbits. Different isolation models have been used for qualitative and quantitative studies on the individual roles of periosteum, cortical bone, endosteum and bone marrow in the repair of long bone defects. Corresponding skull defects were studied to evaluate also the dural osteogenetic capacity. A total of 53 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 33 growing rabbits. The animals were killed 10-12 weeks after surgery. Ordinary rough histological methods were used for studying bone formation, and quantitative estimates were made using serial sections. The cortex, endosteum and bone marrow were demonstrated to play a minor part in the healing of tibial defects. Periosteum, on the other hand, had the most potent healing capacity. Calvarial periosteum, however, was found to be less bone producing and in that respect not to be superior to the dura. For a complete bony restoration combined periosteal and dural bone formation is necessary, also regarding the structural normalization.", "PMID": 545670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9900", "title": "Subperiosteal early resection of the mid-palatal suture. A morphological study in twelve patients operated for choanal atresia.", "content": "Twelve patients with choanal atresia were operated on by a method which involves a subperiosteal resection of the hard palate including the posterior two-thirds of the mid-palatal suture. In 7 patients, admitted for reoperation, peroperative examinations revealed an osseous defect in the posterior part of the hard palate. Biopsies showed that repair in this area was mostly by connective tissue, indicating that formation of new bone, regenerated from periost, is minimal in this part of the palate. Fresh specimens from 5 previously unoperated patients and from the anterior intact part of the palate of the reoperated patients, displayed that the mid-palatal suture was not obliterated even at 26 years of age. Longitudinally orientated intrasutural fibres and signs of active growth were evident up to puberty. The suture seemed to consist of three layers.", "contents": "Subperiosteal early resection of the mid-palatal suture. A morphological study in twelve patients operated for choanal atresia. Twelve patients with choanal atresia were operated on by a method which involves a subperiosteal resection of the hard palate including the posterior two-thirds of the mid-palatal suture. In 7 patients, admitted for reoperation, peroperative examinations revealed an osseous defect in the posterior part of the hard palate. Biopsies showed that repair in this area was mostly by connective tissue, indicating that formation of new bone, regenerated from periost, is minimal in this part of the palate. Fresh specimens from 5 previously unoperated patients and from the anterior intact part of the palate of the reoperated patients, displayed that the mid-palatal suture was not obliterated even at 26 years of age. Longitudinally orientated intrasutural fibres and signs of active growth were evident up to puberty. The suture seemed to consist of three layers.", "PMID": 545671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9901", "title": "The effect of the lip adhesion procedure on the alveolar arch. With special reference to the type and width of the cleft and the age at operation.", "content": "In a material of 89 wide clefts, we measured the effect of the lip adhesion on the width of the cleft, the deviation of the maxillary arch segments, and in bilateral clefts on the premaxillary protrusion. The width of the unilateral complete cleft diminished by two-thirds, on average, depending upon decreasing positive deviation of the major alveolar segment, while the minor segment did not react at all. In unilateral alveolar clefts the effect was in principle similar. In bilateral complete clefts the width of the cleft diminished by only 40-50%, on the average, and the protrusion of the premaxilla by 8-23%, while the primarily always negative segmental deviation decreased by about 40%. The age at operation within certain limits did not seem to influence the results in any significant way. Lip adhesion is thus recommended especially in wide unilateral complete clefts as an operative orthodontic procedure to facilitate subsequent final repair.", "contents": "The effect of the lip adhesion procedure on the alveolar arch. With special reference to the type and width of the cleft and the age at operation. In a material of 89 wide clefts, we measured the effect of the lip adhesion on the width of the cleft, the deviation of the maxillary arch segments, and in bilateral clefts on the premaxillary protrusion. The width of the unilateral complete cleft diminished by two-thirds, on average, depending upon decreasing positive deviation of the major alveolar segment, while the minor segment did not react at all. In unilateral alveolar clefts the effect was in principle similar. In bilateral complete clefts the width of the cleft diminished by only 40-50%, on the average, and the protrusion of the premaxilla by 8-23%, while the primarily always negative segmental deviation decreased by about 40%. The age at operation within certain limits did not seem to influence the results in any significant way. Lip adhesion is thus recommended especially in wide unilateral complete clefts as an operative orthodontic procedure to facilitate subsequent final repair.", "PMID": 545673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9902", "title": "Cutaneous malignant melanoma. Studies on the find structure of cells and their surface morphology in relation to tumour type and clinical course.", "content": "Cutaneous malignant melanoma occurs in three forms: lentigo maligna melanoma, superficially spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma. The histology, the clinical development and the biological malignancy of these tumours differ. The purpose of the study reported here was to provide a clearer picture of the surface morphology of the malignant cells and to relate their fine structure to both the tumour type and the clinical development of the malignant melanoma. This investigation of 28 tumours from 22 patients of Scandinavian origin shows that at the electron microscope level there is no difference between malignant cells in the invasion nodulus of superficially spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma. The primary tumours were often built up of 2 or 3 differently differentiated cell clones. Metastases were built up of the same cells or cell clones that were found in the primary tumour. In several cases the surface of the malignant cells was folded, and covered with microvilli, microblebs and blebs. These surface alterations could be related in several cases to changes in the cytoskeleton of the cell (microtubuli and microfilament complexes). The clinical course of the malignant melanoma could best be correlated to the histogenetic type of tumour, depth of invasion, nucleus polymorphy and the quantity and arrangement of the microfilament complexes.", "contents": "Cutaneous malignant melanoma. Studies on the find structure of cells and their surface morphology in relation to tumour type and clinical course. Cutaneous malignant melanoma occurs in three forms: lentigo maligna melanoma, superficially spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma. The histology, the clinical development and the biological malignancy of these tumours differ. The purpose of the study reported here was to provide a clearer picture of the surface morphology of the malignant cells and to relate their fine structure to both the tumour type and the clinical development of the malignant melanoma. This investigation of 28 tumours from 22 patients of Scandinavian origin shows that at the electron microscope level there is no difference between malignant cells in the invasion nodulus of superficially spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma. The primary tumours were often built up of 2 or 3 differently differentiated cell clones. Metastases were built up of the same cells or cell clones that were found in the primary tumour. In several cases the surface of the malignant cells was folded, and covered with microvilli, microblebs and blebs. These surface alterations could be related in several cases to changes in the cytoskeleton of the cell (microtubuli and microfilament complexes). The clinical course of the malignant melanoma could best be correlated to the histogenetic type of tumour, depth of invasion, nucleus polymorphy and the quantity and arrangement of the microfilament complexes.", "PMID": 545676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9903", "title": "Excisional biopsy and delayed wide excision versus primary wide excision of malignant melanoma.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 269 cutaneous malignant melanomas in stage I the influence of biopsy on survival was studied. Sixty patients were treated with primary wide excision and 209 patients with excisional biopsy followed by wide excision. The 5-year survival rates for the two groups were 75.0% and 82.8% respectively. There was an equal distribution of prognostic factors such as thickness, level of invasion, presence of ulceration, location and maximal size of the tumours in the two groups. As excisional biopsy with subsequent wide excision gives an accurate histopathologic diagnosis and permits a more rational treatment of thin melanomas, this form of treatment is recommended.", "contents": "Excisional biopsy and delayed wide excision versus primary wide excision of malignant melanoma. In a retrospective study of 269 cutaneous malignant melanomas in stage I the influence of biopsy on survival was studied. Sixty patients were treated with primary wide excision and 209 patients with excisional biopsy followed by wide excision. The 5-year survival rates for the two groups were 75.0% and 82.8% respectively. There was an equal distribution of prognostic factors such as thickness, level of invasion, presence of ulceration, location and maximal size of the tumours in the two groups. As excisional biopsy with subsequent wide excision gives an accurate histopathologic diagnosis and permits a more rational treatment of thin melanomas, this form of treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 545677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9904", "title": "On the pathogenesis of bedsores. Skin blood flow cessation by external pressure on the back.", "content": "This paper is devoted to elucidation of the question: Which external pressure is required to stop skin blood flow at the skin - support interface in humans lying on the back in the supine position? Cessation of blood flow was recorded as cessation of washout of an intracutaneous depot of 131I-antipyrine mixed with histamine. The external pressure was measured by a small airfilled plastic cushion connected to a mercury manometer. In 11 normal subjects, eight patients with hypertension and seven patients with tetra- or paraplegia the \"flow cessation external pressure\" (FCEP) was strongly correlated to the auscultatory brachial mean blood pressure (p less than or equal to 0.001). The difference mean blood pressure - FCEP was on average 4 mmHg (range (-11) - (+20) mmHg) and there was no significant difference between the three groups studied. Thus external pressure exceeding the actual mean blood pressure will stop skin circulation.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of bedsores. Skin blood flow cessation by external pressure on the back. This paper is devoted to elucidation of the question: Which external pressure is required to stop skin blood flow at the skin - support interface in humans lying on the back in the supine position? Cessation of blood flow was recorded as cessation of washout of an intracutaneous depot of 131I-antipyrine mixed with histamine. The external pressure was measured by a small airfilled plastic cushion connected to a mercury manometer. In 11 normal subjects, eight patients with hypertension and seven patients with tetra- or paraplegia the \"flow cessation external pressure\" (FCEP) was strongly correlated to the auscultatory brachial mean blood pressure (p less than or equal to 0.001). The difference mean blood pressure - FCEP was on average 4 mmHg (range (-11) - (+20) mmHg) and there was no significant difference between the three groups studied. Thus external pressure exceeding the actual mean blood pressure will stop skin circulation.", "PMID": 545678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9905", "title": "Ulcus cruris recidivans caused by auto-mutilations. Case report.", "content": "Two patients are reported with repeated, nonhealing wounds due to auto-mutilation. The diagnostic and psychiatric problems involved are discussed.", "contents": "Ulcus cruris recidivans caused by auto-mutilations. Case report. Two patients are reported with repeated, nonhealing wounds due to auto-mutilation. The diagnostic and psychiatric problems involved are discussed.", "PMID": 545679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9906", "title": "Acne keloidalis of the burned male face. Case report.", "content": "Acne keloidalis is characterized by infected keloid-like nodules in the short-cut nuchal region probably caused by recurving, ingrowing hairshafts. A case with a deep, partial-thickness burn of the hair-bearing part of the face of a man is reported. After healing, the patient started shaving himself thus inducing a severe state of acne keloidalis. It seems advisable in males not to shave during the first eight eight to ten months after a partial-thickness burn of the face in order to avoid this troublesome condition.", "contents": "Acne keloidalis of the burned male face. Case report. Acne keloidalis is characterized by infected keloid-like nodules in the short-cut nuchal region probably caused by recurving, ingrowing hairshafts. A case with a deep, partial-thickness burn of the hair-bearing part of the face of a man is reported. After healing, the patient started shaving himself thus inducing a severe state of acne keloidalis. It seems advisable in males not to shave during the first eight eight to ten months after a partial-thickness burn of the face in order to avoid this troublesome condition.", "PMID": 545680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9907", "title": "Direction of spatial error in the copying of visual stimuli: the relevance of focal brain damage.", "content": "Hemisphere-damaged patients and control subjects were tested by copying visual stimuli from a large display. The vertical and horizontal components of the errors and the overall accuracy were analysed with the following results: (i) all the subjects displaced downward in the left half of the display and upward in the right half, except for the left hemisphere-damaged patients with visual field defect, (ii) both left and right hemisphere-damaged patients with visual field defect displaced the copied point toward the damaged hemisphere, and generally were inaccurate only in the half of the copying set opposite to the damage hemisphere, without asymmetry between the effect of left and right posterior lesion except for the presence of unilateral neglect only among subjects with right hemisphere lesions.", "contents": "Direction of spatial error in the copying of visual stimuli: the relevance of focal brain damage. Hemisphere-damaged patients and control subjects were tested by copying visual stimuli from a large display. The vertical and horizontal components of the errors and the overall accuracy were analysed with the following results: (i) all the subjects displaced downward in the left half of the display and upward in the right half, except for the left hemisphere-damaged patients with visual field defect, (ii) both left and right hemisphere-damaged patients with visual field defect displaced the copied point toward the damaged hemisphere, and generally were inaccurate only in the half of the copying set opposite to the damage hemisphere, without asymmetry between the effect of left and right posterior lesion except for the presence of unilateral neglect only among subjects with right hemisphere lesions.", "PMID": 545681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9908", "title": "[What Swiss psychiatrists think of schizophrenia].", "content": "The author has made an inquiry with all the swiss FMH psychiatrists, the subject being their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia. 69% answered. The majority of psychiatrists questioned, think that it is impossible to establish priorities between the psycho-genetical determinatives on one hand and hereditary and neuro-biochemical components on the other. The author was able to establish a ststistically significative correlation between the age of the psychiatrists and their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia. On the other hand, their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia was not influenced by the fact that a member of their family was schizophrenic.", "contents": "[What Swiss psychiatrists think of schizophrenia]. The author has made an inquiry with all the swiss FMH psychiatrists, the subject being their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia. 69% answered. The majority of psychiatrists questioned, think that it is impossible to establish priorities between the psycho-genetical determinatives on one hand and hereditary and neuro-biochemical components on the other. The author was able to establish a ststistically significative correlation between the age of the psychiatrists and their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia. On the other hand, their opinion on the origins of schizophrenia was not influenced by the fact that a member of their family was schizophrenic.", "PMID": 545683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9909", "title": "[Vegetative parameters under the effect of ouabain (g-strophanthin) in endogenous depressive patients. 2. The acral heating rate].", "content": "In 12 patients with endogenous depression the longitudinal variations of the time of acrale reheating was measured. Under the treatment with Ouabain (g-Strophanthin) both the depth of depression and the time of acrale reheating was diminished between day 0 and 12.", "contents": "[Vegetative parameters under the effect of ouabain (g-strophanthin) in endogenous depressive patients. 2. The acral heating rate]. In 12 patients with endogenous depression the longitudinal variations of the time of acrale reheating was measured. Under the treatment with Ouabain (g-Strophanthin) both the depth of depression and the time of acrale reheating was diminished between day 0 and 12.", "PMID": 545684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9910", "title": "[Several aspects of programming errors in the frontal syndrome].", "content": "In order to study different aspects of programming impairment, 32 patients with frontal lesions and other pathological groups were given two tasks: (a) \"REY's Complex Figure\" the results of which were compared to those of other graphic tasks; (b) an alternation task. The results of the first task indicate that the frontal subjects show characteristic disturbances, which are described. These patients encountered specific difficulties in the second task when the rule to be found involves asymmetrical sequences. The relationship between the different tasks and the programming impairment is discussed.", "contents": "[Several aspects of programming errors in the frontal syndrome]. In order to study different aspects of programming impairment, 32 patients with frontal lesions and other pathological groups were given two tasks: (a) \"REY's Complex Figure\" the results of which were compared to those of other graphic tasks; (b) an alternation task. The results of the first task indicate that the frontal subjects show characteristic disturbances, which are described. These patients encountered specific difficulties in the second task when the rule to be found involves asymmetrical sequences. The relationship between the different tasks and the programming impairment is discussed.", "PMID": 545685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9911", "title": "[Myelography as a cause of persistant cerebral vascular spasm].", "content": "A few hours after an ascending myelography with Pantopaque, a woman aged 52 presented light coma with signs of meningeal reaction, left hemiparesis and a central deficit of the left facial nerve. 24 hours later, a computer axial tomography revealed the presence of the contrast media (Pantopaque) in the basal cysterns. Three days after, the right carotid angiography indicated the presence of a diffuse spasm of the intracranial branches of the internal carotid artery, particularly a spasm of the cortical ascending parietal and descending temporal ones, without deplacements. A second CT investigation revealed a slow, but complete recovery of the neurologic functions in the following 10 days. According to the Authors, this clinical observation reproduces the experimental pattern of the cerebral spasm caused by the administration of a spasmogenic chemical factor in the basal cysterns, because of the following clinical aspects: blood absence in the liquor; T wave inversion (the electrocardiographic symptom considered as a predisposing factor); meningeal reaction owing to the irritation of the myelographic contrast and persistent vasospastic answer of the right carotid circle, as it may be seen in the angiographic control.", "contents": "[Myelography as a cause of persistant cerebral vascular spasm]. A few hours after an ascending myelography with Pantopaque, a woman aged 52 presented light coma with signs of meningeal reaction, left hemiparesis and a central deficit of the left facial nerve. 24 hours later, a computer axial tomography revealed the presence of the contrast media (Pantopaque) in the basal cysterns. Three days after, the right carotid angiography indicated the presence of a diffuse spasm of the intracranial branches of the internal carotid artery, particularly a spasm of the cortical ascending parietal and descending temporal ones, without deplacements. A second CT investigation revealed a slow, but complete recovery of the neurologic functions in the following 10 days. According to the Authors, this clinical observation reproduces the experimental pattern of the cerebral spasm caused by the administration of a spasmogenic chemical factor in the basal cysterns, because of the following clinical aspects: blood absence in the liquor; T wave inversion (the electrocardiographic symptom considered as a predisposing factor); meningeal reaction owing to the irritation of the myelographic contrast and persistent vasospastic answer of the right carotid circle, as it may be seen in the angiographic control.", "PMID": 545686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9912", "title": "[A case contribution on the question of primary intramedullary melanoma].", "content": "The author describes a case of primary intramedullary melanoma of the spinal cord with intermittent symptomatology and further discusses problems involving the pathology, diagnostics, therapy and prognosis.", "contents": "[A case contribution on the question of primary intramedullary melanoma]. The author describes a case of primary intramedullary melanoma of the spinal cord with intermittent symptomatology and further discusses problems involving the pathology, diagnostics, therapy and prognosis.", "PMID": 545687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9913", "title": "Pure word deafness and bilateral posterior perisylvian softenings: report of a case with neuropsychological-C.A.T. correlation.", "content": "A case of Pure Word Deafness (PWD) with bilateral perisylvian softenings is described. The C.A.T. findings fit the classical anatomical counterpart of PWD: a nearly complete acoustic disconnection of the Wernicke area. The associated severe apraxic disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Pure word deafness and bilateral posterior perisylvian softenings: report of a case with neuropsychological-C.A.T. correlation. A case of Pure Word Deafness (PWD) with bilateral perisylvian softenings is described. The C.A.T. findings fit the classical anatomical counterpart of PWD: a nearly complete acoustic disconnection of the Wernicke area. The associated severe apraxic disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 545688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9914", "title": "[Cultures of tissue from central nervous system tumors. Part 1. Neuroglial tumors].", "content": "The authors report their experience with monolayer culture of 80 neuro-glial tumors. Of these 45 were glioblastomas and 17 astrocytomas. 7 glioblastomas gave long term lines, two of which have been transplanted into nude mice and studied by electron microscopy. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of neuro-glial tumors are discussed.", "contents": "[Cultures of tissue from central nervous system tumors. Part 1. Neuroglial tumors]. The authors report their experience with monolayer culture of 80 neuro-glial tumors. Of these 45 were glioblastomas and 17 astrocytomas. 7 glioblastomas gave long term lines, two of which have been transplanted into nude mice and studied by electron microscopy. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of neuro-glial tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 545689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9915", "title": "[How long does suicide threaten divorced people?].", "content": "The interval between divorce and suicide in 66 divorced men and 42 divorced women was compared with the interval between divorce and death from other causes in a control group of 87 divorced men and 93 divorced women. The interval between divorce and death was shorter on average for the suicide group than for the control group. Among men, the risk for suicide was especially great in the first half year after divorce.", "contents": "[How long does suicide threaten divorced people?]. The interval between divorce and suicide in 66 divorced men and 42 divorced women was compared with the interval between divorce and death from other causes in a control group of 87 divorced men and 93 divorced women. The interval between divorce and death was shorter on average for the suicide group than for the control group. Among men, the risk for suicide was especially great in the first half year after divorce.", "PMID": 545690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9916", "title": "[Indication for psychotherapy. Study of 233 cases].", "content": "If in the final analysis the value of the projected treatment can only be considered relative to results obtained by therapy which it has motivated, would it not be possible as implied to assure from the very beginning its effects? The author's research based on statistical and clinical analysis of 233 files drawn up by the Policlinique psychiatrique de Lausanne, between 1967 and 1975, allows an affirmative reply. And if on the one hand this work goes as far as to relativise or even to negate the capacities of the therapist (a therapist considered mediocre obtaining almost identical results to one who is not seen as such), and on the other to show that all the inconstant elements studied are no longer likely to be mastered by the medical prerogatives alone, the latter is not put into doubt but simply becomes better adjusted to prevailing socio-cultural conditions.", "contents": "[Indication for psychotherapy. Study of 233 cases]. If in the final analysis the value of the projected treatment can only be considered relative to results obtained by therapy which it has motivated, would it not be possible as implied to assure from the very beginning its effects? The author's research based on statistical and clinical analysis of 233 files drawn up by the Policlinique psychiatrique de Lausanne, between 1967 and 1975, allows an affirmative reply. And if on the one hand this work goes as far as to relativise or even to negate the capacities of the therapist (a therapist considered mediocre obtaining almost identical results to one who is not seen as such), and on the other to show that all the inconstant elements studied are no longer likely to be mastered by the medical prerogatives alone, the latter is not put into doubt but simply becomes better adjusted to prevailing socio-cultural conditions.", "PMID": 545691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9917", "title": "Prevalence of tenosynovitis and other injuries of the upper extremities in repetitive work.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to compare the prevalence of soft tissue disorders in the neck, arms and hands between packers doing repetitive work and shop assistants with variable tasks. One hundred and fifty-two female assembly-line packers in a food production factory and 133 female shop assistants were interviewed about their symptoms and given a clinical examination of the neck and upper extremities. The number of cases of tension neck, cervical syndrome, scalenus syndrome, and humeral epicondylitis did not differ significantly between the two groups. The prevalence of tenosynovitis and humeral tendinitis was significantly higher for the assembly-line packers. The packing work consisted of static muscle work by the arms, grasping and maximal extensions of the fingers, and lateral deviations of the wrists. The movements numbered up to 25,000/workday. A relationship between some work load factors and some disorders of the upper extremities is probable.", "contents": "Prevalence of tenosynovitis and other injuries of the upper extremities in repetitive work. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the prevalence of soft tissue disorders in the neck, arms and hands between packers doing repetitive work and shop assistants with variable tasks. One hundred and fifty-two female assembly-line packers in a food production factory and 133 female shop assistants were interviewed about their symptoms and given a clinical examination of the neck and upper extremities. The number of cases of tension neck, cervical syndrome, scalenus syndrome, and humeral epicondylitis did not differ significantly between the two groups. The prevalence of tenosynovitis and humeral tendinitis was significantly higher for the assembly-line packers. The packing work consisted of static muscle work by the arms, grasping and maximal extensions of the fingers, and lateral deviations of the wrists. The movements numbered up to 25,000/workday. A relationship between some work load factors and some disorders of the upper extremities is probable.", "PMID": 545693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9918", "title": "Effects of motion load changes on tendon tissues and articular cartilage. A biochemical and scanning electron microscopic study on rabbits.", "content": "The motion load of rabbits was increased by treadmill running during a 5-d period. One group ran on a level surface, while the other ran uphill. After the running, the glycosaminoglycan metabolism and scanning electron microscopic photographs of different tendon, ligament and cartilage samples were analyzed. Uphill running decreased the glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular and costal cartilage. The clearest irregularities of articular cartilage studied by scanning electron microscopy were also seen in the uphill running group. Increasing the motion load increased the glycosaminoglycan synthesis of stretched tendons. The possible combination of general inhibitory and local stimulating effects is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of motion load changes on tendon tissues and articular cartilage. A biochemical and scanning electron microscopic study on rabbits. The motion load of rabbits was increased by treadmill running during a 5-d period. One group ran on a level surface, while the other ran uphill. After the running, the glycosaminoglycan metabolism and scanning electron microscopic photographs of different tendon, ligament and cartilage samples were analyzed. Uphill running decreased the glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular and costal cartilage. The clearest irregularities of articular cartilage studied by scanning electron microscopy were also seen in the uphill running group. Increasing the motion load increased the glycosaminoglycan synthesis of stretched tendons. The possible combination of general inhibitory and local stimulating effects is discussed.", "PMID": 545694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9919", "title": "[13 Years of veterinary mycological routine diagnostics. Isolation of dermatophytes in the years 1965-1977].", "content": "Over a thirteen year period (1965 to 1977) a total of 4790 skin scrapings and hair samples of animals were examined mycologically. 887 strains of dermatophytes were isolated out of 885 of these samples (= 18,5%). Most frequently Trichophyton verrucosum was identified in samples from cattle, followed by Microsporum canis isolated from cats, dogs and zoo animals. T. mentagrophytes was mainly found on guinea pigs, chinchillas and dogs and T. equinum on horses. Although the total number of the samples examined within the last 8 years increased, the total of the dermatophytes isolated remained proportionately the same. The relative numbers of the various species of dermatophytes isolated did not change within the period of investigation.", "contents": "[13 Years of veterinary mycological routine diagnostics. Isolation of dermatophytes in the years 1965-1977]. Over a thirteen year period (1965 to 1977) a total of 4790 skin scrapings and hair samples of animals were examined mycologically. 887 strains of dermatophytes were isolated out of 885 of these samples (= 18,5%). Most frequently Trichophyton verrucosum was identified in samples from cattle, followed by Microsporum canis isolated from cats, dogs and zoo animals. T. mentagrophytes was mainly found on guinea pigs, chinchillas and dogs and T. equinum on horses. Although the total number of the samples examined within the last 8 years increased, the total of the dermatophytes isolated remained proportionately the same. The relative numbers of the various species of dermatophytes isolated did not change within the period of investigation.", "PMID": 545713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9920", "title": "[Intradermal reactions with coccidioidins in different towns of San Luis Province].", "content": "Intradermal tests were used to determine the extent of the endemic zone of coccidioidomycosis in Argentina. We performed our endemiological study among school-aged children and grown-ups in San Luis city and in the following towns: Nogoli, Villa de la Quebrada, Balde, Salinas del Bebedero, Beazley, Fraga and Eleodoro Lobos. We employed three coccidioidins for each person--Negroni's coccidioidin, coloured coccidioidin and uncoloured coccidioidin. Reactions were usually read 48 h after inoculation. After inoculating 1,262 individuals we could read only 1,069 results. Overall, the positive reactors to one, two or three coccidioidins were 14.8%. We found no relation between positive reactors and the sex of subjects, but every group showed a noticeable relation between age and positive reactions, especially in older people. The positive reactors for each of the coccidioidins were as follows: Negroni coccidioidin: 10.1%: coloured coccidioidin: 4.9% and uncoloured coccidioidin: 5.0%.", "contents": "[Intradermal reactions with coccidioidins in different towns of San Luis Province]. Intradermal tests were used to determine the extent of the endemic zone of coccidioidomycosis in Argentina. We performed our endemiological study among school-aged children and grown-ups in San Luis city and in the following towns: Nogoli, Villa de la Quebrada, Balde, Salinas del Bebedero, Beazley, Fraga and Eleodoro Lobos. We employed three coccidioidins for each person--Negroni's coccidioidin, coloured coccidioidin and uncoloured coccidioidin. Reactions were usually read 48 h after inoculation. After inoculating 1,262 individuals we could read only 1,069 results. Overall, the positive reactors to one, two or three coccidioidins were 14.8%. We found no relation between positive reactors and the sex of subjects, but every group showed a noticeable relation between age and positive reactions, especially in older people. The positive reactors for each of the coccidioidins were as follows: Negroni coccidioidin: 10.1%: coloured coccidioidin: 4.9% and uncoloured coccidioidin: 5.0%.", "PMID": 545714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9921", "title": "Low-income widows and other aged singles.", "content": "Based on data collected in a nationwide survey in late 1973, this report describes the living conditions, health, social activity, and attitudes of unmarried older persons at low to middle income levels--that is, below $5,000 per year. Although most previous research has focused on the special situation of widows, the current findings indicate that lower income widowers and divorced/separated/never-married persons generally experience many of the same problems as the widows and respond to them in a remarkably similar fashion. Old age without a spouse or adequate income seems to dictate the same material and social hardship regardless of whether the spouse was lost to death, divorce, or separation, or was never acquired in the first place.", "contents": "Low-income widows and other aged singles. Based on data collected in a nationwide survey in late 1973, this report describes the living conditions, health, social activity, and attitudes of unmarried older persons at low to middle income levels--that is, below $5,000 per year. Although most previous research has focused on the special situation of widows, the current findings indicate that lower income widowers and divorced/separated/never-married persons generally experience many of the same problems as the widows and respond to them in a remarkably similar fashion. Old age without a spouse or adequate income seems to dictate the same material and social hardship regardless of whether the spouse was lost to death, divorce, or separation, or was never acquired in the first place.", "PMID": 545715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9922", "title": "Complementation of genetic disease: a velocity sedimentation procedure for the enrichment of heterokaryons.", "content": "Methodology is described to enrich for heterokaryons after mammalian cell fusion. A heterogeneous cell mixture can be separated on a Sta-Put apparatus into fractions of uniform size cells by sedimentation through a 1% bovine serum albumin-5% Ficoll gradient. Unfused RAG and LM/TK- cells, differing by 10% in diameter, have been sorted by size; following fusion, larger and faster sedimenting cells were shown to be hybrids. This methodology can be utilized in genetic complementation studies of human genetic diseases where selection procedures for proliferating hybrids do not exist. When fibroblasts from individuals with Tay-Sachs disease [deficient in hexosaminidase A (HEX A-)] and Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease (HEX A- and HEX B-) are fused, HEX A is generated, demonstrating complementation of two different mutations. After Sta-Put fractionation, the HEX A complementation product was associated with the faster sedimenting multinuclear cells and not with the mononuclear parental cells. This methodology will facilitate detection of genetic differences in fibroblasts from related inherited disorders.", "contents": "Complementation of genetic disease: a velocity sedimentation procedure for the enrichment of heterokaryons. Methodology is described to enrich for heterokaryons after mammalian cell fusion. A heterogeneous cell mixture can be separated on a Sta-Put apparatus into fractions of uniform size cells by sedimentation through a 1% bovine serum albumin-5% Ficoll gradient. Unfused RAG and LM/TK- cells, differing by 10% in diameter, have been sorted by size; following fusion, larger and faster sedimenting cells were shown to be hybrids. This methodology can be utilized in genetic complementation studies of human genetic diseases where selection procedures for proliferating hybrids do not exist. When fibroblasts from individuals with Tay-Sachs disease [deficient in hexosaminidase A (HEX A-)] and Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease (HEX A- and HEX B-) are fused, HEX A is generated, demonstrating complementation of two different mutations. After Sta-Put fractionation, the HEX A complementation product was associated with the faster sedimenting multinuclear cells and not with the mononuclear parental cells. This methodology will facilitate detection of genetic differences in fibroblasts from related inherited disorders.", "PMID": 545716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9923", "title": "Restoration of metabolic cooperation in heterokaryons between HGPRT-deficient mouse A9 fibroblasts and chick embryo erythrocytes.", "content": "Genetic determinants of metabolic cooperation were studied by fusing chick erythrocytes to HGPRT- mammalian cells. Heterokaryons were then tested for their ability to incorporate [3H]hypoxanthine and to transfer radioactive material to HGPRT- recipient cells. Chick erythrocytes (CE) have nuclei which are inactive but contain the HGPRT gene and some cytoplasmic HGPRT enzyme activity. They are unable, however, to cooperate with HGPRT- cells. Of the two mammalian cell lines used, the human GM29 line is HGPRT- and capable of functioning as a receptor cell in cooperation experiments with HGPRT+ cells. The HGPRT- mouse A9 line on the other hand is unable to cooperate. Immediately after fusion, both types of heterokaryons incorporated [3H]hypoxanthine, indicating the presence of some chick HGPRT enzyme contributed by the erythrocyte partner at the time of fusion. While the CE-GM29 heterokaryons participated in metabolic cooperation shortly after fusion, the CE-A9 heterokaryons did not. However, four days after fusion, i.e., at a time when the erythrocyte nucleus had been reactivated, the CE-A9 heterokaryons did cooperate. This suggests that in CE-A9 heterokaryons the genes required for metabolic cooperation are expressed by the previously dormant chick erythrocyte nucleus.", "contents": "Restoration of metabolic cooperation in heterokaryons between HGPRT-deficient mouse A9 fibroblasts and chick embryo erythrocytes. Genetic determinants of metabolic cooperation were studied by fusing chick erythrocytes to HGPRT- mammalian cells. Heterokaryons were then tested for their ability to incorporate [3H]hypoxanthine and to transfer radioactive material to HGPRT- recipient cells. Chick erythrocytes (CE) have nuclei which are inactive but contain the HGPRT gene and some cytoplasmic HGPRT enzyme activity. They are unable, however, to cooperate with HGPRT- cells. Of the two mammalian cell lines used, the human GM29 line is HGPRT- and capable of functioning as a receptor cell in cooperation experiments with HGPRT+ cells. The HGPRT- mouse A9 line on the other hand is unable to cooperate. Immediately after fusion, both types of heterokaryons incorporated [3H]hypoxanthine, indicating the presence of some chick HGPRT enzyme contributed by the erythrocyte partner at the time of fusion. While the CE-GM29 heterokaryons participated in metabolic cooperation shortly after fusion, the CE-A9 heterokaryons did not. However, four days after fusion, i.e., at a time when the erythrocyte nucleus had been reactivated, the CE-A9 heterokaryons did cooperate. This suggests that in CE-A9 heterokaryons the genes required for metabolic cooperation are expressed by the previously dormant chick erythrocyte nucleus.", "PMID": 545717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9924", "title": "Somatic cell genetic analysis of transgenome integration.", "content": "The site of association of the human transgenome and host murine chromosomes was determined in several subclones of a stable human/mouse transformed cell line. Chromosomes were transferred from each of three transformed subclones into Chinese hamster recipient cells, and selection was applied for the expression of human transgenome-encoded HPRT. A series of trispecific microcell hybrids was isolated and characterized for each subclone. Evidence is presented that, within  a given transformed subclone, only a single host (murine) chromosome was associated with the human transgenome. This contrasts with previous results which utilized a newly stabilized transformed cell line as the microcell donor and in which a variety of chromosomal sites of association existed. The results presented here support the view that the heterogeneity of transgenome association (integration) sites in newly stabilized transformants was due to the fact that these populations were multiclonal mixtures resulting from independent stabilization events. The initial heterogeneity in the population was subsequently reduced upon prolonged cultivation, as a subset of the original population became predominant.", "contents": "Somatic cell genetic analysis of transgenome integration. The site of association of the human transgenome and host murine chromosomes was determined in several subclones of a stable human/mouse transformed cell line. Chromosomes were transferred from each of three transformed subclones into Chinese hamster recipient cells, and selection was applied for the expression of human transgenome-encoded HPRT. A series of trispecific microcell hybrids was isolated and characterized for each subclone. Evidence is presented that, within  a given transformed subclone, only a single host (murine) chromosome was associated with the human transgenome. This contrasts with previous results which utilized a newly stabilized transformed cell line as the microcell donor and in which a variety of chromosomal sites of association existed. The results presented here support the view that the heterogeneity of transgenome association (integration) sites in newly stabilized transformants was due to the fact that these populations were multiclonal mixtures resulting from independent stabilization events. The initial heterogeneity in the population was subsequently reduced upon prolonged cultivation, as a subset of the original population became predominant.", "PMID": 545718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9925", "title": "Dedifferentiated variants of a rat hepatoma: analysis by cell hybridization.", "content": "Two independent dedifferentiated variants, H5 and FaoflC2, derived from the Reuber H35 hepatoma, produce trans-acting diffusible substances(s) that extinguish the expression of liver-specific proteins when hybridized with a well-differentiated cell line of the same origin (Fao and Fu5-5, respectively). H5 x Fao hybrids show total and stable extinction of four liver functions and clonal variability in the expression of three others. FaoflC2 x Fu5-5 hybrids are initially flat (like FaoflC2 cells), and die in glucose-free medium where survival requires expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, but then evolve to hepatoma-like and finally round morphology; these latter cells express all liver functions analyzed including the gluconeogenic enzymes. Two exceptional clones that remained flat long enough for complete analysis showed extinction of all hepatic functions not expressed by FaoflC2 cells. We conclude that this transitory extinction reflects the action and then loss of extinguishing factor(s) contributed by FaoflC2. When crossed with BW1-J mouse hepatoma cells. FaoflC2 causes stable extinction of mouse aldolase B. We propose that production of extinguishing factor(s) is the rule for dedifferentiated variants.", "contents": "Dedifferentiated variants of a rat hepatoma: analysis by cell hybridization. Two independent dedifferentiated variants, H5 and FaoflC2, derived from the Reuber H35 hepatoma, produce trans-acting diffusible substances(s) that extinguish the expression of liver-specific proteins when hybridized with a well-differentiated cell line of the same origin (Fao and Fu5-5, respectively). H5 x Fao hybrids show total and stable extinction of four liver functions and clonal variability in the expression of three others. FaoflC2 x Fu5-5 hybrids are initially flat (like FaoflC2 cells), and die in glucose-free medium where survival requires expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, but then evolve to hepatoma-like and finally round morphology; these latter cells express all liver functions analyzed including the gluconeogenic enzymes. Two exceptional clones that remained flat long enough for complete analysis showed extinction of all hepatic functions not expressed by FaoflC2 cells. We conclude that this transitory extinction reflects the action and then loss of extinguishing factor(s) contributed by FaoflC2. When crossed with BW1-J mouse hepatoma cells. FaoflC2 causes stable extinction of mouse aldolase B. We propose that production of extinguishing factor(s) is the rule for dedifferentiated variants.", "PMID": 545720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9926", "title": "Expression of fetal and neonatal hepatic functions by mouse hepatoma-rat hepatoma hybrids.", "content": "In order to analyze the mechanisms implicated in the expression of differentiated functions during development, we have studied ten hybrid clones arising from fusion of cells of a mouse hepatoma characterized by the expression of only fetal hepatic functions with those of a rat hepatoma which express, like adult hepatocytes, a set of neonatal as well as fetal hepatic functions. The cells of most hybrid clones contain one set of chromosomes of each parent and coexpress the hepatic functions common to both parents. Among the hepatic proteins characteristic of only one parental line, some continue to be expressed while others are extinguished. The three functions out of the eight examined which are subject to extinction are expressed uniquely by the rat parental cells and appear only near or at birth during normal liver development. These results suggest that regulatory mechanisms (whose final effect is negative) operate in fetal cells to inhibit the expression of differentiated functions limited to a later stage of development.", "contents": "Expression of fetal and neonatal hepatic functions by mouse hepatoma-rat hepatoma hybrids. In order to analyze the mechanisms implicated in the expression of differentiated functions during development, we have studied ten hybrid clones arising from fusion of cells of a mouse hepatoma characterized by the expression of only fetal hepatic functions with those of a rat hepatoma which express, like adult hepatocytes, a set of neonatal as well as fetal hepatic functions. The cells of most hybrid clones contain one set of chromosomes of each parent and coexpress the hepatic functions common to both parents. Among the hepatic proteins characteristic of only one parental line, some continue to be expressed while others are extinguished. The three functions out of the eight examined which are subject to extinction are expressed uniquely by the rat parental cells and appear only near or at birth during normal liver development. These results suggest that regulatory mechanisms (whose final effect is negative) operate in fetal cells to inhibit the expression of differentiated functions limited to a later stage of development.", "PMID": 545721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9927", "title": "Phenotype and surface antigens of mouse teratocarcinoma x fibroblast cell hybrids.", "content": "Numerous colonies of hybrids between PCC4-aza 1 teratocarcinoma cells and fibroblasts of the heteroploid Cl.1D cell line were examined. All of the hybrids were fibroblasts showing extinction of the multiple developmental potentialities of the teratocarcinoma cell parent, irrespective of whether the teratocarcinoma parent was diploid or tetraploid. The hybrids did not show loss of any specific chromosome contributed by the PCC4-aza 1 cell parent. In contrast with the PCC4 parental cells which carry F9 antigens and do not express H-2b, the hybrids do not express F9 antigens and carry H-2 alloantigens of both parental specificities. These results suggest that in hybrids whose phenotype is that of the Cl.1D parent, a change may occur in the genetic program of the teratocarcinoma cells.", "contents": "Phenotype and surface antigens of mouse teratocarcinoma x fibroblast cell hybrids. Numerous colonies of hybrids between PCC4-aza 1 teratocarcinoma cells and fibroblasts of the heteroploid Cl.1D cell line were examined. All of the hybrids were fibroblasts showing extinction of the multiple developmental potentialities of the teratocarcinoma cell parent, irrespective of whether the teratocarcinoma parent was diploid or tetraploid. The hybrids did not show loss of any specific chromosome contributed by the PCC4-aza 1 cell parent. In contrast with the PCC4 parental cells which carry F9 antigens and do not express H-2b, the hybrids do not express F9 antigens and carry H-2 alloantigens of both parental specificities. These results suggest that in hybrids whose phenotype is that of the Cl.1D parent, a change may occur in the genetic program of the teratocarcinoma cells.", "PMID": 545722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9928", "title": "Distinctive properties of fucosyl glycopeptides on human teratoma cells.", "content": "Fucose-labeled glycopeptides from four human teratoma cell lines of independent origin show similar elution profiles on Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. The fucosyl glycopeptides elute in two major regions: one near the void volume, the other in fractions corresponding to a molecular weight of 2500-3000. These elution profiles are very different from those obtained with the other human cell lines examined which included 3 lymphomas, 2 colon carcinomas, and HeLa. The elution profiles of the human teratomas, however, show remarkable similarities to those obtained with murine embryonal carcinoma cell culture and early mouse embryos. These results suggest that the excluded G-50 fraction may well contain glycopeptides playing a role in mammalian embryogenesis.", "contents": "Distinctive properties of fucosyl glycopeptides on human teratoma cells. Fucose-labeled glycopeptides from four human teratoma cell lines of independent origin show similar elution profiles on Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. The fucosyl glycopeptides elute in two major regions: one near the void volume, the other in fractions corresponding to a molecular weight of 2500-3000. These elution profiles are very different from those obtained with the other human cell lines examined which included 3 lymphomas, 2 colon carcinomas, and HeLa. The elution profiles of the human teratomas, however, show remarkable similarities to those obtained with murine embryonal carcinoma cell culture and early mouse embryos. These results suggest that the excluded G-50 fraction may well contain glycopeptides playing a role in mammalian embryogenesis.", "PMID": 545723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9929", "title": "Ovarian localization by embryonal teratocarcinoma cells derived from female germ gells.", "content": "Embryonal carcinoma cells derived from several different spontaneous ovarian teratocarcinomas of strain LT mice form tumors that are located exclusively, in many cases, in the ovaries of female mice. Embryonal cells previously unselected for site specificity localize in the ovaries regardless of route of entry of the cells, and produce very few tumors in males following intraperitoneal injections. The ovary tumors have been verified as originating from the injected cells by chromosomal and drug resistance markers, as well as by general in vitro growth characteristics. Cell-cell adhesion studies suggest specificity at the level of tumor cell-ovary organ cell interaction.", "contents": "Ovarian localization by embryonal teratocarcinoma cells derived from female germ gells. Embryonal carcinoma cells derived from several different spontaneous ovarian teratocarcinomas of strain LT mice form tumors that are located exclusively, in many cases, in the ovaries of female mice. Embryonal cells previously unselected for site specificity localize in the ovaries regardless of route of entry of the cells, and produce very few tumors in males following intraperitoneal injections. The ovary tumors have been verified as originating from the injected cells by chromosomal and drug resistance markers, as well as by general in vitro growth characteristics. Cell-cell adhesion studies suggest specificity at the level of tumor cell-ovary organ cell interaction.", "PMID": 545724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9930", "title": "Genetic and adaptive differences in the expression of drug resistance in hybrid cells.", "content": "Hybrids between Chinese hamster cells were isolated and maintained in media that were selective or nonselective for markers present in the parent cells (HGPRT and TK deficiencies, respectively). Segregation frequencies for resistance to azaguanine (AZG), thioguanine (THG), or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) could be enhanced for some groups of hybrids if the stock cells were maintained under nonselective conditions rather than in HAT medium. In these populations the expression of resistance was dominant or codominant even though marker patterns were recessive for the same cells in HAT. Clonal analysis showed that enhancement took place by adaptive shifts rather than by variation and selection. Segregation frequencies in hybrids were also found to differ significantly between clones isolated by replicate fusions of any two parental cell types. The basis for this heterogeneity is unknown and deserves further study.", "contents": "Genetic and adaptive differences in the expression of drug resistance in hybrid cells. Hybrids between Chinese hamster cells were isolated and maintained in media that were selective or nonselective for markers present in the parent cells (HGPRT and TK deficiencies, respectively). Segregation frequencies for resistance to azaguanine (AZG), thioguanine (THG), or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) could be enhanced for some groups of hybrids if the stock cells were maintained under nonselective conditions rather than in HAT medium. In these populations the expression of resistance was dominant or codominant even though marker patterns were recessive for the same cells in HAT. Clonal analysis showed that enhancement took place by adaptive shifts rather than by variation and selection. Segregation frequencies in hybrids were also found to differ significantly between clones isolated by replicate fusions of any two parental cell types. The basis for this heterogeneity is unknown and deserves further study.", "PMID": 545725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9931", "title": "Studies on Chinese hamster ovary mutants showing multiple cross-resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors.", "content": "Several stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutants were selected after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis for resistance to oligomycin, ruatmycin, venturicidin, or antimycin. These mutants shared a number of common properties. They exhibited cross-resistance to those drugs which act on oxidative phosphorylation, irrespective of the structure and site of action of the drug. All the mutants showed a reduced ability to grow in suspension and to reach high saturation densities. They were also unable to use galactose as a carbon source. The short lag period required for selection (10-15 days), the similarity of the mutation rates for resistance to each of the four drugs, the high variance/mean ratios in fluctuation tests, and the recessive behavior of the resistance marker in hybrids suggest that the mutations responsible for resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors in CHO cells are coded by nuclear DNA. Segregation experiments indicated no linkage between the oligomycin-resistant marker (OLG) AND Thg (thioguanine resistance). Oxidative phosphorylation, as measured by the rate of respiration coupled to phosphorylation in whole cells remained as sensitive to the drugs in the mutants as in the parental cell line. Glucose transport and the overall Krebs' cycle activities also appeared similar in the mutants and the wild type. All the mutants had an increased rate of lactic acid production (up to twofold), associated with increased specific activities for several glycolytic enzymes when assayed in cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Studies on Chinese hamster ovary mutants showing multiple cross-resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Several stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutants were selected after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis for resistance to oligomycin, ruatmycin, venturicidin, or antimycin. These mutants shared a number of common properties. They exhibited cross-resistance to those drugs which act on oxidative phosphorylation, irrespective of the structure and site of action of the drug. All the mutants showed a reduced ability to grow in suspension and to reach high saturation densities. They were also unable to use galactose as a carbon source. The short lag period required for selection (10-15 days), the similarity of the mutation rates for resistance to each of the four drugs, the high variance/mean ratios in fluctuation tests, and the recessive behavior of the resistance marker in hybrids suggest that the mutations responsible for resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors in CHO cells are coded by nuclear DNA. Segregation experiments indicated no linkage between the oligomycin-resistant marker (OLG) AND Thg (thioguanine resistance). Oxidative phosphorylation, as measured by the rate of respiration coupled to phosphorylation in whole cells remained as sensitive to the drugs in the mutants as in the parental cell line. Glucose transport and the overall Krebs' cycle activities also appeared similar in the mutants and the wild type. All the mutants had an increased rate of lactic acid production (up to twofold), associated with increased specific activities for several glycolytic enzymes when assayed in cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 545726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9932", "title": "Resistance to bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis and toxicity in mammalian cells selected for resistance to hydroxyurea.", "content": "Mutant cell lines resistant to hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, were selected from a line of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. Mutant lines were selected for resistance to 0.3 mM HU, and from these lines, second-step mutants were selected for resistance to 1.9 mM HU. The HUr lines were tested ffor their responses to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (brdU), in terms of toxicity, mutagenesis, and incorporation of BrdU into DNA. All of the HUr lines showed increased resistance to the toxic effects of BrdU. in addition, the HUr lines all were resistant to BrdU mutagenesis. Overall, there was good correlation among the levels of resistance to HU toxicity, BrdU toxicity, and BrdU mutagenesis in the HUr lines. These tests were carried out under conditions such that the parental and HUr cells incorporated equal amounts of BrdU into nuclear DNA. Therefore, the resistance of the HUr cells to the effects of BrdU cannot be attributed to decreased incorporation of BrdU into DNA. These results suggest that the HUr cells have an lateration in ribonucleotide reductase activity that simultaneously confers resistance to HU and BrdU. The properties of the HUr cells suggest that the perturbation of deoxcytidine metabolism by BrdU. The properties of the HUr cells suggest that the perturbation of deoxcytidine metabolism by BrdU triphosphate inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity plays a key role in the toxic and mutagenic effects of BrdU in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Resistance to bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis and toxicity in mammalian cells selected for resistance to hydroxyurea. Mutant cell lines resistant to hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, were selected from a line of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. Mutant lines were selected for resistance to 0.3 mM HU, and from these lines, second-step mutants were selected for resistance to 1.9 mM HU. The HUr lines were tested ffor their responses to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (brdU), in terms of toxicity, mutagenesis, and incorporation of BrdU into DNA. All of the HUr lines showed increased resistance to the toxic effects of BrdU. in addition, the HUr lines all were resistant to BrdU mutagenesis. Overall, there was good correlation among the levels of resistance to HU toxicity, BrdU toxicity, and BrdU mutagenesis in the HUr lines. These tests were carried out under conditions such that the parental and HUr cells incorporated equal amounts of BrdU into nuclear DNA. Therefore, the resistance of the HUr cells to the effects of BrdU cannot be attributed to decreased incorporation of BrdU into DNA. These results suggest that the HUr cells have an lateration in ribonucleotide reductase activity that simultaneously confers resistance to HU and BrdU. The properties of the HUr cells suggest that the perturbation of deoxcytidine metabolism by BrdU. The properties of the HUr cells suggest that the perturbation of deoxcytidine metabolism by BrdU triphosphate inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity plays a key role in the toxic and mutagenic effects of BrdU in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 545727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9933", "title": "Inheritance of malignancy in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "After a recall of the importance of early basic developments of in vitro established cell lines for investigations on malignant transformation, a survey of essential steps in the study of malignancy by means of somatic cell hybridization is presented. Since the early sixties, in vitro crosses of malignant versus nonmalignant parental cells have provided many experimental models in which mechanisms of expression of malignancy have been approached. Allogenic as well as xenogenic cell matings resulted in tumor-producing or nontumorigenic hybrids which have been analyzed, particularly in terms of karyology in order to determine possible chromosomal patterns linked with inheritance of malignancy and its suppression. The authors discuss the successive concepts devised for interpretation of experimental data, implicating specific genetic \"normalizing\" information, genetic dosage as well as, more recently, epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms.", "contents": "Inheritance of malignancy in somatic cell hybrids. After a recall of the importance of early basic developments of in vitro established cell lines for investigations on malignant transformation, a survey of essential steps in the study of malignancy by means of somatic cell hybridization is presented. Since the early sixties, in vitro crosses of malignant versus nonmalignant parental cells have provided many experimental models in which mechanisms of expression of malignancy have been approached. Allogenic as well as xenogenic cell matings resulted in tumor-producing or nontumorigenic hybrids which have been analyzed, particularly in terms of karyology in order to determine possible chromosomal patterns linked with inheritance of malignancy and its suppression. The authors discuss the successive concepts devised for interpretation of experimental data, implicating specific genetic \"normalizing\" information, genetic dosage as well as, more recently, epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms.", "PMID": 545728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9934", "title": "HLA and cancer in South African Indians.", "content": "Two-hundred-and-forty-nine Indian cancer patients were tested for 39 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies were compared with those of 603 control subjects. Comparisons were also made between cancer patients and controls for each ethnic group and for each site of cancer. There was an increase in the frequency of the HLA antigens A11 and Bw52 in patients with malignancies. Heterozygosity at the B locus was significantly increased in patients with cancer of the breast. The Aw24, B17 haplotype was also associated with breast cancer.", "contents": "HLA and cancer in South African Indians. Two-hundred-and-forty-nine Indian cancer patients were tested for 39 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies were compared with those of 603 control subjects. Comparisons were also made between cancer patients and controls for each ethnic group and for each site of cancer. There was an increase in the frequency of the HLA antigens A11 and Bw52 in patients with malignancies. Heterozygosity at the B locus was significantly increased in patients with cancer of the breast. The Aw24, B17 haplotype was also associated with breast cancer.", "PMID": 545744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9935", "title": "HLA phenotypes and cadmium blood level.", "content": "The distribution of HLA phenotypes was studied and the amount of cadmium blood level was determined in a group of 100 healthy subjects. The HLA-A3 phenotype seems associated with high cadmium levels in the blood. The lymphocytes transformation test with PHA and different concentrations of cadmium indicates that A3 cells are more sensitive than others to inhibition by cadmium.", "contents": "HLA phenotypes and cadmium blood level. The distribution of HLA phenotypes was studied and the amount of cadmium blood level was determined in a group of 100 healthy subjects. The HLA-A3 phenotype seems associated with high cadmium levels in the blood. The lymphocytes transformation test with PHA and different concentrations of cadmium indicates that A3 cells are more sensitive than others to inhibition by cadmium.", "PMID": 545745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9936", "title": "HLA-A, B, Bf three point association of 1,072 haplotypes in a German population.", "content": "Altogether 1,072 HLA-A, B, Bf haplotypes in 536 parents of 268 German families were analyzed by gene and haplotype counting in order to investigate the two and three point association of HLA-A and B antigens with Bf alleles. In agreement with previously published data (Albert et al. 1975, Bender et al. 1977) significant positive linkage disequilibria were found for HLA-A3 and BfF, B7 and BfS, B8 and BfS, Bw35 and BfF, whereas significant negative Delta values appeared to exist for HLA-A3 and BfS, B7 and BfF, B8 and BfF, B12 and BfS, as well as Bw35 and BfS. Significant positive three point Delta values were found for the following haplotypes: HLA-A11, Bw35, BfS, HLA-Aw23, Bw35, BfS, HLA-A28, B12, BfS, HLA-A2, B17, BF, HLA-A3, Bw35, BfF, HLA-Aw24, b12, BfF and HLA-A29, B12, BfF. According to the large number of comparisons performed calculating the level of significance of the three point associations, these data have to be corroborated by further investigation. The three point Delta values, obtained by calculation from the patients' phenotypes differed markedly from those results obtained by haplotype counting.", "contents": "HLA-A, B, Bf three point association of 1,072 haplotypes in a German population. Altogether 1,072 HLA-A, B, Bf haplotypes in 536 parents of 268 German families were analyzed by gene and haplotype counting in order to investigate the two and three point association of HLA-A and B antigens with Bf alleles. In agreement with previously published data (Albert et al. 1975, Bender et al. 1977) significant positive linkage disequilibria were found for HLA-A3 and BfF, B7 and BfS, B8 and BfS, Bw35 and BfF, whereas significant negative Delta values appeared to exist for HLA-A3 and BfS, B7 and BfF, B8 and BfF, B12 and BfS, as well as Bw35 and BfS. Significant positive three point Delta values were found for the following haplotypes: HLA-A11, Bw35, BfS, HLA-Aw23, Bw35, BfS, HLA-A28, B12, BfS, HLA-A2, B17, BF, HLA-A3, Bw35, BfF, HLA-Aw24, b12, BfF and HLA-A29, B12, BfF. According to the large number of comparisons performed calculating the level of significance of the three point associations, these data have to be corroborated by further investigation. The three point Delta values, obtained by calculation from the patients' phenotypes differed markedly from those results obtained by haplotype counting.", "PMID": 545746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9937", "title": "Theoretical considerations on HLA-associated illness-susceptibility genes in dermatitis herpetiformis and psoriasis.", "content": "The frequency of an HLA-associated illness-susceptibility (Is) gene can be estimated by a simple equation: the frequency of the Is gene is equal to the prevalence of the disease in the population divided by the penetrance of the illness in first-degree relatives with the HLA marker antigen, with the quotient further divided by two. This equation is valid if the gene is dominant and its gene frequency is low. An analysis of HLA data of 61 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) showed that the HLA-associated DH susceptibility gene is obviously dominant. The frequency of this DH susceptibility gene was estimated to be at least 0.0005 and the frequency of psoriasis susceptibility gene about 0.02 in Finland.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations on HLA-associated illness-susceptibility genes in dermatitis herpetiformis and psoriasis. The frequency of an HLA-associated illness-susceptibility (Is) gene can be estimated by a simple equation: the frequency of the Is gene is equal to the prevalence of the disease in the population divided by the penetrance of the illness in first-degree relatives with the HLA marker antigen, with the quotient further divided by two. This equation is valid if the gene is dominant and its gene frequency is low. An analysis of HLA data of 61 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) showed that the HLA-associated DH susceptibility gene is obviously dominant. The frequency of this DH susceptibility gene was estimated to be at least 0.0005 and the frequency of psoriasis susceptibility gene about 0.02 in Finland.", "PMID": 545747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9938", "title": "Possible microwave mechanisms of the mammalian nervous system.", "content": "The hypothesis is examined that the living mammal generates and uses electromagnetic waves in the lower microwave frequency region as an integral part of the functioning of central and peripheral nervous systems. Analysis of the potential energy of a protein integral to the neural membrane compared to that of an extracellular positive ion yields major known features of action potential generation, and identification of the integral protein as a microwave emitter and absorber by changes in rotational energy state. Prolate spheroidal analysis of the adult human brain/skull cavity shows capability to support modes in the range 200 MHz to 3 GHz; spatial mode properties correspond to gross anatomy and neuromorphology of the brain. Phase-lock loop interaction between lower microwave modes and action potential conduction results in pulse microwave/action potential generation observable by EEG instrumentation as brain waves; alpha waves occur if the corpus callosum is the major neural tract involved. Spatially consistent Lorentz forces of standing microwaves provide physical basis for correspondence of spatial properties of microwave modes with brain anatomy, and for the formation of myelin sheath and the nodes of Ranvier on larger neurons.", "contents": "Possible microwave mechanisms of the mammalian nervous system. The hypothesis is examined that the living mammal generates and uses electromagnetic waves in the lower microwave frequency region as an integral part of the functioning of central and peripheral nervous systems. Analysis of the potential energy of a protein integral to the neural membrane compared to that of an extracellular positive ion yields major known features of action potential generation, and identification of the integral protein as a microwave emitter and absorber by changes in rotational energy state. Prolate spheroidal analysis of the adult human brain/skull cavity shows capability to support modes in the range 200 MHz to 3 GHz; spatial mode properties correspond to gross anatomy and neuromorphology of the brain. Phase-lock loop interaction between lower microwave modes and action potential conduction results in pulse microwave/action potential generation observable by EEG instrumentation as brain waves; alpha waves occur if the corpus callosum is the major neural tract involved. Spatially consistent Lorentz forces of standing microwaves provide physical basis for correspondence of spatial properties of microwave modes with brain anatomy, and for the formation of myelin sheath and the nodes of Ranvier on larger neurons.", "PMID": 545749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9939", "title": "Effect of furosemide on the ionic composition of the arterial wall.", "content": "Furosemide decreased the intracellular H2O, Cl and K content and Cl concentration of dog carotid arteries incubated in normal or high K Krebs (123 mM). Cl loss exceeded K loss in normal Krebs but was of the same magnitude in high K Krebs. The findings are compatible with the inhibition of a neutral K-Cl coupled uptake.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on the ionic composition of the arterial wall. Furosemide decreased the intracellular H2O, Cl and K content and Cl concentration of dog carotid arteries incubated in normal or high K Krebs (123 mM). Cl loss exceeded K loss in normal Krebs but was of the same magnitude in high K Krebs. The findings are compatible with the inhibition of a neutral K-Cl coupled uptake.", "PMID": 545750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9940", "title": "Patterns of recovery of renal function after surgical relief of chronic bilateral partial ureteral obstruction.", "content": "A canine model of bilateral chronic partial ureteral obstruction with one side severely obstructed and the other side moderately obstructed was used to determine which kidney should be released initially to facilitate maximum recovery of renal function. The data show a significantly greater return of total renal function (20%) if the more severely injured kidney is released first.", "contents": "Patterns of recovery of renal function after surgical relief of chronic bilateral partial ureteral obstruction. A canine model of bilateral chronic partial ureteral obstruction with one side severely obstructed and the other side moderately obstructed was used to determine which kidney should be released initially to facilitate maximum recovery of renal function. The data show a significantly greater return of total renal function (20%) if the more severely injured kidney is released first.", "PMID": 545800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9941", "title": "Review of experience with vesicovaginal fistula repair.", "content": "Experience with suprapubic closure of vesicovaginal fistulas in 42 patients considered candidates for this procedure is reviewed. Five patients required a second operation for cure and the reasons for failure are discussed. Wide exposure with tension-free closure of well vascularized flaps and the judicious interposition of pedicled omentum have produced the most encouraging results. The litigious nature of this distressing condition is lessened when primary closure is successful and supravesical diversion by ileal or colonic conduits can be avoided.", "contents": "Review of experience with vesicovaginal fistula repair. Experience with suprapubic closure of vesicovaginal fistulas in 42 patients considered candidates for this procedure is reviewed. Five patients required a second operation for cure and the reasons for failure are discussed. Wide exposure with tension-free closure of well vascularized flaps and the judicious interposition of pedicled omentum have produced the most encouraging results. The litigious nature of this distressing condition is lessened when primary closure is successful and supravesical diversion by ileal or colonic conduits can be avoided.", "PMID": 545801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9942", "title": "Vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulas: a summary of 25 years of experience.", "content": "The difficult problem of a vesicovaginal fistula originally was cured surgically by Sims in 1849. During the last 25 years at UCLA and affiliated hospitals 68 patients have been treated by urologic surgeons for fistulas between the vagina and the urinary tract: 21 ureterovaginal and 47 vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas. The ureterovaginal fistulas often were complex and patients presented the most challenging diagnostic problem. However, they usually were repaired successfully by simple ureteroneocystostomy. Vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas were repaired transvaginally in 24 cases, with 70% success at the first attempt and 92% success with 2 attempts. Transabdominal or combined approaches were less successful. Only 58% of the cases were closed at first attempt. The transvaginal approach required less operating time, and resulted in less blood loss and shorter hospital stays than the transabdominal approach and will be described in detail.", "contents": "Vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulas: a summary of 25 years of experience. The difficult problem of a vesicovaginal fistula originally was cured surgically by Sims in 1849. During the last 25 years at UCLA and affiliated hospitals 68 patients have been treated by urologic surgeons for fistulas between the vagina and the urinary tract: 21 ureterovaginal and 47 vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas. The ureterovaginal fistulas often were complex and patients presented the most challenging diagnostic problem. However, they usually were repaired successfully by simple ureteroneocystostomy. Vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas were repaired transvaginally in 24 cases, with 70% success at the first attempt and 92% success with 2 attempts. Transabdominal or combined approaches were less successful. Only 58% of the cases were closed at first attempt. The transvaginal approach required less operating time, and resulted in less blood loss and shorter hospital stays than the transabdominal approach and will be described in detail.", "PMID": 545802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9943", "title": "One-stage operation for male transsexuals.", "content": "A simplified surgical technique for a male-to-female transsexual operation has been developed and applied satisfactorily in a series of carefully selected patients. The simplicity of the technique allows relatively brief hospitalization for 1-stage sex conversion, provides satisfactory cosmetic and functional results and has not been accompanied by any untoward complications.", "contents": "One-stage operation for male transsexuals. A simplified surgical technique for a male-to-female transsexual operation has been developed and applied satisfactorily in a series of carefully selected patients. The simplicity of the technique allows relatively brief hospitalization for 1-stage sex conversion, provides satisfactory cosmetic and functional results and has not been accompanied by any untoward complications.", "PMID": 545803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9944", "title": "Experiences with urinary undiversion in children with neurogenic bladder.", "content": "Six children have undergone reconstruction of the urinary tract 14 months to 14 years after supravesical diversion for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Five are continent: 4 by intermittent catheterization and 1 by voiding to completion. One child is just beyond infancy and wets but is not yet on a systematic program. One boy was considered a technical failure despite incontinence because of progressive hydronephrosis from a non-compliant bladder but he subsequently had an augmentation cystoplasty. Urinary undiversion into a neurogenic bladder is an acceptable option as an alternative to ileal conduit revision or for reasons of patient preference, provided bladder storage capacity is adequate at acceptably low resting pressures, without incontinence.", "contents": "Experiences with urinary undiversion in children with neurogenic bladder. Six children have undergone reconstruction of the urinary tract 14 months to 14 years after supravesical diversion for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Five are continent: 4 by intermittent catheterization and 1 by voiding to completion. One child is just beyond infancy and wets but is not yet on a systematic program. One boy was considered a technical failure despite incontinence because of progressive hydronephrosis from a non-compliant bladder but he subsequently had an augmentation cystoplasty. Urinary undiversion into a neurogenic bladder is an acceptable option as an alternative to ileal conduit revision or for reasons of patient preference, provided bladder storage capacity is adequate at acceptably low resting pressures, without incontinence.", "PMID": 545804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9945", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum as a therapeutic agent in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Cis-platinum as single agent therapy was investigated in 8 patients with stage D transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Dramatic responses were obtained in some patients and the quality of life was improved for as long as 8 months but no cures were obtained. Also noted was an occasional marked loss of renal function as measured by creatinine clearance despite a carefully managed protocol to avert this known side effect of cis-platinum (nephrotoxicity). No auditory problems were noted in these 8 patients.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum as a therapeutic agent in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Cis-platinum as single agent therapy was investigated in 8 patients with stage D transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Dramatic responses were obtained in some patients and the quality of life was improved for as long as 8 months but no cures were obtained. Also noted was an occasional marked loss of renal function as measured by creatinine clearance despite a carefully managed protocol to avert this known side effect of cis-platinum (nephrotoxicity). No auditory problems were noted in these 8 patients.", "PMID": 545805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9946", "title": "Observations on the small kidney associated with vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Of 63 patients with reflux and renal atrophy renal dysplasia was found in 9.5%. Pyelonephritis was apparent in 81% of the atrophic lesions. Urinary obstruction or ectasia was apparent in each case with dysplasia and only 2 were associated with histologic evidence of pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis appears to be a major causal factor in atrophy occurring in renal units with reflux. Early urinary tract obstruction or distension may predispose to renal dysplasia.", "contents": "Observations on the small kidney associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Of 63 patients with reflux and renal atrophy renal dysplasia was found in 9.5%. Pyelonephritis was apparent in 81% of the atrophic lesions. Urinary obstruction or ectasia was apparent in each case with dysplasia and only 2 were associated with histologic evidence of pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis appears to be a major causal factor in atrophy occurring in renal units with reflux. Early urinary tract obstruction or distension may predispose to renal dysplasia.", "PMID": 545806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9947", "title": "Utricular configuration in hypospadias and intersex.", "content": "To evaluate the incidence and significance of an enlarged prostatic utricle in hypospadiac patients without underlying intersex 44 patients with the meatus located in the perineum, penoscrotal junction or proximal two-thirds of the penis were evaluated with cystourethroscopy immediately before the operation. There was an abnormally enlarged utricle in 57% of the perineal, 10% of the penoscrotal and none of penile hypospadiacs, for an over-all incidence of 14%. Concurrent analysis of a series of phenotypic male patients with hypospadias and intersex revealed a high incidence of enlarged utricle or the presence of a vagina masculinus. Utricular enlargement in itself does not indicate intersexuality but careful cystoscopic examination of its vault needs to be undertaken, searching for a cervix. An enlarged utricle can be a manifestation of delayed m\u00fcllerian duct regression or decreased androgenic stimulation of the urogenital sinus.", "contents": "Utricular configuration in hypospadias and intersex. To evaluate the incidence and significance of an enlarged prostatic utricle in hypospadiac patients without underlying intersex 44 patients with the meatus located in the perineum, penoscrotal junction or proximal two-thirds of the penis were evaluated with cystourethroscopy immediately before the operation. There was an abnormally enlarged utricle in 57% of the perineal, 10% of the penoscrotal and none of penile hypospadiacs, for an over-all incidence of 14%. Concurrent analysis of a series of phenotypic male patients with hypospadias and intersex revealed a high incidence of enlarged utricle or the presence of a vagina masculinus. Utricular enlargement in itself does not indicate intersexuality but careful cystoscopic examination of its vault needs to be undertaken, searching for a cervix. An enlarged utricle can be a manifestation of delayed m\u00fcllerian duct regression or decreased androgenic stimulation of the urogenital sinus.", "PMID": 545807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9948", "title": "Microphallus: distinction between anomalous and endocrine types.", "content": "Operative treatment of microphallus has been proscribed in recent reports. It is not indicated for the more common endocrine type because of deficient gonadotropin, primary testicular disorder or end-organ defect. However, an operation may be quite necessary for the other form owing to defective morphogenesis--the anomalous type. Representative cases provide evidence that the method of treatment depends on the type of microphallus.", "contents": "Microphallus: distinction between anomalous and endocrine types. Operative treatment of microphallus has been proscribed in recent reports. It is not indicated for the more common endocrine type because of deficient gonadotropin, primary testicular disorder or end-organ defect. However, an operation may be quite necessary for the other form owing to defective morphogenesis--the anomalous type. Representative cases provide evidence that the method of treatment depends on the type of microphallus.", "PMID": 545808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9949", "title": "The role of estrogen, androgen and progestogen receptors in the management of carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Identification of specific 17-beta-estradiol, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone binding proteins in 10 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A synthetic androgen radioligand (R1881) and a synthetic progesterone (R5020) were used. In all but 1 patient receptor protein assays were done before hormonal manipulation. Based on the preliminary findings it seems probable that prostatic carcinoma might be categorized for endocrine therapy similar to the method used for carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "The role of estrogen, androgen and progestogen receptors in the management of carcinoma of the prostate. Identification of specific 17-beta-estradiol, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone binding proteins in 10 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A synthetic androgen radioligand (R1881) and a synthetic progesterone (R5020) were used. In all but 1 patient receptor protein assays were done before hormonal manipulation. Based on the preliminary findings it seems probable that prostatic carcinoma might be categorized for endocrine therapy similar to the method used for carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 545809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9950", "title": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase in prostate cancer: an assessment by immunoassay and biochemical methods.", "content": "Comparisons of the bone marrow and serum acid phosphatase values obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and the Roy biochemical test were made in 72 patients with and in 13 patients without prostatic cancer. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis test, when positive at more than 1 international unit per liter, showed only 4.4% falsely positive results. The Roy biochemical test, which uses sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate, had 65% falsely positive bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. Conflicting reports regarding the value of bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations in patients with prostatic cancer result from the use of non-specific substrates in biochemical methods for measurement and from the trauma incidental to bone marrow aspiration, which releases many non-prostatic acid phosphatase enzymes. The use of immunoassay such as counter-immunoelectrophoresis minimizes this source of error.", "contents": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase in prostate cancer: an assessment by immunoassay and biochemical methods. Comparisons of the bone marrow and serum acid phosphatase values obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and the Roy biochemical test were made in 72 patients with and in 13 patients without prostatic cancer. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis test, when positive at more than 1 international unit per liter, showed only 4.4% falsely positive results. The Roy biochemical test, which uses sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate, had 65% falsely positive bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. Conflicting reports regarding the value of bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations in patients with prostatic cancer result from the use of non-specific substrates in biochemical methods for measurement and from the trauma incidental to bone marrow aspiration, which releases many non-prostatic acid phosphatase enzymes. The use of immunoassay such as counter-immunoelectrophoresis minimizes this source of error.", "PMID": 545810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9951", "title": "The management of some special problems with renal neoplasm.", "content": "Simultaneous bilateral renal cell carcinoma has been treated in 5 patients at our hospital during the last 6 years. Improvements in radiologic diagnostic techniques are responsible for the increased detection of these lesions. Results of surgical management are reported. Angiographic embolization of renal cell carcinoma has proved to be a useful method to manage patients with solitary kidneys or those with severe medical problems contraindicating an operation, and our results with this approach are described.", "contents": "The management of some special problems with renal neoplasm. Simultaneous bilateral renal cell carcinoma has been treated in 5 patients at our hospital during the last 6 years. Improvements in radiologic diagnostic techniques are responsible for the increased detection of these lesions. Results of surgical management are reported. Angiographic embolization of renal cell carcinoma has proved to be a useful method to manage patients with solitary kidneys or those with severe medical problems contraindicating an operation, and our results with this approach are described.", "PMID": 545811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9952", "title": "Analysis of the feasibility of storing human semen for future artificial insemination.", "content": "Patients about to undergo vasectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, pelvic radiotherapy or chemotherapy frequently wish to store semen for future artificial insemination. The probability that this will result in a pregnancy is approximately 33% and the logistics are complicated. These problems are discussed and a cost analysis is presented. A list of semen banks presently storing homologous human semen and registered with the American Association of Tissue Banks also is presented.", "contents": "Analysis of the feasibility of storing human semen for future artificial insemination. Patients about to undergo vasectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, pelvic radiotherapy or chemotherapy frequently wish to store semen for future artificial insemination. The probability that this will result in a pregnancy is approximately 33% and the logistics are complicated. These problems are discussed and a cost analysis is presented. A list of semen banks presently storing homologous human semen and registered with the American Association of Tissue Banks also is presented.", "PMID": 545812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9953", "title": "The varicocele: a critical analysis of experimental and clinical data.", "content": "A number of reports have shown that serotonin has a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. Serotonin has 2 mechanisms of action on the testicle: 1) vasoconstrictive changes and 2) direct alterations of testicular metabolism and endocrine activity. The data in animals with the experimental varicocele clearly mimic the human situation. All of the seminal parameters except volume are decreased after creating the varicocele. In many infertile patients with a varicocele serotonin may be the inciting factor that results in subfertile semen parameters. This is corroborated by the presence of elevated serotonin levels in spermatic vein plasma of certain patients with a varicocele. More data comparing the relationship between spermatic vein and peripheral blood serotonin levels in patients with and without a varicocele are needed. This investigation also is being pursued in patients undergoing inguinal operations for lesions other than a varicocele.", "contents": "The varicocele: a critical analysis of experimental and clinical data. A number of reports have shown that serotonin has a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. Serotonin has 2 mechanisms of action on the testicle: 1) vasoconstrictive changes and 2) direct alterations of testicular metabolism and endocrine activity. The data in animals with the experimental varicocele clearly mimic the human situation. All of the seminal parameters except volume are decreased after creating the varicocele. In many infertile patients with a varicocele serotonin may be the inciting factor that results in subfertile semen parameters. This is corroborated by the presence of elevated serotonin levels in spermatic vein plasma of certain patients with a varicocele. More data comparing the relationship between spermatic vein and peripheral blood serotonin levels in patients with and without a varicocele are needed. This investigation also is being pursued in patients undergoing inguinal operations for lesions other than a varicocele.", "PMID": 545813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9954", "title": "Cystolysis: a procedure for the selective denervation of the bladder.", "content": "Cystolysis, a procedure for the selective supratrigonal denervation of the bladder, was used in 6 patients with intractable interstitial cystitis and in 4 patients with an uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Good results were obtained in both groups of patients.", "contents": "Cystolysis: a procedure for the selective denervation of the bladder. Cystolysis, a procedure for the selective supratrigonal denervation of the bladder, was used in 6 patients with intractable interstitial cystitis and in 4 patients with an uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Good results were obtained in both groups of patients.", "PMID": 545814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9955", "title": "Intracavitary mitomycin-C in the treatment of superficial urothelial tumors: a preliminary report.", "content": "Nine patients with a variety of surface transitional cell neoplastic lesions received topical mitomycin-C. The results of treatment were encouraging, all patients responding completely or partially. Based on this experience the authors are participating in a study to compare the efficacy of mitomycin-C with that of thio-tepa.", "contents": "Intracavitary mitomycin-C in the treatment of superficial urothelial tumors: a preliminary report. Nine patients with a variety of surface transitional cell neoplastic lesions received topical mitomycin-C. The results of treatment were encouraging, all patients responding completely or partially. Based on this experience the authors are participating in a study to compare the efficacy of mitomycin-C with that of thio-tepa.", "PMID": 545816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9956", "title": "Long-term treatment of hypercalciuria with thiazides, sodium or potassium cellulose phosphate, separately or in combination.", "content": "Urinary supersaturation in respect to brushite or calcium oxalate represents the main pathogenic factor in stone formation. Of the patients with calcium oxalate stones 30 to 40% present with hypercalciuria. Herein we determine and compare the effects and side effects in the treatment of hypercalciuria with sodium cellulose phosphate or Campanyl, a potassium versus calcium ion exchanger, and thiazides alone or in combination with an ion exchanger.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of hypercalciuria with thiazides, sodium or potassium cellulose phosphate, separately or in combination. Urinary supersaturation in respect to brushite or calcium oxalate represents the main pathogenic factor in stone formation. Of the patients with calcium oxalate stones 30 to 40% present with hypercalciuria. Herein we determine and compare the effects and side effects in the treatment of hypercalciuria with sodium cellulose phosphate or Campanyl, a potassium versus calcium ion exchanger, and thiazides alone or in combination with an ion exchanger.", "PMID": 545817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9957", "title": "Genitourinary schistosomiasis.", "content": "Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease endemic in the Middle East and Africa, which undermines the function of the genitourinary tract to a serious degree. It is amenable to medical treatment in the early stages but therapy usually is negated by frequent reinfestations. Patients who have complications in the chronic stage of the disease require the level of judicious handling that always taxes the ingenuity and skill of the urologic surgeon.", "contents": "Genitourinary schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease endemic in the Middle East and Africa, which undermines the function of the genitourinary tract to a serious degree. It is amenable to medical treatment in the early stages but therapy usually is negated by frequent reinfestations. Patients who have complications in the chronic stage of the disease require the level of judicious handling that always taxes the ingenuity and skill of the urologic surgeon.", "PMID": 545818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9958", "title": "Management of the papillae during intrarenal surgery.", "content": "The papillae are involved in renal disease and, hence, are an inextricable consideration in intrarenal surgical procedures. Guide lines for their management are newly emergent and, consequently, tentative. If divided along intra-arterial planes they appear to heal with little functional impairment. Resections of papillae, which are limited to the intracaliceal portions, involve no medullary structures and heal without apparent dysfunction.", "contents": "Management of the papillae during intrarenal surgery. The papillae are involved in renal disease and, hence, are an inextricable consideration in intrarenal surgical procedures. Guide lines for their management are newly emergent and, consequently, tentative. If divided along intra-arterial planes they appear to heal with little functional impairment. Resections of papillae, which are limited to the intracaliceal portions, involve no medullary structures and heal without apparent dysfunction.", "PMID": 545819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9959", "title": "The effect of platinum analogues and combination chemotherapy on murine bladder cancer.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II currently is the most effective chemotherapeutic agent in advanced bladder cancer. However, most of the objective responses are partial and/or of limited duration (average 6 months). In an effort to identify a more effective compound with less toxicity platinum analogues have been synthesized. Since results in the carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer model have correlated with activity of drugs in man this model was used to evaluate 4 of these analogues. Although not as effective as the parent compound, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, they exhibited significant antitumor activity in the poorly differentiated transplanted tumor. However, they were not able to reduce the incidence or size of primary tumors. Another approach to enhance tumor cell kill is combination chemotherapy. The addition of cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin hydrochloride to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum produced a greater tumor inhibition than cis-diamminedichloroplatinum alone in experiments with the transplanted and the primary tumor models. It is hoped that these studies will continue to provide background information for the design of disease oriented phase I and II clinical trials.", "contents": "The effect of platinum analogues and combination chemotherapy on murine bladder cancer. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II currently is the most effective chemotherapeutic agent in advanced bladder cancer. However, most of the objective responses are partial and/or of limited duration (average 6 months). In an effort to identify a more effective compound with less toxicity platinum analogues have been synthesized. Since results in the carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer model have correlated with activity of drugs in man this model was used to evaluate 4 of these analogues. Although not as effective as the parent compound, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, they exhibited significant antitumor activity in the poorly differentiated transplanted tumor. However, they were not able to reduce the incidence or size of primary tumors. Another approach to enhance tumor cell kill is combination chemotherapy. The addition of cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin hydrochloride to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum produced a greater tumor inhibition than cis-diamminedichloroplatinum alone in experiments with the transplanted and the primary tumor models. It is hoped that these studies will continue to provide background information for the design of disease oriented phase I and II clinical trials.", "PMID": 545820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9960", "title": "Saralasin test as a diagnostic and prognostic aid in renovascular hypertensive patients subjected to renal operation.", "content": "A positive saralasin test in patients with angiographic evidence of renovascular disease and other positive functional tests gives further assurance that these patients will achieve normal or substantially reduced blood pressure postoperatively. In our experience with proved renovascular hypertension there was a 19% incidence of falsely negative saralasin tests. Therefore, saralasin should not be used as the sole screening test in hypertensive patients suspected of having surgically correctable lesions. There is a direct correlation between elevated renin activity and a positive saralasin test. In some patients saralasin may be more sensitive than any other currently used test to detect overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system. This would determine those patients with technical errors in renin sampling and assays. Of the 16 patients (all normotensive) who had 6-month followup tests 5 had elevated peripheral renin activity, probably owing to furosemide stimulation. Of these 5 patients 2 had a positive postoperative saralasin test, raising the question of potential falsely positive responses in cases of essential hypertension and coincidental non-functional renal artery stenosis. Patients with high renin essential hypertension may respond to saralasin, even in the absence of renal artery lesions. A saralasin test should be done in a hospital where all specific conditions can be met and potential complications handled promptly.", "contents": "Saralasin test as a diagnostic and prognostic aid in renovascular hypertensive patients subjected to renal operation. A positive saralasin test in patients with angiographic evidence of renovascular disease and other positive functional tests gives further assurance that these patients will achieve normal or substantially reduced blood pressure postoperatively. In our experience with proved renovascular hypertension there was a 19% incidence of falsely negative saralasin tests. Therefore, saralasin should not be used as the sole screening test in hypertensive patients suspected of having surgically correctable lesions. There is a direct correlation between elevated renin activity and a positive saralasin test. In some patients saralasin may be more sensitive than any other currently used test to detect overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system. This would determine those patients with technical errors in renin sampling and assays. Of the 16 patients (all normotensive) who had 6-month followup tests 5 had elevated peripheral renin activity, probably owing to furosemide stimulation. Of these 5 patients 2 had a positive postoperative saralasin test, raising the question of potential falsely positive responses in cases of essential hypertension and coincidental non-functional renal artery stenosis. Patients with high renin essential hypertension may respond to saralasin, even in the absence of renal artery lesions. A saralasin test should be done in a hospital where all specific conditions can be met and potential complications handled promptly.", "PMID": 545821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9961", "title": "Premature cataracts associated with generalized lentigo.", "content": "Generalized lentigo (leopard syndrome) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by lentigo, sensorineural deafness, retarded growth (below 25%), ocular hypertelorism, mandibular prognathism, pectus carinatum or excavatum, dorsal kyphosis, winging of the scapulae, valvular pulmonary artery stenosis, electrocardiographic conduction defects, and genitourinary defects. Ocular evaluations of patients with generalized lentigo have revealed the appearance of multiple small white punctate and comma-shaped opacities in the cortex and nuclci of the lenses of affected patients. On the basis of age of the patients examined, it would seem that the corneal opacities first appear in the third decade. Although the opacities may be extensive, the lens opacities do not appear to impair visual function until approximately twenty years after they first appear.", "contents": "Premature cataracts associated with generalized lentigo. Generalized lentigo (leopard syndrome) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by lentigo, sensorineural deafness, retarded growth (below 25%), ocular hypertelorism, mandibular prognathism, pectus carinatum or excavatum, dorsal kyphosis, winging of the scapulae, valvular pulmonary artery stenosis, electrocardiographic conduction defects, and genitourinary defects. Ocular evaluations of patients with generalized lentigo have revealed the appearance of multiple small white punctate and comma-shaped opacities in the cortex and nuclci of the lenses of affected patients. On the basis of age of the patients examined, it would seem that the corneal opacities first appear in the third decade. Although the opacities may be extensive, the lens opacities do not appear to impair visual function until approximately twenty years after they first appear.", "PMID": 545823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9962", "title": "Prognosis for life in patients with diabetes: relation to severity of retinopathy.", "content": "In a group of 709 individuals with diabetes diagnosed prior to age 50 and followed for five to thirteen years a strong inverse relationship was demonstrated between the severity of the retinopathy at the initial visit and survival. Survival in patients with no retinopathy or with microaneurysms only was little different from that of the general population (five-year rate .99, SE .01). The five-year survival rate for patients with more severe nonproliferative retinopathy, characterized by the presence of hemorrhages and/or exudates, but without new vessels or vitreous hemorrhage (B2), was .81 (SE .04), and that for patients with proliferative retinopathy (PDR) was .56 (SE .03). After adjustment for age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes and sex, the differences in survival between these three groups were highly statistically significant. Impairment of visual acuity was also shown to be inversely related to survival. The five-year survival rate for patients  with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in each eye was .42 (SE .05). In patients with B2 retinopathy there was a weak but statistically significant trend towards decreasing survival with increasing duration of diabetes. In patients with PDR survival decreased with increasing duration up to 20 years, but then improved for patients with 20 years or more of diabetes.", "contents": "Prognosis for life in patients with diabetes: relation to severity of retinopathy. In a group of 709 individuals with diabetes diagnosed prior to age 50 and followed for five to thirteen years a strong inverse relationship was demonstrated between the severity of the retinopathy at the initial visit and survival. Survival in patients with no retinopathy or with microaneurysms only was little different from that of the general population (five-year rate .99, SE .01). The five-year survival rate for patients with more severe nonproliferative retinopathy, characterized by the presence of hemorrhages and/or exudates, but without new vessels or vitreous hemorrhage (B2), was .81 (SE .04), and that for patients with proliferative retinopathy (PDR) was .56 (SE .03). After adjustment for age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes and sex, the differences in survival between these three groups were highly statistically significant. Impairment of visual acuity was also shown to be inversely related to survival. The five-year survival rate for patients  with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in each eye was .42 (SE .05). In patients with B2 retinopathy there was a weak but statistically significant trend towards decreasing survival with increasing duration of diabetes. In patients with PDR survival decreased with increasing duration up to 20 years, but then improved for patients with 20 years or more of diabetes.", "PMID": 545824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9963", "title": "Treatment of intraocular proliferations with intravitreal steroids.", "content": "Autotransplantation of 250,000 tissue cultured fibroblasts from rabbit rump skin into the vitreous cavity results in intravitreal strand formation and traction retinal detachment (27 of 47 eyes, 57%). A single intravitreal injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone alcohol inhibits fibroblast growth as judged by the significantly reduced number of retinal detachments (11 of 46 eyes, 24%).", "contents": "Treatment of intraocular proliferations with intravitreal steroids. Autotransplantation of 250,000 tissue cultured fibroblasts from rabbit rump skin into the vitreous cavity results in intravitreal strand formation and traction retinal detachment (27 of 47 eyes, 57%). A single intravitreal injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone alcohol inhibits fibroblast growth as judged by the significantly reduced number of retinal detachments (11 of 46 eyes, 24%).", "PMID": 545825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9964", "title": "A new optical modality to overcome diplopia.", "content": "The author has presented a new method to correct vertical diplopia using a prism contact lens. To the present time, its application has been limited to contact lenses correcting refractive errors of less than 3D and to ground-in prisms of not more than 6 delta. The field is new. Technical, mathematical, and clinical advances should eventually allow the use of stronger prisms over a wider range of refractive corrections.", "contents": "A new optical modality to overcome diplopia. The author has presented a new method to correct vertical diplopia using a prism contact lens. To the present time, its application has been limited to contact lenses correcting refractive errors of less than 3D and to ground-in prisms of not more than 6 delta. The field is new. Technical, mathematical, and clinical advances should eventually allow the use of stronger prisms over a wider range of refractive corrections.", "PMID": 545826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9965", "title": "Dexterity testing and residents' surgical performance.", "content": "1. With some exceptions, those who choose ophthalmology as a career may approximate the general population in innate manual dexterity. 2. Many factors other than manual dexterity influence the development of surgical skills by residents. 3. If dexterity testing is to be used, the addition or inclusion of tests for spatial aptitudes may be more helpful than simple dexterity tests alone. The predictive value of such tests for surgical performance would need vertification. 4. The development of a special test directly related to handling surgical instruments, to cutting, and to sewing (the criteria) may be more practical than the ones used in this study.", "contents": "Dexterity testing and residents' surgical performance. 1. With some exceptions, those who choose ophthalmology as a career may approximate the general population in innate manual dexterity. 2. Many factors other than manual dexterity influence the development of surgical skills by residents. 3. If dexterity testing is to be used, the addition or inclusion of tests for spatial aptitudes may be more helpful than simple dexterity tests alone. The predictive value of such tests for surgical performance would need vertification. 4. The development of a special test directly related to handling surgical instruments, to cutting, and to sewing (the criteria) may be more practical than the ones used in this study.", "PMID": 545827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9966", "title": "Enhancement of the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field of aphakic eyes by a soft contact lens correction.", "content": "Goldman perimetric field examination was done on 42 glaucomatous eyes, with aphakic spectacles and a soft lens correction. There was a 79% +/- 20% SD overall average enhancement of field size with the soft lens, but the difference varied linearly as a direct function of the initial spectacle field size. There appears to be a significant advantage to the patient in the use of soft lens correction for serial peripheral field measurements.", "contents": "Enhancement of the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field of aphakic eyes by a soft contact lens correction. Goldman perimetric field examination was done on 42 glaucomatous eyes, with aphakic spectacles and a soft lens correction. There was a 79% +/- 20% SD overall average enhancement of field size with the soft lens, but the difference varied linearly as a direct function of the initial spectacle field size. There appears to be a significant advantage to the patient in the use of soft lens correction for serial peripheral field measurements.", "PMID": 545828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9967", "title": "Anterior vitrectomy for complications of cataract extraction.", "content": "Our results of anterior vitrectomy in 12 patients with vitreo-corneal touch following cataract extraction, and in three patients with ghost-cell glaucoma due to vitreous hemorrhage were reported. The Machemer vitreous infusion suction cutter was used for pars plana and trans-corneal approaches. Anterior vitrectomy was effective in treating both disorders.", "contents": "Anterior vitrectomy for complications of cataract extraction. Our results of anterior vitrectomy in 12 patients with vitreo-corneal touch following cataract extraction, and in three patients with ghost-cell glaucoma due to vitreous hemorrhage were reported. The Machemer vitreous infusion suction cutter was used for pars plana and trans-corneal approaches. Anterior vitrectomy was effective in treating both disorders.", "PMID": 545829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9968", "title": "The intracapsular versus the extracapsular cataract technique in relationship to retinal problems.", "content": "Five hundred and sixty-four consecutive eyes after cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation were studied in relationship to the incidence of retinal detachment and cystoid macular edema in the intra vs the extracapsular extraction technique. In 124 eyes undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction, three (2.4%) developed retinal detachment. In 440 eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction two (0.45%) developed retinal detachment. In 87 eyes undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction 7 (8%) developed cystoid macular edema. In 327 eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction 4 (1.2%) developed cystoid macular edema. This study cannot  be compared with other series in the literature because high risk cases and those with vitreous loss were excluded.", "contents": "The intracapsular versus the extracapsular cataract technique in relationship to retinal problems. Five hundred and sixty-four consecutive eyes after cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation were studied in relationship to the incidence of retinal detachment and cystoid macular edema in the intra vs the extracapsular extraction technique. In 124 eyes undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction, three (2.4%) developed retinal detachment. In 440 eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction two (0.45%) developed retinal detachment. In 87 eyes undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction 7 (8%) developed cystoid macular edema. In 327 eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction 4 (1.2%) developed cystoid macular edema. This study cannot  be compared with other series in the literature because high risk cases and those with vitreous loss were excluded.", "PMID": 545830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9969", "title": "Extended wear of hydrophilic contact lenses in aphakia - an alternative to intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Since not every patient will be a candidate for an intraocular lens, there will always be a portion of aphakic patients who are candidates for extended wear hydrophilic lenses. Aphakic patients to be fitted successfully with extended wear contacts must be motivated, aware of the risks, and require frequent lens cleaning and replacement on an individual basis. While future improvement of hydrophilic lenses is to be expected and anticipated, the extent of these improvements is still uncertain. However, preliminary reports are encouraging. Extended wear contact lenses are not the only answer to aphakia. They are but one alternative available to the ophthalmologist for maximizing the visual rehabilitation of the aphakic patient. Even with the increasing use and acceptance of intraocular lenses, the use of extended soft lens wear has a place in this rehabilitation.", "contents": "Extended wear of hydrophilic contact lenses in aphakia - an alternative to intraocular lens implantation. Since not every patient will be a candidate for an intraocular lens, there will always be a portion of aphakic patients who are candidates for extended wear hydrophilic lenses. Aphakic patients to be fitted successfully with extended wear contacts must be motivated, aware of the risks, and require frequent lens cleaning and replacement on an individual basis. While future improvement of hydrophilic lenses is to be expected and anticipated, the extent of these improvements is still uncertain. However, preliminary reports are encouraging. Extended wear contact lenses are not the only answer to aphakia. They are but one alternative available to the ophthalmologist for maximizing the visual rehabilitation of the aphakic patient. Even with the increasing use and acceptance of intraocular lenses, the use of extended soft lens wear has a place in this rehabilitation.", "PMID": 545832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9970", "title": "Continuous wave argon laser iridectomy in angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "Utilizing a continuous wave argon laser in a multiburn fashion, successful iridectomies were achieved in 42 of 45 phakic eyes with either acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Five of the successful procedures required multiple sittings on different days or abandonment of the primary treatment site in favor of an alternate site to attain patency. Within the immediate postoperative period, ten eyes needed further treatment to eliminate moderate pigment proliferation at the perforation site. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis under topical anesthesia, usually required less than one-half hour for completion, and resulted in only minimal complications. Therefore, CWAL iridectomy appears to present an alternative to surgical iridectomy for the definitive treatment of angle-closure glaucoma, although long-term evaluation of this modality of therapy is presently unavailable.", "contents": "Continuous wave argon laser iridectomy in angle-closure glaucoma. Utilizing a continuous wave argon laser in a multiburn fashion, successful iridectomies were achieved in 42 of 45 phakic eyes with either acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Five of the successful procedures required multiple sittings on different days or abandonment of the primary treatment site in favor of an alternate site to attain patency. Within the immediate postoperative period, ten eyes needed further treatment to eliminate moderate pigment proliferation at the perforation site. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis under topical anesthesia, usually required less than one-half hour for completion, and resulted in only minimal complications. Therefore, CWAL iridectomy appears to present an alternative to surgical iridectomy for the definitive treatment of angle-closure glaucoma, although long-term evaluation of this modality of therapy is presently unavailable.", "PMID": 545834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9971", "title": "The association of viruses with urveal melanoma.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of 57 ocular melanomas (54 human, two feline and one canine) revealed the presence of viral particles in six specimens. Herpesviruses particles were observed in one human specimen and were passed in human fibroblasts (WI-38), where they gave rise to intranuclear inclusions. A-type oncornavirus particles (oncogenic RNA virus) were observed in a second case, both in cells of tumor directly removed from an enucleated eye as well as in cells grown in tissue culture. In three human specimens and one feline specimen, togavirus particles were observed. Rubella is a member of this group, and the possibility that the presence of togavirus in these tumors is the result of latent ocular infection by rubella virus is raised. Herpes virus and RNA tumor viruses are widely considered as having a possible etiologic role for certain human cancers. The observation of togavirus is unexpected, as this virus has not been previously implicated in human or animal tumors. Injection of an RNA tumor virus (Gardner strain feline sarcoma virus) into the anterior chamber of newborn kittens resulted in the development of iris and ciliary body melanomas, many of which showed invasion and, in one instance, metastasis. This is the first animal model of a viral-induced uveal melanoma, and the histology and ultrastructure are described. These results emphasize the need for the continued investigation of the role of these viruses in uveal melanoma.", "contents": "The association of viruses with urveal melanoma. Electron microscopic examination of 57 ocular melanomas (54 human, two feline and one canine) revealed the presence of viral particles in six specimens. Herpesviruses particles were observed in one human specimen and were passed in human fibroblasts (WI-38), where they gave rise to intranuclear inclusions. A-type oncornavirus particles (oncogenic RNA virus) were observed in a second case, both in cells of tumor directly removed from an enucleated eye as well as in cells grown in tissue culture. In three human specimens and one feline specimen, togavirus particles were observed. Rubella is a member of this group, and the possibility that the presence of togavirus in these tumors is the result of latent ocular infection by rubella virus is raised. Herpes virus and RNA tumor viruses are widely considered as having a possible etiologic role for certain human cancers. The observation of togavirus is unexpected, as this virus has not been previously implicated in human or animal tumors. Injection of an RNA tumor virus (Gardner strain feline sarcoma virus) into the anterior chamber of newborn kittens resulted in the development of iris and ciliary body melanomas, many of which showed invasion and, in one instance, metastasis. This is the first animal model of a viral-induced uveal melanoma, and the histology and ultrastructure are described. These results emphasize the need for the continued investigation of the role of these viruses in uveal melanoma.", "PMID": 545833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9972", "title": "[Superinfection in heterakiasis].", "content": "Experiments including single, two-fold and triple superinvasions with 100 invasive heterakidic eggs each on 2 day- and 4 month-old chickens were carried out (beginning of the experiment). Single superinvasions were effected on the 12th, 18th and 30th day, two-fold superinvasions -- on the 12th and 18th, 12th and 30th, 18th and 30th day, while triple superinvasions took place on the 12th, 18th and 30th day. It was established that the superinvasions of 20 day-old chickens reduce 3.6 times the survival of heterakids. The reduction was most pronounced in chickens superinvaded on the 18th day. A certain areactivity was observed in 4 month-old superinvaded chickens: the number of surviving heterakids was 1.4 times greater in superinvaded chickens than in the control. A significant shortening of heterakid length was established in younger experimental chickens as compared to the control, as well as an enhanced pathogenic effect of the helminths. Deviations of this kind were not evident in older chickens.", "contents": "[Superinfection in heterakiasis]. Experiments including single, two-fold and triple superinvasions with 100 invasive heterakidic eggs each on 2 day- and 4 month-old chickens were carried out (beginning of the experiment). Single superinvasions were effected on the 12th, 18th and 30th day, two-fold superinvasions -- on the 12th and 18th, 12th and 30th, 18th and 30th day, while triple superinvasions took place on the 12th, 18th and 30th day. It was established that the superinvasions of 20 day-old chickens reduce 3.6 times the survival of heterakids. The reduction was most pronounced in chickens superinvaded on the 18th day. A certain areactivity was observed in 4 month-old superinvaded chickens: the number of surviving heterakids was 1.4 times greater in superinvaded chickens than in the control. A significant shortening of heterakid length was established in younger experimental chickens as compared to the control, as well as an enhanced pathogenic effect of the helminths. Deviations of this kind were not evident in older chickens.", "PMID": 545837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9973", "title": "[Distribution and retention of nitroxinil in the tissues and fluids of large and small ruminants treated with fasciolide].", "content": "Nitroxynil distribution and the period of its retention in the organism of sheep and calves subcutaneously treated with therapeutical doses of the Bulgarian patent medicine fasciolid which contains N-methylglucaminic-nitro-xynil salt were followed. Comparative studies were carried out using the patent medicine dovenix \"Specia\". The polarographic method, based on nitro-group reduction over a dripping mercury electrod was applied for nitroxynil determination. It was established that fasciolid and dovenix applied to sheep and cattle in a prophylactic-therapeutic dose did not differ significantly in their distribution and retention in the organism.", "contents": "[Distribution and retention of nitroxinil in the tissues and fluids of large and small ruminants treated with fasciolide]. Nitroxynil distribution and the period of its retention in the organism of sheep and calves subcutaneously treated with therapeutical doses of the Bulgarian patent medicine fasciolid which contains N-methylglucaminic-nitro-xynil salt were followed. Comparative studies were carried out using the patent medicine dovenix \"Specia\". The polarographic method, based on nitro-group reduction over a dripping mercury electrod was applied for nitroxynil determination. It was established that fasciolid and dovenix applied to sheep and cattle in a prophylactic-therapeutic dose did not differ significantly in their distribution and retention in the organism.", "PMID": 545838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9974", "title": "[Changes in the vitamin D content in cow's milk irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet rays and in the blood serum of calves fed the irradiated milk].", "content": "Comparative investigations aiming to determine the most favourable dose for in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of cow milk which can ensure highest vitamin D content in it and best effect on vitamin D level in calf blood serum were carried out. It was established that under the applied technique of ultraviolet irradiation a 4 min treatment is most suitable and vitamin D content in milk rises several times (up to 8 times). Feeding of calves up to the age of 60 days with irradiated milk ensures a 4- to 5-fold increase of vitamin D in the blood serum as compared to its initial level before the experiment started and 2--3 fold as compared to that in control group calves.", "contents": "[Changes in the vitamin D content in cow's milk irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet rays and in the blood serum of calves fed the irradiated milk]. Comparative investigations aiming to determine the most favourable dose for in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of cow milk which can ensure highest vitamin D content in it and best effect on vitamin D level in calf blood serum were carried out. It was established that under the applied technique of ultraviolet irradiation a 4 min treatment is most suitable and vitamin D content in milk rises several times (up to 8 times). Feeding of calves up to the age of 60 days with irradiated milk ensures a 4- to 5-fold increase of vitamin D in the blood serum as compared to its initial level before the experiment started and 2--3 fold as compared to that in control group calves.", "PMID": 545839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9975", "title": "[Atypical course of cholera in poultry].", "content": "Atypically developing chicken septicemia was studied at 3 farms in Bulgaria. In one of the observed centers of chicken septicemia infection no pathologic anatomical changes were evident while in the other two centers of infection serofibrinose and serofibrinose vitelline peritonitis, as well as pleurisy were present. In the bacteriological investigation carried out on 2969 samples 233 strains of chicken septicemia were isolated. Identification of 84 of them by the aid of the specific bacteriophage P. multocida 115 and of sugar and alcohol fermantation revealed that they can be classified as P. multocida. They are lyzated by a phage but do not reproduce it. Chicken septicemia cultures are virulent for white mice. In intramuscular injections of pullets these cultures prove not virulent, but their intravenous application kills the pullets in 5--10 days and the initial strain is isolated from all inner organs. The biological test on pullets is suitable for determining chicken septicemia culture virulence.", "contents": "[Atypical course of cholera in poultry]. Atypically developing chicken septicemia was studied at 3 farms in Bulgaria. In one of the observed centers of chicken septicemia infection no pathologic anatomical changes were evident while in the other two centers of infection serofibrinose and serofibrinose vitelline peritonitis, as well as pleurisy were present. In the bacteriological investigation carried out on 2969 samples 233 strains of chicken septicemia were isolated. Identification of 84 of them by the aid of the specific bacteriophage P. multocida 115 and of sugar and alcohol fermantation revealed that they can be classified as P. multocida. They are lyzated by a phage but do not reproduce it. Chicken septicemia cultures are virulent for white mice. In intramuscular injections of pullets these cultures prove not virulent, but their intravenous application kills the pullets in 5--10 days and the initial strain is isolated from all inner organs. The biological test on pullets is suitable for determining chicken septicemia culture virulence.", "PMID": 545840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9976", "title": "[Preparation and comparative testing of antigens for the immunodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle].", "content": "Three antigen types were produced by ultra-sound treatment of the initial material (Anaplasma marginale Theiler infected blood) and its subsequent sedimentional centrifugation from 10 000 to 100 000 G. Their specificity and susceptibility to the Reaction Complement Binding (RCB) and to the capillary agglutination (CA) serological tests was comparatively checked up. Antigens A and B were very active in RCB, while antigen B--in the CA reaction. By these qualities they meet the requirements and are suitable for the practical need of discovering animals-carriers of anaplasmosis.", "contents": "[Preparation and comparative testing of antigens for the immunodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle]. Three antigen types were produced by ultra-sound treatment of the initial material (Anaplasma marginale Theiler infected blood) and its subsequent sedimentional centrifugation from 10 000 to 100 000 G. Their specificity and susceptibility to the Reaction Complement Binding (RCB) and to the capillary agglutination (CA) serological tests was comparatively checked up. Antigens A and B were very active in RCB, while antigen B--in the CA reaction. By these qualities they meet the requirements and are suitable for the practical need of discovering animals-carriers of anaplasmosis.", "PMID": 545841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9977", "title": "[Determination of benzoic acid and its salts in food products of animal origin].", "content": "A modification of the method for determining benzoic acid and its salts by water-vapour distillation and extraction of the biological material conservant and its titrimetrical determination is proposed. The thin layer chromatography method (TLC) is used parallelly for the identification of the conservant. The advantage of the proposed method consists in that the same distiller is used for quantitative titrimetrical determination and for TLC assessment. The method possesses high sensitivity 1 gamma in TLC scoring and 0.1 mg in titrimetric determination. It is applied for the determination of conservants in various fish assortments, canned fish and roe.", "contents": "[Determination of benzoic acid and its salts in food products of animal origin]. A modification of the method for determining benzoic acid and its salts by water-vapour distillation and extraction of the biological material conservant and its titrimetrical determination is proposed. The thin layer chromatography method (TLC) is used parallelly for the identification of the conservant. The advantage of the proposed method consists in that the same distiller is used for quantitative titrimetrical determination and for TLC assessment. The method possesses high sensitivity 1 gamma in TLC scoring and 0.1 mg in titrimetric determination. It is applied for the determination of conservants in various fish assortments, canned fish and roe.", "PMID": 545844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9978", "title": "[Chemotherapeutic activity of Albendazole in experimental trichinelliasis in guinea pigs].", "content": "The chemico-therapeutical activity of albendasol was studied on 45 guinea-pigs experimentally invaded by 500 muscle trichinellae. The experimental animals were treated with the preparation on the 30th, 60th and 90th day post invasion. At the 10 mg/kg dose a 96.4% effectiveness against 30 day muscle trichinellae, 95.2% against the 60 day, and 81.2% against the 90 day trichinellae was scored, while at 20 mg/kg dose the effectiveness of the treatment was respectively 97.1, 96.3 and 88.6%. Pathomorphological and enzyme (alkaline and acid phosphatase) changes indicate that albendasol probably inactivates the inflammatory protective mechanism of the microorganism and directly participates in the parasite's cell metabolism.", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutic activity of Albendazole in experimental trichinelliasis in guinea pigs]. The chemico-therapeutical activity of albendasol was studied on 45 guinea-pigs experimentally invaded by 500 muscle trichinellae. The experimental animals were treated with the preparation on the 30th, 60th and 90th day post invasion. At the 10 mg/kg dose a 96.4% effectiveness against 30 day muscle trichinellae, 95.2% against the 60 day, and 81.2% against the 90 day trichinellae was scored, while at 20 mg/kg dose the effectiveness of the treatment was respectively 97.1, 96.3 and 88.6%. Pathomorphological and enzyme (alkaline and acid phosphatase) changes indicate that albendasol probably inactivates the inflammatory protective mechanism of the microorganism and directly participates in the parasite's cell metabolism.", "PMID": 545845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9979", "title": "[Radiotelemetric studies on uterine motility in cows during the 3d period of labor and the early puerperal period].", "content": "The outside appearance of a one-channel radiotelemetric system is presented and a short description of supplementary devices for the study of uterine motility in cows is given. The radiotube consisting of an inductive converter and a two-transistor sound generator is described in short. The tube is placed directly in the uterine cavity through the cervical canal. The numerical values of contractile uterine activity in hours post delivery up to the 120 hour are presented in one table and a graph. Original registering of normal uterine activity and of reflectory inhibition of the same are shown as well as registerings of other functions of the organism through the uterus such as urination, defecation, lowing and belching. The contractile activity of the uterus during a normal course of the third stage of labour and the early puerperium is most strongly expressed during the first day post calving. The duration of this activity in the following days is directly dependent on the individual characteristics of the organism.", "contents": "[Radiotelemetric studies on uterine motility in cows during the 3d period of labor and the early puerperal period]. The outside appearance of a one-channel radiotelemetric system is presented and a short description of supplementary devices for the study of uterine motility in cows is given. The radiotube consisting of an inductive converter and a two-transistor sound generator is described in short. The tube is placed directly in the uterine cavity through the cervical canal. The numerical values of contractile uterine activity in hours post delivery up to the 120 hour are presented in one table and a graph. Original registering of normal uterine activity and of reflectory inhibition of the same are shown as well as registerings of other functions of the organism through the uterus such as urination, defecation, lowing and belching. The contractile activity of the uterus during a normal course of the third stage of labour and the early puerperium is most strongly expressed during the first day post calving. The duration of this activity in the following days is directly dependent on the individual characteristics of the organism.", "PMID": 545847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9980", "title": "[Effect of supplementary artificial illumination with visible rays on biochemical indices in the blood serum, milk yields and fertilization during lactation].", "content": "Comparative investigations were made with two groups of cows (a control) and an experimental one) aiming to establish the effect of prolonged day length during the autumn-winter and the early spring periods on the physiological state of the cows, the yield of milk and fertilization during the lactation period. Results obtained indicate that supplementary illumination with visible rays at a rate of 5 w/m2 from the floor and a 16 h day length including the natural day period, enhances the content of Ca, inorganic P and vitamin D and A of the blood serum, stabilizes at a constant level the quantity of total protein and rises the content of albumins and gamma-globulins. As a result of these and probably of some other changes in the organism, the physiological state of the cows is either maintained normal or is improved, a fact leading to 13% higher milk yield on the average for the lactation period, service period shortened to 87 days and increased number of pregnant cows following the first insemination.", "contents": "[Effect of supplementary artificial illumination with visible rays on biochemical indices in the blood serum, milk yields and fertilization during lactation]. Comparative investigations were made with two groups of cows (a control) and an experimental one) aiming to establish the effect of prolonged day length during the autumn-winter and the early spring periods on the physiological state of the cows, the yield of milk and fertilization during the lactation period. Results obtained indicate that supplementary illumination with visible rays at a rate of 5 w/m2 from the floor and a 16 h day length including the natural day period, enhances the content of Ca, inorganic P and vitamin D and A of the blood serum, stabilizes at a constant level the quantity of total protein and rises the content of albumins and gamma-globulins. As a result of these and probably of some other changes in the organism, the physiological state of the cows is either maintained normal or is improved, a fact leading to 13% higher milk yield on the average for the lactation period, service period shortened to 87 days and increased number of pregnant cows following the first insemination.", "PMID": 545848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9981", "title": "[Morphometric studies of the changes in reproductive activity of the rat ovaries in regimens of immobilization and motor activity].", "content": "White female rats from the Wistar strain were divided into three groups: the first--subjected to heavy motion exercises, the second--used as control, and the third--immobilized. Motion stress was accomplished by use of a tretbahn, while immobilization was effected by the use of a method for physiological immobilization invented by the authors. A considerable reduction in corpus luteum number (number of ovulations) was observed in the immobilized animals. In most cases cystic degeneration, ovarian hypoplasia, obliteration and obturation as well as salpingitis were observed in these animals also. In pregnant immobilized rats only a small number of embryos was found, high percent of embryo mortality, fetal growth retardation and a considerable thickening and folding of the endometrium with numerous blood cells mainly histocytes and lymphocytes under the epithelium. No visible deviations from the normal condition and function of the gonads were observed in the control animals while in those under motion stress data indicating a certain improvement in the reproductive activity were obtained.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies of the changes in reproductive activity of the rat ovaries in regimens of immobilization and motor activity]. White female rats from the Wistar strain were divided into three groups: the first--subjected to heavy motion exercises, the second--used as control, and the third--immobilized. Motion stress was accomplished by use of a tretbahn, while immobilization was effected by the use of a method for physiological immobilization invented by the authors. A considerable reduction in corpus luteum number (number of ovulations) was observed in the immobilized animals. In most cases cystic degeneration, ovarian hypoplasia, obliteration and obturation as well as salpingitis were observed in these animals also. In pregnant immobilized rats only a small number of embryos was found, high percent of embryo mortality, fetal growth retardation and a considerable thickening and folding of the endometrium with numerous blood cells mainly histocytes and lymphocytes under the epithelium. No visible deviations from the normal condition and function of the gonads were observed in the control animals while in those under motion stress data indicating a certain improvement in the reproductive activity were obtained.", "PMID": 545849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9982", "title": "[Effect of varying amounts of methionine on chickens].", "content": "The effect of high methionine quantities on chickens was studied. The experiment was carried out with hundred 20-day old chicken-broilers, divided in four groups. A positive effect of 0.5% methionine added to the main ration was recorded. It resulted in 1109 g gain in weight as compared to 819,1 g for the control group. Two and three percent of methionine reduced the gain with 52.49 and 44.13% respectively. Toxic reactions were observed in II and III groups. Lethality in these groups reached 30 and 60% respectively. Haemoglobin content was considerably reduced, while blood sugar, carotene and vitamin A contents increased proportionally to the methionin quantities introduced in the ration. No significant changes in the values of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and SGOT, SGPT activity before and after the experiment were established.", "contents": "[Effect of varying amounts of methionine on chickens]. The effect of high methionine quantities on chickens was studied. The experiment was carried out with hundred 20-day old chicken-broilers, divided in four groups. A positive effect of 0.5% methionine added to the main ration was recorded. It resulted in 1109 g gain in weight as compared to 819,1 g for the control group. Two and three percent of methionine reduced the gain with 52.49 and 44.13% respectively. Toxic reactions were observed in II and III groups. Lethality in these groups reached 30 and 60% respectively. Haemoglobin content was considerably reduced, while blood sugar, carotene and vitamin A contents increased proportionally to the methionin quantities introduced in the ration. No significant changes in the values of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and SGOT, SGPT activity before and after the experiment were established.", "PMID": 545850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9983", "title": "[Effect of high doses of the toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis strains on mice and sheep].", "content": "The investigation on Bac. thuringiensis toxines applied orally and subcutaneously on experimental white mice and on sheep proved that high doses of the dipel endotoxin are most toxic for mice of all strains (No. 862, 2E, 171) and spores and crystals of strain ND-1 used in dipel injection. The endotoxin of strain 862 applied orally to sheep at a dose of 10 cm3/kg body weight caused slight changes only to some paraclinical indices, namely: total protein, carotene, etc. Exotoxin had none or only slight toxic effect. The remaining strains applied to high doses proved almost harmless to mice.", "contents": "[Effect of high doses of the toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis strains on mice and sheep]. The investigation on Bac. thuringiensis toxines applied orally and subcutaneously on experimental white mice and on sheep proved that high doses of the dipel endotoxin are most toxic for mice of all strains (No. 862, 2E, 171) and spores and crystals of strain ND-1 used in dipel injection. The endotoxin of strain 862 applied orally to sheep at a dose of 10 cm3/kg body weight caused slight changes only to some paraclinical indices, namely: total protein, carotene, etc. Exotoxin had none or only slight toxic effect. The remaining strains applied to high doses proved almost harmless to mice.", "PMID": 545851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9984", "title": "[Microfloral study of bull seminal fluid stored at low temperatures].", "content": "Hundred twenty three samples of bull semen fluid frozen at 196 degrees C including 83 plastic ampules, 20 granules and 20 plastic straws obtained from the containers of the insemination stations of 10 farms from the Sofia district were investigated. Two hundred twelve strains were isolated and identified as: Escherichia coli--25 strains, Hafnia--16 strains, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Proteus mirabilis--9 strains of each. The remaining Gram-negative genera and species were more rarely encountered. Gram positive bacteria: Micrococcus--19 strains, Staphylococcus aureus--17 strains, Staph. epidermidis--15 strains, Bacillus cereus--15 strains, B. subtilis--12 strains. Other representatives of Gram-positive bacteria were also found but in lower percentages. Least bacteria were observed in semen fluid frozen in plastic straws and most--in plastic ampules which were mainly used until recently for cow insemination. It was established that the same bacteria isolated by other authors from fresh sperm were encountered in semen fluid stored at minus temperatures. The conclusion is made that semen fluid stored at low temperature is contaminated with bacteria. It is only natural that these bacteria are introduced in cow genitals by insemination.", "contents": "[Microfloral study of bull seminal fluid stored at low temperatures]. Hundred twenty three samples of bull semen fluid frozen at 196 degrees C including 83 plastic ampules, 20 granules and 20 plastic straws obtained from the containers of the insemination stations of 10 farms from the Sofia district were investigated. Two hundred twelve strains were isolated and identified as: Escherichia coli--25 strains, Hafnia--16 strains, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Proteus mirabilis--9 strains of each. The remaining Gram-negative genera and species were more rarely encountered. Gram positive bacteria: Micrococcus--19 strains, Staphylococcus aureus--17 strains, Staph. epidermidis--15 strains, Bacillus cereus--15 strains, B. subtilis--12 strains. Other representatives of Gram-positive bacteria were also found but in lower percentages. Least bacteria were observed in semen fluid frozen in plastic straws and most--in plastic ampules which were mainly used until recently for cow insemination. It was established that the same bacteria isolated by other authors from fresh sperm were encountered in semen fluid stored at minus temperatures. The conclusion is made that semen fluid stored at low temperature is contaminated with bacteria. It is only natural that these bacteria are introduced in cow genitals by insemination.", "PMID": 545852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9985", "title": "[Distribution and forms of latent mastitis in cows].", "content": "A study on the distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows on its forms and onthe percentage involvement of the individual microorganisms isolated in the positively reacting cases was carried out including clinical, cytological and microbiological investigations. The study covered 8 cow farms with a total number of 2377 cows. It was established that 68.42% of the cows suffer from symptomless mastitis and 24.09% of the udder quarters. In 32.39% of the latter cases non-specific mastitis or the so called secretory disturbance was observed, while in 67.61%--bacterial mastitis, which in 50.75% had a subclinical course, while in 17.36--as latent infection. In the samples with pathogenic microorganisms 72.35% had staphylococci, 14.32%--micrococci, 8.39%--streptococci and the remaining 4.94%--other kinds of bacteria. The appearance and distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows is the result of bad management of cow rearing and use.", "contents": "[Distribution and forms of latent mastitis in cows]. A study on the distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows on its forms and onthe percentage involvement of the individual microorganisms isolated in the positively reacting cases was carried out including clinical, cytological and microbiological investigations. The study covered 8 cow farms with a total number of 2377 cows. It was established that 68.42% of the cows suffer from symptomless mastitis and 24.09% of the udder quarters. In 32.39% of the latter cases non-specific mastitis or the so called secretory disturbance was observed, while in 67.61%--bacterial mastitis, which in 50.75% had a subclinical course, while in 17.36--as latent infection. In the samples with pathogenic microorganisms 72.35% had staphylococci, 14.32%--micrococci, 8.39%--streptococci and the remaining 4.94%--other kinds of bacteria. The appearance and distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows is the result of bad management of cow rearing and use.", "PMID": 545853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9986", "title": "[Toxicological studies of the technical phosphate of Pharmachem tylosin].", "content": "Studies on the acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity of technical tylosine phosphate (TTP) with 50 UI/mg activity, produced by Pharmachim were carried out. It was established that TTP does not cause lethality in white rats following application of 20, in white mice--of 40, in chickens--of 30 and in pigs--of 2 g/kg body weight. Long term application to the rations--of chickens for 40 days, in doses of 20, 40 and 60 g/kg fodder (=1.3 and 5 ED100) and of pigs for 32 days in doses of 2.6 and 10 g/kg fodder (=1.3 and 5 ED100) stimulates gain in weight of both species by 2-11.5% and improves the utilization of nutrition by 4.5-12.5% without any unfavourable effect on the clinical-biochemical composition of the blood and the structure and development of inner organs.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies of the technical phosphate of Pharmachem tylosin]. Studies on the acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity of technical tylosine phosphate (TTP) with 50 UI/mg activity, produced by Pharmachim were carried out. It was established that TTP does not cause lethality in white rats following application of 20, in white mice--of 40, in chickens--of 30 and in pigs--of 2 g/kg body weight. Long term application to the rations--of chickens for 40 days, in doses of 20, 40 and 60 g/kg fodder (=1.3 and 5 ED100) and of pigs for 32 days in doses of 2.6 and 10 g/kg fodder (=1.3 and 5 ED100) stimulates gain in weight of both species by 2-11.5% and improves the utilization of nutrition by 4.5-12.5% without any unfavourable effect on the clinical-biochemical composition of the blood and the structure and development of inner organs.", "PMID": 545854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9987", "title": "[Nephropathy in swine of uncertain etiology].", "content": "Pathological, anatomical and patho-histological studies on cases of nephropathia with uncertain etiology in swine were performed in an industrial swine complex. Pathological, anatomical and patho-histological changes in the kidneys and in the regional lymph nodes were described. In accordance with the character and extent of the changes observed the kidneys were provisionally divided into four main groups. On the basis of the patho-histological findings the assumption is forwarded that agents of unknown toxic nature play an etiological role.", "contents": "[Nephropathy in swine of uncertain etiology]. Pathological, anatomical and patho-histological studies on cases of nephropathia with uncertain etiology in swine were performed in an industrial swine complex. Pathological, anatomical and patho-histological changes in the kidneys and in the regional lymph nodes were described. In accordance with the character and extent of the changes observed the kidneys were provisionally divided into four main groups. On the basis of the patho-histological findings the assumption is forwarded that agents of unknown toxic nature play an etiological role.", "PMID": 545855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9988", "title": "[Enzootic erysipeloid in pheasants].", "content": "Epizootological, clinical, bacteriological and pathomorhological studies on enzooty of erysipelas in a flock of 11 000 pheasants were made. The clinical symptoms of sick pheasants and the pathologoanatomical and patho-histogical changes observed in dead pheasants are described. The pathogen of erysipelas was isolated and differentiated. The disease was reproduced experimentally in 15 pheasants from another fram where no cases of the disease were encountered. The source of infection remained unknown. It was established that, as is the case in other animals and birds, erysepelas in pheasants is characterized clinically and morphologically by the symptoms of septicaemia.", "contents": "[Enzootic erysipeloid in pheasants]. Epizootological, clinical, bacteriological and pathomorhological studies on enzooty of erysipelas in a flock of 11 000 pheasants were made. The clinical symptoms of sick pheasants and the pathologoanatomical and patho-histogical changes observed in dead pheasants are described. The pathogen of erysipelas was isolated and differentiated. The disease was reproduced experimentally in 15 pheasants from another fram where no cases of the disease were encountered. The source of infection remained unknown. It was established that, as is the case in other animals and birds, erysepelas in pheasants is characterized clinically and morphologically by the symptoms of septicaemia.", "PMID": 545856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9989", "title": "[Contamination of Bulgarian yogurt with yeasts and molds and the dynamics of their development in the product].", "content": "Twenty one complex production experiments aiming to establish the sources of Bulgarian yoghourt contamination with yeasts and moulds were carried out. It was established that they enter the product by way of unclean production lines and implements, by the fermenting agent, by the air in the fermentation premises. Their number in the ready product increases during storage. The extent of their increase is in relation with their initial number and with the type of yoghourt cooling and storage. At temperature 8-10 degrees C yeast numbers increase after 6-day storage from 1 500 to 4 000 times, while at temperature 18-25 degrees C even on the 3d day their number surpasses 1-15 millions per g. Moulds appear after 2-4 days of storage at 18-25 degrees C in quantities of 2000-13 000/g, while at 8-10 degrees C--after the 5th day and their number varies from 100 to 2 000/g. Defects in the organoleptic indices of yoghourt (acid-tart yeast taste and \"rising\") appear in case of accumulation of more than 500 000-1 million yeasts per g. In 3.5% of the 201 lots of yoghourt presented for sale on the market and investigated the presence of yeasts was established, while only one lot had moulds. Standards concerning the permissible yeast and mould content are presented, which guarantee longer periods of preservation time for Bulgarian yoghourt.", "contents": "[Contamination of Bulgarian yogurt with yeasts and molds and the dynamics of their development in the product]. Twenty one complex production experiments aiming to establish the sources of Bulgarian yoghourt contamination with yeasts and moulds were carried out. It was established that they enter the product by way of unclean production lines and implements, by the fermenting agent, by the air in the fermentation premises. Their number in the ready product increases during storage. The extent of their increase is in relation with their initial number and with the type of yoghourt cooling and storage. At temperature 8-10 degrees C yeast numbers increase after 6-day storage from 1 500 to 4 000 times, while at temperature 18-25 degrees C even on the 3d day their number surpasses 1-15 millions per g. Moulds appear after 2-4 days of storage at 18-25 degrees C in quantities of 2000-13 000/g, while at 8-10 degrees C--after the 5th day and their number varies from 100 to 2 000/g. Defects in the organoleptic indices of yoghourt (acid-tart yeast taste and \"rising\") appear in case of accumulation of more than 500 000-1 million yeasts per g. In 3.5% of the 201 lots of yoghourt presented for sale on the market and investigated the presence of yeasts was established, while only one lot had moulds. Standards concerning the permissible yeast and mould content are presented, which guarantee longer periods of preservation time for Bulgarian yoghourt.", "PMID": 545857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9990", "title": "[Changes in the biochemical indices of reactivity in calves with subacute bronchopneumonia treated with hyperimmune serum].", "content": "Changes in some biochemical indices characterizing the reactivity of calves suffering from bronchopneumonia following treatment with hiperimmune anti-bovine rabbit serum were investigated. It was established that beta-lipoproteins, sialic acid and amilase activity of blood serum were positively affected and the calves recovered following treatment with hiperimmune serum. Results obtained substantiate the conclusion that hiperimmune anti-bovine rabbit serum should be used in combination with chemicotherapeutical means for medical treatment of calf bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "[Changes in the biochemical indices of reactivity in calves with subacute bronchopneumonia treated with hyperimmune serum]. Changes in some biochemical indices characterizing the reactivity of calves suffering from bronchopneumonia following treatment with hiperimmune anti-bovine rabbit serum were investigated. It was established that beta-lipoproteins, sialic acid and amilase activity of blood serum were positively affected and the calves recovered following treatment with hiperimmune serum. Results obtained substantiate the conclusion that hiperimmune anti-bovine rabbit serum should be used in combination with chemicotherapeutical means for medical treatment of calf bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 545858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9991", "title": "The clinical physiology of water metabolism. Part II: Renal mechanisms for urinary concentration; diabetes insipidus.", "content": "The renal reabsorption of water independent of solute is the result of the coordinated function of the collecting duct and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The unique juxtaposition of the ascending and descending portions of the loop of Henle and of the vasa recta permits the function of a counter-current multiplier system in which water is removed from the tubular lumen and reabsorbed into the circulation. The driving force for reabsorption is the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla which is dependent, in part, on chloride (followed by sodium) pumping from the thick ascending loop of Henle. Urea trapping is also thought to play an important role in the generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitium. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts by binding to receptors on the cell membrane and activating adenylate cyclase. This, inturn, results in the intracellular accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) which in some fashion abruptly increases the water permeability of the luminal membrane of cells in the collecting duct. As a consequence, water flows along an osmotic gradient out of the tubular lumen into the medullary interstitium. Diabetes insipidus is the clinical condition associated with either a deficiency of or a resistance to AVP. Central diabetes insipidus is due to diminished release of AVP following damage to either the neurosecretory nuclei or the pituitary stalk. Possible causes include idiopathic, familial, trauma, tumor, infection or vascular lesions. Patients present with polyuria, usually beginning over a period of a few days. The diagnosis is made by showing that urinary concentration is impaired after water restriction but that there is a good response to exogenous vasopressin therapy. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be identified by a patient's lack of response to AVP. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by a familial defect, although milder forms can be acquired as a result of various forms of renal disease. Central diabetes insipidus is eminently responsive to replacement therapy, particularly with dDAVP, a long lasting analogue of AVP. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is best treated with a combination of thiazide diuretics as well as a diet low in sodium and protein.", "contents": "The clinical physiology of water metabolism. Part II: Renal mechanisms for urinary concentration; diabetes insipidus. The renal reabsorption of water independent of solute is the result of the coordinated function of the collecting duct and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The unique juxtaposition of the ascending and descending portions of the loop of Henle and of the vasa recta permits the function of a counter-current multiplier system in which water is removed from the tubular lumen and reabsorbed into the circulation. The driving force for reabsorption is the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla which is dependent, in part, on chloride (followed by sodium) pumping from the thick ascending loop of Henle. Urea trapping is also thought to play an important role in the generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitium. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts by binding to receptors on the cell membrane and activating adenylate cyclase. This, inturn, results in the intracellular accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) which in some fashion abruptly increases the water permeability of the luminal membrane of cells in the collecting duct. As a consequence, water flows along an osmotic gradient out of the tubular lumen into the medullary interstitium. Diabetes insipidus is the clinical condition associated with either a deficiency of or a resistance to AVP. Central diabetes insipidus is due to diminished release of AVP following damage to either the neurosecretory nuclei or the pituitary stalk. Possible causes include idiopathic, familial, trauma, tumor, infection or vascular lesions. Patients present with polyuria, usually beginning over a period of a few days. The diagnosis is made by showing that urinary concentration is impaired after water restriction but that there is a good response to exogenous vasopressin therapy. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be identified by a patient's lack of response to AVP. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by a familial defect, although milder forms can be acquired as a result of various forms of renal disease. Central diabetes insipidus is eminently responsive to replacement therapy, particularly with dDAVP, a long lasting analogue of AVP. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is best treated with a combination of thiazide diuretics as well as a diet low in sodium and protein.", "PMID": 545867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9992", "title": "Distribution functions of variables characterizing the mycelial morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures.", "content": "The distribution of variables characterizing the morphology of the mycelium of Streptomyces hygroscopicus grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures at different specific growth rates were investigated statistically. The values of the hyphal growth unit (L/N) and the values of the distance from the apex to the first branch (Lp) are normally distributed, but the values of the distance between neighbouring branches are logarithmically normal distributed. The distribution functions are discussed from the biological point of view.", "contents": "Distribution functions of variables characterizing the mycelial morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures. The distribution of variables characterizing the morphology of the mycelium of Streptomyces hygroscopicus grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures at different specific growth rates were investigated statistically. The values of the hyphal growth unit (L/N) and the values of the distance from the apex to the first branch (Lp) are normally distributed, but the values of the distance between neighbouring branches are logarithmically normal distributed. The distribution functions are discussed from the biological point of view.", "PMID": 545910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9993", "title": "Effect of temperature on the transcription by bacteriophage T3-induced RNA polymerase.", "content": "Bacteriophage T3-induced RNA polymerase is rapidly inactivated at 42 degrees C. Addition of T3 DNA delays this process for 30 s and reduces the rate with which the enzyme activity is lost indicating that a labile binary complex between T3 DNA and polymerase must have been formed. The ternary complex between T3-specific RNA polymerase, T3 DNA, and nascent RNA chains obtained when the enzyme is incubated with T3 DNA, GTP, ATP, and UTP is stable to heat (42 degrees C) and only slowly inactivated by polyvinyl sulfate. The optimal temperature for the formation of polyanionresistant ternary complexes is 30 degrees C while the elongation of T3 RNA chains proceeds fastest at 38 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on the transcription by bacteriophage T3-induced RNA polymerase. Bacteriophage T3-induced RNA polymerase is rapidly inactivated at 42 degrees C. Addition of T3 DNA delays this process for 30 s and reduces the rate with which the enzyme activity is lost indicating that a labile binary complex between T3 DNA and polymerase must have been formed. The ternary complex between T3-specific RNA polymerase, T3 DNA, and nascent RNA chains obtained when the enzyme is incubated with T3 DNA, GTP, ATP, and UTP is stable to heat (42 degrees C) and only slowly inactivated by polyvinyl sulfate. The optimal temperature for the formation of polyanionresistant ternary complexes is 30 degrees C while the elongation of T3 RNA chains proceeds fastest at 38 degrees C.", "PMID": 545912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9994", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the submucous plexus of the large intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Rich.).", "content": "Ultrastructural studies on the large intestine of the Rainbow trout revealed the hitherto unreported presence of neurons within the submucous plexus. The neurons were closely associated with axons which expanded intermittently along their length to form varicosities. According to the type and proportion of vesicles within the varicosities, three groups were distinguished. Group I varicosities contained a predominant population of small electronlucent vesicles measuring 30 nm in diameter. Group II varicosities contained a few medium-sized granular vesicles measuring 60 nm in diameter mixed with large numbers of small electronlucent vesicles. Most of the Group III varicosities contained large numbers of large granular vesicles, 90 nm in diameter. Varicosities of all groups formed axosomatic synapses. The significance of the presence of neurons in the submucous plexus of the trout large intestine is discussed. Group I and II varicosity profiles were interpreted as representing cholinergic and adrenergic innervation respectively. The identification of the transmitter substance in Group III varicosities, however, has still to be resolved.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the submucous plexus of the large intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Rich.). Ultrastructural studies on the large intestine of the Rainbow trout revealed the hitherto unreported presence of neurons within the submucous plexus. The neurons were closely associated with axons which expanded intermittently along their length to form varicosities. According to the type and proportion of vesicles within the varicosities, three groups were distinguished. Group I varicosities contained a predominant population of small electronlucent vesicles measuring 30 nm in diameter. Group II varicosities contained a few medium-sized granular vesicles measuring 60 nm in diameter mixed with large numbers of small electronlucent vesicles. Most of the Group III varicosities contained large numbers of large granular vesicles, 90 nm in diameter. Varicosities of all groups formed axosomatic synapses. The significance of the presence of neurons in the submucous plexus of the trout large intestine is discussed. Group I and II varicosity profiles were interpreted as representing cholinergic and adrenergic innervation respectively. The identification of the transmitter substance in Group III varicosities, however, has still to be resolved.", "PMID": 545927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9995", "title": "[An experimental study on the function of fibrocytes].", "content": "By means of different types of fibrocytes (amnion connecting cells, fibrocytes of the substantia propria of the cornea, fibrocytes of the tendon, fibrocytes of the loose connecting tissues and fibrocytes of the ovary a varying disposition could be demonstrated for the accumulation of vital dies. The tests indicate that the transformation of fibrocytes into histiocytes (macrophagia) can be shown with certainty only in the less differentiated connected tissue cells of the amnion.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the function of fibrocytes]. By means of different types of fibrocytes (amnion connecting cells, fibrocytes of the substantia propria of the cornea, fibrocytes of the tendon, fibrocytes of the loose connecting tissues and fibrocytes of the ovary a varying disposition could be demonstrated for the accumulation of vital dies. The tests indicate that the transformation of fibrocytes into histiocytes (macrophagia) can be shown with certainty only in the less differentiated connected tissue cells of the amnion.", "PMID": 545928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9996", "title": "[Histologic study of the teleost liver. I. The structure of the liver parenchyma].", "content": "The liver parenchyma of the teleosts investigated in this study does not show a true lobular pattern. The finer arrangement of the hepatocytes corresponds to the classical conception that the structure of the liver parenchyma is tubular. On the other hand the laminar structure of parenchyma (ELIAS), as it is often described in the more recent literature, must be regarded as a predominantly descriptive perspective. Remnants of a tubular structure also appear in the liver of the cyprinids investigated here, which have no real liver tubules owing to the special feature of the canalicular region (unicellular or \"intracellular\" bile canaliculi). Compared to the liver of higher vertebrates eight of the nine teleost species investigated here possess a liver poor in connective tissue. The liver of Haplochromis burtoni also lacks a continuous tissue layer beneath the peritoneal mesothelium. In contrast the liver of Tetraodon leiurus is characterized by an abundance of connective tissue. This phenomenon can be attributed to the high proportion of sinusoids in the parenchyma, which confers a structure similar to that of mammalian liver. The resulting loss of mechanical stability is obviously compensated for by the enlarged contribution of the connective tissue to the structure of the parenchyma.", "contents": "[Histologic study of the teleost liver. I. The structure of the liver parenchyma]. The liver parenchyma of the teleosts investigated in this study does not show a true lobular pattern. The finer arrangement of the hepatocytes corresponds to the classical conception that the structure of the liver parenchyma is tubular. On the other hand the laminar structure of parenchyma (ELIAS), as it is often described in the more recent literature, must be regarded as a predominantly descriptive perspective. Remnants of a tubular structure also appear in the liver of the cyprinids investigated here, which have no real liver tubules owing to the special feature of the canalicular region (unicellular or \"intracellular\" bile canaliculi). Compared to the liver of higher vertebrates eight of the nine teleost species investigated here possess a liver poor in connective tissue. The liver of Haplochromis burtoni also lacks a continuous tissue layer beneath the peritoneal mesothelium. In contrast the liver of Tetraodon leiurus is characterized by an abundance of connective tissue. This phenomenon can be attributed to the high proportion of sinusoids in the parenchyma, which confers a structure similar to that of mammalian liver. The resulting loss of mechanical stability is obviously compensated for by the enlarged contribution of the connective tissue to the structure of the parenchyma.", "PMID": 545929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9997", "title": "[Histologic study of the teleost liver. II. The blood vessel system].", "content": "In the liver of the teleosts investigated in the present study the sinusoidal region shows a space of DISSE, which contains numerous microvilli originating from the hepatocytes. In some species, especially in Tetraodon leiurus, there are also bundles of collagenous fibrils. In the DISSE's space of larger sinusoids (transition sinusoids) sections of filament-rich cells are found. These are sometimes interconnected by desmosomes and can be interpreted as processes of smooth muscle cells from the region of the venae hepaticae. The endothelium of smaller sinusoids is fenestrated and shows micropinocytotic activity. The endothelia of the transition sinusoids and of the venae hepaticae are endowed with structures, which can be interpreted as macrovesicles. In the sinusoidal region true KUPFFER-cells and ITO-cells could not be observed. Nevertheless, the close location of granulocytes to the sinusoidal endothelium suggests that phagocytotic processes cannot be excluded for the sinusoidal region. Exceptionally, in Hemihaplochromis multicolor there were also signs of possible phagocytosis by sinusoidal endothelial cells. The chemomorphology of the sinusoidal region, above all the evidence of alkaline phosphatase, shows great differences between species. The examination of the larger blood-vessels in the liver of Haplochromis burtoni reveals venae portae with very thin walls and venae hepaticae with thick walls, which contain smooth muscle cells. Granulocytes and melanocytes are abundant in the wall of the venae hepaticae. This phenomenon indicates that the defence-functions, which in the liver of higher vertebrates are carried out by the sinusoids (KUPFFER-cells), are undertaken by the region of the venae hepaticae in the liver of Haplochromis burtoni, which is free of KUPFFER-cells. On their extrahepatic course the venae portae are surrounded by a sleeve of exocrine pancreatic tissue, which accompanies the vessels deep into the liver. The pancreatic cells bordering the thin-walled venae portae have sparse microvilli indicating a transfer of substances between venous blood and pancreas similar to the sinusoidal region of the liver. Furthermore, the investigation resulted in a clue to the innervation of the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "[Histologic study of the teleost liver. II. The blood vessel system]. In the liver of the teleosts investigated in the present study the sinusoidal region shows a space of DISSE, which contains numerous microvilli originating from the hepatocytes. In some species, especially in Tetraodon leiurus, there are also bundles of collagenous fibrils. In the DISSE's space of larger sinusoids (transition sinusoids) sections of filament-rich cells are found. These are sometimes interconnected by desmosomes and can be interpreted as processes of smooth muscle cells from the region of the venae hepaticae. The endothelium of smaller sinusoids is fenestrated and shows micropinocytotic activity. The endothelia of the transition sinusoids and of the venae hepaticae are endowed with structures, which can be interpreted as macrovesicles. In the sinusoidal region true KUPFFER-cells and ITO-cells could not be observed. Nevertheless, the close location of granulocytes to the sinusoidal endothelium suggests that phagocytotic processes cannot be excluded for the sinusoidal region. Exceptionally, in Hemihaplochromis multicolor there were also signs of possible phagocytosis by sinusoidal endothelial cells. The chemomorphology of the sinusoidal region, above all the evidence of alkaline phosphatase, shows great differences between species. The examination of the larger blood-vessels in the liver of Haplochromis burtoni reveals venae portae with very thin walls and venae hepaticae with thick walls, which contain smooth muscle cells. Granulocytes and melanocytes are abundant in the wall of the venae hepaticae. This phenomenon indicates that the defence-functions, which in the liver of higher vertebrates are carried out by the sinusoids (KUPFFER-cells), are undertaken by the region of the venae hepaticae in the liver of Haplochromis burtoni, which is free of KUPFFER-cells. On their extrahepatic course the venae portae are surrounded by a sleeve of exocrine pancreatic tissue, which accompanies the vessels deep into the liver. The pancreatic cells bordering the thin-walled venae portae have sparse microvilli indicating a transfer of substances between venous blood and pancreas similar to the sinusoidal region of the liver. Furthermore, the investigation resulted in a clue to the innervation of the exocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 545930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9998", "title": "[Innervation of the mucosa of the small intestine of laboratory animals. I. Architecture, light microscopic structure and histochemical differentiation].", "content": "1. The small intestine mucosa has a dense and differentiated innervation. The most dense nerve plexuses are contained in the villi. Each tubular gland is surrounded by a rope-ladder-like plexus, mostly developed in the lower and upper third. 2. According to our observations most of the axons in the mucosa are cholinergic. Cholinergic and adrenergic axons take part in the innervation of the glands. Moreover enterochromaffine cells can be innervated for instance sympathetically. Intraepithelial axons could not be found.", "contents": "[Innervation of the mucosa of the small intestine of laboratory animals. I. Architecture, light microscopic structure and histochemical differentiation]. 1. The small intestine mucosa has a dense and differentiated innervation. The most dense nerve plexuses are contained in the villi. Each tubular gland is surrounded by a rope-ladder-like plexus, mostly developed in the lower and upper third. 2. According to our observations most of the axons in the mucosa are cholinergic. Cholinergic and adrenergic axons take part in the innervation of the glands. Moreover enterochromaffine cells can be innervated for instance sympathetically. Intraepithelial axons could not be found.", "PMID": 545931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_9999", "title": "[Comparative and quantitative ultrastructural study of the olfactory organs of four strains of domestic pigeons].", "content": "1. By counting the axons per micron 2 on electronmicrographs of cross-sectioned olfactory nerves and multiplying this number by the area of the cross-sectioned nerves, the number of olfactory receptors was determined in 4 breeds of domestic pigeons including homing pigeons. 2. The total number of olfactory receptors varied between 3.0 and 7.4 . 10(6). It significantly depended on the body size of the pigeons. There was no evidence for differences in the number of olfactory receptors between the breeds independent of body size. 3. No differences in the relative size of the olfactory bulbs could be detected between the breeds. 4. The ultrastructure of the olfactory epithelium was basically similar to that of other birds. The covering mucus layer was revealed to be a secretion product of both the olfactory glands of Bowman and the olfactory supporting cells. No differences were observed in the ultrastructure of the olfactory region between the four breeds investigated.", "contents": "[Comparative and quantitative ultrastructural study of the olfactory organs of four strains of domestic pigeons]. 1. By counting the axons per micron 2 on electronmicrographs of cross-sectioned olfactory nerves and multiplying this number by the area of the cross-sectioned nerves, the number of olfactory receptors was determined in 4 breeds of domestic pigeons including homing pigeons. 2. The total number of olfactory receptors varied between 3.0 and 7.4 . 10(6). It significantly depended on the body size of the pigeons. There was no evidence for differences in the number of olfactory receptors between the breeds independent of body size. 3. No differences in the relative size of the olfactory bulbs could be detected between the breeds. 4. The ultrastructure of the olfactory epithelium was basically similar to that of other birds. The covering mucus layer was revealed to be a secretion product of both the olfactory glands of Bowman and the olfactory supporting cells. No differences were observed in the ultrastructure of the olfactory region between the four breeds investigated.", "PMID": 545932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10000", "title": "Postembryonic changes in the optic primordia and optic bud in the flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis fabr. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).", "content": "Differentiation of the optic lobe anlagen begin in the brain of second instar. Each is an elongated disc of cortical cells placed on the dorsolateral border of each protocerebrum. In the late second instar the disc elongates and its two ends bend inwards which gradually separate from the central region, thus giving three imaginal discs. The protocerebral neuropile extends into these discs and medulla interna and externa are formed. The rudiments of compound eyes (cephalic complex) appear in the early laid larva. These are attached with the brain and pharyngeal wall separately. The posterior portion of cephalic complex (optic bud), after establishing a nervous association with the central optic lobe anlage (lamina ganglionaris), forms the compound eye. Ech optic bud is attached to the brain by a non-nervous stalk. The epiblast cells of the optic bud do not migrate into the brain and the lamina is formed by the proliferation of the central imaginal disc. The reorientation of the optic lobe anlagen starts in the late third instar and the medulla interna divides into two unequal lobes. In 2 day pupa the nerve fibres from the lamina travel into the optic stalk and the optic nerve is formed. The epiblast cells of the optic bud differentiate to form a peripheral epithelial layer which becomes pigmented and gets apposed to the lateral boundary of the brain. The central epiblast cells of the optic bud form several ommatidia. The optic nerve degenerates gradually and various components of the compound eye are formed by the epiblast cells. Chiasm internum is present but chiasm externum is absent.", "contents": "Postembryonic changes in the optic primordia and optic bud in the flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis fabr. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Differentiation of the optic lobe anlagen begin in the brain of second instar. Each is an elongated disc of cortical cells placed on the dorsolateral border of each protocerebrum. In the late second instar the disc elongates and its two ends bend inwards which gradually separate from the central region, thus giving three imaginal discs. The protocerebral neuropile extends into these discs and medulla interna and externa are formed. The rudiments of compound eyes (cephalic complex) appear in the early laid larva. These are attached with the brain and pharyngeal wall separately. The posterior portion of cephalic complex (optic bud), after establishing a nervous association with the central optic lobe anlage (lamina ganglionaris), forms the compound eye. Ech optic bud is attached to the brain by a non-nervous stalk. The epiblast cells of the optic bud do not migrate into the brain and the lamina is formed by the proliferation of the central imaginal disc. The reorientation of the optic lobe anlagen starts in the late third instar and the medulla interna divides into two unequal lobes. In 2 day pupa the nerve fibres from the lamina travel into the optic stalk and the optic nerve is formed. The epiblast cells of the optic bud differentiate to form a peripheral epithelial layer which becomes pigmented and gets apposed to the lateral boundary of the brain. The central epiblast cells of the optic bud form several ommatidia. The optic nerve degenerates gradually and various components of the compound eye are formed by the epiblast cells. Chiasm internum is present but chiasm externum is absent.", "PMID": 545933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10001", "title": "[The occurrence of \"skein bones\" in the enchondral layer of the bony labyrinth capsule].", "content": "Skein bone which is typical in enchondral layer of human bony otic capsule also is found in pig, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse and golden hamster. This structural principle of enchondral layer of bony otic capsule is discussed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of \"skein bones\" in the enchondral layer of the bony labyrinth capsule]. Skein bone which is typical in enchondral layer of human bony otic capsule also is found in pig, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse and golden hamster. This structural principle of enchondral layer of bony otic capsule is discussed.", "PMID": 545934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10002", "title": "[Differentiation of neurons of the cingulate region in explant culture].", "content": "The structural changes in explant-cultures of the cingulate region from the brains of 18 day old rat embryos were investigated during several cultivation periods by neurohistological light microscopical methods. The differentiation and the growth of neurons were observed in cultures stained by the method of Kl\u00fcver-Barrera, and cut perpendicular to the coverslips during the period from the 1st up to the 20th day in vitro. As parameters for the growth of the cells the density of neurons and glial cells per culture area were estimated and the diameters of nuclei and pericarya were measured at different stages of culture. The following results could be obtained. 1. The immature cells differentiated up to the 20th day in vitro to neurons that could be devided into three groups due to histological characteristics: pyramidal cells, multiform neurons and a group of small cells with few cytoplasm. 2. From the 1st to the 20th day in vitro the density of neurons and glial cells markedly decreased. The number of neurons per unit area decreased to 59.7% during this period. However, the most rapid decrease in the number of neurons occurred from the 10th to the 20th day in vitro. 3. The measurements of the diameters showed an increase in both the diameters of nucleus and pericarya from the 1st to the 20th day in vitro. The enlargement of the diameters is especially striking from the 1st up to the 10th day in vitro. The results are discussed in comparison results of ontogenetic investigations in vivo.", "contents": "[Differentiation of neurons of the cingulate region in explant culture]. The structural changes in explant-cultures of the cingulate region from the brains of 18 day old rat embryos were investigated during several cultivation periods by neurohistological light microscopical methods. The differentiation and the growth of neurons were observed in cultures stained by the method of Kl\u00fcver-Barrera, and cut perpendicular to the coverslips during the period from the 1st up to the 20th day in vitro. As parameters for the growth of the cells the density of neurons and glial cells per culture area were estimated and the diameters of nuclei and pericarya were measured at different stages of culture. The following results could be obtained. 1. The immature cells differentiated up to the 20th day in vitro to neurons that could be devided into three groups due to histological characteristics: pyramidal cells, multiform neurons and a group of small cells with few cytoplasm. 2. From the 1st to the 20th day in vitro the density of neurons and glial cells markedly decreased. The number of neurons per unit area decreased to 59.7% during this period. However, the most rapid decrease in the number of neurons occurred from the 10th to the 20th day in vitro. 3. The measurements of the diameters showed an increase in both the diameters of nucleus and pericarya from the 1st to the 20th day in vitro. The enlargement of the diameters is especially striking from the 1st up to the 10th day in vitro. The results are discussed in comparison results of ontogenetic investigations in vivo.", "PMID": 545935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10003", "title": "Nuclear bodies in the rat adrenal glomerular zone in normal and experimental conditions.", "content": "The presence of nuclear bodies in the glomerular zone of the rat adrenal cortex has been shown both in normal conditions and after the stimulus of low sodium diets causing an increase in their number. These results indicate that these organelles are a normal nuclear component of the cells of this zone, and that they can experience significant increases in quantity and complexity due to various functional stimuli.", "contents": "Nuclear bodies in the rat adrenal glomerular zone in normal and experimental conditions. The presence of nuclear bodies in the glomerular zone of the rat adrenal cortex has been shown both in normal conditions and after the stimulus of low sodium diets causing an increase in their number. These results indicate that these organelles are a normal nuclear component of the cells of this zone, and that they can experience significant increases in quantity and complexity due to various functional stimuli.", "PMID": 545936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10004", "title": "The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig Euborellia annulipes lucas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae).", "content": "The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes has been described. The corpus allatum (CA) is an oval body. The gland is covered by a thin stromal sheath which is wavey and acellular in composition. The gland consists of either parenchymal cells with distinct, double-layered, smooth or slightly undulated plasma-membranes. Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum are poorly developed. The mitochondria are found in abundance and are oval, spherical, elongate, and Y-shaped, with oblique and longitudinal cristae. The gland is innervated by neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons. The neurosecretory axons are of two types. The type NS-II, contain electron dense granules of 40...120 nm in diameter and the type NS-I, small less electron dense granules (of mixed nature) 40...90 nm in diameter. Branches of tracheoles also occur that penetrate the gland. The large electron dense granules 100...220 nm in diameter occuring abundantly in aorta, and representing the secretions of the medial A-cells are absent in the CA.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig Euborellia annulipes lucas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes has been described. The corpus allatum (CA) is an oval body. The gland is covered by a thin stromal sheath which is wavey and acellular in composition. The gland consists of either parenchymal cells with distinct, double-layered, smooth or slightly undulated plasma-membranes. Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum are poorly developed. The mitochondria are found in abundance and are oval, spherical, elongate, and Y-shaped, with oblique and longitudinal cristae. The gland is innervated by neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons. The neurosecretory axons are of two types. The type NS-II, contain electron dense granules of 40...120 nm in diameter and the type NS-I, small less electron dense granules (of mixed nature) 40...90 nm in diameter. Branches of tracheoles also occur that penetrate the gland. The large electron dense granules 100...220 nm in diameter occuring abundantly in aorta, and representing the secretions of the medial A-cells are absent in the CA.", "PMID": 545937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10005", "title": "The morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive ducts in the metacercaria and adult of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) (Digenea:Heterophyida).", "content": "Encysted metacercariae of C. lingua require 38 days in the fish second intermediate host before they are infective to the bird definitive host. Morphogenesis of the metacercaria is arrested shortly after 38 days. The ovary and testes are recognizable at 10 days. By 38 days the lumen of the oviduct is apparent and cilia form on the epithelial lining. The receptaculum seminis remains rudimentary. The cells of the uterine primordium are vacuolated but no lumen is present. Laurer's canal, vitelline glands, and Mehlis's glands are not recognizable. Morphogenesis is resumed in the bird intestine. During day 1 the oviduct and receptaculum seminis complete their development; Laurer's canal and the uterine lumen are formed. During day 2 the cilia in the female ducts become motile and the vitelline and Mehlis's glands are present. Fertilization occurs on day 2 to day 3 and eggs arrive in the uterus on day 3.", "contents": "The morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive ducts in the metacercaria and adult of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) (Digenea:Heterophyida). Encysted metacercariae of C. lingua require 38 days in the fish second intermediate host before they are infective to the bird definitive host. Morphogenesis of the metacercaria is arrested shortly after 38 days. The ovary and testes are recognizable at 10 days. By 38 days the lumen of the oviduct is apparent and cilia form on the epithelial lining. The receptaculum seminis remains rudimentary. The cells of the uterine primordium are vacuolated but no lumen is present. Laurer's canal, vitelline glands, and Mehlis's glands are not recognizable. Morphogenesis is resumed in the bird intestine. During day 1 the oviduct and receptaculum seminis complete their development; Laurer's canal and the uterine lumen are formed. During day 2 the cilia in the female ducts become motile and the vitelline and Mehlis's glands are present. Fertilization occurs on day 2 to day 3 and eggs arrive in the uterus on day 3.", "PMID": 545938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10006", "title": "Further observations on ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The effect of hepatic granulomas initiated by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes of murine hosts was studied. Specimens of infected livers were collected at half week intervals, starting at week 7 postinfection and terminating at week 9 postinfection. Only the hepatocytes adjacent to granulomas showed any alteration in structure. The most obvious change was the proliferation of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, especially striking in samples collected 8 1/2 and 9 weeks postinfection. The hypothesis was presented that the material secreted by the egg of the organism might be responsible for what appeared to be a morphologic detoxification response by the hepatocytes. Other alterations evident in the hepatocytes were an increase in the lysosomal population, mitochondrial changes and a slight hypertrophy of the Golgi complexes. Previous related studies by other investigators were explored and the findings compared with the results of this study.", "contents": "Further observations on ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The effect of hepatic granulomas initiated by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes of murine hosts was studied. Specimens of infected livers were collected at half week intervals, starting at week 7 postinfection and terminating at week 9 postinfection. Only the hepatocytes adjacent to granulomas showed any alteration in structure. The most obvious change was the proliferation of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, especially striking in samples collected 8 1/2 and 9 weeks postinfection. The hypothesis was presented that the material secreted by the egg of the organism might be responsible for what appeared to be a morphologic detoxification response by the hepatocytes. Other alterations evident in the hepatocytes were an increase in the lysosomal population, mitochondrial changes and a slight hypertrophy of the Golgi complexes. Previous related studies by other investigators were explored and the findings compared with the results of this study.", "PMID": 545939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10007", "title": "Occurrence of certain physiological groups of soil micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of watermelon, cucumber, and cowpea.", "content": "A field experiment was run for studying the occurrence of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, aerobic cellulose-decomposers, and nitrifiers in rhizosphere soils as well as in rhizoplane samples of watermelon, cucumber, or cowpea at different stages of growth. In unamended soil, all the heterotrophs were generally stimulated in the rhizosphere of each plant, especially the leguminous one, resulting in positive rhizosphere effects. In amended soil, on the other hand, both negative and positive (but lower than in unamended soil) rhizosphere effects were recorded for the heterotrophs. The rhizosphere effects differed according to the type of plant, to the growth phase of each single plant, and to physiological properties of micro-organisms under study. A modified method for removing and treating the rhizoplane samples is suggested. The presence of high number of the heterotrophs and the absence of the autotrophs may support the evidence that roots of the studied plants are colonized with ammonifiers, Azotobacter, and cellulose-decomposers, but not with nitrifiers.", "contents": "Occurrence of certain physiological groups of soil micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of watermelon, cucumber, and cowpea. A field experiment was run for studying the occurrence of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, aerobic cellulose-decomposers, and nitrifiers in rhizosphere soils as well as in rhizoplane samples of watermelon, cucumber, or cowpea at different stages of growth. In unamended soil, all the heterotrophs were generally stimulated in the rhizosphere of each plant, especially the leguminous one, resulting in positive rhizosphere effects. In amended soil, on the other hand, both negative and positive (but lower than in unamended soil) rhizosphere effects were recorded for the heterotrophs. The rhizosphere effects differed according to the type of plant, to the growth phase of each single plant, and to physiological properties of micro-organisms under study. A modified method for removing and treating the rhizoplane samples is suggested. The presence of high number of the heterotrophs and the absence of the autotrophs may support the evidence that roots of the studied plants are colonized with ammonifiers, Azotobacter, and cellulose-decomposers, but not with nitrifiers.", "PMID": 545941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10008", "title": "A study of the tumorogenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. on some plant species of Iran.", "content": "This paper is a survey and comparative type of study on the tumorogenetic effect of Agrobacterium tumefaciens on some plant species of Iran. The results obtained indicate that the tumor-inducing property of this micro-organism is not common to all plant species studied; moreover no tumor was initiated on the mature leaves by the bacteria. The results obtained with the local varieties of the susceptible plants show some qualitative and quantitative differences as compared with the works of other investigators, especially with regard to the formation of secondary tumors. The enhancing effect of indolyl-3-acetic-acid (IAA) on initiation, size, and number of primary and secondary tumors, induced by Agrobacterium, was also investigated and the results, to a certain degree, confirm those obtained by other workers. Viability of the bacteria in the tumors was also measured and the results obtained confirm the view that a continuous and active presence of the bacteria is essential for growth and development of the tumors.", "contents": "A study of the tumorogenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. on some plant species of Iran. This paper is a survey and comparative type of study on the tumorogenetic effect of Agrobacterium tumefaciens on some plant species of Iran. The results obtained indicate that the tumor-inducing property of this micro-organism is not common to all plant species studied; moreover no tumor was initiated on the mature leaves by the bacteria. The results obtained with the local varieties of the susceptible plants show some qualitative and quantitative differences as compared with the works of other investigators, especially with regard to the formation of secondary tumors. The enhancing effect of indolyl-3-acetic-acid (IAA) on initiation, size, and number of primary and secondary tumors, induced by Agrobacterium, was also investigated and the results, to a certain degree, confirm those obtained by other workers. Viability of the bacteria in the tumors was also measured and the results obtained confirm the view that a continuous and active presence of the bacteria is essential for growth and development of the tumors.", "PMID": 545942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10009", "title": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 4. Communication: Examination of tightening compounds under working conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Tightening compounds which were used in the sphere of drinking-water led to a microbial settlement that differs in points of quantity and quality depending on the kind of material. Twelve compounds on the base of Silicon, one on the base of Thiokol and one Epoxid were examined.", "contents": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 4. Communication: Examination of tightening compounds under working conditions (author's transl)]. Tightening compounds which were used in the sphere of drinking-water led to a microbial settlement that differs in points of quantity and quality depending on the kind of material. Twelve compounds on the base of Silicon, one on the base of Thiokol and one Epoxid were examined.", "PMID": 545943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10010", "title": "[Rate of dental caries in youths from communities of both naturally high and low, resp., fluoride content in drinking water (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of caries in terms of the so-called DFS (= Decayed filled surfaces) index was ascertained for test persons aged from 6 to 15 years, in a community with a drinking water supply having a naturally increased fluoride content (Falkenberg/Oberpfalz, 1.8 ppm F') in comparison with test persons from a neighbouring community with a drinking water supply having a low-fluoride content (Fuchsm\u00fchl/Oberpfalz, 0.05 ppm F'). In 103 persons tested (corresponding to 7,577 dental surfaces surveyed) from Falkenberg, the DES index was 5.3, in 123 test persons (corresponding to 10,473 dental surfaces surveyed) from Fuchsm\u00fchl the DFS index was 12.4, which means that the naturally increased fluoride content of the drinking water caused caries to drop by 58 per cent viv-\u00e0-vis the reference group. No appreciable differences were found to exist in the eruption times of the permanent teeth in both groups of test persons, i. e. fluoride in drinking water does not appear to delay the eruption of teeth. The incidence of fluoride-induced enamel hypoplasia as determined by Kunz on the same test persons, resulted in a distinct increase of 74 per cent for the \"fluoride group\" vis-\u00e0-vis the reference group with a 33 per cent increase only.", "contents": "[Rate of dental caries in youths from communities of both naturally high and low, resp., fluoride content in drinking water (author's transl)]. The incidence of caries in terms of the so-called DFS (= Decayed filled surfaces) index was ascertained for test persons aged from 6 to 15 years, in a community with a drinking water supply having a naturally increased fluoride content (Falkenberg/Oberpfalz, 1.8 ppm F') in comparison with test persons from a neighbouring community with a drinking water supply having a low-fluoride content (Fuchsm\u00fchl/Oberpfalz, 0.05 ppm F'). In 103 persons tested (corresponding to 7,577 dental surfaces surveyed) from Falkenberg, the DES index was 5.3, in 123 test persons (corresponding to 10,473 dental surfaces surveyed) from Fuchsm\u00fchl the DFS index was 12.4, which means that the naturally increased fluoride content of the drinking water caused caries to drop by 58 per cent viv-\u00e0-vis the reference group. No appreciable differences were found to exist in the eruption times of the permanent teeth in both groups of test persons, i. e. fluoride in drinking water does not appear to delay the eruption of teeth. The incidence of fluoride-induced enamel hypoplasia as determined by Kunz on the same test persons, resulted in a distinct increase of 74 per cent for the \"fluoride group\" vis-\u00e0-vis the reference group with a 33 per cent increase only.", "PMID": 545944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10011", "title": "Effect of zinc ions on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and the level of 2,3-DPG in normal human red blood cells in vitro.", "content": "This paper presents the results of experiments on the in vitro effect of zinc ions on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and on the 2,3-DPG content of the red blood cells of healthy humans. Blood was incubated in 1.5 X 10(-3) M ZnSO4 solution for 4 h and then the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and the hematocrit number were determined. An original method of determination the oxygen dissociation curve of HbO2 was employed enabling an exact calculation of the P50 value of the hemolysates by the method of least squares. Analysis of statistically verified results reveals that zinc ions increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin bringing about a leftward shift of the HbO2 dissociation curve (by 3.85 mm Hg for P50) the level of 2,3-DPG remaining constant in the red cells incubated with ZnSO4. The mechanisms of this phenomenon and its possible clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of zinc ions on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and the level of 2,3-DPG in normal human red blood cells in vitro. This paper presents the results of experiments on the in vitro effect of zinc ions on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and on the 2,3-DPG content of the red blood cells of healthy humans. Blood was incubated in 1.5 X 10(-3) M ZnSO4 solution for 4 h and then the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and the hematocrit number were determined. An original method of determination the oxygen dissociation curve of HbO2 was employed enabling an exact calculation of the P50 value of the hemolysates by the method of least squares. Analysis of statistically verified results reveals that zinc ions increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin bringing about a leftward shift of the HbO2 dissociation curve (by 3.85 mm Hg for P50) the level of 2,3-DPG remaining constant in the red cells incubated with ZnSO4. The mechanisms of this phenomenon and its possible clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 545945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10012", "title": "[Tobacco smoking and lung cancer in women: relative risk for Kreyberg groups I and II (author's transl)].", "content": "The smoking habits and history of 180 female lung cancer patients (119 cases of Kreyberg I tumors, 61 cases of Kreyberg II tumors) were analyzed in a retrospective case control study (360 female control patients suffering from not tobacco related diseases). The relative risk for smokers is 5,7 for Kreyberg I tumors (statistically significant) and 1,57 for Kreyberg II tumors. The risk for Kreyberg I tumors rises in relation to the life time cigarette consumption: less than 5000 packs of cigarettes smoked 1,94; 5000--20 000 packs smoked 6,44 (statistically significant); more than 20 000 packs 10,92 (statistically significant). The respective figures for Kreyberg II tumors are 1,2; 1,72; 1,73.", "contents": "[Tobacco smoking and lung cancer in women: relative risk for Kreyberg groups I and II (author's transl)]. The smoking habits and history of 180 female lung cancer patients (119 cases of Kreyberg I tumors, 61 cases of Kreyberg II tumors) were analyzed in a retrospective case control study (360 female control patients suffering from not tobacco related diseases). The relative risk for smokers is 5,7 for Kreyberg I tumors (statistically significant) and 1,57 for Kreyberg II tumors. The risk for Kreyberg I tumors rises in relation to the life time cigarette consumption: less than 5000 packs of cigarettes smoked 1,94; 5000--20 000 packs smoked 6,44 (statistically significant); more than 20 000 packs 10,92 (statistically significant). The respective figures for Kreyberg II tumors are 1,2; 1,72; 1,73.", "PMID": 545946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10013", "title": "[The significance of immunological constellation with regard to the development of hypersensitivity against various chemical compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Biopon is a generally used detergent containing detergens which does not cause hypersensitivity as was demonstrated by the authors in previous animal experiments. In the present study the authors describe the Haptene character of Biopon which quality could be demonstrated by causing a certain immunological constellation in guinea-pigs on the grounds of a hypothesis. The hypothetical concept consisted in aiding a half-antigen in the organism even in the case of its intradermal injection into a thick immunocompetent cell agglomeration. The authors produced the agglomeration of cells of the skin by means of intradermal injections of alien serum and in with BCG treated animals with tuberculin reaction. Biopon was administered thereafter into the focus by intradermal injection. The presented two aiding methods showed different effects which the authors try to explain by the fact that different adjuvants cause different effects.", "contents": "[The significance of immunological constellation with regard to the development of hypersensitivity against various chemical compounds (author's transl)]. Biopon is a generally used detergent containing detergens which does not cause hypersensitivity as was demonstrated by the authors in previous animal experiments. In the present study the authors describe the Haptene character of Biopon which quality could be demonstrated by causing a certain immunological constellation in guinea-pigs on the grounds of a hypothesis. The hypothetical concept consisted in aiding a half-antigen in the organism even in the case of its intradermal injection into a thick immunocompetent cell agglomeration. The authors produced the agglomeration of cells of the skin by means of intradermal injections of alien serum and in with BCG treated animals with tuberculin reaction. Biopon was administered thereafter into the focus by intradermal injection. The presented two aiding methods showed different effects which the authors try to explain by the fact that different adjuvants cause different effects.", "PMID": 545948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10014", "title": "[NIH potency tests with inactivated rabies vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "63 NIH tests were analysed. A BPL inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine No. 108 was compared with the national standard vaccine A 18 fourteen times in different tests. The results show that reproduction of results is unsatisfactory with the NIH test and that this test in its present traditional method with two injections is not very suitable for satisfactory potency evaluation of inactivated rabies vaccines. Proposals for modifications are made.", "contents": "[NIH potency tests with inactivated rabies vaccines (author's transl)]. 63 NIH tests were analysed. A BPL inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine No. 108 was compared with the national standard vaccine A 18 fourteen times in different tests. The results show that reproduction of results is unsatisfactory with the NIH test and that this test in its present traditional method with two injections is not very suitable for satisfactory potency evaluation of inactivated rabies vaccines. Proposals for modifications are made.", "PMID": 545949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10015", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis in a case of fatal progressive vaccinia due to manifest immunologic deficiencies.", "content": "A case of progressive vaccinia is described, in a 21 years old man, diagnosed after 8 months of vaccinial lesion's evolution. The area of vaccination developed progressive necrosis and metastatic lesions evolved on various regions of the body. The vaccinia virus was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, from the cutaneous lesions, blood, internal organs and even from the apparently intact skin.--The serological tests indicated hypogammaglobulinemia with absence of neutralizing antibodies.--The death occured after 366 days. The progressive vaccinia described above represents the case with the most prolonged evolution known until now.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis in a case of fatal progressive vaccinia due to manifest immunologic deficiencies. A case of progressive vaccinia is described, in a 21 years old man, diagnosed after 8 months of vaccinial lesion's evolution. The area of vaccination developed progressive necrosis and metastatic lesions evolved on various regions of the body. The vaccinia virus was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, from the cutaneous lesions, blood, internal organs and even from the apparently intact skin.--The serological tests indicated hypogammaglobulinemia with absence of neutralizing antibodies.--The death occured after 366 days. The progressive vaccinia described above represents the case with the most prolonged evolution known until now.", "PMID": 545950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10016", "title": "[Estimation of age-related fatality of influenza in Vienna 1970--1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with the total number of deaths the figures of the annual basic mortality and the deaths in excess of the usual expectancy during winter are estimated; the latter are subdivided into a basic excess group and a top excess group. A similar grouping is done with influenza cases (figure 1). Table 1. shows the results of the winter seasons from 1970--71 to 1975--76. It is remarkable, that a season without excess cases of influenza as it was in 1973--74 is followed by a season with raised fatality rates (like a \"catch-up-fatality\"). Table 2 shows finally, that the top excess fatality in the age group 15--64 years is more than twice as high as the basic excess fatality. In elderly people the relation is inverse. It seems that the high basic excess fatality in the observed period in this age group is due to the high incidence of preexisting chronic diseases, fatally complicated by influenza.", "contents": "[Estimation of age-related fatality of influenza in Vienna 1970--1976 (author's transl)]. Starting with the total number of deaths the figures of the annual basic mortality and the deaths in excess of the usual expectancy during winter are estimated; the latter are subdivided into a basic excess group and a top excess group. A similar grouping is done with influenza cases (figure 1). Table 1. shows the results of the winter seasons from 1970--71 to 1975--76. It is remarkable, that a season without excess cases of influenza as it was in 1973--74 is followed by a season with raised fatality rates (like a \"catch-up-fatality\"). Table 2 shows finally, that the top excess fatality in the age group 15--64 years is more than twice as high as the basic excess fatality. In elderly people the relation is inverse. It seems that the high basic excess fatality in the observed period in this age group is due to the high incidence of preexisting chronic diseases, fatally complicated by influenza.", "PMID": 545951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10017", "title": "[Epidemiological observations on the typhoid fever outbreak 1974 in the south-west of the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "A typhoid fever epidemic broke out in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg during October and December 1974, 436 cases could be analyzed statistically. The interval between the date of earliest symptoms and the registration at the health-office was 18 days. This was the double respectively the triple of previous typhoid outbreaks. This interval results from a prolonged stay at home and a hospitalisation time with an average of 5 days from the hospitalisation to the registration. The interval between hospitalisation and the definitive diagnosis was 19 hours. The analysis of the age and sex incidence shows a high percentage of 15 to 30 years old women, which is due to the occupational exposition. The low morbidity of the 50 to 65 years old men points at a pre-exposition during World War II.", "contents": "[Epidemiological observations on the typhoid fever outbreak 1974 in the south-west of the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. A typhoid fever epidemic broke out in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg during October and December 1974, 436 cases could be analyzed statistically. The interval between the date of earliest symptoms and the registration at the health-office was 18 days. This was the double respectively the triple of previous typhoid outbreaks. This interval results from a prolonged stay at home and a hospitalisation time with an average of 5 days from the hospitalisation to the registration. The interval between hospitalisation and the definitive diagnosis was 19 hours. The analysis of the age and sex incidence shows a high percentage of 15 to 30 years old women, which is due to the occupational exposition. The low morbidity of the 50 to 65 years old men points at a pre-exposition during World War II.", "PMID": 545952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10018", "title": "Effect of protein deficiency on the metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in albino rat skin.", "content": "1. The total content of neutral sugars in skin of the weanling albino rats kept on the protein-deficient diet was increased by about 40%; this was mainly due to the increased concentration of galactose. The content of sialic acid was increased by about 20%. The collagen nitrogen was decreased significantly, with a concomitant increase of non-collagen nitrogen. At the same time, the content of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in skin was significantly decreased and that of non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans was increased. 2. Protein-deficient diet enhanced the activities of the protein-bound carbohydrate-degrading lysosomal hydrolases, viz. cathepsin D (EC 3.4.4.23), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) and beta-D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) both in liver and skin. The activity of liver hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.35) was also increased upon limitation of protein supply. 3. The changes observed in skin were accompanied by increased concentration of the protein-bound hexoses, hexosamines and sialic acids in serum, and of hexosamine and uronic acid in urine. The serum fucose remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of protein deficiency on the metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in albino rat skin. 1. The total content of neutral sugars in skin of the weanling albino rats kept on the protein-deficient diet was increased by about 40%; this was mainly due to the increased concentration of galactose. The content of sialic acid was increased by about 20%. The collagen nitrogen was decreased significantly, with a concomitant increase of non-collagen nitrogen. At the same time, the content of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in skin was significantly decreased and that of non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans was increased. 2. Protein-deficient diet enhanced the activities of the protein-bound carbohydrate-degrading lysosomal hydrolases, viz. cathepsin D (EC 3.4.4.23), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) and beta-D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) both in liver and skin. The activity of liver hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.35) was also increased upon limitation of protein supply. 3. The changes observed in skin were accompanied by increased concentration of the protein-bound hexoses, hexosamines and sialic acids in serum, and of hexosamine and uronic acid in urine. The serum fucose remained unchanged.", "PMID": 545953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10019", "title": "Analyses of infrared amide bands of chitin.", "content": "Infrared spectra of chitin isolated from various biological species were measured by Fourier transform technique. The recorded spectra were decomposed into component bands within 1500--1750 cm-1 and 3000--3500 cm-1 spectral regions; it allowed us to establish the precise position of amide I and amids II bands. It was shown that the positions of amide I and amide II bands are independent of the source from which chitin was isolated.", "contents": "Analyses of infrared amide bands of chitin. Infrared spectra of chitin isolated from various biological species were measured by Fourier transform technique. The recorded spectra were decomposed into component bands within 1500--1750 cm-1 and 3000--3500 cm-1 spectral regions; it allowed us to establish the precise position of amide I and amids II bands. It was shown that the positions of amide I and amide II bands are independent of the source from which chitin was isolated.", "PMID": 545954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10020", "title": "Induction by ferulic acid of multiple forms of peroxidase in the fungus Trametes versicolor (Basidiomycetes).", "content": "Two forms of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were induced in mycelium of Trametes versicolor by ferulic acid, with an about 2,5-fold increase of their specific activity. Both inducible forms of peroxidase were isolated and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50 and DEAE-Sepharose Cl 6B; some of their properties were also characterized.", "contents": "Induction by ferulic acid of multiple forms of peroxidase in the fungus Trametes versicolor (Basidiomycetes). Two forms of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were induced in mycelium of Trametes versicolor by ferulic acid, with an about 2,5-fold increase of their specific activity. Both inducible forms of peroxidase were isolated and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50 and DEAE-Sepharose Cl 6B; some of their properties were also characterized.", "PMID": 545955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10021", "title": "Laser raman spectroscopy of arylsulphatase B from rat liver.", "content": "1. The Raman spectra of native and denatured arylsulphatase B in aqueous solutions are reported. 2. Acid denaturation in 1 M-HCl solution (pH 1.2) was observed 1, 4 and 24 h after dissolution of the enzyme. 3. Changes in the geometry of the disulphide bridges and unfolding of the protein coil were observed. The observed decrease in the intensity of the tyrosine peaks indicates that these amino acid residues were shifted out.", "contents": "Laser raman spectroscopy of arylsulphatase B from rat liver. 1. The Raman spectra of native and denatured arylsulphatase B in aqueous solutions are reported. 2. Acid denaturation in 1 M-HCl solution (pH 1.2) was observed 1, 4 and 24 h after dissolution of the enzyme. 3. Changes in the geometry of the disulphide bridges and unfolding of the protein coil were observed. The observed decrease in the intensity of the tyrosine peaks indicates that these amino acid residues were shifted out.", "PMID": 545956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10022", "title": "Purification and properties of DNA polymerase gamma from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "1. DNA polymerase gamma from the cytoplasmic fraction of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells has been purified 120 000-fold and was free of phosphatase and nuclease activities towards deoxyribonucleoside-5'-triphosphates and polynucleotides. 2. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity for activated DNA and poly(A) . oligo(dT)12--18 at pH 8.5 IN 0.25 AND 0.15 M-KCl, respectively. Km values for dTTP with these two templates were 0.5 and 3.8 microM, respectively. 3. In contrast to DNA polymerases alpha and beta, the enzyme replicated poly(A) . oligo(dT)12--18 10 times faster and poly(dA) . oligo(dT)12--18 5 times slower than activated DNA. 4. DNA polymerase gamma did not replicate poly(C) . oligo(dG)12--18 or poly(Cm) . oligo(dT)12--18. The reaction with poly(I) and poly(U) did not exceed 1% of that observed with poly(A). 5. The enzyme was inhibited in 60% by antiserum against DNA polymerase gamma from human lymphoblasts. 6. The nuclear fraction of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells contained DNA polymerase gamma with the same characteristics.", "contents": "Purification and properties of DNA polymerase gamma from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. 1. DNA polymerase gamma from the cytoplasmic fraction of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells has been purified 120 000-fold and was free of phosphatase and nuclease activities towards deoxyribonucleoside-5'-triphosphates and polynucleotides. 2. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity for activated DNA and poly(A) . oligo(dT)12--18 at pH 8.5 IN 0.25 AND 0.15 M-KCl, respectively. Km values for dTTP with these two templates were 0.5 and 3.8 microM, respectively. 3. In contrast to DNA polymerases alpha and beta, the enzyme replicated poly(A) . oligo(dT)12--18 10 times faster and poly(dA) . oligo(dT)12--18 5 times slower than activated DNA. 4. DNA polymerase gamma did not replicate poly(C) . oligo(dG)12--18 or poly(Cm) . oligo(dT)12--18. The reaction with poly(I) and poly(U) did not exceed 1% of that observed with poly(A). 5. The enzyme was inhibited in 60% by antiserum against DNA polymerase gamma from human lymphoblasts. 6. The nuclear fraction of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells contained DNA polymerase gamma with the same characteristics.", "PMID": 545957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10023", "title": "Isolation and characterization of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "RNA polymerases AI, AII, BI, BII, CI and CII were found in the mammary gland from lactating rabbits. The enzymes obtained from total cell homogenates were partially purified and separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Their chromatographic properties, alpha-amanitin-sensitivity, template specificity, ionic strength and divalent cation requirements are described.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from rabbit mammary gland. RNA polymerases AI, AII, BI, BII, CI and CII were found in the mammary gland from lactating rabbits. The enzymes obtained from total cell homogenates were partially purified and separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Their chromatographic properties, alpha-amanitin-sensitivity, template specificity, ionic strength and divalent cation requirements are described.", "PMID": 545958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10024", "title": "Isolation of chromatin subcore particles by chromatography on Biogel 1.5 m.", "content": "The method is described for separation and purification by chromatography on Biogel 1.5 m of subnucleosomal nucleoprotein particles obtained by extensive digestion of calf thymus nuclei with micrococcal nuclease.", "contents": "Isolation of chromatin subcore particles by chromatography on Biogel 1.5 m. The method is described for separation and purification by chromatography on Biogel 1.5 m of subnucleosomal nucleoprotein particles obtained by extensive digestion of calf thymus nuclei with micrococcal nuclease.", "PMID": 545959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10025", "title": "Solution conformations of the antimetabolite 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine and its 8-bromo analogue.", "content": "An analysis has been made, with the aid of 1H NMR spectroscopy, of the solution conformation of the known antimetabolite, 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine (xyloA), and of its 8-bromo analogue. For xyloA, the results point to a strong preference for the sugar ring of the conformation type N (C(3') endo), a relatively low population of the gauche-gauche rotamer of the exocyclic 5'-CH2OH, and a preference for the conformation anti about the glycosidic bond. For 8-bromo-xyloA, the preference for the type N conformation of the sugar ring is less marked, and the preferred conformation about the glycosidic bond is syn. The conformation of the sugar ring in the foregoing xylonucleosides consequently differs appreciably from that for the corresponding ribonucleosides, which adopt preferentially the type S (C(2')endo) and gauche-gauche conformations. Comparison with previously reported results for O'-methyl derivatives of xyloA points to the similarity in conformational properties of all of these. In contrast to arabinonucleosides with free 2' and 5' hydroxyls, the conformation of xyloA is relatively unaffected in strongly alkaline medium where the sugar hydroxyl(s) dissociate. Under these conditions, there is no formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond such as might have been anticipated from X-ray diffraction studies in the solid state.", "contents": "Solution conformations of the antimetabolite 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine and its 8-bromo analogue. An analysis has been made, with the aid of 1H NMR spectroscopy, of the solution conformation of the known antimetabolite, 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine (xyloA), and of its 8-bromo analogue. For xyloA, the results point to a strong preference for the sugar ring of the conformation type N (C(3') endo), a relatively low population of the gauche-gauche rotamer of the exocyclic 5'-CH2OH, and a preference for the conformation anti about the glycosidic bond. For 8-bromo-xyloA, the preference for the type N conformation of the sugar ring is less marked, and the preferred conformation about the glycosidic bond is syn. The conformation of the sugar ring in the foregoing xylonucleosides consequently differs appreciably from that for the corresponding ribonucleosides, which adopt preferentially the type S (C(2')endo) and gauche-gauche conformations. Comparison with previously reported results for O'-methyl derivatives of xyloA points to the similarity in conformational properties of all of these. In contrast to arabinonucleosides with free 2' and 5' hydroxyls, the conformation of xyloA is relatively unaffected in strongly alkaline medium where the sugar hydroxyl(s) dissociate. Under these conditions, there is no formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond such as might have been anticipated from X-ray diffraction studies in the solid state.", "PMID": 545960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10026", "title": "Antifertility activity of alpha-chlorohydrin (3-chloro-1, 2 propanediol, U-5897) on the female rats.", "content": "alpha-chlorohydrin administration brings about regression in the corpus luteum and shedding of the uterine endometrium, indicating its luteolytic activity, alpha-chlorohydrin inhibited vaginal keratinization and interrupted the sex cycle. A dioestrous leucocytic pattern of the vaginal smear is retained during medication. Decreased synthesis of RNA, protein, sialic acid and glycogen concentration in the uterus and vagina suggest possible antioestrogenic action of the compound. The antifertility action of the drug may be due to its antioestrogenic property.", "contents": "Antifertility activity of alpha-chlorohydrin (3-chloro-1, 2 propanediol, U-5897) on the female rats. alpha-chlorohydrin administration brings about regression in the corpus luteum and shedding of the uterine endometrium, indicating its luteolytic activity, alpha-chlorohydrin inhibited vaginal keratinization and interrupted the sex cycle. A dioestrous leucocytic pattern of the vaginal smear is retained during medication. Decreased synthesis of RNA, protein, sialic acid and glycogen concentration in the uterus and vagina suggest possible antioestrogenic action of the compound. The antifertility action of the drug may be due to its antioestrogenic property.", "PMID": 545975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10027", "title": "Effect of Lisuride on serum prolactin levels during puerperium.", "content": "A new semisynthetic ergot derivative, Lisuride, has been administered to 40 women who wanted to have lactation inhibited. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the drug's effect on serum PRL levels. Treatment was carried out for 7 days with daily doses of 300 or 600 microgram. Lisuride lowered PRL levels, and the decrease was significantly more marked for the 600 microgram dose.", "contents": "Effect of Lisuride on serum prolactin levels during puerperium. A new semisynthetic ergot derivative, Lisuride, has been administered to 40 women who wanted to have lactation inhibited. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the drug's effect on serum PRL levels. Treatment was carried out for 7 days with daily doses of 300 or 600 microgram. Lisuride lowered PRL levels, and the decrease was significantly more marked for the 600 microgram dose.", "PMID": 545976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10028", "title": "Plasma levels of unconjugated estetrol and estriol and of total estriol in normal human pregnancy.", "content": "The course of normal pregnancy in 54 patients was monitored by weekly assays of Unconjugated Estriol (E3U), Total Estriol (E3T) and Unconjugated Estetrol (E4U). These subjects were divided into two groups: one of those patients who delivered a fetus with a weight above the 50th percentile and the other of those who delivered a fetus with a weight below the 50th percentile. No significant difference was found between these two groups and it is not therefore possible to have information regarding the weight of the fetus, starting from the weekly values of these hormones. Analogous variations of the three hormones were found as pregnancy progresses. However, the rate of increase for E4U was higher than for E3T and E3U.", "contents": "Plasma levels of unconjugated estetrol and estriol and of total estriol in normal human pregnancy. The course of normal pregnancy in 54 patients was monitored by weekly assays of Unconjugated Estriol (E3U), Total Estriol (E3T) and Unconjugated Estetrol (E4U). These subjects were divided into two groups: one of those patients who delivered a fetus with a weight above the 50th percentile and the other of those who delivered a fetus with a weight below the 50th percentile. No significant difference was found between these two groups and it is not therefore possible to have information regarding the weight of the fetus, starting from the weekly values of these hormones. Analogous variations of the three hormones were found as pregnancy progresses. However, the rate of increase for E4U was higher than for E3T and E3U.", "PMID": 545977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10029", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of polycystic ovaries as viewed by electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe surface fine structure of germinal epithelium and granulosa cells of human ovaries from 24 patients with polycystic ovaries and primary infertility. Synthetic LH-RH was administered intravenously and serum LH was measured at frequent intervals before and after LH-RH injection. The PCO patients were arbitrarily classified into two groups on the basis of ovarian morphology: typical PCO (Type I) with greater LH response than the lower LH response of a typical PCO (Type II). The germinal epithelium which did not completely cover the surface of the normal ovary was characterized by patchy areas of cells with and  without dense microvilli. In normal preovulatory follicles, most granulosa cells were polyhedral in shape with smooth surfaces, whereas those facing the follicular cavity were elongated and flattened and were covered with material having a filamentous/reticular texture. In PCO the germinal epithelium surrounding the whole surface possessed dense microvilli, solitary cilia, and blebs, resembling the fetal ovary. In normal ovaries, the follicular cells were uniform in size and shape with microvilli and evaginations. The PCO cells have irregular size and shape with few microvilli.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of polycystic ovaries as viewed by electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe surface fine structure of germinal epithelium and granulosa cells of human ovaries from 24 patients with polycystic ovaries and primary infertility. Synthetic LH-RH was administered intravenously and serum LH was measured at frequent intervals before and after LH-RH injection. The PCO patients were arbitrarily classified into two groups on the basis of ovarian morphology: typical PCO (Type I) with greater LH response than the lower LH response of a typical PCO (Type II). The germinal epithelium which did not completely cover the surface of the normal ovary was characterized by patchy areas of cells with and  without dense microvilli. In normal preovulatory follicles, most granulosa cells were polyhedral in shape with smooth surfaces, whereas those facing the follicular cavity were elongated and flattened and were covered with material having a filamentous/reticular texture. In PCO the germinal epithelium surrounding the whole surface possessed dense microvilli, solitary cilia, and blebs, resembling the fetal ovary. In normal ovaries, the follicular cells were uniform in size and shape with microvilli and evaginations. The PCO cells have irregular size and shape with few microvilli.", "PMID": 545978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10030", "title": "Effects of type of placentation on birthweight and its variability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "content": "Birthweight was measured on 188 monochorionic monozygotic, 54 dichorionic monozygotic, 102 like-sexed dizygotic, and 94 unlike-sexed dizygotic liveborn twin pairs. Overall, males were found to be significantly heavier than females. These differences were not significant, however, when birthweights were compared within zygosity/chorion-type categories. Males were also characterized by a slightly greater overall total variance. Comparisons of intrapair variation of monochorionic and dichorionic monozygotic twins revealed significant differences between monochorionic pairs and dichorionic separate pairs and no significant differences between monochorionic pairs and dichorionic fused pairs. The results of this study suggest that placental proximity may have as important an influence on variation in birthweight as does the presence or absence of vascular anastomoses.", "contents": "Effects of type of placentation on birthweight and its variability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Birthweight was measured on 188 monochorionic monozygotic, 54 dichorionic monozygotic, 102 like-sexed dizygotic, and 94 unlike-sexed dizygotic liveborn twin pairs. Overall, males were found to be significantly heavier than females. These differences were not significant, however, when birthweights were compared within zygosity/chorion-type categories. Males were also characterized by a slightly greater overall total variance. Comparisons of intrapair variation of monochorionic and dichorionic monozygotic twins revealed significant differences between monochorionic pairs and dichorionic separate pairs and no significant differences between monochorionic pairs and dichorionic fused pairs. The results of this study suggest that placental proximity may have as important an influence on variation in birthweight as does the presence or absence of vascular anastomoses.", "PMID": 545979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10031", "title": "Application of His bundle recording to study disorders of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction.", "content": "This paper briefly describes the techniques available for evaluation of conduction in our catheterization laboratory. The application of the technique for recording His-bundle potentials has greatly enhanced our understanding of rhythm and conduction disturbances and has provided useful and important information in the management of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders.", "contents": "Application of His bundle recording to study disorders of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. This paper briefly describes the techniques available for evaluation of conduction in our catheterization laboratory. The application of the technique for recording His-bundle potentials has greatly enhanced our understanding of rhythm and conduction disturbances and has provided useful and important information in the management of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders.", "PMID": 545980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10032", "title": "The effect of gastroduodenal xylocaine on the basal pancreatic secretion in rats.", "content": "The effect of intragastric and intraduodenal xylocaine on the pancreatic secretion was investigated in conscious rats. A 1% xylocaine infusion strongly decreased pancreatic protein output and flow during recirculation of pancreatic juice into the duodenum, but it diminished only moderately the increase in the secretion seen after its diversion and after duodenal infusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor. Moderate inhibition appeared during prolonged diversion of pancreatic juice. The response to exogenous CCK + secretin was not modified. The results indicate that during recirculation of pancreatic juice, which is more physiologic than its diversion from the duodenum, the neural control may play a significant role.", "contents": "The effect of gastroduodenal xylocaine on the basal pancreatic secretion in rats. The effect of intragastric and intraduodenal xylocaine on the pancreatic secretion was investigated in conscious rats. A 1% xylocaine infusion strongly decreased pancreatic protein output and flow during recirculation of pancreatic juice into the duodenum, but it diminished only moderately the increase in the secretion seen after its diversion and after duodenal infusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor. Moderate inhibition appeared during prolonged diversion of pancreatic juice. The response to exogenous CCK + secretin was not modified. The results indicate that during recirculation of pancreatic juice, which is more physiologic than its diversion from the duodenum, the neural control may play a significant role.", "PMID": 545981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10033", "title": "Embryotoxicity and fertility study with halothane subanesthetic concentration in rats.", "content": "The effect of 9 ppm halothane, a subanesthetic concentration, was studied on the reproductive ability and pregnancy outcome in white rats. Pregnant females were exposed for 4 h per day during the whole gestation period. Male animals were subjected to halothane inhalation for 4 h daily, 5 days per week for 6 or 8 months. In the exposed females higher rates were established for early interruption of pregnancy (all implants dead) and for embryonic death in the later periods of intrauterine life compared to controls. Deciduomata were found in 22.22% (P less than 0.05) of pregnant treated females. Control females mated to exposed males showed a higher incidence of preimplantation loss (36.36% (P less than 0.05) of those mated with males exposed for 6 months had deciduomata). Decreased fertility in males, expressed particularly in the 8-month treated group, was also demonstrated (13.33% inseminated females, compared to 35% in the control group).", "contents": "Embryotoxicity and fertility study with halothane subanesthetic concentration in rats. The effect of 9 ppm halothane, a subanesthetic concentration, was studied on the reproductive ability and pregnancy outcome in white rats. Pregnant females were exposed for 4 h per day during the whole gestation period. Male animals were subjected to halothane inhalation for 4 h daily, 5 days per week for 6 or 8 months. In the exposed females higher rates were established for early interruption of pregnancy (all implants dead) and for embryonic death in the later periods of intrauterine life compared to controls. Deciduomata were found in 22.22% (P less than 0.05) of pregnant treated females. Control females mated to exposed males showed a higher incidence of preimplantation loss (36.36% (P less than 0.05) of those mated with males exposed for 6 months had deciduomata). Decreased fertility in males, expressed particularly in the 8-month treated group, was also demonstrated (13.33% inseminated females, compared to 35% in the control group).", "PMID": 545986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10034", "title": "Serum bromide after general anaesthesia with halothane.", "content": "Serum bromide was determined in 30 patients during the first few postoperative days after general anaesthesia with halothane. The material comprised a group of younger patients (19-50 years) and a group of elderly patients (greater than 70 years), neither of whom received thiomebumal induction, and a group of younger patients (19-50 years) who received thiomebumal induction. The changes in serum bromide were independent of age and induction with barbiturate, and a maximum rise in serum bromide was found most often 2-3 days after the anaesthesia. All groups showed a rise in serum bromide to therapeutically sedative concentrations, and a significant correlation was found between MAC-hours halothane exposure and serum bromide.", "contents": "Serum bromide after general anaesthesia with halothane. Serum bromide was determined in 30 patients during the first few postoperative days after general anaesthesia with halothane. The material comprised a group of younger patients (19-50 years) and a group of elderly patients (greater than 70 years), neither of whom received thiomebumal induction, and a group of younger patients (19-50 years) who received thiomebumal induction. The changes in serum bromide were independent of age and induction with barbiturate, and a maximum rise in serum bromide was found most often 2-3 days after the anaesthesia. All groups showed a rise in serum bromide to therapeutically sedative concentrations, and a significant correlation was found between MAC-hours halothane exposure and serum bromide.", "PMID": 545987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10035", "title": "Effect of segmental epidural analgesia upon the uterine activity with special reference to the use of different local anaesthetic agents.", "content": "Segmental epidural block was given to 60 primiparous women during vaginal delivery, and the effect of the block on the uterine activity was studied after the first epidural injection. The women were divided into two main groups, according to whether or not oxytocin was used for stimulating the uterine contractions, and three different local anaesthetics--lidocaine-adrenaline, bupivacaine-adrenaline and plain bupivacaine--were tested. There was a transitory decrease in uterine activity in all women after the block was applied. In women with normal uterine activity before the block, a return to almost pre-analgesic values was noted within 30 min after the block, whereas in women treated with oxytocin there was still a reduction of 15-17% at this time. The reduction was caused by a decreasing intensity and at the same time an increase in the variability of the intensity, manifested as an increase in the coefficient of variation for this variable. There were no significant differences between the local anaesthetic agents tested, but addition of adrenaline to the bupivacaine solution resulted in a more marked decrease in uterine activity in women treated with oxytocin.", "contents": "Effect of segmental epidural analgesia upon the uterine activity with special reference to the use of different local anaesthetic agents. Segmental epidural block was given to 60 primiparous women during vaginal delivery, and the effect of the block on the uterine activity was studied after the first epidural injection. The women were divided into two main groups, according to whether or not oxytocin was used for stimulating the uterine contractions, and three different local anaesthetics--lidocaine-adrenaline, bupivacaine-adrenaline and plain bupivacaine--were tested. There was a transitory decrease in uterine activity in all women after the block was applied. In women with normal uterine activity before the block, a return to almost pre-analgesic values was noted within 30 min after the block, whereas in women treated with oxytocin there was still a reduction of 15-17% at this time. The reduction was caused by a decreasing intensity and at the same time an increase in the variability of the intensity, manifested as an increase in the coefficient of variation for this variable. There were no significant differences between the local anaesthetic agents tested, but addition of adrenaline to the bupivacaine solution resulted in a more marked decrease in uterine activity in women treated with oxytocin.", "PMID": 545988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10036", "title": "Changes in placental intervillous blood flow measured by the 133xenon method during lumbar epidural block for elective caesarean section.", "content": "The effect of lumbar epidural block on placental intervillous blood flow (IBF) was estimated with the i.v. 133Xe method in 24 cases and in 14 controls. All parturients had uneventful pregnancies and were scheduled for elective caesarean section. Lumbar epidural block caused a significant decrease in maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP), when no preloading infusion with a plasma expander was given. In contrast, the MAP remained unchanged during lumbar epidural block when the parturients received a preloading infusion (Haemaccel, 100 ml/10 kg body weight within 10 min immediately before lumbar epidural block). The IBF decreased to some extent in the non-preloaded group, but increased temporarily in the preloaded group 15 min after the administration of lumbar epidural block. The mean changes of IBF in the non-preloaded and the preloaded groups differed statistically significantly from each other during lumbar epidural block. The IBF of the preloaded group did not differ significantly from the IBF of the control group receiving no lumbar epidural block.", "contents": "Changes in placental intervillous blood flow measured by the 133xenon method during lumbar epidural block for elective caesarean section. The effect of lumbar epidural block on placental intervillous blood flow (IBF) was estimated with the i.v. 133Xe method in 24 cases and in 14 controls. All parturients had uneventful pregnancies and were scheduled for elective caesarean section. Lumbar epidural block caused a significant decrease in maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP), when no preloading infusion with a plasma expander was given. In contrast, the MAP remained unchanged during lumbar epidural block when the parturients received a preloading infusion (Haemaccel, 100 ml/10 kg body weight within 10 min immediately before lumbar epidural block). The IBF decreased to some extent in the non-preloaded group, but increased temporarily in the preloaded group 15 min after the administration of lumbar epidural block. The mean changes of IBF in the non-preloaded and the preloaded groups differed statistically significantly from each other during lumbar epidural block. The IBF of the preloaded group did not differ significantly from the IBF of the control group receiving no lumbar epidural block.", "PMID": 545989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10037", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen measurement in adult intensive care.", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen measurement (PtcO2-measurement) gives by a non-invasive technique continuous information about central PO2. The method has as yet been tested mainly on newborns, and systematic studies of the applicability of the method on adults are still few. The current systematic study reports on consecutive PtcO2 measurements in 15 patients, all with indwelling arterial catheters: 13 of the patients were artificially ventilated; 5 patients had normal body structure and normal skin circulation; 5 patients were obese and had normal skin circulation; and 5 patients were hypothermic with a normal heart frequency or slight bradycardia. The Radiometer equipment TCM1 was used. The electrode surface tempertaure was 45.0 degrees C (within +/- 0.2 degrees C). The oxygen concentration in the inspired air was altered several times for all patients, and arterial samples were drawn at a stable PtcO2 level. On average, seven samples were drawn from each patient. The correlation between PtcO2 and PaO2 was highly significant in 4/5 patients, in both the \"obese patient\" group and the \"normal patient\" group. In the \"hypothermic patient\" group, the correlation between PtcO2 and PaO2 was highly statistically significant in 2/5 patients. The regression line between PtcO2 and PaO2 was calculated for each patient, and a mean regression line was obtained for each group. It was found that the regression line in the \"obese patient\" group was displaced to the right and parallel to the regression line in the \"normal patient\" group, while the regression line in the \"hypothermic patient\" group was less sloping and showed a higher intercept. The PtcO2 monitoring technique reliably reflects changes in the central oxygenation of adult intensive care patients. In some patients with decreased skin circulation, the relationship between PtcO2 and PaO2 seemed to be constant for the same patient, yielding statistically sifnificant correlations. However, the study cannot determine whether this would be true in all clinical situations; the relationship betwee PtcO2 and PaO2 should therefore be checked frequently when measruements are performed in patients with decreased skin circulation. The author's experience with the PtcO2 monitoring method in patients near death has been consistent with the obvious fact that the reliability of the method decreases with decreased skin circulation.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen measurement in adult intensive care. Transcutaneous oxygen measurement (PtcO2-measurement) gives by a non-invasive technique continuous information about central PO2. The method has as yet been tested mainly on newborns, and systematic studies of the applicability of the method on adults are still few. The current systematic study reports on consecutive PtcO2 measurements in 15 patients, all with indwelling arterial catheters: 13 of the patients were artificially ventilated; 5 patients had normal body structure and normal skin circulation; 5 patients were obese and had normal skin circulation; and 5 patients were hypothermic with a normal heart frequency or slight bradycardia. The Radiometer equipment TCM1 was used. The electrode surface tempertaure was 45.0 degrees C (within +/- 0.2 degrees C). The oxygen concentration in the inspired air was altered several times for all patients, and arterial samples were drawn at a stable PtcO2 level. On average, seven samples were drawn from each patient. The correlation between PtcO2 and PaO2 was highly significant in 4/5 patients, in both the \"obese patient\" group and the \"normal patient\" group. In the \"hypothermic patient\" group, the correlation between PtcO2 and PaO2 was highly statistically significant in 2/5 patients. The regression line between PtcO2 and PaO2 was calculated for each patient, and a mean regression line was obtained for each group. It was found that the regression line in the \"obese patient\" group was displaced to the right and parallel to the regression line in the \"normal patient\" group, while the regression line in the \"hypothermic patient\" group was less sloping and showed a higher intercept. The PtcO2 monitoring technique reliably reflects changes in the central oxygenation of adult intensive care patients. In some patients with decreased skin circulation, the relationship between PtcO2 and PaO2 seemed to be constant for the same patient, yielding statistically sifnificant correlations. However, the study cannot determine whether this would be true in all clinical situations; the relationship betwee PtcO2 and PaO2 should therefore be checked frequently when measruements are performed in patients with decreased skin circulation. The author's experience with the PtcO2 monitoring method in patients near death has been consistent with the obvious fact that the reliability of the method decreases with decreased skin circulation.", "PMID": 545990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10038", "title": "Lung uptake of lidocaine in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Eleven patients with no known history of heart or lung disease received an i.v. bolus injection of a mixture of lidocaine and indocyanine green dye (Cardiogreen). The dose of lidocaine, given once (or twice 10 min apart), was 0.5 mg/kg b.w. Time concentration curves from the appearance of indocyanine green were constructed for both substances from blood samples taken from the common femoral artery for approx. 50 s at the rate of one sample every 1.2 s. The extraction of lidocaine in each sample and the uptake of lidocaine, when 95% of the injected dose of indocyanine green had been recovered, were calculated. Nine patients showed an initial plateau of high extraction, which was 0.92 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- s.e mean) and 0.91 +/- 0.02 for the first and second injections, respectively, for the entire material. In two cases, however, a short plateau and a rapid decline in the extraction curve were observed. The 95% first pass uptake was 60 +/- 5% in the first injection and 55 +/- 12% for the second injection. Extraction of lidocaine dominated over back diffusion for the approximately 25 s. It is concluded that: (1) The described technique for studying lung uptake gave consistent and reproducible results in human volunteers; (2) Lung uptake of lidocaine in healthy man exceeds that previously observed in anaesthetized pigs; (3) The initial uptake during the first 5 s after appearance of indocyanine green in the arterial samples was more than 90%.  (4) The lungs thus have a dampening effect on the arterial concentration, which might be of importance if lidocaine is accidentally injected intravenously.", "contents": "Lung uptake of lidocaine in healthy volunteers. Eleven patients with no known history of heart or lung disease received an i.v. bolus injection of a mixture of lidocaine and indocyanine green dye (Cardiogreen). The dose of lidocaine, given once (or twice 10 min apart), was 0.5 mg/kg b.w. Time concentration curves from the appearance of indocyanine green were constructed for both substances from blood samples taken from the common femoral artery for approx. 50 s at the rate of one sample every 1.2 s. The extraction of lidocaine in each sample and the uptake of lidocaine, when 95% of the injected dose of indocyanine green had been recovered, were calculated. Nine patients showed an initial plateau of high extraction, which was 0.92 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- s.e mean) and 0.91 +/- 0.02 for the first and second injections, respectively, for the entire material. In two cases, however, a short plateau and a rapid decline in the extraction curve were observed. The 95% first pass uptake was 60 +/- 5% in the first injection and 55 +/- 12% for the second injection. Extraction of lidocaine dominated over back diffusion for the approximately 25 s. It is concluded that: (1) The described technique for studying lung uptake gave consistent and reproducible results in human volunteers; (2) Lung uptake of lidocaine in healthy man exceeds that previously observed in anaesthetized pigs; (3) The initial uptake during the first 5 s after appearance of indocyanine green in the arterial samples was more than 90%.  (4) The lungs thus have a dampening effect on the arterial concentration, which might be of importance if lidocaine is accidentally injected intravenously.", "PMID": 545991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10039", "title": "Decrease in arterial pressure following heparin injection prior to cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Evidence exists in the literature that heparin has vasodilating properties. We recorded arterial blood pressure changes that occur after administration of 300 units/kg of beef-lung heparin prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. In 37 out of 43 patients there was a significant decrease in arterial pressure following administration of beef-lung sodium heparin. Systolic blood pressure fell approximately 10 mmHg (1.3 kPa) and diastolic blood pressure fell about 5 mmHg (0.65 kPa). Heart rates remained unchanged. In 7 of the 43 patients in whom pulmonary artery catheters were placed, cardiac output was determined and systemic vascular resistance was calculated. On the basis of these calculations, it seems that a decrease in systemic vascular resistance is responsible for the decrease in arterial blood pressure noted following sodium heparin.", "contents": "Decrease in arterial pressure following heparin injection prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Evidence exists in the literature that heparin has vasodilating properties. We recorded arterial blood pressure changes that occur after administration of 300 units/kg of beef-lung heparin prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. In 37 out of 43 patients there was a significant decrease in arterial pressure following administration of beef-lung sodium heparin. Systolic blood pressure fell approximately 10 mmHg (1.3 kPa) and diastolic blood pressure fell about 5 mmHg (0.65 kPa). Heart rates remained unchanged. In 7 of the 43 patients in whom pulmonary artery catheters were placed, cardiac output was determined and systemic vascular resistance was calculated. On the basis of these calculations, it seems that a decrease in systemic vascular resistance is responsible for the decrease in arterial blood pressure noted following sodium heparin.", "PMID": 545992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10040", "title": "Hemodynamic and cardiometabolic effects of infrarenal aortic and common iliac artery declamping in man--an approach to optimal volume loading.", "content": "Nineteen patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery were randomly assigned to two groups and investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of declamping hypotension. The control group of nine patients was kept at an average mean pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (MPAOP) of 11 mmHg (1.46 kPa) before declamping. The other group was volume loaded to a MPAOP of 16 mmHg (2.13 kPa) shortly before declamping. Following declamping there was a significantly greater decrease in mean arterial pressure in the control group, with the same reduction of MPAOP in both groups. In parallel, cardiac and stroke volume indices decreased in the control patients, but remained unchanged in the volume-loaded patients. In the control group there was a reduction in myocardial substrate utilization which was not seen in the volume-loaded patients. No signs of myocardial ischemia could be demonstrated in any of the groups. The results indicate that mismatching between intravascular volume and blood volume is the main cause of infrarenal aortic or common iliac artery declamping hypotension. Volume loading before declamping to a slightly elevated MPAOP can effectively prevent hypotension, while a normal MPAOP does not guarantee a stable hemodynamic situation after declamping.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and cardiometabolic effects of infrarenal aortic and common iliac artery declamping in man--an approach to optimal volume loading. Nineteen patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery were randomly assigned to two groups and investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of declamping hypotension. The control group of nine patients was kept at an average mean pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (MPAOP) of 11 mmHg (1.46 kPa) before declamping. The other group was volume loaded to a MPAOP of 16 mmHg (2.13 kPa) shortly before declamping. Following declamping there was a significantly greater decrease in mean arterial pressure in the control group, with the same reduction of MPAOP in both groups. In parallel, cardiac and stroke volume indices decreased in the control patients, but remained unchanged in the volume-loaded patients. In the control group there was a reduction in myocardial substrate utilization which was not seen in the volume-loaded patients. No signs of myocardial ischemia could be demonstrated in any of the groups. The results indicate that mismatching between intravascular volume and blood volume is the main cause of infrarenal aortic or common iliac artery declamping hypotension. Volume loading before declamping to a slightly elevated MPAOP can effectively prevent hypotension, while a normal MPAOP does not guarantee a stable hemodynamic situation after declamping.", "PMID": 545993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10041", "title": "Open scavenging systems.", "content": "A mathematical model was developed to cover the dynamic characteristics of open scavenging systems. The performance of such a device depends on the expiratory tidal volume (VT), the scavenging flow (Vs) and the mode of exhalational volume build-up. A widely used open scavenging system was tested by using carbon dioxide in oxygen as a marker gas. Capnography revealed gross turbulence in the expiratory reservoir, which tends to increase the polluted gas volumes and loads extra requirements onto the scavenging equipment. Increases in the scavenging flow or the expiratory reservoir volume are the aids in obtaining satisfactory safety margins for pollution-free scavenging of surplus anaesthetic gases. The theoretical basis of a new method to determine the expiratory time constant of the respiratory system is also presented.", "contents": "Open scavenging systems. A mathematical model was developed to cover the dynamic characteristics of open scavenging systems. The performance of such a device depends on the expiratory tidal volume (VT), the scavenging flow (Vs) and the mode of exhalational volume build-up. A widely used open scavenging system was tested by using carbon dioxide in oxygen as a marker gas. Capnography revealed gross turbulence in the expiratory reservoir, which tends to increase the polluted gas volumes and loads extra requirements onto the scavenging equipment. Increases in the scavenging flow or the expiratory reservoir volume are the aids in obtaining satisfactory safety margins for pollution-free scavenging of surplus anaesthetic gases. The theoretical basis of a new method to determine the expiratory time constant of the respiratory system is also presented.", "PMID": 545994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10042", "title": "An in vitro comparison of six microaggregate blood filters.", "content": "The latest models of six blood microfilters were tested by filtering large amounts of pooled blood at various driving pressures. For determination of the amount and size of microaggregates in stored blood, a simple method was developed, based on consecutive nylon screens. The amount of aggregates was also determined by a modification of the screen filtration pressure method. Filtration efficiency was tested by transfusing blood from the same pool through each of the microfilters. The Pall (SQ40KL) filtered only particles with a diameter greater than 40 micrometers. Small aggregates passed also through Bentley (PFF-100). The Biotest (MF10B) filter removed large aggregates efficiently, but some small particles were not filtered. Fenwal (4C2423), Swank (6010-3) and Intersept (HRI8137-00) were the most effective filters. All filters were also tested by pressure transfusion of pooled blood (9 units, 21 days old). The efficiency of Biotest, Pall and especially Bentley improved considerably during the transfusion. Bentley and Fenwal had the highest capacities. A high flow rate was maintained with Pall, but small aggregates were not removed by this filter. Intersept, Swank and Biotest became occluded rapidly. Filtration of four units through Intersept released 2218-2454 mg of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes.", "contents": "An in vitro comparison of six microaggregate blood filters. The latest models of six blood microfilters were tested by filtering large amounts of pooled blood at various driving pressures. For determination of the amount and size of microaggregates in stored blood, a simple method was developed, based on consecutive nylon screens. The amount of aggregates was also determined by a modification of the screen filtration pressure method. Filtration efficiency was tested by transfusing blood from the same pool through each of the microfilters. The Pall (SQ40KL) filtered only particles with a diameter greater than 40 micrometers. Small aggregates passed also through Bentley (PFF-100). The Biotest (MF10B) filter removed large aggregates efficiently, but some small particles were not filtered. Fenwal (4C2423), Swank (6010-3) and Intersept (HRI8137-00) were the most effective filters. All filters were also tested by pressure transfusion of pooled blood (9 units, 21 days old). The efficiency of Biotest, Pall and especially Bentley improved considerably during the transfusion. Bentley and Fenwal had the highest capacities. A high flow rate was maintained with Pall, but small aggregates were not removed by this filter. Intersept, Swank and Biotest became occluded rapidly. Filtration of four units through Intersept released 2218-2454 mg of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 545995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10043", "title": "Corneal endothelial cell density after an attack of acute glaucoma.", "content": "The corneal endothelial cells of 25 patients with unilateral acute glaucoma were photographed with a clinical specular microscope. Photography was performed as soon as (average 6-12 h) the IOP had been lowered with iv Acetazolamide and/or Mannitol and topical Pilocarpine therapy, and the corneas had become clear. Peripheral iridectomy was performed on the affected eye and prophylactically on the fellow eye in most of these patients. The follow-up endothelial photographs were taken 6-24 months postoperatively. High intraocular pressure lasting 3 days or more lowered the central endothelial cell density. But a rise in pressure lasting from only a few hours to 2 days did not affect the endothelial cell count. Operative glaucoma procedures caused a loss of central endothelial cells of approximately 4.8% in the series. There was a clear correlation between the duration of elevated pressure and the number of central corneal endothelial cells lost.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial cell density after an attack of acute glaucoma. The corneal endothelial cells of 25 patients with unilateral acute glaucoma were photographed with a clinical specular microscope. Photography was performed as soon as (average 6-12 h) the IOP had been lowered with iv Acetazolamide and/or Mannitol and topical Pilocarpine therapy, and the corneas had become clear. Peripheral iridectomy was performed on the affected eye and prophylactically on the fellow eye in most of these patients. The follow-up endothelial photographs were taken 6-24 months postoperatively. High intraocular pressure lasting 3 days or more lowered the central endothelial cell density. But a rise in pressure lasting from only a few hours to 2 days did not affect the endothelial cell count. Operative glaucoma procedures caused a loss of central endothelial cells of approximately 4.8% in the series. There was a clear correlation between the duration of elevated pressure and the number of central corneal endothelial cells lost.", "PMID": 545996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10044", "title": "Variations in endothelial morphology of normal corneas and after cataract extraction. A specular microscopic study.", "content": "The central corneal endothelium of 22 normal subjects and 11 unilateral aphakic subjects was photographed with the non-contact specular microscope. The aphakic patients had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction one to four years previously. Endothelial cell densities were estimated. All cells which had been counted were then grouped according to their number of neighbours. The percentages of cells having 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 neighbours were means +/- SD): 0.4 +/- 0.8; 18.0 +/- 3.4; 64.1 +/- 6.5; 15.9 +/- 2.6 and 0.9 +/- 0.8 per cent, respectively in the normal eyes, and 0.8 +/- 1.3; 20.9 +/- 3.7; 57.4 +/- 5.6; 19.6 +/- 3.9 and 1.4 +/- 1.2 per cent in the aphakic group, respectively. The frequency of cells having 5, 6, or 7 neighbours were significantly different in the two groups. Cells with 9 or 10 neighbours were not seen in the normal group but occurred in 2 and 1 of the aphakic eyes, respectively. In the normal group the frequency of hexagonal cells was found to correlate to the cell density (r = 0.46, 2P less than 0.01) and age (r = -0.40,2P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Variations in endothelial morphology of normal corneas and after cataract extraction. A specular microscopic study. The central corneal endothelium of 22 normal subjects and 11 unilateral aphakic subjects was photographed with the non-contact specular microscope. The aphakic patients had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction one to four years previously. Endothelial cell densities were estimated. All cells which had been counted were then grouped according to their number of neighbours. The percentages of cells having 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 neighbours were means +/- SD): 0.4 +/- 0.8; 18.0 +/- 3.4; 64.1 +/- 6.5; 15.9 +/- 2.6 and 0.9 +/- 0.8 per cent, respectively in the normal eyes, and 0.8 +/- 1.3; 20.9 +/- 3.7; 57.4 +/- 5.6; 19.6 +/- 3.9 and 1.4 +/- 1.2 per cent in the aphakic group, respectively. The frequency of cells having 5, 6, or 7 neighbours were significantly different in the two groups. Cells with 9 or 10 neighbours were not seen in the normal group but occurred in 2 and 1 of the aphakic eyes, respectively. In the normal group the frequency of hexagonal cells was found to correlate to the cell density (r = 0.46, 2P less than 0.01) and age (r = -0.40,2P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 545997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10045", "title": "Corneal endothelial cells in essential iris atrophy. A specular microscipic study.", "content": "The specular microscope was used to study the corneal endothelium in three patients with essential iris atrophy and three patients with anterior mesodermal disorders with uncertain diagnose. Pleomorphic and enlarged endothelial cells were found to be typical for essential iris atrophy. The changes were also present in one eye with normal pressure. In the patients with other types of iridal disorder the endothelial cells were normal in form. In one of these patients high intraocular pressure and surgery had seemingly led to enlargement of the endothelial cells. According to our findings, the specular microscope is a useful aid differentiating essential iris atrophy from other disorders of the iris.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial cells in essential iris atrophy. A specular microscipic study. The specular microscope was used to study the corneal endothelium in three patients with essential iris atrophy and three patients with anterior mesodermal disorders with uncertain diagnose. Pleomorphic and enlarged endothelial cells were found to be typical for essential iris atrophy. The changes were also present in one eye with normal pressure. In the patients with other types of iridal disorder the endothelial cells were normal in form. In one of these patients high intraocular pressure and surgery had seemingly led to enlargement of the endothelial cells. According to our findings, the specular microscope is a useful aid differentiating essential iris atrophy from other disorders of the iris.", "PMID": 545998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10046", "title": "Contractile properties of extraocular muscle in Siamese cat.", "content": "Siamese cats are albinos with poor visual resolution and severely impaired binocular vision. Eey muscle phyiology was studied in Siamese cats as a part of a more extensive project on eye muscle properties in cats with deficient binocular vision. Isometric contractions of the inferior oblique muscle were recorded in response to single and repetitive muscle nerve stimulation. Speed of contraction, measured as twitch contraction time, fusion frequency and rate of tetanic tension rise, was lower in Siamese than in normal cats. Eye muscles of Siamese cats fatiqued more easily to continuous activation than normal cat eye mucle. These functional changes have also been found in cats with binocular defects from monocular lid suture, but were much more marked in Siamese cats. It is suggested that the eye muscle changes represent muscular adaptations to genetically caused impairments of binocular vision and visual resolution in Siamese cats.", "contents": "Contractile properties of extraocular muscle in Siamese cat. Siamese cats are albinos with poor visual resolution and severely impaired binocular vision. Eey muscle phyiology was studied in Siamese cats as a part of a more extensive project on eye muscle properties in cats with deficient binocular vision. Isometric contractions of the inferior oblique muscle were recorded in response to single and repetitive muscle nerve stimulation. Speed of contraction, measured as twitch contraction time, fusion frequency and rate of tetanic tension rise, was lower in Siamese than in normal cats. Eye muscles of Siamese cats fatiqued more easily to continuous activation than normal cat eye mucle. These functional changes have also been found in cats with binocular defects from monocular lid suture, but were much more marked in Siamese cats. It is suggested that the eye muscle changes represent muscular adaptations to genetically caused impairments of binocular vision and visual resolution in Siamese cats.", "PMID": 545999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10047", "title": "One hundred consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy with the vitreous stripper.", "content": "The results of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. Vitrectomy was performed on accunt of complications of diabetic retinopathy (37 eyes), complicated retinal detachment (28 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage of various causes (17 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage and complications secondary to injuries (13 eyes) and secondary cataract or vitreous in the anterior chamber creating corneal dystrophy (5 eyes). With an average follow-up time of 14.2 months, vitrectomy resulted in visual improvement in 55 eyes, unchanged visual acuity in 24 eyes and reduced visual acuity in 21 eyes. The operative and postoperative complications were: secondary vitreous haemorrhage (11 eyes), retinal detachment (8 eyes), haemorrhagic glaucoma (7 eyes), retinal tears (5 eyes), lens injury (4 eyes), corneal dystrophy (2 eyes) and endophthalmitis (1 eye).", "contents": "One hundred consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy with the vitreous stripper. The results of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. Vitrectomy was performed on accunt of complications of diabetic retinopathy (37 eyes), complicated retinal detachment (28 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage of various causes (17 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage and complications secondary to injuries (13 eyes) and secondary cataract or vitreous in the anterior chamber creating corneal dystrophy (5 eyes). With an average follow-up time of 14.2 months, vitrectomy resulted in visual improvement in 55 eyes, unchanged visual acuity in 24 eyes and reduced visual acuity in 21 eyes. The operative and postoperative complications were: secondary vitreous haemorrhage (11 eyes), retinal detachment (8 eyes), haemorrhagic glaucoma (7 eyes), retinal tears (5 eyes), lens injury (4 eyes), corneal dystrophy (2 eyes) and endophthalmitis (1 eye).", "PMID": 546000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10048", "title": "Ultrasonic measurements of the eye in the newborn infant.", "content": "The right eyes of 28 newborn infants have been examined retinoscopically, and the anterior chamber depth, the lens thickness and the length of the virteous were measured by ultrasound. In 15 of the infants keratometry was performed using the Javal-Schi\u00f6tz keratometer. The total axial length of the eye was found to be longer the heavier the weight of the baby, whereas the lens thickness showed no correlation to the total axial length or to the weight of the baby. In only 1/3 of the babies was the corneal astigmatism less than 0.5 D. A significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the total axial length of the eye and the length of the corneal radius.", "contents": "Ultrasonic measurements of the eye in the newborn infant. The right eyes of 28 newborn infants have been examined retinoscopically, and the anterior chamber depth, the lens thickness and the length of the virteous were measured by ultrasound. In 15 of the infants keratometry was performed using the Javal-Schi\u00f6tz keratometer. The total axial length of the eye was found to be longer the heavier the weight of the baby, whereas the lens thickness showed no correlation to the total axial length or to the weight of the baby. In only 1/3 of the babies was the corneal astigmatism less than 0.5 D. A significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the total axial length of the eye and the length of the corneal radius.", "PMID": 546001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10049", "title": "Villous processes from the inner segments of cones in the human macula lutea.", "content": "The cones of the human macula lutea were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that each inner segment had about 15 thread-like processes which projected from the cell surface. They were arranged in a longitudinal straight line along the photoreceptor, and were directed away from or towards the fovea contralis. The villous processes may be analogous with the lateral fins of the inner segments of certain vertebrates. They may perhaps bridge the space between neighbouring photoreceptors and may establish contact and interaction between them.", "contents": "Villous processes from the inner segments of cones in the human macula lutea. The cones of the human macula lutea were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that each inner segment had about 15 thread-like processes which projected from the cell surface. They were arranged in a longitudinal straight line along the photoreceptor, and were directed away from or towards the fovea contralis. The villous processes may be analogous with the lateral fins of the inner segments of certain vertebrates. They may perhaps bridge the space between neighbouring photoreceptors and may establish contact and interaction between them.", "PMID": 546002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10050", "title": "Morphology and enzyme activities of the retinal capillaries in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.", "content": "Male lean mice belonging to the obese-hyperglycemic strain were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozoticin. The retinal capillary bed freed by trypsin digestion was studied with regard to morphology and the activity of some enzymes. There was a significant increase in the ratio between the endothelial and mural cells which was interpreted as indicating mural pericyte disappearance. The activities of adenylate kinase, aspartate-aminotransferase and hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase in the retinal vessels of the diabetic animal were significantly higher than in vessels from the control animals. No differences were found in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and phosphofructokinase between the two animal groups. It is suggested that these results reflect early morphological and metabolic changes of the retinal vessels, preceding the well known clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Morphology and enzyme activities of the retinal capillaries in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Male lean mice belonging to the obese-hyperglycemic strain were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozoticin. The retinal capillary bed freed by trypsin digestion was studied with regard to morphology and the activity of some enzymes. There was a significant increase in the ratio between the endothelial and mural cells which was interpreted as indicating mural pericyte disappearance. The activities of adenylate kinase, aspartate-aminotransferase and hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase in the retinal vessels of the diabetic animal were significantly higher than in vessels from the control animals. No differences were found in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and phosphofructokinase between the two animal groups. It is suggested that these results reflect early morphological and metabolic changes of the retinal vessels, preceding the well known clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 546003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10051", "title": "Timolol in maintenance treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of Timolol eye drops (0.25 and 0.50%) in maintenance treatment of 64 patients with elevated intraocular pressure has been studied. The patients were treated for a period of mean 13 months. In 44 patients mostly comprising ocular hypertensives, a significant reducation in IOP (32%) could be maintained with Timolol alone (P less than 0.001). In patients with a high starting baseline pressure of previous maladjustable glaucoma it was necessary to start combined treatment. Pilocarpine, epinephrine or acetazolamide appeared to have additive pressure-lowering effect to Timolol. A significant correlation was present between pre-treatment and Timolol treated intraocular pressures. Thus a pre-treatment IOP above 25 mmHg may indicate a critically hypotensive effect below an IOP of 20 mmHg with Timolol alone. No significant interfernce with visual acuity, pupullary size, blood pressure, or pulse rate was noted. Existing visual field defects in three patients were slightly aggravated and in four patients, with a pathological optic disc, visual field loss developed. In seven patients transient sensations of dry eyes and rose-bengal staining dots on the cornea developed.", "contents": "Timolol in maintenance treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The hypotensive effect of Timolol eye drops (0.25 and 0.50%) in maintenance treatment of 64 patients with elevated intraocular pressure has been studied. The patients were treated for a period of mean 13 months. In 44 patients mostly comprising ocular hypertensives, a significant reducation in IOP (32%) could be maintained with Timolol alone (P less than 0.001). In patients with a high starting baseline pressure of previous maladjustable glaucoma it was necessary to start combined treatment. Pilocarpine, epinephrine or acetazolamide appeared to have additive pressure-lowering effect to Timolol. A significant correlation was present between pre-treatment and Timolol treated intraocular pressures. Thus a pre-treatment IOP above 25 mmHg may indicate a critically hypotensive effect below an IOP of 20 mmHg with Timolol alone. No significant interfernce with visual acuity, pupullary size, blood pressure, or pulse rate was noted. Existing visual field defects in three patients were slightly aggravated and in four patients, with a pathological optic disc, visual field loss developed. In seven patients transient sensations of dry eyes and rose-bengal staining dots on the cornea developed.", "PMID": 546004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10052", "title": "Treatment of acute occlusion of the retinal arteries.", "content": "In five patients with obstruction of the retinal arteries, three with emboli, the circulation was reestablished by bulbus massage, intravenous administered acetazolamide and theophylamine. The patients were further treated with salicyclic acid for six months. An improvement of vision was obtained with maintained over a 2-year period. The basis of the present treatment  occlusive arterial disorders in the retinal is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of acute occlusion of the retinal arteries. In five patients with obstruction of the retinal arteries, three with emboli, the circulation was reestablished by bulbus massage, intravenous administered acetazolamide and theophylamine. The patients were further treated with salicyclic acid for six months. An improvement of vision was obtained with maintained over a 2-year period. The basis of the present treatment  occlusive arterial disorders in the retinal is discussed.", "PMID": 546005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10053", "title": "Ocular lesions in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "A regional survey has been carried out in order to establish the prevalence of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease). Forty-seven patients fulfilled the proband criteria. No patient was registered due to ocular symptoms. All of the probands were subjected to ophthalmological examination in order to estimate the distribution of ocular lesions in HHT. Conjunctival lesions were found in 20 cases, and an intraocular vascular abnormality in only one case. The possibility of intraocular lesions being a component of the clincal picture of HHT or a sporadic vascular abnormality is discussed.", "contents": "Ocular lesions in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. A regional survey has been carried out in order to establish the prevalence of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease). Forty-seven patients fulfilled the proband criteria. No patient was registered due to ocular symptoms. All of the probands were subjected to ophthalmological examination in order to estimate the distribution of ocular lesions in HHT. Conjunctival lesions were found in 20 cases, and an intraocular vascular abnormality in only one case. The possibility of intraocular lesions being a component of the clincal picture of HHT or a sporadic vascular abnormality is discussed.", "PMID": 546006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10054", "title": "Congenital horizontal gaze paralysis, foacial hemiatrophy, and situs inversus of the opitc disc. A case report.", "content": "A case of congenital horizontal gaze paralysis in association with facial hemiatrophy and situs inversus of the optic discs is described. Except for the presence of deafness on the side of the atrophic face no other neurologic abnormality was present. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported.", "contents": "Congenital horizontal gaze paralysis, foacial hemiatrophy, and situs inversus of the opitc disc. A case report. A case of congenital horizontal gaze paralysis in association with facial hemiatrophy and situs inversus of the optic discs is described. Except for the presence of deafness on the side of the atrophic face no other neurologic abnormality was present. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported.", "PMID": 546007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10055", "title": "In vitro production of sterioid cataract in bovine lens. Part I: measurement of optical changes.", "content": "Fresh calf lenses were incubated in nutritive media, to which was added ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate at concentrations of 1 X 10(-4) M. At the end of a three day incubation period, cortical opacification developed in the control series of lenses as well as those lenses incubated in both ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate. Using a light transmission device which quantitates lens opacification, it was noted that dexamethasone produced a level of cortical opacification significantly greater than that of the control series. Ouabain produced a level of cortical opacification statistically identical to that produced by the dexamethasone. It is suggested that the aforementioned light transmission device is an accurate and reproducible method of quantitating cataractous opacification.", "contents": "In vitro production of sterioid cataract in bovine lens. Part I: measurement of optical changes. Fresh calf lenses were incubated in nutritive media, to which was added ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate at concentrations of 1 X 10(-4) M. At the end of a three day incubation period, cortical opacification developed in the control series of lenses as well as those lenses incubated in both ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate. Using a light transmission device which quantitates lens opacification, it was noted that dexamethasone produced a level of cortical opacification significantly greater than that of the control series. Ouabain produced a level of cortical opacification statistically identical to that produced by the dexamethasone. It is suggested that the aforementioned light transmission device is an accurate and reproducible method of quantitating cataractous opacification.", "PMID": 546008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10056", "title": "Sliding of epithelium in experimental corneal wounds. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The morphological changes in the rabbit cornea due to a linear wound and a central keratectomy and its reepithelization were examined under the scanning electron microscopy. After the rounding off and retraction of the edges of the wound, during the first 6 h, the stroma was infiltrated by leucocytes. First of all the superficial epithelial cells migrated over the edges of the wound to protect the exposed cleft in the tissue. After 15 h the basal epitheliel cells sent pseudopodia-like processes of varying lengths into the wound area. The migrating cells were mainly flat. During this phase the primary migration of the basal epithelial cells was followed by subsequent cell layers. In the migration, three types of cells can be distinguished: 1. very flat cells with smooth edges without microprojections, which adapt their shape to the clefts in the damaged stroma, 2. flat cells with considerably folded plasma membrane on the cell surface giving a coral-like appearance, 3. cells with voluminous cytoplasmic processes. The rapidly sliding epithelium covered the defect with star shaped growths so that after only 48 h a nearly complete closure of the wound was achieved. After 96 h the deep wound was completely covered by epithelium. The epithelial cells did not yet possess their original surface structure in that they had demonstrably fewer microvilli and microplicae than normal. Only after five days at the earliest could the normal surface relief be seen. The surface cells were predominant in the first stage of the healing process and the basal cells only in the second stage.", "contents": "Sliding of epithelium in experimental corneal wounds. A scanning electron microscopic study. The morphological changes in the rabbit cornea due to a linear wound and a central keratectomy and its reepithelization were examined under the scanning electron microscopy. After the rounding off and retraction of the edges of the wound, during the first 6 h, the stroma was infiltrated by leucocytes. First of all the superficial epithelial cells migrated over the edges of the wound to protect the exposed cleft in the tissue. After 15 h the basal epitheliel cells sent pseudopodia-like processes of varying lengths into the wound area. The migrating cells were mainly flat. During this phase the primary migration of the basal epithelial cells was followed by subsequent cell layers. In the migration, three types of cells can be distinguished: 1. very flat cells with smooth edges without microprojections, which adapt their shape to the clefts in the damaged stroma, 2. flat cells with considerably folded plasma membrane on the cell surface giving a coral-like appearance, 3. cells with voluminous cytoplasmic processes. The rapidly sliding epithelium covered the defect with star shaped growths so that after only 48 h a nearly complete closure of the wound was achieved. After 96 h the deep wound was completely covered by epithelium. The epithelial cells did not yet possess their original surface structure in that they had demonstrably fewer microvilli and microplicae than normal. Only after five days at the earliest could the normal surface relief be seen. The surface cells were predominant in the first stage of the healing process and the basal cells only in the second stage.", "PMID": 546009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10057", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic determination of tear fluid proteins collected by the Schirmer I test.", "content": "Using reservoirs containing 50 microliters of antigen solution in combination with a micro-modification of the electroimmunoassay a detection limit of 0.05 ng applied in 400 microliters corresponding to 0.125 ng/ml has been achieved. Tear fluid eluate from Schirmer paper strips has been tested in the assay. The eluation procedure failed to extract all tear proteins as 32 ng were left in the paper. Despite the loss, experiments have shown the method to be suitable for immunological determination of tear proteins collected by the Shirmer I test.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic determination of tear fluid proteins collected by the Schirmer I test. Using reservoirs containing 50 microliters of antigen solution in combination with a micro-modification of the electroimmunoassay a detection limit of 0.05 ng applied in 400 microliters corresponding to 0.125 ng/ml has been achieved. Tear fluid eluate from Schirmer paper strips has been tested in the assay. The eluation procedure failed to extract all tear proteins as 32 ng were left in the paper. Despite the loss, experiments have shown the method to be suitable for immunological determination of tear proteins collected by the Shirmer I test.", "PMID": 546010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10058", "title": "Non-contact specular microscopy of human corneal endothelium.", "content": "The non-contact specular microscope enables a large area of the corneal endothelium to be examined and photographed without any risk of traumatizing the anterior surface of cornea. This non-contact technique is described in detail. Standard deviation of the relative difference between two independent estimates of central endothelial density from 24 eyes was 3.7%. Standard deviation of the relative difference between counts from left and right eyes from 57 subjects was 4.7%. A significant negative correlation between age and endothelial cell density was found (r = -0.59, P less than 0.001, n = 76). The interindividual variation in cell densities was found to be larger in the old age group, indicating that cell loss during aging varies among different individuals.", "contents": "Non-contact specular microscopy of human corneal endothelium. The non-contact specular microscope enables a large area of the corneal endothelium to be examined and photographed without any risk of traumatizing the anterior surface of cornea. This non-contact technique is described in detail. Standard deviation of the relative difference between two independent estimates of central endothelial density from 24 eyes was 3.7%. Standard deviation of the relative difference between counts from left and right eyes from 57 subjects was 4.7%. A significant negative correlation between age and endothelial cell density was found (r = -0.59, P less than 0.001, n = 76). The interindividual variation in cell densities was found to be larger in the old age group, indicating that cell loss during aging varies among different individuals.", "PMID": 546011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10059", "title": "Ultrasonic estimation of gestational age and fetal weight.", "content": "Ultrasonic fast-scanning analysis was carried out during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. In 1690 cases biparietal diameter, in 784 chest transverse diameter measurements were done and suitable growth charts constructed for the estimation of gestational time. Both the biparietal and chest transverse diameter values were taken into consideration in 582 cases and the results analysed by mathematical methods. A method has been worked out for the estimation of fetal weight with an absolute standard error of 261 g. On the basis of comparative studies it is suggested that obstetrical teams working with ultrasonic devices should establish their own set of parameters and methods.", "contents": "Ultrasonic estimation of gestational age and fetal weight. Ultrasonic fast-scanning analysis was carried out during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. In 1690 cases biparietal diameter, in 784 chest transverse diameter measurements were done and suitable growth charts constructed for the estimation of gestational time. Both the biparietal and chest transverse diameter values were taken into consideration in 582 cases and the results analysed by mathematical methods. A method has been worked out for the estimation of fetal weight with an absolute standard error of 261 g. On the basis of comparative studies it is suggested that obstetrical teams working with ultrasonic devices should establish their own set of parameters and methods.", "PMID": 546012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10060", "title": "Development and organization of the personality as a system of regulation.", "content": "Personality is not only the totality of conscious and unconscious characteristics but the unity of somato-organic and psychic characteristics. The somatic organism is a specific morphological and physiological system of the individual. The psyche is a functional structure developing individually in the course of ontogeny, under the effect of internal processing influenced by the environment. A concept is detailed concerning the structure of the human psyche, the system and nature of the conscious and unconscious functions. The personality is a manifestation of the connections and the formation into a system of the somatic organism and the psyche. This interconnection brings about the socialized humanization of the vital processes in man living in society. A concept concerning the essence of personality is discussed, emphasizing the \"actual personality\" and describing its structure. Clinical examples are given concerning the interconnection of somatic organism and psyche and of the somato-psychic and psycho-somatic processes. Direction and key of the codes as well as the importance of the meaning of life within the cybernetic system is explained, and conclusions are drawn for the purposes of education.", "contents": "Development and organization of the personality as a system of regulation. Personality is not only the totality of conscious and unconscious characteristics but the unity of somato-organic and psychic characteristics. The somatic organism is a specific morphological and physiological system of the individual. The psyche is a functional structure developing individually in the course of ontogeny, under the effect of internal processing influenced by the environment. A concept is detailed concerning the structure of the human psyche, the system and nature of the conscious and unconscious functions. The personality is a manifestation of the connections and the formation into a system of the somatic organism and the psyche. This interconnection brings about the socialized humanization of the vital processes in man living in society. A concept concerning the essence of personality is discussed, emphasizing the \"actual personality\" and describing its structure. Clinical examples are given concerning the interconnection of somatic organism and psyche and of the somato-psychic and psycho-somatic processes. Direction and key of the codes as well as the importance of the meaning of life within the cybernetic system is explained, and conclusions are drawn for the purposes of education.", "PMID": 546013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10061", "title": "Urinary osmolarity in late stage nephritis and nephrosis.", "content": "Urinary osmolarity was studied with the DDAVP test in 30 children in the late stage of glomerulonephritis or nephrosis syndrome, and in 12 control children. A restriction of the concentrating ability of the kidney was demonstrated in the cases accompanied by residual symptoms, in comparison to the healthy children and to the patients in lasting remission. In the cases examined histologically, tubular damage corresponding to the functional change could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Urinary osmolarity in late stage nephritis and nephrosis. Urinary osmolarity was studied with the DDAVP test in 30 children in the late stage of glomerulonephritis or nephrosis syndrome, and in 12 control children. A restriction of the concentrating ability of the kidney was demonstrated in the cases accompanied by residual symptoms, in comparison to the healthy children and to the patients in lasting remission. In the cases examined histologically, tubular damage corresponding to the functional change could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 546014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10062", "title": "The competence of the infant.", "content": "In our residential nursery we succeeded in realizing a developmental pattern, in the course of which infants, beginning from the first days of their life, could initiate and accomplish increasingly effective interactions with the adults caring for them, and with the physical environment. Development, preliminary conditions and the importance of competence are discussed.", "contents": "The competence of the infant. In our residential nursery we succeeded in realizing a developmental pattern, in the course of which infants, beginning from the first days of their life, could initiate and accomplish increasingly effective interactions with the adults caring for them, and with the physical environment. Development, preliminary conditions and the importance of competence are discussed.", "PMID": 546016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10063", "title": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E and F 2 alpha in healthy newborn infants and in infants with hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Urinary PGE and PGF 2 alpha excretion was estimated in 11 healthy full-term (mean birth weight, 3327 g; mean gestational age, 39.2 weeks). 15 healthy preterm (mean birth weight, 1722 g; mean gestational age, 32.1 weeks) and in 9 preterm infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (mean birth weight: 1454 g, mean gestational age: 31 weeks). Measurements were carried out on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of life by radioimmunoassay, using Clinical Assays Inc. RIA kits. Urinary PGE excretion on the first day of life was 3.76 +/- 0.41 ng/day, 2.43 +/- 0.65 ng/day and 1.19 +/- 0.27 ng/day for healthy full-term, healthy premature and premature infants with HMD, respectively. The differences were significant at the level of p less than 0.05. With advancing postnatal age urinary PGE excretion markedly increased in each group (p less than 0.05). Urinary PGF 2 alpha excretion on the first day was 10.8 +/- 2.0 ng/day in full-term, 6.6 +/- 2.2 ng/day in healthy premature and 4.35 +/- 1.9 ng/day in premature infants with HMD. Then an inconsistent rise could be observed without statistically significant difference between the individual groups of various postnatal age and between the different groups of the same postnatal age. The decreased renal PGE production is suggested to be involved in the pathomechanism of HMD.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E and F 2 alpha in healthy newborn infants and in infants with hyaline membrane disease. Urinary PGE and PGF 2 alpha excretion was estimated in 11 healthy full-term (mean birth weight, 3327 g; mean gestational age, 39.2 weeks). 15 healthy preterm (mean birth weight, 1722 g; mean gestational age, 32.1 weeks) and in 9 preterm infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (mean birth weight: 1454 g, mean gestational age: 31 weeks). Measurements were carried out on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of life by radioimmunoassay, using Clinical Assays Inc. RIA kits. Urinary PGE excretion on the first day of life was 3.76 +/- 0.41 ng/day, 2.43 +/- 0.65 ng/day and 1.19 +/- 0.27 ng/day for healthy full-term, healthy premature and premature infants with HMD, respectively. The differences were significant at the level of p less than 0.05. With advancing postnatal age urinary PGE excretion markedly increased in each group (p less than 0.05). Urinary PGF 2 alpha excretion on the first day was 10.8 +/- 2.0 ng/day in full-term, 6.6 +/- 2.2 ng/day in healthy premature and 4.35 +/- 1.9 ng/day in premature infants with HMD. Then an inconsistent rise could be observed without statistically significant difference between the individual groups of various postnatal age and between the different groups of the same postnatal age. The decreased renal PGE production is suggested to be involved in the pathomechanism of HMD.", "PMID": 546017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10064", "title": "Successful treatment of perinatal intraventricular haemorrhage.", "content": "In 18 cases of perinatal intraventricular haemorrhage, continuous ventricular drainage was applied. As a result, ICP hypertension was inhibited and thus brain damage prevented. The early intervention prevented the formation of hydrocephalus (evoidence of shunt dependence) and aspiration of the bleeding prevented DIC and maintained coagulation factors.", "contents": "Successful treatment of perinatal intraventricular haemorrhage. In 18 cases of perinatal intraventricular haemorrhage, continuous ventricular drainage was applied. As a result, ICP hypertension was inhibited and thus brain damage prevented. The early intervention prevented the formation of hydrocephalus (evoidence of shunt dependence) and aspiration of the bleeding prevented DIC and maintained coagulation factors.", "PMID": 546018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10065", "title": "The role of the hypophysis in the regulation of the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion.", "content": "In 12 patients treated with prednisone for more than two months, the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion was disturbed during treatment as well as in the first week after discontinuing the therapy. The secretion of aldosterone was at the lower limit of the normal range. The daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion became normal earlier than the rhythm of 17-hydrocorticosteroids, approximately at a time when ACTH secretion became normal. A shift in maximum aldosterone secretion from morning to the afternoon or evening hours was observed in eight patients as early as on the third day of dexamethasone administration. A similar disturbance in the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion was found in five of six patients with pituitary dwarfism.", "contents": "The role of the hypophysis in the regulation of the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion. In 12 patients treated with prednisone for more than two months, the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion was disturbed during treatment as well as in the first week after discontinuing the therapy. The secretion of aldosterone was at the lower limit of the normal range. The daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion became normal earlier than the rhythm of 17-hydrocorticosteroids, approximately at a time when ACTH secretion became normal. A shift in maximum aldosterone secretion from morning to the afternoon or evening hours was observed in eight patients as early as on the third day of dexamethasone administration. A similar disturbance in the daily rhythm of aldosterone secretion was found in five of six patients with pituitary dwarfism.", "PMID": 546019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10066", "title": "Cellular esterase activity: estimation by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis.", "content": "Quantitative estimation of cellular esterase activity makes it possible to differentiate cells and cell subpopulations. The fluorescence of fluorescein obtained by hydrolysis from fluorescein diacetate is detected and used for measuring the esterase activity. The method described is suitable for the quantitative determination of esterase activity in human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cellular esterase activity: estimation by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Quantitative estimation of cellular esterase activity makes it possible to differentiate cells and cell subpopulations. The fluorescence of fluorescein obtained by hydrolysis from fluorescein diacetate is detected and used for measuring the esterase activity. The method described is suitable for the quantitative determination of esterase activity in human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 546020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10067", "title": "Epilepsy and brain abscess.", "content": "Among 22 children who had recovered from brain abscess, 9 later developed epilepsy. Epilepsy developing as a consequence of brain abscess depends on the length of the catamnestic period and the localization of the abscess. The appearance of epilepsy is more frequent after frontal and temporal abscesses and in cases presenting symptoms in the acute phase of the abscess. Since epilepsy may develop years or even decades after recovery from the brain abscess, it is recommended to keep the patient under control for years.", "contents": "Epilepsy and brain abscess. Among 22 children who had recovered from brain abscess, 9 later developed epilepsy. Epilepsy developing as a consequence of brain abscess depends on the length of the catamnestic period and the localization of the abscess. The appearance of epilepsy is more frequent after frontal and temporal abscesses and in cases presenting symptoms in the acute phase of the abscess. Since epilepsy may develop years or even decades after recovery from the brain abscess, it is recommended to keep the patient under control for years.", "PMID": 546021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10068", "title": "Activation of the bactericidal capacity of blood granulocytes. Evaluation of a new method and the effect of levamisole.", "content": "In most polymorphonuclear (PMN) bactericidal assays each PMN is given appr. 0.5-4 bacteria to kill but it has not been sufficiently shown that this ratio is optimal for the detection of changes in PMN killing functions. One PMN, incubated with increasing amounts of Staph. aureus, can kill between 45 and 90 colony forming units (CFU). Therefore a new assay, giving each PMN a submaximal bacterial amount (i.e. using 2-4 CFU/PMN) concerning the effects on PMNs of thermal inactivation and of levamisole. Exposure to 46 degrees C for 3-5 minutes decreased the killing capacity, easiest descernable with the standard assay. Incubation with levamisole in concentrations ranging between 10(-6) and 10(-7) mol/l increased the PMN killing capacity, and this was most evident with the modified assay. Thus, enhancements of PMN killing functions might be detected better with the present modified PMN bacterial assay, whereas impairments are disclosed more readily with the standard assay.", "contents": "Activation of the bactericidal capacity of blood granulocytes. Evaluation of a new method and the effect of levamisole. In most polymorphonuclear (PMN) bactericidal assays each PMN is given appr. 0.5-4 bacteria to kill but it has not been sufficiently shown that this ratio is optimal for the detection of changes in PMN killing functions. One PMN, incubated with increasing amounts of Staph. aureus, can kill between 45 and 90 colony forming units (CFU). Therefore a new assay, giving each PMN a submaximal bacterial amount (i.e. using 2-4 CFU/PMN) concerning the effects on PMNs of thermal inactivation and of levamisole. Exposure to 46 degrees C for 3-5 minutes decreased the killing capacity, easiest descernable with the standard assay. Incubation with levamisole in concentrations ranging between 10(-6) and 10(-7) mol/l increased the PMN killing capacity, and this was most evident with the modified assay. Thus, enhancements of PMN killing functions might be detected better with the present modified PMN bacterial assay, whereas impairments are disclosed more readily with the standard assay.", "PMID": 546035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10069", "title": "Effect of renal vasodilatation on intrarenal blood flow distribution.", "content": "Total renal blood flow (TRBF) and its intrarenal and intracortical distribution were measured before and during renal vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine infusion using the 133Xe washout, 86Rb uptake and radioactive microspheres distribution techniques. A good agreement was observed between TRBF calculated from 133Xe washout and measured with the electromagnetic flowmeter (FM). 86Rb-TRBF was lower than FM-TRBF and, due to the progressive reduction of renal 86Rb uptake, the difference increased with the increase of flow. With the alteration of TRBF the intrarenal distribution of 86Rb uptake did, however, not change significantly and, accordingly there was no redistribution of RBF either between the cortex and medulla, or among the individual cortical zones. The intracortical distribution of labelled microspheres showed, however, moderate flow dependent changes: with the rise of TRBF, due probably to the reduction of the steric hindrance, the estimated fractional perfusion of the inner cortical zones increased. The sum of the per cent 86Rb content of the innermost cortical zone (C4) and of the medulla exceeded the per cent microsphere content of zone C4. It is concluded that the medulla is perfused not exclusively with blood flowing from the juxtamedullar glomeruli. The regional flow values obtained from the 133Xe curves are not comparable with the results obtained by other methods and cannot be attributed to well defined areas of the kidney.", "contents": "Effect of renal vasodilatation on intrarenal blood flow distribution. Total renal blood flow (TRBF) and its intrarenal and intracortical distribution were measured before and during renal vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine infusion using the 133Xe washout, 86Rb uptake and radioactive microspheres distribution techniques. A good agreement was observed between TRBF calculated from 133Xe washout and measured with the electromagnetic flowmeter (FM). 86Rb-TRBF was lower than FM-TRBF and, due to the progressive reduction of renal 86Rb uptake, the difference increased with the increase of flow. With the alteration of TRBF the intrarenal distribution of 86Rb uptake did, however, not change significantly and, accordingly there was no redistribution of RBF either between the cortex and medulla, or among the individual cortical zones. The intracortical distribution of labelled microspheres showed, however, moderate flow dependent changes: with the rise of TRBF, due probably to the reduction of the steric hindrance, the estimated fractional perfusion of the inner cortical zones increased. The sum of the per cent 86Rb content of the innermost cortical zone (C4) and of the medulla exceeded the per cent microsphere content of zone C4. It is concluded that the medulla is perfused not exclusively with blood flowing from the juxtamedullar glomeruli. The regional flow values obtained from the 133Xe curves are not comparable with the results obtained by other methods and cannot be attributed to well defined areas of the kidney.", "PMID": 546041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10070", "title": "Intrarenal haemodynamics in postobstructive diuresis in the dog.", "content": "Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in the dog prior to and after relief of 24 hr bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL), by the radioactive microsphere technique. Prior to release of 24 hr BUL there was an about 50% reduction in total blood flow (RBR), with a nearly proprotional decrease in the perfusion of the four cortical layers. Following release of the obstruction, total renal and outer cortical (zones 1 and 2) blood flow remained diminished, while perfusion of the inner (juxtamedullary) layers (zones 3 and 4) increased as compared to its prerelease values and equalled controls. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) amounted to about 27% of controls in the postrelease phase. A marked increase in absolute and fractional sodium water excretion was observed after release of 24 hr BUL, as contrasted to normal controls and dogs after 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation (UUL). This state, designated as postopstructive diuresis, might be explained by redistribution of intrarenal blood flow towards the juxtamedullary zones, and by a powerful natriuretic substance accumulated during complete obstruction.", "contents": "Intrarenal haemodynamics in postobstructive diuresis in the dog. Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in the dog prior to and after relief of 24 hr bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL), by the radioactive microsphere technique. Prior to release of 24 hr BUL there was an about 50% reduction in total blood flow (RBR), with a nearly proprotional decrease in the perfusion of the four cortical layers. Following release of the obstruction, total renal and outer cortical (zones 1 and 2) blood flow remained diminished, while perfusion of the inner (juxtamedullary) layers (zones 3 and 4) increased as compared to its prerelease values and equalled controls. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) amounted to about 27% of controls in the postrelease phase. A marked increase in absolute and fractional sodium water excretion was observed after release of 24 hr BUL, as contrasted to normal controls and dogs after 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation (UUL). This state, designated as postopstructive diuresis, might be explained by redistribution of intrarenal blood flow towards the juxtamedullary zones, and by a powerful natriuretic substance accumulated during complete obstruction.", "PMID": 546042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10071", "title": "Effect of ethanol on certain metabolic pathways in young R/Amsterdam rats.", "content": "R/Amsterdam rats were offered a 15% aqueous ethanol solution as drinking fluid from delivery via the milk (Group A) or from the weanling (Group B). Ethanol treatment resulted in a significant retardation of growth in both Groups A and B compared to controls (Group C); the changes were more marked in Group A. Female rats responded to ethanol with higher increase of microsomal G6P-ase and mixed function oxygenase activities than males subjected to the same treatment. Hepatic triglyceride, glycogen and protein contents remained unaffected by ethanol. There was no difference in the changes of liver metabolism between Groups A and B either receiving ethanol already from birth via the milk or only after weanling.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on certain metabolic pathways in young R/Amsterdam rats. R/Amsterdam rats were offered a 15% aqueous ethanol solution as drinking fluid from delivery via the milk (Group A) or from the weanling (Group B). Ethanol treatment resulted in a significant retardation of growth in both Groups A and B compared to controls (Group C); the changes were more marked in Group A. Female rats responded to ethanol with higher increase of microsomal G6P-ase and mixed function oxygenase activities than males subjected to the same treatment. Hepatic triglyceride, glycogen and protein contents remained unaffected by ethanol. There was no difference in the changes of liver metabolism between Groups A and B either receiving ethanol already from birth via the milk or only after weanling.", "PMID": 546043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10072", "title": "The effect of high mesencephalic transection (cerveau isol\u00e9) and pentobarbital on basal forebrain mechanisms of EEG synchronization.", "content": "A study was made of the effects of high mesencephalic transection (cerveau isol\u00e9) and low doses of pentobarbital on the cortical synchronizations elicited in acute immobilized cats by (a) low frequency stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (HL) and nucleus ventralis anterior thalami (VA) and (b) by low and high frequency stimulation of the laterobasal preoptic region (RPO) and olfactory tubercle (TbOf). The results obtained were as follows: (1) The synchronizations induced by basal forebrain stimulations were found to survive in acute cerveau isol\u00e9 cats, moreover, even a facilitation of the synchronizing effect were observed. (2) A gradual facilitation was observed upon TbOf and RPO stimulation, while in the case of VA and HL stimulations, the facilitation appeared immediately after the transection. (3) Low doses of pentobarbital depressed the cortical effects of TbOf stimulation, while an increase of the synchronizing effect of low frequency VA and HL stimulation was found. The observations suggested that (i) the synchronizing mechanism in the ventral part of the basal forebrain (RPO and TbOf) differs from that of the thalamus and HL; (ii) the basal forebrain synchronizing mechanism is effective without the contribution of the brain stem; (iii) the mechanism responsible for the synchronizing effect of low frequency HL stimulation is similar as that described for the thalamus.", "contents": "The effect of high mesencephalic transection (cerveau isol\u00e9) and pentobarbital on basal forebrain mechanisms of EEG synchronization. A study was made of the effects of high mesencephalic transection (cerveau isol\u00e9) and low doses of pentobarbital on the cortical synchronizations elicited in acute immobilized cats by (a) low frequency stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (HL) and nucleus ventralis anterior thalami (VA) and (b) by low and high frequency stimulation of the laterobasal preoptic region (RPO) and olfactory tubercle (TbOf). The results obtained were as follows: (1) The synchronizations induced by basal forebrain stimulations were found to survive in acute cerveau isol\u00e9 cats, moreover, even a facilitation of the synchronizing effect were observed. (2) A gradual facilitation was observed upon TbOf and RPO stimulation, while in the case of VA and HL stimulations, the facilitation appeared immediately after the transection. (3) Low doses of pentobarbital depressed the cortical effects of TbOf stimulation, while an increase of the synchronizing effect of low frequency VA and HL stimulation was found. The observations suggested that (i) the synchronizing mechanism in the ventral part of the basal forebrain (RPO and TbOf) differs from that of the thalamus and HL; (ii) the basal forebrain synchronizing mechanism is effective without the contribution of the brain stem; (iii) the mechanism responsible for the synchronizing effect of low frequency HL stimulation is similar as that described for the thalamus.", "PMID": 546044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10073", "title": "Plasma corticosterone level of rats after bilateral lesion of the globus pallidus and elimination of the sex-dependence of the body weight loss following pallidal lesion by bilateral adrenalectomy.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone (CST) level and body weight were studied in male and female rats after bilateral pallidal lesion (GPL). The effect of high dose of glycocorticoids on body weight of food and water deprived, non-lesioned rats was also studied since high CST levels due to the stress caused by the aphagia and adipsia could be anticipated. Weight changes in lesioned-adrenalectomized animals were in investigated as well. A weight loss, higher in males than females, developed after the pallidal lesion and the CST level was higher in lesioned females than in lesioned males. This sex-difference was present in non-lesioned, food and water deprived animals as well. The weight loss was higher in lesioned males than in food and water deprived male/female controls. Adrenalectomy eliminated weight loss differences between the sexes after lesion, by reducing the weight loss in males. CST administration reduced body weight loss in food and water deprived males but not in familes, and cortisol facilitated it in both sexes.", "contents": "Plasma corticosterone level of rats after bilateral lesion of the globus pallidus and elimination of the sex-dependence of the body weight loss following pallidal lesion by bilateral adrenalectomy. Plasma corticosterone (CST) level and body weight were studied in male and female rats after bilateral pallidal lesion (GPL). The effect of high dose of glycocorticoids on body weight of food and water deprived, non-lesioned rats was also studied since high CST levels due to the stress caused by the aphagia and adipsia could be anticipated. Weight changes in lesioned-adrenalectomized animals were in investigated as well. A weight loss, higher in males than females, developed after the pallidal lesion and the CST level was higher in lesioned females than in lesioned males. This sex-difference was present in non-lesioned, food and water deprived animals as well. The weight loss was higher in lesioned males than in food and water deprived male/female controls. Adrenalectomy eliminated weight loss differences between the sexes after lesion, by reducing the weight loss in males. CST administration reduced body weight loss in food and water deprived males but not in familes, and cortisol facilitated it in both sexes.", "PMID": 546045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10074", "title": "Oxygen uptake capacity of the amphibious fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham) (Symbranchiformes, Amphipnoidae).", "content": "The O2 uptake capacity of Amphipnous cuchia has been determined in relation to standard temperature of 25 degrees C. The measurement of O2 uptake indicates nearly 75% of the oxygen demand to be met through the air breathing organs and 25% by the skin and vestigeal gill through water in a normal habitat. The total VO2 during aerial-aquatic gas exchange is 60.5 ml/kg/hr. The prevention of surfacing resulted in a lower O2 uptake rate (38.29 ml/kg/hr). During submergence, the utilisation of air sacs for extracting O2 by regular pumping of water in and out is peculiar to the fish. Under normal respiratory conditions (air + water), the slope for O2 uptake through air is 0.72, 0.23 for water and 0.57 for both air + water. The average ratio borne by the fish for aquatic/air breathing (ml/kg/min) is higher in fishes below 60 g body weight, and aquatic respiration predominates in fishes weighing less than 6.0 g.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake capacity of the amphibious fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham) (Symbranchiformes, Amphipnoidae). The O2 uptake capacity of Amphipnous cuchia has been determined in relation to standard temperature of 25 degrees C. The measurement of O2 uptake indicates nearly 75% of the oxygen demand to be met through the air breathing organs and 25% by the skin and vestigeal gill through water in a normal habitat. The total VO2 during aerial-aquatic gas exchange is 60.5 ml/kg/hr. The prevention of surfacing resulted in a lower O2 uptake rate (38.29 ml/kg/hr). During submergence, the utilisation of air sacs for extracting O2 by regular pumping of water in and out is peculiar to the fish. Under normal respiratory conditions (air + water), the slope for O2 uptake through air is 0.72, 0.23 for water and 0.57 for both air + water. The average ratio borne by the fish for aquatic/air breathing (ml/kg/min) is higher in fishes below 60 g body weight, and aquatic respiration predominates in fishes weighing less than 6.0 g.", "PMID": 546046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10075", "title": "Effect of acute ischaemia on active and passive large deformation mechanics of canine carotid arteries.", "content": "Large deformation mechanical properties of dog carotid arteries excised following 1 hour of ischaemia and 1 hour of reperfusion were compared to those of contralaterial normal arteries in vitro. Vascular smooth muscle was invariably activated by 0.5 microgram/ml noradrenaline. Relative reduction in the diameter of postischaemia arteries following noradrenaline administration was twice as large (max.: 13.2 +/- 2.0%) as that of normal controls (max.: 5.7 +/- 1.5%) in the pressure range of 0--220 mmHg. If the smooth muscle was totally relaxed there were no differences between the geometrical (wall-thickness, radius) and mechanical properties (stress, incremental elastic modulus, incremental distensibility, strain-energy density) of the arteries in the two series. It is concluded that the increased reactivity of postischaemic arteries is not caused by changes in geometric or mechanical properties of their passive wall elements.", "contents": "Effect of acute ischaemia on active and passive large deformation mechanics of canine carotid arteries. Large deformation mechanical properties of dog carotid arteries excised following 1 hour of ischaemia and 1 hour of reperfusion were compared to those of contralaterial normal arteries in vitro. Vascular smooth muscle was invariably activated by 0.5 microgram/ml noradrenaline. Relative reduction in the diameter of postischaemia arteries following noradrenaline administration was twice as large (max.: 13.2 +/- 2.0%) as that of normal controls (max.: 5.7 +/- 1.5%) in the pressure range of 0--220 mmHg. If the smooth muscle was totally relaxed there were no differences between the geometrical (wall-thickness, radius) and mechanical properties (stress, incremental elastic modulus, incremental distensibility, strain-energy density) of the arteries in the two series. It is concluded that the increased reactivity of postischaemic arteries is not caused by changes in geometric or mechanical properties of their passive wall elements.", "PMID": 546047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10076", "title": "Intrarenal haemodynamics in uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure.", "content": "Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in the dog at various intervals after the iv. injection of 10 mg/kg uranyl nitrate (UN). Renal blood flow (RBF), as determined by measuring the renal venous effluent and by radioactive microspheres, decreased by about 23% at 6 hr after UN administration, as compared to normal controls, then rose and reached controls at 24 to 48 hr; subsequently, RBF increased and surpassed controls by about 36% at 96 hr. Thus, the early phase (6 hr) and the late phase (96 hr) of uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure (UNARF) were characterized by an increase and by a decrease, respectively, in overall renal vascular resistance. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminished to about 37% of controls at 6 hr, with no change in urinary output (V). In the following hours, however, GFR and V fell quickly and reached practically zero at 12 to 24 hr. Approximate calculations revealed a predominantly preglomerular vasoconstriction in the early phase and post-glomerular vasodilatation in the late phase. Radioactive microspheres showed a nearly proportionate decrease in perfusion of all cortical layers in the early phase (6 hr); in the late phase (96 hr), however, blood flow to the outermost layer remained unaltered, while perfusion of the inner cortical and juxtamedullary layers increased significantly.", "contents": "Intrarenal haemodynamics in uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure. Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in the dog at various intervals after the iv. injection of 10 mg/kg uranyl nitrate (UN). Renal blood flow (RBF), as determined by measuring the renal venous effluent and by radioactive microspheres, decreased by about 23% at 6 hr after UN administration, as compared to normal controls, then rose and reached controls at 24 to 48 hr; subsequently, RBF increased and surpassed controls by about 36% at 96 hr. Thus, the early phase (6 hr) and the late phase (96 hr) of uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure (UNARF) were characterized by an increase and by a decrease, respectively, in overall renal vascular resistance. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminished to about 37% of controls at 6 hr, with no change in urinary output (V). In the following hours, however, GFR and V fell quickly and reached practically zero at 12 to 24 hr. Approximate calculations revealed a predominantly preglomerular vasoconstriction in the early phase and post-glomerular vasodilatation in the late phase. Radioactive microspheres showed a nearly proportionate decrease in perfusion of all cortical layers in the early phase (6 hr); in the late phase (96 hr), however, blood flow to the outermost layer remained unaltered, while perfusion of the inner cortical and juxtamedullary layers increased significantly.", "PMID": 546048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10077", "title": "Hepatic storage and biliary excretion of rose bengal in the rat.", "content": "The distribution of intravenously administered rose bengal (RB) depends on its dose. At a low dose (10 mg/kg), RB can be found almost solely in the liver and plasma. However, at higher doses (from 25 up to 200 mg/kg) the amount of RB found in extra-hepatic tissues gradually increases. In this experiment the hepatic transfer maximum of RB amounted to 146 micrograms/kg/min. By increasing the dose from 10 to 200 mg/kg, the hepatic concentration of RB also approached a maximum (1250 micrograms/g). The storage capacity of the liver, however, did not limit the transfer maximum of RB.", "contents": "Hepatic storage and biliary excretion of rose bengal in the rat. The distribution of intravenously administered rose bengal (RB) depends on its dose. At a low dose (10 mg/kg), RB can be found almost solely in the liver and plasma. However, at higher doses (from 25 up to 200 mg/kg) the amount of RB found in extra-hepatic tissues gradually increases. In this experiment the hepatic transfer maximum of RB amounted to 146 micrograms/kg/min. By increasing the dose from 10 to 200 mg/kg, the hepatic concentration of RB also approached a maximum (1250 micrograms/g). The storage capacity of the liver, however, did not limit the transfer maximum of RB.", "PMID": 546049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10078", "title": "[Training of personnel for mental health teams].", "content": "The mental disorder is a biopsychosocial phenomenon. Starting from this idea, this paper suggests the active participation of every psychiatric professional with the organizated help of community groups, specially trained in mental health matters. A double social function is obtained by this: 1) programmed public training, and 2) practical performance in the assistence field of the same community. In Chile, in general, two social stratus are distinguished; the european culture (middle and upper class) and the popular aboriginal culture (working and rural class). Both have their own pattern about medicine: the european culture, based on the scientific concept, and the popular one based on the magic-religious thoughts. Between them, there exists a barrier. On the one hand, there is not sufficient scientific medical assistence on a national level; on the other hand, the popular medicine is precarious, but more effective in its social function (low cost, availability, absence of bureaucracy, human contact, comprehensible language of medicasters, etc.). The Integral Mental Health Programme objective, in this point, is to join a minimum of the popular medicine sociological structure with the actions of the scientific medicine. Interaction between these will be produced according to the transculturation principles. Patterns for training the 5 levels of the functions delegation are given.", "contents": "[Training of personnel for mental health teams]. The mental disorder is a biopsychosocial phenomenon. Starting from this idea, this paper suggests the active participation of every psychiatric professional with the organizated help of community groups, specially trained in mental health matters. A double social function is obtained by this: 1) programmed public training, and 2) practical performance in the assistence field of the same community. In Chile, in general, two social stratus are distinguished; the european culture (middle and upper class) and the popular aboriginal culture (working and rural class). Both have their own pattern about medicine: the european culture, based on the scientific concept, and the popular one based on the magic-religious thoughts. Between them, there exists a barrier. On the one hand, there is not sufficient scientific medical assistence on a national level; on the other hand, the popular medicine is precarious, but more effective in its social function (low cost, availability, absence of bureaucracy, human contact, comprehensible language of medicasters, etc.). The Integral Mental Health Programme objective, in this point, is to join a minimum of the popular medicine sociological structure with the actions of the scientific medicine. Interaction between these will be produced according to the transculturation principles. Patterns for training the 5 levels of the functions delegation are given.", "PMID": 546052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10079", "title": "[Readmissions in a pilot psychiatric ward].", "content": "We did this work because the observation shows us a high percentage of readmissions in Psychiatric Services. Alejandro Korn Hospital has 2,306 beds, 98% of them occupied. Of these beds, 104 belong to neurology and 63 to clinic and surgery. In this hospital are the 89.50% of the whole beds of Buenos Aires Province. During the observation women area (where we work) was divided in three admission areas. Evaluation took us the last three months of 1975, and March, April and May of 1976. With Statistics Area's agree, the whole of admissions was proportionally divided in three areas. One of them was our Legal Psychiatric Ward. At the moment of the admission patient's family had to answer some questions we had prepared about causes we were looking for. During this time, 62 persons were admitted and of these, 47 were re-admitted (75.81%). To give up the treatment when the patient left the hospital was the main reason for the high re-admission percentage (76.59%): 61.11% of them gave up the treatment because they had no medical control; 25% because of bad economic conditions, and 13.89% because the patient sometimes interrupted his everyday medication.", "contents": "[Readmissions in a pilot psychiatric ward]. We did this work because the observation shows us a high percentage of readmissions in Psychiatric Services. Alejandro Korn Hospital has 2,306 beds, 98% of them occupied. Of these beds, 104 belong to neurology and 63 to clinic and surgery. In this hospital are the 89.50% of the whole beds of Buenos Aires Province. During the observation women area (where we work) was divided in three admission areas. Evaluation took us the last three months of 1975, and March, April and May of 1976. With Statistics Area's agree, the whole of admissions was proportionally divided in three areas. One of them was our Legal Psychiatric Ward. At the moment of the admission patient's family had to answer some questions we had prepared about causes we were looking for. During this time, 62 persons were admitted and of these, 47 were re-admitted (75.81%). To give up the treatment when the patient left the hospital was the main reason for the high re-admission percentage (76.59%): 61.11% of them gave up the treatment because they had no medical control; 25% because of bad economic conditions, and 13.89% because the patient sometimes interrupted his everyday medication.", "PMID": 546054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10080", "title": "[Towards a programmed psychotherapy: narcissistic depression].", "content": "The paper discusses the importance of developing specific psychotherapeutic approaches for the different psychopathological syndromes. It is stated that whether Psychotherapy deserves to be considered a science and not as a mere art will depend upon the formulation of goals and strategies in more definitive way, setting aside the general formulas we have up to now. Narcisistic Depression is taken as an example of the possibility of a planned psychotherapy. The psychopathology of depression is reviewed, and it is stated that the syndrome occurs when the following four conditions are present simultaneously: a) Discordance between the Self-representation and the Ideal Ego. b) A pattern of thinking in which the logic of all or nothing is at work. c) Certain traits are taken as if they were the whole Self-representation. d) A mood of hopelessness and helplessness. Several strategies for dealing with these four conditions are presented.", "contents": "[Towards a programmed psychotherapy: narcissistic depression]. The paper discusses the importance of developing specific psychotherapeutic approaches for the different psychopathological syndromes. It is stated that whether Psychotherapy deserves to be considered a science and not as a mere art will depend upon the formulation of goals and strategies in more definitive way, setting aside the general formulas we have up to now. Narcisistic Depression is taken as an example of the possibility of a planned psychotherapy. The psychopathology of depression is reviewed, and it is stated that the syndrome occurs when the following four conditions are present simultaneously: a) Discordance between the Self-representation and the Ideal Ego. b) A pattern of thinking in which the logic of all or nothing is at work. c) Certain traits are taken as if they were the whole Self-representation. d) A mood of hopelessness and helplessness. Several strategies for dealing with these four conditions are presented.", "PMID": 546056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10081", "title": "Computer tomography as the primary radiologic procedure in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "CT was performed in 149 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and clinical findings consistent with an aneurysm rupture, and was found informative in most cases when performed within one week after the hemorrhage. CT disclosed in 29 per cent of cases other causes for the hemorrhage than a ruptured aneurysm (intracerebral hemorrhage, tumor, trauma, infarct) and an extensive angiographic evaluation could be omitted. In those patients where the hemorrhage was caused by an aneurysm rupture, the distribution of extravasated blood in the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchyma usually indicated the aneurysm location--angiography could thus be restricted to the proper vessel. These capabilities of CT are sufficient to economically motivate its routine use as the primary investigation in cases with an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "Computer tomography as the primary radiologic procedure in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT was performed in 149 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and clinical findings consistent with an aneurysm rupture, and was found informative in most cases when performed within one week after the hemorrhage. CT disclosed in 29 per cent of cases other causes for the hemorrhage than a ruptured aneurysm (intracerebral hemorrhage, tumor, trauma, infarct) and an extensive angiographic evaluation could be omitted. In those patients where the hemorrhage was caused by an aneurysm rupture, the distribution of extravasated blood in the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchyma usually indicated the aneurysm location--angiography could thus be restricted to the proper vessel. These capabilities of CT are sufficient to economically motivate its routine use as the primary investigation in cases with an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "PMID": 546068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10082", "title": "Porto-systemic collaterals in cirrhosis of the liver. Selective percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system in portal hypertension.", "content": "In 93 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal venous hypertension the main tributaries of the portal vein were examined by percutaneous transhepatic catheterization. The appearance and degree of porto-systemic collaterals were analysed. Esophageal varices were demonstrated in 82 patients. No correlation was found between the portal venous pressure and the extent of porto-systemic communications.", "contents": "Porto-systemic collaterals in cirrhosis of the liver. Selective percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system in portal hypertension. In 93 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal venous hypertension the main tributaries of the portal vein were examined by percutaneous transhepatic catheterization. The appearance and degree of porto-systemic collaterals were analysed. Esophageal varices were demonstrated in 82 patients. No correlation was found between the portal venous pressure and the extent of porto-systemic communications.", "PMID": 546069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10083", "title": "Unilateral renal artery stenosis and hypertension. I. Angiography.", "content": "The preoperative angiographic findings in 43 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis or occlusion were reviewed in order to record abnormalities such as diameter of stenosis, collateral circulation, poststenotic dilatation and reduction of kidney size. The significance of the various lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral renal artery stenosis and hypertension. I. Angiography. The preoperative angiographic findings in 43 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis or occlusion were reviewed in order to record abnormalities such as diameter of stenosis, collateral circulation, poststenotic dilatation and reduction of kidney size. The significance of the various lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 546070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10084", "title": "Unilateral renal artery stenosis and hypertension. II. Angiographic findings correlated with blood pressure response after surgery.", "content": "The findings at preoperative nephroangiography of 42 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis or occlusion were correlated with the blood pressure response following surgery and also with the preoperative renal vein renin activity ratio. A stenosis reducing luminal area by at least 90 per cent (or occlusion) and the presence of collateral circulation are considered to be highly suggestive of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Unilateral renal artery stenosis and hypertension. II. Angiographic findings correlated with blood pressure response after surgery. The findings at preoperative nephroangiography of 42 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis or occlusion were correlated with the blood pressure response following surgery and also with the preoperative renal vein renin activity ratio. A stenosis reducing luminal area by at least 90 per cent (or occlusion) and the presence of collateral circulation are considered to be highly suggestive of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 546071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10085", "title": "Percutaneous production of renal artery lesions. Experiments in the pig.", "content": "Percutaneous, intraarterial traumatization of both renal arteries in 4 pigs using the stiff end of a guide-wire resulted in intimal lesions in 7 arteries. At repeat angiography healing was demonstrated in 4 of these arteries, suggesting that spontaneous restitution may be more common than usually believed. Balloon catheter dilatation of 2 stenotic segments initially increased the diameter of the stenoses but at repeat angiography both arteries were found to be occluded. Over-distension of the balloon in the renal artery resulted in pseudoaneurysm in one case and rupture in the other.", "contents": "Percutaneous production of renal artery lesions. Experiments in the pig. Percutaneous, intraarterial traumatization of both renal arteries in 4 pigs using the stiff end of a guide-wire resulted in intimal lesions in 7 arteries. At repeat angiography healing was demonstrated in 4 of these arteries, suggesting that spontaneous restitution may be more common than usually believed. Balloon catheter dilatation of 2 stenotic segments initially increased the diameter of the stenoses but at repeat angiography both arteries were found to be occluded. Over-distension of the balloon in the renal artery resulted in pseudoaneurysm in one case and rupture in the other.", "PMID": 546072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10086", "title": "Arterial anatomy in the normal larynx and in laryngeal carcinoma. Radiography of specimens.", "content": "For a correct selection of patients with laryngeal carcinoma for surgery, especially when partial surgery is contemplated, it is important to ascertain the extent of deep tumour invasion. The usual radiologic methods and microlaryngoscopy have shortcomings in this respect. Angiography of normal specimens demonstrated that the arterial anatomy is fairly constant and characteristic. Specimens from carcinoma patients displayed vascular abnormalities related to deep invasion, as demonstrated at microscopic examination.", "contents": "Arterial anatomy in the normal larynx and in laryngeal carcinoma. Radiography of specimens. For a correct selection of patients with laryngeal carcinoma for surgery, especially when partial surgery is contemplated, it is important to ascertain the extent of deep tumour invasion. The usual radiologic methods and microlaryngoscopy have shortcomings in this respect. Angiography of normal specimens demonstrated that the arterial anatomy is fairly constant and characteristic. Specimens from carcinoma patients displayed vascular abnormalities related to deep invasion, as demonstrated at microscopic examination.", "PMID": 546073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10087", "title": "Calcified periarthritis at multiple sites including lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of a case.", "content": "A case with calcified periarthritis at peripheral sites and calcification in intervertebral discs gives support to the perception of a distinct disease entity as proposed by SANDSTROM. The possible significance of genetic factors is discussed.", "contents": "Calcified periarthritis at multiple sites including lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of a case. A case with calcified periarthritis at peripheral sites and calcification in intervertebral discs gives support to the perception of a distinct disease entity as proposed by SANDSTROM. The possible significance of genetic factors is discussed.", "PMID": 546074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10088", "title": "Radiographic appearances in Crohn's disease. II. The course as reflected at repeat radiography.", "content": "The course and distribution of the lesions in 174 patients with Crohn's disease were evaluated from preoperative films. In the small intestine the course was locally progressive. Colonic disease involved either the right hemicolon or the entire colon. Fluctuations of mucosal lesions were common and could explain the radiographic finding of segmental and left-sided colitis. Variations in the anatomy of the lymphatic system could explain the varying distribution of the lesions.", "contents": "Radiographic appearances in Crohn's disease. II. The course as reflected at repeat radiography. The course and distribution of the lesions in 174 patients with Crohn's disease were evaluated from preoperative films. In the small intestine the course was locally progressive. Colonic disease involved either the right hemicolon or the entire colon. Fluctuations of mucosal lesions were common and could explain the radiographic finding of segmental and left-sided colitis. Variations in the anatomy of the lymphatic system could explain the varying distribution of the lesions.", "PMID": 546075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10089", "title": "Excretion of sodium iothalamate at compression urography after furosemide dehydration in the rabbit.", "content": "Pre-treatment with an optimum dose of diuretic administered in appropriate time relation to the injection of contrast medium can improve urographic quality by increasing urinary iodine concentration as well as diuresis. The doses of contrast medium can probably be reduced.", "contents": "Excretion of sodium iothalamate at compression urography after furosemide dehydration in the rabbit. Pre-treatment with an optimum dose of diuretic administered in appropriate time relation to the injection of contrast medium can improve urographic quality by increasing urinary iodine concentration as well as diuresis. The doses of contrast medium can probably be reduced.", "PMID": 546076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10090", "title": "Bone mineral content in the proximal tibia measured by computer tomography.", "content": "With a slight modification of the EMI MK1 scanner a sensitive method for examination of the bone mineral content in the proximal tibia was achieved. The method allows an estimation of the amount of trabecular and cortical bone as well as their mineral content. The anatomic structure of the bone substance is demonstrated, differing in osteoporosis and osteomalacia. The reproducibility is acceptable.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in the proximal tibia measured by computer tomography. With a slight modification of the EMI MK1 scanner a sensitive method for examination of the bone mineral content in the proximal tibia was achieved. The method allows an estimation of the amount of trabecular and cortical bone as well as their mineral content. The anatomic structure of the bone substance is demonstrated, differing in osteoporosis and osteomalacia. The reproducibility is acceptable.", "PMID": 546077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10091", "title": "Radiography in joint reconstruction with perichondrial grafts.", "content": "The radiographic findings in 13 joints successfully reconstructed with free perichondrial grafts from the rib are reported. Radiography was performed during a period of 13 to 40 months postoperatively. Definite cortical demarcation occurred after 8 to 11 months and had increased 11 to 16 months following surgery. In 3 cases the final examination of 2 metacarpophalangeal joints and one proximal interphalangeal joint was completed with arthrography which demonstrated that the articular surfaces appeared even although the cortical bone contours were somewhat irregular. The extent of the joint spaces largely resembled that in healthy controls.", "contents": "Radiography in joint reconstruction with perichondrial grafts. The radiographic findings in 13 joints successfully reconstructed with free perichondrial grafts from the rib are reported. Radiography was performed during a period of 13 to 40 months postoperatively. Definite cortical demarcation occurred after 8 to 11 months and had increased 11 to 16 months following surgery. In 3 cases the final examination of 2 metacarpophalangeal joints and one proximal interphalangeal joint was completed with arthrography which demonstrated that the articular surfaces appeared even although the cortical bone contours were somewhat irregular. The extent of the joint spaces largely resembled that in healthy controls.", "PMID": 546078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10092", "title": "Choice of screens in high-speed angiography.", "content": "In phantom experiments a number of intensifying screens were tested as regards their usefulness for angiography. Film speed was adjusted so as to make possible a constant radiographic exposure despite screen speeds varying by a factor of 3. Thus, screen unsharpness varied considerably. However, it was of no practical importance as long as the radiographic exposure was kept constant. This observation indicates that the modulation transfer function is of limited value in differentiating between screens for high-speed angiography. Likewise, film contrast was of little significance for image quality, as compared with radiographic exposure to the intensifying screens.", "contents": "Choice of screens in high-speed angiography. In phantom experiments a number of intensifying screens were tested as regards their usefulness for angiography. Film speed was adjusted so as to make possible a constant radiographic exposure despite screen speeds varying by a factor of 3. Thus, screen unsharpness varied considerably. However, it was of no practical importance as long as the radiographic exposure was kept constant. This observation indicates that the modulation transfer function is of limited value in differentiating between screens for high-speed angiography. Likewise, film contrast was of little significance for image quality, as compared with radiographic exposure to the intensifying screens.", "PMID": 546079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10093", "title": "Natural antibodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.", "content": "Studying 347 sera of 49 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection the mean titre value (MTV) calculated from the exponent of the binary logarithm of natural antibody (NA) titres, was found suitable to characterize the humoral immune status. As long as the organism is in equilibrium with the infection, the NA level rises. In septic shock, before death or at the development of a massive infection, the NA titre decreases rapidly. The decrease may be due partly to the permeability increasing effect of endotoxin and antigen-antibody reactions exerted on the capillaries. Consequently, in the most severe phase of sepsis, when bacteria enter the circulation less NA is available to fight against them. This might be a cause of the still very high lethality of septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, when applying the MTV one always has to consider that despite its advantages it gives less information than the Backhausz immunogram.", "contents": "Natural antibodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Studying 347 sera of 49 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection the mean titre value (MTV) calculated from the exponent of the binary logarithm of natural antibody (NA) titres, was found suitable to characterize the humoral immune status. As long as the organism is in equilibrium with the infection, the NA level rises. In septic shock, before death or at the development of a massive infection, the NA titre decreases rapidly. The decrease may be due partly to the permeability increasing effect of endotoxin and antigen-antibody reactions exerted on the capillaries. Consequently, in the most severe phase of sepsis, when bacteria enter the circulation less NA is available to fight against them. This might be a cause of the still very high lethality of septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, when applying the MTV one always has to consider that despite its advantages it gives less information than the Backhausz immunogram.", "PMID": 546126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10094", "title": "Quantitative determination of staphylococcal B-type enterotoxin with Laurell's electroimmune diffusion method.", "content": "The quantitative determination of B-type enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus is described. Pretreating the toxin with formaldehyde, the B-type enterotoxin could be demonstrated rapidly with appropriate sensitivity by Laurell's electroimmune diffusion method. Four to eight hours were required for the examination and 0.25 microgram/ml was the smallest demonstrable quantity of the toxin.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of staphylococcal B-type enterotoxin with Laurell's electroimmune diffusion method. The quantitative determination of B-type enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus is described. Pretreating the toxin with formaldehyde, the B-type enterotoxin could be demonstrated rapidly with appropriate sensitivity by Laurell's electroimmune diffusion method. Four to eight hours were required for the examination and 0.25 microgram/ml was the smallest demonstrable quantity of the toxin.", "PMID": 546127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10095", "title": "Protective effect of PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation against candidiasis in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "In an experimental Candidiasis of tumor-bearing mice, the administration of PSK resulted in a prolongation of lifespan when mice were treated with PSK before infection or before and after infection. The viable fungal counts in kidneys 3 weeks after infection was found to be less in PSK-treated mice than the control mice without PSK administration. The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in infected tumor-bearing mice against Candida dead cells were stimulated to some extent by PSK administration. The fungal proliferation in kidneys of tumor-bearing mice at the early stage of infection was prevented by PSK administration. The experimental results involving chemotaxis and phagocytosis suggest that PSK administration restores or enhances the depressed protection of tumor-bearing mice against Candida infection, mostly due to potentiating the phagocytic activity of macrophages.", "contents": "Protective effect of PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation against candidiasis in tumor-bearing mice. In an experimental Candidiasis of tumor-bearing mice, the administration of PSK resulted in a prolongation of lifespan when mice were treated with PSK before infection or before and after infection. The viable fungal counts in kidneys 3 weeks after infection was found to be less in PSK-treated mice than the control mice without PSK administration. The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in infected tumor-bearing mice against Candida dead cells were stimulated to some extent by PSK administration. The fungal proliferation in kidneys of tumor-bearing mice at the early stage of infection was prevented by PSK administration. The experimental results involving chemotaxis and phagocytosis suggest that PSK administration restores or enhances the depressed protection of tumor-bearing mice against Candida infection, mostly due to potentiating the phagocytic activity of macrophages.", "PMID": 546134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10096", "title": "Alveolar macrophage dysfunction associated with viral pneumonitis.", "content": "Viral infections are known to predispose to bacterial infections of the lung. Studies on the virus-induced suppression of pulmonary bactericidal mechanisms have identified the defect with abnormalities in the alveolar macrophage phagocytic system. In the investigation presented herein, we have dissected some of the subcomponents of the phagocytic process and found virus-induced defects in phagocytic ingestion, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and intracellular killing.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophage dysfunction associated with viral pneumonitis. Viral infections are known to predispose to bacterial infections of the lung. Studies on the virus-induced suppression of pulmonary bactericidal mechanisms have identified the defect with abnormalities in the alveolar macrophage phagocytic system. In the investigation presented herein, we have dissected some of the subcomponents of the phagocytic process and found virus-induced defects in phagocytic ingestion, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and intracellular killing.", "PMID": 546137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10097", "title": "Purine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Rat skeletal muscle can synthesize purine nucleotides de novo. 2. Nucleotide synthesis de novo was inhibited by approximately 90% in the presence of 1 mM azaserine. 3. Purine nucleotides can be synthesized via \"salvage\" pathways from purine bases and nucleosides. Under the conditions employed incorporation rates were adenosine adenine inosine/hypoxanthine guanosine guanine. 4. Xanthine was not utilized for nucleotide synthesis.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle. 1. Rat skeletal muscle can synthesize purine nucleotides de novo. 2. Nucleotide synthesis de novo was inhibited by approximately 90% in the presence of 1 mM azaserine. 3. Purine nucleotides can be synthesized via \"salvage\" pathways from purine bases and nucleosides. Under the conditions employed incorporation rates were adenosine adenine inosine/hypoxanthine guanosine guanine. 4. Xanthine was not utilized for nucleotide synthesis.", "PMID": 546140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10098", "title": "Comparative metabolism of a new antileishmanial agent, allopurinol riboside, in the parasite and the host cell.", "content": "HPP-Rib is a potent antileishmanial agent, which has been useful in defining new and unusual purine metabolizing pathways in leishmaniae, in comparison with those in the host. The ribosyl linkage both in the parasite and in the host is resistant to cleavage. In the parasite there is a selective and marked conversion of HPP-Rib to HPP-Rib-5'-P and 4-APP ribonucleotides as well as incorporation into RNA, which does not occur in the host. These findings with HPP-Rib suggest a new chemotherapeutic approach which may be exploited in the treatment of leishmaniasis.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of a new antileishmanial agent, allopurinol riboside, in the parasite and the host cell. HPP-Rib is a potent antileishmanial agent, which has been useful in defining new and unusual purine metabolizing pathways in leishmaniae, in comparison with those in the host. The ribosyl linkage both in the parasite and in the host is resistant to cleavage. In the parasite there is a selective and marked conversion of HPP-Rib to HPP-Rib-5'-P and 4-APP ribonucleotides as well as incorporation into RNA, which does not occur in the host. These findings with HPP-Rib suggest a new chemotherapeutic approach which may be exploited in the treatment of leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 546162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10099", "title": "Non-specific stimulant activity of tyramine on isolated intestinal preparations.", "content": "The effect of tyramine on isolated organ preparations from several animal species has been studied. Contraction of the guinea-pig ileum by tyramine is due to a direct effect on histamine receptors whereas the contractile effect on the rat fundus and rabbit jejunum by tyramine is mediated through 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. These studies indicate the variability and non-specificity of isolated organ responses and that the effects of tyramine are not limited to adrenergic systems.", "contents": "Non-specific stimulant activity of tyramine on isolated intestinal preparations. The effect of tyramine on isolated organ preparations from several animal species has been studied. Contraction of the guinea-pig ileum by tyramine is due to a direct effect on histamine receptors whereas the contractile effect on the rat fundus and rabbit jejunum by tyramine is mediated through 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. These studies indicate the variability and non-specificity of isolated organ responses and that the effects of tyramine are not limited to adrenergic systems.", "PMID": 546167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10100", "title": "Suppressor effects of histamine on SK/SD delayed hypersensitivity reactions in man and on E-rosette-forming cells.", "content": "The effects of histamine on delayed hypersensitivity cutaneous reactions and on the formation of E-rosettes has been evaluated. In vivo, concentrations of 10(-3.6)M of histamine HCL significantly suppresses the cell-mediated reaction to antigen SK/SD at 24 and at 48 h. In vitro, amine significantly inhibits the formation of E-rosettes in normal subjects. The inhibitory effect is significant at concentrations of 10(-4)M for an incubation period at 37 degrees C of 2 h with lymphocytes. The suppressor effect of histamine in vivo may be mediated by an histamine-induced suppressor factor, while the one in vitro by an increase of intracellular cAMP. No anti-H1 and anti-H2 drugs have been employed but the effects of histamine probably depend on H2-receptors.", "contents": "Suppressor effects of histamine on SK/SD delayed hypersensitivity reactions in man and on E-rosette-forming cells. The effects of histamine on delayed hypersensitivity cutaneous reactions and on the formation of E-rosettes has been evaluated. In vivo, concentrations of 10(-3.6)M of histamine HCL significantly suppresses the cell-mediated reaction to antigen SK/SD at 24 and at 48 h. In vitro, amine significantly inhibits the formation of E-rosettes in normal subjects. The inhibitory effect is significant at concentrations of 10(-4)M for an incubation period at 37 degrees C of 2 h with lymphocytes. The suppressor effect of histamine in vivo may be mediated by an histamine-induced suppressor factor, while the one in vitro by an increase of intracellular cAMP. No anti-H1 and anti-H2 drugs have been employed but the effects of histamine probably depend on H2-receptors.", "PMID": 546170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10101", "title": "Aspirin, salicylate and prostaglandins.", "content": "The effects of aspirin, salicylic acid and gentisic acid on the paw swellings in the arachidonic acid-potentiated and in the conventional carrageenan-induced oedema tests as well as on the content of prostaglandin-like activity and leucocyte migration in the exudate of inert implanted sponges in the rat have been studied. It is concluded that aspirin exerts two separate inhibitory effects on prostaglandin formation in vivo, a rapid action of the intact molecule on easily accessible tissues and a later action due to its metabolic conversion to salicylic acid. Salicylic acid inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo as the salicylate ion itself and there is no formation of a subsequent 'active' metabolite.", "contents": "Aspirin, salicylate and prostaglandins. The effects of aspirin, salicylic acid and gentisic acid on the paw swellings in the arachidonic acid-potentiated and in the conventional carrageenan-induced oedema tests as well as on the content of prostaglandin-like activity and leucocyte migration in the exudate of inert implanted sponges in the rat have been studied. It is concluded that aspirin exerts two separate inhibitory effects on prostaglandin formation in vivo, a rapid action of the intact molecule on easily accessible tissues and a later action due to its metabolic conversion to salicylic acid. Salicylic acid inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo as the salicylate ion itself and there is no formation of a subsequent 'active' metabolite.", "PMID": 546171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10102", "title": "Release of cartilage proteoglycan degrading enzyme activity by thioglycollate stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture.", "content": "Media from cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were tested for cartilage proteoglycan degrading activity using S35-labelled rabbit ear cartilage. Media samples collected at 2-day intervals contained increasing amounts of activity between days two and six. This activity was activated by trypsin and antagonized by chelating agents. The macrophage products induced release of the proteoglycan component of cartilage as determined by biochemical and histological methods without affecting the collagen component. Media from cells incubated with hydrocortisone were devoid of proteoglycan degrading activity.", "contents": "Release of cartilage proteoglycan degrading enzyme activity by thioglycollate stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. Media from cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were tested for cartilage proteoglycan degrading activity using S35-labelled rabbit ear cartilage. Media samples collected at 2-day intervals contained increasing amounts of activity between days two and six. This activity was activated by trypsin and antagonized by chelating agents. The macrophage products induced release of the proteoglycan component of cartilage as determined by biochemical and histological methods without affecting the collagen component. Media from cells incubated with hydrocortisone were devoid of proteoglycan degrading activity.", "PMID": 546172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10103", "title": "Influence of prednisolone and L-thyroxine on the changes in collagen metabolism in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "content": "In rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis the effects of prednisolone and L-thyroxine on the changes in collagen metabolism were investigated both in the skin and tendon during the acute and chronic phase of the arthritis. In untreated animals with adjuvant-induced arthritis, a decrease in the collagen synthesis accompanied by an increase in the catabolism of collagen and a retardation in the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen were noted both in the skin and tendon during the course of the disease. Prednisolone was found to accelerate the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen and to inhibit the enhanced catabolism of collagen in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. L-Thyroxine accelerated the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats more effectively than prednisolone but was less effective with regard to the inhibition of enhanced catabolism of collagen. However, the synthesis of collagen in adjuvant-induced arthritis was improved by both prednisolone and L-thyroxine.", "contents": "Influence of prednisolone and L-thyroxine on the changes in collagen metabolism in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. In rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis the effects of prednisolone and L-thyroxine on the changes in collagen metabolism were investigated both in the skin and tendon during the acute and chronic phase of the arthritis. In untreated animals with adjuvant-induced arthritis, a decrease in the collagen synthesis accompanied by an increase in the catabolism of collagen and a retardation in the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen were noted both in the skin and tendon during the course of the disease. Prednisolone was found to accelerate the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen and to inhibit the enhanced catabolism of collagen in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. L-Thyroxine accelerated the conversion of soluble to insoluble collagen in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats more effectively than prednisolone but was less effective with regard to the inhibition of enhanced catabolism of collagen. However, the synthesis of collagen in adjuvant-induced arthritis was improved by both prednisolone and L-thyroxine.", "PMID": 546173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10104", "title": "Development of enhanced blood flow responses to prostaglandin E1 in carrageenan-induced granulation tissue.", "content": "The distribution of cardiac output (c.o.) was measured by the radioactive microsphere method in rats at different time intervals after the implantation of carrageenan-impregnated sponges. The amount of blood distributed to the developing granulomata increased from day 5 after sponge implantation to day 7, but showed no further increase at day 10. A similar pattern in blood flow was observed in the skin covering the granulomata. Injection of PGE1 (100 Ng) into the sponges led to an increase in blood flow, the magnitude of which became gradually larger between days 5 and 10. A similar, though less marked increase in sensitivity to PGE1 was observed in the skin covering the granulomata, PGE1 causing a significant increase in blood flow to the skin on day 10. These changes in sensitivity to exogenous PGE1 may be due to decreasing levels of endogenous PGE and/or maturation of the newly formed blood vessels in the granulation tissue.", "contents": "Development of enhanced blood flow responses to prostaglandin E1 in carrageenan-induced granulation tissue. The distribution of cardiac output (c.o.) was measured by the radioactive microsphere method in rats at different time intervals after the implantation of carrageenan-impregnated sponges. The amount of blood distributed to the developing granulomata increased from day 5 after sponge implantation to day 7, but showed no further increase at day 10. A similar pattern in blood flow was observed in the skin covering the granulomata. Injection of PGE1 (100 Ng) into the sponges led to an increase in blood flow, the magnitude of which became gradually larger between days 5 and 10. A similar, though less marked increase in sensitivity to PGE1 was observed in the skin covering the granulomata, PGE1 causing a significant increase in blood flow to the skin on day 10. These changes in sensitivity to exogenous PGE1 may be due to decreasing levels of endogenous PGE and/or maturation of the newly formed blood vessels in the granulation tissue.", "PMID": 546174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10105", "title": "Beta-[1-Phenyl-5-bis(beta-chloroethyl)-amino-benzimidazolyl-(2)]-DL-alanine (ZIMET 3164): an immunosuppressant without marked anti-cancer effect.", "content": "ZIMET 3164 inhibited the growth of sarcoma 180 P, sarcoma 180 G, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, but was unable to prolong the survival time of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma or the leukaemias L 1210 and LAJ I to a worthwhile extent. The primary and secondarantly suppressed in mice. The drug exerted maximum effect when given on days--2 to +2 relative to antigenic stimulus. Administration exclusively prior to immunization induced only moderate immunosuppression while injection afterwards failed to affect the primary response at all, suggesting that the drug interfers with the afferent limb of immune response. In general, ZIMET 3164 proved to be half as effective as cyclophosphamide, but more effective than chlorambucil.", "contents": "Beta-[1-Phenyl-5-bis(beta-chloroethyl)-amino-benzimidazolyl-(2)]-DL-alanine (ZIMET 3164): an immunosuppressant without marked anti-cancer effect. ZIMET 3164 inhibited the growth of sarcoma 180 P, sarcoma 180 G, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, but was unable to prolong the survival time of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma or the leukaemias L 1210 and LAJ I to a worthwhile extent. The primary and secondarantly suppressed in mice. The drug exerted maximum effect when given on days--2 to +2 relative to antigenic stimulus. Administration exclusively prior to immunization induced only moderate immunosuppression while injection afterwards failed to affect the primary response at all, suggesting that the drug interfers with the afferent limb of immune response. In general, ZIMET 3164 proved to be half as effective as cyclophosphamide, but more effective than chlorambucil.", "PMID": 546175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10106", "title": "Inflammatory response linked to oxazolone-indued cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity: effect of different immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "The potency of cytostatic and anti-inflammatory drugs was tested on the oxazolone-induced cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) in mice. The challenge reaction was performed early after sensitization in order to minimize B-cell expression; exudative and cellular infiltration was estimated 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after challenge. The potency of drugs was tested at three different periods of immunization: 2 days before or after sensitization or before challenge. Cytostatics act mainly when cells are being committed, a corticoid acts on inflammation linked to committed cells, NSAIDs show inconstant anti-inflammatory effects on this test. D-Penicillamine and levamisole act in the same depressive profile in normal animals. Thus the CBH model appears to be relevant in studying drug activities on inflammation linked to T-cell expression.", "contents": "Inflammatory response linked to oxazolone-indued cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity: effect of different immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory drugs. The potency of cytostatic and anti-inflammatory drugs was tested on the oxazolone-induced cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) in mice. The challenge reaction was performed early after sensitization in order to minimize B-cell expression; exudative and cellular infiltration was estimated 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after challenge. The potency of drugs was tested at three different periods of immunization: 2 days before or after sensitization or before challenge. Cytostatics act mainly when cells are being committed, a corticoid acts on inflammation linked to committed cells, NSAIDs show inconstant anti-inflammatory effects on this test. D-Penicillamine and levamisole act in the same depressive profile in normal animals. Thus the CBH model appears to be relevant in studying drug activities on inflammation linked to T-cell expression.", "PMID": 546176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10107", "title": "The effect of clotrimazole on human lymphocyte responsiveness to plant mitogens.", "content": "The effect of clotrimazole, an imidazole derivative with anti-rheumatic properties, on lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin-A and pokeweed mitogen was investigated in an in vitro culture system. Evidence was obtained to show that the drug could either enhance or inhibit lymphocyte stimulation, the response depending on the concentration of the drug in the culture system and the mitogen used, as well as on individual variability. At a concentration of the drug corresponding to therapeutic serum levels, clotrimazole inhibited lymphocyte response to the three mitogens in all the normal volunteers studied. In addition, the effect of clotrimazole on in vitro mitogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes of a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking this drug was compared to that of the proprionic acid derivative, ketoprofen. Patients taking clotrimazole showed a significant reduction in lymphocyte responsiveness, when compared to pre- and post-treatment levels, whereas there was no significant difference in those patients taking ketoprofen. Although cortisol levels tended to be higher in the groups of patients taking clotrimazole there was no correlation between lymphocyte responsiveness and cortisol concentration.", "contents": "The effect of clotrimazole on human lymphocyte responsiveness to plant mitogens. The effect of clotrimazole, an imidazole derivative with anti-rheumatic properties, on lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin-A and pokeweed mitogen was investigated in an in vitro culture system. Evidence was obtained to show that the drug could either enhance or inhibit lymphocyte stimulation, the response depending on the concentration of the drug in the culture system and the mitogen used, as well as on individual variability. At a concentration of the drug corresponding to therapeutic serum levels, clotrimazole inhibited lymphocyte response to the three mitogens in all the normal volunteers studied. In addition, the effect of clotrimazole on in vitro mitogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes of a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking this drug was compared to that of the proprionic acid derivative, ketoprofen. Patients taking clotrimazole showed a significant reduction in lymphocyte responsiveness, when compared to pre- and post-treatment levels, whereas there was no significant difference in those patients taking ketoprofen. Although cortisol levels tended to be higher in the groups of patients taking clotrimazole there was no correlation between lymphocyte responsiveness and cortisol concentration.", "PMID": 546177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10108", "title": "Protection of mice against endotoxin-induced liver damage by anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "Mice were injected with Corynebacterium parvum, which induces multiple granulomas in liver and renders animals hyper-reactive to the lethal effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such animals when challenged with LPS developed also extensive liver parenchymal cell damage as estimated by elevated blood asparate transaminase levels and a hypoglycaemia. Treatment with indomethacin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, promethazine, metiazinic acid and (+)-catechin ameliorated the liver damage. Hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, promethazine and metiazinic acid also reduced the mortality rate in mice challenged with LPS. Diarrhoea, accompanying the LPS-induced shock, was prevented by the drugs used. Possible agents mediating the hepatotoxic and shock effects of LPS are discussed.", "contents": "Protection of mice against endotoxin-induced liver damage by anti-inflammatory drugs. Mice were injected with Corynebacterium parvum, which induces multiple granulomas in liver and renders animals hyper-reactive to the lethal effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such animals when challenged with LPS developed also extensive liver parenchymal cell damage as estimated by elevated blood asparate transaminase levels and a hypoglycaemia. Treatment with indomethacin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, promethazine, metiazinic acid and (+)-catechin ameliorated the liver damage. Hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, promethazine and metiazinic acid also reduced the mortality rate in mice challenged with LPS. Diarrhoea, accompanying the LPS-induced shock, was prevented by the drugs used. Possible agents mediating the hepatotoxic and shock effects of LPS are discussed.", "PMID": 546179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10109", "title": "Copper distribution and reactivity in serum following administration of cuprous oxide to rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "Total serum copper levels produced by the administration of a single dose of cuprous oxide (500 mg/kg) both s.c. and orally to rats and guinea pigs are reported 1, 5, 7 and 24 h after administration, together with caeruloplasmin oxidase activities and changes in the sulphydryl group concentrations. The highest serum copper levels were obtained one hour after oral administration to the guinea pig. Both animal species exhibited increased serum copper levels after s.c. administration and this increase persisted for a longer time than after oral administration. Caeruloplasmin oxidase activity varied in a complex manner and sulphydryl group activity was significantly depressed in all cases except after s.c. administration to the guinea pig. The latter results must be treated cautiously since they may indicate interactions between copper and the test procedures. Analysis of serum fractions separated by electrophoresis indicated that the absorbed copper is mainly transported on albumin. The dissolution of cuprous oxide by amino acids and hydrochloric acid and the absorption of cuprous oxidcations of the results are discussed in terms of their relevance to pharmacological and clinical studies.", "contents": "Copper distribution and reactivity in serum following administration of cuprous oxide to rats and guinea pigs. Total serum copper levels produced by the administration of a single dose of cuprous oxide (500 mg/kg) both s.c. and orally to rats and guinea pigs are reported 1, 5, 7 and 24 h after administration, together with caeruloplasmin oxidase activities and changes in the sulphydryl group concentrations. The highest serum copper levels were obtained one hour after oral administration to the guinea pig. Both animal species exhibited increased serum copper levels after s.c. administration and this increase persisted for a longer time than after oral administration. Caeruloplasmin oxidase activity varied in a complex manner and sulphydryl group activity was significantly depressed in all cases except after s.c. administration to the guinea pig. The latter results must be treated cautiously since they may indicate interactions between copper and the test procedures. Analysis of serum fractions separated by electrophoresis indicated that the absorbed copper is mainly transported on albumin. The dissolution of cuprous oxide by amino acids and hydrochloric acid and the absorption of cuprous oxidcations of the results are discussed in terms of their relevance to pharmacological and clinical studies.", "PMID": 546180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10110", "title": "Concerning the role of endogenous copper in the acute inflammatory process.", "content": "The development of two models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-induced foot oedema and pleurisy) was studied in rats after 1 month of a 0.2 p.p.m. copper-deficient diet and after 5 months of a 0.6-0.8 p.p.m. copper-deficient diet. A 'pro-inflammatory' effect of copper deficiency was observed with the 0.2 p.p.m. diet, whilst no effect was evident following the 0.6-0.8 p.p.m. copper deficient diet. These results are briefly commented upon.", "contents": "Concerning the role of endogenous copper in the acute inflammatory process. The development of two models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-induced foot oedema and pleurisy) was studied in rats after 1 month of a 0.2 p.p.m. copper-deficient diet and after 5 months of a 0.6-0.8 p.p.m. copper-deficient diet. A 'pro-inflammatory' effect of copper deficiency was observed with the 0.2 p.p.m. diet, whilst no effect was evident following the 0.6-0.8 p.p.m. copper deficient diet. These results are briefly commented upon.", "PMID": 546181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10111", "title": "Hereditary deficiency of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "A 36-year-old white man was found to have low erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Plasma cholinesterase activity was normal. The propositus had mild anemia and moderate elliptocytosis, but was asymptomatic. A sister, brother, father, and nephew were hematologically normal, but had slightly subnormal red cell acetylcholinesterase activities. There was no exposure to organophosphates, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was excluded. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate the absence of an activator or the presence of an inhibitor. The propositus enzyme showed normal kinetics for the substrate and various inhibitors, normal thermostability, and electophoretic migration. Major protein bands of the red cell membrane were normal by electrophoresis. Membrane cholesterol and phospholipid content were also normal. The mild anemia is presumably secondary to the presence of moderate elliptocytosis. The pattern of inheritance of the variant gene is unclear, but the propositus may be homozygous for the abnormal allele, and other family members may be heterozygous.", "contents": "Hereditary deficiency of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. A 36-year-old white man was found to have low erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Plasma cholinesterase activity was normal. The propositus had mild anemia and moderate elliptocytosis, but was asymptomatic. A sister, brother, father, and nephew were hematologically normal, but had slightly subnormal red cell acetylcholinesterase activities. There was no exposure to organophosphates, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was excluded. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate the absence of an activator or the presence of an inhibitor. The propositus enzyme showed normal kinetics for the substrate and various inhibitors, normal thermostability, and electophoretic migration. Major protein bands of the red cell membrane were normal by electrophoresis. Membrane cholesterol and phospholipid content were also normal. The mild anemia is presumably secondary to the presence of moderate elliptocytosis. The pattern of inheritance of the variant gene is unclear, but the propositus may be homozygous for the abnormal allele, and other family members may be heterozygous.", "PMID": 546220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10112", "title": "Effect of zinc on hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia subjects.", "content": "An increase in plasma ammonia level in human volunteers on restricted zinc intake, and in zinc-deficient rats, has recently been reported. Inasmuch as zinc deficiency has been observed in sickle cell anemia patients, we measured plasma ammonia levels in such subjects. In this report we document hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia patients that was corrected with zinc therapy.", "contents": "Effect of zinc on hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia subjects. An increase in plasma ammonia level in human volunteers on restricted zinc intake, and in zinc-deficient rats, has recently been reported. Inasmuch as zinc deficiency has been observed in sickle cell anemia patients, we measured plasma ammonia levels in such subjects. In this report we document hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia patients that was corrected with zinc therapy.", "PMID": 546221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10113", "title": "Microcapillary agglutination assay for detection of specific antileukocyte reactivity in neutropenic patients.", "content": "Serum leukoagglutinating activity against the leukocytes of four patients with neutropenia was demonstrated using a modified microcapillary agglutination test. Cells from a panel of donors proved useful in attempting to define the identity of the antigens involved. In one instance anti-HLA-A9 activity could be demonstrated in a patient possessing HLA-A9. In the other three individuals no definite antigen assessment to HLA Series A and B antigens or the Lalezari series of neutrophil antigens could be made. Two of the patients' sera showed cross-reactivity and may be reactive with the same antigen or antigenic group. The microcapillary agglutination test appears to be useful in the evaluation of possible cases of autoimmune neutropenia.", "contents": "Microcapillary agglutination assay for detection of specific antileukocyte reactivity in neutropenic patients. Serum leukoagglutinating activity against the leukocytes of four patients with neutropenia was demonstrated using a modified microcapillary agglutination test. Cells from a panel of donors proved useful in attempting to define the identity of the antigens involved. In one instance anti-HLA-A9 activity could be demonstrated in a patient possessing HLA-A9. In the other three individuals no definite antigen assessment to HLA Series A and B antigens or the Lalezari series of neutrophil antigens could be made. Two of the patients' sera showed cross-reactivity and may be reactive with the same antigen or antigenic group. The microcapillary agglutination test appears to be useful in the evaluation of possible cases of autoimmune neutropenia.", "PMID": 546222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10114", "title": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: microtubules in monocytes and lymphocytes.", "content": "Recent investigations of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) leukocytes have suggested that defective cell function and formation of giant granules may be due to an inability of the cells to assemble microtubules because of an abnormality in synthesis of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In the present study we have examined normal and CHS lymphocytes and monocytes for the presence and frequency of centriole-associated microtubules. No statistically significant differences between the mean numbers of centriole associated microtubules in normal and CHS mononuclear cells could be detected. Results of the study fail to support the hypothesis that microtubule assembly is a fundamental defect in all CHS leukocytes.", "contents": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: microtubules in monocytes and lymphocytes. Recent investigations of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) leukocytes have suggested that defective cell function and formation of giant granules may be due to an inability of the cells to assemble microtubules because of an abnormality in synthesis of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In the present study we have examined normal and CHS lymphocytes and monocytes for the presence and frequency of centriole-associated microtubules. No statistically significant differences between the mean numbers of centriole associated microtubules in normal and CHS mononuclear cells could be detected. Results of the study fail to support the hypothesis that microtubule assembly is a fundamental defect in all CHS leukocytes.", "PMID": 546223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10115", "title": "The perceptual effects of low-power plus lenses: studies of emmetropic observers.", "content": "Two studies of the perceptual effects of low-power plus lenses were done on groups of young-adult binocular emmetropic observers. The first study used visual masking to induce short-term perceptual stress in two groups of 10 observers: one group wore plano lenses and the other wore +0.50 D lenses. No significant differences in visual perceptual performance were found between these groups. The second study used a more natural letter-search task and rotated 18 observers through nine lens powers from plano to +1.0 D in +0.12D steps, to form a test of the hypothesis that \"critical\" lens power benefits individual observers. Other conditions in the study were arranged to maximize the positive effect of short-term wear of plus lenses, if one was found. Results showed neither an overall group benefit from a particular power of plus lens nor an individual lens power that benefited each individual observer. These data showed a strong practice effect over the nine experimental sessions, regardless of lens power, that could account for earlier reports in the literature of positive results from using these lenses.", "contents": "The perceptual effects of low-power plus lenses: studies of emmetropic observers. Two studies of the perceptual effects of low-power plus lenses were done on groups of young-adult binocular emmetropic observers. The first study used visual masking to induce short-term perceptual stress in two groups of 10 observers: one group wore plano lenses and the other wore +0.50 D lenses. No significant differences in visual perceptual performance were found between these groups. The second study used a more natural letter-search task and rotated 18 observers through nine lens powers from plano to +1.0 D in +0.12D steps, to form a test of the hypothesis that \"critical\" lens power benefits individual observers. Other conditions in the study were arranged to maximize the positive effect of short-term wear of plus lenses, if one was found. Results showed neither an overall group benefit from a particular power of plus lens nor an individual lens power that benefited each individual observer. These data showed a strong practice effect over the nine experimental sessions, regardless of lens power, that could account for earlier reports in the literature of positive results from using these lenses.", "PMID": 546225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10116", "title": "Disparity between circulating and marginated neutrophils: evidence from studies on the granulocyte alkaline phosphatase, a marker of cell maturity.", "content": "Since circulating and marginated human granulocytes are in rapid kinetic equilibrium, cells of these two compartments have been considered to be a homogeneous population. Our studies on the relationship between neutrophil maturity and the granulocyte alkaline phosphatase (GAP) activity cast doubt on this assumption. After iv administration of hydrocortisone, 12 male volunteers showed an augmentation in circulating granulocytes of 5730 cells/mm3, accompanied by an increase of band neutrophils from 18% to 33% (p less than 0.001). During this influx phase, the GAP activity decreased by 73% when measured cytochemically and by 28% when assayed biochemically (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). When granulocytes were demarginated by epinephrine, the mean count increased by 38%, accompanied by a rise in the portion of segmented forms from 74% to 79% (p less than 0.005) and by an increase of the cytochemical GAP activity by 24% (p less than 0.01). Exact complementary results were obtained during an excessive transient margination, the hemodialysis neutropenia: bands increased from 24% to 54% (p less than 0.02), while the cytochemical GAP dropped by 40% (p less than 0.005). Thus, our analysis of three situations with an acute transient shift of granulocytes indicates that functionally or chronologially \"older\" cells have a higher GAP activity, and that the transfer of granulocyte from the circulating to the marginal pool is selective.", "contents": "Disparity between circulating and marginated neutrophils: evidence from studies on the granulocyte alkaline phosphatase, a marker of cell maturity. Since circulating and marginated human granulocytes are in rapid kinetic equilibrium, cells of these two compartments have been considered to be a homogeneous population. Our studies on the relationship between neutrophil maturity and the granulocyte alkaline phosphatase (GAP) activity cast doubt on this assumption. After iv administration of hydrocortisone, 12 male volunteers showed an augmentation in circulating granulocytes of 5730 cells/mm3, accompanied by an increase of band neutrophils from 18% to 33% (p less than 0.001). During this influx phase, the GAP activity decreased by 73% when measured cytochemically and by 28% when assayed biochemically (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). When granulocytes were demarginated by epinephrine, the mean count increased by 38%, accompanied by a rise in the portion of segmented forms from 74% to 79% (p less than 0.005) and by an increase of the cytochemical GAP activity by 24% (p less than 0.01). Exact complementary results were obtained during an excessive transient margination, the hemodialysis neutropenia: bands increased from 24% to 54% (p less than 0.02), while the cytochemical GAP dropped by 40% (p less than 0.005). Thus, our analysis of three situations with an acute transient shift of granulocytes indicates that functionally or chronologially \"older\" cells have a higher GAP activity, and that the transfer of granulocyte from the circulating to the marginal pool is selective.", "PMID": 546224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10117", "title": "Clinical study of corneal response to the wear of low water content soft lenses.", "content": "The changes in central and peripheral corneal thickness and topography during initial (1st-day) wear, adaptation to, and long-term wear of the DuraSoft lens were monitored in a group of 10 patients. Monitoring was by means of the electronic digital pachometer and the photoelectronic keratoscope (PEK). A variety of physiological responses to lens wear was noted in individual patients, but generally the changes occurring were comparable to those reported for other soft lenses. These changes consisted of an average increase of 5-6% in central and peripheral corneal thickness during the initial phase of wear and 4-5% during adaptation; this was followed by a reduction with long-term wear to 2-3%. Corneal topography was relatively stable throughout the period of the study.", "contents": "Clinical study of corneal response to the wear of low water content soft lenses. The changes in central and peripheral corneal thickness and topography during initial (1st-day) wear, adaptation to, and long-term wear of the DuraSoft lens were monitored in a group of 10 patients. Monitoring was by means of the electronic digital pachometer and the photoelectronic keratoscope (PEK). A variety of physiological responses to lens wear was noted in individual patients, but generally the changes occurring were comparable to those reported for other soft lenses. These changes consisted of an average increase of 5-6% in central and peripheral corneal thickness during the initial phase of wear and 4-5% during adaptation; this was followed by a reduction with long-term wear to 2-3%. Corneal topography was relatively stable throughout the period of the study.", "PMID": 546226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10118", "title": "Suprathreshold binocular interactions: the effects of prolonged monocular occlusion.", "content": "A simple reaction time paradigm was used to study binocular interactions for suprathreshold grating patterns before and after 8 days of constant monocular occlusion. Prior to patching, subjects demonstrated binocular summation for near threshold contrast stimuli and binocular summation and facilitation for high contrast stimuli. After the period of occlusion, the subjects showed binocular inhibition for high contrast stimuli but still demonstrated binocular summation for low contrast stimuli. The effects of occlusion were reversible and appear to be related to an oculomotor imbalance.", "contents": "Suprathreshold binocular interactions: the effects of prolonged monocular occlusion. A simple reaction time paradigm was used to study binocular interactions for suprathreshold grating patterns before and after 8 days of constant monocular occlusion. Prior to patching, subjects demonstrated binocular summation for near threshold contrast stimuli and binocular summation and facilitation for high contrast stimuli. After the period of occlusion, the subjects showed binocular inhibition for high contrast stimuli but still demonstrated binocular summation for low contrast stimuli. The effects of occlusion were reversible and appear to be related to an oculomotor imbalance.", "PMID": 546227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10119", "title": "Refractive state of the eye of a small diurnal mammal: the ground squirrel.", "content": "Previous work dealing with the question of whether or not the eyes of small mammals are hyperopic has been restricted largely to the study of nocturnal animals such as the rat. In this study, refractive state of the eye of a small diurnal mammal, the ground squirrel, was measured by retinoscopy and from the electrophysiological response of retinal ganglion cells to grating targets. Both measurements show the squirrel to be emmetropic. We conclude that the refractive state of the eye is not a function of eye size per se, but rather a function of whether the animal is nocturnal or diurnal.", "contents": "Refractive state of the eye of a small diurnal mammal: the ground squirrel. Previous work dealing with the question of whether or not the eyes of small mammals are hyperopic has been restricted largely to the study of nocturnal animals such as the rat. In this study, refractive state of the eye of a small diurnal mammal, the ground squirrel, was measured by retinoscopy and from the electrophysiological response of retinal ganglion cells to grating targets. Both measurements show the squirrel to be emmetropic. We conclude that the refractive state of the eye is not a function of eye size per se, but rather a function of whether the animal is nocturnal or diurnal.", "PMID": 546228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10120", "title": "Variation of image vergence with change in object distance for telescopes: the general case.", "content": "Three formulas are given and derived which can be used to evaluate the relationship between image vergence and object position for any two-lens system and will be very useful in the special case of telescopes. A corresponding formula for afocal telescopes has been published previously. The formulas presented here are applicable to all non-afocal (focal) telescopes, including particular types such as near point telescopes. All that is required for their evaluation is the positions of one pair of conjugate planes, the corresponding magnification, and the lens separation. The formulas can be used to estimate such quantities as a working or useful depth of field and accommodation demand, particularly when the optical system is not used at its design conjugates. A numerical example is presented.", "contents": "Variation of image vergence with change in object distance for telescopes: the general case. Three formulas are given and derived which can be used to evaluate the relationship between image vergence and object position for any two-lens system and will be very useful in the special case of telescopes. A corresponding formula for afocal telescopes has been published previously. The formulas presented here are applicable to all non-afocal (focal) telescopes, including particular types such as near point telescopes. All that is required for their evaluation is the positions of one pair of conjugate planes, the corresponding magnification, and the lens separation. The formulas can be used to estimate such quantities as a working or useful depth of field and accommodation demand, particularly when the optical system is not used at its design conjugates. A numerical example is presented.", "PMID": 546229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10121", "title": "Prevalence of monocular amblyopia among anisometropes.", "content": "Some 167 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 2 D, were selected from the records of the eye clinic of the Ramathibodi hospital in Bangkok, Thailand and 472 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 1 D were selected from the clinic records of the Indiana University, School of Optometry. The incidence of amblyopia (20/30 or less) was found to be 100% among least meridional hyperopic anisometropes of 3.5 D and greater, and among myopic anisometropes of 6.5 D and greater. Lower levels of anisometropia showed a smaller proportion of amblyopia. Comparable results were obtained for anisometropes computed in terms of mean spherical refractive error. Significant difference was not apparent for the Thai and American groups.", "contents": "Prevalence of monocular amblyopia among anisometropes. Some 167 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 2 D, were selected from the records of the eye clinic of the Ramathibodi hospital in Bangkok, Thailand and 472 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 1 D were selected from the clinic records of the Indiana University, School of Optometry. The incidence of amblyopia (20/30 or less) was found to be 100% among least meridional hyperopic anisometropes of 3.5 D and greater, and among myopic anisometropes of 6.5 D and greater. Lower levels of anisometropia showed a smaller proportion of amblyopia. Comparable results were obtained for anisometropes computed in terms of mean spherical refractive error. Significant difference was not apparent for the Thai and American groups.", "PMID": 546230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10122", "title": "Management of the aphakic patient.", "content": "Because there are psychological and emotional problems, as well as optical ones, when patients are adapting to aphakic corrections, it is necessary for the optometrist to establish rapport and provide suitable explanations. Suggestions are made concerning discussions about the optical changes associated with use of spectacles, implants, and contact lenses. The author advises the use of a cataract lens package in which a series of lenses is designed prior to cataract surgery.", "contents": "Management of the aphakic patient. Because there are psychological and emotional problems, as well as optical ones, when patients are adapting to aphakic corrections, it is necessary for the optometrist to establish rapport and provide suitable explanations. Suggestions are made concerning discussions about the optical changes associated with use of spectacles, implants, and contact lenses. The author advises the use of a cataract lens package in which a series of lenses is designed prior to cataract surgery.", "PMID": 546231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10123", "title": "Antigens and allergens in birch pollen extract.", "content": "More than 70% of the total allergenic activity of a birch pollen (BP) extract was detected within the first 30 min of extraction. Fractionation of the BP extract by gel filtration and analysis of the eluted antigens by a fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis revealed at least three antigens with molecular weights of about 29 000, and 17 000-10 000, corresponding to antigens Nos. 7-8 and No. 2, respectively, in crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and in crossed-radioimmuno-electrophoresis (CRIE). Gel isoelectrofocusing of the pooled allergenic fractions revealed two major protein bands with pI's around 5.6 and 5.7, probably corresponding to antigens Nos.7-8 and No. 2, respectively. Antigens Nos. 7-8 were thermoresistant, while antigen No. 2 was thermolabile. The allergenic activity was determined by prick skin testing and by the RAST inhibition method. More than 90% of the allergenic activity in the fractions was located in the protein peak C (mol. wt. 10 000-17 000) containing antigens 7-8. About 30% of the total allergenic activity of the extract (1:10 w/v) was recovered in the peak C fractions, and only less than 0.5% outside these fractions. Higher allergenic activity was obtained for the peak B fractions (mol. wt. 29 000) by skin prick testing than by the RAST. Peak B contained allergens (antigen 2) distinct from those of peak C by the CRIE and by the RAST. The allergenic material in the low molecular weight fractions of peak D (mol. wt. 2000-5000) was allergenically similar to that of peak C in the RAST. Only weak and even negative skin reactions were observed with the peak D fractions in allergic subjects.", "contents": "Antigens and allergens in birch pollen extract. More than 70% of the total allergenic activity of a birch pollen (BP) extract was detected within the first 30 min of extraction. Fractionation of the BP extract by gel filtration and analysis of the eluted antigens by a fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis revealed at least three antigens with molecular weights of about 29 000, and 17 000-10 000, corresponding to antigens Nos. 7-8 and No. 2, respectively, in crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and in crossed-radioimmuno-electrophoresis (CRIE). Gel isoelectrofocusing of the pooled allergenic fractions revealed two major protein bands with pI's around 5.6 and 5.7, probably corresponding to antigens Nos.7-8 and No. 2, respectively. Antigens Nos. 7-8 were thermoresistant, while antigen No. 2 was thermolabile. The allergenic activity was determined by prick skin testing and by the RAST inhibition method. More than 90% of the allergenic activity in the fractions was located in the protein peak C (mol. wt. 10 000-17 000) containing antigens 7-8. About 30% of the total allergenic activity of the extract (1:10 w/v) was recovered in the peak C fractions, and only less than 0.5% outside these fractions. Higher allergenic activity was obtained for the peak B fractions (mol. wt. 29 000) by skin prick testing than by the RAST. Peak B contained allergens (antigen 2) distinct from those of peak C by the CRIE and by the RAST. The allergenic material in the low molecular weight fractions of peak D (mol. wt. 2000-5000) was allergenically similar to that of peak C in the RAST. Only weak and even negative skin reactions were observed with the peak D fractions in allergic subjects.", "PMID": 546246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10124", "title": "Inhibition experiments with solid phase mite or epithelia in house dust hypersensitivity.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to verify that mites are not the only allergens in house dust extracts and that other allergens such as cat epithelia can also be responsible for house dust hypersensitivities detected both by house dust skin tests and house dust RAST studies. In order to determine whether mite or epithelia fixed on a solid phase could remove not only the IgE antibodies reactive with the homologous allergens, but also the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust allergens, the authors have absorbed 10 sera of house dust allergic patients with solid phase mite or epithelia. The absorption procedure removed a large part of the IgE antibodies reactive with specific immunosorbent (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or cat epithelia) and in the same way the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust immunosorbent. The percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 65% to 92% for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and from 65% to 94% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and mite; the percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 67% to 92% for cat epithelia and from 73% to 90% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and cat epithelia. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that house dust is not an allergen per se, but rather a complex mosaic of several allergens including mite, animal epithelia, etc.", "contents": "Inhibition experiments with solid phase mite or epithelia in house dust hypersensitivity. The present study was undertaken to verify that mites are not the only allergens in house dust extracts and that other allergens such as cat epithelia can also be responsible for house dust hypersensitivities detected both by house dust skin tests and house dust RAST studies. In order to determine whether mite or epithelia fixed on a solid phase could remove not only the IgE antibodies reactive with the homologous allergens, but also the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust allergens, the authors have absorbed 10 sera of house dust allergic patients with solid phase mite or epithelia. The absorption procedure removed a large part of the IgE antibodies reactive with specific immunosorbent (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or cat epithelia) and in the same way the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust immunosorbent. The percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 65% to 92% for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and from 65% to 94% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and mite; the percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 67% to 92% for cat epithelia and from 73% to 90% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and cat epithelia. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that house dust is not an allergen per se, but rather a complex mosaic of several allergens including mite, animal epithelia, etc.", "PMID": 546247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10125", "title": "Allergy to coriander. A case report.", "content": "After 3 years of occupational exposure to powdered coriander - a spice - a woman developed respiratory symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity. Skin tests, nasal and bronchial challenge tests and the RAST were positive to coriander. Column chromatography, enzymatic digestion of the fractions and skin testing suggested that the allergen is a protein.", "contents": "Allergy to coriander. A case report. After 3 years of occupational exposure to powdered coriander - a spice - a woman developed respiratory symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity. Skin tests, nasal and bronchial challenge tests and the RAST were positive to coriander. Column chromatography, enzymatic digestion of the fractions and skin testing suggested that the allergen is a protein.", "PMID": 546248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10126", "title": "Nasal smear as a screening test for immediate-type nasal allergy.", "content": "From a previous sample of 634 students and school children, 115 subjects were selected for a thorough rhinological examination and allergy work-up in order to assess the value of nasal secretion eosinophilia in screening for immediate-type nasal allergy. Part of the subjects had, in the previous study, been found to have secretion eosinophilia and a history of chronic/allergic rhinitis, part of the subjects had either a secretion eosinophilia or a rhinitis history, and part of them had neither a secretion eosinophilia nor a rhinitis history. A significant correlation was obtained between secretion eosinophilia and allergy. Nasal provocation tests correlated with skin tests in 87%, whereas the correlation between nasal provocation tests and Ige determinations in the serum was poorer. Thickening of the maxillary sinus was, when present, usually attributable to infection and not to allergy. Reasons for \"false positive or false negative\" smears for eosinophils are discussed.", "contents": "Nasal smear as a screening test for immediate-type nasal allergy. From a previous sample of 634 students and school children, 115 subjects were selected for a thorough rhinological examination and allergy work-up in order to assess the value of nasal secretion eosinophilia in screening for immediate-type nasal allergy. Part of the subjects had, in the previous study, been found to have secretion eosinophilia and a history of chronic/allergic rhinitis, part of the subjects had either a secretion eosinophilia or a rhinitis history, and part of them had neither a secretion eosinophilia nor a rhinitis history. A significant correlation was obtained between secretion eosinophilia and allergy. Nasal provocation tests correlated with skin tests in 87%, whereas the correlation between nasal provocation tests and Ige determinations in the serum was poorer. Thickening of the maxillary sinus was, when present, usually attributable to infection and not to allergy. Reasons for \"false positive or false negative\" smears for eosinophils are discussed.", "PMID": 546249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10127", "title": "Rates of release of subcutaneously injected antigens in the rat. Comparison of an aqueous preparation with two alum-precipated preparations.", "content": "Release of antigen E-125 I from the site of subcutaneous injection in male rats was delayed significantly when either of two alum-precipitated preparations containing 1.0-1.2 mg of Al/ml was administered rather than an aqueous preparation. The rates of 125I excretion were similarly influenced being statistically slower through the first week after single doses of the alum-precipitated preparations. The results of these studies strongly support the view that alum-precipitated vaccines offer more protection from system reactions than aqueous vaccines.", "contents": "Rates of release of subcutaneously injected antigens in the rat. Comparison of an aqueous preparation with two alum-precipated preparations. Release of antigen E-125 I from the site of subcutaneous injection in male rats was delayed significantly when either of two alum-precipitated preparations containing 1.0-1.2 mg of Al/ml was administered rather than an aqueous preparation. The rates of 125I excretion were similarly influenced being statistically slower through the first week after single doses of the alum-precipitated preparations. The results of these studies strongly support the view that alum-precipitated vaccines offer more protection from system reactions than aqueous vaccines.", "PMID": 546250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10128", "title": "Immunotherapy in bee sting hypersensitivity. Bee venom versus wholebody extract.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with serologically confirmed bee sting hypersensitivity were treated for 1-3 years with either bee venom (BV) (31 patients) or wholebody extract (WBE) (25 per cent of re-exposed patients on BV-therapy showed a diminished reaction and 75% no reaction. Thirty-three per cent of re-exposed patients on WBE-therapy developed an unchanged or worse reaction, 42% a diminished reaction and 25% no reaction at all. An initial rise in BV-specific IgE was observed in BV-treated patients, whereas IgE levels after 1 year of treatment lay significantly below pretreatment values in both treatment groups. BV-specific IgG increased markedly in patients on BV-therapy and decreased slightly in those on WBE-therapy. The initial IgE increase induced by BV-therapy was insignificant in patients with high pretreatment levels of specific IgG-antibodies. Similarly, re-exposed patients with high BV-specific IgG showed no IgE increase, whereas a substantial rise in specific IgE was observed in those with low IgG. On the basis of clinical and serological results immunotherapy with BV is considered to be clearly superior to immunotherpy with WBE.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in bee sting hypersensitivity. Bee venom versus wholebody extract. Fifty-six patients with serologically confirmed bee sting hypersensitivity were treated for 1-3 years with either bee venom (BV) (31 patients) or wholebody extract (WBE) (25 per cent of re-exposed patients on BV-therapy showed a diminished reaction and 75% no reaction. Thirty-three per cent of re-exposed patients on WBE-therapy developed an unchanged or worse reaction, 42% a diminished reaction and 25% no reaction at all. An initial rise in BV-specific IgE was observed in BV-treated patients, whereas IgE levels after 1 year of treatment lay significantly below pretreatment values in both treatment groups. BV-specific IgG increased markedly in patients on BV-therapy and decreased slightly in those on WBE-therapy. The initial IgE increase induced by BV-therapy was insignificant in patients with high pretreatment levels of specific IgG-antibodies. Similarly, re-exposed patients with high BV-specific IgG showed no IgE increase, whereas a substantial rise in specific IgE was observed in those with low IgG. On the basis of clinical and serological results immunotherapy with BV is considered to be clearly superior to immunotherpy with WBE.", "PMID": 546252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10129", "title": "Mite fauna and fungal flora in house dust from homes of asthmatic children.", "content": "Mite fauna and fungal flora in the house dust from homes of asthmatic children with positive and negative skin test to house dust allergen and non-asthmatic controls were examined. There was no conspicuous difference in mite species distribution among the three groups. Pyroglyphid mites dominate the mite fauna in house dust more than half of which being Dermatophagoides: D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. There was no statistically significant difference in numbers between the two species and either species could dominate depending on the conditions of the individual houses. The average number of acarina in 0.5 g of fine dust did not differ statistically among the three groups; however, mite number per square meter floor differed between patients with positive skin test and negative skin test. The results suggest that house-cleaning might influence the possible sensitization of children. The genetic distribution of mould fungi in house dust was largely similar to that of airborne fungi. The average number of fungal colonies detected in 0.5 g of dust did not differ statistically among the three groups. Wallemia with its minute spores may cause sensitization but has so far been insufficiently investigated.", "contents": "Mite fauna and fungal flora in house dust from homes of asthmatic children. Mite fauna and fungal flora in the house dust from homes of asthmatic children with positive and negative skin test to house dust allergen and non-asthmatic controls were examined. There was no conspicuous difference in mite species distribution among the three groups. Pyroglyphid mites dominate the mite fauna in house dust more than half of which being Dermatophagoides: D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. There was no statistically significant difference in numbers between the two species and either species could dominate depending on the conditions of the individual houses. The average number of acarina in 0.5 g of fine dust did not differ statistically among the three groups; however, mite number per square meter floor differed between patients with positive skin test and negative skin test. The results suggest that house-cleaning might influence the possible sensitization of children. The genetic distribution of mould fungi in house dust was largely similar to that of airborne fungi. The average number of fungal colonies detected in 0.5 g of dust did not differ statistically among the three groups. Wallemia with its minute spores may cause sensitization but has so far been insufficiently investigated.", "PMID": 546253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10130", "title": "Symptoms of chronic and allergic rhinitis and occurrence of nasal secretion granulocytes in university students, school children and infants.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic and allergic rhinitis was studied in an unselected population sample consisting of 315 university students and 319 school children. History was taken by questionnaire, nasal appearance was examined by rhinoscopy, and a nasal smear was studied in all subjects. For comparison, nasal smears were also collected from 60 normal infants. Allergic rhinitis complaints were reported by 28% of the students and by 13% of the school children, with no significant difference in sex distribution. The cytological examination revealed secretion eosinophilia in 20% of the students, 28% of the school children, and 22% of the infants. Secretion eosinophilia correlated significantly with allergic rhinitis history, and with nasal mucosal swelling and nasal secretion seen on rhinoscopy. Nasal secretion neutrophilia, which occurred in 47% of the students, 79% of the school children and 97% of the infants, seemed to have an adverse effect on the reliability of secretion eosinophilia as an indicator of active nasal allergy. Possible reasons for the rising prevalence rates of allergic rhinitis are discussed.", "contents": "Symptoms of chronic and allergic rhinitis and occurrence of nasal secretion granulocytes in university students, school children and infants. The prevalence of chronic and allergic rhinitis was studied in an unselected population sample consisting of 315 university students and 319 school children. History was taken by questionnaire, nasal appearance was examined by rhinoscopy, and a nasal smear was studied in all subjects. For comparison, nasal smears were also collected from 60 normal infants. Allergic rhinitis complaints were reported by 28% of the students and by 13% of the school children, with no significant difference in sex distribution. The cytological examination revealed secretion eosinophilia in 20% of the students, 28% of the school children, and 22% of the infants. Secretion eosinophilia correlated significantly with allergic rhinitis history, and with nasal mucosal swelling and nasal secretion seen on rhinoscopy. Nasal secretion neutrophilia, which occurred in 47% of the students, 79% of the school children and 97% of the infants, seemed to have an adverse effect on the reliability of secretion eosinophilia as an indicator of active nasal allergy. Possible reasons for the rising prevalence rates of allergic rhinitis are discussed.", "PMID": 546254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10131", "title": "Studies on histamine metabolism in intrinsic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Histamine metabolism was investigated in patients with intrinsic asthma, during the acute phase and in remission, by determination of the urinary excretion of histamine metabolites. During acute attacks the excretion of methylhistamine (MeHi) and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MeImAA) was significantly increased compared with healthy subjects. The excretion of MeHi was significantly increased during acute attacks compared with remission. The excretion of MeImAA was also increased, but the difference was not significant. The correlation between the excretion of MeHi and MeImAA was highly significant. Corticosteroids, given to some patients during remission, did not affect the excretion of histamine and its metabolites. Smoking and respiratory infection during the acute attacks were both accompanied by increased excretion of MeHi. The results indicate that there is an increased histamine turnover in acute attacks of intrinsic bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Studies on histamine metabolism in intrinsic bronchial asthma. Histamine metabolism was investigated in patients with intrinsic asthma, during the acute phase and in remission, by determination of the urinary excretion of histamine metabolites. During acute attacks the excretion of methylhistamine (MeHi) and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MeImAA) was significantly increased compared with healthy subjects. The excretion of MeHi was significantly increased during acute attacks compared with remission. The excretion of MeImAA was also increased, but the difference was not significant. The correlation between the excretion of MeHi and MeImAA was highly significant. Corticosteroids, given to some patients during remission, did not affect the excretion of histamine and its metabolites. Smoking and respiratory infection during the acute attacks were both accompanied by increased excretion of MeHi. The results indicate that there is an increased histamine turnover in acute attacks of intrinsic bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 546255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10132", "title": "Determinations of penicilloyl specific IgE antibodies for the evaluation of hypersensitivity against penicillin.", "content": "Results from skin tests and radioallergosorbent test (penicilloyl G and penicilloyl V) were compared in 76 patients with suspected penicillin hypersensitivity and in 22 control subjects without such clinical symptoms. The test results were also correlated to the clinical history of adverse reactions and to the levels of total serum IgE. The overall agreement between skin test and RAST results was 89% in the patient group. Two of the control subjects without symptoms were professionally employed with penicillin production; one of them had circulating IgE-antibodies and the other exhibited positive skin tests. The skin tests were more frequently positive than the RAST test. By means of skin titration some of the skin tests were demonstrated to be false positive. The discrepancy can also be explained by the fact that skin reactions also occur in other situations than IgE-mediated adverse reactions. Circulating IgE-antibodies were not found in any of 23 cases where adverse reactions appeared later than 24 h after the latest penicillin administration. It is concluded that the measurement of circulating IgE-antibodies is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy.", "contents": "Determinations of penicilloyl specific IgE antibodies for the evaluation of hypersensitivity against penicillin. Results from skin tests and radioallergosorbent test (penicilloyl G and penicilloyl V) were compared in 76 patients with suspected penicillin hypersensitivity and in 22 control subjects without such clinical symptoms. The test results were also correlated to the clinical history of adverse reactions and to the levels of total serum IgE. The overall agreement between skin test and RAST results was 89% in the patient group. Two of the control subjects without symptoms were professionally employed with penicillin production; one of them had circulating IgE-antibodies and the other exhibited positive skin tests. The skin tests were more frequently positive than the RAST test. By means of skin titration some of the skin tests were demonstrated to be false positive. The discrepancy can also be explained by the fact that skin reactions also occur in other situations than IgE-mediated adverse reactions. Circulating IgE-antibodies were not found in any of 23 cases where adverse reactions appeared later than 24 h after the latest penicillin administration. It is concluded that the measurement of circulating IgE-antibodies is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy.", "PMID": 546256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10133", "title": "Asthma and allergy in Finnish conscripts.", "content": "We studied the occurrence of asthma, bronchial wheezing, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 295 young men aged 18-19 years. The relationship of these symptoms to the immediate skin test reactivity was also determined. Symptoms indicating past or current allergy and bronchial wheezing were observed in 36%. The cumulative prevalence of asthma was 2.7%, bronchial wheezing 9% in addition, allergic rhinitis (including allergic conjunctivitis) 20%, and atopic dermatitis (including allergic urticaria) 20%. Positive immediate skin prick test reactions were observed in 50% of the population. Allergic rhinitis was most clearly connected with a positive skin test. This study shows that the respiratory disorders, generally considered to be allergic in origin, and atopic dermatitis are more common in Finland than has been assumed. The results are, however, in accordance with the observations made in other industrialized countries. Susceptibility to asthmatic reactions and allergic symptoms should be taken into account, more so than at present, when mudging the capability of a young man to manage compulsory military service.", "contents": "Asthma and allergy in Finnish conscripts. We studied the occurrence of asthma, bronchial wheezing, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 295 young men aged 18-19 years. The relationship of these symptoms to the immediate skin test reactivity was also determined. Symptoms indicating past or current allergy and bronchial wheezing were observed in 36%. The cumulative prevalence of asthma was 2.7%, bronchial wheezing 9% in addition, allergic rhinitis (including allergic conjunctivitis) 20%, and atopic dermatitis (including allergic urticaria) 20%. Positive immediate skin prick test reactions were observed in 50% of the population. Allergic rhinitis was most clearly connected with a positive skin test. This study shows that the respiratory disorders, generally considered to be allergic in origin, and atopic dermatitis are more common in Finland than has been assumed. The results are, however, in accordance with the observations made in other industrialized countries. Susceptibility to asthmatic reactions and allergic symptoms should be taken into account, more so than at present, when mudging the capability of a young man to manage compulsory military service.", "PMID": 546257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10134", "title": "[The distribution of material density and mechanical stress in the human radius during bending (author's transl)].", "content": "In a hypothetical mechanical system generated by computer, various kinds of loads are applied to 78 human Radii. The torque and bending stresses occuring at the surfaces of 390 cross-sections of the bone, taken from sites spaced at regular intervals along the bone shaft, are calculated and plotted. In this system, a load is rotated around the point of gravity of a cross-section. For each possible position of the load during the rotation, the total stresses occuring at the surfaces of the cross-sections are calculated and the position of the load causing minimal stress is determined. This position will be called \"the most advantageous bending-plane\". Furthermore, the variation of the cross-sectional surfaces and the moments of inertia are analysed.", "contents": "[The distribution of material density and mechanical stress in the human radius during bending (author's transl)]. In a hypothetical mechanical system generated by computer, various kinds of loads are applied to 78 human Radii. The torque and bending stresses occuring at the surfaces of 390 cross-sections of the bone, taken from sites spaced at regular intervals along the bone shaft, are calculated and plotted. In this system, a load is rotated around the point of gravity of a cross-section. For each possible position of the load during the rotation, the total stresses occuring at the surfaces of the cross-sections are calculated and the position of the load causing minimal stress is determined. This position will be called \"the most advantageous bending-plane\". Furthermore, the variation of the cross-sectional surfaces and the moments of inertia are analysed.", "PMID": 546267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10135", "title": "A three-dimensional measurement of the human parietal curvature.", "content": "The three-dimensional measurement of the parietal curvature in Japanese was accomplished with the use of moir\u00e9 contourography and the sexual dimorphism was observed in it. Principal component analysis was also carried out and 4 important features of the shape of this bone were abstracted. Those were the degree of the curvature as a whole, lateral swellings, bilateral difference and posterior swelling.", "contents": "A three-dimensional measurement of the human parietal curvature. The three-dimensional measurement of the parietal curvature in Japanese was accomplished with the use of moir\u00e9 contourography and the sexual dimorphism was observed in it. Principal component analysis was also carried out and 4 important features of the shape of this bone were abstracted. Those were the degree of the curvature as a whole, lateral swellings, bilateral difference and posterior swelling.", "PMID": 546268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10136", "title": "Variations in calcanean facets in Indian Tali.", "content": "The various patterns in calcanean articular facets of 500 Indian tali have been observed and classified accordingly. Type I tali have one flat facet on plantar surface of its head (16%); Type II tali, the calcanean facet were divided into 2 parts by a indistinct or prominent ridge (78%); Type III tali, the calcanean articular facet was partly separated by nonarticular groove and partly by ridge (1%); Type IV tali have 2 articular facets on the plantar surface of head separated by nonarticular groove (3%); and Type V tali have a single facet on the plantar surface of head and this facet was continuous with the posterior calcanean facet (2%).", "contents": "Variations in calcanean facets in Indian Tali. The various patterns in calcanean articular facets of 500 Indian tali have been observed and classified accordingly. Type I tali have one flat facet on plantar surface of its head (16%); Type II tali, the calcanean facet were divided into 2 parts by a indistinct or prominent ridge (78%); Type III tali, the calcanean articular facet was partly separated by nonarticular groove and partly by ridge (1%); Type IV tali have 2 articular facets on the plantar surface of head separated by nonarticular groove (3%); and Type V tali have a single facet on the plantar surface of head and this facet was continuous with the posterior calcanean facet (2%).", "PMID": 546269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10137", "title": "[An example of gaining a growth function by its increase values (author's transl)].", "content": "In continuation of recent investigations of the author into mathematical presentations of organic growth an analytical expression for an increase function is postulated. Based on observations of growth processes by many authors as accumulated by HOEPPE (1959) a 2 term product of higher degree parabolas has a chance as being representative of a more frequent increase behaviour allowing direct integration to the growth function proper. An example is added for means of comparison with formerly developed growth functions.", "contents": "[An example of gaining a growth function by its increase values (author's transl)]. In continuation of recent investigations of the author into mathematical presentations of organic growth an analytical expression for an increase function is postulated. Based on observations of growth processes by many authors as accumulated by HOEPPE (1959) a 2 term product of higher degree parabolas has a chance as being representative of a more frequent increase behaviour allowing direct integration to the growth function proper. An example is added for means of comparison with formerly developed growth functions.", "PMID": 546270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10138", "title": "The transverse head of adductor hallucis.", "content": "91 human cadaver feet were dissected to reveal the transverse head of adductor hallucis and measurements of the weights, angles of pull, width of origin and insertions were recorded. The origins and insertions of this muscle were found to differ from standard textbook descriptions. The origin usually includes the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments of the foot, the plantar ligaments of the lateral metatarsophalangeal joints, the intermuscular septa of the third and fourth muscle layers and the fibular syndesmosis of HENKEL (1913). The insertion was found to be usually by fleshy attachment to the lateral border of the oblique head of adductor hallucia. The angle of pull and the adjusted weights (% of intrinsic muscle mass) were found to be highly variable. In addition the transverse head was absent in 6% of the specimens. The function of this muscle is in question and it is likely that it is of little importance in normal foot functions.", "contents": "The transverse head of adductor hallucis. 91 human cadaver feet were dissected to reveal the transverse head of adductor hallucis and measurements of the weights, angles of pull, width of origin and insertions were recorded. The origins and insertions of this muscle were found to differ from standard textbook descriptions. The origin usually includes the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments of the foot, the plantar ligaments of the lateral metatarsophalangeal joints, the intermuscular septa of the third and fourth muscle layers and the fibular syndesmosis of HENKEL (1913). The insertion was found to be usually by fleshy attachment to the lateral border of the oblique head of adductor hallucia. The angle of pull and the adjusted weights (% of intrinsic muscle mass) were found to be highly variable. In addition the transverse head was absent in 6% of the specimens. The function of this muscle is in question and it is likely that it is of little importance in normal foot functions.", "PMID": 546271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10139", "title": "[The effect of repeated applications of carbutamide on the embryonic development of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper will check the effects of repeated applications of the oral \"antidiabeticum\" Carbutamide (substitute of the \"sulfonylurea\") on the embryonic development of wistar rats. The agent was given the pregnant animal by the means of a throat sonde at the 5th, 6th and 7th day post coitum suspended in Tween 80 in a dosage of 800 mg/kg bodyweight. In order to value the intrauterine development the following parameters were used: mean implantation rate, resorptions rate, bodyweight of fetuses, statemend of animalies by an accurate inspection of the body surface shape, of the skeleton and the inner organs. The rates of implantation do not differ from that of the control group. The rate of resorption increases dependend on the beginning of the treatment. The later the treatment begins the higher the resorptions rate. The body weight of surviving fetuses is diminished strongly. Damage of the skeleton appears as the presence of 14th ribs at one or each side or as ossifications at the 7th neck vertebra (neck rib). Also this results depend on the beginn of the treatment.", "contents": "[The effect of repeated applications of carbutamide on the embryonic development of the rat (author's transl)]. The present paper will check the effects of repeated applications of the oral \"antidiabeticum\" Carbutamide (substitute of the \"sulfonylurea\") on the embryonic development of wistar rats. The agent was given the pregnant animal by the means of a throat sonde at the 5th, 6th and 7th day post coitum suspended in Tween 80 in a dosage of 800 mg/kg bodyweight. In order to value the intrauterine development the following parameters were used: mean implantation rate, resorptions rate, bodyweight of fetuses, statemend of animalies by an accurate inspection of the body surface shape, of the skeleton and the inner organs. The rates of implantation do not differ from that of the control group. The rate of resorption increases dependend on the beginning of the treatment. The later the treatment begins the higher the resorptions rate. The body weight of surviving fetuses is diminished strongly. Damage of the skeleton appears as the presence of 14th ribs at one or each side or as ossifications at the 7th neck vertebra (neck rib). Also this results depend on the beginn of the treatment.", "PMID": 546272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10140", "title": "Bursa of Fabricius--mitotic index in the follicles of immunized and non-immunized chicks (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The mitotic index in the cortical compartment of the follicles of the bursa of Fabricius from chicks immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is always higher when compaired with non-immunized ones. This mitotic index reachs its maximum 6 days after the SRBC injection, coincident with the highest serum antibody titer. The mitotic activity in the cortex of the follicles of the bursa of Fabricius is always higher than that of the medulla during the postembryonic development of chickens (PROCHAZKA, RODAK, KREJCI 1967). Otherwise it is almost established that the cortex is a zone of continuous lymphocyte proliferation, not occuring the same with the medulla. In addition these bursal histological structures are considered as 2 distinct compartments (GROSSI et al. 1974). The purpose of this paper is to study the response in the mitotic index of the cortical and medullary compartments of the follicles of the bursa of immunized and non-immunized chicks. To correlate possible changes in the mitotic index with circulating antibody levels, the serum antibody titer from the same birds was also recorded.", "contents": "Bursa of Fabricius--mitotic index in the follicles of immunized and non-immunized chicks (Gallus domesticus). The mitotic index in the cortical compartment of the follicles of the bursa of Fabricius from chicks immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is always higher when compaired with non-immunized ones. This mitotic index reachs its maximum 6 days after the SRBC injection, coincident with the highest serum antibody titer. The mitotic activity in the cortex of the follicles of the bursa of Fabricius is always higher than that of the medulla during the postembryonic development of chickens (PROCHAZKA, RODAK, KREJCI 1967). Otherwise it is almost established that the cortex is a zone of continuous lymphocyte proliferation, not occuring the same with the medulla. In addition these bursal histological structures are considered as 2 distinct compartments (GROSSI et al. 1974). The purpose of this paper is to study the response in the mitotic index of the cortical and medullary compartments of the follicles of the bursa of immunized and non-immunized chicks. To correlate possible changes in the mitotic index with circulating antibody levels, the serum antibody titer from the same birds was also recorded.", "PMID": 546273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10141", "title": "[Light-microscopical researches on the olfactory mucosa of the sheep (Ovis aries L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional olfactory epithelium of the sheep measures 183.62 cm2 with 302.41 . 10(6) olfactory cells. Their thickness varies between 4 and 9/1,000 micron 2 on an average and achieves in the Ethmoturbinale a unique maximum of 67/1,000 micron 2. In thinly crowded parts of the turbinalia the olfactory cells are mostly differentiated in pericaryon, dendrit, neck and capitulum, whereas in the densely crowded ethmoturbinale there are 4 zones of pericaryons one above the other, there is no neck, the capitula are longishly formed and mostly lie in the epithelium. Plasma conjugations at the basis of the capitula could also be observed. The olfactory ability is promoted by the widespread distribution of the olfactory cells. The certain recognition of mother and youngster should be effected by means of the olfactory sense, like ovis musimon, the primitive form of the sheep, does.", "contents": "[Light-microscopical researches on the olfactory mucosa of the sheep (Ovis aries L.) (author's transl)]. The functional olfactory epithelium of the sheep measures 183.62 cm2 with 302.41 . 10(6) olfactory cells. Their thickness varies between 4 and 9/1,000 micron 2 on an average and achieves in the Ethmoturbinale a unique maximum of 67/1,000 micron 2. In thinly crowded parts of the turbinalia the olfactory cells are mostly differentiated in pericaryon, dendrit, neck and capitulum, whereas in the densely crowded ethmoturbinale there are 4 zones of pericaryons one above the other, there is no neck, the capitula are longishly formed and mostly lie in the epithelium. Plasma conjugations at the basis of the capitula could also be observed. The olfactory ability is promoted by the widespread distribution of the olfactory cells. The certain recognition of mother and youngster should be effected by means of the olfactory sense, like ovis musimon, the primitive form of the sheep, does.", "PMID": 546274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10142", "title": "[A macroscopical study of the nervus glossopharyngeus of shark (Mustelus manazo) (author's transl)].", "content": "Branches of the Nervus glossopharyngeus of shark Mustelus manazo, one of the most typically retained branchial nerves, is studied macroscopically with a hope of comprehension of its original morphological meanings. There were found some anastomosis among the terminal branches of the Ramus pharyngeus dorsalis of this nerve and those of the Nervus facialis, which, though in the fine caliber of branches, probably could be considered as prototype of the JACOBSON's anastomosis encountered in other vertebrates. In addition to the hitherto reported different content of their nerve components Ramus pretrematicus and posttrematicus of the N. glossopharyngeus of the shark take essentially different courses from each other, especially in relation to the Arteria efferentis branchialis:the former courses always medial to this artery, while the latter is situated laterally to this artery in the branchial arch. The Ramus pretrematicus, in this regard, seemed rather to be equivalent to the Ramus comitans internus a. branchialis of the intermediate branches of the N. glossopharyngeus. Filamentous branches were observed to be emitted from the Ramus externus comitans a. branchialis and distributed to the gill lamellae.", "contents": "[A macroscopical study of the nervus glossopharyngeus of shark (Mustelus manazo) (author's transl)]. Branches of the Nervus glossopharyngeus of shark Mustelus manazo, one of the most typically retained branchial nerves, is studied macroscopically with a hope of comprehension of its original morphological meanings. There were found some anastomosis among the terminal branches of the Ramus pharyngeus dorsalis of this nerve and those of the Nervus facialis, which, though in the fine caliber of branches, probably could be considered as prototype of the JACOBSON's anastomosis encountered in other vertebrates. In addition to the hitherto reported different content of their nerve components Ramus pretrematicus and posttrematicus of the N. glossopharyngeus of the shark take essentially different courses from each other, especially in relation to the Arteria efferentis branchialis:the former courses always medial to this artery, while the latter is situated laterally to this artery in the branchial arch. The Ramus pretrematicus, in this regard, seemed rather to be equivalent to the Ramus comitans internus a. branchialis of the intermediate branches of the N. glossopharyngeus. Filamentous branches were observed to be emitted from the Ramus externus comitans a. branchialis and distributed to the gill lamellae.", "PMID": 546275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10143", "title": "The anatomical relationship of the middle ear and the jugular bulb.", "content": "The authors have studied the relationship of the superior jugular bulb with the cavity of the middle ear through the examination of 200 temporal bones. It was observed that the jugular fossa presents a prominence in the tympanic cavity in 54 (27%) cases, and was also found dehiscenses on the osseous wall which protects the bulb (in 2 cases) and absolute absence of this wall in one case. It was verified the variability of the degree of exposure of both, the hypotympanum and the fossula of the cochlear fenestra by the prominence of the jugular fossa.", "contents": "The anatomical relationship of the middle ear and the jugular bulb. The authors have studied the relationship of the superior jugular bulb with the cavity of the middle ear through the examination of 200 temporal bones. It was observed that the jugular fossa presents a prominence in the tympanic cavity in 54 (27%) cases, and was also found dehiscenses on the osseous wall which protects the bulb (in 2 cases) and absolute absence of this wall in one case. It was verified the variability of the degree of exposure of both, the hypotympanum and the fossula of the cochlear fenestra by the prominence of the jugular fossa.", "PMID": 546276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10144", "title": "Os penis of the rat. II. Morphology of the mature bone.", "content": "A morphological description of the mature os penis and its related structures in the rat is presented. The description aims at being a natural introduction to studies of histomorphological and histochemical events during the development of the bone. The causal interest of this topic is due to a recently published observation of a rare reaction for presence of alkaline phosphatase in the proximally positioned growth cartilage of os penis. The study, thus, presents a systematical description of the position of os penis in relation to the soft tissue structures of glans penis, of gross morphology of the bone, of its periosteal covering and of the distribution of the bone types, which together form the mature bone. The observations result in an introduction of a systematical terminology, based on the Latin language. Furthermore, certain phenomena concerning a distally positioned cartilagenous process, and the distribution of bone tissue types in os penis are observed and discussed. Together with the phenomenon earlier mentioned these phenomena need further attention in future studies of the bone.", "contents": "Os penis of the rat. II. Morphology of the mature bone. A morphological description of the mature os penis and its related structures in the rat is presented. The description aims at being a natural introduction to studies of histomorphological and histochemical events during the development of the bone. The causal interest of this topic is due to a recently published observation of a rare reaction for presence of alkaline phosphatase in the proximally positioned growth cartilage of os penis. The study, thus, presents a systematical description of the position of os penis in relation to the soft tissue structures of glans penis, of gross morphology of the bone, of its periosteal covering and of the distribution of the bone types, which together form the mature bone. The observations result in an introduction of a systematical terminology, based on the Latin language. Furthermore, certain phenomena concerning a distally positioned cartilagenous process, and the distribution of bone tissue types in os penis are observed and discussed. Together with the phenomenon earlier mentioned these phenomena need further attention in future studies of the bone.", "PMID": 546277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10145", "title": "Musculus levator glandulae thyroideae: an observation.", "content": "An occurance of M. levator glandulae thyroideae is reported and its frequency of appearance is established at one in 203 cases (0.49%). The importance of this and similar observations of anomalous gross morphological structures are discussed.", "contents": "Musculus levator glandulae thyroideae: an observation. An occurance of M. levator glandulae thyroideae is reported and its frequency of appearance is established at one in 203 cases (0.49%). The importance of this and similar observations of anomalous gross morphological structures are discussed.", "PMID": 546278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10146", "title": "Use of the positive difference transform for RBC elimination in bone marrow smear images.", "content": "The use of an algorithm with a broad range of utility in digital image processing (the positive difference transform) is illustrated. Its effectiveness as a procedure for selective elimination of hemoglobin-containing images is demonstrated. A set of heuristics, employing information concerning nuclear hemoglobin content, is shown to discriminate nucleated erythrocytic cells from those of the leukocyte series.", "contents": "Use of the positive difference transform for RBC elimination in bone marrow smear images. The use of an algorithm with a broad range of utility in digital image processing (the positive difference transform) is illustrated. Its effectiveness as a procedure for selective elimination of hemoglobin-containing images is demonstrated. A set of heuristics, employing information concerning nuclear hemoglobin content, is shown to discriminate nucleated erythrocytic cells from those of the leukocyte series.", "PMID": 546280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10147", "title": "A comparative cytopathologic study of noninvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Atypical cells and tissue fragments from the sputum of patients with early and advanced stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus are objectively characterized and quantitatively compared in this paper. Four classes of single-cell features of cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio are analyzed as a function of cell size and tumor development stage. Distinct differences in the cellular patterns are observed which may enhance cytologic discrimination between noninvasive and invasive stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Initial results justify the application of more sensitive measurement techniques (i.e., automated cytology) to an enlarged data base.", "contents": "A comparative cytopathologic study of noninvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Atypical cells and tissue fragments from the sputum of patients with early and advanced stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus are objectively characterized and quantitatively compared in this paper. Four classes of single-cell features of cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio are analyzed as a function of cell size and tumor development stage. Distinct differences in the cellular patterns are observed which may enhance cytologic discrimination between noninvasive and invasive stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Initial results justify the application of more sensitive measurement techniques (i.e., automated cytology) to an enlarged data base.", "PMID": 546279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10148", "title": "The value of preoperative thermography in patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy.", "content": "The authors present telethermography as a complementary preoperative test. The procedure helps us choose the technique to be used, eliminating cases in which cutaneous glandular dissection is not advisable because of anomalous irrigation (deficient internal mammary artery). It also offers us a guide to the safe level of dissection and extirpation of the inferior internal sector of the breast, depending on the point of exit of the internal mammary vascular pedicles. Finally, it tells us which breast must be reconstructed first (the one with the least vascularization in its internal hemiglandula). Postoperative comparative telethermography may also be used to detect any pathological process that appears later.", "contents": "The value of preoperative thermography in patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy. The authors present telethermography as a complementary preoperative test. The procedure helps us choose the technique to be used, eliminating cases in which cutaneous glandular dissection is not advisable because of anomalous irrigation (deficient internal mammary artery). It also offers us a guide to the safe level of dissection and extirpation of the inferior internal sector of the breast, depending on the point of exit of the internal mammary vascular pedicles. Finally, it tells us which breast must be reconstructed first (the one with the least vascularization in its internal hemiglandula). Postoperative comparative telethermography may also be used to detect any pathological process that appears later.", "PMID": 546297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10149", "title": "Unilateral cleft lip repair.", "content": "An accounting is made of twenty years' experience with a triangular flap method of cleft lip repair using a 60 degree tip angle. The inherent difficulty in standardizing the method to ensure a perfect length has been overcome by reducing the problem to a mathematical one--with a mathematical solution. A cleft lip pattern has been designed to facilitate and ensure an accurate end result.", "contents": "Unilateral cleft lip repair. An accounting is made of twenty years' experience with a triangular flap method of cleft lip repair using a 60 degree tip angle. The inherent difficulty in standardizing the method to ensure a perfect length has been overcome by reducing the problem to a mathematical one--with a mathematical solution. A cleft lip pattern has been designed to facilitate and ensure an accurate end result.", "PMID": 546298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10150", "title": "Abbe flap on mucosal pedicle.", "content": "A difficult secondary bilateral cleft lip deformity with nasal distortion was treated with eight local flaps specifically designed for this case. One of these was an Abbe flap in which the coronary vessel in the pedicle was inadvertently divided. The judgment in handling this flap and its fate as a composite lip flap based on a narrow mucosal pedicle is reported.", "contents": "Abbe flap on mucosal pedicle. A difficult secondary bilateral cleft lip deformity with nasal distortion was treated with eight local flaps specifically designed for this case. One of these was an Abbe flap in which the coronary vessel in the pedicle was inadvertently divided. The judgment in handling this flap and its fate as a composite lip flap based on a narrow mucosal pedicle is reported.", "PMID": 546299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10151", "title": "Long-term survival in basal cell carcinoma metastatic to bone: a case report.", "content": "A total of 97 cases of metastatic basal cell carcinoma have been reported in the literature, 22 of which were metastatic to bone. To date there has been no survival following bone metastasis. A case report of significant long-term survival--over three times the expected--is presented. The treatment described is perhaps a guideline for management of basal cell carcinoma metastatic to bone, though it is presumed the basic biological nature of the tumor determines length and quality of survival.", "contents": "Long-term survival in basal cell carcinoma metastatic to bone: a case report. A total of 97 cases of metastatic basal cell carcinoma have been reported in the literature, 22 of which were metastatic to bone. To date there has been no survival following bone metastasis. A case report of significant long-term survival--over three times the expected--is presented. The treatment described is perhaps a guideline for management of basal cell carcinoma metastatic to bone, though it is presumed the basic biological nature of the tumor determines length and quality of survival.", "PMID": 546300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10152", "title": "Familial velopharyngeal incompetence caused by myasthenia gravis.", "content": "This report describes 2 cases of familial myasthenia gravis presenting as velopharyngeal incompetence. The diagnosis was made only after pharyngoplasty had been done. Symptoms suggesting possible myasthenia gravis are seen in speech therapy and cleft palate clinics, and often labeled \"palatal insufficiency\" without a more specific diagnosis. In spite of the fact that myasthenia gravis is usually mentioned in the differential diagnosis of velopharyngeal incompetence, it is rarely ruled out by specific studies. We urge that myasthenia gravis be ruled out by definitive tests when the cause of neuromuscular dysfunction cannot be definitely established.", "contents": "Familial velopharyngeal incompetence caused by myasthenia gravis. This report describes 2 cases of familial myasthenia gravis presenting as velopharyngeal incompetence. The diagnosis was made only after pharyngoplasty had been done. Symptoms suggesting possible myasthenia gravis are seen in speech therapy and cleft palate clinics, and often labeled \"palatal insufficiency\" without a more specific diagnosis. In spite of the fact that myasthenia gravis is usually mentioned in the differential diagnosis of velopharyngeal incompetence, it is rarely ruled out by specific studies. We urge that myasthenia gravis be ruled out by definitive tests when the cause of neuromuscular dysfunction cannot be definitely established.", "PMID": 546301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10153", "title": "\"Blow-in\" fracture of the orbit.", "content": "A blow-out fracture is a relatively common injury in which the orbital floor and its contents are displaced downward toward the maxillary sinus. The reverse blow-out fracture has been identified as a \"blow-in\" fracture. It is a rare injury in which the fractured floor of the orbit is elevated into the orbit. The second known case of a \"blow-in\" fracture is reported and a mechanism of injury suggested. The fracture should be looked for in trauma cases in which the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus is depressed. Treatment of this unusual fracture is outlined in a case report.", "contents": "\"Blow-in\" fracture of the orbit. A blow-out fracture is a relatively common injury in which the orbital floor and its contents are displaced downward toward the maxillary sinus. The reverse blow-out fracture has been identified as a \"blow-in\" fracture. It is a rare injury in which the fractured floor of the orbit is elevated into the orbit. The second known case of a \"blow-in\" fracture is reported and a mechanism of injury suggested. The fracture should be looked for in trauma cases in which the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus is depressed. Treatment of this unusual fracture is outlined in a case report.", "PMID": 546302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10154", "title": "Operating room mirror for mammaplasty evaluation.", "content": "Patients undergoing augmentation mammaplasty are draped so that they can sit up during the operative procedure. With the help of a mirror, both patient and surgeon can view the new contours with trial prostheses before final closure is made. A more accurate evaluation of the result is gained, and changes can be made immediately.", "contents": "Operating room mirror for mammaplasty evaluation. Patients undergoing augmentation mammaplasty are draped so that they can sit up during the operative procedure. With the help of a mirror, both patient and surgeon can view the new contours with trial prostheses before final closure is made. A more accurate evaluation of the result is gained, and changes can be made immediately.", "PMID": 546303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10155", "title": "Low exercise R wave amplitude after myocardial infarction predicting subsequent non-sudden death.", "content": "R wave amplitude was measured before, during and after exercise test in 68 men 6--8 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. During 6-years follow-up 21 patients died suddenly (within one hour) and 25 non-suddenly. The highest mean R wave amplitude in lead CH5 during exercise test was lower in patients with subsequent non-sudden death (1.93 mV) than in patients with sudden death (2.70 mV) (p less than 0.01). Survivors (22) had the highest mean value (2.91 mV). R wave amplitude values in lead V5 at rest in the supine position before and after exercise did not differ significantly in these patient groups.", "contents": "Low exercise R wave amplitude after myocardial infarction predicting subsequent non-sudden death. R wave amplitude was measured before, during and after exercise test in 68 men 6--8 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. During 6-years follow-up 21 patients died suddenly (within one hour) and 25 non-suddenly. The highest mean R wave amplitude in lead CH5 during exercise test was lower in patients with subsequent non-sudden death (1.93 mV) than in patients with sudden death (2.70 mV) (p less than 0.01). Survivors (22) had the highest mean value (2.91 mV). R wave amplitude values in lead V5 at rest in the supine position before and after exercise did not differ significantly in these patient groups.", "PMID": 546322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10156", "title": "The Putti-Platt operation in the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint.", "content": "In this prospective follow-up investigation the results in 65 patients treated by the Putti-Platt operation for recurrent dislocation of the glenohumeral joint were analysed. The data was collected at follow-up examinations performed one year after operation and from the replies to a questionnaire distributed to the patients 2--6 years postoperatively. Analysis of the data showed that 95% of the patients considered the condition of the shoulder joint as good or at least as better than preoperatively. During the period of follow-up 23 redislocations occurred and 25% of the patients experienced postoperative pain in the operated shoulder joint. Postoperative limitation of movement of the joint was in general slight and did not hinder normal activities. Owing to the high frequency of redislocation the Putti-Platt operation is not recommended in any event for active sportsmen, since redislocation occurred to a statistically significant extent more often in this group than in other patients.", "contents": "The Putti-Platt operation in the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. In this prospective follow-up investigation the results in 65 patients treated by the Putti-Platt operation for recurrent dislocation of the glenohumeral joint were analysed. The data was collected at follow-up examinations performed one year after operation and from the replies to a questionnaire distributed to the patients 2--6 years postoperatively. Analysis of the data showed that 95% of the patients considered the condition of the shoulder joint as good or at least as better than preoperatively. During the period of follow-up 23 redislocations occurred and 25% of the patients experienced postoperative pain in the operated shoulder joint. Postoperative limitation of movement of the joint was in general slight and did not hinder normal activities. Owing to the high frequency of redislocation the Putti-Platt operation is not recommended in any event for active sportsmen, since redislocation occurred to a statistically significant extent more often in this group than in other patients.", "PMID": 546321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10157", "title": "In vitro measurement of phosphorus in small bone biopsies using 14 MeV neutron activation analysis.", "content": "In studying diseases of bone such as osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy it is important to have an index of change in bone mineral content. For this purpose we describe a method for measuring the phosphorus content of 100--150 mg bone biopsies. Femoral and iliac crest biopsies from 6 cadavers were each paired with a standard bone of similar size and irradiated with 14 MeV neutrons for 10 minutes. A special rotor ensured the same activating flux across both sample and standard bone which were both wrapped in aluminium foil. The 28Al generated from bone phosphorus (31P(n,alpha)28Al) and the 27Mg generated from the aluminium foils (27Al(n,p)27Mg), which undergo beta-decay have useful gamma rays at 1779 keV and 844 keV respectively. These gamma rays were counted using a 110 cm3 Ge(Li) detector and a rotating frame permitting four 30 s counts of sample and standard alternately (interval for rotation 10 seconds) in identical geometries. Using this system the phosphorus content of the biopsies could be determined with a coefficient of variation of 4.6% using the standard bone as reference and 6% using aluminium foil as reference. In dense bone the P/dry weight ratio was 30--50% greater than in spongy bone. The clinical value of the method is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro measurement of phosphorus in small bone biopsies using 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. In studying diseases of bone such as osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy it is important to have an index of change in bone mineral content. For this purpose we describe a method for measuring the phosphorus content of 100--150 mg bone biopsies. Femoral and iliac crest biopsies from 6 cadavers were each paired with a standard bone of similar size and irradiated with 14 MeV neutrons for 10 minutes. A special rotor ensured the same activating flux across both sample and standard bone which were both wrapped in aluminium foil. The 28Al generated from bone phosphorus (31P(n,alpha)28Al) and the 27Mg generated from the aluminium foils (27Al(n,p)27Mg), which undergo beta-decay have useful gamma rays at 1779 keV and 844 keV respectively. These gamma rays were counted using a 110 cm3 Ge(Li) detector and a rotating frame permitting four 30 s counts of sample and standard alternately (interval for rotation 10 seconds) in identical geometries. Using this system the phosphorus content of the biopsies could be determined with a coefficient of variation of 4.6% using the standard bone as reference and 6% using aluminium foil as reference. In dense bone the P/dry weight ratio was 30--50% greater than in spongy bone. The clinical value of the method is discussed.", "PMID": 546323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10158", "title": "The results of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of small carcinomas of the thoracic oesophagus.", "content": "The clinical features and results of treatment of 100 patients with small thoracic oesophageal carcinoma first seen in surgery and then in radiotherapy were analyzed. The difference in mean ages between operated and irradiated series was sixteen years. The resectability rate of surgical series was 86%. It was possible to complete radical radiotherapy in 96% of cases. The 5-year crude survival rate was 14% in the whole material. The 5-year relative survival rates in operated and irradiated series were 26 and 5%, respectively. Both surgery and radiotherapy had a little better prognosis in the lower third of the thoracic oesophagus. The comparison of our results with these of other oesophageal carcinoma series was very difficult, because the series differ in many respects. We believe that surgery followed by radiotherapy when resection is palliative, and radiotherapy when surgery is not possible produce comparable results with any other method in the treatment of thoracic oesophageal carcinoma.", "contents": "The results of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of small carcinomas of the thoracic oesophagus. The clinical features and results of treatment of 100 patients with small thoracic oesophageal carcinoma first seen in surgery and then in radiotherapy were analyzed. The difference in mean ages between operated and irradiated series was sixteen years. The resectability rate of surgical series was 86%. It was possible to complete radical radiotherapy in 96% of cases. The 5-year crude survival rate was 14% in the whole material. The 5-year relative survival rates in operated and irradiated series were 26 and 5%, respectively. Both surgery and radiotherapy had a little better prognosis in the lower third of the thoracic oesophagus. The comparison of our results with these of other oesophageal carcinoma series was very difficult, because the series differ in many respects. We believe that surgery followed by radiotherapy when resection is palliative, and radiotherapy when surgery is not possible produce comparable results with any other method in the treatment of thoracic oesophageal carcinoma.", "PMID": 546324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10159", "title": "Left ventricular response to dynamic and static exercise: evaluation by radiocardiography in healthy men.", "content": "The effects of dynamic and static exercise on left ventricular haemodynamics were compared in 13 healthy male volunteers using single detector radiocardiography. Static hand grip effort was performed for four minutes at 30% of the maximum contraction. During dynamic exercise the subjects bicycled on an ergometer to 85% of the predicted heart rate for their age. Static exercise increased the heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiac output (p less than 0.001 for all), but there were no significant changes in the stroke volume, left ventricular end-diastolic volume or ejection fraction from the resting values. Dynamic exercise in a supine position clearly increased the heart rate, systolic blood pressure and cardiac output (p less than 0.001 for all) to a greater extent than the hand grip, together with a significant augmentation of the stroke volume (p less than 0.001) and the ejection fraction (p less than 0.01). The dynamic exercise produced only an insignificant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Thus, the normal left ventricular volume response to the increase in preload during dynamic exercise was a significant augmentation of stroke volume and ejection fraction. On the other hand, the static exercise in the same subjects mainly increased the left ventricular afterload while the left ventricular volume changes remained minimal.", "contents": "Left ventricular response to dynamic and static exercise: evaluation by radiocardiography in healthy men. The effects of dynamic and static exercise on left ventricular haemodynamics were compared in 13 healthy male volunteers using single detector radiocardiography. Static hand grip effort was performed for four minutes at 30% of the maximum contraction. During dynamic exercise the subjects bicycled on an ergometer to 85% of the predicted heart rate for their age. Static exercise increased the heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiac output (p less than 0.001 for all), but there were no significant changes in the stroke volume, left ventricular end-diastolic volume or ejection fraction from the resting values. Dynamic exercise in a supine position clearly increased the heart rate, systolic blood pressure and cardiac output (p less than 0.001 for all) to a greater extent than the hand grip, together with a significant augmentation of the stroke volume (p less than 0.001) and the ejection fraction (p less than 0.01). The dynamic exercise produced only an insignificant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Thus, the normal left ventricular volume response to the increase in preload during dynamic exercise was a significant augmentation of stroke volume and ejection fraction. On the other hand, the static exercise in the same subjects mainly increased the left ventricular afterload while the left ventricular volume changes remained minimal.", "PMID": 546325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10160", "title": "[Demonstration of a cytotoxic activity in the dog due to \"K\" cells].", "content": "Among the mononudear cells which participate in the different immunological mechanisms of cell destruction, the \"K-cells\" can induce in man, rat and mouse a cytotoxicity cell mediated depending on IgG type antibodies. Utilizing methods based on research works in man we were able to detect the presence of this K-cell in the peripheral blood of dogs.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a cytotoxic activity in the dog due to \"K\" cells]. Among the mononudear cells which participate in the different immunological mechanisms of cell destruction, the \"K-cells\" can induce in man, rat and mouse a cytotoxicity cell mediated depending on IgG type antibodies. Utilizing methods based on research works in man we were able to detect the presence of this K-cell in the peripheral blood of dogs.", "PMID": 546364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10161", "title": "[Studies of Acanthodactyla in Tunisia. II. Biometrical relations].", "content": "The four species of the g. Acanthodactylus Wieg., 1834 occuring in Tunisia are quite individualized by their biometrical relations which, moreover, allow to bring out their relationships. The size of the upper quarter in our sampling oppose two groups of two species each one. The distribution of the ratio between the length of the body and that of the tail place apart A. boskianus from the three other species in a more marked way for adults of both sexes than for juveniles.", "contents": "[Studies of Acanthodactyla in Tunisia. II. Biometrical relations]. The four species of the g. Acanthodactylus Wieg., 1834 occuring in Tunisia are quite individualized by their biometrical relations which, moreover, allow to bring out their relationships. The size of the upper quarter in our sampling oppose two groups of two species each one. The distribution of the ratio between the length of the body and that of the tail place apart A. boskianus from the three other species in a more marked way for adults of both sexes than for juveniles.", "PMID": 546366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10162", "title": "[Notes on reptiles of Tunesia. VII. Observations on a double-headed snake Natrix (Reptilia: Colubridae)].", "content": "A case of a double-headed Viperine Snake Natrix maura (Linn\u00e9, 1758) hatching is reported. Its two heads are side by side, about equally and perfectly developed and the neck is dual for the 8 first vertebras. Two post-pharyngeal fistulas and dissymetries in the cephalic markings and scales are noted. The origin of such an anterior dichtomy is discussed.", "contents": "[Notes on reptiles of Tunesia. VII. Observations on a double-headed snake Natrix (Reptilia: Colubridae)]. A case of a double-headed Viperine Snake Natrix maura (Linn\u00e9, 1758) hatching is reported. Its two heads are side by side, about equally and perfectly developed and the neck is dual for the 8 first vertebras. Two post-pharyngeal fistulas and dissymetries in the cephalic markings and scales are noted. The origin of such an anterior dichtomy is discussed.", "PMID": 546368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10163", "title": "[Notes on reptiles of Tunesia. VI. Morphological and ecological differences between the members of the genera Tropiocolotes Peters, 1880 and Stenodactylus Fitzinger, 1826].", "content": "The distribution area, the nature of the biotopes and the morphological and biometrical features of three species of Gekkonidae without adhesive pads: Tropiocolotes t. tripolitanus Peters, 1880; Stenodactylus stenodactylus Guichenot, 1850 et Stenodactylus petriei Anderson, 1896 are reported. Their differences are analysed together with their ecological specialization.", "contents": "[Notes on reptiles of Tunesia. VI. Morphological and ecological differences between the members of the genera Tropiocolotes Peters, 1880 and Stenodactylus Fitzinger, 1826]. The distribution area, the nature of the biotopes and the morphological and biometrical features of three species of Gekkonidae without adhesive pads: Tropiocolotes t. tripolitanus Peters, 1880; Stenodactylus stenodactylus Guichenot, 1850 et Stenodactylus petriei Anderson, 1896 are reported. Their differences are analysed together with their ecological specialization.", "PMID": 546367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10164", "title": "[Percutaneous cholangiography: Chiba method, a diagnostic advance].", "content": "Employing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography by CHIBA method in 15 patients, it was possible to visualize biliary system in 93.3% of the cases. The radiologic diagnostic of KLATSKIN tumor was observed in 2 cases, 4 cases of carcinoma of the papila of VATER, 1 case of carcinoma of the terminal choledochus, 1 case of intrahepatic neoplasia, 1 case of stenosis secondary to choledocal, trauma, and in another it was damaged by subcapsular hepatic leakage of contrast. The complications were minor. In 5 cases the patients had biliary colic at the time of the exam. In 2 cases, signals of baeteremia occurred in the day following the exam, and in 4 cases there was a small subcapsular hepatic leakage of contrast. In one case it was encountered hematoma under the capsule of the liver, during surgery. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 12 cases. We concluded that the simplicity of the technic, its low cost and its diagnostic, accuracy have made it extremely useful.", "contents": "[Percutaneous cholangiography: Chiba method, a diagnostic advance]. Employing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography by CHIBA method in 15 patients, it was possible to visualize biliary system in 93.3% of the cases. The radiologic diagnostic of KLATSKIN tumor was observed in 2 cases, 4 cases of carcinoma of the papila of VATER, 1 case of carcinoma of the terminal choledochus, 1 case of intrahepatic neoplasia, 1 case of stenosis secondary to choledocal, trauma, and in another it was damaged by subcapsular hepatic leakage of contrast. The complications were minor. In 5 cases the patients had biliary colic at the time of the exam. In 2 cases, signals of baeteremia occurred in the day following the exam, and in 4 cases there was a small subcapsular hepatic leakage of contrast. In one case it was encountered hematoma under the capsule of the liver, during surgery. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 12 cases. We concluded that the simplicity of the technic, its low cost and its diagnostic, accuracy have made it extremely useful.", "PMID": 546378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10165", "title": "Uses and limitations of the Crohn's disease activity index.", "content": "The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) proposed by a US Working Party was used in 39 Crohn's patients attending a combined medical and surgical gastrointestinal unit as out and inpatients. It proved easy to use and a range of values from 0 to 294 was obtained. Analysis of the contribution of its 8 components suggested a very considerable emphasis on well-being and haematocrit. No correlation with location of disease was found but there was a correlation with hospital admission and subjective assessment. Low values were found in several patients who, although known to have extensive disease were well on medical therapy. Therefore the Index measured the activity not the extent or presence of Crohn's disease. It is a very useful measure for clinical trials but in no way could replace full clinical assessment.", "contents": "Uses and limitations of the Crohn's disease activity index. The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) proposed by a US Working Party was used in 39 Crohn's patients attending a combined medical and surgical gastrointestinal unit as out and inpatients. It proved easy to use and a range of values from 0 to 294 was obtained. Analysis of the contribution of its 8 components suggested a very considerable emphasis on well-being and haematocrit. No correlation with location of disease was found but there was a correlation with hospital admission and subjective assessment. Low values were found in several patients who, although known to have extensive disease were well on medical therapy. Therefore the Index measured the activity not the extent or presence of Crohn's disease. It is a very useful measure for clinical trials but in no way could replace full clinical assessment.", "PMID": 546380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10166", "title": "Infection by the hepatitis B virus in patients of a general hospital.", "content": "The prevalence of HBsAg and anti HBs was studied in 1062 inpatients in the city of Rio de Janeiro. HBsAg positivity rates were as follows: a) acute viral hepatitis: 37.8% b) chronic hepatitis 46.67% c) chronic liver disease without hepatitis: 7.69% d)  diabetes 3.08% e) lepromatous leprosy 2.35% f) others 2.01%. The carrier state is  emphasized. Anti HBs was less frequent in patients with acute viral hepatitis than in patients with other diseases (hepatic or not). The highest levels were: a) lepromatous leprosy: 57.65% b) drug addicts: 46.15% e) diabetes: 43.3%. The high anti HBs positivity is discussed.", "contents": "Infection by the hepatitis B virus in patients of a general hospital. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti HBs was studied in 1062 inpatients in the city of Rio de Janeiro. HBsAg positivity rates were as follows: a) acute viral hepatitis: 37.8% b) chronic hepatitis 46.67% c) chronic liver disease without hepatitis: 7.69% d)  diabetes 3.08% e) lepromatous leprosy 2.35% f) others 2.01%. The carrier state is  emphasized. Anti HBs was less frequent in patients with acute viral hepatitis than in patients with other diseases (hepatic or not). The highest levels were: a) lepromatous leprosy: 57.65% b) drug addicts: 46.15% e) diabetes: 43.3%. The high anti HBs positivity is discussed.", "PMID": 546381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10167", "title": "[Primary malignant tumors of the vermiform appendix: clinico-pathologic study of 8 cases].", "content": "In Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, 8 cases of primary tumors were encountered among 895 operated vermiform appendices: Five were colonic type adenocarcinomata and occurred above 40 years of age and three were carcinoids all in persons aged 25 or less. The diagnosis of appendical adenocarcinoma is almost never realized preoperatively. The importance of frozen sections in all suspicious cases is stressed since right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice in cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix. When malignant lesion goes unrecognized at initial operation, secondary hemicolectomy may be justified if histology shows invasion beyond the submucosa, at the line of ressection, or in lymph nodes. However, since the tumors is restricted to the mucosa, the patient must be followed with periodical radiology and endoscopy. In carcinoids limited to the appendix appendectomy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Primary malignant tumors of the vermiform appendix: clinico-pathologic study of 8 cases]. In Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, 8 cases of primary tumors were encountered among 895 operated vermiform appendices: Five were colonic type adenocarcinomata and occurred above 40 years of age and three were carcinoids all in persons aged 25 or less. The diagnosis of appendical adenocarcinoma is almost never realized preoperatively. The importance of frozen sections in all suspicious cases is stressed since right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice in cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix. When malignant lesion goes unrecognized at initial operation, secondary hemicolectomy may be justified if histology shows invasion beyond the submucosa, at the line of ressection, or in lymph nodes. However, since the tumors is restricted to the mucosa, the patient must be followed with periodical radiology and endoscopy. In carcinoids limited to the appendix appendectomy is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 546379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10168", "title": "[Dysphagia and cervical exostoses].", "content": "Three cases of highly situated (cervical) dysphagia are presented. Compression of the oesophagus and/or its reflex contraction caused by cervical exostoses is the advanced etiopathogenic mechanism. Diagnosis should be essentially based on lateral radiographic views and endoscopic studies. Initial treatment should be conservative. In case this proves unsatisfactory, surgical excison of the exostoses is indicated.", "contents": "[Dysphagia and cervical exostoses]. Three cases of highly situated (cervical) dysphagia are presented. Compression of the oesophagus and/or its reflex contraction caused by cervical exostoses is the advanced etiopathogenic mechanism. Diagnosis should be essentially based on lateral radiographic views and endoscopic studies. Initial treatment should be conservative. In case this proves unsatisfactory, surgical excison of the exostoses is indicated.", "PMID": 546383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10169", "title": "Studies of the pathogenic avian Haemophili.", "content": "The biochemical and physiological characteristics of 35 strains of avian haemophili from 7 countries were examined. All strains required V-factor but not X-factor for growth on artificial media. They produced acid in phenol-red broth containing fructose, glucose, and mannose. Acid production from other carbohydrates was variable or did not occur. Thirty-two strains were pathogenic to chickens. Pathogenicity varied with method of exposure. Hyaluronic acid was found in 9 strains. Hemagglutination of human or chicken erythrocytes was inhibited by its presence. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns showed all strains to be sensitive to chloromycetin, erythromycin, furoxone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline.", "contents": "Studies of the pathogenic avian Haemophili. The biochemical and physiological characteristics of 35 strains of avian haemophili from 7 countries were examined. All strains required V-factor but not X-factor for growth on artificial media. They produced acid in phenol-red broth containing fructose, glucose, and mannose. Acid production from other carbohydrates was variable or did not occur. Thirty-two strains were pathogenic to chickens. Pathogenicity varied with method of exposure. Hyaluronic acid was found in 9 strains. Hemagglutination of human or chicken erythrocytes was inhibited by its presence. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns showed all strains to be sensitive to chloromycetin, erythromycin, furoxone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline.", "PMID": 546397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10170", "title": "Effect of pelleted feed on the incidence of gizzard erosion and black vomit in broilers.", "content": "Mash and pellet broiler feeds were compared for effectiveness. During an 8-week study, pelleted diets were associated with significantly higher mortality and poorer growth, accompanied by black vomit, gizzard erosion, and condemnations due to septicemia.", "contents": "Effect of pelleted feed on the incidence of gizzard erosion and black vomit in broilers. Mash and pellet broiler feeds were compared for effectiveness. During an 8-week study, pelleted diets were associated with significantly higher mortality and poorer growth, accompanied by black vomit, gizzard erosion, and condemnations due to septicemia.", "PMID": 546399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10171", "title": "A microtiter agglutination test for anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys.", "content": "A microtiter agglutination test (MTA) was developed for assaying anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys vaccinated with live avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain. Safranine-O was incorporated with the decapsulated P. multocida antigen and greaterly enhanced the visibility of the sedimented free antigen, which formed a compact red button on the bottom of the well. The advantages of the MTA test over the tube agglutination test were that: 1) less antigen and serum were required; 2) delineation of the end point was improved by staining the antigen with safranine-O; and 3) less labor was required.", "contents": "A microtiter agglutination test for anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys. A microtiter agglutination test (MTA) was developed for assaying anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys vaccinated with live avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain. Safranine-O was incorporated with the decapsulated P. multocida antigen and greaterly enhanced the visibility of the sedimented free antigen, which formed a compact red button on the bottom of the well. The advantages of the MTA test over the tube agglutination test were that: 1) less antigen and serum were required; 2) delineation of the end point was improved by staining the antigen with safranine-O; and 3) less labor was required.", "PMID": 546401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10172", "title": "Viral encephalomyelitis of pigeons: pathology and virus isolation.", "content": "A previously unrecorded nervous disease in pigeons was investigated. The disease, characterized by paresis, paralysis of the extremities, head-shaking, and torticollis, is contagious and spreads slowly. The mortality rate of affected pigeons was very high. The disease appeared to spread among pigeon flocks in spring and summer. The predominant gross change in most cases examined was congestion of the visceral organs. Some cases had grayish spots on the pancreas and kidneys. The histologic changes are characterized by neuronal and myelin degeneration with mononuclear cell infiltration and perivascular cuffing. Degeneration of the parenchyma and marked congestion are prominent in the visceral organs. The causal agent, found to be a virus, produced pock lesions on chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and failed to aagglutinate chicken RBCs. Antisera against Newcastle disease virus and avian encephalomyelitis virus did not neutralize the isolated virus. The virus produced typical signs in experimentally inoculated pigeons.", "contents": "Viral encephalomyelitis of pigeons: pathology and virus isolation. A previously unrecorded nervous disease in pigeons was investigated. The disease, characterized by paresis, paralysis of the extremities, head-shaking, and torticollis, is contagious and spreads slowly. The mortality rate of affected pigeons was very high. The disease appeared to spread among pigeon flocks in spring and summer. The predominant gross change in most cases examined was congestion of the visceral organs. Some cases had grayish spots on the pancreas and kidneys. The histologic changes are characterized by neuronal and myelin degeneration with mononuclear cell infiltration and perivascular cuffing. Degeneration of the parenchyma and marked congestion are prominent in the visceral organs. The causal agent, found to be a virus, produced pock lesions on chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and failed to aagglutinate chicken RBCs. Antisera against Newcastle disease virus and avian encephalomyelitis virus did not neutralize the isolated virus. The virus produced typical signs in experimentally inoculated pigeons.", "PMID": 546402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10173", "title": "Effects of 2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine (CAT) toxicity on biochemical and morphological alterations in quail.", "content": "Morphological changes in response to 2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine (CAT) toxicity in the quail appeared in the form of progressive necrosis of the kidney, particularly the proximal tubular epithelial cells. Changes at 32 hr after the CAT administration included vacuolar degeneration, dilatation of distal tubules containing hyaline and granular casts, overt necrosis, and deposition of urate casts in collecting tubules. There were no striking histopathological changes in the liver at 24 hr. However, small focal necrotic lesions were seen 32 hr after the CAT administration. A 40% protection against the toxicity of CAT at the lower dose was seen in quail pretreated with phenobarbital. The protection offered by phenobarbital pretreatment was attributed to a quantitative shunting of CAT and/or its reactive metabolite along the microsomal-mediated metabolic pathway of the kidney responsible for their inactivation. Administration of reduced glutathione (GSH) to quail treated with CAT offered little protection against the toxicity. The quail treated with a toxic dose of CAT had an increased level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reacting products in the liver, with a concomitant decrease in GSH content. This suggests that lipid peroxidation may be involved in CAT-induced hepatic damage of quail. It was hypothesized that the depletion of protective GSH stores coincident with gradual shutdown of the protective peroxidase system of the kidney may occur in a more advanced stage of CAT toxicity in quail. This would then result in a severe disturbance in renal excretion of uric acid and in frank necrosis of renal tubules.", "contents": "Effects of 2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine (CAT) toxicity on biochemical and morphological alterations in quail. Morphological changes in response to 2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine (CAT) toxicity in the quail appeared in the form of progressive necrosis of the kidney, particularly the proximal tubular epithelial cells. Changes at 32 hr after the CAT administration included vacuolar degeneration, dilatation of distal tubules containing hyaline and granular casts, overt necrosis, and deposition of urate casts in collecting tubules. There were no striking histopathological changes in the liver at 24 hr. However, small focal necrotic lesions were seen 32 hr after the CAT administration. A 40% protection against the toxicity of CAT at the lower dose was seen in quail pretreated with phenobarbital. The protection offered by phenobarbital pretreatment was attributed to a quantitative shunting of CAT and/or its reactive metabolite along the microsomal-mediated metabolic pathway of the kidney responsible for their inactivation. Administration of reduced glutathione (GSH) to quail treated with CAT offered little protection against the toxicity. The quail treated with a toxic dose of CAT had an increased level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reacting products in the liver, with a concomitant decrease in GSH content. This suggests that lipid peroxidation may be involved in CAT-induced hepatic damage of quail. It was hypothesized that the depletion of protective GSH stores coincident with gradual shutdown of the protective peroxidase system of the kidney may occur in a more advanced stage of CAT toxicity in quail. This would then result in a severe disturbance in renal excretion of uric acid and in frank necrosis of renal tubules.", "PMID": 546404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10174", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of damage to the cecal mucosa of turkeys infected with Eimeria adenoides.", "content": "White Wrolstad turkeys were each inoculated with 100,000 Eimeria adenoides oocysts and killed on days 4-14 postinoculation. Tissue samples, obtained from 4 areas of the ceca comparable to areas examined in chickens infected with E. tenella in previous studies, were processed by a modification of the osmium-thiocarbo-hydrazide-osmium technique and examined with a scanning electron microscope. The pathologic situation found in turkeys was slightly different from that in the ceca of chickens infected with E. tenella. The mucosal lesions are most severe at the proximal end of an infected cecum. Surface disruption was far less severe than with cecal coccidiosis in chickens of the same age exposed to an equal number of infective oocysts. Rupture of the epithelial cell often caused the mucosal surface to present a honeycomb appearance. Some specific stages of the life cycle were identified, including schizonts and oocysts.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of damage to the cecal mucosa of turkeys infected with Eimeria adenoides. White Wrolstad turkeys were each inoculated with 100,000 Eimeria adenoides oocysts and killed on days 4-14 postinoculation. Tissue samples, obtained from 4 areas of the ceca comparable to areas examined in chickens infected with E. tenella in previous studies, were processed by a modification of the osmium-thiocarbo-hydrazide-osmium technique and examined with a scanning electron microscope. The pathologic situation found in turkeys was slightly different from that in the ceca of chickens infected with E. tenella. The mucosal lesions are most severe at the proximal end of an infected cecum. Surface disruption was far less severe than with cecal coccidiosis in chickens of the same age exposed to an equal number of infective oocysts. Rupture of the epithelial cell often caused the mucosal surface to present a honeycomb appearance. Some specific stages of the life cycle were identified, including schizonts and oocysts.", "PMID": 546405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10175", "title": "Pathogenicity of a Marek's disease virus for chickens vaccinated with graded doses of herpesvirus of turkeys.", "content": "Six different groups of one-day-old chickens were vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine at doses of 0, 4, 16, 64, 256 and 1,024 plaqueforming units. At 9 days of age they were challenged with an acute strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV). Gross and microscopic lesions in nerves and gonads were investigated and combined for quantitative expression of MDHV pathogenicity. Including the microscopic lesions improved the accuracy of the HVT doses/MDHV response. The qualitative aspects of late microscopic lesions could be related to acquired resistance or to persistence of susceptibility in vaccinated chickens.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of a Marek's disease virus for chickens vaccinated with graded doses of herpesvirus of turkeys. Six different groups of one-day-old chickens were vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine at doses of 0, 4, 16, 64, 256 and 1,024 plaqueforming units. At 9 days of age they were challenged with an acute strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV). Gross and microscopic lesions in nerves and gonads were investigated and combined for quantitative expression of MDHV pathogenicity. Including the microscopic lesions improved the accuracy of the HVT doses/MDHV response. The qualitative aspects of late microscopic lesions could be related to acquired resistance or to persistence of susceptibility in vaccinated chickens.", "PMID": 546406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10176", "title": "Salmonella isolation from litter as an indicator of flock infection and carcass contamination.", "content": "The Salmonella status of 15 different farm flocks was assessed at the farm level and at processing plants. Bacteriological examination for Salmonella was made of litter, dust, feed, 5-day-old culled chicks, and chicken carcasses. Fresh straw litter was found contaminated with Salmonella and may be a source of flock infection. Culture of floor litter can be a practical method for detecting flock infection, and culture of 6-weeks litter in particular would  be a good indicator of carcass contamination at processing plants. Properly pelleted feed did not contain Salmonella. Processing did not render carcasses free of Salmonella.", "contents": "Salmonella isolation from litter as an indicator of flock infection and carcass contamination. The Salmonella status of 15 different farm flocks was assessed at the farm level and at processing plants. Bacteriological examination for Salmonella was made of litter, dust, feed, 5-day-old culled chicks, and chicken carcasses. Fresh straw litter was found contaminated with Salmonella and may be a source of flock infection. Culture of floor litter can be a practical method for detecting flock infection, and culture of 6-weeks litter in particular would  be a good indicator of carcass contamination at processing plants. Properly pelleted feed did not contain Salmonella. Processing did not render carcasses free of Salmonella.", "PMID": 546407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10177", "title": "Eimeria meleagrimitis in young turkeys: effects on weight, blood, and organ parameters.", "content": "Weight and biochemical studies were conducted on 2-week-old turkeys inoculated with 10(4) to 5 X 10(5) sporulated Eimeria meleagrimitis oocysts, on their pair-fed controls (equivalent food intake), and on control turkeys fed ad libitum. Food consumption and rate of weight gain of all inoculated and pair-fed turkeys fell sharply on day 4 postinoculation (PI), but deaths occurred primarily among the birds inoculated with 5 X 10(5) oocysts. Heart weights (expressed as percentage of body weight) were reduced in inoculated and pair-fed birds, but liver, spleen, and pancreas weights did not differ from those of either control group. Feed conversion (feed consumed/gain) was less efficient for inoculated turkeys than for ad libitum or pair-fed controls and was least efficient for turkeys inoculated with 5 X 10(5) oocysts. Plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, aspartate and aminotransferase) activity increased, and carotenoid and total protein levels decreased in inoculated turkeys but not in the pair-fed turkeys, indicating that these changes were caused by the infection and not by reduced food intake. Plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT, alanine aminotransferase) remained stable in all groups. Plasma glucose levels of inoculated birds did not differ from those of the control groups, but liver glucose and glycogen levels decreased in both the inoculated and pair-fed birds.", "contents": "Eimeria meleagrimitis in young turkeys: effects on weight, blood, and organ parameters. Weight and biochemical studies were conducted on 2-week-old turkeys inoculated with 10(4) to 5 X 10(5) sporulated Eimeria meleagrimitis oocysts, on their pair-fed controls (equivalent food intake), and on control turkeys fed ad libitum. Food consumption and rate of weight gain of all inoculated and pair-fed turkeys fell sharply on day 4 postinoculation (PI), but deaths occurred primarily among the birds inoculated with 5 X 10(5) oocysts. Heart weights (expressed as percentage of body weight) were reduced in inoculated and pair-fed birds, but liver, spleen, and pancreas weights did not differ from those of either control group. Feed conversion (feed consumed/gain) was less efficient for inoculated turkeys than for ad libitum or pair-fed controls and was least efficient for turkeys inoculated with 5 X 10(5) oocysts. Plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, aspartate and aminotransferase) activity increased, and carotenoid and total protein levels decreased in inoculated turkeys but not in the pair-fed turkeys, indicating that these changes were caused by the infection and not by reduced food intake. Plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT, alanine aminotransferase) remained stable in all groups. Plasma glucose levels of inoculated birds did not differ from those of the control groups, but liver glucose and glycogen levels decreased in both the inoculated and pair-fed birds.", "PMID": 546408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10178", "title": "Attenutated live fowl cholera vaccine. III. Laboratory and field vaccination trials in turkeys and chickens.", "content": "Administered via the drinking water, M-3-G, an attenuated strain of Pasteurella multocida of serotype 1, was found to immunize turkeys and chickens against fowl cholera. Immunity was tested by challenging birds intramuscularly, by palatine cleft swab, or orally after 3 vaccinations. No reactions to vaccination were noted in 390 turkeys in 12 laboratory trials, nor in 20,245 vaccinated in field trials. Chickens showed no vaccination reactions, and immunity was elicited by challenge in a laboratory trial and in face of natural outbreaks in the field, where 11,600 chickens were vaccinated. No vaccination reactions were noted, although most birds involved in the trials were carrying Mycoplasma spp. Immunity was found to last about 10 weeks after the last vaccination. The immunizing properties of M-3-G are compared with the CU strain.", "contents": "Attenutated live fowl cholera vaccine. III. Laboratory and field vaccination trials in turkeys and chickens. Administered via the drinking water, M-3-G, an attenuated strain of Pasteurella multocida of serotype 1, was found to immunize turkeys and chickens against fowl cholera. Immunity was tested by challenging birds intramuscularly, by palatine cleft swab, or orally after 3 vaccinations. No reactions to vaccination were noted in 390 turkeys in 12 laboratory trials, nor in 20,245 vaccinated in field trials. Chickens showed no vaccination reactions, and immunity was elicited by challenge in a laboratory trial and in face of natural outbreaks in the field, where 11,600 chickens were vaccinated. No vaccination reactions were noted, although most birds involved in the trials were carrying Mycoplasma spp. Immunity was found to last about 10 weeks after the last vaccination. The immunizing properties of M-3-G are compared with the CU strain.", "PMID": 546411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10179", "title": "Further studies on competitive exclusion for controlling Salmonellae in chickens.", "content": "A native intestinal microflora of chickens which is protective against salmonella readily transferred to penmates and apparently to birds in adjacent pens. The microflora not only minimized infection resulting from exposure following colonization of the gut with microflora, but significantly abbreviated the period of infection when introduced after a salmonella infection was established in chicks. A microflora with undiminished protective activity, sensitive to only a few commonly used antibacterials, was established in a SPF-Cofal/Marek-negative population. Intestinal microflora from mourning doves was at least partially effective in protecting chicks against a naladixic-acid-resistant strain of Salmonella infantis. In limited tests with 2 of 3 sources of protective microflora, the growth rate of chicks in the absence of salmonellae was significantly improved. A hypothesis involving specificity of attachment between the glycocalyces of the protective microflora and of the intestinal mucosa is offered as the likely mechanism of protection.", "contents": "Further studies on competitive exclusion for controlling Salmonellae in chickens. A native intestinal microflora of chickens which is protective against salmonella readily transferred to penmates and apparently to birds in adjacent pens. The microflora not only minimized infection resulting from exposure following colonization of the gut with microflora, but significantly abbreviated the period of infection when introduced after a salmonella infection was established in chicks. A microflora with undiminished protective activity, sensitive to only a few commonly used antibacterials, was established in a SPF-Cofal/Marek-negative population. Intestinal microflora from mourning doves was at least partially effective in protecting chicks against a naladixic-acid-resistant strain of Salmonella infantis. In limited tests with 2 of 3 sources of protective microflora, the growth rate of chicks in the absence of salmonellae was significantly improved. A hypothesis involving specificity of attachment between the glycocalyces of the protective microflora and of the intestinal mucosa is offered as the likely mechanism of protection.", "PMID": 546412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10180", "title": "Attenuated live fowl cholera vaccine. I. Development of vaccine strain M3G of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "A live cholera vaccine was developed from a virulent avian septicemia strain of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1. The virulent parental strain was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine. Mutants were selected that had either smaller colonies at 37 C or temperature sensitivity for growth at 41 C. Four small-colony mutants and 2 temperature-sensitive mutants were studied. All the mutants were avirulent for turkeys. Sixteen days after turkeys were vaccinated with each mutant, both the vaccinates and unvaccinated controls were challenge-exposed to virulent P. multocida of the homologous serotype and the heterologous serotype 3. Two of the small-colony mutant strains protected against both homologous and heterologous challenge. Suggested for a live cholera vaccine is P. multocida M3G, a small-colony-forming mutant, innocuous for both mice and turkeys and stable against reversion.", "contents": "Attenuated live fowl cholera vaccine. I. Development of vaccine strain M3G of Pasteurella multocida. A live cholera vaccine was developed from a virulent avian septicemia strain of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1. The virulent parental strain was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine. Mutants were selected that had either smaller colonies at 37 C or temperature sensitivity for growth at 41 C. Four small-colony mutants and 2 temperature-sensitive mutants were studied. All the mutants were avirulent for turkeys. Sixteen days after turkeys were vaccinated with each mutant, both the vaccinates and unvaccinated controls were challenge-exposed to virulent P. multocida of the homologous serotype and the heterologous serotype 3. Two of the small-colony mutant strains protected against both homologous and heterologous challenge. Suggested for a live cholera vaccine is P. multocida M3G, a small-colony-forming mutant, innocuous for both mice and turkeys and stable against reversion.", "PMID": 546409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10181", "title": "[Cultures of fetal bone sites as a model for studying drug influence on mesenchymal metabolic processes (author's transl)].", "content": "Cultures of murine embryonic bone explants were studied regarding their use as experimental model for the investigation of drug effects on metabolic processes of mesenchymal tissues. Embryonic tibiae excised on the 17th day of gestation and grown in a liquid medium for 6 days as organ cultures appeared particularly suited for this purpose. The planimetrically estimated size of the explants increased during this period in the mean by 40.7% and their DNA-content rose by 67.5%. After 6 days of incubation in vitro the mean DNA-content was about 2.5 micrograms/mg wet weight and the mean uronic acid content 10 micrograms/mg wet weight. Using dexamethasone, oxyphenbutazone, acetyl salicylic acid, sodium aurothiomalate and sodium pentosanpolysulfate as test drugs clear differences in the action on the determined parameters (explant growth, DNA- and uronic acid-content, glycosaminoglycan secretion of the explants) could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Cultures of fetal bone sites as a model for studying drug influence on mesenchymal metabolic processes (author's transl)]. Cultures of murine embryonic bone explants were studied regarding their use as experimental model for the investigation of drug effects on metabolic processes of mesenchymal tissues. Embryonic tibiae excised on the 17th day of gestation and grown in a liquid medium for 6 days as organ cultures appeared particularly suited for this purpose. The planimetrically estimated size of the explants increased during this period in the mean by 40.7% and their DNA-content rose by 67.5%. After 6 days of incubation in vitro the mean DNA-content was about 2.5 micrograms/mg wet weight and the mean uronic acid content 10 micrograms/mg wet weight. Using dexamethasone, oxyphenbutazone, acetyl salicylic acid, sodium aurothiomalate and sodium pentosanpolysulfate as test drugs clear differences in the action on the determined parameters (explant growth, DNA- and uronic acid-content, glycosaminoglycan secretion of the explants) could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 546419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10182", "title": "The 1978 epornitic of avian cholera on the Chesapeake Bay.", "content": "In an outbreak of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) in wildfowl on and around Chesapeake Bay during March and April of 1978, 31,295 carcasses were retrieved from Maryland and Virginia. Although other birds were involved, mortality was heavy among diving ducks (90% of the total), especially oldsquaw ducks (80% of the total). This is the second outbreak involving primarily diving ducks to be reported from this area of the Atlantic Flyway. It mimics in many respects the epornitic that occurred in 1970. Although mortality was heavy then, this occurrence appears much more severe and could be the largest recorded outbreak of avian cholera in North America.", "contents": "The 1978 epornitic of avian cholera on the Chesapeake Bay. In an outbreak of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) in wildfowl on and around Chesapeake Bay during March and April of 1978, 31,295 carcasses were retrieved from Maryland and Virginia. Although other birds were involved, mortality was heavy among diving ducks (90% of the total), especially oldsquaw ducks (80% of the total). This is the second outbreak involving primarily diving ducks to be reported from this area of the Atlantic Flyway. It mimics in many respects the epornitic that occurred in 1970. Although mortality was heavy then, this occurrence appears much more severe and could be the largest recorded outbreak of avian cholera in North America.", "PMID": 546415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10183", "title": "[Effects of 6-methyluracil and exogenous nucleic acids on DNA-synthesis of bone-marrow cells of rats following X-irradiation and tretamine or cyclophosphamide treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA of bone-marrow cells as well as DNA content of spleen and thymus of male Wistar rats were increased significantly by 6-methyluracil (within an N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex) and/or heterologous, low-molecular nucleic acids, when given therapeutically at doses of 100--250 mg/kg b.w. following i.v. injection of tretamine. Maximum effects were reached as early as two days after the onset of experiment. When tretamine was replaced by X-irradiation or cyclophosphamide, the influence of the 6-methyluracil complex and nucleic acids was less significant. Whereas normal bone-marrow cells and cells damaged in vitro by X-irradiation, tretamine and/or inhibitors of protein synthesis could not be influenced by the 6-methyluracil complex, incorporation of 14C-L-phenylalanine into proteins of bone-marrow cells was enhanced by exogenous DNA or RNA (10--100 micrograms/ml). The present investigations underline the previously drawn conclusions that certain biological alkylating agents, nucleic acids and pyrimidines may interfere to some extent through the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "[Effects of 6-methyluracil and exogenous nucleic acids on DNA-synthesis of bone-marrow cells of rats following X-irradiation and tretamine or cyclophosphamide treatment (author's transl)]. The in vitro incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA of bone-marrow cells as well as DNA content of spleen and thymus of male Wistar rats were increased significantly by 6-methyluracil (within an N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex) and/or heterologous, low-molecular nucleic acids, when given therapeutically at doses of 100--250 mg/kg b.w. following i.v. injection of tretamine. Maximum effects were reached as early as two days after the onset of experiment. When tretamine was replaced by X-irradiation or cyclophosphamide, the influence of the 6-methyluracil complex and nucleic acids was less significant. Whereas normal bone-marrow cells and cells damaged in vitro by X-irradiation, tretamine and/or inhibitors of protein synthesis could not be influenced by the 6-methyluracil complex, incorporation of 14C-L-phenylalanine into proteins of bone-marrow cells was enhanced by exogenous DNA or RNA (10--100 micrograms/ml). The present investigations underline the previously drawn conclusions that certain biological alkylating agents, nucleic acids and pyrimidines may interfere to some extent through the reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 546420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10184", "title": "Experimental transmission of Chlamydia psittaci to turkeys from wild birds.", "content": "Wild birds were inoculated with Chlamydia psittaci to determine species that could be potential hosts and vectors in transmitting the agent to domestic turkeys. Infection occurred in turkeys exposed to starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and Inca doves (Cardafella inca). Mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) shed the agent sparingly, but turkeys exposed to them did not become infected, These findings and knowledge of the habits of these various species are discussed. It was concluded that the Inca dove should be considered a potential source of turkey chlamydiosis in Texas. The species studied and other species not studied should be included in serologic surveys and surveillance studies attempting isolation of chlamydiae.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of Chlamydia psittaci to turkeys from wild birds. Wild birds were inoculated with Chlamydia psittaci to determine species that could be potential hosts and vectors in transmitting the agent to domestic turkeys. Infection occurred in turkeys exposed to starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and Inca doves (Cardafella inca). Mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) shed the agent sparingly, but turkeys exposed to them did not become infected, These findings and knowledge of the habits of these various species are discussed. It was concluded that the Inca dove should be considered a potential source of turkey chlamydiosis in Texas. The species studied and other species not studied should be included in serologic surveys and surveillance studies attempting isolation of chlamydiae.", "PMID": 546413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10185", "title": "Nitrogen bridgehead compounds. Part 7: Synthesis of anti-atherosclerotic pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines.", "content": "The synthesis of 9-substituted-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines are described. The new compounds exhibit antiatherosclerotic effects. The 3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-9-acetic acid (Chinoin-123) has the most favourable effects.", "contents": "Nitrogen bridgehead compounds. Part 7: Synthesis of anti-atherosclerotic pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines. The synthesis of 9-substituted-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines are described. The new compounds exhibit antiatherosclerotic effects. The 3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-9-acetic acid (Chinoin-123) has the most favourable effects.", "PMID": 546421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10186", "title": "[Bicyclic 3-hydrazinopyridazines with antihypertensive action (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of a series of 3-hydrazinopyridazines is described. Several of these compounds exhibited high antihypertensive activity in the rat. The most potent member of the series is l-benzoyl-3-hydrazino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido-[4,3-c]pyridazine, compound 28 [1], which is now under clinical trial [2] under the clinical code number BQ 22-708 (endrazaline, Miretilan). It was possible to discover certain structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "[Bicyclic 3-hydrazinopyridazines with antihypertensive action (author's transl)]. The synthesis of a series of 3-hydrazinopyridazines is described. Several of these compounds exhibited high antihypertensive activity in the rat. The most potent member of the series is l-benzoyl-3-hydrazino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido-[4,3-c]pyridazine, compound 28 [1], which is now under clinical trial [2] under the clinical code number BQ 22-708 (endrazaline, Miretilan). It was possible to discover certain structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 546422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10187", "title": "Effect of incubation temperature or maternal antibody on virus growth and mortality of embryonated chicken eggs inoculated with the B1 strain of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "The effects of incubation temperature on virus growth and mortality patterns were studied in antibody-free chicken eggs inoculated with the B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus. Embryo mortality patterns did not differ much between 37, 39, and 41 C of incubation, although virus growth curves were higher at 39 C and 41 C than at 37 C. Below 35 C, embryo mortality was delayed, although from 48 hours after incubation the virus growth curves were similar to those at 37 C. In eggs with and without maternal antibody, virus titers were maximum 48 hours after incubation, although slightly higher in antibody-free eggs than in eggs with antibody whether the eggs were alive or dead. Eggs with maternal antibody had delayed mortality patterns.", "contents": "Effect of incubation temperature or maternal antibody on virus growth and mortality of embryonated chicken eggs inoculated with the B1 strain of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus. The effects of incubation temperature on virus growth and mortality patterns were studied in antibody-free chicken eggs inoculated with the B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus. Embryo mortality patterns did not differ much between 37, 39, and 41 C of incubation, although virus growth curves were higher at 39 C and 41 C than at 37 C. Below 35 C, embryo mortality was delayed, although from 48 hours after incubation the virus growth curves were similar to those at 37 C. In eggs with and without maternal antibody, virus titers were maximum 48 hours after incubation, although slightly higher in antibody-free eggs than in eggs with antibody whether the eggs were alive or dead. Eggs with maternal antibody had delayed mortality patterns.", "PMID": 546417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10188", "title": "Modulation of cross-protection factor(s) of avian Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) of Pasteurella multocida were maintained in vitro through at least 9 serial passages. Different growth media and temperatures enhanced or repressed the ability of P. multocida to produce CPF. Certain amino acids were innoculous to expression of CPF. B-vitamins enhanced CPF, whereas certain inorganic salts repressed CPF. The plasma of normal tuekeys contained a compound or compounds that were responsible for expression and maintenance of CPF.", "contents": "Modulation of cross-protection factor(s) of avian Pasteurella multocida. Cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) of Pasteurella multocida were maintained in vitro through at least 9 serial passages. Different growth media and temperatures enhanced or repressed the ability of P. multocida to produce CPF. Certain amino acids were innoculous to expression of CPF. B-vitamins enhanced CPF, whereas certain inorganic salts repressed CPF. The plasma of normal tuekeys contained a compound or compounds that were responsible for expression and maintenance of CPF.", "PMID": 546418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10189", "title": "Mode of hypocholesterolemic action of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) in mice.", "content": "S-Methylmethionine (vitamin U) markedly increased the fecal excretion of both 14C-bile acids and 14C-neutral sterols in 14C-cholesterol injected mice, and did not inhibit both intestinal absorption of 14C-cholesterol and biosynthesis of 14C-cholesterol from 14C-acetate in mice.", "contents": "Mode of hypocholesterolemic action of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) in mice. S-Methylmethionine (vitamin U) markedly increased the fecal excretion of both 14C-bile acids and 14C-neutral sterols in 14C-cholesterol injected mice, and did not inhibit both intestinal absorption of 14C-cholesterol and biosynthesis of 14C-cholesterol from 14C-acetate in mice.", "PMID": 546423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10190", "title": "Effects of probenecid on blood levels and tissue distribution of ampicillin in fowls and turkeys.", "content": "The effect of probenecid (a benzoic acid derivative which competitively inhibits active secretion of weak organic acids by the renal tubules) on serum ampicillin concentrations and the distribution of ampicillin in body organs was examined in fowls and turkeys. An aqueous solution of probenecid coadministered intramuscularly, at 200 mg/kg, with sodium ampicillin solution, at 25 mg/kg, resulted in peak serum antibiotic concentration of 16.5 microgram/ml. A similar dose of ampicillin administered alone produced a peak level of 4.6 microgram/ml. Subcutaneous injections of sodium ampicillin at 25 mg/kg with aqueous probenecid at 200 mg/kg resulted in a peak serum ampicillin concentration (12.8 microgram/ml) three times as high as the peak produced by the subcutaneous injection of ampicillin alone at 50 mg/kg (4.2 microgram/ml). The elimination half-life (t 1/2) of the drug (30 min) was increased to 1.5 hr by coadministration of probenecid parenterally, and serum antibiotic levels greater than or equal to 5.0 microgram/ml were maintained during 3 hours. Ampicillin seemed to be poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of fowls. A single oral bolus administration of ampicillin trihydrate aqueous suspension produced a peak of 0.6 microgram/ml, and coadministrations of aqueous probenecid suspension at 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg respectively produced peaks of 0.9, 1.25, and 1.5 microgram/ml. During 4 and 5 days, when ampicillin was added to the drinking water at rates of 200 and 50 mg/liter, serum ampicillin levels were rather low (peaks of 0.20 and 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively), and although these levels were increased by 50% with the coadministration of probenecid they were considered to be of limited clinical value for treating systemic bacterial infections. Probenecid did not change the distribution of ampicillin in the organs.", "contents": "Effects of probenecid on blood levels and tissue distribution of ampicillin in fowls and turkeys. The effect of probenecid (a benzoic acid derivative which competitively inhibits active secretion of weak organic acids by the renal tubules) on serum ampicillin concentrations and the distribution of ampicillin in body organs was examined in fowls and turkeys. An aqueous solution of probenecid coadministered intramuscularly, at 200 mg/kg, with sodium ampicillin solution, at 25 mg/kg, resulted in peak serum antibiotic concentration of 16.5 microgram/ml. A similar dose of ampicillin administered alone produced a peak level of 4.6 microgram/ml. Subcutaneous injections of sodium ampicillin at 25 mg/kg with aqueous probenecid at 200 mg/kg resulted in a peak serum ampicillin concentration (12.8 microgram/ml) three times as high as the peak produced by the subcutaneous injection of ampicillin alone at 50 mg/kg (4.2 microgram/ml). The elimination half-life (t 1/2) of the drug (30 min) was increased to 1.5 hr by coadministration of probenecid parenterally, and serum antibiotic levels greater than or equal to 5.0 microgram/ml were maintained during 3 hours. Ampicillin seemed to be poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of fowls. A single oral bolus administration of ampicillin trihydrate aqueous suspension produced a peak of 0.6 microgram/ml, and coadministrations of aqueous probenecid suspension at 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg respectively produced peaks of 0.9, 1.25, and 1.5 microgram/ml. During 4 and 5 days, when ampicillin was added to the drinking water at rates of 200 and 50 mg/liter, serum ampicillin levels were rather low (peaks of 0.20 and 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively), and although these levels were increased by 50% with the coadministration of probenecid they were considered to be of limited clinical value for treating systemic bacterial infections. Probenecid did not change the distribution of ampicillin in the organs.", "PMID": 546414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10191", "title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of pentaerythritoltetranicotinate and meso-inositolhexanicotinate in blood and tissues.", "content": "The esters between nicotinic acid and pentaerythritol (niceritrol, Perycit) or meso-inositol (MIHN) were hydrolyzed by enzymes present in plasma and tissues of man, rat and dog. Human plasma and rat tissues hydrolyzed niceritrol at a higher rate than did MIHN. The reversed relation was found with dog tissue. The ability of niceritrol and MIHN to raise the level of free nicotinic acid of plasma was studied on man, dog and rat and related with their hydrolysis in vitro and the different solubility of the esters. There was a relationship between these properties of the esters and their ability to increase the plasma level of nicotinic acid.", "contents": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of pentaerythritoltetranicotinate and meso-inositolhexanicotinate in blood and tissues. The esters between nicotinic acid and pentaerythritol (niceritrol, Perycit) or meso-inositol (MIHN) were hydrolyzed by enzymes present in plasma and tissues of man, rat and dog. Human plasma and rat tissues hydrolyzed niceritrol at a higher rate than did MIHN. The reversed relation was found with dog tissue. The ability of niceritrol and MIHN to raise the level of free nicotinic acid of plasma was studied on man, dog and rat and related with their hydrolysis in vitro and the different solubility of the esters. There was a relationship between these properties of the esters and their ability to increase the plasma level of nicotinic acid.", "PMID": 546424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10192", "title": "Effects on the immune response of rats rendered leukopenic with 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)-butanol (W-2719) and its major metabolites.", "content": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) and its major acid metabolites W-2718 (butyrate) and W-2683 (acetate), when administered as drug-diet admixtures to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for five weeks (approximately 200.0 mg/kg/day), induced a marked leukopenia. Effect on the primary and secondary immune responses to bovine serum albumin (BSA) immunization was that of suppression as evidenced by strikingly reduced passive hemagglutination serum titers.", "contents": "Effects on the immune response of rats rendered leukopenic with 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)-butanol (W-2719) and its major metabolites. 4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) and its major acid metabolites W-2718 (butyrate) and W-2683 (acetate), when administered as drug-diet admixtures to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for five weeks (approximately 200.0 mg/kg/day), induced a marked leukopenia. Effect on the primary and secondary immune responses to bovine serum albumin (BSA) immunization was that of suppression as evidenced by strikingly reduced passive hemagglutination serum titers.", "PMID": 546425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10193", "title": "[An assessement of the in vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE)-test using various cytostatics (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cytostatics of different chemical structure and pharmacological action were used on Chinese hamsters (bone marrow cells) to test the efficiency and validity of the in vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE)-Test as an indicator of mutagenicity. These model substances, all of which had previously shown a mutagenic effect in one or the other of the various in vivo test systems, gave positive results in this test, too, with the exception of bleomycin. On the basis of the lowest effective dose and the isoeffective doses of the test substances the SCE-test proved to be the most sensitive in vivo mutagenicity test.", "contents": "[An assessement of the in vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE)-test using various cytostatics (author's transl)]. Five cytostatics of different chemical structure and pharmacological action were used on Chinese hamsters (bone marrow cells) to test the efficiency and validity of the in vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE)-Test as an indicator of mutagenicity. These model substances, all of which had previously shown a mutagenic effect in one or the other of the various in vivo test systems, gave positive results in this test, too, with the exception of bleomycin. On the basis of the lowest effective dose and the isoeffective doses of the test substances the SCE-test proved to be the most sensitive in vivo mutagenicity test.", "PMID": 546426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10194", "title": "Three substrains with different hemagglutination patterns isolated from a Japanese lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Three substrains were cloned from chick kidney cell monolayers infected with the Ishii strain of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus isolated in Japan. These substrains, which differed in plaque morphology, were distinguished as having no +24R+ and -24R- patterns in the hemagglutination (HA)-elution test.", "contents": "Three substrains with different hemagglutination patterns isolated from a Japanese lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Three substrains were cloned from chick kidney cell monolayers infected with the Ishii strain of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus isolated in Japan. These substrains, which differed in plaque morphology, were distinguished as having no +24R+ and -24R- patterns in the hemagglutination (HA)-elution test.", "PMID": 546416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10195", "title": "Mechanism of protection with 2,4-monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl sorbitol (MSF) against Amanita phalloides toxicity in mice.", "content": "2,4-Monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl sorbitol (MSF), which prevents hepatotoxic effects of amanita phalloides powder (APP) in mice and of CCl4 in rats, increases liver microsomal drug-metabolizing activity in mice, as shown by a) the prolongation of pentobarbital or zoxazolamine-induced loss of the righting reflex and b) the decrease of phenylbutazone plasma levels. Further phenobarbital sodium, administered according the schedule usual for liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme induction, also protects mice from APP death. On the other hand 2-diethylamino-ethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF 525-A) aggravates APP-toxicity and reduces APP protection afforded by both MSF and phenobarbital. Since it has been widely recognized that liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes toxify phalloidin as well as CCl4, it is suggested that 1. mice APP toxicity depends on an unknown factor similar to but not identical to phalloidin, 2. MSF-antitoxic effect is produced by a mechanism unrelated to stimulation of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system.", "contents": "Mechanism of protection with 2,4-monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl sorbitol (MSF) against Amanita phalloides toxicity in mice. 2,4-Monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl sorbitol (MSF), which prevents hepatotoxic effects of amanita phalloides powder (APP) in mice and of CCl4 in rats, increases liver microsomal drug-metabolizing activity in mice, as shown by a) the prolongation of pentobarbital or zoxazolamine-induced loss of the righting reflex and b) the decrease of phenylbutazone plasma levels. Further phenobarbital sodium, administered according the schedule usual for liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme induction, also protects mice from APP death. On the other hand 2-diethylamino-ethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF 525-A) aggravates APP-toxicity and reduces APP protection afforded by both MSF and phenobarbital. Since it has been widely recognized that liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes toxify phalloidin as well as CCl4, it is suggested that 1. mice APP toxicity depends on an unknown factor similar to but not identical to phalloidin, 2. MSF-antitoxic effect is produced by a mechanism unrelated to stimulation of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system.", "PMID": 546428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10196", "title": "Animal model for pharmacokinetic approach to individualized heparin dosage regimen for i.v. infusion by constant rate to achieve and maintain a desired clotting time.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic approach was developed for the determination of an individualized heparin dosage regimen for an i.v. constant infusion rate. The rabbit was chosen as the animal model. From a test dose given i.v. the individual rate constant for loss of anticoagulant response was determined by measuring the whole blood activated clotting time. After selection of a desired clotting time to be maintained, the loading dose and infusion rate or heparin concentration at set infusion rate were calculated. In the three infusion studies used to illustrate this method, less than a 4% average deviation resulted between the actual clotting times and the desired clotting times.", "contents": "Animal model for pharmacokinetic approach to individualized heparin dosage regimen for i.v. infusion by constant rate to achieve and maintain a desired clotting time. A pharmacokinetic approach was developed for the determination of an individualized heparin dosage regimen for an i.v. constant infusion rate. The rabbit was chosen as the animal model. From a test dose given i.v. the individual rate constant for loss of anticoagulant response was determined by measuring the whole blood activated clotting time. After selection of a desired clotting time to be maintained, the loading dose and infusion rate or heparin concentration at set infusion rate were calculated. In the three infusion studies used to illustrate this method, less than a 4% average deviation resulted between the actual clotting times and the desired clotting times.", "PMID": 546429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10197", "title": "STRIPACT, an interactive curve fit programme for pharmacokinetic analyses.", "content": "An interactive computer programme was written for a small computer to perform curve fitting in pharmacokinetic analyses. The programme can handle data with or without an absorption phase. It considers, however, the absorption process to be of first-order kinetics. If necessary a lag time is incorporated in the absorption phase. Results are compared with programmes running only on large computer systems.", "contents": "STRIPACT, an interactive curve fit programme for pharmacokinetic analyses. An interactive computer programme was written for a small computer to perform curve fitting in pharmacokinetic analyses. The programme can handle data with or without an absorption phase. It considers, however, the absorption process to be of first-order kinetics. If necessary a lag time is incorporated in the absorption phase. Results are compared with programmes running only on large computer systems.", "PMID": 546430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10198", "title": "[The diffusion of cefazedone into heart muscle, prostatic and skin tissue and into bile].", "content": "The diffusion of cefazedone into human heart muscle, prostatic and skin tissue as well as bile fluid was investigated. 40 to 80 min after a single injection of 100 mg/kg (n = 14) the concentration in the heart muscle was between 10.8 and 85.5 micrograms/g. The respective serum levels were between 117 and 168.1 micrograms/ml. The single i.v. injection of 2 g cefazedone resulted within 30 min in a mean concentration of 34.63 +/- 9.75 micrograms/g in the prostatic tissue and in serum levels of 139.07 +/- 39.68 micrograms/ml (n = 14). In 5 patients additional values were estimated after 60 min. At this time the antibiotic concentrations were 24.92 +/- 1.31 micrograms/g in the tissue, with simultaneous serum levels of 87.25 +/- 20.86 micrograms/ml. 1 h after a 500 mg i.v. dose, concentrations in bile taken from T-tube were between 71.4 and 210 micrograms/ml. After 2 h there was a mean level of 83.2 micrograms/ml which was significantly above the serum concentrations at the same time (1 h = 35.25 +/- 7.17; and 2 h = 20.5 micrograms/ml). The bile concentration of 2 patients taken 5 h after cefazedone injection was 4.95 and 11.6 micrograms/ml. The cefazedone concentrations in the skin were estimated mainly in biopsies from granulating leg ulcer tissues. The mean concentrations in 4 cases were 120 +/- 28.7 micrograms/g 3 h after i.v. injection of 2 g cefazedone. The simultaneous serum levels were between 14.85 and 68.2 micrograms/ml, in one patient with extreme venous stasis the tissue concentration was only 8.1 micrograms/g. Cefazedone should be regarded as an antibiotic with excellent penetration into tissues.", "contents": "[The diffusion of cefazedone into heart muscle, prostatic and skin tissue and into bile]. The diffusion of cefazedone into human heart muscle, prostatic and skin tissue as well as bile fluid was investigated. 40 to 80 min after a single injection of 100 mg/kg (n = 14) the concentration in the heart muscle was between 10.8 and 85.5 micrograms/g. The respective serum levels were between 117 and 168.1 micrograms/ml. The single i.v. injection of 2 g cefazedone resulted within 30 min in a mean concentration of 34.63 +/- 9.75 micrograms/g in the prostatic tissue and in serum levels of 139.07 +/- 39.68 micrograms/ml (n = 14). In 5 patients additional values were estimated after 60 min. At this time the antibiotic concentrations were 24.92 +/- 1.31 micrograms/g in the tissue, with simultaneous serum levels of 87.25 +/- 20.86 micrograms/ml. 1 h after a 500 mg i.v. dose, concentrations in bile taken from T-tube were between 71.4 and 210 micrograms/ml. After 2 h there was a mean level of 83.2 micrograms/ml which was significantly above the serum concentrations at the same time (1 h = 35.25 +/- 7.17; and 2 h = 20.5 micrograms/ml). The bile concentration of 2 patients taken 5 h after cefazedone injection was 4.95 and 11.6 micrograms/ml. The cefazedone concentrations in the skin were estimated mainly in biopsies from granulating leg ulcer tissues. The mean concentrations in 4 cases were 120 +/- 28.7 micrograms/g 3 h after i.v. injection of 2 g cefazedone. The simultaneous serum levels were between 14.85 and 68.2 micrograms/ml, in one patient with extreme venous stasis the tissue concentration was only 8.1 micrograms/g. Cefazedone should be regarded as an antibiotic with excellent penetration into tissues.", "PMID": 546431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10199", "title": "Studies on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the body of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Two-stage pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampicin (RMP). At the first stage of the studies in 100 patients blood and urinary drug levels were determined. The results showed that RMP applied orally penetrates rapidly into the circulation and reaches high serum concentrations varying largely in individual patients. At the second stage of the studies in further 30 patients blood, urinary and sputum RMP levels were simultaneously determined and the biological half-life of RMP and its distribution were checked. It was found that the biological half-life of RMP was 3.79 h, the distribution at the initial stage 38%, and after a few weeks of treatment 52.1%. The authors are of the opinion that the increased value of this parameter has a direct effect on the fall in serum RMP concentration at the later period of treatment. The amount of active RMP excreted by the kidneys of patients with lung tuberculosis averages 33.5%.", "contents": "Studies on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the body of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Two-stage pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampicin (RMP). At the first stage of the studies in 100 patients blood and urinary drug levels were determined. The results showed that RMP applied orally penetrates rapidly into the circulation and reaches high serum concentrations varying largely in individual patients. At the second stage of the studies in further 30 patients blood, urinary and sputum RMP levels were simultaneously determined and the biological half-life of RMP and its distribution were checked. It was found that the biological half-life of RMP was 3.79 h, the distribution at the initial stage 38%, and after a few weeks of treatment 52.1%. The authors are of the opinion that the increased value of this parameter has a direct effect on the fall in serum RMP concentration at the later period of treatment. The amount of active RMP excreted by the kidneys of patients with lung tuberculosis averages 33.5%.", "PMID": 546432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10200", "title": "Separation of polypeptide chains of ricin and the interaction of the A chain with Cibacron Blue F3GA.", "content": "From ricin bound to the galactomannan guar gum in a column, the nonbinding toxic A chain could be eluted by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and later the B chain by lactose. The presence of a nucleotide-binding domain on the toxic chain A could be demonstrated from its interaction with the blue dye Cibacron Blue F3GA.", "contents": "Separation of polypeptide chains of ricin and the interaction of the A chain with Cibacron Blue F3GA. From ricin bound to the galactomannan guar gum in a column, the nonbinding toxic A chain could be eluted by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and later the B chain by lactose. The presence of a nucleotide-binding domain on the toxic chain A could be demonstrated from its interaction with the blue dye Cibacron Blue F3GA.", "PMID": 546433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10201", "title": "[Purification and characterization of protease inhibitors from urine during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two forms of urinary trypsin inhibitor, A and B, were purified from the pooled urine from pregnant women using non-denaturing methods. The inhibitor B arose from the inhibitor A and was not present in native urine. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated a new heterogeneity of the inhibitor B with molecular weights of 33 000 and 24 000; the molecular weight obtained for the inhibitor A was 50 000. Inhibitors A and B were acidic proteins with an isoelectric pH of about 2.6 for A and about 4.2 for B. Inhibitor A and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor formed a precipitate with an antiserum to purified inhibitor B. But neither inhibitor A nor inhibitor B formed a precipitate with anti whole human serum or anti-inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor antiserum. Measurements of specific activity of inhibitor A were consistent with two active sites in the molecule.", "contents": "[Purification and characterization of protease inhibitors from urine during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Two forms of urinary trypsin inhibitor, A and B, were purified from the pooled urine from pregnant women using non-denaturing methods. The inhibitor B arose from the inhibitor A and was not present in native urine. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated a new heterogeneity of the inhibitor B with molecular weights of 33 000 and 24 000; the molecular weight obtained for the inhibitor A was 50 000. Inhibitors A and B were acidic proteins with an isoelectric pH of about 2.6 for A and about 4.2 for B. Inhibitor A and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor formed a precipitate with an antiserum to purified inhibitor B. But neither inhibitor A nor inhibitor B formed a precipitate with anti whole human serum or anti-inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor antiserum. Measurements of specific activity of inhibitor A were consistent with two active sites in the molecule.", "PMID": 546434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10202", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the cuticle from the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae.", "content": "The cuticle (0.15 to 0.5 microns thick) of the microscopic free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae was isolated intact by incubating worms with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 37 degrees C overnight. After shearing and further treatment with detergent, electron microscopy revealed that the cuticular pieces were free of contaminating material and retained their characteristic in situ ultrastructure. From amino acid determinations, the cuticle is collagen-like with high levels of glycine (approximately equal to 31 residue %), proline (approximately equal to 20 residue %) and alanine (approximately equal to 21 residue %) although the hydroxyproline (2.6 residue %) content is low. Half-cystine (approximately equal to 1 residue %) is present in purified cuticles. Treatment with 8 M guanidine hydrochloride-2% beta-mercaptoethanol can solubilize more than 85% of the cuticular preparation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized cuticles from juvenile, adult and old dead worms revealed, at least, 18 discrete components. Estimated molecular weights ranged from about 26 000 (peak 1) to 250 000 (peak 18).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the cuticle from the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae. The cuticle (0.15 to 0.5 microns thick) of the microscopic free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae was isolated intact by incubating worms with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 37 degrees C overnight. After shearing and further treatment with detergent, electron microscopy revealed that the cuticular pieces were free of contaminating material and retained their characteristic in situ ultrastructure. From amino acid determinations, the cuticle is collagen-like with high levels of glycine (approximately equal to 31 residue %), proline (approximately equal to 20 residue %) and alanine (approximately equal to 21 residue %) although the hydroxyproline (2.6 residue %) content is low. Half-cystine (approximately equal to 1 residue %) is present in purified cuticles. Treatment with 8 M guanidine hydrochloride-2% beta-mercaptoethanol can solubilize more than 85% of the cuticular preparation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized cuticles from juvenile, adult and old dead worms revealed, at least, 18 discrete components. Estimated molecular weights ranged from about 26 000 (peak 1) to 250 000 (peak 18).", "PMID": 546435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10203", "title": "Isolation and properties of a lectin from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.).", "content": "A glycoprotein capable of binding simple carbohydrates and causing hemagglutination has been isolated from seeds of the legume plant sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop. var Eski). The phytolectin was prepared by affinity chromatography of pH 7.0 sodium phosphate extracts on columns of Sepharose-4B containing covalently attached D-mannose. Molecular weight determinations showed the lectin to be a dimer consisting of 26 000 dalton, non-covalently associated monomers. Amino acid analyses indicated high amounts of aspartate, glutamate, threonine and serine which accounted for 41% of all amino acids. One residue of cysteine was present and methionine was totally absent. The lectin contained 2.6% (w/w) neutral carbohydrate and two residues of N-acetylglucosamine/monomer. Carbohydrate-binding specificity was directed toward D-mannose and D-glucose and their alpha-glycosidic derivatives. The purified protein agglutinated cat erythrocytes at 5 micrograms/ml. Antiserum to seed lectin showed a single common immunoprecipitation line in Ouchterlony double diffusion against both the seed and root antigen. Lectin isolated from sainfoin seedling roots showed molecular weight, amino acid and carbohydrate values similar to that of the seed lectin.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a lectin from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.). A glycoprotein capable of binding simple carbohydrates and causing hemagglutination has been isolated from seeds of the legume plant sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop. var Eski). The phytolectin was prepared by affinity chromatography of pH 7.0 sodium phosphate extracts on columns of Sepharose-4B containing covalently attached D-mannose. Molecular weight determinations showed the lectin to be a dimer consisting of 26 000 dalton, non-covalently associated monomers. Amino acid analyses indicated high amounts of aspartate, glutamate, threonine and serine which accounted for 41% of all amino acids. One residue of cysteine was present and methionine was totally absent. The lectin contained 2.6% (w/w) neutral carbohydrate and two residues of N-acetylglucosamine/monomer. Carbohydrate-binding specificity was directed toward D-mannose and D-glucose and their alpha-glycosidic derivatives. The purified protein agglutinated cat erythrocytes at 5 micrograms/ml. Antiserum to seed lectin showed a single common immunoprecipitation line in Ouchterlony double diffusion against both the seed and root antigen. Lectin isolated from sainfoin seedling roots showed molecular weight, amino acid and carbohydrate values similar to that of the seed lectin.", "PMID": 546436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10204", "title": "The glycosyl moiety of lectin from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.).", "content": "A lectin isolated from the seeds of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop. var Eski) has been shown to be a glycoprotein containing 2.6% (w/w) neutral carbohydrate and 1.6% (w/w) glucosamine (Hapner, K.D. and Robbins, J.E. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 580, 186--197) A homogeneous glycopeptide accounting for 70% of the original glycoprotein carbohydrate was isolated from pronase digests of the lectin by gel filtration chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatographic and amino acid analyses showed the glycosyl portion to contain glucosamine, mannose, xylose and fucose in molar ratio to glycopeptide of 1.8 : 1.8 : 0.7 : 0.9. The amino acid sequence was determined as H2N-Ser-Asn(glycosyl)-glu-Thr-COOH. The glycosyl moiety was attached to the peptide through N-glycosidic linkage between asparagine and glucosamine.", "contents": "The glycosyl moiety of lectin from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.). A lectin isolated from the seeds of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop. var Eski) has been shown to be a glycoprotein containing 2.6% (w/w) neutral carbohydrate and 1.6% (w/w) glucosamine (Hapner, K.D. and Robbins, J.E. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 580, 186--197) A homogeneous glycopeptide accounting for 70% of the original glycoprotein carbohydrate was isolated from pronase digests of the lectin by gel filtration chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatographic and amino acid analyses showed the glycosyl portion to contain glucosamine, mannose, xylose and fucose in molar ratio to glycopeptide of 1.8 : 1.8 : 0.7 : 0.9. The amino acid sequence was determined as H2N-Ser-Asn(glycosyl)-glu-Thr-COOH. The glycosyl moiety was attached to the peptide through N-glycosidic linkage between asparagine and glucosamine.", "PMID": 546437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10205", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of glycophorin from porcine erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Glycophorin from porcine erythrocyte membranes was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Some of the peptides were isolated by conventional techniques. The amino acid sequence was determined for two isolated peptides: a chymotryptic glycopeptide of 19 residues and a tryptic peptide of 36 residues which represented the carboxy terminal of the glycophorin.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of glycophorin from porcine erythrocyte membranes. Glycophorin from porcine erythrocyte membranes was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Some of the peptides were isolated by conventional techniques. The amino acid sequence was determined for two isolated peptides: a chymotryptic glycopeptide of 19 residues and a tryptic peptide of 36 residues which represented the carboxy terminal of the glycophorin.", "PMID": 546438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10206", "title": "Conformational stability of a human cryoglobulin.", "content": "Studies on a single component human cryoimmunoglobulin (cryo-IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) were undertaken to gain a better understanding of the conformational stability of macromolecular interfaces essential for self-association of cryo-IgG leading to the formation of visible gel mass. Changes in the gross and localized conformation of cryo-IgG and a monoclonal IgG (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) isolated from a myeloma patient (Hy) (Hy IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) in alkaline media were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence characteristics, tyrosine ionization and H+ titration. Ultracentrifugal studies revealed that major transition in gross conformation took place at pH 11.4 for cryo-IgG and pH 11.7 for Hy IgG, whereby the number of charges and tyrosine residues exposed to aqueous environment was 110 and 26 for cryo-IgG, and 111 and 48 for Hy IgG, respectively. Beyond this transition pH fragmentation of both the proteins occurred and cryo-IgG lost its capacity for gel formation. Self-association of cryo-IgG was observed upto pH 11.4 in decreasing order with increase in denaturation pH. Cryo-IgG renatured from exposure to higher alkaline pH upto pH 11.4, showed the capability for forming gel, in spite of the irreversible local conformational changes as established by direct and reverse fluorimetric titration and tyrosine ionization studies. Cryo-IgG could be maintained in the optically clear sol phase at pH 10.5, at which pH 12 out of 62 tyrosine residues became exposed to aqueous media. There are distinct differences in the accessibility of tyrosine residues of cryo-IgG and Hy IgG as reflected in their tyrosine ionization profiles.", "contents": "Conformational stability of a human cryoglobulin. Studies on a single component human cryoimmunoglobulin (cryo-IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) were undertaken to gain a better understanding of the conformational stability of macromolecular interfaces essential for self-association of cryo-IgG leading to the formation of visible gel mass. Changes in the gross and localized conformation of cryo-IgG and a monoclonal IgG (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) isolated from a myeloma patient (Hy) (Hy IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) in alkaline media were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence characteristics, tyrosine ionization and H+ titration. Ultracentrifugal studies revealed that major transition in gross conformation took place at pH 11.4 for cryo-IgG and pH 11.7 for Hy IgG, whereby the number of charges and tyrosine residues exposed to aqueous environment was 110 and 26 for cryo-IgG, and 111 and 48 for Hy IgG, respectively. Beyond this transition pH fragmentation of both the proteins occurred and cryo-IgG lost its capacity for gel formation. Self-association of cryo-IgG was observed upto pH 11.4 in decreasing order with increase in denaturation pH. Cryo-IgG renatured from exposure to higher alkaline pH upto pH 11.4, showed the capability for forming gel, in spite of the irreversible local conformational changes as established by direct and reverse fluorimetric titration and tyrosine ionization studies. Cryo-IgG could be maintained in the optically clear sol phase at pH 10.5, at which pH 12 out of 62 tyrosine residues became exposed to aqueous media. There are distinct differences in the accessibility of tyrosine residues of cryo-IgG and Hy IgG as reflected in their tyrosine ionization profiles.", "PMID": 546439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10207", "title": "[Heterogeneity of alpha-L-fucosidase from human kidney during affinity chromatography].", "content": "During affinity chromatography on N-(epsilon-aminocaproyl)-beta-L-fucopyranosylaminosepharose of the enzyme preparation of alpha-L-fucosidase from human kidney the elution profile of the enzyme revealed two components, which can be designated as alpha-L-fucosidases A and B. In the absence of sodium aside in the buffer mixtures used one of the components (fucosidase A) was retained by an affinity adsorbent, while the other one (fucosidase B) was adsorbed under the same conditions; the latter component was eluted with a solution containing the enzyme inhibitor--L-fucose. Data from the enzyme rechromatography suggest an equilibrium of the fucosidases A and B, which differ in their affinities for the affinity sorbent.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of alpha-L-fucosidase from human kidney during affinity chromatography]. During affinity chromatography on N-(epsilon-aminocaproyl)-beta-L-fucopyranosylaminosepharose of the enzyme preparation of alpha-L-fucosidase from human kidney the elution profile of the enzyme revealed two components, which can be designated as alpha-L-fucosidases A and B. In the absence of sodium aside in the buffer mixtures used one of the components (fucosidase A) was retained by an affinity adsorbent, while the other one (fucosidase B) was adsorbed under the same conditions; the latter component was eluted with a solution containing the enzyme inhibitor--L-fucose. Data from the enzyme rechromatography suggest an equilibrium of the fucosidases A and B, which differ in their affinities for the affinity sorbent.", "PMID": 546440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10208", "title": "[Properties of satellite DNA from Brassica nigra].", "content": "The DNA components of B. nigra were preparatively separated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in a CsCl density gradient, the buoyant density of the main component being 1,696 g . cm-3, that of the satellite component--1,704 g . cm-3. The properties of individual DNA fractions were investigated. Four major components could be observed on the differential melting curve of satellite DNA. Using the reassociation kinetics method it was shown that 30% of satellite DNA are presented as a fast reassociating component with a length of a repeated unit of approximately 2,5 . 10(3) nucleotide pairs. The calculated values of Tm and buoyant density suggest that the m5C content in satellite DNA is lower than that in the main component. During equilibrium ultracentrifugation in the density gradients of actinomycin D--CsCl and Hg2+--Cs2SO4 the satellite DNA is split into 4 major components.", "contents": "[Properties of satellite DNA from Brassica nigra]. The DNA components of B. nigra were preparatively separated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in a CsCl density gradient, the buoyant density of the main component being 1,696 g . cm-3, that of the satellite component--1,704 g . cm-3. The properties of individual DNA fractions were investigated. Four major components could be observed on the differential melting curve of satellite DNA. Using the reassociation kinetics method it was shown that 30% of satellite DNA are presented as a fast reassociating component with a length of a repeated unit of approximately 2,5 . 10(3) nucleotide pairs. The calculated values of Tm and buoyant density suggest that the m5C content in satellite DNA is lower than that in the main component. During equilibrium ultracentrifugation in the density gradients of actinomycin D--CsCl and Hg2+--Cs2SO4 the satellite DNA is split into 4 major components.", "PMID": 546441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10209", "title": "[Separation of plant photosystems by sievorptive chromatography].", "content": "The pigment-protein complexes enriched with photosystem I (PPC-1) and photosystem II (PPC-2) were obtained using sievorptive chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Both types of complexes contain chlorophyll a,  beta-carotene and minor quantities of chlorophyll b. Red absorption maxima for PPC-1 and PPC-2 are located at 676 and 673 nm, respectively. Using differential spectrophotometry, the degree of the reaction centre enrichment was established: PPC-1 has one P700 per 35 bulk chlorophyll a molecules, PPC-2 contains one P680 per 18 bulk chlorophyll a molecules. The yield of PPC-2 is 7-10 times lower than that of PPC-1 and equals to 0,3% of the chlorophyll content of the initial chloroplasts. The amount of P680 in PPC-1 preparations does not exceed 7% after a single chromatographic procedure; the amount of P700 in PPC-2 makes up to 2%. The method proposed is more advantageous with respect to higher reaction centre enrichment of PPC-1 and PPC-2 as compared to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.", "contents": "[Separation of plant photosystems by sievorptive chromatography]. The pigment-protein complexes enriched with photosystem I (PPC-1) and photosystem II (PPC-2) were obtained using sievorptive chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Both types of complexes contain chlorophyll a,  beta-carotene and minor quantities of chlorophyll b. Red absorption maxima for PPC-1 and PPC-2 are located at 676 and 673 nm, respectively. Using differential spectrophotometry, the degree of the reaction centre enrichment was established: PPC-1 has one P700 per 35 bulk chlorophyll a molecules, PPC-2 contains one P680 per 18 bulk chlorophyll a molecules. The yield of PPC-2 is 7-10 times lower than that of PPC-1 and equals to 0,3% of the chlorophyll content of the initial chloroplasts. The amount of P680 in PPC-1 preparations does not exceed 7% after a single chromatographic procedure; the amount of P700 in PPC-2 makes up to 2%. The method proposed is more advantageous with respect to higher reaction centre enrichment of PPC-1 and PPC-2 as compared to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.", "PMID": 546442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10210", "title": "[Photo-dependent conversions of cytochrome f in bean chloroplasts and leaves treated with polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The photo-dependent absorption changes of cytochrome f in bean chloroplasts and native leaves treated with the polyene antibiotics surgumycin and filipin were studied. Upon incubation of the chloroplasts or leaves with the antibiotics the value of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f decreased considerably; however, the kinetics of the cytochrome oxidation under the effect of the exciting light and dark reduction remained unchanged. An addition of plastocyanin to the suspension of the antibiotic-treated chloroplasts, which contained no artificial donors and acceptors, only slightly increased the absolute value of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f. An addition of plastocyanin to the chloroplasts containing the dichlorophenolindophenol-ascorbate-methylviologen system, sharply changed the kinetics of the cytochrome f photoconversions. A simultaneous registration of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f and the photochemical activity of photosystem I of the antibiotic-treated chloroplasts revealed differences in the degree of inhibition of the photosystem I activity and decrease of the absolute value of the cytochrome f signal. The data obtained are discussed in terms of possible alternative pathways of electron transfer in the part of the electron transporting chain under study.", "contents": "[Photo-dependent conversions of cytochrome f in bean chloroplasts and leaves treated with polyene antibiotics]. The photo-dependent absorption changes of cytochrome f in bean chloroplasts and native leaves treated with the polyene antibiotics surgumycin and filipin were studied. Upon incubation of the chloroplasts or leaves with the antibiotics the value of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f decreased considerably; however, the kinetics of the cytochrome oxidation under the effect of the exciting light and dark reduction remained unchanged. An addition of plastocyanin to the suspension of the antibiotic-treated chloroplasts, which contained no artificial donors and acceptors, only slightly increased the absolute value of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f. An addition of plastocyanin to the chloroplasts containing the dichlorophenolindophenol-ascorbate-methylviologen system, sharply changed the kinetics of the cytochrome f photoconversions. A simultaneous registration of the photo-induced signal of cytochrome f and the photochemical activity of photosystem I of the antibiotic-treated chloroplasts revealed differences in the degree of inhibition of the photosystem I activity and decrease of the absolute value of the cytochrome f signal. The data obtained are discussed in terms of possible alternative pathways of electron transfer in the part of the electron transporting chain under study.", "PMID": 546443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10211", "title": "[Mitochondrial ribosomes of the phytoflagellata Astasia longa].", "content": "The physico-chemical properties of ribosomes and rRNA isolated from the mitochondria of the phytoflagellata Astasia longa were studied. It was shown that the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa have the sedimentation coefficient of 81S (those of the cytoplasm-82S); upon a decrease of Mg2+ concentration in the medium they dissociate into subparticles with sedimentation coefficients of 60 and 45S. The relative protein content in the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa is equal to 42% (rho = 1,60 g/cm3), that of cytoplasmic ribosomes-49%. The molecular weights of mitochondrial rRNA are equal to 1,05 . 10(6) and 0,71 . 10(6) and differ from those for cytoplasmic rRNA (1,32 . 10(6) and 0,94 . 10(6)). It was shown that the GC-content in mitochondrial rRNA is equal to 32,0 mol. %, that in cytoplasmic rRNA-55,9 mol. %. Thus, the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa differ in some of their properties from both procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes and are probably related to a special type of mitochondrial ribosomes.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial ribosomes of the phytoflagellata Astasia longa]. The physico-chemical properties of ribosomes and rRNA isolated from the mitochondria of the phytoflagellata Astasia longa were studied. It was shown that the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa have the sedimentation coefficient of 81S (those of the cytoplasm-82S); upon a decrease of Mg2+ concentration in the medium they dissociate into subparticles with sedimentation coefficients of 60 and 45S. The relative protein content in the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa is equal to 42% (rho = 1,60 g/cm3), that of cytoplasmic ribosomes-49%. The molecular weights of mitochondrial rRNA are equal to 1,05 . 10(6) and 0,71 . 10(6) and differ from those for cytoplasmic rRNA (1,32 . 10(6) and 0,94 . 10(6)). It was shown that the GC-content in mitochondrial rRNA is equal to 32,0 mol. %, that in cytoplasmic rRNA-55,9 mol. %. Thus, the mitochondrial ribosomes of A. longa differ in some of their properties from both procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes and are probably related to a special type of mitochondrial ribosomes.", "PMID": 546444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10212", "title": "[Existence of glucocorticoid-specific receptors in the plasma membranes of rat liver].", "content": "It was found that isolated plasma membranes whose purity was assayed by determinations of marker enzyme activities, specifically bind dexamethasone. The association constant and the number of binding sites were found to be equal to (7,03 +/- 4,05) . 10(9) M-1 and (1,6 +/- 0,18) . 10(-14) mol/mg protein, respectively. It was assumed that lipoprotein components of plasma membranes are involved in this binding.", "contents": "[Existence of glucocorticoid-specific receptors in the plasma membranes of rat liver]. It was found that isolated plasma membranes whose purity was assayed by determinations of marker enzyme activities, specifically bind dexamethasone. The association constant and the number of binding sites were found to be equal to (7,03 +/- 4,05) . 10(9) M-1 and (1,6 +/- 0,18) . 10(-14) mol/mg protein, respectively. It was assumed that lipoprotein components of plasma membranes are involved in this binding.", "PMID": 546445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10213", "title": "[Soluble high molecular weight derivatives of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Effect of electrostatic interaction of protein with the carrier on covalent binding and some physico-chemical properties of modified preparations of pancreatic inhibitor].", "content": "Modification of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor by carboxymethyl dextran with the aid of carboxyl groups of the carrier activated by water-soluble carbodiimide has been carried out. A special role of electrostatic interactions of protein with the carrier during inhibitor modification has been shown. This modification results in active preparations with high protein concentration on the carrier; their molecular weight is practically equal to that of previously used carrier. A comparison of the thermal stability of high molecular weight preparations of pancreatic inhibitor with respect to protein concentration on the carrier and the number of links between protein and carrier has been carried out.", "contents": "[Soluble high molecular weight derivatives of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Effect of electrostatic interaction of protein with the carrier on covalent binding and some physico-chemical properties of modified preparations of pancreatic inhibitor]. Modification of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor by carboxymethyl dextran with the aid of carboxyl groups of the carrier activated by water-soluble carbodiimide has been carried out. A special role of electrostatic interactions of protein with the carrier during inhibitor modification has been shown. This modification results in active preparations with high protein concentration on the carrier; their molecular weight is practically equal to that of previously used carrier. A comparison of the thermal stability of high molecular weight preparations of pancreatic inhibitor with respect to protein concentration on the carrier and the number of links between protein and carrier has been carried out.", "PMID": 546446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10214", "title": "[Some specific features of enzymatic dehydration of tetrahydro-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-one].", "content": "Differences in the dehydration rates of tetrahydro-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-one in the liver, kidney and adrenals of mice, rats and guinea pigs have been revealed. It has been found that the enzyme catalyzing the substrate conversion into its dihydroderivative is localized in the microsomal and soluble fractions of the organs tested and has a pH optimum of 9,0. The enzyme activity depends on the concentation of phosphate ions in the incubation medium.", "contents": "[Some specific features of enzymatic dehydration of tetrahydro-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-one]. Differences in the dehydration rates of tetrahydro-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-one in the liver, kidney and adrenals of mice, rats and guinea pigs have been revealed. It has been found that the enzyme catalyzing the substrate conversion into its dihydroderivative is localized in the microsomal and soluble fractions of the organs tested and has a pH optimum of 9,0. The enzyme activity depends on the concentation of phosphate ions in the incubation medium.", "PMID": 546447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10215", "title": "[Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat heart].", "content": "Using the isotope exchange technique including 45Ca, the Ca2+-binding and Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat heart was studied. The ATP-independent binding of Ca2+ to isolated membrane fractions is by 1--2 orders of magnitude less than the ATP-dependent Ca2+-accumulating capacity of the fractions. The Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria is increased 6--8 fold after addition of physiological concentrations of succinate and Pi to the incubation medium. Under these conditions the ratio of Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart is 100:3,12:2,9. The initial rate of Ca2+-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher in comparison with sarcolemma and mitochondria. A high Ca2+-accumulating capacity of heart mitochondria probably determines a long-term regulation of the concentration of \"troponin-accessible\" Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm, whereas the high initial rate of Ca2+ accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum provides for a rapid decrease of Ca2+ concentration during rhythmic contractions of the heart.", "contents": "[Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat heart]. Using the isotope exchange technique including 45Ca, the Ca2+-binding and Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat heart was studied. The ATP-independent binding of Ca2+ to isolated membrane fractions is by 1--2 orders of magnitude less than the ATP-dependent Ca2+-accumulating capacity of the fractions. The Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria is increased 6--8 fold after addition of physiological concentrations of succinate and Pi to the incubation medium. Under these conditions the ratio of Ca2+-accumulating capacity of mitochondria, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart is 100:3,12:2,9. The initial rate of Ca2+-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher in comparison with sarcolemma and mitochondria. A high Ca2+-accumulating capacity of heart mitochondria probably determines a long-term regulation of the concentration of \"troponin-accessible\" Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm, whereas the high initial rate of Ca2+ accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum provides for a rapid decrease of Ca2+ concentration during rhythmic contractions of the heart.", "PMID": 546448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10216", "title": "[Intragenome distribution of 5-methyl cytosine and reassociation kinetics of cow blood lymphocyte DNA under normal conditions and in chronic lymphoid leukemia].", "content": "The DNA from cow blood lymphocytes is methylated in a varying degree: the maximal content of 5-methyl cytosine (2,3 mol%) is found in the \"instantly\" renaturating sequences (Cot lett than 10(-4)), a relatively large amount (1,4 mol%)--in moderately repeated sequences (Cot = 10(-4)--400) and the minimal amount (0,9 mol%) in the unique sequences (Cot greater than 400). In their reassociation kinetics, GC-content and other physico-chemical properties the blood lymphocyte DNA of the controls and of animals with chronic lymphoid leukemia appear to be similar. Consequently, the genome organization of leukemic animals does not change significantly; a considerable decrease of 5-methyl cytosine of lymphocyte DNA in lymphoid leukemia parallels the decrease of genome methylation in the leukemic cells. This decrease does not affect the unique sequences, but involves all types of repeated sequences (moderately and frequently repeated ones and palindromes). It is assumed that the specific disturbances in genome methylation under lymphoid leukemia may be a cause of transcription deficiences and cell transformations.", "contents": "[Intragenome distribution of 5-methyl cytosine and reassociation kinetics of cow blood lymphocyte DNA under normal conditions and in chronic lymphoid leukemia]. The DNA from cow blood lymphocytes is methylated in a varying degree: the maximal content of 5-methyl cytosine (2,3 mol%) is found in the \"instantly\" renaturating sequences (Cot lett than 10(-4)), a relatively large amount (1,4 mol%)--in moderately repeated sequences (Cot = 10(-4)--400) and the minimal amount (0,9 mol%) in the unique sequences (Cot greater than 400). In their reassociation kinetics, GC-content and other physico-chemical properties the blood lymphocyte DNA of the controls and of animals with chronic lymphoid leukemia appear to be similar. Consequently, the genome organization of leukemic animals does not change significantly; a considerable decrease of 5-methyl cytosine of lymphocyte DNA in lymphoid leukemia parallels the decrease of genome methylation in the leukemic cells. This decrease does not affect the unique sequences, but involves all types of repeated sequences (moderately and frequently repeated ones and palindromes). It is assumed that the specific disturbances in genome methylation under lymphoid leukemia may be a cause of transcription deficiences and cell transformations.", "PMID": 546449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10217", "title": "[Presence of genes of ribosomal and transfer RNAs in kinetoplast DNA from two Crithidia species].", "content": "The coding properties of kinetoplast DNA from two respresentatives of the order Kinetoplastidae--Crithidia oncopelti and C. fasciculata--were studied. Experiments on hybridization of the whole network and fraction of minicircles with labelled 23S and 16S rRNA and with tRNA isolated from kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti clearly demonstrated the presence of the genes for these RNAs in the whole network and their absence in the minicircles. It may be thus concluded that the genes of ribosomal and transfer RNAs are localized in the maxicircular molecules. Similar efficiency of hybridization of rRNAs from C. oncopelti with kDNA from C. fasciculata and C. oncopelti revealed significant conservativity of ribosomal genes in the protozoa under study.", "contents": "[Presence of genes of ribosomal and transfer RNAs in kinetoplast DNA from two Crithidia species]. The coding properties of kinetoplast DNA from two respresentatives of the order Kinetoplastidae--Crithidia oncopelti and C. fasciculata--were studied. Experiments on hybridization of the whole network and fraction of minicircles with labelled 23S and 16S rRNA and with tRNA isolated from kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti clearly demonstrated the presence of the genes for these RNAs in the whole network and their absence in the minicircles. It may be thus concluded that the genes of ribosomal and transfer RNAs are localized in the maxicircular molecules. Similar efficiency of hybridization of rRNAs from C. oncopelti with kDNA from C. fasciculata and C. oncopelti revealed significant conservativity of ribosomal genes in the protozoa under study.", "PMID": 546450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10218", "title": "[Properties of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase from locust ganglia].", "content": "The activity of locust ganglia cholinesterase is found to depend on concentrations of acetylthiocholine (ATC), propionylthiocholine (PTC) and butyrylthiocholine (BTC); that of carboxylesterase--on concentration of p-nitrophenylacetate (25 degrees, pH 7,5). The activity of cholinesterase is inhibited by an excess of ATC and BTC, but is unaffected by an excess of PTC. At concentrations greater than 0.01 M PTC is hydrolyzed faster than ATC at optimal (1.10(-3) M) concentration. The cholinesterase hydrolysis of BTC proceeds slower than that of ATC and PTC. The bimolecular constants (kII) of the rate of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase interaction with structurally different organophosphorus inhibitors (OPI) were determined. It was found that methylsulfomethylates of O-alkyl-S (beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonates are stronger inhibitors of cholinesterase than carboxylesterase; on the contrast, their uncharged analogs are stronger inhibitors of carboxylesterase, since the substitution of the sulfide sulphur for the sulphonic one strongly decreases the anticholinesterase activity and slightly increases the anticarboxylesterase activity of these OPI. O-alkyl-S (carbomethoxymethylmercaptomethyl) methylthiophosphonates inhibit carboxylesterase stronger than cholinesterase. The inhibitory activity of diisopropylthiophosphates towards cholinesterase is much lower than that of the corresponding diethylthiophosphates, while the activity of the former towards carboxylesterase is approximately the same as the activity of diethylthiophosphates or more strongly pronounced. Diisopropylfluorophosphate is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase. The data obtained provide evidence for differences in the structure of the active sites of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase. The carboxylesterase has no anionic sites. Moreover, the active surface of this enzyme interacting with the leaving part of OPI possesses, a site which prevents the absorption of cationic OPI and favours the interaction with the OPI containing the carboxyether group. The esterastic site of carboxylesterase is larger than that of cholinesterase and can predominantly interact with OPI having a bulky phosphoryl part.", "contents": "[Properties of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase from locust ganglia]. The activity of locust ganglia cholinesterase is found to depend on concentrations of acetylthiocholine (ATC), propionylthiocholine (PTC) and butyrylthiocholine (BTC); that of carboxylesterase--on concentration of p-nitrophenylacetate (25 degrees, pH 7,5). The activity of cholinesterase is inhibited by an excess of ATC and BTC, but is unaffected by an excess of PTC. At concentrations greater than 0.01 M PTC is hydrolyzed faster than ATC at optimal (1.10(-3) M) concentration. The cholinesterase hydrolysis of BTC proceeds slower than that of ATC and PTC. The bimolecular constants (kII) of the rate of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase interaction with structurally different organophosphorus inhibitors (OPI) were determined. It was found that methylsulfomethylates of O-alkyl-S (beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonates are stronger inhibitors of cholinesterase than carboxylesterase; on the contrast, their uncharged analogs are stronger inhibitors of carboxylesterase, since the substitution of the sulfide sulphur for the sulphonic one strongly decreases the anticholinesterase activity and slightly increases the anticarboxylesterase activity of these OPI. O-alkyl-S (carbomethoxymethylmercaptomethyl) methylthiophosphonates inhibit carboxylesterase stronger than cholinesterase. The inhibitory activity of diisopropylthiophosphates towards cholinesterase is much lower than that of the corresponding diethylthiophosphates, while the activity of the former towards carboxylesterase is approximately the same as the activity of diethylthiophosphates or more strongly pronounced. Diisopropylfluorophosphate is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase. The data obtained provide evidence for differences in the structure of the active sites of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase. The carboxylesterase has no anionic sites. Moreover, the active surface of this enzyme interacting with the leaving part of OPI possesses, a site which prevents the absorption of cationic OPI and favours the interaction with the OPI containing the carboxyether group. The esterastic site of carboxylesterase is larger than that of cholinesterase and can predominantly interact with OPI having a bulky phosphoryl part.", "PMID": 546451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10219", "title": "EEG asymmetries in recognition of faces: comparison with a tachistoscopic technique.", "content": "Twelve field-dependent and twelve field-independent women, who had previously shown opposite superiorities in a tachistoscopic face recognition task, returned to the laboratory for a session in which FEG asymmetry was measured during two facial and two verbal recognition tasks. Although task-related EEG asymmetries were observed, there was no effect of cognitive style on either direction or amount of asymmetry. These results suggest a lack of comparability among different methods of assessing individual differences in lateral functions.", "contents": "EEG asymmetries in recognition of faces: comparison with a tachistoscopic technique. Twelve field-dependent and twelve field-independent women, who had previously shown opposite superiorities in a tachistoscopic face recognition task, returned to the laboratory for a session in which FEG asymmetry was measured during two facial and two verbal recognition tasks. Although task-related EEG asymmetries were observed, there was no effect of cognitive style on either direction or amount of asymmetry. These results suggest a lack of comparability among different methods of assessing individual differences in lateral functions.", "PMID": 546452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10220", "title": "On the independence of P300 and the CNV: a short critique of the principal components analysis of Donchin et al. (1975).", "content": "Donchin, Tueting, Ritter, Kutas and Heffley (1975) present evidence from a principal components analysis (PCA) that the CNV and P300 are independent. This short critique points out a number of erros in their PCA and presents a reworking of their analysis. A number of further aspects of Donchin et al.'s paper are also discussed. The general value of this contribution in drawing the attention of EP researchers to potential sources of error in the application of factor analysis is emphasized.", "contents": "On the independence of P300 and the CNV: a short critique of the principal components analysis of Donchin et al. (1975). Donchin, Tueting, Ritter, Kutas and Heffley (1975) present evidence from a principal components analysis (PCA) that the CNV and P300 are independent. This short critique points out a number of erros in their PCA and presents a reworking of their analysis. A number of further aspects of Donchin et al.'s paper are also discussed. The general value of this contribution in drawing the attention of EP researchers to potential sources of error in the application of factor analysis is emphasized.", "PMID": 546453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10221", "title": "The independence of the P300 and the CNV reviewed: a reply to Wastell.", "content": "The relationship of P300 to the CNV was investigated by Donchin, Tueting, Ritter, Kutas and Heffley (1975) who concluded that these two components of the event-related brain potential (ERP) are independent. Wastell (1979) questioned the validity of the data analysis procedures and of the experimental design used by Donchin et al. In this report we examine Wastell's criticisms and find them to be unfounded. In support of this conclusion we note the differences between principal component analysis and factor analysis. We clarify points about Donchin et al.'s experimental design, and we review evidence for the independence of the P300 and the CNV that has accumulated since 1975.", "contents": "The independence of the P300 and the CNV reviewed: a reply to Wastell. The relationship of P300 to the CNV was investigated by Donchin, Tueting, Ritter, Kutas and Heffley (1975) who concluded that these two components of the event-related brain potential (ERP) are independent. Wastell (1979) questioned the validity of the data analysis procedures and of the experimental design used by Donchin et al. In this report we examine Wastell's criticisms and find them to be unfounded. In support of this conclusion we note the differences between principal component analysis and factor analysis. We clarify points about Donchin et al.'s experimental design, and we review evidence for the independence of the P300 and the CNV that has accumulated since 1975.", "PMID": 546454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10222", "title": "EEG and autonomic responding to verbal, spatial and emotionally arousing tasks: differences among adults, adolescents and inhalant abusers.", "content": "The present study investigated the physiological responses of an adolescent inhalant abuse group, an adolescent non-abuse group, and an adult non-abuse group elicited by three types of tasks: verbal, spatial, and emotionally arousing. Each group consisted of 10 male Mexican-American subjects. Bilateral EEG and electrodermal activity, as well as heart rate, were monitored. While exploring for possible heart rate and hemispheric alpha wave differences in response to predominantly verbal and spatial tasks, an attempt was also made to discover if electrodermal responses could be bilaterally differentiated. Another purpose of the study was to explore possible psychophysiological differences between a younger and older group, and between an inhalant abusing group and a non-abuse group, in response to the three types of tasks. Results indicated that attempts to produce task-related EEG hemispheric asymmetry were largely nonsuccessful. Bilateral electrodermal responses were also not greatly differentiated. It was suggested that stronger task manipulations were needed. Significant group differences were found for initial physiological response levels (adults demonstrated higher levels than the two adolescent groups) and for heart rate response to the emotionally arousing task (non-abusing subjects demonstrated greater heart rate acceleration than inhalant abusing subjects). It was suggested that group differences in initial levels occurred due to the adult groups's greater involvement in the experimental situation. Heart rate differences to the emotionally arousing situation were discussed in terms of Zuckerman's sensation seeking hypothesis.", "contents": "EEG and autonomic responding to verbal, spatial and emotionally arousing tasks: differences among adults, adolescents and inhalant abusers. The present study investigated the physiological responses of an adolescent inhalant abuse group, an adolescent non-abuse group, and an adult non-abuse group elicited by three types of tasks: verbal, spatial, and emotionally arousing. Each group consisted of 10 male Mexican-American subjects. Bilateral EEG and electrodermal activity, as well as heart rate, were monitored. While exploring for possible heart rate and hemispheric alpha wave differences in response to predominantly verbal and spatial tasks, an attempt was also made to discover if electrodermal responses could be bilaterally differentiated. Another purpose of the study was to explore possible psychophysiological differences between a younger and older group, and between an inhalant abusing group and a non-abuse group, in response to the three types of tasks. Results indicated that attempts to produce task-related EEG hemispheric asymmetry were largely nonsuccessful. Bilateral electrodermal responses were also not greatly differentiated. It was suggested that stronger task manipulations were needed. Significant group differences were found for initial physiological response levels (adults demonstrated higher levels than the two adolescent groups) and for heart rate response to the emotionally arousing task (non-abusing subjects demonstrated greater heart rate acceleration than inhalant abusing subjects). It was suggested that group differences in initial levels occurred due to the adult groups's greater involvement in the experimental situation. Heart rate differences to the emotionally arousing situation were discussed in terms of Zuckerman's sensation seeking hypothesis.", "PMID": 546455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10223", "title": "Correction for sinus arrhythmia in the evoked cardiac response: a timebase problem.", "content": "The detection and description of the evoked cardiac response (ECR) has received much attention in recent literature, with an increasing concentration upon the 'noise' problem of sinus arrhythmia (SA). A departure from extrapolated pre-stimulus activity, obtained by employing procedures of various complexities, has been proposed as an SA-free measure of the ECR. The use of such procedures without consideration of respiratory changes appears questionable. Simulation of HR protocols across a change in respiratory period indicates that spurious ECRs, similar in form to those in the published literature, may be produced by such techniques. A simple method of correcting the problem is outlined.", "contents": "Correction for sinus arrhythmia in the evoked cardiac response: a timebase problem. The detection and description of the evoked cardiac response (ECR) has received much attention in recent literature, with an increasing concentration upon the 'noise' problem of sinus arrhythmia (SA). A departure from extrapolated pre-stimulus activity, obtained by employing procedures of various complexities, has been proposed as an SA-free measure of the ECR. The use of such procedures without consideration of respiratory changes appears questionable. Simulation of HR protocols across a change in respiratory period indicates that spurious ECRs, similar in form to those in the published literature, may be produced by such techniques. A simple method of correcting the problem is outlined.", "PMID": 546456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10224", "title": "Effects of frontalis EMG feedback and reinforcement on frontalis EMG level.", "content": "This experiment employed a between-subjects design (N = 40) to investigate the effects of feedback and reinforcement on the lowering of frontalis electromyographic (EMG) activity. The feedback and reinforcement manipulations were combined in a 2 x 2 factorial design and each subject underwent one baseline and two training sessions on three consecutive days. The analogue feedback signal was a 55 dB tone whose pitch varied as a function of EMG activity, while the reinforcement consisted of points which were exchangeable for money. The training sessions were each divided into 10 2-min baseline periods and 10 2-min trial periods. The results indicated that although analogue feedback did not result in lowered EMG levels, trial period EMG level was significantly lower than baseline level under conditions of reinforcement. These results pose problems for Budzynski and Stoyva's (1972) views concerning the therapeutic usefulness of frontalis EMG feedback training.", "contents": "Effects of frontalis EMG feedback and reinforcement on frontalis EMG level. This experiment employed a between-subjects design (N = 40) to investigate the effects of feedback and reinforcement on the lowering of frontalis electromyographic (EMG) activity. The feedback and reinforcement manipulations were combined in a 2 x 2 factorial design and each subject underwent one baseline and two training sessions on three consecutive days. The analogue feedback signal was a 55 dB tone whose pitch varied as a function of EMG activity, while the reinforcement consisted of points which were exchangeable for money. The training sessions were each divided into 10 2-min baseline periods and 10 2-min trial periods. The results indicated that although analogue feedback did not result in lowered EMG levels, trial period EMG level was significantly lower than baseline level under conditions of reinforcement. These results pose problems for Budzynski and Stoyva's (1972) views concerning the therapeutic usefulness of frontalis EMG feedback training.", "PMID": 546459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10225", "title": "Familial mutagen sensitivities: are these the hallmarks of meiotic or mutator mutants in humans?", "content": "Mutagen hypersensitivity (MHS) has been found to be associated with abnormalities in DNA metabolic processes in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The study of fibroblasts derived from humans with genetic diseases believed to have altered DNA metabolism, has also revealed patterns of MHS. In this paper results are presented that suggest MHS  patterns unrelated to obvious disease can be inherited in a dominant fashion. As these individuals exhibiting MHS patterns have been observed in families with poor reproductive history, new syndromes, or ontogenetic problems (including malignancies) there may be a causal relationship between these events and the MHS. These events which may have a genetic basis appear as maternal or paternal effect mutants as the consequences are observed in reduced reproductive fitness or abnormal progeny. Since these effects are similar to the events precipitated by the meiotic or mutator mutants in Drosophila, it is speculated that the MHS patterns may be the hallmarks of such mutants in man.", "contents": "Familial mutagen sensitivities: are these the hallmarks of meiotic or mutator mutants in humans? Mutagen hypersensitivity (MHS) has been found to be associated with abnormalities in DNA metabolic processes in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The study of fibroblasts derived from humans with genetic diseases believed to have altered DNA metabolism, has also revealed patterns of MHS. In this paper results are presented that suggest MHS  patterns unrelated to obvious disease can be inherited in a dominant fashion. As these individuals exhibiting MHS patterns have been observed in families with poor reproductive history, new syndromes, or ontogenetic problems (including malignancies) there may be a causal relationship between these events and the MHS. These events which may have a genetic basis appear as maternal or paternal effect mutants as the consequences are observed in reduced reproductive fitness or abnormal progeny. Since these effects are similar to the events precipitated by the meiotic or mutator mutants in Drosophila, it is speculated that the MHS patterns may be the hallmarks of such mutants in man.", "PMID": 546478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10226", "title": "Relation between cell cycle and yield of aberrations observed in irradiated human lymphocytes.", "content": "The bromodeoxyuridine-Giemsa technique has been used to study systematically the incidence of cells in first or subsequent mitoses at different fixation times of human lymphocyte control cultures as well as the influence of ionizing radiations on cell kinetics. Second divisions appear (3%) in cultures harvested 48 h after initiation. In 72 h cultures 40% of the dividing cells are in second and 33% in third division. Administration of 200 rads of X-rays before PHA stimulation results in a mitotic delay but does not increase the incidence of SCE. The yield of dicentrics after an exposure to 200 rads was the same for all cells in first mitosis regardless of fixation time. These results demonstrate that there is no evidence for the existence of sensitive subpopulations that could be distinguished by the time of the first mitotic division following stimulation.", "contents": "Relation between cell cycle and yield of aberrations observed in irradiated human lymphocytes. The bromodeoxyuridine-Giemsa technique has been used to study systematically the incidence of cells in first or subsequent mitoses at different fixation times of human lymphocyte control cultures as well as the influence of ionizing radiations on cell kinetics. Second divisions appear (3%) in cultures harvested 48 h after initiation. In 72 h cultures 40% of the dividing cells are in second and 33% in third division. Administration of 200 rads of X-rays before PHA stimulation results in a mitotic delay but does not increase the incidence of SCE. The yield of dicentrics after an exposure to 200 rads was the same for all cells in first mitosis regardless of fixation time. These results demonstrate that there is no evidence for the existence of sensitive subpopulations that could be distinguished by the time of the first mitotic division following stimulation.", "PMID": 546479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10227", "title": "Baroreceptor influence on a spinal cardiovascular reflex.", "content": "A stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta, performed in vagotomized cats without obstructing aortic flow, induces increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility, and arterial pressure. These reflex responses are still present after high spinal section. Cats under chloralose-urethane anesthesia were vagotomized and one carotid sinus was isolated and perfused with arterial blood at constant flow. The contralateral carotid sinus nerve and both aortic nerves were sectioned. A stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta between the 7th and 10th intercostal arteries induced a reflex increase in mean arterial pressure 29 +/- 2 mmHg (mean +/- SE). Stepwise increases of carotid sinus pressure (CSP) or electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve induced stepwise decreases of this reflex response. At maximal baroreceptor stimulation (CSP 212 +/- 9 mmHg) the reflex response to aortic stretch was reduced by 42%. These experiments show that this spinal cardiovascular reflex is at least partially under the inhibitory control of the baroreceptor input.", "contents": "Baroreceptor influence on a spinal cardiovascular reflex. A stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta, performed in vagotomized cats without obstructing aortic flow, induces increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility, and arterial pressure. These reflex responses are still present after high spinal section. Cats under chloralose-urethane anesthesia were vagotomized and one carotid sinus was isolated and perfused with arterial blood at constant flow. The contralateral carotid sinus nerve and both aortic nerves were sectioned. A stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta between the 7th and 10th intercostal arteries induced a reflex increase in mean arterial pressure 29 +/- 2 mmHg (mean +/- SE). Stepwise increases of carotid sinus pressure (CSP) or electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve induced stepwise decreases of this reflex response. At maximal baroreceptor stimulation (CSP 212 +/- 9 mmHg) the reflex response to aortic stretch was reduced by 42%. These experiments show that this spinal cardiovascular reflex is at least partially under the inhibitory control of the baroreceptor input.", "PMID": 546481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10228", "title": "[Interaction of dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and ethanol on the pancreatic secretion of the rat].", "content": "We have studied the action of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (DiMePGE2) on pancreatic secretion in the unanesthetized rat with pancreatic and duodenal fistulae. DiMePGE2 inhibited volume, protein secretion and bicarbonate output. The inhibition of protein concentration is dose related (ED50 = 5.35 microgram/rat). DiMePGE2 was effective by the intraduodenal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Intraduodenal infusion of ethanol alone (2 mL 16% (v/v) in 1 h) strongly increased protein secretion (concentration, +30%; output, +69%)  When 4 microgram DiMePGE2 was injected intraperitoneally just before the ethanol infusion, the secretory effect of ethanol disappeared and the inhibition was similar to that observed with DiMePGE2 alone.", "contents": "[Interaction of dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and ethanol on the pancreatic secretion of the rat]. We have studied the action of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (DiMePGE2) on pancreatic secretion in the unanesthetized rat with pancreatic and duodenal fistulae. DiMePGE2 inhibited volume, protein secretion and bicarbonate output. The inhibition of protein concentration is dose related (ED50 = 5.35 microgram/rat). DiMePGE2 was effective by the intraduodenal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Intraduodenal infusion of ethanol alone (2 mL 16% (v/v) in 1 h) strongly increased protein secretion (concentration, +30%; output, +69%)  When 4 microgram DiMePGE2 was injected intraperitoneally just before the ethanol infusion, the secretory effect of ethanol disappeared and the inhibition was similar to that observed with DiMePGE2 alone.", "PMID": 546482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10229", "title": "[The parathyroids and desoxycorticosterone acetate induced arterial hypertension in the rat].", "content": "We studied the importance of parathyroids in the development of mineralocorticoid hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ablation of the parathyroids 1 week before deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) + NaCl administration prevented development of hypertension (for 1 year). But ablation of parathyroids 2 weeks after the start of treatment has no effect on the development of arterial hypertension. Autotransplantation of parathyroids in thyroidectomized rats caused a recurrence of mineralocorticoid hypertension, which was completed after DL-thyroxine supplementation: blood pressure levels were nearly the same as in DOCA sham rats. We conclude that parathyroid glands favor the establishment of mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat. These results raise the question of the mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone in the hypertensive process.", "contents": "[The parathyroids and desoxycorticosterone acetate induced arterial hypertension in the rat]. We studied the importance of parathyroids in the development of mineralocorticoid hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ablation of the parathyroids 1 week before deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) + NaCl administration prevented development of hypertension (for 1 year). But ablation of parathyroids 2 weeks after the start of treatment has no effect on the development of arterial hypertension. Autotransplantation of parathyroids in thyroidectomized rats caused a recurrence of mineralocorticoid hypertension, which was completed after DL-thyroxine supplementation: blood pressure levels were nearly the same as in DOCA sham rats. We conclude that parathyroid glands favor the establishment of mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat. These results raise the question of the mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone in the hypertensive process.", "PMID": 546483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10230", "title": "Effects of noradrenaline and metaraminol on isolated aortic strips and auricles obtained from untreated and reserpine-treated rabbits.", "content": "The isolated aortic strips of the untreated rabbits responded to noradrenaline in concentrations ranging from 20 to 160 ng/mL, whereas similar preparations from reserpine-treated animals responded to lower concentrations (from 2.5 to 10 ng/mL) and larger effects were produced by concentrations ranging from 20 to 160 ng/mL. Comparatively stronger concentrations (from 0.4 to 1.6 microgram/mL) of metaraminol were required to produce suitable contractile responses, which were not modified by reserpine pretreatment. On the isolated auricles obtained from untreated rabbits, noradrenaline was used in concentrations of 20 and 80 ng/mL, but these concentrations were reduced to 2.5 and 10 ngmL in the case of tissues obtained from reserpinized rabbits. Comparatively stronger (0.2 and 0.8 microgram/mL) concentrations of metaraminol were required to produce a stimulant effect on this preparation, and the sensitivity was not altered by reserpine pretreatment. These observations lead to the conclusions that though reserpine pretreatment produces a well-marked increase in the sensitivity of isolated rabbit aortic strips and auricles to noradrenaline, it does not modify the sensitivity of these preparations to metaraminol. Reserpine was used in 0.3 mg/kg doses injected subcutaneously for 3 successive days.", "contents": "Effects of noradrenaline and metaraminol on isolated aortic strips and auricles obtained from untreated and reserpine-treated rabbits. The isolated aortic strips of the untreated rabbits responded to noradrenaline in concentrations ranging from 20 to 160 ng/mL, whereas similar preparations from reserpine-treated animals responded to lower concentrations (from 2.5 to 10 ng/mL) and larger effects were produced by concentrations ranging from 20 to 160 ng/mL. Comparatively stronger concentrations (from 0.4 to 1.6 microgram/mL) of metaraminol were required to produce suitable contractile responses, which were not modified by reserpine pretreatment. On the isolated auricles obtained from untreated rabbits, noradrenaline was used in concentrations of 20 and 80 ng/mL, but these concentrations were reduced to 2.5 and 10 ngmL in the case of tissues obtained from reserpinized rabbits. Comparatively stronger (0.2 and 0.8 microgram/mL) concentrations of metaraminol were required to produce a stimulant effect on this preparation, and the sensitivity was not altered by reserpine pretreatment. These observations lead to the conclusions that though reserpine pretreatment produces a well-marked increase in the sensitivity of isolated rabbit aortic strips and auricles to noradrenaline, it does not modify the sensitivity of these preparations to metaraminol. Reserpine was used in 0.3 mg/kg doses injected subcutaneously for 3 successive days.", "PMID": 546484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10231", "title": "Circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic factors in acute uremia: the role of the kidney.", "content": "The role of the kidney as a source or as the excretory route for natriuretic and kaliuretic factors present in acute uremia was studied using the technique of isovolemic cross-circulation in 49 pairs (eight groups) of anaesthetized rats. Marked and similar natriuresis, kaliuresis, and diuresis occurred in recipients undergoing cross-circulation with donors subjected to either bilateral nephrectomy or total intravenous urine reinfusion for 18 h previously, and were not seen with sham-operated donors. Similar and significant, but less marked, changes occurred in two groups with bilateral nephrectomy or urine reinfusion of only 3 h duration. Urea-loaded normal donors caused a natriuresis and kaliuresis which was similar to the two 18-h uremic donor groups. When donor animals were sodium depleted prior to bilateral nephrectomy the natriuretic response in the recipients was significantly reduced. The results indicate that the kidney is not necessary for the rapid appearance of natriuretic and kaliuretic activity in the blood of acutely uremic animals, and that such activity results from the retention of factors of extrarenal origin. Natriuresis and kaliuresis result from inhibition of tubular reabsorption and are not dependent on changes in glomerular filtration or renal hemodynamics. Pitressin or aldosterone levels. Urea appears to be a major component of the circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic activity in acute uremia but evidence of other factors was also obtained.", "contents": "Circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic factors in acute uremia: the role of the kidney. The role of the kidney as a source or as the excretory route for natriuretic and kaliuretic factors present in acute uremia was studied using the technique of isovolemic cross-circulation in 49 pairs (eight groups) of anaesthetized rats. Marked and similar natriuresis, kaliuresis, and diuresis occurred in recipients undergoing cross-circulation with donors subjected to either bilateral nephrectomy or total intravenous urine reinfusion for 18 h previously, and were not seen with sham-operated donors. Similar and significant, but less marked, changes occurred in two groups with bilateral nephrectomy or urine reinfusion of only 3 h duration. Urea-loaded normal donors caused a natriuresis and kaliuresis which was similar to the two 18-h uremic donor groups. When donor animals were sodium depleted prior to bilateral nephrectomy the natriuretic response in the recipients was significantly reduced. The results indicate that the kidney is not necessary for the rapid appearance of natriuretic and kaliuretic activity in the blood of acutely uremic animals, and that such activity results from the retention of factors of extrarenal origin. Natriuresis and kaliuresis result from inhibition of tubular reabsorption and are not dependent on changes in glomerular filtration or renal hemodynamics. Pitressin or aldosterone levels. Urea appears to be a major component of the circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic activity in acute uremia but evidence of other factors was also obtained.", "PMID": 546486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10232", "title": "Metabolic responses to status epilepticus in the rat, cat, and mouse.", "content": "Prolonged sustained seizure activity (status epilepticus) was created in rats and cats using paralysis and ventilation to prevent muscular contraction and its secondary systemic effects. Under physiologic control, seizure activity was maintained for 30, 60, and 120 min. At this time the brains were frozen using the in situ technique and the cortical tissue was analyzed for energy-related metabolites. The alteration of metabolites found at these times was similar to that previously described in the first 10 min of seizure activity. No evidence was found of any significant or progressive derangement of oxidative metabolism. A progressive lactic acidemia developed in spite of adequate arterial oxygen tensions. In contrast, when mice received a similar dose of the convulsant and were allowed to convulse freely in an oxygen-enriched environment, major derangements of energy metabolism were found which were progressive and persisted following recovery for at least 18 h.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to status epilepticus in the rat, cat, and mouse. Prolonged sustained seizure activity (status epilepticus) was created in rats and cats using paralysis and ventilation to prevent muscular contraction and its secondary systemic effects. Under physiologic control, seizure activity was maintained for 30, 60, and 120 min. At this time the brains were frozen using the in situ technique and the cortical tissue was analyzed for energy-related metabolites. The alteration of metabolites found at these times was similar to that previously described in the first 10 min of seizure activity. No evidence was found of any significant or progressive derangement of oxidative metabolism. A progressive lactic acidemia developed in spite of adequate arterial oxygen tensions. In contrast, when mice received a similar dose of the convulsant and were allowed to convulse freely in an oxygen-enriched environment, major derangements of energy metabolism were found which were progressive and persisted following recovery for at least 18 h.", "PMID": 546487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10233", "title": "Catechol O-methyltransferase activity in the human placenta and liver.", "content": "Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) obtained from human liver (HL) and human placenta (HP) was found to be much less active than rat liver (RL) COMT when norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol are used as substrates. The Km values, which reflect the affinity of substrate and enzyme, show that RL COMT has the highest affinity toward the catecholamine substrates followed by HP COMT and then HL COMT. Both HP and RL COMT preparations O-methylate the catecholamines primarily in the meta position.", "contents": "Catechol O-methyltransferase activity in the human placenta and liver. Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) obtained from human liver (HL) and human placenta (HP) was found to be much less active than rat liver (RL) COMT when norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol are used as substrates. The Km values, which reflect the affinity of substrate and enzyme, show that RL COMT has the highest affinity toward the catecholamine substrates followed by HP COMT and then HL COMT. Both HP and RL COMT preparations O-methylate the catecholamines primarily in the meta position.", "PMID": 546488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10234", "title": "[Ledderhose's disease].", "content": "The authors review the cases of Ledderhose's disease come to their observation at the \"Gaetano Pini\" Orthopedic Clinic of Milan. They explain that this condition, formerly regarded as extremely rare, can no longer be considered such in the light of modern observations. After giving a brief discussion of clinical and anatomopathological features, they state that the condition is essentially benign and often associated with Dupuytren's disease. They also believe that surgical correction should be done only in the more severe instances, and comment on the extreme rarity of relapses in cases treated surgically.", "contents": "[Ledderhose's disease]. The authors review the cases of Ledderhose's disease come to their observation at the \"Gaetano Pini\" Orthopedic Clinic of Milan. They explain that this condition, formerly regarded as extremely rare, can no longer be considered such in the light of modern observations. After giving a brief discussion of clinical and anatomopathological features, they state that the condition is essentially benign and often associated with Dupuytren's disease. They also believe that surgical correction should be done only in the more severe instances, and comment on the extreme rarity of relapses in cases treated surgically.", "PMID": 546523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10235", "title": "[Orthopedic methods used in the treatment of scoliosis].", "content": "This paper describes the various technics of orthopedic surgery currently used to correct scoliosis and maintain correction. Among corrective methods they illustrate the use of the Cotrel plaster corset (E.D.F.) preceded by passive bipolar traction and autoelongation. Once correction is achieved, it must be maintained to the end skeletal growth; this is done with various types of orthopedic corsets (Lyonnais, La Padula, Milwaukee), which are used according to the patient's age and anatomical type of deformity. The authors discuss in particular the forces that are applied to the occiput and mandible with the Milwaukee corset (Logan, Cochran and Waugh), the values being recorded in diverse situations including the upright stance, ambulation, sitting position, position, supine position, and sleep (Galante, 1970). The authors also made a comparative study of the conventional Milwaukee corset (with broad chin bearing) versus the Milwaukee with hyoid bearing; and finally they illustrate the results obtained by Andriacchi and his associates in selecting the Milwaukee corset for patients with idiopathic scoliosis on the basis of the mathematical model of the rachis.", "contents": "[Orthopedic methods used in the treatment of scoliosis]. This paper describes the various technics of orthopedic surgery currently used to correct scoliosis and maintain correction. Among corrective methods they illustrate the use of the Cotrel plaster corset (E.D.F.) preceded by passive bipolar traction and autoelongation. Once correction is achieved, it must be maintained to the end skeletal growth; this is done with various types of orthopedic corsets (Lyonnais, La Padula, Milwaukee), which are used according to the patient's age and anatomical type of deformity. The authors discuss in particular the forces that are applied to the occiput and mandible with the Milwaukee corset (Logan, Cochran and Waugh), the values being recorded in diverse situations including the upright stance, ambulation, sitting position, position, supine position, and sleep (Galante, 1970). The authors also made a comparative study of the conventional Milwaukee corset (with broad chin bearing) versus the Milwaukee with hyoid bearing; and finally they illustrate the results obtained by Andriacchi and his associates in selecting the Milwaukee corset for patients with idiopathic scoliosis on the basis of the mathematical model of the rachis.", "PMID": 546526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10236", "title": "[Anastomosis of the thoracic duct and the esophagus in surgical treatment of cholestasis. Experimental research].", "content": "After brief recall of the pathophysiology of cholestasis, the authors describe a technic of internal drainage of lymph from the thoracic duct by an indirect anastomosis created surgically between the latter and the esophaghus. They conclude that the procedure definitely solves certain symptomatologic aspects of cholestasis, but has no effects on the underlying anatomopathological lesion, which does not regress once established.", "contents": "[Anastomosis of the thoracic duct and the esophagus in surgical treatment of cholestasis. Experimental research]. After brief recall of the pathophysiology of cholestasis, the authors describe a technic of internal drainage of lymph from the thoracic duct by an indirect anastomosis created surgically between the latter and the esophaghus. They conclude that the procedure definitely solves certain symptomatologic aspects of cholestasis, but has no effects on the underlying anatomopathological lesion, which does not regress once established.", "PMID": 546530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10237", "title": "[Alteratiions of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients treated with duodenoencephalopancreatectomy].", "content": "In a followup study of 14 patients treated by duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy at least one year before, the authors detected radiological evidence of bone tissue reshuffling in 64 per cent of the cases. Of these, 70 per cent showed high serum alkaline phosphatase content not attributable to cholestasis, liver metastasis, or specific bone disease. The authors call attention to the significance of this biochemical parameter for diagnostic purposes and therapeutic guidance.", "contents": "[Alteratiions of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients treated with duodenoencephalopancreatectomy]. In a followup study of 14 patients treated by duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy at least one year before, the authors detected radiological evidence of bone tissue reshuffling in 64 per cent of the cases. Of these, 70 per cent showed high serum alkaline phosphatase content not attributable to cholestasis, liver metastasis, or specific bone disease. The authors call attention to the significance of this biochemical parameter for diagnostic purposes and therapeutic guidance.", "PMID": 546531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10238", "title": "[Cystadenoma of the bile ducts].", "content": "The authors describe one case of cystadenoma of the bile ducts removed by left hemi-hepatectomy. They stress the importance of a complete angiographic examination, both in the arterial and in the venous return phase, for diagnostic purposes and correct planning of the surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Cystadenoma of the bile ducts]. The authors describe one case of cystadenoma of the bile ducts removed by left hemi-hepatectomy. They stress the importance of a complete angiographic examination, both in the arterial and in the venous return phase, for diagnostic purposes and correct planning of the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 546532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10239", "title": "[An unusual case of entero-vesical fistula caused by a foreign body].", "content": "The authors describe a rare case of sigmoidovesical fistula due to a foreign body and giving trouble 30 years after the causative surgical procedure, namely an oopheroctomy. The cause of the fistula was apparently some suture material that had not been reabsorbed. Surgical excision of the fistula produced a complete recovery.", "contents": "[An unusual case of entero-vesical fistula caused by a foreign body]. The authors describe a rare case of sigmoidovesical fistula due to a foreign body and giving trouble 30 years after the causative surgical procedure, namely an oopheroctomy. The cause of the fistula was apparently some suture material that had not been reabsorbed. Surgical excision of the fistula produced a complete recovery.", "PMID": 546533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10240", "title": "[Criteria for choice of cryosurgical hemorrhoidectomy].", "content": "In the light of their own experience the authors assess the cryosurgical method in the treatment of hemorrhoids; they point out that this method is especially suitable for patients that cannot be treated by conventional hemorrhoidectomy because of associated pathology. With cryosurgery the authors have obtained radical surgical cures without any major complication and with a definitely lower incidence of discomfort than with the conventional surgical technic.", "contents": "[Criteria for choice of cryosurgical hemorrhoidectomy]. In the light of their own experience the authors assess the cryosurgical method in the treatment of hemorrhoids; they point out that this method is especially suitable for patients that cannot be treated by conventional hemorrhoidectomy because of associated pathology. With cryosurgery the authors have obtained radical surgical cures without any major complication and with a definitely lower incidence of discomfort than with the conventional surgical technic.", "PMID": 546535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10241", "title": "[Contact thermography in the early diagnosis of tumors of the breast].", "content": "After a brief review of thermal physics and physiology, the authors explain the applications of cholesterol ester plates in the study of breast malignancy. Accumulated experience plus the fruits of statistical studies conducted in leading centers, make it advantageous to use contact thermography not only for the early diagnosis of breast malignancy but also for mass screening of the general population. In competent hands, this technic yields accurate and dependable diagnosis; the method is completely harmless to patient and physician and can be used as many times as needed; and in addition, the method is economical both in terms of time consumed and of actual cost of materials. The new method does not supersede roentgenological investigation indiscriminately but confines it to cases that remain doubtful or suspicious after clinical and thermographic examination.", "contents": "[Contact thermography in the early diagnosis of tumors of the breast]. After a brief review of thermal physics and physiology, the authors explain the applications of cholesterol ester plates in the study of breast malignancy. Accumulated experience plus the fruits of statistical studies conducted in leading centers, make it advantageous to use contact thermography not only for the early diagnosis of breast malignancy but also for mass screening of the general population. In competent hands, this technic yields accurate and dependable diagnosis; the method is completely harmless to patient and physician and can be used as many times as needed; and in addition, the method is economical both in terms of time consumed and of actual cost of materials. The new method does not supersede roentgenological investigation indiscriminately but confines it to cases that remain doubtful or suspicious after clinical and thermographic examination.", "PMID": 546537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10242", "title": "[A case of bilateral congenital aplasia of the femur].", "content": "The authors describe a rare case of bilateral congenital aplasia of the femur, seen by them at a Center for Motor Rehabilitation of the \"La Nostra Famiglia\" organization. They offer a complete clinical and roentgenographic documentation of the case, which was compounded by the presence of other congenital malformations.", "contents": "[A case of bilateral congenital aplasia of the femur]. The authors describe a rare case of bilateral congenital aplasia of the femur, seen by them at a Center for Motor Rehabilitation of the \"La Nostra Famiglia\" organization. They offer a complete clinical and roentgenographic documentation of the case, which was compounded by the presence of other congenital malformations.", "PMID": 546538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10243", "title": "Control of test substances.", "content": "The efficient control of chemicals during a nonclinical laboratory study is of the utmost importance from three main points of view: (1) integrity of the experiment, (2) safety of personnel, and (3) protection of the environment. While the general principles involved in chemical control may be set forth in formal GLPs, detailed problems concerning individual test substances can only be resolved by utilizing the competency and judgment of a researcher who possesses adequate analytical chemical methods. Integrity of an experiment requires knowledge of the identity, purity, and stability of the test substance, as well as its proper handling and storage and a knowledge of its chemical properties. Assurance of homogeneity, stability, and proper concentration of the chemical in the dosage form is also of primary importance. The development and use of adequate analytical chemical procedures for determining the test agent in human samples, air, clothing, and on work surfaces is necessary for the initiation of surveillance procedures to assure safety of personnel from exposure to the test substances. The environment must be protected from hazardous test substances by using adequate disposal techniques for the chemical and all contaminated materials. This usually involves development of wastewater cleanup systems and continuous monitoring of the effluent to prevent discharge of hazardous substances. Incineration is the most useful method for disposal of solids and highly contaminated liquids. Work from our laboratory, done during the past 5 years, provides an illustration of the important principles, problems, and pitfalls encountered in chemical control.", "contents": "Control of test substances. The efficient control of chemicals during a nonclinical laboratory study is of the utmost importance from three main points of view: (1) integrity of the experiment, (2) safety of personnel, and (3) protection of the environment. While the general principles involved in chemical control may be set forth in formal GLPs, detailed problems concerning individual test substances can only be resolved by utilizing the competency and judgment of a researcher who possesses adequate analytical chemical methods. Integrity of an experiment requires knowledge of the identity, purity, and stability of the test substance, as well as its proper handling and storage and a knowledge of its chemical properties. Assurance of homogeneity, stability, and proper concentration of the chemical in the dosage form is also of primary importance. The development and use of adequate analytical chemical procedures for determining the test agent in human samples, air, clothing, and on work surfaces is necessary for the initiation of surveillance procedures to assure safety of personnel from exposure to the test substances. The environment must be protected from hazardous test substances by using adequate disposal techniques for the chemical and all contaminated materials. This usually involves development of wastewater cleanup systems and continuous monitoring of the effluent to prevent discharge of hazardous substances. Incineration is the most useful method for disposal of solids and highly contaminated liquids. Work from our laboratory, done during the past 5 years, provides an illustration of the important principles, problems, and pitfalls encountered in chemical control.", "PMID": 546583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10244", "title": "Developmental relationships between the structure, blood supply and metabolic pattern of the vertebrate heart.", "content": "In the animal kingdom there exist four types of myocardial blood supply: a) spongious musculature alone, which is supplied from the ventricular cavity; b) an inner spongious layer covered by an outer compact musculature with a vascular supply; c) as b), but with capillaries also present in some trabeculae of spongious musculature; d) compact musculature only, supplied from coronary vessels. The development of the compact layer in different species of cold-blooded animals is more closely related to heart weight than to the phylogenetic position of the animal; the total amount of compact musculature increases with increasing heart weight. These facts give additional support to the hypothesis that the development of compact musculature is necessary for the maintenance of balanced blood pressure conditions in larger hearts. The activities of enzymes connected with aerobic oxidation and glucose phosphorylation are higher in the spongious musculature than in the compact layer. The higher aerobic oxidative capacity of the spongious layer correlates with the higher sensitivity of this musculature to the necrogenic action of isoproterenol.", "contents": "Developmental relationships between the structure, blood supply and metabolic pattern of the vertebrate heart. In the animal kingdom there exist four types of myocardial blood supply: a) spongious musculature alone, which is supplied from the ventricular cavity; b) an inner spongious layer covered by an outer compact musculature with a vascular supply; c) as b), but with capillaries also present in some trabeculae of spongious musculature; d) compact musculature only, supplied from coronary vessels. The development of the compact layer in different species of cold-blooded animals is more closely related to heart weight than to the phylogenetic position of the animal; the total amount of compact musculature increases with increasing heart weight. These facts give additional support to the hypothesis that the development of compact musculature is necessary for the maintenance of balanced blood pressure conditions in larger hearts. The activities of enzymes connected with aerobic oxidation and glucose phosphorylation are higher in the spongious musculature than in the compact layer. The higher aerobic oxidative capacity of the spongious layer correlates with the higher sensitivity of this musculature to the necrogenic action of isoproterenol.", "PMID": 546592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10245", "title": "Assessment of myocardial infarct size in clinical practice.", "content": "The myocardial infarct size was assessed on the basis of serial analyses of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in 70 patients with first transmural myocardial infarction. Clinical symptoms of heart failure (Killip II-III) were found in patients with infarcts larger than 50 CPK-g-equ; in patients with lung oedema the infarct size averaged 104.2 CPK-g-equ. Patients without clinical and roentgenological evidence of left heart failure (Killip I) had infarct sizes always lesser than 50 CPK-g-equ, averaging 31.7 CPK-g-equ. Precordial mapping of the QRS complex in patients with anterior wall infarction revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.916) between the sum of voltages of Q waves on a 30-lead map recorded 24 hours after hospitalization and the enzymically assessed infarct size. Exact skiagraphic and auscultatory examinations of the heart and lungs, together with precordial mapping of the QRS complex, in patients with anterior wall infarct allow a relatively accurate quantification of the infarct size for prognostic classification of the patients.", "contents": "Assessment of myocardial infarct size in clinical practice. The myocardial infarct size was assessed on the basis of serial analyses of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in 70 patients with first transmural myocardial infarction. Clinical symptoms of heart failure (Killip II-III) were found in patients with infarcts larger than 50 CPK-g-equ; in patients with lung oedema the infarct size averaged 104.2 CPK-g-equ. Patients without clinical and roentgenological evidence of left heart failure (Killip I) had infarct sizes always lesser than 50 CPK-g-equ, averaging 31.7 CPK-g-equ. Precordial mapping of the QRS complex in patients with anterior wall infarction revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.916) between the sum of voltages of Q waves on a 30-lead map recorded 24 hours after hospitalization and the enzymically assessed infarct size. Exact skiagraphic and auscultatory examinations of the heart and lungs, together with precordial mapping of the QRS complex, in patients with anterior wall infarct allow a relatively accurate quantification of the infarct size for prognostic classification of the patients.", "PMID": 546593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10246", "title": "Detection and clinical significance of functional intrapulmonary vascular anastomoses in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases.", "content": "In 60 patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases, both pulmonary circulation systems were examined simultaneously by catheterization and selective angiography of bronchial and lesser circulation vessels. The value of regional oxy- and barometric measurements for the diagnostics of left-to-right shunts in the lesser circulation was proved. Complex angiological examinations of both lung circulation systems helped reveal the basic variations of intrapulmonary anastomoses in both systems in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases. The formation of intrapulmonary anastomoses in such patients led to regional hyperoxygenation and to pulmonary arterial hypertension in the lesser circulation (in 18% of the patients), and to functional blockade of the perfusion (in 47% of the patients) of the affected segments, lobes, or the whole lung, which phenomenon substantially influenced the clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "Detection and clinical significance of functional intrapulmonary vascular anastomoses in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases. In 60 patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases, both pulmonary circulation systems were examined simultaneously by catheterization and selective angiography of bronchial and lesser circulation vessels. The value of regional oxy- and barometric measurements for the diagnostics of left-to-right shunts in the lesser circulation was proved. Complex angiological examinations of both lung circulation systems helped reveal the basic variations of intrapulmonary anastomoses in both systems in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases. The formation of intrapulmonary anastomoses in such patients led to regional hyperoxygenation and to pulmonary arterial hypertension in the lesser circulation (in 18% of the patients), and to functional blockade of the perfusion (in 47% of the patients) of the affected segments, lobes, or the whole lung, which phenomenon substantially influenced the clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 546594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10247", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effect of cardiac sympathectomy.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of sympathetic denervation of the heart (removal of the stellate ganglion together with the sympathetic trunk up to the level of the 5th thoracic ganglion) on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) in dog. The acute experiments were performed under general anaesthesia with pentobarbital. Unilateral left sympathetic denervation raised the VFT to 144% of the initial value (14 measurements) and unilateral right sympathectomy to 214% (9 measurements). Immediately after bilateral denervation the VFT increased to 242% (23 observations). Atropine blockade of the vagus nerve (0.1 mg/kg b.w.) displayed no effect on the VFT increase. The observed increase in VFT corresponded with the finding that bilateral sympathetic denervation of the heart protected the dogs from spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after ligating the intraventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The authors compared their own results with those reported in the literature and discuss the possible clinical use of sympathetic denervation of the heart in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effect of cardiac sympathectomy. The authors studied the effect of sympathetic denervation of the heart (removal of the stellate ganglion together with the sympathetic trunk up to the level of the 5th thoracic ganglion) on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) in dog. The acute experiments were performed under general anaesthesia with pentobarbital. Unilateral left sympathetic denervation raised the VFT to 144% of the initial value (14 measurements) and unilateral right sympathectomy to 214% (9 measurements). Immediately after bilateral denervation the VFT increased to 242% (23 observations). Atropine blockade of the vagus nerve (0.1 mg/kg b.w.) displayed no effect on the VFT increase. The observed increase in VFT corresponded with the finding that bilateral sympathetic denervation of the heart protected the dogs from spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after ligating the intraventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The authors compared their own results with those reported in the literature and discuss the possible clinical use of sympathetic denervation of the heart in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia.", "PMID": 546595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10248", "title": "Chloride localization in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves exposed to HCl gas.", "content": "An investigation of chloride accumulation and distribution in unifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris following supra-acute exposures to gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) was conducted. Plants which were 8-22 days old (post-seeding) were exposed for 20 min to HCl gas in concentrations ranging from 6.0-54.2 mg m-3 in different combinations of age and concentration. Aqueous extracts of treated unifoliates contained more chloride than was present in control leaves. In both 8 and 12-day-old leaves, the amount of chloride accumulated was proportional to the exposure concentration of HCl, but 12-day-old plants accumulated less chloride than 8-day-old plants. The number of leaves with macroscopic injury symptoms (epidermal glazing and interveinal necrosis) was also related to chloride content. Precipitation of chloride ions by silver salts was employed to examine the ultrastructural distribution of chloride. Deposits of AgCl were present in cell walls, ground plasm, vacuoles, and chloroplasts of both control and HCl-treated leaf tissues. In leaves sampled immediately after treatment, chloroplastic AgCl precipitates were less than in controls, but as sampling was delayed from the HCl treatment, AgCl deposits in chloroplasts regained control levels. The frequency and distribution of AgCl deposits indicated that chloride passed through the leaf cuticle and migrated through the apopolast. Chloride also entered the cytoplasm of cells and appeared to be sequestered in vacuoles of treated cells.", "contents": "Chloride localization in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves exposed to HCl gas. An investigation of chloride accumulation and distribution in unifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris following supra-acute exposures to gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) was conducted. Plants which were 8-22 days old (post-seeding) were exposed for 20 min to HCl gas in concentrations ranging from 6.0-54.2 mg m-3 in different combinations of age and concentration. Aqueous extracts of treated unifoliates contained more chloride than was present in control leaves. In both 8 and 12-day-old leaves, the amount of chloride accumulated was proportional to the exposure concentration of HCl, but 12-day-old plants accumulated less chloride than 8-day-old plants. The number of leaves with macroscopic injury symptoms (epidermal glazing and interveinal necrosis) was also related to chloride content. Precipitation of chloride ions by silver salts was employed to examine the ultrastructural distribution of chloride. Deposits of AgCl were present in cell walls, ground plasm, vacuoles, and chloroplasts of both control and HCl-treated leaf tissues. In leaves sampled immediately after treatment, chloroplastic AgCl precipitates were less than in controls, but as sampling was delayed from the HCl treatment, AgCl deposits in chloroplasts regained control levels. The frequency and distribution of AgCl deposits indicated that chloride passed through the leaf cuticle and migrated through the apopolast. Chloride also entered the cytoplasm of cells and appeared to be sequestered in vacuoles of treated cells.", "PMID": 546597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10249", "title": "Protection after x-irradiation by 1,4-dithiothreitol of two mammalian cell types in vitro.", "content": "1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT) was found to diminish the amount of chromosomal breakage in leucocyte cultures of the marsupial Potorous tridactylus and in the Don strain of Chinese hamster cells (LHI). The maximum decrease of damage in Potorous lymphocytes was to 54% of that of the irradiated cells without DTT treatment, and to 64% in the case of the Chinese hamster cells. For both cell types, it was shown that the most significant effect of DTT was due to its presence in the first 30 min post irradiation. The protective action of this sulphydryl compound occurred even when DTT was not present during irradiation but was introduced as soon as possible after the X-ray dose was delivered.", "contents": "Protection after x-irradiation by 1,4-dithiothreitol of two mammalian cell types in vitro. 1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT) was found to diminish the amount of chromosomal breakage in leucocyte cultures of the marsupial Potorous tridactylus and in the Don strain of Chinese hamster cells (LHI). The maximum decrease of damage in Potorous lymphocytes was to 54% of that of the irradiated cells without DTT treatment, and to 64% in the case of the Chinese hamster cells. For both cell types, it was shown that the most significant effect of DTT was due to its presence in the first 30 min post irradiation. The protective action of this sulphydryl compound occurred even when DTT was not present during irradiation but was introduced as soon as possible after the X-ray dose was delivered.", "PMID": 546598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10250", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations induced by Dispersion Yellow 3 in Rana clamitans larvae during tail regeneration.", "content": "Azo dyes have been shown to be mutagenic and toxic in a variety of organisms. The azo dye, Dispersion Yellow 3 is a pollutant in the river water supply of Northern Georgia. Preliminary and definitive studies have indicated that it is mutagenic in micro-organisms and causes several malformations in chicken embryos. The present study revealed that when larvae are exposed to the dye during tail regeneration, several aberrations are seen in the squash preparations from regenerates. Included are gaps (the most frequent abnormality), dicentrics, rings and breaks. The data suggest that this azo dye deserves more detailed study to determine its mutagenicity.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations induced by Dispersion Yellow 3 in Rana clamitans larvae during tail regeneration. Azo dyes have been shown to be mutagenic and toxic in a variety of organisms. The azo dye, Dispersion Yellow 3 is a pollutant in the river water supply of Northern Georgia. Preliminary and definitive studies have indicated that it is mutagenic in micro-organisms and causes several malformations in chicken embryos. The present study revealed that when larvae are exposed to the dye during tail regeneration, several aberrations are seen in the squash preparations from regenerates. Included are gaps (the most frequent abnormality), dicentrics, rings and breaks. The data suggest that this azo dye deserves more detailed study to determine its mutagenicity.", "PMID": 546599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10251", "title": "A possible mode of formation of mitochondrial dense bodies in cardiac muscle of a dystrophic hamster.", "content": "Pathological alterations of the fine structure of the cardiac muscle of hereditary muscular dystrophic hamsters (BIO 14.6), with peculiar changes of mitochondria, which were possible degenerative, suggest a mode of formation of intramitochondrial dense bodies. The initial stage of this process appeared in the outer compartment of a mitochondrion where the outer membrane began to vesiculate or interdigit with another outer membrane of an adjacent mitochondrion. Then this vesiculated region developed into an intramitochondrial dense area, which further invaded the central part of the mitochondrion keeping its continuity with the cristae and its vesicle substructure. Independently, some parts of the membrane of the mitochondrial cristae fused with each other and formed dark spots. They were also included in the vesiculated intramitochondrial dense area. The vesiculated outer membrane may be involved in deterioration of the calcium binding site compatible with increased calcium of the prenecrotic stage of the cardiac muscle of dystrophic hamster.", "contents": "A possible mode of formation of mitochondrial dense bodies in cardiac muscle of a dystrophic hamster. Pathological alterations of the fine structure of the cardiac muscle of hereditary muscular dystrophic hamsters (BIO 14.6), with peculiar changes of mitochondria, which were possible degenerative, suggest a mode of formation of intramitochondrial dense bodies. The initial stage of this process appeared in the outer compartment of a mitochondrion where the outer membrane began to vesiculate or interdigit with another outer membrane of an adjacent mitochondrion. Then this vesiculated region developed into an intramitochondrial dense area, which further invaded the central part of the mitochondrion keeping its continuity with the cristae and its vesicle substructure. Independently, some parts of the membrane of the mitochondrial cristae fused with each other and formed dark spots. They were also included in the vesiculated intramitochondrial dense area. The vesiculated outer membrane may be involved in deterioration of the calcium binding site compatible with increased calcium of the prenecrotic stage of the cardiac muscle of dystrophic hamster.", "PMID": 546600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10252", "title": "Permanent disability from hand dermatitis in females sensitive to nickel, chromium and cobalt.", "content": "Among 564 Danes applying for permanent disability pension due to skin diseases, 222 had allergic contact eczema. Psoriasis was the next most common disorder. Nickel allergy was found in 99 cases, of whom 91 were women with hand eczema. In 43 the primary eczema was on the hands, in 38 under costume jewellery, suspenders, ect. Besides nickel the patients were often sensitive to cobalt, rubber and formaldehyde. Within Denmark there were geographical differences, as only few applicants came from the rural areas. Ten were atopics. 63 were chrome sensitive, including 21 women who all had hand eczema. Like the nickel sensitive they often had additional allergies to cobalt, rubber and formaldehyde. In 53% of the nickel sensitive the hand eczema started in occupations with a high nickel exposure. 39% had frequent changes in occupation, often to a new job with occupational nickel contact. As the patients in the present study were all selected on the basis of their poor prognoses, we have tried to establish prognostic criteria through comparison with unselected material from within the same geographical area.", "contents": "Permanent disability from hand dermatitis in females sensitive to nickel, chromium and cobalt. Among 564 Danes applying for permanent disability pension due to skin diseases, 222 had allergic contact eczema. Psoriasis was the next most common disorder. Nickel allergy was found in 99 cases, of whom 91 were women with hand eczema. In 43 the primary eczema was on the hands, in 38 under costume jewellery, suspenders, ect. Besides nickel the patients were often sensitive to cobalt, rubber and formaldehyde. Within Denmark there were geographical differences, as only few applicants came from the rural areas. Ten were atopics. 63 were chrome sensitive, including 21 women who all had hand eczema. Like the nickel sensitive they often had additional allergies to cobalt, rubber and formaldehyde. In 53% of the nickel sensitive the hand eczema started in occupations with a high nickel exposure. 39% had frequent changes in occupation, often to a new job with occupational nickel contact. As the patients in the present study were all selected on the basis of their poor prognoses, we have tried to establish prognostic criteria through comparison with unselected material from within the same geographical area.", "PMID": 546616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10253", "title": "[Necrotic dermatitis following permanent wave process (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes a case of necrotic dermatitis in relation to a permanent wave process. The possible causes of the necrotic dermatitis are discussed.", "contents": "[Necrotic dermatitis following permanent wave process (author's transl)]. This report describes a case of necrotic dermatitis in relation to a permanent wave process. The possible causes of the necrotic dermatitis are discussed.", "PMID": 546617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10254", "title": "[Toxic contact dermatitis due to the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (author's transl)].", "content": "A 20-year-old soldier caught an eczematous contact dermatitis on the left ear after the protection of hearing \"Selektone\" had been adapted. The protection of hearing had been disinfected before in a Zephirol solution 1% aqueous. Zephirol contains the quaternary ammonium compound Benzalkonium chloride. The problems of patch testing with Benzalkontium chloride are discussed.", "contents": "[Toxic contact dermatitis due to the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (author's transl)]. A 20-year-old soldier caught an eczematous contact dermatitis on the left ear after the protection of hearing \"Selektone\" had been adapted. The protection of hearing had been disinfected before in a Zephirol solution 1% aqueous. Zephirol contains the quaternary ammonium compound Benzalkonium chloride. The problems of patch testing with Benzalkontium chloride are discussed.", "PMID": 546618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10255", "title": "Occupational contact dermatitis due to Codiaeum variegatum and possibly to Aeschynantus pulcher.", "content": "Codiaeum variegatum is a plant that has a rather strong sensitizing capacity as appeared from an examination in a large nursery of so called Crotons. Rather striking were two positive reactions to Aeschynantus pulcher (family: Gesneriaceae), It is not sure if Aeschynantus really has sensitizing properties. More investigations about handeczema caused by contact with Aeschynantus has to be performed.", "contents": "Occupational contact dermatitis due to Codiaeum variegatum and possibly to Aeschynantus pulcher. Codiaeum variegatum is a plant that has a rather strong sensitizing capacity as appeared from an examination in a large nursery of so called Crotons. Rather striking were two positive reactions to Aeschynantus pulcher (family: Gesneriaceae), It is not sure if Aeschynantus really has sensitizing properties. More investigations about handeczema caused by contact with Aeschynantus has to be performed.", "PMID": 546619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10256", "title": "Herbicidal potency of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts as a function of their physicochemical constants in duckweed.", "content": "Duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza, Kurz) is a sensitive indicator of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt (viologen) herbicidal potency. A homologous series of viologens were tested to determine relative herbicidal potency which was related to alkyl inductive and steric effects of N-alkyl side chains. Chlorosis was assessed after 48 hr of continuous illumination to establish herbicidal potency. Herbicidally effective concentrations were 2.7, 12, 236, 71, 31, 51, 13 and 43 microM for methyl (paraquat), propyl, isopropyl, butyl, methyl-pentyl, hexyl, octyl and benzyl viologen, respectively. A biphasic relationship of herbicidal potency versus steric effect was established in which compounds with the least bulky side chains were most phytotoxic. Comparison of rat lethality (acute, subcutaneous) and herbicidal potency of these compounds indicates that none of the viologens tested are less toxic to mammals than plants compared to the commercial herbicide methyl biologen (paraquat).", "contents": "Herbicidal potency of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts as a function of their physicochemical constants in duckweed. Duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza, Kurz) is a sensitive indicator of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt (viologen) herbicidal potency. A homologous series of viologens were tested to determine relative herbicidal potency which was related to alkyl inductive and steric effects of N-alkyl side chains. Chlorosis was assessed after 48 hr of continuous illumination to establish herbicidal potency. Herbicidally effective concentrations were 2.7, 12, 236, 71, 31, 51, 13 and 43 microM for methyl (paraquat), propyl, isopropyl, butyl, methyl-pentyl, hexyl, octyl and benzyl viologen, respectively. A biphasic relationship of herbicidal potency versus steric effect was established in which compounds with the least bulky side chains were most phytotoxic. Comparison of rat lethality (acute, subcutaneous) and herbicidal potency of these compounds indicates that none of the viologens tested are less toxic to mammals than plants compared to the commercial herbicide methyl biologen (paraquat).", "PMID": 546622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10257", "title": "Toxicity of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts in the rat.", "content": "Methyl (paraquat), propyl, isopropyl, butyl, methyl-pentyl, hexyl, octyl and benzyl viologens (1,1'-Alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts) were administered subcutaneously to female Sprague-Dawley rats to determine relative toxicities. These compounds all produce the spectrum of effects previously reported for paraquat and additionally produce a focal necrosis at the injection site, nonemptying of the stomach and adrenal enlargement. A lethal dose of propyl, hexyl or benzyl viologen often produced a yellow to red serous fluid in the pleural cavity. Many of the signs observed with viologen poisoning are similar to adrenal hormone effects and the suggestion is made that the adrenals may be contributing to toxicity.", "contents": "Toxicity of 1,1'-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts in the rat. Methyl (paraquat), propyl, isopropyl, butyl, methyl-pentyl, hexyl, octyl and benzyl viologens (1,1'-Alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts) were administered subcutaneously to female Sprague-Dawley rats to determine relative toxicities. These compounds all produce the spectrum of effects previously reported for paraquat and additionally produce a focal necrosis at the injection site, nonemptying of the stomach and adrenal enlargement. A lethal dose of propyl, hexyl or benzyl viologen often produced a yellow to red serous fluid in the pleural cavity. Many of the signs observed with viologen poisoning are similar to adrenal hormone effects and the suggestion is made that the adrenals may be contributing to toxicity.", "PMID": 546623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10258", "title": "Effects observed during subchronic administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) to guinea pigs.", "content": "l-Alpha acetylmethadol in water was administered by gavage to male and female guinea pigs over a period of 4 weeks: Mondays and Wednesdays, 2 mg/kg; Fridays, 3 mg/kg. Appropriate volumes of water were administered to control animals on the same schedule. Treated animals consumed significantly less feed (p less than .05) and weighed less (p less than .05) than control animals. After 4 weeks, heart rates in treated animals were less than heart rates in control animals (p less than .05). There was a higher mortality rate associated with the treated group. Dry and dull coats, runny or loose stools, scabs and sores, and alopecia were observed frequently in the treated group of animals.", "contents": "Effects observed during subchronic administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) to guinea pigs. l-Alpha acetylmethadol in water was administered by gavage to male and female guinea pigs over a period of 4 weeks: Mondays and Wednesdays, 2 mg/kg; Fridays, 3 mg/kg. Appropriate volumes of water were administered to control animals on the same schedule. Treated animals consumed significantly less feed (p less than .05) and weighed less (p less than .05) than control animals. After 4 weeks, heart rates in treated animals were less than heart rates in control animals (p less than .05). There was a higher mortality rate associated with the treated group. Dry and dull coats, runny or loose stools, scabs and sores, and alopecia were observed frequently in the treated group of animals.", "PMID": 546625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10259", "title": "NIAX catalyst ESN: subchronic neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology.", "content": "NIAX catalyst ESN (a mixture of 95% DMAPN/dimethylamino-proprionitrile and 5% A-99/bis-dimethylaminoethyl ether) was a catalyst used in the production of polyurethan foam which was reported to produce a reversible peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to it. ESN and its two components were tested by a variety of short term tests for neurologic activity. In vivo (rat and mouse) and in vitro (isolated tissue) assays were employed. Both ESN and DMAPN at dose levels of 0.25 ml/kg IP (intraperitoneally) produced tremors, convulsions, and cardiovascular effects in rats and mice. At doses as low as 0.01 ml/kg both ESN and DMAPN also induced a loss of micturition reflex in rats. A-99, though more lethal, caused no neurologic or reflex effects at doses up to 1.0 ml/kg. DMAPN was concluded to be the causative agent.", "contents": "NIAX catalyst ESN: subchronic neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology. NIAX catalyst ESN (a mixture of 95% DMAPN/dimethylamino-proprionitrile and 5% A-99/bis-dimethylaminoethyl ether) was a catalyst used in the production of polyurethan foam which was reported to produce a reversible peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to it. ESN and its two components were tested by a variety of short term tests for neurologic activity. In vivo (rat and mouse) and in vitro (isolated tissue) assays were employed. Both ESN and DMAPN at dose levels of 0.25 ml/kg IP (intraperitoneally) produced tremors, convulsions, and cardiovascular effects in rats and mice. At doses as low as 0.01 ml/kg both ESN and DMAPN also induced a loss of micturition reflex in rats. A-99, though more lethal, caused no neurologic or reflex effects at doses up to 1.0 ml/kg. DMAPN was concluded to be the causative agent.", "PMID": 546624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10260", "title": "Experimental diazepam intoxication in rodents: physostigmine and naloxone as potential antagonists.", "content": "The ability of physostigmine and naloxone to reverse the loss of righting reflex (LRR) induced by diazepam was tested in mice and rats. Physostigmine was ineffective under our test conditions, but high doses of naloxone reduced the duration of LRR in both species. However, the LD50 of diazepam in mice was unaltered by 100 or 150 mg/kg of naloxone given 1 hr after LRR to model an antidotal situation. Use of a longer duration narcotic antagonist, naltrexone (172 mg/kg), in the same design likewise failed to elevate the LD50 for diazepam. These data give limited support to prior suggestions for clinical usefulness of naloxone, although not for physostigmine, in the management of intoxication caused by diazepam.", "contents": "Experimental diazepam intoxication in rodents: physostigmine and naloxone as potential antagonists. The ability of physostigmine and naloxone to reverse the loss of righting reflex (LRR) induced by diazepam was tested in mice and rats. Physostigmine was ineffective under our test conditions, but high doses of naloxone reduced the duration of LRR in both species. However, the LD50 of diazepam in mice was unaltered by 100 or 150 mg/kg of naloxone given 1 hr after LRR to model an antidotal situation. Use of a longer duration narcotic antagonist, naltrexone (172 mg/kg), in the same design likewise failed to elevate the LD50 for diazepam. These data give limited support to prior suggestions for clinical usefulness of naloxone, although not for physostigmine, in the management of intoxication caused by diazepam.", "PMID": 546626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10261", "title": "Acute toxicity of a mercapto - functional silicone oil.", "content": "A poly(dimethylsiloxane) type silicone oil containing gamma-mercaptopropyl groups was evaluated for acute toxicity. Acute inhalation, oral and dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, skin sensitization, eye irritation and human patch testing studies failed to demonstrate any significant response to this functional oil. Transient eye irritation and barely perceptible skin irritation were among the observations. On the basis of the data presented, it is doubtful that any problems of acute toxicity will result from the use of this silicone oil.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of a mercapto - functional silicone oil. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) type silicone oil containing gamma-mercaptopropyl groups was evaluated for acute toxicity. Acute inhalation, oral and dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, skin sensitization, eye irritation and human patch testing studies failed to demonstrate any significant response to this functional oil. Transient eye irritation and barely perceptible skin irritation were among the observations. On the basis of the data presented, it is doubtful that any problems of acute toxicity will result from the use of this silicone oil.", "PMID": 546627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10262", "title": "Acute toxicity of micronized 8-methoxypsoralen in rodents.", "content": "The acute oral and intraperitoneal LD50 values of micronized 8-Methoxypsoralen were determined in rats and mice. The values obtained in the present study were lower than those previously reported. The suggestion is made that the discrepancy in the LD50 values may possibly be attributed to differences in compound particle size in the preparations used.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of micronized 8-methoxypsoralen in rodents. The acute oral and intraperitoneal LD50 values of micronized 8-Methoxypsoralen were determined in rats and mice. The values obtained in the present study were lower than those previously reported. The suggestion is made that the discrepancy in the LD50 values may possibly be attributed to differences in compound particle size in the preparations used.", "PMID": 546628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10263", "title": "Adrenergic inotropic responsiveness of embryonic chick and rat hearts.", "content": "Rates of isolated embryonic chick hearts (ECH) and embryonic rat hearts (ERH) of various ages were maintained constant by field stimulation and the characteristics of their inotropic responses to isoproterenol (Iso) were investigated. Exposure to Iso produced concentration, age, species and calcium dependent increases in contractility that were prevented by propranolol (3x10(-6) M). The slopes of the linear portions of the concentration-response curves increased with age (14-20 days) in the ERH, the maximal slope and inotropic effect being observed in the 18-day-old heart, whereas they decreased with age (3-7 days) in the ECH, the minimal slope but maximal inotropic effect being observed in the 5-day-old heart. At 10(-7) M, Iso produced approximately maximal responses at all ages in the ECH but elicited only minimal responses at all ages in the ERH, approximately ten times this concentration being required to produce maximal responses in the ERH. Reducing the calcium concentration of the bathing medium significantly increased the sensitivities of the hearts of both species to the inotropic effects of Iso. Iso-induced positive inotropic responses were also demonstrated in isolated, driven ventricles from 4-day-old ECH. These results indicate that functional, beta-adrenergic, inotropic receptors are present in the embryonic hearts of both species and undergo changes in responsiveness during embryonic development which are species-dependent.", "contents": "Adrenergic inotropic responsiveness of embryonic chick and rat hearts. Rates of isolated embryonic chick hearts (ECH) and embryonic rat hearts (ERH) of various ages were maintained constant by field stimulation and the characteristics of their inotropic responses to isoproterenol (Iso) were investigated. Exposure to Iso produced concentration, age, species and calcium dependent increases in contractility that were prevented by propranolol (3x10(-6) M). The slopes of the linear portions of the concentration-response curves increased with age (14-20 days) in the ERH, the maximal slope and inotropic effect being observed in the 18-day-old heart, whereas they decreased with age (3-7 days) in the ECH, the minimal slope but maximal inotropic effect being observed in the 5-day-old heart. At 10(-7) M, Iso produced approximately maximal responses at all ages in the ECH but elicited only minimal responses at all ages in the ERH, approximately ten times this concentration being required to produce maximal responses in the ERH. Reducing the calcium concentration of the bathing medium significantly increased the sensitivities of the hearts of both species to the inotropic effects of Iso. Iso-induced positive inotropic responses were also demonstrated in isolated, driven ventricles from 4-day-old ECH. These results indicate that functional, beta-adrenergic, inotropic receptors are present in the embryonic hearts of both species and undergo changes in responsiveness during embryonic development which are species-dependent.", "PMID": 546629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10264", "title": "[Malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in the G.D.R. (author's transl)].", "content": "Data of the national cancer registry and the official death statistics are used to analyze the incidence and mortality of malignant neoplasms of the small intestine (ICD 152), the colon (ICD 153) and the rectum (ICD 154) in the German Democratic Republic. An apparent increase of age-adjusted incidence from 1956 to 1975 and of mortality from 1960 to 1970 can be explained by more complete reporting. A further increase of incidence from 1970 on is possible but not proved. There is no conclusive evidence that results of treatment have changed. An international comparison of incidence and mortality is difficult, since sources of information are not as reliable as generally assumed.", "contents": "[Malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in the G.D.R. (author's transl)]. Data of the national cancer registry and the official death statistics are used to analyze the incidence and mortality of malignant neoplasms of the small intestine (ICD 152), the colon (ICD 153) and the rectum (ICD 154) in the German Democratic Republic. An apparent increase of age-adjusted incidence from 1956 to 1975 and of mortality from 1960 to 1970 can be explained by more complete reporting. A further increase of incidence from 1970 on is possible but not proved. There is no conclusive evidence that results of treatment have changed. An international comparison of incidence and mortality is difficult, since sources of information are not as reliable as generally assumed.", "PMID": 546630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10265", "title": "[Toxic megacolon in Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The toxic megacolon is well known in colitis ulcerosa, in colitis ulcerosa, in colitis granulomatosa--Crohn's disease--it is by far rarer. The authors observed two cases among their patients. The emergency operation consisted in applying an ileostoma and several colostomata. The definitive treatment with colectomy and ileorectostomy was done after weeks respectively months.", "contents": "[Toxic megacolon in Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. The toxic megacolon is well known in colitis ulcerosa, in colitis ulcerosa, in colitis granulomatosa--Crohn's disease--it is by far rarer. The authors observed two cases among their patients. The emergency operation consisted in applying an ileostoma and several colostomata. The definitive treatment with colectomy and ileorectostomy was done after weeks respectively months.", "PMID": 546631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10266", "title": "[The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography in the diagnosis of bile duct and pancreatic diseases. Results of 756 studies].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was successful in 626 of 756 examinations (82,8%). Choledocholithiasis in view of bile ducts and chronic pancreatitits on the score of bile ductal system are the most lesions we could observe. An acute pancreatitis in 2 cases and an infection of a pancreatic pseudocyst in 1 case were the 3 complications in our material. Meanwhile the rate of successful cannulations reached more than 90%.", "contents": "[The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography in the diagnosis of bile duct and pancreatic diseases. Results of 756 studies]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was successful in 626 of 756 examinations (82,8%). Choledocholithiasis in view of bile ducts and chronic pancreatitits on the score of bile ductal system are the most lesions we could observe. An acute pancreatitis in 2 cases and an infection of a pancreatic pseudocyst in 1 case were the 3 complications in our material. Meanwhile the rate of successful cannulations reached more than 90%.", "PMID": 546632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10267", "title": "Effect of gonadal steroids on respiratory metabolism of Anabas testudineus (Bloch).", "content": "The present investigation deals with the effect of gonadal steroids on the oxygen consumption (through gills only) in an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). A good correlation (P less than 0.05) has been established between the seasonal variations in VO2 and cyclic changes in the activity of gonads in both the sexes. Oxygen consumption in both the sexes of A. testudineus were studied for a period of fourteen months. VO2 of male Anabas remained higher as compared to female throughout the period of investigation. Statistical as well as experimental analysis of the data also indicates that the \"male hormones\" are much more effective in bringing about the homeostasis of oxidative metabolism as compared to \"female hormone\" in this fish. The treatment with testosterone brings about significant (P less than 0.001) increase in VO2 in males though the lower dose proved to be most effective. Most of the \"female hormones\" (progesterone, Duogynon forte and Ovocyclin) used in the present investigation seem to decrease the VO2 significantly in females. The decrease in VO2 was more pronounced at higher dosage. Two peaks of VO2--first in June/July and second in October--have also been observed in this fish. The reason for and mechanism of such change are discussed in the present investigation.", "contents": "Effect of gonadal steroids on respiratory metabolism of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). The present investigation deals with the effect of gonadal steroids on the oxygen consumption (through gills only) in an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). A good correlation (P less than 0.05) has been established between the seasonal variations in VO2 and cyclic changes in the activity of gonads in both the sexes. Oxygen consumption in both the sexes of A. testudineus were studied for a period of fourteen months. VO2 of male Anabas remained higher as compared to female throughout the period of investigation. Statistical as well as experimental analysis of the data also indicates that the \"male hormones\" are much more effective in bringing about the homeostasis of oxidative metabolism as compared to \"female hormone\" in this fish. The treatment with testosterone brings about significant (P less than 0.001) increase in VO2 in males though the lower dose proved to be most effective. Most of the \"female hormones\" (progesterone, Duogynon forte and Ovocyclin) used in the present investigation seem to decrease the VO2 significantly in females. The decrease in VO2 was more pronounced at higher dosage. Two peaks of VO2--first in June/July and second in October--have also been observed in this fish. The reason for and mechanism of such change are discussed in the present investigation.", "PMID": 546633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10268", "title": "[Diabetic polyneuropathy. 3. Electroneurographic findings in diabetics and their relationships to age and duration of diabetes].", "content": "Nerve conduction velocities were determined in patients with diabetes mellitus: motor conduction of the median nerve in 778 patients, sensory conduction of the median nerve in 680 patients and motor conduction of the tibial nerve in 745 patients. In 40.9% out of 778 patients at least one of the three nerve conduction velocities were found within pathological ranges. 30.4% of 227 patients below 19 years of age in whom the duration of the disease did not exceed four years exhibited at least one delayed nerve conduction velocity. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy in children and in adolescents below 19 years of age are rare (0.6%). In contrast delayed nerve conduction velocities were found in 29.4%. Metabolic disturbance of peripheral nerve function is assumed to be responsible in these patients, for angiopathy in children and adolescents is very rare too.", "contents": "[Diabetic polyneuropathy. 3. Electroneurographic findings in diabetics and their relationships to age and duration of diabetes]. Nerve conduction velocities were determined in patients with diabetes mellitus: motor conduction of the median nerve in 778 patients, sensory conduction of the median nerve in 680 patients and motor conduction of the tibial nerve in 745 patients. In 40.9% out of 778 patients at least one of the three nerve conduction velocities were found within pathological ranges. 30.4% of 227 patients below 19 years of age in whom the duration of the disease did not exceed four years exhibited at least one delayed nerve conduction velocity. Clinical signs of polyneuropathy in children and in adolescents below 19 years of age are rare (0.6%). In contrast delayed nerve conduction velocities were found in 29.4%. Metabolic disturbance of peripheral nerve function is assumed to be responsible in these patients, for angiopathy in children and adolescents is very rare too.", "PMID": 546635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10269", "title": "Electron microscopic and ultracytochemical investigations of thyroid C cells in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The subject of study were C Cells of the human thyroid in course of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by the presence of a single adenoma. C cells were estimated by routine electron microscopic technique and by cytochemical cholinesterase (ChE) reaction according to Iwayama in electron microscopic technique. The presence of single C cells and of a small agglomeration of these cells, parafollicularily localized was found in the thyroid gland. An electron dense reaction product was noticed on membraneous structures of C cells of the thyroid.", "contents": "Electron microscopic and ultracytochemical investigations of thyroid C cells in primary hyperparathyroidism. The subject of study were C Cells of the human thyroid in course of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by the presence of a single adenoma. C cells were estimated by routine electron microscopic technique and by cytochemical cholinesterase (ChE) reaction according to Iwayama in electron microscopic technique. The presence of single C cells and of a small agglomeration of these cells, parafollicularily localized was found in the thyroid gland. An electron dense reaction product was noticed on membraneous structures of C cells of the thyroid.", "PMID": 546636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10270", "title": "Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and hyporeflexia (Fisher's syndrome). With a midbrain lesion demonstrated by CT scanning.", "content": "This report concerns a patient with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and hyporeflexia (Fisher's syndrome) with a lesion in the midbrain tegmentum demonstrated by computerized-tomography (CT) scanning. Spontaneous recovery was almost complete 1 month after the onset. Based upon its strategic location, it is suggested that the lesion can explain the findings in the patient. The CT finding, if confirmed, will necessitate a reconsideration of our current pathogenetic views about Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in general and Fisher's syndrome in particular.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and hyporeflexia (Fisher's syndrome). With a midbrain lesion demonstrated by CT scanning. This report concerns a patient with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and hyporeflexia (Fisher's syndrome) with a lesion in the midbrain tegmentum demonstrated by computerized-tomography (CT) scanning. Spontaneous recovery was almost complete 1 month after the onset. Based upon its strategic location, it is suggested that the lesion can explain the findings in the patient. The CT finding, if confirmed, will necessitate a reconsideration of our current pathogenetic views about Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in general and Fisher's syndrome in particular.", "PMID": 546658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10271", "title": "Reye's syndrome in an adult.", "content": "Reye's syndrome or encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the liver occurs mainly in childhood and to a lesser degree in adult age. This report concerns a rare adult case of this syndrome in Europe. The different diagnostic steps are described, with special emphasis on the enzymatic disturbances of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle and on the morphological criteria needed to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome in an adult. Reye's syndrome or encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the liver occurs mainly in childhood and to a lesser degree in adult age. This report concerns a rare adult case of this syndrome in Europe. The different diagnostic steps are described, with special emphasis on the enzymatic disturbances of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle and on the morphological criteria needed to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 546659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10272", "title": "Giant aneurysm of the distal portion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.", "content": "The authors report a case of a giant aneurysm of the distal portion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery presenting the classical picture of a tumor of the posterior fossa. CT scan of a giant aneurysm reveals the clear margin and high density area of aneurysm wall, and the homogeneous and high density area of the organized thrombus in a cavity of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Giant aneurysm of the distal portion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The authors report a case of a giant aneurysm of the distal portion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery presenting the classical picture of a tumor of the posterior fossa. CT scan of a giant aneurysm reveals the clear margin and high density area of aneurysm wall, and the homogeneous and high density area of the organized thrombus in a cavity of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 546660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10273", "title": "Epilepsy and agitated delirium caused by an astrocytoma of the amygdala.", "content": "The clinical picture of a tumour involving the amygdaloid nucleus was characterized over a period of 6 years by generalised epileptic fits, then a state of agitated delirium with oneirism evolving during 2 months and leading finally to pulmonary embolism. The association of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders is the clinical picture usually observed in tumors of the limbic system but these symptoms are various and unspecific. The conventional neuroradiological procedures often fail to discover the lesion.", "contents": "Epilepsy and agitated delirium caused by an astrocytoma of the amygdala. The clinical picture of a tumour involving the amygdaloid nucleus was characterized over a period of 6 years by generalised epileptic fits, then a state of agitated delirium with oneirism evolving during 2 months and leading finally to pulmonary embolism. The association of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders is the clinical picture usually observed in tumors of the limbic system but these symptoms are various and unspecific. The conventional neuroradiological procedures often fail to discover the lesion.", "PMID": 546661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10274", "title": "Transient traumatic \"locked-in\" syndrome.", "content": "The first clinical case of transient traumatic locked-in syndrome is presented. The locked-in state lasted for 3 months. The patient's neurologic deficit and the abnormal auditory evoked responses pointed to a lesion involving the left pons and ventral midbrain. The locked-in syndrome caused by a traumatic damage of the brain stem structures can be transient and thus it may have a better prognosis than the locked-in syndrome secondary to the occlusion of the basilar artery.", "contents": "Transient traumatic \"locked-in\" syndrome. The first clinical case of transient traumatic locked-in syndrome is presented. The locked-in state lasted for 3 months. The patient's neurologic deficit and the abnormal auditory evoked responses pointed to a lesion involving the left pons and ventral midbrain. The locked-in syndrome caused by a traumatic damage of the brain stem structures can be transient and thus it may have a better prognosis than the locked-in syndrome secondary to the occlusion of the basilar artery.", "PMID": 546662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10275", "title": "Hypokalemic periodic paralysis in primary hyperaldosteronism. Subclinical myopathy with atrophy of the type 2A muscle fibers.", "content": "A case of a patient suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism is reported. In this case the disease is manifested clinically by periodic paralysis and hypopotasemia without permanent myopathy. The morphological study of the muscle demonstrates selective atrophy of the type 2A fibers as the most pronounced alteration. These findings suggest a chronic myopathic process.", "contents": "Hypokalemic periodic paralysis in primary hyperaldosteronism. Subclinical myopathy with atrophy of the type 2A muscle fibers. A case of a patient suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism is reported. In this case the disease is manifested clinically by periodic paralysis and hypopotasemia without permanent myopathy. The morphological study of the muscle demonstrates selective atrophy of the type 2A fibers as the most pronounced alteration. These findings suggest a chronic myopathic process.", "PMID": 546663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10276", "title": "Studies on orthocephalization. 2. Flexions of the rat head in the period between 14 and 60 days after gestation.", "content": "The present paper considers the significance of a variety of cranial flexions in the process of orthocephalization of the rat skull between 14 and 60 days postnatally. The study is based on a sample of 27 male rats, who have been x-rayed at 14, 30 and 60 days with subsequent analyses of the photographs obtained. In this period the angle between the cranial base and the facial part of the skull becomes more obtuse, i.e. the skull becomes more orthocranial. The cranial base becomes at the same time more airobasal (lordotic). Angular changes between the individual bones in the cranial vault straightens the vault markedly. By this it becomes orthodorsal. As the angle between the basisphenoid and the parietal bones stays more or less constant between 14 and 60 days, the impression is created that both the anterior and posterior parts of the neural skull rotate upwards relative to this bone complex. Thus, orthocephalization in the period between 14 and 60 days both consists of flexions between the facial and neural parts of the skull (prebasal flexions), and may be more importantly of interosseous ventral and dorsal flexions.", "contents": "Studies on orthocephalization. 2. Flexions of the rat head in the period between 14 and 60 days after gestation. The present paper considers the significance of a variety of cranial flexions in the process of orthocephalization of the rat skull between 14 and 60 days postnatally. The study is based on a sample of 27 male rats, who have been x-rayed at 14, 30 and 60 days with subsequent analyses of the photographs obtained. In this period the angle between the cranial base and the facial part of the skull becomes more obtuse, i.e. the skull becomes more orthocranial. The cranial base becomes at the same time more airobasal (lordotic). Angular changes between the individual bones in the cranial vault straightens the vault markedly. By this it becomes orthodorsal. As the angle between the basisphenoid and the parietal bones stays more or less constant between 14 and 60 days, the impression is created that both the anterior and posterior parts of the neural skull rotate upwards relative to this bone complex. Thus, orthocephalization in the period between 14 and 60 days both consists of flexions between the facial and neural parts of the skull (prebasal flexions), and may be more importantly of interosseous ventral and dorsal flexions.", "PMID": 546673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10277", "title": "The sensitivity of gel electrophoresis as a detector of genetic variation.", "content": "Three experiments based on an idea of YOUDERIAN have been performed to determine the proportions and kinds of amino acid substitutions that are detected by gel electrophoresis when applied to surveys of protein variation in populations. The experiments involved applying the sequential method of electrophoresis under several conditions of pH and gel concentration to a large sample of human hemoglobins with known amino acid substitutions. In the first experiment, a random sample of 20 different hemoglobin variants was studied, and these were separated into 17 distinct electrophoretic classes by three sequential gel conditions, thus giving a detectability of 85%. A single pass under standard conditions detected eight classes. The second experiment compared groups of substitutions that were chemically identical, but in different positions in the alpha and beta chains, while the third experiment compared pairs of substitutions that were charge equivalent, but chemically different at the same chain position. The sequential method distinguished 90% of all chemically identical substitutions when they were at different chain locations, and four out of five charge equivalent but chemically different substitutions at the same site. Examination of the location of each substitution in the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobins showed that interior substitutions usually are less different from Hb A than are surface substitutions and that local interactions with chain and spatial neighbors are sufficient to distinguish substitutions in very similar positions on the outside of the molecule. The \"charge ladder\" model of electrophoretic classes is clearly incorrect, and it appears that sequential gel electrophoresis as practiced in our Drosophila surveys has detected a substantial fraction of amino acid substitutions if hemoglobin is regarded as a model. This estimate may be modified as other molecules beside hemoglobin are subjected to similar calibration experiments.", "contents": "The sensitivity of gel electrophoresis as a detector of genetic variation. Three experiments based on an idea of YOUDERIAN have been performed to determine the proportions and kinds of amino acid substitutions that are detected by gel electrophoresis when applied to surveys of protein variation in populations. The experiments involved applying the sequential method of electrophoresis under several conditions of pH and gel concentration to a large sample of human hemoglobins with known amino acid substitutions. In the first experiment, a random sample of 20 different hemoglobin variants was studied, and these were separated into 17 distinct electrophoretic classes by three sequential gel conditions, thus giving a detectability of 85%. A single pass under standard conditions detected eight classes. The second experiment compared groups of substitutions that were chemically identical, but in different positions in the alpha and beta chains, while the third experiment compared pairs of substitutions that were charge equivalent, but chemically different at the same chain position. The sequential method distinguished 90% of all chemically identical substitutions when they were at different chain locations, and four out of five charge equivalent but chemically different substitutions at the same site. Examination of the location of each substitution in the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobins showed that interior substitutions usually are less different from Hb A than are surface substitutions and that local interactions with chain and spatial neighbors are sufficient to distinguish substitutions in very similar positions on the outside of the molecule. The \"charge ladder\" model of electrophoretic classes is clearly incorrect, and it appears that sequential gel electrophoresis as practiced in our Drosophila surveys has detected a substantial fraction of amino acid substitutions if hemoglobin is regarded as a model. This estimate may be modified as other molecules beside hemoglobin are subjected to similar calibration experiments.", "PMID": 546674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10278", "title": "Polymorphisms, linkage and mapping of four enzyme loci in the fish genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae).", "content": "Electrophoretic variants at four additional enzyme loci--two esterases (Est-2, Est-3), retinal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1) and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI)--among three species and four subspecies of fish of the genus Xiphophorus were observed. Electrophoretic patterns in F1 hybrid heterozygotes confirmed the monomeric structures of MPI and the esterase and the tetrametric structure of LDH in these fishes. Variant alleles of all four loci displayed normal Mendelian segregation in backcross and F2 hybrids. Recombination data from backcross hybrids mapped with Haldane's mapping function indicate the four loci to be linked as Est-2--0.43--Est3--0.26--LDH-1--0.19--MPI. Significant interference was detected and apparently concentrated in the Est-3 to MPI region. No significant sex-specific differences in recombination were observed. This group (designated linkage group II) was shown to assort independently from the three loci of linkage group I (adenosine deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) and from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and two isocitrate dehydrogenase loci. Evidence for conservation of the linkage group, at least in part, in other vertebrate species is presented.", "contents": "Polymorphisms, linkage and mapping of four enzyme loci in the fish genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae). Electrophoretic variants at four additional enzyme loci--two esterases (Est-2, Est-3), retinal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1) and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI)--among three species and four subspecies of fish of the genus Xiphophorus were observed. Electrophoretic patterns in F1 hybrid heterozygotes confirmed the monomeric structures of MPI and the esterase and the tetrametric structure of LDH in these fishes. Variant alleles of all four loci displayed normal Mendelian segregation in backcross and F2 hybrids. Recombination data from backcross hybrids mapped with Haldane's mapping function indicate the four loci to be linked as Est-2--0.43--Est3--0.26--LDH-1--0.19--MPI. Significant interference was detected and apparently concentrated in the Est-3 to MPI region. No significant sex-specific differences in recombination were observed. This group (designated linkage group II) was shown to assort independently from the three loci of linkage group I (adenosine deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) and from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and two isocitrate dehydrogenase loci. Evidence for conservation of the linkage group, at least in part, in other vertebrate species is presented.", "PMID": 546675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10279", "title": "Adult triploids in a rainbow trout family.", "content": "Six triploid individuals were found in a full-sib family of 11 adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a domesticated hatchery stock. The triploid individuals were normal in size and external appearance, had underdeveloped gonads, and showed no evidence of 3n/2n chimerism or mosaicism. XXY triploids were males, suggesting that the Y chromosome is male determining in trout. Because they may avoid production losses associated with sexual maturation in normal fish, triploid trout and salmon could potentially be useful in fish culture.", "contents": "Adult triploids in a rainbow trout family. Six triploid individuals were found in a full-sib family of 11 adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a domesticated hatchery stock. The triploid individuals were normal in size and external appearance, had underdeveloped gonads, and showed no evidence of 3n/2n chimerism or mosaicism. XXY triploids were males, suggesting that the Y chromosome is male determining in trout. Because they may avoid production losses associated with sexual maturation in normal fish, triploid trout and salmon could potentially be useful in fish culture.", "PMID": 546676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10280", "title": "Genic heterogeneity within electrophoretic \"alleles\" and the pattern of variation among loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "An investigation, similar to our previously reported xanthine dehydrogenase study, was undertaken to examine the extent of hidden genic variation at nine loci (five larval proteins, three esterases and one aldehyde oxidase) by sequential application of various electrophoretic criteria employing pH, gel concentration and buffer variation. Polymorphic loci appear to fall into two distinct groups: weakly polymorphic, including larval protein 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13 and esterase-1 and -6; and highly polymorphic, including esterase-5, Xdh and possibly Ao. Monomorphic loci may belong to a third group different from all polymorphic loci. Bogota, a geographical isolate that is reproductively isolated from the mainland population, was found to be genetically distinct at four of the ten loci examined in detail so far, including Xdh, whereas previously it was found to be genetically distinct at none. These results are discussed in the light of balancing selection, neutral and mutation-selection hypotheses of genic variation in natural populations.", "contents": "Genic heterogeneity within electrophoretic \"alleles\" and the pattern of variation among loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. An investigation, similar to our previously reported xanthine dehydrogenase study, was undertaken to examine the extent of hidden genic variation at nine loci (five larval proteins, three esterases and one aldehyde oxidase) by sequential application of various electrophoretic criteria employing pH, gel concentration and buffer variation. Polymorphic loci appear to fall into two distinct groups: weakly polymorphic, including larval protein 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13 and esterase-1 and -6; and highly polymorphic, including esterase-5, Xdh and possibly Ao. Monomorphic loci may belong to a third group different from all polymorphic loci. Bogota, a geographical isolate that is reproductively isolated from the mainland population, was found to be genetically distinct at four of the ten loci examined in detail so far, including Xdh, whereas previously it was found to be genetically distinct at none. These results are discussed in the light of balancing selection, neutral and mutation-selection hypotheses of genic variation in natural populations.", "PMID": 546677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10281", "title": "Geographical disproportions of multiple sclerosis in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "In the sanatorium in Vr\u00e1z near Pisek in 1970-1978 3310 patients with multiple sclerosis received spa treatment. By analysis of their birth place, domicile at age of 15 years and present domicile we tried to assess the geographical distribution of the disease in Czechoslovakia. The area of the suspected highest frequency of MS is the northwestern part of Bohemia with the maximum near Teplice and Most. The lowest frequency was recorded in the lowland areas of southern Moravia and southern Slovakia including Bratislava. The frequency gradient from the north-west towards the south-east, the demarcation line formed by the 49th northern parallel and some ecological relations are very striking and deserve further research and confirmation.", "contents": "Geographical disproportions of multiple sclerosis in Czechoslovakia. In the sanatorium in Vr\u00e1z near Pisek in 1970-1978 3310 patients with multiple sclerosis received spa treatment. By analysis of their birth place, domicile at age of 15 years and present domicile we tried to assess the geographical distribution of the disease in Czechoslovakia. The area of the suspected highest frequency of MS is the northwestern part of Bohemia with the maximum near Teplice and Most. The lowest frequency was recorded in the lowland areas of southern Moravia and southern Slovakia including Bratislava. The frequency gradient from the north-west towards the south-east, the demarcation line formed by the 49th northern parallel and some ecological relations are very striking and deserve further research and confirmation.", "PMID": 546678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10282", "title": "Organochlorinated pesticides in the Argentine Antarctic sector and Atlantic coastline waters.", "content": "The presence of organochlorinated pesticides in water samples drawn in the Argentine Antarctic Sector and Atlantic coastline has been proved. In general, these samples showed quantities that varied between a few hundredths of a ppmm to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides, depending on the locations, the levels found were definitely higher. With the exception of Dieldrin, which appeared in only one sample/in what would seem to be its course few hundredths of a ppm, to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides found were the same as those reported in previous investigations. The isolated cases of high pesticide contents in water samples drawn at wharves and of snow in the vicinity of Almirante Brown Base show up clearly the influence of human activity on the contamination of the environment.", "contents": "Organochlorinated pesticides in the Argentine Antarctic sector and Atlantic coastline waters. The presence of organochlorinated pesticides in water samples drawn in the Argentine Antarctic Sector and Atlantic coastline has been proved. In general, these samples showed quantities that varied between a few hundredths of a ppmm to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides, depending on the locations, the levels found were definitely higher. With the exception of Dieldrin, which appeared in only one sample/in what would seem to be its course few hundredths of a ppm, to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides found were the same as those reported in previous investigations. The isolated cases of high pesticide contents in water samples drawn at wharves and of snow in the vicinity of Almirante Brown Base show up clearly the influence of human activity on the contamination of the environment.", "PMID": 546680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10283", "title": "Researches for the prevention of dangers of pesticides used in agriculture.", "content": "The authors surveyed pesticide use during a 7-year period in Szabolcs-Szatm\u00e1r county. Evaluating their research data they introduced a new concept on the basis that they assured the possibility for stating the different pesticide load of different regions.", "contents": "Researches for the prevention of dangers of pesticides used in agriculture. The authors surveyed pesticide use during a 7-year period in Szabolcs-Szatm\u00e1r county. Evaluating their research data they introduced a new concept on the basis that they assured the possibility for stating the different pesticide load of different regions.", "PMID": 546686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10284", "title": "Effects of the m gene for muscular hypertrophy on birth weight and growth to one year of age in beef cattle.", "content": "182 calves, mostly Angus but also of Hereford and Shorthorn breeding, born in the University herd, were studied, including 55, born during Spring 1970, genotypically distributed as 8 mm, 33 m+ and 14 ++. Eighteen of the 24 homozygotes (mm) had the typical double-muscled conformation at birth (mmY); in the remainder, the typical bulging muscles usually manifested themselves within one month after birth. Averaged over sexes, mmY calves were 4.4 kg heavier (P less than 0.05) than the Angus (++) breed average of 26.6 kg. Compared within-sires, mmY calves were 4.0 kg heavier than m+. Heterozygotes (m+) were 0.4 kg heavier than the normal (++) average. Estimating differences between mm, m+ and ++ for post-natal traits was confined to the 1970 calves because experimental conditions were controlled. Double-muscled (mm) calves had a higher (+7%) 180-day weight compared with normal (++) calves. After weaning at approximately 180 days, until yearling age, bulls and heifers received diets with roughage:concentrate ratios of 75:25 and 70:30, respectively. The post-weaning growth rate of mm calves was depressed (-17%) due to a reduced (-11%) feed intake compared with non-mm controls. Homozygotes had a lower (-4%) liveweight at 365 days, compared with ++ animals. Least squares estimates of the difference (m+ - ++) at birth, 180 days and 365 days were -1.0 +/- 1.0 kg, +7.3 +/- 4.5 kg and +7.3 +/- 6.3 kg, respectively.", "contents": "Effects of the m gene for muscular hypertrophy on birth weight and growth to one year of age in beef cattle. 182 calves, mostly Angus but also of Hereford and Shorthorn breeding, born in the University herd, were studied, including 55, born during Spring 1970, genotypically distributed as 8 mm, 33 m+ and 14 ++. Eighteen of the 24 homozygotes (mm) had the typical double-muscled conformation at birth (mmY); in the remainder, the typical bulging muscles usually manifested themselves within one month after birth. Averaged over sexes, mmY calves were 4.4 kg heavier (P less than 0.05) than the Angus (++) breed average of 26.6 kg. Compared within-sires, mmY calves were 4.0 kg heavier than m+. Heterozygotes (m+) were 0.4 kg heavier than the normal (++) average. Estimating differences between mm, m+ and ++ for post-natal traits was confined to the 1970 calves because experimental conditions were controlled. Double-muscled (mm) calves had a higher (+7%) 180-day weight compared with normal (++) calves. After weaning at approximately 180 days, until yearling age, bulls and heifers received diets with roughage:concentrate ratios of 75:25 and 70:30, respectively. The post-weaning growth rate of mm calves was depressed (-17%) due to a reduced (-11%) feed intake compared with non-mm controls. Homozygotes had a lower (-4%) liveweight at 365 days, compared with ++ animals. Least squares estimates of the difference (m+ - ++) at birth, 180 days and 365 days were -1.0 +/- 1.0 kg, +7.3 +/- 4.5 kg and +7.3 +/- 6.3 kg, respectively.", "PMID": 546687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10285", "title": "Histones and histone-DNA ratios in diploid and polyploid cottons.", "content": "Histones are nuclear proteins which repress gene transcription and modify chromosome structure. They are remarkably conservative in structure throughout a wide evolutionary array of plants and animals; however, quantitative histone differences have been detected by cytological means in species having extra chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to: 1) isolate and characterize the histones of several Gossypium species and 2) relate differences to known differences in vigor, ploidy level, and genome constitution or size. Histones extracted from isolated nuclei of leaf tissues were characterized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels into 14 subfractions of the five major histone classes. The subfractions were identified by various means including co-electrophoresis with known histone standards. Densitometric analysis revealed only slight quantitative differences in subfraction ratios between species. Histone-DNA ratios were significantly higher in the pentaploid species. This observed increase is considered a result of genome imbalance. These data support the premise that histones may function as generalized gene deactivators in plant species having multiple genomes.", "contents": "Histones and histone-DNA ratios in diploid and polyploid cottons. Histones are nuclear proteins which repress gene transcription and modify chromosome structure. They are remarkably conservative in structure throughout a wide evolutionary array of plants and animals; however, quantitative histone differences have been detected by cytological means in species having extra chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to: 1) isolate and characterize the histones of several Gossypium species and 2) relate differences to known differences in vigor, ploidy level, and genome constitution or size. Histones extracted from isolated nuclei of leaf tissues were characterized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels into 14 subfractions of the five major histone classes. The subfractions were identified by various means including co-electrophoresis with known histone standards. Densitometric analysis revealed only slight quantitative differences in subfraction ratios between species. Histone-DNA ratios were significantly higher in the pentaploid species. This observed increase is considered a result of genome imbalance. These data support the premise that histones may function as generalized gene deactivators in plant species having multiple genomes.", "PMID": 546689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10286", "title": "Height increments in prepubertal children.", "content": "The heights of 51 normal boys and girls were measured at regular intervals throughout a year. The data were analyzed to determine in the normally growing child, the shortest time interval regardless of the time of year during which an increase in height should be expected to be recognized in every child. That interval is 16 weeks.", "contents": "Height increments in prepubertal children. The heights of 51 normal boys and girls were measured at regular intervals throughout a year. The data were analyzed to determine in the normally growing child, the shortest time interval regardless of the time of year during which an increase in height should be expected to be recognized in every child. That interval is 16 weeks.", "PMID": 546688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10287", "title": "A new nonparametric technique for constructing percentiles and normal ranges for growth curves determined from longitudinal data.", "content": "A new nonparametric method is proposed for the construction of percentile curves and normal ranges which can be used to classify an individual's growth, velocity, and acceleration of growth dynamically over a time interval selected for its biological importance. Although the procedure requires longitudinal data, it is not necessary that all subjects be measured at identical times. Unlike classic static methods it does not provide percentile curves that are typical of no one. The median curve is the actual curve of the most \"central\" individual. The method is applicable to growth curves of any form with a general computer program already available for many forms. The technique is demonstrated for growth in weight curves smoothed by high degree polynomials.", "contents": "A new nonparametric technique for constructing percentiles and normal ranges for growth curves determined from longitudinal data. A new nonparametric method is proposed for the construction of percentile curves and normal ranges which can be used to classify an individual's growth, velocity, and acceleration of growth dynamically over a time interval selected for its biological importance. Although the procedure requires longitudinal data, it is not necessary that all subjects be measured at identical times. Unlike classic static methods it does not provide percentile curves that are typical of no one. The median curve is the actual curve of the most \"central\" individual. The method is applicable to growth curves of any form with a general computer program already available for many forms. The technique is demonstrated for growth in weight curves smoothed by high degree polynomials.", "PMID": 546690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10288", "title": "Effect of maternal ethanol administration on physical growth of the offspring in rats.", "content": "To study the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the postnatal growth and physical development of the offspring, female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-220 g) were assigned to one of 3 groups. Group I (alcohol) received alcohol in drinking water (up to 20% v/v) for at least 4 weeks prior to mating, and 30% (v/v) throughout gestation. Purina Lab Chow was ad libitum. Group II (pair-fed) received the same amount of chow as was consumed by alcohol-fed animals, and an amount of corn starch calorically equivalent to the amount of alcohol consumed. Group III (ad libitum) were given chow and water ad libitum. Postnatally all animals were given chow and water ad libitum until day 51 post conception (PC). During pregnancy alcohol provided about 28% of the calories in group I, and the total calorie intakes of the alcohol and pair-fed groups were approximately 60% of that of the ad libitum controls. Weights at birth of offspring of pair-fed and ad libitum control mothers are not significantly different, but the offspring of animals given alcohol show a weight deficit of 28%, compared to the ad libitum controls. During the ensuing four weeks weight shows no indication of catching up to the controls. Total length shows the same pattern as body weight. Skeletal and muscle measurements are significantly less (p less than 0.01) in young of alcohol treated mothers than in those of the ad libitum control mothers. Skeletal maturity in the alcohol group lags behind (p less than 0.01) that of the pair-fed and ad libitum control groups and catch-up is not evident to day 51 PC. It is concluded that young born to animals given alcohol prior to and throughout gestation are physically and developmentally retarded and fail to catch up to the controls during the first four weeks after birth, although not exposed to alcohol postnatally.", "contents": "Effect of maternal ethanol administration on physical growth of the offspring in rats. To study the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the postnatal growth and physical development of the offspring, female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-220 g) were assigned to one of 3 groups. Group I (alcohol) received alcohol in drinking water (up to 20% v/v) for at least 4 weeks prior to mating, and 30% (v/v) throughout gestation. Purina Lab Chow was ad libitum. Group II (pair-fed) received the same amount of chow as was consumed by alcohol-fed animals, and an amount of corn starch calorically equivalent to the amount of alcohol consumed. Group III (ad libitum) were given chow and water ad libitum. Postnatally all animals were given chow and water ad libitum until day 51 post conception (PC). During pregnancy alcohol provided about 28% of the calories in group I, and the total calorie intakes of the alcohol and pair-fed groups were approximately 60% of that of the ad libitum controls. Weights at birth of offspring of pair-fed and ad libitum control mothers are not significantly different, but the offspring of animals given alcohol show a weight deficit of 28%, compared to the ad libitum controls. During the ensuing four weeks weight shows no indication of catching up to the controls. Total length shows the same pattern as body weight. Skeletal and muscle measurements are significantly less (p less than 0.01) in young of alcohol treated mothers than in those of the ad libitum control mothers. Skeletal maturity in the alcohol group lags behind (p less than 0.01) that of the pair-fed and ad libitum control groups and catch-up is not evident to day 51 PC. It is concluded that young born to animals given alcohol prior to and throughout gestation are physically and developmentally retarded and fail to catch up to the controls during the first four weeks after birth, although not exposed to alcohol postnatally.", "PMID": 546691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10289", "title": "Mannose-contaminating agglutinin for Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii.", "content": "Rapid agglutination of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii cells by D-mannose solutions was observed during studies of their attachment to mammalian cells in vitro. The specificity of the agglutination reaction was studied by slide agglutination tests and by measuring the rate of decrease in optical density of bacterial phosphate buffer suspensions caused by the setting of bacterial aggregates. Actinomyces cells were agglutinated by protein-containing mannose solutions of several chemical suppliers. Solutions of sugars other than D-mannose and solutions of mannitol and mannan all failed to agglutinate A. viscsus and A. naeslundii. \"Mannose-enhanced\" agglutination was impaired by boiling or autoclaving the mannose but was not affected by heating the bacteria, the presence of chloramphenicol, running the assay in the cold, or incorporating any of several commercially purchased sugars in the reaction mixture. During these hapten inhibition experiments, only 6-deoxy-L-talcose-containing extracts of an A. viscosus strain retarded the rate of mannose-enhanced agglutination. Protein-containing fractions of D-mannose mother liquors also agglutinated cells of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii. Other species of oral gram-positive rods were not agglutinated by mannose solutions. Together the data indicate that plant seed-derived D-mannose contains a protein-associated agglutinin for A. viscosus and A. naeslundii which may function via a \"lectin-like\" selective affinity for the unique cell wall sugar 6-deoxy-L-talose.", "contents": "Mannose-contaminating agglutinin for Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. Rapid agglutination of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii cells by D-mannose solutions was observed during studies of their attachment to mammalian cells in vitro. The specificity of the agglutination reaction was studied by slide agglutination tests and by measuring the rate of decrease in optical density of bacterial phosphate buffer suspensions caused by the setting of bacterial aggregates. Actinomyces cells were agglutinated by protein-containing mannose solutions of several chemical suppliers. Solutions of sugars other than D-mannose and solutions of mannitol and mannan all failed to agglutinate A. viscsus and A. naeslundii. \"Mannose-enhanced\" agglutination was impaired by boiling or autoclaving the mannose but was not affected by heating the bacteria, the presence of chloramphenicol, running the assay in the cold, or incorporating any of several commercially purchased sugars in the reaction mixture. During these hapten inhibition experiments, only 6-deoxy-L-talcose-containing extracts of an A. viscosus strain retarded the rate of mannose-enhanced agglutination. Protein-containing fractions of D-mannose mother liquors also agglutinated cells of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii. Other species of oral gram-positive rods were not agglutinated by mannose solutions. Together the data indicate that plant seed-derived D-mannose contains a protein-associated agglutinin for A. viscosus and A. naeslundii which may function via a \"lectin-like\" selective affinity for the unique cell wall sugar 6-deoxy-L-talose.", "PMID": 546781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10290", "title": "Intoxication of cells from different-aged embryos by diphtheria toxin.", "content": "Different methods were used to assay diphtheria toxin sensitivity of fibroblast and heart cell cultures from chicken embryos of various ages. As defined by inhibition of protein synthesis, fibroblasts from 18-day and younger embryos respond more rapidly to toxin than fibroblasts from older embryos. The response of heart cells cultures is independent of the age of the embryos and is similar to the response of fibroblasts from 18-day embryos. Since the EF-2 content is 10-fold less in fibroblasts from 21-day-old embryos, the different responses of protein synthesis to intoxication appear to reside at the membrane level. Cytotoxicity assays in cell culture and in vivo toxin sensitivity assays show that cells  from both young and old embryos, as well as whole embryos, are equally sensitive to toxin. Thus, short-term (5-h) measurements of inhibition of protein synthesis are insufficient for determining the relative sensitivity of cells to intoxication as defined by cell death.", "contents": "Intoxication of cells from different-aged embryos by diphtheria toxin. Different methods were used to assay diphtheria toxin sensitivity of fibroblast and heart cell cultures from chicken embryos of various ages. As defined by inhibition of protein synthesis, fibroblasts from 18-day and younger embryos respond more rapidly to toxin than fibroblasts from older embryos. The response of heart cells cultures is independent of the age of the embryos and is similar to the response of fibroblasts from 18-day embryos. Since the EF-2 content is 10-fold less in fibroblasts from 21-day-old embryos, the different responses of protein synthesis to intoxication appear to reside at the membrane level. Cytotoxicity assays in cell culture and in vivo toxin sensitivity assays show that cells  from both young and old embryos, as well as whole embryos, are equally sensitive to toxin. Thus, short-term (5-h) measurements of inhibition of protein synthesis are insufficient for determining the relative sensitivity of cells to intoxication as defined by cell death.", "PMID": 546782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10291", "title": "Regression of a murine fibrosarcoma after intralesional injection of a synthetic C39 glycolipid related to cord factor.", "content": "Intratumoral injection of ultrasonically prepared emulsions of the synthetic glycolipid methly 6-O-(2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (designated C39) induced complete regression of transplants of a syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma in most of the treated animals as did 6,6'-di-O(2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-alpha,alpha,-trehalose (designated C76) in a previous study. The C76 compound, about twice the molecular weight of C39, was more effective therapeutically than the smaller molecule. Ultrasonically prepared emulsions of C39 and C76 were not toxic when given intravenously. Intravenously administered emulsions of C39 prepared by mechanical grinding were more toxic, but less granulomagenic, than those containing C76. Squalane and squalene, but not peanut oil, were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of C39 in the treatment of the tumor.", "contents": "Regression of a murine fibrosarcoma after intralesional injection of a synthetic C39 glycolipid related to cord factor. Intratumoral injection of ultrasonically prepared emulsions of the synthetic glycolipid methly 6-O-(2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (designated C39) induced complete regression of transplants of a syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma in most of the treated animals as did 6,6'-di-O(2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-alpha,alpha,-trehalose (designated C76) in a previous study. The C76 compound, about twice the molecular weight of C39, was more effective therapeutically than the smaller molecule. Ultrasonically prepared emulsions of C39 and C76 were not toxic when given intravenously. Intravenously administered emulsions of C39 prepared by mechanical grinding were more toxic, but less granulomagenic, than those containing C76. Squalane and squalene, but not peanut oil, were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of C39 in the treatment of the tumor.", "PMID": 546783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10292", "title": "Kinetics of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The rate of uptake of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages in vitro was studied by use of Lineweaver-Burk analysis. It was found that competition for ingestion by excess unlabeled particles, either staphylococci or unrelated particles, resulted in diminished uptake of the labeled particles and that opsonization of particles with specific antiserum enhanced that uptake solely by altering the maximum velocity of uptake (Vmax). Uptake of radiolabeled staphylococci opsonized with specific antiserum was not inhibited by excess numbers of unopsonized organisms; the ingestion was inhibited by excess numbers of opsonized unlabeled organisms, and that inhibition was characterized by depression of Vmax. Inhibition of phagocytosis by indoacetate and cytochalasin B resulted from depression in both Vmax and Michaelis constate (Km). In addition, the phagocytic function of macrophages improved during in vitro culture, a phenomenon which was particularly striking for alveolar macrophages. That enhancement of activity resulted from improvements in both Vmax and Km. Addition of opsonizing antibody at any stage of in vitro maturation resulted in further increases in phagocytic uptake, increases which affected only Vmax. The in vitro maturation of phagocytic function by alveolar macrophages could be inhibited by both 2-deoxy-D-glucose and cycloheximide, but not by culture in hypoxia. The data indicate that the terms of Lineweaver-Burk analysis cna be correlated with functional aspects of phagocytosis and that Vmax represents the avidity of the macrophage surface for the particle, whereas Km is an index of the capacity of the cell for ingestion.", "contents": "Kinetics of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. The rate of uptake of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages in vitro was studied by use of Lineweaver-Burk analysis. It was found that competition for ingestion by excess unlabeled particles, either staphylococci or unrelated particles, resulted in diminished uptake of the labeled particles and that opsonization of particles with specific antiserum enhanced that uptake solely by altering the maximum velocity of uptake (Vmax). Uptake of radiolabeled staphylococci opsonized with specific antiserum was not inhibited by excess numbers of unopsonized organisms; the ingestion was inhibited by excess numbers of opsonized unlabeled organisms, and that inhibition was characterized by depression of Vmax. Inhibition of phagocytosis by indoacetate and cytochalasin B resulted from depression in both Vmax and Michaelis constate (Km). In addition, the phagocytic function of macrophages improved during in vitro culture, a phenomenon which was particularly striking for alveolar macrophages. That enhancement of activity resulted from improvements in both Vmax and Km. Addition of opsonizing antibody at any stage of in vitro maturation resulted in further increases in phagocytic uptake, increases which affected only Vmax. The in vitro maturation of phagocytic function by alveolar macrophages could be inhibited by both 2-deoxy-D-glucose and cycloheximide, but not by culture in hypoxia. The data indicate that the terms of Lineweaver-Burk analysis cna be correlated with functional aspects of phagocytosis and that Vmax represents the avidity of the macrophage surface for the particle, whereas Km is an index of the capacity of the cell for ingestion.", "PMID": 546784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10293", "title": "Synergistic protection against experimental cholera by immunization with cholera toxoid and vaccine.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with two parenteral injections of Wellcome toxoid PX389A, Wyeth toxoid 20101, or Merck bivalent vaccine. Other groups of rabbits were immunized with combinations of the Merck vaccine and each of the two toxoids. Antitoxin responses were monitored in each group of rabbits before livecell challenge of each animal by the ligated intestinal loop assay. Inaba and Ogawa strains of Vibrio cholerae were used for challenge experiments. Basically, the data indicate that the toxoids were equivalent in antigenic potency and antitoxin responses were unaffected by combination of the toxoids with the whole-cell vaccine. The 50 microgram doses of each toxoid as well as the 4 X 10(9) cells of the bivalent vaccine provided the same magnitude of protection against live-cell challenge with either Inaba or Ogawa vibrios. Immunization with either toxoid in combination with the bivalent vaccine resulted in a synergistic protective response against live-cell challenge of intestinal loops with V. cholerae. Synergistic protection was observed when toxoid and vaccine were administered together by the oral and parenteral routes. Maximum protection was obtained when rabbits were immunized with the combined toxoid-whole-cell vaccine administered by both oral and parenteral routes.", "contents": "Synergistic protection against experimental cholera by immunization with cholera toxoid and vaccine. Rabbits were immunized with two parenteral injections of Wellcome toxoid PX389A, Wyeth toxoid 20101, or Merck bivalent vaccine. Other groups of rabbits were immunized with combinations of the Merck vaccine and each of the two toxoids. Antitoxin responses were monitored in each group of rabbits before livecell challenge of each animal by the ligated intestinal loop assay. Inaba and Ogawa strains of Vibrio cholerae were used for challenge experiments. Basically, the data indicate that the toxoids were equivalent in antigenic potency and antitoxin responses were unaffected by combination of the toxoids with the whole-cell vaccine. The 50 microgram doses of each toxoid as well as the 4 X 10(9) cells of the bivalent vaccine provided the same magnitude of protection against live-cell challenge with either Inaba or Ogawa vibrios. Immunization with either toxoid in combination with the bivalent vaccine resulted in a synergistic protective response against live-cell challenge of intestinal loops with V. cholerae. Synergistic protection was observed when toxoid and vaccine were administered together by the oral and parenteral routes. Maximum protection was obtained when rabbits were immunized with the combined toxoid-whole-cell vaccine administered by both oral and parenteral routes.", "PMID": 546785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10294", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence to nylon: effect of oral corticosteroids.", "content": "The effect of orally administered glucocorticoids on polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence was studied by using the nylon fiber adherence assay. Inhibition of adherence 4 h after administration of the agent was confirmed, and in addition, augmentation of adherence was noted 24 h after ingestion of prednisone. Crossover studies revealed inhibition and augmentation to be cell associated as well as plasma mediated. Suspension of washed, dextran-sedimented polymorphonuclear leukocytes, harvested 4 h after prednisone ingestion in base-line or 24-h plasma failed to reverse inhibition of adherence. Adherence of 24-h polymorphonuclear leukocytes was augmented when suspended in all test plasmas. Plasma-mediated effects were demonstrated by inhibition of base-line adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes suspended in 4-h plasma and augmentation of adherence of cells in 24-h plasma. Plasma-mediated effects were reversible by washing.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence to nylon: effect of oral corticosteroids. The effect of orally administered glucocorticoids on polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence was studied by using the nylon fiber adherence assay. Inhibition of adherence 4 h after administration of the agent was confirmed, and in addition, augmentation of adherence was noted 24 h after ingestion of prednisone. Crossover studies revealed inhibition and augmentation to be cell associated as well as plasma mediated. Suspension of washed, dextran-sedimented polymorphonuclear leukocytes, harvested 4 h after prednisone ingestion in base-line or 24-h plasma failed to reverse inhibition of adherence. Adherence of 24-h polymorphonuclear leukocytes was augmented when suspended in all test plasmas. Plasma-mediated effects were demonstrated by inhibition of base-line adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes suspended in 4-h plasma and augmentation of adherence of cells in 24-h plasma. Plasma-mediated effects were reversible by washing.", "PMID": 546786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10295", "title": "Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte transformation during an experimental dermatophyte infection.", "content": "During primary Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of strain 2 guinea pigs, the colony-forming units (CFU) of fungi present within the lesion peaked between days 7 and 14, whereas the severity of the lesion itself peaked between days 11 and 16. Concomitant with the latter peak, a pronounced depression in the in vitro mitogenic activity of spleen cells (SPC) and lymph node cells (LNC) was observed. Only after resolution of the primary infection (day 21) did LNC show increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the presence of fungal antigens. During cutaneous reinfection, there was no distinct peak fungal load and CFU appeared to decrease steadily during the accelerated course of a reinfection disease. LNC from guinea pigs with severe, ulcerated reinfection lesions generally exhibited a heightened response to fungal antigen in vitro. LNC from guinea pigs with mild reinfection dermatophytosis had depressed in vitro reactivity to mitogens and dermatophyte antigen. The suppression of blastogenic activity during dermatophyte infection appeared to be associated with autologous serum components, since increased DNA synthesis resulted when SPC or LNC were cultured with fetal calf serum. The depressed in vitro DNA synthesis of lymphocytes (cultured with dermatophyte antigens) that were harvested during reinfection was not accompanied by an impaired ability of infected guinea pigs to respond with a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test in vivo. These results support the hypothesis that experimental T. mentagrophytes dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated hypersensitivity disease that can be modified by immunosuppressive control mechanisms elaborated or induced by the fungus.", "contents": "Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte transformation during an experimental dermatophyte infection. During primary Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of strain 2 guinea pigs, the colony-forming units (CFU) of fungi present within the lesion peaked between days 7 and 14, whereas the severity of the lesion itself peaked between days 11 and 16. Concomitant with the latter peak, a pronounced depression in the in vitro mitogenic activity of spleen cells (SPC) and lymph node cells (LNC) was observed. Only after resolution of the primary infection (day 21) did LNC show increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the presence of fungal antigens. During cutaneous reinfection, there was no distinct peak fungal load and CFU appeared to decrease steadily during the accelerated course of a reinfection disease. LNC from guinea pigs with severe, ulcerated reinfection lesions generally exhibited a heightened response to fungal antigen in vitro. LNC from guinea pigs with mild reinfection dermatophytosis had depressed in vitro reactivity to mitogens and dermatophyte antigen. The suppression of blastogenic activity during dermatophyte infection appeared to be associated with autologous serum components, since increased DNA synthesis resulted when SPC or LNC were cultured with fetal calf serum. The depressed in vitro DNA synthesis of lymphocytes (cultured with dermatophyte antigens) that were harvested during reinfection was not accompanied by an impaired ability of infected guinea pigs to respond with a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test in vivo. These results support the hypothesis that experimental T. mentagrophytes dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated hypersensitivity disease that can be modified by immunosuppressive control mechanisms elaborated or induced by the fungus.", "PMID": 546787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10296", "title": "Humoral immunity in the resolution of genital infection in female guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.", "content": "Female guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were selectively immunosuppressed by varying regimens of cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment. Temporary suppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by daily treatment of Cy (25 mg/kg) for 13 days resulted in a prolonged infection, whereas daily treatment for the duration of the experiment totally prevented the development of humoral and cell-mediated responses and produced an intense and prolonged infection which did not resolve. When humoral immunity alone was suppressed by treatment with Cy (250 and 150 mg/kg) at 9-day intervals, the infection again did not resolve. Treatment with 100 mg of Cy per kg at 9-day intervals resulted in an extended infection which resolved concomitantly with the development of antibody to guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. These data indicate that humoral immunity is essential for the recovery of female guinea pigs from guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis genital infection. A market weight loss was observed which could not be attributed to Cy treatment alone. Edematous and ulcerative changes of the external genitalia were also noted.", "contents": "Humoral immunity in the resolution of genital infection in female guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Female guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were selectively immunosuppressed by varying regimens of cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment. Temporary suppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by daily treatment of Cy (25 mg/kg) for 13 days resulted in a prolonged infection, whereas daily treatment for the duration of the experiment totally prevented the development of humoral and cell-mediated responses and produced an intense and prolonged infection which did not resolve. When humoral immunity alone was suppressed by treatment with Cy (250 and 150 mg/kg) at 9-day intervals, the infection again did not resolve. Treatment with 100 mg of Cy per kg at 9-day intervals resulted in an extended infection which resolved concomitantly with the development of antibody to guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. These data indicate that humoral immunity is essential for the recovery of female guinea pigs from guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis genital infection. A market weight loss was observed which could not be attributed to Cy treatment alone. Edematous and ulcerative changes of the external genitalia were also noted.", "PMID": 546788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10297", "title": "Protection against experimental cholera by oral or parenteral immunization.", "content": "Comparisons were made between the antigenic potency and protective capacity of several cholera toxin derivatives. Rabbits were immunized parenterally with 50 microgram of cholera toxin, A subunit, B subunit, procholeragenoid, or Wyeth glutaraldehyde toxoid 20101. Examination of the antibody response curves revealed that cholera toxin elicited serum antitoxin responses that rose more quickly than in the subunit-immunized animals; however, antitoxin levels were of the same magnitude after 10 weeks. Parenteral immunization with procholeragenoid evoked antibody titers that were similar to the toxin, whereas Wyeth toxoid yielded only one-tenth the level of antitoxin. Oral immunization with procholeragenoid as well as Wyeth toxoid resulted in lower serum antitoxin titers than that achieved with parenteral immunization, despite the oral administration of 10 times the parenteral dose. Analysis of protection against live-cell challenge revealed that parenteral administration of procholeragenoid provided the best protection against fluid accumulation. Oral immunization with procholeragenoid also was very effective, whereas oral immunization with B subunit or Wyeth toxoid resulted in minimal protection. Also, the A subunit provided surprisingly more protection than did cholera toxin.", "contents": "Protection against experimental cholera by oral or parenteral immunization. Comparisons were made between the antigenic potency and protective capacity of several cholera toxin derivatives. Rabbits were immunized parenterally with 50 microgram of cholera toxin, A subunit, B subunit, procholeragenoid, or Wyeth glutaraldehyde toxoid 20101. Examination of the antibody response curves revealed that cholera toxin elicited serum antitoxin responses that rose more quickly than in the subunit-immunized animals; however, antitoxin levels were of the same magnitude after 10 weeks. Parenteral immunization with procholeragenoid evoked antibody titers that were similar to the toxin, whereas Wyeth toxoid yielded only one-tenth the level of antitoxin. Oral immunization with procholeragenoid as well as Wyeth toxoid resulted in lower serum antitoxin titers than that achieved with parenteral immunization, despite the oral administration of 10 times the parenteral dose. Analysis of protection against live-cell challenge revealed that parenteral administration of procholeragenoid provided the best protection against fluid accumulation. Oral immunization with procholeragenoid also was very effective, whereas oral immunization with B subunit or Wyeth toxoid resulted in minimal protection. Also, the A subunit provided surprisingly more protection than did cholera toxin.", "PMID": 546789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10298", "title": "Generalized infection and lack of delayed hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania tropica major.", "content": "The susceptibility of a few strains of mice to a subcutaneous injection of Leishmania tropica major, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, was studied. The infection in six strains (CBA, AKR/J, AKR/cu, C57BL/6, A/J, and C3H) remained cutaneous, and the animals recovered within 3 to 4 months. In contast, the infection in BALB/c became generalized and killed 1005 of infected animals. Intraperitoneal injection of infected liver of BALB/c to A/J and syngeneic mice produced a lethal disease in BALB/c but no infection in A/J mice. Lower doses of the parasite produced a lethal infection in BALB/c but no apparent disease in A/J. Hence, the host rather than the parasite is responsible for the outcome of the disease. The peak antibody titer of BALB/c mice was not significantly higher than that of A/J mice. However, BALB/c failed to show any delayed hypersensitivity to leishmania tested by footpad reaction, whereas A/J mice showed a strong response.", "contents": "Generalized infection and lack of delayed hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania tropica major. The susceptibility of a few strains of mice to a subcutaneous injection of Leishmania tropica major, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, was studied. The infection in six strains (CBA, AKR/J, AKR/cu, C57BL/6, A/J, and C3H) remained cutaneous, and the animals recovered within 3 to 4 months. In contast, the infection in BALB/c became generalized and killed 1005 of infected animals. Intraperitoneal injection of infected liver of BALB/c to A/J and syngeneic mice produced a lethal disease in BALB/c but no infection in A/J mice. Lower doses of the parasite produced a lethal infection in BALB/c but no apparent disease in A/J. Hence, the host rather than the parasite is responsible for the outcome of the disease. The peak antibody titer of BALB/c mice was not significantly higher than that of A/J mice. However, BALB/c failed to show any delayed hypersensitivity to leishmania tested by footpad reaction, whereas A/J mice showed a strong response.", "PMID": 546790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10299", "title": "Effect of influenza infection on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "The effect of mouse-adapted influenza A/PR/8/34 virus on pulmonary macrophage function was evaluated by using an in vitro system which allowed direct virus interaction with macrophages and then separate analysis of the steps required for bacterial clearance by macrophages. Infection of macrophages with this virus resulted in the appearance of a hemagglutinating activity on the macrophage surface; expression of this activity was inhibited by amantadine, 2-deoxyglucose, and cycloheximide and by pretreatment of the virus inoculum with ultraviolet light and specific antiserum. Since there was no release of extracellular virus, this growth cycle appeared to be incomplete (abortive). After influenza infection, net ingestion of viable Staphylococcus aureus by macrophage monolayers was unaltered and there was no change in the fraction of the monolayer which ingested cocci over a wide range of bacterial inputs. Influenza-infected macrophages also inactivated intracellular S. aureus at a rate indistinguishable from controls. Therefore, these in vitro studies do not support the hypothesis that the defect in pulmonary antibacterial mechanisms associated with influenza infections results from a direct effect of virus infection on either the phagocytic or bactericidal activity of resident pulmonary macrophages.", "contents": "Effect of influenza infection on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of pulmonary macrophages. The effect of mouse-adapted influenza A/PR/8/34 virus on pulmonary macrophage function was evaluated by using an in vitro system which allowed direct virus interaction with macrophages and then separate analysis of the steps required for bacterial clearance by macrophages. Infection of macrophages with this virus resulted in the appearance of a hemagglutinating activity on the macrophage surface; expression of this activity was inhibited by amantadine, 2-deoxyglucose, and cycloheximide and by pretreatment of the virus inoculum with ultraviolet light and specific antiserum. Since there was no release of extracellular virus, this growth cycle appeared to be incomplete (abortive). After influenza infection, net ingestion of viable Staphylococcus aureus by macrophage monolayers was unaltered and there was no change in the fraction of the monolayer which ingested cocci over a wide range of bacterial inputs. Influenza-infected macrophages also inactivated intracellular S. aureus at a rate indistinguishable from controls. Therefore, these in vitro studies do not support the hypothesis that the defect in pulmonary antibacterial mechanisms associated with influenza infections results from a direct effect of virus infection on either the phagocytic or bactericidal activity of resident pulmonary macrophages.", "PMID": 546791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10300", "title": "Synergistic effect of polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid and either bacterial peptidoglycans or synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides on production of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.", "content": "Lewis rats developed polyarthritis after a single injection of a water-in-oil emulsion containing various peptidoglycans (PGs) derived from Lactobacillus plantarum. A copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid markedly potentiated the arthritogenicity of these PGs. The synthetic adjuvants N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln) and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Gln were non-arthritogenic, but they did produce severe arthritis when mixed in a water-in-oil emulsion with a copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid. Substitution of either L-isoGln or D-isoAsn for the D-isoGln in the MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln markedly reduced its capacity to induce the disease. Taken together with the results of skin testing against various PGs and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln in the diseased rats, the present results suggest that (i) a minimal essential structure required for development of polyarthritis is related to a larger molecule than either MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln or a monomer of PG, probably to a dimer of PG, and (ii) an antigenic determinant(s) for the delayed-type skin hypersensitivity to PGs exists on a common structure shared among these PGs, possibly somewhere on a monomer of PG not on N-acetylmuramyl peptides.", "contents": "Synergistic effect of polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid and either bacterial peptidoglycans or synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides on production of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Lewis rats developed polyarthritis after a single injection of a water-in-oil emulsion containing various peptidoglycans (PGs) derived from Lactobacillus plantarum. A copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid markedly potentiated the arthritogenicity of these PGs. The synthetic adjuvants N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln) and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Gln were non-arthritogenic, but they did produce severe arthritis when mixed in a water-in-oil emulsion with a copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid. Substitution of either L-isoGln or D-isoAsn for the D-isoGln in the MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln markedly reduced its capacity to induce the disease. Taken together with the results of skin testing against various PGs and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln in the diseased rats, the present results suggest that (i) a minimal essential structure required for development of polyarthritis is related to a larger molecule than either MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln or a monomer of PG, probably to a dimer of PG, and (ii) an antigenic determinant(s) for the delayed-type skin hypersensitivity to PGs exists on a common structure shared among these PGs, possibly somewhere on a monomer of PG not on N-acetylmuramyl peptides.", "PMID": 546792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10301", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in inbred mice.", "content": "Respiratory syncytial virus infected the nose and lungs of each of 20 strains of inbred mice, with viral titers varying 100-fold from least permissive to most permissive strains. Viral titers appeared to be under genetic control, but did not correlate with the H-2 haplotype.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in inbred mice. Respiratory syncytial virus infected the nose and lungs of each of 20 strains of inbred mice, with viral titers varying 100-fold from least permissive to most permissive strains. Viral titers appeared to be under genetic control, but did not correlate with the H-2 haplotype.", "PMID": 546793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10302", "title": "Plague antibody in large African mammals.", "content": "Plague hemagglutinating antibodies to a titer of 1:1,024 were demonstrated in 6.6% of buffalo and 0.3% of elephant sera tested 1 year after a plague epidemic in the same area.", "contents": "Plague antibody in large African mammals. Plague hemagglutinating antibodies to a titer of 1:1,024 were demonstrated in 6.6% of buffalo and 0.3% of elephant sera tested 1 year after a plague epidemic in the same area.", "PMID": 546794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10303", "title": "Enhanced hydrogen peroxide release from macrophages stimulated with streptococcal preparation OK-432.", "content": "Wheat germ lectin was found to be a potent triggering agent for hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of OK-432, a lyophilized attenuated streptococcal preparation, were highly responsive to wheat germ lectin.", "contents": "Enhanced hydrogen peroxide release from macrophages stimulated with streptococcal preparation OK-432. Wheat germ lectin was found to be a potent triggering agent for hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of OK-432, a lyophilized attenuated streptococcal preparation, were highly responsive to wheat germ lectin.", "PMID": 546795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10304", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase activity in five serotypes of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "An inducible phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase system has been demonstrated in decryptified cell suspensions of the various common serotypes of the cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase activity in five serotypes of Streptococcus mutans. An inducible phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase system has been demonstrated in decryptified cell suspensions of the various common serotypes of the cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans.", "PMID": 546796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10305", "title": "Investigation into the occurrence of toxoplasma in pharyngeal and palatine tonsils by inoculation of tonsillar tissues into mice.", "content": "Among randomly chosen persons in the age group one to seven years the generally accepted proportion of positive dye tests for Toxoplasma is about eight per cent. The 124 children in this age group studied by us represent a selected group in which a higher percentage is to be expected. The group included 63 boys and 61 girls, from whom no blood samples were available for serological investigation. An arbitrary percentage of twice the eight per cent would result in 20 cases with a positive dye test. In the four successful attempts to isolate Toxoplasma all four cases were boys. Among 20 persons aged 14 to 21 years in whom a positive dye test could actually be established, one attempt to isolate the organism in a girl of 16 years of age was successful. No generalized lymph node enlargements were mentioned in the history of the five successful cases, only relapsing laryngo-pharyngeal symptoms. In the five successful isolations the Toxoplasma organisms present in the tonsillar organs appeared not to be virulent for the mice used; the organism was recovered in the cystic form from the brains of the mice. In subsequent animal passages the virulence could be influenced by the number of cysts per inoculum.", "contents": "Investigation into the occurrence of toxoplasma in pharyngeal and palatine tonsils by inoculation of tonsillar tissues into mice. Among randomly chosen persons in the age group one to seven years the generally accepted proportion of positive dye tests for Toxoplasma is about eight per cent. The 124 children in this age group studied by us represent a selected group in which a higher percentage is to be expected. The group included 63 boys and 61 girls, from whom no blood samples were available for serological investigation. An arbitrary percentage of twice the eight per cent would result in 20 cases with a positive dye test. In the four successful attempts to isolate Toxoplasma all four cases were boys. Among 20 persons aged 14 to 21 years in whom a positive dye test could actually be established, one attempt to isolate the organism in a girl of 16 years of age was successful. No generalized lymph node enlargements were mentioned in the history of the five successful cases, only relapsing laryngo-pharyngeal symptoms. In the five successful isolations the Toxoplasma organisms present in the tonsillar organs appeared not to be virulent for the mice used; the organism was recovered in the cystic form from the brains of the mice. In subsequent animal passages the virulence could be influenced by the number of cysts per inoculum.", "PMID": 546798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10306", "title": "Radioimmunoassay in the detection of the hepatitis B e antigen/antibody system in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Correlation with serum Dane particle associated DNA polymerase activity.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e (anti-HBe) was developed and sera of 71 asymptomatic chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), in 44 of whom liver biopsy was obtained, were tested. In addition, testing for Dane particle associated DNA polymerase activity was performed in all sera. HBeAg was detected in 14 subjects (19.7%) and anti-HBe in 46 (64.8%). The highest proportion of HBeAg positivity (40%) was found among carriers with histological evidence of chronic hepatitis, whereas anti-HBe was present in 80% of carriers with normal liver histology, in 58% of carriers with non-specific reactive hepatitis and in 60% of carriers with chronic liver lesions. DNA polymerase activity was present in 92.8% of sera positive for HBeAg, in 13% of sera positive for anti-HBe, and in 9% of sera negative for both markers. Our results demonstrate that not all HBsAg carriers reactive to HBeAg show evidence of chronic hepatitis nor, conversely, that anti-HBe is invariably associated with the healthy carrier state of HBsAg. Finally, circulating Dane particles, as revealed by the presence of serum specific DNA polymerase activity, may also be present in anti-HBe positive sera other than those of some HBsAg carriers lacking both HBeAg and anti-HBe.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay in the detection of the hepatitis B e antigen/antibody system in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Correlation with serum Dane particle associated DNA polymerase activity. A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e (anti-HBe) was developed and sera of 71 asymptomatic chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), in 44 of whom liver biopsy was obtained, were tested. In addition, testing for Dane particle associated DNA polymerase activity was performed in all sera. HBeAg was detected in 14 subjects (19.7%) and anti-HBe in 46 (64.8%). The highest proportion of HBeAg positivity (40%) was found among carriers with histological evidence of chronic hepatitis, whereas anti-HBe was present in 80% of carriers with normal liver histology, in 58% of carriers with non-specific reactive hepatitis and in 60% of carriers with chronic liver lesions. DNA polymerase activity was present in 92.8% of sera positive for HBeAg, in 13% of sera positive for anti-HBe, and in 9% of sera negative for both markers. Our results demonstrate that not all HBsAg carriers reactive to HBeAg show evidence of chronic hepatitis nor, conversely, that anti-HBe is invariably associated with the healthy carrier state of HBsAg. Finally, circulating Dane particles, as revealed by the presence of serum specific DNA polymerase activity, may also be present in anti-HBe positive sera other than those of some HBsAg carriers lacking both HBeAg and anti-HBe.", "PMID": 546799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10307", "title": "Rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of verapamil in blood and plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure has been developed for verapamil in blood or plasma. A paired-ion solvent system with a reversed-phase column is employed. The procedure is specific for verapamil and the retention times of the major metabolites are identified. This procedure is sensitive to a lower blood concentration of 1 ng/ml and standard curves were found to be linear up to the highest concentration tested, 500 ng/ml. Several drugs were tested for interference with the assay, but none were found to cause any problems. The procedure is simple, rapid and permits the analysis of up to 25 samples per day.", "contents": "Rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of verapamil in blood and plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure has been developed for verapamil in blood or plasma. A paired-ion solvent system with a reversed-phase column is employed. The procedure is specific for verapamil and the retention times of the major metabolites are identified. This procedure is sensitive to a lower blood concentration of 1 ng/ml and standard curves were found to be linear up to the highest concentration tested, 500 ng/ml. Several drugs were tested for interference with the assay, but none were found to cause any problems. The procedure is simple, rapid and permits the analysis of up to 25 samples per day.", "PMID": 546846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10308", "title": "Protein-protein interactions studied by counter-current distribution. I. Theoretical computations.", "content": "Many biological macromolecules are known to interact either with themselves, with other macromolecules or with small compounds. A simple equilibrium method for detecting and quantifying these interactions is to study the mutual influence of the molecules on their respective counter-current distribution in liquid-liquid biphasic systems. The theoretical counter-current distribution patterns for the components in an interacting system, A + B in equilibrium AB, have been calculated for two models in order to establish the boundary conditions and to optimize the experimental procedure. The patterns have been calculated for a range of association constants, partition coefficients and initial concentrations of the two reactants.", "contents": "Protein-protein interactions studied by counter-current distribution. I. Theoretical computations. Many biological macromolecules are known to interact either with themselves, with other macromolecules or with small compounds. A simple equilibrium method for detecting and quantifying these interactions is to study the mutual influence of the molecules on their respective counter-current distribution in liquid-liquid biphasic systems. The theoretical counter-current distribution patterns for the components in an interacting system, A + B in equilibrium AB, have been calculated for two models in order to establish the boundary conditions and to optimize the experimental procedure. The patterns have been calculated for a range of association constants, partition coefficients and initial concentrations of the two reactants.", "PMID": 546850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10309", "title": "Determination of residues of methomyl and oxamyl and their oximes in crops by gas-liquid chromatography of oxime trimethylsilyl ethers.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of methomyl (methyl N-[(methyl-carbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate), oxamyl (methyl N',N'-dimethyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxyl]-1-thiooxamimidate), their respective oxime hydrolysis products and the trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers of the oximes on 5% OV-1 was studied under isothermal conditions using a flame-photometric detector in the sulfur-selective mode. In contrast to the behavior of the parent carbamates and underivatized oximes, the oxime-TMS ethers readily produced symmetrical peaks of consistent size. Quantities of derivative equivalent to at least 0.25 ng of oxime were easily measurable. Derivative formation was reproducible for standards over the range 10.0 to 0.25 microgram/ml in benzene and at 10.0 and 0.50 microgram/ml in the presence of extractives from tomato, carrot and celery at concentrations equivalent to 10 g/ml of crop. Derivative yields from crop extract fotifications were 89% or better in most cases. Both the carbamates and oximes were simply and consistently recovered in high yield from crops fortified at 1.00 and 0.05 ppm using the procedures described. The inclusion of a second analytical step provided separate analysis for oximes and carbamates. The application of these observations to the analyses of residues in crops is discussed.", "contents": "Determination of residues of methomyl and oxamyl and their oximes in crops by gas-liquid chromatography of oxime trimethylsilyl ethers. The gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of methomyl (methyl N-[(methyl-carbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate), oxamyl (methyl N',N'-dimethyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxyl]-1-thiooxamimidate), their respective oxime hydrolysis products and the trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers of the oximes on 5% OV-1 was studied under isothermal conditions using a flame-photometric detector in the sulfur-selective mode. In contrast to the behavior of the parent carbamates and underivatized oximes, the oxime-TMS ethers readily produced symmetrical peaks of consistent size. Quantities of derivative equivalent to at least 0.25 ng of oxime were easily measurable. Derivative formation was reproducible for standards over the range 10.0 to 0.25 microgram/ml in benzene and at 10.0 and 0.50 microgram/ml in the presence of extractives from tomato, carrot and celery at concentrations equivalent to 10 g/ml of crop. Derivative yields from crop extract fotifications were 89% or better in most cases. Both the carbamates and oximes were simply and consistently recovered in high yield from crops fortified at 1.00 and 0.05 ppm using the procedures described. The inclusion of a second analytical step provided separate analysis for oximes and carbamates. The application of these observations to the analyses of residues in crops is discussed.", "PMID": 546852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10310", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of methylcyclopentadienylmanganesetricarbonyl in biological tissues and fluids.", "content": "The procedure described for quantitating methylcyclopentadienylmanganese-tricarbonyl (MMT, a fuel additive) in small samples of biological fluids and tissues is based on extracting the MMT into hexane containing biphenyl as internal standard, followed by gas chromatographic analysis. With flame ionisation detection, as little as 1-2 ppm of MMT in tissue can be determined relatively easily. The method is also applicable to in vitro investigations of MMT metabolism, and it has been used to show that the enzymic oxidation of MMT by rat-liver microsomes is a cytochrome P-450-dependent process.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of methylcyclopentadienylmanganesetricarbonyl in biological tissues and fluids. The procedure described for quantitating methylcyclopentadienylmanganese-tricarbonyl (MMT, a fuel additive) in small samples of biological fluids and tissues is based on extracting the MMT into hexane containing biphenyl as internal standard, followed by gas chromatographic analysis. With flame ionisation detection, as little as 1-2 ppm of MMT in tissue can be determined relatively easily. The method is also applicable to in vitro investigations of MMT metabolism, and it has been used to show that the enzymic oxidation of MMT by rat-liver microsomes is a cytochrome P-450-dependent process.", "PMID": 546853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10311", "title": "Chromatographic study of local anaesthetics--basic esters of substituted carbanilic acids. II. The relationship between chromatographic values, other physico-chemical parameters and activity.", "content": "RM values and the increments delta RM(CH2) have been calculated from the chromatographic values RF of a group of anaesthetics comprising an homologous series of basic esters of substituted carbanilic acids. A linear relationship is demonstrated between RM values from partition chromatography and the partition coefficient (log P) or the substitution constant mu. The chromatographic parameter RM is also correlated with the pharmacological characteristic log U, the logarithm of the surface anaesthetic activity.", "contents": "Chromatographic study of local anaesthetics--basic esters of substituted carbanilic acids. II. The relationship between chromatographic values, other physico-chemical parameters and activity. RM values and the increments delta RM(CH2) have been calculated from the chromatographic values RF of a group of anaesthetics comprising an homologous series of basic esters of substituted carbanilic acids. A linear relationship is demonstrated between RM values from partition chromatography and the partition coefficient (log P) or the substitution constant mu. The chromatographic parameter RM is also correlated with the pharmacological characteristic log U, the logarithm of the surface anaesthetic activity.", "PMID": 546854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10312", "title": "Use of native fluorescence measurements and stopped-flow scanning technique in the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines and related compounds.", "content": "Simultaneous separation of catecholamines and tryptophan metabolites has been carried out using a reversed-phase partition mode of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compounds are detected and measured via their native fluorescence emitted with an excitation wavelength of 285 nm and the emission cut-off filter of 340 nm. Sample preparation is minimized and the assay is selective and well-suited for routine analyses. The sensitivity of the method is in the nanogram range. The identity of chromatographic peaks is confirmed by their excitation spectra, obtained by the stopped-flow fluorescence scanning method.", "contents": "Use of native fluorescence measurements and stopped-flow scanning technique in the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines and related compounds. Simultaneous separation of catecholamines and tryptophan metabolites has been carried out using a reversed-phase partition mode of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compounds are detected and measured via their native fluorescence emitted with an excitation wavelength of 285 nm and the emission cut-off filter of 340 nm. Sample preparation is minimized and the assay is selective and well-suited for routine analyses. The sensitivity of the method is in the nanogram range. The identity of chromatographic peaks is confirmed by their excitation spectra, obtained by the stopped-flow fluorescence scanning method.", "PMID": 546855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10313", "title": "Atenolol determination by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure using a fluorescence detector for the analysis of atenolol in plasma and whole blood is described. It employs a simple and rapid method of preparation. Atenolol and metoprolol as the internal standard are chromatographed as ion pairs with heptanesulfonic acid. The method is sensitive and reproducible with accurate detection at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in whole blood and plasma, and a coefficient of variation of 4.7% over the range 2 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml.", "contents": "Atenolol determination by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure using a fluorescence detector for the analysis of atenolol in plasma and whole blood is described. It employs a simple and rapid method of preparation. Atenolol and metoprolol as the internal standard are chromatographed as ion pairs with heptanesulfonic acid. The method is sensitive and reproducible with accurate detection at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in whole blood and plasma, and a coefficient of variation of 4.7% over the range 2 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml.", "PMID": 546856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10314", "title": "Quantitative determination of plasma oxyphenbutazone by gas-liquid chromatography with selective nitrogen detection.", "content": "A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method, using the nitrogen-phosphorus detector for the detection and determination of oxyphenbutazone extracted from plasma is described. The method involves extraction and back-extraction steps followed by derivatization of both oxyphenbutazone and the internal standard with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The procedure permits the rapid and specific routine determination of oxyphenbutazone in plasma with a detection limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. The procedure is linear over the range of concentrations encountered after administration of a single oral therapeutic dose. No interference from the biological matrix is apparent. The suitability of the method for the analysis of biological samples was tested by studying the variation with time of oxyphenbutazone plasma concentrations in normal human volunteers over a period of several biological half-lives.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of plasma oxyphenbutazone by gas-liquid chromatography with selective nitrogen detection. A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method, using the nitrogen-phosphorus detector for the detection and determination of oxyphenbutazone extracted from plasma is described. The method involves extraction and back-extraction steps followed by derivatization of both oxyphenbutazone and the internal standard with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The procedure permits the rapid and specific routine determination of oxyphenbutazone in plasma with a detection limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. The procedure is linear over the range of concentrations encountered after administration of a single oral therapeutic dose. No interference from the biological matrix is apparent. The suitability of the method for the analysis of biological samples was tested by studying the variation with time of oxyphenbutazone plasma concentrations in normal human volunteers over a period of several biological half-lives.", "PMID": 546857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10315", "title": "Charge-state and charge-continuum models in electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of genetic variants.", "content": "A model which combines the charge-state and charge-continuum models is considered in terms of the pH at which the electrophoretic analysis is made. \"Unit\" charge changes are obtained when the mutated charged group is at least 2 pH units apart from the pI of the protein. \"Fractional\" charge changes are found when the differences between the pK of the mutated charged group and the pI of the protein becomes progressively smaller, or when the pK of the ionizable group lies on the \"wrong\" side of the protein pI. It is possible to measure the pK of a modified group in a protein when the delta pI per protonic unit in a given family of proteins (e.g., haemoglobin mutants) is less than unity.", "contents": "Charge-state and charge-continuum models in electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of genetic variants. A model which combines the charge-state and charge-continuum models is considered in terms of the pH at which the electrophoretic analysis is made. \"Unit\" charge changes are obtained when the mutated charged group is at least 2 pH units apart from the pI of the protein. \"Fractional\" charge changes are found when the differences between the pK of the mutated charged group and the pI of the protein becomes progressively smaller, or when the pK of the ionizable group lies on the \"wrong\" side of the protein pI. It is possible to measure the pK of a modified group in a protein when the delta pI per protonic unit in a given family of proteins (e.g., haemoglobin mutants) is less than unity.", "PMID": 546865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10316", "title": "Affinity elution from a phosphonic acid-Sepharose derivative in the purification of human liver alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The compound p-aminobenzylphosphonic acid has been coupled via an azo linkage to tyraminyl-Sepharose 4B. This derivative at pH 6.0 bound most of the protein and all of the alkaline phosphatase in a crude preparation from human liver. The phosphatase was selectively eluted with the substrate 2-naphthylphosphate and a purification of 400-fold obtained. This step, when incorporated into a procedure for the purification of human liver alkaline phosphatase, yielded essentially pure enzyme.", "contents": "Affinity elution from a phosphonic acid-Sepharose derivative in the purification of human liver alkaline phosphatase. The compound p-aminobenzylphosphonic acid has been coupled via an azo linkage to tyraminyl-Sepharose 4B. This derivative at pH 6.0 bound most of the protein and all of the alkaline phosphatase in a crude preparation from human liver. The phosphatase was selectively eluted with the substrate 2-naphthylphosphate and a purification of 400-fold obtained. This step, when incorporated into a procedure for the purification of human liver alkaline phosphatase, yielded essentially pure enzyme.", "PMID": 546866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10317", "title": "Analysis of nicotine as a trichloroethyl carbamate by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "Nicotine was subjected to reaction at 90 degrees with trichloroethyl chloroformate in the presence of pyridine to form a carbamate in which the pyrrolidine ring was opened. Upon heat treatment, this carbamate partially formed the corresponding olefin. About 10 pg could be detected with an electron-capture detector and 60 pg with an alkali flame-ionization detector. The extraction was studied with 14C-labelled nicotine. Methylene chloride was suitable for extraction from diluted plasma, whereas toluene containing 5% of heptafluorobutanol was used in a re-extraction step and also as the chloroformate reaction medium. Due to a nicotine blank the limit for quantitative determinations was 10 ng/ml in plasma (sample volume 1 ml). N-n-Propylnornicotine was used as an internal standard. The precision at the 30 ng/ml level was +/- 8.8% (n = 7).", "contents": "Analysis of nicotine as a trichloroethyl carbamate by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Nicotine was subjected to reaction at 90 degrees with trichloroethyl chloroformate in the presence of pyridine to form a carbamate in which the pyrrolidine ring was opened. Upon heat treatment, this carbamate partially formed the corresponding olefin. About 10 pg could be detected with an electron-capture detector and 60 pg with an alkali flame-ionization detector. The extraction was studied with 14C-labelled nicotine. Methylene chloride was suitable for extraction from diluted plasma, whereas toluene containing 5% of heptafluorobutanol was used in a re-extraction step and also as the chloroformate reaction medium. Due to a nicotine blank the limit for quantitative determinations was 10 ng/ml in plasma (sample volume 1 ml). N-n-Propylnornicotine was used as an internal standard. The precision at the 30 ng/ml level was +/- 8.8% (n = 7).", "PMID": 546867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10318", "title": "Determination of (E)-2,3-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-furanylmethanone-O-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]oxime methanesulphonate (ANP-4364) in plasma using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed that permits the accurate and specific determination of the antianginal agent ANP-4364 in plasma. ANP-4364 is extracted with n-hexane containing ethyl chloroformate and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized to the trichloroethyl carbamate, which is assayed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector. Accurate determinations are possible over a concentration range from 1 to 50 ng/ml of ANP-4364 in plasma with a relative standard deviation of 7.5%. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.5 ng/ml. Plasma levels of ANP-4364 in dogs receiving oral (10 mg/kg) or intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) dosing have been determined.", "contents": "Determination of (E)-2,3-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-furanylmethanone-O-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]oxime methanesulphonate (ANP-4364) in plasma using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. A gas chromatographic method has been developed that permits the accurate and specific determination of the antianginal agent ANP-4364 in plasma. ANP-4364 is extracted with n-hexane containing ethyl chloroformate and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized to the trichloroethyl carbamate, which is assayed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector. Accurate determinations are possible over a concentration range from 1 to 50 ng/ml of ANP-4364 in plasma with a relative standard deviation of 7.5%. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.5 ng/ml. Plasma levels of ANP-4364 in dogs receiving oral (10 mg/kg) or intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) dosing have been determined.", "PMID": 546868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10319", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of rosoxacin and its N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of rosoxacin and its pyridyl N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine extracts is described. A statistical evaluation of the assay data has shown acceptable accuracy and precision for 0.5 to 25 microgram of rosoxacin or the metabolite per ml of plasma and for 2.5 to 60 microgram/ml of either compound in urine. The minimum quantifiable level for rosoxacin was 0.13 microgram/ml in plasma and 0.64 microgram/ml in urine; for the metabolite in plasma and urine, the corresponding values were 0.21 and 0.60 microgram/ml, respectively. The method was applied to plasma and urine from three dogs medicated orally with 5 mg/kg of rosoxacin. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for rosoxacin were: plasma halflife, 1.9 h; plasma clearance, 65 ml/min; volume of distribution, 11.31. The average total urinary excretion of rosoxacin as free and conjugated rosoxacin and its free N-oxide was 7.7 +/- 0.2% over the 48-h collection period.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of rosoxacin and its N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of rosoxacin and its pyridyl N-oxide metabolite in plasma and urine extracts is described. A statistical evaluation of the assay data has shown acceptable accuracy and precision for 0.5 to 25 microgram of rosoxacin or the metabolite per ml of plasma and for 2.5 to 60 microgram/ml of either compound in urine. The minimum quantifiable level for rosoxacin was 0.13 microgram/ml in plasma and 0.64 microgram/ml in urine; for the metabolite in plasma and urine, the corresponding values were 0.21 and 0.60 microgram/ml, respectively. The method was applied to plasma and urine from three dogs medicated orally with 5 mg/kg of rosoxacin. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for rosoxacin were: plasma halflife, 1.9 h; plasma clearance, 65 ml/min; volume of distribution, 11.31. The average total urinary excretion of rosoxacin as free and conjugated rosoxacin and its free N-oxide was 7.7 +/- 0.2% over the 48-h collection period.", "PMID": 546869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10320", "title": "Determination of cefatrizine in serum and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A fast and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of cefatrizine, an orally active cephalosporin, in serum and urine is proposed. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography on the octoadecylsilane chemically bonded microparticulate packing, using methanol in 0.03 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5) as eluent, was used to separate and quantitate the antibiotic. The samples were analysed after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid and injection of the clear supernatant. The accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure were investigated by determination of the cefatrizine content in spiked serum and urine samples, using cephradine as the internal standard.", "contents": "Determination of cefatrizine in serum and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A fast and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of cefatrizine, an orally active cephalosporin, in serum and urine is proposed. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography on the octoadecylsilane chemically bonded microparticulate packing, using methanol in 0.03 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5) as eluent, was used to separate and quantitate the antibiotic. The samples were analysed after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid and injection of the clear supernatant. The accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure were investigated by determination of the cefatrizine content in spiked serum and urine samples, using cephradine as the internal standard.", "PMID": 546870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10321", "title": "Celite column chromatography followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a simple, two-step method for separating 14 testicular steroids.", "content": "The separation of 14 major testicular steroids has been effected by a simple, two-step procedure involving Celite column chromatography followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The technique does not alter the resolved steroids, which are then available for subsequent analysis.", "contents": "Celite column chromatography followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a simple, two-step method for separating 14 testicular steroids. The separation of 14 major testicular steroids has been effected by a simple, two-step procedure involving Celite column chromatography followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The technique does not alter the resolved steroids, which are then available for subsequent analysis.", "PMID": 546871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10322", "title": "Classification of fungi by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-pattern recognition.", "content": "Repetitive samples of three strains of the mould Penicillium were subjected to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC). From the chromatograms, 26 peak heights were used in a subsequent SIMCA pattern recognition analysis. This data analysis gives a marked improvement in the classification of the samples (100% correct, 85% unique) in comparison with the traditional analysis based on the average chromatogram of each class (92% correct, 45% unique). The data analytical method is described in detail using the Py-GC data as an illustration.", "contents": "Classification of fungi by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-pattern recognition. Repetitive samples of three strains of the mould Penicillium were subjected to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC). From the chromatograms, 26 peak heights were used in a subsequent SIMCA pattern recognition analysis. This data analysis gives a marked improvement in the classification of the samples (100% correct, 85% unique) in comparison with the traditional analysis based on the average chromatogram of each class (92% correct, 45% unique). The data analytical method is described in detail using the Py-GC data as an illustration.", "PMID": 546872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10323", "title": "Rapid and simple clean-up and derivatization procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of acidic drugs in plasma.", "content": "A rapid and simple clean-up and derivatization procedure that can be generally applied to the gas chromatographic (GC) determination of acidic drugs of various chemical and therapeutic classes is described. The drugs are extracted from acidified plasma with chloroform containing 5% of isopropanol, which is then evaporated. The residue is dissolved in toluene, then the drugs are back-extracted into a small volume of a methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. The solution obtained is added to N,N-dimethylacetamide and the drugs are treated with n-butyl iodide and chromatographed as their n-butyl esters. Retention times are given for three different columns; the results show that in all but three instances one derivative is formed. The recoveries in the extraction steps were determined by GC and UV spectrophotometry. The recovery of the back-extraction and of the extraction from plasma with chloroform-isopropanol is fairly good. For some drugs toluene can be used as the extraction solvent, which has the advantage that no evaporation of the extract is necessary, and it can be extracted directly with the tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. Chromatograms of blank plasma treated according to the described procedure do not show interfering peaks from endogenous compounds. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows. It is a standard procedure that can be used for different types of drugs, using one standard column, with no interference from endogenous compounds. Separation is achieved between drugs that differ only in the number or position of the methyl groups and between a drug and its demethylated metabolite(s). No decomposition of the products occurs during the alkylation process and injection of the resulting neutral solution is not detrimental to the column material.", "contents": "Rapid and simple clean-up and derivatization procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of acidic drugs in plasma. A rapid and simple clean-up and derivatization procedure that can be generally applied to the gas chromatographic (GC) determination of acidic drugs of various chemical and therapeutic classes is described. The drugs are extracted from acidified plasma with chloroform containing 5% of isopropanol, which is then evaporated. The residue is dissolved in toluene, then the drugs are back-extracted into a small volume of a methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. The solution obtained is added to N,N-dimethylacetamide and the drugs are treated with n-butyl iodide and chromatographed as their n-butyl esters. Retention times are given for three different columns; the results show that in all but three instances one derivative is formed. The recoveries in the extraction steps were determined by GC and UV spectrophotometry. The recovery of the back-extraction and of the extraction from plasma with chloroform-isopropanol is fairly good. For some drugs toluene can be used as the extraction solvent, which has the advantage that no evaporation of the extract is necessary, and it can be extracted directly with the tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. Chromatograms of blank plasma treated according to the described procedure do not show interfering peaks from endogenous compounds. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows. It is a standard procedure that can be used for different types of drugs, using one standard column, with no interference from endogenous compounds. Separation is achieved between drugs that differ only in the number or position of the methyl groups and between a drug and its demethylated metabolite(s). No decomposition of the products occurs during the alkylation process and injection of the resulting neutral solution is not detrimental to the column material.", "PMID": 546875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10324", "title": "Reproducibility of pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analyses of the mould Penicillium brevi-compactum.", "content": "The reproducibility of multivariate measurements is discussed. Reproducibility of a second kind is defined, in which part of the variability between samples is described by a principal components model. The use of this generalized reproducibility is shown to give an improved precision in the pyrolysis-gas chromatography of a Penicillium species.", "contents": "Reproducibility of pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analyses of the mould Penicillium brevi-compactum. The reproducibility of multivariate measurements is discussed. Reproducibility of a second kind is defined, in which part of the variability between samples is described by a principal components model. The use of this generalized reproducibility is shown to give an improved precision in the pyrolysis-gas chromatography of a Penicillium species.", "PMID": 546876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10325", "title": "Characterization of native multicomponent protein mixtures by one- and two-dimensional gradient electrophoresis.", "content": "An arrangement of one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gradients has been applied to the analysis of multicomponent mixtures of soluble proteins: (1) two-dimensional 3-25% slabs; (2) 3-40% cylinders; and (3) 20-50% cylinders. The run in the first dimension is performed in non-restrictive agarose gel to ascertain a \"pure\" charge abscissa. Gradient electrophoresis is performed over prolonged periods in order to reach or closely approach the exclusion (pore) limit, which is taken as an operational parameter for the hydrodynamic size of globular molecules irrespective of their frictional ratios. For each of the three gradients one to four reference mixtures were formulated that allow size evaluations of non-denatured proteins. Human serum again proved its usefulness as a universal reference mixture for newly developed techniques. The number of stainable components is in accordance with expectation based on the broad knowledge of serum proteins. Two-dimensional agarose/gradient electrophoresis seems to fulfil the one band-one protein strategy of high-resolution techniques.", "contents": "Characterization of native multicomponent protein mixtures by one- and two-dimensional gradient electrophoresis. An arrangement of one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gradients has been applied to the analysis of multicomponent mixtures of soluble proteins: (1) two-dimensional 3-25% slabs; (2) 3-40% cylinders; and (3) 20-50% cylinders. The run in the first dimension is performed in non-restrictive agarose gel to ascertain a \"pure\" charge abscissa. Gradient electrophoresis is performed over prolonged periods in order to reach or closely approach the exclusion (pore) limit, which is taken as an operational parameter for the hydrodynamic size of globular molecules irrespective of their frictional ratios. For each of the three gradients one to four reference mixtures were formulated that allow size evaluations of non-denatured proteins. Human serum again proved its usefulness as a universal reference mixture for newly developed techniques. The number of stainable components is in accordance with expectation based on the broad knowledge of serum proteins. Two-dimensional agarose/gradient electrophoresis seems to fulfil the one band-one protein strategy of high-resolution techniques.", "PMID": 546877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10326", "title": "Determination of food preservatives and saccharin by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The quantitative analysis of benzoic and sorbic acid, methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and saccharin in foodstuffs is described. These compounds are quantitatively extracted with disposable clean-up columns packed with Extrelut and simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. Complicated matrices such as cheese, cake, ketchup and chocolate were tested and recoveries were generally better than 95% in the concentration ranges normally used in the food industry.", "contents": "Determination of food preservatives and saccharin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The quantitative analysis of benzoic and sorbic acid, methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and saccharin in foodstuffs is described. These compounds are quantitatively extracted with disposable clean-up columns packed with Extrelut and simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. Complicated matrices such as cheese, cake, ketchup and chocolate were tested and recoveries were generally better than 95% in the concentration ranges normally used in the food industry.", "PMID": 546878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10327", "title": "Measurement of testosterone with a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a flow-through  ultraviolet spectrophotometer.", "content": "A technique is described for measuring nanogram amounts of testosterone using high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by a flow-through spectrophotometer. The addition of a non-radioisotopic internal standard (4-androsten-11 beta-ol-3,17-dione) to the biological specimen automatically corrects for testosterone losses due to extraction and non-quantitative sample injection into the high-performance liquid chromatograph. This new method, which can be performed by inexperienced personnel, is shown to be rapid, precise, accurate and specific for testosterone.", "contents": "Measurement of testosterone with a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a flow-through  ultraviolet spectrophotometer. A technique is described for measuring nanogram amounts of testosterone using high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by a flow-through spectrophotometer. The addition of a non-radioisotopic internal standard (4-androsten-11 beta-ol-3,17-dione) to the biological specimen automatically corrects for testosterone losses due to extraction and non-quantitative sample injection into the high-performance liquid chromatograph. This new method, which can be performed by inexperienced personnel, is shown to be rapid, precise, accurate and specific for testosterone.", "PMID": 546879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10328", "title": "Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose of antigenic fractions of human seminal plasma.", "content": "Elution diagrams obtained on affinity chromatography show that the antigenic fractions of human seminal plasma studied, namely (a) the non-dialyzable components of human seminal plasma and (b) its trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction, (c) the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of whole human seminal plasma and (d) the pronase digested human seminal plasma, are complex mixtures of glycoproteins with minor amounts of polysaccharides. Some of these glycoproteins contain significant percentages of carbohydrates while others contain only trace amounts. Most of the glycoproteins carry non-reducing end-chain groups comprising alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or sterically related residues.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose of antigenic fractions of human seminal plasma. Elution diagrams obtained on affinity chromatography show that the antigenic fractions of human seminal plasma studied, namely (a) the non-dialyzable components of human seminal plasma and (b) its trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction, (c) the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of whole human seminal plasma and (d) the pronase digested human seminal plasma, are complex mixtures of glycoproteins with minor amounts of polysaccharides. Some of these glycoproteins contain significant percentages of carbohydrates while others contain only trace amounts. Most of the glycoproteins carry non-reducing end-chain groups comprising alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or sterically related residues.", "PMID": 546880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10329", "title": "Fractionation of histones on a metal ion equilibrated cation exchanger. I. Chromatographic profiles on an Amberlite IR-120 (A1 3+) column.", "content": "Amberlite IR-120, a polystyrene sulphonate type of cation exchanger, equilibrated with A1 3+ ions, has been employed for the fractionation of whole histone. This adsorbent permits the quantitative and reproducible recovery of whole histone in six fractions.", "contents": "Fractionation of histones on a metal ion equilibrated cation exchanger. I. Chromatographic profiles on an Amberlite IR-120 (A1 3+) column. Amberlite IR-120, a polystyrene sulphonate type of cation exchanger, equilibrated with A1 3+ ions, has been employed for the fractionation of whole histone. This adsorbent permits the quantitative and reproducible recovery of whole histone in six fractions.", "PMID": 546881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10330", "title": "Enzymatic reactions on thin-layer chromatographic plates. II. Phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and separation of the products on a single plate.", "content": "A procedure for the phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine on a thin-layer chromatographic plate and subsequent separation of the products on the same plate is described. A 0.2-0.8-mg amount of Russell's viper venom (phospholipase A2) in 0.2 ml of 0.005 M calcium chloride solution was applied on a 0.5-mm silica gel G plate as a band over which 2-5 mg of egg phosphatidylcholine in 0.2 ml of diethyl ether containing 5% of methanol was evenly applied. After the reaction had proceeded for 15-20 min in a diethyl ether-saturated chamber at 25 degrees, the plate was developed with chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4). The bands were identified and their contents extracted. The extent of hydrolysis under different reaction conditions was evaluated from the amount of lysophosphatidylcholine formed. Approximately 74.6% (maximum) conversion was obtained within 15 min at 25 degrees using a substrate to enzyme ratio of 4:1. The acyl group distributions in the 1- and 2-positions of hen egg phosphatidylcholine obtained from the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl ester corresponding to the lyso and free fatty acid band agreed with those obtained by the method of Wells and Hanahan. The method is also applicable to phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Enzymatic reactions on thin-layer chromatographic plates. II. Phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and separation of the products on a single plate. A procedure for the phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine on a thin-layer chromatographic plate and subsequent separation of the products on the same plate is described. A 0.2-0.8-mg amount of Russell's viper venom (phospholipase A2) in 0.2 ml of 0.005 M calcium chloride solution was applied on a 0.5-mm silica gel G plate as a band over which 2-5 mg of egg phosphatidylcholine in 0.2 ml of diethyl ether containing 5% of methanol was evenly applied. After the reaction had proceeded for 15-20 min in a diethyl ether-saturated chamber at 25 degrees, the plate was developed with chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4). The bands were identified and their contents extracted. The extent of hydrolysis under different reaction conditions was evaluated from the amount of lysophosphatidylcholine formed. Approximately 74.6% (maximum) conversion was obtained within 15 min at 25 degrees using a substrate to enzyme ratio of 4:1. The acyl group distributions in the 1- and 2-positions of hen egg phosphatidylcholine obtained from the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl ester corresponding to the lyso and free fatty acid band agreed with those obtained by the method of Wells and Hanahan. The method is also applicable to phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 546882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10331", "title": "[Sensitive method for continuous detection of peptides and proteins using the biuret reaction and a copper-Sephadex reactor (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe a detection method relying both on the copper displacement from a Sephadex gel by peptides and proteins, and on the subsequent colorimetric determination of the complexed copper. The system described is fully automated and it permits a continuous analysis of column effluents. The choice of cuprizone as a detecting reagent for copper, enables one to bring the detection limit down to 200 ng for albumin and 60 ng for alanylglycylglycin. The specificity of the method is the same as the biuret reaction. Some examples of the possible applications are given.", "contents": "[Sensitive method for continuous detection of peptides and proteins using the biuret reaction and a copper-Sephadex reactor (author's transl)]. We describe a detection method relying both on the copper displacement from a Sephadex gel by peptides and proteins, and on the subsequent colorimetric determination of the complexed copper. The system described is fully automated and it permits a continuous analysis of column effluents. The choice of cuprizone as a detecting reagent for copper, enables one to bring the detection limit down to 200 ng for albumin and 60 ng for alanylglycylglycin. The specificity of the method is the same as the biuret reaction. Some examples of the possible applications are given.", "PMID": 546885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10332", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for acetaminophen and phenacetin in the presence of their metabolites in biological fluids.", "content": "We propose a method in which tracer amounts of a radiolabeled compound are used as the internal standard for the same unlabeled compound in high-performance liquid chromatography. The approach is valuable when a response from the internal standard becomes undesirable due to the presence of interference by the metabolites. We tested our approach with phenacetin and its metabolites, acetaminophen, 2-hydroxyphenacetin, N-hydroxyphenacetin, phenetidine, acetaminophen sulfate conjugate and acetaminophen glucuronide conjugate in biological fluids with the use of [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen as the internal standards, and were able to quantitate both phenacetin and acetaminophen simultaneously. We also tested the alternative approach in which the unlabeled drug was used as internal standard for tracer amounts of the same radiolabeled compound, with phenacetin and acetaminophen as the internal standards for tracer amounts of [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen. Again, we were able to quantitate the two tracer radiolabeled compounds simultaneously.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for acetaminophen and phenacetin in the presence of their metabolites in biological fluids. We propose a method in which tracer amounts of a radiolabeled compound are used as the internal standard for the same unlabeled compound in high-performance liquid chromatography. The approach is valuable when a response from the internal standard becomes undesirable due to the presence of interference by the metabolites. We tested our approach with phenacetin and its metabolites, acetaminophen, 2-hydroxyphenacetin, N-hydroxyphenacetin, phenetidine, acetaminophen sulfate conjugate and acetaminophen glucuronide conjugate in biological fluids with the use of [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen as the internal standards, and were able to quantitate both phenacetin and acetaminophen simultaneously. We also tested the alternative approach in which the unlabeled drug was used as internal standard for tracer amounts of the same radiolabeled compound, with phenacetin and acetaminophen as the internal standards for tracer amounts of [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen. Again, we were able to quantitate the two tracer radiolabeled compounds simultaneously.", "PMID": 546886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10333", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of some alkyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Various procedures for converting 5-fluorouracil into its methyl, butyl and hexyl derivatives are described. Structures were established as the N,N'-dialkyl derivatives using mass spectrometry or combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The reaction conditions, i.e., the amount of derivatization reagents and reaction time, were optimized. Gas-liquid chromatographic characteristics of the derivatives were investigated on different stationary liquid phases, and 2% or 3% SP-2250, 5% XE-60 and 5% OV-1 were found to be superior. With 5-chlorouracil as the internal standard a linear response for the various derivatives was observed in the microgram range. The applicability of the different dialkyl derivatives in the measurement of 5-fluorouracil in biological materials is discussed.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of some alkyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil. Various procedures for converting 5-fluorouracil into its methyl, butyl and hexyl derivatives are described. Structures were established as the N,N'-dialkyl derivatives using mass spectrometry or combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The reaction conditions, i.e., the amount of derivatization reagents and reaction time, were optimized. Gas-liquid chromatographic characteristics of the derivatives were investigated on different stationary liquid phases, and 2% or 3% SP-2250, 5% XE-60 and 5% OV-1 were found to be superior. With 5-chlorouracil as the internal standard a linear response for the various derivatives was observed in the microgram range. The applicability of the different dialkyl derivatives in the measurement of 5-fluorouracil in biological materials is discussed.", "PMID": 546892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10334", "title": "Determination of bromocriptine in plasma: comparison of gas chromatography, mass fragmentography and liquid chromatography.", "content": "Gas chromatographic, mass fragmentographic and liquid chromatographic techniques for the determinations of bromocriptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine; Parlodel) in human plasma are described. These methods were found to be suitable for determining concentrations of bromocriptine down to 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 microgram/l, respectively. Accuracy, specificity and analytical capacity were satisfactory for all three methods. Gas chromatography was compared with liquid chromatography, and the two methods were demonstrated to give identical results in patients treated with bromocriptine for Parkinson's disease. Gas chromatography was also compared with mass fragmentography, and the results from these two assays were also in agreement.", "contents": "Determination of bromocriptine in plasma: comparison of gas chromatography, mass fragmentography and liquid chromatography. Gas chromatographic, mass fragmentographic and liquid chromatographic techniques for the determinations of bromocriptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine; Parlodel) in human plasma are described. These methods were found to be suitable for determining concentrations of bromocriptine down to 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 microgram/l, respectively. Accuracy, specificity and analytical capacity were satisfactory for all three methods. Gas chromatography was compared with liquid chromatography, and the two methods were demonstrated to give identical results in patients treated with bromocriptine for Parkinson's disease. Gas chromatography was also compared with mass fragmentography, and the results from these two assays were also in agreement.", "PMID": 546893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10335", "title": "Temperature effects in affinity chromatography of alanine aminotransferase.", "content": "The effects of temperature on the elution parameters of alanine aminotransferase and albumin were studied on substituted agaroses designated for the affinity chromatography of the enzyme. The elution volume of alanine aminotransferase depended logarithmically and and the elution volume of albumin linearly on temperature. Both decreased when the temperature increased. It was concluded that the observed elution volume of alanine aminotransferase was due to two types of retardation mechanisms: specific (the logarithmic mode) and non-specific (the linear mode), both of which were additive. Thermodynamic parameters were estimated for the specific mode and the calculation resulted in delta Ho and delta So values of ca. -40 kJ/mole and -140 J/mole . degrees K, respectively.", "contents": "Temperature effects in affinity chromatography of alanine aminotransferase. The effects of temperature on the elution parameters of alanine aminotransferase and albumin were studied on substituted agaroses designated for the affinity chromatography of the enzyme. The elution volume of alanine aminotransferase depended logarithmically and and the elution volume of albumin linearly on temperature. Both decreased when the temperature increased. It was concluded that the observed elution volume of alanine aminotransferase was due to two types of retardation mechanisms: specific (the logarithmic mode) and non-specific (the linear mode), both of which were additive. Thermodynamic parameters were estimated for the specific mode and the calculation resulted in delta Ho and delta So values of ca. -40 kJ/mole and -140 J/mole . degrees K, respectively.", "PMID": 546894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10336", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of 2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene, and its application to the determination of 2,4-diaminotoluene in urine and plasma.", "content": "2,4-Diaminotoluene is used for the production of industrial dyes, and along with the 2,6-isomer, as an intermediate in the production of polyurethane foams. 2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene were resolved as sharp peaks by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in 3 min by an acetonitrile-water-saturated chloroform elution solvent (8:2, v/v) with detection by ultraviolet absorbance at 250 nm. The relationship between peak height and amount injected was linear over a range of 0.025-2 microgram for both compounds. Retention times and peak heights were highly reproducible. Detection was very sensitive, allowing quantitation of 1-2 ng of either compound. Quantitative recovery of 2,4-diaminotoluene from spiked urine and plasma samples was obtained by extraction with methylene chloride.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of 2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene, and its application to the determination of 2,4-diaminotoluene in urine and plasma. 2,4-Diaminotoluene is used for the production of industrial dyes, and along with the 2,6-isomer, as an intermediate in the production of polyurethane foams. 2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene were resolved as sharp peaks by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in 3 min by an acetonitrile-water-saturated chloroform elution solvent (8:2, v/v) with detection by ultraviolet absorbance at 250 nm. The relationship between peak height and amount injected was linear over a range of 0.025-2 microgram for both compounds. Retention times and peak heights were highly reproducible. Detection was very sensitive, allowing quantitation of 1-2 ng of either compound. Quantitative recovery of 2,4-diaminotoluene from spiked urine and plasma samples was obtained by extraction with methylene chloride.", "PMID": 546895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10337", "title": "Separation of peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography for the identification of a hemoglobin variant.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column has been used to separate the tryptic peptides of a human hemoglobin variant which was then identified as hemoglobin E.", "contents": "Separation of peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography for the identification of a hemoglobin variant. High-pressure liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column has been used to separate the tryptic peptides of a human hemoglobin variant which was then identified as hemoglobin E.", "PMID": 546896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10338", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of cobalamins.", "content": "Physiological cobalamins were separated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Optimal conditions for elution of methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxycobalamin and cyanocobalamin were determined. Excellent separation and resolution of these physiological cobalamins by HPLC were achieved. In addition, several cobalamin analogues were also studied and shown to be separable from the physiological forms. HPLC provides a rapid, sensitive, reproducible means of characterizing physiological cobalamins.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of cobalamins. Physiological cobalamins were separated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Optimal conditions for elution of methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxycobalamin and cyanocobalamin were determined. Excellent separation and resolution of these physiological cobalamins by HPLC were achieved. In addition, several cobalamin analogues were also studied and shown to be separable from the physiological forms. HPLC provides a rapid, sensitive, reproducible means of characterizing physiological cobalamins.", "PMID": 546897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10339", "title": "Ion-exchange separation of nucleic acid constituents by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of a large variety of nucleic acid constituents on a silica-based, weak-anion exchange column was accomplished. Using this technique it was possible to achieve some relatively difficult separations, such as the separation of 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-AMP, and the separation of a mixture of ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleosides and -nucleotides. A number of other separations are demonstrated by isocratic or gradient elution. These include the separation of a mixture of nucleoside monophosphates, the separation of a mixture of nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates, the separation of a mixture of nucleosides and bases, and the separation of a mixture of nucleotide oligomers. These chromatographic separations were accomplished using relatively simple experimental procedures at ambient temperatures and involved relatively short analysis times. Excellent separations were obtained, in most cases, by adjustment of buffer concentration and pH, or by addition of an organic modifier. In some cases, it was necessary to use gradient elution to achieve optimum resolution.", "contents": "Ion-exchange separation of nucleic acid constituents by high-performance liquid chromatography. The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of a large variety of nucleic acid constituents on a silica-based, weak-anion exchange column was accomplished. Using this technique it was possible to achieve some relatively difficult separations, such as the separation of 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-AMP, and the separation of a mixture of ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleosides and -nucleotides. A number of other separations are demonstrated by isocratic or gradient elution. These include the separation of a mixture of nucleoside monophosphates, the separation of a mixture of nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates, the separation of a mixture of nucleosides and bases, and the separation of a mixture of nucleotide oligomers. These chromatographic separations were accomplished using relatively simple experimental procedures at ambient temperatures and involved relatively short analysis times. Excellent separations were obtained, in most cases, by adjustment of buffer concentration and pH, or by addition of an organic modifier. In some cases, it was necessary to use gradient elution to achieve optimum resolution.", "PMID": 546898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10340", "title": "[Quantitative determination of drugs by in situ spectrophotometry of chromatograms for pharmacokinetic studies. I. Sulpiride and other benzamides, vincamine, naftazone (author's transl)].", "content": "Assays are proposed for sulpiride and other benzamides, vincamine and naftazone in plasma (or blood) and urine with direct UV reflectance spectrophotometry on this are applied directly on TLC along with a calibration curve on each plate. Plasma (or total blood) samples are extracted, and an internal standard is added before aplication; slopes of the obtained calibration curves do not change significantly from plate to plate, thus allowing several determinations on the same plate. The sensitivity is 2 microgram in a 1-ml sample (amount applied 30 ng) for sulpiride and related compounds and about the same for vincamine. Naftazone is determined in plasma with simultaneous reflectance and transmittance spectrophotometric measurements at 520 nm on chromatoplates sprayed with lead acetate, the sensitivity reached is 10 ng in a 1-ml sample (amount applied 0.5 ng). For all drugs studied, the proposed techniques are specific, reliable and sensitive enough and can be used to perform pharmacokinetic studies in human or in animal after administration of doses in the therapeutic range.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of drugs by in situ spectrophotometry of chromatograms for pharmacokinetic studies. I. Sulpiride and other benzamides, vincamine, naftazone (author's transl)]. Assays are proposed for sulpiride and other benzamides, vincamine and naftazone in plasma (or blood) and urine with direct UV reflectance spectrophotometry on this are applied directly on TLC along with a calibration curve on each plate. Plasma (or total blood) samples are extracted, and an internal standard is added before aplication; slopes of the obtained calibration curves do not change significantly from plate to plate, thus allowing several determinations on the same plate. The sensitivity is 2 microgram in a 1-ml sample (amount applied 30 ng) for sulpiride and related compounds and about the same for vincamine. Naftazone is determined in plasma with simultaneous reflectance and transmittance spectrophotometric measurements at 520 nm on chromatoplates sprayed with lead acetate, the sensitivity reached is 10 ng in a 1-ml sample (amount applied 0.5 ng). For all drugs studied, the proposed techniques are specific, reliable and sensitive enough and can be used to perform pharmacokinetic studies in human or in animal after administration of doses in the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 546899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10341", "title": "Analysis of natural corticosteroids in adrenal extracts and in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of the principal natural corticosteroids in extracts of adrenal glands. Microparticulate silicic acid columns and gradients of methanol in chloroform are used: conditions are described for the quantitative analysis of the single principal steroidal components of adrenal extracts for pharmaceutical use and of adrenal extracts of rats. In the last case, the use of a 5-micron silica column with the appropriate gradient allows the determination of corticosterone and of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, which were identified by means of mass spectrometry on their eluates. A single analysis can be performed on the extract of 15 mg of rat adrenal tissue. For the last type of analysis, isocratic conditions on a 10-micron LiChrosorb Diol column are also described. The application of the gradient elution procedure to the analysis of steroidal compounds in human plasma is also described.", "contents": "Analysis of natural corticosteroids in adrenal extracts and in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of the principal natural corticosteroids in extracts of adrenal glands. Microparticulate silicic acid columns and gradients of methanol in chloroform are used: conditions are described for the quantitative analysis of the single principal steroidal components of adrenal extracts for pharmaceutical use and of adrenal extracts of rats. In the last case, the use of a 5-micron silica column with the appropriate gradient allows the determination of corticosterone and of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, which were identified by means of mass spectrometry on their eluates. A single analysis can be performed on the extract of 15 mg of rat adrenal tissue. For the last type of analysis, isocratic conditions on a 10-micron LiChrosorb Diol column are also described. The application of the gradient elution procedure to the analysis of steroidal compounds in human plasma is also described.", "PMID": 546904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10342", "title": "Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of neomycin sulfate derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay method has been developed for quantifying neomycin sulfate powders and ointments containing neomycin. A dinitrobenzene derivative of neomycin is formed and then chromatographed isocratically on a normal-phase system. Neomycin B and C and be separated and quantified with a relative standard deviation of approximately 1%. When monitored at 350 nm, the method is sensitive to about 1 ng of neomycin base per column injected. Gradient elution and isocratic HPLC methods for the analysis of derivatized neamine have also been developed. The relative standard deviation is less than 1% for the isocratic method. The HPLC method is applicable to the analysis of other aminoglucoside antibiotics.", "contents": "Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of neomycin sulfate derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay method has been developed for quantifying neomycin sulfate powders and ointments containing neomycin. A dinitrobenzene derivative of neomycin is formed and then chromatographed isocratically on a normal-phase system. Neomycin B and C and be separated and quantified with a relative standard deviation of approximately 1%. When monitored at 350 nm, the method is sensitive to about 1 ng of neomycin base per column injected. Gradient elution and isocratic HPLC methods for the analysis of derivatized neamine have also been developed. The relative standard deviation is less than 1% for the isocratic method. The HPLC method is applicable to the analysis of other aminoglucoside antibiotics.", "PMID": 546905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10343", "title": "Effect of transition metals on recovery from plasma of the growth-modulating tripeptide glycylhistidyllysine.", "content": "Isolation and purification of growth-modulating peptides from biological sources is often accompanied by excessive losses of bioactive material. During the isolation of a growth-modulating tripeptide glycylhistidyllysine (GHL) from human plasma, copper and iron were found to co-isolate with the peptide. Studies with [3H]GHL demonstrated that these metals interfere at several steps of the procedure for the isolation of GHL from plasma (gel filtration chromatography, high-pressure silica-gel). Removal of these metals with an insoluble chelating resin (Cellex 100) enhanced recovery of [3H]GHL from plasma 8-fold. These results suggest that removal of transition metals may aid in the recovery of peptides which are difficult to isolate from biological sources.", "contents": "Effect of transition metals on recovery from plasma of the growth-modulating tripeptide glycylhistidyllysine. Isolation and purification of growth-modulating peptides from biological sources is often accompanied by excessive losses of bioactive material. During the isolation of a growth-modulating tripeptide glycylhistidyllysine (GHL) from human plasma, copper and iron were found to co-isolate with the peptide. Studies with [3H]GHL demonstrated that these metals interfere at several steps of the procedure for the isolation of GHL from plasma (gel filtration chromatography, high-pressure silica-gel). Removal of these metals with an insoluble chelating resin (Cellex 100) enhanced recovery of [3H]GHL from plasma 8-fold. These results suggest that removal of transition metals may aid in the recovery of peptides which are difficult to isolate from biological sources.", "PMID": 546910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10344", "title": "Use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the determination of provitamin A carotenes in tomatoes.", "content": "The usual methods for provitamin A evaluation of foods convert the total pigment amount, determined spectrophotometrically, into vitamin A units. Since the totally inactive lycopene is the major carotenoid in the tomato, such readings result in erroneously high provitamin A values. In view of the recent development of chemically bonded, reversed-phase, microparticulate packings and their use in high-performance liquid chromatography which combines highly accurate and reproducible resolution with the speed and ease of operation, a new method using such a system was developed to isolate carotenoid pigments from tomato samples. A 15-min column separation was thus achieved, dramatically decreasing the analysis time of the classical open column chromatographic procedures, which often result in unresolved and altered fractions due to long-term exposure to oxygen, light, solvents and sometimes adsorbent. beta-Carotene and lycopene were determined and quantitated in six tomato samples. beta-Carotene, 100% vitamin A-active, was expressed in International Units of vitamin A. The newly developed method gives a more reliable evaluation of the fruit potency in vitamin A than the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists currently used for food composition tables.", "contents": "Use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the determination of provitamin A carotenes in tomatoes. The usual methods for provitamin A evaluation of foods convert the total pigment amount, determined spectrophotometrically, into vitamin A units. Since the totally inactive lycopene is the major carotenoid in the tomato, such readings result in erroneously high provitamin A values. In view of the recent development of chemically bonded, reversed-phase, microparticulate packings and their use in high-performance liquid chromatography which combines highly accurate and reproducible resolution with the speed and ease of operation, a new method using such a system was developed to isolate carotenoid pigments from tomato samples. A 15-min column separation was thus achieved, dramatically decreasing the analysis time of the classical open column chromatographic procedures, which often result in unresolved and altered fractions due to long-term exposure to oxygen, light, solvents and sometimes adsorbent. beta-Carotene and lycopene were determined and quantitated in six tomato samples. beta-Carotene, 100% vitamin A-active, was expressed in International Units of vitamin A. The newly developed method gives a more reliable evaluation of the fruit potency in vitamin A than the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists currently used for food composition tables.", "PMID": 546911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10345", "title": "Quantitation of polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the determination of the five major polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in orange juice has been developed. It employs a unique ternary solvent system with coupled UV-fluorescence detection. The dual detectors were employed to determine the presence of interfering substances and served as a cross check on quantitation. Stop flow UV and fluorescence scanning was used to identify peaks and determine the presence of impurities. Although all five citrus PMFs fluoresce, some HPLC fluorescence peaks were too small to be of much practical use. All five citrus PMFs could be quantitated satisfactorily with the fixed wavelength UV (313 nm) detector. The HPLC procedure has been used to evaluate each step in the preparation. The optimum extracting solvent was selected and one time consuming step was eliminated, as it was found to be unnecessary. HPLC values for nobiletin and sinensetin are in good agreement with the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) values in the literature. HPLC values for the other three flavones were considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The HPLC procedure is considerably faster than the TLC procedure with equal or superior precision and accuracy.", "contents": "Quantitation of polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice by high-performance liquid chromatography. A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the determination of the five major polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in orange juice has been developed. It employs a unique ternary solvent system with coupled UV-fluorescence detection. The dual detectors were employed to determine the presence of interfering substances and served as a cross check on quantitation. Stop flow UV and fluorescence scanning was used to identify peaks and determine the presence of impurities. Although all five citrus PMFs fluoresce, some HPLC fluorescence peaks were too small to be of much practical use. All five citrus PMFs could be quantitated satisfactorily with the fixed wavelength UV (313 nm) detector. The HPLC procedure has been used to evaluate each step in the preparation. The optimum extracting solvent was selected and one time consuming step was eliminated, as it was found to be unnecessary. HPLC values for nobiletin and sinensetin are in good agreement with the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) values in the literature. HPLC values for the other three flavones were considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The HPLC procedure is considerably faster than the TLC procedure with equal or superior precision and accuracy.", "PMID": 546912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10346", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic determination of aldehydes encountered in foods as dimethones, octahydroxantheines and barbiturates.", "content": "Aldehydes in foods can conveniently be characterized and determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after converting them into their dimethones. For further confirmation the dimethones can be cyclized on the TLC plates or in solution to give octahydroxanthenes. Aldehydes also can be determined as their barbiturates. The aldehydes could be determined as dimethones and octahydroxanthenes in amounts up to 5 micrograms and as barbiturates in amounts up to 7.5 micrograms at their UV maxima.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic determination of aldehydes encountered in foods as dimethones, octahydroxantheines and barbiturates. Aldehydes in foods can conveniently be characterized and determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after converting them into their dimethones. For further confirmation the dimethones can be cyclized on the TLC plates or in solution to give octahydroxanthenes. Aldehydes also can be determined as their barbiturates. The aldehydes could be determined as dimethones and octahydroxanthenes in amounts up to 5 micrograms and as barbiturates in amounts up to 7.5 micrograms at their UV maxima.", "PMID": 546913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10347", "title": "Large-bore coated columns for sampling and concentration of organic volatiles in air, headspace and water analysis.", "content": "Large-bore coated (LBC) columns were used as sampling and concentrating traps in analyses for traces of organic volatiles in air and water. This simple technique utilizes long metal columns thinly coated with SE-30 for direct trapping of the organics. The sample is simply passed through the LBC column; the trapped organics are then thermally desorbed onto a conventional porous polymer pre-column or onto a second LBC column. If desired, this can be shorter or narrower bore than the initial LBC sampling column. The sample is finally desorbed onto the gas chromatographic column for analysis. Multiple transfers between LBC columns are possible, with increased concentration at each transfer, resulting in a \"concentration pump\" effect. The technique offers the advantages of great simplicity, efficiency and ease of sample transfer. Samples are obtained with low back-pressure and minimal interfering artifacts. The system shows almost complete imperturbability to moisture. Indifference to moisture and the low back-pressure enable direct sampling of very large volumes of air and even breath. Direct sampling of aqueous systems was also possible. The latter area was not fully investigated but offers potential for water pollution analysis and in direct examination of biological fluids and aqueous flavor extracts where heat sensitivity is a problem. With LBC columns the sampling and concentration sequence exposes the substances sought to no more drastic conditions than those they will be subjected to in the process of gas chromatographic analysis.", "contents": "Large-bore coated columns for sampling and concentration of organic volatiles in air, headspace and water analysis. Large-bore coated (LBC) columns were used as sampling and concentrating traps in analyses for traces of organic volatiles in air and water. This simple technique utilizes long metal columns thinly coated with SE-30 for direct trapping of the organics. The sample is simply passed through the LBC column; the trapped organics are then thermally desorbed onto a conventional porous polymer pre-column or onto a second LBC column. If desired, this can be shorter or narrower bore than the initial LBC sampling column. The sample is finally desorbed onto the gas chromatographic column for analysis. Multiple transfers between LBC columns are possible, with increased concentration at each transfer, resulting in a \"concentration pump\" effect. The technique offers the advantages of great simplicity, efficiency and ease of sample transfer. Samples are obtained with low back-pressure and minimal interfering artifacts. The system shows almost complete imperturbability to moisture. Indifference to moisture and the low back-pressure enable direct sampling of very large volumes of air and even breath. Direct sampling of aqueous systems was also possible. The latter area was not fully investigated but offers potential for water pollution analysis and in direct examination of biological fluids and aqueous flavor extracts where heat sensitivity is a problem. With LBC columns the sampling and concentration sequence exposes the substances sought to no more drastic conditions than those they will be subjected to in the process of gas chromatographic analysis.", "PMID": 546917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10348", "title": "Identification of ergot alkaloids with a photochemical reaction detector in liquid chromatography.", "content": "An on-line photochemical reaction detector is described for the identification of ergot alkaloids by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fluorescence signal of alkaloids decreases within about 20 sec of irradiation and disappears selectively from complex chromatograms. The application of this principle to urine samples is described.", "contents": "Identification of ergot alkaloids with a photochemical reaction detector in liquid chromatography. An on-line photochemical reaction detector is described for the identification of ergot alkaloids by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fluorescence signal of alkaloids decreases within about 20 sec of irradiation and disappears selectively from complex chromatograms. The application of this principle to urine samples is described.", "PMID": 546918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10349", "title": "Use of 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonic acid as a novel derivatizing reagent for the analysis of catecholamines, histamines and related amines by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "We have found that 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonic acid reacts rapidly and specifically with primary amines at room temperature. We have used this reagent for derivatizing phenylethylamines, including catecholamines, and histamine and 1-methylhistamine. After the reaction, hydroxyl groups were derivatized to form the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers, and the final derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. These derivatives are stable, possess excellent gas chromatographic properties and are detected with high sensitivity. We have applied this method to the analysis of histamine and 1-methylhistamine in human urine.", "contents": "Use of 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonic acid as a novel derivatizing reagent for the analysis of catecholamines, histamines and related amines by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. We have found that 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonic acid reacts rapidly and specifically with primary amines at room temperature. We have used this reagent for derivatizing phenylethylamines, including catecholamines, and histamine and 1-methylhistamine. After the reaction, hydroxyl groups were derivatized to form the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers, and the final derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. These derivatives are stable, possess excellent gas chromatographic properties and are detected with high sensitivity. We have applied this method to the analysis of histamine and 1-methylhistamine in human urine.", "PMID": 546919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10350", "title": "Convenient method for the gas chromatographic analysis of hexosamines in the presence of neutral monosaccharides and uronic acids.", "content": "A convenient gas chromatographic method has been devised for the analysis of hexosamines in the presence of neutral and acidic sugars, which involves sequential derivatization reactions of nitrous acid deamination, mercaptalation, and trimethylsilylation. This method allows rapid, simultaneous determination of 0.1-1 micromole samples of hexosamines with coefficients of variation of less than 3%.", "contents": "Convenient method for the gas chromatographic analysis of hexosamines in the presence of neutral monosaccharides and uronic acids. A convenient gas chromatographic method has been devised for the analysis of hexosamines in the presence of neutral and acidic sugars, which involves sequential derivatization reactions of nitrous acid deamination, mercaptalation, and trimethylsilylation. This method allows rapid, simultaneous determination of 0.1-1 micromole samples of hexosamines with coefficients of variation of less than 3%.", "PMID": 546920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10351", "title": "Determination of unchanged hydralazine in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen-specific detection.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is described for the specific determination of unchanged hydralazine in plasma. On treatment with 2,4-pentanedione, hydralazine is converted into 1-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)phthalazine, a stable compound which is easily extracted from biological material and determined quantitatively by gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection. 4-Methylhydralazine is used as an internal standard. The sensitivity of the method is ca. 10 ng/ml. Hydrazones of hydralazine do not interfere with the assay.", "contents": "Determination of unchanged hydralazine in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen-specific detection. A gas chromatographic method is described for the specific determination of unchanged hydralazine in plasma. On treatment with 2,4-pentanedione, hydralazine is converted into 1-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)phthalazine, a stable compound which is easily extracted from biological material and determined quantitatively by gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection. 4-Methylhydralazine is used as an internal standard. The sensitivity of the method is ca. 10 ng/ml. Hydrazones of hydralazine do not interfere with the assay.", "PMID": 546921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10352", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of emetine after oxidative activation to a fluorescent product.", "content": "A clinically useful analytical method is described for monitoring plasma levels of emetine. The drug is initially extracted from plasma with dichloromethane (0.3 volumes). The extract can be analyzed directly by paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to levels of 500 ng/ml of plasma by spectrophotometric monitoring of column effluent. For analysis of emetine at lower concentrations, the dichloromethane extracts are subjected to mild mercuric acetate oxidation prior to separation, thereby converting emetine to a fluorescent product. Spectrofluorometric monitoring of the column effluent readily extends the sensitivity of the assay to 10 ng of emetine/ml of plasma. At these levels measurements can be made with a precision of +/- 4%.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of emetine after oxidative activation to a fluorescent product. A clinically useful analytical method is described for monitoring plasma levels of emetine. The drug is initially extracted from plasma with dichloromethane (0.3 volumes). The extract can be analyzed directly by paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to levels of 500 ng/ml of plasma by spectrophotometric monitoring of column effluent. For analysis of emetine at lower concentrations, the dichloromethane extracts are subjected to mild mercuric acetate oxidation prior to separation, thereby converting emetine to a fluorescent product. Spectrofluorometric monitoring of the column effluent readily extends the sensitivity of the assay to 10 ng of emetine/ml of plasma. At these levels measurements can be made with a precision of +/- 4%.", "PMID": 546922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10353", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of betamethasone 17-valerate and its degradation products.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of betamethasone 17-valerate is described. The procedure may be use for quantitative assay of the degradation products, betamethasone 21-valerate and betamethasone, and the application to the analysis of ointments is described. The method is also suitable for the determination of the kinetics of decomposition from one experimental run, and the determination of rate constants from a four-compartment sequential reaction is described. The procedure is also applicable to other corticosteroids, and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, hydrocortisone 21-butyrate, and hydrocortisone may similarly be determined without modification to the method.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of betamethasone 17-valerate and its degradation products. A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of betamethasone 17-valerate is described. The procedure may be use for quantitative assay of the degradation products, betamethasone 21-valerate and betamethasone, and the application to the analysis of ointments is described. The method is also suitable for the determination of the kinetics of decomposition from one experimental run, and the determination of rate constants from a four-compartment sequential reaction is described. The procedure is also applicable to other corticosteroids, and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, hydrocortisone 21-butyrate, and hydrocortisone may similarly be determined without modification to the method.", "PMID": 546923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10354", "title": "Use of microbore columns for the separation of substances of biological origin.", "content": "A gradient system for use with microbore columns is described and the repeatability of the system determined. A simple sampling device for use with aqueous biological samples is described, and the advantages of the high mass sensitivity of microbore columns for the analysis of such samples are discussed. The sensitivity of the  system is demonstrated by the determination of acetophenone in water at a level of one part per billion. The use of the apparatus for the separation of low-molecular-weight, non-ionic compounds contained in blood is also demonstrated. It is shown that excellent separations of such components can be obtained from as little as 400 microliter of serum.", "contents": "Use of microbore columns for the separation of substances of biological origin. A gradient system for use with microbore columns is described and the repeatability of the system determined. A simple sampling device for use with aqueous biological samples is described, and the advantages of the high mass sensitivity of microbore columns for the analysis of such samples are discussed. The sensitivity of the  system is demonstrated by the determination of acetophenone in water at a level of one part per billion. The use of the apparatus for the separation of low-molecular-weight, non-ionic compounds contained in blood is also demonstrated. It is shown that excellent separations of such components can be obtained from as little as 400 microliter of serum.", "PMID": 546928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10355", "title": "Use of hydrophobic interaction methods in the isolation of proteins from endocrine and paraendocrine tissues and cells by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We have recently described the separation of a large number of polypeptide hormones, related peptides and some protein standards by hydrophobic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This paper reports the practical application of these methods to the reproducible isolation and separation of components of a mixture of immunoreactive calcitonin-like proteins (less than 25 kD) synthesised and secreted by human tumour cells in vitro. Using hydrophobic interaction HPLC on ODS-silica for both preliminary bulk fractionation and subsequent analytical separation greater than 80% recoveries of small (ng) quantities of immunoreactive proteins were obtained from samples containing less than 100 mg total protein, and characteristic profiles of synthesised and secreted materials were established. Using a partially purified hypothalamic extract, containing a number of small proteins (12--25 kD), we have also examined the effects of varying chromatographic conditions in an attempt to modify the separations obtained with ODS-silica using an acid-saline-acetonitrile gradient elution system at ambient temperature, and achieve further resolution of its components. No useful selective effects were observed when temperature, organic modifier, gradient profile or hydrophobic stationary phase were altered. These techniques may not therefore be inherently capable of completely resolving all components of natural protein mixtures. They do, however, offer an adjunct to and in certain cases a substitute for conventional methods of protein separation.", "contents": "Use of hydrophobic interaction methods in the isolation of proteins from endocrine and paraendocrine tissues and cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. We have recently described the separation of a large number of polypeptide hormones, related peptides and some protein standards by hydrophobic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This paper reports the practical application of these methods to the reproducible isolation and separation of components of a mixture of immunoreactive calcitonin-like proteins (less than 25 kD) synthesised and secreted by human tumour cells in vitro. Using hydrophobic interaction HPLC on ODS-silica for both preliminary bulk fractionation and subsequent analytical separation greater than 80% recoveries of small (ng) quantities of immunoreactive proteins were obtained from samples containing less than 100 mg total protein, and characteristic profiles of synthesised and secreted materials were established. Using a partially purified hypothalamic extract, containing a number of small proteins (12--25 kD), we have also examined the effects of varying chromatographic conditions in an attempt to modify the separations obtained with ODS-silica using an acid-saline-acetonitrile gradient elution system at ambient temperature, and achieve further resolution of its components. No useful selective effects were observed when temperature, organic modifier, gradient profile or hydrophobic stationary phase were altered. These techniques may not therefore be inherently capable of completely resolving all components of natural protein mixtures. They do, however, offer an adjunct to and in certain cases a substitute for conventional methods of protein separation.", "PMID": 546929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10356", "title": "High-speed steric exclusion chromatography of biopolymers.", "content": "Biopolymer separations were studied on Micropak TSK type SW columns, which contain an aqueous compatible steric exclusion support. Columns of two different pore sizes, designated 2000SW and 3000SW, were compared for separation of proteins and nucleic acids covering a molecular weight range of 13,500 to 340,000 and the effect of molecular shape and denaturation upon elution volume was investigated. Use of high-speed steric exclusion chromatography as a prefractionation step prior to ion-exchange chromatography in biopolymer purification schemes is discussed.", "contents": "High-speed steric exclusion chromatography of biopolymers. Biopolymer separations were studied on Micropak TSK type SW columns, which contain an aqueous compatible steric exclusion support. Columns of two different pore sizes, designated 2000SW and 3000SW, were compared for separation of proteins and nucleic acids covering a molecular weight range of 13,500 to 340,000 and the effect of molecular shape and denaturation upon elution volume was investigated. Use of high-speed steric exclusion chromatography as a prefractionation step prior to ion-exchange chromatography in biopolymer purification schemes is discussed.", "PMID": 546930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10357", "title": "Application of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole-activated agarose for the purification of proteins. II. The use of an activated matrix devoid of additional charged groups for the purification of thyroid proteins.", "content": "The use of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole-activated agarose for biospecific affinity chromatography is described. Activation of agarose with this carbonylating reagent gives a matrix devoid of additional charged groups. Conditions for the coupling of a range of ligands and leashes have been evaluated. The efficient purification of bovine trypsin, human thyroglobulin and sheep thyroid membrane glycoproteins demonstrates the suitability of the new activated matrix for affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Application of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole-activated agarose for the purification of proteins. II. The use of an activated matrix devoid of additional charged groups for the purification of thyroid proteins. The use of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole-activated agarose for biospecific affinity chromatography is described. Activation of agarose with this carbonylating reagent gives a matrix devoid of additional charged groups. Conditions for the coupling of a range of ligands and leashes have been evaluated. The efficient purification of bovine trypsin, human thyroglobulin and sheep thyroid membrane glycoproteins demonstrates the suitability of the new activated matrix for affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 546931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10358", "title": "Application of an automated extractor/concentrator to the analysis of anticonvulsant drugs in blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "An automated extractor/concentrator has been used to extract a variety of anticonvulsant drugs from blood serum in a concentration range from 0.075 to 80 microgram/ml. The volume of serum required varies from 0.1 to 2.0 ml, depending on the concentration of drug. The average absolute extraction recovery is 90% larger; recoveries relative to an internal standard are greater than 95%. The serum extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile and phosphate buffer mobile phase. Comparison of results with gas chromatographic and immunoassay techniques was excellent.", "contents": "Application of an automated extractor/concentrator to the analysis of anticonvulsant drugs in blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. An automated extractor/concentrator has been used to extract a variety of anticonvulsant drugs from blood serum in a concentration range from 0.075 to 80 microgram/ml. The volume of serum required varies from 0.1 to 2.0 ml, depending on the concentration of drug. The average absolute extraction recovery is 90% larger; recoveries relative to an internal standard are greater than 95%. The serum extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile and phosphate buffer mobile phase. Comparison of results with gas chromatographic and immunoassay techniques was excellent.", "PMID": 546932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10359", "title": "Determination of apomorphine in plasma and brain tissue by ion-pair extraction and liquid chromatography.", "content": "Apomorphine is extracted from plasma or tissue homogenate with ethyl acetate. After back-extraction into hydrochloric acid, the apomorphine is extracted as an ion pair with 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-2-hydroxybenzene sulphonate into a small volume of methylene chloride and the solution is injected into the chromatographic column. Apomorphine is separated on microporous silica with a mixture of aqueous perchloric acid, methanol and methylene chloride as the mobile phase. With absorbance measurement of the eluent at 254 nm the method permits the determination of 15 pmol of apomorphine in 1 ml of plasma or in a rat brain. The coefficient of variation was 4% at the 100 pmol level.", "contents": "Determination of apomorphine in plasma and brain tissue by ion-pair extraction and liquid chromatography. Apomorphine is extracted from plasma or tissue homogenate with ethyl acetate. After back-extraction into hydrochloric acid, the apomorphine is extracted as an ion pair with 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-2-hydroxybenzene sulphonate into a small volume of methylene chloride and the solution is injected into the chromatographic column. Apomorphine is separated on microporous silica with a mixture of aqueous perchloric acid, methanol and methylene chloride as the mobile phase. With absorbance measurement of the eluent at 254 nm the method permits the determination of 15 pmol of apomorphine in 1 ml of plasma or in a rat brain. The coefficient of variation was 4% at the 100 pmol level.", "PMID": 546933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10360", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline in plasma and urine.", "content": "Tetracycline is extracted from plasma (0.50 ml) as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium into chloroform-1-heptanol (9:1). After re-extraction into an acidic aqueous phase the separation is performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using LiChrosorb RP-2 as the support and acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid as the mobile phase. The chromatographic system shows a high selectivity for the separation of tetracycline analogues. A high detection selectivity is obtained by the use of photometric detection at 357 nm. Analysis of urine is performed by direct injection of the sample into the liquid chromatograph. The precision in the determination of tetracycline in plasma was about 10% (relative standard deviation) at drug levels of 200 ng/ml and 200 microgram. Urine samples containing 20 and 200 microgram/ml of tetracycline were determined with a precision of 3%.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline in plasma and urine. Tetracycline is extracted from plasma (0.50 ml) as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium into chloroform-1-heptanol (9:1). After re-extraction into an acidic aqueous phase the separation is performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using LiChrosorb RP-2 as the support and acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid as the mobile phase. The chromatographic system shows a high selectivity for the separation of tetracycline analogues. A high detection selectivity is obtained by the use of photometric detection at 357 nm. Analysis of urine is performed by direct injection of the sample into the liquid chromatograph. The precision in the determination of tetracycline in plasma was about 10% (relative standard deviation) at drug levels of 200 ng/ml and 200 microgram. Urine samples containing 20 and 200 microgram/ml of tetracycline were determined with a precision of 3%.", "PMID": 546934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10361", "title": "Reversed-phase chromatography of zimelidine and similar dibasic amines. I. Analysis in biological material.", "content": "Zimelidine, a new antidepressant, and its pharmacologically active metabolite, norzimelidine, have been determined quantitatively in biological material. The compounds are extracted from alkali-treated body fluid or tissue homogenate into diethyl ether-n-hexane (8:2, v/v), and re-extracted into a small volume of acidic aqueous phase (ca. 100 microliter), which is injected onto the chromatographic column. The chromatographic support is Nucleosil C18 (5 micron) and the mobile phase is phosphate buffer (pH 2)-acetonitrile (91:9, v/v) with the addition of an aliphatic amine, N,N-dimethyl-N-octylamine (4.10(-4) M), which improves the chromatographic performance. By using glass-lined stainless-steel tubes instead of the common precision-bore stainless-steel columns, peak symmetries were improved. Detection limits in plasma are in the range 2.3--4.7 nmol/1 for extractions from 1 ml. It is demonstrated that the quality of the quantitations are improved by use of an internal standard, norzimelidine E-isomer. The precisions obtained for both compounds at the concentration levels of 300 and 1500 nmol/1 are ca. 5--6% and 2% respectively for within-run variations, and 8--9% and 5% respectively for day-to-day-variations.", "contents": "Reversed-phase chromatography of zimelidine and similar dibasic amines. I. Analysis in biological material. Zimelidine, a new antidepressant, and its pharmacologically active metabolite, norzimelidine, have been determined quantitatively in biological material. The compounds are extracted from alkali-treated body fluid or tissue homogenate into diethyl ether-n-hexane (8:2, v/v), and re-extracted into a small volume of acidic aqueous phase (ca. 100 microliter), which is injected onto the chromatographic column. The chromatographic support is Nucleosil C18 (5 micron) and the mobile phase is phosphate buffer (pH 2)-acetonitrile (91:9, v/v) with the addition of an aliphatic amine, N,N-dimethyl-N-octylamine (4.10(-4) M), which improves the chromatographic performance. By using glass-lined stainless-steel tubes instead of the common precision-bore stainless-steel columns, peak symmetries were improved. Detection limits in plasma are in the range 2.3--4.7 nmol/1 for extractions from 1 ml. It is demonstrated that the quality of the quantitations are improved by use of an internal standard, norzimelidine E-isomer. The precisions obtained for both compounds at the concentration levels of 300 and 1500 nmol/1 are ca. 5--6% and 2% respectively for within-run variations, and 8--9% and 5% respectively for day-to-day-variations.", "PMID": 546935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10362", "title": "Determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A strong anion-exchange column coupled to a strong cation-exchange column with acetate buffer as eluent or reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography on octadecylsilica with methanol-water containing 1-heptanesulphonic acid as the mobile phase is described for the simultaneous separation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The separation is applied to the development of a fast and simple method for determining the activity of the enzyme aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase in human erythrocytes. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid is used as the enzyme substrate and the enzyme activity is expressed as micromoles of porphobilinogen formed per ml of erythrocytes in 1 h at 38 degrees. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen can also be separated from the urine of prophyric patients but the UV detector has insufficient sensitivity for the determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid.", "contents": "Determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen by high-performance liquid chromatography. A strong anion-exchange column coupled to a strong cation-exchange column with acetate buffer as eluent or reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography on octadecylsilica with methanol-water containing 1-heptanesulphonic acid as the mobile phase is described for the simultaneous separation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The separation is applied to the development of a fast and simple method for determining the activity of the enzyme aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase in human erythrocytes. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid is used as the enzyme substrate and the enzyme activity is expressed as micromoles of porphobilinogen formed per ml of erythrocytes in 1 h at 38 degrees. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen can also be separated from the urine of prophyric patients but the UV detector has insufficient sensitivity for the determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid.", "PMID": 546936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10363", "title": "Quantitative analysis of corticosteroids in adrenal cell cultures by capillary column gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative method using glass capillary column gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been established for the analysis of corticosteroids in small biological samples such as a few milliliters of medium from steroidogenic cultured cells. The steroid extract is separated in three main thin-layer chromatographic fractions. The steroids assayed in these fractions are: less polar fraction (C21O2) steroids), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, pregnenolone and 20 alpha-dihydro-pregnenolone; intermediate fraction (C21O3 steroids), deoxycorticosterone, 11-oxo- and several hydroxy-20 alpha-dihydroprogesterones; corticosteroid fraction (C21O4 steroids), corticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone. The method has been assessed by characterizing the steroid structures and checking the purity of GLC effluents through direct coupling of the capillary column to the electron-impact or chemical-ionization source of a computerized mass spectrometer. Applications to the quantitative evaluation of the endocrinological status of newborn rat adrenocortical cell cultures under various conditions of development, hormonal stimulation or specific inhibition by drugs are described.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of corticosteroids in adrenal cell cultures by capillary column gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. A quantitative method using glass capillary column gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been established for the analysis of corticosteroids in small biological samples such as a few milliliters of medium from steroidogenic cultured cells. The steroid extract is separated in three main thin-layer chromatographic fractions. The steroids assayed in these fractions are: less polar fraction (C21O2) steroids), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, pregnenolone and 20 alpha-dihydro-pregnenolone; intermediate fraction (C21O3 steroids), deoxycorticosterone, 11-oxo- and several hydroxy-20 alpha-dihydroprogesterones; corticosteroid fraction (C21O4 steroids), corticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone. The method has been assessed by characterizing the steroid structures and checking the purity of GLC effluents through direct coupling of the capillary column to the electron-impact or chemical-ionization source of a computerized mass spectrometer. Applications to the quantitative evaluation of the endocrinological status of newborn rat adrenocortical cell cultures under various conditions of development, hormonal stimulation or specific inhibition by drugs are described.", "PMID": 546937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10364", "title": "Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Chromatographic methodology.", "content": "A comprehensive investigation of the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of nucleosides, their bases and other low-molecular-weight UV-absorbing compounds that might be found in serum is reported. A buffer-methanol gradient was used in conjunction with chemically bonded, microparticulate columns to separate many of the biologically important compounds under study in minimal time with maximal resolution. Retention data, absorbance ratios (280/254 nm) and fluorescence responses are reported for 86 nucleosides, bases, nucleotides and other UV-absorbing compounds commonly encountered in biological studies.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Chromatographic methodology. A comprehensive investigation of the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of nucleosides, their bases and other low-molecular-weight UV-absorbing compounds that might be found in serum is reported. A buffer-methanol gradient was used in conjunction with chemically bonded, microparticulate columns to separate many of the biologically important compounds under study in minimal time with maximal resolution. Retention data, absorbance ratios (280/254 nm) and fluorescence responses are reported for 86 nucleosides, bases, nucleotides and other UV-absorbing compounds commonly encountered in biological studies.", "PMID": 546938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10365", "title": "Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation of human sera.", "content": "The reversed-phase mode of high-performance liquid chromatography was used to investigate the profiles of low-molecular-weight, UV-absorbing compounds in human serum. Identification techniques are described which allow for the identification of picomole amounts of the nucleosides, bases and other compounds in several microliters of serum ultrafiltrate. The sera from 31 normal subjects (17 males, 14 females) showed very consistent profiles. A total of 12 compounds were identified and quantified in normal serum. The analysis of sera from over 150 patients with various types of neoplasia and other diseases showed serum profiles significantly different from normal profile.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation of human sera. The reversed-phase mode of high-performance liquid chromatography was used to investigate the profiles of low-molecular-weight, UV-absorbing compounds in human serum. Identification techniques are described which allow for the identification of picomole amounts of the nucleosides, bases and other compounds in several microliters of serum ultrafiltrate. The sera from 31 normal subjects (17 males, 14 females) showed very consistent profiles. A total of 12 compounds were identified and quantified in normal serum. The analysis of sera from over 150 patients with various types of neoplasia and other diseases showed serum profiles significantly different from normal profile.", "PMID": 546939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10366", "title": "Diagnosis of neural crest tumors by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of urinary catecholamine metabolites.", "content": "Aberrations in the metabolic pathways of catecholamines in patients with neural crest tumors result in characteristic urinary excretion patterns of their catabolites. Tumors such as pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma usually defy clinical diagnosis because of their rarity, small size, intraabdominal position and clinical symptoms similar to those of essential hypertension. Quantitative determination of catecholamine metabolites such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) offers possibilities for reliable confirmation of diagnosis. However, previous techniques for the assessment of catabolite levels suffered from inadequate sensitivity, reproducibility or specificity, which seriously diminished their usefulness as biochemical determinants in the prognosis of these life-threatening tumors. Reported in this paper is the analysis of urinary levels of VMA and MHPG using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and sectrophotometric detection. We present the excretion patterns showing these metabolites in 15 control subjects, 15 patients with pheochromocytoma and 5 patients with neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Diagnosis of neural crest tumors by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of urinary catecholamine metabolites. Aberrations in the metabolic pathways of catecholamines in patients with neural crest tumors result in characteristic urinary excretion patterns of their catabolites. Tumors such as pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma usually defy clinical diagnosis because of their rarity, small size, intraabdominal position and clinical symptoms similar to those of essential hypertension. Quantitative determination of catecholamine metabolites such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) offers possibilities for reliable confirmation of diagnosis. However, previous techniques for the assessment of catabolite levels suffered from inadequate sensitivity, reproducibility or specificity, which seriously diminished their usefulness as biochemical determinants in the prognosis of these life-threatening tumors. Reported in this paper is the analysis of urinary levels of VMA and MHPG using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and sectrophotometric detection. We present the excretion patterns showing these metabolites in 15 control subjects, 15 patients with pheochromocytoma and 5 patients with neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 546940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10367", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of vitamin K in human serum.", "content": "A sensitive combined adsorption and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described that permits the determination of endogenous vitamin K1 levels in serum. The separation of vitamin K1 (cis- + trans-isomers), vitamin K1 epoxide and the menaquinones MK-2, MK-4 and MK-9 by adsorption, reversed-phase and cyano-bonded phase chromatography is discussed. The methodology was further developed for the quantitative measurement of vitamin K1 in human serum. Concentrations as low as 500 pg/ml in serum could be detected. The identity of the vitamin K1 peak was confirmed by UV absorption spectrophotometry and re-chromatography. The method has been applied to the determination of serum levels in normal healthy individuals and patients treated with vitamin K1.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of vitamin K in human serum. A sensitive combined adsorption and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described that permits the determination of endogenous vitamin K1 levels in serum. The separation of vitamin K1 (cis- + trans-isomers), vitamin K1 epoxide and the menaquinones MK-2, MK-4 and MK-9 by adsorption, reversed-phase and cyano-bonded phase chromatography is discussed. The methodology was further developed for the quantitative measurement of vitamin K1 in human serum. Concentrations as low as 500 pg/ml in serum could be detected. The identity of the vitamin K1 peak was confirmed by UV absorption spectrophotometry and re-chromatography. The method has been applied to the determination of serum levels in normal healthy individuals and patients treated with vitamin K1.", "PMID": 546941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10368", "title": "Determination of Kov\u00e1ts retention indices with a capillary column and electron-capture detection: application to the assay of the enzymatic conversion of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene into diepoxybutane.", "content": "A method is described that allows for alternate operation of a \"pin and cup\"-type electron-capture detector (ECD) in the normal ECD mode and in the metastable argon ionization mode. By such means, marker n-alkanes can be run without a change of the gas or temperature parameters, and measurements can be made of the Kov\u00e1ts retention indices of unknown compounds that are detectable in trace amounts by ECD only. As an application, tests are reported which support the probable enzymatic conversion of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene into diepoxybutane during incubation of the former with rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "Determination of Kov\u00e1ts retention indices with a capillary column and electron-capture detection: application to the assay of the enzymatic conversion of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene into diepoxybutane. A method is described that allows for alternate operation of a \"pin and cup\"-type electron-capture detector (ECD) in the normal ECD mode and in the metastable argon ionization mode. By such means, marker n-alkanes can be run without a change of the gas or temperature parameters, and measurements can be made of the Kov\u00e1ts retention indices of unknown compounds that are detectable in trace amounts by ECD only. As an application, tests are reported which support the probable enzymatic conversion of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene into diepoxybutane during incubation of the former with rat liver microsomes.", "PMID": 546942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10369", "title": "The brain of two mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia - Therapsida).", "content": "The endocasts of the cynodonts Massetognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon are studied from descriptive and quantitative viewpoints. The morphology of the casts is described briefly, doing special attention to those features that import to the quantitative analysis, as for instance the general appearance of the casts and some vascular impressions. The general conclusions of this study are: 1.--Massetognathus sp. has had a brain with rather long olfactory peduncles and perhaps not greatly developed olfactory bulbs which could imply a non-macroosmatic condition, up to date not known for cynodonts. Cf. Probelesodon, on the other hand, shows a brain type similar to those of other cynodonts. 2.--Certain cynodonts at least, have had brains that filled fairly well the endocranial cavity. 3.--The cynodonts Massentognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon, as surely other species, have acquired in Middle Triassic times a relative brain size rather closed to that of certain fossil and living mammals.", "contents": "The brain of two mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia - Therapsida). The endocasts of the cynodonts Massetognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon are studied from descriptive and quantitative viewpoints. The morphology of the casts is described briefly, doing special attention to those features that import to the quantitative analysis, as for instance the general appearance of the casts and some vascular impressions. The general conclusions of this study are: 1.--Massetognathus sp. has had a brain with rather long olfactory peduncles and perhaps not greatly developed olfactory bulbs which could imply a non-macroosmatic condition, up to date not known for cynodonts. Cf. Probelesodon, on the other hand, shows a brain type similar to those of other cynodonts. 2.--Certain cynodonts at least, have had brains that filled fairly well the endocranial cavity. 3.--The cynodonts Massentognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon, as surely other species, have acquired in Middle Triassic times a relative brain size rather closed to that of certain fossil and living mammals.", "PMID": 546972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10370", "title": "The corticofugal projections from the sensorimotor cortex to the spinal cord. A neuroanatomical and autoradiographical study in the cat with some methodological comments.", "content": "An autoradiographical analysis of the corticospinal projections from the sensorimotor cortex of the cat using several 3H-labelled protein precursors showed a distribution of radioactivity on the contralateral side of the spinal cord in fairly good agreement with the findings using silver impregnation techniques. The findings on the ipsilateral side were sparse and the radioactivity was located to the transitional area of lamina VII and VIII almost as intensely as over the contralateral lamina VII. This pattern was more in line with that of the monkey and indicates a more common corticospinal terminal pattern in higher vertebrates. The corticospinal tracts were difficult to demonstrate even in horizontal sections apart from the crossed lateral tract. This was interpreted as a sign of insufficiency of the labelling considering the number of strongly labelled cortical cells. The lumbosacrally projecting neurons were rather difficult to demonstrate and most of them were situated in the more superficial areas around the cruciform sulcus. The investigation was mainly based on labelling the cortex with 3H-fucose which provided the most intense, differential and reproducable labellings. This was considered due to a lesser tendency to encounter selective neuronal uptake phenomenas. The transported amounts of radioactivity were relatively poor and unsuitable for studies of the finer somatotopics or EM-autoradiography of the synaptology.", "contents": "The corticofugal projections from the sensorimotor cortex to the spinal cord. A neuroanatomical and autoradiographical study in the cat with some methodological comments. An autoradiographical analysis of the corticospinal projections from the sensorimotor cortex of the cat using several 3H-labelled protein precursors showed a distribution of radioactivity on the contralateral side of the spinal cord in fairly good agreement with the findings using silver impregnation techniques. The findings on the ipsilateral side were sparse and the radioactivity was located to the transitional area of lamina VII and VIII almost as intensely as over the contralateral lamina VII. This pattern was more in line with that of the monkey and indicates a more common corticospinal terminal pattern in higher vertebrates. The corticospinal tracts were difficult to demonstrate even in horizontal sections apart from the crossed lateral tract. This was interpreted as a sign of insufficiency of the labelling considering the number of strongly labelled cortical cells. The lumbosacrally projecting neurons were rather difficult to demonstrate and most of them were situated in the more superficial areas around the cruciform sulcus. The investigation was mainly based on labelling the cortex with 3H-fucose which provided the most intense, differential and reproducable labellings. This was considered due to a lesser tendency to encounter selective neuronal uptake phenomenas. The transported amounts of radioactivity were relatively poor and unsuitable for studies of the finer somatotopics or EM-autoradiography of the synaptology.", "PMID": 546973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10371", "title": "An autoradiographical study of the projections from the feline sensorimotor cortex to the brain stem.", "content": "Following an autoradiographical study on the projections from the feline sensorimotor cortex (representation of the limbs) to the brain stem, new projections to nucleus pretectalis posterior, the coerulear nuclei, nuclei corporis pontobulbares, nucleus intertrigeminalis, nucleus f, x and z of the vestibular nuclear complex, nucleus parvocellularis compactus, nucleus parasolitarius, nuclei insulae cuneati laterales, the nuclei of the raph\u00e9, nucleus reticularis lateralis and nucleus fastigii were found besides the well known projections to the tectal nuclei, the reticular formation, nucleus ruber, griseum pontis, the sensory trigeminal nuclei and the dorsal column nuclei. There was no evidence of projections to nucleus tractus solitarii. The amounts of radioactivity within the nuclei seem to be in favour of EM autoradiographical studies on the synaptology of these projections, apart from faintly labelled structures like most of the reticular nuclei, the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the coerulear nuclei and nucleus fastigii.", "contents": "An autoradiographical study of the projections from the feline sensorimotor cortex to the brain stem. Following an autoradiographical study on the projections from the feline sensorimotor cortex (representation of the limbs) to the brain stem, new projections to nucleus pretectalis posterior, the coerulear nuclei, nuclei corporis pontobulbares, nucleus intertrigeminalis, nucleus f, x and z of the vestibular nuclear complex, nucleus parvocellularis compactus, nucleus parasolitarius, nuclei insulae cuneati laterales, the nuclei of the raph\u00e9, nucleus reticularis lateralis and nucleus fastigii were found besides the well known projections to the tectal nuclei, the reticular formation, nucleus ruber, griseum pontis, the sensory trigeminal nuclei and the dorsal column nuclei. There was no evidence of projections to nucleus tractus solitarii. The amounts of radioactivity within the nuclei seem to be in favour of EM autoradiographical studies on the synaptology of these projections, apart from faintly labelled structures like most of the reticular nuclei, the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the coerulear nuclei and nucleus fastigii.", "PMID": 546974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10372", "title": "[Autoradiography of the neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the regio cingularis in the rat. II. Proliferation kinetics in the area praecentralis agranularis].", "content": "The proliferation of the matrix-cells in the Area praecentralis agranularis of 219 embryonic rats has been investigated by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of foetal life. The course of the labeling index indicates that matrix-cells represent a cell population in which cell multiplication is both rapid and continuous. Moreover the number of labeled cells decreases following the migration of labeled neuroblasts to another site. Because the beginning of migration retards after a division a proliferative compartment and a differentiating compartment were found in the subventricular and ventricular zone. The migration appears in waves not before 24 hours after division of cells. We have found that, between the second and the third day and betw-en the third and the fourth day after injection, migrating cells arise with 1/2 or 1/4 of the number of silver grains respectively. A comparison with the values of the Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis (RICHTER and KRANZ 1978) indicates that no differences exist between the both regions. Cell division and migration both indicate in the brain a sequential nature; after each mitosis only one of the daughtercells retains their proliferative capacity, the other becomes differentiated into neuroblast and leaves the proliferative compartment.", "contents": "[Autoradiography of the neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the regio cingularis in the rat. II. Proliferation kinetics in the area praecentralis agranularis]. The proliferation of the matrix-cells in the Area praecentralis agranularis of 219 embryonic rats has been investigated by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of foetal life. The course of the labeling index indicates that matrix-cells represent a cell population in which cell multiplication is both rapid and continuous. Moreover the number of labeled cells decreases following the migration of labeled neuroblasts to another site. Because the beginning of migration retards after a division a proliferative compartment and a differentiating compartment were found in the subventricular and ventricular zone. The migration appears in waves not before 24 hours after division of cells. We have found that, between the second and the third day and betw-en the third and the fourth day after injection, migrating cells arise with 1/2 or 1/4 of the number of silver grains respectively. A comparison with the values of the Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis (RICHTER and KRANZ 1978) indicates that no differences exist between the both regions. Cell division and migration both indicate in the brain a sequential nature; after each mitosis only one of the daughtercells retains their proliferative capacity, the other becomes differentiated into neuroblast and leaves the proliferative compartment.", "PMID": 546975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10373", "title": "The visual system of the trout Salmo irideus Gibb. A degeneration and radioautographic study.", "content": "The organization of the primary visual system of the trout (Salmo irideus Gibb.) was studied by Fink-Heimer methods and radioautography. In addition to normal fiber, Nissl and Golgi staining techniques, we carried out total ablation of the retina on the right side on 16 animals which survived post-operatively at 13 degrees C for 9 to 31 days. The brains were cut at 35 micrometer and then stained by the Fink-Heimer techniques. Furthermore, we injected 20 microliter (2 microCi) of 14C proline into the right eye of 8 trouts which were then fixed between 24 and 72 hours after the injection, and then prepared for radioautography. The primary visual system projections are entirely contralateral. The optic tract is divided into three bundles which pass into tectal layers 2, 4 and 6. In the trout, a very obvious deep optic layer is present which extends throughout the length of the medial part of the tectum. In addition to the accessory optic tract and to a projection at the level of the preoptic area, the trout possesses a well-developed thalamic visual system composed of a ribboned geniculate nucleus and two medial thalamic visual centres fed by the retinothalamic pathways as well as a small retinal target located in the lateral thalamus. The pretectum receives only a few small sparse retinal projections. An interpretation of the trout visual system as the whole is discussed.", "contents": "The visual system of the trout Salmo irideus Gibb. A degeneration and radioautographic study. The organization of the primary visual system of the trout (Salmo irideus Gibb.) was studied by Fink-Heimer methods and radioautography. In addition to normal fiber, Nissl and Golgi staining techniques, we carried out total ablation of the retina on the right side on 16 animals which survived post-operatively at 13 degrees C for 9 to 31 days. The brains were cut at 35 micrometer and then stained by the Fink-Heimer techniques. Furthermore, we injected 20 microliter (2 microCi) of 14C proline into the right eye of 8 trouts which were then fixed between 24 and 72 hours after the injection, and then prepared for radioautography. The primary visual system projections are entirely contralateral. The optic tract is divided into three bundles which pass into tectal layers 2, 4 and 6. In the trout, a very obvious deep optic layer is present which extends throughout the length of the medial part of the tectum. In addition to the accessory optic tract and to a projection at the level of the preoptic area, the trout possesses a well-developed thalamic visual system composed of a ribboned geniculate nucleus and two medial thalamic visual centres fed by the retinothalamic pathways as well as a small retinal target located in the lateral thalamus. The pretectum receives only a few small sparse retinal projections. An interpretation of the trout visual system as the whole is discussed.", "PMID": 546976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10374", "title": "Patterns of organization of the corticotectal projection of cats studied by means of the anterograde degeneration method.", "content": "By using the Fink and Heimer method, patterns of organization of the cat corticotectal projection have been studied in more detail than previously known. Collicular projections from various cortical areas show specific laminar distributions in tectal layers, while there is a considerable overlap in areas of terminations. Thus the superficial layers of the superior colliculus receive fibers almost exclusively from the visual cortex, while the deep layers from the auditory and the somatic sensory areas. In the intermediate gray layer, fibers from the visual, auditory and somatic sensory areas terminate in extensive areas throughout the colliculus. These findings are in good accord with physiological observations. Fibers from the \"association\", orbital, proreate and cingulate areas end in the intermediate and deep layers as well. Patch-like terminations of projection zones from the somatic sensory cortex are observed in the superior colliculus, longitudinally arranged with approximately 200-250 micrometer width and spaced at 200-500 micrometer. Similar patterns of terminations appear to exist in projections from the visual cortex. The lateral portion of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter has been found to be a recipient of cortical fibers from the somatic sensory, orbital and cingulate areas. Possible neuronal interconnections within the superior colliculus are discussed in connection with the recent physiological data.", "contents": "Patterns of organization of the corticotectal projection of cats studied by means of the anterograde degeneration method. By using the Fink and Heimer method, patterns of organization of the cat corticotectal projection have been studied in more detail than previously known. Collicular projections from various cortical areas show specific laminar distributions in tectal layers, while there is a considerable overlap in areas of terminations. Thus the superficial layers of the superior colliculus receive fibers almost exclusively from the visual cortex, while the deep layers from the auditory and the somatic sensory areas. In the intermediate gray layer, fibers from the visual, auditory and somatic sensory areas terminate in extensive areas throughout the colliculus. These findings are in good accord with physiological observations. Fibers from the \"association\", orbital, proreate and cingulate areas end in the intermediate and deep layers as well. Patch-like terminations of projection zones from the somatic sensory cortex are observed in the superior colliculus, longitudinally arranged with approximately 200-250 micrometer width and spaced at 200-500 micrometer. Similar patterns of terminations appear to exist in projections from the visual cortex. The lateral portion of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter has been found to be a recipient of cortical fibers from the somatic sensory, orbital and cingulate areas. Possible neuronal interconnections within the superior colliculus are discussed in connection with the recent physiological data.", "PMID": 546977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10375", "title": "[Localization of thalamic afferents in the regio cingularis of the rat].", "content": "After lesioning the nucleus mediodorsalis and the nucleus anteromedialis thalami, where from specific afferents project to the cingulate cortex, we confirm signs of transneuronal degeneratiopn at lamina-V-pyramidal neurons of the cingulate cortex. By the GOLGI-KOPSCH-method operated animals show statistically significant decrease of dendritic spines at the apical main dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells compared with the controls. The average spine-decrease along 300 micrometer length of the apical main dendrite amounts to 16%. Maximal spine-decrease is present at the central part of the apical main dendrite: 23% within a 50-micrometer-segment of this dendrite. This central dendritic part passes through the lamina III of the cingulate cortex. By the FINK-HEIMER-method degeneration particles are preferentially dispersed in laminae I, III and lower layers. The results give evidence for a more precise neuronal localization of the specific afferent terminations in this region.", "contents": "[Localization of thalamic afferents in the regio cingularis of the rat]. After lesioning the nucleus mediodorsalis and the nucleus anteromedialis thalami, where from specific afferents project to the cingulate cortex, we confirm signs of transneuronal degeneratiopn at lamina-V-pyramidal neurons of the cingulate cortex. By the GOLGI-KOPSCH-method operated animals show statistically significant decrease of dendritic spines at the apical main dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells compared with the controls. The average spine-decrease along 300 micrometer length of the apical main dendrite amounts to 16%. Maximal spine-decrease is present at the central part of the apical main dendrite: 23% within a 50-micrometer-segment of this dendrite. This central dendritic part passes through the lamina III of the cingulate cortex. By the FINK-HEIMER-method degeneration particles are preferentially dispersed in laminae I, III and lower layers. The results give evidence for a more precise neuronal localization of the specific afferent terminations in this region.", "PMID": 546978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10376", "title": "[Classification of nerve cell forms in lamina IV of the visual cortex of albino rats using Nissel preparation with the help of automatic picture processing].", "content": "1) Using the automatical picture processing device \"MORPHOQUANT\", VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, layer IV of the adult albino rat's area 17 was investigated in Nissl-preparations to classify pyramidal and stellate cells on the basis of quantitative features. 2) A review is given about the applied computer programme. 3) 30 seconds are necessary for adjustment, measurement and statistical calculation. 4) Five features per neuron soma were registered and statistical calculated: neuron area in picture points (KOFL), mean value of extinction (EXTM), total extinction (EXTS), shape (i.e. dia ratio, DMVH), and the distribution of strong coloured particles (i.e. centricity, ZNTR). 5) High statistical significance could be achieved only with regard to the neuron area and the distribution of strong coloured particles. 6) The causes for different results obtained in previous and present measurements and the importance of differentiation between several types of neurones are discussed as well.", "contents": "[Classification of nerve cell forms in lamina IV of the visual cortex of albino rats using Nissel preparation with the help of automatic picture processing]. 1) Using the automatical picture processing device \"MORPHOQUANT\", VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, layer IV of the adult albino rat's area 17 was investigated in Nissl-preparations to classify pyramidal and stellate cells on the basis of quantitative features. 2) A review is given about the applied computer programme. 3) 30 seconds are necessary for adjustment, measurement and statistical calculation. 4) Five features per neuron soma were registered and statistical calculated: neuron area in picture points (KOFL), mean value of extinction (EXTM), total extinction (EXTS), shape (i.e. dia ratio, DMVH), and the distribution of strong coloured particles (i.e. centricity, ZNTR). 5) High statistical significance could be achieved only with regard to the neuron area and the distribution of strong coloured particles. 6) The causes for different results obtained in previous and present measurements and the importance of differentiation between several types of neurones are discussed as well.", "PMID": 546979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10377", "title": "[Autoradiography of neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the regio cingularis of the rat. III. Migration and lamination in the regions of the cingulate cortex and the area postcentralis].", "content": "The migration has been investigated in 171 embryonic and neonatal rats by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine from E 18 to P 12 in 4 regions of the brain (Mesoarchicortex, Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis, Area praecentralis angranularis, Area postcentralis). The migration begins at the third day after the injection. The localization of labeled cells was found in the cortical plate after injection in the early embryonic period and in the L II after injection in the late phasis always at the third day, the speed of migration increases in the course of embryonic development. The migration indicates in all regions an inside-out sequence. Cells from the last division migrates to the surface of the cortical plate. The cortical plate is a transitory element of the brain development. The lamination is possible earlier by means of the distribution pattern of labeled cells than with cytoarchitectonics and also the observation of areas.", "contents": "[Autoradiography of neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the regio cingularis of the rat. III. Migration and lamination in the regions of the cingulate cortex and the area postcentralis]. The migration has been investigated in 171 embryonic and neonatal rats by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine from E 18 to P 12 in 4 regions of the brain (Mesoarchicortex, Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis, Area praecentralis angranularis, Area postcentralis). The migration begins at the third day after the injection. The localization of labeled cells was found in the cortical plate after injection in the early embryonic period and in the L II after injection in the late phasis always at the third day, the speed of migration increases in the course of embryonic development. The migration indicates in all regions an inside-out sequence. Cells from the last division migrates to the surface of the cortical plate. The cortical plate is a transitory element of the brain development. The lamination is possible earlier by means of the distribution pattern of labeled cells than with cytoarchitectonics and also the observation of areas.", "PMID": 546980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10378", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the nucleus motorius n. trigemini in ontogenetic series of male SPF cats and Tupaia belangeri].", "content": "The Nucl. motorius n. trigemini is qualitatively evaluated in Tupaia belangeri and SPF-cats with cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonis methods. The criteria for demarcating the Nucl. motorius n. trigemini are also described. The quantitative evaluation was performed on ontogenetic series of 35 male Tupaia belangeri and 47 male SPF-cats. The growth of the fresh volume is described with the logistic growth function: y = (Formula: see text) The Nucl. motorius n. trigemini has bilaterally an ideal fresh volume of 0.80 mm3 in Tupaia belangeri and 3.43 mm3 in SPF-cats. In comparison with the whole brain, the Nucl. motorius n. trigemini shows a delayed development. In Tupaia belangeri, the half life of the fresh volume growth is 67.4 days of ontogenesis compared to 55.7 days of ontogenesis for the whole brain. In SPF-cats, the half life is 109.1 days of ontogenesis compared to 85.5 days of ontogenesis for the whole brain. The number of neurons in the right side of the Ncul. motorius n. trigemini in SPF-cats is described by a sum of exponential functions: y = P1 . eP2.t + P3 . eP4.t + P5. The nucleus reaches its ideal value of 2540 neurons at 85 days of ontogenesis. A perinatal spontaneous loss of neurons is observed in SPF-cats at a comparatively early period between the 39th and 47th day of ontogenesis. The loss is about 25% in comparison to the ideal value. The proof of over-shooting growth with spontaenous neuronal degeneration was demonstrated in SPF-cats. In this model, the exogenous influence of pathogenic origin could be excluded for this perinatal process.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the nucleus motorius n. trigemini in ontogenetic series of male SPF cats and Tupaia belangeri]. The Nucl. motorius n. trigemini is qualitatively evaluated in Tupaia belangeri and SPF-cats with cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonis methods. The criteria for demarcating the Nucl. motorius n. trigemini are also described. The quantitative evaluation was performed on ontogenetic series of 35 male Tupaia belangeri and 47 male SPF-cats. The growth of the fresh volume is described with the logistic growth function: y = (Formula: see text) The Nucl. motorius n. trigemini has bilaterally an ideal fresh volume of 0.80 mm3 in Tupaia belangeri and 3.43 mm3 in SPF-cats. In comparison with the whole brain, the Nucl. motorius n. trigemini shows a delayed development. In Tupaia belangeri, the half life of the fresh volume growth is 67.4 days of ontogenesis compared to 55.7 days of ontogenesis for the whole brain. In SPF-cats, the half life is 109.1 days of ontogenesis compared to 85.5 days of ontogenesis for the whole brain. The number of neurons in the right side of the Ncul. motorius n. trigemini in SPF-cats is described by a sum of exponential functions: y = P1 . eP2.t + P3 . eP4.t + P5. The nucleus reaches its ideal value of 2540 neurons at 85 days of ontogenesis. A perinatal spontaneous loss of neurons is observed in SPF-cats at a comparatively early period between the 39th and 47th day of ontogenesis. The loss is about 25% in comparison to the ideal value. The proof of over-shooting growth with spontaenous neuronal degeneration was demonstrated in SPF-cats. In this model, the exogenous influence of pathogenic origin could be excluded for this perinatal process.", "PMID": 546981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10379", "title": "[Cytomorphometry of area 17 of the albino rat using the automatic picture processing].", "content": "Using the automatical picture processing, the layers II to IV of the adult albino-rat's area 17 were investigated in Nisselpreparations. Within 15 hours 14 features from approximately 10 000 neurons could be registered. Five features (neuron density = neuron number per 10 areas of measurement, mean value of neuron area in picture points, mean value of mean extinctions of neurons, whole extinctions of neurons, mean value of relative granula area of neurons) were statistically calculated and considered under several aspects: 1st Concerning the specifity of the layers very exact results could be obtained. 2nd In a detailed investigation of the lamina V pyramidal cells estimating somata areas no statistically significant classification could be achieved. 3rd There are slight structural changes of area 17 in rostrocaudal direction, but without statistical significance. Further investigations are necessary. 4th It is possible to differentiate between pyramidal cells and stellate cells of lamina IV. The numerical proportion between these two types of cells, however, deviates from individual estimations. Until now, this problem could not be satisfactorily be solved.", "contents": "[Cytomorphometry of area 17 of the albino rat using the automatic picture processing]. Using the automatical picture processing, the layers II to IV of the adult albino-rat's area 17 were investigated in Nisselpreparations. Within 15 hours 14 features from approximately 10 000 neurons could be registered. Five features (neuron density = neuron number per 10 areas of measurement, mean value of neuron area in picture points, mean value of mean extinctions of neurons, whole extinctions of neurons, mean value of relative granula area of neurons) were statistically calculated and considered under several aspects: 1st Concerning the specifity of the layers very exact results could be obtained. 2nd In a detailed investigation of the lamina V pyramidal cells estimating somata areas no statistically significant classification could be achieved. 3rd There are slight structural changes of area 17 in rostrocaudal direction, but without statistical significance. Further investigations are necessary. 4th It is possible to differentiate between pyramidal cells and stellate cells of lamina IV. The numerical proportion between these two types of cells, however, deviates from individual estimations. Until now, this problem could not be satisfactorily be solved.", "PMID": 546982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10380", "title": "[Autoradiography of neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the regio cingularis of the rat. IV. Quantitative studies on the times of cell origins in the cortical lamina].", "content": "In 171 embryonic and neonatal rats has been investigated the time of origin of cells in the cortical laminae by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine. It was made a comparison between the Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis, Regio cingularis mesoarchicorticalis, Area praecentralis agranularis and Area postcentralis by the laminar differential labeling index. The time of origin indicates for each layer a principal day and three secondary days. In all regions the time of origin of cells is identically for the hylogenetic old layers VI and V, differences exist in the supragranular layers: the cells are generated earlier in the phylogenetic old areas than in the young areas.", "contents": "[Autoradiography of neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the regio cingularis of the rat. IV. Quantitative studies on the times of cell origins in the cortical lamina]. In 171 embryonic and neonatal rats has been investigated the time of origin of cells in the cortical laminae by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine. It was made a comparison between the Regio cingularis mesoneocorticalis, Regio cingularis mesoarchicorticalis, Area praecentralis agranularis and Area postcentralis by the laminar differential labeling index. The time of origin indicates for each layer a principal day and three secondary days. In all regions the time of origin of cells is identically for the hylogenetic old layers VI and V, differences exist in the supragranular layers: the cells are generated earlier in the phylogenetic old areas than in the young areas.", "PMID": 546983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10381", "title": "Studies on the neurosecretory system of three aquatic beetles: Hydrus indicus, Cybister limbatus and Sandrocottus dejeani (Coleoptera).", "content": "Neurosecretory cells have been observed in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and all the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of three aquatic beetles - Hydrus indicus, Cybister limbatus and Sandrocottus dejeani. In the pars intercerebralis, neurosecretory cells are fewer and smaller in comparison to those in other locations in the brain. In other ganglia the number of neurosecretory cells is always larger than in the brain. Neurosecretory cells in the terminal abdominal ganglion of Sandrocottus are especially large. These may be concerned with some special function. On the basis of their tinctorial properties neurosecretory cells could not be differentiated into types.", "contents": "Studies on the neurosecretory system of three aquatic beetles: Hydrus indicus, Cybister limbatus and Sandrocottus dejeani (Coleoptera). Neurosecretory cells have been observed in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and all the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of three aquatic beetles - Hydrus indicus, Cybister limbatus and Sandrocottus dejeani. In the pars intercerebralis, neurosecretory cells are fewer and smaller in comparison to those in other locations in the brain. In other ganglia the number of neurosecretory cells is always larger than in the brain. Neurosecretory cells in the terminal abdominal ganglion of Sandrocottus are especially large. These may be concerned with some special function. On the basis of their tinctorial properties neurosecretory cells could not be differentiated into types.", "PMID": 546984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10382", "title": "Histochemical study on the dihydrofolatereductase and folic acid in mammalian brain cortex.", "content": "Histochemical and biochemical studies on the folate metabolism (folic acid an its principal enzyme-dihydrofolate-reductase) in bovine cortex - gyrus marginallis in the process of ageing were performed, in parallel with NADH2-cytocrom-C-reductase (diaphorase). Folic acid and folate enzyme, weak positive in neurons in young age, increased in old age in nerve cells and especially in their processes and in capillaries. The diaphorase strongly increased in all cells, glia and vessels, in old age.", "contents": "Histochemical study on the dihydrofolatereductase and folic acid in mammalian brain cortex. Histochemical and biochemical studies on the folate metabolism (folic acid an its principal enzyme-dihydrofolate-reductase) in bovine cortex - gyrus marginallis in the process of ageing were performed, in parallel with NADH2-cytocrom-C-reductase (diaphorase). Folic acid and folate enzyme, weak positive in neurons in young age, increased in old age in nerve cells and especially in their processes and in capillaries. The diaphorase strongly increased in all cells, glia and vessels, in old age.", "PMID": 546985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10383", "title": "\"In situ\" variation of folic acid and dihydrofolate reductase in the caudate nucleus in the ageing process.", "content": "In bovine caudate nucleus of young animal, a folic acid-positive reaction was found in the perikarya and in the neuroglia in parallel with a high dihydrofolate reductase activity in the nerve cells. In old animals, folic acid increased in neurons, neuroglia and some nerve cell processes; the folate enzyme was markedly decreased in neurons and increased neuroglia NADH2-cytochrom-C-reductase activity was strongly positive in nerve cells in young and old animals.", "contents": "\"In situ\" variation of folic acid and dihydrofolate reductase in the caudate nucleus in the ageing process. In bovine caudate nucleus of young animal, a folic acid-positive reaction was found in the perikarya and in the neuroglia in parallel with a high dihydrofolate reductase activity in the nerve cells. In old animals, folic acid increased in neurons, neuroglia and some nerve cell processes; the folate enzyme was markedly decreased in neurons and increased neuroglia NADH2-cytochrom-C-reductase activity was strongly positive in nerve cells in young and old animals.", "PMID": 546986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10384", "title": "Comparison of the metabolism of 2,4-toluenediamine in rats and mice.", "content": "The excretion, distribution, and metabolism of 2,4-toluenediamine (TDA) have been compared in rats and mice. The elimination of TDA metabolites into urine was faster and more complete in mice than in rats. However, the feces of rats accounted for a greater percentage of the dose in rats than in mice. The distribution of metabolites in tissues were considerably lower in mice than in rats. The major urinary metabolites observed in the rat were 4-acetylamino-2-aminotoluene, 2,4-diacetylaminotoluene, 4-acetylamino-2-aminobenzoic acid. The major metabolites in the mice were 4-acetylamino-2-aminobenzoic acid, 4-acetylamino-2-aminotoluene and 2,4-diacetylaminobenzoic acid.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolism of 2,4-toluenediamine in rats and mice. The excretion, distribution, and metabolism of 2,4-toluenediamine (TDA) have been compared in rats and mice. The elimination of TDA metabolites into urine was faster and more complete in mice than in rats. However, the feces of rats accounted for a greater percentage of the dose in rats than in mice. The distribution of metabolites in tissues were considerably lower in mice than in rats. The major urinary metabolites observed in the rat were 4-acetylamino-2-aminotoluene, 2,4-diacetylaminotoluene, 4-acetylamino-2-aminobenzoic acid. The major metabolites in the mice were 4-acetylamino-2-aminobenzoic acid, 4-acetylamino-2-aminotoluene and 2,4-diacetylaminobenzoic acid.", "PMID": 547012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10385", "title": "The effects of ozone on the respiratory epithelium of mice II. Ultrastructural alterations.", "content": "Ultrastructural alterations in the tracheal and bronchial epithelium of mice exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for varying periods of time were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The lesions were apparent in the ciliated cells. Examination of tissue from control mice showed that the ciliated cells were arranged in groups and the cilia were uniform in length. After six days of exposure to ozone, shortened cilia were occasionally observed by day 10, more pronounced changes were observed. Cilia were either absent or became short and blunt. The lesions observed after 20 days in ozone were similar to those seen on day 10. After ozone-exposed mice had been returned to ambient air for 10 days, ciliary regeneration occurred and, the major airways had a surface appearance approaching the normal state.", "contents": "The effects of ozone on the respiratory epithelium of mice II. Ultrastructural alterations. Ultrastructural alterations in the tracheal and bronchial epithelium of mice exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for varying periods of time were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The lesions were apparent in the ciliated cells. Examination of tissue from control mice showed that the ciliated cells were arranged in groups and the cilia were uniform in length. After six days of exposure to ozone, shortened cilia were occasionally observed by day 10, more pronounced changes were observed. Cilia were either absent or became short and blunt. The lesions observed after 20 days in ozone were similar to those seen on day 10. After ozone-exposed mice had been returned to ambient air for 10 days, ciliary regeneration occurred and, the major airways had a surface appearance approaching the normal state.", "PMID": 547014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10386", "title": "Correlation between gross observations of tumors and neoplasms diagnosed microscopically in carcinogenesis bioassays in rats.", "content": "Microscopic diagnoses of spontaneous and induced neoplasms in F344 rats in two carcinogenesis bioassays were correlated with the gross observations made at the time of necropsy. The results for a negative and a positive compound with reference to carcinogenicity, indicate that of the gross descriptions indicative of tumors, 37 percent and 24 percent respectively, were not diagnosed as neoplasms microscopically. However, some of the gross lesions were diagnosed histologically as nonneoplastic lesions. Of the neoplasms diagnosed microscopically only 70 percent and 76 percent, respectively, were observed grossly. Endocrine tissues, liver and lung had the lowest correlation rates. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between gross observations of tumors and neoplasms diagnosed microscopically in carcinogenesis bioassays in rats. Microscopic diagnoses of spontaneous and induced neoplasms in F344 rats in two carcinogenesis bioassays were correlated with the gross observations made at the time of necropsy. The results for a negative and a positive compound with reference to carcinogenicity, indicate that of the gross descriptions indicative of tumors, 37 percent and 24 percent respectively, were not diagnosed as neoplasms microscopically. However, some of the gross lesions were diagnosed histologically as nonneoplastic lesions. Of the neoplasms diagnosed microscopically only 70 percent and 76 percent, respectively, were observed grossly. Endocrine tissues, liver and lung had the lowest correlation rates. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 547015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10387", "title": "Effect of thyroidectomy upon the activity of three mitochondrial shuttles in rats.", "content": "The activities of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate, malate-asparte, and malate-citrate shuttles which oxidize NADH were determined in liver and kidney cortex mitochondria isolated from Tx and control rats. Weight gain, relative liver and kidney size, oxygen consumption, and serum thyroxine were also determined. Tx animals weighed less, had smaller livers and kidneys, and showed significantly lower oxygen consumption of the resting animal and a marked decrease in serum thyroxine levels. The activity of the three shuttles studies was significantly less in liver mitochondria from Tx animals, particularly when studied in the absence of added ADP. Thyroidectomy had less effect upon shuttle activity of mitochondria from the kidney cortex, with significant decrease in activity found only in the complete alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle and in the endogenous malate-aspartate and malate-citrate shuttles studied in the absence of ADP. Changes in shuttle activity caused by thyroid hormone are discussed in relation to other known metabolic effects of thyroxine, and the possible primary role of adenine nucleotide translocase activity in mediating other thyroxine-dependent metabolic changes is considered.", "contents": "Effect of thyroidectomy upon the activity of three mitochondrial shuttles in rats. The activities of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate, malate-asparte, and malate-citrate shuttles which oxidize NADH were determined in liver and kidney cortex mitochondria isolated from Tx and control rats. Weight gain, relative liver and kidney size, oxygen consumption, and serum thyroxine were also determined. Tx animals weighed less, had smaller livers and kidneys, and showed significantly lower oxygen consumption of the resting animal and a marked decrease in serum thyroxine levels. The activity of the three shuttles studies was significantly less in liver mitochondria from Tx animals, particularly when studied in the absence of added ADP. Thyroidectomy had less effect upon shuttle activity of mitochondria from the kidney cortex, with significant decrease in activity found only in the complete alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle and in the endogenous malate-aspartate and malate-citrate shuttles studied in the absence of ADP. Changes in shuttle activity caused by thyroid hormone are discussed in relation to other known metabolic effects of thyroxine, and the possible primary role of adenine nucleotide translocase activity in mediating other thyroxine-dependent metabolic changes is considered.", "PMID": 547016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10388", "title": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. V. Post-experiment information system.", "content": "The Post-Experiment Information System (PEIS) is an automated data collection and reporting system composed of three specialized subsystems: Pathology, Chemistry and Microbiology. These subsystems function either independently or collectively to construct and maintain a comprehensive data base of all experimental values derived from, or associated with, an animal carcass. All data are retrievable by the unique Carcass Identification (CID) number assigned at death, which is the correlative of the Unique Identification Number (UIN) assigned to the animal at birth and used throughout its lifespan. Elements processed under the PEIS include gross and microscopic pathological observations, organ weights, hematologic data, chemical data, and microbiological analyses. The ability of the system to integrate the post-experiment data with the information collected on an animal from birth (BIS) and during the experiment (EIS) provides a complete animal history to the Principal Investigator or other requestor.", "contents": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. V. Post-experiment information system. The Post-Experiment Information System (PEIS) is an automated data collection and reporting system composed of three specialized subsystems: Pathology, Chemistry and Microbiology. These subsystems function either independently or collectively to construct and maintain a comprehensive data base of all experimental values derived from, or associated with, an animal carcass. All data are retrievable by the unique Carcass Identification (CID) number assigned at death, which is the correlative of the Unique Identification Number (UIN) assigned to the animal at birth and used throughout its lifespan. Elements processed under the PEIS include gross and microscopic pathological observations, organ weights, hematologic data, chemical data, and microbiological analyses. The ability of the system to integrate the post-experiment data with the information collected on an animal from birth (BIS) and during the experiment (EIS) provides a complete animal history to the Principal Investigator or other requestor.", "PMID": 547017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10389", "title": "Mathematical models of cancer and their use in risk assessment.", "content": "Cancer risk assessment necessarily involves the use of mathematical models. Although risk estimates can be extremely sensitive to underlying assumptions in such models, the assumptions are frequently overlooked when a particular model is used. This paper presents four examples to illustrate how the alteration of assumptions can have a large effect on risk estimates. Ways of avoiding undue model dependence are discussed.", "contents": "Mathematical models of cancer and their use in risk assessment. Cancer risk assessment necessarily involves the use of mathematical models. Although risk estimates can be extremely sensitive to underlying assumptions in such models, the assumptions are frequently overlooked when a particular model is used. This paper presents four examples to illustrate how the alteration of assumptions can have a large effect on risk estimates. Ways of avoiding undue model dependence are discussed.", "PMID": 547018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10390", "title": "Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury.", "content": "The accumulation of mercury was compared in game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the form of methylmercury dicyandiamide. There were no significant differences between the two strains in levels of mercury that accumulated in blood, kidney, liver, breast muscle, brain, eggs, or ducklings. Mercury levels in blood were significantly correlated with levels in other tissues and eggs, as were levels in down feathers of ducklings with levels in carcasses of ducklings. The results indicate that game-farm mallards are probably suitable substitutes for wild mallards in toxicological work, that blood samples can be used to estimate levels of mercury in other tissues of adults, and that down feathers are predictive of mercury levels in duckling carcasses.", "contents": "Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury. The accumulation of mercury was compared in game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the form of methylmercury dicyandiamide. There were no significant differences between the two strains in levels of mercury that accumulated in blood, kidney, liver, breast muscle, brain, eggs, or ducklings. Mercury levels in blood were significantly correlated with levels in other tissues and eggs, as were levels in down feathers of ducklings with levels in carcasses of ducklings. The results indicate that game-farm mallards are probably suitable substitutes for wild mallards in toxicological work, that blood samples can be used to estimate levels of mercury in other tissues of adults, and that down feathers are predictive of mercury levels in duckling carcasses.", "PMID": 547019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10391", "title": "Effects of separate and combined chronic mercuric chloride and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural, and x-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney.", "content": "The separate administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) to male rats in drinking water or a combined administration of both (50 ppm Hg, 15 ppm Se) caused different signs of toxicity over a 22 week period. The HgCl2 group showed histopathological and ultrastructural lesions as evidenced by periportal fatty degeneration and cell necrosis in the liver and tubular necrosis with proteinaceous casts in the kidney. The Na2SeO4 group showed the most severe depression of growth and food and water consumption, but no pathological changes were seen in the liver or kidney. Simultaneous administration of both toxicants produced a protective effect on weight loss and histopathology. These effects were associated with the formation of electron dense nuclear inclusions in kidney proximal tubule cells and similar electron dense formations in the reticuloendothelial cell cytoplasm and in the extracellular space of Disse in the liver. These formations were shown to contain both Se and Hg by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The basis of the protective interaction of these two elements appears to result from an alteration of the chemical form or association of the mercury and selenium.", "contents": "Effects of separate and combined chronic mercuric chloride and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural, and x-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney. The separate administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) to male rats in drinking water or a combined administration of both (50 ppm Hg, 15 ppm Se) caused different signs of toxicity over a 22 week period. The HgCl2 group showed histopathological and ultrastructural lesions as evidenced by periportal fatty degeneration and cell necrosis in the liver and tubular necrosis with proteinaceous casts in the kidney. The Na2SeO4 group showed the most severe depression of growth and food and water consumption, but no pathological changes were seen in the liver or kidney. Simultaneous administration of both toxicants produced a protective effect on weight loss and histopathology. These effects were associated with the formation of electron dense nuclear inclusions in kidney proximal tubule cells and similar electron dense formations in the reticuloendothelial cell cytoplasm and in the extracellular space of Disse in the liver. These formations were shown to contain both Se and Hg by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The basis of the protective interaction of these two elements appears to result from an alteration of the chemical form or association of the mercury and selenium.", "PMID": 547021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10392", "title": "The effect of chronic administration of trisodium nitrilotriacetate (Na3NTA) on the haversian remodelling system in dogs.", "content": "Trisodium nitrilotriacetate from the environment is reported to accumulate in bone. Two skeletally mature male littermate beagles were administered Na3NTA in a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg body weight in their drinking water for a period of 7 months. Rib biopsies were obtained from the dogs after fluorescent labelling before and at the end of the experimental period. Blood levels of zinc were measured at the same times. Twenty-two similar dogs from the same colony acted as controls. We noticed a decrease in radial closure rates and percent osteoid seams labelled between the experimental and the control animals which was statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The serum levels of iPTH and the bone levels of zinc showed no statistically significant difference. Accepting the fact that the treatment population was small and that the changes observed--although statistically significant--were minimal, it cannot be discounted that the exposure of these animals to Na3NTA for a longer period of time would not have had a more adverse effect on haversian bone remodelling activity.", "contents": "The effect of chronic administration of trisodium nitrilotriacetate (Na3NTA) on the haversian remodelling system in dogs. Trisodium nitrilotriacetate from the environment is reported to accumulate in bone. Two skeletally mature male littermate beagles were administered Na3NTA in a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg body weight in their drinking water for a period of 7 months. Rib biopsies were obtained from the dogs after fluorescent labelling before and at the end of the experimental period. Blood levels of zinc were measured at the same times. Twenty-two similar dogs from the same colony acted as controls. We noticed a decrease in radial closure rates and percent osteoid seams labelled between the experimental and the control animals which was statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The serum levels of iPTH and the bone levels of zinc showed no statistically significant difference. Accepting the fact that the treatment population was small and that the changes observed--although statistically significant--were minimal, it cannot be discounted that the exposure of these animals to Na3NTA for a longer period of time would not have had a more adverse effect on haversian bone remodelling activity.", "PMID": 547022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10393", "title": "Chlorine dioxide metabolism in rat.", "content": "Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is under consideration as an alternative to chlorination as a disinfectant for public water supplies. A new assay was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the metabolites of 36ClO2 in water and biological fluids. Studies in the rat indicated that the metabolites of ClO2 were Cl-, ClO-2, and ClO-b. At maximum absorption the percentage of ClO; formed in plasma from an initial oral dose of 10 mg/l 36ClO, was higher than from a 100 mg/l dose. The 36Cl concentration in washed packed cells indicated that 36Cl readily exchanges with chloride of saline.", "contents": "Chlorine dioxide metabolism in rat. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is under consideration as an alternative to chlorination as a disinfectant for public water supplies. A new assay was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the metabolites of 36ClO2 in water and biological fluids. Studies in the rat indicated that the metabolites of ClO2 were Cl-, ClO-2, and ClO-b. At maximum absorption the percentage of ClO; formed in plasma from an initial oral dose of 10 mg/l 36ClO, was higher than from a 100 mg/l dose. The 36Cl concentration in washed packed cells indicated that 36Cl readily exchanges with chloride of saline.", "PMID": 547023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10394", "title": "Kinetics of Cl02 and effects of Cl02, Cl02-, and Cl03- in drinking water on blood glutathione and hemolysis in rat and chicken.", "content": "Since chlorination of drinking water produces organochlorinated substances (some possibly carcinogenic), the use of chlorine dioxide disinfectant would avoid halogenation. There is scarcely any data published on the effects of ClO2 in drinking water on human or animal health. The kinetics of 36ClO2 was studied in rats. Radioactivity was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following the administration of (0.07 microCi) 36ClO2 orally. 36Cl in plasma reached at peak at 1 hr. The half life for the elimination of 36Cl from the rat was 44 hr, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.016 hr-1. After 72 hr radioactivity was highest in plasma, followed by kidney, lung, stomach, duodenum, ileum, liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. 36Cl excretion was greatest at 24 and 48 hrs after the administration of 36 ClO2. Forty-three percent of the total initial dose was excreted at 72 hr in the urine and feces. No 36 Cl was detected in expired air throughout the 72 hr studied. ClO2, ClO2-, and ClO3- (1, 10, 100, 1000 ppm) given daily in drinking water decreased blood glutathione, decreased osmotic fragility, and changed the morphology of erythrocytes in both chicken and rat after two months. Methemoglobin was not detected throughout these studies.", "contents": "Kinetics of Cl02 and effects of Cl02, Cl02-, and Cl03- in drinking water on blood glutathione and hemolysis in rat and chicken. Since chlorination of drinking water produces organochlorinated substances (some possibly carcinogenic), the use of chlorine dioxide disinfectant would avoid halogenation. There is scarcely any data published on the effects of ClO2 in drinking water on human or animal health. The kinetics of 36ClO2 was studied in rats. Radioactivity was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following the administration of (0.07 microCi) 36ClO2 orally. 36Cl in plasma reached at peak at 1 hr. The half life for the elimination of 36Cl from the rat was 44 hr, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.016 hr-1. After 72 hr radioactivity was highest in plasma, followed by kidney, lung, stomach, duodenum, ileum, liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. 36Cl excretion was greatest at 24 and 48 hrs after the administration of 36 ClO2. Forty-three percent of the total initial dose was excreted at 72 hr in the urine and feces. No 36 Cl was detected in expired air throughout the 72 hr studied. ClO2, ClO2-, and ClO3- (1, 10, 100, 1000 ppm) given daily in drinking water decreased blood glutathione, decreased osmotic fragility, and changed the morphology of erythrocytes in both chicken and rat after two months. Methemoglobin was not detected throughout these studies.", "PMID": 547024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10395", "title": "Effect of chlorine dioxide and metabolites on glutathione dependent system in rat, mouse and chicken blood.", "content": "Chlorine dioxide (Cl02) has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine to avoid formation of organohalides. Cl02 and metabolites, chlorite (Cl0-2) and chlorate (Cl0-3) in drinking water produced decreases in rat and chicken blood GSH. The GSH dependent system was studied in rat and chicken blood after chronic treatment for 6 months with CL02 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 MG/L), Cl0-2 or Cl0-3 (10, 100 mg/l) in drinking water. There was a 60% increase in GSH reductase in the Cl02 treatment groups of rats and chickens. A similar increase was shown in rats treated with Cl0-2 but with Cl0-3 no change was observed. GSH peroxidase was without change in rat but chickens drinking 1000 mg/l Cl02 had decreased activity. Catalase was significantly higher than control in rat and chicken in the 1000 mg/l groups. However, catalase activity was decreased in rat treated with Cl0-2 and at the same time that GSH was decreased. These studies support the view that catalase is the first line of defense against the oxidative stress of Cl02 in rat and chicken erythrocytes.", "contents": "Effect of chlorine dioxide and metabolites on glutathione dependent system in rat, mouse and chicken blood. Chlorine dioxide (Cl02) has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine to avoid formation of organohalides. Cl02 and metabolites, chlorite (Cl0-2) and chlorate (Cl0-3) in drinking water produced decreases in rat and chicken blood GSH. The GSH dependent system was studied in rat and chicken blood after chronic treatment for 6 months with CL02 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 MG/L), Cl0-2 or Cl0-3 (10, 100 mg/l) in drinking water. There was a 60% increase in GSH reductase in the Cl02 treatment groups of rats and chickens. A similar increase was shown in rats treated with Cl0-2 but with Cl0-3 no change was observed. GSH peroxidase was without change in rat but chickens drinking 1000 mg/l Cl02 had decreased activity. Catalase was significantly higher than control in rat and chicken in the 1000 mg/l groups. However, catalase activity was decreased in rat treated with Cl0-2 and at the same time that GSH was decreased. These studies support the view that catalase is the first line of defense against the oxidative stress of Cl02 in rat and chicken erythrocytes.", "PMID": 547025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10396", "title": "Some determinants of intestinal cadmium transport in the rat.", "content": "The hypothesis was tested that Cd absorption from the intestinal lumen is mediated by cellular transport systems. Cd is readily extracted from glucose-saline during perfusion of jejunal segments in the living rat. Over periods as long as 40 minutes, essentially all extracted Cd is recovered in the wall of the intestine. Cd uptake by the tissue obeys saturation kinetics with KM values of the order of 0.1 mM, and Vmax approximately 0.01 mumol/g/min. Although washing after exposure to 109Cd removes only little radioactivity from the tissue, it reverses at least partly the saturating effects of higher Cd concentrations. Unidirectional flux of Cd into the tissue is inhibited by 10 mM Ca; no effect on backflux of Cd is seen. In contrast, Zn and EDTA both accelerate washout of Cd. The Ca content of skimmed milk fully accounts for the depressing effect of dried milk on Cd uptake. These results point to the presence in mucosal cell membranes of a saturable process responsible for Cd uptake and sensitive to inhibition by certain solutes in the lumen.", "contents": "Some determinants of intestinal cadmium transport in the rat. The hypothesis was tested that Cd absorption from the intestinal lumen is mediated by cellular transport systems. Cd is readily extracted from glucose-saline during perfusion of jejunal segments in the living rat. Over periods as long as 40 minutes, essentially all extracted Cd is recovered in the wall of the intestine. Cd uptake by the tissue obeys saturation kinetics with KM values of the order of 0.1 mM, and Vmax approximately 0.01 mumol/g/min. Although washing after exposure to 109Cd removes only little radioactivity from the tissue, it reverses at least partly the saturating effects of higher Cd concentrations. Unidirectional flux of Cd into the tissue is inhibited by 10 mM Ca; no effect on backflux of Cd is seen. In contrast, Zn and EDTA both accelerate washout of Cd. The Ca content of skimmed milk fully accounts for the depressing effect of dried milk on Cd uptake. These results point to the presence in mucosal cell membranes of a saturable process responsible for Cd uptake and sensitive to inhibition by certain solutes in the lumen.", "PMID": 547026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10397", "title": "[A specific fully enzymatic method for creatinine: reference values in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference values for creatinine in serum were established using a fully enzymatic method, adapted to a discontinuous analyzer. Our reference group included 250 females and 215 males (blood donors, hospital staff and patients) aged 18-70 years. Up to 60 years, creatinine concentration did not depend on age, but there was a significant difference between the creatinine concentrations of women and men. We propose reference ranges for creatinine in serum (95% range) of 44-80 mu mol/l for women and of 44-97 mu mol/l for men.", "contents": "[A specific fully enzymatic method for creatinine: reference values in serum (author's transl)]. Reference values for creatinine in serum were established using a fully enzymatic method, adapted to a discontinuous analyzer. Our reference group included 250 females and 215 males (blood donors, hospital staff and patients) aged 18-70 years. Up to 60 years, creatinine concentration did not depend on age, but there was a significant difference between the creatinine concentrations of women and men. We propose reference ranges for creatinine in serum (95% range) of 44-80 mu mol/l for women and of 44-97 mu mol/l for men.", "PMID": 547028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10398", "title": "[Enzymatic assay of creatinine in serum: comparison with Jaff\u00e9 methods (author's transl)].", "content": "The creatinine concentrations in 337 sera were determined by enzymatic assay and by six different modifications of the Jaff\u00e9 method. The enzymatic assay showed satisfactory precision and gave the same results as the assay after adsorption on Fuller's earth (Lloyd's reagent). All other methods using picrate gave falsely high values: the relative deviation from the enzymatic method had a median value between +20% and +50% for creatinine concentrations in the range 22-88 mu mol/l, and between +10% and 30% for creatinine concentrations in the range 89-177 mu mol/l. The study thus confirms the lack of specificity of all Jaff\u00e9 methods, with the exception of the assay after adsorption on Fuller's earth.", "contents": "[Enzymatic assay of creatinine in serum: comparison with Jaff\u00e9 methods (author's transl)]. The creatinine concentrations in 337 sera were determined by enzymatic assay and by six different modifications of the Jaff\u00e9 method. The enzymatic assay showed satisfactory precision and gave the same results as the assay after adsorption on Fuller's earth (Lloyd's reagent). All other methods using picrate gave falsely high values: the relative deviation from the enzymatic method had a median value between +20% and +50% for creatinine concentrations in the range 22-88 mu mol/l, and between +10% and 30% for creatinine concentrations in the range 89-177 mu mol/l. The study thus confirms the lack of specificity of all Jaff\u00e9 methods, with the exception of the assay after adsorption on Fuller's earth.", "PMID": 547029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10399", "title": "[Light sensitivity of creatine kinase in control sera].", "content": "The light sensitivity of creatine kinase in different control sera was investigated. Control sera were dispensed into reaction vessels, then exposed for 4 h at 25 degrees C to a light source equivalent in intensity to normal laboratory illumination. In 12 out of 22 control sera, the catalytic concentration of the creatine kinase fell by 25-63%. Under the same conditions, in patient sera, creatine kinase is stable. In the \"light sensitive\" control sera, the instability of the enzyme increased with the intensity of illumination. When exposed to sunlight creatine kinase was unstable in all the investigated control and patient sera. The addition of mercaptoethanol stabilized the creatine kinase in \"light sensitive\" control sera. The reason for the different light sensitivity of different control sera is not known.", "contents": "[Light sensitivity of creatine kinase in control sera]. The light sensitivity of creatine kinase in different control sera was investigated. Control sera were dispensed into reaction vessels, then exposed for 4 h at 25 degrees C to a light source equivalent in intensity to normal laboratory illumination. In 12 out of 22 control sera, the catalytic concentration of the creatine kinase fell by 25-63%. Under the same conditions, in patient sera, creatine kinase is stable. In the \"light sensitive\" control sera, the instability of the enzyme increased with the intensity of illumination. When exposed to sunlight creatine kinase was unstable in all the investigated control and patient sera. The addition of mercaptoethanol stabilized the creatine kinase in \"light sensitive\" control sera. The reason for the different light sensitivity of different control sera is not known.", "PMID": 547030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10400", "title": "Macro-creatine kinase-BB: observations on 6 patients.", "content": "From 2000 sera with elevated total creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity the sera of 6 patient showed a persistent high and anamnestically inexplicable creatine kinase activity level. The serum isoenzyme pattern was analyzed by four different methods. Electrophoresis revealed an atypical creatine activity band located between creatine kinase-MM and creatine kinase-MB. An adequate estimation of the persistent enzyme activity could only be achieved by immunotitration (immunoprecipitation), which identified the creatine kinase activity as due primarily to the isoenzyme creatine kinase-BB. Other methods (immunoinhibition and column chromatography) may lead to misinterpretations. The atypical serum creatine kinase-BB showed a higher molecular weight (Mr = 250,000) and altered substrate affinity as compared to native creatine kinase-BB. Both properties are attributable to the binding of creatine kinase-BB to immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Macro-creatine kinase-BB: observations on 6 patients. From 2000 sera with elevated total creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity the sera of 6 patient showed a persistent high and anamnestically inexplicable creatine kinase activity level. The serum isoenzyme pattern was analyzed by four different methods. Electrophoresis revealed an atypical creatine activity band located between creatine kinase-MM and creatine kinase-MB. An adequate estimation of the persistent enzyme activity could only be achieved by immunotitration (immunoprecipitation), which identified the creatine kinase activity as due primarily to the isoenzyme creatine kinase-BB. Other methods (immunoinhibition and column chromatography) may lead to misinterpretations. The atypical serum creatine kinase-BB showed a higher molecular weight (Mr = 250,000) and altered substrate affinity as compared to native creatine kinase-BB. Both properties are attributable to the binding of creatine kinase-BB to immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 547031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10401", "title": "Atypical serum creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern caused by complexing of creatine kinase-BB with immunoglobulins G and A1),2).", "content": "12 cases are described, which show high serum creatine kinase-BB levels, as well as atypical creatine kinase activity band located between normally migrating creatine kinase-MM and creatine kinase-MB. It is shown that the altered properties of the serum creatine kinase-BB, namely its molecular size, heat resistance, electrophoretic mobility, but not its immunological behavior, are caused by complexing with kappa-chains of immunoglobulins G or A. The complex occurring in vivo could also be produced in vitro by using purified patients' IgG and human creatine kinase-BB.", "contents": "Atypical serum creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern caused by complexing of creatine kinase-BB with immunoglobulins G and A1),2). 12 cases are described, which show high serum creatine kinase-BB levels, as well as atypical creatine kinase activity band located between normally migrating creatine kinase-MM and creatine kinase-MB. It is shown that the altered properties of the serum creatine kinase-BB, namely its molecular size, heat resistance, electrophoretic mobility, but not its immunological behavior, are caused by complexing with kappa-chains of immunoglobulins G or A. The complex occurring in vivo could also be produced in vitro by using purified patients' IgG and human creatine kinase-BB.", "PMID": 547032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10402", "title": "[Properties and significance of macro-creatine kinases (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera from seven-patients with an unusual high ratio of creatine kinase-MB versus total creatine kinase, as found in the immunoinhibition test, were investigated. In every case, the electrophoretic separation of the isoenzymes showed a slow moving band, and exclusion chromatography showed the presence of macro-creatine kinase. Further chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunological investigations indicated that the macro-creatine kinases in six cases are complexes of creatine kinase-BB linked to immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "[Properties and significance of macro-creatine kinases (author's transl)]. Sera from seven-patients with an unusual high ratio of creatine kinase-MB versus total creatine kinase, as found in the immunoinhibition test, were investigated. In every case, the electrophoretic separation of the isoenzymes showed a slow moving band, and exclusion chromatography showed the presence of macro-creatine kinase. Further chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunological investigations indicated that the macro-creatine kinases in six cases are complexes of creatine kinase-BB linked to immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 547033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10403", "title": "[Lectins as reagents for the differentiation of serum enzymes. Lectins as reagents, I. (author's transl)].", "content": "Lectins from Canavalia ensiformis, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Triticum vulgare react with arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase of human sera by formation of enzymatically active, mostly insoluble complexes. Arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholinesterase react more intensely in sera of healthy people than in sera of patients with liver and neoplastic diseases. Arylesterase is bound to a distinct degree only by concanavalin A. The enzymes mentioned above also react slightly with the following lectins in order of decreasing intensity: Ricinus communis, Arachis hypogaea, Helix pomatia, Glycine max, Dolichos biflorus, and Ulex europaeus. Though multiple forms containing less sialic acid are favourably bound, preincubation with neuraminidase does not improve the reaction except with soybean lectin. Since higher concentrations of lectins react also with fast moving fractions of high sialic acid content, no steric hindrance of the binding between lectins and sialoenzymes is supposed, as concluded from determination of the total enzyme activity.", "contents": "[Lectins as reagents for the differentiation of serum enzymes. Lectins as reagents, I. (author's transl)]. Lectins from Canavalia ensiformis, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Triticum vulgare react with arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase of human sera by formation of enzymatically active, mostly insoluble complexes. Arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholinesterase react more intensely in sera of healthy people than in sera of patients with liver and neoplastic diseases. Arylesterase is bound to a distinct degree only by concanavalin A. The enzymes mentioned above also react slightly with the following lectins in order of decreasing intensity: Ricinus communis, Arachis hypogaea, Helix pomatia, Glycine max, Dolichos biflorus, and Ulex europaeus. Though multiple forms containing less sialic acid are favourably bound, preincubation with neuraminidase does not improve the reaction except with soybean lectin. Since higher concentrations of lectins react also with fast moving fractions of high sialic acid content, no steric hindrance of the binding between lectins and sialoenzymes is supposed, as concluded from determination of the total enzyme activity.", "PMID": 547035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10404", "title": "Separation of glutathione reductase in human serum by gradient gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A system of high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is introduced. It allows the rapid separation of proteins from serum and tissue homogenates under non-denaturating conditions, and proves especially suited for the comparative analysis of enzymes. The enzyme glutathione reductase is identified on the gradient gels by contact printing with agar substrate gels, and the multiple forms of glutathione reductase in serum are demonstrated.", "contents": "Separation of glutathione reductase in human serum by gradient gel electrophoresis. A system of high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is introduced. It allows the rapid separation of proteins from serum and tissue homogenates under non-denaturating conditions, and proves especially suited for the comparative analysis of enzymes. The enzyme glutathione reductase is identified on the gradient gels by contact printing with agar substrate gels, and the multiple forms of glutathione reductase in serum are demonstrated.", "PMID": 547036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10405", "title": "Effect of cadmium and copper on monoamine oxidase type A and B in brain and liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of cadmium and copper on monoamine oxidase type A and B in mitochondrial preparations from brain and liver was determined in vitro. The results showed a dose-related inhibition of the enzyme. Both the A and B forms of the enzyme were similarly inhibited by the presence of either cadmium or copper. Copper has been shown to be a 7-8 times more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase than cadmium. The data suggest that the intracellular concentration of unbound copper (13 mumol/l) or cadmium (100 mumol/l) may inhibit monoamine oxidase in brain and liver by 50%.", "contents": "Effect of cadmium and copper on monoamine oxidase type A and B in brain and liver mitochondria. The effect of cadmium and copper on monoamine oxidase type A and B in mitochondrial preparations from brain and liver was determined in vitro. The results showed a dose-related inhibition of the enzyme. Both the A and B forms of the enzyme were similarly inhibited by the presence of either cadmium or copper. Copper has been shown to be a 7-8 times more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase than cadmium. The data suggest that the intracellular concentration of unbound copper (13 mumol/l) or cadmium (100 mumol/l) may inhibit monoamine oxidase in brain and liver by 50%.", "PMID": 547037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10406", "title": "Improvement of the calcitonin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A rapid and specific assay for human serum calcitonin is described. The total assay-time is under 24 h and uses double-antibody in combination with polyethylene glycol to separate bound and free hormone. The antibody has been checked for its affinity to human serum calcitonin by using a Scatchard plot. Geometric dilution of sera from patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma showed a linear relationship with measured values approximating those expected. The use of Florisil to extract human serum calcitonin from sera to make \"human calcitonin-free\"-serum for standards has been investigated. A series of 52 normal volunteers and 99 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma or other possible calcitonin-metabolism disorders have been examined. Only the medullary thyroid carcinoma-patients showed significantly elevated results. In the other groups two patients with phaeochromocytoma and one patient from 29 with bronchial carcinoma had elevated serum calcitonin levels.", "contents": "Improvement of the calcitonin radioimmunoassay. A rapid and specific assay for human serum calcitonin is described. The total assay-time is under 24 h and uses double-antibody in combination with polyethylene glycol to separate bound and free hormone. The antibody has been checked for its affinity to human serum calcitonin by using a Scatchard plot. Geometric dilution of sera from patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma showed a linear relationship with measured values approximating those expected. The use of Florisil to extract human serum calcitonin from sera to make \"human calcitonin-free\"-serum for standards has been investigated. A series of 52 normal volunteers and 99 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma or other possible calcitonin-metabolism disorders have been examined. Only the medullary thyroid carcinoma-patients showed significantly elevated results. In the other groups two patients with phaeochromocytoma and one patient from 29 with bronchial carcinoma had elevated serum calcitonin levels.", "PMID": 547038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10407", "title": "A simple method of quantitative estimation of the subfractions of human serum small molecular diameter lipoproteins.", "content": "The method presented allows the separation and fractionation of up to 12 subfractions of human serum small molecular diameter lipoproteins (SMDL) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method was checked and confirmed by more than 2000 separations. The frequency of the appearance of the particular subfractions was investigated in 300 persons--children and adults. The method of quantitative estimation of each subfraction was evaluated. The precision of this method was 3% to 11% (mean 6%). A good reproducibility of separations was found within 2 to 4 days after blood collection (with refrigeration). The stability of the separation patterns was satisfactory for up to 9 days in five healthy persons. Examples of differences in the SMDL-subfraction patterns, depending on sex, age and pathology, are given.", "contents": "A simple method of quantitative estimation of the subfractions of human serum small molecular diameter lipoproteins. The method presented allows the separation and fractionation of up to 12 subfractions of human serum small molecular diameter lipoproteins (SMDL) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method was checked and confirmed by more than 2000 separations. The frequency of the appearance of the particular subfractions was investigated in 300 persons--children and adults. The method of quantitative estimation of each subfraction was evaluated. The precision of this method was 3% to 11% (mean 6%). A good reproducibility of separations was found within 2 to 4 days after blood collection (with refrigeration). The stability of the separation patterns was satisfactory for up to 9 days in five healthy persons. Examples of differences in the SMDL-subfraction patterns, depending on sex, age and pathology, are given.", "PMID": 547039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10408", "title": "Isolation of non-anticomplementary human immunoglobulin by Cohn fractionation of heated plasma.", "content": "Heat treatment of human plasma at 56 degrees C eliminates an unstable immunoglobulin fraction. No anticomplementary activity is generated when the remaining heat-stable immunoglobulins are concentrated and purified by the Cohn alcohol method.", "contents": "Isolation of non-anticomplementary human immunoglobulin by Cohn fractionation of heated plasma. Heat treatment of human plasma at 56 degrees C eliminates an unstable immunoglobulin fraction. No anticomplementary activity is generated when the remaining heat-stable immunoglobulins are concentrated and purified by the Cohn alcohol method.", "PMID": 547040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10409", "title": "[Lipase and carboxypeptidase A in human serum: no correlation (author's transl)].", "content": "The catalytic concentrations of lipase and carboxypeptidase A in sera of patients with and without pancreatic diseases show no correlation. 40 sera out of 44 with elevated values for lipase, derived from a collective of 135 different sera, showed no increase in the catalytic concentrations of carboxypeptidase A. The demanding titrimetric determination of lipase cannot be replaced by the more simple colorimetric determination of carboxypeptidase A for the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.", "contents": "[Lipase and carboxypeptidase A in human serum: no correlation (author's transl)]. The catalytic concentrations of lipase and carboxypeptidase A in sera of patients with and without pancreatic diseases show no correlation. 40 sera out of 44 with elevated values for lipase, derived from a collective of 135 different sera, showed no increase in the catalytic concentrations of carboxypeptidase A. The demanding titrimetric determination of lipase cannot be replaced by the more simple colorimetric determination of carboxypeptidase A for the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.", "PMID": 547041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10410", "title": "A conductance decrease after application of GABA to crayfish muscle fibers.", "content": "Relaxations after voltage steps of membrane current elicited by superfusion with low concentrations of GABA (up to 50 mumol/l) were measured. In many preparations, a conductance decrease due to GABA was observed. The response to GABA was shown to consist of two major components: the well known opening of synaptic chloride channels, and the closing of previously open channels, presumably permeable to K+ ions. The latter component could not be blocked by picrotoxin.", "contents": "A conductance decrease after application of GABA to crayfish muscle fibers. Relaxations after voltage steps of membrane current elicited by superfusion with low concentrations of GABA (up to 50 mumol/l) were measured. In many preparations, a conductance decrease due to GABA was observed. The response to GABA was shown to consist of two major components: the well known opening of synaptic chloride channels, and the closing of previously open channels, presumably permeable to K+ ions. The latter component could not be blocked by picrotoxin.", "PMID": 547060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10411", "title": "The voltage dependence of the decay of the excitatory postsynaptic current and the effect of concanavalin A at the crayfish neuromuscular junction.", "content": "In voltage clamped crayfish muscle fibers the time constant tau of decay of the EPSC was measured at different clamp potentials E. At 6 degrees C, the average potential dependence of tau is described by tau = 2.3 ms.eE/328 mV. tau was shorter in fast fibers than in slow ones. Concanavalin A supressed the potential dependence by tau, resulting in an increase in tau compared with the control, especially at high negative potentials.", "contents": "The voltage dependence of the decay of the excitatory postsynaptic current and the effect of concanavalin A at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. In voltage clamped crayfish muscle fibers the time constant tau of decay of the EPSC was measured at different clamp potentials E. At 6 degrees C, the average potential dependence of tau is described by tau = 2.3 ms.eE/328 mV. tau was shorter in fast fibers than in slow ones. Concanavalin A supressed the potential dependence by tau, resulting in an increase in tau compared with the control, especially at high negative potentials.", "PMID": 547061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10412", "title": "Role of various amino acids on the modulation of dopamine release from nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurones.", "content": "The effects of various transmitter amino-acids on the striatal release of 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) were investigated both in vivo in cat and in vitro in rat striatal slices. When applied to the substantia nigra of the anaesthetized cat by means of a push-pull cannula, GABA induced an increase followed by a transient decrease of 3H-DA release in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus; glycine reduced 3H-DA release under similar experimental conditions. When added to the superfusion medium of rat striatal slices, GABA, glutamate and glycine increased the release of the newly synthetized 3H-DA, suggesting that these amino-acids are also directly or indirectly involved in the presynaptic modulation of striatal DA release.", "contents": "Role of various amino acids on the modulation of dopamine release from nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurones. The effects of various transmitter amino-acids on the striatal release of 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) were investigated both in vivo in cat and in vitro in rat striatal slices. When applied to the substantia nigra of the anaesthetized cat by means of a push-pull cannula, GABA induced an increase followed by a transient decrease of 3H-DA release in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus; glycine reduced 3H-DA release under similar experimental conditions. When added to the superfusion medium of rat striatal slices, GABA, glutamate and glycine increased the release of the newly synthetized 3H-DA, suggesting that these amino-acids are also directly or indirectly involved in the presynaptic modulation of striatal DA release.", "PMID": 547062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10413", "title": "The presynaptic action of L-glutamate at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Results obtained by intra-axonal recordings and nerve terminal damage.", "content": "The presynaptic action of glutamate was investigated in crayfish neuromuscular preparations. The excitability of locally stimulated nerve terminals increased during the perfusion of glutamate. Electrotonically propagated depolarizations were recorded in the excitatory axons when glutamate was ionophoretically applied to sensitive spots on the muscle membrane. Depolarizations of the axon were also obtained when glutamate, GABA and aspartate were added to the bath. In order to evaluate the part of the presynaptic effect in the depolarization induced in muscle fibres, nerve terminals were damaged either by treatment with high-Ca solutions or by denervation. In both cases, a decreased sensitivity to glutamate was found. Possible relationships between the nerve terminal damage and the change in the response to glutamate are proposed.", "contents": "The presynaptic action of L-glutamate at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Results obtained by intra-axonal recordings and nerve terminal damage. The presynaptic action of glutamate was investigated in crayfish neuromuscular preparations. The excitability of locally stimulated nerve terminals increased during the perfusion of glutamate. Electrotonically propagated depolarizations were recorded in the excitatory axons when glutamate was ionophoretically applied to sensitive spots on the muscle membrane. Depolarizations of the axon were also obtained when glutamate, GABA and aspartate were added to the bath. In order to evaluate the part of the presynaptic effect in the depolarization induced in muscle fibres, nerve terminals were damaged either by treatment with high-Ca solutions or by denervation. In both cases, a decreased sensitivity to glutamate was found. Possible relationships between the nerve terminal damage and the change in the response to glutamate are proposed.", "PMID": 547063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10414", "title": "The GABA dose/conductance relationship on lobster muscle.", "content": "A quantitative study was made of the action of GABA, some structurally-related agonists and antagonists on the dactyl opener muscle fibres of the lobster. It was concluded that the GABA dose/conductance relationship was better described by a two independent binding-site receptor model (with KII = 30 microM) than by a single-site or a two-site high co-operativity model. The dose/conductance curves for gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), delta-aminovaleric acid (DAV) and piperazine indicated 'full' agonist behaviour, whereas those for guanidoacetic acid (GuAc) indicated a partial agonist action. beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GP) and gamma-guanidinobutyric acid (gamma-GB) behaved as weak competitive GABA antagonists. Bicuculline was found to antagonize GABA non-competitively on the lobster as in the crayfish, whereas picrotoxin appeared to act in a 'mixed' antagonistic fashion.", "contents": "The GABA dose/conductance relationship on lobster muscle. A quantitative study was made of the action of GABA, some structurally-related agonists and antagonists on the dactyl opener muscle fibres of the lobster. It was concluded that the GABA dose/conductance relationship was better described by a two independent binding-site receptor model (with KII = 30 microM) than by a single-site or a two-site high co-operativity model. The dose/conductance curves for gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), delta-aminovaleric acid (DAV) and piperazine indicated 'full' agonist behaviour, whereas those for guanidoacetic acid (GuAc) indicated a partial agonist action. beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GP) and gamma-guanidinobutyric acid (gamma-GB) behaved as weak competitive GABA antagonists. Bicuculline was found to antagonize GABA non-competitively on the lobster as in the crayfish, whereas picrotoxin appeared to act in a 'mixed' antagonistic fashion.", "PMID": 547064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10415", "title": "High potassium, veratridine and electrically induced release of taurine from the cerebellar cortex.", "content": "In the in vivo superfused cerebellar cortex of anaesthetized rats, the following stimuli were effective in evoking large increases of isotopically labelled taurine from preloaded tissue: high (40 mM) K+; rectangular, 0.1 msec electrical pulses at 1.5 mA and 500 Hz; the depolarizing veratrum alkaloid, veratridine (0.5 x 10(-5) M) and scorpion venom (10(-6) g.ml-1). Both the high K+ and electrically evoked effluxes were markedly Ca2+ dependent; the veratridine response was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin (10(-6) g.ml-1). The data indicate that taurine is being released from excitable cells rather than neuroglia and may therefore have some neurotransmitter-like role in the cerebellum.", "contents": "High potassium, veratridine and electrically induced release of taurine from the cerebellar cortex. In the in vivo superfused cerebellar cortex of anaesthetized rats, the following stimuli were effective in evoking large increases of isotopically labelled taurine from preloaded tissue: high (40 mM) K+; rectangular, 0.1 msec electrical pulses at 1.5 mA and 500 Hz; the depolarizing veratrum alkaloid, veratridine (0.5 x 10(-5) M) and scorpion venom (10(-6) g.ml-1). Both the high K+ and electrically evoked effluxes were markedly Ca2+ dependent; the veratridine response was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin (10(-6) g.ml-1). The data indicate that taurine is being released from excitable cells rather than neuroglia and may therefore have some neurotransmitter-like role in the cerebellum.", "PMID": 547066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10416", "title": "Tentative localization of glutamergic and aspartergic nerve endings in brain.", "content": "1. The locations of the high affinity uptakes of glutamate, aspartate and GABA were studied autoradiographically and microchemically in slices of hippocampus and septum in vitro. 2. In hippocampus the distributions of the uptake sites for glutamate and aspartate were very similar, with much higher uptake in zones containing pyramidal cell terminals than in other zones. A reciprocal distribution was found for GABA uptake, which was in agreement with that of GAD. 3. Cutting pyramidal cell axons to CAl reduced the uptake of aspartate and glutamate in the target area in CAl by 80%. 4. Autoradiographically the uptake of aspartate was very high in the dorsal part of the lateral septum, moderately high in nucleus accumbens septi and neostriatum, and very low in the medial septum. GABA uptake was lower in the medial than in the lateral septum, but very high in a narrow transitional zone and in the insula Cajella magna. 5. Transecting the axons from hippocampus and subiculum to septum, gave a 70% reduction in the uptakes of aspartate and glutamate in the lateral septum, but no reduction in the medial septum. 6. Literature data on uptake, content and release of glutamate and aspartate in nerve endings in brain are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Tentative localization of glutamergic and aspartergic nerve endings in brain. 1. The locations of the high affinity uptakes of glutamate, aspartate and GABA were studied autoradiographically and microchemically in slices of hippocampus and septum in vitro. 2. In hippocampus the distributions of the uptake sites for glutamate and aspartate were very similar, with much higher uptake in zones containing pyramidal cell terminals than in other zones. A reciprocal distribution was found for GABA uptake, which was in agreement with that of GAD. 3. Cutting pyramidal cell axons to CAl reduced the uptake of aspartate and glutamate in the target area in CAl by 80%. 4. Autoradiographically the uptake of aspartate was very high in the dorsal part of the lateral septum, moderately high in nucleus accumbens septi and neostriatum, and very low in the medial septum. GABA uptake was lower in the medial than in the lateral septum, but very high in a narrow transitional zone and in the insula Cajella magna. 5. Transecting the axons from hippocampus and subiculum to septum, gave a 70% reduction in the uptakes of aspartate and glutamate in the lateral septum, but no reduction in the medial septum. 6. Literature data on uptake, content and release of glutamate and aspartate in nerve endings in brain are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 547067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10417", "title": "Topographic sensitivity of cat spinal motoneurones to iontophoretically applied l-glutamate and glycine.", "content": "1. The effects of micro-iontophoretically applied L-glutamate (GLU) and glycine (GLY) were studied by recording intracellularly from cat motoneurones in the 6th and 7th lumbar segments. 2. Applications of GLU and GLY were performed at varying distances (80-350 micrometers: \"somatic\" or \"dendritic\" applications) from the probable intrasomatic location of the recording tip. 3. \"Somatic\" applications of GLU caused a depolarization and a progressive increase in the membrane conductance. Applications of GLY caused a hyperpolarization and a marked increase in conductance associated with a decrease of postsynaptic transients. 4. \"Dendritic\" applications of GLU led to a depolarization after a significantly shorter delay than applications to more \"somatic\" sites. On the contrary, the onset latency of GLY induced hyperpolarisations was longer for \"dendritic\" than for \"somatic\" applications. 5. These results give evidence in favour of different preferential localizations of GLU and GLY receptive sites on spinal motoneurones.", "contents": "Topographic sensitivity of cat spinal motoneurones to iontophoretically applied l-glutamate and glycine. 1. The effects of micro-iontophoretically applied L-glutamate (GLU) and glycine (GLY) were studied by recording intracellularly from cat motoneurones in the 6th and 7th lumbar segments. 2. Applications of GLU and GLY were performed at varying distances (80-350 micrometers: \"somatic\" or \"dendritic\" applications) from the probable intrasomatic location of the recording tip. 3. \"Somatic\" applications of GLU caused a depolarization and a progressive increase in the membrane conductance. Applications of GLY caused a hyperpolarization and a marked increase in conductance associated with a decrease of postsynaptic transients. 4. \"Dendritic\" applications of GLU led to a depolarization after a significantly shorter delay than applications to more \"somatic\" sites. On the contrary, the onset latency of GLY induced hyperpolarisations was longer for \"dendritic\" than for \"somatic\" applications. 5. These results give evidence in favour of different preferential localizations of GLU and GLY receptive sites on spinal motoneurones.", "PMID": 547068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10418", "title": "Rate-dependent action potential changes in rat atrium.", "content": "Experiments in isolated left atria from rat hearts were performed in order to study the effects of stimulation rate on the transmembrane action potential. 1. Two components (fast and slow) of the action potential upstroke could be differentiated by adding MnCl2 to the perfusion solution. 2. With the increase in rate of stimulation over the control cycle length (500 msec), amplitude, Vmax and action potential duration at 80% of repolarization (D80) diminished in normal Krebs. In Mn-containing Krebs, only a slight reduction in amplitude was recorded. Resting potential and action potential duration at 20% (D20) and 50% (D50) of repolarization were only slightly affected in normal Krebs and not at all in Mn-Krebs. 3. Low rates of stimulation in normal Krebs increased D50 only slightly; however, D80 increased significantly while other parameters remained constant. No effects were seen in Mn-Krebs. 4. The results with Mn-Krebs indicate the importance of slow inward current on changes induced by stimulation rates. A possible mechanism relating intracellular calcium concentration and the outward K current, depending on the rate of stimulation, is discussed.", "contents": "Rate-dependent action potential changes in rat atrium. Experiments in isolated left atria from rat hearts were performed in order to study the effects of stimulation rate on the transmembrane action potential. 1. Two components (fast and slow) of the action potential upstroke could be differentiated by adding MnCl2 to the perfusion solution. 2. With the increase in rate of stimulation over the control cycle length (500 msec), amplitude, Vmax and action potential duration at 80% of repolarization (D80) diminished in normal Krebs. In Mn-containing Krebs, only a slight reduction in amplitude was recorded. Resting potential and action potential duration at 20% (D20) and 50% (D50) of repolarization were only slightly affected in normal Krebs and not at all in Mn-Krebs. 3. Low rates of stimulation in normal Krebs increased D50 only slightly; however, D80 increased significantly while other parameters remained constant. No effects were seen in Mn-Krebs. 4. The results with Mn-Krebs indicate the importance of slow inward current on changes induced by stimulation rates. A possible mechanism relating intracellular calcium concentration and the outward K current, depending on the rate of stimulation, is discussed.", "PMID": 547069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10419", "title": "In vitro citrate synthesis by the dog kidney. Investigations with cortex, red and white medulla slices.", "content": "In vitro utilization or production of citrate by the cortex, outer medulla or inner medulla of dog kidney was measured. Our data show: 1. An in vitro citrate synthesis or utilization capacity of the cortex greater than that of the red medulla. 2. An effect of pH on citrate synthesis or utilization capacity of the cortex, an effect not seen with medullary slices. 3. An absence of citrate synthesis or utilization by white medulla slices. It would seem that the citrate found in the white medulla and the papilla of the dog kidney in vivo was not produced in situ.", "contents": "In vitro citrate synthesis by the dog kidney. Investigations with cortex, red and white medulla slices. In vitro utilization or production of citrate by the cortex, outer medulla or inner medulla of dog kidney was measured. Our data show: 1. An in vitro citrate synthesis or utilization capacity of the cortex greater than that of the red medulla. 2. An effect of pH on citrate synthesis or utilization capacity of the cortex, an effect not seen with medullary slices. 3. An absence of citrate synthesis or utilization by white medulla slices. It would seem that the citrate found in the white medulla and the papilla of the dog kidney in vivo was not produced in situ.", "PMID": 547070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10420", "title": "[Nutritional, cardiac and adrenergic changes induced by swimming training in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of training were investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats group (N), fed ad libitum, by measuring the weight increase and food intake of the animals, biochemical parameters (myocardial triglycerides and glycogen levels), mechanical and metabolic properties of the heart, and adrenergic reactions to swimming stress. An other group of rats remaining sedentary served as control (T). Conditioned rats had been submitted to a one hour test swim 6 days a week for 9 weeks. Gradually additional weights were fixed to the thorax. At the end of training, the load reached 6% of the body weight. Both groups were sacrified by decapitation at the same time, thirty hours after the last swimming session. The study of mechanical performances and metabolic properties was achieved with isolated working heart preparation. Adrenergic reactions of swimming stress were evaluated from plasma, heart and adrenal catecholamine concentrations.", "contents": "[Nutritional, cardiac and adrenergic changes induced by swimming training in rats (author's transl)]. The effects of training were investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats group (N), fed ad libitum, by measuring the weight increase and food intake of the animals, biochemical parameters (myocardial triglycerides and glycogen levels), mechanical and metabolic properties of the heart, and adrenergic reactions to swimming stress. An other group of rats remaining sedentary served as control (T). Conditioned rats had been submitted to a one hour test swim 6 days a week for 9 weeks. Gradually additional weights were fixed to the thorax. At the end of training, the load reached 6% of the body weight. Both groups were sacrified by decapitation at the same time, thirty hours after the last swimming session. The study of mechanical performances and metabolic properties was achieved with isolated working heart preparation. Adrenergic reactions of swimming stress were evaluated from plasma, heart and adrenal catecholamine concentrations.", "PMID": 547071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10421", "title": "[Malignant epithelioma of the retinal pigment epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of clinical and histopathologic findings in a case of malignant epithelioma of the retinal pigment epithelium. This very rare neoplasm usually develops at the equator of the globe or more peripherally and is practically always mistaken for a malignant melanoma of the choroid. Metastasis of this tumor, revealing an infiltrative and destructive growth pattern, has not been described unequivocally.", "contents": "[Malignant epithelioma of the retinal pigment epithelium (author's transl)]. Description of clinical and histopathologic findings in a case of malignant epithelioma of the retinal pigment epithelium. This very rare neoplasm usually develops at the equator of the globe or more peripherally and is practically always mistaken for a malignant melanoma of the choroid. Metastasis of this tumor, revealing an infiltrative and destructive growth pattern, has not been described unequivocally.", "PMID": 547088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10422", "title": "[Cutting of the retina: a means of therapy for retinal reattachment (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of retinal incarceration after injury of the eye, the retina was mobilized by cutting it free and creating a 240 degree dialysis. The retina could be reattached with the help of intraocular gas techniques developed for the treatment of giant retinal tears. This case demonstrates that actual cutting of the retina can result in successful reattachment of the retina.", "contents": "[Cutting of the retina: a means of therapy for retinal reattachment (author's transl)]. In a case of retinal incarceration after injury of the eye, the retina was mobilized by cutting it free and creating a 240 degree dialysis. The retina could be reattached with the help of intraocular gas techniques developed for the treatment of giant retinal tears. This case demonstrates that actual cutting of the retina can result in successful reattachment of the retina.", "PMID": 547089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10423", "title": "[A follow-up study on the intraocular pressure response of timolol eye drops (author's transl)].", "content": "In 22 open-angle glaucoma patients a total of 39 eyes were treated with Timolol 0.25% twice daily for an average period of 12.6 months. The relative intraocular pressure decrease at the beginning of the study was 47% of the untreated pressure level. This initial response declined to a 23% pressure decrease at the end of the study. In 8 eyes treatment had to be discontinued because of insufficient pressure control and in one patient because of subjective intolerance. In two patients (4 eyes) a complete loss of response of Timolol therapy was observed. The phenomenon of slowly diminishing drug effectiveness was not related to the untreated pressure levels in the patients covered by this study. In 5 eyes there was evidence of a rebound effect after discontinuation of Timolol therapy.", "contents": "[A follow-up study on the intraocular pressure response of timolol eye drops (author's transl)]. In 22 open-angle glaucoma patients a total of 39 eyes were treated with Timolol 0.25% twice daily for an average period of 12.6 months. The relative intraocular pressure decrease at the beginning of the study was 47% of the untreated pressure level. This initial response declined to a 23% pressure decrease at the end of the study. In 8 eyes treatment had to be discontinued because of insufficient pressure control and in one patient because of subjective intolerance. In two patients (4 eyes) a complete loss of response of Timolol therapy was observed. The phenomenon of slowly diminishing drug effectiveness was not related to the untreated pressure levels in the patients covered by this study. In 5 eyes there was evidence of a rebound effect after discontinuation of Timolol therapy.", "PMID": 547090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10424", "title": "[Experience in treatment of retinoblastoma in the German Democratic Republic (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on 150 patients suffering from retinoblastoma (71 unilateral and 79 bilateral cases) treated between 1960 and 1977. There was a familiar accumulation of retinoblastoma in 8.9% of the bilateral and 5.8% of the unilateral cases. Leukokoria and squint were the most frequent first signs of the tumor. The overall lethality was 12.7% during an average follow up period of 7.8 years. The lethality due to metastases on bilateral cases (8.9%) was as high as that due to unilateral retinoblastomas (9.9%). Spontaneous cure occurred in 2%. The cure rate of unilateral retinoblastomas was 87.3%. The survival rate in bilateral tumor cases 84.8%. The eye with the more advanced tumor was enucleated immediately; irradiation therapy only saved both eyes in one patient. Enucleation of the second eye was necessary in 40.5% of our patients suffering from bilateral retinoblastoma. In 43.8% of all bilateral retinoblastomas destruction of the tumor in the second eye was accomplished and a useful degree of visual acuity was achieved after an average follow-up period of 7.5 years.--The optimum therapeutic procedure depends on the size and position of the retinoblastoma and should be scheduled individually in each patient: photocoagulation, cryocoagulation, 106Ru/ 106Rh-applicator, 60Co-applicators, external beam irradiation (linear accelerator 5 MeV), chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Experience in treatment of retinoblastoma in the German Democratic Republic (author's transl)]. A report on 150 patients suffering from retinoblastoma (71 unilateral and 79 bilateral cases) treated between 1960 and 1977. There was a familiar accumulation of retinoblastoma in 8.9% of the bilateral and 5.8% of the unilateral cases. Leukokoria and squint were the most frequent first signs of the tumor. The overall lethality was 12.7% during an average follow up period of 7.8 years. The lethality due to metastases on bilateral cases (8.9%) was as high as that due to unilateral retinoblastomas (9.9%). Spontaneous cure occurred in 2%. The cure rate of unilateral retinoblastomas was 87.3%. The survival rate in bilateral tumor cases 84.8%. The eye with the more advanced tumor was enucleated immediately; irradiation therapy only saved both eyes in one patient. Enucleation of the second eye was necessary in 40.5% of our patients suffering from bilateral retinoblastoma. In 43.8% of all bilateral retinoblastomas destruction of the tumor in the second eye was accomplished and a useful degree of visual acuity was achieved after an average follow-up period of 7.5 years.--The optimum therapeutic procedure depends on the size and position of the retinoblastoma and should be scheduled individually in each patient: photocoagulation, cryocoagulation, 106Ru/ 106Rh-applicator, 60Co-applicators, external beam irradiation (linear accelerator 5 MeV), chemotherapy.", "PMID": 547091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10425", "title": "[Tumor metastases of the choroid: clinical picture and histology (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is based on 21 patients with metastases of the choroid from extraocular tumors, observed over a period of 25 years (1952--1977) at Erlangen University Eye Clinic. Approximately 70% of these relatively rare metastases of the choroid are caused by cancer of the breast. Ophthalmoscopically, they are usually localized to the left of the posterior pole and are yellowish. In about 20% of the cases both eyes are affected. Since breast cancer is the most frequent cause of the primary tumor, women in the 40 to 60 age group are the most common sufferers. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning that in 2 cases the metastases were the first signs of any type of malignancy. Typical is the relatively flat, shell-like growth. In cytological specimens the portion of the retina covering the tumor normally shows no evidence of cystic degenerative change, in contrast to malignant melanoma. In view of the short average life expectancy of about 9 months, therapy should consist in preserving the eye and thus some degree of vision. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy or cytostatic therapy whould be tried. Enucleation is only indicated where there is severe pain, secondary glaucoma, amaurosis or if it is impossible to differentiate from a malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[Tumor metastases of the choroid: clinical picture and histology (author's transl)]. This paper is based on 21 patients with metastases of the choroid from extraocular tumors, observed over a period of 25 years (1952--1977) at Erlangen University Eye Clinic. Approximately 70% of these relatively rare metastases of the choroid are caused by cancer of the breast. Ophthalmoscopically, they are usually localized to the left of the posterior pole and are yellowish. In about 20% of the cases both eyes are affected. Since breast cancer is the most frequent cause of the primary tumor, women in the 40 to 60 age group are the most common sufferers. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning that in 2 cases the metastases were the first signs of any type of malignancy. Typical is the relatively flat, shell-like growth. In cytological specimens the portion of the retina covering the tumor normally shows no evidence of cystic degenerative change, in contrast to malignant melanoma. In view of the short average life expectancy of about 9 months, therapy should consist in preserving the eye and thus some degree of vision. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy or cytostatic therapy whould be tried. Enucleation is only indicated where there is severe pain, secondary glaucoma, amaurosis or if it is impossible to differentiate from a malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 547092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10426", "title": "[Clinical and experimental evaluation of hydrophilic contact lenses for continuous-wear (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical and experimental study we tested a new contact lens for continuous-wear. The modified HEMA-lens (\"Permalens\", Global Vision Ltd, Southampton/GB; Cooper Laboratories, D\u00fcsseldorf) has a water content of 74% at pH 7.4. The oxygen transmissibility is, depending on the thickness of the lens, 38--67% of the oxygen in the air. In a first trial we had to eliminate 6 patients due to wrong fitting (much too steep) or dry eyes. After development of a new guide for selection of lens base curves 10 patients with monocular aphakia (10 eyes) and 12 patients with mild myopia (24 eyes) were fitted with the hydrophilic soft contact lens for permanent wear. From a total of 34 eyes in 11 cases (32%) the lenses were removed due to complications (1 conjunctivitis, 1 keratitis, 1 vascularization) or due to lack of cooperation. In 23 cases (68%) the continuous-war lenses were well tolerated without complications for 5 months. In a comparative study in vitro we tested the effect of the contact lens on the viability (swelling rate, intracellular membrane potential of the epithelium) of the isolated human cornea. A damaging effect of the lens on corneal function was not observed. The hydrophilic soft contact lens can be fitted for continuous-wear.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental evaluation of hydrophilic contact lenses for continuous-wear (author's transl)]. In a clinical and experimental study we tested a new contact lens for continuous-wear. The modified HEMA-lens (\"Permalens\", Global Vision Ltd, Southampton/GB; Cooper Laboratories, D\u00fcsseldorf) has a water content of 74% at pH 7.4. The oxygen transmissibility is, depending on the thickness of the lens, 38--67% of the oxygen in the air. In a first trial we had to eliminate 6 patients due to wrong fitting (much too steep) or dry eyes. After development of a new guide for selection of lens base curves 10 patients with monocular aphakia (10 eyes) and 12 patients with mild myopia (24 eyes) were fitted with the hydrophilic soft contact lens for permanent wear. From a total of 34 eyes in 11 cases (32%) the lenses were removed due to complications (1 conjunctivitis, 1 keratitis, 1 vascularization) or due to lack of cooperation. In 23 cases (68%) the continuous-war lenses were well tolerated without complications for 5 months. In a comparative study in vitro we tested the effect of the contact lens on the viability (swelling rate, intracellular membrane potential of the epithelium) of the isolated human cornea. A damaging effect of the lens on corneal function was not observed. The hydrophilic soft contact lens can be fitted for continuous-wear.", "PMID": 547093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10427", "title": "[A contribution about serious ophthalmic complications with oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment with oral contraceptives leads infrequently to serious thrombo-embolic cases of sickness in the eye and in the central nervous system with mostly irreversible results. Here is reported about three such cases in which--after intake of oral contraceptives with low-dose portion of oestrogen--ophthalmic complications have appeared, in which by reason of comprehensive internal, neurological and neuroradiological examinations, this treatment has very probably released the ophthalmic complications. As soon as there are appearing migraine-like headache attacks and vision disorders under treatment with oral contraceptives, termination of the treatment is recommended.", "contents": "[A contribution about serious ophthalmic complications with oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. The treatment with oral contraceptives leads infrequently to serious thrombo-embolic cases of sickness in the eye and in the central nervous system with mostly irreversible results. Here is reported about three such cases in which--after intake of oral contraceptives with low-dose portion of oestrogen--ophthalmic complications have appeared, in which by reason of comprehensive internal, neurological and neuroradiological examinations, this treatment has very probably released the ophthalmic complications. As soon as there are appearing migraine-like headache attacks and vision disorders under treatment with oral contraceptives, termination of the treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 547094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10428", "title": "[Spontaneous hemorrhages into dilated conjunctival lymphatics (author's transl)].", "content": "The means of own observations the clinical picture of spontaneous hemorrhages into the conjunctival lymphatics is illustrated. The reasons of this phenomenon are discussed with regard to the histomorphological findings. Hitherto the spontaneous hemorrhages into the conjunctival lymphatics do not seem to have any pathogenic effect.", "contents": "[Spontaneous hemorrhages into dilated conjunctival lymphatics (author's transl)]. The means of own observations the clinical picture of spontaneous hemorrhages into the conjunctival lymphatics is illustrated. The reasons of this phenomenon are discussed with regard to the histomorphological findings. Hitherto the spontaneous hemorrhages into the conjunctival lymphatics do not seem to have any pathogenic effect.", "PMID": 547096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10429", "title": "[Histological studies of goblet cell counts in human conjunctiva (author's transl)].", "content": "In 121 healthy subjects of all age groups the goblet cells were counted by means of conjunctival biopsies; none of these individuals showed any inflammatory or degenerative changes in their eye lids, conjunctivae or corneas. Three groups were distinguished: a small group with relatively few, a large group with an average number and a third small groups with a relatively large number of goblet cells. The number of goblet cells was usually between 26 and 40 to the square mm, but fluctuated to a great extent in all three groups. On determining age distribution, the average goblet cell counts were found to be astonishingly similar: they did not vary significantly in the different age groups. At most, one could say the goblet cell count is slightly lower from age 61 onward.", "contents": "[Histological studies of goblet cell counts in human conjunctiva (author's transl)]. In 121 healthy subjects of all age groups the goblet cells were counted by means of conjunctival biopsies; none of these individuals showed any inflammatory or degenerative changes in their eye lids, conjunctivae or corneas. Three groups were distinguished: a small group with relatively few, a large group with an average number and a third small groups with a relatively large number of goblet cells. The number of goblet cells was usually between 26 and 40 to the square mm, but fluctuated to a great extent in all three groups. On determining age distribution, the average goblet cell counts were found to be astonishingly similar: they did not vary significantly in the different age groups. At most, one could say the goblet cell count is slightly lower from age 61 onward.", "PMID": 547097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10430", "title": "[Leimyoma of the ciliary body: clinical, fluorescein-angiographic and histological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the clinical and fluorescein-angiographic appearance of leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 23-year-old woman, the surgical technique and histopathological findings. The tumor was wholly excised and histologically verified, preserving the bulb and a useful degree of vision. The histological differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Leimyoma of the ciliary body: clinical, fluorescein-angiographic and histological findings (author's transl)]. Report on the clinical and fluorescein-angiographic appearance of leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 23-year-old woman, the surgical technique and histopathological findings. The tumor was wholly excised and histologically verified, preserving the bulb and a useful degree of vision. The histological differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 547098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10431", "title": "[Mitral regurgitation following myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Incompetence of the mitral valve may occur within days or weeks following myocardial infarction. The etiology most often encountered is rupture of a papillary muscle or one or more chordae tendineae. Since echocardiography is available, dysfunction of the papillary muscle with resulting incompetence of the valve is diagnosed more frequently. The mortality of the disease without surgical correction is reported as high as 95% within the first 3 months following the development of a murmur. The results of the surgical therapy are closely related to the time interval between myocardial infarction and time of surgery. Twenty-one (46%) of 45 patients with acute mitral regurgitation following myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock operated upon at the Pacific Medical Center died during the early postoperative period. Mortality was extremely high with 78% when surgery had to be done within the first weeks following the acute myocardial infarction. Surgery within 2 to 3 months following the myocardial infarction carried a mortality of 44%, whereas only 6 of 22 patients operated upon more than 3 months after the acute infarction died. The high mortality of the natural course of the disease should be encouragement to think of the possibility of surgical correction of the valvular disease, especially when optimal medical treatment including medical and mechanical inotropic support have failed. Advances in cardial surgery, such as myocardial protection as well as postoperative care, may result in further improvement of the results.", "contents": "[Mitral regurgitation following myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Incompetence of the mitral valve may occur within days or weeks following myocardial infarction. The etiology most often encountered is rupture of a papillary muscle or one or more chordae tendineae. Since echocardiography is available, dysfunction of the papillary muscle with resulting incompetence of the valve is diagnosed more frequently. The mortality of the disease without surgical correction is reported as high as 95% within the first 3 months following the development of a murmur. The results of the surgical therapy are closely related to the time interval between myocardial infarction and time of surgery. Twenty-one (46%) of 45 patients with acute mitral regurgitation following myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock operated upon at the Pacific Medical Center died during the early postoperative period. Mortality was extremely high with 78% when surgery had to be done within the first weeks following the acute myocardial infarction. Surgery within 2 to 3 months following the myocardial infarction carried a mortality of 44%, whereas only 6 of 22 patients operated upon more than 3 months after the acute infarction died. The high mortality of the natural course of the disease should be encouragement to think of the possibility of surgical correction of the valvular disease, especially when optimal medical treatment including medical and mechanical inotropic support have failed. Advances in cardial surgery, such as myocardial protection as well as postoperative care, may result in further improvement of the results.", "PMID": 547099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10432", "title": "Similar modes of action of calcitonin and glucagon in inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion in man.", "content": "The inhibitory action of both calcitonin (CT) and glucagon (GK) on human pancreatic secretion has been evaluated in detail. The reduction of enzyme secretion expressed as percentage corresponded to 60--80% of the initial values in response to both CT and GK when the hormones were given as single infusions during background stimulation with secretin or with secretin plus cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ). After withdrawal of GK-infusion the return to normal values of enzyme secretion was distinctly faster than after CT, thus reflecting a more rapid degradation of circulating GK than of CT. In the presence of stimulation with secretin plus CCK-PZ, the combined administration of CT and GK did not enhance the inhibitory actions of CT and GK. Fluid and bicarbonate secretions were not affected by either CT or GK. The results suggest that CT and GK inhibit human pancreatic enzyme secretion by similar modes of action. Therefore, the combined administration of both CT and GK does not offer a reasonable approach to the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Similar modes of action of calcitonin and glucagon in inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion in man. The inhibitory action of both calcitonin (CT) and glucagon (GK) on human pancreatic secretion has been evaluated in detail. The reduction of enzyme secretion expressed as percentage corresponded to 60--80% of the initial values in response to both CT and GK when the hormones were given as single infusions during background stimulation with secretin or with secretin plus cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ). After withdrawal of GK-infusion the return to normal values of enzyme secretion was distinctly faster than after CT, thus reflecting a more rapid degradation of circulating GK than of CT. In the presence of stimulation with secretin plus CCK-PZ, the combined administration of CT and GK did not enhance the inhibitory actions of CT and GK. Fluid and bicarbonate secretions were not affected by either CT or GK. The results suggest that CT and GK inhibit human pancreatic enzyme secretion by similar modes of action. Therefore, the combined administration of both CT and GK does not offer a reasonable approach to the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 547100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10433", "title": "[Spread of hepatitis B virus infection among family contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (author's transl)].", "content": "Family members of 34 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers were tested for different hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. Among 67 family members tested 24 (36%) presented signs of a past or ongoing HBV-infection. Spread of HBV-infection was particularly high in those families in which the HBsAg carrier was positive for HBeAg and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity. Non-parenteral \"horizontal\" transmission of HBV among spouses and brothers and sisters and probably parenteral vertical transmission of HBV from carrier mothers to their infants occurred in approximately the same frequency. Fathers transmitted HBV unfrequently to their offsprings. The results show that the risk to acquire a HBV-infection from an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier is closely linked to the serological findings in the HBe/anti-HBe-system of the index HBsAg carrier and not to the family relationship to the HBsAg carrier.", "contents": "[Spread of hepatitis B virus infection among family contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (author's transl)]. Family members of 34 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers were tested for different hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. Among 67 family members tested 24 (36%) presented signs of a past or ongoing HBV-infection. Spread of HBV-infection was particularly high in those families in which the HBsAg carrier was positive for HBeAg and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity. Non-parenteral \"horizontal\" transmission of HBV among spouses and brothers and sisters and probably parenteral vertical transmission of HBV from carrier mothers to their infants occurred in approximately the same frequency. Fathers transmitted HBV unfrequently to their offsprings. The results show that the risk to acquire a HBV-infection from an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier is closely linked to the serological findings in the HBe/anti-HBe-system of the index HBsAg carrier and not to the family relationship to the HBsAg carrier.", "PMID": 547101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10434", "title": "Enteropancreatic circulation of trypsin in man.", "content": "Following the intraduodenal installation of purified 125I-labeled human trypsin up to about 4--6% of the label was measured after 15--30 min in blood plasma and found to separate in a dextran-gel filtration system similar to purified human trypsin (-125I) after incubation with human serum. About 1% of the installed trypsin-(-125I)-dose was found already after 20 min in 100 ml of aspirated pancreatic secretion and later on also in the duodenal content. The results support the concept of the existence of an enteropancreatic circulation of trypsin also in man and explain in part the low to non-detectable levels of immunoreactive serum trypsin observed in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Enteropancreatic circulation of trypsin in man. Following the intraduodenal installation of purified 125I-labeled human trypsin up to about 4--6% of the label was measured after 15--30 min in blood plasma and found to separate in a dextran-gel filtration system similar to purified human trypsin (-125I) after incubation with human serum. About 1% of the installed trypsin-(-125I)-dose was found already after 20 min in 100 ml of aspirated pancreatic secretion and later on also in the duodenal content. The results support the concept of the existence of an enteropancreatic circulation of trypsin also in man and explain in part the low to non-detectable levels of immunoreactive serum trypsin observed in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 547102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10435", "title": "Effect of combined administration of furosemide and aspirin on urinary urate excretion in man.", "content": "Furosemide (20 mg) was administered intravenously to 7 healthy volunteers, before and after 4 days of oral administration of aspirin in uricosuric dosage (1 g daily). Aspirin prevented the decrease in urinary urate excretion induced by furosemide, without interfering with its natriuretic action. This finding is suggested to be the result of the opposite and independent effects of the two drugs on tubular reabsorption of urate.", "contents": "Effect of combined administration of furosemide and aspirin on urinary urate excretion in man. Furosemide (20 mg) was administered intravenously to 7 healthy volunteers, before and after 4 days of oral administration of aspirin in uricosuric dosage (1 g daily). Aspirin prevented the decrease in urinary urate excretion induced by furosemide, without interfering with its natriuretic action. This finding is suggested to be the result of the opposite and independent effects of the two drugs on tubular reabsorption of urate.", "PMID": 547103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10436", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of differentiated liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopy study was carried out on differentiated liver cells transformed in vitro by three chemical carcinogens into cells that give rise to carcinomas. The results indicate that the transformed cells grow as a rule in tightly adherent monolayers but differ in topography. There is a tendency toward heterogeneity in cell shape compared to the normal and on the whole toward a larger number of surface microvilli in the malignant cell population. However, both in sparse and confluent cultures the topographic differences are often not striking enough to unequivocally distinguish single neoplastic cells from the normal.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of differentiated liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens. A scanning electron microscopy study was carried out on differentiated liver cells transformed in vitro by three chemical carcinogens into cells that give rise to carcinomas. The results indicate that the transformed cells grow as a rule in tightly adherent monolayers but differ in topography. There is a tendency toward heterogeneity in cell shape compared to the normal and on the whole toward a larger number of surface microvilli in the malignant cell population. However, both in sparse and confluent cultures the topographic differences are often not striking enough to unequivocally distinguish single neoplastic cells from the normal.", "PMID": 547117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10437", "title": "alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites (acetylcholine receptors) in denervated mammalian sarcolemma.", "content": "The nonsynaptic sarcolemma of denervated skeletal muscle of rat shows an abundance of approximately 15 nm intramembranous particles on the P face. These particles are either singly distributed or are in clusters, and they are essentialy lacking from the comparable freeze-fractures of the innervated sarcolemma. Autoradiographic studies using 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (BGT) on 1 mu-thick sections, and freeze-etch studies using ferritin-alpha-BGT conjugates on membrane fractions, show that the distribution of the label corresponds to the distribution of the 15-nm particles in the nonsynaptic sarcolemma. On the basis of these results and existing physiologic and biochemical data, it is suggested that the 15-nm intramembranous particles are components of the alpha-BGT binding sites, ie, acetylcholine (Ach) receptors, in the nonsynaptic sarcolemma of denervated muscle and that the two types of distributions represent two spatial manifestations of Ach receptor molecules. The significance of these findings in relation to synapse formation in denervated muscle is discussed.", "contents": "alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites (acetylcholine receptors) in denervated mammalian sarcolemma. The nonsynaptic sarcolemma of denervated skeletal muscle of rat shows an abundance of approximately 15 nm intramembranous particles on the P face. These particles are either singly distributed or are in clusters, and they are essentialy lacking from the comparable freeze-fractures of the innervated sarcolemma. Autoradiographic studies using 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (BGT) on 1 mu-thick sections, and freeze-etch studies using ferritin-alpha-BGT conjugates on membrane fractions, show that the distribution of the label corresponds to the distribution of the 15-nm particles in the nonsynaptic sarcolemma. On the basis of these results and existing physiologic and biochemical data, it is suggested that the 15-nm intramembranous particles are components of the alpha-BGT binding sites, ie, acetylcholine (Ach) receptors, in the nonsynaptic sarcolemma of denervated muscle and that the two types of distributions represent two spatial manifestations of Ach receptor molecules. The significance of these findings in relation to synapse formation in denervated muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 547118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10438", "title": "Analysis of transmembrane proteins from eukaryotic cells.", "content": "The topography and properties of plasma membrane proteins from mouse L-929 cells are studied by comparing their availability for enzymatic labeling on the external and internal surfaces of the membrane. In order to study the internal surface, phagolysosomes are prepared from cells after they ingest latex particles. The plasma membrane surrounding these seem to have an \"inside-out\" orientation. The sugars of the membrane glycoproteins in intact phagolysosomes are not available for interaction with lectins or available for periodate-borotritide labeling. A comparison of the lectin-binding proteins labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination on the external cell surface with those labeled on the internal cell surface suggests that a variety of plasma membrane glycoproteins span the lipid bilayer. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis it has been shown that selected proteins are labeled at both the internal and external faces of the plasma membrane. Analysis of the 2-D gel electrophoregrams reveals that there are two distinct prominent proteins at 60,000 and 100,000 daltons which are enzymatically iodinated from both sides of the membrane. The partial hydrolysis of the 100,000 dalton protein reveals that different peptides are iodinated when the iodination is performed on intact cells or on the phagolysosomes. These proteins are extensively phosphorylated in cells incubated with inorganic 32P. We conclude that the phagolysosome is probably oriented in an \"inside-out\" configuration and that this membrane preparation can be used to study the topographic organization of membrane proteins. The use of oriented membranes, selective labeling of proteins, and affinity separation of proteins in combination with gel electrophoresis to define the position and properties of proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of transmembrane proteins from eukaryotic cells. The topography and properties of plasma membrane proteins from mouse L-929 cells are studied by comparing their availability for enzymatic labeling on the external and internal surfaces of the membrane. In order to study the internal surface, phagolysosomes are prepared from cells after they ingest latex particles. The plasma membrane surrounding these seem to have an \"inside-out\" orientation. The sugars of the membrane glycoproteins in intact phagolysosomes are not available for interaction with lectins or available for periodate-borotritide labeling. A comparison of the lectin-binding proteins labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination on the external cell surface with those labeled on the internal cell surface suggests that a variety of plasma membrane glycoproteins span the lipid bilayer. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis it has been shown that selected proteins are labeled at both the internal and external faces of the plasma membrane. Analysis of the 2-D gel electrophoregrams reveals that there are two distinct prominent proteins at 60,000 and 100,000 daltons which are enzymatically iodinated from both sides of the membrane. The partial hydrolysis of the 100,000 dalton protein reveals that different peptides are iodinated when the iodination is performed on intact cells or on the phagolysosomes. These proteins are extensively phosphorylated in cells incubated with inorganic 32P. We conclude that the phagolysosome is probably oriented in an \"inside-out\" configuration and that this membrane preparation can be used to study the topographic organization of membrane proteins. The use of oriented membranes, selective labeling of proteins, and affinity separation of proteins in combination with gel electrophoresis to define the position and properties of proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 547119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10439", "title": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) has been shown to elicit direct peripheral vasodilatory effects in anaesthetised animals. Since spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats exhibit many features similar to human essential hypertension, the effect of DPH on blood pressure of these rats was studied. DPH given orally for 5 days elicited dose-dependent fall in systolic blood pressure in conscious SH rats. In addition, repeated administrations of DPH increased the noradrenaline concentration in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that the central noradrenergic mechanisms might be involved in the hypotensive action of DPH in SH rats, probably at the supramedullary level.", "contents": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) has been shown to elicit direct peripheral vasodilatory effects in anaesthetised animals. Since spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats exhibit many features similar to human essential hypertension, the effect of DPH on blood pressure of these rats was studied. DPH given orally for 5 days elicited dose-dependent fall in systolic blood pressure in conscious SH rats. In addition, repeated administrations of DPH increased the noradrenaline concentration in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that the central noradrenergic mechanisms might be involved in the hypotensive action of DPH in SH rats, probably at the supramedullary level.", "PMID": 547121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10440", "title": "Effect of physostigmine and scopolamine on the memory functions of chess players.", "content": "Six young trained chess players received 10 consecutive tasks comprising problematic play position at chess. Each subject was tested four times with drug orders balanced across subjects. Compared with saline placebo, physostigmine (20 microgram/kg i.v.) in the presence of peripheral muscarinic blockade (methylscopolamine 6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of good players, but the amount of correct solutions was increased when the initial performance level was low. Scopolamine (6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of all subjects, and saline placebo proved inactive. The effect of scopolamine together with physostigmine was about the average of the separate effects of these drugs. The subjects talked less, when mildly sedated, and felt nauseated after the physostigmine treatment. Antimuscarinics with and without physostigmine caused cycloplegia in all subjects.", "contents": "Effect of physostigmine and scopolamine on the memory functions of chess players. Six young trained chess players received 10 consecutive tasks comprising problematic play position at chess. Each subject was tested four times with drug orders balanced across subjects. Compared with saline placebo, physostigmine (20 microgram/kg i.v.) in the presence of peripheral muscarinic blockade (methylscopolamine 6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of good players, but the amount of correct solutions was increased when the initial performance level was low. Scopolamine (6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of all subjects, and saline placebo proved inactive. The effect of scopolamine together with physostigmine was about the average of the separate effects of these drugs. The subjects talked less, when mildly sedated, and felt nauseated after the physostigmine treatment. Antimuscarinics with and without physostigmine caused cycloplegia in all subjects.", "PMID": 547122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10441", "title": "The inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase-B by J-508 (N-methyl-N-propargyl-(1-indanyl)-ammonium hydrochloride), and its use for the titration of this enzyme form.", "content": "The interaction between rat brain monoamine oxidase-B and J-508, an analogue of L-deprenil, has been investigated. J-508 inhibits rat brain monoamine oxidase-B in a manner consistent with a 'suicide' reaction, and is so potent an inhibitor that it produces inhibition at concentrations of the same order as those of the enzyme. This property has been used to determine the nature of the changed monoamine oxidase-B activity in the corpus striatum after hemitransection of rat brain.", "contents": "The inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase-B by J-508 (N-methyl-N-propargyl-(1-indanyl)-ammonium hydrochloride), and its use for the titration of this enzyme form. The interaction between rat brain monoamine oxidase-B and J-508, an analogue of L-deprenil, has been investigated. J-508 inhibits rat brain monoamine oxidase-B in a manner consistent with a 'suicide' reaction, and is so potent an inhibitor that it produces inhibition at concentrations of the same order as those of the enzyme. This property has been used to determine the nature of the changed monoamine oxidase-B activity in the corpus striatum after hemitransection of rat brain.", "PMID": 547123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10442", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of tetrahydro-beta-carboline in human blood platelets and plasma.", "content": "GLC-mass fragmentography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative was found to be a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC, tryptoline) in human blood platelets and plasma. The concentration of THBC in platelet-rich plasma of eight healthy young adult persons was 9.4 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) ng/ml. It was mainly concentrated in platelets, which usually contained over 50% of total THBC.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of tetrahydro-beta-carboline in human blood platelets and plasma. GLC-mass fragmentography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative was found to be a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC, tryptoline) in human blood platelets and plasma. The concentration of THBC in platelet-rich plasma of eight healthy young adult persons was 9.4 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) ng/ml. It was mainly concentrated in platelets, which usually contained over 50% of total THBC.", "PMID": 547124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10443", "title": "[Metastasis and special explorations in the study of the spread of bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a prospective study on bronchogenic carcinoma are analyzed. The most frequent metastatic localization being the bone (24 percent), followed by the brain (21 percent) and the pleura (20 percent). The type which most frequently metastatized to the brain is the epidermoid carcinoma. The as yet unresolved difficulties in the diagnosis of metastasis to the adrenal glands as well as to the liver are pointed out, conducting a comparative study with data from necropsies in order to corroborate such defficiencies. We systematically practiced radioisotope bone scanning, eliminating the bone radiography and carrying it out only in areas with pathologic isotopic uptake. Biopsy of the iliac crest should be performed in all cases of undifferentiated small-cell type, although this is not necessary with the other histopathologic types. Finally, the criteria for the identification of liver metastasis, in the absence of more proper pilot studies, should be the same as those established in 1974; physical examination and determination of hepatic enzymes; if the results are abnormal, a liver scanning should be indicated, and if it is normal, it will be necessary to perform a liver biopsy by peritoneoscopy.", "contents": "[Metastasis and special explorations in the study of the spread of bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. The results of a prospective study on bronchogenic carcinoma are analyzed. The most frequent metastatic localization being the bone (24 percent), followed by the brain (21 percent) and the pleura (20 percent). The type which most frequently metastatized to the brain is the epidermoid carcinoma. The as yet unresolved difficulties in the diagnosis of metastasis to the adrenal glands as well as to the liver are pointed out, conducting a comparative study with data from necropsies in order to corroborate such defficiencies. We systematically practiced radioisotope bone scanning, eliminating the bone radiography and carrying it out only in areas with pathologic isotopic uptake. Biopsy of the iliac crest should be performed in all cases of undifferentiated small-cell type, although this is not necessary with the other histopathologic types. Finally, the criteria for the identification of liver metastasis, in the absence of more proper pilot studies, should be the same as those established in 1974; physical examination and determination of hepatic enzymes; if the results are abnormal, a liver scanning should be indicated, and if it is normal, it will be necessary to perform a liver biopsy by peritoneoscopy.", "PMID": 547125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10444", "title": "[Perforation of the esophagus. A review of 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation of the esophagus is a very serious condition which is nearly always fatal, unless it can be diagnosed and treated at the earliest possible moment. Ten thousand case histories in a Department of Internal Medicine and a Department of Surgery were reviewed, among which 12 cases of esophageal perforation were found. The overall mortality in this series was 59 percent; the mortality of the surgically treated group was 39 percent. Four of the five patients operated on within the first 24 hours survived. The prognosis was poor when the lower third of the esophagus was ruptured. Esophageal perforations are becoming increasingly more frequent because of the widespread practice of endoscopy. The clinical symptoms of the condition include subcutaneous emphysema, retrosternal pain and dispnea. X-rays often show air or fluid in the mediastinum, air and fluid in the pleural space, and evidence of rupture when opaque contrast material is employed. These signs should usually by sufficient for an early diagnosis. Surgery is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Perforation of the esophagus. A review of 12 cases (author's transl)]. Perforation of the esophagus is a very serious condition which is nearly always fatal, unless it can be diagnosed and treated at the earliest possible moment. Ten thousand case histories in a Department of Internal Medicine and a Department of Surgery were reviewed, among which 12 cases of esophageal perforation were found. The overall mortality in this series was 59 percent; the mortality of the surgically treated group was 39 percent. Four of the five patients operated on within the first 24 hours survived. The prognosis was poor when the lower third of the esophagus was ruptured. Esophageal perforations are becoming increasingly more frequent because of the widespread practice of endoscopy. The clinical symptoms of the condition include subcutaneous emphysema, retrosternal pain and dispnea. X-rays often show air or fluid in the mediastinum, air and fluid in the pleural space, and evidence of rupture when opaque contrast material is employed. These signs should usually by sufficient for an early diagnosis. Surgery is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 547126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10445", "title": "[Hepatic adenomas and oral contraceptives. Report of two cases and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of benign liver tumors which were histopathologically diagnosed as liver adenomas. Both patients had a former history of taking oral contraceptives. The authors carry out a critical review of the literature up until the present day and evaluate the data which exist for and against the relationship between oral contraceptives and hepatic tumors. These are based mainly on suggestive clinical observations and on experimental studies with animals, and also on the structural affinity of oral contraceptives with androgen compounds. The latter are drugs that are very much implicated in the genesis of hepatic tumors. A criticism is made on the terminology used, from a histological point of view, to describe the tumor lesions that are related to oral contraceptives; the presence of dilated vessels with find walls and the existence of hepatic peliosis inside of such tumors are emphasized. The clinical presentation of these tumors is reviewed very briefly and the authors conclude that oral contraceptives have a close relationship with the appearance of liver tumors, either inducing them directly, or at least, helping them to grow.", "contents": "[Hepatic adenomas and oral contraceptives. Report of two cases and review of the literature (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of benign liver tumors which were histopathologically diagnosed as liver adenomas. Both patients had a former history of taking oral contraceptives. The authors carry out a critical review of the literature up until the present day and evaluate the data which exist for and against the relationship between oral contraceptives and hepatic tumors. These are based mainly on suggestive clinical observations and on experimental studies with animals, and also on the structural affinity of oral contraceptives with androgen compounds. The latter are drugs that are very much implicated in the genesis of hepatic tumors. A criticism is made on the terminology used, from a histological point of view, to describe the tumor lesions that are related to oral contraceptives; the presence of dilated vessels with find walls and the existence of hepatic peliosis inside of such tumors are emphasized. The clinical presentation of these tumors is reviewed very briefly and the authors conclude that oral contraceptives have a close relationship with the appearance of liver tumors, either inducing them directly, or at least, helping them to grow.", "PMID": 547127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10446", "title": "[Endocarditis by Coxiella burnetti. A chronic form of Q fever. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of chronic endocarditis by Q fever, in a patient who had been operated for coarctation of the aorta twelve years previously and at the same time was carrier of a congenital bivalve aorta. The clinical picture was suggestive of subacute endocarditis, but the blood culture was negative repeatedly. There was also a prolonged and relapsing febrile syndrome over a period of one-year-and-a-half. The following data are also worthy of note: the coexistence of a liver disorder and a focal and segmentary glomerulonephritis. Based on some recent publications (one by the same group) the authors feel that Coxiellosis burnetti must be more frequent in their environment than is suspected.", "contents": "[Endocarditis by Coxiella burnetti. A chronic form of Q fever. Report of one case (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of chronic endocarditis by Q fever, in a patient who had been operated for coarctation of the aorta twelve years previously and at the same time was carrier of a congenital bivalve aorta. The clinical picture was suggestive of subacute endocarditis, but the blood culture was negative repeatedly. There was also a prolonged and relapsing febrile syndrome over a period of one-year-and-a-half. The following data are also worthy of note: the coexistence of a liver disorder and a focal and segmentary glomerulonephritis. Based on some recent publications (one by the same group) the authors feel that Coxiellosis burnetti must be more frequent in their environment than is suspected.", "PMID": 547128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10447", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome and unilateral thrombosis of the renal vein. Acute renal failure and disturbances of the hemostasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis has been increasingly reported in the literature due to the use of modern complementary explorative techniques. The incidence of renal vein thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome varies according to the different authors. The pathogenesis of this association has been widely discussed and even though renal vein thrombosis has formerly been considered as one more cause of nephrotic syndrome, there are at present numerous arguments supporting the opposite thesis. A case of nephrotic syndrome and unilateral thrombosis of the renal vein in a patient with primitive extramembranous glomerulonephritis is reported. Blood coagulation studies revealed an initial hyperfibrinogenemia and a persistent decrease of factors V, VII, and X, with low rates of prothrombin. A thrombectomy was carried out, but the patient presented a Gram-negative sepsis without hypotension in the immediate postoperative period. As a consequence an acute renal failure developed and hemodyalisis was necessary for 2 months. The pathogenesis of both conditions are discussed.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome and unilateral thrombosis of the renal vein. Acute renal failure and disturbances of the hemostasis (author's transl)]. The association of nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis has been increasingly reported in the literature due to the use of modern complementary explorative techniques. The incidence of renal vein thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome varies according to the different authors. The pathogenesis of this association has been widely discussed and even though renal vein thrombosis has formerly been considered as one more cause of nephrotic syndrome, there are at present numerous arguments supporting the opposite thesis. A case of nephrotic syndrome and unilateral thrombosis of the renal vein in a patient with primitive extramembranous glomerulonephritis is reported. Blood coagulation studies revealed an initial hyperfibrinogenemia and a persistent decrease of factors V, VII, and X, with low rates of prothrombin. A thrombectomy was carried out, but the patient presented a Gram-negative sepsis without hypotension in the immediate postoperative period. As a consequence an acute renal failure developed and hemodyalisis was necessary for 2 months. The pathogenesis of both conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 547130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10448", "title": "[An index of peritonitis originating in the biliary tract: correlation with the postoperative course (author's transl)].", "content": "Peritonitis originating in the biliary tract is analyzed in 41 patients (1973--1977). Cholelithiasis was the underlying disease in 90% of the cases, and one patient suffered from carcinoma of the biliary tree. Early cholecystectomy was performed in 95% of the patients. Peritonitis was localized in two-thirds and diffuse in one-third of the patients. A perforation was present in 63%. The grade and extent of peritonitis could be correlated with the postoperative course. One-half of the patients with turbid or purulent exudate developed postoperative fever; one fifth showed secondary wound healing. The diffuse form of peritonitis was followed more often by postoperative fever than the localized form. Although the presence or absence of perforation did not influence this parameter in the diffuse form, it did influence cases of localized peritonitis. Only the diffuse forms of peritonitis were followed by secondary wound healing. A peritonitis index was established from age, risk factors, and several preoperative and intraoperative findings. It could also be correlated with the postoperative course. The peritonitis index may classify the disease state of patients with peritonitis and may be found useful in evaluating prognosis at the time of the operation.", "contents": "[An index of peritonitis originating in the biliary tract: correlation with the postoperative course (author's transl)]. Peritonitis originating in the biliary tract is analyzed in 41 patients (1973--1977). Cholelithiasis was the underlying disease in 90% of the cases, and one patient suffered from carcinoma of the biliary tree. Early cholecystectomy was performed in 95% of the patients. Peritonitis was localized in two-thirds and diffuse in one-third of the patients. A perforation was present in 63%. The grade and extent of peritonitis could be correlated with the postoperative course. One-half of the patients with turbid or purulent exudate developed postoperative fever; one fifth showed secondary wound healing. The diffuse form of peritonitis was followed more often by postoperative fever than the localized form. Although the presence or absence of perforation did not influence this parameter in the diffuse form, it did influence cases of localized peritonitis. Only the diffuse forms of peritonitis were followed by secondary wound healing. A peritonitis index was established from age, risk factors, and several preoperative and intraoperative findings. It could also be correlated with the postoperative course. The peritonitis index may classify the disease state of patients with peritonitis and may be found useful in evaluating prognosis at the time of the operation.", "PMID": 547133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10449", "title": "[The clinical relevance of intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophysiological intraoperative mapping is described as a technique for identification of the specialized AV conduction system during open heart surgery; furthermore it is suitable for delineating the morphological origin of ventricular tachycardias which requre surgical therapy. The mapping technique is described with respect to its methodical aspects and illustrated by means of congenital and acquired heart disease.", "contents": "[The clinical relevance of intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping (author's transl)]. Electrophysiological intraoperative mapping is described as a technique for identification of the specialized AV conduction system during open heart surgery; furthermore it is suitable for delineating the morphological origin of ventricular tachycardias which requre surgical therapy. The mapping technique is described with respect to its methodical aspects and illustrated by means of congenital and acquired heart disease.", "PMID": 547134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10450", "title": "[Aortic aneurysm and anomalies of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the embryological position of the kidney in the small pelvis anomalies of the kidney are mostly localized in the area of the distal aorta. Therefore they can make the resection of an aortic aneurysm more difficult. While anomalies of the renal veins and the urinary tract hardly impair the resection of an aortic aneurysm, an abnormal arterial vascularization of the kidney can be an essential problem during operation. According to criteria concerning localization the arterial anomalies are divided into 4 types. For every type techniques of resection and reconstruction guaranteeing the viability of the abnormal arteries and the kidney are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Aortic aneurysm and anomalies of the kidney (author's transl)]. Because of the embryological position of the kidney in the small pelvis anomalies of the kidney are mostly localized in the area of the distal aorta. Therefore they can make the resection of an aortic aneurysm more difficult. While anomalies of the renal veins and the urinary tract hardly impair the resection of an aortic aneurysm, an abnormal arterial vascularization of the kidney can be an essential problem during operation. According to criteria concerning localization the arterial anomalies are divided into 4 types. For every type techniques of resection and reconstruction guaranteeing the viability of the abnormal arteries and the kidney are demonstrated.", "PMID": 547135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10451", "title": "[Is the jejunoileal bypass still justified? (author's transl)].", "content": "The jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of extreme obesity is being increasingly criticized because of its severe metabolic complications. With the gastric bypass, developed by Mason in 1967, there now exists an operative alternative that is equivalent concerning weight reduction, but does not create such non-physiologic conditions of absorption, and therefore is not burdened with the severe metabolic disturbances of the jejunoileal bypass. Therefore the jejunoileal bypass should not be used any longer for the treatment of obesity.", "contents": "[Is the jejunoileal bypass still justified? (author's transl)]. The jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of extreme obesity is being increasingly criticized because of its severe metabolic complications. With the gastric bypass, developed by Mason in 1967, there now exists an operative alternative that is equivalent concerning weight reduction, but does not create such non-physiologic conditions of absorption, and therefore is not burdened with the severe metabolic disturbances of the jejunoileal bypass. Therefore the jejunoileal bypass should not be used any longer for the treatment of obesity.", "PMID": 547136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10452", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the internal carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1970 and 1978 we performed 403 endarterectomies of the internal carotid artery on 330 patients. Operative morbidity (and mortality) depended on the severity of the ischemic cerebral damage at the time of the operation: stage I (137 operations):1.5% (0.7%); stage II (134 operations): 2.2% (3.7%); stage III (29 operations): 3.4% (10.3%); stage IV (103 operations): 3.9% (7.8%). According to the life-table analysis (average follow-up: 40 months) the rate of cured or improved patients amounts to 94% (operated at stage I), 85% (stage II), 84% (stage III) and 70% (stage IV).", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the internal carotid artery (author's transl)]. Between 1970 and 1978 we performed 403 endarterectomies of the internal carotid artery on 330 patients. Operative morbidity (and mortality) depended on the severity of the ischemic cerebral damage at the time of the operation: stage I (137 operations):1.5% (0.7%); stage II (134 operations): 2.2% (3.7%); stage III (29 operations): 3.4% (10.3%); stage IV (103 operations): 3.9% (7.8%). According to the life-table analysis (average follow-up: 40 months) the rate of cured or improved patients amounts to 94% (operated at stage I), 85% (stage II), 84% (stage III) and 70% (stage IV).", "PMID": 547137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10453", "title": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy for diagnosis of bile-passage after bilio-digestive anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "37 patients with bilio-digestive anastomosis--18 choledocho- and 19 hepatico-jejunostomies Roux-en-Y--had been followed up for 6--62 months. Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy showed in 26 patients both unimpeded bile passage and normal function of the jejunal loop. 6 patients had stenosis in the common bile duct or the anastomotic region with cholangitis and cholostasis. In 5 patients we observed an impaired function of the jejunal loop. Though all of these patients had clinical symptoms only one patient developed cholostasis.", "contents": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy for diagnosis of bile-passage after bilio-digestive anastomosis (author's transl)]. 37 patients with bilio-digestive anastomosis--18 choledocho- and 19 hepatico-jejunostomies Roux-en-Y--had been followed up for 6--62 months. Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy showed in 26 patients both unimpeded bile passage and normal function of the jejunal loop. 6 patients had stenosis in the common bile duct or the anastomotic region with cholangitis and cholostasis. In 5 patients we observed an impaired function of the jejunal loop. Though all of these patients had clinical symptoms only one patient developed cholostasis.", "PMID": 547138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10454", "title": "[Bioptic diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagnostic flow diagramm is presented which allows to differentiate Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis. Colorectal biopsies do allow to make the diagnosis of Crohn's disease even if granulomas are absent. Intact goblet cells in the presence of neutrophil infiltration of the mucosa as well as discontinuous and disproportionate inflammatory changes are the most useful diagnostic criteria in the histology of Crohn's disease. Assessment of these histological abnormalities in carefully orientated and sectioned biopsy specimens is possible in most cases. This diagnostic scheme has been tested by four pathologists independently.", "contents": "[Bioptic diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. A diagnostic flow diagramm is presented which allows to differentiate Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis. Colorectal biopsies do allow to make the diagnosis of Crohn's disease even if granulomas are absent. Intact goblet cells in the presence of neutrophil infiltration of the mucosa as well as discontinuous and disproportionate inflammatory changes are the most useful diagnostic criteria in the histology of Crohn's disease. Assessment of these histological abnormalities in carefully orientated and sectioned biopsy specimens is possible in most cases. This diagnostic scheme has been tested by four pathologists independently.", "PMID": 547139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10455", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of allergic processes in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time most authors do not believe, that allergic processes do play a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease or of ulcerative colitis. Data are presented however demonstrating a pathogenic role of mould fungus allergens in these diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of allergic processes in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. At the present time most authors do not believe, that allergic processes do play a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease or of ulcerative colitis. Data are presented however demonstrating a pathogenic role of mould fungus allergens in these diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 547140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10456", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen: Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay in postoperative surveillance of patients with carcinoma of the colon or rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "In the recent time measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has gained increasing importance in post-operative surveillance of patients having been operated upon because of colorectal carcinomas. Simple routine laboratory procedures are needed therefore. CEA was measured in 230 patients; it is demonstrated, that the results obtained by conventional radioimmunoassay are accurate and precise. In addition the specimens were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Results of both assays coincided rather well. Since the enzyme immunoassay is much easier to perform it is to be prefered as a routine laboratory procedure.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen: Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay in postoperative surveillance of patients with carcinoma of the colon or rectum (author's transl)]. In the recent time measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has gained increasing importance in post-operative surveillance of patients having been operated upon because of colorectal carcinomas. Simple routine laboratory procedures are needed therefore. CEA was measured in 230 patients; it is demonstrated, that the results obtained by conventional radioimmunoassay are accurate and precise. In addition the specimens were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Results of both assays coincided rather well. Since the enzyme immunoassay is much easier to perform it is to be prefered as a routine laboratory procedure.", "PMID": 547142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10457", "title": "[Gastric emptying in duodenal ucler (author's transl)].", "content": "In 196 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer disease, gastric emptying was measured by use of a radiolabelled testmeal. The measurements were performed during the digestive phase  of gastric activity. On the basis of the predominantly exponential form of gastric emptying the T 1/2 was chosen as a measure of this function. The results were: 1. In 50 subjects without gastrointestinal disease the median T 1/2 was 59 min, mean and standard deviation were 58.8 +/- 9.13 min; 2. the T 1/2 value in 71 patients with deformed duodenal bulb (median 53 min) was significantly accelerated if compared to the normal value (2 p less than 0.01); 3. T 1/2 in 88 patients with deformed bulb combined with acute ulcer (median 49 min) was shorter than T 1/2 of the normal subjects (2 p less than 0.001); 4. T 1/2 in 25 patients with pyloric stenosis (median 102 min) was longer than normal value (2 p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Gastric emptying in duodenal ucler (author's transl)]. In 196 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer disease, gastric emptying was measured by use of a radiolabelled testmeal. The measurements were performed during the digestive phase  of gastric activity. On the basis of the predominantly exponential form of gastric emptying the T 1/2 was chosen as a measure of this function. The results were: 1. In 50 subjects without gastrointestinal disease the median T 1/2 was 59 min, mean and standard deviation were 58.8 +/- 9.13 min; 2. the T 1/2 value in 71 patients with deformed duodenal bulb (median 53 min) was significantly accelerated if compared to the normal value (2 p less than 0.01); 3. T 1/2 in 88 patients with deformed bulb combined with acute ulcer (median 49 min) was shorter than T 1/2 of the normal subjects (2 p less than 0.001); 4. T 1/2 in 25 patients with pyloric stenosis (median 102 min) was longer than normal value (2 p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 547143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10458", "title": "[Cancer formation in a hyperplasiogenic gastric polyp (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients carrying hyperplasiogenic polyps are considered to be a higher risk in regard to carcinogenesis, since a high incidence of cancer has been demonstrated in this group. Usually cancers however originated in other parts of the stomach wall and not in the polyps. Formation of cancer in a polyp is a very rare event. A case report is given of a patient carrying a hyperplasiogenic polyp from which originated cancer. Carcinogenesis is discussed from a formal and causal point of view.", "contents": "[Cancer formation in a hyperplasiogenic gastric polyp (author's transl)]. Patients carrying hyperplasiogenic polyps are considered to be a higher risk in regard to carcinogenesis, since a high incidence of cancer has been demonstrated in this group. Usually cancers however originated in other parts of the stomach wall and not in the polyps. Formation of cancer in a polyp is a very rare event. A case report is given of a patient carrying a hyperplasiogenic polyp from which originated cancer. Carcinogenesis is discussed from a formal and causal point of view.", "PMID": 547144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10459", "title": "[Double pylorus (author's transl)].", "content": "Smith and Tuttle described in 1969 for the first time a double pylorus; since then this anomaly has been found repeatedly. The pathogenesis is still discussed; the anomaly may be congenital or acquired. A case report is given of a patient with double pylorric ulcer.", "contents": "[Double pylorus (author's transl)]. Smith and Tuttle described in 1969 for the first time a double pylorus; since then this anomaly has been found repeatedly. The pathogenesis is still discussed; the anomaly may be congenital or acquired. A case report is given of a patient with double pylorric ulcer.", "PMID": 547145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10460", "title": "Burkitt lymphoma in an American infant under one year of age, with electron microscopic examination of the tumor.", "content": "Burkitt lymphoma in the United States has not been reported in a child under the age of one year. We report here a nine-month-old child who had facial involvement and a rapidly downhill course. This occurred despite an early response to combination chemotherapy and vigorous supportive measures. Electron microscopic examination of the tumor is also presented.", "contents": "Burkitt lymphoma in an American infant under one year of age, with electron microscopic examination of the tumor. Burkitt lymphoma in the United States has not been reported in a child under the age of one year. We report here a nine-month-old child who had facial involvement and a rapidly downhill course. This occurred despite an early response to combination chemotherapy and vigorous supportive measures. Electron microscopic examination of the tumor is also presented.", "PMID": 547160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10461", "title": "Hepatic toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Four patients developed abnormal liver function tests and focal defects on liver scan while receiving cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy for breast cancer. Liver biopsies showed severe focal inflammation. The biopsy findings and the subsequent clinical course of the patients strongly suggest that these abnormalities were due to hepatic toxicity of the chemotherapy and not metastic breast cancer. A review of serial liver function tests performed on 24 patients in that chemotherapy program revealed that four out of eight patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase prior to therapy developed early metastatic cancer. Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurring during chemotherapy on the other hand was quite common but more likely due to hepatic toxicity of the drugs. The development of abnormal liver function tests even in association with focal defects on liver scan is not sufficient to diagnose metastatic breast cancer in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Hepatic toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Four patients developed abnormal liver function tests and focal defects on liver scan while receiving cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy for breast cancer. Liver biopsies showed severe focal inflammation. The biopsy findings and the subsequent clinical course of the patients strongly suggest that these abnormalities were due to hepatic toxicity of the chemotherapy and not metastic breast cancer. A review of serial liver function tests performed on 24 patients in that chemotherapy program revealed that four out of eight patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase prior to therapy developed early metastatic cancer. Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurring during chemotherapy on the other hand was quite common but more likely due to hepatic toxicity of the drugs. The development of abnormal liver function tests even in association with focal defects on liver scan is not sufficient to diagnose metastatic breast cancer in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 547161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10462", "title": "Ewing sarcoma: phalangeal primary with fatal cardiac metastases.", "content": "A 39-year-old man had pain and swelling of the terminal phalanx of a finger. Radiograph was interpreted as osteomyelitis, and amputation through the mid-phalanx was performed. Histology revealed Ewing sarcoma. Lung metastases rapidly developed. Right lung irradiation and systemic chemotherapy, including doxorubicin, were instituted. He developed progressive severe right ventricular failure which was attributed to effects of large pulmonary metastases. Autopsy showed massive right ventricular metastases, the primary pathological cause of the heart failure, without evidence of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Ewing sarcoma: phalangeal primary with fatal cardiac metastases. A 39-year-old man had pain and swelling of the terminal phalanx of a finger. Radiograph was interpreted as osteomyelitis, and amputation through the mid-phalanx was performed. Histology revealed Ewing sarcoma. Lung metastases rapidly developed. Right lung irradiation and systemic chemotherapy, including doxorubicin, were instituted. He developed progressive severe right ventricular failure which was attributed to effects of large pulmonary metastases. Autopsy showed massive right ventricular metastases, the primary pathological cause of the heart failure, without evidence of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 547162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10463", "title": "Prostate cancer mimicking malignant lymphoma.", "content": "We report three patients evaluated on a medical service for lymphoma-like signs and symptoms. Although none had prostate or bone symptomatology, all three were found to have metastatic prostate cancer. These cases emphasize the propensity of prostate cancer to metastasize to lymph nodes as well as bones. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Prostate cancer mimicking malignant lymphoma. We report three patients evaluated on a medical service for lymphoma-like signs and symptoms. Although none had prostate or bone symptomatology, all three were found to have metastatic prostate cancer. These cases emphasize the propensity of prostate cancer to metastasize to lymph nodes as well as bones. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 547163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10464", "title": "[Affinity modification of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by an alkylating L-tryptophan analog].", "content": "3-Amino-1-chloro-indolwbutan-2-one (Trp-CH2Cl) was synthesized to be used for labeling the active site of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase. Trp-CH2Cl irreversibly inhibits the beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The inhibition rate was found to exhibit saturation concentration dependence typical for an affinity reagent. L-tryptophan and L-tryptophanyl adenylate protect the enzyme from inhibition. To determine the stoichiometry of inhibitor--protein binding 3H-label from NaB3H4 was incorporated into the modified enzyme. The molar ratio of inhibitor residues incorporated into the modified enzyme (dimeric molecule) is approximately 2. When one of the subunits of the enzyme was reversibly protected with relatively stable tryptophanyl adenylate, the modification of this enzyme led to the blocking of the other subunit (so called \"one-site\" enzyme). Some properties of the \"one-site\" enzyme obtained were studied.", "contents": "[Affinity modification of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by an alkylating L-tryptophan analog]. 3-Amino-1-chloro-indolwbutan-2-one (Trp-CH2Cl) was synthesized to be used for labeling the active site of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase. Trp-CH2Cl irreversibly inhibits the beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The inhibition rate was found to exhibit saturation concentration dependence typical for an affinity reagent. L-tryptophan and L-tryptophanyl adenylate protect the enzyme from inhibition. To determine the stoichiometry of inhibitor--protein binding 3H-label from NaB3H4 was incorporated into the modified enzyme. The molar ratio of inhibitor residues incorporated into the modified enzyme (dimeric molecule) is approximately 2. When one of the subunits of the enzyme was reversibly protected with relatively stable tryptophanyl adenylate, the modification of this enzyme led to the blocking of the other subunit (so called \"one-site\" enzyme). Some properties of the \"one-site\" enzyme obtained were studied.", "PMID": 547176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10465", "title": "[Using a combined transcription-translation system for determining the role of cryptic plasmids of Bacillus thuringiensis].", "content": "The possibility of entomocyde crystal protein synthesis was studied using a heterological cell-free system with Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid DNA as template. The high level of template activity is usual for Bac. thuringiensis plasmid DNA. Immunochemical studies of the in vitro synthesized polypeptides showed that Bac. thuringiensis plasmid DNA does not direct crystal protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Using a combined transcription-translation system for determining the role of cryptic plasmids of Bacillus thuringiensis]. The possibility of entomocyde crystal protein synthesis was studied using a heterological cell-free system with Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid DNA as template. The high level of template activity is usual for Bac. thuringiensis plasmid DNA. Immunochemical studies of the in vitro synthesized polypeptides showed that Bac. thuringiensis plasmid DNA does not direct crystal protein synthesis.", "PMID": 547175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10466", "title": "[Molecular structure of pigeon genome. Revealing of clusters consisting of prolonged homopolymeric and short palindromic sequences].", "content": "Isolated from pigeon genome short (approximately 450 nucleotides) and long (approximately 8000 nucleotides) single-stranded DNA fragments containing prolonged (greater than or equal to 300 nucleotides) polydeoxyandenylic sequences have been studied. Based on the analysis carried out we come to the conclusion that for the pigeon genome the prolonged poly(dA)-sequences are located as clusters where a large amount of short palindromic sequences occur.", "contents": "[Molecular structure of pigeon genome. Revealing of clusters consisting of prolonged homopolymeric and short palindromic sequences]. Isolated from pigeon genome short (approximately 450 nucleotides) and long (approximately 8000 nucleotides) single-stranded DNA fragments containing prolonged (greater than or equal to 300 nucleotides) polydeoxyandenylic sequences have been studied. Based on the analysis carried out we come to the conclusion that for the pigeon genome the prolonged poly(dA)-sequences are located as clusters where a large amount of short palindromic sequences occur.", "PMID": 547177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10467", "title": "[Electron microscope examination of chromatin in hepatocyte nuclei within the first hourse after partial hepatectomy, II. The degree of chromatin condensation and the organization of fibrillar RNP components].", "content": "The state of hepatocyte chromatin (the area occupied by the regions of condensed chromatin on ultrathin sections and the quantity of perichromatin RNP fibrils which was estimated by the area of the fibrillar zone and the concentration of fibrils within the same zone) were studied within the first hours after partial hepatectomy of guinea pigs. The area occupied by the regions of condensed chromatin on preparations with differentially revealed DNP and RNP components decreased by 12% in 2.5 hours since the operation had been performed, became normal in 5 hours, and again decreased by 30% in 9 hours. Decondensation of chromatin was accompanied with the increase of the number of perichromatin RNP fibrils, products of template activity of chromatin, and the rise of ethidium bromide binding. The binding of ethidium bromide by the chromatin of hepatocytes increased by 39% in 2.5 hours, returned to the control level in 5 hours and again increased by 22% in 9 hours.", "contents": "[Electron microscope examination of chromatin in hepatocyte nuclei within the first hourse after partial hepatectomy, II. The degree of chromatin condensation and the organization of fibrillar RNP components]. The state of hepatocyte chromatin (the area occupied by the regions of condensed chromatin on ultrathin sections and the quantity of perichromatin RNP fibrils which was estimated by the area of the fibrillar zone and the concentration of fibrils within the same zone) were studied within the first hours after partial hepatectomy of guinea pigs. The area occupied by the regions of condensed chromatin on preparations with differentially revealed DNP and RNP components decreased by 12% in 2.5 hours since the operation had been performed, became normal in 5 hours, and again decreased by 30% in 9 hours. Decondensation of chromatin was accompanied with the increase of the number of perichromatin RNP fibrils, products of template activity of chromatin, and the rise of ethidium bromide binding. The binding of ethidium bromide by the chromatin of hepatocytes increased by 39% in 2.5 hours, returned to the control level in 5 hours and again increased by 22% in 9 hours.", "PMID": 547178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10468", "title": "[Study of the intermolecular association of poly(G).poly(c) and poly(dG).poly(dC) in solutions by methods of 1H to 3H exchange and electron microscopy].", "content": "The kinetic of 1H leads to 3H exchange between water and C(8)H-groups of the guanylic residues in poly(G) . poly(C) and poly(dG) . poly(dC) was investigated within the temperature range from 30 to 90 degrees in 0.5 M NaCl (pH 7.2). It was shown that the exchange in freshly dissolved preparations at temperatures lower than 50 degrees proceeds faster than that in the case of GMP. According to the ylide mechanism of the exchange reaction the observed acceleration of the exchange is considered as a consequence of associates formation in poly(G) . poly(c) and poly(dG) . poly(dC) solutions at temperatures lower than 50 degrees. Associates are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds in which N(7) atoms of guanylic residues take part. The increase of the temperature is accompanied by gradual disappearance of the exchange acceleration. The retardation of exchange, which is characteristic of most non-associated double-stranded polynucleotides and nucleic acids is observed at the temperatures above 60 degrees. The retardation points to thermal destruction of the associates at temperatures higher than 50 degrees. The associates which are characterized by ordered structure including several \"side by side\" arranged double-stranded molecules were observed by electron microscopy. The addition of EDTA to solutions as well as the increase of temperature leads to destruction of the associates whereas the addition of Mg2+ makes the associates more stable.", "contents": "[Study of the intermolecular association of poly(G).poly(c) and poly(dG).poly(dC) in solutions by methods of 1H to 3H exchange and electron microscopy]. The kinetic of 1H leads to 3H exchange between water and C(8)H-groups of the guanylic residues in poly(G) . poly(C) and poly(dG) . poly(dC) was investigated within the temperature range from 30 to 90 degrees in 0.5 M NaCl (pH 7.2). It was shown that the exchange in freshly dissolved preparations at temperatures lower than 50 degrees proceeds faster than that in the case of GMP. According to the ylide mechanism of the exchange reaction the observed acceleration of the exchange is considered as a consequence of associates formation in poly(G) . poly(c) and poly(dG) . poly(dC) solutions at temperatures lower than 50 degrees. Associates are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds in which N(7) atoms of guanylic residues take part. The increase of the temperature is accompanied by gradual disappearance of the exchange acceleration. The retardation of exchange, which is characteristic of most non-associated double-stranded polynucleotides and nucleic acids is observed at the temperatures above 60 degrees. The retardation points to thermal destruction of the associates at temperatures higher than 50 degrees. The associates which are characterized by ordered structure including several \"side by side\" arranged double-stranded molecules were observed by electron microscopy. The addition of EDTA to solutions as well as the increase of temperature leads to destruction of the associates whereas the addition of Mg2+ makes the associates more stable.", "PMID": 547180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10469", "title": "[Binding of actinomycin D analogues containing some substituents at position 7 of the antibiotic chromophore to DNA].", "content": "Spectrophotometric methods are used to study the binding to DNA of Actinomycin D (AMD) and its analogues: 7-nitro-AMD; 7-amino-AMD; 7-(Z-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD; 7-(AcO- . +H2-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD; 7-(AcO- . +H2-Val-Glo-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD. The binding constants are calculated from the binding isotherm of AMD and those of the AMD analogues to calf thymus DNA obtained by spectrophotometric titration. Introduction of smaller substituents such as the nitro or amino groups into position 7 of chromophore influences insignificantly the antibiotic binding to DNA, whereas bulky substituents cause a decrease in the affinity of the AMD analogues for DNA, although the spectral characteristics are not affected.", "contents": "[Binding of actinomycin D analogues containing some substituents at position 7 of the antibiotic chromophore to DNA]. Spectrophotometric methods are used to study the binding to DNA of Actinomycin D (AMD) and its analogues: 7-nitro-AMD; 7-amino-AMD; 7-(Z-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD; 7-(AcO- . +H2-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD; 7-(AcO- . +H2-Val-Glo-Val-Glo-NH)-AMD. The binding constants are calculated from the binding isotherm of AMD and those of the AMD analogues to calf thymus DNA obtained by spectrophotometric titration. Introduction of smaller substituents such as the nitro or amino groups into position 7 of chromophore influences insignificantly the antibiotic binding to DNA, whereas bulky substituents cause a decrease in the affinity of the AMD analogues for DNA, although the spectral characteristics are not affected.", "PMID": 547179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10470", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of homogenous nuclease S1 from alpha-amyloryzin].", "content": "A purification method for isolating homogeneous single-strand specific nuclease S1 from alpha-amyloryzin has been developed. The yield was about 16% and purification factor--9000. Nuclease S1 thus obtained was proved to be free of contaminations of any others nucleolytic enzymes. It is shown for the first time that ribo- and deoxy-dinucleosidemonophosphates are hydrolyzed by nuclease S1 to form 5'-nucleotides with pH optimum for ApA equal to 4.6.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of homogenous nuclease S1 from alpha-amyloryzin]. A purification method for isolating homogeneous single-strand specific nuclease S1 from alpha-amyloryzin has been developed. The yield was about 16% and purification factor--9000. Nuclease S1 thus obtained was proved to be free of contaminations of any others nucleolytic enzymes. It is shown for the first time that ribo- and deoxy-dinucleosidemonophosphates are hydrolyzed by nuclease S1 to form 5'-nucleotides with pH optimum for ApA equal to 4.6.", "PMID": 547181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10471", "title": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of hemoproteins in nonequilibrium states. V. Cytochrome P450 and its substrate complex].", "content": "It was shown that ferrocytochrome P450 forms a nonequilibrium state if ferrocytochrome P450 and its complexes are reduced in freezed water-glycerol solutions by thermolysed electrons, arising during gamma-radiolysis of the matrix at 77 degrees K. Unlike the equilibrium form of ferrocytochrome P450 with the heme iron at the high-spin state the reduced nonequilibrium form of the protein contains the heme iron at a low-spin state. The absorption spectrum of ferrocytochrome P450 in the nonequilibrium state is characterized by alpha and beta-bands at 562 and 534 nm, respectively, whereas the magnetic circular dichroism spectra exhibit type A effect at 562 nm. Upon temperature increasing the nonequilibrium state is relaxed to the equilibrium one. Type 1 substrates had practically no influence on the spectral characteristic of the nonequilibrium form of ferrocytochrome P450. Binding of type 2 substrates results in an essential decrease of the intensity ratio of the alpha- and beta-bands (A alpha/A beta) and is accompanied by a red-shift of the alpha-band and corresponding magnetic circular dichroism effect. It was shown that mercaptoethanol complex of hemoglobin, formed by reduction at 77 degrees K is spectrally similar to the nonequilibrium ferrocytochrome P450 complex with type 2 substrates. From analysis of experimental data one can conclude that (i) the ligand environment of heme iron in oxidased and reduced cytochrome P450 are different; (ii) the sixth axial ligand of the heme iron in the oxidised protein is probably a water molecule (OH-) attached by a hydrogen bond to the neighbouring histidine. It is assumed that a similar nonequilibrium form of cytochrome P450 can be formed in physiological conditions.", "contents": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of hemoproteins in nonequilibrium states. V. Cytochrome P450 and its substrate complex]. It was shown that ferrocytochrome P450 forms a nonequilibrium state if ferrocytochrome P450 and its complexes are reduced in freezed water-glycerol solutions by thermolysed electrons, arising during gamma-radiolysis of the matrix at 77 degrees K. Unlike the equilibrium form of ferrocytochrome P450 with the heme iron at the high-spin state the reduced nonequilibrium form of the protein contains the heme iron at a low-spin state. The absorption spectrum of ferrocytochrome P450 in the nonequilibrium state is characterized by alpha and beta-bands at 562 and 534 nm, respectively, whereas the magnetic circular dichroism spectra exhibit type A effect at 562 nm. Upon temperature increasing the nonequilibrium state is relaxed to the equilibrium one. Type 1 substrates had practically no influence on the spectral characteristic of the nonequilibrium form of ferrocytochrome P450. Binding of type 2 substrates results in an essential decrease of the intensity ratio of the alpha- and beta-bands (A alpha/A beta) and is accompanied by a red-shift of the alpha-band and corresponding magnetic circular dichroism effect. It was shown that mercaptoethanol complex of hemoglobin, formed by reduction at 77 degrees K is spectrally similar to the nonequilibrium ferrocytochrome P450 complex with type 2 substrates. From analysis of experimental data one can conclude that (i) the ligand environment of heme iron in oxidased and reduced cytochrome P450 are different; (ii) the sixth axial ligand of the heme iron in the oxidised protein is probably a water molecule (OH-) attached by a hydrogen bond to the neighbouring histidine. It is assumed that a similar nonequilibrium form of cytochrome P450 can be formed in physiological conditions.", "PMID": 547182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10472", "title": "[Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the conformation of nucleotides, oligonucleotides and their analogs. III. The sin-anti-equibrium in the solution of cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine].", "content": "The method for determination of apparent rotation correlation time (tau c) on the basis of measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation rates of H(1') of the pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides both ribo- and deoxy-series after exchange of H(5) and H(6) on deuterium has been proposed. The recently suggested simple method of tau c calculation from H(5) relaxation rate was shown to lead to correct results. For cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine the sin-anti-equilibrium constans in aqueous solutions were obtained. The anti-states were favorable in both cases. The long range coupling constant 5J1'5 corroborated the quantitative appreciation from the spin-lattice relaxation rates. The correction properties of the apparent rotation correlation time calculated by the proposed method are discussed.", "contents": "[Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the conformation of nucleotides, oligonucleotides and their analogs. III. The sin-anti-equibrium in the solution of cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine]. The method for determination of apparent rotation correlation time (tau c) on the basis of measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation rates of H(1') of the pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides both ribo- and deoxy-series after exchange of H(5) and H(6) on deuterium has been proposed. The recently suggested simple method of tau c calculation from H(5) relaxation rate was shown to lead to correct results. For cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine the sin-anti-equilibrium constans in aqueous solutions were obtained. The anti-states were favorable in both cases. The long range coupling constant 5J1'5 corroborated the quantitative appreciation from the spin-lattice relaxation rates. The correction properties of the apparent rotation correlation time calculated by the proposed method are discussed.", "PMID": 547183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10473", "title": "[Value of preoperative investigations in the so-called \"cervical myelopathy\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The particular value of clinical, radiological and electromyographical features is compared in 42 patients with motor deficit related to cervicarthrosic myelopathy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The initial onset of the disease was identical (motor deficit and long tracts pathways involvement). Three different groups were identifyed according to the evolution: -- Group I: (13 cases): true lateral amyotrophic sclerosis which were not operated on. -- Group II (10 cases): myelopathy called \"cervicarthrosic\" because of radiological findings which were operated on but had the same steady worsened course as a lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. -- Group III (19 cases): cervical myelopathy which had surgery. The operation brought about stabilization or fairly good recovery over the 18 months following at least. From a clinical aspect, the \"Lhermitte sign\" or objective sensitive deficit are strongly significant for cervical myelopathy. On the contrary, diffuse fasciculations specially in the tongue seem to be mostly found in lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, whereas they are restricted into the paralysed area in cervical myelopathy. Electromyographic examination is decisive: simple activity with high frequency motor units (increased amplitude and polyphasic waves) or \"preponderant potentials\" into a cranial nerve territory or three segments of the lower limbs are frequently found in lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. These electromyographic features are less significant in the upper limbs. The neuroradiological findings lonely cannot assert definitely the cervicarthrosic origin of the myelopathy but visualize the conflicting situation between the spinal cord and the cervical canal and allow to choose the surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Value of preoperative investigations in the so-called \"cervical myelopathy\" (author's transl)]. The particular value of clinical, radiological and electromyographical features is compared in 42 patients with motor deficit related to cervicarthrosic myelopathy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The initial onset of the disease was identical (motor deficit and long tracts pathways involvement). Three different groups were identifyed according to the evolution: -- Group I: (13 cases): true lateral amyotrophic sclerosis which were not operated on. -- Group II (10 cases): myelopathy called \"cervicarthrosic\" because of radiological findings which were operated on but had the same steady worsened course as a lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. -- Group III (19 cases): cervical myelopathy which had surgery. The operation brought about stabilization or fairly good recovery over the 18 months following at least. From a clinical aspect, the \"Lhermitte sign\" or objective sensitive deficit are strongly significant for cervical myelopathy. On the contrary, diffuse fasciculations specially in the tongue seem to be mostly found in lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, whereas they are restricted into the paralysed area in cervical myelopathy. Electromyographic examination is decisive: simple activity with high frequency motor units (increased amplitude and polyphasic waves) or \"preponderant potentials\" into a cranial nerve territory or three segments of the lower limbs are frequently found in lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. These electromyographic features are less significant in the upper limbs. The neuroradiological findings lonely cannot assert definitely the cervicarthrosic origin of the myelopathy but visualize the conflicting situation between the spinal cord and the cervical canal and allow to choose the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 547192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10474", "title": "[The narrow lumbar canal: 53 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "These 53 operated patients were divided into 2 groups: 29 had an intermittent claudication as Verbiest first described it soon as 1949, whereas 24 had permanent radicular pain in legs as Epstein emphasized it. We think emulsified Duroliopaque myelography to be the best investigation to make sure the diagnosis and to forecast the operative tactics: we gave up Dimer X myelography which occasioned serious complications in 2 cases and gas myelography which seems to us inadequate to this radicular pathology. Total-Body Scanner is rather an elegant method but a discontinuous one. The radiographic and operative findings have shown the stenosis of the lumbar canal to be congenital in 5 cases, development in 20 cases, degenerative in 27 cases (with 15 pseudo-spondylolisthesis) and tabetic in one case. A disc herniation was found in 25 cases over 53. The extent of the bone resection has been in relation with clinical picture, myelography and mainly operative findings, aiming at a \"cut-to-measure costum\". In every case the initial laminectomy was made easier by trenching the thickened laminae on each side of the spinal process prior to remove it. Only soft disc hernations were removed; the dura was never opened; no vertebral fusion was performed; for 2 years we have tried to avoid the \"laminectomy membrane\" by interposing an autogenous fat and aponevrotic graft between the dura and the overlying paraspinal muscles. The operative results are satisfactory with 75% of excellent and good; they are much better in patients with intermittent claudication than in those with permanent radicular pain. It is a question of functional surgery in one case, of pain surgery in the other. The major trick seems to us to be that of the associated disc hernation with the risk of missing the narrow canal.", "contents": "[The narrow lumbar canal: 53 operated cases (author's transl)]. These 53 operated patients were divided into 2 groups: 29 had an intermittent claudication as Verbiest first described it soon as 1949, whereas 24 had permanent radicular pain in legs as Epstein emphasized it. We think emulsified Duroliopaque myelography to be the best investigation to make sure the diagnosis and to forecast the operative tactics: we gave up Dimer X myelography which occasioned serious complications in 2 cases and gas myelography which seems to us inadequate to this radicular pathology. Total-Body Scanner is rather an elegant method but a discontinuous one. The radiographic and operative findings have shown the stenosis of the lumbar canal to be congenital in 5 cases, development in 20 cases, degenerative in 27 cases (with 15 pseudo-spondylolisthesis) and tabetic in one case. A disc herniation was found in 25 cases over 53. The extent of the bone resection has been in relation with clinical picture, myelography and mainly operative findings, aiming at a \"cut-to-measure costum\". In every case the initial laminectomy was made easier by trenching the thickened laminae on each side of the spinal process prior to remove it. Only soft disc hernations were removed; the dura was never opened; no vertebral fusion was performed; for 2 years we have tried to avoid the \"laminectomy membrane\" by interposing an autogenous fat and aponevrotic graft between the dura and the overlying paraspinal muscles. The operative results are satisfactory with 75% of excellent and good; they are much better in patients with intermittent claudication than in those with permanent radicular pain. It is a question of functional surgery in one case, of pain surgery in the other. The major trick seems to us to be that of the associated disc hernation with the risk of missing the narrow canal.", "PMID": 547193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10475", "title": "[Trigeminal neuralgia. Percutaneous thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "200 cases of percutaneous thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve were studied in order to determine if the position of the thermolesion in the various parts of the trigeminal system modified the quality of the results and the frequency of post-operative complications. An anatomo-radiological study allowed the precise localisation in the sagittal plane of the position of the different parts of the trigeminal ganglion with respect to the neighbouring bony features. The quality of the results and the frequency of complications were studied according to the level of the thermolesion (ganglion, triangular plexus, posterior sensory root). This study permitted the observation that the more posterior the thermolesion, the less frequent the complication, and this confirmed results obtained in earlier procedures, c.g. gasserian or retro-gasserian neurotomy. Post-operative hypoaesthesia extending beyond the painful area, was the major side-effect of the radicular position of the thermolesion. There follows a discussion of the criteria, which permit the recognition of the point of the electrode at the level of the posterior root: the flow of CSF, vasodilatation, and radiological localisations. Of these three criteria, only radiological demonstration (point of the needle posterior to the clivus and above the petrous temporal bone) seemed reliable.", "contents": "[Trigeminal neuralgia. Percutaneous thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve (author's transl)]. 200 cases of percutaneous thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve were studied in order to determine if the position of the thermolesion in the various parts of the trigeminal system modified the quality of the results and the frequency of post-operative complications. An anatomo-radiological study allowed the precise localisation in the sagittal plane of the position of the different parts of the trigeminal ganglion with respect to the neighbouring bony features. The quality of the results and the frequency of complications were studied according to the level of the thermolesion (ganglion, triangular plexus, posterior sensory root). This study permitted the observation that the more posterior the thermolesion, the less frequent the complication, and this confirmed results obtained in earlier procedures, c.g. gasserian or retro-gasserian neurotomy. Post-operative hypoaesthesia extending beyond the painful area, was the major side-effect of the radicular position of the thermolesion. There follows a discussion of the criteria, which permit the recognition of the point of the electrode at the level of the posterior root: the flow of CSF, vasodilatation, and radiological localisations. Of these three criteria, only radiological demonstration (point of the needle posterior to the clivus and above the petrous temporal bone) seemed reliable.", "PMID": 547194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10476", "title": "[Prognostic importance of the study of venous drainage in cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms].", "content": "The authors analysed in particular the venous drainage of 370 arteriovenous aneurysms operated during 20 years in neurosurgery at Lille's Hospital. If in many cases the study in details of the different arterious pedicles take an important place in the discussion of the indications and operative technics; in other cases a bad estimate of the interest of careful study of veins can be at the beginning of great disappointments. Also the authors insist on the necessary study of the venous system in totality by seeing after agenesia of some passages, the respective drainage of the angioma and the brain, the existence of a saturation venous phenomenon. The analysis in details of the anatomical and functional distribution of the venous drainage in these malformations can be taken into consideration in the operative decision. The analysis of results in ten preference observations suggest that it is an important element in the arteriovenous aneurisms' evolution and in the final prognostic.", "contents": "[Prognostic importance of the study of venous drainage in cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms]. The authors analysed in particular the venous drainage of 370 arteriovenous aneurysms operated during 20 years in neurosurgery at Lille's Hospital. If in many cases the study in details of the different arterious pedicles take an important place in the discussion of the indications and operative technics; in other cases a bad estimate of the interest of careful study of veins can be at the beginning of great disappointments. Also the authors insist on the necessary study of the venous system in totality by seeing after agenesia of some passages, the respective drainage of the angioma and the brain, the existence of a saturation venous phenomenon. The analysis in details of the anatomical and functional distribution of the venous drainage in these malformations can be taken into consideration in the operative decision. The analysis of results in ten preference observations suggest that it is an important element in the arteriovenous aneurisms' evolution and in the final prognostic.", "PMID": 547196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10477", "title": "[Orbital and intracranial complications of paranasal osteomata (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteomata of the paranasal frontal and ethmoidal sinuses are benign, slow growing tumors generally asymptomatic. Complications due to orbital or intracranial development of the osteoma are rare and demand neurosurgical treatment. The authors report two cases. In the first a fronto-ethmoidal osteoma first caused exophtalmos and later ophtalmoplegia due to compression of the superior ophtalmic vein. In the second case the posterior development of an osteoma of the frontal sinus resulted in pneumocephalus with epileptic fits and headache and initially homolateral hemiparesis. In both cases CT Scan showed the extent of the osteoma and in the second case the gap in the wall of the sinus. Both osteomata were radically removed through frontal craniectomy. The literature is reviewed, 12 other cases of pneumocephalus due to posterior development of paranasal osteomata have been published during the last 50 years.", "contents": "[Orbital and intracranial complications of paranasal osteomata (author's transl)]. Osteomata of the paranasal frontal and ethmoidal sinuses are benign, slow growing tumors generally asymptomatic. Complications due to orbital or intracranial development of the osteoma are rare and demand neurosurgical treatment. The authors report two cases. In the first a fronto-ethmoidal osteoma first caused exophtalmos and later ophtalmoplegia due to compression of the superior ophtalmic vein. In the second case the posterior development of an osteoma of the frontal sinus resulted in pneumocephalus with epileptic fits and headache and initially homolateral hemiparesis. In both cases CT Scan showed the extent of the osteoma and in the second case the gap in the wall of the sinus. Both osteomata were radically removed through frontal craniectomy. The literature is reviewed, 12 other cases of pneumocephalus due to posterior development of paranasal osteomata have been published during the last 50 years.", "PMID": 547197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10478", "title": "[Percutaneous injection of hot saline into the upper dorsal sympathetic ganglions in the treatment of palmar hyperhydrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique of destruction of the upper dorsal sympathetic ganglion is advocated in replacement of the classical surgical sympathetomy, for the management of patients suffering of hyperhydrosis. This technique consists in percutaneous injection of boiling saline into the paravertebral area containing the 3rd and 4th ganglions, the sympathetic chain, and the adjacent rami communicantes. Results obtained in 50 patients favourably support the comparison with those of open surgery, with the advantage of a much greater simplicity.", "contents": "[Percutaneous injection of hot saline into the upper dorsal sympathetic ganglions in the treatment of palmar hyperhydrosis (author's transl)]. A new technique of destruction of the upper dorsal sympathetic ganglion is advocated in replacement of the classical surgical sympathetomy, for the management of patients suffering of hyperhydrosis. This technique consists in percutaneous injection of boiling saline into the paravertebral area containing the 3rd and 4th ganglions, the sympathetic chain, and the adjacent rami communicantes. Results obtained in 50 patients favourably support the comparison with those of open surgery, with the advantage of a much greater simplicity.", "PMID": 547198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10479", "title": "Adaptation to restricted intake of protein and energy.", "content": "Adult rats that maintained nitrogen balance on a diet containing 5% casein fed ad libitum were restricted to 70% of their normal food intake for 31 days. This resulted in a negative N balance, loss of body weight and increased activities of hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase and arginase--all of which persisted for 10 days. After this time there was no further weight loss, the negative N balance returned to equilibrium and the activities of the two enzymes returned to normal indicating adaptation to the dietary restriction. Radio-isotope studies with labelled methionine showed that dietary restriction led to an increase in the radioactivity of the liver and a decrease of that of the muscles indicating maintenance of liver protein at the expense of muscle protein. Resting oxygen consumption decreased by 34% after 20 days of dietary restriction and this would account for the adaptation observed.", "contents": "Adaptation to restricted intake of protein and energy. Adult rats that maintained nitrogen balance on a diet containing 5% casein fed ad libitum were restricted to 70% of their normal food intake for 31 days. This resulted in a negative N balance, loss of body weight and increased activities of hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase and arginase--all of which persisted for 10 days. After this time there was no further weight loss, the negative N balance returned to equilibrium and the activities of the two enzymes returned to normal indicating adaptation to the dietary restriction. Radio-isotope studies with labelled methionine showed that dietary restriction led to an increase in the radioactivity of the liver and a decrease of that of the muscles indicating maintenance of liver protein at the expense of muscle protein. Resting oxygen consumption decreased by 34% after 20 days of dietary restriction and this would account for the adaptation observed.", "PMID": 547205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10480", "title": "Dietary casein levels and taurine supplementation. Effects on cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activities and tuarine concentration in brain, liver and kidney of the rat.", "content": "Activities of cysteine dioxygenase (CO) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) and the concentrations of taurine (T) in brain, liver and kidney of rats fed on diets containing 18% casein (A), 60% casein (B) and 17% casein supplemented with 1% of taurine (+T), were measured. Regardless of the diet, the three measurements were the same in the brains of the animals in the three groups. In the liver and the kidney, CO activity was also the same in all three diets, but a decrease of CSD activity associated to an increase of T was observed in rats fed on diet B. The taurine-supplemented diet led to an increase in T concentration.", "contents": "Dietary casein levels and taurine supplementation. Effects on cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activities and tuarine concentration in brain, liver and kidney of the rat. Activities of cysteine dioxygenase (CO) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) and the concentrations of taurine (T) in brain, liver and kidney of rats fed on diets containing 18% casein (A), 60% casein (B) and 17% casein supplemented with 1% of taurine (+T), were measured. Regardless of the diet, the three measurements were the same in the brains of the animals in the three groups. In the liver and the kidney, CO activity was also the same in all three diets, but a decrease of CSD activity associated to an increase of T was observed in rats fed on diet B. The taurine-supplemented diet led to an increase in T concentration.", "PMID": 547206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10481", "title": "Influence of diet on plasma cholesterol concentrations in suckling and weanling rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were weaned to different semipurified diets to determine which characteristics of the diet were required to maintain the hypercholesterolemia of the suckling period. Gradual weaning to a diet similar in fat, cholesterol, protein and carbohydrate content to rabbit milk maintained and enhanced the hypercholesterolemia. Reduction of the cholesterol content, and to some extent the fat content of this diet, decreased the plasma cholesterol level, but the type of dietary protein did not alter the results. After weaning, however, animals fed milk protein (casein) in the absence of dietary cholesterol became hypercholesterolemic, whereas those fed plant protein (soy protein isolate) remained normocholesterolemic.", "contents": "Influence of diet on plasma cholesterol concentrations in suckling and weanling rabbits. Rabbits were weaned to different semipurified diets to determine which characteristics of the diet were required to maintain the hypercholesterolemia of the suckling period. Gradual weaning to a diet similar in fat, cholesterol, protein and carbohydrate content to rabbit milk maintained and enhanced the hypercholesterolemia. Reduction of the cholesterol content, and to some extent the fat content of this diet, decreased the plasma cholesterol level, but the type of dietary protein did not alter the results. After weaning, however, animals fed milk protein (casein) in the absence of dietary cholesterol became hypercholesterolemic, whereas those fed plant protein (soy protein isolate) remained normocholesterolemic.", "PMID": 547207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10482", "title": "Orbital measurements in the presence of epicanthi in healthy North American Caucasians.", "content": "Anthropometric examination of 1,312 healthy North American Caucasians (654 boys, 658 girls) aged 6-18 years revealed epicanthus in 387 subjects (29.5%, 198 boys and 189 girls). Significantly more epicanthi were minor (232, 59.9%) than major, i.e., moderate or marked (155, 40.1%; SED = 3.5, diff. = 19.8). Only one quarter of major epicanthi were marked, i.e., covered the inner canthus (39, 3% of entire sample population). The prevalence of major epicanthi decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Surface measurements did not confirm the visual illusion that the interocular distance is wide in subjects with epicanthus. The nasal root was on average shallower and the eye fissure shorter and more tilted in subjects with major epicanthus than in those without. Though minor epicanthus in Caucasians is a statistical variation of normal eye lid structure, major epicanthus persisting in adulthood may indicate developmental disturbance. Anthropometry provides accurate measurements of orbital dimensions necessary to identify such developmental disturbances.", "contents": "Orbital measurements in the presence of epicanthi in healthy North American Caucasians. Anthropometric examination of 1,312 healthy North American Caucasians (654 boys, 658 girls) aged 6-18 years revealed epicanthus in 387 subjects (29.5%, 198 boys and 189 girls). Significantly more epicanthi were minor (232, 59.9%) than major, i.e., moderate or marked (155, 40.1%; SED = 3.5, diff. = 19.8). Only one quarter of major epicanthi were marked, i.e., covered the inner canthus (39, 3% of entire sample population). The prevalence of major epicanthi decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Surface measurements did not confirm the visual illusion that the interocular distance is wide in subjects with epicanthus. The nasal root was on average shallower and the eye fissure shorter and more tilted in subjects with major epicanthus than in those without. Though minor epicanthus in Caucasians is a statistical variation of normal eye lid structure, major epicanthus persisting in adulthood may indicate developmental disturbance. Anthropometry provides accurate measurements of orbital dimensions necessary to identify such developmental disturbances.", "PMID": 547214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10483", "title": "Obstruction of the central retinal artery. Comparison of the ophthalmodynamometry measurements in relation to the time.", "content": "The clinical picture of occlusion of the central retinal artery was studied in 37 cases. The fundus findings were described in the most interesting cases. The cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral blood flow were calculated on the nonaffected side. The ophthalmic artery blood pressure was found to be elevated in 5 cases due to obstruction of the internal carotid artery distal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery. The ophthalmic blood pressure was decreased in the rest of the cases within the first 3 days after the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease. After 3 weeks, a recanalization of the central retinal artery had occurred in most cases. Almost all cases show no side difference after 2 months. A minimal side difference was found in a very few cases only. In 54% of the patients, ophthalmodynamometry of the nonaffected side revealed, an elevation of the cerebrovascular resistance. The cerebral blood flow is compensated in 67% due to the elevation of the internal carotid blood pressure. The findings indicate that patients with elevated vascular resistance are susceptible to obstruction of the central retinal artery.", "contents": "Obstruction of the central retinal artery. Comparison of the ophthalmodynamometry measurements in relation to the time. The clinical picture of occlusion of the central retinal artery was studied in 37 cases. The fundus findings were described in the most interesting cases. The cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral blood flow were calculated on the nonaffected side. The ophthalmic artery blood pressure was found to be elevated in 5 cases due to obstruction of the internal carotid artery distal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery. The ophthalmic blood pressure was decreased in the rest of the cases within the first 3 days after the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease. After 3 weeks, a recanalization of the central retinal artery had occurred in most cases. Almost all cases show no side difference after 2 months. A minimal side difference was found in a very few cases only. In 54% of the patients, ophthalmodynamometry of the nonaffected side revealed, an elevation of the cerebrovascular resistance. The cerebral blood flow is compensated in 67% due to the elevation of the internal carotid blood pressure. The findings indicate that patients with elevated vascular resistance are susceptible to obstruction of the central retinal artery.", "PMID": 547215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10484", "title": "[B scan sonography in drusen of the optic disc].", "content": "The B scan sonographic characteristics of drusen of the optic disc are strong reflexion at low energy levels, shadowing in oblique and pseudobroadening of the optic nerve in orthograde beam direction. These signs provide additional security in differentiating deep drusen from a choked disc.", "contents": "[B scan sonography in drusen of the optic disc]. The B scan sonographic characteristics of drusen of the optic disc are strong reflexion at low energy levels, shadowing in oblique and pseudobroadening of the optic nerve in orthograde beam direction. These signs provide additional security in differentiating deep drusen from a choked disc.", "PMID": 547216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10485", "title": "[Conditional releasing of abnormal eye movements].", "content": "Some people are able to abduct and adduct just one of their eyes from maximum convergence position. Such a distribution of different tonus on both sides has a binocular-symmetric innervation pattern carried out on two chronological orders and a monocularasymmetric innervation pattern carried out on one chronological order. The latter is trainable. The voluntary nystagmus ist comparable to the muscle tremor (on coldness). It is mediated by the parasympathic-innervated reflex for near focussing. The relief of the brain stem automatism is a 'stigma degenerationis' and not trainable because it is a basic rhythm. An optokinetic nystagmus could be performed without stimulus by conditioned reflexes.", "contents": "[Conditional releasing of abnormal eye movements]. Some people are able to abduct and adduct just one of their eyes from maximum convergence position. Such a distribution of different tonus on both sides has a binocular-symmetric innervation pattern carried out on two chronological orders and a monocularasymmetric innervation pattern carried out on one chronological order. The latter is trainable. The voluntary nystagmus ist comparable to the muscle tremor (on coldness). It is mediated by the parasympathic-innervated reflex for near focussing. The relief of the brain stem automatism is a 'stigma degenerationis' and not trainable because it is a basic rhythm. An optokinetic nystagmus could be performed without stimulus by conditioned reflexes.", "PMID": 547217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10486", "title": "DNA 'lakes' in a malignant choroidal melanoma.", "content": "In a malignant choroidal melanoma, basophilic deposits were seen as globules between cells, intracellularly and in the vessel lumina. They were observed primarily in necrotic or incipient necrotic areas. A battery of histochemical methods showed these deposits to consist of DNA and possibly small amounts of RNA. By electron microscopy, their origin was evidenced to be the nuclear chromatin. Their presence in the vessel lumina suggested removal by the circulation. The resulting influence on the production of antibodies is also mentioned.", "contents": "DNA 'lakes' in a malignant choroidal melanoma. In a malignant choroidal melanoma, basophilic deposits were seen as globules between cells, intracellularly and in the vessel lumina. They were observed primarily in necrotic or incipient necrotic areas. A battery of histochemical methods showed these deposits to consist of DNA and possibly small amounts of RNA. By electron microscopy, their origin was evidenced to be the nuclear chromatin. Their presence in the vessel lumina suggested removal by the circulation. The resulting influence on the production of antibodies is also mentioned.", "PMID": 547218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10487", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in adults: an autopsy study.", "content": "An annotated catalog of clinical and pathologic observations in an adult population with CF has been presented. The spectrum of disease is broad, and the diagnosis usually requires the demonstration of abnormalities in multiple systems. Tissues of each germ layer have been found involved in CF. Correlation of clinical and pathologic observations suggests that manifestations are essentially episodic and focal. In this population, the most characteristic abnormalities recognized by the pathologist are focal biliary cirrhosis, distinctive obstructive lesions of the male genital tract, prolonged staphylococcal or pseudomonas colonization of respiratory secretions, and obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Some form of pancreatic atrophy is usually present.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in adults: an autopsy study. An annotated catalog of clinical and pathologic observations in an adult population with CF has been presented. The spectrum of disease is broad, and the diagnosis usually requires the demonstration of abnormalities in multiple systems. Tissues of each germ layer have been found involved in CF. Correlation of clinical and pathologic observations suggests that manifestations are essentially episodic and focal. In this population, the most characteristic abnormalities recognized by the pathologist are focal biliary cirrhosis, distinctive obstructive lesions of the male genital tract, prolonged staphylococcal or pseudomonas colonization of respiratory secretions, and obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Some form of pancreatic atrophy is usually present.", "PMID": 547223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10488", "title": "Self-association of purine base, 6-methylpurine, in water - organic component mixtures.", "content": "Thermodynamic quantities of the self-association of 6-methylpurine in water (1)-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (2) mole fraction, x2 less than 0.1) and water (1) - N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (2) (x2 less than or equal to 1.0) mixed solvents have been obtained through heat of dilution measurements, at 25 degrees C. In the water-DMSO solvent system, the standard enthalpy and entropy changes, delta Ho and delta So, of the association exhibited an abrupt behavior. They decreased remarkbly with the the mole fraction of DMSO until about x2 = 0.012 and after that, they increased steeply. In the case of water-DMF solvent system, the values of delta Ho and delta So didn't show the abrupt behavior. They decreased steeply until about x2 = 0.1 and, at higher mole fractions, became relatively constant. These behaviors are rationalized on the basis of solvent structural effects and solvation in these association systems.", "contents": "Self-association of purine base, 6-methylpurine, in water - organic component mixtures. Thermodynamic quantities of the self-association of 6-methylpurine in water (1)-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (2) mole fraction, x2 less than 0.1) and water (1) - N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (2) (x2 less than or equal to 1.0) mixed solvents have been obtained through heat of dilution measurements, at 25 degrees C. In the water-DMSO solvent system, the standard enthalpy and entropy changes, delta Ho and delta So, of the association exhibited an abrupt behavior. They decreased remarkbly with the the mole fraction of DMSO until about x2 = 0.012 and after that, they increased steeply. In the case of water-DMF solvent system, the values of delta Ho and delta So didn't show the abrupt behavior. They decreased steeply until about x2 = 0.1 and, at higher mole fractions, became relatively constant. These behaviors are rationalized on the basis of solvent structural effects and solvation in these association systems.", "PMID": 547224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10489", "title": "Recognition of various arginine transfer ribonucleic acids with arginyl-tRNA synthetase purified from human placenta.", "content": "Arginyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified approximately 550 fold from crude extract of human placenta by the following purification steps: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatographies of DEAE-cellulose and CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Final preparation of this enzyme has specific activity of 123 nmole of arginyl-tRNA formed per mg of protein and was free from other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Recognition of various arginine tRNAs with this enzyme was studied using kinetic analysis of arginylation of arginine tRNA and also arginine tRNA dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction. Affinity of this enzyme with arginine tRNA was determine from Vmas/Km values and it was in the order of rabbit, Chum salmon, B. subtilis, E. coli and yeast in both systems.", "contents": "Recognition of various arginine transfer ribonucleic acids with arginyl-tRNA synthetase purified from human placenta. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified approximately 550 fold from crude extract of human placenta by the following purification steps: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatographies of DEAE-cellulose and CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Final preparation of this enzyme has specific activity of 123 nmole of arginyl-tRNA formed per mg of protein and was free from other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Recognition of various arginine tRNAs with this enzyme was studied using kinetic analysis of arginylation of arginine tRNA and also arginine tRNA dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction. Affinity of this enzyme with arginine tRNA was determine from Vmas/Km values and it was in the order of rabbit, Chum salmon, B. subtilis, E. coli and yeast in both systems.", "PMID": 547226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10490", "title": "Low molecular weight nuclear RNA species in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Low molecular weight nuclear RNA (snRNA) species present in Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-3 cells were examined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. Dictyostelium nuclei were found to contain almost as many snRNA species as mammals and their electrophoretic pattern was similar to that of snRNA in mammalian cells. The same results were obtained with snRNA prepared using Cemusol NPT-12 as a detergent for cell lysis instead of Nonidet P-40 used for most RNA preparations.", "contents": "Low molecular weight nuclear RNA species in Dictyostelium discoideum. Low molecular weight nuclear RNA (snRNA) species present in Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-3 cells were examined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. Dictyostelium nuclei were found to contain almost as many snRNA species as mammals and their electrophoretic pattern was similar to that of snRNA in mammalian cells. The same results were obtained with snRNA prepared using Cemusol NPT-12 as a detergent for cell lysis instead of Nonidet P-40 used for most RNA preparations.", "PMID": 547227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10491", "title": "Facile syntheses of 1,2,4-triazole and s-triazine glycosides from glycosyl isothiocyanates.", "content": "Reaction of glycosyl isothiocyanates (la, b or c) with acyl or aroyl hydrazine gave the corresponding glycosyl thiosemicarbazides, and which were treated with Ac2O-H3PO4 to yield 1,2,4-triazole glycosides. Similar treatment of la, b or c with amidino compounds gave glycosylisothiobiurets, followed by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidation to give 1,2,4-triazole glycosides. Treatment of glycosylisothiobiurets with triethyl orthoformate gave the corresponding s-triazine glycosides.", "contents": "Facile syntheses of 1,2,4-triazole and s-triazine glycosides from glycosyl isothiocyanates. Reaction of glycosyl isothiocyanates (la, b or c) with acyl or aroyl hydrazine gave the corresponding glycosyl thiosemicarbazides, and which were treated with Ac2O-H3PO4 to yield 1,2,4-triazole glycosides. Similar treatment of la, b or c with amidino compounds gave glycosylisothiobiurets, followed by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidation to give 1,2,4-triazole glycosides. Treatment of glycosylisothiobiurets with triethyl orthoformate gave the corresponding s-triazine glycosides.", "PMID": 547228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10492", "title": "The separation of nucleic acids and related compounds on nucleobase-coupled cellulose.", "content": "The affinity chromatography on uracil-coupled cellulose was carried out for the separation of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides. Adenine derivatives exhibited a high affinity to uracil-cellulose, and sequencial isomers of oligonucleotides containing adenine residue were resolved. Poly(A) was strongly bound to uracil-cellulose and recovered by the elution with 7M urea. This procedure was extended to the isolation of mRNA containing poly(A) sequences.", "contents": "The separation of nucleic acids and related compounds on nucleobase-coupled cellulose. The affinity chromatography on uracil-coupled cellulose was carried out for the separation of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides. Adenine derivatives exhibited a high affinity to uracil-cellulose, and sequencial isomers of oligonucleotides containing adenine residue were resolved. Poly(A) was strongly bound to uracil-cellulose and recovered by the elution with 7M urea. This procedure was extended to the isolation of mRNA containing poly(A) sequences.", "PMID": 547230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10493", "title": "Molecular recognition of nucleotides by means of ionic interaction in hydrophobic media.", "content": "Adenosine phosphates, AMP, ADP and ATP were found to be recognized and extracted from aqueous to an organic phase by the newly prepared lipophilic diammonium salt, N,N'-distearyldiammonium dichloride of 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane 1. ADP and ATP were specifically bound by 1 under the condition of no appreciable binding of AMP. The conventional phase transfer reagent, trioctylmethylammonium chloride 2 was far less effective and lacked selectivity fort the binding of adenosine phosphates. This diammonium salt was used as a specific carrier of ADP in the passive transport through a liquid membrane. A high selectivity was observed in the transport rate of ADP relative to that of AMP.", "contents": "Molecular recognition of nucleotides by means of ionic interaction in hydrophobic media. Adenosine phosphates, AMP, ADP and ATP were found to be recognized and extracted from aqueous to an organic phase by the newly prepared lipophilic diammonium salt, N,N'-distearyldiammonium dichloride of 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane 1. ADP and ATP were specifically bound by 1 under the condition of no appreciable binding of AMP. The conventional phase transfer reagent, trioctylmethylammonium chloride 2 was far less effective and lacked selectivity fort the binding of adenosine phosphates. This diammonium salt was used as a specific carrier of ADP in the passive transport through a liquid membrane. A high selectivity was observed in the transport rate of ADP relative to that of AMP.", "PMID": 547231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10494", "title": "The stereocontrolled synthesis of homo-C-nucleosides.", "content": "A facile, stereocontrolled entry to a variety of homo-C-nucleoside derivatives is outlined.", "contents": "The stereocontrolled synthesis of homo-C-nucleosides. A facile, stereocontrolled entry to a variety of homo-C-nucleoside derivatives is outlined.", "PMID": 547235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10495", "title": "A new synthesis of purine arabinosides by a combination of chemical and enzymatic reaction.", "content": "The synthesis of hypoxanthine, 2-chlorohypoxanthine, and 2-methylhypoxanthine arabinoside by an enzymatic transarabinosylation and their chemical conversion to biologically interesting purine arabinosides are described. Some of the synthesized compounds were tested for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultured tumor cells.", "contents": "A new synthesis of purine arabinosides by a combination of chemical and enzymatic reaction. The synthesis of hypoxanthine, 2-chlorohypoxanthine, and 2-methylhypoxanthine arabinoside by an enzymatic transarabinosylation and their chemical conversion to biologically interesting purine arabinosides are described. Some of the synthesized compounds were tested for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultured tumor cells.", "PMID": 547236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10496", "title": "Synthesis of seleno- and thio-guanine-Pt (II) complexes and their antitumor activity in mice.", "content": "Selenoguanine- and selenoguanosine-platinum(II) complexes were synthesized, and their atitumor activities against L1210 in mice and against in vitro tissue culture system were studied. These compounds exhibited antitumor activity of medium strength and showed very low toxicity. The effect of the SeG-Pt (II) complex in mice was retained longer than that of the parent compound SeG because the SeG-Pt (II) complex very slowly released SeG into blood.", "contents": "Synthesis of seleno- and thio-guanine-Pt (II) complexes and their antitumor activity in mice. Selenoguanine- and selenoguanosine-platinum(II) complexes were synthesized, and their atitumor activities against L1210 in mice and against in vitro tissue culture system were studied. These compounds exhibited antitumor activity of medium strength and showed very low toxicity. The effect of the SeG-Pt (II) complex in mice was retained longer than that of the parent compound SeG because the SeG-Pt (II) complex very slowly released SeG into blood.", "PMID": 547237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10497", "title": "Regioselective phenylcarbamoylation of hydroxy-groups of ribonucleosides with bis(tributyltin) oxide--phenyl isocyanate system.", "content": "Partial phenylcarbamoylation of ribonucleosides by means of bis(tributyltin) oxide--phenyl isocyanate system is described herein; the reaction was found to occur regioselectively to give the corresponding 5'-, 3'-, and 2'-O-phenylcarbamoyl derivatives due to the conditions used.", "contents": "Regioselective phenylcarbamoylation of hydroxy-groups of ribonucleosides with bis(tributyltin) oxide--phenyl isocyanate system. Partial phenylcarbamoylation of ribonucleosides by means of bis(tributyltin) oxide--phenyl isocyanate system is described herein; the reaction was found to occur regioselectively to give the corresponding 5'-, 3'-, and 2'-O-phenylcarbamoyl derivatives due to the conditions used.", "PMID": 547238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10498", "title": "Linking of N4-aminocytosine to glutathione by use of bromopyruvate.", "content": "N4-Aminocytosine reacted with acetone and acetaldehyde to form hydrazones that were readily revertible to the parent compound. With pyruvate, in contrast, it formed a stable hydrazone. By use of bromopyruvate, N4-aminocytosine was linked to glutathione.", "contents": "Linking of N4-aminocytosine to glutathione by use of bromopyruvate. N4-Aminocytosine reacted with acetone and acetaldehyde to form hydrazones that were readily revertible to the parent compound. With pyruvate, in contrast, it formed a stable hydrazone. By use of bromopyruvate, N4-aminocytosine was linked to glutathione.", "PMID": 547239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10499", "title": "5-(Carboxy-hydroxymethyl)uridine, a new modified nucleoside located in the anticodon of tRNA2Gly from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori.", "content": "A new modified nucleoside located in the anticodon of tRNA2Gly from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori has been isolated and its structure determined as 5-(carboxy-hydroxymethyl)uridine mainly by analyses of its UV, 1H NMR, and FD mass spectra.", "contents": "5-(Carboxy-hydroxymethyl)uridine, a new modified nucleoside located in the anticodon of tRNA2Gly from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori. A new modified nucleoside located in the anticodon of tRNA2Gly from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori has been isolated and its structure determined as 5-(carboxy-hydroxymethyl)uridine mainly by analyses of its UV, 1H NMR, and FD mass spectra.", "PMID": 547240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10500", "title": "Synthesis of cationic cyclo-oligo(ethyleneadenine).", "content": "A novel cationic and cyclic oligo (ethyleneadenine) whose main chain has adenine ring was synthesized by the thermal polymerization of 9-(2-bromoethyl) adenine, in the solid phase. The chain extends through N-9 - N-1 and N-9 - N-7 of the adenine rings. Its molecular weight was determined to be 3960 by the sedimentation method. The micro-structure was confirmed mainly with NMR measurements. The cationic and cyclic oligo(ethyleneadenine) interacts with nucleotides and polynucleotides in neutral aqueous solution.", "contents": "Synthesis of cationic cyclo-oligo(ethyleneadenine). A novel cationic and cyclic oligo (ethyleneadenine) whose main chain has adenine ring was synthesized by the thermal polymerization of 9-(2-bromoethyl) adenine, in the solid phase. The chain extends through N-9 - N-1 and N-9 - N-7 of the adenine rings. Its molecular weight was determined to be 3960 by the sedimentation method. The micro-structure was confirmed mainly with NMR measurements. The cationic and cyclic oligo(ethyleneadenine) interacts with nucleotides and polynucleotides in neutral aqueous solution.", "PMID": 547241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10501", "title": "Photochemical reactions on the synthetic polymers containing thymine bases.", "content": "Photodimerizations of N-2-isobutyloxyethyl thymine (T-M), bis[2-(5-methyl-1-pyrimidinyl)ethyl]glutarate (T-T), poly-N-2-methacryloyloxethyl thymine (P-MAOT) and poly-N-2-acryloyloxyethyl thymine (P-AOT) were studied in dimethylformamide solution. Quantum efficiencies of intramolecular photodimerizations were determined to be 0.0012 for T-T, 0.0084 for P-MAOT and 0.010 for P-AOT. In the case of T-M, however, intermolecular photodimerization did not occur under the reaction condition used. Quenching studies by using isoprene suggest that the photodimerization of T-T occurs predominantly through an excited triplet state, while that of P-MAOT and P-AOT occur through both singlet and triplet states. For the effect of adding model compounds containing adenine bases on this reaction, adenine derivatives acts as an inhibitor against this reaction by quenching the excited singlet state of thymine. The photodimers of T-T, P-MAOT and P-AOT were concluded to be two syn-fused cyclobutane- type dimers (cis-syn and trans-syn).", "contents": "Photochemical reactions on the synthetic polymers containing thymine bases. Photodimerizations of N-2-isobutyloxyethyl thymine (T-M), bis[2-(5-methyl-1-pyrimidinyl)ethyl]glutarate (T-T), poly-N-2-methacryloyloxethyl thymine (P-MAOT) and poly-N-2-acryloyloxyethyl thymine (P-AOT) were studied in dimethylformamide solution. Quantum efficiencies of intramolecular photodimerizations were determined to be 0.0012 for T-T, 0.0084 for P-MAOT and 0.010 for P-AOT. In the case of T-M, however, intermolecular photodimerization did not occur under the reaction condition used. Quenching studies by using isoprene suggest that the photodimerization of T-T occurs predominantly through an excited triplet state, while that of P-MAOT and P-AOT occur through both singlet and triplet states. For the effect of adding model compounds containing adenine bases on this reaction, adenine derivatives acts as an inhibitor against this reaction by quenching the excited singlet state of thymine. The photodimers of T-T, P-MAOT and P-AOT were concluded to be two syn-fused cyclobutane- type dimers (cis-syn and trans-syn).", "PMID": 547242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10502", "title": "Dinucleoside monophosphate having a high anti conformation: the crystal structure of 8,2'-S-cycloadenylyl-(3'-5')-8,2'-S-cycloadenosine hydrochloride.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of 8,2'-S-cycloadenylyl-(3'-5')-8,2'-S-cycloadenosine (AspAs) hydrochloride has been determined by X-ray method. The conformation of two independent AspAs molecules found in an asymmetric unit are almost identical to each other. The torsion angles concerning the sugar-phosphate backbone are different from those in crystalline dinucleoside monophosphates so far determined by X-rays. Both AspAs molecules are in the sharp bend conformations, i.e. each rotation around P-O bond (omega', omega) is (g-, t) rather than the preferred (g-, g-) or (g+, g+) conformation. There is no intramolecular base stacking or base-pairing but the intermolecular base stacking was found.", "contents": "Dinucleoside monophosphate having a high anti conformation: the crystal structure of 8,2'-S-cycloadenylyl-(3'-5')-8,2'-S-cycloadenosine hydrochloride. The crystal and molecular structure of 8,2'-S-cycloadenylyl-(3'-5')-8,2'-S-cycloadenosine (AspAs) hydrochloride has been determined by X-ray method. The conformation of two independent AspAs molecules found in an asymmetric unit are almost identical to each other. The torsion angles concerning the sugar-phosphate backbone are different from those in crystalline dinucleoside monophosphates so far determined by X-rays. Both AspAs molecules are in the sharp bend conformations, i.e. each rotation around P-O bond (omega', omega) is (g-, t) rather than the preferred (g-, g-) or (g+, g+) conformation. There is no intramolecular base stacking or base-pairing but the intermolecular base stacking was found.", "PMID": 547243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10503", "title": "Synthesis of 6-O-cyclopyrimidine nucleosides and their physicochemical properties.", "content": "Treatment of 5-iodopyrimidine nucleosides with sodium methoxide afforded 6:2'-, 6:5'- and novel 6:3'-O-cyclopyrimidine nucleosides. The rates of cyclization and ring-opening, and the UV-, CD-, mass- and 13C-NMR spectra of the cyclonucleosides were compared with regard to their isomers.", "contents": "Synthesis of 6-O-cyclopyrimidine nucleosides and their physicochemical properties. Treatment of 5-iodopyrimidine nucleosides with sodium methoxide afforded 6:2'-, 6:5'- and novel 6:3'-O-cyclopyrimidine nucleosides. The rates of cyclization and ring-opening, and the UV-, CD-, mass- and 13C-NMR spectra of the cyclonucleosides were compared with regard to their isomers.", "PMID": 547244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10504", "title": "An 15N NMR study of adenine-uracil base pair in a non-aqueous solvent.", "content": "[1,3,7,9,10-15N]-2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl adenosine (A) and its 8-D and 8-Br derivatives (AD and ABr) were prepared from 95% 15N enriched adenosine obtained from microbial fermentation. The chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects of 15N resonances were measured as a function of the concentration of the mixed 1-cyclohexyluracil. The limiting shift of each 15N resonance was calculated and the structure of the A-U dimer was estimated. From the shifts of 15N-1 and 15N-7 signals it is determined that ABr-U dimers prefer the Watson-Crick type hydrogen bond while the Hoogsteen type pairs are predominant in the A-U dimers.", "contents": "An 15N NMR study of adenine-uracil base pair in a non-aqueous solvent. [1,3,7,9,10-15N]-2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl adenosine (A) and its 8-D and 8-Br derivatives (AD and ABr) were prepared from 95% 15N enriched adenosine obtained from microbial fermentation. The chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects of 15N resonances were measured as a function of the concentration of the mixed 1-cyclohexyluracil. The limiting shift of each 15N resonance was calculated and the structure of the A-U dimer was estimated. From the shifts of 15N-1 and 15N-7 signals it is determined that ABr-U dimers prefer the Watson-Crick type hydrogen bond while the Hoogsteen type pairs are predominant in the A-U dimers.", "PMID": 547245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10505", "title": "Effect of divalent metal cations upon the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of various divalent metal cations and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dissolved in 1:1 volume by volume of ethylene glycol and water at 77 K have been studied. The present results indicate that Co2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ quench the phosphorescence of ATP, whereas the fluorescence and the phosphorescence decays are not or only slightly affected. On the other hand, Ca2+ and Mg2+ have no remarkable effect upon the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties.", "contents": "Effect of divalent metal cations upon the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of adenosine triphosphate. The fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of various divalent metal cations and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dissolved in 1:1 volume by volume of ethylene glycol and water at 77 K have been studied. The present results indicate that Co2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ quench the phosphorescence of ATP, whereas the fluorescence and the phosphorescence decays are not or only slightly affected. On the other hand, Ca2+ and Mg2+ have no remarkable effect upon the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties.", "PMID": 547246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10506", "title": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee joint with 32P-chromic phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "32P-CrPO4 in colloid form has been used for radiosynoviorthesis. There were no acute or subacute side reactions observed. The therapy results were equal to those following 90Y colloid application: 60% very good to good results after 6 months. The substance can be kept on stock since it has a relatively long shelf-life. The cost reduction and the simplification of treatment planning have proved to be the most important advantages of 32P-CrPO4.", "contents": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee joint with 32P-chromic phosphate (author's transl)]. 32P-CrPO4 in colloid form has been used for radiosynoviorthesis. There were no acute or subacute side reactions observed. The therapy results were equal to those following 90Y colloid application: 60% very good to good results after 6 months. The substance can be kept on stock since it has a relatively long shelf-life. The cost reduction and the simplification of treatment planning have proved to be the most important advantages of 32P-CrPO4.", "PMID": 547247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10507", "title": "[Unilateral pulmonary artery aplasia with special reference to lung scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of unilateral aplasia of one Arteria pulmonalis, i.e. proximal interruption, the diagnostic value of perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy is shown to be simple and non-invasive, exposing the patient to a lower radiation dose than other diagnostic screening methods. When an interruption of a main pulmonary artery is radiologically suspected the scintigraphic examination allows to distinguish between vascular and/or parenchymatous pulmonary diseases, thus clarifying the diagnosis of primary pulmonary malperfusion. The results of other examinations, the relevant literature, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of unilateral pulmonary artery aplasia as well as therapeutical and prognostic aspects are reviewed.", "contents": "[Unilateral pulmonary artery aplasia with special reference to lung scintigraphy (author's transl)]. In a case of unilateral aplasia of one Arteria pulmonalis, i.e. proximal interruption, the diagnostic value of perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy is shown to be simple and non-invasive, exposing the patient to a lower radiation dose than other diagnostic screening methods. When an interruption of a main pulmonary artery is radiologically suspected the scintigraphic examination allows to distinguish between vascular and/or parenchymatous pulmonary diseases, thus clarifying the diagnosis of primary pulmonary malperfusion. The results of other examinations, the relevant literature, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of unilateral pulmonary artery aplasia as well as therapeutical and prognostic aspects are reviewed.", "PMID": 547248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10508", "title": "[Automatic recognition of hemisphere-borderlines in cerebral radionuclide angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of brain perfusion studies with radionuclides is based upon the careful determination of intracerebral vascular supply areas in sequential scintigraphic frames. This paper describes an automatic algorithm to determine cerebral hemisphere-borderlines (Regions of Interest). In 134 randomized brain perfusion studies, regions of interest were set by three techniques: automatically by a computer program at the beginning of the venous phase, automatically by using all images derived from the total bolus passage (40 sec.), and manual marking with a light pen at the beginning of the venous phase. A good correlation of these different techniques was obtained (r = 0.87). Furthermore, we found the bilateral perfusion index independent within a wide range, from the size of the marked regions and the quality of the injected indicator bolus. Time saving and lesser carefulness, concomitant with higher precision and reliability, in addition to the standardisation of the marking technique increase the diagnostic value of cerebral radionuclide angiography.", "contents": "[Automatic recognition of hemisphere-borderlines in cerebral radionuclide angiography (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of brain perfusion studies with radionuclides is based upon the careful determination of intracerebral vascular supply areas in sequential scintigraphic frames. This paper describes an automatic algorithm to determine cerebral hemisphere-borderlines (Regions of Interest). In 134 randomized brain perfusion studies, regions of interest were set by three techniques: automatically by a computer program at the beginning of the venous phase, automatically by using all images derived from the total bolus passage (40 sec.), and manual marking with a light pen at the beginning of the venous phase. A good correlation of these different techniques was obtained (r = 0.87). Furthermore, we found the bilateral perfusion index independent within a wide range, from the size of the marked regions and the quality of the injected indicator bolus. Time saving and lesser carefulness, concomitant with higher precision and reliability, in addition to the standardisation of the marking technique increase the diagnostic value of cerebral radionuclide angiography.", "PMID": 547249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10509", "title": "[Determination of serum digoxin. A comparison between RIA and EIA (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of two radioimmunoassays (RIA, precipitating technique), of a homogenous (EMIT) and a heterogenous (ELISA) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for ascertaining the amounts of digoxin showed a good correlation in precision and a reasonably satisfying correlation in the recovery. However, there was a clear discrepancy in the amounts of digoxin concentrate in the serum of patients. Only the RIA of Abbott and the EIA of Boehringer showed no significant differences. Particularly noticeable was the tendency towards lower values in the EMIT-technique as well as its liability to unspecific serum changes (lipaemia etc.), which often made the detection of digoxin impossible. The routine use of this technique appears problematic. The need for establishing one's own laboratory and test-specific therapeutical range is pointed out.", "contents": "[Determination of serum digoxin. A comparison between RIA and EIA (author's transl)]. The results of two radioimmunoassays (RIA, precipitating technique), of a homogenous (EMIT) and a heterogenous (ELISA) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for ascertaining the amounts of digoxin showed a good correlation in precision and a reasonably satisfying correlation in the recovery. However, there was a clear discrepancy in the amounts of digoxin concentrate in the serum of patients. Only the RIA of Abbott and the EIA of Boehringer showed no significant differences. Particularly noticeable was the tendency towards lower values in the EMIT-technique as well as its liability to unspecific serum changes (lipaemia etc.), which often made the detection of digoxin impossible. The routine use of this technique appears problematic. The need for establishing one's own laboratory and test-specific therapeutical range is pointed out.", "PMID": 547250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10510", "title": "Technical parameters of in vivo red blood cell labeling with Technetium-99m.", "content": "The in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBC) using sequential injections of stannous pyrophosphate and 99mTc-pertechnetate has resulted in excellent blood pool images since it was initiated in our laboratory in 1975. Recently certain technical parameters of the procedure have been further researched and clarified. The optimum RBC labeling has been obtained by using 1.43 mg \"cold\" Sn-PYP/1000 ml blood and a 30-minute lag time prior to pertechnetate injection (15-20 mCi). The binding of 99mTc to RBCs is not instantaneous, but requires several minutes for completion. The \"secondary\" RBC labeling effect of additional pertechnetate, added after the initial in vivo labeling, demonstrates an initial rapid fall in the labeling efficiency as a function of time followed by a more gradual decrease; the level of baseline (spontaneous) RBC labeling is achieved approximately 8 days after an initial in vivo labeling. Monitoring in vivo RBC labeling over several hours indicates that more than 90% of the initial activity was still in the vascular blood pool at 4 hours, bound to RBCs.", "contents": "Technical parameters of in vivo red blood cell labeling with Technetium-99m. The in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBC) using sequential injections of stannous pyrophosphate and 99mTc-pertechnetate has resulted in excellent blood pool images since it was initiated in our laboratory in 1975. Recently certain technical parameters of the procedure have been further researched and clarified. The optimum RBC labeling has been obtained by using 1.43 mg \"cold\" Sn-PYP/1000 ml blood and a 30-minute lag time prior to pertechnetate injection (15-20 mCi). The binding of 99mTc to RBCs is not instantaneous, but requires several minutes for completion. The \"secondary\" RBC labeling effect of additional pertechnetate, added after the initial in vivo labeling, demonstrates an initial rapid fall in the labeling efficiency as a function of time followed by a more gradual decrease; the level of baseline (spontaneous) RBC labeling is achieved approximately 8 days after an initial in vivo labeling. Monitoring in vivo RBC labeling over several hours indicates that more than 90% of the initial activity was still in the vascular blood pool at 4 hours, bound to RBCs.", "PMID": 547251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10511", "title": "Airborne radioiodine contamination caused by 131I treatment.", "content": "Estimation of exposure from 131I inhaled from unsealed sources during laboratory procedures and from that exhaled by patients treated with 131I has revealed that the permissible levels have been exceeded by a factor of 2-5, although the absorbed activity was found to be between 1 and 10% of the maximum permissible absorption of 131I inhaled through the lungs. The fall in 131I concentration in the air exhaled by 19 hyperthyroid patients, to whom 131I was administered in a dose of several hundred MBq, could be expressed by a two-component equation, which reflects the changes in 131I concentration in the blood.", "contents": "Airborne radioiodine contamination caused by 131I treatment. Estimation of exposure from 131I inhaled from unsealed sources during laboratory procedures and from that exhaled by patients treated with 131I has revealed that the permissible levels have been exceeded by a factor of 2-5, although the absorbed activity was found to be between 1 and 10% of the maximum permissible absorption of 131I inhaled through the lungs. The fall in 131I concentration in the air exhaled by 19 hyperthyroid patients, to whom 131I was administered in a dose of several hundred MBq, could be expressed by a two-component equation, which reflects the changes in 131I concentration in the blood.", "PMID": 547252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10512", "title": "Testicular feminization syndrome: a report of three Ethiopian patients and a brief review.", "content": "The clinical features of 3 Ethiopian patients presenting with the complete syndrome of testicular feminization are described. All 3 were seen because of primary amenorrhoea. At laparotomy, one patient had testes located intra-abdominally, a second lodged in the inguinal canals and a third as masses in the labia majora. Also, one of these patients had bilateral inguinal herniae, a usual feature of this syndrome. Since the incidence of malignancy is high among individuals with undescended testes, they were removed in 2 patients. In the third patient, however, the testes were not removed because of delay in development of secondary sex characteristics. The literature on testicular feminization is also briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Testicular feminization syndrome: a report of three Ethiopian patients and a brief review. The clinical features of 3 Ethiopian patients presenting with the complete syndrome of testicular feminization are described. All 3 were seen because of primary amenorrhoea. At laparotomy, one patient had testes located intra-abdominally, a second lodged in the inguinal canals and a third as masses in the labia majora. Also, one of these patients had bilateral inguinal herniae, a usual feature of this syndrome. Since the incidence of malignancy is high among individuals with undescended testes, they were removed in 2 patients. In the third patient, however, the testes were not removed because of delay in development of secondary sex characteristics. The literature on testicular feminization is also briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 547282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10513", "title": "The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the content and metabolism of acetylcholine in the rat striatum.", "content": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/rat, ivc, increased the level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the striatum, and in doses 0.2-1.6 mg/rat ivc, accelerated synthesis of ACh. The former effect commenced 5 min. after the injection, reached its peak 15 min. and declined after 30 min. The ACh synthesis increased 15 and 30 min. after the injection and declined after 60 and 120 min. Gamma-aminobutyric acid increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase but did not affect activity of choline esterase.", "contents": "The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the content and metabolism of acetylcholine in the rat striatum. Gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/rat, ivc, increased the level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the striatum, and in doses 0.2-1.6 mg/rat ivc, accelerated synthesis of ACh. The former effect commenced 5 min. after the injection, reached its peak 15 min. and declined after 30 min. The ACh synthesis increased 15 and 30 min. after the injection and declined after 60 and 120 min. Gamma-aminobutyric acid increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase but did not affect activity of choline esterase.", "PMID": 547277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10514", "title": "The influence of SPC-703 on blood pressure in rabbits and rats and on isolated heart of guinea pigs.", "content": "New oral hypoglycemic drug, SPC-703, given in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg iv rised the arterial pressure in the rat. In the experiments in rabbits, a dose of 100 mg/kg iv was without effect, and the dose of 200 mg/kg rised the blood pressure only temporarily. The cumulative doses of SPC-703 given on the Langendorff isolated heart of the guinea pig, significantly increased the contractile force at the dose 135 mg. The mechanism of inotropic effect of the antidiabetic drugs, derivatives of sulfonylurea is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of SPC-703 on blood pressure in rabbits and rats and on isolated heart of guinea pigs. New oral hypoglycemic drug, SPC-703, given in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg iv rised the arterial pressure in the rat. In the experiments in rabbits, a dose of 100 mg/kg iv was without effect, and the dose of 200 mg/kg rised the blood pressure only temporarily. The cumulative doses of SPC-703 given on the Langendorff isolated heart of the guinea pig, significantly increased the contractile force at the dose 135 mg. The mechanism of inotropic effect of the antidiabetic drugs, derivatives of sulfonylurea is discussed.", "PMID": 547276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10515", "title": "Karyometric studies in brains of fetuses from mothers kept under conditions of low methionine supply.", "content": "Volumes of nuclei of nervous cells of cortex (C) and caudate nucleus (CN) in brains of fetuses of mothers maintained on methionine--low diet (MLD) or on standard diet (STD) for 2 months before conception and throughout pregnancy were compared acc. to Hintzsche. In both brain areas the class ranges of C and CN nuclei of nervous cells were shifted to the left in fetuses from mothers maintained on MLD and this distribution difference was highly statistically significant. This shows that the nuclei of nervous cells of fetuses of mothers maintained on MLD were retarded in growth.", "contents": "Karyometric studies in brains of fetuses from mothers kept under conditions of low methionine supply. Volumes of nuclei of nervous cells of cortex (C) and caudate nucleus (CN) in brains of fetuses of mothers maintained on methionine--low diet (MLD) or on standard diet (STD) for 2 months before conception and throughout pregnancy were compared acc. to Hintzsche. In both brain areas the class ranges of C and CN nuclei of nervous cells were shifted to the left in fetuses from mothers maintained on MLD and this distribution difference was highly statistically significant. This shows that the nuclei of nervous cells of fetuses of mothers maintained on MLD were retarded in growth.", "PMID": 547278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10516", "title": "Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds. Part I. Chemistry.", "content": "Five nonionic tensides of a general formula 4-R-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH were prepared by modifying in their structure the nature of the substituent in phenyl group and the length of the ethyleneglycol polycondensate linked with the oxygen of the phenol rest. From the tensides obtained in this way appropriate complexes of iodophorous character were prepared by treating them with iodine solution in hydroiodic acid. Using 131I it was possible to obtain complexes labelled with 131I. This in turn enabled us to determine the degree of iodine complexing in the iodophor solutions by means of a radiometric method.", "contents": "Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds. Part I. Chemistry. Five nonionic tensides of a general formula 4-R-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH were prepared by modifying in their structure the nature of the substituent in phenyl group and the length of the ethyleneglycol polycondensate linked with the oxygen of the phenol rest. From the tensides obtained in this way appropriate complexes of iodophorous character were prepared by treating them with iodine solution in hydroiodic acid. Using 131I it was possible to obtain complexes labelled with 131I. This in turn enabled us to determine the degree of iodine complexing in the iodophor solutions by means of a radiometric method.", "PMID": 547280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10517", "title": "Interaction of morphine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the raphe-hippocampus system.", "content": "In order to describe the interaction of morphine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the raphe-hippocampus system we tested the influence on the antinocifensive effect of topic administrations of morphine and serotonergic substances into the dorsal hippocampus and the median raphe nucleus in rats. 5-HT administered into the dorsal hippocampus increased the morphine analgesia. Lysergic acid diethylamide injected into the raphe nucleus antagonized the morphine effect. Morphine given into the raphe nucleus was highly effective, while its injection into the striatum was ineffective. The effect of the intrahippocampal morphine was antagonized by methysergide. The results indicate the important role of the serotonergic raphe-hippocampus system in the mechanism of the morphine analgesia.", "contents": "Interaction of morphine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the raphe-hippocampus system. In order to describe the interaction of morphine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the raphe-hippocampus system we tested the influence on the antinocifensive effect of topic administrations of morphine and serotonergic substances into the dorsal hippocampus and the median raphe nucleus in rats. 5-HT administered into the dorsal hippocampus increased the morphine analgesia. Lysergic acid diethylamide injected into the raphe nucleus antagonized the morphine effect. Morphine given into the raphe nucleus was highly effective, while its injection into the striatum was ineffective. The effect of the intrahippocampal morphine was antagonized by methysergide. The results indicate the important role of the serotonergic raphe-hippocampus system in the mechanism of the morphine analgesia.", "PMID": 547279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10518", "title": "[Epidemiological studies for the need of psychotherapy].", "content": "Preliminary results obtained in epidemiological studies are reported. The data obtained shows extensive need for psychotherapy, with marked differences between urban and rural communities. Considerations on the present situation in psychotherapy are given and suggestions made for changes in the present system of treatment.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies for the need of psychotherapy]. Preliminary results obtained in epidemiological studies are reported. The data obtained shows extensive need for psychotherapy, with marked differences between urban and rural communities. Considerations on the present situation in psychotherapy are given and suggestions made for changes in the present system of treatment.", "PMID": 547293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10519", "title": "[Hereditary and psychosocial causes of schizophrenia].", "content": "On the basis of the examination of patients with endogenic psychosis, indications were obtained that there are forms that mainly develop on a hereditary basis, and forms determined by psychosocial causes. In unsystematic schizophrenia the chief factors are hereditary, above all in periodic catatonia. On the other hand, there are a few indications of a hereditary genesis in systematic schizophrenia although it is just these forms that are distinguished by the severity of their course. By studying twins, cases of schizophrenia in infancy, and the circumstances of brothers and sisters, strong indications of psychosocial causes of systematic schizophrenia were found. Lack of contacts in the course of development appears to the determing factor. In motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, indications were found that excessive encouragement by other children can be a cause of overstrain and thus may be detrimental. The conclusions drawn are based on concrete findings obtained in a total of 1,114 cases and are for the most part statistically significant.", "contents": "[Hereditary and psychosocial causes of schizophrenia]. On the basis of the examination of patients with endogenic psychosis, indications were obtained that there are forms that mainly develop on a hereditary basis, and forms determined by psychosocial causes. In unsystematic schizophrenia the chief factors are hereditary, above all in periodic catatonia. On the other hand, there are a few indications of a hereditary genesis in systematic schizophrenia although it is just these forms that are distinguished by the severity of their course. By studying twins, cases of schizophrenia in infancy, and the circumstances of brothers and sisters, strong indications of psychosocial causes of systematic schizophrenia were found. Lack of contacts in the course of development appears to the determing factor. In motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, indications were found that excessive encouragement by other children can be a cause of overstrain and thus may be detrimental. The conclusions drawn are based on concrete findings obtained in a total of 1,114 cases and are for the most part statistically significant.", "PMID": 547294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10520", "title": "[Problems and prospects in group psychotherapy research].", "content": "The scientific basis of psychotherapeutic findings involves a number of difficulties which are above all connected with the insufficient state of basic research in this field. In this situation, significant advances can only be expected on the basis of a systematic long-term investigation and research programme. This applies in particular to the problems of personality and efficiency diagnostics and to group process research. On the basis of some intermediate results, it is shown that by the combined and systematic use of procedures a number of possibilities for the differentiated recording of the complex processes in therapeutic groups can be obtained.", "contents": "[Problems and prospects in group psychotherapy research]. The scientific basis of psychotherapeutic findings involves a number of difficulties which are above all connected with the insufficient state of basic research in this field. In this situation, significant advances can only be expected on the basis of a systematic long-term investigation and research programme. This applies in particular to the problems of personality and efficiency diagnostics and to group process research. On the basis of some intermediate results, it is shown that by the combined and systematic use of procedures a number of possibilities for the differentiated recording of the complex processes in therapeutic groups can be obtained.", "PMID": 547295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10521", "title": "Effects of inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis on prostaglandin formation in rabbit ovarian follicles.", "content": "Rabbit ovarian follicles were incubated without stimulation, with LH and with LH + an inhibitor or steroid biosynthesis. Formation of prostaglandins PGE and PGF and of progesterone and estradiol was measured in these incubates. It was found that aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) inhibited the LH stimulated biosynthesis of both prostaglandins and steroids. However U 30870 and Metyrapone, while completely inhibiting the LH stimulated biosynthesis of progesterone and estradiol respectively, had no effect on the formation of prostaglandins. Further, the inhibition of prostaglandin formation by AGP could not be reversed by exogenou steroids. It, therefore, appears that the effect of AGP on prostaglandin biosynthesis may not be related to its effect on steroid biosynthesis. However, the response of rabbit follicles to AGP is contrary to that reported for rat follicles and indicates different control mechanisms for prostaglandin formation in the follicles of the two species.", "contents": "Effects of inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis on prostaglandin formation in rabbit ovarian follicles. Rabbit ovarian follicles were incubated without stimulation, with LH and with LH + an inhibitor or steroid biosynthesis. Formation of prostaglandins PGE and PGF and of progesterone and estradiol was measured in these incubates. It was found that aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) inhibited the LH stimulated biosynthesis of both prostaglandins and steroids. However U 30870 and Metyrapone, while completely inhibiting the LH stimulated biosynthesis of progesterone and estradiol respectively, had no effect on the formation of prostaglandins. Further, the inhibition of prostaglandin formation by AGP could not be reversed by exogenou steroids. It, therefore, appears that the effect of AGP on prostaglandin biosynthesis may not be related to its effect on steroid biosynthesis. However, the response of rabbit follicles to AGP is contrary to that reported for rat follicles and indicates different control mechanisms for prostaglandin formation in the follicles of the two species.", "PMID": 547308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10522", "title": "Perinatal hazards of chronic antenatal tocolysis with indomethacin.", "content": "Indomethacin was administered from the 20th to the 34th week of gestation to 51 women (59 fetuses) in whom bed rest and a beta-mimetic compound (ritodrine) had failed to stop preterm labor. No serious maternal side effects were observed. Of the 8 perinatal deaths, 5 were not and 3 were possibly related to the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. The sole case of serious neonatal morbidity is not considered to have had a causal relationship with the indomethacin treatment.", "contents": "Perinatal hazards of chronic antenatal tocolysis with indomethacin. Indomethacin was administered from the 20th to the 34th week of gestation to 51 women (59 fetuses) in whom bed rest and a beta-mimetic compound (ritodrine) had failed to stop preterm labor. No serious maternal side effects were observed. Of the 8 perinatal deaths, 5 were not and 3 were possibly related to the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. The sole case of serious neonatal morbidity is not considered to have had a causal relationship with the indomethacin treatment.", "PMID": 547309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10523", "title": "Potent constriction of cat coronary arteries by hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid and its blockade by anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The omega-6 and omega-9 hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Their potency was comparable to that of prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGF2 alpha and 100 times greater than that of arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate markedly reduced constriction caused by the hydroperoxides but potentiated constriction caused by the prostaglandins. The effects of the hydroperoxides were also reduced by indomethacin and dexamethasone but were unaffected by the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole. Since the hydroperoxides are not substrates for cyclooxygenase, it is suggested that they have a direct effect on the arteries which can be antagonized by anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Potent constriction of cat coronary arteries by hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid and its blockade by anti-inflammatory agents. The omega-6 and omega-9 hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Their potency was comparable to that of prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGF2 alpha and 100 times greater than that of arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate markedly reduced constriction caused by the hydroperoxides but potentiated constriction caused by the prostaglandins. The effects of the hydroperoxides were also reduced by indomethacin and dexamethasone but were unaffected by the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole. Since the hydroperoxides are not substrates for cyclooxygenase, it is suggested that they have a direct effect on the arteries which can be antagonized by anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 547310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10524", "title": "Energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion: biped and quadruped runners compared.", "content": "Reanalysis of empirical data relating the energetic ost of running (Erun = cm3 02 g-1 km-1) to body mass (g) indicate the slopes of these regression analyses are indistinguishable when bipeds and quadrupeds are compared. The results agree with previous theoretical conclusions that the cost of transport in all runners scales on body mass (g) raised to the -1/3 power. The comparison also suggests that there is no difference between the energetic cost of maintaining a running posture for bipeds and quadrupeds and this postural cost is much less than original estimates.", "contents": "Energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion: biped and quadruped runners compared. Reanalysis of empirical data relating the energetic ost of running (Erun = cm3 02 g-1 km-1) to body mass (g) indicate the slopes of these regression analyses are indistinguishable when bipeds and quadrupeds are compared. The results agree with previous theoretical conclusions that the cost of transport in all runners scales on body mass (g) raised to the -1/3 power. The comparison also suggests that there is no difference between the energetic cost of maintaining a running posture for bipeds and quadrupeds and this postural cost is much less than original estimates.", "PMID": 547311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10525", "title": "[Studies of gastric circulation in the dog. III. Remaining blood flow in the dissected stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "After mobilisation of the stomach for high anastomosis between esophagus and stomach, gastric blood flow is maintained by only one gastric artery. Total and regional gastric blood flows are measured in 13 dogs using the microspheres method after ligation of three main gastric arteries. In any part of the stomach blood flow does not decline below 40% of the initial blood flow. Blood flow to mucosa of corpus and fundus is hardly reduced even after this drastic reduction of total gastric blood flow. Blood flow in the muscle layer of the fundus is reduced to about 38% if supplied only by the right gastroepiploic artery. Different operative procedures of replacements of the esophagus are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies of gastric circulation in the dog. III. Remaining blood flow in the dissected stomach (author's transl)]. After mobilisation of the stomach for high anastomosis between esophagus and stomach, gastric blood flow is maintained by only one gastric artery. Total and regional gastric blood flows are measured in 13 dogs using the microspheres method after ligation of three main gastric arteries. In any part of the stomach blood flow does not decline below 40% of the initial blood flow. Blood flow to mucosa of corpus and fundus is hardly reduced even after this drastic reduction of total gastric blood flow. Blood flow in the muscle layer of the fundus is reduced to about 38% if supplied only by the right gastroepiploic artery. Different operative procedures of replacements of the esophagus are discussed.", "PMID": 547320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10526", "title": "[Duodenal lesions produced by pantothenic acid deficiency in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Inflammatory lesions of the duodenal mucosa and duodenal ulcers can be produced in animal experiments by pantothenic acid deficiency. We investigated this model in 30 rats of both sexes aged 2 or 6 months and 1 year. During 3 months the experimental animals were feeded with a diet including all the known nutritional factors except pantothenic acid, while the control animals received a standard diet. Thereafter paraffin and semithin sections of the duodenum showed mucosal changes and lesions (so-called Leistenspitzenerosionen, submucosal oedemas, initial duodenitis) in about three fourths of the experimental animals.--Yet there were no ulcers.--They, however, can be demonstrated when lengthening the experimental period as shown by our investigations using male rats aged 1 year (time for producing ulcers: approximate 5 months).--The duodenal lesions are typical and regularly to be reproduced. In this context their role as a precursor to an ulcer is discussed.", "contents": "[Duodenal lesions produced by pantothenic acid deficiency in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Inflammatory lesions of the duodenal mucosa and duodenal ulcers can be produced in animal experiments by pantothenic acid deficiency. We investigated this model in 30 rats of both sexes aged 2 or 6 months and 1 year. During 3 months the experimental animals were feeded with a diet including all the known nutritional factors except pantothenic acid, while the control animals received a standard diet. Thereafter paraffin and semithin sections of the duodenum showed mucosal changes and lesions (so-called Leistenspitzenerosionen, submucosal oedemas, initial duodenitis) in about three fourths of the experimental animals.--Yet there were no ulcers.--They, however, can be demonstrated when lengthening the experimental period as shown by our investigations using male rats aged 1 year (time for producing ulcers: approximate 5 months).--The duodenal lesions are typical and regularly to be reproduced. In this context their role as a precursor to an ulcer is discussed.", "PMID": 547321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10527", "title": "Isoproterenol-induced 45ca uptake into myocardium of rats.", "content": "Myocardial lesions induced by isoproterenol (ISP) are similar to those of human \"coagulative mycocytolysis\" or \"myofibrillar degeneration\". The localization of tritiated ISP in the damaged myocardium of rats has been recently described. Since H3-ISP was noted in \"grooves\" along the sarcolemma of ischemic and necrotic fibers, an action on the membrane with exaggerated calcium inflow was suggested. For this reason, the quantity of 45Ca in rats treated with ISP was studied. Thirty rats were given 5 mu Ci of 45Ca. Twenty (Group B) of them were also given ISP 10 mg/kg. Animals were killed at 1 h after the injections. The hearts were sectioned transversally and autoradiography was performed. Serial sections were examined to localize the 45Ca, and its topographic distribution. In Group A (injected only with 45Ca) the myocardium showed + of 45Ca (600 dots in a field x 400) inside the fibers. In Group B (injected also with ISP) 45Ca was deposited +++ (more than 1,200 dots) and related to extensive myocytolysis. These findings confirm that the crucial point in the ISP-induced lesions is the increase of calcium inflow, and if the pathogenesis of human myocytolysis is related to catecholamine effects pharmacological measures may be adopted to prevent these myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Isoproterenol-induced 45ca uptake into myocardium of rats. Myocardial lesions induced by isoproterenol (ISP) are similar to those of human \"coagulative mycocytolysis\" or \"myofibrillar degeneration\". The localization of tritiated ISP in the damaged myocardium of rats has been recently described. Since H3-ISP was noted in \"grooves\" along the sarcolemma of ischemic and necrotic fibers, an action on the membrane with exaggerated calcium inflow was suggested. For this reason, the quantity of 45Ca in rats treated with ISP was studied. Thirty rats were given 5 mu Ci of 45Ca. Twenty (Group B) of them were also given ISP 10 mg/kg. Animals were killed at 1 h after the injections. The hearts were sectioned transversally and autoradiography was performed. Serial sections were examined to localize the 45Ca, and its topographic distribution. In Group A (injected only with 45Ca) the myocardium showed + of 45Ca (600 dots in a field x 400) inside the fibers. In Group B (injected also with ISP) 45Ca was deposited +++ (more than 1,200 dots) and related to extensive myocytolysis. These findings confirm that the crucial point in the ISP-induced lesions is the increase of calcium inflow, and if the pathogenesis of human myocytolysis is related to catecholamine effects pharmacological measures may be adopted to prevent these myocardial lesions.", "PMID": 547322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10528", "title": "Influence of portocaval anastomosis on lipid parameters in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "The effect of portocaval shunt operation on lipid metabolism was investigated in 10 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Portocaval shunt operation resulted in a significant decrease of concentration of total serum cholesterol, total serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, VLDL triglycerides, and LCAT activity. The concentrations of free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, phospholipids, LDL triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and HDL triglycerides were unaffected.", "contents": "Influence of portocaval anastomosis on lipid parameters in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The effect of portocaval shunt operation on lipid metabolism was investigated in 10 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Portocaval shunt operation resulted in a significant decrease of concentration of total serum cholesterol, total serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, VLDL triglycerides, and LCAT activity. The concentrations of free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, phospholipids, LDL triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and HDL triglycerides were unaffected.", "PMID": 547323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10529", "title": "[A standardized reproducible technique to induce traumatic edema in the rat paw].", "content": "A standardized reproducible technique is reported for inducing traumatic edema in the rat paw showing considerable swelling volume and low tissue damage. The edema is measured volumetrically subsequent to squashing the rat paw under standardized conditions in a wringing-machine with two wooden rollers. The technique is compared with other methods.", "contents": "[A standardized reproducible technique to induce traumatic edema in the rat paw]. A standardized reproducible technique is reported for inducing traumatic edema in the rat paw showing considerable swelling volume and low tissue damage. The edema is measured volumetrically subsequent to squashing the rat paw under standardized conditions in a wringing-machine with two wooden rollers. The technique is compared with other methods.", "PMID": 547325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10530", "title": "[The effect of methylprednisolone on the course of the experimental tourniquet-shock in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In experiments in dogs rubber tourniquets were tied around both hind limbs as close to the hip as possible, and a 4-h acute ischemia was induced. With the removal of the tourniquets the tourniquet-shock was produced. In a control group no therapy of the shock was carried out. The animals were observed for 6 h. In a second group, methylprednisolone 40 mg/kg BW was given immediately after revascularisation. In a third group, methylprednisolone 40 mg/kg was given prophylactically 10 min before the tourniquets were applied and therapeutically as soon as the blood circulation was opened. Hemodynamic parameters and renal function were measured to examine the pharmacological effect of methylprednisolone in acute tourniquet-shock. The mortality rate in the control group was 90%, while it was 50% by therapeutic and/or prophylactic application of methylprednisolone. The prophylactic application of methylprednisolone reduced development of metabolic acidosis, hemoconcentration, and hyperkaliemia during ischemia so that a mitigated course of shock was observed.", "contents": "[The effect of methylprednisolone on the course of the experimental tourniquet-shock in dogs (author's transl)]. In experiments in dogs rubber tourniquets were tied around both hind limbs as close to the hip as possible, and a 4-h acute ischemia was induced. With the removal of the tourniquets the tourniquet-shock was produced. In a control group no therapy of the shock was carried out. The animals were observed for 6 h. In a second group, methylprednisolone 40 mg/kg BW was given immediately after revascularisation. In a third group, methylprednisolone 40 mg/kg was given prophylactically 10 min before the tourniquets were applied and therapeutically as soon as the blood circulation was opened. Hemodynamic parameters and renal function were measured to examine the pharmacological effect of methylprednisolone in acute tourniquet-shock. The mortality rate in the control group was 90%, while it was 50% by therapeutic and/or prophylactic application of methylprednisolone. The prophylactic application of methylprednisolone reduced development of metabolic acidosis, hemoconcentration, and hyperkaliemia during ischemia so that a mitigated course of shock was observed.", "PMID": 547326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10531", "title": "[Studies of gastric circulation in the dog, II. Ligation of main arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Following ligation of a single gastric artery total and regional gastric blood flows are measured using radioactive microspheres of 8 mu size. There is no significant influence on total gastric blood flow. Within the depending anatomical region no significant reduction of total wall blood flow can be determined. However, blood flow to the antrum mucosa is reduced to approximately 40% after ligation of any gastric artery. Thus, it can be concluded that ligation or embolisation of a single gastric artery in diffuse gastric bleeding does not necessarily reduce or terminate the bleeding.", "contents": "[Studies of gastric circulation in the dog, II. Ligation of main arteries (author's transl)]. Following ligation of a single gastric artery total and regional gastric blood flows are measured using radioactive microspheres of 8 mu size. There is no significant influence on total gastric blood flow. Within the depending anatomical region no significant reduction of total wall blood flow can be determined. However, blood flow to the antrum mucosa is reduced to approximately 40% after ligation of any gastric artery. Thus, it can be concluded that ligation or embolisation of a single gastric artery in diffuse gastric bleeding does not necessarily reduce or terminate the bleeding.", "PMID": 547327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10532", "title": "Prevalence of HBsAg and HBsAg sub-types in the Canadian blood-donor population.", "content": "After 8 years of screening all blood donations in Canada for HBsAg, first by CIEP and later by RIA, the prevalence of HBsAg in the regular panel of \"repeat\" donors has been reduced from 267/10(5) to 39/10(5). Marked geographic variations exist, but the available data do not indicate whether the high prevalence of HBsAg in young adults, particularly males, may be a factor. The ad : ay subtype ratio across Canada is 2.0, but noticeable geographic differences are present, varying from 3.5 in Quebec to 0.5 in the Atlantic Provinces.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBsAg and HBsAg sub-types in the Canadian blood-donor population. After 8 years of screening all blood donations in Canada for HBsAg, first by CIEP and later by RIA, the prevalence of HBsAg in the regular panel of \"repeat\" donors has been reduced from 267/10(5) to 39/10(5). Marked geographic variations exist, but the available data do not indicate whether the high prevalence of HBsAg in young adults, particularly males, may be a factor. The ad : ay subtype ratio across Canada is 2.0, but noticeable geographic differences are present, varying from 3.5 in Quebec to 0.5 in the Atlantic Provinces.", "PMID": 547350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10533", "title": "Immune hemolytic anemia associated with anti-Kell and a carrier state for chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A patient presented with immune hemolytic anemia associated with a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test (IgG and complement). Anti-K was eluted from the patient's red cells, which were shown to be K negative. A powerful complement-binding anti-K was present in the serum together with another antibody(ies) showing characteristics resembling anti-Bg. Leukocyte antibodies were also present in the patient's serum. The anti-K could be adsorbed and eluted from K negative red cells in vitro. It is suggested that either non-specific adsorption of the anti-K may have occurred due to the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon; or, the antibody was an auto \"minicking anti-K\" capable of reacting with a broader specificity within the Kell system. A serendipitous finding was that the patient was a carrier for chronic granulomatous disease. The associations of immune hemolytic anemia, chronic granulomatous disease, and the Kell system are discussed.", "contents": "Immune hemolytic anemia associated with anti-Kell and a carrier state for chronic granulomatous disease. A patient presented with immune hemolytic anemia associated with a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test (IgG and complement). Anti-K was eluted from the patient's red cells, which were shown to be K negative. A powerful complement-binding anti-K was present in the serum together with another antibody(ies) showing characteristics resembling anti-Bg. Leukocyte antibodies were also present in the patient's serum. The anti-K could be adsorbed and eluted from K negative red cells in vitro. It is suggested that either non-specific adsorption of the anti-K may have occurred due to the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon; or, the antibody was an auto \"minicking anti-K\" capable of reacting with a broader specificity within the Kell system. A serendipitous finding was that the patient was a carrier for chronic granulomatous disease. The associations of immune hemolytic anemia, chronic granulomatous disease, and the Kell system are discussed.", "PMID": 547351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10534", "title": "Induction of Tk polyagglutination by Bacteroides fragilis culture supernatants. Associated modifications of A B H and I i antigens.", "content": "Tk transformed red blood cells were obtained in vitro by treatment with supernatants from cultures of three different Bacteroides fragilis strains. The reactions of these cells with AB sera show that Tk is different from other known types of polyagglutination. Beside the already known modifications of A B H antigens, we found that Tk activated cells have an important modification of I and i antigens: both are reduced, and can even be completely destroyed.", "contents": "Induction of Tk polyagglutination by Bacteroides fragilis culture supernatants. Associated modifications of A B H and I i antigens. Tk transformed red blood cells were obtained in vitro by treatment with supernatants from cultures of three different Bacteroides fragilis strains. The reactions of these cells with AB sera show that Tk is different from other known types of polyagglutination. Beside the already known modifications of A B H antigens, we found that Tk activated cells have an important modification of I and i antigens: both are reduced, and can even be completely destroyed.", "PMID": 547352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10535", "title": "P phenotype observed in two generations of Tunisian family with a high rate of inbreeding.", "content": "A p phenotype was discovered in a Tunisian woman and in three of her seven children. This paradoxical result challenges the known hypotheses on this phenotype, which generally recognise that it is determined by the existence of a very rare allele in a double dose. The computation of the coefficient of inbreeding of these subjects showed that repeated intermarriages increased the coefficient of kinship of the propositus and her husband to 0.116 (if unknown women of the ancestry were assumed to be different for each child) through 0,1362 (if unknown women of the ancestry were assumed to be the same for sibs). Therefore inbreeding was proved to be so high as to induce the presence of a recessively defined phenotype in two successive generations. Moreover, the search for probability of origin of genes of the last generation showed that the BCH ancestor was probably the carrier of the p allele.", "contents": "P phenotype observed in two generations of Tunisian family with a high rate of inbreeding. A p phenotype was discovered in a Tunisian woman and in three of her seven children. This paradoxical result challenges the known hypotheses on this phenotype, which generally recognise that it is determined by the existence of a very rare allele in a double dose. The computation of the coefficient of inbreeding of these subjects showed that repeated intermarriages increased the coefficient of kinship of the propositus and her husband to 0.116 (if unknown women of the ancestry were assumed to be different for each child) through 0,1362 (if unknown women of the ancestry were assumed to be the same for sibs). Therefore inbreeding was proved to be so high as to induce the presence of a recessively defined phenotype in two successive generations. Moreover, the search for probability of origin of genes of the last generation showed that the BCH ancestor was probably the carrier of the p allele.", "PMID": 547353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10536", "title": "[Fractures of the facial skeleton].", "content": "The radiologist is in the unique position of reviewing the management of facial fractures when interpreting the post reduction films. Many of these patients have other more life threatening injuries so that their facial fractures may have been neglected or treated by individuals unfamiliar with the problem of facial injury. Immobilization following reduction is the key to satisfactory healing. The bony calvarium is the pivotal point and all free fragments should be immobilized to the frontal zygomatic area. Mandibular fractures should be immobilized to the upper alveolar ridge. If the upper alveolar ridge is also a free fragment due to a LeFort type fracture the entire complex of mandible and midface after being wired together should be wired to the stable bony calvarium. Midface fractures (LeFort type fractures) require the same type of treatment as one would apply to a forearm fracture; i.e., the joints proximal and distal must be immobilized. In the midface fracture the mandible is immobilized through the teeth to the upper alveolar ridge and the entire complex to the bony calvarium. The more specific problems associated with individual factors require high quality radiographic techniques for diagnosis and management.", "contents": "[Fractures of the facial skeleton]. The radiologist is in the unique position of reviewing the management of facial fractures when interpreting the post reduction films. Many of these patients have other more life threatening injuries so that their facial fractures may have been neglected or treated by individuals unfamiliar with the problem of facial injury. Immobilization following reduction is the key to satisfactory healing. The bony calvarium is the pivotal point and all free fragments should be immobilized to the frontal zygomatic area. Mandibular fractures should be immobilized to the upper alveolar ridge. If the upper alveolar ridge is also a free fragment due to a LeFort type fracture the entire complex of mandible and midface after being wired together should be wired to the stable bony calvarium. Midface fractures (LeFort type fractures) require the same type of treatment as one would apply to a forearm fracture; i.e., the joints proximal and distal must be immobilized. In the midface fracture the mandible is immobilized through the teeth to the upper alveolar ridge and the entire complex to the bony calvarium. The more specific problems associated with individual factors require high quality radiographic techniques for diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 547355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10537", "title": "Ultrasonic imaging of the amniotic and chorionic cavities.", "content": "This paper presents two cases illustrating separate chorionic and amniotic sacs at 5 to 6 weeks of estimated gestational age. With higher resolution scanning units and higher-frequency transducers, the delineation of the amniotic membrane can be seen before it fuses with the chorionic membrane; this should not be interpretated as an abnormality.", "contents": "Ultrasonic imaging of the amniotic and chorionic cavities. This paper presents two cases illustrating separate chorionic and amniotic sacs at 5 to 6 weeks of estimated gestational age. With higher resolution scanning units and higher-frequency transducers, the delineation of the amniotic membrane can be seen before it fuses with the chorionic membrane; this should not be interpretated as an abnormality.", "PMID": 547356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10538", "title": "Improved visceral catheterization with reinforced wall Shepherd Crook catheters.", "content": "Reinforced polyethylene or polyurethane catheters in the shape of a \"Shepherd Crook\" have led to improve selective and superselective catheterization of visceral arteries. The technics and potential pitfalls are described.", "contents": "Improved visceral catheterization with reinforced wall Shepherd Crook catheters. Reinforced polyethylene or polyurethane catheters in the shape of a \"Shepherd Crook\" have led to improve selective and superselective catheterization of visceral arteries. The technics and potential pitfalls are described.", "PMID": 547357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10539", "title": "Report of a case: ultra acute radiation hepatitis.", "content": "A case of a patient with neuroblastoma who developed acute radiation hepatitis 3 days after completing 1200 rads (\"ultra-acute\") is reported. The patient was cured and remains tumor-free 6 years after treatment.", "contents": "Report of a case: ultra acute radiation hepatitis. A case of a patient with neuroblastoma who developed acute radiation hepatitis 3 days after completing 1200 rads (\"ultra-acute\") is reported. The patient was cured and remains tumor-free 6 years after treatment.", "PMID": 547358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10540", "title": "Two unusual causes of ureteric indentation.", "content": "Causes for ureteral indentation are legion and mostly well documented. Two unusual cases which are believed to be undocumented are described. One was produced by an inferior vena cava clip and the other by a vaginal tampon. Neither produced significant ureteric obstruction but both resulted in a diagnostic conundrum.", "contents": "Two unusual causes of ureteric indentation. Causes for ureteral indentation are legion and mostly well documented. Two unusual cases which are believed to be undocumented are described. One was produced by an inferior vena cava clip and the other by a vaginal tampon. Neither produced significant ureteric obstruction but both resulted in a diagnostic conundrum.", "PMID": 547359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10541", "title": "Pulmonary metastases 15 years after removal of an alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the tongue.", "content": "Alveolar soft-part sarcoma is a distinct entity. The clinical course is protracted with survival up to 20 years, although the patients eventually succumb to their disease with distant metastases. Because of frequent local recurrences radical surgery is treatment of choice. A case of a 19 year old asymptomatic man with pulmonary metastases discovered 15 years after removal of a primary tumor from the tongue is reported and clinical, radiographic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases 15 years after removal of an alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the tongue. Alveolar soft-part sarcoma is a distinct entity. The clinical course is protracted with survival up to 20 years, although the patients eventually succumb to their disease with distant metastases. Because of frequent local recurrences radical surgery is treatment of choice. A case of a 19 year old asymptomatic man with pulmonary metastases discovered 15 years after removal of a primary tumor from the tongue is reported and clinical, radiographic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 547360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10542", "title": "Galactography.", "content": "Galactography is a quick effective means of evaluating nipple discharge. It is especially indicated when the effluent is bloody. A description of the procedure is discussed. The radiographic findings in both normal and abnormal studies are presented. Abnormal findings include filling defects, duct cut-off, duct encasement, extravasation, and duct ectasia. The radiographic diagnosis corresponded with pathologic findings in 12 of 16 cases (75%), although in two cases no radiographic or pathologic abnormality was found to explain the bloody discharge.", "contents": "Galactography. Galactography is a quick effective means of evaluating nipple discharge. It is especially indicated when the effluent is bloody. A description of the procedure is discussed. The radiographic findings in both normal and abnormal studies are presented. Abnormal findings include filling defects, duct cut-off, duct encasement, extravasation, and duct ectasia. The radiographic diagnosis corresponded with pathologic findings in 12 of 16 cases (75%), although in two cases no radiographic or pathologic abnormality was found to explain the bloody discharge.", "PMID": 547361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10543", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis. Clinical, radiological and pathological aspects. Report of 44 cases].", "content": "Forty four cases of toxoplasmosis seen in a 20 years span are reviewed. The largest number of cases corresponded to the neonatal group. The most important clinical findings usually involve the central nervous system, reticulum endothelium, skin and eyes. The disease is compared to an equivalent group of congenital lues (Torch complex). Clinical and radiological criteria for the differentiation are established. The most important finding is the presence of intracraneal calcifications. The different patterns and distribution are discussed. The radiologist plays an important role in the diagnosis of this condition, particularly, in the neonatal group of patients where the incidence of intravenous calcification appears to be higher.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis. Clinical, radiological and pathological aspects. Report of 44 cases]. Forty four cases of toxoplasmosis seen in a 20 years span are reviewed. The largest number of cases corresponded to the neonatal group. The most important clinical findings usually involve the central nervous system, reticulum endothelium, skin and eyes. The disease is compared to an equivalent group of congenital lues (Torch complex). Clinical and radiological criteria for the differentiation are established. The most important finding is the presence of intracraneal calcifications. The different patterns and distribution are discussed. The radiologist plays an important role in the diagnosis of this condition, particularly, in the neonatal group of patients where the incidence of intravenous calcification appears to be higher.", "PMID": 547362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10544", "title": "[Isodose curves for the tangential application to the breast].", "content": "The auxiliary collimating device furnished by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd is constituted of a metalic base with a acrilic plate at the end and is fixed at the trimmer. This device is generally used in the irradiation of the breast in order to minimize the dose to the lung. Since only one isodose curve was furnished, the construction of others field sizes became necessary. Two systems of measurements were used. Isodose curves were obtained by decrement lines and scanning semi-conductor detector techniques. The problem associated to the measurements are also discussed.", "contents": "[Isodose curves for the tangential application to the breast]. The auxiliary collimating device furnished by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd is constituted of a metalic base with a acrilic plate at the end and is fixed at the trimmer. This device is generally used in the irradiation of the breast in order to minimize the dose to the lung. Since only one isodose curve was furnished, the construction of others field sizes became necessary. Two systems of measurements were used. Isodose curves were obtained by decrement lines and scanning semi-conductor detector techniques. The problem associated to the measurements are also discussed.", "PMID": 547363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10545", "title": "Premature closure of the foramen ovale as a cause of intrauterine fetal ascites.", "content": "Fluid collections are readily evaluated by ultrasound. Intrauterine fetal ascites is a rare abnormality particularly suited to evaluation by ultrasound. Premature closure in utero of the foramen ovale is an unusual cause of fetal ascites. This report illustrates and discusses premature foramen ovale closure causing intrauterine fetal ascites.", "contents": "Premature closure of the foramen ovale as a cause of intrauterine fetal ascites. Fluid collections are readily evaluated by ultrasound. Intrauterine fetal ascites is a rare abnormality particularly suited to evaluation by ultrasound. Premature closure in utero of the foramen ovale is an unusual cause of fetal ascites. This report illustrates and discusses premature foramen ovale closure causing intrauterine fetal ascites.", "PMID": 547365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10546", "title": "Rupture of a non-rheumatoid popliteal cyst: a syndrome mimicking thrombophlebitis.", "content": "Rupture of a popliteal cyst and dissection of its contents into the calf may produce pain, swelling, a positive Homan's sign and other findings closely resembling thrombophlebitis of the calf. The correct diagnosis is not often made, and the patient is subjected to needless long term anticoagulant therapy with its potential complications. To avoid this, it is essential that this possibility be kept in mind in all patients in whom the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis is considered. The history of preexisting arthritis of the knee, joint effusion and popliteal cyst are strongly suggestive of a ruptured popliteal cyst. This diagnosis can be verified by arthrography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and radionuclide scanning. Arthrography is preferred because it reveals superior anatomic detail thereby making differentiation between an encapsulated calf cyst, with smooth walls, and rupture, with irregular feathery margins, possible. Three illustrative cases are presented and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Rupture of a non-rheumatoid popliteal cyst: a syndrome mimicking thrombophlebitis. Rupture of a popliteal cyst and dissection of its contents into the calf may produce pain, swelling, a positive Homan's sign and other findings closely resembling thrombophlebitis of the calf. The correct diagnosis is not often made, and the patient is subjected to needless long term anticoagulant therapy with its potential complications. To avoid this, it is essential that this possibility be kept in mind in all patients in whom the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis is considered. The history of preexisting arthritis of the knee, joint effusion and popliteal cyst are strongly suggestive of a ruptured popliteal cyst. This diagnosis can be verified by arthrography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and radionuclide scanning. Arthrography is preferred because it reveals superior anatomic detail thereby making differentiation between an encapsulated calf cyst, with smooth walls, and rupture, with irregular feathery margins, possible. Three illustrative cases are presented and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 547366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10547", "title": "Dynamic scintigraphy in renal arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Radiographic contrast aortography and radionuclide dynamic scintigraphy were used to diagnose a congenital renal arteriovenous fistula in a 33 year old woman who presented with hypertension, cardiac decompensation and abdominal bruit. Since dynamic scintigraphy is a noninvasive, nontraumatic, low risk and easily repeatable procedure, it is invaluable for the diagnosis of the fistula and for monitoring patients who are managed without surgery.", "contents": "Dynamic scintigraphy in renal arteriovenous fistula. Radiographic contrast aortography and radionuclide dynamic scintigraphy were used to diagnose a congenital renal arteriovenous fistula in a 33 year old woman who presented with hypertension, cardiac decompensation and abdominal bruit. Since dynamic scintigraphy is a noninvasive, nontraumatic, low risk and easily repeatable procedure, it is invaluable for the diagnosis of the fistula and for monitoring patients who are managed without surgery.", "PMID": 547367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10548", "title": "The differential diagnosis of supratentorial enhancing lesions on computed tomography.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-one surgical, autopsy or clinically confirmed supratentorial lesions evaluated by Computed Tomography at Mount Sinai Medical Center were reviewed to determine if their etiology could be predicted by their pattern of enhancement after the intravenous bolus injection of an iodine containing contrast agent. Meningiomas, gliomas, metastases, primary lymphomas, cerebral infarcts, intracerebral hematomas, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms and abscesses were evaluated. The different patterns of enhancement were defined as homogeneous, ring-like, vermiform and mixed. The differential diagnosis of each pattern of enhancement is presented. In addition, the different etiologies are also discussed as to the relative distribution of their patterns of enhancement, i.e.: homogeneous, ring, vermiform or mixed.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of supratentorial enhancing lesions on computed tomography. One hundred and fifty-one surgical, autopsy or clinically confirmed supratentorial lesions evaluated by Computed Tomography at Mount Sinai Medical Center were reviewed to determine if their etiology could be predicted by their pattern of enhancement after the intravenous bolus injection of an iodine containing contrast agent. Meningiomas, gliomas, metastases, primary lymphomas, cerebral infarcts, intracerebral hematomas, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms and abscesses were evaluated. The different patterns of enhancement were defined as homogeneous, ring-like, vermiform and mixed. The differential diagnosis of each pattern of enhancement is presented. In addition, the different etiologies are also discussed as to the relative distribution of their patterns of enhancement, i.e.: homogeneous, ring, vermiform or mixed.", "PMID": 547368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10549", "title": "Current trends on diagnostic work up of pulmonary thromboembolism.", "content": "This report describes a six month prospective double blind study of 30 consecutive patients who were evaluated at Jackson Memorial Medical Center for pulmonary emboli. In this series, 77 per cent of the patients with lung scans interpreted as high probability for pulmonary emboli had angiographic confirmation of emboli. In 90 per cent of the patients with lung scans interpreted as low probability for pulmonary emboli, angiography confirmed the absence of pulmonary emboli. Five patients had radionuclide scans that were interpreted as nondiagnostic. Although pulmonary arteriography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli we feel it should not be used in the low probability category because of the accuracy of the ventilation perfusion scans. It should be used in the indeterminant group and in the high probability category when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated; prior to embolectomy or Mobin-Uddin umbrella insertion.", "contents": "Current trends on diagnostic work up of pulmonary thromboembolism. This report describes a six month prospective double blind study of 30 consecutive patients who were evaluated at Jackson Memorial Medical Center for pulmonary emboli. In this series, 77 per cent of the patients with lung scans interpreted as high probability for pulmonary emboli had angiographic confirmation of emboli. In 90 per cent of the patients with lung scans interpreted as low probability for pulmonary emboli, angiography confirmed the absence of pulmonary emboli. Five patients had radionuclide scans that were interpreted as nondiagnostic. Although pulmonary arteriography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli we feel it should not be used in the low probability category because of the accuracy of the ventilation perfusion scans. It should be used in the indeterminant group and in the high probability category when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated; prior to embolectomy or Mobin-Uddin umbrella insertion.", "PMID": 547369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10550", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of gastrointestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Barium studies of a gastrointestinal tract and chest radiographs of 109 patients with gastrointestinal tuberculosis were investigated. The type and site of the tuberculous lesions in the bowel, as well as its association with pulmonary tuberculosis and surgical complications, were reviewed. The ileocecal region is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract most frequently involved. The ulcerohypertrophic type of tuberculous lesion was the most common. Thirty-two percent of the patients had a normal chest radiograph. Nineteen patients had a significant surgical complication. Fistulous tracts and intestinal perforation are rare. The radiographic differential diagnosis with regional enteritis and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of gastrointestinal tuberculosis. Barium studies of a gastrointestinal tract and chest radiographs of 109 patients with gastrointestinal tuberculosis were investigated. The type and site of the tuberculous lesions in the bowel, as well as its association with pulmonary tuberculosis and surgical complications, were reviewed. The ileocecal region is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract most frequently involved. The ulcerohypertrophic type of tuberculous lesion was the most common. Thirty-two percent of the patients had a normal chest radiograph. Nineteen patients had a significant surgical complication. Fistulous tracts and intestinal perforation are rare. The radiographic differential diagnosis with regional enteritis and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "PMID": 547370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10551", "title": "Hazards of straight catheter aortography in the tortuous abdominal aorta.", "content": "Twenty abdominal aortograms utilizing a straight-tipped catheter were evaluated for catheter tip motion during the injection of contrast media. The catheter tips were stable in 15 patients but showed downward recoil in the remaining 5 patients. These 5 patients had marked tortuosity of their abdominal aortae which was felt to be the etiology of the catheter tip instability. Based on this finding, the use of a straight-tipped catheter is to be discouraged in patients with extreme tortuosity of the abdominal aorta.", "contents": "Hazards of straight catheter aortography in the tortuous abdominal aorta. Twenty abdominal aortograms utilizing a straight-tipped catheter were evaluated for catheter tip motion during the injection of contrast media. The catheter tips were stable in 15 patients but showed downward recoil in the remaining 5 patients. These 5 patients had marked tortuosity of their abdominal aortae which was felt to be the etiology of the catheter tip instability. Based on this finding, the use of a straight-tipped catheter is to be discouraged in patients with extreme tortuosity of the abdominal aorta.", "PMID": 547371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10552", "title": "Secondary achalasia in esophagogastric carcinoma:re-emphasis of a difficult differential problem.", "content": "Six cases of esophagogastric junction carcinoma are reviewed, with emphasis placed on differential diagnosis between achalasia and carcinoma. All six had abnormal motility with aperistalsis being the most common finding. Three patients demonstrated tapering of the distal esophagus simulating achalasia. Patients over 40 with recent onset of esophageal symptoms and radiographic signs suggesting achalasia should be suspected of harboring carcinoma.", "contents": "Secondary achalasia in esophagogastric carcinoma:re-emphasis of a difficult differential problem. Six cases of esophagogastric junction carcinoma are reviewed, with emphasis placed on differential diagnosis between achalasia and carcinoma. All six had abnormal motility with aperistalsis being the most common finding. Three patients demonstrated tapering of the distal esophagus simulating achalasia. Patients over 40 with recent onset of esophageal symptoms and radiographic signs suggesting achalasia should be suspected of harboring carcinoma.", "PMID": 547372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10553", "title": "Malignant polypoid lesions of the esophagus: review and case reports.", "content": "Polypoid lesions of the esophagus occur infrequently and may be benign or malignant. Polypoid pedunculated malignancy of the esophagus is still a rare lesion. We report three additional cases in this paper, two associated with tumor-related hypercalcemia, and review the recent literature on malignant polypoid lesions of the esophagus.", "contents": "Malignant polypoid lesions of the esophagus: review and case reports. Polypoid lesions of the esophagus occur infrequently and may be benign or malignant. Polypoid pedunculated malignancy of the esophagus is still a rare lesion. We report three additional cases in this paper, two associated with tumor-related hypercalcemia, and review the recent literature on malignant polypoid lesions of the esophagus.", "PMID": 547373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10554", "title": "[Segmental portal hypertension caused by volvulus of the spleen].", "content": "Volvulus of the spleen is a complication of a previous congenital anomaly consisting basically in the absence of supporting structures of the spleen. Clinically, it is an extremely rare complication. It may present as an acute abdomen. The search of the literature that we conducted does not show any such case being the cause of portal hypertension. This motivated this case report. The patient was treated surgically and this cured the patient.", "contents": "[Segmental portal hypertension caused by volvulus of the spleen]. Volvulus of the spleen is a complication of a previous congenital anomaly consisting basically in the absence of supporting structures of the spleen. Clinically, it is an extremely rare complication. It may present as an acute abdomen. The search of the literature that we conducted does not show any such case being the cause of portal hypertension. This motivated this case report. The patient was treated surgically and this cured the patient.", "PMID": 547374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10555", "title": "[Modern urography].", "content": "An IVP optimum quality should be tailored to the particular needs of a given case and consequently most be supervised by the radiologist when it is being performed. The most meticulous technique is needed, the adequate amount of contrast medium should be used, compression of the ureters should be performed and under optimum conditions tomography during the nephrographic phase should be performed whenever the circumstances should require it. With only very few exceptions no significant differences between different contrast media exist. The use of medium speed high contrast x-ray films as well as the use of rare earth intensifiers screens avoid the need for extremely powerful generators that are very costly. Film processing is a critical step in obtaining a good study and should be automatic.", "contents": "[Modern urography]. An IVP optimum quality should be tailored to the particular needs of a given case and consequently most be supervised by the radiologist when it is being performed. The most meticulous technique is needed, the adequate amount of contrast medium should be used, compression of the ureters should be performed and under optimum conditions tomography during the nephrographic phase should be performed whenever the circumstances should require it. With only very few exceptions no significant differences between different contrast media exist. The use of medium speed high contrast x-ray films as well as the use of rare earth intensifiers screens avoid the need for extremely powerful generators that are very costly. Film processing is a critical step in obtaining a good study and should be automatic.", "PMID": 547375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10556", "title": "An analysis of the dosimetry for mantle field therapy using 4 MV X-rays and its routine application.", "content": "There are several different methods in vogue at present in determining patient midplane doses in the \"mantle\" treatment for Hodgkin's disease and malignant lymphomas. A method of determining midplane doses in individual cases using thermoluminescent dosimetry is presented. It shows excellent agreement with the midplane doses measured in an Alderson-Rando phantom treated as a hypothetical \"mantle\" patient.", "contents": "An analysis of the dosimetry for mantle field therapy using 4 MV X-rays and its routine application. There are several different methods in vogue at present in determining patient midplane doses in the \"mantle\" treatment for Hodgkin's disease and malignant lymphomas. A method of determining midplane doses in individual cases using thermoluminescent dosimetry is presented. It shows excellent agreement with the midplane doses measured in an Alderson-Rando phantom treated as a hypothetical \"mantle\" patient.", "PMID": 547376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10557", "title": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon.", "content": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon is a rare form of diffused or segmental dilatation of the colon nonassociated with an obstructive lesion. It usually accompanies or follows other major illnesses in elderly patients. The abdominal radiographs are very helpful in differentiating this form of ileus from a chronic mechanical obstruction of the colon and in evaluating its complications. The abdominal radiographs of 14 patients with pseudo-obstruction of the colon were reviewed, and the radiographic findings associated with this condition were evaluated.", "contents": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon. Pseudo-obstruction of the colon is a rare form of diffused or segmental dilatation of the colon nonassociated with an obstructive lesion. It usually accompanies or follows other major illnesses in elderly patients. The abdominal radiographs are very helpful in differentiating this form of ileus from a chronic mechanical obstruction of the colon and in evaluating its complications. The abdominal radiographs of 14 patients with pseudo-obstruction of the colon were reviewed, and the radiographic findings associated with this condition were evaluated.", "PMID": 547377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10558", "title": "Submucosal tumors of the stomach and duodenum.", "content": "We present several cases from our teaching file of submucosal lesions of the stomach and duodenum with emphasis upon the differential diagnosis between the extramural, intramural submucosal, and mucosal location. Difficulty is sometimes found with intraluminal masses. Differential diagnosis has been presented with possible hints to narrow the differential diagnosis for an intramural submucosal mass.", "contents": "Submucosal tumors of the stomach and duodenum. We present several cases from our teaching file of submucosal lesions of the stomach and duodenum with emphasis upon the differential diagnosis between the extramural, intramural submucosal, and mucosal location. Difficulty is sometimes found with intraluminal masses. Differential diagnosis has been presented with possible hints to narrow the differential diagnosis for an intramural submucosal mass.", "PMID": 547379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10559", "title": "Duodenal pseudolesions: the key hole sign.", "content": "Pseudolesions in the duodenal bulb are produced by barium surrounding and entrapped in contiguous parallel duodenal folds. A typical defect with a \"key hole\" sign identifies the majority of these pseudolesions allowing for the radiological exclusion of true polypoid masses in the duodenal cap. The filling defects disappear with peristalsis or with distention of the duodenal bulb with air.", "contents": "Duodenal pseudolesions: the key hole sign. Pseudolesions in the duodenal bulb are produced by barium surrounding and entrapped in contiguous parallel duodenal folds. A typical defect with a \"key hole\" sign identifies the majority of these pseudolesions allowing for the radiological exclusion of true polypoid masses in the duodenal cap. The filling defects disappear with peristalsis or with distention of the duodenal bulb with air.", "PMID": 547380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10560", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: report of two cases.", "content": "Carcinosarcomas are malignant tumors containing both epidermal and mesodermal components. They are rare in the esophagus, but when present frequently have a characteristic radiographic appearance presenting as a bulky, intraluminal, polypoid filling defect. Although capable of metastatic spread, their usual indolent nature offers a relatively favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: report of two cases. Carcinosarcomas are malignant tumors containing both epidermal and mesodermal components. They are rare in the esophagus, but when present frequently have a characteristic radiographic appearance presenting as a bulky, intraluminal, polypoid filling defect. Although capable of metastatic spread, their usual indolent nature offers a relatively favorable prognosis.", "PMID": 547381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10561", "title": "Circumscribed eosinophilic gastroenteritis.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with peripheral blood eosinophilia and typical histology is described. The location, radiographic appearance, and gross pathologic appearance of the lesion were unique in that they resembled eosinophilic granuloma of the stomach. Also unique was the fact that the distal esophagus as well as the stomach was involved. This case demonstrates that eosinophilic gastroenteritis may involve any portion of the gastrointestinal tract and that the radiologic distinction between eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic granuloma may not be as clear cut as previously thought.", "contents": "Circumscribed eosinophilic gastroenteritis. A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with peripheral blood eosinophilia and typical histology is described. The location, radiographic appearance, and gross pathologic appearance of the lesion were unique in that they resembled eosinophilic granuloma of the stomach. Also unique was the fact that the distal esophagus as well as the stomach was involved. This case demonstrates that eosinophilic gastroenteritis may involve any portion of the gastrointestinal tract and that the radiologic distinction between eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic granuloma may not be as clear cut as previously thought.", "PMID": 547382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10562", "title": "[Localization of aphasic symptoms: preliminary observations with C.T. scanner (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty patients with aphasia and left-hemisphere damage were examined with a standard language battery, and Computerized Axial Tomography. Patients were divided into fluent (N = 9) and nonfluent (N = 6) on the basis of the language examination; 5 patients who could not be classified in either category were excluded. Lesions were retrorolandic in 8 out of 9 fluent aphasics while extending anteriorly in all 6 nonfluent aphasics. Some unexpected lesions were also found. Five cases -- 3 fluent and 2 nonfluent -- are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Localization of aphasic symptoms: preliminary observations with C.T. scanner (author's transl)]. Twenty patients with aphasia and left-hemisphere damage were examined with a standard language battery, and Computerized Axial Tomography. Patients were divided into fluent (N = 9) and nonfluent (N = 6) on the basis of the language examination; 5 patients who could not be classified in either category were excluded. Lesions were retrorolandic in 8 out of 9 fluent aphasics while extending anteriorly in all 6 nonfluent aphasics. Some unexpected lesions were also found. Five cases -- 3 fluent and 2 nonfluent -- are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 547385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10563", "title": "[Some problems of psychiatric care unit in a general hospital I: Concerning decision of admission to hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a thousand patients a year request hospitalization at the Psychiatric Admission Unit of the Region General Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence. About five hundred are actually hospitalized, less than half. Decision to hospitalize depends on several factors: a) factors relating to the patient (the psychopathological picture, the severity of his condition, his family background etc.); b) factors relating to the doctor on duty (degree of experience, attitude toward the patients, theoretical view toward hospitalization etc.); c) practical and administrative factors (service situation, day of the week, time of the day etc.). On the other hand the doctor's attitude may be that of undertaking care of the patient's psychiatric needs or not. This behaviour is largely independent from the decision to hospitaliz or not. Hospitalization does not necessarily mean taking care of the patient from a psychiatric point of view (hospital seen as a parking place, for example) and, vice versa, treatment can be planned without hospitalizing the patient who asks for it. Thus, there are four possibilities in a Psychiatric Admission Unit: a) hospitalization and care of the patient; b) no hospitalization but care of the patient; c) hospitalization without care of the patient; d) no hospitalization and no care of the patient. These four situations discussed with appropriate examples. The emotional attitude of the psychiatrist in his relationship with the patients who request admission is viewed as the most important factor for a correct decision.", "contents": "[Some problems of psychiatric care unit in a general hospital I: Concerning decision of admission to hospital (author's transl)]. Over a thousand patients a year request hospitalization at the Psychiatric Admission Unit of the Region General Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence. About five hundred are actually hospitalized, less than half. Decision to hospitalize depends on several factors: a) factors relating to the patient (the psychopathological picture, the severity of his condition, his family background etc.); b) factors relating to the doctor on duty (degree of experience, attitude toward the patients, theoretical view toward hospitalization etc.); c) practical and administrative factors (service situation, day of the week, time of the day etc.). On the other hand the doctor's attitude may be that of undertaking care of the patient's psychiatric needs or not. This behaviour is largely independent from the decision to hospitaliz or not. Hospitalization does not necessarily mean taking care of the patient from a psychiatric point of view (hospital seen as a parking place, for example) and, vice versa, treatment can be planned without hospitalizing the patient who asks for it. Thus, there are four possibilities in a Psychiatric Admission Unit: a) hospitalization and care of the patient; b) no hospitalization but care of the patient; c) hospitalization without care of the patient; d) no hospitalization and no care of the patient. These four situations discussed with appropriate examples. The emotional attitude of the psychiatrist in his relationship with the patients who request admission is viewed as the most important factor for a correct decision.", "PMID": 547383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10564", "title": "[Idiopathic unilateral calcification of basal nuclei (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of idiopathic unilateral (left) idiopatic basal ganglia calcification with associated extrapiramidal controlateral symptoms is described. The patient, a 20 years old man, showed since childhood a progressive motor impairment of his right limbs more obvious in his arms. Neurological examination showed hypertonia, distonia, motor and other extrapiramidal impairments of his right limbs. Skull X Ray and CT scan revealed left basal ganglia calcification. Laboratory investigations excluded all the common diseases with basal ganglia calcifications: tumors, tiroid and paratiroid disorders, parassites, vascular, inflammatory or degenerative diseases. Psycodiagnostic tests did not reveal relevant abnormalities. We cannot say with certainty that this is a sporadic case as we were unable to examine the whole family. Slight improvement of symptoms was obtained using orfenadrine and diazepam.", "contents": "[Idiopathic unilateral calcification of basal nuclei (author's transl)]. A case of idiopathic unilateral (left) idiopatic basal ganglia calcification with associated extrapiramidal controlateral symptoms is described. The patient, a 20 years old man, showed since childhood a progressive motor impairment of his right limbs more obvious in his arms. Neurological examination showed hypertonia, distonia, motor and other extrapiramidal impairments of his right limbs. Skull X Ray and CT scan revealed left basal ganglia calcification. Laboratory investigations excluded all the common diseases with basal ganglia calcifications: tumors, tiroid and paratiroid disorders, parassites, vascular, inflammatory or degenerative diseases. Psycodiagnostic tests did not reveal relevant abnormalities. We cannot say with certainty that this is a sporadic case as we were unable to examine the whole family. Slight improvement of symptoms was obtained using orfenadrine and diazepam.", "PMID": 547384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10565", "title": "On the dual action of ascorbate and erythorbate on rat liver lysosomes.", "content": "Low concentration (0.1--1 mM) of ascorbate and erythorbate (isoascorbate) caused lipid peroxidation and lysosome labilization (\"cofactor\" action). In addition, they acted additively on microsomal NADPH oxidase-induced lipid peroxidation at the low concentration. The \"cofactor\" action, however, was dependent reciprocally on the density of lysosomes; the more dilute was the lysosomal fraction, the more susceptible the lysosomes were. On the other hand, ascorbate and erythorbate at concentration more than 1 mM inhibited microsomal NADPH oxidase-induced lipid peroxidation and lysosome labilization. Their antioxidant effect was revealed to be clear especially when the \"cofactor\" action was eliminated by such a basic protein as protamine. Considering that the \"cofactor\" action was observed only at the lower density of lysosomes and might be inhibited by physiologically occurring basic proteins, ascorbate and erythorbate may mostly act as antioxidant on lysosomes in vivo. Ascorbate- or erythorbate- induced lysosome labilization was certified to be mediated by lipid peroxidation.", "contents": "On the dual action of ascorbate and erythorbate on rat liver lysosomes. Low concentration (0.1--1 mM) of ascorbate and erythorbate (isoascorbate) caused lipid peroxidation and lysosome labilization (\"cofactor\" action). In addition, they acted additively on microsomal NADPH oxidase-induced lipid peroxidation at the low concentration. The \"cofactor\" action, however, was dependent reciprocally on the density of lysosomes; the more dilute was the lysosomal fraction, the more susceptible the lysosomes were. On the other hand, ascorbate and erythorbate at concentration more than 1 mM inhibited microsomal NADPH oxidase-induced lipid peroxidation and lysosome labilization. Their antioxidant effect was revealed to be clear especially when the \"cofactor\" action was eliminated by such a basic protein as protamine. Considering that the \"cofactor\" action was observed only at the lower density of lysosomes and might be inhibited by physiologically occurring basic proteins, ascorbate and erythorbate may mostly act as antioxidant on lysosomes in vivo. Ascorbate- or erythorbate- induced lysosome labilization was certified to be mediated by lipid peroxidation.", "PMID": 547420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10566", "title": "A study on acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural diseases.", "content": "1. Pleural fluid contained protein-bound hyaluronic acid, protein-bound chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, undersulfated chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. The composition of acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural fluid seems to reflect the rate of biosynthesis and degradation of these polysaccharides at some sites which are closely related to the pleural cavity. 2. A possibility was suggested that hyaluronic acid was synthesized in pleural tissue and was excreted shortly thereafter into the surroundings, as evidenced by experiments with rabbit pleural tissue. 3. In human, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were found in thickened pleurae caused by lung cancer, in those caused by asbestosis and also in tumor tissues of pleural mesothelioma. The molecular size of hyaluronic acid from pleural mesothelioma was found to be larger than that from human unbilical cord. 4. Quantification and histochemical study of acid glycosaminoglycans demonstrated that the quantity of hyaluronic acid in tissue specimens of mesothelioma by far exceeded that in non-mesothelioma cases (statistically significant). 5. Thus a possibility was suggested that histochemical investigation together with microquantitation of hyaluronic acid in pleural tissue may prove to be an efficient means of differential diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. 6. Definite conclusion on the relationship between the fluctuation with time in quantity of acid glycosaminoglycans of the effusions and etiology of pleurisy awaits further investigations.", "contents": "A study on acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural diseases. 1. Pleural fluid contained protein-bound hyaluronic acid, protein-bound chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, undersulfated chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. The composition of acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural fluid seems to reflect the rate of biosynthesis and degradation of these polysaccharides at some sites which are closely related to the pleural cavity. 2. A possibility was suggested that hyaluronic acid was synthesized in pleural tissue and was excreted shortly thereafter into the surroundings, as evidenced by experiments with rabbit pleural tissue. 3. In human, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were found in thickened pleurae caused by lung cancer, in those caused by asbestosis and also in tumor tissues of pleural mesothelioma. The molecular size of hyaluronic acid from pleural mesothelioma was found to be larger than that from human unbilical cord. 4. Quantification and histochemical study of acid glycosaminoglycans demonstrated that the quantity of hyaluronic acid in tissue specimens of mesothelioma by far exceeded that in non-mesothelioma cases (statistically significant). 5. Thus a possibility was suggested that histochemical investigation together with microquantitation of hyaluronic acid in pleural tissue may prove to be an efficient means of differential diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. 6. Definite conclusion on the relationship between the fluctuation with time in quantity of acid glycosaminoglycans of the effusions and etiology of pleurisy awaits further investigations.", "PMID": 547421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10567", "title": "[Influence of a tributyltin oxide oily aerosol on the exploratory behaviour toward the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhalation of an oily aerosol of bis (tributyltin oxide) (TBTO) after single or repeated expositions (1 hour) disturb the exploratory behaviour in the mouse. Weak concentrations (42 and 84 ppm) stimulate exploratory activity while large doses (170 and 340 ppm) significantly decrease it. Modification in brain amine levels may appear but the observed perturbance seems to be more dependent from oily vehicule than TBTO itself.", "contents": "[Influence of a tributyltin oxide oily aerosol on the exploratory behaviour toward the mouse (author's transl)]. Inhalation of an oily aerosol of bis (tributyltin oxide) (TBTO) after single or repeated expositions (1 hour) disturb the exploratory behaviour in the mouse. Weak concentrations (42 and 84 ppm) stimulate exploratory activity while large doses (170 and 340 ppm) significantly decrease it. Modification in brain amine levels may appear but the observed perturbance seems to be more dependent from oily vehicule than TBTO itself.", "PMID": 547450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10568", "title": "[Bromide encephalopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Bromide encephalopathies are frequently reported in Northern America and Great Britain. There is no characteristic clinical pattern, the neurological symptoms are multiple, this is readily explained by the diffusion of bromide ions to all regions in the central nervous system. An accurate history (bromide intake, followed by the slow onset of digestive and neuropsychiatric symptoms) as well as an apparent hyperchloremia are of the greatest aid in suggesting the diagnosis. The incidence of this type of intoxication is greater in women over 50. The association of a salt free diet to bromide therapy favors the onset of clinical symptoms because of the competition between bromide and chloride at the choroid plexus and at the renal tubule.", "contents": "[Bromide encephalopathies (author's transl)]. Bromide encephalopathies are frequently reported in Northern America and Great Britain. There is no characteristic clinical pattern, the neurological symptoms are multiple, this is readily explained by the diffusion of bromide ions to all regions in the central nervous system. An accurate history (bromide intake, followed by the slow onset of digestive and neuropsychiatric symptoms) as well as an apparent hyperchloremia are of the greatest aid in suggesting the diagnosis. The incidence of this type of intoxication is greater in women over 50. The association of a salt free diet to bromide therapy favors the onset of clinical symptoms because of the competition between bromide and chloride at the choroid plexus and at the renal tubule.", "PMID": 547451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10569", "title": "[Photoprotection by psoralen-UVA therapy: experimental and clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on minimum erythema doses, histological investigations and quantitative determination of DNA repair synthesis of epidermal cells revealed that a tan induced by the oral administration of 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) and subsequent UVA irradiation gives protection from the erythemogenic effects of sunlight, diminishes UVA-induced cellular injury in the epidermis and, possibly, also shields DNA from incident UV radiation. In a study of 14 patients with severe polymorphous light dermatosis the 8-MOP-UVA induced tan proved to be a clinically effective sunscreen. The uncontrolled use of this method for UV protection of normal individual is, however, not recommended.", "contents": "[Photoprotection by psoralen-UVA therapy: experimental and clinical results (author's transl)]. Studies on minimum erythema doses, histological investigations and quantitative determination of DNA repair synthesis of epidermal cells revealed that a tan induced by the oral administration of 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) and subsequent UVA irradiation gives protection from the erythemogenic effects of sunlight, diminishes UVA-induced cellular injury in the epidermis and, possibly, also shields DNA from incident UV radiation. In a study of 14 patients with severe polymorphous light dermatosis the 8-MOP-UVA induced tan proved to be a clinically effective sunscreen. The uncontrolled use of this method for UV protection of normal individual is, however, not recommended.", "PMID": 547490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10570", "title": "The first night effect revisited with age as a variable.", "content": "The EEG records of 15 younger females and 40 older females were analyzed in an effort to reevaluate the effects of the first night of laboratory sleep, and to determine to what extent age may be a variable in the First Night Effect. These records substantiate earlier findings that sleep latency is longer, there is more wakefulness, and the REM cycle is disrupted on the first night of laboratory sleep. In addition, there is some evidence that older subjects show a greater First Night Effect. These effects adapt out by the second night of sleep.", "contents": "The first night effect revisited with age as a variable. The EEG records of 15 younger females and 40 older females were analyzed in an effort to reevaluate the effects of the first night of laboratory sleep, and to determine to what extent age may be a variable in the First Night Effect. These records substantiate earlier findings that sleep latency is longer, there is more wakefulness, and the REM cycle is disrupted on the first night of laboratory sleep. In addition, there is some evidence that older subjects show a greater First Night Effect. These effects adapt out by the second night of sleep.", "PMID": 547485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10571", "title": "[Intolerance to acetylsalicylacid and food additives in patients suffering from recurrent urticaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Ninety patients suffering from recurrent urticaria were orally exposed to 500 mg acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). 36.6% proved to be ASA intolerant in this group. 26 ASA-positive and 18 ASA-negative probands were selected to take part in an additional provocation test with 8 different food additives (preservative and colouring matters). Altogether 31 tests sheets were exaluated. Urticarial reactions were seen after administration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid methylester (5), p-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester (6), benzoic acid (9), sodium benzoate (6), tartrazine (6). Ponceau rouge (5) and indigo carmine (3). Detailed research was carried out on the occurrence of the tested substances. With a diet avoiding salicylates, benzoates and colouring matter 20% of these patients recovered spontaneously and became symptom-free, whilst a further 55% of cases showed marked improvement.", "contents": "[Intolerance to acetylsalicylacid and food additives in patients suffering from recurrent urticaria (author's transl)]. Ninety patients suffering from recurrent urticaria were orally exposed to 500 mg acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). 36.6% proved to be ASA intolerant in this group. 26 ASA-positive and 18 ASA-negative probands were selected to take part in an additional provocation test with 8 different food additives (preservative and colouring matters). Altogether 31 tests sheets were exaluated. Urticarial reactions were seen after administration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid methylester (5), p-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester (6), benzoic acid (9), sodium benzoate (6), tartrazine (6). Ponceau rouge (5) and indigo carmine (3). Detailed research was carried out on the occurrence of the tested substances. With a diet avoiding salicylates, benzoates and colouring matter 20% of these patients recovered spontaneously and became symptom-free, whilst a further 55% of cases showed marked improvement.", "PMID": 547491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10572", "title": "An automatic spindle analysis and detection system based on the evaluation of human ratings of the spindle quality.", "content": "An evaluation of the spindle quality ranked by experienced human raters is described. The pattern discriminating criteria obtained from this evaluation are used for an automatic system based on the complex demodulation method. The performance of this automatic system is compared with both the human visual scoring and with a second automatic system employing phaselocked loop techniques. The performance of the complex demodulation is satisfactory. It also detects spindles buried in slow waves. It is not sensitive to the age of the subject. This method opens possibilities for research of either temporal or chemical (drugs etc.) effects on the characteristics of rhythmic activity, without being hampered by the arbitrary EEG jargon \"alpha\" or \"sigma\".", "contents": "An automatic spindle analysis and detection system based on the evaluation of human ratings of the spindle quality. An evaluation of the spindle quality ranked by experienced human raters is described. The pattern discriminating criteria obtained from this evaluation are used for an automatic system based on the complex demodulation method. The performance of this automatic system is compared with both the human visual scoring and with a second automatic system employing phaselocked loop techniques. The performance of the complex demodulation is satisfactory. It also detects spindles buried in slow waves. It is not sensitive to the age of the subject. This method opens possibilities for research of either temporal or chemical (drugs etc.) effects on the characteristics of rhythmic activity, without being hampered by the arbitrary EEG jargon \"alpha\" or \"sigma\".", "PMID": 547486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10573", "title": "[Treatment of common warts with topically applied DNCB (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-one patients suffering from multiple common warts were treated by topically-applied dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). After an average treatment period of 8.7 weeks, the warts had completely disappeared in twelve patients. Therapeutic failure must be admitted in five patients, whereby, sensitization to DNCB was not possible in two of these cases. Four patients did not complete the therapeutic regimen. Indications, advantages, disadvantages and side effects of this therapeutic method are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the underlying mechanism of this form of treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of common warts with topically applied DNCB (author's transl)]. Twenty-one patients suffering from multiple common warts were treated by topically-applied dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). After an average treatment period of 8.7 weeks, the warts had completely disappeared in twelve patients. Therapeutic failure must be admitted in five patients, whereby, sensitization to DNCB was not possible in two of these cases. Four patients did not complete the therapeutic regimen. Indications, advantages, disadvantages and side effects of this therapeutic method are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the underlying mechanism of this form of treatment.", "PMID": 547492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10574", "title": "[Lupus erythematosus panniculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Lupus erythematosus panniculitis is a rare clinical variant of lupus erythematosus. In this report we described a 38 year-old female patient who had suffered from chronic discoid lupus erythematosus for several years before developing widespread inflammatory, sclerotic and ulcerative lesions, which were first diagnosed as Weber-Christian panniculitis. It was only when the patient developed other signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus that the subcutaneous lesions were recognized as lupus panniculitis. A combined regimen of tetracyclines and chloroquine resulted in a remission, both with regard to regression of the lesions and suppression of the serological parameters of disease activity. The findings in this particular patient and similar reports in the literature form the basis for a discussion of the entity of lupus panniculitis.", "contents": "[Lupus erythematosus panniculitis (author's transl)]. Lupus erythematosus panniculitis is a rare clinical variant of lupus erythematosus. In this report we described a 38 year-old female patient who had suffered from chronic discoid lupus erythematosus for several years before developing widespread inflammatory, sclerotic and ulcerative lesions, which were first diagnosed as Weber-Christian panniculitis. It was only when the patient developed other signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus that the subcutaneous lesions were recognized as lupus panniculitis. A combined regimen of tetracyclines and chloroquine resulted in a remission, both with regard to regression of the lesions and suppression of the serological parameters of disease activity. The findings in this particular patient and similar reports in the literature form the basis for a discussion of the entity of lupus panniculitis.", "PMID": 547493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10575", "title": "[Unusual variants of blue naevi--a report of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents four unusual variants of blue naevus: a giant-sized blue naevus, a blue naevus assuming the clinical and histological appearance of a histiocytoma, a plaque-type blue naevus, and a pedunculated cellular blue naevus. Two of these lesions were studied at the ultrastructural level: in one case the dermal melanocytes contained malanosomes of all stages, thus documenting active melanin synthesis. In the other lesion, melanocytes of identical appearance were found in the superficial portions, whereas inactive melanocytes, densely packed with mature melanosomes, predominated in the deeper portions. It is concluded that blue naevi may vary considerably, both clinically and in histological appearance, as well as in regard to melanin synthesis activity.", "contents": "[Unusual variants of blue naevi--a report of four cases (author's transl)]. This paper presents four unusual variants of blue naevus: a giant-sized blue naevus, a blue naevus assuming the clinical and histological appearance of a histiocytoma, a plaque-type blue naevus, and a pedunculated cellular blue naevus. Two of these lesions were studied at the ultrastructural level: in one case the dermal melanocytes contained malanosomes of all stages, thus documenting active melanin synthesis. In the other lesion, melanocytes of identical appearance were found in the superficial portions, whereas inactive melanocytes, densely packed with mature melanosomes, predominated in the deeper portions. It is concluded that blue naevi may vary considerably, both clinically and in histological appearance, as well as in regard to melanin synthesis activity.", "PMID": 547494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10576", "title": "Sleep of depressed patients with hypersomnia: a 24-h polygraphic study.", "content": "Sleep of 6 depressed patients with hypersomnia was studied during their depressed phase and their remitted phase using 24-h polygraphic recording. Nine normal subjects were studied as the controls. The latency to sleep onset of the depressed patients was significantly shorter than that of the remitted patients and that of the control subjects. The total sleep time of the depressed patients was significantly longer than that of the remitted patients as well as that of the controls. This increase in sleep time of the depressed patients was mainly due to the increased sleep in day time. The intervals between sleep onset and start of each sleep stage, the relative percentage of individual sleep stages, REM latency and REM density of the depressed patients were not significantly different from those of the remitted patients.", "contents": "Sleep of depressed patients with hypersomnia: a 24-h polygraphic study. Sleep of 6 depressed patients with hypersomnia was studied during their depressed phase and their remitted phase using 24-h polygraphic recording. Nine normal subjects were studied as the controls. The latency to sleep onset of the depressed patients was significantly shorter than that of the remitted patients and that of the control subjects. The total sleep time of the depressed patients was significantly longer than that of the remitted patients as well as that of the controls. This increase in sleep time of the depressed patients was mainly due to the increased sleep in day time. The intervals between sleep onset and start of each sleep stage, the relative percentage of individual sleep stages, REM latency and REM density of the depressed patients were not significantly different from those of the remitted patients.", "PMID": 547487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10577", "title": "Hypersomnia with sudden sleep attacks (\"symptomatic narcolepsy\") on the basis of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. A case report.", "content": "Report of a 56-year-old patient with a one-year-history of uncontrolable sleep attacks occurring at daytime and episodes of unsteadiness, dizziness, diplopia and dysarthria. The clinical evaluation revealed evidence of vertebrobasilar artery enlargement and insufficiency. He has become symptom-free under appropriate treatment. This raises the question of \"symptomatic narcolepsy\" caused by vascular brain stem disorder.", "contents": "Hypersomnia with sudden sleep attacks (\"symptomatic narcolepsy\") on the basis of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. A case report. Report of a 56-year-old patient with a one-year-history of uncontrolable sleep attacks occurring at daytime and episodes of unsteadiness, dizziness, diplopia and dysarthria. The clinical evaluation revealed evidence of vertebrobasilar artery enlargement and insufficiency. He has become symptom-free under appropriate treatment. This raises the question of \"symptomatic narcolepsy\" caused by vascular brain stem disorder.", "PMID": 547489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10578", "title": "[Acute febrile neurophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome)--report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute, febrile, neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweeet's syndrome) is an uncommon, distinct disease of unknown origin. It is characterized by typical skin lesions and systemic symptoms such as fever and leucocytosis. Ultrastructural data suggest a primary vascular process as the initial pathogenic mechanism. In this paper two patients are described and the clinical variability, incidence and pathogenesis of this syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute febrile neurophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome)--report of two cases (author's transl)]. Acute, febrile, neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweeet's syndrome) is an uncommon, distinct disease of unknown origin. It is characterized by typical skin lesions and systemic symptoms such as fever and leucocytosis. Ultrastructural data suggest a primary vascular process as the initial pathogenic mechanism. In this paper two patients are described and the clinical variability, incidence and pathogenesis of this syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 547495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10579", "title": "[Epidemiology of breast cancer in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "In cooperation with the Austrian National Institute for Statistics the incidence-rates of breast cancer in Austria in the period of 1971-1975 were investigated. The incidence-rate of breast cancer (50 new cases/year/100,000 women) is higher than the incidence-rate of cervical or endometrium carcinoma. The increasing risk of the higher age-groups, which is especially expressed by the incidence-rate of 145 in the age-group of 70 or more years, is pointed out. This findings are of great consequence to the system of preventive medical care. In urban areas the incidence of breast cancer seems to be higher than in rural district.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of breast cancer in Austria (author's transl)]. In cooperation with the Austrian National Institute for Statistics the incidence-rates of breast cancer in Austria in the period of 1971-1975 were investigated. The incidence-rate of breast cancer (50 new cases/year/100,000 women) is higher than the incidence-rate of cervical or endometrium carcinoma. The increasing risk of the higher age-groups, which is especially expressed by the incidence-rate of 145 in the age-group of 70 or more years, is pointed out. This findings are of great consequence to the system of preventive medical care. In urban areas the incidence of breast cancer seems to be higher than in rural district.", "PMID": 547497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10580", "title": "Salt tolerance of Rhizobium species in broth cultures.", "content": "Salt tolerance of five rhizobia strains was examined in broth cultures. Five levels of NaCl concentration were used and the optical density was taken as a measure for the vigour of bacterial growth. Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. meliloti were tolerant to high levels of salinity and growth curves in saline broth showed a similar pattern to the control level. Rhizobium japonicum, cowpea Rhizobium, and R. trifolii were intolerant to salt and showed a strong growth retardation with increasing salt concentration. Growth was inhibited at high levels of salinity. It is suggested that rhizobia sensitivity to salts may be partly responsible to the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by legumes growing under salt stress.", "contents": "Salt tolerance of Rhizobium species in broth cultures. Salt tolerance of five rhizobia strains was examined in broth cultures. Five levels of NaCl concentration were used and the optical density was taken as a measure for the vigour of bacterial growth. Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. meliloti were tolerant to high levels of salinity and growth curves in saline broth showed a similar pattern to the control level. Rhizobium japonicum, cowpea Rhizobium, and R. trifolii were intolerant to salt and showed a strong growth retardation with increasing salt concentration. Growth was inhibited at high levels of salinity. It is suggested that rhizobia sensitivity to salts may be partly responsible to the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by legumes growing under salt stress.", "PMID": 547498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10581", "title": "[Steroid-transforming enzymes from microorganisms. XII. Induction characteristics of the 4-en-3-oxosteroid: (acceptor)-1-en-oxidoreductase in Nocardia opaca].", "content": "17 alpha-Methyltestosterone and the corresponding 1(2)-dehydrocompound (Dianabol) are efficient inducers of the 4-en-3-oxosteroid: (acceptor)-1-en-oxidoreductase from Nocardia opaca. After a lag period of 4 hours the enzyme activity increases rapidly. During the induction the steroids are completely metabolized causing a drastical drop of specific enzyme activity. Using a fixed induction time the optimal steroid concentration and the temperature characteristic were found out. The influence of the concentration of the steroid water suspension on the induction effect is discussed to be dependent on the velocity of the dissolving of the steroid particles. Chloramphenicol and streptomycin are powerful inhibitors of the induction process.", "contents": "[Steroid-transforming enzymes from microorganisms. XII. Induction characteristics of the 4-en-3-oxosteroid: (acceptor)-1-en-oxidoreductase in Nocardia opaca]. 17 alpha-Methyltestosterone and the corresponding 1(2)-dehydrocompound (Dianabol) are efficient inducers of the 4-en-3-oxosteroid: (acceptor)-1-en-oxidoreductase from Nocardia opaca. After a lag period of 4 hours the enzyme activity increases rapidly. During the induction the steroids are completely metabolized causing a drastical drop of specific enzyme activity. Using a fixed induction time the optimal steroid concentration and the temperature characteristic were found out. The influence of the concentration of the steroid water suspension on the induction effect is discussed to be dependent on the velocity of the dissolving of the steroid particles. Chloramphenicol and streptomycin are powerful inhibitors of the induction process.", "PMID": 547499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10582", "title": "How do elder people live in the GDR?", "content": "The improvement of housing conditions for all citizens including the elder population is the gist of the socio-political programme of the Party of the Working Class, the Council of Ministers and the Confederation of Free German Trade Unions (FDGB). Their activities establish the necessity of starting from the differentiated needs of the population in realizing the complex housing programme. The main substance of geriatrics and gerohygiene makes it imperative to preferably care for those citizens who are in the greatest want of a satisfactory solution of the housing problem. The preferred persons are among others: from the pensioners' 6-8% persons needing care, 10-15% persons who should live in small flats being adequate to elder people, and 6% persons accomplishing the evening of life in apartment houses. The remaining groups should live in their hitherto existing rooms. But this requires services rendered such as neighbourhood assistance, informative advice, medical, social and cultural attendance. The basic principles of a solution of the housing problem until the year 2,000 are as follows. Realization of the fundamental requirements of elder people respecting health, safety, shelter as well as full integration, participation and appreciation of the forming of life of the individual on behalf of the society.", "contents": "How do elder people live in the GDR? The improvement of housing conditions for all citizens including the elder population is the gist of the socio-political programme of the Party of the Working Class, the Council of Ministers and the Confederation of Free German Trade Unions (FDGB). Their activities establish the necessity of starting from the differentiated needs of the population in realizing the complex housing programme. The main substance of geriatrics and gerohygiene makes it imperative to preferably care for those citizens who are in the greatest want of a satisfactory solution of the housing problem. The preferred persons are among others: from the pensioners' 6-8% persons needing care, 10-15% persons who should live in small flats being adequate to elder people, and 6% persons accomplishing the evening of life in apartment houses. The remaining groups should live in their hitherto existing rooms. But this requires services rendered such as neighbourhood assistance, informative advice, medical, social and cultural attendance. The basic principles of a solution of the housing problem until the year 2,000 are as follows. Realization of the fundamental requirements of elder people respecting health, safety, shelter as well as full integration, participation and appreciation of the forming of life of the individual on behalf of the society.", "PMID": 547501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10583", "title": "Toe temperature change: a measure of sleep onset?", "content": "In an attempt to provide a more \"physiological\" measure of sleep onset, temperature of the great toe was monitored for 166 sleeper-nights in both insomniac and control groups. All subjects were women between 21 and 45 years of age. Earlier published reports had suggested that toe temperature elevation was the result of lowered sympathetic tone and marked a \"vegetative preparedness for sleep.\" More recently, elevation of the toe temperature has been used to denote a level of chemical anesthesia sufficient for major surgery. In this study, however, the mean latency of the time course of the temperature elevation of the toe was uncorrelated with sleep onset determined by EEG criteria. Temperature elevations were frequently of large magnitude but were not uniformly observed across all subjects and all nights. It is suggested that the toe temperature elevation is reflective of metabolic adjustments which coincide with the onset of the night's first period of slow wave sleep.", "contents": "Toe temperature change: a measure of sleep onset? In an attempt to provide a more \"physiological\" measure of sleep onset, temperature of the great toe was monitored for 166 sleeper-nights in both insomniac and control groups. All subjects were women between 21 and 45 years of age. Earlier published reports had suggested that toe temperature elevation was the result of lowered sympathetic tone and marked a \"vegetative preparedness for sleep.\" More recently, elevation of the toe temperature has been used to denote a level of chemical anesthesia sufficient for major surgery. In this study, however, the mean latency of the time course of the temperature elevation of the toe was uncorrelated with sleep onset determined by EEG criteria. Temperature elevations were frequently of large magnitude but were not uniformly observed across all subjects and all nights. It is suggested that the toe temperature elevation is reflective of metabolic adjustments which coincide with the onset of the night's first period of slow wave sleep.", "PMID": 547488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10584", "title": "Psychohygiene and sanitary education for elder people.", "content": "Psychohygiene and sanitary education must help to be incorporated in the complex attendance to elder people as immanent ingredients. A healthy style of living involves salubrious behaviour and facilitates the health promoting shaping of living conditions. The psychic health and the psychic efficiency are accessible to a sphere of influence in the same way as the physical efficiency assumptions. Psychic training covers both thinking, speaking and deciding as well as adaptation, change-over and creative activity. Psychic health in old age is principally possible and can be supported by psychohygienic measures.", "contents": "Psychohygiene and sanitary education for elder people. Psychohygiene and sanitary education must help to be incorporated in the complex attendance to elder people as immanent ingredients. A healthy style of living involves salubrious behaviour and facilitates the health promoting shaping of living conditions. The psychic health and the psychic efficiency are accessible to a sphere of influence in the same way as the physical efficiency assumptions. Psychic training covers both thinking, speaking and deciding as well as adaptation, change-over and creative activity. Psychic health in old age is principally possible and can be supported by psychohygienic measures.", "PMID": 547502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10585", "title": "Criteria for the dispensary care of elder workers.", "content": "The dispensary attendance of old people in the production process is deduced as the means and necessities of a purposive medical, social and cultural care. The dispensary attendance is the highest step of the socialist health protection and reflects its prophylactic fundamental trend. It was the object of our activities to specify the criteria of the dispensary attendance to elder workers, which we designate as gerodispensary attendance in order to furnish the pre-conditions that both effort and efficiency can be adequately proportioned for the benefit of elder workers.", "contents": "Criteria for the dispensary care of elder workers. The dispensary attendance of old people in the production process is deduced as the means and necessities of a purposive medical, social and cultural care. The dispensary attendance is the highest step of the socialist health protection and reflects its prophylactic fundamental trend. It was the object of our activities to specify the criteria of the dispensary attendance to elder workers, which we designate as gerodispensary attendance in order to furnish the pre-conditions that both effort and efficiency can be adequately proportioned for the benefit of elder workers.", "PMID": 547503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10586", "title": "[Partnership and sexuality in the latter half of life. The partnership situation and sexual behavior of the working woman in the change of life].", "content": "The problem of partnership and sexuality is of great importance also in the second half of life. It is necessary for the consultation centres on marriage and sexuality to take these facts into account, both with respect to organisation and content.", "contents": "[Partnership and sexuality in the latter half of life. The partnership situation and sexual behavior of the working woman in the change of life]. The problem of partnership and sexuality is of great importance also in the second half of life. It is necessary for the consultation centres on marriage and sexuality to take these facts into account, both with respect to organisation and content.", "PMID": 547504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10587", "title": "[The problem of leisure in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "In his leisure time man is ridden from social requirements. The leisure time has in the single periods of life different problems and figurations. It is a part of life-span and is formed by the individuality and by the society. Labour and leisure time are not in contrast to each other, they involve one another. Our study of leisure time of older people (n = 245) let notice that 7% live more or less isolated, 64% are middling or much engaged by homework, and 30% take always care of relatives. The chance of a subjective contentment in life in all the more since the own activity is more extensive. It contains the orientation about the future with desires and plans.", "contents": "[The problem of leisure in old age (author's transl)]. In his leisure time man is ridden from social requirements. The leisure time has in the single periods of life different problems and figurations. It is a part of life-span and is formed by the individuality and by the society. Labour and leisure time are not in contrast to each other, they involve one another. Our study of leisure time of older people (n = 245) let notice that 7% live more or less isolated, 64% are middling or much engaged by homework, and 30% take always care of relatives. The chance of a subjective contentment in life in all the more since the own activity is more extensive. It contains the orientation about the future with desires and plans.", "PMID": 547506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10588", "title": "[Current problems of the control of neoplasms in later life (author's transl)].", "content": "The author gives a survey of current problems regarding the control of neoplasms in patients of advanced age. He deals especially with cancer of the lung, stomach, large bowel, breast and cervix uteri.", "contents": "[Current problems of the control of neoplasms in later life (author's transl)]. The author gives a survey of current problems regarding the control of neoplasms in patients of advanced age. He deals especially with cancer of the lung, stomach, large bowel, breast and cervix uteri.", "PMID": 547513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10589", "title": "[Recording the case history from the geriatric point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "Emphasizing the significance of the case history for medical care, the authors discuss major points to be taken into account when interviewing elderly patients. They describe in detail both the emotional situation in later life and particularities regarding symptoms and the course of diseases in advanced age.", "contents": "[Recording the case history from the geriatric point of view (author's transl)]. Emphasizing the significance of the case history for medical care, the authors discuss major points to be taken into account when interviewing elderly patients. They describe in detail both the emotional situation in later life and particularities regarding symptoms and the course of diseases in advanced age.", "PMID": 547515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10590", "title": "[Investigation of the excretory function of the pancreas in later life by means of secretin and pancreozymin (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of the excretory function of the pancreas in subjects of various age groups has shown that digestive activity can be assessed only by means of secretin and pancreozymin. Stimulation with secretin (dose: 2 international units per kilogram of body weight of the subject) done twice within 60 minutes or a twofold combined secretin-pancreozymin test yield the most reliable data on the excretory functional capacity of the pancreas and its secretory reserve in elderly people. The data from subjects of various age groups--young, old and very old--can be used as a guideline for setting up standards for various age groups. They are also important for functional diagnosis and for differentiating between age-dependent functional changes and pathological conditions of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Investigation of the excretory function of the pancreas in later life by means of secretin and pancreozymin (author's transl)]. The investigation of the excretory function of the pancreas in subjects of various age groups has shown that digestive activity can be assessed only by means of secretin and pancreozymin. Stimulation with secretin (dose: 2 international units per kilogram of body weight of the subject) done twice within 60 minutes or a twofold combined secretin-pancreozymin test yield the most reliable data on the excretory functional capacity of the pancreas and its secretory reserve in elderly people. The data from subjects of various age groups--young, old and very old--can be used as a guideline for setting up standards for various age groups. They are also important for functional diagnosis and for differentiating between age-dependent functional changes and pathological conditions of the pancreas.", "PMID": 547516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10591", "title": "[Postoperative intestinal absorption in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The function of intestinal absorption was analysed in elderly patients before and after cholecystectomy by the help of the modified D-xylose-absorption test. A characteristic dependence upon the age for the process of intestinal absorption was demonstrated in the elderly not only preoperatively but also postoperatively. The effective intestinal absorption of D-xylose normalized postoperative by in freshly operated older patients more slowly than in younger ones.", "contents": "[Postoperative intestinal absorption in old age (author's transl)]. The function of intestinal absorption was analysed in elderly patients before and after cholecystectomy by the help of the modified D-xylose-absorption test. A characteristic dependence upon the age for the process of intestinal absorption was demonstrated in the elderly not only preoperatively but also postoperatively. The effective intestinal absorption of D-xylose normalized postoperative by in freshly operated older patients more slowly than in younger ones.", "PMID": 547517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10592", "title": "[Intra-articular surgery in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism (author's transl)].", "content": "On the strength of his own case material, the author presents a phased programme for intra-articular surgery (synoviorthesis with corticosteroids and radionucleids, synovectomy) for the treatment of the chronic articular rheumatism.", "contents": "[Intra-articular surgery in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism (author's transl)]. On the strength of his own case material, the author presents a phased programme for intra-articular surgery (synoviorthesis with corticosteroids and radionucleids, synovectomy) for the treatment of the chronic articular rheumatism.", "PMID": 547518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10593", "title": "[Fat consumption, blood lipids and age (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum lipid values (total lipids, cholesterol) and the amounts of fat components (total fat, cholesterol, saturated and multiply unsaturated fatty acids) in food were determined for 1000 subjects of primary obesity and 200 subjects having normal weight. The age of the subjects included in this study was between 18 and 60. From the second to sixth decades of life, obese subjects showed increases in hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia from 2.3% to 22% and from 4.6% to 26%, respectively. Lower percentages were determined for the controls. The consumption of total fat, cholesterol, saturated and multiply unsaturated fatty acids in food was lower in subjects of obesity than in normal-weight subjects. Problems of the dynamic and static phases of obesity, hyperphagia, hypophagia, and longitudinal behavior are discussed with particular reference to the causes thereof. With males, the intake of all fatty substances contained in food decreased with increasing age. Possible causes of this include changes in environmental and working conditions as well as nutritional consciousness.", "contents": "[Fat consumption, blood lipids and age (author's transl)]. The serum lipid values (total lipids, cholesterol) and the amounts of fat components (total fat, cholesterol, saturated and multiply unsaturated fatty acids) in food were determined for 1000 subjects of primary obesity and 200 subjects having normal weight. The age of the subjects included in this study was between 18 and 60. From the second to sixth decades of life, obese subjects showed increases in hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia from 2.3% to 22% and from 4.6% to 26%, respectively. Lower percentages were determined for the controls. The consumption of total fat, cholesterol, saturated and multiply unsaturated fatty acids in food was lower in subjects of obesity than in normal-weight subjects. Problems of the dynamic and static phases of obesity, hyperphagia, hypophagia, and longitudinal behavior are discussed with particular reference to the causes thereof. With males, the intake of all fatty substances contained in food decreased with increasing age. Possible causes of this include changes in environmental and working conditions as well as nutritional consciousness.", "PMID": 547519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10594", "title": "[Changes of pulmonary and bronchial vascularisation in disseminated lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary and bronchial artery angiographic pictures were evaluated in 14 patients with pulmonary disseminations. Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis was present in 4 patients, in 4 other patients secondary pulmonary fibrosis and in 6 patients pulmonary sarcoidosis. Most changes of pulmonary vascularisation were found in the lobular and terminal branches of the pulmonary artery. They consisted in their narrowing and even occlusion. Different degrees of the reduction of pulmonary perfusion could be observed. The most morbid alterations were in fibrosing alveolitis. They were less pronounced in cases of secondary fibrosis, showing a localized character, and in sarcoidosis in which the upper pulmonary parts were involved. Bronchial artery vascularisation was showing hypervascularisation of various degrees. Increased and dilated vessels strongly winding and even reticularly arranged could be regularly found. These alterations were very pronounced in patients with sarcoidosis. After transgressing of the pathological process to the state of fibrosis the vessels were showing a striped course presenting a greater number of broncho-pulmonary anastomoses.", "contents": "[Changes of pulmonary and bronchial vascularisation in disseminated lung diseases (author's transl)]. Pulmonary and bronchial artery angiographic pictures were evaluated in 14 patients with pulmonary disseminations. Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis was present in 4 patients, in 4 other patients secondary pulmonary fibrosis and in 6 patients pulmonary sarcoidosis. Most changes of pulmonary vascularisation were found in the lobular and terminal branches of the pulmonary artery. They consisted in their narrowing and even occlusion. Different degrees of the reduction of pulmonary perfusion could be observed. The most morbid alterations were in fibrosing alveolitis. They were less pronounced in cases of secondary fibrosis, showing a localized character, and in sarcoidosis in which the upper pulmonary parts were involved. Bronchial artery vascularisation was showing hypervascularisation of various degrees. Increased and dilated vessels strongly winding and even reticularly arranged could be regularly found. These alterations were very pronounced in patients with sarcoidosis. After transgressing of the pathological process to the state of fibrosis the vessels were showing a striped course presenting a greater number of broncho-pulmonary anastomoses.", "PMID": 547521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10595", "title": "Treatment of sarcoidosis by old tuberculin, blood and BCG. I. Results.", "content": "Treatment of sarcoidosis by subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood of a highly tuberculin sensitive donor of an appropriate bloodgroup and by additional vaccination with BCG is described. All patients exhibiting x-ray stage I of the disease were cured without any relapse. The evaluation of these results as being due to our therapy is difficult, because of high frequency of spontaneous healing, however, during our treatment of the patients we never observed a progression of this stage into a more severe one. Of 60 patients exhibiting sarcoidosis of x-ray stage II and III treated by us, 54 were cured within an average time of therapy of 28 months as judged by clinical and x-ray parameters including 8 cases with sarcoidosis stage III, who at the end of the therapy showed only some residual scars, 5 of the 6 patients who did not respond to the therapy, had been unsuccessfully treated with corticosteroids before, or suffered from concomitant disease like extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In contrast to other methods of treating sarcoidosis, during our therapy we did not observe any harmful side effects.", "contents": "Treatment of sarcoidosis by old tuberculin, blood and BCG. I. Results. Treatment of sarcoidosis by subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood of a highly tuberculin sensitive donor of an appropriate bloodgroup and by additional vaccination with BCG is described. All patients exhibiting x-ray stage I of the disease were cured without any relapse. The evaluation of these results as being due to our therapy is difficult, because of high frequency of spontaneous healing, however, during our treatment of the patients we never observed a progression of this stage into a more severe one. Of 60 patients exhibiting sarcoidosis of x-ray stage II and III treated by us, 54 were cured within an average time of therapy of 28 months as judged by clinical and x-ray parameters including 8 cases with sarcoidosis stage III, who at the end of the therapy showed only some residual scars, 5 of the 6 patients who did not respond to the therapy, had been unsuccessfully treated with corticosteroids before, or suffered from concomitant disease like extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In contrast to other methods of treating sarcoidosis, during our therapy we did not observe any harmful side effects.", "PMID": 547522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10596", "title": "Treatment of sarcoidosis by old tuberculin, blood and BCG. II. Case reports.", "content": "The immunological therapy of sarcoidosis is composed of subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood of a highly tuberculin sensitive donor of an appropriate bloodgroup and additional vaccination with BCG. By presenting 3 sarcoidosis patients with typical clinical courses of disorder under our therapy, it is demonstrated that chronic sarcoidosis by this treatment is cured without any relapse, and that an acute sarcoidosis can be shortened in its duration.", "contents": "Treatment of sarcoidosis by old tuberculin, blood and BCG. II. Case reports. The immunological therapy of sarcoidosis is composed of subcutaneous injections of a mixture of old tuberculin and blood of a highly tuberculin sensitive donor of an appropriate bloodgroup and additional vaccination with BCG. By presenting 3 sarcoidosis patients with typical clinical courses of disorder under our therapy, it is demonstrated that chronic sarcoidosis by this treatment is cured without any relapse, and that an acute sarcoidosis can be shortened in its duration.", "PMID": 547523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10597", "title": "[The dynamics of the diseases of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes as seen by fluorography (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluorographic anamnesis of patients with sarcoidosis and lymphogranulomatosis was studied. The fluorograms carried out prior to the discovery of diagnosis of sarcoidosis were found normal in 21 out of 25 cases, they showed signs of pathologic changes in 4 patients. On the other hand, in patients with Hodgkins disease the preliminary fluorogram was normal in 13 cases, abnormal in 13 patients. Differences were found in the form of radiologic picture as well: sarcoidosis caused symmetrical enlargement of the hilar lymph nodes, in lymphogranulomatosis enlargement of the paratracheal ones could be observed.", "contents": "[The dynamics of the diseases of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes as seen by fluorography (author's transl)]. Fluorographic anamnesis of patients with sarcoidosis and lymphogranulomatosis was studied. The fluorograms carried out prior to the discovery of diagnosis of sarcoidosis were found normal in 21 out of 25 cases, they showed signs of pathologic changes in 4 patients. On the other hand, in patients with Hodgkins disease the preliminary fluorogram was normal in 13 cases, abnormal in 13 patients. Differences were found in the form of radiologic picture as well: sarcoidosis caused symmetrical enlargement of the hilar lymph nodes, in lymphogranulomatosis enlargement of the paratracheal ones could be observed.", "PMID": 547524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10598", "title": "[Smoking habits by pupils in a district of village schools (author's transl)].", "content": "An interview with pupils of the classes 8-12 was made in order to find out the frequency, the begin and the motivation of smoking in a rural district. Simultaneously the consumption of cigarettes in relation to the learning-results were examined among smokers and nonsmokers.", "contents": "[Smoking habits by pupils in a district of village schools (author's transl)]. An interview with pupils of the classes 8-12 was made in order to find out the frequency, the begin and the motivation of smoking in a rural district. Simultaneously the consumption of cigarettes in relation to the learning-results were examined among smokers and nonsmokers.", "PMID": 547525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10599", "title": "[Nonsmoking on workingplace--an inquiry of smokers and nonsmokers in the traffic service (author's transl)].", "content": "3000 workers of different age and vocational groups in the plants and institutions of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Railways) were interviewed concerning their attitudes to smoking. The results of this inquiry are summarized in a table and evaluated. It is concluded that in general smokers are not against sensible measures for reducing smoking in public life. As a result a new programme of measures for reducing smoking in the sector of traffic is presented.", "contents": "[Nonsmoking on workingplace--an inquiry of smokers and nonsmokers in the traffic service (author's transl)]. 3000 workers of different age and vocational groups in the plants and institutions of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Railways) were interviewed concerning their attitudes to smoking. The results of this inquiry are summarized in a table and evaluated. It is concluded that in general smokers are not against sensible measures for reducing smoking in public life. As a result a new programme of measures for reducing smoking in the sector of traffic is presented.", "PMID": 547526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10600", "title": "[The frequency of intravital not detected tuberculosis in autopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of 41 576 autopsies in the years from 1962 till 1978 revealed a total amount of 872 cases of active tuberculosis. In this time the percentage of tuberculosis mortality decreased from 3.3% (1962) to 0.9% (1978) of all autopsies. An increase of ante mortem not detected cases of tuberculosis with a high rate of generalised miliar tuberculosis could be demonstrated in our observations. Especially in high age patients exacerbations of tuberculosis should be considered. In diseases with clinical symptoms of the hematopoetic system tuberculosis should be taken into considerations of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[The frequency of intravital not detected tuberculosis in autopsies (author's transl)]. The analysis of 41 576 autopsies in the years from 1962 till 1978 revealed a total amount of 872 cases of active tuberculosis. In this time the percentage of tuberculosis mortality decreased from 3.3% (1962) to 0.9% (1978) of all autopsies. An increase of ante mortem not detected cases of tuberculosis with a high rate of generalised miliar tuberculosis could be demonstrated in our observations. Especially in high age patients exacerbations of tuberculosis should be considered. In diseases with clinical symptoms of the hematopoetic system tuberculosis should be taken into considerations of differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 547527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10601", "title": "[Development of an experimental animal model of aerogenic immunization with bacterial antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "Gnotobiotic piglets once aerogenically vaccinated with a avirulent strain, B10, of live Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E.r.) showed no signs of illness when exposed to 100 LD50 of the highly virulent E.r.-strain FFA two weeks later. Mice vaccinated in the same manner were not fully protected. Various serological assays provided no indication for an actual protection mechanism against the challenge infection. On the other hand preliminary evaluation of the reactivity of lymphoid cells from various organs showed remarkable differences in the response to the vaccinating antigen and to various mitogens between vaccinated and non vaccinated piglets. Developmental phases of the model system and its advantages and disadvantages are presented.", "contents": "[Development of an experimental animal model of aerogenic immunization with bacterial antigens (author's transl)]. Gnotobiotic piglets once aerogenically vaccinated with a avirulent strain, B10, of live Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E.r.) showed no signs of illness when exposed to 100 LD50 of the highly virulent E.r.-strain FFA two weeks later. Mice vaccinated in the same manner were not fully protected. Various serological assays provided no indication for an actual protection mechanism against the challenge infection. On the other hand preliminary evaluation of the reactivity of lymphoid cells from various organs showed remarkable differences in the response to the vaccinating antigen and to various mitogens between vaccinated and non vaccinated piglets. Developmental phases of the model system and its advantages and disadvantages are presented.", "PMID": 547528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10602", "title": "[A new method for the stabilization of cervical spine fractures - calculations of the safety of devices under experimental conditions].", "content": "After a short comparison of the usual methods we present an own development for the stabilisation of cervical spine fractures. Principle and construction were described. The major part of the publication consists of static calculations concerning the stability of construction part and the interaction to the vertebral substance. We took away the mechanical characteristics from a hitherto unpublished advertisement about the load capacity of cervical vertebral bodies. Detailed calculations will be permitted to be claimed by the author.", "contents": "[A new method for the stabilization of cervical spine fractures - calculations of the safety of devices under experimental conditions]. After a short comparison of the usual methods we present an own development for the stabilisation of cervical spine fractures. Principle and construction were described. The major part of the publication consists of static calculations concerning the stability of construction part and the interaction to the vertebral substance. We took away the mechanical characteristics from a hitherto unpublished advertisement about the load capacity of cervical vertebral bodies. Detailed calculations will be permitted to be claimed by the author.", "PMID": 547529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10603", "title": "[Basic studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of fat embolism. I. Fracture mechanism and fat embolism].", "content": "We examined the amount of fat that can be forced into the circulation by compression of femora and of heads of the tibia in the very moment of injury. By fractures of diaphyses no considerable reduction of the intraosseous space was achieved and no fat was expelled through the foramina nutritia before the hard cortical bone was splintered. However, considerable amounts of fat were expelled into veins, when the epiphyses of the femora or when the head of the tibia was compressed from medially and from laterally. Even by a purely manual compression some fat was forced to leave the spongiosa by the foramina nutritia. This is explained by the higher elasticity of the spongious bone, permitting a marked space reduction by compression even before a fracture sets in. The mechanism resembles the procedure of opacification of veins by contrast media, injected into the bone cavity under pressure. The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of clinical fat embolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Basic studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of fat embolism. I. Fracture mechanism and fat embolism]. We examined the amount of fat that can be forced into the circulation by compression of femora and of heads of the tibia in the very moment of injury. By fractures of diaphyses no considerable reduction of the intraosseous space was achieved and no fat was expelled through the foramina nutritia before the hard cortical bone was splintered. However, considerable amounts of fat were expelled into veins, when the epiphyses of the femora or when the head of the tibia was compressed from medially and from laterally. Even by a purely manual compression some fat was forced to leave the spongiosa by the foramina nutritia. This is explained by the higher elasticity of the spongious bone, permitting a marked space reduction by compression even before a fracture sets in. The mechanism resembles the procedure of opacification of veins by contrast media, injected into the bone cavity under pressure. The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of clinical fat embolism is discussed.", "PMID": 547530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10604", "title": "[Chronic osteomylitis in the standard animal model on the tibia head of rabbits].", "content": "The making of a standardized model of a chronic osteomyelitis is represented. The standardized cavity in the tibia head of 7 x 12 x 5 mm is attainable by trepanation. A plastic body was inserted in the cavity. The cavity was inoculated with staphylococcus aureus after 4 weeks. The model is suitable for the assessment of different therapy methods and for the clarification of other questions, because of the control possibility of healing by exact methods.", "contents": "[Chronic osteomylitis in the standard animal model on the tibia head of rabbits]. The making of a standardized model of a chronic osteomyelitis is represented. The standardized cavity in the tibia head of 7 x 12 x 5 mm is attainable by trepanation. A plastic body was inserted in the cavity. The cavity was inoculated with staphylococcus aureus after 4 weeks. The model is suitable for the assessment of different therapy methods and for the clarification of other questions, because of the control possibility of healing by exact methods.", "PMID": 547532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10605", "title": "[Use of the ball-dent method to determine the firmness of cervical vertebra spongiosa].", "content": "The check of mechanical indexes of vertebrae spongiosa is showed on the example of vertebral bodies C3 and C4. We make a new method to a subject for discussion after the statement of foundations for the one-axial resistance attempt. The mechanical indexes of macerate as well as fresh spongiosa is be able to find out with the so-called ball dent method.", "contents": "[Use of the ball-dent method to determine the firmness of cervical vertebra spongiosa]. The check of mechanical indexes of vertebrae spongiosa is showed on the example of vertebral bodies C3 and C4. We make a new method to a subject for discussion after the statement of foundations for the one-axial resistance attempt. The mechanical indexes of macerate as well as fresh spongiosa is be able to find out with the so-called ball dent method.", "PMID": 547533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10606", "title": "[Fluid crystals of cholesterol-a new aid in the study of circulation].", "content": "A measuring method for model investigations is described. It is suitable for the velocity measurement and for evidence of strong local distortions of the velocity profile. The basis for this method are the regularities of the heat transport in streaming fluids. It was tested on silicone tube branches with a straight main branch. Clinically interesting induced flows can be produced if the flow is interrupted in one branch. A limited fluid exchange takes place in the closed branch then. This is important for the diagnostic and the planning of vascular surgery measures.", "contents": "[Fluid crystals of cholesterol-a new aid in the study of circulation]. A measuring method for model investigations is described. It is suitable for the velocity measurement and for evidence of strong local distortions of the velocity profile. The basis for this method are the regularities of the heat transport in streaming fluids. It was tested on silicone tube branches with a straight main branch. Clinically interesting induced flows can be produced if the flow is interrupted in one branch. A limited fluid exchange takes place in the closed branch then. This is important for the diagnostic and the planning of vascular surgery measures.", "PMID": 547534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10607", "title": "[Comparison of the dog's vena jugularis and the human vena saphena magna].", "content": "The present contribution compares the histologic and mechanic qualities of the vena saphena magna in man with the dog's vena jugularis. Both venae have a similar histologic structure and an analogous enzymatic equipment. The dog's vena jugularis has a smaller mechanic resistance, however, it is fast enough to resist the artery pressure. The dog's vena jugularis is therefore suitable for experiments with venae transplants which are reproducible in the clinical application.", "contents": "[Comparison of the dog's vena jugularis and the human vena saphena magna]. The present contribution compares the histologic and mechanic qualities of the vena saphena magna in man with the dog's vena jugularis. Both venae have a similar histologic structure and an analogous enzymatic equipment. The dog's vena jugularis has a smaller mechanic resistance, however, it is fast enough to resist the artery pressure. The dog's vena jugularis is therefore suitable for experiments with venae transplants which are reproducible in the clinical application.", "PMID": 547535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10608", "title": "[Measurements of bone conditions with ultrasound. IV. Changes in 2 indices of bone echograms in models of untreated and of fixed fractures].", "content": "Measurements on the lower leg of a corpse and on fresh human tibiae were carried out in the diaphysis with the ultrasonoscope GA 20 by using a frequency of 1 MHz. The maximum possible transsound distance of the tibia was much smaller hitherto supposed. No alteration of the ultrasound debilitation could be observed in the model test even if a complete severance of the tibia was in hand in case the fracture crack was filled up with fluid. Changes of the transfer speed proved to be extremely small. The measuring methods with 1 MHz in order to check the process of the fracture healing are very problematic.", "contents": "[Measurements of bone conditions with ultrasound. IV. Changes in 2 indices of bone echograms in models of untreated and of fixed fractures]. Measurements on the lower leg of a corpse and on fresh human tibiae were carried out in the diaphysis with the ultrasonoscope GA 20 by using a frequency of 1 MHz. The maximum possible transsound distance of the tibia was much smaller hitherto supposed. No alteration of the ultrasound debilitation could be observed in the model test even if a complete severance of the tibia was in hand in case the fracture crack was filled up with fluid. Changes of the transfer speed proved to be extremely small. The measuring methods with 1 MHz in order to check the process of the fracture healing are very problematic.", "PMID": 547536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10609", "title": "[Oxygen partial pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation and the oxygen content of blood in endotoxic shock].", "content": "Our research showed in the endotoxic shock no fundamental and durable changes with reference to oxygen partial pressure and oxyhemoglobin saturation of the arterial blood within the first two hours. On the other hand the oxygen contents of the arterial blood decreased progressively in connection with the progressive decrease of hemoglobin. In detail the arterial oxygen partial pressure decreased within the first 30 minutes after the endotoxin injection and normalized itself by the sixtieth minute, afterwards it remained stationary. Statistically significant divergences of the oxyhemoglobin saturation were not existing during the whole examination. The oxygen contents of the blood decreased progressively in consequence of lower hemoglobin values.", "contents": "[Oxygen partial pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation and the oxygen content of blood in endotoxic shock]. Our research showed in the endotoxic shock no fundamental and durable changes with reference to oxygen partial pressure and oxyhemoglobin saturation of the arterial blood within the first two hours. On the other hand the oxygen contents of the arterial blood decreased progressively in connection with the progressive decrease of hemoglobin. In detail the arterial oxygen partial pressure decreased within the first 30 minutes after the endotoxin injection and normalized itself by the sixtieth minute, afterwards it remained stationary. Statistically significant divergences of the oxyhemoglobin saturation were not existing during the whole examination. The oxygen contents of the blood decreased progressively in consequence of lower hemoglobin values.", "PMID": 547537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10610", "title": "[Effect of protein-containing cerebrospinal fluid on ventriculo-auricular drainage].", "content": "Elevated protein level in liquor still prohibits ventriculo-auricular drainage methods. Spitz-Holter valves and Pudenz-Heyer valves were therefore tried in model tests using plasma-containing fluids. The quantities of flow depending on time were presented on graphs. A considerably reduced flow through the Spitz-Holter valve was observed after brief perfusion already, with tendency to complete occlusion. Similar results were obtained from trials on the Pudenz-Heyer valve.", "contents": "[Effect of protein-containing cerebrospinal fluid on ventriculo-auricular drainage]. Elevated protein level in liquor still prohibits ventriculo-auricular drainage methods. Spitz-Holter valves and Pudenz-Heyer valves were therefore tried in model tests using plasma-containing fluids. The quantities of flow depending on time were presented on graphs. A considerably reduced flow through the Spitz-Holter valve was observed after brief perfusion already, with tendency to complete occlusion. Similar results were obtained from trials on the Pudenz-Heyer valve.", "PMID": 547538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10611", "title": "[Measurement of polymerization heat of the tissue adhesive Fimomed (alpha-n-butylcyanoacrylate) reduced in the GDR].", "content": "The authors describe a method for measurement of temperature that originates from the polymerisation of the adhesive Fimomed (alpha-n-butylcyanoacrylate). The intravascular application of the adhesive is taken as a basis of the measurement. This kind of application is applied by the authors for the closure of arterio venous fistulae. The measurement of the temperature with this method did not show both in the centre of polymerisation and in the surroundings any doubtful value if not more than 3 ml adhesive was applied. However the measurement of the temperature which originates from the polymerisation is recommended in all cases before any plane sticking is applied.", "contents": "[Measurement of polymerization heat of the tissue adhesive Fimomed (alpha-n-butylcyanoacrylate) reduced in the GDR]. The authors describe a method for measurement of temperature that originates from the polymerisation of the adhesive Fimomed (alpha-n-butylcyanoacrylate). The intravascular application of the adhesive is taken as a basis of the measurement. This kind of application is applied by the authors for the closure of arterio venous fistulae. The measurement of the temperature with this method did not show both in the centre of polymerisation and in the surroundings any doubtful value if not more than 3 ml adhesive was applied. However the measurement of the temperature which originates from the polymerisation is recommended in all cases before any plane sticking is applied.", "PMID": 547539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10612", "title": "[The pre-ejection-period of the human fetal heart: patterns of change during labour and heart-frequency alterations (author's transl)].", "content": "The Pre-ejection period (PEP) of the cardiac cycle, fetal heart rate, and uterine contractions were monitored in a series of 115 unselected fetus sub partu. PEP was detected by a new on-line technique using EKG and DKG. This method permits a continuous registration of PEP patterns simultaneously with the fetal CTG. Any change in PEP was related to fetal status and fetal heart rate patterns. Absolute PEP was prolonged and relative PEP (PEP/cardiac cycle) did not alter during decelerations due to a fetal head compression. The absolute PEP and the relative PEP were prolonged (rarely relative PEP was shortened) during alterations of fetal heart rate patterns based on the alteration in hemodynamics of fetal circulation. A first increase of the PEP was followed by a second increase of the PEP during severe variable decelerations conducting to a secondary chemoreceptor-reflex caused of fetal hypoxemia and acidosis; the duration between the two prolongation peaks of the PEP is directly correlated of fetal blood oxygenation: hypoxemia decreases this duration. These changes are essentially independent of heart rate and therefore PEP can be considered as an independent parameter for fetal assessment.", "contents": "[The pre-ejection-period of the human fetal heart: patterns of change during labour and heart-frequency alterations (author's transl)]. The Pre-ejection period (PEP) of the cardiac cycle, fetal heart rate, and uterine contractions were monitored in a series of 115 unselected fetus sub partu. PEP was detected by a new on-line technique using EKG and DKG. This method permits a continuous registration of PEP patterns simultaneously with the fetal CTG. Any change in PEP was related to fetal status and fetal heart rate patterns. Absolute PEP was prolonged and relative PEP (PEP/cardiac cycle) did not alter during decelerations due to a fetal head compression. The absolute PEP and the relative PEP were prolonged (rarely relative PEP was shortened) during alterations of fetal heart rate patterns based on the alteration in hemodynamics of fetal circulation. A first increase of the PEP was followed by a second increase of the PEP during severe variable decelerations conducting to a secondary chemoreceptor-reflex caused of fetal hypoxemia and acidosis; the duration between the two prolongation peaks of the PEP is directly correlated of fetal blood oxygenation: hypoxemia decreases this duration. These changes are essentially independent of heart rate and therefore PEP can be considered as an independent parameter for fetal assessment.", "PMID": 547541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10613", "title": "[Comparative study of pre-ejection period and trans-cutaneously measured pO2 sub partu (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcutaneously measured pO2 (tc pO2), Pre-ejection-period (PEP) fetal heart rate (FHR) and intrauterine pressure were registered simultaneously in 5 cases of fetuses having umbilical cord complications. In addition a punctual measurement of acid-base-status was performed during intra partal registration and after delivery. In each fetus there is a relative correlation of basic PEP and basic tc pO2. An almost parallel pattern of PEP and tc pO2 occurred during uterine contractions, while both parameters are strictly correlated. There is always a prolongation of the PEP and a rise in tc pO2 of the fetal scalp during deceleration and uterine contractions. PEP changes due to a decrease of preload and increase of afterload of the fetal heart, the relative better oxygenation of the fetal scalp during uterine contractions and decelerations due to a redistribution of circulating blood volume caused by a selective peripheral vasoconstriction.", "contents": "[Comparative study of pre-ejection period and trans-cutaneously measured pO2 sub partu (author's transl)]. Transcutaneously measured pO2 (tc pO2), Pre-ejection-period (PEP) fetal heart rate (FHR) and intrauterine pressure were registered simultaneously in 5 cases of fetuses having umbilical cord complications. In addition a punctual measurement of acid-base-status was performed during intra partal registration and after delivery. In each fetus there is a relative correlation of basic PEP and basic tc pO2. An almost parallel pattern of PEP and tc pO2 occurred during uterine contractions, while both parameters are strictly correlated. There is always a prolongation of the PEP and a rise in tc pO2 of the fetal scalp during deceleration and uterine contractions. PEP changes due to a decrease of preload and increase of afterload of the fetal heart, the relative better oxygenation of the fetal scalp during uterine contractions and decelerations due to a redistribution of circulating blood volume caused by a selective peripheral vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 547542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10614", "title": "[Adrenalin and cardiac output in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The heart rate performance, cardiac output and catecholamine excretion were observed at rest in the ergometer test (40 min at 50 watts) in a group of 8 pregnant women whose case history and clinical record did not reveal any abnormal findings, during the course of pregnancy (20th, 28th and 36th weeks of pregnancy) as well as 2 and 12 weeks post partum. It was found that the cardiac output increased, dependent upon the heart rate, the stroke volume remaining approximately constant (max. + 60%) during pregnancy, compared with the controls post partum. There is a close linear correlation (r = 0.983) between the measured heart rates and the corresponding excretion of epinephrine (adrenalin) with the urine at rest and under load. It may be assumed that there is a causative link between the increase in secretion of catecholamine by the mother and the well-known change in cardiac output during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Adrenalin and cardiac output in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The heart rate performance, cardiac output and catecholamine excretion were observed at rest in the ergometer test (40 min at 50 watts) in a group of 8 pregnant women whose case history and clinical record did not reveal any abnormal findings, during the course of pregnancy (20th, 28th and 36th weeks of pregnancy) as well as 2 and 12 weeks post partum. It was found that the cardiac output increased, dependent upon the heart rate, the stroke volume remaining approximately constant (max. + 60%) during pregnancy, compared with the controls post partum. There is a close linear correlation (r = 0.983) between the measured heart rates and the corresponding excretion of epinephrine (adrenalin) with the urine at rest and under load. It may be assumed that there is a causative link between the increase in secretion of catecholamine by the mother and the well-known change in cardiac output during pregnancy.", "PMID": 547543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10615", "title": "The effect of locally administered estrogens on the human cervix.", "content": "A randomized study to evaluate the effect of natural estrogens on the unripe uterine term cervix was conducted. One hundred and five term gravidas were studied, of whom 70 were treated with 180 mg 17 beta-estradiol or 250 mg estriol (treated women) and 35 were treated with gel only (control group). In all subjects the distented Foley catheter used for the instillation was left in situ. Twelve hours after the instillation there was no apparent difference in mean cervical progress between treated women and controls and the rather unexpected degree of cervical ripening is atributed to the intra-uterine balloon catheter. The procedure could not be shown to have any untoward effect on the mother or the fetus.", "contents": "The effect of locally administered estrogens on the human cervix. A randomized study to evaluate the effect of natural estrogens on the unripe uterine term cervix was conducted. One hundred and five term gravidas were studied, of whom 70 were treated with 180 mg 17 beta-estradiol or 250 mg estriol (treated women) and 35 were treated with gel only (control group). In all subjects the distented Foley catheter used for the instillation was left in situ. Twelve hours after the instillation there was no apparent difference in mean cervical progress between treated women and controls and the rather unexpected degree of cervical ripening is atributed to the intra-uterine balloon catheter. The procedure could not be shown to have any untoward effect on the mother or the fetus.", "PMID": 547544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10616", "title": "[Adenoma of the nipples].", "content": "The adenoma of the nipple (syn.: erosive adenomatosis, papillary adenoma, florid papillomatosis) is a benign tumour of the major nipple ducts and presents chiefly as an eroded oozing and crusted lesion with serous or sanguineous discharge of the nipple or as an indurated nodule. The lesion can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease of the nipple. The correct diagnosis, however, can easily be established by an incisional biopsy. Pathohistologically, the tumour displays adenomatous and papillomatous proliferation of the milk sinus epithelium. An outer myoepithelial and inner columnar epithelium layer can mostly be distinguished. Atypical cellular features are lacking. Keratin cysts near the mostly eroded epidermal surface are are additional characteristic signs. The resection of the nipple is the therapy of choice. The adenoma of the nipple is no precancerous condition. A typical case of adenoma of the nipple from a 54 year old woman is presented.", "contents": "[Adenoma of the nipples]. The adenoma of the nipple (syn.: erosive adenomatosis, papillary adenoma, florid papillomatosis) is a benign tumour of the major nipple ducts and presents chiefly as an eroded oozing and crusted lesion with serous or sanguineous discharge of the nipple or as an indurated nodule. The lesion can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease of the nipple. The correct diagnosis, however, can easily be established by an incisional biopsy. Pathohistologically, the tumour displays adenomatous and papillomatous proliferation of the milk sinus epithelium. An outer myoepithelial and inner columnar epithelium layer can mostly be distinguished. Atypical cellular features are lacking. Keratin cysts near the mostly eroded epidermal surface are are additional characteristic signs. The resection of the nipple is the therapy of choice. The adenoma of the nipple is no precancerous condition. A typical case of adenoma of the nipple from a 54 year old woman is presented.", "PMID": 547546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10617", "title": "[Innervation of the small intestinal mucosa of laboratory animals. II. Ultrastructure of neuro-cellular connections].", "content": "In addition to our light microscopic contribution (Stach, Hung 1978) giving an insight into the density, architecture, histochemical variety and relations between plexus mucosus and Lieberk\u00fchn's glands the herewith presented electron microscopic results reveal mainly neuro-cellular relations from the lamina propria. This means that the plexus mucosus has mainly the function to innervate blood vessels and lymphatics as well as smooth muscle cells and connective tissue cells (mast cells, histiocytes, plasma cells) of the small intestine mucosa.", "contents": "[Innervation of the small intestinal mucosa of laboratory animals. II. Ultrastructure of neuro-cellular connections]. In addition to our light microscopic contribution (Stach, Hung 1978) giving an insight into the density, architecture, histochemical variety and relations between plexus mucosus and Lieberk\u00fchn's glands the herewith presented electron microscopic results reveal mainly neuro-cellular relations from the lamina propria. This means that the plexus mucosus has mainly the function to innervate blood vessels and lymphatics as well as smooth muscle cells and connective tissue cells (mast cells, histiocytes, plasma cells) of the small intestine mucosa.", "PMID": 547556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10618", "title": "[Behavior of the superior cervical ganglion after total isolation of its contralateral homologue].", "content": "When the superior cervical ganglion of one side isolated from its neuronal and vascular connexions is held in situ, the contro-lateral one shows early modifications which are maximal at 15th day. Recuperation of the initial structure is definitively obtained during the 2nd month. Hypotheses are suggested to explain this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Behavior of the superior cervical ganglion after total isolation of its contralateral homologue]. When the superior cervical ganglion of one side isolated from its neuronal and vascular connexions is held in situ, the contro-lateral one shows early modifications which are maximal at 15th day. Recuperation of the initial structure is definitively obtained during the 2nd month. Hypotheses are suggested to explain this phenomenon.", "PMID": 547557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10619", "title": "Nerve endings in the heart of teleosts.", "content": "The nerve endings in the heart of fishes were studied using silver impregnation techniques. The heart chambers are profusely innervated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic (vagal) and postganglionic fibers of the intracardiac ganglia situated at the sinuatrial and the atrioventricular junctions. The plexuses are composed of medullated and nonmedullated fibers. The nerve fibers generally end freely and are slightly branched or unbranched terminations of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Moreover, a few nerve fibers end redundant in the form of end-rings, bulb-like, bush-like, club-shaped end end-coil like structures. The complex unencapsulated types of endings are also found in the myocardium of the atrium and the ventricle. The encapsulated endings (Vater-Pacinian; Krause end-bulb) could not be observed.", "contents": "Nerve endings in the heart of teleosts. The nerve endings in the heart of fishes were studied using silver impregnation techniques. The heart chambers are profusely innervated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic (vagal) and postganglionic fibers of the intracardiac ganglia situated at the sinuatrial and the atrioventricular junctions. The plexuses are composed of medullated and nonmedullated fibers. The nerve fibers generally end freely and are slightly branched or unbranched terminations of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Moreover, a few nerve fibers end redundant in the form of end-rings, bulb-like, bush-like, club-shaped end end-coil like structures. The complex unencapsulated types of endings are also found in the myocardium of the atrium and the ventricle. The encapsulated endings (Vater-Pacinian; Krause end-bulb) could not be observed.", "PMID": 547558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10620", "title": "[Secretory phenomena at the ependyma of the sulcus hypothalamicus Monroi of the fetal rat. A histochemical and electron microscopic study].", "content": "In a localized area above the sulcus hypothalamicus Monroi ventriculi tertii of the rat ependymal structures are observed, which only occur between the 18th and 20th day of gestation. They were investigated with the aid of lightmicroscopic, ultrastructural and histochemical technics. The surface of the ventricular wall is rendered irregular by protrusions and deposits. Neurosecretory stains and histochemical examination give no positive results. Apical parts of the ependymal cells are fingershaped, dome-like and of spheric appearance. The equipment of the protrusions with organels is variable. Some of them contain a fine granular ground plasma, polyribosomes and occasional profiles of the endoplasmatic reticulum. Others are impacted with optic empty or substantial vacuols. Vacuols merging in the cellular membrane evacuate their content into the ventricular space. Multivesicular bodys engorged with vesicles are together with those, which lie empty in the ventricular cavity. Empty, buddle like and frequently folded membrane protrusions suggest that cellular content has been delivered into the ventricle.", "contents": "[Secretory phenomena at the ependyma of the sulcus hypothalamicus Monroi of the fetal rat. A histochemical and electron microscopic study]. In a localized area above the sulcus hypothalamicus Monroi ventriculi tertii of the rat ependymal structures are observed, which only occur between the 18th and 20th day of gestation. They were investigated with the aid of lightmicroscopic, ultrastructural and histochemical technics. The surface of the ventricular wall is rendered irregular by protrusions and deposits. Neurosecretory stains and histochemical examination give no positive results. Apical parts of the ependymal cells are fingershaped, dome-like and of spheric appearance. The equipment of the protrusions with organels is variable. Some of them contain a fine granular ground plasma, polyribosomes and occasional profiles of the endoplasmatic reticulum. Others are impacted with optic empty or substantial vacuols. Vacuols merging in the cellular membrane evacuate their content into the ventricular space. Multivesicular bodys engorged with vesicles are together with those, which lie empty in the ventricular cavity. Empty, buddle like and frequently folded membrane protrusions suggest that cellular content has been delivered into the ventricle.", "PMID": 547559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10621", "title": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in Indian fresh-water goby, Glossogobius giuris (Ham.).", "content": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurosecretory system in Indian fresh-water goby, Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) has been described. The tractus preoptico-hypophyseus serves the function of a morphological and physiological connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In addition to main mass of the nucleus preopticus cells (cystine/cysteine bearing), a group of few cells in the hypothalamus has also been observed. These cells are situated posterior to the position of the nucleus preopricus and are CH Ph + ve and AF + ve. The neurosecretory material in the cells of nucleus preopticus is in the form of fine granules. The nucleus lateralis tuberis is absent in the fish under study. The disposition of neurosecretory material is heaviest along the fibres of the neurohypophysis in the region of pars intermedia with which it forms a profuse interdigitation. The fibres usually terminate over the blood vessels. The Herring bodies are noticeable at different levels in the neurohypophysis and pars-distalis. Besides the neurosecretory fibres, Herring bodies, non-stainableneurosecretory fibres and blood vessels, the pituicytes are also present in the neurohypophysis (SAKSENA 1974a, b). The intraaxonal flow of neurosecretory material, the vascularization of the nucleus preopticus and hypothalamo-hypophysial regulatory mechanism have been also discussed.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in Indian fresh-water goby, Glossogobius giuris (Ham.). The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurosecretory system in Indian fresh-water goby, Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) has been described. The tractus preoptico-hypophyseus serves the function of a morphological and physiological connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In addition to main mass of the nucleus preopticus cells (cystine/cysteine bearing), a group of few cells in the hypothalamus has also been observed. These cells are situated posterior to the position of the nucleus preopricus and are CH Ph + ve and AF + ve. The neurosecretory material in the cells of nucleus preopticus is in the form of fine granules. The nucleus lateralis tuberis is absent in the fish under study. The disposition of neurosecretory material is heaviest along the fibres of the neurohypophysis in the region of pars intermedia with which it forms a profuse interdigitation. The fibres usually terminate over the blood vessels. The Herring bodies are noticeable at different levels in the neurohypophysis and pars-distalis. Besides the neurosecretory fibres, Herring bodies, non-stainableneurosecretory fibres and blood vessels, the pituicytes are also present in the neurohypophysis (SAKSENA 1974a, b). The intraaxonal flow of neurosecretory material, the vascularization of the nucleus preopticus and hypothalamo-hypophysial regulatory mechanism have been also discussed.", "PMID": 547560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10622", "title": "Types of neural cells in the spinal ganglia of human embryos and early fetuses.", "content": "Spinal ganglial of human embryos and fetuses ranging in C.-R. length from 15 to 74 mm and in age from 6 1/2 to 11 postovulatory weeks were studied by light and electron microscopy. A sequence of events in differentiation and maturation enabled five types of cells to be distinguished: 1. apolar, undifferentiated neuroblasts are the main cells at 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 weeks; 2. early bipolar neuroblasts (strictly speaking, types 2 to 5 are immature neurons) predominate at the end of the embryonic period proper (8 postovulatory weeks); 3. intermediate bipolar neuroblasts are characteristic of the early fetal period; 4. late bipolar neuroblasts, in which two proceses arise separately from one pole of the cell, appear at about 10 postovulatory weeks; 5. unipolar neuroblasts are found within another week and, by that time, cells of types 1 and 2 are no longer present.", "contents": "Types of neural cells in the spinal ganglia of human embryos and early fetuses. Spinal ganglial of human embryos and fetuses ranging in C.-R. length from 15 to 74 mm and in age from 6 1/2 to 11 postovulatory weeks were studied by light and electron microscopy. A sequence of events in differentiation and maturation enabled five types of cells to be distinguished: 1. apolar, undifferentiated neuroblasts are the main cells at 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 weeks; 2. early bipolar neuroblasts (strictly speaking, types 2 to 5 are immature neurons) predominate at the end of the embryonic period proper (8 postovulatory weeks); 3. intermediate bipolar neuroblasts are characteristic of the early fetal period; 4. late bipolar neuroblasts, in which two proceses arise separately from one pole of the cell, appear at about 10 postovulatory weeks; 5. unipolar neuroblasts are found within another week and, by that time, cells of types 1 and 2 are no longer present.", "PMID": 547561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10623", "title": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of acute kidney failure].", "content": "It is reported on haemodialyses which were carried out in the period from 1959--1978 in 157 patients with acute renal failure. Here in 25 cases developed exogenic intoxications. The surgically conditioned cases of acute renal failure were subdivided into 7 groups according to the basic diseases. The lethality of about 47% significantly differs in the individual surgical noxes from the data of literature. It is dealth with the general principles of treatment in these acute pictures of disease, which 1. consist in a basic treatment--maintenance of vital functions--and 2. in an elimination of the damaging noxe--elimination of the exogenic poison and removal of the surgical basic diseases and tiding over of the temporary deficiency of the renal function. Of the deceased patients about 16% came ad exitum in uraemia. The others died of the basic disease which could not be controlled. Thus the prognosis depends on the prognosis of the basic disease. In the intoxications the prognosis mainly depends on the dialysability and the quantity of the poison as well as on the time interval between intake of poison and beginning of the treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of acute kidney failure]. It is reported on haemodialyses which were carried out in the period from 1959--1978 in 157 patients with acute renal failure. Here in 25 cases developed exogenic intoxications. The surgically conditioned cases of acute renal failure were subdivided into 7 groups according to the basic diseases. The lethality of about 47% significantly differs in the individual surgical noxes from the data of literature. It is dealth with the general principles of treatment in these acute pictures of disease, which 1. consist in a basic treatment--maintenance of vital functions--and 2. in an elimination of the damaging noxe--elimination of the exogenic poison and removal of the surgical basic diseases and tiding over of the temporary deficiency of the renal function. Of the deceased patients about 16% came ad exitum in uraemia. The others died of the basic disease which could not be controlled. Thus the prognosis depends on the prognosis of the basic disease. In the intoxications the prognosis mainly depends on the dialysability and the quantity of the poison as well as on the time interval between intake of poison and beginning of the treatment.", "PMID": 547575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10624", "title": "[Vascular connections for hemodialysis with reference to thromboses and infections].", "content": "A survey of the at present possible vascular accesses and their valency for acute and chronic haemodialyses depending on age and body weight is followed by a comparison of the two most essential possibilities of access Scribner-shunt and fistula Brescia-Cimino. Thei main complications thombosis and infection are discussed and therapeutic directives are shown.", "contents": "[Vascular connections for hemodialysis with reference to thromboses and infections]. A survey of the at present possible vascular accesses and their valency for acute and chronic haemodialyses depending on age and body weight is followed by a comparison of the two most essential possibilities of access Scribner-shunt and fistula Brescia-Cimino. Thei main complications thombosis and infection are discussed and therapeutic directives are shown.", "PMID": 547576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10625", "title": "[Melanocytoblastoma in urology].", "content": "On the basis of special literature presence and frequency of autochthonic melanomas in the uro-region are described. It is referred to 1 own case. The sequels of metastasizing are given in the chapter \"secondary localisation\" with the comprehensive reason for the decision, again to remove again an already functioning renal graft, when it becomes known, that a metastasising melanocytoma was present in the donor of the organ.", "contents": "[Melanocytoblastoma in urology]. On the basis of special literature presence and frequency of autochthonic melanomas in the uro-region are described. It is referred to 1 own case. The sequels of metastasizing are given in the chapter \"secondary localisation\" with the comprehensive reason for the decision, again to remove again an already functioning renal graft, when it becomes known, that a metastasising melanocytoma was present in the donor of the organ.", "PMID": 547577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10626", "title": "[The septic kidney].", "content": "After the definition of the notion of septic kidney with the help of a 10-year-survey cause, therapy and results of our clinical material are analysed. The obstructive urolithiasis is found to be the main cause of the development of septic picture of the disease. The nephrostomy is in suitable cases the operative therapy of choice. The relatively good results of the treatment are to be traced back to a close interdisciplinary cooperation of operative urology, intensive therapy and use of haemodialysis.", "contents": "[The septic kidney]. After the definition of the notion of septic kidney with the help of a 10-year-survey cause, therapy and results of our clinical material are analysed. The obstructive urolithiasis is found to be the main cause of the development of septic picture of the disease. The nephrostomy is in suitable cases the operative therapy of choice. The relatively good results of the treatment are to be traced back to a close interdisciplinary cooperation of operative urology, intensive therapy and use of haemodialysis.", "PMID": 547578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10627", "title": "[Late results after organ preserving intervention in urosepsis].", "content": "Nephrostomy in patients suffering on pyonephrosis and urosepsis is investigated. Good results in long term follow up seem to recommend this intervention as an alternative procedure to a primary nephrectomy.", "contents": "[Late results after organ preserving intervention in urosepsis]. Nephrostomy in patients suffering on pyonephrosis and urosepsis is investigated. Good results in long term follow up seem to recommend this intervention as an alternative procedure to a primary nephrectomy.", "PMID": 547579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10628", "title": "The influence of prey experience on movement pattern preference in Salamandra salamandra (L.).", "content": "Groups of juvenile Salamandra salamandra were raised selectively with different types of prey. The influence of these conditions on the movement pattern preference was studied during the first six months after metamorphosis. Responses to a black horizontal bar moving continuously or stepwise at step frequencies between 0.25 and 8 steps/s were tested. The differently raised groups showed significant differences in their respective preference for stimulus movement patterns which corresponded with the movement pattern of their food. At the same time, superimposed upon this learning process, a general increase in the relative efficiency of continuous stimulus movement with regard to stepwise stimulus movement could be observed.", "contents": "The influence of prey experience on movement pattern preference in Salamandra salamandra (L.). Groups of juvenile Salamandra salamandra were raised selectively with different types of prey. The influence of these conditions on the movement pattern preference was studied during the first six months after metamorphosis. Responses to a black horizontal bar moving continuously or stepwise at step frequencies between 0.25 and 8 steps/s were tested. The differently raised groups showed significant differences in their respective preference for stimulus movement patterns which corresponded with the movement pattern of their food. At the same time, superimposed upon this learning process, a general increase in the relative efficiency of continuous stimulus movement with regard to stepwise stimulus movement could be observed.", "PMID": 547581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10629", "title": "[The effect of the distribution of practice on the learning and forgetting in Carassius auratus auratus Linn\u00e9].", "content": "The significance of massed and distributed practice in discrimination learning to criterion by goldfish was studied. All animals were trained to discriminate between 6 horizontal black and white stripes (positive stimulus) and 2 vertical black and white stripes (negative stimulus). 5 groups of animals, 12 Ss each, got different training programs. Groups varied in number of trials per day (30, 10, 5 successive trials) and in distribution of trials over the day (30 trials given in blocks of 5 with ITI of 1 h or 5 trials, each spaced by an ITI of 1 h). In general animals with a small number of massed trials/day were superior in early acquisition period. When trials/day were spaced the method proved to be more efficient. The training method showed no effect concerning retention.", "contents": "[The effect of the distribution of practice on the learning and forgetting in Carassius auratus auratus Linn\u00e9]. The significance of massed and distributed practice in discrimination learning to criterion by goldfish was studied. All animals were trained to discriminate between 6 horizontal black and white stripes (positive stimulus) and 2 vertical black and white stripes (negative stimulus). 5 groups of animals, 12 Ss each, got different training programs. Groups varied in number of trials per day (30, 10, 5 successive trials) and in distribution of trials over the day (30 trials given in blocks of 5 with ITI of 1 h or 5 trials, each spaced by an ITI of 1 h). In general animals with a small number of massed trials/day were superior in early acquisition period. When trials/day were spaced the method proved to be more efficient. The training method showed no effect concerning retention.", "PMID": 547582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10630", "title": "Aspects of species recognition by sound in four species of damselfishes, genus Eupomacentrus (Pisces: Pomacentridae).", "content": "Members of four sympatric species of Eupomacentrus carry out reproductive activities at the same time of the year and produce similar pulsed courtship sounds. Such sounds are known to facilitate courtship among conspecifics. Consequently, members of the four species in the field and in the laboratory were tested with the various sounds to determine if they could distinguish their own species sounds from those produced by congeners. The differential responses clearly demonstrate species specific recognition by sound and indicate that the pulse interval and the number of pulses per sound are the important parameters for this recognition.", "contents": "Aspects of species recognition by sound in four species of damselfishes, genus Eupomacentrus (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Members of four sympatric species of Eupomacentrus carry out reproductive activities at the same time of the year and produce similar pulsed courtship sounds. Such sounds are known to facilitate courtship among conspecifics. Consequently, members of the four species in the field and in the laboratory were tested with the various sounds to determine if they could distinguish their own species sounds from those produced by congeners. The differential responses clearly demonstrate species specific recognition by sound and indicate that the pulse interval and the number of pulses per sound are the important parameters for this recognition.", "PMID": 547583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10631", "title": "Impaired homing ability in anosmatic pigeons.", "content": "In an attempt to explain apparent differences in the pigeon homing behaviour over different regions, some experiments with anosmatic birds have been repeated on German birds. The poor initial orientation in either controls or experimentals in many single experiments and in pooled data was an insufficient basis for the evaluation of the influence of olfactory deprivation on homeward directedness. Homing success, however, was significantly worse in experimentals than in controls, which confirmed the result of impaired homing ability of anosmatic pigeons.", "contents": "Impaired homing ability in anosmatic pigeons. In an attempt to explain apparent differences in the pigeon homing behaviour over different regions, some experiments with anosmatic birds have been repeated on German birds. The poor initial orientation in either controls or experimentals in many single experiments and in pooled data was an insufficient basis for the evaluation of the influence of olfactory deprivation on homeward directedness. Homing success, however, was significantly worse in experimentals than in controls, which confirmed the result of impaired homing ability of anosmatic pigeons.", "PMID": 547584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10632", "title": "[Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children; classification (author's transl)].", "content": "Late results after supracondylar fractures of the humerus in childhood were examined in 78 patients. Felsenreich's graduation was used. In cases of type III the late results are better than in type II, consequently this classification does not permit the various degrees of the injury to be differentiated.", "contents": "[Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children; classification (author's transl)]. Late results after supracondylar fractures of the humerus in childhood were examined in 78 patients. Felsenreich's graduation was used. In cases of type III the late results are better than in type II, consequently this classification does not permit the various degrees of the injury to be differentiated.", "PMID": 547585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10633", "title": "[Tibial fractures in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In a collective study of 22 surgical clinics 1235 closed diaphyseal tibial fractures in children from 0 to 14 years were analysed. The incidence of this type of fracture in relation to all fractures in childhood, was 6.2%. In pre-school children isolated tibial fractures and incomplete fractures predominated, while in children from 6 to 14 years tibial plus fibular fractures as well as displaced fractures occurred more frequently. Closed reduction and plaster cast were used as standard treatment. Traction was used only exceptionally. In only 3.0% osteosynthesis was performed under the following indications: irreducible fracture, multiple fractures, concomitant chest or abdominal injury, polytrauma.", "contents": "[Tibial fractures in children (author's transl)]. In a collective study of 22 surgical clinics 1235 closed diaphyseal tibial fractures in children from 0 to 14 years were analysed. The incidence of this type of fracture in relation to all fractures in childhood, was 6.2%. In pre-school children isolated tibial fractures and incomplete fractures predominated, while in children from 6 to 14 years tibial plus fibular fractures as well as displaced fractures occurred more frequently. Closed reduction and plaster cast were used as standard treatment. Traction was used only exceptionally. In only 3.0% osteosynthesis was performed under the following indications: irreducible fracture, multiple fractures, concomitant chest or abdominal injury, polytrauma.", "PMID": 547586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10634", "title": "[Innervation disorders following supracondylar fractures in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 135 cases of supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children, disorders of the innervation of the peripheral brachial nerves could be observed in 10 cases. Early and careful reposition of the fragments is most important for early restitution of function and sensibility.", "contents": "[Innervation disorders following supracondylar fractures in children (author's transl)]. In 135 cases of supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children, disorders of the innervation of the peripheral brachial nerves could be observed in 10 cases. Early and careful reposition of the fragments is most important for early restitution of function and sensibility.", "PMID": 547587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10635", "title": "[Pathomorphology and therapy of bile duct hypoplasia and -atresia: - lymphodigestive bile drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia Kasai's hepatic-porto-enterostomy brought an important improvement. A bile drainage from the liver into the bowel can be achieved in about 40% of the children suffering from extrahepatic bile duct atresia. Long-term results are nevertheless disappointing because cholangitis and the progression of fibrosis and the original disease aggravate the final results. Supported by the results of animal experiments and clinical findings we studied the possibility of bile drainage together with the hepatic lymph into the bowel. In the animal experiments we succeeded in developing a successful method. The method of operation is described and reasons are mentioned. The first clinical results achieved with a small number of patients are reported and some open questions are put up for discussion.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology and therapy of bile duct hypoplasia and -atresia: - lymphodigestive bile drainage (author's transl)]. In the treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia Kasai's hepatic-porto-enterostomy brought an important improvement. A bile drainage from the liver into the bowel can be achieved in about 40% of the children suffering from extrahepatic bile duct atresia. Long-term results are nevertheless disappointing because cholangitis and the progression of fibrosis and the original disease aggravate the final results. Supported by the results of animal experiments and clinical findings we studied the possibility of bile drainage together with the hepatic lymph into the bowel. In the animal experiments we succeeded in developing a successful method. The method of operation is described and reasons are mentioned. The first clinical results achieved with a small number of patients are reported and some open questions are put up for discussion.", "PMID": 547588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10636", "title": "Free autogenous muscle transplantation in 5 children with urinary incontinence.", "content": "Five children with urinary incontinence were operated with a new method involving free autogenous muscle transplantation. Before transplantation a skeletal muscle (extensor brevis of the foot) is denervated and, 2 weeks later, it is transplanted and placed as a U-sling around the urethra in close contact with normally innervated muscles, which act as reinnervation sources. All patients showed improvement of continence and increasing bladder capacity from about 2 months after transplantation. Postoperative cine-micturition studies clearly demonstrated the functional properties of the transplanted muscle and estimation of urinary flow rate showed no signs of infravesical obstruction.", "contents": "Free autogenous muscle transplantation in 5 children with urinary incontinence. Five children with urinary incontinence were operated with a new method involving free autogenous muscle transplantation. Before transplantation a skeletal muscle (extensor brevis of the foot) is denervated and, 2 weeks later, it is transplanted and placed as a U-sling around the urethra in close contact with normally innervated muscles, which act as reinnervation sources. All patients showed improvement of continence and increasing bladder capacity from about 2 months after transplantation. Postoperative cine-micturition studies clearly demonstrated the functional properties of the transplanted muscle and estimation of urinary flow rate showed no signs of infravesical obstruction.", "PMID": 547589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10637", "title": "[Late results of ureterosigmoidostomy in treating extrophy of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "26 children with extrophy of the bladder were treated surgically during a period of 23 years. In all cases a ureterosigmoidostomy was performed with a follow up of 1-22 years in 15 of 26 cases. In 9 children the clinical, radiological, and biochemical findings were good in 4 satisfying and 2 bad due to hydronephrosis and electrolyte disturbances. The authors recommend direct implantation of the ureters into the rectosigmoid, according to the technique of Goodwin. This approach is simple from a technical point of view and the immediate and late complications are less frequent than with other methods.", "contents": "[Late results of ureterosigmoidostomy in treating extrophy of the bladder (author's transl)]. 26 children with extrophy of the bladder were treated surgically during a period of 23 years. In all cases a ureterosigmoidostomy was performed with a follow up of 1-22 years in 15 of 26 cases. In 9 children the clinical, radiological, and biochemical findings were good in 4 satisfying and 2 bad due to hydronephrosis and electrolyte disturbances. The authors recommend direct implantation of the ureters into the rectosigmoid, according to the technique of Goodwin. This approach is simple from a technical point of view and the immediate and late complications are less frequent than with other methods.", "PMID": 547590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10638", "title": "[Absorption of amino acids in patients after partial gastrectomy (B II) and truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty or antrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "After surgery for gastric or duodenal ulcer the resorption of amino acids is changed due to alteration of morphology and function of stomach, bile system, pancreas and small bowel. We used the stable isotope labelled amino acid 15N-glycine in patients after partial gastrectomy (B II), truncal vagotomy with pylorplasty as well as antrectomy and in healthy persons. It could be shown that in contrast to the control group the absorption of the amino acid in the surgical group took place more rapid and more intensive.", "contents": "[Absorption of amino acids in patients after partial gastrectomy (B II) and truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty or antrectomy (author's transl)]. After surgery for gastric or duodenal ulcer the resorption of amino acids is changed due to alteration of morphology and function of stomach, bile system, pancreas and small bowel. We used the stable isotope labelled amino acid 15N-glycine in patients after partial gastrectomy (B II), truncal vagotomy with pylorplasty as well as antrectomy and in healthy persons. It could be shown that in contrast to the control group the absorption of the amino acid in the surgical group took place more rapid and more intensive.", "PMID": 547591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10639", "title": "[Surgery in old age; preoperative internal measures (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey deals with the 5 most important internal problems of old aged people undergoing surgery: chronic emphysematous bronchitis, geriatric heart, Diabetes mellitus, bleeding tendency during operation and venous thromboembolism.", "contents": "[Surgery in old age; preoperative internal measures (author's transl)]. This survey deals with the 5 most important internal problems of old aged people undergoing surgery: chronic emphysematous bronchitis, geriatric heart, Diabetes mellitus, bleeding tendency during operation and venous thromboembolism.", "PMID": 547592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10640", "title": "[Operative risk in very old patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients more than 75 years of age will tolerate surgery with good results under the following conditions: 1) Metabolic deficiencies have to be compensated prior to surgery - 2) Preoperative preparatory treatment should be completed at least 3 days before surgery - 3) After surgery has been performed acid-base balance, haemoglobin, protein metabolism and renal function should be watched strictly - 4) Ambulation of the patient and social care should start on the very first day after surgery.", "contents": "[Operative risk in very old patients (author's transl)]. Patients more than 75 years of age will tolerate surgery with good results under the following conditions: 1) Metabolic deficiencies have to be compensated prior to surgery - 2) Preoperative preparatory treatment should be completed at least 3 days before surgery - 3) After surgery has been performed acid-base balance, haemoglobin, protein metabolism and renal function should be watched strictly - 4) Ambulation of the patient and social care should start on the very first day after surgery.", "PMID": 547593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10641", "title": "[Geriatric surgery of the upper GI-tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract in elderly patients achieved at the Department of Surgery of the University of Mainz are represented. New pathophysiological concepts in peptic ulcer surgery, improved preoperative procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in diseases of the biliary tree are important contributions to the indications and operative tactics. The rules of cancer surgery are also true in geriatric surgery. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures should be restricted according to the particular limits set up by age.", "contents": "[Geriatric surgery of the upper GI-tract (author's transl)]. The results of surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract in elderly patients achieved at the Department of Surgery of the University of Mainz are represented. New pathophysiological concepts in peptic ulcer surgery, improved preoperative procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in diseases of the biliary tree are important contributions to the indications and operative tactics. The rules of cancer surgery are also true in geriatric surgery. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures should be restricted according to the particular limits set up by age.", "PMID": 547594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10642", "title": "[Fractures of the femoral neck in old aged people (author's transl)].", "content": "Old aged people are more prone to accidents. This morbidity is caused by senile osteoporosis, preexisting diseases and other factors traumata. In most cases therapeutical problems of femoral neck fractures do not arise from surgery, but from general postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Fractures of the femoral neck in old aged people (author's transl)]. Old aged people are more prone to accidents. This morbidity is caused by senile osteoporosis, preexisting diseases and other factors traumata. In most cases therapeutical problems of femoral neck fractures do not arise from surgery, but from general postoperative complications.", "PMID": 547595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10643", "title": "[Cardiac surgery in the 7th and 8th decade (author's transl)].", "content": "Progress in cardiovascular surgery and the growing amount of older people made it possible and necessary to extend open-heart-surgery to patients between 60 and 75 years of age. From 1970 to 1978 174 cardiac procedures (mostly for valve replacement and aorto-coronary-vein-bypass) were performed in this group of older patients. The total mortality rate was 18.3%. These results which have to be improved in several areas demonstrate clearly that surgery is of real benefit for these older, properly selected patients; the operative risk seems to be acceptable.", "contents": "[Cardiac surgery in the 7th and 8th decade (author's transl)]. Progress in cardiovascular surgery and the growing amount of older people made it possible and necessary to extend open-heart-surgery to patients between 60 and 75 years of age. From 1970 to 1978 174 cardiac procedures (mostly for valve replacement and aorto-coronary-vein-bypass) were performed in this group of older patients. The total mortality rate was 18.3%. These results which have to be improved in several areas demonstrate clearly that surgery is of real benefit for these older, properly selected patients; the operative risk seems to be acceptable.", "PMID": 547596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10644", "title": "[Comparative appraisal of diagnostic methods for early detection of stress and urge incontinence of women (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were conducted into 40 women who were afflicted with first-degree and second-degree urinary incontenence. The results are broken down by diagnostic methods used. The same methods were applied for control to 14 women without any incontinence complaints. - The contributions actually made by each of the methods to the definite presurgical diagnosis in its totality are described by graphic presentation of the results. - The findings reported in this paper suggest that complex consideration has to be given to all results to introduce adequate therapy in given any case. While the methods reported proved to differ by informative value, none of them should be abandoned in routine examination.", "contents": "[Comparative appraisal of diagnostic methods for early detection of stress and urge incontinence of women (author's transl)]. Studies were conducted into 40 women who were afflicted with first-degree and second-degree urinary incontenence. The results are broken down by diagnostic methods used. The same methods were applied for control to 14 women without any incontinence complaints. - The contributions actually made by each of the methods to the definite presurgical diagnosis in its totality are described by graphic presentation of the results. - The findings reported in this paper suggest that complex consideration has to be given to all results to introduce adequate therapy in given any case. While the methods reported proved to differ by informative value, none of them should be abandoned in routine examination.", "PMID": 547597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10645", "title": "[Psychodiagnostic examination of patients with functional urinary incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychometric personality questionnaires were used to test 100 patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence. The following findings were recorded: Accumulation with significance of increased psychasthenic values in patients with normal urogynaecological status was higher than that recordable from patients in pathological conditions. The group of patients with mere stress incontinence differed from the group with urge or combined urge-stress incontinence by statistically secured differentiated between means values recordable from neurosis-relevant, test scales, including psychosomatic disorders, depression, neuroticism, social introversion, and phobic disorders. Reference is made to psychogenic factors and their role within a set of multifactorial conditions conducive to functional urinary incontinence of women. Consequences regarding diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychodiagnostic examination of patients with functional urinary incontinence (author's transl)]. Psychometric personality questionnaires were used to test 100 patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence. The following findings were recorded: Accumulation with significance of increased psychasthenic values in patients with normal urogynaecological status was higher than that recordable from patients in pathological conditions. The group of patients with mere stress incontinence differed from the group with urge or combined urge-stress incontinence by statistically secured differentiated between means values recordable from neurosis-relevant, test scales, including psychosomatic disorders, depression, neuroticism, social introversion, and phobic disorders. Reference is made to psychogenic factors and their role within a set of multifactorial conditions conducive to functional urinary incontinence of women. Consequences regarding diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 547598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10646", "title": "[Progress in prevention and control of urological complications associated with carcinoma of the cervix. Third communication: Renographic representation of functional disorders of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is the use of isotope nephrography in longitudinal examinations of 151 patients with cervix carcinoma who had undergone radical abdominal or vaginal surgery in the Gynaecological Hospital of Charit\u00e9 Berlin, between 1971 and 1973. Also included were 140 patients whose carcinoma treatment dated back nine to 15 years. While functional disturbances of the upper urinary tract within the five-year follow-up period dropped continuously from about 29 to five per cent in recent time, persisting disorders of secretion and/or ureteral dynamics recorded in ING checks from 16.4 per cent of earlier carcinoma treatments. The number of pathological isotope nephrograms recorded presurgically from patients who eventually died of recurrent carcinoma had been five times as high (49 per cent) as that recorded from cured patients. Only to some extent had those findings been attributable to the given carcinoma stage. Routine ING (isotope nephrography) also helped to identify nine cases of carcinoma recurrence, and its systematic use facilitated just as many decisions on fistulation of the functionally better kidney in cases of imminent anuria (uraemia). Yet, as a whole voiding disorders of the upper urinary tracts have decreased in the authors' hospital, as compared to records in the past. That improved situations is attributed to progress in carcinoma therapy but even more to energetic early action against urinary tract infections and postsurgical impairment of bladder voiding as well as to high-continuity monitoring of renal and ureteral functions. ING, today, deserves a firm position in all after-care programmes following treatment of cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "[Progress in prevention and control of urological complications associated with carcinoma of the cervix. Third communication: Renographic representation of functional disorders of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is the use of isotope nephrography in longitudinal examinations of 151 patients with cervix carcinoma who had undergone radical abdominal or vaginal surgery in the Gynaecological Hospital of Charit\u00e9 Berlin, between 1971 and 1973. Also included were 140 patients whose carcinoma treatment dated back nine to 15 years. While functional disturbances of the upper urinary tract within the five-year follow-up period dropped continuously from about 29 to five per cent in recent time, persisting disorders of secretion and/or ureteral dynamics recorded in ING checks from 16.4 per cent of earlier carcinoma treatments. The number of pathological isotope nephrograms recorded presurgically from patients who eventually died of recurrent carcinoma had been five times as high (49 per cent) as that recorded from cured patients. Only to some extent had those findings been attributable to the given carcinoma stage. Routine ING (isotope nephrography) also helped to identify nine cases of carcinoma recurrence, and its systematic use facilitated just as many decisions on fistulation of the functionally better kidney in cases of imminent anuria (uraemia). Yet, as a whole voiding disorders of the upper urinary tracts have decreased in the authors' hospital, as compared to records in the past. That improved situations is attributed to progress in carcinoma therapy but even more to energetic early action against urinary tract infections and postsurgical impairment of bladder voiding as well as to high-continuity monitoring of renal and ureteral functions. ING, today, deserves a firm position in all after-care programmes following treatment of cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 547599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10647", "title": "[Common antigen for serological detection of urinary tract infections during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "All urinary tract infections cannot be safely detected by bacterial urine testing during pregnancy. Therefore, the question was studied whether detection of antibody to the \"enterobacterial common antigen\" (ECA) might be important to screening of pregnant women for urinary tract infections. Tests were applied to 202 sera obtained from 42 pregnant women with urinary tract infection, with pathological titres having been recorded from 21.8 per cent.--Detection of antibody to ECA, consequently, is not believed to be helpful in improving diagnosis of urinary tract infections during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Common antigen for serological detection of urinary tract infections during pregnancy (author's transl)]. All urinary tract infections cannot be safely detected by bacterial urine testing during pregnancy. Therefore, the question was studied whether detection of antibody to the \"enterobacterial common antigen\" (ECA) might be important to screening of pregnant women for urinary tract infections. Tests were applied to 202 sera obtained from 42 pregnant women with urinary tract infection, with pathological titres having been recorded from 21.8 per cent.--Detection of antibody to ECA, consequently, is not believed to be helpful in improving diagnosis of urinary tract infections during pregnancy.", "PMID": 547600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10648", "title": "[Foetal complications associated with use of foetal scalp electrodes and scalp blood sampling (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was performed in the context of 1,047 cases of internal foetal monitoring, using direct foetal electrocardiography and/or foetal scalp blood sampling. Seven minor foetal complications have been observed, including six cases of infection and one of haemorrhage, representing a rate of 0.66 per cent. The advantages obtainable from internal foetal monitoring appear to outweigh the low risk associated with these methods.", "contents": "[Foetal complications associated with use of foetal scalp electrodes and scalp blood sampling (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was performed in the context of 1,047 cases of internal foetal monitoring, using direct foetal electrocardiography and/or foetal scalp blood sampling. Seven minor foetal complications have been observed, including six cases of infection and one of haemorrhage, representing a rate of 0.66 per cent. The advantages obtainable from internal foetal monitoring appear to outweigh the low risk associated with these methods.", "PMID": 547601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10649", "title": "[Simplified technique to calculate foetal weight from ultrasonic foetometric data (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of more than 1500 cases has shown that real foetal weight can be calculated on the basis of mean thorax diameter, if linear ultrasonic measures are used. Addition of more parameters will render calculation more sophisticated and complex, though gain in accuracy will be unimportant. Accuracy depends not only on biological variation but even more on precise measurement by the examiner. An aid for more convenient calculation is described.", "contents": "[Simplified technique to calculate foetal weight from ultrasonic foetometric data (author's transl)]. Evaluation of more than 1500 cases has shown that real foetal weight can be calculated on the basis of mean thorax diameter, if linear ultrasonic measures are used. Addition of more parameters will render calculation more sophisticated and complex, though gain in accuracy will be unimportant. Accuracy depends not only on biological variation but even more on precise measurement by the examiner. An aid for more convenient calculation is described.", "PMID": 547602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10650", "title": "[Multidimensional investigations to elucidate relationships between case histories of interruption of pregnancy and premature deliveries and low birth weight (author's transl)].", "content": "Multidimensional retrospective studies were conducted into possible correlations between case histories of induced abortion and premature deliveries, on the one hand, and deliveries of \"children with low birth weight\", on the other, with reference being made to the ordinal number of birth. Included were 13,287 single newborns, after mothers with twins, stillbirths, and abortion records had been excluded. \"Children with low birth weight\" up to 2,500 g accounted for 5.4 per cent of these newborns. The investigation was complete, in that all newborns were examined in the obstetric department of the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977. Records of premature delivery and induced abortion were found to play a great epidemiological role in the context of \"children with low birth weight\" up to 2,500 g, but the general trend for such children for the period under review had remained unaffected by the Free Medical Abortion Act of 1972. Nevertheless, mothers with previous abortions during the period studied contributed to a moderate rise of the total number of \"newborns with low birth weight\".", "contents": "[Multidimensional investigations to elucidate relationships between case histories of interruption of pregnancy and premature deliveries and low birth weight (author's transl)]. Multidimensional retrospective studies were conducted into possible correlations between case histories of induced abortion and premature deliveries, on the one hand, and deliveries of \"children with low birth weight\", on the other, with reference being made to the ordinal number of birth. Included were 13,287 single newborns, after mothers with twins, stillbirths, and abortion records had been excluded. \"Children with low birth weight\" up to 2,500 g accounted for 5.4 per cent of these newborns. The investigation was complete, in that all newborns were examined in the obstetric department of the Regional Hospital of Schwerin, between 1969 and 1977. Records of premature delivery and induced abortion were found to play a great epidemiological role in the context of \"children with low birth weight\" up to 2,500 g, but the general trend for such children for the period under review had remained unaffected by the Free Medical Abortion Act of 1972. Nevertheless, mothers with previous abortions during the period studied contributed to a moderate rise of the total number of \"newborns with low birth weight\".", "PMID": 547603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10651", "title": "[Different labour behaviours following induction, using oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha (Enzaprost) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the characteristics of labour induced by means of prostaglandin (Enzaprost F). The results were compared to spontaneous childbirths and to labour induced by means of oxytocin. Increased basal tension of the uterus and higher amplitude of uterine contractions were recorded from the prostaglandin group. Contractions were also analysed for variations in shape. Deformation in response to oxytocin was found to be almost identical to that following prostaglandin. Atypical contractions were found to occur more often in women in whom labour was induced for risk to the foetus and in primiparae, though the number of third-type contractions was lower in such cases. The point is made that betamimetics may be very helpful in getting to grips with incoordinate uterine activity. They were found to stop irregular uterine activity, and re-induction then will be accompanied by regular rhythmicity of labour.", "contents": "[Different labour behaviours following induction, using oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha (Enzaprost) (author's transl)]. The authors studied the characteristics of labour induced by means of prostaglandin (Enzaprost F). The results were compared to spontaneous childbirths and to labour induced by means of oxytocin. Increased basal tension of the uterus and higher amplitude of uterine contractions were recorded from the prostaglandin group. Contractions were also analysed for variations in shape. Deformation in response to oxytocin was found to be almost identical to that following prostaglandin. Atypical contractions were found to occur more often in women in whom labour was induced for risk to the foetus and in primiparae, though the number of third-type contractions was lower in such cases. The point is made that betamimetics may be very helpful in getting to grips with incoordinate uterine activity. They were found to stop irregular uterine activity, and re-induction then will be accompanied by regular rhythmicity of labour.", "PMID": 547604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10652", "title": "[Histological examination of umbilical cord for early detection of infections in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Optical light microscopy was used to examine 1,198 umbilical cords. Recorded were inflammatory changes in 3.5 per cent of all cases and aplasia of the umbilical artery in 1.3 per cent. The findings were compared to clinical parameters. Accumulated occurrence of meconium-stained or fetid amniotic fluid was one of the conspicuous findings. While foetal behaviours were quite inconspicuous during and immediately after parturition, inflammatory infiltration of the umbilical cord was recordable later on from 42 per cent of clinical infections.", "contents": "[Histological examination of umbilical cord for early detection of infections in infants (author's transl)]. Optical light microscopy was used to examine 1,198 umbilical cords. Recorded were inflammatory changes in 3.5 per cent of all cases and aplasia of the umbilical artery in 1.3 per cent. The findings were compared to clinical parameters. Accumulated occurrence of meconium-stained or fetid amniotic fluid was one of the conspicuous findings. While foetal behaviours were quite inconspicuous during and immediately after parturition, inflammatory infiltration of the umbilical cord was recordable later on from 42 per cent of clinical infections.", "PMID": 547605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10653", "title": "[Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of imminent abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "Two-hundred patients, hospitalised for imminent abortion in the sixth to 16th weeks of pregnancy, underwent 294 ultrasonic compound B scans. Gravidity was found to be intact in 68 per cent of all cases, but 13.6 per cent of these ended in abortion prior to the 28th week of pregnancy. Four hydatiform moles and 17 missed abortions were reliably diagnosed. Ultrasonography, even without grey-scale equipment, may be of greatest usefulness for differential diagnosis between intact early pregnancy, missed abortion, blighted ovum, and hydatiform mole, when used by an experienced specialist in close cooperation with the clinical practitioner.", "contents": "[Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of imminent abortion (author's transl)]. Two-hundred patients, hospitalised for imminent abortion in the sixth to 16th weeks of pregnancy, underwent 294 ultrasonic compound B scans. Gravidity was found to be intact in 68 per cent of all cases, but 13.6 per cent of these ended in abortion prior to the 28th week of pregnancy. Four hydatiform moles and 17 missed abortions were reliably diagnosed. Ultrasonography, even without grey-scale equipment, may be of greatest usefulness for differential diagnosis between intact early pregnancy, missed abortion, blighted ovum, and hydatiform mole, when used by an experienced specialist in close cooperation with the clinical practitioner.", "PMID": 547606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10654", "title": "[Causes of clavicular fracture in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "Accumulation of clavicular fractures among newborns on the authors' ward is reported, with reference to 1978. Twenty clavicular fractures were recorded from 1.6 per cent of all newborns, in the above period under review. They were related to cephalic presentations and to the upper shoulder in 90 percent. They were closely correlated to high birth weight. Positioning of the women concerned and medical supervision of delivery seemed to be of causative importance.", "contents": "[Causes of clavicular fracture in newborns (author's transl)]. Accumulation of clavicular fractures among newborns on the authors' ward is reported, with reference to 1978. Twenty clavicular fractures were recorded from 1.6 per cent of all newborns, in the above period under review. They were related to cephalic presentations and to the upper shoulder in 90 percent. They were closely correlated to high birth weight. Positioning of the women concerned and medical supervision of delivery seemed to be of causative importance.", "PMID": 547607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10655", "title": "[Clinical experience obtained from antepartal CTG evaluation according to Fischer, Hammacher, Hodr, and Kubli. Second communication: Hammacher score (author's transl)].", "content": "One antepartal cardiotocogram each was taken from 1,239 pregnant women and evaluated by means of theCGT score, as proposed by Hammacher and co-workers. Inconspicuous cardiotocograms were recorded from 1,090 patients (88.0 per cent), while 124 (10.0 per cent) were suspicious, 20 (1.6 per cent) prepathological, and five (0.4 per cent) pathological. Forecasts of newborns' conditions were correct in 994 cases (80.4 per cent), erroneously positive in 140 cases (11.3 per cent), and erroneously negative in 103 cases (8.3 per cent).", "contents": "[Clinical experience obtained from antepartal CTG evaluation according to Fischer, Hammacher, Hodr, and Kubli. Second communication: Hammacher score (author's transl)]. One antepartal cardiotocogram each was taken from 1,239 pregnant women and evaluated by means of theCGT score, as proposed by Hammacher and co-workers. Inconspicuous cardiotocograms were recorded from 1,090 patients (88.0 per cent), while 124 (10.0 per cent) were suspicious, 20 (1.6 per cent) prepathological, and five (0.4 per cent) pathological. Forecasts of newborns' conditions were correct in 994 cases (80.4 per cent), erroneously positive in 140 cases (11.3 per cent), and erroneously negative in 103 cases (8.3 per cent).", "PMID": 547609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10656", "title": "[Case history of acute fatty degeneration of the liver due to pregnancy-relevance to differential diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is the case of a patient, 19 years of age, with twin pregnancy who developed acute pregnancy-caused fatty degeneration of the liver with typical clinical symptoms in the 34th week of pregnancy, following nine weeks of hospitalisation for tocolysis treatment. The presence of a severe hepatorenal syndrome due to late gestosis, pregnancy cholestase or medicamentous intoxication is discussed for differential diagnosis. Suggestions are made as to high-dosage Partusisten long-time tocolysis which, possibly, might have been an additional hepatotoxic stress factor in concomitance with late gestosis.", "contents": "[Case history of acute fatty degeneration of the liver due to pregnancy-relevance to differential diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is the case of a patient, 19 years of age, with twin pregnancy who developed acute pregnancy-caused fatty degeneration of the liver with typical clinical symptoms in the 34th week of pregnancy, following nine weeks of hospitalisation for tocolysis treatment. The presence of a severe hepatorenal syndrome due to late gestosis, pregnancy cholestase or medicamentous intoxication is discussed for differential diagnosis. Suggestions are made as to high-dosage Partusisten long-time tocolysis which, possibly, might have been an additional hepatotoxic stress factor in concomitance with late gestosis.", "PMID": 547610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10657", "title": "[Antenatal ethanol-fructose infusion for prophylaxis of dyspnoea (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of dyspnoea among immature newborns, delivered after pregancy periods between 28 and 32 weeks, was reduced with statistically secured significance by antepartal intravenous administration of fructose-ethanol infusions to the mother.", "contents": "[Antenatal ethanol-fructose infusion for prophylaxis of dyspnoea (author's transl)]. The incidence of dyspnoea among immature newborns, delivered after pregancy periods between 28 and 32 weeks, was reduced with statistically secured significance by antepartal intravenous administration of fructose-ethanol infusions to the mother.", "PMID": 547611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10658", "title": "[Experience from direct injection of low prostaglandin F2alpha doses into portio for low-complication dilatation of cervix for abruptio (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is experience so far obtained from direct injection of prostaglandin F2alpha solution into the portio of women, with the view to \"softening\" their cervix for abruptio. Such pretreatment is recommended for its good results and low rate of side-effects.", "contents": "[Experience from direct injection of low prostaglandin F2alpha doses into portio for low-complication dilatation of cervix for abruptio (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is experience so far obtained from direct injection of prostaglandin F2alpha solution into the portio of women, with the view to \"softening\" their cervix for abruptio. Such pretreatment is recommended for its good results and low rate of side-effects.", "PMID": 547612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10659", "title": "[Case history of clinical course of Buschke-Loewenstein tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "Described in this paper is the case of a woman, 59 years of age, in whom an extended giant condyloma of the vulva was removed, with the patient cured, by several surgical interventions. The problems relating to such benign tumours are discussed.", "contents": "[Case history of clinical course of Buschke-Loewenstein tumour (author's transl)]. Described in this paper is the case of a woman, 59 years of age, in whom an extended giant condyloma of the vulva was removed, with the patient cured, by several surgical interventions. The problems relating to such benign tumours are discussed.", "PMID": 547613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10660", "title": "[The \"martin-arm\" system for abdominal wall fixation for many applications - experience from its use of gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"martin-arm\"-System meets the demand for optimal fixation of outer edges of the wound cavity and exact positioning of organs in a three dimensional manner at abdominal operations. The four joints of each arm individually connected to the Op-table make this possible. They are fixed in position by a central joint with a lever which can be tightened. An adequate assortment of exchangeable retractors, specula and spatulas offers the possibility of a clear view of the operation. All instruments are ready for use even without the \"martin-Arm\". This system is especially suitable for emergency surgery, for small gynaecology wards or during staff shortages e.g. at night. The operation setting, according to requirements, remains in position for the duration of the whole operation. In the case of long operations, fatigue symptoms of the assistant are no longer present with this instrumentation.", "contents": "[The \"martin-arm\" system for abdominal wall fixation for many applications - experience from its use of gynaecology (author's transl)]. The \"martin-arm\"-System meets the demand for optimal fixation of outer edges of the wound cavity and exact positioning of organs in a three dimensional manner at abdominal operations. The four joints of each arm individually connected to the Op-table make this possible. They are fixed in position by a central joint with a lever which can be tightened. An adequate assortment of exchangeable retractors, specula and spatulas offers the possibility of a clear view of the operation. All instruments are ready for use even without the \"martin-Arm\". This system is especially suitable for emergency surgery, for small gynaecology wards or during staff shortages e.g. at night. The operation setting, according to requirements, remains in position for the duration of the whole operation. In the case of long operations, fatigue symptoms of the assistant are no longer present with this instrumentation.", "PMID": 547614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10661", "title": "[Secondary pauses in sinus node dysfunction].", "content": "Frequency and importance of secondary pauses (SP) following termination of high rate artrial pacing were evaluated in 64 patients. The maximal values of the first 10 post-pacing cycles, resulting from series of pacing between 70/min--160/min, were compared with the normal post-pacing values of Benditt. SP were present in 1 case (4%) of 23 patients without electrocardiographic signs of sinus node dysfunction (SDF), but in 21 cases (51%) of 41 patients with SDF (p less than 0.01). SP were more frequent in patients with SA-Block and/or sinus pauses (64%) and with bradycardia-tachycardia-syndrome (60%), whereas were more rare (35%) in patients with sinus bradycardia only. Patients with SDF and SP did not significantly differ from patients with SDF without SP concerning absolute and corrected sinus node recovery time, basal heart rate, reduction of cycle length after atropine, abnormal reactions to carotid sinus pressure and frequency of syncopes. In 1 patient SP, present in basal conditions, were not evident after atropine. SP could be interpreted as indication of SDF and should always be searched for because it may be the only evidence of SDF after atrial pacing; therefore SP may reduce the frequency of false negative tests after rapid atrial pacing. Possibly, vagal mechanisms are involved.", "contents": "[Secondary pauses in sinus node dysfunction]. Frequency and importance of secondary pauses (SP) following termination of high rate artrial pacing were evaluated in 64 patients. The maximal values of the first 10 post-pacing cycles, resulting from series of pacing between 70/min--160/min, were compared with the normal post-pacing values of Benditt. SP were present in 1 case (4%) of 23 patients without electrocardiographic signs of sinus node dysfunction (SDF), but in 21 cases (51%) of 41 patients with SDF (p less than 0.01). SP were more frequent in patients with SA-Block and/or sinus pauses (64%) and with bradycardia-tachycardia-syndrome (60%), whereas were more rare (35%) in patients with sinus bradycardia only. Patients with SDF and SP did not significantly differ from patients with SDF without SP concerning absolute and corrected sinus node recovery time, basal heart rate, reduction of cycle length after atropine, abnormal reactions to carotid sinus pressure and frequency of syncopes. In 1 patient SP, present in basal conditions, were not evident after atropine. SP could be interpreted as indication of SDF and should always be searched for because it may be the only evidence of SDF after atrial pacing; therefore SP may reduce the frequency of false negative tests after rapid atrial pacing. Possibly, vagal mechanisms are involved.", "PMID": 547651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10662", "title": "[A comparison of bezafibrate and clofibrate in type II B and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "In 36 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia of type II B or IV the effect of bezafibrate, a new derivate of clofibrate, has been compared with the effect of clofibrate. In an open cross-over-study the effect of 1.5 g clofibrate p.d. has been compared with that of 450 mg bezafibrate p.d. for several months. The effect of bezafibrate on plasma triglyceride concentration and plasma cholesterol concentration was more pronounced than that of clofibrate. This difference was statistically significantly only in the concentration of plasma triglycerides of type IV patients. It is obvious that the difference between bezafibrate and clofibrate would have been more pronounced if the dose of bezafibrate had been in the optimal range. Serious side-effects caused by bezafibrate could not be observed.", "contents": "[A comparison of bezafibrate and clofibrate in type II B and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia]. In 36 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia of type II B or IV the effect of bezafibrate, a new derivate of clofibrate, has been compared with the effect of clofibrate. In an open cross-over-study the effect of 1.5 g clofibrate p.d. has been compared with that of 450 mg bezafibrate p.d. for several months. The effect of bezafibrate on plasma triglyceride concentration and plasma cholesterol concentration was more pronounced than that of clofibrate. This difference was statistically significantly only in the concentration of plasma triglycerides of type IV patients. It is obvious that the difference between bezafibrate and clofibrate would have been more pronounced if the dose of bezafibrate had been in the optimal range. Serious side-effects caused by bezafibrate could not be observed.", "PMID": 547652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10663", "title": "[Fluorine in the urine and bones of occupationally exposed workers and non-exposed men].", "content": "The fluorine concentration (determined by means of fluorine specific electrode) in the urine of occupationally exposed workers in the aluminium industry showed elevated values of 4.8 +/- 2.9 microgram F/ml (arithmetic mean, n = 33). In comparison, non exposed men, aged 14-68 (n = 11), had values of 0.32 +/- 0.21 microgram F/ml urine. Children below the age of 10 a (n = 9) had a significantly lower fluorine concentration of 0.12 +/- 0.07 microgram F/ml urine. A 56 years old man suffering from severe industrial fluorosis showed fluorine concentrations of, 2.5-3.4 microgram F/ml urine. A bone biopsy specimen (iliac crest) taken from this man showed a fluorine concentration of 4320 ppm, which corresponds to a twenty-fold increase of fluorine, compared with controls.", "contents": "[Fluorine in the urine and bones of occupationally exposed workers and non-exposed men]. The fluorine concentration (determined by means of fluorine specific electrode) in the urine of occupationally exposed workers in the aluminium industry showed elevated values of 4.8 +/- 2.9 microgram F/ml (arithmetic mean, n = 33). In comparison, non exposed men, aged 14-68 (n = 11), had values of 0.32 +/- 0.21 microgram F/ml urine. Children below the age of 10 a (n = 9) had a significantly lower fluorine concentration of 0.12 +/- 0.07 microgram F/ml urine. A 56 years old man suffering from severe industrial fluorosis showed fluorine concentrations of, 2.5-3.4 microgram F/ml urine. A bone biopsy specimen (iliac crest) taken from this man showed a fluorine concentration of 4320 ppm, which corresponds to a twenty-fold increase of fluorine, compared with controls.", "PMID": 547653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10664", "title": "Total I.V. anesthesia using a continuous etomidate infusion.", "content": "Total I.V. anesthesia was given to 20 patients using an Etomidate continuous infusion to maintain sleep, combined to Fentanyl analgesia, Droperidol, Pancuronium for muscular relaxation and artificial ventilation with an oxygen-air mixture. All these patients were carefully observed during and for several hours after the anesthesia and the results noted. With the Fentanyl dosages used in this technique, peroperative analgesia was frequently insufficient. More Fentanyl would probably be needed with the inherent dangers of prolonged postoperative depression.", "contents": "Total I.V. anesthesia using a continuous etomidate infusion. Total I.V. anesthesia was given to 20 patients using an Etomidate continuous infusion to maintain sleep, combined to Fentanyl analgesia, Droperidol, Pancuronium for muscular relaxation and artificial ventilation with an oxygen-air mixture. All these patients were carefully observed during and for several hours after the anesthesia and the results noted. With the Fentanyl dosages used in this technique, peroperative analgesia was frequently insufficient. More Fentanyl would probably be needed with the inherent dangers of prolonged postoperative depression.", "PMID": 547655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10665", "title": "Electroencephalographic study of pentazocine and buprenorphine.", "content": "Both pentazocine and buprenorphine are hypnoanalgetics of the agonistic-antagonist group. They suppress the inhibitory effect of fentanyl upon the central nervous system. They show also secondary their own inhibitory properties (fig. 8). The agonistic-antagonists can be further divided in excitants (like pentazocine) and non-excitants (buprenorphine).", "contents": "Electroencephalographic study of pentazocine and buprenorphine. Both pentazocine and buprenorphine are hypnoanalgetics of the agonistic-antagonist group. They suppress the inhibitory effect of fentanyl upon the central nervous system. They show also secondary their own inhibitory properties (fig. 8). The agonistic-antagonists can be further divided in excitants (like pentazocine) and non-excitants (buprenorphine).", "PMID": 547656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10666", "title": "Atropine versus glycopyrrolate. A study using repeated doses of suxamethonium in man.", "content": "Intermittent doses of suxamethonium have been known to result in bradycardia changes in cardiac rhythm. In order to assess the efficacy of a newer quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic, glycopyrrolate, on the cardia effects of intermittent suxamethonium, 28 patients received this drug intravenously just before induction of anesthesia. For comparison, 28 other patients were given atropine. In the atropine series, three patients developed bradycardia while none of those of the glycopyrrolate series did so. In addition, more patients had cardiac arrhythmias in the atropine group. Although no statistically significant differences were seen, clinically, glycopyrrolate seems to afford better protection against the cardiac changes resulting from intermittently administered suxamethonium.", "contents": "Atropine versus glycopyrrolate. A study using repeated doses of suxamethonium in man. Intermittent doses of suxamethonium have been known to result in bradycardia changes in cardiac rhythm. In order to assess the efficacy of a newer quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic, glycopyrrolate, on the cardia effects of intermittent suxamethonium, 28 patients received this drug intravenously just before induction of anesthesia. For comparison, 28 other patients were given atropine. In the atropine series, three patients developed bradycardia while none of those of the glycopyrrolate series did so. In addition, more patients had cardiac arrhythmias in the atropine group. Although no statistically significant differences were seen, clinically, glycopyrrolate seems to afford better protection against the cardiac changes resulting from intermittently administered suxamethonium.", "PMID": 547657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10667", "title": "Cardiovascular studies during induction with minaxolone.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of induction of anesthesia with minaxolone, a new water soluble steroid agent, have been studied in 12 normotensive patients and 5 patients with treated hypertension. The arterial pressure, heart rate and ECG were continuously recorded before and during induction of anesthesia with Minaxolone 0.5 mg kg-1. Cardiac output measurements were made in the awake patient, at 3 minutes after the induction of anesthesia and 2 minutes after an increment of the drug. In both groups of patients, induction of anesthesia led to a decrease in systolic arterial pressure and a smaller decrease in diastolic arterial pressures. This was coupled with an increase in the heart rate. The decrease in cardiac output was similar in both the normal and treated hypertensive patients. Administration of an increment of minaxolone (0.1 mg kg-1) did not produce further significant changes in the cardiovascular variables. The results of this study show that the changes in hemodynamic variables with minaxolone are comparable with those seen following induction of anesthesia with other intravenous agents, with the one difference in that there was only minimal change in the diastolic arterial pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular studies during induction with minaxolone. The cardiovascular effects of induction of anesthesia with minaxolone, a new water soluble steroid agent, have been studied in 12 normotensive patients and 5 patients with treated hypertension. The arterial pressure, heart rate and ECG were continuously recorded before and during induction of anesthesia with Minaxolone 0.5 mg kg-1. Cardiac output measurements were made in the awake patient, at 3 minutes after the induction of anesthesia and 2 minutes after an increment of the drug. In both groups of patients, induction of anesthesia led to a decrease in systolic arterial pressure and a smaller decrease in diastolic arterial pressures. This was coupled with an increase in the heart rate. The decrease in cardiac output was similar in both the normal and treated hypertensive patients. Administration of an increment of minaxolone (0.1 mg kg-1) did not produce further significant changes in the cardiovascular variables. The results of this study show that the changes in hemodynamic variables with minaxolone are comparable with those seen following induction of anesthesia with other intravenous agents, with the one difference in that there was only minimal change in the diastolic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 547658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10668", "title": "The influence of dosage and premedication on induction of anesthesia with minaxolone.", "content": "Minaxolone, a new steroid induction agent, was administered to unpremedicated patients at three dose levels and at 0.5 mg . kg-1 to patients receiving three different premedicant regimes. The main side effects observed at induction were involuntary muscle movements but hypertonus and tremor were also seen. Respiratory complications consisted mainly of hiccough. Over the range of doses studied only the latter complication appeared to be dose-related. Premedication with diazepam and especially opiate combinations reduced the frequency and severity of excitatory effects and respiratory upset and increased the proportion of acceptable anesthesia. Marked respiratory depression and hypotension of greater than 20 mm Hg were rare even after opiate premedication.", "contents": "The influence of dosage and premedication on induction of anesthesia with minaxolone. Minaxolone, a new steroid induction agent, was administered to unpremedicated patients at three dose levels and at 0.5 mg . kg-1 to patients receiving three different premedicant regimes. The main side effects observed at induction were involuntary muscle movements but hypertonus and tremor were also seen. Respiratory complications consisted mainly of hiccough. Over the range of doses studied only the latter complication appeared to be dose-related. Premedication with diazepam and especially opiate combinations reduced the frequency and severity of excitatory effects and respiratory upset and increased the proportion of acceptable anesthesia. Marked respiratory depression and hypotension of greater than 20 mm Hg were rare even after opiate premedication.", "PMID": 547659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10669", "title": "Effects of the analeptic drug, 4-aminopyridine, upon post-operative respiratory depression in patients. A preliminary study.", "content": "The analeptic agent, 4-aminopyridine, was given to patients who had undergone elective ear, nose and throat surgery and showed severe central respiratory depression due to intra-operative fentanyl administration. The respiratory depression due to fentanyl was found to be partially antagonised by 4-aminopyridine. In view of these preliminary findings it is suggested that the drug might find a use in combatting postoperative fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.", "contents": "Effects of the analeptic drug, 4-aminopyridine, upon post-operative respiratory depression in patients. A preliminary study. The analeptic agent, 4-aminopyridine, was given to patients who had undergone elective ear, nose and throat surgery and showed severe central respiratory depression due to intra-operative fentanyl administration. The respiratory depression due to fentanyl was found to be partially antagonised by 4-aminopyridine. In view of these preliminary findings it is suggested that the drug might find a use in combatting postoperative fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.", "PMID": 547661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10670", "title": "Postulated receptors for inhalational anesthetic agents.", "content": "It is postulated that some, if not all, anesthetic actions can be explained on the basis of interaction between anesthetics and hydrophobic areas of protein molecules in addition to their effects on membrane lipids. We have studied molecular perturbations using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and changes of activity of enzymes and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Although the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of anesthesia are unknown at present, useful information on the physical properties of the \"drug receptor sites\" can be inferred from interactions of anesthetics with pressure in intact animals. The present evidence indicates that different anesthetics have different specific molecular sites with only a limited degree of occupancy. These differences between agents at a molecular level of action are relevant both to the effects on the central nervous system and also to the many \"side effects\" of anesthetics.", "contents": "Postulated receptors for inhalational anesthetic agents. It is postulated that some, if not all, anesthetic actions can be explained on the basis of interaction between anesthetics and hydrophobic areas of protein molecules in addition to their effects on membrane lipids. We have studied molecular perturbations using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and changes of activity of enzymes and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Although the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of anesthesia are unknown at present, useful information on the physical properties of the \"drug receptor sites\" can be inferred from interactions of anesthetics with pressure in intact animals. The present evidence indicates that different anesthetics have different specific molecular sites with only a limited degree of occupancy. These differences between agents at a molecular level of action are relevant both to the effects on the central nervous system and also to the many \"side effects\" of anesthetics.", "PMID": 547664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10671", "title": "Etomidate-fentanyl-air anesthesia.", "content": "In 463 patients the total intravenous anesthesia technique was applied, for which sleep was induced with etomidate and analgesia was obtained with fentanyl. This technique, which prevents pollution of the air, appeared to be easily applicable and without major complications in either spontaneously breathing or ventilated patients.", "contents": "Etomidate-fentanyl-air anesthesia. In 463 patients the total intravenous anesthesia technique was applied, for which sleep was induced with etomidate and analgesia was obtained with fentanyl. This technique, which prevents pollution of the air, appeared to be easily applicable and without major complications in either spontaneously breathing or ventilated patients.", "PMID": 547665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10672", "title": "Determination of enzyme activity by chromatography and videodensitometry. I. Microassay of amino acid transforming enzymes in human tissue homogenates.", "content": "A chromatographic-videodensitometric assay was found to be appropriate for measuring the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine-2-oxoacid aminotransferase and histidine ammonia-lyase in human tissue homogenates. From the assay mixtures containing substrate(s), cofactor(s), buffer and tissue extract, five or ten microliters samples were taken at different time intervals and chromatographed on Dowex 50 X 8 type resin-coated chromatosheets. On each chromatoplate 50 nmoles of the amino acid to be measured were separately run as a reference for videodensitometric evaluation. By comparing the density of the reference amino acid to that of the individual samples the molar amount of amino acids formed or consumed in the reaction could be calculated. The present findings suggest that the chromatographic-videodensitometric microassay (CV-technique) is suitable for measuring the activity of amino acid transforming enzymes in minute amounts of tissue extracts.", "contents": "Determination of enzyme activity by chromatography and videodensitometry. I. Microassay of amino acid transforming enzymes in human tissue homogenates. A chromatographic-videodensitometric assay was found to be appropriate for measuring the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine-2-oxoacid aminotransferase and histidine ammonia-lyase in human tissue homogenates. From the assay mixtures containing substrate(s), cofactor(s), buffer and tissue extract, five or ten microliters samples were taken at different time intervals and chromatographed on Dowex 50 X 8 type resin-coated chromatosheets. On each chromatoplate 50 nmoles of the amino acid to be measured were separately run as a reference for videodensitometric evaluation. By comparing the density of the reference amino acid to that of the individual samples the molar amount of amino acids formed or consumed in the reaction could be calculated. The present findings suggest that the chromatographic-videodensitometric microassay (CV-technique) is suitable for measuring the activity of amino acid transforming enzymes in minute amounts of tissue extracts.", "PMID": 547667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10673", "title": "Effect of a polyanion macromolecule on mitochondria DNA synthesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The incorporation of (3H) thymidine into isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence of 0--0.5 mM ATP was stimulated by a polyanion with an average molecular weight of 10 000 daltons (at 50--200 micrograms/ml concentration) and containing in a proportion of 1 : 2 : 3 methacrylate, maleate and styrene. The above concentrations of the polyanion inhibit the incorporation of (3H) thymidine in the presence of 2 mM ATP and have no substantial effect on (14C)isoleucine incorporation in vitro. The mtDNA synthesis stimulatory effect of the polyanion is independent of its inhibitory effect on adenylate translocase. The polyanion does not enhance the nucleotide transport across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and the changes of thymidine phosphorylating activity are not involved in the increased mtDNA synthesis. It is supposed that the polyanion attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria alters the binding of mtDNA to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Thus, the polyanion might be an effective tool in studying the functional significance of mtDNA-membrane association in mtDNA replication.", "contents": "Effect of a polyanion macromolecule on mitochondria DNA synthesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The incorporation of (3H) thymidine into isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence of 0--0.5 mM ATP was stimulated by a polyanion with an average molecular weight of 10 000 daltons (at 50--200 micrograms/ml concentration) and containing in a proportion of 1 : 2 : 3 methacrylate, maleate and styrene. The above concentrations of the polyanion inhibit the incorporation of (3H) thymidine in the presence of 2 mM ATP and have no substantial effect on (14C)isoleucine incorporation in vitro. The mtDNA synthesis stimulatory effect of the polyanion is independent of its inhibitory effect on adenylate translocase. The polyanion does not enhance the nucleotide transport across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and the changes of thymidine phosphorylating activity are not involved in the increased mtDNA synthesis. It is supposed that the polyanion attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria alters the binding of mtDNA to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Thus, the polyanion might be an effective tool in studying the functional significance of mtDNA-membrane association in mtDNA replication.", "PMID": 547668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10674", "title": "Contraction of muscle fibril under the effect of salt solutions without ATP.", "content": "It is possible to elicite contraction on isolated muscle fibrils of honey-bee in isotonic sugar-solution by adding certain salt solutions without the addition of ATP. From this phenomenon we can conclude that the muscle contraction can appear under the effect of electricity.", "contents": "Contraction of muscle fibril under the effect of salt solutions without ATP. It is possible to elicite contraction on isolated muscle fibrils of honey-bee in isotonic sugar-solution by adding certain salt solutions without the addition of ATP. From this phenomenon we can conclude that the muscle contraction can appear under the effect of electricity.", "PMID": 547669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10675", "title": "Ion content of synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Proton induced X-ray emission analysis measurements were performed to determine the P, S, K, Ca Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn ion content of presynaptic vesicles prepared from guinea-pig brain cortex. The number of different ions per single vesicle is calculated using the results of the additional protein content determinations. The ion contents of cholinergic and adrenergic vesicles are compared.", "contents": "Ion content of synaptic vesicles. Proton induced X-ray emission analysis measurements were performed to determine the P, S, K, Ca Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn ion content of presynaptic vesicles prepared from guinea-pig brain cortex. The number of different ions per single vesicle is calculated using the results of the additional protein content determinations. The ion contents of cholinergic and adrenergic vesicles are compared.", "PMID": 547670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10676", "title": "[Follow up of patients in chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "Stemming from the evident need of psychological aid for this patients and in order to alleviate the suffering that causes psychiatric syntoms which endanger the survival chances or even worsen a situation which is in itself discouraging, 102 cases were studied trying to determine the possible causes of pathological behavior. The bibliography on the subject was evaluated and the follow-up of the group from our own practice was described. The patients were followed-up with a psychosomatic approach considering each as a hole conducting periodical interviews and administering psychological treatment and drugs. Follow-up of the relatives was done according to necessity. It was observed that these patients need a high tolerance to frustration and to be able to establish a relation of close dependence with a relative and/or the physician. The greatest problem is in the adequate and proper handling of the agression generated by the characteristics of the treatment. The phsychological training of the specialists in hemodialysis and their contact with a team of psychiatrist is of great importance. All of the 22 patients that did not receive transplants presented depression reactions, 2 experienced sexual impotence and 4 were successful in their suicidal behaviours.", "contents": "[Follow up of patients in chronic hemodialysis]. Stemming from the evident need of psychological aid for this patients and in order to alleviate the suffering that causes psychiatric syntoms which endanger the survival chances or even worsen a situation which is in itself discouraging, 102 cases were studied trying to determine the possible causes of pathological behavior. The bibliography on the subject was evaluated and the follow-up of the group from our own practice was described. The patients were followed-up with a psychosomatic approach considering each as a hole conducting periodical interviews and administering psychological treatment and drugs. Follow-up of the relatives was done according to necessity. It was observed that these patients need a high tolerance to frustration and to be able to establish a relation of close dependence with a relative and/or the physician. The greatest problem is in the adequate and proper handling of the agression generated by the characteristics of the treatment. The phsychological training of the specialists in hemodialysis and their contact with a team of psychiatrist is of great importance. All of the 22 patients that did not receive transplants presented depression reactions, 2 experienced sexual impotence and 4 were successful in their suicidal behaviours.", "PMID": 547684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10677", "title": "[The borderline syndrome: conceptual problem, theoretical models, nosographic location].", "content": "The historical vicissitudes of the term \"borderline\" in psychiatric literature as well as its actual conceptual dimension are reviewed. The latter is exposed organized in categories or theoretical models as follows: as a peculiar or attenuate presentation of a psychosis, a grave form of a neurosis, a passage syndrome between a neurosis and a psychosis, or an independent nosographic picture. In mentioning pathochronic and generic aspects, an intent of unitary conceptualization is outlined which comprises: I) the clinical picture which translates ego pathology into behavioral terms with a \"longitudinal\" symptomatological hierarchization of functional levels which interact simultaneously sometimes (dynamic psychopathological space-time) and pointing out its dependence on the environment; II) the structural analysis or the dynamic formulation. The actual nosographic position of the borderline syndrome as well as the one established in the proposed Third Review of the American Psychiatric Classification and its heuristic value are examined. Finally, the presence of this syndrome in relation to modern time society characteristics is commented.", "contents": "[The borderline syndrome: conceptual problem, theoretical models, nosographic location]. The historical vicissitudes of the term \"borderline\" in psychiatric literature as well as its actual conceptual dimension are reviewed. The latter is exposed organized in categories or theoretical models as follows: as a peculiar or attenuate presentation of a psychosis, a grave form of a neurosis, a passage syndrome between a neurosis and a psychosis, or an independent nosographic picture. In mentioning pathochronic and generic aspects, an intent of unitary conceptualization is outlined which comprises: I) the clinical picture which translates ego pathology into behavioral terms with a \"longitudinal\" symptomatological hierarchization of functional levels which interact simultaneously sometimes (dynamic psychopathological space-time) and pointing out its dependence on the environment; II) the structural analysis or the dynamic formulation. The actual nosographic position of the borderline syndrome as well as the one established in the proposed Third Review of the American Psychiatric Classification and its heuristic value are examined. Finally, the presence of this syndrome in relation to modern time society characteristics is commented.", "PMID": 547687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10678", "title": "[Psychiatric perspectives of ethological anthropology].", "content": "Ethological anthropology is characterized as a biologically-based discipline aimed at the study of overt behaviour. Two of its main features are presented and discussed: its historical character and its protective nature. The first is a direct result of its being based upon evolutionary principles, emphasizing the adaptive character of behaviour and tracing back its origins and causation to phylogenetic adaptation and ontogenetic modification. The protective aspect is contrasted with other approaches--reflective theories--which adding a predominant role in the causation of behaviour to environmental influences. Within ethological theory the distinction is made between peristolabile and peristostable behaviours on the basis of their liability to environmental modification during individual development. For psychiatric research, ethological concepts are relevant both from a methodological and a theoretical standpoint. Their usefulness in comparative, transcultural and psychophysiologic studies is pointed out, as well as their applicability to research on human non-verbal communication and implicit behaviour. The contention is advanced that they provide an integrative framework of reference which combined with other approaches may permit the development of a comprehensive theory of human behaviour.", "contents": "[Psychiatric perspectives of ethological anthropology]. Ethological anthropology is characterized as a biologically-based discipline aimed at the study of overt behaviour. Two of its main features are presented and discussed: its historical character and its protective nature. The first is a direct result of its being based upon evolutionary principles, emphasizing the adaptive character of behaviour and tracing back its origins and causation to phylogenetic adaptation and ontogenetic modification. The protective aspect is contrasted with other approaches--reflective theories--which adding a predominant role in the causation of behaviour to environmental influences. Within ethological theory the distinction is made between peristolabile and peristostable behaviours on the basis of their liability to environmental modification during individual development. For psychiatric research, ethological concepts are relevant both from a methodological and a theoretical standpoint. Their usefulness in comparative, transcultural and psychophysiologic studies is pointed out, as well as their applicability to research on human non-verbal communication and implicit behaviour. The contention is advanced that they provide an integrative framework of reference which combined with other approaches may permit the development of a comprehensive theory of human behaviour.", "PMID": 547688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10679", "title": "[Digital simulation of restricted communication systems (author's transl)].", "content": "We propose a \"behavioral game\" with a digital instrument. An automatic simulation creates an evolutive behaviour in a group of ten fictive persons. This game predicts the appearance of individual \"pathological cases\". The regulation of change only concerns interrelations; it does not consider any individual psychopathology. The theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Digital simulation of restricted communication systems (author's transl)]. We propose a \"behavioral game\" with a digital instrument. An automatic simulation creates an evolutive behaviour in a group of ten fictive persons. This game predicts the appearance of individual \"pathological cases\". The regulation of change only concerns interrelations; it does not consider any individual psychopathology. The theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 547691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10680", "title": "[The semiologic part of the qualifying adjective in psychopathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The study deals with the application of a hypothetical key of contemporary terminology to the vocabulary employed in psychopathology: a linguistic unit in use in everyday language and when employed in a technical or scientific field leaves the everyday language for the technical language. In other words, the WORD requires the status of a TERM. The qualifying adjective is chosen as a paradigm. These adjectives which describe patients have been taken from various publications. The results indicate that from a semiologic point of view, the reluctance that psychopathologists have in using-with some exceptions in the psychiatric field-words as terms i.e. in an absolute and monosemic way. The author interprets this concern for the conservation of the mobility and polysemy of everyday vocabulary as a specific congruence between the discipline and the speeches of specialists: if psychopathology has few (or no) pathognomic signs, psychopathologists wish to handle their semantic field with great flexibility.", "contents": "[The semiologic part of the qualifying adjective in psychopathology (author's transl)]. The study deals with the application of a hypothetical key of contemporary terminology to the vocabulary employed in psychopathology: a linguistic unit in use in everyday language and when employed in a technical or scientific field leaves the everyday language for the technical language. In other words, the WORD requires the status of a TERM. The qualifying adjective is chosen as a paradigm. These adjectives which describe patients have been taken from various publications. The results indicate that from a semiologic point of view, the reluctance that psychopathologists have in using-with some exceptions in the psychiatric field-words as terms i.e. in an absolute and monosemic way. The author interprets this concern for the conservation of the mobility and polysemy of everyday vocabulary as a specific congruence between the discipline and the speeches of specialists: if psychopathology has few (or no) pathognomic signs, psychopathologists wish to handle their semantic field with great flexibility.", "PMID": 547692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10681", "title": "Sexual inhibitions men live by: self-perceived attitudes toward coitus of retired aged males.", "content": "There is a dearth of empirical studies on the sexuality of the aging male and female. The present study was conducted to determine the affects of self-perceived negative attitudes toward sexual intercourse by aged males as inhibitory mechanisms of coital behavior. Results indicated the extent to which negative attitudes toward coitus do influence the sexual inactiveness or sexual activeness of aged males. They educed the self-perceived attitudes of sexually inactive and sexually active males regarding frequency of occurrence, rank-ordering, and similarities and differences for each group. Further, physiological and psychological implications of coital behavior and its relationship to love between aged mates are considered.", "contents": "Sexual inhibitions men live by: self-perceived attitudes toward coitus of retired aged males. There is a dearth of empirical studies on the sexuality of the aging male and female. The present study was conducted to determine the affects of self-perceived negative attitudes toward sexual intercourse by aged males as inhibitory mechanisms of coital behavior. Results indicated the extent to which negative attitudes toward coitus do influence the sexual inactiveness or sexual activeness of aged males. They educed the self-perceived attitudes of sexually inactive and sexually active males regarding frequency of occurrence, rank-ordering, and similarities and differences for each group. Further, physiological and psychological implications of coital behavior and its relationship to love between aged mates are considered.", "PMID": 547693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10682", "title": "[Psychological problems of patients in dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The article considers various aspects of prevention and treatment of psychological complications during hemodialysis treatment. After describing the life of a patient in dialysis, the author shows the specific aspects of this life and the particularities of the hemodialysis unit's culture. The role of the various members of the team is established to assure the best psychological equilibrium of the patient. The importance of occupational therapy is stressed. The integration of the psychiatrist is also considered and some hypotheses concerning his role are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychological problems of patients in dialysis (author's transl)]. The article considers various aspects of prevention and treatment of psychological complications during hemodialysis treatment. After describing the life of a patient in dialysis, the author shows the specific aspects of this life and the particularities of the hemodialysis unit's culture. The role of the various members of the team is established to assure the best psychological equilibrium of the patient. The importance of occupational therapy is stressed. The integration of the psychiatrist is also considered and some hypotheses concerning his role are discussed.", "PMID": 547694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10683", "title": "[Integration of psychosomatics to internal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "After a long experience of about fourty years, an internist with an anatomopathological background explains how he has been brought to improve his knowledge in psychology, psychopathology and psychiatry. He did it not only by reading classical publications, starting with Freud, but also through teaching of highly qualified masters in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. He describes about twelve personal cases particularly interesting where only modern psychotherapy has brought spectacular improvement, even long term care, while drug treatment ever failed. The author concludes that for young specialists in internal medicine who would have the motivation and courage to learn the bases of psychosomatics and psychotherapy, there is in practice of future medicine a place of choice waiting for them.", "contents": "[Integration of psychosomatics to internal medicine (author's transl)]. After a long experience of about fourty years, an internist with an anatomopathological background explains how he has been brought to improve his knowledge in psychology, psychopathology and psychiatry. He did it not only by reading classical publications, starting with Freud, but also through teaching of highly qualified masters in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. He describes about twelve personal cases particularly interesting where only modern psychotherapy has brought spectacular improvement, even long term care, while drug treatment ever failed. The author concludes that for young specialists in internal medicine who would have the motivation and courage to learn the bases of psychosomatics and psychotherapy, there is in practice of future medicine a place of choice waiting for them.", "PMID": 547695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10684", "title": "Prefrontal cortical effects on aversively motivated instrumental conditioning in rats: some ontogenic considerations.", "content": "During the last 20 years, an emerging body of data has delineated critical variables controlling the acquisition and retention of aversive experiences across ages. Focusing an the rat as subject organism, the behavioral literature on task- and age-specific findings is reviewed. Response inhibitory deficits in younger subjects are related to augmentation of stimulus control through discrimination training and reinstatement of components of original learning. Somewhat parallel and complementary to studies of behavioral development, advances in the neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of cortical functions have indicated the critical role of the prefrontal cortex in acquisition and retention of aversively motivated instrumental responses. Several studies of prefrontal damage administered at varying ages reveal the importance of neural development in both performance deficits as well as recovery of function. These preliminary experiments are discussed in light of constraints from appropriate cortical influences in consideration of the ontogeny of fear.", "contents": "Prefrontal cortical effects on aversively motivated instrumental conditioning in rats: some ontogenic considerations. During the last 20 years, an emerging body of data has delineated critical variables controlling the acquisition and retention of aversive experiences across ages. Focusing an the rat as subject organism, the behavioral literature on task- and age-specific findings is reviewed. Response inhibitory deficits in younger subjects are related to augmentation of stimulus control through discrimination training and reinstatement of components of original learning. Somewhat parallel and complementary to studies of behavioral development, advances in the neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of cortical functions have indicated the critical role of the prefrontal cortex in acquisition and retention of aversively motivated instrumental responses. Several studies of prefrontal damage administered at varying ages reveal the importance of neural development in both performance deficits as well as recovery of function. These preliminary experiments are discussed in light of constraints from appropriate cortical influences in consideration of the ontogeny of fear.", "PMID": 547702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10685", "title": "Conditioned audio-visual targeting reflexes in split brain cats.", "content": "A conditioned audio-visual targeting reflex was elaborated in 12 freely moving cats. The cats had to localize the loudspeaker emitting by a tone of 1600 Hz, of 500 ms duration and 80 dB intensity. Each time one of the eight loudspeakers placed in front and behind the cat was activated and the targeting reaction rewarded by food. Normal cats attained the 80 percent criterion for the front and rear loudspeakers in 20 and 30 sessions, respectively. The influence of the transection of the corpus callosum on acquisition and retention of the targeting reaction was investigated. The split brain animals with pre-operative experience in the situation did not show any retention, but relearned the targeting of the frontal sources in 20 sessions. No relearning of the posterior sound sources was observed. The animals that had only post-operative training did not reach 80 percent of correct responses in 50 sessions. Corpus callosum transection influences the integration of the targeting reaction in different ways, depending on the position of the sound source and on pre-operative training.", "contents": "Conditioned audio-visual targeting reflexes in split brain cats. A conditioned audio-visual targeting reflex was elaborated in 12 freely moving cats. The cats had to localize the loudspeaker emitting by a tone of 1600 Hz, of 500 ms duration and 80 dB intensity. Each time one of the eight loudspeakers placed in front and behind the cat was activated and the targeting reaction rewarded by food. Normal cats attained the 80 percent criterion for the front and rear loudspeakers in 20 and 30 sessions, respectively. The influence of the transection of the corpus callosum on acquisition and retention of the targeting reaction was investigated. The split brain animals with pre-operative experience in the situation did not show any retention, but relearned the targeting of the frontal sources in 20 sessions. No relearning of the posterior sound sources was observed. The animals that had only post-operative training did not reach 80 percent of correct responses in 50 sessions. Corpus callosum transection influences the integration of the targeting reaction in different ways, depending on the position of the sound source and on pre-operative training.", "PMID": 547703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10686", "title": "Search for structures involved in integration of letters in pairs.", "content": "Two experiments aimed at finding, at what stage of perceptual processing the positive interactions between letters, observed in some previous studies, are established. Single letters and pairs of letters were exposed. The task of the subjects was to recognize letters. In Experiment I bright letters on a black background were used instead of black letters on bright background used in previous experiments. Such change of brightness within the stimuli did not influence the character of interactions between letters. This suggests that the positive interactions are connected with higher level of visual system. In Experiment II patients with damage of various areas of the brain cortex were tested. The facilitation between two letters did not occur in patients with prestriate lesions, although it can be observed in patients with different localization of lesions. This suggests that prestriate cortex is involved in positive interactions between letters.", "contents": "Search for structures involved in integration of letters in pairs. Two experiments aimed at finding, at what stage of perceptual processing the positive interactions between letters, observed in some previous studies, are established. Single letters and pairs of letters were exposed. The task of the subjects was to recognize letters. In Experiment I bright letters on a black background were used instead of black letters on bright background used in previous experiments. Such change of brightness within the stimuli did not influence the character of interactions between letters. This suggests that the positive interactions are connected with higher level of visual system. In Experiment II patients with damage of various areas of the brain cortex were tested. The facilitation between two letters did not occur in patients with prestriate lesions, although it can be observed in patients with different localization of lesions. This suggests that prestriate cortex is involved in positive interactions between letters.", "PMID": 547704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10687", "title": "Reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus: a model of plasticity in the vestibuloocular system.", "content": "A simple manifestation of the memorial processes is the so called reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN), a trace phenomenon elicited in the rabbit by prolonged (60 min) optokinetic (OK) stimulation. Electrophysiological analysis of RPN indicated that the underlying neural trace is weakened, but not suppressed by spreading depression in the cerebral cortex or superior colliculus. An asymmetry of RPN is brought about by unilateral 6-OHDA lesion on substantia nigra. Electroconvulsive shock applied immediately after a period of OK stimulation blocks the subsequent RPN without interfering with OKN. About 70 percent of neurons in the vestibular complex changed their activity during OKN and RPK. The changes consisted in most cases of an excitation accompanying OKN and inhibition during RPN. The OKN-RPN related reacti6ns were also abundant in flocculus but significant activity changes during RPN were less frequent in this structure. Units in midbrain reticular formation reacted both during OKN and RPN in a similar fashion as the vestibular ones. On the other hand units in the cerebellar deep nuclei and brachium conjunctivum were only weakly influenced by OKN and/or RPN. It is suggested that the neural trace of RPN develops in the vestibular complex and vestibulocerebellum as a part of the process compensating the effect of continued optokinetic stimulation. Flocculus participates in input processing of the optokinetic stimulation whereas reticular formation mediates signal transmission to oculomotor and higher integrating centers. The trace, revealed by sudden cessation of the eliciting stimulus in absence of visual reference signals is probably the neural substrate of the so called motion habituation and visual hallucinations. As other compensatory phenomena in the motor system, RPN has features of instrumental (it improves the organisms control of environment) and classical (it is automatically established and involuntarily emitted) conditioning.", "contents": "Reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus: a model of plasticity in the vestibuloocular system. A simple manifestation of the memorial processes is the so called reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN), a trace phenomenon elicited in the rabbit by prolonged (60 min) optokinetic (OK) stimulation. Electrophysiological analysis of RPN indicated that the underlying neural trace is weakened, but not suppressed by spreading depression in the cerebral cortex or superior colliculus. An asymmetry of RPN is brought about by unilateral 6-OHDA lesion on substantia nigra. Electroconvulsive shock applied immediately after a period of OK stimulation blocks the subsequent RPN without interfering with OKN. About 70 percent of neurons in the vestibular complex changed their activity during OKN and RPK. The changes consisted in most cases of an excitation accompanying OKN and inhibition during RPN. The OKN-RPN related reacti6ns were also abundant in flocculus but significant activity changes during RPN were less frequent in this structure. Units in midbrain reticular formation reacted both during OKN and RPN in a similar fashion as the vestibular ones. On the other hand units in the cerebellar deep nuclei and brachium conjunctivum were only weakly influenced by OKN and/or RPN. It is suggested that the neural trace of RPN develops in the vestibular complex and vestibulocerebellum as a part of the process compensating the effect of continued optokinetic stimulation. Flocculus participates in input processing of the optokinetic stimulation whereas reticular formation mediates signal transmission to oculomotor and higher integrating centers. The trace, revealed by sudden cessation of the eliciting stimulus in absence of visual reference signals is probably the neural substrate of the so called motion habituation and visual hallucinations. As other compensatory phenomena in the motor system, RPN has features of instrumental (it improves the organisms control of environment) and classical (it is automatically established and involuntarily emitted) conditioning.", "PMID": 547705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10688", "title": "The orienting-exploratory response hypothesis of discriminative conditioning.", "content": "Behavioral and electrophysiological manifestations occurring under conditions of spatial discontiguity of CS and reinforcement (or response) are described. It is concluded that the conflict or learning difficulties which arise in such situations are the result of a competition between the signal directed conditioned orienting response and the goal directed approach response which require different or opposite directional movements. Considerations are offered to prove that the complex orienting-exploratory response emerging as a result of reinforcement corresponds to the real conditioned response and accordingly the CS to a new independent goal with comparable attractiveness as the primary (consummative) goal. Arguments are (brought up against the validity of the stimulus substitution theory of signal directed activities. Findings obtained in fimbria-fornix lesioned animals are presented to show that the orienting-exploratory mode of coping with spatial tasks necessitates the intactness of the limbic system. The conclusion is drawn that an apparently more adaptive mode of behaving in spatial discontiguity, where the CS only releases or triggers the goal response (used occasionally by intact but exclusively by limbic lesioned animals) corresponds to a relatively inferior mode of adaptation.", "contents": "The orienting-exploratory response hypothesis of discriminative conditioning. Behavioral and electrophysiological manifestations occurring under conditions of spatial discontiguity of CS and reinforcement (or response) are described. It is concluded that the conflict or learning difficulties which arise in such situations are the result of a competition between the signal directed conditioned orienting response and the goal directed approach response which require different or opposite directional movements. Considerations are offered to prove that the complex orienting-exploratory response emerging as a result of reinforcement corresponds to the real conditioned response and accordingly the CS to a new independent goal with comparable attractiveness as the primary (consummative) goal. Arguments are (brought up against the validity of the stimulus substitution theory of signal directed activities. Findings obtained in fimbria-fornix lesioned animals are presented to show that the orienting-exploratory mode of coping with spatial tasks necessitates the intactness of the limbic system. The conclusion is drawn that an apparently more adaptive mode of behaving in spatial discontiguity, where the CS only releases or triggers the goal response (used occasionally by intact but exclusively by limbic lesioned animals) corresponds to a relatively inferior mode of adaptation.", "PMID": 547706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10689", "title": "The emotiogenic brain structures in conditioning mechanisms: conditioned evoked potentials and motor responses.", "content": "The emotiogenic rnorphofunctional control system consists of the amygdaloid complex (AM), the zona incerta, the peri- and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and the midbrain central gray matter (CG). The neuronal relationships between the structures of this system were established. Lesions of these structures prevented one-trial learning, whereas electrical stimulation of the AM or the CG permitted retrieval of a trace which was lower than threshold. AM stimulation accelerated learning by 5-10 times. The possible mechanisms of the emotiogenic control system of memory' are discussed. The contribution of the identified structures of the emotiogenic control system of memory was quantitatively estimated, by employing a matrix of the interaction of these structures during the performance of conditioned neurographic responses of the radial nerve. The approach established the role of the emotiogenic control system in the spatial-temporal organization of brain structures needed for the retrieval of conditioned motor responses. Weakly trained cats, in which the AM-CG had been stimulated, did not differ from well trained ones in the patterns and correlation matrices of the conditioned evoked potentials. AM-CG activation may accelerate learning by reproducing such spatial-temporal relationships that are characteristic of well trained animals.", "contents": "The emotiogenic brain structures in conditioning mechanisms: conditioned evoked potentials and motor responses. The emotiogenic rnorphofunctional control system consists of the amygdaloid complex (AM), the zona incerta, the peri- and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and the midbrain central gray matter (CG). The neuronal relationships between the structures of this system were established. Lesions of these structures prevented one-trial learning, whereas electrical stimulation of the AM or the CG permitted retrieval of a trace which was lower than threshold. AM stimulation accelerated learning by 5-10 times. The possible mechanisms of the emotiogenic control system of memory' are discussed. The contribution of the identified structures of the emotiogenic control system of memory was quantitatively estimated, by employing a matrix of the interaction of these structures during the performance of conditioned neurographic responses of the radial nerve. The approach established the role of the emotiogenic control system in the spatial-temporal organization of brain structures needed for the retrieval of conditioned motor responses. Weakly trained cats, in which the AM-CG had been stimulated, did not differ from well trained ones in the patterns and correlation matrices of the conditioned evoked potentials. AM-CG activation may accelerate learning by reproducing such spatial-temporal relationships that are characteristic of well trained animals.", "PMID": 547707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10690", "title": "Neuronal mechanisms of conitioned placing reactions in cats.", "content": "Neuronal correlates of conditioned placing reaction of cat\u0092s forepaw were studied. The conditioned reaction evoking by tactile stimulation of the paw\u0092s ventral side had the same motor pattern, consisting mainly in successive flexion and extension of elbow joint, as the placing reaction evoked by paw\u0092s dorsal side stimulation in naive animals. The activity of single neurons from the m. biceps representation area in pericruciate motor cortex and VL thalamic nucleus was recorded. As a result of learning the excitatory response of cortical neurons to paw\u0092s ventral side stimulation in 20-50 ms post-stimulus interval was 2-2.5 times more than the response to the same stimulation in naive cats. This short-latency increase of response was not accompanied by modifications of sensory inflow to the motor cortex or movement related afferentation changes arriving from VL nucleus. There were no marked differences in excitability of cortical neurons of naive and trained animals as well. The results suggest a functional plasticity of the neuronal net in the motor cortex, consisting of a change in the efficiency of connections between neurons receiving sensory determined afferent excitation and the functional groups of neurons controlling the contraction of different muscles.", "contents": "Neuronal mechanisms of conitioned placing reactions in cats. Neuronal correlates of conditioned placing reaction of cat\u0092s forepaw were studied. The conditioned reaction evoking by tactile stimulation of the paw\u0092s ventral side had the same motor pattern, consisting mainly in successive flexion and extension of elbow joint, as the placing reaction evoked by paw\u0092s dorsal side stimulation in naive animals. The activity of single neurons from the m. biceps representation area in pericruciate motor cortex and VL thalamic nucleus was recorded. As a result of learning the excitatory response of cortical neurons to paw\u0092s ventral side stimulation in 20-50 ms post-stimulus interval was 2-2.5 times more than the response to the same stimulation in naive cats. This short-latency increase of response was not accompanied by modifications of sensory inflow to the motor cortex or movement related afferentation changes arriving from VL nucleus. There were no marked differences in excitability of cortical neurons of naive and trained animals as well. The results suggest a functional plasticity of the neuronal net in the motor cortex, consisting of a change in the efficiency of connections between neurons receiving sensory determined afferent excitation and the functional groups of neurons controlling the contraction of different muscles.", "PMID": 547708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10691", "title": "Auditory targeting reflexes: their determining role in directional instrumental responding.", "content": "Two groups of normal dogs have been trained in a task involving one directional alimentary response signalled by the auditory cue. The cue was spatially contiguous with response in one group, and spatially discontiguous in the other. Both groups did not differ in the acquisition rate. However, as it was demonstrated in the test trials, the response of the first group was determined by the location of the cue and not by its auditory quality, while the response of the second group was based on the auditory pattern of the cue and not on its location. On this basis it may be concluded, that depending on stimulus-response spatial contiguity, different properties of an auditory stimulus play a determining role in the performance of directional response. These results support earlier anatomical and electrophysiological data pointing out to the two divisions within the auditory system, one involved in localization and another in pattern recognition of the auditory cue. The difference in the determining role of these two aspects of the auditory cue is also discussed with regard to the system of targeting reflexes, elaborated in Konorski's \"Integrative activity of the brain\".", "contents": "Auditory targeting reflexes: their determining role in directional instrumental responding. Two groups of normal dogs have been trained in a task involving one directional alimentary response signalled by the auditory cue. The cue was spatially contiguous with response in one group, and spatially discontiguous in the other. Both groups did not differ in the acquisition rate. However, as it was demonstrated in the test trials, the response of the first group was determined by the location of the cue and not by its auditory quality, while the response of the second group was based on the auditory pattern of the cue and not on its location. On this basis it may be concluded, that depending on stimulus-response spatial contiguity, different properties of an auditory stimulus play a determining role in the performance of directional response. These results support earlier anatomical and electrophysiological data pointing out to the two divisions within the auditory system, one involved in localization and another in pattern recognition of the auditory cue. The difference in the determining role of these two aspects of the auditory cue is also discussed with regard to the system of targeting reflexes, elaborated in Konorski's \"Integrative activity of the brain\".", "PMID": 547709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10692", "title": "Single unit activity in the visual cortex during conditioning in cats.", "content": "Multiple neuronal activity, recorded through chronically implanted electrodes, was analyzed. During acquisition and consolidation of alimentary conditioned reflexes to electrostimulation of the lateral geniculate body or optical tract, the patterns of neuronal activity in the visual cortex and sensory motor cortex became organized in a way different from that observed during pseudoconditioning. The majority of the neurons showed change in activity during both the isolated action of the stimuli and their simultaneous presentation. In stabilized conditioned reflexes, the activity of neurons in the sensory motor and visual cortex was interdependent. Neuronal indices of backward conditioned connections during activation of the reinforcing structures were analogous to the reactions of visual cortical neurons during the conditioned stimulus action and were manifested by an increase of discharge activity.", "contents": "Single unit activity in the visual cortex during conditioning in cats. Multiple neuronal activity, recorded through chronically implanted electrodes, was analyzed. During acquisition and consolidation of alimentary conditioned reflexes to electrostimulation of the lateral geniculate body or optical tract, the patterns of neuronal activity in the visual cortex and sensory motor cortex became organized in a way different from that observed during pseudoconditioning. The majority of the neurons showed change in activity during both the isolated action of the stimuli and their simultaneous presentation. In stabilized conditioned reflexes, the activity of neurons in the sensory motor and visual cortex was interdependent. Neuronal indices of backward conditioned connections during activation of the reinforcing structures were analogous to the reactions of visual cortical neurons during the conditioned stimulus action and were manifested by an increase of discharge activity.", "PMID": 547710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10693", "title": "Thalamoamygdaloid connections studied by the method of retrograde transport.", "content": "On the basis of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport from nuclei ot the amygdaloid body of the rat to the thalamus, it was found that several groups of thalamic nuclei send fibers to the amygdala. These are: (i) nuclei of posterior region of thalamus and neighboring area of the tegmentum - peripeduncular nucleus, suprageniculate-limitans nucleus, (ii) midline nuclei - paraventricular nucleus, parataenial nucleus, nucleus reuniens, (ii) intralaminar nuclei - central medial nucleus, parafascicular nucleus, (iv) medidorsal nucleus. There are two main systems of thalamoamygdaloid connections. One of them arising in the posterior region of the thalamus terminates in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral part of its central nucleus. The other system begins in the intralaminar and midline nuclei and in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. It reaches the remaining nuclei of the amygdala. Amygdalopetal connections of the interlaminar and middline nuclei of the thalamus, especially those arising in the paraventricular and parataenial nucleus, are mostly bilateral.", "contents": "Thalamoamygdaloid connections studied by the method of retrograde transport. On the basis of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport from nuclei ot the amygdaloid body of the rat to the thalamus, it was found that several groups of thalamic nuclei send fibers to the amygdala. These are: (i) nuclei of posterior region of thalamus and neighboring area of the tegmentum - peripeduncular nucleus, suprageniculate-limitans nucleus, (ii) midline nuclei - paraventricular nucleus, parataenial nucleus, nucleus reuniens, (ii) intralaminar nuclei - central medial nucleus, parafascicular nucleus, (iv) medidorsal nucleus. There are two main systems of thalamoamygdaloid connections. One of them arising in the posterior region of the thalamus terminates in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral part of its central nucleus. The other system begins in the intralaminar and midline nuclei and in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. It reaches the remaining nuclei of the amygdala. Amygdalopetal connections of the interlaminar and middline nuclei of the thalamus, especially those arising in the paraventricular and parataenial nucleus, are mostly bilateral.", "PMID": 547711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10694", "title": "On the mechanism of the post-asymptotic CR decrement phenomenon.", "content": "Three experiments with 49 dogs explored the decrease in CR magnitude that sometimes occurs when CS-US pairings are continued beyond those needed to reach maximum CR magnitude. The first experiment confirmed the existence of the phenomenon, obtaining less conditioned excitation after 300 CS-US trials than after 18 CS-US trials. The second experiment demonstrated that the phenomenon is not dependent upon paired CS-US presentations because 18 CS-US pairings yielded little excitation if preceded by, followed by, or intermixed with 282 US presentations. The third experiment indicated that in contrast to the decremental effects on excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning was faciliated by large numbers of prior US exposures, suggesting explanation of the post-asymptotic decrement phenomenon by opponent-process theory.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the post-asymptotic CR decrement phenomenon. Three experiments with 49 dogs explored the decrease in CR magnitude that sometimes occurs when CS-US pairings are continued beyond those needed to reach maximum CR magnitude. The first experiment confirmed the existence of the phenomenon, obtaining less conditioned excitation after 300 CS-US trials than after 18 CS-US trials. The second experiment demonstrated that the phenomenon is not dependent upon paired CS-US presentations because 18 CS-US pairings yielded little excitation if preceded by, followed by, or intermixed with 282 US presentations. The third experiment indicated that in contrast to the decremental effects on excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning was faciliated by large numbers of prior US exposures, suggesting explanation of the post-asymptotic decrement phenomenon by opponent-process theory.", "PMID": 547712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10695", "title": "The role of emotions in the formation of instrumental conditioned reflex.", "content": "The recording of vegetative parameters of emotional stress in humane and in dogs during elaboration of instrumental conditioned reflexes showed that such stress is a function of two major factors: (i) the value of the actual need (drive) and (ii) the estimation by the brain of the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction. Comparison of the need with the possibility of its satisfaction activates the mechanisms of positive (maximized by the subject) or negative (minimized) emotions; which serve as the direct reinforcement of instrumental conditioned reflexes. Experiments show that needs and emotions have an independent morphological substratum. The hypothalamus and amygdala must be intact in order to single out the need that is dominant at a given moment and is first to be satisfied. Estimation of the probability of need's satisfaction (probability of reinforcement)is the function of the frontal areas in the neocortex and hippocampus. These four brain structures play a decisive role in the genesis of emotional states and in the organization of behavior.", "contents": "The role of emotions in the formation of instrumental conditioned reflex. The recording of vegetative parameters of emotional stress in humane and in dogs during elaboration of instrumental conditioned reflexes showed that such stress is a function of two major factors: (i) the value of the actual need (drive) and (ii) the estimation by the brain of the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction. Comparison of the need with the possibility of its satisfaction activates the mechanisms of positive (maximized by the subject) or negative (minimized) emotions; which serve as the direct reinforcement of instrumental conditioned reflexes. Experiments show that needs and emotions have an independent morphological substratum. The hypothalamus and amygdala must be intact in order to single out the need that is dominant at a given moment and is first to be satisfied. Estimation of the probability of need's satisfaction (probability of reinforcement)is the function of the frontal areas in the neocortex and hippocampus. These four brain structures play a decisive role in the genesis of emotional states and in the organization of behavior.", "PMID": 547713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10696", "title": "A study of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices.", "content": "Long-lasting potentiation in the hippocampal pathways is used at present as a model for long-term plasticity in the nervous system. In this study post-tetanic potentiation was investigated in the dentate gyrus-area CA3 pathway by extra- and intracellular recordings from transverse slices of the mouse hippocampus. Tetanization of the dentate gyrus led to a reduction in the latency of action potentials (APs) and EPSPs recorded from area CA3, to an increase in the amplitude of EPSPs and in the steepness of their ascending slope, and to an augmented probability of APs. These changes persisted for a period of several seconds to 30 min after tetanization. Of special interest were records from cells responding with EPSPs: of a short latency (2-3 ms) which was not changed by an increase in the frequency and strength of stimulation. We assume that such EPSPs are monosynaptic. Our results suggest that monosynaptic EPSPs can undergo long-lasting (up to 30 min) post-tetanic potentiation.", "contents": "A study of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices. Long-lasting potentiation in the hippocampal pathways is used at present as a model for long-term plasticity in the nervous system. In this study post-tetanic potentiation was investigated in the dentate gyrus-area CA3 pathway by extra- and intracellular recordings from transverse slices of the mouse hippocampus. Tetanization of the dentate gyrus led to a reduction in the latency of action potentials (APs) and EPSPs recorded from area CA3, to an increase in the amplitude of EPSPs and in the steepness of their ascending slope, and to an augmented probability of APs. These changes persisted for a period of several seconds to 30 min after tetanization. Of special interest were records from cells responding with EPSPs: of a short latency (2-3 ms) which was not changed by an increase in the frequency and strength of stimulation. We assume that such EPSPs are monosynaptic. Our results suggest that monosynaptic EPSPs can undergo long-lasting (up to 30 min) post-tetanic potentiation.", "PMID": 547714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10697", "title": "Visual acuity functions and pattern discrimination in the destriate cat.", "content": "The study provides evidence that the cat is capable of processing visual information of some detail after removal of area 17 and most of area 18. This postoperative discrimination of complex spatial stimuli is not based on the use of such cues as luminance differences or local flux cues. From the deficits which follow extensive lesions of areas 17-18, it appears as though these cortices participate in the detection of fine details. We found a modest increase in the threshold of grating acuity, moderate loss in orientation acuity and extensive deficit in a task requiring topographic alignment of contours (vernier offset). Further evidence for the substantial preservation of spatial vision in the destriate cat is provided by experiments which show that perceptual grouping of rectilinear arrays of figural elements (dots or line segments) into obliquely oriented rows is largely unaffected by the lesion, even when the grouping is initiated by near-threshold proximity cues. Since grouping effects are felt to be involved in the organization of the visual field into the figure-ground dichotomy, these results indicate that the neural mechanisms subserving the initial stage of form perception lie outside of areas 17 and 18. Consistent with the increased acuity thresholds of destriate cats, these animals have deficits in several pattern discriminations that require fine-grained spatial analysis The results suggest that areas 17-18 serve as a high-spatial frequency analyzer, but are not essential to pattern and form recognition.", "contents": "Visual acuity functions and pattern discrimination in the destriate cat. The study provides evidence that the cat is capable of processing visual information of some detail after removal of area 17 and most of area 18. This postoperative discrimination of complex spatial stimuli is not based on the use of such cues as luminance differences or local flux cues. From the deficits which follow extensive lesions of areas 17-18, it appears as though these cortices participate in the detection of fine details. We found a modest increase in the threshold of grating acuity, moderate loss in orientation acuity and extensive deficit in a task requiring topographic alignment of contours (vernier offset). Further evidence for the substantial preservation of spatial vision in the destriate cat is provided by experiments which show that perceptual grouping of rectilinear arrays of figural elements (dots or line segments) into obliquely oriented rows is largely unaffected by the lesion, even when the grouping is initiated by near-threshold proximity cues. Since grouping effects are felt to be involved in the organization of the visual field into the figure-ground dichotomy, these results indicate that the neural mechanisms subserving the initial stage of form perception lie outside of areas 17 and 18. Consistent with the increased acuity thresholds of destriate cats, these animals have deficits in several pattern discriminations that require fine-grained spatial analysis The results suggest that areas 17-18 serve as a high-spatial frequency analyzer, but are not essential to pattern and form recognition.", "PMID": 547715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10698", "title": "Differential effect of polycations on uptake and desulphation of heparin.", "content": "Previous work has established that macrophages in culture release sulphate from heparin. We now report that increased uptake and desulphation of heparin occurred in the presence of polycations (poly-L-ornithine and poly-DL-lysine) and that the increase in heparin uptake was by about 30-fold. The desulphation was less related to uptake than to the nature of the bound polycation. Serum was found to have an inhibitory effect on heparin uptake while polycations inhibited heparin desulphation by macrophage extracts.", "contents": "Differential effect of polycations on uptake and desulphation of heparin. Previous work has established that macrophages in culture release sulphate from heparin. We now report that increased uptake and desulphation of heparin occurred in the presence of polycations (poly-L-ornithine and poly-DL-lysine) and that the increase in heparin uptake was by about 30-fold. The desulphation was less related to uptake than to the nature of the bound polycation. Serum was found to have an inhibitory effect on heparin uptake while polycations inhibited heparin desulphation by macrophage extracts.", "PMID": 547723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10699", "title": "Activation of pleural macrophages by intrapleural application of Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "A single ipl injection of 0.25 mg CP into CBA mice led to accumulation of macrophages in the pleural cavity, but it did not influence RES as an injection given iv ipl CP caused a three-to-five-fold increase in the number of nucleated cells in the pleural cavity which persisted at least 14 days. Of these cells 86% were macrophages as shown by their esterase activity. Less than 30% of cells from the pleural cavity of normal mice were esterase positive. Macrophages from the pleural cavity of CP-treated mice were capable of destroying in vitro cultures of a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, while normal pleural macrophages exerted no effect; the former were not cytotoxic for either syngeneic or allogeneic embryo fibroblasts. Ipl CP protected mice against iv injected mammary carcinoma cells; given to mice 7 days after iv inoculation of tumor cells it significantly reduced the number of tumor nodules in their lungs.", "contents": "Activation of pleural macrophages by intrapleural application of Corynebacterium parvum. A single ipl injection of 0.25 mg CP into CBA mice led to accumulation of macrophages in the pleural cavity, but it did not influence RES as an injection given iv ipl CP caused a three-to-five-fold increase in the number of nucleated cells in the pleural cavity which persisted at least 14 days. Of these cells 86% were macrophages as shown by their esterase activity. Less than 30% of cells from the pleural cavity of normal mice were esterase positive. Macrophages from the pleural cavity of CP-treated mice were capable of destroying in vitro cultures of a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, while normal pleural macrophages exerted no effect; the former were not cytotoxic for either syngeneic or allogeneic embryo fibroblasts. Ipl CP protected mice against iv injected mammary carcinoma cells; given to mice 7 days after iv inoculation of tumor cells it significantly reduced the number of tumor nodules in their lungs.", "PMID": 547729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10700", "title": "Glucan induced modification of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection in normal, leukemic and immunosuppressed mice.", "content": "Glucan, a beta 1 leads to 3 polyglucosidic component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was evaluated for its ability to provide nonspecific resistance to S. aureus septicemia in AKR/J mice. Intravenous injection of glucan (0.45 mg/mouse) 7 and 4 days prior to intravenous challenge with S. aureus (1.0 x 10(9)) resulted in a significantly increased survival as compared to control mice. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed that glucan decreased tissue necrosis associated with systemic staphylococcal disease. A post-treatment regimen of glucan significantly enhanced survival of AKR/J mice with lymphocytic leukemia as well as  leukemic mice with experimentally induced systemic staphylococcal infection. The effect of glucan on S. aureus septicemia was also evaluated in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Glucan increased peripheral leukocyte counts as well as significantly enhanced survival of cyclophosphamide-treated mice with systemic S. aureus infection. Histopathological examination revealed that glucan administration markedly inhibited renal and hepatic pathology in cyclophosphamide-treated mice following intravenous challenge with S. aureus. These data denote that glucan provides nonspecific resistance to bacterial sepsis in normal, leukemic as well as immunosuppressed mice.", "contents": "Glucan induced modification of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection in normal, leukemic and immunosuppressed mice. Glucan, a beta 1 leads to 3 polyglucosidic component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was evaluated for its ability to provide nonspecific resistance to S. aureus septicemia in AKR/J mice. Intravenous injection of glucan (0.45 mg/mouse) 7 and 4 days prior to intravenous challenge with S. aureus (1.0 x 10(9)) resulted in a significantly increased survival as compared to control mice. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed that glucan decreased tissue necrosis associated with systemic staphylococcal disease. A post-treatment regimen of glucan significantly enhanced survival of AKR/J mice with lymphocytic leukemia as well as  leukemic mice with experimentally induced systemic staphylococcal infection. The effect of glucan on S. aureus septicemia was also evaluated in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Glucan increased peripheral leukocyte counts as well as significantly enhanced survival of cyclophosphamide-treated mice with systemic S. aureus infection. Histopathological examination revealed that glucan administration markedly inhibited renal and hepatic pathology in cyclophosphamide-treated mice following intravenous challenge with S. aureus. These data denote that glucan provides nonspecific resistance to bacterial sepsis in normal, leukemic as well as immunosuppressed mice.", "PMID": 547728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10701", "title": "Function of macrophage prostaglandins in the process of phagocytosis.", "content": "The role of prostaglandins (PGs) in phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (SRC) by mouse spleen adherent cells was examined. A decrease of about 50% in the phagocytosis was observed when macrophages were treated with 5 microgram/ml indomethacin. Concomitant addition of PGs (10(-6) mg/ml), however, prevented the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. It is thus suggested that PGs play an important role in phagocytosis.", "contents": "Function of macrophage prostaglandins in the process of phagocytosis. The role of prostaglandins (PGs) in phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (SRC) by mouse spleen adherent cells was examined. A decrease of about 50% in the phagocytosis was observed when macrophages were treated with 5 microgram/ml indomethacin. Concomitant addition of PGs (10(-6) mg/ml), however, prevented the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. It is thus suggested that PGs play an important role in phagocytosis.", "PMID": 547732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10702", "title": "Quinine protects pyruvate-kinase deficient red cells from dehydration.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase deficient red blood cells have an abnormal tendency to lose ATP when exposed to low pO2 or cyanide, whereas normal red cells do not. Once energy is depleted, all red cells take up calcium and subsequently lose intracellular potassium and water. It has been shown previously that quinine will inhibit the potassium and water flux seen in energy depleted normal cells. The present study indicates that quinine protects cyanide treated pyruvate kinase deficient erythrocytes from water and potassium loss. Quinine does not prevent ATP depletion or calcium uptake. By six hours, cyanide treated pyruvate kinase deficient cells have lost an average of 486 gm of water per kilogram cell solids and 140 mmoles of potassium per kilogram of cell solids, while cells treated with both quinine and cyanide have lost only 106 gm of water per kilogram of cell solids and 77 mmoles of potassium per kilogram of cell solids. These data support the concept that the membrane lesion in pyruvate kinase deficiency is secondary to ATP depletion and is a manifestation of the Gardos effect. Quinine may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Quinine protects pyruvate-kinase deficient red cells from dehydration. Pyruvate kinase deficient red blood cells have an abnormal tendency to lose ATP when exposed to low pO2 or cyanide, whereas normal red cells do not. Once energy is depleted, all red cells take up calcium and subsequently lose intracellular potassium and water. It has been shown previously that quinine will inhibit the potassium and water flux seen in energy depleted normal cells. The present study indicates that quinine protects cyanide treated pyruvate kinase deficient erythrocytes from water and potassium loss. Quinine does not prevent ATP depletion or calcium uptake. By six hours, cyanide treated pyruvate kinase deficient cells have lost an average of 486 gm of water per kilogram cell solids and 140 mmoles of potassium per kilogram of cell solids, while cells treated with both quinine and cyanide have lost only 106 gm of water per kilogram of cell solids and 77 mmoles of potassium per kilogram of cell solids. These data support the concept that the membrane lesion in pyruvate kinase deficiency is secondary to ATP depletion and is a manifestation of the Gardos effect. Quinine may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 547736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10703", "title": "The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in sickle cell disease.", "content": "The symptoms of thromboembolism in sickle cell anemia patients with acute chest syndromes are difficult to differentiate from the similar symptoms of painful thoracic crises and infectious pulmonary episodes. Furthermore, the chronic pulmonary abnormalities in sickle cell disease frequently contribute to the confusing results of noninvasive diagnostic procedures usually employed in evaluating pulmonary thromboembolism. In this study the chronic pulmonary status of asymptomatic sickle cell patients was defined, and this information was used in the evaluation of patients with acute chest syndromes suggestive of pulmonary thromembolism. Sixteen asymptomatic sickle cell patients were prospectively studied by chest roentgenography, spirometry, arterial gas analyses, and radioisotopic lung scans. There was an appreciable degree of preexisting chronic restrictive lung disease with mild to moderate arterial hypoxemia and abnormal lung scans in more than half of the patients. These prospective baseline data were incorporated into the diagnostic evaluation of four of these patients who later developed an acute chest syndrome suggestive of pulmonary thromboembolism. Determination of the cause of the chest pain was greatly faciliated by the existence of the baseline pulmonary data. In another patient persistence of abnormal studies following a presumed thromboembolic episode aided diagnostic evaluation when another episode of chest pain occurred. The findings indicate that comprehensive pulmonary studies in sickle cell patients while in an asymptomatic state will provide baseline data which aid the evaluation of possible pulmonary thromboembolism in acute chest syndromes without resorting to high-risk invasive studies.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in sickle cell disease. The symptoms of thromboembolism in sickle cell anemia patients with acute chest syndromes are difficult to differentiate from the similar symptoms of painful thoracic crises and infectious pulmonary episodes. Furthermore, the chronic pulmonary abnormalities in sickle cell disease frequently contribute to the confusing results of noninvasive diagnostic procedures usually employed in evaluating pulmonary thromboembolism. In this study the chronic pulmonary status of asymptomatic sickle cell patients was defined, and this information was used in the evaluation of patients with acute chest syndromes suggestive of pulmonary thromembolism. Sixteen asymptomatic sickle cell patients were prospectively studied by chest roentgenography, spirometry, arterial gas analyses, and radioisotopic lung scans. There was an appreciable degree of preexisting chronic restrictive lung disease with mild to moderate arterial hypoxemia and abnormal lung scans in more than half of the patients. These prospective baseline data were incorporated into the diagnostic evaluation of four of these patients who later developed an acute chest syndrome suggestive of pulmonary thromboembolism. Determination of the cause of the chest pain was greatly faciliated by the existence of the baseline pulmonary data. In another patient persistence of abnormal studies following a presumed thromboembolic episode aided diagnostic evaluation when another episode of chest pain occurred. The findings indicate that comprehensive pulmonary studies in sickle cell patients while in an asymptomatic state will provide baseline data which aid the evaluation of possible pulmonary thromboembolism in acute chest syndromes without resorting to high-risk invasive studies.", "PMID": 547737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10704", "title": "Oxygen dissociation curves in children with anemia and malignant disease.", "content": "Two automatic apparatuses utilizing a dual wavelength spectrophotometer were used to perform oxygen dissociation curves on microsamples of blood. The method provides a complete print-out of an oxygen dissociation curve in 15--20 min and the P50 vlues obtained in normal individuals agree closely with those obtained by classical methods. These apparatuses were used to measure oxygen affinity, ie P50, in anemic children with malignant disease prior to treatment and in children undergoing therapy. Red cell 2,3-DPG levels were also measured. In patients with anemia at the time of diagnosis and prior to therapy, the P50 values and 2,3-DPG levels were elevated as is usual in other types of anemia. However, when oxygen affinity and 2,3-DPG levels were measured in anemic patients receiving treatment, three types of response to anemia were noted: 1) increased P50 and 2,3-DPG; 2) normal or low P50 and 2,3-DPG, and; 3) normal or low P50 with increased 2,3-DPG. Patients who adapted poorly to anemia during treatment had usually received prior intensive chemotherapy and transfusion therapy, and their pattern of red cell glycolytic intermediates was consistent with a red cell population with an increased cell age. The failure of some patients to respond to anemia with a decrease in oxygen affinity has implications in regards to the hemoglobin level at which they should be transfused.", "contents": "Oxygen dissociation curves in children with anemia and malignant disease. Two automatic apparatuses utilizing a dual wavelength spectrophotometer were used to perform oxygen dissociation curves on microsamples of blood. The method provides a complete print-out of an oxygen dissociation curve in 15--20 min and the P50 vlues obtained in normal individuals agree closely with those obtained by classical methods. These apparatuses were used to measure oxygen affinity, ie P50, in anemic children with malignant disease prior to treatment and in children undergoing therapy. Red cell 2,3-DPG levels were also measured. In patients with anemia at the time of diagnosis and prior to therapy, the P50 values and 2,3-DPG levels were elevated as is usual in other types of anemia. However, when oxygen affinity and 2,3-DPG levels were measured in anemic patients receiving treatment, three types of response to anemia were noted: 1) increased P50 and 2,3-DPG; 2) normal or low P50 and 2,3-DPG, and; 3) normal or low P50 with increased 2,3-DPG. Patients who adapted poorly to anemia during treatment had usually received prior intensive chemotherapy and transfusion therapy, and their pattern of red cell glycolytic intermediates was consistent with a red cell population with an increased cell age. The failure of some patients to respond to anemia with a decrease in oxygen affinity has implications in regards to the hemoglobin level at which they should be transfused.", "PMID": 547738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10705", "title": "Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in varicella.", "content": "51Cr-labeled platelet and 125I-labeled fibrinogen kinetic studies in four thrombocytopenic children with varicella infection revealed marked platelet destruction (platelet survival times 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, and 2.4 days) and relatively normal fibrinogen disappearance. The platelet count was directly related to the platelet survival time. Marrow megakaryocyte mass was increased twofold to fourfold. IgG or IgM antiplatelet antibody was present on autologous platelets in the three patients tested. These data suggest that thrombocytopenia in some patients with varicella is the consequence of immune mediated platelet destruction.", "contents": "Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in varicella. 51Cr-labeled platelet and 125I-labeled fibrinogen kinetic studies in four thrombocytopenic children with varicella infection revealed marked platelet destruction (platelet survival times 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, and 2.4 days) and relatively normal fibrinogen disappearance. The platelet count was directly related to the platelet survival time. Marrow megakaryocyte mass was increased twofold to fourfold. IgG or IgM antiplatelet antibody was present on autologous platelets in the three patients tested. These data suggest that thrombocytopenia in some patients with varicella is the consequence of immune mediated platelet destruction.", "PMID": 547739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10706", "title": "Isolation and characterization of granulocyte lysosomal proteins and study of their effects on the clotting system.", "content": "Lysosomes (granules) of rabbit PMN leukocytes were extracted with either HCl or H2SO4, and the extracts were chromatographed over Sephadex to separate protein constituents. Some of the low molecular weight cationic proteins homogeneous on SDS PAGE (8% and 12.5% gels) were characterized by electrophoretic mobility in acid gels and by amino acid analysis. A 3,700 dalton polypeptide, rich in arginine and cysteine, prolonged the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. In low concentration, this protein shortened the clotting time of pure fibrinogen by thrombin. In high concentration this lysosomal cationic protein precipitated fibrinogen from solution; no fibrinopeptides were released to suggest cleavage of fibrinogen. Fibrinolytic protease activity was detected in crude H2SO4 extracts but not in crude HCl extracts. Two separate plasminogen activators, differing from kallikrein or prekallikrein, were isolated from the H2SO4 lysosomal extract and were partially characterized; neither exhibited proteolytic activity on fibrinogen free of plasminogen.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of granulocyte lysosomal proteins and study of their effects on the clotting system. Lysosomes (granules) of rabbit PMN leukocytes were extracted with either HCl or H2SO4, and the extracts were chromatographed over Sephadex to separate protein constituents. Some of the low molecular weight cationic proteins homogeneous on SDS PAGE (8% and 12.5% gels) were characterized by electrophoretic mobility in acid gels and by amino acid analysis. A 3,700 dalton polypeptide, rich in arginine and cysteine, prolonged the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. In low concentration, this protein shortened the clotting time of pure fibrinogen by thrombin. In high concentration this lysosomal cationic protein precipitated fibrinogen from solution; no fibrinopeptides were released to suggest cleavage of fibrinogen. Fibrinolytic protease activity was detected in crude H2SO4 extracts but not in crude HCl extracts. Two separate plasminogen activators, differing from kallikrein or prekallikrein, were isolated from the H2SO4 lysosomal extract and were partially characterized; neither exhibited proteolytic activity on fibrinogen free of plasminogen.", "PMID": 547740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10707", "title": "[State of Spirometra \"sparganum growth factor\" research].", "content": "The plerocercoids of all Spirometra forms investigated up to now in this regard produce a \"Sparganum Growth Factor\" (SGF), i.e. one (or more) substance(s) with growth hormone-like effect on certain rodents. The SGF produced by the species S. mansonoides (SGF \"mansonoides\") is stronger effect than the SGF produced by all the other forms (SGF \"non-mansonoides\"). The physiological in its effects hitherto investigated mainly with SGT \"mansonoides\" in the USA are shortly mentioned. In order to get further insights the isolation, purification, and characterization of the SGF are necessary. The both kinds of SGF are also of taxonomic importance.", "contents": "[State of Spirometra \"sparganum growth factor\" research]. The plerocercoids of all Spirometra forms investigated up to now in this regard produce a \"Sparganum Growth Factor\" (SGF), i.e. one (or more) substance(s) with growth hormone-like effect on certain rodents. The SGF produced by the species S. mansonoides (SGF \"mansonoides\") is stronger effect than the SGF produced by all the other forms (SGF \"non-mansonoides\"). The physiological in its effects hitherto investigated mainly with SGT \"mansonoides\" in the USA are shortly mentioned. In order to get further insights the isolation, purification, and characterization of the SGF are necessary. The both kinds of SGF are also of taxonomic importance.", "PMID": 547743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10708", "title": "[Size and distribution of a Blattella germanica population].", "content": "The abundance and dispersion of a selected genetic homogeneous and isolated population of Blattella germanica was observed by the method of dry incorporation of radioactive porcellain tracer. Under optimal conditions, a medium density of 130 individuals per cubicmetre volume was found. The fluctuations came to 50% from the middle value. The dispersion is unequal and depends as well on the requisites of the room as on the size and the quality of the existing aggregations. An interchange exists between the aggregations. In this respect males are more active than female cockroaches.", "contents": "[Size and distribution of a Blattella germanica population]. The abundance and dispersion of a selected genetic homogeneous and isolated population of Blattella germanica was observed by the method of dry incorporation of radioactive porcellain tracer. Under optimal conditions, a medium density of 130 individuals per cubicmetre volume was found. The fluctuations came to 50% from the middle value. The dispersion is unequal and depends as well on the requisites of the room as on the size and the quality of the existing aggregations. An interchange exists between the aggregations. In this respect males are more active than female cockroaches.", "PMID": 547744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10709", "title": "[Varroatosis--a new mite pest of the honeybee in Europe].", "content": "Notes on spreading, constitution, diagnosis, and control of Varroa jacobsonii OUDEMANS, 1904, the causal agent of a new mite pest in European honey bees.", "contents": "[Varroatosis--a new mite pest of the honeybee in Europe]. Notes on spreading, constitution, diagnosis, and control of Varroa jacobsonii OUDEMANS, 1904, the causal agent of a new mite pest in European honey bees.", "PMID": 547745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10710", "title": "[Frequency of latent connatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in children and their development].", "content": "The incidence and clinical symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii-primoinfection during pregnancy are ascertained basing on a prospective survey comprising 1,697 gravid women. The rate of the first infection during pregnancy was 7.6%, the connatal infection rate 5.6%, the premature birth rate in connatal infection 44%. In cases of connatal infection which were proved serologically with SFT and CFT, the development of the children was followed up to the age of 9 and 10 years.", "contents": "[Frequency of latent connatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in children and their development]. The incidence and clinical symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii-primoinfection during pregnancy are ascertained basing on a prospective survey comprising 1,697 gravid women. The rate of the first infection during pregnancy was 7.6%, the connatal infection rate 5.6%, the premature birth rate in connatal infection 44%. In cases of connatal infection which were proved serologically with SFT and CFT, the development of the children was followed up to the age of 9 and 10 years.", "PMID": 547746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10711", "title": "[Problems of the ectoparasite control in the Mongolian People's Republic].", "content": "The co-operation between G.D.R. and M.P.R. in the field of control of ectoparasites in farm animals is described. The problems under the specific conditions of the M.P.R. in the control of the principal parasitoses of economic importance such as hypodermosis, mange, tick infestations, oestrosis, vermipsyllosis, gasterophilosis and wohlfahrtiosis are analysed. The successfully applied hypodermosis control program represents the base for further systematic, state-directed strategic measures in controlling of ectoparasitoses.", "contents": "[Problems of the ectoparasite control in the Mongolian People's Republic]. The co-operation between G.D.R. and M.P.R. in the field of control of ectoparasites in farm animals is described. The problems under the specific conditions of the M.P.R. in the control of the principal parasitoses of economic importance such as hypodermosis, mange, tick infestations, oestrosis, vermipsyllosis, gasterophilosis and wohlfahrtiosis are analysed. The successfully applied hypodermosis control program represents the base for further systematic, state-directed strategic measures in controlling of ectoparasitoses.", "PMID": 547747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10712", "title": "The genetic map of the B system of cattle blood groups as observed in French breeds.", "content": "40 cases of irregular inheritance of phenogroups in the B system of cattle blood groups, that were presumed to have arisen from single crossing-over, have been used to establish a partial genetic map of this system. In addition, the relative positions in the map of several antigenic factors were inferred from relationships observed between particular phenogroups occurring in French breeds. The tentative map thus obtained shows an overall similarity to that established by Ruiterkamp et al. (1977) in Dutch Friesian cattle. This result, in addition to other arguments, supports the hypothesis that the genetic structure of the B system of cattle blood groups is basically the same in all taurine breeds. Evidence is given, for the first time, for the occurrence in the B system of genetic events other than single crossing-over (double crossing-over or gene conversion, and possibly deletion). The rate of recombination between the genetic determinants of the terminal factors of the system, Q and I', was calculated in the progeny of some Normande bulls heterozygous for these two determinants (447 gametes); a value of 1.34 centimorgan was obtained. However complementary data indicate that 0.7 centimorgan would be a better estimate.", "contents": "The genetic map of the B system of cattle blood groups as observed in French breeds. 40 cases of irregular inheritance of phenogroups in the B system of cattle blood groups, that were presumed to have arisen from single crossing-over, have been used to establish a partial genetic map of this system. In addition, the relative positions in the map of several antigenic factors were inferred from relationships observed between particular phenogroups occurring in French breeds. The tentative map thus obtained shows an overall similarity to that established by Ruiterkamp et al. (1977) in Dutch Friesian cattle. This result, in addition to other arguments, supports the hypothesis that the genetic structure of the B system of cattle blood groups is basically the same in all taurine breeds. Evidence is given, for the first time, for the occurrence in the B system of genetic events other than single crossing-over (double crossing-over or gene conversion, and possibly deletion). The rate of recombination between the genetic determinants of the terminal factors of the system, Q and I', was calculated in the progeny of some Normande bulls heterozygous for these two determinants (447 gametes); a value of 1.34 centimorgan was obtained. However complementary data indicate that 0.7 centimorgan would be a better estimate.", "PMID": 547748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10713", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of horse acidic prealbumins on thin-layer polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "The paper describes a technique of thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isolectric focusing of horse serum, within a pH range of 4.0--6.0, which permits the improved resolution of the acidic prealbumin protein bands. The increased heterogeneity of the Pr prealbumin antiprotease allele products apparent using this technique is described and discussed in detail, and the potential use of the technique in routine Pr phenotyping is considered.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of horse acidic prealbumins on thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. The paper describes a technique of thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isolectric focusing of horse serum, within a pH range of 4.0--6.0, which permits the improved resolution of the acidic prealbumin protein bands. The increased heterogeneity of the Pr prealbumin antiprotease allele products apparent using this technique is described and discussed in detail, and the potential use of the technique in routine Pr phenotyping is considered.", "PMID": 547749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10714", "title": "[Luteal insufficiency. Histoclinical and biological correlations].", "content": "Luteal insufficiency, an entity accepted with difficulty, is responsible for 3.5 p. 100 of cases of infertility and 35 p. 100 of early abortions. This study, carried out in 328 women with an average age of 29 years, involved clinical and histological features, as well as the estimation of plasma levels and endometrial receptors of ovarian steroids. Three broad histological patterns emerged:--luteal insufficiency associated with oestrogenic insufficiency indicative of overall ovarian deficiency;--luteal insufficiency with functional dysmaturation indicative of deficient or delayed luteal function, with or without persistence of excessively high oestrogen activity,--luteal insufficiency related to the short life of the corpus luteum which stops on the 20th day. Relationships between histological findings, the measurement of receptors and plasma estimations are discussed and precise analysis of endometrial biopsies must be considered as one of the best test of luteal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Luteal insufficiency. Histoclinical and biological correlations]. Luteal insufficiency, an entity accepted with difficulty, is responsible for 3.5 p. 100 of cases of infertility and 35 p. 100 of early abortions. This study, carried out in 328 women with an average age of 29 years, involved clinical and histological features, as well as the estimation of plasma levels and endometrial receptors of ovarian steroids. Three broad histological patterns emerged:--luteal insufficiency associated with oestrogenic insufficiency indicative of overall ovarian deficiency;--luteal insufficiency with functional dysmaturation indicative of deficient or delayed luteal function, with or without persistence of excessively high oestrogen activity,--luteal insufficiency related to the short life of the corpus luteum which stops on the 20th day. Relationships between histological findings, the measurement of receptors and plasma estimations are discussed and precise analysis of endometrial biopsies must be considered as one of the best test of luteal insufficiency.", "PMID": 547750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10715", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the buccal mucosa in the non-smoking cirrhotic patient].", "content": "Ultrastructural analysis of biopsies of the buccal mucosa was carried out in 12 non-smoking patients and 10 smokers with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis. Certain signs of epithelial dysplasia, including increase in nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, proeminence of the nucleolus, fragmentation and proliferations of the basal layer accompanied or not by epithelial projections into the chorion, were seen in non-smoking cirrhotics, as in the smokers. These findings emphasise the predominant role of alcohol alone in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the buccal mucosa in the non-smoking cirrhotic patient]. Ultrastructural analysis of biopsies of the buccal mucosa was carried out in 12 non-smoking patients and 10 smokers with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis. Certain signs of epithelial dysplasia, including increase in nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, proeminence of the nucleolus, fragmentation and proliferations of the basal layer accompanied or not by epithelial projections into the chorion, were seen in non-smoking cirrhotics, as in the smokers. These findings emphasise the predominant role of alcohol alone in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 547751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10716", "title": "[Morphometric study of the bronchopulmonary lymphoid system in the normal mouse and the mouse infected with influenza virus].", "content": "Morphometric study of mouse bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) using an image analyser and histological sections at close and regular intervals was carried out in lungs of control and influenza infected mice two to three months old. The mean area of BALT did not reach 0,1 p. 100 of the whole mean area of examined lung sections in control mice; this percentage was significantly greater one month after primary exposure to influenza virus.", "contents": "[Morphometric study of the bronchopulmonary lymphoid system in the normal mouse and the mouse infected with influenza virus]. Morphometric study of mouse bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) using an image analyser and histological sections at close and regular intervals was carried out in lungs of control and influenza infected mice two to three months old. The mean area of BALT did not reach 0,1 p. 100 of the whole mean area of examined lung sections in control mice; this percentage was significantly greater one month after primary exposure to influenza virus.", "PMID": 547752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10717", "title": "[Malignant teratomas of the thyroid body. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The literature was reviewed in the light of two cases of malignant teratoma of the thyroid in young women. It would seem that the histological diagnosis is easy, with frequent predominance of neuroid tissue at varying levels of maturity. By contrast, the histogenesis remains in the area of hypothesis: germinal theory and embryonic theory of teratomas, or heterotopism of cells of the neural crest, taken up by thyroid C cells.", "contents": "[Malignant teratomas of the thyroid body. Apropos of 2 cases]. The literature was reviewed in the light of two cases of malignant teratoma of the thyroid in young women. It would seem that the histological diagnosis is easy, with frequent predominance of neuroid tissue at varying levels of maturity. By contrast, the histogenesis remains in the area of hypothesis: germinal theory and embryonic theory of teratomas, or heterotopism of cells of the neural crest, taken up by thyroid C cells.", "PMID": 547753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10718", "title": "[Achondrogenesis. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors report a new case of achondrogenesis, the study of which is principally directed towards the histopathological examination of the conjugal cartilage. A brief review of the literature recalls the main clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics of this fatal chondrodysplasia transmitted by an autosomal recessive means. In addition to other features, it reveals the difficulty which may be experienced in differentiating between the two types (I and II). Finally, the differential diagnosis is briefly assessed, the problem being the elimination of other non-transmissible chondrodysplasias, in particular thanatophoric dwarfism, for the purpose of appropriate genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Achondrogenesis. Apropos of a case]. The authors report a new case of achondrogenesis, the study of which is principally directed towards the histopathological examination of the conjugal cartilage. A brief review of the literature recalls the main clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics of this fatal chondrodysplasia transmitted by an autosomal recessive means. In addition to other features, it reveals the difficulty which may be experienced in differentiating between the two types (I and II). Finally, the differential diagnosis is briefly assessed, the problem being the elimination of other non-transmissible chondrodysplasias, in particular thanatophoric dwarfism, for the purpose of appropriate genetic counselling.", "PMID": 547754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10719", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical study of a case of regenerative nodular hyperplasia of the liver with Felty's syndrome and portal hypertension].", "content": "Regencrative nodular hyperplasia (RHN) is a rare condition, the diagnosis of which is based upon histological findings. It is seen in Felty's syndrome with portal hypertension (PHT), as was the case in the patient reported here. This was a 72-year-old man, with long standing rheumatoid arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, a neutrophil leucopaenia and oesophageal varices responsible for recurrent haematemeses. Despite a portocaval anastomosis, the patient died from postoperative acute hepatic failure. Histological study revealed changes in the hepatocytes and the reticulin system typical of RNH without cirrhosis. The relationship between Felty's syndrome and RHN, as well as the mechanism of the hypertension, are discussed in the light of cases from the literature.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical study of a case of regenerative nodular hyperplasia of the liver with Felty's syndrome and portal hypertension]. Regencrative nodular hyperplasia (RHN) is a rare condition, the diagnosis of which is based upon histological findings. It is seen in Felty's syndrome with portal hypertension (PHT), as was the case in the patient reported here. This was a 72-year-old man, with long standing rheumatoid arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, a neutrophil leucopaenia and oesophageal varices responsible for recurrent haematemeses. Despite a portocaval anastomosis, the patient died from postoperative acute hepatic failure. Histological study revealed changes in the hepatocytes and the reticulin system typical of RNH without cirrhosis. The relationship between Felty's syndrome and RHN, as well as the mechanism of the hypertension, are discussed in the light of cases from the literature.", "PMID": 547755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10720", "title": "[Sarcoma of the cytogenic chorion in extra-gonadal endometriosis. Review of the literature apropos of a case].", "content": "Malignant sarcoma reaching a focal endometriosis is a rare condition. It cannot be distinguished from an endometrial sarcoma except in cases which are developped in extra-uterine endometriosis without uterus involvement. The case reported is a forty-seven old white woman with a sarcoma of the endometrial stroma reaching a Douglas focal endometriosis. Cases from literature are reviewed.", "contents": "[Sarcoma of the cytogenic chorion in extra-gonadal endometriosis. Review of the literature apropos of a case]. Malignant sarcoma reaching a focal endometriosis is a rare condition. It cannot be distinguished from an endometrial sarcoma except in cases which are developped in extra-uterine endometriosis without uterus involvement. The case reported is a forty-seven old white woman with a sarcoma of the endometrial stroma reaching a Douglas focal endometriosis. Cases from literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 547756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10721", "title": "[Isoenzyme distribution of creatine kinase in various human organs. Interest in human pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The isoenzyme content of creatine kinase was determined in various human organs after autopsy. The results found were on the whole in agreement with the literature. Their analysis dictates the choice of a method of separation of the MB fraction: chromatography or electrophoresis. It permits better interpretation of the results of estimation of the MB fraction in the serum.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme distribution of creatine kinase in various human organs. Interest in human pathology (author's transl)]. The isoenzyme content of creatine kinase was determined in various human organs after autopsy. The results found were on the whole in agreement with the literature. Their analysis dictates the choice of a method of separation of the MB fraction: chromatography or electrophoresis. It permits better interpretation of the results of estimation of the MB fraction in the serum.", "PMID": 547757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10722", "title": "[Antibacterial kinetics of fosfomycin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied, with the Autobac machine, the kinetics of antibacterial activity of fosfomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus D' Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Acinetobactor lwoffi, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A correlation appears between the kinetics of fosformycin antibacterial action and the microbial growth rate.", "contents": "[Antibacterial kinetics of fosfomycin (author's transl)]. The authors studied, with the Autobac machine, the kinetics of antibacterial activity of fosfomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus D' Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Acinetobactor lwoffi, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A correlation appears between the kinetics of fosformycin antibacterial action and the microbial growth rate.", "PMID": 547759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10723", "title": "[Use of electrosyneresis in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the interest of electrosyneresis for diagnosis of purulent meningitis. Test material is a study about 120 cerebrospinal fluids. Electrosyneresis sometimes permits to identify the germ when microscopic examination and culture are negative or when microscopy is positive and the culture negative. Application of electrosyneresis is still limited in France by the small immunogenicity of the specific polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serotype B. principal etiologic agent of purulent meningitis, that do not allow, at present, to obtain suitable serums.", "contents": "[Use of electrosyneresis in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis (author's transl)]. The authors present the interest of electrosyneresis for diagnosis of purulent meningitis. Test material is a study about 120 cerebrospinal fluids. Electrosyneresis sometimes permits to identify the germ when microscopic examination and culture are negative or when microscopy is positive and the culture negative. Application of electrosyneresis is still limited in France by the small immunogenicity of the specific polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serotype B. principal etiologic agent of purulent meningitis, that do not allow, at present, to obtain suitable serums.", "PMID": 547760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10724", "title": "[Estimation of serum lipids: method without extraction adapted to autoanalysis (author's transl)].", "content": "An entirely automatic method, without prior extraction, is described for the determination of total serum lipids by a nephelemetric method. The results are compared with those obtained by Canal's method. There is a good correlation between the two technics. With a similar concentration of lipid the respective quantities of cholesterol and triglyceride do not intervene in the flocculation. The respective influence of the bilirubin concentration, hemolysis, and the concentration and nature of the serum proteins is considered. This method should permit simultaneous autoanalysis of the three parameters of classical lipid investigation: total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol.", "contents": "[Estimation of serum lipids: method without extraction adapted to autoanalysis (author's transl)]. An entirely automatic method, without prior extraction, is described for the determination of total serum lipids by a nephelemetric method. The results are compared with those obtained by Canal's method. There is a good correlation between the two technics. With a similar concentration of lipid the respective quantities of cholesterol and triglyceride do not intervene in the flocculation. The respective influence of the bilirubin concentration, hemolysis, and the concentration and nature of the serum proteins is considered. This method should permit simultaneous autoanalysis of the three parameters of classical lipid investigation: total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol.", "PMID": 547761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10725", "title": "[Ac\u00e9butolol: conditions of its interference in the estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids. Method of estimation by Zimmerman's reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Acebutolol at therapeutic dosage may considerably disturb the determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids by Zimmerman's reaction. This interference, very variable according to the various technics which may be used, depends mainly on the pH of the urine at the time of extraction. In very acid medium (pH less than 1,5) no acebutolol metabolite passes into the solvents of low polarity; in very alkaline medium, (pH greater than 13) the passage la quantitative. The estimation of 17-oxost\u00e9roids in the presence of acebutolol, is possible provided the extraction is carried out in sufficiently acid medium, such as that used for hydrolysis in presence of hydrochloric acid. This is moreover the procedure used for classical methods were no interference is observed. The selective estimation of acebutolol and of its metabolites may be carried out simply by Zimmerman's reaction, after extraction at pH 13 of non-hydrolysed urine, thanks to the absence of conjugated derivatives.", "contents": "[Ac\u00e9butolol: conditions of its interference in the estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids. Method of estimation by Zimmerman's reaction (author's transl)]. Acebutolol at therapeutic dosage may considerably disturb the determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids by Zimmerman's reaction. This interference, very variable according to the various technics which may be used, depends mainly on the pH of the urine at the time of extraction. In very acid medium (pH less than 1,5) no acebutolol metabolite passes into the solvents of low polarity; in very alkaline medium, (pH greater than 13) the passage la quantitative. The estimation of 17-oxost\u00e9roids in the presence of acebutolol, is possible provided the extraction is carried out in sufficiently acid medium, such as that used for hydrolysis in presence of hydrochloric acid. This is moreover the procedure used for classical methods were no interference is observed. The selective estimation of acebutolol and of its metabolites may be carried out simply by Zimmerman's reaction, after extraction at pH 13 of non-hydrolysed urine, thanks to the absence of conjugated derivatives.", "PMID": 547762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10726", "title": "[Thaumetopoea pityocampa caterpillar and man. Morphology of its venom apparatus. Epidemiological investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of a mechanical phenomenon (penetration of the hair) and a chemical phenomenon (discharge of a toxic substance) accounts for the pathological symptomatalogy induced by the processional pine caterpillar. Epidemiological study has pin-pointed the regions infested by the pine caterpillar and has described in detail the dermatitis inflicted by this caterpillar with special emphasis on the frequency of ocular lesions. Also, a close correlation was noted between the geographical density of the populations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff and the geographical density of the clinical cases recorded. Skin tests have confirmed that the urticant substance is histamino-liberating. A morphological study of the urticant apparatus of this caterpillar (\"mirror\" and urticant hairs) was undertaken with the scanning electron microscope. The progressive coming into place of the bristles on the cuticular pads of the \"mirror\" was followed during the last three larval stages (L3, L4 et L5). The urticant hair, hollow on the inside, carries pointed spikes directed towards its distal end. There is no hole or pores on the hair and the necessity to grind the bristles in order to extract the urticant substance leads us to believe that the hair is really a bulb which must be broken, for example in the skin, in order to release its urticant substance (histamino-liberating).", "contents": "[Thaumetopoea pityocampa caterpillar and man. Morphology of its venom apparatus. Epidemiological investigation (author's transl)]. The combination of a mechanical phenomenon (penetration of the hair) and a chemical phenomenon (discharge of a toxic substance) accounts for the pathological symptomatalogy induced by the processional pine caterpillar. Epidemiological study has pin-pointed the regions infested by the pine caterpillar and has described in detail the dermatitis inflicted by this caterpillar with special emphasis on the frequency of ocular lesions. Also, a close correlation was noted between the geographical density of the populations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff and the geographical density of the clinical cases recorded. Skin tests have confirmed that the urticant substance is histamino-liberating. A morphological study of the urticant apparatus of this caterpillar (\"mirror\" and urticant hairs) was undertaken with the scanning electron microscope. The progressive coming into place of the bristles on the cuticular pads of the \"mirror\" was followed during the last three larval stages (L3, L4 et L5). The urticant hair, hollow on the inside, carries pointed spikes directed towards its distal end. There is no hole or pores on the hair and the necessity to grind the bristles in order to extract the urticant substance leads us to believe that the hair is really a bulb which must be broken, for example in the skin, in order to release its urticant substance (histamino-liberating).", "PMID": 547803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10727", "title": "Study of gastro-intestinal stronglyosis in a sheep flock on permanent pasture. 1. Sheep parasitism in 1977.", "content": "An epidemiological study aimed at defining gastro-intestinal parasitism in sheep qualitatively and quantitatively was carried out in the Limousin area in France. Five lambs were sacrificed regularly every 4 weeks from May till January of the following year. Complete parasite counts were performed on these animals as well as measurements of the plasma level of pepsinogen. In order to define the influence of parasitism on the growth of the animals, the weight gains of lambs treated regularly and untreated lambs were compared. The results of post-mortem examination show that parasitism is mainly linked to the incidence of strongyles. Other observations in the flock have shown that Moniezosis may also play a non-negligeable part. The parasitic level, already high after one month at pasture, reached its maximum in July-August 1977 and was marked by a very high level of parasitism. Among these species found, two played an essential part: Ostertagia circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. A study of the growth of the lambs showed that within 6 months, the weight gain of the treated animals was twice that of the untreated animals. The effects of parasitism were worsened by the low fodder value of the pasture and the occurrence of overgrazing. The blood pepsinogen measurements confirmed the usefulness of this technique in establishing the mean level of infestation of a flock by parasites of the abomasum. It seems that in some cases it could help to define the succession of peaks of infestation by different species.", "contents": "Study of gastro-intestinal stronglyosis in a sheep flock on permanent pasture. 1. Sheep parasitism in 1977. An epidemiological study aimed at defining gastro-intestinal parasitism in sheep qualitatively and quantitatively was carried out in the Limousin area in France. Five lambs were sacrificed regularly every 4 weeks from May till January of the following year. Complete parasite counts were performed on these animals as well as measurements of the plasma level of pepsinogen. In order to define the influence of parasitism on the growth of the animals, the weight gains of lambs treated regularly and untreated lambs were compared. The results of post-mortem examination show that parasitism is mainly linked to the incidence of strongyles. Other observations in the flock have shown that Moniezosis may also play a non-negligeable part. The parasitic level, already high after one month at pasture, reached its maximum in July-August 1977 and was marked by a very high level of parasitism. Among these species found, two played an essential part: Ostertagia circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. A study of the growth of the lambs showed that within 6 months, the weight gain of the treated animals was twice that of the untreated animals. The effects of parasitism were worsened by the low fodder value of the pasture and the occurrence of overgrazing. The blood pepsinogen measurements confirmed the usefulness of this technique in establishing the mean level of infestation of a flock by parasites of the abomasum. It seems that in some cases it could help to define the succession of peaks of infestation by different species.", "PMID": 547822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10728", "title": "[The effects of non-protein-nitrogen additives on lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms in sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of NPN administration on lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms were investigated in 14 sheep. Blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are increased by intra-ruminal dosage with urea (10 g), 1 p. 1000 ammonia solution (1 l) or ammonium chloride (17.6 g). Peak values are recorded 3 to 4 hours after the injection. An early rise of NEFA and hyperglycemia are observed when ammonium chloride is injected intra-venously. The time-course of the variations of the different blood constituents (ammonia, glucose, NEFA, urea) as well as the lack of any action following intra-venous urea injections suggest that lipid mobilization is induced by the increased level of blood ammonia. The involvement of a strenghened activity of the sympathetic-adrenal system is evidenced by the increased elimination of urinary catecholamines.", "contents": "[The effects of non-protein-nitrogen additives on lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms in sheep (author's transl)]. The effects of NPN administration on lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms were investigated in 14 sheep. Blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are increased by intra-ruminal dosage with urea (10 g), 1 p. 1000 ammonia solution (1 l) or ammonium chloride (17.6 g). Peak values are recorded 3 to 4 hours after the injection. An early rise of NEFA and hyperglycemia are observed when ammonium chloride is injected intra-venously. The time-course of the variations of the different blood constituents (ammonia, glucose, NEFA, urea) as well as the lack of any action following intra-venous urea injections suggest that lipid mobilization is induced by the increased level of blood ammonia. The involvement of a strenghened activity of the sympathetic-adrenal system is evidenced by the increased elimination of urinary catecholamines.", "PMID": 547823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10729", "title": "Rainbow trout complement fixation used for titration of antibodies against several pathogens.", "content": "Since it is impossible to fix guinea pig complement (C) with Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibodies, whereas it is possible with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) antibodies, a C fixation test has been designed which uses haemolysin and C from Rainbow Trout. Immunization of trout against lysed sheep red blood cells (SRBC) elicited production of haemolytic IgM. Normal trout serum (NTS) can be used as a source of C at a dilution at which its \"natural\" haemolytic activity (against various homeotherms RBC) has disappeared. Heating of trout C 30 min at 37 degrees C leads to a 75% loss of its activity, and this one is completely abolished at 40 degrees C. Fixation of 3 to 4 CH50 units has been achieved in a short test (2 h at 20 degrees C) for the following antigen-antibody systems: 2 bacterial antigens (Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum); 2 viruses (Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) virus and Egtved Virus). C fixation has a sensitivity comparable with agglutination in the case of A. salmonicida. For IPN Virus, sero-neutralization is 50 times more sensitive than C fixation. In the case of Egtved virus, the difference is not so great.", "contents": "Rainbow trout complement fixation used for titration of antibodies against several pathogens. Since it is impossible to fix guinea pig complement (C) with Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibodies, whereas it is possible with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) antibodies, a C fixation test has been designed which uses haemolysin and C from Rainbow Trout. Immunization of trout against lysed sheep red blood cells (SRBC) elicited production of haemolytic IgM. Normal trout serum (NTS) can be used as a source of C at a dilution at which its \"natural\" haemolytic activity (against various homeotherms RBC) has disappeared. Heating of trout C 30 min at 37 degrees C leads to a 75% loss of its activity, and this one is completely abolished at 40 degrees C. Fixation of 3 to 4 CH50 units has been achieved in a short test (2 h at 20 degrees C) for the following antigen-antibody systems: 2 bacterial antigens (Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum); 2 viruses (Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) virus and Egtved Virus). C fixation has a sensitivity comparable with agglutination in the case of A. salmonicida. For IPN Virus, sero-neutralization is 50 times more sensitive than C fixation. In the case of Egtved virus, the difference is not so great.", "PMID": 547824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10730", "title": "[Blood characteristics of some french pig populations. Relationships with the malignant hyperthermia syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Lactic acid, glucose, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and some mineral components were determined in the blood of piglets before and after a halothane test of five minutes (only before for CPK). Two different experimental groups were studied: 222 Pietrain piglets from an INRA experimental herd, and 325 piglets from the Large White, French Landrace and Belgian Landrace breeds entering performance testing stations. Animals reacting positively to halothane (\"MHS\" piglets) have significantly higher blood levels of lactic acid and potassium before anesthesia than normal animals. CPK is also higher, except for the Belgian Landrace: in this breed CPK shows the same average value and distribution in the two groups of piglets (normal and MHS). There are also breed differences in blood magnesium, independently of the reaction to halothane. But the breed differences observed in lactic acid and CPK are related to the proportion of MHS piglets in each breed. Anesthesia by means of halothane lowers the measured blood characteristics--except for glucose--in normal animals, and rises them--except for potassium--in MHS piglets. The results are discussed in view of the incomplete discrimination between the two types of pigs, with a 5 minutes test, and, particularly, considering possible breed differences in that respect.", "contents": "[Blood characteristics of some french pig populations. Relationships with the malignant hyperthermia syndrome (author's transl)]. Lactic acid, glucose, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and some mineral components were determined in the blood of piglets before and after a halothane test of five minutes (only before for CPK). Two different experimental groups were studied: 222 Pietrain piglets from an INRA experimental herd, and 325 piglets from the Large White, French Landrace and Belgian Landrace breeds entering performance testing stations. Animals reacting positively to halothane (\"MHS\" piglets) have significantly higher blood levels of lactic acid and potassium before anesthesia than normal animals. CPK is also higher, except for the Belgian Landrace: in this breed CPK shows the same average value and distribution in the two groups of piglets (normal and MHS). There are also breed differences in blood magnesium, independently of the reaction to halothane. But the breed differences observed in lactic acid and CPK are related to the proportion of MHS piglets in each breed. Anesthesia by means of halothane lowers the measured blood characteristics--except for glucose--in normal animals, and rises them--except for potassium--in MHS piglets. The results are discussed in view of the incomplete discrimination between the two types of pigs, with a 5 minutes test, and, particularly, considering possible breed differences in that respect.", "PMID": 547825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10731", "title": "The absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by bottle-fed lambs.", "content": "Factors affecting the absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by new born lambs were studied. Merino, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot, Southdown, Border Leicester, Finnish Landrace and Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn lambs were removed from their mothers before sucking and bottle-fed with measured amounts of colostrum, either from individual ewes, or from pools of colostrum, some of which had been frozen for up to two years. Afterwards the lambs were fostered onto other ewes or reared on milk substitute. Their serum IgG1 concentrations before and after colostrum intake, were compared with IgG1 concentrations in conventionally reared lambs. The concentrations in lambs given a single feed of 150 to 200 g 1 hour after birth, or 30 g/kg at 1 hour and 7 hours compared favourably with those in control lambs. Lambs fed 50 to 100 g at 1 hour had a high proportion of very low concentrations and lambs fed 30 g/kg at 1 h, or at 1 and 24 h had low mean concentrations but no very low individual concentrations. The concentrations after a feed at 1 hour were positively correlated with the total amounts of IgG1 in the colostrum and negatively correlated with the birth weights. Only very small amounts were absorbed at 24 hours. Absorption was more efficient in males than in females and in Cheviots than in other breeds. It was unaffected by the age of the colostrum. Similar proportions of bottle-fed and control lambs died before 6 months of age, but relatively more bottle-fed lambs died from respiratory infections. The IgG1 concentrations and growth rates of the bottle-fed lambs were not significantly correlated.", "contents": "The absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by bottle-fed lambs. Factors affecting the absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by new born lambs were studied. Merino, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot, Southdown, Border Leicester, Finnish Landrace and Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn lambs were removed from their mothers before sucking and bottle-fed with measured amounts of colostrum, either from individual ewes, or from pools of colostrum, some of which had been frozen for up to two years. Afterwards the lambs were fostered onto other ewes or reared on milk substitute. Their serum IgG1 concentrations before and after colostrum intake, were compared with IgG1 concentrations in conventionally reared lambs. The concentrations in lambs given a single feed of 150 to 200 g 1 hour after birth, or 30 g/kg at 1 hour and 7 hours compared favourably with those in control lambs. Lambs fed 50 to 100 g at 1 hour had a high proportion of very low concentrations and lambs fed 30 g/kg at 1 h, or at 1 and 24 h had low mean concentrations but no very low individual concentrations. The concentrations after a feed at 1 hour were positively correlated with the total amounts of IgG1 in the colostrum and negatively correlated with the birth weights. Only very small amounts were absorbed at 24 hours. Absorption was more efficient in males than in females and in Cheviots than in other breeds. It was unaffected by the age of the colostrum. Similar proportions of bottle-fed and control lambs died before 6 months of age, but relatively more bottle-fed lambs died from respiratory infections. The IgG1 concentrations and growth rates of the bottle-fed lambs were not significantly correlated.", "PMID": 547826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10732", "title": "Kinetics of fructose utilization by buffalo spermatozoa.", "content": "Experiments have been conducted to estimate the fructolytic index, Fl (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in 60 minutes), Fructolytic Coefficient, Ku (Fractional decline in the spermatozoal fructolytic activity on an instantaneous basis), Maximum fructose utilization, MFU (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in one minute at zero incubation time on an instantaneous basis) and T 1/2 (Biological half life of semen) of buffalo spermatozoa. The effect of citrate and phosphate buffers on the measures of fructolysis, the Pasteur effect and the fructose utilization by the head, midpiece and tail fraction of spermatozoa have also been investigated. Fructolytic index of the buffalo spermatozoa has been compared with those of exotic bulls. Fl was highly significantly different between first, second and third hour of incubation. Significant correlations were obtained between sperm concentration and fructose utilization in all the 20 minute periods. Ku was independent of initial fructose concentration (IFC) sperm concentration and the incubation period. The Fructose utilization followed a first order reaction. The correlation coefficient between the seminal attributes and different measures of fructolysis have been presented. All the measures of fructolysis were significantly higher in citrate buffer as compared to phosphate buffer. None of the fractions of the spermatozoa showed fructolytic activity on incubation with exogeneous fructose.", "contents": "Kinetics of fructose utilization by buffalo spermatozoa. Experiments have been conducted to estimate the fructolytic index, Fl (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in 60 minutes), Fructolytic Coefficient, Ku (Fractional decline in the spermatozoal fructolytic activity on an instantaneous basis), Maximum fructose utilization, MFU (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in one minute at zero incubation time on an instantaneous basis) and T 1/2 (Biological half life of semen) of buffalo spermatozoa. The effect of citrate and phosphate buffers on the measures of fructolysis, the Pasteur effect and the fructose utilization by the head, midpiece and tail fraction of spermatozoa have also been investigated. Fructolytic index of the buffalo spermatozoa has been compared with those of exotic bulls. Fl was highly significantly different between first, second and third hour of incubation. Significant correlations were obtained between sperm concentration and fructose utilization in all the 20 minute periods. Ku was independent of initial fructose concentration (IFC) sperm concentration and the incubation period. The Fructose utilization followed a first order reaction. The correlation coefficient between the seminal attributes and different measures of fructolysis have been presented. All the measures of fructolysis were significantly higher in citrate buffer as compared to phosphate buffer. None of the fractions of the spermatozoa showed fructolytic activity on incubation with exogeneous fructose.", "PMID": 547827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10733", "title": "[Part played by ectoparasites in the syndrome of sheep \"on its back\" (author's transl)].", "content": "After putting themselves on the back, many ewes die because they are not able to rise to their feet again. Severe itching seems to be the cause of this abnormal posture. A whole herd treatment against ectoparasites (HCH spray) has reduced by 80% the losses caused by this condition during the years 1964 to 1971 in about a hundred herds in the department of Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire. The persistency of a small number of cases in treated herds could be due to non-parasitic causes.", "contents": "[Part played by ectoparasites in the syndrome of sheep \"on its back\" (author's transl)]. After putting themselves on the back, many ewes die because they are not able to rise to their feet again. Severe itching seems to be the cause of this abnormal posture. A whole herd treatment against ectoparasites (HCH spray) has reduced by 80% the losses caused by this condition during the years 1964 to 1971 in about a hundred herds in the department of Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire. The persistency of a small number of cases in treated herds could be due to non-parasitic causes.", "PMID": 547828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10734", "title": "Influence of silage contamination by soil upon trace elements availability in sheep.", "content": "The influence of soil contamination in silage has been studied in two successive balance trials realized with 12 growing lambs (27 kg). A perennial Rye Grass at the first cycle was offered alone or contaminated with 5% of acid brown soil issued from altered granit rocks. Voluntary intakes and dry matter digestibility were lowered. Similarly copper, zinc and manganese digestibility dropped sharply in spite of a diet enrichment in these elements by the soil.", "contents": "Influence of silage contamination by soil upon trace elements availability in sheep. The influence of soil contamination in silage has been studied in two successive balance trials realized with 12 growing lambs (27 kg). A perennial Rye Grass at the first cycle was offered alone or contaminated with 5% of acid brown soil issued from altered granit rocks. Voluntary intakes and dry matter digestibility were lowered. Similarly copper, zinc and manganese digestibility dropped sharply in spite of a diet enrichment in these elements by the soil.", "PMID": 547829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10735", "title": "[The control of animal diseases in france during the last fifteen years, as it appears throught the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. proposals for the future (author's transl)].", "content": "In the general outline of the success, on a national scale, of the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in France up to 1974, we have tried to find out the factors which could explain the differences, sometimes important, between French departments in the efficiency of this eradication. We have selected twenty seven parameters distinctive of each of the 74 departments having more than 50 000 bovine under the control of State Veterinary service. These parameters describe 1) tuberculosis infection rates of animals and herds, at three periods; 2) some structural characteristics of bovine production; 3) sanitary environment (veterinary practicioners, State Veterinary service, breeders association for sanitary protection). Statistical analysis by principal components show that department infection rate decreases as the first three factors evidenced by this analysis vary positively; they are: 1) \"Sanitary Consciousness\", which is defined both by the important of bovine production and by precociousness in developing prophylactic measures, these two factors being independent. 2) Specialization in bovine production, characterized by the percentage of young animals reared in the herd and by the proportion of grass produced by ley. 3) Intensity of sanitary environment. These three factors, which are interlinked to various degrees, control respectively 25%, 13% and 13% of the total variance. A complementary analysis of the data suggest that the efficiency of eradication could be improved by a better knowledge of the movement of breeding animals between the departments, and by a more careful recording, in some instances, of infected animals in slaughter hourses. When the importance of a herd increase sanitation of tuberculosis in infected herds is less readily achieved and brucellosis abortion rate increases. At the departement level, efficiency of eradication is not correlated to the expenses of prophylaxy. For the development of an integrated sanitary policy, taking into account such non specific factors as those exemplified in the study could help to a better control of animal diseases, in parallel to the desirable improvement of the specific means of combatting each disease.", "contents": "[The control of animal diseases in france during the last fifteen years, as it appears throught the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. proposals for the future (author's transl)]. In the general outline of the success, on a national scale, of the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in France up to 1974, we have tried to find out the factors which could explain the differences, sometimes important, between French departments in the efficiency of this eradication. We have selected twenty seven parameters distinctive of each of the 74 departments having more than 50 000 bovine under the control of State Veterinary service. These parameters describe 1) tuberculosis infection rates of animals and herds, at three periods; 2) some structural characteristics of bovine production; 3) sanitary environment (veterinary practicioners, State Veterinary service, breeders association for sanitary protection). Statistical analysis by principal components show that department infection rate decreases as the first three factors evidenced by this analysis vary positively; they are: 1) \"Sanitary Consciousness\", which is defined both by the important of bovine production and by precociousness in developing prophylactic measures, these two factors being independent. 2) Specialization in bovine production, characterized by the percentage of young animals reared in the herd and by the proportion of grass produced by ley. 3) Intensity of sanitary environment. These three factors, which are interlinked to various degrees, control respectively 25%, 13% and 13% of the total variance. A complementary analysis of the data suggest that the efficiency of eradication could be improved by a better knowledge of the movement of breeding animals between the departments, and by a more careful recording, in some instances, of infected animals in slaughter hourses. When the importance of a herd increase sanitation of tuberculosis in infected herds is less readily achieved and brucellosis abortion rate increases. At the departement level, efficiency of eradication is not correlated to the expenses of prophylaxy. For the development of an integrated sanitary policy, taking into account such non specific factors as those exemplified in the study could help to a better control of animal diseases, in parallel to the desirable improvement of the specific means of combatting each disease.", "PMID": 547830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10736", "title": "Diet and caecal motility in sheep.", "content": "The electrical activity of the caecum was recorded during periods of two months in 5 ewes receiving different diets. For a similar amount of dry matter ingested, the frequency of caecal contractions was diminished on concentrates with urea versus hay ad libitum but not on concentrates without urea. The frequency also decreased when the level of food intake on hay diet or on concentrates without urea diet was reduced. On a daily meal food intake, induced caecal hyperactivity occurred or hay and inhibition for concentrates with urea. The postprandial hyperactivity had a ruminal origin and was mediated by the vagus nerves. The inhibitory effects of urea were correlated with the ruminal production and ammonia and its diffusion into the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "Diet and caecal motility in sheep. The electrical activity of the caecum was recorded during periods of two months in 5 ewes receiving different diets. For a similar amount of dry matter ingested, the frequency of caecal contractions was diminished on concentrates with urea versus hay ad libitum but not on concentrates without urea. The frequency also decreased when the level of food intake on hay diet or on concentrates without urea diet was reduced. On a daily meal food intake, induced caecal hyperactivity occurred or hay and inhibition for concentrates with urea. The postprandial hyperactivity had a ruminal origin and was mediated by the vagus nerves. The inhibitory effects of urea were correlated with the ruminal production and ammonia and its diffusion into the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 547831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10737", "title": "Cyclopiazonic acid bioproduction by Penicillium camemberti Thom: effect of temperature on individual strains.", "content": "The effect of temperature on cyclopiazonic acid production varied with the strain used. Accordingly, strains weakly toxigenic at the temperature of cheese ripening and storage can be selected and should be used.", "contents": "Cyclopiazonic acid bioproduction by Penicillium camemberti Thom: effect of temperature on individual strains. The effect of temperature on cyclopiazonic acid production varied with the strain used. Accordingly, strains weakly toxigenic at the temperature of cheese ripening and storage can be selected and should be used.", "PMID": 547832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10738", "title": "[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. VII Conservatives effects on patulin production (author's transl)].", "content": "Penicillium granulatum growth and patulin production were inhibited for a period of five months after propionic (0.5; 1; 2 p. 100) and formic acids (1.5; 3; 6 p. 1000) addition. Propionic and formic acids as well as Antracol (100, 400, 1000 ppm of Propylene bis dithio carbamate zinc) and Thibenzol (200, 600, 1200 ppm of Thiabendazol) additions were not able to prevent patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea. Problems related to contamination of silages and corn by patulin was not completely solved.", "contents": "[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. VII Conservatives effects on patulin production (author's transl)]. Penicillium granulatum growth and patulin production were inhibited for a period of five months after propionic (0.5; 1; 2 p. 100) and formic acids (1.5; 3; 6 p. 1000) addition. Propionic and formic acids as well as Antracol (100, 400, 1000 ppm of Propylene bis dithio carbamate zinc) and Thibenzol (200, 600, 1200 ppm of Thiabendazol) additions were not able to prevent patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea. Problems related to contamination of silages and corn by patulin was not completely solved.", "PMID": 547833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10739", "title": "Accuracy of 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera technique as compared to normal chest radiography technique.", "content": "Full size and 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera (photofluorographic) chest films of 121 patients were read by a team of four radiologists. Altogether 2781 diagnostic statements were reported, 968 of which were of primary importance, and only these statements were analysed. Error rates with the standard technique varied between 16 and 31% and with the 100 mm x 100 mm technique between 21 and 38%. The difference in error rates between the techniques used was not statistically significant but there were significant differences between the individual radiologists.", "contents": "Accuracy of 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera technique as compared to normal chest radiography technique. Full size and 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera (photofluorographic) chest films of 121 patients were read by a team of four radiologists. Altogether 2781 diagnostic statements were reported, 968 of which were of primary importance, and only these statements were analysed. Error rates with the standard technique varied between 16 and 31% and with the 100 mm x 100 mm technique between 21 and 38%. The difference in error rates between the techniques used was not statistically significant but there were significant differences between the individual radiologists.", "PMID": 547851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10740", "title": "The technique and applications of muscle biopsy.", "content": "The technique of muscle biopsy is described. The precautions in selection, removal and preservation of the biopsied muscle tissue and the need for cooperation between the clinician, surgeon and pathologist in order to obtain the greatest value from the biopsy are stressed. The practical applications of muscle biopsy are presented. Its importance and usefulness in the diagnosis and management of patients with neuromuscular disorders and its potential in research are discussed.", "contents": "The technique and applications of muscle biopsy. The technique of muscle biopsy is described. The precautions in selection, removal and preservation of the biopsied muscle tissue and the need for cooperation between the clinician, surgeon and pathologist in order to obtain the greatest value from the biopsy are stressed. The practical applications of muscle biopsy are presented. Its importance and usefulness in the diagnosis and management of patients with neuromuscular disorders and its potential in research are discussed.", "PMID": 547854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10741", "title": "Passive charcoal agglutination-inhibition test for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A new test for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen is evaluated. The passive charcoal agglutination-inbition test uses charcoal particles that have been coated with hepatitis B surface antigen. Agglutination of the sensitised particles by antibody is prevented by the presence of antigen in the test serum. Results of the study show that the test is as sensitive as counterimmuno-electrophoresis. It is simple to perform and relatively quick. It may be a useful test for screening patients with hepatitis in a small hospital or private group practice.", "contents": "Passive charcoal agglutination-inhibition test for hepatitis B surface antigen. A new test for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen is evaluated. The passive charcoal agglutination-inbition test uses charcoal particles that have been coated with hepatitis B surface antigen. Agglutination of the sensitised particles by antibody is prevented by the presence of antigen in the test serum. Results of the study show that the test is as sensitive as counterimmuno-electrophoresis. It is simple to perform and relatively quick. It may be a useful test for screening patients with hepatitis in a small hospital or private group practice.", "PMID": 547855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10742", "title": "Adverse drug reaction reporting in the Singapore General Hospital.", "content": "Adverse Drug Reaction reporting was made mandatory in the Singapore General Hospital in January 1978. Reports on a total of 59 patients were received on 34 drugs ranging from antibiotics to Chinese medicine. Antimicrobial drugs topped the list of adverse reactions. The most frequently reported drugs in decreasing order of reports were ampicillin, allopurinol, aspirin compound preparations, cloxacillin, digoxin, streptomycin, penicillins and insulins. Allergies were the most common reactions seen.", "contents": "Adverse drug reaction reporting in the Singapore General Hospital. Adverse Drug Reaction reporting was made mandatory in the Singapore General Hospital in January 1978. Reports on a total of 59 patients were received on 34 drugs ranging from antibiotics to Chinese medicine. Antimicrobial drugs topped the list of adverse reactions. The most frequently reported drugs in decreasing order of reports were ampicillin, allopurinol, aspirin compound preparations, cloxacillin, digoxin, streptomycin, penicillins and insulins. Allergies were the most common reactions seen.", "PMID": 547856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10743", "title": "Urinary excretion levels of morphine and codeine in subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers.", "content": "Urinary levels of morphine and codeine were studied in two groups of people: Group A--urine samples of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine. Group B--urine samples of 67 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these levels were observed. In Group A, UPPER 99% Confidence limits of morphine concentrations of 2.56 microgram/ml, 2.40 microgram/ml and 2.29 microgram/ml were reached after consumption of prescribed doses of Syrup Phensedyl, Tablet Codeine Co and Kaolin et Morphine mixture respectively. In Group B, the LOWER 99% Confidence limit of morphine concentration was 3 microgram/ml. In contrast, the codeine levels obtained for both groups were similar. The clear separation of the ranges of morphine values for the two groups shows that the urinary morphine level forms a reliable index for the differentiation between these two groups.", "contents": "Urinary excretion levels of morphine and codeine in subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers. Urinary levels of morphine and codeine were studied in two groups of people: Group A--urine samples of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine. Group B--urine samples of 67 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these levels were observed. In Group A, UPPER 99% Confidence limits of morphine concentrations of 2.56 microgram/ml, 2.40 microgram/ml and 2.29 microgram/ml were reached after consumption of prescribed doses of Syrup Phensedyl, Tablet Codeine Co and Kaolin et Morphine mixture respectively. In Group B, the LOWER 99% Confidence limit of morphine concentration was 3 microgram/ml. In contrast, the codeine levels obtained for both groups were similar. The clear separation of the ranges of morphine values for the two groups shows that the urinary morphine level forms a reliable index for the differentiation between these two groups.", "PMID": 547857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10744", "title": "Ratios of total morphine to total codeine in urine of subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers.", "content": "Urinary total morphine: total codeine ratios were studied in two groups of people. Group A consisted of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine, while Group B consisted of 33 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these ratios were observed. In Group A, total morphine: codeine ratios of 1:2.6 and below were obtained for subjects consuming either Tablet Codeine Co or Syrup Phensedyl. Subjects consuming Kaolin et Morphine mixture did not excrete any codeine in the urine. In Group B, total morphine: total codeine ratios of 1.9:1 and above were obtained. In addition all subjects in Group B excreted both morphine and codeine. The clear separation of the morphine: codeine ratios makes this a possible index to differentiate between these groups.", "contents": "Ratios of total morphine to total codeine in urine of subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers. Urinary total morphine: total codeine ratios were studied in two groups of people. Group A consisted of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine, while Group B consisted of 33 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these ratios were observed. In Group A, total morphine: codeine ratios of 1:2.6 and below were obtained for subjects consuming either Tablet Codeine Co or Syrup Phensedyl. Subjects consuming Kaolin et Morphine mixture did not excrete any codeine in the urine. In Group B, total morphine: total codeine ratios of 1.9:1 and above were obtained. In addition all subjects in Group B excreted both morphine and codeine. The clear separation of the morphine: codeine ratios makes this a possible index to differentiate between these groups.", "PMID": 547858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10745", "title": "Hearing in military personnel.", "content": "Impaired hearing is an occupational hazard prevalent not only in industry but also in the armed forces. A survey to establish its prevalence in the SAF land forces was conducted. A sample of 2,564 subjects obtained through multistage proportional sampling was studied of whom 1,521 \"normal\" subjects were finally analysed. 403 subjects i.e. 26.5%, showed evidence of impaired hearing. The highest incidence was in the Artillery. The frequency most commonly affected was 6,000 Hz and the commonest presenting symptom was tinnitus. A Hearing Conservation Programme is described. Comparisons with the situations in Singapore's industries are made.", "contents": "Hearing in military personnel. Impaired hearing is an occupational hazard prevalent not only in industry but also in the armed forces. A survey to establish its prevalence in the SAF land forces was conducted. A sample of 2,564 subjects obtained through multistage proportional sampling was studied of whom 1,521 \"normal\" subjects were finally analysed. 403 subjects i.e. 26.5%, showed evidence of impaired hearing. The highest incidence was in the Artillery. The frequency most commonly affected was 6,000 Hz and the commonest presenting symptom was tinnitus. A Hearing Conservation Programme is described. Comparisons with the situations in Singapore's industries are made.", "PMID": 547859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10746", "title": "Tuberculosis of the tongue.", "content": "Involvement of the tongue by Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs on rare occasions. Two interesting cases of tuberculosis of the tongue are reported and the mode of transfer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to oral tissues is discussed. The need to consider tuberculosis as an etiological factor in indolent oral lesions is emphasised.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the tongue. Involvement of the tongue by Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs on rare occasions. Two interesting cases of tuberculosis of the tongue are reported and the mode of transfer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to oral tissues is discussed. The need to consider tuberculosis as an etiological factor in indolent oral lesions is emphasised.", "PMID": 547862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10747", "title": "A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations.", "content": "This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.", "contents": "A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations. This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.", "PMID": 547866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10748", "title": "Hypochondriacal complaints among Hong Kong children: a mental health hazard?", "content": "The incidence of hypochondriacal complaints among clinic attenders at a general outpatients clinic is in the region of 51/thousand (51 per 1,000). A series of 33 children were studied in detail. It was found that their age range from 1 1/2-14 with a mode of 8-10 years, females having a slight predominance (1.33:1). They usually came from lower social-economic backgrounds but a substantial portion also came from social class 2. Among his latter group, psychological complaints predominate. Pain remained the most frequent complaint. There was also a predominance of complaints confined to the respiratory tract, a tendency which could be explained on a cultural and public-health basis. It was also found that only very few of the children in the study had previous hypochondriacal traits, a fact which contrasted sharply to those of their parents in whom hypochondriacal traits predominate. Hypochondriacal children, when treated, had good prognostic outcomes. Two areas of special significance in future researches are: 1. The importance of parental influence on the health attitudes of children. 2. Whether hypochondriacal children contribute significantly towards adult jupochondriasis (Primary or Secondary).", "contents": "Hypochondriacal complaints among Hong Kong children: a mental health hazard? The incidence of hypochondriacal complaints among clinic attenders at a general outpatients clinic is in the region of 51/thousand (51 per 1,000). A series of 33 children were studied in detail. It was found that their age range from 1 1/2-14 with a mode of 8-10 years, females having a slight predominance (1.33:1). They usually came from lower social-economic backgrounds but a substantial portion also came from social class 2. Among his latter group, psychological complaints predominate. Pain remained the most frequent complaint. There was also a predominance of complaints confined to the respiratory tract, a tendency which could be explained on a cultural and public-health basis. It was also found that only very few of the children in the study had previous hypochondriacal traits, a fact which contrasted sharply to those of their parents in whom hypochondriacal traits predominate. Hypochondriacal children, when treated, had good prognostic outcomes. Two areas of special significance in future researches are: 1. The importance of parental influence on the health attitudes of children. 2. Whether hypochondriacal children contribute significantly towards adult jupochondriasis (Primary or Secondary).", "PMID": 547867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10749", "title": "Suicide of the young in Singapore.", "content": "This is a study of 137 cases of young suicide aged below 29 occurring in Singapore from years 1969-1976--a period of 8 years. The pattern of young suicide among the different sexes and ethnic groups in Singapore, the suicide letters and the methods of suicide were analysed, studied and discussed. Where pertinent, case histories were illustrated. Suicide in the young in Singapore as in other countries poses as an important psycho-social and medical problem.", "contents": "Suicide of the young in Singapore. This is a study of 137 cases of young suicide aged below 29 occurring in Singapore from years 1969-1976--a period of 8 years. The pattern of young suicide among the different sexes and ethnic groups in Singapore, the suicide letters and the methods of suicide were analysed, studied and discussed. Where pertinent, case histories were illustrated. Suicide in the young in Singapore as in other countries poses as an important psycho-social and medical problem.", "PMID": 547868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10750", "title": "Psychological problems in adolescence.", "content": "Psychological problems in 170 adolescence that were seen in the Singapore Child Psychiatry Clinic were compared with 2 other reported series from the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The course and prognosis appear similar to what has been observed in the West. The emotional or neurotic conditions have the best outlook while the psychotics have an improvement rate of not more than 45%.", "contents": "Psychological problems in adolescence. Psychological problems in 170 adolescence that were seen in the Singapore Child Psychiatry Clinic were compared with 2 other reported series from the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The course and prognosis appear similar to what has been observed in the West. The emotional or neurotic conditions have the best outlook while the psychotics have an improvement rate of not more than 45%.", "PMID": 547869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10751", "title": "New admissions to Woodbridge Hospital 1975 with special reference to schizophrenia.", "content": "Woodbrige Hospital had 2,257 patients in 1975. Of these 75 percent were suffering from Schizophrenia. This pattern was similar to that of developing countries like Padistan and Malaya. A study was carried out on all new admissions in 1975. There were 1,068 patients whose age ranged from 10 to 89. Schizophrenia which constituted 62% of the cases was analysed in detail. They were mainly in the age range 10-29 (64%). The sex ratio was 3 males to 2 females. Their distribution by their type of housing was similar to that of the general populations. They were better educated. The most common presentation were reports of aggressive, violent, disturbed, abnormal or withdrawn behaviour. The 10 most common symptoms were paranoid ideas, hearing of voices, talking to oneself, insomnia, aggression, abnormal behaviour, laughing to oneself, disturbed behaviour, crying to oneself and withdrawn behaviour. The most common drugs used were trifluoperazine (47%) and chlorpromazine (45%). Electroconvulsive therapy was given to 25% of the patients. Most of the patients (63%) stayed less than 20 days.", "contents": "New admissions to Woodbridge Hospital 1975 with special reference to schizophrenia. Woodbrige Hospital had 2,257 patients in 1975. Of these 75 percent were suffering from Schizophrenia. This pattern was similar to that of developing countries like Padistan and Malaya. A study was carried out on all new admissions in 1975. There were 1,068 patients whose age ranged from 10 to 89. Schizophrenia which constituted 62% of the cases was analysed in detail. They were mainly in the age range 10-29 (64%). The sex ratio was 3 males to 2 females. Their distribution by their type of housing was similar to that of the general populations. They were better educated. The most common presentation were reports of aggressive, violent, disturbed, abnormal or withdrawn behaviour. The 10 most common symptoms were paranoid ideas, hearing of voices, talking to oneself, insomnia, aggression, abnormal behaviour, laughing to oneself, disturbed behaviour, crying to oneself and withdrawn behaviour. The most common drugs used were trifluoperazine (47%) and chlorpromazine (45%). Electroconvulsive therapy was given to 25% of the patients. Most of the patients (63%) stayed less than 20 days.", "PMID": 547870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10752", "title": "A prospective study of suicides among the mentally ill in a specialist practice.", "content": "This is the only prospective study of suicides in Singapore. Out of a total of 1,873 patients registered and treated in a private psychiatric practice from years 1968-1976, 25 patients were found to have committed suicide. Of these, 14 were found to suffer from schizophrenia and 11 from depressive illness. The suicide risk of all the patients under different categories were noted and when possible calculated. It is found that a schizophrenic patient who has attempted suicide carries the highest suicide risk.", "contents": "A prospective study of suicides among the mentally ill in a specialist practice. This is the only prospective study of suicides in Singapore. Out of a total of 1,873 patients registered and treated in a private psychiatric practice from years 1968-1976, 25 patients were found to have committed suicide. Of these, 14 were found to suffer from schizophrenia and 11 from depressive illness. The suicide risk of all the patients under different categories were noted and when possible calculated. It is found that a schizophrenic patient who has attempted suicide carries the highest suicide risk.", "PMID": 547871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10753", "title": "Suicide of the elderly in Singapore.", "content": "This is a study based on data from all Coroners' case-files (Years 1969-1976) and a 'psychological post-mortem' study of all suicides for the year 1974--57 cases comprising of 39 males and 18 females. The trend of aged suicide in Singapore, the demographic data of the aged suicide population, the methods used by the aged suicide and the causative factors associated with suicide in aged are recorded, analysed and discussed. Reactions of the surviving relatives are also described. The unique features particular to the aged suicide in Singapore are noted and explained. Suicide of the aged in Singapore is mainly a study of the aged Chinese suicide.", "contents": "Suicide of the elderly in Singapore. This is a study based on data from all Coroners' case-files (Years 1969-1976) and a 'psychological post-mortem' study of all suicides for the year 1974--57 cases comprising of 39 males and 18 females. The trend of aged suicide in Singapore, the demographic data of the aged suicide population, the methods used by the aged suicide and the causative factors associated with suicide in aged are recorded, analysed and discussed. Reactions of the surviving relatives are also described. The unique features particular to the aged suicide in Singapore are noted and explained. Suicide of the aged in Singapore is mainly a study of the aged Chinese suicide.", "PMID": 547872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10754", "title": "Suicide letters.", "content": "This is a study of 266 suicide letters collected over a period of 8 years (1969-1976). In the study of completed suicide cases, there are few sources of data available. A critical research may question the reliability of the study of suicide letters. In this paper the author tries to answer some of the many questions which might be posed. It is however felt that the study of suicide letters does help us to understand the mental state of suicidal victims prior to their acts. The study of suicide letter is one of the prerequisites to the understanding of this complicated human behaviour.", "contents": "Suicide letters. This is a study of 266 suicide letters collected over a period of 8 years (1969-1976). In the study of completed suicide cases, there are few sources of data available. A critical research may question the reliability of the study of suicide letters. In this paper the author tries to answer some of the many questions which might be posed. It is however felt that the study of suicide letters does help us to understand the mental state of suicidal victims prior to their acts. The study of suicide letter is one of the prerequisites to the understanding of this complicated human behaviour.", "PMID": 547873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10755", "title": "[Melatonin and LH secretion patterns in pubertal boys (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma melatonin and LH were measured at 20 minute intervals for 24 hours in four normal pubertal boys. All four subjects showed a significant augmentation of LH and melatonin during noctural sleep. There was also a significant correlation between the LH and melatonin levels (p less than 0.001). There were periods of episodic secretion of melanin during the diurnal waking period which seemed related to \"stress\". These data indicate that the peripheral concentrations of melatonin which occur during sleep are insufficient to prevent spontaneous LH secretion during puberty.", "contents": "[Melatonin and LH secretion patterns in pubertal boys (author's transl)]. Plasma melatonin and LH were measured at 20 minute intervals for 24 hours in four normal pubertal boys. All four subjects showed a significant augmentation of LH and melatonin during noctural sleep. There was also a significant correlation between the LH and melatonin levels (p less than 0.001). There were periods of episodic secretion of melanin during the diurnal waking period which seemed related to \"stress\". These data indicate that the peripheral concentrations of melatonin which occur during sleep are insufficient to prevent spontaneous LH secretion during puberty.", "PMID": 547876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10756", "title": "[Hypopituitarism and hyperlipidemia. Protective effect of growth hormone deficiency against atherosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A serie of 12 cases of hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, idiopathic) associated with hyperlipidemia (type IIb in general), is reported. It is suggested that: 1--Growth hormone deficiency seems to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia because there are no cardiovascular signs in 10 cases with a history of growth hormone deficiency lasting from 5 to 57 years and a manifesting hyperlipidemia (lasting a mean of 23 years), and there is stabilisation or improvement of ischemic signs in 2 other cases. 2--Lipid abnormalities are frequently seen in hypopituitarism even after thyroid replacement therapy. 3--The hyperlipidemia can be familial or can result from growth hormone deficiency alone.", "contents": "[Hypopituitarism and hyperlipidemia. Protective effect of growth hormone deficiency against atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. A serie of 12 cases of hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, idiopathic) associated with hyperlipidemia (type IIb in general), is reported. It is suggested that: 1--Growth hormone deficiency seems to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia because there are no cardiovascular signs in 10 cases with a history of growth hormone deficiency lasting from 5 to 57 years and a manifesting hyperlipidemia (lasting a mean of 23 years), and there is stabilisation or improvement of ischemic signs in 2 other cases. 2--Lipid abnormalities are frequently seen in hypopituitarism even after thyroid replacement therapy. 3--The hyperlipidemia can be familial or can result from growth hormone deficiency alone.", "PMID": 547877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10757", "title": "[The stimulation by calcium of the thyroidal iodine metabolism fits into the scheme of \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In vivo, in the rat, in nutritional experiments, calcium accelerated iodine entry into the thyroid and augmented the concentration of iodine in the gland (1). These data are compatible with the hypothesis of Ca2+ acting on the thyroid as in \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" where the cation promotes extrusion of the contents of exocytotic granules (2). The whole set of experimental data from the in vivo work (1, 3) fit into the view that Ca2+ might increase the velocity of iodine entry into and the concentration of iodine in the thyroid by promoting exo cytosis of non iodinated thyroglobulin; and so do data from in vitro experiments in the literature, provided the statement: \"Ca2+ is required for the in vitro TSH stimulation of 131I transfer from the intrathyroidal iodide pool into thyroglobulin\" (5) is inverted into: \"Ca2+ is required for the TSH stimulation of the transfer of Tg into the sites of its iodination\"; these are located in the lumen of the follicle (4). The transfer of Tg (= exocytosis) was shown to be limiting factor to the acceleration of iodine binding by TSH, in vivo (6).", "contents": "[The stimulation by calcium of the thyroidal iodine metabolism fits into the scheme of \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" (author's transl)]. In vivo, in the rat, in nutritional experiments, calcium accelerated iodine entry into the thyroid and augmented the concentration of iodine in the gland (1). These data are compatible with the hypothesis of Ca2+ acting on the thyroid as in \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" where the cation promotes extrusion of the contents of exocytotic granules (2). The whole set of experimental data from the in vivo work (1, 3) fit into the view that Ca2+ might increase the velocity of iodine entry into and the concentration of iodine in the thyroid by promoting exo cytosis of non iodinated thyroglobulin; and so do data from in vitro experiments in the literature, provided the statement: \"Ca2+ is required for the in vitro TSH stimulation of 131I transfer from the intrathyroidal iodide pool into thyroglobulin\" (5) is inverted into: \"Ca2+ is required for the TSH stimulation of the transfer of Tg into the sites of its iodination\"; these are located in the lumen of the follicle (4). The transfer of Tg (= exocytosis) was shown to be limiting factor to the acceleration of iodine binding by TSH, in vivo (6).", "PMID": 547878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10758", "title": "[Place of sulpirid test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "42 patients suspected of pheochromocytoma underwent to sulpirid and glucagon tests. 6 patients had pheochromocytoma: 3 failed to respond to glucagon and 2 to sulpirid. The 36 other patients had no clinical or blood pressure changes after sulpirid injection. We did not know any complication in positive tests and any clinical unconfort in negative tests. These results confirm the interest of sulpirid test in pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "[Place of sulpirid test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. 42 patients suspected of pheochromocytoma underwent to sulpirid and glucagon tests. 6 patients had pheochromocytoma: 3 failed to respond to glucagon and 2 to sulpirid. The 36 other patients had no clinical or blood pressure changes after sulpirid injection. We did not know any complication in positive tests and any clinical unconfort in negative tests. These results confirm the interest of sulpirid test in pheochromocytoma.", "PMID": 547879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10759", "title": "[Leydig cell tumor of the ovary (biologic (in vivo and in vitro) and ultrastructural study) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the case of a young hirsute woman of 28 years old. Urinary 17 KS were very increased without DHA, but with androsterone, etiocholanolone and 11 oxy 17 Ketosteroids. Androstenedione and testosterone plasmatic levels were very high and per operative selective ovarian vein catheterization showed a direct production of these potent androgens. In vitro study of the tumor allowed to obtain same results. Light and electron microscopic study showed a Leydig cell tumor of left ovary.", "contents": "[Leydig cell tumor of the ovary (biologic (in vivo and in vitro) and ultrastructural study) (author's transl)]. The authors present the case of a young hirsute woman of 28 years old. Urinary 17 KS were very increased without DHA, but with androsterone, etiocholanolone and 11 oxy 17 Ketosteroids. Androstenedione and testosterone plasmatic levels were very high and per operative selective ovarian vein catheterization showed a direct production of these potent androgens. In vitro study of the tumor allowed to obtain same results. Light and electron microscopic study showed a Leydig cell tumor of left ovary.", "PMID": 547880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10760", "title": "[Cytological study of the hemopoietic organ in the crab: Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea, Decapoda). (author's transl)].", "content": "A cytological observation, using conventional fixing and staining, is made on the hemopoietic tissue in the crab, Carcinus maenas. The hemopoietic organ is formed by nodules grouping different cell types; nodules are surrounded by a limiting layer including collagenous filaments and material looking like basal lamina. Some fibrocytes and semi-granulous hemocytes are lining this limited layer. These hemocytes, more or less flattened, are transforming in fibrocytes. Fibroblast-like cells, with well developed intercellular junctions, are the first cell type: their dedifferentiation gives rise to isolated mitoting cells. We have named these mitoting cells \"hemocytoblast\". They are stem cells for hyaline hemocytes. Fibroblast-like cells can be compared with \"reticular cells\" in Insects. Uncertainty exists as to the formation and evolution of nodules.", "contents": "[Cytological study of the hemopoietic organ in the crab: Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea, Decapoda). (author's transl)]. A cytological observation, using conventional fixing and staining, is made on the hemopoietic tissue in the crab, Carcinus maenas. The hemopoietic organ is formed by nodules grouping different cell types; nodules are surrounded by a limiting layer including collagenous filaments and material looking like basal lamina. Some fibrocytes and semi-granulous hemocytes are lining this limited layer. These hemocytes, more or less flattened, are transforming in fibrocytes. Fibroblast-like cells, with well developed intercellular junctions, are the first cell type: their dedifferentiation gives rise to isolated mitoting cells. We have named these mitoting cells \"hemocytoblast\". They are stem cells for hyaline hemocytes. Fibroblast-like cells can be compared with \"reticular cells\" in Insects. Uncertainty exists as to the formation and evolution of nodules.", "PMID": 547885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10761", "title": "The growth of London schoolchildren 1904-1966: an analysis of secular trend and intra-county variation.", "content": "Height and weight were measured on 299,303 children involved in eleven London County Council Surveys dating from 1904 to 1966. This paper describes the historical background to these surveys, the secular trend towards increasing heights and weights and a decreasing age at menarche, and the variation of height and weight between parts of the county. All the surveys were cross-sectional, but that of 1966 included yearly velocity data on 13,806 children. Means for height and weight by age and sex were adjusted to the exact half year to allow comparison of all surveys. Menarcheal age was determined by probit analysis on status quo data in 1954, 1959 and 1966. Intra-county comparisons were based on the Divisional Index of the nine Area Health Divisions of the County. The results indicate an end to the positive secular trend for height and weight at about the same time as the previously reported end to a decreasing age of menarch in London girls. Intra-county comparisons indicated different rates of secular trend within different areas favouring those children who were the smallest and lighest in 1949. The end of the secular trend is thought to be due to genetic factors and intra-county changes to improve environmental conditions.", "contents": "The growth of London schoolchildren 1904-1966: an analysis of secular trend and intra-county variation. Height and weight were measured on 299,303 children involved in eleven London County Council Surveys dating from 1904 to 1966. This paper describes the historical background to these surveys, the secular trend towards increasing heights and weights and a decreasing age at menarche, and the variation of height and weight between parts of the county. All the surveys were cross-sectional, but that of 1966 included yearly velocity data on 13,806 children. Means for height and weight by age and sex were adjusted to the exact half year to allow comparison of all surveys. Menarcheal age was determined by probit analysis on status quo data in 1954, 1959 and 1966. Intra-county comparisons were based on the Divisional Index of the nine Area Health Divisions of the County. The results indicate an end to the positive secular trend for height and weight at about the same time as the previously reported end to a decreasing age of menarch in London girls. Intra-county comparisons indicated different rates of secular trend within different areas favouring those children who were the smallest and lighest in 1949. The end of the secular trend is thought to be due to genetic factors and intra-county changes to improve environmental conditions.", "PMID": 547881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10762", "title": "Peak velocities in height and mental performance. A longitudinal study of schoolchildren aged 10-14 years.", "content": "The relationship between spurts in height and in mental performance was studied by following a sample of Swedish urban schoolchildren from age 10 to 14 years. The children were grouped into early, average and late maturers with peak height velocity age (PHV age) as the criterion. A mental arithmetic test was administered once a year from grade 3 to 7 inclusive (10-14 years). Gain/year and level of performance were analysed both for a pure longitudinal sample (examined every year) and for mixed longitudinal samples. Early- and average-maturing girls had a maximum gain/year in performance about one year earlier than late-maturing girls. In boys, only early maturers seemed to have a peak in performance gain. Results from mixed longitudinal analysis indicated that gain/year curves were different for girls and boys. In level of performance, late-maturing girls were inferior to average and early maturers. No differences between maturity groups were found for boys. Girls were superior to boys in grade 5 (age 12) and grade 6 (age 13) in level of performance. Social background had a great impact on level of mental performance measured by this test. The relative influence of physical maturation and social background on level of mental performance was approximated as the ratio of the mean difference in test scores between early and late maturers to the mean difference between social group I + II and social group III. The ratio fluctuated over the grades 3 through 7; physical maturity seemed to have the greatest effect in grade 5 (age 12) for girls and in grade 7 (age 14) for boys.", "contents": "Peak velocities in height and mental performance. A longitudinal study of schoolchildren aged 10-14 years. The relationship between spurts in height and in mental performance was studied by following a sample of Swedish urban schoolchildren from age 10 to 14 years. The children were grouped into early, average and late maturers with peak height velocity age (PHV age) as the criterion. A mental arithmetic test was administered once a year from grade 3 to 7 inclusive (10-14 years). Gain/year and level of performance were analysed both for a pure longitudinal sample (examined every year) and for mixed longitudinal samples. Early- and average-maturing girls had a maximum gain/year in performance about one year earlier than late-maturing girls. In boys, only early maturers seemed to have a peak in performance gain. Results from mixed longitudinal analysis indicated that gain/year curves were different for girls and boys. In level of performance, late-maturing girls were inferior to average and early maturers. No differences between maturity groups were found for boys. Girls were superior to boys in grade 5 (age 12) and grade 6 (age 13) in level of performance. Social background had a great impact on level of mental performance measured by this test. The relative influence of physical maturation and social background on level of mental performance was approximated as the ratio of the mean difference in test scores between early and late maturers to the mean difference between social group I + II and social group III. The ratio fluctuated over the grades 3 through 7; physical maturity seemed to have the greatest effect in grade 5 (age 12) for girls and in grade 7 (age 14) for boys.", "PMID": 547883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10763", "title": "Age at menarche on a small Bahamian island.", "content": "Age at menarche in the rather highly inbred population of a small island in the Bahamas has been estimated through the recollection of adult women. It averages 14.5 years for women over 40 and 14.1 years for women under 40.", "contents": "Age at menarche on a small Bahamian island. Age at menarche in the rather highly inbred population of a small island in the Bahamas has been estimated through the recollection of adult women. It averages 14.5 years for women over 40 and 14.1 years for women under 40.", "PMID": 547884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10764", "title": "[Experimental reevaluation of myocardial ondulations in the early histological diagnosis of myocardial infarct].", "content": "This investigation was undertaken in order to experimentally reassess the value of myocardial waviness and stretching as early histological indicators of acute myocardial infarction. Twenty three dogs were subjected to periods of ischemia, from 30 minutes to 4 hours; wavy fibers were present in 87% and 91% of the ischemic and non-ischemic samples respectively. It is concluded that myocardial fiber waviness lacks significance as an indicator or early myocardial infarction, whose diagnosis remains a major challenge.", "contents": "[Experimental reevaluation of myocardial ondulations in the early histological diagnosis of myocardial infarct]. This investigation was undertaken in order to experimentally reassess the value of myocardial waviness and stretching as early histological indicators of acute myocardial infarction. Twenty three dogs were subjected to periods of ischemia, from 30 minutes to 4 hours; wavy fibers were present in 87% and 91% of the ischemic and non-ischemic samples respectively. It is concluded that myocardial fiber waviness lacks significance as an indicator or early myocardial infarction, whose diagnosis remains a major challenge.", "PMID": 547900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10765", "title": "[Electrocardiographic manifestations of ventricular diastolic depolarization. Clinico-experimental study].", "content": "Several haemodynamic and biochemical parameters were studied in order to explain the diagnostic value of the electrocardiographic abnormalities in partial myocardial diastolic depolarization, in different conditions, as experimental coronary oclussion, adrenalinic effects, tachycardia, hypoxia and shock. It is concluded that the electrocardiographic signs of diastolic depolarization (injury tissue) are: RS-T deplacement, conduction disturbances at bundle, fascicular and muscular levels, as well as ventricular ectopic beats. The experimental findings were correlated with clinical cases showing electrocardiographic signs of ventricular diastolic depolarization, as in myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, hypertensive heart disease, pheocromocitoma and tachycardia. It is concluded that the oxygen volume available at mitochondrial level is diminished, if it is correlated to the metabolic and/or haemodynamic alterations.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic manifestations of ventricular diastolic depolarization. Clinico-experimental study]. Several haemodynamic and biochemical parameters were studied in order to explain the diagnostic value of the electrocardiographic abnormalities in partial myocardial diastolic depolarization, in different conditions, as experimental coronary oclussion, adrenalinic effects, tachycardia, hypoxia and shock. It is concluded that the electrocardiographic signs of diastolic depolarization (injury tissue) are: RS-T deplacement, conduction disturbances at bundle, fascicular and muscular levels, as well as ventricular ectopic beats. The experimental findings were correlated with clinical cases showing electrocardiographic signs of ventricular diastolic depolarization, as in myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, hypertensive heart disease, pheocromocitoma and tachycardia. It is concluded that the oxygen volume available at mitochondrial level is diminished, if it is correlated to the metabolic and/or haemodynamic alterations.", "PMID": 547902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10766", "title": "[Transformation of 19-norgestagens to estrogens by rumen microorganisms].", "content": "The 19-norgestagens norethisterone acetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on-17-acetate), ethinodiol diacetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3 beta, 17 beta-diol-3, 17-diacetate), and norgestrol (17 alpha-ethinyl-18-methyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on) are transformed to ethinyloestradiol or 18-methyl homologue by microorganisms of cattle rumen. Such transformation of steroid gestagens to oestrogens is likely to offer an explanation for the occurrence of oestrogen effects which had been observed during synchronised oestrus of cattle following oral application of 19-norgestagens.", "contents": "[Transformation of 19-norgestagens to estrogens by rumen microorganisms]. The 19-norgestagens norethisterone acetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on-17-acetate), ethinodiol diacetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3 beta, 17 beta-diol-3, 17-diacetate), and norgestrol (17 alpha-ethinyl-18-methyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on) are transformed to ethinyloestradiol or 18-methyl homologue by microorganisms of cattle rumen. Such transformation of steroid gestagens to oestrogens is likely to offer an explanation for the occurrence of oestrogen effects which had been observed during synchronised oestrus of cattle following oral application of 19-norgestagens.", "PMID": 547910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10767", "title": "[Production of primary cell cultures on a semi-industrial scale. 1. Modification of the trypsinization procedure--possible means to improve cell yield].", "content": "To produce large quantities of primary cell suspensions on efficient technique is described which is named \"Biomix-Method\". By this technique first tissue mince is performed automatically using tissue amounts between 300 g and 500 g. Trypsinization takes place in a three-litre trypsinization vessel using a stirring mechanism according to a defined trypsinization mode. In regard to optimal cell seeding concentration and a justifiable productivity one kidney of newborn or suckling calf yields 6--9 1 cell suspension and that of piglet 1,8-2,3 1, respectively. Proliferation behaviour and effectivity of primary cells are discussed and compared with other cell systems.", "contents": "[Production of primary cell cultures on a semi-industrial scale. 1. Modification of the trypsinization procedure--possible means to improve cell yield]. To produce large quantities of primary cell suspensions on efficient technique is described which is named \"Biomix-Method\". By this technique first tissue mince is performed automatically using tissue amounts between 300 g and 500 g. Trypsinization takes place in a three-litre trypsinization vessel using a stirring mechanism according to a defined trypsinization mode. In regard to optimal cell seeding concentration and a justifiable productivity one kidney of newborn or suckling calf yields 6--9 1 cell suspension and that of piglet 1,8-2,3 1, respectively. Proliferation behaviour and effectivity of primary cells are discussed and compared with other cell systems.", "PMID": 547911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10768", "title": "[Studies of the effect of synthetic oxytocin and neurohypophyseal extract on diuresis of water-laden cattle].", "content": "The action of synthetic oxytocin and Glanduphen, a neurohypophyseal extract preparation, on the diuresis of six heads of cattle in lactation was studied, following intraruminal application of water. Intravenous injection of something between 10 and 30 I.U. of oxytocin reduced diuresis by 54 per cent on average, within 30 minutes from treatment. Urine-borne Cl- -concentrations went up by 315 per cent on average and quantitative Cl- -secretion by 87 per cent. The values recorded in response to the administration of doses between 10 and 40 I.U. of Glanduphen were 44, 785, and 344 per cent. Additional application of Glanduphen within 30 minutes from oxytocin injection caused less pronounced inhibition of diuresis or even some activation of diuresis. Literature on renal effects of vasopressin and of oxytocin was analysed, in that context, and the conclusion was drawn that antidiuretic effects were recordable neither from man nor from animals unless they were exposed to excessive application of water. The same hormone preparations, however, caused increase of diuresis in thirty animals with low rates of diuresis and higher osmotic urine pressure. Rise in saluresis was a most common result of vasopressin or oxytocin administration and did in no way depend on the diuresis level.", "contents": "[Studies of the effect of synthetic oxytocin and neurohypophyseal extract on diuresis of water-laden cattle]. The action of synthetic oxytocin and Glanduphen, a neurohypophyseal extract preparation, on the diuresis of six heads of cattle in lactation was studied, following intraruminal application of water. Intravenous injection of something between 10 and 30 I.U. of oxytocin reduced diuresis by 54 per cent on average, within 30 minutes from treatment. Urine-borne Cl- -concentrations went up by 315 per cent on average and quantitative Cl- -secretion by 87 per cent. The values recorded in response to the administration of doses between 10 and 40 I.U. of Glanduphen were 44, 785, and 344 per cent. Additional application of Glanduphen within 30 minutes from oxytocin injection caused less pronounced inhibition of diuresis or even some activation of diuresis. Literature on renal effects of vasopressin and of oxytocin was analysed, in that context, and the conclusion was drawn that antidiuretic effects were recordable neither from man nor from animals unless they were exposed to excessive application of water. The same hormone preparations, however, caused increase of diuresis in thirty animals with low rates of diuresis and higher osmotic urine pressure. Rise in saluresis was a most common result of vasopressin or oxytocin administration and did in no way depend on the diuresis level.", "PMID": 547912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10769", "title": "[Studies of the induction of diuresis increase and water intoxication induced diuresis inhibition by oxytocin and vasopressin in lactating cattle].", "content": "Intravenous injection of 20 International Units (IU) of oxytocin in the form of synthetic oxytocin or neurohypophyseal extract preparations to dehydrated cows that had already undergone twelve hours of water withdrawal did not produce antidiuresis but rather rise of diuresis accompanied by saluretic effects. Increase in diuresis occurred also in hyperhydrated cows, following water application, provided that oxytocin or vasopressin preparations had caused antidiuresis and saluresis and, consequently, changed urine composition to osmotic pressures beyond the limit values between 650 and 750 mosmol/kg. Rehydration of cow may be associated with retardation of diuresis by four hours or more. If oxytocin or vasopressin are given in the phase of such rehydration, the period between water application and the onset of water diuresis may be defined as \"blocked water diuresis\". Continuous infusion of 0.34 or 0.8 IU of oxytocin per minute up to 3.5 hours did not cause water intoxication in hyperhydrated cows, though blood plasma values for osmotic pressure had dropped to 244 mosmol/kg, while Na+ concentration had gone down to 116 mmol/l.", "contents": "[Studies of the induction of diuresis increase and water intoxication induced diuresis inhibition by oxytocin and vasopressin in lactating cattle]. Intravenous injection of 20 International Units (IU) of oxytocin in the form of synthetic oxytocin or neurohypophyseal extract preparations to dehydrated cows that had already undergone twelve hours of water withdrawal did not produce antidiuresis but rather rise of diuresis accompanied by saluretic effects. Increase in diuresis occurred also in hyperhydrated cows, following water application, provided that oxytocin or vasopressin preparations had caused antidiuresis and saluresis and, consequently, changed urine composition to osmotic pressures beyond the limit values between 650 and 750 mosmol/kg. Rehydration of cow may be associated with retardation of diuresis by four hours or more. If oxytocin or vasopressin are given in the phase of such rehydration, the period between water application and the onset of water diuresis may be defined as \"blocked water diuresis\". Continuous infusion of 0.34 or 0.8 IU of oxytocin per minute up to 3.5 hours did not cause water intoxication in hyperhydrated cows, though blood plasma values for osmotic pressure had dropped to 244 mosmol/kg, while Na+ concentration had gone down to 116 mmol/l.", "PMID": 547913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10770", "title": "[Experimental application of steroids to sows in early gravidity to increase litter size. 2. Effects of repeated administration of progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol benzoate during 2 to 5 consecutive days].", "content": "Two mutually adjusted experiments were applied to 607 inseminated gilts and sows on the premises of two farms to test the effects on both pregnancy rate and litter size of repeated treatment, using progesterone in isolation or in combination with 0.5 mg oestradiol benzoate during the phase of implantation. The steroids were applied on the 14th and 16th or 15th and 16th days of pregnancy or between the 13th and 17th or 14th and 18th days following first insemination. The doses per animal and die were 25 mg ofhydroxyprogesterone capronate or 20 mg of progesterone. None of these variants had a secured positive effect upon litter size.", "contents": "[Experimental application of steroids to sows in early gravidity to increase litter size. 2. Effects of repeated administration of progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol benzoate during 2 to 5 consecutive days]. Two mutually adjusted experiments were applied to 607 inseminated gilts and sows on the premises of two farms to test the effects on both pregnancy rate and litter size of repeated treatment, using progesterone in isolation or in combination with 0.5 mg oestradiol benzoate during the phase of implantation. The steroids were applied on the 14th and 16th or 15th and 16th days of pregnancy or between the 13th and 17th or 14th and 18th days following first insemination. The doses per animal and die were 25 mg ofhydroxyprogesterone capronate or 20 mg of progesterone. None of these variants had a secured positive effect upon litter size.", "PMID": 547914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10771", "title": "[Experimental studies on the course and the effects of pediculosis in domestic swine].", "content": "Weaned piglets, aged between six and eight weeks, underwent one single experimental infection, using few imaginal stages as well as second and third larval stages of Haematopinus suis. Louse populations of various densities developed on animals of the same litter under the same keeping and feeding conditions. No unambiguous reduction in body weight increase was observed throughout the two months of the experiment. Even pigs with 2,107 or 2,135 adult lice and their larval stages were not affected. Some of the pigs developed allergic dermal inflammations in the course of pediculosis and suffered from considerable aggravation of pruritus which used to be of minor importance before. Excessive rubbing, in response to that itching, led to mechanically caused skin lesions, some of them bleeding.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the course and the effects of pediculosis in domestic swine]. Weaned piglets, aged between six and eight weeks, underwent one single experimental infection, using few imaginal stages as well as second and third larval stages of Haematopinus suis. Louse populations of various densities developed on animals of the same litter under the same keeping and feeding conditions. No unambiguous reduction in body weight increase was observed throughout the two months of the experiment. Even pigs with 2,107 or 2,135 adult lice and their larval stages were not affected. Some of the pigs developed allergic dermal inflammations in the course of pediculosis and suffered from considerable aggravation of pruritus which used to be of minor importance before. Excessive rubbing, in response to that itching, led to mechanically caused skin lesions, some of them bleeding.", "PMID": 547915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10772", "title": "[Effect of visible light on transformability of lymphocytes in peripheral blood].", "content": "Reported in this paper are the possible effects of different light regimes on the transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. The following results were verified against the background of various indices, such as transformation rate, stimulation index, and lymphocyte number, following culturing with the lymphocyte transformation test and morphological evaluation: --The light regimes tested were natural light day, extremely long day with artificial light (24 hours of lighting, 75-100 lx), and divided artificial light day (seven hours light, five hours darkness, seven hours light, five hours darkness, 82-128 lx). The natural and extremely long artificial light days stimulated transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. --The divided artificial light day tended to depress transformation of calf lymphocytes. Such light-dependent stimulation of lymphocyte transformability is interpreted as an improvement in defence of the animal organism in terms of an unspecific stimulation.", "contents": "[Effect of visible light on transformability of lymphocytes in peripheral blood]. Reported in this paper are the possible effects of different light regimes on the transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. The following results were verified against the background of various indices, such as transformation rate, stimulation index, and lymphocyte number, following culturing with the lymphocyte transformation test and morphological evaluation: --The light regimes tested were natural light day, extremely long day with artificial light (24 hours of lighting, 75-100 lx), and divided artificial light day (seven hours light, five hours darkness, seven hours light, five hours darkness, 82-128 lx). The natural and extremely long artificial light days stimulated transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. --The divided artificial light day tended to depress transformation of calf lymphocytes. Such light-dependent stimulation of lymphocyte transformability is interpreted as an improvement in defence of the animal organism in terms of an unspecific stimulation.", "PMID": 547916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10773", "title": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 5. Studies of udder pathogenicity of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma strains of different origins].", "content": "Isolated acholeplasma laidlawii strains exhibited highly differentiated behaviours regarding their udder pathogenicity. Twelve of 16 tested strains were pathogenic to udder. Symptoms of acute udder inflammation were caused by all ten A. laidlawii strains isolated from differentiated material of calf, but by only two of six strains isolated from differentiated material of cattle. Intracisternal instillation of both strains from milk and one strain each from udder skin or cervical mucus caused merely temporary disorders of secretion. Ultrasonic extracts of A. laidlawii strains, some of them additionally heated, were intracisternally applied, as well. Udder irritation was caused only by those acholeplasma strains which were udder-patha was assumed to be attributable to a toxin of the polysaccharide type. Pathogenicity to udder was recorded also from one M. alkalescens strain isolated from a nose swab taken of cattle as well as from two A. granularum strains isolated from calf lungs.", "contents": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 5. Studies of udder pathogenicity of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma strains of different origins]. Isolated acholeplasma laidlawii strains exhibited highly differentiated behaviours regarding their udder pathogenicity. Twelve of 16 tested strains were pathogenic to udder. Symptoms of acute udder inflammation were caused by all ten A. laidlawii strains isolated from differentiated material of calf, but by only two of six strains isolated from differentiated material of cattle. Intracisternal instillation of both strains from milk and one strain each from udder skin or cervical mucus caused merely temporary disorders of secretion. Ultrasonic extracts of A. laidlawii strains, some of them additionally heated, were intracisternally applied, as well. Udder irritation was caused only by those acholeplasma strains which were udder-patha was assumed to be attributable to a toxin of the polysaccharide type. Pathogenicity to udder was recorded also from one M. alkalescens strain isolated from a nose swab taken of cattle as well as from two A. granularum strains isolated from calf lungs.", "PMID": 547917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10774", "title": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 6. Testing of Mycoplasma isolated from milk for udder pathogenicity].", "content": "Strains of M. bovis, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, and one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae as well as altered secretion obtained from cows with mastitis were intracisternally applied in experiments and proved to be pathogenic to cattle udder. The results are likely to suggest the importance of mycoplasma isolated from the milk of mastitis cows to the aetiology of enzootic mastitis in three large dairy cattle stocks. Intravenous application of M. bovis and A. laidlawii caused neither mastitis nor mycoplasma secretion in the milk.", "contents": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 6. Testing of Mycoplasma isolated from milk for udder pathogenicity]. Strains of M. bovis, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, and one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae as well as altered secretion obtained from cows with mastitis were intracisternally applied in experiments and proved to be pathogenic to cattle udder. The results are likely to suggest the importance of mycoplasma isolated from the milk of mastitis cows to the aetiology of enzootic mastitis in three large dairy cattle stocks. Intravenous application of M. bovis and A. laidlawii caused neither mastitis nor mycoplasma secretion in the milk.", "PMID": 547918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10775", "title": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 7. Mycoplasma mastitis in 3 dairy cattle herds].", "content": "Reported in this paper is the occurrence of enzootic mastitis in three dairy cattle stocks. The outbreaks had been caused by Mycoplasma bovis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma axanthum as well as by one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae. All animals with positive response to mycoplasma tests were identified an selected by repetitive testing of cultures in milk samples which had been taken from all lactating and dry cows and heifers as well as by evaluation of organ samples obtained from slaughtered cows. Regular cleaning and disinfection of stands in cowsheds, cattle tracks, and milk parlours as well as disinfection of udders and milking cups worked extremely well throughout the action in control of those cases of enzootic mycoplasma mastitis.", "contents": "[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 7. Mycoplasma mastitis in 3 dairy cattle herds]. Reported in this paper is the occurrence of enzootic mastitis in three dairy cattle stocks. The outbreaks had been caused by Mycoplasma bovis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma axanthum as well as by one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae. All animals with positive response to mycoplasma tests were identified an selected by repetitive testing of cultures in milk samples which had been taken from all lactating and dry cows and heifers as well as by evaluation of organ samples obtained from slaughtered cows. Regular cleaning and disinfection of stands in cowsheds, cattle tracks, and milk parlours as well as disinfection of udders and milking cups worked extremely well throughout the action in control of those cases of enzootic mycoplasma mastitis.", "PMID": 547919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10776", "title": "Blood of two siluroid fishes during different respiratory conditions.", "content": "In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the changes in different blood parameters in two siluroid fishes, Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Bloch and Clarias (C.) batrachus. Linn, both air breathing fishes, during different respiratory conditions, Viz, 1. normal, 2. submerged water condition and 3. exclusive air breathing condition. An increase in different blood parameters [Viz, red blood corpuscles (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) etc.] was observed under submerged water and exclusive air breathing conditions. Possible reasons and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters have been discussed.", "contents": "Blood of two siluroid fishes during different respiratory conditions. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the changes in different blood parameters in two siluroid fishes, Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Bloch and Clarias (C.) batrachus. Linn, both air breathing fishes, during different respiratory conditions, Viz, 1. normal, 2. submerged water condition and 3. exclusive air breathing condition. An increase in different blood parameters [Viz, red blood corpuscles (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) etc.] was observed under submerged water and exclusive air breathing conditions. Possible reasons and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters have been discussed.", "PMID": 547920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10777", "title": "[Action of herbicide \"Atrazine\" on thymus and bursa in chickens].", "content": "Changes were induced in the central lymphatic organs of chicken which had been given 150 ppm \"Atrazin\" in their rations over 21 days, beginning with the third day of age. The substance did not produce toxic phenomena. Thymus and bursa fabricii weights went up in parallel with the glycogen levels of those organs, after 15 days of feeding. Normalisation occurred on the 21st day of treatment and was more conspicuous on the thymus than on the bursa.", "contents": "[Action of herbicide \"Atrazine\" on thymus and bursa in chickens]. Changes were induced in the central lymphatic organs of chicken which had been given 150 ppm \"Atrazin\" in their rations over 21 days, beginning with the third day of age. The substance did not produce toxic phenomena. Thymus and bursa fabricii weights went up in parallel with the glycogen levels of those organs, after 15 days of feeding. Normalisation occurred on the 21st day of treatment and was more conspicuous on the thymus than on the bursa.", "PMID": 547921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10778", "title": "[Studies of the spectrum of nonesterified fatty acids in blood and muscle tissue of swine. 1. Effect of genotype (muscular substance)].", "content": "The percentual composition of unesterified fatty acids in M. longissimus dorsi was determined by means of gas chromatography, and its correlations with the given genotype and pork condition were studied. Polyene fatty acids recorded from the Pi\u00e9train race deviated (C-18:2, C-18:3, C-20:4) from values recorded from large white and improved land race pigs. Animals of PSE nature were like Pi\u00e9train probands, in that their monoene acids were higher and diene acids lower by percentage than the comparable values in animals of normal pork condition.", "contents": "[Studies of the spectrum of nonesterified fatty acids in blood and muscle tissue of swine. 1. Effect of genotype (muscular substance)]. The percentual composition of unesterified fatty acids in M. longissimus dorsi was determined by means of gas chromatography, and its correlations with the given genotype and pork condition were studied. Polyene fatty acids recorded from the Pi\u00e9train race deviated (C-18:2, C-18:3, C-20:4) from values recorded from large white and improved land race pigs. Animals of PSE nature were like Pi\u00e9train probands, in that their monoene acids were higher and diene acids lower by percentage than the comparable values in animals of normal pork condition.", "PMID": 547922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10779", "title": "[Age-dependent biokinetic parameters of glucose turnover following intravenous glucose load in piglets].", "content": "Single glucose doses of 0.5 g/kg body weight or 1.0 g/kg were intravenously applied at ambient temperatures between 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C pigs aged between zero and 20 hours two and three, five and seven, ten and 14, 20 and 30 days, and eight weeks. With reference to excess glucose curves in the blood and plasma, the half-life of glucose elimination was graphically determined in a semi-logarithmic system. The result obtained was used to calculate the coefficients of assimilation and distribution, as well as the readily exchangeable pool and the transfer rate of glucose. On the average the half-life of glucose elimination in the five groups of the piglets was identical (0.47 hour); in contrast it was faster in weaners (0.17 hour) than in piglets. With reference to the plasma values, the volume of the glucose distribution decreased continuously with growing age. Average glucose transfer amounted to 1.02 mg/g. hr in weaners and thus was twice as much as that recorded for the five groups of the piglets. Reduction of ambient temperatures between 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C had no bearing on the parameters of 30-day piglets. These findings are likely to suggest that there is no increased glucose turnover within the thermal neutral zone in piglets over the first days of age and, consequently, cannot contribute to the development of hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "[Age-dependent biokinetic parameters of glucose turnover following intravenous glucose load in piglets]. Single glucose doses of 0.5 g/kg body weight or 1.0 g/kg were intravenously applied at ambient temperatures between 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C pigs aged between zero and 20 hours two and three, five and seven, ten and 14, 20 and 30 days, and eight weeks. With reference to excess glucose curves in the blood and plasma, the half-life of glucose elimination was graphically determined in a semi-logarithmic system. The result obtained was used to calculate the coefficients of assimilation and distribution, as well as the readily exchangeable pool and the transfer rate of glucose. On the average the half-life of glucose elimination in the five groups of the piglets was identical (0.47 hour); in contrast it was faster in weaners (0.17 hour) than in piglets. With reference to the plasma values, the volume of the glucose distribution decreased continuously with growing age. Average glucose transfer amounted to 1.02 mg/g. hr in weaners and thus was twice as much as that recorded for the five groups of the piglets. Reduction of ambient temperatures between 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C had no bearing on the parameters of 30-day piglets. These findings are likely to suggest that there is no increased glucose turnover within the thermal neutral zone in piglets over the first days of age and, consequently, cannot contribute to the development of hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 547923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10780", "title": "[Staphylococcus aureus variety hominis in a cattle herd].", "content": "A site-linked hominis variety of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a cattle herd. The find coincided with accumulated occurrence of clinical mastitis in cows and the affliction of one milker with a nose furuncle. The origin of the strain was not elucidated. The same strain had been isolated throughout three years of observation from clinical and subclinical mastitis as well as from chronic udder affection of cows, but no extraordinary accumulation of clinically manifest mastitis had been observed. The hominis site variety was quite rare among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from other cow herds. Enterotoxin formation was recorded from strains of the hominis site variety and from strains which could not be coordinated with any other of the known site varieties and fell under crystal-violet Type A. No enterotoxin formation was recordable from the strains of the bovis variety. The same applied to the group of staphylococci of crystal-violet Type C which could not be coordinated either with any known site variety and which is assumed to have originated from the hominis site variety. The above findings do not support any conclusion as to whether the cows had been infected by the milker or vice versa.", "contents": "[Staphylococcus aureus variety hominis in a cattle herd]. A site-linked hominis variety of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a cattle herd. The find coincided with accumulated occurrence of clinical mastitis in cows and the affliction of one milker with a nose furuncle. The origin of the strain was not elucidated. The same strain had been isolated throughout three years of observation from clinical and subclinical mastitis as well as from chronic udder affection of cows, but no extraordinary accumulation of clinically manifest mastitis had been observed. The hominis site variety was quite rare among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from other cow herds. Enterotoxin formation was recorded from strains of the hominis site variety and from strains which could not be coordinated with any other of the known site varieties and fell under crystal-violet Type A. No enterotoxin formation was recordable from the strains of the bovis variety. The same applied to the group of staphylococci of crystal-violet Type C which could not be coordinated either with any known site variety and which is assumed to have originated from the hominis site variety. The above findings do not support any conclusion as to whether the cows had been infected by the milker or vice versa.", "PMID": 547924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10781", "title": "[Control of parturition in swine. 2. Study results of parturition synchronization in swine with the prostaglandin analog cloprostenol (I.C.I. 80.996: Estrumate)].", "content": "Premature parturition was induced in 115 of 121 sows (95%) that had been given injections of 150 microgram or 200 microgram of \"Estrumate\", a prostaglandin analogues, on the 112th and 113th days of gestation. The average time that elapsed between injection and parturition of those 115 animals was 27.2 +/- 7.7 hours, with no difference being observed between gilts, on the one hand, and old sows, on the other. The time of gestation of the treated animals was shortened with significance from 114.6 +/- 1.6 days for the controls to 113.2 +/- 0.4 days. The average duration of parturition proper was 3.7 +/- 2.2 hours, the average litter being 11.2 +/- 3.3 piglets. The total number of piglets born was 1,320, with stillbirths accounting for 4.17%. The average weight at birth, 1,330 +/- 210 g, and the weight at weaning did not differ from weight figures recorded from the controls. The courses of parturition and puerperium were in agreement with normal biological standards. The sows treated were tested for their blood counts close to full term and for their endometrial histomorphology after weaning, with no side effects of \"Estrumate\" treatment being established. The behaviours of progesterone, 17-beta oestradiol, and cortisol in serum of \"Estrumate\"-treated sows were investigated, and congruence was established between spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced parturitions, which was in agreement with international literature. The conclusion is that 150 micrograms of 'Estrumate\", administered to swine, after the 11th day of gestation has very good labour-inducing effects and ensures normal physiological parturition and piglet development.", "contents": "[Control of parturition in swine. 2. Study results of parturition synchronization in swine with the prostaglandin analog cloprostenol (I.C.I. 80.996: Estrumate)]. Premature parturition was induced in 115 of 121 sows (95%) that had been given injections of 150 microgram or 200 microgram of \"Estrumate\", a prostaglandin analogues, on the 112th and 113th days of gestation. The average time that elapsed between injection and parturition of those 115 animals was 27.2 +/- 7.7 hours, with no difference being observed between gilts, on the one hand, and old sows, on the other. The time of gestation of the treated animals was shortened with significance from 114.6 +/- 1.6 days for the controls to 113.2 +/- 0.4 days. The average duration of parturition proper was 3.7 +/- 2.2 hours, the average litter being 11.2 +/- 3.3 piglets. The total number of piglets born was 1,320, with stillbirths accounting for 4.17%. The average weight at birth, 1,330 +/- 210 g, and the weight at weaning did not differ from weight figures recorded from the controls. The courses of parturition and puerperium were in agreement with normal biological standards. The sows treated were tested for their blood counts close to full term and for their endometrial histomorphology after weaning, with no side effects of \"Estrumate\" treatment being established. The behaviours of progesterone, 17-beta oestradiol, and cortisol in serum of \"Estrumate\"-treated sows were investigated, and congruence was established between spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced parturitions, which was in agreement with international literature. The conclusion is that 150 micrograms of 'Estrumate\", administered to swine, after the 11th day of gestation has very good labour-inducing effects and ensures normal physiological parturition and piglet development.", "PMID": 547925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10782", "title": "[Type 1 fucosidosis. Anatomical study].", "content": "The first Canadian child with complete absence of alpha L-fucosidase is described. The neurological course was characterised by rapid deterioration and he died at the earliest age recorded so far. There are only two published reports of autopsies in this condition to which we add another, together with the ultrastructural findings of a liver biopsy.", "contents": "[Type 1 fucosidosis. Anatomical study]. The first Canadian child with complete absence of alpha L-fucosidase is described. The neurological course was characterised by rapid deterioration and he died at the earliest age recorded so far. There are only two published reports of autopsies in this condition to which we add another, together with the ultrastructural findings of a liver biopsy.", "PMID": 547926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10783", "title": "[Intramedullary tumors in children. Apropos of 30 cases].", "content": "Thirty cases of primary intramedullary tumours have been analysed (17 astrocytomas, 6 ependymomas, 6 non-glial tumours) and 10 have died. The long delay in diagnosis (more than 3 years) must be emphasised. The value of myelography, the natural history and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Intramedullary tumors in children. Apropos of 30 cases]. Thirty cases of primary intramedullary tumours have been analysed (17 astrocytomas, 6 ependymomas, 6 non-glial tumours) and 10 have died. The long delay in diagnosis (more than 3 years) must be emphasised. The value of myelography, the natural history and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 547927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10784", "title": "[Contribution of scintigraphy in non-infectious hip diseases in children].", "content": "Radioisotopic examination in children's hip disorders permits an approach to vascular pathology, useful in establishing both diagnosis and prognosis. In this paper, particular attention is devoted to Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, because of the gravity of the sequellae encountered. Acute transient synovitis and its relation to the preceding affection is briefly discussed. Lastly, Meyer's dysplasia, whose pathogenesis is still not certain, is mentioned. An attempt is made to deduce a practical therapeutic attitude.", "contents": "[Contribution of scintigraphy in non-infectious hip diseases in children]. Radioisotopic examination in children's hip disorders permits an approach to vascular pathology, useful in establishing both diagnosis and prognosis. In this paper, particular attention is devoted to Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, because of the gravity of the sequellae encountered. Acute transient synovitis and its relation to the preceding affection is briefly discussed. Lastly, Meyer's dysplasia, whose pathogenesis is still not certain, is mentioned. An attempt is made to deduce a practical therapeutic attitude.", "PMID": 547928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10785", "title": "[Cleft palate and cortico-therapy during pregnancy].", "content": "A child with cleft palate is described who was born to a mother who received corticosteroid therapy early in pregnancy. The relationship between the cleft palate and the dose and timing of the corticosteroid therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Cleft palate and cortico-therapy during pregnancy]. A child with cleft palate is described who was born to a mother who received corticosteroid therapy early in pregnancy. The relationship between the cleft palate and the dose and timing of the corticosteroid therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 547929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10786", "title": "[Portal cavernoma and intestinal lymphangiectasis].", "content": "A child is described with a portal cavernoma and marked growth retardation who was found to have intestinal lymphangiectasia. It is proposed that the lymphangiectasia may be secondary to portal hypertension. This suggestion is supported by the improvement in lymphopenia after a splenorenal shunt cavernome.", "contents": "[Portal cavernoma and intestinal lymphangiectasis]. A child is described with a portal cavernoma and marked growth retardation who was found to have intestinal lymphangiectasia. It is proposed that the lymphangiectasia may be secondary to portal hypertension. This suggestion is supported by the improvement in lymphopenia after a splenorenal shunt cavernome.", "PMID": 547930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10787", "title": "[Monitoring of intracranial pressure in 2 severe cases of Reye's syndrome].", "content": "The intracranial pressure (PIC) of two children with Reye's sundrome aged 9 years 7 months and 4 years 7 months was monitored for 9 and 5 days respectively with a subdural device. This provided a useful guide to the treatment that was necessary to reduce the very high intracranial pressure. One of the patients died of uncontrollable raised intracranial pressure (HIC). This monitoring technique should be used in all cases of HIC.", "contents": "[Monitoring of intracranial pressure in 2 severe cases of Reye's syndrome]. The intracranial pressure (PIC) of two children with Reye's sundrome aged 9 years 7 months and 4 years 7 months was monitored for 9 and 5 days respectively with a subdural device. This provided a useful guide to the treatment that was necessary to reduce the very high intracranial pressure. One of the patients died of uncontrollable raised intracranial pressure (HIC). This monitoring technique should be used in all cases of HIC.", "PMID": 547931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10788", "title": "[Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in homozygous sickle cell anemia].", "content": "Discovery of occlusion of the inferior vena cava in a child with homozygous sickle cell anemia led to the diagnosis of ensuing thrombosis of the vena cava, based on mode of appearance, clinical evolution of collateral circulation, the pictures obtained in cavography and discovery of a vertebral lesion responsible for slowed circulation and stasis.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in homozygous sickle cell anemia]. Discovery of occlusion of the inferior vena cava in a child with homozygous sickle cell anemia led to the diagnosis of ensuing thrombosis of the vena cava, based on mode of appearance, clinical evolution of collateral circulation, the pictures obtained in cavography and discovery of a vertebral lesion responsible for slowed circulation and stasis.", "PMID": 547933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10789", "title": "[Maternal thinness and pregnancy].", "content": "In a retrospective study of 53 pregnant women who were constitutionally thin, there was a slight excess of premature deliveries. The birth weight of the term babies was lower than expected but there was no excess of serious perinatal complications. Adipose tissue was characteristically absent in these mothers. This may explain the results and be responsible for the failure to achieve optimum foetal development.", "contents": "[Maternal thinness and pregnancy]. In a retrospective study of 53 pregnant women who were constitutionally thin, there was a slight excess of premature deliveries. The birth weight of the term babies was lower than expected but there was no excess of serious perinatal complications. Adipose tissue was characteristically absent in these mothers. This may explain the results and be responsible for the failure to achieve optimum foetal development.", "PMID": 547935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10790", "title": "[Refractory hypoxemia in the newborn. Treatment with tolazoline].", "content": "Persiting pulmonary arterial hypertension, whether secondary to known lung disease or apparently idiopathic, may induce refractory hypoxaemia in the newborn. Tolazoline, pulmonary vasodilator of choice here, was used to treat this syndrome in 13 newborns. Therapeutic indications, precautions and possible side-effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Refractory hypoxemia in the newborn. Treatment with tolazoline]. Persiting pulmonary arterial hypertension, whether secondary to known lung disease or apparently idiopathic, may induce refractory hypoxaemia in the newborn. Tolazoline, pulmonary vasodilator of choice here, was used to treat this syndrome in 13 newborns. Therapeutic indications, precautions and possible side-effects are discussed.", "PMID": 547938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10791", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic investigations of N. trigeminus of rats during the phase of tumour induction by ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)].", "content": "A single subcutaneous application of ENU to newborn rats causes after 2--4 days lethal and sublethal toxic lesions in some of the Schwann cells and their corresponding axons and myelin sheaths. The sublethally damaged Schwann cells show mainly alterations of myelin sheath formation. The ensuing regeneration produces between the 28.--35. day not only normal Schwann cells but also abnormal ones. These are characterized by atypical nuclei and a gradual loss of their functional relation to axons and are therefore regarded as Schwann cells in blastomatous transformation. The deviation from the normal of the NAD-linked L-alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase caused by ENU correlates with the described morphological findings. Inspite of its partially unspecific character it may therefore be considered as an early indication of a beginning tumorous transformation.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic investigations of N. trigeminus of rats during the phase of tumour induction by ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)]. A single subcutaneous application of ENU to newborn rats causes after 2--4 days lethal and sublethal toxic lesions in some of the Schwann cells and their corresponding axons and myelin sheaths. The sublethally damaged Schwann cells show mainly alterations of myelin sheath formation. The ensuing regeneration produces between the 28.--35. day not only normal Schwann cells but also abnormal ones. These are characterized by atypical nuclei and a gradual loss of their functional relation to axons and are therefore regarded as Schwann cells in blastomatous transformation. The deviation from the normal of the NAD-linked L-alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase caused by ENU correlates with the described morphological findings. Inspite of its partially unspecific character it may therefore be considered as an early indication of a beginning tumorous transformation.", "PMID": 547950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10792", "title": "[Calculation of the dynamic heating process in multilayer model tissues during local hyperthermy using the CMT Selectotherm technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The hyperthermic dose necessary for triggering the mechanism of irreversible occlusion of vessels in cancer tissues was assessed to be in the order of 42 degrees C--30 min. (Compare: using hyperthermy without adjuvant measures, the temperature dose needed is at least 42.5 degrees C--140 min) In order to avoid any impairment of skintight tissue and to apply the temperature dose 42 degrees C--30 min also to deep-seated tumors which might be surrounded by normal tissue well supplied with blood, we developed a two-stage local hyperthermy technique with homogenized energy supply to different body sections according to the CMT Selectotherm scanning principle. The method and the results of heat-theoretical calculations made for understanding the dynamic heating process in multilayer tissue models are reported. Employing an electronic computer we succeeded in calculating convenient parameters for an improved applicator system of our CMT Selectotherm device as well as in determining the time course of the spatial temperature topography in three--or fourlayered model tissues under different conditions. It follows from the calculated data that the therapeutic applicability of his new local hyperthermic method can be decisively improved by intensive skin cooling and by short-term manipulation of blood-flow parameters (e.g., by unbloody localized blood pressure reduction). Finally, it is emphasized that the empirical use of hyperthermy in cancer treatment, as it has been employed by other clinical research groups up to now, seems to be no longer responsible. Due to the complicated interrelationships of therapeutically relevant factors, only a solid theoretical standpoint based on and controlled by many thousands of experiments (measurements) provides both an useful procedure adapted to every individual case and the maximum prospects of success.", "contents": "[Calculation of the dynamic heating process in multilayer model tissues during local hyperthermy using the CMT Selectotherm technique (author's transl)]. The hyperthermic dose necessary for triggering the mechanism of irreversible occlusion of vessels in cancer tissues was assessed to be in the order of 42 degrees C--30 min. (Compare: using hyperthermy without adjuvant measures, the temperature dose needed is at least 42.5 degrees C--140 min) In order to avoid any impairment of skintight tissue and to apply the temperature dose 42 degrees C--30 min also to deep-seated tumors which might be surrounded by normal tissue well supplied with blood, we developed a two-stage local hyperthermy technique with homogenized energy supply to different body sections according to the CMT Selectotherm scanning principle. The method and the results of heat-theoretical calculations made for understanding the dynamic heating process in multilayer tissue models are reported. Employing an electronic computer we succeeded in calculating convenient parameters for an improved applicator system of our CMT Selectotherm device as well as in determining the time course of the spatial temperature topography in three--or fourlayered model tissues under different conditions. It follows from the calculated data that the therapeutic applicability of his new local hyperthermic method can be decisively improved by intensive skin cooling and by short-term manipulation of blood-flow parameters (e.g., by unbloody localized blood pressure reduction). Finally, it is emphasized that the empirical use of hyperthermy in cancer treatment, as it has been employed by other clinical research groups up to now, seems to be no longer responsible. Due to the complicated interrelationships of therapeutically relevant factors, only a solid theoretical standpoint based on and controlled by many thousands of experiments (measurements) provides both an useful procedure adapted to every individual case and the maximum prospects of success.", "PMID": 547951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10793", "title": "Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in various age groups of the Polish population.", "content": "The concentration of tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins was determined in 279 sera of 18 to 81-year-old women and 509 sera of 22 to 46-year-old men. Tetanus antitoxin content was determined also in 246 samples of fluid from human placentas and 428 lots of commercial human normal immunoglobulins. Immunity to tetanus was clearly age-dependent: in younger age groups the percentage of immunized persons amounted to 90%-100%, in middle-age groups to about 80%, and at age above 60 to about 25%. The findings are in agreement with age-dependent incidence of tetanus, which has become now in Poland a disease primarily of older people. Two groups of the population are now protected against diphtheria: a younger group under 20, and an older one above 40. Immunity in younger age groups was induced by artificial immunization, and among older persons by natural immunization through contact with diphtheria bacilli during severe diphtheria epidemics in the past. Between these groups, gaps exist including 20-30 years of age, who are sensitive to diphtheria.", "contents": "Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in various age groups of the Polish population. The concentration of tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins was determined in 279 sera of 18 to 81-year-old women and 509 sera of 22 to 46-year-old men. Tetanus antitoxin content was determined also in 246 samples of fluid from human placentas and 428 lots of commercial human normal immunoglobulins. Immunity to tetanus was clearly age-dependent: in younger age groups the percentage of immunized persons amounted to 90%-100%, in middle-age groups to about 80%, and at age above 60 to about 25%. The findings are in agreement with age-dependent incidence of tetanus, which has become now in Poland a disease primarily of older people. Two groups of the population are now protected against diphtheria: a younger group under 20, and an older one above 40. Immunity in younger age groups was induced by artificial immunization, and among older persons by natural immunization through contact with diphtheria bacilli during severe diphtheria epidemics in the past. Between these groups, gaps exist including 20-30 years of age, who are sensitive to diphtheria.", "PMID": 547952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10794", "title": "Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. Biomechanical, morphological, and clinical aspects based on the results of a preliminary clinical study.", "content": "As an alternative in total hip replacement the so called resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is gaining wider acceptance. The procedure can be said to be a modernisation of the original Smith-Pedersen operation and is suggested in young people with degenerative hip disease, congenital hip dysplasia or Perthes' disease. The advantages are that the femoral head and neck are retained and thus no femoral stem prosthesis is necessary. The greatest disadvantage is that in case of socket loosening a secondary operation might not remain as successful as could the initial operation with a socket which is not as large as those recommended for the resurfacing procedure. In this presentation a preliminary report of a one-year material is presented together with a presentation of advantages, disadvantages, and the biomechanical appraisal of resurfacing of the hip. Fifteen patients with 17 hips have been operated and followed-up and by using the Merle d'Aubign\u00e9 evaluation there was an improvement of some 3--4 points in pain, walking, and total motion. Patient opinion indicated 80% satisfaction. The management of two serious complications is also described.", "contents": "Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. Biomechanical, morphological, and clinical aspects based on the results of a preliminary clinical study. As an alternative in total hip replacement the so called resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is gaining wider acceptance. The procedure can be said to be a modernisation of the original Smith-Pedersen operation and is suggested in young people with degenerative hip disease, congenital hip dysplasia or Perthes' disease. The advantages are that the femoral head and neck are retained and thus no femoral stem prosthesis is necessary. The greatest disadvantage is that in case of socket loosening a secondary operation might not remain as successful as could the initial operation with a socket which is not as large as those recommended for the resurfacing procedure. In this presentation a preliminary report of a one-year material is presented together with a presentation of advantages, disadvantages, and the biomechanical appraisal of resurfacing of the hip. Fifteen patients with 17 hips have been operated and followed-up and by using the Merle d'Aubign\u00e9 evaluation there was an improvement of some 3--4 points in pain, walking, and total motion. Patient opinion indicated 80% satisfaction. The management of two serious complications is also described.", "PMID": 547953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10795", "title": "Psoas transfer for the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Since 1965, anterolateral transfer of the psoas muscle has been employed by us as a routine surgical treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The transfer was carried out in association with open reduction in those patients in whom an intracapsular obstruction was evident, but corrective measures for acetabular dysplasia or cervicocapital deformity of the femur were not performed in this series. We treated 87 hip joints with this procedure from 1965 to 1973. In 38 hip joints, both open reduction and the psoas transfer were followed up for an average of 8 years. Thirteen hip joints with open reduction alone were included as controls. Position of the femoral head and development of the acetabulum and proximal end of the femur were assessed on X-rays, mainly after Severin's criteria. Redislocation was not encountered. Fifty percent of the hip joints with open reduction and the psoas transfer were classed as grade I or II. This figure is higher than that of controls, to which 23% were classed as grade I or II. Better concentricity of the head was achieved as determined by the CE angle (Wiberg). Development of acetabulum occurred when the transfer had been carried out in children under 1 year of age and was less likely in the older children. The detorsional effect of the psoas transfer remained questionable since detorsion in the transferred group did not exceed that of the controls.", "contents": "Psoas transfer for the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Since 1965, anterolateral transfer of the psoas muscle has been employed by us as a routine surgical treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The transfer was carried out in association with open reduction in those patients in whom an intracapsular obstruction was evident, but corrective measures for acetabular dysplasia or cervicocapital deformity of the femur were not performed in this series. We treated 87 hip joints with this procedure from 1965 to 1973. In 38 hip joints, both open reduction and the psoas transfer were followed up for an average of 8 years. Thirteen hip joints with open reduction alone were included as controls. Position of the femoral head and development of the acetabulum and proximal end of the femur were assessed on X-rays, mainly after Severin's criteria. Redislocation was not encountered. Fifty percent of the hip joints with open reduction and the psoas transfer were classed as grade I or II. This figure is higher than that of controls, to which 23% were classed as grade I or II. Better concentricity of the head was achieved as determined by the CE angle (Wiberg). Development of acetabulum occurred when the transfer had been carried out in children under 1 year of age and was less likely in the older children. The detorsional effect of the psoas transfer remained questionable since detorsion in the transferred group did not exceed that of the controls.", "PMID": 547954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10796", "title": "Measuring of pressure forces in sitting.", "content": "We were able to re-examine already known facts in tests of pressure areas in seats by using a new analytic system. It was shown that only in backrest seat angles of 90 and 110 degrees pressure areas below the ischial tuberosities were clearly defined. The transition area of zones of high to medium pressure was sharply defined with these angles. In the anterior position and with large backrest seat angles high pressures were not found and the transition areas between zones of medium and low pressure became fluent. Only the pressure distribution pattern in the 90 and 110 degrees position is physiologic and corresponds to the pressure tolerance of different parts of the human body in seats. This pattern has to be maintained principally in a contoured and upholstered seat.", "contents": "Measuring of pressure forces in sitting. We were able to re-examine already known facts in tests of pressure areas in seats by using a new analytic system. It was shown that only in backrest seat angles of 90 and 110 degrees pressure areas below the ischial tuberosities were clearly defined. The transition area of zones of high to medium pressure was sharply defined with these angles. In the anterior position and with large backrest seat angles high pressures were not found and the transition areas between zones of medium and low pressure became fluent. Only the pressure distribution pattern in the 90 and 110 degrees position is physiologic and corresponds to the pressure tolerance of different parts of the human body in seats. This pattern has to be maintained principally in a contoured and upholstered seat.", "PMID": 547955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10797", "title": "The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing lacerations in tendons and muscles.", "content": "A case of a 20 year old patient with an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is described, in which a rupture of the Achilles tendon is repaired by a segmental tendon homograft. The function of the triceps surae returned to normal gradually and the plantar flexion was even weaker after 2 years. The technique and importance of the special radiography of the soft tissue is discussed with regard to the clinical diagnosis. Radiographs, histomorphologic and histologic results illustrate the course of the healing.", "contents": "The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing lacerations in tendons and muscles. A case of a 20 year old patient with an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is described, in which a rupture of the Achilles tendon is repaired by a segmental tendon homograft. The function of the triceps surae returned to normal gradually and the plantar flexion was even weaker after 2 years. The technique and importance of the special radiography of the soft tissue is discussed with regard to the clinical diagnosis. Radiographs, histomorphologic and histologic results illustrate the course of the healing.", "PMID": 547956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10798", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of closed muscle and tendon injuries of the upper arm.", "content": "The authors report their experiences with a special radiographic diagnostic technique with 74 closed muscle injuries. They discuss the normal anatomy and the possibility of verifying pathologic alterations with soft X-rays. This technique not only allows a diagnosis of the trauma, but also provides a basic background for estimation and evaluation of partial and total disability.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of closed muscle and tendon injuries of the upper arm. The authors report their experiences with a special radiographic diagnostic technique with 74 closed muscle injuries. They discuss the normal anatomy and the possibility of verifying pathologic alterations with soft X-rays. This technique not only allows a diagnosis of the trauma, but also provides a basic background for estimation and evaluation of partial and total disability.", "PMID": 547957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10799", "title": "Moir\u00e9 topography--a method for school screening of scoliosis.", "content": "The moir\u00e9 method is tested in school screening of scoliosis. Moir\u00e9 topography registers a three-dimensional description of the shape of the back. In the straight spine, the moir\u00e9 shadow pattern is equal on both halves of the back. In structural scoliosis, the moir\u00e9 pattern differs more with the increasing deformity of the spine. This asymmetry is mainly caused by the rotational component of the scoliosis. These shadow patterns consist of contourlines, which can be compared with those on a relief map. By photographing the moir\u00e9 shadow lines, the status of the back is documented. In 212 cases, the moir\u00e9 findings are compared with radiograph observations. A statistically significant correlation is found between the moir\u00e9 asymmetry (rotational component) and the radiograph findings (lateral deviation according to Cobb). The moir\u00e9 method seems to fulfil the criteria for a screening method--diagnosis of even minor curves, small risk for false negative findings, simple to handle and can document the back in many children in a short time.", "contents": "Moir\u00e9 topography--a method for school screening of scoliosis. The moir\u00e9 method is tested in school screening of scoliosis. Moir\u00e9 topography registers a three-dimensional description of the shape of the back. In the straight spine, the moir\u00e9 shadow pattern is equal on both halves of the back. In structural scoliosis, the moir\u00e9 pattern differs more with the increasing deformity of the spine. This asymmetry is mainly caused by the rotational component of the scoliosis. These shadow patterns consist of contourlines, which can be compared with those on a relief map. By photographing the moir\u00e9 shadow lines, the status of the back is documented. In 212 cases, the moir\u00e9 findings are compared with radiograph observations. A statistically significant correlation is found between the moir\u00e9 asymmetry (rotational component) and the radiograph findings (lateral deviation according to Cobb). The moir\u00e9 method seems to fulfil the criteria for a screening method--diagnosis of even minor curves, small risk for false negative findings, simple to handle and can document the back in many children in a short time.", "PMID": 547958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10800", "title": "[The routes of local spread of the giant cell tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the follow-up of two cases the authors state that the recurrence and local metastases of the giant cell tumours develop as a result of direct cellular activity and by the bloodstream.", "contents": "[The routes of local spread of the giant cell tumour (author's transl)]. Based on the follow-up of two cases the authors state that the recurrence and local metastases of the giant cell tumours develop as a result of direct cellular activity and by the bloodstream.", "PMID": 547959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10801", "title": "[Results of arthrodesis of the ankle joint (author's transl)].", "content": "We present a check-up study of 47 arthrodeses of the ankle joint, partly in combination with an arthrodesis of the subtalar joint. By resection-compression-arthrodesis following Charnley-Horwitz-Adams we reached a bony fusion of the ankle joint in all cases. 83% of our cases showed a good or at least fair result. The remaining patients complained of painful walking in spite of orthopaedic shoes. In these cases a further fusion of subtalar joints especially of the talo-navicular joint should be considered.", "contents": "[Results of arthrodesis of the ankle joint (author's transl)]. We present a check-up study of 47 arthrodeses of the ankle joint, partly in combination with an arthrodesis of the subtalar joint. By resection-compression-arthrodesis following Charnley-Horwitz-Adams we reached a bony fusion of the ankle joint in all cases. 83% of our cases showed a good or at least fair result. The remaining patients complained of painful walking in spite of orthopaedic shoes. In these cases a further fusion of subtalar joints especially of the talo-navicular joint should be considered.", "PMID": 547960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10802", "title": "Can osteoid osteoma become osteoblastoma? A case report.", "content": "A case of osteoid osteoma of the spine that recurred as an osteoblastoma 16 years after surgery is reported. Consequently, the authors suggest that osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma originate from the same cellular element and are of the same nature. The only differences are their size and the reaction of the bone at the site of the lesion, which gives controversial clinical pictures and roentgenologic appearances, simulating two unrelated tumors.", "contents": "Can osteoid osteoma become osteoblastoma? A case report. A case of osteoid osteoma of the spine that recurred as an osteoblastoma 16 years after surgery is reported. Consequently, the authors suggest that osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma originate from the same cellular element and are of the same nature. The only differences are their size and the reaction of the bone at the site of the lesion, which gives controversial clinical pictures and roentgenologic appearances, simulating two unrelated tumors.", "PMID": 547961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10803", "title": "The treatment of osteoarthritis with unconstrained and constrained knee prostheses.", "content": "The first cases of knee prosthesis implantation at the orthopaedic department of the Freiburg university hospital are discussed. Surgery was indicated by advanced osteoarthritis which showed no improvement under conservative treatment. Indications concerning the choice of knee joint replacement with unconstrained or constrained prostheses are also discussed. Considerations of these indications as well as operative technique and consequent functional treatment usually produced good results. Follow up studies show equally good results for the GSB-total knee endoprosthesis (constrained) as for the surface type prosthesis (unconstrained).", "contents": "The treatment of osteoarthritis with unconstrained and constrained knee prostheses. The first cases of knee prosthesis implantation at the orthopaedic department of the Freiburg university hospital are discussed. Surgery was indicated by advanced osteoarthritis which showed no improvement under conservative treatment. Indications concerning the choice of knee joint replacement with unconstrained or constrained prostheses are also discussed. Considerations of these indications as well as operative technique and consequent functional treatment usually produced good results. Follow up studies show equally good results for the GSB-total knee endoprosthesis (constrained) as for the surface type prosthesis (unconstrained).", "PMID": 547962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10804", "title": "Reconstruction of osseous rupture of posterior cruciate ligament.", "content": "Osseous avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament from the articular surface of the tibia requires surgical treatment. If the avulsed fragment is large enough, fixation by means of two crossed drill wires exiting on the extensor surface of the tibia is the recommended treatment. Advantages of this method: a) technically simple operation; b) wires can be removed in the outpatient department under local anesthesia. five patients were operated on, all of them with good results.", "contents": "Reconstruction of osseous rupture of posterior cruciate ligament. Osseous avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament from the articular surface of the tibia requires surgical treatment. If the avulsed fragment is large enough, fixation by means of two crossed drill wires exiting on the extensor surface of the tibia is the recommended treatment. Advantages of this method: a) technically simple operation; b) wires can be removed in the outpatient department under local anesthesia. five patients were operated on, all of them with good results.", "PMID": 547963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10805", "title": "Clinical and arthrographic studies on the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts.", "content": "Forty-one knee joints presenting with significant popliteal cysts were examined clinically and arthrographically. The fluid was aspirated from the cysts and replaced by contrast medium of low viscosity. On knee flexion the contrast fluid spontaneously passed over into the joint in 16 cases (no valve mechanism), in 7 small amounts of fluid were forced into the joint when the cysts were manually compressed, and in 18 no fluid passage to the joint was observed on manipulation (valve mechanism). When a valvular action was established, effusion in the joint was rare and the fluid from the cyst was usually viscous. The cysts with a valvular connection were significantly larger than those without a valve mechanism.", "contents": "Clinical and arthrographic studies on the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts. Forty-one knee joints presenting with significant popliteal cysts were examined clinically and arthrographically. The fluid was aspirated from the cysts and replaced by contrast medium of low viscosity. On knee flexion the contrast fluid spontaneously passed over into the joint in 16 cases (no valve mechanism), in 7 small amounts of fluid were forced into the joint when the cysts were manually compressed, and in 18 no fluid passage to the joint was observed on manipulation (valve mechanism). When a valvular action was established, effusion in the joint was rare and the fluid from the cyst was usually viscous. The cysts with a valvular connection were significantly larger than those without a valve mechanism.", "PMID": 547964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10806", "title": "The clinical significance of the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts.", "content": "In a previous investigation of 41 patients presenting with distended popliteal cysts, a valvular mechanism was demonstrated in 25 cases by means of a specific arthrographic procedure. In the present study the clinical symptoms and signs from the popliteal space and from the joint were assessed and related to the presence or absence of a valvular mechanism. By arthroscopy or arthrotomy seventeen associated knee disorders were diagnosed, e.g., synovitis, osteoarthritis, and tears of a semilunar cartilage. Intraarticular symptoms and intrinsic joint diseases were significantly correlated to the absence of a valve mechanism. The presence of a valve mechanism was indicative of the absence of pathological findings in the joint.", "contents": "The clinical significance of the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts. In a previous investigation of 41 patients presenting with distended popliteal cysts, a valvular mechanism was demonstrated in 25 cases by means of a specific arthrographic procedure. In the present study the clinical symptoms and signs from the popliteal space and from the joint were assessed and related to the presence or absence of a valvular mechanism. By arthroscopy or arthrotomy seventeen associated knee disorders were diagnosed, e.g., synovitis, osteoarthritis, and tears of a semilunar cartilage. Intraarticular symptoms and intrinsic joint diseases were significantly correlated to the absence of a valve mechanism. The presence of a valve mechanism was indicative of the absence of pathological findings in the joint.", "PMID": 547965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10807", "title": "Instability and wear of total hip prostheses determined with roentgen stereophotogrammetry.", "content": "A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis of hip prostheses was made in four patients with rheumatoid arthritis during a postoperative period of 2 years. Implanted tantalum balls, prosthetic femoral head, and ends of the wire in the acetabular socket were used as measurement points. The migration of the prosthetic head and the acetabular socket in relation to the pelvic bone was determined. The difference between the cranial migration of the head and the socket is a measure of the postoperative instability of the hip joint and deformation of the prosthetic components. This deformation occurs in the plastic acetabular socket and is mainly due to wear. The roentgen stereophotogrammetric method can be applied to standard hip orostheses with a metal femoral head and a plastic or metal acetabular socket to study migration or loosening of the prosthesis in relation to the supporting bone, prosthesis instability, and deformation of the prosthetic components.", "contents": "Instability and wear of total hip prostheses determined with roentgen stereophotogrammetry. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis of hip prostheses was made in four patients with rheumatoid arthritis during a postoperative period of 2 years. Implanted tantalum balls, prosthetic femoral head, and ends of the wire in the acetabular socket were used as measurement points. The migration of the prosthetic head and the acetabular socket in relation to the pelvic bone was determined. The difference between the cranial migration of the head and the socket is a measure of the postoperative instability of the hip joint and deformation of the prosthetic components. This deformation occurs in the plastic acetabular socket and is mainly due to wear. The roentgen stereophotogrammetric method can be applied to standard hip orostheses with a metal femoral head and a plastic or metal acetabular socket to study migration or loosening of the prosthesis in relation to the supporting bone, prosthesis instability, and deformation of the prosthetic components.", "PMID": 547966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10808", "title": "Dislocation requiring revision in total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "In a study of 141 hip revisions seventeen were found to be due to recurrent dislocation. Thirteen cases occurred immediately postoperatively and four more than two years following surgery. In the early cases component malposition was found to be the commonest cause of dislocation. Revision resulted in only 40% acceptable results.", "contents": "Dislocation requiring revision in total hip arthroplasty. In a study of 141 hip revisions seventeen were found to be due to recurrent dislocation. Thirteen cases occurred immediately postoperatively and four more than two years following surgery. In the early cases component malposition was found to be the commonest cause of dislocation. Revision resulted in only 40% acceptable results.", "PMID": 547967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10809", "title": "Vessel and nerve injuries complicating total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Arterial and neural damage following total hip replacement is not common. Three cases are reported. The first patient had an isolated femoral nerve damage. The second case developed a false aneurysm arising from the external iliac artery 2 months after hip surgery and the third patient sustained a tear of the external iliac artery during the operation. The nerve and vessel injuries were caused by retractors. In both patients with arterial damages a transitory femoral nerve involvement occurred. The prognosis was good in all patients. Preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Vessel and nerve injuries complicating total hip arthroplasty. Arterial and neural damage following total hip replacement is not common. Three cases are reported. The first patient had an isolated femoral nerve damage. The second case developed a false aneurysm arising from the external iliac artery 2 months after hip surgery and the third patient sustained a tear of the external iliac artery during the operation. The nerve and vessel injuries were caused by retractors. In both patients with arterial damages a transitory femoral nerve involvement occurred. The prognosis was good in all patients. Preventive measures are discussed.", "PMID": 547968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10810", "title": "Necessarily disappointing results after tripleosteotomy in the dysplastic hip joint.", "content": "Not only the high risk of necrobiotic alterations in the acetabulum fragment, but more important the osteoarthritic signs and pains very few years after tripleosteotomy are cogent arguments against this measure. The bad results of tripleosteotomy are well explained by simple biomechanic causes.", "contents": "Necessarily disappointing results after tripleosteotomy in the dysplastic hip joint. Not only the high risk of necrobiotic alterations in the acetabulum fragment, but more important the osteoarthritic signs and pains very few years after tripleosteotomy are cogent arguments against this measure. The bad results of tripleosteotomy are well explained by simple biomechanic causes.", "PMID": 547969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10811", "title": "[Contribution to the etiology of coxarthrosis. Radiographic and clinical evaluation of 976 arthrotic hip joints (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiograms and case histories of 654 randomized patients with 976 arthrotic hip joints have been reviewed in an attempt to make an etiological diagnosis. 98.3% of the patients and 98.8% of arthrotic hips, respectively, could be determined as to their underlying praearthrotic deformities according to Hackenbroch sen. The respective mean value gained from 6556 patients published in the world literature is 74.2% with marked individual variations. Most frequent praearthrotic condition was found to be congenital hip dislocation, followed by epiphyseolysis capitis femoris juvenilis, trauma, coxitis, M. Perthes, coxa vara, protrusio acetabuli, idiopathic femoral head necrosis, ankylosing spondylitis and several more rare basic conditions.--The most important reasons for differing results are discussed: Specific composition of clinic cases, completeness of documentation, experience of the reviewer and considerable space for personal interpretation. Relevant epidemiological data are also mentioned; they are in agreement with clinical experience and published data.--Finally it is stated that present diagnostic methods are not able to detect all praearthrotic conditions.", "contents": "[Contribution to the etiology of coxarthrosis. Radiographic and clinical evaluation of 976 arthrotic hip joints (author's transl)]. Radiograms and case histories of 654 randomized patients with 976 arthrotic hip joints have been reviewed in an attempt to make an etiological diagnosis. 98.3% of the patients and 98.8% of arthrotic hips, respectively, could be determined as to their underlying praearthrotic deformities according to Hackenbroch sen. The respective mean value gained from 6556 patients published in the world literature is 74.2% with marked individual variations. Most frequent praearthrotic condition was found to be congenital hip dislocation, followed by epiphyseolysis capitis femoris juvenilis, trauma, coxitis, M. Perthes, coxa vara, protrusio acetabuli, idiopathic femoral head necrosis, ankylosing spondylitis and several more rare basic conditions.--The most important reasons for differing results are discussed: Specific composition of clinic cases, completeness of documentation, experience of the reviewer and considerable space for personal interpretation. Relevant epidemiological data are also mentioned; they are in agreement with clinical experience and published data.--Finally it is stated that present diagnostic methods are not able to detect all praearthrotic conditions.", "PMID": 547970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10812", "title": "Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.", "content": "Hadjdu-Cheney syndrome is a rare type of syndrome characterized by acro-osteolysis, dolichocephaly with multiple Wormian bones, absence of frontal sinuses and joint laxity. A case of this syndrome is presented. A histological study of the osteolytic lesion revealed destruction characterized by microfractures with a poor reparative process. It is postulated that an abnormality of osteoblast or osteoid function is the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. Hadjdu-Cheney syndrome is a rare type of syndrome characterized by acro-osteolysis, dolichocephaly with multiple Wormian bones, absence of frontal sinuses and joint laxity. A case of this syndrome is presented. A histological study of the osteolytic lesion revealed destruction characterized by microfractures with a poor reparative process. It is postulated that an abnormality of osteoblast or osteoid function is the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 547971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10813", "title": "Course of depressive mood and psychomotor activation in endogenous depression.", "content": "The course of the depressive mood during depressive phases was measured by a self-rating mood scale and analyzed by various algorithms. Agitated, depressed patients often reveal a continuous decline in the depressive mood; retarded, depressed patients, on the other hand, often show brief and marked fluctuations in mood during remission. Although various effects occur due to treatment, especially differences between the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and antidepressants, the described changes in mood appear to be predominantly due to psychomotor activation. The relationship between these courses of depression is discussed and interpreted on the basis of biochemical and psychopharmacologic findings.", "contents": "Course of depressive mood and psychomotor activation in endogenous depression. The course of the depressive mood during depressive phases was measured by a self-rating mood scale and analyzed by various algorithms. Agitated, depressed patients often reveal a continuous decline in the depressive mood; retarded, depressed patients, on the other hand, often show brief and marked fluctuations in mood during remission. Although various effects occur due to treatment, especially differences between the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and antidepressants, the described changes in mood appear to be predominantly due to psychomotor activation. The relationship between these courses of depression is discussed and interpreted on the basis of biochemical and psychopharmacologic findings.", "PMID": 547972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10814", "title": "[A six-year follow-up study of 100 patients who attempted suicide (author's transl)].", "content": "This follow-up study assesses further suicidal risk and discusses the characteristics of patients who have repeatedly attempted suicide. Depth of coma alone due to overdose of medication does not seem to be a sufficient criterion for the assessment of further suicidal risk. Better predictors seem to be: age, family status, degree of loneliness and social disintegration, presence of existential anxiety, and lack of self-assertiveness. Patients who made repeated suicide attempts had a higher neuroticism score, were more often alcohol- and drug-dependent, and came more often from a broken home. Finally, the characteristics of various patient groups are delineated.", "contents": "[A six-year follow-up study of 100 patients who attempted suicide (author's transl)]. This follow-up study assesses further suicidal risk and discusses the characteristics of patients who have repeatedly attempted suicide. Depth of coma alone due to overdose of medication does not seem to be a sufficient criterion for the assessment of further suicidal risk. Better predictors seem to be: age, family status, degree of loneliness and social disintegration, presence of existential anxiety, and lack of self-assertiveness. Patients who made repeated suicide attempts had a higher neuroticism score, were more often alcohol- and drug-dependent, and came more often from a broken home. Finally, the characteristics of various patient groups are delineated.", "PMID": 547973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10815", "title": "[Techniques and results after embolization of meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The different techniques and results are described for a total of 25 preoperative tumor embolizations in 21 patients with meningiomas of diverse localizations and extents. Transfemoral catheter techniques were superior to direct punctures of the carotid arteries because of the easier handling of the catheters, the better superselectivity of angiography, and, consequently, the more exact placement of the emboli. The results of the embolizations depended on the localization of the meningiomas. Meningiomas of the convexities (six patients) turned out to be particularly susceptible to complete embolizations. Satisfactory results were achieved operatively and histologically through embolization in meningiomas of the falx with large parasagittal expansion as well as in those of the lateral sphenoid wing, the sylvian fissure, and the cavum Meckeli (nine patients). Embolization of tumors which were localized exclusively at the falx, the tentorium, or of more medially situated meningiomas of the sphenoid wing were without beneficial effect, since these are predominantly vascularized by branches of the internal carotid arteries. Provided the localization and vascularization of a tumor are favourable the application of superselective angiography and preoperative embolization represents an important improvement of the basic conditions for a later operation.", "contents": "[Techniques and results after embolization of meningiomas (author's transl)]. The different techniques and results are described for a total of 25 preoperative tumor embolizations in 21 patients with meningiomas of diverse localizations and extents. Transfemoral catheter techniques were superior to direct punctures of the carotid arteries because of the easier handling of the catheters, the better superselectivity of angiography, and, consequently, the more exact placement of the emboli. The results of the embolizations depended on the localization of the meningiomas. Meningiomas of the convexities (six patients) turned out to be particularly susceptible to complete embolizations. Satisfactory results were achieved operatively and histologically through embolization in meningiomas of the falx with large parasagittal expansion as well as in those of the lateral sphenoid wing, the sylvian fissure, and the cavum Meckeli (nine patients). Embolization of tumors which were localized exclusively at the falx, the tentorium, or of more medially situated meningiomas of the sphenoid wing were without beneficial effect, since these are predominantly vascularized by branches of the internal carotid arteries. Provided the localization and vascularization of a tumor are favourable the application of superselective angiography and preoperative embolization represents an important improvement of the basic conditions for a later operation.", "PMID": 547974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10816", "title": "[Familial striatal degeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "An extrapyramidal disorder occurring in three generations of a family (only males) is described  The clinical features were progressive dementia and extrapyramidal signs without choreiform hyperkinesia. The youngest patient (onset of disease at the age of 22 years) showed tremor, rigidity, ataxia, convulsions, and myoclonus. The neuropathologic findings were characterized by isolated symmetrical degeneration of the corpus striatum and diffuse cortical atrophy without affecting other cerebrospinal neuronal systems. The clinical features of this familial disorder and its relation to other types of familial striatal degeneration and to the juvenile form of Huntington's chorea are discussed.", "contents": "[Familial striatal degeneration (author's transl)]. An extrapyramidal disorder occurring in three generations of a family (only males) is described  The clinical features were progressive dementia and extrapyramidal signs without choreiform hyperkinesia. The youngest patient (onset of disease at the age of 22 years) showed tremor, rigidity, ataxia, convulsions, and myoclonus. The neuropathologic findings were characterized by isolated symmetrical degeneration of the corpus striatum and diffuse cortical atrophy without affecting other cerebrospinal neuronal systems. The clinical features of this familial disorder and its relation to other types of familial striatal degeneration and to the juvenile form of Huntington's chorea are discussed.", "PMID": 547975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10817", "title": "The gastroauricular phenomenon and related vagus reflexes.", "content": "Eight lesser known reflexes were grouped together because of their anatomical and physiological relationship. In all of them a branch of the vagus nerve forms a bridge between a circumscribed area of the skin, mostly the external auditory meatus, and an internal organ, namely the stomach, esophagus, lungs, heart, uterus, and some male and female sex organs. The eight reflexes are: (1) Gastroauricular phenomenon (Gaph) (Engel, 1922) in man; (2) Auricular phenomenon (Malherbe, 1958) in man; (3) Pulmonoauricular phenomenon (Deutsch, 1919) in man; (4) Auriculogenital reflex (Bradford, 1937) in cat; (5) Auriculouterine reflex (Vasiliu, 1932) in women; (6) Oculocardiac reflex (Aschner, 1967) in man; (7) Kalchschmidt's reflex in cattle (1956); and (8) Coughing attack with heartburn (Berlin, 1959) in man. The organs involved are either effector or receptor organs. The six reflexes observed in man are of diagnostic significance. Attention is also drawn to analogous reflexes in which the meningeal branch of the vagus is involved.", "contents": "The gastroauricular phenomenon and related vagus reflexes. Eight lesser known reflexes were grouped together because of their anatomical and physiological relationship. In all of them a branch of the vagus nerve forms a bridge between a circumscribed area of the skin, mostly the external auditory meatus, and an internal organ, namely the stomach, esophagus, lungs, heart, uterus, and some male and female sex organs. The eight reflexes are: (1) Gastroauricular phenomenon (Gaph) (Engel, 1922) in man; (2) Auricular phenomenon (Malherbe, 1958) in man; (3) Pulmonoauricular phenomenon (Deutsch, 1919) in man; (4) Auriculogenital reflex (Bradford, 1937) in cat; (5) Auriculouterine reflex (Vasiliu, 1932) in women; (6) Oculocardiac reflex (Aschner, 1967) in man; (7) Kalchschmidt's reflex in cattle (1956); and (8) Coughing attack with heartburn (Berlin, 1959) in man. The organs involved are either effector or receptor organs. The six reflexes observed in man are of diagnostic significance. Attention is also drawn to analogous reflexes in which the meningeal branch of the vagus is involved.", "PMID": 547976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10818", "title": "[Investigations of the connection between the quality of protein, the protein level and endogenous N-excretion].", "content": "The influence of various protein qualities as well as of different levels of protein on the amount of endogenous N-excretion, metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary N (EUN) was determined at growing albino rats. The test rations were labelled with admixtures of 15N-DL-methionine resp. 15N-DL-lysine or contained feed protein enriched with 15N. EUN and MFN and their sum (the N maintenance requirement) showed the influence of the respective protein source and its dependence on the protein level. The endogenous N-excretions showed an opposite tendency to the N-balance; for high-quality protein feedstuffs with a high N-balance (e.g. dried eggs) they are lower than for protein source of inferior quality, with a low N-balance only (e.g. wheat gluten). Presumably this interaction of retention and maintenance is due to the complementary effect of exogenous and endogenous amino acids in the N-resp. amino acid-pool. Provided that the N-dose and the liver weight of the animals are comparable, the N-balance appears to be more suitable as parameter for the description of the protein quality and the calculation of the protein utilisation than N-retention, as the sum of N-balance and the values of MFN and EUN (depending on the feedstuffs and the N-level).", "contents": "[Investigations of the connection between the quality of protein, the protein level and endogenous N-excretion]. The influence of various protein qualities as well as of different levels of protein on the amount of endogenous N-excretion, metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary N (EUN) was determined at growing albino rats. The test rations were labelled with admixtures of 15N-DL-methionine resp. 15N-DL-lysine or contained feed protein enriched with 15N. EUN and MFN and their sum (the N maintenance requirement) showed the influence of the respective protein source and its dependence on the protein level. The endogenous N-excretions showed an opposite tendency to the N-balance; for high-quality protein feedstuffs with a high N-balance (e.g. dried eggs) they are lower than for protein source of inferior quality, with a low N-balance only (e.g. wheat gluten). Presumably this interaction of retention and maintenance is due to the complementary effect of exogenous and endogenous amino acids in the N-resp. amino acid-pool. Provided that the N-dose and the liver weight of the animals are comparable, the N-balance appears to be more suitable as parameter for the description of the protein quality and the calculation of the protein utilisation than N-retention, as the sum of N-balance and the values of MFN and EUN (depending on the feedstuffs and the N-level).", "PMID": 547979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10819", "title": "[Investigations concerning the use of the rumen fermentation regulator monensin in feeding fattening bulls].", "content": "In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.", "contents": "[Investigations concerning the use of the rumen fermentation regulator monensin in feeding fattening bulls]. In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.", "PMID": 547980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10820", "title": "[The nitrogen retention of early weaned lambs].", "content": "At 30-to-60-day-old lambs reared without mothers 23 different feed mixtures were tested in N-balance experiments. The following results were achieved: The concentration of digestible crude protein and energy as well as the relation between them (PEQ) have no significant influence on the lambs' nitrogen retention. The energy intake and the intake of digestible crude protein have an intensive, significant influence on nitrogen retention. Rising energy and N-intake within the limits on which the investigation is based increased nitrogen retention. Of the protein feedstuffs tested, a 6 ... 7% higher nitrogen retention was realised from soybean oil meal as the sole source of proteins with 35% retained nitrogen related to the nitrogen intake in comparison to the combinations soybean oil meal/dried skim milk resp. fish meal. Increasing dried yeast portions (greater than 5%--20%) in the feed mixture diminished nitrogen retention. On the basis of the existing results the following recommendations for the use of the tested protein feedstuffs in rearing feed for lambs can be formulated: Soybean oil meal can be used as the sole source of protein in rearing lambs. The use of up to 5% dried yeast in the rearing feed as protein source and for vitaminisation is possible; 20% however diminish nitrogen retention. Because of the positive effect on feed intake it appears suitable to use fishmeal in the rearing feed for lambs.", "contents": "[The nitrogen retention of early weaned lambs]. At 30-to-60-day-old lambs reared without mothers 23 different feed mixtures were tested in N-balance experiments. The following results were achieved: The concentration of digestible crude protein and energy as well as the relation between them (PEQ) have no significant influence on the lambs' nitrogen retention. The energy intake and the intake of digestible crude protein have an intensive, significant influence on nitrogen retention. Rising energy and N-intake within the limits on which the investigation is based increased nitrogen retention. Of the protein feedstuffs tested, a 6 ... 7% higher nitrogen retention was realised from soybean oil meal as the sole source of proteins with 35% retained nitrogen related to the nitrogen intake in comparison to the combinations soybean oil meal/dried skim milk resp. fish meal. Increasing dried yeast portions (greater than 5%--20%) in the feed mixture diminished nitrogen retention. On the basis of the existing results the following recommendations for the use of the tested protein feedstuffs in rearing feed for lambs can be formulated: Soybean oil meal can be used as the sole source of protein in rearing lambs. The use of up to 5% dried yeast in the rearing feed as protein source and for vitaminisation is possible; 20% however diminish nitrogen retention. Because of the positive effect on feed intake it appears suitable to use fishmeal in the rearing feed for lambs.", "PMID": 547981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10821", "title": "[Anemia of male rearing calves. 2. Duration of anemia].", "content": "From 203 male rearing calves in a longitudinal study during the first rearing period in a rearing farm the time could be determined in which the hemoglobin quota, the hematocrit resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were lower than 10,5 g/dl, 33% resp. 30.5 g Hb/dl erythrocytes. The average duration of anaemia was 45, 29.5 resp. 44 days of the total of 56 keeping days in this rearing range (80.4%, 52.7% resp. 78.6% of the keeping period). During this rearing period 89.2%, 71.4% resp. 90.6% of all animals were anaemic for a shorter or longer time. With 29.8%, 26.2% resp. 29.9% of the anaemic calves the anaemic phase exceeded 56 days.", "contents": "[Anemia of male rearing calves. 2. Duration of anemia]. From 203 male rearing calves in a longitudinal study during the first rearing period in a rearing farm the time could be determined in which the hemoglobin quota, the hematocrit resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were lower than 10,5 g/dl, 33% resp. 30.5 g Hb/dl erythrocytes. The average duration of anaemia was 45, 29.5 resp. 44 days of the total of 56 keeping days in this rearing range (80.4%, 52.7% resp. 78.6% of the keeping period). During this rearing period 89.2%, 71.4% resp. 90.6% of all animals were anaemic for a shorter or longer time. With 29.8%, 26.2% resp. 29.9% of the anaemic calves the anaemic phase exceeded 56 days.", "PMID": 547982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10822", "title": "[Anemia of male rearing calves. Connections between anemia and feed consumption, development of the live weight and disease development].", "content": "Calves in a longitudinal investigation over the first rearing period in a rearing farm were grouped according to their anaemic status under consideration of the degree of severity and the duration on the basis of the hemoglobin contents resp. the hematocrit values on the 3rd, 28th and 56th rearing day. There were significant differences between the groups of calves with differing anaemia status concerning the absolute and relative feed consumption (milk, concentrated feed, hay resp. iron), the development of the live weight as well as the frequency of the treatment against pneumonia and/or diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Anemia of male rearing calves. Connections between anemia and feed consumption, development of the live weight and disease development]. Calves in a longitudinal investigation over the first rearing period in a rearing farm were grouped according to their anaemic status under consideration of the degree of severity and the duration on the basis of the hemoglobin contents resp. the hematocrit values on the 3rd, 28th and 56th rearing day. There were significant differences between the groups of calves with differing anaemia status concerning the absolute and relative feed consumption (milk, concentrated feed, hay resp. iron), the development of the live weight as well as the frequency of the treatment against pneumonia and/or diarrhoea.", "PMID": 547983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10823", "title": "[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 1. The cadmium content of winter grazing and the cadmium status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and moulons].", "content": "The Cd-determination of 10 different winter grazings for wild ruminants in seven different biotopes showed significant differences of the habitats resulting from the previous Cd-emission of metallurgy smelting non-ferrous metals. The winter grazing of the Tharandt Forest and the Harz mountains contained significantly more Cd than that of the Lower Flaming hills, the western Erzgebirge and the northern agrarian areas. The bark and the tips of conifer twigs, twigs of oak and mountain ash, bilberry and heather plants, i. e. perennial plants resp. parts of plants proved to be particularly rich in Cd. On an average, wild ruminants consume more Cd than domesticated ruminants, which do not consume parts of perennial plants. The rumen contents of all wild ruminants contained, with 0.20 to 0.25 mg/kg dry matter more Cd than could be expected from the content of the grazing. In the Cd-contaminated areas the amount of Cd in the rumen contents too showed the Cd-load. The kidneys, livers and the covering hair of a total of 172 head red deer, roes and mouflons reflected the Cd-load and the dependence of the Cd-level on the age. The Cd-concentration ascertained in the organs of the wild ruminants was compared with that of sheep and cattle. The, on an average, higher Cd-load of the wild ruminants was confirmed. The kidneys of wild ruminants older than five years should, as a general principle, not be eaten and neither should the livers of animals from Cd-contaminated biotopes. The limb defects of mouflons from Cd-contaminated areas are discussed in connection with Cd-induced secondary Cu-deficiency resp. Mn- and Zn-deficiency. A reference is made to further works.", "contents": "[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 1. The cadmium content of winter grazing and the cadmium status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and moulons]. The Cd-determination of 10 different winter grazings for wild ruminants in seven different biotopes showed significant differences of the habitats resulting from the previous Cd-emission of metallurgy smelting non-ferrous metals. The winter grazing of the Tharandt Forest and the Harz mountains contained significantly more Cd than that of the Lower Flaming hills, the western Erzgebirge and the northern agrarian areas. The bark and the tips of conifer twigs, twigs of oak and mountain ash, bilberry and heather plants, i. e. perennial plants resp. parts of plants proved to be particularly rich in Cd. On an average, wild ruminants consume more Cd than domesticated ruminants, which do not consume parts of perennial plants. The rumen contents of all wild ruminants contained, with 0.20 to 0.25 mg/kg dry matter more Cd than could be expected from the content of the grazing. In the Cd-contaminated areas the amount of Cd in the rumen contents too showed the Cd-load. The kidneys, livers and the covering hair of a total of 172 head red deer, roes and mouflons reflected the Cd-load and the dependence of the Cd-level on the age. The Cd-concentration ascertained in the organs of the wild ruminants was compared with that of sheep and cattle. The, on an average, higher Cd-load of the wild ruminants was confirmed. The kidneys of wild ruminants older than five years should, as a general principle, not be eaten and neither should the livers of animals from Cd-contaminated biotopes. The limb defects of mouflons from Cd-contaminated areas are discussed in connection with Cd-induced secondary Cu-deficiency resp. Mn- and Zn-deficiency. A reference is made to further works.", "PMID": 547984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10824", "title": "[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 2. The manganese content of winter grazing and the manganese status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and mouflons].", "content": "The winter grazing of wild ruminants on mantles of slate waste in the Harz mountains and in Gera county were richest in Mn whereas those on mantles of granite waste in the Erzgebirge were poorest. The flora of the shell-limestone, keuper and loess areas contains much less Mn than that of those acid habitats. The Mn-requirement of the wild ruminants grazing in the forests is met however, since bilberry plants (2,080 mg/kg), spruce twigs (984 mg/kg), spruce bark (827 mg/kg), oak twigs (791 mg/kg) and heather (754 mg/kg dry matter) in addition to many other plant species store extremely high amounts of Mn. Solely sallow twigs were poor in Mn (28 mg/kg). Based on 601 samples examined, the Mn supply of wild ruminants is extensively described. The rumen content reflected the plentiful Mn-supply of the wild ruminants living in forests (greater than 400 mg/kg) and the far worse one of field roes, particularly in Mn-deficiency areas for domesticated ruminants (mantle of shell-limestone waste 37 mg Mn/kg dry matter of rumen content). The indicator organs of the Mn-status (liver, covering hair, kidneys) verify the statements made concerning red deer, fallow deer and mouflons, of which a total of 170 head from 14 biotopes were examined. An Mn-deficit of field roes in Mn-deficiency habitats in winter cannot completely be excluded. Mouflons have not yet been able to adapt themselves to the excessive Mn-supply of the acid forest habitats in Central Europe. They stored significantly higher amounts of Mn in liver, covering hair, kidneys, cerebrum and ribs than the other wild ruminants and sheep and cattle. The normal Mn-content of the liver and the cerebrum of red deer, fallow deer and roes corresponds to that of sheep and cattle. Roes and fallow deer have winter covering hair poor in Mn (less than 4.0 mg/kg) in comparison to sheep and cattle.", "contents": "[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 2. The manganese content of winter grazing and the manganese status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and mouflons]. The winter grazing of wild ruminants on mantles of slate waste in the Harz mountains and in Gera county were richest in Mn whereas those on mantles of granite waste in the Erzgebirge were poorest. The flora of the shell-limestone, keuper and loess areas contains much less Mn than that of those acid habitats. The Mn-requirement of the wild ruminants grazing in the forests is met however, since bilberry plants (2,080 mg/kg), spruce twigs (984 mg/kg), spruce bark (827 mg/kg), oak twigs (791 mg/kg) and heather (754 mg/kg dry matter) in addition to many other plant species store extremely high amounts of Mn. Solely sallow twigs were poor in Mn (28 mg/kg). Based on 601 samples examined, the Mn supply of wild ruminants is extensively described. The rumen content reflected the plentiful Mn-supply of the wild ruminants living in forests (greater than 400 mg/kg) and the far worse one of field roes, particularly in Mn-deficiency areas for domesticated ruminants (mantle of shell-limestone waste 37 mg Mn/kg dry matter of rumen content). The indicator organs of the Mn-status (liver, covering hair, kidneys) verify the statements made concerning red deer, fallow deer and mouflons, of which a total of 170 head from 14 biotopes were examined. An Mn-deficit of field roes in Mn-deficiency habitats in winter cannot completely be excluded. Mouflons have not yet been able to adapt themselves to the excessive Mn-supply of the acid forest habitats in Central Europe. They stored significantly higher amounts of Mn in liver, covering hair, kidneys, cerebrum and ribs than the other wild ruminants and sheep and cattle. The normal Mn-content of the liver and the cerebrum of red deer, fallow deer and roes corresponds to that of sheep and cattle. Roes and fallow deer have winter covering hair poor in Mn (less than 4.0 mg/kg) in comparison to sheep and cattle.", "PMID": 547985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10825", "title": "Development of endolymph during maturation of the mammalian inner ear. A preliminary report.", "content": "The development of the elemental composition in the endolymphatic space was investigated during embryologic and early post natal maturation of the CBA/CBA mouse. At birth the elemental distribution was similar in the endo- and perilymphatic spaces. Mature composition of endolymph was reached 6--8 days post partum. The maturation of endolymph corresponded well in time with the morphological maturation of the stria vascularis.", "contents": "Development of endolymph during maturation of the mammalian inner ear. A preliminary report. The development of the elemental composition in the endolymphatic space was investigated during embryologic and early post natal maturation of the CBA/CBA mouse. At birth the elemental distribution was similar in the endo- and perilymphatic spaces. Mature composition of endolymph was reached 6--8 days post partum. The maturation of endolymph corresponded well in time with the morphological maturation of the stria vascularis.", "PMID": 548005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10826", "title": "[The lymphatic system of the larynx. A lymphangioscopic and ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "From post mortem and in vivo tissues, the lymphatic drainage of the human larynx has been evaluated by means of lymphangioscopy. The fine structure of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels was examined in an electron microscope study. At the ultrastructural level, the structural components of the laryngeal lymphatic vascular wall showed only minor differences when compared to other lymphatic tissues. These differences concerned the valvular morphology of the lymphatic collecting vessels. There was no evidence of specific lymphatic drainage for distinct laryngeal areas, with the exception of the lymphatic capillaries of the free margin of the vocal cords. On account of anastomoses of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels lymphatic drainage could cross over both the laryngeal midline and other laryngeal levels. In pathological conditions with impediment of lymphatic flow, these collateral communications are of clinical significance.", "contents": "[The lymphatic system of the larynx. A lymphangioscopic and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. From post mortem and in vivo tissues, the lymphatic drainage of the human larynx has been evaluated by means of lymphangioscopy. The fine structure of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels was examined in an electron microscope study. At the ultrastructural level, the structural components of the laryngeal lymphatic vascular wall showed only minor differences when compared to other lymphatic tissues. These differences concerned the valvular morphology of the lymphatic collecting vessels. There was no evidence of specific lymphatic drainage for distinct laryngeal areas, with the exception of the lymphatic capillaries of the free margin of the vocal cords. On account of anastomoses of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels lymphatic drainage could cross over both the laryngeal midline and other laryngeal levels. In pathological conditions with impediment of lymphatic flow, these collateral communications are of clinical significance.", "PMID": 548006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10827", "title": "[Electron microscopy of the liver in Gilbert's syndrome].", "content": "Hepatic biopsy of five patients with Gilbert's syndrome was examined at the electron microscopy and only one disclosed incharacteristic alterations. The others were considered normal.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of the liver in Gilbert's syndrome]. Hepatic biopsy of five patients with Gilbert's syndrome was examined at the electron microscopy and only one disclosed incharacteristic alterations. The others were considered normal.", "PMID": 548001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10828", "title": "Homograft sclera in tympanoplasty.", "content": "Homograft sclera was used as a supporting scaffold of the tympanic membrane and reinforcement for the fascia in 43 tympanoplasties. Fresh sclera donated for corneal transplantation to the eye bank in the ophthalmology department of the School of Medicine of Keio University was preserved in 70% alcohol after being stripped of uveal tissue. The sclera was cut as an interdigited method in grafting technique and the short process and the upper part of the manubrium of the malleus were exposed. The fascia was placed lateral to the sclera to cover the exposed mallus. Twenty-four cases have been observed for more than 6 months and ten cases for 3--6 months after surgery. Although the results of the long-term follow-up cannot be judged until after many years, there have been so far no recognizable complications, and it seems quite possible that this technique can reduce the complications as lateral healing and anterior blunting of the fascia alone. The postoperative closure rate of the tympanic membrane was 90% in all the cases except Type IV (two cases). The indications for the use of sclera were discussed.", "contents": "Homograft sclera in tympanoplasty. Homograft sclera was used as a supporting scaffold of the tympanic membrane and reinforcement for the fascia in 43 tympanoplasties. Fresh sclera donated for corneal transplantation to the eye bank in the ophthalmology department of the School of Medicine of Keio University was preserved in 70% alcohol after being stripped of uveal tissue. The sclera was cut as an interdigited method in grafting technique and the short process and the upper part of the manubrium of the malleus were exposed. The fascia was placed lateral to the sclera to cover the exposed mallus. Twenty-four cases have been observed for more than 6 months and ten cases for 3--6 months after surgery. Although the results of the long-term follow-up cannot be judged until after many years, there have been so far no recognizable complications, and it seems quite possible that this technique can reduce the complications as lateral healing and anterior blunting of the fascia alone. The postoperative closure rate of the tympanic membrane was 90% in all the cases except Type IV (two cases). The indications for the use of sclera were discussed.", "PMID": 548007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10829", "title": "Effects of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest on the auditory brain stem responses.", "content": "The effects of hypothermia on auditory brain stem response (ABR) in both children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery and cats as an animal model were investigated. The latency of the ABR waves were prolonged with decreased body temperature. The latency of the later response components were prolonged more than that of the earlier response components; all waves disappeared below 25 degrees C and during artificial cardiac arrest. When the body temperature was raised, the later component began to reappear above 25 degrees C; the latency of all components shortened with temperature until normal responses were obtained at 34 degrees C. The data from both humans and cats were comparable. The ABR seems to be a useful monitor for evaluating brain stem function during deep hypothermia.", "contents": "Effects of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest on the auditory brain stem responses. The effects of hypothermia on auditory brain stem response (ABR) in both children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery and cats as an animal model were investigated. The latency of the ABR waves were prolonged with decreased body temperature. The latency of the later response components were prolonged more than that of the earlier response components; all waves disappeared below 25 degrees C and during artificial cardiac arrest. When the body temperature was raised, the later component began to reappear above 25 degrees C; the latency of all components shortened with temperature until normal responses were obtained at 34 degrees C. The data from both humans and cats were comparable. The ABR seems to be a useful monitor for evaluating brain stem function during deep hypothermia.", "PMID": 548008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10830", "title": "Study of a human excluded jejunal loop (Thiry-Vella loop).", "content": "A case of a human jejunal loop excluded from the intestinal transit was studied. The loop was located in the retrosternal space as the first step of esophageal transit reconstruction, after an unsuccessful esophagocoloplasty performed in order to treat a caustic stenosis of the esophagus. The motility, secretion of electrolytes and the absorption of glucose and alanine by the loop were determined.", "contents": "Study of a human excluded jejunal loop (Thiry-Vella loop). A case of a human jejunal loop excluded from the intestinal transit was studied. The loop was located in the retrosternal space as the first step of esophageal transit reconstruction, after an unsuccessful esophagocoloplasty performed in order to treat a caustic stenosis of the esophagus. The motility, secretion of electrolytes and the absorption of glucose and alanine by the loop were determined.", "PMID": 548002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10831", "title": "Prostaglandins in experimental otitis media.", "content": "Levels of prostaglandins in serum, plasma and middle ear effusions (MEE) in chinchilla were measured by radioimmunoassay. Higher levels of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were observed in the POM group than in the SOM group. Prostaglandins appear to play important roles as a mediator of the inflammatory response in experimentally induced purulent otitis media.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in experimental otitis media. Levels of prostaglandins in serum, plasma and middle ear effusions (MEE) in chinchilla were measured by radioimmunoassay. Higher levels of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were observed in the POM group than in the SOM group. Prostaglandins appear to play important roles as a mediator of the inflammatory response in experimentally induced purulent otitis media.", "PMID": 548009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10832", "title": "[Central nystagmus writing during the pendular test. Findings on post-punctural symptoms after lumbar puncture (author's transl)].", "content": "The central nystagmus writing (ecriture centrale) during the pendular test is characteristically found in cerebral organic or functional lesions. Thirty patients with symptoms following lumbar puncture (L.P.) were  investigated with the pendular test. In 46.6% central nystagmus writing was found 3 days after L.P. After subsiding of post L.P. troubles all the nystagmograms became normal. A control group of 30 patients without symptoms after L.P. did not show patholgic variations in the nystagmus writing during the pendular test.", "contents": "[Central nystagmus writing during the pendular test. Findings on post-punctural symptoms after lumbar puncture (author's transl)]. The central nystagmus writing (ecriture centrale) during the pendular test is characteristically found in cerebral organic or functional lesions. Thirty patients with symptoms following lumbar puncture (L.P.) were  investigated with the pendular test. In 46.6% central nystagmus writing was found 3 days after L.P. After subsiding of post L.P. troubles all the nystagmograms became normal. A control group of 30 patients without symptoms after L.P. did not show patholgic variations in the nystagmus writing during the pendular test.", "PMID": 548010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10833", "title": "[Experimental investigations of \"ecriture centrale\" during pendular rotating test (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the \u00e9criture centrale using the pendular test has been investigated in six rabbits after suboccipital removal of CSF. Following this procedure the \u00e9criture centrale has been observed in all experimental animals. In four animals control investigations were performed and in three of them normal nystagmograms returned.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations of \"ecriture centrale\" during pendular rotating test (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of the \u00e9criture centrale using the pendular test has been investigated in six rabbits after suboccipital removal of CSF. Following this procedure the \u00e9criture centrale has been observed in all experimental animals. In four animals control investigations were performed and in three of them normal nystagmograms returned.", "PMID": 548012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10834", "title": "Establishment of carcinoma cell lines from larynx and submandibular gland.", "content": "For many techniques in the oncology of head and neck tumors large amounts of pure tumor cells are required. Although larynx and salivary gland tumors are common in man, no report exists on isolation and purification of tumor cells of which malignancy was proved. The present paper describes in vitro cultivation of living human malignant tumor cells from a larynx and a submandibular gland carcinoma. Carcinoma cells were freed from all non-tumor cells and cloned thus indicating that cultures contained only a single cell type. Transplantation of grown cells s.c. into athymic (nu/nu) mice induced rapidly growing tumors of which malignancy was demonstrated by histology.", "contents": "Establishment of carcinoma cell lines from larynx and submandibular gland. For many techniques in the oncology of head and neck tumors large amounts of pure tumor cells are required. Although larynx and salivary gland tumors are common in man, no report exists on isolation and purification of tumor cells of which malignancy was proved. The present paper describes in vitro cultivation of living human malignant tumor cells from a larynx and a submandibular gland carcinoma. Carcinoma cells were freed from all non-tumor cells and cloned thus indicating that cultures contained only a single cell type. Transplantation of grown cells s.c. into athymic (nu/nu) mice induced rapidly growing tumors of which malignancy was demonstrated by histology.", "PMID": 548013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10835", "title": "Adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs.", "content": "We have succeeded in demonstrating for the first time adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs. The approach was histochemical using the fluorescence method with glyoxylic acid. There was an apparent regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the pharyngeal area of the Eustachian tube as compared to the tympanic area.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs. We have succeeded in demonstrating for the first time adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs. The approach was histochemical using the fluorescence method with glyoxylic acid. There was an apparent regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the pharyngeal area of the Eustachian tube as compared to the tympanic area.", "PMID": 548014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10836", "title": "[Computation of vestibular gain from single fast nystagmus phases (sinusoidal rotatory test) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for computing vestibular gain for each fast phase of nystagmus is proposed. Dividing amplitude by intersaccadic interval yields an approximative value for slow phase velocity. The ratio of slow phase velocity and simultaneous head velocity gives an estimation of instantaneous vestibular gain. These values are computed for five periods (duration 20 s each) of the sinusoidal rotatory test and the medians (fi) for right and left beating nystagmus resp., are determined. The results of 103 tests are compared with vestibular gain (fk) computed from cumulograms of the slow phases. A linear relation (fi = 8,01 + 0,762.fk, standard deviation si = 4,11%) is found. From this values for vestibular gain determined by these two methods are considered to be well comparable and convertable. As reasons for the non-ideal result of linear regression (compared with fi = fk +/- si) physiological and methodic factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Computation of vestibular gain from single fast nystagmus phases (sinusoidal rotatory test) (author's transl)]. A new method for computing vestibular gain for each fast phase of nystagmus is proposed. Dividing amplitude by intersaccadic interval yields an approximative value for slow phase velocity. The ratio of slow phase velocity and simultaneous head velocity gives an estimation of instantaneous vestibular gain. These values are computed for five periods (duration 20 s each) of the sinusoidal rotatory test and the medians (fi) for right and left beating nystagmus resp., are determined. The results of 103 tests are compared with vestibular gain (fk) computed from cumulograms of the slow phases. A linear relation (fi = 8,01 + 0,762.fk, standard deviation si = 4,11%) is found. From this values for vestibular gain determined by these two methods are considered to be well comparable and convertable. As reasons for the non-ideal result of linear regression (compared with fi = fk +/- si) physiological and methodic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 548015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10837", "title": "Experimental infection of calves and sheep with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica.", "content": "Two of four calves inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica developed low microscopic agglutinating (MA) titres to serovar hardjo. A third calf had an MA titre of 1:1024 by day 19 post-inoculation (PI). Transient leptospiruria was recorded in one calf on days 12 and 13 PI. An in-contact calf did not seroconvert. None of the calves had fever or other clinical signs of disease. Four ewes inoculated with balcanica developed MA titres to hardjo by day 13 PI, and a transient leptospiruria between days 14 and 25 PI. None of the ewes showed any evidence of clinical disease and three of them delivered healthy lambs 22 to 64 days PI. One ewe had mild lesions of focal interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Experimental infection of calves and sheep with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. Two of four calves inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica developed low microscopic agglutinating (MA) titres to serovar hardjo. A third calf had an MA titre of 1:1024 by day 19 post-inoculation (PI). Transient leptospiruria was recorded in one calf on days 12 and 13 PI. An in-contact calf did not seroconvert. None of the calves had fever or other clinical signs of disease. Four ewes inoculated with balcanica developed MA titres to hardjo by day 13 PI, and a transient leptospiruria between days 14 and 25 PI. None of the ewes showed any evidence of clinical disease and three of them delivered healthy lambs 22 to 64 days PI. One ewe had mild lesions of focal interstitial nephritis.", "PMID": 548016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10838", "title": "Accelerated clearance of uninfected red cells from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood in normal mice.", "content": "51Cr-labelled uninfected cells, separated from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, were cleared more rapidly than normal mouse erythrocytes after intravenous injection into normal mice.", "contents": "Accelerated clearance of uninfected red cells from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood in normal mice. 51Cr-labelled uninfected cells, separated from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, were cleared more rapidly than normal mouse erythrocytes after intravenous injection into normal mice.", "PMID": 548017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10839", "title": "Alternative pathway activation of complement by a murine parasitic nematode (Nematospiroides dubius).", "content": "The cuticular surface of the infectious third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius activates complement via the alternative pathway. Sensitisation of larvae with complement or with antibodies from the serum of immune mice (resistant to reinfection) promoted the adherence of mouse peritoneal exudate cells to the larval cuticle during incubation in vitro. The infectivity of larvae sensitized with antibody or complement was significantly reduced after incubation with cells from immune mice.", "contents": "Alternative pathway activation of complement by a murine parasitic nematode (Nematospiroides dubius). The cuticular surface of the infectious third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius activates complement via the alternative pathway. Sensitisation of larvae with complement or with antibodies from the serum of immune mice (resistant to reinfection) promoted the adherence of mouse peritoneal exudate cells to the larval cuticle during incubation in vitro. The infectivity of larvae sensitized with antibody or complement was significantly reduced after incubation with cells from immune mice.", "PMID": 548018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10840", "title": "The inhibition of malignant cell growth by ketone bodies.", "content": "The effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of transformed lymphoblasts (Raji cells) was investigated. Cell growth was inhibited and this effect was reversible, non-toxic, and proportional to the concentration of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate up to 20mM. The total glucose utilisation and the total lactate production were reduced in proportion to the inhibition of cell proliferation. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate was not metabolised by the cells. Other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for cell growth. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of rabbit kidney (RK13), HeLa, mouse melanoma (B16), fibroblast and trypsin-dispersed human thyroid and beef testis cells. Moreover, in vivo dietary-induced ketosis reduced the number of B16 melanoma deposits in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice by two-thirds. The significance of these results in the clinical management of cancer cachexia is discussed.", "contents": "The inhibition of malignant cell growth by ketone bodies. The effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of transformed lymphoblasts (Raji cells) was investigated. Cell growth was inhibited and this effect was reversible, non-toxic, and proportional to the concentration of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate up to 20mM. The total glucose utilisation and the total lactate production were reduced in proportion to the inhibition of cell proliferation. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate was not metabolised by the cells. Other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for cell growth. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of rabbit kidney (RK13), HeLa, mouse melanoma (B16), fibroblast and trypsin-dispersed human thyroid and beef testis cells. Moreover, in vivo dietary-induced ketosis reduced the number of B16 melanoma deposits in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice by two-thirds. The significance of these results in the clinical management of cancer cachexia is discussed.", "PMID": 548019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10841", "title": "The biliary excretion of sulfbromophthalein in the pig.", "content": "The characteristics of the hepatic metabolism of Sulfbromophthalein (BSP) have not been described previously for the pig. This is an important deficiency, since the pig is particularly suitable for studies of hepatic physiology and pharmacology which might apply to man. The aim of these experiments was to establish the pattern of serum clearance and biliary excretion of BSP and to determine that dose which would produce a maximal concentration in bile. A dose response and pattern of biliary excretion of BSP was studied at three dose levels administered either as a single bolus of a continuous infusion. All experiments were performed in conscious, conditioned pigs. The patterns of serum clearance and biliary excretion were found to be similar to other laboratory animals and to man. Maximary biliary concentration of BSP was achieved by a single bolus of 5-9 mumol/kg or a constant infusion of 0-59 mumol/kg/min. At these dose levels no significant alteration in bile flow was demonstrated nor was there any correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion. Supra-maximal doses produced a significant increase in bile flow and with these doses there was a significant positive correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion.", "contents": "The biliary excretion of sulfbromophthalein in the pig. The characteristics of the hepatic metabolism of Sulfbromophthalein (BSP) have not been described previously for the pig. This is an important deficiency, since the pig is particularly suitable for studies of hepatic physiology and pharmacology which might apply to man. The aim of these experiments was to establish the pattern of serum clearance and biliary excretion of BSP and to determine that dose which would produce a maximal concentration in bile. A dose response and pattern of biliary excretion of BSP was studied at three dose levels administered either as a single bolus of a continuous infusion. All experiments were performed in conscious, conditioned pigs. The patterns of serum clearance and biliary excretion were found to be similar to other laboratory animals and to man. Maximary biliary concentration of BSP was achieved by a single bolus of 5-9 mumol/kg or a constant infusion of 0-59 mumol/kg/min. At these dose levels no significant alteration in bile flow was demonstrated nor was there any correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion. Supra-maximal doses produced a significant increase in bile flow and with these doses there was a significant positive correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion.", "PMID": 548020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10842", "title": "The effect of phenylephrine on excretion of fluid and electrolytes by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat.", "content": "The effect has been investigated of the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on excretion of water and electrolytes (Na, K, and HCO3) by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. In the mandibular glands the agonist was as effective as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in stimulating secretion, and the electrolyte excretory patterns seen in the two modes of stimulation were similar. In the parotid gland, phenylephrine was only one-fifth as potent as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in evoking a secretory response but, when due allowance for flow rate differences is made, the electrolyte excretion patterns were similar. In both glands the secretory response to phenylephrine was totally different, in magnitude and in electrolyte excretion pattern, to that evoked by the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoprenaline. It is concluded, as has already been established for secretion of exportable protein, that alpha-adrenergic agonists have very similar effects to muscarinic agonists both on endpiece and on duct cells and that these actions are completely different from those evoked by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "The effect of phenylephrine on excretion of fluid and electrolytes by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. The effect has been investigated of the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on excretion of water and electrolytes (Na, K, and HCO3) by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. In the mandibular glands the agonist was as effective as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in stimulating secretion, and the electrolyte excretory patterns seen in the two modes of stimulation were similar. In the parotid gland, phenylephrine was only one-fifth as potent as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in evoking a secretory response but, when due allowance for flow rate differences is made, the electrolyte excretion patterns were similar. In both glands the secretory response to phenylephrine was totally different, in magnitude and in electrolyte excretion pattern, to that evoked by the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoprenaline. It is concluded, as has already been established for secretion of exportable protein, that alpha-adrenergic agonists have very similar effects to muscarinic agonists both on endpiece and on duct cells and that these actions are completely different from those evoked by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 548021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10843", "title": "Stress as an index of metabolic cost in papillary muscle of the cat.", "content": "Active stress, stress-time integral (STI) and total heat production of cat right ventricular papillary muscles were recorded during brief trains of isometric twitch contractions at muscle lengths less than or equal to optimal length. Individual muscles were subjected to a 10 degree C change in temperature, a change of stimulus frequency and the addition of isoprenaline sulphate (10(-7) mol. 1(-1). The STI-heat and stress-heat data were subjected respectively to linear and quadratic regression analyses. For both relations, the intercept (stress-independent heat) was unaffected by the frequency change, doubled by the temperature decrease and trebled by the addition of isoprenaline. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the first or second order coefficients of the stress-heat relation. The slope of the STI-heat relation was halved by lowering the temperature, increased 50% by the addition of isoprenaline and unaffected by stimulus frequency. Thus the energetic cost of a given stress increment was constant across conditions while that for a given STI increment was not. Stress is the better mechanical index of myocardial energy cost when the inotropic state is changing.", "contents": "Stress as an index of metabolic cost in papillary muscle of the cat. Active stress, stress-time integral (STI) and total heat production of cat right ventricular papillary muscles were recorded during brief trains of isometric twitch contractions at muscle lengths less than or equal to optimal length. Individual muscles were subjected to a 10 degree C change in temperature, a change of stimulus frequency and the addition of isoprenaline sulphate (10(-7) mol. 1(-1). The STI-heat and stress-heat data were subjected respectively to linear and quadratic regression analyses. For both relations, the intercept (stress-independent heat) was unaffected by the frequency change, doubled by the temperature decrease and trebled by the addition of isoprenaline. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the first or second order coefficients of the stress-heat relation. The slope of the STI-heat relation was halved by lowering the temperature, increased 50% by the addition of isoprenaline and unaffected by stimulus frequency. Thus the energetic cost of a given stress increment was constant across conditions while that for a given STI increment was not. Stress is the better mechanical index of myocardial energy cost when the inotropic state is changing.", "PMID": 548022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10844", "title": "[A method for microscopic detection of the excitation spreading by means of liquid crystals in the frog heart (author's transl)].", "content": "Nematic fluid crystals demonstrate in the presence of an electric field a dynamic scattering effect of the incident light. Therefore the question arose if these substances could be able to indicate bioelectric processes too. The blue colored and isolated frog's heart was used as model. The surface of the ventricle was covered by fluid crystals and photographed microscopically. The moment of the flash-light photographs has been marked in the electrocardiogram by a photoelectric method. By these means at the surface of the heart the dynamic scattering could be recorded. The effect switches off in a different degree during the QRS-complex and increases to maximal intensity during the T-wave. In the diastole occurs different relaxation. In the case of isoelectrical or descended ST-interval develops a homogeneous light scattering. There exists typological agreement between dynamic scattering and electrocardiogram. The dynamic scattering effect is bound to structure. It reflects the behaviour of the electric field at the heart's surface. The results are discussed under aspects of electrophysiology, physical chemistry and reflection optics, respectively.", "contents": "[A method for microscopic detection of the excitation spreading by means of liquid crystals in the frog heart (author's transl)]. Nematic fluid crystals demonstrate in the presence of an electric field a dynamic scattering effect of the incident light. Therefore the question arose if these substances could be able to indicate bioelectric processes too. The blue colored and isolated frog's heart was used as model. The surface of the ventricle was covered by fluid crystals and photographed microscopically. The moment of the flash-light photographs has been marked in the electrocardiogram by a photoelectric method. By these means at the surface of the heart the dynamic scattering could be recorded. The effect switches off in a different degree during the QRS-complex and increases to maximal intensity during the T-wave. In the diastole occurs different relaxation. In the case of isoelectrical or descended ST-interval develops a homogeneous light scattering. There exists typological agreement between dynamic scattering and electrocardiogram. The dynamic scattering effect is bound to structure. It reflects the behaviour of the electric field at the heart's surface. The results are discussed under aspects of electrophysiology, physical chemistry and reflection optics, respectively.", "PMID": 548023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10845", "title": "[The effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on membrane permeability in the perfused rat liver].", "content": "S-adenosilmethionine is present in most human tissues and is an important factor for transmethylation, transulphuration and aminopropylation reactions. The compound improves the biological, morphological and histochemical aspects of rat liver following CCl4 intossication. At the same time has been successfully used during chronic liver disease in man. With the aim to better clarify the action mechanism of SAMe some aspects concerning its effects on cell permeability in rat liver, by using the perfusion technique, have been investigated. In particular the capacity of this compound to prevent the enzymatic loss (GPT and GOT) during liver perfusion has been studied. 30 perfusions without SAMe, as control, and 6 by infusing 2 mg of compound during the perfusion time have been accomplished. Varing the perfusion time from 0 to 120 min it has been observed that at any time the presence of the SAMe reduced by about 50% the loss of GOT. Similarly the activity of GPT ranging from 2 to 6 mU/ml indicate that no appreciable enzyme output occurs in presence of SAMe.", "contents": "[The effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on membrane permeability in the perfused rat liver]. S-adenosilmethionine is present in most human tissues and is an important factor for transmethylation, transulphuration and aminopropylation reactions. The compound improves the biological, morphological and histochemical aspects of rat liver following CCl4 intossication. At the same time has been successfully used during chronic liver disease in man. With the aim to better clarify the action mechanism of SAMe some aspects concerning its effects on cell permeability in rat liver, by using the perfusion technique, have been investigated. In particular the capacity of this compound to prevent the enzymatic loss (GPT and GOT) during liver perfusion has been studied. 30 perfusions without SAMe, as control, and 6 by infusing 2 mg of compound during the perfusion time have been accomplished. Varing the perfusion time from 0 to 120 min it has been observed that at any time the presence of the SAMe reduced by about 50% the loss of GOT. Similarly the activity of GPT ranging from 2 to 6 mU/ml indicate that no appreciable enzyme output occurs in presence of SAMe.", "PMID": 548037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10846", "title": "Changes induced by KI administration on plasma heparinic activity in healthy subjects.", "content": "Other researches WE HAVE carried out show how it is possible to correct the high level of neutral fats in subjects with high trygliceridemia, with the administration of KI. We wished to ascertain whether the capacity of KI to reduce trygliceridemia when this is increased should be correlated to a possible change induced by this salt on PHA. Our researches has been carried out on 11 subjects who received a daily dose of 28 mg/Kg of b.w. of KI for a period of 10 days. The result we have obtained indicates that the administration of KI does not cause any significant change of PHA both after load and after prolonged treatment with KI.", "contents": "Changes induced by KI administration on plasma heparinic activity in healthy subjects. Other researches WE HAVE carried out show how it is possible to correct the high level of neutral fats in subjects with high trygliceridemia, with the administration of KI. We wished to ascertain whether the capacity of KI to reduce trygliceridemia when this is increased should be correlated to a possible change induced by this salt on PHA. Our researches has been carried out on 11 subjects who received a daily dose of 28 mg/Kg of b.w. of KI for a period of 10 days. The result we have obtained indicates that the administration of KI does not cause any significant change of PHA both after load and after prolonged treatment with KI.", "PMID": 548038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10847", "title": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta. Human, dog, cat, fox. Comparative analysis of the ultrastructural aspects].", "content": "In the present work the authors have observed the ultrastructure of different types of cartilage and connective tissues of four different species of animals affected with osteogenesis imperfecta (man dog cat and young fox. The ultrastructural pictures demonstrate that the  morphological aspects of cartilage of different species are often comparable and all cartilage tissues present the following characters: 1) Some lipid droplets inside the cytoplasm. 2) A reduction of the number and diameter of collagen fibrils. 3) A sensible increase of diameter of the alcianophilic bands that are ultrastructural representation of glycosaminoglycans. Some abnormal aspect has been seen on the connective non cartilagineus tissues.", "contents": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta. Human, dog, cat, fox. Comparative analysis of the ultrastructural aspects]. In the present work the authors have observed the ultrastructure of different types of cartilage and connective tissues of four different species of animals affected with osteogenesis imperfecta (man dog cat and young fox. The ultrastructural pictures demonstrate that the  morphological aspects of cartilage of different species are often comparable and all cartilage tissues present the following characters: 1) Some lipid droplets inside the cytoplasm. 2) A reduction of the number and diameter of collagen fibrils. 3) A sensible increase of diameter of the alcianophilic bands that are ultrastructural representation of glycosaminoglycans. Some abnormal aspect has been seen on the connective non cartilagineus tissues.", "PMID": 548039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10848", "title": "Electrical resistance of labellar taste hairs in the blowfly, Phormia regina M., as a function of age and sex.", "content": "The electrical resistance of the labellar taste hairs of Phormia regina M. is enhanced by aging in both males and females; this increase is greater in males. Resistance variations, related to changes in response of stimulated chemoreceptors, may explain, at least in part, the reduction in reflex food intake, O2 consumption, weight increase and, on the whole, survival capabilities of males vis-\u00e0-vis female insects.", "contents": "Electrical resistance of labellar taste hairs in the blowfly, Phormia regina M., as a function of age and sex. The electrical resistance of the labellar taste hairs of Phormia regina M. is enhanced by aging in both males and females; this increase is greater in males. Resistance variations, related to changes in response of stimulated chemoreceptors, may explain, at least in part, the reduction in reflex food intake, O2 consumption, weight increase and, on the whole, survival capabilities of males vis-\u00e0-vis female insects.", "PMID": 548040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10849", "title": "[Preservation at -195 degrees C of trypsinized organs for primary cultures].", "content": "Trypsinized cells from rabbit kidney can be kept at -195, 8 degrees C indefinitely. When necessary, propagation in monolayer cultures is readily obtained as primary cultures, provided that some conditions be respected: 1) only glass culture flask must be used. Falcon plastic vessels do not allow cell attachment in this type of primary culture 2) the lag period is particularly long: it taken about 20 days before the beginning of cell multiplication 3) fetal calf serum is toxic for the cells in the 2nd and 3rd change of the culture medium, during the lag period.", "contents": "[Preservation at -195 degrees C of trypsinized organs for primary cultures]. Trypsinized cells from rabbit kidney can be kept at -195, 8 degrees C indefinitely. When necessary, propagation in monolayer cultures is readily obtained as primary cultures, provided that some conditions be respected: 1) only glass culture flask must be used. Falcon plastic vessels do not allow cell attachment in this type of primary culture 2) the lag period is particularly long: it taken about 20 days before the beginning of cell multiplication 3) fetal calf serum is toxic for the cells in the 2nd and 3rd change of the culture medium, during the lag period.", "PMID": 548041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10850", "title": "[Intestinal secretory IgA and bacterial antigens in oral administration].", "content": "The proposed technique for purification and concentration of secretory IgA has been applied to intestinal wash fluids obtained by clisma from 15 patients under bacterial extracts treated (COLOPTENE-DEBAT). The collected data show that the technique is suitable for routinary use and the bacterial extracts do increase the amount of IgA in the intestinal contents.", "contents": "[Intestinal secretory IgA and bacterial antigens in oral administration]. The proposed technique for purification and concentration of secretory IgA has been applied to intestinal wash fluids obtained by clisma from 15 patients under bacterial extracts treated (COLOPTENE-DEBAT). The collected data show that the technique is suitable for routinary use and the bacterial extracts do increase the amount of IgA in the intestinal contents.", "PMID": 548042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10851", "title": "[Changes in serum levels of antibiotics in experimental CCL4 poisoning. I. Gentamycin].", "content": "The AA. studied gentamycin serum levels (1mg/Kg b.w.) in rats. The 50% of the animals studied where treated with CCl4 (1 ml/Kg b;w.) 24h previously, the remaining 50% recieved a placebo. The maximum serum levels where similar in both groups; but the antibiotic was removed more slowly (120-240min) in the groups which recieved CCl4. The slower rimotion rate causes more serious histological changes in the kidney.", "contents": "[Changes in serum levels of antibiotics in experimental CCL4 poisoning. I. Gentamycin]. The AA. studied gentamycin serum levels (1mg/Kg b.w.) in rats. The 50% of the animals studied where treated with CCl4 (1 ml/Kg b;w.) 24h previously, the remaining 50% recieved a placebo. The maximum serum levels where similar in both groups; but the antibiotic was removed more slowly (120-240min) in the groups which recieved CCl4. The slower rimotion rate causes more serious histological changes in the kidney.", "PMID": 548043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10852", "title": "[Induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and incorporation of BUdR in mouse cells treated with methotrexate].", "content": "MTX (approx. DI 50) induced an approx. 140% increase in SCE over controls. Increasing the BUdR concentration from 10(-5) to 10(-4) M an approx. 135% increase in SCE over controls was also obtained. The quenching of the H33258 dye fluorescence, measured microspectrofluorimetrically, suggested an increased in corporation of BUdR in MTX treated cells, roughly compatible with almost a doubling of the SCE control level in absence of MTX. Thus, at least a large fraction of the MTX induced SCE increase appeared to be dependent from an enhanced BUdR incorporation.", "contents": "[Induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and incorporation of BUdR in mouse cells treated with methotrexate]. MTX (approx. DI 50) induced an approx. 140% increase in SCE over controls. Increasing the BUdR concentration from 10(-5) to 10(-4) M an approx. 135% increase in SCE over controls was also obtained. The quenching of the H33258 dye fluorescence, measured microspectrofluorimetrically, suggested an increased in corporation of BUdR in MTX treated cells, roughly compatible with almost a doubling of the SCE control level in absence of MTX. Thus, at least a large fraction of the MTX induced SCE increase appeared to be dependent from an enhanced BUdR incorporation.", "PMID": 548044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10853", "title": "[Evaluation of arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid before and during labor].", "content": "Arachidonic acid is considered to be one of the precursors in prostaglandin synthesis. For this reason, arachidonic acid was measured in a series of amniotic fluid. Samples in order to rest the hypothesis that the beginning of uterine activity is accompanied by a rise of its concentration. In fact, it could be shown that in amniotic fluid from patients in labor arachidonic acid levels are much higher than in amniotic fluid from patients without uterine activity.", "contents": "[Evaluation of arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid before and during labor]. Arachidonic acid is considered to be one of the precursors in prostaglandin synthesis. For this reason, arachidonic acid was measured in a series of amniotic fluid. Samples in order to rest the hypothesis that the beginning of uterine activity is accompanied by a rise of its concentration. In fact, it could be shown that in amniotic fluid from patients in labor arachidonic acid levels are much higher than in amniotic fluid from patients without uterine activity.", "PMID": 548045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10854", "title": "Changes in serum titres of prolactin, somatotropin and thyrotropin induced by fenfluramine in humans.", "content": "An increase of serum titres of prolactin was observed upon acute and chronic administration of fenfluramine. In acute treatment also STH levels were enhanced. No changes were observed in TSH titres. The authors relate the endocrine effect to serotonin turnover stimulation in central nervous system.", "contents": "Changes in serum titres of prolactin, somatotropin and thyrotropin induced by fenfluramine in humans. An increase of serum titres of prolactin was observed upon acute and chronic administration of fenfluramine. In acute treatment also STH levels were enhanced. No changes were observed in TSH titres. The authors relate the endocrine effect to serotonin turnover stimulation in central nervous system.", "PMID": 548046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10855", "title": "[Distribution and orientation of the collagen fibers in the tunica media of muscular arteries].", "content": "X-ray diffraction tecniques were used to study the distribution and orientation of collagen fibers in media layer of human muscular arteries as a function of mechanical deformation. The close relationship between collagen fibers and smooth cells orientation was shown by X-ray diffraction and histological analyses.", "contents": "[Distribution and orientation of the collagen fibers in the tunica media of muscular arteries]. X-ray diffraction tecniques were used to study the distribution and orientation of collagen fibers in media layer of human muscular arteries as a function of mechanical deformation. The close relationship between collagen fibers and smooth cells orientation was shown by X-ray diffraction and histological analyses.", "PMID": 548047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10856", "title": "[Glycolipid pattern and glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA 1) in a group of arteriosclerotic subjects].", "content": "Total glycosilated haemoglobin (HbA1) concentration, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured in 55 arterio sclerotic patients classified in three groups: (A) normal, (B) borderline and (C) chemical diabetics according to their OGTT results. HbA1 values were high only in group C. In these patients the HbA1 concentrations correlated to the serum glucose peaks and serum triglyceride levels. Therefore we believe that the HbA1 concentration can be considered an index of the degree of carbohydrate imbalance in arteriosclerotic patients who frequently have high triglyceride levels and carbohydrate intolerance.", "contents": "[Glycolipid pattern and glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA 1) in a group of arteriosclerotic subjects]. Total glycosilated haemoglobin (HbA1) concentration, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured in 55 arterio sclerotic patients classified in three groups: (A) normal, (B) borderline and (C) chemical diabetics according to their OGTT results. HbA1 values were high only in group C. In these patients the HbA1 concentrations correlated to the serum glucose peaks and serum triglyceride levels. Therefore we believe that the HbA1 concentration can be considered an index of the degree of carbohydrate imbalance in arteriosclerotic patients who frequently have high triglyceride levels and carbohydrate intolerance.", "PMID": 548048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10857", "title": "[Action of human serum on differentiation of skin in vitro. Morphological data and study of the incorporation of labeled amino acids].", "content": "Epithelial-mesodermal tissue interactions have been shown to be required for normal cytodifferentiation of chick embryo skin. Six-day limb skin does not develop in a protein free chemically defined medium, but keratinization has been observed in medium containing chicken serum. In the present study the authors show that the addition of human serum may stimulate the in vitro differentiation of explants of six-day chick embryo skin. Human serum is able to support skin keratinization and this finding has been confirmed by histological and histochemical criteria. Synthesis of proteins in tissue cultures supplemented with human serum has been studied by use of labeled amino acids such as H3-Leucine and C14-Cystine. These incorporation studies show the existence of macromolecular factors in human serum which may be responsible for the observed skin differentiation.", "contents": "[Action of human serum on differentiation of skin in vitro. Morphological data and study of the incorporation of labeled amino acids]. Epithelial-mesodermal tissue interactions have been shown to be required for normal cytodifferentiation of chick embryo skin. Six-day limb skin does not develop in a protein free chemically defined medium, but keratinization has been observed in medium containing chicken serum. In the present study the authors show that the addition of human serum may stimulate the in vitro differentiation of explants of six-day chick embryo skin. Human serum is able to support skin keratinization and this finding has been confirmed by histological and histochemical criteria. Synthesis of proteins in tissue cultures supplemented with human serum has been studied by use of labeled amino acids such as H3-Leucine and C14-Cystine. These incorporation studies show the existence of macromolecular factors in human serum which may be responsible for the observed skin differentiation.", "PMID": 548049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10858", "title": "[Further research on the differentiation in vitro of chick-embryo skin in the presence of histones].", "content": "In the present study the authors have carried out further researches on the differentiation of six day limb skin from chick embryo cultured \"in vitro\" in a complete medium supplemented with histones. When histones were added to the medium in the first two days \"in vitro\", epidermal keratinization was not observed. However the addition of histones after four days \"in vitro\" did not interfere with epidermal differentiation.", "contents": "[Further research on the differentiation in vitro of chick-embryo skin in the presence of histones]. In the present study the authors have carried out further researches on the differentiation of six day limb skin from chick embryo cultured \"in vitro\" in a complete medium supplemented with histones. When histones were added to the medium in the first two days \"in vitro\", epidermal keratinization was not observed. However the addition of histones after four days \"in vitro\" did not interfere with epidermal differentiation.", "PMID": 548050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10859", "title": "[Influence of phenobarbital on hyperbilirubinemia caused by nicotinic acid and rifamycin--SV in healthy subjects].", "content": "Ten healthy subjects have been given before and after treatment with phenobarbital the following intravenous charges: a) nicotinic acid; b) rifamicyn-SV; c) simultaneous administration of the two drugs. Along with confirmatory evidence of the wellknown increase in bilirubinaemia (prevalently unconjugated), we have observed phenobarbital to attempts partially yet significantly that effect. On the base of direct experience on rat liver, we hypothise phenobarbital to increase the pool of the Y protein carrying cholephilic organic anions into the hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Influence of phenobarbital on hyperbilirubinemia caused by nicotinic acid and rifamycin--SV in healthy subjects]. Ten healthy subjects have been given before and after treatment with phenobarbital the following intravenous charges: a) nicotinic acid; b) rifamicyn-SV; c) simultaneous administration of the two drugs. Along with confirmatory evidence of the wellknown increase in bilirubinaemia (prevalently unconjugated), we have observed phenobarbital to attempts partially yet significantly that effect. On the base of direct experience on rat liver, we hypothise phenobarbital to increase the pool of the Y protein carrying cholephilic organic anions into the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 548051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10860", "title": "[Gastrin stimulation of salivary secretion: preliminary observations].", "content": "The authors have investigated the effect of pentagastrin and of meat extract on salivary secretion. Both stimuli significantly increase the secretion of saliva. Factors such as taste and deglutition don't influence the increase of salivary secretion due to meat extract, as it remains even when meat extract was administered by naso-gastric tube. This finding suggest that endogenous gastrin, stimulated by meat extract, as well as exogenous pentagastrin, influence the secretion of saliva.", "contents": "[Gastrin stimulation of salivary secretion: preliminary observations]. The authors have investigated the effect of pentagastrin and of meat extract on salivary secretion. Both stimuli significantly increase the secretion of saliva. Factors such as taste and deglutition don't influence the increase of salivary secretion due to meat extract, as it remains even when meat extract was administered by naso-gastric tube. This finding suggest that endogenous gastrin, stimulated by meat extract, as well as exogenous pentagastrin, influence the secretion of saliva.", "PMID": 548052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10861", "title": "Different chromosome banding procedures to distinguish between mouse and rabbit chromosomes in mouse-rabbit somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "The discrimination of the parental chromosomes in interspecific somatic cell hybrids, is a powerful tool in gene mapping studies. We report the methods used to distinguish between murine and rabbit chromosomes in mouse-rabbit somatic cell hybrids. By means of G-banding patterns it is possible to determine the murine or rabbit origin of the chromosomes, as well as the single chromosome identification in the same hybrid metaphase. To rapidly establish whether the chromosome are of murine or rabbit origin we use C-banding and Hoechst staining procedures, which staining or elongating respectively and preferentially the centromeric area of the mouse chromosomes allowed indubitable species assignment.", "contents": "Different chromosome banding procedures to distinguish between mouse and rabbit chromosomes in mouse-rabbit somatic cell hybrids. The discrimination of the parental chromosomes in interspecific somatic cell hybrids, is a powerful tool in gene mapping studies. We report the methods used to distinguish between murine and rabbit chromosomes in mouse-rabbit somatic cell hybrids. By means of G-banding patterns it is possible to determine the murine or rabbit origin of the chromosomes, as well as the single chromosome identification in the same hybrid metaphase. To rapidly establish whether the chromosome are of murine or rabbit origin we use C-banding and Hoechst staining procedures, which staining or elongating respectively and preferentially the centromeric area of the mouse chromosomes allowed indubitable species assignment.", "PMID": 548053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10862", "title": "[Influence of temperature on the preferential extraction of RNA polymerase I from hepatic nuclei of the rat].", "content": "RNA polymerase I has been extracted from rat liver nuclei by three consecutive washings at 0 degrees C with a medium of relatively low ionic strength (0.15 M KCl) containing Mg++ rather than by incubating the organelles at 37 degrees C in the same medium, as originally proposed by Chesterton and Butterworth. The modified technique, which has the advantage of preventing a temperature-mediated conversion of form IB to IA, gives similar yields of RNA polymerase I and retains the capacity of preferentially extracting the enzyme with respect to the other forms of nuclear RNA polymerase.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on the preferential extraction of RNA polymerase I from hepatic nuclei of the rat]. RNA polymerase I has been extracted from rat liver nuclei by three consecutive washings at 0 degrees C with a medium of relatively low ionic strength (0.15 M KCl) containing Mg++ rather than by incubating the organelles at 37 degrees C in the same medium, as originally proposed by Chesterton and Butterworth. The modified technique, which has the advantage of preventing a temperature-mediated conversion of form IB to IA, gives similar yields of RNA polymerase I and retains the capacity of preferentially extracting the enzyme with respect to the other forms of nuclear RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 548054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10863", "title": "[Reduced catalytic effectiveness of RNA polymerase I in hepatocytes of rats treated with cycloheximide].", "content": "Rat liver RNA polymerase I solubilized from isolated nuclei and present in a soluble form in the cytoplasmic fraction has been analyzed by phosphocellulose chromatography 3 hours after the administration of cycloheximide. The antibiotic did not induce any change in the chromatographic properties of both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA polymerase I. They appeared to remain in the IB and IA forms, characteristic of the transcribing (IB) and non-transscribing (IA) enzyme. While the level of the nuclear enzyme was not modified, the level of the cytoplasmic one appeared significantly increased. These results support previous ones indicating that the cycloheximide-induced inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis cannot be merely explained by a decrease in the nuclear or cellular level of RNA polymerase I. The cellular level of RNA polymerase I, taking into account the relative proportion of the enzyme found in nuclei and cytoplasm, appeared to be slightly increased. Cycloheximide administration did not seem to result in the appearance, in intact nuclei, of enzyme molecules in a free form or as blocked transcription complexes. It is concluded that the antibiotic affects the catalytic efficiency rather than the number of RNA polymerase I molecules actually engaged in the transcription of ribosomal cistrone.", "contents": "[Reduced catalytic effectiveness of RNA polymerase I in hepatocytes of rats treated with cycloheximide]. Rat liver RNA polymerase I solubilized from isolated nuclei and present in a soluble form in the cytoplasmic fraction has been analyzed by phosphocellulose chromatography 3 hours after the administration of cycloheximide. The antibiotic did not induce any change in the chromatographic properties of both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA polymerase I. They appeared to remain in the IB and IA forms, characteristic of the transcribing (IB) and non-transscribing (IA) enzyme. While the level of the nuclear enzyme was not modified, the level of the cytoplasmic one appeared significantly increased. These results support previous ones indicating that the cycloheximide-induced inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis cannot be merely explained by a decrease in the nuclear or cellular level of RNA polymerase I. The cellular level of RNA polymerase I, taking into account the relative proportion of the enzyme found in nuclei and cytoplasm, appeared to be slightly increased. Cycloheximide administration did not seem to result in the appearance, in intact nuclei, of enzyme molecules in a free form or as blocked transcription complexes. It is concluded that the antibiotic affects the catalytic efficiency rather than the number of RNA polymerase I molecules actually engaged in the transcription of ribosomal cistrone.", "PMID": 548055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10864", "title": "[Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on experimental ulcer in the rat].", "content": "The increase of gastric mucosal defensive reachons under linoleic acid loading (20 mg/kg i.m. x 2 x 10 die; 140-220 mg/kg per os x 2 x 15 die), was evaluated in hydrocortisone treated rats (10 mg/kg i.m. x 2 x 10 die) and in rats stressed by immobilisation at a low temperature (at 4 degrees for 1 hour). The incidence and extent of gastric lesions were recorded, in both samples treated differentialy, and in control groups. Although the results were not similarly significant in every case, the capacity of the linoleic acid administrations in limiting the gastric mucose injury was evident. This protective capacity is not dependent on the lesive agent.", "contents": "[Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on experimental ulcer in the rat]. The increase of gastric mucosal defensive reachons under linoleic acid loading (20 mg/kg i.m. x 2 x 10 die; 140-220 mg/kg per os x 2 x 15 die), was evaluated in hydrocortisone treated rats (10 mg/kg i.m. x 2 x 10 die) and in rats stressed by immobilisation at a low temperature (at 4 degrees for 1 hour). The incidence and extent of gastric lesions were recorded, in both samples treated differentialy, and in control groups. Although the results were not similarly significant in every case, the capacity of the linoleic acid administrations in limiting the gastric mucose injury was evident. This protective capacity is not dependent on the lesive agent.", "PMID": 548056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10865", "title": "Uncoupling effect of a low homolog of unbiquinone (UQ-3) in rabbit heart mitochondria.", "content": "Short-chain ubiquinone (UQ-3) inhibits ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3) in intact rabbit heart mitochondria. This effect appears to be similar in all the three sites of oxidative phosphorylation by using different respiratory substrates. Ubiquinone-3 also immobilizes lipids into mitochondrial membranes indicating that the uncoupling effect might be a consequence of an altered physical state of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Uncoupling effect of a low homolog of unbiquinone (UQ-3) in rabbit heart mitochondria. Short-chain ubiquinone (UQ-3) inhibits ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3) in intact rabbit heart mitochondria. This effect appears to be similar in all the three sites of oxidative phosphorylation by using different respiratory substrates. Ubiquinone-3 also immobilizes lipids into mitochondrial membranes indicating that the uncoupling effect might be a consequence of an altered physical state of membrane lipids.", "PMID": 548057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10866", "title": "[Thermoregulation in chickens subjected to hypoalimentation].", "content": "Calculation of the body temperature of 4 chickens, 14 days old, submitted during 26 days to a reduced nourishment so that their growing up was stopped. Morning temperature diminished, in comparison with checkings, of 0,78 degrees in the first week, of 1,57 degrees in the second week and of 1,80 degrees in the last days. After 1 and 2 hours of reduced meal, the temperature generally increases 0,76 degrees and 1,39 degrees respectively when chickens are hypo-nourished, while in the checkins it is almost unchanged, +0,02 degrees and +0,07 degrees. 5 hours after the meal, the temperature of hypo-nourished chickens increases 0,24 degrees, in checkings 0,30 degrees. AA thinks that hypotalamic thermoregulating centers always work and that the thermic differences between hypo-nourished and checkings are caused by percentage variations of metabolic substances put in circulation during digestion.", "contents": "[Thermoregulation in chickens subjected to hypoalimentation]. Calculation of the body temperature of 4 chickens, 14 days old, submitted during 26 days to a reduced nourishment so that their growing up was stopped. Morning temperature diminished, in comparison with checkings, of 0,78 degrees in the first week, of 1,57 degrees in the second week and of 1,80 degrees in the last days. After 1 and 2 hours of reduced meal, the temperature generally increases 0,76 degrees and 1,39 degrees respectively when chickens are hypo-nourished, while in the checkins it is almost unchanged, +0,02 degrees and +0,07 degrees. 5 hours after the meal, the temperature of hypo-nourished chickens increases 0,24 degrees, in checkings 0,30 degrees. AA thinks that hypotalamic thermoregulating centers always work and that the thermic differences between hypo-nourished and checkings are caused by percentage variations of metabolic substances put in circulation during digestion.", "PMID": 548058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10867", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin B 1 on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the rabbit. I. Studies of the hepatic mitochondria].", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AB1) is studied \"in vitro\" on rabbit liver mitochondria. AB1 inhibits at concentrations from 1 to 2-4 x 10(-4) M, the respiratory rate from 20% a maximum 41-35% by glutamate and succinate as substrates, but it does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation nor does it inhibit site III (ascorbate + TMPD). The inhibited site appears to be between cytochromes b and c (c1). AB1 seems to be easily transported across the mitochondrial membrane. The maximum degree of inhibition and the promoting AB1 concentration are too high to explain the liver cell necrosis in rabbit induced by AB1 \"in vivo\".", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin B 1 on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the rabbit. I. Studies of the hepatic mitochondria]. The effect of various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AB1) is studied \"in vitro\" on rabbit liver mitochondria. AB1 inhibits at concentrations from 1 to 2-4 x 10(-4) M, the respiratory rate from 20% a maximum 41-35% by glutamate and succinate as substrates, but it does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation nor does it inhibit site III (ascorbate + TMPD). The inhibited site appears to be between cytochromes b and c (c1). AB1 seems to be easily transported across the mitochondrial membrane. The maximum degree of inhibition and the promoting AB1 concentration are too high to explain the liver cell necrosis in rabbit induced by AB1 \"in vivo\".", "PMID": 548059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10868", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin B 1 on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the rabbit. II. Research on cardiac and renal mitochondria].", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AB1) is studied \"in vitro\" on heart (HM) and kidney mitochondria of rabbit (KM). AB1 inhibits (4 x 10(-4)M) the respiratory rate up to a maximum 50-35% in HM and 28-35% in KM by glutamate and succinate as substrates respectively, but it does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation nor does it inhibit site III (ascorbate + TMPD). The inhibited site appears to be between cytochromes b and c (c1). AB1 seems to be easily transported across heart mitochondrial membrane. The relevance of these findings to liver cell necrosis promoted by aflatoxin is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin B 1 on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the rabbit. II. Research on cardiac and renal mitochondria]. The effect of various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AB1) is studied \"in vitro\" on heart (HM) and kidney mitochondria of rabbit (KM). AB1 inhibits (4 x 10(-4)M) the respiratory rate up to a maximum 50-35% in HM and 28-35% in KM by glutamate and succinate as substrates respectively, but it does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation nor does it inhibit site III (ascorbate + TMPD). The inhibited site appears to be between cytochromes b and c (c1). AB1 seems to be easily transported across heart mitochondrial membrane. The relevance of these findings to liver cell necrosis promoted by aflatoxin is discussed.", "PMID": 548060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10869", "title": "[Different fatty acids in the egg, blood and feces of laying hens fed a diet containing \"Toprina\"].", "content": "Total lipids (TL, phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood and eggs only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\") in 0%, 10% and 15% \"Toprina\" diets and in eggs, blood and faeces of laying hens fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary \"Toprina\" 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets, eggs, blood and faeces. Other fatty acid values were not affected by dietary yeast.", "contents": "[Different fatty acids in the egg, blood and feces of laying hens fed a diet containing \"Toprina\"]. Total lipids (TL, phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood and eggs only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\") in 0%, 10% and 15% \"Toprina\" diets and in eggs, blood and faeces of laying hens fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary \"Toprina\" 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets, eggs, blood and faeces. Other fatty acid values were not affected by dietary yeast.", "PMID": 548061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10870", "title": "[Addition of amino acids and oligopeptides to the diet of piglets. I. Effects on productive performance and development of intestinal microbial flora].", "content": "The effects in connection with the addition of small quantities of aminoacid and oligopeptide pools to balanced diets were studied on 36 male piglets, divided into three groups (1: control; 2: aminoacid pool; 3: aminoacid and oligopeptide pool). Piglets receiving the aminoacid pool (group 2) exhibited better performances: an increased weight gain resulting in higher feed efficiency and an increased overall microbial count with a predominance of the useful population.", "contents": "[Addition of amino acids and oligopeptides to the diet of piglets. I. Effects on productive performance and development of intestinal microbial flora]. The effects in connection with the addition of small quantities of aminoacid and oligopeptide pools to balanced diets were studied on 36 male piglets, divided into three groups (1: control; 2: aminoacid pool; 3: aminoacid and oligopeptide pool). Piglets receiving the aminoacid pool (group 2) exhibited better performances: an increased weight gain resulting in higher feed efficiency and an increased overall microbial count with a predominance of the useful population.", "PMID": 548062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10871", "title": "[Addition of amino acids and oligopeptides to the diet of piglets. II. Effects on apparent digestion of some alimentary principles].", "content": "The apparent digestibility coefficients of some nutrients in connection with the addition of small quantities of amino acid and oligopeptide pools to balanced diets were determined on 15 piglets divided into three groups (1: Control; 2: amino acid pool; 3: amino acid and oligopeptide pool). Piglets receiving pools, and especially those belonging to the second group, show better results in comparison with the control animals. Besides the digestibility significantly increases with the time.", "contents": "[Addition of amino acids and oligopeptides to the diet of piglets. II. Effects on apparent digestion of some alimentary principles]. The apparent digestibility coefficients of some nutrients in connection with the addition of small quantities of amino acid and oligopeptide pools to balanced diets were determined on 15 piglets divided into three groups (1: Control; 2: amino acid pool; 3: amino acid and oligopeptide pool). Piglets receiving pools, and especially those belonging to the second group, show better results in comparison with the control animals. Besides the digestibility significantly increases with the time.", "PMID": 548063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10872", "title": "[Inhibitory effects of indomethacin on prolactin liberation induced with peptides with opium-like activity].", "content": "Indomethacin inhibits prolactin liberating effects by MET-enkefalin-NH2, a synthetic analogue of MET-enkefalin, both in intact and in ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate treated rats. The introduction of PGE1 increases the intensity of this effect. It is therefore possible to suppose that the PGs are involved as intermediaries of the prolactin relasing effect induced by MET-ENH-NH2.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effects of indomethacin on prolactin liberation induced with peptides with opium-like activity]. Indomethacin inhibits prolactin liberating effects by MET-enkefalin-NH2, a synthetic analogue of MET-enkefalin, both in intact and in ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate treated rats. The introduction of PGE1 increases the intensity of this effect. It is therefore possible to suppose that the PGs are involved as intermediaries of the prolactin relasing effect induced by MET-ENH-NH2.", "PMID": 548065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10873", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the parotid and submandibular glands of humans].", "content": "Human parotid and submandibular glands were studied using histological techniques. Proteins rich in arginine, tyrosine, cystine-cysteine and tryptophan were present within secretory granules of seromucous acini and ducts of both glands. Acid phosphatase, ali-esterase, peroxidase and 3-beta-steroid-dehydrogenase were also demonstrated in the two glands.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the parotid and submandibular glands of humans]. Human parotid and submandibular glands were studied using histological techniques. Proteins rich in arginine, tyrosine, cystine-cysteine and tryptophan were present within secretory granules of seromucous acini and ducts of both glands. Acid phosphatase, ali-esterase, peroxidase and 3-beta-steroid-dehydrogenase were also demonstrated in the two glands.", "PMID": 548071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10874", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the epithelium of the human ampulla ductus deferentis].", "content": "Human ampullary epithelium contains numerous apical granules, which show a strong P.A.S. reaction, but do not stain with methods for acid mucins. No glycogen is detected. Acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase are localized in granules, scattered within the cytoplasm, while peroxidase activity is not demonstrable. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the epithelium of the human ampulla ductus deferentis]. Human ampullary epithelium contains numerous apical granules, which show a strong P.A.S. reaction, but do not stain with methods for acid mucins. No glycogen is detected. Acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase are localized in granules, scattered within the cytoplasm, while peroxidase activity is not demonstrable. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 548072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10875", "title": "[Respiration during isometric contraction of the flexor or extensor muscles of the arm in humans].", "content": "An increase in the instantaneous pulmonary flow and a decrease in the respiratory frequency has been found in man as a consequence of isometric contraction of either flexor or extensor muscles of the elbow. The delay of 200 to 900msec between the onset of the muscle contraction and the beginning of the flow increment suggests that the respiratory system increases its activity due to the proprioreceptor activation. As there is no significant difference in the results obtained during flexor or extensor contraction, the contribution of the two different receptor groups appears to be the same.", "contents": "[Respiration during isometric contraction of the flexor or extensor muscles of the arm in humans]. An increase in the instantaneous pulmonary flow and a decrease in the respiratory frequency has been found in man as a consequence of isometric contraction of either flexor or extensor muscles of the elbow. The delay of 200 to 900msec between the onset of the muscle contraction and the beginning of the flow increment suggests that the respiratory system increases its activity due to the proprioreceptor activation. As there is no significant difference in the results obtained during flexor or extensor contraction, the contribution of the two different receptor groups appears to be the same.", "PMID": 548073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10876", "title": "[Effect of denaturation of DNA template on activity of RNA polymerase of class B].", "content": "The effect of the denaturation of homologous and calf thymus DNA on the RNA polymerase B activity purified from rat liver and spleen and Ehrlich ascites cells, was investigated in presence of either Mn2+ or Mg2+ and in presence or absence of alpha-amanitin. On the basis of the results here reported, we suggest: 1) denatured DNA is more effective than native as template for polymerase B; 2) denatured DNA template and cations might play a role in determining the extent of the reaction alpha-amanitin-polymerase B.", "contents": "[Effect of denaturation of DNA template on activity of RNA polymerase of class B]. The effect of the denaturation of homologous and calf thymus DNA on the RNA polymerase B activity purified from rat liver and spleen and Ehrlich ascites cells, was investigated in presence of either Mn2+ or Mg2+ and in presence or absence of alpha-amanitin. On the basis of the results here reported, we suggest: 1) denatured DNA is more effective than native as template for polymerase B; 2) denatured DNA template and cations might play a role in determining the extent of the reaction alpha-amanitin-polymerase B.", "PMID": 548076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10877", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D on purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from normal and neoplastic tissues].", "content": "The effect of low concentrations of actinomycin D was investigated, using two forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (A and B) purified from normal tissues and experimental tumours, in the presence either of Mn2+ or Mg2+, and homologous DNA. The A enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the antibiotic in presence of Mg2+ and much less in presence of Mn2+. The B enzyme activity was almost suppressed in presence of both cations. The results here reported provide support that the actinomycin D induce a cellular damage of the same extent in normal and tumour tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D on purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from normal and neoplastic tissues]. The effect of low concentrations of actinomycin D was investigated, using two forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (A and B) purified from normal tissues and experimental tumours, in the presence either of Mn2+ or Mg2+, and homologous DNA. The A enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the antibiotic in presence of Mg2+ and much less in presence of Mn2+. The B enzyme activity was almost suppressed in presence of both cations. The results here reported provide support that the actinomycin D induce a cellular damage of the same extent in normal and tumour tissues.", "PMID": 548077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10878", "title": "Effect of organ phospholipids on the growth of embryonal tissues cultured in vitro.", "content": "With regard to a set of studies about cellular nutrition, the effect of different amounts of phospholipids, extracted from various organs of calf (diencephalon, retina, cerebral cortex and heart), on normal embryonal chicken myocardium cultures has been tested. From the numerous observations we have made it is resulted that phospholipids, particularly at the highest levels, constantly decrease the culture migration velocity and this reduction is remarkably more accentuated in presence of 1.25%(0) heart phospholipids. Moreover in this condition the cells show a change in their morphology and appear all full of big lipid drops, perhaps in consequence of an alteration of the chemical-physical plasmalemma characteristics and a change in the membrane enzyme activities involving lipid metabolism too.", "contents": "Effect of organ phospholipids on the growth of embryonal tissues cultured in vitro. With regard to a set of studies about cellular nutrition, the effect of different amounts of phospholipids, extracted from various organs of calf (diencephalon, retina, cerebral cortex and heart), on normal embryonal chicken myocardium cultures has been tested. From the numerous observations we have made it is resulted that phospholipids, particularly at the highest levels, constantly decrease the culture migration velocity and this reduction is remarkably more accentuated in presence of 1.25%(0) heart phospholipids. Moreover in this condition the cells show a change in their morphology and appear all full of big lipid drops, perhaps in consequence of an alteration of the chemical-physical plasmalemma characteristics and a change in the membrane enzyme activities involving lipid metabolism too.", "PMID": 548116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10879", "title": "The action of Solcoseryl on two glycolytic enzymes of several organs of the irradiated mouse.", "content": "The blood extract Solcoseryl (SO), when administered daily in i.p. injection to mice adapted to ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C enhances within a period of 5 days the activities of the enzymes LDH and G-6-PDH of liver, kidney, testes and thymus in an oscillatory way. The changes of enzyme activity resulting from whole body irradiation with gamma-rays and exhibiting mostly a tendency towards diminution are abolished and the activities restored to values lying in between those obtained with sole SO treatment or irradiation alone, respectively, when following irradiation SO is again applied for a period of 3 days.", "contents": "The action of Solcoseryl on two glycolytic enzymes of several organs of the irradiated mouse. The blood extract Solcoseryl (SO), when administered daily in i.p. injection to mice adapted to ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C enhances within a period of 5 days the activities of the enzymes LDH and G-6-PDH of liver, kidney, testes and thymus in an oscillatory way. The changes of enzyme activity resulting from whole body irradiation with gamma-rays and exhibiting mostly a tendency towards diminution are abolished and the activities restored to values lying in between those obtained with sole SO treatment or irradiation alone, respectively, when following irradiation SO is again applied for a period of 3 days.", "PMID": 548117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10880", "title": "The effect of vitamin E administration to pregnant women, on the concentration of linoleic acid in adipose tissue of the newborns.", "content": "The composition of various lipids were measured in ten healthy newborns of mothers who were treated with 100 mg vitamin E per day, starting in the 35th week of pregnancy. The maternal serum vitamin E levels following the treatment (1.10 +/- 0.49 mg/dl) showed no increase as compared to the pretreatment values (1.06 +/- 0.38 mg/dl). There was no significant difference in serum vitamin E levels in those newborns whose mothers were treated--(0.19 +/- 0.12 mg/dl) as compared to 10 newborns whose mothers were not treated with vitamin E (0.13 +/- 0.07 mg/dl). However, there was a striking increase in the relative concentration of linoleic acid in the adipose tissue to those newborns whose mothers were treated (9.4%--versus--4.1%).", "contents": "The effect of vitamin E administration to pregnant women, on the concentration of linoleic acid in adipose tissue of the newborns. The composition of various lipids were measured in ten healthy newborns of mothers who were treated with 100 mg vitamin E per day, starting in the 35th week of pregnancy. The maternal serum vitamin E levels following the treatment (1.10 +/- 0.49 mg/dl) showed no increase as compared to the pretreatment values (1.06 +/- 0.38 mg/dl). There was no significant difference in serum vitamin E levels in those newborns whose mothers were treated--(0.19 +/- 0.12 mg/dl) as compared to 10 newborns whose mothers were not treated with vitamin E (0.13 +/- 0.07 mg/dl). However, there was a striking increase in the relative concentration of linoleic acid in the adipose tissue to those newborns whose mothers were treated (9.4%--versus--4.1%).", "PMID": 548118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10881", "title": "Chlorpromazine induced anomalies in Saccobranchus fossilis.", "content": "Cytomorphological implications studied after the inducement of chlorpromazine included various anomalies like precocious despiralization, stickiness, breaks and pseudobridges. It is certain that CPZ has the capability of depolymerizing the DNA contents of the germ cells of S. fossilis.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine induced anomalies in Saccobranchus fossilis. Cytomorphological implications studied after the inducement of chlorpromazine included various anomalies like precocious despiralization, stickiness, breaks and pseudobridges. It is certain that CPZ has the capability of depolymerizing the DNA contents of the germ cells of S. fossilis.", "PMID": 548119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10882", "title": "Effect of a long term oral administration of a hypercholesterolic diet on rat liver substructures.", "content": "The effects of high cholesterol diets on ultrastructure morphologic alterations of rat liver have been investigated. It has been verified that these diets induce the biochemical and morphological damage, as well as death in a shorter time than alipidic or sole saturated lipid diets. Moreover it has been established that the anatomic irreversible damage appears at the last stage, just before death.", "contents": "Effect of a long term oral administration of a hypercholesterolic diet on rat liver substructures. The effects of high cholesterol diets on ultrastructure morphologic alterations of rat liver have been investigated. It has been verified that these diets induce the biochemical and morphological damage, as well as death in a shorter time than alipidic or sole saturated lipid diets. Moreover it has been established that the anatomic irreversible damage appears at the last stage, just before death.", "PMID": 548120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10883", "title": "Free amino acids in various tissues of a fresh-water teleost, Rasbora daniconius (Ham). I. Qualitative analysis.", "content": "Seven different tissues of the fish, Rasbora daniconius are analysed chromatographically for their free amino acid contents. Alanine and Cystine followed by Glycine and Glutamic acid are the most common amino acids found in the tissues. On the basis of sex, no apparent difference in amino acid pattern in various tissues is found. Up to 70% of the amino acids of the pools fall in the range of pH from 4.5-6.5. Thus it appears that the pools have some bearing on the maintenance of the tissue pH.", "contents": "Free amino acids in various tissues of a fresh-water teleost, Rasbora daniconius (Ham). I. Qualitative analysis. Seven different tissues of the fish, Rasbora daniconius are analysed chromatographically for their free amino acid contents. Alanine and Cystine followed by Glycine and Glutamic acid are the most common amino acids found in the tissues. On the basis of sex, no apparent difference in amino acid pattern in various tissues is found. Up to 70% of the amino acids of the pools fall in the range of pH from 4.5-6.5. Thus it appears that the pools have some bearing on the maintenance of the tissue pH.", "PMID": 548121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10884", "title": "Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase in diabetic subjects with or without vascular complications.", "content": "Plasma Sorbitol Dehydrogenase levels were determined in subjects with diabetes mellitus and normal people. The diabetic subjects had circulating plasma levels of SDH significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those observed in controls. Moreover, the diabetics with vascular complications presented the highest SDH values. The lack of positive correlation between plasma glucose and SDH levels suggests that SDH, like hemoglobin A1C, reflect the degree of previous metabolic control of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase in diabetic subjects with or without vascular complications. Plasma Sorbitol Dehydrogenase levels were determined in subjects with diabetes mellitus and normal people. The diabetic subjects had circulating plasma levels of SDH significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those observed in controls. Moreover, the diabetics with vascular complications presented the highest SDH values. The lack of positive correlation between plasma glucose and SDH levels suggests that SDH, like hemoglobin A1C, reflect the degree of previous metabolic control of diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 548122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10885", "title": "Correlations between cutaneous and retinal microaneurysms in diabetes mellitus (preliminary note).", "content": "A group of diabetic patients was submitted to a capillaroscopic examination at the level of the peri-ungual vallum and to a fluoroangiographic examination of the retina, for the evaluation of possible correlations between vessel conditions in to various districts. The Authors remarked that the subjects affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy presented a greater dilatation of the ansae at cutaneous level, with haemorrhagic extravasations in 70% of the cases. On the contrary, on the subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy numerous aneurysmal \"buttons\" were noted at cutaneous level, both apically and laterally along the vascular ansa.", "contents": "Correlations between cutaneous and retinal microaneurysms in diabetes mellitus (preliminary note). A group of diabetic patients was submitted to a capillaroscopic examination at the level of the peri-ungual vallum and to a fluoroangiographic examination of the retina, for the evaluation of possible correlations between vessel conditions in to various districts. The Authors remarked that the subjects affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy presented a greater dilatation of the ansae at cutaneous level, with haemorrhagic extravasations in 70% of the cases. On the contrary, on the subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy numerous aneurysmal \"buttons\" were noted at cutaneous level, both apically and laterally along the vascular ansa.", "PMID": 548123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10886", "title": "The specificity of intrahemispheric EEG alpha coherence asymmetry related to psychological task.", "content": "Male right handed subjects performed two parallel verbal and nonverbal memory tasks, known to be associated with the anterior temporal lobe, while EEG was recorded from temporal sites referred to either FZ or to linked mastoids. Intrahemispheric coherence and power in the alpha band were calculated. Coherence effects were observed, independent of reference site, which associated the right hemisphere and nonverbal tasks with increased coherence. These effects appear to be relatively specific to more anterior temporal electrode pairs, and confirm previous findings. Power effects demonstrated the difficulty of assessing task-dependent changes independent of reference site, and suggested that specific alpha enhancement may be observed with task involvement. The contribution of coherence analysis to the study of cerebral organisation is discussed.", "contents": "The specificity of intrahemispheric EEG alpha coherence asymmetry related to psychological task. Male right handed subjects performed two parallel verbal and nonverbal memory tasks, known to be associated with the anterior temporal lobe, while EEG was recorded from temporal sites referred to either FZ or to linked mastoids. Intrahemispheric coherence and power in the alpha band were calculated. Coherence effects were observed, independent of reference site, which associated the right hemisphere and nonverbal tasks with increased coherence. These effects appear to be relatively specific to more anterior temporal electrode pairs, and confirm previous findings. Power effects demonstrated the difficulty of assessing task-dependent changes independent of reference site, and suggested that specific alpha enhancement may be observed with task involvement. The contribution of coherence analysis to the study of cerebral organisation is discussed.", "PMID": 548125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10887", "title": "An EEG study of visual attention in schizophrenic patients and normal controls.", "content": "This is a series of experiments examining the EEG, both at rest and in response to visual stimuli of varied complexity, in schizophrenics and normal controls. Subjects attended on several occasions. The resting EEG of patients was more activated than that of normals on all sessions, although only the patients showed diminished activation as a function of visits. The EEG of normals responded systematically on all occasions, but the patients showed similar response only under conditions of instructional set prescribing active stimulus appraisal. For both groups, subsequent stimulus recognition scores were correlated positively with EEG discrimination of stimuli during inspection. Within the patient group, several measures of pathology correlated both with recognition performance and several EEG parameters. Thus the present study draws together data demonstrating attentional deficit, heightened arousal, and reduced cortical variability in schizophrenics. Attention is drawn to methodological difficulties inherent in this type of study.", "contents": "An EEG study of visual attention in schizophrenic patients and normal controls. This is a series of experiments examining the EEG, both at rest and in response to visual stimuli of varied complexity, in schizophrenics and normal controls. Subjects attended on several occasions. The resting EEG of patients was more activated than that of normals on all sessions, although only the patients showed diminished activation as a function of visits. The EEG of normals responded systematically on all occasions, but the patients showed similar response only under conditions of instructional set prescribing active stimulus appraisal. For both groups, subsequent stimulus recognition scores were correlated positively with EEG discrimination of stimuli during inspection. Within the patient group, several measures of pathology correlated both with recognition performance and several EEG parameters. Thus the present study draws together data demonstrating attentional deficit, heightened arousal, and reduced cortical variability in schizophrenics. Attention is drawn to methodological difficulties inherent in this type of study.", "PMID": 548126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10888", "title": "Event-related potentials and selective attention to auditory stimuli varying in pitch and localization.", "content": "Event-related potentials were recorded from subjects performing a discrimination task which required selective attention to one of (or divided attention to both of) two classes of tone pips imaged to arrive over two independent sound sources varying systematically in pitch and spatial localization. In selective attention N1 amplitude was larger and P2 amplitude was inversely smaller to the attended tones than to the unattended tones; P2 latency was prolonged to the attended tones; in divided attention, both N1 and P2 amplitudes and P2 latency were intermediate between selective attention and inattention. These attention effects upon both N1 and P2 components were interpreted to be due to a growth of a negative shift superimposed on those evoked components, rather than a modification of each component itself. This endogenous negativity was also considered to reflect the allocation of attentional capacity for discrimination processing whether tones coming from the attended source were 'signal' or not.", "contents": "Event-related potentials and selective attention to auditory stimuli varying in pitch and localization. Event-related potentials were recorded from subjects performing a discrimination task which required selective attention to one of (or divided attention to both of) two classes of tone pips imaged to arrive over two independent sound sources varying systematically in pitch and spatial localization. In selective attention N1 amplitude was larger and P2 amplitude was inversely smaller to the attended tones than to the unattended tones; P2 latency was prolonged to the attended tones; in divided attention, both N1 and P2 amplitudes and P2 latency were intermediate between selective attention and inattention. These attention effects upon both N1 and P2 components were interpreted to be due to a growth of a negative shift superimposed on those evoked components, rather than a modification of each component itself. This endogenous negativity was also considered to reflect the allocation of attentional capacity for discrimination processing whether tones coming from the attended source were 'signal' or not.", "PMID": 548127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10889", "title": "Antarctic wintering--over, suggestion and transient olfactory stimulation: EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses.", "content": "EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses to real and suggested olfactory stimulation were recorded on a team of nine men who wintered-over at Scott Base, Antarctica. Multi-variate analysis of variance findings indicated some consistent trends despite adverse conditions and marked inter-individual differences. Consistent with studies of secondary afferentation olfaction-related EEGs were evidenced in the occipital area (O1 and O2) as well as the temporal area (T3 and T4). Skin conductance (SC) showed significant responses for real and suggested odorants pre and post wintering-over. Suppression of EEG amplitudes for real and suggested stimuli was evidenced prior to wintering-over. Following wintering-over experience suppression of EEG amplitudes for real stimuli showed a decrease while suppression increased for suggested stimuli. The implications of the suggestion findings are discussed in possible explanation of the apparent conflict between different sources of information about human responses to isolation in the Antarctic environment.", "contents": "Antarctic wintering--over, suggestion and transient olfactory stimulation: EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses. EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses to real and suggested olfactory stimulation were recorded on a team of nine men who wintered-over at Scott Base, Antarctica. Multi-variate analysis of variance findings indicated some consistent trends despite adverse conditions and marked inter-individual differences. Consistent with studies of secondary afferentation olfaction-related EEGs were evidenced in the occipital area (O1 and O2) as well as the temporal area (T3 and T4). Skin conductance (SC) showed significant responses for real and suggested odorants pre and post wintering-over. Suppression of EEG amplitudes for real and suggested stimuli was evidenced prior to wintering-over. Following wintering-over experience suppression of EEG amplitudes for real stimuli showed a decrease while suppression increased for suggested stimuli. The implications of the suggestion findings are discussed in possible explanation of the apparent conflict between different sources of information about human responses to isolation in the Antarctic environment.", "PMID": 548128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10890", "title": "Electrodermal indices of public offending and recidivism.", "content": "Three hypotheses based on the relationship between electrodermal activity and 'psychopathic' behaviour were investigated. These hypotheses are that 'psychopathic' behaviour relates to frequency of spontaneous fluctuations (Schalling, 1978), orienting response recovery time (Mednick, 1975) and orienting response amplitude (Siddle, Nicol and Foggitt, 1973). Non-recidivistic domestic offenders and highly recidivistic public offenders were compared on two test sessions. The high public risk recidivists had relatively lower rates of spontaneous fluctuation on both test sessions (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.02) and longer recovery OR(t/2)(p less than 0.05) on the first session. Reductions in fluctuation rate over sessions were significant for both groups, but were very much greater in the domestic offenders (p less than 0.001) than in the public offenders. OR amplitude did not discriminate between groups.", "contents": "Electrodermal indices of public offending and recidivism. Three hypotheses based on the relationship between electrodermal activity and 'psychopathic' behaviour were investigated. These hypotheses are that 'psychopathic' behaviour relates to frequency of spontaneous fluctuations (Schalling, 1978), orienting response recovery time (Mednick, 1975) and orienting response amplitude (Siddle, Nicol and Foggitt, 1973). Non-recidivistic domestic offenders and highly recidivistic public offenders were compared on two test sessions. The high public risk recidivists had relatively lower rates of spontaneous fluctuation on both test sessions (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.02) and longer recovery OR(t/2)(p less than 0.05) on the first session. Reductions in fluctuation rate over sessions were significant for both groups, but were very much greater in the domestic offenders (p less than 0.001) than in the public offenders. OR amplitude did not discriminate between groups.", "PMID": 548129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10891", "title": "Evaluation of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae as a bioassay for mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs.", "content": "Brine shrimp larvae was tested as a possible simple biological screening system to identify specimens of animal feedstuffs that should be examined further by chemical analytical procedures for mycotoxins. All extracts of the control, nonmouldy feedstuffs increased larval mortality, this being most marked in the case of silage. Chemical and biological testing of diagnostic specimens indicated that the bioassay identified two of four chemically positive specimens and 59 of 135 chemically negative specimens and 59 identified larvicidal compounds present in normal feedstuffs gave a high percentage (56%) of false-positive bioassay results when compared to the results of chemical analyses for three mycotoxins. The use of brine shrimp larvae did not materially reduce the necessity of conducting chemical analyses for mycotoxins.", "contents": "Evaluation of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae as a bioassay for mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs. Brine shrimp larvae was tested as a possible simple biological screening system to identify specimens of animal feedstuffs that should be examined further by chemical analytical procedures for mycotoxins. All extracts of the control, nonmouldy feedstuffs increased larval mortality, this being most marked in the case of silage. Chemical and biological testing of diagnostic specimens indicated that the bioassay identified two of four chemically positive specimens and 59 of 135 chemically negative specimens and 59 identified larvicidal compounds present in normal feedstuffs gave a high percentage (56%) of false-positive bioassay results when compared to the results of chemical analyses for three mycotoxins. The use of brine shrimp larvae did not materially reduce the necessity of conducting chemical analyses for mycotoxins.", "PMID": 548157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10892", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune response of foals to vaccination with Corynebacterium equi.", "content": "Transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from pony foals vaccinated and subsequently infected with Corynebacterium equi was studied. Three foals were vaccinated on two occasions using a formalinized C. equi vaccine with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Three nonvaccinated foals served as controls. Foals were challenged intratracheally with 9 x 10(9) C. equi six weeks after the initial vaccination. Foals survived this infection for one to two weeks. Significant lymphocyte transformation in response to C. equi antigens was detected in two vaccinated foals at the third week after initial vaccination and in all vaccinated animals at the fifth week. No statistically significant transformation was seen in nonvaccinated foals before infection. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated foals showed responsive lymphocytes following challenge. Vaccination offered no obvious protection against experimental challenge but this failure was probably due to an excessive infective dose of organisms. Low levels of humoral antibodies were detected in some challenged foals. The pathological changes in the lungs of infected animals were comparable with, but more fulminating than, changes observed in the natural disease.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune response of foals to vaccination with Corynebacterium equi. Transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from pony foals vaccinated and subsequently infected with Corynebacterium equi was studied. Three foals were vaccinated on two occasions using a formalinized C. equi vaccine with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Three nonvaccinated foals served as controls. Foals were challenged intratracheally with 9 x 10(9) C. equi six weeks after the initial vaccination. Foals survived this infection for one to two weeks. Significant lymphocyte transformation in response to C. equi antigens was detected in two vaccinated foals at the third week after initial vaccination and in all vaccinated animals at the fifth week. No statistically significant transformation was seen in nonvaccinated foals before infection. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated foals showed responsive lymphocytes following challenge. Vaccination offered no obvious protection against experimental challenge but this failure was probably due to an excessive infective dose of organisms. Low levels of humoral antibodies were detected in some challenged foals. The pathological changes in the lungs of infected animals were comparable with, but more fulminating than, changes observed in the natural disease.", "PMID": 548158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10893", "title": "The in vitro growth of erythroid colonies from dog bone marrow.", "content": "Enriched methyl cellulose media together with either human urinary erythropoietin or serum collected from phlebotomized dogs exposed to hypoxia was used in the study of the erythroid colony forming (CFU-E) capacity of dog marrow. The dog serum erythropoietin was found to be more efficient in stimulating CFU-E than comparable concentrations of human urinary erythropoietin. Numbers of CFU-E were directly related to the culture concentration of the stimulating serum and to the number of cells per plate. Sheep plasma erythropoietin was also found to be effective in stimulating CFU-E growth. The system described is chemically better defined and produced more consistent results than has been reported for the plasma clot method.", "contents": "The in vitro growth of erythroid colonies from dog bone marrow. Enriched methyl cellulose media together with either human urinary erythropoietin or serum collected from phlebotomized dogs exposed to hypoxia was used in the study of the erythroid colony forming (CFU-E) capacity of dog marrow. The dog serum erythropoietin was found to be more efficient in stimulating CFU-E than comparable concentrations of human urinary erythropoietin. Numbers of CFU-E were directly related to the culture concentration of the stimulating serum and to the number of cells per plate. Sheep plasma erythropoietin was also found to be effective in stimulating CFU-E growth. The system described is chemically better defined and produced more consistent results than has been reported for the plasma clot method.", "PMID": 548159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10894", "title": "The basophil response in blood and bone marrow of tick-infested guinea pigs.", "content": "The concentrations of basophils in blood and bone marrow were monitored in guinea pigs subjected to primary and secondary infestations with larvae of Dermacentor andersoni. In these guinea pigs a significant increase of basophils was evident in peripheral blood. The response following the secondary infestation was more rapid and more intense than that following the primary infestation. Similar changes were also shown to occur in bone marrow. The possible significance of these responses in relation to acquired tick resistance in guinea pigs is discussed.", "contents": "The basophil response in blood and bone marrow of tick-infested guinea pigs. The concentrations of basophils in blood and bone marrow were monitored in guinea pigs subjected to primary and secondary infestations with larvae of Dermacentor andersoni. In these guinea pigs a significant increase of basophils was evident in peripheral blood. The response following the secondary infestation was more rapid and more intense than that following the primary infestation. Similar changes were also shown to occur in bone marrow. The possible significance of these responses in relation to acquired tick resistance in guinea pigs is discussed.", "PMID": 548160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10895", "title": "Pharmacological study of bovine airways. Evidence for excitatory and inhibitory effects of histamine.", "content": "Bovine airway muscle contracts to carbachol greater than histamine greater than 2-methylhistamine greater than prostaglandin F2 alpha. Trachea of neonatal calves are more sensitive to histamine than those of older cattle. Partially contracted bovine airways relax to prostaglandins E1 and E2 greater than dopamine greater than phenylephrine greater than 4-methylhistamine greater than dimaprit. Histamine-induced airway constriction was incompletely blocked by mepyramine and the mepyramine-resistant component was blocked by atropine. After H1-receptor blockade, histamine-induced tracheobronchial relaxation was incompletely antagonized by metiamide and not blocked by propranolol or indomethacine, suggesting an atypical histamine receptor not associated with catecholamine or prostaglandin production.", "contents": "Pharmacological study of bovine airways. Evidence for excitatory and inhibitory effects of histamine. Bovine airway muscle contracts to carbachol greater than histamine greater than 2-methylhistamine greater than prostaglandin F2 alpha. Trachea of neonatal calves are more sensitive to histamine than those of older cattle. Partially contracted bovine airways relax to prostaglandins E1 and E2 greater than dopamine greater than phenylephrine greater than 4-methylhistamine greater than dimaprit. Histamine-induced airway constriction was incompletely blocked by mepyramine and the mepyramine-resistant component was blocked by atropine. After H1-receptor blockade, histamine-induced tracheobronchial relaxation was incompletely antagonized by metiamide and not blocked by propranolol or indomethacine, suggesting an atypical histamine receptor not associated with catecholamine or prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 548161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10896", "title": "Deficient cutaneous response to PHA-P in healthy puppies from a kennel with a high prevalence of demodicosis.", "content": "Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin was used to evaluate the integrity of cell-mediated immunological reactions in Doberman puppies thought to be predisposed to demodicosis. Results indicate a statistically significant deficiency of cutaneous delayed response in these dogs when compared with age matched Beagles, adult Dobermans or random control dogs of various ages and breeding. The high prevalence of demodicosis in the kennel of origin may have been due to the observed deficiency of cutaneous immune function.", "contents": "Deficient cutaneous response to PHA-P in healthy puppies from a kennel with a high prevalence of demodicosis. Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin was used to evaluate the integrity of cell-mediated immunological reactions in Doberman puppies thought to be predisposed to demodicosis. Results indicate a statistically significant deficiency of cutaneous delayed response in these dogs when compared with age matched Beagles, adult Dobermans or random control dogs of various ages and breeding. The high prevalence of demodicosis in the kennel of origin may have been due to the observed deficiency of cutaneous immune function.", "PMID": 548162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10897", "title": "The use of induced mammary infections for evaluating dry cow treatment products. I. Development of a method.", "content": "Experimental infections were induced by infusing one of three different numbers of colony forming units of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 305, into 74 quarters of 17 cows, at 30, 15 or five days before drying off. The remaining 26 served as controls. A total of 73% of infused quarters were infected both at drying off and calving, although some changes in status occurred during the dry period. All control quarters were negative at drying off, but two, one in each of two lactations of the same cow, became infected during the dry period. There was no change in infection status during the dry period in 86.5% and 88.5% respectively of infused and control quarters. Disregarding dose size, 18/27, 19/24 and 17/23 quarters became infected following infusion at five, ten and 30 days before drying off. Disregarding time, significantly more infections (88%) followed infusion of a 10(-4) dilution (mean count 3215 +/- 182 S.E.) than with 10(-5) and 10(-6) dilutions combined (65%). It was concluded that a dose of S. aureus, strain 305, consisting of 0.2 mL of a 10(-4) dilution in sterile milk of a six hour milk culture would provide optimum infection levels if no antibiotic treatment were given. Wether infusion took place 30, 15 or five days before drying off appeared immaterial.", "contents": "The use of induced mammary infections for evaluating dry cow treatment products. I. Development of a method. Experimental infections were induced by infusing one of three different numbers of colony forming units of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 305, into 74 quarters of 17 cows, at 30, 15 or five days before drying off. The remaining 26 served as controls. A total of 73% of infused quarters were infected both at drying off and calving, although some changes in status occurred during the dry period. All control quarters were negative at drying off, but two, one in each of two lactations of the same cow, became infected during the dry period. There was no change in infection status during the dry period in 86.5% and 88.5% respectively of infused and control quarters. Disregarding dose size, 18/27, 19/24 and 17/23 quarters became infected following infusion at five, ten and 30 days before drying off. Disregarding time, significantly more infections (88%) followed infusion of a 10(-4) dilution (mean count 3215 +/- 182 S.E.) than with 10(-5) and 10(-6) dilutions combined (65%). It was concluded that a dose of S. aureus, strain 305, consisting of 0.2 mL of a 10(-4) dilution in sterile milk of a six hour milk culture would provide optimum infection levels if no antibiotic treatment were given. Wether infusion took place 30, 15 or five days before drying off appeared immaterial.", "PMID": 548163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10898", "title": "The use of induced mammary infections for evaluating dry cow treatment products. II. Trial of a proposed method to compare three levels of novobiocin.", "content": "Infections were induced at the end of lactation in all udder quarters of 19 cows by the infusion of 0.2 mL of a 10(-4) dilution in milk of a six hour milk culture of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 305 (A.T.C.C No. 29740). Two right or two left udder quarters were infected at 15 days and the opposite two five days before the last milking of lactation. Following the last milking all four udder quarters of eight cows were treated with 400 mg novobiocin in 10 mL of 2% aluminum monosterate in peanut oil, gelled. All udder quarters of eight other cows were treated with 50 mg novobiocin in the same vehicle and the udder quarters of three cows were treated with the vehicle only. At calving, eight of 32 quarters treated with 400 mg novobiocin were still infected, as were 18 of 32 treated with 50 mg of novobiocin and all those quarters treated with vehicle only. Results were identical from udder quarters infected 15 and five days before drying off. No significant differences were found between quarters in milk yield on the last day of lactation, nor the length of the dry period. An increasing number of udder quarters were infected at calving with increase in lactation age of the cow, although the small number of cows would not allow a firm conclusion. A significant difference in results was found between front and hind udder quarters, only five of 32 front quarters were infected at calving as compared to 21 to 32 hind quarters. The method proposed was found to give essentially the same results as those from a large field trial using the same antibiotic. It should therefore be useful in evaluation trials of new antibiotic products for dry cow treatment.", "contents": "The use of induced mammary infections for evaluating dry cow treatment products. II. Trial of a proposed method to compare three levels of novobiocin. Infections were induced at the end of lactation in all udder quarters of 19 cows by the infusion of 0.2 mL of a 10(-4) dilution in milk of a six hour milk culture of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 305 (A.T.C.C No. 29740). Two right or two left udder quarters were infected at 15 days and the opposite two five days before the last milking of lactation. Following the last milking all four udder quarters of eight cows were treated with 400 mg novobiocin in 10 mL of 2% aluminum monosterate in peanut oil, gelled. All udder quarters of eight other cows were treated with 50 mg novobiocin in the same vehicle and the udder quarters of three cows were treated with the vehicle only. At calving, eight of 32 quarters treated with 400 mg novobiocin were still infected, as were 18 of 32 treated with 50 mg of novobiocin and all those quarters treated with vehicle only. Results were identical from udder quarters infected 15 and five days before drying off. No significant differences were found between quarters in milk yield on the last day of lactation, nor the length of the dry period. An increasing number of udder quarters were infected at calving with increase in lactation age of the cow, although the small number of cows would not allow a firm conclusion. A significant difference in results was found between front and hind udder quarters, only five of 32 front quarters were infected at calving as compared to 21 to 32 hind quarters. The method proposed was found to give essentially the same results as those from a large field trial using the same antibiotic. It should therefore be useful in evaluation trials of new antibiotic products for dry cow treatment.", "PMID": 548164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10899", "title": "Observations on the resumption of development of inhibited Ostertagia, Cooperia and Nematodirus infections in calves stabled overwinter.", "content": "Two groups of three month old, parasite-free calves grazed a permanently infected pasture for 14 days, Group A during the first two weeks of September and Group B during early November. Half of each group was killed 14 days after removal from the pasture and the remainder stabled overwinter before slaughter and parasitological examination. Marked inhibition of development occurred for Cooperia oncophora with a variable lower level of inhibition for Ostertagia ostertagi and practically none for Nematodirus helvetianus in those calves grazing late in the fall. Under the conditions of this study, inhibited Cooperia larvae resumed development in several calves soon after they were stabled while small numbers of Ostertagia resumed development regularly during the winter and spring with a considerable number of Ostertagia still present when the calves were slaughtered at the end of the stabling period. On the other hand, Nematodirus and practically all Cooperia worms were lost during the stabling period. In three of seven calves grazing late fall pastures, large Cooperia infections were either not established or failed to become patent.", "contents": "Observations on the resumption of development of inhibited Ostertagia, Cooperia and Nematodirus infections in calves stabled overwinter. Two groups of three month old, parasite-free calves grazed a permanently infected pasture for 14 days, Group A during the first two weeks of September and Group B during early November. Half of each group was killed 14 days after removal from the pasture and the remainder stabled overwinter before slaughter and parasitological examination. Marked inhibition of development occurred for Cooperia oncophora with a variable lower level of inhibition for Ostertagia ostertagi and practically none for Nematodirus helvetianus in those calves grazing late in the fall. Under the conditions of this study, inhibited Cooperia larvae resumed development in several calves soon after they were stabled while small numbers of Ostertagia resumed development regularly during the winter and spring with a considerable number of Ostertagia still present when the calves were slaughtered at the end of the stabling period. On the other hand, Nematodirus and practically all Cooperia worms were lost during the stabling period. In three of seven calves grazing late fall pastures, large Cooperia infections were either not established or failed to become patent.", "PMID": 548165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10900", "title": "Posology and field efficacy study with novobiocin for intramammary infusion in nonlactating dairy cows.", "content": "Four dose levels of novobiocin (50, 200, 400, 600 mg) were compared with no drug for the intramammary treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and other streptococcal infections present in the udder of dairy cows at the initiation of the dry period. Treatment success was evaluated by comparing the microbiological status of duplicate pretreatment quarter milk samples collected at drying off with the microbiological status of duplicate quarter milk samples collected four to ten days postcalving. Infection status of 1318 cows in 75 herds in five geographic locations was determined. Treatment effects on infected cows were evaluated by least squares analysis of variance with treatment, herd, lactation number, days dry and milk production at drying off considered as variables. The dose of 400 mg novobiocin per quarter was demonstrated to be significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than no drug and significantly better than (P < 0.05) or equal to the other doses for curing infections caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae and other streptococci. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the overall rate of new udder infections acquired during the dry period was observed in cows treated with >/= 200 mg novobiocin at drying off. The data supported the conclusion that the cow rather than the quarter is the appropriate experimental unit in the evaluation of intramammary mastitis treatments. Herd and lactation number were the most significant variables affecting cures.", "contents": "Posology and field efficacy study with novobiocin for intramammary infusion in nonlactating dairy cows. Four dose levels of novobiocin (50, 200, 400, 600 mg) were compared with no drug for the intramammary treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and other streptococcal infections present in the udder of dairy cows at the initiation of the dry period. Treatment success was evaluated by comparing the microbiological status of duplicate pretreatment quarter milk samples collected at drying off with the microbiological status of duplicate quarter milk samples collected four to ten days postcalving. Infection status of 1318 cows in 75 herds in five geographic locations was determined. Treatment effects on infected cows were evaluated by least squares analysis of variance with treatment, herd, lactation number, days dry and milk production at drying off considered as variables. The dose of 400 mg novobiocin per quarter was demonstrated to be significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than no drug and significantly better than (P < 0.05) or equal to the other doses for curing infections caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae and other streptococci. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the overall rate of new udder infections acquired during the dry period was observed in cows treated with >/= 200 mg novobiocin at drying off. The data supported the conclusion that the cow rather than the quarter is the appropriate experimental unit in the evaluation of intramammary mastitis treatments. Herd and lactation number were the most significant variables affecting cures.", "PMID": 548166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10901", "title": "[The infectious risk in neonatal surgery : an evaluation of frequency and consequences from a study of 300 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is an evaluation of the infectious risk related to neonatal surgery in 300 patients between 1968 and 1978, and its consequences to mortality and morbidity. Bacteriological species, circumstances, chronology of infection, related to each type of surgical pathology prove the endogenous way of contamination to be usual and predominant. When intestinal obstruction occurs, the risk of hematogenous diffusion is directly dependent from local stasis and bacterial pullulation which can be evaulated with duodenal, jejunal or fecal samples. Both mechanical factors and antibiotictherapy can induce qualitative and quantitative changes in bacterial flora of the bowel, and then increase the incidence of endogenous septicemia.", "contents": "[The infectious risk in neonatal surgery : an evaluation of frequency and consequences from a study of 300 cases (author's transl)]. This study is an evaluation of the infectious risk related to neonatal surgery in 300 patients between 1968 and 1978, and its consequences to mortality and morbidity. Bacteriological species, circumstances, chronology of infection, related to each type of surgical pathology prove the endogenous way of contamination to be usual and predominant. When intestinal obstruction occurs, the risk of hematogenous diffusion is directly dependent from local stasis and bacterial pullulation which can be evaulated with duodenal, jejunal or fecal samples. Both mechanical factors and antibiotictherapy can induce qualitative and quantitative changes in bacterial flora of the bowel, and then increase the incidence of endogenous septicemia.", "PMID": 548167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10902", "title": "[Idiopathic megaoesophagus in the child. A series of 17 cases treated surgically (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertook a retrospective study of a series of 17 cases of idiopathic megaoesophagus seen over a period of 25 years in two paediatric surgery departments. Age distribution was regularly between 20 months and 15 years. No neonatal nor familial forms were seen. Symptoms were dominated by regurgitation and dysphagia. Weight loss was an almost constant feature. Heller's operation, via an abdominal approach with retro-oesophageal valve of the tuberosity fixed to both edges of the myotomy, was the operation proposed. In one case of recurrent megaoesophagus operated upon elsewhere a Thal operation gave a good result with a follow up of 8 years. Immediate clinical and radiological results were favourable in the great majority of cases : 16 cases out of 17. Long term results (follow up of more than 5 years in 8 patients) were also favourable. However one patient was sometimes troubled by regurgitations due to persistent achalasia and a grave failure occured in a patient who five years after a Heller operation developed a peptic stenosis of the lower oesophagus. No recurrence of megaoesophagus was seen. The authors emphasise the importance of the prevention of gastro-oesophageal reflux and the value of oesophagoscopy and of manometry in cases where the result of a Heller's operation is imperfect.", "contents": "[Idiopathic megaoesophagus in the child. A series of 17 cases treated surgically (author's transl)]. The authors undertook a retrospective study of a series of 17 cases of idiopathic megaoesophagus seen over a period of 25 years in two paediatric surgery departments. Age distribution was regularly between 20 months and 15 years. No neonatal nor familial forms were seen. Symptoms were dominated by regurgitation and dysphagia. Weight loss was an almost constant feature. Heller's operation, via an abdominal approach with retro-oesophageal valve of the tuberosity fixed to both edges of the myotomy, was the operation proposed. In one case of recurrent megaoesophagus operated upon elsewhere a Thal operation gave a good result with a follow up of 8 years. Immediate clinical and radiological results were favourable in the great majority of cases : 16 cases out of 17. Long term results (follow up of more than 5 years in 8 patients) were also favourable. However one patient was sometimes troubled by regurgitations due to persistent achalasia and a grave failure occured in a patient who five years after a Heller operation developed a peptic stenosis of the lower oesophagus. No recurrence of megaoesophagus was seen. The authors emphasise the importance of the prevention of gastro-oesophageal reflux and the value of oesophagoscopy and of manometry in cases where the result of a Heller's operation is imperfect.", "PMID": 548168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10903", "title": "[Rupture of the renal artery following blunt trauma. Interest of angiography and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolated rupture and thrombosis of the renal artery is a rare form of traumatic injury : two cases are added by the authors to the seventy reports found in the English and French literature. Clinical signs calling for the diagnosis like hematuria or high blood pressure may be absent. To make an early diagnosis, every patient suffering from acute blunt trauma of the abdomen should be submitted immediately to intravenous urography. Angiography should follow immediately when no secretion is produced on one or both sides. If a lesion of the renal artery is discovered, surgical repair can be attempted when the delay does not exceed 12 to 24 hours from the time of the accident. The best technical modalities include segmental resection with thrombectomy, aortorenal by-pass or eventually renal autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Rupture of the renal artery following blunt trauma. Interest of angiography and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. Isolated rupture and thrombosis of the renal artery is a rare form of traumatic injury : two cases are added by the authors to the seventy reports found in the English and French literature. Clinical signs calling for the diagnosis like hematuria or high blood pressure may be absent. To make an early diagnosis, every patient suffering from acute blunt trauma of the abdomen should be submitted immediately to intravenous urography. Angiography should follow immediately when no secretion is produced on one or both sides. If a lesion of the renal artery is discovered, surgical repair can be attempted when the delay does not exceed 12 to 24 hours from the time of the accident. The best technical modalities include segmental resection with thrombectomy, aortorenal by-pass or eventually renal autotransplantation.", "PMID": 548169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10904", "title": "[Bilateral congenital eventration of the diaphragm with lobar giant emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors relate the difficulties in management of bilateral congenital diaphragmatic eventration in a new-born. After the surgical correction of the left diaphragmatic eventration, an opacity at the base of the right hemithorax was studied by concomittant pulmonary and hepatic scintigraphy and by pneumoperitoneum. The right diaphragmatic eventration was secondarily treated. The baby was later reoperated twice : on the left side at the age of 7 months for a partial relaps of the left eventration, then at the age of 9 months for a malformative giant lobar emphysema of the right middle lobe, requiring lobectomy.", "contents": "[Bilateral congenital eventration of the diaphragm with lobar giant emphysema (author's transl)]. The authors relate the difficulties in management of bilateral congenital diaphragmatic eventration in a new-born. After the surgical correction of the left diaphragmatic eventration, an opacity at the base of the right hemithorax was studied by concomittant pulmonary and hepatic scintigraphy and by pneumoperitoneum. The right diaphragmatic eventration was secondarily treated. The baby was later reoperated twice : on the left side at the age of 7 months for a partial relaps of the left eventration, then at the age of 9 months for a malformative giant lobar emphysema of the right middle lobe, requiring lobectomy.", "PMID": 548173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10905", "title": "[A new orthopedic apparatus for the treatment of congenital equinovarus clubfoot. The active-passive articulated splint. Critical study propos of 72 cases treated in our department].", "content": "The authors present a new equipment for orthopaedic assesment of club-foot. This \"dynamic splint\" aims to produce a self-correction of the deformity by the infant at time of each movement of his lower limb. With regard to 72 such deformities, concerning 47 children, they record the results after an average follow-up of more than 2 years. Criterions of results, clinical and chiefly radiological, more objectives, are classified into 3 parts : correction of varus of the foot, correction of adduction of the hind-foot, correction of equinus.", "contents": "[A new orthopedic apparatus for the treatment of congenital equinovarus clubfoot. The active-passive articulated splint. Critical study propos of 72 cases treated in our department]. The authors present a new equipment for orthopaedic assesment of club-foot. This \"dynamic splint\" aims to produce a self-correction of the deformity by the infant at time of each movement of his lower limb. With regard to 72 such deformities, concerning 47 children, they record the results after an average follow-up of more than 2 years. Criterions of results, clinical and chiefly radiological, more objectives, are classified into 3 parts : correction of varus of the foot, correction of adduction of the hind-foot, correction of equinus.", "PMID": 548174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10906", "title": "[The Lockhart-Mummery technique in the treatment of the total rectal prolapse among children. Concerning 25 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A variant of Lockhart-Mummery's technique is proposed. Packing retrorectal space by Spongel instead of the vaseline gauze, the post-operative care is simplified and the delay of hospitalisation really shortened. This technique has been always efficient in 25 cases.", "contents": "[The Lockhart-Mummery technique in the treatment of the total rectal prolapse among children. Concerning 25 cases (author's transl)]. A variant of Lockhart-Mummery's technique is proposed. Packing retrorectal space by Spongel instead of the vaseline gauze, the post-operative care is simplified and the delay of hospitalisation really shortened. This technique has been always efficient in 25 cases.", "PMID": 548175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10907", "title": "[Abnormal transclavicular course of a branch of the supraclavicular nerve (foramen nervi supraclavicularis) (one case) (author's transl)].", "content": "The clavicle occasionally is pierced by a branch of the supraclavicular nerve as a rare anatomical variant. The supraclavicular nerve-entrapment neuropathy has only been described once in literature before this case of painful shoulder.", "contents": "[Abnormal transclavicular course of a branch of the supraclavicular nerve (foramen nervi supraclavicularis) (one case) (author's transl)]. The clavicle occasionally is pierced by a branch of the supraclavicular nerve as a rare anatomical variant. The supraclavicular nerve-entrapment neuropathy has only been described once in literature before this case of painful shoulder.", "PMID": 548176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10908", "title": "[Bone scanning in children: technic and indications. Apropos of 50 cases].", "content": "In children, radionuclide skeletal imaging with 99m Tc M. D.P. has been performed in 50 cases. Scans are done immediately, 20 minutes and three hours after injection. Osteomyelitis has been studied in 24 cases, Legg Perthes disease and benign bone tumors in the others. The scintigraphic patterns are very sensitive but not characteristic. However this exam seems to be essential in some orthopedic disorders of children.", "contents": "[Bone scanning in children: technic and indications. Apropos of 50 cases]. In children, radionuclide skeletal imaging with 99m Tc M. D.P. has been performed in 50 cases. Scans are done immediately, 20 minutes and three hours after injection. Osteomyelitis has been studied in 24 cases, Legg Perthes disease and benign bone tumors in the others. The scintigraphic patterns are very sensitive but not characteristic. However this exam seems to be essential in some orthopedic disorders of children.", "PMID": 548177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10909", "title": "[Treatment of hyperthyroidism in childhood and adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "33 cases of hyperthyroidism have been treated at \"L'H\u00f4pital Sainte-Justine\" of Montr\u00e9al, during the period 1961-1974. Nearly all patients were submitted to medical treatment. 15 were cured with medical treatment only, and 18 had to be submitted to a subtotal thyroidectomy. These two groups are compared and show the clear advantage of surgery in the treatment of this disease. There was no major post-operative complication. Two patients became definitively hypothyroid. The mean follow-up is five years and six months.", "contents": "[Treatment of hyperthyroidism in childhood and adolescence (author's transl)]. 33 cases of hyperthyroidism have been treated at \"L'H\u00f4pital Sainte-Justine\" of Montr\u00e9al, during the period 1961-1974. Nearly all patients were submitted to medical treatment. 15 were cured with medical treatment only, and 18 had to be submitted to a subtotal thyroidectomy. These two groups are compared and show the clear advantage of surgery in the treatment of this disease. There was no major post-operative complication. Two patients became definitively hypothyroid. The mean follow-up is five years and six months.", "PMID": 548178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10910", "title": "[Chiari pelvic osteotomy in treatment of sequellae of hip osteochondritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze the results of Chiari pelvic osteotomy in treatment of sequellae of hip osteochondritis with 11 cases of children 6 to 10 years old, operated and reviewed with an average follow up of 21 months. They used the operative procedure decided by Chiari, on orthopaedic table, followed by plaster cast immobilisation for 3 weeks. The Xray results are specially analyzed as the peroperative functional troubles were absent. This procedure is mainly effective on articular congruence with gain not only in lateral but also in anterior head-coverage. The secondary modelling appears to affect either the head and the acetabulum. But the medialization remains poor, which is explained by an analyze of the lower fragment operative displacement. Actually, this operative procedure may be used in late osteochondritis with a coxa magna and specially when a coxa vara or a short neck contra-indicate a femoral osteotomy.", "contents": "[Chiari pelvic osteotomy in treatment of sequellae of hip osteochondritis (author's transl)]. The authors analyze the results of Chiari pelvic osteotomy in treatment of sequellae of hip osteochondritis with 11 cases of children 6 to 10 years old, operated and reviewed with an average follow up of 21 months. They used the operative procedure decided by Chiari, on orthopaedic table, followed by plaster cast immobilisation for 3 weeks. The Xray results are specially analyzed as the peroperative functional troubles were absent. This procedure is mainly effective on articular congruence with gain not only in lateral but also in anterior head-coverage. The secondary modelling appears to affect either the head and the acetabulum. But the medialization remains poor, which is explained by an analyze of the lower fragment operative displacement. Actually, this operative procedure may be used in late osteochondritis with a coxa magna and specially when a coxa vara or a short neck contra-indicate a femoral osteotomy.", "PMID": 548179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10911", "title": "[Partial fractures of the patella (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reviewed the blood supply of the patella necrosis and pseudarthrosis were retained after patella fracture. These complications made the authors better defining the vascular anatomy of the patella region. A poor peripheral blood supply and a special vascular pedicle to the tip are suggested as an factor of these complications.", "contents": "[Partial fractures of the patella (author's transl)]. The authors reviewed the blood supply of the patella necrosis and pseudarthrosis were retained after patella fracture. These complications made the authors better defining the vascular anatomy of the patella region. A poor peripheral blood supply and a special vascular pedicle to the tip are suggested as an factor of these complications.", "PMID": 548180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10912", "title": "[Sickle cell anemia and surgery. Personal experiences at the Owendo Pediatric Hospital].", "content": "This work is based on 21 cases. The age varies from 1 to 15 years. The clinical manifestations are dominated by osseous painful phenomena, occurring by crisis relative to ischemic processes and infarctus, lameness and seldom a pathological fracture. Radiography ranks among the important means in the balance of the evolution and spreading of the osseous lesions. We prefer the notion of osteitis, which has its own particularities and corresponds much more to the nosology than that of osteomyelitis commonly employed.", "contents": "[Sickle cell anemia and surgery. Personal experiences at the Owendo Pediatric Hospital]. This work is based on 21 cases. The age varies from 1 to 15 years. The clinical manifestations are dominated by osseous painful phenomena, occurring by crisis relative to ischemic processes and infarctus, lameness and seldom a pathological fracture. Radiography ranks among the important means in the balance of the evolution and spreading of the osseous lesions. We prefer the notion of osteitis, which has its own particularities and corresponds much more to the nosology than that of osteomyelitis commonly employed.", "PMID": 548181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10913", "title": "[Rare posterior mediastinal tumors in children (author's transl)].", "content": "When there is a posterior mediastinal mass on a chest X-RAY, a neurogenic tumor is usually evocated. However the occurrence of several other tumors is possible and they should be looked for preoperatively. The literature on the subject is very scarce. We report three cases of uncommon posterior mediastinal tumor. A bronchogenic cyst located between the trachea and the esophagus is described in a two months old girl. The diagnosis is made by tracheoscopy and esophagal contrast study. The anatomic situation explains why even a small tumor induces severe respiratory troubles and requires urgent treatment. An esophageal cyst is described in a 13 year old boy--the mediastinal mass is found incidentally on a routine chest X-RAY because of the risk of complications, the resection of this cyst is required and usually easy when they are intramural. A mediastinal pheochromocytoma is described in a five years old girl. The tumor is discovered during the investigation of a hypertensive syndrome. This location is very uncommon and may be unique or associated with more usual locations. The resection is delicate because of the situation of the tumor in the upper mediastinum. The preoperative angiogram is very helpful in deciding the operative approach.", "contents": "[Rare posterior mediastinal tumors in children (author's transl)]. When there is a posterior mediastinal mass on a chest X-RAY, a neurogenic tumor is usually evocated. However the occurrence of several other tumors is possible and they should be looked for preoperatively. The literature on the subject is very scarce. We report three cases of uncommon posterior mediastinal tumor. A bronchogenic cyst located between the trachea and the esophagus is described in a two months old girl. The diagnosis is made by tracheoscopy and esophagal contrast study. The anatomic situation explains why even a small tumor induces severe respiratory troubles and requires urgent treatment. An esophageal cyst is described in a 13 year old boy--the mediastinal mass is found incidentally on a routine chest X-RAY because of the risk of complications, the resection of this cyst is required and usually easy when they are intramural. A mediastinal pheochromocytoma is described in a five years old girl. The tumor is discovered during the investigation of a hypertensive syndrome. This location is very uncommon and may be unique or associated with more usual locations. The resection is delicate because of the situation of the tumor in the upper mediastinum. The preoperative angiogram is very helpful in deciding the operative approach.", "PMID": 548182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10914", "title": "[Recurrent fractures of both bones of the forearm in children].", "content": "Repeated fractures are not unusual in the course of forearm fractures in children. 49 cases were reviewed in this work. Some of them result from insufficient duration of the plaster. Other fractures are due to the weakness of the forearm bones after the fractures especially when there is a residual malalignment. The findings of this work emphasize the importance of the reduction even when the displacement is moderate. Open reduction and internal fixation is reserved in only rare cases.", "contents": "[Recurrent fractures of both bones of the forearm in children]. Repeated fractures are not unusual in the course of forearm fractures in children. 49 cases were reviewed in this work. Some of them result from insufficient duration of the plaster. Other fractures are due to the weakness of the forearm bones after the fractures especially when there is a residual malalignment. The findings of this work emphasize the importance of the reduction even when the displacement is moderate. Open reduction and internal fixation is reserved in only rare cases.", "PMID": 548183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10915", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension in infancy treated by aortorenal by-pass (author's transl)].", "content": "The writers record a severe case of renovascular hypertension resulting from fibromuscular dysplasia which appeared in the only main left renal artery. The first clinical symptoms were noticed at five months. The failure of medical treatment led to exploratory surgery at seven months with renal revascularisation by an aortorenal by-pass using a hypogastric arterial autograft. The writers stress the scarcity of hypertension symptoms among infants of less than one year and conclude the impossibility of prognosis in spite of an apparent cure after six months.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension in infancy treated by aortorenal by-pass (author's transl)]. The writers record a severe case of renovascular hypertension resulting from fibromuscular dysplasia which appeared in the only main left renal artery. The first clinical symptoms were noticed at five months. The failure of medical treatment led to exploratory surgery at seven months with renal revascularisation by an aortorenal by-pass using a hypogastric arterial autograft. The writers stress the scarcity of hypertension symptoms among infants of less than one year and conclude the impossibility of prognosis in spite of an apparent cure after six months.", "PMID": 548184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10916", "title": "[Esophago-tracheal fistula and ano-cutaneous fistula in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Esophago-tracheal fistulas are rare malformations in which the frequency of associated defects is not yet well known. This is the reason for the description of a case of oesophago-tracheal fistula and ano-cutaneous fistula in a female newborn. Special attention is also paid to the problem of diagnostic difficulties, which were here resolved by oesophagoscopy accompanied by positive pressure ventilation through a tracheal tube.", "contents": "[Esophago-tracheal fistula and ano-cutaneous fistula in a newborn (author's transl)]. Esophago-tracheal fistulas are rare malformations in which the frequency of associated defects is not yet well known. This is the reason for the description of a case of oesophago-tracheal fistula and ano-cutaneous fistula in a female newborn. Special attention is also paid to the problem of diagnostic difficulties, which were here resolved by oesophagoscopy accompanied by positive pressure ventilation through a tracheal tube.", "PMID": 548185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10917", "title": "[Multiple extremities gangrene as complications of meningococcemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Five limb extremities gangrene are reported in 54 meningococcemia. Prognosis depends first on early medical treatment. Extremities ischemia require large early aponeurotomy for limb preservation.", "contents": "[Multiple extremities gangrene as complications of meningococcemia (author's transl)]. Five limb extremities gangrene are reported in 54 meningococcemia. Prognosis depends first on early medical treatment. Extremities ischemia require large early aponeurotomy for limb preservation.", "PMID": 548187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10918", "title": "[An exceptional location of oxyurids. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors present an unusual site of localization of the oxyurid in the spermatic vessels.", "contents": "[An exceptional location of oxyurids. Apropos of a case]. The authors present an unusual site of localization of the oxyurid in the spermatic vessels.", "PMID": 548188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10919", "title": "[Rare case of intestinal malrotation: duodenal-jejunal stenosis caused by ileal hyperrotation (180 degrees) in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of intestinal malrotation characterized by a hyperotation of ileal loops (180 degrees) causing a stenosis of the duodenal-jejunal junction. Some ileal loops were situated, through a defect of the ascendent mesocolon, behind the ascendent colon. The difference between the ileal volvulus and this malformation is: 1. There was no vascular sufference of hyperrotated ileum. 2. The ileal loops were fixed in that hyperrotated position. 3. Some loops were located behind the colon ascendent. 4. After the derotation of ileal loops the stenosis at the duodenal-jejunal level persisted and we proceded to surgery of the stenotic point.", "contents": "[Rare case of intestinal malrotation: duodenal-jejunal stenosis caused by ileal hyperrotation (180 degrees) in a newborn (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of intestinal malrotation characterized by a hyperotation of ileal loops (180 degrees) causing a stenosis of the duodenal-jejunal junction. Some ileal loops were situated, through a defect of the ascendent mesocolon, behind the ascendent colon. The difference between the ileal volvulus and this malformation is: 1. There was no vascular sufference of hyperrotated ileum. 2. The ileal loops were fixed in that hyperrotated position. 3. Some loops were located behind the colon ascendent. 4. After the derotation of ileal loops the stenosis at the duodenal-jejunal level persisted and we proceded to surgery of the stenotic point.", "PMID": 548189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10920", "title": "Hemispheric differentiation and category width.", "content": "This study concerns the relationship between a cognitive style dimension, category width, and hemispheric differentiation. When lists of word pairs were presented simultaneously in a dichotic listening task to broad and narrow categorisers (all female, right-handed), both groups of subjects recalled more words presented to the right ear than those presented to the left ear; indicating left hemisphere's superiority in verbal processing. Both broad and narrow categorisers recalled a similar number of words in the right ear (left hemisphere), but the former recalled significantly more words in the left ear than did the latter. This finding is interpreted as meaning that narrow categorisers rely predominantly on the left hemisphere in verbal processing, and that in comparison with narrow categories, there is greater right hemispheric involvement in processing in the case of broad categorisers. The implication of this finding in terms of the differential processing strategies adopted by the two groups of individuals is discussed.", "contents": "Hemispheric differentiation and category width. This study concerns the relationship between a cognitive style dimension, category width, and hemispheric differentiation. When lists of word pairs were presented simultaneously in a dichotic listening task to broad and narrow categorisers (all female, right-handed), both groups of subjects recalled more words presented to the right ear than those presented to the left ear; indicating left hemisphere's superiority in verbal processing. Both broad and narrow categorisers recalled a similar number of words in the right ear (left hemisphere), but the former recalled significantly more words in the left ear than did the latter. This finding is interpreted as meaning that narrow categorisers rely predominantly on the left hemisphere in verbal processing, and that in comparison with narrow categories, there is greater right hemispheric involvement in processing in the case of broad categorisers. The implication of this finding in terms of the differential processing strategies adopted by the two groups of individuals is discussed.", "PMID": 548217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10921", "title": "Lateralization effects in response to words and non-words.", "content": "Subjects were timed as they judged whether items presented to them were words or not. In one experiment responses to nouns and verbs were compared, in a second experiment ones to concrete and abstract nouns were compared. In both experiments responses to pronounceable and non-pronounceable non-words were also compared. By and large, no significant main lateralization effects nor interactions with word type were found.", "contents": "Lateralization effects in response to words and non-words. Subjects were timed as they judged whether items presented to them were words or not. In one experiment responses to nouns and verbs were compared, in a second experiment ones to concrete and abstract nouns were compared. In both experiments responses to pronounceable and non-pronounceable non-words were also compared. By and large, no significant main lateralization effects nor interactions with word type were found.", "PMID": 548218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10922", "title": "Sex and visual field effects on accuracy and decision making when subjects classify male and female faces.", "content": "Male and female subjects classified tachistoscopically presented slide photographs of faces as male or female. In Experiments I and II presentation was at random to the right or left visual hemifield. Two different signal detection procedures demonstrated that accuracy for both visual fields is equivalent in females and that males show a marked right-field advantage. A third experiment showed that this field advantage is preserved for males when presentation right or left is by blocks of trials suggesting that the left hemisphere is specialized for classification tasks. Results also showed that optimization in signal detection tasks may be lateralized for both males and females though males optimize more poorly than females in the left visual field. The data are taken to demonstrate equipotentiality of hemispheric functioning in females and stronger hemispheric lateralization in males.", "contents": "Sex and visual field effects on accuracy and decision making when subjects classify male and female faces. Male and female subjects classified tachistoscopically presented slide photographs of faces as male or female. In Experiments I and II presentation was at random to the right or left visual hemifield. Two different signal detection procedures demonstrated that accuracy for both visual fields is equivalent in females and that males show a marked right-field advantage. A third experiment showed that this field advantage is preserved for males when presentation right or left is by blocks of trials suggesting that the left hemisphere is specialized for classification tasks. Results also showed that optimization in signal detection tasks may be lateralized for both males and females though males optimize more poorly than females in the left visual field. The data are taken to demonstrate equipotentiality of hemispheric functioning in females and stronger hemispheric lateralization in males.", "PMID": 548219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10923", "title": "Muscular or directional preferences in finger movement as a function of handedness.", "content": "Right handed, left handed, and \"ambiguous\" male and female subjects performed circular index finger movements. Analysis of preferred direction of movements showed that strong right handers tend to move both left and right index fingers in the same direction, and familial left handers tend to move them in opposite directions. Since right handers tend to possess a strongly dominant left hemisphere, while familial left handers exhibit a high degree of cerebral lateral equipotentiality, the result indicates that interhemispheric interference in a motor skill consists of activation of inappropriate muscles of the non-preferred hand by the dominant ipsilateral hemisphere as its attempts to force that hand to conform to the direction of movement preferred by the dominant hand.", "contents": "Muscular or directional preferences in finger movement as a function of handedness. Right handed, left handed, and \"ambiguous\" male and female subjects performed circular index finger movements. Analysis of preferred direction of movements showed that strong right handers tend to move both left and right index fingers in the same direction, and familial left handers tend to move them in opposite directions. Since right handers tend to possess a strongly dominant left hemisphere, while familial left handers exhibit a high degree of cerebral lateral equipotentiality, the result indicates that interhemispheric interference in a motor skill consists of activation of inappropriate muscles of the non-preferred hand by the dominant ipsilateral hemisphere as its attempts to force that hand to conform to the direction of movement preferred by the dominant hand.", "PMID": 548220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10924", "title": "Left-handers' smiles: asymmetries in the projection of a posed expression.", "content": "Asymmetries in the expression of a posed smile and in a relaxed facial expression were observed in 24 left-handers. Neither writing position nor familial sinistrality predicted the variance of the results. Left-handers were found to smile more with their left than right side of face; an asymmetry which had previously been observed in right-handers. If anything, left-handers' smiles were more asymmetric, though in the same direction, than right-handers. When relaxed, however, the left-handers' face was judged more unhappy on its right than left side--a reversal of the direction of asymmetry previously noted in right-handers' relaxed expressions. No single neurological or psychological theory accounts for these results; it is suggested that hand preference may exert a myotonic effect which is reflected in judgements of relaxed facial expressions.", "contents": "Left-handers' smiles: asymmetries in the projection of a posed expression. Asymmetries in the expression of a posed smile and in a relaxed facial expression were observed in 24 left-handers. Neither writing position nor familial sinistrality predicted the variance of the results. Left-handers were found to smile more with their left than right side of face; an asymmetry which had previously been observed in right-handers. If anything, left-handers' smiles were more asymmetric, though in the same direction, than right-handers. When relaxed, however, the left-handers' face was judged more unhappy on its right than left side--a reversal of the direction of asymmetry previously noted in right-handers' relaxed expressions. No single neurological or psychological theory accounts for these results; it is suggested that hand preference may exert a myotonic effect which is reflected in judgements of relaxed facial expressions.", "PMID": 548221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10925", "title": "Laterality and reading attainment.", "content": "This investigation was concerned with measures of laterality and their usefulness as predictors of reading attainment. Previous research has suggested that retarded reading is the result of abnormal development of cerebral dominance, and that this may be indicated by left-handedness or by inconsistencies in lateral preference. A group of schoolboys carried out tests of lateral preference, reading, spelling, and experimental tasks involving dichotic listening and tachistoscopic recognition. There was no evidence that left-handedness, right cerebral dominance, or inconsistencies in laterality were correlated with reading retardation.", "contents": "Laterality and reading attainment. This investigation was concerned with measures of laterality and their usefulness as predictors of reading attainment. Previous research has suggested that retarded reading is the result of abnormal development of cerebral dominance, and that this may be indicated by left-handedness or by inconsistencies in lateral preference. A group of schoolboys carried out tests of lateral preference, reading, spelling, and experimental tasks involving dichotic listening and tachistoscopic recognition. There was no evidence that left-handedness, right cerebral dominance, or inconsistencies in laterality were correlated with reading retardation.", "PMID": 548222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10926", "title": "Evidence for a right hemisphere superiority and for a serial search strategy in a dot detection task.", "content": "In Experiment I the subjects manually signaled whether a solid dot was present or not in an array of empty dots presented either in the right or in the left visual field. The dots were either three or six and the target could appear in any of the possible locations. The results showed (a) a left visual field superiority; (b) a left hand superiority; (c) faster responses to three-dot than to six-dot displays, and (d) an effect of the location of the target in the display. Experiment II exactly replicated the previous experiment with the exception that the stimuli were centrally projected. The results showed: (a) a left hand superiority; (b) an effect of the number of dots in the display. These results can be interpreted to indicate: (a) a right hemisphere specialization in a simple feature detection task without any spatial component; (b) the compatibility of a right-hemisphere advantage with a serial search strategy.", "contents": "Evidence for a right hemisphere superiority and for a serial search strategy in a dot detection task. In Experiment I the subjects manually signaled whether a solid dot was present or not in an array of empty dots presented either in the right or in the left visual field. The dots were either three or six and the target could appear in any of the possible locations. The results showed (a) a left visual field superiority; (b) a left hand superiority; (c) faster responses to three-dot than to six-dot displays, and (d) an effect of the location of the target in the display. Experiment II exactly replicated the previous experiment with the exception that the stimuli were centrally projected. The results showed: (a) a left hand superiority; (b) an effect of the number of dots in the display. These results can be interpreted to indicate: (a) a right hemisphere specialization in a simple feature detection task without any spatial component; (b) the compatibility of a right-hemisphere advantage with a serial search strategy.", "PMID": 548223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10927", "title": "Television questionnaire techniques in assessing forgetting in long-term memory.", "content": "Two experiments were designed to test methodological assumptions basic to the television questionnaire technique in order to analyze its appropriateness in assessing forgetting in long-term memory. After controlling for confounding variables in the technique as it is presently used, a non-linear function of time period of television program on recognition response to that program's title was found. Reported television viewing habits had a significant effect on recognition score. The relevance of these findings in regard to the quantitative study of retrograde amnesia is discussed.", "contents": "Television questionnaire techniques in assessing forgetting in long-term memory. Two experiments were designed to test methodological assumptions basic to the television questionnaire technique in order to analyze its appropriateness in assessing forgetting in long-term memory. After controlling for confounding variables in the technique as it is presently used, a non-linear function of time period of television program on recognition response to that program's title was found. Reported television viewing habits had a significant effect on recognition score. The relevance of these findings in regard to the quantitative study of retrograde amnesia is discussed.", "PMID": 548224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10928", "title": "Hemispheric specialization in children as reflected in the longitudinal development of ear asymmetry.", "content": "The longitudinal development of ear asymmetry has been investigated in two samples of kindergarten and primary school children over an age range of six years. Ear preference in a dichotic digit test, administered four times, did not appear to be affected by age and sex: right ear advantage was predominant at all times. Individual comparison showed the development of ear advantage to depend on initial preference. Initially left eared subjects when changing ear advantage do so from left to right at early and from right to left at later school ages. The left-right shift may be due to the school teaching of linguistic skills which could selectively activate the left cerebral hemisphere. This explanation is supported by the finding that initially right eared subjects tended to conserve that preference at early school ages. Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Mr. P. Borgman and his staff of the Johannesschool in Amsterdam as well as their pupils who did not protest despite being examined year after year. The cooperation of the Free University Audio-Visual Center (Mr. Fred Van Hilst) is kindly acknowledged. Finally we would like to thank Dr. Paul Harris who was willing to read the English text critically and all others who assisted in the completion of this research.", "contents": "Hemispheric specialization in children as reflected in the longitudinal development of ear asymmetry. The longitudinal development of ear asymmetry has been investigated in two samples of kindergarten and primary school children over an age range of six years. Ear preference in a dichotic digit test, administered four times, did not appear to be affected by age and sex: right ear advantage was predominant at all times. Individual comparison showed the development of ear advantage to depend on initial preference. Initially left eared subjects when changing ear advantage do so from left to right at early and from right to left at later school ages. The left-right shift may be due to the school teaching of linguistic skills which could selectively activate the left cerebral hemisphere. This explanation is supported by the finding that initially right eared subjects tended to conserve that preference at early school ages. Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Mr. P. Borgman and his staff of the Johannesschool in Amsterdam as well as their pupils who did not protest despite being examined year after year. The cooperation of the Free University Audio-Visual Center (Mr. Fred Van Hilst) is kindly acknowledged. Finally we would like to thank Dr. Paul Harris who was willing to read the English text critically and all others who assisted in the completion of this research.", "PMID": 548225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10929", "title": "Orthoptic status and reading disability.", "content": "147 unselected 8-year-olds were given tests of intelligence, reading ability and orthoptic status, including the reference eye test described by Dunlop, Dunlop and Fenelon (1973). We failed to replicate their findings of a raised incidence of convergence deficiency, defective stereopsis and esophoria in children with specific reading disability. Furthermore, in contrast to their results, we found that crossed reference (i.e. reference eye on opposite side to preferred hand) was common in this sample and not associated with reading problems.", "contents": "Orthoptic status and reading disability. 147 unselected 8-year-olds were given tests of intelligence, reading ability and orthoptic status, including the reference eye test described by Dunlop, Dunlop and Fenelon (1973). We failed to replicate their findings of a raised incidence of convergence deficiency, defective stereopsis and esophoria in children with specific reading disability. Furthermore, in contrast to their results, we found that crossed reference (i.e. reference eye on opposite side to preferred hand) was common in this sample and not associated with reading problems.", "PMID": 548227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10930", "title": "The effects of musical training and cerebral asymmetries on perception of an auditory illusion.", "content": "Twenty-seven right- and fourteen left-handed subjects with varying amounts of musical training listened to dichotic octave patterns. Each pattern consisted of twenty 250-msec. tones which oscillated from 400 to 800 Hz. Patterns were combined in such a way that while one ear received a 400 Hz tone, an 800 Hz tone was simultaneously present in the opposite ear. Reported perception of these patterns was significantly related to the handedness of the subjects. In addition, responses of subjects with musical training differed significantly from those of untrained subjects. An hypothesis is suggested that musical training serves to establish a sharper psychophysical criterion for judging unfamiliar sounds. Further research should be directed toward understanding the relationship between the octave illusion and cerebral dominance.", "contents": "The effects of musical training and cerebral asymmetries on perception of an auditory illusion. Twenty-seven right- and fourteen left-handed subjects with varying amounts of musical training listened to dichotic octave patterns. Each pattern consisted of twenty 250-msec. tones which oscillated from 400 to 800 Hz. Patterns were combined in such a way that while one ear received a 400 Hz tone, an 800 Hz tone was simultaneously present in the opposite ear. Reported perception of these patterns was significantly related to the handedness of the subjects. In addition, responses of subjects with musical training differed significantly from those of untrained subjects. An hypothesis is suggested that musical training serves to establish a sharper psychophysical criterion for judging unfamiliar sounds. Further research should be directed toward understanding the relationship between the octave illusion and cerebral dominance.", "PMID": 548229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10931", "title": "Normative data on hand position during writing.", "content": "It has been suggested that inverted versus upright handwriting position is an indicator of cerebral lateralization and the pattern of neuromotor control. Normative data on the prevalence of these handwriting positions was collected from 1758 subjects ranging in age from 10 to 75 years. Both age and sex differences in the prevalence of inverted handwriting positions were found.", "contents": "Normative data on hand position during writing. It has been suggested that inverted versus upright handwriting position is an indicator of cerebral lateralization and the pattern of neuromotor control. Normative data on the prevalence of these handwriting positions was collected from 1758 subjects ranging in age from 10 to 75 years. Both age and sex differences in the prevalence of inverted handwriting positions were found.", "PMID": 548230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10932", "title": "An evaluation of the Briggs-Nebes modified version of Annett's handedness inventory.", "content": "The Briggs-Nebes (1975) modified version of Annett's (1967) handedness inventory was administered to 59 female and 51 male undergraduates and 101 nursing students. J-shaped distributions of scores in the dextral direction and significant sex differences such that males were more sinistral than females were found. The inventory was found to be multi-dimensional with up to three factors, power, skill, and rhythm in order of importance. The utility of the modified inventory was supported and recommendations were made concerning the use of subscale or factor scores in addition to overall scores.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Briggs-Nebes modified version of Annett's handedness inventory. The Briggs-Nebes (1975) modified version of Annett's (1967) handedness inventory was administered to 59 female and 51 male undergraduates and 101 nursing students. J-shaped distributions of scores in the dextral direction and significant sex differences such that males were more sinistral than females were found. The inventory was found to be multi-dimensional with up to three factors, power, skill, and rhythm in order of importance. The utility of the modified inventory was supported and recommendations were made concerning the use of subscale or factor scores in addition to overall scores.", "PMID": 548231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10933", "title": "A dichotic index of laterality that scores linguistic errors.", "content": "The measure of cerebral laterality most commonly used in dichotic listening to detect ear advantages does not take errors into consideration. Experimental data were used to compare the laterality coefficient measure commonly used with a new method which scores error responses using linguistic rules. This new method produced significant results when applied to data for which the traditional measure found no significant effects. This suggests that on dichotic tasks where only one response is required, the traditional method of computing ear asymmetry by excluding errors may overlook a significant amount of information in these responses, information which is recoverable with the linguistically based scoring system.", "contents": "A dichotic index of laterality that scores linguistic errors. The measure of cerebral laterality most commonly used in dichotic listening to detect ear advantages does not take errors into consideration. Experimental data were used to compare the laterality coefficient measure commonly used with a new method which scores error responses using linguistic rules. This new method produced significant results when applied to data for which the traditional measure found no significant effects. This suggests that on dichotic tasks where only one response is required, the traditional method of computing ear asymmetry by excluding errors may overlook a significant amount of information in these responses, information which is recoverable with the linguistically based scoring system.", "PMID": 548232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10934", "title": "The radiologist and informed consent: a review, comments and proposals.", "content": "In summary, the physician's duty to inform has been described and discussed. The minority and majority rule have also been defined and analyzed along with the major causes of physician failure and resistance to disclose risks. In a proper physician-patient relationship, informed consent controversy should be rare. A calm, clear, direct and properly documented disclosure of risks of a procedure is the best defense in any jurisdiction.", "contents": "The radiologist and informed consent: a review, comments and proposals. In summary, the physician's duty to inform has been described and discussed. The minority and majority rule have also been defined and analyzed along with the major causes of physician failure and resistance to disclose risks. In a proper physician-patient relationship, informed consent controversy should be rare. A calm, clear, direct and properly documented disclosure of risks of a procedure is the best defense in any jurisdiction.", "PMID": 548233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10935", "title": "[Blood flow disorders of the colon and rectum and their therapy].", "content": "Ischemic colitis or proctitis shows three evolutionary stages. a. complete recovery, b. fibrous stenosis, and c. acute ischemia leading to gangrene. The two first stages result more frequently from hemodynamic disorders than from vascular occlusions because, in the presence of the latter, collateral circulation develops. In addition, the colonic ischemia occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora which may be highly pathogenic.", "contents": "[Blood flow disorders of the colon and rectum and their therapy]. Ischemic colitis or proctitis shows three evolutionary stages. a. complete recovery, b. fibrous stenosis, and c. acute ischemia leading to gangrene. The two first stages result more frequently from hemodynamic disorders than from vascular occlusions because, in the presence of the latter, collateral circulation develops. In addition, the colonic ischemia occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora which may be highly pathogenic.", "PMID": 548243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10936", "title": "[Injury to pelvic vessels in total hip replacement surgery].", "content": "Massive bleeding of the pelvic vessels during an alloarthroplastic operation on the hip joint should be suspected in cases of abnormal anatomic conditions. Therefore, the operative procedure should be meticulously planned including extensive X-ray investigations such as angiography and computer-tomography. Surgical preparation and procedures in case of vascular complications are described. Hints on operative techniques are given to prevent vascular complications during and after surgical intervention of the hip joint.", "contents": "[Injury to pelvic vessels in total hip replacement surgery]. Massive bleeding of the pelvic vessels during an alloarthroplastic operation on the hip joint should be suspected in cases of abnormal anatomic conditions. Therefore, the operative procedure should be meticulously planned including extensive X-ray investigations such as angiography and computer-tomography. Surgical preparation and procedures in case of vascular complications are described. Hints on operative techniques are given to prevent vascular complications during and after surgical intervention of the hip joint.", "PMID": 548244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10937", "title": "Phenol derivatives are immunodepressive in mice.", "content": "Mice exposed to a compound containing three phenol derivatives by being housed in cages washed with dilute solutions of the compound, developed considerable depression of the ability to generate plaque forming cells (PFC) in response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in vitro after a four week exposure. The depression became more severe with continued exposure up to fourteen weeks. Administration of orthophenylphenol (OPP), the most abundant derivative in the mixture, resulted in a similar immunodepression at 10 ppm and a slight depression at 1 ppm. Numbers of FcR+ lymphocytes and of macrophages did not appear to be affected by this treatment. The response to a T-dependent and a T-independent antigen were affected similarly, although the latter was depressed less markedly than the former. While these data are only preliminary, they suggest that studies should be performed in detail to elucidate the immunodepressive effects of compounds which are in wide use as household and institutional disinfectants.", "contents": "Phenol derivatives are immunodepressive in mice. Mice exposed to a compound containing three phenol derivatives by being housed in cages washed with dilute solutions of the compound, developed considerable depression of the ability to generate plaque forming cells (PFC) in response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in vitro after a four week exposure. The depression became more severe with continued exposure up to fourteen weeks. Administration of orthophenylphenol (OPP), the most abundant derivative in the mixture, resulted in a similar immunodepression at 10 ppm and a slight depression at 1 ppm. Numbers of FcR+ lymphocytes and of macrophages did not appear to be affected by this treatment. The response to a T-dependent and a T-independent antigen were affected similarly, although the latter was depressed less markedly than the former. While these data are only preliminary, they suggest that studies should be performed in detail to elucidate the immunodepressive effects of compounds which are in wide use as household and institutional disinfectants.", "PMID": 548252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10938", "title": "Tricyclics modulate frequency of mood cycles.", "content": "In 5 female manic-depressive patients studied longitudinally, mood cycle frequency was markedly accelerated from 1 cycle/2-8 months to 1 cycle/1-6 weeks by tricyclic antidepressant drugs. In a sixth patient a similar effect was observed with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (another major type of antidepressant medication). Affective disorders are inherently cyclic. In the group of patients reported here the action of 'antidepressant' drugs can be more broadly conceived as accelerating the entire cyclic illness process rather than counter-acting only one of its phases. The effect of these drugs on the spontaneous frequencies of other rhythmic biological processes should be explored.", "contents": "Tricyclics modulate frequency of mood cycles. In 5 female manic-depressive patients studied longitudinally, mood cycle frequency was markedly accelerated from 1 cycle/2-8 months to 1 cycle/1-6 weeks by tricyclic antidepressant drugs. In a sixth patient a similar effect was observed with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (another major type of antidepressant medication). Affective disorders are inherently cyclic. In the group of patients reported here the action of 'antidepressant' drugs can be more broadly conceived as accelerating the entire cyclic illness process rather than counter-acting only one of its phases. The effect of these drugs on the spontaneous frequencies of other rhythmic biological processes should be explored.", "PMID": 548247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10939", "title": "An in vivo model for assessing effects of drugs and toxicants on immunocompetence.", "content": "An in vivo assessment of the capacity of exposed animals to respond to antigenic challenge is recommended as the first screening phase for detecting potential immunotoxicants, with subsequent in vitro functional tests utilized to pinpoint the site of induced cellular alteration. Risk assessment of a candidate toxicant is based on a comparison of immune profiles of exposed animals with those of animals treated with prototype immunotoxicants. Extrapolation to man is facilitated by the use of licensed vaccines for antigenic challenge and the selection of clinically useful pharmaceutical drugs as prototype immunotoxicants. Three chemically induced alterations in immune responses are presented: 1) Immunosuppression characterized by impaired capacity to produce IgG and IgM classes of antibody on stimulation, 2) chronic high levels of IgE antibody in response to commonly encountered antigens, 3) modification of the capacity to mount an inflammatory response to antigenic material.", "contents": "An in vivo model for assessing effects of drugs and toxicants on immunocompetence. An in vivo assessment of the capacity of exposed animals to respond to antigenic challenge is recommended as the first screening phase for detecting potential immunotoxicants, with subsequent in vitro functional tests utilized to pinpoint the site of induced cellular alteration. Risk assessment of a candidate toxicant is based on a comparison of immune profiles of exposed animals with those of animals treated with prototype immunotoxicants. Extrapolation to man is facilitated by the use of licensed vaccines for antigenic challenge and the selection of clinically useful pharmaceutical drugs as prototype immunotoxicants. Three chemically induced alterations in immune responses are presented: 1) Immunosuppression characterized by impaired capacity to produce IgG and IgM classes of antibody on stimulation, 2) chronic high levels of IgE antibody in response to commonly encountered antigens, 3) modification of the capacity to mount an inflammatory response to antigenic material.", "PMID": 548253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10940", "title": "Strain-difference in circadian murine chronotolerance to the antidepressant drug nomifensine.", "content": "The anti-depressant drug nomifensine (8-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline) was administered at several dose levels to mice of 2 inbred strains at one of 6 circadian times 4h apart under conditions standardized for light-dark synchronized rhythmometry. A circadian rhythm in tolerance to nomifensine reflected by differences in mortality was demonstrated for both C57 and DBA mice. An interstrain difference in tolerance was also observed.", "contents": "Strain-difference in circadian murine chronotolerance to the antidepressant drug nomifensine. The anti-depressant drug nomifensine (8-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline) was administered at several dose levels to mice of 2 inbred strains at one of 6 circadian times 4h apart under conditions standardized for light-dark synchronized rhythmometry. A circadian rhythm in tolerance to nomifensine reflected by differences in mortality was demonstrated for both C57 and DBA mice. An interstrain difference in tolerance was also observed.", "PMID": 548248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10941", "title": "Methods to evaluate the effects of toxic materials deposited in the lung on immunity in lung-associated lymph nodes.", "content": "Intratracheal instillation of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) induced a primary immune response in lung-associated lymph nodes of Chinese hamsters and Fischer-344 rats. Few or no anti-SRBC antibody forming cells (AFC) were found in the spleen or cervical lymph nodes after intratracheal immunization. The number of AFC was significantly suppressed in the lung-associated lymph nodes from hamsters exposed by inhalation of 239PuO2 and in rats exposed by intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Although the immunologic function of the lung-associated lymph nodes was suppressed by 239PuO2 and BaP exposure, there was no observable increase in the number of AFC in distant lymphoid tissues. These data indicate that damage to lung cells and/or cells in lung-associated lymph nodes can suppress immunity induced by deposition of antigen in the lung. Even though lung-associated lymph nodes in exposed animals contained lower numbers of AFC, antigen instilled into the lungs of exposed animals did not significatnly translocate to distant lymphoid tissues. This indicates that the antigen filtering capacity of the lung-associated lymph nodes was not altered.", "contents": "Methods to evaluate the effects of toxic materials deposited in the lung on immunity in lung-associated lymph nodes. Intratracheal instillation of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) induced a primary immune response in lung-associated lymph nodes of Chinese hamsters and Fischer-344 rats. Few or no anti-SRBC antibody forming cells (AFC) were found in the spleen or cervical lymph nodes after intratracheal immunization. The number of AFC was significantly suppressed in the lung-associated lymph nodes from hamsters exposed by inhalation of 239PuO2 and in rats exposed by intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Although the immunologic function of the lung-associated lymph nodes was suppressed by 239PuO2 and BaP exposure, there was no observable increase in the number of AFC in distant lymphoid tissues. These data indicate that damage to lung cells and/or cells in lung-associated lymph nodes can suppress immunity induced by deposition of antigen in the lung. Even though lung-associated lymph nodes in exposed animals contained lower numbers of AFC, antigen instilled into the lungs of exposed animals did not significatnly translocate to distant lymphoid tissues. This indicates that the antigen filtering capacity of the lung-associated lymph nodes was not altered.", "PMID": 548254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10942", "title": "Nomifensine chronopharmacology, schedule-shifts and circadian temperature rhythms in di-suprachiasmatically lesioned rats--modeling emotional chronopathology and chronotherapy.", "content": "Some emotional disorders are associated with alterations of biological rhythm characteristics ('echronism'). Chronotherapy aims empirically to 1. optimize the kind and timing of conventional psychopharmacologic treatment and, need be, to use such old or new molecules in the rational endeavor to 2. correct (disease-determining) rhythm alteration directly. With respect to the first aim, a reduction by timing of undesired pharmacodynamic effects, as well as an amplification of empirically desired ones, can be dramatically illustrated by circadian rhythms in tolerance to many drugs affecting the central nervous system of rodents. A more rational approach is aimed at correcting ecchronism. The new antidepressant drug, nomifensine, achieves this task in rats with bilateral suprachiasmatic lesions, exhibiting in the telemetered core temperature an echronism of varying degrees. In this model system for the chronobiotic treatment of ecchronism, the properly timed administration of nomifensine speeds the adjustment of bilaterally (suprachiasmatically) lesioned rats to a shift in the synchronizing light-dark schedule. With methodologic provisions, notably for treatment timed by pertinent marker rhythms, nomifensine deserves clinical tests in psychochronotherapy.", "contents": "Nomifensine chronopharmacology, schedule-shifts and circadian temperature rhythms in di-suprachiasmatically lesioned rats--modeling emotional chronopathology and chronotherapy. Some emotional disorders are associated with alterations of biological rhythm characteristics ('echronism'). Chronotherapy aims empirically to 1. optimize the kind and timing of conventional psychopharmacologic treatment and, need be, to use such old or new molecules in the rational endeavor to 2. correct (disease-determining) rhythm alteration directly. With respect to the first aim, a reduction by timing of undesired pharmacodynamic effects, as well as an amplification of empirically desired ones, can be dramatically illustrated by circadian rhythms in tolerance to many drugs affecting the central nervous system of rodents. A more rational approach is aimed at correcting ecchronism. The new antidepressant drug, nomifensine, achieves this task in rats with bilateral suprachiasmatic lesions, exhibiting in the telemetered core temperature an echronism of varying degrees. In this model system for the chronobiotic treatment of ecchronism, the properly timed administration of nomifensine speeds the adjustment of bilaterally (suprachiasmatically) lesioned rats to a shift in the synchronizing light-dark schedule. With methodologic provisions, notably for treatment timed by pertinent marker rhythms, nomifensine deserves clinical tests in psychochronotherapy.", "PMID": 548249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10943", "title": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on the immune system in guinea pigs.", "content": "The effects of TCDF exposure on the immune system were investigated in Hartley guinea pigs. TCDF was administered by gavage at doses of 0.05, 0.17, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram/kg body weight once weekly for six weeks. Thymus/body weight ratios were suppressed in the higher dosage groups. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDF modestly suppressed cell-mediated immune function and had slight effects on humoral-mediated functions. TCDF immunosuppression appears similar to that induced following exposure to TCDD.", "contents": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on the immune system in guinea pigs. The effects of TCDF exposure on the immune system were investigated in Hartley guinea pigs. TCDF was administered by gavage at doses of 0.05, 0.17, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram/kg body weight once weekly for six weeks. Thymus/body weight ratios were suppressed in the higher dosage groups. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDF modestly suppressed cell-mediated immune function and had slight effects on humoral-mediated functions. TCDF immunosuppression appears similar to that induced following exposure to TCDD.", "PMID": 548255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10944", "title": "Assessment of immunobiological effects induced by chemicals, drugs or food additives. I. Tier testing and screening approach.", "content": "The indications of immunologic dysfunction following low level exposure of rodents or even man to certain chemicals and drugs have raised concern regarding methodology and approaches for routine assessment of immunobiological effects. The immunogiological effect observed may either indicate impaired immunopotentiation or hypersensitization. The assays selected for testing should be relevant to the human experience and adaptable to certain practical considerations such as cost, reproducibility of data, ease of performance and application to routine toxicology studies. Using these considerations, a tier approach was proposed consisting of assays for screening for immunologic effects (Tier I) and assays to help define the mechanisms responsible for the immunobiological effects observed (Tier II). A tier of assays was also proposed for measuring the sensitization potential of certain compounds. Certain assays from the screening tier were assembled into a hypothetical and practical test battery to screen for immunological effects of a chemical with potential immunosuppressive properties. Information provided by this test battery should provide a reasonable and sensitive data base from which a standard of evaluation could be made regarding the safety of the test (1) compound.", "contents": "Assessment of immunobiological effects induced by chemicals, drugs or food additives. I. Tier testing and screening approach. The indications of immunologic dysfunction following low level exposure of rodents or even man to certain chemicals and drugs have raised concern regarding methodology and approaches for routine assessment of immunobiological effects. The immunogiological effect observed may either indicate impaired immunopotentiation or hypersensitization. The assays selected for testing should be relevant to the human experience and adaptable to certain practical considerations such as cost, reproducibility of data, ease of performance and application to routine toxicology studies. Using these considerations, a tier approach was proposed consisting of assays for screening for immunologic effects (Tier I) and assays to help define the mechanisms responsible for the immunobiological effects observed (Tier II). A tier of assays was also proposed for measuring the sensitization potential of certain compounds. Certain assays from the screening tier were assembled into a hypothetical and practical test battery to screen for immunological effects of a chemical with potential immunosuppressive properties. Information provided by this test battery should provide a reasonable and sensitive data base from which a standard of evaluation could be made regarding the safety of the test (1) compound.", "PMID": 548256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10945", "title": "The effect of perinatal exposure to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the immune response of young mice.", "content": "The immunocompetence of 5 week old offspring from mice fed control chow or chow containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was evaluated. The 5 ppb maternal feeding level was the only level that produced symptoms of intoxication in the offspring (i.e., facial alopecia and periorbital edema). Mice from mothers fed either 2.5 or 5 ppb of TCDD demonstrated thymus cortex atrophy and a significantly reduced spleen anti-SRBC plaque forming cell (PFC) response, but had normal serum anti-SRBC antibody levels following primary and secondary immunization. Contact sensitivity response to DNFB was significantly reduced only in offspring from mothers fed 5 ppb of TCDD. The blastogenic response of splenic T- and B-lymphocytes to concanavalin-A and E. coli lipopolysaccharide was unaffected by perinatal TCDD exposure. This correlated with the normal appearance of the T- and B-cell dependent areas of the spleens from these animals. There was no significant difference in the differential white blood cell counts between control and TCDD-exposed offspring. Offspring from mothers fed up to 5 ppb of TCDD withstood a live Listeria challenge as well as controls. However, maternal feeding levels as low as 1 ppb of TCDD rendered offspring more sensitive to an endotoxin challenge.", "contents": "The effect of perinatal exposure to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the immune response of young mice. The immunocompetence of 5 week old offspring from mice fed control chow or chow containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was evaluated. The 5 ppb maternal feeding level was the only level that produced symptoms of intoxication in the offspring (i.e., facial alopecia and periorbital edema). Mice from mothers fed either 2.5 or 5 ppb of TCDD demonstrated thymus cortex atrophy and a significantly reduced spleen anti-SRBC plaque forming cell (PFC) response, but had normal serum anti-SRBC antibody levels following primary and secondary immunization. Contact sensitivity response to DNFB was significantly reduced only in offspring from mothers fed 5 ppb of TCDD. The blastogenic response of splenic T- and B-lymphocytes to concanavalin-A and E. coli lipopolysaccharide was unaffected by perinatal TCDD exposure. This correlated with the normal appearance of the T- and B-cell dependent areas of the spleens from these animals. There was no significant difference in the differential white blood cell counts between control and TCDD-exposed offspring. Offspring from mothers fed up to 5 ppb of TCDD withstood a live Listeria challenge as well as controls. However, maternal feeding levels as low as 1 ppb of TCDD rendered offspring more sensitive to an endotoxin challenge.", "PMID": 548257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10946", "title": "[Duodenitis and its correlation to diseases of the neighbouring organs and to duodeno-gastric reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "In 26,4% of patients (n = 201) with disturbances in the upper abdomen a serious proximal duodenitis was found. Older persons were more often concerned. A duodeno-gastric reflux was more frequent in presence of a serious duodenitis than in normal mucous membrane. Duodenitis was significantly more frequent in patients with atropic gastritis, ventricular ulcers and cholecystectomy. In the patients with reflux of bile the cases of antrum gastritis, with diseases of the biliary tract and nonoperated biliary tract diseases were significantly correlated with duodenitis; in atrophic gastritis as well as in gastric ulcers a duodeno-gastric reflux was found more than accidentally.", "contents": "[Duodenitis and its correlation to diseases of the neighbouring organs and to duodeno-gastric reflux (author's transl)]. In 26,4% of patients (n = 201) with disturbances in the upper abdomen a serious proximal duodenitis was found. Older persons were more often concerned. A duodeno-gastric reflux was more frequent in presence of a serious duodenitis than in normal mucous membrane. Duodenitis was significantly more frequent in patients with atropic gastritis, ventricular ulcers and cholecystectomy. In the patients with reflux of bile the cases of antrum gastritis, with diseases of the biliary tract and nonoperated biliary tract diseases were significantly correlated with duodenitis; in atrophic gastritis as well as in gastric ulcers a duodeno-gastric reflux was found more than accidentally.", "PMID": 548261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10947", "title": "[Occult miniature lipomas of duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "By intensive investigation relatively often small lipomas in the duodenum can be found at post mortem examination. They are harmless and develop in the submucosa and grow in a polypous form into the lumen. Lipomas seem to be the most frequent among the benign mesenchymal tumours.", "contents": "[Occult miniature lipomas of duodenum (author's transl)]. By intensive investigation relatively often small lipomas in the duodenum can be found at post mortem examination. They are harmless and develop in the submucosa and grow in a polypous form into the lumen. Lipomas seem to be the most frequent among the benign mesenchymal tumours.", "PMID": 548262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10948", "title": "[Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia was found in 4 cases. In 3 patients blood glucose was estimated during the attack and was reduced to 17--23 mg/100 ml. The values of immunoreactive insulin were within the normal range. In 1 case the diagnosis could be endorsed by alcoholic provocation. Diagnosis and pathogenesis of the syndrome were discussed.", "contents": "[Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia (author's transl)]. Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia was found in 4 cases. In 3 patients blood glucose was estimated during the attack and was reduced to 17--23 mg/100 ml. The values of immunoreactive insulin were within the normal range. In 1 case the diagnosis could be endorsed by alcoholic provocation. Diagnosis and pathogenesis of the syndrome were discussed.", "PMID": 548263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10949", "title": "[Histomorphological liver changes due to extrahepatic biliary stresia].", "content": "Among 137 non-selected liver tissue specimens of 101 infants between 1968 and 1978 six cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia were found. For the pathologist examining the liver cylinder the differential diagnosis between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis may be extemely difficult. Findings typical of extrahepatic biliary atresia, such as obstruction of portal tracts, cannot be observed before the 4th or 6th week. Formerly, biliary atresia was considered as a congenital deformity. However, under morphologic aspects a positive syntrophy or a causative relationship between neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia can at present not be excluded.", "contents": "[Histomorphological liver changes due to extrahepatic biliary stresia]. Among 137 non-selected liver tissue specimens of 101 infants between 1968 and 1978 six cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia were found. For the pathologist examining the liver cylinder the differential diagnosis between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis may be extemely difficult. Findings typical of extrahepatic biliary atresia, such as obstruction of portal tracts, cannot be observed before the 4th or 6th week. Formerly, biliary atresia was considered as a congenital deformity. However, under morphologic aspects a positive syntrophy or a causative relationship between neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia can at present not be excluded.", "PMID": 548264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10950", "title": "[The mechanism of action of phenobarbital on the metabolism of 131J-B.S.P. in cholestasis induced by ANIT in isolated and perfused rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish whether the increased B.S.P. secretion in the bile following phenobarbital administration is the consequence of change in the bile output or represents a consequence of the enzymatic induction, the dynamics of the elimination of 131J-B.S.P. was studied in animals treated with ANIT and Phenobarbital in the conditions of isolated perfused liver. At the same time the levels of the conjugation enzyme of B.S.P. were also determined. It was noted that after Phenobarbital the biliary elimination of 131J-B.S.P. is in correlation with the important increase of the output; in the animals treated with ANIT, on the other hand, the biliary excretion of B.S.P. is minimal. The biliary elimination is directly proportional to the increased of the bile output and reflects the changes found in the perfusate. Our findings  allow us to assume that the increased of the bile output and in a smaller extent the result of the stimulation B.S.P. conjugation with Gluthation.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of phenobarbital on the metabolism of 131J-B.S.P. in cholestasis induced by ANIT in isolated and perfused rat liver (author's transl)]. In order to establish whether the increased B.S.P. secretion in the bile following phenobarbital administration is the consequence of change in the bile output or represents a consequence of the enzymatic induction, the dynamics of the elimination of 131J-B.S.P. was studied in animals treated with ANIT and Phenobarbital in the conditions of isolated perfused liver. At the same time the levels of the conjugation enzyme of B.S.P. were also determined. It was noted that after Phenobarbital the biliary elimination of 131J-B.S.P. is in correlation with the important increase of the output; in the animals treated with ANIT, on the other hand, the biliary excretion of B.S.P. is minimal. The biliary elimination is directly proportional to the increased of the bile output and reflects the changes found in the perfusate. Our findings  allow us to assume that the increased of the bile output and in a smaller extent the result of the stimulation B.S.P. conjugation with Gluthation.", "PMID": 548265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10951", "title": "[Modern aspects of mood disorders].", "content": "Mood disorders, particularly depression, now represent a major world health problem which will most likely continue increasing. From a clinical standpoint, the synthesis of new antidepressant agents of various chemical structures and the advent of the thymoregulators (lithium salts) has allowed a more flexible, better individualized, therapeutic approach to the affective disorders. However, the widespread use by general practitioners of the antidepressants, alone or in combination with other psychotropic drugs, often with mitigated success, brings to psychiatric consultation patients whose symptomatology has become less characteristics, is more difficult to identify rapidly, requiring thus greater diagnositc refinement. Moreover, greater attention is currently given to depressive affects that can occur during organic illnesses or at various periods of life, particularly at senescence. Besides sustained concerns concerning suicide, the attitude of man confronted with his death arouses great interest and a depressive phase constitutes one of the steps towards this ending. Finally, during the last two decades, some psychoanalysts have reexamined the psychodynamic concepts of mood disorders, whereas from behavioral and cognitive theories new techniques of treatment of depression have emerged. In brief, if no revolution has occurred, there has been evolution. Mood disorders and their approach have known modifications and some concepts pertinent to this are considered here from various angles, particularly from the clinical (association with organic illnesses, with respect to death), therapeutic (psychopharmacological, behavioral and cognitive therapies), sociological (including suicide) and psychoanalytic viewpoints.", "contents": "[Modern aspects of mood disorders]. Mood disorders, particularly depression, now represent a major world health problem which will most likely continue increasing. From a clinical standpoint, the synthesis of new antidepressant agents of various chemical structures and the advent of the thymoregulators (lithium salts) has allowed a more flexible, better individualized, therapeutic approach to the affective disorders. However, the widespread use by general practitioners of the antidepressants, alone or in combination with other psychotropic drugs, often with mitigated success, brings to psychiatric consultation patients whose symptomatology has become less characteristics, is more difficult to identify rapidly, requiring thus greater diagnositc refinement. Moreover, greater attention is currently given to depressive affects that can occur during organic illnesses or at various periods of life, particularly at senescence. Besides sustained concerns concerning suicide, the attitude of man confronted with his death arouses great interest and a depressive phase constitutes one of the steps towards this ending. Finally, during the last two decades, some psychoanalysts have reexamined the psychodynamic concepts of mood disorders, whereas from behavioral and cognitive theories new techniques of treatment of depression have emerged. In brief, if no revolution has occurred, there has been evolution. Mood disorders and their approach have known modifications and some concepts pertinent to this are considered here from various angles, particularly from the clinical (association with organic illnesses, with respect to death), therapeutic (psychopharmacological, behavioral and cognitive therapies), sociological (including suicide) and psychoanalytic viewpoints.", "PMID": 548266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10952", "title": "[Chronic depressions (author's transl)].", "content": "The definition of chronic depression necessarily calls for a review of the concept of recovery which in psychopathology is not clearly and univocally defined. The percentage of chronic evolution among depressive patients either as a persistence of depressive symptoms or as an impairment of social and professional role, ranges from 12 to 15%. Chronic depression raises psychopathologic and nosographic problems as well as clinical ones. In fact chronic depressives are often not correctly diagnosed, inadequately treated and destined to be affected by an over increasing inability. The chronic evolution of depression may result as a concurrence of several factors: a neurotic personality, an inadequate antidepressant maintenance treatment, an inappropriated use of minor tranquillizers as the only treatment. The occurrence of physical impairement, the continuous nature of depression and the resistance of antidepressant treatment may be also considered. Moreover the psychodynamic mechanisms aroused by the depressive experience and the secondary advantages of the illness may plan an effective role maintaining depressive symptomatology.", "contents": "[Chronic depressions (author's transl)]. The definition of chronic depression necessarily calls for a review of the concept of recovery which in psychopathology is not clearly and univocally defined. The percentage of chronic evolution among depressive patients either as a persistence of depressive symptoms or as an impairment of social and professional role, ranges from 12 to 15%. Chronic depression raises psychopathologic and nosographic problems as well as clinical ones. In fact chronic depressives are often not correctly diagnosed, inadequately treated and destined to be affected by an over increasing inability. The chronic evolution of depression may result as a concurrence of several factors: a neurotic personality, an inadequate antidepressant maintenance treatment, an inappropriated use of minor tranquillizers as the only treatment. The occurrence of physical impairement, the continuous nature of depression and the resistance of antidepressant treatment may be also considered. Moreover the psychodynamic mechanisms aroused by the depressive experience and the secondary advantages of the illness may plan an effective role maintaining depressive symptomatology.", "PMID": 548267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10953", "title": "[The concept of masked depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Masked depression is an endogenous or psychogenic depressive state in which the somatic symptoms predominate while the psychical symptoms are only present in the background. Therefore it is a matter of phenomenological diagnosis. An enquiry conducted among general practitioners in Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland has shown that up to 10% of the patients consulting a physician are suffering from depression and half of the cases are masked depressions. An enquiry disclosed in 1978 among 74 practising physicians proved that 18% of the patients seeking medical advice suffer from depressive states and that about half of the cases are masked depressions. Diagnosis and therapy of masked depression are of great practical importance in everyday practice because of its frequency. The diagnosis has to be established on the basis of the depressive background symptoms. The masked depressions often show anxious-hypochondrical character and therefore have to be treated with antidepressant drugs with anxiolytic effect. The choice of the antidepressant drug with the right activity profile is decisive for the success of the therapy. Finally, there is a short review about diagnosis and therapy of masked depression.", "contents": "[The concept of masked depression (author's transl)]. Masked depression is an endogenous or psychogenic depressive state in which the somatic symptoms predominate while the psychical symptoms are only present in the background. Therefore it is a matter of phenomenological diagnosis. An enquiry conducted among general practitioners in Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland has shown that up to 10% of the patients consulting a physician are suffering from depression and half of the cases are masked depressions. An enquiry disclosed in 1978 among 74 practising physicians proved that 18% of the patients seeking medical advice suffer from depressive states and that about half of the cases are masked depressions. Diagnosis and therapy of masked depression are of great practical importance in everyday practice because of its frequency. The diagnosis has to be established on the basis of the depressive background symptoms. The masked depressions often show anxious-hypochondrical character and therefore have to be treated with antidepressant drugs with anxiolytic effect. The choice of the antidepressant drug with the right activity profile is decisive for the success of the therapy. Finally, there is a short review about diagnosis and therapy of masked depression.", "PMID": 548268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10954", "title": "[Depression in elderly--results of a follow-up study (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper results of a prospective follow-up study from 1959 to 1975 are presented. 159 unipolar depressive and 95 bipolar manic-depressive patients were subdivided into: --early onset patients (EO) less than 40 years, and--late onset patients (LO): greater than 40 years. These two groups are compared with each other. The common features predominate: they do not differ in the sex ratio, and the periodicity of the disorder. However, they differ in the length of episode of unipolar depression, recovery rate, and chronification.", "contents": "[Depression in elderly--results of a follow-up study (author's transl)]. In this paper results of a prospective follow-up study from 1959 to 1975 are presented. 159 unipolar depressive and 95 bipolar manic-depressive patients were subdivided into: --early onset patients (EO) less than 40 years, and--late onset patients (LO): greater than 40 years. These two groups are compared with each other. The common features predominate: they do not differ in the sex ratio, and the periodicity of the disorder. However, they differ in the length of episode of unipolar depression, recovery rate, and chronification.", "PMID": 548269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10955", "title": "[The problems posed to the general practitioner by depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Given the high incidence of depression, it is necessary and desirable that as many cases as possible should be treated by general practitioners. However, general practitioners are on the whole ill-prepared to meet the needs of depressed patients. In the last few years a big effort has been made in certain countries to improve the psychiatric training of general practitioner and to enable him the better to detect and treat depression. Communication between psychiatrists and general practitioners is made difficult by the lack of a common language and terms used should be defined clearly. Some of the problems in practice are diagnostic in nature: detect of the depressive syndrome, of the minor or masked forms; differential diagnosis of depression and anxiety. The commonest problems in treatment are: selection of drug, monitoring of side-effects, duration of treatment. The general practitioner needs information also on such questions as: how to evaluate the risk of suicide; when to call in the specialist; how far to use supportive psychotherapy. Some types of depression are particularly likely to come to the general practitioner: depression masked by physical symptoms, depression associated with or secondary to physical disease, depression in the elderly.", "contents": "[The problems posed to the general practitioner by depression (author's transl)]. Given the high incidence of depression, it is necessary and desirable that as many cases as possible should be treated by general practitioners. However, general practitioners are on the whole ill-prepared to meet the needs of depressed patients. In the last few years a big effort has been made in certain countries to improve the psychiatric training of general practitioner and to enable him the better to detect and treat depression. Communication between psychiatrists and general practitioners is made difficult by the lack of a common language and terms used should be defined clearly. Some of the problems in practice are diagnostic in nature: detect of the depressive syndrome, of the minor or masked forms; differential diagnosis of depression and anxiety. The commonest problems in treatment are: selection of drug, monitoring of side-effects, duration of treatment. The general practitioner needs information also on such questions as: how to evaluate the risk of suicide; when to call in the specialist; how far to use supportive psychotherapy. Some types of depression are particularly likely to come to the general practitioner: depression masked by physical symptoms, depression associated with or secondary to physical disease, depression in the elderly.", "PMID": 548271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10956", "title": "[The role of norepinephrine in affective disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of norepinephrine in affective disorders is supported by the following data. There is a decrease of activity of the noradrenergic system in depressive patients, evaluated by: --a decrease of the metabolism of noradrenaline; --an hyperreactivity of adrenergic receptors; --a decrease of the secretion of some hormones (melatonine, renine, corticosteroides) the liberation of which is mediated by stimulation of adrenoreceptors. The well recognized antidepressant drugs are able to activate by different mechanisms the noradrenergic system. Reciprocally, drugs well known to stimulate noradrenergic system are able to increase mood. Complementarily, antimaniac drugs are adrenolytic and adrenolytic drugs are antimaniac and depressogenic.", "contents": "[The role of norepinephrine in affective disorders (author's transl)]. The role of norepinephrine in affective disorders is supported by the following data. There is a decrease of activity of the noradrenergic system in depressive patients, evaluated by: --a decrease of the metabolism of noradrenaline; --an hyperreactivity of adrenergic receptors; --a decrease of the secretion of some hormones (melatonine, renine, corticosteroides) the liberation of which is mediated by stimulation of adrenoreceptors. The well recognized antidepressant drugs are able to activate by different mechanisms the noradrenergic system. Reciprocally, drugs well known to stimulate noradrenergic system are able to increase mood. Complementarily, antimaniac drugs are adrenolytic and adrenolytic drugs are antimaniac and depressogenic.", "PMID": 548273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10957", "title": "[Psychodynamic aspects of depression (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Freud's study of Mourning and Melancholia provides the psychopathological model for depression. Basing himself upon the views of Abraham regarding the oral sadism which the depressed person wants to inflict upon the lost object. Freud added that the gilt associated with that oral sadistic aggression oppresses the depressed with the weight of his superego. 2. The childhood model for this depression caused by object loss is provided by Melanie Klein, who sees the bad object as a projection of aggressive fantasies, and by Donald Winnicott who regards the excited child as a \"worried\", although replete. 3. Hence the social importance of the clinical facts of the psychiatry of the very young child: anaclitic depression of separation (Ren\u00e9 Spitz) or depression by severance of the bonds (John Bowlby). 4. Finally, we must reassess the notion of depression with inferiority (Francis Pasche). It is organised as a disorder of idealisation and must be considered in connection with the feelings of nostalgia of the adolescents in our society.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic aspects of depression (author's transl)]. 1. Freud's study of Mourning and Melancholia provides the psychopathological model for depression. Basing himself upon the views of Abraham regarding the oral sadism which the depressed person wants to inflict upon the lost object. Freud added that the gilt associated with that oral sadistic aggression oppresses the depressed with the weight of his superego. 2. The childhood model for this depression caused by object loss is provided by Melanie Klein, who sees the bad object as a projection of aggressive fantasies, and by Donald Winnicott who regards the excited child as a \"worried\", although replete. 3. Hence the social importance of the clinical facts of the psychiatry of the very young child: anaclitic depression of separation (Ren\u00e9 Spitz) or depression by severance of the bonds (John Bowlby). 4. Finally, we must reassess the notion of depression with inferiority (Francis Pasche). It is organised as a disorder of idealisation and must be considered in connection with the feelings of nostalgia of the adolescents in our society.", "PMID": 548275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10958", "title": "[Recent developments in lithium treatment: is the kidney affection dangerous? (author's transl)].", "content": "In our hospital, we are studying the renal function of more than 200 patients under lithium treatment. The glomerular function seems to be affected to a small extent, even by long-term lithium administration, and there have been no instances of progressive deterioration of renal function with azotemia. Most of the patients have impaired water reabsorption with polyuria and polydipsia. This is frequently combined with lowered concentrating ability. Polyuria and lowered concentrating ability are not in themselves life-threatening. However, development of dehydration may lead to lithium poisoning, and patients under lithium treatment should be advised to drink extra fluid under circumstances when the fluid balance may become negative. Further studies are required for definitive recommendations concerning extra monitoring of kidney function and lowering of lithium doses.", "contents": "[Recent developments in lithium treatment: is the kidney affection dangerous? (author's transl)]. In our hospital, we are studying the renal function of more than 200 patients under lithium treatment. The glomerular function seems to be affected to a small extent, even by long-term lithium administration, and there have been no instances of progressive deterioration of renal function with azotemia. Most of the patients have impaired water reabsorption with polyuria and polydipsia. This is frequently combined with lowered concentrating ability. Polyuria and lowered concentrating ability are not in themselves life-threatening. However, development of dehydration may lead to lithium poisoning, and patients under lithium treatment should be advised to drink extra fluid under circumstances when the fluid balance may become negative. Further studies are required for definitive recommendations concerning extra monitoring of kidney function and lowering of lithium doses.", "PMID": 548277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10959", "title": "[Rating of antidepressant activity (author's transl)].", "content": "In this brief review. I have mentioned recent developments and the possibility of new ones. I have referred to technical problems in the organisation of trials, the selection of patients, methods of assessment and their statistical anlaysis, the specific problems of side-effects of drugs and, finally, the social aspects of depressive illness.", "contents": "[Rating of antidepressant activity (author's transl)]. In this brief review. I have mentioned recent developments and the possibility of new ones. I have referred to technical problems in the organisation of trials, the selection of patients, methods of assessment and their statistical anlaysis, the specific problems of side-effects of drugs and, finally, the social aspects of depressive illness.", "PMID": 548278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10960", "title": "[Distress and lyrical productions (author's transl)].", "content": "Literary creation (in fact, artistic creation in general) and depressive syndrome. Reference to Verlaine, Nerval, Virginia Woolf, Hemingway, Drieu.", "contents": "[Distress and lyrical productions (author's transl)]. Literary creation (in fact, artistic creation in general) and depressive syndrome. Reference to Verlaine, Nerval, Virginia Woolf, Hemingway, Drieu.", "PMID": 548279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10961", "title": "[Amineptine: clinical review (author's transl)].", "content": "Amineptine is a new compound, derived from the tricyclic antidepressants. Its mechanism of action is principally dopaminergic and to a lesser extent serotoninergic. The following are here reported: The results of trials after a single dose: cerebral electrophysiology. Trials of treatment of depression--monopolar and bipolar,--involutional,--neurotic and reactive,--in chronic schizophrenia. The spectrum of activating antidepressant therapeutic activity of this drug is discussed. Other areas in which amineptine has seemed effective in children and adults are discussed. Finally, general, cardiac, ocular acceptability and tolerability in the elderly are reported, together with an analysis of cases of overdose.", "contents": "[Amineptine: clinical review (author's transl)]. Amineptine is a new compound, derived from the tricyclic antidepressants. Its mechanism of action is principally dopaminergic and to a lesser extent serotoninergic. The following are here reported: The results of trials after a single dose: cerebral electrophysiology. Trials of treatment of depression--monopolar and bipolar,--involutional,--neurotic and reactive,--in chronic schizophrenia. The spectrum of activating antidepressant therapeutic activity of this drug is discussed. Other areas in which amineptine has seemed effective in children and adults are discussed. Finally, general, cardiac, ocular acceptability and tolerability in the elderly are reported, together with an analysis of cases of overdose.", "PMID": 548281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10962", "title": "Erythroid stem cell regeneration in normal and plethoric mice treated with hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (4 x 500 mg/kg at 6 hour intervals) was used to study hemopoietic regeneration in normal and in hypertransfused mice. All recognizable granuloid and erythroid cells, most granulopoietic (CFU-C) and all erythroid (CFU-E) precursors and about 80% of the pluripotent stem cells were eliminated after this treatment. Regeneration started between days 2 and 3 in the marrow and 1 day later in the spleen. An overshoot in CFU-C and CFU-E per femur was seen at day 4. In parallel to their committed precursors granulopoietic cells reappeared between days 2 and 4, erythroblasts between days 3 and 5. In the spleen a maximum CFU-S and CFU-C concentration was seen at day 7. The early increase of CFU-E in the marrow was followed by a fall to low levels, then the CFU-E concentration in the spleen increased. The regeneration was further studied in hypertransfused mice. CFU-S and also CFU-E in the marrow regenerated in exactly the same way as in normal mice and erythroblasts were found in marrow smears. The further maturation of erythroblasts to reticulocytes was impaired in hypertransfused mice, but not in normal mice. The role of erythropoietin (Ep) in the regulation of the CFU-E regeneration is discussed; early differentiation steps seem to be possible without Ep.", "contents": "Erythroid stem cell regeneration in normal and plethoric mice treated with hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea (4 x 500 mg/kg at 6 hour intervals) was used to study hemopoietic regeneration in normal and in hypertransfused mice. All recognizable granuloid and erythroid cells, most granulopoietic (CFU-C) and all erythroid (CFU-E) precursors and about 80% of the pluripotent stem cells were eliminated after this treatment. Regeneration started between days 2 and 3 in the marrow and 1 day later in the spleen. An overshoot in CFU-C and CFU-E per femur was seen at day 4. In parallel to their committed precursors granulopoietic cells reappeared between days 2 and 4, erythroblasts between days 3 and 5. In the spleen a maximum CFU-S and CFU-C concentration was seen at day 7. The early increase of CFU-E in the marrow was followed by a fall to low levels, then the CFU-E concentration in the spleen increased. The regeneration was further studied in hypertransfused mice. CFU-S and also CFU-E in the marrow regenerated in exactly the same way as in normal mice and erythroblasts were found in marrow smears. The further maturation of erythroblasts to reticulocytes was impaired in hypertransfused mice, but not in normal mice. The role of erythropoietin (Ep) in the regulation of the CFU-E regeneration is discussed; early differentiation steps seem to be possible without Ep.", "PMID": 548283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10963", "title": "Evidence that the fetal mouse liver cell assay detects erythroid regulatory factors (ERF) not measured with a standard in vivo assay.", "content": "A simplified modification of the fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) assay has been used to investigate the relationship between in vivo and in vitro detectable Erythroid Regulatory Factors (ERF) in the serum of dogs exposed to hypoxia. The results suggest that the FMLC assay is a useful technique for following changes in serum ERF. However, the data obtained cannot be directly equated with the in vivo erythrocythemic mouse assay unless a correction factor is applied. This is necessary because the in vitro assay, in general, detects 50% more ERF than does the standard mouse assay.", "contents": "Evidence that the fetal mouse liver cell assay detects erythroid regulatory factors (ERF) not measured with a standard in vivo assay. A simplified modification of the fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) assay has been used to investigate the relationship between in vivo and in vitro detectable Erythroid Regulatory Factors (ERF) in the serum of dogs exposed to hypoxia. The results suggest that the FMLC assay is a useful technique for following changes in serum ERF. However, the data obtained cannot be directly equated with the in vivo erythrocythemic mouse assay unless a correction factor is applied. This is necessary because the in vitro assay, in general, detects 50% more ERF than does the standard mouse assay.", "PMID": 548284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10964", "title": "Nonspecific esterases in normal human blood cells: characterization of isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Using the high resolution technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of nonspecific esterase were resolved in esterase-rich extracts obtained from normal human monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets. In the case of each cell type, different isoenzymatic patterns of nonspecific esterase activity could be visualized. These studies extend the cytochemistry of nonspecific esterases by detection of previously undescribed isoenzymatic components, and suggest that the elaboration of nonspecific esterase isoenzymes may be a function of cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Nonspecific esterases in normal human blood cells: characterization of isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Using the high resolution technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of nonspecific esterase were resolved in esterase-rich extracts obtained from normal human monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets. In the case of each cell type, different isoenzymatic patterns of nonspecific esterase activity could be visualized. These studies extend the cytochemistry of nonspecific esterases by detection of previously undescribed isoenzymatic components, and suggest that the elaboration of nonspecific esterase isoenzymes may be a function of cellular differentiation.", "PMID": 548285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10965", "title": "[Late hypoglycaemia in chemical diabetes. Abnormalities of pancreatic glucagon secretion and effect of pectine (author's transl)].", "content": "Nineteen patients suffering from chemical diabetes either with (group A, ten cases) or without (group B, nine cases) reactive hypoglycaemia were included in the study and compared with seven control (group C). The following variables were measured over a 5 hour period during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): (i) blood glucose by continuous monitoring; (ii) plasma insulin and glucagon levels by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, in five diabetics of group A, the data from the standard OGTT were compared with those from a pectin-supplemented OGTT (9 g per square meter of body surface). Although the insulin response was similar glucagon levels were significantly higher (45.1 +/- 11.8 pmol/l) (p less than 0.01) in group B than in group A (9.6 +/- 1.3) and C (8.1 +/- 1.4 at 30 minutes). The high glucagon levels noted in group B may explain the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia. The pectin supplementation improved the OGTT pattern by blunting the blood glucose peak (p less than 0.05), and avoiding the reactive hypoglycaemia (p less than 0.01). The addition of pectin did not produce any significant effect on the insulin response while a significant increase in glucagon concentrations (p less than 0.05) was observed beyond the 150th minute. Therefore, the data suggest that pectin may improve the OGTT pattern by increasing the glucagon response in the late period of the test. The development of postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia seldom coincides with a plasma glucagon peak, while the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia tends to be associated with high levels of glucagon, as is the case in overt diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Late hypoglycaemia in chemical diabetes. Abnormalities of pancreatic glucagon secretion and effect of pectine (author's transl)]. Nineteen patients suffering from chemical diabetes either with (group A, ten cases) or without (group B, nine cases) reactive hypoglycaemia were included in the study and compared with seven control (group C). The following variables were measured over a 5 hour period during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): (i) blood glucose by continuous monitoring; (ii) plasma insulin and glucagon levels by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, in five diabetics of group A, the data from the standard OGTT were compared with those from a pectin-supplemented OGTT (9 g per square meter of body surface). Although the insulin response was similar glucagon levels were significantly higher (45.1 +/- 11.8 pmol/l) (p less than 0.01) in group B than in group A (9.6 +/- 1.3) and C (8.1 +/- 1.4 at 30 minutes). The high glucagon levels noted in group B may explain the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia. The pectin supplementation improved the OGTT pattern by blunting the blood glucose peak (p less than 0.05), and avoiding the reactive hypoglycaemia (p less than 0.01). The addition of pectin did not produce any significant effect on the insulin response while a significant increase in glucagon concentrations (p less than 0.05) was observed beyond the 150th minute. Therefore, the data suggest that pectin may improve the OGTT pattern by increasing the glucagon response in the late period of the test. The development of postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia seldom coincides with a plasma glucagon peak, while the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia tends to be associated with high levels of glucagon, as is the case in overt diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 548286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10966", "title": "Haemoglobin A1c separation by micro-column chromatography: a new rapid method of assay.", "content": "Since at present chromatographic methods for the separation of the glycosylated haemoglobins and determination of haemoglobin A1c are time-consuming and require continuous monitoring, a new micro-column method is reported that is cheap, rapid, easy to perform and permits anything up to 30 columns to be run simultaneously. The haemoglobin A1c leve in fifty normal subjects was measured and found to have a mean of 5.3 +/- 0.5% (m +/- S.D.).", "contents": "Haemoglobin A1c separation by micro-column chromatography: a new rapid method of assay. Since at present chromatographic methods for the separation of the glycosylated haemoglobins and determination of haemoglobin A1c are time-consuming and require continuous monitoring, a new micro-column method is reported that is cheap, rapid, easy to perform and permits anything up to 30 columns to be run simultaneously. The haemoglobin A1c leve in fifty normal subjects was measured and found to have a mean of 5.3 +/- 0.5% (m +/- S.D.).", "PMID": 548287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10967", "title": "The usefulness of a rapid method for total fast hemoglobins determination in screening for diabetes control.", "content": "We have used a simple and rapid method for the determination of total fast hemoglobins (HbA1a+b+c) in 102 diabetics and 36 normal controls. The method was described by Kynoch and marketed by Isolab. It proved to be useful in screening for patients with inadequate metabolic control in whom as a rule, total fast Hb values were higher than 8.5%. Mean Hb A1a+b+c value was significantly higher in the group of diabetics in comparison with normals (9.9 +/- 0.2 versus 6.9 +/- 0.8%). The diabetic patients were separated into four groups according to predetermined criteria of recent metabolic control. Even the patients considered to have a very good diabetes control during the past eight weeks, had supranormal total fast Hb values (7.7 +/- 0.2%). In the patients with good, poor and bad diabetes control, mean total fast Hb levels were respectively 9.3 +/- 0.3, 10.1 +/- 0.3 and 12.5 +/- 0.4%. In normals, there was a positive correlation between individual fasting blood glucose and total fast Hb values and in diabetics, mean blood glucose values correlated with total fast Hb levels. Hb A1a+b+c determinations also correlated with triglyceride values. We could find no significant association between high total fast Hb levels (greater than 8.5%) and the prevalence of retinopathy.", "contents": "The usefulness of a rapid method for total fast hemoglobins determination in screening for diabetes control. We have used a simple and rapid method for the determination of total fast hemoglobins (HbA1a+b+c) in 102 diabetics and 36 normal controls. The method was described by Kynoch and marketed by Isolab. It proved to be useful in screening for patients with inadequate metabolic control in whom as a rule, total fast Hb values were higher than 8.5%. Mean Hb A1a+b+c value was significantly higher in the group of diabetics in comparison with normals (9.9 +/- 0.2 versus 6.9 +/- 0.8%). The diabetic patients were separated into four groups according to predetermined criteria of recent metabolic control. Even the patients considered to have a very good diabetes control during the past eight weeks, had supranormal total fast Hb values (7.7 +/- 0.2%). In the patients with good, poor and bad diabetes control, mean total fast Hb levels were respectively 9.3 +/- 0.3, 10.1 +/- 0.3 and 12.5 +/- 0.4%. In normals, there was a positive correlation between individual fasting blood glucose and total fast Hb values and in diabetics, mean blood glucose values correlated with total fast Hb levels. Hb A1a+b+c determinations also correlated with triglyceride values. We could find no significant association between high total fast Hb levels (greater than 8.5%) and the prevalence of retinopathy.", "PMID": 548288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10968", "title": "Genetic regulation of mup production in recombinant inbred mice.", "content": "Inbred strains of mice excrete all three major urinary proteins (mups) when induced by testosterone, but differ as to the relative proportions and total levels of each mup present. We have now determined the urinary mup phenotypes before and after testosterone treatment of seven recombinant inbred strains derived from progenitor strains exhibiting different mup phenotypes. The results confirm previous observations indicating that total control of mup protein production is a multigenic process. One locus, Mup-a on chromosome 4, determines the relative mup protein proportions after induction by testosterone. Mup-a, together with other genetic sites, determines the basal mup proportions. Genes other than Mup-a determine the kinetics of mup induction and total mup excretion.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of mup production in recombinant inbred mice. Inbred strains of mice excrete all three major urinary proteins (mups) when induced by testosterone, but differ as to the relative proportions and total levels of each mup present. We have now determined the urinary mup phenotypes before and after testosterone treatment of seven recombinant inbred strains derived from progenitor strains exhibiting different mup phenotypes. The results confirm previous observations indicating that total control of mup protein production is a multigenic process. One locus, Mup-a on chromosome 4, determines the relative mup protein proportions after induction by testosterone. Mup-a, together with other genetic sites, determines the basal mup proportions. Genes other than Mup-a determine the kinetics of mup induction and total mup excretion.", "PMID": 548348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10969", "title": "The surgical treatment of myelopathy secondary to rheumatoid arthritis of the lower cervical spine.", "content": "There are few reports in the literature of the surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy secondary to rheumatoid arthritis below the level of the axis. Three cases are presented. All had severe motor and sensory loss in the upper and lower extremities. The cause of myelopathy differed in each case: in the first, the dura mater was infiltrated with rheumatoid material; the second was due to a stenotic spinal canal narrowed by a fixed subluxation of the cervical spine; in the third, traction myelopathy resulted from sub-axial subluxation and posterior angulation combined with cervical instability. Neurological assessment is particularly difficult in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Skull or halo traction is useful to gauge neurological improvement, to reduce the dislocation and to immobilise the cervical spine before, during and after surgery. Surgery is considered where conservative treatment is either ineffective or not tolerated, and is indicated if severe myelopathy is evident or progressive. Anterior interbody fusion is the operation of choice for mobile subluxation. Laminectomy is recommended in fixed subluxation where compression of the cord is demonstrated on myelography.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of myelopathy secondary to rheumatoid arthritis of the lower cervical spine. There are few reports in the literature of the surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy secondary to rheumatoid arthritis below the level of the axis. Three cases are presented. All had severe motor and sensory loss in the upper and lower extremities. The cause of myelopathy differed in each case: in the first, the dura mater was infiltrated with rheumatoid material; the second was due to a stenotic spinal canal narrowed by a fixed subluxation of the cervical spine; in the third, traction myelopathy resulted from sub-axial subluxation and posterior angulation combined with cervical instability. Neurological assessment is particularly difficult in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Skull or halo traction is useful to gauge neurological improvement, to reduce the dislocation and to immobilise the cervical spine before, during and after surgery. Surgery is considered where conservative treatment is either ineffective or not tolerated, and is indicated if severe myelopathy is evident or progressive. Anterior interbody fusion is the operation of choice for mobile subluxation. Laminectomy is recommended in fixed subluxation where compression of the cord is demonstrated on myelography.", "PMID": 548492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10970", "title": "[Uncoforaminectomy of Jung in the management of osteoarthritis of the cervical spine and the post-traumatic cervical syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An anterolateral approach to the cervical spine with uncoforaminectomy is used to free the intra transverse portion of the vertebral artery (from C7 to C3) and the nerve roots. Four surgical indications are discussed; the cervicocephalic syndrome due to osteoarthritis of the joints of Luschka, the cervicobrachialgic syndrome which is often combined wirth the former, cervical myelopathy associated with osteoarthritis and the post-traumatic cervical syndrome. Clincal and neuro-radiological details are given. The results of operation are described in 149 cases and they have been successful in 82%.", "contents": "[Uncoforaminectomy of Jung in the management of osteoarthritis of the cervical spine and the post-traumatic cervical syndrome (author's transl)]. An anterolateral approach to the cervical spine with uncoforaminectomy is used to free the intra transverse portion of the vertebral artery (from C7 to C3) and the nerve roots. Four surgical indications are discussed; the cervicocephalic syndrome due to osteoarthritis of the joints of Luschka, the cervicobrachialgic syndrome which is often combined wirth the former, cervical myelopathy associated with osteoarthritis and the post-traumatic cervical syndrome. Clincal and neuro-radiological details are given. The results of operation are described in 149 cases and they have been successful in 82%.", "PMID": 548493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10971", "title": "Electrodiagnosis of compression of individual nerve roots of the cauda equina.", "content": "Segmental electrodiagnosis of compression of individual nerve roots of the cauda equina has been attempted in 45 patients, including cases of disc hernia, spondylsis and spondylolisthesis. The needle electrode was inserted into the nerve root either just lateral to the intervetebral foramen or through the posterior sacral foramen. The recordings made on stimulating a single nerve root were somatosensory evoked potential, the cauda equina action potential and the M and H waves. Mixed spinal nerve root action potentials were also recorded by stimulating the sciatic, peroneal and tibial nerves. It was shown that a diagnosis could be made from the somatosensory evoked potential, the H wave and root pain reproduction, and also the diagnosis of a subclinical compression involvement. In other words, the neurophysiological state of dysfunction of individual roots in each aspect of compression can be expressed.", "contents": "Electrodiagnosis of compression of individual nerve roots of the cauda equina. Segmental electrodiagnosis of compression of individual nerve roots of the cauda equina has been attempted in 45 patients, including cases of disc hernia, spondylsis and spondylolisthesis. The needle electrode was inserted into the nerve root either just lateral to the intervetebral foramen or through the posterior sacral foramen. The recordings made on stimulating a single nerve root were somatosensory evoked potential, the cauda equina action potential and the M and H waves. Mixed spinal nerve root action potentials were also recorded by stimulating the sciatic, peroneal and tibial nerves. It was shown that a diagnosis could be made from the somatosensory evoked potential, the H wave and root pain reproduction, and also the diagnosis of a subclinical compression involvement. In other words, the neurophysiological state of dysfunction of individual roots in each aspect of compression can be expressed.", "PMID": 548494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10972", "title": "The recurrence of pain following operation for herniated lumbar disc: fresh herniation or extradural scar tissue?", "content": "The clinical findings, the appearance of the myelogram and the findings at re-operation are described in 34 patients who had persistent or recurrent pain following operation for removal of a herniated lumbar disc. An attempt was made to distinguish before re-operation whether the residue symptoms were due to recurrence of, or a fresh disc herniation, or to extradural scarring. Persistence of pain after the initial operation or the time interval before pain re-appeared did not help to distinguish the causative pathology. A recurrent disc herniation was found if a different disc was involved, but was else best distinguished by myelographic demonstration of a short indentation in the contrast column at the level of a disc or a short root sleeve with a thickened associated nerve root. An absence of indentation in the column suggested extradural scarring. At re-operation disc herniation and extradural scarring without herniation were found in approximately equal numbers of patients.", "contents": "The recurrence of pain following operation for herniated lumbar disc: fresh herniation or extradural scar tissue? The clinical findings, the appearance of the myelogram and the findings at re-operation are described in 34 patients who had persistent or recurrent pain following operation for removal of a herniated lumbar disc. An attempt was made to distinguish before re-operation whether the residue symptoms were due to recurrence of, or a fresh disc herniation, or to extradural scarring. Persistence of pain after the initial operation or the time interval before pain re-appeared did not help to distinguish the causative pathology. A recurrent disc herniation was found if a different disc was involved, but was else best distinguished by myelographic demonstration of a short indentation in the contrast column at the level of a disc or a short root sleeve with a thickened associated nerve root. An absence of indentation in the column suggested extradural scarring. At re-operation disc herniation and extradural scarring without herniation were found in approximately equal numbers of patients.", "PMID": 548495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10973", "title": "The mechanism of fracture of the femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement.", "content": "Examination of the fractured stems of 70 Charnley, flat back, femoral prostheses suggested that the causative mechanism was a torisonal loading of the proximal portion on the distal part of the stem. The main loading on the hip is applied from an anterosuperior direction. The square corners of the stem and its implantation in retroversion predispose to fracture.", "contents": "The mechanism of fracture of the femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement. Examination of the fractured stems of 70 Charnley, flat back, femoral prostheses suggested that the causative mechanism was a torisonal loading of the proximal portion on the distal part of the stem. The main loading on the hip is applied from an anterosuperior direction. The square corners of the stem and its implantation in retroversion predispose to fracture.", "PMID": 548496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10974", "title": "Operative control of massive haemorrhage in comminuted pelvic fractures.", "content": "In 42 patients, massive haemorrhage following comminuted pelvic fractures was treated by operation through a mid-line, Pfannenstiel, anterior iliac crest-femoral or posterolateral approach, or using these in combination. The superior and inferior gluteal, pudendal and obturator arteries were the usual source of bleeding. Bleeding from the pelvic bone tissue was of minor importance. Temporary compression of the abdominal aorta was sometimes required to help control bleeding before ligation of injured vessels could be accomplished. An average of nine units of blood was given to each patient before operation and 30 units during or after the procedure. Of the 12 deaths, only three were attributable to bleeding from the pelvic fractures, indicating the value of operation in the treatment of massive haemorrhage from such injuries.", "contents": "Operative control of massive haemorrhage in comminuted pelvic fractures. In 42 patients, massive haemorrhage following comminuted pelvic fractures was treated by operation through a mid-line, Pfannenstiel, anterior iliac crest-femoral or posterolateral approach, or using these in combination. The superior and inferior gluteal, pudendal and obturator arteries were the usual source of bleeding. Bleeding from the pelvic bone tissue was of minor importance. Temporary compression of the abdominal aorta was sometimes required to help control bleeding before ligation of injured vessels could be accomplished. An average of nine units of blood was given to each patient before operation and 30 units during or after the procedure. Of the 12 deaths, only three were attributable to bleeding from the pelvic fractures, indicating the value of operation in the treatment of massive haemorrhage from such injuries.", "PMID": 548497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10975", "title": "Femoral and tibial torsion: a correlation study in dry bones.", "content": "Measurements were made in 50 cadaveric femora and their corresponding tibiae. There was a significant correlation between the femoral and tibial torsion. The clinical and surgical implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Femoral and tibial torsion: a correlation study in dry bones. Measurements were made in 50 cadaveric femora and their corresponding tibiae. There was a significant correlation between the femoral and tibial torsion. The clinical and surgical implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 548498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10976", "title": "The treatment of total ruptures of the Achilles tendon by plaster immobilisation.", "content": "Twenty patients with total rupture of the achilles tendon were treated by immobilisation in plaster in the gravitation-equinus position for eight weeks. All were healthy persons with a mean age of forty-three years. After removal of the plaster, seven patients had a re-rupture, four of whom were treated by operation, whilst two others sustained a deep vein thrombosis with an associated pulmonary embolus in one case. At follow-up, between 6 and 29 months after the rupture, 16 patients had no complaints and the remaining four had only minor problems. The range of motion in the ankle joint was normal in all patients and the strength in the affected calf was restored to normal in the majority. However, the strength recovered less in those patients with re-rupture who were treated conservatively for the second time. Because of the high complication rate we consider plaster treatment inferior to surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.", "contents": "The treatment of total ruptures of the Achilles tendon by plaster immobilisation. Twenty patients with total rupture of the achilles tendon were treated by immobilisation in plaster in the gravitation-equinus position for eight weeks. All were healthy persons with a mean age of forty-three years. After removal of the plaster, seven patients had a re-rupture, four of whom were treated by operation, whilst two others sustained a deep vein thrombosis with an associated pulmonary embolus in one case. At follow-up, between 6 and 29 months after the rupture, 16 patients had no complaints and the remaining four had only minor problems. The range of motion in the ankle joint was normal in all patients and the strength in the affected calf was restored to normal in the majority. However, the strength recovered less in those patients with re-rupture who were treated conservatively for the second time. Because of the high complication rate we consider plaster treatment inferior to surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.", "PMID": 548499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10977", "title": "A study of the distribution of load under the normal foot during walking.", "content": "A computerised instrumentation system which measures the distribution of vertical load under the foot has been used to measure and record the loading under 148 normal feet during walking. The correlations and variations with load, contact time, sex, age and angle of the toe out are discussed.", "contents": "A study of the distribution of load under the normal foot during walking. A computerised instrumentation system which measures the distribution of vertical load under the foot has been used to measure and record the loading under 148 normal feet during walking. The correlations and variations with load, contact time, sex, age and angle of the toe out are discussed.", "PMID": 548500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10978", "title": "Chromosomal study after radioactive synoviorthesis for haemophilic haemarthrosis.", "content": "Twenty joints in 19 haemophiliacs were treated by radioactive synoviorthesis with gold (Au 198) to prevent recurrent haemarthrosis. Twelve knees, six elbows and two ankles were treated in two separate groups (29. 9. 76 and 9. 5. 77). In eight cases (40%) no further haemarthrosis occurred. A diminution of bleeding was obtained in nine cases (45%), a total of 85% good results with 15% failures. One failure in the first group (an elbow) had a second synoviorthesis and was included in the second group also. Prior to synoviorthesis the joint was scanned with technetium (Tc99m) to compare the inflammation of the synovium with that of six months later. The technique including the dosage of Tc99m, Au 198, and factor VIII cover is presented. A leucocyte culture was performed in 16 cases to study any chromosomal breakage, by banding and fluorescent techniques.", "contents": "Chromosomal study after radioactive synoviorthesis for haemophilic haemarthrosis. Twenty joints in 19 haemophiliacs were treated by radioactive synoviorthesis with gold (Au 198) to prevent recurrent haemarthrosis. Twelve knees, six elbows and two ankles were treated in two separate groups (29. 9. 76 and 9. 5. 77). In eight cases (40%) no further haemarthrosis occurred. A diminution of bleeding was obtained in nine cases (45%), a total of 85% good results with 15% failures. One failure in the first group (an elbow) had a second synoviorthesis and was included in the second group also. Prior to synoviorthesis the joint was scanned with technetium (Tc99m) to compare the inflammation of the synovium with that of six months later. The technique including the dosage of Tc99m, Au 198, and factor VIII cover is presented. A leucocyte culture was performed in 16 cases to study any chromosomal breakage, by banding and fluorescent techniques.", "PMID": 548501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10979", "title": "Bipolar fixation of fractures of the distal end of the radius.", "content": "The frequency fo secondary displacement in fractures of the distal end of the radius is very high and varies from 40 to 60% in various series. This results from the void in the epiphysis after reduction due to crushing of the cancellous bone. Secondary displacement can be easily avoided by the bipolar fixation method. This method is quite simple. Two strong Kirschner wires are driven into the radius and into the first metacarpal, and then incorporated in the cast after the reduction of the fracture. In this study we have followed 102 out of 250 patients treated by this method. The number of secondary displcements has been negligible. The functional results are excellent and we did not find any untoward effects attributable to our technique.", "contents": "Bipolar fixation of fractures of the distal end of the radius. The frequency fo secondary displacement in fractures of the distal end of the radius is very high and varies from 40 to 60% in various series. This results from the void in the epiphysis after reduction due to crushing of the cancellous bone. Secondary displacement can be easily avoided by the bipolar fixation method. This method is quite simple. Two strong Kirschner wires are driven into the radius and into the first metacarpal, and then incorporated in the cast after the reduction of the fracture. In this study we have followed 102 out of 250 patients treated by this method. The number of secondary displcements has been negligible. The functional results are excellent and we did not find any untoward effects attributable to our technique.", "PMID": 548502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10980", "title": "The correction of rheumatoid ulnar drift by silicone prostheses with tendon transfer.", "content": "Fifty hands with rheumatoid ulnar drift treated by resection of the metacarpal heads and replacement with silicone prostheses were studied. The procedure is outlined which consists of an arthroplasty using a silicone prosthesis with tendon transfer. The complications are also studied and the results evaluated. Of the cases studied 20% were excellent, 40% were good, and 40% fair.", "contents": "The correction of rheumatoid ulnar drift by silicone prostheses with tendon transfer. Fifty hands with rheumatoid ulnar drift treated by resection of the metacarpal heads and replacement with silicone prostheses were studied. The procedure is outlined which consists of an arthroplasty using a silicone prosthesis with tendon transfer. The complications are also studied and the results evaluated. Of the cases studied 20% were excellent, 40% were good, and 40% fair.", "PMID": 548503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10981", "title": "The long-term treatment of periodical and cyclic depressions with flupenthixol decanoate.", "content": "In a 2- to 3-year open study 30 patients were treated with flupenthixol decanoate (depot form). These periodic and cyclic depressive patients had side effects during treatment with lithium salts. In comparison with the depressive and manic phases before the treatment, the prophylactic effect of flupenthixol decanoate on periodic and cyclic forms of depression was similar to the effect of lithium salts.", "contents": "The long-term treatment of periodical and cyclic depressions with flupenthixol decanoate. In a 2- to 3-year open study 30 patients were treated with flupenthixol decanoate (depot form). These periodic and cyclic depressive patients had side effects during treatment with lithium salts. In comparison with the depressive and manic phases before the treatment, the prophylactic effect of flupenthixol decanoate on periodic and cyclic forms of depression was similar to the effect of lithium salts.", "PMID": 548504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10982", "title": "[Reproducibility of the factorial structure of the AMP system].", "content": "Using the data of 552 patients mainly suffering from endogenous psychoses, the factorial structure (2--9 factors) of the AMP system was determined and compared to the results of a previous analysis. The 2- to 5-factor solutions were reproduced. In the 9-factor solution, on which the 9 known AMP scales are based, 2 factors ('paranoid' and 'hypochondriac syndrome') were not completely reproducible.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of the factorial structure of the AMP system]. Using the data of 552 patients mainly suffering from endogenous psychoses, the factorial structure (2--9 factors) of the AMP system was determined and compared to the results of a previous analysis. The 2- to 5-factor solutions were reproduced. In the 9-factor solution, on which the 9 known AMP scales are based, 2 factors ('paranoid' and 'hypochondriac syndrome') were not completely reproducible.", "PMID": 548505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10983", "title": "[Construction of second order AMP scales: \"manic depressives\" and \"schizophrenic syndrome\"].", "content": "A previous two-factor solution of the AMP system was confirmed by a factor analysis in 552 patients, mainly suffering from endogenous psychoses. Based on these results, two second-order scales ('manic-depressive' and 'schizophrenic syndrome') were constructed according to the classical theory of mental testing. The scales are orthogonal. Their reliability and validity is satisfactory. It is suggested to use the two new scales together with the known 9 AMP scales.", "contents": "[Construction of second order AMP scales: \"manic depressives\" and \"schizophrenic syndrome\"]. A previous two-factor solution of the AMP system was confirmed by a factor analysis in 552 patients, mainly suffering from endogenous psychoses. Based on these results, two second-order scales ('manic-depressive' and 'schizophrenic syndrome') were constructed according to the classical theory of mental testing. The scales are orthogonal. Their reliability and validity is satisfactory. It is suggested to use the two new scales together with the known 9 AMP scales.", "PMID": 548506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10984", "title": "[Study of the validity of the second order AMP scales compared to the Hamilton Depression Scale, BPRS and IMPS].", "content": "Comparisons in three samples of patients with well-known rating scales (BPRS, Hamilton, IMPS) showed a good validity of the two second-order scales of the AMP system 'manic-depressive syndrome' and 'schizophrenic syndrome'.", "contents": "[Study of the validity of the second order AMP scales compared to the Hamilton Depression Scale, BPRS and IMPS]. Comparisons in three samples of patients with well-known rating scales (BPRS, Hamilton, IMPS) showed a good validity of the two second-order scales of the AMP system 'manic-depressive syndrome' and 'schizophrenic syndrome'.", "PMID": 548507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10985", "title": "Therapeutic problems in the treatment of cartilaginous tumours of bone.", "content": "Two cases of solitary cartilaginous bone tumours are presented. They were slow growing and the radiographs never showed any certain evidence of malignancy. The writers emphasize the difficulties in planning treatment, in view of the tendency towards malignancy shown by these tumours.", "contents": "Therapeutic problems in the treatment of cartilaginous tumours of bone. Two cases of solitary cartilaginous bone tumours are presented. They were slow growing and the radiographs never showed any certain evidence of malignancy. The writers emphasize the difficulties in planning treatment, in view of the tendency towards malignancy shown by these tumours.", "PMID": 548508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10986", "title": "Present tendencies in the surgical treatment of pectus excavatum.", "content": "Among the malformations of the chest wall, pectus excavatum is undoubtedly the most frequent. It may appear in various forms and may show varying degrees of severity. Surgical correction by operation is mostly sought by the patients for aesthetic reasons. After careful review of the methods proposed by various writers for the correction of this malformation, the present writers emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, especially in relation to the methods of stabilising the reduction. Finally, they report on their own case material and present some significant examples.", "contents": "Present tendencies in the surgical treatment of pectus excavatum. Among the malformations of the chest wall, pectus excavatum is undoubtedly the most frequent. It may appear in various forms and may show varying degrees of severity. Surgical correction by operation is mostly sought by the patients for aesthetic reasons. After careful review of the methods proposed by various writers for the correction of this malformation, the present writers emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, especially in relation to the methods of stabilising the reduction. Finally, they report on their own case material and present some significant examples.", "PMID": 548509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10987", "title": "Rigid osteosynthesis in open diaphyseal fractures of the long bones: immediate or deferred treatment.", "content": "Fifty nine cases of open diaphyseal fractures of the long bones treated by rigid osteosynthesis were examined with reference to their course and outcome in relation to whether the operation was immediate of deferred. No significant differences arose as between the two groups of cases. It thus appears that the timing of the operation has no important repercussions on the course and the result.", "contents": "Rigid osteosynthesis in open diaphyseal fractures of the long bones: immediate or deferred treatment. Fifty nine cases of open diaphyseal fractures of the long bones treated by rigid osteosynthesis were examined with reference to their course and outcome in relation to whether the operation was immediate of deferred. No significant differences arose as between the two groups of cases. It thus appears that the timing of the operation has no important repercussions on the course and the result.", "PMID": 548510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10988", "title": "Surgical treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: biomechanical aspects.", "content": "The internal fixation of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur must meet precise mechanical requirements in order to be capable of resisting the considerable bending stresses acting on this part of the body. On the basis of the results obtained in ninety two fractures treated surgically with various fixation devices, the authors analyse the biomechanical characteristics of the various implants in relation to the different types of fractures.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: biomechanical aspects. The internal fixation of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur must meet precise mechanical requirements in order to be capable of resisting the considerable bending stresses acting on this part of the body. On the basis of the results obtained in ninety two fractures treated surgically with various fixation devices, the authors analyse the biomechanical characteristics of the various implants in relation to the different types of fractures.", "PMID": 548511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10989", "title": "Chondromalacia and recurrent subluxation of the patella: a study of malalignment, with some indications for radiography.", "content": "The authors adopted four parameters in a study of 100 normal subjects and fifty patients affected by \"chondromalacia\" or by recurrent subluxation of the patella. These were: the quadriceps angle, the ratio between the length of the patellar tendon and the length of the patella, the femoral sulcus angle, and the congruence angle between the femur and patella. These parameters showed a statistically significant increase in the pathological group, thereby demonstrating that the majority of cases of \"chondromalacia\" of the patella and those of recurrent subluxation constitute two entities forming part of the same disease, the basis of which is malalignment and malposition of the patella.", "contents": "Chondromalacia and recurrent subluxation of the patella: a study of malalignment, with some indications for radiography. The authors adopted four parameters in a study of 100 normal subjects and fifty patients affected by \"chondromalacia\" or by recurrent subluxation of the patella. These were: the quadriceps angle, the ratio between the length of the patellar tendon and the length of the patella, the femoral sulcus angle, and the congruence angle between the femur and patella. These parameters showed a statistically significant increase in the pathological group, thereby demonstrating that the majority of cases of \"chondromalacia\" of the patella and those of recurrent subluxation constitute two entities forming part of the same disease, the basis of which is malalignment and malposition of the patella.", "PMID": 548512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10990", "title": "Experimental study of the effects of cortical erosion on the resistance to compression of diaphyseal compact bone.", "content": "The authors investigated the variations in breakage under comparable compression loads induced by concentric erosion of diaphyseal bone in experimental animals. The results varied according to whether the internal or external cortex had been eroded, and whether the proximal or distal segments of the diaphysis were involved. Our findings appear to have some practical relevance regarding the etiopathogenesis of pathological fractures.", "contents": "Experimental study of the effects of cortical erosion on the resistance to compression of diaphyseal compact bone. The authors investigated the variations in breakage under comparable compression loads induced by concentric erosion of diaphyseal bone in experimental animals. The results varied according to whether the internal or external cortex had been eroded, and whether the proximal or distal segments of the diaphysis were involved. Our findings appear to have some practical relevance regarding the etiopathogenesis of pathological fractures.", "PMID": 548513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10991", "title": "Resection of the median nerve without sequelae (resection of 15 cm due to neurofibroma).", "content": "A case of neurofibroma of the median nerve at the wrist is reported. An operation to resect 15 cm of the nerve was performed; no transplant was substituted. No motor or sensory paralysis was noted, either directly after the operation or at follow up after nine years. Injection of procaine into the ulnar nerve at the epitrochlear groove demonstrated complete compensation, by means of anastomoses between the two nerves at the upper third of the forearm. It is assumed that the type of lesion (circumscribed neurofibromatosis) beginning in infancy or childhood, had some influence in giving rise to this substitution.", "contents": "Resection of the median nerve without sequelae (resection of 15 cm due to neurofibroma). A case of neurofibroma of the median nerve at the wrist is reported. An operation to resect 15 cm of the nerve was performed; no transplant was substituted. No motor or sensory paralysis was noted, either directly after the operation or at follow up after nine years. Injection of procaine into the ulnar nerve at the epitrochlear groove demonstrated complete compensation, by means of anastomoses between the two nerves at the upper third of the forearm. It is assumed that the type of lesion (circumscribed neurofibromatosis) beginning in infancy or childhood, had some influence in giving rise to this substitution.", "PMID": 548514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10992", "title": "Voluntary dislocation of the hip (a case report).", "content": "An extremely rare case is presented of voluntary dislocation of the hip not preceded by trauma. Some pathogenetic hypotheses are discussed. The surgical treatment is described and illustrated and the result is followed up.", "contents": "Voluntary dislocation of the hip (a case report). An extremely rare case is presented of voluntary dislocation of the hip not preceded by trauma. Some pathogenetic hypotheses are discussed. The surgical treatment is described and illustrated and the result is followed up.", "PMID": 548515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10993", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the bone destroying activity of osteocytes and osteoclasts in experimental disuse osteoporosis.", "content": "With the aim of analysing the role played by osteocytes in phospho-calcic homeostasis and in bone metabolism, the amount of bone tissue respectively reabsorbed by osteocytes and by osteoclasts had morphometrically been evaluated in unloaded skeletal segments.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the bone destroying activity of osteocytes and osteoclasts in experimental disuse osteoporosis. With the aim of analysing the role played by osteocytes in phospho-calcic homeostasis and in bone metabolism, the amount of bone tissue respectively reabsorbed by osteocytes and by osteoclasts had morphometrically been evaluated in unloaded skeletal segments.", "PMID": 548516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10994", "title": "Leontiasis ossea.", "content": "A case of leontiasis ossea, observed over a period of fifty years, is described with particular reference to certain similarities and differences as compared with Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) and fibrous dysplasia. The differential diagnosis is discussed and it is concluded that leontiasis ossea is an entity in its own right.", "contents": "Leontiasis ossea. A case of leontiasis ossea, observed over a period of fifty years, is described with particular reference to certain similarities and differences as compared with Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) and fibrous dysplasia. The differential diagnosis is discussed and it is concluded that leontiasis ossea is an entity in its own right.", "PMID": 548517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10995", "title": "An apparatus for the radiographic diagnosis of ligamentous lesions of the ankle dynamic projections.", "content": "Functional radiographic investigation is indispensable to the clinical examination of ligamentous lesions of the ankle. It facilitates correct classification of the different lesions. This correlation of clinical findings and precise radiographical images to well defined anatomo-pathological lesions is particularly important in selecting the correct treatment. An apparatus is described which makes it possible to identify more precisely ligamentous lesions of the ankle, both the abnormal tilting of the talus in A.P. views, and forward talar sliding (\"angle of ballottamento\") seen in lateral views. This apparatus is easy to use in the First Aid department and can be used without general or local anaesthesia.", "contents": "An apparatus for the radiographic diagnosis of ligamentous lesions of the ankle dynamic projections. Functional radiographic investigation is indispensable to the clinical examination of ligamentous lesions of the ankle. It facilitates correct classification of the different lesions. This correlation of clinical findings and precise radiographical images to well defined anatomo-pathological lesions is particularly important in selecting the correct treatment. An apparatus is described which makes it possible to identify more precisely ligamentous lesions of the ankle, both the abnormal tilting of the talus in A.P. views, and forward talar sliding (\"angle of ballottamento\") seen in lateral views. This apparatus is easy to use in the First Aid department and can be used without general or local anaesthesia.", "PMID": 548518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10996", "title": "Giant cell tumour in a vertebra affected by Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "A case of giant cell tumor in a vertebra affected by Paget's disease of bone is presented. This lesion, which is quite rare, has usually been observed in the bones of the skull and face, and is benign. It is probably hyperplastic rather than neoplastic in nature. Radiotherapy is contraindicated, since bone affected by osteitis deformans may possibly become malignant.", "contents": "Giant cell tumour in a vertebra affected by Paget's disease of bone. A case of giant cell tumor in a vertebra affected by Paget's disease of bone is presented. This lesion, which is quite rare, has usually been observed in the bones of the skull and face, and is benign. It is probably hyperplastic rather than neoplastic in nature. Radiotherapy is contraindicated, since bone affected by osteitis deformans may possibly become malignant.", "PMID": 548519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10997", "title": "[Immunopathology of Duhring's dermatitis herpetiformis].", "content": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and gluten-sensitive enteropathy and their mutual association are discussed. Clinical, histopathological, immunopathological and genetic findings are emphasized, particularly with regard to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of both disorders.", "contents": "[Immunopathology of Duhring's dermatitis herpetiformis]. Dermatitis herpetiformis and gluten-sensitive enteropathy and their mutual association are discussed. Clinical, histopathological, immunopathological and genetic findings are emphasized, particularly with regard to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of both disorders.", "PMID": 548520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10998", "title": "[Erythema annulare centrifugum Darier].", "content": "The symptoms of erythema anulare centrifugum Darier are demonstrated in a 60-year-old patient. A paraneoplastic syndrome was sufficiently ruled out. The skin lesions quickly healed during treatment of an urinary tract infection.", "contents": "[Erythema annulare centrifugum Darier]. The symptoms of erythema anulare centrifugum Darier are demonstrated in a 60-year-old patient. A paraneoplastic syndrome was sufficiently ruled out. The skin lesions quickly healed during treatment of an urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 548521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_10999", "title": "[Preparative isolation of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexapyrimidine nucleotides from hydrolysates of depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "The pyrimidine nucleotides p(dC)3p, p(dT)3p and p(dT)4p and mixtures of the sequence isomers p(dC3, dT), (dC3, dT)p; p(dC3, dT)p; p(dC2, dT2)p; p(dC, dT3)p; p(dC3, dT2)p; p(dC2, dT3); p(dC2, dT3)p; p(dC, dT4)p; p(dC4, dT2); p(dC3, dT3); p(dC3, dT3)p and p(dC2, dT4)p have been isolated on a preparative scale from hydrolysates of depurinated herring sperm DNA. The DNA hydrolysate is first separated into a high- and a low-molecular weight pyrimidine nucleotide mixture by column chromatography at pH 7.5 on DEAE-cellulose. The high-molecular-weight pyrimidine nucleotide mixture is further separated into four peaks on QAE-Sephadex at pH 7.5. The second peak is re-chromatographed on QAE-Sephadex at pH 3.5. Pyrimidine nucleotides containing predominantly cytidylic acid units may thus be separated from these with predominantly thymidylic acid units. Subsequent separation according to number of phosphate groups at pH 7.5 on QAE-Sephadex yields products of 70--93% purity. In a final separation step, the pyrimidine nucleotides and mixtures of sequence isomers are once again chromatographed on QAE-Sephadex with 7 M urea at pH 7.5. The products thus obtained are generally chromatographically pure. Impurities which are not fully removed by column chromatography are separated by paper chromatography. The structure of the isolated DNA fragments and the composition of the mixtures of sequence isomers are determined from the chromatographic data, absorption characteristics and by enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexapyrimidine nucleotides from hydrolysates of depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)]. The pyrimidine nucleotides p(dC)3p, p(dT)3p and p(dT)4p and mixtures of the sequence isomers p(dC3, dT), (dC3, dT)p; p(dC3, dT)p; p(dC2, dT2)p; p(dC, dT3)p; p(dC3, dT2)p; p(dC2, dT3); p(dC2, dT3)p; p(dC, dT4)p; p(dC4, dT2); p(dC3, dT3); p(dC3, dT3)p and p(dC2, dT4)p have been isolated on a preparative scale from hydrolysates of depurinated herring sperm DNA. The DNA hydrolysate is first separated into a high- and a low-molecular weight pyrimidine nucleotide mixture by column chromatography at pH 7.5 on DEAE-cellulose. The high-molecular-weight pyrimidine nucleotide mixture is further separated into four peaks on QAE-Sephadex at pH 7.5. The second peak is re-chromatographed on QAE-Sephadex at pH 3.5. Pyrimidine nucleotides containing predominantly cytidylic acid units may thus be separated from these with predominantly thymidylic acid units. Subsequent separation according to number of phosphate groups at pH 7.5 on QAE-Sephadex yields products of 70--93% purity. In a final separation step, the pyrimidine nucleotides and mixtures of sequence isomers are once again chromatographed on QAE-Sephadex with 7 M urea at pH 7.5. The products thus obtained are generally chromatographically pure. Impurities which are not fully removed by column chromatography are separated by paper chromatography. The structure of the isolated DNA fragments and the composition of the mixtures of sequence isomers are determined from the chromatographic data, absorption characteristics and by enzymatic degradation.", "PMID": 548528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11000", "title": "Rapid thin-layer chromatographic photodensitometric method for the determination of metoclopramide and clebopride in the presence of some of their metabolic products.", "content": "Metoclopramide and its newly developed analogue clebopride, together with some of their metabolic products are quantitated, following extraction from biological tissues and fluids, and subsequent separation on silica gel thin-layer chromatographic plates. Diazotisation, followed by coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediammonium dichloride, carried out on the thin-layer plate, is utilised for visualisation. The intensity of the spots is measured by photodensitometric analysis. The effect of variation of various experimental conditions is studied. The method has proven to be satisfactory for the measurement of 20 ng/ml of these compounds in biological material; the results are well within the accepted limits of deviation.", "contents": "Rapid thin-layer chromatographic photodensitometric method for the determination of metoclopramide and clebopride in the presence of some of their metabolic products. Metoclopramide and its newly developed analogue clebopride, together with some of their metabolic products are quantitated, following extraction from biological tissues and fluids, and subsequent separation on silica gel thin-layer chromatographic plates. Diazotisation, followed by coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediammonium dichloride, carried out on the thin-layer plate, is utilised for visualisation. The intensity of the spots is measured by photodensitometric analysis. The effect of variation of various experimental conditions is studied. The method has proven to be satisfactory for the measurement of 20 ng/ml of these compounds in biological material; the results are well within the accepted limits of deviation.", "PMID": 548529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11001", "title": "Determination of nitrazepam and its main metabolites in urine by gas--liquid chromatography: use of electron capture and nitrogen-selective detectors.", "content": "Nitrazepam and its main urinary metabolites, 7-aminonitrazepam and 7-acetamidonitrazepam, free and conjugared, were determined from 24-h fractions of human urine after a single oral dose of 5 mg of nitrazepam. Nitrazepam and the metabolites were extracted before and after glusulase hydrolysis with benzene--dichloromethane (90:10) from a 1.0 ml sample. Methylnitrazepam and methylbromazepam served as internal standards. Recoveries were better than 90%. GLC analysis of nitrazepam was performed using a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The metabolites were measured by a dual flameless nitrogen selective detector. The detection limits were about 0.2 ng/ml for nitrazepam and 50 ng/ml for the metabolites. The nitrogen-selective detector responds similarly to all three compounds. The 63Ni electron-capture detector gives very poor response to 7-amino-nitrazepam but allows very sensitive detection of nitrazepam. Combined use of the two detectors gives valuable information about the metabolic profile of nitrazepam.", "contents": "Determination of nitrazepam and its main metabolites in urine by gas--liquid chromatography: use of electron capture and nitrogen-selective detectors. Nitrazepam and its main urinary metabolites, 7-aminonitrazepam and 7-acetamidonitrazepam, free and conjugared, were determined from 24-h fractions of human urine after a single oral dose of 5 mg of nitrazepam. Nitrazepam and the metabolites were extracted before and after glusulase hydrolysis with benzene--dichloromethane (90:10) from a 1.0 ml sample. Methylnitrazepam and methylbromazepam served as internal standards. Recoveries were better than 90%. GLC analysis of nitrazepam was performed using a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The metabolites were measured by a dual flameless nitrogen selective detector. The detection limits were about 0.2 ng/ml for nitrazepam and 50 ng/ml for the metabolites. The nitrogen-selective detector responds similarly to all three compounds. The 63Ni electron-capture detector gives very poor response to 7-amino-nitrazepam but allows very sensitive detection of nitrazepam. Combined use of the two detectors gives valuable information about the metabolic profile of nitrazepam.", "PMID": 548530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11002", "title": "Determination of clonazepam in human plasma by gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Our previously reported gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric assay for clonazepam using positive ion chemical ionization has been modified to employ negative ion chemical ionization. The sensitivity using this technique (less than 0.1 ng/ml) is approximately twenty times better than the positive ion chemical ionization procedure with similar precision. The method was used to determine the clonazepam plasma concentration in one human for 96 h following a single 2-mg dose of clonazepam.", "contents": "Determination of clonazepam in human plasma by gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Our previously reported gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric assay for clonazepam using positive ion chemical ionization has been modified to employ negative ion chemical ionization. The sensitivity using this technique (less than 0.1 ng/ml) is approximately twenty times better than the positive ion chemical ionization procedure with similar precision. The method was used to determine the clonazepam plasma concentration in one human for 96 h following a single 2-mg dose of clonazepam.", "PMID": 548531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11003", "title": "Determination of nikethamide and N-ethylnicotinamide in the blood and urine of greyhounds.", "content": "Following the intramuscular administration of nikethamide to a series of greyhounds, both plasma and urine excretion levels were obtained. A qualitative urine screening procedure for both nikethamide and its major metabolite has been devised. The method involves solvent extraction, thin-layer and a two-system gas chromatographic system.", "contents": "Determination of nikethamide and N-ethylnicotinamide in the blood and urine of greyhounds. Following the intramuscular administration of nikethamide to a series of greyhounds, both plasma and urine excretion levels were obtained. A qualitative urine screening procedure for both nikethamide and its major metabolite has been devised. The method involves solvent extraction, thin-layer and a two-system gas chromatographic system.", "PMID": 548532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11004", "title": "Simultaneous microdetermination of capsaicin and its four analogues by using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "content": "An improved method is described for the simultaneous determination of capsaicin and its analogues at levels from nanograms to micrograms using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. This method consists of two steps: firstly, purification and determination of total capsaicinoid by HPLC, and secondly, the simultaneous determination of capsaicin and its analogues by mass chromatography (MC) or mass fragmentography (MF). Crude extracts of capsaicinoid were purified with a Zorbax SIL column. Total capsaicinoid was detected at 235 nm and measured automatically by a microcomputer. It was collected, evaporated, trimethylsilylated and subjected to MC or MF. After monitoring the molecular ions of trimethylsilyl derivatives of capsaicinoid and the internal standard, the absolute contents of each analogue were determined by computer. By using this method, capsaicin and all of its analogues can be determined simultaneously at levels from micrograms to nanograms without any interferences from other components.", "contents": "Simultaneous microdetermination of capsaicin and its four analogues by using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. An improved method is described for the simultaneous determination of capsaicin and its analogues at levels from nanograms to micrograms using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. This method consists of two steps: firstly, purification and determination of total capsaicinoid by HPLC, and secondly, the simultaneous determination of capsaicin and its analogues by mass chromatography (MC) or mass fragmentography (MF). Crude extracts of capsaicinoid were purified with a Zorbax SIL column. Total capsaicinoid was detected at 235 nm and measured automatically by a microcomputer. It was collected, evaporated, trimethylsilylated and subjected to MC or MF. After monitoring the molecular ions of trimethylsilyl derivatives of capsaicinoid and the internal standard, the absolute contents of each analogue were determined by computer. By using this method, capsaicin and all of its analogues can be determined simultaneously at levels from micrograms to nanograms without any interferences from other components.", "PMID": 548533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11005", "title": "Prazosin determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure using fluorescence detection for the analysis of prazosin in whole blood and plasma is described. It employs a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. Prazosin and an internal standard are chromatographed as ion-pairs with pentane sulfonic acid. The method is sensitive and reproducible with accurate detection as low as 0.2 ng/ml in whole blood and 0.5 ng/ml in plasma with a coefficient of variation of 5.6% and 5.4% respectively. If propranolol or quinidine is present, modifications of chromatographic conditions are used which separate prazosin from these two drugs. Prazosin is stable when frozen for a long period or refrigerated for short periods.", "contents": "Prazosin determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure using fluorescence detection for the analysis of prazosin in whole blood and plasma is described. It employs a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. Prazosin and an internal standard are chromatographed as ion-pairs with pentane sulfonic acid. The method is sensitive and reproducible with accurate detection as low as 0.2 ng/ml in whole blood and 0.5 ng/ml in plasma with a coefficient of variation of 5.6% and 5.4% respectively. If propranolol or quinidine is present, modifications of chromatographic conditions are used which separate prazosin from these two drugs. Prazosin is stable when frozen for a long period or refrigerated for short periods.", "PMID": 548534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11006", "title": "Determination of buflomedil hydrochloride [2',4',6'-trimethoxy-4-(pyrrolidinyl)butyrophenone hydrochloride] by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the determination of buflomedil hydrochloride [2',4',6'-trimethoxy-4-(pyrrolidinyl)butyrophenone hydrochloride] in pharmaceutical formulations by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The sample is dissolved in methanol and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene is added as an internal standard. The resulting solution is chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column using ion-pair partition chromatography with lauryl sulphate as the counter ion. A 25-microliter injection (containing 3.5 micrograms of buflomedil hydrochloride) produces a 60% full-scale peak (0.2 a.u.f.s.) at the absorbance maximum (275 nm). The relative standard deviation of the method ranges from 1 to 3%, depending  on the particular tablet formulation examined. Excipients present in the preparations do not interfere.", "contents": "Determination of buflomedil hydrochloride [2',4',6'-trimethoxy-4-(pyrrolidinyl)butyrophenone hydrochloride] by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. A simple and rapid method for the determination of buflomedil hydrochloride [2',4',6'-trimethoxy-4-(pyrrolidinyl)butyrophenone hydrochloride] in pharmaceutical formulations by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The sample is dissolved in methanol and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene is added as an internal standard. The resulting solution is chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column using ion-pair partition chromatography with lauryl sulphate as the counter ion. A 25-microliter injection (containing 3.5 micrograms of buflomedil hydrochloride) produces a 60% full-scale peak (0.2 a.u.f.s.) at the absorbance maximum (275 nm). The relative standard deviation of the method ranges from 1 to 3%, depending  on the particular tablet formulation examined. Excipients present in the preparations do not interfere.", "PMID": 548535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11007", "title": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatography: thin-film fluorescence scanning analysis of adriamycin and metabolites in tissue.", "content": "A rapid, non-hydrolytic thin-film fluorescence scanning method is described for the quantitation of adriamycin and metabolites in tissues. Adriamycin, with daunomycin added as the internal standard, was extracted from tissue homogenate which contained 500 micrograms of oxalic acid, with ice-cold 0.5 N hydrochloric acid--85% isopropanol, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and quantitated in situ via a fluorescence scanning technique. This method has a sensitivity to 0.05 microgram per gram of tissue.", "contents": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatography: thin-film fluorescence scanning analysis of adriamycin and metabolites in tissue. A rapid, non-hydrolytic thin-film fluorescence scanning method is described for the quantitation of adriamycin and metabolites in tissues. Adriamycin, with daunomycin added as the internal standard, was extracted from tissue homogenate which contained 500 micrograms of oxalic acid, with ice-cold 0.5 N hydrochloric acid--85% isopropanol, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and quantitated in situ via a fluorescence scanning technique. This method has a sensitivity to 0.05 microgram per gram of tissue.", "PMID": 548536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11008", "title": "Evaluation of the characteristics of the differential amperometric detector in combination with anion-exchange chromatography, using L-ascorbic acid as test compound.", "content": "The hydrodynamic characteristics of the thin-layer flow cell of the differential amperometric detector were deduced theoretically and confirmed by experiment. The response of the differential amperometric detector was compared with that of a fixed-wavelength UV detector in the analysis of L-ascorbic acid in combination with anion-exchange chromatography.", "contents": "Evaluation of the characteristics of the differential amperometric detector in combination with anion-exchange chromatography, using L-ascorbic acid as test compound. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the thin-layer flow cell of the differential amperometric detector were deduced theoretically and confirmed by experiment. The response of the differential amperometric detector was compared with that of a fixed-wavelength UV detector in the analysis of L-ascorbic acid in combination with anion-exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 548537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11009", "title": "General method for computer measurement of complex chromatograms.", "content": "Usual computerized methods for measuring peak areas and associated computations on chromatograms require relatively highly reproducible retnetion times. They are prone to mis-identification of substances in chromatography of physiological fluids. The method described was developed for amino acid analyses of physiological mouse tissues. It tolerates noisy output, drifting baselines, variable retention times and unidentified peaks.", "contents": "General method for computer measurement of complex chromatograms. Usual computerized methods for measuring peak areas and associated computations on chromatograms require relatively highly reproducible retnetion times. They are prone to mis-identification of substances in chromatography of physiological fluids. The method described was developed for amino acid analyses of physiological mouse tissues. It tolerates noisy output, drifting baselines, variable retention times and unidentified peaks.", "PMID": 548546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11010", "title": "Double-column gas chromatography using packed pre-columns and glass capillary main columns.", "content": "Methods of column switching are described that make possible back-flushing, heart cutting and trapping. Conventional packed columns are employed as pre-columns for their high sample capacity, and glass capillary columns are used as the main columns for their high separation efficiency. Some typical examples of the application of double-column gas chromatography are presented: (1) solvent cutting for identification and exact quantitative determination of a phosphorus ester impurity in a sample of wheat flour (including trapping); (2) separation of trace amounts of methyl esters of fatty acids by means of back-flushing and trapping; (3) enrichment technique using trapping of trace elements in the front section of the capillary (plus solvent cutting, multiple injection and back-flushing); and (4) coupling a nitrogen-selective detector to the capillary main column to gain additional information. To illustrate the trapping effect, the separation number was determined with and without trapping.", "contents": "Double-column gas chromatography using packed pre-columns and glass capillary main columns. Methods of column switching are described that make possible back-flushing, heart cutting and trapping. Conventional packed columns are employed as pre-columns for their high sample capacity, and glass capillary columns are used as the main columns for their high separation efficiency. Some typical examples of the application of double-column gas chromatography are presented: (1) solvent cutting for identification and exact quantitative determination of a phosphorus ester impurity in a sample of wheat flour (including trapping); (2) separation of trace amounts of methyl esters of fatty acids by means of back-flushing and trapping; (3) enrichment technique using trapping of trace elements in the front section of the capillary (plus solvent cutting, multiple injection and back-flushing); and (4) coupling a nitrogen-selective detector to the capillary main column to gain additional information. To illustrate the trapping effect, the separation number was determined with and without trapping.", "PMID": 548547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11011", "title": "[Autogenous ovary grafts in rabbits. Experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the techniques used and the results obtained in a experimental study of autogenous ovary grafts in rabbits. The various methods of control--histological, hormonal and isotopic--used to measure the vitality of the grafts, showed their good quality. Active ovarian tissue was found to be present within the graft: 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone secretion was demonstrated by means of radio-immunological plasma dosages and LH fixation in the ovarian tissue graft was shown by means of 131 iodine. This recovery was however accompanied by a loss of ovarian functional potential and chances of impregnation and gestation were reduced due to a strong peritoneal reaction.", "contents": "[Autogenous ovary grafts in rabbits. Experimental study (author's transl)]. The authors report the techniques used and the results obtained in a experimental study of autogenous ovary grafts in rabbits. The various methods of control--histological, hormonal and isotopic--used to measure the vitality of the grafts, showed their good quality. Active ovarian tissue was found to be present within the graft: 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone secretion was demonstrated by means of radio-immunological plasma dosages and LH fixation in the ovarian tissue graft was shown by means of 131 iodine. This recovery was however accompanied by a loss of ovarian functional potential and chances of impregnation and gestation were reduced due to a strong peritoneal reaction.", "PMID": 548549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11012", "title": "[Hormonal tests of pregnancy and congenital malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "I.N.S.E.R.M. has carried out two prospective inquiries centred on the evaluation of the teratogenic action of drugs on human beings. The first survey was between 1963 and 1969 and the second between 1975 and 1977 and they were carried out in maternity hospitals. The first test, which was carried out on 12,764 women, had shown no overall association between the use of hormonal tests for the diagnosis of pregnancy (oestrogens-progestogens) and congenital malformation in the infant. The second study, which was carried out on 3,451 women who were questioned in the same way, shows that there is an excessive number of newborn babies with malformations when the mothers took certain products (oestrogens-progestogens when the progestogen was a derivative of testosterone). The problem of a methodological bias is discussed and the results are interpreted in the light of epidemiological studies that have recently been carried out abroad.", "contents": "[Hormonal tests of pregnancy and congenital malformations (author's transl)]. I.N.S.E.R.M. has carried out two prospective inquiries centred on the evaluation of the teratogenic action of drugs on human beings. The first survey was between 1963 and 1969 and the second between 1975 and 1977 and they were carried out in maternity hospitals. The first test, which was carried out on 12,764 women, had shown no overall association between the use of hormonal tests for the diagnosis of pregnancy (oestrogens-progestogens) and congenital malformation in the infant. The second study, which was carried out on 3,451 women who were questioned in the same way, shows that there is an excessive number of newborn babies with malformations when the mothers took certain products (oestrogens-progestogens when the progestogen was a derivative of testosterone). The problem of a methodological bias is discussed and the results are interpreted in the light of epidemiological studies that have recently been carried out abroad.", "PMID": 548550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11013", "title": "[Plasma hormonal pattern of the late diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma estradiol, estriol, progesterone, H.C.S. and cortisol were measured (RIA methods) every two days, in 20 diabetic pregnancies (classes B, C or D of White), between the 33th week and the delivery, and were compared with normal pregnancies. Estriol was always normal, and progesterone values were at the upper limit of the normal range; estradiol, H.C.S. and cortisol were normal or elevated, with mean values significantly higher than controls. E2 and/or progesterone dramatically decreased in 5 cases before birth, just as the urinary measurements. In this study, the insulin requirements were not correlated with these plasma hormone values. Besides pathogenic hypothesis )glycemic control of H.C.S. and cortisol--abnormalities of metabolic pathways of estrogens ?), this work informs the inferred hormonal deficiency in diabetic placenta. Also, it is unable to determine the practical usefulness of these plasma measurements in the management of diabetic pregnancy.", "contents": "[Plasma hormonal pattern of the late diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)]. Plasma estradiol, estriol, progesterone, H.C.S. and cortisol were measured (RIA methods) every two days, in 20 diabetic pregnancies (classes B, C or D of White), between the 33th week and the delivery, and were compared with normal pregnancies. Estriol was always normal, and progesterone values were at the upper limit of the normal range; estradiol, H.C.S. and cortisol were normal or elevated, with mean values significantly higher than controls. E2 and/or progesterone dramatically decreased in 5 cases before birth, just as the urinary measurements. In this study, the insulin requirements were not correlated with these plasma hormone values. Besides pathogenic hypothesis )glycemic control of H.C.S. and cortisol--abnormalities of metabolic pathways of estrogens ?), this work informs the inferred hormonal deficiency in diabetic placenta. Also, it is unable to determine the practical usefulness of these plasma measurements in the management of diabetic pregnancy.", "PMID": 548551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11014", "title": "[The psychoanalytic approach to contraception today (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors look at a consultation for contraception from the point of view of the doctor and emphasize the unusual character of this consultation: on the one hand the doctor is not asked to exercise his usual therapeutic function, and on the other hand he is put into the position where he has to be a \"sexual educator\", a particularly delicate position to be in especially when dealing with adolescents. The authors look then at the subject from the point of view of the patient who is consulting the doctor for contraceptive services and distinguish three stages: The patient or rather the consultee who is in full reproductive life and who asks for contraception (and its failures) in relationship to the ups and downs of her unconscious desire to have a child; the consultee at the end of her reproductive life who tries to establish a relationship of patient to doctor by avoiding a list of morbid symptoms; and particularly the adolescent whose demand for contraception is very delicate (as all medical interventions are at this age), and where the doctor finds himself in the privileged position of being able to restore individuality to the adolescent by refusing to allow the consultation to be directed by the mother.", "contents": "[The psychoanalytic approach to contraception today (author's transl)]. The authors look at a consultation for contraception from the point of view of the doctor and emphasize the unusual character of this consultation: on the one hand the doctor is not asked to exercise his usual therapeutic function, and on the other hand he is put into the position where he has to be a \"sexual educator\", a particularly delicate position to be in especially when dealing with adolescents. The authors look then at the subject from the point of view of the patient who is consulting the doctor for contraceptive services and distinguish three stages: The patient or rather the consultee who is in full reproductive life and who asks for contraception (and its failures) in relationship to the ups and downs of her unconscious desire to have a child; the consultee at the end of her reproductive life who tries to establish a relationship of patient to doctor by avoiding a list of morbid symptoms; and particularly the adolescent whose demand for contraception is very delicate (as all medical interventions are at this age), and where the doctor finds himself in the privileged position of being able to restore individuality to the adolescent by refusing to allow the consultation to be directed by the mother.", "PMID": 548552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11015", "title": "[Placental sulfatase deficiency and sex-linked recessive ichthyosis. Two cases found in two sisters (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency was made at the same time in two sisters who were pregnant. This is the first case history reported of two women who were carriers of this abnormality and who were linked by parentage. The inborn error of metabolism was able to be found in its post-natal state in two of the sons of one of the women in the form of retention cutaneous ichthyosis of a sex-linked type.", "contents": "[Placental sulfatase deficiency and sex-linked recessive ichthyosis. Two cases found in two sisters (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency was made at the same time in two sisters who were pregnant. This is the first case history reported of two women who were carriers of this abnormality and who were linked by parentage. The inborn error of metabolism was able to be found in its post-natal state in two of the sons of one of the women in the form of retention cutaneous ichthyosis of a sex-linked type.", "PMID": 548553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11016", "title": "[A fetal distress signal: decreased fetal movements. A case of antenatal anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report an observation of antenatal anaemia which showed as fetal distress found by a decrease of fetal movements and confirmed by cardiotocography. At birth, the baby was very pale and has a severe anaemia. The authors have investigated the method introduced by Sadovsky for analysing fetal activity in which the woman counted her fetal movements in accordance with a time schedule. Normal fetal movements are an indication of fetal well-being. Decreased fetal movements may be an indication of chronic fetal asphyxia. In this case, cardiotocography has to be undertaken. Analysis of their results demonstrated the value of this method which appears to be useful particularly for the assessment of chronic fetal distress.", "contents": "[A fetal distress signal: decreased fetal movements. A case of antenatal anaemia (author's transl)]. The authors report an observation of antenatal anaemia which showed as fetal distress found by a decrease of fetal movements and confirmed by cardiotocography. At birth, the baby was very pale and has a severe anaemia. The authors have investigated the method introduced by Sadovsky for analysing fetal activity in which the woman counted her fetal movements in accordance with a time schedule. Normal fetal movements are an indication of fetal well-being. Decreased fetal movements may be an indication of chronic fetal asphyxia. In this case, cardiotocography has to be undertaken. Analysis of their results demonstrated the value of this method which appears to be useful particularly for the assessment of chronic fetal distress.", "PMID": 548554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11017", "title": "[The results of two years of artificial insemination (author's transl)].", "content": "Artificial insemination donor (AID) is the solution for the sterility of many couples where the man is irreversibly sterile. We present the results of AID using frozen sperm in the two first years of work at the Centre d'Etudes et de Conservation du Sperme (C.E.C.O.S.), which is situated in the Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es region of France. The results that have been obtained are satisfactory and prove the value of this method, but the means at present at the disposal of the Center do not always meet the demands made on it.", "contents": "[The results of two years of artificial insemination (author's transl)]. Artificial insemination donor (AID) is the solution for the sterility of many couples where the man is irreversibly sterile. We present the results of AID using frozen sperm in the two first years of work at the Centre d'Etudes et de Conservation du Sperme (C.E.C.O.S.), which is situated in the Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es region of France. The results that have been obtained are satisfactory and prove the value of this method, but the means at present at the disposal of the Center do not always meet the demands made on it.", "PMID": 548556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11018", "title": "[Oral contraception with an associated therapeutic action using a progestational method at two levels (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, basing their work on their experience over many years with a large number of cases, are proposing that synthetic progestational agents can be used at two levels of dosage, to serve as contraception and as a treatment when a progestational agent is used and is followed by micro-dosages of another progestational substance. So they prescribe at the end a of cycle following different dosages for different lengths of time, the same (or a different) progestational agent to treat breast troubles or menstrual troubles which are often intricate, particularly near the menopause. The authors in this way can compare by trials the effects of this method as compared with those of a progestational contraceptive administered in high doses and prescribed in an interrupted way and the prescription of micro-dosages of progestational agents that are taken \"non-stop\" which is now a classical method of treatment. This new method of contraception using progestational agents at two levels of dosage is particularly useful in patients who cannot take oestrogens because of metabolic upsets or because of tumours and who have reacted badly to the two other methods mentioned. If the dose, which can be calculated thanks to our knowledge of the hormonal background of the patient, is altered good therapeutic results and a relatively sure method of contraception is evolved without metabolic risks for the patient. This association of two progestational levels of dosage seems to be indicated particularly in women of over 40 years of age.", "contents": "[Oral contraception with an associated therapeutic action using a progestational method at two levels (author's transl)]. The authors, basing their work on their experience over many years with a large number of cases, are proposing that synthetic progestational agents can be used at two levels of dosage, to serve as contraception and as a treatment when a progestational agent is used and is followed by micro-dosages of another progestational substance. So they prescribe at the end a of cycle following different dosages for different lengths of time, the same (or a different) progestational agent to treat breast troubles or menstrual troubles which are often intricate, particularly near the menopause. The authors in this way can compare by trials the effects of this method as compared with those of a progestational contraceptive administered in high doses and prescribed in an interrupted way and the prescription of micro-dosages of progestational agents that are taken \"non-stop\" which is now a classical method of treatment. This new method of contraception using progestational agents at two levels of dosage is particularly useful in patients who cannot take oestrogens because of metabolic upsets or because of tumours and who have reacted badly to the two other methods mentioned. If the dose, which can be calculated thanks to our knowledge of the hormonal background of the patient, is altered good therapeutic results and a relatively sure method of contraception is evolved without metabolic risks for the patient. This association of two progestational levels of dosage seems to be indicated particularly in women of over 40 years of age.", "PMID": 548557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11019", "title": "[Maturation of the cervix by prostaglandins before inducing termination of pregnancy, in the first trimester (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique for instilling the gel of PGF2 alpha into the endocervix is presented. The study is concerned with 100 therapeutic terminations of pregnancy by dilatation and suction carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. The efficacy of PGF2 alpha gel is compared with that for tablets of PGE2 and a placebo group. Softening of the cervix was evaluated using a tocodynamometer. PFG2 alpha gel often gives remarkable results, but the response to treatment is unpredictable. Secondary effects, and in particular digestive effects, occur frequently but are always easily controlled.", "contents": "[Maturation of the cervix by prostaglandins before inducing termination of pregnancy, in the first trimester (author's transl)]. A new technique for instilling the gel of PGF2 alpha into the endocervix is presented. The study is concerned with 100 therapeutic terminations of pregnancy by dilatation and suction carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. The efficacy of PGF2 alpha gel is compared with that for tablets of PGE2 and a placebo group. Softening of the cervix was evaluated using a tocodynamometer. PFG2 alpha gel often gives remarkable results, but the response to treatment is unpredictable. Secondary effects, and in particular digestive effects, occur frequently but are always easily controlled.", "PMID": 548558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11020", "title": "Design history of a cell kinetics simulation language.", "content": "The field of cell kinetics relates to the movement and proliferation of cells through their generative cycle and to how this cycle is affected by chemotherapy treatment. CELLSIM is a discrete, digital simulation language for modeling this process. The language is interpretive, with the interpreter written in FORTRAN. It has been implemented on a wide variety of computer systems. The language features dynamic memory allocation, arithmetic string manipulation, and the capability of generating random variates from a number of probability distributions. The language has continued to evolve as the needs and desires of cancer researchers have been discovered. Its early use was only in experimental environments, but it is now being used to prescribe actual chemotherapy treatments.", "contents": "Design history of a cell kinetics simulation language. The field of cell kinetics relates to the movement and proliferation of cells through their generative cycle and to how this cycle is affected by chemotherapy treatment. CELLSIM is a discrete, digital simulation language for modeling this process. The language is interpretive, with the interpreter written in FORTRAN. It has been implemented on a wide variety of computer systems. The language features dynamic memory allocation, arithmetic string manipulation, and the capability of generating random variates from a number of probability distributions. The language has continued to evolve as the needs and desires of cancer researchers have been discovered. Its early use was only in experimental environments, but it is now being used to prescribe actual chemotherapy treatments.", "PMID": 548565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11021", "title": "Impact of government regulations on two management and clinical information systems in a medical school environment.", "content": "Administrative and legal requirements and, in particular, federal and state government health care assistance and social services program regulations all combine to add complexity to the management and operation of ambulatory and inpatient health programs. This paper describes how constantly changing government regulations and differences in interpretations and definitiions have been expensive, time-consuming and sometimes detrimental to health care delivery for two large management and clinical computer-based information systems.", "contents": "Impact of government regulations on two management and clinical information systems in a medical school environment. Administrative and legal requirements and, in particular, federal and state government health care assistance and social services program regulations all combine to add complexity to the management and operation of ambulatory and inpatient health programs. This paper describes how constantly changing government regulations and differences in interpretations and definitiions have been expensive, time-consuming and sometimes detrimental to health care delivery for two large management and clinical computer-based information systems.", "PMID": 548567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11022", "title": "Government regulations and other influences on the medical use of computers.", "content": "This paper presents points brought out in a panel discussion held at the 12th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences, January 1979. The session was attended by approximately two dozen interested parties from various segments of the academic, government, and health care communities. The broad categories covered include the specific problems of government regulations and their impact on specific clinical information systems installed at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, opportunities in a regulated environment, problems in a regulated environment, vendor-related issues in the marketing and manufacture of computer-based information systems, rational approaches to government control, and specific issues related to medical computer science.", "contents": "Government regulations and other influences on the medical use of computers. This paper presents points brought out in a panel discussion held at the 12th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences, January 1979. The session was attended by approximately two dozen interested parties from various segments of the academic, government, and health care communities. The broad categories covered include the specific problems of government regulations and their impact on specific clinical information systems installed at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, opportunities in a regulated environment, problems in a regulated environment, vendor-related issues in the marketing and manufacture of computer-based information systems, rational approaches to government control, and specific issues related to medical computer science.", "PMID": 548568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11023", "title": "Psychological systems questionnaire: a decision-relevant patient screening test designed for on-line administration.", "content": "Developments in the field of computerized psychological assessment are reviewed. It is pointed out that the on-line computer medium differs radically from the traditional paper-and-pencil medium for psychological testing. This new medium calls for new types of instruments that are psychometrically well designed. The construction of one such instrument, the Psychological Systems Questionnaire, is described. The advantages of this approach are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological systems questionnaire: a decision-relevant patient screening test designed for on-line administration. Developments in the field of computerized psychological assessment are reviewed. It is pointed out that the on-line computer medium differs radically from the traditional paper-and-pencil medium for psychological testing. This new medium calls for new types of instruments that are psychometrically well designed. The construction of one such instrument, the Psychological Systems Questionnaire, is described. The advantages of this approach are discussed.", "PMID": 548569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11024", "title": "Automated nerve fiber counting using an array processor in a multi-minicomputer system.", "content": "It has been suggested that recovery of motor and sensory function in the site distal to a peripheral nerve lesion should be improved if the nerve bundles (fasciculi) are matched and individually sutured. Three parameters are proposed to provide quantitative data: the count of the nerve fibers that regenerate, the number of functional regenerated nerve fibers, and a measurement of end organ reinnervation. A thin cross section of a transected and repaired sciatic nerve of a mongrel cat is fixed, stained, photographed, and digitized through a microscope 6 months following nerve repair. The data arrays are then subjected to four basic processing routines: edge enhancing, thresholding, template matching, and peak detection. Finally, the peaks are counted and provide an estimate of the number of nerve fibers in the nerve under study. Comparing counts of nerve fibers proximal and distal to the transection site of the nerve provide data on the proportion of regeneration present at various times. The content of this paper is, to a large extent, describing the implementation of the needed image-processing algorithms for automated counting on the Multi-MiniComputer System (MMCS). Optimal use of the AP-120B array processor and the pipeline processing provided by using the Eclipse 200s and the Nova 3 make a marked improvement in overall throughput.", "contents": "Automated nerve fiber counting using an array processor in a multi-minicomputer system. It has been suggested that recovery of motor and sensory function in the site distal to a peripheral nerve lesion should be improved if the nerve bundles (fasciculi) are matched and individually sutured. Three parameters are proposed to provide quantitative data: the count of the nerve fibers that regenerate, the number of functional regenerated nerve fibers, and a measurement of end organ reinnervation. A thin cross section of a transected and repaired sciatic nerve of a mongrel cat is fixed, stained, photographed, and digitized through a microscope 6 months following nerve repair. The data arrays are then subjected to four basic processing routines: edge enhancing, thresholding, template matching, and peak detection. Finally, the peaks are counted and provide an estimate of the number of nerve fibers in the nerve under study. Comparing counts of nerve fibers proximal and distal to the transection site of the nerve provide data on the proportion of regeneration present at various times. The content of this paper is, to a large extent, describing the implementation of the needed image-processing algorithms for automated counting on the Multi-MiniComputer System (MMCS). Optimal use of the AP-120B array processor and the pipeline processing provided by using the Eclipse 200s and the Nova 3 make a marked improvement in overall throughput.", "PMID": 548570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11025", "title": "An analogue echogram range gate tracker for clinical echocardiography.", "content": "The fundamental purpose of this paper is to present the results of a feasibility study for an on-line, real-time automatic range gate tracker (ARGT) for clinical echocardiography, specifically for the purpose of determining cardiac output noninvasively and in real time. The basic ARGT design represents an implementation of specific algorithms and a system controller that permit user interaction and interpretation of clinical echocardiograms. In its analytical mode, the ARGT automatically tracks cardiac echoes as visually perceived and selected by the user. While tracking specific cardiac echoes, the ARGT converts the complex ultrasonic echogram into a pair of meaningful analogue signals (corresponding to the motion of the anterior and posterior left ventricular walls) from which dimensional information corresponding to dynamic geometric changes of the heart are derived. From the information, the cardiac output is computed in real time.", "contents": "An analogue echogram range gate tracker for clinical echocardiography. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to present the results of a feasibility study for an on-line, real-time automatic range gate tracker (ARGT) for clinical echocardiography, specifically for the purpose of determining cardiac output noninvasively and in real time. The basic ARGT design represents an implementation of specific algorithms and a system controller that permit user interaction and interpretation of clinical echocardiograms. In its analytical mode, the ARGT automatically tracks cardiac echoes as visually perceived and selected by the user. While tracking specific cardiac echoes, the ARGT converts the complex ultrasonic echogram into a pair of meaningful analogue signals (corresponding to the motion of the anterior and posterior left ventricular walls) from which dimensional information corresponding to dynamic geometric changes of the heart are derived. From the information, the cardiac output is computed in real time.", "PMID": 548571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11026", "title": "Brain edema in acute arterial hypertension III: fluorescence microscopic results.", "content": "Evans blue fluorescence micrographs were investigated from cat brain preparations 5 minutes after angiotensin-induced acute arterial hypertension and intravenous Evans-Blue injection to detect the main localization of Evans-Blue extravasation on the cerebral vasculature. The typical finding was pericapillary and perivenular fluorescence in the cortical grey matter, concentrated in the cytoplasm of neurons. Very intensive staining in the near vicinity of leaking vessels was additionally caused by diffuse fluorescence. The results support the hypothesis that acute arterial hypertension causes critical increase of cerebral venular pressure and venular congestion by overwhelming of cerebral venous outflow-capacity, followed by blood-brain barrier disturbance mainly at the capillaryvenular level.", "contents": "Brain edema in acute arterial hypertension III: fluorescence microscopic results. Evans blue fluorescence micrographs were investigated from cat brain preparations 5 minutes after angiotensin-induced acute arterial hypertension and intravenous Evans-Blue injection to detect the main localization of Evans-Blue extravasation on the cerebral vasculature. The typical finding was pericapillary and perivenular fluorescence in the cortical grey matter, concentrated in the cytoplasm of neurons. Very intensive staining in the near vicinity of leaking vessels was additionally caused by diffuse fluorescence. The results support the hypothesis that acute arterial hypertension causes critical increase of cerebral venular pressure and venular congestion by overwhelming of cerebral venous outflow-capacity, followed by blood-brain barrier disturbance mainly at the capillaryvenular level.", "PMID": 548572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11027", "title": "Considerations on the origin of subarachnoid hemorrhages.", "content": "The Authors emphasize the importance of C.T. in the study of subarachnoid hemorrhages. By means of this new radiological investigation they are able to exclude a vascular or tumoral etiology in those patients who had no aneurysms detectable by cerebral angiography, and suggest the problem of the so-called spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages. They discuss the degenerative nature of the endocranial aneurysms. Several interesting case-reports stress the importance of the primitive lesions of the arterial wall vessel in the degenerative origin of endocranial aneurysms.", "contents": "Considerations on the origin of subarachnoid hemorrhages. The Authors emphasize the importance of C.T. in the study of subarachnoid hemorrhages. By means of this new radiological investigation they are able to exclude a vascular or tumoral etiology in those patients who had no aneurysms detectable by cerebral angiography, and suggest the problem of the so-called spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages. They discuss the degenerative nature of the endocranial aneurysms. Several interesting case-reports stress the importance of the primitive lesions of the arterial wall vessel in the degenerative origin of endocranial aneurysms.", "PMID": 548573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11028", "title": "Effects of the Feingold diet on seizures and hyperactivity: a single-subject analysis.", "content": "The effects of a dietary manipulation on seizure frequency and activity level of a 3 1/2-year-old male with tuberous sclerosis, mental retardation, and uncontrolled seizures were assessed. Using a reversal design, the Feingold (K-P) diet was presented and withdrawn three times, while the medication regimen remained unaltered. Every application of the K-P diet resulted in substantial reductions in seizure frequency. During a 21-week follow-up, seizure frequency remained low despite the phasing out of one drug, and seizures were reportedly eliminated 1 year later. Brief objective measures of hyperactivity failed to show any effect due to the diet changes.", "contents": "Effects of the Feingold diet on seizures and hyperactivity: a single-subject analysis. The effects of a dietary manipulation on seizure frequency and activity level of a 3 1/2-year-old male with tuberous sclerosis, mental retardation, and uncontrolled seizures were assessed. Using a reversal design, the Feingold (K-P) diet was presented and withdrawn three times, while the medication regimen remained unaltered. Every application of the K-P diet resulted in substantial reductions in seizure frequency. During a 21-week follow-up, seizure frequency remained low despite the phasing out of one drug, and seizures were reportedly eliminated 1 year later. Brief objective measures of hyperactivity failed to show any effect due to the diet changes.", "PMID": 548579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11029", "title": "Cultural context of type A behavior and risk for CHD: a study of Japanese American males.", "content": "A total of 2437 Japanese American men living in Hawaii were given the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and classified as either type A or type B. Only 18% of the sample scored in the type A direction, a much lower percentage than usually found among white American males. There was a slightly higher prevalence of CHD among type A Japanese Americans than among their type B counterparts (5.7% vs. 3.6%, respectively). A factor analysis of JAS data produced three new factors for this population: HS (hard-driving and impatient), JH (ability to function successfully in job setting), and HW (hard-working). Those men who were more Westernized had a higher prevalence of CHD, expecially if they were also type A, in terms of both geographical mobility and intergenerational change. The results are discussed in light of the dual role of sociocultural influences and behavioral characteristics (type A/B) which predispose an individual to CHD.", "contents": "Cultural context of type A behavior and risk for CHD: a study of Japanese American males. A total of 2437 Japanese American men living in Hawaii were given the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and classified as either type A or type B. Only 18% of the sample scored in the type A direction, a much lower percentage than usually found among white American males. There was a slightly higher prevalence of CHD among type A Japanese Americans than among their type B counterparts (5.7% vs. 3.6%, respectively). A factor analysis of JAS data produced three new factors for this population: HS (hard-driving and impatient), JH (ability to function successfully in job setting), and HW (hard-working). Those men who were more Westernized had a higher prevalence of CHD, expecially if they were also type A, in terms of both geographical mobility and intergenerational change. The results are discussed in light of the dual role of sociocultural influences and behavioral characteristics (type A/B) which predispose an individual to CHD.", "PMID": 548580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11030", "title": "Space occupying contusions of cerebral lobes after closed brain injury: considerations about 51 cases.", "content": "Fifty one cases of space occupying contusions of the brain have been treated between 1967 and 1974. These represented 2.4% of all head injuries. Forty four were surgically treated and only clinically. The total mortality was 50.9% being 91.4% in patients above 50 years of age and 41% in patients below 50. In 66.6% of patients the lesions were localized in the temporal lobes, and two patients had localized cerebellar contusions. Surgery was performed in 44 patients. There were 13 craniectomies and 31 craniotomies. The operative mortality was 54.5%. Mortality was 65.2% in patients operated on within 24 hours of injury, and 12.5% in those operated on more than 72 hours after trauma. Twenty five patients (20 treated surgically and 5 managed clinically) were examined one year after injury. Eighty four percent were in either good or excellent condition.", "contents": "Space occupying contusions of cerebral lobes after closed brain injury: considerations about 51 cases. Fifty one cases of space occupying contusions of the brain have been treated between 1967 and 1974. These represented 2.4% of all head injuries. Forty four were surgically treated and only clinically. The total mortality was 50.9% being 91.4% in patients above 50 years of age and 41% in patients below 50. In 66.6% of patients the lesions were localized in the temporal lobes, and two patients had localized cerebellar contusions. Surgery was performed in 44 patients. There were 13 craniectomies and 31 craniotomies. The operative mortality was 54.5%. Mortality was 65.2% in patients operated on within 24 hours of injury, and 12.5% in those operated on more than 72 hours after trauma. Twenty five patients (20 treated surgically and 5 managed clinically) were examined one year after injury. Eighty four percent were in either good or excellent condition.", "PMID": 548575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11031", "title": "A 1-year follow-up of Raynaud's patients treated with behavioral therapy techniques.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess to what degree learned control of digital temperature and vasospastic attacks can be retained by Raynaud's patients over a full year period. Subjects were 19 patients suffering from diagnosed idiopathic Raynaud's disease who had undergone behavioral training. These patients had been trained to increase digital temperature using either autogenic training, biofeedback, or a combination of autogenic training and temperature biofeedback. Results indicated that the mean number of vasospastic attacks per day occurring 1 year after training was approximately equal to the number occurring at the end of the initial training (1.2-1.3 per day). Patient satisfaction with the treatment program was above average (3.5 on a 5-point scale). The patients' ability to maintain digital temperature during the cold stress challenge was imparied, however. At 1-year follow-up, digital temperature readings taken in the laboratory were identical to baseline levels.", "contents": "A 1-year follow-up of Raynaud's patients treated with behavioral therapy techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess to what degree learned control of digital temperature and vasospastic attacks can be retained by Raynaud's patients over a full year period. Subjects were 19 patients suffering from diagnosed idiopathic Raynaud's disease who had undergone behavioral training. These patients had been trained to increase digital temperature using either autogenic training, biofeedback, or a combination of autogenic training and temperature biofeedback. Results indicated that the mean number of vasospastic attacks per day occurring 1 year after training was approximately equal to the number occurring at the end of the initial training (1.2-1.3 per day). Patient satisfaction with the treatment program was above average (3.5 on a 5-point scale). The patients' ability to maintain digital temperature during the cold stress challenge was imparied, however. At 1-year follow-up, digital temperature readings taken in the laboratory were identical to baseline levels.", "PMID": 548581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11032", "title": "Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in hydrocephalic children not affected by cerebral tumor.", "content": "Long-term epidural intracranial pressure (ICP) recordings were performed in 10 hydrocephalic children, not affected by cerebral tumor. The work concerns the identification of A and B Lundberg's waves during normal sleep in the ICP pattern. Plateau-waves of high amplitude and long duration were measured in one patient. A base-line pressure higher than normal was found in the other cases in which waves during sleep were seldom revealed. Five children were monitored by studying the pressure pattern after shunt surgery. The Authors discuss the implication of the rarity of plateau-waves in infancy and the cause of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in hydrocephalic children not affected by cerebral tumor. Long-term epidural intracranial pressure (ICP) recordings were performed in 10 hydrocephalic children, not affected by cerebral tumor. The work concerns the identification of A and B Lundberg's waves during normal sleep in the ICP pattern. Plateau-waves of high amplitude and long duration were measured in one patient. A base-line pressure higher than normal was found in the other cases in which waves during sleep were seldom revealed. Five children were monitored by studying the pressure pattern after shunt surgery. The Authors discuss the implication of the rarity of plateau-waves in infancy and the cause of this phenomenon.", "PMID": 548576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11033", "title": "Analysis of the process of cell degradation induced by Triton X-100 in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Analysis of the liberation degrees of intracellular materials from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by treatment of Triton X-100 was performed. The liberation process has two stages. In the first stage, cytoplasmic inorganic phosphorus were liberated at a concentration of about 0.01% of the detergent, and in the second stage macromolecules such as lysosomal enzymes were liberated at a concentration of about 0.03% of the detergent. Morphologically, the cells began to swell in the first stage but were not stained by Trypan blue, and the cells in the second stage became fully swollen and ruptured. The staining curve of the swollen and ruptured cells was closely in parallel with the liberation curves of the macromolecules.", "contents": "Analysis of the process of cell degradation induced by Triton X-100 in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Analysis of the liberation degrees of intracellular materials from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by treatment of Triton X-100 was performed. The liberation process has two stages. In the first stage, cytoplasmic inorganic phosphorus were liberated at a concentration of about 0.01% of the detergent, and in the second stage macromolecules such as lysosomal enzymes were liberated at a concentration of about 0.03% of the detergent. Morphologically, the cells began to swell in the first stage but were not stained by Trypan blue, and the cells in the second stage became fully swollen and ruptured. The staining curve of the swollen and ruptured cells was closely in parallel with the liberation curves of the macromolecules.", "PMID": 548582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11034", "title": "Giant unruptured aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery manifesting with epilepsy: successful surgical treatment.", "content": "A case of a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery (M.C.A.), presenting with history of visual hallucinations, is described. The aneurysm was successfully excised, with disappearance of previous symptoms. The interest of the case is constituted by the very unfrequent location for an aneurysm over 3 cm in diameter, by the occurrence of epilepsy as the first symptom and by the excellent response to surgical therapy. The morphology and location of giant aneurysms, their surgical treatment and especially the problem of aneurysm-induced epilepsy are discussed.", "contents": "Giant unruptured aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery manifesting with epilepsy: successful surgical treatment. A case of a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery (M.C.A.), presenting with history of visual hallucinations, is described. The aneurysm was successfully excised, with disappearance of previous symptoms. The interest of the case is constituted by the very unfrequent location for an aneurysm over 3 cm in diameter, by the occurrence of epilepsy as the first symptom and by the excellent response to surgical therapy. The morphology and location of giant aneurysms, their surgical treatment and especially the problem of aneurysm-induced epilepsy are discussed.", "PMID": 548577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11035", "title": "A proposal method for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the cerebral ventricles.", "content": "This work presents a possible method of overcoming difficulties arising during the recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) from the cerebral ventricles of patients suffering from head injuries or intracranial space occupying lesions. The main difficulties in obtaining these measurements are the risk of infection and measurement errors caused by artefacts from head movements. These two problems arise when a cannula inserted into the cerebral ventricle is connected outside the skull to an external transducer measuring pressure. We propose a method utilizing a modified flushing shunt connected to a strain gauge epidural transducer. The characteristic (voltage against pressure) of the device was tested in vitro. This calibration gave satisfactory results both in the linearity of the characteristic and in the performance of the device.", "contents": "A proposal method for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the cerebral ventricles. This work presents a possible method of overcoming difficulties arising during the recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) from the cerebral ventricles of patients suffering from head injuries or intracranial space occupying lesions. The main difficulties in obtaining these measurements are the risk of infection and measurement errors caused by artefacts from head movements. These two problems arise when a cannula inserted into the cerebral ventricle is connected outside the skull to an external transducer measuring pressure. We propose a method utilizing a modified flushing shunt connected to a strain gauge epidural transducer. The characteristic (voltage against pressure) of the device was tested in vitro. This calibration gave satisfactory results both in the linearity of the characteristic and in the performance of the device.", "PMID": 548578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11036", "title": "On the metabolic detoxication of thymol in rabbit and man.", "content": "The metabolic detoxication of thymol was investigated in rabbit and man. Thymol glucuronide which the aglycone is intact, was isolated from thymol medicated rabbit urine and identified as a acetyl derivative of methyl glucuronate. The hydroxylated product of thymol, thymohydroquinone, was recognized in a small amount in thymol medicated human urine. It was presumed that thymohydroquinone is excreted as ethereal sulfuric acid conjugate in man.", "contents": "On the metabolic detoxication of thymol in rabbit and man. The metabolic detoxication of thymol was investigated in rabbit and man. Thymol glucuronide which the aglycone is intact, was isolated from thymol medicated rabbit urine and identified as a acetyl derivative of methyl glucuronate. The hydroxylated product of thymol, thymohydroquinone, was recognized in a small amount in thymol medicated human urine. It was presumed that thymohydroquinone is excreted as ethereal sulfuric acid conjugate in man.", "PMID": 548583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11037", "title": "Effects of methylmercury chloride on various cholinergic parameters in vitro.", "content": "The effects of methylmercury chloride and other mercury compounds on cholinergic parameters were studied in vitro. Methylmercury chloride (MMC) and phenylmercury acetate inhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChA) with 20 microM of I50, and mercury nitrate (MN) with 100 microM of I50. All the three compounds had little effect on cholinesterase activity. MMC inhibited a high affinity choline uptake with 41 microM of Ki, as well as a low affinity choline uptake with 250 microM of Ki. MMC did not affect a spontaneous and potassium-stimulated ACh release from brain tissue slices incubated in eserinized Krebs-Ringer's solution up to the concentration of 100 microM. It was shown that the organic mercury compounds, such as methylmercury, were potent inhibitors of the choline uptake systems, as well as ChA activity.", "contents": "Effects of methylmercury chloride on various cholinergic parameters in vitro. The effects of methylmercury chloride and other mercury compounds on cholinergic parameters were studied in vitro. Methylmercury chloride (MMC) and phenylmercury acetate inhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChA) with 20 microM of I50, and mercury nitrate (MN) with 100 microM of I50. All the three compounds had little effect on cholinesterase activity. MMC inhibited a high affinity choline uptake with 41 microM of Ki, as well as a low affinity choline uptake with 250 microM of Ki. MMC did not affect a spontaneous and potassium-stimulated ACh release from brain tissue slices incubated in eserinized Krebs-Ringer's solution up to the concentration of 100 microM. It was shown that the organic mercury compounds, such as methylmercury, were potent inhibitors of the choline uptake systems, as well as ChA activity.", "PMID": 548584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11038", "title": "Deleterious effect of short-term exposure to Coca-Cola on rats.", "content": "Semiacute toxicity of cola fluid, Coca-Cola, conducting for approximately a month in rats, was studied. A trend of cariogenicity of Coca-Cola was strongly indicated. When the fluid was given ad libitum, decarbonized Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution, consisted 8% of glucose and 3.5% of sugar and then adjusted pH to 2.4 with oxalic acid, were consumed 2 to 3 times greater than the control (water). A hyperuresis was observed as the result of great consumption of liquid, but no liver nor kidney degeneration was observed by histopathological examination. The diet consumption of the groups of Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution was approximately a half of the control, water. However, when a complete diet was given, no physiological difference in time was observed, except in diarrhea and depression of hair gloss in Coca-Cola group.", "contents": "Deleterious effect of short-term exposure to Coca-Cola on rats. Semiacute toxicity of cola fluid, Coca-Cola, conducting for approximately a month in rats, was studied. A trend of cariogenicity of Coca-Cola was strongly indicated. When the fluid was given ad libitum, decarbonized Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution, consisted 8% of glucose and 3.5% of sugar and then adjusted pH to 2.4 with oxalic acid, were consumed 2 to 3 times greater than the control (water). A hyperuresis was observed as the result of great consumption of liquid, but no liver nor kidney degeneration was observed by histopathological examination. The diet consumption of the groups of Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution was approximately a half of the control, water. However, when a complete diet was given, no physiological difference in time was observed, except in diarrhea and depression of hair gloss in Coca-Cola group.", "PMID": 548585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11039", "title": "Plasma aspartate levels in rats following administration of monopotassium aspartate via three routes.", "content": "Plasma aspartate levels were measured after potassium aspartate administration through different routes to rats of various ages. The changes in plasma levels were most significant with intraperitoneal injection. Dose- and age-related responses to aspartate load were obtained. The present data suggest that a marked elevation of plasma aspartate levels may result in neuronal necrosis. By comparing the plasma aspartate levels with the results on hypothalamic lesion (Okaniwa et al., 1979), plasma peak value associated with the lesion was estimated in each case of various administration routes and rat ages.", "contents": "Plasma aspartate levels in rats following administration of monopotassium aspartate via three routes. Plasma aspartate levels were measured after potassium aspartate administration through different routes to rats of various ages. The changes in plasma levels were most significant with intraperitoneal injection. Dose- and age-related responses to aspartate load were obtained. The present data suggest that a marked elevation of plasma aspartate levels may result in neuronal necrosis. By comparing the plasma aspartate levels with the results on hypothalamic lesion (Okaniwa et al., 1979), plasma peak value associated with the lesion was estimated in each case of various administration routes and rat ages.", "PMID": 548586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11040", "title": "Immune responses in rabbits treated with tetracycline.", "content": "Cellular and humoral immunological phenomena in rabbits treated with tetracycline were investigated by lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration inhibition, and indirect hemagglutination tests. Cellular and/or humoral immunity against tetracycline and/or homologous or autologous rabbit gamma globulin was acquired by about two-thirds of the rabbits, with some also acquiring immunity against homologous tissue antigen after prolonged tetracycline administration. Based on these results, the significance of immune responses to autoantigens by drug administration was discussed in relation to potential agents for the induction of autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "Immune responses in rabbits treated with tetracycline. Cellular and humoral immunological phenomena in rabbits treated with tetracycline were investigated by lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration inhibition, and indirect hemagglutination tests. Cellular and/or humoral immunity against tetracycline and/or homologous or autologous rabbit gamma globulin was acquired by about two-thirds of the rabbits, with some also acquiring immunity against homologous tissue antigen after prolonged tetracycline administration. Based on these results, the significance of immune responses to autoantigens by drug administration was discussed in relation to potential agents for the induction of autoimmune diseases.", "PMID": 548587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11041", "title": "Embryotoxicity of arsenic acid: light and electron microscopy of its effect on neurulation-stage rat embryo.", "content": "To clarify the light and electron microscopic changes accompanying embryonic death from a lethal dose of arsenic acid, MP 1 pregnant rats were injected i.p. with 30 mg/kg arsenic acid at 1:30 p.m. on day 9 of gestation (the neurulation stage). At 4 hours after treatment, some cell necrosis occurred in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm of the embryo. At six hours later, cell necrosis increased in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm, whereas those in the surface ectoderm and the endoderm were very few. In the embryo 12 hours after treatment, abnormal mitotic cells exhibiting vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticula, and abnormal interphase cells characterized by the ring-shaped nucleoli in the nucleus and the enlargement of cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula and the nuclear envelope, were observed in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm. Debris from cell necrosis and the said abnormal mitotic and interphase cells were ejected from the neuroectoderm into the amniotic coele. In the embryo 24 hours later, neurulation was stopped and the V-shaped neural fold remained. The somite formation was retarded. The surviving cells in the embryo sometimes contained phagocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm, but no other anomalies were encountered. It was considered that a variety of metabolic reactions may be disturbed by arsenic acid, resulting in numerous cell necrosis and abnormal mitotic and interphase cells in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm of the rat embryo.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of arsenic acid: light and electron microscopy of its effect on neurulation-stage rat embryo. To clarify the light and electron microscopic changes accompanying embryonic death from a lethal dose of arsenic acid, MP 1 pregnant rats were injected i.p. with 30 mg/kg arsenic acid at 1:30 p.m. on day 9 of gestation (the neurulation stage). At 4 hours after treatment, some cell necrosis occurred in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm of the embryo. At six hours later, cell necrosis increased in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm, whereas those in the surface ectoderm and the endoderm were very few. In the embryo 12 hours after treatment, abnormal mitotic cells exhibiting vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticula, and abnormal interphase cells characterized by the ring-shaped nucleoli in the nucleus and the enlargement of cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula and the nuclear envelope, were observed in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm. Debris from cell necrosis and the said abnormal mitotic and interphase cells were ejected from the neuroectoderm into the amniotic coele. In the embryo 24 hours later, neurulation was stopped and the V-shaped neural fold remained. The somite formation was retarded. The surviving cells in the embryo sometimes contained phagocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm, but no other anomalies were encountered. It was considered that a variety of metabolic reactions may be disturbed by arsenic acid, resulting in numerous cell necrosis and abnormal mitotic and interphase cells in the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm of the rat embryo.", "PMID": 548588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11042", "title": "[The conflict between vision and touch: on visual capture (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper aims to examine the limitation of visual dominance under a situation of conflict between the visual and tactile shape of an object. The subjects were presented with an object of which shape was made to appear different visually from its tactile shape by optical distortion. To change the degree of conflict, three reducing lenses of differing powers were used. After simultaneously grasping and viewing the standard object, the subjects were asked to choose a comparison object in accordance with their impression of the shape of the standard. The results showed that the degree of visual capture was limited. Using a lens that reduced the apparent visual image approximately 1/8, most subjects were aware of the conflict between the visual and tactile impressions.", "contents": "[The conflict between vision and touch: on visual capture (author's transl)]. This paper aims to examine the limitation of visual dominance under a situation of conflict between the visual and tactile shape of an object. The subjects were presented with an object of which shape was made to appear different visually from its tactile shape by optical distortion. To change the degree of conflict, three reducing lenses of differing powers were used. After simultaneously grasping and viewing the standard object, the subjects were asked to choose a comparison object in accordance with their impression of the shape of the standard. The results showed that the degree of visual capture was limited. Using a lens that reduced the apparent visual image approximately 1/8, most subjects were aware of the conflict between the visual and tactile impressions.", "PMID": 548589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11043", "title": "Renal tubular transport of gentamicin in the rat.", "content": "The renal handling of gentamicin in the rat was examined by clearance, microinjection, and renal cortical-slice techniques. The steady-state renal clearance of 14C-gentamicin, when corrected for the 7.5% binding to plasma protein, was not significantly different from that of 3H-inulin. At the end of the renal clearance experiments, the cortical concentration of gentamicin was 93 +/- 7 microgram/g of tissue (N = 7), a concentration threefold greater than that of the medulla and 20-fold greater than that of serum. Absorption of 3H-gentamicin along the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle was demonstrated by the tubular microinjection technique. No reabsorption of 3H-gentamicin was detected beyond the early distal convoluted tubule. The tubular absorption of 3H-gentamicin was load dependent. Fractional absorption of 3H-gentamicin averaged 30.1 +/- 2.7% when the dose of 3H-gentamicin injected into early proximal tubular convolutions averaged 132 +/- 17 pg. It was decreased to 13.6 +/- 2.6% when the microinjected dose of gentamicin was increased to 1996 +/- 388 pg. No evidence of transtubular absorption of 3H-gentamicin was detected during the microinjection experiments. Microperfusion of pertubular capillaries failed to demonstrate urinary precession of 3H-gentamicin over 14C-inulin, a finding which argues against a rapid transtubular secretory flux of gentamicin. Significant uptake of gentamicin was demonstrated by renal cortical slices incubated in medium containing 14C-gentamicin. The accumulation of 14C-gentamicin by renal cortical slices was not inhibited by probenecid or N1-methylnicotinamide but was inhibited by netilmicin and tobramycin. These data support the conclusion that the renal accumulation of gentamicin reflects transport of gentamicin across both the apical and basolateral membranes of proximal tubular epithelium.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport of gentamicin in the rat. The renal handling of gentamicin in the rat was examined by clearance, microinjection, and renal cortical-slice techniques. The steady-state renal clearance of 14C-gentamicin, when corrected for the 7.5% binding to plasma protein, was not significantly different from that of 3H-inulin. At the end of the renal clearance experiments, the cortical concentration of gentamicin was 93 +/- 7 microgram/g of tissue (N = 7), a concentration threefold greater than that of the medulla and 20-fold greater than that of serum. Absorption of 3H-gentamicin along the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle was demonstrated by the tubular microinjection technique. No reabsorption of 3H-gentamicin was detected beyond the early distal convoluted tubule. The tubular absorption of 3H-gentamicin was load dependent. Fractional absorption of 3H-gentamicin averaged 30.1 +/- 2.7% when the dose of 3H-gentamicin injected into early proximal tubular convolutions averaged 132 +/- 17 pg. It was decreased to 13.6 +/- 2.6% when the microinjected dose of gentamicin was increased to 1996 +/- 388 pg. No evidence of transtubular absorption of 3H-gentamicin was detected during the microinjection experiments. Microperfusion of pertubular capillaries failed to demonstrate urinary precession of 3H-gentamicin over 14C-inulin, a finding which argues against a rapid transtubular secretory flux of gentamicin. Significant uptake of gentamicin was demonstrated by renal cortical slices incubated in medium containing 14C-gentamicin. The accumulation of 14C-gentamicin by renal cortical slices was not inhibited by probenecid or N1-methylnicotinamide but was inhibited by netilmicin and tobramycin. These data support the conclusion that the renal accumulation of gentamicin reflects transport of gentamicin across both the apical and basolateral membranes of proximal tubular epithelium.", "PMID": 548590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11044", "title": "Relationship between lactate and glutamine metabolism in vitro by the kidney: differences between dog and rat and importance of alanine synthesis in the dog.", "content": "Interaction between lactate (1 or 5 mM) and glutamine (1 or 5 mM) metabolism was studied with renal cortical slices incubated at a pH of 7.0 and obtained from acidotic (ammonium chloride) dogs and rats. The effect of aminooxyacetate (0.2 mM), dichloroacetate (3 mM), and fluoroacetate (0.05 mM) was also studied. Significant differences were observed between dog and rat. In the dog, lactate had no effect on glutamine uptake and vice versa, but gluconeogenesis increased. Ammonia production, however, decreased by 13 to 21%, whereas a significant increase in alanine production was noted. In the rat, glutamine extraction and ammonia production dropped by 33% with 5 mM lactate. In contrast to the observation in the dog, no production of alanine was noted, but significant accumulation of glutamate took place. Amino-oxyacetate inhibited alanine production in the dog and reestablished ammoniagenesis, and it led to a marked decrement in the uptake of lactate and glucose production in both species. Dichloroacetate in the dog resulted in a reduction in pyruvate, alanine, glucose, and ammonia production while glutamate accumulation was observed. In both species, fluoroacetate stimulated glutamine uptake and ammonia production. With lactate alone, fluoroacetate decreased lactate uptake and glucose production. With both lactate and glutamine in the medium, fluoroacetate prevented any effect of lactate on ammoniagenesis. The present study demonstrates that lactate has a modest depressing effect on renal ammonia production by dog slices through increased synthesis of alanine and redistribution of nitrogen from glutamine. In the rat, the depressing effect of lactate on ammonia production in the alanine amino-transferase deficient kidney occurs through accumulation of glutamate. The data also reveal that oxidation of lactate to carbon dioxide is greater in the dog than it is in the rat, but that gluconeogenesis from lactate is more important in the rat.", "contents": "Relationship between lactate and glutamine metabolism in vitro by the kidney: differences between dog and rat and importance of alanine synthesis in the dog. Interaction between lactate (1 or 5 mM) and glutamine (1 or 5 mM) metabolism was studied with renal cortical slices incubated at a pH of 7.0 and obtained from acidotic (ammonium chloride) dogs and rats. The effect of aminooxyacetate (0.2 mM), dichloroacetate (3 mM), and fluoroacetate (0.05 mM) was also studied. Significant differences were observed between dog and rat. In the dog, lactate had no effect on glutamine uptake and vice versa, but gluconeogenesis increased. Ammonia production, however, decreased by 13 to 21%, whereas a significant increase in alanine production was noted. In the rat, glutamine extraction and ammonia production dropped by 33% with 5 mM lactate. In contrast to the observation in the dog, no production of alanine was noted, but significant accumulation of glutamate took place. Amino-oxyacetate inhibited alanine production in the dog and reestablished ammoniagenesis, and it led to a marked decrement in the uptake of lactate and glucose production in both species. Dichloroacetate in the dog resulted in a reduction in pyruvate, alanine, glucose, and ammonia production while glutamate accumulation was observed. In both species, fluoroacetate stimulated glutamine uptake and ammonia production. With lactate alone, fluoroacetate decreased lactate uptake and glucose production. With both lactate and glutamine in the medium, fluoroacetate prevented any effect of lactate on ammoniagenesis. The present study demonstrates that lactate has a modest depressing effect on renal ammonia production by dog slices through increased synthesis of alanine and redistribution of nitrogen from glutamine. In the rat, the depressing effect of lactate on ammonia production in the alanine amino-transferase deficient kidney occurs through accumulation of glutamate. The data also reveal that oxidation of lactate to carbon dioxide is greater in the dog than it is in the rat, but that gluconeogenesis from lactate is more important in the rat.", "PMID": 548591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11045", "title": "Peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during dialysis in dogs: effect of splanchnic vasodilators.", "content": "The peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during isotonic peritoneal dialysis was studied in dogs before and after the administration of two vasodilators: isoproterenol and glucagon. One-liter exchanges with 15-min dwell times were used. Blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery was recorded with an electromagnetic flow probe and used as an index for total splanchnic flow. Intravenous isoproterenol (2.4 microgram/min) increased blood flow by 88%, but did not alter peritoneal clearance. When isoproterenol was given i.p. (0.5 microgram/ml dialysis fluid), blood flow increased by 81%, and inulin clearance rose by 26.8% (2.06 +/- 0.18 to 2.61 +/- 0.23 ml/min; P less than 0.05). Creatinine clearance increased by 17.5%, from 10.94 +/- 0.32 to 12.85 +/- 0.34 ml/min (P less than 0.05). When blood flow was returned to control levels with a clamp, clearances also returned to control levels. Glucagon given i.p. (1.0 microgram/ml) had no effect on any measured variable. Glucagon given i.v. at 10 microgram/min caused blood flow to rise by 81% and inulin clearance to rise by 25% from 1.88 +/- 0.16 to 2.35 +/- 0.19 ml/min (P less than 0.05). Cp, inulin clearance remained at control levels. Vasodilators seem to exercise two effects in augmenting clearance of small and middle-sized molecules: a direct permeability effect and a blood-flow related effect, possibly in increasing the surface area available for exchange and/or increasing permeability of the capillary endothelium.", "contents": "Peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during dialysis in dogs: effect of splanchnic vasodilators. The peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during isotonic peritoneal dialysis was studied in dogs before and after the administration of two vasodilators: isoproterenol and glucagon. One-liter exchanges with 15-min dwell times were used. Blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery was recorded with an electromagnetic flow probe and used as an index for total splanchnic flow. Intravenous isoproterenol (2.4 microgram/min) increased blood flow by 88%, but did not alter peritoneal clearance. When isoproterenol was given i.p. (0.5 microgram/ml dialysis fluid), blood flow increased by 81%, and inulin clearance rose by 26.8% (2.06 +/- 0.18 to 2.61 +/- 0.23 ml/min; P less than 0.05). Creatinine clearance increased by 17.5%, from 10.94 +/- 0.32 to 12.85 +/- 0.34 ml/min (P less than 0.05). When blood flow was returned to control levels with a clamp, clearances also returned to control levels. Glucagon given i.p. (1.0 microgram/ml) had no effect on any measured variable. Glucagon given i.v. at 10 microgram/min caused blood flow to rise by 81% and inulin clearance to rise by 25% from 1.88 +/- 0.16 to 2.35 +/- 0.19 ml/min (P less than 0.05). Cp, inulin clearance remained at control levels. Vasodilators seem to exercise two effects in augmenting clearance of small and middle-sized molecules: a direct permeability effect and a blood-flow related effect, possibly in increasing the surface area available for exchange and/or increasing permeability of the capillary endothelium.", "PMID": 548592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11046", "title": "Distribution and density of the canine renal cortical lymphatic system.", "content": "The pattern, distribution, and extent of the lymphatic circulation in the canine renal cortex was studied with light and electron microscopy, in two groups of animals, one with and one without ipsilateral ureteric obstruction for 3 days. Recognition of lymphatics in tissue sections was facilitated by mild dilatation, induced in both groups by ligation of the renal collecting vessels for 4 to 6 hours, and by retrograde injection of tracer in a third group. Of 77 lymphatics present in 180 blocks from six kidneys, approximately one third were intralobular, the remainder being primarily associated with interlobular blood vessels. The cross-sectional area of interlobular lymphatics was almost twice that of intralobular lymphatics. The relationships of these lymphatics were analyzed quantitatively. Intralobular lymphatics had primary relationships with terminal arteries, arterioles, renal corpuscles, and tubular elements. Both inter- and intralobular lymphatics had secondary relationships with a small proportion of all components of the cortical parenchyma including juxtaglomerular complexes. The most common association was between lymphatics and elements of the vascular tree. Morphometric analysis was used to obtain volume density data on the composition of the renal cortex. The volume density of lymphatics was 0.0026 in ureter-obstructed kidneys and 0.0017 in nonobstructed kidneys. The cross-sectional surface area of lymphatics in ureter-obstructed kidneys was significantly larger than those in nonobstructed kidneys. The volume density of other cortical components was found to be in good agreement with published data. From the volume density data, it was concluded that the volume of lymph in the renal cortex, under conditions of mild lymphatic dilatation, was about 1% that of the volume of blood in the cortical peritubular capillaries.", "contents": "Distribution and density of the canine renal cortical lymphatic system. The pattern, distribution, and extent of the lymphatic circulation in the canine renal cortex was studied with light and electron microscopy, in two groups of animals, one with and one without ipsilateral ureteric obstruction for 3 days. Recognition of lymphatics in tissue sections was facilitated by mild dilatation, induced in both groups by ligation of the renal collecting vessels for 4 to 6 hours, and by retrograde injection of tracer in a third group. Of 77 lymphatics present in 180 blocks from six kidneys, approximately one third were intralobular, the remainder being primarily associated with interlobular blood vessels. The cross-sectional area of interlobular lymphatics was almost twice that of intralobular lymphatics. The relationships of these lymphatics were analyzed quantitatively. Intralobular lymphatics had primary relationships with terminal arteries, arterioles, renal corpuscles, and tubular elements. Both inter- and intralobular lymphatics had secondary relationships with a small proportion of all components of the cortical parenchyma including juxtaglomerular complexes. The most common association was between lymphatics and elements of the vascular tree. Morphometric analysis was used to obtain volume density data on the composition of the renal cortex. The volume density of lymphatics was 0.0026 in ureter-obstructed kidneys and 0.0017 in nonobstructed kidneys. The cross-sectional surface area of lymphatics in ureter-obstructed kidneys was significantly larger than those in nonobstructed kidneys. The volume density of other cortical components was found to be in good agreement with published data. From the volume density data, it was concluded that the volume of lymph in the renal cortex, under conditions of mild lymphatic dilatation, was about 1% that of the volume of blood in the cortical peritubular capillaries.", "PMID": 548593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11047", "title": "Bacterial and endotoxin permeability of hemodialysis membranes.", "content": "Dialysis fluids containing at least 10(7) bacteria per milliliter and as much as 12,500 ng of endotoxin equivalents per milliliter were dialyzed and ultrafiltered with three types of disposable hemodialyzers. Neither bacteria nor endotoxin, as measured by the Limulus lysate assay, was detected in the sterile compartment despite ultrafiltration. Under these favorable conditions for endotoxin transfer, the maximum transfer rate was calculated to be less than 3.5 ng of endotoxin equivalents per hour. At this rate, it is unlikely that pyrexia during hemodialysis is due to the transfer of endotoxin across an intact dialyzing membrane. Provided that the integrity of the dialyzing membrane is maintained, this investigation indicates that the risk of endotoxemia or bacteremia associated with the use of contaminated dialysis fluids is negligible.", "contents": "Bacterial and endotoxin permeability of hemodialysis membranes. Dialysis fluids containing at least 10(7) bacteria per milliliter and as much as 12,500 ng of endotoxin equivalents per milliliter were dialyzed and ultrafiltered with three types of disposable hemodialyzers. Neither bacteria nor endotoxin, as measured by the Limulus lysate assay, was detected in the sterile compartment despite ultrafiltration. Under these favorable conditions for endotoxin transfer, the maximum transfer rate was calculated to be less than 3.5 ng of endotoxin equivalents per hour. At this rate, it is unlikely that pyrexia during hemodialysis is due to the transfer of endotoxin across an intact dialyzing membrane. Provided that the integrity of the dialyzing membrane is maintained, this investigation indicates that the risk of endotoxemia or bacteremia associated with the use of contaminated dialysis fluids is negligible.", "PMID": 548594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11048", "title": "Glomerular microfibrils in renal disease: a comparative electron microscopic study.", "content": "Microfibrils are a common component of connective tissue that have been described only rarely in the renal glomerulus. Structurally, microfibrils are fibrotubules with an average diameter of 12 nm, a lucid core, and a dark periphery. High resolution electron microscopy, including stereo microscopy performed on renal biopsy tissues, demonstrated the presence of microfibrils under the endothelium of the capillary walls and in the mesangium in several glomerular diseases. These diseases were characterized by widening of lamina rara interna or separation of the endothelium from the basement membrane, among them transplant glomerulopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (including a case associated with Marfan syndrome), preeclamptic toxemia, and less frequently hemolytic-uremic syndrome and malignant hypertension. The number of microfibrils generally correlated with the degree of subendothelial widening.", "contents": "Glomerular microfibrils in renal disease: a comparative electron microscopic study. Microfibrils are a common component of connective tissue that have been described only rarely in the renal glomerulus. Structurally, microfibrils are fibrotubules with an average diameter of 12 nm, a lucid core, and a dark periphery. High resolution electron microscopy, including stereo microscopy performed on renal biopsy tissues, demonstrated the presence of microfibrils under the endothelium of the capillary walls and in the mesangium in several glomerular diseases. These diseases were characterized by widening of lamina rara interna or separation of the endothelium from the basement membrane, among them transplant glomerulopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (including a case associated with Marfan syndrome), preeclamptic toxemia, and less frequently hemolytic-uremic syndrome and malignant hypertension. The number of microfibrils generally correlated with the degree of subendothelial widening.", "PMID": 548595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11049", "title": "Preventing hemorrhage in high-risk hemodialysis: regional versus low-dose heparin.", "content": "Hemodialysis in patients with increased risk for hemorrhage can be accomplished with either a regional or a low, total dose of heparin. In a prospective study of 69 series of dialyses performed on an alternating schedule of heparinization for each patient, bleeding complications during and immediately following dialysis occurred in 23 of 122 dialyses (19%) with regional heparin compared to 13 of 133 dialyses (10%) with low-dose heparin (P less than 0.05). The incidence of hemorrhage correlated with the estimated degree of bleeding risk both at expected and at occult bleeding sites, and was the same or higher with regional heparin in all categories. Hemorrhage was not correlated with preexisting coagulation abnormalities, concurrent anticoagulant drugs, level of azotemia, or ability to successfully limit systemic heparinization during dialysis. The incidence of partial clotting of the dialyzer was 3 to 5% with both heparin protocols. We conclude that regional heparinization has no clinical or practical advantage over low-total-dose heparin in preventing bleeding associated with hemodialysis.", "contents": "Preventing hemorrhage in high-risk hemodialysis: regional versus low-dose heparin. Hemodialysis in patients with increased risk for hemorrhage can be accomplished with either a regional or a low, total dose of heparin. In a prospective study of 69 series of dialyses performed on an alternating schedule of heparinization for each patient, bleeding complications during and immediately following dialysis occurred in 23 of 122 dialyses (19%) with regional heparin compared to 13 of 133 dialyses (10%) with low-dose heparin (P less than 0.05). The incidence of hemorrhage correlated with the estimated degree of bleeding risk both at expected and at occult bleeding sites, and was the same or higher with regional heparin in all categories. Hemorrhage was not correlated with preexisting coagulation abnormalities, concurrent anticoagulant drugs, level of azotemia, or ability to successfully limit systemic heparinization during dialysis. The incidence of partial clotting of the dialyzer was 3 to 5% with both heparin protocols. We conclude that regional heparinization has no clinical or practical advantage over low-total-dose heparin in preventing bleeding associated with hemodialysis.", "PMID": 548596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11050", "title": "Relationship between serum albumin concentration and tubular reabsorption of glucose in renal disease.", "content": "Micropuncture studies in rats and dogs have provided evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between peritubular protein concentration and proximal tubular reabsorption (PTR). If this effect is obtained in man, hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome should lead to a fall in PTR. Sodium excretion, however, is very low in nephrotic patients; but this sodium retention may be due to distal over-reabsorption. Glucose may be used as a marker of PTR. Because of the linkage between glucose and sodium, glucose reabsorption is expected to be suppressed when PTR of sodium is suppressed. Glucose titration studies were performed in 21 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis without renal failure divided in three groups: I (six patients) with serum albumin greater than 3 g/100 ml; II (five patients) with serum albumin of 2 to 3 g/100 ml; and III (10 patients with edema and nephrotic syndrome) with serum albumin less than 2 g/100 ml. The minimum threshold for glucose decreased in nephrotic patients (group III), and its fall was related directly to hypoalbuminemia. The splay of titration curve was markedly increased in group III when compared to the titration curves of patients without nephrotic syndrome (groups I and II). The splay point was 0.78 in group I, 0.52 in group II, and 0.37 in group III. These data provide evidence that glucose reabsorption is decreased in nephrotic syndrome and are consistent with a fall in PTR in nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Relationship between serum albumin concentration and tubular reabsorption of glucose in renal disease. Micropuncture studies in rats and dogs have provided evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between peritubular protein concentration and proximal tubular reabsorption (PTR). If this effect is obtained in man, hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome should lead to a fall in PTR. Sodium excretion, however, is very low in nephrotic patients; but this sodium retention may be due to distal over-reabsorption. Glucose may be used as a marker of PTR. Because of the linkage between glucose and sodium, glucose reabsorption is expected to be suppressed when PTR of sodium is suppressed. Glucose titration studies were performed in 21 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis without renal failure divided in three groups: I (six patients) with serum albumin greater than 3 g/100 ml; II (five patients) with serum albumin of 2 to 3 g/100 ml; and III (10 patients with edema and nephrotic syndrome) with serum albumin less than 2 g/100 ml. The minimum threshold for glucose decreased in nephrotic patients (group III), and its fall was related directly to hypoalbuminemia. The splay of titration curve was markedly increased in group III when compared to the titration curves of patients without nephrotic syndrome (groups I and II). The splay point was 0.78 in group I, 0.52 in group II, and 0.37 in group III. These data provide evidence that glucose reabsorption is decreased in nephrotic syndrome and are consistent with a fall in PTR in nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 548598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11051", "title": "Evidence that resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone in rats with acute uremia is caused by phosphate retention.", "content": "An animal model was developed to examine the cause of resistance to the calcemic action of PTH in renal failure. Thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats were repeatedly reinfused with their excreted urine, over a 5-hour period, to produce an acute uremic animal with normal kidneys. Nonuremic controls were infused with equivalent volumes of a simple electrolyte solution. Using this model, we have demonstrated impaired calcemic response to PTH (Lilly Parathyroid Extract, 80 U/100 g) in urine-infused rats compared with electrolyte-infused rats. The final plasma calcium concentrations were 12.0 +/- 0.3 and 14.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, respectively (P less than 0.001). The cause of this impaired calcemic response was investigated by reinfusing rats with their own urine that had been pretreated with either activated charcoal or zirconium oxide in two different anionic forms, or urine that had been ultrafiltrated through an Amicon membrane of which the stated molecular-weight cut-off of the smallest pore-size membrane was 500 daltons. It was found that charcoal and ultrafiltration techniques had no effect, whereas the zirconium oxide treatment completely corrected the impaired calcemic response and returned the plasma phosphorus to a concentration similar to that in nonuremic controls. This can be explained by the fact that the principal effect of zirconium oxide on urine is to remove inorganic phosphate. Other groups of TPTX rats given PTH extract were infused with an electrolyte solution containing varying amounts of phosphate up to a maximum similar to the amount that a urine-infused rat would receive. A highly significant inverse relationship was found between the dose of phosphate infused with the electrolyte solution and the measured calcemic response to PTH. This relationship is represented by the following equation: calcium (mg/dl) = 14.84 - 0.139 inorganic phosphate; r = 0.915, P less than 0.001. From these series of studies, we conclude that phosphate retention is the cause of resistance to the calcemic action of PTH extract in this acute uremic model.", "contents": "Evidence that resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone in rats with acute uremia is caused by phosphate retention. An animal model was developed to examine the cause of resistance to the calcemic action of PTH in renal failure. Thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats were repeatedly reinfused with their excreted urine, over a 5-hour period, to produce an acute uremic animal with normal kidneys. Nonuremic controls were infused with equivalent volumes of a simple electrolyte solution. Using this model, we have demonstrated impaired calcemic response to PTH (Lilly Parathyroid Extract, 80 U/100 g) in urine-infused rats compared with electrolyte-infused rats. The final plasma calcium concentrations were 12.0 +/- 0.3 and 14.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, respectively (P less than 0.001). The cause of this impaired calcemic response was investigated by reinfusing rats with their own urine that had been pretreated with either activated charcoal or zirconium oxide in two different anionic forms, or urine that had been ultrafiltrated through an Amicon membrane of which the stated molecular-weight cut-off of the smallest pore-size membrane was 500 daltons. It was found that charcoal and ultrafiltration techniques had no effect, whereas the zirconium oxide treatment completely corrected the impaired calcemic response and returned the plasma phosphorus to a concentration similar to that in nonuremic controls. This can be explained by the fact that the principal effect of zirconium oxide on urine is to remove inorganic phosphate. Other groups of TPTX rats given PTH extract were infused with an electrolyte solution containing varying amounts of phosphate up to a maximum similar to the amount that a urine-infused rat would receive. A highly significant inverse relationship was found between the dose of phosphate infused with the electrolyte solution and the measured calcemic response to PTH. This relationship is represented by the following equation: calcium (mg/dl) = 14.84 - 0.139 inorganic phosphate; r = 0.915, P less than 0.001. From these series of studies, we conclude that phosphate retention is the cause of resistance to the calcemic action of PTH extract in this acute uremic model.", "PMID": 548599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11052", "title": "A micropuncture study of renal sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome in rats: evidence for increased resistance to tubular fluid flow.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were carried out in surface nephrons of rats with nephrotoxic-serum (NTS)-induced nephrotic syndrome during a period of active sodium and water retention. It was found that hydrostatic pressure and tubular diameter were increased in the proximal tubules (13.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 10.4 +/- 0.2 mm Hg; 31.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7 mu), whereas pressure and tubular diameter were normal in the distal tubules. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) was decreased and fractional reabsorption of fluid was markedly increased in the proximal tubules (74.1 vs. 61.7%). The increased pressure gradient between the proximal and distal tubules suggests a condition of increased resistance to flow between the proximal and distal tubules. Microinfusion of proximal tubules with an isotonic \"equilibrium\" solution led to little or no rise in intratubular pressure in normal rats but it led to a significant rise in nephrotic rats. When proximal tubules of normal rats were infused with a solution containing 100 mg/100 ml albumin, pressure rose to levels observed in nephrotic rats. The mechanism of the increased resistance to flow appeared to be related, therfore, to the presence of protein in the tubular fluid. Sodium retention in the nephrotic animals might be attributed to the reduction in GFR. In other types of renal disease in animals and man with comparable or greater reductions in GFR, sodium retention does not occur, however, and fractional excretion of sodium in the urine is increased in proportion to the reduction in GFR. Thus, the rise in proximal fractional reabsorption secondary to impaired fluid flow could be an important factor in the sodium retention of this disease.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of renal sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome in rats: evidence for increased resistance to tubular fluid flow. Micropuncture studies were carried out in surface nephrons of rats with nephrotoxic-serum (NTS)-induced nephrotic syndrome during a period of active sodium and water retention. It was found that hydrostatic pressure and tubular diameter were increased in the proximal tubules (13.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 10.4 +/- 0.2 mm Hg; 31.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7 mu), whereas pressure and tubular diameter were normal in the distal tubules. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) was decreased and fractional reabsorption of fluid was markedly increased in the proximal tubules (74.1 vs. 61.7%). The increased pressure gradient between the proximal and distal tubules suggests a condition of increased resistance to flow between the proximal and distal tubules. Microinfusion of proximal tubules with an isotonic \"equilibrium\" solution led to little or no rise in intratubular pressure in normal rats but it led to a significant rise in nephrotic rats. When proximal tubules of normal rats were infused with a solution containing 100 mg/100 ml albumin, pressure rose to levels observed in nephrotic rats. The mechanism of the increased resistance to flow appeared to be related, therfore, to the presence of protein in the tubular fluid. Sodium retention in the nephrotic animals might be attributed to the reduction in GFR. In other types of renal disease in animals and man with comparable or greater reductions in GFR, sodium retention does not occur, however, and fractional excretion of sodium in the urine is increased in proportion to the reduction in GFR. Thus, the rise in proximal fractional reabsorption secondary to impaired fluid flow could be an important factor in the sodium retention of this disease.", "PMID": 548600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11053", "title": "Renal transport of oxalate: effects of diuretics, uric acid, and calcium.", "content": "Clearance experiments were performed in the rat to examine the effects of diuretics on the renal transport of oxalate. In addition, the effect of infusing either uric acid or calcium on the renal transport of oxalate was examined. During control periods, the fractional excretion of oxalate (FEOx) averaged 118.0 +/- 2.1%. Acute administration of either chlorothiazide, furosemide, or indanyl-oxyacetic acid (MK-196), a new uricosuric diuretic, resulted in a significant decrease in the FEOx in all groups to 104.8 +/- 2.4%, 111.3 +/- 2.1%, and 108.6 +/- 2.7%, respectively. Infusion of uric acid increased urinary uric acid excretion from 2.41 +/- 0.28 to 4.26 +/- 0.03 micrograms/min/g kidney wt (P less than 0.001) and decreased FEOx to 104.0 +/- 2.4% (P less than 0.001 compared to control). Infusion of calcium chloride increased urinary calcium excretion from 0.10 +/- 0.04 to 0.44 +/- 0.06 micrograms/min/g kidney wt (P less than 0.001) but had no effect on the FEOx which averaged 118.3 +/- 8.3% (P = NS compared to control). These studies show that the acute administration of chlorothiazide, furosemide, or MK-196, as well as increasing urinary uric acid excretion by uric acid infusion, are all associated with a decrease in the FEOx. Acutely increasing urinary calcium excretion, however, had no effect on oxalate transport.", "contents": "Renal transport of oxalate: effects of diuretics, uric acid, and calcium. Clearance experiments were performed in the rat to examine the effects of diuretics on the renal transport of oxalate. In addition, the effect of infusing either uric acid or calcium on the renal transport of oxalate was examined. During control periods, the fractional excretion of oxalate (FEOx) averaged 118.0 +/- 2.1%. Acute administration of either chlorothiazide, furosemide, or indanyl-oxyacetic acid (MK-196), a new uricosuric diuretic, resulted in a significant decrease in the FEOx in all groups to 104.8 +/- 2.4%, 111.3 +/- 2.1%, and 108.6 +/- 2.7%, respectively. Infusion of uric acid increased urinary uric acid excretion from 2.41 +/- 0.28 to 4.26 +/- 0.03 micrograms/min/g kidney wt (P less than 0.001) and decreased FEOx to 104.0 +/- 2.4% (P less than 0.001 compared to control). Infusion of calcium chloride increased urinary calcium excretion from 0.10 +/- 0.04 to 0.44 +/- 0.06 micrograms/min/g kidney wt (P less than 0.001) but had no effect on the FEOx which averaged 118.3 +/- 8.3% (P = NS compared to control). These studies show that the acute administration of chlorothiazide, furosemide, or MK-196, as well as increasing urinary uric acid excretion by uric acid infusion, are all associated with a decrease in the FEOx. Acutely increasing urinary calcium excretion, however, had no effect on oxalate transport.", "PMID": 548601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11054", "title": "Regional membrane specialization in the thin limbs of Henle's loops as seen by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.", "content": "Rat thin limbs of Henle were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Thin limb segments in both short- and long-looped nephrons were identified by previously developed ultrastructural criteria, continuity with known thick segments, and architectural relationships in the outer medulla. Intramembrane particle (IMP) density and the number of intramembrane fibrils comprising the zonula occludens were determined for each morphologically identifiable thin limb segment. The IMP density on the protoplasmic faces of both the luminal and abluminal membranes of the upper portion of the descending thin limb (DTL) of the long-looped nephron is quantitatively greater than in the short-looped thin limb, lower portion of the long-looped DTL, and in the ascending thin limb. The zonulae occludens in the long-looped upper DTL consists of a single fibril; the long-looped lower DTL contains 3.13 +/- 0.14 fibrils; the ascending thin limb contains 1.31 +/- 0.09 fibrils; and the short-looped DTL contains 3.75 +/- 0.19 fibrils. These studies further support the contention that there is anatomic heterogeneity among the thin limb segments. Because direct physiologic studies in the thin limbs are incomplete and conflicting, the need for correlative physiologic studies on anatomically characterized structures is indicated.", "contents": "Regional membrane specialization in the thin limbs of Henle's loops as seen by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Rat thin limbs of Henle were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Thin limb segments in both short- and long-looped nephrons were identified by previously developed ultrastructural criteria, continuity with known thick segments, and architectural relationships in the outer medulla. Intramembrane particle (IMP) density and the number of intramembrane fibrils comprising the zonula occludens were determined for each morphologically identifiable thin limb segment. The IMP density on the protoplasmic faces of both the luminal and abluminal membranes of the upper portion of the descending thin limb (DTL) of the long-looped nephron is quantitatively greater than in the short-looped thin limb, lower portion of the long-looped DTL, and in the ascending thin limb. The zonulae occludens in the long-looped upper DTL consists of a single fibril; the long-looped lower DTL contains 3.13 +/- 0.14 fibrils; the ascending thin limb contains 1.31 +/- 0.09 fibrils; and the short-looped DTL contains 3.75 +/- 0.19 fibrils. These studies further support the contention that there is anatomic heterogeneity among the thin limb segments. Because direct physiologic studies in the thin limbs are incomplete and conflicting, the need for correlative physiologic studies on anatomically characterized structures is indicated.", "PMID": 548602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11055", "title": "Ischemic heart disease in patients with uremia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "The 6-year cumulative incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in 382 dialysis patients (mean age [SEM], 43 +/- 0.7 years) was studied. Of 101 patients with IHD, only 39 developed symptoms following dialysis (cumulative incidence, 20.8%). This group was older than those with IHD, and in 55%, IHD occurred in the first year of dialysis. Analysis by sex and race showed the rate of IHD in men and women to be similar, but the rate in whites was twice that in blacks. In men, the rate was not different from nondialysis men with similar coronary risk factors, whereas in dialysis women, the rate was twice that of nondialysis cohort. The development of IHD did not adversely affect long-term survival in patients without prior evidence of IHD. Death from myocardial infarction occurred in 3 of 320 patients ar risk. Atuopsy data in 33 patients revealed 70% stenosis of coronary arteries in 7, 4 of whom had antecedent disease. Our major conclusions are (a) the incidence of IHD during dialysis was not different from similarly matched nondialysis subjects; (b) the rate of IHD in dialysis women was greater than it was in nondialysis subjects; (c) coronary artery disease only affected long-term survival of patients with preexisting disease; (d) autopsy data did not suggest accelerated atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease in patients with uremia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The 6-year cumulative incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in 382 dialysis patients (mean age [SEM], 43 +/- 0.7 years) was studied. Of 101 patients with IHD, only 39 developed symptoms following dialysis (cumulative incidence, 20.8%). This group was older than those with IHD, and in 55%, IHD occurred in the first year of dialysis. Analysis by sex and race showed the rate of IHD in men and women to be similar, but the rate in whites was twice that in blacks. In men, the rate was not different from nondialysis men with similar coronary risk factors, whereas in dialysis women, the rate was twice that of nondialysis cohort. The development of IHD did not adversely affect long-term survival in patients without prior evidence of IHD. Death from myocardial infarction occurred in 3 of 320 patients ar risk. Atuopsy data in 33 patients revealed 70% stenosis of coronary arteries in 7, 4 of whom had antecedent disease. Our major conclusions are (a) the incidence of IHD during dialysis was not different from similarly matched nondialysis subjects; (b) the rate of IHD in dialysis women was greater than it was in nondialysis subjects; (c) coronary artery disease only affected long-term survival of patients with preexisting disease; (d) autopsy data did not suggest accelerated atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 548604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11056", "title": "Follow-up of peritoneal clearances in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) might result in peritoneal membrane changes. First, CAPD exposes essentially continuously the peritoneum to peritoneal dialysis solutions. Such solutions differ from the usual extracellular fluid bathing peritoneal tissues. Second, this technique may be complicated by an increased frequency of peritonitis when compared to intermittent peritoneal dialysis. We undertook a prospective study of patients undergoing CAPD to determine if there were decreases in peritoneal clearances and if the peritoneal microcirculation maintained its responsiveness to nitroprusside. Peritoneal transport, as assessed by the clearances of urea, creatinine, inulin, and dialysate protein concentration, with and without nitroprusside addition in the dialysis solution, is unchanged in patients undergoing CAPD for up to 1 year, despite frequent episodes of peritonitis.", "contents": "Follow-up of peritoneal clearances in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) might result in peritoneal membrane changes. First, CAPD exposes essentially continuously the peritoneum to peritoneal dialysis solutions. Such solutions differ from the usual extracellular fluid bathing peritoneal tissues. Second, this technique may be complicated by an increased frequency of peritonitis when compared to intermittent peritoneal dialysis. We undertook a prospective study of patients undergoing CAPD to determine if there were decreases in peritoneal clearances and if the peritoneal microcirculation maintained its responsiveness to nitroprusside. Peritoneal transport, as assessed by the clearances of urea, creatinine, inulin, and dialysate protein concentration, with and without nitroprusside addition in the dialysis solution, is unchanged in patients undergoing CAPD for up to 1 year, despite frequent episodes of peritonitis.", "PMID": 548605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11057", "title": "Renal stone epidemiology: a 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota.", "content": "There are no adequate studies of the incidence of urolithiasis in the United States, in spite of earlier claims that a \"stone belt\" exists in the southeastern section of the country. This report is the first description of the incidence and recurrence rates for symptomatic noninfected renal stones in a well-defined population. A total of 798 patients were enrolled in the study group, of whom 672 were incidence cases having had their first episode as documented residents of Rochester, Minnesota, between 1950 and the end of 1974. The annual age-adjusted incidence rate for females was stable over the 25-year study period at 36.0 per 100,000 population. That for males increased significantly (P less than 0.02) from 78.5 per 100,000 to 123.6 per 100,000. Recurrence calculations showed a high rate for both sexes in the first year, followed by lower but constant rates for all succeeding years.", "contents": "Renal stone epidemiology: a 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota. There are no adequate studies of the incidence of urolithiasis in the United States, in spite of earlier claims that a \"stone belt\" exists in the southeastern section of the country. This report is the first description of the incidence and recurrence rates for symptomatic noninfected renal stones in a well-defined population. A total of 798 patients were enrolled in the study group, of whom 672 were incidence cases having had their first episode as documented residents of Rochester, Minnesota, between 1950 and the end of 1974. The annual age-adjusted incidence rate for females was stable over the 25-year study period at 36.0 per 100,000 population. That for males increased significantly (P less than 0.02) from 78.5 per 100,000 to 123.6 per 100,000. Recurrence calculations showed a high rate for both sexes in the first year, followed by lower but constant rates for all succeeding years.", "PMID": 548606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11058", "title": "Effect of renal vein constriction on the localization of immune complexes in the kidney.", "content": "To determine the effect of renal venous constriction on the localization of immune complexes in the kidney, we performed unilateral renal venous constriction in 19 male albino rabbits 7 days after they were given an i.v. bolus (250 mg/kg) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to induce the development of serum sickness nephritis. The rabbits were sacrificed on day 12 after BSA administration. Renal histology was evaluated by (1) light microscopy, with semiquantitative grading and enumeration of glomerular nuclei and (2) fluorescent microscopy. Six rabbits were nonresponders and did not exhibit nephritis. The remaining 13 rabbits had differential degrees of severity of nephritis between the control and experimental kidneys as assessed by light microscopy (in 7 rabbits) and by fluorescent microscopy (in 12 and 9 rabbits when examined for deposits of IgG and C3, respectively). In all instances, the experimental kidney (with the constricted vein) showed less severe alterations. The degree of protection appeared to correlate with the degree of renal venous constriction, as manifested by tubulointerstitial changes [rs = 0.77, P less than 0.01). We concluded that renal venous constriction exercises a protective effect on the impaction of immune complexes in the glomeruli and development of acute serum sickness nephritis.", "contents": "Effect of renal vein constriction on the localization of immune complexes in the kidney. To determine the effect of renal venous constriction on the localization of immune complexes in the kidney, we performed unilateral renal venous constriction in 19 male albino rabbits 7 days after they were given an i.v. bolus (250 mg/kg) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to induce the development of serum sickness nephritis. The rabbits were sacrificed on day 12 after BSA administration. Renal histology was evaluated by (1) light microscopy, with semiquantitative grading and enumeration of glomerular nuclei and (2) fluorescent microscopy. Six rabbits were nonresponders and did not exhibit nephritis. The remaining 13 rabbits had differential degrees of severity of nephritis between the control and experimental kidneys as assessed by light microscopy (in 7 rabbits) and by fluorescent microscopy (in 12 and 9 rabbits when examined for deposits of IgG and C3, respectively). In all instances, the experimental kidney (with the constricted vein) showed less severe alterations. The degree of protection appeared to correlate with the degree of renal venous constriction, as manifested by tubulointerstitial changes [rs = 0.77, P less than 0.01). We concluded that renal venous constriction exercises a protective effect on the impaction of immune complexes in the glomeruli and development of acute serum sickness nephritis.", "PMID": 548608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11059", "title": "Suppression of potassium-recycling in the renal medulla by short-term potassium deprivation.", "content": "Recently we proposed that potassium, like urea, normally undergoes medullary recycling from collecting tubule to the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron and suggested that the extent of recycling is a function of the concentration of potassium in collecting tubule fluid. To test this hypothesis further, we fed young rats a potassium-free diet for 3 days and then prepared them for micropuncture of the left renal papilla. Compared to findings in normally fed animals, potassium deprivation caused a significant fall in plasma potassium and urinary excretion of potassium. There was a striking decrease in the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the justamedullary descending limb for 94 +/- 11% to 38 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001). The latter value is not significantly different from the fraction of filtered sodium remaining (36 +/- 4%) and suggests that net addition of potassium to the pars recta or descending limb was completely abolished. A correlation was observed between the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the descending limb and either urinary potassium excretion (P less than 0.001) or urinary potassium concentration(P less than 0.001) in the contralateral unexposed kidney. These results lend further support to the hypothesis of medullary recycling of potassium.", "contents": "Suppression of potassium-recycling in the renal medulla by short-term potassium deprivation. Recently we proposed that potassium, like urea, normally undergoes medullary recycling from collecting tubule to the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron and suggested that the extent of recycling is a function of the concentration of potassium in collecting tubule fluid. To test this hypothesis further, we fed young rats a potassium-free diet for 3 days and then prepared them for micropuncture of the left renal papilla. Compared to findings in normally fed animals, potassium deprivation caused a significant fall in plasma potassium and urinary excretion of potassium. There was a striking decrease in the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the justamedullary descending limb for 94 +/- 11% to 38 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001). The latter value is not significantly different from the fraction of filtered sodium remaining (36 +/- 4%) and suggests that net addition of potassium to the pars recta or descending limb was completely abolished. A correlation was observed between the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the descending limb and either urinary potassium excretion (P less than 0.001) or urinary potassium concentration(P less than 0.001) in the contralateral unexposed kidney. These results lend further support to the hypothesis of medullary recycling of potassium.", "PMID": 548609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11060", "title": "Urinary matrix calculi consisting of microfibrillar protein in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "In seven patients on maintenance hemodialysis, de novo recurrent renal stone formation was observed. In all patients, the underlying disease was glomerulonephritis, with or without the nephrotic syndrome. All patients had considerable persistent proteinuria. The stones consisted predominantly of protein, as revealed by amino acid analysis, and had a negligible carbohydrate and lipid content. Only in some specimens, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of small amounts of whewellit (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and/or uric acid. In semithin sections, the stones had a laminated texture and exhibited structural anisotropy under polarized light. With transmission electron microscopy, they were found to consist of peculair microfibrils. The proteinaceous material differed from fibrin or Tamm-Horsfall-protein, as indicated by ultrastructure, carbohydrate analysis, and amino acid analysis. Symptomatic de novo matrix stone formation constitutes another complication of dialyzed patients which has not been reported so far.", "contents": "Urinary matrix calculi consisting of microfibrillar protein in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. In seven patients on maintenance hemodialysis, de novo recurrent renal stone formation was observed. In all patients, the underlying disease was glomerulonephritis, with or without the nephrotic syndrome. All patients had considerable persistent proteinuria. The stones consisted predominantly of protein, as revealed by amino acid analysis, and had a negligible carbohydrate and lipid content. Only in some specimens, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of small amounts of whewellit (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and/or uric acid. In semithin sections, the stones had a laminated texture and exhibited structural anisotropy under polarized light. With transmission electron microscopy, they were found to consist of peculair microfibrils. The proteinaceous material differed from fibrin or Tamm-Horsfall-protein, as indicated by ultrastructure, carbohydrate analysis, and amino acid analysis. Symptomatic de novo matrix stone formation constitutes another complication of dialyzed patients which has not been reported so far.", "PMID": 548610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11061", "title": "Influence of the emetic reflex on vasopressin release in man.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying the frequent association of nausea and vomiting with elevations of plasma vasopressin(PAVP) were studied in man and rat. After oral water loads (N = 16), plasma osmolality fell in all human subjects and was associated with a decline in PAVP in 14 asymptomatic human subjects. In 2 human subjects, nausea occurred and was associated with increases in PAVP, without changes in blood pressure. During ethanol infusion (N = 28), PAVP was suppressed unless nausea supervened. In 4 nauseated human subjects, PAVP escaped from ethanol inhibition and rose to levels 10 times basal, despite the absence of hemodynamic changes. Apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist and emetic agent, was administered to human volunteers in doses of 7 to 24 microgram/kg. There was no increase in PAVP in 3 human subjects who remained asymptomatic (7 to 16 microgram/kg). Ten human subjects experienced nausea after 16 microgram/kg, which was followed shortly by marked increases in PAVP. Emesis occurred in 5 human subjects given 16 to 24 microgram/kg, and was followed by PAVP levels similar to those seen with nausea alone. In 7 human subjects from the nausea group, the repeat study (16 microgram/kg) after pretreatment with dopamine antagonist (haloperidol, N = 4; fluphenazine, N = 3) resulted in complete blockage of apomorphine-induced AVP release. In rats, which lack an emetic reflex, apomorphine doses of 200 microgram/kg induced only slight increases in PAVP when compared to the response to 16 microgram/kg in man. These studies indicate that stimulation of the emetic reflex results in AVP-release in man. Nausea-mediated AVP release supervenes over concomitant osmolar or pharmacologic (ethanol) inhibition.", "contents": "Influence of the emetic reflex on vasopressin release in man. The mechanisms underlying the frequent association of nausea and vomiting with elevations of plasma vasopressin(PAVP) were studied in man and rat. After oral water loads (N = 16), plasma osmolality fell in all human subjects and was associated with a decline in PAVP in 14 asymptomatic human subjects. In 2 human subjects, nausea occurred and was associated with increases in PAVP, without changes in blood pressure. During ethanol infusion (N = 28), PAVP was suppressed unless nausea supervened. In 4 nauseated human subjects, PAVP escaped from ethanol inhibition and rose to levels 10 times basal, despite the absence of hemodynamic changes. Apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist and emetic agent, was administered to human volunteers in doses of 7 to 24 microgram/kg. There was no increase in PAVP in 3 human subjects who remained asymptomatic (7 to 16 microgram/kg). Ten human subjects experienced nausea after 16 microgram/kg, which was followed shortly by marked increases in PAVP. Emesis occurred in 5 human subjects given 16 to 24 microgram/kg, and was followed by PAVP levels similar to those seen with nausea alone. In 7 human subjects from the nausea group, the repeat study (16 microgram/kg) after pretreatment with dopamine antagonist (haloperidol, N = 4; fluphenazine, N = 3) resulted in complete blockage of apomorphine-induced AVP release. In rats, which lack an emetic reflex, apomorphine doses of 200 microgram/kg induced only slight increases in PAVP when compared to the response to 16 microgram/kg in man. These studies indicate that stimulation of the emetic reflex results in AVP-release in man. Nausea-mediated AVP release supervenes over concomitant osmolar or pharmacologic (ethanol) inhibition.", "PMID": 548611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11062", "title": "Polypoid and papillary epithelial hyperplasia: a potential cause of ductal obstruction in adult polycystic disease.", "content": "In experimental models of cystic renal disease, functional studies define conditions that suggest increased resistance to outflow from dilated or cystic nephrons. Morphologically, models exhibit foci of cellular hyperplasia and micropolyp formation along outer medullary collecting tubules. Temporally, cellular proliferation precedes cyst formation. These findings in models have led to a hypothesis that polypoid hyperplasia participates in cyst formation in susceptible kidneys by increasing resistance to the outflow of tubular urine. The present study was undertaken to establish the presence, extent, and distribution of cellular hyperplasia in human adult polycystic kidney disease. Kidneys from four unrelated individuals were studied by light and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Foci of hocation of hyperplasia along the nephron were similar to those seen in the models. These findings delineate a heretofore unappreciated morphologic similarity between the models and human disease and add further support to the hypothesis that partial rubular obstruction participates in the pathogenesis of renal cystic disease, whether it be heritable or acquired, in animals and in man.", "contents": "Polypoid and papillary epithelial hyperplasia: a potential cause of ductal obstruction in adult polycystic disease. In experimental models of cystic renal disease, functional studies define conditions that suggest increased resistance to outflow from dilated or cystic nephrons. Morphologically, models exhibit foci of cellular hyperplasia and micropolyp formation along outer medullary collecting tubules. Temporally, cellular proliferation precedes cyst formation. These findings in models have led to a hypothesis that polypoid hyperplasia participates in cyst formation in susceptible kidneys by increasing resistance to the outflow of tubular urine. The present study was undertaken to establish the presence, extent, and distribution of cellular hyperplasia in human adult polycystic kidney disease. Kidneys from four unrelated individuals were studied by light and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Foci of hocation of hyperplasia along the nephron were similar to those seen in the models. These findings delineate a heretofore unappreciated morphologic similarity between the models and human disease and add further support to the hypothesis that partial rubular obstruction participates in the pathogenesis of renal cystic disease, whether it be heritable or acquired, in animals and in man.", "PMID": 548612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11063", "title": "[Trophic corneal diseases. Their pathogenesis and corneal nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental research has not provided any proof that \"trophic\" corneal diseases are caused by nutritional deficiencies. It seems that cases in which the course is chronic, but characterized by an absence of exacerbations of great pain and failure of medical therapy, are said to be trophic. Some of these diseases are dry eye conditions. Sensory disturbances lead to corneal complications by lowering the blinking frequency, but not seem to interfere with nutrition of the tissue. Otherwise keratoplasty would be impossible, since the innervation of the graft is often impaired for months or even years.", "contents": "[Trophic corneal diseases. Their pathogenesis and corneal nutrition (author's transl)]. Experimental research has not provided any proof that \"trophic\" corneal diseases are caused by nutritional deficiencies. It seems that cases in which the course is chronic, but characterized by an absence of exacerbations of great pain and failure of medical therapy, are said to be trophic. Some of these diseases are dry eye conditions. Sensory disturbances lead to corneal complications by lowering the blinking frequency, but not seem to interfere with nutrition of the tissue. Otherwise keratoplasty would be impossible, since the innervation of the graft is often impaired for months or even years.", "PMID": 548614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11064", "title": "[Microscopically controlled excision of malignant eyelid tumors and subsequent reconstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "35 patients, most of whom had recurrent or large malignant eyelid tumors (33 basal cell carcinomas and 2 squamous cell carcinomas), underwent microscopically controlled excision (Mohs' fresh tissue technique). This approach guarantees a complete removal of the tumor, while conserving as much healthy tissue as possible. Short time follow-up studies have shown that plastic reconstruction gave good functional and cosmetic results.", "contents": "[Microscopically controlled excision of malignant eyelid tumors and subsequent reconstruction (author's transl)]. 35 patients, most of whom had recurrent or large malignant eyelid tumors (33 basal cell carcinomas and 2 squamous cell carcinomas), underwent microscopically controlled excision (Mohs' fresh tissue technique). This approach guarantees a complete removal of the tumor, while conserving as much healthy tissue as possible. Short time follow-up studies have shown that plastic reconstruction gave good functional and cosmetic results.", "PMID": 548615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11065", "title": "[Bulbus motility in early and late surgery of orbital floor fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 638 patients with fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton 139 were found to have clinically relevant fractures of the orbital floor. 74 of them were followed up ophthalmologically and by x-ray examination. In 49 patients the results of the operative treatment were judged from a detailed questionnaire. Operation within 2 weeks after the accident yielded better results than later operation. Persisting motility disturbances concerned mainly the upper field of gaze.", "contents": "[Bulbus motility in early and late surgery of orbital floor fractures (author's transl)]. Among 638 patients with fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton 139 were found to have clinically relevant fractures of the orbital floor. 74 of them were followed up ophthalmologically and by x-ray examination. In 49 patients the results of the operative treatment were judged from a detailed questionnaire. Operation within 2 weeks after the accident yielded better results than later operation. Persisting motility disturbances concerned mainly the upper field of gaze.", "PMID": 548616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11066", "title": "[Functional results following implantation of artificial lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1969 and 1979 626 Binkhorst artificial lenses have been implanted, 20 after extracapsular cataract extraction. Functional considerations relating to the indication for implantation are discussed in detail. Visual field and binocular vision in particular are superior in patients with lens implants. In addition, some details are given of surgical methods we have recently adopted.", "contents": "[Functional results following implantation of artificial lenses (author's transl)]. Between 1969 and 1979 626 Binkhorst artificial lenses have been implanted, 20 after extracapsular cataract extraction. Functional considerations relating to the indication for implantation are discussed in detail. Visual field and binocular vision in particular are superior in patients with lens implants. In addition, some details are given of surgical methods we have recently adopted.", "PMID": 548617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11067", "title": "[Herpes simplex virus isolations from the aqueous humor of patients suffering from focal iritis, endotheliitis, and prolonged disciform keratitis with glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Aqueous humor from 33 herpes patients, 4 zoster patients, and 14 patients with etiologically unclear anterior uveitis was cultured for the presence of herpes viruses. Nine taps from 8 herpes patients with corneal endothelial disease and/or anterior uveitis yielded herpes simplex virus. In the case of one patient two taps were positive at 14 days' interval. Control cultures from the surface of conjunctiva and cornea were consistently virus-negative. Analysis of the virus-positive cases displayed three remarkable features: 1. Secondary glaucoma was uniformly present. This in itself is an indication for culturable herpes simplex virus in the aqueous. 2. Three clinical pictures could be differentiated biomicroscopically: focal iritis, peripheral endotheliitis, and prolonged disciform keratitis. 3. In a proportion of cases, tissue damage resulting from associated immune reactions seems to be more important for the functional outcome than tissue damage by viral cytolysis itself. After having tried several antiviral substances (trifluorothymidine topically, adeninearabinoside-monophosphate intravenously, human leukocyte interferon intramuscularly and intracamerally) we presently favour a topical combination therapy consisting of trifluorothymidine and steroids. This must be complemented by cycloplegics and--in cases of high intraocular pressure--by acetazolamide.", "contents": "[Herpes simplex virus isolations from the aqueous humor of patients suffering from focal iritis, endotheliitis, and prolonged disciform keratitis with glaucoma (author's transl)]. Aqueous humor from 33 herpes patients, 4 zoster patients, and 14 patients with etiologically unclear anterior uveitis was cultured for the presence of herpes viruses. Nine taps from 8 herpes patients with corneal endothelial disease and/or anterior uveitis yielded herpes simplex virus. In the case of one patient two taps were positive at 14 days' interval. Control cultures from the surface of conjunctiva and cornea were consistently virus-negative. Analysis of the virus-positive cases displayed three remarkable features: 1. Secondary glaucoma was uniformly present. This in itself is an indication for culturable herpes simplex virus in the aqueous. 2. Three clinical pictures could be differentiated biomicroscopically: focal iritis, peripheral endotheliitis, and prolonged disciform keratitis. 3. In a proportion of cases, tissue damage resulting from associated immune reactions seems to be more important for the functional outcome than tissue damage by viral cytolysis itself. After having tried several antiviral substances (trifluorothymidine topically, adeninearabinoside-monophosphate intravenously, human leukocyte interferon intramuscularly and intracamerally) we presently favour a topical combination therapy consisting of trifluorothymidine and steroids. This must be complemented by cycloplegics and--in cases of high intraocular pressure--by acetazolamide.", "PMID": 548618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11068", "title": "[Detection of HBsAg and HBeAg in cleaning, rinsing and storage solutions of contact lenses and in tear fluid of carriers of HBsAg (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatitis-B-surface antigen (HBsAg) was not detected by sensitive radioimmunoassays in the tear fluids of 6 HBsAg carriers with low and medium titers of HBsAg (less than 1:10,000) in the serum. However, HBsAg could be demonstrated in low concentrations in tear fluids of 5 of 6 HBsAg carriers with high serum titers (greater than 1:10,000). The concentration of HBsAg in the tear fluid was at least 100 times lower than in the sera of these 5 persons. Correspondingly HBsAg could be found in only 1 of the rinsing and in none of the storage solutions of the contact lenses of 7 persons with high titers of HBsAg in the serum (greater than 1:32,000). HBsAg was not adsorbed to smooth HEMA-lenses. Because of the low concentration of HBsAg in tear fluids and the dilution effect (about 5 x 10(-10)) the transmission of hepatitis B by multiple use of contact lenses by several persons during adaption is lighly unlikely. In addition, a special cleaning solution (Liprofin) can destroy nearly completely the antigenicity of HBsAg at 60 degrees C.", "contents": "[Detection of HBsAg and HBeAg in cleaning, rinsing and storage solutions of contact lenses and in tear fluid of carriers of HBsAg (author's transl)]. Hepatitis-B-surface antigen (HBsAg) was not detected by sensitive radioimmunoassays in the tear fluids of 6 HBsAg carriers with low and medium titers of HBsAg (less than 1:10,000) in the serum. However, HBsAg could be demonstrated in low concentrations in tear fluids of 5 of 6 HBsAg carriers with high serum titers (greater than 1:10,000). The concentration of HBsAg in the tear fluid was at least 100 times lower than in the sera of these 5 persons. Correspondingly HBsAg could be found in only 1 of the rinsing and in none of the storage solutions of the contact lenses of 7 persons with high titers of HBsAg in the serum (greater than 1:32,000). HBsAg was not adsorbed to smooth HEMA-lenses. Because of the low concentration of HBsAg in tear fluids and the dilution effect (about 5 x 10(-10)) the transmission of hepatitis B by multiple use of contact lenses by several persons during adaption is lighly unlikely. In addition, a special cleaning solution (Liprofin) can destroy nearly completely the antigenicity of HBsAg at 60 degrees C.", "PMID": 548619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11069", "title": "[Vascular anastomoses at the posterior pole of the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Anastomoses between vessels of the fundus may occur as congenital malformations or secondary to vascular diseases affecting the eye. Congenital anastomoses can be of the racemose hemangioma type, with severe malformation of the retinal vessels, ocular complications, and neurologic manifestations, or as simple A-V shunts with visual impairment but limited tendency to show other ocular or neurologic involvement. These anastomoses must be distinguished from other vascular malformations like telangiectasis (Leber, Coats) or the angiomatous lesions of von Hippel's disease. Secondary anastomoses may be confined to the retinal vessels or involve chorioretinal connections. Retinal anastomoses occur in vascular disorders like retinal vein occlusions, diabetes, periphlebitis and hemoglobinopathies. They are often amenable to treatment by light coagulation. Chorioretinal anastomoses occur whenever Bruch's membrane is destroyed by traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative or physical (light coagulation) influences. Light coagulation may be the appropriate treatment, although complications are not rare.", "contents": "[Vascular anastomoses at the posterior pole of the eye (author's transl)]. Anastomoses between vessels of the fundus may occur as congenital malformations or secondary to vascular diseases affecting the eye. Congenital anastomoses can be of the racemose hemangioma type, with severe malformation of the retinal vessels, ocular complications, and neurologic manifestations, or as simple A-V shunts with visual impairment but limited tendency to show other ocular or neurologic involvement. These anastomoses must be distinguished from other vascular malformations like telangiectasis (Leber, Coats) or the angiomatous lesions of von Hippel's disease. Secondary anastomoses may be confined to the retinal vessels or involve chorioretinal connections. Retinal anastomoses occur in vascular disorders like retinal vein occlusions, diabetes, periphlebitis and hemoglobinopathies. They are often amenable to treatment by light coagulation. Chorioretinal anastomoses occur whenever Bruch's membrane is destroyed by traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative or physical (light coagulation) influences. Light coagulation may be the appropriate treatment, although complications are not rare.", "PMID": 548620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11070", "title": "[Influence of an unilateral anophthalmos on the ophthalmo-dynamography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients with unilateral postoperative anophthalmos, by means of the ophthalmodynamograph model ODG 22 (Boucke) a bilateral ophthalmodynamography (Hager) was performed. The systolic and diastolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery showed no significant difference between the sides without and with the eyeball. The pulsation volume was, however, on the side of anophthalmos (97.9 mm3 in average) slightly, but significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased than the opposite side (103.7 mm3).", "contents": "[Influence of an unilateral anophthalmos on the ophthalmo-dynamography (author's transl)]. In 30 patients with unilateral postoperative anophthalmos, by means of the ophthalmodynamograph model ODG 22 (Boucke) a bilateral ophthalmodynamography (Hager) was performed. The systolic and diastolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery showed no significant difference between the sides without and with the eyeball. The pulsation volume was, however, on the side of anophthalmos (97.9 mm3 in average) slightly, but significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased than the opposite side (103.7 mm3).", "PMID": 548622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11071", "title": "[Cresol burns in the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief introduction to the pathomechanism of erosions in the eye is followed by a case report of a young soldier injured by a \"peptizer\" (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol). After early application of cortisone there was no cicatrization impairing function in the central corneal stroma. A row of small vesicles at the corneal limbus and in the conjunctiva were reminiscent of Labrador corneal dystrophy.", "contents": "[Cresol burns in the eye (author's transl)]. A brief introduction to the pathomechanism of erosions in the eye is followed by a case report of a young soldier injured by a \"peptizer\" (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol). After early application of cortisone there was no cicatrization impairing function in the central corneal stroma. A row of small vesicles at the corneal limbus and in the conjunctiva were reminiscent of Labrador corneal dystrophy.", "PMID": 548623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11072", "title": "[Conjunctival myxomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Myxomas are rare mesenchymal tumors appear everywhere in the body, but occur very seldom in orbital or subconjunctival regions. Clinical and histopathological demonstration of two cases of epibulbar myxoma and discussion of possible pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Conjunctival myxomas (author's transl)]. Myxomas are rare mesenchymal tumors appear everywhere in the body, but occur very seldom in orbital or subconjunctival regions. Clinical and histopathological demonstration of two cases of epibulbar myxoma and discussion of possible pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 548624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11073", "title": "[Can local anaesthesia still be justified in intraocular surgery? (author's transl)].", "content": "Even modern long acting local anaesthetics can not avoid hazards encountered by using local anaesthetics. That these hazards are unavoidable by their nature is being shown by detailed analysis of facts conditioning the status of corpus vitreous on the open globe. These facts need not be identical with those that change the intraocular pressure in the closed eye. Intraocular pressure is no useful criterium when the eye is open. General anaesthesia in NLA and non depolarizing agents is presently the safest means not to leave corpus protruding facts to chance. There are no other disadvantages of the method as compared to local anaesthesia. Own experience in 2000 cataract operations confirm the thesis.", "contents": "[Can local anaesthesia still be justified in intraocular surgery? (author's transl)]. Even modern long acting local anaesthetics can not avoid hazards encountered by using local anaesthetics. That these hazards are unavoidable by their nature is being shown by detailed analysis of facts conditioning the status of corpus vitreous on the open globe. These facts need not be identical with those that change the intraocular pressure in the closed eye. Intraocular pressure is no useful criterium when the eye is open. General anaesthesia in NLA and non depolarizing agents is presently the safest means not to leave corpus protruding facts to chance. There are no other disadvantages of the method as compared to local anaesthesia. Own experience in 2000 cataract operations confirm the thesis.", "PMID": 548625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11074", "title": "[Professional discretion in cases of unfitness to drive due to impaired vision (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of professional discretion is discussed in relation to cases where the physician believes that the patient's visual impairment renders him unfit to drive. It is often difficult for the ophthalmologist to make a valid judgment. Since physicians are not bound to report such cases to the traffic authorities or to third persons, any assumption of responsibility in making a statement, either without the patient's knowledge or against his will, is an infringement of professional secrecy. Article 34 of the (West German) Penal Code makes provision for \"justified\" disclosures. There is also a relevant verdict of the German Federal Supreme Court dated Oct. 8, 1968, case ref. VIZR 168/67, which deals with basic considerations. However, it is advisable in each case to consult the legal adviser of the responsible Medical Council prior to making any disclosure in order to establish whether it is justified.", "contents": "[Professional discretion in cases of unfitness to drive due to impaired vision (author's transl)]. The question of professional discretion is discussed in relation to cases where the physician believes that the patient's visual impairment renders him unfit to drive. It is often difficult for the ophthalmologist to make a valid judgment. Since physicians are not bound to report such cases to the traffic authorities or to third persons, any assumption of responsibility in making a statement, either without the patient's knowledge or against his will, is an infringement of professional secrecy. Article 34 of the (West German) Penal Code makes provision for \"justified\" disclosures. There is also a relevant verdict of the German Federal Supreme Court dated Oct. 8, 1968, case ref. VIZR 168/67, which deals with basic considerations. However, it is advisable in each case to consult the legal adviser of the responsible Medical Council prior to making any disclosure in order to establish whether it is justified.", "PMID": 548626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11075", "title": "[Silicon plug for retinal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "For some time now a 7.5 mm wide plug made of hard silicon, with a grooved surface to facilitate fixing the thread, has been used in the surgery of retinal foramina to indent the bulbus. The plug has not caused any complications so far.", "contents": "[Silicon plug for retinal surgery (author's transl)]. For some time now a 7.5 mm wide plug made of hard silicon, with a grooved surface to facilitate fixing the thread, has been used in the surgery of retinal foramina to indent the bulbus. The plug has not caused any complications so far.", "PMID": 548627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11076", "title": "[Clamp for operation of blepharochalasis (author's transl)].", "content": "We designed an instrument to facilitate the operation for blepharochalasis. The skin to be excised is lifted into a fold and the latter than stabilized by tightly clamping the two layers of skin at its base with the new instrument. In this way the situation after excision can be simulated and the position of the future scar and the apposition of the lids against the globe can be estimated in advance and the fold can be adjusted if required. In addition, the compression of the skin decreases the tendency for bleeding.", "contents": "[Clamp for operation of blepharochalasis (author's transl)]. We designed an instrument to facilitate the operation for blepharochalasis. The skin to be excised is lifted into a fold and the latter than stabilized by tightly clamping the two layers of skin at its base with the new instrument. In this way the situation after excision can be simulated and the position of the future scar and the apposition of the lids against the globe can be estimated in advance and the fold can be adjusted if required. In addition, the compression of the skin decreases the tendency for bleeding.", "PMID": 548628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11077", "title": "Fracture processes in acrylic bone cement containing barium sulphate dispersions.", "content": "This paper describes the effects of dispersions of barium sulphate (BaSO4) particles on crack nucleation and growth in a commercially available surgical acrylic bone cement. A simple model is presented which is based on the nucleation and growth of voids around each BaSO4 particle. The model assumes that the local stress at a particle depends on the strain applied to the material, whereas the overall stress on the system depends on the volume fraction of particles. The effects of saline solution and blood serum on crack propagation are described.", "contents": "Fracture processes in acrylic bone cement containing barium sulphate dispersions. This paper describes the effects of dispersions of barium sulphate (BaSO4) particles on crack nucleation and growth in a commercially available surgical acrylic bone cement. A simple model is presented which is based on the nucleation and growth of voids around each BaSO4 particle. The model assumes that the local stress at a particle depends on the strain applied to the material, whereas the overall stress on the system depends on the volume fraction of particles. The effects of saline solution and blood serum on crack propagation are described.", "PMID": 548643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11078", "title": "Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance and its bio-medical implications.", "content": "The distribution of proton spin concentration (water concentration) and the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) can be imaged in a sample by placing it in a magnetic field gradient, applying appropriate radio-frequency (rf) pulses, and measuring the rf radiated from the sample. The Aberdeen machine is designed to image the human body in vivo at 400 gauss and 1.7 MHz. The spatial resolution predicted is about 1 cm for a 20% difference of T1. Measurements of T1 for small samples of tissue in vitro show a five-fold range of values for some soft tissues. Breast tumours and liver metastases have shown T1 values very different from the surrounding tissue. The method has the potential of perhaps imaging any pathology which changes water concentration, forms fluid pools or affects the binding of water to macromolecules. The potential hazards, which need more investigation, seem slight.", "contents": "Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance and its bio-medical implications. The distribution of proton spin concentration (water concentration) and the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) can be imaged in a sample by placing it in a magnetic field gradient, applying appropriate radio-frequency (rf) pulses, and measuring the rf radiated from the sample. The Aberdeen machine is designed to image the human body in vivo at 400 gauss and 1.7 MHz. The spatial resolution predicted is about 1 cm for a 20% difference of T1. Measurements of T1 for small samples of tissue in vitro show a five-fold range of values for some soft tissues. Breast tumours and liver metastases have shown T1 values very different from the surrounding tissue. The method has the potential of perhaps imaging any pathology which changes water concentration, forms fluid pools or affects the binding of water to macromolecules. The potential hazards, which need more investigation, seem slight.", "PMID": 548644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11079", "title": "A model of left ventricular function in the denervated heart.", "content": "A model has been formulated for the function of the denervated left ventricle. Using the model it is possible to generate realistic waveforms for aortic flow, aortic pressure, left ventricular volume and left ventricular pressure over a wide range of simulated haemodynamic conditions. The effect of changes in contractile state is introduced through the concept of left ventricular pumping capacity. Model results compare well with similar data obtained from denervated hearts in open-chest dogs anaesthetized with halothane under positive pressure ventilation. Simulation of changes in contractile state shows excellent agreement with data published by previous investigators.", "contents": "A model of left ventricular function in the denervated heart. A model has been formulated for the function of the denervated left ventricle. Using the model it is possible to generate realistic waveforms for aortic flow, aortic pressure, left ventricular volume and left ventricular pressure over a wide range of simulated haemodynamic conditions. The effect of changes in contractile state is introduced through the concept of left ventricular pumping capacity. Model results compare well with similar data obtained from denervated hearts in open-chest dogs anaesthetized with halothane under positive pressure ventilation. Simulation of changes in contractile state shows excellent agreement with data published by previous investigators.", "PMID": 548645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11080", "title": "Time and frequency analysis of simultaneously recorded corneal and non-corneal electroretinogram.", "content": "Electroretinograms (ERGs) were simultaneously recorded with corneal and non-corneal (lower or upper eye lid) electrodes in four healthy subjects. 64 traces of the non-corneal ERG were averaged. The two signals were compared in both time and frequency domains. The power spectrum of both signals was computed by the fast Fourier (FFT) and linear prediction (LP) algorithms. Except for amplitude differences, the two signals had almost identical time domain (a- and b-wave latencies) and frequency domain (dominant power spectrum peaks) parameters. It is concluded that non-corneal ERG does not differ significantly from corneal ERG, and that its clinical interpretation can be based on existing corneal ERG data.", "contents": "Time and frequency analysis of simultaneously recorded corneal and non-corneal electroretinogram. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were simultaneously recorded with corneal and non-corneal (lower or upper eye lid) electrodes in four healthy subjects. 64 traces of the non-corneal ERG were averaged. The two signals were compared in both time and frequency domains. The power spectrum of both signals was computed by the fast Fourier (FFT) and linear prediction (LP) algorithms. Except for amplitude differences, the two signals had almost identical time domain (a- and b-wave latencies) and frequency domain (dominant power spectrum peaks) parameters. It is concluded that non-corneal ERG does not differ significantly from corneal ERG, and that its clinical interpretation can be based on existing corneal ERG data.", "PMID": 548646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11081", "title": "Force predictions relating to tremor and other consequences of a 'distributed' model of skeletal muscle.", "content": "In this brief report, a 'distributed' computer model of skeletal muscle is described, and its predictions regarding muscle force and EMG are presented. The force and myo-electric signals are produced as the sum of the contributions of independently activated motor units possessing a distribution of properties. The results of the simulation as well as theoretical study show that: (a) asynchronous activity of motor units can be responsible for the fairly regular oscillations observed in muscle tremor; (b) the use, in the case of muscle, of the limit theorem for the superposition of independent point processes leads to erroneous conclusions with respect to the frequency characteristics of the muscle force waveform, and possibly, with regard to those of the EMG.", "contents": "Force predictions relating to tremor and other consequences of a 'distributed' model of skeletal muscle. In this brief report, a 'distributed' computer model of skeletal muscle is described, and its predictions regarding muscle force and EMG are presented. The force and myo-electric signals are produced as the sum of the contributions of independently activated motor units possessing a distribution of properties. The results of the simulation as well as theoretical study show that: (a) asynchronous activity of motor units can be responsible for the fairly regular oscillations observed in muscle tremor; (b) the use, in the case of muscle, of the limit theorem for the superposition of independent point processes leads to erroneous conclusions with respect to the frequency characteristics of the muscle force waveform, and possibly, with regard to those of the EMG.", "PMID": 548647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11082", "title": "A robust respiration follower for studies of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Studies of diabetic autonomic using the valsalva manoeuvre have previously utilized a strain gauge respiration monitor. The present paper describes a respiration follower for use in such work. This device was designed to be far less fragile and also to give a large, noise-free, output signal suitable for direct connection to a recording device.", "contents": "A robust respiration follower for studies of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Studies of diabetic autonomic using the valsalva manoeuvre have previously utilized a strain gauge respiration monitor. The present paper describes a respiration follower for use in such work. This device was designed to be far less fragile and also to give a large, noise-free, output signal suitable for direct connection to a recording device.", "PMID": 548648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11083", "title": "Inhibition of blood coagulation factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen by polyamines.", "content": "Soluble fibronectin is found in body fluids and media of cultured adherent cells. Insoluble fibronectin is found in tissue stroma and in extracellular matrices of cultured cells. Fibronectin is a substrate for factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase) and can be cross-linked to collagen and to the alpha chain of fibrin. We have used sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate the possibility that factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking is influenced by polyamines. Spermidine inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and type I collagen, isolated alpha 1 (I) collagen chains, or iodinated cyanogen bromide fragment 7 of alpha 1 (I) chains (125I-alpha 1 (I)-CB7). Half-maximal inhibition of cross-linking between 125I-alpha (I)-CB7 and fibronectin was observed when 0.1 mM spermine or spermidine was present. Spermidine, 0.7 mM, partially inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and the alpha chain of fibrin but failed to inhibit cross-linking between the fibrin monomers of a fibrin clot. Spermidine also failed to inhibit cross-linking between fibronectin molecules when aggregation of fibronectin was induced with dithiothreitol. In contrast, 0.7 mM monodanyslcadaverine inhibited fibronectin-collagen, fibronectin-fibrin, fibronectin-fibronectin, and fibrin-fibrin cross-linking. Spermidine or spermine, 0.7 mM, enhanced the cross-linking between molecules of partially amidinated fibronectin, suggesting that N1,8-(di-gamma-glutamyl)-polyamine cross-linkages were formed. Spermidine and spermine failed to enhance cross-linking between monomers of amidinated fibrin. These results indicate that physiologic concentrations of polyamines specifically disturb transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen.", "contents": "Inhibition of blood coagulation factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen by polyamines. Soluble fibronectin is found in body fluids and media of cultured adherent cells. Insoluble fibronectin is found in tissue stroma and in extracellular matrices of cultured cells. Fibronectin is a substrate for factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase) and can be cross-linked to collagen and to the alpha chain of fibrin. We have used sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate the possibility that factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking is influenced by polyamines. Spermidine inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and type I collagen, isolated alpha 1 (I) collagen chains, or iodinated cyanogen bromide fragment 7 of alpha 1 (I) chains (125I-alpha 1 (I)-CB7). Half-maximal inhibition of cross-linking between 125I-alpha (I)-CB7 and fibronectin was observed when 0.1 mM spermine or spermidine was present. Spermidine, 0.7 mM, partially inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and the alpha chain of fibrin but failed to inhibit cross-linking between the fibrin monomers of a fibrin clot. Spermidine also failed to inhibit cross-linking between fibronectin molecules when aggregation of fibronectin was induced with dithiothreitol. In contrast, 0.7 mM monodanyslcadaverine inhibited fibronectin-collagen, fibronectin-fibrin, fibronectin-fibronectin, and fibrin-fibrin cross-linking. Spermidine or spermine, 0.7 mM, enhanced the cross-linking between molecules of partially amidinated fibronectin, suggesting that N1,8-(di-gamma-glutamyl)-polyamine cross-linkages were formed. Spermidine and spermine failed to enhance cross-linking between monomers of amidinated fibrin. These results indicate that physiologic concentrations of polyamines specifically disturb transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen.", "PMID": 548650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11084", "title": "Perthes' disease: a new genetic hypothesis.", "content": "We describe the sex and age distributions of the onset of Perthes' disease in our own and six other large published series. The mathematical features of these distributions, together with the evidence for familial aggregations, agree with the theory that the disease is autoaggressive in aetiology and that two genetically-distinctive groups are at risk. We consider the frequency of affected sides - left, right, bilateral - in our own and other series: concordance for affected side(s) within sibships suggests that laterality might be genetically determined. Following Gray et al. we believe that predisposition to the disease is polygenic and we propose a simple scheme - involving an X-linked \"recessive\" factor and an autosomal homozygous allele in each genotype - that is reasonably consistent with the slender evidence.", "contents": "Perthes' disease: a new genetic hypothesis. We describe the sex and age distributions of the onset of Perthes' disease in our own and six other large published series. The mathematical features of these distributions, together with the evidence for familial aggregations, agree with the theory that the disease is autoaggressive in aetiology and that two genetically-distinctive groups are at risk. We consider the frequency of affected sides - left, right, bilateral - in our own and other series: concordance for affected side(s) within sibships suggests that laterality might be genetically determined. Following Gray et al. we believe that predisposition to the disease is polygenic and we propose a simple scheme - involving an X-linked \"recessive\" factor and an autosomal homozygous allele in each genotype - that is reasonably consistent with the slender evidence.", "PMID": 548706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11085", "title": "Maintenance of the adequate function is a general principle of survival of organisms.", "content": "A general theory which describes the existence of live organisms is introduced; this theory is the Principle of Adequate Function and it describes all the situations in which live organisms may exist, whether healthy or sick at both physiological and pathological conditions. In biology, so far, the existence of living organisms under physiological conditions is described by homeostasis, and under pathological conditions specific immunity is used. As it is shown below, adaptation and non-specific resistance provide a much broader basis of how living organisms exist under both physiological and pathological conditions. This general theory does not interfere with the notions of homeostasis, adaptation, and specific immunity but includes them as particular cases. It is proposed that the principle of adequate function supplements the description of life processes by the evolutionary principle; it describes the laws of existence and function of a particular individual.", "contents": "Maintenance of the adequate function is a general principle of survival of organisms. A general theory which describes the existence of live organisms is introduced; this theory is the Principle of Adequate Function and it describes all the situations in which live organisms may exist, whether healthy or sick at both physiological and pathological conditions. In biology, so far, the existence of living organisms under physiological conditions is described by homeostasis, and under pathological conditions specific immunity is used. As it is shown below, adaptation and non-specific resistance provide a much broader basis of how living organisms exist under both physiological and pathological conditions. This general theory does not interfere with the notions of homeostasis, adaptation, and specific immunity but includes them as particular cases. It is proposed that the principle of adequate function supplements the description of life processes by the evolutionary principle; it describes the laws of existence and function of a particular individual.", "PMID": 548708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11086", "title": "Flourescein angiography in mild stages of dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy.", "content": "Dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy is a distinct entity among the vitreoretinal dystrophies. We found that fluorescein angiography is indispensable in showing the primary detectable abnormalities of the disorder and in distinguishing affected from unaffected individuals. The fluorescein angiographic findings in the early disease process consist of mildly dilated and leaking capillaries in the posterior pole and capillary closure in the temporal retinal periphery. Furthermore, dragging of perimacular capillaries and vessels, abnormal tortuous and stretched vessels, and arteriovenous shunts are seen in the periphery.", "contents": "Flourescein angiography in mild stages of dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy. Dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy is a distinct entity among the vitreoretinal dystrophies. We found that fluorescein angiography is indispensable in showing the primary detectable abnormalities of the disorder and in distinguishing affected from unaffected individuals. The fluorescein angiographic findings in the early disease process consist of mildly dilated and leaking capillaries in the posterior pole and capillary closure in the temporal retinal periphery. Furthermore, dragging of perimacular capillaries and vessels, abnormal tortuous and stretched vessels, and arteriovenous shunts are seen in the periphery.", "PMID": 548734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11087", "title": "Choroidal and ciliary body malignant melanomas.", "content": "53 cases of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas have been followed for a minimum of 5 years. 26 patients had enucleation after an initial period of observation, mainly because of growth. Survival rates of these patients compared to other series treated by initial enucleation are unaffected. Small melanomas which did not grow did not cause death in this series. The results of this series thus far indicate that patient survival is not jeopardized by initial observation and that useful vision is preserved for many patients.", "contents": "Choroidal and ciliary body malignant melanomas. 53 cases of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas have been followed for a minimum of 5 years. 26 patients had enucleation after an initial period of observation, mainly because of growth. Survival rates of these patients compared to other series treated by initial enucleation are unaffected. Small melanomas which did not grow did not cause death in this series. The results of this series thus far indicate that patient survival is not jeopardized by initial observation and that useful vision is preserved for many patients.", "PMID": 548735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11088", "title": "Vascular obstructive alterations related to chorio-retinitis.", "content": "Different stages of retino-choroiditis, many of toxoplasmic origin, may develop vascular alterations. One of these pictures has been observed in relation to old scars of retino-choroiditis, where focal vasculitis may affect the venous return circulation sometimes leading to intraocular hemorrhages and retinal holes of variable severity. The natural history of this process is described, as well as the clinical characteristics and the results of treatment. Generally, the disease has a favorable course and a good prognosis. 18 cases are reported.", "contents": "Vascular obstructive alterations related to chorio-retinitis. Different stages of retino-choroiditis, many of toxoplasmic origin, may develop vascular alterations. One of these pictures has been observed in relation to old scars of retino-choroiditis, where focal vasculitis may affect the venous return circulation sometimes leading to intraocular hemorrhages and retinal holes of variable severity. The natural history of this process is described, as well as the clinical characteristics and the results of treatment. Generally, the disease has a favorable course and a good prognosis. 18 cases are reported.", "PMID": 548736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11089", "title": "Other advances in chorio-retinal surgery. A comparative study of sponge infections.", "content": "During a period of seven years out of 900 explant operations done in New York 31 sponges had to be removed. In Bonn during the same period a comparable 27 explants out of 1000 operations had to be removed. Clinical infection occurred as early as one week and as late as seven years after the operation. The infection of the sponge manifested as: fistula, granuloma or a subconjunctival haemorrhagic mass. 2/3 of the infections were due to staphylococcus epidermis which acts as a pathogen in the presence of a foreign body. Bonn's requirement of a sterile conjunctiva preoperatively and the use of prophylactic antibiotics postoperatively did not significantly reduce the rate of infection.", "contents": "Other advances in chorio-retinal surgery. A comparative study of sponge infections. During a period of seven years out of 900 explant operations done in New York 31 sponges had to be removed. In Bonn during the same period a comparable 27 explants out of 1000 operations had to be removed. Clinical infection occurred as early as one week and as late as seven years after the operation. The infection of the sponge manifested as: fistula, granuloma or a subconjunctival haemorrhagic mass. 2/3 of the infections were due to staphylococcus epidermis which acts as a pathogen in the presence of a foreign body. Bonn's requirement of a sterile conjunctiva preoperatively and the use of prophylactic antibiotics postoperatively did not significantly reduce the rate of infection.", "PMID": 548739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11090", "title": "Vitrectomy techniques in treatment of macular pucker following retinal reattachment surgery.", "content": "Vitrectomy techniques to remove epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker and reduced vision were used to treat 11 consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise-successful retinal reattachment surgery. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each case. An iatrogenic retinal tear occurred in eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in 2 eyes. Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative acuity achieved was 20/40, the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision.", "contents": "Vitrectomy techniques in treatment of macular pucker following retinal reattachment surgery. Vitrectomy techniques to remove epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker and reduced vision were used to treat 11 consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise-successful retinal reattachment surgery. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each case. An iatrogenic retinal tear occurred in eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in 2 eyes. Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative acuity achieved was 20/40, the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision.", "PMID": 548743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11091", "title": "Retinal detachment surgery without cryotherapy.", "content": "The authors have performed 43 retinal detachment operations omitting the use of cryotherapy or any other type of retinal adhesion. Only a full thickness buckling procedure has been performed with drainage of subretinal fluid in some cases. The cases were carefully selected and the follow-up period has been from 1 to 3 1/2 years. Redetachment has not occurred if the original hole was free of traction (round holes) but has so far occurred in 3 cases where traction was present.", "contents": "Retinal detachment surgery without cryotherapy. The authors have performed 43 retinal detachment operations omitting the use of cryotherapy or any other type of retinal adhesion. Only a full thickness buckling procedure has been performed with drainage of subretinal fluid in some cases. The cases were carefully selected and the follow-up period has been from 1 to 3 1/2 years. Redetachment has not occurred if the original hole was free of traction (round holes) but has so far occurred in 3 cases where traction was present.", "PMID": 548748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11092", "title": "Vitrectomy and lensectomy in the management of intraocular foreign bodies--magnetic and nonmagnetic.", "content": "The Girard Ultrasonic Fragmentor makes it possible for the surgeon to remove opaque vitreous and cataractous lenses in order to be able to visualize directly intraocular foreign bodies, both magnetic and nonmagnetic. This greatly facilitates the removal and prevents many of the complications of the removal of intraocular foreign bodies. The technique can be performed either through the anterior chamber or the pars plana.", "contents": "Vitrectomy and lensectomy in the management of intraocular foreign bodies--magnetic and nonmagnetic. The Girard Ultrasonic Fragmentor makes it possible for the surgeon to remove opaque vitreous and cataractous lenses in order to be able to visualize directly intraocular foreign bodies, both magnetic and nonmagnetic. This greatly facilitates the removal and prevents many of the complications of the removal of intraocular foreign bodies. The technique can be performed either through the anterior chamber or the pars plana.", "PMID": 548750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11093", "title": "[How to remove a nonmagnetic intraocular foreign body para plana?].", "content": "After several unhappy experiences, the author thinks that the conditions for a successful extraction of an intraocular foreign body are: a clear lens and a clear vitreous, a proper microscope with the slitlamp beam in the axis of the observation, a three-mirror contact lens in order to have a good view of the periphery, early surgery to avoid adherences and neovascularization, special forceps to grasp the foreign body, a good hemostasis and a subtotal removal of the vitreous. Failures are reported and their causes discussed.", "contents": "[How to remove a nonmagnetic intraocular foreign body para plana?]. After several unhappy experiences, the author thinks that the conditions for a successful extraction of an intraocular foreign body are: a clear lens and a clear vitreous, a proper microscope with the slitlamp beam in the axis of the observation, a three-mirror contact lens in order to have a good view of the periphery, early surgery to avoid adherences and neovascularization, special forceps to grasp the foreign body, a good hemostasis and a subtotal removal of the vitreous. Failures are reported and their causes discussed.", "PMID": 548752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11094", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy after intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "Pars plana vitrectomy after intraocular foreign body injuries led to a good or at least useful vision in 60% of the cases. Without exception, these were eyes which were practically blind or eyes which according to our experience would have been blinded without vitrectomy. Retinal detachments which have arisen preoperatively have a decisive negative effect on the prognosis: there is a low rate of healing in consequence of traumatic, contusional and metallotic retinal lesions and high MPP rate. Increasing surgical experience, so-called secondary vitrectomy 'in time' as well as improved and more refined vitrectomy instruments lead to better results.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy after intraocular foreign bodies. Pars plana vitrectomy after intraocular foreign body injuries led to a good or at least useful vision in 60% of the cases. Without exception, these were eyes which were practically blind or eyes which according to our experience would have been blinded without vitrectomy. Retinal detachments which have arisen preoperatively have a decisive negative effect on the prognosis: there is a low rate of healing in consequence of traumatic, contusional and metallotic retinal lesions and high MPP rate. Increasing surgical experience, so-called secondary vitrectomy 'in time' as well as improved and more refined vitrectomy instruments lead to better results.", "PMID": 548753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11095", "title": "An alternative method of gas-fluid exchange through the limbus in giant tears and other complicated retinal detachments.", "content": "An alternative method of gas-fluid exchange through the limbus in patients with giant tears and complicated retinal detachments is presented. The indications for the combined surgery of scleral buckle, vitrectomy, and gas-fluid exchange are suggested. The results of this type of surgery in 5 patients with giatn retinal tears, and in 12 patients with complicated retinal detachments, are reported. Most failures were caused by massive periretinal proliferation.", "contents": "An alternative method of gas-fluid exchange through the limbus in giant tears and other complicated retinal detachments. An alternative method of gas-fluid exchange through the limbus in patients with giant tears and complicated retinal detachments is presented. The indications for the combined surgery of scleral buckle, vitrectomy, and gas-fluid exchange are suggested. The results of this type of surgery in 5 patients with giatn retinal tears, and in 12 patients with complicated retinal detachments, are reported. Most failures were caused by massive periretinal proliferation.", "PMID": 548758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11096", "title": "[Spontaneous choroidal detachment: two cases].", "content": "Study of two patients with spontaneous detachment of the choroid. In addition to detachment of the choroid, case 1 had a flat anterior chamber. Corticotherapy gave some improvement but after 3 months, surgical management was necessary. In case 2 enucleation was performed on the basis of positive echographic findings. Histological findings, the main clinical features and the therapeutical approach are discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous choroidal detachment: two cases]. Study of two patients with spontaneous detachment of the choroid. In addition to detachment of the choroid, case 1 had a flat anterior chamber. Corticotherapy gave some improvement but after 3 months, surgical management was necessary. In case 2 enucleation was performed on the basis of positive echographic findings. Histological findings, the main clinical features and the therapeutical approach are discussed.", "PMID": 548761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11097", "title": "[Recovery of rod and cone systems after retinal detachment surgery].", "content": "The paper reports on the threshold values for light perception of circumscript retinal areas for different adaptation levels in patients successfully operated for retinal detachment. The examinations were carried out by means of the T\u00fcbingen projection perimeter, using the method of static perimetry in a meridian containing an approximately equal area of healthy and of formerly detached retina. The main aim of this examination was to establish whether both retinal photoreceptor systems recover within the same time after the operation. There is various evidence that the restitutions of the rod and cone systems do not occur at the same time.", "contents": "[Recovery of rod and cone systems after retinal detachment surgery]. The paper reports on the threshold values for light perception of circumscript retinal areas for different adaptation levels in patients successfully operated for retinal detachment. The examinations were carried out by means of the T\u00fcbingen projection perimeter, using the method of static perimetry in a meridian containing an approximately equal area of healthy and of formerly detached retina. The main aim of this examination was to establish whether both retinal photoreceptor systems recover within the same time after the operation. There is various evidence that the restitutions of the rod and cone systems do not occur at the same time.", "PMID": 548762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11098", "title": "Visual acuity following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A poor visual acuity following an anatomical cure of a retinal detachment was in this series always associated with a change in macular morphology, the commonest maculopathy being the appearance of a cellophanemembrane. Factors influencing the visual prognosis are duration and extent of the detachment, involvement of the macula, the age of the patient and the presence of pre-operative periretinal membrane formation. The type of buckling procedure is not related to the visual outcome and while the conversion of the procedure into an intra-ocular operation, either by way of drainage of subretinal fluid or by intra-vitreal injection, can cause serious complications we suggest that uncomplicated drainage of subretinal fluid has not been a cause of macular pucker in this series but that this conditions is related to the indication for drainage, namely a varying degree of rigidity of the retina due to periretinal membrane formation.", "contents": "Visual acuity following retinal detachment surgery. A poor visual acuity following an anatomical cure of a retinal detachment was in this series always associated with a change in macular morphology, the commonest maculopathy being the appearance of a cellophanemembrane. Factors influencing the visual prognosis are duration and extent of the detachment, involvement of the macula, the age of the patient and the presence of pre-operative periretinal membrane formation. The type of buckling procedure is not related to the visual outcome and while the conversion of the procedure into an intra-ocular operation, either by way of drainage of subretinal fluid or by intra-vitreal injection, can cause serious complications we suggest that uncomplicated drainage of subretinal fluid has not been a cause of macular pucker in this series but that this conditions is related to the indication for drainage, namely a varying degree of rigidity of the retina due to periretinal membrane formation.", "PMID": 548765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11099", "title": "Retinal detachment following phacoemulsification.", "content": "We reviewed the characteristics of 100 retinal detachments which followed phacoemulsification. The characteristics of retinal breaks and the configurations of the detachments were in general similar to cases of retinal detachments following intracapsular surgery. There was a suggestion that detachments occurring within 6 months of cataract surgery appeared to be statistically different from those occurring more than 1 year following phacoemulsification. The former group of detachments tended to be more 'phakic' in nature than those occurring relatively late. The surgical reattachment rates in these eyes compared favorably to previously published figures on the repair or retinal detachment following intracapsular surgery.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following phacoemulsification. We reviewed the characteristics of 100 retinal detachments which followed phacoemulsification. The characteristics of retinal breaks and the configurations of the detachments were in general similar to cases of retinal detachments following intracapsular surgery. There was a suggestion that detachments occurring within 6 months of cataract surgery appeared to be statistically different from those occurring more than 1 year following phacoemulsification. The former group of detachments tended to be more 'phakic' in nature than those occurring relatively late. The surgical reattachment rates in these eyes compared favorably to previously published figures on the repair or retinal detachment following intracapsular surgery.", "PMID": 548768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11100", "title": "Influence of retinal detachment surgery on eye motility and binocularity.", "content": "Material, orientation and topography of episcleral buckling procedures are examined concerning the motility and the binocular functions of the eyes after retinal detachment surgery. The preoperative binocular state is of peculiar interest because also congenital palsies and heterophorias may be followed by a postoperative disturbance of the binocular vision. Some points that may contribute to a reduction of the amount and duration of these disturbances are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of retinal detachment surgery on eye motility and binocularity. Material, orientation and topography of episcleral buckling procedures are examined concerning the motility and the binocular functions of the eyes after retinal detachment surgery. The preoperative binocular state is of peculiar interest because also congenital palsies and heterophorias may be followed by a postoperative disturbance of the binocular vision. Some points that may contribute to a reduction of the amount and duration of these disturbances are discussed.", "PMID": 548771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11101", "title": "[Analysis and treatment of eye motility disorders following retinal detachment surgery].", "content": "Despite the most careful retinal detachment surgery saving the eye muscles and the fascial structures, an extraocular muscle imbalance may occur. This can be expected especially when for scleral buckling procedures large implants or exoplants were used, or had to be placed under a rectus muscle. In some cases, however, postoperative diplopia results from decompensation of preexisting heterophoria or congenital ocular motor imbalance. A clear-cut differential diagnosis to separate these entities is essential for therapeutic considerations.", "contents": "[Analysis and treatment of eye motility disorders following retinal detachment surgery]. Despite the most careful retinal detachment surgery saving the eye muscles and the fascial structures, an extraocular muscle imbalance may occur. This can be expected especially when for scleral buckling procedures large implants or exoplants were used, or had to be placed under a rectus muscle. In some cases, however, postoperative diplopia results from decompensation of preexisting heterophoria or congenital ocular motor imbalance. A clear-cut differential diagnosis to separate these entities is essential for therapeutic considerations.", "PMID": 548772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11102", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. A report of 8 years' experience.", "content": "Vitrectomies have been performed on 299 cases of dense diabetic vitreous hemorrhages and been followed for 6 months. A successful visual result was obtained in 61% of the cases. The vitreous remained clear in 71% of the cases, and the maculas were attached in 66% of the cases 6 months following surgery. 168 cases of traction macular detachments underwent vitrectomy, and had 6-month follow-up examinations. Significant visual improvement was obtained in 26% of the cases, with stabilization of the preoparative vision in an additional 37% of the cases. The vitreous cavity was clear in at least 64% of the cases, and the macula attached in at least 52% of the cases. 86 cases had both dense vitreous hemorrhages and traction macular detachments, and had 6-month postoperative examinations, with significant visual improvement having been obtained in 31% of the cases, and stabilization of the preoperative vision in an additional 33% of the cases. The postoperative vitreous cavities were clear in 59% of the cases, and the maculas attached in at least 45% of the cases.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. A report of 8 years' experience. Vitrectomies have been performed on 299 cases of dense diabetic vitreous hemorrhages and been followed for 6 months. A successful visual result was obtained in 61% of the cases. The vitreous remained clear in 71% of the cases, and the maculas were attached in 66% of the cases 6 months following surgery. 168 cases of traction macular detachments underwent vitrectomy, and had 6-month follow-up examinations. Significant visual improvement was obtained in 26% of the cases, with stabilization of the preoparative vision in an additional 37% of the cases. The vitreous cavity was clear in at least 64% of the cases, and the macula attached in at least 52% of the cases. 86 cases had both dense vitreous hemorrhages and traction macular detachments, and had 6-month postoperative examinations, with significant visual improvement having been obtained in 31% of the cases, and stabilization of the preoperative vision in an additional 33% of the cases. The postoperative vitreous cavities were clear in 59% of the cases, and the maculas attached in at least 45% of the cases.", "PMID": 548774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11103", "title": "[Uveal effusion--microphthalmos--severe hypermetropia].", "content": "Report of a case of uveal effusion with nanophtalmus and hypermetropia in a 40-year-old woman. This case is similar to those described in the literature as uveal effusion and nanophthalmus. It shows that the syndrome may be unilateral and not accompanied by glaucoma. The most characteristic traits of the syndrome are thickening of the sclera and peripheral retinal vascular anomalies. The syndrome seems to be secondary to a lesion of the vorticose system and to poor circulation conditions in the intrascleral part of this system.", "contents": "[Uveal effusion--microphthalmos--severe hypermetropia]. Report of a case of uveal effusion with nanophtalmus and hypermetropia in a 40-year-old woman. This case is similar to those described in the literature as uveal effusion and nanophthalmus. It shows that the syndrome may be unilateral and not accompanied by glaucoma. The most characteristic traits of the syndrome are thickening of the sclera and peripheral retinal vascular anomalies. The syndrome seems to be secondary to a lesion of the vorticose system and to poor circulation conditions in the intrascleral part of this system.", "PMID": 548777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11104", "title": "Spontaneous choroidal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman was found to have a choroidal mass and a retinal detachment. Diagnosis of a spontaneous choroidal detachment combined with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment could be established. An initial, apparently good surgical result soon changed to a detachment with marked vitreous traction.", "contents": "Spontaneous choroidal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. A 74-year-old woman was found to have a choroidal mass and a retinal detachment. Diagnosis of a spontaneous choroidal detachment combined with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment could be established. An initial, apparently good surgical result soon changed to a detachment with marked vitreous traction.", "PMID": 548779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11105", "title": "[Postoperative choroidal detachment and chorioretinal surgery].", "content": "Clinical study of postoperative choroidal detachment in about 60 patients. The following parameters have been analyzed: frequency, age of the patient, type of detachment, evolution and surgical technique. The prognosis has been discussed. The question is to know whether choroidal detachment is a minor accident or a major complication. The authors try to give an answer, keeping in mind the different parameters analyzed. A research on therapeutic possibilities has been carried out.", "contents": "[Postoperative choroidal detachment and chorioretinal surgery]. Clinical study of postoperative choroidal detachment in about 60 patients. The following parameters have been analyzed: frequency, age of the patient, type of detachment, evolution and surgical technique. The prognosis has been discussed. The question is to know whether choroidal detachment is a minor accident or a major complication. The authors try to give an answer, keeping in mind the different parameters analyzed. A research on therapeutic possibilities has been carried out.", "PMID": 548781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11106", "title": "Central serous retinopathy. A generalized disease of the pigment epithelium.", "content": "Among cases of central serous retinopathy, patients have been isolated with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and sensory retinal detachments. An analysis of 104 cases occurring during the period from 1972 to 1977 indicates that this disorder is frequently bilateral and that it is associated with different disturbances of the epithelial cell layer, i.e. foci of leakage, transmission defects and serous detachments. Based upon the angiographic studies in 76 cases, we propose the following classification for cental serous retinopathy: I. Unilateral Retinopathy. (A) Uniocular involvement: (1) with focal leakage but no other RPE changes; (2) with focal leakage and other RPE changes; (3) with focal leakage, RPE changes and an exudative retinal detachment. (B) Binocular involvement: (1) mild; (2) moderate; (3) severe (with an exudative retinal detachment in the affected eye). II. Bilateral Retinopathy. (A) Mild; (B) moderate, (C) severe (in association with bilateral exudative retinal detachments). This classification emphasizes the fact that central serous retinopathy, whatever its etiology, represents a generalized affectation of the pigment epithelium and should be construed as a potentially serious disorder requiring thorough evaluation and follow-up care.", "contents": "Central serous retinopathy. A generalized disease of the pigment epithelium. Among cases of central serous retinopathy, patients have been isolated with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and sensory retinal detachments. An analysis of 104 cases occurring during the period from 1972 to 1977 indicates that this disorder is frequently bilateral and that it is associated with different disturbances of the epithelial cell layer, i.e. foci of leakage, transmission defects and serous detachments. Based upon the angiographic studies in 76 cases, we propose the following classification for cental serous retinopathy: I. Unilateral Retinopathy. (A) Uniocular involvement: (1) with focal leakage but no other RPE changes; (2) with focal leakage and other RPE changes; (3) with focal leakage, RPE changes and an exudative retinal detachment. (B) Binocular involvement: (1) mild; (2) moderate; (3) severe (with an exudative retinal detachment in the affected eye). II. Bilateral Retinopathy. (A) Mild; (B) moderate, (C) severe (in association with bilateral exudative retinal detachments). This classification emphasizes the fact that central serous retinopathy, whatever its etiology, represents a generalized affectation of the pigment epithelium and should be construed as a potentially serious disorder requiring thorough evaluation and follow-up care.", "PMID": 548786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11107", "title": "Retinal telangiectasias associated with longstanding retinal detachment as a prognostic sign.", "content": "The authors present 26 cases (28 eyes) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, lasting more than 6 months, in which retinal telangiectasias appear in the periphery of the retina as a secondary phenomena, seemingly related to hypoxic factors. A comparison is made with a control group of 25 cases of longstanding retinal detachment taken at random in order to establish statistical differences. Considerations regarding their pathogenesis and their value as a prognostic sign are made.", "contents": "Retinal telangiectasias associated with longstanding retinal detachment as a prognostic sign. The authors present 26 cases (28 eyes) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, lasting more than 6 months, in which retinal telangiectasias appear in the periphery of the retina as a secondary phenomena, seemingly related to hypoxic factors. A comparison is made with a control group of 25 cases of longstanding retinal detachment taken at random in order to establish statistical differences. Considerations regarding their pathogenesis and their value as a prognostic sign are made.", "PMID": 548789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11108", "title": "[Artificial food. 2. Possibilities of production of artificial foods].", "content": "The research program elaborated in the Institute of Element-Organic Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (INEOS) for the processing of proteins to liquid multi component-food-systems and their transformation into a gel-like condition became a kind of an independent scientific discipline. Thus production processes for different forms of artificial food on the basis of proteins of different origin could be developed.", "contents": "[Artificial food. 2. Possibilities of production of artificial foods]. The research program elaborated in the Institute of Element-Organic Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (INEOS) for the processing of proteins to liquid multi component-food-systems and their transformation into a gel-like condition became a kind of an independent scientific discipline. Thus production processes for different forms of artificial food on the basis of proteins of different origin could be developed.", "PMID": 548791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11109", "title": "[Improving the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, using production process principles].", "content": "With regard to studies on production process variants designed to improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, the authors describe the principles underlying the modified diffusion extraction procedures used (with and without rapeseed husking). Furthermore, they briefly outline the chemical methods applied to the determination of the nutrient composition and glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal variants as well as the methodology of their feeding and nitrogen balance experiments on growing albino rats and broilers. The results obtained with 13 analytical variants and 8 biological variants confirm once more the beneficial nutritive effects obtained with the reduction of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal in monogastric animal species. However, these results do not permit to appraise unequivocally the repercussion of rapeseed husking on the diminution of the content of paraplastic substances in rapeseed meal. The diffusion techniques used for reducing the glucosinolate content in rapeseed meal have been found to be effective.", "contents": "[Improving the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, using production process principles]. With regard to studies on production process variants designed to improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, the authors describe the principles underlying the modified diffusion extraction procedures used (with and without rapeseed husking). Furthermore, they briefly outline the chemical methods applied to the determination of the nutrient composition and glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal variants as well as the methodology of their feeding and nitrogen balance experiments on growing albino rats and broilers. The results obtained with 13 analytical variants and 8 biological variants confirm once more the beneficial nutritive effects obtained with the reduction of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal in monogastric animal species. However, these results do not permit to appraise unequivocally the repercussion of rapeseed husking on the diminution of the content of paraplastic substances in rapeseed meal. The diffusion techniques used for reducing the glucosinolate content in rapeseed meal have been found to be effective.", "PMID": 548792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11110", "title": "[Choice of anesthesiological technic in ambulatory practice by means of psychodiagnostic tests].", "content": "Psychodiagnostic tests have been used in a study on patients undergoing general anaesthesia for minor surgery, the purpose being to evaluate patient recovery and autonomy prior to discharge. The patients considered were submitted prior to operation to the Peg board test, tre Trieger test and the Writing test to obtain standard reference values. These tests were repeated every 10-15 minutes from the end of operation as soon as patients recovered consciousness and were able to cooperate. The comparative study showed that patients who had been anesthetized with Ethrane recovered more rapidly, followed by those treated with Fluothane, Propanidide and Althesin.", "contents": "[Choice of anesthesiological technic in ambulatory practice by means of psychodiagnostic tests]. Psychodiagnostic tests have been used in a study on patients undergoing general anaesthesia for minor surgery, the purpose being to evaluate patient recovery and autonomy prior to discharge. The patients considered were submitted prior to operation to the Peg board test, tre Trieger test and the Writing test to obtain standard reference values. These tests were repeated every 10-15 minutes from the end of operation as soon as patients recovered consciousness and were able to cooperate. The comparative study showed that patients who had been anesthetized with Ethrane recovered more rapidly, followed by those treated with Fluothane, Propanidide and Althesin.", "PMID": 548806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11111", "title": "[Study of recovery from anesthesia by means of graphic tests of writing and drawing].", "content": "As part of an investigation of the quality of the return to consciousness after anaesthesia, a comparison was made between recovery times in 60 patients divided into three groups, subjected to general anaesthesia and shallow maintenance with halothane, mixed short shallow neuro-analgesia, and short analgesia anaesthesia. Psycho-aptitudinal recovery was evaluated with three graphic tests. The results indicate that recovery times are much shorter for shallow neuro-analgesia, and particularly for analgesic anaesthesia by comparison with ordinary shallow techniques coupled with maintenance in O2 + N2O + Halothane.", "contents": "[Study of recovery from anesthesia by means of graphic tests of writing and drawing]. As part of an investigation of the quality of the return to consciousness after anaesthesia, a comparison was made between recovery times in 60 patients divided into three groups, subjected to general anaesthesia and shallow maintenance with halothane, mixed short shallow neuro-analgesia, and short analgesia anaesthesia. Psycho-aptitudinal recovery was evaluated with three graphic tests. The results indicate that recovery times are much shorter for shallow neuro-analgesia, and particularly for analgesic anaesthesia by comparison with ordinary shallow techniques coupled with maintenance in O2 + N2O + Halothane.", "PMID": 548807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11112", "title": "[Dexamethasone-21-phosphate in the treatment of cerebral edema. Evaluation of the effects on diuresis, natremia and natriuria].", "content": "An evaluation was made of variations in blood and urinary sodium following the administration of 24 mg/day desamethasone-21-phosphate for at least 9 days, starting from admission, as cerebral antioedemigenic therapy in 30 patients with nerve traumas. The changes observed were within normal limits. This absence of interference with the hydro-electrolyte balance is a strong point in favour of the use of the drug in the treatment of cerebral oedema. The exact mechanism of action of this type of glycocorticoid, however, is still unknown.", "contents": "[Dexamethasone-21-phosphate in the treatment of cerebral edema. Evaluation of the effects on diuresis, natremia and natriuria]. An evaluation was made of variations in blood and urinary sodium following the administration of 24 mg/day desamethasone-21-phosphate for at least 9 days, starting from admission, as cerebral antioedemigenic therapy in 30 patients with nerve traumas. The changes observed were within normal limits. This absence of interference with the hydro-electrolyte balance is a strong point in favour of the use of the drug in the treatment of cerebral oedema. The exact mechanism of action of this type of glycocorticoid, however, is still unknown.", "PMID": 548809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11113", "title": "[The hypotensive pneumothorax syndrome].", "content": "In the light of a further case of hypotensive pneumothorax, an account is given of the physiopathology of the syndrome with special reference to the importance of endothoracic pressure imbalance as a cause of functional insufficiency of the lung on the healthy side. Support is given to the therapeutic principles, i.e. emergency normalisation of pressure values in the pleural cavity on the impaired side, and resolutive toilet of tracheobronchial trunk.", "contents": "[The hypotensive pneumothorax syndrome]. In the light of a further case of hypotensive pneumothorax, an account is given of the physiopathology of the syndrome with special reference to the importance of endothoracic pressure imbalance as a cause of functional insufficiency of the lung on the healthy side. Support is given to the therapeutic principles, i.e. emergency normalisation of pressure values in the pleural cavity on the impaired side, and resolutive toilet of tracheobronchial trunk.", "PMID": 548811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11114", "title": "[Myasthenia gravis. Indications, aims and methods of intensive therapy].", "content": "Some recent views on pathophisyology of \"myasthenia gravis\" are presented. The Authors explain the typical damage of myasthenia gravis, i.e. the progressively reduced muscolar function on the basis of an autoimmune derangement affecting the motor-end plates. The most commonly used types of treatment, both medical (i.e. antiChE, A.C.T.H., steroids and immunodepressant drugs) and surgical (thymectomy) are reviewed. The very important role of Intensive Care for the treatment either of myasthenia gravis \"per se\" or of possible consequences of some drugs (A.C.T.H. steroids) is also stressed. Finally the Authors present their results about their experience on 36 patients affected by myasthenia gravis and admitted to I.C.U. once (29 patients) or twice or more (7 patients). The Authors describe some practical problems presented by patients during their stay in I.C.U.", "contents": "[Myasthenia gravis. Indications, aims and methods of intensive therapy]. Some recent views on pathophisyology of \"myasthenia gravis\" are presented. The Authors explain the typical damage of myasthenia gravis, i.e. the progressively reduced muscolar function on the basis of an autoimmune derangement affecting the motor-end plates. The most commonly used types of treatment, both medical (i.e. antiChE, A.C.T.H., steroids and immunodepressant drugs) and surgical (thymectomy) are reviewed. The very important role of Intensive Care for the treatment either of myasthenia gravis \"per se\" or of possible consequences of some drugs (A.C.T.H. steroids) is also stressed. Finally the Authors present their results about their experience on 36 patients affected by myasthenia gravis and admitted to I.C.U. once (29 patients) or twice or more (7 patients). The Authors describe some practical problems presented by patients during their stay in I.C.U.", "PMID": 548812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11115", "title": "[Pancreaticogastrostomy in duodenocephalopancreatectomy. Operative technical note].", "content": "The technique used to carry out pancreaticogastrostomy after duodenocephalopancreatectomy in 4 cases is described. The technique is better than pancreaticojejunostomy, which is associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications, such as abscesses, fistulae, haemorrhage, and autodigestion at the site of anastomosis.", "contents": "[Pancreaticogastrostomy in duodenocephalopancreatectomy. Operative technical note]. The technique used to carry out pancreaticogastrostomy after duodenocephalopancreatectomy in 4 cases is described. The technique is better than pancreaticojejunostomy, which is associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications, such as abscesses, fistulae, haemorrhage, and autodigestion at the site of anastomosis.", "PMID": 548821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11116", "title": "[Recent acquisitions in surgery of the extrahepatic biliary passages].", "content": "Recent advances in the diagnosis and surgical management of cases involving the extrahepatic bile ducts are illustrated. Particular stress is laid on the universally recognised importance of preoperative cholangiography, the usefulness of the flexible choledochoscope, and the employment of cold light to visualise calculi undetected by cholangiography. The scope of and indications for direct surgery on the papilla, derivative operations, and reconstruction of the duct are discussed. Lastly, reference is made to the use of endoscopic sphincterotomy, and the suitability of continuous perfusion of the ducts in the destruction of calculi.", "contents": "[Recent acquisitions in surgery of the extrahepatic biliary passages]. Recent advances in the diagnosis and surgical management of cases involving the extrahepatic bile ducts are illustrated. Particular stress is laid on the universally recognised importance of preoperative cholangiography, the usefulness of the flexible choledochoscope, and the employment of cold light to visualise calculi undetected by cholangiography. The scope of and indications for direct surgery on the papilla, derivative operations, and reconstruction of the duct are discussed. Lastly, reference is made to the use of endoscopic sphincterotomy, and the suitability of continuous perfusion of the ducts in the destruction of calculi.", "PMID": 548822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11117", "title": "[Choledochal prostheses with lyophilized and siliconed dura mater. Experimental research; preliminary results].", "content": "Personal experience with the application of choledochal prosthese in freeze-dried, siliconed dura mater is reported. The experimental model set up permitted the implantation of such a prosthesis in the rat. Retrograde cholangiography and histological examination revealed the total patency of the prosthesis in the long term, and complete epithelialisation.", "contents": "[Choledochal prostheses with lyophilized and siliconed dura mater. Experimental research; preliminary results]. Personal experience with the application of choledochal prosthese in freeze-dried, siliconed dura mater is reported. The experimental model set up permitted the implantation of such a prosthesis in the rat. Retrograde cholangiography and histological examination revealed the total patency of the prosthesis in the long term, and complete epithelialisation.", "PMID": 548824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11118", "title": "[Multifocal carcinoma of the small intestine].", "content": "A recently observed case of carcinoma of the small intestine is report because of its rarity and the exceptional nature of polycentrism in these neoplasias. Interest in the case was also due to the onset of carcinoma in a patient who had already undergone gastrosection, a condition which permitted endoscopic diagnosis. The literature did not throw up any other cases of small intestine carcinoma with localization at the afferent loop of a previous gastroenteroanastomosis.", "contents": "[Multifocal carcinoma of the small intestine]. A recently observed case of carcinoma of the small intestine is report because of its rarity and the exceptional nature of polycentrism in these neoplasias. Interest in the case was also due to the onset of carcinoma in a patient who had already undergone gastrosection, a condition which permitted endoscopic diagnosis. The literature did not throw up any other cases of small intestine carcinoma with localization at the afferent loop of a previous gastroenteroanastomosis.", "PMID": 548825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11119", "title": "[Selective ligation of the hepatic artery in treatment of post-traumatic hemobilia. Case report].", "content": "A case of post-traumatic haemobilia in a 15-yr-old boy is presented. The clinical picture is described, together with the treatment adopted (selective ligation of the right hepatic artery). A brief account is given of the reasons underlying the choice of this approach. Stress is laid on the essential and soundness of selective angiography in the evaluation of such cases.", "contents": "[Selective ligation of the hepatic artery in treatment of post-traumatic hemobilia. Case report]. A case of post-traumatic haemobilia in a 15-yr-old boy is presented. The clinical picture is described, together with the treatment adopted (selective ligation of the right hepatic artery). A brief account is given of the reasons underlying the choice of this approach. Stress is laid on the essential and soundness of selective angiography in the evaluation of such cases.", "PMID": 548826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11120", "title": "[Angioma of the parotid gland in children. Considerations on 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of haemangioma of the parotid observed in infants are presented and their aetiopathogenetic and anatomopathological aspects are stressed. An examination of the pros and cons of conservative, surgical, radiation, and pharmacological management leads to the conclusion that surgery is the treatment of choice, provided a suitable technique is employed.", "contents": "[Angioma of the parotid gland in children. Considerations on 3 cases]. Three cases of haemangioma of the parotid observed in infants are presented and their aetiopathogenetic and anatomopathological aspects are stressed. An examination of the pros and cons of conservative, surgical, radiation, and pharmacological management leads to the conclusion that surgery is the treatment of choice, provided a suitable technique is employed.", "PMID": 548827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11121", "title": "[Aberrant breast carcinoma (Clinical case)].", "content": "A case of carcinoma on aberrant mammary tissue associated with fibrocystic mastopathy and masked carcinoma of the breast with lymph node metastasis at the homolateral axilla only is reported. It is recommended that all subcutaneous nodes in zones surrounding the breast should be removed. If they prove carcinomatous, Halsted's radical mastectomy of the homolateral breast should be performed.", "contents": "[Aberrant breast carcinoma (Clinical case)]. A case of carcinoma on aberrant mammary tissue associated with fibrocystic mastopathy and masked carcinoma of the breast with lymph node metastasis at the homolateral axilla only is reported. It is recommended that all subcutaneous nodes in zones surrounding the breast should be removed. If they prove carcinomatous, Halsted's radical mastectomy of the homolateral breast should be performed.", "PMID": 548832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11122", "title": "[Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers perforated into the free peritoneum. Apropos of 122 cases].", "content": "The treatment used in 122 patients suffering from perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer in free peritoneum is presented. 77 were subjected to straightforward suture of the perforation. Hemigastrectomy was carried out in 43 and in 2 superselective vagotomy associated with removal of the duodenal ulcer and duodenoplasty. Mortality in the series was 11.04% after suture but allowance must be made here for the serious condition of the patients who underwent this form of operation. Of the patients treated with straightforward perforation suture, 36.5% were reoperated for the reappearance of ulcerous symptomatology, while the remaining 63.7% were cured. On the basis of this experience, it is considered that superselective vagotomy associated or otherwise with pyloroplasty, and subtotal gastrectomy are indicated in patients in good general condition and in whom ulcer perforation symptomatology goes back less than 12 hours.", "contents": "[Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers perforated into the free peritoneum. Apropos of 122 cases]. The treatment used in 122 patients suffering from perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer in free peritoneum is presented. 77 were subjected to straightforward suture of the perforation. Hemigastrectomy was carried out in 43 and in 2 superselective vagotomy associated with removal of the duodenal ulcer and duodenoplasty. Mortality in the series was 11.04% after suture but allowance must be made here for the serious condition of the patients who underwent this form of operation. Of the patients treated with straightforward perforation suture, 36.5% were reoperated for the reappearance of ulcerous symptomatology, while the remaining 63.7% were cured. On the basis of this experience, it is considered that superselective vagotomy associated or otherwise with pyloroplasty, and subtotal gastrectomy are indicated in patients in good general condition and in whom ulcer perforation symptomatology goes back less than 12 hours.", "PMID": 548833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11123", "title": "[Bilaterally strangulated bilateral obturator hernia. Plastic surgery, using the round ligaments].", "content": "An unusual case of bilateral obturaptor hernia with double ileal strangulation is reported. An account is given of obturator hernia, its pathogenesis, and surgical management. Of the various possibilities that exist in this respect, the simplest and most resolutive, it is submitted, is that in which the ligamentum teres uteri is employed to close the hernial porta.", "contents": "[Bilaterally strangulated bilateral obturator hernia. Plastic surgery, using the round ligaments]. An unusual case of bilateral obturaptor hernia with double ileal strangulation is reported. An account is given of obturator hernia, its pathogenesis, and surgical management. Of the various possibilities that exist in this respect, the simplest and most resolutive, it is submitted, is that in which the ligamentum teres uteri is employed to close the hernial porta.", "PMID": 548834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11124", "title": "[Lipoma of the anal canal].", "content": "Lipoma of the colon is a rare tumour that is often asymptomatic, and frequently discovered casually. Most examples are isolated and submucosal. An unusual case in a site not hitherto reported in the literature is described. Its clinical and radiological picture is explained and the more significant features are examined.", "contents": "[Lipoma of the anal canal]. Lipoma of the colon is a rare tumour that is often asymptomatic, and frequently discovered casually. Most examples are isolated and submucosal. An unusual case in a site not hitherto reported in the literature is described. Its clinical and radiological picture is explained and the more significant features are examined.", "PMID": 548835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11125", "title": "[A very unusual case of enterogenous cyst of the mesosigmoid in an adult].", "content": "A case of enterogenous cyst of the mesosigmoid, exceptional for its abrupt onset and rapid course is reported in a woman of 65. Preoperative diagnosis at this age in practically impossible, but the operation and refined histological development is always unpredictable and never negligible. Although there was no presence of aetiopathogenetic originality, presentation and study of the clinical case had the purpose of informing the surgeon that surprises must always be notified, just as must any exceptionally rare anatomopathological finding.", "contents": "[A very unusual case of enterogenous cyst of the mesosigmoid in an adult]. A case of enterogenous cyst of the mesosigmoid, exceptional for its abrupt onset and rapid course is reported in a woman of 65. Preoperative diagnosis at this age in practically impossible, but the operation and refined histological development is always unpredictable and never negligible. Although there was no presence of aetiopathogenetic originality, presentation and study of the clinical case had the purpose of informing the surgeon that surprises must always be notified, just as must any exceptionally rare anatomopathological finding.", "PMID": 548836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11126", "title": "Nitrite as a food additive.", "content": "Nitrite is used for its colouring, antimicrobial and flavouring effects as a food additive for several meat, fish and cheese products. Nitrite combines readily with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are found in many food products after nitrite addition and sometimes even without addition. Nitrite is regarded as an effective growth inhibitor for Clostridium botulinum and thereby its production of the lethal toxin. Today this is considered to be the main reason for addition of nitrite to food products. It should be possible to limit the addition of nitrite to a few special food products where Cl botulinum really represents a hazard to human health, i e to canned meat that is not sterilized by heat and some cured and fermented products. In Norway the use of nitrite is limited to products where growth of clostridia is possible, but in a few products nitrite is also allowed as a colour stabilizer. It is reasonable to expect that other countries will decide upon similar regulations. The naturally occurring nitrates in vegetables have to be included in the discussion due to the possibility of microbial reduction to nitrites.", "contents": "Nitrite as a food additive. Nitrite is used for its colouring, antimicrobial and flavouring effects as a food additive for several meat, fish and cheese products. Nitrite combines readily with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are found in many food products after nitrite addition and sometimes even without addition. Nitrite is regarded as an effective growth inhibitor for Clostridium botulinum and thereby its production of the lethal toxin. Today this is considered to be the main reason for addition of nitrite to food products. It should be possible to limit the addition of nitrite to a few special food products where Cl botulinum really represents a hazard to human health, i e to canned meat that is not sterilized by heat and some cured and fermented products. In Norway the use of nitrite is limited to products where growth of clostridia is possible, but in a few products nitrite is also allowed as a colour stabilizer. It is reasonable to expect that other countries will decide upon similar regulations. The naturally occurring nitrates in vegetables have to be included in the discussion due to the possibility of microbial reduction to nitrites.", "PMID": 548837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11127", "title": "Surveillance of the antibody status to current influenza strains in the Norwegian population. 1: Method of serum sampling and evaluation of the A/USSR/77 (H1N1) impact in various age groups in 1978.", "content": "Every autumn approximately 900 randomly selected sera from various regional bacteriological laboratories are received at the NIPH and assayed for the presence of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to current influenza strains. After three years of preliminary investigations the system is now working successfully. It is possible, in retrospect, to assess the impact of various influenza strains in different age groups and regions of the country. In particular, after the reappearance of the H1N1 subtype (the \"Russian influenza\") in Europe in January 1978, the sera collected in Norway during a 3-week period in October 1978 clearly showed that those under the age of 25 years, and especially teenagers between 13 and 16 years of age, were struck by this virus. This was unexpected since there was hardly any influenza morbidity associated with this \"new\" strain recorded in the winter of 1978.", "contents": "Surveillance of the antibody status to current influenza strains in the Norwegian population. 1: Method of serum sampling and evaluation of the A/USSR/77 (H1N1) impact in various age groups in 1978. Every autumn approximately 900 randomly selected sera from various regional bacteriological laboratories are received at the NIPH and assayed for the presence of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to current influenza strains. After three years of preliminary investigations the system is now working successfully. It is possible, in retrospect, to assess the impact of various influenza strains in different age groups and regions of the country. In particular, after the reappearance of the H1N1 subtype (the \"Russian influenza\") in Europe in January 1978, the sera collected in Norway during a 3-week period in October 1978 clearly showed that those under the age of 25 years, and especially teenagers between 13 and 16 years of age, were struck by this virus. This was unexpected since there was hardly any influenza morbidity associated with this \"new\" strain recorded in the winter of 1978.", "PMID": 548838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11128", "title": "Relationship between the drainage of the subretinal fluid in retinal detachment surgery and the appearance of macular pucker.", "content": "In a series of 470 rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, the relation between the incidence of macular pucker and puncture of the subretinal fluid was studied. We found macular pucker in 7.1% of the cases where a drainage was performed and only in 3.2% of the cases where it was not. In 85% of these cases, the macular region was preoperatively detached.", "contents": "Relationship between the drainage of the subretinal fluid in retinal detachment surgery and the appearance of macular pucker. In a series of 470 rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, the relation between the incidence of macular pucker and puncture of the subretinal fluid was studied. We found macular pucker in 7.1% of the cases where a drainage was performed and only in 3.2% of the cases where it was not. In 85% of these cases, the macular region was preoperatively detached.", "PMID": 548839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11129", "title": "Hypotensive synergism of propranolol and adrenalin.", "content": "The effect of combined treatment with an oral beta-blocking agent (propranolol tablets 40 mg twice a day) and a local alpha- and beta-agonist (epinephrine eyedrops twice a day) was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Propranolol was given in a double-blind randomized manner, while adrenalin was given unmasked. Propranolol and adrenalin proved to have an additive reducing effect on the intraocular pressure. The effect of propranolol alone was stronger than that of adrenalin.", "contents": "Hypotensive synergism of propranolol and adrenalin. The effect of combined treatment with an oral beta-blocking agent (propranolol tablets 40 mg twice a day) and a local alpha- and beta-agonist (epinephrine eyedrops twice a day) was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Propranolol was given in a double-blind randomized manner, while adrenalin was given unmasked. Propranolol and adrenalin proved to have an additive reducing effect on the intraocular pressure. The effect of propranolol alone was stronger than that of adrenalin.", "PMID": 548840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11130", "title": "Interaction between anterior and vitreous chambers.", "content": "As part of the search for a bioengineering model of the eye, the interaction between instantaneous changes of pressure in the anterior and vitreous chambers are studied. A description of the experiments as well as data evaluation is given. The results indicate a linear relationship between the chambers and a diaphragm effect of the system lens-iris-zonula-ciliar body.", "contents": "Interaction between anterior and vitreous chambers. As part of the search for a bioengineering model of the eye, the interaction between instantaneous changes of pressure in the anterior and vitreous chambers are studied. A description of the experiments as well as data evaluation is given. The results indicate a linear relationship between the chambers and a diaphragm effect of the system lens-iris-zonula-ciliar body.", "PMID": 548841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11131", "title": "[Mulitiple myxoma of the eyelid].", "content": "Case report of a man aged 41 with several myxomas of the lids. At the age of 10 years a myxoma of the nose, primarily interpreted as myxosarcoma, was removed surgically and irradiated. 7 years later a myxoma developed on his right lower lid and 31 years later 3 more myxomas appeared on his left upper lid. The histology of this rare kind of lid tumour is described and the unusual course discussed.", "contents": "[Mulitiple myxoma of the eyelid]. Case report of a man aged 41 with several myxomas of the lids. At the age of 10 years a myxoma of the nose, primarily interpreted as myxosarcoma, was removed surgically and irradiated. 7 years later a myxoma developed on his right lower lid and 31 years later 3 more myxomas appeared on his left upper lid. The histology of this rare kind of lid tumour is described and the unusual course discussed.", "PMID": 548842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11132", "title": "Sweat gland tumour of the eyelid with conjunctival involvement.", "content": "An 87-year-old woman presented with a rapidly growing tumour at the nasal side of the upper eyelid. The clinical diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma. During surgery, the impression of malignancy was accentuated by the finding that even the conjunctiva had been invaded. Histological examination revealed an eccrine acrospiroma with, indeed, many mitoses but, on the other hand, a completely benign aspect. Besides, there was no recurrence after 1 year.", "contents": "Sweat gland tumour of the eyelid with conjunctival involvement. An 87-year-old woman presented with a rapidly growing tumour at the nasal side of the upper eyelid. The clinical diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma. During surgery, the impression of malignancy was accentuated by the finding that even the conjunctiva had been invaded. Histological examination revealed an eccrine acrospiroma with, indeed, many mitoses but, on the other hand, a completely benign aspect. Besides, there was no recurrence after 1 year.", "PMID": 548843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11133", "title": "Mediastinal embryonal carcinoma with bilateral choroidal metastases. Fluorescein angiographic and histopathologic study.", "content": "28-year-old sportsman developed chest pain, dyspnoea, haemoptysis and swelling of the right leg. 8 weeks later he also complained of blurred vision. Ophthalmoscopy revealed subretinal infiltrates diagnosed as tumour metastases by fluorescein angiography. The patient died 10 weeks after the first symptoms. At autopsy large mediastinal embryonal carcinoma was diagnosed, and both eyes revealed choroidal metastases. This rare tumour usually involves young men and is invariably fatal within a few months. Exceptional bilateral choroidal metastases constituted the presenting sign.", "contents": "Mediastinal embryonal carcinoma with bilateral choroidal metastases. Fluorescein angiographic and histopathologic study. 28-year-old sportsman developed chest pain, dyspnoea, haemoptysis and swelling of the right leg. 8 weeks later he also complained of blurred vision. Ophthalmoscopy revealed subretinal infiltrates diagnosed as tumour metastases by fluorescein angiography. The patient died 10 weeks after the first symptoms. At autopsy large mediastinal embryonal carcinoma was diagnosed, and both eyes revealed choroidal metastases. This rare tumour usually involves young men and is invariably fatal within a few months. Exceptional bilateral choroidal metastases constituted the presenting sign.", "PMID": 548844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11134", "title": "Exophthalmos caused by an invasive pituitary adenoma in a child.", "content": "The authors present a case of exophthalmos caused by invasion from a hypophyseal tumour, rare both for this type of metastasis and for the patient's young age. Histological study of biopsy material enabled the tumour to be classified. Comparison of clinical and microscopic data helps towards a better understanding of the behaviour of invasive adenomas.", "contents": "Exophthalmos caused by an invasive pituitary adenoma in a child. The authors present a case of exophthalmos caused by invasion from a hypophyseal tumour, rare both for this type of metastasis and for the patient's young age. Histological study of biopsy material enabled the tumour to be classified. Comparison of clinical and microscopic data helps towards a better understanding of the behaviour of invasive adenomas.", "PMID": 548845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11135", "title": "Congenital ocular motor apraxia--familial occurrence.", "content": "The occurrence of congenital oculomotor apraxia in two children of the same family is described. The improvement of the ocular dysfunction in the older sister gave some hints to the benign nature of the condition and its tendency to recover with age. The possible pathophysiological mechanism underlying this anomaly is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital ocular motor apraxia--familial occurrence. The occurrence of congenital oculomotor apraxia in two children of the same family is described. The improvement of the ocular dysfunction in the older sister gave some hints to the benign nature of the condition and its tendency to recover with age. The possible pathophysiological mechanism underlying this anomaly is discussed.", "PMID": 548846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11136", "title": "[Ptosis surgery: anterior approach for levator aponeurosis shortening (author's transl)].", "content": "A simplified method for ptosis surgery has been used in 33 patients. The levator aponeurosis is exposed by the anterior approach. It is folded or excised and reattached to the anterior surface of the tarsus, matching the level and the contour of the two upper lids. The cosmetic appearance of the lid is improved by the skin closure technique. This method for ptosis surgery meets the anatomical and physiological needs best. It has given very satisfactory functional and cosmetic results.", "contents": "[Ptosis surgery: anterior approach for levator aponeurosis shortening (author's transl)]. A simplified method for ptosis surgery has been used in 33 patients. The levator aponeurosis is exposed by the anterior approach. It is folded or excised and reattached to the anterior surface of the tarsus, matching the level and the contour of the two upper lids. The cosmetic appearance of the lid is improved by the skin closure technique. This method for ptosis surgery meets the anatomical and physiological needs best. It has given very satisfactory functional and cosmetic results.", "PMID": 548847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11137", "title": "Trabeculectomy with scleral wick. Technique and early results.", "content": "A variation to standard trabeculectomy is described, whereby the trabecular tissue flap is not completely excised, but dissected free, hinged at its nasal end and sutured diagonally across the scleral bed, to act as a wedge between the scleral flap and its bed, in an attempt to decrease the tendency of the sclera to scar into a watertight barrier. In addition, it is suggested that the trabecular flap acts as a wick that aids in the filtration of the aqueous humour. The technique has been used in 24 eyes with good to excellent, short-term, post-operative intraocular tension control in all but 2 patients. Mil complications like transient flat anterior chamber or blood cells in the aqueous occur at rates comparable to other filtering procedures.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy with scleral wick. Technique and early results. A variation to standard trabeculectomy is described, whereby the trabecular tissue flap is not completely excised, but dissected free, hinged at its nasal end and sutured diagonally across the scleral bed, to act as a wedge between the scleral flap and its bed, in an attempt to decrease the tendency of the sclera to scar into a watertight barrier. In addition, it is suggested that the trabecular flap acts as a wick that aids in the filtration of the aqueous humour. The technique has been used in 24 eyes with good to excellent, short-term, post-operative intraocular tension control in all but 2 patients. Mil complications like transient flat anterior chamber or blood cells in the aqueous occur at rates comparable to other filtering procedures.", "PMID": 548848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11138", "title": "Neonatal or juvenile leucocoria.", "content": "The differential diagnosis between the diseases which cause leucocoria is discussed. Among them congenital cataract, persistence of the primary vitreous, retrolental fibroplasia, retinoblastoma, Coats' disease, von Hippel's disease, inflammatory pseudoglioma, Norrie's disease, and organized intraocular haemorrhage are mentioned.", "contents": "Neonatal or juvenile leucocoria. The differential diagnosis between the diseases which cause leucocoria is discussed. Among them congenital cataract, persistence of the primary vitreous, retrolental fibroplasia, retinoblastoma, Coats' disease, von Hippel's disease, inflammatory pseudoglioma, Norrie's disease, and organized intraocular haemorrhage are mentioned.", "PMID": 548849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11139", "title": "Massive periretinal proliferation in retinal detachment in relation to diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The relationship between the 'diabetic state' and massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) in idiopathic retinal detachment was examined. In 18 (3.5%) of 508 cases of idiopathic retinal detachment, MPP occurred before or after retinal detachment surgery. In 24 cases of retinal detachment, a diabetic or suspected diabetic state was found. 11 of the 24 were receiving treatment for diabetes and never developed MPP, while 5 of the 13 patients who were not being treated had MPP. This suggests that MPP in retinal detachment may easily be induced by the diabetic state and prevented by treatment for diabetes. Additional causes of MPP in retinal detachment were giant tears, massive vitreous hemorrhages at operation and frequent recurrence.", "contents": "Massive periretinal proliferation in retinal detachment in relation to diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the 'diabetic state' and massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) in idiopathic retinal detachment was examined. In 18 (3.5%) of 508 cases of idiopathic retinal detachment, MPP occurred before or after retinal detachment surgery. In 24 cases of retinal detachment, a diabetic or suspected diabetic state was found. 11 of the 24 were receiving treatment for diabetes and never developed MPP, while 5 of the 13 patients who were not being treated had MPP. This suggests that MPP in retinal detachment may easily be induced by the diabetic state and prevented by treatment for diabetes. Additional causes of MPP in retinal detachment were giant tears, massive vitreous hemorrhages at operation and frequent recurrence.", "PMID": 548850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11140", "title": "Scleral pockets and lyophilized sclera in retinal detachments.", "content": "For our buckling operations in retinal detachment, we prefer lyophilized sclera because it is well tolerated without tissue reaction, and very easy to handle. Its inertness is demonstrated by histopathological examination of sclera fragments taken during reoperations.", "contents": "Scleral pockets and lyophilized sclera in retinal detachments. For our buckling operations in retinal detachment, we prefer lyophilized sclera because it is well tolerated without tissue reaction, and very easy to handle. Its inertness is demonstrated by histopathological examination of sclera fragments taken during reoperations.", "PMID": 548851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11141", "title": "[Vascular changes within the proximal optic nerve in children suffering from glaucoma].", "content": "Paraffin-embedded sections of eyes enucleated because of hydrophthalmos (23 cases) or retinoblastoma (59 cases) were examined for vascular changes within the proximal optic nerve. Globes of adults, enucleated because of secondary glaucoma (146 cases), were studied for comparison as well as 19 myopic and 11 microphthalmic eyes enucleated for other reasons, and 19 autopsy eyes of newborns. Microscopic examination revealed an accumulation of dilated thin-walled blood vessels within the septae of the proximal optic nerve of 6 eyes with hydrophthalmos and 11 eyes with retinoblastoma; sometimes the vascular changes appeared somewhat similar to an angioma racemosum. A common finding in all 17 cases was an elevation of the intraocular pressure. There were only 2 cases among the eyes studied for comparison showing dilatations of the optic nerve capillaries: 1 was in a stillborn baby with general hyperemia, and the other was a case of secondary glaucoma in an adult. 9 similar cases have hitherto been published describing vascular dilatations in the optic nerve of children suffering either from glaucoma or retinoblastoma; none of the authors had related these changes to an increased intraocular pressure. It seems likely that hemodynamic changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of these vascular reactions in the proximal optic nerve of infants with flaucoma. A lower arterial blood pressure in infants as well as anatomical and morphological features may be further factors of significance.", "contents": "[Vascular changes within the proximal optic nerve in children suffering from glaucoma]. Paraffin-embedded sections of eyes enucleated because of hydrophthalmos (23 cases) or retinoblastoma (59 cases) were examined for vascular changes within the proximal optic nerve. Globes of adults, enucleated because of secondary glaucoma (146 cases), were studied for comparison as well as 19 myopic and 11 microphthalmic eyes enucleated for other reasons, and 19 autopsy eyes of newborns. Microscopic examination revealed an accumulation of dilated thin-walled blood vessels within the septae of the proximal optic nerve of 6 eyes with hydrophthalmos and 11 eyes with retinoblastoma; sometimes the vascular changes appeared somewhat similar to an angioma racemosum. A common finding in all 17 cases was an elevation of the intraocular pressure. There were only 2 cases among the eyes studied for comparison showing dilatations of the optic nerve capillaries: 1 was in a stillborn baby with general hyperemia, and the other was a case of secondary glaucoma in an adult. 9 similar cases have hitherto been published describing vascular dilatations in the optic nerve of children suffering either from glaucoma or retinoblastoma; none of the authors had related these changes to an increased intraocular pressure. It seems likely that hemodynamic changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of these vascular reactions in the proximal optic nerve of infants with flaucoma. A lower arterial blood pressure in infants as well as anatomical and morphological features may be further factors of significance.", "PMID": 548852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11142", "title": "GH secretion in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Open-angle glaucoma is frequently observed in patients with acromegaly suggesting that the somatotropic hormone might facilitate a condition of glaucoma. The open-angle glaucoma patients studied, displayed higher plasma human growth hormone (HGH) levels than control subjects 60 min (30.3 +/- 1.7 against 16.8 +/- 2.7 ng/ml; p less than 0.001) and 90 min (19.0 +/- 1.9 against 9.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; p less than 0.001) after intravenous administration of arginine (25 g in 30 min). The authors support the hypothesis that the increased plasma HGH level may interfere with the regulation of ocular pressure by modifying the flow of aqueous humor from the eyeball via changes in the sclero-corneal trabecular meshwork; these changes are also found in diabetic subjects. The interplay between HGH and changes of carbohydrate metabolism (frequently occurring in glaucomatous patients) may be at the root of the variations of intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "GH secretion in open-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is frequently observed in patients with acromegaly suggesting that the somatotropic hormone might facilitate a condition of glaucoma. The open-angle glaucoma patients studied, displayed higher plasma human growth hormone (HGH) levels than control subjects 60 min (30.3 +/- 1.7 against 16.8 +/- 2.7 ng/ml; p less than 0.001) and 90 min (19.0 +/- 1.9 against 9.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; p less than 0.001) after intravenous administration of arginine (25 g in 30 min). The authors support the hypothesis that the increased plasma HGH level may interfere with the regulation of ocular pressure by modifying the flow of aqueous humor from the eyeball via changes in the sclero-corneal trabecular meshwork; these changes are also found in diabetic subjects. The interplay between HGH and changes of carbohydrate metabolism (frequently occurring in glaucomatous patients) may be at the root of the variations of intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 548853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11143", "title": "Intraocular hemorrhage in sudden increased intracranial pressure (Terson syndrome).", "content": "We examined 19 cases with SAH, 4 of which presented intraocular hemorrhages (retinal, subhyaloid and in vitreous). The mortality rate was 50% when the intraocular hemorrhages were present compared to 20% when they were absent.", "contents": "Intraocular hemorrhage in sudden increased intracranial pressure (Terson syndrome). We examined 19 cases with SAH, 4 of which presented intraocular hemorrhages (retinal, subhyaloid and in vitreous). The mortality rate was 50% when the intraocular hemorrhages were present compared to 20% when they were absent.", "PMID": 548854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11144", "title": "Metastatic calcification to the peripheral fundus in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Report on massive deposition of calcium hydroxypatite in the eye of a 20-year-old woman who died as a result of chronic renal failure. Massive accumulation of this material within the previtreal space lead to an unusual finding in the peripheral fundus.", "contents": "Metastatic calcification to the peripheral fundus in chronic renal failure. Report on massive deposition of calcium hydroxypatite in the eye of a 20-year-old woman who died as a result of chronic renal failure. Massive accumulation of this material within the previtreal space lead to an unusual finding in the peripheral fundus.", "PMID": 548855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11145", "title": "[The perimetry of the blind spot. A comparison of kinetic and static, computerized stratgies].", "content": "The reproducibility of perimetric results on the blind spot has been investigated under controllnt well-trained perimetrists on 178 eyes of 107 patients; the same eyes and patients were examined twice with the computer perimeter as well. Perimetric results obtained from 158 eyes were considered for statistics. There was qualitative agreement based on the alternative 'normal' or 'pathological' in kinetic perimetry in 74% of the double examinations and in 89% in computer perimetry. Identical size of the blind spot in repeated examinations was found in 34% with the Goldmann perimeter and in 78% with the computer perimeter. Observer variability of the static computer perimetry of the blind spot was compared with the variability of the results on the rest of the central visual field.", "contents": "[The perimetry of the blind spot. A comparison of kinetic and static, computerized stratgies]. The reproducibility of perimetric results on the blind spot has been investigated under controllnt well-trained perimetrists on 178 eyes of 107 patients; the same eyes and patients were examined twice with the computer perimeter as well. Perimetric results obtained from 158 eyes were considered for statistics. There was qualitative agreement based on the alternative 'normal' or 'pathological' in kinetic perimetry in 74% of the double examinations and in 89% in computer perimetry. Identical size of the blind spot in repeated examinations was found in 34% with the Goldmann perimeter and in 78% with the computer perimeter. Observer variability of the static computer perimetry of the blind spot was compared with the variability of the results on the rest of the central visual field.", "PMID": 548856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11146", "title": "Notes on the genetics of congenital glaucoma.", "content": "Relying on the analysis of 81 non-Gypsy families with congenital glaucoma from the entire territory of Slovakia, the authors discuss the share of the genetic component in the etiology of the disease. The characteristics of the families of this series resembled those of comparable series as far as the percentage of familial occurrence, the percentage of bilateral occurrence (73.56%), the percentage of parental consanguinity (4.87%) and in the prevalence of males with a ratio of 1.55:1 are concerned. The incidence of the disease in Slovakia varies around 1 per 22,000 live-born infants. In the non-Gypsy population of Slovakia, the authors assume a multifactorial etiology.", "contents": "Notes on the genetics of congenital glaucoma. Relying on the analysis of 81 non-Gypsy families with congenital glaucoma from the entire territory of Slovakia, the authors discuss the share of the genetic component in the etiology of the disease. The characteristics of the families of this series resembled those of comparable series as far as the percentage of familial occurrence, the percentage of bilateral occurrence (73.56%), the percentage of parental consanguinity (4.87%) and in the prevalence of males with a ratio of 1.55:1 are concerned. The incidence of the disease in Slovakia varies around 1 per 22,000 live-born infants. In the non-Gypsy population of Slovakia, the authors assume a multifactorial etiology.", "PMID": 548857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11147", "title": "Effects of topically applied bupranolol on the intraocular pressure. Effects on the untreated eye.", "content": "Topically applied bupranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has been shown to have a marked effectiveness in lowering the intraocular pressure of the normal and glaucomatous eyes. The effects were not only seen in the treated eyes but also in the untreated, contralateral eyes. The contralateral response was independent of the ongoing diurnal variation of the intraocular pressure. Instillation of the drug into the nasal cavity induced decrease of the intraocular pressure in both eyes, the extent of which was comparable to the contralateral response induced by ocular instillation. These observations suggest that the contralateral response is caused by systemically absorbed drug, probably due to the action on the central locus regulating the intraocular pressure. Instillation of pilocarpine did not show any similar contralateral response.", "contents": "Effects of topically applied bupranolol on the intraocular pressure. Effects on the untreated eye. Topically applied bupranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has been shown to have a marked effectiveness in lowering the intraocular pressure of the normal and glaucomatous eyes. The effects were not only seen in the treated eyes but also in the untreated, contralateral eyes. The contralateral response was independent of the ongoing diurnal variation of the intraocular pressure. Instillation of the drug into the nasal cavity induced decrease of the intraocular pressure in both eyes, the extent of which was comparable to the contralateral response induced by ocular instillation. These observations suggest that the contralateral response is caused by systemically absorbed drug, probably due to the action on the central locus regulating the intraocular pressure. Instillation of pilocarpine did not show any similar contralateral response.", "PMID": 548858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11148", "title": "Some inorganic constituents of the subretinal fluid.", "content": "The inorganic constituents of the subretinal fluid (SRF) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Four main elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) were determined in 41 samples; Cu was determined in 36 samples and Zn in 24 samples. The results are presented graphically, taking into account the concentrations of each element in the SRF and the number of cases. In 9 cases, the concentrations of the inorganic elements were also determined in blood serum; it was established that the SRF is richer in Mg than blood serum and poorer in the other elements. No correlation was found between the concentration of the inorganic elements in the SRF and the clinical picture of retinal detachment.", "contents": "Some inorganic constituents of the subretinal fluid. The inorganic constituents of the subretinal fluid (SRF) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Four main elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) were determined in 41 samples; Cu was determined in 36 samples and Zn in 24 samples. The results are presented graphically, taking into account the concentrations of each element in the SRF and the number of cases. In 9 cases, the concentrations of the inorganic elements were also determined in blood serum; it was established that the SRF is richer in Mg than blood serum and poorer in the other elements. No correlation was found between the concentration of the inorganic elements in the SRF and the clinical picture of retinal detachment.", "PMID": 548859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11149", "title": "Inheritance in the etiology of convergent squint.", "content": "From a study of 195 unselected cases of idiopathic squint, the authors distinguish three types of squint (simple, accommodative, and with amblyopia). Both sexes are equally affected, the age of onset is later in accommodative squint than in the other two types. The percentage of familial cases (65.4%) is comparable whatever the type of squint involved, the sex of the subjects or the age of onset. The family study and the complex segregation studies show that the hypothesis of dominant autosomal inheritance with incomplete penetrance is the most probable for the three types, but they do not affirm that three distinct entities are involved.", "contents": "Inheritance in the etiology of convergent squint. From a study of 195 unselected cases of idiopathic squint, the authors distinguish three types of squint (simple, accommodative, and with amblyopia). Both sexes are equally affected, the age of onset is later in accommodative squint than in the other two types. The percentage of familial cases (65.4%) is comparable whatever the type of squint involved, the sex of the subjects or the age of onset. The family study and the complex segregation studies show that the hypothesis of dominant autosomal inheritance with incomplete penetrance is the most probable for the three types, but they do not affirm that three distinct entities are involved.", "PMID": 548860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11150", "title": "[Meridional amblyopia in humans. A simple clinical test].", "content": "The term meridional amblyopia (MA) defines an amblyopia in one meridian, orthogonally to which the visual acuity is normal. This applies to astigmatics. The clinically simple application of a test is described, and the results from examinations of 50 patients with astigmatism are reported. If the first optical correction is performed later than at the age of 6 years, an MA is bound to develop. An early and exact prescription of spectacles is therefore necessary.", "contents": "[Meridional amblyopia in humans. A simple clinical test]. The term meridional amblyopia (MA) defines an amblyopia in one meridian, orthogonally to which the visual acuity is normal. This applies to astigmatics. The clinically simple application of a test is described, and the results from examinations of 50 patients with astigmatism are reported. If the first optical correction is performed later than at the age of 6 years, an MA is bound to develop. An early and exact prescription of spectacles is therefore necessary.", "PMID": 548861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11151", "title": "[Hypopituitarism and hyperlipidemia. Protective effect of growth hormone deficiency against atherosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, idiopathic) associated with hyperlipidemia (type IIb in general) are reported. It is suggested that: 1 - Growth hormone deficiency seems to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia because there are no cardiovascular signs in 10 cases with a history of growth hormone deficiency lasting from 5 to 57 years and a patent hyperlipidemia (lasting a mean of 23 years), and there is stabilisation or improvement of ischemic signs in 2 other cases. 2 - Lipid abnormalities are frequently seen in hypopituitarism even after thyroid replacement therapy. 3 - The hyperlipidemia can be familial or can result from growth hormone deficiency alone.", "contents": "[Hypopituitarism and hyperlipidemia. Protective effect of growth hormone deficiency against atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, idiopathic) associated with hyperlipidemia (type IIb in general) are reported. It is suggested that: 1 - Growth hormone deficiency seems to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia because there are no cardiovascular signs in 10 cases with a history of growth hormone deficiency lasting from 5 to 57 years and a patent hyperlipidemia (lasting a mean of 23 years), and there is stabilisation or improvement of ischemic signs in 2 other cases. 2 - Lipid abnormalities are frequently seen in hypopituitarism even after thyroid replacement therapy. 3 - The hyperlipidemia can be familial or can result from growth hormone deficiency alone.", "PMID": 548916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11152", "title": "[Selective distal spleno-renal shunt. A report of 14 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen cirrhotic patients underwent distal splenorenal shunt to prevent recurrent hemorrhage from oesophageal varices. No post-operative mortality was observed. Transitory chylous ascites occured in 1 patient, portal thrombosis with concomitant early rebleeding in another one. Hypersplenism was improved post-operatively. Porto-caval encephalopathy was not observed. With a follow-up between 3 and 27 months, one single patient died from hepatic failure, variceal bleeding did not reccur in long term survivors.", "contents": "[Selective distal spleno-renal shunt. A report of 14 patients (author's transl)]. Fourteen cirrhotic patients underwent distal splenorenal shunt to prevent recurrent hemorrhage from oesophageal varices. No post-operative mortality was observed. Transitory chylous ascites occured in 1 patient, portal thrombosis with concomitant early rebleeding in another one. Hypersplenism was improved post-operatively. Porto-caval encephalopathy was not observed. With a follow-up between 3 and 27 months, one single patient died from hepatic failure, variceal bleeding did not reccur in long term survivors.", "PMID": 548917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11153", "title": "[Systematised interstitial emphysema in neonatal respiratory distress. Four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Localisation in one lung only or in one lobe only of lesions of interstitial emphysema is surprising in a diffuse disease such as hyaline membrane disease in premature infants. In the four patients in which this unusual course was seen, cure was obtained in different ways: spontaneously in one case, by excision of a diseased lobe in two cases and by selective temporary intubation of the contralateral main bronchus in the final case. Current methods of treatment of neonatal respiratory distress favour this type of course, without any precise cause being evident. Excision surgery is often avoidable by transient ventilation of the contralateral lung only by selective intubation of the main bronchus.", "contents": "[Systematised interstitial emphysema in neonatal respiratory distress. Four cases (author's transl)]. Localisation in one lung only or in one lobe only of lesions of interstitial emphysema is surprising in a diffuse disease such as hyaline membrane disease in premature infants. In the four patients in which this unusual course was seen, cure was obtained in different ways: spontaneously in one case, by excision of a diseased lobe in two cases and by selective temporary intubation of the contralateral main bronchus in the final case. Current methods of treatment of neonatal respiratory distress favour this type of course, without any precise cause being evident. Excision surgery is often avoidable by transient ventilation of the contralateral lung only by selective intubation of the main bronchus.", "PMID": 548918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11154", "title": "[Use of Polish synthetic latex LBS 3041 for anatomical studies of blood and lymphatic vessels].", "content": "The Polish synthetic latex LBS 3041 produced in Chemical Works \"O\u015bwiecim\" was examined for anatomical purposes. The latex was stained with pigments \"Vulkan\", pasts of general use \"Pastokol\" and commercial pigments to emulsive dyes. There was established a much better penetration into small blood vessels by latex LBS 3041 than by latex LBS 3060. On the account of the resistance of the examined latex to the coagulating activity of acetic acid, the hardening of the stuff after the injection of the specimens occurs through the cooling of preparations in the refrigerator.", "contents": "[Use of Polish synthetic latex LBS 3041 for anatomical studies of blood and lymphatic vessels]. The Polish synthetic latex LBS 3041 produced in Chemical Works \"O\u015bwiecim\" was examined for anatomical purposes. The latex was stained with pigments \"Vulkan\", pasts of general use \"Pastokol\" and commercial pigments to emulsive dyes. There was established a much better penetration into small blood vessels by latex LBS 3041 than by latex LBS 3060. On the account of the resistance of the examined latex to the coagulating activity of acetic acid, the hardening of the stuff after the injection of the specimens occurs through the cooling of preparations in the refrigerator.", "PMID": 548937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11155", "title": "In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure.", "content": "In both Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and antibiotic medium no. 1 (AB1) cefaclor was more active than cephalothin or cephalexin against Enterobacteriaceae. Its activity was equivalent to cephalexin against S. aureus in MHA. Cefaclor was particularly active against P. mirabilis. The activity of this antibiotic was greated in AB1 than in MHA. The inoculum effect was pronounced for cefaclor when compared with cephalothin, but cefaclor retained greater activity even against the higher inoculum. In volunteers with normal renal function, cefaclor produced slightly lower blood levels than those reported for cephalexin. Absorption after eating was decreased and delayed. Despite severe renal failure, substantial urine levels of antibiotic were still achieved. In contrast to cephalexin, plasma half-life for cefaclor was only moderately prolonged by renal failure (two-to-threefold) and only minimally shortened by haemodialysis. Adequate concentrations of cefaclor in sputum, active against common respiratory pathogens, could not be consistently demonstrated after the oral administration of a 1 gram dose of cefaclor.", "contents": "In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. In both Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and antibiotic medium no. 1 (AB1) cefaclor was more active than cephalothin or cephalexin against Enterobacteriaceae. Its activity was equivalent to cephalexin against S. aureus in MHA. Cefaclor was particularly active against P. mirabilis. The activity of this antibiotic was greated in AB1 than in MHA. The inoculum effect was pronounced for cefaclor when compared with cephalothin, but cefaclor retained greater activity even against the higher inoculum. In volunteers with normal renal function, cefaclor produced slightly lower blood levels than those reported for cephalexin. Absorption after eating was decreased and delayed. Despite severe renal failure, substantial urine levels of antibiotic were still achieved. In contrast to cephalexin, plasma half-life for cefaclor was only moderately prolonged by renal failure (two-to-threefold) and only minimally shortened by haemodialysis. Adequate concentrations of cefaclor in sputum, active against common respiratory pathogens, could not be consistently demonstrated after the oral administration of a 1 gram dose of cefaclor.", "PMID": 548939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11156", "title": "Serum and sputum levels of cefaclor.", "content": "In a cross-over study, 10 healthy adult volunteers received 1 g cefaclor and 1 g cephalexin orally 1 hour after a standard breakfast. Serum levels of cefaclor rose somewhat faster and were higher than those of cephalexin in the first 60 minutes. At the end of the second hour the serum concentration of cephalexin was 50--100% higher. The area under the serum level curve averaged 45 hr-micrograms/ml for cefaclor and 60 hr-micrograms/ml for cephalexin. Calculated pharmacokinetic constants indicate that the absorption rate of cefaclor was nearly the same as that of cephalexin. The serum half-life of cefaclor was 1 hr. The urine recovery of cefaclor for 9 hours averaged 65%, whereas cephalexin resulted in a urine recovery of 85%. To evaluate sputum levels, 15 adult patients with bronchial carcinoma and secondary bronchitis or pneumonia were treated with 0.5 g of cefaclor orally 4 times daily. The mean individual sputum levels were 0.44 micrograms/ml (after the first dose) and 0.54 micrograms/ml (after repeated administration). In 10 other patients, after a single 1 g dose of cefaclor mean sputum levels after 1 hour and 3 hours doubled, whereas peak concentrations in sputum after 2 hours did not differ significantly. These results suggest that cefaclor will be useful in respiratory tract infections caused by sensitive bacteria.", "contents": "Serum and sputum levels of cefaclor. In a cross-over study, 10 healthy adult volunteers received 1 g cefaclor and 1 g cephalexin orally 1 hour after a standard breakfast. Serum levels of cefaclor rose somewhat faster and were higher than those of cephalexin in the first 60 minutes. At the end of the second hour the serum concentration of cephalexin was 50--100% higher. The area under the serum level curve averaged 45 hr-micrograms/ml for cefaclor and 60 hr-micrograms/ml for cephalexin. Calculated pharmacokinetic constants indicate that the absorption rate of cefaclor was nearly the same as that of cephalexin. The serum half-life of cefaclor was 1 hr. The urine recovery of cefaclor for 9 hours averaged 65%, whereas cephalexin resulted in a urine recovery of 85%. To evaluate sputum levels, 15 adult patients with bronchial carcinoma and secondary bronchitis or pneumonia were treated with 0.5 g of cefaclor orally 4 times daily. The mean individual sputum levels were 0.44 micrograms/ml (after the first dose) and 0.54 micrograms/ml (after repeated administration). In 10 other patients, after a single 1 g dose of cefaclor mean sputum levels after 1 hour and 3 hours doubled, whereas peak concentrations in sputum after 2 hours did not differ significantly. These results suggest that cefaclor will be useful in respiratory tract infections caused by sensitive bacteria.", "PMID": 548940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11157", "title": "Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children.", "content": "Cefaclor is a new oral cephalosporin with in vitro activity against a wide variety of organisms including S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and H. influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains). Seventy-nine patients ranging in age from 2 months to 14 years with soft tissue infections (17 cases), otitis media (17), and streptococcal pharyngitis (45) were studied. They received cefaclor orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg per day in three or four divided doses for a minimum of five days. Results were generally good with favourable clinical and bacteriological responses obtained in 90% of cases. Most patients became afebrile within 48 hours after starting cefaclor. Two patients with H. influenzae cellulitis and bacteraemia defervesced within 24 hours and their blood cultures became negative promptly. Hepatic, renal and haematopoietic studies showed no adverse reactions except for an occasional increase in the eosinophil count with no clinical counterpart of hypersensitivity. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that following a 10 mg/kg oral dose, peak serum levels of 8 micrograms/ml were observed at one hour, followed by a rather rapid tapering off so that at the end of four hours, virtually no cefaclor was detectable in serum.", "contents": "Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. Cefaclor is a new oral cephalosporin with in vitro activity against a wide variety of organisms including S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and H. influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains). Seventy-nine patients ranging in age from 2 months to 14 years with soft tissue infections (17 cases), otitis media (17), and streptococcal pharyngitis (45) were studied. They received cefaclor orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg per day in three or four divided doses for a minimum of five days. Results were generally good with favourable clinical and bacteriological responses obtained in 90% of cases. Most patients became afebrile within 48 hours after starting cefaclor. Two patients with H. influenzae cellulitis and bacteraemia defervesced within 24 hours and their blood cultures became negative promptly. Hepatic, renal and haematopoietic studies showed no adverse reactions except for an occasional increase in the eosinophil count with no clinical counterpart of hypersensitivity. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that following a 10 mg/kg oral dose, peak serum levels of 8 micrograms/ml were observed at one hour, followed by a rather rapid tapering off so that at the end of four hours, virtually no cefaclor was detectable in serum.", "PMID": 548941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11158", "title": "Cefaclor in the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat.", "content": "Clinical experience and laboratory tests in 52 patients (14 to 77 years of age) who had moderate to severe ear, nose, and throat infections were evaluated in this study of cefaclor, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, The drug proved to be effective in the treatment of these infections, and the incidence of side effects was low. Patients received oral doses of 500 mg every 8 hr for three to five days after all signs of infection had disappeared. Therapeutic results were assessed as very good in 31 patients, good in 17, and unsatisfactory in one. Three were unevaluable. The rapid onset of the therapeutic effect obtained with cefaclor in these patients was particularly striking. Some side effects occurred, but they were essentially transient and minor. Cefaclor should become a major antibiotic for the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat.", "contents": "Cefaclor in the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat. Clinical experience and laboratory tests in 52 patients (14 to 77 years of age) who had moderate to severe ear, nose, and throat infections were evaluated in this study of cefaclor, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, The drug proved to be effective in the treatment of these infections, and the incidence of side effects was low. Patients received oral doses of 500 mg every 8 hr for three to five days after all signs of infection had disappeared. Therapeutic results were assessed as very good in 31 patients, good in 17, and unsatisfactory in one. Three were unevaluable. The rapid onset of the therapeutic effect obtained with cefaclor in these patients was particularly striking. Some side effects occurred, but they were essentially transient and minor. Cefaclor should become a major antibiotic for the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat.", "PMID": 548942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11159", "title": "Cefaclor therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with cefaclor at a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for 10 days. Studies included volume, appearance and bacteriological examination of sputum, and haematological and virus serology tests. The response to therapy was judged on the reduction in sputum volume or the conversion of its character from purulent to mucoid. Nineteen of 24 patients improved and in 4 of 5 failures, positive serology for influenza virus was found. Growth of Pseudomonas occurred in one sputum. Minor side effects were seen in 3 patients, and no haematological or biochemical abnormalities were found.", "contents": "Cefaclor therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Twenty-four patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with cefaclor at a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for 10 days. Studies included volume, appearance and bacteriological examination of sputum, and haematological and virus serology tests. The response to therapy was judged on the reduction in sputum volume or the conversion of its character from purulent to mucoid. Nineteen of 24 patients improved and in 4 of 5 failures, positive serology for influenza virus was found. Growth of Pseudomonas occurred in one sputum. Minor side effects were seen in 3 patients, and no haematological or biochemical abnormalities were found.", "PMID": 548943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11160", "title": "Clinical and laboratory studies with cefaclor: efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections.", "content": "Clinically relevant, recent isolates of common Gram-positive pathogens were examined for their in vitro susceptibility to cefaclor. Group A streptococci and pneumococci were uniformly sensitive (MICs 0.06--0.12 micrograms/ml) to both cefaclor and cephalothin. Cefaclor was 5--10-fold less active than cephalothin against group B streptococci. S. aureus strains were uniformly more susceptible to cephalothin than to cefaclor, but among isolates from children, almost all were sensitive to the latter drug. In clinical studies of patients with skin and soft tissue infections, cefaclor proved effective. Over 90% of patients with staphylococcal bullous impetigo, streptococcal and mixed streptococcal-staphylococcal forms of pyoderma were cleared after 7--10 day courses of treatment. In addition, twice-daily therapy, examined more recently, proved as effective in these forms of infection as did the conventional dose schedule. No significant adverse reactions were noted. Cefaclor appears to be an effective orally absorbed cephalosporin for common skin and soft tissue infections.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory studies with cefaclor: efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections. Clinically relevant, recent isolates of common Gram-positive pathogens were examined for their in vitro susceptibility to cefaclor. Group A streptococci and pneumococci were uniformly sensitive (MICs 0.06--0.12 micrograms/ml) to both cefaclor and cephalothin. Cefaclor was 5--10-fold less active than cephalothin against group B streptococci. S. aureus strains were uniformly more susceptible to cephalothin than to cefaclor, but among isolates from children, almost all were sensitive to the latter drug. In clinical studies of patients with skin and soft tissue infections, cefaclor proved effective. Over 90% of patients with staphylococcal bullous impetigo, streptococcal and mixed streptococcal-staphylococcal forms of pyoderma were cleared after 7--10 day courses of treatment. In addition, twice-daily therapy, examined more recently, proved as effective in these forms of infection as did the conventional dose schedule. No significant adverse reactions were noted. Cefaclor appears to be an effective orally absorbed cephalosporin for common skin and soft tissue infections.", "PMID": 548944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11161", "title": "Cefaclor--summary of clinical experience.", "content": "Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was studied by 62 clinical investigators in 6 countries in 1493 adult and paediatric patients. The pooled data reveal that satisfactory clinical responses were obtained in 80% of urinary tract infections, 87% of upper respiratory infections, 90% of cases of otitis media, 99% of lower respiratory tract infections, and 96% of skin and skin structure infections. Administration of this antibiotic was associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions including gastrointestinal (2.6%) and hypersensitivity reactions (1.5%). Of particular clinical interest were the outstanding results obtained in the treatment of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections.", "contents": "Cefaclor--summary of clinical experience. Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was studied by 62 clinical investigators in 6 countries in 1493 adult and paediatric patients. The pooled data reveal that satisfactory clinical responses were obtained in 80% of urinary tract infections, 87% of upper respiratory infections, 90% of cases of otitis media, 99% of lower respiratory tract infections, and 96% of skin and skin structure infections. Administration of this antibiotic was associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions including gastrointestinal (2.6%) and hypersensitivity reactions (1.5%). Of particular clinical interest were the outstanding results obtained in the treatment of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections.", "PMID": 548945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11162", "title": "An association between sub-arachnoid haemorrhage and influenza A infection.", "content": "The sera of 25 patients with confirmed sub-arachnoid haemorrhage were assayed by complement fixation for 14 viruses. Twenty (80%) showed elevated titres to influenza A virus compared with 3 out of 25 (12%) of control subjects matched for age, sex and district and 3 out of 17 (17%) of a group of patients with other neurological disorders. A seasonal variation in the notification of sub-arachnoid haemorrhage appeared to be related to changes in the incidence of influenza A infection.", "contents": "An association between sub-arachnoid haemorrhage and influenza A infection. The sera of 25 patients with confirmed sub-arachnoid haemorrhage were assayed by complement fixation for 14 viruses. Twenty (80%) showed elevated titres to influenza A virus compared with 3 out of 25 (12%) of control subjects matched for age, sex and district and 3 out of 17 (17%) of a group of patients with other neurological disorders. A seasonal variation in the notification of sub-arachnoid haemorrhage appeared to be related to changes in the incidence of influenza A infection.", "PMID": 548946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11163", "title": "Clinical and biochemical findings in ten patients with benign myalgic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Ten patients in whom the clinical findings were consistent with the syndrome variously described as 'benign myalgic encephalomyelitis', 'epidemic neuromyasthenia', 'Royal Free disease' and 'Icelandic disease' were investigated for blood levels of myoglobin and various enzymes. Although there is no clinical resemblance between the two diseases, the biochemical pattern bears a close similarity to that found in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) though differing sharply in that no rise in creatinine kinase levels was found. These findings are discussed with particular reference to recent suggestions that the permeability of cell membranes may be impaired by changes in intracellular energy mechanisms.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical findings in ten patients with benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Ten patients in whom the clinical findings were consistent with the syndrome variously described as 'benign myalgic encephalomyelitis', 'epidemic neuromyasthenia', 'Royal Free disease' and 'Icelandic disease' were investigated for blood levels of myoglobin and various enzymes. Although there is no clinical resemblance between the two diseases, the biochemical pattern bears a close similarity to that found in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) though differing sharply in that no rise in creatinine kinase levels was found. These findings are discussed with particular reference to recent suggestions that the permeability of cell membranes may be impaired by changes in intracellular energy mechanisms.", "PMID": 548947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11164", "title": "The nitrogen to creatinine ratio in untimed samples of urine as an index of protein catabolism after surgery.", "content": "The loss of nitrogen after surgery is said to be related to body size as well as to the magnitude of the metabolic effects of surgery. Urine nitrogen should be 'corrected' for body size before it can be taken as a guide to the severity of surgery in the individual. Twenty-three patients were studied after elective abdominal surgery of moderate severity, when they were having only 3 litres of dextrose saline daily. The 24-hr urine nitrogen excretion (mean of days 3 and 4) was correlated with 3 indices of body size, body weight (r = 0.614), fat-free mass (r = 0.743) and 24-hr creatinine excretion (r = 0.780). Nitrogen excretion was corrected for body size by calculating the ratio of nitrogen to each index. For each index the s.d. of this corrected nitrogen excretion at the mean value of the index was less than the s.d. of the uncorrected data. The nitrogen : creatinine ratio in an untimed urine sample was closely related to the ration in the 24-hr urine (r = 0.914). These results demonstrate that nitrogen excretion after surgery is related to body size and can be corrected for body size by calculating the nitrogen : creatinine ratio in an untimed urine.", "contents": "The nitrogen to creatinine ratio in untimed samples of urine as an index of protein catabolism after surgery. The loss of nitrogen after surgery is said to be related to body size as well as to the magnitude of the metabolic effects of surgery. Urine nitrogen should be 'corrected' for body size before it can be taken as a guide to the severity of surgery in the individual. Twenty-three patients were studied after elective abdominal surgery of moderate severity, when they were having only 3 litres of dextrose saline daily. The 24-hr urine nitrogen excretion (mean of days 3 and 4) was correlated with 3 indices of body size, body weight (r = 0.614), fat-free mass (r = 0.743) and 24-hr creatinine excretion (r = 0.780). Nitrogen excretion was corrected for body size by calculating the ratio of nitrogen to each index. For each index the s.d. of this corrected nitrogen excretion at the mean value of the index was less than the s.d. of the uncorrected data. The nitrogen : creatinine ratio in an untimed urine sample was closely related to the ration in the 24-hr urine (r = 0.914). These results demonstrate that nitrogen excretion after surgery is related to body size and can be corrected for body size by calculating the nitrogen : creatinine ratio in an untimed urine.", "PMID": 548948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11165", "title": "Axillary hyperhidrosis - topical treatment with aluminium chloride hexahydrate.", "content": "Forty-two patients with axillary hyperhidrosis on the waiting list for surgery were treated with topical saturated solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol. There have been 7 failures. Three patients were unable to cope with the treatment and 4 more experienced severe local irritation or soreness; these 4 were submitted to local surgery. This is a simple and effective treatment for the majority of cases of severe axillary sweating.", "contents": "Axillary hyperhidrosis - topical treatment with aluminium chloride hexahydrate. Forty-two patients with axillary hyperhidrosis on the waiting list for surgery were treated with topical saturated solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol. There have been 7 failures. Three patients were unable to cope with the treatment and 4 more experienced severe local irritation or soreness; these 4 were submitted to local surgery. This is a simple and effective treatment for the majority of cases of severe axillary sweating.", "PMID": 548949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11166", "title": "Cholestyramine in the peritoneal cavity of the rat.", "content": "The effects of cholestyramine in the peritoneal cavity of the rat are described. Cholestyramine causes mild peritonitis with adhesion formation between the liver and the omentum. In the management of biliary peritonitis, a lavage solution containing a suspension of cholestyramine would appear to be contra-indicated by these experimental studies.", "contents": "Cholestyramine in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. The effects of cholestyramine in the peritoneal cavity of the rat are described. Cholestyramine causes mild peritonitis with adhesion formation between the liver and the omentum. In the management of biliary peritonitis, a lavage solution containing a suspension of cholestyramine would appear to be contra-indicated by these experimental studies.", "PMID": 548950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11167", "title": "Ocular reaction to timolol maleate.", "content": "A patient prescribed timolol maleate for the control of hypertension developed dryness of the eyes. The symptoms improved on withdrawal of the drug. Vigilance for such adverse reactions must be observed in the use of any beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent.", "contents": "Ocular reaction to timolol maleate. A patient prescribed timolol maleate for the control of hypertension developed dryness of the eyes. The symptoms improved on withdrawal of the drug. Vigilance for such adverse reactions must be observed in the use of any beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent.", "PMID": 548951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11168", "title": "Report on a child with stricture following foreign body of long duration in the bronchus. Discussion on the management of bronchial foreign bodies.", "content": "A case report and the management of a 10-year-old girl who had inhaled a foreign body into the right intermediate bronchus at some unknown (but certainly not recent) time previously is given. A stricture at the site of the impaction of the foreign body was found. The excision of the stricture and repair of the bronchus with pericardium is described together with a 3-year follow-up report. The diagnosis and immediate management of foreign bodies in the bronchus are discussed and the importance of differentiating organic and non-organic foreign bodies is stressed. The management of bronchial strictures is discussed as is the result obtained in the above reported case.", "contents": "Report on a child with stricture following foreign body of long duration in the bronchus. Discussion on the management of bronchial foreign bodies. A case report and the management of a 10-year-old girl who had inhaled a foreign body into the right intermediate bronchus at some unknown (but certainly not recent) time previously is given. A stricture at the site of the impaction of the foreign body was found. The excision of the stricture and repair of the bronchus with pericardium is described together with a 3-year follow-up report. The diagnosis and immediate management of foreign bodies in the bronchus are discussed and the importance of differentiating organic and non-organic foreign bodies is stressed. The management of bronchial strictures is discussed as is the result obtained in the above reported case.", "PMID": 548952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11169", "title": "Control of hypercalcaemia in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Two thyrotoxic patients with significant hypercalcaemia are described. The hypercalcaemia failed to suppress with hydrocortisone, propranolol and calcitonin but serum calcium fell rapidly to normal with carbimazole treatment. Both patients were subsequently treated surgically and at operation no evidence of parathyroid disease was found. Thyroid disease must be controlled before co-existing parathyroid disease is diagnosed in hypercalcaemic thyrotoxic patients.", "contents": "Control of hypercalcaemia in thyrotoxicosis. Two thyrotoxic patients with significant hypercalcaemia are described. The hypercalcaemia failed to suppress with hydrocortisone, propranolol and calcitonin but serum calcium fell rapidly to normal with carbimazole treatment. Both patients were subsequently treated surgically and at operation no evidence of parathyroid disease was found. Thyroid disease must be controlled before co-existing parathyroid disease is diagnosed in hypercalcaemic thyrotoxic patients.", "PMID": 548953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11170", "title": "Fatality after hepatic angiography in Zieve's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Zieve's syndrome is described. Following hepatic angiography, the patient became shocked and eventually died. The hazards of hepatic angiography are discussed and its use in ill patients questioned.", "contents": "Fatality after hepatic angiography in Zieve's syndrome. A patient with Zieve's syndrome is described. Following hepatic angiography, the patient became shocked and eventually died. The hazards of hepatic angiography are discussed and its use in ill patients questioned.", "PMID": 548954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11171", "title": "An isolated case of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "A single sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease which showed some unusual features is described from a young male who had never been out of the United Kingdom. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "An isolated case of Legionnaires' disease. A single sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease which showed some unusual features is described from a young male who had never been out of the United Kingdom. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 548955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11172", "title": "Coeliac disease presenting with a leuco-erythroblastic anaemia.", "content": "A 49-year-old Irishman presented as an emergency with watery diarrhoea and a leuco-erythroblastic anaemia. Investigations showed that he had coeliac disease but no evidence of bone marrow infiltration. His leuco-erythroblastic picture disappeared on treatment with iron and folic acid.", "contents": "Coeliac disease presenting with a leuco-erythroblastic anaemia. A 49-year-old Irishman presented as an emergency with watery diarrhoea and a leuco-erythroblastic anaemia. Investigations showed that he had coeliac disease but no evidence of bone marrow infiltration. His leuco-erythroblastic picture disappeared on treatment with iron and folic acid.", "PMID": 548956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11173", "title": "[Total water content in cardiac patients].", "content": "In the present study total body water was determined in a group of cardiac patients, using titriated water. The study was performed in a service of internal medicine of an important hospital in Mexico City. Of the 30 patients originally evaluated, only 23 could be considered cardiacs; of these 47.83% had an excess of water, 39.13% had a normal amount and 13.04% were dehidrated. The patients belonged to both sexes and their ages were anywhere between 14 and 82 years. Very often, other aliments or conditions were present which had a bearing on the total body water. The test is innocuous and the bother to the patient is minimal constituting a valuable auxiliary to the clinician.", "contents": "[Total water content in cardiac patients]. In the present study total body water was determined in a group of cardiac patients, using titriated water. The study was performed in a service of internal medicine of an important hospital in Mexico City. Of the 30 patients originally evaluated, only 23 could be considered cardiacs; of these 47.83% had an excess of water, 39.13% had a normal amount and 13.04% were dehidrated. The patients belonged to both sexes and their ages were anywhere between 14 and 82 years. Very often, other aliments or conditions were present which had a bearing on the total body water. The test is innocuous and the bother to the patient is minimal constituting a valuable auxiliary to the clinician.", "PMID": 548957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11174", "title": "[Amniotic fluid, amniocentesis, postmaturity].", "content": "The exchange among the elements of amniotic liquid is a dinamic process which keeps stable the concentration of their components, showing a variable relation with the maternal plasma in the differents stages of gestation. Thus the formations of the kidneys modifies the amniotic liquid with the urine excretion and then, factors as swallowing; the secretions of the skin and bronchi are factors which are implicated in its production. The amniocentesis is important in the study of high risk fetus, particulary with a prognostic value in the pregnancy sensitized to the Rh factor. The non cultivated celle give us information about the sexual chromatine and enzymes, to get a quick diagnosis, but this has to be confirmed with a culture cells for a final diagnosis, especially in diseases caused by inborn errors of metabolism.", "contents": "[Amniotic fluid, amniocentesis, postmaturity]. The exchange among the elements of amniotic liquid is a dinamic process which keeps stable the concentration of their components, showing a variable relation with the maternal plasma in the differents stages of gestation. Thus the formations of the kidneys modifies the amniotic liquid with the urine excretion and then, factors as swallowing; the secretions of the skin and bronchi are factors which are implicated in its production. The amniocentesis is important in the study of high risk fetus, particulary with a prognostic value in the pregnancy sensitized to the Rh factor. The non cultivated celle give us information about the sexual chromatine and enzymes, to get a quick diagnosis, but this has to be confirmed with a culture cells for a final diagnosis, especially in diseases caused by inborn errors of metabolism.", "PMID": 548958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11175", "title": "[Hepatic abscess caused by Salmonella].", "content": "In Mexico liver abscesses are frequent and most of them are produced by amibas. Sometimes the ethiology is caused by bacterias and its ethiological diagnosis is difficult therefore the specifics treatment takes longer and this may increase mortality. In this issue, the clinical laboratory scand caracteristics are presented on six patients having liver abscess caused by Salmonella as well as its evolution and reaction to treatment.", "contents": "[Hepatic abscess caused by Salmonella]. In Mexico liver abscesses are frequent and most of them are produced by amibas. Sometimes the ethiology is caused by bacterias and its ethiological diagnosis is difficult therefore the specifics treatment takes longer and this may increase mortality. In this issue, the clinical laboratory scand caracteristics are presented on six patients having liver abscess caused by Salmonella as well as its evolution and reaction to treatment.", "PMID": 548959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11176", "title": "Effect of residual renal function on minimum dialysis requirements.", "content": "In two groups of haemodialysis patients, the effect of residual renal function (RRF) on motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was prospectively studied. Patients belonging to Group I had stable GFR of greater than 1 ml/min while Group II patients had gradually declining GFR. As a result, the dialysis index for middle molecules, DI(MM), remained above 1.0 in Group I despite dialysis schedules as short as 6 hr/wk. DI(MM) in Group II fell gradually below 1.0 as renal function deteriorated on equally short dialysis schedules. None of the five patients in Group I developed neuropathy during 1.2-4.1 years of reduced dialysis. However, all four patients belonging to Group II developed significant (p less than .01) slowing of MNCV when their GFR declined below 0.5 ml/min. Neuropathy in this group was arrested or reversed by increasing DI(MM). It is, therefore, proposed that residual renal function is a major determinant of dialysis requirements.", "contents": "Effect of residual renal function on minimum dialysis requirements. In two groups of haemodialysis patients, the effect of residual renal function (RRF) on motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was prospectively studied. Patients belonging to Group I had stable GFR of greater than 1 ml/min while Group II patients had gradually declining GFR. As a result, the dialysis index for middle molecules, DI(MM), remained above 1.0 in Group I despite dialysis schedules as short as 6 hr/wk. DI(MM) in Group II fell gradually below 1.0 as renal function deteriorated on equally short dialysis schedules. None of the five patients in Group I developed neuropathy during 1.2-4.1 years of reduced dialysis. However, all four patients belonging to Group II developed significant (p less than .01) slowing of MNCV when their GFR declined below 0.5 ml/min. Neuropathy in this group was arrested or reversed by increasing DI(MM). It is, therefore, proposed that residual renal function is a major determinant of dialysis requirements.", "PMID": 548975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11177", "title": "Haemodialysis in schizophrenia: a double blind study - preliminary report.", "content": "The therapeutic effects of haemodialysis were evaluated in schizophrenic patients using a double blind procedure. Twelve patients were diagnosed as acute schizophrenics according to Feighner's criteria for psychopathology. After obtaining informed consent, the patients were randomly assigned to active haemodialysis (AD) or sham dialysis (SD). An 8 days \"drug washout period\" was followed by AD or SD treatment of 4 weeks (two 5 hours sessions per week) and psychopathological evaluations were performed regularly in a blind fashion using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). Nine of the 12 patients were improved by both extracorporeal procedures with or without active dialysis. No significant difference appeared however between both groups in the rate and degree of improvement of nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia. Nevertheless, AD was significantly more efficient in relieving affective symptomatology, suggesting the potential involvement of some endogenous dialysable substance (s) in the pathogenesis of mood disturbances in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Haemodialysis in schizophrenia: a double blind study - preliminary report. The therapeutic effects of haemodialysis were evaluated in schizophrenic patients using a double blind procedure. Twelve patients were diagnosed as acute schizophrenics according to Feighner's criteria for psychopathology. After obtaining informed consent, the patients were randomly assigned to active haemodialysis (AD) or sham dialysis (SD). An 8 days \"drug washout period\" was followed by AD or SD treatment of 4 weeks (two 5 hours sessions per week) and psychopathological evaluations were performed regularly in a blind fashion using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). Nine of the 12 patients were improved by both extracorporeal procedures with or without active dialysis. No significant difference appeared however between both groups in the rate and degree of improvement of nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia. Nevertheless, AD was significantly more efficient in relieving affective symptomatology, suggesting the potential involvement of some endogenous dialysable substance (s) in the pathogenesis of mood disturbances in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 548976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11178", "title": "Evaluation of the participation of parietal peritoneum in dialysis: physiological, morphological and pharmacological data.", "content": "Bidirectional fluxes of Na+, K+ and Ca++ were estimated under in vitro conditions through isolated patches of rat peritoneal membranes (parietal and visceral). Morphological (TEM) and functional (changes in fluxes) data are presented to show that mesothelium lining the parietal peritoneum forms a barrier than limits diffusion of ions across this membrane. In addition, it was found that Furosemide and nitroprusside change the permeability of the mesothelium for sodium or potassium, respectively.", "contents": "Evaluation of the participation of parietal peritoneum in dialysis: physiological, morphological and pharmacological data. Bidirectional fluxes of Na+, K+ and Ca++ were estimated under in vitro conditions through isolated patches of rat peritoneal membranes (parietal and visceral). Morphological (TEM) and functional (changes in fluxes) data are presented to show that mesothelium lining the parietal peritoneum forms a barrier than limits diffusion of ions across this membrane. In addition, it was found that Furosemide and nitroprusside change the permeability of the mesothelium for sodium or potassium, respectively.", "PMID": 548977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11179", "title": "Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in the treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "content": "Our experience of CAPD in 21 patients over a total period of 118 patients months has been evaluated and compared with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). CAPD was associated with greater clearance of urea creatinine and phosphate, higher concentrations of haemoglobin, improved control of hypertension and saline overload, and better patient acceptance than IPD. It is concluded that CAPD is an effective form of dialysis with many advantages over IPD, although the incidence of peritonitis is still twice that IPD.", "contents": "Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in the treatment of end-stage renal failure. Our experience of CAPD in 21 patients over a total period of 118 patients months has been evaluated and compared with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). CAPD was associated with greater clearance of urea creatinine and phosphate, higher concentrations of haemoglobin, improved control of hypertension and saline overload, and better patient acceptance than IPD. It is concluded that CAPD is an effective form of dialysis with many advantages over IPD, although the incidence of peritonitis is still twice that IPD.", "PMID": 548978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11180", "title": "Advantages of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to the diabetic with renal failure.", "content": "Among the diabetic patients we have treated with dialysis blood pressure and blood sugar control have been poor and vascular disease progressive. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis did not improve these problems compared with haemodialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was undertaken in three patients as a last resort and electively in another two patients. Insulin was given by the intraperitoneal route and none was used systemically. Self-care was taught from the first using the spouse if visual problems were present. Serum creatinine levels fell and haemoglobin levels rose. Blood pressure was controlled without diet or drugs. Blood sugar levels were controlled without symptomatic hypoglycaemia or rebound hyperglycaemia. The procedure had a demoralising effect on helper spouses, and self-care had to be achieved even with severe visual problems. The advantages of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to the diabetic with renal failure are greatly improved control of blood pressure and blood sugar.", "contents": "Advantages of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to the diabetic with renal failure. Among the diabetic patients we have treated with dialysis blood pressure and blood sugar control have been poor and vascular disease progressive. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis did not improve these problems compared with haemodialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was undertaken in three patients as a last resort and electively in another two patients. Insulin was given by the intraperitoneal route and none was used systemically. Self-care was taught from the first using the spouse if visual problems were present. Serum creatinine levels fell and haemoglobin levels rose. Blood pressure was controlled without diet or drugs. Blood sugar levels were controlled without symptomatic hypoglycaemia or rebound hyperglycaemia. The procedure had a demoralising effect on helper spouses, and self-care had to be achieved even with severe visual problems. The advantages of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to the diabetic with renal failure are greatly improved control of blood pressure and blood sugar.", "PMID": 548979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11181", "title": "Comparison of solute permeability and rejection characteristics of normal and flux cellulose haemodialysis membranes.", "content": "Permeability and rejection properties of new, high flux cellulose membranes and fibres have been compared with Cuprophan PM 150. The greater solute and water flux is explained in terms of larger \"pores\", which permit greater transport of large molecules.", "contents": "Comparison of solute permeability and rejection characteristics of normal and flux cellulose haemodialysis membranes. Permeability and rejection properties of new, high flux cellulose membranes and fibres have been compared with Cuprophan PM 150. The greater solute and water flux is explained in terms of larger \"pores\", which permit greater transport of large molecules.", "PMID": 548981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11182", "title": "Intestinal recycling and substitution of haemofiltrate in dogs.", "content": "Haemofiltrate was administered into the duodenum of 5 ambulatory dogs through an implanted silastic catheter at a rate of 5-10 ml/min. None of the dogs presented signs of discomfort or suffered from regurgitation or diarrhoea. All 5 dogs had solid stools, enhanced diuresis and no change in body weight over a time period of 8 hours. Filtration rates between 5 and 10 ml/min were obtained in 7 dogs after connecting an Amicon in-line Ultrafilter with an external a.v. shunt. The intestinal recycling rate via the duodenal tube as a rule was 2 ml/min lower than the free flow ultrafiltration. Recirculation of autologous haemofiltrate in 5 uraemic dogs indicated unselective reabsorption of all electrolytes and small molecules. In 5 experiments with intestinal substitution of ultrafiltrate by a potassium-free Ringer's lactate solution, correction of acidosis and decrease in plasma potassium, creatinine and BUN was achieved.", "contents": "Intestinal recycling and substitution of haemofiltrate in dogs. Haemofiltrate was administered into the duodenum of 5 ambulatory dogs through an implanted silastic catheter at a rate of 5-10 ml/min. None of the dogs presented signs of discomfort or suffered from regurgitation or diarrhoea. All 5 dogs had solid stools, enhanced diuresis and no change in body weight over a time period of 8 hours. Filtration rates between 5 and 10 ml/min were obtained in 7 dogs after connecting an Amicon in-line Ultrafilter with an external a.v. shunt. The intestinal recycling rate via the duodenal tube as a rule was 2 ml/min lower than the free flow ultrafiltration. Recirculation of autologous haemofiltrate in 5 uraemic dogs indicated unselective reabsorption of all electrolytes and small molecules. In 5 experiments with intestinal substitution of ultrafiltrate by a potassium-free Ringer's lactate solution, correction of acidosis and decrease in plasma potassium, creatinine and BUN was achieved.", "PMID": 548982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11183", "title": "Removal of uraemic toxins by haemofiltration with different membranes. The benefit of regenerating haemofiltrate using a newly developed system.", "content": "Based on earlier results which indicate that certain uraemic toxins (verified by an in vitro assay system) are larger than 10,000 daltons - a new system for treatment of endstage renal failure, SElective DUal Filtration ARtificial Kidney (SEDUFARK) has been developed. This system consists of a multimembrane filter/dialyser unit making removal of small molecules (mol wt less than 200) and substances in the mol wt range 10,000 - 40,000 possible without exchange of body fluids. Evaluation of pre and post treatment uraemic plasma with the bio assay showed that SEDUFARK was superior to conventional haemofiltration (CHF) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or Gambro Lundia Major High Flux 1.36 m2 (CPN) membranes as filters.", "contents": "Removal of uraemic toxins by haemofiltration with different membranes. The benefit of regenerating haemofiltrate using a newly developed system. Based on earlier results which indicate that certain uraemic toxins (verified by an in vitro assay system) are larger than 10,000 daltons - a new system for treatment of endstage renal failure, SElective DUal Filtration ARtificial Kidney (SEDUFARK) has been developed. This system consists of a multimembrane filter/dialyser unit making removal of small molecules (mol wt less than 200) and substances in the mol wt range 10,000 - 40,000 possible without exchange of body fluids. Evaluation of pre and post treatment uraemic plasma with the bio assay showed that SEDUFARK was superior to conventional haemofiltration (CHF) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or Gambro Lundia Major High Flux 1.36 m2 (CPN) membranes as filters.", "PMID": 548983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11184", "title": "Haemofiltration - critical evaluation of clinical benefits.", "content": "To delineate the worth of chronic HF in end stage renal failure, since 1976 we have treated 9 patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension, 6 patients with dialysis intolerance, 7 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and 7 patients with polyneuropathy. We found an improvement of polyneuropathy and volume-sodium dependent hypertension and symptoms of dialysis discomfort markedly diminished. No amelioration was detected in anaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and volume-independent hypertension. Hyperphosphataemia was poorly controlled despite increased amounts of aluminium hydroxide. PTH values increased and renal osteopathy seemed to deteriorate.", "contents": "Haemofiltration - critical evaluation of clinical benefits. To delineate the worth of chronic HF in end stage renal failure, since 1976 we have treated 9 patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension, 6 patients with dialysis intolerance, 7 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and 7 patients with polyneuropathy. We found an improvement of polyneuropathy and volume-sodium dependent hypertension and symptoms of dialysis discomfort markedly diminished. No amelioration was detected in anaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and volume-independent hypertension. Hyperphosphataemia was poorly controlled despite increased amounts of aluminium hydroxide. PTH values increased and renal osteopathy seemed to deteriorate.", "PMID": 548984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11185", "title": "Influence of the plasticiser di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate on drug metabolising enzymes in the liver of uraemic rats.", "content": "After bilateral or subtotal nephrectomy male rats were given intraperitoneal injections of the plasticiser di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) at differing time intervals in doses that do not affect the liver of normal rats. 200mg DEHP/100g body weight had no influence on the parameters measured. After administering 7 x 200mg/100g body weight for 14 days, liver weight and in vitro activity of the mixed function oxidation system increased significantly. In addition, the hexobarbital sleeping time decreased, indicating a stimulation of the activity of drug metabolising enzymes in vivo. Similar results were obtained after the administration of 56 x 50mg DEHP/100g body weight for 19 weeks. It is concluded that uraemic rats are more susceptible to inducing effects, but that the DEHP toxicity is of little importance.", "contents": "Influence of the plasticiser di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate on drug metabolising enzymes in the liver of uraemic rats. After bilateral or subtotal nephrectomy male rats were given intraperitoneal injections of the plasticiser di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) at differing time intervals in doses that do not affect the liver of normal rats. 200mg DEHP/100g body weight had no influence on the parameters measured. After administering 7 x 200mg/100g body weight for 14 days, liver weight and in vitro activity of the mixed function oxidation system increased significantly. In addition, the hexobarbital sleeping time decreased, indicating a stimulation of the activity of drug metabolising enzymes in vivo. Similar results were obtained after the administration of 56 x 50mg DEHP/100g body weight for 19 weeks. It is concluded that uraemic rats are more susceptible to inducing effects, but that the DEHP toxicity is of little importance.", "PMID": 548985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11186", "title": "Two year sequential haemodynamic data on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts used for haemodialysis.", "content": "Forty-one PTFE grafts were studied prospectively with measurement of intragraft pressure and flow. As well, cardiac function was assessed by measuring cardiac output, ejection times and ejection fraction. It was shown that graft failure was associated with changes in graft pressures and flow. No untoward effects of graft flows of 1-2L/min were found on cardiac function.", "contents": "Two year sequential haemodynamic data on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts used for haemodialysis. Forty-one PTFE grafts were studied prospectively with measurement of intragraft pressure and flow. As well, cardiac function was assessed by measuring cardiac output, ejection times and ejection fraction. It was shown that graft failure was associated with changes in graft pressures and flow. No untoward effects of graft flows of 1-2L/min were found on cardiac function.", "PMID": 548986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11187", "title": "Thermography: an alternative to angiography for vascular access survey in haemodialysis.", "content": "Results obtained by thermography and angiography in surveying vascular access have been compared in 33 haemodialysis patients, including 23 with Cimino arteriovenous fistulae and 10 with homografts and heterografts. In 23 of 30 patients, blood flow stealing through collateral veins, or venous stenosis was detected by thermography and confirmed by angiography. Thermography seems a quick and simple method in routine conditions, restricting angiography to selected patients for whom a surgical revision of the fistula or of the graft is needed.", "contents": "Thermography: an alternative to angiography for vascular access survey in haemodialysis. Results obtained by thermography and angiography in surveying vascular access have been compared in 33 haemodialysis patients, including 23 with Cimino arteriovenous fistulae and 10 with homografts and heterografts. In 23 of 30 patients, blood flow stealing through collateral veins, or venous stenosis was detected by thermography and confirmed by angiography. Thermography seems a quick and simple method in routine conditions, restricting angiography to selected patients for whom a surgical revision of the fistula or of the graft is needed.", "PMID": 548987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11188", "title": "The effect of transplantation on dialysis dementia.", "content": "Seven patients with dialysis dementia are described. Three patients, symptomatic from dementia at the time of transplantation, had a rapid exacerbation of their symptoms with deterioration to death. Four patients, asymptomatic at the time of transplantation, developed symptoms of dementia after surgery. Two of these had a rapidly fatal illness while the remaining two had a mild illness. One subsequently died from a myocardial infarction while the other gradually improved sufficiently for her to return to work. This experience indicates that transplantation is to be avoided in patients with dialysis dementia.", "contents": "The effect of transplantation on dialysis dementia. Seven patients with dialysis dementia are described. Three patients, symptomatic from dementia at the time of transplantation, had a rapid exacerbation of their symptoms with deterioration to death. Four patients, asymptomatic at the time of transplantation, developed symptoms of dementia after surgery. Two of these had a rapidly fatal illness while the remaining two had a mild illness. One subsequently died from a myocardial infarction while the other gradually improved sufficiently for her to return to work. This experience indicates that transplantation is to be avoided in patients with dialysis dementia.", "PMID": 548989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11189", "title": "Plasma inhibitors of the erythrocyte hexose monophosphate shunt in uraemia.", "content": "Sulphaemoglobin production, induced by an oxidative stress (ascorbate and cyanide) has been studied in uraemic patients. Results are expressed as the ratio of optic density of sulphaemoglobin (620nm) to optic density of total haemoglobin (540nm). The mean (+/- SEM) ratio found was 0.35 +/- 0.03 in 28 controls and 0.56 +/- 0,03 in 51 uraemic subjects (p less than 0.001). Cross incubation tests demonstrated that the anomaly was caused by a plasma factor. In vitro studies - guanidinic compounds added to control erythrocyte suspensions before incubation - suggest that this factor might be guanidinic propionic acid.", "contents": "Plasma inhibitors of the erythrocyte hexose monophosphate shunt in uraemia. Sulphaemoglobin production, induced by an oxidative stress (ascorbate and cyanide) has been studied in uraemic patients. Results are expressed as the ratio of optic density of sulphaemoglobin (620nm) to optic density of total haemoglobin (540nm). The mean (+/- SEM) ratio found was 0.35 +/- 0.03 in 28 controls and 0.56 +/- 0,03 in 51 uraemic subjects (p less than 0.001). Cross incubation tests demonstrated that the anomaly was caused by a plasma factor. In vitro studies - guanidinic compounds added to control erythrocyte suspensions before incubation - suggest that this factor might be guanidinic propionic acid.", "PMID": 548990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11190", "title": "Are erythropoietin levels in uraemic patients on haemodialysis dependent on the kidney disease and the duration of haemodialysis treatment?", "content": "Determinations of immuno-detectable Erythropoietin (idEP), haematocrit (Hct), reticulocyte counts (RC) and serum iron (SI) in uraemic patients with different kidney diseases (KD) and various lengths of chronic haemodialysis treatment (HDT) revealed firstly that all patients had normal idEP, except for analgesic nephropathies who had significantly higher idEP levels; secondly that over six years of haemodialysis idEP increased by about 40% but without concomitant Hct improvement and thirdly that there were no clear interdependencies between Hct, SI, RC and idEP in uraemic patients. In conclusion, inhibitors of erythropoiesis seem to be a major pathogenetic factor in renal anaemia besides a relative deficit in idEP.", "contents": "Are erythropoietin levels in uraemic patients on haemodialysis dependent on the kidney disease and the duration of haemodialysis treatment? Determinations of immuno-detectable Erythropoietin (idEP), haematocrit (Hct), reticulocyte counts (RC) and serum iron (SI) in uraemic patients with different kidney diseases (KD) and various lengths of chronic haemodialysis treatment (HDT) revealed firstly that all patients had normal idEP, except for analgesic nephropathies who had significantly higher idEP levels; secondly that over six years of haemodialysis idEP increased by about 40% but without concomitant Hct improvement and thirdly that there were no clear interdependencies between Hct, SI, RC and idEP in uraemic patients. In conclusion, inhibitors of erythropoiesis seem to be a major pathogenetic factor in renal anaemia besides a relative deficit in idEP.", "PMID": 548991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11191", "title": "Recovery of kidney function following prolonged acute renal failure.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with prolonged acute renal failure (ARF), successfully treated by haemodialysis, were analysed. The clinical course was oliguric in 16 and non-oliguric in 6 cases. Twenty-seven haemodialyses on average (15-54) during a mean duration of 66.9 (30-172) days were needed for recovery of kidney function. Overall, maximum improvement of renal function was achieved within 116.4 (51-259) days, in oligo-anuric cases within 80.1 (51-208) days, in non-oliguric cases within 160.3 (90-259) days. In the latter group pre-existing renal damage was probably the cause of the more extended duration of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Recovery of kidney function following prolonged acute renal failure. Twenty-two patients with prolonged acute renal failure (ARF), successfully treated by haemodialysis, were analysed. The clinical course was oliguric in 16 and non-oliguric in 6 cases. Twenty-seven haemodialyses on average (15-54) during a mean duration of 66.9 (30-172) days were needed for recovery of kidney function. Overall, maximum improvement of renal function was achieved within 116.4 (51-259) days, in oligo-anuric cases within 80.1 (51-208) days, in non-oliguric cases within 160.3 (90-259) days. In the latter group pre-existing renal damage was probably the cause of the more extended duration of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 548993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11192", "title": "Treatment of renal amyloidosis with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO).", "content": "Amyloid fibrils can be dissolved by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in vitro and in vivo. This prompted us to investigate the therapeutic value of DMSO in renal failure caused by amyloidosis. Two patients with renal failure caused by secondary amyloidosis due to rheumatoid arthritis, showed a remarkable improvement of renal function. The effect of DMSO in amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis seems to depend on its anti-inflammatory action, resulting in a decrease in amyloid formation. No evidence was found for an increase in amyloid degradation. The effect of DMSO in primary amyloidosis was inconclusive.", "contents": "Treatment of renal amyloidosis with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Amyloid fibrils can be dissolved by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in vitro and in vivo. This prompted us to investigate the therapeutic value of DMSO in renal failure caused by amyloidosis. Two patients with renal failure caused by secondary amyloidosis due to rheumatoid arthritis, showed a remarkable improvement of renal function. The effect of DMSO in amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis seems to depend on its anti-inflammatory action, resulting in a decrease in amyloid formation. No evidence was found for an increase in amyloid degradation. The effect of DMSO in primary amyloidosis was inconclusive.", "PMID": 548994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11193", "title": "Postprandial serum creatinine increase in normal subjects after eating cooked meat.", "content": "Ingestion of meals containing cooked meat caused a marked postprandial increase in serum creatinine concentration, whereas ingestion of raw meat had no effect on serum creatinine. A peak mean value was seen 3 hours after the start of meals. No change in creatinine clearance was observed. Analysis of serum creatinine by conventional autoanalyser and by an ion exchange method ('true creatinine\") showed a high degree of correlation, making a possible effect of non-creatinine chromogens unlikely. It was shown that creatinine is produced from creatine when meat is boiled.", "contents": "Postprandial serum creatinine increase in normal subjects after eating cooked meat. Ingestion of meals containing cooked meat caused a marked postprandial increase in serum creatinine concentration, whereas ingestion of raw meat had no effect on serum creatinine. A peak mean value was seen 3 hours after the start of meals. No change in creatinine clearance was observed. Analysis of serum creatinine by conventional autoanalyser and by an ion exchange method ('true creatinine\") showed a high degree of correlation, making a possible effect of non-creatinine chromogens unlikely. It was shown that creatinine is produced from creatine when meat is boiled.", "PMID": 548995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11194", "title": "Evidence of high polymeric IgA levels in serum of patients with Berger's disease and its modification with phenytoin treatment.", "content": "High levels of polymeric IgA were found in the serum of patients with IgA glomerulonephritis. In four of the patients the IgA percentage distribution was established by ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients before and after six months of phenytoin treatment. A decrease in polymeric IgA, adopting a pattern similar to the controls, was observed. These findings may have both pathogenic and therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Evidence of high polymeric IgA levels in serum of patients with Berger's disease and its modification with phenytoin treatment. High levels of polymeric IgA were found in the serum of patients with IgA glomerulonephritis. In four of the patients the IgA percentage distribution was established by ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients before and after six months of phenytoin treatment. A decrease in polymeric IgA, adopting a pattern similar to the controls, was observed. These findings may have both pathogenic and therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 548996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11195", "title": "Plasma separation in Goodpasture's syndrome and multiple myeloma.", "content": "1. Plasma separation using membranes is equally as effective as plasmapheresis using a cell separator. 2. In Goodpasture's syndrome pulmonary haemorrhage improves very quickly with plasma separation. In patients with multiple myeloma, hyperproteinaemia is easy to correct. 3. Plasma separation is well tolerated, both subjectively by the patient and objectively by the circulation. 4. Since the membranes are permeable not only to IgG but also to IgM, circulating antigen-antibody-complement complexes must also be easy to remove using the plasma separation method.", "contents": "Plasma separation in Goodpasture's syndrome and multiple myeloma. 1. Plasma separation using membranes is equally as effective as plasmapheresis using a cell separator. 2. In Goodpasture's syndrome pulmonary haemorrhage improves very quickly with plasma separation. In patients with multiple myeloma, hyperproteinaemia is easy to correct. 3. Plasma separation is well tolerated, both subjectively by the patient and objectively by the circulation. 4. Since the membranes are permeable not only to IgG but also to IgM, circulating antigen-antibody-complement complexes must also be easy to remove using the plasma separation method.", "PMID": 548997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11196", "title": "Renal reflux, scarring, cystometrography and tissue types.", "content": "Four families with a variety of renal tract abnormalities including reflux, cortical scars, atrophy and duplex systems are described. Cystometrograms in eight with reflux and scars did not show any evidence of outflow high pressure systems. Tissue typing was carried out in a proportion of affected and unaffected family members, and with the addition of another reported family that had been tissue typed, showed an increase in A9, B8 and homozygosity in the families with these abnormalities. A retrospective survey of transplanted patients with tissue type A9 showed a higher prevalence of pyelonephritis and associated abnormalities than other diseases leading to end stage renal failure.", "contents": "Renal reflux, scarring, cystometrography and tissue types. Four families with a variety of renal tract abnormalities including reflux, cortical scars, atrophy and duplex systems are described. Cystometrograms in eight with reflux and scars did not show any evidence of outflow high pressure systems. Tissue typing was carried out in a proportion of affected and unaffected family members, and with the addition of another reported family that had been tissue typed, showed an increase in A9, B8 and homozygosity in the families with these abnormalities. A retrospective survey of transplanted patients with tissue type A9 showed a higher prevalence of pyelonephritis and associated abnormalities than other diseases leading to end stage renal failure.", "PMID": 548998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11197", "title": "HLA Bw35 antigen and mesangial IgA glomerulo-nephritis: a poor prognosis marker?", "content": "Familial cases of mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis (MGN) have raised the possibility of a genetic control in this disease. In 50 patients with MGN, diagnosed on renal biopsy, and in 105 controls, we have compared the distribution of HLA antigens (A and B loci). We found a significant increase in the frequency of HLA Bw35 antigen in the patient group compared with controls (36% versus 13%: p less than 0.02). There was no significant difference between the Bw35 positive and negative MGN subgroups, in clinical, serological, and pathological data. Both subgroups had elevated mean serum IgA levels (154% of normal), and also mean serum IgM levels (146%). However, the follow-up data exhibited a significantly worse prognosis (p less than 0.01) in the Bw35 positive subgroup: 9 out of 18 patients versus 4 out of 32 progressed to chronic renal failure (serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl). We have established a genetic linkage between the HLA complex and the occurrence of MGN. The Bw35 antigen may serve as a marker (risk of disease = 4), in particular for poor prognosis cases.", "contents": "HLA Bw35 antigen and mesangial IgA glomerulo-nephritis: a poor prognosis marker? Familial cases of mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis (MGN) have raised the possibility of a genetic control in this disease. In 50 patients with MGN, diagnosed on renal biopsy, and in 105 controls, we have compared the distribution of HLA antigens (A and B loci). We found a significant increase in the frequency of HLA Bw35 antigen in the patient group compared with controls (36% versus 13%: p less than 0.02). There was no significant difference between the Bw35 positive and negative MGN subgroups, in clinical, serological, and pathological data. Both subgroups had elevated mean serum IgA levels (154% of normal), and also mean serum IgM levels (146%). However, the follow-up data exhibited a significantly worse prognosis (p less than 0.01) in the Bw35 positive subgroup: 9 out of 18 patients versus 4 out of 32 progressed to chronic renal failure (serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl). We have established a genetic linkage between the HLA complex and the occurrence of MGN. The Bw35 antigen may serve as a marker (risk of disease = 4), in particular for poor prognosis cases.", "PMID": 548999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11198", "title": "Oxalic acid concentration in serum measured by isotopic clearance technique. Experience in hyper- and normo-oxaluric subjects.", "content": "In a family from which two children suffered from primary hyperoxaluria the renal clearance of (14C) oxalate was studied. The (14C) oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio ranged from 1.76-2.63 (mean: 2.03) and appeared to be independent of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The calculated plasma oxalate concentrations in normo-oxaluric subjects ranged from 0.1-0.9 mumol/L, whereas in hyperoxaluric subjects values between 3.2-16.3 mumol/L were found. The mean biological half-life of (14C) oxalate was 2.7hr in subjects with normal renal function and increased proportionally with renal functional impairment. Recovery of (14C) oxalate ranged from 87-112% (mean: 101%). All urine (14C) activity was found in the oxalate fraction.", "contents": "Oxalic acid concentration in serum measured by isotopic clearance technique. Experience in hyper- and normo-oxaluric subjects. In a family from which two children suffered from primary hyperoxaluria the renal clearance of (14C) oxalate was studied. The (14C) oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio ranged from 1.76-2.63 (mean: 2.03) and appeared to be independent of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The calculated plasma oxalate concentrations in normo-oxaluric subjects ranged from 0.1-0.9 mumol/L, whereas in hyperoxaluric subjects values between 3.2-16.3 mumol/L were found. The mean biological half-life of (14C) oxalate was 2.7hr in subjects with normal renal function and increased proportionally with renal functional impairment. Recovery of (14C) oxalate ranged from 87-112% (mean: 101%). All urine (14C) activity was found in the oxalate fraction.", "PMID": 549000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11199", "title": "Thiazide diuretics in renal hypercalciuria.", "content": "Forty-six renal hypercalciuric normocalcaemic patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide (50mg/day) and amiloride (5 mg/day), both to reduce new stone formation and to suppress parathyroid hyperfunction. A reduction of hypercalciuria and suppression of parathyroid hyperactivity were observed in 41 patients, while in the other five patients no evidence of parathyroid suppression was found and hypercalcaemia developed. Four of five patients underwent parathyroidectomy which was followed by a normalisation of biochemical signs of hyperparathyroidism. These results suggest that the appearance of hypercalcaemia in renal hypercalciuric patients during hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride treatment may be of diagnostic value in unmasking pharmacologically non-suppressible normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Thiazide diuretics in renal hypercalciuria. Forty-six renal hypercalciuric normocalcaemic patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide (50mg/day) and amiloride (5 mg/day), both to reduce new stone formation and to suppress parathyroid hyperfunction. A reduction of hypercalciuria and suppression of parathyroid hyperactivity were observed in 41 patients, while in the other five patients no evidence of parathyroid suppression was found and hypercalcaemia developed. Four of five patients underwent parathyroidectomy which was followed by a normalisation of biochemical signs of hyperparathyroidism. These results suggest that the appearance of hypercalcaemia in renal hypercalciuric patients during hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride treatment may be of diagnostic value in unmasking pharmacologically non-suppressible normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 549001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11200", "title": "Production and action of a natriuretic hormone in isolated rat kidneys: necessity of prostaglandins for its release.", "content": "A natriuretic factor prepared from plasma of salt loaded rats is active on a totally isolated cell free perfused rat kidney. The progressive increase in fractional sodium excretion with the amounts of injected factor shows a dose-response curve. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not modify the kidney response to the natriuretic factor. The isolated kidney is able to produce this factor but the inhibition of prostaglandins suppresses its production. Therefore, we conclude that the presence of prostaglandins is a prerequisite for the production but not for the action of the natriuretic hormone.", "contents": "Production and action of a natriuretic hormone in isolated rat kidneys: necessity of prostaglandins for its release. A natriuretic factor prepared from plasma of salt loaded rats is active on a totally isolated cell free perfused rat kidney. The progressive increase in fractional sodium excretion with the amounts of injected factor shows a dose-response curve. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not modify the kidney response to the natriuretic factor. The isolated kidney is able to produce this factor but the inhibition of prostaglandins suppresses its production. Therefore, we conclude that the presence of prostaglandins is a prerequisite for the production but not for the action of the natriuretic hormone.", "PMID": 549002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11201", "title": "Evidence for aluminium accumulation in renal failure.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that aluminium accumulation in patients with impaired renal function has pathological consequences. The serum aluminium content of 45 patients with chronic renal failure was found to be significantly elevated when compared with normal subjects. A further rise in serum aluminium concentration was seen in patients with chronic renal failure when they were taking aluminium-containing phosphate binding agents. Patients with stable but moderately impaired renal function who are taking aluminium-containing phosphate binders for several years may be at risk from aluminium accumulation and the development of osteomalacia and encephalopathy as seen in patients on intermittent haemodialysis.", "contents": "Evidence for aluminium accumulation in renal failure. There is increasing evidence that aluminium accumulation in patients with impaired renal function has pathological consequences. The serum aluminium content of 45 patients with chronic renal failure was found to be significantly elevated when compared with normal subjects. A further rise in serum aluminium concentration was seen in patients with chronic renal failure when they were taking aluminium-containing phosphate binding agents. Patients with stable but moderately impaired renal function who are taking aluminium-containing phosphate binders for several years may be at risk from aluminium accumulation and the development of osteomalacia and encephalopathy as seen in patients on intermittent haemodialysis.", "PMID": 549003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11202", "title": "Drug metabolism in birds.", "content": "Papers published over 100 years since the beginning of the scientific study of drug metabolism in birds were reviewed. Birds were found to be able to accomplish more than 20 general biotransformation reactions in both functionalization and conjugation. Chickens were the primary subject of study but over 30 species of birds were used. Large species differences in drug metabolism exist between birds and mammals as well as between various birds, these differences were mostly quantitative. Qualitative differences were rare. On the whole, drug metabolism studies in birds have been neglected as compared with similar studies on insects and mammals. The uniqueness of birds and the advantages of using birds in drug metabolism studies are discussed. Possible future studies of drug metabolism in birds are recommended.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in birds. Papers published over 100 years since the beginning of the scientific study of drug metabolism in birds were reviewed. Birds were found to be able to accomplish more than 20 general biotransformation reactions in both functionalization and conjugation. Chickens were the primary subject of study but over 30 species of birds were used. Large species differences in drug metabolism exist between birds and mammals as well as between various birds, these differences were mostly quantitative. Qualitative differences were rare. On the whole, drug metabolism studies in birds have been neglected as compared with similar studies on insects and mammals. The uniqueness of birds and the advantages of using birds in drug metabolism studies are discussed. Possible future studies of drug metabolism in birds are recommended.", "PMID": 549030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11203", "title": "Central hypotensive action of bridge analogues of clonidine.", "content": "The experimental compounds St-1913, St-1966 and St-1967 in which the bridging nitrogen atom, as found in clonidine, has been replaced by a methylene (--CH2--) function, an oxygen or a sulphur atom, respectively, have been investigated with respect to their acute hypotensive effects in anaesthetized cats. Attention was paid to a possible contribution of the central nervous system to the hypotensive action of the drugs by means of vertebral arterial infusions. Although less active than clonidine, St-1913 and St-1967 are centrally acting hypotensive drugs. Central alpha-adrenoceptors are presumably involved in a similar manner as in the mechanism of clonidine. The hypotensive potency of St-1966 was much lower compared to the aforementioned drugs. A central origin for its depressor effects could be established. However, central alpha-adrenoceptors probably do not participate. In spite of its structural similarity with clonidine the mechanism of action of St-1966 appears to be different.", "contents": "Central hypotensive action of bridge analogues of clonidine. The experimental compounds St-1913, St-1966 and St-1967 in which the bridging nitrogen atom, as found in clonidine, has been replaced by a methylene (--CH2--) function, an oxygen or a sulphur atom, respectively, have been investigated with respect to their acute hypotensive effects in anaesthetized cats. Attention was paid to a possible contribution of the central nervous system to the hypotensive action of the drugs by means of vertebral arterial infusions. Although less active than clonidine, St-1913 and St-1967 are centrally acting hypotensive drugs. Central alpha-adrenoceptors are presumably involved in a similar manner as in the mechanism of clonidine. The hypotensive potency of St-1966 was much lower compared to the aforementioned drugs. A central origin for its depressor effects could be established. However, central alpha-adrenoceptors probably do not participate. In spite of its structural similarity with clonidine the mechanism of action of St-1966 appears to be different.", "PMID": 549031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11204", "title": "Relationship between urinary excretion rate, steady-state plasma levels and diuretic response of furosemide in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine if furosemide's active transport process could be saturated at therapeutic concentrations and to define a relationship between furosemide in a measurable sampling compartment and its diuretic effect. The experiments utilized Sprague-Dawley rats, ranging in weight from 248 to 313 g, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg). The femoral artery and vein as well as the bladder were cannulated, and samples were taken to measure inulin and furosemide concentrations. 28 rats were infused, after a suitable loading dose (0.5--1.5 mg/kg), to steady-state plasma furosemide levels over the therapeutic concentration range 0.8--25.1 micrograms/ml. Total renal clearance (corrected for kidney function as measured by inulin clearance) showed a negative correlation with plasma concentration (r = -0.655 p less than 0.001), and a good correlation was found between urine flow rate and the urinary excretion rate of furosemide (r = 0.777, p less than 0.001). Steady-state plasma levels of furosemide showed a poor correlation with urine flow rate (r = 0.377, p greater than 0.10).", "contents": "Relationship between urinary excretion rate, steady-state plasma levels and diuretic response of furosemide in the rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine if furosemide's active transport process could be saturated at therapeutic concentrations and to define a relationship between furosemide in a measurable sampling compartment and its diuretic effect. The experiments utilized Sprague-Dawley rats, ranging in weight from 248 to 313 g, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg). The femoral artery and vein as well as the bladder were cannulated, and samples were taken to measure inulin and furosemide concentrations. 28 rats were infused, after a suitable loading dose (0.5--1.5 mg/kg), to steady-state plasma furosemide levels over the therapeutic concentration range 0.8--25.1 micrograms/ml. Total renal clearance (corrected for kidney function as measured by inulin clearance) showed a negative correlation with plasma concentration (r = -0.655 p less than 0.001), and a good correlation was found between urine flow rate and the urinary excretion rate of furosemide (r = 0.777, p less than 0.001). Steady-state plasma levels of furosemide showed a poor correlation with urine flow rate (r = 0.377, p greater than 0.10).", "PMID": 549032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11205", "title": "Tryptic action across a membrane.", "content": "Tryptic action occurs when a layer of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on a nickel-plated slide and protected by a Formvar membrane 120 A thick is treated with dilute trypsin solution. But experimental evidence indicates that the trypsin molecules to not cross the membrane. Thus the proposal that trypsin can exert its enzymatic action without intimate contact with the substrate, first set forth in 1948 but later abandoned in favor of a \"forced diffusion\" hypothesis, now appears the correct interpretation. Analogously, antibodies can be specifically immobilized on one side of a membrane separating them from adsorbed antigens located on the other side.", "contents": "Tryptic action across a membrane. Tryptic action occurs when a layer of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on a nickel-plated slide and protected by a Formvar membrane 120 A thick is treated with dilute trypsin solution. But experimental evidence indicates that the trypsin molecules to not cross the membrane. Thus the proposal that trypsin can exert its enzymatic action without intimate contact with the substrate, first set forth in 1948 but later abandoned in favor of a \"forced diffusion\" hypothesis, now appears the correct interpretation. Analogously, antibodies can be specifically immobilized on one side of a membrane separating them from adsorbed antigens located on the other side.", "PMID": 549033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11206", "title": "Physical plasma in biological solids: a possible mechanism for resonant interactions between low intensity microwaves and biological systems.", "content": "Observed semiconductor properties of biological material in vitro indicate possible involvement of semiconduction in biological processes. Since in inorganic semiconductors solid-state plasma occurs, it is hypothesized that in organic semiconductors solid-state plasma similarly occurs. Some results of experimental investigation of resonant effects of microwaves in biological systems are considered in the light of that hypothesis. The conditions necessary for the existence of physical plasma in biological solid structures are discussed, and certain parameters of physical plasma in these structures are evaluated. Its is proposed that microwave radiation may support or damp plasma oscillations, thereby stimulating or suppressing biological functions.", "contents": "Physical plasma in biological solids: a possible mechanism for resonant interactions between low intensity microwaves and biological systems. Observed semiconductor properties of biological material in vitro indicate possible involvement of semiconduction in biological processes. Since in inorganic semiconductors solid-state plasma occurs, it is hypothesized that in organic semiconductors solid-state plasma similarly occurs. Some results of experimental investigation of resonant effects of microwaves in biological systems are considered in the light of that hypothesis. The conditions necessary for the existence of physical plasma in biological solid structures are discussed, and certain parameters of physical plasma in these structures are evaluated. Its is proposed that microwave radiation may support or damp plasma oscillations, thereby stimulating or suppressing biological functions.", "PMID": 549034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11207", "title": "A new application of ellipsometry: assessment of carcinoembryonic antigen interaction with lectins at a liquid-solid interface.", "content": "Lectins were specifically adsorbed on a metallized glass slide coated with carcinoembryonic antigen. The degree of interaction was rapidly determined by measuring the thickness of the adsorbed lectin layer with an ellipsometer.", "contents": "A new application of ellipsometry: assessment of carcinoembryonic antigen interaction with lectins at a liquid-solid interface. Lectins were specifically adsorbed on a metallized glass slide coated with carcinoembryonic antigen. The degree of interaction was rapidly determined by measuring the thickness of the adsorbed lectin layer with an ellipsometer.", "PMID": 549035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11208", "title": "Search for superconducting regions in lysozyme.", "content": "The rate of electron transfer between a spin-labeled lysozyme molecule and a platinum electrode was measured in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field of approximately 100 mT. The rate showed no significant change. This behavior is unlikely to be consistent with the regions of superconductivity in lysozyme proposed by Ahmed et al.", "contents": "Search for superconducting regions in lysozyme. The rate of electron transfer between a spin-labeled lysozyme molecule and a platinum electrode was measured in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field of approximately 100 mT. The rate showed no significant change. This behavior is unlikely to be consistent with the regions of superconductivity in lysozyme proposed by Ahmed et al.", "PMID": 549037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11209", "title": "[Problems of symptomatology and epidemiology of early-summer meningoencephalitis (tick borne encephalitis)].", "content": "Three forms related to different age groups are discussed. Special attention is devoted to laboratory analyses in support of clinical diagnosis. A representative sample of sera from the healthy population of Thuringia showed 6.97 per cent positive sera. The difference between the exposed agricultural and forestry workers and industrial workers is significant. Moreover, there is a relationship between the extent of wooded country and the presence of microfoci.", "contents": "[Problems of symptomatology and epidemiology of early-summer meningoencephalitis (tick borne encephalitis)]. Three forms related to different age groups are discussed. Special attention is devoted to laboratory analyses in support of clinical diagnosis. A representative sample of sera from the healthy population of Thuringia showed 6.97 per cent positive sera. The difference between the exposed agricultural and forestry workers and industrial workers is significant. Moreover, there is a relationship between the extent of wooded country and the presence of microfoci.", "PMID": 549038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11210", "title": "[The neuroradiological diagnosis of the basilar impression in routine viewing of full size radiographs of the skull].", "content": "After a survey of the literature and the representation of the problems of the varied, frequently bony malformations of the cranivertebral transitional region, the basilar impression, neuroradiological measured values obtained by the authors for the craniocervical region are given. From the great variety of measuring methods three procedures, line after McGregor, bimastoid line and height index after Klaus, because of their informative value and simple application, were superimposed. The limiting values were obtained from the sum of mean value and standard deviation. The measured values used were obtained from 2,000 full-size skull radiographs and processed for statistical purposes. By means of this measuring pattern it is possible to assess quickly the transitional region of the general skull radiographs with respect to the presence of a basilar impression.", "contents": "[The neuroradiological diagnosis of the basilar impression in routine viewing of full size radiographs of the skull]. After a survey of the literature and the representation of the problems of the varied, frequently bony malformations of the cranivertebral transitional region, the basilar impression, neuroradiological measured values obtained by the authors for the craniocervical region are given. From the great variety of measuring methods three procedures, line after McGregor, bimastoid line and height index after Klaus, because of their informative value and simple application, were superimposed. The limiting values were obtained from the sum of mean value and standard deviation. The measured values used were obtained from 2,000 full-size skull radiographs and processed for statistical purposes. By means of this measuring pattern it is possible to assess quickly the transitional region of the general skull radiographs with respect to the presence of a basilar impression.", "PMID": 549039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11211", "title": "[Modified recording procedure for the determination of I/t-curves with arterial pulse recording and acoustic signal generation].", "content": "I/t-curves were derived by means of a piezo-electric transducer. To receive the minimum responses more than just optically, an amplifier, which was coupled to a transducer, generated an acoustic signal. This modified technique serves to objectivity of the minimum response, which is important in the recording of the I/t-curves. As has been shown in a great number of tests, this procedure has proved to be useful in practice.", "contents": "[Modified recording procedure for the determination of I/t-curves with arterial pulse recording and acoustic signal generation]. I/t-curves were derived by means of a piezo-electric transducer. To receive the minimum responses more than just optically, an amplifier, which was coupled to a transducer, generated an acoustic signal. This modified technique serves to objectivity of the minimum response, which is important in the recording of the I/t-curves. As has been shown in a great number of tests, this procedure has proved to be useful in practice.", "PMID": 549040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11212", "title": "[Rest and function rheoencephalographic parameters for the identification of cerebral vasculopathy].", "content": "In patients with a cerebral vascular process, parameters for the loss in distensibility and the remaining regulation with of sclerotically changed cerebral vessels were obtained by employing a special complex rest and function rheoencephalographic investigation method.", "contents": "[Rest and function rheoencephalographic parameters for the identification of cerebral vasculopathy]. In patients with a cerebral vascular process, parameters for the loss in distensibility and the remaining regulation with of sclerotically changed cerebral vessels were obtained by employing a special complex rest and function rheoencephalographic investigation method.", "PMID": 549041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11213", "title": "[Changes in psychological performance parameters of concentration and critical flicker-fusion frequency with advancing age and in relation to diffuse cerebral arterial affections of the circulation].", "content": "Psychometric performance parameters and the critical flicker-fusion frequency are studied in various groups and in patients with chronic cerebral circulation trouble. Test d2 proves to be effective in the measuring of such impaired performance. There is a higher degree of correlation with Paul's addition test. A correlation between the performance parameters and the patient's age can be statistically substantiated. Among patients up to one third in the age group 55 and over show and affection of the cerebral performance turbances in spite of the absence of pathological clinical findings. The figure is twice as high in the group of patients undergoing treatment. The increased occurrence in old age shows the significance of pathological processes. There appears to be no relationship between critical flicker-fusion frequency and performance and stress factors. Individual correlations would support other physiological relations, such as an at present only hypothetical link with the psychic state (nervousness) of the test person. Our tables are suitable for practical purposes.", "contents": "[Changes in psychological performance parameters of concentration and critical flicker-fusion frequency with advancing age and in relation to diffuse cerebral arterial affections of the circulation]. Psychometric performance parameters and the critical flicker-fusion frequency are studied in various groups and in patients with chronic cerebral circulation trouble. Test d2 proves to be effective in the measuring of such impaired performance. There is a higher degree of correlation with Paul's addition test. A correlation between the performance parameters and the patient's age can be statistically substantiated. Among patients up to one third in the age group 55 and over show and affection of the cerebral performance turbances in spite of the absence of pathological clinical findings. The figure is twice as high in the group of patients undergoing treatment. The increased occurrence in old age shows the significance of pathological processes. There appears to be no relationship between critical flicker-fusion frequency and performance and stress factors. Individual correlations would support other physiological relations, such as an at present only hypothetical link with the psychic state (nervousness) of the test person. Our tables are suitable for practical purposes.", "PMID": 549042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11214", "title": "[Prognosis, chronification and therapeutic relations in unsatisfactorily improved secondary faulty developments with cardiovascular affections].", "content": "In a group of 36 neurotic women with unsatisfactory psychotherapy results, prognostic criteria, chronifying factors in the course, therapeutist-patient relations, test data, and social and clinical criteria were ascertained for an assessment of success by neutral examiners and statistically correlated. The significance of common prognostic criteria is relativised and the therapeutist-patient relation is determined as an influencing factor through which prognostic and chronifying factors are translated into the therapeutic process. The relevance of the paranoid scale of the MMPI as an objective prognostic sign is particularly noted.", "contents": "[Prognosis, chronification and therapeutic relations in unsatisfactorily improved secondary faulty developments with cardiovascular affections]. In a group of 36 neurotic women with unsatisfactory psychotherapy results, prognostic criteria, chronifying factors in the course, therapeutist-patient relations, test data, and social and clinical criteria were ascertained for an assessment of success by neutral examiners and statistically correlated. The significance of common prognostic criteria is relativised and the therapeutist-patient relation is determined as an influencing factor through which prognostic and chronifying factors are translated into the therapeutic process. The relevance of the paranoid scale of the MMPI as an objective prognostic sign is particularly noted.", "PMID": 549043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11215", "title": "[Investigation into the effect of fluphenazine hydrochloride (lyorodin) in children with behaviour disorders by means of psychophysiological parameters].", "content": "In a group of 44 children with behaviour disorders, the mode of action of the phenothiazine preparation fluphenazine hydrochloride (Lyorodin) was tested by means of psychophysiological methods of measurement (critical flicker-fuse frequency and measurement of the response time). In some of the comparative examinations before and after administration of the drug significant differences were found. A defined psychic stress resulted in changed measured values in both methods. Children with cerebral injuries showed a lower degree of reaction after the administration of the preparation than children not encephalopathically affected.", "contents": "[Investigation into the effect of fluphenazine hydrochloride (lyorodin) in children with behaviour disorders by means of psychophysiological parameters]. In a group of 44 children with behaviour disorders, the mode of action of the phenothiazine preparation fluphenazine hydrochloride (Lyorodin) was tested by means of psychophysiological methods of measurement (critical flicker-fuse frequency and measurement of the response time). In some of the comparative examinations before and after administration of the drug significant differences were found. A defined psychic stress resulted in changed measured values in both methods. Children with cerebral injuries showed a lower degree of reaction after the administration of the preparation than children not encephalopathically affected.", "PMID": 549044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11216", "title": "[Theoretical and practical aspects of position and function of the outpatient department in the sectored psychiatric care system].", "content": "After discussion of the sectoring scheme, its advantages and the necessity for its realisation, important tasks of the sectored outpatient department are described. These include the mediating function of the OPD between local authorities and the whole psychiatric care system, concerns of early rehabilitation (Volovik) and psychotherapy, basic organisational and structural conditions of outpatient services, public relation activities, and continued training, co-operation with other authorities the necessary uniting of special outpatient department and psychiatric advisory centre.", "contents": "[Theoretical and practical aspects of position and function of the outpatient department in the sectored psychiatric care system]. After discussion of the sectoring scheme, its advantages and the necessity for its realisation, important tasks of the sectored outpatient department are described. These include the mediating function of the OPD between local authorities and the whole psychiatric care system, concerns of early rehabilitation (Volovik) and psychotherapy, basic organisational and structural conditions of outpatient services, public relation activities, and continued training, co-operation with other authorities the necessary uniting of special outpatient department and psychiatric advisory centre.", "PMID": 549045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11217", "title": "[University clinics and specialized hospitals in psychiatric work].", "content": "Starting from the importance of theoretical thinking to the development of sciences, the insufficient interrelation between theory and practice in psychiatry is dealt with. This is mainly due to the fact that the traditional model of thinking does not offer a basis for topica problems of psychic and social conditions, rehabilitation, epidemiology and the organisation of the system of the care of psychic patients. The causes originating in the dichotomy in the development of psychiatry in university and specialised hospital are pointed out and possibilities of problem solutions on a theoretical and institutional level are discussed.", "contents": "[University clinics and specialized hospitals in psychiatric work]. Starting from the importance of theoretical thinking to the development of sciences, the insufficient interrelation between theory and practice in psychiatry is dealt with. This is mainly due to the fact that the traditional model of thinking does not offer a basis for topica problems of psychic and social conditions, rehabilitation, epidemiology and the organisation of the system of the care of psychic patients. The causes originating in the dichotomy in the development of psychiatry in university and specialised hospital are pointed out and possibilities of problem solutions on a theoretical and institutional level are discussed.", "PMID": 549046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11218", "title": "[Therapeutic neglect omission of individual treatment of secondary defective developments].", "content": "The increasing application of group psychotherapy involves the danger that secondary defective developments which cannot be cured within the group, will be neglected. For these, a specific psychotherapy is necessary and particularly urgent since these cases show a tendency towards becoming chronic. Such cases include obsessional neurosis, situation phobia, nosophobia, occupation neurosis, expectation neurosis, psychogenic impotence, anorexia nervosa, and compulsive vomiting. Secondary defective developments in the majority part of patients who consult a psychotherapist. As fear neuroses, they have to be separated from wishful neurosis (hysterical neurosis). There is an urgent need for psychotherapists to be trained and given continued training in the treatment of secondary defective developments so as to be able to treat such patients.", "contents": "[Therapeutic neglect omission of individual treatment of secondary defective developments]. The increasing application of group psychotherapy involves the danger that secondary defective developments which cannot be cured within the group, will be neglected. For these, a specific psychotherapy is necessary and particularly urgent since these cases show a tendency towards becoming chronic. Such cases include obsessional neurosis, situation phobia, nosophobia, occupation neurosis, expectation neurosis, psychogenic impotence, anorexia nervosa, and compulsive vomiting. Secondary defective developments in the majority part of patients who consult a psychotherapist. As fear neuroses, they have to be separated from wishful neurosis (hysterical neurosis). There is an urgent need for psychotherapists to be trained and given continued training in the treatment of secondary defective developments so as to be able to treat such patients.", "PMID": 549047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11219", "title": "[Phlegmatic temperament from the psychiatric angle].", "content": "Unlike the other five deadly sins of the Church, sloth is not attributed to an instinct or an impulse but to an anancastic form of reaction. A phlegmatic person is characterised by a lack of egoistic or altruistic instincts while feelings of nausea or fear are increased. Among phlegmatic persons those of clinical importance are epileptoid psychopaths, oblomovists and those exhibiting (forms of) phlegmatic temperament combined with obsessional or hysterical neurosis.", "contents": "[Phlegmatic temperament from the psychiatric angle]. Unlike the other five deadly sins of the Church, sloth is not attributed to an instinct or an impulse but to an anancastic form of reaction. A phlegmatic person is characterised by a lack of egoistic or altruistic instincts while feelings of nausea or fear are increased. Among phlegmatic persons those of clinical importance are epileptoid psychopaths, oblomovists and those exhibiting (forms of) phlegmatic temperament combined with obsessional or hysterical neurosis.", "PMID": 549048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11220", "title": "[Controlled drinking as therapy target in the treatment of alcoholics].", "content": "The question of re-acquired controlled drinking as a therapy target in the treatment of alcoholics should be studied under the concrete social conditions of the GDR by specialists in treatment and prevention together with the practitioners, on the basis of an exact programme. Some proposals for the practical proceedings are submitted.", "contents": "[Controlled drinking as therapy target in the treatment of alcoholics]. The question of re-acquired controlled drinking as a therapy target in the treatment of alcoholics should be studied under the concrete social conditions of the GDR by specialists in treatment and prevention together with the practitioners, on the basis of an exact programme. Some proposals for the practical proceedings are submitted.", "PMID": 549049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11221", "title": "[The forensic-psychiatric expert opinion on offenders under the influence of alcohol. Structure and problems].", "content": "The authors recommend and comment on the following structure for forensic-psychiatric expert opinion on offenders under the influence of alcohol. (I) Statement as to the presence of psychopathological impairment apart from acute intoxication, and, if present, what impairment. (II) Assessment of the actual impairment due to intoxication at the time of the offence. (III) The interaction of the factors set out in (I) and (II). (IV) Assessment of personal responsibility for the state of intoxication.", "contents": "[The forensic-psychiatric expert opinion on offenders under the influence of alcohol. Structure and problems]. The authors recommend and comment on the following structure for forensic-psychiatric expert opinion on offenders under the influence of alcohol. (I) Statement as to the presence of psychopathological impairment apart from acute intoxication, and, if present, what impairment. (II) Assessment of the actual impairment due to intoxication at the time of the offence. (III) The interaction of the factors set out in (I) and (II). (IV) Assessment of personal responsibility for the state of intoxication.", "PMID": 549050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11222", "title": "[Propensity of alcoholics to develop epileptic seizures].", "content": "The frequency of cerebral cramp-seizures of alcoholics is higher as stated in literature. Alcoholics with a withdrawal syndrome are liable to cerebral cramp-seizures. A cerebral cramp-seizure indicates an unfavourable prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Propensity of alcoholics to develop epileptic seizures]. The frequency of cerebral cramp-seizures of alcoholics is higher as stated in literature. Alcoholics with a withdrawal syndrome are liable to cerebral cramp-seizures. A cerebral cramp-seizure indicates an unfavourable prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 549051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11223", "title": "[Value of CT and lymphography in the staging of lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The contribution of CT is evaluated in association with conventional diagnostic investigations in the staging of lymphomas. The data obtained by means of CT are an integration of those obtained by means of lymphography. On the other hand CT offers elements which cannot be obtained by others methods, especially concerning the retroperitoneal region. This diminishes the average of patients who must undergo laparoscopy and laparotomy. Moreover CT allows to follow the evolution of the disease and to control the results of the treatment.", "contents": "[Value of CT and lymphography in the staging of lymphomas (author's transl)]. The contribution of CT is evaluated in association with conventional diagnostic investigations in the staging of lymphomas. The data obtained by means of CT are an integration of those obtained by means of lymphography. On the other hand CT offers elements which cannot be obtained by others methods, especially concerning the retroperitoneal region. This diminishes the average of patients who must undergo laparoscopy and laparotomy. Moreover CT allows to follow the evolution of the disease and to control the results of the treatment.", "PMID": 549105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11224", "title": "[Radiological localisation of parathyroid adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Cervical esophagography in anterior-posterior view with 100 mm spot-camera and rapid sequential filming is useful in the localization of parathyroid adenomas. In 2 of 3 consecutive patients with hyperparathyroidism adenomas were successfully localized preoperatively.", "contents": "[Radiological localisation of parathyroid adenomas (author's transl)]. Cervical esophagography in anterior-posterior view with 100 mm spot-camera and rapid sequential filming is useful in the localization of parathyroid adenomas. In 2 of 3 consecutive patients with hyperparathyroidism adenomas were successfully localized preoperatively.", "PMID": 549106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11225", "title": "[Kinetics of the biliary system (author's transl)].", "content": "A dynamic study of the hepato-biliary system was carried out by means of HIDA-99mTc and of a gamma-camera. The study was performed in basal conditions and after administration of a fatty meal. Normal subjects and patients suffering from various diseases of the biliary system were examined. The method is simple and well tolerated. Three mechanisms are invoked and discussed concerning the kinetic reactions of the gall bladder and the biliary ducts.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the biliary system (author's transl)]. A dynamic study of the hepato-biliary system was carried out by means of HIDA-99mTc and of a gamma-camera. The study was performed in basal conditions and after administration of a fatty meal. Normal subjects and patients suffering from various diseases of the biliary system were examined. The method is simple and well tolerated. Three mechanisms are invoked and discussed concerning the kinetic reactions of the gall bladder and the biliary ducts.", "PMID": 549107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11226", "title": "[The single ventricle: plain film and contrastographic radiologic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiologic findings on the plain film are investigated in a series of 9 patients with single ventricle. In 3 of them the cardioangiographic patterns are described. The possible association of malformations is stressed. The value of the cardioangiographic investigations is discussed in planning a possible surgical treatment of the disease.", "contents": "[The single ventricle: plain film and contrastographic radiologic findings (author's transl)]. The radiologic findings on the plain film are investigated in a series of 9 patients with single ventricle. In 3 of them the cardioangiographic patterns are described. The possible association of malformations is stressed. The value of the cardioangiographic investigations is discussed in planning a possible surgical treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 549135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11227", "title": "[Routine double-contrast radiographic examination of the esophagus].", "content": "The authors evaluate the opportunity of extending the double-contrast technique to the X-rays examination of the esophagus, with particular regard to physical and chemical features of barium compounds used at present for the X-rays study of digestive tract. The authors expose the results of this kind of X-rays examination in the most important fields of esophageal pathology. Personal experience actually demonstrate the opportuny of extending the double-contrast technique to routine practice, as a first approach to the double-contrast study of the upper digestive tract.", "contents": "[Routine double-contrast radiographic examination of the esophagus]. The authors evaluate the opportunity of extending the double-contrast technique to the X-rays examination of the esophagus, with particular regard to physical and chemical features of barium compounds used at present for the X-rays study of digestive tract. The authors expose the results of this kind of X-rays examination in the most important fields of esophageal pathology. Personal experience actually demonstrate the opportuny of extending the double-contrast technique to routine practice, as a first approach to the double-contrast study of the upper digestive tract.", "PMID": 549136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11228", "title": "[New radiological aspects of the intestinal mucosa in celiac sprue: injection of barium into the intestinal glands].", "content": "The radiologic findings are described of mucosal folds thickening in coeliac sprue in patients with short clinical history. Moreover attention is pointed on the flattening of the valves and the thinning of the intestinal walls which appear in dilated segments in cases with evident clinical findings. Finally in patients with long standing clinical manifestations and histologic positive controls, a thin spiculation of intestinal outlines and a dotted mucosal surface are visible, probably due to the filling of the Lieberk\u00fchn glands with contrast medium.", "contents": "[New radiological aspects of the intestinal mucosa in celiac sprue: injection of barium into the intestinal glands]. The radiologic findings are described of mucosal folds thickening in coeliac sprue in patients with short clinical history. Moreover attention is pointed on the flattening of the valves and the thinning of the intestinal walls which appear in dilated segments in cases with evident clinical findings. Finally in patients with long standing clinical manifestations and histologic positive controls, a thin spiculation of intestinal outlines and a dotted mucosal surface are visible, probably due to the filling of the Lieberk\u00fchn glands with contrast medium.", "PMID": 549137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11229", "title": "[Xeroradiography in the investigation of muscular diseases in pediatric age (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison is made between xeroradiography and traditional radiography in 43 patients suffering from myopathies in pediatric age. Only eight of the patients had a neurological genesis. Xeroradiography results to be much more useful in the early diagnosis of muscular disorders and in the correct definition of the disease.", "contents": "[Xeroradiography in the investigation of muscular diseases in pediatric age (author's transl)]. A comparison is made between xeroradiography and traditional radiography in 43 patients suffering from myopathies in pediatric age. Only eight of the patients had a neurological genesis. Xeroradiography results to be much more useful in the early diagnosis of muscular disorders and in the correct definition of the disease.", "PMID": 549138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11230", "title": "[Gray scale echotomography of the kidney: technique and anatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors illustrate all the different scanning techniques for the kidney and review the normal anatomic patterns in every scanning plane. Using gray scale machines, high-frequency long focussed transducers and appropriate gain settings, it is possible to obtain well defined images, with high resolution; these allow to recognize the renal margins, the cortex, the medulla and the renal sinus structures. The large number of scanning planes, both longitudinal and transverse, allow a detailed evaluation of the normal renal anatomy, the relationships of the kidneys with the neighbouring structures (fasciae, ligaments, fat and vessels) and organs (liver, adrenals, spleen and pancreas) are well recognized. The authors systematically introduce the different echotomographic aspects of the normal kidney. Echotomography can also inform about the renal position and size.", "contents": "[Gray scale echotomography of the kidney: technique and anatomy (author's transl)]. The authors illustrate all the different scanning techniques for the kidney and review the normal anatomic patterns in every scanning plane. Using gray scale machines, high-frequency long focussed transducers and appropriate gain settings, it is possible to obtain well defined images, with high resolution; these allow to recognize the renal margins, the cortex, the medulla and the renal sinus structures. The large number of scanning planes, both longitudinal and transverse, allow a detailed evaluation of the normal renal anatomy, the relationships of the kidneys with the neighbouring structures (fasciae, ligaments, fat and vessels) and organs (liver, adrenals, spleen and pancreas) are well recognized. The authors systematically introduce the different echotomographic aspects of the normal kidney. Echotomography can also inform about the renal position and size.", "PMID": 549140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11231", "title": "[The silent kidney in urography: value of echographic examination].", "content": "The unilateral non visualizing urinary tract deserves further investigation in order to establish the cause of it. Among the various methods, echography offers the advantages of a good diagnostic accuracy and of a total non invasivity. Furthermore no ionizing radiation are requested. The author stresses the value of the echographic investigation on the basis of its own experience and referring to the data of the literature. Cases of idronephrosis, malignancies and vascular lesions are described.", "contents": "[The silent kidney in urography: value of echographic examination]. The unilateral non visualizing urinary tract deserves further investigation in order to establish the cause of it. Among the various methods, echography offers the advantages of a good diagnostic accuracy and of a total non invasivity. Furthermore no ionizing radiation are requested. The author stresses the value of the echographic investigation on the basis of its own experience and referring to the data of the literature. Cases of idronephrosis, malignancies and vascular lesions are described.", "PMID": 549141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11232", "title": "[Principles of therapeutic trials (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic trials aim at comparing the effectiveness of two therapeutic attitudes. The problems involved are considered: comparability requirements of the groups, assured by randomization, which raises ethical questions. The need of a \"sufficient\" number of subjects, often imposing cooperative trials, is then discussed. Finally, it is necessary to define the disease and patients, the therapeutic possibilities, and judgement criteria.", "contents": "[Principles of therapeutic trials (author's transl)]. Therapeutic trials aim at comparing the effectiveness of two therapeutic attitudes. The problems involved are considered: comparability requirements of the groups, assured by randomization, which raises ethical questions. The need of a \"sufficient\" number of subjects, often imposing cooperative trials, is then discussed. Finally, it is necessary to define the disease and patients, the therapeutic possibilities, and judgement criteria.", "PMID": 549175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11233", "title": "[Antigenic analysis of cheese mites with view to a study of cheese-makers' illness (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Somatic\" and \"metabolic\" antigens prepared from A. farinae and T. casei mites in Auvergne cheese were used for experimental immunisation: the hyper-immune serums obtained permitted 11 to 21 precipitant systems to be distinguished. An enzymatic activity could be identified on certain arcs. Research into antigenic communities showed the existence of 1 to 3 arcs common to the mite antigens, but none with the antigens obtained from the Penicillium cyclopium and Mucor fuscus moulds accompanying the mites. The results obtained thus facilitate an epidemiological investigation among the cheesemakers.", "contents": "[Antigenic analysis of cheese mites with view to a study of cheese-makers' illness (author's transl)]. \"Somatic\" and \"metabolic\" antigens prepared from A. farinae and T. casei mites in Auvergne cheese were used for experimental immunisation: the hyper-immune serums obtained permitted 11 to 21 precipitant systems to be distinguished. An enzymatic activity could be identified on certain arcs. Research into antigenic communities showed the existence of 1 to 3 arcs common to the mite antigens, but none with the antigens obtained from the Penicillium cyclopium and Mucor fuscus moulds accompanying the mites. The results obtained thus facilitate an epidemiological investigation among the cheesemakers.", "PMID": 549176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11234", "title": "[Profile lung angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective profile lung angiography provides a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Indeed, the frequent localization of emboli in the postero-basal zones which could be partially obstructed or undetectable on the frontal lung angiography supports the use of this technique. Our results are based on 50 recent cases of pulmonary embolism, divided into three groups: - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored before the 10th day (16 patients); - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored after the 10th day (24 patients); - massive pulmonary embolism (10 patients). Selective profile angiography confirmed the diagnosis in 10 patients by revealing pathognomonic pictures. Furthermore, a highly-probable diagnosis was allowed in 11 patients having very evocative pictures. Finally, selective profile lung angiography helped to determine the localization of the thrombi, the circulation in adjacent zones, and the quantification of the obstruction in 30 patients.", "contents": "[Profile lung angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. Selective profile lung angiography provides a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Indeed, the frequent localization of emboli in the postero-basal zones which could be partially obstructed or undetectable on the frontal lung angiography supports the use of this technique. Our results are based on 50 recent cases of pulmonary embolism, divided into three groups: - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored before the 10th day (16 patients); - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored after the 10th day (24 patients); - massive pulmonary embolism (10 patients). Selective profile angiography confirmed the diagnosis in 10 patients by revealing pathognomonic pictures. Furthermore, a highly-probable diagnosis was allowed in 11 patients having very evocative pictures. Finally, selective profile lung angiography helped to determine the localization of the thrombi, the circulation in adjacent zones, and the quantification of the obstruction in 30 patients.", "PMID": 549177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11235", "title": "IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum in relation to smoking and respiratory symptoms.", "content": "The main purpose of the paper was to find a possible relationship between smoking and immunological disorders, which are to be the common ground for chronic respiratory diseases. Measurements of IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum were performed in 87 persons during medical check-up before admission to work in a sulphur mine. Persons with cough and/or sputum production usually in the morning or during the day or at night were defined as positive symptoms. From the study, different immunoglobulin patterns have emerged in saliva and serum in relation to smoking. IgG content in saliva of smokers was lower and IgA higher than in non-smokers. Levels of both immunoglobulins in serum were lower among smokers. In persons with respiratory symptoms IgG content in saliva was markedly lower especially in smokers.", "contents": "IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum in relation to smoking and respiratory symptoms. The main purpose of the paper was to find a possible relationship between smoking and immunological disorders, which are to be the common ground for chronic respiratory diseases. Measurements of IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum were performed in 87 persons during medical check-up before admission to work in a sulphur mine. Persons with cough and/or sputum production usually in the morning or during the day or at night were defined as positive symptoms. From the study, different immunoglobulin patterns have emerged in saliva and serum in relation to smoking. IgG content in saliva of smokers was lower and IgA higher than in non-smokers. Levels of both immunoglobulins in serum were lower among smokers. In persons with respiratory symptoms IgG content in saliva was markedly lower especially in smokers.", "PMID": 549178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11236", "title": "Surface antigens as virulence factors in infection with Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Organisms of the genus Bacteroides represent the major group of obligate anaerobes involved in human infections. Bacteroides usually cause either bacteremia or localized abscesses. Of the numerous species of Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis is the single most frequent clinical isolate. B. fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus have chemically incomplete lipopolysaccharides as compared with the lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of aerobic bacteria, and the lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides lack the biologic potency characteristic of endotoxin. This inactivity may account for the very infrequent occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or purpura that can accompany sepsis due to these organisms. Furthermore, strains of B. fragilis have an immunologically common capsular polysaccharide. In an animal model of intraabdominal sepsis, the encapsulated strains caused abscesses when given without other organisms, but abscess formation from unencapsulated strains of Bacteroides generally required the administration of a synergistic aerobe. The abscesses caused by encapsulated strains were shown to be directly attributable to the capsular polysaccharide, which is an important virulence factor of this organism. Patients or experimental animals infected with B. fragilis develop antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide, and these antibodies can be detected in a radioactive antigen-binding assay.", "contents": "Surface antigens as virulence factors in infection with Bacteroides fragilis. Organisms of the genus Bacteroides represent the major group of obligate anaerobes involved in human infections. Bacteroides usually cause either bacteremia or localized abscesses. Of the numerous species of Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis is the single most frequent clinical isolate. B. fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus have chemically incomplete lipopolysaccharides as compared with the lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of aerobic bacteria, and the lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides lack the biologic potency characteristic of endotoxin. This inactivity may account for the very infrequent occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or purpura that can accompany sepsis due to these organisms. Furthermore, strains of B. fragilis have an immunologically common capsular polysaccharide. In an animal model of intraabdominal sepsis, the encapsulated strains caused abscesses when given without other organisms, but abscess formation from unencapsulated strains of Bacteroides generally required the administration of a synergistic aerobe. The abscesses caused by encapsulated strains were shown to be directly attributable to the capsular polysaccharide, which is an important virulence factor of this organism. Patients or experimental animals infected with B. fragilis develop antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide, and these antibodies can be detected in a radioactive antigen-binding assay.", "PMID": 549184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11237", "title": "Efficacy of parenteral antibiotics in the treatment of experimentally induced intraabdominal sepsis.", "content": "An experimental model of intraabdominal sepsis closely approximating the disease in humans was used to evaluate the efficacy of clindamycin, tobramycin, cephalothin, and cefamandole, alone and in combination, in reducing both early mortality due to peritonitis and the subsequent development of abscesses. Sepsis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal placement of gelation capsules containing various amounts of human stool inoculum. Ninety percent of the untreated animals given a high inoculum died of peritonitis within 24 hr, and the survivors showed significant intraabdominal abscesses at the time of sacrifice. Animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, cephalothin-tobramycin, cefamandole-tobramycin, or cefamandole alone in the high-inoculum group showed a significant decrease in early mortality. Only animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, however, had a significantly increased cure rate (survival with no abscess present at time of sacrifice). In low-inoculum groups, several antibiotics alone or in combination significantly decreased mortality and increased cure rates. The selective use of antibiotics is critical in the treatment of severe forms of intraabdominal sepsis.", "contents": "Efficacy of parenteral antibiotics in the treatment of experimentally induced intraabdominal sepsis. An experimental model of intraabdominal sepsis closely approximating the disease in humans was used to evaluate the efficacy of clindamycin, tobramycin, cephalothin, and cefamandole, alone and in combination, in reducing both early mortality due to peritonitis and the subsequent development of abscesses. Sepsis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal placement of gelation capsules containing various amounts of human stool inoculum. Ninety percent of the untreated animals given a high inoculum died of peritonitis within 24 hr, and the survivors showed significant intraabdominal abscesses at the time of sacrifice. Animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, cephalothin-tobramycin, cefamandole-tobramycin, or cefamandole alone in the high-inoculum group showed a significant decrease in early mortality. Only animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, however, had a significantly increased cure rate (survival with no abscess present at time of sacrifice). In low-inoculum groups, several antibiotics alone or in combination significantly decreased mortality and increased cure rates. The selective use of antibiotics is critical in the treatment of severe forms of intraabdominal sepsis.", "PMID": 549185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11238", "title": "The chemotactic effect of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The atypical Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The chemotactic activity is mediated by complement activated through the alternative pathway. This mediator has been isolated. It is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 16,000 and is most likely the complement component C5a.", "contents": "The chemotactic effect of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. The atypical Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The chemotactic activity is mediated by complement activated through the alternative pathway. This mediator has been isolated. It is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 16,000 and is most likely the complement component C5a.", "PMID": 549186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11239", "title": "Colitis induced by Clostridium difficile.", "content": "Clostridium difficile has been implicated as the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The current laboratory diagnostic test of choice is a tissue culture assay that demonstrates the presence of a cytopathic toxin neutralized by antitoxin to Clostridium sordellii. This toxin was found in stools from 42 of 43 patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis  and in stools from 12 of 78 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Specimens from patients with gastrointestinal conditions unrelated to administration of antibiotics and those from healthy controls were uniformly negative. Neutralization of toxin by antitoxin to C. sordellii appears to represent antigenic cross-reactivity, since broth cultures of C. difficile also contain a cytopathic toxin neutralized by this antitoxin. Strains of C. difficile are susceptible to vancomycin, and the initial clinical experience with oral administration of this agent shows promising results.", "contents": "Colitis induced by Clostridium difficile. Clostridium difficile has been implicated as the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The current laboratory diagnostic test of choice is a tissue culture assay that demonstrates the presence of a cytopathic toxin neutralized by antitoxin to Clostridium sordellii. This toxin was found in stools from 42 of 43 patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis  and in stools from 12 of 78 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Specimens from patients with gastrointestinal conditions unrelated to administration of antibiotics and those from healthy controls were uniformly negative. Neutralization of toxin by antitoxin to C. sordellii appears to represent antigenic cross-reactivity, since broth cultures of C. difficile also contain a cytopathic toxin neutralized by this antitoxin. Strains of C. difficile are susceptible to vancomycin, and the initial clinical experience with oral administration of this agent shows promising results.", "PMID": 549188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11240", "title": "Participation of immunoglobulin and the alternative complement pathway in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the requirements for immunoglobulin and complement in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The ability of human sera depleted of immunoglobulin or of components of complement to promote the phagocytosis  and intracellular killing of the two strains of Bacteroides by human leukocytes was measured in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Neither hypogammaglobulinemic sera nor pooled normal human serum that was heated at 56 C for 30 min supported phagocytosis and killing of the two strains of Bacteroides. Neither sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor nor human serum deficient in C8 supported phagocytosis of the tested strains. In addition, pooled normal human serum depleted of C3, factor B, or factor D did not support phagocytosis of either strain. Dose-dependent restoration of the opsonic activity of factor B-depleted serum was accomplished by purified human factor B but not by human C2. The results indicate that immunoglobulin and components of the alternative comed in this study.", "contents": "Participation of immunoglobulin and the alternative complement pathway in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Studies were conducted to determine the requirements for immunoglobulin and complement in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The ability of human sera depleted of immunoglobulin or of components of complement to promote the phagocytosis  and intracellular killing of the two strains of Bacteroides by human leukocytes was measured in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Neither hypogammaglobulinemic sera nor pooled normal human serum that was heated at 56 C for 30 min supported phagocytosis and killing of the two strains of Bacteroides. Neither sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor nor human serum deficient in C8 supported phagocytosis of the tested strains. In addition, pooled normal human serum depleted of C3, factor B, or factor D did not support phagocytosis of either strain. Dose-dependent restoration of the opsonic activity of factor B-depleted serum was accomplished by purified human factor B but not by human C2. The results indicate that immunoglobulin and components of the alternative comed in this study.", "PMID": 549187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11241", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a cytotoxin from Clostridium difficile.", "content": "A trypsin-sensitive, heat-labile cytotoxin was purified from the supernatant of a culture of Clostridium difficile by a procedure that included ultrafiltration, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The procedure resulted in recovery of 20% of the cytotoxin and an estimated 1,500-fold increase in cytotoxic activity. The minimal amount of protein required to give an actinomorphic response in WI-38 cell cultures was 1.4 ng/ml. The estimated molecular weight of the cytotoxin is 240,000. A cytotoxin having similar properties was purified from the stool of a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. This procedure resulted in a recovery of 26% of the cytotoxin, a 50-fold increase in cytotoxic activity, and a cytotoxic response with a minimum of 12.1 ng of protein/ml.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a cytotoxin from Clostridium difficile. A trypsin-sensitive, heat-labile cytotoxin was purified from the supernatant of a culture of Clostridium difficile by a procedure that included ultrafiltration, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The procedure resulted in recovery of 20% of the cytotoxin and an estimated 1,500-fold increase in cytotoxic activity. The minimal amount of protein required to give an actinomorphic response in WI-38 cell cultures was 1.4 ng/ml. The estimated molecular weight of the cytotoxin is 240,000. A cytotoxin having similar properties was purified from the stool of a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. This procedure resulted in a recovery of 26% of the cytotoxin, a 50-fold increase in cytotoxic activity, and a cytotoxic response with a minimum of 12.1 ng of protein/ml.", "PMID": 549189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11242", "title": "Antibiotic-associated colitis:  effects of antibiotics on Clostridium difficile and the disease in hamsters.", "content": "Fifteen isolates of Clostridium difficile  from hamsters and human patients were inhibited or killed by low concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, penicillin, and ampicillin; the isolates were often reesistant to tetracycline, cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides. Antibiotics to which C. difficile was susceptible were able to prevent or postpone the colitis caused by clindamycin in hamsters. Colitis could be produced by treatment of hamsters with any one of these antibiotics. Production of colitis not only involved selection of resistant variants, but in some instances seemed to result from the acquisition of organisms after treatment, their persistence despite treatment, or from subinhibitory cecal concentrations of antibiotic (explainable by either pharmacologic factors or enzymatic inactivation). As in humans, no organisms other than C. difficile have been implicated conclusively as etiologic agents of colitis in hamsters. Our results suggest it may be wise to use isolation precautions for patients with colitis caused by C. difficile.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated colitis:  effects of antibiotics on Clostridium difficile and the disease in hamsters. Fifteen isolates of Clostridium difficile  from hamsters and human patients were inhibited or killed by low concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, penicillin, and ampicillin; the isolates were often reesistant to tetracycline, cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides. Antibiotics to which C. difficile was susceptible were able to prevent or postpone the colitis caused by clindamycin in hamsters. Colitis could be produced by treatment of hamsters with any one of these antibiotics. Production of colitis not only involved selection of resistant variants, but in some instances seemed to result from the acquisition of organisms after treatment, their persistence despite treatment, or from subinhibitory cecal concentrations of antibiotic (explainable by either pharmacologic factors or enzymatic inactivation). As in humans, no organisms other than C. difficile have been implicated conclusively as etiologic agents of colitis in hamsters. Our results suggest it may be wise to use isolation precautions for patients with colitis caused by C. difficile.", "PMID": 549190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11243", "title": "[Study of the antidepressive effects of a biological transmethylating agent (S-adenosyl-methione or SAM)].", "content": "A research has been made in monotherapy and double blind in order to study the antidepressive effects of S-adenosil-L-methionine (SAMe) on homogeneous groups of patients suffering from relapsing endogenous depression out responding to tryciclique tymoleptiques or suffering from neurotic depression. In this last case the drug in question was being studied against amytriptiline. The antidepressive effects of SAMe have been evident and statistically highly interesting, precocious, free from collateral effects and maniacal rebounds. The sample positive effects were noticed also in those patients not responding to tryclique tymoleptiques. Any biochemical mechanism following the central action of SAMe are being discussed.", "contents": "[Study of the antidepressive effects of a biological transmethylating agent (S-adenosyl-methione or SAM)]. A research has been made in monotherapy and double blind in order to study the antidepressive effects of S-adenosil-L-methionine (SAMe) on homogeneous groups of patients suffering from relapsing endogenous depression out responding to tryciclique tymoleptiques or suffering from neurotic depression. In this last case the drug in question was being studied against amytriptiline. The antidepressive effects of SAMe have been evident and statistically highly interesting, precocious, free from collateral effects and maniacal rebounds. The sample positive effects were noticed also in those patients not responding to tryclique tymoleptiques. Any biochemical mechanism following the central action of SAMe are being discussed.", "PMID": 549212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11244", "title": "[Hemicrania in children: diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Four children with migraine raised some problems of differential diagnosis (cerebral circulatory disorders; structural brain diseases; or primary psychiatric disorders). Organic lesions were excluded through special investigations (EEG, CAT, Scintigraphy, Angiography etc.). Relationships between migraine and epilepsy in children were considered and the recent literature was reviewed. No agreement was reached on how to evaluate paroxysmal electroencephalograms recorded during migrainous episodes. In a child with personal and family history of migraine suffering from a sudden attack of acute headache accompanied by focal neurological deficits, migraine is the most likely diagnosis. Only if the neurological deficit fails to resolve rapidly (after a few hours), a detailed investigation is necessary (CAT etc.). A paroxysmal electroencephalogram during the attack of migraine does not imply necessarily a diagnosis of epilepsy. Children with history of migraine must be treated with specific anti-migranious drugs even if paroxysmal EEGs are recorded during the migraine attack. It must be remembered that both disorders (i.e. migraine and epilepsy) can exist in the same patient.", "contents": "[Hemicrania in children: diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)]. Four children with migraine raised some problems of differential diagnosis (cerebral circulatory disorders; structural brain diseases; or primary psychiatric disorders). Organic lesions were excluded through special investigations (EEG, CAT, Scintigraphy, Angiography etc.). Relationships between migraine and epilepsy in children were considered and the recent literature was reviewed. No agreement was reached on how to evaluate paroxysmal electroencephalograms recorded during migrainous episodes. In a child with personal and family history of migraine suffering from a sudden attack of acute headache accompanied by focal neurological deficits, migraine is the most likely diagnosis. Only if the neurological deficit fails to resolve rapidly (after a few hours), a detailed investigation is necessary (CAT etc.). A paroxysmal electroencephalogram during the attack of migraine does not imply necessarily a diagnosis of epilepsy. Children with history of migraine must be treated with specific anti-migranious drugs even if paroxysmal EEGs are recorded during the migraine attack. It must be remembered that both disorders (i.e. migraine and epilepsy) can exist in the same patient.", "PMID": 549216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11245", "title": "[Evaluation of the EEG aspects of rheumatic chorea as related to the clinico-evolutive parameters of the disease].", "content": "E.E.G. features as presented by 20 patients of rheumatic chorea (15 females and 6 males, from 11 and up to 16 year old) are examined. Pathological patterns concerned 17 patients (85%); in three cases (15%) no characteristic E.E.G. enregistrations were found. Three types of pathological E.E.G. patterns are reckoned: A type (7 patients, i.e. 35%): increased amount of Posterior Slow Waves. B type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): conspicuous alterations of the alpha rhythm, and appearance of bursts of diffused, monomorphous, slow activities. C type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): inconstant outcoming by bursts, of 2--4 cycles sec. waves on posterior regions. No correlation can be established, on the ground both of E.E.G. features and clinical findings, neither between altered E.E.G. patterns and choreic movements severity, nor between localization of the former abnormalities over the scalp, and distribution of the latter. Yet, E.E.G. alterations, when present, are not to be ruled out, as they can be the demonstration of organical impairment and can give evidence about the course and recovering. To distinguish, in rheumatic chorea between clearly pathological, by the one hand, and \"functional\" by the other, E.E.G. features, is assumed as difficult, as subjects are in a range of ages in which cerebral biorhythms have not reached ultimate definition.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the EEG aspects of rheumatic chorea as related to the clinico-evolutive parameters of the disease]. E.E.G. features as presented by 20 patients of rheumatic chorea (15 females and 6 males, from 11 and up to 16 year old) are examined. Pathological patterns concerned 17 patients (85%); in three cases (15%) no characteristic E.E.G. enregistrations were found. Three types of pathological E.E.G. patterns are reckoned: A type (7 patients, i.e. 35%): increased amount of Posterior Slow Waves. B type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): conspicuous alterations of the alpha rhythm, and appearance of bursts of diffused, monomorphous, slow activities. C type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): inconstant outcoming by bursts, of 2--4 cycles sec. waves on posterior regions. No correlation can be established, on the ground both of E.E.G. features and clinical findings, neither between altered E.E.G. patterns and choreic movements severity, nor between localization of the former abnormalities over the scalp, and distribution of the latter. Yet, E.E.G. alterations, when present, are not to be ruled out, as they can be the demonstration of organical impairment and can give evidence about the course and recovering. To distinguish, in rheumatic chorea between clearly pathological, by the one hand, and \"functional\" by the other, E.E.G. features, is assumed as difficult, as subjects are in a range of ages in which cerebral biorhythms have not reached ultimate definition.", "PMID": 549214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11246", "title": "[Headache in depressive syndromes: a clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of a close relationship between depression and headache has been investigated by many authors; and supported by clinical, biochemical and pharmacological findings. In the present study the features of headaches were investigated in a sample of 58 depressed inpatients, selected according to Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Head pain was found in over 50% of the depressed, with a greater incidence within the psychogenic group. On the other hand headache did not correlate with the nuclear symptoms of depression (depressed mood, guilt, retardation, inadequacy); it correlated with tension and somatic anxiety. The authors conclude that headache, as a symptom of depressive syndrome, must be considered only an accessory component of depression, but not a central feature of the syndrome.", "contents": "[Headache in depressive syndromes: a clinical study (author's transl)]. The possibility of a close relationship between depression and headache has been investigated by many authors; and supported by clinical, biochemical and pharmacological findings. In the present study the features of headaches were investigated in a sample of 58 depressed inpatients, selected according to Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Head pain was found in over 50% of the depressed, with a greater incidence within the psychogenic group. On the other hand headache did not correlate with the nuclear symptoms of depression (depressed mood, guilt, retardation, inadequacy); it correlated with tension and somatic anxiety. The authors conclude that headache, as a symptom of depressive syndrome, must be considered only an accessory component of depression, but not a central feature of the syndrome.", "PMID": 549217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11247", "title": "[Neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenic mental deterioration].", "content": "The authors have administered a test of intelligence (WAIS) and a test of attention (Color Naming) to a group of patients affected by chronic schizophrenic impairment. The scores give shape to a picture of mental deterioration, especially characterized by a decrease of attentive power. This results validates the possibility of a neuropsychological approach to the etiopatogenesis of schizophrenia and supports the hypothesis that an impairment of mental synthesis power may explain both clinical and psychometric features of the disease.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenic mental deterioration]. The authors have administered a test of intelligence (WAIS) and a test of attention (Color Naming) to a group of patients affected by chronic schizophrenic impairment. The scores give shape to a picture of mental deterioration, especially characterized by a decrease of attentive power. This results validates the possibility of a neuropsychological approach to the etiopatogenesis of schizophrenia and supports the hypothesis that an impairment of mental synthesis power may explain both clinical and psychometric features of the disease.", "PMID": 549213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11248", "title": "[Epilepsy in the third age: seizures presenting after the age of 60 years (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 400 epileptic inpatients of the Neurological Clinic of Parma, 82 were over 60 years of age. Only 59 of them presented fits for the first time after the 60th year of age and in 78% of these, a definite anatomical damage could be demonstrated (neuroradiological investigations). One half of the epileptic syndromes with known etiology were thought to be related to cerebrovascular disease, but only few cases followed a stroke with persistent neurological symptoms. Intracranial space-occupying lesions were found to be the cause of epilepsy in 17% of cases. Partial epileptic seizures, secondarily generalized seizures, clinical signs of neurological damage, slow focal changes in the E.E.G. were the main features of this group of patients. In 22% of cases, miscellaneous causes were found: head injuries, exogenous intoxications due to accidental or iatrogenic ingestion, or alcoholic abuse. Relatively frequent were the seizures appearing in the course of degenerative or slow viruses induced encephalopathies. In 22% no demonstrable cause was found. Adequate follow-up may help us to discover etiological factors which at present are not obvious, but some form of idiopathic epilepsy with onset in this age range cannot be definitively ruled out. Only in 15% of cases interictal E.E.G. changes consisted in specific generalized or focal paroxysmal discharges (spikes, polyspikes, polyspike-and-wave). In about half of the cases the interictal E.E.G. failed to provide valuable informations, but an ictal E.E.G. could be obtained in 13 cases out of 59.", "contents": "[Epilepsy in the third age: seizures presenting after the age of 60 years (author's transl)]. In a group of 400 epileptic inpatients of the Neurological Clinic of Parma, 82 were over 60 years of age. Only 59 of them presented fits for the first time after the 60th year of age and in 78% of these, a definite anatomical damage could be demonstrated (neuroradiological investigations). One half of the epileptic syndromes with known etiology were thought to be related to cerebrovascular disease, but only few cases followed a stroke with persistent neurological symptoms. Intracranial space-occupying lesions were found to be the cause of epilepsy in 17% of cases. Partial epileptic seizures, secondarily generalized seizures, clinical signs of neurological damage, slow focal changes in the E.E.G. were the main features of this group of patients. In 22% of cases, miscellaneous causes were found: head injuries, exogenous intoxications due to accidental or iatrogenic ingestion, or alcoholic abuse. Relatively frequent were the seizures appearing in the course of degenerative or slow viruses induced encephalopathies. In 22% no demonstrable cause was found. Adequate follow-up may help us to discover etiological factors which at present are not obvious, but some form of idiopathic epilepsy with onset in this age range cannot be definitively ruled out. Only in 15% of cases interictal E.E.G. changes consisted in specific generalized or focal paroxysmal discharges (spikes, polyspikes, polyspike-and-wave). In about half of the cases the interictal E.E.G. failed to provide valuable informations, but an ictal E.E.G. could be obtained in 13 cases out of 59.", "PMID": 549218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11249", "title": "[Some problems of a psychiatric care unit in a general hospital. II: Compulsory health treatments (author's transl)].", "content": "The new italian law regulating psychiatric treatments (number 180/78) does away with hospitalization for mental diseases in Psychiatric Hospitals. When required, hospitalization occurs only in Psychiatric Care Units attached to General Hospitals. Compulsory Health Treatments (T.S.O from italian \"Trattamenti Sanitari Obbligatori\") may be enforced whenever the patient refuses to be hospitalized although he needs hospitalization for treatment and there are no alternatives to it. The Authors report on the first seven months of experience in a Psychiatric Care Unit of a General Hospital in Florence where T.S.O. had been made available. The characteristics, places of origin, profession of the 42 patients admitted for T.S.O. have been investigated. Organizational and emotional issues arising from the enforcement of the new regulations and involving the staff are examined; the main issue being the significance of not having participated in the decision for hospitalization although having the responsibility for the patient's staying in the hospital. All these seem to have made more difficult, at least at first, to achieve a thorough psychiatric treatment, whereas it is easier to resort to a mere drug treatment. Possible solutions to ease the situation are put forward.", "contents": "[Some problems of a psychiatric care unit in a general hospital. II: Compulsory health treatments (author's transl)]. The new italian law regulating psychiatric treatments (number 180/78) does away with hospitalization for mental diseases in Psychiatric Hospitals. When required, hospitalization occurs only in Psychiatric Care Units attached to General Hospitals. Compulsory Health Treatments (T.S.O from italian \"Trattamenti Sanitari Obbligatori\") may be enforced whenever the patient refuses to be hospitalized although he needs hospitalization for treatment and there are no alternatives to it. The Authors report on the first seven months of experience in a Psychiatric Care Unit of a General Hospital in Florence where T.S.O. had been made available. The characteristics, places of origin, profession of the 42 patients admitted for T.S.O. have been investigated. Organizational and emotional issues arising from the enforcement of the new regulations and involving the staff are examined; the main issue being the significance of not having participated in the decision for hospitalization although having the responsibility for the patient's staying in the hospital. All these seem to have made more difficult, at least at first, to achieve a thorough psychiatric treatment, whereas it is easier to resort to a mere drug treatment. Possible solutions to ease the situation are put forward.", "PMID": 549219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11250", "title": "Studies in porphyria IX: Detection of the gene defect of erythropoietic protoporphyria in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "We have demonstrated in this study that mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from EPP subjects accumulate substantially greater amounts of protoporphyrin IX than do normal lymphocytes when incubated with ALA. Protoporphyrin IX formation by normal lymphocytes is stimulated by CaMgEDTA, an inhibitor of ferrochelatase, and is decreased by ferrous iron which facilitates the utilization of protoporphyrin IX for heme synthesis. In contrast, protoporphyrin IX formation by EPP lymphocytes is less stimulated by CaMgEDTA than is the case with normal lymphocytes and is only slightly affected by iron. Clinically manifested EPP subjects and completely latent gene carriers of EPP can be identified using this lymphocyte culture technique. The data from this study provide clear evidence of a functional deficiency of ferrochelatase activity in human EPP lymphocytes. EPP thus represents the third of the three dominant porphyric disorders of man, including acute intermittent porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria, which can now be diagnosed using lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies in porphyria IX: Detection of the gene defect of erythropoietic protoporphyria in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. We have demonstrated in this study that mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from EPP subjects accumulate substantially greater amounts of protoporphyrin IX than do normal lymphocytes when incubated with ALA. Protoporphyrin IX formation by normal lymphocytes is stimulated by CaMgEDTA, an inhibitor of ferrochelatase, and is decreased by ferrous iron which facilitates the utilization of protoporphyrin IX for heme synthesis. In contrast, protoporphyrin IX formation by EPP lymphocytes is less stimulated by CaMgEDTA than is the case with normal lymphocytes and is only slightly affected by iron. Clinically manifested EPP subjects and completely latent gene carriers of EPP can be identified using this lymphocyte culture technique. The data from this study provide clear evidence of a functional deficiency of ferrochelatase activity in human EPP lymphocytes. EPP thus represents the third of the three dominant porphyric disorders of man, including acute intermittent porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria, which can now be diagnosed using lymphocytes.", "PMID": 549253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11251", "title": "Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis.", "content": "Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7-5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five male volunteers. Their ages ranged from 51 to 65 years with a mean age of 57 years. Oligospermia was induced in all. In four subjects, oligospermia occurred 2 to 14 months after zinc restriction was instituted. In one subject, the onset of oligospermia was not accurately determined. The duration of oligospermia in the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after 2 to 32 months of zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline sperm count (mean +/- SE) 289 +/- 85 millions/ml dropped to 33 +/- 4.5 millions/ml (P less than 0.05) following zinc restriction, and increased to 151 +/- 33 millions/ml after zinc supplementation (P less than 0.025). Oligospermia coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed in three subjects after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated that dietary restriction of zinc can decrease sperm count, and that oligospermia induced by mild zinc deficiency is a reversible process. Oligospermia seems to be a sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis. Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7-5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five male volunteers. Their ages ranged from 51 to 65 years with a mean age of 57 years. Oligospermia was induced in all. In four subjects, oligospermia occurred 2 to 14 months after zinc restriction was instituted. In one subject, the onset of oligospermia was not accurately determined. The duration of oligospermia in the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after 2 to 32 months of zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline sperm count (mean +/- SE) 289 +/- 85 millions/ml dropped to 33 +/- 4.5 millions/ml (P less than 0.05) following zinc restriction, and increased to 151 +/- 33 millions/ml after zinc supplementation (P less than 0.025). Oligospermia coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed in three subjects after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated that dietary restriction of zinc can decrease sperm count, and that oligospermia induced by mild zinc deficiency is a reversible process. Oligospermia seems to be a sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 549254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11252", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the biosynthetic precursor to a human hormone.", "content": "The radiosequencing method used to determine the structure of precursors of hormones and other secretory proteins was reviewed. Determination of the primary structure of the hydrophobic Xp of the biosynthetic precursor to hPL was described. This is the first human hormone whose precursor structure has been determined completely by this method. Comparison of the sequence we determined with the sequence of rat pre-growth hormone deduced from the structure of its coding DNA revealed striking homology of the Xp regions. These findings support coevolutionary development of the DNA for both the Xp segment and mature protein regions of these related hormones.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the biosynthetic precursor to a human hormone. The radiosequencing method used to determine the structure of precursors of hormones and other secretory proteins was reviewed. Determination of the primary structure of the hydrophobic Xp of the biosynthetic precursor to hPL was described. This is the first human hormone whose precursor structure has been determined completely by this method. Comparison of the sequence we determined with the sequence of rat pre-growth hormone deduced from the structure of its coding DNA revealed striking homology of the Xp regions. These findings support coevolutionary development of the DNA for both the Xp segment and mature protein regions of these related hormones.", "PMID": 549255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11253", "title": "[Microclimate parameter study in a building for the cage battery raising of small pigs].", "content": "An experiment was carried out in a reconstructed building for cell-battery rearing of young pigs, heated by two petroleum calorifers. Six to eight pigs were placed in a cell in 4 row-cell batteries at two storeys. Ventilation was realized by sucking ventilators, situated along the ridge of the building. Temperature and relative air humidity were measured at 7, 14 and 21 o'clock. The gas composition and the air movement rate were periodically investigated. It was established that at temperatures in the region below 0 degrees C regime for that category of pigs cannot be maintained with the accepted heating constructions. The gas composition standards established and the rate of air movement are within the range of hygienic standards. At the level of the second cell and crosswise to the building slighter temperature differences were observed and the temperature was higher. The conclusion is made that the chosen ventilation scheme and equipment for heating do not ensure optimal and uniform temperature-moisture regime in the premises.", "contents": "[Microclimate parameter study in a building for the cage battery raising of small pigs]. An experiment was carried out in a reconstructed building for cell-battery rearing of young pigs, heated by two petroleum calorifers. Six to eight pigs were placed in a cell in 4 row-cell batteries at two storeys. Ventilation was realized by sucking ventilators, situated along the ridge of the building. Temperature and relative air humidity were measured at 7, 14 and 21 o'clock. The gas composition and the air movement rate were periodically investigated. It was established that at temperatures in the region below 0 degrees C regime for that category of pigs cannot be maintained with the accepted heating constructions. The gas composition standards established and the rate of air movement are within the range of hygienic standards. At the level of the second cell and crosswise to the building slighter temperature differences were observed and the temperature was higher. The conclusion is made that the chosen ventilation scheme and equipment for heating do not ensure optimal and uniform temperature-moisture regime in the premises.", "PMID": 549260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11254", "title": "[Correlation between the degree of reaction to the rapid mastitis test and the changes in the chemical makeup and properties of bulk cow's milk].", "content": "Samples of trade cow milk from the milk combine in Stara Zagora were investigated using the quick mastitis tests \"Sofia\" and \"Bernburg\". It was established that 38% of the samples studied react positively (+). The samples reacting in a varying degree to the test were investigated for content of total protein, caseine, whey protein, lactose, chlorides, calcium and number of somatic cells. An electrophoretic separation of the caseine fractions was performed on acrylamide gel. The refraction number of milk serum was determined. No composition and property changes were observed in milk samples reacting positively to the test and having a cell content lower than 1 000 000/cm3. Changes of the protein components in favour of whey proteins were evident in milk samples having a positive reaction to the test as well as cell content higher than 1 000 000/cm3. The electrophoretic picture of caseine from milk samples reacting positively to the test and having higher than 1 000 000/cm3 cell content includes all caseine fractions typical for cow milk, but a reduction in the Ls and beta caseine fractions and an increase of kappa- and gamma fractions is observed.", "contents": "[Correlation between the degree of reaction to the rapid mastitis test and the changes in the chemical makeup and properties of bulk cow's milk]. Samples of trade cow milk from the milk combine in Stara Zagora were investigated using the quick mastitis tests \"Sofia\" and \"Bernburg\". It was established that 38% of the samples studied react positively (+). The samples reacting in a varying degree to the test were investigated for content of total protein, caseine, whey protein, lactose, chlorides, calcium and number of somatic cells. An electrophoretic separation of the caseine fractions was performed on acrylamide gel. The refraction number of milk serum was determined. No composition and property changes were observed in milk samples reacting positively to the test and having a cell content lower than 1 000 000/cm3. Changes of the protein components in favour of whey proteins were evident in milk samples having a positive reaction to the test as well as cell content higher than 1 000 000/cm3. The electrophoretic picture of caseine from milk samples reacting positively to the test and having higher than 1 000 000/cm3 cell content includes all caseine fractions typical for cow milk, but a reduction in the Ls and beta caseine fractions and an increase of kappa- and gamma fractions is observed.", "PMID": 549261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11255", "title": "[Changes in the sialic acid content in the blood serum of calves with bronchopneumonia following treatment].", "content": "The effect of a combination of calcium gluconate, magnesium sulfuricum, natrium salycilate, analgin, vit. C, vit. B1 and norsulfasol diluted in physiological solution of natrium chloride and 5% glucose was investigated. The combination was applied intravenously or per os on two groups of calves suffering from bronchopneumonia. It was established that in calves treated with the combination sialic acid is reduced as compared to calves treated only with antibiotics. Therefore it is recommended to apply in the therapy of bronchopneumonia along with antibiotics also antiinflammatory means and medicative whole milk nourishment.", "contents": "[Changes in the sialic acid content in the blood serum of calves with bronchopneumonia following treatment]. The effect of a combination of calcium gluconate, magnesium sulfuricum, natrium salycilate, analgin, vit. C, vit. B1 and norsulfasol diluted in physiological solution of natrium chloride and 5% glucose was investigated. The combination was applied intravenously or per os on two groups of calves suffering from bronchopneumonia. It was established that in calves treated with the combination sialic acid is reduced as compared to calves treated only with antibiotics. Therefore it is recommended to apply in the therapy of bronchopneumonia along with antibiotics also antiinflammatory means and medicative whole milk nourishment.", "PMID": 549262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11256", "title": "[Viral carrier state and viral excretion in classical swine fever].", "content": "Studies on swine pest virus carrying and elimination on swine vaccinated by lapinizated vaccine strain \"K\" from rabbits were performed. Vaccinated swine were injected with the pathogenic virus on the 60th day post vaccination and to them were added not immunized swine with the aim to discover virus elimination. The experimental swine were decapitated on the 3, 5, 6 and 7th day post infection. Alternating passages were made by emulsion of the inner organs of these swine on not immunized swine as well as pathohistological investigation of the parenchymal organs and the brain. Presence of the virus and of pathohistological changes were not detected 7 days post injection of the virulent virus. Contact having swine which served as a indicator for virus elimination were observed for 21 days, but remained healthy. These swine, when infected with the virulent virus, suffered from pest.", "contents": "[Viral carrier state and viral excretion in classical swine fever]. Studies on swine pest virus carrying and elimination on swine vaccinated by lapinizated vaccine strain \"K\" from rabbits were performed. Vaccinated swine were injected with the pathogenic virus on the 60th day post vaccination and to them were added not immunized swine with the aim to discover virus elimination. The experimental swine were decapitated on the 3, 5, 6 and 7th day post infection. Alternating passages were made by emulsion of the inner organs of these swine on not immunized swine as well as pathohistological investigation of the parenchymal organs and the brain. Presence of the virus and of pathohistological changes were not detected 7 days post injection of the virulent virus. Contact having swine which served as a indicator for virus elimination were observed for 21 days, but remained healthy. These swine, when infected with the virulent virus, suffered from pest.", "PMID": 549263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11257", "title": "[Alkaline phosphatase activity and properties in the organs of cattle and sheep].", "content": "Alkaline-phosphatase activity and the physico-chemical properties of the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, intestine, bone and placenta of 25 clinically healthy cattle and 30 clinically healthy sheep were investigated. High alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in kidneys and intestines. The alcaline phosphatase of cattle and sheep liver, spleen, kidney, lung, bone and placenta was thermo-labile and sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine and imidazole, but was not sensitive to l-phenylalanine. Bone phosphatase of cattle and sheep was sensitive to urea. Intestinal phosphatase of cattle proved thermostable, sensitive to l-phenylalanine and not sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine, imidasol and urea. Agarose gel electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase indicated the presence of one fraction only and liver alkaline phosphatase proved to be the fastest. Sheep liver alkaline phosphatase had two fractions while sheep intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatase had three fractions and some of them were faster than liver alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Alkaline phosphatase activity and properties in the organs of cattle and sheep]. Alkaline-phosphatase activity and the physico-chemical properties of the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, intestine, bone and placenta of 25 clinically healthy cattle and 30 clinically healthy sheep were investigated. High alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in kidneys and intestines. The alcaline phosphatase of cattle and sheep liver, spleen, kidney, lung, bone and placenta was thermo-labile and sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine and imidazole, but was not sensitive to l-phenylalanine. Bone phosphatase of cattle and sheep was sensitive to urea. Intestinal phosphatase of cattle proved thermostable, sensitive to l-phenylalanine and not sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine, imidasol and urea. Agarose gel electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase indicated the presence of one fraction only and liver alkaline phosphatase proved to be the fastest. Sheep liver alkaline phosphatase had two fractions while sheep intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatase had three fractions and some of them were faster than liver alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 549264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11258", "title": "[Serum protein studies of the rainbow trout (S. irideus G.)].", "content": "The effect of the physiological state, age, sex, stage of sexual product, maturity and environmental conditions on the composition and dynamics of blood serum protein was followed in 625 brook trouts of varying age. The fish were bred in Karst water with temperature 9 degrees C. It was established that the quantity of blood serum total protein varies within the range of 2.03-3.80 g% and its level is highest in spring in the spring female producers (3.80 g%). In about 50% of the samples of varying age groups a prealbumen fraction, a dominating albumen fraction, three alpha-globulin, two beta-globulin, and one gamma-globulin fractions were established. Globulin quantity rose with age from 55.19 to 79.62% and the alpha/beta ratio showed values higher than 1 in age groups. Albumen quantity decreased with age by about 1/3, while the A/G coefficient was not higher that 1 and ranged from 0.29 to 0.94.", "contents": "[Serum protein studies of the rainbow trout (S. irideus G.)]. The effect of the physiological state, age, sex, stage of sexual product, maturity and environmental conditions on the composition and dynamics of blood serum protein was followed in 625 brook trouts of varying age. The fish were bred in Karst water with temperature 9 degrees C. It was established that the quantity of blood serum total protein varies within the range of 2.03-3.80 g% and its level is highest in spring in the spring female producers (3.80 g%). In about 50% of the samples of varying age groups a prealbumen fraction, a dominating albumen fraction, three alpha-globulin, two beta-globulin, and one gamma-globulin fractions were established. Globulin quantity rose with age from 55.19 to 79.62% and the alpha/beta ratio showed values higher than 1 in age groups. Albumen quantity decreased with age by about 1/3, while the A/G coefficient was not higher that 1 and ranged from 0.29 to 0.94.", "PMID": 549265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11259", "title": "[Comparative immunological studies and the determination of the epizootiological effectiveness of Soviet vaccine LTF-130 in trichophytosis].", "content": "The immunological response of calves vaccinated against herpes is explained and the epizootic effectiveness of the Soviet vaccine ltf 130 applied in Bulgaria is assessed. The antigenic relation of the vaccine's strain with the agent causing herpes in Bulgaria was revealed by parallel investigation on serum RCB of calves suffering from herpes and of calves vaccinated with ltf 130. The immunological response was assessed by proving the existence of complement binding antibodies. It was found that vaccinated calves react by producing complement binding antibodies up to the 45th day post immunization. During the 1976-1978 year period 62 121 calves and heifers were treated for medicative purposes and 653 666 calves and heifers--for prophylactic purposes. From all vaccine treated animals 95.4-98.8% recovered. No cases of herpes were observed in animals vaccinated prophylactically.", "contents": "[Comparative immunological studies and the determination of the epizootiological effectiveness of Soviet vaccine LTF-130 in trichophytosis]. The immunological response of calves vaccinated against herpes is explained and the epizootic effectiveness of the Soviet vaccine ltf 130 applied in Bulgaria is assessed. The antigenic relation of the vaccine's strain with the agent causing herpes in Bulgaria was revealed by parallel investigation on serum RCB of calves suffering from herpes and of calves vaccinated with ltf 130. The immunological response was assessed by proving the existence of complement binding antibodies. It was found that vaccinated calves react by producing complement binding antibodies up to the 45th day post immunization. During the 1976-1978 year period 62 121 calves and heifers were treated for medicative purposes and 653 666 calves and heifers--for prophylactic purposes. From all vaccine treated animals 95.4-98.8% recovered. No cases of herpes were observed in animals vaccinated prophylactically.", "PMID": 549266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11260", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the hemagglutination inhibition reaction in Newcastle disease of hens].", "content": "Investigations were carried out using RPHA on 5299 blood serums, originating from 235 hen flocks vaccinated in four ways: Flox and orally with the vaccine strain La Sotta, intramusculary with Komarov's vaccine strain and by aerosol using the strains La Sotta and Komarov. Two hundred and eleven blood serums originating from 12 flocks, in which fowl pest was detected, were also investigated. Postinfection titer dynamics was followed in three flocks containing 20000 birds. It was established that aerosol vaccination results in highest mean geometrical titers--log2 6.3 on the average; intramuscular vaccination--in log2 5.9, oral vaccination--in log2 5.3, and Flox vaccination--in log2 4.7 on the average. The maximal value of the vaccine titers did not surpass log210, while post infection titers were of higher order and reached up to log214, which is of diagnostic value. Postinfection titers of higher than log210 value were preserved up to 5 months from the beginning of the disease, a fact of retrospective diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the hemagglutination inhibition reaction in Newcastle disease of hens]. Investigations were carried out using RPHA on 5299 blood serums, originating from 235 hen flocks vaccinated in four ways: Flox and orally with the vaccine strain La Sotta, intramusculary with Komarov's vaccine strain and by aerosol using the strains La Sotta and Komarov. Two hundred and eleven blood serums originating from 12 flocks, in which fowl pest was detected, were also investigated. Postinfection titer dynamics was followed in three flocks containing 20000 birds. It was established that aerosol vaccination results in highest mean geometrical titers--log2 6.3 on the average; intramuscular vaccination--in log2 5.9, oral vaccination--in log2 5.3, and Flox vaccination--in log2 4.7 on the average. The maximal value of the vaccine titers did not surpass log210, while post infection titers were of higher order and reached up to log214, which is of diagnostic value. Postinfection titers of higher than log210 value were preserved up to 5 months from the beginning of the disease, a fact of retrospective diagnostic value.", "PMID": 549267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11261", "title": "[Role of mildew and mildewed honey in summer-fall mortality in bee hives].", "content": "The high summer and autumn lethality of unknown etiology observed in bee families from the Vidin district in 1978 was studied. It was established that amid suffering bee families lethality ranges from 50 to 100%. Results of the microbiological investigations carried out proved negative--no pathogen bee microorganisms were isolated. Negative results were obtained from the parasitological investigations also. Analysis of honey produced by suffering families indicated that the samples are highly positive for mildew affected honey and negative for other poisons. Histological investigations of the mid intestine of live bees from the affected families showed changes characteristic for mildew toxicosis. Laboratory biotests carried out by feeding healthy bees with honey taken from suffering or dead bee families confirm the diagnosis. The experimental bees revealed the typical clinical picture and characteristic symptoms of mildew toxicosis and high lethality.", "contents": "[Role of mildew and mildewed honey in summer-fall mortality in bee hives]. The high summer and autumn lethality of unknown etiology observed in bee families from the Vidin district in 1978 was studied. It was established that amid suffering bee families lethality ranges from 50 to 100%. Results of the microbiological investigations carried out proved negative--no pathogen bee microorganisms were isolated. Negative results were obtained from the parasitological investigations also. Analysis of honey produced by suffering families indicated that the samples are highly positive for mildew affected honey and negative for other poisons. Histological investigations of the mid intestine of live bees from the affected families showed changes characteristic for mildew toxicosis. Laboratory biotests carried out by feeding healthy bees with honey taken from suffering or dead bee families confirm the diagnosis. The experimental bees revealed the typical clinical picture and characteristic symptoms of mildew toxicosis and high lethality.", "PMID": 549268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11262", "title": "Anti-infective properties of vitamin A.", "content": "1. Six months after feeding a vitamin A free diet the liver content of mice was markedly reduced but not yet completely exhausted. These vitamin A deprived mice were either immunized with sheep erythrocytes or infected with Listeria monocytogenes. In comparison to normal control mice no significant difference ws observed. This indicates that neither the immune system nor the mononuclear-phagocytic system was involved. 2. Mice treated with a high dose of vitamin A showed increased antibody production against sheep erythrocytes and also increased resistance against infection with L. monocytogenes. These experimental findings indicate a stimulatory effect on the immune system and the mononuclear phagocytic system. As a conclusion it is deduced that the term \"anti-infective vitamin\" does not hold absolutely true for vitamin A, although certain anti-infective properties cannot be denied.", "contents": "Anti-infective properties of vitamin A. 1. Six months after feeding a vitamin A free diet the liver content of mice was markedly reduced but not yet completely exhausted. These vitamin A deprived mice were either immunized with sheep erythrocytes or infected with Listeria monocytogenes. In comparison to normal control mice no significant difference ws observed. This indicates that neither the immune system nor the mononuclear-phagocytic system was involved. 2. Mice treated with a high dose of vitamin A showed increased antibody production against sheep erythrocytes and also increased resistance against infection with L. monocytogenes. These experimental findings indicate a stimulatory effect on the immune system and the mononuclear phagocytic system. As a conclusion it is deduced that the term \"anti-infective vitamin\" does not hold absolutely true for vitamin A, although certain anti-infective properties cannot be denied.", "PMID": 549269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11263", "title": "The amino acid composition and protein quality of high-protein gluten bread.", "content": "Dietetic bread is mainly produced for diabetics. Gluten accounts 80% of the protein of whole wheat flour. Forty per cent wheat gluten are incorporated in the dough to increase the protein content and decrease the starch in the final product. Gluten-rich foods are still of low cost as compared to others such as skim milk, soya and fish flour.", "contents": "The amino acid composition and protein quality of high-protein gluten bread. Dietetic bread is mainly produced for diabetics. Gluten accounts 80% of the protein of whole wheat flour. Forty per cent wheat gluten are incorporated in the dough to increase the protein content and decrease the starch in the final product. Gluten-rich foods are still of low cost as compared to others such as skim milk, soya and fish flour.", "PMID": 549270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11264", "title": "The amino acid composition and protein quality of biscuits.", "content": "The protein quality of biscuits (Mary's Bisuit), a product largely consumed by infant and children in this country proved to be of very inferior quality, with very low lysine content, which is obviously completely destroyed during the baking process. Rats fed biscuits as protein source lost weight during the experimentation period and their food consumption was too low. Rats fed this diet showed also very slight increase in body water (1.9 g), in comparison to a value of 16.0 g in rats fed casein at the same dietary protein level.", "contents": "The amino acid composition and protein quality of biscuits. The protein quality of biscuits (Mary's Bisuit), a product largely consumed by infant and children in this country proved to be of very inferior quality, with very low lysine content, which is obviously completely destroyed during the baking process. Rats fed biscuits as protein source lost weight during the experimentation period and their food consumption was too low. Rats fed this diet showed also very slight increase in body water (1.9 g), in comparison to a value of 16.0 g in rats fed casein at the same dietary protein level.", "PMID": 549271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11265", "title": "[Differences in energy expenditure for selected activities under controlled and uncontrolled conditions].", "content": "Experiments with the Max-Planck respirometer were made to determine the energy expenditure. 4 kinds of comparable tests were made under standard conditions and ad libitum individual: walking on solid, level ground with light clothing, in high lace boots (walking-speed 5 km/h), walking with 10 kg resp. 20 kg load on level, solid ground (running speed 10 km). The energy expenditure under standard conditions is much higher than in the working-elements ad libitum speed and distance. Many persons overestimate their personal energy expenditure which is a reason for a positive energy balance succeeded by overweight.", "contents": "[Differences in energy expenditure for selected activities under controlled and uncontrolled conditions]. Experiments with the Max-Planck respirometer were made to determine the energy expenditure. 4 kinds of comparable tests were made under standard conditions and ad libitum individual: walking on solid, level ground with light clothing, in high lace boots (walking-speed 5 km/h), walking with 10 kg resp. 20 kg load on level, solid ground (running speed 10 km). The energy expenditure under standard conditions is much higher than in the working-elements ad libitum speed and distance. Many persons overestimate their personal energy expenditure which is a reason for a positive energy balance succeeded by overweight.", "PMID": 549272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11266", "title": "Effect of dietary fats and triiodothyronine administration on the lipid components of serum and tissues in the rat.", "content": "Twelve groups of rats were included in this study. Six groups (3 males and 3 females) received high fat diets containing 20% of either peanut oil, maize oil or lard. The other six groups received the same diets plus triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine T3 added to diets containing peanut oil caused slight increase in total serum lipids in female rats, while in male rats serum total lipids were increased about 20-fold. T3 administration caused almost no change in aortic total and all lipid fractions in male rats kept on diets containing any of the fats used. Female rats kept on lard plus T3 showed a rise in cholesterol free and esterified and phospholipid contents of aorta lipids.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fats and triiodothyronine administration on the lipid components of serum and tissues in the rat. Twelve groups of rats were included in this study. Six groups (3 males and 3 females) received high fat diets containing 20% of either peanut oil, maize oil or lard. The other six groups received the same diets plus triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine T3 added to diets containing peanut oil caused slight increase in total serum lipids in female rats, while in male rats serum total lipids were increased about 20-fold. T3 administration caused almost no change in aortic total and all lipid fractions in male rats kept on diets containing any of the fats used. Female rats kept on lard plus T3 showed a rise in cholesterol free and esterified and phospholipid contents of aorta lipids.", "PMID": 549273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11267", "title": "Evaluation of the protein quality of wheat grains (Grizza 155) and eight related products by the dose-response bioassay.", "content": "The amino acid analysis revealed that wheat grains, white and dark flour, baladi bread prepared from white or dark flour, bread prepared from formulae enriched with gluten and biscuits are poor in lysine with chemical scores ranging between 20 and 49. The assessment of the protein quality of wheat and related products was done by slope ratio bioassay. Results based on slopes relative to those of reference casein + methionine ranked bread prepared from dark flour and cooked wheat (belila) as the highest in their protein quality, followed by their parent; wheat (RNV = 44). Dietetic bread with gluten had RNV = 20-24; owing to its high protein content (38%), its utilizable protein approached that of good proteins (8%). Very high significant correlation existed between the two measures of response; gain in weight and net increase in body water as response of nitrogen intake.", "contents": "Evaluation of the protein quality of wheat grains (Grizza 155) and eight related products by the dose-response bioassay. The amino acid analysis revealed that wheat grains, white and dark flour, baladi bread prepared from white or dark flour, bread prepared from formulae enriched with gluten and biscuits are poor in lysine with chemical scores ranging between 20 and 49. The assessment of the protein quality of wheat and related products was done by slope ratio bioassay. Results based on slopes relative to those of reference casein + methionine ranked bread prepared from dark flour and cooked wheat (belila) as the highest in their protein quality, followed by their parent; wheat (RNV = 44). Dietetic bread with gluten had RNV = 20-24; owing to its high protein content (38%), its utilizable protein approached that of good proteins (8%). Very high significant correlation existed between the two measures of response; gain in weight and net increase in body water as response of nitrogen intake.", "PMID": 549274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11268", "title": "[Organ zinc content in an experimental animal disease model: dystrophy-dependent changes in the liver and skeletal muscles and effects of a mineral substitute during the recovery phase].", "content": "The zinc content of the liver and the thigh muscle of the rat were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry under different conditions: standard diet, carbohydrate diet, an experimental dystrophy model and its recovery period. The influence of a parental mineral substitution on the whole body and the organ weight was studied. Carbohydrate diet caused a lower rise of the whole body weight, a decrease of the zinc content of the liver and an increase of the zinc content of the thigh muscle. In dystrophy model, the liver weight decreased to one fifth of the controls. The zinc concentration of the liver increased markedly, the zinc content of the whole liver is equal to that of control animals. The thigh muscle showed an increase of the zinc content, too. The parenteral mineral application had no effect upon the whole body weight and the organ weights. Little influences on the zinc content of the skeletal muscle were seen. The zinc content of parenchymatous organs varies markedly, and it is influenced by diets and disease. In the dystrophy model, zinc is concentrated in atrophic organs in order to protect the organism against zinc deficiency.", "contents": "[Organ zinc content in an experimental animal disease model: dystrophy-dependent changes in the liver and skeletal muscles and effects of a mineral substitute during the recovery phase]. The zinc content of the liver and the thigh muscle of the rat were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry under different conditions: standard diet, carbohydrate diet, an experimental dystrophy model and its recovery period. The influence of a parental mineral substitution on the whole body and the organ weight was studied. Carbohydrate diet caused a lower rise of the whole body weight, a decrease of the zinc content of the liver and an increase of the zinc content of the thigh muscle. In dystrophy model, the liver weight decreased to one fifth of the controls. The zinc concentration of the liver increased markedly, the zinc content of the whole liver is equal to that of control animals. The thigh muscle showed an increase of the zinc content, too. The parenteral mineral application had no effect upon the whole body weight and the organ weights. Little influences on the zinc content of the skeletal muscle were seen. The zinc content of parenchymatous organs varies markedly, and it is influenced by diets and disease. In the dystrophy model, zinc is concentrated in atrophic organs in order to protect the organism against zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 549275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11269", "title": "[Serum level determination in patients with acute myocardial infarction under diphenylhydantoin therapy].", "content": "For the therapy of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm with phenytoin 3 different dosage regimes are examined, in which cases an oral application of phenytoin proves as not suitable. Only by a stepped infusion with following oral treatment a rapid saturation and therapeutically effective serum levels are achieved which are decisive for the effectiveness of the therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Serum level determination in patients with acute myocardial infarction under diphenylhydantoin therapy]. For the therapy of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm with phenytoin 3 different dosage regimes are examined, in which cases an oral application of phenytoin proves as not suitable. Only by a stepped infusion with following oral treatment a rapid saturation and therapeutically effective serum levels are achieved which are decisive for the effectiveness of the therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 549293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11270", "title": "[Socioeconomic importance of obesity].", "content": "It is reported on the annual deficiency of work, the stay in the hospital and the sanatorium as well as on the expenditure for these criteria which were established on 346 males with normal weight and 1,041 males with overweight and females at the age of 18--59 years within the research project nutrition and effect. With growing overweight in women as well as in men the days of deficiency of work, the duration of the stay in the hospital and the cost for this increase. In these cases the dependence on age concerns persons with normal weight and obese persons. It is referred to the prevention and early treatment of obesity.", "contents": "[Socioeconomic importance of obesity]. It is reported on the annual deficiency of work, the stay in the hospital and the sanatorium as well as on the expenditure for these criteria which were established on 346 males with normal weight and 1,041 males with overweight and females at the age of 18--59 years within the research project nutrition and effect. With growing overweight in women as well as in men the days of deficiency of work, the duration of the stay in the hospital and the cost for this increase. In these cases the dependence on age concerns persons with normal weight and obese persons. It is referred to the prevention and early treatment of obesity.", "PMID": 549294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11271", "title": "[Hypogonadism in the male].", "content": "The hypogonadism of man and its causes are described in short form. A scheme of the gradual diagnostics explains the possibilities of the diagnostic approach. At the same time is dealt with the therapeutic measures and their indications.", "contents": "[Hypogonadism in the male]. The hypogonadism of man and its causes are described in short form. A scheme of the gradual diagnostics explains the possibilities of the diagnostic approach. At the same time is dealt with the therapeutic measures and their indications.", "PMID": 549295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11272", "title": "[Hypogonadism and intersexuality--genetic causes and cytogenetic diagnosis].", "content": "Hereditary types of hypogonadism and intersexuality are based on a chromosomal aberration, on a monogenetic defect of androgen synthesis, or on a androgen receptor. Cytogenetic diagnostic methods are suitable mainly for diagnosis of gonosomally caused syndromes. Monogenic defects have to be proved on the basis of the known karyotype by endocronologie techniques.", "contents": "[Hypogonadism and intersexuality--genetic causes and cytogenetic diagnosis]. Hereditary types of hypogonadism and intersexuality are based on a chromosomal aberration, on a monogenetic defect of androgen synthesis, or on a androgen receptor. Cytogenetic diagnostic methods are suitable mainly for diagnosis of gonosomally caused syndromes. Monogenic defects have to be proved on the basis of the known karyotype by endocronologie techniques.", "PMID": 549296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11273", "title": "[Gynecomastia].", "content": "Gynaecomasty is no disease sui generis, but a symptom which may underlie different causes. Steroidal substances, above all oestrogens play a dominating role in these cases. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures must comply with the known causal factors. The gynaecomasty during puberty exhibits a high spontaneous retrogression rate. Only seldom an operative correction becomes necessary.", "contents": "[Gynecomastia]. Gynaecomasty is no disease sui generis, but a symptom which may underlie different causes. Steroidal substances, above all oestrogens play a dominating role in these cases. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures must comply with the known causal factors. The gynaecomasty during puberty exhibits a high spontaneous retrogression rate. Only seldom an operative correction becomes necessary.", "PMID": 549297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11274", "title": "[Androgen secreting adrenal cortex tumors].", "content": "Endokrine active tumours of the adrenal cortex are rare diseases in man. Benign as well as malignant tumours of the adrenal cortex can alone excrete cortisol, aldosterone, androgens or oestrogens. More frequent are, however, tumours with a mixed incretion. Publications about tumours forming sexual hormones are above all descriptions of individual cases. After a short explanation of the most important clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects on androgen-producing tumours of the adrenal cortex four own cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Androgen secreting adrenal cortex tumors]. Endokrine active tumours of the adrenal cortex are rare diseases in man. Benign as well as malignant tumours of the adrenal cortex can alone excrete cortisol, aldosterone, androgens or oestrogens. More frequent are, however, tumours with a mixed incretion. Publications about tumours forming sexual hormones are above all descriptions of individual cases. After a short explanation of the most important clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects on androgen-producing tumours of the adrenal cortex four own cases are discussed.", "PMID": 549298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11275", "title": "[Parathormone, calcitonin, 25-hydroxycalciferol and bone histology in patients with chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "In 18 patients with chronic renal failure the parathormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT) and 25-OH-D blood levels were estimated before and after an intravenous calcium load. In ten patients the above mentioned biochemical parametres were confronted with histological findings obtained in bone biopsy material. Significantly elevated levels of PTH and CT were found while those of 25-OH-D were normal. Serum PTH decreased after a calcium load. In contrast to healthy persons no increase of serum CT was stated. Significant positive correlations were found between PTH and CT levels in blood serum as well as between the mineralized bone volume and 25-OH-D levels in serum. In addition a significant negative correlation was stated between the osteoid volume and 25-OH-D levels in blood serum. From the results obtained it is concluded, that from estimations of PTH, CT and 25-OH-D in blood serum histological alterations in bone biopsy material from chronic uremic patients can not be predicted. Beside secondary hyperparathyreoidism, relative deficiency of CT and active vitamin D metabolites other factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "[Parathormone, calcitonin, 25-hydroxycalciferol and bone histology in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. In 18 patients with chronic renal failure the parathormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT) and 25-OH-D blood levels were estimated before and after an intravenous calcium load. In ten patients the above mentioned biochemical parametres were confronted with histological findings obtained in bone biopsy material. Significantly elevated levels of PTH and CT were found while those of 25-OH-D were normal. Serum PTH decreased after a calcium load. In contrast to healthy persons no increase of serum CT was stated. Significant positive correlations were found between PTH and CT levels in blood serum as well as between the mineralized bone volume and 25-OH-D levels in serum. In addition a significant negative correlation was stated between the osteoid volume and 25-OH-D levels in blood serum. From the results obtained it is concluded, that from estimations of PTH, CT and 25-OH-D in blood serum histological alterations in bone biopsy material from chronic uremic patients can not be predicted. Beside secondary hyperparathyreoidism, relative deficiency of CT and active vitamin D metabolites other factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 549299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11276", "title": "[Differential diagnostic criteria in cervico-brachial psychalgia].", "content": "In 100 patients with only for a short time existing pains in the region of neck, shoulder and arm and inconspicuous laboratory and X-ray findings by means of the galvanic test of the muscular function and Janda's test of the muscular function a vastly intact nerve-muscle-apparatus was proved. In the ENR-test after Brengelmann and Brengelmann clear introversion values, significantly high neurodizism values and slightly increased rigidity values were shown. Also the VELA-values were significantly higher than in the normal comparative group. In an additional inquiry predisposing biographical references for the existence of actual conflicts were found. As to the inclusion of further biographical data, 68% of intense affect reactions, 16% of functionally fixed neurotic reactions, 9% of primary and 7% of secondary neurotic maldevelopments are concerned. After a 4-week- hard-and-fast date (15 mg/a day) the complaints improved without a clear retrogression of the neurotic constellations. At the same time a change of the initially slightly increased conducting values of the skin and of the vegetative complaints appeared. A cervico-brachial psychalgia is present, when an organic muscle disease was excluded, when in the ENR-test high values to neuroticism, to introversion and rigidity are found and when a temporary connection to actual conflicts are the result.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic criteria in cervico-brachial psychalgia]. In 100 patients with only for a short time existing pains in the region of neck, shoulder and arm and inconspicuous laboratory and X-ray findings by means of the galvanic test of the muscular function and Janda's test of the muscular function a vastly intact nerve-muscle-apparatus was proved. In the ENR-test after Brengelmann and Brengelmann clear introversion values, significantly high neurodizism values and slightly increased rigidity values were shown. Also the VELA-values were significantly higher than in the normal comparative group. In an additional inquiry predisposing biographical references for the existence of actual conflicts were found. As to the inclusion of further biographical data, 68% of intense affect reactions, 16% of functionally fixed neurotic reactions, 9% of primary and 7% of secondary neurotic maldevelopments are concerned. After a 4-week- hard-and-fast date (15 mg/a day) the complaints improved without a clear retrogression of the neurotic constellations. At the same time a change of the initially slightly increased conducting values of the skin and of the vegetative complaints appeared. A cervico-brachial psychalgia is present, when an organic muscle disease was excluded, when in the ENR-test high values to neuroticism, to introversion and rigidity are found and when a temporary connection to actual conflicts are the result.", "PMID": 549300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11277", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of primary lymph node plasmacytomas].", "content": "A case of 75 year-old man is reported, who died of a tuberculous leptomeningomyeloencephalitis complicating a generalized primary lymph node plasmacytoma. The malignant lymphoma has been diagnosed in a lymph node biopsy from the right supraclavicular region seven years before the death and was treated with cytostatics over a period of four and a half months. Autopsy revealed the neoplastic involvement of supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes, tumour infiltration of the sternum and diffuse neoplastic plasmacytosis of the bone marrow. The lymph node plasmacytoma has to be differentiated from reactive lymph node plasmacytosis, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with excessive plasmacytosis, lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma, metastasis of an extramedullary plasmacytoma or of a multiple myeloma, and from a lymph node involved by plasma-cell leukemia.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of primary lymph node plasmacytomas]. A case of 75 year-old man is reported, who died of a tuberculous leptomeningomyeloencephalitis complicating a generalized primary lymph node plasmacytoma. The malignant lymphoma has been diagnosed in a lymph node biopsy from the right supraclavicular region seven years before the death and was treated with cytostatics over a period of four and a half months. Autopsy revealed the neoplastic involvement of supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes, tumour infiltration of the sternum and diffuse neoplastic plasmacytosis of the bone marrow. The lymph node plasmacytoma has to be differentiated from reactive lymph node plasmacytosis, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with excessive plasmacytosis, lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma, metastasis of an extramedullary plasmacytoma or of a multiple myeloma, and from a lymph node involved by plasma-cell leukemia.", "PMID": 549301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11278", "title": "[Peripheral blood flow in patients with necrobiosis lipoidica (diabeticorum)].", "content": "For the judgment of the peripheral blood supply 16 insulin-dependent diabetics with necrobiosis lipoidica at the lower extremities were compared with 15 insulin-dependent diabetics without necrobiosis lipoidica. The vascular changes in form of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, the results of the radiologically provable vascular changes, oscillograms and impedance plethysmograms as well as the results of the muscle and skin clearance and angioscintigraphy were evaluated. The at last mentioned methods give an insight into the microangiopathy. The apparantly contradicting findings of the muscle clearance (smaller blood supply) and of the skin clearance (increased blood flow) find their explanation by the angioscintigraphically proved different regional parameters of blood flow in the necrobiotic regions. The angiopathic findings are characterized by the enrichment of activity in the marginal seam as a sign of hyperemia and decreased accumulation in the centre as an expression of necrobiosis. The changes of the connective tissue and their causes of development are discussed. Angiopathic and traumatic influences conditioned by metabolism, apart from local peculiarities are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Peripheral blood flow in patients with necrobiosis lipoidica (diabeticorum)]. For the judgment of the peripheral blood supply 16 insulin-dependent diabetics with necrobiosis lipoidica at the lower extremities were compared with 15 insulin-dependent diabetics without necrobiosis lipoidica. The vascular changes in form of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, the results of the radiologically provable vascular changes, oscillograms and impedance plethysmograms as well as the results of the muscle and skin clearance and angioscintigraphy were evaluated. The at last mentioned methods give an insight into the microangiopathy. The apparantly contradicting findings of the muscle clearance (smaller blood supply) and of the skin clearance (increased blood flow) find their explanation by the angioscintigraphically proved different regional parameters of blood flow in the necrobiotic regions. The angiopathic findings are characterized by the enrichment of activity in the marginal seam as a sign of hyperemia and decreased accumulation in the centre as an expression of necrobiosis. The changes of the connective tissue and their causes of development are discussed. Angiopathic and traumatic influences conditioned by metabolism, apart from local peculiarities are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 549302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11279", "title": "[An unusual myopathy: the so-called congenital fiber-type disproportion].", "content": "It is reported on a 19-year-old female patient with a congenital myopathic syndrome with deformities of the skeleton which could be recognized myopathologically as a so-called congenital fibre type disproportion. It is referred to the importance of the modern method of histochemistry.", "contents": "[An unusual myopathy: the so-called congenital fiber-type disproportion]. It is reported on a 19-year-old female patient with a congenital myopathic syndrome with deformities of the skeleton which could be recognized myopathologically as a so-called congenital fibre type disproportion. It is referred to the importance of the modern method of histochemistry.", "PMID": 549303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11280", "title": "[Abnormal myocardial blood flow distribution with a normal coronarogram in angina pectoris and after myocardial infarction].", "content": "It is reported on the selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy in 47 patients with angina pectoris and condition after myocardial infarction, which was performed simultaneously with the coronary angiography. For the paper were interesting the cases with normal coronarogram, but pathological perfusion scintigram. 3 of 25 patients with condition of infarction showed coronarographically inconspicuous vessels. In all cases the perfusion scintigram shows disturbances of regional perfusion, which corresponded with the electrocardiographic localisation of the infarction. In 3 of 22 patients with angina pectoris with normal coronarogram in the scintigram regional changes of the terminal vascular system were established. In 2 cases simultaneously a disturbance of rhythm and stimulus conduction was present, which showed a conspicuous correlation to the perfusion lesions in the septum. In the small intramural vessels haemodynamically effective changes take place which are below the coronarogram. Therefore, the only coronarography is not enough to confirm or to refuse a genuine angina pectoris or an infarction. The selecitve coronary perfusion scintigraphy gives the possibility to prove disturbances of the distribution of regional blood supply without a greater additional load of the patient as to coronary angiography. However, it cannot give evidence on the genesis of disturbances in the terminal vascular system in the normal coronarogram", "contents": "[Abnormal myocardial blood flow distribution with a normal coronarogram in angina pectoris and after myocardial infarction]. It is reported on the selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy in 47 patients with angina pectoris and condition after myocardial infarction, which was performed simultaneously with the coronary angiography. For the paper were interesting the cases with normal coronarogram, but pathological perfusion scintigram. 3 of 25 patients with condition of infarction showed coronarographically inconspicuous vessels. In all cases the perfusion scintigram shows disturbances of regional perfusion, which corresponded with the electrocardiographic localisation of the infarction. In 3 of 22 patients with angina pectoris with normal coronarogram in the scintigram regional changes of the terminal vascular system were established. In 2 cases simultaneously a disturbance of rhythm and stimulus conduction was present, which showed a conspicuous correlation to the perfusion lesions in the septum. In the small intramural vessels haemodynamically effective changes take place which are below the coronarogram. Therefore, the only coronarography is not enough to confirm or to refuse a genuine angina pectoris or an infarction. The selecitve coronary perfusion scintigraphy gives the possibility to prove disturbances of the distribution of regional blood supply without a greater additional load of the patient as to coronary angiography. However, it cannot give evidence on the genesis of disturbances in the terminal vascular system in the normal coronarogram", "PMID": 549305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11281", "title": "[Wilson's disease in the German Democratic Republic. I. Genetics and epidemiology].", "content": "The experiences of the central institution for Wilson's disease are reported. On the basis of 126 patients who come from 90 clans with 92 families the authors adopt a definite attitude to the problem of genetics, epidemiology and genetic family consultation. The unexceptional validity of the autosomal-recessive hereditary transmission may be confirmed. An incidence of 2.9/100,000 is assumed, from which a gene frequency of 0.53% and a frequency of heterozygotes of 1.05% can be estimated. The questions of the genetic background of polyphenia are discussed.", "contents": "[Wilson's disease in the German Democratic Republic. I. Genetics and epidemiology]. The experiences of the central institution for Wilson's disease are reported. On the basis of 126 patients who come from 90 clans with 92 families the authors adopt a definite attitude to the problem of genetics, epidemiology and genetic family consultation. The unexceptional validity of the autosomal-recessive hereditary transmission may be confirmed. An incidence of 2.9/100,000 is assumed, from which a gene frequency of 0.53% and a frequency of heterozygotes of 1.05% can be estimated. The questions of the genetic background of polyphenia are discussed.", "PMID": 549306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11282", "title": "[Cerebral complications after percutaneous carotid angiography (pathomorphological findings)].", "content": "We report on three deceased with pathomorphological findings at the CNS after direct (percutaneous) carotid angiography (d.c.a.). These alterations appeared as complications among 89 decreased with d.c.a. in the time interval from July 1966 to the end of 1978. The diagnostic investigation in the three cases was performed in order to exclude a brain tumour or a vascular disease. In all cases contemporary existed extensive changes at the vessels of the neck due to the angiographic investigation. The autopsy showed signs of a vascular disease in the CNS. For the performance of the carotid angiography an exact indication is necessary. To prevent such serious complications in future, we only can recommend the application of diagnostical methods without any risk.", "contents": "[Cerebral complications after percutaneous carotid angiography (pathomorphological findings)]. We report on three deceased with pathomorphological findings at the CNS after direct (percutaneous) carotid angiography (d.c.a.). These alterations appeared as complications among 89 decreased with d.c.a. in the time interval from July 1966 to the end of 1978. The diagnostic investigation in the three cases was performed in order to exclude a brain tumour or a vascular disease. In all cases contemporary existed extensive changes at the vessels of the neck due to the angiographic investigation. The autopsy showed signs of a vascular disease in the CNS. For the performance of the carotid angiography an exact indication is necessary. To prevent such serious complications in future, we only can recommend the application of diagnostical methods without any risk.", "PMID": 549307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11283", "title": "[Serum gastrin in patients with acute kidney failure].", "content": "In 18 patients with acute renal failure and 11 patients with chronic renal insufficiency serum gastrin levels were estimated before and after a test meal. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 52 healthy subjects. It was stated that patients with acute as well as chronic renal failure display a \"physiological\" increase of serum gastrin after stimulation by a test meal. In contrast to healthy subjects the post-test meal gastrin curves in patients with chronic and acute renal insufficiency during the anuric/oliguric phase started from significantly higher fasting values. From the results obtained it seems that diminished renal clearance of gastrin by the insufficient kidneys is only partially responsible for the elevated fasting values found in anuric/oliguric patients with acute renal failure or patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Serum gastrin in patients with acute kidney failure]. In 18 patients with acute renal failure and 11 patients with chronic renal insufficiency serum gastrin levels were estimated before and after a test meal. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 52 healthy subjects. It was stated that patients with acute as well as chronic renal failure display a \"physiological\" increase of serum gastrin after stimulation by a test meal. In contrast to healthy subjects the post-test meal gastrin curves in patients with chronic and acute renal insufficiency during the anuric/oliguric phase started from significantly higher fasting values. From the results obtained it seems that diminished renal clearance of gastrin by the insufficient kidneys is only partially responsible for the elevated fasting values found in anuric/oliguric patients with acute renal failure or patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 549308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11284", "title": "[Simple diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy by means of the tourniquet test].", "content": "The pathological results of the tourniquet test after Rumpel-Leede by the establishment of a decreased capillary resistance refers to the presence of a microangiopathy in diabetics and by its rapid and simple performance is suitable for the preliminary diagnostics, in order to judge the conditions of microcirculation. The longer the diabetes exists the oftener a pathological result is found in the tourniquet test. The form of therapy as parameter for the severity of the disease shows a direct relation to the accumulation of pathological findings of capillary resistance. In diabetic hypertensive patients regularly a pathologically decreased capillary resistance is to be found.", "contents": "[Simple diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy by means of the tourniquet test]. The pathological results of the tourniquet test after Rumpel-Leede by the establishment of a decreased capillary resistance refers to the presence of a microangiopathy in diabetics and by its rapid and simple performance is suitable for the preliminary diagnostics, in order to judge the conditions of microcirculation. The longer the diabetes exists the oftener a pathological result is found in the tourniquet test. The form of therapy as parameter for the severity of the disease shows a direct relation to the accumulation of pathological findings of capillary resistance. In diabetic hypertensive patients regularly a pathologically decreased capillary resistance is to be found.", "PMID": 549309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11285", "title": "[The frieze of the \"Mystery villa\" in Pompeii. Contribution to the development of female psychology].", "content": "The large frieze of the \"Villa of the Mysteries\" at Pompeji is interpreted on the base of the psychology of C. G. Jung, especially of his student Erich Neumann. According to his psychological theories the frieze is depicting the development of the female principle to individuation, arranged with extraordinary artistic inspiration. Through the myth of Ariadne-Theseus-Dionysus the change of the woman, disappointed from the personal man and hero is shown. Through the experience of the transpersonal male principle in herself she is entering in a new level of conscience, the patriarchism, and so coming to the highest development, to the \"Selbst\". The experience of the male principle is made through Dionysus, a symbol of change in the theory of the \"Archetypen\" found by C. G. Jung.", "contents": "[The frieze of the \"Mystery villa\" in Pompeii. Contribution to the development of female psychology]. The large frieze of the \"Villa of the Mysteries\" at Pompeji is interpreted on the base of the psychology of C. G. Jung, especially of his student Erich Neumann. According to his psychological theories the frieze is depicting the development of the female principle to individuation, arranged with extraordinary artistic inspiration. Through the myth of Ariadne-Theseus-Dionysus the change of the woman, disappointed from the personal man and hero is shown. Through the experience of the transpersonal male principle in herself she is entering in a new level of conscience, the patriarchism, and so coming to the highest development, to the \"Selbst\". The experience of the male principle is made through Dionysus, a symbol of change in the theory of the \"Archetypen\" found by C. G. Jung.", "PMID": 549311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11286", "title": "[Configural frequency analysis. X. Therapy outcome assessment using prediction configural frequency analysis].", "content": "Starting from falsely equal and falsely unequal rates of successive psychotherapies, the prediction configural frequency analysis is introduced for evaluating psychotherapeutic effects by stratifying patients. As stratificator variables, intelligence quotients and sex of patients are used paradigmatically to predict strata-specific therapeutic effects and to compare different therapies conclusively even if patients cannot be assigned randomly to therapies. Prediction types of success are defined by those stratification patterns which favour therapeutic success.", "contents": "[Configural frequency analysis. X. Therapy outcome assessment using prediction configural frequency analysis]. Starting from falsely equal and falsely unequal rates of successive psychotherapies, the prediction configural frequency analysis is introduced for evaluating psychotherapeutic effects by stratifying patients. As stratificator variables, intelligence quotients and sex of patients are used paradigmatically to predict strata-specific therapeutic effects and to compare different therapies conclusively even if patients cannot be assigned randomly to therapies. Prediction types of success are defined by those stratification patterns which favour therapeutic success.", "PMID": 549312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11287", "title": "[Field research in the social sciences].", "content": "The different types of field research in social sciences are arranged according to two theoretically independent dimensions: the experimental design (experimental, quasi-experimental, pre-experimental) and the \"field\" of research, which consists of a treatment (independent variable) and a behavior (dependent variable) part. Each part can be natural: natural treatment means that naturally occuring treatments means that no instructions (implicite or explicite) are given to the subjects. Both parts can be used in natural or artificial settings, and both of them can occur with or without the subject knowing the fact that a research is done or which are the hypotheses. Therefore, as an example, a study can consist of an artificial treatment in natural setting without the subjects knowing it, while the measured behavior is instructed (e. g. responding a questionnaire) in an artificial setting and the subjects well know that their behavior is measured, but they ignore the objective of the study. Some problems are discussed. Final conclusion is that both laboratory and field studies should be done, one completing the other, and both have their advantages and difficulties.", "contents": "[Field research in the social sciences]. The different types of field research in social sciences are arranged according to two theoretically independent dimensions: the experimental design (experimental, quasi-experimental, pre-experimental) and the \"field\" of research, which consists of a treatment (independent variable) and a behavior (dependent variable) part. Each part can be natural: natural treatment means that naturally occuring treatments means that no instructions (implicite or explicite) are given to the subjects. Both parts can be used in natural or artificial settings, and both of them can occur with or without the subject knowing the fact that a research is done or which are the hypotheses. Therefore, as an example, a study can consist of an artificial treatment in natural setting without the subjects knowing it, while the measured behavior is instructed (e. g. responding a questionnaire) in an artificial setting and the subjects well know that their behavior is measured, but they ignore the objective of the study. Some problems are discussed. Final conclusion is that both laboratory and field studies should be done, one completing the other, and both have their advantages and difficulties.", "PMID": 549313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11288", "title": "[The truth of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis].", "content": "The concept of truth in Freud's Metapsychology is a modern idea: a subject-related and pragmatic modification of the traditional concept of correspondence. But more important is the proof of a new implicit understanding of truth which becomes clearer in reation to the archaic conception of truth (al\u00e9theia) in the Oedipus tragedy. Freud finds in this drama not only the Oedipus complex, but also the tragic process of disclosure represented in the tyrant's struggle to uncover the reality (being) behind appearances which exhibits a certain similarity to the progress of psychoanalytic therapy.", "contents": "[The truth of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis]. The concept of truth in Freud's Metapsychology is a modern idea: a subject-related and pragmatic modification of the traditional concept of correspondence. But more important is the proof of a new implicit understanding of truth which becomes clearer in reation to the archaic conception of truth (al\u00e9theia) in the Oedipus tragedy. Freud finds in this drama not only the Oedipus complex, but also the tragic process of disclosure represented in the tyrant's struggle to uncover the reality (being) behind appearances which exhibits a certain similarity to the progress of psychoanalytic therapy.", "PMID": 549314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11289", "title": "[Transcultural aspects of the border between compulsion and ritual].", "content": "Compulsionary and ritual mechanisms show a variety of manifestations specifically in transcultural aspects. Strong feelings to suffer in compulsionary diseases and identical behavior patterns more or less within \"normal\" personality reactions can be observed. Limitations of free possibilities to behave can be described within creation and freedom of thought in man. Also this can be found in stereotyped patterns within sociodynamic ritus. Learning-psychological data are of great influence in human behavior as well as depth-psychological and sociodynamic features. Compulsionary and transcultural manifestations were to be discussed.", "contents": "[Transcultural aspects of the border between compulsion and ritual]. Compulsionary and ritual mechanisms show a variety of manifestations specifically in transcultural aspects. Strong feelings to suffer in compulsionary diseases and identical behavior patterns more or less within \"normal\" personality reactions can be observed. Limitations of free possibilities to behave can be described within creation and freedom of thought in man. Also this can be found in stereotyped patterns within sociodynamic ritus. Learning-psychological data are of great influence in human behavior as well as depth-psychological and sociodynamic features. Compulsionary and transcultural manifestations were to be discussed.", "PMID": 549315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11290", "title": "[Depression and learned helplessness in humans].", "content": "The learned helplessness hypothesis as a model of human depression is rather unknown in the journals of german language. This article wants to remove that ignorance and make known that experimentalclinical model of depressive behavior. We want further to stimulate empirical and experimental research. In recent advances attributional and cognitive reflections and determinants got important. We introduce these new developments. Depressed persons attribute failures and negative experiences in an internal, global, and stabile way. A problematic cognitive circle develops and depression gets more intensive and chronically. Therapeutical and preventive implications are also discussed.", "contents": "[Depression and learned helplessness in humans]. The learned helplessness hypothesis as a model of human depression is rather unknown in the journals of german language. This article wants to remove that ignorance and make known that experimentalclinical model of depressive behavior. We want further to stimulate empirical and experimental research. In recent advances attributional and cognitive reflections and determinants got important. We introduce these new developments. Depressed persons attribute failures and negative experiences in an internal, global, and stabile way. A problematic cognitive circle develops and depression gets more intensive and chronically. Therapeutical and preventive implications are also discussed.", "PMID": 549316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11291", "title": "[Morphometric studies on lymphatic vessels of the axillary region].", "content": "Axillary lymph vessels of 94 autopsy cases (42 female, 52 male) have been investigated histologically in serial slices. Total diameter of the lymph vessels, vascular wall diameter, diameter of the medial connective tissue, finally that one of the artificial tissue spaces were measured in almost 8000 single measurements. The mean values of counts for the different vascular wall components were assessed statistically with the aid of a computer. By reason of the enormous individual variation of the number and the size in lymph vessel system a direct comparison of the measurement data from the different wall components was impossible. Therefore, the ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle within the vascular media was regarded as a significant parameter for the development of a lymphangiosclerosis. The connective tissue/smooth muscle gradient increased from decade to decade with a slighter progression in groups with higher age A significant increase of lymphangi osclerosis was noted in cases with right heart insufficiency in correlation to the degree of heart insuffiency. Severe lymphangiosclerotic alterations were developed after radical mastectomy and radiotherapy of the axilla, after radiotherapy of other malignant tumors, and in cases with heart failures or vascular dysplasia. Morphometric investigations were not possible in cases with floride lymphangitis and in one case of general vascular amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies on lymphatic vessels of the axillary region]. Axillary lymph vessels of 94 autopsy cases (42 female, 52 male) have been investigated histologically in serial slices. Total diameter of the lymph vessels, vascular wall diameter, diameter of the medial connective tissue, finally that one of the artificial tissue spaces were measured in almost 8000 single measurements. The mean values of counts for the different vascular wall components were assessed statistically with the aid of a computer. By reason of the enormous individual variation of the number and the size in lymph vessel system a direct comparison of the measurement data from the different wall components was impossible. Therefore, the ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle within the vascular media was regarded as a significant parameter for the development of a lymphangiosclerosis. The connective tissue/smooth muscle gradient increased from decade to decade with a slighter progression in groups with higher age A significant increase of lymphangi osclerosis was noted in cases with right heart insufficiency in correlation to the degree of heart insuffiency. Severe lymphangiosclerotic alterations were developed after radical mastectomy and radiotherapy of the axilla, after radiotherapy of other malignant tumors, and in cases with heart failures or vascular dysplasia. Morphometric investigations were not possible in cases with floride lymphangitis and in one case of general vascular amyloidosis.", "PMID": 549321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11292", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of the thoracic-duct-lymph incubated on lymphocytes.", "content": "It was found that lymphocytes cultured in the medium containing chyle were remarkably suppressed in responding to phytohemagglutinin as compared with the control culture without the fluid. This suppressive effect on the cell type seemed likely to be induced by cytotoxic substance produced from the fluid incubated. Various lipids were separated from the incubated-chyle by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies and then their cytotoxic activity to the lymphocytes was examined. These experimental results suggested that unsaturated free fatty acids, made possibly from chylomicron by lipoprotein lipase, had a capability to cause lymphocytolysis. The patho-physiological and immunological significance of the cytotoxic products was discussed.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of the thoracic-duct-lymph incubated on lymphocytes. It was found that lymphocytes cultured in the medium containing chyle were remarkably suppressed in responding to phytohemagglutinin as compared with the control culture without the fluid. This suppressive effect on the cell type seemed likely to be induced by cytotoxic substance produced from the fluid incubated. Various lipids were separated from the incubated-chyle by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies and then their cytotoxic activity to the lymphocytes was examined. These experimental results suggested that unsaturated free fatty acids, made possibly from chylomicron by lipoprotein lipase, had a capability to cause lymphocytolysis. The patho-physiological and immunological significance of the cytotoxic products was discussed.", "PMID": 549322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11293", "title": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of primary hydrocele in children].", "content": "The serous-wall of the typical, non-communicating, idiopathic hydrocele of the child presents with a lympho-static oedema, whose protein-containing fluid is pressed transmesothelially into the lumen. The cause must be seen in the lymph-drainage of the tunica vaginalis testis which follows the obliteration. The above described etiological-pathogenical concept gives the more or less empirical therapeutic-methods a rational basis.", "contents": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of primary hydrocele in children]. The serous-wall of the typical, non-communicating, idiopathic hydrocele of the child presents with a lympho-static oedema, whose protein-containing fluid is pressed transmesothelially into the lumen. The cause must be seen in the lymph-drainage of the tunica vaginalis testis which follows the obliteration. The above described etiological-pathogenical concept gives the more or less empirical therapeutic-methods a rational basis.", "PMID": 549324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11294", "title": "[Physical therapy in cases of post-mastectomy progressive chronic lymphedema. A contribution to continuing education].", "content": "The possibilities of treatment and considerations with regard to time and location of correctly organized treatment of post-mastectomy lymphatic edemas are reviewed. Dangers and misunderstandings are pointed out.", "contents": "[Physical therapy in cases of post-mastectomy progressive chronic lymphedema. A contribution to continuing education]. The possibilities of treatment and considerations with regard to time and location of correctly organized treatment of post-mastectomy lymphatic edemas are reviewed. Dangers and misunderstandings are pointed out.", "PMID": 549325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11295", "title": "[Necrosis in cases of slipped upper femoral epiphysis and its consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "The author demonstrates the development and treatment of 6 cases of necrosis of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis. In cases of gradual dislocation, the blood supply of the epiphysis remains normal at all stages. Necrosis does not occur spontaneously. In cases of sudden or so-called \"traumatic\" separation, the supply of blood to the epiphysis is often disturbed, and necrosis may occur spontaneously. Slight disturbance of the blood supply to the epiphysis may be only temporary and complete recovery may take place. Severe damage, however, leads to necrosis. Operative measures to treat the necrosis may lead to an improvement, but complete restoration of necrosis is not possible--as the examples in the article show. Osteoarthritis will follow at an early age in these cases. Thus, to avoid necrosis in cases of sudden dislocation of the epiphysis therapy must be carried out very gently. Closed or operative reduction should not be performed immediately after the slippage. The deformity should be corrected at a later stage.", "contents": "[Necrosis in cases of slipped upper femoral epiphysis and its consequences (author's transl)]. The author demonstrates the development and treatment of 6 cases of necrosis of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis. In cases of gradual dislocation, the blood supply of the epiphysis remains normal at all stages. Necrosis does not occur spontaneously. In cases of sudden or so-called \"traumatic\" separation, the supply of blood to the epiphysis is often disturbed, and necrosis may occur spontaneously. Slight disturbance of the blood supply to the epiphysis may be only temporary and complete recovery may take place. Severe damage, however, leads to necrosis. Operative measures to treat the necrosis may lead to an improvement, but complete restoration of necrosis is not possible--as the examples in the article show. Osteoarthritis will follow at an early age in these cases. Thus, to avoid necrosis in cases of sudden dislocation of the epiphysis therapy must be carried out very gently. Closed or operative reduction should not be performed immediately after the slippage. The deformity should be corrected at a later stage.", "PMID": 549327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11296", "title": "[Experiences with the condition of resection of the hip joint following removal of the alloarthroplastic implantate (author's transl)].", "content": "30 patients whose total endoprosthesis of the hip joint had been removed without any replacement, thus creating a so-called state of secondary resection, were followed up 6 months to 6 years after the operation. It was found that in almost two-thirds of the cases a subjective feeling of improved mobility was reported. The objective findings consisted in restrictions of the total rotation, abduction and adduction of 1/3 rd of the normal extent of mobility. An average value of 74.7 degrees was recorded for flexion. 28 patients stated that their walking performance was satisfactory to very good when using a walking-stick as support. More than three-quarters of the patients questioned stated their pain had been positively influenced by the creation of the state of secondary resection. Another objective finding was a difference between the length of the legs amounting to 4.2 cm on the average. We could prove the existence of a relationship between the difference in leg length and the roentgenologically visualised supporting of the resection area of the coxal end of the femur at the lateral pelvis. Since all the patients with the exception of two could resume their customary daily routine activities, the state of secondary resection after unsuccessful total endoprosthesis of the hip joint must be considered a reasonably acceptable alternative.", "contents": "[Experiences with the condition of resection of the hip joint following removal of the alloarthroplastic implantate (author's transl)]. 30 patients whose total endoprosthesis of the hip joint had been removed without any replacement, thus creating a so-called state of secondary resection, were followed up 6 months to 6 years after the operation. It was found that in almost two-thirds of the cases a subjective feeling of improved mobility was reported. The objective findings consisted in restrictions of the total rotation, abduction and adduction of 1/3 rd of the normal extent of mobility. An average value of 74.7 degrees was recorded for flexion. 28 patients stated that their walking performance was satisfactory to very good when using a walking-stick as support. More than three-quarters of the patients questioned stated their pain had been positively influenced by the creation of the state of secondary resection. Another objective finding was a difference between the length of the legs amounting to 4.2 cm on the average. We could prove the existence of a relationship between the difference in leg length and the roentgenologically visualised supporting of the resection area of the coxal end of the femur at the lateral pelvis. Since all the patients with the exception of two could resume their customary daily routine activities, the state of secondary resection after unsuccessful total endoprosthesis of the hip joint must be considered a reasonably acceptable alternative.", "PMID": 549328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11297", "title": "[Congenital femoral defect (author's transl)].", "content": "The various forms of congenital femoral defect are discussed according to the classification by Blauth, basing on own observations made by the authors. Choice of therapy is mainly determined by the morphological findings, preference being given to long-time conservative therapy for the controlled promotion of growth. The article comments on the indication and performance of supplementary operative intervention.", "contents": "[Congenital femoral defect (author's transl)]. The various forms of congenital femoral defect are discussed according to the classification by Blauth, basing on own observations made by the authors. Choice of therapy is mainly determined by the morphological findings, preference being given to long-time conservative therapy for the controlled promotion of growth. The article comments on the indication and performance of supplementary operative intervention.", "PMID": 549329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11298", "title": "[Experiences with the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison with the total hip joint replacement the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip according to Mr. H. Wagner seems to have some advantages. Personal experiences based on 152 operations and follow-up examinations at least half a year after the incision confirm this impression.", "contents": "[Experiences with the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)]. In comparison with the total hip joint replacement the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip according to Mr. H. Wagner seems to have some advantages. Personal experiences based on 152 operations and follow-up examinations at least half a year after the incision confirm this impression.", "PMID": 549330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11299", "title": "[Double-contrast arthrography in chondropathia patellae--clinical and experimental study on pathogenesis and diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is based on the evaluation of 250 arthrographies of the patellofemoral joint (\"d\u00e9fil\u00e9\" arthrographs in Ficat's terminology) which were performed because of clinical suspicion of chondropathia patellae and which could be controlled intraoperatively in 30 cases, as well as on examinations employing an etching paste as used in metallurgy and performed on 20 knee-joints of corpses. 46% of the arthrographies showed a ridge-shaped cartilaginous thickening which was not pre-modelled in the osseous structure and which separated the medial facette into a paramedian and a marginal segment and correlated with chondromalacia to a greater degree than patellar dysplasias or secondary osseous changes. This variant, which could not be detected by plain roentgenography, must be considered as a pre-arthrotic deformity on account of the high point-shaped pressure load on the ridge. The findings were fully confirmed by macroscopic examination of the postmortem material.", "contents": "[Double-contrast arthrography in chondropathia patellae--clinical and experimental study on pathogenesis and diagnosis (author's transl)]. This study is based on the evaluation of 250 arthrographies of the patellofemoral joint (\"d\u00e9fil\u00e9\" arthrographs in Ficat's terminology) which were performed because of clinical suspicion of chondropathia patellae and which could be controlled intraoperatively in 30 cases, as well as on examinations employing an etching paste as used in metallurgy and performed on 20 knee-joints of corpses. 46% of the arthrographies showed a ridge-shaped cartilaginous thickening which was not pre-modelled in the osseous structure and which separated the medial facette into a paramedian and a marginal segment and correlated with chondromalacia to a greater degree than patellar dysplasias or secondary osseous changes. This variant, which could not be detected by plain roentgenography, must be considered as a pre-arthrotic deformity on account of the high point-shaped pressure load on the ridge. The findings were fully confirmed by macroscopic examination of the postmortem material.", "PMID": 549331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11300", "title": "[Gonarthrosis following persisting knee joint instability (author's transl)].", "content": "It is frequently assumed that persisting instability of the knee joint leads to gonarthrosis. We have reviewed recent and primary radiograms of 32 patients with old knee trauma resulting in prolonged capsular and ligamentous instability in order to study the eventual development of secondary gonarthrosis. Our results were as follows: All primarily intact joints developed gonarthrosis after an average of 46 months of permanent instability. Primarily existing gonarthrosis increased with exception of 3 cases. The tendency to develop an arthrosis seems to be proportional to the duration of instability; the type of instability apparently has no influence on the development of an instability gonarthrosis. Operative procedures having been performed prior to final stabilysing surgery obviously do not cause the development of secondary gonarthrosis. The persisting instability of the knee joint after combined discontinuation of capsule and ligaments therefore may be regarded as a prearthrotic factor.", "contents": "[Gonarthrosis following persisting knee joint instability (author's transl)]. It is frequently assumed that persisting instability of the knee joint leads to gonarthrosis. We have reviewed recent and primary radiograms of 32 patients with old knee trauma resulting in prolonged capsular and ligamentous instability in order to study the eventual development of secondary gonarthrosis. Our results were as follows: All primarily intact joints developed gonarthrosis after an average of 46 months of permanent instability. Primarily existing gonarthrosis increased with exception of 3 cases. The tendency to develop an arthrosis seems to be proportional to the duration of instability; the type of instability apparently has no influence on the development of an instability gonarthrosis. Operative procedures having been performed prior to final stabilysing surgery obviously do not cause the development of secondary gonarthrosis. The persisting instability of the knee joint after combined discontinuation of capsule and ligaments therefore may be regarded as a prearthrotic factor.", "PMID": 549332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11301", "title": "[The etiopathogenesis of hammer toe flatfoot (author's transl)].", "content": "In consideration of the present literature and the analysis of their own 15 cases the authors present their theory of etiopathogenesis. A primary or secondary pes planus is the primary deformity. The muscle is the cause of the definitio deformity: the hammer toe flatfoot.", "contents": "[The etiopathogenesis of hammer toe flatfoot (author's transl)]. In consideration of the present literature and the analysis of their own 15 cases the authors present their theory of etiopathogenesis. A primary or secondary pes planus is the primary deformity. The muscle is the cause of the definitio deformity: the hammer toe flatfoot.", "PMID": 549333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11302", "title": "[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. I: Macroscopic structure].", "content": "In 64 cadaveric forearm-specimens of different donorage the membrana interossea antebrachii was investigated macroscopically. The extension of the membrana interossea at the forearm was measured as well as its thickness. The direction of its fibers was also determinated in its different sections and prevalent fibrous structures reinforcing the membrana interossea were investigated. The results characterize the membrana interossea in its middle and proximal section as a taut, strong ligament, which stabilizes the forearm and coordinates pronation and supination in both radioulnar joints.", "contents": "[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. I: Macroscopic structure]. In 64 cadaveric forearm-specimens of different donorage the membrana interossea antebrachii was investigated macroscopically. The extension of the membrana interossea at the forearm was measured as well as its thickness. The direction of its fibers was also determinated in its different sections and prevalent fibrous structures reinforcing the membrana interossea were investigated. The results characterize the membrana interossea in its middle and proximal section as a taut, strong ligament, which stabilizes the forearm and coordinates pronation and supination in both radioulnar joints.", "PMID": 549334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11303", "title": "[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. II: Submacroscopic and microscopic structure].", "content": "The membrana interossea natebrachii was investigated submacroscopically and microscopically in human cadaveric specimens. Stereomicroscopical and histological investigations under polarized and non-polarized light were performed. Due to the textological structure and due to its osseous insertion the membrana interossea antebrachii represents in its middle and proximal part all morphological features of an interosseous ligament with uniform direction of its fibers. In this middle and proximal part the membrana interossea has to be regarded as a strong ligament coordinating both radioulnar joints which act by the cardan shaft of the forearm as a functional unit.", "contents": "[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. II: Submacroscopic and microscopic structure]. The membrana interossea natebrachii was investigated submacroscopically and microscopically in human cadaveric specimens. Stereomicroscopical and histological investigations under polarized and non-polarized light were performed. Due to the textological structure and due to its osseous insertion the membrana interossea antebrachii represents in its middle and proximal part all morphological features of an interosseous ligament with uniform direction of its fibers. In this middle and proximal part the membrana interossea has to be regarded as a strong ligament coordinating both radioulnar joints which act by the cardan shaft of the forearm as a functional unit.", "PMID": 549335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11304", "title": "[Aetiopathogenesis of scoliosis, hip dysplasia and torticollis in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The special risk of the newborn to acquire, skeletal deformities is based on the increased plasticity, intensity of growth and extrapyramidal activity of reflexes which influence each other. These 3 factors may lead to structural growth- and weight bearing deformities in the presence of shrinking contractures and a unilateral oblique habitual position of the trunk. Considering the \"Seventh Syndrome\" the dual pathogenesis of scoliosis in infancy is discussed from our present point of view (including scoliosis due to oblique body position - moulded baby syndrome - and its deterioration as against true idiopathic infantile or advanced juvenile scoliosis respectively. Similarly is discussed the relation of hip dysplasia due to oblique habitual trunk position in regard to hip dysplasia in connection with CDH as well as the habitual oblique position of the head as against true muscular torticollis.", "contents": "[Aetiopathogenesis of scoliosis, hip dysplasia and torticollis in infancy (author's transl)]. The special risk of the newborn to acquire, skeletal deformities is based on the increased plasticity, intensity of growth and extrapyramidal activity of reflexes which influence each other. These 3 factors may lead to structural growth- and weight bearing deformities in the presence of shrinking contractures and a unilateral oblique habitual position of the trunk. Considering the \"Seventh Syndrome\" the dual pathogenesis of scoliosis in infancy is discussed from our present point of view (including scoliosis due to oblique body position - moulded baby syndrome - and its deterioration as against true idiopathic infantile or advanced juvenile scoliosis respectively. Similarly is discussed the relation of hip dysplasia due to oblique habitual trunk position in regard to hip dysplasia in connection with CDH as well as the habitual oblique position of the head as against true muscular torticollis.", "PMID": 549336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11305", "title": "[The influence of irradiation into the wear behaviour of polyethylene (author's transl)].", "content": "Irradiated specimens of UHMW-PE have been tested by a \"Pin-on-disc\"-method against a metal pin. Increasing irradiation doses are leading to obviously increasing wear-rates. Irradiation in presence of nitrogen gives no advantage in comparison to normal air as an crosslinking agents, concerning tribological properties.", "contents": "[The influence of irradiation into the wear behaviour of polyethylene (author's transl)]. Irradiated specimens of UHMW-PE have been tested by a \"Pin-on-disc\"-method against a metal pin. Increasing irradiation doses are leading to obviously increasing wear-rates. Irradiation in presence of nitrogen gives no advantage in comparison to normal air as an crosslinking agents, concerning tribological properties.", "PMID": 549337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11306", "title": "[Treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head, taking growth of the femoral neck into account (author's transl)].", "content": "Prevention of further detachment is the primary aim in the immediate treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head. Screwing of the epiphysis of the head, first introduced by M. E. Mueller (1965), has proved successful. Besides providing immediate mechanical stability, this method, however, results in premature ossification of the joint of the femoral neck. Epiphysiodesis has a particularly unfavourable effect in early childhood, because it inhibits proper growth of the leg and development of the mechanism of the hip joint on account of the shortened femoral neck. Spiking of the epiphysis with Krischner screw wires guarantees safe fixation of the epiphyseal head on the one hand, and sufficient freedom of femoral neck growth on the other. Surgical treatment requires knowledge of the changed hip joint anatomy of the child. Preoperative planning via drawing to determine the length and position of the implantate on the basis of standardised x-ray films, will help to prevent operative failures.", "contents": "[Treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head, taking growth of the femoral neck into account (author's transl)]. Prevention of further detachment is the primary aim in the immediate treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head. Screwing of the epiphysis of the head, first introduced by M. E. Mueller (1965), has proved successful. Besides providing immediate mechanical stability, this method, however, results in premature ossification of the joint of the femoral neck. Epiphysiodesis has a particularly unfavourable effect in early childhood, because it inhibits proper growth of the leg and development of the mechanism of the hip joint on account of the shortened femoral neck. Spiking of the epiphysis with Krischner screw wires guarantees safe fixation of the epiphyseal head on the one hand, and sufficient freedom of femoral neck growth on the other. Surgical treatment requires knowledge of the changed hip joint anatomy of the child. Preoperative planning via drawing to determine the length and position of the implantate on the basis of standardised x-ray films, will help to prevent operative failures.", "PMID": 549338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11307", "title": "[Predetermination of arthrosis, pain and limitation of movement in congenital hip dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to find out, whether the onset of pain, arthrosis and decrease in mobility in different degrees of joint deformation is predictable for the indication of corrective surgery. When the correlation between of the onset of pain and arthrosis on one side and different measurements of joint deformation was tested, it turned out, that there is a significant correlation. If different age groups are built, however, we observe, that this correlation is given mainly in the youngest age group, where the most extreme dysplasias are found. In slight and moderately severe dysplasias the onset of pain can be found in all age groups. Arthrosis is following pain several years later. For this reason corrective surgery in slight and moderately severe dysplasias cna be postponed until the onset of pain. Borderline values, above or below of which the onset of pain is to be expected until the age of about 35 years, are given in tab. 5.1. In these cases early surgery seems indicated.", "contents": "[Predetermination of arthrosis, pain and limitation of movement in congenital hip dysplasia (author's transl)]. The purpose of this investigation was to find out, whether the onset of pain, arthrosis and decrease in mobility in different degrees of joint deformation is predictable for the indication of corrective surgery. When the correlation between of the onset of pain and arthrosis on one side and different measurements of joint deformation was tested, it turned out, that there is a significant correlation. If different age groups are built, however, we observe, that this correlation is given mainly in the youngest age group, where the most extreme dysplasias are found. In slight and moderately severe dysplasias the onset of pain can be found in all age groups. Arthrosis is following pain several years later. For this reason corrective surgery in slight and moderately severe dysplasias cna be postponed until the onset of pain. Borderline values, above or below of which the onset of pain is to be expected until the age of about 35 years, are given in tab. 5.1. In these cases early surgery seems indicated.", "PMID": 549339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11308", "title": "[The importance of the combination of the special x-ray with the arthrography in congenital displacement of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Arthrography is an important method of diagnosis of congenital displacement of the hip. It reveals the interposition of the soft tissue and the correctness of the position of the femur after a reduction of the hip joint. Arthrography only in a anterior posterior position cannot always demonstrate the real relationship between the femur and the pelvis. An x-ray of the arthrography in 45 degrees oblique position (Foramen obturatorium position) can reveal the situation.", "contents": "[The importance of the combination of the special x-ray with the arthrography in congenital displacement of the hip (author's transl)]. Arthrography is an important method of diagnosis of congenital displacement of the hip. It reveals the interposition of the soft tissue and the correctness of the position of the femur after a reduction of the hip joint. Arthrography only in a anterior posterior position cannot always demonstrate the real relationship between the femur and the pelvis. An x-ray of the arthrography in 45 degrees oblique position (Foramen obturatorium position) can reveal the situation.", "PMID": 549340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11309", "title": "[Silent cases of dysplasia of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of a large group of patients was conducted in the German Democratic Republic in two areas with a high incidence of dislocations. X-ray films of 15111 newborn were used in the study. The rate of clinically silent cases varied between 1.3%, 11.2% and 39.9%. This equals an average of 16.5%. The article stresses the need for well-aimed preventive treatment.", "contents": "[Silent cases of dysplasia of the hip (author's transl)]. Evaluation of a large group of patients was conducted in the German Democratic Republic in two areas with a high incidence of dislocations. X-ray films of 15111 newborn were used in the study. The rate of clinically silent cases varied between 1.3%, 11.2% and 39.9%. This equals an average of 16.5%. The article stresses the need for well-aimed preventive treatment.", "PMID": 549341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11310", "title": "[Fractures of the femoral neck in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteosynthesis is the preferred method of treatment in fractures of the neck of the femur in children. Operative technique requires attention to be paid to a few special features due to the problems caused by the neighbourhood of the joint of the femoral neck. Nine cases of fractures of the neck of the femur in children were treated by the authors during 1971 to 1978. Diagnosis of such lesions, which are no longer a rare occurrence, requires accurate x-ray films on two levels, because infractions are easily overlooked. The dreaded complications of necrosis of the femoral head can best be counteracted by immediate anatomical repositioning and exercise-stable osteosynthesis, as well as by temporary relief. The authors discuss the therapeutic procedure in detail, basing on the experience with their own patients, and the results are communicated.", "contents": "[Fractures of the femoral neck in children (author's transl)]. Osteosynthesis is the preferred method of treatment in fractures of the neck of the femur in children. Operative technique requires attention to be paid to a few special features due to the problems caused by the neighbourhood of the joint of the femoral neck. Nine cases of fractures of the neck of the femur in children were treated by the authors during 1971 to 1978. Diagnosis of such lesions, which are no longer a rare occurrence, requires accurate x-ray films on two levels, because infractions are easily overlooked. The dreaded complications of necrosis of the femoral head can best be counteracted by immediate anatomical repositioning and exercise-stable osteosynthesis, as well as by temporary relief. The authors discuss the therapeutic procedure in detail, basing on the experience with their own patients, and the results are communicated.", "PMID": 549342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11311", "title": "[Rowing with an endoprosthesis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "After inserting an endoprosthesis of the hip sports activities are mandatory to restore and maintain joint function. Rowing is compared with other disciplines as a most suitable sport. It entails all the advantages which are beneficial to patients with a hip endoprosthesis and should be generally adopted as an appropriate rehabilitation measure.", "contents": "[Rowing with an endoprosthesis of the hip (author's transl)]. After inserting an endoprosthesis of the hip sports activities are mandatory to restore and maintain joint function. Rowing is compared with other disciplines as a most suitable sport. It entails all the advantages which are beneficial to patients with a hip endoprosthesis and should be generally adopted as an appropriate rehabilitation measure.", "PMID": 549343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11312", "title": "[A modified sledge prosthesis for placing on the cortical bone surface (author's transl)].", "content": "A new sledge prosthesis is described here. The height of the femoral component as well as of the tibial plateau are diminished in comparison to other models. It seems more safe to place this type of prosthesis on the cortical bone surface than into the spongiosa parts where loosening is more probable. The stems of both components have been designed accordingly. The technique of operation and the indication are described in detail.", "contents": "[A modified sledge prosthesis for placing on the cortical bone surface (author's transl)]. A new sledge prosthesis is described here. The height of the femoral component as well as of the tibial plateau are diminished in comparison to other models. It seems more safe to place this type of prosthesis on the cortical bone surface than into the spongiosa parts where loosening is more probable. The stems of both components have been designed accordingly. The technique of operation and the indication are described in detail.", "PMID": 549344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11313", "title": "[Comments on the problem of differential diagnosis of tumours of the nerve sheaths in angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes the special features governing the assessment of angiographic findings in tumours of the nerve sheaths. Considerations of differential diagnosis, especially between neurinoma and neurofibroma, are discussed. Likewise, the problems of differential diagnosis of such tumours against neoplasms of the tissue of the soft parts, are also discussed. Angiography permits only a limited determination of the degree of malignancy of the neurinoma and neurofibroma. It is always mandatory to correlate these findings with the histological findings. However, angiography does seem to be justified as an additional examination technique, since it supplies fundamental pointers for surgery.", "contents": "[Comments on the problem of differential diagnosis of tumours of the nerve sheaths in angiography (author's transl)]. The article describes the special features governing the assessment of angiographic findings in tumours of the nerve sheaths. Considerations of differential diagnosis, especially between neurinoma and neurofibroma, are discussed. Likewise, the problems of differential diagnosis of such tumours against neoplasms of the tissue of the soft parts, are also discussed. Angiography permits only a limited determination of the degree of malignancy of the neurinoma and neurofibroma. It is always mandatory to correlate these findings with the histological findings. However, angiography does seem to be justified as an additional examination technique, since it supplies fundamental pointers for surgery.", "PMID": 549345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11314", "title": "[Resection arthroplasty of the clavicle in Friedrich's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Friedrich's disease is an avascular necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle which runs a typical course with different stages. Surgical treatment is advised with resection-arthroplasty of the lower pole of the sternal clavicle end. Functional results are satisfactory.", "contents": "[Resection arthroplasty of the clavicle in Friedrich's disease (author's transl)]. Friedrich's disease is an avascular necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle which runs a typical course with different stages. Surgical treatment is advised with resection-arthroplasty of the lower pole of the sternal clavicle end. Functional results are satisfactory.", "PMID": 549346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11315", "title": "[Os tibiale mediale (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes a small anomalous bone in the region of the medial acetabulum of the head of the tibia. The author suggests to call this bone os tibiale mediale (otm.).", "contents": "[Os tibiale mediale (author's transl)]. The article describes a small anomalous bone in the region of the medial acetabulum of the head of the tibia. The author suggests to call this bone os tibiale mediale (otm.).", "PMID": 549347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11316", "title": "[The technic of microvascular surgery and the use of it in orthopedics and traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "With two chosen examples we point out the applications of the microvascular surgery in orthopedics and traumatology. The technique of anastomosing the vessels from a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm was explained, and the main principles for the success were pointed out.", "contents": "[The technic of microvascular surgery and the use of it in orthopedics and traumatology (author's transl)]. With two chosen examples we point out the applications of the microvascular surgery in orthopedics and traumatology. The technique of anastomosing the vessels from a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm was explained, and the main principles for the success were pointed out.", "PMID": 549348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11317", "title": "[Medialisation or lateralisation in intertrochanteric osteotomies (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of displacement of the lower fragment in intertrochanteric osteotomies is discussed. The necessity derives from alterations of the so called \"mechanical axis of the limb\". Ceometrical drawing and measuring of special X-ray pictures are necessary for getting exact dates for the displacement in the \"frontal plain\". The dependence from various biomechanical facts is shown.", "contents": "[Medialisation or lateralisation in intertrochanteric osteotomies (author's transl)]. The problem of displacement of the lower fragment in intertrochanteric osteotomies is discussed. The necessity derives from alterations of the so called \"mechanical axis of the limb\". Ceometrical drawing and measuring of special X-ray pictures are necessary for getting exact dates for the displacement in the \"frontal plain\". The dependence from various biomechanical facts is shown.", "PMID": 549350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11318", "title": "[On the surgical treatment of paraplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a modified dorso-ventral operation method for the treatment of unstable vertebral lesions in parapletic patients. We see the indication for ca. 10% of the paraplegics with unstable vertebral fractures and incomplete neurological pareses with a real of expected worsening of the neurological status. A real stabilisation can only be reached by combined dorsal and ventral fusioning, which only rectify the operative risks. The geometrical arguments for this method are presented.", "contents": "[On the surgical treatment of paraplegia (author's transl)]. We report on a modified dorso-ventral operation method for the treatment of unstable vertebral lesions in parapletic patients. We see the indication for ca. 10% of the paraplegics with unstable vertebral fractures and incomplete neurological pareses with a real of expected worsening of the neurological status. A real stabilisation can only be reached by combined dorsal and ventral fusioning, which only rectify the operative risks. The geometrical arguments for this method are presented.", "PMID": 549351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11319", "title": "[Rare injuries of the Achilles tendon (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of Achilles tendon rupture become more important, because the number of sport injuries is increasing. The typical rupture (transverse rupture) is well known. However in literature the medial rupture between muscle and tendon of the musc. gastrocnemius and the longitudinal rupture of the Achilles tendon are rarely mentionaled. This article describes the special symptoms of these injuries and their therapy.", "contents": "[Rare injuries of the Achilles tendon (author's transl)]. The problems of Achilles tendon rupture become more important, because the number of sport injuries is increasing. The typical rupture (transverse rupture) is well known. However in literature the medial rupture between muscle and tendon of the musc. gastrocnemius and the longitudinal rupture of the Achilles tendon are rarely mentionaled. This article describes the special symptoms of these injuries and their therapy.", "PMID": 549352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11320", "title": "[Treatment of the combined musculus trapezius/serratus anterior paresis with scapulothoracal arthrodesis according to Spira (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined paresis of the musculus trapezius and musculus serratus anterior results in a positional change and major loss of active mobility of the shoulder girdle. This greatly disturbs the mechanics of movement of the upper arm. The individual signs include a lowering of the shoulder blade in ventro-caudal direction in accordance with the weight of the arm, as a result of the absence of muscular restraint. In this position, the scapula exercises so to say an adducting action on the upper arm, so that this will usually not exceed an abduction of about 40 degrees, in relation to the perpendicular line of C7, althoug it may be freely mobile in the glenohumeral joint. Increase of elevation of the upper arm and of the force exercised by the musculature acting on the glenohumeral joint can be achieved via a correction of the position of the shoulder girdle associated with simultaneous stabilization of the shoulder blade at the posterior thoracic wall. Using an actual case as basis, scapulothoracic arthrodesis in the modification according to Spira is described as a method to correct the position of the shoulder blade and to stabilize the scapula. Other possibilities of stabilization in the form of musculature transpositions and paresis operations are discussed. The article also comments on the indication of scapula fixation.", "contents": "[Treatment of the combined musculus trapezius/serratus anterior paresis with scapulothoracal arthrodesis according to Spira (author's transl)]. The combined paresis of the musculus trapezius and musculus serratus anterior results in a positional change and major loss of active mobility of the shoulder girdle. This greatly disturbs the mechanics of movement of the upper arm. The individual signs include a lowering of the shoulder blade in ventro-caudal direction in accordance with the weight of the arm, as a result of the absence of muscular restraint. In this position, the scapula exercises so to say an adducting action on the upper arm, so that this will usually not exceed an abduction of about 40 degrees, in relation to the perpendicular line of C7, althoug it may be freely mobile in the glenohumeral joint. Increase of elevation of the upper arm and of the force exercised by the musculature acting on the glenohumeral joint can be achieved via a correction of the position of the shoulder girdle associated with simultaneous stabilization of the shoulder blade at the posterior thoracic wall. Using an actual case as basis, scapulothoracic arthrodesis in the modification according to Spira is described as a method to correct the position of the shoulder blade and to stabilize the scapula. Other possibilities of stabilization in the form of musculature transpositions and paresis operations are discussed. The article also comments on the indication of scapula fixation.", "PMID": 549354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11321", "title": "[Neurovascular compression syndroms of the shoulder girdle (author's transl)].", "content": "Shoulder girdle compression syndroms appear intermittently and according to body carriage. Very seldom they are caused by neck ribs, mostly by a costoclavicular narrowness. Important for the symptoms is the nerval plexus compression, for diagnostic reasons the blood vessel compression. Essential are provocating tests, subclavia phonogramms and in doubtful cases, angiography. Oszillo- and sonography often fail, EMG and nerval conductive measurement are only of differential diagnostik importance. In all together 120 healthy persons compression was shown phonographically, phlebographically and manometrically in 58--88%. Only the symptomatic and distinct compression are abnormal. Physiotherapy should be applied, only operative decompression is a causal treatment. The transaxilar resection of the first rib with scalenotomy and eventually also resection of a neck rib is by fat better than any other method. This is a report of 112 operated patients.", "contents": "[Neurovascular compression syndroms of the shoulder girdle (author's transl)]. Shoulder girdle compression syndroms appear intermittently and according to body carriage. Very seldom they are caused by neck ribs, mostly by a costoclavicular narrowness. Important for the symptoms is the nerval plexus compression, for diagnostic reasons the blood vessel compression. Essential are provocating tests, subclavia phonogramms and in doubtful cases, angiography. Oszillo- and sonography often fail, EMG and nerval conductive measurement are only of differential diagnostik importance. In all together 120 healthy persons compression was shown phonographically, phlebographically and manometrically in 58--88%. Only the symptomatic and distinct compression are abnormal. Physiotherapy should be applied, only operative decompression is a causal treatment. The transaxilar resection of the first rib with scalenotomy and eventually also resection of a neck rib is by fat better than any other method. This is a report of 112 operated patients.", "PMID": 549355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11322", "title": "[Metatarsal basis fracture V (author's transl)].", "content": "The article demonstrates the specific nature of the fracture of the metatarsal basis V in respect of accident mechanism, diagnosis and treatment. It is also shown that treatment with elastic adhesive dressings yields the best results.", "contents": "[Metatarsal basis fracture V (author's transl)]. The article demonstrates the specific nature of the fracture of the metatarsal basis V in respect of accident mechanism, diagnosis and treatment. It is also shown that treatment with elastic adhesive dressings yields the best results.", "PMID": 549356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11323", "title": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of osteochondritis dissecans patellae were seen and followed during years 1971--1978. Special interest was pointed to the site of the lesion, at which age the disease appeared, and to the physical activity of the patients. In one case only patellar subluxation could be confirmed. In two cases radioisotope (Tc99) szintigraphy was done with positive finding. The radiological finding was typical in all cases. The treatment was conservative in all cases but one. Loose body formed once in the series. Operative treatment should be directed only to the cases with persistent symptoms and/or loose bodies.", "contents": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella (author's transl)]. Five cases of osteochondritis dissecans patellae were seen and followed during years 1971--1978. Special interest was pointed to the site of the lesion, at which age the disease appeared, and to the physical activity of the patients. In one case only patellar subluxation could be confirmed. In two cases radioisotope (Tc99) szintigraphy was done with positive finding. The radiological finding was typical in all cases. The treatment was conservative in all cases but one. Loose body formed once in the series. Operative treatment should be directed only to the cases with persistent symptoms and/or loose bodies.", "PMID": 549357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11324", "title": "[Clinical results of total endoprosthesis of the knee--follow-up of 51 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short historic introduction, the article describes the total endoprotheses of the knee used in our hospital. This is followed by a description of the case material. The follow-ups of the 51 total endoprotheses of the knee applied between April 1971 and October 1975, covered the following criteria: Pain, extent of mobility, extension deficit, stability and walking performance. The article subsequently reviews the complications occurring with the hinged and hingeless total endoprostheses of the knee. Pain, extent of mobility and stability are evaluated via a system of points, thus enabling an evaluation of the functional results of the individual prostheses. During the following discussion, our results are compared with those of three other follow-ups. Comparisons are not always possible, because the evaluation standards may differ. However, we believe that we can say that our results do not differ significantly from those of the studies against which they were compared. In both cases, the complications are mainly the same. With particular reference to a comparision of the results obtained with the Freeman-Swanson prostheses, the results obtained by Freeman during both periods of time were superior to ours. Our experiences with the hingeless Freeman-Swanson prosthesis are rather better than those obtained with the hinged prostheses according to Shiers ans Gu\u00e9par, especially with regard to the frequency of loosening and infection. However, it must be borne in mind that the follow-up control times are shorter for the Freeman-Swanson prostheses. We believe that implantation of a hinged prosthesis in joints with severe malpositioning of the axis, severe deformities, and instability, continues to be indicated.", "contents": "[Clinical results of total endoprosthesis of the knee--follow-up of 51 cases (author's transl)]. After a short historic introduction, the article describes the total endoprotheses of the knee used in our hospital. This is followed by a description of the case material. The follow-ups of the 51 total endoprotheses of the knee applied between April 1971 and October 1975, covered the following criteria: Pain, extent of mobility, extension deficit, stability and walking performance. The article subsequently reviews the complications occurring with the hinged and hingeless total endoprostheses of the knee. Pain, extent of mobility and stability are evaluated via a system of points, thus enabling an evaluation of the functional results of the individual prostheses. During the following discussion, our results are compared with those of three other follow-ups. Comparisons are not always possible, because the evaluation standards may differ. However, we believe that we can say that our results do not differ significantly from those of the studies against which they were compared. In both cases, the complications are mainly the same. With particular reference to a comparision of the results obtained with the Freeman-Swanson prostheses, the results obtained by Freeman during both periods of time were superior to ours. Our experiences with the hingeless Freeman-Swanson prosthesis are rather better than those obtained with the hinged prostheses according to Shiers ans Gu\u00e9par, especially with regard to the frequency of loosening and infection. However, it must be borne in mind that the follow-up control times are shorter for the Freeman-Swanson prostheses. We believe that implantation of a hinged prosthesis in joints with severe malpositioning of the axis, severe deformities, and instability, continues to be indicated.", "PMID": 549358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11325", "title": "[Experience with temporary epiphyseodesis after Blount (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the results of follow-up esaminations of 57 children in whom temporary epiphysiodesis according to Blount had been performed on account of differences in leg length and because of angular deformities. Numerous complications were revealed during the evaluation of the results, which had to be subdivided into pure clasp complications such as fracture of the clasps, and secondary consequences. Formation of a genu recurvatum was particularly frequent, as well as the development of genu valgum and varum, ligamental  insufficiencies, and ugly scars. Although in some cases the preoperatively existing average length was difference 31 mm only, the desired equalisation could not be completely achieved. The article discusses the authors' own errors which contributed to the failures, and lists the results of other authors who had observed similar complications. On the whole, basing on the authors' own experience and on the reports available from other hospitals, it is concluded that temporary epiphysiodesis after Blount should be performed in few exceptional cases only, observing all precautionary measures, if equalisation of differences in leg length is the actual aim of the procedure. However, it is also concluded that the method is suitable for treating relatively pronounced axis deviations provided the children are subjected to regular and reliable post-operative followups.", "contents": "[Experience with temporary epiphyseodesis after Blount (author's transl)]. The article reports on the results of follow-up esaminations of 57 children in whom temporary epiphysiodesis according to Blount had been performed on account of differences in leg length and because of angular deformities. Numerous complications were revealed during the evaluation of the results, which had to be subdivided into pure clasp complications such as fracture of the clasps, and secondary consequences. Formation of a genu recurvatum was particularly frequent, as well as the development of genu valgum and varum, ligamental  insufficiencies, and ugly scars. Although in some cases the preoperatively existing average length was difference 31 mm only, the desired equalisation could not be completely achieved. The article discusses the authors' own errors which contributed to the failures, and lists the results of other authors who had observed similar complications. On the whole, basing on the authors' own experience and on the reports available from other hospitals, it is concluded that temporary epiphysiodesis after Blount should be performed in few exceptional cases only, observing all precautionary measures, if equalisation of differences in leg length is the actual aim of the procedure. However, it is also concluded that the method is suitable for treating relatively pronounced axis deviations provided the children are subjected to regular and reliable post-operative followups.", "PMID": 549359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11326", "title": "[Fixation of the osteotomised greater trochanter by total hip prosthesis in 181 cases. Advantages of the fixation with intramedullary Kirschner wire and the figure-of-eight wire loop (author's transl)].", "content": "It is mostly possible to implant a total hip prosthesis without an osteotomy of the greater trochanter. It is however necessary to do it in some cases such as an ankylosed hip, a reimplantation and a severe form of the coxarthrosis. 181 patients have been followed up. The fixation by intramedullary Kirschner wire and figure-of-eight wire loop has been of success. It is a simple method. No fracture of the greater trochanter has been observed.", "contents": "[Fixation of the osteotomised greater trochanter by total hip prosthesis in 181 cases. Advantages of the fixation with intramedullary Kirschner wire and the figure-of-eight wire loop (author's transl)]. It is mostly possible to implant a total hip prosthesis without an osteotomy of the greater trochanter. It is however necessary to do it in some cases such as an ankylosed hip, a reimplantation and a severe form of the coxarthrosis. 181 patients have been followed up. The fixation by intramedullary Kirschner wire and figure-of-eight wire loop has been of success. It is a simple method. No fracture of the greater trochanter has been observed.", "PMID": 549361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11327", "title": "[Valgus osteotomy in treatment of osteoarthrosis of hip (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on Bombelli's theory on the genesis of arthrosis of the hip. Clinical experience has shown that valgus and extension osteotomy is indicated in dysplasia arthrosis, in cystic changes and formation of osteophytes. Although the good clinical results cannot be accepted as a proof of the biomechanical deliberations, they do extend the range of indications pointing to surgery of the diseased hip joint performed for the purpose of preserving the femoral head.", "contents": "[Valgus osteotomy in treatment of osteoarthrosis of hip (author's transl)]. The article reports on Bombelli's theory on the genesis of arthrosis of the hip. Clinical experience has shown that valgus and extension osteotomy is indicated in dysplasia arthrosis, in cystic changes and formation of osteophytes. Although the good clinical results cannot be accepted as a proof of the biomechanical deliberations, they do extend the range of indications pointing to surgery of the diseased hip joint performed for the purpose of preserving the femoral head.", "PMID": 549362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11328", "title": "[Experience with acetabuloplasty according to Pemberton (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief description of the conventionally most well-known acetabuloplastic procedures for correcting hip dysplasia, the article gives details on acetabuloplasty as described in 1965 by Pemberton. Only few reports on experience collected with this method of operation have been published. The authors' own earlier evaluations and medium-term treatment results after 53 effected operations show that this procedure will mostly bring about a definite improvement of the acetabulum by reducing the acetabular inclination angle (AC angle) and correspondingly increasing the angle between the centre and the craniolateral corner of the acetabulum (CE angle). During the observation periods reported by the authors, an average reducing of the AC angle by 12 degrees was achieved, whereas the CE angle was increased during the same periods by an average of 17.5 degrees. Basic requirements for this operation are good centering of the head of the femur, which must be created, it necessary, via an open positioning of the hip joint or by intertrochanteral osteotomy; in addition, the Y-shaped piece at the botton of the acetabulum must be open, as will be seen from the roentgenogram.", "contents": "[Experience with acetabuloplasty according to Pemberton (author's transl)]. Following a brief description of the conventionally most well-known acetabuloplastic procedures for correcting hip dysplasia, the article gives details on acetabuloplasty as described in 1965 by Pemberton. Only few reports on experience collected with this method of operation have been published. The authors' own earlier evaluations and medium-term treatment results after 53 effected operations show that this procedure will mostly bring about a definite improvement of the acetabulum by reducing the acetabular inclination angle (AC angle) and correspondingly increasing the angle between the centre and the craniolateral corner of the acetabulum (CE angle). During the observation periods reported by the authors, an average reducing of the AC angle by 12 degrees was achieved, whereas the CE angle was increased during the same periods by an average of 17.5 degrees. Basic requirements for this operation are good centering of the head of the femur, which must be created, it necessary, via an open positioning of the hip joint or by intertrochanteral osteotomy; in addition, the Y-shaped piece at the botton of the acetabulum must be open, as will be seen from the roentgenogram.", "PMID": 549363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11329", "title": "[Late results of subcapital linear osteotomy in epiphysiolysis capitis femoris juvenilis (author's transl)].", "content": "107 patients with separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis were treated surgically at the Marburg Orthopaedic University Hospital during the 1955--1975 period. Followup examinations were performed in 69 patients. 34 of these had been subjected to subcapital linear osteotomy.  On the average the operation had been performed 7.64 years ago. Early results were good. In most cases it was possible to correct the malposition caused by the slipping. Necroses of the femoral head were not seen more frequently than with most other methods. Necrosis of the femoral head occurred four times after 35 linear osteotomies in 34 patients. Definite roentgenological signs of arthrosis were seen about 2--3 years after the opration. These changes increased with increasing interval between operation and examination. Subcapital linear osteotomy cannot prevent the development of early arthrosis in cases where separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis exceeds 30 degrees. Despite this limitation, the patients examined during the followup study revealed a clinically favourable picture with good functioning and very considerable freedom from symptoms; it must be borne in mind in this connection that all patients were still under 35 years of age.", "contents": "[Late results of subcapital linear osteotomy in epiphysiolysis capitis femoris juvenilis (author's transl)]. 107 patients with separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis were treated surgically at the Marburg Orthopaedic University Hospital during the 1955--1975 period. Followup examinations were performed in 69 patients. 34 of these had been subjected to subcapital linear osteotomy.  On the average the operation had been performed 7.64 years ago. Early results were good. In most cases it was possible to correct the malposition caused by the slipping. Necroses of the femoral head were not seen more frequently than with most other methods. Necrosis of the femoral head occurred four times after 35 linear osteotomies in 34 patients. Definite roentgenological signs of arthrosis were seen about 2--3 years after the opration. These changes increased with increasing interval between operation and examination. Subcapital linear osteotomy cannot prevent the development of early arthrosis in cases where separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis exceeds 30 degrees. Despite this limitation, the patients examined during the followup study revealed a clinically favourable picture with good functioning and very considerable freedom from symptoms; it must be borne in mind in this connection that all patients were still under 35 years of age.", "PMID": 549364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11330", "title": "[Osteochondrosis dissecans as sign of a familial enchondral dysostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This article draws attention to the presence of enchondral dysostosis causing signs of monoarticular or multiarticular osteochondrosis dissecans, basing on observations and examinations conducted in three families whose members were under specialist orthopaedic treatment because of these signs.", "contents": "[Osteochondrosis dissecans as sign of a familial enchondral dysostosis (author's transl)]. This article draws attention to the presence of enchondral dysostosis causing signs of monoarticular or multiarticular osteochondrosis dissecans, basing on observations and examinations conducted in three families whose members were under specialist orthopaedic treatment because of these signs.", "PMID": 549365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11331", "title": "[The uncus exostoses syndrome and its treatment by means of the decompression operation of the vertebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "In degenerative changes of the mobile segments of the cervical vertebral column, deformations of the uncovertebral gaps (joints), resembling exostoses, with a lateral or dorsolateral spread, are frequently seen. This involves irritation of neighbouring structures, such as the arteria and vena vertebralis including the nervus vertebralis or the corresponding nerve roots. This produces a disease pattern with a cervico-encephalic and cervico-brachial mixed pattern of symptoms. Angiography of the a. vertebralis proves the localisation and extent of the disturbance. The decompression of the a. vertebralis according to the method described by A. Jung offers good chances of curing the disease. The author's own operative results are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[The uncus exostoses syndrome and its treatment by means of the decompression operation of the vertebral artery (author's transl)]. In degenerative changes of the mobile segments of the cervical vertebral column, deformations of the uncovertebral gaps (joints), resembling exostoses, with a lateral or dorsolateral spread, are frequently seen. This involves irritation of neighbouring structures, such as the arteria and vena vertebralis including the nervus vertebralis or the corresponding nerve roots. This produces a disease pattern with a cervico-encephalic and cervico-brachial mixed pattern of symptoms. Angiography of the a. vertebralis proves the localisation and extent of the disturbance. The decompression of the a. vertebralis according to the method described by A. Jung offers good chances of curing the disease. The author's own operative results are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 549366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11332", "title": "[Biomechanical investigations on the aetiology of arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-eight carpometacarpal joints of the thumb (dissecting room material) were investigated roentgenologically and macroscopically.  The localization of arthrotic lesions of the  articular surfaces of the first metacarpal bone and the greater multangular bone support the view that arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint is due primarly to mechanical factors. The opposition movement of the thumb is combined with a pronating rotation of the first metacarpal bone. This rotation leads to an incongruity of the joint and  in consequence to an extreme diminuition of the pressure transmitting area. Photoelastic experiments demonstrate that the point-like contact areas are subjected to an extremly high stress. The functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer in the articular cartilage shows that the first carpometacarpal joint is adapted only to movements typical for a saddle-shaped joint.", "contents": "[Biomechanical investigations on the aetiology of arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint (author's transl)]. Forty-eight carpometacarpal joints of the thumb (dissecting room material) were investigated roentgenologically and macroscopically.  The localization of arthrotic lesions of the  articular surfaces of the first metacarpal bone and the greater multangular bone support the view that arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint is due primarly to mechanical factors. The opposition movement of the thumb is combined with a pronating rotation of the first metacarpal bone. This rotation leads to an incongruity of the joint and  in consequence to an extreme diminuition of the pressure transmitting area. Photoelastic experiments demonstrate that the point-like contact areas are subjected to an extremly high stress. The functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer in the articular cartilage shows that the first carpometacarpal joint is adapted only to movements typical for a saddle-shaped joint.", "PMID": 549367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11333", "title": "[A cooled blade for use in upper tibial osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A cooled blade for an oscillating saw has been developed. Using this blade heat necrosis can be completely avoided.", "contents": "[A cooled blade for use in upper tibial osteotomy (author's transl)]. A cooled blade for an oscillating saw has been developed. Using this blade heat necrosis can be completely avoided.", "PMID": 549368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11334", "title": "Solar retinitis.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of Solar Retinitis have been seen after the solar eclipse on April 18, 1977. The points of special interest which were the high incidence, bilateral involvement and comparatively less degree of visual disability have been discussed.", "contents": "Solar retinitis. Twenty-four cases of Solar Retinitis have been seen after the solar eclipse on April 18, 1977. The points of special interest which were the high incidence, bilateral involvement and comparatively less degree of visual disability have been discussed.", "PMID": 549373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11335", "title": "Haematological norms in Zambians with special reference to chemotherapy.", "content": "Haematological norms for Zambian men have been determined, 100 students being studied prospectively in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, care was taken to identify and quantify observer error. It was found that routine laboratory results for platelet counts were consistently low, the magnitude of the error being - 30%. From 1972 - 1977 a measurable alteration has occurred in the variables. It was concluded that the norms for healthy Zambian men were, in round figures as follows: haemoglobin 15.0g% total white cell count 6,000/cmm; neutrophils 50%, lymphocytes 44%, absolute granulocyte count 3,000/cmm; platelet count 160,000/cmm. The reason for the neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia is obscure. For accurate work such as is required in tumour chemotherapy, special counts must be made, neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia being borne in mind.", "contents": "Haematological norms in Zambians with special reference to chemotherapy. Haematological norms for Zambian men have been determined, 100 students being studied prospectively in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, care was taken to identify and quantify observer error. It was found that routine laboratory results for platelet counts were consistently low, the magnitude of the error being - 30%. From 1972 - 1977 a measurable alteration has occurred in the variables. It was concluded that the norms for healthy Zambian men were, in round figures as follows: haemoglobin 15.0g% total white cell count 6,000/cmm; neutrophils 50%, lymphocytes 44%, absolute granulocyte count 3,000/cmm; platelet count 160,000/cmm. The reason for the neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia is obscure. For accurate work such as is required in tumour chemotherapy, special counts must be made, neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia being borne in mind.", "PMID": 549374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11336", "title": "Caesarean section: a four year review with special emphasis on transverse.", "content": "During the four year period 1973 to 1976, there were 3,182 cases of delivery by Caesarean Section (CS) in the University Teaching Hospital, (UTH) Lusaka. This constituted 4.68% of the total number of deliveries. The main indications for CS were fetal distress and cephalopelvic disproportion. 130 cases of transverse lie, in labour, were delivered by CS. The lower uterine transverse incision was the operation performed in most cases. 192 cases of ruptured uteri were treated also in the period under study.", "contents": "Caesarean section: a four year review with special emphasis on transverse. During the four year period 1973 to 1976, there were 3,182 cases of delivery by Caesarean Section (CS) in the University Teaching Hospital, (UTH) Lusaka. This constituted 4.68% of the total number of deliveries. The main indications for CS were fetal distress and cephalopelvic disproportion. 130 cases of transverse lie, in labour, were delivered by CS. The lower uterine transverse incision was the operation performed in most cases. 192 cases of ruptured uteri were treated also in the period under study.", "PMID": 549375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11337", "title": "Some traditional Tonga eye remedies.", "content": "Tonga eye syndromes, aetiological concepts, and eye drops are presented. The attitude of a group of Secondary School Students to common traditional eye drops are presented together with ocular findings in a group of users and alleged non-users. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups. Not all traditional eye drops are dangerous, and a positive education approach is suggested to improve ocular health.", "contents": "Some traditional Tonga eye remedies. Tonga eye syndromes, aetiological concepts, and eye drops are presented. The attitude of a group of Secondary School Students to common traditional eye drops are presented together with ocular findings in a group of users and alleged non-users. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups. Not all traditional eye drops are dangerous, and a positive education approach is suggested to improve ocular health.", "PMID": 549376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11338", "title": "[Soil-hygienic points of view with respect to intensive plant production in socialistic agriculture (author's transl)].", "content": "With intensified plant production, also soil-hygienic points of view must be taken into account. Measures like fertilization, irrigation, and amelioration must be carried through in such a way that any damage to human health is excluded. As factors of risk have to be regarded pathogenous micro-organisms and parasites from sewage, sludge, and liquid manure, nitrate, potassium, pesticide residues, and heavy metals from agrochemicals and manure, as well as antibiotics from therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. The necessity of precise legal regulations emphasized.", "contents": "[Soil-hygienic points of view with respect to intensive plant production in socialistic agriculture (author's transl)]. With intensified plant production, also soil-hygienic points of view must be taken into account. Measures like fertilization, irrigation, and amelioration must be carried through in such a way that any damage to human health is excluded. As factors of risk have to be regarded pathogenous micro-organisms and parasites from sewage, sludge, and liquid manure, nitrate, potassium, pesticide residues, and heavy metals from agrochemicals and manure, as well as antibiotics from therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. The necessity of precise legal regulations emphasized.", "PMID": 549385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11339", "title": "Studies on azotobacters prevailing in Egyptian soils.", "content": "Soil samples from different locations in Egypt, representing various types of soils, different degrees of fertility and under various standing crops, were used for isolating Azotobacter strains. Sixty Azotobacter isolates were obtained, and A. chroococcum was found to be the most predominant species (56 isolates), while A. vinclandii was sporadically found (4 isolates). Other species of the genus Azotobacter were not detected in the examined soil samples. Isolates were studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. Thirteen isolates, differing in morphological features, were selected for studying their pleomorphic character.", "contents": "Studies on azotobacters prevailing in Egyptian soils. Soil samples from different locations in Egypt, representing various types of soils, different degrees of fertility and under various standing crops, were used for isolating Azotobacter strains. Sixty Azotobacter isolates were obtained, and A. chroococcum was found to be the most predominant species (56 isolates), while A. vinclandii was sporadically found (4 isolates). Other species of the genus Azotobacter were not detected in the examined soil samples. Isolates were studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. Thirteen isolates, differing in morphological features, were selected for studying their pleomorphic character.", "PMID": 549386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11340", "title": "Studies on the aerobic non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other than Azotobacter, in Egyptian soils.", "content": "Twenty isolates of micro-organisms capable of growing on nitrogen-deficient medium and found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures were isolated from Egyptian soils and studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. These micro-organisms s are members of Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Achromobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Bacillaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as some yeasts. In nitrogen-free medium the micro-organism fixed only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, hardly exceeding 3 ppm and because of their low sugar consumption rates, efficiences of N2-fixation sometimes reaching 18 mg nitrogen fixed/g carbon oxidized were recorded. Addition of 15 ppm combined nitrogen to the medium increased the amounts of nitrogen fixed to 3--9 ppm.", "contents": "Studies on the aerobic non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other than Azotobacter, in Egyptian soils. Twenty isolates of micro-organisms capable of growing on nitrogen-deficient medium and found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures were isolated from Egyptian soils and studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. These micro-organisms s are members of Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Achromobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Bacillaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as some yeasts. In nitrogen-free medium the micro-organism fixed only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, hardly exceeding 3 ppm and because of their low sugar consumption rates, efficiences of N2-fixation sometimes reaching 18 mg nitrogen fixed/g carbon oxidized were recorded. Addition of 15 ppm combined nitrogen to the medium increased the amounts of nitrogen fixed to 3--9 ppm.", "PMID": 549387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11341", "title": "Temperature adaptability of nitrifying bacteria in soils of Egypt.", "content": "Five soils, representing different locations in Egypt that vary in their climatic conditions, were studied for their nitrifying capacity under different temperature levels. The optimum temperature was 30 degrees C, followed by 20 degrees C. At both temperatures no differences among soils in their nitrifying capacity were observed, and nitrification approached completion after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. NH4-N osication proceeded at lower rates of 10 degrees and 40 degrees C, but variations among soils in their capacity were observed. At 50 degrees C nitrification took place at fairly high rates in one soil, representing an area characterized by its extreme aridity and high temperature.", "contents": "Temperature adaptability of nitrifying bacteria in soils of Egypt. Five soils, representing different locations in Egypt that vary in their climatic conditions, were studied for their nitrifying capacity under different temperature levels. The optimum temperature was 30 degrees C, followed by 20 degrees C. At both temperatures no differences among soils in their nitrifying capacity were observed, and nitrification approached completion after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. NH4-N osication proceeded at lower rates of 10 degrees and 40 degrees C, but variations among soils in their capacity were observed. At 50 degrees C nitrification took place at fairly high rates in one soil, representing an area characterized by its extreme aridity and high temperature.", "PMID": 549388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11342", "title": "Lactic acid production from molasses by mixed population of lactobacilli.", "content": "The production of lactic acid from molasses by mixed populations of (1) Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU (isolated from curd) and L. casei (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India) and (2) L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India), and L. casei was studied. It has been found that association of L. bulgaricus with L. casei slightly enhances the yield of lactic acid, while the mixed population of L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii, and L. casei is as effective as L. bulgaricus alone.", "contents": "Lactic acid production from molasses by mixed population of lactobacilli. The production of lactic acid from molasses by mixed populations of (1) Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU (isolated from curd) and L. casei (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India) and (2) L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India), and L. casei was studied. It has been found that association of L. bulgaricus with L. casei slightly enhances the yield of lactic acid, while the mixed population of L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii, and L. casei is as effective as L. bulgaricus alone.", "PMID": 549389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11343", "title": "Crown gall: economic importance and control.", "content": "Many plants of economic importance are possible hosts for Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the causal organism of the crown gall tumor disease. Damage has been reported on stone fruit (Australia), vineyard (Hungary, Bulgaria), lettuce (Brasil) ... In Western-Europe, crown gall seems to be of less economic importance for plants growing in the open air. However, plants cultivated in greenhouses have a greater chance to be tumorized, because of the more favourable circumstances for tumor induction. Modern treatments are based on the inactivation or killing of the tumorigenic organism at the time of the wounding of the host plants.", "contents": "Crown gall: economic importance and control. Many plants of economic importance are possible hosts for Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the causal organism of the crown gall tumor disease. Damage has been reported on stone fruit (Australia), vineyard (Hungary, Bulgaria), lettuce (Brasil) ... In Western-Europe, crown gall seems to be of less economic importance for plants growing in the open air. However, plants cultivated in greenhouses have a greater chance to be tumorized, because of the more favourable circumstances for tumor induction. Modern treatments are based on the inactivation or killing of the tumorigenic organism at the time of the wounding of the host plants.", "PMID": 549390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11344", "title": "Influence of virus infection on the leaf protein yield.", "content": "Influence of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and common bean mosaic virus (CBMV) infection on the yield of extractable leaf protein of cowpea cvs. Pusa Phaguni, Pusa Barsati, and Yard Long was studied. An increase as well as decrease in the yield of leaf protein concentrate (LPC), due to virus infection, has been observed. CPMV infection increased LPC yield in all the cowpea cvs., but CBMV decreased it in cys. Pusa Phaguni and Yard Long. Variation in percentage of extractable nitrogen and protein in LPC was also notices. However, total N and protein in leaf and LPC were increased due to virus infection, but total sugar and starch decreased.", "contents": "Influence of virus infection on the leaf protein yield. Influence of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and common bean mosaic virus (CBMV) infection on the yield of extractable leaf protein of cowpea cvs. Pusa Phaguni, Pusa Barsati, and Yard Long was studied. An increase as well as decrease in the yield of leaf protein concentrate (LPC), due to virus infection, has been observed. CPMV infection increased LPC yield in all the cowpea cvs., but CBMV decreased it in cys. Pusa Phaguni and Yard Long. Variation in percentage of extractable nitrogen and protein in LPC was also notices. However, total N and protein in leaf and LPC were increased due to virus infection, but total sugar and starch decreased.", "PMID": 549391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11345", "title": "[Electron microscopical evidence of Spiroplasma citri in nucleus of infected testplants (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the first report for the evidence of mycoplasmas in an organelle of a plant cell. Spiroplasma citri was detected by electron microscopy in the nucleus of a phloem parenchyma cell of Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousboe plants, inoculated experimentally by Euscelis plebejus Fall.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical evidence of Spiroplasma citri in nucleus of infected testplants (author's transl)]. This is the first report for the evidence of mycoplasmas in an organelle of a plant cell. Spiroplasma citri was detected by electron microscopy in the nucleus of a phloem parenchyma cell of Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousboe plants, inoculated experimentally by Euscelis plebejus Fall.", "PMID": 549392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11346", "title": "Amino acid changes in abiogenic mixtures containing p-nitroaniline and p-phenylene diamine.", "content": "Mixtures containing diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, and minerals in presence of p-nitroaniline resulted in formation of glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Proline and valine were observed in a few tubes. When p-phenylene diamine was present in the mixture, glycine was absent, while isoleucine and leucine were observed in the tubes. Predominance of proline was observed in all the studies executed.", "contents": "Amino acid changes in abiogenic mixtures containing p-nitroaniline and p-phenylene diamine. Mixtures containing diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, and minerals in presence of p-nitroaniline resulted in formation of glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Proline and valine were observed in a few tubes. When p-phenylene diamine was present in the mixture, glycine was absent, while isoleucine and leucine were observed in the tubes. Predominance of proline was observed in all the studies executed.", "PMID": 549394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11347", "title": "[Effect of post-emergence application of two herbicides to winter wheat on the soil microflora (author's transl)].", "content": "In a field experiment the herbicides U 46 PD-Fluid (dichlorprop salt) and Tribunil (methabenzthiazuron) were applied in April 1976 post-emergence to winter wheat cultivated in 3 different soils. After 4 days, 1, 2 and 3 months samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth of a loamy sand soil. Dehydrogenase activity and respiration were investigated. Microbial populations were counted after 4 days only. In all 3 soils decomposition of straw in 10 cm depth was estimated using nylon gauze bags. The application of U 46 DP-Fluid stimulated bacterial and algal but reduced fungal and actinomycete populations at 0-5 cm depth. About 10% increase in the dehydrogenase activity was recorded during the whole season. Soil respiration investigated immediate after taking samples was stimulated on the 4th day after herbicide application, but reduced after 3 months. Storage of the soil samples at 5 degrees C for 10 months showed similar or opposite results depending on the incubation method used. A somewhat increased decomposition of the straw was also observed in the loamy sand until June. The application of Tribunil at the same depth stimulated populations of actinomycetes and algae but did not affect the other microflora. Reduced dehydrogenase activity was observed during the dry month of June, but the same remained unchanged at the other time of sampling. In freshly drawn soil samples, reduced soil respiration was observed after 1 and 3 months and this remained unaltered at other times. The storage at 5 degrees C of the soil samples revealed inhibition only after 1 month and at the other times a stimulation or no influence could be observed and this was found to be dependent on the incubation method. Straw decomposition was not changed following the application of Tribunil. In 5-10 cm depth, however, the above mentioned trends were only scarcely observed.", "contents": "[Effect of post-emergence application of two herbicides to winter wheat on the soil microflora (author's transl)]. In a field experiment the herbicides U 46 PD-Fluid (dichlorprop salt) and Tribunil (methabenzthiazuron) were applied in April 1976 post-emergence to winter wheat cultivated in 3 different soils. After 4 days, 1, 2 and 3 months samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth of a loamy sand soil. Dehydrogenase activity and respiration were investigated. Microbial populations were counted after 4 days only. In all 3 soils decomposition of straw in 10 cm depth was estimated using nylon gauze bags. The application of U 46 DP-Fluid stimulated bacterial and algal but reduced fungal and actinomycete populations at 0-5 cm depth. About 10% increase in the dehydrogenase activity was recorded during the whole season. Soil respiration investigated immediate after taking samples was stimulated on the 4th day after herbicide application, but reduced after 3 months. Storage of the soil samples at 5 degrees C for 10 months showed similar or opposite results depending on the incubation method used. A somewhat increased decomposition of the straw was also observed in the loamy sand until June. The application of Tribunil at the same depth stimulated populations of actinomycetes and algae but did not affect the other microflora. Reduced dehydrogenase activity was observed during the dry month of June, but the same remained unchanged at the other time of sampling. In freshly drawn soil samples, reduced soil respiration was observed after 1 and 3 months and this remained unaltered at other times. The storage at 5 degrees C of the soil samples revealed inhibition only after 1 month and at the other times a stimulation or no influence could be observed and this was found to be dependent on the incubation method. Straw decomposition was not changed following the application of Tribunil. In 5-10 cm depth, however, the above mentioned trends were only scarcely observed.", "PMID": 549395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11348", "title": "Effect of spraying developed shoot system with insecticide \"endrin\" on rhizosphere mycoflora of both okra and lupins.", "content": "Spraying shoot system of okra and lupins plants with insecticide endrin caused changes in plant metabolism. These changes reflected themselves on root exudates. Accordingly, the balance between the higher plant and the fungal population in the root zone was disturbed.", "contents": "Effect of spraying developed shoot system with insecticide \"endrin\" on rhizosphere mycoflora of both okra and lupins. Spraying shoot system of okra and lupins plants with insecticide endrin caused changes in plant metabolism. These changes reflected themselves on root exudates. Accordingly, the balance between the higher plant and the fungal population in the root zone was disturbed.", "PMID": 549396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11349", "title": "The effect of magnesium sulphate on the photochemical formation of microstructures with properties of biological order.", "content": "The photochemical formation of microstructures in 1:2:1:1 mixture of ammonium molybdate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, biological minerals, and formaldehyde showed better results at 9.6 x 10(-5) M concentration of magnesium sulphate in the mixture. The number of particles decreases with increasing concentration of magnesium sulphate.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium sulphate on the photochemical formation of microstructures with properties of biological order. The photochemical formation of microstructures in 1:2:1:1 mixture of ammonium molybdate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, biological minerals, and formaldehyde showed better results at 9.6 x 10(-5) M concentration of magnesium sulphate in the mixture. The number of particles decreases with increasing concentration of magnesium sulphate.", "PMID": 549397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11350", "title": "[Treatment of anal sphincter insufficiency due to injury of the rectum and perineum].", "content": "Insufficiency of the anal sphincter due to injuries of the rectum and perineum in our series comes up to 75.7% of all degrees of anal insufficiency. The treatment--conservative or by surgery--depends on the kind and degree of insufficiency. For operative reconstruction unilateral and bilateral pedicled muscular flaps were used. In 94.2% of all cases good and satisfactory results were obtained.", "contents": "[Treatment of anal sphincter insufficiency due to injury of the rectum and perineum]. Insufficiency of the anal sphincter due to injuries of the rectum and perineum in our series comes up to 75.7% of all degrees of anal insufficiency. The treatment--conservative or by surgery--depends on the kind and degree of insufficiency. For operative reconstruction unilateral and bilateral pedicled muscular flaps were used. In 94.2% of all cases good and satisfactory results were obtained.", "PMID": 549398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11351", "title": "[Suture insufficiency following BI-resection (author's transl)].", "content": "33 out of 135 patients (24.5%) developed suture insufficiency after Billroth I-resection. There was no selection of patients in respect of elective, corrective and emergency surgery. The diagnosis is always possible on the grounds of clinical criteria. On the contrary, the early radiographic postoperative direct proof of suture insufficiency is not always possible (14 out of 24 cases). Indirect radiographic signs, such as gastroatonia, delayed gastric emptying, medio-paragastric atypical fluid levels may be relied upon and likewise on signs of the upper abdominal and intestinal stasis, such as radiographic intestinal fluid level, or more frequently pleural effusion on the left side. Typical laboratory changes are absent in the early phase. The rare, but threatening early insufficiency (first until third postoperative day) requires immediate relaparotomy. Dehiscence comes into existence not before the fourth and sixth postoperative day (late insufficiency). They can be treated conservatively. By adequate drainage late complications should not be expected. The period of hospitalization is prolonged over eight days on an average. If the fistula persists, surgical closure should be considered after 30 days because of the increased possibility of severe arrosive haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Suture insufficiency following BI-resection (author's transl)]. 33 out of 135 patients (24.5%) developed suture insufficiency after Billroth I-resection. There was no selection of patients in respect of elective, corrective and emergency surgery. The diagnosis is always possible on the grounds of clinical criteria. On the contrary, the early radiographic postoperative direct proof of suture insufficiency is not always possible (14 out of 24 cases). Indirect radiographic signs, such as gastroatonia, delayed gastric emptying, medio-paragastric atypical fluid levels may be relied upon and likewise on signs of the upper abdominal and intestinal stasis, such as radiographic intestinal fluid level, or more frequently pleural effusion on the left side. Typical laboratory changes are absent in the early phase. The rare, but threatening early insufficiency (first until third postoperative day) requires immediate relaparotomy. Dehiscence comes into existence not before the fourth and sixth postoperative day (late insufficiency). They can be treated conservatively. By adequate drainage late complications should not be expected. The period of hospitalization is prolonged over eight days on an average. If the fistula persists, surgical closure should be considered after 30 days because of the increased possibility of severe arrosive haemorrhage.", "PMID": 549399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11352", "title": "[Concentrations of local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictor drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "By checking the list of local anaesthetics produced in the GDR containing vasoconstrictor drugs it could be proved that there exist disproportions concerning maximum concentrations and maximum doses of the local anaesthetic on the one hand and epinephrine as well as norepinnephrine concentration on the other. This dangerous situation could be changed on initiative of the Society of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation of the GDR.", "contents": "[Concentrations of local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictor drugs (author's transl)]. By checking the list of local anaesthetics produced in the GDR containing vasoconstrictor drugs it could be proved that there exist disproportions concerning maximum concentrations and maximum doses of the local anaesthetic on the one hand and epinephrine as well as norepinnephrine concentration on the other. This dangerous situation could be changed on initiative of the Society of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation of the GDR.", "PMID": 549400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11353", "title": "[Comparative studies into causes of acyclic uterine bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Abrasion was performed on 4,909 of 20,822 gynaecological patients (23.6 per cent), between 1956 and 1978. Variable distribution and proportionality were recorded from the most frequent diagnoses which included endometritis, glandular-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium, and mucosal strophy. Age, body weight, parity, and records of previous abrasions are reported and compared.", "contents": "[Comparative studies into causes of acyclic uterine bleeding (author's transl)]. Abrasion was performed on 4,909 of 20,822 gynaecological patients (23.6 per cent), between 1956 and 1978. Variable distribution and proportionality were recorded from the most frequent diagnoses which included endometritis, glandular-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium, and mucosal strophy. Age, body weight, parity, and records of previous abrasions are reported and compared.", "PMID": 549404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11354", "title": "[Artificial marital (homologous) insemination of women with sterility and retroflexion of uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful use of artificial marital (homologous) insemination is described in this paper by examples of eight sterility patients (women aged 31 on average) with mobile retroflexion of uterus and procreative husbands. After an average period of 4.7 years had elapsed with desires for children unaccomplished in spite of special treatment, the above approach led to positive success in al cases. Five women turned pregnant in the first insemination cycle, one in the second, and two in the third. There were five spontaneous births of six intact infants, while two patients still are pregnant. Laparotomy was necessary in one case for ectopic gravidity. The authors are inclined to conclude from their own experience that homologous insemination may be used as one of the therapies applicable to childlessness, if no causative factors are detectable in addition to mobile retorflexion of uterus.", "contents": "[Artificial marital (homologous) insemination of women with sterility and retroflexion of uterus (author's transl)]. Successful use of artificial marital (homologous) insemination is described in this paper by examples of eight sterility patients (women aged 31 on average) with mobile retroflexion of uterus and procreative husbands. After an average period of 4.7 years had elapsed with desires for children unaccomplished in spite of special treatment, the above approach led to positive success in al cases. Five women turned pregnant in the first insemination cycle, one in the second, and two in the third. There were five spontaneous births of six intact infants, while two patients still are pregnant. Laparotomy was necessary in one case for ectopic gravidity. The authors are inclined to conclude from their own experience that homologous insemination may be used as one of the therapies applicable to childlessness, if no causative factors are detectable in addition to mobile retorflexion of uterus.", "PMID": 549405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11355", "title": "[Epidemiology of corpus carcinoma in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "The rates of endometrial carcinoma incidence in Austria were investigated for the period between 1971 and 1975 by the authors in cooperation with the Austrian National Institute of Statistics. The incidence of corpus carcinoma has increased also in Austria over the past decades, as may be seen from the ratio between corpus carcinoma and cervical carcinoma which is 1:1.9 at present. Age related incidence was studied, as well, with continuous growth in incidence having been observed along with growing age. In women aged between 60 and 69, corpus carcinoma was almost as frequent as cervical carcinoma, and it was predominant among women of 70 and above. The findings obtained from age group surveys have also suggested that irradiation therapy rather than primary surgery was required for more than 50 per cent of the patients reviewed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of corpus carcinoma in Austria (author's transl)]. The rates of endometrial carcinoma incidence in Austria were investigated for the period between 1971 and 1975 by the authors in cooperation with the Austrian National Institute of Statistics. The incidence of corpus carcinoma has increased also in Austria over the past decades, as may be seen from the ratio between corpus carcinoma and cervical carcinoma which is 1:1.9 at present. Age related incidence was studied, as well, with continuous growth in incidence having been observed along with growing age. In women aged between 60 and 69, corpus carcinoma was almost as frequent as cervical carcinoma, and it was predominant among women of 70 and above. The findings obtained from age group surveys have also suggested that irradiation therapy rather than primary surgery was required for more than 50 per cent of the patients reviewed.", "PMID": 549406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11356", "title": "[Herlyn-Werner and Wunderlich syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are four cases of rare, combined, congenital, urogenital abnormalities, that is combination of inhibitory malformation (duplication) of uterus, paracervically localised cystic resistance, and renal aplasia on the same side. With all apparent similarity of the four cases, there were two different syndromes, the Herlyn-Werner syndrome in two cases and the Wunderlich syndrome in the other two. Both syndromes are presented in diagrams and described.", "contents": "[Herlyn-Werner and Wunderlich syndromes (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are four cases of rare, combined, congenital, urogenital abnormalities, that is combination of inhibitory malformation (duplication) of uterus, paracervically localised cystic resistance, and renal aplasia on the same side. With all apparent similarity of the four cases, there were two different syndromes, the Herlyn-Werner syndrome in two cases and the Wunderlich syndrome in the other two. Both syndromes are presented in diagrams and described.", "PMID": 549407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11357", "title": "Hydrophobic binding of phenoxyacetic and phenylacetic acids to horseradish peroxidase and human serum albumin: structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Studies of protein binding in homologous series of drugs are of great interest for drug research. Apparent binding constants of phenoxyacetic and phenylacetic acids to horseradish peroxidase and to human serum albumin are evaluated by NMR studies and an optical method. These constants are good parameters to describe hydrophobic interactions, and the results are in a good agreement with our protein binding model described previously.", "contents": "Hydrophobic binding of phenoxyacetic and phenylacetic acids to horseradish peroxidase and human serum albumin: structure-activity relationships. Studies of protein binding in homologous series of drugs are of great interest for drug research. Apparent binding constants of phenoxyacetic and phenylacetic acids to horseradish peroxidase and to human serum albumin are evaluated by NMR studies and an optical method. These constants are good parameters to describe hydrophobic interactions, and the results are in a good agreement with our protein binding model described previously.", "PMID": 549409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11358", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of rat liver ribosomes by N-(2-nitro-4-azidobenzoyl)puromycin.", "content": "N-(2-Nitro-4-azidobenzoyl)-[3H]puromycin (NAB-puromycin) was synthesized as a photoreactive derivative of puromycin in order to detect ribosomal proteins located near the peptidyltransferase centre of rat liver ribosomes. Irradiation of ribosome-NAB-puromycin complexes leads to covalent attachment of the affinity label to proteins of the large ribosomal subunit, in particular to proteins L28/29, and, to a somewhat lower extent, to proteins L4, L6, L10 and L24. The results are discussed in the light of earlier studies performed with other affinity labels that attacked the peptidyltransferase region of rat liver ribosomes.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of rat liver ribosomes by N-(2-nitro-4-azidobenzoyl)puromycin. N-(2-Nitro-4-azidobenzoyl)-[3H]puromycin (NAB-puromycin) was synthesized as a photoreactive derivative of puromycin in order to detect ribosomal proteins located near the peptidyltransferase centre of rat liver ribosomes. Irradiation of ribosome-NAB-puromycin complexes leads to covalent attachment of the affinity label to proteins of the large ribosomal subunit, in particular to proteins L28/29, and, to a somewhat lower extent, to proteins L4, L6, L10 and L24. The results are discussed in the light of earlier studies performed with other affinity labels that attacked the peptidyltransferase region of rat liver ribosomes.", "PMID": 549410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11359", "title": "[Studies of the target cell problem in N-nitroso-N-methylurea induced leukemogenesis].", "content": "After i.p. application of 14C-nitrosomethylurea (NMU), mice were killed at different periods and the 14C-activity in various organs was determined by scintillation counting and by autoradiography. Contrary to expectations, bone marrow showed a significantly higher activity than the thymus, which is the supposed target-organ for the lymphatic leukemogenesis. The specificity was secured by examinations of the proliferation kinetics. The radioautographic results of bone marrow favorize the lymphatic cells as the target for NMU. The target-cell problem is discussed in respect to thymectomy examinations and recent results on nude mice. With high probability the thymus is not essential for lymphatic leukemogenesis.", "contents": "[Studies of the target cell problem in N-nitroso-N-methylurea induced leukemogenesis]. After i.p. application of 14C-nitrosomethylurea (NMU), mice were killed at different periods and the 14C-activity in various organs was determined by scintillation counting and by autoradiography. Contrary to expectations, bone marrow showed a significantly higher activity than the thymus, which is the supposed target-organ for the lymphatic leukemogenesis. The specificity was secured by examinations of the proliferation kinetics. The radioautographic results of bone marrow favorize the lymphatic cells as the target for NMU. The target-cell problem is discussed in respect to thymectomy examinations and recent results on nude mice. With high probability the thymus is not essential for lymphatic leukemogenesis.", "PMID": 549411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11360", "title": "[Function of the rabbit myocardium sarcoplasmic reticulum and the resting potentiation of isolated trabeculae following cholesterol-oil feeding].", "content": "It is assumed that the resting potentiation of contraction corresponds to the Ca accumulating activity of the sarcomplasmic reticulum (SR). To test this supposition, resting potentiation and Ca transport by isolated microsomes of the heart were compared. The experiments were done in isolated trabeculae and in hearts of rabbits which had received a lipid-rich diet for 12 weeks. Preparations of control animals were used for comparison. Resting potentiation of the isometric contraction as well as Ca binding and Ca uptake were enhanced by the lipid-rich diet. The results confirm the strong relation between the resting potentiation of contraction and the Ca accumulating activity of the SR. The increased Ca transport may be related to differences in the lipid content of SR membranes.", "contents": "[Function of the rabbit myocardium sarcoplasmic reticulum and the resting potentiation of isolated trabeculae following cholesterol-oil feeding]. It is assumed that the resting potentiation of contraction corresponds to the Ca accumulating activity of the sarcomplasmic reticulum (SR). To test this supposition, resting potentiation and Ca transport by isolated microsomes of the heart were compared. The experiments were done in isolated trabeculae and in hearts of rabbits which had received a lipid-rich diet for 12 weeks. Preparations of control animals were used for comparison. Resting potentiation of the isometric contraction as well as Ca binding and Ca uptake were enhanced by the lipid-rich diet. The results confirm the strong relation between the resting potentiation of contraction and the Ca accumulating activity of the SR. The increased Ca transport may be related to differences in the lipid content of SR membranes.", "PMID": 549412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11361", "title": "[Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibition factor in the newborn and infants with cyanotic heart abnormalities].", "content": "In the present study, hematocrit, pO2 in the capillary blood, reticulocyte count, erythropoietin activity in plasma and activity of the erythropoiesis inhibition factor in 24-h collective urine were determined in newborns and infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart (transpositions of the big arteries). The plasma of the healthy newborns shows immediately after birth an erythropoietin activity below 1%, as measured by the 59Fe incorporation. The erythropoietin activity of the plasma of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart is enhanced up to the 14th day of life. In the period of day 14--30 it corresponds to the values of healthy newborns despite the persistence of hypoxia. After the 30th day of life there is again demonstrable an increased erythropoietin activity in the plasma of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart. Obviously, the low values of 59Fe incorporation from day 14--30 are due to the occurrence of the erythropoiesis inhibition factor. In the urine of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart there could be demonstrated distinct inhibitions of the stimulated erythropoiesis of the polycythemic mouse. The present studies suggest that the erythropoiesis inhibition factor occurs in postnatal development irrespectively of the degrees of O2-supply of the tissue, and is possibly dependent on the gestational age.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibition factor in the newborn and infants with cyanotic heart abnormalities]. In the present study, hematocrit, pO2 in the capillary blood, reticulocyte count, erythropoietin activity in plasma and activity of the erythropoiesis inhibition factor in 24-h collective urine were determined in newborns and infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart (transpositions of the big arteries). The plasma of the healthy newborns shows immediately after birth an erythropoietin activity below 1%, as measured by the 59Fe incorporation. The erythropoietin activity of the plasma of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart is enhanced up to the 14th day of life. In the period of day 14--30 it corresponds to the values of healthy newborns despite the persistence of hypoxia. After the 30th day of life there is again demonstrable an increased erythropoietin activity in the plasma of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart. Obviously, the low values of 59Fe incorporation from day 14--30 are due to the occurrence of the erythropoiesis inhibition factor. In the urine of infants with cyanotic malformations of the heart there could be demonstrated distinct inhibitions of the stimulated erythropoiesis of the polycythemic mouse. The present studies suggest that the erythropoiesis inhibition factor occurs in postnatal development irrespectively of the degrees of O2-supply of the tissue, and is possibly dependent on the gestational age.", "PMID": 549413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11362", "title": "Alternative transport pathways of cholephilic 14C-hexobarbital metabolites in rats with experimental hepatitis and cholestasis.", "content": "Object of the investigation was to find out whether otherwise cholephilic metabolites are excreted via an alternative pathway into urine in experimental liver disease. Intraduodenal application of 14C-labelled hexobarbital in rats is followed by an immediate biliary excretion of metabolites in the range of 400 microgram/100 g bw/h. Using TLC these metabolites can be separated into a polar fraction (about 80% of total) and a non-polar fraction. Phenobarbital treatment leads to a decrease of the total biliary excretion of metabolites to about 200 microgram/100 g bw/h, the metabolite pattern remaining unchanged. Animals with a mild form of GalN-hepatitis had a moderate reduction of bile flow and a total metabolite output of 40 microgram/100/gbw/h. The metabolite pattern showed a decrease mainly of the polar fraction. In animals with an early stage of ANIT cholestasis a 50% reduction of bile flow was associated with a total metabolite excretion of only 20 microgram/100 g bw/h and polar metabolites were nearly absent. In both types of experimental liver disease in corresponding urine samples otherwise cholephilic metabolites appeared. The results obtained show that clinically moderate stages of experimental liver disease lead to a significantly diminished output especially of polar 14C-hexobarbital-metabolites into the bile, which can, therefore, appear in the urine instead.", "contents": "Alternative transport pathways of cholephilic 14C-hexobarbital metabolites in rats with experimental hepatitis and cholestasis. Object of the investigation was to find out whether otherwise cholephilic metabolites are excreted via an alternative pathway into urine in experimental liver disease. Intraduodenal application of 14C-labelled hexobarbital in rats is followed by an immediate biliary excretion of metabolites in the range of 400 microgram/100 g bw/h. Using TLC these metabolites can be separated into a polar fraction (about 80% of total) and a non-polar fraction. Phenobarbital treatment leads to a decrease of the total biliary excretion of metabolites to about 200 microgram/100 g bw/h, the metabolite pattern remaining unchanged. Animals with a mild form of GalN-hepatitis had a moderate reduction of bile flow and a total metabolite output of 40 microgram/100/gbw/h. The metabolite pattern showed a decrease mainly of the polar fraction. In animals with an early stage of ANIT cholestasis a 50% reduction of bile flow was associated with a total metabolite excretion of only 20 microgram/100 g bw/h and polar metabolites were nearly absent. In both types of experimental liver disease in corresponding urine samples otherwise cholephilic metabolites appeared. The results obtained show that clinically moderate stages of experimental liver disease lead to a significantly diminished output especially of polar 14C-hexobarbital-metabolites into the bile, which can, therefore, appear in the urine instead.", "PMID": 549423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11363", "title": "Histologic and electron-microscopic liver changes in diabetic children.", "content": "The results of 99 histologically examined liver biopsy samples--14 of them also examined under the electron microscope--taken from 68 insulin-treated diabetic children of both sexes at an age from 2-14 years. most of them with long-standing diabetes, are presented, thus giving a survey of morphologic liver findings of diabetes mellitus in this age group. Apart from metabolic changes, such as amount of fat and glycogen storage--including the nuclear glycogen of the liver--secondary diseases of inflammatory nature were found to play a prominent role in one third of the children. There are definite correlations with the degree of metabolic decompensation, demanding preventive and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Histologic and electron-microscopic liver changes in diabetic children. The results of 99 histologically examined liver biopsy samples--14 of them also examined under the electron microscope--taken from 68 insulin-treated diabetic children of both sexes at an age from 2-14 years. most of them with long-standing diabetes, are presented, thus giving a survey of morphologic liver findings of diabetes mellitus in this age group. Apart from metabolic changes, such as amount of fat and glycogen storage--including the nuclear glycogen of the liver--secondary diseases of inflammatory nature were found to play a prominent role in one third of the children. There are definite correlations with the degree of metabolic decompensation, demanding preventive and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 549424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11364", "title": "The influence of extended glucagon infusion on liver cell regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat.", "content": "Extended infusion of various amounts of glucagon leads, in normal rats, to a slight reduction in liver cell DNA synthesis. After partial hepatectomy the extended infusion of glucagon causes a large reduction in DNA synthesis in the remaining liver.", "contents": "The influence of extended glucagon infusion on liver cell regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat. Extended infusion of various amounts of glucagon leads, in normal rats, to a slight reduction in liver cell DNA synthesis. After partial hepatectomy the extended infusion of glucagon causes a large reduction in DNA synthesis in the remaining liver.", "PMID": 549425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11365", "title": "Deficiency of antibody formation to HBsAg in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis?", "content": "Sera of 832 healthy persons and patients suffering from chronic inflammatory liver disease were investigated by radioimmunoassay for HBsAg and anti-HBs. Diagnosis in patients was secured by biopsy. The persons were divided into: 1. Healthy persons: n = 478 blood donors, hospital especially exposed to HBV, patients with healed hepatitis; 2. n = 354 acute hepatitis, chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis, post-hepatitic, cryptogenic and alcoholic cirrhosis. The results demonstrate considerable accumulation of HBsAg in chronic liver disease (72% in CAH, 66% in posthepatic liver cirrhosis) whereas anti-HBs was more frequently observed in healthy persons (38% in hospital staff, 49% in healed hepatitis). Furthermore, HBsAg and anti-HBs were frequently observed simultaneously in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis (23% in CAH). A strong shift in the relation of antigen to antibody to the disadvantage of antibody in the examined collectives of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis is evident. Chronic inflammatory HBsAg positive liver disease should therefore be regarded as chronic virus infection. We suppose an absolute or relative deficiency of antibody to HBsAg is probably an important factor for the development of chronicity of hepatitis B.", "contents": "Deficiency of antibody formation to HBsAg in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis? Sera of 832 healthy persons and patients suffering from chronic inflammatory liver disease were investigated by radioimmunoassay for HBsAg and anti-HBs. Diagnosis in patients was secured by biopsy. The persons were divided into: 1. Healthy persons: n = 478 blood donors, hospital especially exposed to HBV, patients with healed hepatitis; 2. n = 354 acute hepatitis, chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis, post-hepatitic, cryptogenic and alcoholic cirrhosis. The results demonstrate considerable accumulation of HBsAg in chronic liver disease (72% in CAH, 66% in posthepatic liver cirrhosis) whereas anti-HBs was more frequently observed in healthy persons (38% in hospital staff, 49% in healed hepatitis). Furthermore, HBsAg and anti-HBs were frequently observed simultaneously in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis (23% in CAH). A strong shift in the relation of antigen to antibody to the disadvantage of antibody in the examined collectives of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis is evident. Chronic inflammatory HBsAg positive liver disease should therefore be regarded as chronic virus infection. We suppose an absolute or relative deficiency of antibody to HBsAg is probably an important factor for the development of chronicity of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 549426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11366", "title": "Consumptive coagulopathy during the Bromsulphalein test--indocyanine green as an alternative.", "content": "Liver function tests involving the use of Bromsulphalein can lead to hemolysis and consequent DIC. Latent forms can be detected by means of fibrinolytic degradation products and reduction in the number of leukocytes containing acid mucopolysaccharides of the heparin type, together with an increase in the total leukocyte count as a sign of stress. In comparisons between the bromsulphalein and indocyanine green tests, these parameters have sho4n that liver function tests using indocyanine green are harmless.", "contents": "Consumptive coagulopathy during the Bromsulphalein test--indocyanine green as an alternative. Liver function tests involving the use of Bromsulphalein can lead to hemolysis and consequent DIC. Latent forms can be detected by means of fibrinolytic degradation products and reduction in the number of leukocytes containing acid mucopolysaccharides of the heparin type, together with an increase in the total leukocyte count as a sign of stress. In comparisons between the bromsulphalein and indocyanine green tests, these parameters have sho4n that liver function tests using indocyanine green are harmless.", "PMID": 549427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11367", "title": "Cell turnover of the gastric mucosa is reduced by clanobutin.", "content": "4-(4-chlor-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzamido)-butanic acid (clanobutin) reduces gastric cell exfoliation at an oral dose of 1800 mg/day. A dose of 900 mg/day had no effect. It may thus exert its benefical effect on ulcer healing.", "contents": "Cell turnover of the gastric mucosa is reduced by clanobutin. 4-(4-chlor-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzamido)-butanic acid (clanobutin) reduces gastric cell exfoliation at an oral dose of 1800 mg/day. A dose of 900 mg/day had no effect. It may thus exert its benefical effect on ulcer healing.", "PMID": 549428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11368", "title": "Fasting serum gastrin in primary hyperparathyroidism and in chronic hypercalcemia.", "content": "In order to investigate the frequency of fasting hypergastrinaemia in primary hyperparathyroidism (A) and in chronic hypercalcaemia (B), in 40 and 16 patients respectively gastrin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium levels were measured and compared with those of a control group (40 subjects) with similar distribution of sex and age. Moreover, possible linear relationships between these parameters were investigated. Notwithstanding significant differences in calcium and PTH levels between the three groups (A: high PTH, high Ca++; B: low PTH, high Ca++; C: normal PTH and Ca++ levels), no significant difference in gastrin levels were found. However, in the first group, a marked increase of gastrin was observed in one patient, very probably affected by a gastrin-secreting tumor (positive secretin test). While no linear relationship between PTH and gastrin values was present in all the three groups, a significant correlation between serum calcium and fasting gastrin was detectable in the group A, ruling-out the above mentioned patient. Present data suggest that PTH does not modify gastrin levels and that chronic moderate hypercalcaemia does not raise serum fasting gastrin, at least in clinical conditions. Moreover, the frequency of hypergastrinaemia in hyperparathyroidism is very low and it seems to be present only in patients with gastrin-secreting tumors.", "contents": "Fasting serum gastrin in primary hyperparathyroidism and in chronic hypercalcemia. In order to investigate the frequency of fasting hypergastrinaemia in primary hyperparathyroidism (A) and in chronic hypercalcaemia (B), in 40 and 16 patients respectively gastrin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium levels were measured and compared with those of a control group (40 subjects) with similar distribution of sex and age. Moreover, possible linear relationships between these parameters were investigated. Notwithstanding significant differences in calcium and PTH levels between the three groups (A: high PTH, high Ca++; B: low PTH, high Ca++; C: normal PTH and Ca++ levels), no significant difference in gastrin levels were found. However, in the first group, a marked increase of gastrin was observed in one patient, very probably affected by a gastrin-secreting tumor (positive secretin test). While no linear relationship between PTH and gastrin values was present in all the three groups, a significant correlation between serum calcium and fasting gastrin was detectable in the group A, ruling-out the above mentioned patient. Present data suggest that PTH does not modify gastrin levels and that chronic moderate hypercalcaemia does not raise serum fasting gastrin, at least in clinical conditions. Moreover, the frequency of hypergastrinaemia in hyperparathyroidism is very low and it seems to be present only in patients with gastrin-secreting tumors.", "PMID": 549429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11369", "title": "Effect of low dose secretin and caerulein on pure pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin in man.", "content": "In six healthy volunteers pure pancreatic juice was obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. Following a 20-min basal period, secretin (0.03 CU/kg, h) was intravenously infused alone for 20 min and then with caerulein 15 ng/kg, h for further 20 min. From a basal level of 28 +/- 13 mu mol/5 min, secretin by itself significantly increased pancreatic bicarbonate to 182 +/- 24 mu mol/5 min. A further significant two-fold increase to 396 +/- 50 mu mol/5 min was observed during caerulein. The increment in plasma secretin of 2.1 +/- 0.3 pmol/l is comparable to the rise that may be observed post-prandially. It is concluded that secretin in combination with cholecystokinin may indeed play a physiological role in the regulation of duodenal pH.", "contents": "Effect of low dose secretin and caerulein on pure pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin in man. In six healthy volunteers pure pancreatic juice was obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. Following a 20-min basal period, secretin (0.03 CU/kg, h) was intravenously infused alone for 20 min and then with caerulein 15 ng/kg, h for further 20 min. From a basal level of 28 +/- 13 mu mol/5 min, secretin by itself significantly increased pancreatic bicarbonate to 182 +/- 24 mu mol/5 min. A further significant two-fold increase to 396 +/- 50 mu mol/5 min was observed during caerulein. The increment in plasma secretin of 2.1 +/- 0.3 pmol/l is comparable to the rise that may be observed post-prandially. It is concluded that secretin in combination with cholecystokinin may indeed play a physiological role in the regulation of duodenal pH.", "PMID": 549430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11370", "title": "Serum prolactin response to acute and chronic cimetidine administration in man.", "content": "The effects of cimetidine administration on the serum prolactin (PRL) response has been studied in twenty healthy volunteers and 46 duodenal ulcer patients. Cimetidine acute administration in two different doses (200 or 400 mg i.v.) induced a similar conspicuous rise of PRL while CB154, a dopaminergic drug, inhibited said increase. No high PRL level was observed when the drug was administered per os in a single acute dose (800 mg), nor in the chronic short-term treatment (1 g/die/28 days) for duodenal ulcer. 1. Cimetidine has no antidopaminergic activity or this hypothetic action is very slight; 2. serum PRL increase after the drug is probably ascribable to the H2-receptor blocking, 3. this effect is observable only with the bolus i.v. of cimetidine, but not during or after acute and chronic oral administration.", "contents": "Serum prolactin response to acute and chronic cimetidine administration in man. The effects of cimetidine administration on the serum prolactin (PRL) response has been studied in twenty healthy volunteers and 46 duodenal ulcer patients. Cimetidine acute administration in two different doses (200 or 400 mg i.v.) induced a similar conspicuous rise of PRL while CB154, a dopaminergic drug, inhibited said increase. No high PRL level was observed when the drug was administered per os in a single acute dose (800 mg), nor in the chronic short-term treatment (1 g/die/28 days) for duodenal ulcer. 1. Cimetidine has no antidopaminergic activity or this hypothetic action is very slight; 2. serum PRL increase after the drug is probably ascribable to the H2-receptor blocking, 3. this effect is observable only with the bolus i.v. of cimetidine, but not during or after acute and chronic oral administration.", "PMID": 549431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11371", "title": "Morphometric analysis of the loss of chief and parietal cells after partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Relative chief and parietal cell volume densities were estimated morphometrically in the remnant mucosa of 98 male patients (\"series\"), operated on for duodenal ulcer by the Billroth II, and in the body mucosa of 55 subjects, age and sex matched, from a random series of a Finnish population (\"controls\"). The relative volumes of chief and parietal cells were significantly lower in the series than in the controls. The mean chief cell: parietal cell ratio was significantly higher in the series than in the controls. In the controls the ratio decreased with increasing loss of normal tubules. However, no such decrease was discernable in the series, owing to wide scatter of the individual ratios. High ratios (greater than or equal 2.0) were found in 17 cases of the series and in one of the controls. These 17 patients with high ratios had a significantly higher mean length of the foveoles and a significantly lower mean score of the round cell infiltration than the operated patients with lower ratios.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of the loss of chief and parietal cells after partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer. Relative chief and parietal cell volume densities were estimated morphometrically in the remnant mucosa of 98 male patients (\"series\"), operated on for duodenal ulcer by the Billroth II, and in the body mucosa of 55 subjects, age and sex matched, from a random series of a Finnish population (\"controls\"). The relative volumes of chief and parietal cells were significantly lower in the series than in the controls. The mean chief cell: parietal cell ratio was significantly higher in the series than in the controls. In the controls the ratio decreased with increasing loss of normal tubules. However, no such decrease was discernable in the series, owing to wide scatter of the individual ratios. High ratios (greater than or equal 2.0) were found in 17 cases of the series and in one of the controls. These 17 patients with high ratios had a significantly higher mean length of the foveoles and a significantly lower mean score of the round cell infiltration than the operated patients with lower ratios.", "PMID": 549432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11372", "title": "Metabolism of C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin in the rat. Part III. The catabolism of the BOC-pentapeptide and its distribution in the organs.", "content": "The metabolism of labelled BOC-14 C-glycine-pentapetide was investigated in rats, both in blood and urine. We report on the following findings: --radioactivity could be measured in the blood even after the disappearance of the bioactive- and immunoreactive pentapeptide. --the bulk of the radioactivity in the blood after 8 minutes originates from a metabolite which, after subsequent systematic chemical identification, proved to be the BOC-14C-glycine fragment of the pentapeptide. --the radioactivity in the urine comes entirely from this split product of the labelled pentapeptide --the organ distribution of radioactivity of labelled pentapeptide was checked after i.v. administration; 1 minute after the injection, most of the radioactivity was found in the liver, followed by the kidney, pancreas, jejunum and lung. After 1 hour, radioactivity could be detected only in the kidneys. It was concluded that the N-terminal amino-acid of the naturally occurring pentagastrin (glycine) remains linked to the BOC protecting group in the course of the catabolism of the molecule and this fragment is excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Metabolism of C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin in the rat. Part III. The catabolism of the BOC-pentapeptide and its distribution in the organs. The metabolism of labelled BOC-14 C-glycine-pentapetide was investigated in rats, both in blood and urine. We report on the following findings: --radioactivity could be measured in the blood even after the disappearance of the bioactive- and immunoreactive pentapeptide. --the bulk of the radioactivity in the blood after 8 minutes originates from a metabolite which, after subsequent systematic chemical identification, proved to be the BOC-14C-glycine fragment of the pentapeptide. --the radioactivity in the urine comes entirely from this split product of the labelled pentapeptide --the organ distribution of radioactivity of labelled pentapeptide was checked after i.v. administration; 1 minute after the injection, most of the radioactivity was found in the liver, followed by the kidney, pancreas, jejunum and lung. After 1 hour, radioactivity could be detected only in the kidneys. It was concluded that the N-terminal amino-acid of the naturally occurring pentagastrin (glycine) remains linked to the BOC protecting group in the course of the catabolism of the molecule and this fragment is excreted in the urine.", "PMID": 549433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11373", "title": "Occult blood testing using the guaiac method (haemoccult-test) for detection of tumorous lesions induced with 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine in rats.", "content": "Colon tumors were induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and Acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (AMMN) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The usefulness of the Haemoccult-test (HT) was investigated for early detection of these chemically induced tumorous injuries. As a prescreening method HT was shown to be unsuitable for early detection of tumours under the conditions of the models used. The accuracy of HT in cases of advanced chemically induced tumors was explored in rats with known colonic tumors, diagnosed by rectoscopy and exploratory laparotomy. In animals with proven colonic tumors HT gave a positive result only in 63% of rats with AMMN-induced tumors and in 50% rats with DMH-induced cancers. Therefore, HT is thought to be an insensitive and thus unsuitable method for the detection of colonic cancer in rats.", "contents": "Occult blood testing using the guaiac method (haemoccult-test) for detection of tumorous lesions induced with 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine in rats. Colon tumors were induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and Acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (AMMN) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The usefulness of the Haemoccult-test (HT) was investigated for early detection of these chemically induced tumorous injuries. As a prescreening method HT was shown to be unsuitable for early detection of tumours under the conditions of the models used. The accuracy of HT in cases of advanced chemically induced tumors was explored in rats with known colonic tumors, diagnosed by rectoscopy and exploratory laparotomy. In animals with proven colonic tumors HT gave a positive result only in 63% of rats with AMMN-induced tumors and in 50% rats with DMH-induced cancers. Therefore, HT is thought to be an insensitive and thus unsuitable method for the detection of colonic cancer in rats.", "PMID": 549434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11374", "title": "Regression of amyloidosis secondary to granulomatous ileitis following surgical resection and colchicine administration.", "content": "A patient with nephrotic syndrome was found to have amyloidosis secondary to an otherwise asymptomatic Crohn's disease. Resection of a major portion of the affected bowel and long-term colchicine therapy were followed by a complete clinical remission of the nephrotic syndrome, most probably due to a significant resolution of amyloidosis. The combination of resection of affected bowel segments, together with long-term colchicine therapy may offer a better prognosis than either method alone.", "contents": "Regression of amyloidosis secondary to granulomatous ileitis following surgical resection and colchicine administration. A patient with nephrotic syndrome was found to have amyloidosis secondary to an otherwise asymptomatic Crohn's disease. Resection of a major portion of the affected bowel and long-term colchicine therapy were followed by a complete clinical remission of the nephrotic syndrome, most probably due to a significant resolution of amyloidosis. The combination of resection of affected bowel segments, together with long-term colchicine therapy may offer a better prognosis than either method alone.", "PMID": 549435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11375", "title": "Blood saving techniques: indications and contraindications.", "content": "Pre- and peroperative blood saving can be realised in different ways, without inducing important changes in the biological parameters of the organism. Different replacement solutions are studied in detail. Three principal techniques are as follows: a) The peroperative autotransfusion consists in recovering the blood lost in the operative field during the surgical intervention, filtering it and transfusing it at the end of surgery. b) The peroperative normodilution consists in collecting a certain amount of blood (till up 2 l.) from the patients before operation; it is replaced by plasma expanders and transfused at the end of operation. c) The third technique, called the 'frog leap', consists in collecting blood during the weeks preceding surgery, in various amounts in function of the importance of the estimated blood loss. This blood is stored and transfused during intervention.", "contents": "Blood saving techniques: indications and contraindications. Pre- and peroperative blood saving can be realised in different ways, without inducing important changes in the biological parameters of the organism. Different replacement solutions are studied in detail. Three principal techniques are as follows: a) The peroperative autotransfusion consists in recovering the blood lost in the operative field during the surgical intervention, filtering it and transfusing it at the end of surgery. b) The peroperative normodilution consists in collecting a certain amount of blood (till up 2 l.) from the patients before operation; it is replaced by plasma expanders and transfused at the end of operation. c) The third technique, called the 'frog leap', consists in collecting blood during the weeks preceding surgery, in various amounts in function of the importance of the estimated blood loss. This blood is stored and transfused during intervention.", "PMID": 549436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11376", "title": "The comparative influence of gamma-hydroxy butyric acid, althesin and etomidate on the neuromuscular blocking potency of pancuronium in man.", "content": "The potentiating effect of gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GHB), Althesin and etomidate on pancuronium was studied in man. GHB proved to influence pancuronium the least whereas Althesin and etomidate potentiate considerably. It is concluded that the amount of non-depolarizing relaxant needed depends on the type of anesthesia given. For neuromuscular blocking studies, GHB and/or thiopentone anesthesia seem to be preferable.", "contents": "The comparative influence of gamma-hydroxy butyric acid, althesin and etomidate on the neuromuscular blocking potency of pancuronium in man. The potentiating effect of gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GHB), Althesin and etomidate on pancuronium was studied in man. GHB proved to influence pancuronium the least whereas Althesin and etomidate potentiate considerably. It is concluded that the amount of non-depolarizing relaxant needed depends on the type of anesthesia given. For neuromuscular blocking studies, GHB and/or thiopentone anesthesia seem to be preferable.", "PMID": 549437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11377", "title": "Cortisol levels during enflurane anesthesia in man.", "content": "Serum cortisol levels were determined in 44 patients who underwent hysterectomy under enflurane or under halothane anesthesia by means of a radioimmunoassay technique. Of the 44 patients, in 21 anesthesia was maintained by enflurane and d-tubocurarine and 23 patients maintenance of anesthesia was carried out by halothane and d-tubocurarine. Blood samples for serum cortisol estimations were obtained from each patient before induction of anesthesia, 10 min. after induction, 10 min. after skin incision, at the end of the operation and in the ward on the fourth postoperative day. Cortisol levels increased in both groups at the end of the operation with a significantly higher mean value in the enflurane group (p less than 0.05) compared to that of the halothane group.", "contents": "Cortisol levels during enflurane anesthesia in man. Serum cortisol levels were determined in 44 patients who underwent hysterectomy under enflurane or under halothane anesthesia by means of a radioimmunoassay technique. Of the 44 patients, in 21 anesthesia was maintained by enflurane and d-tubocurarine and 23 patients maintenance of anesthesia was carried out by halothane and d-tubocurarine. Blood samples for serum cortisol estimations were obtained from each patient before induction of anesthesia, 10 min. after induction, 10 min. after skin incision, at the end of the operation and in the ward on the fourth postoperative day. Cortisol levels increased in both groups at the end of the operation with a significantly higher mean value in the enflurane group (p less than 0.05) compared to that of the halothane group.", "PMID": 549438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11378", "title": "Antagonism of the cardiovascular effects of ketamine by diazepam in volunteers.", "content": "In healthy volunteers pretreated with atropine (0.5 mg), ketamine given as a bolus i.v. injection (2 mg/kg) followed by an infusion of ketamine (1 mg/kg/hr) for one hour, caused a significant rise in blood pressure and heart rate. This cardiovascular stimulation was rapidly counteracted by diazepam (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) given when the response to ketamine was already maximal.", "contents": "Antagonism of the cardiovascular effects of ketamine by diazepam in volunteers. In healthy volunteers pretreated with atropine (0.5 mg), ketamine given as a bolus i.v. injection (2 mg/kg) followed by an infusion of ketamine (1 mg/kg/hr) for one hour, caused a significant rise in blood pressure and heart rate. This cardiovascular stimulation was rapidly counteracted by diazepam (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) given when the response to ketamine was already maximal.", "PMID": 549439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11379", "title": "A case of ventricular fibrillation during halothane anesthesia caused by eye drops.", "content": "A case is described of a 22 years old, high risk female patient who underwent an ophtalmological operation. She developed a ventricular fibrillation during halothane anesthesia by an excess of adrenaline (epinephrine) administered in eye drops.", "contents": "A case of ventricular fibrillation during halothane anesthesia caused by eye drops. A case is described of a 22 years old, high risk female patient who underwent an ophtalmological operation. She developed a ventricular fibrillation during halothane anesthesia by an excess of adrenaline (epinephrine) administered in eye drops.", "PMID": 549440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11380", "title": "Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examination of 53 former amateur boxers.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to reveal possible neurological sequelae of amateur boxing after the introduction of modern medical supervision and safety precautions. Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examinations were performed in a total of 53 former champion amateur boxers together with a control group consisting of 53 former football players. The football players were, on an average, better educated than the boxers, but otherwise the two groups were comparable. Complaints, neurological findings and electroencephalographic changes were identical in the boxers and control group. Only minor neuropsychological disturbances were found in the boxers most pronounced in impaired motor function of the left hand. This was further demonstrated by comparing 19 pairs, each consisting of one boxer and one football player, matched according to age, education and vocabulary. No relation between abnormal findings and \"occupational exposure\" during the boxing career could be demonstrated, not even by comparing three pairs of identical twins, although in each twin of the pairs there was a great difference in the number of fights. This study provides no basis for legislation against amateur boxing at the present time, as it indicates that the existing safety precautions protect the boxers against serious and permanent brain damage.", "contents": "Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examination of 53 former amateur boxers. The purpose of the present study was to reveal possible neurological sequelae of amateur boxing after the introduction of modern medical supervision and safety precautions. Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examinations were performed in a total of 53 former champion amateur boxers together with a control group consisting of 53 former football players. The football players were, on an average, better educated than the boxers, but otherwise the two groups were comparable. Complaints, neurological findings and electroencephalographic changes were identical in the boxers and control group. Only minor neuropsychological disturbances were found in the boxers most pronounced in impaired motor function of the left hand. This was further demonstrated by comparing 19 pairs, each consisting of one boxer and one football player, matched according to age, education and vocabulary. No relation between abnormal findings and \"occupational exposure\" during the boxing career could be demonstrated, not even by comparing three pairs of identical twins, although in each twin of the pairs there was a great difference in the number of fights. This study provides no basis for legislation against amateur boxing at the present time, as it indicates that the existing safety precautions protect the boxers against serious and permanent brain damage.", "PMID": 549443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11381", "title": "Neurogenic intermittent claudication in association with spondylolisthesis.", "content": "In the last three decades, more attention has been put upon neurogenic intermittent claudication, also called pseudoclaudication. The syndrome usually develops in patients with congenital narrow spinal canal and secondary additional narrowing. Two cases of spondylolisthesis with neurogenic intermittent claudication are presented. The pathogenesis, symptoms and findings of neurogenic intermittent claudication are discussed.", "contents": "Neurogenic intermittent claudication in association with spondylolisthesis. In the last three decades, more attention has been put upon neurogenic intermittent claudication, also called pseudoclaudication. The syndrome usually develops in patients with congenital narrow spinal canal and secondary additional narrowing. Two cases of spondylolisthesis with neurogenic intermittent claudication are presented. The pathogenesis, symptoms and findings of neurogenic intermittent claudication are discussed.", "PMID": 549445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11382", "title": "Inhibition of Na235SO4 incorporation of granulomatous tissue by a glycosamine derivative.", "content": "The effect of N-acetyl-4-6-(p-oxy-benzylidene)-D-glycosamine on Na235SO4 incorporation has been studied in vitro. The 0.25-2.0 mmoles of the compound significantly inhibited the Na235SO4 incorporation of granulomatous tissue. The inhibitory effect proved to be dose dependent.", "contents": "Inhibition of Na235SO4 incorporation of granulomatous tissue by a glycosamine derivative. The effect of N-acetyl-4-6-(p-oxy-benzylidene)-D-glycosamine on Na235SO4 incorporation has been studied in vitro. The 0.25-2.0 mmoles of the compound significantly inhibited the Na235SO4 incorporation of granulomatous tissue. The inhibitory effect proved to be dose dependent.", "PMID": 549446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11383", "title": "Comparison of the brain specific protein alpha-albumin and GFA (glial fibrillary acidic protein).", "content": "In this study, the brain specific proteins alpha-albumin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) are compared by several biochemical and immunological methods. It is concluded that alpha-albumin and GFA are immunologically identical and biochemically narrowly related. The existence of two forms of this protein, a water soluble and a water insoluble, under physiological conditions is discussed by comparing the results of quantitative determinations and histoimmunological localizations.", "contents": "Comparison of the brain specific protein alpha-albumin and GFA (glial fibrillary acidic protein). In this study, the brain specific proteins alpha-albumin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) are compared by several biochemical and immunological methods. It is concluded that alpha-albumin and GFA are immunologically identical and biochemically narrowly related. The existence of two forms of this protein, a water soluble and a water insoluble, under physiological conditions is discussed by comparing the results of quantitative determinations and histoimmunological localizations.", "PMID": 549441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11384", "title": "Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the cardiovascular system of the rat.", "content": "A group of rats was fed on control liquid diet, while another group was fed on liquid diet containing alcohol up to 36% of the total calories. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment ECG, haematocrit, histological structure of the heart, blood pressure, cardiac output, distribution of the organ fraction of cardiac output (by Sapirstein's method and 85Sr labelled microsphere technique), nutritive blood flow and circulatory resistance of the organs were studied. A mild repolarization disturbance was shown by the ECG record of the alcohol exposed animals. Haematocrit values and the histological structure of the heart did not change in any of the groups. Relative heart weight increased, blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and nutritive blood flow of the myocardium decreased, while myocardial vascular resistance increased. There was no significant interaction between the effects of alcohol and the duration of exposure to alcohol for any of the parameters monitored. It is concluded that chronic alcohol intake should be taken into consideration in aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the cardiovascular system of the rat. A group of rats was fed on control liquid diet, while another group was fed on liquid diet containing alcohol up to 36% of the total calories. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment ECG, haematocrit, histological structure of the heart, blood pressure, cardiac output, distribution of the organ fraction of cardiac output (by Sapirstein's method and 85Sr labelled microsphere technique), nutritive blood flow and circulatory resistance of the organs were studied. A mild repolarization disturbance was shown by the ECG record of the alcohol exposed animals. Haematocrit values and the histological structure of the heart did not change in any of the groups. Relative heart weight increased, blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and nutritive blood flow of the myocardium decreased, while myocardial vascular resistance increased. There was no significant interaction between the effects of alcohol and the duration of exposure to alcohol for any of the parameters monitored. It is concluded that chronic alcohol intake should be taken into consideration in aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 549447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11385", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis without prior concentration.", "content": "There is a need for new methods to study CSF proteins. Kerenyi et al., 1973 and Verheecke, 1975 have already used this method and discussed its advantages. The electrophoresis is carried out according to the method of Wieme with as supporting medium agar. The volume applied varies between 5 to 15 microliter according to the total protein content and the width of the slit. Care must be taken to work at all times with bidistilled water and pro analysis reagents. After drying, the electrophoretic plates are reduced in a 10% solution of thiodiglycol, dried again, then immersed in 2% potassium hexacyanoferrate, washed thoroughly, then revealed with a silver nitrate solution (Kerenyi et al., 1973; Verheecke P., 1975) and left in 1% acetic acid. This technique is of major value as: 1. It avoids artefacts due to concentration and loss of proteins; 2. It works with very small amounts of fluid; 3. Where the CSF is silent for antibodies restricted heterogeneity using the classical methods, it reveals marked IgG Fractionation.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis without prior concentration. There is a need for new methods to study CSF proteins. Kerenyi et al., 1973 and Verheecke, 1975 have already used this method and discussed its advantages. The electrophoresis is carried out according to the method of Wieme with as supporting medium agar. The volume applied varies between 5 to 15 microliter according to the total protein content and the width of the slit. Care must be taken to work at all times with bidistilled water and pro analysis reagents. After drying, the electrophoretic plates are reduced in a 10% solution of thiodiglycol, dried again, then immersed in 2% potassium hexacyanoferrate, washed thoroughly, then revealed with a silver nitrate solution (Kerenyi et al., 1973; Verheecke P., 1975) and left in 1% acetic acid. This technique is of major value as: 1. It avoids artefacts due to concentration and loss of proteins; 2. It works with very small amounts of fluid; 3. Where the CSF is silent for antibodies restricted heterogeneity using the classical methods, it reveals marked IgG Fractionation.", "PMID": 549442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11386", "title": "Metabolic and EEG alterations during the early phase of triethyltinsulphate (TET) intoxication.", "content": "EEG changes as well as the mechanisms of the hyperglycaemic effect of triethyltinsulphate (TET), a compound known to induce brain oedema, were investigated in cats and rabbits, respectively. Considerable EEG alterations characterized by slow waves appeared in some minutes after TET administration. The hyperglycaemic effect of TET like that of epinephrine could be prevented by the administration of 1 mg/kg of the beta blocker, pindolol. It is suggested that the hyperglycaemic effect of TET is brought about by sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Metabolic and EEG alterations during the early phase of triethyltinsulphate (TET) intoxication. EEG changes as well as the mechanisms of the hyperglycaemic effect of triethyltinsulphate (TET), a compound known to induce brain oedema, were investigated in cats and rabbits, respectively. Considerable EEG alterations characterized by slow waves appeared in some minutes after TET administration. The hyperglycaemic effect of TET like that of epinephrine could be prevented by the administration of 1 mg/kg of the beta blocker, pindolol. It is suggested that the hyperglycaemic effect of TET is brought about by sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 549448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11387", "title": "Depression in treated narcotic addicts, ex-addicts, nonaddicts, and suicide attempters: validation of a very Brief Depression Scale.", "content": "Samples of heroin-addicted veterans in treatment at a VA drug clinic, ex-addict and nonaddict Vietnam veterans followed-up after return to the United States, and male suicide attempters who were not drug abusers completed a very short (five item) form of the Beck Depression Inventory developed for screening and research purposes. Results confirmed prior findings of high rates of depression among narcotic addicts in treatment. Two samples of patients assessed at intake to treatment did not differ significantly from the suicide patients in BDI-5 scores. Methadone maintenance patients and ex-addicts scored below those groups, but higher than nonaddicts. Relief of inner tensions or worries was chosen most frequently as the reason for continuing use of narcotics by patients in treatment, suggesting that self-medication for psychiatric problems may be common. The BDI-5 proved to be an efficient method for screening for depression in these samples, and thus might be useful in clinical or research settings when a very brief method is needed.", "contents": "Depression in treated narcotic addicts, ex-addicts, nonaddicts, and suicide attempters: validation of a very Brief Depression Scale. Samples of heroin-addicted veterans in treatment at a VA drug clinic, ex-addict and nonaddict Vietnam veterans followed-up after return to the United States, and male suicide attempters who were not drug abusers completed a very short (five item) form of the Beck Depression Inventory developed for screening and research purposes. Results confirmed prior findings of high rates of depression among narcotic addicts in treatment. Two samples of patients assessed at intake to treatment did not differ significantly from the suicide patients in BDI-5 scores. Methadone maintenance patients and ex-addicts scored below those groups, but higher than nonaddicts. Relief of inner tensions or worries was chosen most frequently as the reason for continuing use of narcotics by patients in treatment, suggesting that self-medication for psychiatric problems may be common. The BDI-5 proved to be an efficient method for screening for depression in these samples, and thus might be useful in clinical or research settings when a very brief method is needed.", "PMID": 549468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11388", "title": "Client evaluations of drug abuse treatment in relation to follow-up outcomes.", "content": "A national sample of drug treatment clients admitted to the Drug Abuse Treatment Program (DARP) during 1969--1972 was followed approximately 5 years after admission. Subjective evaluations of treatment were compared for clients in methadone maintenance, therapeutic community, outpatient drug-free, and outpatient detoxification treatment programs, as well as a comparison group of clients who completed intake but received no treatment. These evaluations were also analyzed in relation to client background and treatment performance measures and post-treatment outcomes. The overall evaluation of DARP treatments by former clients was generally favorable and was highest for the DARP therapeutic community. Over two-thirds of the combined treatment sample indicated satisfaction with the treatment they received and a willingness to recommend it to others. Favorable evaluation was also positively related to during-treatment performance and tenure in DARP treatment as well as to behavioral outcomes after leaving treatment.", "contents": "Client evaluations of drug abuse treatment in relation to follow-up outcomes. A national sample of drug treatment clients admitted to the Drug Abuse Treatment Program (DARP) during 1969--1972 was followed approximately 5 years after admission. Subjective evaluations of treatment were compared for clients in methadone maintenance, therapeutic community, outpatient drug-free, and outpatient detoxification treatment programs, as well as a comparison group of clients who completed intake but received no treatment. These evaluations were also analyzed in relation to client background and treatment performance measures and post-treatment outcomes. The overall evaluation of DARP treatments by former clients was generally favorable and was highest for the DARP therapeutic community. Over two-thirds of the combined treatment sample indicated satisfaction with the treatment they received and a willingness to recommend it to others. Favorable evaluation was also positively related to during-treatment performance and tenure in DARP treatment as well as to behavioral outcomes after leaving treatment.", "PMID": 549469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11389", "title": "Outcomes of pregnancy for addicts receiving comprehensive care.", "content": "This study reports pregnancy outcomes for 105 addicted women enrolled in New York Medical College's Pregnant Addicts and Addicted Mothers Program. Three classes of variables are examined: prenatal care variables, obstetrical outcomes, and neonatal outcomes. As a first step, percentage distributions are shown for all variables within each class. With respect to the second and third classes, comparisons are made when possible to findings reported elsewhere on heroin-addicted, methadone-maintained, and drug-free populations. Zero-order correlations are then shown for the prenatal care variables versus the neonatal outcomes. It is found that the mother's number of prenatal medical visits correlates significantly with the neonate's gestational age at birth and birth weight, and that her methadone dose at time of delivery correlates significantly with the neonate's withdrawal status. The effect of the prenatal care variables on the two key neonatal outcomes--gestional age at birth and birth weight--is then examined via a stepwise regression analysis. It is found that two of the variables--gestional duration at first prenatal visit and number of prenatal visits--together account for 18.5% of the variance in birth weight and 26.9% of the variance in gestational age at birth, while maternal methadone dose has virtually no effect on these outcome measures. The findings indicate that better neonatal outcomes are associated with the mother's joining the program relatively early in pregnancy and coming in relatively often for prenatal care.", "contents": "Outcomes of pregnancy for addicts receiving comprehensive care. This study reports pregnancy outcomes for 105 addicted women enrolled in New York Medical College's Pregnant Addicts and Addicted Mothers Program. Three classes of variables are examined: prenatal care variables, obstetrical outcomes, and neonatal outcomes. As a first step, percentage distributions are shown for all variables within each class. With respect to the second and third classes, comparisons are made when possible to findings reported elsewhere on heroin-addicted, methadone-maintained, and drug-free populations. Zero-order correlations are then shown for the prenatal care variables versus the neonatal outcomes. It is found that the mother's number of prenatal medical visits correlates significantly with the neonate's gestational age at birth and birth weight, and that her methadone dose at time of delivery correlates significantly with the neonate's withdrawal status. The effect of the prenatal care variables on the two key neonatal outcomes--gestional age at birth and birth weight--is then examined via a stepwise regression analysis. It is found that two of the variables--gestional duration at first prenatal visit and number of prenatal visits--together account for 18.5% of the variance in birth weight and 26.9% of the variance in gestational age at birth, while maternal methadone dose has virtually no effect on these outcome measures. The findings indicate that better neonatal outcomes are associated with the mother's joining the program relatively early in pregnancy and coming in relatively often for prenatal care.", "PMID": 549470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11390", "title": "Difficulties in taking care of business: women addicts as mothers.", "content": "This paper is devoted to a discussion of women addicts as mothers. Women who are addicted while pregnant begin their careers as mothers with extreme guilt and a sense of initial failure. Heroin becomes a mechanism for coping with the routine difficulties of childraising. Children can also act as a controlling force on their mother's addiction if she has the option to perform her mothering duties in an otherwise \"normal\" fashion. If the woman is being supported adequately and can be available for her children, it is possible to combine addiction and mothering. Often, however, the woman has to work outside the home (usually in criminal pursuits) and the general chaos of her life greatly impinges on her ability to fulfill her mothering duties. Children are occasionally mistreated, sometimes neglected physically, and often neglected psychologically by a mother who is frequently absent. Addicted mothers feel extreme guilt and remorse over this neglect, and often take stock of their situation when their roles as a mother is threatened; the children are being taken away physically or growing up and she is losing them to time. The woman addict most often wants \"out\" of the heroin life when her children and her role as mother--her last remaining option--are in jeopardy.", "contents": "Difficulties in taking care of business: women addicts as mothers. This paper is devoted to a discussion of women addicts as mothers. Women who are addicted while pregnant begin their careers as mothers with extreme guilt and a sense of initial failure. Heroin becomes a mechanism for coping with the routine difficulties of childraising. Children can also act as a controlling force on their mother's addiction if she has the option to perform her mothering duties in an otherwise \"normal\" fashion. If the woman is being supported adequately and can be available for her children, it is possible to combine addiction and mothering. Often, however, the woman has to work outside the home (usually in criminal pursuits) and the general chaos of her life greatly impinges on her ability to fulfill her mothering duties. Children are occasionally mistreated, sometimes neglected physically, and often neglected psychologically by a mother who is frequently absent. Addicted mothers feel extreme guilt and remorse over this neglect, and often take stock of their situation when their roles as a mother is threatened; the children are being taken away physically or growing up and she is losing them to time. The woman addict most often wants \"out\" of the heroin life when her children and her role as mother--her last remaining option--are in jeopardy.", "PMID": 549471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11391", "title": "Concurrent and sequential use of drugs and alcohol: patterns, characteristics of users, and implications for treatment and prevention.", "content": "A treatment population of 1,544 drug/alcohol abusers at 10 combined treatment centers was studied to determine the various patterns of sequential use and their corresponding policy implications. Most of the persons who began their substance abuse with alcohol continued to use only alcohol. Alcoholics who did use another substance, either sequentially or concurrently, tended to select a drug other than opiates or marijuana. Although a majority of opiate users eventually became concurrent or sequential users of another substance, a sizable number remained mono-users. A miniscule number of the opiate users moved on to alcohol or marijuana. Most of the users initiated into regular use with marijuana eventually began to use a nonopiate, nonalcoholic substance. A majority of the users who started with a nonalcohol, nonopiate, nonmarijuana substance eventually used marijuana. Sequential and concurrent users in general were more similar to each other than to mono-users. The implications of the development of drug use typologies for direct treatment are discussed. Having identified target groups, the author then suggests policies for controlling substance abuse indirectly, such as those dealing with employment.", "contents": "Concurrent and sequential use of drugs and alcohol: patterns, characteristics of users, and implications for treatment and prevention. A treatment population of 1,544 drug/alcohol abusers at 10 combined treatment centers was studied to determine the various patterns of sequential use and their corresponding policy implications. Most of the persons who began their substance abuse with alcohol continued to use only alcohol. Alcoholics who did use another substance, either sequentially or concurrently, tended to select a drug other than opiates or marijuana. Although a majority of opiate users eventually became concurrent or sequential users of another substance, a sizable number remained mono-users. A miniscule number of the opiate users moved on to alcohol or marijuana. Most of the users initiated into regular use with marijuana eventually began to use a nonopiate, nonalcoholic substance. A majority of the users who started with a nonalcohol, nonopiate, nonmarijuana substance eventually used marijuana. Sequential and concurrent users in general were more similar to each other than to mono-users. The implications of the development of drug use typologies for direct treatment are discussed. Having identified target groups, the author then suggests policies for controlling substance abuse indirectly, such as those dealing with employment.", "PMID": 549472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11392", "title": "Patterns of drinking among the deaf.", "content": "Thirty-nine White deaf persons functioning normally within the general hearing community were surveyed on a variety of factors concerning their use of alcohol, and compared to the data from two comparable hearing samples reported previously in the literature. No significant differences were found between the deaf and hearing samples on patterns of drinking or other parameters of alcohol use. Heavier alcohol use among the deaf correlated significantly with reported frequency of driving after having drunk too much, age of having had the first drink, ever having been drunk, feeling guilt over drinking too much, and others criticizing the respondent for drinking behavior. Heavier use also tended to be correlated with attendance at an all-deaf school. Implications of the findings of similar drinking patterns for the deaf and the hearing are discussed in terms of the lack of specific rehabilitation facilities for the deaf, along with possible reasons for the lack of use by deaf clients of alcohol rehabilitation agencies in the community.", "contents": "Patterns of drinking among the deaf. Thirty-nine White deaf persons functioning normally within the general hearing community were surveyed on a variety of factors concerning their use of alcohol, and compared to the data from two comparable hearing samples reported previously in the literature. No significant differences were found between the deaf and hearing samples on patterns of drinking or other parameters of alcohol use. Heavier alcohol use among the deaf correlated significantly with reported frequency of driving after having drunk too much, age of having had the first drink, ever having been drunk, feeling guilt over drinking too much, and others criticizing the respondent for drinking behavior. Heavier use also tended to be correlated with attendance at an all-deaf school. Implications of the findings of similar drinking patterns for the deaf and the hearing are discussed in terms of the lack of specific rehabilitation facilities for the deaf, along with possible reasons for the lack of use by deaf clients of alcohol rehabilitation agencies in the community.", "PMID": 549473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11393", "title": "A follow-up of alcoholics treated by multimodal therapy.", "content": "A general hospital sponsored for the psychotherapeutic treatment of alcoholism is described. In this context a multimodal approach, emphasizing methods derived from principles of learning, is applied to training the individual in new life-style skills for the management of alcoholism. Demographic characteristics of the population served by the program are of a predominantly blue collar clientele, mostly employed (72%), married (61%), and from urban centers (95%). Attrition as a major problem in evaluating results at the follow-up stage is identified and a method of reporting follow-up results taking this factor into account is presented. This method showed that under the most stringent conditions for reporting results, 36.64% of a sample of 131 alcoholics were showing improvement at 12 months, while under the least stringent condition 84% were showing some improvement over the same period.", "contents": "A follow-up of alcoholics treated by multimodal therapy. A general hospital sponsored for the psychotherapeutic treatment of alcoholism is described. In this context a multimodal approach, emphasizing methods derived from principles of learning, is applied to training the individual in new life-style skills for the management of alcoholism. Demographic characteristics of the population served by the program are of a predominantly blue collar clientele, mostly employed (72%), married (61%), and from urban centers (95%). Attrition as a major problem in evaluating results at the follow-up stage is identified and a method of reporting follow-up results taking this factor into account is presented. This method showed that under the most stringent conditions for reporting results, 36.64% of a sample of 131 alcoholics were showing improvement at 12 months, while under the least stringent condition 84% were showing some improvement over the same period.", "PMID": 549474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11394", "title": "Control orientation among alcoholics: a cognitive social learning perspective.", "content": "A cognitive social learning model of the maintenance of problem drinking is presented. Basic constructs involving social skills acquisition, experienced cognitive control and self-efficacy expectations as they relate to alcoholism are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a useful theoretical framework in which to conceptualize the development, maintenance and treatment of drinking problems. A number of specific suggestions are made for further research which test various hypotheses generated by this model.", "contents": "Control orientation among alcoholics: a cognitive social learning perspective. A cognitive social learning model of the maintenance of problem drinking is presented. Basic constructs involving social skills acquisition, experienced cognitive control and self-efficacy expectations as they relate to alcoholism are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a useful theoretical framework in which to conceptualize the development, maintenance and treatment of drinking problems. A number of specific suggestions are made for further research which test various hypotheses generated by this model.", "PMID": 549475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11395", "title": "Urine screening of arrestees as a source of drug abuse indicator data.", "content": "The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently sponsored a study which examined the utility of jail urine screening programs as a source of drug abuse indicator data. During the study, short-term urine screening programs were set up in the central jail facilities of four urban counties. To determine whether jail urine screening programs have the capacity to detect patterns of drug use not readily detectable through existing indicators, the urinalysis findings for each county were compared with data generated by the DAWN and CODAP systems. The results of the study suggest that jail urine screening programs can be useful as a supplement to existing sources of information on drug use patterns in local communities.", "contents": "Urine screening of arrestees as a source of drug abuse indicator data. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently sponsored a study which examined the utility of jail urine screening programs as a source of drug abuse indicator data. During the study, short-term urine screening programs were set up in the central jail facilities of four urban counties. To determine whether jail urine screening programs have the capacity to detect patterns of drug use not readily detectable through existing indicators, the urinalysis findings for each county were compared with data generated by the DAWN and CODAP systems. The results of the study suggest that jail urine screening programs can be useful as a supplement to existing sources of information on drug use patterns in local communities.", "PMID": 549476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11396", "title": "Frequency of use of diazepam in individuals on probation and in methadone maintenance programs.", "content": "During the spring of 1977 a survey was taken of drug analysis results for over 17,500 urine samples from Los Angeles County probationers and over 8,500 urine samples from Los Angeles County methadone clinic enrollees to determine the frequency of diazepam (Valium) use. The probation department specimens were found to contain diazepan less frequently than the methadone clinic specimens as a group. There were, however, wide variations in use frequency between the seven methadone clinics.", "contents": "Frequency of use of diazepam in individuals on probation and in methadone maintenance programs. During the spring of 1977 a survey was taken of drug analysis results for over 17,500 urine samples from Los Angeles County probationers and over 8,500 urine samples from Los Angeles County methadone clinic enrollees to determine the frequency of diazepam (Valium) use. The probation department specimens were found to contain diazepan less frequently than the methadone clinic specimens as a group. There were, however, wide variations in use frequency between the seven methadone clinics.", "PMID": 549477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11397", "title": "Vascular calcification in dermatopathology.", "content": "Calcification in cutaneous blood vessels is an uncommon finding in biopsies submitted for dermatopathological examination. Of 14 biopsy specimens showing the phenomenon that was studied by us, the greater number was from women who had a combination of severe diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Unusual clinical syndromes as the bases for the vascular calcification were hyperthyroidism in three patients and arteritis in two patients. Three patients died as a consequence of massive cutaneous infarction and sepsis, probably stemming from cutaneous vascular calcification. Vascular calcification in biopsy of skin may result from metabolic, inflammatory, or degenerative diseases of blood vessels.", "contents": "Vascular calcification in dermatopathology. Calcification in cutaneous blood vessels is an uncommon finding in biopsies submitted for dermatopathological examination. Of 14 biopsy specimens showing the phenomenon that was studied by us, the greater number was from women who had a combination of severe diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Unusual clinical syndromes as the bases for the vascular calcification were hyperthyroidism in three patients and arteritis in two patients. Three patients died as a consequence of massive cutaneous infarction and sepsis, probably stemming from cutaneous vascular calcification. Vascular calcification in biopsy of skin may result from metabolic, inflammatory, or degenerative diseases of blood vessels.", "PMID": 549478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11398", "title": "The chloroacetate esterase reaction. A useful means of histological diagnosis of hematological disorders from paraffin sections of skin.", "content": "A method which utilizes the enzyme chloroacetate esterase as a marker for cells of the neutrophil series, monocytes, and mast cells in tissue that has been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin is described in detail.", "contents": "The chloroacetate esterase reaction. A useful means of histological diagnosis of hematological disorders from paraffin sections of skin. A method which utilizes the enzyme chloroacetate esterase as a marker for cells of the neutrophil series, monocytes, and mast cells in tissue that has been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin is described in detail.", "PMID": 549479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11399", "title": "The patch stage of mycosis fungoides. Criteria for histologic diagnosis.", "content": "It has long been claimed that a specific histologic diagnosis of mycosis fungoides cannot be made in the premycotic\" or \"eczematous\" (patch) stage of the disease. Indeed, the histologic features of the premycotic lesions were constantly said to be those of \"chronic non-specific dermatitis.\" We studied 46 biopsy specimens of patch lesions from patients in whom mycosis fungoides was unequivocally established by clinical events (i.e., concurrence or later development of typical plaque and/or nodular lesions) and indubitable histologic findings. We divided patch lesions into early nonatrophic patches and late atrophic ones. The early patches are considered to be evolving lesions of mycosis fungoides, whereas late patches represent resolving plaques of the disease. On the basis of this study, we concluded that histologic diagnosis can be made with near certainty in patch lesions of the disease. We found that the critical feature for histologic diagnosis of early and late patch lesions of mycosis fungoides is the presence of an increased number of mononuclear cells distributed singly or in small collections within an epidermis devoid of spongiotic microvesiculation. Other important features are lacunae surrounding intraepidermal mononuclear cells which gives them the appearance of \"haloed cells.\" A sparse infiltrate of mononuclear cells is present around the blood vessels of the superficial, and sometimes the deep, vascular plexus. Atypical mononuclear cells are not necessary for the diagnosis of early patch lesions of mycosis fungoides, but they are found commonly in late patch lesions. Late atrophic patches show a thinned epidermis, loss of the usual configuration between rete ridges and dermal papillae, and coarse collagen throughout a thickened papillary dermis.", "contents": "The patch stage of mycosis fungoides. Criteria for histologic diagnosis. It has long been claimed that a specific histologic diagnosis of mycosis fungoides cannot be made in the premycotic\" or \"eczematous\" (patch) stage of the disease. Indeed, the histologic features of the premycotic lesions were constantly said to be those of \"chronic non-specific dermatitis.\" We studied 46 biopsy specimens of patch lesions from patients in whom mycosis fungoides was unequivocally established by clinical events (i.e., concurrence or later development of typical plaque and/or nodular lesions) and indubitable histologic findings. We divided patch lesions into early nonatrophic patches and late atrophic ones. The early patches are considered to be evolving lesions of mycosis fungoides, whereas late patches represent resolving plaques of the disease. On the basis of this study, we concluded that histologic diagnosis can be made with near certainty in patch lesions of the disease. We found that the critical feature for histologic diagnosis of early and late patch lesions of mycosis fungoides is the presence of an increased number of mononuclear cells distributed singly or in small collections within an epidermis devoid of spongiotic microvesiculation. Other important features are lacunae surrounding intraepidermal mononuclear cells which gives them the appearance of \"haloed cells.\" A sparse infiltrate of mononuclear cells is present around the blood vessels of the superficial, and sometimes the deep, vascular plexus. Atypical mononuclear cells are not necessary for the diagnosis of early patch lesions of mycosis fungoides, but they are found commonly in late patch lesions. Late atrophic patches show a thinned epidermis, loss of the usual configuration between rete ridges and dermal papillae, and coarse collagen throughout a thickened papillary dermis.", "PMID": 549480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11400", "title": "[Results of lung biopsy in interstitial pneumopathies in children. A report on 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Needle biopsy was performed in 100 children with diffuse interstitial pneumopathy. Severe histological lesions were noted in the biopsy sections in 4 out 5 cases. Those most frequently observed (57 cases) were non-specific lesions of diffuse interstitial pneumopathy (DIP) or idiopathic fibrosis, the course of which was followed, in some cases, by repeating the biopsy. Specific lesions, especially idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (8 cases), were noted in 22 children, either associated with interstitial fibrosis or apparently better tolerated. The other 16 cases included the lipoidoses (Niemann-Pick, histiocytosis X), alveolar microlithiasis, and some specific inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, syphilis) or those related to inhalation of a foreign body.", "contents": "[Results of lung biopsy in interstitial pneumopathies in children. A report on 100 cases (author's transl)]. Needle biopsy was performed in 100 children with diffuse interstitial pneumopathy. Severe histological lesions were noted in the biopsy sections in 4 out 5 cases. Those most frequently observed (57 cases) were non-specific lesions of diffuse interstitial pneumopathy (DIP) or idiopathic fibrosis, the course of which was followed, in some cases, by repeating the biopsy. Specific lesions, especially idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (8 cases), were noted in 22 children, either associated with interstitial fibrosis or apparently better tolerated. The other 16 cases included the lipoidoses (Niemann-Pick, histiocytosis X), alveolar microlithiasis, and some specific inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, syphilis) or those related to inhalation of a foreign body.", "PMID": 549506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11401", "title": "[Bone localisation of Hodgkin's disease. A report on 13 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review 13 cases of bone localisation of Hodgkin's disease taken from 120 case-reports, and compare the findings with those reported in the published literature. The frequency of bone lesions in this series was 18%. Initial signs were clinical in one half of the cases and radiological or scintigraphic in the other half. Early diagnosis of bone lesions was more frequently made in this series than late discovery of bone locations; the lesions ware more frequently present in the spine, the pelvis, and the sternum; the usual appearance was osteolytic or mixed, lytic and condensed. Scintigraphy is a reliable early diagnostic procedure, as is medullary biopsy which has become essential for the investigation of extension of the lesions. An inflammatory syndrome is present in most cases. In this series, bone lesions usually were of haematogenic origin and were mainly of the scleronodular histological type. Definite recovery was obtained in more than half of the cases. In the other patients, the bone lesions coincided with a long disease course, were never the reason for great concern, and were never directly responsible for death in the 3 patients that died.", "contents": "[Bone localisation of Hodgkin's disease. A report on 13 cases (author's transl)]. The authors review 13 cases of bone localisation of Hodgkin's disease taken from 120 case-reports, and compare the findings with those reported in the published literature. The frequency of bone lesions in this series was 18%. Initial signs were clinical in one half of the cases and radiological or scintigraphic in the other half. Early diagnosis of bone lesions was more frequently made in this series than late discovery of bone locations; the lesions ware more frequently present in the spine, the pelvis, and the sternum; the usual appearance was osteolytic or mixed, lytic and condensed. Scintigraphy is a reliable early diagnostic procedure, as is medullary biopsy which has become essential for the investigation of extension of the lesions. An inflammatory syndrome is present in most cases. In this series, bone lesions usually were of haematogenic origin and were mainly of the scleronodular histological type. Definite recovery was obtained in more than half of the cases. In the other patients, the bone lesions coincided with a long disease course, were never the reason for great concern, and were never directly responsible for death in the 3 patients that died.", "PMID": 549507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11402", "title": "[Arthrodesis of the cervical vertebrae by the anterior approach for the treatment of cervicobrachial neuralgias of discal origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Cervicobrachial neuralgia of discal origin can be improved by a simple operation: excision of the pathological disc followed by an intercorporeal arthrodesis by the anterior approach, using an implanted graft without the use of any osteosynthetic material. The authors performed 20 such operations, using this method as described by Cloward, with very encouraging results. The selection of patients suitable for surgery, however, depends on strict criteria: isolated definite discal pathology, usually post-traumatic, suspected clinically and confirmed by a standard radiograph and gas myelography; finally, conclusive proof of immobilisation. The simple nature of the operation, the rapidity with which it can be performed, the short period of hospitalization and professional care required, and the absence of sequelae, are several factors which suggest that this surgical procedure should become the standard therapy for cervicobrachial neuralgias, as it is for the surgical cure of lumbar disc hernias. The introduction of more precise and comfortable radiographic methods, such as the scanner and metrizamide myelography, will ensure that this functional type of surgery becomes more economical and responds to the individual needs of the patients.", "contents": "[Arthrodesis of the cervical vertebrae by the anterior approach for the treatment of cervicobrachial neuralgias of discal origin (author's transl)]. Cervicobrachial neuralgia of discal origin can be improved by a simple operation: excision of the pathological disc followed by an intercorporeal arthrodesis by the anterior approach, using an implanted graft without the use of any osteosynthetic material. The authors performed 20 such operations, using this method as described by Cloward, with very encouraging results. The selection of patients suitable for surgery, however, depends on strict criteria: isolated definite discal pathology, usually post-traumatic, suspected clinically and confirmed by a standard radiograph and gas myelography; finally, conclusive proof of immobilisation. The simple nature of the operation, the rapidity with which it can be performed, the short period of hospitalization and professional care required, and the absence of sequelae, are several factors which suggest that this surgical procedure should become the standard therapy for cervicobrachial neuralgias, as it is for the surgical cure of lumbar disc hernias. The introduction of more precise and comfortable radiographic methods, such as the scanner and metrizamide myelography, will ensure that this functional type of surgery becomes more economical and responds to the individual needs of the patients.", "PMID": 549508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11403", "title": "[Malignant histiocytosis with bone involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant histiocytosis, an affection in which there is proliferation of morphologically atypical histiocytes, traditionally associates high fever, deterioration of the general condition, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and less frequently, cutaneous lesions. Clinical, radiological, and histological signs of bone involvement are rarely observed, which demonstrates the interest of the case reported of a pure medullary form with massive necrosis and successive bone localisations of the osteolytic type. The clinical picture was completed by the progressive development of adenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Multiple chemotherapy, according to the A.V.E.C. procedure, controlled the affection for three months before it became totally ineffective. Survival for twelve months after clinical onset demonstrates the extreme malignancy of the affection.", "contents": "[Malignant histiocytosis with bone involvement (author's transl)]. Malignant histiocytosis, an affection in which there is proliferation of morphologically atypical histiocytes, traditionally associates high fever, deterioration of the general condition, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and less frequently, cutaneous lesions. Clinical, radiological, and histological signs of bone involvement are rarely observed, which demonstrates the interest of the case reported of a pure medullary form with massive necrosis and successive bone localisations of the osteolytic type. The clinical picture was completed by the progressive development of adenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Multiple chemotherapy, according to the A.V.E.C. procedure, controlled the affection for three months before it became totally ineffective. Survival for twelve months after clinical onset demonstrates the extreme malignancy of the affection.", "PMID": 549509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11404", "title": "[Immunological study of primary non-obstructive myocardiopathies. A report on 37 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenicity of primary non-obstructive myocardiopathies remains unknown at the present time. Immunological disturbances have been demonstrated but their role is open to discussion. A comparison between 37 such patients and 37 control subjects with cardiac insufficiency, similar according to age and sex, gave the following results: circulating immune complexes levels, anti-organ or anti-tissue antibody levels, and the levels of serum complement and its fractions were the same in both groups. Serum IgA levels were significantly higher in the \"patient\" group, and this appears to be partly related to alcoholism. Finally, an antimyocardial cellular immunity exists. These results would appear to demonstrate that conventional immunological techniques are of limited value in primary cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Immunological study of primary non-obstructive myocardiopathies. A report on 37 cases (author's transl)]. The pathogenicity of primary non-obstructive myocardiopathies remains unknown at the present time. Immunological disturbances have been demonstrated but their role is open to discussion. A comparison between 37 such patients and 37 control subjects with cardiac insufficiency, similar according to age and sex, gave the following results: circulating immune complexes levels, anti-organ or anti-tissue antibody levels, and the levels of serum complement and its fractions were the same in both groups. Serum IgA levels were significantly higher in the \"patient\" group, and this appears to be partly related to alcoholism. Finally, an antimyocardial cellular immunity exists. These results would appear to demonstrate that conventional immunological techniques are of limited value in primary cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 549510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11405", "title": "[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in children. A report on 7 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 7 cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis occurring in children, and emphasize the diagnostic value of the association of pulmonary and anemic manifestations, one of which could appear to be an isolated finding and thus delay diagnosis. Complementary investigations are discussed and the relative inocuity of a lung biopsy with a Gerbeaux needle, and the greater value of bronchoscopic samples over those obtained by gastric intubation for evaluating the presence of siderophagic activity emphasized. Functional pulmonary tests, especially for blood gases and ventilatory function, were also conducted. The difficulties in classifying the various types of pulmonary hemosiderosis, especially the \"idiopathic\" form in children, are outlined. Immunological disorders must be systematically searched for in order to choose the most effective therapy: corticoids or immunodepressants.", "contents": "[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in children. A report on 7 cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe 7 cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis occurring in children, and emphasize the diagnostic value of the association of pulmonary and anemic manifestations, one of which could appear to be an isolated finding and thus delay diagnosis. Complementary investigations are discussed and the relative inocuity of a lung biopsy with a Gerbeaux needle, and the greater value of bronchoscopic samples over those obtained by gastric intubation for evaluating the presence of siderophagic activity emphasized. Functional pulmonary tests, especially for blood gases and ventilatory function, were also conducted. The difficulties in classifying the various types of pulmonary hemosiderosis, especially the \"idiopathic\" form in children, are outlined. Immunological disorders must be systematically searched for in order to choose the most effective therapy: corticoids or immunodepressants.", "PMID": 549511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11406", "title": "[Results of bronchial scrapings in interstitial pulmonary diseases in immunodeficient children (author's transl)].", "content": "Endobronchial scraping was used in 53 immunodeficient children, aged 4 months to 15 years, and divided into three categories (37 receiving immunosuppression treatment, 8 with marasmus, and 8 with immunodeficiency), in order to determine the etiology of their interstitial pneumopathy. The examination was made under blind conditions in 21 cases using an intubation tube (under assisted ventilation), and with bronchoscopy under general anesthesia in the other 32 cases. Three scrapings were required for cytological, bacteriological, and virological and mycological examinations. In 32 cases (60%), the etiology of the interstitial pneumopathy was discovered; in 18 patients it was due to pneumocystis carinii, in 10 cases to bacterial infection, in 7 cases a viral infection, and in 3 others a fungal infection. An association of infective agents was reported in 6 cases. The major incident observed was a pneumothorax in 17% of the cases, more especially in 45% of the children under 20 months of age. Bronchial scraping is a valid examination the results and complications of which compare well with other non-vascular methods of diagnostic evaluation of such lesions.", "contents": "[Results of bronchial scrapings in interstitial pulmonary diseases in immunodeficient children (author's transl)]. Endobronchial scraping was used in 53 immunodeficient children, aged 4 months to 15 years, and divided into three categories (37 receiving immunosuppression treatment, 8 with marasmus, and 8 with immunodeficiency), in order to determine the etiology of their interstitial pneumopathy. The examination was made under blind conditions in 21 cases using an intubation tube (under assisted ventilation), and with bronchoscopy under general anesthesia in the other 32 cases. Three scrapings were required for cytological, bacteriological, and virological and mycological examinations. In 32 cases (60%), the etiology of the interstitial pneumopathy was discovered; in 18 patients it was due to pneumocystis carinii, in 10 cases to bacterial infection, in 7 cases a viral infection, and in 3 others a fungal infection. An association of infective agents was reported in 6 cases. The major incident observed was a pneumothorax in 17% of the cases, more especially in 45% of the children under 20 months of age. Bronchial scraping is a valid examination the results and complications of which compare well with other non-vascular methods of diagnostic evaluation of such lesions.", "PMID": 549512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11407", "title": "[Specific renal lesions revealing the presence of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of granulomatous nephropathy are reported. In two patients this was definitely related to a true renal sarcoidosis, while the third case raised the problem of the significance of an \"isolated sarcoidosis nodule\". The authors discuss the frequency, clinical symptoms, and pathological appearances of these renal lesions which reveal the presence of sarcoidosis, as well as the relationship between renal insufficiency and the parenchymatous lesions observed, and therapy.", "contents": "[Specific renal lesions revealing the presence of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Three cases of granulomatous nephropathy are reported. In two patients this was definitely related to a true renal sarcoidosis, while the third case raised the problem of the significance of an \"isolated sarcoidosis nodule\". The authors discuss the frequency, clinical symptoms, and pathological appearances of these renal lesions which reveal the presence of sarcoidosis, as well as the relationship between renal insufficiency and the parenchymatous lesions observed, and therapy.", "PMID": 549513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11408", "title": "[Effect of isoptin chlorhydrate on the sino-auriculo-ventricular conduction in the heart of the dog].", "content": "The effects of Isoptin chlorhidrate (Verapamil) on sino-auriculo-ventricular conduction and automatism were studied on the heart in situ of 13 dogs. In three of them the drug was associated with intermittent intravenous drip of succinylcholine infusi\u00f3n (2 ml in 500 ml 5% dextrose solution). The drug was administered intravenously in 2 minutes (10 mg). In a first step, the action was followed during 45 minutes. In a second step, a second dosis (10 mgr) was administered 45 minutes after the first one. Proximal bipolar leads in the sinoauricular node, His bundle and Purkinje nets as well as distant bipolars leads between the ostium of the superior vena cava and left atrium or lead II, were recorded. Grass's preamplifiers and a Dumont Dual beam oscilloscope with two electronic switches were used for recording. Automatism of the sinus as well as of the His-Purkinje specific pathway was depressed. A significant prolongation of conduction time in A--V node was manifested by increased duration of P--R and A--H intervals. The sinoauricular as well as the Purkinje-muscle conduction were also slightly prolonged. An accumulation of the drug was demonstrated (a second dosis administered 45 minutes after the first one) by an accentuation of A--V block (second degree) and accentuated bradycardia. No escape rhythms were observed and circulation was maintained by mechanical stimulation of the ventricles. The latter effects were more accentuated in dogs in which an intermittent succinylcholine solution drip was administered.", "contents": "[Effect of isoptin chlorhydrate on the sino-auriculo-ventricular conduction in the heart of the dog]. The effects of Isoptin chlorhidrate (Verapamil) on sino-auriculo-ventricular conduction and automatism were studied on the heart in situ of 13 dogs. In three of them the drug was associated with intermittent intravenous drip of succinylcholine infusi\u00f3n (2 ml in 500 ml 5% dextrose solution). The drug was administered intravenously in 2 minutes (10 mg). In a first step, the action was followed during 45 minutes. In a second step, a second dosis (10 mgr) was administered 45 minutes after the first one. Proximal bipolar leads in the sinoauricular node, His bundle and Purkinje nets as well as distant bipolars leads between the ostium of the superior vena cava and left atrium or lead II, were recorded. Grass's preamplifiers and a Dumont Dual beam oscilloscope with two electronic switches were used for recording. Automatism of the sinus as well as of the His-Purkinje specific pathway was depressed. A significant prolongation of conduction time in A--V node was manifested by increased duration of P--R and A--H intervals. The sinoauricular as well as the Purkinje-muscle conduction were also slightly prolonged. An accumulation of the drug was demonstrated (a second dosis administered 45 minutes after the first one) by an accentuation of A--V block (second degree) and accentuated bradycardia. No escape rhythms were observed and circulation was maintained by mechanical stimulation of the ventricles. The latter effects were more accentuated in dogs in which an intermittent succinylcholine solution drip was administered.", "PMID": 549517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11409", "title": "[Alveolar arterial O2 gradient in patients with cardiopulmonary pathology. Its study at rest with respiration of environmental air].", "content": "The arterial oxygen pressure (PAO2) and the arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PACO2) are the mirror of the whole stage in alveolar ventilation, because there is a numerical correlation between them, in the alveolar air equation. In our material no difference was found when the respiratory cocient is used to calculate the equation modifying the PACO2 value. On the other hand, the PaO depends on a great amount of variables, i.e., the rationship V/Q. Qs/Qt and the arteriovenous oxygen difference in volume percentage, which reflect the functional stage of the gaseous interchange; other variables depend essentially of technical factors as the methodology used in the obtention and management of the samples and the measurement of the PAO2 at the laboratory. Thus, the alveolo-arterial oxigen Difference delta (A-a)O2 is considered as a mirror of the fluctuations in gaseous interchange, only if the alveolar ventilation the cardiac output, the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference and in minor importance the respiratory cocient (RP remain constant. The delta (A-a)O2 is not always correlated with other parameters far from the gaseous interchange at lung level in the critically ill patient, for this, it has not a pronostic mecaning by itself. Nevertheless, we believe that delta (A-a)O2 continues being a useful measurement to evaluate the gaseous interchange if at the same time all the factors which may have influence in it are analysed. We consider, for trying to be simple in the management of the acute respiratory failure at the bedside that the (A-a)O2 must not be linked to only one parameter of the respiratory function, i.e. the intrapulmonar veno-arterial shunt, without considering the cardiac output and the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference.", "contents": "[Alveolar arterial O2 gradient in patients with cardiopulmonary pathology. Its study at rest with respiration of environmental air]. The arterial oxygen pressure (PAO2) and the arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PACO2) are the mirror of the whole stage in alveolar ventilation, because there is a numerical correlation between them, in the alveolar air equation. In our material no difference was found when the respiratory cocient is used to calculate the equation modifying the PACO2 value. On the other hand, the PaO depends on a great amount of variables, i.e., the rationship V/Q. Qs/Qt and the arteriovenous oxygen difference in volume percentage, which reflect the functional stage of the gaseous interchange; other variables depend essentially of technical factors as the methodology used in the obtention and management of the samples and the measurement of the PAO2 at the laboratory. Thus, the alveolo-arterial oxigen Difference delta (A-a)O2 is considered as a mirror of the fluctuations in gaseous interchange, only if the alveolar ventilation the cardiac output, the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference and in minor importance the respiratory cocient (RP remain constant. The delta (A-a)O2 is not always correlated with other parameters far from the gaseous interchange at lung level in the critically ill patient, for this, it has not a pronostic mecaning by itself. Nevertheless, we believe that delta (A-a)O2 continues being a useful measurement to evaluate the gaseous interchange if at the same time all the factors which may have influence in it are analysed. We consider, for trying to be simple in the management of the acute respiratory failure at the bedside that the (A-a)O2 must not be linked to only one parameter of the respiratory function, i.e. the intrapulmonar veno-arterial shunt, without considering the cardiac output and the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference.", "PMID": 549519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11410", "title": "[Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy (3 cases)].", "content": "In this paper, a review of pregnancy and pheocromocytoma is shown. The importance of early diagnostic and adequate management is essential in this patients. When this associations exists the management must be very carefully considered to avoid high mortality risks for both, fetus and mother. 56 cases of pheocromocytoma were studied at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda, three of them were pregnant women which are described in this work.", "contents": "[Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy (3 cases)]. In this paper, a review of pregnancy and pheocromocytoma is shown. The importance of early diagnostic and adequate management is essential in this patients. When this associations exists the management must be very carefully considered to avoid high mortality risks for both, fetus and mother. 56 cases of pheocromocytoma were studied at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda, three of them were pregnant women which are described in this work.", "PMID": 549523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11411", "title": "[Cardiovascular manifestations of chemical rhysolisis of the trigeminal nerve].", "content": "Twelve chemical rhyzolisis (surgical instilation of 10 c.c. of 15% NaCl solution) of trigeminal nerve were performed in 11 patients with trigeminal neuralgia resistent to medical treatment. Before and at least in the first 30 minutes after instilation the following parameters were monitorized: electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, intrarradial arterial pressure and venous central pressure. In 10 cases after a 2.8 +/- 2.4 seg. latency period the following arrhythmias appeared (in paragraphs number of cases): sinus bradicardia, sinoauricular block, sinus arrest, atrial-ventricular block and atrial pacemaker migration. During sinus arrest (8 episodes in 4 cases; mean duration 17.6 secs.) slow, high voltage waves appeared in the electroencephalographic tracings. Ventricular scapes were not seen at the end of the sinus pauses. In 6 cases after this slow arrhythmic phase the following arrhythmias were observed: ventricular premature beats, atrial premature beats, sinus tachycardia, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, and nodal tachycardia. All cases exhibited an elevation of mean arterial pressure after instilation of the nerve which was preceded by a short period of hypertension in 4 occasions. Average and standard deviations changes of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (mm of Hg), pulse (beats/minute) and central venous pressure (cms of H2O) during the procedure were 46.7 +/- 29.3, 23.0 +/- 13.3, 34.1 +/- 16.4, 25.8 +/- 16.2 and 6.6 +/- 5.8, respectively (p less than or equal to 0.001) in all changes but the last ones, less than or equal to 0.05). Physiopathologic considerations of this autonomic crises are done.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular manifestations of chemical rhysolisis of the trigeminal nerve]. Twelve chemical rhyzolisis (surgical instilation of 10 c.c. of 15% NaCl solution) of trigeminal nerve were performed in 11 patients with trigeminal neuralgia resistent to medical treatment. Before and at least in the first 30 minutes after instilation the following parameters were monitorized: electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, intrarradial arterial pressure and venous central pressure. In 10 cases after a 2.8 +/- 2.4 seg. latency period the following arrhythmias appeared (in paragraphs number of cases): sinus bradicardia, sinoauricular block, sinus arrest, atrial-ventricular block and atrial pacemaker migration. During sinus arrest (8 episodes in 4 cases; mean duration 17.6 secs.) slow, high voltage waves appeared in the electroencephalographic tracings. Ventricular scapes were not seen at the end of the sinus pauses. In 6 cases after this slow arrhythmic phase the following arrhythmias were observed: ventricular premature beats, atrial premature beats, sinus tachycardia, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, and nodal tachycardia. All cases exhibited an elevation of mean arterial pressure after instilation of the nerve which was preceded by a short period of hypertension in 4 occasions. Average and standard deviations changes of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (mm of Hg), pulse (beats/minute) and central venous pressure (cms of H2O) during the procedure were 46.7 +/- 29.3, 23.0 +/- 13.3, 34.1 +/- 16.4, 25.8 +/- 16.2 and 6.6 +/- 5.8, respectively (p less than or equal to 0.001) in all changes but the last ones, less than or equal to 0.05). Physiopathologic considerations of this autonomic crises are done.", "PMID": 549521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11412", "title": "Pharmacological studies on new oncostatic acridine derivatives. I. Acute and subchronic action.", "content": "Preclinical pharmacological studies of two acridine derivatives, dihydrochloride N10-oxide 1-nitro-9-/3-dimethylaminopropylamino/-acridine (C-666) and dihydrochloride 1-nitro-9-[(2-dimethylamino)-1-methylethylamino]-acridine (C-829) are reported. Both compounds are characterized by biological activity, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and local irritant action. Quality differences in an effect of both investigated acridine derivatives on the central nervous system were noted. C-666 proved to be deprived of the effect typical of the central component compounds while C-829 demonstrated mostly sedative activity. Clear dissociation in the effect of these both compounds was seen in in vitro experiments on isolated smooth muscle organs. C-666 acted spasmolytically on the motory action of intestine muscles while C-829 acted spastically. Both preparations had clearly hipotensic influence which can be due to the vascular effect and to their affinity with the intramyocardium transmitting system. Neither a distinctive effect on reproductivity of animals nor the teratogenic action were observed in the functional experiments.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on new oncostatic acridine derivatives. I. Acute and subchronic action. Preclinical pharmacological studies of two acridine derivatives, dihydrochloride N10-oxide 1-nitro-9-/3-dimethylaminopropylamino/-acridine (C-666) and dihydrochloride 1-nitro-9-[(2-dimethylamino)-1-methylethylamino]-acridine (C-829) are reported. Both compounds are characterized by biological activity, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and local irritant action. Quality differences in an effect of both investigated acridine derivatives on the central nervous system were noted. C-666 proved to be deprived of the effect typical of the central component compounds while C-829 demonstrated mostly sedative activity. Clear dissociation in the effect of these both compounds was seen in in vitro experiments on isolated smooth muscle organs. C-666 acted spasmolytically on the motory action of intestine muscles while C-829 acted spastically. Both preparations had clearly hipotensic influence which can be due to the vascular effect and to their affinity with the intramyocardium transmitting system. Neither a distinctive effect on reproductivity of animals nor the teratogenic action were observed in the functional experiments.", "PMID": 549530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11413", "title": "Pharmacological studies on new oncostatic acridine derivatives. II. Chronic action.", "content": "Encouraging results of preclinical pharmacologic analysis prompted the following study on the chronic action of N10-oxide 1-nitro-9-/3-dimethylaminopropylamino/-acridine (C-666) and 1-nitro-9- [/2-dimethylamino/ -1-methylethylamino] -acridine (C-829). Toxic influence of both compounds on liver, kidneys, gonads and intestine epithelium was observed. These histological changes were not, however, followed by any disorders in functions of liver and gonads. Only administration of compound C-666 was followed by the decrease of filtration of renals glomuses. A slight involutional influence of acridine derivatives on lymphopoetic reproductive center of thymus and lymph nodes was observed. At the same time there were no disorders in the value of circular leukocyte system. It was stated that the investigated compounds had no effect on the system of the red cells of the blood; only blood clotting time was prolonged. Compounds C-666 and C-829 did not inhibit the growth of tested animals.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on new oncostatic acridine derivatives. II. Chronic action. Encouraging results of preclinical pharmacologic analysis prompted the following study on the chronic action of N10-oxide 1-nitro-9-/3-dimethylaminopropylamino/-acridine (C-666) and 1-nitro-9- [/2-dimethylamino/ -1-methylethylamino] -acridine (C-829). Toxic influence of both compounds on liver, kidneys, gonads and intestine epithelium was observed. These histological changes were not, however, followed by any disorders in functions of liver and gonads. Only administration of compound C-666 was followed by the decrease of filtration of renals glomuses. A slight involutional influence of acridine derivatives on lymphopoetic reproductive center of thymus and lymph nodes was observed. At the same time there were no disorders in the value of circular leukocyte system. It was stated that the investigated compounds had no effect on the system of the red cells of the blood; only blood clotting time was prolonged. Compounds C-666 and C-829 did not inhibit the growth of tested animals.", "PMID": 549531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11414", "title": "[The electrocardiogram of high frequency in the evaluation of hypertensive cardiopathy].", "content": "The High-Frequency ECG was studied in 78 patients with systemic arterial hypertension and in 10 normal subjects. The study has shown: a) the P wave is altered initially, according to the disturbances in the myocardial complicance; b) the signs of LVH are mainly: delayed in the appearance of the intrinsecoid deflection, abnormal left direction of vector 3, left electrical systole diminished and counter clockwise rotation; c) the exhaustion fase is represented by increased of the electrical systole, delay in the duration of the intrinsecoid deflection and by primary disturbances of repolarization. The relationships between the ECG and the hymodynamic and metabolic disturbances, are discussed.", "contents": "[The electrocardiogram of high frequency in the evaluation of hypertensive cardiopathy]. The High-Frequency ECG was studied in 78 patients with systemic arterial hypertension and in 10 normal subjects. The study has shown: a) the P wave is altered initially, according to the disturbances in the myocardial complicance; b) the signs of LVH are mainly: delayed in the appearance of the intrinsecoid deflection, abnormal left direction of vector 3, left electrical systole diminished and counter clockwise rotation; c) the exhaustion fase is represented by increased of the electrical systole, delay in the duration of the intrinsecoid deflection and by primary disturbances of repolarization. The relationships between the ECG and the hymodynamic and metabolic disturbances, are discussed.", "PMID": 549526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11415", "title": "Adoptive immunotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy in murine L-1210 leukemia and its influence on the kinetics of leukemic proliferation.", "content": "Donor allogeneic C57Bl/6 lymphoid cells from peritoneal cavity, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen of immunized and non-immunized mice were used for adoptive immunotherapy of L-1210 ascites leukemia in DBA/2J recipients. Donor effector cells were injected i.p. into leukemic mice which were given a whole-body irradiation in a dose of 300 r X-rays prior to leukemia inoculation. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the effector cells was tested by the LT- and 51Cr-tests. Cytokinetics of leukemia undergoing therapy was followed by impulse-cytophotometry. An adoptive chemo-immunotherapy with the aid of peritoneal or splenic lymphoid cells from immunized donors proved to be most effective. The cells were injected on the second day into recipients inoculated with leukemia on the day 0, and then given on the first day a single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Under these conditions the secondary disease did not influence therapy and apart from a distinctly prolonged survival there was also noted a number of permanent survivals of leukemia. It was also found that peritoneal and splenic lymphoid cells of immunized donors exhibited most pronounced direct and indirect cytotoxicity against target cells in vitro. In vivo, the effector cells mounted an attack on the L-1210 cells probably at the onset of the G1-phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Adoptive immunotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy in murine L-1210 leukemia and its influence on the kinetics of leukemic proliferation. Donor allogeneic C57Bl/6 lymphoid cells from peritoneal cavity, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen of immunized and non-immunized mice were used for adoptive immunotherapy of L-1210 ascites leukemia in DBA/2J recipients. Donor effector cells were injected i.p. into leukemic mice which were given a whole-body irradiation in a dose of 300 r X-rays prior to leukemia inoculation. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the effector cells was tested by the LT- and 51Cr-tests. Cytokinetics of leukemia undergoing therapy was followed by impulse-cytophotometry. An adoptive chemo-immunotherapy with the aid of peritoneal or splenic lymphoid cells from immunized donors proved to be most effective. The cells were injected on the second day into recipients inoculated with leukemia on the day 0, and then given on the first day a single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Under these conditions the secondary disease did not influence therapy and apart from a distinctly prolonged survival there was also noted a number of permanent survivals of leukemia. It was also found that peritoneal and splenic lymphoid cells of immunized donors exhibited most pronounced direct and indirect cytotoxicity against target cells in vitro. In vivo, the effector cells mounted an attack on the L-1210 cells probably at the onset of the G1-phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 549532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11416", "title": "Prostaglandin activity in the course of immune specific and nonspecific inflammatory reactions in chickens.", "content": "The presence of prostaglandins in inflammatory infiltration evoked by tuberculin and thermal factor in chickens was studied. The prostaglandin E2 activity was found in both specific and nonspecific immune inflammatory reactions in chickens. The authors discuss the role of prostaglandins as mediators in inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Prostaglandin activity in the course of immune specific and nonspecific inflammatory reactions in chickens. The presence of prostaglandins in inflammatory infiltration evoked by tuberculin and thermal factor in chickens was studied. The prostaglandin E2 activity was found in both specific and nonspecific immune inflammatory reactions in chickens. The authors discuss the role of prostaglandins as mediators in inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 549533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11417", "title": "Sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of Yersinia enterocolitica strains.", "content": "290 Y. enterocolitica strains were tested as regards their sensitivity to 20 chemotherapeutics. All the strains were isolated from fecal specimens taken from human beings in Czechoslovakia. It should be noted that the strains presented homologous group as they belonged to 3 serological group according to Winblad or IA according to Knapp and Thal, they also belonged to biotype 4 according to Nilehn. It has been found that apart from their homogenicity, they showed quite different patterns of sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. Among them quite a great number of the strains were of high level of resistance to antibiotics. It was not possible to transfer their resistance to the sensitive E. coli K12 strain. All the strains proved to produce betalactamase.", "contents": "Sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of Yersinia enterocolitica strains. 290 Y. enterocolitica strains were tested as regards their sensitivity to 20 chemotherapeutics. All the strains were isolated from fecal specimens taken from human beings in Czechoslovakia. It should be noted that the strains presented homologous group as they belonged to 3 serological group according to Winblad or IA according to Knapp and Thal, they also belonged to biotype 4 according to Nilehn. It has been found that apart from their homogenicity, they showed quite different patterns of sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. Among them quite a great number of the strains were of high level of resistance to antibiotics. It was not possible to transfer their resistance to the sensitive E. coli K12 strain. All the strains proved to produce betalactamase.", "PMID": 549534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11418", "title": "[Electrocardiogram in interstitial pneumonia. Electrocardiographic-hemodynamic correlation].", "content": "Twenty four patients with interstitial pulmonary disease from the Cardiopulmonary Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda were studied. Surface electrocardiograms and pulmonary hemodynamic studies were registered to all patients in order to obtain the pulmonary vascular resistances and pressures to find out the electrocardiographic-hemodynamic correlation. Three groups were made according to the pulmonary artery sistolic pressure: Group I, 30 to 45 mm Hg (6 patients); Group II, 46 to 70 mm Hg (12 patients) and Group III more of 60 mm Hg (6 patients). Also, arterial gaseous partial pressures were determined, among other pulmonary test parameters. Electrocardiographically, the rhythm, A=V node conduction, AQRSF, APF, atrial and ventricular hypertrophy, intraventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization were studied in leads II, III, aVF, aVR, V1, V2, V3 and V6. The characteristics of the ventricular repolarization and depolarization processes of each group are described, in order to discuss the mechanism of the anormalities. Finally, the electrocardiographic findings were correlated with the different degrees of pulmonary arterial hypertension; the conclusions are: I. The electrocardiogram allows us to differenciate the patients with III degree of arterial pulmonary hypertension, from those of I and II degrees. II. Patients with I and II degrees of pulmonary arterial hypertension determine nearly the same electrocardiographic alterations; the mean differences to establish the differential diagnosis is the AQRSF, shifted to the right and upwards, in the II degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Electrocardiogram in interstitial pneumonia. Electrocardiographic-hemodynamic correlation]. Twenty four patients with interstitial pulmonary disease from the Cardiopulmonary Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda were studied. Surface electrocardiograms and pulmonary hemodynamic studies were registered to all patients in order to obtain the pulmonary vascular resistances and pressures to find out the electrocardiographic-hemodynamic correlation. Three groups were made according to the pulmonary artery sistolic pressure: Group I, 30 to 45 mm Hg (6 patients); Group II, 46 to 70 mm Hg (12 patients) and Group III more of 60 mm Hg (6 patients). Also, arterial gaseous partial pressures were determined, among other pulmonary test parameters. Electrocardiographically, the rhythm, A=V node conduction, AQRSF, APF, atrial and ventricular hypertrophy, intraventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization were studied in leads II, III, aVF, aVR, V1, V2, V3 and V6. The characteristics of the ventricular repolarization and depolarization processes of each group are described, in order to discuss the mechanism of the anormalities. Finally, the electrocardiographic findings were correlated with the different degrees of pulmonary arterial hypertension; the conclusions are: I. The electrocardiogram allows us to differenciate the patients with III degree of arterial pulmonary hypertension, from those of I and II degrees. II. Patients with I and II degrees of pulmonary arterial hypertension determine nearly the same electrocardiographic alterations; the mean differences to establish the differential diagnosis is the AQRSF, shifted to the right and upwards, in the II degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 549525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11419", "title": "The influence of dimethylsulfoxide on level of serum sialoproteins in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of DMSO in rats significantly lowered level of serum sialoproteins and caused appearance of seromucoid fractions devoid of NANA (asialoproteins). The influence of DMSO on sialoprotein metabolism in the liver is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of dimethylsulfoxide on level of serum sialoproteins in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of DMSO in rats significantly lowered level of serum sialoproteins and caused appearance of seromucoid fractions devoid of NANA (asialoproteins). The influence of DMSO on sialoprotein metabolism in the liver is discussed.", "PMID": 549535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11420", "title": "[Current results of the aortic valve changes].", "content": "The prosthetic substitution of the aortic valve has experienced a great advance over the last years in relation with the surgical and hospital mortality. In the personal experience of one of the authors (F. L\u00f3pez Soriano), the mortality rate was 0% in 40 patients in which an aortic valve change was performed, isolated or associated to other pathology. Between 1973 and 1978, 167 patients were operated at the \"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda\", with an early mortality of 11.3%; these results were superior to those previously published. The percentage of myocardic infarction following surgery was  similar in both groups 8% less, than the 15% reported in other statistics. 25 patients of the total group needed second surgery due to prosthetic malfunction. A Starr Edward Model 2320 had been implanted on most patients, known for the high percentage of malfunction which is being discarted at present. Thromboembolic phenomena occurred in 9 patients (5.3%) from which five were located in the brain, none of them being fatal. The present results justify early surgery in moderately sinthomatic aortic valve disease, when comparing these results with the natural history of the disease and the evolution of said patients operated in later stages.", "contents": "[Current results of the aortic valve changes]. The prosthetic substitution of the aortic valve has experienced a great advance over the last years in relation with the surgical and hospital mortality. In the personal experience of one of the authors (F. L\u00f3pez Soriano), the mortality rate was 0% in 40 patients in which an aortic valve change was performed, isolated or associated to other pathology. Between 1973 and 1978, 167 patients were operated at the \"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda\", with an early mortality of 11.3%; these results were superior to those previously published. The percentage of myocardic infarction following surgery was  similar in both groups 8% less, than the 15% reported in other statistics. 25 patients of the total group needed second surgery due to prosthetic malfunction. A Starr Edward Model 2320 had been implanted on most patients, known for the high percentage of malfunction which is being discarted at present. Thromboembolic phenomena occurred in 9 patients (5.3%) from which five were located in the brain, none of them being fatal. The present results justify early surgery in moderately sinthomatic aortic valve disease, when comparing these results with the natural history of the disease and the evolution of said patients operated in later stages.", "PMID": 549524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11421", "title": "Morphological changes observed after stimulation or inhibition of adrenic system in rats chronically treated with hydrazinophtalazines.", "content": "Morphological studies of the heart muscle were carried out in healthy rats as well as treated with hydralazine or binazine after administration of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, regitine or propranolol. Hydrazinophtalazines (25 mg/kg body wt, daily) were given during 7 months. After discontinuation of this treatment the drugs were administered during 15 days. Evident changes (e.g. inflammatory infiltrations, focal necrosis and fibrosis) were found after administration of noradrenaline, adrenaline or isoprenaline. No differences were found in the reactivity to catecholamines in healthy and hydrazinophtalazine-treated rats.", "contents": "Morphological changes observed after stimulation or inhibition of adrenic system in rats chronically treated with hydrazinophtalazines. Morphological studies of the heart muscle were carried out in healthy rats as well as treated with hydralazine or binazine after administration of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, regitine or propranolol. Hydrazinophtalazines (25 mg/kg body wt, daily) were given during 7 months. After discontinuation of this treatment the drugs were administered during 15 days. Evident changes (e.g. inflammatory infiltrations, focal necrosis and fibrosis) were found after administration of noradrenaline, adrenaline or isoprenaline. No differences were found in the reactivity to catecholamines in healthy and hydrazinophtalazine-treated rats.", "PMID": 549536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11422", "title": "Action of d-propranolol in manic psychoses.", "content": "Six manic patients were treated with high doses of d-propranolol or d- and dl-propranolol in a double-blind, placebo controlled study. The following variables were measured: propranolol dosage, propranolol serum concentration, pulse frequency, blood pressure, and psychotic behavior. In all cases an improvement was noticed. High dosages were necessary to obtain sufficient effect. The antimanic property of d-propranolol was approximately 50% smaller than the antimanic property of dl-propranolol. We conclude that at least some part of the antimanic action of beta-blockers is independent from the beta-blocking property.", "contents": "Action of d-propranolol in manic psychoses. Six manic patients were treated with high doses of d-propranolol or d- and dl-propranolol in a double-blind, placebo controlled study. The following variables were measured: propranolol dosage, propranolol serum concentration, pulse frequency, blood pressure, and psychotic behavior. In all cases an improvement was noticed. High dosages were necessary to obtain sufficient effect. The antimanic property of d-propranolol was approximately 50% smaller than the antimanic property of dl-propranolol. We conclude that at least some part of the antimanic action of beta-blockers is independent from the beta-blocking property.", "PMID": 549537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11423", "title": "[Immunologic diagnostic of blood CSF barrier in the course of delirium tremens (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty chronic alcoholics with acute withdrawal (in the state of delirium tremens) were examined initially and in the following weeks by quantitatively testing immunoglobulins in the serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid to study the dynamics of the blood-CSF barrier. Compared -to other persons of the same age, acutely delirious patients show a pathologic IgG-IgA constellation in the CSF which does not depend on the serum. That points to an infrastructural barrier function disorder. After 2--4 weeks, delirium tremens, normally in the process of recovering, shows distinct sanitation of the immunologic spectrum of the CSF. With regard to their dynamic proceedings, the results confirm other findings on brain metabolism, biochemistry, neurophysiology, and pathologic anatomy during delirium tremens. The totally and progressively disturbed blood-CSF barrier system of complicated cases of delirium tremens (e.g., Korsakov's and Wernicke's syndromes) seems to provide the possibility of deterioration of the clinical syndrome. The method, simple to implement in the laboratory, permits not only an overall evaluation of the dynamic blood-CSF barrier function in acute and postdelirious state, but also provides both the possibility to diagnose a persistent infrastructural residual syndrome and to indicate a pathophysiologic complication of the clinical course.", "contents": "[Immunologic diagnostic of blood CSF barrier in the course of delirium tremens (author's transl)]. Fifty chronic alcoholics with acute withdrawal (in the state of delirium tremens) were examined initially and in the following weeks by quantitatively testing immunoglobulins in the serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid to study the dynamics of the blood-CSF barrier. Compared -to other persons of the same age, acutely delirious patients show a pathologic IgG-IgA constellation in the CSF which does not depend on the serum. That points to an infrastructural barrier function disorder. After 2--4 weeks, delirium tremens, normally in the process of recovering, shows distinct sanitation of the immunologic spectrum of the CSF. With regard to their dynamic proceedings, the results confirm other findings on brain metabolism, biochemistry, neurophysiology, and pathologic anatomy during delirium tremens. The totally and progressively disturbed blood-CSF barrier system of complicated cases of delirium tremens (e.g., Korsakov's and Wernicke's syndromes) seems to provide the possibility of deterioration of the clinical syndrome. The method, simple to implement in the laboratory, permits not only an overall evaluation of the dynamic blood-CSF barrier function in acute and postdelirious state, but also provides both the possibility to diagnose a persistent infrastructural residual syndrome and to indicate a pathophysiologic complication of the clinical course.", "PMID": 549538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11424", "title": "Aspects of aggression in formerly depressed patients and in healthy controls.", "content": "Thirty former inpatients (14 male and 16 female) who had suffered from a nonpsychotic depressive syndrome were investigated by means of a new personality inventory--the KSP--when they had recovered from the depressive disorder, and their results were contrasted to those obtained from 53 healthy controls (19 male, 34 female). Attention was focused on the subscales of the KSP which refer to aspects of aggression. Former patients scored significantly higher than controls in the variables 'irritability,' 'suspicion,' 'guilt,' and 'inhibition of aggression.' The findings suggest a particular personality makeup for at least one subgroup of depression-prone subjects and closely resemble classical concepts of hostility and depression.", "contents": "Aspects of aggression in formerly depressed patients and in healthy controls. Thirty former inpatients (14 male and 16 female) who had suffered from a nonpsychotic depressive syndrome were investigated by means of a new personality inventory--the KSP--when they had recovered from the depressive disorder, and their results were contrasted to those obtained from 53 healthy controls (19 male, 34 female). Attention was focused on the subscales of the KSP which refer to aspects of aggression. Former patients scored significantly higher than controls in the variables 'irritability,' 'suspicion,' 'guilt,' and 'inhibition of aggression.' The findings suggest a particular personality makeup for at least one subgroup of depression-prone subjects and closely resemble classical concepts of hostility and depression.", "PMID": 549539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11425", "title": "Electromyographic examination of gluteal muscles in the differential diagnosis of lumbar herniated discs.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to establish the value of gluteal muscles (m.gluteus medius, GME; m.gluteus maximus, GMX) as segmental reference muscles in the topical diagnosis of lumbar root compression syndromes. The methodological rationale consisted in determining the frequency with which denervation potentials could be recorded in the GME and GMX of patients with clinically and electromyographically well-defined monosegmental or bisegmental lumbar root compression syndromes. Of the L5-syndromes (N=36), 81% revealed denervation potentials in GME, but only 6% in GMX. Of the S1 syndromes (N=26), 63% exhibited denervation potentials in GMX and 32% in GME. L5 syndromes showed a better correlation of positive findings to GME than S1 syndromes to GMX. As far as the differential diagnosis is concerned, the advantages of recording EMG from GME and GMX are two-fold: (a) the immediate certainty of excluding a peripheral nerve lesion and (b) a reduction in the incidence of false negative findings.", "contents": "Electromyographic examination of gluteal muscles in the differential diagnosis of lumbar herniated discs. The aim of the present investigation was to establish the value of gluteal muscles (m.gluteus medius, GME; m.gluteus maximus, GMX) as segmental reference muscles in the topical diagnosis of lumbar root compression syndromes. The methodological rationale consisted in determining the frequency with which denervation potentials could be recorded in the GME and GMX of patients with clinically and electromyographically well-defined monosegmental or bisegmental lumbar root compression syndromes. Of the L5-syndromes (N=36), 81% revealed denervation potentials in GME, but only 6% in GMX. Of the S1 syndromes (N=26), 63% exhibited denervation potentials in GMX and 32% in GME. L5 syndromes showed a better correlation of positive findings to GME than S1 syndromes to GMX. As far as the differential diagnosis is concerned, the advantages of recording EMG from GME and GMX are two-fold: (a) the immediate certainty of excluding a peripheral nerve lesion and (b) a reduction in the incidence of false negative findings.", "PMID": 549540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11426", "title": "[Stability of the factor structure in the AMDP-Scale (author's transl)].", "content": "A factor analytic study of the Psychopathology Scale and the Somatic Symptoms Scale of the AMDP System in reported. The random sample was comprised of 1166 psychiatric inpatients, and the resulting factors are compared with other factor analytic studies based on the AMDP System. The study concluded that the AMDP scales have a stable factorial structure, but more exact comparative methods of factorial structure should be applied in future studies.", "contents": "[Stability of the factor structure in the AMDP-Scale (author's transl)]. A factor analytic study of the Psychopathology Scale and the Somatic Symptoms Scale of the AMDP System in reported. The random sample was comprised of 1166 psychiatric inpatients, and the resulting factors are compared with other factor analytic studies based on the AMDP System. The study concluded that the AMDP scales have a stable factorial structure, but more exact comparative methods of factorial structure should be applied in future studies.", "PMID": 549541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11427", "title": "Early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) in vertebral basilar insufficiency.", "content": "Stimulation with a short tone pip elicits an acoustic nerve compound action potential (I) and different waves (II--VII) in the inital 10 ms. Seven waves have been studied in 40 control subjects and five waves in 12 patients with vertebral-basilar insufficiency. Abnormalities of the different waves were observed at levels such as cochlea and/or acoustic nerve, medulla, caudal pons, rostral pons, and midbrain. The recording of early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) is a noninvasive method of confirming impairment of the auditory pathway caused by a reduced vascular supply of vertebral and basilar arteries.", "contents": "Early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) in vertebral basilar insufficiency. Stimulation with a short tone pip elicits an acoustic nerve compound action potential (I) and different waves (II--VII) in the inital 10 ms. Seven waves have been studied in 40 control subjects and five waves in 12 patients with vertebral-basilar insufficiency. Abnormalities of the different waves were observed at levels such as cochlea and/or acoustic nerve, medulla, caudal pons, rostral pons, and midbrain. The recording of early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) is a noninvasive method of confirming impairment of the auditory pathway caused by a reduced vascular supply of vertebral and basilar arteries.", "PMID": 549542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11428", "title": "[Epicritical evaluation of the submicroscopic aspects induced with administration of hepatotropic drugs].", "content": "Five currently drugs employed in the treatment of diseases of the liver were administered to groups of healthy rabbits to detect possible biochemical and ultrastructural changes induced in the liver cell. E.M. serography revealed various signs of morphological and metabolic disturbance, whose possible interpretation is discussed in the light of earlier investigations on a similar model relating to protective treatment of the membrane.", "contents": "[Epicritical evaluation of the submicroscopic aspects induced with administration of hepatotropic drugs]. Five currently drugs employed in the treatment of diseases of the liver were administered to groups of healthy rabbits to detect possible biochemical and ultrastructural changes induced in the liver cell. E.M. serography revealed various signs of morphological and metabolic disturbance, whose possible interpretation is discussed in the light of earlier investigations on a similar model relating to protective treatment of the membrane.", "PMID": 549543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11429", "title": "[Active chronic hepatitis and cryoglobulinemia. Considerations on a clinical case].", "content": "The Authors describe a case of bioptically documented chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (HBsAg negative) associated with circulating autoantibodies and mixed cryoglobulinemia. According to Mackay's CAH classification, the diagnosis of \"cryptogenic\" instead of \"lupoid\" CAH has been made.", "contents": "[Active chronic hepatitis and cryoglobulinemia. Considerations on a clinical case]. The Authors describe a case of bioptically documented chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (HBsAg negative) associated with circulating autoantibodies and mixed cryoglobulinemia. According to Mackay's CAH classification, the diagnosis of \"cryptogenic\" instead of \"lupoid\" CAH has been made.", "PMID": 549544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11430", "title": "[Vascular compression of the duodenum. Apropos of a case of acute obstruction].", "content": "A case of acute obstruction of the duodenum in an aged patient due to aorto-mesenteric squeezing is described. An account of the anatomopathological features, symptomatology, radiological diagnosis, and treatment of this condition is presented. Duodedenojejunostomy is the operation of choice, but it must be adjusted to the local and general anatomopathological situation.", "contents": "[Vascular compression of the duodenum. Apropos of a case of acute obstruction]. A case of acute obstruction of the duodenum in an aged patient due to aorto-mesenteric squeezing is described. An account of the anatomopathological features, symptomatology, radiological diagnosis, and treatment of this condition is presented. Duodedenojejunostomy is the operation of choice, but it must be adjusted to the local and general anatomopathological situation.", "PMID": 549545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11431", "title": "[Dyskinetic-athetosic syndrome in a patient with prior radiculo-myelo-encephalopathy of probable viral origin. Therapeutic guidelines with levodopa and preliminary results].", "content": "The regulation of skeletal muscle tone and of the automatic and half-automatic movements by the extrapyramidal system in briefly discussed. The essential importance to keep separated the akinetic-hypertonic syndromes from the hypotonic-hyperkinetic ones is further confirmed. In fact two different chemical mediating agents work separately in these two cases: the Dopamine for the Nigro-Striatal system and the Ach for other tracts whose anatomy is still not well known, but which surely belong to the extrapyramidal system. Further more a clinical case of dyskinetic-athetosic post-infective syndrome, successfully treated with L.D., is discussed. The effectiveness of neuroleptic drugs in these hypotonic-hyperkinetic syndrome is stressed while they cause and worsen extra-pyramidal symptoms such as hypertonia and akynesia (hypertonic akinetic s.).", "contents": "[Dyskinetic-athetosic syndrome in a patient with prior radiculo-myelo-encephalopathy of probable viral origin. Therapeutic guidelines with levodopa and preliminary results]. The regulation of skeletal muscle tone and of the automatic and half-automatic movements by the extrapyramidal system in briefly discussed. The essential importance to keep separated the akinetic-hypertonic syndromes from the hypotonic-hyperkinetic ones is further confirmed. In fact two different chemical mediating agents work separately in these two cases: the Dopamine for the Nigro-Striatal system and the Ach for other tracts whose anatomy is still not well known, but which surely belong to the extrapyramidal system. Further more a clinical case of dyskinetic-athetosic post-infective syndrome, successfully treated with L.D., is discussed. The effectiveness of neuroleptic drugs in these hypotonic-hyperkinetic syndrome is stressed while they cause and worsen extra-pyramidal symptoms such as hypertonia and akynesia (hypertonic akinetic s.).", "PMID": 549546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11432", "title": "Milk carbohydrates of marsupials. II. Quantitative and qualitative changes in milk carbohydrates during lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).", "content": "Milk was collected at various stages of lactation from a group of tammar wallabies, M. eugenii, in which parturition had been synchronized. The milk carbohydrate was determined by a phenol-sulfuric acid method which had been modified to give equal colour yields for galactose and glucose. The mean carbohydrate content increased gradually during the first 6 months of lactation to a peak of 13 g hexose/100 ml of milk, but then fell rapidly to much lower values, over the following 2 months. Throughouth lactation, galactose was the predominant monosaccharide constituent of acid hydrolysates of the milk carbohydrate. Glucose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid were the only other monosaccharides present. Qualitative changes were investigated by gel filtration and thin-layer chromatography. During the first 6 months post partum the milk carbohydrate was composed of a variety of oligosaccharides including lactose, but from 8 months onwards it consisted mainly of free monosaccharides. Between 6 and 8 months an intermediate pattern was observed, i.e. a mixture of lower oligosaccharides and free monosaccharides. In two animals which suckled both a new-born pouch young and a young at foot, the mammary gland supplying the new-born secreted milk which was rich in oligosaccharides, whereas that supplying the young at foot produced milk in which the carbohydrates were mainly free monosaccharides, and which had a much lower carbohydrate content.", "contents": "Milk carbohydrates of marsupials. II. Quantitative and qualitative changes in milk carbohydrates during lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Milk was collected at various stages of lactation from a group of tammar wallabies, M. eugenii, in which parturition had been synchronized. The milk carbohydrate was determined by a phenol-sulfuric acid method which had been modified to give equal colour yields for galactose and glucose. The mean carbohydrate content increased gradually during the first 6 months of lactation to a peak of 13 g hexose/100 ml of milk, but then fell rapidly to much lower values, over the following 2 months. Throughouth lactation, galactose was the predominant monosaccharide constituent of acid hydrolysates of the milk carbohydrate. Glucose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid were the only other monosaccharides present. Qualitative changes were investigated by gel filtration and thin-layer chromatography. During the first 6 months post partum the milk carbohydrate was composed of a variety of oligosaccharides including lactose, but from 8 months onwards it consisted mainly of free monosaccharides. Between 6 and 8 months an intermediate pattern was observed, i.e. a mixture of lower oligosaccharides and free monosaccharides. In two animals which suckled both a new-born pouch young and a young at foot, the mammary gland supplying the new-born secreted milk which was rich in oligosaccharides, whereas that supplying the young at foot produced milk in which the carbohydrates were mainly free monosaccharides, and which had a much lower carbohydrate content.", "PMID": 549552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11433", "title": "[Normalization of the GH response to L-DOPA in acromegalics after treatment with bromocriptine].", "content": "The plasma GH response to the L-dopa test (500 mg per os) has been assessed in 7 acromegalics who had never been treated before. Whereas three patients showed an increase in plasma GH, the other four presented a paradoxical response with a significant reduction in plasma GH levels. All subjects were put on to treatment with bromocryptin (10 mg/die). Three months later it was noted that only the four subjects with paradoxical response to L-dopa responded positively to bromocryptin treatment (at least 50% reduction in plasma GH). The L-dopa test was repeated in these four patients. In three of them who presented basal levels of GH lower than 10 ng/ml the L-dopa response curve was found to be reversed. It is concluded that in responsive patients, bromocryptin not only reduces GH levels but also normalizes the response to certain stimuli such as L-dopa.", "contents": "[Normalization of the GH response to L-DOPA in acromegalics after treatment with bromocriptine]. The plasma GH response to the L-dopa test (500 mg per os) has been assessed in 7 acromegalics who had never been treated before. Whereas three patients showed an increase in plasma GH, the other four presented a paradoxical response with a significant reduction in plasma GH levels. All subjects were put on to treatment with bromocryptin (10 mg/die). Three months later it was noted that only the four subjects with paradoxical response to L-dopa responded positively to bromocryptin treatment (at least 50% reduction in plasma GH). The L-dopa test was repeated in these four patients. In three of them who presented basal levels of GH lower than 10 ng/ml the L-dopa response curve was found to be reversed. It is concluded that in responsive patients, bromocryptin not only reduces GH levels but also normalizes the response to certain stimuli such as L-dopa.", "PMID": 549547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11434", "title": "Summer and winter cycles in plasma melatonin levels in the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina).", "content": "Plasma melatonin concentration of immature male elephant seals was determined by radioimmunoassay. Comparison of concentrations during two 24-h periods, one in midsummer and one in midwinter, showed that there was a marked circadian cycle in winter which was greatly modified during the long day length of summer. It is suggested that in summer there was sufficient ambient lighting during the night hours to depress the nocturnal rise in plasma melatonin. The complexity of pineal cycles in the natural environment is stressed, and in this regard the polar regions are of particular interest due to the extreme seasonal changes in day length there.", "contents": "Summer and winter cycles in plasma melatonin levels in the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Plasma melatonin concentration of immature male elephant seals was determined by radioimmunoassay. Comparison of concentrations during two 24-h periods, one in midsummer and one in midwinter, showed that there was a marked circadian cycle in winter which was greatly modified during the long day length of summer. It is suggested that in summer there was sufficient ambient lighting during the night hours to depress the nocturnal rise in plasma melatonin. The complexity of pineal cycles in the natural environment is stressed, and in this regard the polar regions are of particular interest due to the extreme seasonal changes in day length there.", "PMID": 549553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11435", "title": "[Alcoholic epilepsy. Clinico-electroencephalographic analysis of 48 cases].", "content": "Various clinical pictures may be identified within the relationship between alcoholism and epilepsy: a) epilepsy existing prior to the drink habit in which attacks are facilitated by intake of alcohol: b) convulsive syndrome coming on following prolonged intake of alcohol (real alcoholic epilepsy); c) convulsive attacks arising after acute intake of alcohol. Within the field of real alcoholic epilepsy two forms can be distinguished. One is generally reversible and arises 5-10 years following the start of the alcohol habis, the other tardive, starting years later irreversible). These pictures probably have different aetiopathogenetic mechanisms and this implies a different therapeutic approach.", "contents": "[Alcoholic epilepsy. Clinico-electroencephalographic analysis of 48 cases]. Various clinical pictures may be identified within the relationship between alcoholism and epilepsy: a) epilepsy existing prior to the drink habit in which attacks are facilitated by intake of alcohol: b) convulsive syndrome coming on following prolonged intake of alcohol (real alcoholic epilepsy); c) convulsive attacks arising after acute intake of alcohol. Within the field of real alcoholic epilepsy two forms can be distinguished. One is generally reversible and arises 5-10 years following the start of the alcohol habis, the other tardive, starting years later irreversible). These pictures probably have different aetiopathogenetic mechanisms and this implies a different therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 549548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11436", "title": "Control of parturition in the sow using progesterone and prostaglandin.", "content": "The effect of progesterone and prostaglandin administration on the timing of farrowing was studied in three groups of 25 sows each. Progesterone treatment (100 mg/day) on days 112, 113 and 114 of gestation (group I) significantly prolonged the gestation length to 116.4 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- s.e.) days compared to the control sows (group III; 115.5 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.05). Administration of prostaglandin (200 micrograms Cloprostanol intramuscularly) on day 115 of gestation following progesterone treatment (group II) resulted in a gestation length of 116.0 +/- 0.1 days, with the sows farrowing 25.4 +/- 1.0 h after the prostaglandin injection. 80% of the sows farrowed between 0800 and 1700 h of day 116 of gestation. Plasma progesterone levels were maintained by the exogenous progesterone during treatment. At farrowing, higher levels of progesterone were observed in groups I and II compared to controls. Prostaglandin treatment did not significantly alter withdrawal of progesterone in progesterone treated sows, suggesting that the actions of exogenous prostaglandin is primarily on the myometrium and the cervix. Hormonal treatment in late pregnancy did not have any adverse effects on piglet viability and growth rate, or subsequent reproductive performances of sows. Lactation was initiated normally, and the concentrations of lactose, protein, fat, IgG, Na+, Ca2+ and K+ in colostrum and milk were similar in all groups during the first 5 days of lactation.", "contents": "Control of parturition in the sow using progesterone and prostaglandin. The effect of progesterone and prostaglandin administration on the timing of farrowing was studied in three groups of 25 sows each. Progesterone treatment (100 mg/day) on days 112, 113 and 114 of gestation (group I) significantly prolonged the gestation length to 116.4 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- s.e.) days compared to the control sows (group III; 115.5 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.05). Administration of prostaglandin (200 micrograms Cloprostanol intramuscularly) on day 115 of gestation following progesterone treatment (group II) resulted in a gestation length of 116.0 +/- 0.1 days, with the sows farrowing 25.4 +/- 1.0 h after the prostaglandin injection. 80% of the sows farrowed between 0800 and 1700 h of day 116 of gestation. Plasma progesterone levels were maintained by the exogenous progesterone during treatment. At farrowing, higher levels of progesterone were observed in groups I and II compared to controls. Prostaglandin treatment did not significantly alter withdrawal of progesterone in progesterone treated sows, suggesting that the actions of exogenous prostaglandin is primarily on the myometrium and the cervix. Hormonal treatment in late pregnancy did not have any adverse effects on piglet viability and growth rate, or subsequent reproductive performances of sows. Lactation was initiated normally, and the concentrations of lactose, protein, fat, IgG, Na+, Ca2+ and K+ in colostrum and milk were similar in all groups during the first 5 days of lactation.", "PMID": 549554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11437", "title": "[Aggressiveness in humans].", "content": "Aggressiveness is a deeply-rooted feature of human biology. Its underlying mechanisms can be analysed doctrinally from the biological standpoint, in the light of physiological, clinical and pharmacological data, the ecological standpoint, wherein comparison is made with the behaviour patterns observed in animals, and the psychological standpoint, which is strongly influenced by psychoanalysis theory in explaining the reasons for aggressive behaviour. Reference is also made to the form taken by aggressiveness in children, adults and persons with neurological and mental diseases. The ways in which pathological aggressiveness can be treated are discussed.", "contents": "[Aggressiveness in humans]. Aggressiveness is a deeply-rooted feature of human biology. Its underlying mechanisms can be analysed doctrinally from the biological standpoint, in the light of physiological, clinical and pharmacological data, the ecological standpoint, wherein comparison is made with the behaviour patterns observed in animals, and the psychological standpoint, which is strongly influenced by psychoanalysis theory in explaining the reasons for aggressive behaviour. Reference is also made to the form taken by aggressiveness in children, adults and persons with neurological and mental diseases. The ways in which pathological aggressiveness can be treated are discussed.", "PMID": 549549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11438", "title": "Cholecystokinin-like peptides in brain and intestine of obese-hyperglycaemic mice.", "content": "Cholecystokinin-(CCK) like peptides have been measured in the brain and small intestine of ob/ob hyperglycaemic mice and lean littermates. CCK-like peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum to CCK octapeptide (CCK 8) and gastrin 17 I125 label. Although this antiserum detects gastrin with equal affinity to CCK, concomitant assay of tissue extracts with a gastrin specific antibody failed to reveal any detectable gastrin. Extracts of brain and small intestine showed levels of CCK of 96 +/- 12.6 pmol g-1 and 45 +/- 6.1 pmol g-1 in the obese mice; 101 +/- 8.7 pmol g-1 and 36 +/- 2.5 pmol g-1 in the lean mice. These were not significantly different. It has been suggested that CCK may be a satiety factor and it has been reported that there is less CCK in brain of obese mice compared with lean mice. This study has failed to confirm the previous finding and indicates that, in this animal model, tissue levels of CCK probably do not modulate appetite.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin-like peptides in brain and intestine of obese-hyperglycaemic mice. Cholecystokinin-(CCK) like peptides have been measured in the brain and small intestine of ob/ob hyperglycaemic mice and lean littermates. CCK-like peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum to CCK octapeptide (CCK 8) and gastrin 17 I125 label. Although this antiserum detects gastrin with equal affinity to CCK, concomitant assay of tissue extracts with a gastrin specific antibody failed to reveal any detectable gastrin. Extracts of brain and small intestine showed levels of CCK of 96 +/- 12.6 pmol g-1 and 45 +/- 6.1 pmol g-1 in the obese mice; 101 +/- 8.7 pmol g-1 and 36 +/- 2.5 pmol g-1 in the lean mice. These were not significantly different. It has been suggested that CCK may be a satiety factor and it has been reported that there is less CCK in brain of obese mice compared with lean mice. This study has failed to confirm the previous finding and indicates that, in this animal model, tissue levels of CCK probably do not modulate appetite.", "PMID": 549555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11439", "title": "Variation in H-2 antigen expression in F1 hybrid mice: analysis using monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Cells of (CBA/H X BALB/c)F1 hybrid mice express CBA/H-derived H-2k antigens more weakly than do CBA/H cells, but H-2d antigens are similarly expressed by F1 and BALB/c cells. This was evident when F1 hybrid macrophages were compared with CBA/H and BALB/c macrophages as targets for both alloreactive and H-2 restricted anti-viral TC cells. Quantitative absorption of anti-H-2Kk serum by spleen cells of F1 or CBA/H mice also suggested about 3-fold less H-2Kk antigen on F1 cells. With the use of two anti-H-2Kk monoclonal antibodies, 30R3 and 27R9, the reduced expression of H-2Kk in this F1 hybrid was further analysed in a two-stage radio-immunoassay employing the uptake of 125I-protein A to measure antibody binding. By a thermodynamic approach, estimates were made of the dissociation constant for antibody binding, and of the relative numbers of H-2 molecules expressed by both F1 hybrid and CBA/H spleen cells. The results indicate that there is a two-fold reduction in the number of H-2Kk molecules expressed on the surface of F1 cells. Similar dissociation constants for F1 and CBA/H cells indicated no detectable qualitative difference in their H-2Kk antigens with respect to sites recognized by 30R3 and 27R9.", "contents": "Variation in H-2 antigen expression in F1 hybrid mice: analysis using monoclonal antibodies. Cells of (CBA/H X BALB/c)F1 hybrid mice express CBA/H-derived H-2k antigens more weakly than do CBA/H cells, but H-2d antigens are similarly expressed by F1 and BALB/c cells. This was evident when F1 hybrid macrophages were compared with CBA/H and BALB/c macrophages as targets for both alloreactive and H-2 restricted anti-viral TC cells. Quantitative absorption of anti-H-2Kk serum by spleen cells of F1 or CBA/H mice also suggested about 3-fold less H-2Kk antigen on F1 cells. With the use of two anti-H-2Kk monoclonal antibodies, 30R3 and 27R9, the reduced expression of H-2Kk in this F1 hybrid was further analysed in a two-stage radio-immunoassay employing the uptake of 125I-protein A to measure antibody binding. By a thermodynamic approach, estimates were made of the dissociation constant for antibody binding, and of the relative numbers of H-2 molecules expressed by both F1 hybrid and CBA/H spleen cells. The results indicate that there is a two-fold reduction in the number of H-2Kk molecules expressed on the surface of F1 cells. Similar dissociation constants for F1 and CBA/H cells indicated no detectable qualitative difference in their H-2Kk antigens with respect to sites recognized by 30R3 and 27R9.", "PMID": 549557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11440", "title": "Fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic analysis of human and sheep thyroglobulins purified by gel chromatography.", "content": "The application of fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic methods for the analysis of human and sheep thyroid extracts is reported. Different experimental procedures, evaluating thyroglobulin preparations obtained by gel chromatographic separations with a variety of gel supports and elution conditions, were examined. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that many of the antigenic contaminants in chromatographed thyroglobulin were due to serum proteins. The precipitin profiles obtained with the fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic experiments indicate that considerable tailing of 19S-thyroglobulin occurs when chromatographed on either Sephadex G-200 or Bio-Gel A-1.5 m using low ionic strength buffers. The retention of thyroglobulin on these supports would account, in part, for the observed presence of thyroid proteins with antigenic determinants identical to 19S-thyroglobulin in chromatographed subfractions of notionally lower molecular weight. Because of the case of execution, the described methods provide a useful alternative to existing methods for the assessment of homogeneity of chromatographed thyroglobulin samples.", "contents": "Fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic analysis of human and sheep thyroglobulins purified by gel chromatography. The application of fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic methods for the analysis of human and sheep thyroid extracts is reported. Different experimental procedures, evaluating thyroglobulin preparations obtained by gel chromatographic separations with a variety of gel supports and elution conditions, were examined. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that many of the antigenic contaminants in chromatographed thyroglobulin were due to serum proteins. The precipitin profiles obtained with the fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic experiments indicate that considerable tailing of 19S-thyroglobulin occurs when chromatographed on either Sephadex G-200 or Bio-Gel A-1.5 m using low ionic strength buffers. The retention of thyroglobulin on these supports would account, in part, for the observed presence of thyroid proteins with antigenic determinants identical to 19S-thyroglobulin in chromatographed subfractions of notionally lower molecular weight. Because of the case of execution, the described methods provide a useful alternative to existing methods for the assessment of homogeneity of chromatographed thyroglobulin samples.", "PMID": 549558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11441", "title": "Vascular anatomy of the inner ear of the guinea pig--a sem study of the corrosion cast--.", "content": "This paper shows a casting method of the vascular system of the inner ear of the guinea pig with the use of fluid resin injected intravascularly and the observation of those specimens by means of the scanning electron microscopy. First, fluid resin was injected into the blood vessels of a live or just sacrificed guinea pig. After taking the temporal bone out of the animal, it was decalcified and macerated completely. Then, a cast of the inner ear vessels was taken and observed with a scanning electron microscope. A pair of photos differing in teh view angle by seven degrees were taken simultaneously, and observed with a stereoviewer. This technique brought photographs of well magnified three-dimensional construction of the inner ear blood vessels.", "contents": "Vascular anatomy of the inner ear of the guinea pig--a sem study of the corrosion cast--. This paper shows a casting method of the vascular system of the inner ear of the guinea pig with the use of fluid resin injected intravascularly and the observation of those specimens by means of the scanning electron microscopy. First, fluid resin was injected into the blood vessels of a live or just sacrificed guinea pig. After taking the temporal bone out of the animal, it was decalcified and macerated completely. Then, a cast of the inner ear vessels was taken and observed with a scanning electron microscope. A pair of photos differing in teh view angle by seven degrees were taken simultaneously, and observed with a stereoviewer. This technique brought photographs of well magnified three-dimensional construction of the inner ear blood vessels.", "PMID": 549559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11442", "title": "Abrupt (sharp cut) type sensorineural hearing loss--a human temporal bone study--.", "content": "Histopathology of a case of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of abrupt (sharp cut) type is reported. While there was a 45 dB gap in threshold between 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz bilaterally, the patient had a good hearing at 1,000 Hz and lower frequencies. The patient was suffering from Takayasu's arteritis. Major histopathological findings were as follows: Almost complete loss of the outer hair cells from the basal end to 12 mm area in the left cochlea (length: 30.5 mm) and 13 mm in the right (length: 31.5 mm). The inner hair cell of the same region was also missing in the left cochlea, and to a lesser degree in the right. There was a clear separation between the normal and the pathological organ of Corti. Marked loss of the cochlear neuron was noted in the same region. Blood vessels within the cochlea and the internal auditory meatus were normal. Bilateral abrupt (sharp cut) type sensorineural hearing loss with unknown etiology is a group of inner ear disease due to abiotrophy of the organ of Corti and cochlear neuron. Disposition or hereditary factor possibly plays an important role in the development of hearing loss.", "contents": "Abrupt (sharp cut) type sensorineural hearing loss--a human temporal bone study--. Histopathology of a case of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of abrupt (sharp cut) type is reported. While there was a 45 dB gap in threshold between 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz bilaterally, the patient had a good hearing at 1,000 Hz and lower frequencies. The patient was suffering from Takayasu's arteritis. Major histopathological findings were as follows: Almost complete loss of the outer hair cells from the basal end to 12 mm area in the left cochlea (length: 30.5 mm) and 13 mm in the right (length: 31.5 mm). The inner hair cell of the same region was also missing in the left cochlea, and to a lesser degree in the right. There was a clear separation between the normal and the pathological organ of Corti. Marked loss of the cochlear neuron was noted in the same region. Blood vessels within the cochlea and the internal auditory meatus were normal. Bilateral abrupt (sharp cut) type sensorineural hearing loss with unknown etiology is a group of inner ear disease due to abiotrophy of the organ of Corti and cochlear neuron. Disposition or hereditary factor possibly plays an important role in the development of hearing loss.", "PMID": 549560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11443", "title": "Pores of the palatine tonsillar crypt and pharyngeal tonsillar recess--a scanning electron microscopic study--.", "content": "The crypt of the palatine tonsil and the recess of the human pharyngeal tonsil were studied using a scanning electron microscope. Many pores, ranging in diameter from 10 to 100 microns, were observed on the luminal surface of the crypts. All of the crypt surface except at the sites of pores was covered by epithelial cells. Non-epithelial round cells, mostly lymphocytes, were exposed directly to the crypt lumen through these pores. In the lumen of palatine tonsillar crypts, numerous round cells were present which evidently pass through these pores from the parenchyma. This finding indicates that the tonsillar parenchyma is directly open to the crypt. Similar findings were obtained in the recess of the pharyngeal tonsil.", "contents": "Pores of the palatine tonsillar crypt and pharyngeal tonsillar recess--a scanning electron microscopic study--. The crypt of the palatine tonsil and the recess of the human pharyngeal tonsil were studied using a scanning electron microscope. Many pores, ranging in diameter from 10 to 100 microns, were observed on the luminal surface of the crypts. All of the crypt surface except at the sites of pores was covered by epithelial cells. Non-epithelial round cells, mostly lymphocytes, were exposed directly to the crypt lumen through these pores. In the lumen of palatine tonsillar crypts, numerous round cells were present which evidently pass through these pores from the parenchyma. This finding indicates that the tonsillar parenchyma is directly open to the crypt. Similar findings were obtained in the recess of the pharyngeal tonsil.", "PMID": 549561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11444", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic observation on acinic cell tumors of the parotid gland].", "content": "Under the electronmicroscope we observed a case of an acinic cell tumor of the left parotid gland. The patient was a 63-year-old woman who has suffered three times from local recurrences. The cytoplasma of the tumor cells showed the well-organized mitochondria, rouch endoplasmic reticula, Golgi's complexes and other organellas. Especially the cytoplasmas of the tumor cells, which formed acinus-like lumens, contained various-shaped secretory granules in great numbers. In addition, pycnotic-nucleated oncocytes with secretory granules could be observed.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic observation on acinic cell tumors of the parotid gland]. Under the electronmicroscope we observed a case of an acinic cell tumor of the left parotid gland. The patient was a 63-year-old woman who has suffered three times from local recurrences. The cytoplasma of the tumor cells showed the well-organized mitochondria, rouch endoplasmic reticula, Golgi's complexes and other organellas. Especially the cytoplasmas of the tumor cells, which formed acinus-like lumens, contained various-shaped secretory granules in great numbers. In addition, pycnotic-nucleated oncocytes with secretory granules could be observed.", "PMID": 549562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11445", "title": "[Silymarin in pregnancy and during hormonal contraceptive treatment. Blood chemistry and ultrastructural findings in the experimental model].", "content": "Further systematic study of the relation between drugs and the ultrastructure of the liver is reported with regard to the experimental administration of silimarin to pregnant women and others on the pill. Marked signs of ultrastructural alteration of the REL and biliary cell pole were noted, matched, by evidence of throbophilia and changes in protein activity and lipid synthesis, are noted in these situations, but not when suitable doses of silimarine are taken with the pill. It is suggested that silimarin may prevent and correct liver damage during pregnancy and the administration of oestroprogestins.", "contents": "[Silymarin in pregnancy and during hormonal contraceptive treatment. Blood chemistry and ultrastructural findings in the experimental model]. Further systematic study of the relation between drugs and the ultrastructure of the liver is reported with regard to the experimental administration of silimarin to pregnant women and others on the pill. Marked signs of ultrastructural alteration of the REL and biliary cell pole were noted, matched, by evidence of throbophilia and changes in protein activity and lipid synthesis, are noted in these situations, but not when suitable doses of silimarine are taken with the pill. It is suggested that silimarin may prevent and correct liver damage during pregnancy and the administration of oestroprogestins.", "PMID": 549550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11446", "title": "Relation between voice sound pressure and subglottal pressure as a diagnostic cue.", "content": "Voice sound pressure and esophageal pressure amplitudes are measured for 120 subjects with and without laryngeal status. The esophageal pressure amplitudes are taken as a approximation of the subglottal pressure. The dependency of sound pressure on subglottal pressure is approximated by a nonlinear function. The slope of the function represents the pressure transformation from subglottal pressure to sound pressure at fixed vocal tract configuration. Therefore, the slope is taken as a characterization of the efficiency of the voice organ. This quantity allows rough statement about the efficiency of the voice organ (differentiation of normal, trained normal, and pathologic larynx) but does not separates voice disorders.", "contents": "Relation between voice sound pressure and subglottal pressure as a diagnostic cue. Voice sound pressure and esophageal pressure amplitudes are measured for 120 subjects with and without laryngeal status. The esophageal pressure amplitudes are taken as a approximation of the subglottal pressure. The dependency of sound pressure on subglottal pressure is approximated by a nonlinear function. The slope of the function represents the pressure transformation from subglottal pressure to sound pressure at fixed vocal tract configuration. Therefore, the slope is taken as a characterization of the efficiency of the voice organ. This quantity allows rough statement about the efficiency of the voice organ (differentiation of normal, trained normal, and pathologic larynx) but does not separates voice disorders.", "PMID": 549563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11447", "title": "[Influence of environmental temperature on absorption of xylose in fasting animals].", "content": "The A. have studied 28 pairs of rats; 17 pairs received 1,1 g of soya oil; 7 pairs were starved. The partners were kept; one at the environmental temperature of 6 degrees C, the other at 30 degrees C. After a night, all rats were tested for xylose absorption. Xylose intestinal absorption in the rats kept at the environmental temperature of 30 degrees C after soya oil decreased of 42,88 +/- 8,14 of the value found at 6 degrees C; it decreased of 15,59 +/- 3,20% after a night of fast. Both decreases were significant (P less 0.01).", "contents": "[Influence of environmental temperature on absorption of xylose in fasting animals]. The A. have studied 28 pairs of rats; 17 pairs received 1,1 g of soya oil; 7 pairs were starved. The partners were kept; one at the environmental temperature of 6 degrees C, the other at 30 degrees C. After a night, all rats were tested for xylose absorption. Xylose intestinal absorption in the rats kept at the environmental temperature of 30 degrees C after soya oil decreased of 42,88 +/- 8,14 of the value found at 6 degrees C; it decreased of 15,59 +/- 3,20% after a night of fast. Both decreases were significant (P less 0.01).", "PMID": 549551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11448", "title": "Nystagmic responses of hippocampal origin in normal rabbits.", "content": "Nystagmic responses in intact, healthy rabbits given hippocampal stimulation were studied and the following results were obtained. Two types of mystagmic responses were derived from the hippocampus. 1) One was a horizontal nystagmic response with a middle amplitude and was directed to the right and the left. This type of nystagmic response was first induced in the 'pre- and post-stimulus' phase after repeated electric stimulation of the hippocampus and was found in almost every rabbit examined. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the development of nystagmic response and repetition of the stimulation. 2) The other was a horizontal nystagmic response with a small amplitude directed toward the side of the stimulation. This type of nystagmic response was induced in the 'during-stimulus' phase and was found in two rabbits. There was no positive correlation between development of nystagmic response of this type and repetition of the stimulation.", "contents": "Nystagmic responses of hippocampal origin in normal rabbits. Nystagmic responses in intact, healthy rabbits given hippocampal stimulation were studied and the following results were obtained. Two types of mystagmic responses were derived from the hippocampus. 1) One was a horizontal nystagmic response with a middle amplitude and was directed to the right and the left. This type of nystagmic response was first induced in the 'pre- and post-stimulus' phase after repeated electric stimulation of the hippocampus and was found in almost every rabbit examined. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the development of nystagmic response and repetition of the stimulation. 2) The other was a horizontal nystagmic response with a small amplitude directed toward the side of the stimulation. This type of nystagmic response was induced in the 'during-stimulus' phase and was found in two rabbits. There was no positive correlation between development of nystagmic response of this type and repetition of the stimulation.", "PMID": 549564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11449", "title": "Lymphocyte and granulocyte cytotoxic antibodies in cancer patients.", "content": "Sera from cancer patients showed lymphocyte and granulocyte cytotoxic antibodies. While lymphocytotoxic antibodies correlated with the HLA system, it was not possible to demonstrate any correlation between the granulocytotoxicity and the HLA antigens. The experiments with 2 ME reduction were consistent with the presence of IgM antibodies in the majority of positive sera tested by the lymphocytotoxic method. The discussion concerning the mechanism of formation of these antibodies was only speculative. Some relationships between tumor neoantigens and the MHC were referred, but the role played by cytotoxins in the host-defence mechanism need further clarification.", "contents": "Lymphocyte and granulocyte cytotoxic antibodies in cancer patients. Sera from cancer patients showed lymphocyte and granulocyte cytotoxic antibodies. While lymphocytotoxic antibodies correlated with the HLA system, it was not possible to demonstrate any correlation between the granulocytotoxicity and the HLA antigens. The experiments with 2 ME reduction were consistent with the presence of IgM antibodies in the majority of positive sera tested by the lymphocytotoxic method. The discussion concerning the mechanism of formation of these antibodies was only speculative. Some relationships between tumor neoantigens and the MHC were referred, but the role played by cytotoxins in the host-defence mechanism need further clarification.", "PMID": 549566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11450", "title": "The parasite-host relationship: an immunological game.", "content": "In the present paper we have analyzed the host-parasite relationship and the influence of parasite infections on the immune system. In all cases aberrations in either humoral or cellular immune response are observed. Moreover the constant feature of parasite infections is the stimulation of the reticular endothelial system that induce an increased aspecific resistance toward various antigens.", "contents": "The parasite-host relationship: an immunological game. In the present paper we have analyzed the host-parasite relationship and the influence of parasite infections on the immune system. In all cases aberrations in either humoral or cellular immune response are observed. Moreover the constant feature of parasite infections is the stimulation of the reticular endothelial system that induce an increased aspecific resistance toward various antigens.", "PMID": 549569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11451", "title": "[Isolation of Salmonella in the Piedmont from 1975 to 1978, with designation of rare strains and evaluation of the frequency of the serotypes].", "content": "In the present study the data concerning the isolation of Salmonella strains in Regione Piemonte during the years 1975-1978 are reported. During this period, using serological methods 2934 Salmonella strains have been typed which resulted to belong to 69 different serotypes. We have also compared the frequency of the different serotypes in the years 1975, 1976, 1977-'78.", "contents": "[Isolation of Salmonella in the Piedmont from 1975 to 1978, with designation of rare strains and evaluation of the frequency of the serotypes]. In the present study the data concerning the isolation of Salmonella strains in Regione Piemonte during the years 1975-1978 are reported. During this period, using serological methods 2934 Salmonella strains have been typed which resulted to belong to 69 different serotypes. We have also compared the frequency of the different serotypes in the years 1975, 1976, 1977-'78.", "PMID": 549565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11452", "title": "[Study of the mechanism of action of phytostimulines].", "content": "Cell culture of mouse fibroblasts and lymphocytes show an increase of mRNA and DNA synthesis after treatment with \"Fitostimoline\". In this activity may consist the mechanism of action of these substances, which stimulate regenerating tissues.", "contents": "[Study of the mechanism of action of phytostimulines]. Cell culture of mouse fibroblasts and lymphocytes show an increase of mRNA and DNA synthesis after treatment with \"Fitostimoline\". In this activity may consist the mechanism of action of these substances, which stimulate regenerating tissues.", "PMID": 549567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11453", "title": "Antimicrobial and toxicological studies on an antiseptic based on hexachlorophene and destructive distillate of castor oil.", "content": "Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic and toxicological evaluaton of an emulsion containing 0.25% hexachlorophene (W/V), 9.5% terpineol (V/V), 1.5% oil of terpentine (V/V), 13% ethanol (V/V), 6% castor oil distillate 1201275 degrees C (V/V) and 6% sodium salt of the residue (W/V) in aqueous medium was performed. The bactericidal concentration for Salmonella typhi was found to be 1:400 which increased to 1:350 in the presence of 5% horse serum. The bacteriostatic concentration of the emulsion varied from organism to organism. A 4% solution of the emulsione was found to be most effective against Microsporum vanbreuseghemii showing an inhibition zone of 7.2 cm and was least effective on Aspergillus niger. 1 to 8% solution of the emulsion given orally or instilled into conjunctival sacs of albino mice indicated lethal and insignificant toxic manifestations respectively but a dose equivalent to 50 mg/Kg given subcutaneously was found to produce a subacute lethal effect in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Antimicrobial and toxicological studies on an antiseptic based on hexachlorophene and destructive distillate of castor oil. Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic and toxicological evaluaton of an emulsion containing 0.25% hexachlorophene (W/V), 9.5% terpineol (V/V), 1.5% oil of terpentine (V/V), 13% ethanol (V/V), 6% castor oil distillate 1201275 degrees C (V/V) and 6% sodium salt of the residue (W/V) in aqueous medium was performed. The bactericidal concentration for Salmonella typhi was found to be 1:400 which increased to 1:350 in the presence of 5% horse serum. The bacteriostatic concentration of the emulsion varied from organism to organism. A 4% solution of the emulsione was found to be most effective against Microsporum vanbreuseghemii showing an inhibition zone of 7.2 cm and was least effective on Aspergillus niger. 1 to 8% solution of the emulsion given orally or instilled into conjunctival sacs of albino mice indicated lethal and insignificant toxic manifestations respectively but a dose equivalent to 50 mg/Kg given subcutaneously was found to produce a subacute lethal effect in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 549568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11454", "title": "Progressive muscular dystrophy type Duchenne. II. Viscosity and resistence to erythrolytic compounds of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The transition temperature of erythrocyte ghosts of normal subjects is about 18-20 degrees C. We have studied the viscosity of erythrocyte ghosts of dystrophic children, showing that the transition shifts to lower temperatures (17-18 degrees C). After treatment with erythrocytic compounds like L-Lyso phosphatidyl-Choline dystrophic erythrocytes hemolize at lower Lysophosphatidyl-Choline concentration and at a greater extents than these of normal and carriers subjects.", "contents": "Progressive muscular dystrophy type Duchenne. II. Viscosity and resistence to erythrolytic compounds of erythrocyte membranes. The transition temperature of erythrocyte ghosts of normal subjects is about 18-20 degrees C. We have studied the viscosity of erythrocyte ghosts of dystrophic children, showing that the transition shifts to lower temperatures (17-18 degrees C). After treatment with erythrocytic compounds like L-Lyso phosphatidyl-Choline dystrophic erythrocytes hemolize at lower Lysophosphatidyl-Choline concentration and at a greater extents than these of normal and carriers subjects.", "PMID": 549581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11455", "title": "[Paper chromatography of the urinary carbohydrates in normal subjects: the aldoses].", "content": "The authors describe a method that utilizes paper chromatography for the separation and identification of urinary carbohydrates, especially the Aldoses. Using 5 ml. of urinary extract, it is possible to separate Lactose, Maltose, Galactose, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose + Arabinose, Xilose + Ribose, Glucuronolactone and other unidentified compounds.", "contents": "[Paper chromatography of the urinary carbohydrates in normal subjects: the aldoses]. The authors describe a method that utilizes paper chromatography for the separation and identification of urinary carbohydrates, especially the Aldoses. Using 5 ml. of urinary extract, it is possible to separate Lactose, Maltose, Galactose, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose + Arabinose, Xilose + Ribose, Glucuronolactone and other unidentified compounds.", "PMID": 549582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11456", "title": "[Some data on cholinesterases in the cerebrospinal fluid of the dog].", "content": "In the present study we have determined the activity of AChE and BuchE in the CSF, blood plasma and brain tissue outlined the pattern of the molecular forms of both enzymes. The present observations on the molecular forms of AChE protide evidence in favor of secretion of the enzyme from nervous tissue in the CSF.", "contents": "[Some data on cholinesterases in the cerebrospinal fluid of the dog]. In the present study we have determined the activity of AChE and BuchE in the CSF, blood plasma and brain tissue outlined the pattern of the molecular forms of both enzymes. The present observations on the molecular forms of AChE protide evidence in favor of secretion of the enzyme from nervous tissue in the CSF.", "PMID": 549583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11457", "title": "[Simple electrostimulator for clinical gustometry].", "content": "The authors illustrate the technical characteristics of a low cost, pocket electrogustometer, which works on batteries and offers complete safety both for the patient and for the examiner; this model is able to carry out, both in normal and selected patients, the same functions as can be carried out with more sophisticated and costly equipment, currently available.", "contents": "[Simple electrostimulator for clinical gustometry]. The authors illustrate the technical characteristics of a low cost, pocket electrogustometer, which works on batteries and offers complete safety both for the patient and for the examiner; this model is able to carry out, both in normal and selected patients, the same functions as can be carried out with more sophisticated and costly equipment, currently available.", "PMID": 549584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11458", "title": "[Further observations on the \"primary\" somesthetic response in man. Preliminary results].", "content": "In six normal subjects cerebral somatosensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation at the wrist have been recorded in order to assess whether N20 and P25 components can be related to a single generator dipole. It was found that, at variance with the current literature, such components are due to separate generator dipoles, possibly related to the activity of different cortical structures. Moreover an additional component, chronologically occurring between N20 and P25, was consistently observed.", "contents": "[Further observations on the \"primary\" somesthetic response in man. Preliminary results]. In six normal subjects cerebral somatosensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation at the wrist have been recorded in order to assess whether N20 and P25 components can be related to a single generator dipole. It was found that, at variance with the current literature, such components are due to separate generator dipoles, possibly related to the activity of different cortical structures. Moreover an additional component, chronologically occurring between N20 and P25, was consistently observed.", "PMID": 549586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11459", "title": "[Further research on the functional asymmetry between the superior and inferior visual hemifields: analysis of the reaction time to simultaneous stimulation of the two hemi-fields].", "content": "It has been previously reported that presentation of square-wave gratings to either side of the horizontal meridian of the visual field gives rise to different Simple Reaction Times (RTs), depending upon the spatial frequency of the stimuli. Specifically, for 1 c/deg stimulus RT is faster in the lower hemefield, whereas the reverse is true for 3 c/deg pattern, RT being faster in the upper visual field. In the reported experiment, RT to simultaneous presentation of either the same (alternatively 1 c/deg or 3 c/deg) or different (i.e. 1 c/deg and 3 c/deg combined) spatial frequencies to both hemifields was analyzed. The data show that whenever the two half components correspond to different RTs, the resulting RT equates that of the faster component. Conversely, when the two components give rise to identical RTs, the resulting RT does not differ from the value obtained with each half stimulus. Implications of this result for the functional organization of the visual system are discussed.", "contents": "[Further research on the functional asymmetry between the superior and inferior visual hemifields: analysis of the reaction time to simultaneous stimulation of the two hemi-fields]. It has been previously reported that presentation of square-wave gratings to either side of the horizontal meridian of the visual field gives rise to different Simple Reaction Times (RTs), depending upon the spatial frequency of the stimuli. Specifically, for 1 c/deg stimulus RT is faster in the lower hemefield, whereas the reverse is true for 3 c/deg pattern, RT being faster in the upper visual field. In the reported experiment, RT to simultaneous presentation of either the same (alternatively 1 c/deg or 3 c/deg) or different (i.e. 1 c/deg and 3 c/deg combined) spatial frequencies to both hemifields was analyzed. The data show that whenever the two half components correspond to different RTs, the resulting RT equates that of the faster component. Conversely, when the two components give rise to identical RTs, the resulting RT does not differ from the value obtained with each half stimulus. Implications of this result for the functional organization of the visual system are discussed.", "PMID": 549585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11460", "title": "[Changes induced with varying solutions of normal plasma on granulocyte capillary tube migration].", "content": "In the present work we have evaluated the effect of decreasing concentrations of normal plasma in TC 199 on leukocyte capillary migration. From the 1st to the 4th hour of migration, normal plasma at 100%-80%-60%-40% concentration, significantly inhibits leukocyte migration. The inhibitory effect is lost, only by a few plasmas, at 60% and 40% concentration, during the following migration hours. Normal plasma at 20% and 10% concentration doesn't show any inhibitory effect on leukocyte capillary migration. Therefore, for clinical studies on pathological plasmas we recommend the use o plasma at 20% or 10% concentration to avoid aspecific inhibition.", "contents": "[Changes induced with varying solutions of normal plasma on granulocyte capillary tube migration]. In the present work we have evaluated the effect of decreasing concentrations of normal plasma in TC 199 on leukocyte capillary migration. From the 1st to the 4th hour of migration, normal plasma at 100%-80%-60%-40% concentration, significantly inhibits leukocyte migration. The inhibitory effect is lost, only by a few plasmas, at 60% and 40% concentration, during the following migration hours. Normal plasma at 20% and 10% concentration doesn't show any inhibitory effect on leukocyte capillary migration. Therefore, for clinical studies on pathological plasmas we recommend the use o plasma at 20% or 10% concentration to avoid aspecific inhibition.", "PMID": 549587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0018_11461", "title": "[Standardization of the method of granulocyte capillary tube migration].", "content": "In the present work a method is described to standardize each step of leukocyte capillary tube migration assay. The conclusions of our study are: natrium heparin can be used as anticoagulant; the use of calibrated microcapillaries is recommended; migration chambers must lay on a horizontal surface; results can be evaluated by a ocular for radial immunodiffusion from the 16th to 20th hour of migration.", "contents": "[Standardization of the method of granulocyte capillary tube migration]. In the present work a method is described to standardize each step of leukocyte capillary tube migration assay. The conclusions of our study are: natrium heparin can be used as anticoagulant; the use of calibrated microcapillaries is recommended; migration chambers must lay on a horizontal surface; results can be evaluated by a ocular for radial immunodiffusion from the 16th to 20th hour of migration.", "PMID": 549588}